juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cantata on the Death of Emperor Joseph II

Ludwig van Beethoven's **Cantata on the Death of Emperor Joseph II, WoO 87** is a cantata with a libretto by Severin Anton Averdonk (1768-1817), made in 1790 for a funeral for Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor to be done in Bonn. Made when Beethoven was nineteen, it was not made public or played until its first playing in Vienna in November 1884, fifty-seven years after Beethoven died. It is still one of Beethoven's less known works.

## Structure

The cantata, written in C minor, has seven movements.

1. Coro. Largo - Larghetto (C minor)
1. Recitativo. Presto (A minor)
1. Aria. Allegro maestoso - Allegro assai (D major)
1. Aria con Coro. Andante con moto (F major)
1. Recitativo. Largo (D minor)
1. Aria. Adagio con affetto (E♭ major)
1. Coro. Largo - Larghetto (C minor)

## Composition

The work is made for 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, strings and SATB chorus with solo soprano and bass (there is also a solo semichorus SSATB). The seven movements take about 35 minutes to play. The aria with Chorus, the fourth movement, is also used in the opera Fidelio.

## Other websites

- The libretto by Severin Anton Averdonk, on the German _Wikipedia_ page.
Der glorreiche Augenblick

***Der glorreiche Augenblick***, Op. 136 (The glorious moment) is a cantata by Ludwig van Beethoven.

## Composition

_Der glorreiche Augenblick_ was written for the start of the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

The cantata is written for two sopranos, tenor and bass soloists, chorus and orchestra. It uses words by . The Cantata was made in 1814, but not made public until 1837. This is why it has a big opus number. The cantata was first played on November 29th 1814, where it was said that all of the Congress of Vienna came to hear it, such Austrian chancellor Klemens von Metternich, Emperor Alexander I of Russia and King Frederick William III of Prussia.

## Structure

The work has six movements:
1. Chorus "Europa steht!"
1. Recitative "O seht sie nah' und näher treten!"
1. Aria with chorus "O Himmel, welch' Entzücken!"
1. Recitative "Das Auge schaut"
1. Recitative and quartet "Der den Bund im Sturme fest  gehalten"
1. Chorus: "Es treten hervor"

## Instrumentation

- The work is written for SATB choir, Children’s choir (last movement only), 4 soloists (soprano, mezzo-soprano, tenor and bass), piccolo (last movement only), 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets in A, B♭ and C, 2 bassoons, 4 horns in many keys, 2 trumpets in various keys, 3 trombones (alto, tenor and bass),triangle, bass drum and cymbals (last movement only), timpani, violins, violas, cellos, and double basses.
- The soloists are characters: the soprano is the city of Vienna, the mezzo-soprano is the Prophetess, the tenor is the Genius and the bass is the Leader of the People.
Mangang (ancient tribe)

The **Mangang tribes** () were an ancient tribe of Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). They are regarded as the one of the earliest groups to settle in the region.

## Early history

According to the Ningthourol Lambuba, the Mangangs were a pre-Pakhangba clan that lived in the Loijing Hills, now part of the Koubru-Leimaton range to the west of the Imphal Valley. They were among the first ethnic groups in the region and also ruled at Kangla and its surrounding areas. Their region comprised the heart of the Ningthouja kingdom in later periods.

## Origin and Settlement

The Mangang tribes belonged to the hive of Tibeto-Burman family around the Hukong (Hukawng) Valley. According to Ibohal Singh, they likely traced the path of the Ningthi river (Chindwin River) to Moriya and continued south of it until they encountered the medieval roads originating from the Arakan course. After traveling a short distance, they turned northward and ultimately arrived at Laimatol in the Loijing range, and settled there.

## Related pages

- Meitei confederacy
- Yek Salai
- Ningthouja dynasty
- Mangang
- Khaba Nganba
- Naothingkhong

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Mangang
- **image**: MANGANG.jpg
- **image caption**: The ancient name "Mangang", written in classical Meetei Mayek writing system
- **regions**: Ancient Kangleipak
- **languages**: Ancient Meitei language
- **religions**: Traditional Meitei religion (Sanamahism)
- **related groups**: Ningthoujas, Luwangs, Khumans
Nongyai (ancient tribe)

The **Nongyais** () were an ancient and numerous prominent tribe in Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). Gradually, they became connected with the Khuman clan (), and the term _Khuman-Nongyai_ () started to represent their merged identity. Historically, the _Khumans_ were also known as _Adon_ () or _Nongyai_ (), showing this deep-rooted connection.

## History

The **Nongyais** were related to the _Nongbal_ (_Nongpan_) tribes. While their identity eventually merged with the _Khumans_, the _Nongyais_ kept their historical recognition in Meitei tradition, mainly in the context of ancient tribal formations and early regional alliances. It is believed that Nongyai Thingkonhanba, the father-in-law of Meitei king _Irengba_ is the first chief of the merged _Khuman-Nongyai_ tribe.

## Migration and early settlement

The **Nongyais** were one of the first groups to settle in Ancient Kangleipak. They originally settled in the foothills and hillocks surrounding Mount Koubru, which are connected with early sacred geography and ancestral settlements. They established a network of early communities in the northern regions by living side by side with other early tribes like the _Nongpans_ and _Wangams_. After that, the _Nongyais_ migrated eastward to the area near _Yaingangpokpi_ on the valley's eastern edge. Finally, they moved south and joined the Khumans to become the combined group known historically as the _Khuman-Nongyai_.

## Conflict with the Meiteis

During the reign of Meitei King Ayangba, an important event occurred that brought the _Khuman-Nongyai_ into direct confrontation with the Meitei kingdom. While the Meitei king was out hunting, a wild beast fled as far as the _Moicha hills_, a region considered part of _Khuman-Nongyai_ territory. The intrusion was taken as an insult by the _Khuman-Nongyai_ people, who saw it as a breach of their land. In response, the entire _Khuman_ group declared war on the _Meiteis_.

Even with the bold stand of the _Khuman-Nongyai_, the Meiteis emerged victorious in the conflict. Several notable Khuman warriors were captured during the encounter, namely; _Thingaruk Kokchaopa_, _Thingkaruk Ngangsapa_, _Thingaruk Nungnang_, and _Aahui Kampong the Brave_.

## Related pages

- Meitei confederacy
- Ancestors of Yek Salai
- Khuman
- Meitei people
- Ningthouja dynasty

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **image**: Classical Meitei illuminated manuscript painting — depicting a “Paphal” of Khuman serpentine dragon — from the “Pakhangba Lambuba”, an Ancient Meetei language text (engraved in traditional Meetei Mayek writing system).jpg
- **image caption**: Holy and sacred :en:wikt:totem, totem of the Khumans to whom the Nongyais merged their ethnicity
- **regions**: Ancient Kangleipak
- **languages**: Ancient Meitei language
- **religions**: Sanamahism
- **related groups**: Khuman
Heirem Khunja

The **Luwang Heirem Khunja** (), shortly known as the **Heirem Khunja** (), was an ancient sub-tribe within the Luwang clan of Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). They ruled at Heirem village in Kakching’s Kereching region.

## Origin

The **Heirems** were related to the **Khunjans**. They were believed to be of _Tai_ origin, mixed with _neo-Tibetan_ elements, while the _Khunjans_ were of Tai origin descended from _Ngai-Lao_ groups. _Heirems_ first settled near the Thoubal River, likely around the present-day _Yaingangpokpi_ area. They later settled close to the Khuman kingdom on the eastern side of Loktak Lake after migrating downstream with the _Khunjans_ along the _Thoubal River_. They were subsequently referred to as the _Heirem-Khunjans_.

## Migration

From _Loklaobung_, the _Heirem-Khunjans_ moved to the Kiri Hills in what is now Manipur's Bishnupur district.

## Founding of the Luwang Heirem-Khunja

The _Luwang Heirem-Khunja_ was founded by _Lumjeng Ahanba_ (alias _Lumjenghanba_), the son of _Luwang Ningthou Punshiba_, and _Yusin Leima Chingnung Haoba Chanu_ The sons and grandsons of Luwang Ningthou Punshiba established many chiefdoms within the Luwang clan such as; _Heirem-Khunja_, _Luwang Phantek_, _Lera Khongnang_, _Luwang Yumlen_, etc.

## Territory and capital

The _Luwang Heirem-Khunja_ was bordered by the Khuman kingdom on the north, by _Tharei_ (Wangoo) on the south, by the _Heirok Hills_ on the east, and on the west by the _Loktak Lake_ and the Moirang Kingdom.

The capital of the _Luwang Heirem-Khunja_ was _Heirem Khere_ (or _Kere Ching Khunjan Lalum Thon_).

## Rulers

The rulers of the _Luwang Heirem-Khunja_ were;

- _Lumjeng Ahanba_
- _Yumjin_
- _Pana_
- _Pansareng_
- _Toureng Lanthaba_
- _Lairuba_
- _Lemba_
- _Chingjaroi Thabanba_
- _Kambong Waiba_
- _Kambong Amukoi_
- _Haying Khoiya Athouba_
- _Khuchupthang Tora_
- _Lasira_

_Chingjaroi Thabanba_ was an important king and _Heirem Kangbishu_ was a famous warrior. During their time, the _Heirem-Khunjas_ made it difficult for the Khuman kingdom to invade them.

## Dissolution

The _Heirem-Khunjans_ were completely destroyed with the combined forces of the Meitei dynasty (Ningthouja) and the Khuman kingdom during the reign of Meitei king Thawanthaba (13th century). Their last ruler may be _Lasira_ as on Sagei Salairol.

Later on, the _Heirem-Khunjans_ were merged into the Khuman kingdom.__

## Related pages

- Meitei confederacy
- Ancestors of Yek Salai
- Luwang Phantek
- Luwang
- Khuman
- Khuman dynasty
- Yek Salai

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Heirem Khunja
 (Heirem Khunjan)
- **native name lang**: Meitei language, Meitei
- **image**: Holy and sacred totems of the Khuman & Luwang groups of the Meitei ethnicity of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg
- **image caption**: Holy and sacred :en:wikt:totem, totems of the Khumans who conquered the Heirem Khunjans & the Luwangs to whom the Heirem Khunjan people belong their ethnic identity
- **regions**: Ancient Kangleipak
- **languages**: Ancient Meitei language
- **religions**: Sanamahism
- **related groups**: Luwang, Khuman
Phantek (ancient tribe)

The **Luwang Phantek**, shortly called **Phantek** (), was a sub-tribe of the Luwang clan, in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). They were previously a paternal sub-tribe of the Angom clan but were maternally merged into the Luwang identity after the death of Luwang Ningthou Punshiba before they were subdued by the Khumans.

## Foundation

The _Luwang Phantek_ (formerly, _Angom Phantek_), was founded by _Khoidom_. He was the son of Liklabicha Nongdangnu, an adopted daughter of Luwang Ningthou Punshiba, the king of the Luwang dynasty, and _Haoshiyang Puyangba Chanu_. Liklabicha Nongdangnu gave birth to Khoidom and Mandom through a martial relationship with Angom king Pureiromba, the founder of the Angom clan.

### Founding Lineages

_Khoidom_ started the _Luwang Phantek_ lineage, while on the other hand, _Mandom_ started the _Lera Khongnang_ lineage within the Angom clan.

## Territory and capital

_Luwang Phantek_ had a small kingdom. It was bordered by _Luwang Yumlen_ and the Meitei kingdom in the north, the Moirang kingdom in the south, Loktak Lake in the east, and the western hills in the west.

Its capital was at _Khuroi Lamlangtong_, also called _Lamangdong_.

## Rulers

The rulers of _Luwang Phantek_ were:

- _Khoidom_
- _Pana_
- _Pumingnabakhoi_
- _Tarung_
- _Kaisu_
- _Nanphou_ (_Maphou_)
- _Kaimu_
- _Phantek_ _Shoknaiba_
_Phantek Shoknaiba_ enjoyed the status of king. He married Khayoiron Haoreima, the daughter of the Khuman king Chingkhong Thonggraiba.

## Dissolution

Once _Phantek Shoknaiba_ planned to kill the _Khuman king, Chingkhong Thongraiba_, by inviting him to a feast. However, the plan failed. In retaliation, the Khuman king launched an attack and defeated _Phantek Shoknaiba_. After the defeat, the Phantek principality was subdued and absorbed into the Khuman kingdom, marking the end of its independence.

## Related pages

- Luwang
- Yek Salai
- Angom Salai

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Phantek
- **image**: Holy and sacred totems of the Khuman & Luwang groups of the Meitei ethnicity of Ancient Kangleipak civilisation.jpg
- **image caption**: Holy and sacred :en:wikt:totem, totems of the Khumans who conquered the Phanteks & the Luwangs to whom the Phantek people merged their ethnic identity
- **regions**: Ancient Kangleipak
- **languages**: Ancient Meitei language
- **religions**: Sanamahism
- **related groups**: Angom, Luwang, Khuman
Kege (ancient tribe)

The **Kege** (), also spelled **Keke** (), was an ancient tribal group in Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). They are believed to have originated from the Kabaw Valley region and later settled in the southern areas of the Imphal Valley. Gradually, the _Kege_ merged with the _Moirang_ people, forming a composite identity known as _Kege-Moirang_.

## Origin and migration

The _Kege_ were a mixed ethnic group primarily associated with the _Moriya_ () principality in the _Kabaw Valley_ () of present-day _Upper Myanmar_, according to some historical accounts. Some claim that their name comes from the word "_Khe_" used by _Tai_ groups such as the _Pong_ or _Mau Shan_. The _Kege_ is believed to have contained elements of the _Pyu_, _Tai_, _Chin_, _Sakya_ (_Chakha_), and other Tibeto-Burman populations. They most likely arrived in the southern Imphal Valley before the _Moirangs_' arrival.

## Settlement areas

The Kege initially settled in the _Ethai_ () region, which is southeast of the later Moirang territory. They gradually spread to neighbouring regions, such as _Ngangkha-rawai_ () which now makes up a large portion of the southern Imphal Valley. These regions developed into their main habitat and the hub from which they communicated with nearby communities.

## Integration with the Moirangs

As time went on, the _Kege_ people started to blend in with the _Moirangs_, eventually creating a shared identity known as _Kege-Moirang_ (). Due to shared settlement and intermarriage, the two groups had mostly combined by the 13th century. In light of the later blurring of the lines between the two groups, some historical sources, such as the Cheitharol Kumbaba, refer to the _Kege_ as belonging to the _Moirang_ people.

## Related pages

- Moirang
- Yek Salai
- Moirang Kangleirol
- Ancestors of Yek Salai Taret

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **image**: "Kege Moirang" (Modern Meitei name) and "Keke Moilang" (Ancient Meitei name), a former group within Moirang clan of Meitei people.png
- **image caption**: "Kege Moirang" (Modern Meitei name) and "Keke Moilang" (Ancient Meitei language, Ancient Meitei name), a former group within Moirang clan of Meitei people
- **regions**: Ancient Moirang of Ancient Kangleipak
- **languages**: Ancient Meitei language
- **religions**: Sanamahism
- **related groups**: Moirang Salai, Moirangs
Khuyon (ancient tribe)

The **Khuyons** were an ancient tribe of Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). They were believed to be the first group of people to migrate to Moirang and were one of the components that made up the Moirang Salai. The _Khuyons_ are believed to be of _neo-Tibetan_ origin.

They occupied the southern parts of Ancient Moirang including the Thangjing Hill led by the _Khuyon Khunda Hanba_, the chief of the _Khuyon_ tribe. Other groups also followed the steps of the _Khuyons_ and settled in the southern parts of Moirang.

## Related pages

- Ancient Moirang
- Moirang
- Thangching
- Khuyol Haoba

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Khuyon / Khuyol
- **native name**: ꯈꯨꯌꯣꯟ / ꯈꯨꯌꯣꯜ
- **image**: ꯃꯣꯢꯂꯥꯡ ꯁꯂꯥꯢꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯢꯂꯦꯟ.jpg
- **image caption**: The dragon of the Moirang clan to whom the Khuyons belonged to
- **languages**: Ancient Meitei language, Ancient Manipuri
- **religions**: Sanamahism
- **related groups**: Moirang Salai, Moirangs
Senu (Thoibi's maid)

**Senu** (), also spelled as ***Shenu***, originally ***Sennu*** or ***Shennu*** (), was an achanbi (favorite maid) and a close friend of Princess Thoibi of the ancient Moirang kingdom. She was loyal to Thoibi and supported her whenever possible. She was an important character in the Khamba Thoibi classical epic of Moirang Kangleirol genre of Meitei mythology and folklore.

## Name

The name Senu (), also spelled Shenu, is derived from Sennu or Shennu () in the Meitei language. It comes from Sen/Shen (), meaning to look after or to take care, combined with Nu (), a feminine suffix.

## Role and character

Senu knew the private wishes and feelings of Princess Thoibi. She often acted on Thoibi’s signals and helped her in secret matters. At times, Senu distracted other people when Thoibi wanted privacy.

### Relationship with Princess Thoibi

Senu had a trusted relationship with Princess Thoibi. She worked for Thoibi at all times and helped her meet Khuman Khamba, who later became Thoibi’s husband.

## Notable events

During the first meeting between Thoibi and Khuman Khamba at the verandah of Thoibi’s father’s house, Senu welcomed Khamba after receiving a secret signal from Thoibi.

Senu accompanied Thoibi during the traditional indoor game of playing kang. In this game, Thoibi was able to meet Khuman Khamba at the play station.

Senu also went with Thoibi to the women-only fishing event called Een Chingba () at Loktak Lake. When Khuman Khamba arrived there suddenly, Senu received a signal from Thoibi and distracted the other women. This left Thoibi alone with Khuman Khamba in the middle of the lake.

## Separation and reunion with Thoibi

Senu could not accompany Princess Thoibi when Thoibi was exiled to the Kabaw (Kabo) region, a tributary region of the Moirang kingdom. The exile was ordered by Thoibi’s father, Crown Prince Chingkhu Akhuba. Senu remained in Moirang during this time. They reunited after Princess Thoibi returned from exile.
Pheiroijamba

**Pheiroijamba** (, also spelled **Feiroijamba**) is a figure from the traditional Moirang Kangleirol stories of the ancient Moirang kingdom. He is the son of Chaoba Nongthon, a Moirang official and guardian of the orphaned children of the warrior Puremba. Pheiroijamba is the husband of Khamnu, the elder sister of Khamba, making him brother-in-law of Khamba and son-in-law of Puremba and Ngangkha Leima.

Pheiroijamba was a son-in-law of King Chingkhu Telheiba of Moirang, as his wife Khamnu was biologically the king’s daughter but was raised by Puremba, just like her younger brother Khamba, who also became a son-in-law of the Moirang royal family by marrying Princess Thoibi, the daughter of the king’s younger brother, Chingkhu Akhuba.

## Early life and adoption

Pheiroijamba was brought by Chaoba Nongthon to his household and raised as his son. Being childless, Chaoba Nongthon personally cared for Pheiroijamba, ensuring his proper upbringing and training. He was raised alongside Khamnu and her younger brother Khamba, the children of Puremba and Ngangkha Leima, who had been orphaned after Puremba’s death and Ngangkha Leima’s return to heaven.

## Marriage and family

In accordance with prior arrangements made between Chaoba Nongthon and Puremba, Pheiroijamba married Khamnu when they reached adulthood. Through this marriage, he became directly connected to the lineage of Puremba and Ngangkha Leima, reinforcing the protection and continuity of the family. As Khamnu’s husband, he was closely involved in the lives of her family, including Khamba, his brother-in-law.

## Assistance to Khamba

Pheiroijamba always supported Khamba throughout his youth and adulthood. He discovered that Khamba was nearly killed during an assassination attempt by Chingkhu Akhuba, the younger brother of King Chingkhu Telheiba. Pheiroijamba immediately informed others and, together with his father Chaoba Nongthon, formally complained to King Chingkhu Telheiba about the incident, ensuring that justice was delivered without bias.

He also helped Khamba in the national racing championship, where Khamba faced attempts to be cheated by his rival, Angom Nongban Kongyamba. Pheiroijamba intervened and helped ensure fairness during the competition. Beyond these specific incidents, Pheiroijamba consistently supported Khamba whenever he faced danger, threats, or injustice.

## Legacy

Pheiroijamba is remembered in the Moirang Kangleirol stories as a devoted son, husband, and brother-in-law, whose loyalty to his family and protective actions were important to the survival and success of Khamba and Khamnu.

## Related pages

- Pheiroijam
PubChem

**PubChem** is a database of chemical molecules and their activities against biological assays. The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information, which is part of the National Institutes of Health of USA.

The usage of the database is free of fees.

## Infobox (biodatabase)

- **description**: Chemistry and the related-biology.
- **organism**: Human beings and animals.
- **download**: [https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pc_fetch/pc_fetch-help.html FTP]
- **webservice**: [https://pubchemdocs.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pug-view PUG-View]
- **center**: National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI
- **license**: Public domain
Yumbanlol copper plate inscriptions

The **Yumbanlol** _(also spelled Yumpanlol, Yumbanlon, Yumballol, Yumballon, Yumbalol, or Yumbalon)_ is a rare 6th-century Classical Meitei language manuscript inscribed on copper plates. It is one of the earliest known literary texts from the ancient Kangleipak (present-day Manipur, India), and is written in the traditional Meetei Mayek script.

## Description

The Yumbanlol consists of six copper folios, each measuring 13.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 0.5 cm. The manuscript is a didactic and instructional text, focusing on themes of sensuality, relationships between husbands and wives, and household management. It is believed to reflect the moral and social codes of the early Meitei society.

The text is both literary and prescriptive, offering guidance on family life and domestic duties within the cultural context of early Kangleipak civilization.

## Historical context

The manuscript is dated to the period between 568–658 CE, making it one of the oldest surviving Meitei literary works. It was originally composed during the early historical period of Manipur, when the Meitei script and Classical Meitei language were already in use for official and cultural purposes.

## Ownership and preservation

The Yumbanlol was originally preserved by the royal family of Kangleipak, and later came into the custody of royal scholars. Due to its exclusive content and cultural importance, access to the manuscript was historically restricted to members of the royal household and their appointed scholars.

In modern times, the manuscript was donated to the Manipur State Archives in Imphal by Bobby Wahengbam, a descendant of the royal lineage that held the manuscript.

## Importance

The Yumbanlol manuscript is considered a valuable historical and literary source for understanding the early domestic ethics, gender relations, and cultural practices of ancient Manipur. It also holds significance as a rare surviving example of early copper-plate Meitei texts, demonstrating the use of Meetei Mayek in administrative and literary contexts during the 6th and 7th centuries.

## Related pages

- Laiphangba
- Meitei currency
- Ura Konthouba
Bifidobacterium dentium

***Bifidobacterium dentium*** is a type of bacteria coming from a genus of _Bifidobacteria_ that lives in the human body.  This species is Gram-positive, which means it has a thick cell wall made of polysaccharide called peptidoglycan, and it does not move or make spores.

Although it is mostly known for living in the mouth, it can also be found in the gut, proven by its presence in faeces**.** Scientists have discovered 38 different types, or strains, of this bacterium in humans and other mammals.

### In the Mouth

_B._ _dentium_ is often found in the mouth, where it can contribute to tooth decay. It is well adapted to survival in acidic conditions, like those caused by sugar-eating bacteria in the mouth. It can break down 14 different sugars in the process of fermentation which leads to the formation of acids that cause dental plaque by eroding teeth enamel. Because of this, _B. dentium_ is sometimes seen as a harmful bacteria in the mouth, especially when it causes cavities.

Its ability to use so many sugars as nutrients comes from its large number of genes coding for enzymes that are involved in carbohydrate digestion. In addition, it can break down salivary glycoproteins, which makes it even more fit for living in the mouth.

### In the Gut

Besides the mouth, _B. dentium_ is sometimes found in the intestines. It can stick to the mucus layer that lines the gut and survive there for a short time. It is often found in healthy infants, and also in adults, but is usually not one of the most common gut bacteria.

What makes _B. dentium_ special is its ability to use many different kinds of nutrients. Even when glucose (a common sugar) is missing, it can grow by using other sugars and amino acids. This ability helps it survive in different parts of the body.

## Helping the Body

Even though it can cause cavities, _B. dentium_ also has some positive effects in the gut.

- **Protecting the gut lining**: It helps the body make more mucus, which protects the lining inside of the intestines. This can help reduce inflammation and keep the gut healthy.
- **Making useful chemicals**: _B. dentium_ produces GABA, a chemical that calms the nervous system and may help people with inflammatory bowel diseases.
- **Affecting mood and brain**: This bacterium can increase the amount of serotonin in the gut and may even affect serotonin in the brain. In studies on mice, _B. dentium_ colonisation of the gut led to changes in brain chemistry that reduced signs of anxiety.

## Tracking Water Pollution

Scientists can use _B. dentium_ to help detect pollution in water. Some strains are found only in human waste, so if they appear in rivers or lakes, it may mean the water is contaminated with human sewage. This can help identify where the pollution is coming from.
Edvin Kulluri

**Edvin Kulluri** (born 25 May 1976) is an Albanian politician and former government official. He is one of the founders of the political party _Djathtas 1912_. In the 2025 parliamentary election, he ran as a candidate for the party in the Vlorë region.

## Early life and education

Kulluri was born in Tirana, the capital of Albania. He studied at the University of Tirana.

## Government career

Kulluri worked in several government positions, including:
- General Secretary of the Ministry of Defence of Albania
- Advisor in the Ministry of Local Government
- Assistant in the Prime Minister's Office
- Political leader for the Municipality of Selenicë

## Political activity

Kulluri was a member of the National Council of the Democratic Party of Albania.

In 2024, he helped start the party _Djathtas 1912_, a right-wing political group. In the 2025 Albanian parliamentary election, he ran for a seat in Parliament in the Vlorë district.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Edvin Kulluri
- **birth place**: Tirana, Albania
- **nationality**: Albanian
- **occupation**: Politician
- **education**: University of Tirana
- **party**: Djathtas 1912
- **office**: Co-founder of Djathtas 1912
- **termstart**: 2024
- **office1**: General Secretary of the Ministry of Defence of Albania
- **termstart1**: 2009
- **termend1**: 2013
Wangam (ancient tribe)

The **Wangams** were an old tribe in Ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). They were of _Tai_ origin and later mixed with a branch of the _Poirei_ tribe and came to be known as the _Poirei-Wangams_.

## Origin

_Wangams_ belonged to the _Tai Mungs_, _Tai Ngai-Laos_ and _Tai Lai_. It is said that _Tai Mungs_ (Great-Tais), belonged to the _Ai-Lao_ race. They then travelled to and settled in appropriate locations throughout Southeast Asia. A branch of the Ai-Lao race moved to the low hills to the west of the Manipur valley and established themselves there.

## Mix with Tai Dam

In the beginning, other _Tai_ families called _Black Tai_ or _Tai Dam_ (named for their black clothing), came from the throne of _Khamnung_ and moved to the slopes of Mount Koubru and nearby hills. They likely traveled along the _Ningthi (Chindwin) River_, through the _Somra_ area, and up to the Iril River, reaching the northern part of the Manipur valley near _Kanglatongbi_.

After they settled, they met the _Wangam_ people. Over time, the two groups mixed together and came to be known as _Poirei-Wangams_ or _Meeteis_.

## Foundation of the Ningthouja throne

Among these merged groups, a particular line established its seat of administration at Kangla. This ruling group came to be known as the _Ningthouja_. They are considered to belong to one of the nine sub-groups of the _Tai-Lai_ people, a branch of the _Ngai-Lao_ lineage (Wangam blood). Thus, these groups were also nicknamed _Poireis_.

### Chengleis

When the Chengleis began to move to the north-east of the hills now known as the _Mapao hill_ where the _Selloi-Langmai_ settled, and when all these tribes continued to live as good neighbours with the _Wangams_, intermarriages started more particularly among the _Selloi Langmai_ and the _Chenglei_ and their associated tribes. _Wangam_ boys also started marrying girls of these tribes. The _Wangam_ elders neither liked their boys to marry girls belonging to these tribes, nor their girls marrying to the boys of these tribes.

In texts like the Ningthourol Lambuba, it states that the Meitei (_Wangam_) prince Hongnemyoi Khunjao Naothingkhong married to a girl named _Narum Rangbi Santing Nganbi_ of the _Thangnga_ tribe, which was a sub-section of the _Chenglei_ clan.

### Moirangs

Wangam kings, from Taothingmang upto Pengsiba started marrying girls from the Haokap, Chingsang, Khunpham, and Ngangcheng tribe within the Moirang clan.

## Related pages

- Ningthouja dynasty
- Yek Salai
- Groups of Meitei ethnicity
- Kangla Palace

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **native name**: ꯋꯥꯉꯝ / ꯋꯥꯡꯉꯝ
- **image**: Classical Meitei illuminated manuscript painting — depicting a “Paphal” of Ningthouja Pakhangba dragon — from the “Pakhangba Lambuba”, an Ancient Meetei language text (engraved in traditional Meetei Mayek writing system).jpg
- **image caption**: The holy totem of the Ningthouja clan to which Wangams merged with a section of tthe Poireis to form the broader clan.
- **languages**: Ancient Meitei language
- **religions**: Sanamahism
- **related groups**: Ningthoujas, Mangangs
The Great American Bash (2004)

**The Great American Bash (2004)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) for their SmackDown! brand. It took place on June 27, 2004 at the Norfolk Scope in Norfolk, Virginia. It was the first Great American Bash event held by WWE and the 15th overall. Something special about the event was that anyone in the American military could watch it for free.

## Matches

|colspan="5"|Fatal Four-Way eliminations||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Rob Van Dam|John Cena|Pinfall with a roll-up|8:19|
|2|Rene Dupree|Booker T|Pinfall after an FU from Cena|11:17|
|3|Booker T|John Cena|Pinfall after an FU|15:52|

## Other websites

- Official Great American Bash 2004 website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: The Great American Bash (2004)
- **tagline**: Join Our Party
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **date**: June 27, 2004
- **venue**: Norfolk Scope
- **city**: Norfolk, Virginia
- **lastevent**: Bad Blood (2004)
- **nextevent**: Vengeance (2004)
- **event**: The Great American Bash
- **lastevent2**: The Great American Bash (2000)
- **nextevent2**: The Great American Bash (2005)
- **brand**: WWE SmackDown, SmackDown!
Kaarel Nurmsalu

**Kaarel Nurmsalu** (born April 30, 1991) is an Estonian retired ski jumper and nordic combined skier who competed at the 2014 Winter Olympics for Estonia in the ski jumping competition.

He won 3 bronze medals at the 2011 Nordic Junior World Ski Championships in Otepää.

## Infobox (skier)

- **name**: Kaarel Nurmsalu
- **image**: Kaarel Nurmsalu (2011).jpg
- **fullname**: Kaarel Nurmsalu
- **birth place**: Rakvere, Estonia
- **club**: Skiclub Telemark
- **personalbest**: 223 m
(Planica 2008)
- **seasons**: 2011–2014, 2017
- **wins**: 0
- **totalpodiums**: 0
- **updated**: 28 February 2012
Drachma

A **drachma** is a silver coin from Ancient Greece, dating from about the mid-6th century BCE, and the former monetary unit of modern Greece.
Renault Rafale

The **Renault Rafale** is a coupe crossover SUV produced by Renault since 2024.

## Overview

It named after the C.460 Rafale monoplane introduced in 1934.

It sharing the platform with Renault Austral and sixth-generation Renault Espace.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Renault Rafale
- **image**: Renault Rafale IMG 8986.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Renault
- **model code**: DHN
- **production**: 2024–present
- **designer**: Marco Brunori, Yang Fu, Pierre Sabas, Bertrand Grisard
Under the lead of Gilles Vidal
- **assembly**: Spain: Palencia (Renault España)
- **class**: Mid-size car, Mid-size crossover SUV (D-segment, D)
- **body style**: 5-door coupe SUV
- **platform**: Renault–Nissan Common Module Family#CMF-CD, Renault–Nissan CMF-CD
- **related**: Renault Austral
Renault Espace#6, Renault Espace
- **drivetrain**: Full hybrid
Plug-in hybrid
- **sp**: uk
Lead paint

**Lead paint** refers to any type of paint containing lead compounds. Usually this is white lead (lead carbonate) or red lead (Lead(II,IV) oxide). Lead paint is a serious hazard and can cause lead poisoning if ingested. Sanding lead paint is dangerous and can release lead dust. When lead paint gets old, it will often chip and crack. Lead paint chips taste sweet, which encourages young children to eat them, causing lead poisoning. Lead paint was banned for use in homes in the United States in 1978. Most other countries have also banned lead paint for homes. In some places it is still allowed for industrial use and for artist's paints.

## In art

In art, white lead paint is known as flake white or Cremnitz white. It was historically the most common white paint. In addition to use on its own, it was mixed with other colors of paint to lighten them. It was used by many of the most famous painters, such as Vincent van Gogh. It is still available today but is rarely used due to the health risks. In modern times it has mostly been replaced with zinc white or titanium white.
Zimbabwean ZiG

**Zimbabwe Gold**, also known as **ZiG**, is the currency used in Zimbabwe. It was launched on 8 April 2024 to replace the Zimbabwean dollar after extreme inflation made the old money nearly worthless, with 1 US dollar costing over 30,000 ZWL. The new currency is backed by gold, precious metals, and foreign currency to help keep its value more stable.

The name ZiG stands for "Zimbabwe Gold" and shares its name with an earlier digital gold-backed token that was once used in the country. Its official currency code is **ZWG**.

Coins were introduced in values of 1, 2, and 5 ZiG, and banknotes started with 10 and 20 ZiG. The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe plans to add 50, 100, and 200 ZiG notes later, along with rare coins like ¼ and ½ ZiG. When the ZiG replaced the Zimbabwean dollar, the exchange rate was set at 2,498.7242 ZWL to 1 ZiG, meaning 1 ZiG was worth around 13.56 US dollars at launch. However, its value dropped quickly and by late 2024 it had lost over half its market value.

Many Zimbabweans still prefer using the US dollar in daily life, and some workers are not paid in ZiG. Businesses often accept foreign money instead, but the government is trying to encourage ZiG use by requiring taxes and duties to be paid in the new currency.

Zimbabwe has had several currency changes since 2008 due to hyperinflation. From 2009 to 2019, the country used mostly foreign currencies like the US dollar and South African rand, but reintroduced the Zimbabwean dollar in 2019. That too failed because of inflation, leading to the creation of ZiG, which is now the sixth version of a local currency since 2008.

## Infobox (currency)

- **currency name**: Zimbabwe Gold
- **iso code**: ZWG
- **iso number**: 948
- **inflation rate**: 47.6%
- **inflation source date**: IMF (2024 est.)
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **subunit name 1**: cent
- **symbol**: ZiG
- **issuing authority**: Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe
- **date of introduction**: 8 April 2024
- **used banknotes**: 10, 20 ZiG (planned: 50, 100, 200)
- **used coins**: 1, 2, 5 ZiG (planned: ¼, ½)
- **website**: [https://www.rbz.co.zw www.rbz.co.zw]
Esterification

**Esterification** is the reaction between an acid and an alcohol. The products in a esterification reaction are an ester and water. The reaction of esterification happens slowly and must be made faster by acids. It is an example of a dehyrdation reaction or condensation reaction. The reaction can be reversed and is then called hydrolysis because the ester is broken down with water. For instance, when long-chain organic acids (which are called fatty acids) are esterified with glycerol, the ester is called a lipid or fat. If the fatty acids have a lot of double bonds in the parent hydrocarbons, the fat is called unsaturated and is usually a liquid. As an example, most vegetable oil (excluding vegetable shortening like Crisco) is considered an unsaturated fat. In contrast, if the fatty acids have a few double bonds in the parent hydrocarbons, the fat is called saturated and is usually a solid. As an example, most animal fat is considered a saturated fat.
Saponification

**Saponification** is the hydrolysis of a fat and a base such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and crude oil. The products of saponification are glycerol and salts of the fatty acids, which are known together as soap. Soap is a long molecule that is nonpolar at one end and ionic at the other end. The nonpolar end can bring other nonpolar substances such as oil, and the ionic end can bring polar solvents such as water. Therefore, soap can cause emulsion of oil and water. This quality is called detergency.
SpongeBob vs. The Big One: Beach Party Cook-Off

***SpongeBob vs. The Big One: Beach Party Cook-Off*** (known in Europe as ***SpongeBob SquarePants: Frantic Fry-Cook***) is an action video game based on the animated TV series _SpongeBob SquarePants_.

## Infobox (video game)
Telmatobius oxycephalus

The **red-headed water frog** (_Telmatobius oxycephalus_) is a frog.  It lives in Argentina.

## Home

This frog spends most of its time in the water. It lives in streams in Yungas forests, Yungas grassy places, and other places.  Scientists saw this frog between 1400 and 2980 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog one protected park: Parque Nacional Calilegua.

## People

People catch and eat some _Telmatobius_ frogs, but scientists think human beings do not eat _Telmatobius oxycephalus_.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in big danger of dying out. Fish from other parts of the world can kill this frog. So can too many visitors to its home. Human beings also put water in canals for farms and goats. Scientists believe the fungal disease chytridiomycosis could kill this frog too.
My Blue Angel

"**My Blue Angel**" is a song by American singer Aaron Tippin.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Jon Small and premiered in January 7, 1993.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: My Blue Angel
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Aaron Tippin
- **album**: Read Between the Lines
- **released**: February 1, 1993
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **length**: 3:24
- **label**: RCA Records Nashville, RCA Nashville
- **writer**: Kim Williams, Aaron Tippin, Philip Douglas
- **producer**: Emory Gordy Jr.
- **prev title**: I Was Born with a Broken Heart
- **prev year**: 1992
- **next title**: Workin' Man's Ph.D.
- **next year**: 1993
Real-name systems in China

In mainland China, people need to register with their real names at the relevant national system to use certain services. The specific examples are stated below.
- mobile phone since 2010

- online video games since 2021

## Related pages

- Addiction
- Fraud
- Privacy
Sphaerotheca breviceps

The **Indian burrowing frog**, **burrowing frog**, **Punjab bullfrog**, **short-headed burrowing frog**, **clumsy-looking burrowing frog**, **band sand frog**, **olive frog**, **Magadha bullfrog**, **Dharan bullfrog**, or **Swani burrowing frog** (_Sphaerotheca breviceps_) is a frog.  It lives in India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Pakistan, and Nepal.

## Body

The skin of the frog's back is olive to gold in color with a yellow line in the middle. There is a big gold eye mark on each shoulder. There are other yellow stripes across the legs and jaws.

## Home

This frog lives in forests, grassy places, and places with small, woody plants.  It can live in places where human beings live, for example rice farms.

Scientists have not seen this frog in protected parks, but the place where the frog lives has parks in it.

## Young

The tadpoles live in ponds and pools near streams. They are pink-brown in color with dark brown spots. The tadpoles are 34 to 36 mm long, with the tail. The belly is gray-white with brown spots.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. People kill this frog by hitting it with cars. Chemicals that kill pests and chemicals that make plants grow can kill this frog. People also build towns where the frog lived.
Environmental issues in China

About China's environmental well-being and China's efforts to protect the environment, there are many ongoing challenges. Flooding happens frequently in the south, but there is lack of supply of water in the north.

## History of heat wave

2021 East Asia sandstorm; 2022 China heat wave;   2023 China heat wave

## Pollution

As coal is the primary fuel, the air quality is bad.  As early as 2015, oberservers point out that the land is very polluted due to 20 years of industrialisation.

There are many causes of pollution. They include traffic congestion, "private car" ownership and the popular use of plastic.

## Storms that affected China

- Typhoon Haitang (2005)
- July Typhoon Soulik (2013); Typhoon Haiyan (November 2013)
- Tropical Storm Rumbia (August 2018)
- September Typhoon Lingling (2019)
- Typhoon Hagupit (2020); Tropical Storm Mekkhala (2020); Tropical Storm Higos (2020); Typhoon Maysak (2020); Tropical Storm Nangka (2020) (August, August, August, September and October)
- Tropical Storm Lupit (2021) and Tropical Storm Lionrock (2021) (August and October)
- September Typhoon Muifa (2022)
- Typhoon Khanun (2023) and Tropical Storm Sanba (2023) (August and October)
- July Tropical Storm Prapiroon (2024) and Typhoon Kong-rey (2024)

## Long history of floods

Written from the earliest to the most recent. 1931 China floods; 1935 Yangtze flood; 1938 Yellow River flood; 1951年辽河大水;  1954 Yangtze floods; 1958 Yellow River flood; 1963年海河特大洪灾;     Eastern China flood of 1991; 1998 China floods

### since 2000

2007 Shandong coal mine flood; 2008 South China floods; 2009 Luoding flood; 2010 China floods; 2011 China floods; 2012 China floods; July 2012 Beijing flood; 2013 Southwest China floods; 2016 China floods; 2017 China floods; 2020 China floods; 2021 China floods; 2021 Henan floods; 2023 China floods; 2023 Hong Kong rainstorm and floods; 2024 Guangdong floods; Floods in the Huairou and Miyun districts of Beijing, mudslides in nearby village(s), in late July 2025;

### complications

- Typhoon Nina (1975) and 1975 Banqiao Dam failure.
- Shalan Town flood of 2005 (also caused mudslide).
- 2010 Gansu mudslide
- 2016年邢台洪灾
- 2022 Qinghai floods (also caused landslide).
- landslide in the south since 2024

## Related pages

- Air, land and water pollution.
- Economy of China
John de Mol

**Johannes Hendrikus Hubert de Mol Jr.** (born 24 April 1955) is a Dutch media entrepreneur and billionaire. He is known for creating global television franchises such as Big Brother, Star Academy, and The Voice, and the game shows Fear Factor and Deal or No Deal.

In 2005, Forbes magazine named him one of the 500 richest people in the world.

De Mol is one of the men behind production companies such as Endemol and Talpa.

## Endemol

De Mol, a well-known personality in the Netherlands, made his fortune producing television programs. From 1997 to 1999, he developed the reality show Big Brother with his own production company, John de Mol Produkties. In 1994, his company merged with Joop van den Ende TV-Producties to form Endemol, but it still operates independently. De Mol sold his stake in Endemol in 2000 to Telefónica, but continued to serve as creative director until 2004.

In May 2007, De Mol returned as one of Endemol's major shareholders, along with Silvio Berlusconi's Italian company Mediaset, in a €2.6 million deal.

## Private life

Outside of television, De Mol controls a large private equity fund that holds significant stakes in the car manufacturer Spyker Cars, the Manchester United football team, the cryptocurrencies Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, and the telecommunications company Versatel.

John's sister, actress Linda de Mol, appears and presents on some of his shows, including the Dutch version of "Deal or No Deal".

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John de Mol Jr.
- **image**: John de Mol jr.jpg
- **caption**: de Mol Jr. in 2006
- **birth name**: Johannes Hendrikus Hubert de Mol Jr.
- **birth place**: The Hague, Netherlands
- **years active**: 1973–present
- **children**: Johnny de Mol
- **relatives**: Linda de Mol (sister)
Got Talent Argentina

***Got Talent Argentina***, previously known as **Talento argentino** in the first seasons, is a television program of the talent show genre produced by Telefe, an Argentine adaptation of the original British format Got Talent, created by Simon Cowell.

The show is based on a talent competition in which participants are evaluated by three or four judges in auditions who will decide who deserves to move on to the next stage. The audience will then select their favorites by telephone vote and advance to a final where one will be crowned the winner.

## Overview

The first adaptation premiered in mid-2008 and consisted of three editions hosted by Mariano Peluffo. The original jury was composed of Maximiliano Guerra (professional dancer), Catherine Fulop (international model), and Kike Teruel (musician and composer), and the production was in charge of Marcos Gorban.

The first season premiered on Sunday, July 27, 2008, with very good public acceptance. It was renewed for a second season that aired on Thursdays starting July 23, 2009; and the third season starting October 20, 2010, broadcasting on Saturdays.

After 13 years off the air, Telefe announced the return of the franchise to Argentine television, under the name **Got Talent Argentina**, to premiere in 2023, with changes in the host, led by the actress and comedian Lizy Tagliani. The jury for this new edition was made up of the Argentine singers Abel Pintos and Joaquinha Lerena —known artistically as "La Joaqui"—, the actress and presenter Florencia Peña, and the Uruguayan dancer Emir Abdul Gani.

## Seasons

|Season|Year|Rating|Viewers|Share|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1st edition|2008|24.3|2430000|S / D|
|2nd edition|2009|22.5|2250000|41.9%|
|colspan="5"|Official data according to IBOPE||||

## Winners

- Season 1, 2008: Martin Bustos (humorous imitation)
- Season 2, 2009: Daniel Ferreyra (guitarist)
- Season 3, 2010–2011: Diego Gutierrez (accordion player)
- Season 4, 2023: Matías and Johanna Ortiz (Salsa Dancers)

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Got Talent Argentina.png
- **image size**: 300
- **country**: Argentina
- **runtime**: 30 – 150 mins
- **creator**: Simon Cowell
- **presenter**: Mariano Peluffo
 Lizy Tagliani
- **judges**: Catherine Fulop (2008−2010)
Maximiliano Guerra (2008−2010)
Kike Teruel (2008−2010)
Abel Pintos
Florencia Peña
La Joaqui
Emir Abdul Gani
- **channel**: Telefe
- **last aired**: present
- **num series**: 4
- **company**: FremantleMedia