juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
River Yare

The **River Yare** is a river in the county of Norfolk, England.

The river starts south of Dereham in the county of Norfolk. From there it flows to the east of the world.  The river flows along the southern edge of the city of Norwich. The river continues past Norwich into the tidal lake of Breydon Water. Here the Yare is joined by the Rivers Bure and Waveney. It empties into North Sea at Gorleston, Great Yarmouth.Google Chrome

Small coastal boats can sail along the river from Norwich to the North Sea. In the past, the river had a large number of boats carrying goods to Norwich. Larger modern boats cannot get across Breydon Water because it is not deep enough. Because of this, a canal was created at Reedham to provides a connection to the River Waveney.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Yare
- **image**: River Yare Thorpe.JPG
- **image caption**: The river at Thorpe Green, Norwich
- **pushpin map**: United Kingdom Norfolk
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of the river mouth within Norfolk
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: England
- **subdivision type3**: Region
- **subdivision name3**: Norfolk
- **source1 location**: west of Shipdham
- **mouth**: Breydon Water
- **mouth location**: Burgh Castle
- **river system**: River Wensum
River Exe

The **River Exe** is a river in the county of Devon in England. It  flows south through the city of Exeter.   Exe Island was made in the 10th century by draining the marshlands between the city walls and the river. The island had many mills making paper and textiles. The wide estuary of the River Exe is a ria (drowned river valley).  The **Exeter** Ship **Canal** goes along next to the river from Exeter down to the estuary.

The name of the city of Exeter means "castle on the river Exe".

## References

- The Leats of Exeter - A Short History
Ilminster, Somerset

**Ilminster** is a town in the county of Somerset. It is in the South Somerset District.

Ilminster is on the River Ile and has a large church.  The church is known as the _Minster_.  It is from both of these things that Ilminster takes its name.  _Ile_ and _Minster_ became _Ilminster_.
South Cadbury

**South Cadbury** is an archaeological site in south Somerset.

It was dug in the early 1970s, and it showed many times that people lived there. The first was in the early Neolithic (around 4000-3000 BC?) when the hill seems to have been an important place for groups of early farmers who moved around. Most things were found from when late Bronze Age people lived on the hill (around 1200 BC). In the Iron Age the site changed, with many big walls. There are signs that when the Romans came to Britain, they killed many people here. Ruins of a feasting hall built after the Roman time were also found in the dig. There are also legends connecting this place with King Arthur.
Watchet

**Watchet** is a harbor town in the county of Somerset in England. It gets its name either from the blue _wacet_ dye found in the cliffs, or from British _gwo coed_ or _waeced_, "under the wood".

## History

It is first recorded in the 7th century, when Saint Decuman crossed over from South Wales on a raft with a cow to help the people there. Legend says he was killed there by a violent man who cut off his head. There is a spring of water dedicated to him there.

Coins were minted here for Ethelred II and five other Saxon kings. They have been found as far away as Scandinavia, probably because they were part of the Danegeld - payments made to the Vikings, who attacked Watchet in 918, 977, 988, and destroyed part of it in 997. Harold Godwinson's mother Eleanor fled through this port in 1066.

Watchet is the only place in England to still have the Court leet system, but only in name, with people chosen for ceremonial jobs like port reeve and ale taster.

## Other websites

- Watchet's rich heritage
- Somerset Urban Archaeological Survey
- Watchet
Burnham-on-Sea

**Burnham-on-Sea** is a small town in the county of Somerset in England on the mouth of the River Parrett at Bridgwater Bay. Burnham was a small fishing village until the late-18th century when it became popular as a seaside resort. This made the village grow larger into a town.
Cheddar cheese

**Cheddar** is a type of hard cheese made from cow's milk. It was originally produced in the English village of Cheddar, Somerset. Romans may have brought the recipe to Britain from the Cantal region of France. The first record of cheddar cheese dates back to the 12th century. In 1170, King Henry II bought  at a farthing per pound.  Charles I (1600–1649) also bought cheese from Somerset.  Cheddar cheese traditionally had to be made within  of Wells Cathedral.

Cheddar cheese is different from other cheeses in how it is made. After the curds are heated, they are cut and stacked. The stacks are then turned periodically and re-stacked. This process is called cheddaring. Cheddar cheese is sometimes aged in caves for up to 30 months before it is ready to eat.

Cheddar cheese is the most popular cheese in the United Kingdom. It accounts for 51 percent of the country's £1.9 billion annual cheese market. It is the second most popular cheese in the United States, behind mozzarella, with an average annual consumption of  per person. The United States produced 3,233,380,000 lbs in 2010, and the UK 258,000 tonnes in 2008. The name "cheddar cheese" is widely used and has no protection within the European Union. Only cheddar produced from local milk within four counties of South West England may use the name "West Country Farmhouse Cheddar."

Cheddar cheese may be used to make cheese on toast.

## Other websites

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xEnifYNnDCA
Yatton

**Yatton** is a large village with 9,000 people in the county of Somerset in England. Archaeology in the area has found a Roman villa (country-house) belonging to some rich person who lived here in the late 3rd century, judging from the coins. Records show the land was part of the manor of John the Dane before the Norman Conquest, and Giso, bishop of Wells afterward.

## Other websites

- Yatton Parish Council
- Roman villa
Backwell

**Backwell** is a village in the county of Avon, in North Somerset. 5,455 people live in Backwell. It is 7 miles from Bristol. Nailsea, Flax Bourton, Yatton, Brockley and Barrow Gurney are nearby.

There is a railway station in the village called _Nailsea and Backwell_. Bristol International Airport is less than three miles away.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Backwell
- **static image**: Backwell sign.jpg
- **static image caption**: Village of the Year signs marks the entrance to the Backwell.
- **population**: 5,455
- **unitary england**: North Somerset
- **lieutenancy england**: Somerset
- **region**: South West England
- **constituency westminster**: North Somerset (UK Parliament constituency), North Somerset
- **post town**: BRISTOL
- **postcode district**: BS48
- **postcode area**: BS
- **dial code**: 01275
- **os grid reference**: ST485685
Nailsea

**Nailsea** is a town and civil parish in Somerset, England. In 2011, there were 15,630 people living in Nailsea.
Clevedon

**Clevedon** is a town in the county of Somerset, in England. The name comes from Old English and means "divided hill". Archaeology shows that many people lived here during the Roman occupation. Just before the Norman Conquest in 1066 it was part of a huge manor held by John (Gunni?) the Dane. At the time of the Domesday Book (1086) it belonged to Matthew of Mortaigne and had only a few people living there. The town of today was not built until around 1800 as a seaside resort.

## Other websites

- Clevedon Civic Society
Weston-super-Mare

**Weston-super-Mare**, sometimes known as just **Weston** is a sea-side town  Somerset, England. Weston is  from the city of Bristol. It also includes the suburbs of Oldmixon, West Wick and Worle. The beach is a popular tourist destination. The town has many museums and a pier.

### Iron age

The earliest settlements of Weston are iron age hill forts in the north

### 19th century

By the time of the 19th century, Weston had already become a popular tourist destination

### Modern history

in world war 2, 4,000 people migrated to weston-super-mare

## Transport

Weston is connected to the M5 motorway by junction 21 where the dual carriageway A370 goes to the town centre.

The main railway station is on a short loop off the Bristol to Exeter line. The station is called Westo-super-Mare. It is close to the town centre and less than ten minutes walk from the sea front.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Weston-super-Mare
- **country**: England
- **region**: South West England
- **static image name**: Weston-Super-Mare view.jpg
- **static image caption**: Weston-super-Mare bay and piers
- **static image alt**: Multiple houses and other buildings around a bay into which a pier projects. On the background are hills
- **population**: 76,143
- **population ref**: (2011 Census)
- **os grid reference**: ST320613
- **post town**: WESTON-SUPER-MARE
- **postcode area**: BS
- **postcode district**: BS22–BS24
- **dial code**: 01934
- **constituency westminster**: Weston-super-Mare (UK Parliament constituency), Weston-super-Mare
- **civil parish**: Weston-super-Mare
- **unitary england**: North Somerset
- **lieutenancy england**: Somerset
South Somerset

**South Somerset** is a district in the county of Somerset.  Its council is based in the town of Yeovil.  The district was formed on 1 April 1974 and was originally called Yeovil.
Scone

A **scone** is a kind of bread that is baked on a griddle or sheet. Scones are small, and are in the same group as the crumpet or muffin. They are made of wheat, barley, or oatmeal with baking powder to make them rise. The scone is shaped similarly to the North American biscuit, and its recipe is almost the same as it too. Sometimes scones may have raisins, currants, cheese, or dates in them. In the United States, however, scones include more sweet fillings like cranberries, chocolate chips, or nuts. They can often be found in cafes, tea rooms and at local events in the British Isles. It is generally thought that scones are best eaten cut in half with clotted cream applied to each half then topped with jam.

## Etymology

Some think that scone comes from the Gaelic "sgonn", which meant a piece of dough that has been cooked for a couple of minutes, shapeless mass or large mouthful; and the Dutch "schoonbrot", which meant _fine white bread_; or, for last, the German "sconbrot", which meant _fine or beautiful bread_. The Oxford English Dictionary believes the German and Dutch is more accurate.

It is sometimes debated on the correct pronunciation for "scone". In Scotland and North England, the word is pronounced as "skawn", or "skahn", while in Southern England, it is pronounced as "skoan" or "skown". The latter pronunciation came from the United States and Canada.

Meanwhile, Cambridge Dictionary presents both options as acceptable.

## History

Scones are connected traditionally with England, Scotland, and Ireland, but nobody knows which country invented it. However, the first known mention of a scone that was printed is from the translation of _The Aenaid_ (1513) written by a Scottish poet named Gavin Douglas.

Scones are related to the ancient Welsh tradition of cooking small round yeast cakes on stones, that later changed to griddles. First-made scones included oats inside them, and were baked over an open fire. However, today's scones are more like American biscuits. They are made with wheat, and baked in the oven.

The most popular scones are soda scones, wholemeal scones, rich white scones, treacle scones, potato scones, ballater scones and drop scones. Scones usually take about four to ten minutes to bake.
Ankara

**Ankara** is the capital city of the country of Turkey. It is in the center of Anatolia. It is the second most populated city after Istanbul. The city has a population of 4,319,167 (2005) (Province 5,153,000), and an elevation of 938 meters (3080 feet). It was formerly known as Engürü. The city is the center of Ankara Province.

Ankara is a very modern city. Ankara was made the capital of Turkey in 1923. Ankara is known for its performing arts, home to the State Opera and Ballet, the Presidential Symphony Orchestra and several national theater companies. In Ankara there's a place called Anitkabir, which is a big hilltop mausoleum that was built to celebrate Kemal Atatürk who was the first president.

## History

Ankara is a city that has a lot of history. Ankara was invaded many times. In 546 BCE, Achaemenid Iranians was in control of Ankara (approximated date). Ankara was then invaded by the Romans in 25 BCE. At the time, Ankara was controlled by Augustus. Ankara castle was attacked by Christian invaders in 1101. Ankara castle was captured by the Seljuks in 1227. Ankara was controlled again by the Ottoman Turks in 1403. On October 13, 1923 Ankara became the capital of Turkey.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ankara
- **settlement type**: Capital city of Turkey
- **nickname**: Heart of Turkey
- **map caption**: Location of Ankara in Turkey
- **pushpin map**: Turkey#Europe
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Turkey
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Turkey, Region
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Turkey, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Central Anatolia Region, Central Anatolia
- **subdivision name2**: Ankara Province, Ankara
- **leader party**: Republican People's Party (Turkey), CHP
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Mansur Yavaş
- **leader title1**: Governor
- **leader name1**: Vasip Şahin
- **area total km2**: 25,536
- **elevation m**: 938
- **population total**: 5,663,322
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population density km2**: 230
- **blank1 name**: GDP PPP
- **blank1 info**: US$ 105 billion
- **blank2 name**: GDP PPP per capita
- **blank2 info**: US$ 21,000
- **blank3 name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2018)
- **blank3 info**: 0.855 – <span style="color:#090;">very high</span>
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 06xxx
- **area code**: +90 312
- **website**:

- **timezone**: Time in Turkey, TRT
- **utc offset**: +3
- **blank info**: 06
- **blank name**: Vehicle registration plates of Turkey, Licence plate
- **image skyline**: Ankara from bus station.jpg
- **image caption**: View from Söğütözü
Johannes Gutenberg

**Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg** (more commonly known as **Johannes Gutenberg**) (1390s – 3 February 1468), was a German metal-worker and inventor. He is famous for his work in printing in the 1450s, and is specifically known for inventing typography.

Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany, as the son of a merchant, Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden. Gutenberg's father took the surname "zum Gutenberg" after the name of the place they now lived.

Gutenberg invented a sort of metal alloy for printing; inks; a way to fix type (metal letters) very accurately; and a new sort of printing press. He took the idea for his printing press from the presses wine-makers used. Many people say Gutenberg invented printing with moveable type, but it was already invented in China before that: see printing.

Before movable type, people used block printing, where the printer prints a whole page from one piece of metal or wood. With movable type, the printer makes a letter (A, B, C ...) from a piece of metal or wood, and can use it again and again in different words. Together, all Gutenberg's inventions made printing fast. In Renaissance Europe, the improved information technology made an information explosion – in a short time, people printed many new books about many topics.

The high number of new books was partly because of the popular Bible Gutenberg printed – the Gutenberg Bible. This was the first Bible people made in large numbers; Gutenberg started on 23 February 1455. Gutenberg was not a clever businessman, and did not get much money from his system. He had legal problems, and lost his machines to his partner, Johann Fust. The Archbishop at the time sympathized with Gutenberg because of his contributions to society, so told him that he would receive a pension each year with clothes, wine, and grain.  Gutenberg died in Mainz, Germany, in 1468.

In his lifetime Gutenberg was not successful, but his invention was very important. In a short time, news and books were traveling around Europe very fast. Scientists could communicate better, which helped bring the scientific revolution and new technology. More Europeans, not just priest<nowiki/>s, scribe<nowiki/>s and scholar<nowiki/>s, learned to read.

Today, there are still 60 Gutenberg Bibles. They are most likely the oldest books that printers made with moveable type.

The _Gutenberg Galaxy_ and Project Gutenberg use Gutenberg's name. The city of Guttenberg, Iowa in the United States is named after him.
Alyson Hannigan

**Alyson Lee Hannigan** is an American actress. She was born March 24, 1974 in Washington, D.C. She moved to Atlanta, Georgia when she was 2 years old to live with her mother. She started to act in commercials for McDonalds, Six Flags amusement parks and Oreo cookies when she was small. When she was 11, she went to Los Angeles with her mother to go to school and become famous. She started getting noticed with her roles in _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_ as Willow Rosenberg and in the _American Pie_ movies as Michelle Flaherty. She is currently on the television series _How I Met Your Mother_.

## Other websites

- The Indy Channel interview  (February 15, 2006)
- Sun Times interview  (July 21, 2005)
Brad Pitt

**William Bradley "Brad" Pitt** (born December 18, 1963) is an Academy Award-winning American actor and Movie producer.

## Early life

William Bradley Pitt was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma, to Jane Etta (née Hillhouse), a school counsellor, and William Alvin Pitt, who ran a trucking company. He was born into a conservative household. The family soon moved to Springfield, Missouri, where he lived together with his younger siblings, Douglas Mitchell Pitt (born 1966) and Julie Neal (born 1969). He was raised as Southern Baptist. Pitt has described Springfield as "Mark Twain country, Jesse James country", having grown up with "a lot of hills, a lot of lakes".

## Career

Pitt's television debut came in May 1987 with a two-episode role on the NBC soap opera _Another World_. In 1995 Pitt won two MTV Movie Awards for his role in _Interview with the Vampire_. He played Tyler Durden in _Fight Club_. Pitt produced the 2013 movie _12 Years a Slave_. He also played a small role in the movie.

He starred in two Quentin Tarantino movies: _Inglourious Basterds_ and _Once Upon a Time in Hollywood_.

In 2020, he won an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his role in _Once Upon a Time in Hollywood_.

## Philanthropy and activism

In September 2006, Pitt and Angelina Jolie established a charitable organization, the Jolie-Pitt Foundation, to aid humanitarian causes around the world. In January 2010, the foundation donated $1 million to Doctors Without Borders for emergency medical assistance to help victims of the Haiti earthquake.

In September 2012, Pitt reaffirmed his support for Obama, saying, "I am an Obama supporter and I'm backing his U.S. election campaign."

## Personal life

Pitt stands at a height of about 5 ft 11 in (1.8 m).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Brad Pitt
- **image**: Brad Pitt 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg
- **caption**: Brad Pitt - Hollywood California - July 2019
- **birth name**: William Bradley Pitt
- **birth place**: Shawnee, Oklahoma, USA
- **years active**: 1987–present
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 6
Charles Kay Ogden

**Charles Kay Ogden** (1 June 1889 – 21 March 1957) was an English linguist, philosopher, psycholinguist and writer. He is a well-known book writer about the controlled language called BASIC English, which he created himself. He is known for his work with I. A. Richards on _The Meaning of Meaning_ (1923). He also translated _Tractatus_, a book by Ludwig Wittgenstein, into English.

## Books written by him

- BASIC English versus the artificial languages
- BASIC English Applied (Science)
- The ABC of Basic English
- The System of Basic English

## Other websites

- C.K. Ogden biography

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Charles Kay Ogden
- **birth place**: Fleetwood, Lancashire, England, United Kingdom
- **death place**: London, England, United Kingdom
- **known for**: Inventor of BASIC English
- **occupation**: Linguist, philosopher, writer
Galatasaray S.K.

**Galatasaray** is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. They started in 1905.

In 2000, they became the first Turkish club to win both the UEFA Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in the same year.
The team's colors are red and yellow. Turkish people also call it "Cim Bom". Their mascot is a lion. The Rams Park is their stadium, and is also known as Aslantepe; Lion Hill. It is an all-seater stadium. It can hold 52,652 people.

Galatasaray is one of the "big five" clubs in Turkey. The other clubs are Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş, Trabzonspor and Bursaspor. They have won the Spor Toto Super League 24 times and Ziraat Turkish Cup 18 times. As of September 2022, the president is Dursun Özbek, and the coach is Okan Buruk.

## Other websites

- Official website of Galatasaray
B

**B** is the 2nd letter of the English alphabet. It's appearance depends on the writer's calligraphy. It has an uppercase and lowercase version like most other letters.

## Origin

The letter B was already part of the Phoenician alphabet more than 3000 years ago in 1000 BC. It is part of many alphabets today.

## Usage

- In the game of bingo, B is a column
- In medicine, B is one of the human blood types
- In chemistry, B is the chemical symbol for boron
- In particle physics, b is the symbol for the bottom quark
- In transport, B is the vehicle registration plate of Belgium
- In music, B is a note sometimes referred to as "Si" or "Ti"
- In education, B is a passing grade, usually around 80-70 marks
- In the New York Stock Exchange, B is the symbol for the Barnes Group
- On the internet, B (or /b/) is any of a number of image boards that allow anonymous posts
C

- _If you typed **C#** and arrived at this page, then see C-sharp._

**C** is the third (3rd) letter in the English alphabet and ISO basic Latin alphabet.

## Meanings for C

- In temperature, _°C_ means "degrees Celsius".
- In music, _C_ is a note sometimes referred to as “Do”.
- In chemistry, _C_ is the atom of carbon, as in **C**<sub>40</sub>H<sub>56</sub>.
- In physics, _c_ is the speed of light, as in E=mc².
- In Roman numerals, _C_ means "one hundred" (100).
- There is a programming language called _C_, see C programming language.
- In electronics, C is a type of battery.
- C can also mean the copyright symbol

## Pronunciation

- The letter "C" is pronounced as /k/, which is similar to K or Q(u). It is sometimes said as /s/.
- The letter "C"'s name in English is "cee" (said as /ˈsiː/).
- Occasionally, the letter may sound like the letter "S".
D

**D** is the fourth (number 4) letter in the alphabet. It comes from the Greek Delta and the Phoenician Dalet.

## Meanings for D

- In education, D is one letter above a failing grade.
- In electronics, D is a standard size dry cell battery.
- In music, D is a note sometimes called “Re”.
- In Roman numerals, D also means the number 500.
- In computer programming, D is a programming language.
E

**E** is the fifth (number 5) letter in the English alphabet.

In English, E has two main sounds when it is spoken as a vowel. Usually it is a short E (**ĕ**), but sometimes it is a long E (**ē**). E is also a silent E (**e̸**) when it is used as a consonant (silent letter).

Also, it is the most commonly used letter in the English dictionary.

One more thing in English is the so-called **magic E**, also known as the **bossy E**. That is when E almost makes a vowel long or C, G or Q(u) soft in any part of a word. Two examples are **name**, which is pronounced as n**ā**m, and **gem**, which is pronounced **j**em.

## Typographic types of E

The types of E include (but may not be limited to)
capital **E**
lower-case **e**
**é** **È** **è** **Ê** **ê** **Ë**
**É** **ë** **Ě** **ě** **Ē** **ē**
**Ĕ** **ĕ** **Ė** **ė** **Ę** **ę**

_None_ of these different types are used in English, except occasionally **É**/**é**  for some French words such fiancé, café, and crème brûlée.

## Meanings for E

These meanings are for E/e as a separate letter.
- In computers, the letter E is often used to start other words to mean "electronic", like in e-mail or e-commerce.
- In money, E is commonly used as a symbol for the euro when the symbol € is not available.
- In music, E is a note, sometimes referred to as “Mi”.
- In mathematics, E in its lowercase form (e) is a constant about 2.718; see e (mathematical constant)
- In _Wheel of Fortune_, E is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
- E! is an American television network
F

**F** is the sixth letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for F

- In calendars, F is often an abbreviation for Friday, or for the month February.
- In chemistry, F is the symbol for fluorine.
- In education, F is a failing grade
- In music, F is a note, sometimes referred to as “Fa”.
- In temperature, °F is degrees Fahrenheit.
- In logic, F stands for False, as opposed to T for True
- In slang, F stands for the curse word, but could also stand for respect of the person.
G

**G** is the 7th letter in the English alphabet (or Latin alphabet).

## History

The letter G was created in the third century BC by Spurius Carvilius Ruga. At the time, the letter C sounded like the "c" in "cat" and the "g" in "girl". To make the difference more clear, Ruga created the letter G.

## Meanings for G

- In movies, G is a rating given by the Motion Picture Association of America, meaning the movie is good to be viewed by all people ("general" audiences).
- In music, G is a note, sometimes referred to as “Sol” or “So” it
- In common speech, G is a slang word for 'gangsta' or 'gangster'.
- In the SI, g is the symbol for the gram.
- G is a unit of gravitational acceleration.
- Alternative case form of G grand: means thousand.
- Letter G stands for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). It indicates the slowest speed of Internet data transfer in your mobile phone. When you see G near your signal strength indicator, it is certain that your net connection is working at the slowest speed. 2G, 3G and 4G indicates different speed of internet.
- In particle physics, lowercase G stands for the gluon.
- In particle physics, the uppercase G stands for the not yet discovered Graviton. There are two sounds of the letter G, hard and soft. If you have an L after it, you have glad. You have grandmother if R is after it, too. Some words start with a silent G before N, such as gnat and gnome. The silent G coming before N can also come at the end of other words, such as in the word sign.
H

**H** (or **h**) is the eighth (number 8) letter in the English alphabet. The uppercase letter for H  name is "aitch" pronounced /eɪtʃ/ **H**

## Meanings for H

- In chemistry, H is the symbol for hydrogen.
- In music, H is a note in the German system, meaning "B natural".
- In particle physics, H is the symbol for the Higgs boson.
I

**I** is the ninth (number 9) letter in the English alphabet.

In English, I is a pronoun which means "me".
- "***I*** like you."
- "You and ***I*** shall walk to the store."
- "You and ***I*** are friends."

In Azerbaijani, Crimean Tatar, Gagauz and Turkish, the letter I has two kinds, one with a tittle (İ, i) and one without one (I, ı).

## Accented forms

In Spanish, Í is used for a stressed I.

## Meanings for I

- In chemistry, I is the symbol for iodine.
- In Roman numerals, I means the number one (1).
- is the mathematical symbol for the square root of negative one, also called the imaginary unit.
- In physics, I refers to the moment of inertia.
J

**J** is the tenth (number 10) letter in the English alphabet. It comes before the letter K and after the letter I. The letter was not used in the Roman civilization until the 16th Century. **J** is pronounced "jey" or "dʒeɪ"

## Meanings for J

- In calendars, J can sometimes mean these months: January, June, or July.
- In a deck of playing cards, J is used to mark each of the jacks.
- Notation of cult figure John Income
- It can also be used as a initial for people with first or middle names such as Jack, James, John, Jesus, or Jason.
K

**K** is the eleventh (number 11) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for K

- In the International System of Units (SI), the SI prefix for one thousand is **kilo-**, which is abbreviated as **k**. (For example, writing 30k instead of 30,000).
- Degrees Kelvin. The kelvin (symbol: K) is the SI unit of temperature.
- In chemistry, K is the symbol for potassium (from its German name _kalium_).
- In chess, K is a notation symbol for the king piece
- In a deck of playing cards, the letter K is used to mark each of the kings.
- Some words in the dictionary are those that only sound as if they should happen to start with an N, but they start with a silent K that comes before it. Kneel means to go down on your knees, and in that case it is one word that starts with the silent K. Knife, which starts with the silent K, is a tool for cutting. Knight also starts with that silent K, and you can also find knickers whenever you get that very amazing word. Of course, this is actually true for everyone! Knit is another word that starts the same. Knickers also starts with the silent K, too. Knot and know also start like it. The letter N always comes after the K when the K is silent.
L

**L** is the twelfth (number 12) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for L

- For clothing, L sometimes means "large size".
- In Roman numerals, L means the number fifty.
- The city of Chicago, Illinois has an elevated train called the "Chicago 'L'".
- A character from the manga and anime Death Note.
- In Wheel of Fortune, L is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
- L is the symbol for litre, a unit of volume.
- L can sometimes mean ‘lose’ as in “He took a big L."
M

**M** is the 13th letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for M

- In calendars, M sometimes means Monday or means one of the months "March" or "May".
- In money, M means million, such as $25M (twenty-five million dollars).
- In the SI, m is the symbol for the metre.
- In Roman numerals, M means one thousand.
- ***M*** is also the name of a 1930 German movie made by Fritz Lang and its 1951 remake.
N

**N** is the fourteenth (number 14) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for N

- On calendars, N sometimes means the month November
- In chemistry, N is the symbol for nitrogen
- In chess, N is a symbol for the knight piece.
- A character from the game and anime Pokémon.
- In physics, n is the symbol for a neutron
- In Wheel of Fortune, N is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
- A character from the web series Murder Drones.
O

**O** is the fifteenth (number 15) letter in the English alphabet and it has a shape of a circle.

It appears after “N” and before “P”.

## Meanings for Letter O

- On calendars, O sometimes means the month October.
- In chemistry, O represents the symbol "oxygen".
- In medicine, O is one of the human blood types.
- Sometimes when saying decimals, O is another word for 0.
P

_For technical reasons, :P redirects here. For the emoticon, see emoticons._

**P** is the sixteenth (number 16) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for P

- In chemistry, P is the symbol for the element phosphorus, or sometimes for phosphate.
- In chess, P is sometimes used as a symbol for the pawn piece.
- In American football, P is used as a symbol for the punter.

## Related pages

- Pi (mathematical constant)
Q

**Q** is the seventeenth (number 17) letter in the English alphabet. It is nearly always followed by a silent letter U. Q makes a _kw_ sound as in quick or a _k_ sound as in unique.

Below are some ancient ways of writing Q.
|Egyptian hieroglyph _Q_|Phoenician Q|Etruscan Q|Greek Qoppa|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|<hiero>V24</hiero>||||

## Meanings for Q

- In chess, Q is used to mean the queen piece.
- In English, Q can be a short letter for 'question'.
- In a deck of playing cards, Q is used to mark each of the queens.
- In science fiction, Q is a character in several _Star Trek_ television shows.
- Q is also the name of a character in the James Bond film series, who was played by Desmond Llewelyn (and John Cleese after Desmond Llewelyn died).
- In Internet slang, "q" is used for the Spanish word "que", which means "that", "which", or "what".
- In physics, q is used to mean charge
R

**R** is the eighteenth (number 18) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for R

- On calendars, R is sometimes used as an short letter for Thursday instead of T, to avoid mistakes with Tuesday.
- In chess, R is a notation symbol for the rook piece.
- In geometry, R is most times a variable for the radius of a circle.
- In navigation, R means the direction "right."
- In movies, R means "restricted."
- In Wheel of Fortune, R is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."

## Related pages

- R (programming language)
S

**S** is the nineteenth (number 19) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for S

- On calendars, S is most times the short letter for Saturday or Sunday, or the month September.
- In chemistry, S is the symbol for sulphur.
- In Wheel of Fortune, S is one of the six letters given to any contestant participating in the "Bonus Round."
- S is the letter onomotopeically used to characterize the hissing noise known to be made by snakes, e.g. "sssssss..."
- Hebrew people also consider “S” to be sacred because it is the initial of Sameh, God.
- S (programming language) is used for statistics.
T

**T** is the twentieth (number 20) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for T

- T- is used as a prefix for an object that is shaped like the capital letter T, such as:
    - T-shirt
    - T-bone
    - T-joint
    - T-intersection
    - T-square
- On calendars, T is most times a short letter for Tuesday or Thursday.
- In science
    - t is most times used as a variable for time.
    - T is most times used as a variable for temperature.
- In logic
    - T is for True, whereas F is for False.
- Mr. T is an American actor.
U

**U** (**u**) is the twenty-first (number 21) letter in the English alphabet. It is pronounced "yoo".

## Meanings for U

- On calendars, U is most times a short letter for Sunday, for use when S is being used for Saturday.
- In chemistry, U is the symbol for uranium.
- Sometimes used as a short form of "you".
- It is the seventh letter on the QWERTY keyboard.
V

**V** is the twenty-second (number 22) letter in the English alphabet.

## Meanings for V

- In electronics and electricity, V is the symbol for volts, the unit of voltage.
- In chemistry, V is the symbol for vanadium.
- In communication, V is the name of a hand gesture. Most of the time, it means "victory".
- In Roman numerals, V means the number five.
- V is a science fiction television show.
- _V_ is Maroon 5's fifth studio album, released in 2014.
- V (singer) is a Korean singer and member of BTS.
- V is also a symbol in violin meaning “Up Bow”.
- In computer programming, V is a programming language.
W

**W** is the twenty-third (number 23) letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name is pronounced "double-u". It is the only letter whose name has three syllables in English.

In words like _away_, _what_, _write_ and _women_, the letter W is a consonant (semivowel). In words like _draw_, _few_ and _low_, the letter W is a vowel.

## Meanings for W

- On calendars, W is most times a short letter for Wednesday.
- In chemistry, W is the symbol for tungsten, after its German name, _Wolfram_.
- In news story writing, the "five W's" stand for _who_, _what_, _when_, _where_ and _why_.
- In electricity, W stands for watts
- In particle physics, W stands for the W boson. Some words sound as if they start with an R, but they start with a silent W, like wrong, and wreck, which is why you never hear the W at the beginning of these words, as you can see. Note that only the R sound can be heard, because it comes after the silent W starting the words.
- In slang, W stands for Win.

## Infobox (grapheme)

- **name**: W
- **letter**: W w
- **image**: File:W cursiva.gif
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **imagealt**: Writing D'Nealian cursive forms of W as used in the US
- **script**: Latin script
- **type**: Alphabet
- **typedesc**: ic and Logographic
- **unicode**: U+0057, U+0077
- **alphanumber**: 23
- **fam1**: <hiero>G43</hiero><hiero>T3</hiero>
- **fam2**:
- **fam3**:
- **fam4**:
- **fam5**:
- **fam6**: Upsilon, Υ υ
- **fam7**: 𐌖
- **fam8**: Y
- **fam9**: V
- **usageperiod**: ~600 to present
- **direction**: Left-to-Right
X

**X** is the twenty-fourth (number 24) letter in the English alphabet. It makes the _kss_ sound (for example: _xylophone_, _exit_, _next_, _fox_) or, sometimes, the _gzz_ sound or sometimes, if it is at the beginning of a word, the _zzz_ sound. The language of origin is from the Greek and Latin language.

## Meanings for X

- In a general sense, X means something is unknown or secret, as in _project X_.
- X is also used often to show kisses, usually at the end of a letter or text message.
- In clothing, X is used as a short letter for _e**x**tra_, such as XXL for _e**x**tra-e**x**tra-large_.
- In Roman numerals, X means ten.
- In internet terms, XXX indicates adult material, as in an XXX site.
- In _x-ray_, X stands for its name, which is "**ex**", even though X is at the end of it.
- X is a common variable used in algebra.
- X, formerly Twitter
Y

**Y** or **y** is the twenty-fifth (number 25) letter in the English alphabet. Its name in English is "**wye**" (pronounced ).

In words like _year_, _yell_, and _yes_, the Y is a consonant (semivowel). In words like _cry_, _fly_, and _sky_, the Y is considered a vowel.

### Semitic, Phoenician, Greek and Latin

"Y" has appeared as the Semitic letter "waw". This was the first time it appeared in an alphabet. F, U, V, and W also come from the Semitic alphabet. The Greek and Latin alphabets used the Phoenician form of this early alphabet. There are similarities to the old English letter yogh (Ȝȝ). The table shows where the letter "y" came from.

|Phoenician|Greek|Latin|English (_approximate_ times of changes)|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||→|U →|/U/UU →|/U/|
|→|** (vowel /y/)** →|** (vowel /i/)** →|** (vowels)**|||
|||C →||||
|G  →|Ȝ →|G →||||
|**consonantal  /j/** →|** (consonant)**|||||
||Þ →|** /th/**|-|||

## Meanings for Y

- In chemistry, Y is the symbol for yttrium.
- In mathematics, y is another unknown variable, used as a second unknown variable ("x" is used as the first unknown variable)
Z

**Z** is the twenty-sixth (number 26) and last letter in the English alphabet. The small letter, **z** or **ᴣ**, is used as a lowercase consonant. Z is not used much. It is the most rarely used letter in the English language. The same letter of the Greek alphabet is named zeta.

## Pronunciation

In British English, the letter is said like **zed** . This comes from the Greek _zeta_.

In American English, Z is pronounced "**zee**" , because it comes from a late 17th century English speech.

### Semitic

The name of the Semitic symbol was _zayin_ and was the seventh letter. It might have meant "weapon". It could have helped form English and French's _z_.

### Greek

The Greek form of Z was a close copy of the Phoenician symbol <span style="font-family:Times New Roman">I</span>. It stayed like this for a long time. The Greeks called it zeta, a new name made from the Greek letters _eta_ (η) and _theta_ (θ).

### Etruscan

In Etruscan, _Z_ may have been .

### Latin

In Old Latin,  (written _s_) became  and the symbol for  became useless. It was taken away from the alphabet by Appius Claudius Caecus, and a new letter, _G_, was put in.

In the 1st century BC, _Z_ was put in the alphabet again at the end of the Latin alphabet. This was done to accurately represent the sound of the Greek zeta. The letter _Z_ appeared only in Greek words, and is the only letter besides _Y_ that the Romans took from Greek.

## Meanings for Z

- In cartoons, Z means the sound of sleeping or snoring, like in "ZZZzzzz...".
- In particle physics, Z stands for the ١ ٠٩ ٤٠.
- In chemistry, Z stands for the atomic number.
- In politics, Z has been used by the Russian Armed Forces as an identifying symbol on its military vehicles, during Russian invasion of Ukraine.
Fuck

**Fuck** is a common English language swear word. It can be used either as an expression or to mean the act of sex. However, the word _fucking_ is used as an intensifier before a word (e.g. "I _fucking_ hate this game").

It is commonly used to express anger and frustration (e.g. when something is not going in favor of someone). However, the word is offensive to most people.

## Related pages

- Bitch
- Bullshit
- Cunt
- Shit
Microprocessor

A **microprocessor** is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together. Some microprocessors in the 20th century required several chips. Microprocessors help to do everything from controlling elevators to searching the Web. Everything a computer does is described by instructions of computer programs, and microprocessors carry out these instructions many millions of times a second.

Microprocessors were invented in the 1970s for use in embedded systems.  The majority are still used that way, in such things as mobile phones, cars, military weapons, and home appliances.  Some microprocessors are microcontrollers, so small and inexpensive that they are used to control very simple products like flashlights and greeting cards that play music when opened.  A few especially powerful microprocessors are used in personal computers.

TSMC, Intel, Qualcomm, and Samsung are considered the biggest chipmakers.

## Microprocessor operation

Like other central processing units, microprocessors use three steps commonly called Fetch, Decode, and Execute. In the Fetch step, an instruction is copied from the computer memory into the microprocessor. In the Decode step, the microprocessor figures out what operation the instruction is meant to do. In the Execute step, this operation is performed.  Different computers can have different instruction set<nowiki/>s.

## Facts and figures

- Transistors in a microprocessor can be less than one micrometer wide—one millionth of a meter. By comparison, a single hair can be over 100 micrometers wide.
- The transistors are mostly MOSFETs
- Modern microprocessors run billions of instructions every second.
- Microprocessors are made from silicon, quartz, metals, and other chemicals.
- From start to finish, it takes about 2 months to make a microprocessor.
- Microprocessors are classified by the size of their data bus or address bus. They are also grouped into CISC and RISC types.

## World's First Microprocessor

“The F-14 “Tomcat” First Microprocessor” - The World's First Microprocessor was designed and developed from 1968-1970.

## Brief history

- 1823	Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius discovers silicon (Si), which today is the basic component of electronics.
- 1903	Nikola Tesla patents electrical logic circuits called "gates" or "switches".
- 1947	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invent the first transistor at the Bell Laboratories on December 23, 1947.
- 1956	John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley are awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for their work on the transistor.
- 1958	The first integrated circuits are developed by Robert Noyce and Jack Kilby.
- 1960	IBM develops the first automatic mass-production facility for transistors in New York.
- 1971  Intel 4004, first commercially available microprocessor .

## Other page

- Moore's law
Heat

**Heat**, or **thermal energy**, is the sum of the kinetic energy of atoms or molecules. In thermodynamics, heat means energy which is moved between two things when one of them has a higher temperature than the other.

Adding heat to something increases its temperature. Heat is not the same as temperature. The temperature of an object is the measure of the average speed of the moving particles in it.  The energy of the particles is called the internal energy.  When an object is heated, its internal energy can increase to make the object hotter.  The first law of thermodynamics says that the increase in internal energy is equal to the heat added minus the work done on the surroundings.

**Heat** can also be defined as **the amount of thermal energy** in a system. Thermal energy is the type of energy that a thing has because of its temperature. In thermodynamics, thermal energy is the internal energy present in a system in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium because of its temperature.  H**eat** is defined as a spontaneous _flow of energy_ (energy in transit) from one object to another, caused by a difference in temperature between two objects. Objects do not possess heat.

## Properties of Heat

Heat is a form of energy and not a physical substance.  Heat has no mass.

Heat can move from one place to another in different ways:
- Conduction
- Convection
- Radiation

The measure of how much heat is needed to cause a change in temperature for a material is the specific heat capacity of the material. If the particles in the material are hard to move, then more energy is needed to make them move quickly, so a lot of heat will cause a small change in temperature. A  particle that is easier to move will need less heat for the same change in temperature.

Unless some work is done, heat moves only from hot things to cold things.

## Measuring heat

Heat can be measured. That is, the amount of heat given out or taken in can be given a value. The calorie is one of the units of measurement for heat but the joule is also used for all kinds of energy including heat.

Heat is usually measured with a calorimeter. The energy in a material is allowed to flow into nearby water, which has a known specific heat capacity.  The temperature of the water is then measured before and after, and heat can be found using a formula.

## Related pages

- Entropy
- Heat engine
- Heat transfer
- Radiation
- Internal energy
- Temperature
- Power
- Heat capacity
- Waste heat

## Other websites

- Plasma heat at 2 gigakelvins - Article about extremely high temperature generated by scientists (Foxnews.com)
- Heat and Thermodynamics - Georgia State University
- Correlations for Convective Heat Transfer  - ChE Online Resources
- An Introduction to the Quantitative Definition and Analysis of Heat written for High School Students
Shōgun

is a military title in pre-Meiji period Japan. Shogun means _general_ in the Japanese language. The full name was _Seii Taishogun_ (Translation: Great General who fights against the Eastern savages and will win).

In the earlier times, Shogun were simply generals for emperors. The emperor had power over the shogun, choosing each shogun. Later however, the Shogun held much of the actual power. In 1192 a samurai, military leader Minamoto no Yoritomo got the title of Shogun from the last Emperor Go-Shirakawa. Excluding the later middle of the 16th century, Shogun was the real ruler of Japan.

The office of the Shogun is called the shogunate (_bakufu_, meaning _office in a tent_).-  This is because Shogun had originally been military leaders and he had his office in a tent on a battle field.

There were three shogunates in Japan.
- Kamakura shogunate, 1192–1333, founded by Minamoto no Yoritomo
- Muromachi shogunate (also known as the Ashikaga shogunate), 1338–1573, founded by Ashikaga Takauji
- Edo shogunate (also known as the Tokugawa shogunate), 1602–1868, founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu

In 1868 the 15th Shogun of Tokugawa Shogunate, Tokugawa Yosinobu gave up his office. Then the time of Shogun rule ended. It was the end of the feudal time of Japan.

## Other websites

- How to (say, in Japanese, or) pronounce. Japanese English 101, on Youtube.com