juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Intouchables

***The Intouchables*** ( , UK: ***Untouchable***) is a 2011 French buddy comedy-drama movie  directed by Olivier Nakache & Éric Toledano. It stars François Cluzet and Omar Sy.

The movie is about a quadriplegic Philippe (François Cluzet) and his caretaker and later best friend Driss (Omar Sy) going on adventures throughout Paris while Philippe is going through challenges of being quadriplegic.

Nine weeks after its release in France on 2 November 2011, it became the second biggest box office hit in France, just behind the 2008 movie _Welcome to the Sticks_.

The movie was voted the cultural event of 2011 in France with 52% of votes in a poll by Fnac. The movie has received several award nominations. In France, the movie won César Award for Best Actor for Omar Sy, and seven nomination for César Awards include the César Award for Best Film But losing to the Academy Award for Best Picture winner _The Artist_.

In 2019, an English-remake titled _The Upside_ (2019) was released with Bryan Cranston and Kevin Hart.
Marcelino dos Santos

**Marcelino dos Santos** (20 May 1929 – 11 February 2020) was a Mozambican poet, revolutionary, and statesman. He was born in Lumbo.

He was a founding member of the _Frente de Libertação de Moçambique_ (FRELIMO—Mozambican Liberation Front), in 1962, and served as the party's deputy president from 1969 to 1977. He was Minister of Economic Development in the late 1970s, Frelimo Political Bureau member in charge of the economy in the early 1980s.

He also was Chairman of the country's parliament, the Assembly of the Republic, from 1987 to 1994, and, as of 1999, remains a member of the Frelimo Central Committee.

Santos died on 11 February 2020 at the age of 90.

## Other websites

- Bookrags _Encyclopedia of World Biography_ (accessed December 2007).
- Mozambique News Agency interview  (accessed December 2007).
Doina Cornea

**Doina Cornea** (; 30 May 1929 – 3 May 2018) was a Romanian human rights activist and French language professor. She was notable as a dissident during the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu.

## Activism

Cornea illegally sent the first letter to Radio Free Europe in 1982. It was the first in a series of texts and protests against the Nicolae Ceaușescu regime. She saw the crisis not just an economic one, but also a spiritual crisis.She said that the Romanian people "a people fed solely on slogans", who value more material values rather than spiritual values, which she defined as the ones which "generated intelligence, ethics, culture, liberty and responsibility".

In August 1987, she addressed an open letter to Nicolae Ceaușescu, in which she advocated reform in the higher education: greater academic freedom.

## Beliefs

She argued for freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly and freedom of travel; on the economic side, her letter (which may have been drafted by other collaborators) argued for closing down loss-making factories, re-tooling factories for being able to compete with foreign companies, hiring foreign managers and recreation of private land ownership, as well as the stopping of the Systematization programme.

## House arrest

Cornea was put on house arrest by the Securitate (Romanian government officials). Following a documentary shown on Belgian television, an international campaign for her release began. Resolutions arguing for her release were passed by the European Parliament and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions.

She was released 21 December 1989 (during the Romanian Revolution, on the day before the Ceaușescu regime fell);

## Personal life

Cornea born in Brașov, Romania. Cornea began studying French and Italian at Cluj University in 1948. In 1980, she published her first _samizdat_ book, _Încercarea Labirintului_.

## Other websites

- Dennis Deletant, _Ceaușescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965-1989_, M.E. Sharpe, London, 1995, .
Alfred Moisiu

**Alfred Spiro Moisiu** (; born 1 December 1929) is an Albanian politician. He was the fourth President of the Republic of Albania from 2002–2007. He is the eldest son of famed Albanian Army general Spiro Moisiu.

## Honors

- Knight Grand Cross of the Croatian Grand Order of King Tomislav (, July 2, 2007), "For outstanding contribution to the promotion of friendship and development co-operation between the Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Albania."
- Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (27 March 2007)
- Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

## Other websites

- Photo

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alfred Moisiu
- **image**: Alfred Moisiu.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Alfred Moisiu giving a speech in Kavajë
- **order**: 4th President of Albania
- **term start**: July 24, 2002
- **term end**: July 24, 2007
- **predecessor**: Rexhep Meidani
- **successor**: Bamir Topi
- **order1**: Minister of Defense
- **term start1**: December 18, 1991
- **term end1**: April 13, 1992
- **predecessor1**: Ndriçim Karakaçi
- **successor1**: Safet Zhulali
- **birth place**: Shkodër, Kingdom of Albania (1928–39), Albanian Kingdom (now Albania)
- **spouse**: Milica Moisiu (-2002, her death)
- **children**: Rubena (1958)
 Ana (1962)
 Mirela (1964)
 Admir (1970 - 2004)
- **profession**: Military
- **signature**: Alfred Moisiu (nënshkrim).svg
Salim Al-Huss

**Salim Al-Huss** (Arabic: سليم أحمد الحص; 20 December 1929 – 25 August 2024) was a Lebanese politician. He was a Prime Minister of Lebanon and a longtime Member of Parliament representing his hometown, Beirut.

Hoss died on 25 August 2024 in Beirut at the age of 94.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Salim Al-Huss
 سليم الحص
- **image**: Salim el-Hoss Axis for Peace 2005-11-17.jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of Lebanon
- **president**: Elias Sarkis
- **term start**: 8 December 1976
- **term end**: 20 July 1980
- **predecessor**: Rashid Karami
- **successor**: Takieddin as-Solh
- **president2**: Amine Gemayel
Himself
René Moawad
Himself
Elias Hrawi
- **term start2**: 2 June 1987
- **term end2**: 24 December 1990*
- **predecessor2**: Rashid Karami
- **successor2**: Omar Karami
- **president3**: Émile Lahoud
- **term start3**: 6 December 1998
- **term end3**: 23 October 2000
- **predecessor3**: Rafik Hariri
- **successor3**: Rafik Hariri
- **office4**: President of Lebanon

- **term start4**: 24 September 1988
- **term end4**: 5 November 1989*
- **predecessor4**: Amine Gemayel
- **successor4**: René Moawad
- **primeminister4**: Himself
- **term start5**: 22 November 1989
- **term end5**: 24 November 1989*
- **predecessor5**: René Moawad
- **successor5**: Elias Hrawi
- **birthname**: Selim Ahmed Hoss
- **birth place**: Beirut, Lebanon
- **death place**: Beirut, Lebanon
- **footnotes**: Hoss's term was disputed between 22 September 1988 and 13 October 1990 by Michel Aoun.
Lee Hyun-jae

**Lee Hyun Jae** (born December 20, 1929) is a former South Korean politician.

He served from March to December 1988 as the twentieth prime minister of South Korea.

Lee is the chairman of the Ho-Am Prize Committee and an advisor of the Korean Association for Cultural Economics as of 2017.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **image**: 이현재 총리.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **name**: Lee Hyun Jae
- **order**: 20th Prime Minister of South Korea
- **term start**: March 2, 1988
- **term end**: December 4, 1988
- **predecessor**: Kim Jeong-ryeol
- **successor**: Kang Young-Hoon
- **birth place**: Hongseong, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea under Japanese rule, Chōsen (now South Korea)
Milan Panić

**Milan Panić** (, ; born 20 December 1929) is a Serbian-American former Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, humanitarian, and multimillionaire businessman based in Newport Beach and Pasadena, California. He served as Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 1993. During and after his time as Prime Minister, he campaigned for peace and democracy in the Balkan region.

He ran for President of Serbia in 1992, ultimately coming in second to Slobodan Milošević.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Milan Panić
Милан Панић
- **image**: Milan Panić.JPG
- **caption**: Milan Panić
- **order**: 1st Prime Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
- **term start**: 14 July 1992
- **term end**: 9 February 1993
- **president**: Dobrica Ćosić
- **predecessor**: Position established
- **successor**: Radoje Kontić
- **birth place**: Belgrade, Kingdom of Yugoslavia
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States)
- **spouse**: Milena Kitić
- **nationality**: United States, American (of Serbian Origin)
- **website**: www.milanpanic.org
Efraín Goldenberg

**Efraín Goldenberg Schreiber**, or "Efraím," (28 December 1929 – 10 December 2025) was a Peruvian politician. He served as Peru's finance minister, foreign relations minister, and Prime Minister in the 1990s.

On February 17, 1994, he was sworn in as Prime Minister of Peru by then President Alberto Fujimori, a position that he held until 1995.

Goldenberg was born on December 28, 1929, in Lima, Peru, to Jewish Romanian immigrants. He grew up in Talara. He studied at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Goldenberg died on December 10, 2025 in Lima at the age of 95.
Omar Sy

**Omar Sy** (born 20 January 1978) is a French actor and comedian. He is best known in France for his duo with Fred Testot, _Omar et Fred_, and for his role in _The Intouchables_. Internationally, he is known for his roles in _X-Men: Days of Future Past_ and _Jurassic World_. His newest Film is French Lover.

Sy received a César Award for Best Actor on 24 February 2012 for his role in _The Intouchables_ and in doing so also became the first actor of African descent to win the French award.

Sy is a Muslim. His parents are both immigrants from West Africa.

## Other websites

- Omar et Fred

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Omar Sy
- **image**: Omar Sy SDCC 2013 X-Men.jpg
- **caption**: Sy at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International
- **birth place**: Trappes, France
- **years active**: 2000–present
- **occupation**: Actor
- **spouse**: Hélène (m. 2007; 3 children)
- **children**: Alhadji Sy, Tidiane Sy, and Telly Sy
Ultraviolet catastrophe

The **ultraviolet catastrophe** is the name given to a conflict between theory and the observation in classical physics.

An ideal blackbody at thermal equilibrium emits radiation in all frequency ranges. It emits more energy as the frequency increases. By calculating the total amount of radiated energy, it can be shown that a blackbody would release an infinite amount of energy. This contradicted the principles of conservation of energy and showed a new model was needed for the behaviour of blackbodies.

This happened around the end of the nineteenth century. It was one of the things that led to the invention of quantum mechanics. Theorists like Max Planck solved the problem with the quantum theory in which energy leaves the body in distinct packets called quanta rather than in continuous waves. The quantum theory accurately predicted the energy of the radiation that is observed.
Le Vigan, Gard

**Le Vigan** () is a commune in south central France in the region of Occitanie. It is a subprefecture of the Gard department. It is also the capital of the _arrondissement_ of the same name.

## History

Since the creation of the Gard department on 4 March 1790, Le Vigan has been a subprefecture of the department.

## Geography

Le Vigan is at the south of the Massif Central and near the Mont Aigoual, in the valley of the Arre, a right tributary of the Hérault river. The Arre flows through the town.

Le Vigan has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The _commune_ of Le Vigan is surrounded by the _communes_ Aulas, Avèze, Saint-André-de-Majencoules, Roquedur, Saint-Bresson, Pommiers and Mandagout.

Le Vigan is part of the Cévennes National Park ().

### Climate

The climate of Le Vigan, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Csa** - Mediterranean climate with hot summers.

## Population

The inhabitants of Le Vigan are known, in French, as _Viganais_ (women: _Viganaises_).

With a population of 3,933, Le Vigan has a population density of  inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>.

**Evolution of the population in Le Vigan**

Le Vigan forms, with other 6 _communes_, the urban area of Le Vigan with a population of 7,184 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Le Vigan, formed by 15 _communes_ with a population of 8,996 inhabitants and an area of .

## Administration

Le Vigan is a subprefecture of the Gard department, the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Le Vigan and the administrative centre () of the canton Le Vigan; the canton has 23,033 inhabitants <small>(2014)</small>.

It is part of the intercommunality _Le Pays viganais_.

## Sister cities

Le Vigan is twinned with:
- Cisano sul Neva, Savona, Italy.
- Bigastro, Alicante, Spain.

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Le Vigan
- Communes of the Gard department

## Other websites

- City Council website
- Communauté de Communes du Pays Viganais
- Office de tourisme du Pays Viganais / Cévennes Navacelles

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Le Vigan
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Le Vigan (Gard).svg
- **image coat of arms size**: 70px
- **image**: 159 Le Vigan L'hôtel de ville.JPG
- **caption**: City and town halls, Town hall of Le Vigan
- **arrondissement**: Le Vigan
- **canton**: Le Vigan
- **intercommunality**: Le Pays Viganais
- **mayor**: Éric Doulcier
- **term**: 2014-2020
- **elevation m**: 412
- **elevation min m**: 184
- **elevation max m**: 640
- **area km2**: 17.24
- **population demonym**: Viganais
- **population**: 3933
- **population date**: 2014
- **insee**: 30350
- **postal code**: 30120
- **website**: [http://www.levigan.fr/ Mairie du Vigan]
Alès

**Alès** () is a commune in south central France in the region of Occitanie. It is a subprefecture of the Gard department. It is also the capital of the _arrondissement_ of the same name.

It was formerly known as _Alais_.

## History

Since the creation of the Gard department on 4 March 1790, Alès has been a subprefecture of the department.

## Geography

Alès is at  north-northwest of Nîmes, in a curve (meander) of the Le Gardon d'Alès river, which half surrounds it. It is at the foot of the Cévennes, near the Cévennes National Park.

Alès has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The _commune_ of Alès is surrounded by the _communes_  Saint-Jean-du-Pin, Saint-Martin-de-Valgalgues, Saint-Privat-des-Vieux, Cendras, Saint-Christol-lès-Alès and Saint-Hilaire-de-Brethmas.

### Climate

The climate of Alès, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Csb** - Mediterranean climate with warm summers.

## Population

The inhabitants of Alès are known, in French, as _Alésiens_ (women: _Alésiennes_).

With a population of 39,993, Alès has a population density of  inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>.

**Evolution of the population in Alès**

Alès forms, with other 21 _communes_, the urban area of Alès with a population of 94,622 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Alès, formed by 52 _communes_ with a population of 114,137 inhabitants and an area of .

## Administration

Alès is a subprefecture of the Gard department, the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Le Vigan and the administrative centre () of the cantons
- Alès-1, with 32,289 inhabitants <small>(2014)</small>.
- Alès-2, with 29,141 inhabitants <small>(2014)</small>.
- Alès-3, with 26,871 inhabitants <small>(2014)</small>.

It is part of the intercommunality _Alès Agglomération_.

## Sister cities

Alès is twinned with:
- Bílina, Czech Republic.
- Kilmarnock, Scotland, UK.
- Herstal, Belgium.

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Alès
- Communes of the Gard department

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Alès
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Cathédrale d'alès.JPG
- **caption**: Alès Cathedral
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Ales (Gard).svg
- **arrondissement**: Alès
- **canton**: Canton of Alès-1, Alès-1
Canton of Alès-2, Alès-2
Canton of Alès-3, Alès-3
- **insee**: 30007
- **postal code**: 30100
- **mayor**: Max Roustan
- **term**: 2014-2020
- **intercommunality**: Alès Agglomération
- **elevation m**: 150
- **elevation min m**: 116
- **elevation max m**: 356
- **area km2**: 23.16
- **population demonym**: Alésiens
- **population**: 39993
- **population date**: 2014
- **website**: [http://www.alescevennes.fr/ Mairie de Alès]
Geoffrey Wainwright

**Geoffrey John Wainwright** MBE (19 September 1937 – 6 March 2017) was a British archaeologist specializing in prehistory. He was the Chief Archaeologist of English Heritage from 1989 to 1999. He served as visiting professor to a number of universities. He served as President of the Prehistoric Society from 1981 to 1985 and the Society of Antiquaries of London from 2007 to 2010.

Wainwright was born in Pembrokeshire, Wales. He studied at Cardiff University and at UCL Institute of Archaeology. Wainwright died on 6 March 2017 in Pembrokeshire, Wales, aged 79.
Torgny Lindgren

**Gustav Torgny Lindgren** (16 June 1938 – 16 March 2017) was a Swedish writer.

## Life

Lindgren was the son of Andreas Lindgren and Helga Björk. He studied in Umeå to become a teacher and worked as a teacher until the middle of the 1970s. For several years he was active as a local politician for the Swedish Social Democratic Party. In the 1980s he converted to the Catholic faith.

Lindgren died in Stockholm on 16 March 2017 from stomach cancer, aged 78.

## Career

Lindgren began as a poet in 1965 but had to wait until 1982 for his breakthrough, with the novel _The Way of a Serpent_ (Swedish: _Ormens väg på hälleberget_). Lindgren was translated into more than thirty languages and was one of Sweden's most internationally successful contemporary writers. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1991.

## Awards and honors

- 1986 – Prix Femina étranger (for _Bathsheba_)
- 1995 – The August Prize (for _Sweetness_)
- 2000 – The Selma Lagerlöf Prize
- 2001 – Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
- 2002 – Litteris et Artibus
- 2004 – De Nios Stora Pris

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Torgny Lindgren
- **image**: Torgny Lindgren.JPG
- **caption**: Lindgren in 2007
- **birth name**: Gustav Torgny Lindgren
- **birth place**: Raggsjö, Norsjö, Västerbotten County, Västerbotten, Sweden
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **occupation**: Poet, novelist
- **nationality**: Swedish
- **period**: 1965–2017
- **spouse**: Stina
Wojciech Młynarski

**Wojciech Młynarski** (March 26, 1941 – March 15, 2017) was a Polish poet, singer-songwriter, and translator. He was a well-known figure on the Polish musical scene. He was most famous for his ballads and what is known as sung poetry, as well as for his collaboration with numerous vocalists and cabarets.

He wrote lyrics to more than 2,000 songs, a small fraction of which he sang himself. His songs received a total of 25 "Karolinkas", which are the main awards of the Polish Song Festival in Opole, the most important Polish song festival, occurring annually since 1963. He also composed music to some of his songs. He is considered an icon of Polish culture.

Młynarski died on March 15, 2017 in Warsaw from cancer, aged 75.

## Other websites

- Wojciech Młynarski on filmpolski.pl
- Wojciech Młynarski on filmweb.pl
Dave Stallworth

**David Anderson Stallworth** (December 20, 1941 – March 15, 2017) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for eight seasons and was a member of the New York Knicks' 1969–70 championship-winning team.

Stallworth played for the Knicks from 1965 through 1972 and again in 1974. He later played for the Baltimore/Capitol Bullets from 1972 through 1974. His basketball career began in 1962 and ended in his retirement in 1974.

Stallworth was born in Dallas, Texas. He studied at Wichita State University. Stallworth died on March 15, 2017 in Wichita, Kansas from a heart attack, aged 75.

## Other websites

- Article on Stallworth's career
Gardon d'Alès

The **Gardon d'Alès** is a river in southeastern France, in the Lozère and Gard departments in the Occitanie region. It is a left tributary of the Gardon river.

## Geography

The Gardon d'Alès river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .

### Course

The Gardon d'Alès starts in the _commune_ of Saint-Privat-de-Vallongue, Lozère department in the Cévennes National Park, at an altitude of about . From here, the river flows in general to the southeast.

The Gardon d'Alès joins the _Gardon d'Anduze_ (the name of the upper Gardon or Gard river) between the _communes_ Cassagnoles and Vézénobres. to the south of Alès, at an altitude of about .

The Gardon d'Alès flows through the Lozère and Gard departments, in the Occitanie region, and a total of 17 _communes_, 12 in the Gard department and 5 in the Lozère department:

- Occitanie region
    - Lozère: Le Collet-de-Dèze, Saint-Hilaire-de-Lavit, Saint-Julien-des-Points, Saint-Michel-de-Dèze, Saint-Privat-de-Vallongue
    - Gard: Alès, Branoux-les-Taillades, Cendras, La Grand-Combe, Laval-Pradel, Ribaute-les-Tavernes, Saint-Christol-lès-Alès, Saint-Hilaire-de-Brethmas, Saint-Martin-de-Valgalgues, Sainte-Cécile-d'Andorge, Les Salles-du-Gardon, Vézénobrest

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries, with a length greater than 20 km, of the Gardon d'Alès are the _L'Avène_, a left tributary  long; and the _Le Galeizon_, a right tributary  long.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Gardon d'Alès
- **image**: Gardon in Ales 02.jpg
- **image caption**: Alès
- **pushpin map**: France#France Occitanie
- **source1 location**: Cévennes
- **mouth**: Gardon
- **mouth location**: Ners
- **progression**: Gardon→
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
National parks of Ukraine

There are 49 **national parks** in Ukraine.

Ukraine's national parks are:
- Azov National Nature Park

- Azov-Syvash National Nature Park

- Carpathian National Nature Park

- Cheremosh National Nature Park

- Derman-Ostroh National Nature Park

- Desna-Starahuta National Nature Park

- Dniester Canyon National Nature Park

- Dzharylhak National Nature Park
- Halych National Nature Park
- Hetman National Nature Park
- Holosiivskyi National Nature Park
- Hutsulshchyna National Park
- Ichnya National Nature Park
- Karmelyukove Podillya
- Khotyn National Nature Park

- Lower Dniester National Nature Park

- Lower Polissia National Nature Park
- Lower Sula National Nature Park
- Meotyda National Nature Park
- Mezynsky National Nature Park
- National Nature Park Buzk's Gard
- National Nature Park Charming Harbor
- National Nature Park Dvorichansky
- National Nature Park Great Meadow
- National Nature Park Holy Mountains
- National Nature Park Homolsh Woods
- National Nature Park Ivory Coast of Sviatoslav

- National Nature Park Kremenets Mountains

- National Nature Park Northern Podillya
- National Nature Park Prypiat-Stokhid
- National Nature Park Skole Beskids
- National Nature Park Synevir
- National Nature Park Zalissya
- Nyzniodniprovsky National Nature Park
- Oleshky Sands National Nature Park
- Podilski Tovtry National Park
- Pyryatyn National Nature Park
- Shatsky National Natural Park

- Sloboda National Nature Park

- Synyohora National Nature Park

- Tsumanska Puscha National Nature Park

- Tuzly Lagoons National Nature Park

- Upper Pobozhia National Nature Park

- Uzhanian National Nature Park

- Verkhovyna National Nature Park

- Vyzhnytsia National Nature Park

- White Lake National Nature Park

- Yavorivskyi National Nature Park

- Zacharovany Krai National Nature Park
Flag of Ukraine

The official **Flag of Ukraine** is the flag of the European country, Ukraine. Adopted in 1991, It has two horizontal stripes, a blue one, and a yellow one.
Sears

**Sears, Roebuck and Company**, known better as **Sears**, is an American department store chain with about 5 stores left in the United States.

The first store opened in 1906. Sears was the largest retailer in the country until Walmart had more sales in October 1989.

Sears closed all 140 of its Canadian stores in 2017. Its 75 stores in Mexico have been operated by Grupo Carso since 1997.

Sears filed for bankruptcy on October 15, 2018.

On June 3, 2019, the Sears assets were purchased by Transform Holdco.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Sears, Roebuck and Company
- **logo**: Sears logo (2020).svg
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Retail
- **fate**: Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code, Chapter 11 Bankruptcy
- **foundation**: (legacy)
 (first incorporation)
 (second incorporation)
Chicago, Illinois
- **location city**: Hoffman Estates, Illinois, Hoffman Estates, Illinois
- **location country**: United States
- **locations**: 5
- **revenue**: United States dollar, US$ 13.8 billion (2016)
- **operating income**: United States dollar, US$ -1.448 billion (2016)
- **parent**: Sears Holdings
(2005–2019)
Transformco
(2019–present)
- **subsid**: #Subsidiaries, _See below_
Arre (river)

The **Arre** is a river in southeastern France, in the Gard department in the Occitanie region. It is a right tributary of the Hérault river.

## Geography

The Arre river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Le Vigan in the Gard department.

**Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Le Vigan**

### Course

The Arre starts in the _commune_ of Alzon, Gard department in the Cévennes National Park between the places called _Roc de Berdu_, _Boucaret_ and _Case Vieille_, at an altitude of about . From here, the river flows in general to the east.

The Arre joins, as a right tributary, the Hérault river in the _commune_ Roquedur, near the small town of _Pont d'Hérault_ (_commune_ of Saint-André-de-Majencoules), at an altitude of about .

The river flows through the Gard department, in the Occitanie region, and through a total of 9 _communes_: Alzon, Arre, Arrigas, Aumessas, Avèze, Bez-et-Esparon, Molières-Cavaillac, Saint-André-de-Majencoules, Le Vigan.

## Main tributaries

The only important tributary of the Arre is the _Coudoulous_, a left tributary  long.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Arre
- **image**: Vigan_vieux_pont.jpg
- **image caption**: The Arre through Le Vigan, Gard, Le Vigan
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of France, Region
- **subdivision name2**: Occitanie
- **subdivision type3**: Departments of France, Department
- **subdivision name3**: Gard
- **subdivision type4**: Communes of France, Communes
- **subdivision name4**: Avèze,Gard, Avèze, Le Vigan, Gard, Le Vigan
- **tributaries left**: Coudoulous
- **source1**: Cévennes
- **source1 location**: Alzon
- **mouth**: Hérault (river), Hérault
- **mouth location**: Saint-André-de-Majencoules
- **source1 elevation**: 750
- **discharge1 location**: Le Vigan, Gard, Le Vigan
Rotating bolt

Rotating bolt is a method of locking used in firearms. Johann Nicolaus von Dreyse developed the first rotating bolt firearm, the "Dreyse needle gun" in 1836. The Dreyse locked using the bolt handle rather than lugs on the bolt head like the Mauser M 98 or M16. The first rotating bolt rifle with two lugs on the bolt head was the Lebel Model 1886 rifle. The concept has been implemented on most firearms chambered for high powered cartridges since the 20th century.

## Examples

- M1 Garand, gas-operated semi-automatic rifle
- Lebel Model 1886 rifle, bolt-action rifle
- Steyr-Mannlicher M1895, a straight-pull rifle
- M16, a gas-operated assault rifle
- AK-47, a gas-operated assault rifle
- IMI Tavor, a gas-operated assault rifle
- Ruger Mini-14, a gas-operated semi-automatic rifle
- IMI Desert Eagle, one of the few handguns with such mechanism.
- Remington Model 8, a recoil-operated rifle
- Chauchat, a recoil-operated light machine gun
- Remington Model 7600, a pump-action rifle
- The Winchester model 1200, 1300,and Super-X (SXP) Pump Shotguns
- SIG-Sauer MPX, the first submachine gun to use this mechanism.

## References

- Primer actuated M16 bolt
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eMDoMSfLkaA
Tom Lanoye

**Tom Emiel Gerardine Aloïs Lanoye** (born August 27, 1958 in Sint-Niklaas) is a Belgian writer, poet and columnist.

Lanoye writes novels and playwrights as well as poetry and scenarios.

He got many awards, among them the Constantijn Huygens Prize.

Lanoye is an atheist.
50PLUS

**50PLUS**, the same in Dutch (shortened _50+_), is a Dutch political party.

50PLUS was established in 2009 and aims at the interests of elder people.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 0 (-1).

MP Liane den Haan left 50+ on 6 May 2021. Since that time, 50+ has no longer been represented in the House of Representatives.

## Political leaders

- Jan Nagel - 2009-2012
- Henk Krol - 2012-2013
- Jan Nagel - 2013-2016
- Henk Krol - 2016-2020
- Liane den Haan - 2020-2021
- Martin van Rooijen - 2021-2023
- Gerard van Hooft - 2023
- Martin van Rooijen - 2023-

## Other websites

- Website of 50PLUS
CU

**CU** or **cu**, may refer to:

- Close-up, in film making
- Cuba (ISO 3166, FIPS Pub 10-4 and obsolete NATO diagram)
    - .cu, Cuba's top-level domain country code
- Old Church Slavonic (ISO 639 alpha-2 language code)
- "See you", in e-mail shorthand
- Cubit, ancient unit of length

## Businesses and organizations

- ChristianUnion, a political party in the Netherlands
- Credit union, a member-owned financial cooperative

## Science and technology

- Copper, symbol Cu, a chemical element
- ".cu", the filename extension for CUDA objects
- chemical formula of Uranium carbide

### Asia

- Chittagong University, Bangladesh
- Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
- University of Calcutta, India

### Australia

- Curtin University, Australia

### Europe

- University of Cambridge, UK
- Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Coventry University, UK

### North America

- Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
- Chapman University, California, US
- Clarkson University, New York, US
- Clemson University, South Carolina, US
- Colgate University, New York, US
- Columbia University, New York, US
- Cornell University, New York, US
- Creighton University, Nebraska, US
- University of Colorado, US
    - University of Colorado Boulder
Christian Union

The **Christian Union**, Dutch: _ChristenUnie_ (shortened _CU_), is a Dutch political party.

The Christian Union is an orthodox Christian democratic party.

It was established in 2001 as a merger of the Reformed Political Alliance (GPV) and the Reformatory Political Federation (RPF).

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 3 (-2).

## Political leaders

- Kars Veling - 2001-2002
- André Rouvoet - 2002-2011
- Arie Slob - 2011-2015
- Gert-Jan Segers - 2015-2023
- Mirjam Bikker - 2023-

## Other websites

- Website of the ChristianUnion
Denk (political party)

**DENK** (the Dutch word "denk" means _think_) is a political party in the Netherlands. The official name is _Political Movement Denk_ (Dutch: "Politieke Beweging Denk").

DENK aims at the interests of non-western citizens, and was established in 2015.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 3 (0).

The party was founded by Tunahan Kuzu and Selçuk Öztürk, two Turkish Dutch members of the House of Representatives, after leaving the Labour Party on 13 November 2014. Upon winning three seats at the 2017 election, Denk became the first migrant-founded party to gain seats in the Dutch national parliament.

## Political leaders

- Tunahan Kuzu - 2015-2020
- Farid Azarkan - 2020-2023
- Stephan van Baarle - 2023-

## Other websites

- Website of DENK
Forum for Democracy

The **Forum for Democracy** (Dutch: _Forum voor Democratie_. shortened _FVD_) is a Dutch political party.

The party was formed on 22 September 2016.

The Forum for Democracy is critical of the current political situation in the Netherlands. The party is right-wing and a national-conservative party. They are strongly against the European Union. They also want more direct democracy in the Netherlands.

Political leader and co-founder of the FVD is Thierry Baudet.

In the 2023 elections, they have won 3 seats (-5) in the House of Representatives.

The FVD group in the House of Representatives split on 13 May 2021. Wybren van Haga and two others MPs left the party and formed the Group Van Haga.

## Other websites

- Website of the Forum for Democracy
GreenLeft

**GreenLeft**, Dutch: _GroenLinks_ (shortened _GL_), is a Dutch political party.

GreenLeft is a leftist party that supports environmental protection.

It was established in 1989 as a merger of the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN), Evangelical People's Party (EVP), Political Party of Radicals (PPR) and Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP).

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 25 (together with the PvdA).

## Political leaders

- Ria Beckers - 1989-1993
- Peter Lankhorst - 1993-1994
- Ina Brouwer - 1994
- Paul Rosenmöller - 1994-2002
- Femke Halsema - 2002-2010
- Jolande Sap - 2010-2012
- Bram van Ojik - 2012-2015
- Jesse Klaver - 2015-2023
- Frans Timmermans - 2023-

## Other websites

- Website of GreenLeft
Labour Party (Netherlands)

The **Labour Party**, Dutch: _Partij van de Arbeid_ (shortened _PvdA_), is a Dutch political party.

The Labour Party is a social democratic party.

It was established in 1946 from a merger of the Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP), the Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB), and the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 25 (together with GreenLeft).

## Political leaders

- Willem Drees - 1946-1958
- Jaap Burger - 1958-1962
- Anne Vondeling - 1962-1966
- Joop den Uyl - 1966-1986
- Wim Kok - 1986-2001
- Ad Melkert - 2001-2002
- Wouter Bos - 2002-2010
- Job Cohen - 2010-2012
- Diederik Samsom - 2012-2016
- Lodewijk Asscher - 2016-2021
- Lilianne Ploumen - 2021-2022
- Attje Kuiken - 2022-2023
- Frans Timmermans - 2023-

## Other websites

- Website of the Labour Party

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Labour Party
- **logo**: PvdA logo (2018–present).svg
- **leader**: Esther-Mirjam Sent
- **foundation**: 9 February 1946
- **ideology**: Social democracy
- **abbreviation**: PvdA
- **position**: Centre-left
- **seats1 title**: House of Representatives (Netherlands), House of Representatives
- **seats2 title**: European Parliament
Party for the Animals

The **Party for the Animals**, Dutch: _Partij voor de Dieren_ (shortened _PvdD_), is a Dutch political party.

The Party for the Animals was established in 2002 and supports animal rights and fights global warming.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 3 (-3).

## Political leaders

- Marianne Thieme - 2002-2019
- Esther Ouwehand - 2019-

## Other websites

- Website of the Party for the Animals
Reformed Political Party

The **Reformed Political Party**, Dutch: _Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij_ (shortened _SGP_), is a Dutch political party.

The Reformed Political Party is an orthodox Calvinist party.
They are a very conservative party.

It was established in 1918.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 3 (0).

## Political leaders

- Gerrit Hendrik Kersten - 1918-1945
- Pieter Zandt - 1945-1961
- Cor van Dis Sr. - 1961-1971
- Hette Abma - 1971-1981
- Henk van Rossum - 1981-1986
- Bas van der Vlies - 1986-2010
- Kees van der Staaij - 2010-2023
- Chris Stoffer - 2023-

## Other websites

- Website of the Reformed Political Party
Socialist Party (Netherlands)

The **Socialist Party**, Dutch: _Socialistische Partij_ (shortened _SP_), is a Dutch political party.

The Socialist Party was established in 1972 (its forerunner in 1971) and is a socialist party. They are supportive of left-wing views.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 5 (-4).

## Political leaders

- Daan Monjé - 1971-1986
- Hans van Hooft Sr. - 1986-1988
- Jan Marijnissen - 1988-2008
- Agnes Kant - 2008-2010
- Emiel Roemer - 2010-2017
- Lilian Marijnissen - 2017-2023
- Jimmy Dijk - 2023-

## Other websites

- Website of the Socialist Party
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy

The **People's Party for Freedom and Democracy**, Dutch: _Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie_ (shortened _VVD_), is a Dutch political party.

The People's Party for Freedom and Democracy is a conservative liberal party. They are the largest party in the country.

It was established in 1948 from a merger of the Freedom Party (PvdV) and the Oud Committee.

Number of seats in the 2023 elections: 24 (-10).

Current political leader is Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius, who was elected in 2023.

## Political leaders

- Pieter Oud (1948–1963)
- Edzo Toxopeus (1963–1969)
- Molly Geertsema (1969–1971)
- Hans Wiegel (1971–1982)
- Ed Nijpels (1982–1986)
- Rudolf de Korte (1986)
- Joris Voorhoeve (1986–1990)
- Frits Bolkestein (1990–1998)
- Hans Dijkstal (1998–2002)
- Gerrit Zalm (2002–2004)
- Jozias van Aartsen (2004–2006)
- Mark Rutte (2006–2023)
- Dilan Yeşilgöz-Zegerius (since 2023)

## Other websites

- Website of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
ESIEA (university)

***École supérieure d'informatique, électronique, automatique*** (**ESIEA**) is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of Ivry-sur-Seine, close to the one of the _Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées_.

## Research labs

Research activities at ESIEA relate to the following topics:
- Information & Systems Security
- Digital Interactions
- Health and handicap

## Further reading

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: École supérieure d'informatique, électronique, automatique
- **established**: 1958
- **type**: Graduate engineering school
- **students**: 1000
- **city**: Ivry-sur-Seine, Paris, Laval (Mayenne), Laval
- **country**: France
- **affiliations**: Conférence des Grandes Écoles
- **website**: http://www.esiea.fr
Boonesborough, Kentucky

**Boonesborough** is an unincorporated community in Madison County, Kentucky, USA. It is in the central part of the state along the Kentucky River. It is the site of Fort Boonesborough State Park, which includes the Kentucky River Museum. The park site has been rebuilt to look like a working fort of the days when Daniel Boone lived there.

Boonesborough was founded by Boone as Boone's Station while he was working for Richard Henderson and Nathanial Hart of the Transylvania Company. Boone led a group of settlers through the mountains from Fort Watauga (present-day Elizabethton in Tennessee). He carved the Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap. He established Fort Boonesborough. Boone lived there from 1775 to 1779. Boonesborough was the town in the area of present-day Kentucky formally chartered by the Commonwealth of Virginia which then claimed it. It was also one of the first English-speaking communities west of the Appalachian Mountains. Boone successfully led his fellow settlers during the Siege of Boonesborough in 1778. He then moved to his son Israel's settlement at Boone's New Station near what is now Athens, Kentucky.
Pim Fortuyn List

The **Pim Fortuyn List**, Dutch: _Lijst Pim Fortuyn_ (shortened _LPF_), was a Dutch political party.

The Pim Fortuyn List was a populist party, established by Pim Fortuyn, and also named after him, in 2002.

The LPF participated for the first time in the general elections of 2002, shortly after the murder of Fortuyn, and won 26 seats.

Numerous quarrels within the party caused its downfall. The LPF was disestablished in 2008.
Catacomb

A **catacomb** is an underground tunnel that is used to hold and bury dead bodies. Many of them were made in the Roman Empire.

### Music

_The Catacombs_ is the eighth movement from _Pictures at an Exhibition_ by Modest Mussorgsky. It describes of loud and soft sounds of echoes in catacombs.

## Related pages

- Tomb
- Crypt
- Cemetery
Boulos Yazigi

**Boulos Yazigi** or **Paul Rami Yagizi** (Arabic: بولس يازجي ) is a bishop or metropolitan of the Greek Orthodox Church. He has been missing since 2013, when he was kidnapped with archbishop Yohanna Ibrahim of the Syriac Orthodox Church.

## Life

Yazigi was born in 1959 in Lattakya, Syria. He studied for a civil engineering degree at the University of Tishreen in Latakia, Syria. He studied theology at the University of Thessaloniki in Greece and received a master's degree in 1989 and a PhD in 1992. The title of his thesis was "Eschatology & Ethics: The Eschatological Foundations of the Life in Christ According to St. John Chrysostom."   He also studied Byzantine music and iconography in Greece and Mount Athos.

Yazigi's brother is Greek Orthodox Patriarch John X Yazigi.

## Work

In 1992, Yazigi became a religion instructor at Saint John of Damascus Institute of Theology at the University of Balamand in Lebanon. He was dean of the institute from 1994 to 2001. At the same time, he was appointed abbot of Balamand Monastery in the Koura District in northern Lebanon.

Yazigi was ordained a priest in 1992 and became bishop of Aleppo in 2000. He wrote 11 books and 7 articles on religious subjects, including translations of English and Greek works into Arabic.

## Disappearance

Yazigi disappeared on April 22, 2013 in Syria after he was kidnapped along with archbishop Yohanna Ibrahim of the Syriac Orthodox Church.  The two men worked in Aleppo.  Their driver was shot and killed in the attack.  The two men were kidnapped in the village of Kfar Dael by "a terrorist group" on the road to Aleppo from the rebel-held border with Turkey at Bab al Hawa. Ibrahim went to get Yazigi because he was familiar with the border crossing and the route. The name of the driver killed was Fathallah Kabud.  Bishop Ibrahim went to the border to receive two priests who had been kidnapped: Armenian Catholic Michel Kayal and Greek Orthodox Isaac Moawad. Money was paid for the priests on April 19, but Ibrahim did not receive the priests that day, and they asked him to return. Ibrahim was experienced with negotiating kidnapping releases. In the year before his kidnapping, he participated in 20 successful hostage exchanges.
Herman Philipse

**Herman Philipse** (born May 13, 1951 in The Hague) is a Dutch philosopher, specialized in epistemology.

Philipse studied law and philosophy at Leiden University.

From 1986 to 2003 he was a philosophy professor at Leiden University. Since 2003 he has been a philosophy professor at Utrecht University.

Philipse is an atheist.

He has published on philosophy and atheism.

## References

- www.sg.uu.nl
Aranjanam

An **Aranjanam** is a thin belt or tie worn around the waist by many South Asian people. It is usually made of gold or black cotton and gold. It is given to baby boys on the 28th day after the baby is born. The tradition is common in south India for people of any religion. The parents believe it keeps away evil (bad) spirits. Many South Asian adults wear an Aranjanam. They wear it under their clothes. They usually keep it on all the time, even when nude.
Spirit (disambiguation)

**Spirit** is the part of a being that is not the body. It might also refer to:

- Alcoholic drink ("spirits")
- _Spirit_ (Leona Lewis album)
- Spirit Airlines
- Spirit, Wisconsin, a town in Wisconsin, U.S.
- _Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron_, a DreamWorks movie
- Spirit Lake, Idaho
- Spirit Lake, Iowa
- Sociaal-Liberale Partij, a Belgian Flemish political party formerly called "Spirit"
Morton Deutsch

**Morton Deutsch** (February 4, 1920 – March 13, 2017), was an American social psychologist and researcher in conflict resolution.

Deutsch was one of the founding fathers of the field of conflict resolution. His survey _Review of General Psychology_, published in 2002, ranked Deutsch as the 63rd most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Morton Deutsch Photo 2.jpg
- **caption**: Morton Deutsch in his Office, 2012
- **birth place**: New York City
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: City College of New York, University of Pennsylvania, MIT
- **occupation**: Professor at Columbia University, Psychoanalyst
- **known for**: Theories of cooperation and competition, conflict resolution, distributive justice
- **imagesize**: 160px
Hugh Hardy

**Hugh Hardy** (July 26, 1932 – March 17, 2017) was an American architect. He was known for designing theaters, performing arts venues, public spaces, and cultural facilities across the United States.

## Early life

Hugh Gelston Hardy was born on July 26, 1932, in Majorca, Spain to an American family. His family moved to Manhattan, New York in the 1940s. He went to Princeton University, where he earned a Bachelor of Architecture in 1954 and a Master of Fine Arts in Architecture in 1956.

## Career

Over the course of his career, Hardy founded three firms: Hugh Hardy & Associates in 1962, Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer in 1967, and H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture in 2004. Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer received the Architecture Firm Award in 1981, the highest honor bestowed on a firm by American Institute of Architects for distinguished work. Hardy was also a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects. Hardy was named a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1993.

## Personal life

Hardy married the architect Tiziana Spadea in 1965. They had two children. He lived in New York City.

## Death

Hardy died of a cerebral hemorrhage at a hospital in New York City on March 17, 2017, aged 84.

## Impact

_The New Yorker_ writer Brendan Gill called him "the Stanford White of our fin de siècle". In 1995, Julie Iovine of _The New York Times_ wrote, "There is scarcely a cultural icon in the city with which Mr. Hardy has not been involved."

## Other websites

- H3 Hardy Collaboration Architecture, the architectural studio of Hugh Hardy

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hugh Hardy
- **image**: Hugh Hardy, NYC office.jpg
- **birth place**: Majorca, Spain
- **death place**: New York City, New York
- **alma mater**: Princeton University
- **occupation**: Architect
- **spouse**: Tiziana Hardy
- **children**: Two
Lawrence Montaigne

**Lawrence Montaigne** (February 26, 1931 – March 17, 2017) was an American actor, writer, dancer, and stuntman. As an actor, he was known for his appearances on many 1960s-era television shows such as _Star Trek_. He was also known for his role as Haynes in _The Great Escape_.

Montaigne died on March 17, 2017, at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- Lawrence Montaigne's Personal Website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lawrence Montaigne
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York, United States
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1953-2007
Inomjon Usmonxo‘jayev

**Inomjon Buzrukovich Usmonxo‘jayev** (in Cyrillic Uzbek: Иномжон Бузрукович Усмонхўжаев ; in Russian: Инамджан Бузрукович Усманходжаев _Inamdzhan Buzrukovich Usmankhodzhayev_; 21 May 1930 – 17 March 2017) served as the eleventh First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Uzbek SSR. Usmonxo‘jayev became General Secretary following the disastrous "Cotton Scandal".

Usmonxo'jayev died on 17 March 2017 in Fergana, Uzbekistan at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- World Statesmen - Uzbekistan

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Inomjon Usmonxo'jayev - Soviet Life, October 1984.jpg
- **nationality**: Soviet people, Soviet
- **caption**: Usmonxo‘jayev circa 1983
- **office**: Communist Party of Uzbekistan, 11th First Secretary of the Communist Party of Uzbek SSR
- **term start**: 3 November 1983
- **term end**: 12 January 1988
- **predecessor**: Sharof Rashidov
- **successor**: Rafiq Nishonov
- **birth name**: Inomjon Buzrukovich Usmonxo
<small>Иномжон Бузрукович Усмонхўжаев</small>
- **birth place**: Fergana, Soviet Union

- **death place**: Fergana, Uzbekistan
- **party**: Communist Party of Uzbekistan, Communist Party
Sergei Gimayev

**Sergei Nailevich Gimayev** (; 1 January 1955 – 18 March 2017) was a Russian professional ice hockey player. He was born in Moscow. He played ten seasons (1976–86) in the Soviet Championship League with HC CSKA Moscow and Leningrad SKA. After the end of his career as a player, Gimayev worked as a TV sports presenter.

Gimayev died in Tula, Russia on 18 March 2017 from a heart attack, caused by thrombosis, aged 62.