juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alternative splicing

**Alternative splicing** allows DNA to code for more than one protein. It varies the exon make-up of the messenger RNA.

In alternative splicing the exons of the pre-messenger RNA produced by transcription are reconnected in different ways during RNA splicing.

This produces different mature messenger RNAs from the same gene. They get translated into different proteins. Thus, a single gene may code for multiple proteins.

Alternative splicing is normal in eukaryotes. It greatly increases the diversity of proteins that can be encoded by the genome. In humans, ~95% of multiexonic genes are alternatively spliced.

There are various kinds of alternative splicing: the most common is exon skipping. An exon may be included in mRNAs under some conditions or in particular tissues, and omitted from the mRNA in others. There are splicing activators that promote the use of a particular splice site, and splicing repressors that reduce the use of a particular site. New types of alternative splicing are being found.

Abnormal variations in splicing occur in disease. Many human genetic disorders come from splicing variants. Abnormal splicing variants may also contribute to the development of cancer. High-throughput sequencing of RNA can for example be used to measure the genome-scale amount of deviating alternative splicing, such as in a cohort of colorectal cancers, where high amount of aberrant splicing was associated to poor patient survival. Non-working splicing products are usually dealt with by post-transcriptional quality control. That is, they are chopped up by enzymes.

## Source of diversity

Alternative splicing (the re-combination of different exons) is a major source of genetic diversity in eukaryotes. One particular Drosophila gene (DSCAM) can be alternatively spliced into 38,000 different mRNA.

## Related pages

- CRISPR
Gun control

**Gun control** is the attempt, usually by a government, to restrain or stop people from owning or using guns.  Gun control may also regulate the making, moving, and selling of guns.  People want gun control because guns are very dangerous.  Gun control is very controversial in some countries, such as in the United States.  Some countries such as the United States, Switzerland, and Israel allow people to own guns to defend themselves, but most countries do not.

## Gun Control in the United States

There is a strong "gun lobby" in the United States.  It is led by the National Rifle Association of America (NRA), which supports the right to own guns.  They want it to be fairly easy to get a gun. Other groups, such as the Brady Campaign, want guns to be hard to get because they believe that guns cause violence, injury and death.  Some states have very strict gun laws, but others, such as Arizona, Utah, Idaho and Mississippi, do not.

In the 70's Gun Control gained more national attention.  In 1977 Guns Rights Activists changed the NRA's focus from sports to gun rights. They started running ads marketing self defense primarily towards women.  In the 80's the NRA ran ads about concealed carry.

The 2nd Amendment to the United States Constitution Amendment says, "A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed."  This is taken to mean, every American citizen has the right to "keep and bear arms".  Originally, it was thought that the federal government could not ban guns, but states and cities could.  However, in 2010, the Supreme Court said that states and cities could not ban handguns.  Although banning all guns is not allowed anymore, states and cities can still stop the sale and use of certain kinds of guns, such as automatic rifle<nowiki/>s that fire many bullets very quickly.  They can also say that certain people, such as criminals, cannot own guns.
Tommy Ramone

**Tommy Ramone**, also known as **Thomas Erdelyi** (born **Erdélyi Tamás**; January 29, 1949 - July 11, 2014), was a Hungarian-American record producer and musician. He was born to Jewish parents in Budapest and grew up in Queens, New York City. He was the drummer for an early and important punk rock band, the  Ramones.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **img**: Tommy Ramone.JPG
- **name**: Tommy Ramone
- **img capt**: at the Mountain Music Shoppe in Shawnee, Kansas
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Tamás Erdélyi
- **alias**: Tommy Ramone, Scotty, Thomas Erdelyi
- **birth place**: Budapest, Hungary
- **origin**: New York City, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Ridgewood, Queens, New York City, U.S.
- **instrument**: Drum kit, Drums, mandolin, guitar, vocals
- **genre**: Punk rock, Bluegrass music, bluegrass, hard rock
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1974 in music, 1974 - 1996 in music, 1996
- **label**: Sire Records, Sire, Radioactive Records, Radioactive, Chrysalis Records, Chrysalis
- **associated acts**: Ramones
Uncle Monk
- **url**: [http://www.officialramones.com Official Ramones site]
Arsinoitherium

***Arsinoitherium*** is an extinct genus, a large mammal that lived during the early Oligocene (about 38 to 23 million years ago). Although it looked like a rhinoceros, it is more closely related to elephants. Fossils of _Arsinoitherium_ have been found in Faiyum, Egypt.
Observe and Report

***Observe and Report*** is a 2009 black comedy movie that was produced by Donald De Line and was directed by Jody Hill. Observe and Report was released on April 10, 2009 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 51% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 54 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast

- Seth Rogen as Ronnie
- Ray Liotta as Detective Harrison
- Michael Pena as Dennis
- Collette Wolfe as Nell
- Anna Faris as Brandi
- Dan Bakkedahl as Mark
- Jesse Plemons as Charles
- John Yuan as John Yuen
- Matthew Yuan as Matt Yuen
- Celia Weston as Mom
- Aziz Ansari as Saddamn
- Randy Gambill as Pervert
- Patton Oswalt as Roger
- Danny McBride as Caucasian Crackhead
- Alston Brown as Bruce
- Cody Midthunder as D-Rock

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Observe and Report
- **director**: Jody Hill
- **producer**: Donald De Line
- **writer**: Jody Hill
- **starring**: Seth Rogen
Anna Faris
Michael Peña
Collette Wolfe
Ray Liotta
- **music**: Joseph Stephens
- **cinematography**: Tim Orr
- **editing**: Zene Baker
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **released**: April 10, 2009
- **runtime**: 86 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $18,000,000
- **gross**: $24,881,177
Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist

***Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist*** is a 2009 romantic comedy movie that was produced by Kerry Kohansky Roberts, Andrew Miano, Chris Weitz and Paul Weitz and was directed by Peter Sollett. _Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist_ was released on October 3, 2008 in North America. The plot involves Nick and Norah following rabbit-associated clues to see a music band, and during their adventure they fall in love.  The movie received positive reviews with a 72% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 64 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast

- Michael Cera as Nick O'Leary
- Kat Dennings as Norah Silverberg
- Ari Graynor as Caroline
- Alexis Dziena as Tris
- Aaron Yoo as Thom
- Rafi Gavron as Dev
- Jay Baruchel as Tal
- Jonathan B. Wright as Lethario
- Rachel Cohn (Cameo appearance)
- David Levithan (Cameo)
- Eddie Kaye Thomas (Cameo)
- Devendra Banhart (Cameo)
- John Cho (Cameo)
- Seth Meyers (Cameo)
- Andy Samberg (Cameo)
- Kevin Corrigan (Cameo)

## Other websites

- Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist's Official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist
- **director**: Peter Sollett
- **producer**: Kerry Kohansky Roberts
Andrew Miano
Chris Weitz
Paul Weitz
- **writer**: **Novel:**
Rachel Cohn
David Levithan
- **starring**: Michael Cera
Kat Dennings
- **music**: Mark Mothersbaugh
- **cinematography**: Tom Richmond
- **editing**: Myron I. Kerstein
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
- **released**: April 10, 2009
- **runtime**: 90 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $10 million
- **gross**: $33,506,137
Kicking & Screaming

***Kicking & Screaming*** is a 2005 sports comedy movie that was produced by Jimmy Miller and Judd Apatow and was directed by Jesse Dylan. _Kicking & Screaming_ was released on May 13, 2005 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 41% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 45 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast

- Will Ferrell as Phil Weston
- Robert Duvall as Buck Weston
- Mike Ditka as Himself
- Kate Walsh as Barbara Weston
- Musetta Vander as Janice Weston
- Dylan McLaughlin as Sam Weston
- Josh Hutcherson as Bucky Weston
- Francesco Liotti as Gian Piero
- Alessandro Ruggiero as Massimo
- Elliott Cho as Byong Sun Hogan-Jones
- David Herman as Referee
- Rachael Harris as Ann Hogan
- Dallas McKinney as Connor (Goalie)
- Phill Lewis as John Ryan
- Alex Borstein as Obnoxious Hummer Lady (uncredited)
- Jeremy Bergman as Hunter Davidson
- Erik Walker as Ambrose Hanna
- Steven Anthony Lawrence as Mark Avery
- Laura Kightlinger as Donna Jones
- Sammy Fine as Jack
- Timmy Deters as Alex
- Joseph R. Sicari as Umberto
- Stephen Rudrick as Young Ceeb

## Other websites

- Kicking & Screaming's Official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Kicking & Screaming
- **director**: Jesse Dylan
- **producer**: Jimmy Miller
Judd Apatow
- **writer**: Leo Benvenuti
Steve Rudnick
- **starring**: Will Ferrell
Robert Duvall
Mike Ditka
Kate Walsh (actor), Kate Walsh
Musetta Vander
Dylan McLaughlin
Josh Hutcherson
Francesco Liotti
Alessandro Ruggiero
- **music**: Mark Isham
- **cinematography**: Lloyd Ahern II
- **editing**: Stuart H. Pappé
Peter Teschner
- **distributor**: Universal Studios
- **released**: May 13, 2005
- **runtime**: 95 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $45 million
- **gross**: $56,070,433
How Do You Know (movie)

***How Do You Know*** is a 2010 American comedy-drama movie produced by Julie Ansell, James L. Brooks and Paula Weinstein, and written and directed by Brooks. It premiered on December 17, 2010 and received negative reviews with a 30% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 47 out of 100 from Metacritic. It became poor at the box office with $7.6 million made in North America, which made it eighth in the box office at its first weekend. It fell off the chart on the third weekend and grossed a total of $47,707,151 worldwide. It failed to recoup for its $120 million budget and made it a massive box-office bomb.

## Cast

- Reese Witherspoon as Lisa Jorgenson
- Paul Rudd as George Madison
- Owen Wilson as Matty Reynolds
- Jack Nicholson as Charles Madison
- Dean Norris as Tom
- Kathryn Hahn as Annie
- Yuki Matsuzaki as Tori
- Andrew Wilson as Matty's Teammate
- Shelley Conn as Terry
- Tony Shalhoub as Psychiatrist
- Domenick Lombardozzi as Bullpen Pitcher
- Ron McLarty as George's Lawyer
- Lenny Venito as Al
- Mark Linn-Baker as Ron
- Molly Price as Coach Sally

## Other websites

- How Do You Know's Official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: How Do You Know
- **director**: James L. Brooks
- **producer**: Julie Ansell
James L. Brooks
Paula Weinstein
- **writer**: James L. Brooks
- **starring**: Reese Witherspoon
Paul Rudd
Owen Wilson
Jack Nicholson
- **music**: Hans Zimmer
- **cinematography**: Janusz Kamiński
- **editing**: Richard Marks
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
- **released**: December 17, 2010
- **runtime**: 116 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $120 million
- **gross**: $47,707,151
The Girl He Left Behind

***The Girl He Left Behind*** is a 1956 romantic comedy movie that was produced by Frank P. Rosenberg and was directed by David Butler. The Girl He Left Behind was released on 1956 in North America and in 1957 in Europe by Premier Productions.

## Plot

Andy Schaeffer is a spoiled mama's boy who usually gets his way. He breezes through college, while girlfriend Susan Daniels works hard at a job to pay for her education. She isn't sure where their relationship is going. Andy's grades begin to worsen, and he's being drafted by the army. Andy reports for basic training at Fort Ord, making it clear to everybody there that he'd rather be anyplace else.

## Cast

- Tab Hunter as Andy L. Shaeffer
- Natalie Wood as Susan Daniels
- Jessie Royce Landis as Mrs. Madeline Shaeffer
- Jim Backus as Sgt. Hanna
- Henry Jones as Hanson
- Murray Hamilton as Sgt. Clyde
- Alan King as Maguire
- James Garner as Preston
- David Janssen as Capt. Genaro
- Wilfred Knapp as Congressman Hardison
- Les Johnson as Lt. Taylor
- Raymond Bailey as General
- Florenz Ames as Mr. Hillaby
- Fredd Wayne as Sgt. Sheridan
- Ernestine Wade as Lorna

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Girl He Left Behind
- **director**: David Butler
- **producer**: Frank P. Rosenberg
- **writer**: Guy Trosper (screenplay)
- **starring**: Tab Hunter
Natalie Wood
Jessie Royce Landis
- **music**: Roy Webb
- **cinematography**: Ted D. McCord
- **editing**: Irene Morra
- **distributor**: Premier Productions
- **released**: 1965
- **studio**: Warner Bros., Warner Bros. Pictures
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Thermal power plant

A **thermal power plant** is a power plant where steam is used to drive a steam turbine. This turbine is connected to an electrical generator. After this, the water is condensed, and may be used again. This is known as the Rankine cycle. There are different procedures that can be used to heat the water;

## The main Components of a thermal power plant

- Cooling tower
- Cooling water pump
- transmission line (3-phase)
- Step-up transformer (3-phase)
- Electrical generator (3-phase)
- Low pressure steam turbine
- Condensate pump
- Surface condenser
- Intermediate pressure steam turbine
- Steam Control valve
- High pressure steam turbine
- Deaerator
- Feedwater heater
- Boiler steam drum
- Superheater
- Forced draught (draft) fan
- Reheater
- Combustion air intake
- Induced draught (draft) fan

## Main disadvantage of fossil fuel thermal power plant

Fossil fueled thermal power plants produce a large part of man-made CO2 emissions to the atmosphere, and efforts to reduce these are varied and widespread.
1. It occupies lot of space and release gases.

## Related pages

- Geothermic power plant
- thermal energy from the oceans
- solar power
- nuclear power plant
- coal and other fossil fuels, such as gas
Ruth Buzzi

**Ruth Ann Buzzi** (July 24, 1936 – May 1, 2025) was an American comedian and actress.  She was most famous for her performances on the variety show _Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In_. She appeared as the unwilling object of "dirty old man" character Tyrone F. Horneigh's affection. Ruth appeared as Ruthie on _Sesame Street_ for several seasons.

## Awards

Buzzi received 5 Emmy Award nominations.  She won the Golden Globe Award in 1973 for her work on _Laugh-In_.

Buzzi received the Lifetime Achievement Award by the Pasadena Playhouse of the Performing Arts.

Buzzi received a Clio Award for Best Spokesperson in a television commercial for her series of Clorox-2 commercials. She is among the first of only a few Caucasian women to win an NAACP Image Award.

Ruth Buzzi guest starred as a music and comedy performer on dozens of prime time television specials with colleagues including Jonathan Winters, Carol Burnett, Jim Nabors, Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lee Lewis, Wayne Newton, Anne Murray, Rolf Harris, Dom DeLuise, Tony Orlando to name just a few.  She appeared 8 times on _The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson_ and has made more than 200 other television guest appearances.

Ruth Buzzi graduated with honors from the Pasadena Playhouse in Pasadena, California.  She was one of the first recipients of the Pasadena Playhouse Alumni Achievement Award along with her former classmates Dustin Hoffman and Gene Hackman.

Buzzi was a presenter at the 2009 Emmy Awards along with several members of her debut series, _Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In_.

## Personal life

Buzzi lived in Texas with her husband.  Buzzi and her husband collect automobiles.  Some of their collection is at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles, California.

Buzzi was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2012. In July 2022, it was reported that Buzzi had suffered a multiple strokes.

Buzzi died at her home in her sleep in hospice care in Stephenville, Texas from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease on May 1, 2025, at the age of 88.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Ruth Buzzi 1996.jpg
- **caption**: Buzzi in 1996
- **birth name**: Ruth Ann Buzzi
- **birth place**: Westerly, Rhode Island, U.S.
- **death place**: Stephenville, Texas, U.S.
- **resting place**: Mount Sinai Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1956–2021
NART TV

**NART TV** (National Adighe Radio and Television) is a Circassian satellite TV channel which broadcasts from Amman, Jordan. The channel is gaining in popularity and is beginning to get a larger audience in Jordan, Syria and Turkey.

## History

Young Circassians from Jordan decided to open a Circassian-language TV channel with a hope to find international exposure for the Circassian people who live overseas. The experimental channel began broadcasting Circassian music and dance like on MTV. Through the years it has become a commercial channel broadcasting social events, documentaries and activities of the Circassian diaspora. It is continuously under development and regeneration with the increase of advertising incomes from local commercial activities.

## TV programming

The footpath of the transmission covers a large area of Europe, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Starting in 2011, the channel began to broadcast new programs, moving to normal entertainment schedules. It also switched to including some programs in Arabic because of the concern that many young Circassians (especially in Jordan) do not understand the original Circassian language. A collection of new shows were introduced including live interviews and specific social programs and entertainment programs. Teaching Circassian language in different dialects was also introduced.
Volcano rabbit

The **volcano rabbit** (also known as **teporingo** or **zacatuche**) is a small rabbit native to Mexico. The rabbit lives on about 280 square kilometers of land in central Mexico. The rabbit is ranked as endangered by the IUCN.
Happy Science

is a new religious movement in Japan. Ryuho Okawa started the religion on October 6th, 1986. On February 2nd, 2008, the group changed its official English name. It had been called _Kofuku-no-Kagaku_, which is a version of the Japanese name in Latin alphabet. The group now calls itself "Happy Science" in English.

## Related pages

- The Happiness Realization Party is the religion's political party. Although it fields many candidates in almost every Japanese nationwide election, as of 2018 it has no seats in the Japanese Diet.

## Further reading

- Clarke, Peter B. (ed.) (1999), 'Kofuku-no-Kagaku: The Institute for Research in Human Happiness' in _A Bibliography of Japanese New Religious Movements: With Annotations_, Surrey, UK, Japan Library (Curzon), , pp. 149–67
- Yamashita, Akiko (1998), 'The "Eschatology" of Japanese new and new new religions: from Tenrikyo to Kofuku-no-Kagaku' in _Japanese Religions_, Vol. 23, January 1998, NCC, Kyoto, Japan, pp. 125–42
- The Transformation of a Recent Japanese New Religion: Okawa Ryuho and Kofuku no kagaku, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 22 p 343-380

## Other websites

- Official website
- HS North America
West Coast Eagles

The **West Coast Eagles** are an Australian Rules Football team in Perth, Western Australia.
Subiaco Oval

**Subiaco Oval**, also known as **Patersons Stadium** and **Domain Stadium**, was a sports stadium. It was the largest sports stadium in Perth, Western Australia. It was in the suburb of Subiaco, about three kilometres west of Perth's city centre.

The stadium was demolished in November 2019.

## Further reading

- Wilson, Ray (2008) _Field of Dreams: Celebration of Subiaco Oval's 100th year_ Perth, Western Australia: _The West Australian_  16 pp – inserted into 7 May 2008 edition of The West Australian newspaper.

## Other websites

- Satellite image of Subiaco Oval

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Patersons Stadium
- **image**:
- **caption**: Subiaco Oval entrance
- **location**: Roberts Rd, Subiaco, Western Australia
- **broke ground**: 1908
- **opened**: 1908
- **closed**: 2017
- **demolished**: 2019
- **owner**: Western Australian Government
- **operator**: West Australian Football Commission
- **surface**: Grass
- **construction cost**: 1991 Rebuild – AU$45 million
- **architect**: Various
- **former names**: Mueller Park, Subiaco Oval
- **tenants**: Fremantle Football Club, Fremantle Dockers (Australian Football League, AFL) (1995–2017)
West Coast Eagles (VFL / AFL) (1987–2017)
Australia international rules football team
Australia national rugby union team, Australia Wallabies (rugby union)
Western Force (Super 14) (2006–2009)
- **seating capacity**: 43,500 (seating only)
John Sulston

Sir **John Edward Sulston** FRS (27 March 1942 – 6 March 2018) was a British biologist. He was a joint winner of the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

He was the first Director of the Wellcome Sanger Institute, and then Chair of the Institute for Science, Ethics and Innovation at the University of Manchester.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2000.

Sulston was one of 20 Nobel laureates who signed the "Stockholm memorandum" at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.

## Work

He first studied at the University of Cambridge in Pembroke College, where he graduated in 1963. He then stayed on to do his PhD there. After working at the Salk Institute, La Jolla, California, for a while, he returned to Cambridge to work under Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology.

Sulston played a central role in both the _Caenorhabditis elegans_ roundworm and human genome sequencing projects. As sequencing of the worm genome proceeded, the project to sequence the human genome began. At this point he was made director of the newly established Sanger Centre (named after Fred Sanger).

One of Sulston's most important contributions during his research years at the LMB was to find the precise order in which cells in _C. elegans_ divide. In fact, he and his team succeeded in tracing the nematode's entire embryonic cell lineage.  Sulston was a leading campaigner against the patenting of human genetic information.

## Death

Sulston died on 6 March 2018 at the age of 75.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Sir John Sulston
- **image**: John_Sulston.jpg
- **birth date**: 27 March 1942
- **birth place**: Cambridge, England
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, Britain
- **field**: Biology
- **workplaces**: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, University of Manchester
- **alma mater**: Cambridge University, Cambridge
- **known for**: _Caenorhabditis elegans_, Apoptosis
- **awards**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002
Aaron Klug

Sir **Aaron Klug** OM PRS (August 11, 1926 – November 20, 2018) was a Lithuanian-born British chemist and biophysicist.

Klug won the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing crystallographic electron microscopy and working out the structure of nucleic acid-protein complexes.

## Biography

Klug was born in Želva, Lithuania to Jewish parents. The family moved to South Africa when he was two. Klug graduated with a degree in science at the University of Witwatersrand and studied crystallography at the University of Cape Town before moving to England, completing his doctorate at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1953.

He moved to Birkbeck College, University of London, in late 1953, and started working with Rosalind Franklin in John Bernal's lab. This experience aroused a lifelong interest in viruses. During his time there he worked on the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus.

In 1962 he moved to the newly built MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. Klug used methods from X-ray diffraction to develop crystallographic electron microscopy. In this method, two-dimensional images of crystals taken from different angles are combined to make three-dimensional images of the target. He worked out the structure of important nucleic acid-protein complexes.

Between 1986 and 1996 he was Director of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, and was knighted in 1988. He was elected President of the Royal Society, and served from 1995–2000. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1990. He was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1995.

Klung died on November 20, 2018 in Cambridge at the age of 92.

## Further reading

- this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.
- Aaron Klug tells his life story at Web of Stories
- Aaron Klug biography at the Nobel Foundation
- Aaron Klug interviews with Harry Kroto
- Aaron Klug article   by Bob Weintraub.
- The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
- Aaron Klug interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 11 December 2007 (film)
- Listen to an oral history interview with Aaron Klug – a life story interview recorded for National Life Stories  at the British Library

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Aaron Klug
- **image**: Aaron Klug 1979.jpg
- **caption**: Aaron Klug in 1979
- **birth place**: Želva, Lithuania
- **death place**: Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom, U.K.
- **nationality**: British
- **field**: Biophysics, chemistry
- **work institutions**: University of Cambridge
Birkbeck, University of London
- **known for**: electron crystallography
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1982
STS-2

**STS-2** was the second flight of the space shuttle. It flew in November 1981.
Planck units

The **Planck units** are physical units of measurement. The system of these units was first developed by Max Planck. The four basic Planck units are based only on four physical constants found in nature.  When Planck units are used to express any of these four physical constants, the value is 1.  This allows physicists to simplify many equations about physical law. Planck proposed these units in 1899.

Planck units are unique: they are based only on properties of free space (a vacuum). Planck units are also called _natural units_ because they come only from properties of nature and not from any human construct.  Planck units are only one system of natural units among other systems. The constants that Planck units define as 1 are these:

- The speed of light in a vacuum, _c_;
- The gravitational constant, _G_;
- The reduced Planck constant, _ħ_;
- The Boltzmann constant, _k_<sub>B</sub> (sometimes _k_).

Each of these constants has at least one fundamental physical theory: _c_ with special relativity, _G_ with general relativity and Newton's law of universal gravitation, _ħ_ with quantum mechanics, _ε_<sub>0</sub> with electrostatics, and _k_<sub>B</sub> with statistical mechanics and thermodynamics.

Planck units are very important for theoretical physics, because they simplify several recurring algebraic expressions of physical law. They are particularly relevant in research on unified theories such as quantum gravity.

Planck units may sometimes be semi-humorously referred to by physicists as _"God's units"_.  They eliminate human centered arbitrariness from the system of units: some physicists argue that communication with extraterrestrial intelligence would have to use such a system of units to make common reference to scale. Unlike the meter and second, which exist as fundamental units in the SI system for historical reasons, the Planck length and Planck time are linked at a fundamental physical level.

Natural units help physicists to reframe questions.  Frank Wilczek puts this succinctly:

The strength of gravity is simply what it is and the strength of the electromagnetic force is simply what it is.
Blah Blah Blah

"**Blah Blah Blah**" is a song by American singer Kesha. It is from her first album, _Animal_. It was produced by Benny Blanco. Kesha, Blanco, Neon Hitch and Sean Foreman wrote the song. It was released as the album's second single on February 19, 2010. It features the alternative band 3OH!3. The song is an electropop song. The lyrics are about a woman who would rather have sex than listen to a man speak.

Critics have mixed opinions on the song. The single was successful commercially by reaching the top five in Australia and Canada. It reached the top ten in the United States and New Zealand. The song became Kesha's second top ten single in Australia, Canada and the United States. It has gone on to sell over two million copies in the United States. It has been certified two times platinum in Canada.

## Infobox (single)

- **name**: Blah Blah Blah
- **artist**: Kesha featuring 3OH!3
- **album**: Animal (Kesha album), Animal
- **recorded**: Lotzah Matzah Studios, New York City, New York
- **length**: 2:52
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA
- **producer**: Benny Blanco
- **chronology**: Kesha
- **prev title**: Tik Tok
- **prev year**: 2009
- **title**: Blah Blah Blah
- **year**: 2010
- **next title**: Dirty Picture
- **next year**: 2010
Dorothy Hodgkin

**Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin**  (12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994), was a British chemist. She developed protein crystallography. Hodgkin received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964.

## Early life

Hodgkin was born in Cairo, Egypt. She and her sisters were sent to live in England when World War l started. She spent the rest of her life there.

Her mother was an expert on nature and Ancient Egyptian textiles. Hodgkin’s father was a British archeologist and scholar.

## Career

She studied crystals and became a tutor at Somerville College, Oxford. In 1969, Hodgkin used computer technology to analyse the structure of Insulin. Insulin is a protein which is used to treat diabetes.

Hodgkin advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography. It is a method used to discover the three dimensional structures of biomolecules.

Ernst Chain thought he had found the structure of penicillin, and Hodgkin proved he was right. She also found the structure of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>. For her work she was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

In 1969, after 35 years of work and five years after winning the Nobel Prize, Hodgkin was able to find the structure of insulin.

X-ray crystallography became a widely used tool and was used to find the structures of many biological molecules, such as DNA. The structure of molecules helps us understand how they work.

## Honours

Apart from the Nobel Prize, she was appointed to the Order of Merit, and given the Copley Medal, the top award of the Royal Society.

Later, she was Chancellor of Bristol University from 1970 to 1988, and President of Pugwash from 1976 to 1988. Pugwash is an organization which holds conferences on Science and World Affairs.

Her best-known student was Margaret Thatcher, who consulted her when she (Thatcher) was in office.

## Controversies

Hodgkin was not allowed to enter the United States without special permission from the CIA. She protested and wanted world peace. She was also a friend of J.D. Bernal, who was also left-wing. She received the Lenin Peace Prize in 1987.

Hodgkin died of a stroke in 1994.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Dorothy Hodgkin
- **image**: File:Dorothy Hodgkin blue plaque in Oxford.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Order of Merit medal of Dorothy Hodgkin,
displayed in the Royal Society, London, 2004.
- **birth name**: Dorothy Mary Crowfoot
- **birth place**: Cairo, Egypt
- **death place**: Ilmington, Warwickshire, England
- **nationality**: British
- **education**: Sir John Leman High School, Sir John Leman Grammar School
- **doctoral advisor**: John Desmond Bernal
- **thesis title**: X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of the sterols
- **thesis year**: 1937
- **thesis url**: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.727110
- **children**: Luke, Elizabeth, and Toby
- **field**: Biochemistry
X-ray crystallography
Friday (Rebecca Black song)

"**Friday**" is a song by American singer Rebecca Black. It was written and produced by Clarence Jey and Patrice Wilson. It was released as a single on February 10, 2011, and then, it premiered on iTunes on March 14, 2011 by Ark Music Factory as Black's debut single.

## Background

A worker for Ark Music Factory told Rebecca Black's mother about the company's production services in late 2010; Black was 13 years old at the time. She was living in Anaheim Hills, California. Rebecca Black's mother, Georgina Kelly, paid Ark Music $4,000 for a song and a music video that included a choice of two songs written beforehand. Black chose "Friday", as "the other song was about adult love – I haven't experienced that yet. I felt like it was my personality in that song."

The payment covered one half or less of the production costs of the music video, and Black's family could have paid nothing in exchange for giving up all rights to the song. Ark Music extensively used the pitch-correcting software Auto-Tune. Although Kelly had some doubts over the quality of the lyrics, Black assured her that "I sang it as they wrote it, Mom." "Friday" co-writer Patrice Wilson explained that "I wrote the lyrics on a Thursday night going into a Friday. I was writing different songs all night and was like, 'Wow, I've been up a long time and it's Friday.' And I was like, wow, it is Friday!"

## Reception

The music video for the song became a viral video. The song was criticized for the lyrics, the use of Auto-Tune and the video. On March 11, 2011, the video's view count on YouTube was still about 4,000. As of April 15, 2011, the video had over 102 million views, 2.1 million comments, 240 000 "likes" and 2 million "dislikes". Since the growth in popularity of the song and video, there have been numerous parody videos and remixes.  _Forbes_ has said that the unpopularity of the song is another sign of the power of social media – specifically Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr. It also said these media could create "overnight sensations." Despite the very bad reviews, pop music celebrities Chris Brown, Miley Cyrus, and Simon Cowell have supported Black.

The music video for the song is one of the most disliked YouTube videos of all time.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Friday
- **artist**: Rebecca Black
- **released**: February 10, 2011
March 14, 2011
- **recorded**: December 18, 2010 in Los Angeles, California
- **length**: 3:30 <small>(single release)</small>
3:44 <small>(music video version with rap)</small>
- **label**: ARK Music Factory
- **writer**: Clarence Jey, Patrice Wilson
- **producer**: Clarence Jey, Patrice Wilson
- **next title**: My Moment (Rebecca Black song), My Moment
- **next year**: 2011
Aurora, Colorado

**Aurora** is a Home Rule Municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado. The city is in Arapahoe, Adams, and Douglas counties. It is the third biggest city by number of people in Colorado, and the 52nd most populous city in the United States. The city's population was 386,261 during the 2020 United States Census.

## Main cities

Denver and Aurora are the main cities of the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area, a United States metropolitan area (MSA). In 2020, the cities within the statistical area had 2,963,821 people, which makes it the MSA with the 19th most people.

However, Denver and Aurora together make up less than half of the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield Metropolitan Statistical Area's people and Aurora has about half of the population of Denver. In 2020, the Denver–Aurora combined statistical area (CSA) had 3,623,560 people. That makes it the CSA with the 17th most people.

## History

Aurora started in the 1880s, when it was known as Fletcher, the name of Denver businessman Donald Fletcher. Fletcher thought of Aurora as a chance for real estate. He and his companions went out four square miles east of Denver, but the town and Colorado were not doing well after the Silver Crash of 1893.

## Shootings

On July 20, 2012, a spree shooting took place at a during the midnight premiere of _The Dark Knight Rises_ at a local movie theater - 12 people were shot dead.
SpongeBob SquigglePants

***SpongeBob SquigglePants*** is a video game based on the television series _SpongeBob SquarePants_. It is the fourth game in the uDraw Series. It was published by THQ and developed by WayForward Technologies.

The game was released for Wii on April 12, 2011. It was released for Nintendo 3DS on May 17, 2011.

It contains over 100 mini-games that require using the uDraw GameTablet. It allows players to draw their own paintings or color in them.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: SpongeBob SquigglePants
- **genre**: Action
- **publisher**: THQ
- **developer**: WayForward Technologies
- **released**: **Wii**:**Nintendo 3DS**:
- **platforms**: Wii
Nintendo 3DS
Derby Museum and Art Gallery

**Derby Museum and Art Gallery** was started in 1879 in a new building given to Derby by a local brewer. The collection today includes paintings of Joseph Wright of Derby and porcelain from Derby and the surrounding area.

## Wright of Derby

In 2011, Derby City Council announced that it was to use Joseph Wright of Derby to brand the city of Derby. At the same time, the Museum announced that it was "joining forces" with Wikipedia to improve the quality of its information. In February 2011 it was announced that Derby Museum had been given an award for its collection of paintings and drawings by Joseph Wright.

## Related pages

- Derwent Valley Mills

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: Derby Museum and Art Gallery
- **image**: Derby Museum Flowers 2475926344 d64a8a8f6e o.jpg
- **caption**: The 1964 extension to the original building houses the museum and art gallery today
- **collection**: Joseph Wright paintings
- **location**: the Wardwick in Derby
All Killer, No Filler

***All Killer, No Filler*** is the first studio album by Canadian rock band, Sum 41. It was released on May 8, 2001. The producer of the album was Jerry Finn. The album was ranked as the 9th greatest punk pop album of all time by Top40.com.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: All Killer, No Filler
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Sum 41
- **released**: May 8, 2001
- **recorded**: 2000-2001
- **genre**: Pop punk, pop rock
- **length**: 32:13
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Aquarius Records (record label), Aquarius (<small>Canada</small>)
Island Records, Island (<small>US</small>)
- **producer**: Jerry Finn
- **prev title**: Half Hour Of Power
- **prev year**: 2000
- **next title**: Does This Look Infected?
- **next year**: 2002
Joseph Wright of Derby

**Joseph Wright** (3 September 1734 – 29 August 1797), (**Wright of Derby**), was an English landscape and portrait painter. He painted the Industrial Revolution."

Wright showed the contrast of light and dark. His paintings of early science in the English Midlands, show the Age of Enlightenment.

Many of Wright's paintings and drawings are on display at the Derby Museum and Art Gallery.

## Related pages

- Derby Museum and Art Gallery
Rotary evaporator

A **rotary evaporator** (or **rotavap**) is  commonly used in chemical laboratories to remove solvents by evaporation.

The liquid is put in a round-bottomed flask and placed in the device. The rotavap spins and heats the flask and reduces the pressure inside by creating a vacuum. The vacuum makes the liquid evaporate at a low temperature than normal. The liquid becomes a gas and is collected by cooling it so it condenses into another flask.

If there are substances dissolved in the liquid they will be left behind in when it evaporates. If water with salt dissolved in it is evaporated, then pure water and dry salt will be separated. Scientists use rotary evaporators to remove the liquid a solid is dissolved in.

Rotary evaporators are often quicker to use than evaporating basins. They can be used for distillations.
Reptar on Ice

**"Reptar on Ice"** is the twenty-third episode of the Nickelodeon show _Rugrats_. It aired November 15, 1992.

## Summary

Tommy is disgruntled at a comment Angelica makes at a breakfast about the dinosaurs being extinct and expresses his concern to the other babies of the possibility of Reptar being extinct too. After an accidental suggestion by Chuckie's that he's "hiding," the babies look for him in the backyard and discover a lizard which looks exactly like him and come to assumption that it is Reptar's child. To keep him in a secret from the grown-ups, Tommy hides the lizard inside his diaper and the lizard crawls around inside Tommy’s diaper causing him to twitch and squirm a lot while the babies ponder what to do with Reptar's Baby. A commercial for "Reptar on Ice" suddenly plays, to the shock of the babies and Stu decides to take them all. The babies are now thrilled because they can now "return" the lizard to its "father".

As they arrive at the ice show, Leo, the actor portraying "Reptar", shows his outrage at the theme of the show manager, Harry, how he questions why he chose to the play the part due to his dislike of children, lizards, and his inability to the ice skate. The performance begins and as it continues, the adults fall asleep; the babies then take this time to give the lizard to "Reptar." They go onto the ice and rides on the props to catch up with him. They get caught in the midst of a scene and inadvertently interrupt the performance; Leo tries to continue performing, but freaks out and runs off when Tommy shows him the lizard. Stu gets on the ice and picks up the babies, to the audience's applause. As Stu is holding Tommy up against him, the lizard crawls out of Tommy’s diaper looking around then notices another place to explore which is Stu’s jeans and jumps out of Tommy’s diaper and inside Stu’s jeans making Stu move abnormally causing him to strongly twitch and squirm as the lizard crawls around inside his jeans....

## Cast

- Tommy Pickles (voiced by E.G. Daily)
- Phil and Lil DeVille (voiced by Kath Soucie)
- Chuckie Finster (voiced by Christine Cavanaugh)
- Angelica Pickles (voiced by Cheryl Chase)
- Reptar (voiced by John Schuck)
- Stu Pickles (voiced by Jack Riley)
- Grandpa Lou (voiced by David Doyle)
- Didi Pickles (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)

## Home releases

"Reptar on Ice" was released on the VHS _Rugrats: Return of Reptar_, the DVD _Rugrats: Decade in Diapers_, _Rugrats: Season 2_ and will be released on _Rugrats: The Complete Series_.

## Infobox (television)

- **writer**: Paul Germain
- **director**: Howard Baker
- **runtime**: 11 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **network**: Nickelodeon
Killing of Peter Connelly

**Peter Connelly** (1 March 2006 – 3 August 2007) (also known as "**Baby P**", "**Child A**" and "**Baby Peter**") was a 17-month-old British child. He died of child abuse on 3 August 2007 in London, England after suffering more than 50 injuries over an eight-month period. His mother, her partner and his brother were sent to prison for attacking him. The case resulted in several big investigations into how the social services department of Haringey Council carried out its job looking after children in danger. In a similar case, the same child welfare authorities had failed seven years earlier in the murder of Victoria Climbié.
There had been a public inquiry and measures had been put in place to prevent similar cases.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peter Connelly
"Baby P"
- **birth place**: London, United Kingdom
- **death date**: (aged )
- **death place**: London, United Kingdom
- **death cause**: Homicide by Murder. Child abuse
- **resting place**: St Pancras and Islington Cemetery
East Finchley, North London
- **nationality**: British
- **parents**: Tracey Connelly (mother)
Waikiki

**Waikīkī** is a neighborhood of Honolulu, on the south shore of Oahu, Hawaii. **Waikiki Beach** is the shoreline in front of Waikīkī.

The name __ means "spouting fresh water" in the Hawaiian language. This because the area had springs and streams that fed wetlands.
Interchange (road)

An **interchange** is a place where two freeways meet, or where a freeway and another road meet. An interchange has two levels so traffic going through does not meet. Different levels are connected by ramps. There are many different types of freeway interchanges. The two most common types of freeway interchanges are the diamond interchange and the cloverleaf interchange:

- A diamond interchange has four ramps that enter and leave the freeway at a small angle and meet the non-freeway at almost right angles. These ramps at the non-freeway can be controlled through stop signs or traffic signals. The name comes from the diamond-like shape.
- A cloverleaf interchange has eight ramps that handle all traffic without stop signs or traffic lights. To turn left, traffic goes in a 270° turn. The name comes from the four-leaf clover-like shape.
A Rugrats Passover

**"A Rugrats Passover"** (possibly known as **"Passover"** in the opening title) is the sixty-fifth episode of the Nickelodeon show _Rugrats_. It aired April 13, 1995.

## Summary

While attending a Passover seder at Didi's parents' house, Boris and the kids (and later, most of the adults), get locked in the attic because the door doesn't open from the inside. To pass the time, Boris tells the kids the story of why Jews celecrate Passover, and how Moses saved his people from slavery.

## Cast

- Tommy Pickles (voiced by E.G. Daily)
- Chuckie Finster (voiced by Christine Cavanaugh)
- Angelica Pickles (voiced by Cheryl Chase)
- Didi Pickles (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)
- Grandpa Boris (voiced by David Doyle)
- Grandma Minka (voiced by Melanie Chartoff)

## Home releases

"A Rugrats Passover" was released on the VHS _Rugrats: A Rugrats Passover_, and will be released on the DVD _Rugrats: The Complete Series_.

## Infobox (television)

- **writer**: Paul Germain
- **director**: Howard Baker
- **runtime**: 23 minutes
- **country**: USA
- **language**: English language, English
- **network**: Nickelodeon
Major Oak

**Major Oak** is a very large and old oak tree in Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire.
The tree is famous because of the story of _Robin Hood_.
It is one of the best known trees in England.

|Name|
| --- |
|Major Oak|
|Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, England|
|English oak (_Quercus robur_)|
|800–1,000 years (approx.)|
|about 10–11 m|
|around 20 m|
|Part of Sherwood Forest Country Park|

## Age and size

People estimate the Major Oak is many hundreds of years old.
The tree has a very wide trunk.
In the past, wooden supports were added to help hold its heavy branches.

## Protection

The Major Oak is protected.
The tree is inside a fenced area to keep visitors from walking too near its roots.
The National Trust cares for the tree with help from other organisations.

## Visitor information

Visitors come from many countries to see the Major Oak.
There are paths, signs and a visitor centre in Sherwood Forest with information about the tree and local history.

## See also

- Sherwood Forest
- Robin Hood
Jar Jar Binks

**Jar Jar Binks** is a fictional character from the Star Wars movie _Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace_. He also appears in _Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones_ and _Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith_. He is a Gungan and was born on the planet Naboo. Jar Jar is treated like the "class clown" by the other Gungans, and is often yelled at for being clumsy. This changes when two Jedi named Obi-Wan Kenobi and Qui-Gon Jinn are stranded on Naboo and Jar Jar accidentally stumbles into them in a swamp. He shows them his home, an underwater city built by Gungans to stay away from humans. There, he gets in trouble for letting humans into their secret city. The Jedi use the Force to convince the Gungan leader, Boss Nass, to let them leave safely. He is hated by many fans, and critics have accused him of being a racist stereotype of black people.

## Reception

Jar Jar is considered one of the worst characters in movie history since his debut.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Jar Jar Binks
- **nationality**: Naboo
- **first**: Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace
- **last**: Star Wars: The Clone Wars (TV series), Star Wars: The Clone Wars
- **species**: Gungan
Gungan

The **Gungans** are a fictional race of creatures from the Star Wars universe. They are amphibious (frog-like) creatures that live on the planet Naboo. The most famous Gungan is a character named Jar Jar Binks from _Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace_.