Honeyeater

A **honeyeater** is one of a large family of small to medium-sized birds which feed on nectar. They are most common in Australia and New Guinea, but are also found in New Zealand, the Pacific islands as far east as Samoa and Tonga, and the islands to the north and west of New Guinea. Bali, on the other side of the Wallace Line, has a single species.

Honeyeaters and the Australian **chats** (Epthianura) make up the family **Meliphagidae**. In total there are 182 species in 42 genera. About half of them live in Australia, and many of the others are from  New Guinea.  Although honeyeaters look and behave much like other nectar-feeding birds around the world (such as the sunbirds and flowerpeckers), they are not related.

There is an important partnership between honeyeaters and Australian flowering plants. A great many Australian plants are fertilised by honeyeaters, particularly the Proteaceae, Myrtaceae, and Epacridaceae. It is known that the honeyeaters are important in New Zealand as well, and scientists believe they are just as important in other areas.

## Description

Unlike the hummingbirds of America, honeyeaters do not usually hover (beat their wings fast to stay in the same air space). However, smaller members of the family do hover hummingbird-style to collect nectar from time to time. Usually honeyeaters move quickly from perch to perch in the outer leaves, stretching up or sideways or hanging upside. Many honeyeaters have a highly developed brush-tipped tongue, covered with bristles which soak up liquids readily. The tongue is flicked rapidly and repeatedly into a flower, the upper mandible then squeezes liquid out when the bill is closed.

As well as nectar, all or nearly all honeyeaters take insects and other small creatures, usually by catching them in the air, sometimes by picking them off plants. A few of the larger species, such as the white-eared honeyeater, and the strong-billed honeyeater of Tasmania, search under bark for insects. Many species also eat fruit, and a small number eat large amounts of fruit, particularly in tropical rainforests and in semi-arid scrubland. The painted honeyeater is a mistletoe specialist. Most, however, live on a diet of nectar and insects. In general, the honeyeaters with long, fine bills eat more nectar, the shorter-billed species less so, but even specialised nectar eaters like the spinebills take extra insects to add protein to their diet when they are breeding.

The movements of honeyeaters are poorly understood. Many follow the flowering of favourite food plants. Arid zone species appear to travel further and less predictably than those of the more fertile areas. It seems probable that no single explanation will emerge: the general rule for honeyeater movements is that there is no general rule.

## References

- Christidis L. and Boles W.E. 1994. _The taxonomy and species of birds of Australia and its territories. Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union Monograph 2._ Melbourne: RAOU.
- Del Hoyo J. _et al_ 2006. _Handbook of the Birds of the World_. Volume 12: Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions.  (_Epthianura_ and _Ashbyia_ only)
- Driskell A.C. and Christidis L. 2004. Phylogeny and evolution of the Australo-Papuan honeyeaters (Passeriformes, Meliphagidae). _Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution_ **31** 943–960.
- Sibley C.G. and Monroe B.L. Jr. 1990. _Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world._ New Haven: Yale University Press.

## Other websites

- Honeyeater videos  on the Internet Bird Collection
- Meliphagoidea  - Highlighting relationships of Maluridae on Tree Of Life Web Project