Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

**Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors** are a group of medications. They are usually called **SSRIs**. They are used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and some other problems.

In many countries, SSRIs are prescribed more often than any other type of antidepressant.

Examples of common SSRIs are fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celena), and escitalopram (Lexapro).

## Medical uses

SSRIs are mainly used to treat:
- Major depressive disorder
- Anxiety disorders like obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); panic disorder; and generalized anxiety disorder
- Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Eating disorders
- Chronic pain

### Depression

Antidepressants like SSRIs are a first-choice treatment for people with very bad depression. When a person's depression is not as bad, but counseling has not helped them, antidepressants can help.

Scientists do not agree on whether SSRIs work for mild depression that does not last very long.

### Anxiety disorders

SSRIs work well for generalized anxiety disorder. They help decrease people's anxiety. This can help them participate in counseling to learn how to deal with their anxiety.

SSRIs also work well for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). They are the first-choice treatment for people with very bad OCD. Like with depression and generalized anxiety disorder, SSRIs are not a cure; people need to participate in counseling and other treatments too. However, people with OCD who took an SSRI are about twice as likely to do well in treatment than people not taking an SSRI.

Fluoxetine (Prozac) and paroxetine (Paxil) are the only medications the United States Food and Drug Administration has approved for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Medications alone usually will not cure PTSD; they need to be combined with counseling. Except for Prozac and Paxil, most other SSRIs do not seem to help PTSD.

### Eating disorders

When a person starts to get treatment for bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder, SSRIs can be a helpful first step. Over short periods of time, they can decrease some of the symptoms of these eating disorders. For example, for a short while, people taking SSRIs do less binge eating. However, SSRIs only seem to help for a short period of time.

SSRIs do not seem to help anorexia nervosa. However, if a person with anorexia also has depression, anxiety, or OCD, SSRIs could help treat those problems.

### Chronic pain

Research shows that two SSRIs can help treat chronic pain. These SSRIs are paroxetine (Paxil) and citalopram (Celexa). Other SSRIs, like fluoxetine (Prozac), do not help chronic pain.

Another group of antidepressants, called tricyclic antidepressants, treat chronic pain better than SSRIs do. However, tricyclic antidepressants have many more side effects than SSRIs do. Because of this, some doctors prescribe paroxetine or citalopram for chronic pain, because the side effects are not as bad.

## How they work

Serotonin is an important chemical in the human body. It exists in different parts of the body. In the brain, it helps control a person's mood, appetite, and sleep.

SSRIs increase the amount of serotonin that the brain can use.

However, depression is complicated. So are the other problems SSRIs treat, like anxiety disorders. There is no one cause for these disorders. They are usually caused by a mixture of things. This is why SSRIs are not a cure. Most people also need counseling to help treat the other causes of their depression, anxiety, or other problems.

## Adverse effects

Each SSRI has its own possible adverse effects (side effects). It is important to remember that every medication has many possible side effects. This does not mean that everyone who takes the medication will have side effects. It only means that _some_ people who take these medications have these symptoms.

Here are some examples of adverse effects that SSRIs can cause.

### Suicide risk

Taking SSRIs makes children and young adults more likely to think about suicide and try to kill themselves. This is true for young adults up to age 24.

In 2004, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) looked at clinical trials on children with major depressive disorder. They found that children taking SSRIs had:
- An 80% higher risk of "possible suicidal ideation and suicidal behavior".
- About a 130% greater risk of agitation (getting angry and upset easily) and hostility (acting angry towards other people).

In both the United States and the United Kingdom, only three SSRIs are approved to treat children:
- Fluoxetine (Prozac), to treat children with depression.
- Sertraline (Zoloft) and fluvoxamine (Luvox), for children with OCD.

Scientists do not agree on whether SSRIs make adults more likely to think about suicide or try to kill themselves. The FDA says that people over age 24 are not more likely to think about suicide when they take SSRIs.

### Sexual problems

SSRIs often cause sexual problems. These problems include erectile dysfunction, not being able to have an orgasm, not wanting to have sex, and not enjoying sex.

Sexual problems are one of the most common reasons why people stop taking SSRIs.

### Bleeding

When a person takes SSRIs along with anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medications, they are a little more likely to have bleeding problems. For example, the person is more likely to have bleeding in their digestive system (gastrointestinal tract), or to bleed after they have surgery. Bleeding problems are most likely in people who:
- Are on blood-thinning medications, like warfarin (Coumadin); AND
- Are on medications that stop blood cells called platelets from forming blood clots, like aspirin; AND
- Are taking a type of painkiller called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), like ibuprofen; AND
- Have problems with their liver, like liver disease or liver failure.

### Other problems

Most SSRIs can also make a person:
- More likely to break a bone.
- Feel very restless and unable to stand still (akathisia).
- Be very sensitive to bright lights.

## Stopping suddenly

If a person stops taking SSRIs suddenly, they can get side effects that are painful or distressing. The medical name of these side effects is serotonin discontinuation syndrome. This can cause:
- Nausea
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Pain in the whole body
- Strange feelings on the skin
- Trouble sleeping
- Feeling like the body is being shocked with electricity

A person and their doctor should come up with a plan for how to stop taking an SSRI. If possible, the person should slowly decrease the amount of medication they are taking, bit by bit, over a few weeks.

## Overdose

If a person takes too much SSRI medication at once (overdose), they can poison themselves or even die.

SSRI overdoses can cause:
- Serotonin syndrome
- Coma
- Seizures
- Poisoning of the heart

## Drug interactions

It is not safe to take some drugs with SSRIs. Taking these drugs with SSRIs can cause serotonin syndrome. Here are some examples of drugs that cannot be taken with SSRIs:

- Some other medicines for depression and anxiety:
    - Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
    - Tricyclic antidepressants
    - Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
    - Lithium
    - Buspirone (Buspar)
    - Mirtazapine (Remeron)
- Some pain medications:
    - Pethidine/meperidine (Demerol)
    - Tramadol (Ultram)
- Other medications:
    - Dextromethorphan, an over-the-counter cough medicine
    - St. John's Wort, an herb that some people use to treat depression
    - MDMA (Ecstasy), an illegal drug

## Related pages

- Serotonin
- Depression
- Anxiety disorders