Mexican War of Independence

**The Mexican War of Independence** (1810–1821) was a war between the people of Mexico and the Spanish colonial government. It started on the 16th of September 1810 since the Criollos (Mexican-born Spaniards) (_criollo people_), the Mestizos and Amerindian<nowiki/>s wanted their independence from Spain.

The idea of Mexican independence went back to the years after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, when Martín Cortés led a revolt against the Spanish government.

The Conspiracy of the Machetes occurred and failed in 1799, but the War of Independence really started with the Grito de Dolores in 1810. Spain was busy fighting for its independence against the invading First French Empire during the Peninsular War and so most of Latin America revolted.

## Beginning

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla was a Mexican priest and a member of a group of educated Criollos (Mexican-born Spaniards) in Querétaro. They met in _tertulias_ (salon<nowiki/>s) and decided in 1810 that a revolt against the colonial government was needed because Napoleon I had replaced the King of Spain with a French foreigner. Hidalgo worked closely with Ignacio de Allende, a nobleman with military training, for a battle in December 1810.

They were betrayed by a member of the group. Hidalgo turned to his parishioners in the town of Dolores. Around 6:00 a.m. on September 16, 1810, he declared both independence from the Spanish crown and war against the government in what was known as the _Grito de Dolores_. The revolutionary army decided to fight for independence and marched on to Guanajuato, which was a major colonial mining center that was governed by Spaniards and criollos.

There, the leaders of the "Citizens' Army," which was poorly organized, locked themselves in the granary and killed most of the Spaniards and Criollos who were there. They included high-ranking nobles and supporters of the fight for independence, which caused Hidalgo and Allende to fight each other.

Allende no longer wanted to fight alongside Hidalgo and left with his soldiers.

On October 30, Hidalgo's army won in their fight against the Spanish resistance at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces.

In January 1811, Spanish forces fought the Battle of the Bridge of Calderón and won. That made the rebels flee towards the United States-Mexican border, where they hoped to escape, but they were caught by the Spanish Army.

Hidalgo and what was left of his army were caught in the state of Coahuila at the Wells of Baján. He went through a trial by the Spanish Inquisition on 30 July 1811 and was executed.

After Hidalgo's death, the leadership of the revolutionary army was taken over by José María Morelos. Under his leadership, the cities of Oaxaca and Acapulco were taken. In 1813, the Congress of Chilpancingo had its first meeting. On 6 November, the Congress signed the first official document of independence, known as the Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America.

A long war followed at the Siege of Cuautla. In 1815, Morelos was caught by Spanish colonial authorities. He was put on trial and executed for treason in San Cristóbal Ecatepec on 22 December.

## Independence

By the early 1820s, the independence movement was close to collapsing. Two of its main leaders had been executed, and the rebels could not easily fight the well-organized Spanish military. Also, many of the most influential Criollos no longer cared. The violence of the unorganized army of Hidalgo and Morelos was disliked. The Mexicans wanted a better and less bloody way to get their independence.

In December 1820, Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca sent a force led by a royalist Criollo officer, Colonel Agustín de Iturbide, to fight in Oaxaca. Iturbide was famous for the way in which he fought the rebels during the early struggle for independence.

The fight at Oaxaca came at the same time as successful military coup in Spain against the monarchy of Ferdinand VII, who was forced to reinstate the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812. When that news reached Mexico, the conservative Iturbide saw it as an opportunity for the criollos to gain control of Mexico. After clashing with Guerrero's forces, Iturbide switched sides. He invited the rebel leader to meet to discuss a new independence struggle.

In the town of Iguala, Iturbide created three rules, or "guarantees," for Mexican independence from Spain:
1. Mexico would be an independent kingdom that would be ruled by King Ferdinand, another Bourbon prince, or some other conservative European prince. A _criollo_ ruler could be appointed by the Mexican Congress if no European would take the position.
1. Criollos and peninsulares would from now have equal rights and privileges.
1. The Roman Catholic Church would keep its privileges and be the only religion allowed.

He made his troops accept these rules, which are known as the Plan of Iguala. Iturbide then persuaded Guerrero to join his forces in support of the new independence. A new army, the Army of the Three Guarantees, was placed under Iturbide's command to enforce the plan. It was so broad that it pleased both patriots and loyalists. The goal of independence and the protection of Roman Catholicism brought together all factions.

Iturbide's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico. When the rebels' victory became certain, the viceroy resigned. On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which recognized Mexican independence under the terms of the plan of Iguala.

On September 27, the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City. The next day, Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire.

On the night of May 18, 1822, a mass of people marched through the streets. They demanded for Iturbide to accept the throne. The next day, the Congress declared Iturbide emperor of Mexico.

## Bibliography

- hjh

## Other websites

- Chieftains of Mexican Independence

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Mexican War of Independence
- **partof**: Spanish American wars of independence
- **image**: Batalla del Monte de las Cruces-30 oct 1810-México.jpg
- **date**: September 16th, 1810 - May 5th, 1821
- **place**: Viceroyalty of New Spain or Mexico
- **result**: First Mexican Empire gains independence from Spain
- **combatant1**: *Mexicans Insurgents
*Europeans and volunteers

*Mexican ex-royalists
*Army of the Three Guarantees
- **combatant2**: *Spaniard royalists

*Mexican royalists
- **commander1**: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
 José María Morelos
 Francisco Javier Mina
 Vicente Guerrero
 Agustín I
 Mariano Matamoros
 Ignacio López Rayón
 José Sixto Verduzco
- **commander2**: Francisco Javier Venegas, marqués de la Reunión y de Nueva España, Francisco Javier Venegas
 Ignacio Elizondo
Juan Ruiz de Apodaca, 1st Count of Venadito, Juan Ruiz de Apodaca
Félix María Calleja del Rey, 1st Count of Calderón, Félix María Calleja del Rey
 Francisco Novella
Juan O'Donojú
Ferdinand VII
- **strength1**: 100.000 irregular
23.000 regular
- **strength2**: 17.000
- **casualties17**: 8.000 killed
 15.000 wounded
- **casualties2**: 1.000 killed
- **casualties1**: 250,000
- **image 2**: File:Batalla de la Alhóndiga de Granaditas.jpg