juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hippolyte Bouchard

**Hippolyte** or **Hipólito Bouchard** (15 January 1780 – 4 January 1837), also called **Pirata Buchar** in California was a French-born Argentine sailor and corsair (pirate). He fought for Argentina, Chile, and Peru.

As a pirate, he attacked Chile and Peru. He was under the command of the Irish-Argentine Admiral William Brown. He blocked the port of Manila, Philippines. Bouchard also recovered a privateer who was taken by enemies in Hawaii. While in Hawaii, he also met the local ruler, King Kamehameha I. His forces were in Monterey, California. In Monterey, he started a colony and raised the Argentine flag. He would keep the town for 6 days. After raiding Monterey, he stole from Mission San Juan Capistrano in Southern California. At the end of his voyage(travels), he raided many Spanish ports in Central America. He was called a hero and patriot in Argentina. Many places are named after Bouchard.

## Related pages

- May Revolution
- Argentine War of Independence
- Napoleon

## Other websites

- Hipólito (Hypolite) Bouchard and the Raid of 1818 at Monterey County Historical Society

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hippolyte Bouchard
- **birthname**: André Paul Bouchard
- **image**: Hipólito Bouchard.jpg
- **caption**: Hippolyte Bouchard, oil on canvas
by José Gil de Castro
- **birth place**: Bormes-les-Mimosas, Kingdom of France
- **death place**: near Palpa, Peru, Palpa, North Peru, Peru–Bolivian Confederation
Hayk Ordyan

**Hayk Ordyan** (Armenian: Հայկ Օրդյան, December 3, 1978, Yerevan), is an Armenian director and producer.

### Documentary

- 2004 - "The Story of Armenian Wine"
- 2004 - "Anonymous graves"
- 2007 - "Frunzik Mkrtchyan. life on tape"
- 2009 - "The Poet of Cinema: Artavazd Peleshyan"
- 2012 - "Edward Ghazaryan: Miracle Worker"
- 2015 - "Genocide. Beginning" (with Stanislav Sidorov)
- 2023 - "Before the beautiful break. Ohan Duryan"

### Documentary series

- 2016 - "The Keepers of Leopard Land"
- 2017 - "Revolution Live"
- 2017 - "This is China"
- 2018 - "Argentinian DNA"
- 2018 - "Bolivian DNA"
- 2019 - "Russo-Latino. Peru"

### Feature

- 2014 - “Agony” (short)
- 2021 - “Zulali”
- Upcoming - "Spring behind the door"

## Awards

- 2022 - Cinema without barriers- “The Best Film about Kids” (Zulali)
- 2023 - Festival Universine Nantes - "Peoples choice" (Zulali)
- 2023 - Orvinio cinema film festival - “The best international film” (Zulali)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hayk Ordyan
- **image**: Հայկ Օրդյան.webp
- **birth date**: December 3, 1978
- **birth place**: Yerevan, Armenia
- **nationality**: Armenians, Armenian
- **occupation**: director, producer.
California Citizens Redistricting Commission

The **California Citizens Redistricting Commission** is the redistricting commission for the State of California. They made the boundaries of the districts for the State Senate, State Assembly, and Board of Equalization. The commission was created in 2010. It had 14 members. 5 of the members were Democrats. 5 of the members were Republicans. 4 of the members were from neither major party. The commission was created after the California Proposition 11 or the Voters First Act in 2008. The commissioners were selected in November and December 2010. All of the members had to make the new maps by August 15, 2011.

The California Proposition 20, or Voters First Act for Congress was passed in 2010. This meant that the commission also had to redraw the state's U.S. congressional district boundaries.

## Membership

Daniel Claypool was the executive director of the commission. The commissioners are:

|Image|Name|Party|Joined|Left|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Gabino Aguirre|Democratic|December 15, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Angelo Ancheta|Democratic|February 10, 2011|July 2, 2020|
||Vincent P. Barraba|Republican|December 6, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Maria Blanco|Democratic|December 15, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Cynthia Dai|Democratic|December 6, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Michelle R. DiGuilio|Other (No Party Preference)|December 15, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Stanley Forbes|Other (Decline-To-State)|December 6, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Elaine Kuo|Democratic|December 6, 2010|January 14, 2011|
||Connie Malloy|Other (Decline-To-State)|December 6, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Libert "Gil" R. Ontai|Republican|December 15, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||M. Andre Parvenu|Other (Decline-To-State)|December 15, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Jeanne Raya|Democratic|December 6, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Michael Ward|Republican|December 15, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Jodie Filkins Webber|Republican|December 6, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Peter Yao|Republican|December 6, 2010|July 2, 2020|
||Isra Ahmad|Other (Decline-To-State)|July 2, 2020|Incumbent|
||Linda Akutagawa|Other (Decline-To-State)|August 7, 2020|Incumbent|
||Jane Andersen|Republican|July 2, 2020|Incumbent|
||Alicia Fernández|Republican|August 7, 2020|Incumbent|
||Neal Fornaciari|Republican|July 2, 2020|Incumbent|
||J. Ray Kennedy|Democratic|July 2, 2020|Incumbent|
||Antonio Le Mons|Other (Decline-To-State)|July 2, 2020|Incumbent|
||Sara Sadhwani|Democratic|July 2, 2020|Incumbent|
||Patricia Sinay|Democratic|August 7, 2020|Incumbent|
||Derric Taylor|Republican|July 2, 2020|Incumbent|
||Pedro Toledo|Other (Decline-To-State)|August 7, 2020|Incumbent|
||Trena Turner|Democratic|July 2, 2020|Incumbent|
||Angela Vázquez|Democratic|August 7, 2020|Incumbent|
||Russell Yee|Republican|August 7, 2020|Incumbent|

## Other websites

- Commission website
18th Street gang

The **18th Street Gang**, also called ***', ***', ***', or ***' in North America, is a Central American and Mexican street gang in Los Angeles.

It is one of the largest street gangs in Los Angeles, It has over 30,000–50,000 members.

## Other websites

- MS-13 Member's Trail Shows Gang's Movement 18th Street Gang/MS-13 Rivalry
- La Cloaca Internacional: Entrevista de dos horas a integrantes del Barrio 18 (in Spanish)
- FBI.gov
- ICE.gov

## Infobox (criminal organization)

- **name**: 18th Street Gang
- **image**: 18th Street gang graffiti.jpg
- **caption**: 18th Street graffiti
- **founded**: 1960s
- **founding location**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **years active**: 1960s–present
- **territory**: United States, Mexico, Central America, Canada
- **ethnicity**: Mexicans, Salvadorans, Hondurans, Guatemalans, Nicaraguans, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Native American, Costa Ricans
- **membership est**: 30,000–50,000 members
- **activities**: Drug trafficking, prostitution, extortion, kidnapping, robbery, assault, murder
- **allies**: * Mexican Mafia
* Other Sureños gangs
Rawal (clan)

**Rawal** is a clan of two Indian communities:
- Rawal Gujjars
- Rawal Rajputs
Åndalsnes

**Åndalsnes** is a town in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. It is the administrative center of Rauma Municipality.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Åndalsnes
- **settlement type**: List of towns and cities in Norway, Town/City
- **image skyline**: Aandalsnes 04.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Åndalsnes from the mountain Nebba
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Norway
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Norway, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Western Norway
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Norway, County
- **subdivision name2**: Møre og Romsdal
- **subdivision type3**: Districts of Norway, District
- **subdivision name3**: Romsdal
- **subdivision type4**: List of municipalities of Norway, Municipality
- **subdivision name4**: Rauma Municipality
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01:00
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +02:00
- **established title**: Established as
- **established date**:  
- **established title1**: List of towns and cities in Norway, Town ()
- **established date1**: 1996
- **area total km2**: 2.16
- **population as of**: 2024
- **population total**: 2483
- **population density km2**: 1150
- **population demonym**: Åndalsnesing
- **postal code type**: Post Code
- **postal code**: 6300 Åndalsnes
- **elevation m**: 2
Averøy

**Averøy** is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. In 2024, 5,955 people lived there.

The mayor, Ingrid Ovidie Rangønes, is elected until late 2027.
Hareid

**Hareid** is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. In 2024, 5,322 people lived there.

The mayor, Bernt Brandal, is elected until late 2027.
Sula, Møre og Romsdal

**Sula** is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. In 2024, 9,720 people lived there.

The mayor, Turid Kristin Sand Humlen, is elected until late 2027.
Gjemnes

**Gjemnes** is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. In 2024, 2,700 people lived there.

The mayor, Knut Sjømæling, is elected until late 2027.
Sunndal

**Sunndal** is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. In 2024, 7,227 people lived there.

The mayor, Ståle Refstie, is elected until late 2027.
Marmagne, Côte-d'Or

**Marmagne** is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in east France.

The Abbey of Fontenay is in the commune.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Marmagne
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Marmagne CO eglise.JPG
- **caption**: The church in Marmagne
- **arrondissement**: Montbard
- **canton**: Montbard
- **insee**: 21389
- **postal code**: 21500
- **mayor**: Marcel Drappier
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **elevation m**: 218
- **elevation min m**: 211
- **elevation max m**: 359
- **area km2**: 12.89
Fjord (municipality)

**Fjord** is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. In 2024, 3,408 people lived there.

The municipality was created on 1 January 2020 from the former municipalities of Norddal and Stordal.

The mayor, Terese Jemtegård Moen, is elected until late 2027.
Stordal

**Stordal** is a former municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. In 2020, it became a part of Fjord Municipality. In 2018, 972 people lived there.
Norddal

**Norddal** is a former municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway. In 2020, it became a part of Fjord Municipality. In 2018, 1,670 people lived there.
Irapuato

**Irapuato** is a city in the Mexican state of Guanajuato. It is the second-largest city in the state by population (after León). In 2010, 380,941 people lived there.
Reynosa

**Reynosa** is a city in the Mexican state of Tamaulipas. In 2010, 589,466 people lived there.
MIÉP–Jobbik

The **MIÉP–Jobbik Third Way Alliance of Parties** (Hungarian: _MIÉP–Jobbik a Harmadik Út Pártszövetség_) was a nationalist, radical far-right Hungarian party alliance created for the 2006 elections, which later turned out to be opportunistic.

## History

The party alliance was formed under the leadership of the Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MIÉP) and Movement for a Better Hungary (Jobbik), with some members of the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers, and Civic Party (FKGP) also joining. They chose this form of cooperation because a joint list would have required 10% of regional votes to enter parliament. In the election, they achieved 2.2% of the vote, failing to win any seats. Their slogan was "Occupation or Third Way." After the election, the alliance dissolved.

## Program

Their main goals were to double the minimum wage, tighten immigration to Hungary, introduce a fairer tax system, keep Hungarian farmland in Hungarian hands, replace the entire current political elite, establish a Trianon memorial day, eliminate "Roma crime" in Hungary, foster Hungarian national pride, review pro-American foreign policy, drastically reduce the number of parliamentarians, and create a fairer electoral system.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: MIÉP–Jobbik Third Way Alliance of Parties
- **native name**: MIÉP–Jobbik a Harmadik Út Pártszövetség
- **logo**: MIÉP_-_Jobbik_logó.jpg
- **colorcode**: #1e7225
- **foundation**: 7 October 2005
- **ideology**: Nationalism
Anti-Zionism
 Third way, Third Way
Anti-globalization movement, Anti-Globalization
 Euroscepticism
Irredentism
- **headquarters**: Budapest
- **country**: Hungary
- **dissolved**: 2006
- **native name lang**: hu
- **position**: Far-right
 Third way, Third Way
- **national**: Jobbik
Hungarian Justice and Life Party, MIÉP
Baja, Hungary

**Baja** is a city in Bács-Kiskun County, Hungary. It is the second largest city in Bács-Kiskun County by population, after the capital Kecskemét. About 35,000 people live there.

## Other websites

- Official website of Baja
United for Hungary

The **Unity for Hungary** (Hungarian: _Egységben Magyarországért_), also known as the **Opposition Coalition** (Hungarian: _Ellenzéki Összefogás_), was a big tent political alliance in Hungary that competed against Fidesz-KDNP in the 2022 election. However, the coalition lost the election.

The coalition aimed to field a single candidate in each of Hungary’s 106 electoral districts to challenge the Fidesz-KDNP candidate. If victorious, they planned to govern together based on a jointly agreed program and principles.

## Members

In 2021, Péter Márki-Zay became the joint prime ministerial candidate of the Unity for Hungary coalition. As a result, his party, the Everybody’s Hungary People’s Party, was considered part of the alliance, along with other smaller parties. However, only the six founding parties had decision-making authority.

### Main parties

- Hungarian Socialist Party
- Momentum Movement
- Democratic Coalition
- Movement for a Better Hungary
- LMP – Hungary's Green Party
- Dialogue – The Greens' Party

#### Associate parties

- Hungarian Liberal Party
- New Start
- Everybody's Hungary People's Party
- New World People's Party

#### Organizations

- Spark Movement
- 99 Movement

### National Assembly

|rowspan="2"|Election|rowspan="2"|Leader|colspan="2"|Constituency|colspan="2"|Party list|rowspan="2"|Seats|rowspan="2"|Status|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Péter Márki-Zay|1,983,708|36.90 (#2)|1,947,331|34.44 (#2)|57 / 199|Opposition||||||
|colspan="2"|Party|Seats|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Democratic Coalition|_DK_|15|
|Hungarian Socialist Party|_MSZP_|10|
|Momentum Movement|_Momentum_|10|
|Movement for a Better Hungary|_Jobbik_|10|
|Dialogue – The Greens' Party|_Párbeszéd_|6|
|LMP – Hungary's Green Party|_LMP_|5|
|colspan="2"|Ákos Hadházy (Independent)|1|

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: United for Hungary
- **native name**: Egységben Magyarországért
- **logo**: Logo_and_slogan_of_the_United_for_Hungary.png
- **colorcode**: #111842
- **leader**: Péter Márki-Zay
- **foundation**: 20 December 2020
- **ideology**: Viktor Orbán, Anti-Orbánism
- **country**: Hungary
- **dissolved**: 28 March 2024
- **colors**: Green
  Blue
- **native name lang**: hu
- **position**: Big tent
- **slogan**: _Legyen Magyarország mindannyiunké!_
(Let Hungary belong to us all!)
- **seats1**: <small>(2022-2026)
- **seats1 title**: National Assembly (Hungary), National Assembly
- **seats2 title**: European Parliament
- **seats3 title**: Counties of Hungary, County Assemblies
Shawpnil Shojib

**Shwapnil Shojib** (born 1991) is a Bangladeshi singer, actor, and anchor. He is known for Rabindra Sangeet, folk music and independent music. His full name is Sharif Md Sojib. He is also a popular news anchor of Bangladeshi Channel i.

## Career

Shwapnil learnt classical vocal from his aunt, Lutfun Nahar Lata. He also received a classical and Loghu Shangeet training from singer Ustad Ali Imam Chowdhuri. He has received his diploma in music from Bangladesh Shilpakala Academy, Faridpur. He learnt Rabindrasangeet under the tutelage of Rabindrasangeet singer Rezwana Choudhury Bannya. He also studied at Chhayanaut. His debut album was released in 2012 by G Series.

His first stage performance was at the age of five, alongside his aunt.

He is a listed singer of Bangladesh Betar and BTV. Shwapnil was the first official entry for North American Bengali Conference (NABC) in 2015 from Bangladesh.

His first solo album, _THE TAGORE TREASURY_ for G Series, was produced by Agniveena. After that, he released singles "Neel Otol", "Bhanga Goray Rabindranath", "Amar Mukti", "Sunil Sagore" etc.

## Discography

||Song Title|Co-Artist|Ref.|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2016|||
|Iman Chakraborty|||
|2016|||
|Jayati Chakraborty|||
|2018|||
|2018|||
|Iman Chakraborty|||
|2019|||
|Srabani Sen|||
|2019|||
|Dola|||
|2019|||
|Protik Hasan, Nadia Dora, Zakiya Sultana Kornia|||
|2020|||
|2020|||
|Tamanna Prome|||
|2021|||
|Shafi Mondol|||
|2022|||
|Rezwana Choudhury Bannya|||
|2023|||
|Priyangbada Banerjee|||
|2023|||
|Nikhita Gandhi|||
|2023|||
|Vishwa Mohan Bhatt|||
|2024|||
|2024|||
|Iman Chakraborty|||

## Awards

He was a child virtuoso and has received several national awards.

- Babisas Award 2018
- Nepal International Iconic Award 2021
- Bangladesh International Fame Award (BIFA) 2022
- Won "Prothom Maan" Rabindra Shangeet arranged by Jatiyo Rabindra Shangeet Shommilon Porisod, Bangladesh in junior group in 2007.
- Won first prize in Rabindra Shangeet arranged by National University of Bangladesh in year 2009.
- "Jatiyo Shishu Purushkar" in Rabindra Sangeet, 1998
- Shera Bangali and Bongoratna Shomannona 2022
- Global Music Award, Dubai for "Khoyeri Bikel" 2018
- Iconic Award (Best Singer) 2022
- Gold Medals at "Jatiyo Shikkha Shoptaho" 2000 & 2001 in Rabindra Shangeet.
- Iconic Star & Fashion Award
- 'Best Rabindra Sangeet Artiste' at Ananda Mela award 2023
- 21st Tele Cine Award-2024, India (Best Singer)
- Honored by the New York State Senate, USA for contributions to music 2024
- Acknowledged by the Mayor and Council of Franklin Township, Somerset County, New Jersey, for cultural impact 2025

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Shwapnil Shojib
- **image**: IMG-54161-Shwapnil-Shojib.jpg
- **image size**: 170px
- **caption**: Shwapnil Shojib in 2023
- **native name**: স্বপ্নীল সজীব
- **native name lang**: bn
- **birth place**: Bangladesh
- **years active**: 1998–present
- **spouse**: Unknown
New Start (Hungary)

**New Start** (Hungarian: _Új Kezdet_, **ÚK** or **UK**) was a conservative centrist party in Hungary.

## History

The party was founded in 2016 in Gödöllő.

In 2018, it ran in the elections alongside the LMP but did not win any seats. It also participated in the 2024 local elections but failed to gain any seats.

On February 24, 2025, the party dissolved itself without a legal successor.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: New Start
- **logo**: Új_Kezdet_logo.jpg
- **logo size**: 300px
- **colorcode**: #092e48
- **foundation**: 20 April 2016
- **ideology**: Conservatism
 Conservative liberalism
- **country**: Hungary
- **dissolved**: 24 February 2025
- **position**: Centre-right
Third way
Hungarian Democratic People's Party

The **Hungarian Democratic People’s Party** (Hungarian: _Magyar Demokrata Néppárt_, **MDNP**) was a Christian-conservative party. It split from the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) in 1996, participated in two elections, and then signed a reunification agreement with the MDF on April 2, 2005.

## History

The Hungarian Democratic People’s Party started on March 4, 1996, when Iván Szabó and others left the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) after Szabó lost a leadership vote.

Fifteen MPs, including well-known names like György Szabad, Géza Jeszenszky, and Imre Kónya, formed a group led by Szabó. In 1998, the MDNP didn’t get enough votes (5%) to win seats, so Szabó stepped down. Erzsébet Pusztai became leader and joined the Centre Party with other parties, but they only got 3.9% in 2002 and no seats.

On April 2, 2005, MDNP rejoined the MDF.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Hungarian Democratic People's Party
- **native name**: Magyar Demokrata Néppárt
- **logo**: MDNP_logo.jpg
- **logo size**: 250px
- **colorcode**: #15532d
- **foundation**: 1996
- **ideology**: Christian democracy Nationalism Conservatism
- **headquarters**: Budapest
- **website**: in Wayback Machine
- **country**: Hungary
- **dissolved**: 2005
- **position**: Right-wing
- **seats1**: (1996-1998)
- **seats1 title**: National Assembly (Hungary), National Assembly
Omar Shahabudin McDoom

**Omar Shahabudin McDoom** is a political scientist working at the London School of Economics (LSE).
Krikor Bogharian

**Krikor Bogharian** was a diarist who survived the Armenian genocide.
Chasing the Wind (movie)

***Chasing the Wind*** () is a 2025 Turkish romance movie directed by Engin Erden and written by Ceylan Naz Baycan. Produced by Lanistar Media, and stars Hande Erçel and Barış Arduç.

Principal photography commenced in June 2024 at Istanbul and took 25 working days to complete. The movie premiered worldwide on February 14, 2025 on Netflix.

## Cast

- Hande Erçel as Asli Mansoy
- Barış Arduç as Ege Yazici
- Barış Aytaç as Yaman
- Gözde Mutluer as Yasemin
- Deniz Balkanli as Gamze
- Olimpia Ahenk as Sirma
- Serhat Nalbantoglu as Nazmi
- Ahmet Saraçoglu as Arif Mansoy
- Tugrul Tulek as Cenk
- Kevork Türker as Korkmaz
- Sebnem Sönmez as Ferzan

### Development

The movie was developed under the working title _Another Love_ () and produced by Lanistar Media. In June 2024, the title of the movie was changed to _Rüzgara Bırak_.

### Casting

In 2024, Barış Arduç and Hande Erçel were reportedly cast to appear marking their first collaboration.

### Filming

Pre-production began in May 2024. The script reading was held on June 14, 2024. Principal photography of the movie commenced in June 2024, and filming ended in July 2024. The filming took place in Istanbul and İzmir.

## Music

The soundtrack for Chasing the Wind is composed by Oğuz Kaplangı and Serkan Celikoz.

## Release

The movie was made available to stream exclusively on Netflix on February 14, 2025.

## Reception

Ygor Monroe from _Caderno Pop_ awarded the movie 3/5 stars. Abhi Singhal of _The Pioneer_ rated the movie three stars out of five.

## Infobox (name module)

- tr
- Rüzgara Bırak


## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Chasing the Wind
- **director**: Engin Erden
- **screenplay**: Ceylan Naz Baycan
- **cinematography**: Muratcan Gökçe
- **editing**: Deniz Kayık
- **production companies**: Lanistar Media
- **distributor**: Netflix
- **runtime**: 96 minutes
- **country**: Turkey
- **language**: Turkish


## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Chasing the Wind
- **type**: Soundtrack
- **artist**: Oğuz Kaplangı and Serkan Celikoz
- **genre**: Soundtrack
- **language**: Turkish language, Turkish
- **label**: Elec-Trip Records
Vasco da Gama Pillar

The **Vasco da Gama Pillar** in Malindi, Kenya, was erected by the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama. It was constructed in 1498 or 1499 during his pioneering expedition from Lisbon to India via the Cape of Good Hope (1497–1499).

## History

Vasco da Gama visited Malindi from 15 to 24 April 1498. He was well received by the sultan of Malindi and was provided with food, fresh water and a pilot to take the trip across the Indian Ocean to Calicut (modern-day Kozhikode). During the voyage, the explorer was allowed to erect a pillar, which included a cross made of Portuguese limestone. Most historians suggest that this happened on his return from India in 1499.  The pillar in Malindi is the only one, which erected along the coast of Africa by the Portuguese and survived in its original form.

## In modern times

The pillar today is Malindi's most visited heritage site. Restoration work carried out since 2020 has included repairs of the existing seawalls and the pillar itself, the construction of a access route and washrooms for visitors.
Access to the pillar is subject to an entry ticket.

## In popular culture

- Kenyan stamps of 1998 celebrated the quincentenary of Vasco da Gama's visit.  One of the stamps showcased the pillar in an painter's impression that gave the pillar the traditional thin-column elevation rather than the conical form of the reinforced pillar and the massive cross visible today.

- Vasco da Gama Pillar described and repeatedly mentioned  in the novels _“Once in Malindi”_ and _“Our Wild Sex in Malindi”_ (by Andrei Gusev). The novels describe a few years living in Malindi of Russian writer Andy and his wife Jennifer, who was born in Kenya.

## Related pages

- Jumba la Mtwana
- Mnarani ruins
- Ruins of Gedi

## Infobox (monument)

- **name**: Vasco da Gama Pillar
- **image**: Pillar of Vasco da Gama.jpg
- **location**: Malindi, Kilifi County, Kenya
- **complete**: 1498 or 1499
Jeet Kune Do

**Jeet Kune Do** (; abbreviated **JKD**) is a hybrid martial art conceived and practiced by martial artist Bruce Lee.

## Tao of Jeet Kune Do

***Chinese Gung Fu: The Philosophical Art of Self-Defense*** is a book written by Bruce Lee expressing his martial arts philosophy and viewpoints. It describes his early style of gung fu which was based heavily on Wing Chun. This was before the development of his unique style of martial arts called Jeet Kune Do in the late 1960s.
_Chinese Gung Fu: The Philosophical Art of Self-Defense_ was published in early 1963 by Bruce Lee.

***Tao of Jeet Kune Do*** is a book expressing Bruce Lee's martial arts philosophy and viewpoints, published posthumously (after Bruce Lee's death in 1973).

## Other Websites

- Bruce Lee's Fighting Method Complete Edition on Internet Archive
- Be Water, My Friend — Bruce Lee
- Chinese Gung Fu: The Philosophical Art of Self-Defense PDF version at the Internet Archive

### Tao of Jeet Kune Do

- Tao of Jeet Kune Do archived on the Internet Archive
- AUDIOBOOK Tao of Jeet Kune Do
Nicholas Koumijan

**Nicholas Koumjian** is an American lawyer who works in international criminal law. He is the head of the United Nations Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar (IIMM). He has worked on many important international court cases.

## Early life and education

Koumjian was born in the United States. He studied law and business. He has a Juris Doctor (JD) from the University of North Carolina and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from the University of California, Los Angeles.

## Career

Koumjian has worked as a lawyer for more than 35 years. He has helped to investigate and prosecute serious crimes like war crimes and crimes against humanity.

### Yugoslavia Tribunal

He worked as a trial lawyer at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). This court looked at crimes during the wars in the Balkans.

### Bosnia and Herzegovina

He also worked in Bosnia and Herzegovina as an international prosecutor. He worked on war crime cases from the Bosnian War.

### Sierra Leone

Koumjian was a lawyer at the Special Court for Sierra Leone. He helped to prosecute Charles Taylor, the former president of Liberia. Taylor was found guilty of helping war crimes during the Sierra Leone Civil War.

### Cambodia Tribunal

From 2013 to 2019, Koumjian was the international co-prosecutor at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC). This court looked at crimes committed by the Khmer Rouge regime in Cambodia.

### Work in Myanmar

He now leads the United Nations investigation into crimes in Myanmar. This work is part of efforts to bring justice for victims of violence and human rights abuses.

### Other contributions

Koumjian has helped create international legal standards for punishing serious crimes. His work supports human rights and justice around the world.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nicholas Koumjian
- **birth place**: United States
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Juris Doctor
Master of Business Administration
- **alma mater**: University of North Carolina
University of California, Los Angeles
- **occupation**: Prosecutor, International criminal law specialist
- **years active**: 1990–present
- **known for**: Head of the United Nations Independent Investigative Mechanism for Myanmar, International Co-Prosecutor at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
Nischal Narayanam

**Nischal Narayanam** is an Indian child prodigy and India's youngest chartered accountant. He completed his post-graduation in mathematics & commerce at the age of 19 from Osmania University, Hyderabad.

He is the Youngest Double Guinness World Record holder (in the field of Memory) at the age of 13. At the age of 12 he become a World Memory Champion. He is among the recipient of “National Child Award”, Gold medal (President Award, the highest honour given by the Government of India for children under 15 years of age).

## Awards and achievements

- 2006: First Guinness World Record for memorizing 225 random objects in a span of just 12.07 minutes
- 2007: Wins World Memory Championship (Gold Medal in the Kids Category) for the year 2007
- 2008: National Child Award Gold Medal
- 2009: Second Guinness World Record in the category of ‘Longest Sequence of Numbers Memorized in 1 Minute'

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nischal
- **birth place**: Hyderabad, India
- **occupation**: Educationalist
- **title**: Double Guinness World Records Holder
 Gold Medal in (Kids Category) World Memory Championships
 Youngest CA
 Double Post-Graduate
- **website**: [https://nischalsworld.com/ https://nischalsworld.com]
The Wasps

***The Wasps*** () is the 4th of the 11 plays by Aristophanes. It was made at the Lenaia festival in 422 BC.

In the play, he uses satire against one of the generals in Athens, Cleon. He also ridicules law courts. Cleon also had power in these courts. The play is thought to use "Old Comedy".

## Translations

- William James Hickie, 1853 – prose, full text
- Benjamin B. Rogers, 1924 – verse, full text
- Arthur S. Way, 1934 – verse
- Douglass Parker, 1962 – verse
- Alan H. Sommerstein, 1983 – prose and verse
- Unknown translator – prose: full text
- Peter Meineck, 1998 – prose
- George Theodoridis, 2007 – prose: full text
- The Atticist, 2018 – prose and verse with commentary: full text
- Moses Hadas: available for digital loan

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: The Wasps
- **image**: The_Jury_by_John_Morgan.jpg
- **caption**: The Chorus in _The Wasps_ has jurors who look like wasps in their behaviour (Painting: 'The Jury' by John Morgan 1861, Bucks County Museum, England).

This list is based on David Barrett's translation.
- **writer**: Aristophanes
- **chorus**: Wasps (old men)
Boys
- **characters**: *Anticleon (Bdelycleon) _a young Athenian_
*Procleon (Philocleon) _his father_
*Sosias _their household slave_
*Xanthias _another household slave_
*First Dog
*A reveller
*A baking-woman
*A citizen
**Silent Roles**
*Midas _household slave_
*Phryx _household slave_
*Masyntias _household slave_
*Second Dog (_Labes_)
*Dardanis _flute girl_
*Chaerephon _the philosopher_
*Witnesses _brought by the Citizen_
*Cooking utensils _witnesses at trial of Second Dog_
*Puppies _children to Second Dog_
*Revellers
*Three sons of Carcinus
- **setting**: before house of Anticleon
People Media

**People Media** () is an independent news organization from Myanmar. It reports on politics, human rights, and military issues in the country. The organization is led by journalist Kyaw Soe Oo, who is also the owner and editor-in-chief.

## History

People Media started as a news platform in Myanmar. It became known for its reporting after the military coup in 2021. The organization uses digital platforms like Telegram and TikTok to share news and reach more people.

## Leadership

Kyaw Soe Oo is the editor-in-chief and owner of People Media. He is a journalist recognized for his reporting on Myanmar's political situation and human rights issues. His work has helped shape the direction of People Media.

## Coverage

People Media reports on events like protests, military actions, and human rights violations in Myanmar. Its reporting has been mentioned by international media, helping to inform the world about the situation in Myanmar.

## Digital presence

People Media uses platforms like Telegram and TikTok to share news, updates, videos, and reports. This approach helps them connect with a wider audience in Myanmar.

## Related pages

- Kyaw Soe Oo

## Other websites

- peoplemediamyanmar.com

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: People Media
- **url**: [https://www.peoplemediamyanmar.com/ People Media]
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: News and media
- **language**: Burmese
- **owner**: Kyaw Soe Oo (journalist), Kyaw Soe Oo
- **editor**: Kyaw Soe Oo
- **current status**: Active
- **headquarters**: Myanmar (Burma)
Mongol invasion of Azerbaijan (1230-31)

### Ray

Ögedei Khan sent 30,000 men under the command of Chormagan and the Khwarazmians were swept away by the new Mongol army. In the winter of 1231, in the ensuing confusion the Mongols arrived into Azerbaijan from the direction of Khorasan and Ray. The 30,000 strong Mongol army led by Chormagan easily defeated Jalal ad-Din and occupied northern Iran.

### Arran and Ganja

Khwarazmshah retreated to Ganja. The Mongols followed him and captured Arran.

### Mayyafakarin

Jalal ad-Din took refuge in the Mayyafarikin mountains and there in August of that year he was killed. Jalal ad-Din once again escaped from the Mongols and took refuge in the Silvan mountains and there in August he was killed by a Kurd who claimed that he was avenging his brother, who had been killed by Jalal ad-Din's forces in Ahlat.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Second invasion of Azerbaijan
- **date**: 1230 winter-15 August 1231
- **place**: Near the Azerbaijan, in Turkmens, Khwarazmian Empire
- **result**: Mongol Empire, Mongol victory
- **territory**: Azerbaijan occupied by Mongol Empire, Mongols
- **combatant1**: Mongol Empire
- **combatant2**: Khwarazmian Empire
- **commander1**: Chormagan Noyan
- **commander2**: Jalal al-Din Mangburni
- **strength1**: 30,000
- **strength2**: Unknown
- **casualties1**: Unknown
- **casualties2**: Heavy
Anomaloglossus tamacuarensis

***Anomaloglossus tamacuarensis*** is a frog.  Scientists found it in Venezuela and Brazil.

## Home

This frog is awake during the day. It lives on the ground in Sierra Tapirapecó and other places. Scientists saw the frog between 300 and 1300 meters above sea level.

Scientists saw this frog inside some protected places: Parima-Tapirapecó National Park, Alto Orinoco–Casiquiare Biosphere Reserve, Floresta Nacional do Amazonas, and Parque Estadual Serra do Aracá.

## Young

Scientists think this frog has young the same way other frogs in _Anomaloglossus_ do: They think female frog lays eggs on the ground. Scientists say the male frog carries the tadpoles to streams.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Much of its home is far away from places that human beings go to or change. Climate change could hurt this frog.
Parima Tapirapecó National Park

**Parima Tapirapecó National Park** (_Parque Nacional Parima Tapirapecó_) is a national park in Venezuela. It is in the state of Amazonas. It was made a park in August 1991.

## Location

The Parima Tapirapecó National Park is in the Atabapo and Río Negro town places.  It is the fift largest national park in the world, the second largest in South America, and the largest in Venezuela.
It is 38,290 km<sup>2</sup> (15,000 mile²) in size. The area protects the high beginnings of the Orinoco River.

## People

The Yanomami people live in this place.

## Environment

The park is in the Guayanan Highlands moist forest.
"The main types of vegetation in Parima-Tapirapecó National Park are evergreen lowland forests and submontane and montane forests. There are also large areas of mostly secondary savannas in the southern Parima uplands."

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Parima Tapirapecó National Park
- **iucn category**: II
- **location**: Amazonas (Venezuela), Amazonas, Venezuela
- **nearest city**: La Esmeralda, Venezuela, La Esmeralda
- **map**: Venezuela
- **relief**: yes
- **map caption**: Location of Parima Tapirapecó National Park
- **area km2**: 38,290
- **established**: 1 August 1991
- **governing body**: INPARQUES
Radware

**Radware** Ltd. is a U.S.-based company specializing in cybersecurity and application delivery solutions for physical, cloud, and software-defined data centers. While its corporate headquarters is in Mahwah, New Jersey, the company maintains a strong global presence with offices across Europe, Africa, and the Asia-Pacific region. Radware's global headquarters is located in Israel. It is part of the Rad Group and is publicly traded on the NASDAQ stock exchange.

Radware was founded in April 1997, with Roy Zisapel serving as President, CEO, and Director since its inception. The company went public in 1999 with an initial public offering and was subsequently listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. Roy Zisapel currently owns a 3.4% stake in Radware, while his father, Yehuda Zisapel, is the largest shareholder, holding a 15% stake in the company.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Radware Ltd.
- **logo**: Radware logo.svg
- **logo size**: 250px
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **location city**: Mahwah, New Jersey (corporate)
- **key people**: Roy Zisapel (Chief executive officer, CEO)
Doron Abramovitch (Chief financial officer, CFO)
Gabi Malka (Chief operating officer, COO)
- **industry**: Technology
- **revenue**: United States dollar, US$ 216.57 million (_2015_)
- **net income**: United States dollar, US$ 18.57 million (_2015_)
- **num employees**: 1000+
Pasyon

The ***Pasyón*** () is a Philippine epic narrative. It is about the life of Jesus Christ. It is mostly about his Passion, Death, and Resurrection. Its stanzas all have 5 lines. Each line has 8 syllables. The poetry has a very dramatic theme.

This epic is sometimes chanted at a _pabasa_ (“reading”). This is popular in Filipino Catholic devotion during the Lenten season. This is usually during Holy Week.

## Other websites

- Full text of the _Pasyón_ at Commons
- Listen to the _Pasyón_ online

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Pasyóng Mahál
- **title orig**: Pasióng Mahal
- **caption**: Cover of a typical edition of the _Pasyóng Mahál_, featuring a depiction of the Black Nazarene of Quiapo, Manila, Quiapo.
- **author**: Gaspar Aquino de Belén
- **country**: Philippines
- **language**: Tagalog language, Tagalog, other Languages of the Philippines, Philippine languages
- **genre**: epic poetry, narration, religious, prayer
- **release date**: 1704
- **media type**: Print
- **pages**: ± 240
Subtropical Storm Alpha (1972)

**Subtropical Storm Alpha** (also called **Alfa**) was an off-season subtropical cyclone. This storm hit Georgia in May 1972. The storm started in the western Atlantic Ocean. At first, the storm moved northeast off North and South Carolina. Then, the storm moved southwest. It moved southwest because of a building ridge. The storm then became worse and became Subtropical Storm Alpha. The storm moved toward Savannah. On May 29, the storm stopped in the Gulf of Mexico. The storm caused lots of waves and some rain. The storm caused $100,000 (1972 USD) in damages. There were also two deaths from the storm.

## Related pages

- Subtropical Storm Andrea (2007)

## Other websites

- National Hurricane Center
- Monthly Weather Review for 1972

## Infobox (weather event)

- **name**: Subtropical Storm Alpha
- **image**: Subtropical Storm Alpha (1972).jpg
- **caption**: Satellite image of the subtropical storm northeast of Florida
- **formed**: May 23, 1972
- **dissipated**: May 29, 1972


## Infobox (weather event/nws)

- **winds**: 60
- **pressure**: 991
- **category**: subtropical


## Infobox (weather event/effects)

- **year**: 1972
- **fatalities**: 2 total
- **damage**: 100000
- **areas**: Southeastern United States


## Infobox (weather event/footer)

- **season**: 1972 Atlantic hurricane season
Control (Janet Jackson song)

"**Control**" is a 1986 song by Janet Jackson and is the title track to her third studio album _Control_. It went to number 5 in the United States, number 42 in the United Kingdom, number 18 in Canada, number 82 in Australia and number 16 in New Zealand.

## Track listings

- **US and European 7-inch single**
- A. "Control" (edit) – 3:26
- B. "Fast Girls" – 3:18

- **US and European 12-inch single**
- A1. "Control" (extended version) – 7:33
- B1. "Control" (dub version) – 5:55
- B2. "Control" (a cappella) – 3:55

- **UK 7-inch single**
- A. "Control" (edit) – 3:26
- B. "Pretty Boy" – 6:32

- **UK 12-inch single**
- A1. "Control" (extended version) – 7:33
- A2. "Control" (edit) – 3:26
- B1. "Control" (dub version) – 5:55
- B2. "Pretty Boy" – 6:32

- **Australian 12-inch single**
- A1. "Control" (video mix) – 7:33
- B1. "Control" (dub version) – 5:55
- B2. "Control" (a cappella) – 3:55

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Control
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Janet Jackson
- **album**: Control (Janet Jackson album), Control
- **recorded**: August 1985
- **studio**: Flyte Tyme, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- **genre**: Funk
- **length**: 5:53 (album version)
 3:26 (single edit)
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M
- **writer**: * Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, James Harris
* Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, Terry Lewis
* Janet Jackson
- **producer**: Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis
- **prev title**: When I Think of You
- **prev year**: 1986
- **next title**: Let's Wait Awhile
- **next year**: 1987
Baddies season 4

The fourth season of _Baddies,_ officially titled ***Baddies East***, premiered on the Zeus Network on September 17, 2023 and is filmed throughout the Eastern part of the United States.

## Cast

|Name|Age|First appearance|Hometown||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Natalie Nunn|38|_Bad Girls Club 4: Los Angeles_|Oakland, California||
|Camilla Poindexter|37|_Bad Girls Club 8: Las Vegas_|Long Beach, California||
|Chrisean Rock|23|_Blue Girls Club 1_|Baltimore, Maryland||
|Gia Mayham|31|_Jerry Springer_|North Las Vegas, Nevada||
|Scotlynd Ryan|26|_Baddies South_|Charlotte, North Carolina||
|Mariahlynn|33|_Love & Hip Hop: New York 6_|Newark, New Jersey||
|Siya|36|_Sisterhood of Hip Hop_|Brooklyn, NY||
|JaKeita “Sky” Days|39|_Black Ink Crew_|Harlem, NY||
|Krystal “Smiley” Borrego|27|rowspan="2"|_Baddies East Auditions_|Miami, Florida|
|Anyssa “Ahna Mac” Santiago|23|Plainfield, New Jersey|||
|Latifa “Tesehki” Malone|28|_Blueface & Chrisean: Crazy in Love_|Jessup, Maryland||
|Tamera “Tee” Kissen|29|_Wild n’ Out_|Los Angeles, California||
|Stunna Girl|25|_Baddies West_|Sacramento, California||
|Woah Vicky|23|_Baddies East_|Atlanta, Georgia||
|Replacement cast|Age|First appearance|Hometown|Replaced|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Etheria “Scarface” Ruffin|25|_South Central Baddies 1_|Los Angeles, California|Stunna Girl|
|Destiny “Sukihana” Henderson|31|_Love & Hip Hop: Miami 3_|Wilmington, Delaware|Woah Vicky|
|Kendra “Sapphire” Lewis|32|_Love & Hip Hop: Miami_|Miami, Florida|Chrisean|
|Damerlin Baez|27|_Baddies West_|Providence, Rhode Island|Siya|
|Supporting cast|Age|First appearance|Hometown||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Cleo Rahman|31|_Bad Boys: Los Angeles_|Baltimore, Maryland||
|Janet “Jay” Guzman|27|rowspan="2"|_Blueface & Chrisean: Crazy in Love_|Montebello, California|
|Marchinee “Marsh” Lewis|26|Los Angeles, California|||
|Catya Washington|37|_Bad Girls Club 5: Miami_|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania||

## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #F5C5CF
- **season number**: 4
- **image**: Baddies East Season 4 Cast.jpg
- **starring**: * Natalie Nunn
* Chrisean “Rock” Malone
* Gia “Rollie” Mayham
* Scotlynd “Scotty” Ryan
* Damerlin “Biggie” Baez
* Suzanne “Stunna Girl” Brown
- **num episodes**: 23
- **network**: Zeus Network
- **first aired**: September 17, 2023
- **last aired**: February 25, 2024
- **episode list**: List of Baddies episodes
- **caption**: Cover used by Zeus
Top row (L-R): DJ Sky High Baby, Siya, Woah Vicky, Scarface, Ahna Mac, Tesehki, Biggie, Smiley and Sapphire
Middle row (L-R): Tee, Mariah, Scotty, Rollie, Chrisean, Sukihana, Sky and Camilla
Front: Natalie
Vanadyl ion

The **vanadyl ion** is a polyatomic ion (chemical compound with electrical charge) made of vanadium and oxygen, with the chemical formula .

Because of the small size and high charge of the vanadium atom, it is an unusual example of a stable polyatomic cation containing a transition metal.

It has a characteristic blue colour, as seen in the mineral cavansite. Vanadyl ions occur in seawater.
Rue Saint-Martin

**Rue Saint-Martin** is a street located in the 3rd and 4th arrondissements of Paris. It takes its name from the former priory Saint-Martin-des-Champs, now inside the Conservatoire national des arts et métiers (CNAM), to which it leads.

## Infobox (street)

- **name**: Rue Saint-Martin
- **image**: PB230006 Paris III Rue Saint-Martin reductwk.JPG
- **image size**: 240px
- **caption**: Rue Saint-Martin
- **map type**: France Paris
- **map size**: 265
- **map caption**: Shown within Paris
- **length m**: 1420
- **location**: 3rd arrondissement of Paris, 3rd and 4th arrondissement of Paris
- **arrondissement**: 3rd and 4th
- **direction a**: quai de Gesvres
- **terminus a**: boulevard Saint-Denis
- **terminus b**: boulevard Saint-Martin
Buckeye (candy)

**Buckeyes** are a confection made from a peanut butter fudge partially dipped in chocolate to leave a circle of peanut butter visible. Buckeyes are similar to peanut butter balls (or peanut-butter-filled chocolate balls), which are completely covered in chocolate.

## Related pages

- Taffy
Taffy (candy)

**Taffy** is a type of candy invented in the United States, made by stretching and/or pulling a sticky mass of a soft candy base, made of boiled sugar, butter, vegetable oil, flavorings, and colorings, until it becomes aerated (tiny air bubbles produced), resulting in a light, fluffy and chewy candy. When this process is complete, the taffy is rolled, cut into small pieces and wrapped in wax paper to keep it soft. It is usually pastel-colored and fruit-flavored, but other flavors are common as well, including molasses and the "classic" (unflavored) taffy.
Saliva spittle

A **saliva droplet** or **speaking droplet** is a particle of saliva  involuntarily expelled from the mouth during speech, especially during vigorous articulation or the pronunciation of explosive consonants (such as /p/, /b/, /t/). These droplets, distinct from respiratory droplets, are produced by fluid dynamics in the oral cavity rather than by pulmonary exhalation.

## Characteristics and Formation

They form when tongue movements, lip bursts, or airflow turbulence disrupt the thin saliva film coating the mouth, ejecting droplets into the air. They are of visible size to the point that theirr impact is even noticeable on the face of the person who is listening and they normaly remain as marks on the mobile phone screen when speaking hands-free

Speach droplets are typically:

- Larger (100 µm to a few mm in diameter) than respiratory aerosols (<5 µm) and often completely visible and noticeable on the skin.
- Projected short distances (usually <1 meter) due to their mass, though forceful speech can extend their range.
- Composed of saliva , oral mucus, and potential oral microbiota (e.g., _Streptococcus_).

## Differences from respiratory droplets

Modern studies (Anfinrud et al., 2020) have quantified their role in disease spread, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, where masks reduced their dispersion by 99 %.
|Feature|Saliva droplets|Respiratory Droplets|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Origin|Oral cavity (saliva )|Lungs, bronchial tract|
|Size|100 µm to some mm (often visible)|0.1–10 µm (smaller, aerosolizable)|
|Expulsion Force|Moderate (speech-dependent)|High (coughing/sneezing)|
|Disease Relevance|Low transmission risk (e.g., colds)|High (COVID-19, influenza, TB)|
|Dispersion|Fall quickly, limited airborne time|Can remain suspended for hours|

## Historical context

The term _saliva droplet_ appeared in medicine in the 18th century to describe saliva  projections linked to the transmission of tuberculosis . In the 19th century, actors and orators avoided explosive consonants to reduce spit on stage.

Modern studies (Anfinrud et al., 2020) have quantified their role in disease spread, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, where masks reduced their dispersion by 99 % .

## Mitigation

- Hygiene : Hydration and lip balms reduce their formation.
- Theater : Actors use speaking techniques to minimize them.
- Physical barriers : Plexiglass ceilings block spit, but they do not block aerosols.

## Scientific research

1. Pasteur Study (2021)
    - Analysis of 800 French speakers
    - The consonants /p/ and /t/ produce 35% more spit than other phonemes
    - Speakers in the South of France produce 20% more than those in the North.
1. Public Health France Data (2020-2023)
    - Contribution of droplets to contamination:
        - 22% in choirs
        - 12% in classrooms
        - 7% in public transport

## Related pages

- Infection