juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tenju

**Tenju** (天授) was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Bunchū and before Kōwa.  This period started in May 1375 and ended in February 1381.  The Southern Court monarch in Yoshino during this time was .  The Northern Court pretender in Kyoto was .

## Events of the _Tenju_ era

- **1375** (_Tenju 1_): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu visits Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū.
- **1377** (_Tenju 3_): Goryeo diplomatic envoy Jeong Mongju met with the  in Kyūshū, Imagawa Ryōshun. The diplomats discussed steps to control pirates (_wakō_).
- **1378** (_Tenju 4_): Yoshimitsu moved into his new home in Muromachi; and the luxurious house and grounds are called _Hana-no-Gosho_
- **26 July 1380** (_Tenju 6, 24th day of the 6th month_): Former pretender Kōmyō died at age 60.

## Northern Court _nengō_

- Eiwa, 1375–1379
- Kōryaku, 1379–1381

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Tenju|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1375|1376|1377|1378|1379|1380|1381|
Kōwa (Muromachi period)

**Kōwa** (弘和) was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) of the Southern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Tenju and before Genchū.  This period started in February 1381 and ended in April 1384.  The Southern Court monarchs in Yoshino during this time-frame were  and .  The Northern Court monarchs in Kyoto were  and

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kōwa|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1381|1382|1383|1384|
Ryakuō

was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kemmu and before Kōei. The period started in August 1338 and ended in April 1342.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Kōmyō's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the _Ryakuō_ era

- **28 August 1338** (_Ryakuō 1, 13th day of the 7th month_): Ashikaga forces burned Daikaku-ji.
- **19 September 1339** (_Ryakuō 3, 16th day of the 8th month_): Emperor Go-Daigo died.
- **1340** (_Ryakuō 3_): Sightings of a "broom star" (comet) are recorded.

## Southern Court _nengō_

- Engen, 1336–1340
- Kōkoku, 1340–1346

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Ryakuō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1338|1339|1340|1341|1342|
Kōei (era)

- _This article is about the Japanese era name.  For the software company, see Koei._

was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Ryakuō and before Jōwa. This period started in April 1342 and ended in October 1345.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Kōmyō's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time-frame was .

## Events of the _Kōei_ era

- **1342** (_Kōei 1, 2nd month_):  was removed from his position as Prime Minister (_daijō daijin_).
- **1342** (_Kōei 1, 12th month_): The mother of Ashikaga Takauji died.
- **1343** (_Kōei 2, 4th month_): Nijō Yoshimoto, the author of _Masukagami_, was made Minister of the Right (_udaijin_).
- **1344** (_Kōei 3, 1st month_): Shogun Takauji offered prayers at Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū.

## Southern Court _nengō_

- Kakitsu, 1441–1444
- Bun'an, 1444–1449

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kōei|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1342|1343|1344|1345|
Women's movies

**Women's movies** is a movie genre.  These movies are ones that moviemakers expect women to like. They are about women. They have themes that moviemakers think would interest women such as home, family life, being a mother, making sacrifices, and romance.  Women's movies are movies that were made _for_ women by predominantly male screenwriters and directors whereas "women's cinema" is movies that have been made _by_ women. Women's movies have been made for years and years, ever since the silent movie days. It took a while for the term "woman's movie" to be used though. These movies were called "melodramas" at first. They were very popular during World War II. Their production fell off in the 1960s. The term "woman's movie" went south in the 1960s even though such movies were still being made. George Cukor, Douglas Sirk, Max Ophüls, and Josef von Sternberg directed woman's movies.  Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, and Barbara Stanwyck made many woman's movies.  _Mildred Pierce_, _Jezebel_ and _Stella Dallas_ are examples of woman's movies.
Handshakes and Middle Fingers

***Handshakes and Middle Fingers*** is the second major release studio album by Canadian rapper, Classified. _Handshakes and Middle Fingers_ was released on March 22, 2011. The album spawned three singles "That Ain't Classy", "The Day Doesn't Die" and "Maybe It's Just Me". "That Ain't Classy" peaked at #45 on the Canadian Hot 100 while "The Day Doesn't Die" peaked at #83 on the Canadian Hot 100. The album peaked at #7 on the Canadian Albums Chart and also hit #2 on the iTunes top seller list.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Handshakes and Middle Fingers
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Classified (rapper), Classified
- **released**: March 22, 2011 <small>(Canada/U.S.)</small>
- **genre**: hip hop music, Hip-hop
- **length**: 57:11
- **label**: Halflife Records/Sony Records
- **prev title**: Self Explanatory (Classified album), Self Explanatory
(2009)
- **next title**: Classified (Classified album), Classified
(2013)
The Wedding Singer

***The Wedding Singer*** is a 1998 American romantic comedy movie starring Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore. It follows a wedding singer falling in love with a waitress in 1984.
Rafael Landry Tanubrata

**Rafael Landry Tanubrata** (born in Garut, West Java, Indonesia, November 16, 1986)  is an Indonesian pop, businessperson and R&B singer-songwriter, hip hop dancer and actor. He is a member of the boy band SM*SH.

## Biography

Rafael Landry Tanubrata born in November 16, 1986 star sign in Scorpio. favorite song Daniel Bedingfield "If You're Not the One" (2002) and Mario "Let Me Love You" (2004).

## TV series

- Cinta Cenat Cenut (2011) as Rafael
- Cinta Cenat Cenut 2 (2011) as Rafael
- Cinta Cenat Cenut 3 (2012) as Rafael

## Discography

- Vokalis band (2003) (before joining SM*SH)
- SM*SH (2010) as a member SM*SH
- Step Forward (2012) as a member SM*SH

### Solo singles

- "_Tiada Kata Berpisah (There is no word Split)_" (2015)

## Other websites

- Sm*sh: Boyband Asli Indonesia
- Official SM*SH Website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rafael Tan
- **birthname**: Rafael Landry Tanubrata
- **birth place**: Garut, West Java, Indonesia
- **occupation**: Singer, Businessperson, Presenter, Celebrity, Dancer
- **height**: 178 cm
- **nationality**: Indonesia, Indonesian
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Contemporary R&B, R&B, Dance music, Dance, Jazz, Soul music, Soul
- **label**: Ancora Music, Ancora, Star Signal, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony
- **associated acts**: SM*SH
In Search of the Castaways

***In Search of the Castaways*** is a 1962 Walt Disney Productions movie. It stars Hayley Mills, George Sanders, and Maurice Chevalier. The movie was directed by Robert Stevenson.  It was based on Jules Verne's 1868 adventure novel _Captain Grant's Children_. The movie was Mills's third of six movies for the Disney Studios. The movie was a box office hit.

The Sherman brothers (Robert B. and Richard M. Sherman) wrote the songs "Castaway", "Merci Beaucoup", "Let's Climb", and "Enjoy It". Movie critic Hal Erickson wrote, "[The movie] is a roller-coaster of a Disney film, making up in excitement what it lacks in credibility or coherence...the film was ideal Saturday-matinee fodder for the kiddie trade in 1963."

## Cast

- Hayley Mills as Mary Grant, Captain Grant's daughter
- Keith Hamshere as Robert Grant, Captain Grant's son
- Jack Gwillim as Captain Grant, a castaway
- Maurice Chevalier as Jacques Paganel, friend to Mary and Robert
- Wilfrid Hyde-White as Lord Glenarvan
- Michael Anderson, Jr. as John Glenarvan, his son
- George Sanders as Thomas Ayerton
- Wilfrid Brambell as Bill Gaye, a castaway
- Antonio Cifariello as Thalcave, Indian Chief
- Inia Te Wiata as Maori Chief

## Story

Teenager Mary Grant, her brother Robert, and their friend Professor Paganel, persuade Lord Glenarvan to rescue shipwrecked Captain Grant. They sail halfway around the world on Lord Glenarvan's yacht. The friends survive an earthquake, a flood, a fire, an attack by a giant condor, and a volcanic eruption before rescuing Captain Grant from fierce Maoris.

A subplot involves a criminal named Thomas Ayerton, a former crew-member of Captain Grant's ship. He was responsible for Captain Grant's disappearance. Another subplot involves a romance between Mary and Lord Glenarvan's son John.
Man and the Biosphere Programme

The **Man and the Biosphere Programme** (MAB) is a division of UNESCO that tries to improve and encourage conservation and sustainability around the world. It was created in 1970. Its main focus is a network of biosphere reserves. The programme acts as a kind of forum for exchanging ideas and experiences on sustainable development and management of these reserves. Biosphere reserves are areas that are supposed to develop creative ideas, test them and share the results. To date, there are 621 biosphere reserves in 117 countries.

|**UNESCO Region**|**Number of Biosphere Reserves**|**Number of Countries**|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Africa|||
|Arab states|||
|Asia and the Pacific|||
|Europe and North America|||
|Latin America and the Caribbean|||
_<sup>1</sup>_ <small>_Includes the **Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean**, shared between Morocco and Spain_</small>
_<sup>*</sup><small>Table not up to date</small>_

## Other websites

- Searchable list of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves
- Frequently Asked Questions on Biosphere Reserve
- A-Z of Areas of Biodiverity Importance: Biosphere Reserves (MAB)
Around the World in 80 Days (1956 movie)

***Around the World in 80 Days*** (sometimes written as _Around the World in Eighty Days_) is a 1956 adventure movie. It stars David Niven, Cantinflas, and Shirley MacLaine. It was produced by the Michael Todd Company and released by United Artists. The movie was directed by Michael Anderson.  The screenplay was written by James Poe, John Farrow, and S. J. Perelman. It was based on the novel of the same name by Jules Verne. The music score was composed by Victor Young. The cinematography was by Lionel Lindon. The movie won many Academy Awards, including "Best Picture". Many well known actors made small appearances in the movie. These stars include Charles Boyer, Marlene Dietrich, and Frank Sinatra.
Lake retention time

**Lake retention time** (also called the **residence time** of lake water, or the **water age** or **flushing time**) is the calculated average time that water (or a dissolved substance) spends in a lake. At its simplest this figure is the result of dividing the lake volume by the flow in or out of the lake. It describes the amount of time that is needed for a substance to flow in and out of a lake.
Mysterious Island (1961 movie)

***Mysterious Island*** is a 1961 movie. It was released by Morningside Productions through Columbia Pictures. The movie was based on the book _The Mysterious Island_ by Jules Verne. The movie was produced by Charles H. Schneer and Ray Harryhausen. It was directed by Cy Endfield. The movie was filmed at Shepperton Studios, Shepperton, England as a showcase for Harryhausen's stop-motion animation effects. The music was composed by Bernard Herrmann. The movie stars Michael Craig as Captain Harding; Joan Greenwood as Lady Mary Fairchild; and Herbert Lom as Captain Nemo.

## Story

Union soldiers escape in a hot air balloon from a Confederate prison camp during the American Civil War. They crash-land in the ocean. They are washed ashore on an unknown island where gigantic animals live. The animals are the result of experiments by Captain Nemo. He is an unknown benefactor to the castaways as they struggle to survive on the island. A volcano threatens to erupt. The stranded group escapes from the island on a pirate ship. The volcano destroys the island.  The animated "monsters" that the castaways encounter are a giant crab, a giant flightless bird, giant bees, and a giant cephalopod.
Discharge (hydrology)

In hydrology, **discharge** is the outflow of water from a river or lake or other body of water. The discharge describes how much water flows through, in a certain amount of time. The amount is usually expressed in  (cubic metres per second).

The discharge is the opposite of the inflow.
Bagnolet

**Bagnolet** is a town in the east suburbs of Paris, France. It is 5.2 km (3.2 mi) from the center of Paris and is in the department of Seine-Saint-Denis. About 34,595 people lived there in 2006.

## Education

From 1989 to 1999, the aviation engineering school Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées was in the town.

## Other websites

- Official website (in French)
Orly

**Orly** is a town near Paris, France. It is in the Val-de-Marne département and the Île-de-France region. There are about 21,372 people in the town (as of 2007).

## Education

The École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university) was built at Orly in 1949. It was there from 1949 to 1969. The buildings are still visible from the road going to the airport of Paris Orly.

## Public Hausing

Orly experienced significant growth in the late 1950s. There was an urgent need to house poor families living in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions. Orly responded to Abbé Pierre's call in 1954. It was also intended to house the immigrant workers arriving en masse in the Paris region.
Georges Méliès

**Georges Méliès** (8 December 1861 – 21 January 1938) was a French moviemaker. He led the way in the use of special effects, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography, dissolves, and hand-painted colour in his work. His movies include _Conquest of the Pole_, _A Trip to the Moon_, and _The Impossible Voyage_. These movies involve strange, surreal voyages, like those in Jules Verne's books. These movies are among the most important early science fiction movies. Méliès's _The Haunted Castle_ is an early horror movie.

## Life and work

Méliès was born in Paris, France in 1861. He liked drawing and playing with a puppet theater as a child. He went to the theater often as a young man. About 1888, Méliès bought the Théatre Robert-Houdin and worked there as a magician.  He became obsessed with moviemaking after seeing a movie by Antoine Lumière in 1895. In May 1896, he acquired his own movie camera and set up a movie studio. At the end of 1896, he formed a new company, Star Film.

Méliès began making movies that were three to nine minute long. He wrote, designed, filmed, and acted in nearly all of his movies. He liked putting magic tricks into his movies. While filming a street scene one day, the camera stopped briefly. When Méliès looked at the movie later, he noticed that at the moment of the break, the bus he had been filming suddenly disappeared and new vehicles replaced it. Making items appear and disappear by stopping and starting the camera would become one of his most commonly used movie tricks.

In 1902, Méliès produced his first masterpiece, _A Trip to the Moon_.  It was inspired by several works of the time that speculated about life on the moon. H.G. Wells and Jules Verne wrote about space travel, for instance, and Offenbach composed an opera about a trip to the moon. _Trip_ was a huge success in France. Méliès hoped to make a fortune showing it in the United States. Thomas Edison and other moviemakers made copies of _Trip_ however, and made money on Méliès's work.

## References

- Musser, Charles. _History of the American Cinema: Volume 1, The Emergence of Cinema_. Charles Scribner's Sons, Inc. 1990.

## Other websites

- Georges Méliès: A Brief Biography
- Encyclopedia of World Biography: Georges Méliès

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Georges Méliès
- **image**: Méliès portrait (cropped).png
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **occupation**: Actor, movie director, movie producer
The Haunted Castle

***The Haunted Castle***  is an 1896 three-minute-long French movie written, directed, and produced by Georges Méliès. The movie contains many traditional pantomime elements. It was meant to amuse people, not frighten them. It is considered to be the first horror and vampire movie. _The Haunted Castle_ is now in the public domain. In English, this movie has been known as _The Haunted Castle_, _The Devil's Castle_, _The Devil's Manor_, _The Manor of the Devil_, and _The House of the Devil_. It was released on Christmas Eve, 1896, at the Theatre Robert Houdin, 8 boulevard des Italiens, Paris.

## Story

A large bat flies into a castle. The bat circles slowly while flapping its monstrous wings. Suddenly, it changes into Mephistopheles (Georges Méliès). After preparing a cauldron, the demon produces skeletons, ghosts, and witches from the bubbling contents of a cauldron.  One of those summoned from the underworld holds up a crucifix. Satan vanishes in a blast of smoke.

## Other websites

- Free download at https://archive.org/details/LeManoirDuDiable-GeorgesMelies1986
Koei

, also known as , is a Japanese video game publisher, developer, and distributor.

## History

In 2009, Koei merged with a competitor, Tecmo.

The new company was named Tecmo Koei.
Computer speaker

**Computer speaker** is oupout device for computer, to play sounds and music. Speakers contain amplifiers which vibrate to produce the sound. They come in many different forms. Some speakers are already attached to a computer. Some speakers are wireless. They work by Bluetooth.
Triodia

***Triodia*** is a large genus of grass endemic to Australia. They are often called **spinifex**, but they are not a part of the genus _Spinifex_, which is only found near the coast. There are 64 known species. Triodia is a perennial grass that grows in dry areas. They have spikey, pointed leaves, about 30-40 centimetres long.

The leaf tips can break off in people's skin, causing infections. Spinifex has been used by Australian Aborigines in many things. The seeds are collected for food. Spinifex resin is used as a glue in spear-making. The grasses were also burned to make smoke signals, to communicate with groups a long way away. Some species are used for building shelters. Others are used to make traps for catching fish.

## References

- Lazarides, M. (1997). "A revision of Triodia including Plectrachne (Poaceae, Eragrostideae, Triodiinae)." Australian Systematic Botany 10: 381-489.
- Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The grass genera of the world: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval; including synonyms, morphology, anatomy, physiology, phytochemistry, cytology, classification, pathogens, world and local distribution, and references. Version: 28 November 2005

## Other websites

- Macquarie University's "Hummock Grasslands in Australia"
Alpine marmot

The **Alpine marmot** is a species of marmot. It can be found in mountain regions of central and southern Europe. It is the third-largest rodent on the European continent. The Eurasian beaver and the Crested porcupine are both larger than it.  Alpine marmots mature in their third year. For this reason, marmots live in family groups of up to twenty animals. Alpine marmots have been around since the ice age. Today, their range is limited to the higher mountain regions.
Western Christianity

**Western Christianity** is a part of the Christian religion. Western Christianity talks about the religious traditions of Christians whose ancestors were from Western Europe.

Western Christianity includes people who are members of the Catholic Church, as well as people who are members of Protestant churches.  The Protestant churches were formed by people who were former members of the Catholic Church.  Many Protestant churches started during the Protestant Reformation in about 1600.

As the Protestant leaders were former members of the Catholic Church, Protestants share many, but not all, religious beliefs and religious traditions with Catholics.  However, Western Christianity is different from Eastern Christianity, which has a different set of religious traditions, but many of the same religious beliefs.

## Western denominations

Western Christianity makes up about 90% of Christians worldwide. The Roman Catholic Church has over half of all Christians. The many Protestant and related denominations make up another 40%. Baptists, Lutherans, and Anglicans are some of the larger and older Western denominations which are not the Roman Catholic Church.

## Related pages

- Holy Roman Empire
- Lutheranism
- Protestant Reformation
- Western churches
Paul Signac

**Paul Signac** (11 November 1863 – 15 August 1935) was a French neo-impressionist painter. His work with Georges Seurat helped create the pointillist style of painting.
FIFA (video game series)

***FIFA***, also known as ***FIFA Football***, ***FIFA Soccer*** or as of late ***FC***, is a series of association football video games, released yearly by Electronic Arts. The most recent FIFA game released was _FC25_ released September 27, 2024.

The _FIFA_ video games franchise has versions in 10+ languages.  It is available in 50+ countries. The series has sold more than 100 million copies.

## List

- _FIFA International Soccer_
- _FIFA Soccer 95_
- _FIFA Soccer 96_
- _FIFA 97_
- _FIFA: Road to World Cup 98_
- _FIFA 99_
- _FIFA 2000_ (PS2)
- _FIFA 2001_ PS2
- _FIFA Football 2002_ (PS2)
- _FIFA Football 2003_ (PS2)
- _FIFA Football 2004_ (PS2)
- _FIFA Football 2005_ (PS2)
- _FIFA 06_ (PS2)
- _FIFA 07_ (PS3)
- _FIFA 08_ (PS3)
- _FIFA 09_ (PS3)
- _FIFA 10_ (PS3)
- _FIFA 11_ (PS3)
- _FIFA 12_ (PS3)
- _FIFA 13_ (PS3)
- _FIFA 14_ (PS4)
- _FIFA 15_ (Xbox One) (Feel the Game)
- _FIFA 16_ (Xbox One) (PS4)
- _FIFA 17_ (Xbox One) (PS4)
    - _FIFA Mobile 17_ (Android) (iOS)
- _FIFA 18_ (Xbox One) (PS4) (Nintendo Switch)
    - _FIFA Mobile 18_ (Android) (iOS)
- _FIFA 19_
- _FIFA 20_
- _FIFA 21_
- _FIFA 22_
- _FIFA 23_

## Other websites

- Official website
- EA Sports Football

## Infobox (video game series)

- **title**: _FIFA_ series
- **image**: FIFA series logo (2020-2023).svg
- **caption**: _FIFA_ series logo used since 2020
- **developer**: EA Sports
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
- **released**: Annually, 1993–present
- **genre**: Sports game
- **modes**: Single player, multiplayer (all versions)
- **platforms**: **Current:**
Microsoft Windows, Xbox One, Xbox 360, Playstation 4, PS4, PlayStation 3, PS3, PlayStation Portable, PSP, PlayStation 2, PS2, Mobile Phone, Nintendo 3DS, Wii, PlayStation Vita, PSV, iOS, Nintendo Switch

**Notable past systems:**
Mega Drive, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, SNES, PlayStation, Nintendo GameCube, Xbox, Game Boy Advance, Sega Saturn, Nintendo 64, Game Boy, Game Boy Color, Nintendo DS, 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, 3DO, Sega 32X, Sega Game Gear, Sega Master System, Sega Mega-CD, Sega CD, Amiga, Nokia N-gage, Gizmondo, DOS
- **first release version**: _FIFA (video game series)#FIFA International Soccer, FIFA International Soccer_
- **first release date**: July 15, 1993
- **latest release version**: ''FIFA 23
ABC Kids

**ABC Kids** may refer to:
- ABC Kids (Australia), a part-time digital TV channel for preschoolers from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation
- ABC Kids (TV programming block), a defunct youth's programming block on American Broadcasting Company in the United States, 1997 to 2011

## Related pages

- ABC
FIFA 14

***FIFA 14*** is a 2013 association football simulation video game created by EA Canada and published by Electronic Arts. It was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo 3DS, and Microsoft Windows. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions were released on the consoles' respective launch dates. It is the only game to be released on three different PlayStation consoles (PS2, PS3, and PS4). Lionel Messi is the cover athlete of the game. Since it was released on September 23, 2013, it has gotten good reviews.

## Teams

Leagues/International teams in **bold** are licensed.

## Infobox (video game)
Biosphere reserve

A **biosphere reserve** is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a label given by the UNESCO to help protect the sites. The plan is to promote management, research and education in ecosystem conservation. This includes the 'sustainable use of natural resources'. If, for example, fish or trees are taken for human use, this is done in ways which least damage the ecosystem.

A biosphere reserve consists of three zones:
- i) Core zone: No human activity is permitted in this zone.
- ii) Buffer zone: It surrounds the core area, where a limited access permits to local people for the gathering of resources.
- iii) Free zones: It is the outermost zone, which is open to human settlements and resource gathering.

The program is run by UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Program. It has started a World Network of Biosphere Reserves. The MAB program has built up the World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 1971. Biosphere reserves, exchange knowledge and experiences on new ideas for sustainable development. They are areas used to develop new ways of doing things, test these ways and share the results. The objective is to get a balanced relationship between mankind and nature. The biosphere is very important to humans.
Lake Amadeus

**Lake Amadeus** () is a huge salt lake in the southwest corner of the Northern Territory, in Australia. It is about  north of Uluṟu. The lake is 180 km long and 10 km wide. It is the largest salt lake in the Northern Territory. Because of the dryness of the area, the lake is usually a dry salt crust. When it rains enough, water flows through it towards the east. It eventually connects to the Finke River. Lake Amadeus holds up to 600 million tonnes of salt. The groundwater soaks into the ground, and the lake supports several reliable springs.

The first European to find the lake was the explorer Ernest Giles in 1872. He had seen Kata Tjuta from far away and was making his way there. The lake blocked his path. He could not go over it because the dry lake bed was not able to hold the weight of his horses. He described the lake as "an infernal lake of mud and brine". Giles was going to name it "Lake Ferdinand" after Baron Ferdinand von Mueller. But Mueller asked Giles to instead name it after King Amadeus I of Spain. Amadeus had honoured Mueller a few years before.

Lake Amadeus is on Aboriginal land, and is covered by the Katiti and Petermann Aboriginal Land Trusts.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Lake Amadeus
<small>_Pantu_ </small>
- **image lake**: lake amadeus.jpg
- **caption lake**: from space (November 1994)
- **location**: Northern Territory
- **type**: salt lake
- **basin countries**: List of lakes of Australia, Australia
- **length**: 180 km
- **width**: 10 km
- **area**: 1032 km²
- **elevation**: 450 m
Elder Futhark

**Elder Futhark** is the oldest known runic script. It was used by Germanic tribes during the 2nd to 8th century. It consists of 24 different characters that are used like an alphabet; each character represents a sound or syllable. All Germamic tribes used the same form and same language. Its use lasted to the mid 8th century. Scholars are still discussing when it was first used: The oldest known use which is not disputed is a comb on the Vimose inscriptions from Denmark. It dates around the year 160. There are also runes on the Meldorf fibula, which date from the year 50. The inscription on the fibular is made of characters that are probably runes. The problem is that these characters can also represent symbols in the Latin alphabet.

Many of the characters from Elder Futhark resemble Latin or etruscan ones. For this reason, Elder Futhark had probably modelled form Southern Europe. The ordering of the Futhark letters is completely different from other known alphabets. In contrast, the ordering of the Latin alphabet is the same as the Greek one, which preceded it.
Adam Faith

**Adam Faith** (real name Terence Nelhams-Wright, 23 June 1940 – 8 March 2003) was a British singer, actor and journalist.

Faith was born in Acton, London. He died of a heart attack in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire.

## Other websites

- This is It! The Adam Faith website
A Trip to the Moon

***A Trip to the Moon*** is a 1902 French silent movie. It is based loosely on Jules Verne's _From the Earth to the Moon_ and H. G. Wells' _The First Men in the Moon_. In French, the title of the movie is _Le Voyage dans la lune_. The movie was written and directed by Georges Méliès. He had some help from his brother Gaston. The movie runs about 14 minutes. It was very popular when it was shown for the first time. It is the best-known of the many movies made by Méliès. _A Trip to the Moon_ is the first science fiction movie. The movie has many new twists on animation and special effects. One of the most well known images is the one showing a spaceship landing in the Moon's eye. _A Trip to the Moon_ was named one of the 100 greatest movies of the 20th century by _The Village Voice_. It was ranked at #84.

## Story

Six astronomers agree to take a trip to the moon. They build a space capsule in the shape of a bullet. A huge cannon shoots it into space with the help of "marines". These marine are mostly pretty girls in sailor outfits. Some of the marines are men though. The Man in the Moon watches the capsule as it moves toward the moon. He gets hit in the eye.

The astronomers get out of the capsule. They are tired. They unroll their blankets and sleep. A comet passes. The Big Dipper appears with human faces looking out of each star. Snowfall wakes the astronomers. They go into a cavern and find giant mushrooms. One astronomer opens his umbrella. It turns into a giant mushroom.

Selenites appear. They are insectoids that live on the moon. The astronomers fight them. They are captured. They are taken to the Selenite Palace. One astronomer destroys the Chief Selenite. The astronomers run to their space capsule.  They take off. They land in an ocean on Earth. A ship rescues them. A celebration is held in honor of the brave men.

## Other websites

- _Le Voyage dans la lune (A Trip to the Moon)_ on YouTube (hand-colored with narrated stills of missing final scene)
- _Filmsquish _ — Blog-A-Thon of critics celebrating the film
- _Was the Nasa splash down inspired by Georges Méliès? _ — A letter to NASA
- A 192 page book about the film and its color version  by the Technicolor Foundation
Younger Futhark

**Younger Futhark** is a runic script that developed from Elder Futhark, and was used mainly in Scandinavia. Younger Futhark was used form around the year 800. It uses 16 symbols instead of 24, for Elder Futhark. At the same time, the language developed from Proto-Norse to Old Norse, which used more that 16 sounds.
Hard Candy (Madonna album)

***Hard Candy*** is the 11th studio album by American singer-songwriter Madonna. It was released on April 19, 2008 by Warner Bros. The first single from the album, "4 Minutes" has Justin Timberlake and Timbaland singing in it.  It went on to top charts around the world and reached number three on the US _Billboard_ Hot 100.  The second single, "Give It 2 Me", has vocals from Pharrell Williams of The Neptunes.  It reached the top ten in Canada and the UK.

_Hard Candy_ was number one in several countries. Madonna did The Sticky and Sweet Tour to promote the album. _Hard Candy_ has sold over four million copies around the world.
It was certified Gold in the United States for shipments of over 500,000 copies.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Hard Candy
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Madonna
- **released**: April 19, 2008
- **recorded**: 2007–08
- **length**: 56:15
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros.
- **prev title**: Confessions on a Dance Floor
(2005)
- **next title**: MDNA (album), MDNA
(2012)
Dord

**Dord** is a ghost word, a word that was never used, but accidentally added to a dictionary. In 1934, the New International Merriam-Webster Dictionary printed the word, _dord_, defining it as 'density'. Philip Babcock Gove was an editor at Merriam-Webster and became editor-in-chief of Webster's Third New International Dictionary. Gove wrote a letter to the journal American Speech fifteen years after the error was caught. He explained why "Dord" was printed in the second edition of the New International Dictionary. It got through when a slip was sent saying _D or d_. Because the letters were typed with spaces between, it looked like it said "Dord".

In 1939, five years after the dictionary was published, an editor found out that _dord_ was not a word, but the word was not fully removed from the dictionary until 1947. Dord is the only known ghost word in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary's history.
ETalk

***etalk*** (formerly known as ***eTalk Daily***) is a Canadian entertainment news television show. It also serves as the entertainment program for CTV, anchored by Tyrone Edwards. The weekday program airs on CTV at 7:00 p.m. ET/PT and CTV 2 at 7:30 p.m. ET/PT, and also back-to-back on other Bell Media television stations.

### Current

- Tyrone Edwards – Anchor
- Traci Melchor – Senior Correspondent
- Elaine "Lainey" Lui – Senior Correspondent
- Sonia Mangat - correspondent
- Priyanka - correspondent
- Liz Trinnear - correspondent
- Chloe Wilde - correspondent
- Michaella Montana - correspondent

### Former

- Thea Andrews – Co-host
- David Giammarco – Senior Entertainment Reporter
- Anna Cyzon – Reporter
- Jesse Palmer – Reporter
- Jully Black – Celebrity Reporter
- Sophie Grégoire – Quebec Correspondent
- Leah Miller – Correspondent
- Susie Wall – Reporter
- Tanya Kim – Co-Host
- Jessi Cruickshank – Reporter
- Devon Soltendieck - Senior Reporter
- Ben Mulroney – Co-host
- Danielle Graham – Co-host

## Other websites

- website
- https://www.bellmedia.ca/the-lede/tv/ctv/etalk/ The Lede
- https://www.theloop.ca/about-etalk/ The Loop

## Infobox (television)

- **italic title**: no
- **image**: Etalk logo.svg
- **country**: Canada
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 19
- **location**: Bell Media Queen Street
- **runtime**: 30 minutes
- **network**: CTV Television Network, CTV
- **last aired**: present
Edwin S. Porter

**Edwin Stanton Porter** (April 21, 1870 – April 30, 1941) was an early movie pioneer and director. His most important movies are _Life of an American Fireman_ (1903) and _The Great Train Robbery_ (1903).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Edwin Stanton Porter
- **image**: Edwin S Porter.jpg
- **image size**: 175px
- **caption**: Edwin Stanton Porter, 1901 photo
- **birth place**: Connellsville, Pennsylvania
- **death place**: New York City
Life of an American Fireman

***Life of an American Fireman*** is a silent movie. It was made by Edwin S. Porter. It was shot late in 1902. It was distributed early in 1903. It is one of the earliest American storytelling movies. It is about the rescue of a woman and child from a burning building. It has seven scenes and nine shots. Movie expert Charles Musser points out that this movie shows that  the social role of firefighters was changing at the time it was made.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Life of an American Fireman
- **image**: LifeOfAnAmericanFiremanqq01_12_56qq00013.jpg
- **caption**: Opening scene from the film
- **director**: Edwin S. Porter
- **starring**: Arthur White
Vivian Vaughan
- **distributor**: Edison Manufacturing Company
- **released**: 1903
- **country**: United States
Pentane

**Pentane** is an organic compound with the chemical formula of . It is an alkane with five carbon atoms. Usually, "pentane" represents all three isomers (_n_-pentane, isopentane and neopentane). But in the IUPAC, **pentane** only represents _n_-pentane. In the IUPAC, the other two isomers is 2-methylbutane and 2,2-dimethylpropane. Cyclopentane's chemical formula is , so it is **not** an isomer of pentane.

## Isomers

|style="background:#def;"|Common name|**normal pentane** **unbranched pentane** **_n_-pentane**|**isopentane**|**neopentane**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:#def;"|IUPAC name|**pentane**|**2-methylbutane**|**2,2-dimethylpropane**|
|style="background:#def;"|Molecular diagram||||
|style="background:#def;"|Skeletal diagram||||

## Reaction

All isomers of pentane burn with oxygen to make carbon dioxide and water:
- +8->5+6.
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

The **Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem** is one of the last remaining large, nearly intact ecosystems in the northern temperate zone of the Earth. It is partly in Yellowstone National Park.

The Greater Yellow Ecosystem (GYE) is a kind of natural laboratory in landscape ecology and geology. It is a world-renowned recreational site, and home to the animals of Yellowstone.

## History

The Yellowstone National Park boundaries were drawn in 1872 to include all the geothermal basins in the area. By the 1970s, the grizzly bear's (_Ursus arctos_) range in and near the park became the unofficial minimum boundary of a Greater Yellowstone ecosystem. This had at least . Since then, definitions of the greater ecosystem's size have steadily grown larger. A 1994 study listed the size as , while a 1994 speech by a Greater Yellowstone Coalition leader enlarged that to .

In 1985 the United States House of Representatives Subcommittees on Public Lands and National Parks and Recreation held a joint subcommittee hearing on Greater Yellowstone. The result was a 1986 report by the Congressional Research Service which said that different agencies were not working well together, and the area's essential values were at risk.

There are other areas within the Greater Yellowstone area which are managed by federal authorities. They include the Gallatin, Custer, Caribou-Targhee, Bridger-Teton and Shoshone National Forests, the John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway, the National Elk Refuge and Grand Teton National Park. The GYE also includes some private lands around those managed by the U.S. Government.

Outside of Yellowstone National Park, ten wilderness areas have been established in the National Forests since 1966 to get more habitat protection than usual.
Old Frisian

**Old Frisian**  was a language spoken between the 13th and 16th centuries, in the area between the Weser and the Zuiderzee. It is the common ancestor of most of the Frisian languages. Today, laws and deeds written in Old Frisian remain.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Old Frisian
- **region**: Netherlands, Germany, Southern Denmark
- **era**: 8th to 16th centuries
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **fam3**: West Germanic languages, West Germanic
- **fam4**: Ingvaeonic languages, Ingvaeonic
- **fam5**: Anglo-Frisian languages, Anglo–Frisian
- **script**: Anglo-Saxon runes, Futhorc
- **iso3**: ofs
- **glotto**: oldf1241
- **glottorefname**: Old Frisian
- **linglist**: ofs
- **notice**: IPA
- **nativename**: __
Mount Takao

is a mountain in Japan. It is 50 km from the center of Tokyo.  It is in Meiji no Mori Takao Quasi-National Park.

In 1927, Mount Takao was named one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best showed Japan and its culture in the Shōwa period.

## Geography

The city of Hachiōji, Tokyo is at the base of Mount Takao.

Mount Takao is  above sea level.

## Other websites

- Mount Takao website

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mount Takao
- **other name**: 高尾山
- **photo**: Mount Takao 20051023.jpg
- **elevation m**: 599
- **map**: Japan
- **location**: Hachiōji, Tokyo, Hachiōji, Tokyo, Honshū, Japan
- **easiest route**: Chairlift or Funicular & Hiking
Anthony Perkins

**Anthony Perkins** (April 4, 1932 – September 12, 1992) was an American actor. He is best known for his roles in _Psycho_ and its sequels, where he played Norman Bates, a serial killer who suffered from dissociative identity disorder.

Perkins was born in New York City and was the son of actor Osgood Perkins (1892-1937). He moved to Boston, Massachusetts in 1942.

## Personal

He was married to photographer Berry Berenson (1948-2001) from 1973 until his death from AIDS in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California in 1992. The couple had two sons, actor Oz (born 1974) and musician Elvis (born 1976). Berenson was killed in the September 11 terrorist attacks. She was aboard American Airlines Flight 11 when it was hijacked and crashed into the World Trade Center.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anthony Perkins
- **image**: APerkinsPublicityStill.jpg
- **caption**: Paramount publicity still,
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Columbia University
- **years active**: 1953–1992
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **partner(s)**: Tab Hunter (1955–1959)
 Grover Dale (1964–1971)
- **father**: Osgood Perkins
- **mother**: Janet Esselstyn Rane
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man

**Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man** (OMIM) is a database that keeps track of all known human genes.

It list those which cause  genetic disorders, and those which simply cause traits. There are about 8,000 entries for genes, and 15,000 entries for phenotypes, which are (roughly) the feature(s) caused by a person's genes.

When possible it links diseases to specific genes. It provides a useful tool for further research.  OMIM is one of the databases housed in the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). People search it using the NCBI search menus.

## Versions

Mendelian Inheritance in Man was started as books in the early 1960s. The 12th edition is the most recent book. The online version, OMIM, has been available since 1987. NCBI move it to the World Wide Web in 1995. By 2004, OMIM contained more than 15,000 records.

## The MIM code

Every disease and gene is given a six digit number. The first digit in each number tells how the gene or disease is inherited (passed from one generation to the next).

If the initial digit is 1, the trait is autosomal dominant; if 2, autosomal recessive; if 3, X-linked. Each trait defined in this dictionary has a MIM number, the number from the 12th edition of MIM. The MIM number is printed in square brackets with or without an asterisk (asterisks indicate that the mode of inheritance is known; a number symbol (#) before an entry number means that the phenotype can be caused by mutation in any of two or more genes) as appropriate. For example, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease [MIM #312080] is an X-linked recessive disorder.

**Range of MIM codes**: **method of inheritance**
- 100000–299999: Autosomal loci or phenotypes (created before May 15, 1994)
- 300000–399999: X-linked loci or phenotypes
- 400000–499999: Y-linked loci or phenotypes
- 500000–599999: Mitochondrial loci or phenotypes
- 600000–above : Autosomal loci or phenotypes (created after May 15, 1994)

These codes have been used in the medical literature to provide a unified index to genetic diseases.

## Other websites

- OMIM home page
- NCBI
Valdagno

**Valdagno** is a comune in the province of Vicenza, in Italy

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Valdagno
- **official name**: Comune di Valdagno
- **image skyline**: Valdagno Pasubio.jpg
- **image shield**: Valdagno-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Veneto
- **province**: Province of Vicenza, Vicenza (VI)
- **frazioni**: Campotamaso, Castelvecchio, Cerealto, Maglio di Sopra, Massignani, Novale, Piana, San Quirico
- **mayor**: Alberto Neri
- **area total km2**: 50.20
- **population total**: 29454
- **population as of**: 9 June 2008
- **population demonym**: Valdagnesi
- **saint**: St. Clement
- **day**: November 23
- **postal code**: 36078, 36070, 36074
- **area code**: 0445
Un ballo in maschera

***Un ballo in maschera*** (A Masked Ball) is an Italian opera in three acts. The music was written by Giuseppe Verdi. The libretto was written by Antonio Somma. It is based on Eugène Scribe's _Gustave III ou Le Bal Masqué_.

The opera was first performed at the Teatro Appollo in Rome, on February 17, 1859. One of Verdi's richest  middle-period works, it relates the events surrounding the assassination of King Gustav III of Sweden, but because of censorship, the story was transposed to 17th century Boston, with Gustav becoming an English governor, Richard of Warwick. Nowadays, most productions present the opera in its original Swedish setting.

## Principal characters

- Gustavo/Riccardo, King of Sweden in love with Amelia- tenor
- Amelia, a courtier - soprano
- Renato, a courtier and Amelia's husband - baritone
- Ulrica, a fortune teller - mezzo-soprano
- Oscar, a page - soprano
- Samuel, conspirator - bass
- Tom, conspirator - bass
- Silvano, conspirator - baritone

## Sources

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Safety Last!

***Safety Last!*** is a 1923 silent movie. It is a romantic comedy. It stars Harold Lloyd. The image of Lloyd clutching the hands of a large clock as he dangles from the outside of a skyscraper above moving traffic is well known. The movie was very successful and critically hailed. It cemented Lloyd's status as a major figure in early movies. It is still popular with movie buffs. Lloyd performed some of his climbing stunts despite losing a thumb and forefinger in an accident while making a movie four years earlier. The 105th Anniversary movie in Glasgow Royal Concert Hall on Saturday the 6th of May 2028.

## Other websites

- Article at Turner Classic Movies
- A Roger Ebert review
- A filmsite.org review
- Variety.com