juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Georgetown, Guyana

**Georgetown** is the capital city of Guyana. It is located in the Demerara-Mahaica region. It is the country's largest city. The population in 2012 was about 235,017 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: City of Georgetown
- **other name**: Georgetown
- **settlement type**: Capital city
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **pushpin map**: Guyana
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Guyana
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Guyana, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Demerara-Mahaica
- **government type**: Mayor-Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Hamilton Greene
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1781
- **established title2**: Named
- **established date2**: 29 April 1812
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area water sq mi**: 10
- **area urban sq mi**: 20
- **area metro sq mi**: 57
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population total**: 235,017
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **timezone**: UTC-4
- **elevation m**: -2
- **elevation ft**: -6
- **area code**: 231, 233, 225, 226, 227
Joe Kittinger

**Joseph William Kittinger II** (July 27, 1928 – December 9, 2022) was a Colonel in the United States Air Force and a USAF Command Pilot. He was born in Tampa, Florida. He set a world record for the longest skydive from a height more than . He was also the first man to cross the Atlantic Ocean, alone, in a hot air balloon.

He was a fighter pilot in the Vietnam War and was a prisoner of war in a North Vietnamese prison.

Kittinger died at the age of 94 on December 9, 2022, from lung cancer.
Duolingo

**Duolingo** is a free language-learning program. Its website and mobile apps can be used on iOS, Android, Windows 8 and 10 operating systems. Duolingo allows people to learn over 106 different language courses in 43 languages.

## History

The project was started by Professor Luis von Ahn and graduate student Severin Hacker. The main development language used was Python.

#### Language courses

Duolingo has 185 language courses teaching 43 languages.

CEFR based language courses for learners of Chinese (Mandarin), English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, and Spanish are available for all users. Additional courses are also available for speakers of English (Arabic,  Czech, Danish, Dutch, Esperanto, Finnish, Greek, Haitian Creole, Hawaiian, Hebrew, High Valyrian, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Irish, Klingon, Latin, Navajo, Norwegian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Scottish Gaelic, Swahili, Swedish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese, Welsh, Yiddish, Zulu), Chinese (Chinese (Cantonese)), Arabic (Swedish), and Spanish (Catalan, Guarani, Russian, Swedish).

## Offices and workforce

Duolingo is headquartered in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and has offices in Seattle, New York, Detroit, Beijing, and Berlin. Duolingo employs around 830 people.

## Infobox (dot-com company)

- **name**: Duolingo
- **logo**: Duolingo logo (2019).svg
- **logo alt**: Duolingo logo, featuring the mascot Duo
- **location**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- **country**: United States, U.S.
- **area served**: outside European Union, EU
- **founder**: Luis von Ahn, Severin Hacker
- **ceo**: Luis von Ahn
- **industry**: Online education, Professional certification#Language education, Professional certification, Translation, Crowdsourcing
- **services**: Language courses, Duolingo Test Center, Duolingo for Schools
- **international**: no
- **employees**: 42
- **slogan**: _Free language education for the world_
- **programming language**: Python
- **alexa**: 869 ()
- **advertising**: yes
- **registration**: yes
- **current status**: Online
- **native clients**: Android (operating system), Android, iOS, Windows Phone
Wyre Forest

**Wyre Forest** is a large, semi-natural woodland and forest measuring . It sits across the borders of Worcestershire and Shropshire, England. It is lightly managed.

## Natural history

The forest has a variety of wildlife. It was much larger, but it still is one of the largest remaining ancient woodlands in Britain. The Forestry Commission looks after about half of today's forest. Two-thirds of the forest is a SSSI (1,753.7 hectares), and a further fifth (549 hectares) is a National Nature Reserve. The Dowles Brook flows through the heart of the forest, and the A456 road also runs through the southern edge of the woodland.

It is one of the largest areas of semi-natural (partially unmanaged) woodland in the UK. Wildlife species to be found in the forest include hawfinch, fallow deer, dipper, common crossbill, pied flycatcher, redstart, and long-eared owl among many other woodland birds and plants. The small but colourful moth _Oecophora bractella_ has one of its few English populations here, and does not seem to occur much farther northwards.

The forest is an important habitat for adders, which have been the subject of a notable study.
Jan Góra

**Jan Wojciech Góra OP** (8 February 1948 – 21 December 2015) was a Polish Dominican Roman Catholic Priest, Doctor of Theology, academic and chaplain. Since 1997, he had been the organiser of the Polish Youth Meeting Lednica 2000 at the Lednica Fields. He was the animator for the academic chaplaincy centre "Respublica Dominicana" in Jamna. He was the author of numerous books and articles. He was born in Prudnik.

Góra died at the age of 67 in Poznań, Poland from a heart attack.
Rolf Bossi

**Rolf Bossi** (10 September 1923 – 22 December 2015) was a German criminal defense lawyer. He was born in Munich. He was known for defending known actors such as Ingrid van Bergen and Romy Schneider, as well as notable criminals such as Jürgen Bartsch, Dieter Zlof, and Dieter Degowski. He also defended four former East German border guards who were accused of having killed Chris Gueffroy, who was trying to escape over the Berlin wall. He was considered to be one of Germany's best-known defense lawyers.

Bossi died in Munich, Germany from natural causes at the age of 92.
Hocine Aït Ahmed

**Hocine Aït Ahmed** (; (August 20, 1926 – December 23, 2015) was an Algerian politician. He was founder and leader of the historical political opposition, Socialist Forces Front, in Algeria until 2009. He was born in Ain El Hammam, Algeria. Arrested and sentenced to death in 1964, he escaped from the El Harrach prison on May 1, 1966. Exiled in Switzerland, he became a doctor of law.

Aït Ahmed died at age 89 in Lausanne, Switzerland on December 23, 2015.
Laurence R. Harvey

**Laurence Robert Harvey** (born 17 July 1970) is an English actor. He is best known for playing Martin Lomax in the horror movie _The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)_ and as Dwight in _The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Laurence R. Harvey
- **image**: Laurence R. Harvey interviewed by 3Wizemen Productions.jpg
- **birth place**: Wigan, Lancashire, England
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2010–present
Dieter Laser

**Dieter Laser** (17 February 1942 – 29 February 2020) was a German actor. He is known to foreign audiences for his roles as Mantrid in _Lexx_, Prof. Otto Blaettchen in _The Ogre_, Dr. Josef Heiter in _The Human Centipede (First Sequence)_ and Bill Boss in _The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)_.

## Death

Dieter Laser died twelve days after his 78th birthday on 29 February 2020. His death was not announced until a message to his official Facebook page was posted on 9 April 2020.

## Other websites

- Official Facebook site of Dieter Laser

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dieter Laser
- **image**: Dieter Laser cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Dieter Laser at Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival, in April 2010
- **death place**: Berlin, Germany
- **birth place**: Kiel, Province of Schleswig-Holstein, Schleswig-Holstein, Nazi Germany, Germany
- **occupation**: Actor
Tom Six

**Tom Six** (born 29 August 1973) is a Dutch filmmaker. He is best known for his body horror movies, _The Human Centipede (First Sequence)_, _The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)_ and _The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)_.

## Other websites

- Tom Six at Rotten Tomatoes
- Interview with Tom Six
- Tom Six on Twitter

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tom Six
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: Alkmaar, North Holland, Netherlands
- **occupation**: Television director, Filmmaking, filmmaker
- **years active**: 2004–present
The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)

***The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)*** is a 2011 British-Dutch black and white exploitation movie written, directed, and co-produced by Dutch filmmaker Tom Six. It is a sequel to Six's 2009 movie _The Human Centipede (First Sequence)_. The movie stars Laurence R. Harvey and Ashlynn Yennie. It was followed by _The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)_.

## Plot

The movie is about a mentally challenged English man, Martin, who watches and becomes obsessed with the first _Human Centipede_ movie, and decides to make his own "human centipede" made up of twelve people.

## Response

It was originally banned in the United Kingdom by the BBFC because of its "revolting" content but was eventually granted an 18 certificate after over 30 cuts were made. The film was also banned in Australia for a short period of time. It is banned in New Zealand. The film received negative reviews for its plot, excessive gore and violence.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Human Centipede 2
(Full Sequence)
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Tom Six
- **writer**: Tom Six
- **music**: James Edward Barker
- **cinematography**: David Meadows
- **editing**: Nigel de Hond
- **studio**: Tom Six, Six Entertainment Company
- **language**: English
- **gross**: $142,000
The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)

***The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)*** is a 2015 English-language Dutch body horror movie written and directed by Tom Six. It is the third and final installment in Six's _Human Centipede_ trilogy. It was confirmed to be in production in May 2013.

Starring Dieter Laser and Laurence R. Harvey, the leading actors from the first two movies, in new roles. It also stars Eric Roberts as The Governor. _The Human Centipede 3_ was released both theatrically and on video on demand on 22 May 2015.
Don Howe

**Donald "Don" Howe** (12 October 1935 – 23 December 2015) was an English football player, coach, manager and pundit. He was born in the Springfield area of Wolverhampton.

## Career

Howe spent most of his playing career at West Bromwich Albion.
Howe joined the West Bromwich Albion ground staff after leaving school, joining the club as a youth player in December 1950. He turned professional in November 1952, but did not make his debut until 1955, against Everton.

A full back, he played nearly 350 games for the Baggies in twelve years, as well as becoming a regular in the England team; he played in the 1958 FIFA World Cup, and won 23 caps in total.

Howe was signed by Billy Wright's Arsenal in 1964, and was made club captain. However, in March 1966 he broke his leg playing against Blackpool and never recovered well enough to play in the first team again.

## Later life and death

Howe retired from coaching in the summer of 2003 after more than 30 years. He occasionally wrote as a pundit for the BBC Sport website. He also had a regular column in the official Arsenal magazine. Right up until his death he ran youth coaching schemes across the United Kingdom.

Howe died, aged 80, in December 2015.

#### Club

**West Bromwich Albion**
- FA Cup: 1953–54
- FA Charity Shield: 1954

#### England

- British Home Championship: 1958, 1959, 1960

### Assistant Manager

**Arsenal**
- Inter Cities Fairs Cup: 1970
- First Division: 1970–71
- FA Cup: 1970–71

**Wimbledon**
- FA Cup: 1987–88

### Coach

**Arsenal**
- FA Cup: 1978–79
- FA Youth Cup: 2000
- FA Youth Cup: 2001

### Individual

- LMA Special Merit Award: 2004
- FA Licensed Coaches Club Hall of Fame: 2013

## Other websites

- Englandstats.com profile

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Don Howe
- **fullname**: Donald Howe
- **image**: Don Howe.jpg
- **birth place**: Springfield, Wolverhampton, England
- **position**: Defender (football), Right Back
- **years1**: 1952–1964
- **years2**: 1964–1966
- **clubs1**: West Bromwich Albion F.C., West Bromwich Albion
- **clubs2**: Arsenal F.C., Arsenal
- **caps1**: 342
- **caps2**: 70
- **goals1**: 17
- **goals2**: 1
- **nationalyears1**: 1957–1959
- **nationalteam1**: England national football team, England
- **nationalcaps1**: 23
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1971–1975
- **manageryears2**: 1975–1976
- **manageryears3**: 1983–1986
- **manageryears4**: 1989–1991
- **manageryears5**: 1992
- **managerclubs1**: West Bromwich Albion F.C., West Bromwich Albion
- **managerclubs2**: Galatasaray, Galatasaray SK
- **managerclubs3**: Arsenal F.C., Arsenal
- **managerclubs4**: Queens Park Rangers F.C., Queens Park Rangers
- **managerclubs5**: Coventry City F.C., Coventry City (caretaker)
George Clayton Johnson

**George Clayton Johnson** (July 10, 1929 – December 25, 2015) was an American science fiction writer. He was most famous for co-writing the novel _Logan's Run_ with William F. Nolan, the basis for the 1976 movie.

He was also known for his television screenplays for _The Twilight Zone_ (such as "Nothing in the Dark", "Kick the Can", "A Game of Pool", and "A Penny for Your Thoughts"), and the first episode of _Star Trek_, "The Man Trap". He also wrote the story on which the 1960 and 2001 movie _Ocean's Eleven_ were based.

Johnson died of bladder and prostate cancer on December 25, 2015 at a hospital in North Hills, Los Angeles, California at the age of 86. His death was falsely reported on December 22.

## Other websites

- All of us are dying, but writer George Clayton Johnson is still living it up  (scifi.com)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: George Clayton Johnson
- **image**: George Clayton Johnson.jpg
- **caption**: Johnson in 2006
- **birth place**: Cheyenne, Wyoming, U.S.
- **death place**: North Hills, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: technical drawing, Draftsman, telegraph operator, writer
- **period**: 1959–2015
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **notableworks**: _Logan's Run_
Jason Myers

**Jason Myers** (born May 12, 1991) is an American football placekicker for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He was born in Chula Vista, California. He played college football at Marist College in Poughkeepsie, NY. In 2014 Myers played for the Arizona Rattlers and the San Jose SaberCats of the Arena Football League. On March 3, 2015, Myers signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars. On August 31, 2015, the Jaguars announced that Myers had earned the placekicker role on the team. Veteran Josh Scobee was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Jason Myers
- **image**: Jason Myers - 51720303739 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Myers with the Seattle Seahawks in 2021
- **current team**: Seattle Seahawks
- **number**: 5
- **position**: Placekicker
- **birth place**: Chula Vista, California, U.S.
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lbs**: 190
- **high school**: Mater Dei Catholic High School (Chula Vista, California), Mater Dei Catholic
(Chula Vista, California)
- **college**: Marist Red Foxes football, Marist
- **undraftedyear**: 2013
- **pastteams**: * San Jose SaberCats ()
* Arizona Rattlers ()*
* Jacksonville Jaguars (–)
* Seattle Seahawks ()*
* New York Jets ()
* Seattle Seahawks (–present)
- **status**: Active
- **highlights**: * 2× Pro Bowl (2019 Pro Bowl, 2018, 2023 Pro Bowl, 2022)
* List of National Football League annual scoring leaders, NFL scoring leader (2022)
- **pastteamsnote**: yes
- **statweek**: 17
- **statseason**: 2022
- **statlabel1**: Field goal (football), Field goals
- **statvalue1**: 191
- **statlabel2**: Field goal attempts
- **statvalue2**: 222
- **statlabel3**: Field goal %
- **statvalue3**: 86.0
- **statlabel4**: Long field goal
- **statvalue4**: 61
- **statlabel5**: Touchbacks
- **statvalue5**: 393
- **nfl**: Jason-Myers
- **pfr**: M/MyerJa00
Trams in Malmö

The **Malmö tramway** is a former tramway network in the city Malmö of Sweden. It remains a network about 2 km as a historic line.

## History

The Malmö tramay existed between 1887 and 1973. It started service as a horse car. The horse cars had been replaced by electric trams since 1906. The last electric tram has been replaced by bus in 1973.

## Lines

- line 1 (red) from 1907 till 1967
- line 2 (blue) from 1907 till 1940
- line 3 (white) from 1906 till 1964
- line 4 (yellow) from 1907 till 1973
- line 5 from 1915 till 1928
- line 6 from 1916 till 1919 and from 1924 till 1949
- line 7 from 1918 till 1949
- line 8 from 1928 till 1930

## Cars

Originally the service had been provided by two-axle motor cars. From 1949, they had been replace by newer ones.

## Museum Line

At a length of 2 km, there still remains a line for historical purpose, it starts at Malmöhus and ends at the museum.

## Literature

- Andersson, Per Gunnar; Forsberg, Anders; (2006); Malmö elektriska spårväg 100 år; Stockholm: Trafiknostalgiska Förlaget

## Other websites

- Tram Malmö

## Infobox (public transit)

- **image**: Museispårvagn nr 100, Malmö.jpg
- **caption**: car 100
- **name**: Malmö tramway
- **locale**: Malmö, Sweden
- **transit type**: Tram
- **lines**: 1
- **stations**: 6
- **began operation**: 1887 <small>(horse car)</small>
1906 <small>(electric trams)</small>
Freda Meissner-Blau

**Freda Meissner-Blau** (March 11, 1927 – December 22, 2015) was an Austrian politician and activist. She was an important figure in the Austrian environmental movement. She was a founder and the federal spokesperson of the Austrian Green Party. She was born in Dresden, Germany.

Meissner-Blau died in Vienna, Austria from complications following a stroke at the age of 88.

## Other websites

- Biography of Meissner-Blau by Wiener Zeitung
- 2002 Interview with Meissner Blau  (2002)
- 2007 Nuclear-Free Future Lifetime Achievement Award: Freda Meissner-Blau
Jean-Marie Pelt

**Jean-Marie Pelt** (24 October 1933 – 23 December 2015) was a French biologist, botanist and pharmacist with degrees in both Biology and Pharmacy. He was professor at the University of Lorraine. As municipal councilor of Metz between 1971 and 1983, Jean-Marie Pelt pioneered a policy of urban ecology. Pelt was born in Moselle, France.

Pelt died in Metz, France from a heart attack, aged 82.
Lennart Johansson

**Nils Lennart Johansson** (5 November 1929 – 4 June 2019) was a Swedish sports official. He was the fifth and, to date, the longest serving president of UEFA, the Union of European Football Associations, from his election at UEFA's Malta Congress in 1990 until his retirement in 2007. He was made honorary president shortly afterwards.

He started as a leader in the sport of bandy in Sweden for his hometown team AIK. Johansson then came through the ranks in the Swedish Football Association, and served as the association's president between 1984 and 1991.

Johansson died on 4 June 2019 in Stockholm, aged 89.

## Other websites

- Lennart Johansson profile at uefa.com

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Lennart Johansson
- **image**: Lennart johansson.jpg
- **order**: 5th
- **office**: President of UEFA
- **term start**: 19 April 1990
- **term end**: 26 January 2007
- **predecessor**: Jacques Georges
- **successor**: Michel Platini
- **birth name**: Nils Lennart Johansson
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **nationality**: Sweden, Swedish
- **occupation**: Football administrator (retired)
Peter Lundblad

**Gustaf Peter Lundblad** (26 August 1950 – 22 December 2015) was a Swedish singer and songwriter. He was known for his 1986 song "Ta mig till havet". Lundblad started his career in the band 'The most Remarkable Nailband'.

Lundblad died of prostate cancer on 22 December 2015 in Stockholm at the age of 65.

## Other websites

- Aftonbladet.se
- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Peter Lundblad
- **image**: Peter Lundblad 2012-12-21.jpg
- **caption**: Peter Lundblad in 2012
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Gustaf Peter Lundblad
- **birth date**: 26 August 1950
- **birth place**: Södermanland, Sweden
- **death date**: 22 December 2015 (aged 65)
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **genre**: pop music, pop, rock music, rock
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter
Ray Mathews

**Raymond Dyral Mathews** (February 26, 1929 – December 20, 2015) was an American football running back and wide receiver in the National Football League for the Pittsburgh Steelers (1951-59) and the Dallas Cowboys (1960). He played college football for Clemson University. He was born in Dayton, Pennsylvania.

Mathews died at his house in Marion, Pennsylvania from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- Ex-Steelers Mathews keeps low profile
Bronchodilator

A **bronchodilator** is a substance that dilates (opens up) the bronchi and bronchioles which increases airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators may be endogenous (originating naturally within the body), or they may be medications taken to treat breathing difficulties or dyspnoea. They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common such conditions. They are also used to treat respritory blockages that usaully occur in the common cold. They are well prescribed by doctors and are really common in households. Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis.They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.

## Types of bronchodilators

Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting (SABA) medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators (LABA) help to control and prevent symptoms. They are used along with inhaled steroids for control of asthma symptoms on a long-term basis. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are β2-agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics (short-acting), and theophylline (long-acting).

## Common bronchodilators

The bronchodilators are divided in short- and long-acting groups:

### Short-acting bronchodilators

- Salbutamol/albuterol (Proventil or Ventolin)
- Levosalbutamol/levalbuterol (Xopenex)
- Pirbuterol (Maxair)
- Epinephrine (Primatene Mist now withdrawn)
- Racemic Epinephrine (Asthmanefrin, Primatene Mist Replacement)
- Ephedrine (Bronkaid)
- Terbutaline

### Long-acting bronchodilators

- Salmeterol (Serevent)
- Clenbuterol (Spiropent)
- Formoterol
- Bambuterol
- Indacaterol
Osmany Juantorena

**Osmany Juantorena Portuondo** (born 12 August 1985) is a Cuban volleyball player with Italian citizenship, a member of Cuba national volleyball team in 2003–2006 and current member of Italy national volleyball team and Italian club Cucine Lube, bronze medalist of the World League 2005.  He is a multiple winner of the CEV Champions League and Club World Championship with the Italian club Trentino.

## Other websites

- FIVB profile
Henri Ducard

**Henri Ducard** is a fictional DC Comics character in the Batman comic book universe. He was created by Sam Hamm. Ducard's first appearance was in _Detective Comics_ #599 (April 1989), part of the "Blind Justice" story arc that Hamm, the screenwriter of the 1989 _Batman_ movie, was asked to guest-write for _Detective Comics_ by _Batman_ editor Denny O'Neil.

## Fictional character biography

The character is a kind of extraordinary independent detective and was one of the many mentors that Bruce Wayne had in his youth, until Bruce discovers that Ducard was actually a skilled and effective hitman.

Henri Ducard has subsequently reappeared in other comics, even being part of Tim Drake's (third Robin) training.

## In other media

The character was the undercover name of Ra's al Ghul which appeared in the movie _Batman Begins_ (2005), played by Liam Neeson.

The character appeared in the series finale of _Gotham Knights_.
Ron Jacobs

**Ron Jacobs** (December 27, 1942 – December 24, 2015) was an American basketball coach. He was born in Marion, North Carolina. He coached for college basketball teams such as Loyola Marymount University and for Northern Cement. He also coached the Philippine national team.

Jacobs moved to Pasig City, Philippines during the 1980s. He suffered a major stroke in 2001 which left him in a wheelchair. Jacobs died in Makati, Philippines from complications following the stroke at the age of 72.
Carpetbagger

**Carpetbagger** is a term from the United States political history. A carpetbagger was a northerner who moved to the South after the American Civil War. This post-war era was called "Reconstruction". White southerners feared that carpetbaggers would loot and take over the defeated South.

Sixty carpetbaggers were elected to Congress. Most Republican governors in the South during Reconstruction were northeners. One historian wrote:
> Carpetbaggers generally supported measures aimed at democratizing and modernizing the South – civil rights legislation, aid to economic development, the establishment of public school systems.

## Name

"Carpetbagger" referred to the cheap carpet bags (a form of luggage) which many of the newcomers carried. The term came to be associated with opportunism and exploitation by outsiders.  It is used today for a "parachute candidate": a political candidate for public office in an area far from home.
The Sims (video game series)

***The Sims*** is a series of sandbox games in which you have a life and job. The game developed by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts. The games also have expansion packs which you can download. If you download them you get extra content.

## The Sims Games

- _The Sims_ (2000)
- _The Sims 2_ (2004)
- _The Sims 3_ (2009)
- _The Sims 4_ (2014)
There is also a series of **SimCity** games listed here

## The SimCity Games

- _SimCity_ (1989)
- _SimCity 2000_
- _SimCity 64_
- _SimCity 3000_
- _SimCity 4_
- _SimCity DS_
- _SimCity Societies_
- _SimCity DS 2_
- _SimCity Creator_
- _SimCity Social_
- _SimCity_ (2013)
Battle of Cannae

The **Battle of Cannae** ( or ) was a major battle of the Second Punic War. It took place on 2 August 216 BC in Cannae, Apulia, in southeastern Italy. The army of Carthage, under Hannibal Barca, defeated a larger Roman army. The Romans were led by the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. Hannibal's victory was one the greatest tactical feats in military history and also one of the worst defeats in Roman history although they were outnumbered by the Carthaginians.

After recovering from their losses at Trebia (218 BC) and Lake Trasimene (217 BC), the Romans decided to fight Hannibal at Cannae. The Roman army had about 70,000 soldiers. The Romans massed their heavy infantry in a deeper formation than as usual. Hannibal attacked by using a double-envelopment tactic. That was so successful that the Roman army was destroyed as a fighting force by a Carthaginian army half its size.

About 45,500 Roman and allied soldiers were killed. Also killed were 2,700 Roman cavalry. About 17,000 were taken prisoner. Hannibal lost a total of about 4,000 men.

After the Roman defeat, many of Rome's allies changed sides and allied themselves with Carthage.
Roberto Rossellini

**Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini**, (8 May 1906 – 3 June 1977), was an Italian movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Rome. He was best known for his movies _Rome, Open City_ (1945), _Paisà_ (1946) and _Germany, Year Zero_ (1948).

Rossellini died from a heart attack in Rome, Italy, aged 71.
Placekicker

The **placekicker**, also called a **kicker**, is the player in American and Canadian football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points. In many cases, the placekicker also serves as the team's kickoff specialist or, more rarely, punter, as well. A kicker is often called the most valuable player on the team. This is because in many cases, he scores the most points in a game. Each time his team gets to the 35 yard line or closer, they have a chance to score 3 points. Each time their team makes a touchdown, the kicker comes in to make the extra (1) point. A kicker is a member of the special teams.

## Job requirements

To be a kicker in the NFL requires strong legs. The kicker also needs excellent concentration and coordination. A kicker is the only member of a team who can move the ball with their feet. But the kicker is often the smallest member of the team. Probably the most important requirement is "nerves of steel". You have to kick the ball perfectly while being rushed by the other team.

## Hero or ?

The kicker is the only player on a team who has the opportunity to score points each time he goes out on the field. Kickers today often use a soccer-style kick instead of a straight ahead kick. If he makes a great kick he is a hero. If he misses he is a chump|. An entire game can be won or lost by the kicker. A kicker cannot afford to miss too many field goals or they can find themselves traded off the team.

## Other websites

- The 10 Best Kickers of All Time
- NFL Career Field Goal % Leaders
Ali Eid

**Ali Eid** (14 July 1940 – 25 December 2015) was a Lebanese politician. He was the leader of the Alawite Community. He founded the Arab Democratic Party in 1972 and until his death served as General Secretary of the Arab Democratic Party. He was born in Tripoli to an Alawite family.

On 25 December 2015, it was announced that Eid died in Damascus, Syria at the age of 75.
Coptic calendar

**Coptic calendar** (also known as **Alexandrian calendar**) is a calendar used by the Coptic Church in Egypt. It is based on the Egyptian calendar used by the ancient Egyptians which was first introduced in 238 BC.

## Related pages

- Egyptian calendar
- Coptic Church
Jacques Santer

**Jacques Santer** (born 18 May 1937 in Wasserbillig) is a Luxembourgish politician.

He was finance minister of Luxembourg from 1979 until 1989. He was the 22nd Prime Minister of Luxembourg serving from 1984 to 1995. He was a member of the Christian Social People's Party, which has been the leading party in the Luxembourg government since 1979.

As Prime Minister of Luxembourg he also led the negotiations on the Single European Act, which effectively set aside the 20-year-old Luxembourg Compromise. He was the President of the European Commission from 1995 to 1999.

## Infobox (president)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Jacques Santer
- **image**: Jacques Santer 1995.jpg
- **order**: 9th
- **office**: President of the European Commission
- **vicepresident**: Leon Brittan
- **term start**: 25 January 1995
- **term end**: 15 March 1999
- **predecessor**: Jacques Delors
- **successor**: Manuel Marín
- **office1**: 20th Prime Minister of Luxembourg
- **monarch1**: Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Jean
- **term start1**: 20 July 1984
- **term end1**: 26 January 1995
- **predecessor1**: Pierre Werner
- **successor1**: Jean-Claude Juncker
- **office2**: Member of the Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg), Chamber of Deputies
- **term start2**: 10 June 1979
- **term end2**: 4 January 1995
- **birth name**: Jacques Louis Santer
- **birth place**: Wasserbillig, Luxembourg
- **spouse**: Danièle Binot (m. 1967)
- **children**: Patrick Santer, Patrick, Jérôme Santer, Jérôme
Egyptian calendar

The ancient civil **Egyptian calendar** was  a calendar used by the ancient Egyptians. At first it had a year that was 365 days long. The year was made up of 12 months each having 30 days. At some point during the First Dynasty five additional days were added (sometime around 3000 BC). Egyptian astronomers observed that the annual flood of the Nile River fell very close to the first visibility of the star Sirius in the morning sky just before sunrise. This calendar would drift by 1 day every four years. But this drift was not enough to cause any problems. Even if a person lived to be 60 years old the drift between solar and civil calendars would only be 15 days. In 238 BC the Decree of Canopus added a sixth day every four years to correct this. But it was largely ignored. In 30 BCE the Roman Emperor Augustus reformed the Egyptian calendar by adding a leap day to every fourth year. This brought the Egyptian calendar in line with the Julian calendar used at the time in Rome.
Ukrainian National Union

The **Ukrainian National Union** () is nationalist paramilitary political party in Ukraine. Started as a political organization in 2009 and became a political party in 2013.

## History

The organisation was founded in 2009 by Oleg Goltvyansky and a group of sympathisers. Since July 15, 2012 the head of organisation became Vitaly Krivosheev. In April 27, 2013, the Ukrainian National Union leaders proclaimed their intention to create a political party. Рarty is one of the organisers of the "Euromaidan". Activists of the Ukrainian National Union takes part in the war in Eastern Ukraine

## Related pages

- Nationalism
- Euromaidan

## Other websites

- Official site Ukrainian National Union

## Infobox (political party)

- **country**: Ukraine
- **party name**: Ukrainian National Union
- **party logo**: Ukrainian National Union logo.png
- **colorcode**: #000
- **leader**: Vitali Krivosheev
- **foundation**: 19 detsember, 2009
- **ideology**: Nationalism, national socialism
- **headquarters**: Kyiv
- **website**: [http://www.naso.pp.ua/ http://www.naso.pp.ua/]
West Berlin discotheque bombing

On 5 April 1986 three people were killed and around 230 injured when _La Belle_ discothèque was bombed in West Berlin, West Germany. The entertainment venue was commonly used by United States soldiers, and two of the dead and 79 of the injured were American servicemen.

A bomb placed under a table near the disk jockey's booth exploded at 1:45 am CET instantly killing a Turkish woman, and a United States Army sergeant. A second US Army sergeant died from his injuries two months later. Some of the victims were left permanently disabled due to the injuries.

Libya was accused by the US government of sponsoring the bombing, and US President Ronald Reagan ordered strikes on Tripoli and Benghazi in Libya ten days later. The strikes reportedly killed 15-30 people, including Colonel Gaddafi's adopted daughter. Reagan's actions were condemned by the United Nations General Assembly.

A 2001 trial in the US found that the bombing had been "planned by the Libyan secret service and the Libyan Embassy."
Malta Summit

The **Malta Summit** was a meeting between U.S. President George H. W. Bush and U.S.S.R. leader Mikhail Gorbachev. It took place between December 2–3, 1989, just a few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall.  It was their second meeting following a meeting that included then President Ronald Reagan, in New York in December 1988.

During the summit, Bush and Gorbachev would declare an end to the Cold War, although whether it was truly such is a matter of debate.

## Other websites

- CNN: Cold War Interviews, Episode 24: Transcripts from Malta Summit
- David Hoffman, "Bush and Gorbachev Hail New Cooperation", _Washington Post_ (December 4, 1989)
- Richard Lacayo, "Turning Visions into Reality" , in _Time_ (online): December 11, 1989
- Romesh Ratnesar, "Condi Rice Can't Lose" , in _Time_ (online): September 20, 1999
Germany national volleyball team

The **Germany men's national volleyball team** is the national team of Germany. It is governed by the DVV (Deutscher Volleyball-Verband). It takes part in international volleyball competitions. Germany won the gold medal in World Championship 1970 under East Germany. It won the bronze medal in the 2014 World Championships.

After German reunification, West Germany (1949–1990) was renamed Germany and they absorbed East Germany (1949–1990) with the records.

## Other websites

- Official website
- FIVB profile

## Infobox (national volleyball team)

- **name**: Germany
- **image**: Deutscher Volleyball-Verband Logo.svg
- **nickname**: _Die Adler_ (The Eagles)
 _Die Mannschaft_ (The Team)
- **federation**: 'Deutscher Volleyball-Verband
- **confederation**: CEV
- **coach**: Andrea Giani
- **olympic apps**: 3
- **olympic first**: 1972
- **olympic best**: 5th (Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics, 2012)
- **world champs apps**: 6
- **world champs first**: 1956
- **world champs best**: (2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, 2014)
- **world cup apps**: 2
- **world cup first**: 1969
- **world cup best**: 7th (1991 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup, 1991)
- **regional name**: Men's European Volleyball Championship, European Championship
- **regional cup apps**: 12
- **regional cup first**: 1963 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 1963
- **regional cup best**: (2017 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2017)
- **website**: [http://www.volleyball-verband.de www.volleyball-verband.de]
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- **medaltemplates-expand**: no
Italy national volleyball team

The **Italy men's national volleyball team** is the volleyball national team of Italy. It dominated international volleyball competitions in the 1990s and early 2000s, by winning four World Championships (1990, 1994, 1998 and 2022), seven European Championships, one World Cup (1995) and eight World League (1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999 and 2000).

## Other websites

- Official website
- FIVB profile

## Infobox (national volleyball team)

- **name**: Italy
- **nickname**: _Gli Azzurri_ (The Blues)
- **federation**: Federazione Italiana Pallavolo
- **website**: [http://www.federvolley.it www.federvolley.it]
- **confederation**: CEV
- **coach**: Ferdinando De Giorgi
- **olympic apps**: 11
- **olympic first**: 1976
- **olympic best**:  (Volleyball at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament, 1996, Volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament, 2004, Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament, 2016)
- **world champs apps**: 17
- **world champs first**: 1949
- **world champs best**: (1990 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship, 1990, 1994 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship, 1994, 1998 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship, 1998, 2022 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship, 2022)
- **world cup apps**: 7
- **world cup first**: 1989
- **world cup best**:  (1995 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup, 1995)
- **regional name**: Men's European Volleyball Championship, European Championship
- **regional cup apps**: 29
- **regional cup first**: 1948 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 1948
- **regional cup best**: (1989 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 1989, 1993 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 1993, 1995 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 1995, 1999 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 1999, 2003 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2003, 2005 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2005, 2021 Men's European Volleyball Championship, 2021)
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Brazil national volleyball team

The **Brazil men's national volleyball team** is the national team of Brazil. It is governed by the **Confederação Brasileira de Voleibol** _(Brazilian Volleyball Confederation)_ and takes part in international volleyball competitions. Brazil has two gold medal at the Olympic Games, won three times the World Champioship and nine times the World League. Brazil is the #1 team on the FIVB World Rankings. The team is often referred to as volleyball's "Dream Team" due to its success under coach Bernardo Rezende.

## Other websites

- Official website
- FIVB profile

## Infobox (national volleyball team)

- **name**: Brazil
- **nickname**: _Canarinhos_
_Galactic_
_Best of All Times_
- **gender**: men
- **federation**: Brazilian Volleyball Confederation
- **website**: [http://www.cbv.com.br www.cbv.com.br]
- **confederation**: CSV
- **manager**: Ary Graça
- **coach**: Renan Dal Zotto
- **olympic apps**: 14
- **olympic first**: 1964
- **olympic best**: (Volleyball at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament, 1992, Volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament, 2004, Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament, 2016)
- **world champs apps**: 17
- **world champs first**: 1956
- **world champs best**: (2002 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, 2002, 2006 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, 2006, 2010 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, 2010)
- **world cup apps**: 12
- **world cup first**: 1969
- **world cup best**:  (2003 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup, 2003, 2007 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup, 2007, 2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup, 2019)
- **leftarm1**: FFEC00
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- **rightarm2**: 360CCC
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- **leftarm3**: FFFAFA
- **body3**: FFFAFA
- **rightarm3**: FFFAFA
- **shorts3**: 0047AB
- **medaltemplates-expand**: no
Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)

The **Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization** or **PATCO** was a United States trade union. It ran from 1968 until its decertification in 1981 following an illegal strike that was broken by the Ronald Reagan Administration. The 1981 strike and defeat of PATCO was called "one of the most important events in late twentieth century U.S. labor history" by labor historian Joseph A. McCartin.
Eugenia Charles

Dame **Mary Eugenia Charles**, DBE (15 May 1919 – 6 September 2005) was a Dominican politician and lawyer. She was the Prime Minister of Dominica serving from 21 July 1980 until 14 June 1995. She was Dominica's first, and to date only, female prime minister, as well as the nation's longest-serving prime minister.

Charles died in Fort-de-France, Martinique from a pulmonary embolism caused by hip surgery that she had a few days before. She was 86 years old.

## Other websites

- Caricom Biography

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Dame Eugenia Charles
- **honorific-suffix**: Order of the British Empire, DBE
- **image**: Eugenia Charles.jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of Dominica
- **president**: Aurelius Marie
Clarence Seignoret
Crispin Sorhaindo
- **term start**: 21 July 1980
- **term end**: 14 June 1995
- **predecessor**: Oliver Seraphin
- **successor**: Edison James
- **birth place**: Pointe Michel, Dominica
- **death place**: Fort-de-France, Martinique
- **party**: Dominica Freedom Party, Freedom Party
- **alma mater**: University of Toronto
London School of Economics
Volleyball at the Summer Olympics

Volleyball has been played at the Summer Olympics ever since the 1964 Summer Olympics. The history of Olympic volleyball can be traced back to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where volleyball was played as part of an American sports demonstration event. It was only added as an Olympic sport, however, after World War II. This was when the FIVB was founded and of some of the continental confederations. In 1957, a special tournament was held at the 53rd IOC session in Sofia, Bulgaria, to support such request. The competition was a success, and the sport was officially introduced in 1964. The Olympic Committee initially dropped volleyball for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests.

## Other websites

- FIVB
- Olympic Volleyball History
- IOC
John Boyega

**John Adedayo B. Adegboyega** (born 17 March 1992), better known as **John Boyega**, is a British actor. He first became famous in _Attack the Block_ (2011). He is probably best known for playing Finn in _Star Wars: The Force Awakens_ (2015), _Star Wars: The Last Jedi_ (2017) and _Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker_ (2019). He also appeared in (2017)_Detroit_, (2017) and _Pacific Rim: Uprising_ (2018). He won the 2016 BAFTA Rising Star Award.

Boyega was born in Peckham, London. His parents are Nigerian.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Boyega
- **image**: John Boyega by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Boyega at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International, San Diego Comic-Con.
- **birth name**: John Adedayo B. Adegboyega
- **birth place**: Peckham, London, England, United Kingdom, UK
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2011–present
Daisy Ridley

**Daisy Jazz Isobel Ridley** (born 10 April 1992) is a British actress. She is best known for playing Rey in _Star Wars: The Force Awakens_ (2015), _Star Wars: The Last Jedi_ (2017) and _Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker_ (2019). She also appeared in _Casulty_ and _Silent Witness_.

Ridley was born in Westminster, London. Her great-uncle was _Dad's Army_ actor Arnold Ridley.

### Movies

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2013|_Lifesaver_|Jo||
|2013|_Blue Season_|Sarah||
|2013|_100% BEEF_|Girl||
|2013|_Crossed Wires_|Her||
|2014|_Under_|Waitress||
|2015|_Scrawl_|Hannah||
|2015|_Star Wars: The Force Awakens_|Rey||
|2016|_Only Yesterday_|Taeko Okajima (voice)||
|2016|_The Eagle Huntress_|Narrator||
|2017|_Murder on the Orient Express_|Mary Debenham||
|2017|_Star Wars: The Last Jedi_|Rey||
|2018|_Peter Rabbit_|Cottontail (voice)||
|2018|_Ophelia_|Ophelia||
|2019|_Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker_|Rey||
|2021|_Chaos Walking_|Viola Eade||

### Television

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2013|_Casualty_|Fran Bedingfield|Episode: "And the Walls Come Tumbling Down"|
|2013|_Youngers_|Jessie|Episode: "A to B and the Apology"|
|2013|_Toast of London_|Charlotte|Episode: "Vanity Project"|
|2014|_Silent Witness_|Hannah Kennedy|2 episodes|
|2014|_Mr Selfridge_|Roxy Starlet|Episode: "2.8"|
|2015|_Saturday Night Live_|Herself|Segment: "_Star Wars Auditions_"|
|2017|_Star Wars Forces of Destiny_|Rey|Voice; 3 episodes|

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Daisy Ridley
- **image**: Daisy Ridley by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Ridley at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con.
- **birth name**: Daisy Jazz Isobel Ridley
- **birth place**: Westminster, London, England
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2013–present
- **partner**: Tom Bateman (actor), Tom Bateman (2017–present)
Adriana Olguín

**Adriana Olguín de Baltra** (born **Luz Adriana Margarita Olguín Buche**) (18 November 1911 – 24 December 2015) was a Chilean lawyer and politician. She was born in Valparaíso, Chile. Olguín served as Chile's Minister of Justice serving from 29 July 1952 through 3 November 1952 under the Gabriel González Videla administration. She was the first woman to hold a position in any presidential cabinet in Latin American history.

Olguín died in her home in Viña del Mar, Chile from natural causes at the age of 104.
Daddy's Home (movie)

***Daddy's Home*** is a 2015 American comedy movie directed and written by Sean Anders. It was produced by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay. It stars Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Linda Cardellini, Thomas Haden Church with John Cena. It was filmed in New Orleans, Louisiana,  the movie takes place in Louisiana as well. It was released to mixed reviews on December 25, 2015. It was rated M in Australia and New Zealand for violence, sexual references and offensive language.