juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Spotted hyena

The **spotted hyena** (_Crocuta crocuta_) is a species of hyena (or "hyaena" in British English). They are often called the **laughing hyena**. They are found almost everywhere in Sub-Saharan Africa. There are between 27,000 and 47,000 individuals, though their population is getting smaller in the wild. This is because of habitat loss and illegal hunting. They lived in Europe for at least a million years until the end of the Pleistocene.

The spotted hyena is the largest member of the Hyaenidae. They are the most social Carnivora animals, take with prey blue wildebeests, and plains zebras, Thomson's gazelle, topi, and group behavior kills me, then escapelied various to kill then, then they want to animals hunting died, at then Bushbuck, gerenuks, sheeps, goats, and cattles, are likely prey hunting upon in Northern Africa. with various group sizes. Hyenas are pack hunters. Their behaviors are still not well understand. However, their social system is not cooperative but competitive. Females take care of their own cubs only, and males are not interested in helping females with their cubs. Females are larger than males and they can control them. The females are the only mammalian species not to have a vaginal opening.

The spotted hyena is a successful scavenger as well as hunter They can eat skin, bone and other animal waste. Spotted hyenas hunt with a family group of about two to five other hyenas. The family lives in large communities (called "clans") which may have up to 80 individuals.

They  run around herds of animals and choose one to attack. After they have selected their prey, they  chase them for a long time. They can run at speeds up to 60 km/h. Humans have known spotted hyenas for a long time. In the Upper Paleolithic, humans made paintings of hyenas in caves. Spotted hyenas have a negative reputation in Western culture and African folklore. In African folklore, spotted hyenas are described as ugly and scared animals. In Western culture, they are seen as greedy, stupid, foolish, powerful and a dangerous animal.

## Other websites

- The IUCN Hyaenidae Specialist Group page on spotted hyena
- Davis, Delbert Dwight & Story, Harriette Elizabeth (1949), _The female external genitalia of the spotted hyena_, Fieldiana: Zoology, vol. 31, no. 33, Chicago Natural History Museum
- McPherson, Jamie The Good, the Bad and the Hyena , _BBC Wildlife_, Summer 2008.
Aardwolf

The **aardwolf** (_Proteles cristata_) is a small, insectivorous mammal, native to East Africa and Southern Africa. Its name means "earth wolf" in the Afrikaans / Dutch language. It is also called "maanhaar jackal" in Afrikaans, or _civet hyena_, based on the secretions (civet) from their anal glands.

The aardwolf is in the same family as the hyenas. Unlike many of its relatives in the order Carnivora, the aardwolf does not hunt large animals, or even eat meat on a regular basis; instead it eats insects, mainly termites – one aardwolf can eat about 250,000 termites during a single night by using its long, sticky tongue to capture them.

The aardwolf lives in the scrublands of eastern and southern Africa – these are open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs. The aardwolf is nocturnal, resting in burrows during the day and coming out at night to eat.

Anal gland scent-marking plays an important role in mating-season in both sexes as it is the primary communication method.
Waterbury, Connecticut

**Waterbury** is a town in the state of Connecticut. More than one hundred thousand people live there.
Blue cheese

**Blue cheese** is a type of cheese with a fungus called _Penicillium_ added to it. The mold makes patches or veins of it look blue. The cheese can be made from cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk. Types of it include Roquefort cheese, Stilton cheese, and Gorgonzola cheese. These names should only be used for cheeses that are made in certain areas and are protected by the European Union.

## Uses

Blue cheese is commonly used in salad dressing, or Salad. It is not commonly used in sandwiches.
Elektra

**Elektra of Mycenae** was the daughter of King Agamemnon of Mycenae and Klytaimnestra. She had a brother, Orestes, and two sisters, Iphigeneia and Chrysothemis.

After the Trojan War, Agamemnon was killed by Klytaimnestra and her lover Aegisthos because Agamemnon sacrificed Iphigeneia for good winds to sail. Elektra helped Orestes to kill their mother Klytaimnestra and her lover, to avenge their father's death.
Insulin

**Insulin** is a hormone made by the pancreas in the body that controls the glucose level in the blood.

Insulin promotes the absorption of sugar from the blood. The sugar is stored as fat cells. People who cannot make insulin in their bodies, or enough for their needs, have the disease diabetes.

When blood glucose levels fall below a certain level, the human body begins to use stored sugar as an energy source through glycogenolysis. This process breaks down the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose which can then be used as an energy source. Insulin is a central metabolic control mechanism. Insulin is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body.

Human insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produces insulin. The name comes from the Latin _insula_ for "island". Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version. So, people with diabetes can take in insulin got from pigs instead of producing their own insulin.

## History

Nicolae Paulescu, a Romanian professor of physiology was the first to isolate insulin. He did that in 1916. He called it pancrein. He isolated it by developing a pancreatic extract which, when injected into a diabetic dog, proved to have a normalizing effect on blood sugar levels. He had to interrupt his experiments because of World War I. In early 1921 he wrote four papers about his work carried out in Bucharest and his tests on a diabetic dog. Later that year, he published an extensive paper on the effect of the pancreatic extract injected into a diabetic animal. The title was: "Research on the Role of the Pancreas in Food Assimilation", published 22 June 1921 by the "Archives Internationales de Physiologie",

Frederick Banting did similar experiments while trying to find a cure for diabetes. In these experiments he also used dogs.  He first knew insulin would control diabetes in a person when he injected some insulin into a 14-year-old boy named Leonard Thompson, who was dying of diabetes. After the injection he survived. Banting won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with John Macleod, for the discovery of insulin.

The first genetically engineered, synthetic "human" insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977 by Herbert Boyer using E. coli.

## Related pages

- Peptide hormone
Nerve impulse

A **nerve impulse** are the series of electrical signals that is generated in the neurons (nerve cells) in a response to stimulus.

### Polarisation

When a neuron is not conducting or is in a resting state, the axonal membrane is more permeable to K<sup>+</sup> ions and impermeable to Na<sup>+</sup> ions. The sodium-potassium pump actively pumps out 3Na<sup>+</sup> ions to the extracellular fluid and takes in 2K<sup>+</sup> ions into the cell. Due to the imbalance in charge, a potential difference is developed across the axonal membrane, also known as the **resting potential** (-70mV). The outer side of the membrane will have a positive charge while the inner side will have a negative charge.

### Depolarisation

When a stimulus (chemical, mechanical or electrical) is applied to the membrane, the sodium-potassium pump stops working. The Na<sup>+</sup> ions will rush inside the cell followed by the reversal of polarity of the axonal membrane. It is also called depolarisation of the nerve fibre. The electric potential difference at the site of stimulus is called the **action potential** (+40mV).

### Repolarisation

As a result, the current will flow from depolarised part of nerve fibre to polarised part of the nerve fibre in the axoplasm, while current flows in the opposite direction on the cell surface. Thus, in this way, a new action potential is generated up ahead in the nerve fibre. The time taken by the axonal membrane to get polarised again is called the **refractory period** (1ms). After the refractory period, the sodium-potassium pump will operate again and the membrane will return to its resting state again.

## Special faster connections

Faster **electrical synapses** are used in escape reflexes, the retina of vertebrates, and the heart. They are faster because they do not need the slow diffusion of neurotransmitters across the synaptic gap. Therefore, electrical synapses are used whenever fast response and coordination of timing are crucial.

These synapses connect the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells directly together. When an action potential reaches such a synapse, the ionic currents cross the two cell membranes and enter the postsynaptic cell through pores known as connexons. Thus, presynaptic action potential directly stimulates the postsynaptic cell.

## Other websites

- Interactive Synapse at LearnBio.org.
Elektra (disambiguation)

**Elektra** (or **Electra**) can mean:

- **Elektra**: several people from Greek mythology, most often the daughter of Agamemnon and Klytaimnestra (Clytemnestra).
    - On spelling: the Greek alphabet does not have a **'C**', so they spelled the name with a 'K'.

## Drama

The myth was the subject of at least two Greek tragedies:
- Elektra (Sophocles) c. 401 BC: When King Agamemnon returns from the Trojan War with his new concubine, Cassandra, his wife Clytemnestra (who has taken Agamemnon's cousin Aegisthus as a lover) kills them. Clytemnestra believes the murder was justified. Agamemnon had sacrificed their daughter Iphigenia before the war, as commanded by the gods. Electra, daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, rescued her young, twin brother Orestes from her mother by sending him to Strophius of Phocis. The play begins years later when Orestes has returned as a grown man with a plot for revenge, as well as to claim the throne.

- Elektra (Euripides) c. 415: Years before, near the start of the Trojan War, the Greek general Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter Iphigeneia in order to appease the goddess Artemis and allow the Greek army to set sail for Troy. His wife Clytemnestra never forgave him, and when he returned from the war ten years later, she and her lover Aegisthus murdered Agamemnon. There follows the reuniting of the brother, Orestes, and sister, Elektra, and their conspiracy to murder their mother and her lover.

The original creator of this kind of tragedy was Aeschylus with his _Oresteia_ trilogy, 485 BC.

## Astronomy

- **130 Elektra**, an asteroid
- **Electra** is the star 17 Tauri
Hare

A **hare** (_Lepus_), also known as a **jackrabbit**, is a mammal of the order Lagomorpha, in the same family as the rabbit. They are larger than rabbits and have black tipped ears. Their diet (the food they eat) resembles what rabbits eat; they eat ruttabaga and lettuce. They graze on grass and leafy weeds.

Hares are very fast-running animals. The European brown hare (_Lepus europaeus_) runs at speeds up to . The five species of hare found in central and western North America can run at , and can leap up to 3m (ten feet) at a time. They live solitarily or in pairs; "a drove" is the name for a group of hares.

## Mating season

Normally a shy animal, they change their behaviour in spring, when hares chase one another around meadows. This may be competition between males to attain dominance (and hence more access to breeding females). During this spring frenzy, hares can be seen "boxing"; one hare striking another with its paws (probably the origin of the term "mad as a March hare"). For a long time, this was thought to be intermale competition, but closer observation has shown it is usually a female hitting a male to prevent copulation. When a doe is ready to mate, she runs across the countryside, starting a chase that tests the stamina of the following males. When only the fittest male remains, the female stops and allows him to copulate.

## Snowshoe hare

This is a species of hare found in cold climates in North America. As with the Arctic fox, its hair is white in winter, and brown in the summer. These are different morphs. This ability gives it camouflage, which it needs because it is the favourite food of the Canadian lynx.
ESSEC Business School

The **ESSEC** is an important school teaching business to adults in France. It was created in 1907 in Paris, but it has moved to Cergy-Pontoise, a city west of Paris, in 1973.

In 2006, ESSEC set up a campus in Singapore, Asia. Twice a year, about 50 ESSEC students go and study there.

ESSEC is now one of the most famous Business Schools and Grandes Écoles in France. ESSEC is frequently ranked second nationally.

## Other websites

- ESSEC Business School Paris Singapore website in English
National symbols

**National symbols** are patriotic symbols representing nations and countries. Similar symbols are  used for cultural or ethnic groups that do not have their own country yet.

National symbols try to unite people or send a message by representing the national people, values, goals, or history. People often honor their nation, country, or group by celebrating their national symbol.

## Common official national symbols

- The flag of a nation
- The coat of arms, seal (device) and stamp of the land and/or ruling dynasty
- The national colours
- Animals and plants or flowers, whether real or not
- Crosses or other symbols of religion
- National anthems, royal and imperial hymn<nowiki/>s
- The office of the Head of State
- The regalia of a monarchy, such as crown jewels
- The Father of the Nation and other founding fathers
- The Mother of the Nation and other honourable female leaders and politicians.

## Common unofficial national symbols

- National myths about the country's history or founding
- National epics
- National dishes
- National dress
- National holiday
- National instrument
- Nationalism (music)
- National pastimes
- Folk dances
- Folk hero
- Folk instrument
- Folk music
- Culture hero
- Tricksters
- Monuments and cliches associated with tourism
- National personifications
- Various other national emblems
- in a nation with a particular religion, its symbols may be adopted as national symbols  e.g. the patron saint or equivalent deity, a major pilgrimage site, church or temple

## Related pages

- Cultural icon
- National symbols of India
- National symbols of Pakistan
- National symbols of Bangladesh
Computer bus

A **computer bus** (often simply called **bus**) is part of most computers. Its role is to transfer data, signals, or power between some of the components that make up a computer.

The _size_ or _width_ of a bus is how many bits it carries in parallel. Common bus sizes are: 4 bits, 8 bits, 12 bits, 16 bits, 24 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits, 80 bits, 96 bits, and 128 bits.

Computers use such buses to link:
- CPU to on-board memory;
- multiple CPUs in a multi-CPU system;
- arithmetic logic unit to the rest of the CPU;
- hard drives, graphics cards, etc. to the main system.

Drives are usually connected by Serial ATA or the earlier ATAPI bus. USB and Firewire connections go to printers and other peripheral devices.
Diego Ramírez Islands

The **Diego Ramírez Islands** are a group of islands. They are in the Drake Passage, about 100 km southwest of Cape Horn. The Ildefonso Islands are 93 km to the north-northwest. There is a group of 6 islands to the north, then there is a waterway of 3 km, then there is another group to the south. There is a weather station in one of the islands. The islands are an important nesting place for birds.

The islands belong to Chile, and are named after Diego Ramírez. They were first sighted on 12 February 1619 by Marco Ramirez of the Garcia de Nodal expedition, and named after the cosmographer of the expedition. They were the southernmost landmass known at the time. They kept this status for 156 years. In 1775, James Cook discovered the South Sandwich Islands, which are much farther south.

The Chilean Navy built a meteorological station above _Caleta Condell_, a small cove on the northeast side of _Isla Gonzalo_ (Gonzalo Island), in 1957, and resupply it several times each year. This is the southernmost manned outpost of South America (including islands), even if the South Sandwich Islands are regarded as part of South America. The Argentinian station on Thule Island was taken down in June 1982  after the Falklands War. The next southerly manned outpost of South America is the lighthouse of Cape Horn. Cruise ships sometimes pass by on their way to and from Antarctica.

The archipelago has 2 groups. The North group is smaller and is named as _Rocas del Norte_. There are 5 islands in this group, _Islote Cabezas_, _Islote Peñailillo_, _Isla Norte_, _Islote Martínez_ and _Islote Mendoza_. In the South group are many islands, for example; _Islote Santander_, _Islotes Vergara_, _Isla Bartolomé_ (the principal island), _Islote Pontevedra_, _Islote García_, _Isla Gonzalo_ (the second longest) and _Islote Ester_.

All the islands have moss on the ground, and they have a cold climate all year, with much rain every month. Because of how far south they are, there is a strong wind from the west.
Performing music from memory

**Performing music from memory** means knowing a piece of music well enough to be able to play or sing it without the written music.

Although some people can learn music by ear, most people who are taught to play musical instruments learn new pieces by reading the printed music which is in front of them on a music stand.  When someone has learned to play a piece of music well enough to perform it, it is good if they can learn to play it without the printed music.  This is called “playing from memory” or “playing by heart”.  When a musician is practising a piece of music so that it can be played from memory this is called **memorizing** the music.

Most Classical musicians will agree that it is good to play from memory when performing as a soloist.  It means that the player understands the music really well, and he is able to concentrate completely on the way he plays the music (the interpretation).  In some music competitions the competitors are expected to play from memory.  A pianist playing a recital will usually play everything from memory.  It is particularly important for singers who are performing songs (Lieder) to sing without music because they can then communicate directly with the audience using the expression on their faces.  Some conductors conduct from memory.  If they do, they ought to know every single note for every single instrument from memory. There are some conductors who have such amazing memories that they can do this.

Some people find it easier to memorize music than others.  There are different ways of practising to help memorize music: by memorizing a few bars at a time, by studying the printed music away from the instrument, or by “thinking” through the piece away from the instrument.

Some people have a “photographic memory” and can see in their mind the music as printed on the paper.  Some people rely on aural memory (hearing it in one’s imagination).  There is also muscular memory (the fingers "knowing" what to do).  Probably most people use some combination of all these methods.

When people perform from memory they are often worried that they might have a memory lapse (forget how the music goes).  It can happen, of course, even to the greatest musicians.  The famous violinist Bronislaw Huberman and the pianist  Eugen d’Albert were once performing Beethoven's _Kreutzer Sonata_.  Both were playing from memory.  One of them kept going wrong in the same place, playing something that had happened earlier, so that they played the middle bit three times before eventually managing to finish the piece.  However, this is quite common, and can happen to anyone.

People who learn musical instruments should try to memorize some of their pieces. Many famous musicians have a large repertoire (a collection) of pieces that they can play from memory.

## Sources

"Pianoforte Diplomas" by Geoffrey Tankard (Sevenoaks 1973)
Grave

A **grave**, or **burial spot** is where somebody or something is buried after they have died. Graves are usually placed in a graveyard, with a headstone used to identify the dead person. A funeral will occur if the family has enough money. If they do not, there will not be a proper funeral. The name on the grave is of the dead person. For example, William Shakespeare was buried in England.

## Related pages

- Tomb
Polyrhythm

**Polyrhythm** happens when two different rhythms are played at the same time in music. African, Latin, and Afro-Cuban music often use polyrhythms.
Polyrythm is another word for layering and adding volumes to the piece of music. It happens when one person starts playing a rhythm and then other people start joining in, adding dynamics to it. It happens in Africa during festivals and occasions along with a call and response style of playing.
Theme Hospital

***Theme Hospital*** is a simulation computer game developed by Bullfrog and EA Games. It was published in 1997. The game is quite humorous.

## Gameplay

In the game, the player must build and operate a hospital. There are different rooms you can build. These are to diagnose the patient and to treat the illness.

Some illnesses are quite unusual. One is the bloaty head disease where the patient's head blows up. Another is the slack tongue disease, where the patient has an unusually long tongue.

## Other websites

- Theme Hospital Clinic  (a fansite and strategy guide)

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Theme Hospital
- **image**: ThemeHospital.jpg
- **developer**: Bullfrog Productions
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
- **platforms**: Personal computer, PC (MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, Windows), PlayStation, PlayStation Network
- **released**: 1997 in video gaming, 1997
- **genre**: Economic simulation game, Economic simulation
- **modes**: Single-player, Multiplayer
Pontin's

**Pontin's** is a holiday company which was founded by Fred Pontin in 1946. It is now owned by Trevor Hemmings and has eight centres in England and Wales.

## Other websites

- Pontin's official website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Pontins Holiday Parks
- **trade name**: Pontins
- **logo size**: 200px
- **type**: Private Limited Company
- **founder**: Fred Pontin
- **location**: St Helier, Jersey, Channel Islands, CI (registered office)
Ainsdale, Southport, Merseyside (trading office)
- **locations**: 6 holiday parks in UK
- **key people**: Alex Langsam
- **industry**: Holiday / Leisure
- **products**: Family holiday parks
- **num employees**: 1,049
Twin prime conjecture

The **twin prime conjecture** is a mathematical theory. It asks if there are infinitely many twin primes.

Twin primes are prime numbers that differ by two. For example, 3 and 5 are both prime and differ by two. They are twin primes. 23 is prime, but it is not a twin prime. The primes nearest to 23 are 19 and 29. de Polignac made the general conjecture in 1849.
Mud

**Mud** is soil, silt, loam or clay, mixed with water. It is a type of soil that is also called "clay soil".  Others include the sandy soil, or sand, and garden soil.  Wet mud has a soft wet texture.

Young children sometimes play in puddles of mud.  Mud is usually brown.
Some animals including worms, frogs, snails, clams, and crayfish live in mud.  Pigs and elephants use it to cool themselves in hot weather.  Some people enjoy making mud pies out of mud.

Great river systems like the Amazon bring down to the delta immense amounts of mud which ends up in the sea outside the fan of the river mouth. Mudrock is what the mud may become millions of years later. Mudrocks make up fifty percent of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily _the most widespread deposits on Earth_.

## Related pages

- Mudstone
The Zutons

**The Zutons** are a rock band from Liverpool, England. They formed in 2001. They are on the Deltasonic record label. The band were nominated for the British Breakthrough Act award at the 2005 BRIT Awards.

## Members

The band has 5 people in it:
- David McCabe – lead vocals, guitar
- Boyan Chowdhury – lead guitar, vocals
- Abi Harding – saxophone, vocals
- Sean Payne – drums, percussion, vocals
- Russell Pritchard – bass guitar, vocals

## Albums

Their first album, _Who Killed...... The Zutons?_, was released on 18 October 2004, and got to number 9 in the United Kingdom album chart. It came with a printed 3-D cover, and special glasses to view the cover. Many fans wore the glasses to concerts. The album was a nominee for the 2004 Mercury Music Prize.

The new album Tired of Hanging Around was released on April 17, 2006 and reached 2 in the UK album charts. The band went around the UK doing concerts in May 2006 following the release of this album. Their second UK tour will begin in November 2006.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Zutons
- **img**: Sean Payne.jpg
- **img capt**: Drummer Sean Payne at a Zutons performance at the Brixton Academy, Brixton, London in March 2005.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Liverpool, England
- **genre**: Indie rock
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **label**: Deltasonic
Sony Records
- **current members**: Dave McCabe
Russell Pritchard
Sean Payne
Abi Harding
Paul Molloy
- **past members**: Boyan Chowdhury
Dwarf planet

**Dwarf planet** is the name used to classify some objects in the solar system. This definition was made on August 24, 2006, by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and can be described as; _a dwarf planet is a body orbiting the Sun that is big enough to round itself by its own gravity, but has not cleared its orbital path of other rival bodies_. At the same meeting the IAU also defined the term planet for the first time. Some astronomers think that the term "dwarf planet" is too confusing and needs to be changed.

The number of dwarf planets is unknown,  since only a few are bright enough to be discovered as yet.  They will be up to 300 in the Kuiper belt, but 13,000 beyond it. The consensus among astronomers consider nine dwarf planets. In order of present distance from the Sun, they are: Ceres, Pluto, Orcus, Haumea, Makemake, Quaoar, Sedna, Gonggong, and Eris. The dwarf planets, unlike the terrestrial and giant planets (Gas giants and ice giants), are in more than one region of the solar system. Ceres is in the asteroid belt. The high orbital eccentricity of Pluto puts it mostly outside Neptune's orbit, but partly inside. The others are in the trans-Neptune region.

NASA's _Dawn_ and _New Horizons_ missions reached Ceres and Pluto, respectively, in 2015. _Dawn_ had already orbited and observed Vesta in 2011.

There are many other dwarf planets in the Solar System. Most of them are also KBOs. The biggest debate was of Pluto, which was considered the 9th planet, and of Eris, informally known as Xena, or 2003 UB313 by its codename.

## Discovery

- Ceres was found by Giuseppe Piazzi on January 1, 1801. Classified as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.
- Pluto was found by Clyde W. Tombaugh on February 18, 1930. Reclassified as a dwarf planet on August 24, 2006
- Orcus was found by a team led by Mike Brown in February 18, 2004.
- Haumea was found by a team led by Mike Brown on December 28, 2004. Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 17, 2008.
- Eris was found by Mike Brown and his science team on January 5, 2005. Accepted as a dwarf planet on September 13, 2006.
- Makemake was found by a team led by Mike Brown on March 31, 2005. Accepted as a dwarf planet on July 11, 2008.
- Quaoar was found by a team led by Mike Brown on February 7, 2002. Accepted as a dwarf planet in December 8, 2023.
- Sedna was found by a team led by Mike Brown in October 28, 2003.
- Gonggong was found by a team led by Mike Brown on July 7, 2007.

## Other websites

- Dwarf planet Citizendium
Blue peafowl

The **blue peafowl** or **Indian peafowl** (_Pavo cristatus_) is a bird native to the Indian subcontinent.

There is a noticeable sexual dimorphism in the Indian peafowl. Best renowned for their lengthy train, the vividly colored male features a blue head with a fan-shaped crest. Long upper-tail covert feathers with colorful eyespots make up the train. During courtship, these rigid feathers are lifted into a fan and trembled in a show. The peahen lacks the ornate train and is primarily brown in color, with a white face and an iridescent green lower neck. The leucistic white peafowl is one of the several color variations of the Indian peafowl.
Green peafowl

The **green peafowl** (_Pavo muticus_) is an endangered bird that is native to Southeast Asia.
Virtual Boy

The Nintendo **Virtual Boy** was a mostly portable (easily moved) game console which had two screens that showed only red and black graphics. To use the system, one had to put one's face close to the system so that each eye could see only one screen. By showing each eye a different image, the system could create a 3D effect.

The way the system displayed images was not by LCDs, as some would think. At the time, LCDs could not be used because they had two problems when they were first tested on the console: they would blur if anything moved on the screen, and users would see double instead of depth. Instead, a vertical line of 224 very bright, but very small, LEDs was used for each eye. These LEDs flashed on and off very fast in certain patterns. This line of LEDs was then magnified by a lens, and a vibrating mirror would reflect each line at a certain time into each eye, creating a full image due to the human eye's persistence of vision. Unfortunately, due to the quick flashing of the LEDs, many users felt sick, became dizzy, or had headaches after playing for a long time. To help this, an "automatic pause" feature was added, which stopped the game play every 30 minutes for the player to rest his or her eyes.

The Virtual Boy was first sold in 1995, but was not popular. Consumers did not like the console's high price, monochrome graphics, eye and neck strain, and need for a stand for the system to rest on. Many were saving money for the soon-to-be-sold Nintendo 64. Nintendo lowered the price many times, but the system did not sell well. Because it didn't sell well, Nintendo stopped making the Virtual Boy in 1996. Only 22 games were released in Japan and North America. The Virtual Boy sold 770,000 units.

Popular games for the system include _Mario Tennis_ and _Virtual Boy Wario Land_ (known as _Wario Cruise_ in Japan). A full list of games for the system can be found here.

In September 2025, Nintendo announced that a Virtual Boy accessory for the Nintendo Switch and Switch 2 would be released. It is a type of cardboard that allows you to play Virtual Boy games in 3D on the Switch's online service. They also announced a shell shaped like the system for the Switch and Switch 2.

## Infobox (information appliance)

- **logo**: Virtualboy logo.svg
- **logo size**: 110px
- **logo alt**: Virtual Boy logo
- **image**:
- **image size**: 260px
- **alt**: Virtual Boy with its controller
- **caption**: The Virtual Boy with its controller
- **developer**: Nintendo
- **title**: Virtual Boy
Duke University

**Duke University** is a private university in Durham, North Carolina. It was founded in 1838. The school was formed by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity.  The school moved to Durham in 1892.

It has advanced research.  Some famous people including former President of the United States, Richard Nixon went to the school. In its 2012 edition, _U.S. News & World Report_ ranked the university's undergraduate program 10th among national universities.

Duke has good libraries, such as Bostock Library. It also has a famous medical school and law school. The school's colours are blue and white and its president is Vincent Edward Price.

Duke University owns 220 buildings on  of land.  This includes the  Duke Forest.

Duke University has own press, the _Duke University Press_.

## Athletics

Duke has 26 varsity sports teams, known as the Blue Devils.  Duke's athletic programs are considered among the very best in the NCAA.  Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

Its Men's Basketball Team under coach Mike Krzyzewski has won the NCAA Tournament five times, most recently in 2015. In football The Blue Devils have won seven ACC Football Championships.  They have had ten players honored as ACC Player of the Year (the most in the ACC), Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Duke University
- **image**: Duke University logo.svg
- **caption**: Logo of Duke University
- **motto**: _Eruditio et Religio_ (Latin)
- **mottoeng**: Knowledge and Religion
- **established**: 1838
- **type**: Private university, Private
- **affiliation**: United Methodist Church ties, but nonsectarian and independent
- **president**: Vincent Edward Price
- **faculty**: 3,200
- **students**: 14,746
- **undergrad**: 6,526
- **postgrad**: 8,220
- **city**: Durham, North Carolina, Durham
- **state**: North Carolina
- **country**: United States
- **nickname**: Duke Blue Devils, Blue Devils
- **athletics**: National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA Division I (NCAA), Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, FBS; Atlantic Coast Conference, ACC
26 varsity teams
- **affiliations**: Association of American Universities, AAU, The Consortium on Financing Higher Education, COFHE, 568 Group, Universities Research Association, URA, CDIO
- **website**: [http://www.duke.edu/ duke.edu]
King of the Hill

***King of the Hill*** is an American animated cartoon running from 1997 to 2010 on the American television network FOX. It featured a son, a wife, a husband, and their live-in niece.

## Revival

On January 31, 2023, a revival was officially announced to air on Hulu. The revival takes place years in the future, with the characters being aged-up and Bobby becoming an adult. Johnny Hardwick, voice of Dale Gribble, recorded voice lines for six episodes before he died sometime in August 2023. Jonathan Joss, voice of John Redcorn, recorded voice lines for four episodes before he was shot and killed by a neighbor on June 1, 2025. Season 14 debuted on August 4, 2025.

## Characters

- ***' - An American propane and propane accessory salesman living in Arlen, Texas. He believes in old-fashioned ideals, and is favorite football team is the Dallas Cowboys. He is married to Peggy, and he has a son named Bobby and a dog named Ladybird.
- ***' - a substitute Spanish teacher at Arlen high school. She writes a column in the local newspaper and later is a realtor. She is married to Hank, and her son is Bobby.
- ***' - A middle school student who plays soccer and has hobbies, though his dad Hank wants him to play football.
- ***' - Peggy's niece. A hairdresser who lives with the Hill family. Hank wants her to go to college or move out. She gets married to Lucky and has a child.
- ***' - Hank's neighbor and friend. He is paranoid, seeing everyone as being out to get him. He pretends his name is "Rusty Shackleford". He is married to Nancy. They have a son.
- ***' - Hank's neighbor and friend. Bill is divorced and very depressed. He is an Army barber.
- ***' - Hank's neighbor and friend. A ladies man who talks very fast and is hard to understand. He loves old muscle cars.
- ***' - A former high school football player, a friend of Hank, and Bobby's school principal.

## Other websites

- _King of the Hill_ on Retrojunk

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 22 mins
- **creator**: Mike Judge
Greg Daniels
- **starring**: Mike Judge
Kathy Najimy
Pamela Adlon
Brittany Murphy
Johnny Hardwick
Stephen Root
Toby Huss
Dennis Burkley
Tom Petty
Chuck Mangione
- **theme music composer**: The Refreshments (American band), The Refreshments
- **opentheme**: "Yahoos and Triangles"
- **country**: United States
- **num seasons**: 14
- **num episodes**: 269
- **network**: Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox
- **network2**: First-run syndication/Adult Swim
- **network3**: Hulu
- **last aired3**: present
Hairdresser

A **hairdresser**'s job is to organise hair into a particular style or "look". They can cut hair, add colour to it or texture it. A hairdresser may be female or male. Qualified staff are usually called "stylists", who are supported by assistants. Most hairdressing businesses are unisex, that is, they serve both sexes, and have both sexes on their staff.

Male hairdressers who simply cut men's hair (and do not serve females) are often called barbers.

Qualifications for hairdressing usually mean a college course, or an apprenticeship under a senior stylist. Some aspects of the job are quite technical (such as hair dying) and require careful teaching.

## Hairdresser vs. Barber: Key Differences

A distinction is often made between hairdressers and barbers.
|Hairdresser|Barber|
| --- | --- |
|Works with all genders|Traditionally serves men|
|Provides color services|Typically focuses on cutting|
|Performs chemical treatments|Rarely performs chemical processing|
|Works in salons|Works in barbershops|
In many regions, barbering is licensed separately. Barbers often specialize in:

- Clipper fades
- Beard shaping
- Straight razor shaving

However, modern salons are largely unisex and integrate both disciplines.
Eppie Lederer

**Esther "Eppie" Pauline Friedman Lederer**, better known as **Ann Landers** (July 4, 1918 – June 22, 2002), was an American writer. She is best known for writing the famous advice column "Ann Landers." For almost 45 years, it was a part of many newspapers across North America. In it, people wrote for advice and she answered.

Lederer and her twin sister Pauline Esther Friedman Phillips, writer of the advice column "Dear Abby", were daughters of Russian Jewish emigrants.
Northern bluefin tuna

**Northern bluefin tuna** are the largest kind of tuna fish. They live for 11 to 26 years. It is one of the largest, fastest, and most colorful of all the world’s fishes.

## Origin

Their name comes from the Latin: _Thunnus Thynnus_

## Appearance

The normal size is 6.6 ft (2 m) at about 1,100 lb (500 kg). The I.G.F.A. record for a bluefin caught on rod and reel is 1,496 lb.

### Feeding habits

Bluefins feed on mackerel, herring, mullet, whiting, squid, eels, and crustaceans. They are very powerful and fast and can swim at speeds up to 50 mph.

## Catching areas

The following are percentages of tuna caught in different regions in the world.

- 40% North-West Pacific
- 19% North-East Atlantic
- 6% North-West Atlantic
- 35% Mediterranean
Automaton

An **automaton** (one automaton, several _automata_), otherwise known as simply an **auton**, is a concept from mathematics. Sometimes the concept is called _state machine_. It is like an abstract machine.

Such a machine can be given _input_, which is either rejected, or accepted. It's like a vending machine. When something is bought, coins (or money) needs to be inserted into the machine. If these are the right coins, they are accepted, and the requested item is dropped so it can be removed. If the coins are wrong, they are rejected.

Internally, the automaton has different _states_ it can be in. Feeding it input may (or may not) change its state. That way, the automaton goes through all the input, consuming one item (which mathematicians call a symbol) at a time. When no symbol is left, the automaton is in a certain state. This may be an _final state_. In this case the input is accepted. Otherwise, the input is rejected.

If the machine has a countable, finite number of states, it is called _finite state machine_.  A diagram that shows all the states, and transitions of such a machine is called **finite state diagram**.

## Problems

Like in real life, there are machines that are too complex to understand. The mathematician and computer scientists therefore ask themselves if a certain automaton is _minimal_. If it is not minimal, there must be another automaton with fewer states that can do the same thing. An example of an automaton is the Turing machine.
Vending machine

A **vending machine** is an automatic machine that sells food or drink or other items.

An automated teller machine is a kind of vending machine, as are arcade games and bulk vending machines for toys or prizes, or anything that sells a physical item, service, or fun in exchange for money. That includes snacks such as potato chips, chocolate bars, and candy.  Hot vending machine drinks include coffee, tea, and hot chocolate. Cold vending machine drinks include juice, bottled water, and soft drinks. Other merchandise includes newspapers or cigarettes. Vending machines in bathrooms sometimes sell condoms, mouthwas h , or toothpaste and toothbrushes.

The machines usually work when some money (usually coins or paper money) is put in a slot. Then, a button needs to be pushed, or a lever pulled.  If there is enough money, the selected item will be dropped to a tray, where it can be taken out by hand.  Ticket vending machines will print the ticket.  Older vending machines were all mechanical, but most newer ones are partly electronic.  Many modern vending machines can accept debit or credit cards in addition to cash.

The first vending machine came about during 1st century AD in Roman Egypt and was invented by the Greek mathematician and engineer, Hero of Alexandria.  It dispensed a certain amount of holy water, so people would not take much of it from the temple.  People dropped tokens to release a certain amount of water.

In 1615, small machines that dispensed tobacco were placed in English taverns.  In 1822, Richard Carlile, an English bookseller and publisher, created a machine that dispensed banned works, so allowing readers to purchase them.  During the 1850s and 60s, the first, fully-automatic vending machine was introduced which sold stamps and writing paper.

By the 1880s, coin-operated vending machines were introduced in London and Percival Everitt invented a machine that dispensed envelopes, postcards and notepapers. In 1887, Sweetmeat Automatic Delivery Company set up multiple vending machines in England, which sold chocolates, chewing gums, perfumes and matches. In 1888, the United States of America had its first vending machine, set up by the Thomas Adams Gum Company, which sold tutti-frutti gum. In 1907, one of the early models of the modern-day gumball dispensing machines came out. Through the 1940s and 1950s, soda-vending machines also became popular. Due to this, Coca-Cola immensely increased their sales and currently, has one of the largest number of vending machines in the world.

Japan has a reputation for having some of the most innovative uses of automated vending, providing machines that offer fresh fruits and vegetables, sake, hot foods, batteries, flowers, clothing and, of course, sushi. Japan has the highest per capita rate of vending machines in the world.
Bar (business)

A **bar** is a building or business where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or liquor) are served. Bars are also found in pubs and nightclubs. They may also serve snack food. In most countries, bars are regulated and licenced by the regional or local governments, which establish laws regarding the opening hours and serving policies. In Canada and the United States, a liquor tax is placed on the sales of alcoholic beverages.

Drink coasters are used in bars and restaurants to protect the table surface from alcohol.
Cape Horn

**Cape Horn** (; ) is a cape. It was named for the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands. It is the southernmost land area of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile. Many people see Cape Horn as the southern tip of South America. Cape Horn is the most southerly of the great capes. The Drake Passage is directly to the south of it. For many years, it was a major milestone on the clipper route by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around the cape are very dangerous because of strong winds, large waves, and icebergs. These reasons have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.

Today, the Panama Canal has greatly reduced the need for cargo ships to travel via the Horn. However, sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting, and a number of recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Vendée Globe, sail around the world via the Horn, and speed records for round-the-world sailing follow the same route.
Iceberg

An **iceberg** is a large piece of ice floating in the sea. It is generally found in cold water near the North or the South Pole. Icebergs are especially common during spring when ice has begun to melt.

About 90% of icebergs are below the water line. Icebergs break off from larger structures made of ice like glaciers or ice shelves. They are formed by snowfall in very cold places that it do not melt in the summer. The snow builds up and compacts into ice, which is gradually pulled downhill by gravity and into the sea. The ice then falls off and makes icebergs, which can drift in the sea for years before they have melted completely.

## History

The first person to give a correct scientific explanation of this phenomenon was Mikhail Lomonosov, who did so around 1750. He grew up on the shore of the White Sea in the European part of Russia. He studied in Marburg, Germany, and is credited with introducing the word _iceberg_ into Russian.

The density of ice is about 0.92 kg per liter, and that of sea water is about 1.025 kg per liter, which causes 920 parts of the 1025, or about 90 percent, of the iceberg's volume to be below the water line.

Icebergs are very dangerous to ships, and many ships have sunk after crashing into icebergs. The most famous case was RMS _Titanic_ in 1912.

## Largest iceberg

D15A is the largest iceberg, as of the third quarter of 2025.

A23a used to be the largest iceberg.

Earlier, the largest iceberg that people know about was B-15. It broke off the Antarctic ice sheet in 2000 and was as large as the island of Jamaica (over 10,000 km<sup>2</sup>). The iceberg soon started to break up into smaller pieces, some of which remained in 2008.

Icebergs have become large because of global warming.

## Colors

There is a color of blue called iceberg.
Circumnavigation

**Circumnavigation** originally meant going around something, by ship. Usually, it means people going around the world. The first known circumnavigation was done by Fernão de Magalhães (Ferdinand Magellan), from 1519 to 1522. Magellan took five ships and went west, from Spain. He discovered a waterway which is now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. Magellan died in a fight with natives on the Philippine island Mactan in April 1521. The voyage was completed under command of Juan Sebastián Elcano. Elcano returned to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, where the voyage had started, with 18 survivors and valuable cargo in 1522. This proved that the earth was a globe.

## Other Famous circumnavigations

- 1577-1580 led by the Englishman Francis Drake
- 1586-1588 by Thomas Cavendish
- 1598-1601 by the Dutchman Olivier van Noort
- 1614-1617 by Georg Spielberg, a German who sailed for the Dutch
- 1766-1769 by Louis Antoine de Bougainville (The first French circumnavigation)
- 1803-1806 by Adam Johann von Krusenstern, first Russian circumnavigation
Thought experiment

A **thought experiment** is an experiment that takes place in people's minds instead of in a laboratory or in the real world. In a real-life experiment, people can see and measure changes, but thought experiments only show special ways of thinking.  Anyone can do a thought experiment.

The usual goal of a thought experiment is to show what might happen: _if this were true, what would follow from it?_

The history of science has many thought experiments in it. Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to use the German term __ (means 'thought experiment') in about 1812.

Posing hypothetical questions had been done for long time (by scientists and philosophers). However, people had no way of talking about it.

## Famous thought experiments

- Trolley problem
- Schrödinger's cat

## Related pages

- Paradox
- Zeno's paradoxes