Vexillology

**Vexillology** is the study of flags.  The word comes from both the Latin word _vexilla_ "little sail" for flag plus the Greek suffix_-ology_ that means "study of".  The _vexillum_ was a particular kind of flag used by the Roman legions.  Vexillology is a kind of study of symbols related to heraldry.  A person who studies flags is a _vexillologist_, and a person who designs flags is a _vexillographer_.

Because they are flown outside, where they move with the wind, flags are usually designed with bold images and bright, basic colors.  Flag design also follows a historical process, where later flag designs are based on earlier flag designs.  This means that many flags in an area may look similar because they are all based on one historical flag.  Examples include the Pan-African colors, Pan-Arab colors, and the Nordic Cross.

## Flag Identification System (FIS)

The _Flag Identification System_ was created by Whitney Smith and adopted by Fédération internationale des associations vexillologiques (FIAV).

The first row is for use on land and the second row is for use on water, each divided into private (civil), government (state), and military (war) use.

|Usage|Private Use|Government Use|Military Use|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Civil Flag|State Flag|War Flag||
|Civil Ensign|State Ensign|War Ensign||

There are 63 symbols that can describe the flag, including:

|FIS|Text mode|Description|Usage|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||C**/***|Civil Flag|by private person on land|
||*S*/***|State Flag|by state offices on land|
||**W/***|War Flag|by military on land (army)|
||***/C**|Civil Ensign|on private ships (merchant ensign)|
||***/*S*|State Ensign|on state owned ships|
||***/**W|War Ensign|by military ships (navy)|
||CS*/***|Civil and State Flag|by private person and state on land|
||*SW/***|State and War Flag|by state services and military on land|
||CSW/***|National Flag|for all purposes on land|
||***/CSW|National Ensign|for all purposes on ships|
||CSW/CSW|National Flag and Ensign|for all purposes on land and sea|

Other symbols are used to describe other uses of the flag, such as official status and which side of the flag is shown. The symbols in common use are:

- Normal or _de jure_ version of flag, or _obverse_ (front) side
- Design proposed but not officially adopted
- Design is a reconstruction
- _Reverse_ (back) side of flag
- Design is a _variant_ (a different form of the same flag)
- Alternative (different) version of flag
- _De facto_ (unofficial but in actual use) version of flag
- Flag has different designs on its front and back
- Obverse (front) side meant to be hoisted (raised) with pole on the right
- Design approved by the government to represent a nation
- Design used in the past, but now abandoned (This symbol was not part of Smith's original set.)
- Reverse side is mirror image of obverse side
- Reverse side is the obverse side flipped
- Information about the reverse side is not known
- Flag can be hung vertically by hoisting on a normal pole and then turning the pole 90°
- Flag can be hung vertically by rotating the design first
- Vertical hoist method is unknown
- Design has no element that can be rotated
- Flag can only be hoisted vertically