Solar energy

**Solar energy** is a type of energy that comes from the sun's heat. People have been using solar energy for thousands of years in different ways, such as heating, cooking, and drying. Nowadays, it is also used to create electricity in areas where other sources of power are not available, such as remote locations and even outer space.

The cost of generating electricity from solar energy is decreasing, making it a more affordable option. Since the sun provides heat and light constantly, solar energy is considered a renewable energy source and an alternative to non-renewable resources like coal and oil.

## Energy uses

Solar energy is used in various ways today, including:
- As a source of heat for making hot water, heating buildings and cooking
- To generate electricity through the use of solar cells or heat engines
- To take the salt away from sea water, making it drinkable.
- To use sun rays for drying clothes and towels.
- It is used by plants for the process of photosynthesis.
- To use in cooking (Solar cookers).

## Energy from the Sun

After passing through the Earth's atmosphere, most of the Sun's energy is in the form of visible light and infrared light radiation. Plants convert the energy in sunlight into chemical energy (sugars and starches) through the process of photosynthesis. Humans regularly use this store of energy in various ways, as when they burn wood off fossil fuels, or when simply eating plants, fish and animals.

Solar radiation reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere with the power of 1366 watts per square meter (W/m<sup>2</sup>). Since the Earth is round, the surface nearer its poles is angled away from the Sun and receives much less solar energy than the surface nearer the equator.

At present, solar cell panels convert, at best, about 15% of the sunlight hitting them into electricity.
The dark disks in the third diagram on the right are imaginary examples of the amount of land that, if covered with 8% efficient solar panels, would produce slightly more energy in the form of electricity than the world needed in 2003.

## Types of technologies

Many technologies have been developed to make use of solar radiation.  Some of these technologies make direct use of the solar energy (e.g. to provide light, heat, etc.), while others produce electricity.

### Solar power plants

Solar power plants convert sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using _concentrated solar power_ (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

### Photovoltaics

|scope="col" width="270"|Photovoltaic power station|scope="col"|Country|scope="col" width="150"|Site co-ordinates|scope="col"|Nominal power|scope="col"|Production (Annual GW·h)|scope="col" width="330"|Notes and references|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Topaz Solar Farm|USA||||installed capacity as of June 2019.|||||||
|Desert Sunlight Solar Farm|USA||||Commissioned since November 2013 toward final capacity 550 MW|||||||
|Longyangxia Dam Solar Park|China||||Completed December 2013|||||||
|Solar Star I and II|USA||||Under construction, 579MW when completed|||||||
|California Valley Solar Ranch|USA|||399|First 130MW connected 1 February 2013.|||||||
|Agua Caliente Solar Project|USA|||626|completed April 2014|||||||
|Antelope Valley Solar Ranch|USA||||230 MW<sub>AC</sub>. Has received government loan guarantee|||||||

## Rank

|Rank|Station|Country|Location|Capacity (MW)||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Ivanpah|||377||
|2|SEGS|||354||
|3|Solana|||280||
|4|Genesis|||250||
|5|Solaben|||200||
|6|Solnova|||150||
|6|Andasol|||150||
|6|Extresol|||150||
|9|Palma del Rio|||100||
|9|Manchasol|||100||
|9|Valle|||100||

### Solar cooker

Solar cooking uses the Sun as the source of energy instead of standard cooking fuels such as charcoal, coal or gas.  Solar cookers are an inexpensive and environmentally sound alternative to traditional ovens. They are becoming widely used in areas of the developing world where deforestation is an issue, financial resources to purchase fuel are limited, and where open flames would pose a serious risk to people and the environment. Solar cookers are covered with a glass plate. They achieve a higher temperature by using mirrors to focus the rays of the sun.

### Solar heater

The Sun may be used to heat water instead of electricity or gas. There are two basic types of active solar heating systems based on the type of fluid — either liquid or air — that is heated in the solar energy collectors. (The collector is the device in which a fluid is heated by the Sun.)

Liquid-based systems heat water or an antifreeze solution in a "hydronic" collector, whereas air-based systems heat air in an "air collector."  Both air and liquid systems can supplement forced air systems.

### Solar cells

Solar cells can be used to generate electricity from sunlight. It is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. Sometimes the term _solar cell_ is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term _photovoltaic cell_ is used when the light source is unspecified.

Solar cells have many applications. They have long been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable, such as in remote area power systems, Earth-orbiting satellites and space probes, consumer systems, e.g. handheld calculators or wrist watches, remote radiotelephones and water pumping applications. A large no. of solar cells are combined in an arrangement called solar cell panel that can deliver enough electricity for practical use. Electricity produced by solar panels can be stored in rechargeable solar batteries, which is then drawn upon when required.

## Related pages

- List of renewable energy topics

## Other websites

- Solar Energy Industries Association is the national trade association for the US solar energy industry and has information on current commercial technologies and market developments.
- Direct solar U.S. Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy - Thermal water splitting
- U.S. Department of Energy: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Solar History Timeline
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory: Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
- Solar energy in the News

- ESTIF - European Solar Thermal Industry organization (statistics, market situation)
- Solar perspectives in Italy  - Information on the Italian Solar Market
- Online article by scientist Jonathan G. Dorn, July 22-2008  The solar thermal power industry experienced a surge in 2007, with 100 megawatts of new capacity worldwide.