Jamake Highwater

**Jackie Marks**, **Jack Marks**, or **J. Marks** (February 14, 1931 – June 1, 2001), also called **Jamake Highwater**, was an American writer, news writer and television show host.  He was white but he pretended to be Native American.  For many years, whites and Native Americans thought he was an expert on Native American culture.  He wrote books about Native American culture. He helped make television series that were about Native Americans or had Native Americans in them.

## Early life and parents

Marks was born on February 14, 1931. Alexander Hill Marks and Marcia Marks were his parents.  Alexander Hill Marks had been born in New York City and Marcia Marks in Russia. Both had ancestors from Eastern Europe.  Alexander Hill Marks was Jewish.

## Early career

Marks worked for the San Francisco Contemporary Dancers from 1954 to 1967.  He was a director and dance arranger.  He got in trouble for giving students "American college degrees" even though his school was not accredited, meaning that no accrediting agency had said it was a good enough school to give degrees.

## Claims

Marks did not pretend to be a Native American all at once.  He started slowly.

In 1969, he said his mother was Cherokee.  In 1970, Columbia Records wrote that Marks' mother was Cherokee and called "Marcia Highwater."  In Marks' book, _Mick Jagger_, the author page says that "J Marks" was only a pen name and the author's real name was "Jamake Mamake Highwater."

In 1974, Marks wrote in a legal document that Marcia and Alexander Marks were his adoptive parents, and Marks' birth parents had been a half-Blackfoot woman and Cherokee man.  Marks later said his father had also been John Wayne's stunt double.

## Response

In the 1980s, Native American activist Hank Adams found out that Marks was not really Native American and printed what he knew in newspapers.  For a while, he thought Marks was really Gregory J. Markopoulos, a moviemaker.  Markopoulos spoke to Adams and showed he wasn't Marks. In 1986, Adams sued Marks. Adams said in the lawsuit that Marks had lied about being Native American so the federal government would give him money for his work. The court dismissed the charges.  However, Marks stopped asking for government money for projects about being Native American at about this time.

President of the National Council of American Indians Joe DeLaCruz removed Marks from the NCAI in 1984.  He said this:

> _This person is not an Indian, has no personal or professional experience or academic expertise regarding Indians, has falsely held himself forth as an Indian and an Indian expert, has claimed academic credentials he does not possess and has published under his own name extremely derivative materials from the works of others. Importantly, this person has invented and repeated stereotypic and biased information about Indians._

However, not everyone believed that Marks wasn't really a Native American.  Some people believed but did not care.  Marks worked as a Native American Advisor on a television show in the 1990s.  When Marks died in 2001, the _LA Times_, _Washington Post_, and _New York Times_ all printed articles about his life and death that said he was Native American.

## Death

Marks died in 2001 of a heart attack.  He had been diagnosed with AIDS ten years before.  His body was burned to ashes and the ashes were put in the Pacific Ocean.

## Work

Marks wrote nonfiction, for example _The Primal Mind: Vision and Reality in Indian America_.  PBS made this book into a television show, _The Primal Mind_, in 1984.  Marks was the host of the show.  The National Educational Film Festival said this was their program of the year. The National Cable Television Association gave it an ACE Award.

Marks wrote fiction, for example _Anpao: An American Indian Odyssey_ and _The Sun, He Dies: A Novel About the End of the Aztec World_.  He also wrote poetry and travel books.  In 1978, _Anpao_ won the Newberry Honor Award.  It also won many awards from the American Library Association and School Library Journal.

In the 1990s, Marks was the Native American advisor on _Star Trek: Voyager_, which had a Native American character called Chakotay.

### Novels

- _Mick Jagger: The Singer, Not the Song_ (1973)
- Ghost Horse Quartet: _Legend Days_ (1984), _The Ceremony of Innocence_ (1985), _I Wear the Morning Star_ (1986), and _Kill Hole_
- _Anpao: An American Indian Odyssey_ (1977)
- _The Sun, He Dies: A Novel About the End of the Aztec World_ (1980)
- _Eyes of Darkness_ (1983)
- _Journey to the Sky: A Novel About the True Adventures of Two Men in Search of the Lost Maya Kingdom_

### Nonfiction books

- _Rock and Other Four-letter Words_ (1968)
- _Fodor's Indian America_ (1975)
- _Song From the Earth: American Indian Painting_ (1976)
- _Ritual of the Wind: North American Indian Ceremonies, Music and Dances_ (1977)
- _Many Smokes, Many Moons: A Chronology of American Indian History Through Indian Art_
- _The Primal Mind: Vision and Reality in Indian America_ (1981)
- _Shadow Show: An Autobiographical Insinuation_ (1986)
- _Myth and Sexuality_ (1990)
- _A Myth of Our Own: Adventures in World Religions_
- _The Mythology of Transgression: Homosexuality as Metaphor_