juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Magazine (firearms)

A **magazine** is a feeding device for firearms that contains ammunition. For artillery it can be a special warehouse or a special room in a warship.

In firearms, a **magazine** (often incorrectly called a "clip") is a container that holds ammunition for a firearm. There are two main types of magazines. An external magazine, also known as a box magazine, is a formed piece of sheet metal or plastic, usually polymer, that contains a spring and a follower. Rounds are inserted via the top, either from directly pushing them in, or sliding them under the feed lips, pushing down on the follower that is attached to the spring. As the box magazine is emptied, the follower and spring maintain pressure on the rounds and force them upwards to be grabbed by the firearms bolt. The other type of magazine, an internal magazine is built into the gun and is not meant to be quickly replaced like an external magazine. Internal magazines are common in bolt action rifles, older semi-automatic rifles, such as the M1 Garand, and tube-fed shotguns. These are usually loaded with individual rounds or via a stripper clip, a small piece of formed sheet metal that holds anywhere from 5-10 rounds via the extraction groove.

Box magazines come in many different capacities. The standard being 30 rounds, but some hold as little as 3, and others up to 150. Other external magazine types include drum magazines, which are circular in design with the rounds parallel with each other and fed into a singular point. Pan magazines are also circular, but the rounds all point to the center of the circle and are fed into the firearm as the pan spins upon the gun.

Magazines may also be what is know as single, double, or quadruple stacked. Single stack magazines are when the rounds sit directly on top of one another, with no offset. Double stack magazines, quickly becoming the most popular method, are two columns of rounds stacked so that each round is offset left or right of the one above and below it. This method maximizes capacity and size of the magazine. Finally, quadruple stacked magazines, are essentially two double stacked magazines next to each other in one magazine. These often hold 40 rounds or more, but are prone to feeding issues as the rounds often get stuck on each other.
Shotgun cartridge

A **shotgun cartridge**, or **shell** is the standard type of ammunition for a shotgun. It is fired after being loaded into the chamber of a shotgun. The cartridge is cylindrical in shape and is normally between  and  long. It holds a charge of gunpowder and either lead shot or a shotgun slug made to be fired from the shotgun. Shotgun cartridges are usually mostly plastic but have thin brass at the base, though they can be made of solid brass, paper, or other combinations of these materials.

A shotgun cartridge's size is usually measured in gauge (also known as bore). The most common size of cartridge is the **12-gauge**. When measuring gauge, a smaller number means a larger cartridge: 12-gauge is larger than 20-gauge. Cartridge gauge is an old measurement. Except for the .410 bore or gauge, which is not a gauge at all but a caliber,
the gauge of a shotgun was equal to the number of lead balls that added up to . So in a 12 gauge, 12 balls add up to about a pound of lead. So the diameter is equal to a ball weighing 1/12th of a pound of lead. A 20 gauge, another popular size today, has the diameter of a ball weighing 1/20th of a pound of lead.

Besides lead shot and slugs which are designed to be lethal, there are special **less lethal** types of shotgun cartridges which shoot things made to hurt but not kill people. Less lethal cartridges are most often used by police. These can be loaded with plastic or rubber shot, rubber slugs, beanbags, or salt.

## Other websites

- Shotgun Gauges Explained - Shotguns 101 #3; YouTube
- Less Than Lethal Shotgun vs Ribs, Rock Salt & Bean Bags; YouTube
Eric Carr

**Paul Charles Caravello** (July 12, 1950 – November 24, 1991), better known as **Eric Carr**, was an American rock drummer. He was a member of the rock band Kiss from 1981 to 1991.

## Early career

One of Carr's first bands was Salt & Pepper. They played covers of songs by other artists. They had success in the 1970s playing in small clubs. The band continued playing for nine years. Salt & Pepper became the opening act for artists such as Stevie Wonder and Nina Simone. The group changed their name to "Creation" in 1973 and began to play disco music.

## Kiss

In 1981, Carr replaced Peter Criss on drums in the hard rock band Kiss. Carr brought a heavy metal style to the band. The band's first album with Carr was _Music from The Elder_, released on November 16, 1981. Carr co-wrote some songs on the album. He co-wrote "Escape from the Island" with Ace Frehley, and "Under the Rose" with Gene Simmons. Other albums with Kiss were _Creatures of the Night_, _Lick It Up_, _Animalize_, and _Hot in the Shade_.

Carr's last public appearance with Kiss was at the MTV Video Music Awards in September 1991. Carr died of heart cancer on November 24, 1991 at age 41.

## References

- The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars: Heroin, Handguns, and Ham Sandwiches, by Jeremy Simmonds
- Kiss Members: Paul Stanley, Gene Simmons, Ace Frehley, Peter Criss, Eric Carr, Vinnie Vincent, Bruce Kulick, Eric Singer, Mark St. John, by General Books LLC, 2010

## Other websites

- Eric Carr: The Memorial Tribute
- Eric Carr Photo Gallery & Information Centre

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Eric Carr
- **img**: Eric Carr (1984).jpg
- **img capt**: 1984
- **birth name**: Paul Charles Caravello
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **death place**: New York City, U.S.
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **instrument**: Drums
- **associated acts**: Kiss (band), Kiss, Ace Frehley
- **years active**: 1965-1991
Royal Canadian Navy

The **Royal Canadian Navy** (RCN) was the navy of Canada from 1911 to 1968.

From 4 May 1910 to 29 August 1911, the navy was known officially as the _Naval Service of Canada_ and operationally as Canadian Naval Forces.

During the early years of the 20th century, there was a lot of talk in the British Empire as to the role the Dominions would play in defence and foreign affairs.  Because of the developing naval arms race with Germany, a key part of this discussion focused on naval issues.

In Canada, the naval debate came down to a choice between two options: either the young country could provide funds, support and manpower to the Royal Navy, or it could form its own navy, which could help support the Royal Navy if necessary.  After extensive political debates, Canadian politicians chose to set up their own navy.

The Royal Canadian Navy Served with the Royal Navy in World Wars I and II, but during the Suez Crisis of the 1950s Canada and the United Kingdom had different political views.  Coupled with mutinies in 1949, partly linked to old British ways the Canadian government started looking at making sure the Canadian Navy had a very separate identity from the Royal Navy. In August of 2011 the three services were once again separated, ending decades of confusion and low morale. The Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army and Royal Canadian Air Force were reinstated.
Leo (astrology)

**Leo **is the fifth astrological Zodiac sign, starting from the constellation of Leo. Leo is considered to be a "feminist ", positive (extrovert) sign. It is also considered a fire sign and is one of four fixed signs  ruled by the Sun. Being the fifth sign of the zodiac, Leo has been associated with the astrological fifth house.

Individuals born when the Sun is in this sign are considered Leo individuals.  In the tropical zodiac, Leo is roughly from July 23 to August 22. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is currently there roughly from August 10 to September 15.

## Bethel

_See Leo (constellation) _
Celestial sphere

In astronomy and navigation, the **celestial sphere** is an imaginary sphere (_ball_) of a very large unspecified size. The earth and the sphere have the same centre: they are _concentric_. They also rotate upon the same axis. All objects in the sky can be thought of as projected (_drawn, written_) upon the celestial sphere. This imaginary sphere is a very practical tool for positional astronomy.

## Celestial hemispheres

The equator divides the earth into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. Similarly, the celestial sphere is divided by projecting the equator into space. This divides the sphere into the north celestial hemisphere and the south celestial hemisphere. One can also locate the Celestial Tropic of Cancer, Celestial Tropic of Capricorn, North Celestial Pole, and South Celestial Pole.

## Sidereal time

The Earth rotates from west to east around its axis in slightly less than 24 hours. The celestial sphere and all objects on it appear to rotate from east to west around the celestial poles in the same time. This is the diurnal motion (_daily motion_). This is why stars will rise in the east and set in the west, (unless a star is circumpolar). On the next night a particular star will rise again, but with our normal clocks running a 24-hour 0-minute cycle, it will do so slightly less than 4 minutes earlier. By the following night the difference will be 8 minutes, and so forth with every following night (or day).

The reason for this is that the Sun does not stand still on the celestial sphere, and the stars do (except for a tiny proper motion). The sun moves about 1° per day eastwards over a great circle known as the ecliptic (which is 360° or a full circle in one year, the annual motion of the Sun). As an angle of 1° corresponds to 4 minutes in time (360° = 24 hours), we need therefore four extra minutes of diurnal motion to see the Sun back on the same meridian again, making the duration of one rotation just 24 hours exactly (on the average, ignoring small seasonal variations, see equation of time)

Normal clocks therefore indicate solar time. Astronomers studying the movements of stars may want clocks indicating sidereal time, going around once in 23h56m (solar time units).

## Star globe

A celestial sphere can also refer to a physical model of the celestial sphere or celestial globe.
Such globes map the constellations on the _outside_ of a sphere, resulting in a mirror image of the constellations as seen from Earth. The oldest surviving example of such an artefact is the globe of the Farnese Atlas sculpture, a 2nd-century copy of an older (Hellenistic period, ca. 120 BC) work.

## Other websites

- SkyandTelescope.com SkyChart
- Monthly skymaps for every location on Earth
- Fixed pattern of distant stars, part of elementary astronomy course From Stargazers to Starships
Navarre

**Navarre** is an autonomous community in northern Spain. The capital of Navarre is Pamplona.

## History

When the Roman Empire existed, most of the people who lived in Navarre were the Vascones.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Navarre
- **settlement type**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Chartered Community
- **image flag**: Flag Of Navarre.svg
- **flag size**: 150x100px
- **flag alt**: Flag of Navarra
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Navarre .svg
- **shield size**: 100x100px
- **shield alt**: Coat-of-arms of Navarra
- **image map**: Navarra in Spain.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Navarra (in red) within Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Pamplona
- **area total km2**: 10391
- **area footnotes**: (2.2% of Spain; List of Spanish autonomous communities by area, Ranked 11th)
- **population as of**: 2013
- **population total**: 647,866
- **population blank1 title**: List of Spanish autonomous communities by population, Pop. rank
- **population blank1**: 15th
- **population blank2 title**: Percent
- **population blank2**: 1.3% of Spain
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Demonym
- **demographics1 title1**: English language, English
- **demographics1 info1**: Navarrese
- **demographics1 title2**: Spanish language, Spanish
- **demographics1 info2**: Navarro/a
- **blank1 name sec1**: Official languages
- **blank1 info sec1**: Spanish language, Spanish (Basque language, Basque is official in the Basque-speaking areas)
- **blank2 name sec1**: Statute of Autonomy
- **blank2 info sec1**: August 16, 1982
- **blank name sec2**: Parliament
- **blank info sec2**: Cortes Generales
- **blank1 name sec2**: Congress of Deputies (Spain), Congress seats
- **blank1 info sec2**: 5 (of 350)
- **blank2 name sec2**: Spanish Senate, Senate seats
- **blank2 info sec2**: 5 (of 265)
- **postal code type**: ISO 3166-2:ES, ISO 3166-2
- **postal code**: NA
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: María Chivite (Socialist Party of Navarre, PSN-PSOE)
- **website**: [http://www.navarra.es/ Gobierno de Navarra]
Barbary falcon

The **Barbary falcon** (_Falco pelegrinoides_) is a species of bird. It is a medium-sized falcon about the size of a crow. This bird of prey breeds in the Canary Islands and on the coasts of North Africa. It is mainly resident. It is thought to be related to the peregrine falcon.
L-DOPA

**Levodopa**, or **<small>L</small>-DOPA** is an amino acid. In the body of mammals, it is made from Tyrosine in a process named synthesis. It also occurs in different plants. As such it can be used as a dietary supplement. L-Dopa is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepiphedrine and epiphedrine, which are part of a group known as Catecholamines. L-dopa can also be used as a drug for diseases such as Parkinson's disease. The substance used in the drug is usually called _Levodopa_, and the naturally occurring substance is called _L-Dopa_.

Swedish scientist Arvid Carlsson first saw that the substance could be used as a drug in 1957. It was first introduced as _Madopar_, by Hoffmann-La Roche, in 1973, as a treatment for Parkinson's disease. The WHO has put it on the list of essential medicines. Because the drug has side-effects, when taken for a longer period of time, people often try to replace it with other drugs, especially in younger patients.
Austrobaileyales

**Austrobaileyales** is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants. There are about 100 species of woody plants, perhaps the most famous of which is the spice star anise, from _Illicium verum_.

The APG system, of 1998, did not recognize such an order. However, the APG II system, of 2003, did accept this order and placed it among the basal angiosperms.
Chloranthaceae

**Chloranthaceae** is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family consists of four genera, totalling several dozen species, of herbaceous or woody plants occurring in Southeast Asia, the Pacific, Madagascar, Central & South America, and the West Indies. The flowers are inconspicuous, and arranged in inflorescences. Petals are absent in this family, and sometimes so are sepals. The flowers can be either hermaphrodite or of separate sexes. The fruit is drupe-like, consisting of one carpel.
Creodont

The **Creodonta** are, traditionally, an extinct order of mammals which lived from the Palaeocene to the Miocene epoch. They are distant relatives of the Carnivora. However, the carnassial teeth of modern carnivores and both groups of creodonts are not formed from the same teeth. This evolutionary convergence suggests the creodonts are _not_ the ancestors of modern carnivores.

Also, they are perhaps not a natural group. However, a phylogenetic analysis of Paleocene mammals published in 2015 supported the monophyly of Creodonta, and put the group as relatives of pangolins. There is an extensive literature on the subject.

Creodonts were the dominant group of carnivorous mammals from 55 to 35 million years ago (mya) in the ecosystems of Africa, Eurasia and North America. They competed with the Mesonychids and the Entelodonts and ultimately outlasted them. In Oligocene Africa, they were the dominant predatory group.

At last, they lost ground to the Carnivora. The Carnivora are the only group to survive today. The last creodont genus went extinct eight million years ago, and modern carnivores now occupy their ecological niches.

The first creodont fossils were in the Palaeocene, about 60 million years ago (mya), and the last _Dissopsalis_, perhaps eight mya. So, the creodonts lasted for at least 50 million years.

## Adaptations

Creodonts show various adaptations to their carnivorous life-style, and show convergent evolution with modern carnivores. They share, for example, the carnassial shear, a modification of teeth that sliced meat like scissors.

The Carnivora also developed larger brains and more efficient running. Once forest and woodland was partly replaced by grassland, in the Miocene, the true carnivores had the advantage, and the creodonts lost ground and eventually became extinct.
Peter Criss

**George Peter John Criscuola**, also known as Peter Criss and by his stage name The Catman, (born December 20, 1945, in Brooklyn, New York) is an American drummer. Criss is known for being the drummer in the original lineup of New York Glam metal band Kiss (band) during the 1970s before being replaced by Eric Carr in 1981.

## Biography

Criss was born **George Peter John Criscuola**. He is of Italian descent. His parents were Joseph and Loretta Criscuolo. Criss was a student of art and jazz. He got his start in  music in the pop rock group Chelsea. They recorded an album in 1970.

## Kiss

In 1972 Peter began his career in the band Kiss. The band included Paul Stanley on guitar and Gene Simmons on bass, and Ace Frehley as a first guitar. With the painted faces, in 1973 released their first album Kiss. The album was very successful.  Peter Criss proved to be a good singer. He wrote and sang the ballad "Beth". On the band's third album, _Dressed to Kill_ (1975), Criss sang the song "Getaway", written by Ace Frehley. In 1980 Peter Criss released his last album as the drummer of Kiss _Unmasked_. Criss was fired from Kiss on May 18, 1980. This hit the band hard and again in the following years with the loss of original lead guitarist Ace Frehley. In 1981 he was replaced by drummer Eric Carr.

In 1996, Criss returned to the band to record some acoustic tracks on the album _Unplugged and_ for their highly sucessful 1996-7 Alive/Worldwide Reunion Tour, which grossed $43.7 million Peter Criss left the band again in 2004. He was then replaced later by Eric Singer.

## Other websites

- Peter Criss - The Official Website
- Interview with Peter Criss
- Second interview with Peter Criss
- Billboard.com article by Greg Prato

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Peter Criss
- **img**: Peter Criss 1995.jpg
- **img capt**: Peter Criss, 1995
- **birth name**: George Peter John Criscuola
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, New York, U.S.
- **genre**: Hard rock
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **instrument**: Drums
- **associated acts**: Kiss (band), Kiss
- **years active**: 1970-present
Kamaboko

, also known as **surimi**' is a cured, processed seafood product of Japan. It is made of puréed white fish, formed into different shapes including semi-cylinder loafs, and steamed until it becomes firm. Some _kamaboko_ known as _narutomaki_ is made with a swirl pattern in the center of each slice, named after the famous tidal whirlpool in the Japanese city Naruto. Outside of Japan, _kamaboko_ is often referred to as fish cake.

_Kamaboko_ has been made in Japan since the 14th century CE and has become commonly available in many other countries. One example that can be found in the West is _kanikama_ (also known as _kani kamaboko_), or imitation crab. This variation of _surimi_ is quite common in the West as it is a cheap substitute for real crab meat.

In Japan, _kamaboko_ can often be seen served as a topping over ramen or udon. It is also commonly sold at convenience stores as _chikama_ (_kamaboko_ and cheese).
Banga Sena

The **Banga Sena** (**Bengal Army**) is a separatist Hindu organisation, which supports the making of a Bangabhumi/separate homeland for Bengali Hindus in the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The group is led by Kalidas Baidya.
Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan

**Bangabhumi** (, meaning the land of Bengal) also known as **Bir Bango** (), is a separatist movement to create a Hindu country using southwestern East Bengal envisioned by Banga Sena of Bangladesh.

The movement was founded in 1973 in the Republic of India soon after Bangladeshi independence to support the Hindu refugees from Bangladesh, who were targeted by the Pakistani national army in the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities based on ideas of reconquest. However, this movement did not receive much support at that time. In an interview with BBC in 2001, Chittaranjan Sutar, one of the alleged organisers of the movement, denied any existence of the movement at that time. The movement openly became active again on 2003 when it declared the independence of Hindu Republic of Bangabhumi. Since 2021, the Bangabhumi movement appeared to die out in Bangladesh. Groups with a similar goal formed  in West Bengal and neighboring states in India. None of them gained much success.

## Infobox (war faction)

- **name**: Hindu Republic of Bangabhumi
- **native name**: _Hindu Prajātantrī Baṅgabhūmi_
- **native name lang**: bn
- **war**: Banglabhumi Insurgency
- **flag**:
- **image size**: 250px
- **active**: 1973–2006
- **ideology**: Hindu nationalism
Separatism
- **leader**: Kalidas Baidya (1973–2006)
- **area**: India
- **allies**: (denied by India)
- **opponents**:
Tempura

is a kind of Japanese food. It is deep fried vegetables or seafood. Also tempura that does not use seafood is called . The dish comes from a Portuguese dish peixinhos da horta, which was brought to Japan by Portuguese sailors in the mid-sixteenth century.

## Cooking

Batter for tempura is generally made from cold water and a light wheat flour. However, sometimes other ingredients may be added, such as eggs, baking soda or baking powder, starch, oil, or spices. Traditionally, the batter is mixed a small amount at a time using chopsticks. The batter is only mixed for a few seconds and the lumps are left behind, giving the fried tempura its unique shape. Great care is taken to make sure the tempura is not over-mixed, otherwise it will become chewy and dough-like.

Special tempura flour has become widely available in supermarkets around the world. Tempura generally does not use breadcrumbs (_panko_). Foods made with this are usually referred to as _furai_--Japanese-style fried foods, such as tonkatsu (fried pork cutlet) or ebi furai (fried shrimp).

Seafood or thinly sliced vegetables are dipped in the batter and then quickly fried in hot oil. Usually vegetable oil is used and is heated to around 160 to 180 degrees Celsius. The cooking time for different types of tempura varies greatly, from only a few seconds for very thin vegetables to minutes for thicker ingredients or _kakiage_ (mixed vegetables fritters).

Common ingredients for tempura include both seafood and vegetables, such as shrimp, squid, bell peppers, kabocha squash, eggplant, sweet potato, and lotus root, among many others.

## Serving

Tempura is served hot immediately after cooking. Sometimes a sauce for dipping will be provided, the most common being made from dashi stock, mirin, and soy sauce (_shōyu_). Sometimes a special salt is served with the tempura. In other cases it may be used as a topping on soups like on soba or udon.
1985 Mexico City earthquake

The **1985 Mexico City earthquake** was an earthquake that happened in Mexico City on September 19, 1985. It had a magnitude of 8.1, and the number of people killed was around 10,000.

## Related pages

- 2017 Puebla earthquake

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **name**: 1985 Mexico City earthquake
- **image**: 1985 Mexico Earthquake - Collapsed General Hospital.jpg
- **alt**: Mexico city – Collapsed General Hospital
- **caption**: Mexico City – Collapsed General Hospital of Mexico#1985 Mexico City earthquake, Hospital Juárez de México
- **map alt**: Map showing the earthquake epicenter
- **local-time**: 07:17:50
- **timestamp**: 1985-09-19 13:17:50
- **magnitude**: 8.0
- **affected**: Mexico
- **damages**: Extreme
- **intensity**: Mercalli intensity scale, IX (_Violent_)
- **tsunami**: 1–3 m
- **aftershocks**: 7.5  20 September 1985
 7.0  30 April 1986
- **casualties**: 5,000–45,000 dead
 30,000 injured
- **isc-event**: 516095
- **anss-url**: https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0002jwe#executive
Warkany syndrome 2

**Warkany syndrome 2**, also known as **chromosome 8 trisomy syndrome** or **trisomy 8**, is a condition where chromosome 8 in humans has three sets of chromosomes, as opposed to the normal two. This condition is called "trisomy", and is where Warkany syndrome 2 derives its alternative names. People born with Warkany syndrome 2 typically have mental retardation and renal or skeletal malformations.
Yothu Yindi

**Yothu Yindi** was the first major indigenous band in Australia. They released many hits and albums such as "One Blood", "Treaty", "Garma", "Homeland Movement" and "Birrkuda". The name Yothu Yindi translates from 'yolngo matha' to English as "child and mother". This term refers to the connection the tribe has to their land.

## Achievements

Some of their achievements include spending 22 weeks in the national charts for their single "Treaty", the prime minister Paul Keating awarded them with $30000.

## Mandawuy Yunupingu

Mandawuy is a crocodile man and also lead singer and song writer with the band Yothu Yindi. He is very kind and inspirational as well as he is strongly Aboriginal. His brother won The Australian of the Year.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Yothu Yindi
- **img**: 201000 - Opening Ceremony Yothu Yindi perform 3 - 3b - 2000 Sydney opening ceremony photo.jpg
- **img capt**: Yothu Yindi perform at the Opening Ceremony of the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Yolngu, Yolngu homelands, Northern Territory, Australia
- **genre**: Indigenous Australian music, Indigenous music/rock music, rock
- **years active**: 1986–current
- **label**: Mushroom Records, Mushroom, Hollywood
- **associated acts**: Swamp Jockeys
- **current members**: Mandawuy Yunupingu
Stuart Kellaway
Ben Hakalitz
Cal Williams
Gapanbulu Yunupingu
- **past members**: #Members, see members list below
Juan Miranda

**Juan Miguel Miranda** (born April 25, 1983 in Consolación del Sur, Cuba) is an Cuban Major League Baseball first baseman who currently plays for the Arizona Diamondbacks. Miranda also played for the New York Yankees from 2008 to 2010 before being traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks for Scott Allen.

## Other websites

- Juan Miranda's MLB player profile
Hop (movie)

***Hop*** is a 2011 Easter-themed comedy movie that was produced by Chris Meledandri and was directed by Tim Hill. Hop was released on April 1, 2011 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 23% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 41 out of 100 from Metacritic. Even though the movie got bad reviews, it opened at #1 at the Friday box office in the US, earning $11.4 million and also topped the weekend box office with $38.1 million, which made it the highest opening weekend so far in 2011.

## Cast

- Russell Brand as E.B. (Voice)
- James Marsden as Fred O'Hare
- Kaley Cuoco as Samantha "Sam" O'Hare
- Hank Azaria as Carlos and Phil (Voice)
- Tiffany Espensen as Alex O'Hare
- Gary Cole as Henry O'Hare
- Elizabeth Perkins as Bonnie O'Hare
- Chelsea Handler as Mrs. Beck
- David Hasselhoff as Himself
- Russell Brand as a "Hoff Knows Talent" production assistant.
- Hugh Hefner as Himself
- Dustin Ybarra as Cody
- Hugh Laurie as The Easter Bunny (Voice)
- John Cohen as the other Easter Chicks and the other Easter Bunnies. (Voice)
- Janet Healy as The Pink Berets (Fluffy, Patch, and Bit) (Voice)

## Other websites

- Hop's Official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Hop
- **director**: Tim Hill
- **producer**: Chris Meledandri
Michelle Imperato
- **screenplay**: Ken Daurio
Brian Lynch
Cinco Paul
- **story**: Cinco Paul
Ken Daurio
- **starring**: Russell Brand
James Marsden
Kaley Cuoco
Hank Azaria
Gary Cole
Elizabeth Perkins
Hugh Laurie
- **music**: Christopher Lennertz
- **cinematography**: Peter Lyons Collister
- **editing**: Peter S. Elliot
Gregory Perler
- **studio**: Relativity Media
Illumination Entertainment
- **distributor**: Universal Studios, Universal Pictures
- **released**: April 1, 2011
- **runtime**: 95 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $63 million
- **gross**: $38,118,000
Heckler & Koch

**Heckler & Koch** (**H&K**, _Heckler und Koch_) is a German firearm manufacturing company. They make many guns such as the MP5 series submachine gun and the rifle G3. Heckler and Koch are one of the most famous weapon manufacturers and deliver weapons to many government agencies such as the German Armed Forces and US Army.

The company is in Oberndorf in the state of Baden-Württemberg, but also has locations in the United Kingdom, France and the United States.  The company motto is "_Keine Kompromisse!_" (No Compromise!).  H&K makes firearms for many military and paramilitary units and counter-terrorism and hostage rescue teams.

## Products

- Pistols: VP70, P9, P8, P7, USP, Mk23, P2000, P30
- Rifles: G11, G3, G36, XM8, HK416, HK417, PSG-1, G28
- Submachine guns: MP5, MP7, UMP
- Machine guns: LMG36, MG4, HK21
- Grenade launchers: GMG/GMW, HK69, AG36, HK P2A1

## Other websites

- H&K Global website
Garfield: The Movie

***Garfield: The Movie*** is an 2004 animated comedy movie that was produced by John Davis, John Kilkenny, Michele Imperato, Neil A. Machlis and Brian Manis and was directed by Peter Hewitt. Garfield: The Movie was released on June 11, 2004 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 14% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 27 out of 100 from Metacritic. A sequel to the movie was released in 2006 and was called, Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties.

## Cast

- Bill Murray as Garfield (voice)
- Breckin Meyer as Jon Arbuckle
- Matthew Lillard as Edward Arbuckle, (Jon's brother)
- Stephen Tobolowsky as Happy Chapman
- Stephen Tobolowsky as Happy's brother
- Evan Arnold as Wendall
- Jennifer Love Hewitt as Dr. Liz Wilson
- Eve Brent Ashe as Mrs. Baker
- Juliette Goglia as Little Girl
- Joe Bays as Raccoon Lodge Member
- Leyna Nguyen as News Reporter
- Joe Ochman as Engineer
- Jim Davis as a drunken conventioner (uncredited)
- Bill Murray as Garfield (Voice)
- Gregg Berger as Odie the Dog (Voice)
- Nick Cannon as Louis (Voice)
- Alan Cumming as Persnikitty/Sir Roland (Voice)
- David Eigenberg as Nermal (Voice)
- Brad Garrett as Luca (Voice)
- Debra Messing as Arlene (Voice)
- Richard Kind as Dad Rat (Voice)
- Debra Jo Rupp as Mom Rat (Voice)
- Wyatt Smith as Kid Rat #1 (Voice)
- Jordan Kaiser as Kid Rat #2 (Voice)
- Alyson Stoner as Kid Rat #3 (Voice)
- Billy West as Dog (Voice)
- Jimmy Kimmel as Spanky (Voice)
- Mo'Nique as a rat. Her part was deleted in the final cut of the movie.  (Voice)

### Directed by

- Peter Hewitt

### Produced by

- John Davis

### Written by

- Joel Cohen
- Alec Solokow

### Music by

- Christophe Beck
- Tim Boland

### Visual Development Artists

- Seth MacFarlane
- Angus MacLane
- Michael Maltese
- Mike Manley
- Jeff "Swampy" Marsh
- Glenn McCoy
- Craig McCracken
- Christopher McCulloch
- Tom McGrath
- Patrick McHale
- Will Meugniot
- Harold Michelson
- Chris Miller
- Greg Miller
- Dan Mills
- Mike Milo
- Tom Minton
- Zac Moncrief
- Lauren Montgomery
- Jesse Moynihan
- Kevin Munroe
- Adam Muto
- Raymie Muzquiz

### Story Atists

- Izzy Ellis
- Peter Emmerich
- Darrel Rooney
- Andy Engman
- Joseph L. Erbr

### Additional Story Artists

- Paul Fierlinger
- Dave Filoni
- Will Finn
- Christine Lawrence Finney
- Dave Fleischer
- Lou Fleischer
- Max Fleischer
- Greg Ford
- Ernie Fosselius

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Garfield: The Movie
- **director**: Peter Hewitt
- **producer**: John Davis
John Kilkenny
Michele Imperato
Neil A. Machlis
Brian Manis
- **writer**: **Screenplay:**
Joel Cohen
Alec Sokolow
**Characters:**
Jim Davis (cartoonist), Jim Davis
- **starring**: Bill Murray
Breckin Meyer
Matthew Lillard
Jennifer Love Hewitt
Nick Cannon
Stephen Tobolowsky
Debra Messing
- **music**: Christophe Beck
Tim Boland
- **cinematography**: Dean Cundey
- **editing**: Michael A. Stevenson
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **released**: June 11, 2004
- **runtime**: 82 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $50 million
- **gross**: $198,964,901
Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties

***Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties*** is a 2006 British-American live-action/animated comedy movie that was produced by John Davis, Michele Imperato and Brian Manis and was directed by Tim Hill. _Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties_ was released on June 16, 2006 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 37 out of 100 from Metacritic.

This movie is a sequel to _Garfield: The Movie_. A third film, Garfield Gets Real, was released a year later in 2007.

## Cast

- Bill Murray as Garfield (voice)
- Tim Curry as Prince (voice)
- Billy Connolly as Lord Dargis
- Breckin Meyer as Jon Arbuckle
- Matthew Lillard as Edward Arbuckle (Jon's brother)
- Jennifer Love Hewitt as Dr. Liz Wilson
- Bob Hoskins as Winston (Voice)
- Ian Abercrombie as Smithee
- Roger Rees as Mr. Hobbs
- Lucy Davis as Ms. Abby Westminister
- Rhys Ifans as McBunny (Voice)
- Oliver Muirhead as Mr. Greene
- Vinnie Jones as Rommel (Voice)
- Joe Pasquale as Claudius (Voice)

Odie is play by a real dog despite Garfield is animated with the computer motion capture.

## Other websites

- Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties' Official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties
- **director**: Tim Hill
- **producer**: John Davis
Michele Imperato
Brian Manis
- **writer**: **Screenplay:**
Joel Cohen
Alec Sokolow
**Characters:**
Jim Davis (cartoonist), Jim Davis
- **starring**: Bill Murray
Tim Curry
Billy Connolly
Breckin Meyer
Matthew Lillard
Jennifer Love Hewitt
- **music**: Christophe Beck
- **cinematography**: Peter Lyons Collister
- **editing**: Peter S. Elliot
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **released**: June 16, 2006
- **runtime**: 82 mins.
- **country**: United States
United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $60,000,000
- **gross**: $160,401,979
Clint Mansell

**Clinton Darryl "Clint" Mansell** (born 7 January 1963 in Coventry, England) is an English musician, composer, and was also the lead singer and guitarist of the band Pop Will Eat Itself. He is known for scores on movies. Some of the most famous movies that he has scored are Requiem for a Dream, The Fountain, Moon, Smokin' Aces, The Wrestler, and Black Swan. His composition has become very popular and has been used in many advertisements and movie trailers.

## Scoring credits

Mansell has scored many movies:
|Year|Film|
| --- | --- |
|1998|_Pi_|
|2000|_Requiem for a Dream_|
|2001|_World Traveler_|
|2001|_The Hole_|
|2001|_Knockaround Guys_|
|2001|_Rain_|
|2002|_Abandon_|
|2002|_Murder by Numbers_|
|2002|_Sonny_|
|2002|_The Hire: Ticker_|
|2003|_11:14_|
|2004|_Suspect Zero_|
|2005|_Sahara_|
|2005|_Doom_|
|2006|_The Fountain_|
|2006|_Trust the Man_|
|2006|_Smokin' Aces_|
|2007|_Wind Chill_|
|2007|_In The Wall_|
|2008|_Definitely, Maybe_|
|2008|_The Wrestler_|
|2009|_Blood: The Last Vampire_|
|2009|_Moon_|
|2009|_L'affaire Farewell_|
|2010|_The Rebound_|
|2010|_Black Swan_|
|2010|_Last Night_|
|2010|_Faster_|
|2011|_Mass Effect 3_ (Video game)|

## Other websites

- Clint Mansell at the Internet Movie Database

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Clint Mansell
- **img**: ClintMansellAndSonusQuartet2009.jpg
- **img capt**: Mansell in 2009 along with the Sonus Quartet.
- **img size**: 250px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Clinton Darryl Mansell
- **origin**: Coventry, Warwickshire, England
- **genre**: Classical music, Classical
Contemporary classical music, Contemporary classical
Electronic music, Electronic
Alternative rock, Alternative
- **occupation**: Musician, Composer
- **years active**: 1981–_present_
- **associated acts**: Pop Will Eat Itself
Microsoft Publisher

**Microsoft Publisher** is a desktop publishing application (program). It is made by Microsoft and it is part of Microsoft Office. Publisher is similar to Word except that it places the emphasis on page layout and design (rather than writing text and proof reading). With Publisher, you can create a variety of publication types. For example, you can make brochures, newsletters, postcards and  greeting cards as well as normal, 'Word-like' documents. Publisher's file extension is _.pub_.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Microsoft Office Publisher
- **logo**: Microsoft Office Publisher (2019-present).svg
- **logo size**: 100px
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **latest release version**: **Windows**: 2019 (16.0.10827.20118) -
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows
- **genre**: Desktop publishing software
- **website**: [http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/publisher/ Microsoft Office Publisher Homepage (for Windows)]
Daily Express

The ***Daily Express*** is a British newspaper. It is published daily and it is a tabloid. It was founded in 1900.

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: Daily Express
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **format**: Tabloid
- **foundation**: 1900
- **owners**: Richard Desmond
- **political**: Right-wing, Conservative Party (UK), Pro-Conservative, UKIP
- **headquarters**: 10 Lower Thames Street,
 London EC3R 6EN
- **editor**: Hugh Whittow
- **website**: [http://www.express.co.uk/ www.express.co.uk]
- **publisher**: Northern and Shell Media
A History of Violence (album)

***A History of Violence*** is the sixth studio album by American hip hop group, Jedi Mind Tricks. It was released on November 11, 2008. The producer of the album was Stoupe. The first single off the album is "Monolith".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: A History of Violence
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Jedi Mind Tricks
- **released**: November 11, 2008
- **recorded**: 2007-2008
- **genre**: Hardcore hip hop, underground hip hop
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Babygrande Records, Babygrande
- **producer**: Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind, Stoupe
- **prev title**: Servants in Heaven, Kings in Hell
- **prev year**: 2006
Persian and Urdu

The **Persian language** influenced the formation of many modern languages of the Greater Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asian regions, including **Urdu**.

Following the Turko-Persian Mahmud of Ghazni's Ghaznavid conquest of South Asia, an influenced language of Turkish, Arabic and Persian and local dialects began to form, one that would eventually be known as Urdu. This language was called _Zaban-e-Ordu_ ('language of the army'), the court language, and was later shortened to just Urdu. In the indigenous literature and spoken name, it was/is called _Lashkari_ or _Lashkari Zaban_ in the long form. It grew from the interaction of Persian and Turkish speaking Muslim soldiers and the native peoples. Under Persian influence from the state, the Persian script and Nasta'liq form of cursive writing was adopted, with additional figures added to accommodate the Indic phonetic system. The national anthem of Pakistan is highly Persianized.

Urdu is a morpho-syntax/grammatically a Persian-Turkish written in the Persia-Arabic script, and contains literary conventions and specialised vocabulary largely from Persian. Some grammatical elements peculiar to Persian, such as the enclitic _ezāfe_, and the use of the _takhallus_, were readily absorbed into Urdu literature both religious and secular.

Urdu soon gained distinction in literary and cultural spheres because of the hybrid nature of the language. Many distinctly Persian forms of literature, such as Ghazal, Qasida, Marsia and Nazms, caried over into Urdu literature, producing a distinct melding of Iranian and South Asian heritages. A famous cross-over writer was Amir Khusro, whose Persian and Urdu couplets are to this day read in South Asia-Central Asia.
Pure-bred

**Pure-bred** organisms are homozygous for the desired characteristics that a breeder wants. The offspring of a pure bred organism will always show the desired phenotype. The type is often got by inbreeding. Standard laboratory white rats are so genetically similar that they will accept skin grafts from other rats of the type. See strain (biology) for a fuller discussion.
Diagnosis

A **diagnosis** is an accurate and precise account of the nature or cause of something.

Medical diagnosis is the best-known field, but diagnosis can be applied to any subject. Whereas a doctor diagnoses what is wrong with a patient, a motor mechanic can diagnose the fault in a car. In all cases they replace a vague query, such as "My car will not start", with an exact analysis, such as "It's out of petrol". Notice the diagnosis is precise enough so the solution can be seen.

These ideas work even in more subtle cases. A boy brings an insect in a box to a natural history museum. He asks an expert "What is this?" The expert says "You mean, apart from it being a beetle?" When the boy nods, the expert looks at the insect under a magnifying glass, or a binocular microscope. Chances are, it is a common beetle, and the expert can give the boy quite a lot of information about it.

But if it is not known to the expert, a much longer study is needed. Large reference books will be consulted; trays of similar insects will be taken out of store to be compared. A full diagnosis needs at least the genus and species. If the species is unknown, the detailed work of description is needed for publication.

## Related concepts

Mostly, in biological taxonomy, the adjective "diagnostic" is used for any distinctive trait which places the specimen in a precise category. For example, A single bone making up the lower jaw is _diagnostic_ of a mammal.

"Diagnostics" is the name given to procedures which spell out what to do to find the cause of a fault. This term is used a lot in computer systems.

## Related pages

- Symptom
Agoraphobia

**Agoraphobia** is a medical condition that causes anxiety. Sufferers are afraid of large open spaces, crowds, and new places. These places make them feel unsafe and increase their feelings of anxiety and panic. They may be afraid they might lose control and embarrass themselves. They worry that they may not be able to get away, or find help if they have a panic attack. The word _agoraphobia_ means "fear of the market place". People with agoraphobia often believe that their home is the only safe place. Extreme sufferers may be unable to leave their homes for months or in some cases years.

Agoraphobia is sometimes treated successfully with medication and cognitive behavioral therapy, but some people never recover.

## Symptoms

People with agoraphobia may show these signs and symptoms:
- Anxiety in "unsafe" places
- Being short of breath
- Sweating
- Dizziness
- Fast heartbeat
- Nausea
- Feelings of extreme fear
- Feeling anxious if they know they will have to leave their safe place (such as their home)
- Low self-esteem
- Loss of self-confidence
- Do not want to visit new places
- Depression

## Causes of Agoraphobia

- Although the precise causes of agoraphobia are unknown, there are some risk factors that could raise your risk of getting this disorder. They consist of:

1. Having a different anxiety disorder, such as **social anxiety or generalized anxiety disorder.**
1. One more phobia.
1. A history of agoraphobia in the family.
1. Maltreatment or trauma in the past.
1. Cognitive chemistry.
1. Depression or low self-esteem.

- Moreover, learned associations may contribute to the emergence of agoraphobia.
- The concern that a panic attack may happen again in the future can develop after having one in a particular circumstance or place.
- In some circumstances, agoraphobia can be exacerbated by **post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).**
- Following a traumatic experience, PTSD can develop and cause feelings of **anxiety and hypervigilance,** which can trigger the development of agoraphobia.
- The risk of acquiring agoraphobia may be increased by prolonged solitude.
- For instance, the terror brought on by the **COVID-19 pandemic** paired with the isolation brought on by social exclusion and quarantines has made many Americans more anxious.
- According to mental health professionals, the effects of these incidents could continue for years and affect both grown-up and children's well-being.
Russian Far East

The **Russian Far East** is a geographical term that describes the eastern section of Russia.

Although traditionally considered part of Siberia, the Russian Far East is categorized separately from Siberia in Russian regional schemes, which covers a smaller territory called the Siberian Federal District.

This was also true during the Soviet era when it was also categorized separately and called the **Soviet Far East**.

The Russian Far East covers the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District. The southernmost part is Primorsky Krai.
Remington 700

A **Remington 700**, also called an **R700** is a bolt sniper rifle. It is called M24 by the United States Army.
Amur River

The **Amur River** is a river extending from northeastern China to the Russian Far East. It is the tenth longest river in the world.
Civilian

A **civilian** in time of war is a person who is not a member of a country's military and any other fighting group. This is what the word means under the laws of war. Civilians are the opposite of soldiers and combatants, who fight in wars.

In an international armed conflict, civilians are generally protected by international humanitarian law from being harmed except:

- Nationals under their own state authority except for refugees of the occupying power living in occupied territory prior to hostilities as long they don't commit crimes after hostilities or that violate their own laws which are also ordinary criminal offenses under the law of the occupied state.

- Nationals of a neutral state who find themselves in a recognized territory of a belligerent nation as long their state maintains diplomatic relations with a belligerent country

- Nationals of a co-belligerent (i.e., allied) state as long their state maintains diplomatic relations with a belligerent nation

The treatment of protected civilians in an international armed conflict is covered by the Fourth Geneva Convention. Prisoners are covered by the Third Convention. These are based on humanitarian doctrines (ethical beliefs) and that most countries follow them as law.

In an international armed conflict, protected civilians have the right to defend themselves. If they participate in other fighting, they are usually called partisans, and they can be tried for war crimes.

In a non-international armed conflict, Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions and their Additional Protocol II protect civilians regardless of nationality from the harmful effects of war. They can also be tried for harboring non-state armed groups since rebellion is a crime under the domestic law of most nations.

The modern use of the word also has problems:
- Many modern wars are civil wars. In a civil war, it can be difficult to make the distinction between the different parties at war, and it can also be difficult to make a difference between a civilian and a soldier.

- Guerilla warfare and terrorism rely on the fact that the people taking part cannot be distinguished from civilians; they look like civilians, and not like soldiers.
- Depleting the resources of the enemy has long been a method of war. Crops are burned and supplies blockaded so all, including enemy troops, will starve. In modern times strategic bombing may attack weapons factories, transport, and cities.