juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alien and Sedition Acts

The **Alien and Sedition Acts** were acts of Congress signed by United States president John Adams in 1798, during a naval (sea) conflict against France.

There were four acts.

The first 3 acts were about immigration. They set required time for an immigrant to become a citizen, and allowed the president to send illegal immigrant<nowiki/>s back to their home country if their home country is at war with the United States or they are considered to be dangerous to the US. The fourth act made it a crime to publish bad things about the government.

The acts were very controversial. Many people did not like them because they felt that they violated the First Amendment.

The acts made many people dislike John Adams. For that reason, Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republican Party were able to defeat John Adams and the Federalist Party in the elections of 1800. Three of the acts were repealed. The Alien Enemies Act, however, is still United States law.
Pak Hon-yong

**Pak Hon-yong** or **Park Heon-young** (Hangul: 박헌영, Hanja:朴憲永, 28 May 1900 – 18 December 1955) was a Korean independence activist, politician, thinker, Communist, and leader of the Korean Chosen Communist Party. His other names are 'Kim Seongsam' (김성삼) and "Ijeong", () which is his pen name. He served in North Korea as the Foreign Minister and Vice Prime Minister, August 1948 to 1953.

He was executed by the North Korean regime on the accusation of being an American spy.

## Works

- Modern society and our duty
- historical viewed of Christian inner
Kofun period

The  is a time in the history of Japan from around 250 to about 538.   This grouping of years is named after the type of Imperial burial mounds called _kofun_ which were raised in central Japan.

The Kofun period and the Asuka period are sometimes considered together as the Yamato period.

## Timeline

The word _kofun_ is Japanese for the type of burial mounds dating from this era.
- **416**: The earliest recorded earthquake in Japan destroyed the Imperial Palace in Kyoto.
- **593**: Prince Shotoku is regent
- **607**: First ambassadors from Japan are sent to China

## Other websites

- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Kofun period
- British Museum, Kofun period
- Japan-guide.com, Early Japan
Pico de gallo

***Pico de gallo*** (known in Mexico as _Salsa fresca_) is a Mexican garnish that is often placed on tacos or tostadas.  It is made with onions, serrano peppers, tomatoes, cilantro and lime juice. There are variations of this garnish such as ones with avocado, nopales (cactus), etc.
Match (disambiguation)

The word _match_ can have many meanings:
- Match, a tool for producing fire
- One or more games, played between a number of players, or teams
- A marriage, or other relationship, which may be arranged by a matchmaker
Lighter

A **lighter** is a tool that can produce a flame on demand. It is made of a plastic or metal container which contains a flammable liquid or gas. There is also a means of producing the flame and extinguishing it when it is no longer needed.

One of the first lighters was developed by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1823. The lighter was produced until around 1880. The lighter was named Döbereiner's lamp.

There is often an electric cigarette lighter in cars. When the lighter button is pushed in, a metal heating element is connected to the car's 12 volt electricity supply, and it heats up to a high temperature. The lighter is then removed from the socket and the element is used to light the tip of a cigarette. The socket that the lighter goes in can also be used to power mobile phones and other electronics, and the term "cigarette lighter" is now commonly used to refer to this type of connector even when not being used to light a cigarette.

## Related pages

- Match
Bridgit Mendler

**Bridgit Claire Mendler** (born December 18, 1992) is an American actor and singer. She was born in Washington, D.C. and moved to Mill Valley, California at age eight. She acted in the movie _Alvin and the Chipmunks 2_. She played Pamela in _Alice Upside Down_ in 2007, and Kristen Gregory in the movie version of _The Clique_. She also guest starred in Disney Channel Original Series' _JONAS_  and played Juliet Van Heusen on _Wizards of Waverly Place_. She plays Teddy Duncan in the Disney Channel Original Series _Good Luck Charlie_ and she also played Olivia White on _Lemonade Mouth._

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bridgit Mendler
- **image**: Bridgit Mendler 2013 (Straighten Crop).jpg
- **caption**: Mendler in May 2013
- **birth name**: Bridgit Claire Mendler
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **years active**: 2004–present
- **alma mater**: University of Southern California
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Harvard Law School, Harvard University
- **relatives**: Christine Blasey Ford (aunt)
Shake-table

**Shake-table** in earthquake engineering is a very effective experimental equipment to verify seismic performance associated with the direct damage to individual buildings or their models under specified ground shaking. The best way to do it is to put a structure on a shake-table that simulates the earth shaking and to watch what may happen next (if you have no time to stand out in the field and wait for a real earthquake to strike). The earliest shake-table experiments were performed more than a century ago

## Other websites

- Earthquake vibration control videos
Chiniot District

**Chiniot District** () is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is on left bank of the Chenab River on the Sargodha to Faisalabad road. About 1.5 milion people live there. Chiniot is at latitude 31.7200 and longitude 72.9789.

Chiniot is on the bank of River Chenab, and is famous for its furniture industry, and it sells furniture to other places. Its workers are very good at woodwork.
Thul Tehsil

**Thul ** is an administrative subdivision of Jacobabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The subdivision is administratively divided into 19 Union Councils, two of which form the capital, Thul.
Kamakura, Kanagawa

is a city in Kanagawa, Japan. It is about  south of Tokyo.  It was the functioning capital of Japan during the Kamakura period (1203-1333).

In 1250, Kamakura was the 4th largest city in the world with 200,000 people.  The other two large cities in Japan at this time were Kyoto and Nara.

Kamakura was made a municipality on November 3, 1939.

Today, Kamakura is famous as an upper-class area for people to live. This is because of the history and because it is close to the mountains and the sea.

## History

- 1192 (_Kenkyū 3, 12th day of the 7th month_): Kamakura Shogunate founded by Minamoto no Yoritomo

- 1252 (_Kenchō 4_): Large bronze statue of Buddha is completed.

- 1293 (_Einin 1, 4th month_): A severe earthquake; fatalities in Kamakura were estimated to be 10,000 people.

- 1923 (_Taishō 12_): Sagami Bay was the center of the Great Kantō earthquake. The disaster caused widespread damage in the region.  Fatalities in Kamakura were more than 2,000 victims.

## Tourism

Kamakura has many Buddhist temples.  The huge outdoor bronze statue of Buddha at Kamakura is world famous.

The city has many Shinto shrines, including
- Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū Shinto shrine

Tsurugaoka Hachimangu Shrine is one of the three major Hachimangu located in Kamakura. It is the most popular spot in Kamakura, especially, Yabusame in September is very famous. Tsurugaoka Hachimangu was built in 1063 and became the capital and center of Kamakura Government established by Minamoto no Yoritomo. Turugaoka Hachiman-gu has many beautiful maple and ginkgo trees. In autumn, the vew at this shrine is nice. In June, hydrangeas grow. Many temples have beautiful gardens of hydrangeas. The Hase temple is the most well-known of these temples.

## Sister cities

Kamakura has international sister cities.
- Nice in France
- Dunhuang in the People's Republic of China

## Other websites

- Rudyard Kipling poem, "The Buddha at Kamakura", 1892
- Official web site
- Kamakura's Daibutsu
- Kamakura's History - Chronological table

## Infobox (chinese)

- **title**: Kamakura
- **kanji**: 鎌倉市
- **hiragana**: かまくらし
- **katakana**: カマクラシ
- **romaji**: Kamakura-shi
Mass versus weight

In the physical sciences, **mass and weight** are different. The mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter in the object. Weight is a measure of the force on the object caused by a gravitational field. In other words, weight is how hard gravity pulls on an object. This means the mass of an object will remain at wherever it is on the earth's surface, but if it is moved from the equator to the North Pole, its weight will grow by 0.5% because of the increase in the earth's gravitational field.

Mass is measured in kilograms or pounds. A one-liter volume of water has a mass of one kilogram. Weight is measured in newtons, the standard unit for force. A one-kilogram mass placed on  a bench presses down on the bench with almost ten newtons of force.

## Overview

The weight of something is the value measured at the Earth's surface. Unfortunately the common terms used to describe the weight of an object are units of mass such as kilograms or pounds. For almost all of human history weight has been measured on the surface of the Earth. Here, the weight is proportional to the mass. Objects which have the same mass have the same weight. An object with the twice the mass of another will also have twice the weight. As a consequence it is common practice to use the two words, mass and weight, as if they mean the same thing, and to use kilograms or pounds as the units for both mass and weight. Using the same terms to describe and measure the two different properties has led to confusion between these two properties, mass and weight. Mass and weight are not the same thing.

Generally, mass refers to how "heavy" something is. However, mass is really an _inertial_ property; that is, the tendency of an object to remain at constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force. According to Newton's second law of motion, as expressed in the formula an object with a mass, _m_, of one kilogram will accelerate, _a_, at one meter per second per second (about one-tenth the acceleration due to Earth's gravity) when acted upon by a force, _F_, of one newton.

## Feeling the difference

It is possible to feel the difference between weight and mass by suspending an object with a mass of over ten kilograms on a rope with a length of two or more meters. If a person pushes upwards against the underneath of the object with one finger they will feel the weight of the object. If they push momentarily against the side of the suspended object with one finger they will feel the mass of the object. (It is important that they do not push the object sideways far enough to begin to raise it.)
Microsoft Security Essentials

**Microsoft Security Essentials** (**MSE**) is a free antivirus software created by Microsoft that provides protection against computer viruses, rootkits, spywares, and trojans for Windows XP. MSE x86 (32-bit) replaces Windows Live OneCare, a commercial subscription-based antivirus service and the free Windows Defender, which only protected users from adware and spyware. It is geared for consumer use, unlike Microsoft's upcoming enterprise-oriented product Microsoft Forefront.

## Related pages

- Microsoft
Down by Law (band)

**Down By Law** is a punk rock band made in or around 1990. Frontman Dave Smalley of "Dag Nasty" fame teamed up with the members of "Chemical People" for their first album and went through many changes all around over the years. Starting on Epitaph records with their first self called LP, DBL continued on Epitaph until "Last of the Sharpshooters" in 1997. A brief stint on Go Kart Records saw the release of "Fly the Flag", and now with their newest release of "Windward Tides and Wayward Sails" in 2003 finds them on Union Label Group.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Down By Law
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: United States
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **years active**: 1990 – present
- **label**: Union Label Group
- **current members**: Dave Smalley
Sam Williams
Kevin Coss
Jack Butts
- **past members**: Milo Todesco
Keith Davies
Dave Naz
Ed Urlik
"Angry" John DiMambro
Danny Westman
Hunter Oswald
Wisdom teeth

**Wisdom teeth** are a set of four teeth, farthest back in a person's mouth. Most people get them late in their teenage years or in their early twenties.  Many people have to have surgery to get rid of them because they often grow in a crooked way, or because there is no room for them.
Sebastián Piñera

**Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique** (December 1, 1949 – February 6, 2024) was the 36th President of Chile from 1999 until 2022. He was elected once again in the 2003 presidential election.

He won the second round of the presidential election that took place on January 17, 2010, and subsequently took office on March 11, 2010. He was a well-known economist, investor, businessperson, politician, former Senator, and leader of the presidential and parliamentary electoral coalition Coalition for Change. He was a billionaire and one of the richest people in Chile.

## Presidential Elections 2009–2010

Piñera ran for President of Chile in the 2009-2010 election. Since August 2009, he led in opinion polls, competing with Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Marco Enríquez-Ominami and Jorge Arrate; all of whom are left-of-center candidates. In the election of December 13, 2009, Piñera placed first in the results by obtaining 44.05 % of the votes, while Frei placed second by obtaining 29.6 % of the votes. Since neither candidate received more than half of the total votes, Chileans returned to the polls for a final run-off election on Sunday, January 17, 2010.

## Death

Piñera died in a helicopter crash on Ranco Lake on 6 February 2024. He survived the crash itself, but unable to remove his seat belt, he drowned as a result. The other three people on board were his sister Magdalena, businessman Miguel Ignacio Guerrero with his son Bautista Guerrero, all of whom survived. His body was later recovered from the sunken helicopter in the lake by the Chilean Navy.

## In popular culture

Actor Bob Gunton portrays Piñera in the 2015 movie _The 33_, which is about the 2006 Copiapó mining accident.

## Related pages

- 2019 Chilean protests

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sebastián Piñera
- **image**: Retrato Oficial Presidente Piñera 2018.jpg
- **office**: President of Chile ,  34th and 36th President of Chile
- **term start**: March 11, 2018
- **term end**: March 11, 2022
- **successor**: Gabriel Boric
- **predecessor**: Michelle Bachelet
- **term start1**: March 11, 2010
- **term end1**: March 11, 2014
- **predecessor1**: Michelle Bachelet
- **successor1**: Michelle Bachelet
- **office2**: Leader of National Renewal (Chile), National Renewal
- **term start2**: May 26, 2001
- **term end2**: March 10, 2004
- **predecessor2**: Alberto Cardemil
- **successor2**: Sergio Díez
- **office3**: Senate of Chile, Senator for Santiago Metropolitan Region, Eastern Santiago
- **term start3**: March 11, 1990
- **term end3**: March 11, 1998
- **predecessor3**: Position established
- **successor3**: Carlos Bombal
- **birth name**: Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique
- **birth place**: Santiago, Chile
- **death place**: Ranco Lake, Chile
- **party**: National Renewal (Chile), National Renewal <small>(1989–present, membership suspended while president)</small>
- **otherparty**: Coalition for Change
Chile Vamos
- **spouse**: Cecilia Morel
- **children**: 4
- **alma mater**: Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
Harvard University
- **signature**: Firma Sebastián Piñera.png
Kamakura period

The   is a time in the Japanese history from 1185 through 1333 in the history of Japan.  This grouping of years is named after city of Kamakura which was the center of power of the Kamakura shogunate.

The government of shoguns which was functionally established in 1192 by Minamoto no Yoritomo.

The Kamakura period ended in 1333 with the destruction of the shogunate. Imperial rule was re-established under Emperor Go-Daigo.

Mongol Invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) also happened in this period.

## Flourishing of Buddhism

Buddhism expanded during this period. A number of monks founded separate Buddhist sects, including
- • Hōnen, founder of the _Jōdo shū_ sect
- • Shinran, disciple of Hōnen; founder of _Jōdo Shinshū_
- • Ippen, founder of the _Ji_ sect
- • Dōgen, founder of the _Sōtō_ school of Zen
- • Eisai, founder of the _Rinzai_ school of Zen
- • Nichiren, founder of the sect of Buddhism named after him

The older Buddhist sects such as Shingon and Tendai continued to thrive.

## Timeline

- **1185** (_Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month_): Taira clan (Heike) defeated at sea by Minamoto Yoshitsune
- **1191** (_Kenkyū 2_): Esai establishes Zen in Japan
- **1192** (_Kenkyū 3_): Minamoto Yoritomo  appointed as shogun
- **1207** (_Ken'ei 1_): Hōnen and his followers are exiled
- **1221** (_Jōkyū 3_): In the , Emperor Go-Toba tried to take power from the Kamakura shogunate. The effort did not succeed.
- **1252** (_Kenchō 2_): Great Buddha of Kamakura was put in place at Kōtoku-in.
- **November 19, 1274** (_Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month_): Kublai Khan sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan;  or the "Bun'ei War".
- **1281** (_Kōan 4_):  or the "Kōan War".
- **1293** (_Einin 1_):  Disastrous earthquake and tsunami hit Sagami Bay and Kamakura, killing 23,034 people.
- **1333** (_Genkō 3_): Nitta Yoshisada destroys the Kamakura shogunate in the .

## Related pages

- List of Japanese eras

## Other websites

- Metropolitan Museum of Art, Kamakura and Nanbokucho Periods (1185–1392)
- British Museum, Kamakura period (AD 1185-1333)
- Japan-guide.com, Kamakura Period (1192 - 1333)
Modulation

**Modulation** can mean:

- Modulation (music), the changing of a piece of music from one key to another.
- Modulation (mathematics), the remainder of a division
- Frequency Modulation (FM) or Amplitude Modulation (AM), ways to send analog radio signals.
- Phase-shift keying and frequency-shift keying, ways to send digital signals.
American Football Conference

The **American Football Conference** (**AFC**) is one of the two conferences of the National Football League (NFL), the other being the National Football Conference (NFC). Every year, the winner of the AFC Championship Game receives the Lamar Hunt Trophy and gets to play against the winner of the NFC Championship Game in the Super Bowl. As of 2025, the New England Patriots hold the record for the most AFC Championship titles with 11 wins. The most recent champion is the New England Patriots.
Tuned mass damper

After seismic waves make a structure vibrate, a **tuned mass damper** (or **seismic damper**) can decrease their damaging effect and improve the building's seismic performance. Vehicles use small dampers and buildings use large ones. Some examples of dampers' design and implementation are presented in the images below:

## Related pages

- Seismic Dampers
- Seismic vibration control
Cesare Prandelli

**Cesare Prandelli** (born 19 August 1957) is a former Italian football player. He has played for some Italian clubs (e.g. Atalanta, Juventus). He manages for Fiorentina.
Gerhard Domagk

**Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk**  (October 30 1895 – April 24 1964) was a German doctor. He won the 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,  for discovering the antibacterial effect of protonsil.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Gerhard Domagk
- **image**: Gerhard Domagk nobel.jpg
- **birth name**: Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk
- **birth place**: Łagów, Świebodzin County, Lagow, Province of Brandenburg, Brandenburg
(now Poland)
- **death place**: Burgberg
- **nationality**: Germany, German
- **alma mater**: University of Kiel
- **known for**: Development of Sulfonamide (medicine), sulfonamides  such as Prontosil
- **spouse**: Gertrud Strube
- **children**: One daughter and three sons
- **field**: Bacteriology
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize in Medicine (1939)
Fellow of the Royal Society (1959)
Tomoyoshi Ikeya

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player and coach.

## Other websites

- Roasso Komamoto at J-League.or.jp
Henrik Dam

**Carl Peter Henrik Dam**  (February 21 1895 — April 17 1976) was a Danish chemist. He won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,  along with Edward Doisy,  for the discovery of Vitamin K.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Carl Peter Henrik Dam
- **image**: Henrik Dam nobel.jpg
- **birth date**: February 21,  1895
- **birth place**: Copenhagen, Denmark
- **death date**: April 17, 1976
- **death place**: Copenhagen, Denmark
- **field**: Biochemistry
- **work institutions**: Polytechnic Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine  (1943)
Josip Kuže

**Josip Kuže** (13 November 1952 – 16 June 2013) was a Croatian football manager. He manages for Albania national team.
Park Kyung-hwan

**Park Kyung-Hwan** (박경환 born 29 December 1976) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1998||Bellmare Hiratsuka||J. League Division 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}

## Other websites

- http://people.nate.com/people/info/pa/rk/parkkyunghwan/
Smoke grenade

A **smoke bomb** or **smoke grenade** is a bomb that produces a cloud of smoke. It can be used as a toy to make large clouds of colored smoke.

Military smoke bombs are used to hide positions and objects from sight behind a thick cloud of smoke.  Armies also use smoke grenades to hide soldiers from the enemy.  Smoke grenades can be used to mark a spot on the ground (for example, a spot where you want a helicopter to land).  Smoke bombs can be thrown or shot. They normally contain a powdered chemical.  When ignited, it produces a large cloud of smoke quickly.  Then something else starts burning, keeping the smoke cloud thick.

## Related pages

- Grenade
- Bomb
Kōan (Kamakura period)

was a  after _Kenji_ and before _Shōō_.  This period started in February 1278 and ended in April 1288. During this time, the emperor|emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Kōan_ era

- **1281** (_Kōan 4_): Second invasion attempt by Mongol forces. This is called the Kōan War (_Kōan no Eki_).

- **1297** (_Kōan 10, 10th month_): In the 14th year of Go-Uda's reign, the emperor abdicated; and his cousin became the new emperor.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period
- Kōan (Muromachi period), 1361-1362

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

|Kōan|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1278|1279|1280|1281|1282|1283|1284|1285|1286|1287|1288|
Elevated building foundation

**Elevated building foundation** (EBF) is a kind of seismic base isolation technology which is made a major part of a building superstructure. It is made to protect the building's superstructure against damage from the shaking caused by an earthquake.

This goal can be met with the right building materials, size, and setup of elevated building foundation for the building site and local soil conditions.

As a result of multiple wave reflections and diffractions, as well as energy dissipation of the seismic waves as they move up through the elevated building foundation, any movement of seismic wave energy into the building superstructure will be decreased, which will lower seismic loads and improve seismic performance of the structure.

In other words, the building does not shake as much because it is sitting on the elevated building foundation, and will probably take less damage from the earthquake.
Kenji (era)

was a  which came after _Bun'ei_ and before _Kōan_.  The period started April 1275 and ended February 1278. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Kenji_ era

- **1275** (_Kenji 1_): The Mongols sent an ambassador to Kamakura along with the delegation sent from the Goryeo.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

|Kenji|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1275|1276|1277|1278|
Seismic load

**Seismic load** is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a building structure or its model. It happens at contact surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or with gravity waves from tsunami.

Seismic loading depends, primarily, on:

- Anticipated earthquake’s parameters at the site
- Geotechnical parameters of the site
- Building structure’s parameters
- Characteristics of the anticipated gravity waves from tsunami (if applicable).

Sometimes, seismic load exceeds ability of a structure to resist it without being broken, partially or completely. Due to their mutual interaction, seismic loading and seismic performance of a structure are intimately related.

## Other websites

- Earthquake Performance Evaluation Tool Online
Bun'ei

was a  after _Kōchō_ and before _Kenji_.  This period started in February 1264 and ended in April 1275. During this time, the emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Bun'ei_ era

- **17 March 1272** (_Bun'ei 9, 17th day of the 2nd month_): Former Emperor Go-Saga died.

- **1274** (_Bun'ei 11, 1st month_): In the 15th year of Kameyama's reign, the emperor resigned.

- **1274** (_Bun'ei 11, 3rd month_):  Emperor Go-Uda became the monarch of Japan.  The retired Emperor Kameyama continued to be important and powerful.

- **1274** (_Bun'ei 11, 10th month_): Former Emperor Go-Fukakusa's son Hirohito_-shinnō_ was named Crown Prince and heir to Emperor Go-Uda.  Hirohito and Go-Uda were first cousins.

- **19 November 1274** (_Bun'ei 11, 20th day of the 10th month_): Kublai Khan sent a fleet and an army to invade Japan. Some military forces are landed near Fukuoka in Kyūshū.  However, a storm sank many of the ships.  The major part of the invading army was drowned. The invaders retreated to Korea.  During the brief fighting, the Hakozaki Shrine was burned to the ground.  This 1274 event was called _Bun'ei no eki._

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

|Bun'ei|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1264|1265|1266|1267|1268|1269|1270|1271|1272|1273|1274|1275|
Boston Police Strike

The **Boston Police Strike** happened in Massachusetts during 1919. Over a thousand policeofficers went on strike. They wanted to  be paid more money. The Governor of Massachusetts, Calvin Coolidge, said it was wrong to "strike against the public safety". Coolidge fired the police officers who went on strike.  He hired veterans from World War I to replace them and gave them same bonuses that the striking policemen asked for to the veterans. This was the event which made Coolidge popular enough to become Vice President of the United States and then President of the United States of America after the death of Harding.
Panama City

**Panama City** is the capital of Panama.  813,097 people live there.  It is now a popular place for older people or senior citizens to retire.
Nobuyuki Uenoyama

**Nobuyuki Uenoyama** (born 26 May 1957) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Yanmar Diesel.
Josep María Comadevall

**Josep María Comadevall Crous** (born 24 November 1983), known as **Pitu**, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a central midfielder.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Pitu
- **full name**: Josep María Comadevall Crous
- **birth place**: Salt, Girona, Salt, Spain
- **height**: 1.71 m
- **position**: Central midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1992–1996
- **youthclubs1**: Vilobí CF, Vilobí
- **youthyears2**: 1996–2002
- **youthclubs2**: FC Barcelona, Barcelona
- **years1**: 2002–2005
- **clubs1**: FC Barcelona C, Barcelona C
- **caps1**: 64
- **goals1**: 8
- **years2**: 2005–2006
- **clubs2**: FC Barcelona B, Barcelona B
- **caps2**: 19
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2006–2007
- **clubs3**: FC Barcelona, Barcelona
- **caps3**: 1
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2006–2007
- **clubs4**: → Girona FC, Girona (loan)
- **caps4**: 38
- **goals4**: 14
- **years5**: 2007–2009
- **clubs5**: UD Las Palmas, Las Palmas
- **caps5**: 24
- **goals5**: 1
- **years6**: 2008
- **clubs6**: → CF Gavà, Gavà (loan)
- **caps6**: 18
- **goals6**: 1
- **years7**: 2009–2010
- **clubs7**: CF Badalona, Badalona
- **caps7**: 17
- **goals7**: 1
- **years8**: 2010–2012
- **clubs8**: CE L'Hospitalet, Hospitalet
- **caps8**: 69
- **goals8**: 8
- **years9**: 2012–2016
- **clubs9**: UE Llagostera, Llagostera
- **caps9**: 145
- **goals9**: 22
- **years10**: 2016
- **clubs10**: FC Pune City, Pune City
- **caps10**: 4
- **goals10**: 0
- **years11**: 2017–2021
- **clubs11**: UE Llagostera, Llagostera
- **caps11**: 75
- **goals11**: 14
- **club-update**: 19:01, 23 May 2022 (UTC)
Henk ten Cate

**Henk ten Cate** (born 9 December 1954) is a former Dutch football player.

## Playing career statistics

|style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA"|Season|style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA"|Club|style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA"|Competition|style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA" align="center"|Apps|style="border-bottom:1px solid #AAAAAA" align="center"|Goals|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1979–80|Go Ahead Eagles|Eredivisie|27|4||||||
|1980|Edmonton Drillers|North American Soccer League|21|5||||||
|1980–81|Go Ahead Eagles|Eredivisie|19|3||||||
|1981–82|Go Ahead Eagles|Eredivisie|1|0||||||
|1981–82|Telstar|Eerste Divisie|30|7||||||
|1982–83|Go Ahead Eagles|Eredivisie|31|10||||||
|1983–84|Go Ahead Eagles|Eredivisie|24|2||||||
|1984–85|Go Ahead Eagles|Eredivisie|30|2||||||
|1985–86|Heracles|Eredivisie|19|1||||||

## Managerial statistics

|rowspan="2"|Team|rowspan="2"|Nat|rowspan="2"|From|rowspan="2"|To|colspan="5"|Record|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Go Ahead Eagles||1 July 1993|27 January 1995|||||||
|Sparta Rotterdam||1 July 1995|11 January 1997|||||||
|Vitesse||12 January 1997|30 June 1998|||||||
|Uerdingen||30 September 1998|28 March 1999|||||||
|MTK Budapest||1 July 1999|30 June 2000|||||||
|NAC||1 July 2000|30 June 2003|||||||
|Ajax||1 July 2006|8 October 2007|||||||
|Panathinaikos||1 June 2008|7 December 2009|||||||
|Al-Ahli Dubai||6 February 2010|11 March 2010|||||||
|Umm Salal||12 April 2010|6 February 2011|||||||
|Shandong Luneng||1 January 2012|6 September 2012|||||||
|Sparta Rotterdam||7 April 2013|30 June 2013|||||||
|Al Jazira||31 December 2015|15 May 2018|||||||
|Al Wahda||7 December 2018|30 June 2019|||||||
|Al-Ittihad||15 November 2019|30 June 2020|||||||
|Al Wahda||13 March 2021|25 October 2021|||||||

### Manager

**MTK Budapest**
- Magyar Kupa: 1999–2000

**Ajax**
- KNVB Cup: 2006–07
- Johan Cruijff Shield: 2006, 2007

**Al Jazira**
- UAE Pro League: 2016–17
Edson (footballer, born 1962)

**Edson Aparecido de Souza** (born November 29, 1962) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1986–87|Yomiuri|JSL Division 1|19|1|4|0|0|0|23|1|
|1987–88|13|0|2|0|0|0|15|0|||
|1988–89|12|1|1|0|2|0|15|1|||
|1989–90|18|0|2|0|2|1|22|1|||
|1990–91|Fujita Industries|JSL Division 2|30|5|||1|0|31|5|
|1991–92|30|10|||3|0|33|10|||
|1992|Football League|18|4|||-|18|4|||
|1993|18|4|1|0|4|0|23|4|||
|1994|Bellmare Hiratsuka|J1 League|36|5|5|1|1|0|42|6|
|1995|37|4|2|0|-|39|4||||
|1997|Yokogawa Electric|Regional Leagues|||||||||
|1998|||||||||||
|1999|Football League|23|3|-|-|23|3||||
|2000|10|3|1|0|-|11|3||||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Edson
- **fullname**: Edson Aparecido de Souza
- **birth place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1986–1990
- **years2**: 1990–1995
- **years3**: 1997–2000
- **clubs1**: Tokyo Verdy, Yomiuri
- **clubs2**: Shonan Bellmare, Bellmare Hiratsuka
- **clubs3**: Tokyo Musashino City FC, Yokogawa Electric
Edson Rodrigues

**Edson Rodrigues** (born March 13, 1967) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|–||||||9||0||9||0
|-
|1993||29||3||3||0||4||0||36||3
|-
|1994||23||1||2||0||0||0||25||1
52||4||5||0||13||0||70||0
52||4||5||0||13||0||70||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Garça
- **fullname**: Edson Rodrigues
- **birth place**: Brazil
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **years1**: 1992–1994
- **clubs1**: Nagoya Grampus, Nagoya Grampus Eight
- **caps1**: 52
- **goals1**: 4
Dan Ito

**Dan Ito** (born 3 November 1975) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Churchill Brothers.

## References

- Official blog
Toru Yoshida

is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1984||rowspan="8"|Furukawa Electric||rowspan="8"|JSL Division 1||||||||||||||||
|-
|1985/86||||||||||||||||
|-
|1986/87||||||||||||||||
|-
|1987/88||||||||||||||||
|-
|1988/89||||||||||||||||
|-
|1989/90||22||0||||||2||0||24||0
|-
|1990/91||12||0||||||5||0||17||0
|-
|1991/92||3||0||||||1||0||4||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||||||7||0||7||0
|-
|1993||26||0||2||0||5||0||33||0
|-
|1994||17||0||0||0||2||0||19||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Brummell Sendai||rowspan="3"|Football League||12||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|1996||25||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||27||2
|-
|1997||9||0||0||0||6||0||15||0
126||1||6||1||28||0||160||2
126||1||6||1||28||0||160||2
|}
Matsuichi Yamada

**Matsuichi Yamada** (born 21 February 1961) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Honda.
Motoaki Inukai

**Motoaki Inukai** (born 5 July 1942) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Mitsubishi Motors. He is currently the President of Japan Football Association.

## References

- Japan Football Association
Kōan (Muromachi period)

was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after _Enbun_ and before _Jōji_. The period started in March 1361 and ended in September  1362.  During this time, the pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the _Kōan_ era

- **1361** (_Kōan 1, 6th month_): Snowfall was unusually heavy; and there was also a disastrous fire in Kyoto as well as a violent earthquake.
- **1361** (_Kōan 1_): Eigen-ji was founded. It is a Zen Buddhist temple in what is now Shiga Prefecture.
- **1362** (_Kōan 2_): Hosokawa Kiyouji and Kusunoki Masanori attack Kyoto. Ashikaga Yoshiakira fled.

## Southern Court _nengō_

- Shōhei, 1346–1370

## Related pages

- Muromachi period
- Kōan (Kamakura period)

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar"

|Kōan|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1361|1362|
Kōchō

was a  after _Bun'ō_ and before _Bun'ei._  This  period started in February 1261 and ended in February 1264. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _ Kōchō_ era

- **1261** (_Kōchō 1, 12th day of the 5th month_): Nichiren was exiled to Izu Province.
- **1262** (_Kōchō 2, 28th day of the 11th month_): Shinran Shonin died at age 90.
- **1263** (_Kōchō 3, 22nd day of the 2nd month_): Nichiren was pardoned.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" 

|Kōchō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1261|1262|1263|1264|
Arovell Verlag

**Arovell Verlag** is an Austrian publishing house for modern literature. It was founded in 1991 by the Austrian writer, artist and musician, Paul Jaeg. Today, Jaeg is still the director.

Each year, Arovell prints between ten and twenty new books. Some authors, such as Peter Paul Wiplinger, have already published several books with Arovell, but others use Arovell to publish their first book(s).

Arovell publishes modern literature in the German language. They include short prose, stories and poetry. The covers of all books show a painting by Paul Jaeg.

Arovell also publishes a magazine about literature, music and art, which gives information about new books and public events. The magazine prints sometimes short texts from the books by Arovell.

The publisher organizes literary, musical and artistic events, especially in Upper Austria and Salzburg, but also in Vienna.

Arovell's headquarter is in Gosau in Upper Austria and has branch offices in Vienna and Salzburg.

## Published authors (examples)

- Hans Dieter Aigner
- Peter Assmann
- Reinhold Aumaier
- Klaus Ebner
- Karin Gayer
- Constantin Göttfert
- de:Fritz Huber
- Paul Jaeg
- Christoph Janacs
- Günther Kaip
- Wolfgang Kauer
- de:Hermann Knapp
- Dorothea Macheiner
- Dirk Ofner
- Wolfgang Pollanz
- Fritz Popp
- Herbert Reiter
- Christine Roiter
- Leopold Spoliti
- Nikolai Vogel
- Wolfgang Wenger
- Christine Werner
- Peter Paul Wiplinger

## Other websites

- Website of Arovell publishing house
- Information at the center for German Philology _Germanistik im Netz_
Powder monkey

**Powder monkeys** were boys or young teenagers who used to work on board the old sailing ships when they went to war.  When there was a battle it was the powder monkeys'  job to carry bags of gunpowder from the place where it was stored to the people who were operating the guns.  This had to be done quickly, so young boys were ideal because they could run fast and they were small.  It was not unknown for girls to disguise themselves as boys and get a job as a powder monkey.

## Other websites

- HMS Victory: The Crew
Seismic analysis

**Seismic performance analysis** or **seismic analysis** is an intellectual tool of earthquake engineering which breaks the complex topic into smaller parts to gain a better understanding of seismic performance of building and non-building structures or their models.

In general, seismic analysis is based on the methods of _structural dynamics_. For decades, the most prominent instrument of seismic analysis has been the earthquake _response spectrum method_  which, also, contributed to the proposed building code's concept of today.

However, those _response spectra_ are good, mostly, for single-degree-of-freedom systems. Numerical _step-by-step integration_, applied with the _charts of seismic performance_, seems to be a more effective method of analysis for multi-degree-of-freedom structural systems at severe process of earthquake excitation.

The design of structures rests on authorized engineering procedures, principles and criteria meant to design or retrofit structures subject to earthquake exposure. Those criteria are consistent just with the contemporary state of the knowledge about building structures. Therefore, the building design which blindly follows some seismic code regulations does not guarantee safety against collapse or serious damage.

The price of poor seismic analysis may be enormous. Nevertheless, seismic analysis has always been a trial and error process no matter it was based upon physical laws or empirical knowledge.
Wiener Werkstattpreis

The international **Wiener Werkstattpreis** is a literary prize in Austria and has been founded in 1992. Since the year 2000, the prize is given every year. The organizers want to promote writers who are not well-known yet.

The prize is 1,100 EUR. In 2007, the authors could send in their texts in three categories: short story, poetry and essay.

Supported and partly paid by the Austrian government and the city administration of Vienna, the prize is organized by the publishing house FZA.

## Winners

- 2009 Wolfgang Ellmauer and Markus Thiele
- 2008 Axel Görlach
- 2007 Klaus Ebner (main price and winner in the categories short story and essay)
Winner in the category poetry: Norbert Sternmut
- 2006 Constantin Göttfert
- 2005 Felician Siebrecht
- 2004 Ingeborg Woitsch and Daniel Mylow
- 2003 Uljana Wolf
- 2002 Susanne Wagner
- 2001 Olaf Kurtz
- 2000 Christine Thiemt
- 1994 Franzobel

## Other websites

- Information Wiener Werkstattpreis
Feldkircher Lyrikpreis

The _Feldkirch Poetry Prize_, in German **Feldkircher Lyrikpreis**, started by Erika Kronabitter, an Austrian artist and writer, is given every year by the theater _Theater am Saumarkt_ in Feldkirch, Vorarlberg/Austria. Among the sponsors, there are the Austrian government, the local administration of Vorarlberg and private banks. In 2003, the poetry prize was organized for the first time.

Poets from all countries may send in their poems. German philologists and poets are the jury. The winners are presented to the public during Fall. The winning poems are archived in the Library of Vorarlberg.

### 2012

1. Elisabeth Steinkellner
1. Sascha Kokot und Andra Schwarz

### 2011

1. Tobias Falberg
1. C. H. Huber
1. Claudia Scherer

### 2010

1. Kenah Cusanit
1. Regina Hilber
1. Udo Kawasser

### 2009

1. Marcus Pöttler
1. Silke Peters and Thilo Krause (ex aequo)

### 2008

1. Andreas Neeser
1. Martin Strauß
1. Lina Hofstädter

### 2007

1. Klaus Händl
1. Bernhard Saupe
1. Alexandra Lavizzari
1. Thomas Steiner

### 2006

1. Adelheid Dahimène
1. Christine Haidegger
1. Ludwig Laher
1. Hans Eichhorn

### 2005

1. Knut Schaflinger
1. Julia Rhomberg
1. Udo Kawasser
1. Klaus Ebner

### 2004

1. Elsbeth Maag
1. Knut Schaflinger
1. Lisa Mayer
1. Gertrude Pieber-Prem
1. Sabine Eschgfäller
1. Udo Kawasser und Walter Pucher

### 2003

1. Elfriede Kehrer
1. Norbert Mayer
1. Walter Pucher
1. Mechthild Podzeit-Lütjen
1. Ulrike Ulrich

## Other websites

- Theater am Saumarkt
- Article of the Austrian television on the 5th Poetry Prize

## Sources

- Austrian newspaper _Vorarlberger Nachrichten_
Inferno Metal Festival

**Inferno Metal Festival** is an annual extreme metal festival in Oslo, Norway. The festival take place at Rockefeller Music Hall.

## Other websites

- Official site
Sailing ship

A **sailing ship** is a big boat with sail<nowiki/>s attached to the mast, to catch the wind.  The wind pushes the boat along.  A sailing ship had a rig of at least three masts, square rig<nowiki/>ged.

Sailing ships have been used since prehistoric times. They were greatly improved around the 15th century, and were the main kind of ship until the middle 19th century. They were very important for trade and war. All large boats became known as "ships", so when steam power was invented people talked about "steam ships" to distinguish them from "sailing ships".

Small boats with sails are called "yachts" or sailboats.  They are used today for leisure activities.
Weather radar

A **weather radar** is a type of radar used to show where precipitation is. Weather radar data can be analyzed to tell the movement of precipitation, what type it is (rain, snow, hail, etc.), and forecast its future.

Modern weather radars are mostly Doppler radars, which can find the direction and speed of rain drops and the intensity of the precipitation. Both types of information can be used to find the structure of storms and tell if they signify any severe weather (tornadoes, flash floods, etc.).

## Other websites

- Radar tutorial
- Weather Underground
- Canadian weather radar FAQ
Impressment

**Impressment**  (**the Press**) was the act of forcing men to serve in the navy.  The people who were "pressed" to join the navy were usually young men.  A naval officer would lead a **press gang** and force men onto warships where they were made to serve as sailor<nowiki/>s.  Their families (if they had families) seldom knew where they had been taken.

This was a normal practice in the Royal Navy during the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries.  Many people said that it should be stopped, but the Navy said it was a good way to get sailors who were needed to defend their country.  After the Napoleonic Wars the need for sailors was less and the Navy stopped impressing them.

## Other websites

- The Impress Service, basic article on "press gangs" in British ports, charged with impressing sailors into the Navy.
Naïve

**Naïve** (pronounce: "na-EEV") is a French word which is used in English to mean that someone is very simple and does not understand about the dangers around them.  Someone who is naïve does not have enough experience of life to know about things he or she ought to know; for example, they may be very trusting, not realizing that some people in the world are evil and that some situations are perilous.

The word is sometimes spelt in English without the French double dot on the letter i, "naive", due to the default settings for typing in English lacking it.   It is an adjective.  The noun is **naïveté**, but is sometimes spelt naïvety in English.  It is similar in meaning to the word "innocent" and is not always a negative quality in that being naïve implies a lack of acquired prejudice.

The word naïve is used in other special ways in the arts and sciences.  It often means "lack of experience", but it does not necessarily mean it in a critical way.

- Naïve art is art which is created by people who have not been trained as artists.
- Naïve realism is the way that most people see and understand the world.
- In ecology it can mean animals that have not learned to be afraid of other animals that might attack and eat them.

## Related pages

- Innocent
Bun'ō

was a  after _Shōgen_ and before _Kōchō._  This  period started in April 1260 and ended in February 1261. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Bun'ō_ era

- **1260** (_Bun'o 1_): Nichiren wrote _Rissho Ankoku Ron_ ("On Securing the Peace of the Land through the Propagation of True Buddhism").

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, The Japanese Calendar"

|Bun'ō|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1260|1261|
Miodrag Božović

**Miodrag Božović** (born 22 July 1968) is a former Montenegrin football player.

### Club

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1998|Avispa Fukuoka|J1 League|8|0|0|0|0|0|8|0|

## Managerial statistics

|rowspan=2|Team|rowspan=2|From|rowspan=2|To|colspan=5|Record|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|Amkar Perm|align=left|8 January 2008|align=left|31 December 2008|||
|align=left|FC Moscow|align=left|1 January 2009|align=left|1 March 2010|||
|align=left|Dynamo Moscow|align=left|27 April 2010|align=left|21 April 2011|||
|align=left|Amkar Perm|align=left|29 September 2011|align=left|11 June 2012|||
|align=left|Rostov|align=left|11 June 2012|align=left|25 September 2014|||
|align=left|Lokomotiv Moscow|align=left|4 October 2014|align=left|11 May 2015|||
|align=left|Red Star Belgrade|align=left|2 June 2015|align=left|7 May 2017|||
|align=left|Arsenal Tula|align=left|18 June 2017|align=left|25 May 2018|||
|align=left|Krylia Sovetov|align=left|5 October 2018|align=left|28 June 2020|||
|align=left|Arsenal Tula|align=left|3 September 2021|align=left|21 June 2022|||
|align=left|Neftçi|align=left|24 December 2023|align=left|26 May 2024|||
|align=left|Esteghlal Khuzestan|align=left|5 July 2024|align=left|25 February 2025|||
|align=left|Esteghlal|align=left|26 February 2025|align=left|23 April 2025|||

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1998|Avispa Fukuoka|J1 League|8|0|0|0|0|0|8|0|
Kenichi Sugano

**Kenichi Sugano** (born 8 August 1971) is a former Japanese football player.
Lawar

**Lawar** is a traditional food in Bali, Thailand. It contains young jackfruit, pork and pig's blood.