juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Josef Bugala

**Josef Bugala** (born August 23, 1908 - February 1, 1999 in St. Leonhard am Hornerwald) was an Austrian football player. He played as goalkeeper. He played also for the Austrian national football team.

## Career

Bugala began his career at Humanitas-Heizhaus Hütteldorf. In 1929 he moved to SK Rapid Wien.  He played there until 1935. In 1930 he won the championship title and the Mitropa Cup. From 1935 to 1946 Josef Bugala played for Post SV Wien. With the club he reached  promotion to the top Austrian league in 1935/36. In 1937 Bugala became Austrian amateur national champion with Post SV. After 1946, Josef Bugala played for small Lower Austrian clubs for several years before ending his career in 1952.

## International

From 1930 to 1931  he played two international matches for Austria . He was part of the extended squad of the Wunderteam. Josef Bugala made his debut for the Austrian national team on 16 November 1930 against Sweden in Vienna. Bugala played his second international match on 17 June 1931 against Switzerland.

## International Statistics

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|Austria|1930|1|0|
|1931|1|0|||

## Honours

- Austrian Champion: 1930 (Rapid Wien)
- Austrian Amateur champion: 1937 (Post SV Wien)
- Mitropacup: 1930 (SK Rapid Wien)
- 2 matches for the Austrian national football team

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Josef Bugala
- **height**: 175 cm
- **position**: Goalkeeper
- **youthyears1**: before 1930
- **youthclubs1**: Humanitas-Heizhaus Hütteldorf
- **years1**: 1930-1935
- **years2**: 1935–1946
- **years3**: 1946-1947
- **years4**: 1947-1949
- **years5**: 1949-1951
- **years6**: 1951-1952
- **years7**: 1952
- **clubs1**: SK Rapid Wien
- **clubs2**: Post SV Wien
- **clubs3**:  ASV Vösendorf
- **clubs4**: SV Neulengbach
- **clubs5**: SV Pressbaum
- **clubs6**: SV Klosterneuburg
- **clubs7**: SV Neulengbach
- **caps1**: 58
- **goals1**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1930-1931
- **nationalteam1**: Austria national football team, Austria
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Rupert of Germany

**Rupert** (5 May 1352 — 18 May 1410) was the Elector Palatine (as **Rupert III**) from 1398 and King of the Romans (King of Germany) from 1400 until his death in 1410. He was the king after Charles IV's son, Wenceslaus got deposed after prince-electors of Maine, Cologne, and Trier met up, and the next day the same 4 electors voted for him.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Rupert
- **title**: King of the Romans (Germany)
Elector Palatine
- **image**:
- **reign**: 21 August 1400 – 18 May 1410
- **coronation**: 6 January 1401
- **predecessor**: Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia, Wenceslaus
- **successor**: Jobst of Moravia
- **reign1**: 6 January 1398 – 18 May 1410
- **predecessor1**: Rupert II, Elector Palatine, Rupert II
- **successor1**: Louis III, Elector Palatine, Louis III
- **house**: House of Wittelsbach, Wittlelsbach
- **father**: Rupert II, Elector Palatine
- **mother**: Beatrice of Sicily (1326–1365), Beatrice of Aragon
- **spouse**: Elisabeth of Nuremberg, Elisabeth of Hohenzollern
- **issue**: Margaret of the Palatinate, Margaret, Duchess of Lorraine
Louis III, Elector Palatine
John, Count Palatine of Neumarkt
Stephen, Count Palatine of Simmern-Zweibrücken
Otto I, Count Palatine of Mosbach
- **birth date**: 5 May 1352
- **birth place**: Amberg, Upper Palatinate
- **death place**: Landskron Castle,
Oppenheim, Electoral Palatinate
- **burial place**: Church of the Holy Spirit, Heidelberg
Borophagus diversidens

***Borophagus diversidens*** ("devouring glutton") is an extinct species of the genus _Borophagus_ of the subfamily Borophaginae, a group of canids native to North America from the late Miocene epoch through the Pliocene epoch 4.9—1.8 Ma.

## References

- Alan Turner, "National Geographic:  Prehistoric Mammals" (Washington, D.C.:  Firecrest Books Ltd., 2004), pp. 112–114.
- Xiaoming Wang, "The Origin and Evolution of the Dog Family"  Accessed 1/30/06.

## Further reading

- Picture of an _Osteoborus_ skull in a museum, from "World of the Wolf."  (Accessed 6/19/06)
- Russell Hunt, "Ecological Polarities Of the North American Family Canidae: A New Approach to Understanding Forty Million Years of Canid Evolution" (Accessed 1/30/06).
- Wang et al., "Phylogenetic Systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora:Canidae)."  _Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History_, No. 243, Nov. 17 1999. (PDF) (Accessed 4/11/06)
Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre

**The Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre** (**VECC**) is a research center run by the Indian government's Department of Atomic Energy.  VECC has three locations in Kolkata and focuses on nuclear science research and developing advanced particle accelerators.  They work with the European Organization for Nuclear Research.  Their main cyclotron, the first of its kind in India, has been running since 16 June 1977 and provides proton, deuteron, alpha and various particle beams to other research institutions.

The center has several key facilities, including the K130 and K500 cyclotrons, a medical cyclotron (Cyclone-30), a Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facility, a computing center, and a radiation medicine center.  They have also a new campus in New Town, Rajarhat for the ANURIB (Advanced National facility for Unstable & Rare-Isotope Beams) project, which will study rare isotopes and is being developed with a Canadian research institute TRIUMF.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre
- **budget**:

- **affiliation**: Homi Bhabha National Institute
- **headquarters**: Bidhannagar, Kolkata
- **location country**: India
- **addnl location city**: New Town, Kolkata, New Town
- **addnl location city2**: Chak Garia
- **leader title**: Director
- **leader name**: Sumit Som
- **abbreviation**: VECC
- **parent organisation**: Department of Atomic Energy
Mannophryne herminae

**Hermina's poison frog** (_Mannophryne herminae_) is a frog.  It lives in Venezuela.

## Home

This frog is awake during the day. It lives near narrow streams in forests on mountains that have lower lands around them. This frog can live in forests that are growing back and in forests that were never cut down. They can also live on big coffee farms and big cocoa farms. Scientists have seen the frog between 0 and 1200 meters above sea level.

There are two national parks in the place where the frog lives San Esteban National Park and Henri Pittier National Park.

## Young

The male frogs sit on rocks and call to the female frogs. The female frogs sometimes fight each other. The female frogs lay eggs in the dead leaves on the ground near streams. After the eggs hatch, the male frogs carry the tadpoles to ponds in the streams.

## Danger

Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out. Human beings start fires, change forests to make farms and towns, and visit the forest in ways that can hurt the frog. The government of Venezuela does not always make people follow the law.

Scientists found the fungus _Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis_ on other animals in the frog's home, but they did not find any on _Mannophyrne herminae_. They think the frog might not die from the disease chytridiomycosis.
Alireza Taghaboni

**Alireza Taghaboni** () (born 1977) is an Iranian architect, author, and educator. He is the founder of NextOffice, an architectural firm in Iran. Taghaboni has designed many modern buildings in Tehran, including the Sharifi-ha House and Cedrus Residential. He is also the Dean of CAAI (the Contemporary Architects Association of Iran).

## Early life and education

Taghaboni was born in Tehran, Iran, in 1977. He studied architecture at the University of Guilan and completed his master's degree in 2002. Later, he earned a Ph.D. in architecture from Islamic Azad University.

## Career

Taghaboni started his career in 2004 and founded his firm, NextOffice, in 2009. He is known for his creative and experimental designs. One of his most famous projects is the Sharifi-ha House, which has a moving facade. He has designed more than 60 projects and teaches architecture at the Center for Contemporary Architecture in Tehran.

## Awards

Taghaboni has won several international and national awards, including:

### International awards

- 2018 Royal Academy Dorfman Award 2018
- 2018 World Architecture Festival (WAF) Award for Guyim Vault House
- 2019 WAF Category Winner
- 2023 WAF Category Winner (three projects)
- 2023 Inside World Festival of Interiors Category Winner

### National awards

- Multiple Memar Awards (for different projects) https://memarmagazine.com/fa/#award
- Façade Design Using Natural Material Competition - 1st Prize
- Best Design for Qazvin Construction Engineering Organization (Q.C.E.O.)

## Books

Taghaboni has written several books about architecture, including:
- _Momas Ba Asar_ (2022)
- _Convergent Book 2020-2021_
- _Against Ideology_
- _Duals - Volume 1_ (2024)
- _Duals - Volume 2_ (2024)

## Personal life

In 2015, he married Zahra Jahani, who is also an architect.

## Other websites

- Interview with Alireza Taghaboni
Corpus spongiosum (penis)

The **corpus spongiosum**  is the mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male urethra within the penis. It is also called the **corpus cavernosum urethrae** in older texts.

## Related pages

- Corpus cavernosum penis
- Spongy urethra
- Trabeculae of corpus spongiosum of penis

## Other websites

- - "The Male Pelvis: The Urethra"

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Corpus spongiosum penis
- **latin**: corpus spongiosum penis
corpus cavernosum urethrae
- **image**: Gray588.png
- **caption**: Cross section of the penis
- **image2**: Grant 1962 197.png
- **caption2**: Lower parts of the genital and urinary tracts in the male
- **width**: 300px
- **part of**: Penis
Kia EV6

The **Kia EV6** is a electric compact Crossover SUV made by Kia since 2021.

## History and Features

The Kia EV6 had its photos revealed in March 2021. later it was launched in August. its the first dedicated electric vehicle from Kia and the first car developed on the Electric Global Modular Platform (E-GMP) simillar to the Hyundai Ioniq 5 and the first car to be named under a new nomenclature designated for a line of electric cars from Kia.

It has a electric motor with 125-430 kW (168-577 hp depending on the version) a single-speed reduction gear transmission and a range of up to 510 km (317 mi) the car has a high-performance version launched in 2022 called EV6 GT that probably go to zero to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 3.5 seconds. the EV6 was later improved in 2024. some of the improvements include a new battery pack.

## Markets

The Kia EV6 is currently sold in Europe. North America. South Korea Australia. New Zealand. Southeast Asian countries. India and Mexico the car won several rewards which include the 2022 European Car of the Year.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Kia EV6
- **image**: 2021 Kia EV6 GT-Line S.jpg
- **caption**: Kia EV6 GT-Line
- **manufacturer**: Kia
- **model code**: CV
- **production**: 2021–present
- **model years**: 2022–present (North America)
- **assembly**: South Korea: Hwaseong, Gyeonggi, Hwaseong (List of Kia design and manufacturing facilities#Autoland Hwasung, Autoland Hwasung)
- **class**: Compact crossover SUV
- **body style**: 5-door SUV
- **platform**: Hyundai E-GMP
- **motor**: Permanent magnet synchronous motor
- **transmission**: Single-speed reduction gear
- **battery**: 58 kWh or 77.4 kWh or 84.0 kWh battery Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides, nickel-cobalt-manganese lithium
- **electric range**: Up to
- **height**:
 (GT)
Kia EV3

The **Kia EV3** is a subcompact Crossover SUV made by Kia since 2024.

## History and Features

The Kia EV3 was previewed by the Kia EV3 concept car shown in October 2023 during Kia's EV Day event. later it was shown at the LA Auto Show in November. the production version was shown in May 2024 with sales starting in South Korea in July. its the fourth model at Kia's EV line of electric cars.

The EV3 chassis is derived from the front-wheel-drive Hyundai-Kia K3 platform the body structure was redesigned for electric cars with Kia selling it as the Electric Global Modular Platform (E-GMP) 400 V architecture it has a electric motor with 150 kW (201 hp) and a range of up to 600 km (373 mi).

## Markets

The Kia EV3 is currently sold in Europe and South Korea.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Kia EV3
- **image**: File:Kia EV3 Auto Zuerich 2024 DSC 6599.jpg
- **caption**: 2024 Kia EV3
- **manufacturer**: Kia
- **model code**: SV
- **production**: 2024–present
- **assembly**: South Korea: Gwangmyeong (List of Kia design and manufacturing facilities#Sohari Plant, Sohari Plant)
Mexico: Monterrey, Nuevo Leon (List of Kia design and manufacturing facilities#Monterrey Plant, KMMX)
- **class**: Subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment, B)
- **body style**: 5-door SUV
- **platform**: Hyundai-Kia K platforms, K3, Hyundai E-GMP, E-GMP (400 V architecture)
- **motor**: Permanent magnet synchronous motor
- **predecessor**: Kia Soul EV
Se Se Seboti

**Se Se Seboti** _(or **Seboti Kaonaba**, also known as **Seboti Kaonabi**)_ refers to both a traditional Meitei game and a Meitei language song, sung during the game. It is very popular among the children of Meitei ethnicity of Manipur. It has traditional cultural meaning and is played by both boys and girls. The game is accompanied by singing, with players singing in a rhythmic pattern.

## Analysis

In the phrase "Nupa Khudei Thanasi," which means "Then let's bid for Khudei," Khudei refers to a short cloth worn by Meitei men around the waist, covering up to the knee (Sanahal, 1969, p. 29). Manipur has always been a place of conflict, with battles between different clans and outsiders from Burma, Shan, Pong, and other areas. The early history of Manipur was marked by continuous fights and challenges, showing the strength and skills of its people.

Meitei martial arts show the rich and unique culture of people who believe in nature spirits. Meitei stories often praise the bravery and strength of men. Seboti Kaonaba is one example, as it helps young boys get stronger. Girls also play a similar game. Manipur grows many tasty fruits and vegetables, like peaches and pears. The fruit called Heitroi (Puneala plum) represents the rich and fertile land of Manipur.

## In popular culture

An eponymous music video album 'Se Se Seboti' by Malem and Matou Production was released in 2023 at Ibotombi Khumancha's home in Yairipok Bishnunaha Pukhri Achouba Mapal. Sur Lai, Anand, and Amrika are the singers featured in the album.
Se Se Seboti is the fifth music video album by Malem and Matou Production, continuing their work to create music that celebrates the region's culture.
Žatec

**Žatec** () is a town in Louny District in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic. About 19,000 people live there. It is on the Ohře river. In 1265, it got the privileges of a royal town from King Ottokar II. In 2023, Žatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Žatec
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Žatec, náměstí Svobody, radnice a trojiční sloup.jpg
- **image caption**: Svobody Square with town hall and Holy Trinity Column
- **image flag**: Vlajka Žatec.png
- **image shield**: Znak města Žatec.png
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of the Czech Republic, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Ústí nad Labem Region, Ústí nad Labem
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of the Czech Republic, District
- **subdivision name2**: Louny District, Louny
- **pushpin map**: Czech Republic
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the Czech Republic
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Radim Laibl
- **established title**: First mentioned
- **established date**: 1004
- **area total km2**: 42.68
- **elevation m**: 233
- **population as of**: 2024-01-01
- **population total**: 19046
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 438 01
Grant Fisher

**Grant Fisher** (born April 22, 1997) is an American middle- and long-distance runner. In 2025, he set world records in two events.  He set the world indoor record in the 3000-meter race at the Millrose Games.  His time was 7:22.91. He set the world indoor record in the 5000-meter race at the Boston University David Hemery Valentine Invitational. His time was 12:44.09.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Grant Fisher
- **image**: 2019 Millrose Games (46319565574).jpg
- **caption**: Fisher running at the 2019 Millrose Games
- **birth name**: Grant Jackson Fisher
- **birth place**: Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: Stanford University
- **hometown**: Grand Blanc, Michigan, U.S.
- **sport**: Track and field#Running, Track, cross country running, cross country
- **event**: Middle-distance running, Middle-, Long-distance running
- **collegeteam**: Stanford Cardinal
- **coach**: Mike Scannell
- **turnedpro**: 2019
- **updated**: August 10, 2024
Situationship

**Situationship** is a new word that gained popularity in recent years. It refers to an unclear romantic relationship, where both parties have sexual feelings for one another without dating.

## Related pages

- Infatuation
- Social psychology
Eislingen

**Eislingen** is a town in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Eislingen-Fils COA.svg
- **image photo**: Ausblick vom Wannenhof nach Eislingen - panoramio (1).jpg
- **image caption**: View of Eislingen from the north
- **image plan**: Eislingen-Fils in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 336
- **area**: 16.41
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117019
- **postal code**: 73054
- **area code**: 07161
- **licence**: GP
- **mayor**: Klaus Heininger
- **leader term**: 2018–26
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Lord Mayor
- **party**: Independent
Gammelshausen

**Gammelshausen** is a municipality in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Gammelshausen Kirche.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Gammelshausen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Gammelshausen in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 442
- **area**: 3.31
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117023
- **postal code**: 73108
- **area code**: 07164
- **licence**: GP
- **mayor**: Daniel Kohl
Gingen an der Fils

**Gingen an der Fils** is a municipality in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: SGingenFils03.jpg
- **image caption**: A view of Gingen
- **image coa**: DEU Gingen an der Fils COA.svg
- **image plan**: Gingen an der Fils in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 384
- **area**: 10.01
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117025
- **postal code**: 73331–73333
- **area code**: 07162
- **licence**: GP
- **mayor**: Marius Hick
- **party**: CDU
Gruibingen

**Gruibingen** is a municipality in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Gruibingen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Gruibingen in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 565
- **area**: 23.05
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117028
- **postal code**: 73344
- **area code**: 07335
- **licence**: GP
- **website**: [http://www.gruibingen.de/ www.gruibingen.de]
- **mayor**: Roland Schweikert
- **leader term**: 2020–28
Viviane Forest

**Viviane Forest** (born 14 May 1979) is a Canadian Paralympic skier.

## Early life

Viviane was born and grew up in Quebec. She was born nearly blind.

## Career

Forest won a silver medal and a bronze medal at the 2010 Winter Paralympics.

She won gold at the 2010 Winter Paralympics in Whistler Creekside. This made her the first para-athlete to win a gold in both the Winter and Summer Games.

In 2013, Forest announced her retirement from sports. She was added to the Canadian Paralympic Hall of Fame in 2019.
Wright StreetCar

The **Wright StreetCar** is an articulated body of a bus. It had a low-floor. It was made from 2006 to 2009 by Wrightbus.

The StreetCar body was built on the Volvo B7LA chassis.

They were made to look like trams, they were used on FirstGroup's FTR services.

### United Kingdom

In 2006, First York ordered Streetcars for use on route 4 from Acomb to the University of York, the City of York Council had made changes to the road layout so that the Streetcars could fit.

In 2012, First York's StreetCars were withdrawn because the city council didn't want to renew the contract.

In 2012, First York's StreetCars were sent to First Leeds for use on the Leeds-Bradford bus corridor.

In 2015, First York's StreetCars were withdrawn.

In 2007, First Leeds ordered 17 Streetcars.

In 2008, Four spare Streetcars were sent to First Capital Connect to operate its Luton Airport Parkway railway station to Luton Airport shuttle service.

In 2009, First Cymru ordered ten Streetcars for use in Swansea.

In 2015, First Cymru's StreetCars were withdrawn because they were too expensive to run.

### United States

In 2008 and 2009, Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada ordered 50 StreetCar Rapid Transit Vehicles for use on the RTC Transit.

The Streetcar was built on the Carrosserie Hess chassis.

## Other websites

- Wrightbus product description of Volvo B9LA model
- Wrightbus product description of Hybrid model

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Wright StreetCar
- **image**: York ftr.jpg
- **caption**: First York Wright StreetCar in York in April 2007
- **manufacturer**: Wrightbus
- **production**: 2006–2009
- **assembly**: Ballymena, Northern Ireland
- **floortype**: Low-floor bus, Low floor
- **doors**: 2 or 3
- **wheelbase**: (F)
 (R)
- **predecessor**: Wright Eclipse Fusion
Wright Meridian

The **Wright Meridian** was a single-decker body of a bus. It had a low floor. It was made from 2007 to 2009 by Wrightbus.

The Meridian body was built on the MAN NL273F chassis.

The first production vehicle was made as a demonstrator in October 2007. In 2008, Whitelaw's Coaches of Stonehouse purchased the production bus and also ordered five more Meridians.

In 2008, Newbury Buses ordered 2 Meridians.

In 2009, South Lancs Travel ordered 4 Meridians.

In 2009, Premiere Travel of Nottingham ordered 2 Meridians.

## Infobox (bus)

- **name**: Wright Meridian
- **image**: South Lancs Wright Meridian 333.jpg
- **caption**: Diamond Bus North West, South Lancs Travel MAN NLxx3F, MAN NL273F with Wright Meridian bodywork
- **manufacturer**: Wrightbus
- **production**: 2007 - 2009
- **assembly**: Ballymena, Northern Ireland
- **floortype**: Low-floor bus, Low floor
Low-entry bus, Low entry
- **doors**: 1 or 2
- **chassis**: MAN NLxx3F, MAN NL273F
- **engine**: MAN Truck & Bus, MAN
Bindusara

**Bindusara** (320 BCE – 273 BCE) was the second Mauryan emperor of Magadha in ancient India.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **title**: Emperor#Samrajya system, Magadha Samrat
Amitraghata
- **image**: I42 1karshapana Maurya Bindusara MACW4165 1ar (8486583162).jpg
- **alt**: Coin of Bindusara
- **caption**: A silver coin of 1 karshapana of the Maurya empire, period of Bindusara Maurya about 297–273 BC, workshop of Pataliputra. **Obv:** Symbols with a Sun **Rev:** Symbol **Dimensions:** 14 x 11 mm **Weight:** 3.4 g.
- **succession**: List of Maurya emperors, Emperor of Magadha
- **coronation**: c. 297 BCE
- **predecessor**: Chandragupta Maurya
- **successor**: Ashoka
- **religion**: Hindusim
- **succession1**: Yuvaraja, Crown Prince of Mauryan Empire, Magadha
- **predecessor1**: Unknown
- **successor1**: Susima
- **birth place**: Pataliputra, Maurya Empire (Present day Bihar, India)
- **death date**: (aged c. 46  47)
- **death place**: Pataliputra, Maurya Empire (Present day Bihar, India)
- **spouse**: Several wives (16 according to _Mahavamsa_), including the mother of Ashoka (Subhadrangi according to _Ashokavadana_ or Dhamma according to the Sri Lankan tradition)
- **issue**: Susima, Ashoka, Vitashoka
- **dynasty**: Maurya Empire, Maurya
- **father**: Chandragupta Maurya
- **mother**: Durdhara (according to Jain tradition)
- **name**: Bindusara
 बिन्दुसार
Ghatotkacha (king)

**Ghatotkacha** (late 3rd century - early 4th century) was a Gupta king of Northern India. He was a son of the dynasty's founder Gupta, and he was the father of the dynasty's first emperor Chandragupta I.
Wright Endeavour

The **Wright Endeavour** was a body of a bus. It had a step-entrance. It was made from 1992 to 1993 by Wrightbus.

The Endeavour body was built on the Leyland Tiger chassis.

In 1992, Ulsterbus ordered 25 Leyland Tiger Endeavours.

## Infobox (uk bus)

- **name**: Wright Endeavour
- **image**: LUI 9693 Ulsterbus (10440389003).jpg
- **caption**: Leyland Tiger with Wright Endeavour bodywork in September 2012
- **manufacturer**: Wrightbus
- **production**: 1992-1993
- **assembly**: Ballymena, Northern Ireland
- **length**: 12.0 metres
- **width**: 2.5 metres
- **height**: 3.5 metres
- **chassis**: Leyland Tiger
- **floortype**: Step entrance
- **doors**: 1
Kia EV5

The **Kia EV5** is a electric compact Crossover SUV made by Kia since 2023.

## History and Features

The Kia EV5 was previewed by a concept car at Kia's EV day event in March 2023. it was then launched in at the Chengdu Auto Show in August. its the third model from Kia's EV electric vehicle range and is made by Jiangsu Yueda Kia Motors it has a electric motor with 160 or 230 kW (215 or 308 hp) and a range of 665 km or 720 km (413 mi or 447 mi).

## Markets

The Kia EV5 is sold in China, Thailand,Morocco, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Latin America, South Korea and Singapore, and it will be launched in Canada in 2026, although it will not be sold in the United States.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Kia EV5
- **image**: 2024 Kia EV5 Earth Exclusive AWD (Thailand) front view.png
- **manufacturer**: Kia
- **model code**: OV
- **production**: 2023–present (China)
- **assembly**: China: Yancheng (Jiangsu Yueda Kia Motors)
Singapore: Jurong (List of Hyundai Motor Company manufacturing facilities#Hyundai Motor Group Innovation Center in Singapore, HMGICS)
- **class**: Compact crossover SUV
- **body style**: 5-door SUV
- **platform**: Hyundai-Kia N platforms, Hyundai-Kia N3 eK
- **motor**: Permanent magnet synchronous
Yek Salai

A **Yek Salai** () or a **Yek** () or a **Salai** () refers to one member group within a union of seven groups, predominantly in the traditions of the indigenous communities, originated from Kangleipak (present day Manipur). The most notable example of such a union of _7 yek salai groups_ is that of the Meitei confederacy (__). It also exists in other ethnicities, including but not limited to Aimol, Anal, Chiru, Chothe, Inpui, Kabui, Kharam, Koireng, Kom, Lamkang, Liangmei, Mao, Maram, Maring, Moyon, Monshang, Paomai, Purum, Rongmei, Tarao, Thangal, Tangkhul and Zemei groups of people.

### In Meitei ethnicity

|Meitei sub-groups|Romanisation|Note(s)||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Ningthouja (Mangang)|rowspan="7"||
||Luwang|||
||Khuman|||
||Angom|||
||Moirang (Moilang)|||
||Kha Nganpa|||
||Sarang Leishangthem (Salang / Salai Leishangthem)|||

### In other ethnic groups

|Ethnicities|colspan="7"|7 sub-groups in the Yek Salai system|Note(s)|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Anal (Anan)|Murchal|Masum|Pasen|Chantung|Runlal|Yasha|Hrangpung|rowspan="16"||
|Chiru|Samia|Ashou|Achi|Sonam|Anam Bahai|Hua|Achon|||
|Chothe & Kom|Yurung|Thao|Marim|Parpa|Rrangsai|Makal|Rakhung|||
|Inpui|Riamroi|Bariam|Khumba|Inka|Bariamtak|Bariampaan|Balang|||
|Kabui|Kammei|Gangmei|Golmei|Lomgmei|Maringmei|Palmei|Paomei|||
|Koireng|Yaite|Sonthu|Leison|Tumtin|Tente|Walbe|Mikle|||
|Kharam|Sheiphu|Sheichel|Rangla|Rakhou|Seilou|Mareeyam|Kailam|||
|Lamkang|Suwngnem/ Sankhil|Khular|Dilbung|Shilshi|Tholung /Jangvei|Kangten|Leivon; Surte|||
|Mao|Ahui|Amei|Sinmarei|Akonglei|Asus Anem|Khote Lamei|Anui|||
|Maram|Akhanosum|Soute|Ahongnu|Asom|Luklei|Lusae|Hakup|||
|Maring|Dalla|Raj|Dingthoi|Chongdur|Sampur|Thoitak|Thangnga|||
|Moyon and Monsang|Ruin Wangran|Chinir Numgohin|Sason Hungam|Songahir Khartur|Nguru Langrom|Sirbum Turip|Bungehir Charu|||
|Poumai|Alui|Akhet|Ahim|Atao|Amei Hutae|Amei Hutei|Aman|||
|Purum|Haonam|Puinae|Seo|Louten|Hounae|Haotuk|Henttaogh|||
|Tangkhul|Duidang|Sadang|Khodang|Khapudang|Choudang|Sithudand|Kingdang|||
|Tarao|Akheng Lentae|Atoilu|Puinae|Lourrei|Lanchi Siru|Alikleiill na|Alek|||

## Related pages

- Mangang Luwang Khuman
- Apokpa
- Apokpa Marup
- Sanamahism
Hattenhofen, Baden-Württemberg

**Hattenhofen** is a municipality in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Hattenhofen
- **image photo**: Hattenhofen Margret Hofheinz-Döring colorierte Zeichnung.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Hattenhofen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Hattenhofen in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 366
- **area**: 7.64
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117029
- **postal code**: 73110
- **area code**: 07164
- **licence**: GP
- **website**: [http://www.hattenhofen.de/ www.hattenhofen.de]
- **mayor**: Jochen Reutter
- **leader term**: 2019–27
Hattenhofen

**Hattenhofen** is the name of two municipalities in Germany:
- Hattenhofen, Baden-Württemberg, in the district of Göppingen
- Hattenhofen, Bavaria, in the district of Fürstenfeldbruck
Heiningen, Baden-Württemberg

**Heiningen** is a municipality in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Heiningen
- **image coa**: DEU Heiningen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Heiningen in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 381
- **area**: 12.46
- **postal code**: 73092
- **area code**: 07161
- **licence**: GP
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 1 17 030
- **website**: [https://www.heiningen-online.de/ www.heiningen-online.de]
- **mayor**: Matthias Kreuzinger
- **leader term**: 2024–32
Kuchen, Baden-Württemberg

**Kuchen** is a municipality in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Kuchen
- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Ramsfelsen01.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Kuchen from the Ramsfelsen
- **image coa**: DEU Kuchen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Kuchen in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 407
- **area**: 8.95
- **postal code**: 73329
- **area code**: 07331
- **licence**: GP
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 1 17 033
- **mayor**: Bernd Rößner
Lauterstein

**Lauterstein** is a municipality in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It was created on 1 January 1974 from the former municipalities of Nenningen and Weißenstein.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Ansicht Nenningen (Lauterstein) und Galgenberg.jpg
- **image caption**: A view of Nenningen
- **image coa**: DEU Lauterstein COA.svg
- **image plan**: Lauterstein in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 468
- **area**: 23.32
- **postal code**: 73111
- **area code**: 07332
- **licence**: GP
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 1 17 061
- **mayor**: Michael Lenz
Wright Gemini 2

The **Wright Gemini 2** is a double-decker bus and a body of a bus. It had a low-floor. It was made from 2007 to 2013 by Wrightbus.

It was made in two versions; a diesel version called the **Gemini 2 DL**, and a diesel-electric hybrid version called the **Gemini 2 HEV**.

The Gemini 2 DL was built on the VDL DB300 chassis.

In 2014, the Gemini 2 was replaced with the StreetDeck.

## Operators

From 2009 to 2013, Arriva London ordered 322 VDL DB300 Gemini 2s.

First London ordered four VDL DB300 Gemini 2s and London General ordered four DB300 Gemini 2s.

In 2009, A low height model with a flat roof was made, Arriva North East and Arriva Yorkshire ordered the low-height models.

## Gemini 2 HEV

From 2007 to 2008, Wrightbus made a diesel-electric hybrid double-decker bus and body of a bus called the Gemini 2 HEV. It had a low-floor.

### Operators

From 2007 to 2008, Arriva London and First London ordered five Gemini 2 HEVs each for use on routes 141 and 328.

## News articles and books

- Wrightbus leading the hybrid electric way in London Wrightbus 2 October 2008
- Gemini 2 - Wrightbus points the way to the future of double deckers Wrightbus 4 November 2008
- Buses issue 645 December 2008

## Infobox (uk bus)

- **name**: Wright Gemini 2
- **image**: Arriva LJ11 ACY, 38 Route, Clapton Pond..jpg
- **caption**: Arriva London Wright Gemini 2 DL at Clapton Pond in June 2011
- **manufacturer**: Wrightbus
- **production**: 2007 - 2013
- **assembly**: Ballymena, Northern Ireland
- **length**: 10.4 metres
- **width**: 2.52 metres
- **height**: 4.23 or 4.40 metres
- **floortype**: Low-floor bus, Low floor
- **doors**: 1 or 2
- **chassis**: VDL DB300
- **engine**: **Gemini 2 DL**:
Cummins B Series engine, Cummins ISBe 6-cylinder
**Gemini 2 HEV**:
Ford Duratorq engine, Ford Puma
- **transmission**: **Gemini 2 DL**:
Voith / ZF Friedrichshafen
- **predecessor**: Wright Pulsar Gemini
Wright Pulsar Gemini HEV
- **successor**: Wright StreetDeck
Mühlhausen im Täle

**Mühlhausen im Täle** is a municipality in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Muehlhausen IT gr.jpg
- **image coa**: File:DEU Mühlhausen im Täle COA.svg
- **image plan**: Mühlhausen im Täle in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 545
- **area**: 6.33
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117035
- **postal code**: 73347
- **area code**: 07335
- **licence**: GP
- **mayor**: Bernd Schaefer
Ottenbach, Baden-Württemberg

**Ottenbach** is a municipality in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Ottenbach
- **image coa**: Wappen Ottenbach.svg
- **image plan**: Ottenbach in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 399
- **area**: 11.90
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117037
- **postal code**: 73113
- **area code**: 07165
- **licence**: GP
- **website**: [http://www.ottenbach.de/ www.ottenbach.de]
- **mayor**: Oliver Franz
- **leader term**: 2018–26
Torelló

**Torelló** is a municipality of 14,537 people (2021). It is in the province of Barcelona in the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Torelló
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image seal**: Escudo de Torelló (Barcelona).svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain#Catalonia#Spain Province of Barcelona
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision type3**: Comarques of Catalonia, Comarca
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Marçal Ortuño
- **area total km2**: 13.52
- **population total**: 14,537
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 1,075
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 08570
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 08285
Ottenbach

**Ottenbach** is the name of two municipalities in Europe:
- Ottenbach, Baden-Württemberg, a municipality in the district of Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- Ottenbach, Switzerland, a municipality in the district of Affoltern in the canton of Zürich, Switzerland
Rechberghausen

**Rechberghausen** is a municipality in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Rechberghausen.JPG
- **image coa**: DEU Rechberghausen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Rechberghausen in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 339
- **area**: 6.40
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117038
- **postal code**: 73098
- **area code**: 07161
- **licence**: GP
- **website**: [http://www.rechberghausen.de/ www.rechberghausen.de]
- **mayor**: Claudia Dörner
- **leader term**: 2023–31
Uhingen

**Uhingen** is a town in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Rathaus Uhingen.jpg
- **image caption**: The town hall in Uhingen
- **image coa**: Wappen Uhingen.svg
- **image plan**: Uhingen in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 295
- **area**: 24.79
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117051
- **postal code**: 73062–73066
- **area code**: 07161, 07163
- **licence**: GP
- **mayor**: Matthias Wittlinger
- **party**: CDU
Manila Metro Rail Transit System

The **Manila Metro Rail Transit System** (**MRTS**), commonly known as the **MRT** among Manilans, is a rapid transit system that primarily serves Metro Manila in the Philippines. Along with the _Manila Light Rail Transit System_ and the _Metro Commuter Line_ of the Philippine National Railways, the system makes up Metro Manila's rail transport infrastructure. The MRT serves an average daily ridership of 357,198, and an estimated annual ridership of 129,030,158 from a 2023 report.

## Early planning

During the construction of the first line of the Manila _Light Rail Transit System_ (LRT) in the early 1980s, Electrowatt Engineering Services of Zürich designed a comprehensive plan for a metro service in Metro Manila. The plan — still used as the basis for planning new metro lines — consisted of a  network of rapid transit lines spanning all major corridors within 20 years. The study integrated two studies in the 1970s which recommended the construction of five heavy rail lines in Metro Manila, and another study in 1977 which was used as the basis for Manila's LRT _Line 1_.

## Network

There is currently one _light rail_ metro line in operation and three _heavy rail_ lines under construction. There are proposals to extend the system, with at least 49 stations across  of track. Awaiting approvals are for MRT **Lines 8**, **10** and **11**. A further proposal is for a circumferential–radial network for **MRT Line 7**.

|Line|colspan="2"|Termini|Stations|Type|Length|Ref.|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|North Avenue|Taft Avenue|13|Light metro||||
|_North Triangle Common Station_|_San Jose Del Monte_|14|Heavy rail||||
|_EDSA station_|_Taytay_|10|Heavy rail||||
|_East Valenzuela_|_Bicutan_|15|Heavy rail||||

## Infobox (public transit)

- **name**: Manila Metro Rail Transit System
- **image**: MRTC_3000_trains_from_Kamuning_footbridge.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: MRT Line 3 in 2024
- **owner**: Government of the Philippines
- **area served**: Metro Manila
Central Luzon
- **transit type**: Rapid transit
- **lines**: 1 (operational)
2 (under construction)
8 (_planned_)
- **stations**: 13 (present)
 145 (_planned_)
- **operator**: Philippine Department of Transportation
 San Miguel Corporation
- **stock**: _MRTC 3000 class_ and _MRTC 3100 class_ Light rail vehicles
- **vehicles**: 120 vehicles (_operational_)
- **train length**: 3-8 cars
- **headway**: 3.5–4 minutes
- **system length**: (_operational_)
 (_planned_)
- **notrack**: Double-track railway
- **minimum radius of curvature**: **Mainline:**

**Depot:**

- **el**: Overhead lines (Lines 3 & 9)
 Conductor rail (Line 7)
- **average speed**: (line3)
- **top speed**: (line3)
Süßen

**Süßen** (or **Süssen**) is a town in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. It is on the river Fils and 8 km east of Göppingen.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Süßen COA.svg
- **image photo**: SüßenMarienkirche.jpg
- **image caption**: Church of the Virgin Mary in Süßen
- **image plan**: Süßen in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 364
- **area**: 12.78
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117049
- **postal code**: 73079
- **area code**: 07162
- **licence**: GP
- **website**: [http://www.suessen.de/ www.suessen.de]
- **mayor**: Marc Kersting
- **leader term**: 2018–26
- **party**: CDU
Salach

**Salach** is a municipality in Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Salach von oben.jpg
- **image caption**: An aerial view of Salach
- **image coa**: DEU Salach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Salach in GP.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 362
- **area**: 8.32
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117042
- **postal code**: 73084
- **area code**: 07162
- **licence**: GP
- **mayor**: Dennis Eberle
- **leader term**: 2022–30
- **party**: CDU
Lieffrans

**Lieffrans** is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Haute-Saône department in east France.
Egla Ceno

**Egla Ceno** (born **Eglantina Ceno**;  4 April 1977) is an Albanian actress known for her work in theater and film, also as one of the hosts of talk show _Goca dhe Gra_, and winner of Big Brother VIP Albania 3.

## Early life and education

Ceno was born in Berat, Albania. She studied acting at the Academy of Fine Arts and later attended the Folkwang University of the Arts in Germany. She specialized in physical theater for one year.

## Career

After completing her studies, Ceno moved to Italy, where she lived for 15 years. She worked as an assistant director for the Italian television series _100 Vetrine_. In 2016, she appeared in the Albanian comedy show _M'fal për shprehjen_ on DigitAlb. The show, created by Elvis Pupa, featured social commentary through humor.

In 2019, Ceno joined the cast of _Portokalli_, where she played various characters, including Zimbile and a female driver. She was also involved in founding "Oaz," one of Albania's first private theater companies, alongside director Altin Basha and other actors.

In 2024, Ceno participated in _Big Brother VIP Albania (season 3)_, as housemate, where she won the competition.

### Movies

- _Sex, përrallë dhe celular_ (2015)
- _No Country for Fairy Tales_ (2015)
- _Hije_ (2016)
- _Shtëpia e Agës_ (2019)
- _5 herë jo_ (2023)

### Theater

- _Ars Longa, Vita Brevis_ (2001)
- _Dashuri në furgon_ (2002)
- _Shkër...ta me kapele_ (2014)
- _Made in Albania_ (2016)
- _Macbeth_ (2018)
- _Night_ (2018–2019)
- _Father Sergius_ (2018)
- _Udha e Qumështit_ (2019)
- _Zyrtarisht beqare_ (2019)
- _Një Madam nga Argjentina_ (2021)

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Egla Ceno
- **birth name**: Eglantina Ceno
- **birth place**: Poliçan, Berat, People's Socialist Republic of Albania, PSR Albania
- **education**: Folkwang University of the Arts
- **known for**: _Big Brother VIP Albania 3_
_Goca dhe Gra_
Paul Pataer

**Paul Pataer** (26 November 1938 – 13 February 2025) was a Belgian politician and lawyer.

As a member of political party called Vooruit (SP) and served as a member of the Senate from 1985 to 1991 and from 1992 to 1995. From 1985 to 1991 as provincial senator for East Flanders and from 1992 to 1995 as co-opted senator. In 1996 he became chairman of the Human Rights League and was succeeded by  in 2004.

Pataer died in Ghent on 13 February 2025, at the age of 86.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Paul Pataer
- **birth place**: Ghent, Belgium
- **death place**: Ghent, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgium, Belgian
- **occupation**: Politician, lawyer
Parade (magazine)

**Parade**  was an American nationwide Sunday newspaper magazine. It was distributed in more than 700 newspapers nationwide in the United States until 2022. The most widely read magazine in the U.S., Parade had a circulation of 32 million and a readership of 54.1 million. Anne Krueger had been the magazine's editor since 2015. It was founded by Marshall Field department store heir Marshall Field III in 1941.

The November 13, 2022, issue was the final edition printed and inserted in newspapers nationwide, but Parade continued as an e-magazine on newspaper websites. The December 31, 2023, edition was the final e-magazine edition.

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: Parade
- **editor title**: Editor
- **editor**: Anne Krueger
- **frequency**: Weekly (Sundays)
- **circulation**: 32 million
(formerly)
- **publisher**: The Arena Group
- **founder**: Marshall Field III
- **finaldate**: (printed)

(e-edition)
- **company**: Parade Media
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **oclc**: 1772138
Real Simple

**Real Simple** is an American monthly magazine published by Dotdash Meredith. It features articles and information related to homemaking, childcare, cooking, and emotional well-being. The magazine is known for its clean, minimalist layout and photography style. It was founded in 2000.
Southern Living

**Southern Living** is a lifestyle magazine aimed at readers in the Southern United States. it features recipes, house plans, garden plans, and information about Southern culture and travel. It is published by Birmingham, Alabama–based Southern Progress Corporation, a unit of IAC's Dotdash Meredith. It was started in 1966 by The Progressive Farmer Company, the publisher of Progressive Farmer magazine.
Gone Nutty

***Gone Nutty*** is an animated short film released on November 26, 2002 and it was produced by Blue Sky Studios.
Forky Asks a Question

***Forky Asks a Question*** is an American animated children's television series who focuses Forky to asks his friends (the characters of the Toy Story trilogy). During the events of _Toy Story 4_, the series ran from November 12, 2019 to January 10, 2010 on Disney+.
Racialization

**Racialization** is a descriptive sociological theory that explains how people in power group, sort, and define others by race or ethnicity through social systems, in ways that dismiss their rights and limit their freedoms and life chances. It shows how hurtful stereotypes or negative ideas are forced on certain groups repeatedly to keep them from having equal access to jobs, public services, housing, education, and protection under the law. It makes social systems do the work of racism, allowing harm to continue without open racist behavior.

## History

In the United States in the mid-1800s, there were laws called the Black Codes. These laws were made to stop Black Americans from having the same legal, political, and civic rights as white people. They were created by the dominant group to keep Black people from gaining a fair place in society or fair treatment.

Racialization in the 21st century continues through social processes like gatekeeping, where people are blocked from getting good education or jobs. It happens in redlining, where banks or insurance companies refuse or limit services based on race. It also happens when false or negative views about certain racial groups are spread online, or when community service centers give racialized groups wrong or not enough information about public services and programs.

## Racial gaslighting

Racialization is often denied by dominant groups and those who follow the dominant group's way of thinking through racial gaslighting. This is when people in a society try to dismiss or deny the reality of racial unfairness. It makes racialized people doubt their own personal experiences. When this happens to people of African descent, it is called racelighting.

## Related pages

- Racism
- Afrophobia
- Antiziganism
- Antisemitism
Chamar

**Chamar** (derived from Sanskrit term ‘charmakara’ meaning: skin worker) also known by many other names, is an Indian caste group whose hereditary occupation was tanning leather. Chamar community is classified as a Scheduled Caste under modern Indian constitution. The term ‘Chamar’ is regarded as a disrespecting slur and is a punishable offence under the Indian constitution.