States and federal territories of Malaysia

The **states and federal territories of Malaysia** are the principal administrative divisions of Malaysia. Malaysia is a federation of 13 states (_Negeri_) and 3 federal territories (_Wilayah Persekutuan_).

## States and federal territories

11 states and 2 federal territories are located on the Malay Peninsula, collectively called _Peninsular Malaysia_ (_Semenanjung Malaysia_) or _West Malaysia_. 2 states are on the island of Borneo, and the remaining federal territory consists of islands offshore of Borneo; they are collectively referred to as _East Malaysia_ or Malaysian Borneo. Out of the 13 states in Malaysia, 9 are monarchies.

### States

|class="unsortable"|Flag|class="unsortable"|Emblem|State|Capital|Royal Capital|Population|Total Area (km<sup>2</sup>)|Licence plate prefix|Phone area code|Abbreviation|ISO|FIPS|HDI|Region|Head of state|Head of government|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Johor|Johor Bahru|Muar|3,768,200|19,210|J|07, 06 (Muar & Tangkak)|align="center"|JHR|align="right"|MY-01|align="right"|MY01|0.818|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Sultan|align=“right”|Menteri Besar|
|||Kedah|Alor Setar|Anak Bukit|2,185,900|9,500|K|04|align="center"|KDH|align="right"|MY-02|align="right"|MY02|0.802|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Sultan|align=“right”|Menteri Besar|
|||Kelantan|Kota Bharu|Kubang Kerian|1,892,200|15,099|D|09|align="center"|KTN|align="right"|MY-03|align="right"|MY03|0.772|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Sultan|align=“right”|Menteri Besar|
|||Malacca|Malacca City|—|932,700|1,664|M|06|align="center"|MLK|align="right"|MY-04|align="right"|MY04|0.828|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor)|align=“right”|Chief Minister|
|||Negeri Sembilan|Seremban|Seri Menanti|1,132,100|6,686|N|06|align="center"|NSN|align="right"|MY-05|align="right"|MY05|0.822|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Yang di-Pertuan Besar (Grand Ruler)|align=“right”|Menteri Besar|
|||Pahang|Kuantan|Pekan|1,677,100|36,137|C|09, 03 (Genting Highlands), 05 (Cameron)|align="center"|PHG|align="right"|MY-06|align="right"|MY06|0.797|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Sultan|align=“right”|Menteri Besar|
|||Penang|George Town|—|1,777,600|1,048|P|04|align="center"|PNG|align="right"|MY-07|align="right"|MY09|0.838|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor)|align=“right”|Chief Minister|
|||Perak|Ipoh|Kuala Kangsar|2,514,300|21,035|A|05|align="center"|PRK|align="right"|MY-08|align="right"|MY07|0.809|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Sultan|align=“right”|Menteri Besar|
|||Perlis|Kangar|Arau|254,600|821|R|04|align="center"|PLS|align="right"|MY-09|align="right"|MY08|0.799|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Raja|align=“right”|Menteri Besar|
|||Sabah|Kota Kinabalu|—|3,904,700|73,631|S|087–089|align="center"|SBH|align="right"|MY-12|align="right"|MY16|0.704|align="right"|East Malaysia|align="right"|Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor)|align=“right”|Chief Minister|
|||Sarawak|Kuching|—|2,818,100|124,450|Q|081–086|align="center"|SWK|align="right"|MY-13|align="right"|MY11|0.739|align="right"|East Malaysia|align="right"|Yang di-Pertua Negeri (Governor)|align=“right”|Chief Minister|
|||Selangor|Shah Alam|Klang|6,541,900|8,104|B|03|align="center"|SGR|align="right"|MY-10|align="right"|MY12|0.855|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Sultan|align=“right”|Menteri Besar|
|||Terengganu|Kuala Terengganu|Kuala Terengganu|1,250,100|13,035|T|09|align="center"|TRG|align="right"|MY-11|align="right"|MY13|0.793|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Sultan|align=“right”|Menteri Besar|

### Federal Territories

|class="unsortable"|Flag|class="unsortable"|Emblem|Federal Territory|Capital|Population|Total Area (km<sup>2</sup>)|Number plate prefix|Phone area code|Abbreviation|ISO|FIPS|HDI|Region|Head of state|Head of government|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur|1,778,400|243|W / V|03|align="center"|KUL|align="right"|MY-14|align="right"||0.860|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Yang di-Pertuan Agong|align=“right”|Mayor|
|||Labuan|Victoria|99,400|91|L|087|align="center"|LBN|align="right"|MY-15|align="right"|MY15|0.778|align="right"|East Malaysia|align="right"|Yang di-Pertuan Agong|align=“right”|President of Labuan Corporation|
|||Putrajaya|Putrajaya|105,400|49|F|03|align="center"|PJY|align="right"|MY-16|align="right"||0.877|align="right"|Peninsular Malaysia|align="right"|Yang di-Pertuan Agong|align=“right”|President of Putrajaya Corporation|

### Restoration of Sabah and Sarawak status

In conjunction with the celebration of Malaysia Day in 2018 under the new Pakatan Harapan (PH) government, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad has promised to restore Sabah and Sarawak status in the Malaysian federation in accordance with the Malaysia Agreement, changing "their status from merely a state to an equal partner of the Malayan states". Although the status of both entities were clearly defined in Article I, Malaysia Agreement 1963 as 'states' which shall be federated with the existing states of the Federation of Malaya. However, through the process of the amendment, the bill failed to pass following the failure to reach two-thirds majority support (148 votes) in the Parliament with only 138 agreed with the move while 59 abstained from the voting. Nevertheless, the Malaysian federal government agreed to review the 1963 agreement to remedy breaches of the treaty with the "Special Cabinet Committee To Review the Malaysia Agreement" and directed a Special Task Force Team (Taskforce MA63) to prepare a final report on the 1963 agreement before 31 August 2019.

## Governance

The governance of the states is divided between the federal government and the state governments, while the federal territories are directly administered by the federal government. The specific responsibilities of the federal and the state governments are listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia. Theoretically, any matter not set out in the Ninth Schedule can be legislated on by the individual states. However, legal scholars generally view this as a "pauper's bequest" because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a broad interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, thus limiting the number of possible subjects not covered. The Ninth Schedule specifically lists the following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states: land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government.

Nine of the peninsular states, based on historical Malay kingdoms, are known as the Malay states. Each Malay state has a hereditary ruler as titular head of state and an executive Chief Minister or _Menteri Besar_ as politically responsible head of government. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu are styled Sultans. Negeri Sembilan's elective ruler holds the title of _Yamtuan Besar_, whereas the ruler of Perlis is titled _Raja_. The federal head of state, the _Yang di-Pertuan Agong_ (commonly referred to as "King" in English) is elected (de facto rotated) among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term. Former British settlements and crown colonies of Penang and Malacca (both peninsular), and Sabah and Sarawak (both on Borneo) each have a titular Governor (styled _Yang di-Pertua Negeri_) appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and an executive Chief Minister or _Ketua Menteri_.

Sabah and Sarawak have additional powers over their immigration controls as part of the 20-point agreement and 18-point agreement drawn up by respective states when they, together with the Federation of Malaya and Singapore, formed Malaysia. They have separate immigration policies and controls and a unique residency status. Passports are required even for Peninsular Malaysians for travelling between either state and Peninsular Malaysia, or between the two states, however those who are on social/business visits up to three months are allowed to produce a MyKad or birth certificate and obtain a special printout form in lieu of a passport.

Each state has a unicameral legislature called _Dewan Undangan Negeri_ (_DUN_, State Assembly). Members of DUN are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population. The state leader of the majority party in DUN is usually appointed Chief Minister by the Ruler or Governor. The term of DUN members is five years unless the assembly is dissolved earlier by the Ruler or Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister. Usually, DUN of the states in Peninsular Malaysia are dissolved in conjunction with the dissolution of the federal parliament, to have state elections running concurrently with the parliamentary election. However, Rulers and Governors hold discretionary powers in withholding consent to dissolve the DUN. Each state sends two senators elected by the DUN to the _Dewan Negara_ (Senate), the upper house of the federal parliament.

The Parliament of Malaysia is permitted to legislate on issues of land, Islamic religion and local government to provide for a uniform law between different states, or on the request of the state assembly concerned. The law in question must also be passed by the state assembly as well, except in the case of certain land law-related subjects. Non-Islamic issues that fall under the purview of the state may also be legislated on at the federal level for the purpose of conforming with Malaysian treaty obligations. Each state is further divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim. In Sabah and Sarawak districts are grouped into "Divisions".

The 3 federal territories were formed for different purposes: Kuala Lumpur is the national capital, Putrajaya is the administrative centre of the federal government, and Labuan serves as an offshore financial centre. Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya were carved out of Selangor, while Labuan was ceded by Sabah. The territories fall under the purview of the Ministry of the Federal Territories, and the Parliament of Malaysia legislates on all matters concerning the territories. Each federal territory elects representatives from single-member constituencies drawn based on population to the _Dewan Rakyat_ (House of Representatives) of the Parliament. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints senators to represent the territories in the Dewan Negara; Kuala Lumpur has two senators, while Putrajaya and Labuan each has one.

The local governments for the territories varies: Kuala Lumpur is administered by the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (_Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur_), headed by an appointed mayor (_Datuk Bandar_), while Putrajaya is administered by the Putrajaya Corporation (_Perbadanan Putrajaya_) and Labuan by the Labuan Corporation (_Perbadanan Labuan_); each corporation is headed by a chairman.

## Sabah and Sarawak

The states of Sabah and Sarawak merged with the existing states of the Federation of Malaya and Singapore pursuant to the Malaysia Agreement in 1963 to form the independent state of Malaysia. Representatives from Sabah and Sarawak demanded a higher degree of autonomy as part of the bargain which were included in the 20-point agreement and 18-point agreement respectively. It has also been argued that Sabah and Sarawak have equal status to that of Malaya as a whole, however the Constitution of Malaysia have listed both these entities as merely 2 of the 13 states of Malaysia, suggesting an equal status with the states of Malaya. Sabah and Sarawak still retains a relatively higher degree of autonomy compared to the peninsular states in areas such as immigration, some control over state revenue and legislative power over land and local government.

## Singapore and Brunei

Singapore was a Malaysian state from the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 until it was expelled from the Federation on 9 August 1965. During its time as a state of Malaysia, Singapore had autonomy in the areas of education and labour and was the smallest state in Malaysia by land area.

Brunei was invited to join the Federation but decided not to at the end due to several issues, such as the status of the Sultan within Malaysia, division of Bruneian oil royalties, and pressure from opposition groups which amounted to the Brunei Revolt.

## Notes

1. The code MY10 is not used in **FIPS 10-4** but was used for **FIPS 10-3** (for Sabah)
1. Territories named in official language for both **FIPS 10-4** and **ISO 3166-2:MY** code lists
1. _Wilayah Persekutuan_ defined as the territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya. Used by FIPS only

## Other websites

- Local government in Malaysia