juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Edward O. Thorp

**Edward Oakley Thorp** (born 14 August 1932) is an American mathematics professor, author, hedge fund manager, and blackjack player. He is best known as the author of _Beat the Dealer_ (1962). This was the first book to prove that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. As part of this work he collaborated with Claude Shannon in creating the first wearable computer in 1961.

Thorp also developed and applied effective hedge fund techniques in the financial markets. He was a pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, including the harnessing of very small correlations for reliable financial gain.

Thorp received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1958, and worked at M.I.T. from 1959 to 1961.  He was a professor of mathematics from 19611965 at New Mexico State University, and then joined the University of California, Irvine where he was a professor of mathematics from 1965 to 1977 and a professor of mathematics and finance from 1977 to 1982.

## Stock market

Since the late 1960s, Thorp has used his knowledge of probability and statistics in the stock market by discovering and exploiting a number of pricing in the securities markets. Thorp is currently the President of Edward O. Thorp & Associates, based in Newport Beach, CA.  In May 1998, Thorp reported that his personal investments yielded an annualized 20 percent rate of return averaged over 28.5 years.

## Books

- Edward O. Thorp 1967. _Beat the market: a scientific stock market system_, 1967,  (online version )

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Edward O. Thorp
- **image size**: 140px
- **caption**: Edward O. Thorp
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **citizenship**: American
- **fields**: Probability theory, Operator (mathematics), Linear operators
- **workplaces**: University of California, Irvine, UC Irvine, New Mexico State University
- **alma mater**: University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA
- **known for**: blackjack system; wearable computers; stock market investment
- **influences**: Claude Shannon
Maureen Duffy

**Maureen Patricia Duffy** (born 21 October 1933 in Worthing, Sussex, England) is a British poet, novelist, and writer of plays.

## Early life and education

Duffy graduated from King's College London. Her degree was in English. She became a schoolteacher in 1956. She left that work in 1961. In 1961, she became a full-time poet and writer of plays. Her first novel was _That's How It Was_. It was published in 1962. It was praised by critics.

## Works

She has published around thirty books. Her _Collected Poems, 1949–84_ appeared in 1985. Her work has often used Freudian ideas and Greek myth as a framework.

She has been active in supporting the rights of homosexuals. In 1977 she published "The Ballad of the Blasphemy Trial", a broadside against the trial of the _Gay News_ newspaper for "blasphemous libel."

She has also been active in a variety of groups representing the interest of writers.  At one time, she was the President of the _European Writers' Congress_ (renamed European Writers Council in 2008). She was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1985 and awarded their Benson Medal in 2004.

She is also deeply interested in intellectual property law.

## Further reading

- Yorke, L. (1999). "British lesbian poetics: a brief exploration". _Feminist Review_; (62) Summer 1999, pp. 78–90.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Maureen Duffy on the GLBTQ Encyclopedia
- A Duffy bibliography
Beesha Darawiish

**Beesha Darawiish** or **Si'iid Harti**, also called **Reer Darawiish**, means the Dhulbahante tribe. The **Dhulbahante** were called Darwiishes during the colonial era. The Darwiish was the successor state to the Dhulbahante garaadship. The Dhulbahante Garaadship (, ) was a kingdom from 1530 until 1895. Dhulbahante is also a Somali clan known for being the backbone of Darwiish. It is part of the larger Harti Darod clan. They live mainly in Sool, Cayn and Sanaag. Current population estimated 1.23 million.
Hydrogenosome

A **hydrogenosome** is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi and a few metazoa. The hydrogenosomes of trichomonads (the best studied) produce ATP by a complex metabolic cycle. Unlike mitochondria, this cycle does not use oxygen. It is thought that hydrogenosomes evolved from mitochondria; their structure is rather similar.

In 2010, scientists reported their discovery of the first known anaerobic metazoans with hydrogenosome-like organelles. These organisms were Loricifera living in sediments under deep-water brine pools like the L'Atalante basin. These brine pools are completely without any oxygen (anoxic).
New Zealand men's cricket team

The **New Zealand** men's cricket team has been active since 1894. It is governed by New Zealand Cricket (NZC), which is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). New Zealand play all forms of international cricket: Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 International (T20I).

## Infobox (cricket team)

- **name**: New Zealand
- **image**: Flag of New Zealand.svg
- **caption**: National flag
- **association**: New Zealand Cricket (NZC)
- **nickname**: Black Caps
- **test status year**: 1930
- **first test**: v.  at Lancaster Park, Christchurch (10/13 January 1930)
- **first odi**: v.  at Lancaster Park, Christchurch (11 February 1973)
- **first t20i**: v.  at Eden Park, Auckland (17 February 2005)
Marylebone Cricket Club

**Marylebone Cricket Club** (MCC) was founded in 1787 by members of the White Conduit Club, which had relocated to Marylebone from Islington. MCC is now based at Lord's in St John's Wood. The club owns copyright of _The Laws of Cricket_.

## Other websites

- MCC website
Karjala (disambiguation)

Karjala may refer to

- Karjala, beer
- Karjala, _Karelia_, geographical area between Finland and Russia
- Karjala, Finnish last name
- Karjala, Finnish magazine
Marylebone

**Marylebone** (, , or ) is an area of central London in the City of Westminster.

## See

- Marylebone station
- Oxford Street
- Time Out

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Marylebone
- **os grid reference**: TQ285815
- **london borough**: Westminster
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: W
- **postcode district**: W1
- **postcode area2**: NW
- **postcode district2**: NW1
- **dial code**: 020
- **constituency westminster**: Cities of London and Westminster (UK Parliament constituency), Cities of London and Westminster
- **static image name**: Marylebone station 01.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Marylebone station</small>
Facta (encyclopedia)

***Facta*** is an encyclopedia in Finnish. It was published as a series of 11 volumes between 1969 and 1974. It describes subjects from a Finnish point of view.

## Other websites

- Official website
Mäntsälä

**Mäntsälä** is a municipality in Finland. About 21,000 people lived there in 2015. The municipalities next to it are Askola, Hausjärvi, Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Tuusula, Kärkölä, Orimattila, Pornainen, Pukkila and Sipoo.

Mäntsälä was probably founded in 1585.

## Other websites

- Mäntsälä pages
Joutsa

**Joutsa** is a municipality in Central Finland. It is part of Itä-Häme, along with Hartola, Sysmä, Pertunmaa, Heinola and Luhanka.

Almost 4,900 people lived in Joutsa as of February 2014. It covers an area of . Neighbouring municipalities are Hartola, Hirvensalmi, Jyväskylä, Kangasniemi, Luhanka, Pertunmaa and Toivakka.

The former municipality of Leivonmäki was merged with Joutsa in 2008.

## Culture

The newspaper _Joutsan Seutu_ is published in Joutsa and Luhanka.

A summer festival, Joutsan Joutopäivät, is held on the second weekend of July.

Sahti culture is strong in Joutsa. "Joutsan sahti" is a locally made traditional drink.

## Villages

Angesselkä, Etu-Ikola, Hankaa, Havumäki, Joutsa, Kivisuo, Kälä, Laitjärvi, Lapinkylä, Leivonmäki, Marjotaipale, Martinkylä, Mieskonmäki, Niemistenkylä, Pajumäki, Pappinen, Pylsy, Pärnämäki, Ruokoranta, Ruorasmäki, Rutalahti, Savenaho, Selänpohja, Taka-Ikola, Tammilahti, Tolvasniemi, Uimaniemi, Vallaspelto, Vähä-Joutsa and Vehmaa.

## Other websites

- Joutsa official website
Mäntyharju

**Mäntyharju** is a municipality in Finland. Almost 6,350 people lived there in August 2012. It covers an area of about .

Villages include Ahvenisto, Anettu, Enonlahti, Halmeniemi, Hietaniemi, Huopola, Hyyrylä, Hölttä, Jäniskylä, Karankamäki, Kinni, Kirkonkylä, Koirakivi, Korpilahti, Kousa, Kuhajärvi, Kukonkorpi, Kyttälä, Lahnaniemi, Leppäniemi, Luhtanen, Lyytikkälä, Mynttilä, Niinimäki, Nurmaa, Ollikkala, Outila, Paasola, Partsinmaa, Poitsiniemi, Pyhäkoski, Pärnämäki, Saviniemi, Särkemäki, Tiilikkala, Toivola, Valtola, Vanonen and Varpanen.

## Other websites

- Community website
Feldkirch, Vorarlberg

**Feldkirch** is the second largest city in Vorarlberg. The largest hospital of Vorarlberg is there. About 33,000 people lived in Feldkirch, in 2019.

Feldkirch has seven districts named Feldkirch, Tisis, Tosters, Nofels, Levis, Gisingen and Altenstadt.
Mikkeli

**Mikkeli** is a town in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, the population was almost 54,700. In the Finnish point of view, Mikkeli is a city, not a town. Neighbouring municipalities are Hirvensalmi, Juva, Kangasniemi, Mäntyharju, Pieksämäki, Puumala and Savitaipale.

The former municipality of Haukivuori was merged with Mikkeli in 2007. The former municipalities of Ristiina and Suomenniemi was merged with Mikkeli in 2013.

Mikkeli was established in 1838.

## Distances

- Ristiina 20 km
- Hirvensalmi 34 km
- Juva 44 km
- Kangasniemi 52 km
- Helsinki 230 km
- Kuopio 163 km
- Lappeenranta 106 km
- Savonlinna 104 km

## Other websites

- The official page
Wood ray

A **wood ray** occurs in wood, and consists of bodies of cells running from the inside of the tree or shrub to the outside. That is, rays run at right angles to other cells of the xylem and phloem, which mostly run vertically. Rays serve to transport and store nutrients and chemical substances.

Rays may be low, that is only very few cells high, to very high, easily visible to the naked eye. Rays may be narrow, only one cell wide, to quite wide, many cells wide. A wood well-known for its high and wide rays is oak; less noticeable is that oak also has small rays. There are other woods with two types of rays.

Wood rays are sometimes called "medullary rays" or "pith rays" but this is only accurate for some of them, only when they run from the pith to the outside of the tree or shrub. Many rays do not start in the pith, but are formed later; as the circumference of the tree or shrub grows, more rays are necessary.

In wood products the rays can be seen running perpendicular to the growth rings. If wood is cut into boards with the growth rings roughly perpendicular to the face of the board, the rays can produce beautiful "figure", called ray flecks.

## Bark

A ray does not stop at the edge of the wood, but continues on, into the bark. It is then called a bark ray.
Savonlinna

**Savonlinna** is a town in Finland. The population was almost 36,250 in January 2014. Neighbouring municipalities are Enonkoski, Heinävesi, Kitee, Liperi, Parikkala, Rantasalmi, Ruokolahti, Rääkkylä, Sulkava and Varkaus. Some parts of central Savonlinna has been built over islands. Over one-third of the area is water or islands.

The former municipalities of Kerimäki and Punkaharju were merged with Savonlinna in 2013.

## Other websites

- Community website
Rovaniemi

**Rovaniemi** is a town in Lapland, in northern Finland. Rovaniemi is very close to the Arctic Circle. The population was over 61,000 in January 2014. The area is huge in typical European scale. Neigbouring municipalities are Kittilä, Sodankylä, Kolari, Pello, Ylitornio, Tervola, Ranua, Posio, Kemijärvi and Pelkosenniemi.

On 1 January 2006,  (Rural municipality of Rovaniemi) was merged into a single municipality.

## Other websites

- Community website
Quiet storm

**Quiet storm** is a late-night radio format that plays slow soul music. It developed in the 1970s in Washington, D.C.
Christy Mathewson

**Christopher Mathewson** (August 12, 1880 - October 7, 1925) was an American Major League Baseball player. He was known as "Big Six", "The Christian Gentleman", and "Matty". He played for the New York Giants and the Cincinnati Reds, and also managed the Reds. He became a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936.
Drying rack

**Drying rack** is a rack used for drying clothes after they have been washed. It is also called a **clothes horse** or a **clothes rack**. It is usually located inside a house, as a replacement to a washing line, which is located outside.

An **automated drying rack** (also known variously as a automated drying rack, automatic laundry airer or automated laundry system) is a ceiling-mounted mechanism to dry clothes and is automated. In Singapore, it is often know as automated laundry rack.
Altenstadt (Feldkirch)

**Altenstadt** is a district of Feldkirch in Austria. The biggest and most important school in Feldkirch is there.
Cytokine storm

A **cytokine storm** is an overreaction of the body's immune system. It can be deadly. It consists of a positive feedback loop between cytokines and immune cells.

It is believed that cytokine storms were responsible for many of the deaths during the 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed a disproportionate number of young adults.  In this case, a healthy immune system may have been a liability rather than an asset. Preliminary research results from Hong Kong also suggest this as the probable reason for many deaths during the SARS epidemic in 2003. Human deaths from the bird flu H5N1 usually involve cytokine storms as well.

## Related pages

- Signal (biology)
Dassault Mirage F1

**Mirage F1** is a French air superiority and attack aircraft. Its first flight was on 23 December 1966, but it first entered into the French Air Force in 1973. Dassault Aviation has built this turbojet aircraft. Its current important users are France, Iran and Morocco.
Black Hole of Calcutta

**Black Hole of Calcutta** was a dungeon in old Fort William, Calcutta, India. It was 18 feet (5.5 metres) long and 14 feet (4 metres) wide, and had two small windows.

The fort was built by the British to defend their trading interests in Calcutta. During hostilities in 1756, the fort was captured by the army of the Nawab of Bengal on 20 June. John Zephaniah Holwell, a British eyewitness, reported that those taken in the capture of the fort, numbering 146, were confined to the dungeon, and that only 23 survived. The story was told by John Zephaniah Holwell, a survivor. However, 146 people could not have fit in a room of 24 x 18 feet. Today most concede that Holwell greatly exaggerated the number of captives.

The British captured and killed the Nawab. An obelisk was later raised in memory of those who died in the Black Hole.  Holwell's account of the incident has been challenged by modern historians and scholars.

## Further reading

- Holwell, John Zephaniah. _A Genuine Narrative of the Deplorable Deaths of the English Gentlemen and others who were suffocated in the Black Hole_. London, 1758.
Mitchell, South Dakota

**Mitchell** is a city in and the county seat of Davison County, South Dakota. It is in the eastern part of the state, and 15,660 people lived there at the 2020 census. It became a city in 1883.

## Other websites

- City of Mitchell website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Mitchell, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: "The Palace City"
- **image skyline**: Corn Palace (3518465979).jpg
- **image caption**: Corn Palace in Mitchell
- **image map**: Davison_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Mitchell_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Davison County and South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Davison County, South Dakota, Davison
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title3**: Incorporated
- **established date3**: 1883
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 31.85
- **area land km2**: 29.10
- **area water km2**: 2.75
- **area total sq mi**: 12.30
- **area land sq mi**: 11.24
- **area water sq mi**: 1.06
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 15660
- **population density km2**: 538.07
- **population density sq mi**: 1393.61
- **population metro**: 25,747
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation ft**: 1299
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57301
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-43100
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267480
- **website**: [http://www.cityofmitchell.org/ City of Mitchell]
Porter Airlines

**Porter Airlines** is a Canadian regional airline. It was founded in 2006. It flies between cities in the United States and Canada.
Paul Villard

**Paul Villard** (1860–1934) was a French scientist. He discovered gamma rays while studying radium.
Canton, South Dakota

**Canton** is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Lincoln County, and 3,066 people lived there at the 2020 census. Canton became a city in 1881.

## Other websites

- City of Canton website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Canton, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "Can Live. Can Dream. Can Do!"
- **image skyline**: Canton, South Dakota 5.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Canton
- **image map**: Lincoln_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Canton_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Lincoln County, South Dakota, Lincoln County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Lincoln County, South Dakota, Lincoln
- **government type**: Council-manager government, Council-Manager
- **established title3**: Incorporated
- **established date3**: 1881
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 8.51
- **area land km2**: 8.47
- **area water km2**: 0.04
- **area total sq mi**: 3.29
- **area land sq mi**: 3.27
- **area water sq mi**: 0.02
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 3066
- **population density km2**: 362.05
- **population density sq mi**: 937.61
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation ft**: 1286
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57013
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-09500
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267310
Affliction (movie)

***Affliction*** is an American drama movie produced in 1997. It was written and directed by Paul Schrader. It is based on the novel by Russell Banks. It stars Nick Nolte, Sissy Spacek, James Coburn, and Willem Dafoe.

## Plot

_Affliction_ tells the story of Wade Whitehouse, a small-town policeman in New Hampshire. Disconnected from the people around him, including his father and his divorced wife, he becomes obsessed with the solving of a fatal hunting accident. This leads to a series of tragic events.
The Great Escape (movie)

***The Great Escape*** is a 1963 American war movie. It is about an escape by Allied prisoners of war from a German POW camp during World War II where the Wehrmacht’s regular Luftwaffe Air Force and the SS and Gestapo become rivals what to do with escaped prisoners of war that a allied military pilots . The movie stars Steve McQueen, James Garner, Donald Pleasence, Charles Bronson, James Coburn, and Richard Attenborough. It got positive reviews from critics.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Great Escape
- **director**: John Sturges
- **producer**: John Sturges
- **music**: Elmer Bernstein
- **cinematography**: Daniel L. Fapp
- **editing**: Ferris Webster
- **studio**: The Mirisch Company
- **distributor**: United Artists
- **runtime**: 172 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **budget**: $3.8 million
- **gross**: $11.7 million
SpongeBob SquarePants season 8

The eighth season of ***SpongeBob SquarePants*** began on July 18, 2011 with the episodes "Accidents Will Happen" and "The Other Patty." It ran through October 8, 2012, ending with "Hello Bikini Bottom!"

## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #04b0f7
- **image**: SBSP logo.png
- **num episodes**: 26 (47 segments)
- **starring**: * Tom Kenny
* Bill Fagerbakke
* Rodger Bumpass
* Clancy Brown
* Mr. Lawrence
* Jill Talley
* Carolyn Lawrence
* Mary Jo Catlett
* Lori Alan
- **network**: Nickelodeon
- **prev season**: SpongeBob SquarePants season 7, Season 7
- **next season**: SpongeBob SquarePants season 9, Season 9
- **episode list**: List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes, List of episodes
Tartar sauce

**Tartar sauce** (**tartare** in the United Kingdom and Australia) is a mayonnaise-based sauce. It is often served as a condiment with seafood dishes. It is like mayonnaise, but with a few more ingredients such as pickles, onions, capers, lemon juice and parsley.

The word Tartar is a Turkic word. It is believed to be named after the Tatar people.
Knockout

**Knockout**, also known as the **knockout game** and **knockout king**, is a violent activity played by teenagers. The object of the game is to render unconscious (knockout) an innocent pedestrian with one punch. The game can result in serious injuries or death for its victims. Players face criminal charges.

In 1992, a teen stabbed an MIT student through the heart, killing him. In another case, a St. Louis, Missouri teenager allegedly attacked a pedestrian who hit his head on the ground and died in hospital. In May 2013, a 51 year-old man died from his injuries after he was attacked in Syracuse, New York, by two teenagers.
Carmine Crocco

**Carmine Crocco** (5 June 1830 – 18 June 1905) was an Italian outlaw. He is also known as **Donatello** and for his brilliant battle skills was nicknamed “Napoleon of the brigands”.

Born in Rionero in Vulture, a town in the Basilicata region, He began the criminal activity after killing a comrade in a brawl during the military service and joined the Garibaldi's expedition of the thousand in 1860 hoping for a pardon. However, his offence wasn't cleared and Crocco was arrested. He escaped from prison with the help of the Fortunato, a bourgeois family linked to the Bourbon dynasty and became the leader of the peasants rebellion in Basilicata, who didn't get any benefit with the political change.

He fought in the service of king Francis II, heading an army of almost 2.000 men and conquering various centers of Basilicata and Campania. In every conquered territory he overthrew the Savoy government and appointed a representative of the Bourbon crown, ordering the badges and ornaments of the fallen king to be once again displayed.

A skillful guerrilla man,  was able to harass the national guards and the Piedmontese soldiers for almost four years but he lose the conflict after being betrayed by his lieutenant Giuseppe Caruso, who revealed his plans and hideouts to the Italian authorities. Thus he fled to the Papal States hoping for help from Pius IX but was arrested by his soldiers. Later was handed over to the Italian government and condemned to death but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.

Crocco died in prison at Portoferraio, Tuscany.

A disputable personality, he is considered by some authors a fierce thief and murderer but many people of southern Italy regard him as a folk hero who represented the suffering of the lower class before and soon after the Italian unification.

## Bibliography

- David Hilton Wheeler, _Brigandage in south Italy, Volume 2_, S. Low, son, and Marston, 1864.
- Eric Hobsbawm, _Bandits_, Penguin, 1984
- John Ellis, _A short history of guerrilla warfare_, Allan, 1975.
- Denis Mack Smith, _Italy:a modern history_, University of Michigan Press, 1969.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Carmine Crocco
- **other names**: Donatello
- **image**: Carmine Crocco (rounded).jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Portrait of Carmine Crocco
- **birth date**: 5 June 1830
- **birth place**: Rionero in Vulture, Basilicata, Italy
- **death date**: 18 June 1905
- **death place**: Portoferraio, Tuscany, Italy
- **death cause**: Natural causes
- **nationality**: Italian
- **known for**: Army commander, gang member, murderer
- **occupation**: Outlaw
Nightstand

A **nightstand**, (could also be called a **night table** or **bedside table**) is a small type of table. It is usually placed next to a bed or somewhere else in a bedroom.  It is a coffee table which is used next to a person's bed at night time.

Before flushing toilets became common, nightstands usually had a chamber pot in them. Nightstands which were made a long time ago sometimes had a drawer, and they usually had a small cupboard at the bottom.

Nightstands used today usually also have a drawer. Things like lamps, alarm clocks, mobile phones, water or medication, which could be useful during the night, are often put either on top of or inside nightstands.

French, Italian and Spanish antique nightstands usually have a drawer and a small cupboard with only one door. They can also have special finishes, like bronze.

## History

It is thought that the word _nightstand_ was first used in 1892.
Rob Bourdon

**Robert Gregory Bourdon** (born January 20, 1979) is the drummer and youngest member of the rock band Linkin Park. Bourdon was born in Calabasas, California and now lives in Los Angeles. He grew up in the same town as the members of Incubus and Hoobastank. Bourdon started to play drums after watching an Aerosmith concert. His mother, Patty, is friends with Joey Kramer, Aerosmith's drummer. They also dated when the were much younger. This friendship meant they were able to go backstage and see the entire production. Kramer also gave Bourdon a kick pedal.

In his early teen years, Bourdon played in a few bands with his friends. It was around that time that he met his current Linkin Park bandmate, Brad Delson. They played together for about a year in a band called Relative Degree. Their goal was to play at the Roxy Theatre. After achieving their goal with a sell-out show, Relative Degree eventually broke up.

## Personal life

Bourdon once dated actress Shiri Appleby. He dated actress Vanessa Lee Evigan, starting in 2001 but has been single since at least early 2008. His birthday was featured on an episode of iTunes' LPTV. On January 20, 2004, Linkin Park played a show in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the band can be seen joking around backstage and saying that it is Bourdon's twentieth. Bourdon's favorite songs to play are "In the End", "Tinfoil" and "The Little Things Give You Away". His hobbies include playing the piano (although he has never done so for a Linkin Park recording) and surfing.

Bourdon wears racing shoes to get a better feel for the drum pedals; he says it gives him better control of the pedals. He also said that the song "Easier to Run" was the most difficult to play because he had to approach the drums very differently in which he was able to record the song in a few takes.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rob Bourdon
- **image**: Rob Bourdon.jpg
- **caption**: LP'S Meteora Tour. 2007
- **background**: Drummer
- **birth name**: Robert Bourdon
- **birth place**: Calabasas, California, Calabasas, California
- **instrument**: Drummer, Percussion
- **genre**: Nu metal, heavy metal music, heavy metal, alternative metal, speed metal, hip-hop music, hip-hop, alternative rock
- **occupation**: Songwriter,
Musician, record producer, producer
- **years active**: 1994 – present
- **label**: Machine Shop Recordings, Machine Shop/Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros.
- **associated acts**: Linkin Park, Aerosmith, Korn
Chum Bucket

The **Chum Bucket** is a fictional restaurant in the television series _SpongeBob SquarePants_. It is in the city of Bikini Bottom. The restaurant is run by a plankton named Sheldon J. Plankton. It does not get a lot of customers. This is because it sells a food called chum, which cannot be eaten.

Plankton's wife, Karen, is a computer. She often appears on the wall of the back room of the Chum Bucket. The Krusty Krab is the Chum Bucket's rival across the street. The Krusty Krab sells delicious food, hamburgers called Krabby Patties.
Race movie

**Race movie** is an American movie genre. Such movies were made by African Americans for African Americans. Casts were all-African Americans. These movies ran in African American theaters. Oscar Micheaux is the most famous producer, writer, and director of race movies.
Ted Manson

**Theodore "Ted" Manson** (October 23, 1926 – June 1, 2008) was an American actor. His career lasted over 30 years.

Manson was born in Columbus, Ohio on October 23, 1926. He graduated from West High School. He attended both Ohio State University and John Carroll University. In the 1950s he started acting with the Players Club and the Ohio State University Players.

After working in real estate, he returned to acting in 1979. He appeared on the television shows _In the Heat of the Night_ and _Matlock_. He appeared in Hollywood movies, including _Elizabethtown_, _Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby_ and _The Curious Case of Benjamin Button_.

Manson died from complications of lung cancer on June 1, 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia, aged 81.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ted Manson
- **birth name**: Theodore Manson
- **birth place**: Columbus, Ohio, Columbus, Ohio, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, U.S.
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: West High School
- **alma mater**: Ohio State University,
John Carroll University
- **years active**: 1976 – 2008
- **occupation**: Actor
The Betrayal

***The Betrayal*** (1948) is an American race movie written, produced, and directed by Oscar Micheaux. It is based on his book _The Wind From Nowhere_ (1943) and his movie _The Homesteader_ (1919). The movie tells of the tangled relationships among African American farm people in South Dakota. It stars Leroy Collins in his one and only movie role. The movie was poorly received among both white and black critics. No print is known to exist. It is considered a "lost" movie. It was the first race movie to open in a white theater.

## Story

Martin Eden is a successful African American farmer in South Dakota.  He is in love with Deborah Stewart. He believes that she is white and that she is not interested in him. He is unaware that Deborah loves him.

Martin goes to Chicago to look for a wife.  He meets Linda. They fall in love and marry, and then return to Martin’s farm.  They have a baby. Their happiness ends when Linda’s jealous father tells her that Martin is homicidal.  She runs away from the farm with the baby and returns to Chicago.  Martin finds her in the city. Linda shoots him during a fight.

In South Dakota, Deborah learns she is African American.  She goes to Chicago and meets Linda. Linda agrees to divorce Martin so he can marry Deborah. Linda gives her baby to Deborah to raise.  Martin and Deborah return to South Dakota. Linda kills her father for his role in ruining her marriage.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Betrayal
- **caption**: Film poster
- **director**: Oscar Micheaux
- **producer**: Oscar Micheaux
- **writer**: Oscar Micheaux
- **starring**: Leroy Collins
Verlie Cowan
Myra Stanton
- **cinematography**: N. Spoor
- **distributor**: Astor Pictures
- **runtime**: 183 min.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Computer animation

**Computer animation** (or **CGI animation**) is the art of using computer graphics for animation, creating moving images in either 2D or 3D.

## Related pages

- Computer-generated imagery
Jean Stapleton

**Jean Stapleton** (born **Jeanne Murray**; January 19, 1923 – May 31, 2013) was an American actress. She was known for her role as Edith Bunker in the 1970 comedy show _All in the Family_.

## Early life

Stapleton was born on January 19, 1923 in New York City, New York. She studied at Hunter College.

## Marriage

Stapleton was married to William H. Putch from 1956 until his death in 1983. They had two children.

## Personal life

Stapleton's brother, Jack Stapleton, was a stage actor. Her cousin is actress Betty Jane Watson. Stapleton was active in the Christian Science church.

Jean was not, as commonly believed, related to actress Maureen Stapleton.

## Death and reaction

Stapleton died on May 31, 2013 in her home in New York City, New York of natural causes, aged 90.  She was survived by her two children, John, a TV director, and Pamela, a TV producer.

Norman Lear said, "No one gave more profound 'how to be a human being' lessons than Jean Stapleton."  Actress Roseanne Barr said that Stapleton's range was "unbelievable, deep and majestic."  Co-star and BAFTA- and Oscar-nominated director and producer Rob Reiner said, "Working with her was one of the greatest experiences of my life." Sally Struthers said, "Jean lived so in the present. She was a Christian Scientist who didn't say or think a negative thing ... She was just a walking, living angel."

Her interment was at Lincoln Cemetery in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.

The marquee lights on Broadway were dimmed for one minute on June 5, 2013 at 8 p.m. EDT  to honor the memory of Stapleton.

At the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, Rob Reiner honored the career and life of Stapleton.

## Other websites

- Archive of American Television Interview with Jean Stapleton (2000)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jean Stapleton
- **image**: Jean Stapleton 1977.JPG
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Stapleton in 1977
- **birth name**: Jeanne Murray
- **death cause**: Natural causes
- **spouse**: William H. Putch
<small>(m. 1956–83; his death)</small>
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1941–2001
- **children**: John Putch
Pamela Putch
Hal Fishman

**Harold "Hal" Fishman** (August 25, 1931 – August 7, 2007) or also known as **The Flying Anchorman**; was a local news anchor in the Los Angeles area. He served on-air with Los Angeles-area television stations continuously from 1960 until his death in 2007. He also acted in movies as a news reporter such as in _Spider-Man 3_.

Fishman was born on August 25, 1931 in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at Cornell University and at the University of California, Los Angeles. Fishman was married to Nolie Fishman until his death in 2007. They had one son, David. Fishman died on August 7, 2007 in Los Angeles, California from liver and colon cancer, aged 75.

## Other websites

- In Loving Memory - Hal Fishman
- Hal Fishman, Newsman / UCLA Spotlight

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Harold Fishman
- **birth date**: August 25, 1931
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York
- **death date**: August 7, 2007 (aged 75)
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California
- **other names**: The Flying Anchorman
- **alma mater**: Cornell University
University of California, Los Angeles
- **credits**: _KTLA News_ (10PM) anchor
(1975–2007)
- **employer**: Tribune Broadcasting/KTLA
- **occupation**: TV news anchor
- **spouse**: Nolie Fishman
- **children**: David Walsh
Norman Lear

**Norman Milton Lear** (July 27, 1922 – December 5, 2023) was an American television writer and producer. He produced 1970s sitcoms including _All in the Family_, _Archie Bunker's Place_, _Sanford and Son_, _One Day at a Time_, _The Jeffersons_, _Good Times_, and _Maude_.

Lear won many awards, including six Primetime Emmy Awards, two Peabody Awards, the National Medal of Arts in 1999, the Kennedy Center Honors in 2017, and an honorary Golden Globe Award in 2021. He was a member of the Television Academy Hall of Fame.

Lear was known for his political activism and supporting liberal and progressive causes and politicians. In 1980, he founded the organization People for the American Way to push against the influence of the Christian right in politics.

In 2001, Lear and his wife, Lyn, purchased one of the first published copies of the United States Declaration of Independence for $8.1 million. Lear said he went on a tour with the document around the United States so that the country could experience its "birth certificate" firsthand.

Lear was born on July 27, 1922 in New Haven, Connecticut to a Jewish family. He studied at Emerson College. Lear was married to Charlotte Rosen until they divorced. Then he was married to Frances Loeb from 1956 until they divorced in 1986. He was married to Lyn Davis from 1987 until his death.

In 2014, Lear published a memoir titled _Even This I Get to Experience_.

Lear died in his Los Angeles, California home on December 5, 2023, aged 101. The cause of death was cardiac arrest caused by heart failure.

## Other websites

- The Official Norman Lear Website
- Biography of Norman Lear at the Museum of Broadcast Communications website
- 2005 interview with Norman Lear
- 2006 story on Lear and _All in the Family_ that describes Lear's interests and his life in Vermont
- Independence Road Trip
- 463rd Bombardment Group Historical Society
- NNDB.com Profile
- Norman Lear Archive of American Television interview
- Born Again American website
Stan Freberg

**Stanley Victor "Stan" Freberg** (August 7, 1926 – April 7, 2015) was an American author, comedian, puppeteer, radio personality, voice actor and advertising creative director. His career began in 1944. He was still active in the industry in his mid-80s, nearly 70 years after he started.

Freberg was born on August 7, 1926 in Pasadena, California. He studied at Alhambra High School. Freberg was married to Donna Freberg from 1959 until her death in 2000. He had been married to Betty Hunter since 2001. He had two daughters with Donna.

In 1985, Paul McCartney said that Freberg was an influence to The Beatles’ "anarchic humor".

Freberg died on April 7, 2015, at the age of 88 at a hospital in Santa Monica, California from pneumonia.

## Other websites

- Stan Freberg Discography
- "Stan the Man"  in _Time_ (July 29, 1957)
- _Mark Thomas Presents: Stan Freberg_ BBC Radio 4 (2005)
- Cosmik Debris interview
- _Oregon! Oregon!_ (1959)
- "Little Go Beep"

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **instrument**: Vocals


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stan Freberg
- **image**: Stan Freberg 1956.jpg
- **caption**: Freberg in 1956
- **birth name**: Stanley Friberg
- **birth place**: Pasadena, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
- **other names**: Stanley Freberg
Stan Friberg
Stanley Victor Freberg
- **years active**: 1943–2014
- **height**: 1.88 m
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
X (Kylie Minogue album)

***X*** is the tenth studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. It is her first album released since the compilation _Ultimate Kylie_ (2004), and her first studio album since _Body Language_ (2003). The album was released on 21 November 2007 by Parlophone Records.

## Other websites

- _X_ on Kylie Minogue's official website

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: X
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Kylie Minogue
- **border**: yes
- **recorded**: 2006-2007
- **genre**: Dance-pop, electropop, pop rock
- **length**: 45:12
- **label**: Parlophone
- **producer**: Bloodshy & Avant, Guy Chambers, Cutfather, Cathy Dennis, Freemasons, Calvin Harris, Jonas Jeberg, Kish Mauve, Greg Kurstin, Richard Stannard, Eg White
- **prev title**: Body Language (Kylie Minogue album), Body Language
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: Aphrodite (album), Aphrodite
- **next year**: 2010
Goliath and the Barbarians

***Il terrore dei barbari*** (English: ***Goliath and the Barbarians***) is a 1959 peplum movie. It was directed by Carlo Campogalliani. The movie stars Steve Reeves as "Goliath". It is about the Barbarian invasions of Italy in AD 568.

American International Pictures released the movie in the US with new music by Les Baxter. AIP invested $20,000 in the movie to help the producers complete it, and were rewarded when it became a big hit. The movie earned $1.6 million in North America during its initial release.

## Story

Barbarians attack and destroy an Italian village. One man, Emiliano (Reeves) survives. He swears revenge and wages a one man war against the tribes. He is helped by Landa (Chelo Alonso), the daughter of the Barbarian leader. Alboino is played by Bruce Cabot.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Goliath and the Barbarians
- **image**: Goliath and the Barbarians (1959) poster.jpg
- **caption**: Movie poster by Reynold Brown
- **director**: Carlo Campogalliani
- **starring**: Steve Reeves
Bruce Cabot
Chelo Alonso
- **studio**: American International Pictures (USA)
- **distributor**: Premier Productions (USA)
- **released**: 1959
- **country**: Italy
- **language**: Italian
Hercules Unchained

***Hercules Unchained*** is a 1959 peplum movie starring Steve Reeves. It is a sequel to _Hercules_, also starring Reeves.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Hercules Unchained
()
- **image**: FourColor1121Cover001.png
- **caption**: Original release poster
- **director**: Pietro Francisci
- **producer**: Bruno Vailati
Ferruccio De Martino
- **writer**: Ennio De Concini
Pietro Francisci
- **starring**: Steve Reeves
Sylvia Lopez
Sylva Koscina
- **music**: Enzo Masetti
- **cinematography**: Mario Bava
- **editing**: Mario Serandrei
- **studio**: Lux Film
Warner Bros. (USA)
- **distributor**: Premier Productions (USA)
- **runtime**: 97 minutes
- **country**: Italy
France
- **language**: Italian
- **gross**: $2,500,000
380

## Events

- January or February – Emperor Theodosius I is baptized.
- February 27 – Edict of Thessalonica: Theodosius I, with co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, say that all Roman citizens should become Christians.
- The Rock of Cashel is built in Ireland.
- The Visigothic chieftain Fritigern dies. His rival Athanaric becomes king of the entire Gothic nation.

## Births

- Aelia Eudoxia, empress and wife of Arcadius
- Alexius, Eastern saint
- Eucherius, bishop of Lyon
- Hephaistio of Thebes, Egyptian astrologer

## Deaths

- Peter II, Patriarch of Alexandria
- Samudragupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire
- Wang Fahui, empress of the Jin Dynasty
381

## Events

- Roman Emperor Gratian moves the capital to _Mediolanum_ (modern Milan).
- The Visigothic chieftain Athanaric becomes the first foreign king to visit the East Roman capital of Constantinople.
- Flavian succeeds Meletius as Patriarch of Antioch.
- Timothy succeeds Peter as Patriarch of Alexandria.

## Births

- Helian Bobo, emperor of the Chinese Xiongnu state Xia

## Deaths

- Athanaric, king of the Visigoths
382

## Events

- Roman Emperor Gratian removes the Altar of Victory from the Senate.

## Births

- Jin Andi, emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty
- Sima Yuanxian, regent during the Jin Dynasty

## Deaths

- Apollinaris the Younger
383

## Events

- Niall of the Nine Hostages becomes the first High King of Ireland.
- Hadrian's Wall is overrun by the Picts.
- January 19 – Arcadius becomes Roman Emperor.
- Roman troops in Britain call Magnus Maximus Emperor. He crosses over to the continent and makes Trier his capital.
- King Ardashir II dies after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Shapur III.

## Births

- Lupus of Troyes, French bishop and saint

## Deaths

- August 25 – Gratian, Roman Emperor
- December 10 – Pope Damasus I
- Frumentius, the "Apostle to Ethiopia"
386

## Events

- The Greuthungi cross the Danube to raid the Roman garrisons.
- Magnus Maximus invades Italy.
- The Northern Wei Dynasty begins in China.

## Births

- Jin Gongdi, last emperor of the Jin Dynasty
- Nestorius, founder of Nestorianism

## Deaths

- Cyril of Jerusalem, theologian and saint
- Duan Sui, ruler of the Western Yan
- Fu Pi, emperor of the Former Qin
- Jin Feidi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty
- Murong Chong, emperor of the Western Yan
- Murong Yao, emperor of the Western Yan
- Murong Yi, ruler of the Western Yan
- Murong Zhong, emperor of the Western Yan
387

## Events

- Spring – Emperor Theodosius I increases the taxes in Antioch. The peasants start a riot.
- Magnus Maximus invades Italy. Emperor Valentinian II, age 16, is forced out of Rome.
- Winter – Emperor Theodosius I takes Valentinian II into protection.

## Deaths

- Aelia Flaccilla, wife of Theodosius I
- Alatheus, chieftain of the Ostrogoths
- Saint Monica, mother of Augustine of Hippo
388

## Events

- Battle of the Save: Emperor Theodosius I defeats Magnus Maximus near Emona.
- Valentinian II is restored as Roman Emperor.
- August 28 – Magnus Maximus surrenders at Aquileia and is executed.
- Bahram IV becomes the twelfth Sassanid king of Persia.
- Emperor Chandragupta II, ruler of the Gupta Empire, begins a war against the Shaka Dynasty in West India.

## Births

- Yao Hong, emperor of the Chinese Qiang state Later Qin

## Deaths

- Flavius Victor, son of Magnus Maximus and co-emperor
- Qifu Guoren, ruler of the Xianbei state Western Qin
- Shapur III, king of the Sassanid Empire
389

## Events

- All pagan buildings in Alexandria are destroyed by fire.  This includes the library.

## Births

- Geiseric, king of the Vandals and Alans

## Deaths

- Mao, Chinese empress and wife of Fu Deng
- January 25 – Gregory Nazianzus, theologian
G0 phase

The **G<sub>0</sub> phase** (called the **G zero phase**) or **resting phase** is a period in the cell cycle in which cells are inactive. Cells enter G<sub>0</sub> phase from G<sub>1</sub> and stop dividing. Some cells, such as neurons, remain in G<sub>0</sub> for indefinite period. Some cells enter G<sub>0</sub> phase semi-permanently, such as some cells of the liver and kidney. Many cells do not enter G<sub>0</sub> and continue to divide throughout an organism's life, e.g. epithelial cells.
Conductor

**Conductor** might mean:

- Conductor (music), a person who directs a group of musicians
- Conductor (transportation), a type of worker on a bus, train, etc.
- Electrical conductor
- A material with high Thermal conductivity
Nanette Fabray

**Nanette Fabray** (October 27, 1920 – February 22, 2018) was an American actress and comedian. She began acting around age 3. Fabray starred in many movies and television programs. She was aunt of actress and singer Shelley Fabares. Nanette Fabray was born in San Diego, California.

Fabray died at her home in Palos Verdes, California on February 22, 2018 of natural causes at the age of 97.
Eve Arden

**Eve Arden** (born **Eunice Mary Quidens**; April 30, 1908 – November 12, 1990) was an American actress. Her career lasted almost sixty years. She acted in many movies and television programs. She died from colorectal cancer and heart disease. Arden was born in Mill Valley, California.
Imogene Coca

**Imogene Fernandez de Coca** (or **Imogene Coca**; November 18, 1908 – June 2, 2001) was an American actress and comedian. She was nominated for Emmy Awards five times. Coca was born in Philadelphia. She died in Westport, Connecticut due to Alzheimer's disease at age 92.
Ruth Gordon

**Ruth Gordon Jones** (or just simply **Ruth Gordon**; October 30, 1896 - August 28, 1985) was an American writer and actress who was extremely known by movie roles that she performed past age 70. She played Minnie Castevet in the movie _Rosemary's Baby_. She also played Maude in _Harold and Maude_. She received an Academy Award, two Golden Globes and an Emmy Award for her acting. Ruth Gordon was born in Quincy, Massachusetts. She died from a stroke in Edgartown.