juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Daejeon

**Daejeon** () is a city in South Korea It is in the middle of the southern Korean peninsula. _Daejeon_ means "a grand field".

Its official name is “**Daejeon metropolitan city**”. The population in Daejeon is around 1,480,000 people. There are 5 districts (, _Gu_) in the city.

Daejeon started as a small village called **Hanbat**. Daejeon started to grow into a large city during the Japanese occupation period. Because Geungbu railroad the Honam railroad was opened in 1914. In 1949, Daejeon was no longer a part of Chungcheong province. It became an independent metropolitan city. It has the same role as a province.

Today, the city is important as a local self-governing city in Korea. As the population of the city grew, the first subway station in Daejeon was opened in 2006. The formal president Noh Mu Hyun once planned to move some of the public administration buildings in Seoul to Daejeon.

Daejeon is seen as a city of science and technology. It has Daedeock science research town, National Science Museum. It was built to support scientists and researchers in Daejeon. In 1993, the city held the Daejeon Expo Festival.

Daejeon attractions include the O-world, the Expo Science Park, Hanbat Arboretum, Roots Park, Gyejoksan Hwangtogil , Daecheong, Jangtaesan recreational forest, Mountain pass around Daejeon, Daejeon Culture and Arts Center, Dongchundang, Euneungjeonge Culture Street,  Famous people from Daejeon are Park Se Ri, a world famous golfer, and celebrities such as Kwon Sang Woo and Park Hae Mi.
Haeundae

The _Haeundae Beach_ is at the southeast end of the city of Busan which is in South Korea. Along the 12 km of coastline is Busan's most popular beach, and one of the most famous beaches in South Korea. "Haeundae" was so named by scholar Choi Chi-Won (857~?) of the Silla Dynasty (BC 57~AD 935). When he was walking past Dongbaekdo Island, he was fascinated by it and carved the words "Hae Un Dae" on a stone wall on the island. Haeundae is 1.5 km long, 30~50m wide, and spans an area of 58,400㎡. The white sand is rough and is rather sticky. The sand of this beach is composed of sand that comes from Chuncheon Stream and shells that have been naturally eroded by the wind over time.

Haeundae used to be isolated from the large communities in Busan and Busanjin. However hotels, shopping centers and other tourist facilities have been built on the beach front area since the mid-1990s, and Haendae is now an rich beach front area. Haeundae New Town, a major commercial and residential redevelopment project begun in 1990 and another development project, Centum City, started in early 2000 and is now a major feature of Busan. In Centum City there is the world's largest department store, Shinsegae Department Store and BEXCO (Busan Exhibition and Convention Center) has become a popular venue for international conventions and exhibitions. Nearby Marine City is built on land reclaimed from the sea, and has several huge, high-rise apartment blocks.

Haeundae is one of the host venues for the annual Pusan International Film Festival.  The 2005 APEC Conference was held on Haeundae's Dongbeak Island. Haeundae is one of the most popular spots in Busan to view the first sunrise of the year on January 1. Also, one of the most famous beach events happens in the first week of January when the temperature is around 0°C, the "Polar Bear Club", held by Choseon Beach Hotel since 1988.

Dongbaek Island, at the south end of the beach, has a view of the sea by car and its coastline is famous for fishing. Oryuk Islets, a symbol of Busan to many Koreans, can be seen in the distance from Dongbaek Island. During the hot summer months, Haeundae beach becomes very crowded with thousands of people and parasols. People visit the beach from all over South Korea, as well as outside of Korea.
Mattress

A **mattress** is a mat or pad, usually placed on top of a bed, where somebody sleeps or lies on. It usually contains compliant stuffing such as feathers, cotton and foam rubber. Many have springs inside.

The word _mattress_ came from Arabic words meaning "to throw" and "place where something is thrown" or "mat, cushion." During the Crusades, Europeans slept on cushions thrown on the floor, and the word _materas_ eventually became Middle English through the Romance languages.

## History

The earliest known form of a mattress dates back to approximately 77,000 years ago.  It was discovered by archaeologists in a rock shelter located in Sibudu, South Africa.  It was full of various types of grass and leaves, some of which were natural insect repellent to combat nuisances like mosquitos and other insects.

Between 3000 and 1000 BCE, other cultures in early history began to adopt elevated sleeping surfaces as humans and civilizations evolved. In ancient Egypt, these raised beds were typically made from wood for protection from snakes and rodents. Raised beds were also helpful as a way of regulating temperature and to protect against cold and heat.

Beds became simpler in the 19th century, with four-posters falling out of style. Mattresses were transformed when coil springs were introduced in the 1870s, and metal frames became more common. At the beginning of the 20th century, beds and mattresses could be mass produced for the first time, making them more accessible. As more companies began making mattresses, buying a mattress became much more about comfort and preference, which remains the case today.
Qin dynasty

The **Qin dynasty** ( ) ruled in China from 221 BC to 206 BC (15 years).  It was created by the warlord Qin Shi Huang during the Warring States Period and defeated several other states in the area to unite China.  The Qin ruled China for only a very short time, during which they built both the Terracotta Army and parts of the Great Wall of China.

The second, and final emperor, Qin Er Shi, was overthrown by a popular rebellion after the first Qin emperor died.  It was followed by the Han dynasty.  The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang in 202 BC.
Tanganyika

**Tanganyika** is the mainland part of Tanzania. From 9 December 1961 to 26 April 1964 it was an independent state.

It was an East African territory lying between the Indian Ocean and the African Great Lakes: Lake Victoria, Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika.

Once part of the larger colony of German East Africa (), it comprised today's Rwanda, Burundi, and Tanzania, but not Zanzibar.

After World War I the parts that are today's Rwanda and Burundi became a League of Nations mandate governed by Belgium. The major part, however, came under British rule and was transferred to Britain under the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. This was confirmed by a League of Nations Mandate in 1922, later becoming a United Nations Trust Territory. Britain changed the name to the _Tanganyika Territory_.

On 9 December 1961 Tanganyika became independent as a Commonwealth Realm, and on 9 December 1962 it became the **Republic of Tanganyika** within the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1964, it joined with the islands of Zanzibar to form the **United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar**, later in the year changed to the _United Republic of Tanzania_.

Although Tanganyika still exists within Tanzania, the name is no longer used formally for the territory. It is, however, a convenient way to refer to the mainland, which is so different geographically and culturally from Zanzibar. The name _Tanganyika_ is also used to refer to Lake Tanganyika.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Tanganyika <hr />Republic of Tanganyika
- **common name**: Tanganyika
- **government type**: Unitary state, Unitary one-party state
Parliamentary system, Parliamentary constitutional monarchy, monarchy (1961–62)
presidential system, Presidential republics in the Commonwealth of Nations, republic (1962–64)
- **image flag**: Flag of Tanganyika (1961–1964).svg
- **image coat**: File:Coat of arms of Tanganyika (1961–1964).svg
- **image map**: Tanzania (orthographic projection).svg
- **p1**: Tanganyika (territory)
- **flag p1**: Flag of Tanganyika (1923–1961).svg
- **s1**: Tanzania
- **flag s1**: Flag of Tanzania.svg
- **event start**: Independence from British Empire
- **date start**: 9 December
- **year start**: 1961
- **event1**: Republic
- **date event1**: 9 December 1962
- **event end**: Union with Zanzibar
- **date end**: 26 April
- **year end**: 1964
- **capital**: Dar es Salaam
- **national anthem**: _Mungu ibariki Afrika_

- **currency**: East African shilling
- **common languages**: * Swahili language, Swahili
* English language, English
- **title leader**: Head of state
- **leader1**: Elizabeth II
- **year leader1**: 1961–62
- **leader2**: Julius Nyerere
- **year leader2**: 1962–64
- **title representative**: Governor-General of Tanganyika, Governor-General
- **representative1**: Richard Turnbull (colonial governor), Richard Turnbull
- **year representative1**: 1961–62
Hyundai Engineering and Construction

**Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co., Ltd. (HDEC)** was founded by Chung Ju-young in 1947 as the name of Hyundai Civil Works Company and a major company of the Hyundai Group.
The company completed restoration of Han River Pedestrian Bridge in 1958 and Seoul-Busan Expressway the main artery of Korean economy in 1970.
HECD became the first Korean construction company entered overseas market among through the winning order for Pattani Narathiwat highway project in Thailand in 1965.
The company was separated from the Hyundai Group and under the creditor’s management in 2001, as a liquidity crisis. Hyundai Group and Hyundai Motor Group took bid war though eventually Hyundai Group was named the preferred bidder for HDEC in 16th Nov 2010.

The Head Office is in Key-dong, Chongro-ku, Seoul, Korea. The company has overseas branch offices in 14 countries including U.A.E.

The company has owned 7 subsidiary company which are Hyundai Engineering Co., Ltd., Hyundai Equipment & Steel Industries, Hyundai Design, Hyundai Farm, Hyundai CNI, Hyundai Hillstate and Hyundai Education.

The company largely has 5 business fields which are Plant Construction, Power Plant Construction, Civil Works, Building Works and Nuclear Power Plants.
Ted Tucker

**Edward William Tucker** (born May 7, 1949 in Fort William, Ontario), is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey  goaltender who briefly played for the California Golden Seals of the National Hockey League.

### Regular season

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"|||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1967–68|Montreal Junior Canadiens|OHA|5||||250|16|0|3.84|
|1968–69|Montreal Junior Canadiens|OHA|27||||1600|89|2|3.34|
|1969–70|Clinton Comets|EHL|69||||4140|211|6|3.06|
|1970–71|Clinton Comets|EHL|74|31|32|11|4440|231|4|3.12|
|1971–72|Clinton Comets|EHL|43||||2610|142|2|3.26|
|1972–73|Salt Lake Golden Eagles|WHL|33|14|7|10|1919|112|1|3.50|
|1973–74|California Golden Seals|NHL|5|1|1|1|177|10|0|3.39|
|1973–74|Salt Lake Golden Eagles|WHL|13|6|6|0|713|61|0|5.13|
|1974–75|Toledo Goaldiggers|IHL|39||||2166|114|2|3.16|
|1975–76|Port Huron Flags|IHL|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0.00|
|1975–76|Columbus Owls|IHL|3||||||0||
|1975–76|Toledo Goaldiggers|IHL|21||||||0||
|1976–77|Toledo Goaldiggers|IHL|3||||164|12|0|4.39|
|1976–77|Muskegon Mohawks|IHL|46||||2478|154|2|3.73|
|1977–78|Toledo Goaldiggers|IHL|26||||1277|76|0|3.57|
|1977–78|Port Huron Flags|IHL|15||||844|66|0|4.69|
|1979–80|Dayton Gems|IHL|23||||1189|91|0|4.59|
|1979–80|Saginaw Gears|IHL|12||||691|33|0|2.87|
|1980–81|Saginaw Gears|IHL|40||||2068|126|1|3.66|

### Playoffs

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"|||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1967–68|Montreal Junior Canadiens|OHA|1|1|0|0|30|1|0|2.00|
|1968–69|Montreal Junior Canadiens|OHA|2|0|1|0|80|7|0|5.38|
|1969–70|Clinton Comets|EHL|17|12|5|0|1020|47|2|2.77|
|1970–71|Clinton Comets|EHL|5|1|4|0|300|20|0|4.00|
|1970–71|Syracuse Blazers|EHL|2|0|2|0|230|14|0|7.00|
|1971–72|Clinton Comets|EHL|3|1|2|0|220|12|0|3.27|
|1972–73|Salt Lake Golden Eagles|WHL|7|2|5|0|427|26|0|3.63|
|1973–74|Salt Lake Golden Eagles|WHL|3|0|3|0|160|12|0|4.49|
|1974–75|Toledo Goaldiggers|IHL|11||||522|31|1|3.56|
|1975–76|Toledo Goaldiggers|IHL|1|0|1|0|60|5|0|5.00|
|1976–77|Muskegon Mohawks|IHL|3||||179|10|0|3.35|
|1977–78|Port Huron Flags|IHL|1|0|0|0|17|2|0|7.06|
|1979–80|Saginaw Gears|IHL|4||||205|11|0|3.22|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Ted Tucker
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Goaltender
- **played for**: California Golden Seals
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 165
- **birth place**: Fort William, Ontario, Fort William, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1969-70
- **career end**: 1980-81
Marie Adélaïde of Savoy

**Marie Adélaïde of Savoy** (6 December 1685 – 12 February 1712) was born a Princess of Savoy and was the wife of Louis, Duke of Burgundy. She was the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and of Anne Marie d'Orléans. She died of measles in 1712, followed by her husband a week later. She was the mother of Louis XV.

## Early life and background

She was born in Turin in December 1685 the eldest daughter of Victor Amadeus II. Her mother was Anne Marie d'Orléans, a niece of Louis XIV, and the daughter of Philippe, Duke of Orléans and of Henrietta of England. Her birth nearly cost her sixteen-year-old mother her life. Marie Adélaïde enjoyed a close relationship with her grandmother.

## Marriage

She was engaged to Louis, Duke of Burgundy, Dauphin of France whom she died not marry till 6 December 1697 despite living at Versailles for a year. She became known in France as **Marie Adélaïde de Savoie**. She was styled the Duchess of Burgundy till her husband became Dauphin in 1711 at the death of Louis, Grand Dauphin. The new Duchess of Burgundy had a close relationship with the king and with Madame de Maintenon. In early April 1711, her father-in-law _Le Grand Dauphin_ caught smallpox and died in April. Upon the death of _Le Grand Dauphin_, Marie Adélaïde's husband became Dauphin of France and she Dauphine of France. The court went to Fontainebleau where Marie Adélaïde caught a fever which became in measles. She died of measles soon after. Her husband who mourned her greatly died six days later, having caught the measles from his wife. They were bother buried at the Basilica of Saint Denis. Her granddaughter _Marie Adélaïde_ was named after her.

## Children

1. Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (25 June 1704 – 13 April 1705) died of convulsions;
1. Louis of France, Duke of Brittany (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712) died of measles;
1. Louis XV of France (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) first engaged to Mariana Victoria of Spain; married Marie Leszczyńska and had issue; died of smallpox.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Princess Marie Adélaïde
- **title**: Dauphine of France
- **image**: Marie Adélaïde of Savoy as depicted circa 1697 (wearing Fleur-de-lis as Duchess of Burgundy) by a member of the École Française.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: The Duchess of Burgundy by a member of the _école française_
- **birth place**: Royal Palace of Turin, Royal Palace, Turin, Duchy of Savoy, Savoy
- **death place**: Palace of Versailles, France
- **spouse**: Louis, Duke of Burgundy (1682–1712), Louis, Duke of Burgundy
- **issue**: Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Brittany
Louis XV of France, Louis XV, King of France
- **issue-link**: #Issue
- **house**: House of Savoy
- **father**: Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy
- **mother**: Anne Marie d'Orléans
- **burial place**: Basilica of St Denis, Royal Basilica Saint Denis, France
- **burial date**: 23 February 1712
Henrietta of England

**Henrietta of England** (16 June 1644 (26 June n.s.) – 30 June 1670) was born a Princess of England and Scotland as the youngest daughter of King Charles I of England and his consort Henrietta Maria of France. Fleeing England with her governess aged three, she moved to the court of her first cousin Louis XIV of France. She was known as _Minette_. She married Philippe of France, _Monsieur_, brother of King Louis XIV, and became known as _Madame_ at court. Very popular with the court, Henriette was known for her flirtatious nature which was the cause of various arguments between husband and wife. Louise de La Vallière and Madame de Montespan were part of her household prior to being Louis XIV's mistresses. Henriette was instrumental to the completion of the _Secret Treaty of Dover_ prior to her unexpected death in June 1670. The reason for her death has never been conclusively determined; while some argue that it was by poison administered by her husband's lover the Chevalier de Lorraine, historians have also argued that she was felled by a perforated peptic ulcer.
The Jacobite claims to the throne following the death of Henry Benedict Stuart descend from her through her daughter Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia.

## Issue

1. Marie Louise d'Orléans (26 March 1662 – 12 February 1689) married Charles II of Spain, no issue.
1. Philippe Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Valois (16 July 1664 – 8 December 1666).
1. Stillborn daughter (9 July 1665).
1. Anne Marie d'Orléans (27 August 1669 – 26 August 1728) married Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy (future king of Sardinia) and had issue.

## Titles and styles

- 16 June 1644 – 31 March 1661: _Her Royal Highness_ Princess Henrietta of England
- 31 March 1661 – 30 June 1670: _Her Royal Highness_ Madame, Duchess of Orléans (Granddaughter of France)

## Bibliography

- Barker, Nancy Nichols: _Brother to the Sun King; Philippe, Duke of Orléans_, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore/London, 1989

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Henrietta of England
- **title**: Duchess of Orléans
- **reign-type**: Tenure
- **image**: Mathieu, Antoine - Henriette of England holding a portrait of her husband - Versailles.jpg
- **full name**: Henrietta Anne Stuart
- **caption**: Henrietta as Minerva holding a painting of her husband by Antoine Mathieu.
- **spouse**: Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans
- **issue**: Marie Louise of Orléans (1662–1689), Marie Louise, Queen of Spain
Anne Marie d'Orléans, Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia
- **issue-link**: #Issue
- **house**: House of Stuart
- **father**: Charles I of England
- **mother**: Henrietta Maria of France
- **birth date**: 16 June 1644
- **birth place**: Bedford House, Exeter, England
- **death place**: Château de Saint Cloud, France
- **burial date**: 4 July 1670
- **burial place**: Basilica of St Denis, Royal Basilica of Saint Denis, France
- **religion**: Church of England
Roman Catholic
John Adams (ice hockey, born 1946)

**John Matthew Adams** (born July 27, 1946) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League. He was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

## Career statistics

|Season|Team|Lge|GP|Min|GA|SO|GAA|W|L|T|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1968-69|Dayton Gems|IHL|32|1900|91|0|2.87|0|0|0|
|1969-70|Oklahoma City Blazers|CHL|51|3027|176|5|3.39|18|26|7|
|1970-71|Oklahoma City Blazers|CHL|56|3417|194|3|3.41|0|0|0|
|1971-72|Oklahoma City Blazers|CHL|43|2168|129|2|3.57|0|0|0|
|1972-73|Boston Bruins|NHL|14|780|39|1|3.00|9|3|1|
|1974-75|Washington Capitals|NHL|8|400|46|0|6.90|0|7|0|
|1974-75|Richmond Robins|AHL|28|1424|105|1|4.42|0|0|0|
|colspan=11|{|||||||||||
|**Lge**: League   **GP**: Games Played   **Min**: Minutes played  **SO**: Shutouts|||||||||||
|**GA**: Goals Against  **GAA** Goals Against Average  **W**/**L**/**T**: Wins/Losses/Ties|}||||||||||

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: John Adams
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 200
- **played for**: Boston Bruins
Washington Capitals
- **birth place**: Port Arthur, Ontario, Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1967
- **career end**: 1976
Steve Black

**Stephen Black** (March 31, 1927 – June 12, 2008) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player from Thunder Bay, Ontario in the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Junior career

Steve Black played five years for the Port Arthur Flyers of the TBJHL making two trips to the Memorial Cup Tournament before joining the PCHL.

## Professional career

In 1946 Black joined the Oakland Seals of the PCHL and showed enough talent to move up to the AHL the following season. After two years in the minors, he joined the Detroit Red Wings. The Detroit Red Wings already had a lot of good players, including Gordie Howe, Ted Lindsay, and Sid Abel. Black won the Stanley Cup with the Detroit Red Wings in 1950. He moved to the Chicago Black Hawks in 1951. He played 39 times for the Chicago Red Wings before leaving the NHL. He played in the minor leagues for three more seasons before retiring from hockey in 1954.

## Awards and achievements

- 1950 Stanley Cup Championship  (Detroit)
- 1950 NHL All Star  (Detroit)

## Career statistics

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1946–47|Oakland Oaks|PCHL|60|43|36|79|79||||||
|1947–48|St. Louis Flyers|AHL|58|11|18|29|29|—|—|—|—|—|
|1948–49|St. Louis Flyers|AHL|62|24|47|71|59|7|0|5|5|12|
|1949–50|Detroit Red Wings|NHL|69|7|14|21|53|13|0|0|0|13|
|1950–51|Milwaukee Sea Gulls|USHL|9|4|6|10|11|—|—|—|—|—|
|1950–51|Indianapolis Capitals|AHL|8|1|2|3|13|—|—|—|—|—|
|1950–51|Detroit Red Wings|NHL|5|0|0|0|2|—|—|—|—|—|
|1950–51|Chicago Black Hawks|NHL|39|4|6|10|22|—|—|—|—|—|
|1951–52|St. Louis Flyers|AHL|37|9|21|30|34|—|—|—|—|—|
|1952–53|Calgary Stampeders|WHL|45|21|16|37|61|5|4|3|7|2|
|1953–54|Calgary Stampeders|WHL|43|21|33|54|29|18|2|4|6|6|

## Trivia

With the Detroit Red Wings, Black wore the #19 jersey which would decades later be worn by Steve Yzerman. Black wore the #17 jersey with the Chicago Black Hawks.

## Other websites

- Steve Black's Day with the Stanley Cup

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 185
- **played for**: Detroit Red Wings
Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **birth place**: Fort William, Ontario, Fort William, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Thunder Bay, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1946
- **career end**: 1954
Bob Ash

**Bob Ash** (born September 29, 1943) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. During his career he played 200 games in the World Hockey Association with the Winnipeg Jets and Indianapolis Racers.

## Awards and achievements

- MJHL First All-Star Team  (1964)
- Turnbull Cup MJHL Championship (1962, 1963, & 1964)

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 9
- **weight lb**: 170
- **birth place**: Brandon, Manitoba, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
- **career start**: 1964
- **career end**: 1975
- **draft**: Undrafted
- **played for**: Winnipeg Jets (1972–96), Winnipeg Jets (World Hockey Association, WHA)
Indianapolis Racers (WHA)
- **ntl team**: CAN
Jack Borotsik

**John Nicolas Borotsik** (November 26, 1949 – June 8, 2018) was a Canadian ice hockey centre. He played in the NHL for the St. Louis Blues.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Jack Borotsik
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 9
- **weight lb**: 170
- **played for**: St. Louis Blues
- **birth place**: Brandon, Manitoba, Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
- **death place**: Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
- **career start**: 1966
- **career end**: 1978
Data (Star Trek)

**Data** ( ), is a fictional character in the American Science fiction television show Star Trek played by actor Brent Spiner.  Data, who is an android, is a main character in the Star Trek series Star Trek: The Next Generation and in four movies; Star Trek Generations, Star Trek: First Contact, Star Trek: Insurrection, and Star Trek Nemesis.

## Data Movies/ TV Shows

TV Shows

Movies
|Star Trek: Generations|1994|Portrayed By Brent Spiner|1 Hr. 58 Min.|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Star Trek: First Contact|1996|Portrayed By Brent Spiner|1 Hr. 51 Min.|
|Star Trek: Insurrection|1998|Portrayed By Brent Spiner|1 Hr. 43 Min.|
|Star Trek: Nemesis|2002|Portrayed By Brent Spiner|1 Hr. 57 Min.|

de:Figuren im Star-Trek-Universum#Lieutenant Commander Data
I Ching

**I Ching** (易经), also known as the Book of Changes, is one of the oldest of the Chinese classic texts, it is used mainly for divination.

## Historical Background

The text was mainly written during the early Zhou Dynasty (1046 BC-771 BC). Before Zhou Dynasty, there was Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC). Shang Dynasty's main cultural characteristics are its divination and character (old Chinese character). We cannot say which one was first, but it is supposed that characters were made from certain need while doing divination. During Shang Dynasty, divination was done by burning animal's bone or tortoise shell. Zhou Dynasty made Shang cease to exist, but it accepted Shang's culture. In early age of Zhou Dynasty, a new way of divination appeared which was put into writing. It was advanced form of Shang Dynasty's divination, and finally, it took place instead of Shang's divination.

## The Contents of I Ching

The contents of I Ching consist of 64 hexagrams and explanation for each. Hexagram is a group of six broken or unbroken lines. The broken line (the line where the middle part is missing) represents yang, and the unbroken line represents yin. From the bottom to top, six lines are gathered in parallel. There exists one different name for one hexagram. In I Ching, the name of one hexagram and the hexagram itself comes first, and after those, there are different explanations for the hexagram and the each line consisting hexagram, from bottom to top. There comes next hexagram after explanations of all lines of one hexagram.

## Tools For I Ching Divination

The typical divination using I Ching needs the number of fifty thin sticks usually made from bamboo. Using those sticks with certain order, the person who wants to know the result draws hexagram and finds the explanation in the book. To make process simpler, some people use coin to know the result.

## Philosophical Elements

In I Ching, the word 'Heaven'(or sky; it corresponds to the Chinese character '天') is considered as same as God or the absolute being with humane character, who decides the good and evil and makes judgements. For example, the explanation of 26th hexagram (大畜 dà chù) is "the Heaven's bliss is given, therefore, lucky."

Also, there is the idea of constantly changing world, as the explanation of 11th hexagram (泰 tài) tells, "Everything flat will be inclined, and everything gone will be come back." Similarly, the idea of endlessness can also be found. The literal meaning of 63rd hexagram (既濟 jì jì) is "already (既) finished (濟)", but the last hexagram, which is the 64th (未濟 wèi jì), means "not (未) finished (濟)" literally. This means the process of whole world and life is endless and never stops.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: _I Ching_ (_Yijing_)
- **image**: I Ching Song Dynasty print.jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **caption**: Title page of a Song dynasty (c. 1100) edition of the _I Ching_
- **orig lang code**: zh
- **country**: Zhou dynasty (China)
- **genre**: Divination, cosmology
- **published**: Late 9th century BC
Harold Brown

**Harold Brown** (September 14, 1920 – January 12, 1997) was a former Canadian ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers. He was born in Brandon, Manitoba. Brown served in World War II with the Royal Canadian Navy. He died at his home in Calgary, Alberta in 1997.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Harold Brown
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **played for**: New York Rangers
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 160
- **birth place**: Brandon, Manitoba, Brandon, Manitoba, MB, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Calgary, Alberta, AB, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1945
- **career end**: 1953
Prince Benedetto, Duke of Chablais

**Benedetto of Savoy** (Benedetto Maria Maurizio; 21 June 1741 – 4 January 1808) was a prince of Savoy and Duke of Chablais. He was born in the reign of his father Charles Emmanuel III, King of Sardinia. He has no descendants but had a distinguished military career. He married his niece and was the owner of the Palazzo Chiablese in Turin.

## Biography

Chablais was born at the Palace of Venaria and was the was the youngest child of Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia and  Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine. His mother died giving birth to him. He was named after Pope Benedict XIV who became pope the year before his birth. His maternal cousin's included the future Queen of Naples and the famous _Marie Antoinette_. He was his fathers favourite child.

His uncle Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor wanted him to marry his daughter daughter Maria Christina of Austria as but it never happened. In 1753 his father gave what is now the Palazzo Chiablese as a home. Chablais extended the palace. His father gave him the title of Duke of Chablais in 1763.  As the son of a reigning King he was entitled to the style of _Royal Highness_.

Chablais married his niece Princess Maria Anna of Savoy on 19 March 1775. The marriage produced no children. Maria Anna died in 1824.

A good soldier, he was given control of the Army of Italy which had French troops and intended on restoring the monarchy in France after the execution of Louis XVI in 1793. He died in Rome aged 66 and was buried at the church of San Nicolo dei Cesarini then later moved to the Royal Basilica of Superga.

## Titles and styles

- **21 June 1741 - 19 June 1796** _His Royal Highness_ Prince Benedetto of Savoy.
- **19 June 1796 – 4 January 1808** _His Royal Highness_ The Duke of Chablais (_Duca del Chiablese_)

## Infobox (royalty)

- **title**: Duke of Chablais
- **name**: Benedetto of Savoy
- **spouse**: Maria Anna of Savoy
- **succession**: Duke of Chablais
- **reign**: 19 June 1741 – 4 January 1808
- **image**: Ambito Piemontese - Benedetto Maurizio di Savoia, duca del Chiablese - Racconigi.jpg
- **house**: House of Savoy
- **father**: Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia
- **full name**: Benedetto Maria Maurizio di Savoia
- **mother**: Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine
- **birth place**: Palace of Venaria, Turin
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **burial place**: Royal Basilica of Superga, Turin
Bible de Genève

The **Bible de Genève** (_Bible of Geneva_) is a French translation of the Bible, which was published in Geneva in 1562 or 1588. It is a revision of the Bible d'Olivétan.

The English Bible of 1560 which is called the Geneva Bible is a different translation.

## Other websites

- Genfer Bibel (German)
- La Sainte Bible de Genève de 1669
- La Bible de Genève de 1669
Jamaal Charles

**Jamaal RaShaad Jones Charles** (born December 27, 1986 in Port Arthur, Texas) is an American football former professional running back. He played parts of eleven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Kansas City Chiefs, Denver Broncos, and Jacksonville Jaguars. He played college football at the University of Texas, and also ran in track and field there.

## Professional career

In the Chiefs' final game of the 2009 season, Charles rushed for 259 yards and two touchdowns against the Denver Broncos. This is the most yards that a Chiefs player has ever rushed for in one game.

On May 1, 2019, Charles signed a one-day contract with the Chiefs and retired from playing professional football.
Mok-dong

**Mok-dong** is a district in Yangcheongu, Seoul. It is in the northern west part of Yangcheon District and shares borders with Yeongdeungpo District Yanpyeongdong on its east, Shinjeongdong on its north, and Yeomchangdong on its southern north. As a typical agricultural areas in the past, it was made of small communities. In the 1970s, it started to develop as a large scale housing area. After the 1960s and 1970s, there used to be ghettos around the Anyangcheon bank formed by people who were dispossessed of their belongings and those who had moved there from rural areas, but the spots disappeared since the new town layout. The Mok-dong new town layout was announced in 1983, and completed in 1988.

Mok-dong is famous for being the number two private education center after Gangnam. Subway stations Omokgyo line five and ShinMokdong line nine are located there. Major facilities of the district include Mokdong Stadium, Anyangcheon, Yongwang mountain park, the Christian broadcasting station, SBS, and the Paris Park.

## Mokdong Ice Rink

The rink opened on December 1, 1989. It is 30x61m, which is the international ice rink standard on its ground and basement floors. On the second floor there are 5,000 audience seats. Around the ground floor rink there are 10 skater waiting rooms, a restaurant with room for 200, 2 snack bars, changing rooms, training rooms, 2 skating equipment stores, and one ice hockey equipment store. Opening hours are from 14:00 to 18:00 Mondays through Saturdays and 12:00 to 18:00 on Sundays and national holidays.

## Anyangcheon (Anyang stream)

The stream rises from Anyang temple in the Samseong mountain, hence the name Anyangcheon. A stream with its source in the Samseong mountain (三聖山), Hakeu stream (鶴儀川) from the Baekun mountain (白雲山), and Sanbon stream from (山本川) from Gunpo join in Seoksudong, Anyang and flow northward. The stream passes Gwangmyeong and Geumcehon, Guro, and Yeongdeungpo disctricts of Seoul and flow into Han River passing from the western side of Seongsan bridge.

## Yongwangsan Park

The park was selected as the first park of Mokdong in August 1971, in an announcement by the Minister of Construction. It was developed into a city park from 1989. The park is on a hill and enjoyed by residents as a place to relax. It offers 3 types of walking courses, 2 pavilions, 28 chairs, 3 entertainment equipment. Activity facilities include 4 badminton courts, 24 gyms and 2 drinking fountains. 120 thousand visits are made per year.

## Ewha Women's University Mok-dong Hospital

Mok-dong hospital is a patient-oriented hospital and provides specialized treatment of illness through a comprehensive medical testing center, medical emergency center, cardiovascular center, hematinic cell transplant center, and a cerebral nerve center for better medical quality and service improvement. The hospital also runs a breast center, obesity clinic, and a female urology clinic for the treatment of women.
Secure QR code

A **Secure QR code** is an extension of a QR code.  When a QR code is read and decoded, all the information in the code is freely accessible. There will be some redundancy, to allow for error correction.  A Secure qr code allows to encrypt part or all of the information present. This means that extra information is needed, to decrypt the non-public part of the code.  To decode the non-public part of the code, the device doing the decoding needs to store a key. Secure QR codes use symmetric cryptography. The key length is 8 bytes. This means that there are 2<sup>64</sup> possible values for the key. With the correct key, the device reading the Secure QR code will also decrypt it.
Goryeo

The **Goryeo Dynasty** or **Koryo Dynasty** also called the "Kingdom of Goryeo", is one of the Korean dynasties which existed from 918 to 1392. It began in 918 with Emperor Taejo. The name "Goryeo" came to be said as "Korea" by foreigners and is still the name of the country. Goryeo united the Later Three Kingdoms of Korea (Later Baekje, Later Goguryeo, and Silla) and by 1374 ruled most of the Korean peninsula until it was removed by the Joseon dynasty in 1392. Goryeo increased its borders to Chung-cheon river and Youngheong (936~943) and the Amnok River (933).

## Background

Silla had accomplished a unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea in 668. But it weakened as local lords achieved power during the end of the 9th century. The country entered a period of civil war and rebellion, led by Gung Ye, Gi Hwon, Yang Gil, and Gyeon Hwon. Gung Ye established Hugogureo (meaning "Later Goguryeo") and Wang Geon (Later, Taejo) made a contribution as Gung Ye's subordinate. However, Gung Ye became more and more tyrannical and finally killed his own wife and son. Also he insisted that he was Maitreya (the future Buddha). Meanwhile, Wang Geon increased his power as he conquered Geumsung area in Later Baekje. Finally, some people who followed Wang Geon broke out the rebellion and he named the dynasty as Goryeo and changed its capital city to Song-ak.

Goryeo made the policy to win the favor of people and maintained good relationship with Silla. As a result, Silla surrendered unconditionally to Goryeo. Meanwhile, Later Baekje collapsed by itself as princes fought each other over uccession to the throne. Because of the internal conflict, Later Baekje became weaker and weaker and was conquered by Goryeo. Finally, Goryeo united the Later Three Kingdoms again (936) and accomplished re-unification of Korean people.

Taejo made important policies. First, he insisted that Goryeo should expand its territory to further North. It is because he succeed to Goguryeo (ancient Korean kingdom founded in 37 BC–668) and Goguryeo had the biggest territory in Korean history. So, Taejo named the dynasty as Goryeo from Goguryeo and tried to take back the territory of Goguryeo. He emphasized the importance of Sukyung area because it is placed in the North part and kept in check Gu Ran (kind of Mongolian) that made an effort to come down to Goryeo. Later, all of these policies contributed to expanding its territory to Apnok River. Taejo unified all people from different Korean kingdoms (Baekje, Silla, Goguryeo, Balhae). Because of this policy, Goryeo is considered to have united Korea.

## Related pages

- Historic Monuments and Sites in Kaesong
Sigebert IV de Franks

**Sigebert IV Plantard** and **Sigebert IV de Raze** (c. 671 – 758) is a fictional prince of the Franks. He is supposed to be the son of king Dagobert II and Gesela de Raze, a Visigothic princess.

According to the pseudohistorical Dossiers Secrets d'Henri Lobineau alone, he was had Visigothic and Basque lineage. In 676, his father Dagobert II was murdered. Sigebert was moved to Raze, in Aquitaine, by his sister, and took the name of Plantard. At this time, Aquitaine was under the Visigoth and Basque influence. In 758 he was dead, aged 88. In some accounts, he was an ancestor of Geoffrey de Bouillon.

In fact, the story of Sigebert IV is only a hoax created by Pierre Plantard, who claimed to be a descendant of Sigebert IV. Asked in 1993 by French Justice, he admitted the hoax.
Chlamydia (bacterium)

***Chlamydia*** is a genus of bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. Chlamydia infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infections in humans and are the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide.
Composite particle

**Composite particles** are subatomic particles that are made of more than one quark. Simple particles like protons are actually composites of multiple quarks. Protons are known as baryons, which means that they are made of exactly three quarks. Baryons are in a family called Hadrons, which simply means that they are made of quarks. The only other subcategory of Hadrons is Mesons, which are made of one quark and one antiquark.

Since they are made of quarks, composite particles are not so much hard balls, but rather like clouds that contain these quarks. Depending on the energy contained by the quarks, the quarks of a proton vibrate, and this gives a proton a size larger than the actual size of the three quarks combined.

For more information see: subatomic particles, elementary particles, and the composite particles on the 'List of particles' wiki pages.
Clostridium perfringens

***Clostridium perfringens*** is a gram-positive bacterium of the genus _Clostridium_. _C. perfringens_ is ubiquitous in nature and can be found as a normal component of decaying vegetation, marine sediment, the intestinal tract of humans and other vertebrates, insects, and soil. _C. perfringens_ is a human pathogen sometimes, and other times it can be ingested and not cause any harm.
TOEFL

The **Test of English as a Foreign Language**, or **TOEFL**, is a test which measures people’s English language skills to see if they are good enough to take a course at university or graduate school in English-speaking countries. It is for people whose native language is not English but wish to study in an international University. It measures how well a person uses listening, reading, speaking and writing skills to perform academic tasks. This test is accepted by more than 10 000 colleges, universities, and agencies in more than 150 countries; which means it is the most widely recognized English test in the world.

The format of the TOEFL test has been changed three times. The first was the PBT (paper-based TOEFL test). It tests listening, reading and grammar skills with a perfect score being 677 (Paper Based). Some centers where computers are not available still offer this format. The second format is the CBT (computer-based TOEFL test). People are each provided with a computer to take the test. A writing section was added as well as the three sections. The level of listening and grammar skills are automatically changed depending on a person’s English level. The third change is the iBT (Internet-based test) that is being brought in around the world which measures listening, speaking, reading and writing.

There are three procedures that people are following to take the test. First it is decided where and when you are going to
take the test because the format of the test could be either iBT or CBT depending on location. People need to register 2–3 months in advance to get a place. Second is registration in person, online, by phone, or through email. Online registration is most common and payment will be required to complete the registration. The cost changes depending on what kind of exam is taken.

As more universities and colleges want a TOEFL more people are wanting to do the test. In Korea in 2010, nearly 115,000 people took the test to demonstrate their ability in English. This was 20% of the total for people doing the test. It is considered as one of the ways for middle or high school students to apply for the high ranked domestic universities. By studying at such an advanced level, it could help to improve their English skills to get high scores in other English exams..

## Related pages

- TOEIC
- IELTS - International English Language Testing System

## References

- Bluemarbles (in Korean)
- Cafe Naver (in Korean)
- Gohackers.com (in Korean)
- TOEFL Internet Based Test
- Naver.com (in Korean)
- TOEFL website
- TOEFL (in Korean)
Point guard

**Point guard** is a position in basketball. It is one of the most important positions. A point guard should maintain his/her team's offense by controlling the ball safely and pass the ball to the right teammate at the right time. Because of his/her role in the play, a point guard is usually called **a commander on the court**.  Steve Nash, Chris Paul, Stephen Curry and John Stockton are famous point guards in the NBA. Diana Taurasi, Tamika Catchings, Cynthia Cooper, Maya Moore, and Lisa Leslie are famous point guards in the WNBA.

## Required abilities to play as a point guard

First of all, **right pass** is the most important requirement to be a good point guard.  A point guard's first thought should be being an excellent passer and getting the ball to his/her teammates for easy shots. Because the offense is usually started from a point guard who handles the ball, he/she should be able to find the open man/woman, and when to pass and not pass to avoid costly turnovers and score easily.

Second, **safe dribbling and ball handling** are necessary. Before a point guard passes the ball to his/her teammates, he/she should carry the ball from back court to front court. To carry the ball safely without turnovers, it is important to know how to control the ball safely. And by controlling the ball safely, a point guard also can control the tempo of the game. The ability, controlling the tempo, make a point guard choose right way to offense, a fast-break or a slow-attack. Through choosing right strategy, a point guard can make chance at the right time and also save his/her teammate's stamina effectively.

Third, a point guard is **a coach on the court**. To command proper strategy to his teammates, a point guard should understand all strategies which are commanded by his coach. This ability may help a point guard to play the game well with the right strategy at right time.

Lastly, a point guard should be **a good shooter**. Sometimes the game can be unfavorable, even a point guard pass well and play the game with right strategy. At this time his/her accurate shooting can be an escapeway from this situation. By announcing his/her ability to shooting accurately, a point guard can plant an awareness to opponents that they should defense him/her well. And it cause the decreasing of pressure to other teammates to offense. Like this, a point guard's shooting ability can be the option to offense effectively.
Ball-jointed doll

A **ball-jointed doll** is a doll that is can have its arms and legs moved because of a ball joint. During the 1930, artist Hans Bellmer, made dolls that had ball-joints and used them in photography. In 1980, Japanese traditional doll artists used ball joints with dolls. In 1999, Japanese doll company, Volks, popularized the ball-jointed doll made of polyurethane resin and assembled with elastic string.

The main feature of the ball-jointed doll is its joints. These joints are round and can be taken apart. So you can assemble the joints and body parts to make a doll. There are single-joints and double-joints that can make doll more delicate.

The eyes, wigs, clothes and make-up on the dolls can be changed and people can design their 'own' doll.

Volks is the most popular company. There is also U-noa (Japan), D.O.D (Dream of Doll)(Korea), Luts (Korea), Blue Fairy (Korea), Iple House (Korea) and DZdoll (China) and there are many other companies and artists around the world.
Marado

**Marado** or **Mara Island** is the most southern island of South Korea. It is about 11km away from the Moseolpo harbor in the south coast of Jeju-do (Jeju Island). Having an area of 0.298km², the whole island is covered with natural grass so that it carries an exotic mood. The island is small enough for tourists to look around within an hour.

## Information

Marado belongs to the administrative boundaries of Gapa-ri, Daejeong-eup, Seogwipo City, Jeju Island. The population of the island is around 107, and about 30 families are living in Marado. When viewed from the sky, Marado looks just like a sweet-potato. As the wind blows all year round, everything in Marado including trees, houses, grasses lie flat on the ground. Along the coast, the island has steep cliffs with lots of holes made by rough waves. Also Marado, the island itself is designated as a natural monument of South Korea (2000).

## History

Originally, Marado was an island called Keum Island, meaning 'forbidden island' in Korean language. It was because of the unpredictable weather and rough sea that people could not approach the island. However, people started to live in Marado since 1883. Tradition says that a man named Kim Sung Oh, who lost all his fortune in gambling made a suggestion to the county chief to let people move into Marado. As the chief let them to do so, people including Kim came to Marado and cultivated the island.

## Attractions

Not to mention the beautiful scenery of the island, Marado has lots of attractions. First of all, there is a monument symbolizing the most southern point of South Korea in the island. Also, a small museum named 'Chocolate Museum' is another landmark of the island. Furthermore, there is a rock called 'Janggun Rock', meaning 'the General's rock' in Korean language. People in Marado regard this rock as a guardian of the island. Lastly, the lighthouse which is registered on the map of the world is a really beautiful and charming attraction.