juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Conspiracy theory

A **conspiracy theory** is a story that says that a group of people (called "conspirators") have agreed ("conspired") to engage in illegal or malicious actions and  intentionally hid them from the public.

## Overview

Conspiracy theories usually have little or no credible evidence. Distorted history based on conspiracy theories is sometimes called **pseudohistory** (pseudo- : from Greek _ψευδής_, "false"). People who promote pseudohistory are called **historical revisionists**, or simply **revisionists**. Some claim that historical events like the Holocaust or the Moon landing were faked by "conspirators".

## Examples

There are many conspiracy theories, including:

- 9/11 conspiracy theories
- UFO conspiracy theories
- Chemtrail conspiracy theory
- Moon landing conspiracy theories
- Assassination of John F. Kennedy conspiracy theories
- Illuminati and Freemasonry-conspiracy theories
- Death of Diana, Princess of Wales conspiracy theories
- Flat Earth

Some of these theories - like the idea that the Earth is flat - are irrational because there is so much evidence proving that they are wrong.

### Digital age

Conspiracy emerged as a cultural phenomenon in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of conspiracy theories discussed on the Internet. Theories that once had few followers can become well-known through the mass media.

Conspiracy theorists get paid by websites according to how many viewers they attract. Websites that seem free to the user are paid for by adverts, usually quite harmless, though they may be annoying. The people who post individual articles get paid once the number of viewers exceeds a certain qualifying number.

## Critique

David Grimes has calculated that it takes at least three years to expose a conspiracy theory on the internet, depending on the number of people involved. Many conspiracy theories are exposed in three to four years.

## Related pages

- Antisemitism
- Cognitive bias
- Disinformation
- Social psychology
- Sociocultural theory
- _The Protocols of the Elders of Zion_
Judgment Day (2003)

**Judgment Day (2003)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on May 18, 2003 at the Charlotte Coliseum in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the fifth Judgment Day event held by WWE, and the last minor pay-per-view starring both brands as future WWE PPVs (except for the "Big Four events" Royal Rumble, WrestleMania, SummerSlam and Survivor Series) only featured wrestlers from either Raw or SmackDown! until Backlash in 2007.

### Battle royal

|Elimination|Wrestler|Eliminated by|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1|Lance Storm|Kane|
|2|Kane|Val Venis, Chris Jericho, Goldust, Christian, Test, & Booker T|
|3|Test|Booker T|
|4|Val Venis|Goldust|
|5|Rob Van Dam|Chris Jericho|
|6|Goldust|Booker T|
|7|Chris Jericho|Christian|
|8|Booker T|Christian|
|colspan="4" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|Christian||

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: Judgment Day 2003
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **brand**: WWE Raw, Raw
WWE Friday Night SmackDown, SmackDown!
- **date**: May 18 2003
- **venue**: Charlotte Coliseum
- **city**: Charlotte, North Carolina
- **attendance**: 13,000
- **lastevent**: Backlash (2003)
- **nextevent**: Insurrextion (2003)
- **event**: WWE Judgment Day, Judgment Day
- **lastevent2**: Judgment Day (2002)
- **nextevent2**: Judgment Day (2004)
Prichard, Alabama

**Prichard** is a city in Mobile County, Alabama, in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Prichard, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: "The City of Champions", "The Crossroads of Mobile County"
- **image map**: File:Mobile County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Prichard Highlighted 0162496.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Mobile County, Alabama
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Mobile County, Alabama, Mobile
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1925
- **area total km2**: 66.07
- **area land km2**: 65.54
- **area water km2**: 0.53
- **area total sq mi**: 25.51
- **area land sq mi**: 25.31
- **area water sq mi**: 0.20
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation m**: 9
- **elevation ft**: 30
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 19322
- **population density sq mi**: 763.53
- **population density km2**: 294.80
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 36610, 36612, 36613
- **area code**: Area code 251, 251
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-62496
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID
- **blank1 info**: 125275
Prattville, Alabama

**Prattville** is a city in Autauga and Elmore counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is the county seat of Autauga County.  As of the 2020 Census, the population of the city is 37,781.  The city is northwest of Montgomery.

## Tornado

On February 17, 2008, Prattville was hit by an estimated EF3 tornado which destroyed more than 45 homes and businesses and damaged over 800.

## Notable residents

- John Martin, Author Travel and History
- Rodger Morrison, Author and Researcher
- Marlon Anderson, Major League Baseball player
- Evan Crawford, Major League Baseball player
- Bobby Jon Drinkard, contestant on Reality television shows Survivor: Palau and Survivor: Guatemala
- Roman Harper, NFL player.
- Wilson Pickett (March 18, 1941 – January 19, 2006), R&B and soul singer and songwriter
- Kevin Turner,  NFL player

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Prattville, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Prattv.jpg
- **image seal**: CityofPrattvilleLogo-C.png
- **nickname**: The Fountain City
- **motto**: "The Preferred Community"
- **image map**: File:Autauga County and Elmore County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Prattville Highlighted 0162328.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Prattville in Autauga County and Elmore County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Autauga County, Alabama, Autauga, Elmore County, Alabama, Elmore
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1839
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor-council
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 94.00
- **area total sq mi**: 36.29
- **area land km2**: 91.71
- **area land sq mi**: 35.41
- **area water km2**: 2.29
- **area water sq mi**: 0.88
- **elevation m**: 100
- **elevation ft**: 328
- **population total**: 37781
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 411.96
- **population density sq mi**: 1066.96
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: Central Time Zone (North America), CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 36066-36068
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 334, 334
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-62328
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0125246
Pleasant Grove, Alabama

**Pleasant Grove** is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 9,544.

This town is not to be confused with Pleasant Groves.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Pleasant Grove, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: File:Jefferson County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Pleasant Grove Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Pleasant Grove in Jefferson County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Jefferson County, Alabama, Jefferson
- **established date**: 1937
- **area total sq mi**: 9.82
- **area land sq mi**: 9.82
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 669
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 9544
- **population density sq mi**: 971.60
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 35127
- **area code**: Area codes 205 and 659, 205 & 659
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-61008
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2404538
- **website**: http://www.cityofpg.com/
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 25.44
- **area land km2**: 25.44
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **population density km2**: 375.14
Pinson, Alabama

**Pinson** is a city and a northeast suburb of Birmingham in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 7,215.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Pinson, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: DOWNTOWN PINSON (1 of 1).jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Pinson
- **image map**: File:Jefferson County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Pinson Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Pinson in Jefferson County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Jefferson County, Alabama, Jefferson
- **established date**: 2004
- **area total sq mi**: 11.59
- **area land sq mi**: 11.56
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **elevation ft**: 663
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 7215
- **population density sq mi**: 623.97
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 35126, 35123, 35215
- **area code**: Area codes 205 and 659, 205 & 659
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-60648
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2424931
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 30.02
- **area land km2**: 29.95
- **area water km2**: 0.07
- **population density km2**: 240.91
Pike Road, Alabama

**Pike Road** is a town in Montgomery County, Alabama, in the United States.  As of 2020, the population of the city is 9,439.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Pike Road, Alabama
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Pike Road Alabama Town Hall.JPG
- **image caption**: Pike Road Town Hall
- **image map**: File:Montgomery County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Pike Road Highlighted 0159760.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name2**: Montgomery County, Alabama, Montgomery
- **established title**: Founded
- **established title1**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 88.88
- **area total sq mi**: 34.32
- **area land km2**: 88.10
- **area land sq mi**: 34.02
- **area water km2**: 0.78
- **area water sq mi**: 0.30
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 9439
- **population density km2**: 107.14
- **population density sq mi**: 277.49
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 90
- **elevation ft**: 295
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 36064
- **area code**: Area code 334, 334
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-59760
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0155197
Piedmont, Alabama

**Piedmont** is a city in Calhoun and Cherokee counties in the U.S. state of Alabama.  The population was 4,787 at the 2020 census. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.

On March 27, 1994, a F4 tornado struck here, destroying the Goshen United Methodist Church and killing 22 people including the groom's 4-year-old daughter.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Piedmont, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Center Avenue, Piedmont, Alabama Nov 2017.jpg
- **image caption**: Buildings on Center Avenue
- **image map**: File:Calhoun County and Cherokee County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Piedmont Highlighted 0159640.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Piedmont in Calhoun County and Cherokee County, Alabama
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, Counties
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Calhoun County, Alabama, Calhoun, Cherokee County, Alabama, Cherokee
- **government type**: Mayor-Council (7 members)
- **established date**: 1888
- **area total km2**: 25.72
- **area total sq mi**: 9.93
- **area land km2**: 25.45
- **area land sq mi**: 9.82
- **area water km2**: 0.27
- **area water sq mi**: 0.10
- **elevation ft**: 702
- **elevation m**: 214
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 4787
- **population density km2**: 188.12
- **population density sq mi**: 487.23
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 36272
- **area code**: Area code 256, 256
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-59640
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0160373
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Pell City, Alabama

**Pell City** is a city in St. Clair County, Alabama, United States. The city is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Ashville. At the 2020 census the population was 12,939.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Pell City, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: St._Clair_County_Alabama_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Pell_City_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in St. Clair County, Alabama, St. Clair County and the state of Alabama
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: St. Clair County, Alabama, St. Clair
- **area total km2**: 70.3
- **area total sq mi**: 27.2
- **area land km2**: 63.6
- **area land sq mi**: 24.6
- **area water km2**: 6.7
- **area water sq mi**: 2.6
- **elevation ft**: 597
- **elevation m**: 182
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 12939
- **population density km2**: 177.3
- **population density sq mi**: 458.2
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 35125, 35128, 35054
- **area code**: Area code 205, 205
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-58896
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0164801
Pelham, Alabama

**Pelham** is a city and suburb of Birmingham in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 24,318. It was named for famed American Civil War officer John Pelham.

## Related pages

- Death of Tina Watson, a Pelham, Alabama woman whose drowning in 2003 became world news

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Pelham, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: File:Shelby County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Pelham Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Pelham in Shelby County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Shelby County, Alabama, Shelby
- **area total sq mi**: 39.34
- **area land sq mi**: 38.83
- **area water sq mi**: 0.51
- **elevation ft**: 856
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 24318
- **population density sq mi**: 626.24
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 35124
- **area code**: Area codes 205 and 659, 205, 659
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-58848
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2404497
- **website**: https://pelhamalabama.gov/
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 101.88
- **area land km2**: 100.57
- **area water km2**: 1.31
- **population density km2**: 241.79
Phenix City, Alabama

**Phenix City** is a city in Lee County and Russell County in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is across the Chattahoochee River from Columbus, Georgia.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Phenix City, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Phenix-city+1.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Phenix City (2009)
- **image map**: File:Lee County and Russell County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Phenix City Highlighted 0159472.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Phenix City in Lee and Russell counties, Alabama.
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, Counties
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Russell County, Alabama, Russell, Lee County, Alabama, Lee
- **established date**: February 23, 1883
- **area total km2**: 73.17
- **area total sq mi**: 28.25
- **area land km2**: 72.87
- **area land sq mi**: 28.14
- **area water km2**: 0.29
- **area water sq mi**: 0.11
- **elevation ft**: 243
- **elevation m**: 74
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 38817
- **population density km2**: 532.65
- **population density sq mi**: 1379.58
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST   (de jure)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central Time Zone, CDT   (de jure)
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **timezone2**: Eastern Time Zone, EST    (de facto)
- **utc offset2**: -5
- **timezone2 dst**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT    (de facto)
- **utc offset2 dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 36867-36870
- **area code**: Area code 334, 334
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-59472
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0155193
- **website**: http://www.phenixcityal.us
- **unit pref**: Imperial
British Rail Class 139

**Class 139** is the TOPS classification for PPM60 model lightweight railcar units built by Parry People Movers for use on the national rail network in Great Britain.  The class were originally built in 2008 for operation on the Stourbridge Town Branch Line.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 139</span>
- **image**: 139001 TS 280608 d.adkins.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **background**: #76B41F
- **caption**: 139 001 on display at Tyseley, 28 June 2008.
- **manufacturer**: Parry People Movers
- **family**: PPM
- **operator**: London Midland
- **formation**: 1 car
- **built**: 2 vehicles under construction
- **linesserved**: Stourbridge Town Branch Line
- **inservice**: 2008-
- **carlength**: 9.6 m
- **carwidth**: 2.4 m
- **carheight**: 3.2 m
- **capacity**: 60
- **gauge**: Standard gauge (1,435 mm)
- **traction**: 1,000–2,600 Revolutions per minute, RPM flywheel
- **engine**: Ford DSG423 diesel
Enon (band)

**Enon** is an American indie rock band. They are named after Enon, a village in Ohio. Enon has three members, one man who sings and plays electric guitar and a woman who plays bass guitar and keyboard. The third member plays drums. The woman was born in Japan and lives now in America. The guitarist played before in the band Brainiac.

### Albums

- 1998 _Long Play_
- 1999 _Believo!_
- 2002 _High Society_
- 2003 _Hocus Pocus_
- 2004 _Onhold_
- 2005 _Lost Marbles and Exploded Evidence_ (compilation album + DVD set)
- 2007 _Grass Geysers...Carbon Clouds_

### Singles

- 1998 "Fly South"
- 1999 "Motor Cross"
- 2001 "Listen (While You Talk)"
- 2001 "Marbles Explode"
- 2001 "The Nightmare Of Atomic Men"
- 2002 Enon [Self-Titled]
- 2002 "Drowning Appointment"
- 2003 "In This City"
- 2003 "Evidence"
- 2003 "Because Of You"
- 2003 "Starcastic"

## Other websites

- Enon official site (flash)
- SF Weekly review  Enon with The Blacks at SF's Bottom of the Hill on 4/14/2008
- Lazy-i Interview: October 2003
- Lazy-i Interview: June 2005
- PUNKCAST#314 @ Mighty Robot, Brooklyn - Aug 22 2003. (RealPlayer)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Enon
- **img**: Enon 4.JPG
- **img capt**: Enon playing at the Hideout Block Party in Chicago in 2006
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: New York City, U.S.
- **genre**: Indie rock
- **years active**: 1999–2011
- **label**: Touch & Go Records, Touch and Go
- **current members**: John Schmersal
Toko Yasuda
- **past members**: Rick Lee
Steve Calhoon
Matt Schulz
Enon, Ohio

**Enon** is a village in Clark County, Ohio, United States. The population was 2,449 at the 2020 census.

## People who live there

- Gus Grissom - astronaut who got the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and the Purple Heart medal.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Enon, Ohio
- **settlement type**: Village (United States), Village
- **image skyline**: Enon Mound in June.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Side of the Enon Mound
- **image map**: OHMap-doton-Enon.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Enon, Ohio
- **image map1**: Map of Clark County Ohio Highlighting Enon Village.png
- **mapsize1**: 250px
- **map caption1**: Location of Enon in Clark County
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Ohio
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, County
- **subdivision name2**: Clark County, Ohio, Clark
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Ohio, Township
- **subdivision name3**: Mad River Township, Clark County, Ohio, Mad River
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1850
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 1.29
- **area land sq mi**: 1.29
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area total km2**: 3.35
- **area land km2**: 3.35
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2449
- **population density sq mi**: 1892.58
- **population density km2**: 730.70
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 902
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 45323
- **area code**: Area codes 937 and 326, 937, 326
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39-25452
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2398836
- **website**: http://www.enonohio.com/
NG

**NG**, Ng, or ng may mean:

- Ng is a family name
- National Geographic
- Nazi Germany
- Noble Gas
- Nitroglycerin
- Nanogram
- Natural gas

## Abbreviations

- Niger (FIPS country code NG)
- NG postcode area, that covers most of Nottinghamshire, England
- Lauda Air (airline code NG)
- Nigeria (ISO country code NG)
Mound, Minnesota

**Mound** is a city in Hennepin County, Minnesota,  United States. There were about 9,398 people living in Mound as of the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Mound, Minnesota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image caption**: City Hall in 2009.
- **image map**: MoundHennepin.PNG
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Mound
within Hennepin County, Minnesota, Hennepin County, Minnesota
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Minnesota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Minnesota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hennepin County, Minnesota, Hennepin
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 13.15
- **area land km2**: 7.41
- **area water km2**: 5.74
- **area total sq mi**: 5.08
- **area land sq mi**: 2.86
- **area water sq mi**: 2.22
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 9398
- **population density km2**: 1268.31
- **population density sq mi**: 3284.87
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code**: 55364
- **area code**: Area code 952, 952
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 27-44476
John Holmes

**John Curtis Holmes** (August 8, 1944 – March 13, 1988) better known as **John C. Holmes** or **Johnny Wadd** was an American pornographic actor known mainly for his large penis.Holmes made about 2,500 pornographic films, most with him having sexual intercourse with women but at least one with him having sex with a man.

Holmes' penis was said to be between 12.5 and 16 inches (32 - 40 cm) when at its largest. Fellow pornographic actor Ron Jeremy has said Holmes' penis was 11½ inches, but Holmes claimed it was 14 inches.

John Holmes died of an AIDS-related illness in 1988.
Superb lyrebird

The **superb lyrebird** (_Menura novaehollandiae_) is a pheasant-sized songbird.

It is an Australian endemic species, about 100cm long. It has brown upper body plumage, grayish-brown below, rounded wings and strong legs. It is the longest and third heaviest of all songbirds.

They are capable of mimicking a wide variety of sounds, including other bird's songs and man-made sounds like car alarms and chainsaws.
Lyrebird

A **lyrebird** is a ground-dwelling Australian bird in the genus ***Menura***. They live in forests, especially rainforests, of eastern Australia, and they were introduced to Tasmania in the 19th century. They are found in two National Forest areas of Victoria, New South Wales and southeast Queensland.

## Mating system

They are most notable for their superb ability to mimic natural and artificial sounds from their environment. Since they live on the ground in fairly dense undergrowth, sound is used by the males to attract attention. When a female arrives, the visual display comes into action. It is a typical "female choice" mating system, where males defend a mating territory, and sing and display to get a mate.

### Sound mimicry

The lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including other birds. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A lyrebird classic is their imitation of human sounds in the forest such as car alarms, camera shutters and forest logging with chain-saws.

### Breeding

The breeding cycle of the lyrebirds is long, and lyrebirds are long-lived birds. They can live up to thirty years. They also start breeding later in life than other passerine birds. Female Superb Lyrebirds start breeding at the age of five or six, and males at the age of six to eight. Males defend territories from other males.These territories may contain the breeding places of up to eight females. In a male's territory, he makes or uses display platforms.

The females each build an untidy nest, usually low to the ground in a moist gully, where each lays a single egg. She is the sole parent who incubates the egg over 50 days until it hatches, and she is also the sole carer of the lyrebird chick.
Albert's lyrebird

The **Albert's lyrebird** (_Menura alberti_) is a pheasant-sized songbird, about 90 cm long, with brown upper body feathers and rich chestnut below. It is very similar with the superb lyrebird in its habits. This bird also mimics other species sounds. It is sometimes called the "Prince Albert Lyrebird" or the "Northern Lyrebird". Named after Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, they are smaller than the Superb Lyrebirds.

Albert's lyrebirds are only found in a small area of rainforest in the Lamington National Park near the border of Queensland and New South Wales. There are about 3,500 birds known to exist. There are reports of the birds in the Blackall Range, but this has not been proved. Known groups of birds live on Tamborine Mountain, Scenic Rim and the Nightcap Range.

They eat small insects which they scratch up from the ground. They are a shy bird which will run or fly away if disturbed. During the breeding season in winter, from May to August, the male bird performs displays of song and dance to attract the females. The songs are copied from other birds and forest sounds. The songs can last up to four hours, with some individual songs lasting up to one hour. During his dance, the male bird raises his tail feathers up and over his body. The feathers form a lyre shape which is why they were given the name "lyrebird".

It is listed as a Vulnerable species because it lives in such a limited area, it can only eat a small range of food from that area, and it is not breeding quickly.

## Other websites

- Internet Bird Collection  with videos of Albert's lyrebirds
Corvida

The **"Corvida"** were one of two "parvorders" that were inside the suborder Passeri. The term is now not used in taxonomy because it is paraphyletic.
Passerida

**Passerida** is one of two "parvorders" in the suborder Passeri.
Piciformes

**Piciformes** are an order of birds containing about 67 living genera with a little over 400 species, of which the Picidae (woodpeckers and relatives) make up about half. Amost all live in woods (arboreal).

In general, the Piciformes are insectivorous, though the barbets and toucans mostly eat fruit and the honeyguides are unique among birds in digesting beeswax (though insects make up most of their diet).

Nearly all Piciformes have parrot-like zygodactyl feet—two toes forward and two back, an arrangement that has obvious advantages for birds that spend much of their time on tree trunks.  An exception are a few species of three-toed woodpeckers.  The jacamars aside, Piciformes do not have down feathers at any age, only true feathers. They range in size from the rufous piculet at 8 centimetres in length, and weighing 7 grams, to the toco toucan, at 63 centimetres long, and weighing 680 grams. All nest in cavities (holes) and have altricial young, meaning they have to look after their chicks for quite a long time.

## Classification

**Order: PICIFORMES**
- Suborder Galbuli
    - Family Galbulidae – jacamars (18 species)
    - Family Bucconidae – puffbirds, nunbirds and nunlets (some 30 species)
- Suborder Pici
    - Infraorder Ramphastides
        - Family Megalaimidae – Asian barbets (about 25 species, recently split from Capitonidae)
        - Family Lybiidae – African barbets (about 40 species, recently split from Capitonidae)
        - Family Capitonidae – American barbets (about 15 species)
        - Family Semnornithidae – toucan-barbets (2 species, recently split from Capitonidae)
        - Family Ramphastidae – toucans (about 40 species)
    - Infraorder Picides
        - Family Indicatoridae – honeyguides (17 species)
        - Family Picidae – woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks (over 200 species)
La Silla Observatory

**La Silla Observatory** is an observatory in Chile with eighteen telescopes that study the stars.  The observatory is one of the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere.  La Silla is a 2,400 meter high mountain that is found in the far southern part of the Atacama Desert.  It can be found about 160 kilometers north of La Serena, 27 kilometers south of the Las Campanas Observatory, and about 100 kilometers north of the Cerro Tololo Observatory.

## Related pages

- Very Large Telescope

## Other websites

- Official ESO - La Silla webpage

## Infobox (observatory)
Crimean Astrophysical Observatory

The **Crimean Astrophysical Observatory** (CrAO) is found in Ukraine and is an observatory.  It studies the stars and has found a total of 12 minor planets to date:

|colspan="2" style="white-space: nowrap;"|Minor planets discovered: 1285|
| --- | --- |
|2094 Magnitka|October 12, 1971|
|2163 Korczak|September 16, 1971|
|2170 Byelorussia|September 16, 1971|
|2406 Orelskaya|August 20, 1966|
|4426 Roerich|October 15, 1969|
|2698 Azerbajdzhan|October 11, 1971|
|2949 Kaverznev|August 9, 1970|
|4004 List'ev|September 16, 1971|
|4466 Abai|September 23, 1971|
|4916 Brumberg|August 10, 1970|
|4917 Yurilvovia|September 28, 1973|
|5706 Finkelstein|September 23, 1971|
|18284 Tsereteli|August 10, 1970|

## Other websites

- CrAO's website

## Infobox (observatory)

- **name**: Crimean Astrophysical Observatory
- **image**:
- **caption**: The observatory
- **location**: near , Crimea
- **telescope1 name**: BLS-1
- **telescope1 type**: Solar telescope
- **telescope2 name**: BLS-2
- **telescope2 type**: Solar telescope
- **telescope3 name**: Shain telescope
- **telescope3 type**: 2.6-metre telescope
- **telescope4 name**: AZT-11
- **telescope4 type**: reflector
- **telescope5 name**: 1.22-m
- **telescope5 type**: Astrophysical Institute Potsdam#Developments after the Second World War, Babelsberg telescope
- **telescope6 name**: AZT-8
- **telescope6 type**: reflector
Freema Agyeman

**Freema Agyeman** (born **Frema Agyeman** on 20 March 1979) is an English actress. She is of Ghanaian and Iranian descent.  She is known by a lot of people for playing Martha Jones on the television series _Doctor Who_ and also in its spin-off series _Torchwood_.

## Infobox (actor)

- **image**: Freema_Agyeman_2007.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **name**: Freema Agyeman
- **birth place**: London, England
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 2001 – present
Missy Elliott

**Melissa Arnette "Missy" Elliott** (born July 1, 1971) is a five-time Grammy Award-winning American rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. With record sales of over seven million in the United States, she is the only female rapper to have six albums certified platinum by the RIAA, including one double platinum (_Under Construction_).  Elliot has released six studio albums. Her seventh album is called Block Party. She has Graves' disease.

## Discography

- _Supa Dupa Fly_ (1997)
- _Da Real World_ (1999)
- _Miss E... So Addictive_ (2001)
- _Under Construction_ (2002)
- _This Is Not a Test!_ (2003)
- _The Cookbook_ (2005)
- _Respect M.E._ (2006) <small>(greatest hits)</small>

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Missy Elliott
- **img**: Missy Elliot.jpg
- **img capt**: Missy Ellott
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Melissa Arnette Elliott
- **alias**: Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott
- **origin**: Portsmouth, Virginia, Portsmouth, Virginia, United States
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **url**: [http://www.missy-elliott.com/ Missy-Elliott.com]
Piombino

**Piombino** is a town and commune in the province of Livorno (Tuscany), Italy, on the border between the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea, in front of Elba Island and at the northern side of Maremma.

It has an ancient historical centre, derived from the time in which it was the Etruscans' port, near the area of Populonia. In the Middle Ages, it was an important port of Pisa's Republic. Still today Piombino is one of biggest port in Italy, and is one of the most used port for to go in the Elba Island, (with the port of Livorno). Piombino outside the down town has a very big industrial area.

## Important places and monuments

- Cathedral of _Sant'Antimo_ (c. 1377), built by the Augustinians and originally dedicated to St. Michael.
- The _Rivellino_ (Walls Tower-Gate), the most ancient monument in the city (1212).
- The _Chiesa della Misericordia_ (early 13th century). Inside this church there is a rare 15th century crucifix.
- The _Cassero Pisano_ a castel, built under Cosimo I de' Medici the castel was used as military jail until 1959.
- The _Palazzo Comunale_ (Town Hall), mostly a modern reconstruction of the ancient _Palazzo degli Anziani_ (1435). In the Musters Hall, with portraits of the Princes of Piombino.
- Chapel of St. Anne, a noteworthy Renaissance work by Guardi.
- The _Cisterna di Cittadella_ (Citadel's Cistern), also by Guardi. On the sides are the portraits of Jacopo III Appiani and his son and wife, later damaged by order of Cesare Borgia.
- _Casa delle Bifore_ (1280).
- The Natural Province Reserve Padule Orti Bottagone, created in 1998.

## Other

Piombino has schools, churches, banks, parks and squares. In the locality of Punta Falcone there is an astronomical observatory, built in 1976.

## Medals

On July 28 2000, the city of Piombino got the Gold Medal of Military Valor for the fight against nazism and fascism, before and during the World War II.

## _Comuni_ near Piombino

- Campiglia Marittima
- Follonica
- San Vincenzo
- Suvereto

## Twin cities

- Flémalle, Belgium

## Population history

|Year|Population|
| --- | --- |
|1861|2,905|
|1871|3,625|
|1881|4,058|
|1901|7,668|
|1911|18,649|
|1921|23,541|
|1931|25,981|
|1936|27,548|
|1951|32,336|
|1961|35,940|
|1971|39,654|
|1981|39,401|
|1991|36,774|
|2001|33,925|
|December 31, 2004|34,369|

## Other websites

- Official website of the Commune of Piombino

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **image shield**: Piombino-Stemma.svg
- **official name**: Comune di Piombino
- **region**: Toscana
- **province**: Province of Livorno, Livorno (LI)
- **elevation m**: 21
- **area total km2**: 129
- **population as of**: 31 December 2004
- **population total**: 34369
- **frazioni**: Populonia, Baratti, Riotorto
- **area code**: 0565
- **name**: Piombino
- **postal code**: 57025
- **population demonym**: Piombinesi
- **saint**: Saint Anastasia
- **day**: May 8
- **mayor**: Gianni Anselmi (since June 2004)
- **website**: [http://www.comune.piombino.li.it www.comune.piombino.li.it]
Caraș-Severin County

**Caraş-Severin** (; Serbian: Караш Северин, _Karaš Severin_, ; , Bulgarian: Караш-Северин, _Karash-Severin_) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in historical region Banat. The capital of Caraş-Severin County is Reşiţa.

## Demographics

In 2002, about 332,000 people lived in Caraş-Severin County.

|Year|County population|
| --- | --- |
|1948|302,254|
|1956|327,787|
|1966|358,726|
|1977|385,577|
|1992|376,347|
|2002|333,219|

## Geography

Caraş-Severin County has an area of 8,514 km². It is the third biggest county in Romania, after Timiş and Suceava counties. The Danube enters Romania in Caraş-Severin County.

## Divisions

Caraş-Severin County has 2 municipalities, 6 towns, and 69 communes.

### Municipalities

- Reşiţa
- Caransebeş

### Towns

- Anina
- Băile Herculane
- Bocşa
- Moldova Nouă
- Oraviţa
- Oţelu Roşu

### Villages

- Agadici
- Mal

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Caraş-Severin
- **settlement type**: County (_Judeţ_)
- **image shield**: Actual Caraș-Severin county CoA.png
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Romania
- **subdivision type1**: Development region<sup>1</sup>
- **subdivision name1**: Vest (development region), Vest
- **subdivision type2**: Historic region
- **subdivision name2**: mostly Banat, few villages in Transylvania
- **subdivision type3**: Capital city (_Resedinţă de judeţ_)
- **subdivision name3**: Reşiţa
- **government type**: County Board
- **leader title**: President of the County Board
- **leader name**: Iosif Secăşan
- **leader title1**: Prefect<sup>2</sup>
- **leader name1**: Ioan Anton Paulescu
- **area total km2**: 8514
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population total**: 333,219
- **population density km2**: 39
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Romania, Postal Code
- **postal code**: 32wxyz<sup>3</sup>
- **area code**: Romania telephone area codes, +40 x55<sup>4</sup>
- **blank name**: Romanian car number plates, Car Plates
- **blank info**: CS<sup>5</sup>
- **blank1 name**: GDP
- **blank1 info**: US$ 2.73 billion (_2008_)
- **blank2 name**: GDP/capita
- **blank2 info**: US$ 8,205 (_2008_)
- **website**: [http://www.cjcs.ro County Board]
[http://www.prefcs.ro/ County Prefecture]
Gold Medal of Military Valor

The **Gold Medal of Military Valor** (Italian language: _Medaglia d'oro al Valore Militare_) is an Italian medal established on 21 May 1793 by King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia.

During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in the face of the enemy. After the World War II, the medal was gave to the cities that fought fascism and nazism during the war.

## Related pages

- Silver Medal of Military Valor
- Bronze Medal of Military Valor
Silver Medal of Military Valor

The **Silver Medal of Military Valor** (Italian language: _Medaglia d'Argento al Valore Militare_) is an Italian medal established in 1833 by King Charles Albert of Sardinia.

During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in combat. Like the Gold Medal and the Bronze Medal, the Silver Medal was given also to citizens who fought against nazism and fascism during  World War II.

## Related pages

- Gold Medal of Military Valor
- Bronze Medal of Military Valor
Bronze Medal of Military Valor

The **Bronze Medal of Military Valor** () is an Italian medal awarded by the King of Italy.

During World War I, the medal was awarded to military personnel for exceptional valor in combat. For each subsequent act of valor, the recipient was awarded a bar in the corresponding class. As the Gold medal and the Silver Medal, after the World War II, the Bronze Medal was gave to the cities that fought against the nazism and the fascism during the war.

## Related pages

- Gold Medal of Military Valor
- Silver Medal of Military Valor
Reşiţa

**Reșița** (German: _Reschitz_, Hungarian: _Resicabánya_, Krashovani: Решица or _Rešica_, Czech: _Rešice_) is a city in the western part of Romania. It is the capital of Caraş-Severin County, in the Banat region.  About 84,000 people live in Reşiţa as of the year 2004.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **image skyline**: Resita Sud (centru), in departare Resita Nord, 1 nov 2008.jpg
- **image caption**: Reşiţa
- **map caption**: Location of Reşiţa
- **official name**: Reşiţa
- **image shield**: ROU CS Resita CoA1.png
- **image map**: Resita_in_Romania.png
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: Caraş-Severin County
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Romania, Status
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Mihai Stepanescu
- **leader party**: Independent
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 86383
- **website**: http://www.primaria-resita.ro/
Orbetello

**Orbetello** is a town and _commune_ in the province of Grosseto (Tuscany), Italy. It is about  south of Grosseto, on a lagoon, which is an important Natural Reserve.

## History

Orbetello  was an ancient Etruscan village, which in 280 BC went under the control of the Romans, who had founded their colony of Cosa.

In the Middle Ages it was controlled by the Aldobrandeschi family, who held it until the 14th century, when it was bought by the city of Orvieto. After some years, Orbetello was captured by the Sienese Republic. In the mid-16th century it was part of the Spanish puppet State of Presides, becoming its capital. Later it was under the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and, from the late 19th century, the new Kingdom of Italy.

In 1927-1933, Italo Balbo's "air cruises" started from Orbetello's lagoon.

## Important monuments and places

- The city walls (5th century BC).
- Cathedral of _Santa Maria Assunta_, built over an Etruscan-Roman temple and half re-built in 1375.
- The Spanish _Forte delle Saline_, in the _frazione_ of Albinia.
- Remains of the Roman city of Cosa in the _frazione_ of Ansedonia.
- Ruins of the Monastery of _Sant'Angelo_.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **image shield**: Orbetello-Stemma.svg
- **official name**: Comune di Orbetello
- **image skyline**: Orbetello hh.jpg
- **image caption**: The windmill on the lagoon of Orbetello.
- **name**: Orbetello
- **region**: Tuscany
- **province**: Province of Grosseto, Grosseto (GR)
- **elevation m**: 3
- **area total km2**: 226.98
- **population as of**: 2004-12-31
- **population total**: 14946
- **frazioni**: Albinia, Ansedonia, Fonteblanda, Giannella, Talamone
- **area code**: 0564
- **postal code**: 58010, 58015
- **population demonym**: Orbetellani
- **saint**: Saint Blaise
- **day**: february 3
- **mayor**: Altero Matteoli (since 2006-05-29)
- **website**: [http://www.comune.orbetello.gr.it/ www.comune.orbetello.gr.it]