juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Circular reasoning

**Circular reasoning** (, "circle in proving"; also known as **circular logic**) is a logical fallacy. With this fallacy, the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. Circular reasoning is not a formal logical fallacy, but a pragmatic defect in an argument. In this fallacy, the premises need to be proved the same way as the conclusion. In a normal argument, the premises do not need to be proved. Since the premises also need to be proved, the argument does not persuade. There is no reason to accept the premises unless a person already believes the conclusion, or that the premises provide no independent ground or evidence for the conclusion. Circular reasoning is closely related to begging the question, and in modern usage the two generally refer to the same thing.

Circular reasoning is often of the form: "A is true because B is true; B is true because A is true."  Circularity can be difficult to detect if it involves a longer chain of propositions.

## Examples

- In the Bible, the Second Epistle to Timothy gives the example of using a citation of the New Testament to say that the Bible is the word of God. The problem is just that the New Testament is part of the Bible. In addition, this is just an argument from authority, since it is taken from one of the letters of the Apostle Paul. When Paul wrote the letter, there was no Biblical canon.
- Molière uses a doctor in one of his comedies, to make fun of this kind of argument. A father has a mute daughter. The father asks the doctor, why his daughter is mute. The doctor then tells him, that she is mute, because she lost the ability to speak. When the father asks, why she cannot speak, the doctor replies, that this is because she doesn't have control over her language.
Vicq, Nord

**Vicq** () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,464 people lived there.

## Other websites

- INSEE commune file

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Vicq
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Eglise de Vicq..jpg
- **caption**: The church in Vicq
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Vicq (Nord).svg
- **arrondissement**: Valenciennes
- **canton**: Marly
- **insee**: 59613
- **postal code**: 59970
- **mayor**: Jean-Charles Dulion
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération Valenciennes Métropole, CA Valenciennes Métropole
- **elevation m**: 21
- **elevation min m**: 15
- **elevation max m**: 23
- **area km2**: 3.92
Villereau, Nord

**Villereau** is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2019, 1,046 people lived there.

## Other websites

- INSEE commune file

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Villereau
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Villereau (Nord) - Mairie.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Villereau
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Villereau (Nord).svg
- **arrondissement**: Avesnes-sur-Helpe
- **canton**: Aulnoye-Aymeries
- **insee**: 59619
- **postal code**: 59530
- **mayor**: André Fréhaut
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Mormal
- **elevation m**: 135
- **elevation min m**: 93
- **elevation max m**: 149
- **area km2**: 5.52
Gem squash

**Gem squash** (_Cucurbita pepo_ var. _pepo_) is a variety, or family, of summer squash. It may have come from two wild types; _Cucurbita texana_ seen in the southern and central United States and _Cucurbita fraterna_ found in Mexico. The dark green round fruit, when fully ripe, is around the size of a tennis ball. The young fruit is often harvested before it is fully ripe when it has  a softer flavor.

Gem squash is grown a lot in South Africa, and is usually served as a vegetable, often boiled or baked.
Fuyo Jingū

was a Shinto Shrine that was supposed to be built in Buyeo. Its purpose was to support the Japanese rule over Korea and to become a Kanpei-taisha. Construction work began in 1939 but the shrine was never finished.

Buyeo was the capital of the ancient kingdom of Baekje, which had a historical relationship with Japan. The Fuyo Jingu shrine was planned to be built in Buyeo as a symbol of Japan's permanent control over Korea. The shrine was intended to mark the incorporation of Korea into Japan.

Four kami (spirits or deities) were meant to be enshrined at Fuyo Jingu: Emperor Ojin (also known as Hachiman), Empress Kōgyoku, Emperor Tenji, and Empress Jingu. These deities were all associated with the conquest of Korea. According to legend, Empress Jingu delayed giving birth to her child in order to lead a military campaign to conquer Korea.
Kanasana Shrine

**Kanasana Shrine** (金鑚神社) is a Shinto shrine in Kodama County, Saitama Prefecture. It is a Ninomiya, or a second rank shrine in its province after the Ichinomiya, and is commonly called "Ninomiya-sama"

On November 23rd every year, Kanasana Shrine hosts a festival called Hikiri Shinji, which is also known as the "firestone festival"

## Architecture

Kanasana Shrine is generally built in a mixed architectural style, which combines elements from different architectural styles.

Kanasana Shrine doesn't have a main hall (honden) because the mountain behind the shrine is considered its shintai, or the physical object or natural element where the kami (deity) resides. Similar to Ōmiwa Shrine, Kanasana Shrine relies on a kannabi, which is a location that serves as a symbol of the kami's presence.

Kanasana Shrine has a large camphor tree shinboku on its premises that is considered a national treasure.

## References

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## Infobox (religious building)
Verlinghem

**Verlinghem** (; ) is a commune in Nord in north France. in 2019, 2,483 people lived there.

## Other websites

- INSEE commune file

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Verlinghem
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Verlinghem fontaine St chrysole.JPG
- **caption**: The Saint-Chrysole fountain in Verlinghem
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Verlinghem (Nord).svg
- **arrondissement**: Lille
- **canton**: Lambersart
- **insee**: 59611
- **postal code**: 59237
- **mayor**: Thierry Bonte
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Métropole Européenne de Lille
- **elevation m**: 29
- **elevation min m**: 12
- **elevation max m**: 34
- **area km2**: 10.08
We Close Our Eyes

"**We Close Our Eyes**" is a 1985 debut single by English pop duo Go West. It went to number 4 in New Zealand, number 5 in the United Kingdom, number 8 in Australia, number 9 in Italy, number 11 in Ireland, number 14 in Belgium and Germany, number 19 in Switzerland, number 22 in the Netherlands and number 41 in the United States.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: We Close Our Eyes
- **caption**: Standard artwork
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Go West (band), Go West
- **album**: Go West (Go West album), Go West
- **length**: 3:50
- **label**: Chrysalis Records, Chrysalis
- **writer**: * Peter Cox (musician), Peter Cox
* Richard Drummie
- **producer**: Gary Stevenson
- **next title**: Call Me (Go West song), Call Me
- **next year**: 1985
A Good Man in Africa

***A Good Man in Africa*** is a 1994 American British South African comedy movie directed by Bruce Beresford and was based on the 1981 novel of the same name by William Boyd. It stars Sean Connery, John Lithgow, Colin Friels, Joanne Whalley, Diana Rigg, Louis Gossett Jr. and Oscar Quitak. It was received mixed to poor reviews.
Probation

In many countries, judges have the option of putting someone **on probation**. Instead of serving time in jail, the person will be ordered to follow certain rules, and his or her behaviour will be monitored. This monitoring is only done for a certain amount of time. If the convicted person does not break the rules, while being monitored he or she can avoid another, harsher sentence (for example: spending time in prison). In general, sentences on probation are used for people who committed a crime for the first time, and for crimes that are seen as "less serious".

Probation is also used for people released from prison to help them get back into a normal life. These people might have been released on parole

## Common rules

Common rules are to keep away from certain people, for example in the case of domestic violence or  to not work with children, in the case of child abuse. Other rules are that people on probation need to have a job, and they must tell the court where they live. In many cases electronic tags are used, to track where people are. The rules can be both that the person needs to do certain things, and also that he or she must not do other things.

## Part of the sentence is "on probation"

There are also cases where the verdict specifies that part of the sentence is _on probation_: If the sentence is one year in prison, the court may for example say: three months in prison, and nine months on probation.
I'm Still on Your Side

"**I'm Still on Your Side**" is a 1988 song by Australian singer Jimmy Barnes and is the third single from his third studio album _Freight Train Heart_. It went to number 29 in Australia and number 50 in New Zealand.

## Track listing

**Australian 12" single (Mushroom X 13313)**
- Side A "I'm on Your Side"
- Side B "Going to Mexico"

**US 7" single (Geffen Records 7-27727)**
- Side A "I'm on Your Side" - 3:54
- Side B "Lessons in Love" - 3:42

**US CD single (Geffen Records PRO-CD-3244)**
- track 1 "I'm on Your Side" - 3:54
- track 2 "Too Much Ain't Enough Love" (live) - 5:29
- track 3 "Working Class Man" (live) - 4:14

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: I'm Still on Your Side
- **caption**: Australian 12" cover
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Jimmy Barnes
- **album**: Freight Train Heart
- **recorded**: 1987
- **label**: Mushroom Records, Mushroom/Geffen Records, Geffen
- **producer**: Jonathan Cain, Mike Stone
- **prev title**: Driving Wheels
- **prev year**: 1988
- **next title**: Waitin' for the Heartache
- **next year**: 1988
Warped (song)

"**Warped**" is a 1995 song by Red Hot Chili Peppers and is the leading single from their sixth studio album _One Hot Minute_. It went to number 3 in Finland, number 4 in New Zealand, number 12 in Australia and Norway, number 14 in the Netherlands and number 31 in the United States.

## Track listing

**CD single (1995)**
1. "Warped" (edit)
1. "Pea" (album)
1. "Melancholy Mechanics" (previously unreleased)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Warped
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Red Hot Chili Peppers
- **album**: One Hot Minute
- **b-side**: Melancholy Mechanics
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros.
- **producer**: Rick Rubin
- **prev title**: Soul to Squeeze
- **prev year**: 1993
- **next title**: My Friends (Red Hot Chili Peppers song), My Friends
- **next year**: 1995
The Will (newspaper)

***The Will*** is a newspaper from Nigeria that comes out every week. Austyn Ogannah started it in 2009 in a place called San Francisco in America. Later, it started working in Nigeria too. The newspaper writes about different things that are important to people in Nigeria like news, politics, business, art, sports, and other important events. The Will is made by The Will News Media.

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: The Will
- **motto**: Expanding the National Conversation
- **type**: Weekly newspaper
- **format**: Print, digital
- **chiefeditor**: Austyn Ogannah
- **editor**: Olaolu Olusina
- **depeditor**: Amos Esele
- **photoeditor**: Peace Udugba
- **political**: Centre-left politics, Centre-left
- **language**: English language, English
- **headquarters**: San Francisco, California
Lagos
- **publishing country**: Nigeria
- **issn**: 2756-5610
I Believe (Tears for Fears song)

"**I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)**" is a 1985 song by British new wave band Tears for Fears and is the fifth single from their second studio album _Songs from the Big Chair_. It went to the top 40 in Ireland, the United Kingdom and New Zealand.

### 7": Mercury / IDEA11 (UK)

1. "I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)" (4:35)
1. "Sea Song" (3:52)

### 2x7": Mercury / IDEA1111 (UK)

1. "I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)" (4:35)
1. "Sea Song" (3:52)

1. "I Believe (Album Version)" (4:37)
1. "Shout (Dub Version)" (6:45)

### 10": Mercury / IDEA1110 (UK)

1. "I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)" (4:35)
1. "I Believe (Album Version)" (4:37)
1. "Sea Song" (3:52)

### 12": Mercury / IDEA1112 (UK)

1. "I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)" (4:35)
1. "Shout (Dub Version)" (6:45)
1. "Sea Song" (3:52)
1. "Shout (U.S. Remix)" (8:00)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: I Believe (A Soulful Re-Recording)
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Tears for Fears
- **album**: Songs from the Big Chair
- **b-side**: Sea Song
- **released**: 4 October 1985
- **recorded**: 1985
- **genre**: Jazz music, Jazz
- **length**: 4:35
- **label**: Phonogram Records
Mercury Records
- **writer**: Roland Orzabal
- **producer**: Tears for Fears
- **prev title**: Pale Shelter, Pale Shelter (You Don't Give Me Love)
- **prev year**: 1985
- **next title**: Everybody Wants to Rule the World, Everybody Wants to Run the World
- **next year**: 1986
National Biodiversity Network

The **National Biodiversity Network**  was set up in 2000 in the United Kingdom. It makes biodiversity information available. It runs the NBN Atlas, a data search website.  It was started by the NBN Trust.

About 60,000 people routinely record biodiversity information in the UK and Ireland. Most of them are not paid. There are about 2,000 national societies and recording schemes. The British  government also collects biodiversity data.  There is a network of Local Environmental Records Centres.

In 2012, it was listed in the top 1,000 UK charities that raised most donations.
Equity (finance)

In finance, **equity** is an ownership of property that may be affected by debts or future events tied to the property, which are called liabilities. It is measured by subtracting liabilities from the value of the assets owned.  For example, if someone owns a car worth $24,000 and owes $10,000 on the loan used to buy the car, the difference of $14,000 is equity. Equity can apply to a single asset, such as a car or house, or to an entire business. A business that needs to start up or expand  can sell its equity in order to raise cash.  People who buy a house with a mortgage have equity if the value of the house is worth more than the mortgage.  If the mortage is more than the property is worth they are said to have negative equity.
Italian Football Federation

The **Italian Football Federation** (Italian: Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio), known as Federcalcio, runs football in Italy. It is based in Rome and the technical department is in Coverciano, Florence.

It organises the Italian football league and Coppa Italia. It is also responsible for appointing the management of the Italy national football team (men's), women's, and youth national football teams. The Italy national futsal team also belongs to the federation.

It was started in Turin on 26 March 1898.
Thames sailing barge

A **Thames sailing barge** is a type of commercial sailing boat once common on the River Thames. They are flat-bottomed barges,  adapted to the Thames Estuary, which is not deep  and has narrow tributary rivers. The larger barges could be taken on the sea, and were the largest sailing vessel to be handled by just two men. The average size was about 120 tons and they carried 4,200 square feet (390 m<sup>2</sup>) of canvas sail in six working sails.  They carried heavy cargo to English ports and to Europe. At first they were all made of wood, but some later ones were made of steel.  They were about 20 feet wide and 80 or 90 feet long with two masts.

In the 1860s barge races were started, and the barges' design improved as they were built with better lines in order to win. The Thames barge races are the world's second oldest sailing competition, second to the America's Cup.
Bowling average

In cricket, a player's **bowling average** is a statistic. It is used to measure the effectiveness (ability) of bowlers. The average is the number of runs they have conceded whilst bowling, divided by the number of wickets they have taken. Bowlers try to achieve an average that is as low as possible. George Lohmann (2 June 1865 – 1 December 1901) holds the record for the lowest average in Test cricket, having claimed 112 wickets at an average of 10.75 runs per wicket.
Words Get in the Way

"**Words Get in the Way**" is a 1986 song by Miami Sound Machine featuring Gloria Estefan. It was taken from their 9th studio album _Primitive Love_. It went to number 4 in New Zealand, number 5 in the United States, number 22 in Australia and Belgium and number 26 in the Netherlands. It did not chart in the United Kingdom.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Words Get in the Way
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Miami Sound Machine
- **album**: Primitive Love
- **b-side**: Movies
- **released**: June 1986
- **recorded**: 1985
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **length**: 3:30
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic
- **writer**: Gloria Estefan
- **producer**: Emilio Estefan Jr.
- **prev title**: Bad Boy (Miami Sound Machine song), Bad Boy
- **prev year**: 1985/1986
- **next title**: Falling in Love (Uh-Oh)
- **next year**: 1986
Kangaroo Beach

**Kangaroo Beach** is a 2020 Australian CGI Children television series made ABC. Blu-ray release on March 6, 2024 in Australia.
Préveranges

**Préveranges** is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

In 1968 it had 1081 people, but in 2008 there were only 582.
Mehun-sur-Yèvre

**Mehun-sur-Yèvre** is a commune in the Cher department in central France.

In 2017 there were 6562 people living there.
Indiana Wesleyan University

**Indiana Wesleyan University** (**IWU**) is a private evangelical Christian university in Marion, Indiana. It is connected to the Wesleyan Church. It is the largest private university in Indiana.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Indiana Wesleyan University
- **motto**: _Character. Scholarship. Leadership._
- **image**: Masterlogo.png
- **type**: Private university
- **endowment**: $201.4 million (2020)
- **religious affiliation**: Wesleyan Church
- **administrative staff**: 1,150
- **faculty**: 1,070
- **president**: Jonathan Kulaga
- **students**: 10,000
- **undergrad**: 2,600 (Marion campus) / 6,800 (all other campuses)
- **postgrad**: 535 (Wesley Seminary)
- **city**: Marion, Indiana
- **country**: U.S.
- **campus**: Suburban

- **former names**: Marion College (1920–1988)
- **colors**: Red & Gray

- **sports nickname**: Indiana Wesleyan Wildcats, Wildcats
- **mascot**: Wesley the Wildcat
- **academic affiliations**: Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, CCCU
- **free label**: Newspaper
- **free**: _The Sojourn_
La Perche

**La Perche** is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region in France.

There were 254 people there in 2008.
Sancerre

**Sancerre** is a medieval hilltop town  and commune in the Cher department, France overlooking the river Loire. It is noted for its wine.

It is a natural fortress 312 meters in height. The Counts of Champagne built fortifications there in the 12th century. During the French Wars of Religion the Huguenot people were besieged there for 8 months in 1572/3. About 500 people died, mostly of starvation.  The siege of Sancerre was written about by a Protestant minister Jean de Léry, who survived the battle, in _The Memorable History of the Siege of Sancerre_ (1574).    A mansion was built on the ruins of the original Chateau de Sancerre in 1874.

In 2008 there were 1697 people living there.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Sancerre
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Sancerre france.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of Sancerre
- **image coat of arms**: Blason fr ville Sancerre (Cher).svg
- **arrondissement**: Bourges
- **canton**: Sancerre
- **insee**: 18241
- **postal code**: 18300
- **mayor**: Laurent Pabiot
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes Pays Fort Sancerrois Val de Loire, CC Pays Fort Sancerrois Val de Loire
- **elevation m**: 310
- **elevation min m**: 146
- **elevation max m**: 366
- **area km2**: 16.27
Count of Champagne

The **count of Champagne** was the ruler of the County of Champagne from 950 to 1316. Champagne evolved from the County of Troyes in the late eleventh century and Hugh I was the first to officially use the title count of Champagne.

### Dukes of Champagne

In Merovingian and Carolingian times, several dukes of Champagne (or _Campania_) are known. The duchy appears to have been created by combining the _civitates_ of Reims, Châlons-en-Champagne.  Laon, and Troyes. In the late seventh and early eighth centuries, Champagne was controlled by the Pippinids; first by Drogo, son of Pippin of Herstal, and then by Drogo's son Arnulf.

### Counts of Champagne

- Hugh (1102–1125)
- Theobald II (1125–1152)
- Henry I (1152–1181)
- Henry II (1181–1197), also King of Jerusalem as Henry I
- Theobald III (1197–1201)

- Theobald IV, also King of Navarre as Theobald I (1201–1253)
- Theobald V, also King of Navarre as Theobald II (1253–1270)
- Henry III, also King of Navarre as Henry I (1270–1274)
- Joan (1274–1305), also Queen of Navarre

- Philip (co-ruler of Joan), also King of France as Philip IV
- Louis (1305–1316), also King of Navarre, became King of France in 1314, after which the title merged into the royal domain
SafeMoon

**SafeMoon** LLC was an American cryptocurrency and blockchain company that was created in March 2021. Their cryptocurrency token was called SafeMoon (SFM) and it was on a blockchain called Binance Smart Chain. The token charged a 10% fee on every transaction: 5% was sent to people who already had SafeMoon tokens, and 5% was sent to digital wallets controlled by SafeMoon's creators. The token reached its highest value in April 2021, but shortly after it lost most of its value.

In November 2023, the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Department of Justice (DoJ) charged SafeMoon's main team with fraud. They said the main team took over $200 million out of SafeMoon which they were not meant to, and used it to buy expensive houses and cars.

In December 2023, SafeMoon filed for bankruptcy and the company shut down. The token cannot be bought or sold anymore.

## Infobox (organization)

- **formation**: 2021
- **headquarters**: Pleasant Grove, Utah, United States, US
- **products**: Cryptocurrencies
- **key people**: Braden John Karony (CEO)
- **website**: https://www.safemoon.com
Spacetalk

**Spacetalk** is an Australian technology company headquartered in Adelaide, South Australia. It was founded in 2001 as MGM Wireless and changed its name to Spacetalk Ltd in November 2020 to reflect its focus on developing wearable devices. The company's education division provides school-to-home communication services for absence management, news, and emergencies using SMS, apps, and cloud-based technology. Spacetalk launched its family location and child safety wearable devices under the Spacetalk brand in September 2017. The product is available in Australia, New Zealand, and the UK.

## Infobox (organisation)

- **formation**: 2001
- **type**: Public company
- **headquarters**: Adelaide, South Australia, Rose Park, South Australia, Australia
- **key people**: Mark Fortunatow (CEO)
European Chemicals Agency

The European Chemicals Agency is part of the European Union which manages the European Union regulation called _Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals_ (REACH).  It started work in 2007.  It is based in Helsinki.

On its website there is a public summary of all the information it holds on the chemicals registered in its database. It provides this information in the form of a _Substance Infocard_ giving hazards, uses and production or import quantities. There is information on over 245,000 chemicals, although most do not have full details since they are used in amounts below one tonne per year.
Marciac

**Marciac** is a commune in the Gers department, Occitania, southwestern France. It is known for its annual international festival Jazz in Marciac, which runs for a fortnight every summer.

In 2012 there were 1243 people living there.
Royal Netherlands Navy

The **Royal Netherlands Navy** is part of the armed force<nowiki/>s of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

During the 17th century, the navy of the Dutch Republic (1581–1795) was one of the most powerful naval forces in the world and played an active role in the Anglo-Dutch Wars, the Franco-Dutch War, and wars against Spain and several other European powers. The Batavian Navy of the later Batavian Republic (1795–1806) and the Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810) played an active role in the Napoleonic Wars.

In the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, it served an important role in protecting Dutch colonial rule, especially in Southeast Asia. It played a minor role in World War II, especially against the Imperial Japanese Navy. Since World War II, the Royal Netherlands Navy has taken part in  peacekeeping expeditions.

The main naval base is in Den Helder, North Holland.
Batavian Republic

The **Batavian Republic** came after the Dutch Republic was invaded by the French Republic.  It was announced on 19 January 1795 and ended on 5 June 1806, when Louis Bonaparte took the Dutch throne.  From October 1801 onward, it was called the _Batavian Commonwealth_.   It was named after the  Batavi, an ancient Germanic tribe.

The constitution that was made in 1798 was genuinely democratic.

It was a client state of France, but its governments tried to maintain some independence and to serve Dutch interests even where they clashed with the interests of the French.

## Infobox (country)

- **native name**: **Batavian Republic**

<hr>**Batavian Commonwealth**

- **common name**: Batavia
- **empire**: France
- **image flag**: Bataafse Republiek nationale vlag.svg
- **flag type**: National flag
- **flag**: Batavian flag
- **image coat**: Grootzegel van de Bataafse Republiek (1796).svg
- **coa size**: 90px
- **symbol type**: Great Seal (1796)
- **national motto**: ("Equality, Liberty, Fraternity")
- **image map**: Batavian Republic 1797.svg
- **image map caption**: The Batavian Republic in 1797
- **image map2**: 1801bataafscherepubliek.svg
- **map caption2**: Batavian departments in 1801
- **status**: French client republic
- **era**: French Revolutionary Wars
- **government type**: Unitary state, Unitary revolutionary republic
- **year start**: 1795
- **date start**: 19 January
- **event1**: Treaty of The Hague (1795), Hague Treaty
- **date event1**: 16 May 1795
- **year end**: 1806
- **date end**: 5 June
- **capital**: The Hague
- **official languages**: Dutch language, Dutch, French language, French
- **languages2**: West Frisian language, Frisian, German language, German, Dutch Low Saxon
- **languages2 sub**: yes
- **languages2 type**: Common languages
- **currency**: Dutch guilder, Guilder
- **title leader**: Executive (government), Executive Government
- **leader1**: Revolutionary Committee of the Batavian Republic, Revolutionary Comm.
- **year leader1**: 1795
- **leader2**: States-General of the Batavian Republic, States-General
- **year leader2**: 1795–1796
- **leader3**: National Assembly of the Batavian Republic, National Assembly
- **year leader3**: 1796–1798
- **leader4**: Uitvoerend Bewind, Executive Authority
- **year leader4**: 1798–1801
- **leader5**: Staatsbewind, State Council
- **year leader5**: 1801–1805
- **leader6**: Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck
- **year leader6**: 1805–1806
- **stat year1**: 1795
- **stat pop1**: 1,883,009
- **stat year2**: 1806
- **stat pop2**: 2,178
- **p1**: Dutch Republic
- **flag p1**: Statenvlag.svg
- **s1**: Kingdom of Holland
- **flag s1**: Flag of the Netherlands.svg
- **today**: Netherlands
Belgium
Germany
- **demonym**: Batavian
Izadkhvast

**Izadkhast** (also known as **Samīrum**) is a city in the Central District of Abadeh County, Fars Province, Iran. At the 2006 census 7,366 people lived there in 1,803 families.

There is Izad-Khast Castle, a caravanserai, and a Safavid-period bridge.  The site was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on August 9, 2007 in the Cultural category.
Indonesian Navy

The **Indonesian Navy** is the naval branch of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. It was started on 10 September 1945 at the start of the Indonesian National Revolution.

There are three major fleets known as "Armada", which are _Komando Armada I_ (1st Fleet Command) in Jakarta, _Komando Armada II_ (2nd Fleet Command)  in Surabaya, _Komando Armada III_ (3rd Fleet Command)  in Sorong  There is also the  _Komando Lintas Laut Militer_ (Military Sealift Command) and the Marine Corps.

At first there were only wooden ships, but then it got some ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy.  It fought the  Royal Netherlands Navy.

In the 1960s as part of the increasing military ties between Indonesia and the Warsaw Pact, the Navy got  naval combat equipment from Eastern Europe<nowiki/>an countries.  It was used in the campaign for the liberation of West Irian from Dutch rule.
Ise, Mie

is a city located in central Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshu, Japan. It was previously called Ujiyamada. The city is famous for the Ise Grand Shrine, which is considered the most sacred Shintō shrine in Japan. Ise has a long-standing title of Shinto (神都), which means "the Holy City" and "the Capital of the _Kami_" in Japanese. , the city had an estimated population of 123,533 people living in 55,911 households, and a population density of 590 people per square kilometer. The total area of the city is 208.53 square kilometers.

## Other websites

- Ise City official website
- Akafuku Mochi
- Ise Grand Shrine official website
- Ise city guide from the https://archive.today/20130113031930/http://www.miejets.org/gb Mie Guidebook] at Mie JETs
- "A Day Tripper's Guide to Ise and Toba" by Zack Davisson, _Japanzine_
- Rakuraku Ise Moude (Official Ise City travel information)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ise
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Cities of Japan, City
- **image skyline**: Naiku 01.JPG
- **image caption**: Naiku in Ise Shrine
- **image flag**: Flag of Ise, Mie.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Ise, Mie.svg
- **image map1**: Ise in Mie Prefecture Ja.svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Ise in Mie Prefecture
- **pushpin map**: Japan
- **pushpin map caption**:  
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Japan
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Kansai region, Kansai
- **subdivision type2**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **subdivision name2**: Mie Prefecture, Mie
- **established title2**: As Uji-Yamada city
- **established date2**: September 1, 1906
- **established title3**: As Ise city
- **established date3**: January 1, 1955
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Ken'ichi Suzuki
- **area total km2**: 208.52
- **population total**: 123533
- **population as of**: July 2021
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Japan Standard Time
- **utc offset1**: +9
- **blank name sec1**: Phone number
- **blank info sec1**: 0596-23-1111
- **blank1 name sec1**: Address
- **blank1 info sec1**: 1-7-29 Iwabuchi, Ise-shi, Mie-ken 516-0037
- **blank name sec2**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info sec2**: Humid subtropical climate, Cfa
Polish Navy

The **Polish Navy** is the naval branch of the Polish Armed Forces. The Polish Navy has 46 ships and about 12,000 people.

In the fifteenth century there was a small force of ships that primarily operated on rivers and lakes. In 1454, the  city of Gdańsk was back in Poland after being previously occupied by the Teutonic Knights since 1308.  Gdańsk is a seaport so Poland could have a large fleet on the Baltic. In 1561, following a victory over a Russian fleet in the Baltic, the Polish Navy got a second  port at Riga, in modern-day Latvia. The Polish navy won the Battle of Oliwa in 1627 against the Swedish Empire, during the Polish–Swedish War.  The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth never really had a strong navy.

Józef Piłsudski, commander of the Armed Forces of Poland, founded the modern Polish Navy in 1918.

In  World War II three ships sailed to the British naval base at Leith in Scotland in 1939 to escape from the German navy.  The British lent them more ships.

During the Communist period, Poland's navy got much stronger.  A separate force of Polish Marines started. The Navy also got  Soviet-made ships, including 2 destroyers, 2 missile destroyers, 13 submarines and 17 missile boats to control the Baltic Sea.

Poland joined NATO in 1999 and this changed the work of the navy.
Lazza

**Jacopo Lazzarini** (born 22 August 1994), known professionally as **Lazza**, is an Italian rapper and record producer.

Lazzarini was born in the Calvairate district of Milan. He studied piano at the Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory in Milan. He later joined the Zero2 and Blocco Recordz collectives. In 2009, he took part in the annual Italian hip hop event Tecniche Perfette.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Lazza
- **image**: Lazza during an interview for Radio Bruno in 2023.png
- **birth name**: Jacopo Lazzarini
- **birth place**: Milan, Lombardy, Italy
- **years active**: 2012–present
Tenjin

**Tenjin** is a kami in Shinto. In his mortal life he was Sugawara no Michizane and after his death he became a kami. People pray to him for help in school.
Izumo-taisha

|Izumo-taisha||
| --- | --- |
|class="infobox-image"|<div class="infobox-caption">Monjin-no-yashiro, Amasaki-no-yashiro, Mimukai-no-yashiro, and _honden_</div>|
|class="infobox-full-data"|<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><div class="od" style="top:66.023%;left:21.139%"><div class="id" style="left:-10px;top:-10px"></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Japan</div></div></div></div>|
|class="infobox-full-data"|<span class="url">www.izumooyashiro.or.jp</span>|
|class="infobox-below" style="background-color: #EBEBEB;"|Glossary of Shinto|

Izumo-taisha, also known as Izumo Grand Shrine or Izumo Ōyashiro, is one of the oldest and most important Shinto shrines in Japan. Its exact establishment date is unknown. Located in Izumo, Shimane Prefecture, the shrine is dedicated to the gods , who is known as the Shinto deity of marriage, and Kotoamatsukami, a group of heavenly deities. The shrine is famous for two major festivals held there. Many people believe that it is the oldest Shinto shrine in Japan, even older than the Ise Grand Shrine.

Izumo-taisha's main hall, called taisha-zukuri, is a style of architecture that takes its name from the shrine. The main hall and the attached buildings were designated National Treasures of Japan in 1952. According to tradition, the hall was once much taller than it is now. The discovery of the remains of enormous pillars in 2000 supports this tradition.

To maintain the power of the _kami_ and preserve architectural techniques, Izumo-taisha has been rebuilt every 60 to 70 years. This process of regular rebuilding is called "Sengū" (遷宮) and is also practiced at other important Shinto shrines, such as the Ise Grand Shrine, which is rebuilt every 20 years.

## Related pages

- Ōkuninushi
- Shinto shrine

## Other websites

- Official Site
- Architecture of the Izumo Grand Shrine
- Heian-period discovery at Izumo
Republic of Korea Navy

The **Republic of Korea Navy** also known as the **South Korean Navy**, is the naval warfare service branch of the South Korean armed forces.

It has about  people including  Republic of Korea Marines. There are about 140 ships. The naval aviation force consists of about 70 aircraft. The ROK Marine Corps has about 300 tracked vehicles including assault amphibious vehicles.

During the Japanese occupation of Korea, the Imperial Japanese Navy built a big naval base at Chinkai Guard District in southern Korea (at present-day Jinhae). The present navy was started in 1945. Korea had a long naval history, going back to the 4th century, before that.
Swedish Navy

The **Swedish Navy**  is the naval branch of the Swedish Armed Forces.

It was started under King Gustav I in 1522. It is one of the oldest continuously serving navies in the world, celebrating its 500th anniversary in 2022.

For most of the twentieth century, the Swedish Navy focused on the threat of a full-scale invasion of Sweden via the Baltic Sea and on protecting commercial shipping. Sweden's place on the Scandinavia<nowiki/>n peninsula means that 90% of  imports and exports enter or leave Sweden through the Baltic.
Zhangixalus dugritei

The **Sichuan whipping frog**, **Boaxing treefrog**, or **Dugrite's whipping tree frog** (_Zhangixalus dugritei_) is a frog.  It lives in China and Vietnam. People have seen it 10,500 feet above sea level.

These frogs live in forests and grassy places high on mountains. It lays eggs in pools and ponds. The female frog makes a white foam nest to lays her eggs. She makes the nest in a mud cave or under moss or plants. After the eggs hatch, the rain pushes the tadpoles into the water. The tadpoles live at the bottom of the pond or pool.

People have seen this frog between 1400 and 3200 meters above sea level.

Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out because there are so many of them alive. Many of the places the frog lives are protected parks, for example Hoang Lien Son National Park and Tay Con Linh II National Park. People sometimes cut down the forests to build farms and get wood. Sometimes people catch this frog to eat.
Royal Danish Navy

The **Royal Danish Navy**  is the sea-based branch of the Danish Defence force. It is mainly responsible for maritime defence and maintaining Danish territorial waters including the Faroe Islands and Greenland.

The maritime traditions go back to the 9th century when the Vikings had small but well-organised fleets.

From 1509 to 1814, when Denmark was in a union with Norway, the Danish Navy was part of the Dano-Norwegian Navy.  It was an important force then. It played an important part in the colonisation of Africa and the Caribbean. During the Napoleonic Wars the British were afraid that the Danish navy would be used against them.  They attacked it in 1801 and  captured it in 1807.  It took a long time to rebuild the navy.

In World War II 32 ships were deliberately sunk in 1943 to prevent the German<nowiki/>s from using them.

During the Cold War, the Danish navy was rebuilt and modernised. The main job was to repel a possible invasion from the Warsaw Pact.  Now there are fewer but larger vessels able to operate for long periods at sea.
Royal Thai Navy

The **Royal Thai Navy** is the naval warfare force of Thailand. It was started in 1906, and modernised by the Admiral Prince Abhakara Kiartiwongse (1880–1923) who is known as the father of the Royal Navy. There is a naval fleet, the Royal Thai Marine Corps, and Air and Coastal Defence Command. The headquarters is at Sattahip Naval Base. It runs three naval area commands: Northern Gulf of Thailand; Southern Gulf of Thailand; and the Andaman Sea.

The ancient naval arm of the army was mostly river  craft whose job was to control the Chao Phraya River and protect ships carrying the army to battle. The warships carried up to 30 musketeer<nowiki/>s, a large number of rowers and either 6 or 12-pounder cannons or no guns at all.

There are now 130 ships.
Chao Phraya River

The **Chao Phraya** is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Chao Phraya
- **image**: Chao_Phraya_River_-_Bangkok_-_northwards_-_from_King_Taksin_Bridge_-_2021.jpg
- **image size**: 276 px
- **image caption**: The Chao Phraya in Bangkok
- **map**: Chaophrayarivermap.png
- **map caption**: Map of the Chao Phraya River drainage basin
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Thailand
- **subdivision type5**: City
- **subdivision name5**: Bangkok
- **discharge1 location**: Nakhon Sawan Province, Nakhon Sawan
- **source1**: Confluence of Ping River and Nan River
- **source1 location**: Pak Nam Pho, Nakhon Sawan Province
- **mouth location**: Gulf of Thailand, Samut Prakan Province
- **tributaries left**: Pa Sak River
- **tributaries right**: Sakae Krang River
Lincoln Younes

**Lincoln Younes** (born January 31, 1992) is an Australian actor from City Homicide .

## Filmography

- City Homicide (2009)
- Locker (2009)
- Tangle (2009-2012)
- Home and Away (2011-2014)
- Love Child (2014-2016)
- Hiding (2015)
- Down Under (2016)
- Dead Lucky (2018)
- Love and Other Place (2018)
- Little Monsters (2019)
- Grand Hotel (2019)
- The Lost Boys (2020)
- Doctor Doctor (2021)
- A Spy Movie (2021)
- Barons (2022)
- Alter the Verdict (2022)
- Last King of the Cross (2023)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lincoln Younes
- **image**: Lincoln Younes 6 (cropped).jpg
- **birth place**: Canberra, Australia
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2009-present
Royal Norwegian Navy

The **Royal Norwegian Navy** is the branch of the Norwegian Armed Forces responsible for naval operations of Norway. In 2008, the Royal Norwegian Navy had about 3,700 people and 70 ships and boats, including 4 heavy frigates, 6 submarines, 14 patrol boats, 4 minesweepers, 4 minehunters, 1 mine detection vessel, 4 support vessels and 2 training vessels. It also includes the Coast Guard.

There has been a navy since 955.  From 1509 to 1814 the navy was for both Denmark and Norway.  The seperate Norwegian navy was started again in 1814.

Norway was neutral during World War I, but the armed forces had to protect Norway's neutrality. The neutrality was sorely tested – the commercial fleet suffered heavy casualties to German U-boats and commerce raiders.

The Battle of Narvik, one of the first sea battles of World War II began on April 8, 1940. On June 7, 1940, thirteen ships, five aircraft and 500 men from the Royal Norwegian Navy followed the King of Norway to the United Kingdom and continued the fight from bases there until the war ended. They took part in the Normandy Invasion in 1944.
Nashinoki Shrine

Nashinoki Shrine (梨木神社) is a Shinto shrine in kamigyō-ku. Although it was never a Beppyo shrine, it used to have the rank of Bekkaku kanpeisha under the modern system of ranked Shinto shrines.

Nashinoki Shrine is a relatively new Shinto shrine in Kyoto. It was built in 1885.

The Nashinoki Shrine hosts an annual bush clover festival.

## Infobox (religious building)
Saga Shrine

**Saga Shrine** (佐嘉神社) is a Shinto shrine located in Saga, Kyushu. It is a Beppyo shrine, which means it is particularly notable in a certain way with a significant history. The shrine has two cannons at its entrance and was the traditional main shrine of the Saga Domain. It enshrines Daimyo  and . It is the only Bekkaku Kanpeisha in Saga.

## Infobox (religious building)
510s

The **510s** was a decade that began on 1 January 510 and ended on 31 December 519. It is distinct from the decade known as the **52th decade** which will begin on January 1, 511 and end on December 31, 520.

## Events

- The convent of Saint-Césaire is built in Arles.
- Roman (Byzantine) Emperor Anastasius I ends a period of moderate ecclestical policy, and starts strongly favoring his own monophysitist beliefs.
- Flavian II, Patriarch of Antioch, is deposed and replaced with Severus.
- The island nation of Usan-guk is conquered by the Korean Silla Dynasty general Lee Sabu.
- Earliest known dated text in the Arabic alphabet, at Zebed in Syria
- The Revolt of Vitalian is put down by forces loyal to Byzantine emperor Anastasius I

## Births

- Clovis I (born circa 466)
- Saint David

## Deaths

- Gao Zhao
- Xuan Wu Di, ruler of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty
- Euphemius, deposed Patriarch of Constantinople
Fukui Shrine

**Fukui Shrine** (福井神社) is an important Shinto shrine located in Fukui city. It is classified as a Beppyo shrine, which means it is particularly notable in a certain way with a significant history to it. The shrine's main building was destroyed in World War II, but it has since been rebuilt using concrete. This makes the shrine quite unusual, especially with its striking concrete Torii gate.

Matsudaira Yoshinaga is enshrined at the Fukui Shrine.

## Infobox (religious building)

- **deity**: Matsudaira Yoshinaga
- **image**: Fukui Shrine Concrete Torii.jpg
Uesugi Shrine

**Uesugi Shrine** (上杉神社) is a Shinto shrine located in Yonezawa, Yamagata. It is a Beppyo shrine and is dedicated to the memory of Uesugi Kenshin, a famous military leader in Japanese history. The shrine was built in 1876 on the site of Yonezawa Castle, and it enshrines the spirit of Uesugi Kenshin.

Every year in February, a snow lantern festival is held at the shrine where lanterns are carved out of snow to honor the memory of Uesugi Kenshin. It is a popular event that attracts many visitors.

## Infobox (religious building)
Myōjin Taisha

A **Myojin Taisha** is a Shinto shrine dedicated to a powerful kami believed to possess remarkable abilities. These shrines are considered "great shrines" or "taisha" under the ancient system of shrine rankings. Myojin Taisha shrines are found throughout Japan, particularly in the Kyoto-Osaka region, including Yamashiro, Yamato, Ōmi, Mutsu, Tajima, and Kii provinces. There are 224 shrines that enshrine 310 kami listed as Myojin Taisha in the Engishiki Jinmyocho. Additionally, there are 203 shrines with 285 kami listed for Myojinsai or "festivals for famed deities" in book 3 of Engishiki. While most of the shrines in these two listings overlap, there are some differences in names and numbers. There are several theories about these differences, but it is unclear why the lists differ.

A related list is the Kokushi genzaisha which refers to shrines which appear in the Rikkokushi (六国史) but not in the Engishiki

## Related pages

- Kokushi genzaisha shrines listed in the Rikkokushi but not in the Engishiki
- Shikinai Taisha
North West Ambulance Service

The **North West Ambulance Service NHS Trust**  is the ambulance service for North West England. It is one of ten ambulance trusts providing England with emergency medical services, and is part of the National Health Service.  It is based in Bolton.

It started on  1 July 2006, by the merger of the four previous services (Cumbria Ambulance Service; Lancashire Ambulance Service; Cheshire and Mersey Ambulance Service; and Greater Manchester Ambulance Service).  In 2019 they had 104 ambulance stations and about 6000 people.
Kaijin Shrine

**Kaijin Shrine** (海神神社) is a significant Shinto shrine in Tsushima Island, Nagasaki that holds a Beppyo status. This status denotes that the shrine is remarkable and holds a significant historical importance. Kaijin Shrine is also ranked as an Ichinomiya, which means it is the highest-ranked shrine in its province.

Kaijin Shrine should not be confused with Watatsumi Shrine, which has a very similar Japanese name (海神社) to Kaijin Shrine (海神神社).

In 2012 a robber stole a Buddha statue from the shrine, but in 2015 it was returned.

## Related pages

- Watatsumi Shrine
- Watazumi Shrine

## Infobox (religious building)

- **religious affiliation**: Shinto
- **image**: Kaijin jinja haiden and honden.JPG
- **caption**: shrine and main hall
- **deity**: Toyotama-hime,

Hikohohodemi no Mikoto
- **festivals**: Life release, Kaijin Matsuri
- **festival**: Life release, Kaijin Matsuri
- **architecture style**: Nagare-zukuri