juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cornu aspersum

***Cornu aspersum*** is the garden snail. They are often called a pest. In English books it was called ***Helix aspersa*** for over two centuries, but the current classification now places it in the genus _Cornu_. They are native to Europe, though have spread elsewhere. It is very similar, but smaller than the Roman snail (_Helix pomantia_).

## Food

These snails mainly eat plants, since they are herbivores.
In the wild, they consume a wide range of vegetation like leaves, stems, and fruits. They also eat :fungi  , decaying matter, and even :soil for essential :minerals .

You can feed a snail :lettuce, :cucumber, :zucchini, :sweet potato , :carrots, :kale, :collard, :radish leaves, and fruits like bananas.
Avoid citrus fruits, :onion, :pineapple, :avocado, foods with salt, bread, pasta, and fish food containing copper.

Snails need a source of :calcium for their shells. :cuttlebone or eggshells can be provided.

## Reproduction

Snails are both male and female. They are able to reproduce by themselves, though normally reproduce sexually.

Snails find each other by following slime trails. During mating, they exchange sperm through their genital openings.
After mating, the "female" snail lays eggs, usually in a safe, moist location. The eggs are often protected in a jelly-like substance. The location of egg-laying varies by species, with some laying them on plants, under rocks, or in the soil.
The eggs hatch after a period of time, typically a few weeks, and the baby snails emerge. They feed on the remaining yolk or surrounding environment before venturing out to find food on their own.
Umberto Borsò

**Umberto Borsò** (3 April 1923 – 26 November 2018) was an Italian operatic tenor. He was born in La Spezia, Italy.

In 1953 and 1954, he performed in the role of Giadone in the premiere of _Medea_ by Pietro Canonica conducted by Ottavio Ziino with Maria Pedrini at the Teatro dell'Opera in Rome. He also sang the role of Andrea Chénier with Renata Tebaldi in 1953, again at the Teatro dell‘Opera in Rome.

Borsò died on 26 November 2018 in Rome at the age of 95.

## Other websites

- Umberto Borsò at Virtual Museum
Patricia Quintana

**Patricia Quintana** (1946 – 26 November 2018), was a Mexican Chef, writer, businesswoman and professor. She was a known international cook and expert in Mexican gastronomy. She was born in Mexico City. She studied and taught on ancestral Mexican cuisine mixed with the classical. She was the owner City of Mexico of the restaurant Izote from 2001 to the 2013, but resigned to start a banquet catering company.

She was culinary ambassador of her country for the world, distinction that awarded her the Office of Tourism and the Association of Restaurants of Mexico.

Quintana died in Mexico City on 26 November 2018 from an aortic aneurysm at the age of 72.
Ed Pastor

**Edward Lopez Pastor** (; June 28, 1943 – November 27, 2018) was an American politician. He was born in Claypool, Arizona. He was Arizona's first Hispanic congressman.

Pastor was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Arizona from 1991 to 2015. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He represented Arizona's 2nd congressional district from 1991 to 2003, and  Arizona's 7th congressional district from 2003 to 2015. The latter district was numbered as the 4th district from 2003 to 2013.

Pastor died on November 28, 2018 following a heart attack in Phoenix, Arizona at the age of 75.
Claypool, Arizona

**Claypool** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Gila County, Arizona, United States. The population was 1,395 at the 2020 census.

Claypool is located in southern Gila County at  (33.408626, -110.847532), between Miami to the west and Globe, the county seat, to the east. U.S. Route 60 runs along the northern edge of the community.
Miami, Arizona

**Miami** is a town in Gila County, Arizona, United States. Miami is a classic Western town. Miami's old downtown has been partly renovated, and the Bullion Plaza Museum features the cultural, mining and ranching history of the Miami area.

According to the 2020 Census, the population of the town was 1,541. It is near Globe, Arizona.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Miami, Arizona
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament (Miami, AZ) from SE 1.JPG
- **image map**: Gila County Arizona Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Miami Highlighted 0446350.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Miami in Gila County, Arizona
- **pushpin map**: Arizona#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **pushpin label**: Miami
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Arizona, County
- **subdivision name2**: Gila County, Arizona, Gila
- **area total km2**: 2.31
- **area total sq mi**: 0.89
- **area land km2**: 2.31
- **area land sq mi**: 0.89
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 3402
- **elevation m**: 1037
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1541
- **population density km2**: 667.73
- **population density sq mi**: 1729.52
- **timezone**: Mountain Standard Time Zone, MST (no Daylight savings time, DST)
- **utc offset**: -7
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 85539
- **area code**: Area code 928, 928
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 04-46350
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **image flag**: Flag of Miami, Arizona.svg
John Murtha

**John Patrick Murtha Jr.** (; June 17, 1932 – February 8, 2010) was an American politician. He was born in New Martinsville, West Virginia. Murtha, a Democrat, represented Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 1974 until his death in 2010.

Murtha died on February 8, 2010 in Arlington, Virginia from complications of intestine surgery at the age of 77.

## Other websites

- Profile at SourceWatch
New Martinsville, West Virginia

**New Martinsville** is a city in Wetzel County, West Virginia, United States, along the Ohio River. The population was 5,204 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Wetzel County.
Jim Leach

**James Albert Smith Leach** (October 15, 1942 – December 11, 2024) was an American academic and politician. He was born in Davenport, Iowa. He was the ninth Chair of the National Endowment for the Humanities from 2009 to 2013. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Iowa from 1977 to 2007 as a Republican.

Leach died on December 11, 2024 at a hospital in Iowa City, Iowa from a heart attack caused by a stroke at the age of 82.

## Other websites

- June 21, 2007 speech by Leach on US foreign policy to the Iowa City Foreign Relations Council, MP3
Salome Zourabichvili

**Salome Zourabichvili** (; born 18 March 1952) is a French-born Georgian politician. She was the 5th President of Georgia from 2018 to 2024.

She was an Independent MP in the Parliament of Georgia from 2016 until her election as President in 2018.

From 2003 till 2004 she was ambassador of France to Georgia.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Salome Zourabichvili
- **image**: Salome Zourabichvili in 2024 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Zourabichvili in 2024
- **order**: 5th
- **office**: President of Georgia
- **primeminister**: Mamuka Bakhtadze
 Giorgi Gakharia
 Irakli Garibashvili
Irakli Kobakhidze
- **term start**: 16 December 2018
- **term end**: 29 December 2024 _(disputed)_
- **predecessor**: Giorgi Margvelashvili
- **successor**: Mikheil Kavelashvili
- **office4**: List of ambassadors of France to Georgia, Ambassador of France to Georgia
- **president4**: Jacques Chirac
- **term start4**: 11 September 2003
- **term end4**: 20 March 2004
- **predecessor4**: Mireille Musso
- **successor4**: Philippe Lefort
- **office3**: Member of the Parliament of Georgia
- **term start3**: 18 November 2016
- **term end3**: 22 December 2018
- **constituency3**: Mtatsminda District, Mtatsminda
- **parliamentarygroup3**: Independent politician, Independent
- **predecessor3**: Zaza Papuashvili
- **successor3**: Lado Kakhadze
- **office2**: Leader of The Way of Georgia
- **term start2**: 11 March 2006
- **term end2**: 12 November 2010
- **predecessor2**: _Party established_
- **successor2**: Kakha Seturidze
- **office1**: Minister of Foreign Affairs of Georgia, Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **president1**: Mikheil Saakashvili
- **term start1**: 20 March 2004
- **term end1**: 18 October 2005
- **predecessor1**: Tedo Japaridze
- **successor1**: Gela Bezhuashvili
- **birth name**: Salomé Zourabichvili
- **birth place**: Paris, French Fourth Republic, France
- **citizenship**: France (1952–2018)
Georgia (2004–present)
- **party**: The Way of Georgia, Way of Georgia
(2006–2011)
Independent politician, Independent (2011–present)
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Sciences Po
Columbia University
- **signature**: Salome Zurabishvili-signature.svg
- **native name lang**: ka
- **relatives**: Niko Nikoladze (great-grandfather)
Hélène Carrère d'Encausse (cousin)
Nicolas Zourabichvili (cousin)
President of Georgia

The **President of Georgia** (, _sakartvelos prezidenti_) is the head of state and supreme commander-in-chief.

Their role is ceremonial as in many parliamentary democracies. Prime Minister is the head of government. The office was first introduced by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia on 14 April 1991, five days after Georgia's declaration of independence from the Soviet Union.

The President serves a five-year term.

## List of Presidents

||Name|width="100px"|Portrait|Took office|Left office|Time in office|Party|Election|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Zviad Gamsakhurdia**||14 April 1991|6 January 1992||Round Table—Free Georgia|1991|||
|bgcolor=#EEEEEE colspan=8|The office of the president was vacant from January 6, 1992 to November 26, 1995.||||||||
|**Eduard Shevardnadze**||26 November 1995|23 November 2003||Union of Citizens of Georgia|1995 2000|||
|Nino Burjanadze _Acting_||23 November 2003|25 January 2004||United National Movement|–|||
|**Mikheil Saakashvili**||25 January 2004|25 November 2007||United National Movement|2004|||
|Nino Burjanadze _Acting_||25 November 2007|20 January 2008||United National Movement|–|||
|**Mikheil Saakashvili**||20 January 2008|17 November 2013||United National Movement|2008|||
|**Giorgi Margvelashvili**||17 November 2013|16 December 2018||Georgian Dream|2013|||
|**Salome Zourabichvili**||16 December 2018|29 December 2024 / _Incumbent_||Independent|2018|||
|**Mikheil Kavelashvili**||29 December 2024|_Incumbent_|1 day|People's Power|2024|||

## Other websites

- Official Site of the President of Georgia

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: President
- **body**: Georgia

- **insignia**: Flag of the President of Georgia.svgborder
- **insigniasize**: 150px
- **insigniacaption**: Standard of the President of Georgia, Presidential standard
- **incumbentsince**: 29 December 2024
- **department**: Orbeliani Palace, Office of the President of Georgia
Politics of Georgia (country)#Presidency, Head of State of Georgia
- **type**: Head of state
Commander-in-chief
- **residence**: Orbeliani Palace (since Nov 2018)
- **appointer**: Electoral College
- **termlength**: Five years, renewable once
- **constituting instrument**: Constitution of Georgia (country), Constitution of Georgia
- **salary**: 13,000 Georgian lari, GEL
(Euro, €4,400) per month
- **inaugural**: Zviad Gamsakhurdia
- **deputy**: Chairperson of the Parliament of Georgia, Chairperson of the Parliament
Mamuka Bakhtadze

**Mamuka Bakhtadze** (; born June 9, 1982) is a Georgian politician. He is the Prime Minister from 20 June 2018 to 2 September 2019. He was approved by Georgian Parliament in a 99–6 vote.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mamuka Bakhtadze

- **image**: Mamuka_Bakhtadze_MSC_2019.jpg
- **office**: 13th Prime Minister of Georgia
- **term start**: 20 June 2018
- **term end**: 2 September, 2019
- **president**: Giorgi Margvelashvili
Salome Zourabichvili
- **predecessor**: Giorgi Kvirikashvili
- **successor**: Giorgi Gakharia
- **office1**: Ministry of Finance of Georgia, Minister of Finance
- **primeminister1**: Giorgi Kvirikashvili
- **term start1**: 13 November 2017
- **term end1**: 13 June 2018
- **predecessor1**: Dimitri Kumsishvili
- **successor1**: Nikoloz Gagua
- **birth place**: Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union, USSR
- **signature**: Mamuka Bakhtadze signature.svg
- **party**: Georgian Dream
Charles Arthur Bowsher

**Charles Arthur Bowsher** (May 30, 1931 – September 30, 2022) was an American politician and businessman. He was the 6th Comptroller General of the United States from 1981 to 1996. He was born in Elkhart, Indiana.

Raised in Chicago, Bowsher studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and at the University of Chicago. He was in the United States Army from 1950 to 1952 during the Korean War.

In 1956, he worked as an accountant and as a key business figure for Arthur Andersen & Co..

From 1967 to 1971, he was Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller) during the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency.

Bowsher was nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1981 and was Comptroller General for 15 years from 1981 to 1996. During that period, he led the Government Accountability Office during the savings and loan crisis and other major issues. With a term limit of fifteen years, Bowsher worked for the Reagan, Bush Sr. and Clinton presidencies.

In 1996, Bowsher was added to the Accounting Hall of Fame. After civil service, he is the Chairman for the Board of Directors of the Concord Coalition.

Bowsher died on September 30, 2022, at home in Bethesda, Maryland.  He was 91 years old.

## Other websites

- Induction into Accounting Hall of Fame
- Biography at Accounting Hall of Fame
The Son of Neptune

***The Son of Neptune*** is a 2011 fantasy-adventure book written by American author Rick Riordan in the series _Heroes of Olympus_. It is based on based on Greek and Roman mythology. It follows Percy Jackson after his memories have been erased. He meets Roman demigods Frank Zhang and Hazel Levesque and they start their adventure to defeat Gaea and save Hera.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: **The Son of Neptune**
- **author**: Rick Riordan
- **cover artist**: John Rocco
- **country**: United States
- **series**: _The Heroes of Olympus_

- **genre**: Fantasy novel, Fantasy, Greek mythology, Greek and Roman mythology, young adult fiction
- **publisher**: Disney-Hyperion Books
- **pub date**: October 4, 2011
- **media type**: Print (hardcover and paperback), audiobook, e-book
- **pages**: 513 (first ed.)
- **isbn**: 978-1-4231-4059-7
- **oclc**: 719377188
- **congress**: PZ7.R4829 Son 2011
- **preceded by**: The Lost Hero
- **followed by**: The Mark of Athena
Yayoi Kusama

is a Japanese contemporary artist and writer. She is well known for her repeating dot patterns in her art. She uses a variety of media. These include painting, drawing, sculpture, movies, performance and immersive installation. Her art ranges from works on paper featuring intense semi-abstract imagery, to soft sculpture known as ‘Accumulations’, to her ‘Infinity Net’ paintings. These paintings are made up of carefully repeated arcs of paint built up into large patterns.

Since 1977, Kusama has lived voluntarily in a psychiatric institution. Much of her work has been marked with obsessiveness and a desire to escape from psychological trauma. In an attempt to share her experiences, she creates installations that immerse the viewer in her obsessive vision of endless dots and nets or infinitely mirrored space.

## Biography

Yayoi Kusama was born in 1929 in Matsumoto, Nagano. She started drawing pictures with a motif of polka dots with watercolors, pastel and oil paints at 10 years old. She entered art university in Kyoto. Afterwards, she went to the US to study art. She did intense performances whose name were “happening” there to protest wars. In 1968. her movie won the prize of the 4th Belgian International Short Film Festival. She also had exhibitions held around the world. A documentary movie about her was released in 2019. It received high evaluations.

## Sickness

Kusama suffers from hallucinations. Her field of vision is covered with polka dots, and she says that flowers speak to her. She has had schizophrenia from childhood. She decided to paint to run away from the hallucinations and the fear of death. Her works reflect what she sees.

## Art works

All of Kusama's works are expensive. Kusama became the most expensive living female artist at auction when _White No. 28_ (1960) from her signature _Infinity Nets_ series sold for $7.1 million at a 2014 Christie's auction.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Yayoi Kusama
- **image**: 20130918Yayoi Kusama3.jpg
- **caption**: Yayoi Kusama and Shinzo Abe (2013)
- **birth name**: Yayoi Kusama
- **birth place**: Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
- **nationality**: Japanese
- **awards**: Praemium Imperiale
Caesars Superdome

The **Caesars Superdome** (formerly the **Louisiana Superdome** and the **Mercedes-Benz Superdome**, and also simply known as the **Superdome**) is a multi-purpose sports domed-stadium that is located in New Orleans, Louisiana and is the home of the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL).
Captain Tractor

**Captain Tractor** is a Canadian folk rock band, based in Edmonton, Alberta. They play a punk-influenced variant of Celtic folk music, similar to such bands as Great Big Sea, The Pogues or Spirit of the West. Their songs are often rich in local, cultural, and geographical references.

The band's most famous songs have been renditions of the folk music classics "The Log Driver's Waltz" and "Drunken Sailor", as well as a cover of the Arrogant Worms' "The Last Saskatchewan Pirate". They have also developed a following for their brand of Canadian rock, with singles such as "Up the Hill", "Frozen Puck to the Head", "This Is Not a Sad Song", "Another Drinking Song", and "The Bastard of Strathcona County".

In celebration of the release of the band's sixth album, 'North of the Yellowhead' (2005 Six Shooter Records), Alley Kat Brewing Company released "Captain Tractor's Yellowhead Wheat Ale".

Their seventh studio album, **Famous Last Words**, was released on May 3, 2011. A live record, **Live at the Roxy**, was released in 2015.

## Band members

The band consists of five men, one woman, and their mascot, a deer named Bucky.  The band members are:
- Chris Wynters - vocals, guitar, songwriter
- Scott Peters - vocals, mandolin, guitar, bodhran, songwriter, driver
- Jules Mounteer - drums, percussion, driver
- Jon Nordstrom - bass, trumpet, guitar, vocals, songwriter. Joined before "Hat Trick".
- Jason Kodie - keyboards, vocals, musical restraint. Joined before "North of the Yellowhead".
- Shannon Johnson - Fiddle, Vocals

Former members include:
- Aimee Hill - flute, vocals. Left after "East of Edson".
- Jeff Smook - bass, vocals, songwriter. Left after "Bought the Farm".
- Brock Skywalker - accordion, flute, guitar, bodhran, penny whistle, harmonica, mandolin, keyboards, vocals, songwriter. Left just before "North of the Yellowhead".

## Discography

Captain Tractor has released seven albums:
- _Land_ (1994)
- _East of Edson_ (1995)
- _Bought the Farm_ (1997)
- _Hat Trick_ (1998)
- _Celebrity Traffic Jam_ (1999)
- _Hoserista_ (2000)
- _North of the Yellowhead_ (2005)
- _Famous Last Words_ (2011)
- "Live at the Roxy" (2015)
- "25 Years On" (2018)

They have also released a video entitled _Inconsequential Things_ in 1998, and an interactive CD-ROM, _Bus Madness_, in 1995.

Members' solo albums:
- Chris Wynters' _Skywriting_ (Six Shooter Records, 2005) and _2010-1982_ (Shameless Records, 2010).
- Jon Nordstrom's _Brick and Stone_ (Independent, 2003) and Waiting for Summer (Independent 2005).
- Former member Brock Skywalker _Cerebral Reruns_ (FrozenPuck, 2004).

## Other websites

- Official site
- CanConRox entry  CanadianBands.com

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Captain Tractor
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Edmonton, Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- **genre**: Folk rock
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **current members**: Chris Wynters
 Scott Peters (musician), Scott Peters
 Jules Mounteer
 Jon Nordstrom
 Jason Kodie
 Shannon Johnson
- **past members**: Aimee Hill
 Jeff Smook
 Brock Skywalker
Mike Plume

**Mike Plume** (born May 28, 1968) is a Canadian country music singer and songwriter. He was born in Moncton, New Brunswick.

## Background

Canadian singer/songwriter Mike Plume fronts his roots-based namesake band. His first record, Songs From a Northern Town, was recorded in Texas and released in 1993... Touring with groups like Blue Rodeo helped built the group's following, and their 1998 album Song & Dance, Man has won them more fans and awards. In 2009 he released the album "8:30 Newfoundland", followed in June 2013, with the new album "Red and White Blues".

### Albums

||Year||Album details|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1993|***Songs From a Northern Town***|||
|1996|***Jump Back Kerouac***|||
|rowspan="2"|1997|***Simplify***||
|***Song And Dance, Man***||||
|2000|***Steel Belted Radio EP***|||
|2001|***Fools for the Radio***|||
|rowspan="3"|2003|***Table For One***||
|***Born So Long Ago (Live) CD***||||
|***Born So Long Ago (Live) DVD***||||
|2004|***Rock And Roll Recordings... Volume 1***|||
|2009|***8:30 Newfoundland***|||
|2013|***Red and White Blues***|||
|2018|***Born by the Radio***|||

## References

- Plume's career picks up steam, _Edmonton Journal_, September 3, 2008
- The Mike Plume Band, _The Vue Weekly_, Aug. 27, 2008
- Plum’s down home stories by way of Nashville, _The Record_, October 20, 2009
- Biography, CMT.ca

## Other websites

- Official Website
- CanadianBands.com entry
- Mike Plume at MySpace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mike Plume
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
- **genre**: Country music, Country, Rock music, Rock
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1993–present
Charles Huxtable

General **Sir Charles Richard Huxtable**, KCB, CBE (22 July 1931 – 26 November 2018) was a senior British Army officer. He fought in the Korean War. He was Commander-in-Chief, Land Forces between 1988 and 1990. In the 1961 Queen's Birthday Honours, he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).

Huxtable died on 26 November 2018 at the age of 87.

## Other websites

- Duke of Wellington's Regimental Website – Who We Are, by General Huxtable
Altaf Fatima

**Altaf Fatima** (; 10 June 1927 – 29 November 2018) was a Pakistani Urdu novelist, short story writer, and teacher (specializing in Muhammad Iqbal). Altaf Fatima was born in Lucknow. She moved to Lahore during the Partition, earning MA and BEd from the University of Punjab. Her novel _Dastak Na Do_ ("Do not Knock") is seen as one of the defining works in the Urdu language. An adaptation was shown on Pakistani television. In 2018, Fatima was given the KLF Urdu Literature award at the 9th Karachi Literature Festival for her book, Deed Wadeed. She died on 29 November 2018.

### Novels

- _Nishaan-i-Mehfil_ (1975)
- _Dastak Naa Do_ (1964) (_The One Who Did Not Ask_ (Novel) English translation published by Heinemann in 1994)
- _Chalta Musafir_ (1981)
- _Khwabgar_ (2008)

### Collection of short stories

- _Woh Jissay chaha gaya_(1969)
- _Jab Deewarein Girya Karti Hain (1988)_
- _Taar-i-Ankaboot (1990)_
- _Deed Wadeed_ (2017)
- _Gawahi Akhir e Shab Ki_ (2018)

### Translations

- _Naghmay ka Qatal_ (Urdu Translation of Harper Lee's novel _To Kill a Mockingbird_)
- _Mere Bachay Meri Daulat_ (Urdu Translation of My Children, My Gold by Debbie Taylor)
- _Barrey Aadmi, Aur Unke Nazariyat_. A collection of political essays
- _Moti_. Urdu Translation of _The Pearl_ by John Steinbeck
- _Sach Kahaniyan_ (2000) (Urdu translation of Truth Tales i.e. Gujrati, Marathi, Tamil and Hindi Short Stories)
- _Zaitoon ke Jhund_ (2016) (Urdu translation of Santa Claus in Baghdad by Elsa Marston)
- _Japani Afsana Nigar Khawateen_ (1994) (Urdu translation of collection of Japanese short stories )
- _Haveli ke Ander_. (Urdu translation of _Inside the Haveli_ by Rama Mehta)
- Urdu translation of collection of South American short stories

### Tanqeed

- _Urdu Adab Mein Fann e Sawaneh Nigari ka Irtiqa_ (1961)

### General

- _Rozmarra Aadaab_ (1963)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Altaf Fatima
- **native name**: الطاف فاطمہ
- **native name lang**: ur
- **birth date**: 10 June 1927
- **birth place**: Lucknow, United Provinces of British India, United Provinces, British India
- **death date**: 29 November 2018
(aged 91)
- **death place**: Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan
- **occupation**: Academic, novelist
- **nationality**: Pakistani
Lethal Weapon 2

***Lethal Weapon 2*** is a 1989 American buddy cop action comedy movie directed by Richard Donner, and starring Mel Gibson, Danny Glover, Joe Pesci, Patsy Kensit, Derrick O'Connor and Joss Ackland. It is a sequel to the 1987 movie Lethal Weapon and the second movie in the Lethal Weapon series.
Eldon George

**Eldon Thomas George**  (May 10, 1931 – November 29, 2018) was a Canadian fossil collector and amateur geologist. He was born in Parrsboro, Nova Scotia. He made many important discoveries on the shores of the Minas Basin and the Bay of Fundy in the 1940s.

George found the world's smallest dinosaur tracks in 1984 near Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, Canada. His other finds include many fossilized amphibian and dinosaur prints that were displayed, along with the world's smallest dinosaur tracks, at his Parrsboro Rock and Mineral Shop and Museum.

One of them is a 17-inch (45-cm) track that may have been made by a primitive, two-legged, crocodile-like creature that was nearly 20 feet (6 m) long. George's other discoveries include a fossilized insect with three pairs of wings and a tiny horseshoe crab that supplies a missing link in evolutionary history.

George died on November 29, 2018 in Parrsboro at the age of 87.

## Other websites

- Order of Nova Scotia recipients - 2013
Robert Morris (artist)

**Robert Morris** (February 9, 1931 – November 28, 2018) was an American sculptor, conceptual artist and writer. He was thought of as one of the most well known theorists of Minimalism along with Donald Judd. He made important works to the development of performance art, minimalism, land art, the Process Art movement and installation art.

In 2013 as part of the October Files, MIT Press published a volume on Morris, examining his work and influence, edited by Julia Bryan-Wilson.

Morris was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He studied at the University of Kansas,  Kansas City Art Institute, Reed College and at Hunter College. Morris died on November 28, 2018 in Kingston, New York from pneumonia at the age of 87.
Donald Judd

**Donald Clarence Judd** (June 3, 1928February 12, 1994) was an American artist. He worked with minimalism. In his work, Judd worked with autonomy and space that objects created by it. He was also known for his works alongside sculptor Robert Morris.

When the National Endowment for the Arts supported his work, Northern Kentucky University hired Judd to build his notable  aluminium sculpture that was opened in the middle of the school's campus in 1976. Another commission, _Untitled_ (1984), a three-part sculpture out of concrete with steel reinforcements, was installed at Laumeier Sculpture Park.

Judd was born in Excelsior Springs, Missouri, but raised in Marfa, Texas. He studied at College of William and Mary, Columbia University School of General Studies and at the Art Students League of New York. Judd died on February 12, 1994 in Manhattan, New York from non-Hodgkin lymphoma at the age of 65.
Excelsior Springs, Missouri

**Excelsior Springs** is a city in Clay and Ray counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. The population was 10,553 at the 2020 census. It is located about  northeast of central Kansas City, Missouri.
Marfa, Texas

**Marfa** is a city in far West Texas, located between the Davis Mountains and Big Bend National Park. It is the county seat of Presidio County, and its population as of the 2020 United States Census was 1,788.
Viktor Matviyenko

**Viktor Antonovych Matviyenko** (9 November 1948 – 29 November 2018) was a Ukrainian footballer and manager. He was born in Zaporizhia, Ukraine. Matviyenko won the bronze medalist in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. He played for Dynamo Kyiv and the USSR national team. He managed Torpedo Zaporizhya.

Matviyenko died in Kyiv on 29 November 2018 at the age of 70.

## Other websites

- Profile

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Viktor Matviyenko
- **fullname**: Viktor Antonovych Matviyenko
- **image**: Viktor Matviyenko (1975).jpg
- **caption**: Viktor Matviyenko at age 27 in 1975
- **birth place**: Zaporizhzhia, Ukrainian SSR (now Ukraine)
- **death place**: Kyiv, Ukraine
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **youthclubs1**: FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia, Metalurh Zaporizhzhia
- **years1**: 1966–1967
- **clubs1**: FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia, Metalurh Zaporizhzhia
- **years2**: 1968–1969
- **clubs2**: SC Odesa, SKA Odesa
- **caps2**: 44
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 1970
- **clubs3**: FC Metalurh Zaporizhzhia, Metalurh Zaporizhzhia
- **caps3**: 23
- **goals3**: 1
- **years4**: 1970–1977
- **clubs4**: FC Dynamo Kyiv, Dynamo Kyiv
- **caps4**: 188
- **goals4**: 7
- **years5**: 1978
- **clubs5**: FC Dnipro, Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk
- **caps5**: 21
- **goals5**: 1
- **nationalyears2**: 1974–1977
- **nationalyears1**: 1971–1972
- **nationalteam1**: Soviet Union national football team, Soviet Union
- **nationalcaps1**: 21
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1979
- **managerclubs1**: FC Veres Rivne, Avanhard Rivne (assistant)
- **manageryears2**: 1980–1982
- **managerclubs2**: FC Veres Rivne, Avanhard Rivne
- **manageryears3**: 1985
- **managerclubs3**: FC Veres Rivne, Avanhard Rivne
- **manageryears4**: 1991–1992
- **managerclubs4**: Orlęta Łuków (Poland)
- **manageryears5**: 1993
- **managerclubs5**: FC Podillya Khmelnytskyi, Podillya Khmelnytskyi
- **manageryears6**: 1993
- **managerclubs6**: FC Torpedo Zaporizhzhia, Torpedo Zaporizhzhia
- **manageryears7**: 1994
- **managerclubs7**: FSC Bukovyna Chernivtsi, Bukovyna Chernivtsi
- **manageryears8**: 1995
- **managerclubs8**: CS Tiligul-Tiras Tiraspol, Tiligul-Tiras Tiraspol
- **manageryears9**: 1996–1997
- **managerclubs9**: FC Torpedo Zaporizhzhia, Torpedo Zaporizhzhia
- **manageryears10**: 1998
- **managerclubs10**: FC Dustlik, Dustlik
- **manageryears11**: 2001–2002
- **managerclubs11**: FC Stal Alchevsk, Stal Alchevsk (assistant)
Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer

**Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer** (born 9 August 1962), commonly referred to by her initials **AKK**, is a German CDU politician. She was the Leader of the Christian Democratic Union from 2018 to 2021. She was chief minister of Saarland from 2011 to 2018, making her the first woman to lead the government of Saarland and the fourth woman to head a German state government.

From February to December 2018, she was general secretary of the CDU.

She was elected CDU party leader on 7 December 2018 following Angela Merkel's retirement from that role.

On 10 February 2020, Kramp-Karrenbauer announced her resignation as Chairwoman of the CDU.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer
- **image**: Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer 2 par Claude Truong-Ngoc janvier 2015.jpg
- **office**: Ministry of Defence of Germany, Minister of Defence
- **chancellor**: Angela Merkel
- **term start**: 17 July 2019
- **term end**: 8 December 2021
- **predecessor**: Ursula von der Leyen
- **successor**: Christine Lambrecht
- **office1**: Leader of the Christian Democratic Union
- **term start1**: 7 December 2018
- **term end1**: 16 January 2021
- **deputy1**: Volker Bouffier
Julia Klöckner
Armin Laschet
Ursula von der Leyen
Thomas Strobl
- **predecessor1**: Angela Merkel
- **successor1**: Armin Laschet
- **office2**: General Secretary of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany, Christian Democratic Union
- **leader2**: Angela Merkel
- **term start2**: 26 February 2018
- **term end2**: 7 December 2018
- **predecessor2**: Peter Tauber
- **successor2**: Paul Ziemiak
- **office3**: List of Ministers-President of the Saarland, Minister President of the Saarland
- **term start3**: 10 August 2011
- **term end3**: 28 February 2018
- **deputy3**: Christoph Hartmann
Peter Jacoby (Acting)
Heiko Maas
Anke Rehlinger
- **predecessor3**: Peter Müller (politician), Peter Müller
- **successor3**: Tobias Hans
- **office4**: Leader of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany, Christian Democratic Union in the Saarland
- **term start4**: 28 May 2011
- **term end4**: 19 October 2018
- **1namedata4**: Klaus Meiser
Tobias Hans
Alexander Funk
- **predecessor4**: Peter Müller
- **successor4**: Tobias Hans
- **office5**: Member of the Landtag of Saarland
- **term start5**: 5 September 1999
- **term end5**: 1 March 2018
- **constituency5**: Saarbrücken (1999–2004)
Party-list proportional representation, Party list (2004–18)
- **office6**: Member of the Bundestag
- **term start6**: 1 March 1998
- **term end6**: 26 October 1998
- **constituency6**: Party-list proportional representation, Party list
- **birth name**: Annegret Kramp
- **birth place**: Völklingen, Saarbrücken (district), Saarbrücken, Saarland, West Germany (now Germany)
- **party**: Christian Democratic Union of Germany, Christian Democratic Union
- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: Saarland University
University of Trier
2018 Christian Democratic Union of Germany leadership election

The **2018 Christian Democratic Union leadership election** was held in Hamburg on 7 December 2018. This is after Angela Merkel's decision in October 2018 not to stand for party leader at the 2018 party conference following the party's bad performance in the 2018 Hessian state election and low numbers in national polls.

On 29 October 2018, both the CDU's General Secretary Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer and the Federal Minister of Health Jens Spahn announced their candidacy in the election. This was followed by Merkel's arch-rival Friedrich Merz announced his bid on 30 October 2018.

Kramp-Karrenbauer was elected leader by winning 45.05% of the vote. Merz won 39.24% of the vote and Spahn won 15.72% of the vote.

## Candidates

- Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer — General Secretary of the CDU (2018–today), Minister-President of Saarland (2011–2018), Leader of the CDU Saar (2011–2018), Minister for Family and Social Affairs in Saarland (2009–2011), Minister for Education in Saarland (2007–2009), Minister for the Interior in Saarland (2000–2007), Member of Landtag of Saarland (1999–2018), Member of Bundestag (1998) Kramp-Karrenbauer has been endorsed by the Saarland state association of the CDU.
- Friedrich Merz — Leader of the Opposition and Parliamentary Leader of the CDU (2000–2002), Member of Bundestag (1994–2009), Member of the European Parliament (1989–1994) Merz has been endorsed by the local associations of Fulda and of Hochsauerland.
- Jens Spahn — Minister for Health (2018–today), Parliamentary Secretary of State for Finance (2015–2018), Member of Bundestag (2002–today) Spahn has been endorsed by the local association of Borken.

## Polling

|style="width:145px;" rowspan="2"|Publication date|style="width:145px;" rowspan="2"|Poll source|style="width:40px;"|Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer|style="width:40px;"|Friedrich Merz|style="width:40px;"|Jens Spahn|style="width:40px;" rowspan="2"|None/ Others|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|23 Nov 2018|FGW|style="background:#D7D5D7"|**30**|24|6|style="background:#D7D5D7"|40|||||
|17 Nov 2018|Emnid|30|style="background:#D7D5D7"|**31**|12|27||||||
|15 Nov 2018|Infratest dimap|style="background:#D7D5D7"|**43**|32|10|15||||||
|11 Nov 2018|Emnid|style="background:#D7D5D7"|**32**|30|9|29||||||
|9 Nov 2018|FGW|style="background:#D7D5D7"|**31**|25|6|style="background:#D7D5D7"|38|||||
|4 Nov 2018|Emnid|27|style="background:#D7D5D7"|**38**|13|22||||||
|1 Nov 2018|YouGov|17|style="background:#D7D5D7"|**23**|7|style="background:#D7D5D7"|53|||||
Jens Spahn

**Jens Spahn** (born 16 May 1980) is a German politician. He was the Federal Minister of Health from 2018 to 2021. He is a member of the lower house of the federal parliament, the Bundestag as a member of the centre-right Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU).

In October 2018, Chancellor Angela Merkel announced her retirement for the CDU party leadership. Spahn announced his intention to stand for election as her successor in December 2018.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jens Spahn
- **image**: Jens Spahn MdB.jpg
- **office**: Federal Ministry of Health (Germany), Minister of Health
- **chancellor**: Angela Merkel
- **term start**: 14 March 2018
- **term end**: 8 December 2021
- **predecessor**: Hermann Gröhe
- **successor**: Karl Lauterbach
- **office1**: Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany), Parliamentary Secretary of State for Finance
- **chancellor1**: Angela Merkel
- **minister1**: Wolfgang Schäuble
Peter Altmaier
- **term start1**: 3 July 2015
- **term end1**: 14 March 2018
- **predecessor1**: Steffen Kampeter
- **successor1**: Christine Lambrecht
- **office2**: Member of the Bundestag
for Steinfurt (district), Steinfurt I and Borken (district), Borken I
- **term start2**: 22 September 2002
- **predecessor2**: Constituency established
- **birth place**: Ahaus, West Germany
- **party**: Christian Democratic Union of Germany, Christian Democratic Union
- **spouse**: Daniel Funke
- **alma mater**: University of Hagen
Andrea Nahles

**Andrea Maria Nahles** (born 20 June 1970) is a German politician. She was the Leader of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) from April 2018 to June 2019 and the leader of the SPD in the Bundestag from September 2017 to June 2019.

Nahles was a Federal Minister of Labour and Social Affairs from 2013 to 2017 and SPD Youth leader. She is known within the party for criticising Gerhard Schröder's Agenda 2010.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Andrea Nahles
- **image**: 2017-05-09 Andrea Nahles (re-publica 17) by Sandro Halank–17.jpg
- **office**: Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Leader of the Social Democratic Party
- **1namedata**: Lars Klingbeil
- **deputy1**: Manuela Schwesig
Natascha Kohnen
Malu Dreyer
Thorsten Schäfer-Gümbel
Ralf Stegner
Olaf Scholz
- **term start**: 22 April 2018
- **term end**: 3 June 2019
- **predecessor1**: Olaf Scholz
- **successor1**: Malu Dreyer
- **office2**: Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Social Democratic Party in the Bundestag
- **term start2**: 27 September 2017
- **term end2**: 4 June 2019
- **predecessor2**: Thomas Oppermann
- **successor2**: Rolf Mützenich
- **office3**: Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs, Minister of Labour and Social Affairs
- **chancellor3**: Angela Merkel
- **term start3**: 17 December 2013
- **term end3**: 27 September 2017
- **predecessor3**: Ursula von der Leyen
- **successor3**: Katarina Barley
- **office4**: General Secretary of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Social Democratic Party
- **leader4**: Sigmar Gabriel
- **term start4**: 13 November 2009
- **term end4**: 26 January 2014
- **predecessor4**: Hubertus Heil
- **successor4**: Yasmin Fahimi
- **office5**: Deputy Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Social Democratic Party
- **leader5**: Kurt Beck
Frank-Walter Steinmeier
Franz Müntefering
- **alongside5**: Frank-Walter Steinmeier and Peer Steinbrück
- **term start5**: 26 October 2007
- **term end5**: 12 November 2009
- **predecessor5**: Kurt Beck
- **successor5**: Hannelore Kraft
- **office6**: Member of the Bundestag
for Rhineland-Palatinate
- **term start6**: 18 September 2005
- **term start7**: 27 September 1998
- **term end7**: 22 September 2002
- **birth name**: Andrea Maria Nahles
- **birth place**: Mendig, West Germany

- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Germany, Social Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Marcus Frings
- **alma mater**: University of Bonn
Jörg Meuthen

**Jörg Hubert Meuthen** (; born 29 June 1961) is a German economist and right wing extremist politician. He is the Federal spokesman for Alternative for Germany (AfD) since July 2015.

Meuthen is professor for political economy and finance at the Academy of Kehl.

## Infobox (economist)

- **name**: Jörg Meuthen
- **image**: Jörg Meuthen 2015 (portrait).jpg
- **caption**: Jörg Meuthen at the regional party conference in Karlsruhe (Baden-Württemberg), 2015.
- **birth place**: Essen, West Germany

- **institution**: Academy of Kehl
Alexander Gauland

**Alexander Eberhardt Gauland** (born 20 February 1941) is a German politician, journalist and lawyer. He is the Leader of the German political party Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the Bundestag since September 2017 and Co Leader of the party since December 2017.

He has been a Member of the Bundestag (MdB) since September 2017. Gauland was the party's co-founder and is its federal spokesman and the party leader for the state of Brandenburg.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alexander Gauland
- **honorific-suffix**: MdB
- **image**: 2019-04-11 Pressekonferenz der AfD by Olaf Kosinsky-8116 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Alexander Gauland in 2019
- **office1**: Leader of the Alternative for Germany
- **alongside1**: Jörg Meuthen
- **term start1**: 2 December 2017
- **term end1**: 30 November 2019
- **predecessor1**: Frauke Petry
- **successor1**: Tino Chrupalla
- **office**: Leader of the Opposition (Germany), Leader of the Opposition
- **alongside**: Alice Weidel
- **term start**: 28 September 2017
- **predecessor**: Office established
- **office2**: Bundestag, Member of the Bundestag
 for Brandenburg
- **term start2**: 24 October 2017
- **constituency2**: Electoral system of Germany, State Wide Party List
- **birth name**: Alexander Eberhardt Gauland
- **birth place**: Chemnitz, Gau Saxony, Saxony, Nazi Germany
- **party**: Alternative for Germany
- **otherparty**: Christian Democratic Union of Germany, Christian Democratic Union
- **partner**: Carola Hein
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: University of Marburg
Katja Kipping

**Katja Kipping** (born 18 January 1978) is a German politician. She was the Chairperson of The Left and a member of the Bundestag (German Parliament).

On 10 May 2014 she was reelected, along with Bernd Riexinger, as chairperson of The Left by a national party conference.

Since 2005, Kipping has been a member of the German Parliament for The Left party. She was listed as the lead candidate on the state-level party list in Saxony.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Katja Kipping
- **image**: 2020-03-11 Politik, TV, Maischberger vor Ort, Sendung vom 11.03.2020 1DX 4100 by Stepro (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Katja Kipping in 2020
- **office**: Leader of The Left (Germany), Die Linke
- **term start**: 2 June 2012
- **term end**: 27 February 2021
- **alongside**: Bernd Riexinger
- **predecessor**: Gesine Lötzsch
- **successor**: Janine Wissler
- **office3**: Member of the Bundestag
 for Saxony
- **constituency3**: Electoral system of Germany, The Left list
- **term start3**: 18 September 2005
- **office4**: Landtag of Saxony, Member of the Landtag of Saxony
- **term start4**: 1999
- **term end4**: 2004
- **office5**: Member of the Dresden City Council
- **term start5**: 1999
- **term end5**: 2003
- **birth place**: Dresden, East Germany
- **citizenship**: Germany, German
- **party**: The Left (Germany), The Left (2007–present)
Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany), PDS (1998–2007)
- **alma mater**: Dresden University of Technology
Bernd Riexinger

**Bernd Riexinger** (born 30 October 1955) is a German politician of the Left Party. He was named co-chairman of the party, together with Katja Kipping, on 2 June 2012.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bernd Riexinger
- **image**: 2018-06-09 Bundesparteitag Die Linke 2018 in Leipzig by Sandro Halank–085.jpg
- **caption**: Riexinger in 2018
- **office**: Chairperson of The Left (Germany), The Left
- **term start**: 2 June 2012
- **term end**: 27 February 2021
- **alongside**: Katja Kipping
- **predecessor**: Klaus Ernst
- **successor**: Susanne Hennig-Wellsow
- **birth place**: Leonberg, West Germany
- **party**: The Left (Germany), The Left
Annalena Baerbock

**Annalena Charlotte Alma Baerbock** (born 15 December 1980) is a German politician. In December 2021, she became Minister of Foreign Affairs. She is a member of the Alliance 90/The Greens and was the party's co-leader from 2018 until 2022. Since 2013, she also holds a seat in the Bundestag, the German federal diet.

## Other websites

- Baerbock's profile on the website of the Green Party parliamentary faction

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Annalena Baerbock
- **honorific-suffix**: Member of the German Bundestag, MdB
- **image**: Außenministerin Meinl-Reisinger beim RAB in Brüssel, 17.03.2025 - 07 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Baerbock in 2025
- **office**: Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **chancellor**: Olaf Scholz
- **term start**: 8 December 2021
- **term end**: 6 May 2025
- **predecessor**: Heiko Maas
- **successor**: Johann Wadephul
- **office1**: Leader of Alliance 90/The Greens
- **alongside1**: Robert Habeck
- **predecessor1**: Simone Peter
- **successor1**: Ricarda Lang
- **term start1**: 27 January 2018
- **term end1**: 29 January 2022
- **office2**: Leader of Alliance 90/The Greens
 in Brandenburg
- **alongside2**: Benjamin Raschke
- **predecessor2**: Ska Keller
- **successor2**: Petra Budke
- **term start2**: 14 November 2009
- **term end2**: 16 November 2013
- **office3**: Member of the German Bundestag
 for Brandenburg
- **term start3**: 2013 German federal election, 22 October 2013
- **constituency3**: Electoral system of Germany, Alliance 90/The Greens List
- **predecessor3**: _multi-member district_
- **birth name**: Annalena Charlotte Alma Baerbock
- **birth place**: Hanover, West Germany
- **residence**: Potsdam
- **nationality**: German
- **party**: Alliance 90/The Greens
- **children**: 2
- **signature**: Annalena_Baerbock_Signature.svg
Albert Bryan Jr.

**Albert Bryan Jr.** is an American politician. He is the 30th and current Governor of the United States Virgin Islands. He defeated Governor Kenneth Mapp in the runoff election on November 20, 2018.

Bryan was commissioner of the Virgin Islands Department of Labor.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Albert Bryan
- **image**: Governor Albert Bryan Jr..jpg
- **order**: 30th
- **office**: Governor of the United States Virgin Islands
- **lieutenant**: Tregenza Roach
- **term start**: January 7, 2019
- **predecessor**: Kenneth Mapp
- **birth place**: Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Yolanda Cabodevilla
- **education**: Wittenberg University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of the Virgin Islands (Master of Business Administration, MBA)
Balaji Telefilms

**Balaji Telefilms** is an Indian company that makes soap operas, reality TV, comedy, game shows, and other TV programs in several Indian languages. Balaji had a partnership with White Leaf Productions from 1997 to 2006.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: BalajiTelefilms
- **logo**: Balaji Telefilms.jpg
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **founder**: Jeetendra
- **area served**: India
- **key people**: Shobha Kapoor ()
Ekta Kapoor ()
- **industry**: Entertainment
- **genre**: Entertainment
- **products**: Television, Television series
Movies, Movie production
Digital media, Web series
- **revenue**: (2018)
- **operating income**: (2018)
- **net income**: (2018) (PBT)
- **assets**: (2018)
- **divisions**: 3
- **subsid**: * Balaji Motion Pictures
* ALT Entertainment
* ALTBalaji, ALT Digital Media Entertainment Limited
* BOLT Media Limited
* Chayabana Balaji Entertainment Privated Limited
* Marinating Films Privated Limited
* Event Media LLP
* BRAND EK
- **foundation**: 1994
- **location city**: Mumbai, Maharashtra
- **location country**: India
.223 Remington

The **.223 Remington** (.223 Rem) is a type of firearm cartridge. It is the most used cartridge for AR-15 type rifles.