juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Vampire bat

**Vampire bats** is a subfamily of bats. Unlike other bats, vampire bats feed on blood. Currently, there are three species of bats known to do this. All of them live in the Americas, in Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Argentina. Of the three known species, one feeds on the blood of mammals, the other two on the blood of birds.

The common vampire bat lives in large groups, of up to 100 animals. They have developed complex social behaviour.

Vampire bats commonly spread diseases, most notably rabies. The saliva of the vampire bats contain chemicals that prevent the clotting of the blood of the victim; this has been used to develop drugs to help the patients of strokes and heart attacks.

The false vampire bats are not vampire bats; they do not feed on blood, some eat fruits, others devour small animals.

Vampires may be modelled on bats.

## Scientific studies

Vampire bats were some of the first animals studied using the broadly applicable tracking system, or BATS.  Scientists glued very small backpacks with sensors onto vampire bats and used GPS to tell when they looked for food, rested, or met each other.  The study, which was printed for people to read on October 31, 2019 (Halloween), said that vampire bats formed social bonds when being held by humans that they remembered after being released back into the wild.
Domesday Book

The **Domesday Book** is the record of the great survey of much of England, and parts of Wales, completed in 1086, done for William I of England, or William the Conqueror.

The Domesday Book (also known as _Domesday_, or _Book of Winchester_) was a record of all taxable land in England, together with such information as would indicate its worth.

As the scribes went round England, they were protected by William's armed men. Each group was led by a Royal Commissioner, who took a list of standard questions. A 'jury' of local nobility and citizens answered the questions. All answers were written down in Latin.

Information was collected from the start of 1085, and working up into the complete volume started later that year. William died in 1087 before the writing-up work was completed.

William the Conqueror wished to know the details of the land he had conquered, England. He let his knights and barons have big areas of land, and wanted rent money from them. The Domesday Book was a record of every farm, village and house so that he knew how much rent he should get. Only some small villages in the countryside are not in the book. Major cities like London and Winchester are also not in the Domesday Book, perhaps because of their size, or because (not owning land), the people could not be taxed.

The Domesday book gave the names of King William's friends and even listed the number of pigs on a piece of land. But it was not like a modern census. It did not give the names of all the people. It listed the heads of each household, but left out Londoners, monks, nuns, and anyone living in castles. In effect, it listed only people he could get rent from, and who might supply men to fight in his army.

## Volumes

The Domesday Book is two volumes. One of the books was called _Great Domesday_, and the other was called _Little Domesday_. The draft of the second volume, Little Domesday, was never worked up, but no doubt was used for tax collection just the same.

## Name

The Domesday book got its name because its lists were so complete that it reminded people of the Last Judgment (which people also call Doomsday, or Domesday) in Christianity, when lists of what people have done go before God for people to be judged.

## Other websites

- Domesday Book, from _The National Archives (UK)_. Searchable text and page scans (complete).
- Focus on Domesday , from Learning Curve . Annotated sample page.
- Domesday Book , an article from _History Magazine_.
- www.domesdaybook.co.uk
LD50

The name **LD<sub>50</sub>** is an abbreviation for "Lethal Dose, 50%" or median lethal dose. It is the amount of the substance required (usually per body weight) to kill 50% of the test population.

The test was created by J.W. Trevan in 1927 but has been phased out. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has begun to approve non-animal alternatives to LD50, in response to research cruelty concerns and the lack of validity/sensitivity of animal tests as they relate to humans.

## Examples

- Oral LD<sub>50</sub> of grain alcohol: 10.6 g/kg in young rats, 7.06 g/kg in aged rats.
- Oral LD<sub>50</sub> of nicotine: 50 mg/kg in rats.
- Oral LD<sub>50</sub> of Table Salt: 3000 mg/kg in rats
- LD<sub>50</sub> of Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (active ingredient found in Cannabis): Fischer rat, oral 1,270 mg/kg
- LD<sub>50</sub> of smoked and inhaled Cannabis or Marijuana: Unknown. At present it is estimated that marijuana's therapeutic index is around 1:20,000 or 1:40,000 (the "1" in the prior estimate is based on an "effective dose" of the .9 grams contained in NIDA-supplied marijuana cigarettes, although the potency of Cannabis changes based on the genetics of the source plant) placing its LD50 around at least 18,000g.

- LD<sub>50</sub> of Batrachotoxin: estimated at 1 to 2 µg/kg in humans.
- LD<sub>50</sub> of Polonium 210: estimated at 10 (inhaled) to 50 (ingested) nanograms in humans makes this one of the most toxic substances known.  One gram in theory could poison 100 million people of which 50 million would die.
Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne

**Walter Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne  DSO & Bar PC** (29 March 1880-6 November 1944) was a British politician. Guinness was born in Dublin, Ireland.

From 1907 to 1931 he was Conservative MP for Bury St Edmunds, and saw service in World War I at Passchendaele, earning a medal and bar (second award).

He was killed in 1944 in Cairo, Egypt by the Jewish terrorist group Lehi. His assassination was said to be a message to the British government against British imperialism. Guinness was selected because he was believed to be anti Jewish and made statements supporting sending all Jews in Europe to the African island of Madagascar.
Modern Talking

**Modern Talking** was a German dance pop duo consisting of Thomas Anders and Dieter Bohlen. Their music was often classified as Europop. Modern Talking is, by sales, the most successful and popular group in Germany, and they a number of hit singles reaching the top-5 in many countries. Some of their most popular and widely known singles are "You're My Heart, You're My Soul", "You Can Win If You Want", "Cheri Cheri Lady", "Brother Louie", "Atlantis Is Calling (S.O.S. for Love)" and "Geronimo's Cadillac".

Modern Talking's first period of activity was from 1984 to 1987. The duo reunified in 1998 and made a successful comeback, releasing more music from 1998 to 2003. Modern Talking's sound, however, was rather different from its original 1980s sound after its reunion. The duo came back in 1998 recording their materials based on what the demand was in central European music markets at the time in the late 1990s, which required their original 1980s mellow Europop sound to switch into 1990s up-tempo Eurodance. The duo released singles which again entered the top-10 not only in their home country but also abroad. Some of those singles were "You're My Heart, You're My Soul '98", "Brother Louie '98", and "You Are Not Alone".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**:
- **img**: Moderntalking.jpg
- **img capt**: Modern Talking during their final concert, in 2003
- **img size**: 200px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Germany
- **genre**: Dance Pop
Europop
Eurodance
Synthpop
New Wave music, New Wave
- **years active**: 1984–1987
1998–2003
- **label**: Hansa Records, Sony/BMG, Ariola Records, RCA Records
- **past members**: Dieter Bohlen
Thomas Anders
Lindisfarne

**Lindisfarne** (often called **Holy Island**), is a tidal island off the north-east coast of England. It is connected to the mainland of Northumberland by a causeway and is cut off twice a day by tides – something well described by Sir Walter Scott:

- For with the flow and ebb, its style
- Varies from continent to isle;
- Dry shod o'er sands, twice every day,
- The pilgrims to the shrine find way;
- Twice every day the waves efface
- Of staves and sandalled feet the trace.

As of 27 March 2011, the island had a population of 180

## Nature reserve

Large parts of the island, and all of the adjacent inter-tidal area, are protected as **Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve** to help safeguard the internationally important wintering bird populations.
Grey seals are frequent visitors to the rocky bays at high tide.

### Lindisfarne Priory

The monastery of **Lindisfarne** was founded by Irish-born Saint Aidan. He was brought from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria around AD 635 by King Oswald of Northumbria. It became the base for Christian evangelising in the North of England and also sent a successful mission to Mercia. Monks from the community of Iona settled on the island.

Northumberland's patron saint, Saint Cuthbert, was a monk and later Abbot of the monastery, and his miracles and life are recorded by the Venerable Bede. Cuthbert later became Bishop of Lindisfarne.

In the early 700s the famous illuminated manuscript known as the Lindisfarne Gospels (an illustrated Latin copy of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) was made, probably at Lindisfarne.

Later, a monk named Aldred added an Anglo-Saxon translation to the Latin text. This made (late 10th century) the earliest surviving Old English copies of the Gospels.

## History

In 793 a Viking raid on Lindisfarne scared many people throughout the Christian West. The year 793 is often called the beginning of the age of Viking raids. A very famous passage in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reads:

"In this year fierce, foreboding omens came over the land of Northumbria. There were excessive whirlwinds, lightning storms, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. These signs were followed by great famine, and on January 8th of the same year, the ravaging of heathen men destroyed God's church at Lindesfarne."

Eventually the monks fled the island. They took with them the body of St Cuthbert, which is now buried at Durham Cathedral. The priory was re-established in Norman times as a Benedictine house and continued until its dissolution in 1536 under Henry VIII. It is now a ruin in the care of English Heritage, who also run a museum/visitor centre nearby. The neighbouring parish church (see below) is still in use.

Lindisfarne also has the small castle, based on a Tudor fort and open to visitors.

J.M.W. Turner, Thomas Girtin and Charles Rennie Mackintosh all painted on Holy Island.

## Other websites

- The island's own web site
- Lindisfarne Holy Island Safe Crossing Times 2006
- Lindisfarne Holy Island Safe Crossing Times 2007
- Photographs and Description
Peter Lorre

**Peter Lorre** (born was **Ladislav (László) Löwenstein**, June 26, 1904 – March 23, 1964) was a Hungarian-American actor.

## Biography

Lorre's family was Jewish. Lorre was born in Rózsahegy (Rosenberg) in a country called Austria-Hungary. Now the place where he was born is in the country Slovakia. He began acting in theaters in Vienna, Breslau, and Zürich. In the 1920s, he moved to Berlin to work as an actor. In 1931, the movie director Fritz Lang chose Lorre to act in a movie called "M". Lorre played the role of a serial killer who murders children. This was Lorre's first big role that brought him lots of attention.

When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Lorre had to leave Germany. Lorre went to England to be safe from the Nazis. Lorre got work as an actor in a movie by Alfred Hitchcock called _The Man Who Knew Too Much_. When Lorre was hired for this role, he only knew a little English. At first, it was hard for him to act in English movies.

In the 1940s, Lorre moved to Hollywood, California (USA), where he acted in many movies. He usually played foreign characters. Some of Lorre's most famous movie roles are Joel Cairo in _The Maltese Falcon_ (1941), Ugarte in _Casablanca_ (1942), and Dr. Einstein in _Arsenic and Old Lace_ (1944).

Lorre got married three times: Celia Lovsky (1934–13 March 1945, divorced), Kaaren Verne (25 May 1945–1950, divorced), and Annemarie Brenning (21 July 1953–23 March 1964, his death). He had his only child with Brenning, a daughter named Catharine (1953–1985).

He died of a stroke in Los Angeles on March 23, 1964.

## Related pages

- Film noir

## Other websites

- The Peter Lorre Library of Sound
- The Peter Lorre Companion
Leo Fender

**Clarence Leonidas Fender** (August 10, 1909 – March 21, 1991) also known as **Leo Fender**, was an American instrument maker.

He founded a company called Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company. It makes electric guitars, electric bass guitars, and electric guitar amplifiers. Leo Fender designed electric guitars which he called the _ Telecaster_ and the _Stratocaster._ Fender also designed the first bass guitar, which he called the _Precision Bass_. In the 1960s, Fender designed another bass guitar, which he called the _Jazz Bass_.

All of these instruments (the _Telecaster, Stratocaster, Precision Bass,_ and the _Jazz Bass_) became popular. Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company sold thousands and thousands of these instruments. Many rock and pop music bands from the 1960s to the 2000s use these electric guitars and electric bass guitars.
Fret

A **fret** is a thin strip of varying materials (most commonly metal, but occasionally gut or nylon) found on string instruments. Guitars, mandolins, and banjos have frets.

Frets are mounted on the long necks of the instrument. The frets help the musician playing the instrument to know where to place their fingers on the instrument.

On historical instruments and some non-European instruments, pieces of string tied around the neck are frets.

Frets divide the neck into sections related to a musical framework. On instruments such as guitars, each fret marks one semitone in the standard western system where one octave is divided into twelve semitones.
Amplifier

The word **amplifier** (sometimes called an **amp**) usually refers to an electronic amplifier. Electronic amplifiers make a signal from a radio or electric musical instrument (such as an electric guitar or an electric bass guitar) louder and stronger. Amplifiers are also hidden in any electronic thing that makes sound with loudspeakers. This includes televisions, radios, computers, and mp3 players, to name a few.

Amplifiers ability to use low impedance speakers may vary. Typical impedance is 8 ohms.

Classification can be done by current loss when amplifier is on but does not get signal. Example: A-class amplifier takes more current without signal than B-class amplifier but A-class amplifier have smaller distortion.

There is also several distortion types.

## How it works

Electronic amplifiers make a signal from the radio or electric instrument louder and stronger by using transistors or vacuum tubes. Electronic amplifiers have to be connected to electrical current or a battery to work. Once the signal from the radio or electric instrument has been made louder and stronger, the signal needs to be connected to a loudspeaker so that people can hear it.

When an amplifier tries to make the sound louder than it can, it adds distortion to the sound. Some amplifiers are made to add controlled distortion. Distortion from transistors sounds different than distortion from tubes. Distortion from tubes is often said to be more musical. Because of all this, more expensive amplifiers often add controlled distortion with tubes. Many of these amplifiers use transistors for a "clean" sound (without distortion).

## History

From the  1920s until the  1950s, electronic amplifiers used vacuum tubes. However, electronic amplifiers with vacuum tubes were heavy, and they produced a lot of heat. They also broke down a lot.

Since the 1960s, most electronic amplifiers have been built with transistors. Transistors are lighter, cheaper, and more reliable.
Ruda Śląska

**Ruda Śląska** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 147 000 inhabitants and 77 km².

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ruda Śląska
- **image skyline**: Nowy Bytom Niedurnego street.jpg
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **image caption**: Niedurnego Street in Ruda Śląska
- **image flag**: POL Ruda Śląska flag.svg
- **image shield**: POL Ruda Śląska alt COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**:  Silesian Voivodeship, Silesian
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: _city county_
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Michał Pierończyk
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 13th century
- **established title3**: Town rights
- **established date3**: 1959
- **area total km2**: 77.73
- **population as of**: 2013
- **population total**: 142510
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population urban**: 2746000
- **population metro**: 4620624
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 41-700 to 41-718
- **area code**: +48 32
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: SRS, SL
- **website**: http://www.rudaslaska.pl/
Rybnik

]

**Rybnik** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. About 141,000 people live there. The city is about 148 km². Since 2014, the mayor of the city is Piotr Kuczera.
Tychy

**Tychy** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 132 000 inhabitants and 81 km².
Dąbrowa Górnicza

**Dąbrowa Górnicza** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. Around 131,000 people live here.
Płock

**Płock** is a city in Eastern Poland in the Masovia Voivodship. About 128,000 people live there and it is 88 km² big.
Loudspeaker

A **loudspeaker**, which is also called a **loud-speaker** or **speaker**, is an item that is used to create the sound in radios, television sets, and electric musical instrument amplifier systems.

## How it works

Loudspeakers use both electric and mechanical principles to convert an electrical signal from a radio, television set or electric musical instrument into sound. For a loudspeaker to produce sound, the signal from the radio, television set, or electric musical instrument needs to be connected to an electronic amplifier.

Loudspeakers are usually built by using a stiff paper cone, a coil of thin copper wire, and a circular magnet. The cone, copper wire, and magnet are usually mounted in a rectangle-shaped wood cabinet. The coil of copper wire moves back and forth when an electrical signal is passed through it. The coil of copper wire and the magnet cause the rigid paper cone to vibrate and reproduce sounds.

Inside the loudspeaker can be a audio crossover.

## Types of loudspeakers

Some loudspeakers are designed for lower-pitched sounds, such as _woofer_ loudspeakers or _subwoofer_ loudspeakers. Other loudspeakers, which are called _tweeters_, are designed to reproduce high-pitched sounds (such as the sound of a whistle or a bird singing).

Loudspeakers for electric musical instruments are usually much stronger and heavier than loudspeakers for radios or television sets. Their main function is to convert electrical signals given to it into sound signals.

## History

Alexander Graham Bell invented the first audible loudspeaker in 1876. Bell invented the loudspeaker because he needed a device that would amplify sound for the telephone. In 1878, the inventor Werner von Siemens from Germany patented an improved type of electrodynamic loudspeaker which did not yet include an amplifier.
Chorzów

**Chorzów** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 115,000 inhabitants and an area of 33 km².
Wałbrzych

**Wałbrzych** (pronounce:  ['vawbʒix], German: _Waldenburg_) is a town in southwestern Poland in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. About 126 000 people live there and the area is 84 km². The city belonged to Germany until 1945. The original German population was expelled after WW II.
Organ trio

An **organ trio** is a type of jazz band with three musicians. Usually a jazz organ trio consists of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and either a jazz guitarist or a saxophone player.

Organ trios popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s. Organ trios usually performed jazz music that had influences from blues music. Organ trios are usually led by the organ player, who is called the leader of the trio.

## History

Important organ trio leaders from the 1950s were organists such as  Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, and Jack McDuff. In the late 1960s, organist Larry Young had a jazz fusion style organ trio. In the 1970s, Tony Williams had a jazz fusion band called _Lifetime_ which was an organ trio. In the 1990s and 2000s, organist Joey DeFrancesco is an organ trio leader.

## Other meanings

The word "organ trio" is also used to refer to the type (or "genre") of music played by organ trios from the 1950s and 1960s. For example, a person might say "I want to listen to some organ trio music." This would usually mean that they want to listen to music by Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, Jack McDuff, or other well-known organ trio leaders.
Hegemony

**Hegemony** (pronounced with a soft or hard **'g**') is the power of one group over other groups. Hegemony is mostly used to refer to relationships between different nations (or countries). This might be direct dominance, such as through military might, but may be indirect dominance, such as when a nation can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage.

Hegemony often describes the relationship of a great power to nearby less powerful countries.  The term is Greek, and was first used about the influence of a great city over the cities which were allied to it.  Examples are the  Peloponnesian League of Sparta (6th to 4th centuries BC); the short-lived Delian League of Classical Athens.  The later League of Corinth was headed not by a state, but by Philip II of Macedon.  Such a hegemon is a king or ruler with personal power.

A hegemonic relationship is usually described as less than an empire, but more than a regional power. This means a hegemon may not actually take control of other nations, but has the power to greatly influence what they do.  On the other hand, a global hegemon is more powerful than, say, Iran is in the Middle East.

## Cultural Hegemony

A term made by Antonio Gramsci.It is a form of social control by the elites over the lower classes.  Here, ideas and opinions are enforced by them, so that the lower classes accept only the elite’s opinions and not their own.

## Other websites

- Stuart Hainsworth, "Gramsci's hegemony theory and the ideological role of the mass media"
- Mike Dorsher, Ph.D., "Hegemony Online: The Quiet Convergence of Power, Culture and Computers"
- Hegemonic Pundit, a neo-con blog
- Hegemony and the hidden persuaders - the power of un-common sense
Fulgencio Batista

**Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar** (January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the military leader of Cuba from 1933 to 1940. He was a farm worker from eastern Cuba, and moved to Havana where he became a stenographer and a sergeant in the Army. He became a leader of a group of sergeants who wanted better pay. With others they overthrew President Gerardo Machado in 1933 and Batista ended up commanding the Army.

In 1940 Batista won election and was President of Cuba until 1944. In 1952 he made his own coup and ruled the country until 1959. His authoritarian government during this time caused opposition despite his attempt to placate critics with a 'show' election in 1954 where he ran without opposition. The opposition included the entire coalition that had overthrown Gerardo Machado.

Fidel Castro's guerrilla movement overthrew Batista. This is known as the Cuban Revolution. Batista fled Cuba on January 1, 1959 and went to the Dominican Republic before moving on to Portugal, and finally to Spain where he died of a heart attack in 1973.

## Infobox (person)

- **embed**: yes
- **othername**: Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (full name from 1939)


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Fulgencio Batista
- **image**: Fulgencio Batista.png
- **caption**: Batista in 1938
- **order**: 14th Prime Minister of the Republic of Cuba
- **vicepresident**: Rafael Guas Inclán
- **term start**: March 10, 1952
- **term end**: January 1, 1959
- **predecessor**: Carlos Prío Socarrás
- **successor**: Anselmo Alliegro y Milá, Anselmo Alliegro
- **term start1**: October 10, 1940
- **term end1**: October 10, 1944
- **vicepresident1**: Gustavo Cuervo Rubio
- **predecessor1**: Federico Laredo Brú
- **successor1**: Ramón Grau
- **office2**: Prime Minister of Cuba
- **president2**: Himself
- **term start2**: 10 March 1952
- **term end2**: 4 April 1952
- **predecessor2**: Óscar Gans
- **office3**: Parliament of Cuba, Cuban Senator
- **constituency3**: Las Villas Province, Las Villas
- **term start3**: June 2, 1948
- **term end3**: March 10, 1952
- **birth name**: Rubén Zaldívar
- **birth place**: Banes, Cuba, Banes, United States Military Government in Cuba, Cuba
- **death place**: Marbella, Málaga, Francoist Spain, Spain
- **resting place**: Saint Isidore Cemetery
- **children**: 9
- **allegiance**: Republic of Cuba (1902–1959), Republic of Cuba
- **branch**: Cuban National Army, Cuban Army
- **serviceyears**: 1921–1940
- **rank**: Major general
Sock puppet

A **Sock puppet** is a simple type of hand puppet made with a sock. Most sock puppets have some fabric or plastic facial features added to the sock, such as eyes or a mouth. Some sock puppets may also have accessories such as a hat or clothing. Sock puppets are operated by putting a person's hand inside the sock.

## Uses of sock puppets

Sock puppets are often used for entertaining people, especially children. People often present them on special stages that show sock puppets without showing the puppeteers (the people who use sock puppets) themselves.

## Well-known sock puppets

In Canada, Ed the Sock is a sock puppet who has appeared on Canadian television shows since 1987. Ed the Sock appears in a weekly Toronto television series called _Ed's Night Party!_. In the 1950s, comedian Soupy Sales made two sock puppets famous; 'White Fang' and 'Black Tooth'. Ventriloquist and puppeteer Shari Lewis delighted children with her lovable sock puppets 'Lamb Chop', 'Charlie Horse' and 'Hush Puppy'. They appeared on TV and in person for over four decades. 1950s TV sock puppets 'Kukla' and 'Ollie' appeared with a real person, Fran, who appeared in front of the stage in the long-running program Kukla, Fran and Ollie.
Smoke

**Smoke** is a cloud of very small, solid particles that is made when something is burned with a flame, such as wood or paper. Smoke can be bad because if it goes into the lungs of a person, it can hurt their lungs or even kill them (for example, in a house fire). Most people think that they are always able to see smoke, but people cannot see some types of smoke: they are invisible.

People sometimes deliberately make smoke, for example as insecticide or smoke signals, or smoke screen to hide themselves in war, or as food flavoring and preservative. Some smoke is used to transmit drugs, as when tobacco or marijuana is smoked. Incense is smoke that is made for religious ceremonies or to smell good.

Smoke removal systems redistribute gas flows and reduce the temperature and concentration of smoke during a fire. This helps in evacuating people, limiting the spread of fire; and extinguishing the fire.

## Smoke from tobacco

When people smoke tobacco in cigars or cigarettes, they are burning the tobacco and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco smoke can hurt the mouth, throat, and lungs. It can cause mouth, throat, or lung cancer. It can also cause emphysema and bronchitis (trouble breathing). They continue doing it because the smoke also has a nicotine.

## Smoke from factories

Factories and power plants produce large amounts of smoke into the atmosphere which pollutes the air. Eventually the toxic chemicals in smoke fall to the ground, and then they pollute the soil and the water. When the air, soil and water are polluted with toxic chemicals, the chemicals also get absorbed by plants and animals (including humans).

## Related pages

- Dry ice
- Pollution
1996 Summer Olympics

The **1996 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXVI Olympiad**, were held in Atlanta, United States from July 19 to August 4.

## Centennial Olympic Park bombing

Eric Rudolph, a Christian fundamentalist, bombed the Centennial Olympic Park on July 27. Alice Hawthorne was killed in the explosion when a nail from the bomb penetrated her skull. Melih Uzunyol, a Turkish cameraman, had a fatal heart attack while running to the scene.  The bomb wounded 111 others.

## Medal table

These were the top 10 teams at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
- Key
 Host nation (United States)

|scope="row" align=left style="background-color:#ccccff"|*|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1||||
|44|32|25|101|
|2||||
|26|21|16|63|
|3||||
|20|18|27|65|
|4||||
|16|22|12|50|
|5||||
|15|7|15|37|
|6||||
|13|10|12|35|
|7||||
|9|9|23|41|
|8||||
|9|8|8|25|
|9||||
|9|2|12|23|
|10||||
|7|15|5|27|

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1996
- Summer
- Olympics
- **host city**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States
- **motto**: _The Celebration of the Century_
- **nations**: 197
- **athletes**: 10,320 (6,797 men, 3,523 women)
- **events**: 271 in 26 Olympic sports, sports (37 disciplines)
- **opening**: July 19
- **closing**: August 4
- **opened by**: President of the United States, President Bill Clinton
- **cauldron**: Muhammad Ali
- **stadium**: Centennial Olympic Stadium
- **summer prev**: 1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona 1992
- **summer next**: 2000 Summer Olympics, Sydney 2000
- **winter prev**: 1994 Winter Olympics, Lillehammer 1994
- **winter next**: 1998 Winter Olympics, Nagano 1998
1984 Summer Olympics

The **1984 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXIII Olympiad**, were held in Los Angeles, California, United States from July 28 to August 12.

## Boycotting countries

Fifteen countries took part in the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics:
_Listed in the chronological order of their withdrawal, not by alphabetical or any geographical order._
- Bulgaria
- Mongolia
- Czechoslovakia
- Afghanistan
- Hungary
- Poland
- Ethiopia
- Angola

All the Asian countries above also boycotted at the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul, South Korea.

Four other countries also boycotted the games, citing political reasons, but were not part of the Soviet-led boycott:
- Albania
- / Upper Volta/Burkina Faso
- Libya

Further to this, Kampuchea was largely unrecognized, and in any case would not have been allowed to compete.

## Other websites

- IOC page for the Los Angeles 1984 Los Summer Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1984
- Summer
- Olympics
- **host city**: Los Angeles, United States
- **image size**: 250px
- **motto**: _Play a Part in History_
- **nations**: 140
- **athletes**: 6,829 (5,263 men, 1,566 women)
- **events**: 221 in 21 Olympic sports, sports (29 disciplines)
- **opening**: July 28
- **closing**: August 12
- **opened by**: President of the United States, President Ronald Reagan
- **cauldron**: Rafer Johnson
- **stadium**: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
- **summer prev**: 1980 Summer Olympics, Moscow 1980
- **summer next**: 1988 Summer Olympics, Seoul 1988
- **winter prev**: 1984 Winter Olympics, Sarajevo 1984
- **winter next**: 1988 Winter Olympics, Calgary 1988
1932 Summer Olympics

The **1932 Summer Olympics**, officially known as **Games of the X Olympiad**, were held in Los Angeles, United States.

U.S. President Herbert Hoover did not attend the games. Despite this snub, the games were thought to be a success because the LA Olympics did not end up in debt.

Los Angeles was the first to provide an athletes' "village".

## Participating nations

A total of 37 nations sent athletes to compete at the Los Angeles games.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- IOC page for the 1932 Summer Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1932
- Summer
- Olympics
- **host city**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **nations**: 37
- **athletes**: 1,332 (1,206 men, 126 women)
- **events**: 117 in 14 Olympic sports, sports (20 disciplines)
- **opening**: July 30
- **closing**: August 14
- **opened by**: Vice President of the United States, Vice President Charles Curtis
- **stadium**: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
- **summer prev**: 1928 Summer Olympics, Amsterdam 1928
- **summer next**: 1936 Summer Olympics, Berlin 1936
- **winter prev**: 1932 Winter Olympics, Lake Placid 1932
- **winter next**: 1936 Winter Olympics, Garmisch 1936
1992 Summer Olympics

The **1992 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXV Olympiad**, were held in Barcelona, Spain from 25 July to 9 August.

## Other websites

- IOC site for the Barcelona 1992 Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1992
- Summer
- Olympics
- **host city**: Barcelona, Spain
- **motto**: _Friends For Life_
(Spanish language, Spanish: _Amigos para siempre_, Catalan language, Catalan: _Amics per sempre_)
- **nations**: 169
- **athletes**: 9,356 (6,652 men, 2,704 women)
- **events**: 257 in 25 Olympic sports, sports (34 disciplines)
- **opening**: 25 July
- **closing**: 9 August
- **opened by**: Monarchy of Spain, King Juan Carlos I
- **cauldron**: Antonio Rebollo
- **stadium**: Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys
- **summer prev**: 1988 Summer Olympics, Seoul 1988
- **summer next**: 1996 Summer Olympics, Atlanta 1996
- **winter prev**: 1992 Winter Olympics, Albertville 1992
- **winter next**: 1994 Winter Olympics, Lillehammer 1994
- **image size**: 250px
- **image**: Barcelona-92-logo-horizontal.jpg
1988 Summer Olympics

The **1988 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXIV Olympiad**, were held in Seoul, South Korea from September 17 to October 2.

## Other websites

- IOC page on the Seoul 1988 Olympics

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 1988
- Summer
- Olympics
- **image**: 1988年夏季オリンピックエンブレム.png
- **image size**: 200px
- **motto**: _Harmony and Progress_
(Korean language, Korean: 화합과 전진)
- **nations**: 159
- **athletes**: 8,391 (6,197 men, 2,194 women)
- **events**: 237 in 23 Olympic sports, sports (31 disciplines)
- **opening**: 17 September
- **closing**: 2 October
- **opened by**: President of South Korea, President Roh Tae-woo
- **cauldron**: Sohn Mi-chung
Chung Sun-man
Kim Won-tak
- **stadium**: Seoul Olympic Stadium
- **summer prev**: 1984 Summer Olympics, Los Angeles 1984
- **summer next**: 1992 Summer Olympics, Barcelona 1992
- **winter prev**: 1988 Winter Olympics, Calgary 1988
- **winter next**: 1992 Winter Olympics, Albertville 1992
Charles Aznavour

**Charles Aznavour** (22 May 1924 – 1 October 2018) was an Armenian-French singer, songwriter and actor. He was one of France's most popular and long lasting singers, and also one of the most well-known French singers in other countries.

## Career

He appeared in more than 60 movies and written more than 1000 songs (including 150 in English, 100 in Italian, 70 in Spanish, and 50 in German).

He has sold over 100 million albums. Aznavour started his final tour in late 2006. Aznavour was born as Shahnour Vaghinag Aznavouryan in Paris, the son of Armenian immigrants Michael Aznavouryan & Knar Baghdasaryan. His parents introduced him to the world of theatre at an early age. He dropped out of school at the age of nine, already aspiring to the life of an artist. He began to perform at this time, and soon took the stage name "Aznavour" which he was know by for the rest of his career.

His big break came when the singer Edith Piaf heard him sing and arranged to take him with her on tour in France and to the USA. Aznavours voice is shaded towards the tenor range, but possesses the low range and coloration more typical of a baritone, contributing to his unique sound.

## Death

On 1 October 2018 it was announced that Aznavour had died at his home in the village of Mouriès in the south of France at the age of 94. An autopsy report said Aznavour died of cardiopulmonary arrest caused by pulmonary edema.

## Film

- 1989: _Charles Aznavour Armenia 1989_ Armenfilm ( Gyumri, Leninakan,Nostradamus, General Andranik, Sumgayit, Karabagh)
movie director Levon Mkrtchyan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHEd5L1i6gg

## Other websites

- Official site
- Original discography, catalogue and discussion group
Pallava dynasty

The **Pallavas** dynasty rose in Tamil Nadu (South India) during the seventh century under Mahendravarman I and his son Mamalla Narasimhavarman I. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the second century. After the fall of the _Satavahanas_, they began to get control over parts of Andhra and the Tamil country. The Pallavas were at their finest during the reigns of Narasimhavarman I and Pallavamalla Nandivarman II.
Pandya dynasty

The **Pandyan kingdom** பாண்டியர் was an ancient Tamil state in South India of unknown antiquity. Pandyas were one of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms (Chola and Chera being the other two) who ruled the Tamil country from pre-historic times until end of the 15th century. They ruled initially from Korkai, a sea port on the southern most tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Pandyan dynasty
- **common name**: Pandya Nadu
- **era**: Medieval era
- **year start**: 400 BCE
- **year end**: 1618 CE
- **image map**: Pandya Kingdom (south India).png
- **image map caption**: Pandyan Empire at greatest extent
- **capital**: *Korkai (port, early historic)
* Madurai (till 1335 CE)
* Tenkasi (till 1618 CE)
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **leader1**: Nedunjeliyan I (first documented)
- **year leader1**: Around 270 BCE
- **leader2**: Kadungon (Pandya revival)
- **year leader3**: 1613–1618 CE
- **leader3**: Tenkasi Pandyas, Varagunarama
- **year leader2**: 560–590 CE
- **today**: India
Sri Lanka
- **map caption**: Greatest extent of the Pandya Empire, 13th Century
Rockabilly

**Rockabilly** is an early type of rock and roll music. It developed in the 1950s in the United States. Rockabilly was very popular amongst teenagers. Many parents of teenagers did not like rockabilly music, because it had lyrics which talked about rebelling against rules, sex and drinking alcohol. Rockabilly musicians often wear slicked-back hair, jeans, and leather jackets.

## Rockabilly music

Rockabilly music has musical styles from blues music and country music. It uses the acoustic guitar, the electric guitar, the double bass, drums, and singing. Some Rockabilly songs also use the piano or the harmonica. Rockabilly music usually has a strong rhythm from the double bass being played in a "slap" style. Rockabilly singers often use a wide range, with high notes and many shouts like “go man go” and "yeah!"

## Rockabilly musicians

One of the earliest musicians who played rockabilly music was Elvis Presley. Another famous rockabilly musician was Carl Perkins, who wrote the popular song _Blue Suede Shoes_. Jerry Lee Lewis was a piano player who sang. Jerry Lee Lewis was known for his crazy behavior on stage, which audiences liked. Lewis would play the piano with his feet, elbows and butt.

Gene Vincent was a rockabilly musician who wore black leather and sang songs about sex and getting into trouble. Vincent's most popular song is “Be-Bop-A-Lula”. Eddie Cochran wrote songs about teen life, and had hit songs like “Summertime Blues” and “C’mon Everybody.”

## Rockabilly revival

Rockabilly became popular again in the 1980s, when bands such as the Stray Cats became popular. In the 1990s and 2000s, there are still many bands playing rockabilly music or music influenced by rockabilly, such as Tiger Army.
Blu-ray Disc

**Blu-ray Disc** is a high-density optical disc format similar to DVD. Blu-ray is the type of disc used for PlayStation 3 games and for playing high-definition (HD) movies. In the past, there were other standards for such movies, such as the HD DVD format. Blu-ray won what is called the _format war_ between 2006 and 2008.

A dual-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50GB (gigabytes) of data. This is over five times the capacity of a DVD, and over 70 times more than a CD or VCD.

The disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers, and released in 2006. The format was developed for recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data.

Older optical disc technologies such as DVD, DVD±R, DVD±RW, and DVD-RAM used a red laser to read and write data. The new format used a blu laser instead. This is where the name is from.

## Related pages

- DVD
- HD DVD
- Compact disc (CD)

## Other websites

- Blu-ray Disc Association
- The Authoritative Blu-ray Disc FAQ by Hugh Bennett
- Blu-ray vs. HD-DVD
Stray Cats

The **Stray Cats** were a Rockabilly band from the United States. They had several hit songs in the 1980s. The Stray Cats played a style of pop music called Rockabilly, which mixes 1950s-style rock and roll, blues music, and country music together. The Stray Cats' music is like the 1950s Rockabilly songs by Elvis Presley and Carl Perkins. Three of the bands' hit songs were "Runaway Boys," "Rock This Town," and "Stray Cat Strut."

The Stray Cats band was formed in 1979 by Brian Setzer, with two of his school friends Leon Drucker (who used the stage name "Lee Rocker") and James McDonnell (who used the stage name "Slim Jim Phantom"). These young men lived in Massapequa, New York.

The Stray Cats wore blue jeans and leather jackets, and had their hair slicked back. The Stray Cats had a singer who played electric guitar, a double bass player, and a drummer.

## Albums

- Stray Cats (1981)
- Gonna Ball (1981)
- Built For Speed (1982)
- Rant N' Rave With The Stray Cats (1983)
- Rock Therapy (1986)
- Blast Off! (1989)
- Let's Go Faster! (1990)
- Choo Choo Hot Fish (1992)
- Original Cool (1993)
- Stray Cats: The Definite Greatest Hits (2000)
- Stray Cats: Rumble In Brixton(2004)
- 40 (2019)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Stray Cats
- **img**: Stray Cats.jpg
- **img capt**: The Stray Cats in Japan
 Photo: Masao Nakagami
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Massapequa, New York, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Rockabilly, rock and roll
- **years active**: 1980–1984
1986–1993
2004–present
- **label**: Arista Records, Arista, EMI America
- **associated acts**: Brian Setzer Orchestra, Phantom, Rocker & Slick
- **current members**: Brian Setzer
Lee Rocker
Slim Jim Phantom
- **past members**: Tommy Byrnes
Chera dynasty

The **Chera dynasty** (Tamil: சேரர் Malayalam: േചര ) was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties who ruled the southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century CE.  The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Kerala  and Tamil Nadu states of India.

## Infobox (former country)

- **symbol type**: Insignia
- **image map**: Chera country (early historic south India).jpg
- **conventional long name**: Chera dynasty
- **common name**: Keralaputras
- **native name**: _Cēra vamcam_
- **capital**: **Early Cheras**
* Vanchi (early historic), Vanchi
* Muziris
**Kongu Cheras**
*Karur
**Chera Perumals**
* Makotai, Mahodayapuram
- **s1**: Zamorin of Calicut
- **s2**: Kingdom of Travancore
- **s3**: Kingdom of Cochin
- **s4**: Kattan dynasty
- **s5**: Mannanar dynasty
- **religion**: *Hinduism
*Buddhism
*Jainism
- **demonym**: Cheran
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **common languages**: *Old Tamil
*Middle Tamil
Chola dynasty

The **Chola dynasty** (சோழர் குலம்) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India until the 13th century. The dynasty came from the fertile valley of the Kaveri River.
_Karikala Chola_ was the most famous among the early Chola kings, while _Rajaraja Chola_, _Rajendra Chola_ and _Kulothunga Chola_ I were famous emperors of the medieval Cholas.

The Cholas were at the height of their power during the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries. Under Rajaraja Chola I (Rajaraja the Great) and his son Rajendra Chola, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in Asia. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the South to as far North as the banks of the Ganges River in Bangladesh with oversea colonies across SEA. This was the result of their extensive campaigns and colonial expeditions which resulted in the expansion of Hinduism in Southeast Asia.
Laubach

**Laubach** is a town in the district of Giessen, in Hesse, Germany. Laubach is known as a “Luftkurort," which means “fresh air resort.” Laubach is a small town. It has a population of about 10,000 people. It is  east of the city of Giessen. Surrounding Laubach are the small towns of Hungen, Grünberg, Schotten and Lich.

The Laubach woods are part of the foothills of the Vogelsberg (Bird Mountain). Laubach is an area of interest to tourists because it has many historic and colorful half-timbered (_fachwerk_) buildings,. The main attraction is the castle. The castle was built in the thirteenth century. It belongs to the Count Solms-Laubach family. One of the largest private libraries in Europe is inside the castle. The castle library has more than 120,000 books and manuscripts. In the Johann Gutenberg Museum in Mainz is an original Gutenberg Bible which came from the castle library. The castle grounds include a large park. There is a lake for swans in the park. The park is open to the public without charge.

## Other buildings of interest

The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Laubach used to be named St. Maria. The oldest part of the church was built in the twelfth century. The church was renovated in the eighteenth century. Inside the church is a baroque organ.

The main street of Laubach is Friedrichstrasse. On this street is the former district courthouse , and the city hall, and the Heimat Museum.

The Heimat Museum  is the local history museum. It was originally built near the town of Gonterskirchen in 1750 by Count August Solms-Laubach. The building was moved to its present location in 1832. For many years it was a school. Now it is a museum. In the museum is a permanent exhibit honoring Friedrich Kellner.

## Laubach people

- Sophie von Solms-Laubach (1594-1651)
- Philipp Erasmus Reich (1717-1787), bookseller and publisher
- Felix Klipstein (1880-1941), artist
- Klipstein grew up in Laubach and Belgium. He studied art in France and Spain. In 1909 he returned to Laubach with his wife, the writer Edith Blass.
- Georg Friedrich Solms-Laubach (1899 - 1969)
- Friedel Münch, head of Münch Motorcycle Works
- Friedrich Kellner, (1885 - 1970)
- Kellner was the chief justice inspector in Laubach during WWII. He wrote a secret diary about the misdeeds of the Nazis. He became deputy mayor and first town councilman of Laubach. He was also chairman of the Laubach Social Democratics SPD. A Canadian documentary about Kellner was filmed on location in Laubach.

### Literature

- Helmut Nachtigall: _Die Fachwerkhäuser Alt-Laubachs_. Laubach 1975

### Movie

- _My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner_, CCI Entertainment, Toronto, Canada

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Laubach (Mittelhessen) COA.svg
- **image plan**: Landkreis Gießen Laubach.png
- **state**: Hessen
- **elevation**: 230
- **area**: 97.01
- **population**: 10280
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 35321
- **area code**: 06405
- **licence**: GI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 5 31 010
- **party**: non-party