juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Recognition

**Recognition**, or **recognize**, is when humans or animals know something about the surrounding objects or beings. For example, an animal might recognize another animal as an enemy or friend, dangerous or harmless. These cognitive acts relate to the beings' perception, memory, learning, and experience.

## Pattern recognition in software

In computer programs, pattern recognition tries to teach computers to perceive and recognize things as accurately as possible, how people do it or better. Pattern recognition by computers distinguishes objects, images, fingerprints, writing, audio, faces and other things automatically.

## Politics

When a country recognizes another country, it means that the first country believes that the second country is legal and has a right to be a country.
Countries that recognize each other have diplomatic relations.  That means they send diplomats to each other, and make different kinds of agreements, about trade, international laws and other things.
De facto

***De facto*** is a phrase from the Latin language that means "in fact" or "in practice".  It is often used in contrast to _de jure_ (which means "by law") when talking about law, governance, or technique.  When talking about law, "_de jure_" is used to describe what the law says, and "_de facto_" is used to describe what actually happens.

_De facto_ is sometimes also used when there is no appropriate law or standard, but a common practice, that may not necessarily be widely accepted, exists. For example, the _de jure_ name of Bill Clinton is William Jefferson Clinton.  This is his name according to official records.  His _de facto_ name is Bill Clinton because this is what he is usually called.
Port Dover, Ontario

**Port Dover** is a small fishing town in Ontario, Canada. During Friday the 13th, motorcycle fans dominate the town. There is also the famous _Arbor Restaurant_ stand in the southern part of town where _Cherry Glows_ are served instead of soft drinks and the bees frequent the outdoor place as much as the local customers and tourists do.

There was a public high school in the town where students aged 14 to 21 years of age study to earn their _Ontario High School Diploma_; it closed at the end of the 2013-14 school year. Port Dover is also the home to Ms. Carrie Sinkowski, a leader for rural equality, and a former candidate for the Canadian House of Commons. Live theatre is also done here as well as a miniature golf course, a beach, and a thriving seaport just to name a few attractions that Port Dover has to offer.

The town is dominated with little shops, with very few franchised businesses in the town; which sells irregular consumer items like British merchandise, local souvenirs and T-shirts that appeal to young tourists. Notable exceptions include Tim Hortons and Giant Tiger department store. On Friday the 13th, motorcycle people come to town in order to drink beer. However, they must be at least 19 years of age to perform this activity. While some violence has resulted in previous years, the 2007 running of the PD13 event was peaceful.
Julius Nyerere

**Julius Kambarage Nyerere** (April 13, 1922 - October 14, 1999), also known as **Mwalimu** (teacher), was President of Tanzania from 1964 to 1985. He was born in Butiama, Tanganyika. The direct descendant is Prince Kevin Nyerere.

Nyerere led Tanganyika to independence from the United Kingdom in 1961. He became the new country's first Prime Minister. The country became a republic in 1962. Nyerere was the country's first president. In 1964, Tanganyika united politically with Zanzibar and was renamed Tanzania. Nyerere was unopposed as the first president of the new country.

Nyerere used political repression against opponents. His attempt at using his socialist ideas of Ujamaa failed. This made Tanzania very poor and caused widespread starvation. He led the overthrow of Idi Amin's regime in Uganda.

Nyerere died of leukemia in London, England.

## Related pages

- Museum Nyerere Memorial House

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Julius Kambarage Nyerere
- **image**: Julius Nyerere cropped.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **office**: President of Tanzania
- **order**: 1st
- **term start**: 29th October 1964
- **term end**: 5th November 1985
- **vicepresident**: Abeid Karume
Aboud Jumbe
Ali Hassan Mwinyi
- **1blankname**: Prime Minister of Tanzania, Prime Minister
- **1namedata**: Rashidi Kawawa
Edward Sokoine
Cleopa Msuya
Edward Sokoine
Salim Ahmed Salim
- **predecessor**: Elizabeth II, Queen Elizabeth II as Queen of Tanganyika
Abeid Karume as President of Zanzibar, President of the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba
- **successor**: Ali Hassan Mwinyi
- **office2**: President of the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
- **term start2**: 26 April 1964
- **term end2**: 29 October 1964
- **1blankname2**: Vice President of Tanzania, Vice President
- **1namedata2**: Abeid Karume
Rashidi Kawawa
- **office3**: President of Tanganyika
- **term start3**: 9 December 1962
- **term end3**: 26 April 1964
- **primeminister3**: Rashidi Kawawa
- **birth place**: Butiama, Tanganyika Territory, Tanganyika
- **birthname**: Kambarage Nyerere
- **death place**: London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- **restingplace**: Butiama, Tanzania
- **nationality**: Tanzanian
- **party**: Chama cha Mapinduzi, CCM
Tanganyika African National Union, <abbr title="Tanganyika African National Union">TANU</abbr>
- **residence**: Butiama
- **alma mater**: The Makerere University
University of Edinburgh
- **profession**: Teacher
- **blank1**: Awards
- **data1**: Lenin Peace Prize
Gandhi Peace Prize
World Peace Council prizes, Joliot-Curie Medal
Interahamwe

The **Interahamwe** (pronounced Een-tair-ah-hahm-way, with the 't' pronounced as an 'h') was the main mob army that started the Rwandan Genocide in 1994. In this mass murder, about one million Hutu and Tutsi people were killed.

## Methods

The Interahamwe usually used machetes ('mupanga') to do the killing, but guns, grenades and primitive tools like nail-studded clubs and hoes were also used.

## Beginning

About a half an hour after the President of Rwanda, Juvénal Habyarimana, was killed on the night of April 6, 1994, Interahamwe roadblocks were put up all over the city of Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. The violence that followed would last about 100 days. This resulted in at least 500,000 deaths, but some say even up to 800,000-1,000,000 deaths.
Lindsborg, Kansas

**Lindsborg** is an American city in the state of Kansas. It is called "Little Sweden"  and is located in McPherson County. Lindsborg is home to Bethany College.
Alarm clock

An **alarm clock** or **alarm** is a clock that alert an people or group of people at selected time such as 7:00AM. Most alarm clocks can make the sound to wake people up; some alarm clocks can make light or vibration. They can turn off sound or light just press button or handle. A classic along alarm clock has an extra hand or inset dial that how alarm will ring at selected time.

Most newer television, computers, mobile phones and digital watches have alarm features that automatically turn on or sound alerts at a selected time.

## Mobile phones alarms

Many newer mobile phones have built-in alarm clock that do not need the phone to be turned on for the alarm to ring off. iPhone 2G became the first iPhone model to has a alarm function. Some of these mobile phones can set the alarm ringtone. Music can be downloaded to the phone and then chosen to play for waking.
Customer service

**Customer service** is doing things to satisfy a purchaser's needs. This may be before, during, or after the purchase.

A major part of customer service is helping if merchandise is broken or not working properly. These situations are usually covered by a customer service policy.

Many stores will have a special desk or area where people can take their complaints. One purpose is to persuade the customer to buy other things later.

## Related pages

- Sales
Sarcasm

**Sarcasm** is a figure of speech or speech comment which is extremely difficult to define. It is often a statement or comment which means the opposite of what it says. It may be made with the intent of humour, or it may be made to be hurtful.

The basic meaning is to be hostile under the cover of friendliness. The word's origin is Greek, _sarcasmus_, see sarchasaristic (Hobson 2018). However, it usually comes with a cue which helps the receiver to understand it. For example, a mother saying "Oh, that's clever!" when a child makes a mistake always signals her love with her tone of voice. Quite different when a hostile person says "Oh, here comes Mr Clever-clogs!". So a person learns how to decode the message.

Much more difficult it is when someone uses a neutral tone of voice, as in "deadpan" or "dry humor". Psychologists think such cases are basically hostile.

A point to remember is that it does not travel well in writing or translation.

## Related pages

- Irony
Brand

**Brand** might mean:

- an iron rod used to burn an ownership mark on cattle
- a trademark: a name, symbol, logo, or other item used to mark a product or maker. This distinguishes it from other companies and their products.
- the identity an organisation has
- a surname:
    - David Brand (1912-1979), Australian politician
    - Joel Brand (1906-1964), Hungarian humanitarian
    - Ron Brand (born 1940), American retired baseball player
    - Russell Brand (born 1975), British entertainer
Scratch and sniff

**Scratch and sniff** refers to paper that produces an odor when it is scratched. Scratch and sniff is mostly used on stickers. Scratch and sniff stickers are frequently given to children as a reward for doing well in school.

Scratch and sniff is created by covering the odor in a covering that breaks easily when it is scratched. Because the odor is covered, it can be kept for a very long time.
Mud pie

**Mud pie** might mean:
- A pie made of mud, usually made by children during play
- Mississippi mud pie, a chocolate-based dessert
Apple pie

An **apple pie** is a pie or tart filled with apples. Sometimes it has whipped cream or ice cream on top. It is a common type of pie. It is commonly associated with American culture, e.g. the expression 'As American as apple pie'.

## Other websites

- A Apple Pie, by Kate Greenaway, 1886. Woodblock printed children's book, based on a much earlier rhyme; from Project Gutenberg
- Apple Pie  The largest apple pie recipes collection on the planet
Pumpkin pie

**Pumpkin pie** is a dessert pie with a spiced pumpkin-based custard filling. The pumpkin is a symbol of harvest time. In the United States and Canada, it is usually prepared for Thanksgiving and other occasions when pumpkin is in season.

Pies made from pumpkins use pie pumpkins that are about six-to-eight inches in diameter. Pie pumpkins are mostly smaller than jack-o'-lantern pumpkins.

## History

The pumpkin is native to North America. The pumpkin was an early export to France. During the 17th century, pumpkin pie recipes could be found in English cookbooks, like Hannah Woolley's _The Gentlewoman's Companion_ (1675). But pumpkin "pies" made by early American colonists back then were more likely to be a savory soup rather than sweet custard in a crust.

It was not until the 19th century that pumpkin pie recipes appeared in American cookbooks. It also was not until that century that they became a part of the Thanksgiving dinner. The Pilgrims brought the pumpkin pie back to New England. The English method of cooking the pumpkin took a different course.

In the United States after the American Civil War, the pumpkin pie was resisted in the Southern United States as a symbol of Yankee culture brought to the South. Instead, the Southern United States prepared sweet potato pie.

## In popular culture

- Lydia Marie Child's Thanksgiving poem "Over the River and Through the Wood" refers to pumpkin pie in one of its verses.

- John Greenleaf Whittier wrote in his poem "The Pumpkin":

### Songs

"There's No Place like Home for the Holidays" makes a reference to homemade pumpkin pie from a man who wants to return to Pennsylvania"
"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" says: "Later we'll have some pumpkin pie/And we'll do some caroling"
"Sleigh Ride makes reference to a happy feeling "as they pass around the coffee and the pumpkin pie"
Pumpkin

A **pumpkin** is a type of a squash which is a fruit. They are usually orange, but they can also be purple, red, blue, or white. Pumpkins are usually shaped like spheres or stretched-out spheres.

Pumpkins are native to North America (parts of present-day northeastern Mexico and the southern United States).

People can eat pumpkins. Often, people make pumpkins into pies or soups. People can eat and cook pumpkin seeds. People also use pumpkins for decoration, for example, when people make jack-o-lanterns at Halloween.

It also has a few noted uses in folk medicine. It has been traditionally used by some Native American groups for treating intestinal problems. However, these uses may not be reliable as some people are affected by kidney stones
Ribeirão Preto

**Ribeirão Preto** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population, in 2005, was 551,312 inhabitants and its area is 652.2 km². Its name means Black Creek in Portuguese.
Guarulhos

**Guarulhos** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population was 1,251,179 inhabitants in 2005 and its area is 317.1 km².
Santos, São Paulo

**Santos** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population was 418,316 inhabitants . Its area is .

## Other websites

- Santos City Hall
São José dos Campos

**São José dos Campos** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population in 2005 was 600,049 inhabitants. It is located about 100 km (63 miles) from the city of São Paulo and has an area of 1,100 km² (424.7 mi²).
São Bernardo do Campo

**São Bernardo do Campo** () is a Brazilian city in the ABC Region, state of São Paulo. Its population in 2003 was 745,161. Its area is .

The city was founded in 1553, one of the first cities in Brazil.
São Bernardo do Campo is very known because of the automobiles industries that came in 1950s, like: Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, Daimler Chrysler and Ford.

## Other websites

- Official site of São Bernardo do Campo

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Município de São Bernardo do Campo
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **nickname**: The Automobile Capital
- **motto**: Pavlistarvm Terra Mater
(Mother Land of the Paulistas)
- **image flag**: Flag_SBC.jpg
- **image seal**: Seal_SBC.gif
- **image map**: SaoPaulo Municip SaoBernardodoCampo.svg
- **pushpin map**: Brazil
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Brazil, Region
- **subdivision type2**: States of Brazil, State
- **subdivision name**: Brazil
- **subdivision name1**: Southeast Region, Brazil, Southeast
- **subdivision name2**: São Paulo (state), São Paulo
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Luiz Marinho (PT)
- **area total km2**: 407.1
- **area land km2**: 331.28
- **area water km2**: 75.82
- **area water percent**: 18.6
- **area urban km2**: 118.74
- **area metro km2**: 212.54
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 765203 (List of largest cities in Brazil, 23rd)
- **population density km2**: 1919.40
- **population density sq mi**: 1,883.9
- **timezone**: UTC-2
- **utc offset**: -2
- **timezone dst**: UTC-3
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **elevation m**: 762
- **elevation ft**: 2500
- **area code**: +55 11
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 09600-000
- **blank name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2008)
- **blank info**: 0.834 – <span style="color:#090">high</span>
- **website**: [http://www.saobernardo.sp.gov.br São Bernardo do Campo]
Santo André

**Santo André** is a Brazilian city in ABC Region, state of São Paulo. Its population in 2007 was 667,891. Its area is .

## Other websites

- Official site of Santo André
Osasco

**Osasco** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population in 2016 was 696,382 inhabitants. Its area is 65 km².

## Other websites

- Official site of Osasco
Sorocaba

**Sorocaba** is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population in 2005 was 565.180 inhabitants and its area is 449 km².

Mayor:Rodrigo Manga

## Other websites

- Official site of Sorocaba
Google Earth

**Google Earth** is a virtual globe program that was first called Earth Viewer. Keyhole, Inc. created it in 2001. It has been owned by Google since 2004. The program maps the surface of Earth by combining pictures taken by satellites and airplanes. There are also 3D maps where users can look at areas from different angles. It is quite similar to Google Maps.

Google Earth is interactive and lets the user move the globe, and look at satellite imagery with overlays of roads, buildings, geographic features, and more.

Teachers can use it to improve students' visual literacy. Students can use it to develop a background for three-dimensional and cultural differences.

## Related pages

- Google Maps

## Other websites

- Official Google Earth website
- 7 Things You Should Know About Google Earth

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Google Earth
- **logo**: Google Earth icon.svg
- **ver layout**: stacked
- **author**: Keyhole, Inc.
- **developer**: Google
- **programming language**: C++
- **language count**: Various
- **genre**: Virtual globe
- **license**: Freeware
Google Videos

**Google Videos** is a division of the search engine Google that searches video sharing websites.

It is the successor to **Google Video**, a Google website that allowed people to upload videos through its servers so that they can be shared online. Google Video discontinued its service in August 2012, because of the high popularity of YouTube, which is a subsidiary of Google.

## Other websites

- Official website
Zane Lowe

**Alexander Zane Reid Lowe** (born 7 August 1973) is a New Zealand radio disc jockey in the United Kingdom. He presents an early evening show on the British music radio station BBC Radio 1 on Mondays to Thursdays. Lowe also presented shows on the music television station MTV2.

## Other websites

- Official website
Tentacle

A **tentacle** is a part of the body of an animal or plant that can move freely. They are like arms. Some invertebrates, like squid, sea anemones or hydras have them. They use the tentacles to catch food, or to grip the surroundings. Some carnivorous plants, such as the Drosera, also may have tentacles.
Javelin

A **javelin** is a light spear designed to be thrown. Historically it was a weapon, but from the Ancient Greeks to today it is used for sport. The javelin is almost always thrown by hand.

The javelin throw is a sports event, one of the field events which survive from the original Olympic Games. The athlete holds the javelin in one hand and, while running, throws it as far as possible. It is an official Olympic sport.

Unlike other throwing events, javelin allows the competitor to build speed over a considerable distance.

## Related pages

- Discus throw
- Hammer throw
- Shot put
- Track and field athletics
Sea anemone

**Sea anemones** are Cnidarian animals that live in the sea. They are polyps, one of the basic forms of the phylum. They are predatory animals, which paralyse their prey with stinging nematocysts. These fire a harpoon-like structure which delivers a dose of neurotoxins. To eat the fish, or crustacean, they move the prey into their stomach, where they are slowly digested.

Anemones are sessile. This means they like to stay in one area. They can move very slowly along the bottom.  Some types can swim to a new location by using flexing movements. Many species live in rockpools between high tide and low tide, and on rocky shores generally. Anemones can be found in deep oceans as well, and a few are pelagic.

An anemone has an oral disk on the top of its body. The sea anemone’s mouth and gut are in the middle of the oral disk. The tentacles surround the oral disk. The pedal disc is on the bottom of the sea anemone.

Some sea anemones live in symbiosis with other animals. clownfish, Incognito goby, and arrow crabs may shelter among the tentacles of the anemone. Hermit crabs often have sea anemones on the shell they live in. Some anemones have a symbiosis with a type of algae which lives inside them. This is the same thing many corals do. The dinoflagellate algae use sunlight to make food, and the anemone uses some of the food.

The first detailed investigation of sea anemones was a survey of those found on or near the beaches of the British Isles by the naturalist Philip Henry Gosse.
Polyp

**Polyps** are one of two forms of the cnidarians. The other body form is the medusa. Polyps have a vase-shaped body with tentacles around the mouth opening.

Polyps may be sexual or asexual. They can all reproduce asexually by budding. In some species, the polyps can also reproduce sexually.

When medusae mate, the result may be polyps, when polyps replicate, the result may be medusae. The details vary between species. Some species are polyps all the time (such as _Hydra_, and the whole of the class Anthozoa (corals and anemones).

In many cases the asexual buds formed do not separate from the parent but remain, thus forming colonies or 'stocks'. These may reach a great size, and contain a vast number of individuals. Slight differences in the method of budding produce great variations in the form of the colonies. The reef-building corals are polyp-colonies, strengthened by the formation of a firm skeleton.

Jellyfish (class Medusozoa) have two distinct life history stages (body forms) during their life cycle. The first is the polyp stage. Often, this polyp is attached to the sea floor, or to another hard surface. A polyp that lives that way is called sessile.

In the second stage, the tiny polyps asexually produce jellyfish, each of which is known as a medusa. Tiny jellyfish swim away from the polyp and then grow and feed in the plankton. Jellyfish reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Dravidian languages

The **Dravidian languages** are a language family spoken by the Dravidian peoples. The languages are mainly spoken in South India, western Bangladesh, southern Sri Lanka and southern Pakistan. There are about 36 languages in this family. A total of about 215 million people speak the Dravidian languages.

Dravidian languages probably used to be spoken over a larger area of the Indian subcontinent. The are several ethnic groups in India, known as "Scheduled Tribes", that still speak their own Dravidian languages. Brahui, with 2,200,000 speakers, is a Dravidian language that is spoken in the Balochistan region of Pakistan. Kurukh language is spoken in parts of Nepal, Bhutan and Laos. The main Dravidian languages are below:
- Telugu: 85,000,000 speakers
- Tamil: 75,000,000 speakers
- Kannada: 49,000,000 speakers
- Malayalam: 38,000,000 speakers
- Brahui: 2,600,000 speakers

## Related pages

- Languages of South Asia

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Dravidian
- **map**: Dravidian subgroups.png
- **mapcaption**: Places where Dravidian languages are spoken
- **region**: South Asia
- **familycolor**: Dravidian
- **family**: Dravidian
- **protoname**: Proto-Dravidian language, Proto-Dravidian
- **child1**: Central
- **child2**: Eastern
- **child3**: Southern
- **iso2**: dra
- **iso5**: dra
- **sil**: 1282-16
East Pakistan

**East Pakistan** was part of Pakistan. Between 1955 and 1971, Pakistan was made of West Pakistan (which is now simply called Pakistan) and East Pakistan, which is now known as Bangladesh. In 1971, there was the Bangladesh Liberation War, where East and West Pakistan fought each other. India also took part in the war, on the side of East Pakistan.
Abigail Fillmore

**Abigail Powers Fillmore** (March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853), was the wife of Millard Fillmore, the 13th President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853.

She was born in Saratoga County, New York. Her father’s name was Lemuel Powers. Her father died shortly after her birth. After this, her mother moved away westward to less settled area. Abigail Powers had a brother also. Their mother gave them a good education with the help of her husband’s library.

When Abigail Powers was around 19 years old and a student at an academy at New Hope, New York, she met Millard Fillmore. He was also studying in the same academy. They married in February 1826. In 1828, she had a son, named Millard Powers Fillmore. After few years, Fillmore bought a home in Buffalo, New York where she had a daughter, Mary Abigail. During the next few years, her husband was elected to the U.S. Congress. Her husband became a state comptroller. In 1849, her husband became the Vice President of the United States. The couple moved to the Washington, D.C.. After 16 months, President Zachary Taylor died. Millard Fillmore became the President and they moved into the White House.

During last several years, Abigail Powers had learnt to move in the high society. She did a fine role as the First Lady.

She had a permanently injured ankle. This made standing difficult to greet guests. But she still continued to act as the first lady. Later on, due to her bad health, she gave many routine duties of the First Lady to her daughter, "Abby."

Abigail Powers could get a special sanction of money from the government. With this, she bought many books for the library at the White House. After her husband’s retirement, she attended the inauguration of President Franklin Pierce. She returned to her hotel room. Due to very chill weather, she became sick with pneumonia. On 30th March, 1853, she died of pneumonia. In her respect, the United States Congress adjourned (that is, stopped working) for that day, and government offices remained closed. She was buried at Buffalo.

After about five years of her death, her husband married a widow named Caroline Fillmore of Buffalo, New York. Millard died on March 8, 1874.

## Infobox (_officeholder)

- **name**: Abigail Powers Fillmore
- **image**: Abigail_Fillmore.jpg
- **birth place**: Stillwater, New York, Stillwater, Saratoga County, New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., United States, U.S.
- **order**: First Lady of the United States
- **term label**: In role
- **president**: Millard Fillmore
- **term start**: July 9, 1850
- **term end**: March 4, 1853
- **predecessor**: Margaret Taylor
- **successor**: Jane Pierce
- **order2**: Second Ladies and Gentlemen of the United States, Second Lady of the United States
- **term label2**: In role
- **term start2**: March 4, 1849
- **term end2**: July 9, 1850
- **predecessor2**: Sophia Dallas
- **successor2**: Mary Cyrene Burch Breckinridge
- **spouse**: Millard Fillmore
- **children**: Millard Powers Fillmore and Mary Abigail Fillmore.
Keith Richards

**Keith Richards** (born 18 December 1943) is an English guitarist best known as a founder member of the Rolling Stones.

## The Rolling Stones

He is mostly famous for his rhythm guitar playing, but he can also play lead guitar quite well. He often likes to use a guitar with only 5 strings—the lowest-tuned string is removed. On a small number of Rolling Stones recordings, he plays bass guitar, as well as other instruments.

He sings background vocals on most Rolling Stones songs. Occasionally, he also sings lead vocals, on songs like "Happy", "Little T & A", and "The Worst".

In 2003 he was ranked 10th on Rolling Stone Magazine's "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time".

Richards has co-written and recorded hundreds of songs with his song writing partner Mick Jagger. Fourteen of their songs are listed by Rolling Stone Magazine in their "500 Greatest Songs of All Time" issue. Keith is one of two members of the Rolling Stones to have both; played on all releases and, be in the band during its entire run. The other member to do so is Mick Jagger.

Keith is best known for playing a yellow Fender Telecaster.

## Jagger/Richards

Jagger/Richards is the songwriting duo of Keith and Rolling Stones lead singer Mick Jagger. Jagger and Richards first met in primary school, but would not see each other until after they both left primary school. The two would meet many years later in 1962 at a train station. They became friends after the meeting and are still friends now.

## Personal life

During the late 1960s and most of the 1970s, he had a serious addiction to heroin. However, he recovered and quit using it. Sometimes, in interviews, he talks about taking drugs in a way that seems humorous.

### The Rolling Stones

- Studio albums
1. _England's Newest Hit Makers_ (1964)
1. _12 X 5_ (1964)
1. _The Rolling Stones, Now!_ (1965)
1. _Out of Our Heads_ (1965)
1. _December's Children (And Everybody's)_ (1965)
1. _Aftermath_ (1966)
1. _Between the Buttons_ (1967)
1. _Their Satanic Majesties Request_ (1967)
1. _Beggars Banquet_ (1968)
1. _Let It Bleed_ (1969)
1. _Sticky Fingers_ (1971)
1. _Exile on Main St._ (1972)
1. _Goats Head Soup_ (1973)
1. _It's Only Rock 'n Roll_ (1974)
1. _Black and Blue_ (1976)
1. _Some Girls_ (1978)
1. _Emotional Rescue_ (1980)
1. _Tattoo You_ (1981)
1. _Undercover_ (1983)
1. _Dirty Work_ (1986)
1. _Steel Wheels_ (1989)
1. _Voodoo Lounge_ (1994)
1. _Bridges to Babylon_ (1997)
1. _A Bigger Bang_ (2005)
1. _GRRR!_ (2012)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Keith Richards
- **img**: RStonesHydePark030722 (63 of 125) (Keith Richards).jpg
- **img capt**: Richards in 2022
- **image size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **alias**: Keith Richard
- **birth place**: Dartford, Kent, England
- **instrument**: Guitar, singer, vocals
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, blues music, blues
- **occupation**: Musician, record producer, producer
- **years active**: 1962 – present
- **associated acts**: The Rolling Stones
Edward Elgar

**Sir Edward William Elgar,** **1st Baronet** <small>OM GCVO</small>  (2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was the most famous English composer of his time. He composed in the late romantic era.

## Birth

Elgar was born in Broadheath, Worcestershire. His father owned a music shop. Apart from having violin lessons Elgar taught himself about music, he studied the printed music in his father’s shop and often travelled with him when he went on his rounds to tune pianos. He heard a lot of cathedral music and often practised the organ. He took over his father’s job as church organist and soon became conductor of local orchestras and bands.

Worcester was a small town but the music there was good. The Three Choirs Festival took place there every third year. In 1884 he was playing the violin in the orchestra when the great Czech composer Dvořák was conducting.

## Marriage

In 1889 Elgar married. His wife Caroline Alice Roberts came from a family who had more money than the Elgars, and she was 8 years older than he was. Many people did not approve of the marriage, but she was a good wife to him and encouraged him in his efforts to be a successful composer.

## Works

In 1899 Elgar wrote an orchestral piece called the _Enigma Variations_. There is a main tune, and then a series of variations on the tune. Each variation describes one of his friends, but he did not say which friends they were: he only put their initials or nickname at the top of each variation. This is why the piece is an enigma (a “puzzle” or “secret”). People have managed to work out who each friend was, but the meaning of the main tune is still a puzzle. This music made Elgar very famous.

The next work that he wrote is probably his greatest work: _The Dream of Gerontius_ (1900). It is an oratorio. Gerontius is an old man who is dying and thinking about whether God will punish him for his sins or save him and take him to heaven. Elgar wrote two other oratorios: _The Apostles_ and _The Kingdom_. He wrote two symphonies, a violin concerto, a cello concerto, Introduction and Allegro for Strings, Sea Pictures (five songs for mezzo soprano and orchestra) and chamber music including a violin sonata, a string quartet and a piano quintet.

Throughout his life his wife helped him by ruling neat manuscript lines on plain paper so that he could write his music. After she died in 1920 Elgar was so sad that he stopped composing. He died of colorectal cancer in Worcester.

Elgar’s most popular piece is the first of his _Pomp and Circumstance Marches_. It has the tune which is sung to the words “Land of Hope and Glory” and the audience always join in singing it at the Last Night of the Proms.
Printing press

The **printing press** is a machine for printing. It makes many copies of identical pages. The printing press today is used to print books and newspapers. It had a great influence on society, especially western society. It was "one of the most potent agents... of western civilization in bringing together the scattered ideas of thinkers".

Woodcut printing has been done for several centuries. That was whole pages cut into wood, words and pictures. In the 15th century Johannes Gutenberg improved the process. He used separate alloy letters screwed into a frame. This way a large set of letters could make almost any page for printing. This process was called typesetting. Each letter was in a block of metal, fixed in a frame. He could then move paper and ink over it, much like a stamp. This method was called letterpress. The letters would leave ink on the paper in the shape of the letters, creating text or illustrations.

Bigger and much faster presses were invented in the industrial revolution. The main improvements were made in the 19th century. Two ideas altered the design of the printing press entirely. First was the use of steam power to run the machinery. Second was the replacement of the printing flatbed with the rotary motion of cylinders. Both were done by the German printer Friedrich Koenig between 1802 and 1818. Having moved to London in 1804, Koenig got financial support for his project in 1807.  In 1810, Koenig patented a steam press "much like a hand press connected to a steam engine".

Soon other inventions were added, such as the making of cheaper paper by using wood pulp instead of rags. Later in the 19th century came machines which speeded up typesetting, which was previously done by hand, letter by letter. A machine for hot metal typesetting was designed by Linotype Inc. It turned molten lead into type ready for printing.

Many further developments in printing happened in the 20th century. Today printing presses are controlled by special-purpose computers, and the material to be printed is prepared on computers. As a consequence of these inventions, the cost of printing has fallen significantly compared to other commodities. Now the price of a book or magazine is less determined by its  production, and more by other factors, such as marketing.
Mezzo-soprano

A **mezzo-soprano** is a female singer whose voice is a little lower than that of a soprano but not low enough to be called a contralto. There are many roles in opera that need a mezzo-soprano voice, for example the role of Carmen in the opera _Carmen_ by Georges Bizet or Cherubino in _Le Nozze di Figaro_ by Mozart. Famous mezzo-sopranos include: Marilyn Horne and Dame Janet Baker who have both now retired. Alice Coote and Susan Graham are famous mezzo-sopranos today.
Georges Bizet

**Georges Bizet** (25 October 1838 – 3 June 1875) was a French composer of the Romantic period. He is best known for his opera _Carmen_, which is the best-known of all French operas.

Bizet was born in Paris and died in Bougival. After he died, most of his work was not popular. Many of the manuscripts he made were lost. After many years, his work started to be performed more.
Old age

**Old age** is when a person is near or beyond the usual life expectancy, usually from the age of 65 and above.  Old people are usually retired from work and spend their time in other ways like helping take care of small children who are kin to them in some way. Often people of old age have wrinkly skin. They will move slower, and become cold often.

Old people usually have more health problems than young adults, and many of them take medicine.  The reason for this is that their bodies are slowly deteriorating, so they have more problems, especially with moving. Osteoporosis weakens the bones, and is one of the problems that become more common with age. Others include blindness and deafness. Gerontology is the part of medicine that deals with these things.

Old people are also called "senior citizens" or "elders". Elders are considered to be wise because they have had much experience in their long lives. Many cultures view elders with respect and kindness, and depend upon them to pass down knowledge to the younger generations of people.

## Related pages

- Gerontology
The Crystal Maze

***The Crystal Maze*** is a British game show on Channel 4. It ran from 1990 to 1995 and was revived in 2016. A team of six players completed challenges to win crystals. It was presented by Richard O'Brien from series 1 to 4 and Ed Tudor-Pole in series 5 and 6. Stephen Merchant presented an episode in 2016. Richard Ayoade presents in 2017.

## Game show

It was made by Chatsworth Television as an British version of the French show Fort Boyard. There are four zones in the maze - Medieval, Aztec, Futuristic and Industrial. In each zone, players attempt challenges to earn a crystal. Each crystal gives them five seconds in the Crystal Dome. After a while, the Industrial zone was replaced by an Ocean zone.

## Crystal dome

The Crystal Dome is a large glass crystal where the players must go in at the end. Small golden and silver tickets are blown around the dome and they must try and catch as many as they can. For every gold token they put in the box, they get a point. For every silver token they put in the box, they lose a point.

If the team gets over 100 points, they win a big prize. If they do not win, they get a small crystal to take home with them.
Counter-Reformation

The **Counter-Reformation** was a movement within the Roman Catholic Church which began in the 1500s. It covered the following five areas:
1. Doctrine (ideology)
1. Ecclesiastical or Structural Reconfiguration
1. Religious orders
1. Spiritual Movements
1. Political Dimensions

The Counter-Reformation began after Martin Luther's Reformation. In reaction, Catholics  reaffirmed some points of faith that the Protestants' objections had put in danger. These included the validity of the seven sacraments. The Protestants had reduced the sacraments to only two, Baptism and the Eucharist. Protestants deny the doctrine of transubstantiation, which is seen as making Mass less important. Some reformation era groups had rejected the Mass entirely. Luther's view was somewhere between that of the more radical reformers and the Catholic view. Luther wrote that without faith neither Baptism nor the Eucharist is sufficient for salvation. The Counter-Reformation specifically re-affirmed the Catholic understanding of the mass.

On other issues, Catholics effectively accepted some of the Protestant complaints. Penance became a private confession and repentance from sin instead of outward actions. This served to correct the corrupt practice of selling forgiveness. This type of forgiveness, called Indulgence was the immediate cause of Luther's protests against abuses in the Catholic church.

As a result of the Counter Reformation, other abuses, such as Simony were also greatly curtailed. Thus the Protestant movement served not only to create new expressions of the Christian faith, but also to correct problems in the Catholic church which led to its revitalization.

Catholic missionaries, especially Jesuits went across the world to spread the Catholic faith. The Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition was also created, to revitalize the work of suppressing heresy.

## Related pages

- Protestant Reformation
- Council of Trent
- Vatican II
Decolonization

**Decolonization** is when a colony of any country becomes independent. Thus, decolonization is the opposite of colonization. Sometimes, a colony may not get full freedom, but may become part of another country or even the part of the country which colonized it. This is also decolonization.

In some cases, decolonization may result after non-violent discussion. In a relatively small number of cases, decolonization happens only after armed struggle and revolt. Decolonization is different from the break-up of traditional empires like the Mongol Empire or the Ottoman Empire. Decolonization generally means independence of non-Europeans from European rule. Thus, the break-up of the Union of Sweden and Norway and the independence of Manchukuo from the Empire of Japan were not decolonization. Major decolonization occurred in the 20th century. It began with the independence of Pakistan and India in 1947 from the British Empire. Soon after, many countries of Africa became independent from the rule of many suzerainty countries of Europe.

## Related pages

- Pan-Africanism
Meiji Restoration

The **Meiji Restoration** (明治維新) was a time of great change in Japan. In the Japanese language, _Meiji-ishin_ is the term for the **Meiji Restoration**. The term describes a series of events that changed the shape of Japan’s political and social systems. These changes took place mainly in the three years from 1866 to 1869, at the beginning of the Meiji period.

## End of the Shogunate

In 1866, the Tokugawa Shogunate was ruling Japan. In the year 1866, two domains, the local government at that time, came together under an alliance. The name of this alliance was the Sat-cho Alliance. This was an alliance between the Satsuma Domain and the Chōshū Domain, and a person named Sakamoto Ryoma brought the two domains together. These two domains supported the Emperor Meiji of Japan who, at the time, did not have much power. With their support the emperor could regain much of his power.

The Tokugawa Shogunate’s rule ended on 9th November 1867, but they still retained some authority and power.  In the Boshin War of 1868, an army from Satsuma Province and Choshu defeated the forces of the Tokugawa Shogunate.  This completely ended the power of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

## The Revolution of the country's system

After defeating the Tokugawa Shogunate, the leaders of the Meiji Restoration started to reform the system of the country. They acted in the name of Japan’s emperor, to restore (that is, to return) the emperor’s powers. But, the leaders also kept to themselves a number of powers. In fact, even after the Meiji Restoration, an oligarchy, a small group, had the real power and ruled in the name of the emperor.

After the Meiji Restoration started, Japan’s progress was fast. The revolution included centralizing power, changing the tax system, starting the educational system, constructing factories and railways, etc.

Industrialization developed rapidly and within next three to four decades (by 1905) the Empire of Japan had become a military power, comparable to the great powers of the time.

## Leaders

- Okubo Toshimichi (1830-1878)
- Kido Takayoshi (1833-1877)
- Saigo Takamori (1827-1877)
- Iwakura Tomomi (1825-1883)
- Ito Hirobumi (1841-1909)
- Kuroda Kiyotaka (1840-1900)
- Matsukata Masayoshi (1835-1924)
- Oyama Iwao (1842-1916)
- Saigo Tsugumichi (1843-1902)
- Yamagata Aritomo (1838-1922)
- Inoue Kaoru (1835-1905)
- Saionji Kinmochi (1849-1940)
European Convention on Human Rights

Countries, which are members of the Council of Europe agreed on certain points written in a document to ensure human rights written in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These points became the **Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms**. In its shorter form it is **European Convention on Human Rights** (**ECHR**). The convention also established the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), and the sentence of this Court has a force legal power by its Article 46.

The ECHR was written on 4 November 1950.

The ECHR has made many protocols, for example: protocol 2nd for right to education, 12th against all discrimination also by public authority and 13th for complete abolition of the death penalty. Protocols are set of rules. All member countries must follow these rules.

The ECtHR can give decisions on complaints or cases which come to it. If a person thinks that a European country has abused his or her human rights, that person may take the matter to the judges of ECtHR. The judges will listen to the complaint and give their decisions. These decisions must be followed by the governments of the countries.

## Related pages

- Council of Europe
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- International human rights law
- Human rights
European Court of Human Rights

The **European Court of Human Rights** (**ECtHR**) hears and decides particular type of complaints. These complaints relate to abuse of human rights. ECoHR’s other popular name is "Strasbourg Court". Member countries of the Council of Europe created ECoHR to arrange all such complaints, listen to the complaints, and to give decisions. European Convention on Human Rights tells about many human rights. ECoHR sees that people should enjoy all these human rights.

ECoHR' has a number of judges. The number of judges is seven normally but at the case of dealing a great issue, the number will be 21 and the judges are equally from member countries of the Council of Europe. At present, there are forty seven member countries of the Council of Europe. Each country may have one judge in the ECoHR. But, judges work independently for the ECoHR, and not for their country.

## Judges

|Name|Country|Position|Elected|Term Ends|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Mattias Guyomar||President|2020|2029|
|Arnfinn Bårdsen||Vice-president|2019|2028|
|Ivana Jelić||Vice-presidente|2018|2027|
|Lado Chanturia||Section president|2018|2027|
|Ioannis Ktistakis||Section president|2021|2030|
|Kateřina Šimáčková||section president|2021|2030|
|Faris Vehabović||Judge|2012|2030|
|Stéphanie Mourou-Vikström||Judge|2015|2033|
|Alena Poláčková||Judge|2015|2033|
|Georgios Serghides||Judge|2016|2025|
|Tim Eicke||Judge|2016|2025|
|Latif Huseynov||Judge|2017|2026|
|Jovan Ilievski||Judge|2017|2026|
|Jolien Schukking||Judge|2017|2026|
|Péter Paczolay||Judge|2017|2026|
|María Elósegui||Judge|2018|2027|
|Gilberto Felici||Judge|2018|2027|
|Darian Pavli||Judge|2019|2028|
|Erik O. Wennerström||Judge|2019|2028|
|Raffaele Sabato||Judge|2019|2028|
|Saadet Yüksel||Judge|2019|2028|
|Lorraine Schembri Orland||Judge|2019|2028|
|Anja Seibert-Fohr||Judge|2020|2029|
|Peeter Roosma||Judge|2020|2029|
|Ana Maria Guerra Martins||Judge|2020|2029|
|Andreas Zünd||Judge|2021|2030|
|Frédéric Krenc||Judge|2021|2030|
|Diana Sârcu||Judge|2021|2030|
|Davor Derenčinović||Judge|2022|2031|
|Mykola Hnatovsky||Judge|2022|2031|
|Oddný Mjöll Arnardóttir||Judge|2023|2032|
|Anne Louise Bormann||Judge|2023|2032|
|Sebastian Rădulețu||Judge|2023|2032|
|Diana Kovacheva||Judge|2024|2033|
|Gediminas Sagatys||Judge|2024|2033|
|Stéphane Pisani||Judge|2024|2033|
|Úna Ní Raifeartaigh||Judge|2024|2033|
|Alain Chablais||Judge|2024|2033|
|Artūrs Kučs||Judge|2024|2033|
|Mateja Đurović||Judge|2024|2033|
|András Jakab||Judge|2024|2033|
|Anna Adamska-Gallant||Judge|2024|2033|
|Juha Lavapuro||Judge|2025|2034|
|Canòlic Mingorance Cairat||Judge|2025|2034|
|Vahe Grigoryan||Judge|2025|2034|
|Vasilka Sancin||Judge|2025|2034|