Hebrew language

The **Hebrew language**, also referred to as the **Hebraic language**, is a Northwest Semitic language.

Hebrew was spoken by Israelites a long time ago, during the time of the Bible. After Judah was conquered by Babylonia, the Jews were taken captive (prisoner) to Babylon and started speaking Aramaic. Hebrew was no longer used much in daily life, but it was still known by Jews who studied halakha.

In the 20th century, many Jews decided to make Hebrew into a spoken language again. It became the language of the new country of Israel in 1948. People in Israel came from many places and decided to learn Hebrew, the language of their common ancestors, so that they could all speak one language. Modern Hebrew has many differences from biblical Hebrew, including a lack of usage of many ancient words such as 'אל תקצוף עלי,' "Do not be angry with me" as in the biblical 'ויקצוף משה,' which would not be used today in that manner; with many loanwords from different languages. Modern Hebrew speakers can read the Five Books of Moses and a large percentage of the twenty-four Books of the Prophets, though by no means all. It should be noted that the accent of Hebrew and even the base pronunciation of many letters differs immensely from biblical to modern.

As of 2021, Hebrew has been the only dead language that had been made into a living language again. This does not intend to imply though that it was not used throughout the generations as the Jewish Language for Holy religious books that were authored then, though they significantly vary from pure Hebrew to include a lot of Aramaic

The Hebrew Bible is written in Biblical Hebrew.

## Grammar

Hebrew is a Semitic language, like Arabic, a similar language. Hebrew words are made by combining a root with a pattern. In Israeli Hebrew, some words are translated from European languages like English, French, German, and Russian. Many words from the Old Testament were given new meanings in Israeli Hebrew. People learning Hebrew need to study the grammar first so that they can read correctly without vowels.

In Israeli Hebrew, there is no verb "to be" in the present tense, only in the future and the past tenses. In Biblical Hebrew, there are no tenses but only two aspects: imperfect and perfect. The imperfect is something like the future and the present tenses. The perfect is something like the past tense.

Mishnaic Hebrew was spoken as well as Judeo-Aramaic at the time of Jesus and at the time of the Bar-Kokhba revolt (2nd century AD) until the Byzantine Empire of Justinian (6th century AD).

The Hebrew alphabet has been adapted to write Yiddish, another Jewish language. However, Yiddish is different from Hebrew because Yiddish comes from a mix of German, Hebrew, and other languages.

## Alphabet

The Hebrew alphabet, also known as the Hebrew abjad, has 22 letters. Five of them change when they are at the end of a word. Hebrew is read and written from right to left. The first three letters, aleph, beth and gimel, are also used in mathematics in the context of transfinite numbers.

The Hebrew alphabet is an _abjad_ and so only the consonants are written, and readers must supply the vowels. Since that can be difficult, the vowels can be marked as dots called niqqud. In Modern Hebrew, some letters can denote vowels, which are called _matres lectionis_ (mothers of the reading) since they greatly help reading. Vav can make the 'oo' sound (/u/ in IPA) like in f**oo**d. Yod can make the 'ee' sound (/i/ in IPA) like in f**ee**d.

|**Aleph***||**Bet**||**Gimel**||**Dalet**||**He**||**Vav**||**Zayin**||**Khet**||**Tet**||**Yud**||**Kaph**||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|א|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ב|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ג|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ד|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ה|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ו|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ז|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ח|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ט|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|י|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|כ|
|style="font-size:300%; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman" height=40 valign=top|ך|||||||||||||||||||||
|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ל|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|מ|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|נ|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ס|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ע|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|פ|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|צ|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ק|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ר|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ש|rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ת|
|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ם|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ן|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ף|style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ץ|||||||||||||||

## Related pages

- Phoenician alphabet

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Hebrew
- **nativename**: ,
- **pronunciation**: Modern Hebrew, Modern:
Tiberian vocalization, Tiberian:
Biblical Hebrew, Biblical:
- **states**: Israel
Syria
Eritrea (Only in israeli Milltary base)
- **region**: Southern Levant
- **speakers**: 20 million
- **extinct**: Mishnaic Hebrew extinct as a first language, spoken language by the 5th century CE, surviving as a liturgical language along with Biblical Hebrew for Judaism
- **revived**: Revival of the Hebrew language, Revived in the late 19th century CE.  million speakers of Modern Hebrew, of which 5 million are native speakers and 3.3 million are second language speakers (2018)
- **ref**: e19
- **familycolor**: Afro-Asiatic
- **fam2**: Semitic languages, Semitic
- **fam3**: West Semitic languages, West
- **fam4**: Central Semitic languages, Central
- **fam5**: Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest
- **fam6**: Canaanite languages, Canaanite
- **fam7**: Canaanite languages#South Canaan, South
- **ancestor**: Biblical Hebrew
- **ancestor2**: Mishnaic Hebrew
- **ancestor3**: Medieval Hebrew
- **stand1**: Modern Hebrew, Modern
- **stand2**: Samaritan Hebrew, Samaritan
- **script**: Hebrew alphabet
Hebrew Braille
Paleo-Hebrew alphabet (Archaic Biblical Hebrew)
Imperial Aramaic script (Late Biblical Hebrew)
Samaritan script (Samaritan Pentateuch, Samaritan Biblical Hebrew)
- **nation**: Israel (as Modern Hebrew)
- **agency**: Academy of the Hebrew Language
 ()
- **dia1**: Israelian Hebrew, Israelian
- **iso1**: he
- **iso2**: heb
- **lc1**: heb
- **ld1**: Modern Hebrew
- **lc2**: hbo
- **ld2**: Biblical Hebrew, Classical Hebrew (liturgical)
- **lc3**: smp
- **ld3**: Samaritan Hebrew (liturgical)
- **lc4**: obm
- **ld4**: Moabite language, Moabite (extinct)
- **lc5**: xdm
- **ld5**: Edomite language, Edomite (extinct)
- **lingua**: 12-AAB-a
- **image**: 1 QIsa example of damage col 12-13.jpg
- **imagecaption**: Portion of the Isaiah Scroll, a second-century BCE manuscript of the Hebrew Bible, Biblical Book of Isaiah and one of the best-preserved of the Dead Sea Scrolls
- **notice**: IPA
- **sign**: Signed Hebrew (oral Hebrew accompanied by sign)
- **glotto**: hebr1246
- **glottorefname**: Hebrewic