juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Carbon diet

**Carbon diet** is the process of reducing the production of greenhouse gas, primarily carbon dioxide, to reduce effects on climate change and global warming.

Carbon dioxide is produced from heating, driving and consuming products.

The production of carbon dioxide can be reduced by decreasing the intake of carbon, and eventually reduces the effects of climate change.

According to Deborah Jones, her family undergoes carbon diet. They are already in week two of the Globe and Mail assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to see how her family can reduces the emissions of greenhouse gas to reach the provincial goal of 33 percent reduction. It is different from a low carbon diet which is done by choosing what to eat to reduce greenhouse gas discharge.

## Etymology

Carbon is from Latin word carbo "coal" is the chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalent—making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. There are three naturally occurring isotopes, with 12C and 13C being stable, while 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years.

The term "carbon diet" is used in book Gore:A Political Life. There are steps in carbon diet:
- Calculate a carbon footprint to understand the amount of carbon dioxide emissions

- Measure the carbon footprint against peers (e.g., similar company size or for individuals, a national average)

- Determine the ideal carbon footprint

- Identify the source of the most significant carbon dioxide emissions [3]

- Reduce carbon dioxide emissions by starting with the most significant sources first

## References

- Zelnick, Robert (1999). Gore: a political life. Washington, DC: Regnery Pub.. pp. 330. ISBN 0-89526-326-2.
- Deborah Jones, "Stepping Towards Greener Pastures: Part 2 of BC family's carbon diet focuses on transportation," The Globe and Mail, March 30, 2007
- Data and studies on CO2 emissions from common goods and services are at CO2List.org
Pope Innocent IX

**Pope Innocent IX** (; 20 July 1519 – 30 December 1591), born **Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 231st Pope from 29 October 1591 to his death on 30 December of the same year.

## Early life

Facchinetti was born in Bologna on 20 July 1519.

He entered the service of Alessandro Cardinal Farnese, brother of the Duke of Parma and grandson of Pope Paul III.  Farnese appointed Fasccinetti as the acting governor of Parma from 1556 to 1558.

## Bishop

In 1560, Facchinetti was named Bishop of Nicastro in Calabria.

In 1562, Facchinetti as present at the Council of Trent.

Pope Pius V sent him as papal nuncio to Venice in 1566.

Faccinetti gave up his bishop's role when he was named Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1572.

## Cardinal

Facchinetti was raised to the rank of Cardinal in 1583.

## Pope

Facchinetti was elected pope in 1591;  and he chose to be called Innocent IX.  He died two months after his election.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent IX
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Facchinetti

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Innocent IX
- **image**: Portrait of Pope Innocent IX (Fidenza Cathedral Museum - Museo del Duomo di Fidenza, Fidenza) – edited.jpg
- **birth name**: Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti
- **birth place**: Bologna
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: 29 October 1591
- **term end**: 30 December 1591
- **predecessor**: Pope Gregory XIV
- **successor**: Pope Clement VIII
- **other**: Innocent
Pope Innocent X

**Pope Innocent X** (;  6 May 1574 – 7 January 1655), born **Giovanni Battista Pamphilj**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 237th Pope from 1644 to 1655.

## Early life

Pamphilij was born in Rome in 1574.  He was a great-great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI

He graduated from the Collegio Romano before entering a career in the church.

## Cardinal

In 1629, he was raised to the rank of Cardinal.

## Pope

Cardinal Pamphilij was elected pope in 1644; and he chose to be called Innocent X.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes from the Borgia family

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent X
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Pamphilj

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Innocent X
- **image**: Diego Velázquez - Portrait of Innocent X - WGA24443.jpg
- **birth name**: Giovanni Battista Pamphilj
- **birth date**: 6 May 1574
- **birth place**: Rome
- **death date**: 7 January 1655
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: 15 September 1644
- **term end**: 7 January 1655
- **predecessor**: Pope Urban VIII
- **successor**: Pope Alexander VII
- **other**: Innocent
Yuko Kavaguti

**Yuko Kavaguti** , born November 20, 1981– ),  also known as , is a Japanese-Russian Olympic athlete and international ice skating competitor.

In December 2008, she became a Russian citizen and her Russian name is Kavaguti. Kawaguchi gave up her Japanese citizenship.

## Early life

Kawaguchi was born in Funabashi, Chiba in Japan.  She began skating at the age of five because her mother was a fan of ice dancing.

She studied international relations at St. Petersburg State University, completing her degree in June 2007. In addition to her native Japanese, she is also fluent in Russian and English.

## Career

In international competition, Kavaguti is pairs skater.  She represents Russia with Alexander Smirnov.

Kavaguti became a Russian citizen so that she would qualify for a spot on the Russian Olympic team. Japan does not allow dual nationality, so she was obliged to give up her Japanese citizenship in order to compete for Russia.

### Kawaguchi

As a Japanese citizen, Kawaguchi competed as a singles skater. She switched to pairs after the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan.

### Kavaguti

As a Russian citizen, Kavagui has won many medals, including gold  at 2008 Skate Canada International.

- 2010
Kavaguti was a partner in the pairs team which won the 2010 European Figure Skating Championships,  Kavaguti and Smirnov won the 2010 Cup of Russia,  They placed third in the 2010 World Figure Skating Championships.

- 2011
Kavaguti and her partner won the 2011 Cup of China  and the 2011 NHK Trophy.

## Awards and titles

- Order of the President of the Russian Federation _’For services to the development of physical culture and sports, high athletic achievements at the XXI Olympic Games 2010 in Vancouver’_ (March 5, 2010)
- The Best in the Sport of St. Petersburg (February 2010)
- Honored Master of Sports of Russia (2009)

## Related pages

- Japan at the Olympics

## Other websites

- Yuko Kavaguti at International Skating Union (ISU)
Sugarland

**Sugarland** is a country music duet from the Southern United States. They've had many #1 hits on record charts in the United States. The group consist of Jennifer Nettles (lead vocals) and Kristian Bush (vocals, guitar, mandolin). At first, Kristen Hall (vocals, guitar) was also a member, making the group a trio.

## Discography

- _Twice the Speed of Life_ (2004)
- _Enjoy the Ride_ (2006)
- _Love on the Inside_ (2008)
- _The Incredible Machine_ (2010)
- _Bigger_ (2018)
Big Bang (BigBang album)

***BIGBANG*** is a name of the album in Japanese released by Big Bang in Japan. Big Bang is a boy band that comes from South Korea. Bigbang sings hip hop and R&B. This album was released on August 19, 2009.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Big Bang
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Big Bang (band), Big Bang
- **released**: August 19, 2009
- **recorded**: 2009
- **length**: 36:26
- **label**: Universal Music Japan
- **producer**: Teddy Park
- **prev title**: Remember
 (2008)
- **next title**: Tonight (Big Bang EP), Tonight
(2011)
Big Bang (disambiguation)

**Big Bang** is the name of a scientific theory that explains how the Universe started and made the groups of stars, called galaxies, we see today.

"**Big Bang**" may also refer to:

- Big Bang (British band), a British electronic synthpop duo started in 1988
- Bigbang (Norwegian band), a Norwegian rock trio started in 1992
- BigBang (South Korean band), a South Korean boy band started in 2006
    - _Big Bang (BigBang album)_, their second Japanese album
    - _Big Bang 2 (album)_, their third Japanese album

- _The Big Bang Theory_, an American situation comedy TV series
Boron carbide

**Boron carbide** is a chemical compound with the formula B<sub>4</sub>C. It is an extremely hard ceramic. It is often used as an abrasive, as armor, as a scratch-proof coating, as a neutron absorber in the control rods of nuclear reactors, and as an additive in the cut-resistant shackle in some padlocks.
Numerical control

**Numerical Control** (**NC**) is a way to automate machines. In numerical control, the commands these machines come from a storage medium; they are not controlled and operated manually. The first such machines were Jacquard looms controlled by punched cards. Machine tool<nowiki/>s for cutting metal were built in the 1940s and 1950s. They were controlled by punched tape instructions. Soon, the tools were changed, to use computers. Numerical control with computers is known as **Computer Numerical Control**, or **CNC**.

Nowadays, it is possible to make a program that can run such machine tools, based on a CAD drawing of the piece to be produced.

Attempts to automate machines in the 19th century, for example copying-lathes, used cams. These are basically wheels that change the position of notches to control a machine. The basic difference to modern NC is that these cams only automated one given task; modern NC and CNC machines can be programmed to a greater extent.

## History of the NC

The invention of numerical control has been due to the pioneering works of John T. Parsons in the year 1940, when he tried to generate a curve automatically by milling cutters by providing coordinate motions.  In the late 1940s Parsons conceived the method of using punched cards containing coordinate position system to control a machine tool.  The machine directed to move in small increments and generate the desired finish.  In 1948, Parsons demonstrated this concept to the US Air Force, who sponsored the series of project at laboratories of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).  After research MIT was able to demonstrate first NC prototype in 1952 and in the next year they were able to prove the potential applications of the NC.

## CNC Milling Materials

One of the most usual material types for milling are metals, and there are many to select from.

- Aluminum - Aluminum 2024, 6061, 70775 are the most widely used CNC milling material, for both mechanical and aspect components.  Aluminum is generally able to be machined quicker than other metals, making it the most economically viable.
- Stainless Steel - Stainless steel alloys can be heat treated and supply corrosion resistant properties.  Uses include surgical equipment, electronics hardware, and other parts that need formability and weldability.
- Titanium - What makes titanium unique is its high temperature melting point, making it useful for many industries and applications.  It’s considered to be corrosion resistant, and impervious to ductile, salt, and water.  Despite being biocompatible and lightweight, titanium material provides strength and sturdiness that makes it well-suited for applications like medical implants, aircraft components, and even jewelry.
Bolt cutter

A **bolt cutter** is a tool that is used for cutting bolts, chains, rebar, padlocks, screws, nails, and many other objects. It is similar to a pair of cutting pliers, but is much larger.
Crowbar

A **crowbar** is a metal tool used mainly to pry things open. It is usually hook shaped. Sometimes the bottom is slightly curved to allow for better leverage. Some crowbars have a notched end for removing nails. Crowbars are often made of carbon steel. They can also be made of titanium which is lighter and non-magnetic. The first known use of the word was somewhere in the 1400s where they were simply called crows or iron crows.

It is used as a lever either to force apart two objects or to remove nails. Crowbars are commonly used to open nailed wooden crates. Common uses for larger crowbars are: removing nails, prying apart boards, and generally breaking things. Crowbars can be used as any of the three lever classes but the curved end is usually used as a first-class lever, and the flat end as a second class lever. In mining, crowbars are used to break blasted rocks and to remove loose rock on roof sides and the working face, but not much in modern mining.

The Crowbar is also a popular melee weapon, and has, as a result, been used in many forms of media. Most notably, it is the melee weapon of choice for Gordon Freeman, the protagonist of the Half-Life game series.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The **Mid-Atlantic Ridge** is in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. It is part of a world-wide system of mid-ocean ridges. They make up the longest mountain ranges in the world, all underwater except for short stretches like Iceland, where the ridge reaches the surface. Seafloor spreading takes place at the ridge.

The ridge separates oceanic tectonic plates and moves the plates apart at about 2.5 cm per year.

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge includes a deep rift valley which runs along the middle of the ridge along almost its entire length. At the rift, the boundary between tectonic plates, magma from the mantle reaches the seafloor. New magma emerges onto the ocean floor near the ridge axis. The crystallized magma forms new crust of basalt and gabbro.

## History

The ridge was discovered during the expedition of HMS _Challenger_ in 1872. A team of scientists on board discovered a large rise in the middle of the Atlantic. They were planning the future location for a transatlantic telegraph cable. The existence of such a ridge was confirmed by sonar in 1925

In the 1950s, mapping of the Earth’s ocean floors showed the Mid-Atlantic Ridge to have valleys and ridges. Its central valley is seismologically active and the epicentre of many earthquakes. Ewing and Heezen discovered the ridge to be part of a 40,000-km essentiallycontinuous system of mid-ocean ridges on the floors of all the Earth’s oceans. The discovery of the worldwide ridge system led to the theory of seafloor spreading and the general acceptance of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift and expansion as plate tectonics.

## Geology

The ridge started forming in at the end of the Triassic period, and was responsible for the separation of the Americas from Africa and Europe with the breakup of Pangaea.

The ridge sits atop a geologic feature known as the **Mid-Atlantic Rise**, a progressive bulge that runs the length of the Atlantic Ocean, with the ridge resting on the highest point of this linear bulge. This bulge is thought to be caused by upward convective forces in the asthenosphere pushing up the oceanic crust and lithosphere.
Pope Innocent XI

**Pope Innocent XI** (; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born **Benedetto Odescalchi**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 240th Pope from 1676 to 1689.

## Early life

Benedetto Odescalchi was born at Como in 1611. He was the son of a Como nobleman, Livio Odescalchi

## Cardinal

In 1645, Pope Innocent X raised Odescalchi to the rank of cardinal.

## Bishop

In 1650, Odescalchi became Bishop of Novara.

## Pope

Cardinal Odescalchi was elected pope on 21 September 1676; and he chose to be called Innocent XI.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes, chiefly with Louis XIV of France

In December 1688, Innocent received the diplomatic mission sent to the Vatican by Narai, the King of Siam.

### After his death

After Innocent XI in 1689, he was buried in St. Peter's Basilica.

The process of canonization was begun in 1714 and suspended in 1744. Pope Pius XII announced his beatification in 1956.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent XI
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Odescalchi
- Video footage showing the beatification of Pope Innocent XI

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Innocent XI
- **image**: Jacob Ferdinand Voet - Portrait of Innocenzo XI Odescalchi (cropped).jpeg
- **birth name**: Benedetto Odescalchi
- **birth place**: Como. Italy
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: 21 September 1676
- **term end**: 12 August 1689
- **predecessor**: Pope Clement X
- **successor**: Pope Alexander VIII
- **other**: Innocent
Surface-area-to-volume ratio

The **surface area to volume ratio** of an object is the relationship between two measurements. It is the ratio of Surface area to volume.  It shows the comparison between the size of the outside of an object and the amount inside. Small or thin objects have a large surface area compared to the volume. This gives them a large ratio of surface to volume. Larger objects have small surface area compared to the volume so they have a small surface area to volume ratio. A large lump, for example, has a small ratio, and may be smashed into powder to give it a large surface to volume ratio.

Two common ways of writing it are **sa/vol** or **SA:V**. Either of these say to divide the surface area by the volume. This shows how much surface area is required for each unit of volume.

## Example

|Cube 1 measures 1 meter on each side. :It has a surface area of 6 m<sup>2</sup>.   Surface area = length x length (or length<sup>2</sup>) multiplied by the number of sides (6). :It has a volume of 1 cubic meter. Volume =  length x length x length or length<sup>3</sup>. :: Its ratio is 6 m<sup>2</sup> per cubic meter.|
| --- |
|Cube 2 had sides that measured 10m :Its surface area is 10<sup>2</sup> x 6 = 600 m<sup>2</sup> :Its volume is 1000 cubic meters ::Its ratio is 0.6 m<sup>2</sup> per cubic meter.|
Honda Accord

The , also known as the  in Japan and China for certain generations, is a midsize car that is built by the Honda company. The car has changed over time by design. It has had ten different basic designs. The Honda Accord has been made and sold since 1976. The car later spawned a station wagon crossover SUV called the Crosstour in 2009. However, very low sales made Honda discontinue the Crosstour in 2015.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Honda Accord
- **image**: Honda Accord (CV3) EX eHEV, 2021, front.jpg
- **caption**: 2021 Honda Accord EX e:HEV (CV3, Japan)
- **alt**: Front three-quarter view of a front-engined four-door car.
- **manufacturer**: Honda
- **production**: 1976–present
- **class**: Compact car (1976–1989)
Mid-size car (1989–present)
- **body style**: 3-door hatchback (1976–1989)
4-door Sedan (automobile), sedan (1976–present)
2-door coupé (1989–2017)
5-door station wagon (1989–2015)
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
Punched card

A **punched card** (also **punch card** or **punched-card**) is a piece of card stock that stores digital data using punched holes. Punched cards were once common in data processing and the control of automated machines.

Punched cards were widely used in the 20th century, where unit record machines, organized into data processing systems, used punched cards for data input, output, and storage. The IBM 12-row/80-column punched card format came to dominate the industry. Many early digital computers used punched cards as the primary medium for input of both computer programs and data.

Data can be entered onto a punched card using a keypunch.

While punched cards are now obsolete as a storage medium, as of 2012, some voting machines still used punched cards to record votes. At least one company still uses punched cards for accounting. Punched cards also had a significant cultural impact in the 20th century.
Sri Lanka at the Olympics

**Sri Lanka** first took part in the **Olympic Games** in 1948.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Sri Lanka is SRI.  In 1964, it was CEY for Ceylon.

## History

Teams took part in all Summer Olympic Games since then, but not the 1976 Games.  Sri Lanka never took part in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Sri Lanka was formed in 1937 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.  The nation was called _Ceylon_ until 1972.

## List of medalists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:12em"|Name|style="width:8em"|Games|style="width:6em"|Sport|style="width:12em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Duncan White|1948 London|Athletics|Men's 400 metre hurdles||||||
||Susanthika Jayasinghe|2000 Sydney|Athletics|Women's 200 metres||||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Sri Lanka profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: SRI
- **nocname**: National Olympic Committee of Sri Lanka
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 2
- **bronze**: 0
- **appearances**: 17
- **app begin year**: 1948
Syria at the Olympics

**Syria** was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1948.  The nation came back to the Games in 1968.  They also missed the 1976 Games.  The nation has not been in the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Syria was formed in 1948.

## List of medalists

|Medal|Name|Games|Sport|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Joseph Atiyeh|1984 Los Angeles|Wrestling|Men's freestyle heavyweight|
||Ghada Shouaa|1996 Atlanta|Athletics|Women's heptathlon|
||Nasser Al Shami|2004 Athens|Boxing|Men's heavyweight|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Syrian Arab Republic profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: SYR
- **nocname**: Syrian Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 1
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 1
- **seealso**: (1960)
Chinese Taipei at the Olympics

**Chinese Taipei** has been in many Olympic Games.  The country first competed with the _Chinese National Olympic Committee_.  From 1960 to now the country now takes part as the _Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee_

## Medalists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|Name|style="width:9em"|Games|style="width:9em"|Sport|style="width:14em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Yang Chuan-kwang|1960 Rome|Athletics|Men's decathlon|||||
||Chi Cheng|1968 Mexico|Athletics|Women's 80 metre hurdles|||||
||Tsai Wen-Yee|1984 Los Angeles|Weightlifting|Men's featherweight|||||
||<span style="font-size:90%">Chang Cheng-Hsien, Chang Wen-Chung, Chang Yaw-Teing, Chen Chi-Hsin, Chen Wei-Chen, Chiang Tai-Chuan, Huang Chung-Yi, Huang Wen-Po, Jong Yeu-Jeng, Ku Kuo-Chian, Kuo Lee Chien-Fu, Liao Ming-Hsiung, Lin Chao-Huang, Lin Kun-Han, Lo Chen-Jung, Lo Kuo-Chong, Pai Kun-Hong, Tsai Ming-Hung, Wang Kuang-Shih, Wu Shih-Hsih</span>|1992 Barcelona|Baseball|Men's competition|||||
||Chen Jing|1996 Atlanta|Table tennis|Women's singles|||||
||Li Feng-Ying|2000 Sydney|Weightlifting|Women's 53 kg|||||
||Chen Jing|2000 Sydney|Table tennis|Women's singles|||||
||Chi Shu-Ju|2000 Sydney|Taekwondo|Women's flyweight|||||
||Huang Chih-hsiung|2000 Sydney|Taekwondo|Men's flyweight|||||
||Kuo Yi-Hang|2000 Sydney|Weightlifting|Women's 75 kg|||||
||Chen Shih-Hsin|2004 Athens|Taekwondo|Women's flyweight|||||
||Chu Mu-Yen|2004 Athens|Taekwondo|Men's flyweight|||||
||Chen Szu-yuan, Liu Ming-huang, Wang Cheng-pang|2004 Athens|Archery|Men's team|||||
||Huang Chih-hsiung|2004 Athens|Taekwondo|Men's lightweight|||||
||Chen Li Ju, Wu Hui-ju, Yuan Shu-chi|2004 Athens|Archery|Women's team|||||
||Chen Wei Ling|2008 Beijing|Weightlifting|Women's 48 kg|||||
||Lu Ying-Chi|2008 Beijing|Weightlifting|Women's 63 kg|||||
||Chu Mu-Yen|2008 Beijing|Taekwondo|Men's 58 kg|||||
||Sung Yu-Chi|2008 Beijing|Taekwondo|Men's 68 kg|||||
||Hsu Shu-ching|2012 London|Weightlifting|Women's 53 kg|||||
||Tseng Li-cheng|2012 London|Taekwondo|Women's 57 kg|||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Taipei (Chinese Taipei) profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: TPE
- **nocname**: Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **flagcaption**: Chinese Taipei Olympic flag
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 5
- **silver**: 7
- **bronze**: 12
- **seealso**: (1932–48)
 (1980–present)
Tajikistan at the Olympics

**Tajikistan** was first at the **Olympic Games** as an independent nation in 1996.  They have been to every Summer Olympic Games since then.  The nation has been at the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

Before, Tajik athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics until 1988. Tajikistan was part of the Unified Team in 1992.

The National Olympic Committee for Tajikistan was formed in 1992 and recognized  by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

## Medalists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:12em"|Name|style="width:10em"|Games|style="width:10em"|Sport|style="width:10em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Yusup Abdusalomov|2008 Beijing|Wrestling|Men's freestyle 84 kg||||||
||Rasul Boqiev|2008 Beijing|Judo|Men's 73 kg||||||
||Mavzuna Chorieva|2012 London|Boxing|Women's lightweight||||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Tajikistan profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: TJK
- **nocname**: National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Tajikistan
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 1
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 2
- **seealso**: (1900–1912)
 (1952–1988)
 (1992)
Timor-Leste at the Olympics

The **Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste** was first at the Olympic Games in 2000.  They have not won any medals.

The National Olympic Committee was formed in 2003.  It is called _Comitê Olímpico Nacional de Timor-Leste_.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: TLS
- **nocname**: National Olympic Committee of East Timor
- **games**: Olympics
- **flagcaption**: Flag of East Timor
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
- **seealso**: (1984–1996)
 (2000)
Naypyidaw

**Naypyidaw** (), also known **Nay Pyi Taw** or **Naypyitaw**, is the capital city of Myanmar, also known as Burma.

Construction in the planned city is on-going.

## History

In 2005, the capital of Myanmar was officially moved inland and away from the Gulf of Martaban and the Andaman Sea.

## Geography

The former capital, Yangon (Rangoon), is about 385 kilometers (240 miles) south of the new city.

The new capital is located between middle mountain range of Bago Yoma and eastern mountain range of Shan Yoma. Naypyidaw covers an area of 7,054.37 square-km.

## More reading

- "Welcome to Naypyidaw, Madam Secretary; Hillary Clinton visits Myanmar's Potemkin capital,"  _Foreign Policy_ (US). December 1, 2011.
- McElroy, Damien. "Burma: welcome to Naypyidaw - the home of kings - and the world's weirdest capital city," _The Telegraph_ (UK). 18 November 2011.

## Other websites

- Global Security.org, Naypyidaw
- "Naypyidaw, An Unconventional Capital," 2011
Metabolism (architecture)

**Metabolism** is a kind of architecture that began in Japan around 1960. This way of designing buildings came out of the rebuilding of Japan after World War II. Members of the group include: Kiyoshi Awazu, Noboru Kawazoe, Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki, Masato Otaka, and Kenzō Tange. They wrote a short book in English and Japanese called _"The proposals for a New Urbanism"_ for the World Design Conference in 1960. Many Metabolist projects or designs were very large city plans called _megastructures_. The members thought of cities as living things that changed over long periods of time.

These architects were interested in building housing for large numbers of people. They often planned buildings that could be changed. One example is the Nakagin Capsule Tower by Kurokawa (1972). Each apartment was a rectangular block with one round window. These blocks could be added, moved, or removed as needed. It was a _"plug-in building"_. Kurokawa planned for new, better capsules to be added to replace old ones. However, the tower was broken apart in 2022.
Nakagin Capsule Tower

The  is a building designed by architect Kisho Kurokawa. It has apartments and offices in it. The tower is in Shimbashi, Tokyo, Japan. Nakagin Capsule Tower is an example of the Metabolism style of architecture. It was the first modular capsule building.

## Design and construction

The building is actually two towers. One is eleven and the other is thirteen floors. These towers are the utility cores. They have the elevators, stairs, electric, and water services in them. They also support the whole building. 140 capsules are attached to the two cores. Each capsule unit is one apartment or office. They are  ×  ×  and have one round window. Just four bolts connect each unit to a tower. The units are made from lightweight steel. They were built in Shiga Prefecture and brought to Tokyo on trucks. The capsules are not connected to each other, so any capsule can be removed or replaced without moving the others.

The towers are the permanent part of the building and the capsules were temporary. Kurokawa planned for new units to be built to replace old ones. As building technology improved, better units could be added. Also, units could be changed as people moved in or out. Capsules could even be moved from one building to another. This part of the plan never happened. No new capsules were ever built.

Residents plan to tear down the building. They say there are problems with asbestos and that the building is too old and has not been repaired well. Kurokawa and other architects want to keep the building as an historic example.

## Infobox (building)

- **image**: Nakagin.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **name**: Nakagin Capsule Tower
- **location**: Tokyo, Japan
- **start date**: 1970
- **completion date**: 1972
- **architect**: Kisho Kurokawa
- **floor count**: 13
- **building type**: Residential, office
- **architectural style**: Metabolism (architecture), Metabolism
The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword

***The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword*** is a video game made in 2011 for the Wii. Unlike the other _Legend of Zelda_ games, it focuses more on combat, keeping the role-playing and puzzle elements seen in earlier games. The story is connected with the rest of the _Legend of Zelda_ series, and the story is about how the master sword was created. The player travels between two worlds: Skyloft, an island in the sky which is the main area in the game, and Hyrule, which is located on the Earth. It makes use of the Wii MotionPlus add-on for the Wii Remote. The player uses the Wii Remote to swing Link's sword.

Link is the hero in this game. Zelda is Link's childhood friend, and the heroine in the story. Ghirahim is the main villain who schemes to revive an ancient evil. In this game, you can go to four different "realms", such as the Faron, Eldin, and the Lanyuru, as well as Skyloft.

A limited edition bundle with a gold  Wii MotionPlus and a CD with orchestrated versions of the series' well-known music tracks was sold to mark the 25th anniversary of _The Legend of Zelda_.

A port, titled ***The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword HD***, was released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch on July 16, 2021.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword
- **developer**: Nintendo EAD
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: _The Legend of Zelda_
- **platforms**: Wii, Nintendo Switch
- **released**: **Wii:**
**Nintendo eShop:**
**Nintendo Switch:**

- **genre**: Action-adventure game, Action-adventure
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer
Gary Mason

**Gary Mason** (15 December 1962 - 6 January 2011) was a boxer. He was born in Jamaica, but later lived in England. He had been a British heavyweight champion. He had 37 wins in his career. 34 of those were knockouts. He lost only once. Lennox Lewis beat him in 1991. Mason died after being hit by a van while riding his bicycle in London.
Citroën Saxo

The **Citroën Saxo** is a car produced by Citroën. It is based on the Peugeot 106. It replaced the Citroën AX in 1996 and featured 3 and 5 door versions. It received a facelift in late 1999. It was replaced by the Citroën C3 and C2 in 2002 and 2003 respectively.

## Engines

- _1.0i_ 33 kW (45 hp) and 37 kW (50 hp)
- _1.1i_ 40 kW (54 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
- _1.4i_ 55 kW (75 hp)
- _1.6i_ 65 kW (88 hp) and 72 kW (98 hp)
- _1.6i 16V_ 87 kW (118 hp)
- _1.5 D_ 40 kW (54 hp) and 42 kW (57 hp)
Gas discharge lamp

**Gas discharge lamps** are a family of artificial light sources (or lamps). These lamps produce light by sending electricity through an ionized gas. Most of these lamps use a noble gas (often argon or neon gas), or a combination of noble gases, but they often contain other materials, such as mercury, sodium or metal halides. The gases in these lamps are ionized in operation. This means that there are free electrons. When an electric current is sent through the gas, electrons collide with atoms of the gas and the metals. This will mean that some reach a higher energy state. When they fall back into the lower energy state, they will emit the energy in the form of light.

The fluorescent lamp is probably the best known gas discharge lamp. Sodium vapor lamps are commonplace as streetlights. Neon lamp<nowiki/>s are used in advertising.

Gas-discharge lamps have a long life and a high efficiency, but they are more complicated to manufacture, which makes them more expensive to buy than incandescent lamps. Due to their greater efficiency, gas-discharge lamps replaced incandescent light bulbs for many purposes in the late 20th century. Early in the 21st century, light-emitting diodes improved, with even higher efficiency. They began to replace some gas discharge lamps.
Charged particle

A **charged particle**, also called an ion, is an atom with a positive or negative charge. This happens whenever something called an ionic bond forms. Two particles that have different numbers of electrons (the smallest particle in an atom which is negative) start reacting to each other. The particle that has the greater amount of electrons steals the other particle's electrons. One becomes positive because it lost an electron, and the other negative because it got another electron. The two particles become attracted to each other and mix together, making a new kind of particle.
Germicidal lamp

A **Germicidal lamp** is a lamp that produces  a special type of ultraviolet light. This light can ionise oxygen and produce ozone. Ozone can kill many types of germs. There are different designs of such lamps; some are very similar to compact fluorescent lamps.
Nineveh

**Nineveh** was an ancient Assyrian city on the eastern side of the Tigris River. It was the capital of the Assyrian Empire. Its ruins are across the river from the modern-day city of Mosul, Iraq.

The ruins of Nineveh are surrounded by the remains of a massive stone and mudbrick wall dating from about 700 BC. The wall was bout 12 km in length. The stone retaining wall had projecting stone towers spaced about every 18 m. The stone wall and towers were topped by three-step parapets.

The city wall had fifteen monumental gateways. They were checkpoints for people entering and exiting the city. They probably had barracks and armouries. With the inner and outer doors shut, the gateways were fortresses. The gateways had passages and interior chambers lined with finely cut stone. A stairway led from one of the interior chambers to the top of the mudbrick wall.

The city wall was destroyed by ISIS by February 2015 during an effort to destroy historical buildings and monuments in the province by the jihadist rebel group.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **pushpin map**: Iraq
- **image skyline**: Nineveh map city walls & gates.JPG
- **image caption**: Simplified plan of ancient Nineveh showing city wall and location of gateways
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 150
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Iraq
- **official name**: Nineveh
White asbestos

**White asbestos**, also called **chrysotile asbestos** or **serpentine asbestos**, is one of the six types of asbestos. About 95% of asbestos found in buildings is white asbestos. It is considered by experts to be less dangerous than the other types of asbestos, but it is still a major health hazard and exposure can cause cancer and asbestosis.

Chryso_til_e should not be confused with chryso_lit_e, which refers to peridot and several other non-asbestos-like minerals.
Pope Innocent XII

**Pope Innocent XII** (; 13 March 1615 – 27 September 1700), born **Antonio Pignatelli**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 243rd Pope from 1691 to 1700.

## Early life

Pignatelli was born at Spinazzola in Puglia.

He was educated at the Jesuit college in Rome.

Pignatelli developed diplomatic experience when he was papal legate to Poland and to Austria.

He gained administrative experience when he was governor of Perugia.

## Bishop

Piganatelli was made Bishop of Faenza in 1681.  Pope Innocent XI made him Archbishop of Naples in 1687.

## Cardinal

Pope Innocent XI raised Pignatelli to the rank of Cardinal in 1682.

## Pope

Cardinal Pignatelli was elected pope on 12 July 1691; and he chose to be called Innocent XII.

In 1692, Innocent XII issued the papal bull _Romanum decet Pontificem_ which banned the curial office of the cardinal-nephew.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

In the Papal States, Innocent invested in public works.  For example, he caused the harbor of Porto d'Anzo to be constructed on the ruins of Antium.  Also, he constructed the aqueduct of Civitavecchia.

### After his death

The tomb of Innocent XII at St. Peter's Basilica was sculpted by Filippo della Valle.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent XII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Pignatellit

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Innocent XII
- **image**: Antonio Zanchi – Papa Innocenzo XII.jpg
- **birth name**: Antonio Pignatelli
- **birth place**: Spinazzola, Puglia
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: 12 July 1691
- **term end**: 27 September 1700
- **predecessor**: Pope Alexander VIII
- **successor**: Pope Clement XI
- **other**: Innocent
Pope Innocent XIII

**Pope Innocent XIII** (; 13 May 1655 – 7 March 1724), born **Michelangelo Conti**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 245th Pope from 1721 until his death.

Michelangelo Conti was born in Poli, near Rome.

Conti was born into a family that included several popes including Pope Innocent III. (1198–1216), he was a member of the family of the counts and dukes of Segni.

## Bishop

In 1695, Conti was made Archbishop of Tarsus.

## Cardinal

In 1706, Pope Clement XI raised Conti to the rank of cardinal.

## Pope

Cardinal Conti was elected pope on May 8, 1721; and he chose to be called Innocent XIII.

Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes from the Conti family

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Innocent XIII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Conti

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Innocent XIII
- **image**: InnocientXIII.jpg
- **birth name**: Michelangelo dei Conti
- **birth place**: Poli, Italy, Poli, Italy
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: 8 May 1721
- **term end**: 7 March 1724
- **predecessor**: Pope Clement XI
- **successor**: Pope Benedict XIII
- **other**: Innocent
M. H. de Young Memorial Museum

The **M. H. de Young Memorial Museum** is an art museum in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. It is often called  just the **de Young Museum**. It is named for early San Francisco newspaper publisher M. H. de Young. The museum opened in 1895. It was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. A new museum building opened in 2005.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: M. H. de Young Memorial Museum
- **image**: M. H. de Young Memorial Museum.jpg
- **established**: March 24, 1895
- **location**: 50 Hagiwara Tea Garden Drive, San Francisco, California, USA
- **visitors**: 2,043,854 (2010)

* Ranked 4th nationally
* List of the most visited museums in the world, Ranked 16th globally
- **type**: Art museum
- **director**: John E. Buchanan, Jr.
- **publictransit**: 44 O'Shaughnessy, San Francisco Municipal Railway
- **website**: http://www.famsf.org/deyoung/
Hurricane Roxanne

**Hurricane Roxanne** was a destructive storm that hit the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula during October 1995. The hurricane had winds next to 115 miles per hour when it hit. Because of its impact, the name **Roxanne** was later retired and replaced by **Rebekah**.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Roxanne
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 1995
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Roxanne 1995-10-10 2145Z.png
- **image name**: Hurricane Roxanne on October 10, 1995 at 21:45 UTC
- **formed**: October 7, 1995
- **dissipated**: October 21, 1995
- **1-min winds**: 100
- **pressure**: 956
- **damages**: 1500
- **inflated**: 0
- **fatalities**: 29 total
- **areas**: Mexico; especially the Yucatán Peninsula
- **hurricane season**: 1995 Atlantic hurricane season
Martine Aubry

**Martine Aubry** (born 8 August 1950) is a French politician. She was born in Paris and is the daughter of Jacques Delors (1925–2023).

Aubry was married to Xavier Aubry, and has a daughter from that marriage. In 2004, she married Jean-Louis Brochen, a French lawyer, but decided to keep the family name of her first marriage. Aubry studied economics in Paris. She also has diplomas in political sciences, social sciences and work. She has also studied at the École nationale d'administration. She became active in the Confédération française démocratique du travail, which is currently the biggest trade union of the country.

She is the mayor of Lille since 2001 and the First Secretary of the Socialist Party since 2008.  She wanted to be the Socialist candidate to the 2012 presidential election but François Hollande defeated her.
Piano concerto

A **piano concerto** is a concerto written for piano and orchestra.

### Form

A classical piano concerto is often in three movements.

1. A quick opening movement in sonata form including a cadenza (which may be improvised by the soloist).
1. A slow, free expressive movement
1. A faster rondo

Examples by Mozart and Beethoven follow this model, but there are many others which do not. Beethoven's fourth piano concerto includes a last-movement cadenza, and many composers have made innovations – for example Liszt's single-movement concerti.

## Other websites

- Classical and Romantic Piano Concertos , a list of Classical and Romantic piano concertos, and other music for piano and orchestra from the same period.
Ōei

was a  after _Meitoku_ and before _Shōchō._ This period started in July 1394 and ended in April 1428. During this time, the  emperors were   and .

## Events of the _Ōei_ era

- **27 August 1394** (_Ōei 1, 1st day of the 7th month_): Former-Emperor Chōkei died.
- **1398** (_Ōei 5_): Kinkaku-ji or "Gold Pavillion" is built by Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
- **September 1398** (_Ōei 5, 8th month_): In the 6th year of the reign of King Taejong of Joseon, a Korean diplomatic mission was received in Japan.
- **1399** (_Ōei 6_):  began. Ōuchi Yoshiharu raised an army against Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.
- **1401** (_Ōei 8, 2nd month_): The Imperial Palace was destroyed by fire.
- **1402** (_Ōei 9_): A letter from the emperor of China was received by Yoshimitsu; and this formal communication mistakenly gives the title "king of Japan" to the Japanese shogun.
- **1419** (_Ōei 26_) :  was a Joseon military action in Tsushima Province (Tsushima Island).  More than 200 ships and 17,000 fighting men took part in this military expedition.
- **10 May 1424** (_Ōei 31, 12th day of the 4th month_): Former-Emperor Go-Kameyama died.

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Ōei|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|16th|17th|18th|19th|20th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1394|1395|1396|1397|1398|1399|1400|1401|1402|1403|1404|1405|1406|1407|1408|1409|1410|1411|1412|1413|
|Ōei|21st|22nd|23rd|24th|25th|26th|27th|28th|29th|30th|31st|32th|33th|34th|35th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1414|1415|1416|1417|1418|1419|1420|1421|1422|1423|1424|1425|1426|1427|1428|
Shōchō

was a  after _Ōei_ and before _Eikyō_.  This period started in April 1428 and ended in September 1429. During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the _Shōchō_ era

- **3 February 1428** (_Shōchō 1, 18th day of the 1st month_): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimochi died at the age of 43.

- **30 August 1428** (_Shōchō 1, 20th day of the 7th month_): Emperor Shōkō died at he age of 27.

- **8 September 1428** (_Shōchō 1, 29th day of the 7th month_): Emperor Go-Hanazono is established on the throne at age 10.

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Shōchō|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1428|1429|
Eikyō

was a  after _Shocho_ and before _Kakitsu._   This period started in September 1429 and ended in February 1441.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Eikyō_ era

- **14 April 1429** (_Eikyō 1, 9th day of the 3rd month_): The name of Ashikaga Yoshinobu was changed to Yoshinori.

- **1429**: Yoshinori appointed shogun.

- **1433** (_Eikyō 5, 6th month_):  Letter from Emperor of China to the Shogun assumes wrongly that the head of the Ashikaga shogunate is the "king of Japan."

- **1433** (_Eikyō 5, 10th month_):  Former-Emperor Go-Komatsu died.

- **1438** (_Eikyō 10_): Revolt against the shogunate led by Ashikaga no Mochiuji.

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Eikyō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1429|1430|1431|1432|1433|1434|1435|1436|1437|1438|1439|1440|1441|
Unilineal evolution

**Unilineal evolution**, also called **classical social evolution**, was  a 19th-century social theory about the evolution of societies and cultures.

There were different theories by various sociologists and anthropologists. However, they all believed that Western culture is the peak of social evolution. Social status is seen as a single line that goes from most primitive to most civilized. This theory is now generally considered obsolete in universities.
Kakitsu

was a  after _Eikyō_ and before _Bun'an._  This period started in February 1441 and ended in February 1444. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Kakitsu_ era

- **12 July 1441** (_Kakitsu 1, 24th day of the 6th month_): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori was murdered at age 48.
- **1443** (_Kakitsu 3_): A Japanese-Korean diplomatic agreement (sometimes called the "Kakitsu treaty") was about on pirates (_wakō_) in the sea between Japan and Korea.
- **16 August 1443** (_Kakitsu 3, 21st day of the 7th month_): Shogun Yoshikatsu died after a fall from a horse.

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" – historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kakitsu|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1441|1442|1443|1444|
Bun'an

was a  after _Kakitsu_ and before _Hotoku._  This period started in February 1444 and ended in July 1449.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Bun'an_ era

- **1444** (_Bun'an 1, 4th month_): Kitano Tenman-gū and much of western Kyoto was destroyed by fire.

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" – historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Bun'an|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1444|1445|1446|1447|1448|1449|