juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Georges Lemaître

Monsignor **Georges Lemaître** (Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître, 17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian priest, astronomer ,  mathematician and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain.

He was the first person to say the Universe is growing. Some people think it was Edwin Hubble, but that is not correct. Lemaître was also the first to make the Hubble's law and the Hubble constant.
Lemaître also started what became known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe.  He called it his 'hypothesis of the primeval atom'.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **honorific prefix**: The Reverend Monsignor
- **name**: Georges Lemaître
- **image**: Belgique - Louvain-la-Neuve - Place des Sciences - Georges Lemaître - 04.jpg
- **caption**: Sculpture of Lemaître
- **birth place**: Charleroi, Belgium
- **death place**: Leuven, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgium, Belgian
- **alma mater**: Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968), Catholic University of Leuven
St Edmund's College, Cambridge, St Edmund's House, Cambridge
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- **doctoral advisor**: Charles Jean de la Vallée-Poussin (Leuven)
Arthur Eddington (Cambridge)
Harlow Shapley (MIT)
- **doctoral students**: Louis Philippe Bouckaert, Rene van der Borght
- **known for**: Metric expansion of space, Theory of the expansion of the universe
Big Bang theory
Lemaître coordinates
- **signature**: Georges Lemaitre signature.png
- **field**: Cosmology
Astrophysics
                     Mathematics
- **work institutions**: Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968), Catholic University of Leuven
- **prizes**: Francqui Prize <small>(1934)</small>
Eddington Medal
Albert Claude

**Albert Claude** (24 August 1899 – 22 May 1983) was a Belgian biologist.  He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade.

He went to the University of Liège. In the summer of 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute. He worked at Rockefeller University in the 1930s and 1940s.

In 1949, he became Director of the Institut Jules Bordet in Brussels.  He worked there until 1970.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Albert Claude
- **image**: Albert Claude 1974.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Albert Claude
- **birth place**: Neufchâteau
- **death place**: Brussels
- **nationality**: Belgium, Belgian
- **field**: cell biology, cellular biology
- **alma mater**: University of Liège
- **known for**: cell fractionation
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974
Ilya Prigogine

**Ilya Prigogine** (25 January 1917 – 28 May 2003) was a Belgian physical chemist of Russian Jewish descent. He won the 1977 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

Prigogine studied chemistry at the Free University of Brussels.  In 1950 he became a professor there.  In 1959 he started teaching at the University of Texas at Austin in the United States.

Prigogine was married to Belgian poet Hélène Jofé. After their divorce, he married Polish-born chemist Maria Prokopowicz in 1961.

## Related pages

- List of Nobel Prize winners by country

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Ilya Prigogine
- **image**: Ilya Prigogine 1977.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth place**: Moscow, Russia
- **death place**: Brussels, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgians, Belgian
- **field**: Chemistry, Physics
- **workplaces**: Université Libre de Bruxelles
International Solvay Institute
University of Texas, Austin
- **alma mater**: Université Libre de Bruxelles
- **doctoral advisor**: Théophile de Donder
- **doctoral students**: Adi Bulsara
Radu Balescu
Dilip Kondepudi
Zili Zhang
- **known for**: Dissipative structures
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize for Chemistry (1977)
Zhouzhi County

**Zhouzhi County** (, pinyin:Zhōuzhì Xiàn) is a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the southwest part of Xi'an. Before 1964, it was written in Chinese as **盩厔** (also read Zhouzhi), meaning surrounded by mountains and rivers. It covers . As of November 2010, 562,768 people lived there. Zhouzhi is famous for embroidery, and the product kiwifruit.
Shaun Marcum

**Shaun Marcum** (born December 14, 1981 ) is an American baseball player. He is a Major League pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers . He has played with the Brewers since 2011. He pitched for the Toronto Blue Jays from 2005 until 2010. Marcum was born in Kansas City, Missouri.

## Other websites

- Stats at Baseball-Reference
Giovanni Paisiello

**Giovanni Paisiello** (9 May 1740 – 5 June 1816) was a composer from Italy. He wrote more than 80 operas. He also wrote music for churches and concerts.

## Life

Paisiello was born in Roccaforzata, a small town near Taranto in the south of Italy. His father was a veterinarian (a doctor for animals). When he was five years old, his father sent him to a Jesuit school in Taranto. His father wanted him to be a lawyer. Paisiello's teachers saw that he had a very beautiful singing voice and much talent for music. This made his father change his mind. He sent Paisiello to a famous music school in Naples called the . He studied at the music school for five years. At first, he composed church music, but then he began writing operas. Soon his operas became popular all over Italy.

In 1776, Catherine II, the Empress of Russia, invited him to work for her in St. Petersburg. Paisiello worked for the Empress for eight years. He composed operas for her theatre and conducted the royal orchestra. In 1784, he went back to Italy to work for King Ferdinand IV of Naples. He was the chief composer for a famous opera house in Naples, the Teatro di San Carlo. He also composed church music and concert music for the king. Napoleon Bonaparte admired Paisiello's music very much and invited him to Paris. From 1802 until 1804, Paisiello worked in Paris composing music for Napoleon. He then went back to Naples. He was the head of the music school there from 1807 until 1814. The last years of his life were not happy. He had money problems, and his operas were no longer popular. He died in Naples in 1816.

## Sources

- Grove, George (1900) "Paisiello, Giovanni", in _A Dictionary of Music and Musicians (A.D. 1450-1889)_, Vol. 2, pp. 633-634. MacMillan & Co., Ltd.
- Randel, Don Michael (ed.) (1996). "Paisiello, Giovanni" in _The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music_, p. 664. Harvard University Press

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Giovanni Paisiello
- **image**: PaiselloVigeeLeBrun.jpg
- **birth place**: Roccaforzata (near Taranto)
- **death place**: Naples
- **nationality**: Italy, Italian
- **occupation**: Composer
Heckler & Koch G3

The **Heckler & Koch G3** is a battle rifle developed by Heckler & Koch and the Spanish state-owned design and development agency CETME. It has a 20 rounds magazine, that holds 7.62mm NATO ammunition.

It was invented in the 1950s, and was the main weapon of the German army (Bundeswehr). Now the main weapon is the G36. Many German soldiers want the old G3 back. The G3 is still in service as a sniper rifle, but they changed to the G28 for "designated marksmen".

The deign of the G3 was so influential that it was the base for making the MP5 and the PSG-1.

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Heckler & Koch G3
- **image**: DCB Shooting G3 pictures.jpg
- **caption**: The Heckler & Koch G3A4 (top) and G3A3 (bottom)
- **origin**: West Germany
- **type**: Battle rifle
- **is ranged**: Yes
- **service**: 1959–present
- **wars**: Portuguese Colonial War
Rhodesian Bush War
Six-Day War
Nigerian Civil War
Turkish invasion of Cyprus
South African Border War
Carnation Revolution
The Troubles
Iranian Revolution
Iran–Iraq War
Lebanese Civil War
Nicaraguan Revolution
Salvadoran Civil War
Turkey–PKK conflict
Ethiopian Civil War
Gulf War
Yugoslav Wars
Sierra Leone Civil War
War in North-West Pakistan
International Security Assistance Force, Operation Enduring Freedom/ISAF—Afghanistan
Iraq War
War in Afghanistan (2001–14), War in Afghanistan
Colombian conflict
Mexican Drug War
Syrian Civil War
Somali Civil War
Iraqi insurgency (2011–present), Iraqi Insurgency
Yemeni Civil War (2015)
- **design date**: 1956
- **manufacturer**: Heckler & Koch
- **production date**: 1958–present
- **number**: 7,000,000
- **weight**: (G3A3)
  (G3A4)
  with optic (G3SG/1)
  (G3K)
- **length**: (G3A3)
  stock extended /  stock collapsed (G3A4)
  (G3SG/1)
  stock extended /  stock collapsed (G3K)
- **part length**:
  (G3K)
- **cartridge**: 7.62×51mm NATO
- **action**: Blowback (arms)#Roller delayed, Roller-delayed blowback
- **rate**: 500–600 rounds/min
- **range**: , 100–400 m sight adjustments
- **feed**: 20-round detachable box 30-round detachable box and 50-round drum magazine
- **sights**: Rear: rotary diopter; front: hooded post
Ray Davies

**Sir Raymond Douglas Davies**  ( ; born 21 June 1944) is a British rock musician. He was born in Fortis Hill, Muswell Hill, north London. He was the lead singer of The Kinks, in which his brother Dave Davies was lead guitarist. Since the band split, Ray Davies is a solo singer-songwriter.

Davies attempted suicide and was later diagnosed with bipolar disorder.

## Other websites

- Official website
Reserve Bank of India

The **Reserve Bank of India** (RBI) is a top banking institution of the Republic of India. The bank controls the money supply in the country.

## History

The bank was established on 1 April 1935, when India was under British rule. The Bank was established under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The bank was nationalised in 1949.

## Other websites

- Reserve Bank of India website
Conservation (art)

**Conservation**, also known as **conservation and restoration**, is a job where people try to protect the important parts of a culture for the future.

Conservation activities include examination, documentation, treatment, protection.  All of this work is supported by research and education.

## Definition

In traditional terms, the role of the conservator involves the examination, conservation, and preservation of cultural heritage using "any methods that prove effective in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for as long as possible."

The role of conservation is a kind stewardship.

The conservator has ethical guidelines, including
- Minimal intervention
- Materials and methods which can be undone if necessary
- Full documentation of all work

An appropriate conservation strategy requires good judgment, taking into account
- the views of the owner of the object
- the heritage value and meaning of the object
- the physical needs of the material

## Gallery

This series of images shows the process of restoration of a mural in France.

## Other websites

- Metropolitan Museum of Art, What is Art Conservation?
- Liverpool Museum, Agents of Deterioration
Heckler & Koch G36

The **Heckler & Koch G36** is an assault rifle designed in the 1990s by Heckler & Koch (H&K) in Germany. The weapon is gas operated and has a standard magazine that holds 30 of the 5.56mm NATO rounds. It can also be used with a 100-round 'drum'. The G36 has a 3x scope and often a red dot sight, too in the carrying handle. The G36 is the main weapon of many special units and the army of Portugal, Spain and Germany (Bundeswehr).

Before Heckler & Koch started building for Germany, the G36 has had the name "HK50".

## Variants

- G36K is 17 cm (7 in) shorter (K=_kurz_: German for short)
- G36C is 28 cm (11 in) shorter and looks like a submachine gun (C=_compact_)
- LMG36 is the normal (1 meter long) G36 with a bipod and a 100 rounds magazine (LMG=_leichtes Machienen Gewehr_: German for light machine gun)

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Heckler & Koch G36
- **image**: 800px-G36bw.jpg
- **caption**: The H&K G36 rifle
- **origin**: Germany
- **type**: Assault rifle
Carbine
Light machine gun
Squad automatic weapon
- **is ranged**: Yes
- **service**: 1997–present
- **wars**: Kosovo War
War in Afghanistan (2001–14), Afghan War
2003 invasion of Iraq, Iraq War
2008 South Ossetia war, 2008 Russo-Georgian War
2011 Libyan civil war, 2011 Libyan Civil War
Mexican Drug War
2013 Lahad Datu standoff
Iraqi Civil War (2014–present), Iraqi Civil War
November 2015 Paris attacks, 2015 Paris attacks
- **design date**: 1991–1995
- **manufacturer**: Heckler & Koch
- **production date**: 1996–present
- **weight**: G36:
 G36V:
 G36K:
 G36KV:
 G36C:
 MG36:
 MG36E:
- **length**: G36, G36V, MG36, MG36E:  stock extracted /  stock folded
 G36K, G36KV:  stock extended /  stock folded
 G36C:  stock extended /  stock folded
- **part length**: G36, G36V, MG36, MG36E:
 G36K, G36KV:
 G36C:
- **height**: G36, G36K, MG36:
 G36V, G36KV, MG36E:
 G36C:
- **cartridge**: 5.56×45mm NATO
- **action**: Gas-operated reloading, Short-stroke piston, rotating bolt
- **rate**: 750 rounds/min cyclic
- **velocity**: G36, G36V, MG36, MG36E:
 G36K, G36KV:
- **range**: , 200–600 m sight adjustment
- **feed**: 30-round detachable box magazine or 100-round Beta C-Mag, C-Mag drum magazine
- **sights**: Reflex sight with 1× magnification, telescopic sight with 3× magnification (export version has a 1.5× magnified sight) and back-up fixed notch sight
Shōsōin

The  is a Japanese treasure house in the Tōdai-ji temple complex at Nara  It is close to the building which houses the Great Buddha (_Diabutsuden_).

It is the oldest museum structure in the world.

## History

The earliest objects in the Shōsō-in were put there by Empress Kōmyō (701–760). The collection includes artifacts from the arts and crafts of the Tempyō era.

The building was built in the  with a raised floor .

## Other websites

- Imperial Household Agency (_Kunaichō_), Imperial Household Agency page for _Shōsōin_ 
- University of California, Irvine, Shosoin Imperial Repository.
Anaïs Nin

**Anaïs Nin** (full name: Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell) February 21, 1903 – January 14, 1977. (, ), was a French-Cuban-American novelist.

Her books were the basis of movies, including _Henry & June_ (1990) and _Delta of Venus_ (1994). She was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Paris. Her parents were from Cuba. Her father Joaquín Nin was a well-known composer. Her mother Rosa Culmell was a classical singer. She spent her early years in Spain and Cuba and then lived in Paris. In Paris she became a close friend of the writer Henry Miller. She helped him get his first novel, _Tropic of Cancer_, published and wrote the preface to it.

She later moved to the United States and died there of cancer in Los Angeles.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anaïs Nin
- **image**: George Leite and Anaïs Nin at daliel's bookstore in Berkeley, CA, 1946.jpg
- **caption**: Nin with the writer George Leite in Berkeley, California, 1946
- **birth name**: Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell
- **birth place**: Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: writer
- **signature**: Anaïs Nin signature.svg
Aquamarine (color)

**Aquamarine** is a color, a light tint between blue and green. It is named for the gemstone aquamarine.

The first recorded use of _aquamarine_ as a color name in English was in 1598.

The color _medium aquamarine_ (shown below) is used for the uniforms of nurses and surgeons and also used to paint rooms in hospitals because it is regarded as a color that calms and relaxes the patients.

## Tones of aquamarine color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Raindrop|style = "background-color: #33ffcc;"||#33FFCC|51|255|204|165°|100%|60%|Crayola Ultra colored pencils|
|**Aquamarine**|style = "background-color: #7fffd4;"||**#7FFFD4**|**127**|**255**|**212**|**160°**|**100%**|**75%**|**web color**|
|Aquamarine Blue|style = "background-color: #71d9e2;"||#71D9E2|113|217|226|185°|66%|66%|Crayola **Aquamarine**|
|Fairyland|style = "background-color: #96ded1;"||#96DED1|150|222|209|169°|52%|73%|Plochere|
|Medium Aquamarine|style = "background-color: #66ddaa;"||#66DDAA|102|205|170|154°|64%|63%|web color|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Pierre Deligne

**Pierre René, Viscount Deligne** (born 3 October 1944) is an important Belgian mathematician. He is known for work on the Weil conjectures.

He was born in Etterbeek.  He went to school at Athénée Adolphe Max and studied at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB).

He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1978, the Crafoord Prize in 1988, the Balzan Prize in 2004 and the Wolf Prize in 2008.

In 2006 he was ennobled by the Belgian king as viscount.

In 2009, Deligne was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Pierre Deligne
- **image**: deligne.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Pierre Deligne, March 2005
- **birth place**: Etterbeek, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgians, Belgian
- **fields**: Mathematics
- **workplaces**: Institute for Advanced Study
Institut des hautes études scientifiques
- **alma mater**: Universite Libre de Bruxelles
- **doctoral advisor**: Alexander Grothendieck
- **doctoral students**: Lê Dũng Tráng
Miles Reid
Michael Rapoport
- **known for**: Proof of the Weil conjectures
- **awards**: Abel Prize (2013)
Wolf Prize (2008)
Balzan Prize (2004)
Crafoord Prize (1988)
Fields Medal (1978)
Jean Bourgain

**Jean Bourgain** (28 February 1954 – 22 December 2018) was a Belgian mathematician.  He was a professor at University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign and Institut des hautes études scientifiques at Bures-sur-Yvette in France.  From 1994 until his death he has worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He was an editor for the Annals of Mathematics.

He received his Ph.D. from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in 1977.

He received the Fields Medal in 1994. In 2008 he was elected a foreign member of the Academia Europaea. In 2009 Bourgain was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 2010 he received the Shaw Prize in Mathematics. In 2012 he and Terence Tao received the Crafoord Prize in Mathematics from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Bourgain died on 22 December 2018 in Bonheiden, Belgium at the age of 64.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Jean Bourgain
- **image**: Jean Bourgain.jpg
- **caption**: Jean Bourgain
- **birth place**: Ostend, Belgium
- **death place**: Bonheiden, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgians, Belgian
- **field**: Mathematics
- **work institutions**: Institute for Advanced Study
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
- **alma mater**: Vrije Universiteit Brussel
- **doctoral advisor**: Freddy Delbaen
- **doctoral students**: James Colliander
- **known for**: Analytic number theory
Harmonic analysis
Ergodic theory
Banach spaces
Partial differential equations
- **influences**: Laurent Schwartz
Bernard Maurey
Gilles Pisier
Vitali Milman
- **influenced**: Terence Tao
- **prizes**: Salem Prize (1983)
Fields Medal (1994)
Shaw Prize (2010)
Crafoord Prize (2012)
Rogier van der Weyden

**Rogier van der Weyden** or **Roger de la Pasture** (1399 or 1400 – 18 June 1464) was an early Flemish painter. His surviving works are mainly religious triptychs, altarpieces and commissioned single and diptych portraits. He was very successful and internationally famous in his lifetime. His paintings went to Italy and Spain.  By the end of the 15th century, he had become more popular than Jan van Eyck. His fame lasted only until the 17th century.

Due to the loss of archives in 1695 and again in 1940, there are few certain facts of van der Weyden's life. Rogelet de le Pasture (Roger of the Pasture) was born in Tournai in 1399 or 1400. His parents were Henri de le Pasture and Agnes de Watrélos. He married around 1426, to Elisabeth Goffaert.  He was made town painter of Brussels in 1436.  He changed his name from the French to the Dutch format, becoming 'van der Weyden'.
Lambert Lombard

**Lambert Lombard** (Liège, 1505 – 1566) was a Renaissance painter, architect and theorist for the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. During his career he worked for Jan Gossaert in Middelburg and trained Frans Floris. In 1532 he became court painter and architect in Liège. A few paintings and many drawings have been kept.

In 1537 he was sent to Rome by Erard de la Marck, prince-bishop of Liège, to buy works of art.  While there he discovered the wonders of the Italian Renaissance. On his return he brought not only works of art, but also the new ideas about art to Liège.

Dominicus Lampsonius wrote a biography of Lombard called _The Life of Lambert Lombard_.
Anthony van Dyck

**Sir Anthony van Dyck** (22 March 1599 – 9 December 1641) was a Flemish Baroque artist.  He was the leading court painter in England in the early 17th century. He is most famous for his portraits of Charles I of England and his family and court. His style of portrait painting was followed in England for the next 150 years. He also painted biblical and mythological subjects.
James Ensor

**James Sidney Edouard, Baron Ensor** (13 April 1860 – 19 November 1949) was a Flemish-Belgian painter and printmaker. He was an important influence on expressionism and surrealism. He lived in Ostend for most of his life. He was associated with the artistic group Les XX.

## Life

From 1877 to 1880, he attended the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. His only travels were three brief trips to Paris, London, and Holland.

In 1895 his painting _The Lamp Boy_ (1880) was acquired by the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. He had his first solo exhibition in Brussels. By 1920 he was the subject of major exhibitions. In 1929 he was named a Baron by King Albert. He was the subject of the Belgian composer Flor Alpaerts's "James Ensor Suite".  In 1933 he was awarded the band of the Légion d'honneur.

Against the advice of friends, he remained in Ostend during World War II despite the risk of bombardment. In his old age he was an honored figure among Belgians. His daily walk made him a familiar sight in Ostend. He died there after a short illness, on 19 November 1949.

## Work

His early works show domestic scenes with little color. Later he started to use brighter colors. His subjects became very imaginative. He painted carnivals, masks, puppets and skeletons.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: James Ensor
- **image**: File:James Ensor - Self-portrait with flower hat.jpg
- **caption**: _Self-portrait with flower hat_, 1907
- **birth name**: James Sidney Ensor
- **birth place**: Ostend, Belgium
- **death place**: Ostend, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgium, Belgian
- **field**: Painting
- **training**: Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts, Brussels (Belgium)
- **movement**: expressionism, surrealism
Les XX

**Les XX** was a group of twenty Belgian painters, designers and sculptors.  It was formed in 1883 by the Brussels lawyer, publisher, and entrepreneur Octave Maus.  For ten years 'Les Vingt', as they called themselves, held a yearly exhibition of their art.  Each year twenty international artists were also invited to be in the exhibition. Artists invited over the years included: Camille Pissarro (1887, 1889, 1891), Claude Monet (1886, 1889), Georges Seurat (1887, 1889, 1891, 1892), Paul Gauguin (1889, 1891), Paul Cézanne (1890), and Vincent van Gogh (1890, 1891).

In 1893, the society of Les XX was changed into "La Libre Esthétique".

## Eleven founding members

- James Ensor 1860-1949 (member until 1893)
- Théo van Rysselberghe 1862-1926 (member until 1893)
- Fernand Khnopff 1858-1921 (member until 1893)
- Alfred William Finch
- Frantz Charlet b 1862
- Paul Du Bois
- Charles Goethals c1853–85
- Darío de Regoyos (Spanish)
- Willy Schlobach b 1864
- Guillaume van Strydonck 1861–1937
- Rodolphe Wytsman 1860–1927

## Nine invited members

- Guillaume Vogels
- Achille Chainaye 1862–1915
- Jean Delvin 1853-1922
- Jef Lambeaux
- Périclès Pantazis (Greek) 1849-1884
- Frans Simons 1855–1919
- Gustave Vanaise 1854–1902
- Piet Verhaert 1852–1908
- Théodore Verstraete 1850–1907

## Twelve later invited members

- Felicien Rops 1833-1898
- Georges Lemmen 1865-1916 (member from 1888)
- George Minne 1866-1941
- Anna Boch 1848-1926 (member from 1885-1893: only female member)
- Henry van de Velde (member from 1888)
- Guillaume Charlier
- Henry De Groux
- Robert Picard b 1870
- Jan Toorop (Dutch)
- Odilon Redon (French)
- Paul Signac (French)
- Isidore Verheyden (member from 1884-1888)
Constant Permeke

**Constant Permeke** (31 July 1886 – 4 January 1952) was  a Belgian painter and sculptor.  He is said to be the leading figure of Flemish expressionism.

Permeke was born in Antwerp. When he was six years old the family moved to Ostend.  His father was curator of the Municipal Museum of Arts. Permeke went to school in Bruges from 1903 until 1906. In 1906 he was drafted into the Belgian army. After his military service ended in March 1908, Permeke returned to Ostend.  He roomed together with another artist, Gustave De Smet. In 1909 he returned to Latem where he lived as a recluse.  In 1912 Permeke married Maria Delaere and the newlyweds settled in Ostend.

When World War I started, Permeke was in the defense of Antwerp.  He was wounded in action near the town of Duffel. His wounds forced him to be evacuated to the United Kingdom.  In 1916 he moved to Chardstock in Devonshire and started painting again, mostly colorful English landscapes. After the end of the war, the Permeke family returned to Ostend in 1919.

In 1921 Permeke was able to exhibit his work in Antwerp and in Paris. Between 1922 and 1924, Permeke regularly went to Astene. In 1926 Permeke went to Vevey in Switzerland where he mainly painted mountain scenes. In 1929 he moved to Jabbeke.  Starting in 1937 Permeke tried his hand at sculpting as well.

During World War II, Permeke was forbidden to paint by the German occupiers.  His art was seen by them as _Entartete Kunst_. His son Paul was arrested and sent to Germany as a forced labourer. After the war, Permeke was made director of the Royal Academy in Antwerp.  He only worked there one year. In 1948 his wife died. Emotionally scarred and ailing, Permeke had to be nursed by his daughter.

Constant Permeke died 4 January 1952. He was buried next to his wife at the cemetery in Jabbeke. A statue which Permeke had commissioned by his friend George Minne was placed on the grave of his beloved wife.

In 1997, Belgium recognized Permeke by dedicating the 1,000 franc bill to him and his work. The bill was used until Belgium started using the euro in 2002.
Paul Delvaux

**Paul Delvaux** (23 September 1897 – 20 July 1994) was a Belgian painter.  He is known for his Surrealism, famous for his paintings of female nudes.

Delvaux was born in Antheit. The young Delvaux took music lessons, studied Greek and Latin, and read the fiction of Jules Verne and the poetry of Homer.  He studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels.  He studied architecture because his parents did not want him to be a painter. He went for his goal by taking painting classes taught by Constant Montald and Jean Delville. The painters Frans Courtens and Alfred Bastien also encouraged Delvaux. He completed about 80 paintings between 1920 and 1925. 1925 was the year of his first solo exhibition.

He was named director of the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in 1965. In 1982 the Paul Delvaux Museum opened in Saint-Idesbald. Delvaux died in Veurne in 1994.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Paul Delvaux
- **image**: Paul Delvaux 28 Janvier 1972.jpg
- **caption**: Paul Delvaux signing autographs (1972) Brussels, Belgium
- **birth place**: Wanze, Antheit, Belgium
- **death place**: Veurne, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgium, Belgian
- **field**: Painting
Panamarenko

**Panamarenko** (pseudonym of **Henri Van Herwegen**; 5 February 1940 – 14 December 2019) was a famous assemblagist in Belgian sculpture. He is famous for his work with airplanes as theme.  None of the airplanes are able to actually leave the ground.

Panamarenko studied at the academy of Antwerp. Before 1968, his art was inspired by Pop art.  Early on he became interested in planes and human powered flight.  This interest is also shown in his name.  It is supposed to be an acronym for "Pan American Airlines and Company".

Starting in 1970, he developed his first models of imaginary vehicles, planes, balloons or helicopters. Many of his sculptures are modern versions of the myth of Icarus.

In 2003 Panamarenko married the 34 year younger Eveline Hoorens. At the opening of a large-scale overview exhibition of his work in Brussels in 2005, Panamarenko said he was retiring as an artist.  He has since had his own coffee brand PanamaJumbo.

On 24 April 2009, VLM Airlines named one of its Fokker 50 aircraft in his honour.
Jan Fabre

**Jan Fabre** (born December 14, 1958 in Antwerp) is a Belgian artist, playwright, stage director, choreographer and designer.

He studied at the Municipal Institute of Decorative Arts and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp. Between 1976 and 1980 he wrote his first scripts for the theatre. From 1980 he began his career as a stage director and stage designer.

Fabre is famous for his _Bic-art_ (ballpoint drawings). In 1990, he covered an entire building with ballpoint drawings.

His decoration of the ceiling of the Royal Palace in Brussels is called _Heaven of Delight_.  It is made out of one million six hundred thousand jewel-scarab wing cases. In 2008, Jan Fabre's _The Angel of Metamorphosis_ exhibition was held at the Louvre Museum.

In September 2018, Fabre was accused by 20 former employees of sexual harassment.
El Lissitzky

**Lazar Markovich Lissitzky**  ( – 30 December 1941), better known as **El Lissitzky**, was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, typographer, and architect.

He was an important figure of the Russian avant-garde, helping develop suprematism with his mentor, Kazimir Malevich. He designed exhibition displays and propaganda works for the former Soviet Union. His work greatly influenced the Bauhaus and constructivist movements, and he experimented with techniques and ideas ine 20th-century graphic design.

## Works

El Lissitzky's entire career was based on his belief that the artist could be an agent for change. Lissitzky, who was Jewish, began his career illustrating Yiddish children's books. This was to promote Jewish culture in Russia, which had just ended its antisemitic laws. He started teaching at 15; and taught throughout his life. Over the years, he taught in a variety of positions, schools and artistic media, spreading and exchanging ideas.

He took this ethic with him when he worked with Malevich in the art group UNOVIS and when he worked his own. He took up a job as the Russian cultural ambassador to Weimar Germany. There he worked with important figures of the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements. In his remaining years he brought innovation and change to typography, exhibition design, photomontage, and book design. He produced critically respected works and won international acclaim for his exhibition design. This continued to the end of his life. In 1941 he produced one of his last works – a Soviet propaganda poster rallying the people to make more tanks for the fight against Nazi Germany.
Gaoling District

**Gaoling District** ( pinyin:Gāolíng Qū) is a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the north part of Xi'an. Weiyang District and Baqiao District are to the south. Yanliang District is to the north. Lintong District is to the east. Xianyang Municipality is to the west. It covers . As of November 2010, 333,477 people lived there.

Chinese government changed it from "Country" to "District" on Dec,2014.
Cluster bomb

A **cluster bomb**, or **cluster munition**, is an explosive device. It explodes in the air or on the ground, and releases many smaller bombs. It is an anti-personnel weapon because it kills or maims people, not armoured vehicles.
They were used a lot during the Vietnam War and have been used in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

They are considered illegal by over 100 countries. These countries have signed the _Convention on Cluster Munitions_ adopted in May 2008.

## Related pages

- Russian invasion of Ukraine
Mill Green

**Mill Green** is a hamlet in Edwardstone, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It is Edwardstone's main settlement.

## Features

Mill Green has a pub called The White Horse, Mill Green Brewery is also behind it. A Smock windmill was in Mill Green, but it was demolished in 1965.

### Mill Green Brewery

Mill Green Brewery has won a national SIBA Gold Award. It is also on The Good Pub Guide 2011 2012 and 2014.

## Related pages

- Listed buildings in Mill Green

## Other websites

- http://www.suffolkfreepress.co.uk/news/latest-news/edwardstone-s-mill-green-brewery-scoops-award-1-561523
- https://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/TL9542

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Mill Green
- **shire district**: Babergh
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
Parliament Heath

**Parliament Heath** is a hamlet in Groton, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has 4 listed buildings, including Daisygreen Cottages, Lodge Cottage, Malting Farmhouse and Primrose Cottage.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Parliament Heath
- **shire district**: Babergh
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TL963434
Sherbourne Street

**Sherbourne Street** is a place on the Ordnance Survey in Edwardstone, Babergh, Suffolk, England. Sherbourne Street was on A Vision of Britain through Time 19th century map as _Shover Street_. There was a school in Sherbourne Street called Edwardstone House School, but it closed on the 31st of August 1993. It was for boys who were 8 – 13 years old. Edwardstone House is now a Listed building.

## Related pages

- Listed buildings in Sherbourne Street

## References

- GENUKI

## Other websites

- Geograph

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Sherbourne Street
- **shire district**: Babergh
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TL954412
Broad Street (Groton)

**Broad Street** is a hamlet in Groton, Babergh, Suffolk, England.

## Other websites

- https://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/TL9643
Horner's Green

**Horner's Green** is a hamlet in Groton, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has a listed building called Spout Farmhouse.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Horner's Green
- **shire district**: Babergh
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TL965415
Gosling Green

**Gosling Green** is a hamlet in Groton, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has a listed building called Gosling Green House.

## References

- GENUKI

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Gosling Green
- **shire district**: Babergh
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **region**: East of England
- **os grid reference**: TL972424
Kersey Tye

**Kersey Tye** is a hamlet in Kersey, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has one listed building called Bridges Farmhouse. There was a Congregation house built in about 1835 which is not always used for worship.
Ahn Chang-ho

**Ahn Chang-ho** (9 November 1876 - 10 March 1938) was a Korean independence activists and enlightened activists. He was an educator who founded Jeomjin School (), Daesung School (), Chungnyunhakwuhoi () and NGOs Heungsadan (; ), Suyangdongwuhoi(). His first name was Chisam, nickname was **Dosan**.

## Related pages

- Syngman Rhee
- Yun Chi-ho
- Kim Seong-su
- Lee Gwang-su

## Other websites

- The Ahn Chang Ho Website
- Biographical Information
- Dosan Ahn changho's Memorial
- Dosan Academy
- Ahn Chang-ho
- Ahn Chang-ho
Thomas Vanek

**Thomas Vanek ** (born January 19, 1984) is an Austrian former professional ice hockey left winger. He played a total of 14 years in the National Hockey League (NHL). Vanek played for the Buffalo Sabres, New York Islanders, Montreal Canadiens, Minnesota Wild, Detroit Red Wings, Florida Panthers, and the Vancouver Canucks. He also played for the Graz 99ers of the Erste Bank Eishockey Liga (EBEL).

## Career

Before he played in the NHL, Vanek played for the Sioux Falls Stampede of the USHL for 3 seasons and the University of Minnesota for 2 years.

He was drafted 5th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2003 NHL draft. He played for the Buffalo Sabres for 8 seasons.

On October 27, 2013, he was traded to the New York Islanders for Matt Moulson, a 2014 1st round draft pick, and a 2015 2nd round draft pick.

On July 1, 2014, Vanek signed a three-year, $5.5 contract with the Minnesota Wild. The contract will also give him $6.5 million in the second year, and $7.5 million in the third year as well as a no-trade clause.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Thomas Vanek.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **birth place**: Baden bei Wien, Austria
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 218
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **shot**: Right
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **played for**: **National Hockey League, NHL:**
Buffalo Sabres
New York Islanders
Montreal Canadiens
Minnesota Wild
Detroit Red Wings
Florida Panthers
Vancouver Canucks
**ICE Hockey League, EBEL:**
Graz 99ers
- **ntl team**: AUT
- **draft**: 5th overall
- **draft year**: 2003
- **draft team**: Buffalo Sabres
- **career start**: 2004
- **career end**: 2019
Mario Altmann

**Mario Altmann** (born November 4, 1986 in Vienna) is an Austrian ice hockey player who was participating at the 2011 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Austria men's national ice hockey team.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Mario Altmann
- **team**: EC VSV
- **league**: Austrian Hockey League, Austria
- **ntl team**: Austria
- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **birth place**: Vienna, Austria
- **image**: 20150207 1757 Ice Hockey AUT SVK 9524.jpg
- **image size**: 225px
- **draft**: Undrafted
- **career start**: 2004
Wicker Street Green

**Wicker Street Green** is a hamlet in Kersey, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has seven listed buildings, including Curtis Farmhouse, Elm Farmhouse, Hollies Cottage, Lodge Farmhouse, Red House Farmhouse, Wicker Street Cottage and Wicker Street House.
Lindsey Tye

**Lindsey Tye** is a settlement in Lindsey, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has seven listed buildings, including Cottage Owned by Mr W Partridge Immediately North of Tye Cottage, Falcon Hall, Gooseberry, Ivydene, Rose Cottage, Swallow's Farmhouse and Tye Cottage. There was also a Baptist chapel built there in 1840.
King's Meaburn

**King's Meaburn** is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001, there were 105 people living in King's Meaburn.

## Other websites

- http://www.visitcumbria.com/pen/kings-meaburn.htm
Upsher Green

**Upsher Green** is a hamlet in Great Waldingfield, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has one listed building, called Gable Cottage and Lark Cottage.
Kersey Upland

**Kersey Upland** is a hamlet in Kersey, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has five listed buildings, including Boxford Road Farmhouse, Hart's Cottage, Sampson's Hall, The Forge and West Sampson's Hall.
Sleagill

**Sleagill** is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001, 100 people lived in Sleagill.
Temple Sowerby

**Temple Sowerby** is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 333 people living in Temple Sowerby.

## Other websites

- http://www.visitcumbria.com/pen/temple-sowerby.htm
Clifton

**Clifton** is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 461 people living in Clifton.

## Other websites

- http://www.thecumbriadirectory.com/Town_or_Village/location.php?url=clifton
Swingleton Green

**Swingleton Green** is a hamlet in Monks Eleigh, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has two listed buildings, including Barn and Outbuildings about 50 feet to the west of the Fenn and The Fenn.
Pig in a poke

**Pig in a poke** is an English idiom which means a kind of deceptive trick.  It is a blind bargain.

The phrase is about something which is offered for sale in a manner which hides its true value.  The idiom means a purchase which turns out not to be what the seller claimed it was.

## History

The term "pig in a poke" was first used in the Middle Ages.  At this time, it was common to sell meat or small animals in cloth bags or sacks called a "poke".

Sometimes people simply bought the "poke" without looking inside; and sometimes people who thought they were buying pork or a small pig were surprised to find they had been sold something else.

The idiom _pig in a poke_ is about what happens when someone does not look to see what is being bought or sold.

## Meaning

The idiom "pig in a poke" is used to describe something which is purchased without the buyer being aware of its true nature or value.

The phrase can also be applied to accepting an idea or plan without a full understanding of it.  In other words, it is about starting a course of action without knowing the relevant facts.

Many other European languages have a version of this phrase, but many are translated as a warning not to buy a cat in a bag. -

|Language|Phrase|Translation|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Bulgarian||to buy a cat in a bag|
|Catalan||to give/to take cat instead of hare|
|Chinese||sell dog meat as mutton|
|Croatian||to buy a cat in a sack|
|Czech||to buy a hare in a sack|
|Danish||to buy the cat in the sack|
|Dutch||to buy a cat in the sack|
|Estonian||to buy a piglet in a sack|
|French||to buy a cat in a bag|
|Finnish||to buy a pig in a sack|
|German||to buy the cat in the sack|
|Greek||to buy a pig in a sack|
|Hebrew||cat in a sack|
|Hungarian||cat in a sack|
|Icelandic||to buy the cat in the sack|
|Indonesian||cat in a sack|
|Irish||buying a pig in a bag|
|Italian||buying a cat in a sack|
|Latvian||to buy a cat in a sack|
|Lithuanian||to buy a cat in a sack|
|Luxembourgish||to buy the cat in a sack|
|Macedonian||to buy the cat in the sack|
|Norwegian||to buy the cat in the sack|
|Polish||to buy a cat in a sack|
|Portuguese||to buy a cat instead of a hare|
|Romanian||to buy the cat in the bag|
|Russian||to buy a cat in a sack|
|Spanish||to give a cat instead of a hare|
|Spanish||there is a cat shut inside|
|Serbian||to buy a cat in a sack|
|Slovak||to buy a cat in a sack|
|Slovene||to buy a cat in a sack|
|Swedish||to buy the pig in the sack|
|Egyptian|بيشتري سمك في مياة|to buy fish in the water|
Melkinthorpe

**Melkinthorpe** is a hamlet in Eden, Cumbria, England. It has six listed buildings, including Brownhow, Clematis Cottage and Sycamore Cottage, Fossils, Larch Cottage with Barn and Stable Adjoining, Rose Cottage and Stable Adjoining and Wood House.
Brampton, Eden

**Brampton** is a village in Cumbria, England. It has a pub called the New Inn.
Maulds Meaburn

**Maulds Meaburn** is a village in Cumbria, England. It is on the banks of the River Lyvennet.
Kirkby Stephen

**Kirkby Stephen** is a town and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 1832 people living in Kirkby Stephen.

## Other websites

- http://www.visitcumbria.com/pen/kirkby-stephen.htm
William's Green

**William's Green** is a hamlet in Kersey, Babergh, Suffolk, England.

## Other websites

- https://www.geograph.org.uk/gridref/TL9842
Acton, Suffolk

**Acton** is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England.

## People

In 2001, there were 1,800 people living in Acton.
Calais Street

**Calais Street** is a hamlet in Boxford, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has three listed buildings, including Corner Cottage, Fourways and Street Farmhouse 1 and 2.
Boxted

**Boxted** is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 107 people living in Boxted.
Cockfield, Suffolk

**Cockfield** is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 839 people living in Cockfield.
Bower House Tye

**Bower House Tye** is a hamlet in Polstead, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has five listed buildings, including Bower House, Brewery Farmhouse, Holly Cottage, Holmwood Cottages 1 and 2 and The Bower Close.
Ash Street

**Ash Street** is a hamlet in Babergh, Suffolk, England. Ash Street was listed in the Domesday Book as 'Asce'.
Harkstead

**Harkstead** is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 276 people living in Harkstead.
Luc Tuymans

**Luc Tuymans** (born 14 June 1958) is an artist who lives and works in Antwerp, Belgium. Tuymans is said to be one of the most influential painters working today.

## Life

Tuymans was born in Mortsel, Belgium. He began his studies at the Sint-Lukasinstituut in Brussels in 1976. He then studied at the École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Visuels de la Cambre in Brussels, Belgium (1979–1980) and at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp, Belgium (1980–1982). He stopped painting in 1982 and began studying art history at the Vrije Universiteit, Brussels (1982–6). The Belgian government gave him the title of Commander, Order of Leopold in 2007. He is married to Venezuelan artist Carla Arocha.

## Exhibitions

Tuymans represented Belgium at the Venice Biennale in 2001. He has been the focus of several retrospectives at various international institutions, including the Műcsarnok Kunsthalle in Budapest, Hungary; Haus der Kunst in Munich, Germany; the Zachęta National Gallery of Art in Warsaw, Poland; the Tate Modern, London, England (2004); Museu Serralves, Porto, Portugal; Musée d'Art Moderne et Contemporain (MAMCO), Geneva, Switzerland (both 2006); and, most recently (2011) the BOZAR Centre for Fine Arts in Brussels, Belgium. The artist’s first  U.S. retrospective opened in September 2009 at the Wexner Center for the Arts in Columbus, Ohio, and travelled to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the Dallas Museum of Art and the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago.

## Collections

Work by the artist is in the public collections of various museums, including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York; Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, California; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Los Angeles, California; Museum van Hedendaagse Kunst, Antwerp, Belgium; Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst, Ghent, Belgium; Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht; Centre Pompidou, Paris; Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg; Museum fuer Moderne Kunst, Frankfurt; Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich; and the Tate Gallery, London.

## Art market

In 2005, _Sculpture_ (2000), part of Tuymans' _Mwana Kitoko: Beautiful White Man_ series, was sold at Christie's New York, for $1,472,000.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Luc Tuymans
- **image**: Luc_Tuymans_01.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Luc Tuymans, opening of his exhibition "Against the Day" at WIELS Contemporary Art Center, Brussels, April 2009.
- **birth place**: Mortsel, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgium, Belgian
- **field**: Contemporary art