juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Interlingue literature

**Interlingue literature** means books and texts written in Interlingue, also called Occidental, a language made in 1922 by Edgar de Wahl. It includes both original works and translations. Most often, works appeared in the magazine _Cosmoglotta_.

### Background

Interlingue (Occidental) began in 1922. Edgar de Wahl created it with words mostly from Western Europe and a bit of English. The language first appeared in the magazine _Kosmoglott_, later renamed _Cosmoglotta_. Early writers used different spellings and grammar, because standard rules came later.

### Early translations

Jakob Linzbach, an Estonian linguist, wrote _Transcendent algebra, mathematical ideography, experiment of a philosophical language_ (Interlingue: _Transcendent algebra, ideografie matematical, experiment de un lingue filosofic_), later translated into Interlingue by de Wahl. This was before the language was fully finished.

In 1925, Kaarle Saarinen translated a Finnish poem _Hymn_ into Interlingue. Soon after, poems by Goethe and works by Rabindranath Tagore were translated and published.

### 1930s translations and originals

Many translated works appeared: poems by Balmont, stories by Edgar Allan Poe, and others.

Original works were also written, like the poetry collection _Li Astres del Verne_ (1935 & 1947) by Jaroslav Podobský, and the short story Krasina by Jan Amos Kajš.

In 1930, Ric Berger published _Historiettes in Occidental_, a collection of short stories.

### Post-1951 and decline

In 1951, the language Interlingua was introduced. Many Interlingue supporters, including Berger, switched to Interlingua. This caused Interlingue to decline. _Cosmoglotta_ continued until 1985, but less often. After that, some called Interlingue a “dead language.” Yet translations kept coming into the 1950s and 1960s.

### Revival since 1999

In 1999, a Yahoo! group helped revive Interlingue.

In the 2000s, an Interlingue Wikipedia was created. By 2020, it had over 5,000 articles.

New literature appeared:
- In 2011, Robert Winter translated The Charterhouse of Parma into Interlingue.
- In 2012, Thomas Schmidt published Li Munde de Sandra in the online magazine Posta Mundi.
- Between 2021 and 2024, Vicente Costalago published several works, both original and translated, being the most prolific writer in the language's history: _Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl_, _Li tresor de Fluvglant_, _Subuqti_ and poetry and collections from European literature.

Dorlota Burdon also published original stories in Posta Mundi, and she translated The Lunatic by Khalil Gibran.

## Notable authors

Important authors in Interlingue literature include:
- Jan Amos Kajš
- Jaroslav Podobský
- Engelbert Pigal
- Abram Kofman
- A. E. Cortinas
- Ilmari Federn
- Thomas Schmidt
- Vicente Costalago
- Dorlota Burdon
Progresso

**Progresso** is an American food company. It produces canned soups, canned beans, broths, chili, and other food products. It emerged from the merging of two prominent Italian importing companies in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1925, Vincent Taormina, who had traveled east to start a tomato importing business, and Giuseppe Uddo merged their companies. Vincent's family owned the "Taormina Brothers Grocery" of New Orleans, Louisiana. Frank had emigrated from Italy and joined his cousin Vincent in the venture. It is owned by General Mills.
Johnny Yong Bosch

**Johnny Yong Bosch** (January 6, 1976) is an American voice actor. He is best known for voicing Ichigo Kurosaki, the protagonist in the anime series, Bleach in American English.

He has also voiced Nobita Nobi (Noby Nobi in the dub) in the long-running children's anime series, Doraemon, Itsuki Koizumi in The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya,  Lelouch Vi Britannia in Code Geass, Renton Thurston in the anime, Eureka Seven, Sakura Kusakabe in Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-chan and Tohru Adachi in the videogame, Persona 4.

He also played the roles of Adam Park / Black Ranger, Green Zeo Ranger and Green Turbo Ranger in the _Power Rangers_ franchise.

### Television

- _Mighty Morphin Power Rangers_ - Adam Park / Black Ranger (1994-1996)
- _Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers_ - Adam Park (1996)
- _Power Rangers Zeo_ - Adam Park / Green Zeo Ranger (1996)
- _Power Rangers Turbo_ - Adam Park / Green Turbo Ranger (1997)
- _Power Rangers Operation Overdrive_ - Adam Park / Black Ranger (2007)

## Films

- _Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie_ - Adam Park / Black Ranger (1995)
- _Turbo: A Power Rangers Movie_ - Adam Park / Green Turbo Ranger (1997)
- _Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Once & Always_ - Adam Park (2023)
Billy Boston

** Sir William John Boston** (born 6 August 1934) is a Welsh former professional rugby league footballer. He was born in Cardiff, Wales. Boston started his career as a rugby union player before joining Wigan in 1953. Boston scored a total of 571 tries in his career, making him the second-highest try scorer in rugby league history.

Boston spent 15 years of his career at Wigan. He finished his career at Blackpool Borough before retiring in 1970. He played for Great Britain in 31 Test matches.

## Personal life

Boston was born on 6 August 1934 at Angelina Street, Butetown, Cardiff. Boston was the sixth of eleven children born to John Boston, a merchant seaman from Sierra Leone and Nellie who came from Cardiff's Irish community.

In 2016, Boston was diagnosed with vascular dementia.

## Honors

Boston was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 1996 Birthday Honours "for services to the community in Wigan, Greater Manchester."

In December 2020 Boston was named as one of three Welsh rugby league players to be honoured with a new statue in Cardiff Bay. Another statue of him was unveiled in July 2023.

In June 2025, Boston became the first ever rugby league player to receive a knighthood, as part of the 2025 Birthday Honours by King Charles III.

## Infobox (rugby league biography)

- **name**: Sir
Billy Boston
<small></small>
- **fullname**: William John Boston
- **image**: Billy Boston 1963 Challenge Cup Final (cropped).jpeg
- **caption**: Boston in 1963
- **birth place**: Butetown, Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales
- **first**: RU
- **ru club1**: Rugby in Cardiff#CIACS, CIACs
- **ru club2**: Neath RFC, Neath
- **ru year2start**: 1950
- **ru club3**: Pontypridd RFC, Pontypridd
- **ru year3start**: 1952
- **ru appearances3**: 1
- **ru tries3**: 1
- **ru goals3**: 0
- **ru fieldgoals3**: 0
- **ru points3**: 5
- **club1**: Wigan Warriors, Wigan
- **year1start**: 1953
- **year1end**: 68
- **appearances1**: 488
- **tries1**: 478
- **goals1**: 7
- **fieldgoals1**: 0
- **points1**: 1448
- **club2**: Blackpool Borough, Blackpool Boro
- **year2start**: 1969
- **year2end**: 70
- **appearances2**: 11
- **tries2**: 5
- **goals2**: 0
- **fieldgoals2**: 0
- **points2**: 15
- **teama**: Great Britain national rugby league team, Great Britain
- **yearastart**: 1954
- **yearaend**: 63
- **appearancesa**: 32
- **triesa**: 25
- **goalsa**: 0
- **fieldgoalsa**: 0
- **pointsa**: 75
- **teamb**: Great Britain national rugby league team, tour games
- **yearbstart**: 1954
- **yearbend**: 63
- **appearancesb**: 27
- **triesb**: 53
- **goalsb**: 0
- **fieldgoalsb**: 0
- **pointsb**: 159
- **yearcstart**: 1955
- **appearancesc**: 2
- **triesc**: 5
- **goalsc**: 0
- **fieldgoalsc**: 0
- **pointsc**: 15
- **retired**: yes
Toaster Strudel

**Toaster Strudel** is the brand name of a toaster pastry. It was started on 1985.

## History

On June 2020, Toaster Strudel announced Golden S'mores Pastries. On 3 September 2020, Toaster Strudel launched Mean Girls version product.

## Infobox (brand)

- **name**: Toaster Strudel
- **type**: Toaster pastry
- **origin**: United States
- **related**: Toaster Strudel#Toaster Scrambles, Toaster Scrambles
- **currentowner**: General Mills
- **previousowners**: Pillsbury Company
- **tagline**: "Something _better_ just popped up" and "Get Zem Göing"
Rational Youth

**Rational Youth** was a Canadian new wave band that was originally active between 1977 and 1982, and at various points up until the end of 2021.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rational Youth
- **background**: group_or_band
- **image**: Rational Youth new.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **caption**: Rational Youth July.4.2017
 Tracy Howe & Gaenor Howe.
- **origin**: Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, New wave music, new wave
- **years active**: 1977–1982, 1993–1998‚ 2002–2021
- **label**: YUL Records
Capitol Records
October Records
Vinyl On Demand
Artoffact Records
Universal Music
Donkeyland
- **associated acts**: Men Without Hats
- **website**: [https://rationalyouth.bandcamp.com/]
- **past members**: Tracy Howe
Gaenor Howe
Bill Vorn
Kevin Komoda
Angel Calvo
Digital Poodle, Jean-Claude Cutz
Denis Duran
Digital Poodle, Dave Rout
Mario Spezza
Ahmedabad Airport

**Ahmedabad Airport**, officially named the **Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport** (SVPIA), is the main international gateway to Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar in Gujarat, India. Located about 9 km north of central Ahmedabad in Hansol, it serves as a pivotal hub for both domestic and international air travel.

It had over 13 million passengers in the fiscal years 2024–25, making it the seventh-busiest airport in India.

It's named after Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Deputy Prime Minister of India.

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Ahmedabad Airport
- **image**: Ahmedabad Airport Logo.svg
- **iata**: AMD
- **icao**: VAAH
- **operator**: Adani Group, Ahmedabad International Airport Limited
- **location**: Hansol, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
Atra-Hasis

**Atra-ḫasīs** (also known by its incipit _When Gods Men_) is an Akkadian epic, which was named after one of its protagonists, the priest Atra-ḫasīs (meaning "exceedingly wise"). The story also exists in a later Assyrian dialect version, first rediscovered in the Library of Ashurbanipal, though it contains several lacunae. It was first translated by English Assyriologist George Smith; though decades later, an older Babylonian copy written in the 17th century BCE was rediscovered and published by Wilfred G. Lambert and Alan Millard. The narrative is mostly focused on anthropogony, and has four focal points:

- An organisation of allied gods shapes Mesopotamia agriculturally;
- A political conflict between them, which is pacified by creating the first humans;
- The mass reproduction of these humans;
- A great flood, a common mytheme, which has been linked to possible historical events.
Batrachyla antartandica

The **marbled wood frog** (_Batrachyla antartandica_) is a frog.  It lives in Argentina and Chile.

## Home

This frog can live in cold forests with water in the air, in bogs and other wet places in forests, near ponds, and near lakes with swamps around them. Adults sometimes climb trees. People sometimes see them in gardens and places where animals eat grass.

Scientists have seen the frog in more than ten protected parks.

## Young

The female lays eggs on the ground under logs or moss. Then rain falls and fills the place with the eggs with water. The tadpoles swim in this water. Scientists have seen adult frogs take care of the young.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out and scientists from Chile say it is in only a little danger of dying out. People cut down too many trees to make farms and other things.
Adelaide Oval

The **Adelaide Oval** is an Australian sports stadium. It is located in the city of Adelaide, in the state of South Australia. The stadium opened in 1871, and it underwent extensive renovation (redevelopment) between 2012 and 2014. Adelaide Oval has always been used primarily for cricket, and it is the headquarters of the South Australian Cricket Association. It staged its first Test match in December 1884. The stadium has hosted other sports too, especially Australian rules football, and it is also a popular concert venue. Its record attendance is 70,000 for a concert by Adele in 2017.
Ape Escape (disambiguation)

**Ape Escape** may refer to:
- _Ape Escape_, a video game series
    - _Ape Escape_ (video game), the first game in the series
    - _Ape Escape_ (American TV series), a 2009 American animated series of television shorts for Nicktoons based on the video games
    - _Ape Escape_ (Japanese TV series), a 2002 series of computer-generated anime television shorts for Tokyo TV based on the video games
Mytheme

**Mythemes** are themes from which myths are thought to be constructed, from a structuralist perspective on mythology. These structures then lead to theories on myths from different cultures sharing a source. Russian folklorist Vladimir Propp formed a structuralist approach towards Indo-European myths, in which he treated the individual tale as one unit of analysis. However, others criticize the superficial nature to this approach and rather suggest a more intersectional perspective.

## Examples

- The mytheme of the flood likely developed out of one or more historical events, which can be seen, for instance, in the ancient Mesopotamian epics Atra-ḫasīs and the Epic of Gilgameš, the Ancient Egyptian myth of the Destruction of Mankind, and the biblical story of Noah's Ark.
- The myths of the Greek Adonis and the Egyptian Osiris share several elements.
- Lev Manovich uses the term in his book _The Language of New Media_ to describe aspects of culture with which computer images enter into dialogue.
Ain't I a Woman?

***Ain't I a Woman?*** is a famous speech by Sojourner Truth, who was born into slavery in New York in 1797. After she became free in 1827, she started speaking out against slavery. She gave this speech in 1851 at a women’s rights convention in Akron, Ohio. At the time, the speech didn’t have a title.

The speech was mentioned in a few newspapers back then, and a written version was printed in the Anti-Slavery Bugle on June 21, 1851. However, there is no word-for-word record of what Truth said.

Two years later, during the American Civil War, a woman named Frances Dana Barker Gage published a different version of Truth's speech. This one became well-known and was called "Ain’t I a Woman?" because this question was repeated throughout the speech. For a long time, this version was the one most people (including historians) knew and used. Then in 1996, when historian Nell Irvin Painter wrote a biography of Sojourner Truth and helped bring attention to the original version.

## Legacy

There isn’t one clear, official version of Sojourner Truth’s speech. A man named Robinson, who was a friend of Truth's and worked with her to fight against slavery and for women’s rights, wrote down what he remembered from her speech. He didn’t add his own thoughts, just what he recalled. His version was printed in a newspaper focused on ending slavery, so it was meant mostly for people who cared about the rights of Black people, mostly men. Even though Truth worked with Robinson on writing down her speech, she didn’t tell him every word to write.

### The Gage version

There were many problems with Frances Gage's version of Truth's speech. Gage never worked with Truth when writing it down. Gage also wrote the speech using a Southern way of speaking, even though the first reports of the speech didn’t mention that. Truth was proud of how she spoke English. She was born in New York and only spoke Jersey Dutch until she was 9. Gage's version in 1863 used less of a Southern accent than her later version from 1881.

The people who heard Truth’s speech were mostly white women who were well-off. Some stories say Truth was treated with respect, but Gage said the crowd didn’t want Truth to speak. They didn’t want people to mix the fight for women’s voting rights with the fight to end slavery. These white women supported the right to vote but didn’t support Black people or the abolitionist cause. Gage’s version gives more details, but she added her own ideas and imagined the scene, including how the audience reacted. Because Gage included her own opinions and story, her version isn’t a fully accurate record of what really happened.

## Related pages

- Suffrage
- Women's rights movement
- Underground Railroad
Alpha / Omega

***Alpha / Omega*** is the tenth studio album by Kutless. The album was released on November 10, 2017.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Alpha / Omega
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Kutless
- **released**: November 10, 2017
- **genre**: Christian rock, worship
- **length**: 39:50
- **label**: BEC
- **prev title**: Surrender (album), Surrender
- **prev year**: 2015
Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time

***Crash Bandicoot 4: It's About Time*** is a platform video game that was developed by Toys for Bob and published by Activision.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Toys for Bob
- **publisher**: Activision
- **series**: _Crash Bandicoot (series), Crash Bandicoot_
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack

***Wisden Cricketers' Almanack*** (commonly known as ***Wisden***) is an annual publication which primarily reviews the previous year's cricket season in Great Britain. It provides a measure of global coverage too. The book was first published in 1864 by John Wisden, himself a famous cricketer. A new volume has been published every year since then, and so the 2025 issue is the 162nd edition.

## Other websites

- Official website of _Wisden Cricketers' Almanack_.
- _Wisden_ online archive.
Astralwerks

**Astralwerks** is an American record label primarily focused on electronic music that is now owned by Universal Music Group. Its material is distributed via Capitol Music Group in United States. The label was founded in 1993.

## Artists

- The Golden Republic
- The Chemical Brothers
Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game

***Cricket: A Weekly Record of the Game*** (commonly known as ***Cricket***) was a British cricket magazine, published in London, which ran from 1882 to 1913. It was briefly superseded by ***The World of Cricket*** which ran for 23 issues in 1914. _Cricket_ had just three editors in its 32 years of publication: C. W. Alcock (1882–1907); F. S. Ashley-Cooper (1907–1911); and J. N. Pentelow (1911–1913). _The World of Cricket_ was edited by Archie MacLaren and J. N. Pentelow.

The last issue was published on 14 November 1914, three months after World War I began. Pelham Warner revived the idea of a weekly cricket periodical after the war by founding _The Cricketer_, which began publication in 1921.

There is a complete run of the magazine from 1882 to 1914 by the Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians on their website. In addition, there is an extensive list of the obituaries which were published by _Cricket_.
Ape Escape

***Ape Escape*** is a series of platform video games developed by Japan Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment. The series incorporates ape-related humour, unique gameplay, and a wide variety of pop culture references.

### Main series

- _Ape Escape_ (PlayStation)
- _Ape Escape 2_ (PlayStation 2)
- _Ape Escape: On the Loose_ (PlayStation Portable)
- _Ape Escape 3_ (PlayStation 2)

### Spin-offs

- _Pipo Saru 2001_ (PlayStation 2)
- _Saru! Get You! Million Monkeys_ (PlayStation 2)
- _Saru Get You: Pipo Saru Racer_ (PlayStation Portable)
- _Saru! Get You! SaruSaru Big Mission_ (PlayStation Portable)
- _Ape Quest_ (PlayStation Portable)

### Party games

- _Ape Escape: Pumped & Primed_ (PlayStation 2)
- _EyeToy: Monkey Mania_ (PlayStation 2)
- _Ape Escape Academy_ (PlayStation Portable)
- _Ape Academy 2_ (PlayStation Portable)
- _PlayStation Move Ape Escape_ (PlayStation 3)

### Guest appearances

- _Monster Rancher 4_
- _Hot Shots Golf Fore!_
- _Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal_
- _Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater_
- _Ratchet: Deadlocked_
- _LittleBigPlanet_
- _PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale_
- _Super Bomberman R: Shiny Edition_
- _Astro's Playroom_
- _Astro Bot_
- _Metal Gear Solid Delta: Snake Eater_

## Other websites

- Official Japanese website

## Infobox (video game series)

- **title**: Ape Escape
- **first release version**: _Ape Escape (video game), Ape Escape_
- **first release date**: June 22, 1999
- **latest release version**: _PlayStation Move Ape Escape_
- **latest release date**: July 5, 2011
Rerum novarum

***Rerum Novarum*** is an important letter written by Pope Leo XIII in 1891. It is about the rights and duties of workers and employers. The title means "Of New Things" in Latin. This letter is also called an encyclical, which is a letter sent by the Pope to the Catholic Church.

## Background

During the 1800s, many people were moving from the countryside to cities because of the Industrial Revolution. They worked in factories under poor conditions. Many workers were very poor and did not have enough rights. Some people thought socialism was the answer, but the Pope wanted to offer a different idea based on Catholic teachings.

## Main ideas

Rerum Novarum talks about several important issues:
- Workers’ rights: Workers should be treated fairly. They should get a fair wage and have good working conditions. They should not be forced to work too many hours.
- Right to private property: People have the right to own property. The Church says this is natural and good.
- Duties of workers and employers: Workers should do their jobs honestly. Employers should treat workers with respect and fairness.
- Role of the state: The government should protect people’s rights. It should help poor people but not control everything. The state should make sure that workers and employers follow justice.
- Trade unions: Workers have the right to form groups, like unions, to protect their interests. These groups can help fight for fair wages and working conditions.

The Pope also warned against socialism, which wants to take away private property. He said socialism is not the right answer.

## Importance

_Rerum Novarum_ is the first major Catholic document about social and economic issues. It began what is called Catholic Social Teaching. Many Popes after Leo XIII have written similar letters, building on these ideas. Some of them are:
- _Quadragesimo Anno_ (1931) by Pope Pius XI.
- _Mater et Magistra_ (1961) and _Pacem in Terris_ (1963) by Pope John XXIII.
- _Populorum Progressio_ (1967) and _Octogesima Adveniens_ (1971) by Pope Paul VI.
- _Laborem Exercens_ (1981), _Sollicitudo Rei Socialis_ (1987), and _Centesimus Annus_ (1991) by Pope John Paul II.

_Rerum Novarum_ helped shape how the Catholic Church thinks about economics, work, and the rights of people.

## Other websites

- _Rerum novarum_ – full text and official English translation from the Vatican's official website
- _Rerum novarum_ – an exposition with guided readings (4.2) at VPlater Project: online modules on Catholic Social Teaching

## Infobox (encyclical)

- **name**: Rerum novarum
- **language**: Latin
- **translation**: of new matters
- **argument**: On capital and labor
- **date**: 15 May 1891
- **pope**: Leo XIII
- **papal coat of arms**: C o a Leon XIII.svg
- **number**: 38 of 88
- **before**: In ipso
- **after**: Pastoralis
- **web en**: https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum_en.html
- **web la**: https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/la/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum.html
Evergreen (Westlife song)

**“Evergreen"** is the sixth song on Irish boy band Westlife's third album, World of Our Own.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Evergreen
- **type**: song
- **artist**: Westlife
- **released**: 2001
- **genre**: Pop
- **label**: BMG
- **writer**: Jörgen Elofsson, Per Magnussen, David Kruger
- **producer**: Par Magnussen, David Kruger
Havi Dreifuss

**Havi (Hava) Dreifuss** () is a professor of history at Tel Aviv University, and the head of the Center for Research on the Holocaust in Poland at Yad Vashem. She specializes in the history of the Holocaust in Poland and Polish-Jewish relations in World War II. She got her PhD in history from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 2005. As of June 2025, she has an h-index of 6 and an i10-index of 4.

## Related pages

- Shira Klein
- Shimon Redlich
- Saul Friedländer
- Renée Poznanski
- Izabella Tabarovsky

## Infobox (academic)

- **name**: Havi Dreifuss
- **native name**: חוי דרייפוס
- **native name lang**: he
- **image**: Havi Dreifuss.jpg
- **caption**: Havi Dreifuss
- **birth place**: Jerusalem
- **nationality**: Israel, Israeli
- **occupation**: Historian
- **awards**: Mandel Scholarship, the Mandel Scholion Research Center at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- **website**: [https://english.tau.ac.il/profile/havi Faculty profile]
- **education**: Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D., Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- **thesis title**: Poland and Poles in the eyes of Polish Jews during the Second World War (1939-1944)
- **thesis year**: 2005
- **workplaces**: Yad VashemUniversity of Tel Aviv
- **notable works**: Relations between Jews and Poles during the Holocaust: the Jewish perspective (2017)
Kusuo Saiki

**Kusuo Saiki** ( _斉木 楠雄_, _Saiki Kusuo_) is the titular main character in the TV anime and manga series, The Disastrous Life of Saiki K, he is a teenage boy who has psychic abilities

He is voiced by Jerry Jewell (who also voiced Jimmy Kudo in the funimation dub of Detective Conan) in the first 2 seasons of the anime and by Kyle McCarley (In both seasons, Saiki in Japanese is still voiced by the voice actor, Hiroshi Kamiya) in the sequel anime, _The Disastrous Life of Saiki K: Reawakened_.

He is also the main character in the 2017 film, "_Psychic Kusuo_", which is a adaptation of the original _The Disastrous Life of Saiki K_ manga.
June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran

On 13 June 2025 at 3:00 am (GMT+3), the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) struck Iran. Codenamed **Operation Rising Lion**, the Israeli government called the strikes a response to Iran's enrichment of weapon-grade uranium to a level enough for 15 nuclear weapons.

## Infobox (military operation)

- **name**: Operation Rising Lion
- **image**: File:Pictures of the Israeli attack on Tehran 1 Mehr (2).jpg
- **caption**: Explosion in Tehran after the strike.
- **scope**: Precision strikes, sabotage, cyberattack
- **objective**: Damage the Nuclear program of Iran, Iranian nuclear program
- **date**: 13 June 2025 – 24 June 2025 (2025 Iran–Israel war ceasefire, Cease-fire)
- **target**: * Nuclear program of Iran, Nuclear facilities
* Military commanders
- **casualties**: 25 killed, 1,268 injured
 639 killed, 1,300+ wounded
- **executed by**: *  Israel Defense Forces
**
*  Mossad
- **partof**: Iran–Israel War, Israel-Hamas war (2023-present)
Surrender (album)

***Surrender*** is the ninth studio album by Kutless. The album was released on November 13, 2015.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Surrender
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Kutless
- **released**: November 13, 2015
- **genre**: Christian rock, hard rock, worship
- **length**: 37:58
- **label**: BEC
- **prev title**: Glory (Kutless album), Glory
- **prev year**: 2014
- **next title**: Alpha / Omega
- **next year**: 2017
Secret Campus (South Korean TV series)

***Secret Campus*** () is a 2006 South Korean television drama co-written by Yeon Mi-jung and Lee Hae-jung, directed by Lee Chang-yong, and starring Lee Min-ho and Park Bo-young. It aired on EBS1 from May 10 to July 27, 2020.

## Cast

- Lee Min-ho as Park Doo-hyeon
- Park Bo-young as Cha Ah-rang
- Ahn Yong-joon as Lee Gi-yeong
- Jang Ki-bum as Jang Gi-beom
- Kim Jin-yi as Oh Hye-ra
- Anh Tuấn as Do Hyun
- Choi Cheol-ho

## Production

The series was announced on Educational Broadcasting System. Yeum Seung-hyun, Seol Sung-min, Lee Do Hyun, Choi Woon and Bae Yu-mi were cast to appear in the series. Principal photography was concluded in July 2006.

## Release

The series was rebroadcast on EBS1 in 2009 and received positive reviews.

## Other websites

- _Secret Campus_ at HanCinema

## Infobox (korean television name)

- **hangul**: 비밀의 교정
- **hanja**: 祕密의 校庭
- **rr**: bimirui gyojeong
- **mr**: pimirŭi kyojŏng


## Infobox (television)

- **director**: Lee Chang-yong
- **country**: South Korea
- **language**: Korean
- **num episodes**: 24
- **runtime**: 40 minutes
- **company**: Educational Broadcasting System
- **network**: EBS1
Black Sea deluge hypothesis

The **Black Sea deluge** is a flood theory proposed by William Ryan, Walter Pitman, Petko Dimitrov, and their colleagues in 1997. It would have taken place around 5600 BCE.

## The theory

According to this theory, 7,600 years ago, the Black Sea was formerly a freshwater lake. Later, the Mediterranean Sea’s water rised and breached a rocky sill in the Bosporus and flooded the lake, transforming the so-called “Black Lake” into a brackish inland sea. The event flooded 100,000 km<sup>2</sup>(39,000 sq mi) of land and significantly expanded the Black Sea shoreline to the north and west.
Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church

The **ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church** is the story of the Church’s organization, leaders, laws, councils, and writings from its earliest days to medieval times. We learn about early bishops, Church councils, canon law, monasteries, and important writers that shaped the Church.

## Early Church and Apostolic Age

The Catholic Church believes it began with Jesus and the Apostles, especially Peter, who became the first leader in Rome. After the Holy Spirit came at Pentecost, the Apostles spread Christianity around the Roman Empire. Early bishops took over leadership of local Churches and eventually joined into regional groups and councils to decide on teachings, like at the Council of Jerusalem (around AD 50).

## Organized Church and bishops

By the end of the 2nd century, the Church had a clear structure: bishops led each city’s Church, often helped by priests and deacons. Bigger cities like Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria became more important. Bishops in Rome began to act as a final authority in matters of doctrine. The Church Fathers such as Ignatius of Antioch, Irenaeus, Tertullian, and Augustine helped develop and defend Church teachings.

## Legal codes and councils

After Christianity became legal in 313, councils gathered to settle disagreements. The first ecumenical Councils—Nicaea (325), Ephesus (431), and Chalcedon (451)—clarified Jesus’s nature and strengthened Church unity. To guide worship, discipline, and doctrine, Church leaders created canon law—rules collected in early documents like the Apostolic Constitutions, later shaped into larger Latin law collections by figures like Dionysius Exiguus in the 6th century.

## Monasticism and medieval life

After the fall of the Roman Empire, monasteries became key centers of learning and culture. St. Benedict wrote rules that influenced many monasteries, while Irish monks preserved writing and sent missionaries across Europe . In the High Middle Ages, monasteries helped form schools and later universities, and theologians like Thomas Aquinas connected faith with reason.

## The Pope and relations with state and East Church

The Bishop of Rome (the Pope) became the leader of the Western Church. Through theological backing and moral authority, popes gained influence over other bishops and kings . The Eastern (Greek) Church centered in Constantinople often disagreed with the Pope over leadership, language, and liturgical customs. These differences grew until 1054, forming the East–West Schism that split Eastern Orthodoxy from Catholicism.

## Major sources and historians

To learn Church history, scholars study old books. The _Liber Pontificalis_ records biographies of popes up to around 1431. Byzantine historians such as Theophanes, Nicephorus, Anna Comnena, and others wrote about the Church and empire. These writings were later published in large collections like _Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae_ and _Patrologia Graeca_.
Batrachyla fitzroya

***Batrachyla fitzroya*** is a frog.  It lives in Argentina.

## Home

Scientists have seen this frog in exactly one place: Isla Grante on Lake Menéndez in Los Alerces National Park. This frog lives in forests with a lot of water int he air and Nothofagus plants. Scientists saw this frog between 530 and 595 meters above sea level.

## Young

The female lays eggs on the ground under rocks, bark, or dead logs on the shore of Lake Menéndez, in places where the water is shallow and there are many plants.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in some danger of dying out and scientists from Argentina say it is "special value." Because it lives in such  small place, it is in more danger. Volcanoes and fires can kill the frogs. Fast boats can make waves that change the places where the frog lays eggs.  People brought American mink to the frog's home, and it may be killing the frog. The government of Argentina only allows a few boats on the lake and only a few people to land on Isla Grande.
Goat Simulator

***Goat Simulator*** is an action video game that was developed and published by Coffee Stain Studios. It was released in April of 2014 and became popular due to its funny physics engine. In the game, you play as a female goat named Pilgor. Pilgor will do quest ps for me golden tropheys or skins. In the game, you headbutting stuff to cause destruction and you have a long, sticky tongue for grabbing. It is known to having alot of references, as it has references to deadmau5, I Am Bread, and Slender Man. In November of 2022, Goat Simulator got a sequel called Goat Simulator 3. In Goat Simulator 3, the graphics are far better then the graphics in the first game.

## Goat Simulator: Remastered

Two years after Goat Simulator 3 in 2024, they released Goat Simulator: Remastered, which was a version of the first game with the graphics of Goat Simulator 3.

## Infobox (video game)

- **series**: _Goat Simulator (series), Goat Simulator_
Denim & Rhinestones

***Denim & Rhinestones*** is the seventh studio album by American country music singer Carrie Underwood. The album was released on June 10, 2022 through Capitol Nashville.
Secret Campus (Philippine TV series)

***Secret Campus*** is a Filipino television series directed by Jose Javier Reyes. Produced under LargaVista Entertainment, it stars Angela Morena, Ataska Mercado, Angelica Hart and Azi Acosta. The series premiered on August 27, 2023, on Vivamax.

## Cast

- Azi Acosta
- Angela Morena
- Ataska Mercado
- Angelica Hart
- Arron Villaflor
- Victor Relosa
- Aerol Carmelo
- Clifford Pusing
- CJ Jaravata
- Armina Alegre
- Jem Milton
- Erlinda Villalobos
- Roi Alonte
- Jaggy Lejano
- Chad Alviar
- Ali Asaytona
- Enzo Santiago
- RJ de Vera
- Aaron Concepcion

## Production

The series was announced on Vivamax. Angela Morena, Ataska Mercado, Angelica Hart and Azi Acosta were cast to appear in the series. The trailer was released on August 25, 2023.

## Other websites

- _Secret Campus_ on Vivamax

## Infobox (television)

- **director**: Jose Javier Reyes
- **country**: Philippines
- **language**: Filipino
- **num episodes**: 4
- **camera**: Multi-camera
- **runtime**: 43–45 minutes
- **company**: LargaVista Entertainment
- **network**: Vivamax
Rural areas in the United States

The **rural United States (U.S.)** are rural settings located in the United States. Around 97% of the land of the United States is rural itself, yet only around 60.8 million people (including around 12 million children) reside in the rural United States, or 1 in 5 residents, out of a population of 340 million people in the entire country. Rural settings tend to be poorer and their population are mostly older, mainly because of rural flight amongst younger people, basic and declining infrastructure, and fewer job opportunities and economic prospects.
Secret Campus

**Secret Campus** may refer to:
- _Secret Campus_ (South Korean TV series), 2006 South Korean television series
- _Secret Campus_ (Philippine TV series), 2023 Philippine television series
Tribeca Film Festival

The **Tribeca Film Festival** is an annual film festival held in Tribeca, Manhattan, New York City, New York. It was founded in 2002 by Robert De Niro, Jane Rosenthal, and Craig Hatkoff. The festival places an emphasis on promoting artistic activity in lower Manhattan, as well as innovation in the film industry. The festival also has a program known as the Tribeca Film Fellows, which focuses on promoting younger directors, ages 17-21, and their works.
London North Eastern Railway

**London North Eastern Railway** is a British train operating company. It has run the InterCity East Coast franchise since 24 June 2018, when it took over from Virgin Trains.

The company is owned by the British government through its subsidiary DfT Operator.

It currently operates services on the East Coast Main Line. These services run between London and various other towns and cities in Great Britain. These include direct services to Newcastle, York, Darlington, Doncaster, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Edinburgh, Inverness and Aberdeen.
South Western Railway

**South Western Railway** is a British train operating company. It has run the South Western franchise since 25 May 2025 when it took over from FirstGroup and MTR.

The company is owned by the British government through its subsidiary DfT Operator.

SWR operates commuter services London Waterloo to south west London, suburban services in Surrey, Hampshire, Berkshire and Dorset, as well as regional services in Devon, Somerset and Wiltshire. It also operates the Island Line on the Isle of Wight.
Saru Get You: Pipo Saru Racer

***Saru Get You: Pipo Saru Racer***  is a racing video game that was developed and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment.

## Infobox (video game)

- **series**: _Ape Escape_
- **title**: Saru Get You: Pipo Saru Racer
- **platforms**: PlayStation Portable
- **developer**: Sony Interactive Entertainment
- **publisher**: Sony Interactive Entertainment
DfT Operator

**DfT Operator** is a government-owned holding company established in 2018. It was created by the government to take over train companies in England that are either failing financially or being re-nationalised.

It has been the largest operator of passenger rail services in Great Britain since 2023.

### Conservative government

DfT Operator was founded on 24 May 2018 as DfT OLR Holdings.

It was created as a subsidiary of the Department for Transport (DfT) with its main purpose being to ensure rail services continue if the franchise fails.

Through the company, the DfT could take ownership of train operating companies (TOCs) when a franchise is terminated early or not renewed.

### Labour government

In May 2024, the Labour Party confirmed if they won the general election that the railways would be re-nationalised. After Labour won the election, they began the process of rail renationalisation.

In November 2024, Parliament passed the Passenger Railway Services (Public Ownership) Act 2024 which acts as the first phase of the government's wider rail reforms. Under the legislation, all franchised train operating companies will be returned to public ownership as their contracts expire.

In May 2025, South Western Railway was the first operator to be re-nationalised. This will be followed by c2c in July 2025 and Greater Anglia in October 2025. Following this, it is expected that the remaining operators will gradually be transferred to public ownership every three months.

Eventually, DFTO will be integrated into Great British Railways, a new state-owned company that will re-integrate the operation of infrastructure and train services.

## List of subsidiaries

|Operator|Date|Type|Reason || class="unsortable" | Ref||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|London North Eastern Railway||Terminated|Financial failure||
|Northern Trains||Terminated|Service failure||
|Southeastern||Terminated|Financial misconduct||
|TransPennine Express||Terminated|Disruption||
|South Western Railway||Nationalised|—||
|c2c||Nationalised|—||
|Greater Anglia||Nationalised|—||
|West Midlands Trains||Nationalised|—||
|Chiltern Railways|(estimated)|Nationalised|—||
|Govia Thameslink Railway|(estimated)|Nationalised|—||
|Great Western Railway|(estimated)|Nationalised|—||
|East Midlands Railway|(estimated)|Nationalised|—||
|Avanti West Coast|(estimated)|Nationalised|—||
|CrossCountry|(estimated)|Nationalised|—||

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: DfT Operator
- **logo**: DfT Operator logo.png
- **type**: Holding company
- **industry**: Rail transport
- **founded**: 24 May 2018
- **products**: Public transport
- **owner**: Government of the United Kingdom, HM Government
Saud Abdulhamid

**Saudi Abdullah Salem Abdulhamid** (Arabic: : born 18 July 1999) is a Saudi Arabian professional footballer. He is a right-back. He play Roma in Serie A and Saudi Arabia national football team.

## Club career

Abdulhamid joined Al-Ittihad for the first time. In 2022, Abdulhamid joined Al Hilal. In May 2023, Al Hilal won King's Cup.

On August 27, 2024, Abdulhamid joined Roma. On December 12, 2024, he became the first Saudi Arabian football player to scored a goal in 47 minutes against Braga in UEFA Europa League. As the result, 3-0 Roma won.

## International career

On June 19, 2022, he won in AFC U23 Asian cup Uzbekistan 2022 for the first time.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Saud Abdulhamid

- **image**: Saudi Arabia v Oman (2) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Abdulhamid with Saudi Arabia national football team, Saudi Arabia at the 2023 AFC Asian Cup
- **fullname**: Saud Abdullah Salem Abdulhamid
- **birth place**: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- **height**: 1.71 m
- **currentclub**: AS Roma, Roma
- **clubnumber**: 12
- **position**: Right-back
- **youthyears1**: 2012–2018
- **youthclubs1**: Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah), Al-Ittihad
- **years1**: 2018–2022
- **clubs1**: Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah), Al-Ittihad
- **caps1**: 75
- **goals1**: 2
- **years2**: 2022–2024
- **clubs2**: Al Hilal SFC, Al-Hilal
- **caps2**: 72
- **goals2**: 4
- **years3**: 2024–
- **clubs3**: AS Roma, Roma
- **caps3**: 4
- **goals3**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 2018–2019
- **nationalteam1**: Saudi Arabia national under-20 football team, Saudi Arabia U20
- **nationalcaps1**: 16
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
- **nationalyears2**: 2019–2022
- **nationalteam2**: Saudi Arabia national under-23 football team, Saudi Arabia U23
- **nationalcaps2**: 24
- **nationalgoals2**: 2
- **nationalyears3**: 2019–
- **nationalteam3**: Saudi Arabia national football team, Saudi Arabia
- **nationalcaps3**: 44
- **nationalgoals3**: 1
- **pcupdate**: 9 March 2025
- **ntupdate**: 10 June 2025
Shmuel Krakowski

**Shmuel Krakowski**, **Samuel Krakowski** or **Stefan Krakowski** (, March 23, 1926 – September 2018) was an Israeli historian specializing in the Holocaust in Poland. After surviving the Holocaust, Krakowski worked for the intelligence and security services of People's Republic of Poland. He later became the Director of the Yad Vashem Archives in Israel.

## Early life

Krakowski was born in Warsaw to a Polish-Jewish family to father Baruch and mother Miriam, growing up in Łódź. He joined the Zionist youth organization Hashomer Hatzair as a teenager. He was jailed with other Jews in the Łódź Ghetto during World War II, where he was involved with underground resistance. After the Łódź Ghetto was liquidated, he survived concentration camps at Auschwitz, Buchenwald, and Theresienstadt.

### Poland

Krakowski returned to Poland in 1945, where he joined the Communist government. He served until 1966, when he switched to work for the Jewish Historical Institute in Warsaw. Following the 1968 antisemitic campaign, he moved to Israel and worked for the Yad Vashem until 1993.

### Israel

He received a PhD from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His PhD thesis concerned the armed Jewish resistance to the General Government. This research won Krakowski the 1975 Yitzhak Sadeh Prize for military research. Krakowski also taught courses at Tel Aviv University.

The volume of Yad Vashem tripled during Krakowski's tenure. The relations with the Central Office of the State Justice Administrations for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes at Ludwigsburg, Germany were also strengthened. He improved the reports of Nazi war criminals, including the files of the Soviet commission of investigation of Nazi crimes and the archives of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, by integrating the Soviet archives with the Yad Vashem archives.

#### Post-retirement

He served as an adviser to Yad Vashem's International Institute for Holocaust Research for about five years following retirement, and a member of The Commission for the Designation of the Righteous Among the Nations.

## Works

- _The War of the Doomed: Jewish Armed Resistance in Poland, 1942–1944_ (1984)
- _Unequal Victims: Poles and Jews During World War Two_ (with Yisrael Gutman, 1988)
- _Chelmno, A Small Village in Europe: The First Nazi Mass Extermination Camp_ (2009)

## Related pages

- Yehuda Bauer
Chittagong Divisional Stadium

The **Chittagong Divisional Stadium** is in the city of Chittagong, in eastern Bangladesh. It is used for cricket, and opened in the 2003–04 season. It first staged a Test match on 28 February 2006 when Bangladesh met Sri Lanka. As of June 2025, the most recent Test there was Bangladesh v Zimbabwe in April 2025.
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series)

***Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles*** (also known as ***Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Ninja Tribunal***, ***Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Fast Forward***, and ***TMNT: Back to the Sewer*** for the fifth, sixth, and seventh and final seasons of the series) is an American animated television series developed by Lloyd Goldfine and based on the characters created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird. The series premiered on February 8, 2003, as part of Fox's FoxBox programming block (later known as 4Kids TV) and ended on March 27, 2010.

The series was announced on May 7, 2002. It was co-produced by 4Kids Entertainment (as its first in-house animated production) and franchise creators Mirage Studios, which co-owned rights to the show, with animation provided by the studio Dong Woo.

## Cast

- Michael Sinterniklaas as Leonardo
- Sam Riegel as Donatello
- Frank Frankson as Raphael
- Wayne Grayson as Michelangelo
- Darren Dunstan as Splinter
- Veronica Taylor as April O'Neil
- Marc Thompson as Casey Jones
- Scottie Ray as Oroku Saki/Shredder
- Greg Carey as Hun
- Scott Williams as Baxter Stockman
- Eric Stuart as Hamato Yoshi
Lisa Lois

**Lisa Lois**, stage name of **Lisa Hordijk** (Wageningen, June 22, 1987), is a Dutch singer. In 2009, she was the winner of the Dutch version of the television talent show _X Factor._ This victory was rewarded with a recording contract and the release of her first single, a cover of Leonard Cohen's _Hallelujah._

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **genre**: Pop
- **website**: https://lisalois.com/
Marisa Liz

**Marisa Liz**, (born October 22, 1982), formerly known as Marisa Pinto, is a Portuguese singer. She rose to prominence as the lead singer of Amor Electro, a band she has been a part of since 2010 and has been on hiatus since 2021. With Amor Electro, Liz released three albums between 2011 and 2018.

After a collaborative project with Aurea in 2019, in 2022 she made her solo debut with the _single_ "Guerra Nuclear".

Marisa Liz is also a well-known face on television, having been a mentor on the entertainment program _The Voice Portugal_ in ten editions of the same (nine regular editions and one _Kids_ edition), from 2014 to 2023.
Jumping Flash!

is a 1995 platform video game that was developed by Exact and Ultra and published by Sony Computer Entertainment.

## Infobox (video game)

- **series**: _Jumping Flash! (series), Jumping Flash!_
Face to Face (new wave band)

**Face to Face** was an American new wave quintet from Boston, Massachusetts, United States.
Aurea (music album)

***Aurea*** is the self-titled debut album from Portuguese singer Aurea, released on September 27, 2010. The album contains 12 songs. The album spent eleven weeks at number one on the Portuguese Albums Chart and a total of seventy-one weeks in the top 30.  The album was certified twice platinum for more than 40,000 copies sold in Portugal. Four songs from the album were released as singles.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Aurea
- **type**: Studio
- **artist**: Aurea
- **released**: September 27, 2010
- **genre**: Pop, Soul, Blues
- **label**: SME, Blim Records
- **producer**: João Matos, Ricardo Ferreira
- **next title**: Soul Notes
- **next year**: 2012
Robbit Mon Dieu

***Robbit Mon Dieu*** is a 1999 platform video game that was developed by Sugar & Rockets and published by Sony Computer Entertainment.

## Infobox (video game)

- **series**: _Jumping Flash! (series), Jumping Flash!_