juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1452

## Events

- March – Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor becomes the last to be crowned in Rome.
- Portuguese navigator Diogo de Teive discovers Corvo Island in the Azores.
- 18 June – Pope Nicholas V issues the bull _Dum Diversas_, legitimising the colonial slave trade.
- October – English troops under John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, land in Guyenne, France, and retake most of the province without a fight.
- A major eruption of the South Pacific volcano Kuwae in Vanuatu has a subsequent global cooling effect (the eruption released more sulfate than any other event in the past 700 years).
- Battle of Bealach nam Broig, a Scottish clan battle.
- Murder of William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas by James II of Scotland at Stirling Castle.
- Revolt of Ghent: Forces of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, clash multiple times with rebel militia from Ghent in the region around Ghent.

## Births

- February 6 – Joana, Crown Princess of Portugal (d. 1490)
- March 10 – King Ferdinand II of Aragon (d. 1516)
- April 15 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian artist and inventor (d. 1519)
- April 19 – King Frederick IV of Naples (d. 1504)
- July 10 – King James III of Scotland (d. 1488)
- July 27 – Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (d. 1508)
- September 21 – Girolamo Savonarola, Italian religious reformer and ruler of Florence (d. 1498)
- October 2 – King Richard III of England (d. 1485)
- December 10 – Johannes Stöffler, German mathematician (d. 1531)

## Deaths

- February 10
    - Svitrigaila, Grand Prince of Lithuania
    - Michał Bolesław Zygmuntowicz, Prince of Black Ruthenia
- May 26 – John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury
- December 12 – Guillaume Huin d'Estaing, Catholic cardinal
- _date unknown_
    - Nicholas Close, English bishop
    - Gemistus Pletho, philosopher
    - William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas
Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide

***Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide***, otherwise known as simply ***Ned's Declassified***, is a TV show on Nickelodeon. It was created by Scott Fellows.

From "A middle school full of bullies, insane teachers and gross school lunches" comes Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide, a show on Nickelodeon. The show stars Devon Werkheiser as Ned Bigby , a 12-15-year-old student at James K. Polk Middle School. Every episode is a group of tips to surviving a school based activity. The show is part of Nick's Sunday lineup. It first aired on September 12, 2004.

The show is very successful, it has had a promising start. The show also stars Daniel Curtis Lee and Lindsey Shaw as Simon "Cookie" Cook and Jennifer "Moze/Mose" Mosley/Mozely.

It also comes on Family Channel.
VH1

**VH1 (Video Hits One)** is an American television network. It is a sister station to the groundbreaking MTV.

VH1 shows reality shows and reruns of sitcoms, whereas MTV's focus is on the current hits and also reality shows. VH1 also shows _You're Cut Off!_ on Mondays for 3 weeks and Wednesdays for 5 weeks. It started airing on . Casting has been renewed for a 2nd season.

## Related pages

- _You're Cut Off!_
- MTV

## Other websites

- VH1 Classic
- VH1 Country
- VH1 Divas Live
- VH1 Europe
- VH1 Save The Music Foundation
- VH1 Soul
- VH1 Latin America
- VHUno US Latin Channel
Cabinet

A **Cabinet** is a group of important people in a government, who normally represent the head of government. It is also known as the **Council of Ministers** or the Executive Council.  They are part of the executive branch of government. People in the cabinet are called ministers or secretaries, and they do different things, such as look after the environment.

In most countries with parliamentary systems, the cabinet decides the government's policy.  In other countries, such as the United States, the cabinet has limited power, and is an advisor to the Head of Government. In some countries, cabinet members are given their jobs by those who are in the government.

Many years ago the cabinets were called Privy Councils. The cabinet of today came about during the time that George I and George II were Kings of England.

In some European countries, the term "cabinet" is used to mean the assistants of an important politician.

In the UK and some Commonwealth countries, the Shadow Cabinet are the leaders of the main opposition party in a parliament.

## Related pages

- Cabinet of the United States
- Cabinet of the United Kingdom
- Shadow cabinet
Newspaper

A **newspaper** is a publication printed on paper and issued regularly, usually once a day or once a week. It gives information and opinions about current events and news.  Usually people like to read them to stay informed about their local city, state or country.  Newspapers can be delivered to one's home, by subscription.  One also can buy a newspaper at a store or at a newsstand.  Recycling of paper is common.  It may be converted to new paper, for example.

Newspapers usually have many topics.  They usually include political events, crime, business, sports, and weather news.  Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; and also often include comics and other entertainment, such as crosswords and horoscopes.  Many have opinion sections.  These sections print the opinions of people who work for the newspaper.  The opinions, which are usually on stories in the news, are called _editorials_.  Opinion sections usually also print short letters from people who read the newspaper.

Newspapers started as handwritten newsletter<nowiki/>s distributed to a few merchant<nowiki/>s. In the 17th century they began being printed and sold to anyone who paid for one.

## Related pages

- Media studies

## Other websites

- Newspapers  from List of Newspapers - Online Newspapers Directory
1833

## Events

- January 3 – Britain invades the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.
- March 2 – United States President Andrew Jackson signs the Force Act, which authorizes him to use troops to enforce federal law in South Carolina.
- March 4 – Ayya Vaikundar incarnated from the sea of Thiruchendur as the avatar of Kali Yukam.
- June 6 – U.S. President Jackson becomes the first President to ride a train.
- May 11 – French-American farmhand Antoine le Blanc murders family of three.
- September 29 – The infant Isabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies.  Her uncle Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the First Carlist War.
- December 14 – The assassination of Kaspar Hauser, who dies three days later on December 17.
- Charles Babbage described his analytical engine. (see also history of computing hardware)
- The dawn of biochemistry: discovery of the first enzyme, diastase, by Anselme Payen.
- The British Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act giving all slaves in the British Empire their freedom.
- Heard Island and the McDonald Islands discovered.
Births

August 20 - Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of the United States (d. 1901)
Public domain

**Public domain** is a phrase that describes something that belongs to all people in general: the public. The public domain contains works (such as books, films, or paintings) that are not under copyright protection.

The _opposite_ of "public domain" is copyrighted material, which is owned either by the creator of the work or their estate.  The term _public domain_ is only used to describe things that can be copyrighted, such as photographs, drawings, written articles, books or plays, or similar works of art.  As a general rule, all intellectual property works, after enough time has gone by, will become part of public domain. Examples include the works of Leonardo da Vinci, William Shakespeare and Ludwig van Beethoven, and the books of Isaac Newton.

A work can enter the public domain in many ways.
    - The copyright expires, many years (usually 50 or 70 years) after its creator dies.
    - The work's creator may legally give up all claims to the material.
    - The creator does not renew the work's copyright (for works before 1963).
    - The work may have been created by agencies of certain governments, in which case it was in the public domain from the time of its creation.
    - The work is made by an animal.
    - The copyright notice is missing an owner, year or copyright symbol (for works before 1989).

In some cases, if a work enters the public domain after copyright expiration, anyone using the work may still be required to note who created the work.  Even if some works are in the public domain due to not being copyrighted, there may be still non-copyright usage restrictions. For examples, even though the design of national currencies may be ineligible, or be unsuitable, for copyright, counterfeiting them for fraud is widely a very serious crime. Another example are logos and images that only have text or simple shapes. These logos aren't copyrighted in the United States, but they are often protected by trademarks.

## Related pages

- Copyleft
Child

A **child** (the plural is **children**) is a person below the age of puberty (biologically) or, at least in English-speaking countries, below the age of majority or in other contexts below the age of consent. A person can be called his or her parent's child, regardless of the person's age. Another word for "child" is "kid".

In almost all countries, it is legally required that children be educated either at school or by homeschooling. Small children may go to nursery school, preschool or kindergarten. Playing and using imagination is a beneficial part of child development. But in poor areas, especially in third world countries, children may be forced to work long and hard and be used for child labor, such as in the poorest areas of India, South America, or Africa.

When people marry and one (or both) of them have children with someone else before this marriage, that child is known as a stepchild by the child's stepparent. If both people had children, the children of the other parent are _stepbrothers_ or _stepsisters_ of each other. Children with no parents are referred to as orphans. Children who are adopted and live with non-biological parents are referred to as adoptive (or foster) children.

## Related pages

- Adolescent
- Parent
- Sibling (a brother or sister)
Jimmy Carter

**James Earl Carter Jr.** (October 1, 1924 – December 29, 2024) was an American politician and humanitarian. He was the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Before becoming president, Carter was a Georgia state senator from 1963 to 1967 and the 80th governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975.

He was born and grew up in Plains, Georgia. Carter graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1946 with a Bachelor of Science degree and joined the United States Navy. In 1953, Carter left the military and returned home to Georgia to take charge of the family's peanut-growing business. Carter was against racial segregation and supported the growing civil rights movement. He became an activist in the Democratic Party. From 1963 to 1967, Carter was in the Georgia State Senate, and in 1970, he was elected as Governor of Georgia. He was governor until 1975.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: JimmyCarterPortrait2.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 1977
- **alt**: Jimmy Carter smiling
- **office**: 39th President of the United States
- **vicepresident**: Walter Mondale
- **term start**: January 20, 1977
- **term end**: January 20, 1981
- **predecessor**: Gerald Ford
- **successor**: Ronald Reagan
- **order1**: 80th List of governors of Georgia, Governor of Georgia
- **lieutenant1**: Lester Maddox
- **term start1**: January 12, 1971
- **term end1**: January 14, 1975
- **predecessor1**: Lester Maddox
- **successor1**: George Busbee
- **state senate2**: Georgia State
- **district2**: 14th
- **term start2**: January 14, 1963
- **term end2**: January 10, 1967
- **predecessor2**: District created
- **successor2**: Hugh Carter
- **constituency2**: Sumter County, Georgia, Sumter County
- **birth name**: James Earl Carter Jr.
- **birth place**: Plains, Georgia, U.S.
- **death place**: Plains, Georgia, U.S.
- **resting place**: Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House, 209 Woodland Drive, Plains
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 4; including Jack Carter (politician), Jack and Amy Carter, Amy
- **education**: United States Naval Academy (Bachelor of Science, BS)
Georgia Institute of Technology
- **awards**: Presidential Medal of Freedom
Nobel Peace Prize
Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album, Grammy Award
- **signature**: Jimmy Carter Signature-2.svg
- **signature alt**: Cursive signature in ink
- **serviceyears**: 1943–1953 (Active)
1953–1961 (Reserve)
- **rank**:  Lieutenant (navy), Lieutenant
- **mawards**:  American Campaign Medal
 World War II Victory Medal (United States), World War II Victory Medal
 China Service Medal
 National Defense Service Medal
- **battles**: World War II
Cannes

**Cannes** () is a commune and the prefecture of Alpes-Maritimes.

It is most famous for the Cannes Film Festival, which takes place every summer.  Many famous people come to the movie festival from around the world to promote their movies and to see other peoples' movies.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Cannes
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: CANNES (festival1).jpg
- **caption**: The _Promenade de la Croisette_
- **image coat of arms**: FRA Cannes COA.svg
- **arrondissement**: Grasse
- **canton**: Canton of Cannes-1, Cannes-1 and Canton of Cannes-2, 2
- **insee**: 06029
- **postal code**: 06400
- **mayor**: David Lisnard Union for a Popular Movement, UMP
- **term**: 2014-2020
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération Cannes Pays de Lérins, CA Cannes Pays de Lérins
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 260
- **area km2**: 19.62
- **population**: 73603
- **population date**: 2012
Composer

A **composer** is someone who writes (composes) music. Some composers work by writing music down on paper; this is called 'written notation'. Classical music writers work this way. Writers for TV and movie music also usually write this way, so that an orchestra or other players can read the music and play it.

Some musicians are very good at improvisation. This means that they think up (invent) the music as they play it. Some church organists are good at improvising. During a service they may need to play some organ music to fill in the gaps while people are collecting money or taking communion. Jazz musicians are usually excellent at improvising. Improvisation is not written down, so each time it is different.

Popular and rock or soul music writers are often not able to read and write music down. Many pop and rock composers compose their songs on a guitar or piano. Cole Porter and Irving Berlin usually composed at the piano.

Many songs are written by two or more people. It is common for two people to work together to write songs. Sometimes, one person writes the music and one writes the words (the lyrics). Some songs such as folk songs were composed many years ago and no one knows who wrote them.

## Related pages

- Composition
Factor

A **factor** can be:

- Factor (social), a circumstance in the social sciences
- Factor (mathematics), a number in mathematics
- Factor (biochemistry) in science
- Factor (Dungeons and Dragons), a character in the game Dungeons & Dragons
Ball

A **ball** is a round object (usually spherical, but can sometimes be ovoid) with several uses. A ball can be either hollow, such as a basketball, or solid, such as a ball bearing.

Ball is used metaphorically sometimes to denote something spherical or spheroid, e.g., armadillos and human beings curl up into a ball, making a fist into a ball. A ball also can be described in certain sports, such as baseball and basketball.
Ferrocement

**Ferrocement** is both a method and a material used in building or sculpting with cement, sand, water and wire or mesh material. It is often called the thin shell. Thin shell ferrocement offers strength and economy and can be used in many ways including: building homes, creating sculptures, or building boats and ships.

## Related pages

- Reinforced concrete

## Other websites

- FerroBoats.com
- Ferrocement.com (multi-lingual)
- Ferrocement Educational Network
- Water Storage book by Art Ludwig, includes Ferrocement Tanks & Excel Water Tank Calculator
- Water Tank Design  Water Tank Design information
Camera lens

A **camera lens** is the part of a camera that directs light to the film or, in a digital camera, to a computer chip that can sense the light. Many cheap lenses are plastic but better ones are made from glass. The lens makes an image by focusing the light.

The majority of cameras only have one lens that users cannot change or take out. This is called a _fixed lens_ design. More expensive cameras usually have lenses that come off, so anyone can take out one lens and put in another. A lens may be simple, or may actually be made of several lenses.

Photographers can use different lenses (objectives) to make different kinds of pictures. For example, a telephoto lens can take a picture of something far away. A wide-angle lens is the opposite. A zoom lens is more versatile; it can do both. There are many kinds of lenses.

The study of lenses and how they work is called optics.

Lenses for large sheet film cameras are especially difficult to design. Cameras and their lenses have been made since the 19th century. Some from before World War II, are still usable today. Computers now let engineers make better lenses, though, because they can calculate the way that light goes through the lens and find the best design for each task. Together with lenses, filters, macro lenses, teleconverters, wide-angle and tele attachments are used.
Boy

A **boy** is a young male human, either a child or teenager.  Little boys still have the body of a child.  It is not until they reach puberty (adolescence) that their bodies start to mature and they become a man.
The word “boy” was used a long time ago in Anglo-Saxon English. The opposite of a boy is a girl.

## Culture

The way boys are brought up will vary a lot between different cultures. Boys are tougher than girls.  It is their job to do work that is physically hard, including fighting in the army when they are grown up.  However, people’s attitudes are changing and nowadays many girls like to do the same things as boys. In Western cultures boys traditionally wear trousers (pants) while girls wear dresses or skirts.    However, many girls also wear trousers these days, like boys, especially when dressed informally.  Boys often have shorter hair than girls, although this can vary a lot according to quickly changing fashions.

Traditionally boys like rough games (such as soccer or rugby) and enjoy playing with mechanical things such as toy cars and trains.  People today have long discussions about whether this is because they are born like that, or because that is the way society expects them to behave.

The traditional color for a boy is blue.  For girls, it is pink.  When a baby is born in a hospital it usually gets a blue or pink tag on its wrist or ankle, according to whether it is a boy or a girl.

## Names

Some names are boys’ names, others are girls’ names. There are some names that can be for boys and girls (although they may be spelled differently, e.g. “Lesley” for a boy and “Leslie” for a girl).

In some countries such as Britain an “old boy” means a grown-up who used to be a pupil at a particular school (e.g. “He is an old boy of Cransbury High School”).   The expression can also be used in a very informal, friendly way, e.g. “Nice to see you, old boy!”.

## Related pages

- Man
- Boyfriend
Company clerk

**Responsible for performing clerical and administrative duties in an office setting**. Assists executive assistants and secretaries by sorting mail, filing, answering phones, greeting clients, scheduling meetings, and restocking supplies.
Afrikaner people

**Afrikaners** are white South Africans who speak Afrikaans as mother tongue and follow the Afrikaans culture. Most of them have Dutch ancestors, but some of them have German or French Huguenot ancestors. They are also called Boers, Voortrekkers and Burghers, although under slightly different contexts.

In South Africa, there are about three million white people with Afrikaans as mother tongue.  They are assumed to be Afrikaners if they chose to follow the Afrikaans culture.  They began arriving at the Cape of Good Hope when the Dutch East India Company started Cape Town in 1652.

Until 1994, Afrikaners dominated South Africa's politics as well as the country's commercial agricultural sector.
Invention

An **invention** is a new thing that someone has made. The computer was an invention when it was first made. We say when it was "invented". New things that are made or created are called inventions. Cars and plastics are inventions that everyone knows. Inventions are made by inventors. Many inventions are patented.

Ideas are also called inventions. Writers can invent characters, and then invent a story about them.

## Inventing

Over time, humans have invented objects which make life easier for themselves. Because of this, a quote "necessity is the mother of invention", was written. The quote means that a lack of something should inspire someone to create something to fill that empty space. However, not all people believe that this is true. They think that too much of something can lead to an invention.
Many inventions are just a variation of something that already exists.

## Other websites

- List of PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty) Important Inventions  (on the WIPO web site)
Coast

The **coast** is wherever land meets the sea.

The coast also means the land next to the sea, which can also be called the shore, or sea-shore. However, **coast** is not used to describe where rivers or lakes meet the land - it is only used to describe the sea meeting the land.

If a house is near to the coast we say it is "on the coast". When we talk about a long part of the coast we call it "the coast-line".
Sometimes, 'coast' can be part of a place name or the description of a large area. For instance, the East Coast of the United States describes the all of the Eastern side of the United States that is next to the Atlantic Ocean.

In some countries like England or Australia the people sometimes use the word sea-side for the coast.

Coasts often have many living things living there and provide habitat for many animals and plants.

An example of a coast in Great Britain is the Holderness Coast near Bridlington. This is one of Europe's fast eroding coasts.

## Related pages

- Shore
Note (disambiguation)

**Note** has several meanings.

- Note, a short letter or piece of writing
- Note (music), a pitch
- Banknote, a piece of paper money
- Footnote, a note on the bottom of a page
- Samsung Galaxy Note, a line of phones by Samsung.
Ravi Shankar

**Ravi Shankar** (7 April 1920 – 11 December 2012) was one of India's most famous musicians. Shankar was one of the first to bring aspects of traditional Indian music into  Europe and United States|American culture in the 1960s. He was a major influence on George Harrison, who was a member of The Beatles. Shankar is famous for playing the sitar, an Indian stringed instrument. He performed until his death. In 2005 he played at The Proms. His daughters Norah Jones and Anoushka Shankar are also well-known musicians.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **embed**: yes
- **office**: Member of Parliament Rajya Sabha
- **termstart1**: 12 May 1986
- **termend1**: 11 May 1992


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **honorific prefix**: **Pandit**
- **name**: Ravi Shankar
- **honorific suffix**: **** **Legion of Honour, LH** **Bharat Ratna, BR** **Padma Vibhushan, PV** **Padma Bhushan, PB**
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **image**: File:Ravi Shankar.jpg
- **caption**: Shankar performing at Woodstock in 1969
- **birth name**: Ravindra Shankar Chowdhury
- **birth place**: Varanasi, Benares, Benares State, British Raj, British India
<small>(now Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, Republic of India)</small>
- **death place**: San Diego, California, United States
- **genre**: Indian classical music
- **years active**: 1930–2012
Sentence

A **sentence** is a group of words that are joined together to mean something. It is the basic unit of language and expresses a complete thought. It does so by following the grammatical basic rules of syntax: _Ram is walking_.

A complete sentence has at least a **subject** and a **main verb** to state (declare) a complete thought: _She walks_. A subject is the noun (name) that does the main verb. The main verb is the activity that the subject does.

In English and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter. At the end of the sentence there is a punctuation mark depending on whether it is a statement, a question, a command, a request or an exclamation.

## Phrases and clauses

A _phrase_ or _clause_ is part of a sentence.<sup>p773–777</sup>

This is an example of a sentence:
- _The dog is happy._
In this sentence, _The dog_ is the subject, and _is_ is the verb.

This is an example of a phrase:
- _The happy dog_

There is no verb and so we do not know anything about what the happy dog is doing. Therefore, it is not a sentence.

A clause is a sentence within a sentence:
- _They milked the cows, and then they made cheese and butter_. This sentence has two co-ordinate (equal) clauses, linked by _and_.<sup>p220</sup>

## Types of sentence

- A **simple sentence** has only one clause and one independent variable: _The cat is sleeping_.
- A **compound sentence** has two or more clauses, which are joined with conjunctions, punctuation, or both: _The dog is happy, but the cat is sad_.
- A **complex sentence** has one clause with a relative clause: _The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy_.
- A **complex-compound sentence** (or compound-complex sentence) has many clauses, at least one of which is a relative clause: _The dog, which is eating the bone, is happy, but the cat is sad_.

Sentences have different purposes:
- A **declarative sentence**, or declaration, is the most common type of sentence. It tells something. It ends with a full stop **.** (_The dog is happy_.)
- An **interrogative sentence**, or question, asks something. It ends with a question mark **?** (_Are you happy?_)
- An **exclamatory sentence**, or exclamation, says something out of the ordinary. It ends with an exclamation mark **!** (_That dog is the happiest dog I have ever seen!_)
- An **imperative sentence**, or command, tells someone to do something. It ends with a full stop **.** (_Give the dog a bone._)

## Basic English sentences

Here are some sentences written in Basic English:

The sky is blue.

Today is Monday.

Tomorrow is Tuesday.

The baby is smiling.

Sheila is reading a book.

This is the road to take.

Read a book about the history of America.

There are beautiful flowers growing in the garden.

The cushions are new and I feel the comfort they give me.

They are playing in the grounds.

## Related pages

- Phrase
- Punctuation
- Word

## Other websites

- TYpes of sentences worksheet
James Joyce

**James Augustine Aloysius Joyce () ** (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish writer and poet of the modernist movement. He was from Dublin, Ireland. He wore an eyepatch, because of eye damage. He could not see well.

His books are written in a special style. At first he wrote in a way which describes very accurately how life is, in the short story collection called _Dubliners_.  In his next book, called _A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man_, he started a new style.  It is called stream of consciousness, which is writing all the thoughts that a character has. His work influenced many other writers in the 20th century.

Some books that Joyce wrote are:
- _Dubliners_ (1914)
- _A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man_ (1916)
- _Ulysses_ (1922)
- _Finnegans Wake_ (1939).

## Early life

James Joyce was the oldest of ten children. He went to a boarding school called Conglowes Wood College and later to Belvedere College.  (College here refers to secondary school not to university as it can in the U.S.) Conglowes was run by Jesuit priests.

When he was very young, his family was rich. Later his father lost most of their money so he had to change schools and go to Belvedere College, which was cheaper.

## Family life

Joyce met Nora Barnacle in 1904 and they began to have a long relationship until his death in 1941. The couple moved out of Dublin to Zürich in 1904, then to Trieste, Paris then back to Zürich. They married in 1931. They had a son and a daughter. Their daughter had a mental illness later in her life. Because he was smart, his parents wanted him to go to college. He studied modern languages at University College Dublin.

Joyce became a very famous writer after he published _Ulysses_.  He also began to have a lot of problems with his eyes and his family. But he completed his last book, _Finnegans Wake_ by 1939. He died in Zurich.
Meal

A **meal** is a serving of food eaten by human beings. Meals usually include several different types of food, such as grains, vegetables, fruit, and in some cases, meat. Meals have different names by time they are taken or by the type of food that is eaten.

## Types

In North America and in Europe, people usually eat three meals a day. The morning meal is called breakfast. It usually includes foods made from grain (cereal, porridge, or bread), fruit (apple, banana, or an orange), and milk products (milk, yogurt, or cottage cheese). Many people drink coffee or tea with their breakfast.

Around noon, people eat their lunch. People who are working at jobs are given a break to eat their lunch. The lunch meal includes foods such as a sandwich, soup, vegetables, fruit, and milk.  In some countries, such as Italy, people serve an alcoholic drink with lunch. In England, some people have a glass of beer with their lunch.

In the evening, people eat their supper or dinner. Dinners are different in different countries. Usually dinners include a "main course" such as roast beef, a grain (such as rice or pasta), a vegetable (such as carrots or cauliflower) and a dessert (called a "sweet" or "pudding" in England).

In some cases, a starter or appetizer is served before the dinner. Appetizers are a small serving of food such as olives, cheese, or bread. In many countries, people serve an alcoholic drink with dinner, such as wine or beer.

## Examples

- Fish and chips - United Kingdom
1351

## Events

- May 1 – Zürich became a part of Switzerland.
1872

**1872** (MDCCCLXXII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Saturday in the Julian calendar, the 1872nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, .

## Events

- Levi Strauss invents jeans.
- American department store Montgomery Ward opens for business.
- Huntington's disease is defined for the first time.
- University of Toledo founded in Toledo, Ohio

## Births

- January 6 – Alexander Scriabin, Russian composer (d. 1915)
- May 18 – Bertrand Russell, English philosopher and logician (d. 1970)
- July 4 – Calvin Coolidge, thirtieth President of the United States (d. 1933)
- June 6 – Alexandra Fyodorovna, Empress of Russia, wife of Nicholas II (d. 1918)
- July 16 – Roald Amundsen, Norwegian polar explorer (d. 1928)
- August 21 – Aubrey Beardsley, English artist (d. 1898)
- October 12 – Ralph Vaughan Williams, English composer (d. 1958)
- October 15 – Edith Bolling Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson (d. 1961)
- November 30 – John McCrae, Canadian poet and soldier in World War I
- December 28 – Pio Baroja, Spanish writer (d. 1956)

## Deaths

- January 21 – Franz Grillparzer, Austrian writer and poet (b. 1791)
- April 27 – Ion Heliade Rădulescu, Romanian writer and politician (b. 1802)
- June 4 – Johan Rudolf Thorbecke, Dutch politician (b. 1798)
- November 29 – Horace Greeley, American newspaper editor and politician (b. 1811)
- December 23 - George Catlin, American painter (b. 1796)

- Date unknown
- Karolina Bock, Swedish dancer, actress and singer (b. 1792)
- Petros Duryan, Armenian poet (b. 1851)
Poznań

**Poznań** (German name: _Posen_) is the biggest city and capital of Greater Poland Voivodeship in Poland, one of the oldest and the biggest cities in Poland. Its population is about 560,000 and its area is 262 square kilometers.
Poznań was one of the 4 Polish cities where the UEFA European Football Championship matches were played in 2012. Poland co-hosted the championship together with Ukraine.
Cartoonist

A **cartoonist** is a person who draws cartoons. Cartoons can be pictures on a printed page (also called comics or comic strips) or moving pictures on film (also called animation). Both kinds of cartoons can be found on the internet. Examples of some famous cartoonists are:

- Walt Disney (Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck)
- Terry Gilliam (Monty Python)
- Tex Avery (Looney Tunes, Droopy)
- Chuck Jones (Looney Tunes, How the Grinch Stole Christmas, Tom and Jerry)
- Pat Sullivan (Felix the Cat)
- Don Martin (MAD Magazine)
- Bil Keane (Family Circus)
- Jim Davis (Garfield, U.S. Acres)
- Matt Groening (Life in Hell, The Simpsons, Futurama)
- Robert Crumb (Fritz the Cat, Keep on Truckin')
- Al Capp (Lil' Abner)
- Hanna-Barbera (The Flintstones, Tom and Jerry, Scooby Doo)
- Max and Dave Fleschier (Koko The Clown, Betty Boop, Popeye)
- Gary Larson (Far Side)
- Mike Judge (Beavis and Butthead, King of the Hill)
- Chester Gould (Dick Tracy)
- Jay Ward (Rocky and Bullwinkle, George of the Jungle)
- Don Bluth (American Tail, The Land Before Time)
- Bill Watterson (Calvin and Hobbes)
- Ub Iwerks (Mickey Mouse)
- Garry Trudeau (Doonsbury)
- Jack Kirby (Marvel Comics)
- Charles Schulz (Peanuts)
- Sergio Aragonés (MAD Magazine, Groo the Wanderer)
- Dave Berg (MAD Magazine)
- John Kricfalusi (The Ren and Stimpy Show, Ripping Friends)
- Mort Walker (Beetle Bailey)
- Scott Adams (Dilbert)
- Carl Barks (Scrooge McDuck)
- Peyo (The Smurfs)
- Bob Clampett (Looney Tunes, Beany and Cecil)
- Bob Kane (Batman, Coragous Cat and Minute Mouse, Cool McCool)
- Todd McFarlane (Spawn)
- Seth McFarlane (Family Guy, American Dad)
- Charles Addams (The Addams Family, The New Yorker)
- Friz Freling (Looney Tunes)
Game Boy Advance Video

**Game Boy Advance Video** is a format of cartridges for the Game Boy Advance. They work the same as normal cartridge but play television shows instead of games. They generally contain 45 minutes of TV, for example, a show from Nickelodeon or Cartoon Network. They were first made in early 2004, but gradually stopped being made shortly before there were no more Game Boy Advance games made in 2008, with the final game for it being Samurai Deeper KYO.

## Other websites

- Nintendo customer service for GBA video
- GBA-Video.com
Pork

**Pork** is meat that comes from pigs. It is the most commonly consumed meat in the world Evidence of pig husbandry dates back to 5000 BC.

A simple meal to make which contains pork is afelia. Sausages, bacon and ham are the most common uses of pork in the United Kingdom, the United States, and other parts of the Western world. Pork is forbidden by the food taboos of kosher and halal.
Mike Farrell

**Mike Farrell** (born February 6, 1939) is an American actor, writer and producer. He played BJ Hunnicutt on the television series _M*A*S*H_. He played Michael "Mike" Hawks in the television movie _Battered_ in 1978. He played Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin in the limited crime series _The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story_.

Farrell was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. He was raised in Hollywood, California. He was part of the United States Marine Corps. Farrell was married to Judy Hayden from 1963 until they divorced in 1983. Then, he married Shelley Fabares in 1984. He has two children with Hayden.

Farrell is also an activist for various causes, including animal rights and world peace. He was Vice President of the Screen Actors Guild.
David Ogden Stiers

**David Allen Ogden Stiers** (October 31, 1942 – March 3, 2018) was an American actor, comedian, conductor, director, musician, singer and voice artist. He was most famous for his role as Charles Emerson Winchester III in _M*A*S*H_. He also provided the voices in several Disney animated movies. This included playing Cogsworth in _Beauty and the Beast_, John Radcliffe in _Pocahontas_, and Jumba Jookiba in the _Lilo & Stitch_ franchise.

He also played the voice of Escher in the _Myst V_ (End of Ages) video game.

## Early life

Stiers was born in Peoria, Illinois on October 31, 1942. He attended Urbana High School at the same time as Roger Ebert. He went to Eugene, Oregon, where he graduated from North Eugene High School and attended the University of Oregon.

## Personal life

Stiers was openly gay. He was a Democrat.

## Death

On March 3, 2018, Stiers died at his home in Newport, Oregon of bladder cancer-related complications at the age of 75.

### Animated Roles

- _House of Mouse_ - Cogsworth
- _Lilo & Stitch: The Series_ - Dr. Jumba
- _Teacher's Pet_ - Mr. Jolly

### Movie Roles

- _Atlantis: The Lost Empire_ - Fenton Q. Harcourt
- _Beauty and the Beast_ - Cogsworth, Narrator
- _Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas_ - Cogsworth
- _Belle's Magical World_ - Cogsworth
- _Hoodwinked!_ - Nicky Flippers
- _Leroy & Stitch_ - Dr. Jumba
- _Lilo & Stitch_ - Dr. Jumba
- _Lilo & Stitch 2: Stitch Has a Glitch_ - Dr. Jumba
- _Pocahontas_ - Governor Ratcliffe, Wiggins
- _Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World_ - Governor Ratcliffe
- _Porco Rosso_ - Grandpa Piccolo
- _Spirited Away_ - Kamaji
- _Stitch! The Movie_ - Dr. Jumba
- _Teacher's Pet_ - Mr. Jolly
- _The Hunchback of Notre Dame_ - Archdeacon

### Video Game Roles

- _Icewind Dale_ - Narrator
- _Kingdom Hearts II_ - Cogsworth
- _Toonstruck_ - King Hugh

## Other websites

- The Stiers Place Website  - David Ogden Stiers Fansite

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: David Ogden Stiers
- **image**: David Ogden Stiers 1977.jpg
- **caption**: Stiers in 1977
- **birth name**: David Allen Ogden Stiers
- **birth place**: Peoria, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Newport, Oregon, U.S.
- **death cause**: Bladder cancer
- **education**: Juilliard School
- **party**: Democratic
- **height**: 6'4" (1.93m)
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, conductor, director, musician, singer, voice artist
- **years active**: 1971–2011
Beauty and the Beast

***Beauty and the Beast*** is a French folk story. It tells the story of a merchant who is lost in the woods. He finds the palace of a beast who wants to kill him, and makes a deal with the beast, to have his daughter in exchange. The daughter goes to live in the Beast's castle; the two fall in love; and the beast turns into a prince.

The story has been published and revised in many versions, most notably Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's 1740 retelling and its revision in 1756 by Madame Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont.

It was the inspiration for many other stories, as well as a 1980s TV series starring Linda Hamilton and Ron Pearlman. Several movies have been based on it, most famously Jean Cocteau's 1946 version and the 1991 animated version by Disney, which was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award and inspired a long-running Broadway musical.

## Other websites

- Beauty and the Beast, audio version
Wayne Rogers

**William Wayne McMillan Rogers III** (April 7, 1933 – December 31, 2015) was an American television and movie actor. He played the role of "Trapper" John McIntrye on the TV series _M*A*S*H_. (The role was played by Elliott Gould in the 1970 movie version and Pernell Roberts on the 1979-1986 TV show, _Trapper John MD_). He left the show in 1975 and was replaced by Mike Farrell as BJ Hunnicutt. He graduated from Princeton University with a degree in history and served in the Navy before becoming an actor.

Since retiring from acting, Rogers works as an investor and appears on many financial news shows.

Rogers died from complications of pneumonia in Los Angeles, California on December 31, 2015 at the age of 82.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Wayne Rogers Trapper John MASH 1972.JPG
- **caption**: Rogers as Trapper John in _M*A*S*H (TV series), M*A*S*H_, 1972
- **birth name**: William Wayne McMillan Rogers III
- **birth place**: Birmingham, Alabama, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1959–2014
- **spouse**: Mitzi McWhorter (1960–1983)
Amy Hirsh (1988–2015)
McLean Stevenson

**McLean Stevenson** (November 14, 1929 – February 15, 1996) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Henry Blake on the TV show, _M*A*S*H_. He left the show in 1975 and his character was killed off.

Stevenson was born in Normal, Illinois.

His grandfather Adlai E. Stevenson was Vice-president of the United States to Grover Cleveland, and his second cousin, once removed Adlai Stevenson II was Governor of Illinois and unsuccessfully ran for President twice in the 1950s losing to Dwight D. Eisenhower both times.

Stevenson, while recovering from bladder cancer, died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, aged 68. Ironically, Roger Bowen, who played Henry Blake in the 1970 movie version of _M*A*S*H_, died the day after Stevenson did.
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

**Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve** (15 April 1793 – 23 November 1864 (Julian calendar: 11 November)) was a German-born Russian astronomer.  He was born in Altona (now an area of Hamburg), Germany, but later lived in Russia. He was an expert on double stars and one of the first astronomers to measure stellar parallax (closely related to the work by Friedrich Bessel).

While director of Dorpat Observatory (1817–39) he wrote _Stellarum Duplicum et Multiplicum_ (1837), which proved that double stars are not exceptional and that star systems are governed by the laws of gravity. Struve added a lot to the study of galactic structure and also engaged in notable geodetic operations such as the triangulation of Livonia and the measurement of an arc of the meridian. In 1839 he became director of the new Pulkovo Observatory and was one of the first three astronomers who almost simultaneously obtained an approximate stellar parallax. (One of the others being Bessel)

In 1822 he published the first of many double-star catalogues, the identifying numbers of which are still used today. Struve's stars, however, are now often named in his honor (for example, Struve 2398), whereas the original catalogue prefix was the Greek letter sigma. In 1833 he moved to Russia to set up the Pulkovo Observatory near St. Petersburg, of which he was director until his retirement in 1862, when his son took over in the post. In total, Friedrich Struve produced 272 astronomical works and 18 children; his great-grandson Otto, by contrast, produced 907 works but zero children.

His son, Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819–1905) succeeded him as director (1862–89) of the Pulkovo Observatory.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve
- **image**: Struve.jpg
- **caption**: Von Struve
- **birth place**: Altona, Hamburg, Altona (today part of Hamburg), Duchy of Holstein
- **death place**: St Petersburg, Russian Empire
- **citizenship**: Danish, Russian
- **nationality**: Baltic provinces, Baltic German
- **field**: astronomy, geodesy
- **alma mater**: Imperial University of Dorpat
- **prizes**: Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1826)
Royal Medal (1827)
Mario Party

***Mario Party*** is a series of video games made by Nintendo. The idea of each game is that Mario and his friends must travel across a game board and earn stars and coins. Each new game in the series contains new characters, playing boards, and mini-games. Every few turns, each character must participate in a mini-game. The winner generally gets 10 coins.

### Home console games

|Title|Video game console|Year|
| --- | --- | --- |
|_Mario Party_|Nintendo 64|1998|
|_Mario Party 2_|Nintendo 64|1999|
|_Mario Party 3_|Nintendo 64|2000|
|_Mario Party 4_|Nintendo GameCube|2002|
|_Mario Party 5_|Nintendo GameCube|2003|
|_Mario Party 6_|Nintendo GameCube|2004|
|_Mario Party 7_|Nintendo GameCube|2005|
|_Mario Party 8_|Wii|2007|
|_Mario Party 9_|Wii|2012|
|_Mario Party 10_|Wii U|2015|
|_Super Mario Party_|Nintendo Switch|2018|
|_Mario Party Superstars_|Nintendo Switch|2021|

### Handheld games

|Title|Video game console|Year|
| --- | --- | --- |
|_Mario Party-e_|Game Boy Advance|2003|
|_Mario Party Advance_|Game Boy Advance|2005|
|_Mario Party DS_|Nintendo DS|2007–2008|
|_Mario Party: Island Tour_|Nintendo 3DS|2013|
|_Mario Party: Star Rush_|Nintendo 3DS|2016|
|_Mario Party: The Top 100_|Nintendo 3DS|2017|

## Playable characters

- Mario
- Luigi
- Princess Peach
- Yoshi
- Wario
- Donkey Kong
- Princess Daisy
- Waluigi
- Toad
- Boo
- Koopa Kid
- Toadette
- Birdo
- Dry Bones
- Blooper
- Hammer Bro
- Shy Guy
- Koopa
- Kamek
- Rosalina
- Bowser Jr.
- Spike
- Diddy Kong
- Bowser
- Goomba
- Monty Mole
- Pom Pom
Wife

A **wife** is a married woman. "Married" means that the law says two people are legally "joined". During the marriage ceremony, the wife is called the **bride**.

In countries and times it has been different how many wives a man can have legally. In old times there were no limitations in some countries. In Christianity and Judaism a husband (a married man) can have one wife (monogamy). In Islam a husband can have up to four wives (polygamy).

There are some names for special kinds of wives. For example,
a queen is a wife of a king.

A man whose wife is deceased is called a widower.

## Related pages

- Marriage
- Husband
- Homemaker
- Divorce
Catherine Parr

**Catherine Parr** (alternatively **Katherine** or **Kateryn**)  (26 August 1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and of Ireland (1543–47). She was the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII.  She married him on 12 July 1543, and outlived him by one year.  She was also the most-married English queen, with four husbands. She was also the first woman to be queen of both England and Ireland.

Catherine had a close relationship with Henry's three children. She personally helped teach school for Elizabeth and Edward, both of whom became English monarchs. She helped get the Third Succession Act in 1543 passed. This placed Mary I and Elizabeth I, back into the line of succession to the English throne.

Henry died on 28 January 1547. Six months after Henry's death, she married her fourth and final husband, Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley.

Catherine gave birth to her only child — a daughter, Mary Seymour. She was named after Catherine's stepdaughter Mary – on 30 August 1548. She died only six days later, on 5 September 1548, at Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire, from what was probably childbed fever (sepsis). This was common at that time, because births did not happen in clean conditions.

Many years later, in 1782, the coffin of Queen Catherine was found in the ruins of the Sudeley Castle chapel.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **image**: Catherine Parr from NPG.jpg
- **succession**: Queen consort of England and Ireland
- **reign**: 12 July 1543 – 28 January 1547
- **spouses**: Sir Edward Burgh
(m. 1529–1533; his death)
 John Neville, 3rd Baron Latimer
(m. 1534–1543; his death)
 Henry VIII of England
(m. 1543–47; his death)
 Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley
(m. 1547–48; her death)
- **issue**: Mary Seymour
- **father**: Sir Thomas Parr
- **mother**: Maud Green
- **birth date**: 26 August 1512
- **birth place**: Blackfriars, London, England
- **death date**: (aged 35–36)
- **death place**: Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire, England
- **burial place**: St Mary's Chapel, Sudeley Castle
- **signature**: Catherine Parr Signature.svg