juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lost!

***Lost*** is a series of songs/singles recorded especially by Coldplay. The songs are a part of the full extended version of _Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends_ called _Prospect's March Edition_.

## Songs

- _Lost!_ from _Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends_
- _Lost?_ from _Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (Bonus Track)_
- _Lost@ (Live at United Centre in Chicago)_ from _iTunes Digital Download (Lost! EP)_
- _Lost+ (ft. Jay-Z)_ from _Viva la Viva: Prospekt's March Edition/Prospect's March_
- _Lost- (instrumental version of Lost!)_ from _iTunes Digital Download (Lost! EP)_
- _Lost? (acoustic version of Lost!)_ from a _3 Track Promotional CD_
British Rail Class 71

The British Rail **Class 71** was an electric locomotive used on the Southern Region of British Railways. Unlike most other Southern Region electric locomotives (such as the class 73s & 74s) they could not operate away from the electrified (750 V DC third rail) system.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 71/2
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: E5001 at Doncaster Works.JPG
- **caption**: E5001 at Doncaster Works.
- **builder**: British Railways’ Doncaster Works
- **builddate**: 1958–1960
- **totalproduction**: 24
- **tractionmotors**: English Electric 532, 4 off
- **poweroutput**: _One-hour:_
_Continuous:_
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **trainbrakes**: Dual Vacuum and Air
- **electricsystem**: 660–750 Volt, V Direct current, DC
- **collectionmethod**: Third Rail (mainline)
Pantograph (rail), Pantograph (sidings)
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 6
- **railroad**: British Railways
- **roadnumber**: E5000–E5023; later E5001–E5024; later 71001–71014
- **disposition**: 10 rebuilt to British Rail Class 74, class 74, 13 scrapped, 1 preserved
British Rail Class 73

The British Rail **Class 73** electro-diesel locomotives are very unusual in that they can operate from a 750 V DC third-rail supply but also have a diesel engine to allow them to operate on non-electrified routes. This makes them very versatile, although the diesel engine produces less power than is available from the third-rail supply so they rarely stray from the former Southern Region of British Rail. Following the withdrawal of the more powerful Class 74 electro-diesels in 1977, the Class 73 is now unique on the British rail system.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 73
- **powertype**: Electro-diesel
- **image**: 73201 at Woking.jpg
- **caption**: Class 73, no. 73201 at Woking. This locomotive was used by South West Trains as a “Thunderbird” to rescue failed trains.
- **builder**: _73/0:_ British Railways’ Eastleigh Works
_73/1:_ English Electric at Vulcan Foundry
- **builddate**: 1962, 1965–1967
- **totalproduction**: 49
- **primemover**: English Electric 4SRKT Mk II
- **tractionmotors**: _73/0:_ EE 542A
_73/1:_ EE 546/1B
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum, Air and Electro-Pneumatic
- **length**: 16.36 m (53 ft 8 in)
- **locoweight**: _73/0:_
_73/1:_
- **electricsystem**: 660–750 Volt, V Direct current, DC
- **collectionmethod**: Third rail
- **topspeed**: _73/0:_
_73/1:_
- **poweroutput**: _Electric (continuous):_
_Electric (one-hour):_
_Engine:_
- **tractiveeffort**: _73/0 (electric)_:
_73/0 (diesel):_
_71/0 (electric):_
_73/1 (diesel):_
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 6
- **railroad**: British Rail
Eurostar
FM Rail
Gatwick Express
FirstGBRf
Network Rail
South West Trains
- **roadnumber**: E6001–E6049; later 73001–73006, 73101–73142
British Rail Class 74

British Rail **class 74** was an electro-diesel locomotive that operated on the Southern Region of British Railways, rebuilt from redundant Class 71 locomotives in the late 1960s.  An electro-diesel locomotive is one that can operate either from an electrical supply, such as overhead lines or an energized third rail, or from an onboard diesel engine.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 74/2
- **powertype**: Electro-diesel
- **image**: Class 74 74003.jpg
- **caption**: 74 003 in BR blue with full yellow ends
- **builder**: British Railways’ Doncaster Works; rebuilt BR Crewe Works
- **builddate**: 1958–1960; Rebuilt 1967–1968
- **totalproduction**: 10 (rebuilt)
- **electricsystem**: 650–750 Volt, V Direct Current
- **collectionmethod**: Third rail
- **primemover**: Paxman (engines), Paxman 6YJXL
- **tractionmotors**: English Electric 532A, 4 off
- **tractiveeffort**: _Electric:_
_Diesel:_
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum, Air, Electro-Pneumatic
- **poweroutput**: _Electric (continuous):_
_Electric (one-hour):_
_Engine:_
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **railroad**: British Railways’ Southern Region
- **roadnumber**: E6101–E6110
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 7
- **disposition**: All scrapped none preserved
British Rail Class 80

**Class 80**  was the TOPS classification allocated by British Rail to the prototype 25 kV AC electric locomotive.  This locomotive was built by Metropolitan-Vickers, initially as a prototype Gas turbine-electric locomotive, numbered 18100.  British Rail allocated the number **E1000** (and later **E2001**) to the locomotive following its conversion from gas turbine propulsion.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 80
- **powertype**: Electric
- **roadnumber**: E1000; E2001 from 1959
- **builder**: Metropolitan-Vickers
- **builddate**: 1951; rebuilt 1958
- **electricsystem**: 25 volt, kV Alternating current, AC
- **collectionmethod**: Stone-Faiveley ‘V’-type pantograph (rail), pantograph, 1 off
- **tractionmotors**: Metropolitan-Vickers, 4 off
- **whytetype**: A1A-A1A
- **uicclass**: (A1A)'(A1A)'
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability
- **railroad**: British Rail
- **retiredate**: April 1968
- **disposition**: Sold for scrap to J. Cashmore, Great Bridge, 1973
British Rail Class 81

The British Rail **Class 81** was an AC electric locomotive that operated on the West Coast Main Line on the London Midland Region of British Rail. Only one was preserved.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Railways AL1
British Rail Class 81
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: Class81.jpg
- **caption**: A row of Class 81 locomotives waiting to be scrapped
- **roadnumber**: E3001–E3023, E3096, E3097; later 81001–81022
- **builder**: Associated Electrical Industries at Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company
- **builddate**: 1959–1964
- **totalproduction**: 25
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC
- **collectionmethod**: Stone-Faiverley ‘V’-type pantograph (rail), pantograph, 2 off (later 1 off)
- **tractionmotors**: AEI 189 quill drive, 4 off
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum; Dual from 1972–1973
- **locobrakes**: Air, Rheostatic
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 6
- **railroad**: British Rail
- **retiredate**: 1968 (2), 1971 (1), 1983–1991
- **disposition**: One preserved, remainder scrapped
British Rail Class 84

The British Rail **Class 84** was a 25 kV AC electric locomotive that operated on the West Coast Main Line on the London Midland Region.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Railways AL4
British Rail Class 84
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: 84001 at Crewe Works.JPG
- **caption**: Preserved locomotive 84001 on display at Crewe Works open day on 11 September 2005.
- **builder**: North British Locomotive Company
- **totalproduction**: 10
- **builddate**: 1960–1961
- **tractionmotors**: General Electric Company plc, GEC WT501, 4 off
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum; Dual from 1972
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **railroad**: British Rail
- **roadnumber**: E3036–E3045; later 84001–84010
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 6
- **retiredate**: 1979–1980
- **disposition**: One preserved, remainder scrapped
British Rail Class 86

The British Rail **Class 86** is a modern electric locomotive built during the 1960s, developed as a result of testing to replace the British rail  Classes 81, 82, 83, 84 and 85. One hundred of these locomotives were built from 1965-1966 by either English Electric at Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows, or British Rail (BR) at their Doncaster works. The class was built to haul trains on the then newly electrified West Coast Main Line, from London Euston, to Birmingham, Crewe, Manchester Piccadilly, Liverpool and later Preston and Glasgow. They helped to replace steam locomotives, which were finally withdrawn by BR in 1968. Most have been scrapped after accidents and other uses. Some were also exported to Hungary and Bulgaria. 3 have been preserved as of 2017.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 86
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: 86613 and 86610 at Ipswich.JPG
- **caption**: Class 86/6, nos. 86613 and 86610, painted in the new Freightliner livery, at Ipswich on 14th February 2004. Freightliner (rail), Freightliner are now the largest operator of Class 86 locomotives.
- **builder**: British Rail Doncaster Works (60);
English Electric at Vulcan Foundry (40)
- **builddate**: 1965–1966
- **totalproduction**: 100
- **tractionmotors**: Associated Electrical Industries, AEI 282AZ, or
 AEI 282BZ, or
 General Electric Company plc, GEC G412AZ, (all 4 off)
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (rail), Pantograph
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **trainbrakes**: Dual vacuum & air
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **poweroutput**: , , or
- **railroad**: British Rail,
Freightliner (UK), Freightliner,
Network Rail,
GB Railfreight
- **roadnumber**: E3101–E3200; later 86001–86048, 86201–86252
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 6
British Rail Class 87

The British Rail **Class 87** is a type of electric locomotive built from 1973 to 1975 by British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL). 36 of these locomotives were built to work passenger services over the West Coast Main Line (WCML). They were the flagships of British Rail's electric locomotive fleet until the late 1980s, when the Class 90s started to come onstream. The privatisation of British Rail saw all but one of the fleet transferred to Virgin Trains; they continued their duties until the advent of the new Pendolino trains, when they were transferred to other operators or withdrawn. The last Class 87 in UK mainline use was withdrawn from service on 31 December 2007. Most have now been sold for reuse in Bulgaria.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 87
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: 87028 Crewe 1988.jpg
- **caption**: No.87028 _Lord President_ in InterCity livery at Crewe railway station, Crewe station in 1988.
- **builder**: BREL Crewe Works
- **builddate**: 1973–1975
- **totalproduction**: 36
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (rail), Pantograph
- **tractionmotors**: General Electric Company plc, GEC G412AZ, 4 off
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **trainbrakes**: Air brake (rail), Air
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **railroad**: British Rail,
Virgin Trains, GBRf, Cotswold Rail,
Bulgarian State Railways
- **roadnumber**: 87001–87035, 87101
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 6
British Rail Class 82

The British Rail **Class 82** electric locomotives were built by Beyer, Peacock and Company between 1960 and 1962 as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Railways AL2
British Rail Class 82
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: 82008 at Crewe Works.JPG
- **caption**: Preserved locomotive, no. 82008 on display at Crewe Works open day on 11 September 2005. This locomotive has been restored to InterCity (British Rail), InterCity Executive livery.
- **roadnumber**: E3046–E3055; later 82001–82008
- **builder**: Metropolitan Vickers and Beyer, Peacock and Company, Beyer, Peacock & Co. Ltd.
- **builddate**: 1960–1962
- **totalproduction**: 10
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC
- **tractionmotors**: Metropolitan Vickers 189Z, 4 off
- **transmission**: Quill drive
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum, Dual from 1971–1972
- **locobrakes**: Air
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **railroad**: British Rail
- **retiredate**: 1969 (1), 1971 (1), 1983 (6), 1987 (2)
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 6
- **disposition**: One preserved, remainder scrapped
British Rail Class 83

The British Rail **Class 83** were electric locomotives built by English Electric at Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Railways AL3
British Rail Class 83
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: E3035_at_Doncaster_Works.JPG
- **caption**: Class 83, no. E3035, on display at Doncaster Works open day on 27th July 2003. This locomotive is preserved by the AC Locomotive Group at Barrow Hill Engine Shed.
- **builder**: English Electric at Vulcan Foundry
- **builddate**: 1960–1962
- **totalproduction**: 15
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (rail), Pantograph
- **tractionmotors**: English Electric 532A, 4 off
- **poweroutput**: 2200 kW (continuous)
- **tractiveeffort**: 169 kN (max)
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum, Dual from 1972–1973
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **railroad**: British Rail
- **railroadclass**: AL3; later 83
- **roadnumber**: E3034–E3035, E3097, E3098, E3100; later 83001–83015
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 6
- **retiredate**: 1975 (1), 1978 (1), 1983 (10), 1989 (3)
- **disposition**: One preserved, remainder scrapped
British Rail Class 85

The British Rail **Class 85** is an electric locomotive built during the early 1960s, as part of BR's policy to develop a standard electric locomotive. Five prototype classes (81-85) were built and evaluated, which eventually led to the development of the Class 86 locomotive. The locomotives of Class 85 were Originally fitted with germanium rectifiers which were eventually replaced by silicon rectifiers. Forty of these locomotives were built from 1961-64 by BR at Doncaster Works. The class were used to haul trains on the then newly electrified West Coast Main Line, from Birmingham,  to Crewe, Manchester Piccadilly, Liverpool and later Preston. By 1965, electrification had spread south to London Euston.

Under the earlier BR classification, the type was given the designation **AL5** (meaning the 5th design of 25 kV AC Locomotive), and locomotives were numbered E3056-E3095. In 1968, this was changed to Class 85, when BR introduced a new computer numbering system. From 1971 onwards, locomotives were progressively renumbered into the 85001-040 series. Fifteen locomotives were converted for freight only use, numbered in the 85/1 series. These locomotives were restricted to 80 mph.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Railways AL5
British Rail Class 85
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: File:85007 Carlisle.jpg
- **caption**: 85007 at Carlisle
- **builder**: British Railways’ Doncaster Works
- **builddate**: 1961–1964
- **totalproduction**: 40
- **tractionmotors**: BTH 189, 4 off
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum, Dual from 1968–1971
- **locobrakes**: Air
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **railroad**: British Rail
- **roadnumber**: E3056–E3095; later 85001–84040
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 6
- **retiredate**: 1981–1992
- **disposition**: One preserved, remainder scrapped
British Rail Class 89

The **Class 89** is a prototype design for an electric locomotive.  Only one unit was built, no. 89001, which was officially named _Avocet_ by the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on January 16 1989 at Sandy, Bedfordshire - the home of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (whose logo is an avocet).  It was built in 1986, by BREL at their Crewe Works, and was used on test-trains on both the West Coast Main Line and East Coast Main Line. It was fitted with advanced power control systems and develops over 6,000 bhp (4,500 kW). It was given the nickname "Aardvark" although the railfans used to call it "The Badger" owing to its sloping front ends.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 89
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: 89001 at Doncaster Works.JPG
- **caption**: Class 89, no. 89001, at Doncaster Works open day on July 27 2003. This locomotive has now been bought by the AC Locomotive Group.
- **roadnumber**: 89001
- **builder**: BREL Crewe Works
- **builddate**: 1989
- **totalproduction**: 1
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (rail), Pantograph
- **whytetype**: Co-Co
- **uicclass**: Co'Co'
- **trainbrakes**: Air
- **locobrakes**: Air & Rheostatic
- **locobrakeforce**: (Rheostatic)
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating index: 95
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability 6
- **railroad**: British Rail, GNER
- **disposition**: Now preserved by the AC Locomotive Group
British Rail Class 90

The British Rail **Class 90** electric locomotives are electric locomotives that were built by BREL at Crewe from 1987-1990. Each locomotive weighs 84.5 tonnes and has a top speed of . They operate from 25 kV AC overhead wires and produce . The class is employed on both express passenger services and heavy freight trains.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 90
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: 90017 at Norwich.JPG
- **caption**: British Rail Class 90/0, no. 90017 at Norwich
- **roadnumber**: 90001–90050
- **builder**: BREL Crewe Works
- **builddate**: 1987–1990
- **totalproduction**: 50
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **trainbrakes**: Air
- **locobrakes**: Air, Rheostatic
- **trainheating**: Electric Train Heating
- **multipleworking**: Time-division multiplexing, TDM system
- **axleloadclass**: Route availability
- **railroad**: British Rail
Japan Cup

The **Japan Cup** is the most important horse race in Japan. It is held at the end of November in the Tokyo Racecourse. The race is 2400 metres long and the winner gets about ¥533 million (about US $4.6 million) as an award (the highest reward for horse racing in the world).

## Winners

|width="36px"|**Year**|width="132px"|**Winner**|**Age**|width="135px"|**Jockey**|width="150px"|**Trainer**|width="190px"|**Owner**|**Time**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1981|Mairzy Doates|5|Cash Asmussen|John Fulton|Arno Schefler|2:25.3||||||
|1982|Half Iced|3|Don MacBeth|Stanley M. Hough|Bertram R. Firestone|2:27.1||||||
|1983|Stanerra|5|Brian Rouse|Frank Dunne|Frank Dunne|2:27.6||||||
|1984|Katsuragi Ace|4|Katsuichi Nishiura|Kazumi Domon|Ichizo Node|2:26.3||||||
|1985|Symboli Rudolf|4|Yukio Okabe|Yuji Nohira|Symboli Bokujo|2:28.8||||||
|1986|Jupiter Island|7|Pat Eddery|Clive Brittain|Marquess of Tavistock|2:25.0||||||
|1987|Le Glorieux|3|Alain Lequeux|Robert Collet|Sieglinde Wolf|2:24.9||||||
|1988|Pay The Butler|4|Chris McCarron|Robert J. Frankel|Edmund A. Gann|2:25.5||||||
|1989|Horlicks|6|Lance O'Sullivan|Dave O'Sullivan|Graham de Gruchy|2:22.2||||||
|1990|Better Loosen Up|5|Michael Clarke|David Hayes|Gabe Farrah, _et al._|2:23.2||||||
|1991|Golden Pheasant|5|Gary Stevens|Charles Whittingham|McNall / Gretzky|2:24.7||||||
|1992|Tokai Teio|4|Yukio Okabe|Shoichi Matsumoto|Masanori Uchimura|2:24.6||||||
|1993|Legacy World|4|Hiroshi Kawachi|Hideyuki Mori|Horse Tajima Co.|2:24.4||||||
|1994|Marvelous Crown|4|Katsumi Minai|Makoto Osawa|Sadao Sasahara|2:23.6||||||
|1995|Lando|5|Michael Roberts|Heinz Jentzsch|Gestüt Haus Ittlingen|2:24.6||||||
|1996|Singspiel|4|Frankie Dettori|Michael Stoute|Sheikh Mohammed|2:23.8||||||
|1997|Pilsudski|5|Michael Kinane|Michael Stoute|Lord Weinstock|2:25.8||||||
|1998|El Condor Pasa|3|Masayoshi Ebina|Yoshitaka Ninomiya|Takashi Watanabe|2:25.9||||||
|1999|Special Week|4|Yutaka Take|Toshiaki Shirai|Hiroyoshi Usuda|2:25.5||||||
|2000|T M Opera O|4|Ryuji Wada|Ichizo Iwamoto|Masatsugu Takezono|2:26.1||||||
|2001|Jungle Pocket|3|Olivier Peslier|Sakae Watanabe|Yomoji Saito|2:23.8||||||
|2002|Falbrav|4|Frankie Dettori|Luciano d'Auria|Scuderia Rencati|2:12.2||||||
|2003|Tap Dance City|6|Tetsuzo Sato|Shozo Sasaki|Yushun Horse Syndicate|2:28.7||||||
|2004|Zenno Rob Roy|4|Olivier Peslier|Kazuo Fujisawa|Shinobu Oosako|2:24.2||||||
|2005|Alkaased|5|Frankie Dettori|Luca Cumani|Michael Charlton|2:22.1||||||
|2006|Deep Impact|4|Yutaka Take|Yasuo Ikee|Kaneko Makoto Holdings Co.|2:25.1||||||
|2007|Admire Moon|4|Yasunari Iwata|Hiroyoshi Matsuda|Darley Japan Farm Co. Ltd.|2:24.7||||||
|2008|Screen Hero|4|Mirco Demuro|Yuichi Shikato|Teruya Yoshida|2:25.5||||||
<span style="font-size:85%">
 The 2002 race took place at Nakayama Racecourse over a distance of 2,200 metres.
</span>
British Rail Class 91

The British Rail **Class 91** is a class of 140 mph, 6,300 hp electric locomotives ordered specifically for the East Coast Main Line modernisation and electrification programme of the late 1980s. Built to replace the previous British Rail Class 43 (also called the InterCity 125) and British Rail Class 55, the Class 91s were given the auxiliary name of **InterCity 225** to indicate their status as a new version of the 125 and their envisaged top speed of 225 km/h (140 mph). The other end of the InterCity 225 train set is formed of a Driving Van Trailer, built with a similar bodyshell to the Class 91 locomotives.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 91
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**:
- **caption**: 91130 at York railway station
- **builder**: BREL
- **builddate**: 1988–1991
- **totalproduction**: 31
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC
- **collectionmethod**: Pantograph (rail), Pantograph
- **whytetype**: Bo-Bo
- **uicclass**: Bo'Bo'
- **trainbrakes**: Air
- **locobrakes**: Air
- **operator**: British Rail
GNER
National Express East Coast
Virgin Trains East Coast
London North Eastern Railway
- **fleetnumbers**: 91001–91031; later 91101–91122, 91124-91132
Enchanted

***Enchanted*** is a 2007 American fantasy romantic comedy musical movie. It was produced and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures in association with Barry Sonnenfeld and Josephson Entertainment. The story is about Giselle, a typical Disney Princess, who is forced from her traditional animated world into the live-action world of New York City.

The movie was first shown on October 20, 2007, at the London Film Festival. It released on November 21, 2007 in the United States. _Enchanted_ was well-received critically. It won the 2007 Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Motion Picture, received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three nominations at the 80th Academy Awards. The movie earned more than $340 million worldwide at the box office.

## Cast

- Amy Adams as Giselle
- Patrick Dempsey as Robert
- James Marsden as Prince Edward
- Timothy Spall as Nathaniel
- Idina Menzel as Nancy Tremaine, Robert's fiancée
- Rachel Covey as Morgan. Morgan is Robert's six-year-old daughter.
- Susan Sarandon as Queen Narissa.
- Jeff Bennett and Kevin Lima as Pip
- Jon McLaughlin as Himself, singing "So Close" at the ball while Robert and Giselle dance together as do Edward and Nancy
- Fred Tatasciore as the Troll
- Several actresses who have played characters in Disney movies have cameos:
    - Paige O'Hara as Angela, a soap opera character. O'Hara was the speaking and singing voice of Belle in _Beauty and the Beast_.
    - Jodi Benson as Sam, Robert's secretary. Benson was the speaking and singing voice of Ariel in _The Little Mermaid_. She also voiced the Barbie dolls in _Toy Story 2_ and _Toy Story 3_.
    - Judy Kuhn as Pregnant Woman with Kids. Kuhn was the singing voice of the title character in _Pocahontas_ and its sequel.

Julie Andrews was the narrator of the story.

## Video game

A video game based on the movie was developed by Altron for Nintendo DS. It was released by Disney Interactive on November 7, 2007.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Enchanted
- **director**: Kevin Lima
- **narrator**: Julie Andrews
- **starring**: Amy Adams
 Patrick Dempsey
 James Marsden
 Timothy Spall
 Idina Menzel
 Rachel Covey
 Susan Sarandon
- **music**: Alan Menken
- **cinematography**: Don Burgess
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
- **runtime**: 107 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, US $85 million
- **gross**: US $340,487,652
British Rail Class 92

The **Class 92** is a dual-voltage British railway locomotive which can run on 25 kV AC from overhead lines or 750 V DC from a third rail. It was designed specifically to operate services through the Channel Tunnel between Britain and France. Eurotunnel indicates the Class 92 locomotive as the reference for other locomotives which railway undertakings might want to get certified for usage in the Channel tunnel.

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: British Rail Class 92
- **powertype**: Electric
- **image**: 92027 George Eliot at Stafford.jpg
- **caption**: 92027 _George Eliot_ at Stafford railway station, Stafford in August 2005 with an Intermodal freight transport, intermodal train
- **builder**: Asea Brown Boveri and Brush Traction
- **builddate**: 1993–1996
- **totalproduction**: 46 (seven stored)
- **tractionmotors**: ABB traction converters using Gate turn-off thyristor, GTO, control via ABB MICAS-S2
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC and 750 Volt, V Direct current, DC
- **collectionmethod**: _25 kV:_ Pantograph (rail), Pantograph,
_750 V:_ Third rail
- **whytetype**: Co-Co
- **uicclass**: Co'Co'
- **trainbrakes**: air brake (rail), Westinghouse air
- **locobrakes**: air brake (rail), Westinghouse air, rheostatic and regenerative braking, regenerative
- **height**: with pantograph down
- **poweroutput**: _25 kV:_ ,
_750 V:_
- **tractiveeffort**: ,
 with 'boost' mode applied
- **railroad**: EWS
Eurotunnel/Europorte 2
SNCF
- **roadnumber**: 92001–92046
British Rail Class 93

**Class 93** is the traction classification assigned to the electric locomotives that were to enter service as part of British Rail's _InterCity 250_ project on the West Coast Main Line. They would have been derived from the Class 91 locomotives that entered service on the East Coast Main Line in 1989. The locomotive would have been used along with a train of up to nine Mark 5 coaches and a DVT, similar to the _InterCity 225_ sets. The locomotives would have been capable of up to 155 mph. Tenders to construct the locomotives and rolling stock were issued in March 1991, with an expected in service date of 1995; it was envisaged that up to 30 complete trains would be initially required, with a total cost estimated at £380 million. However, the InterCity 250 project was canceled in 1992, so the rolling stock orders were never made.  Here  is a picture of what the cab may have looked like.
East Coast Main Line

**East Coast Main Line** is an electrified main line between London and Edinburgh in United Kingdom. The trains on this line are operated by a number of train companies.

## Stops

- Starting point at London King's Cross railway station
- Stevenage
- Peterborough
- Grantham
- Newark North Gate
- Retford
- Doncaster
- York
- Northallerton
- Darlington
- Durham
- Newcastle Central
- Morpeth
- Alnmouth
- Berwick-upon-Tweed
- Dunbar
- Finishing point at Edinburgh Waverley

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: East Coast Main Line
- **image**: An LNER Azuma train at Burnmouth, geograph 6350005 by Walter Baxter.jpg
- **caption**: An LNER Azuma train at Burnmouth
- **type**: Commuter rail
 Inter-city rail
- **system**: National Rail
- **start**: London King's Cross
- **end**: Edinburgh Waverley
- **stations**: 52
- **owner**: Network Rail
- **map**:
(:commons:File:East Coast Main Line.png, Click to expand)
West Coast Main Line

The **West Coast Main Line** is a main railway line in the United Kingdom between London and Glasgow.

As of 2025, train services are currently operated by Avanti West Coast and CrossCountry.

## Stops

- Starting point at London Euston
- Watford Junction
- Milton Keynes Central
- Rugby
- Nuneaton
- Tamworth
- Lichfield Trent Valley
- Stafford
- Crewe
- Warrington Bank Quay
- Wigan North Western
- Preston
- Lancaster
- Oxenholme Lake District
- Penrith
- Carlisle
- Lockerbie
- Carstairs
- Motherwell
- Finishing point at Glasgow Central

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: West Coast Main Line
- **image**: WCML and M1.jpg
- **image width**: 300px
- **caption**: The West Coast Main Line running alongside the M1 motorway
- **status**: Operational
- **system**: National Rail
- **stations**: 46
- **owner**: Network Rail
- **open**: 1837–1881
- **tracks**: Double track, Two, Quadruple track, four or six
- **load gauge**: Loading gauge#Great Britain, W10
Georg Michaelis

**Georg Michaelis** (8 September 1857 – 24 July 24 1936) became the first Chancellor of Germany with a non-noble background.

## Early life

Michaelis was born at Haynau in Silesia. He studied law in Breslau, Leipzig and Wurzburg. He graduated from Göttingen University in 1884.

## Career

He was invited by the Japanese government to teach at the German school of law in Tokyo from 1885 to 1889.

When he returned to Germany, he joined the civil service.  The Emperor appointed him Reich Chancellor (_Reichskanzler_) from July to November 1917.

## Related pages

- Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji period Japan

## Infobox (chancellor)

- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0720-500, Georg Michaelis.jpg
- **name**: Georg Michaelis
- **order**: 6th Chancellor of the German Empire
- **term start**: 14 July 1917
- **term end**: 31 October 1917
- **monarch**: William II, German Emperor, William II
- **predecessor**: Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
- **successor**: Georg von Hertling
- **party**: None
British Rail Class 100

The British Rail **Class 100** diesel multiple units were built by Gloucester Railway Carriage & Wagon Company Limited from 1956 to 1958, designed and built in collaboration with the Transport Sales Dept. of T.I. (Group Services) Ltd.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 100 </span>
- **image**: BR_Class_100.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **caption**: Class 100, no. 56301 at County School Station on the Mid-Norfolk Railway on 17th December 2001. This unit was the first heritage DMU vehicle to enter preservation.
- **manufacturer**: GloucesterRC&W
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: 1 cars per trainset
- **built**: 1956-1958
- **inservice**: 1956-1988
- **carwidth**: 9 ft 3 in
- **carheight**: 12 ft 8 1/2in
- **weight**: 38 tons 5 cwt
- **maxspeed**: 70 mph (112 km/h)
British Rail Class 101

The British Rail **Class 101** diesel multiple units were built by Metro-Cammell at Washwood Heath in Birmingham from 1956 to 1959, following the construction of a series of prototype units. This class proved to be the most successful and longest-lived of all BR's _First Generation_ DMUs, with the final five units being withdrawn on 24 December 2003. The oldest set was, by then just over 47 years old.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 101 </span>
- **image**: 101692 at Arley.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **caption**: Class 101, no. 101692 (formed of vehicles 53170 + 53253) at Arley on the Severn Valley Railway on 15 October 2004, whilst taking part in the Railcar 50 event. This unit was specially repainted in Caledonian Blue livery in 1996 by ScotRail for the launch of a new Motherwell to Cumbernauld Line. In 2000, it transferred to Manchester, where it became one of the final six in service with First North Western. It was withdrawn in October 2003, and is now preserved at the Midland Railway Butterley.
- **manufacturer**: BREL
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: 2 cars per trainset
- **built**: 1956–1959
- **inservice**: 1956–2003
- **carlength**: 17.37 m
- **carwidth**: 2.81 m
- **carheight**: 3.77 m
- **weight**: 32.5 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 75 mph (121 km/h)
British Rail Class 103

The British Rail **Class 103** diesel multiple units were built by Park Royal Vehicles with diesel engines by British United Traction (BUT).  Ordered in the first half of 1955, 20 of these sets were built by Park Royal at the Crossley Motors works in Stockport of the ACV Group. They consisted of a power car and a driving trailer. Standard BUT equipment was fitted, with 'A' type engines.

A two-car set with 16 first class and 100 second class seats weighed just under 60 long tons, representing 1,150 lb (520 kg) a seat and had 5 hp per ton of empty weight or 4.35 hp per ton when full.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 103 </span>
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **manufacturer**: Park Royal Vehicles
- **yearconstruction**: 1957–1958
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: 2 car sets: DMBS-DTCL
- **built**: 20 sets
- **inservice**: 1957–1983
- **weight**: DMBS:
DTCL:
- **capacity**: DMBS: 52S; DTCL 16F 48S
- **maxspeed**: 70 mph (113 km/h)
- **transmission**: Mechanical: 4 speed epicyclic gearbox
- **engine**: Two British United Traction, BUT (AEC) 6-cylinder diesels of  each
- **brakes**: Vacuum
British Rail Class 104

The British Rail **Class 104** diesel multiple units were built by Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company from 1957 to 1959.

The first units ordered were for the London Midland Region, with the majority of the class for use in North West of England with sets also in Tyneside (being made redundant by the opening of the Tyne & Wear Metro in 1980). In the mid-1980s a few units reallocated to Scotland, with one unit being repainted in a unique maroon and white livery for services to Oban - it became known as the "Mexican Bean". Other vehicles spent time in London and the last vehicles could be found there in the early 1990s.

The class was gradually taken of service from the early 1980s. The final vehicles were withdrawn in 1995.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 104 </span>
- **image**: 50517 and 50455 at Bewdley.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **caption**: Class 104, nos. 50517 and 50455, at Bewdley on the Severn Valley Railway, on 15 October 2004, whilst taking part in the Railcar 50 event. This unit has been returned to service, and is preserved on the Churnet Valley Railway.
- **manufacturer**: Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, Birmingham RC&W
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: 2 car sets: DMBS-DTCL
3 car sets: DMBS-TCL-DMCL
4 cars sets:DMCL-TSL-TBSL-DMCL
- **yearconstruction**: 1957–1959
- **built**: 71 DMBS, 52 DMCL, 15 DTCL, 56 TCL, 26 TBSL, 26 TSL. _Total:_ **302 cars**
- **inservice**: 1957–1993
- **weight**: DMCL/DMBS: ,
TBSL: ,
DTCL/TCL/TSL:
- **capacity**: DMBS: 52, DMCL/DTCL: 12F 51S, TCL: 12F 54, TBSL: 51, TSL: 69
- **transmission**: Mechanical: 4 speed epicyclic gearbox
- **engine**: Two British United Traction, B.U.T. (Leyland) 6-cylinder diesels of 150 bhp each
- **brakes**: Vacuum
- **safetysystem**: Automatic Warning System
British Rail Class 105

The British Rail **Class 105** diesel multiple units were built by Cravens Ltd. of Sheffield from 1956 to 1959. The class were built with a side profile identical to British Railways Mark 1 carriage stock, using the same doors and windows.  None were selected for refurbishment. The last passenger car was withdrawn from service in 1988.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 105 </span>
- **image**: BR Class 105 E51282 and E56461 Longsight.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **caption**: Inside Longsight Diesel Traction Maintenance Depot, December 1983
- **manufacturer**: Cravens Ltd.
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: 2 or 3 cars per set
- **yearconstruction**: 1956-1959
- **inservice**: 1959-1988
- **carlength**: 17.53 m
- **carwidth**: 2.81 m
- **carheight**: 3.83 m
- **weight**: 30.5 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 70 mph (112 km/h)
- **engine**: Two BUT, 150 bhp
British Rail Class 107

The British Rail **Class 107** diesel multiple units were built by the Derby Works of British Railways and were introduced in 1960. The class looked similar to the later Class 108 units, but were heavier - having been built out of steel.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 107 </span>
- **image**: Class 107 in Largs (April 1984).jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **caption**: Units 107 427 and 107 444 at Largs in April 1984
- **manufacturer**: BR Derby Works
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: DMBS-TSL-DMCL
- **built**: 1960
- **inservice**: 1960 - 1991
- **carlength**: 17.7 m (58 ft 1 in)
- **carwidth**: 2.81 m (9 ft 3 in)
- **carheight**: 3.77 m
- **weight**: 35.5 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 70 mph (112 km/h)
- **traction**: Diesel Mechanical
- **engine**: Two BUT, 150 bhp
- **safetysystem**: Automatic Warning System, AWS
British Rail Class 108

The British Rail **Class 108** diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles.

These units stayed in were used till the 1990s after which they were withdrawn from traffic.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 108 </span>
- **background**: #0033cc
- **image**: 50982 and 52054 at Bodmin.JPG
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **caption**: Class 108 DMU, nos. 50980 and 52054, at Bodmin on 28 August 2003. This unit is preserved on the Bodmin & Wenford Railway in Cornwall.
- **service**: 1958-1993
- **manufacturer**: British Rail
- **factory**: Derby Works
- **family**: Derby Lightweight
- **yearconstruction**: 1958-1961
- **yearservce**: 1958
- **refurbishment**: 1976
- **yearscrapped**: 1990 onwards
- **number built**: 333
- **numberservice**: 0
- **numberpreserved**: 55
- **numberscrapped**: 78
- **formation**: DMBS-DTC
DMBS-TS-DMC
DMC-TBS-TS-DMC
DMBS-DMC
- **capacity**: 117
- **operator**: British Rail
- **depots**: Darlington, Hammerton Street, South Gosforth, Leicester, Allerton, Bletchley, Longsight, Chester, Wrexham (Central), Newton Heath, Bristol, Cardiff, Plymouth, Swansea, Carlisle, Newcastle, Buxton, Tyseley
British Rail Class 109

The British Rail **Class 109** is a class of 2-car diesel multiple units built in 1957 by Wickham & Co.  Five two-car units were built featuring an unusual body design.

The units soon became non-standard and two were sold back to the manufacturer who exported them to Trinidad and Tobago.  Another unit was converted into departmental service, and survived in BR ownership until the early 1980s.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 109 </span>
- **image**: BR Class 109 Llangollen.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **caption**: Preserved unit 50416+56171.
- **manufacturer**: Wickham & Co
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: 2 cars per trainset
- **built**: 1957
- **inservice**: 1957- 1971
- **carlength**: 57 ft 0 in
- **carwidth**: 8 ft 3 in
- **carheight**: 12 ft 4 1/2 in
- **weight**: 37 tons 10 cwt
- **maxspeed**: 70 mph (112 km/h)
Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa

***Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa*** () is a 2002 Pakistani Urdu movie starring Sana, Moammar Rana and Saleem Sheikh among others. It was directed by Javed Sheikh and ran successfully in theaters across Pakistan. The movie's soundtrack composed by Amjad Bobby was a success prior to its release.
British Rail Class 110

The **Class 110** DMUs were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company in conjunction with the Drewry Car Co. to operate services on the former Lancashire and Yorkshire main line, and spent their entire careers based around this same area. This earned them the name of the 'Calder Valley' sets.  They were an updated version of the Class 104, with a revised cab design and raised bodyside window frames.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 110 </span>
- **image**: BR Class 110 3-car.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **manufacturer**: Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, BRC&W
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: Two and three car
- **inservice**: 1961- 1991
- **carlength**: 57 ft 6 in (17.53 m)
- **carwidth**: 9 ft 3 in (2.81 m)
- **carheight**: 3.88 m
- **weight**: 33.5 tonnes
- **maxspeed**: 70 mph (112 km/h)
- **engine**: Rolls-Royce, 180 bhp
- **family**:  first genration
British Rail Class 111

The **Class 111** DMUs were based on Class 101/2s, but with different engines. The only external body difference was on the final batch of cars where a four character headcode box was fitted above the front cab Windows with the destination indicator on top of a reduced height centre window.

The first cars built, part of an order for 339 Met-Camm cars, were 4 power/trailer sets for the LMR Manchester area built in early 1957. One of these had supercharged 230 hp 6-cylinder engines. This was followed by ten 3-car sets comprising DMBS/TS/DMC for the NER at Bradford, then a further twenty 3-car sets.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 111 </span>
- **image**: British Rail Class 111 at Skipton.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **manufacturer**: Metropolitan Cammell
- **operator**: British Rail
- **built**: 23 units
- **inservice**: 1957- 1989
- **carlength**: 57 ft (17.37 m)
- **carwidth**: 9 ft 3 in (2.81 m)
- **carheight**: 3.77 m
- **weight**: 33 tons
- **maxspeed**: 70 mph (112 km/h)
- **engine**: Rolls-Royce, 180 hp
British Rail Class 112

The **Class 112** DMUs used the standard Cravens body used for Class 105s but had a single Rolls-Royce engine of 238 hp per car, and they were all formed into 'power twins'- two car sets with both vehicles powered.

There were two batches built, the first 50 vehicles (25 sets) had standard mechanical transmission via a gearbox and were allocated the Class 112. The second batch of 50 cars (25 sets) had hydraulic transmission, and became Class 113s.

The cars were built for services in the LMR Central Division and in the Liverpool - St Helens area, where the gradients in the Lancashire & Yorkshire area required more power. Both types also spent some time working from Cricklewood.

The gross weight of a set with all seats occupied was approximately 70 tons, giving 6.8 hp per ton. Empty, it was 8.1 hp/ton, which compared favourably with 5.7 hp/ton that the Cravens power/trailer had. Its sister class is the Class 113

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 112 </span>
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **manufacturer**: Cravens
- **operator**: British Rail
- **built**: 25 units
- **inservice**: 1960- 1969
- **carlength**: 57 ft 6 in
- **carwidth**: 9 ft 3 in
- **weight**: 29 tons 10 cwt
- **maxspeed**: 70 mph (112 km/h)
- **engine**: Rolls Royce of 238 hp
British Rail Class 114

The British Rail **Class 114** diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1956 to 1957. Forty-nine 2-car units were built, numbered 50001-49 for driving motors (later renumbered 53001-49) and 56001-49 for driving trailers (later renumbered 54001-49). The units were used on services in the West Midlands, Lincolnshire and Humberside.

## Infobox (dmu)

- **name**: <span style="color:#FFFFFF">British Rail Class 114 </span>
- **image**: 56006 at Kidderminster.JPG
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **background**: #0033cc
- **caption**: Class 114 no. 56006 at Kidderminster on the Severn Valley Railway
on 15 October 2004, whilst taking part in the _Railcar 50_ event. This vehicle has been restored to its original 1956 condition, and is preserved at the Midland Railway Butterley.
- **manufacturer**: BR Derby
- **operator**: British Rail
- **formation**: Unknown
- **built**: 49
- **inservice**: 1960-2002
- **carlength**: 64 ft 6 in
- **carwidth**: 9 ft 3 in
- **carheight**: 12 ft 4 1/2 in
- **weight**: 35 tons 10 cwt
- **maxspeed**: 70 mph (112 km/h)
Hypergiant

A **hypergiant** (luminosity class **0**) is a star with an enormous mass and luminosity, It shows signs of a very high rate of mass loss. The exact definition is not yet settled.

Hypergiants are the largest stars in the universe, usually larger and brighter than supergiants.

Another large hypergiant is VY Canis Majoris, about 1,420 times wider than the Sun. It is one of the extreme luminous supergiant stars.

Just as supergiants evolve from massive stars that were once main sequence stars (between 8 to 22 solar masses, one solar mass being the mass of the Sun), hypergiants were once main-sequence stars that were more massive.

Hypergiants are very hard to find and they have a short lifespan because of their size. While the Sun has a lifespan of around 10 billion years, hypergiants will only exist for a few million years.

## Spectrum

There are two special groups: luminous blue variables (LBV), and yellow hypergiants. Both of these types are very rare, with only a few examples in the Milky Way galaxy. Their rareness is probably because each type passes through this stage quite rapidly.

## Stability

As luminosity of stars increases greatly with mass, the luminosity of hypergiants often lies very close to the Eddington limit. This is the luminosity at which the force of the star's gravity equals the radiation pressure outward.

This means that the radiative flux passing through the photosphere of a hypergiant may be nearly strong enough to lift away the photosphere. Above the Eddington limit, the star would generate so much radiation that parts of its outer layers would be thrown off in massive outbursts. This would effectively restrict the star from shining at higher luminosities for longer periods.

A good candidate for hosting a continuum-driven wind is Eta Carinae, one of the most massive stars ever observed. Its mass is about 130 solar masses and its luminosity four million times that of the Sun. Eta Carinae may occasionally exceed the Eddington limit. The last time might have been outbursts observed in 1840–1860. These reached mass loss rates much higher than stellar winds would normally allow.

Another theory to explain the massive outbursts of Eta Carinae is the idea of a deeply situated hydrodynamic explosion, blasting off parts of the star’s outer layers. The idea is that the star, even at luminosities below the Eddington limit, would have insufficient heat convection in the inner layers, resulting in a density inversion potentially leading to a massive explosion. The theory has, however, not been explored very much, and it is uncertain whether this really can happen.

### Blue hypergiants

- Zeta1 Scorpii
- BP Crucis
- Pistol Star
- Eta Carinae

### Luminous blue variables (LBVs)

- P Cygni
- S Doradus
- LBV 1806-20
- AG Carinae

### Yellow hypergiants

- Rho Cassiopeiae
- V509 Cassiopeiae
- HR 5171
- V382 Carinae

### Red hypergiants

- Mu Cephei (the Garnet Star)
- NML Cygni
- VV Cephei A
- VY Canis Majoris
- WOH G64
- RW Cephei
- VX Sagitarii
- Stephenson 2-18

## Related pages

- List of largest stars
Shiver (Coldplay song)

"**Shiver**" is a single released by rock band Coldplay. "Shiver" was released off the album _Parachutes_ in March 2000. A re-release was released a year later in February 2001.

## Format

The format of the single by Coldplay is a CD. It plays as an Extended Play (or EP).
Don't Panic (Coldplay song)

**"Don't Panic"** is a single by British rock band Coldplay.

The single was recorded in 1996. Coldplay released the single off the hit studio album called _Parachutes_ which was released on July 10, 2000.