juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Soma

**Soma** is a term with two different origins:

- Soma (drink): a ritual drink of early Indo-Iranians, continued in Vedic and Persian sources.
- A word of Ancient Greek origin meaning "body".
    - Somatic cell: a basic term in biology, describing the body cells as opposed to the reproductive cells
    - Soma (nerve cell), the body ("perikaryon") of a nerve cell as opposed to its dendrites or axon
- Soma (fiction), a hallucinogenic drug in Aldous Huxley's novels _Brave New World_ and _Island_.
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

The **Islamic Republic of Afghanistan**, sometimes abbreviated as **IRA**, is the name for the government that ruled Afghanistan between 2004 and 2021. In August 2021 during the Fall of Kabul, most of the city fell to the Taliban, and president Ashraf Ghani escaped from Afghanistan. On August 31, the Taliban had also taken the airport in Kabul.

## History

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was founded following the United States invasion of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in the earlier phases of the War in Afghanistan. Following this invasion, the Taliban started the Taliban insurgency against the new Afghan government. In 2014, Ashraf Ghani was elected to be the President of Afghanistan. In 2021, the Taliban launched the 2021 Taliban offensive. On 15 August 2021, the city of Kabul fell to the Taliban.

It had an ambassador in Norway, until December 2024.

## Related pages

- Cabinet of Afghanistan

## Infobox (former country)

- **official languages**: Pashto, Dari
- **demonym**: Afghan
- **year start**: 2004
- **year end**: 2021
- **p1**: Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan
- **symbol type**: Emblem
- **flag p1**: Flag_of_Afghanistan_(2002–2004,_variant_with_golden_arms).svg
- **flag s1**: Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg
- **s1**: Afghanistan
- **capital**: Kabul
- **native name**: جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان
د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت
- **image coat**: Emblem of Afghanistan (2004–2021).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Afghanistan (2013–2021).svg
- **today**: Afghanistan
- **common name**: Afghanistan
- **conventional long name**: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
- **title leader**: President of Afghanistan, President
- **leader1**: Hamid Karzai
- **year leader1**: 2004–2014
- **leader2**: Ashraf Ghani
- **year leader2**: 2014–2021
Atanas Semerdzhiev

**Atanas Georgiev Semerdzhiev** (21 May 1924 – 8 May 2015) was a Bulgarian politician. He served as the Vice President of Bulgaria from 1 August 1990 to 22 January 1992, under Zhelyu Zhelev. He was Army Chief of Staff from 1962 until the fall of communism in 1989. He was a member of the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP).

Semerdzhiev was born near Velingrad. He was a soldier during World War II.

Semerdzhiev died on 8 May 2015, aged 90.
Menashe Kadishman

**Menashe Kadishman** (lrm;; 21 August 1932 – 8 May 2015) was an Israeli sculptor and painter. He presented his artworks in central locations in Israel, such as Habima Square. His paintings can be found in many different galleries in Israel. He is most famous for his metallic sculptors and colorful paintings of sheep. In 1995, he won the Israel Prize.

Kadishman was born in Tel Aviv. He was divorced and had two children.

Kadishman died on 8 May 2015 in Ramat Gan, aged 82.
Zhivko Gospodinov

**Zhivko Gospodinov** (; 6 September 1957 – 4 May 2015) was a Bulgarian footballer. He was an attacking midfielder and playmaker. He played for Spartak Varna, Vatev Beloslav, Spartak Pleven, AD Fafe, Cherno More Varna and Beroe Stara Zagora from 1974 to 1992.

Gospodinov was born in Vladimirovo. He died on 4 May 2015 in Varna, aged 57.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Zhivko Gospodinov
- **image**: Gospodinov.jpg
- **image size**: 160
- **fullname**: Zhivko Gospodinov Gospodinov
- **birth place**: Vladimirovo, Dobrich Province, Vladimirovo, Bulgaria
- **death place**: Varna, Bulgaria
- **position**: Attacking midfielder
- **years1**: 1974–1977
- **clubs1**: FC Spartak Varna, Spartak Varna
- **caps1**: 10
- **goals1**: 1
- **years2**: 1977–1978
- **clubs2**: Vatev Beloslav
- **caps2**: 30
- **goals2**: 7
- **years3**: 1978–1987
- **clubs3**: FC Spartak Varna, Spartak Varna
- **caps3**: 269
- **goals3**: 93
- **years4**: 1987
- **clubs4**: PFC Spartak Pleven, Spartak Pleven
- **caps4**: 13
- **goals4**: 5
- **years5**: 1988
- **clubs5**: FC Spartak Varna, Spartak Varna
- **caps5**: 20
- **goals5**: 5
- **years6**: 1989–1990
- **clubs6**: AD Fafe
- **caps6**: 18
- **goals6**: 1
- **years7**: 1990–1991
- **clubs7**: FC Spartak Varna, Spartak Varna
- **caps7**: 7
- **goals7**: 2
- **years8**: 1991
- **clubs8**: PFC Cherno More Varna, Cherno More Varna
- **caps8**: 10
- **goals8**: 1
- **years9**: 1992
- **clubs9**: PFC Beroe Stara Zagora, Beroe Stara Zagora
- **caps9**: 3
- **goals9**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 380
- **totalgoals**: 115
- **nationalyears1**: 1983–1987
- **nationalteam1**: Bulgaria national football team, Bulgaria
- **nationalcaps1**: 39
- **nationalgoals1**: 6
Kava

**Kava** is a plant of the pepper family. It comes from Polynesia and other lands in the Pacific Islands.

The roots of the plant are used to make a drink with sedative and anesthetic properties. Kava is used in many cultures in the Pacific Ocean, besides its native Polynesia. These include Hawaii, Vanuatu, Melanesia and some parts of Micronesia.

Kava can relieve pain and make people calm. It is usually taken as a drug to relax without losing mental clarity in thinking and remembering. Evidence collected in studies show Kava is likely more effective than a placebo at helping calm some mild anxiety.
John Dixon (cartoonist)

**John Dangar Dixon** (20 February 1929 – 7 May 2015) was an Australian comic book artist and writer. He was best known for his comic strip creation, _Air Hawk and the Flying Doctors_, which ran from 1959 until 1986.

Dixon was born in Newcastle, New South Wales. He moved to the United States in the 1980s. In 2012, he was diagnosed with Lewy body dementia (LBD), a type of dementia related to Parkinson's disease. He was married to Sue and had two children.

Dixon had a stroke on 18 April 2015 at his home in the U.S. state of California. He died on 7 May, aged 86.
Lo Wing-lok

**Lo Wing-lok**  (; 13 September 1954 – 9 May 2015) was a Hong Kong doctor and politician. He was a member of the Legislative Council for Medical from 2000 to 2004.

Lo was born in British Hong Kong. He graduated from the University of Hong Kong. His wife, Anna Yung Hiu-yan, died in 2013. They had a son.

Lo died from lung cancer on 9 May 2015 in Hong Kong, aged 60.
Leif Holger Larsen

**Leif Holger Larsen** (27 January 1954 – 8 May 2015) was a Norwegian diplomat. From 2014 until his death in 2015, he served as Norway's ambassador to Pakistan.

Larsen was born in Stavanger. He was married and had a son. Larsen died on 8 May 2015 in a helicopter crash in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. He was 61.
Domingo Lucenario Jr.

**Domingo D. Lucenario, Jr.** (3 September 1960 – 8 May 2015) was a Filipino diplomat. From 2013 until his death, he was the Ambassador to Pakistan.

Lucenario was born in Manila. He was married and had three children.

Lucenario died on 8 May 2015 in a helicopter crash in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. He was 54.
2015 Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17 crash

The **2015 Pakistan Army Mil Mi-17 crash** happened on 8 May 2015 when a Pakistan Army helicopter crashed in Naltar, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. Of the 17 passengers and three crew, eight people died, including ambassadors Domingo Lucenario, Jr. from the Philippines, Leif Holger Larsen from Norway, and Burhan Muhammad from Indonesia.
Phil Skoglund

**Philip Charles** "**Phil**" **Skoglund**  (20 June 1937 – 8 May 2015) was a New Zealand lawn bowls player. He competed in three Commonwealth Games (1974, 1978, 1990). He competed in five World Championships (1966, 1972, 1980, 1984, 1988), winning a gold medal (triples 1988).

Skoglund was born in Palmerston North. He was the son of politician and cabinet minister Philip Oscar Skoglund and nephew of champion lawn bowls player Pete Skoglund.

Skoglund died on 8 May 2015 in Palmerston North, aged 77.
Maurice Flanagan

**Sir Maurice Flanagan**  (17 October 1928 – 7 May 2015) was a British businessman. He was the founding CEO of Emirates. He was also the Executive Vice-Chairman of The Emirates Group.

Flanagan was born in Leigh, Lancashire. He was married to Audrey Bolton from 1955 until his death. They had three children. He lived in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Flanagan died on 7 May 2015 in London, aged 86.
Michael MacKellar

**Michael John Randal MacKellar**  (27 October 1938 – 9 May 2015) was an Australian politician and agricultural scientist. He was the Liberal Member for Warringah from 25 October 1969 until 18 February 1994.

MacKellar was born in Moree, New South Wales. He had a partner and had three children. He died at the age of 76.
.5: The Gray Chapter

***.5: The Gray Chapter*** is the fifth studio album by American heavy metal band, Slipknot. _.5: The Gray Chapter_ was released on October 17, 2014 through Roadrunner Records.

It is Slipknot's first album to not feature bassist Paul Gray who died on May 24, 2010. It also did not feature drummer Joey Jordison who was fired from the band in December 2013.

The album peaked at #1 on the _Billboard_ 200, #18 on the Top Hard Rock Albums, and at #2 on the Top Rock Albums. In 2014, the song "The Negative One" was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Metal Performance.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: .5: The Gray Chapter
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Slipknot (band), Slipknot
- **released**: October 21, 2014
- **recorded**: March 1 – July 28, 2014 at Sunset Sound Studios in Hollywood, California and Jim Root's garage
- **length**: 63:57
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **producer**: *Greg Fidelman
*Slipknot
- **prev title**: Antennas to Hell
- **prev year**: 2012
- **next title**: Day of the Gusano: Live in Mexico
- **next year**: 2017
My Immortal

"**My Immortal**" is the third single from American rock band Evanescence's first studio album _Fallen_. The song was released on October 20, 2003

The song's lyrics were written by guitarist Ben Moody from fiction, and the music was written by pianist Amy Lee, who also added the bridge. It is a piano and power ballad. The lyrics are about a spirit that haunts the memory of a grieving loved one.

On the _Billboard_ charts, "My Immortal" was able to peak at #7 on Hot 100, #2 on the Mainstream Top 40, #1 on the Adult Top 40, and #19 on the Adult Contemporary charts. In 2005, the song was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category of Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals.

## Other websites

- "My Immortal" on YouTube

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: My Immortal
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Evanescence
- **album**: Fallen (Evanescence album), Fallen  Daredevil: The Album
- **recorded**: 2002-2003
- **studio**: NRG Recording Studios (North Hollywood, Los Angeles, North Hollywood, California)
- **label**: Wind-up Records, Wind-up
- **prev title**: Going Under
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: Everybody's Fool
- **next year**: 2004
Nagoya University

, also known as , is a university in Nagoya, Japan. Its first name was "Nagoya Imperial University".

Six alumni and faculties of Nagoya University have received the Nobel Prize.
- Hiroshi Amano, 2014 Physics.
- Isamu Akasaki, 2014 Physics
- Makoto Kobayashi, 2008 Physics.
- Toshihide Maskawa, 2008 Physics.
- Osamu Shimomura, 2008 Chemistry.
- Ryōji Noyori, 2001 Chemistry.

## Related pages

- List of national universities in Japan
Igor Gorynin

**Igor Vasilievich Gorynin** (; 10 March 1926 – 9 May 2015) was a Russian metallurgist and politician. He was the creator of many new titanium and aluminium alloys, and reactor steels. He was also the inventor of the radiation hardened steels. He was the director of the Central Research Institute of Structural Materials (CRISM).

Gorynin was born in Leningrad. He died after a long illness on 9 May 2015 in Saint Petersburg, aged 89.
Mind control wasp

***Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga*** is a Costa Rican parasitoid wasp whose host is the spider _Plesiometa argyra_. The wasp modifies the spider's web building behavior to make a web of very strong lines. This supports the wasp's cocoon without breaking in the rain.

## Reproduction

The adult female wasp temporarily paralyzes the spider and lays an egg on its abdomen. The egg hatches into a larva. The larva sucks the spider's blood through small holes, while the spider goes on about its normal web building and insect catching behavior.

When the larva is ready to pupate, it injects a chemical into the spider. This causes the spider to build a web whose design is completely different from any it has ever made. Then the spider sits still in the middle of the web.

The wasp larva then moults, kills the spider with a poison and sucks its body dry before discarding it and building a cocoon that hangs from the middle of the web the spider has just built. The larva pupates inside the cocoon, then emerges to mate and begin the cycle over again.
Don Getty

**Donald Ross "Don" Getty**, (August 30, 1933 – February 26, 2016) was a Canadian politician and football quarterback. He served as the 11th Premier of Alberta between 1985 and 1992.

## Career

A member of the Progressive Conservatives, he served as Energy Minister and Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs Minister in the government of Peter Lougheed before leaving politics for the private sector in 1979.

Before entering politics, Getty had been a quarterback for the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League.  He passed for more than eight thousand yards over his ten-year career, and was put on the team's Wall of Fame in 1992.

Getty died of heart failure at a hospital in Edmonton, Alberta on February 26, 2016 at the age of 82.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Don Getty drinking from Grey Cup.jpg
- **birth name**: Donald Ross Getty
- **name**: Don Getty
- **order**: 11th Premier of Alberta
- **term start**: November 1, 1985
- **term end**: December 13, 1992
- **predecessor**: Peter Lougheed
- **successor**: Ralph Klein
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **lieutenant governor**: Helen Hunley
Gordon Towers
- **office1**: Member of the Legislative Assembly, Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta
- **constituency4**: Stettler (provincial electoral district), Stettler
- **term start4**: May 9, 1989
- **term end4**: December 14, 1992
- **predecessor4**: Brian C. Downey, Brian Downey
- **successor4**: District abolished
- **constituency2**: Edmonton-Whitemud
- **term start2**: August 30, 1971
- **term end2**: March 14, 1979
- **predecessor2**: New district
- **successor2**: Peter Knaak
- **term start3**: December 11, 1985
- **term end3**: March 20, 1989
- **predecessor3**: Robert Keith Alexander, Robert Alexander
- **successor3**: Percy Wickman
- **constituency1**: Strathcona West
- **term start1**: May 23, 1967
- **term end1**: August 30, 1971
- **predecessor1**: Randolph McKinnon
- **successor1**: District abolished
- **office6**: List of Alberta provincial ministers#Minister of Energy, Minister of Energy and Natural Resources
- **term start6**: March 1975
- **term end6**: March 1979
- **predecessor6**: New portfolio
- **successor6**: Merv Leitch
- **office5**: List of Alberta provincial ministers#Minister of International and Intergovernmental Relations, Minister of Federal and Intergovernmental Affairs
- **term start5**: September 10, 1971
- **term end5**: March 1975
- **predecessor5**: _New portfolio_
- **successor5**: Lou Hyndman
- **birth place**: Westmount, Quebec
- **death place**: Edmonton, Alberta
- **party**: Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta, Progressive Conservative
- **spouse**: Margaret Mitchell
- **children**: Dale
 David
 Darin
 Derek
- **signature**: Donald Ross Getty Signature.svg
- **alma mater**: University of Western Ontario
- **occupation**: Businessman, professional athlete
Glyptapanteles

***Glyptapanteles*** is a genus of endoparasitoid wasp found in Central and North America. The larvae of the members of _Glyptapanteles_ manipulate their hosts into serving as bodyguards.

## Reproduction

Female _Glyptapanteles_ stick their ovipositor into caterpillar hosts. The eggs hatch inside the caterpillar. The caterpillar feeds and grows normally until the 4th or 5th instar. Then up to 80 fully grown larvae emerge from its body to pupate.

## Behaviour changes

After the larvae of _Glyptapanteles_ emerge, the caterpillar takes up position near the cocoons of the pupae, arches its back, and ceases to move or feed. It will occasionally spin silk over the pupae. However, when disturbed, it begins to thrash violently. This behavior is to strike at and repel possible predators of the pupae, so improving the survival odds of the wasp pupae. Only about one in twenty non-parasitized caterpillars responded in this fashion. In 60% of cases, the parasitized caterpillars successfully warded off these potential predators. No longer eating, the affected caterpillar eventually dies.

Mortality rates for pupae not guarded by parasitized caterpillars were significantly higher.

### Mechanism

In the course of Grosman's research, it was discovered that not all larval _Glyptapanteles_ emerge from their caterpillar host. One or two remain behind and active. Probably these larvae manipulate the host. It is a kind of altruism, since these larvae miss their own chance of pupating in order to protect the brood.
Jacques Parizeau

**Jacques Parizeau**, GOQ, (; August 9, 1930 – June 1, 2015) was a Canadian economist and noted Quebec sovereigntist. He was born in Montreal. He was the 26th Premier of the province of Quebec from September 26, 1994, to January 29, 1996. He became a central figure alongside Lucien Bouchard for the "Yes" side in the 1995 Quebec referendum for the secession of Quebec from Canada. The citizens once again voted to stay in Canada. Jacques Parizeau quit as Premier of Quebec and as leader of the Parti Québécois in 1996 after the referendum failed.

## Other websites

- Political blog (in French)
Polydnavirus

The **polydnaviruses** (PDV) are a family of insect viruses. There are two genera: ichnoviruses (IV) and bracoviruses (BV). The ichnoviruses occur in ichneumonid wasps and bracoviruses in braconid wasps.

The genome of the virus is composed of multiple segments of double-stranded DNA packed in capsid proteins and a double or single layer envelope. The sequences are quite different between BV and IV, suggesting that the two types evolved independently.

## Biology

These viruses are part of a unique biological system with three parts: a parasitoid wasp, an insect (usually lepidopteran) larva, and the virus. The full genome of the virus is integrated into the genome of the wasp and the virus only replicates in a particular part of the ovary of pupal and adult female wasps.

The virus is injected with the wasp egg into the body cavity of a host caterpillar and infects cells of the caterpillar.  The infection does not lead to replication of new viruses, rather it affects the caterpillar's immune system. Without the virus infection, phagocytic haemocytes (blood cells) will kill the wasp egg. The immune suppression caused by the virus allows the wasp egg to survive. It hatches and develops in the caterpillar.  Also, genes from the polydnavirus in the host alter host development and metabolism to be good for the growth and survival of the parasitoid larva. Thus the virus and wasp have a symbiotic (mutualistic) relationship.
Bill Davis

**William Grenville "Bill" Davis**, (July 30, 1929 – August 8, 2021) was a Canadian politician. He was born in Toronto. He was the 18th Premier of Ontario, Canada, from 1971 to 1985.

In a 2012 edition, the Institute for Research on Public Policy's magazine, _Policy Options_, named Davis the second-best Canadian premier of the last forty years, beaten only by Peter Lougheed.

Davis died on August 8, 2021 in Brampton, Ontario at the age of 92.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bill Davis
- **image**: William Grenville Davis (1979).jpg
- **caption**: Davis in 1979
- **order**: 18th Premier of Ontario
- **term start**: March 1, 1971
- **term end**: February 8, 1985
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **lieutenant governor**: William Ross Macdonald
Pauline Mills McGibbon
John Black Aird
- **predecessor**: John Robarts
- **successor**: Frank Miller (politician), Frank Miller
- **parliament1**: Ontario Provincial
- **predecessor1**: _District established_
- **successor1**: Bob Callahan
- **term start1**: September 18, 1975
- **term end1**: May 2, 1985
- **riding1**: Brampton (provincial electoral district), Brampton
- **predecessor2**: _District established_
- **successor2**: _District abolished_
- **term start2**: October 17, 1967
- **term end2**: September 18, 1975
- **parliament2**: Ontario Provincial
- **riding2**: Peel (provincial electoral district), Peel North
- **predecessor3**: Thomas Laird Kennedy
- **successor3**: _District abolished_
- **term start3**: June 11, 1959
- **term end3**: October 17, 1967
- **parliament3**: Ontario Provincial
- **riding3**: Peel (provincial electoral district), Peel
- **party**: Ontario Progressive Conservative Party, Progressive Conservative
- **birth name**: William Grenville Davis
- **birth place**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Brampton, Ontario, Canada
- **alma mater**: University of Toronto
Osgoode Hall Law School
- **children**: 5
Dave Barrett

**David Barrett** (October 2, 1930 – February 2, 2018), commonly known as **Dave Barrett**, was a Canadian retired politician and social worker in British Columbia, Canada. He was the 26th Premier of British Columbia for three years between 1972 and 1975. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia.

In 2014, it was announced that Barrett had Alzheimer's disease and was living in a care facility in Victoria, British Columbia. He died on February 2, 2018, aged 87.
Howard Pawley

**Howard Russell Pawley** (November 21, 1934 – December 30, 2015) was a Canadian politician and professor. He was born in Brampton, Ontario. He moved to Winnipeg at age 17. He was the 18th Premier of Manitoba from 1981 to 1988.

Pawley died in a hospital in Windsor, Ontario from a short-illness on December 30, 2015 at the age of 81.
Roger Stuart Bacon

**Roger Stuart Bacon** (June 29, 1926 – October 4, 2021) was a Nova Scotia politician. He was born in Upper Nappan, Nova Scotia. He was the 21st Premier of Nova Scotia from 1990 to 1991. He was also a member of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly between 1970 until 1993. Bacon was a member of the Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia.

Bacon died on October 4, 2021 in Amherst, Nova Scotia at the age of 95.
Gerald Regan

**Gerald Augustine Paul Regan**  (February 13, 1928 – November 26, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He served as the 19th Premier of Nova Scotia from 1970 to 1978.

## Acquitted sex crimes

On October 27, 1993, CBC News revealed that the RCMP were investigating Regan for sexual misconduct. In March 1995 and May 1995 he was charged with a total of nineteen counts of sexual offences. Regan faced trial on eight charges including rape and attempted rape, for crimes committed in 1956 and 1969 against victims aged 14 and 18 at the time.

On December 18, 1998, he was acquitted on all eight charges by a jury.

## Death

Regan died on November 26, 2019 in Bedford, Nova Scotia at the age of 91.

## Infobox (politician)

- **honorific prefix**: The Honourable
- **name**: Gerald Regan
- **birth place**: Windsor, Nova Scotia, Canada
- **death place**: Bedford, Nova Scotia, Canada
- **office**: 19th Premier of Nova Scotia
- **term start**: October 28, 1970
- **term end**: October 5, 1978
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **lieutenant governor**: Victor de Bedia Oland
Clarence Gosse
- **predecessor**: George Isaac Smith, G. I. Smith
- **successor**: John Buchanan
- **office2**: Nova Scotia House of Assembly, MLA for Halifax Needham
- **term start2**: May 30, 1967
- **term end2**: February 18, 1980
- **predecessor2**: New Riding
- **successor2**: Edmund L. Morris
- **office3**: Parliament of Canada, MP for Halifax (electoral district), Halifax
- **term start3**: April 8, 1963
- **term end3**: November 8, 1965
- **predecessor3**: Edmund L. Morris, Edmund Morris
- **successor3**: Michael Forrestall
- **alongside3**: Robert McCleave
- **term start4**: February 18, 1980
- **term end4**: September 4, 1984
- **predecessor4**: George Cooper (Canadian politician), George Cooper
- **successor4**: Stewart McInnes
- **party**: Nova Scotia Liberal Party, Liberal
- **occupation**: Lawyer
- **spouse**: Anita Carole Thomas Harrison
Martin Nag

**Martin Nag** (30 July 1927 – 2 May 2015) was a Norwegian literary historian, literary critic, poet, essayist, translator and biographer. He was born in Stavanger. Nag was known for his books _Uro, Rød lørdag_ (1976) and _Steingjerde_ (1991).

Nag died of a severe stroke in Oslo at the age of 88.
Kinnie

**Kinnie** is a carbonated soft drink from Malta. It was first developed in 1952 by Simonds Farsons Cisk in Malta. Kinnie is amber in colour. It has a bittersweet flavour. Kinnie is drunk straight or mixed with alcohol to create a mixed drink. Unlike cola products Kennie actually quenches thirst. The taste takes some getting used to. But it is very popular with locals and visitors.

## History

Kinnie was first produced in 1952. It was an alternative to the cola drinks that were popular in post-war Europe. Kinnie's recipe is kept secret. The official website has more information about its ingredients. Kinnie may owe its bittersweet taste to a blend of _Mediterranean chinotto bitter oranges_. It may be combined with a dozen different aromatic herbs and spices. These include anise, ginseng, vanilla, rhubarb and liquorice. A sales slogan was: "The problem with drinking kinnie is that you just can not get enough".

A diet version for Kinnie appeared in 1984. In 2007, a new low calorie version of Kinnie called _Kinnie Zest_ was made available. This has a slightly darker colour and a stronger orange flavour. It is advertised as only having one calorie per bottle. The latest Kinnie variant is _Kinnie Vita_ which is naturally sweetened using a blend of sugar and stevia leaf extract.

## Sales locations

Kinnie is exported to the UK, Italy, Germany, Poland and the Netherlands, It is also exported to Libya and Canada. In recent years, Simonds Farsons Cisk also started to franchise Kinnie production overseas. As a result, Kinnie is now produced under licence in Australia. In March 2009, it was announced that Farsons were going to start exporting Kinnie into Russia. In the summer of 2010, Farsons and Kinnie UK Limited soft-launched Kinnie and its two variants in London's West End. They reached almost 100 trial outlets by September 2010.

## Other websites

- Kinnie: Malta's Own Favourite Soft Drink
- Kennie Home Page
Russell Wilson

**Russell Carrington Wilson** (born November 29, 1988) in Cincinnati, Ohio is the starting American football quarterback for the New York Giants. He wears the number 3. He played college football for Wisconsin.

Wilson was selected by the Seahawks in the third round in the 2012 National Football League draft. He led the Seahawks to a Super Bowl win in 2014 against the Denver Broncos led by Peyton Manning. They won 43-8. He was the shortest quarterback to ever win a Super Bowl at 5'11".

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Russell Wilson
- **image**: Russell Wilson vs Jets, November 11, 2012.jpg
- **current team**: New York Giants
- **number**: 3
- **position**: Quarterback
- **birth place**: Cincinnati, Ohio
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lbs**: 215
- **highlights**: * Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl XLVII, XLVIII)
* 7x Pro Bowl (2012-2015), (2017-2019)
South Park season 1

The first season of _South Park_, an American animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, aired on Comedy Central in the United States between August 13, 1997, and February 25, 1998, consisting of 13 episodes.

## Episodes

<onlyinclude>

</onlyinclude>

## Other websites

- South Park Studios – official website with streaming video of full episodes

## Infobox (television season)

- **season number**: 1
- **bgcolour**: #5B5856
- **country**: United States
- **network**: Comedy Central
- **first aired**: August 13, 1997
- **last aired**: February 25, 1998
- **num episodes**: 5
- **episode list**: List of South Park episodes
South Park season 2

The second season of _South Park_, an American animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, aired from April 1, 1998 to January 20, 1999.

## Episodes

<onlyinclude>

</onlyinclude>

## Other websites

- South Park Studios – official website with streaming video of full episodes.

## Infobox (television season)

- **season number**: 2
- **bgcolour**: #AF181F
- **image size**: 200px
- **country**: United States
- **num episodes**: 18
- **network**: Comedy Central
- **first aired**: April 1, 1998
- **last aired**: January 20, 1999
- **episode list**: List of South Park episodes, List of episodes
- **next season**: South Park season 3, Season 3
- **prev season**: South Park season 1, Season 1
Nymphaea pubescens

The **hairy water lily** or **pink water-lily** (_Nymphaea pubescens_) is a species of water lily. It is the Official National flower of Bangladesh respectively.
Nana Shineflug

**Elizabeth "Nana" Shineflug** (1935 - 15 January 2015) was an American dancer and choreographer. She started and led the Chicago Moving Company, a modern-dance troupe. Her style was not traditional: "Shineflug nurtured our God-given right to weirdness...," according to critic Laura Molzahn.

Shineflug's maiden name was Elizabeth Strohmeier. She grew up in Evanston, Illinois.

## Career

Shineflug graduated from Northwestern University with a degree in mathematics. Later, she was awarded an M.A. (1986) and Graduate Certificate in Laban Movement Analysis from Columbia College, Chicago.
In 1972, she started the Chicago Moving Company. She taught at Columbia College Chicago in the Interdisciplinary Arts Graduate Program and the Theater Department.  Shineflug also taught modern dance, Qi Gong, and Psychocalesthenics through the Chicago Moving Company.  She also performed and taught in other countries.

Nana Shineflug died of cancer in her Glenview, Illinois home on 15 January 2015. She was seventy-nine years old.

## Awards

- Four Choreographic Fellowships from National Endowment for the Arts
- The Katherine Dunham Award for Excellence and Dedication to the Arts
- Chicago Dance Coalition/Ruth Page Lifetime Service to the Field Award
- Three Illinois Arts Council Choreographic Fellowships
- Chicago Dance Award for Outstanding Contribution
- Ruth Page Award, Honorable Mention for the Dance Legacy Project
- Boulevard Arts Center's Presidents Award
- Two Illinois Alliance for Arts Education Service Recognition Awards
- Prestigious National Endowment for Arts Arts-Plus Partnership
- Columbia College Chicago Lifetime Achievement Award
Ficus benghalensis

***Ficus benghalensis***, commonly known as the **banyan**, **banyan fig** and **Indian banyan**, is a tree that grows in India and Bangladesh. Some Indian banyan trees are among the largest trees in the world. It is recognized as the National trees of both the countries of the Indian subcontinent. It is the largest canopy-holder tree of the world. It can spread up to 2000 feet of land. It is said by its scientific name that, this mammoth tree is native and endemic to the Great Bengal Region (both Bangladesh and West Bengal of India). In Buddhism the banyan’s habit of supplanting its host tree is likened to the manner in which humans are overcome by sensual desire. Interestingly, the name ‘banyan’ came about when early Portuguese travellers to India noted that traders, or banias, set up shop in the shade of these enormous trees. Eventually the Gujarati word for ‘merchant’ became the name of the tree itself. When traveling in the fascinating country of Bangladesh, be sure to take note of the most unusual banyan tree.
Sounds of the Universe

**Sounds of the Universe** is the twelfth studio album by Depeche Mode. The album was released on 21 April 2009. It was first and only studio album with label Virgin Records and Capitol Records. It was also the first album since 2005, when they released Playing the Angel.
Johnny Gimble

**John Paul** "**Johnny**" **Gimble** (May 30, 1926 – May 9, 2015) was an American country musician. He played the fiddle and worked in the Western swing genre. From the 1970s, he won five Best Instrumentalist awards from the Country Music Awards and eight Best Fiddle Player awards from the Academy of Country Music.

He worked with musicians including Merle Haggard, Willie Nelson, Chet Atkins, Carrie Underwood and Ray Price. He appeared on _Austin City Limits_ and Garrison Keillor's broadcasts. He was also a member of the Million Dollar Band and his last album was _Celebrating with Friends_ (2010). Gimble was nominated for a Grammy Award.

Gimble was born in Tyler, Texas. He had many strokes in his later life and died on May 9, 2015 in Dripping Springs, Texas. He was 88.
Rutger Gunnarsson

**Rutger Gunnarsson** (12 February 1946 – 8 May 2015) was a Swedish musician, bass guitarist, arranger and record producer. He was best known as a bassist for ABBA on tours and their albums, serving as a Kapellmeister. He also worked with artists including Celine Dion, Westlife, Elton John, Adam Ant, Bobbysocks, Gwen Stefani, Elin Lanto, Joyride and Alla Pugacheva.

Gunnarsson was born in Linköping Municipality, Östergötland County. He died in Stockholm, aged 69.
Ontario Heritage Act

The **Ontario Heritage Act** is a law that was made on March 5, 1975. It lets the Province of Ontario and cities protect important buildings and other places. These places are called **designated heritage properties**.

## Listing a place under the _Act_

If a place is listed as an important place under the _Act_, the person who owns the place needs to ask the government of their city to let them change any of the important parts of the place. They also need to ask the government to let them destroy any buildings.

## Changes to the law

Before 2005, people could still destroy buildings that were listed as important, even if the government of the city did not want to let them. They did this by waiting for 180 days after asking to destroy the building. Once 180 days were over, if the people who owned the buildings did not agree with the government of the city, the people who owned the buildings could destroy the building.

In 2005, the provincial government changed the Act.  People who own important buildings are not allowed to destroy the buildings any more if the government of the city does not let them. If the government of the city does not let them destroy the building, they are allowed to ask the Conservation Review Board to let them do it anyway. If the Conservation Review Board does not let them destroy the building, then the person who owns the building is not allowed to destroy the building.

The change also says that people who own important buildings must take care of them so that the buildings will not fall.

## Problems

There are some problems with the Ontario Heritage Act. Sometimes the government of a city will say that a place is important because they do not want anyone to make changes to the place, even though the place is not important. For example, one city said that a golf course was important because someone wanted to build houses there instead.

Another problem is that there are a lot of old churches that are important, but the people who use the churches sometimes need to make changes to the buildings because of their religion. The government of the city needs to be careful to let the people practice their religion but also needs to take care of the building.

Another problem is that there are a lot of buildings in Ontario that belong to the Government of Canada. These buildings are not protected by the _Act_. The Government of Canada has laws that protect some of these buildings, but not all of them.

## Other websites

- Ontario Heritage Act
- Canadian Register of Historic Places, search for sites designated under the Ontario Heritage Act
- Ontario Heritage Toolkit
- List of designated heritage properties in Toronto
Terrence Prendergast

**Terrence Thomas Prendergast, SJ** (born 19 February 1944) is the Archbishop of Ottawa, Canada. He was formerly the Archbishop of Halifax. Prior to that he was the titular (in title only) Bishop of Slebte and Auxiliary Bishop of Toronto.

## Early life

Prendergast was born in Montreal. He became a Jesuit priest in 1972. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Fordham University. He then studied at Regis College, Toronto School of Theology, which was a part of Saint Mary's University in Halifax. There he earned a Master of Divinity and a Doctor of Theology degree.

## Professor

Prendergast taught Latin and Greek at Loyola High School in Montreal from 1967 to 1969. After he became a priest and earned his Doctor of Theology degree, he taught in Halifax at the Atlantic School of Theology from 1975 to 1981. He was the rector of Toronto's Regis College from 1981 to 1987, and its Dean of Theology from 1991 to 1994.  From 1992 to 1994 he helped Bishop Frederick Henry visit English-language Canadian seminaries for the Vatican. When he was asked to be Auxiliary Bishop of Toronto in 1995, he was a Visiting Professor at the École Biblique in Jerusalem.

## Bishop

Prendergast was chosen to become titular Bishop of Slebte and Auxiliary Bishop of Toronto on February 22, 1995. Prendergast was consecrated in St. Michael's Cathedral, Toronto, on April 25, 1995.

He became Archbishop of Halifax on September 14, 1998.  The Archbishop of Halifax is in charge of dioceses in the provinces of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Prendergast also became the Chancellor of Saint Mary's University in Halifax. This is because the university always had the archbishop as its chancellor. In 2007 the archdiocese and the university decided that the Archbishop would not be the chancellor anymore. Instead, he would be called the "Visitor" to the university.

Prendergast became the ninth Archbishop of Ottawa on June 26, 2007. He is also the Chancellor of Saint Paul University as the university has always had the archbishop as its chancellor.

## Other

Archbishop Prendergast has a sister and three brothers. He is devoted to his many nieces and nephews, as well as to his Jesuit religious family. His hobbies include squash, cycling, skating, foreign films and Italian cooking.
Craig Gruber

**Craig Gruber** (June 22, 1951 – May 5, 2015) was an American rock bassist and musician. He was best known as the original bassist in the English band Rainbow. He also played in Elf with vocalist Ronnie James Dio, keyboardist Mickey Lee Soule, drummer Gary Driscoll and guitarist David Feinstein.

Gruber died from prostate cancer on May 5, 2015 in Florida, aged 63.
Dufferin County

**Dufferin County** is a county and census division in Ontario, Canada. The county seat is Orangeville. The county covers 1,486.77 square kilometers (574.05 square miles) and its population in 2021 is 66,257.

Dufferin County was formed in 1881 from parts of Grey County, Simcoe County, and Wellington County, Ontario. It was named after Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, who was the Governor General of Canada from 1872 to 1878.

The county has four towns:
- Grand Valley
- Mono
- Orangeville
- Shelburne
It also has four townships:
- Amaranth
- East Garafraxa
- Melancthon
- Mulmur
Haliburton County

**Haliburton County** is a county in Ontario, Canada. The county seat is Minden Hills. It was named after Thomas Chandler Haliburton, who helped bring settlers into the area. The county covers an area of 4,009.47 square kilometers (1,548.07 square miles) and has a population of 20,571, according to the 2021 census.

There are two townships in Haliburton: Algonquin Highlands and Minden Hills. It also has two municipalities: Dysart et al and Highlands East.

The county is a popular place for toruism, because there are so many lakes and rivers in the county for activities such as fishing and camping. Some of the popular places for tourists to visit are Boshkung Lake, Haliburton Lake, and Kawagama Lake, which is the largest lake in the county.
Dysart et al, Ontario

**Dysart et al**, is the Corporation of the United Townships of Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde. Dysart et al is a municipality in Haliburton County in Central Ontario, Canada. With 68 letters, it is the longest name of any place in Canada. According to the Canada 2021 Census, it had a population of 7,182.

## Other websites

- Municipality of Dysart et al

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dysart et al
- **official name**: United Townships of Dysart, Dudley, Harcourt, Guilford, Harburn, Bruton, Havelock, Eyre and Clyde
- **settlement type**: List of township municipalities in Ontario, United township (List of municipalities in Ontario#Lower-tier municipalities, lower-tier)
- **motto**: Confidently yet cautiously
- **image skyline**: Haliburton ON 2.JPG
- **pushpin map**: CAN ON Haliburton#Canada Southern Ontario
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Haliburton County, Haliburton
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1860s
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: January 7, 1867
- **government type**: Township
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Murray Fearrey
- **leader title1**: Federal riding
- **leader name1**: Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock (federal electoral district), Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock
- **leader title2**: Prov. riding
- **leader name2**: Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock (provincial electoral district), Haliburton—Kawartha Lakes—Brock
- **area land km2**: 1474.22
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 7182
- **population density km2**: 4.9
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: Canadian postal code, Postal Code
- **postal code**: K0M
- **area code**: Area codes 705 and 249, 705, 249
David Defiagbon

**David Dejiro Defiagbon** (12 June 1970 – 24 November 2018) was a Nigerian-Canadian boxer. He competed for Canada at the 1996 Summer Olympics.

## History

Defiagbon competed at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland, New Zealand. He won gold after defeating Greg Johnson. He fought for Nigeria at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. He was defeated in the first round of the light middleweight division by Raúl Márquez 7 to 8.

At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, Defiagbon competed for Canada and was able to win a silver medal after he defeated Nate Jones. He was defeated by Félix Savón.

Defiagbon died of a heart attack in Las Vegas, Nevada on 28 November 2018 at the age of 48.

## Other websites

- Canadian Olympic team profile

## Infobox (boxer)

- **name**: David Defiagbon
- **realname**: David Dejiro Defiagbon
- **nickname**: The Dream
- **weight**: Heavyweight
- **nationality**: Nigerian
- **death place**: Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, U.S.
- **birth place**: Sapele, Delta, Sapele, Nigeria
- **home**: Halifax Regional Municipality, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- **style**: orthodox (boxing), Orthodox
- **total**: 23
- **wins**: 21
- **ko**: 12
- **losses**: 2
- **draws**: 0
Myxophaga

**Myxophaga** is a small suborder of beetles. There are about  65 species of tiny beetles in four families.

They are aquatic or semi-aquatic, and feed on algae.
Archostemata

**Archostemata** is the smallest suborder of beetles. There are less than fifty known species.

Archostemata is an ancient lineage with a number of primitive characteristics.  They are similar to the first beetles, which appear in the fossil record about 250 million years ago. The suborder contains the only paedogenic beetles, _Micromalthus debilis_.

These beetles are rare. Fossil deposits from the Permian suggest that Archostemata were once much more common and were widespread over the globe. The species which remain are just scattered vestiges of their former population.

"Abundant cladistic and fossil evidence shows the Archostematans are the basal suborder of [true] beetles",

## References

- White, Richard E. 1983. _A field guide to beetles of North America_. Houghton Mifflin.

## Other websites

- Tree of Life - Archostemata
Protocoleoptera

The **Protocoleoptera** are the earliest beetles in the fossil record.
- "The oldest stem-group coleopterid is early Permian, 280 mya (million years ago)... true Coleoptera did not appear until the Triassic 230mya".

Interpreting the early fossil record of beetles has been difficult because their forewings are modified as elytra. So no wing veins are visible. Wing veins are the main way insect specialists classify insects.

## Other sources

- Arnol'di L.V. _et al_ 1977. _Mesozoic Coleoptera_. transl. 1991. Simthsonian Inst. Libraries & U.S. National Science Foundation, Washington D.C.
- Crowson R.A. 1981. _The biology of the Coleoptera_. London: Academic Press.
- Ponomarenko A.C. 2003. Ecological evolution of beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera). _Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia_ **46** (suppl.) 316–328.
Mark Leduc

**Mark Leduc** (May 4, 1962 – July 22, 2009) was a Canadian boxer. He competed for Canada at the 1992 Summer Olympics.

## Career

Leduc began his training in the East End of Toronto. His parents divorced when he was 15 and he had to live on the streets. Leduc was arrested for robbing a jewellery store at gunpoint and he was sentenced to spend six years at the Collins Bay Penitentiary in Kingston, Ontario. He was released from prison after serving 3 years.

At the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, Leduc competed for Canada and was able to win a silver medal. He defeated Leonard Doroftei 13-6 and was defeated by Héctor Vinent 1-11. In 1992, he turned pro and he had limited success. He recorded a record of 4-1-0 after losing to Michel Galarneau and retired.

In 1993, Leduc spoke on CBC Radio's documentary "The Last Closet" about being a gay athlete. He was not ready to come out yet and he spoke anonymously and through a voice filter. He officially came out as gay on the TV documentary _For the Love of the Game_ in 1994.

On July 22, 2009, Leduc collapsed in the sauna of a local hotel in Toronto and died. Doctors said that he may have died due to heat stroke.

## Other websites

- Canadian Olympic team profile

## Infobox (boxer)

- **name**: Mark Leduc
- **weight**: Light welterweight, Super lightweight
- **nationality**: Canadian
- **birth place**: Toronto, Ontario
- **death place**: Toronto, Ontario
- **total**: 5
- **wins**: 3
- **ko**: 2
- **losses**: 0
- **draws**: 0


## Infobox (sportsperson)
Milton, Stirling

**Milton** is a hamlet in Stirling, Scotland near the bigger village Aberfoyle. It was named after a mill that is no longer used. The mill has a cast iron millwheel from 1667.

## Other websites

- Canmore - Forth House, Milton, Aberfoyle site record
- Canmore - Milton, Jean Macalpine's Inn site record

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Scotland
- **official name**: Milton
- **gaelic name**: Baile a' Mhuilinn
- **population**: 98
- **os grid reference**: NN505016
- **civil parish**: Aberfoyle, Stirling, Aberfoyle
- **unitary scotland**: Stirling (council area), Stirling
- **lieutenancy scotland**: Stirling and Falkirk
- **constituency westminster**: Stirling (UK Parliament constituency), Stirling
- **constituency scottish parliament**: Stirling (Scottish Parliament constituency), Stirling
- **post town**: Stirling
- **postcode area**: FK
- **postcode district**: FK8
- **dial code**: 01786
- **static image name**: Milton - geograph.org.uk - 200870.jpg
- **static image caption**: Hillside to the north of Milton