juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Australian Antarctic Territory

The **Australian Antarctic Territory** (**AAT**) is the part of Antarctica claimed by Australia and is the largest part of Antarctica claimed by any nation. The area is about 6.119.818 km². Only the staff of research stations live in the territory.

## History

Victoria Land was first claimed for Britain on 9 January 1841 and Britain claimed Enderby Land in 1930. In 1933, a British imperial order transferred territory south of 60° S and between meridians 160 E and 45 E to Australia. On 13 February 1954 http://www.aad.gov.au/default.asp?casid=7041 , Mawson Station was set up. It was the first Australian station on the continent proper.

Australia's claim to sovereignty over the Australian Antarctic Territory is recognised by the United Kingdom, New Zealand, France and Norway http://www.aph.gov.au/house/committee/ncet/communication/report/chapter6.pdf . As Australia is part of the Antarctic Treaty System, which accommodates differences of opinions over the status of Antarctic territorial claims which pre-dated the 1959 Antarctic Treaty - effectively placing claims in abeyance - Australia only exercises its sovereignty in ways that in its view are consistent with good relations under the Antarctic Treaty.

## Postage stamps

Australia issues postage stamps for the Australian Antarctic Territory. The first issues came in 1957, and sporadically thereafter, settling into a pattern of an annual issue by the 1990s. All have been Antarctic-themed, and all are valid for postage in Australia, so in practice they are just Australian stamps with a different inscription.

## Telephone connections

Assigned the country calling code +672, four Antarctic bases operated by Australia can be reached by direct calling from anywhere in the world. The area codes are 10-6 for Davis, 11-7 for Mawson, 12-8 for Casey and 13-9 for Macquarie Island, in each case followed by three additional digits.

## Other websites

- Australian Antarctic Division
- PDF-Map of the AAT
- Australian Antarctic Gazetteer
- Russian stations
British Antarctic Territory

|style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|{| style="width: 280px; background: none; text-align: center;"||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="border: 0;"|<span style="display:table-cell; border-collapse:collapse; border:solid 1px #bbb;"></span>|style="border: 0;"|||
|style="border: 0;"|Flag|style="border: 0;"|Coat of Arms|}|
|style="font-size:95%" colspan="2"|Motto: _Research and Discovery_||||
|style="font-size:95%" colspan="2"|Anthem: God Save the King||||
|colspan="2" style="background:#fff;"|||||
|**Status**|British overseas territory||||
|**Official language(s)**|English (de facto)||||
|**Commissioner**|Leigh Turner||||
|**Administrator**|Michael Richardson||||
|**Area**|1.709.400 km²||||
|**Population**|c. 200||||
|**Currency**|Pound Sterling||||

The **British Antarctic Territory** is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom and is a British overseas territory. It is a triangle in Antarctica from the South Pole to 60° S latitude between longitudes 20° W and 80° W. The Territory was formed on March 3, 1962, although the UK first claimed this part of the Antarctic in 1908. Before 1962, the area now covered by the Territory comprised three separate dependencies of the Falkland Islands;
- Graham Land
- the South Orkney Islands and
- the South Shetland Islands.

The Territory overlaps other claims on Antarctica by Argentina and Chile

The Territory is inhabited largely by the staff of research and support stations operated and maintained by the British Antarctic Survey and other organisations.

## History

The United Kingdom has had a presence in the South Atlantic since 1833 when it occupied the Falkland Islands. In 1908 the UK claimed the territory that is British Antarctic Territory today, as well as South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The territory was governed as three separate dependencies; Graham Land, the South Orkneys, and the South Shetlands, administered from Falkland Islands by the Governor.

## Geography

In addition to continental Antarctica, within which the BAT claim includes the Palmer Land peninsula, and the Ronne Ice Shelf, Weddell Sea, the territory also includes the South Shetland Islands and South Orkney Islands.

## Administration

It is administered by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). A Commissioner is appointed and is always the Head of the FCO's Overseas Territories Department.

The Territory has a full suite of laws, and legal and postal administrations. Given the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty System, the Territory does not enforce its laws on foreign nations who maintain scientific bases within the Territory. It is self-financing, with income from the sale of postage stamps and income tax.

## Research

The British Antarctic Survey has three permanently staffed research stations in the Territory:
- Halley
- Rothera
- Signy

## Other websites

- UK Foreign Office homepage
- British Antarctic Survey
British Indian Ocean Territory

The **British Indian Ocean Territory** is a dependency of the United Kingdom. It includes many small islands in the Indian Ocean. The territory is the seven atolls of the Chagos Archipelago with over 1,000 individual islandsmany very small. There is a total land area of . The largest island is Diego Garcia.

Both India and Mauritius claim the territories, and do not recognise the United Kingdom's authority over the Chagos Archipelago. India does not recognise Anglo sovereignty over these "Cultural Indo-Indian/Indies islands" and has disputed their status since 1947.

The natives of these islands were deported (made to leave their homes) by the British government. They were sent to Mauritius and the Seychelles. This happened in 1968 to 1973, to allow the United States to build a joint UK/US military base. In 2000, the High Court of the UK first ruled that the natives had the right to return home, but the government have been fought hard against this court decision, and many of the natives are still said to be tried to move back to the islands. Following resumed negotiations a treaty was signed on 22 May 2025 that will formally transfer the sovereignty of the territory to Mauritius once it comes into effect, while the Diego Garcia military base remains under British control during a 99-year lease. The UK government expects the treaty to be ratified near the end of 2025. On May 23, 2025, India welcomed the agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius for the transfer of sovereignty over the Chagos Islands, describing it as an important step in completing the decolonization of the island nation "in the spirit of international law and a rules-based order".

In June 2025, UN experts called for the suspension of a recently signed agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius, warning that it failed to protect the rights of the displaced Chagossian people. “By maintaining a foreign military presence of the United Kingdom and the United States on Diego Garcia and preventing the Chagossian people from returning… the agreement appears to be in contradiction with the Chagossian right of return,” according to the experts. The experts criticized the lack of provisions allowing access to cultural sites or the preservation of the Chagossian heritage. They called on the two countries to renegotiate the restitution agreement, stating, “We call for the suspension of ratification of the agreement and the negotiation of a new agreement that fully guarantees the rights of the Chagossian people”.
Heard Island and McDonald Islands

The **Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands** (abbreviated as HIMI ) is a territory of Australia. They are islands in the Indian Ocean. They are about two-thirds of the way from Madagascar to Antarctica.

The islands are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## History

The islands were discovered in 1833 by the British sailor Peter Kemp. They have been territories of Australia since 1947.

In 2025, Donald Trump imposed 10% reciprocal tariffs of Heard Island and McDonald Islands, despite not being inhabited by people. The US said that it had a trade deficit with the island.

## Geography

Big Ben is an active volcano.  The volcano is also known as "Mawson Peak".

The group's size is 372 km² in area.

## Other websites

- "Heard and McDonald Islands" at _CIA World Factbook_
Frozen dinner

A **frozen dinner** is a kind of ready-to-prepare meal, or convenience food. Frozen dinners are prepared in bulk, cooked until ready to serve, divided into single servings for freezing, to be reheated later. An entrée of meat or other protein is included, along with vegetables, a carbohydrate food (such as potatoes or rice), and a sweet dessert.

Frozen dinners are helpful for people who do not have time to cook, or who lack meal-planning or cooking skills. They are also known as "TV dinners", because they were long advertised as suitable to warm up and eat while watching television. Both inventions became popular at around the same time (during the 1950s), and each one sold more of the other.

For many years, frozen dinners came packaged with a shaped aluminium foil cooking tray. This made them easy to reheat in a normal gas or electric stove's oven. The trays were sometimes reused or recycled by users. When microwave ovens became common, frozen dinners could not be cooked in them because the metal tray would damage the oven. Early packaged foods for the microwave often could not be cooked in a regular oven, because the heat would make the package catch fire or fall apart. New packaging had to be developed, so the same frozen dinner could be heated in both kinds of ovens. This succeeded during the 1980s. Some new trays can be reused, while others are made of paper and meant to be thrown away.

The quality of food in frozen dinners has also improved steadily through the years. Early potato dishes would sometimes have a chalk-like quality to them, and vegetables poor texture. Newer dinners taste much more like they are freshly cooked. Vegetarian meals have also been introduced. Linda McCartney started a popular line of frozen vegetarian dishes during the 1990s.
Věž

**Věž** is a village near Humpolec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 796 people live in Věž. It covers 14.43 km².
Southern lapwing

The southern lapwing (***Vanellus chilensis***) is a large long-legged bird. Lapwings are shorebirds. It is a common in Central and South America, except in the jungles of the Amazon and the Andes. It is the national bird of Uruguay.
Reinforced concrete

**Reinforced concrete** is concrete with long bars inside to make it stronger. The reinforcing material has greater tensile strength than concrete has. Usually the bars are steel. Galvanizing saves the steel from rusting and corrosion.  In rich countries, almost all concrete in buildings and roads is reinforced. Reinforced concrete is stronger, and can be even stronger if the steel is stretched to make prestressed concrete.
Courthouse

A **courthouse** is a building that holds a court. Some courthouses also have offices for the prosecutor and prosecutor's assistants. In small cities, some courthouses have other offices for local government officials. The term is common in North America while in most other English-speaking countries, they are simply called "courts" or "court buildings". In most of continental Europe and former non-English-speaking European colonies, the equivalent term is a **palace of justice**
State (disambiguation)

** State** may mean:

## Political science

- A state in politics, which is the same as a country or a nation.
- A city-state in politics, which is a city that is an independent nation.
- A nation state in politics, where the people living in a country have the same nationality.
- A sovereign state in politics
- A U.S. state, one of the 50 members of the United States. A U.S. state is like a province, prefecture, or district in another country.

## Science

- A state of matter in chemistry. For example, solid, liquid, or gas.
- An equation of state in thermodynamics.
- An oxidation state in chemistry, referring to the number of electrons added or subtracted from an atom

## Computing

- State (computer science), a unique configuration of information in a program or machine
    - Program state, in computer science, a snapshot of the measure of various conditions in the system
    - State pattern, in computer science, a behavioral design pattern
- State (printmaking), a unique form of a print, caused by a deliberate change to a matrix
- State (software), animation software for YouTube and social media sites
Prosecutor

A **prosecutor** is a lawyer who argues in a court that the defendant should be found guilty of a crime. Prosecutors usually represent the government in an adversarial system.

A lawyer who helps the defendant in trial, is acting as a **criminal defense attorney**.
Ibiza

**Ibiza** (in Catalan **Eivissa**) is an island which is part of the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, which all belong to Spain. It is famed for its nightclubs and nightlife.

## Other websites

- _Consell Insular d'Eivissa i Formentera_ (local government)
- Official City Council Site
Octave Mirbeau

**Octave Mirbeau** (1848–1917) was a French writer. His most famous novels are _Le Jardin des supplices_ (in English: _The Torture Garden_) (1899) and _Le Journal d'une femme de chambre_ (in English: _Diary of a Chambermaid_) (1900). His best known comedy is _Les affaires sont les affaires_ (in English: _Business is business_) (1903).

## Other websites

- Société Octave Mirbeau.
- _Dictionnaire Octave Mirbeau_ .
Christmas Island (disambiguation)

**Christmas Island** could mean:

- Christmas Island, an Australian island territory in the Indian Ocean
- Kiritimati, an island of Kiribati in the Pacific Ocean
- Christmas Island, Nova Scotia, Canada a community on Cape Breton Island
- _Christmas Island_ (album) a Christmas album by singer Jimmy Buffett
Tumulus

A **tumulus** (one tumulus, several _tumuli_) is a certain type of grave. The word comes from Latin. This way of burying people was common in the Stone age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. There are different layouts. Sometimes sarcophaguses were used, at other times, urns were placed in the grave. There are layouts with one or with multiple chambers. Sometimes the location is privileged, and stone circles can be found nearby.

## Related pages

- _Kofun_
- Pyramid
Zapotec

**Zapotec** could mean:

- The Zapotec people of Mexico
- The Zapotec civilisation
- The Zapotec language
Olmec

The **Olmecs** were a group of people who lived about 3000 years ago in what is today south-central Mexico. The Olmec were the first civilization in the ancient area known as Mesoamerica. Because they were the first civilization, many later Mesoamerican civilizations used and repeated Olmec features and characteristics.

The Olmec people discovered and made use of many natural resources in the area, including rubber and corn. Dozens of mysterious stone heads were discovered in the Olmec territory as well; archaeologists are still not sure what their purposes were.

## Overview

The Olmecs lived from 1200 BC to about 400 BC. They had two important cities, first San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan and then La Venta. The Olmecs were able to thrive due to the fertile land around the Coatzacoalcos river basin. The reason for the fall of the Olmec empire is unknown. They developed many different cultures.

## Art

The Olmecs created a range of artwork such as altars, jade masks and stone carvings.

### Colossal heads

The Olmec colossal heads are the most recognized symbol of the Olmec civilization. The height and weights of the heads vary, but the largest head is about twice the height of an average human male. They include seventeen heads found in the southern Mexican cities of La Venta, San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan, Tres Zapotes, and Rancho la Cobata. Each head shows a unique facial expression and wears a helmet bearing distinctive decorations.  No two are alike. The origins and meaning of the heads are mysterious, and they are the subject of much speculation among scholars and archaeologists.

Scholars have tried to explain how the Olmecs might have made and moved such big objects. The heads were sculpted out of a hard, dense rock called basalt. Archaeologists think the Olmecs found most of the basalt in the Tuxtlas Mountain range. According to this theory, the basalt heads were sculpted roughly in the mountains and then either floated or dragged by thousands of people from the construction site to the Olmec cities.

Perhaps the most notable features of the sculptures – and a clue as to their meaning – are the helmets worn by all the Olmec heads. These helmets, and the rubber balls found near the sculptures, may be evidence that the Mesoamerican ball game originated with the Olmec civilization.  The Mesoamerican ball game was a team sport with profound religious and cultural significance for the indigenous people of Mexico and Central America. The Olmec heads were once thought to have represented Mesoamerican ball players who were sacrificed after losing a match.  The current theory, however, is that the heads honor Olmec rulers.

## References

- http://www.crystalinks.com/olmec.html
Mixe-Zoque languages

The **Mixe-Zoque languages** is a group of languages and dialects. They are currently all spoken in Mexico. There are about 350.000 people speaking one of the languages. Depending on who is asked, there are between 12 and 16 languages, with several dialects. Some languages that have become extinct are not counted in these.

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Mixe–Zoque
- **altname**: Mije–Soke
- **region**: Mesoamerica: Mexico Oaxaca, Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz
- **familycolor**: American
- **family**: **Mixe–Zoque**.  Although some proposals, such as Totozoquean languages, Totozoquean, have linked Mixe–Zoquean with other families, none have received mainstream acceptance.
- **protoname**: Proto-Mixe Zoquean
- **child1**: Mixe languages, Mixean
- **child2**: Zoque languages, Zoquean
- **map**: Mixezoquemap.png
- **mapcaption**: Locations where the Mixe–Zoque languages are spoken:  Mixe (red) and Zoque (green)
Step pyramid

**Step pyramids** are a form of pyramid. They are usually large. Several civilisations developed them.  Several step pyramids can be found in Egypt, what is now Mexico, and what is now Sudan.
Chichen Itza

**Chichen Itza** was a large Mayan city by the Mamadou civilization. It is on the Yucatán Peninsula, about 120 km to the east of Mérida.

Some of the most famous parts of Chichen Itza include:
the temple of Kukultán, the Plumed Serpent . This is called El Castillo: in Spanish.  It has four sides, and each side has 91 steps.It is one of the seven wonders of world.

There are many temples and pyramids in Chichen Itza. Tourists, or visitors, were once able to climb some of the pyramids, but it was quite challenging because the steps are very steep and small. Climbing is no longer permitted.

_Temple of the Warriors_ is a big temple with hundreds of columns. The columns used to hold up the roof of the temple. These columns are carved on all four sides with figures of warriors wearing feathers.

_The Great Ballcourt_ is the largest known ancient sports field in Central America. It is 545 feet in length and 225 feet in width. Each end has a raised temple area. The sounds in the ballcourt are remarkable: a whisper from one end can be clearly heard at the other.

_Sacred Cenote_ (pronounced sen-O-tay): a cenote is an underground lake or river.  This cenote is where royalty gave gifts to the gods.

Chichen Itza means at the mouth of the well of enchanted water.
Common sense

**Common sense** means what people would agree about. It is a personal judgement based on the facts of a situation. Common sense is usually the simplest and most direct account of a situation. It is the knowledge and experience which most people have, or should have. The Cambridge Dictionary defines it as, "the basic level of practical knowledge and judgment that we all need to help us live in a reasonable and safe way".

"Common sense" has at least two philosophical meanings. One is a capability of the mind to perceive things like movement and size. The second is our natural sense for other humans and the community. Both of these refer to a type of basic awareness and ability to judge. Most people are expected to share these things naturally, even if they can not explain why.

It is quite possible for common sense to be wrong, and science often explains things in quite a different way from common sense. People lack any common-sense intuition of the universe at subatomic distances, or of speeds approaching that of light. Today it is well known that the Earth travels around the Sun but before the scientific revolution people thought that the Sun going around the Earth was common sense.

According to the Simple English Wiktionary “Common sense is something that everybody knows and understands.”

## Related pages

- Common good
- Custom
- Endoxa
Magic User's Club

***Magic User’s Club*** is an anime created by Junichi Sato. There were two manga released for it. One is for girls and the other is for boys.

## Plot

A huge spaceship called "the Bell" comes to Earth. People try to stop the Bell, but they are not able to. A group of high school students called the "Magic User’s Club" fight the Bell using magic.

## Characters

- **Sae Sawanoguchi:** Sae is a new member in the Magic Club. She wants to do magic, but she is very clumsy. She loves Takeo, but she is too shy to tell him.
- **Nanaka Nakatomi:** Nanaka is a new member of the Magic Club. She is Sae’s best friend. Nanaka does not want to be in the Magic Club. She stays in the Magic Club because Sae loves the Magic Club. Nanaka loves Aburatsubo, but she doesn’t think he will love her back.
- **Akane Aikawa:** Akane is a new member of the Magic Club. She is rich and pretty. She thinks magic is easy. She works as a model.
- **Takeo Takakura**: Takeo is the leader of the Magic Club. He is a pervert. He loves Sae, but he is too nervous to tell her.
- **Ayanojyo Aburatsubo**: Aburatsubo is a member of the Magic Club. He is good at magic. He is good at tennis and acting too. He loves Takeo, but Takeo doesn’t love him back.
Deryck Whibley

**Deryck Whibley** (born March 21, 1980) is a Canadian singer and musician from the band Sum 41. He was married to Avril Lavigne but on October 9, 2009, Lavigne filed for divorce.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Deryck Whibley
- **image**: Sum 41 Kubana 2012 4.JPG
- **caption**: Whibley in 2012.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Deryck Jason Whibley
- **alias**: Bizzy D, Gunner
- **birth place**: Scarborough, Ontario, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
- **origin**: Ajax, Ontario, Canada
- **genre**: Punk rock, melodic hardcore, skate punk, pop punk, alternative rock, alternative metal, rapcore
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, Record producer, producer, actor
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, Bass guitar, bass, piano, Drum kit, drums, Mellotron
- **associated acts**: Sum 41, Tommy Lee, Iggy Pop, Treble Charger, The Operation M.D., Avril Lavigne
- **label**: Island Records, Island, Aquarius Records (record label), Aquarius
Glam rock

**Glam rock** (also called **glitter rock**) is a genre of rock music that first became popular in the early 1970s in the United Kingdom. Glam rock was mainly known for the hairstyles, makeup, and flashy clothing of its musicians, especially platform shoes and glitter. Glam artists took inspiration from many things, from bubblegum pop and 1950s rock and roll to cabaret, science fiction, and art rock. The flamboyant clothing and styles of performers were often camp or androgynous and have been described as playing with gender roles. It was made famous by acts such as David Bowie, Elton John, T. Rex, Alice Cooper, Slade, Gary Glitter, Queen and Sweet.

## Notable artists

- T. Rex
- David Bowie
- Gary Glitter
- Roxy Music
- Mott the Hoople
- Alice Cooper
- Queen
- Mud
- Wizzard
- Suzi Quatro
- Slade
- Sweet
- Rolling Stones (were influenced on their 1973 song _Silver Train_).
Polish Aviation Museum

The **Polish Aviation Museum** () is a big museum of old airplanes and airplane engines. It is in Kraków, Poland. It is in place of the no-longer used Kraków-Rakowice-Czyżyny Airport.

Museum shows to people over 200 planes, and plane engines. Some of them one can see only there.

### Planes with wings and engine

- Aero Ae-145
- Aero L-60 Brigadýr
- Albatros B.II
- Albatros C.I
- Albatros H.1
- Avia B.33 (Czech-built Ilyushin Il-10)
- Aviatik C.III
- Bleriot XI (copy)
- Bücker Bü 131B Jungmann
- Cessna A-37B Dragonfly
- Cessna UC-78A Bobcat
- Curtiss Export Hawk II
- Dassault Mirage 5
- De Havilland 82A Tiger Moth II
- DFW C.V
- Farman IV
- Grigorovich M-15
- Halberstadt CL.II
- Ilyushin Il-14S (VEB)
- Ilyushin Il-28R
- Ilyushin Il-28U
- Yakovlev Yak-11
- Yakovlev Yak-12
- Yakovlev Yak-17UTI (Jak-17W)
- Yakovlev Yak-18
- Yakovlev Yak-23
- Yakovlev Yak-42
- Let L-200A Morava
- Levavasseur Antoinette
- LFG Roland D.VI
- Lisunov Li-2
- LVG B.II
- LWD Szpak-2
- LWD Żuraw
- The MAK - 30 flying target which can fly faster than sound
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 PM
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 F-13
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 MF
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 bis
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 PF
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 PFM
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 R
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 U
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 UM
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 US
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23 MF
- North American T-6G Texan
- Northrop F-5E Tiger II
- Piper L-4A Grasshopper
- Polikarpov Po-2 LNB
- PWS-26
- WSK-Mielec M-15 Belphegor
- PZL M-4 Tarpan
- PZL P.11c
- PZL S-4 Kania 3
- PZL Szpak 4T
- PZL-104 Wilga
- PZL-105 Flaming
- PZL-106A Kruk
- PZL-130 Orlik
- RWD-13
- RWD-21
- Saab J 35J Draken
- Saab JASF37 Viggen
- Sopwith F.1 Camel
- Sukhoi Su-7 BKL
- Sukhoi Su-7 BM
- Sukhoi Su-7 UM
- Sukhoi Su-20
- Sukhoi Su-22 M4
- Supermarine Spitfire LF Mk XVIE
- Tupolev Tu-134A
- Tupolev Tu-2S
- WSK Lim-1
- WSK Lim-2
- WSK Lim-5
- WSK Lim-6bis
- WSK Lim-6M
- WSK Lim-6MR
- WSK MD-12F
- WSK SB Lim-2
- WSK SB Lim-2A
- TS-11 Iskra bis B
- TS-8 Bies
- WSK TS-9 Junak 3
- Zlin Z-26 Trener

### Flying machines which do not have engine

- IS-1 Sęp bis
- IS-3 ABC
- IS-4 Jastrząb
- IS-A Salamandra
- IS-B Komar 49
- IS-C Żuraw
- S-1 Swift
- SZD-6X Nietoperz
- SZD-8 bis Jaskółka
- SZD-9 bis Bocian 1A
- SZD-10 bis Czapla
- SZD-12 Mucha 100
- SZD-15 Sroka
- SZD-17X Jaskółka L
- SZD-18 Czajka
- SZD-19-2A Zefir 2A
- SZD-21 Kobuz 3
- SZD-22 Mucha Standard
- SZD-25A Lis
- SZD-43 Orion
- WWS Wrona bis
- WWS-2 Żaba

### Motor gliders

- HWL Pegaz (SP-590)

### Flying machines which do not have wings

- BŻ-1 GIL
- BŻ-4 Żuk
- JK-1 Trzmiel
- Mil Mi-4 A
- Mil Mi-4 ME
- WSK Mi-2 URP
- WSK Mi-2Ch
- WSK SM-1 (licence Mil Mi-1)
- WSK SM-2

## Related pages

- glider
- helicopter

## Other websites

- Official www page of the museum (in English and Polish)
- Satellite image from WikiMapia
- Images from the museum on www.airliners.net
Monstera

**Monstera** is a genus of flowering plants. There are about 60 species in the genus. The genus belongs to the family Araceae. Originally, the plants occur in the tropical regions of Central and South America.

The plants are herbs or evergreen vines. They climb other trees. They can grow to a height of about 20m. The plants also have aerial roots. These can act as hooks on branches of the tree that the plant is climbing. They grow down into the ground to support the plant. The leaves are leather, dark green, and often have holes in them. The flowers grow on a special inflorescence called a spadix.   Some species have edible fruit.

Many people grow some of these species (esp. _Monstera deliciosa_) indoors as a houseplant. _Monstera deliciosa_ is sometimes also grown for its fruit, which tastes somewhere between a banana and a pineapple.

In some parts of the world (other than Tropical America), some plants started to grow in the wild. This is the case for example in Portugal, on Madeira, Morocco, some parts of India and Malaysia as well as in Florida.

## Other websites

- Entry at _GRIN Taxonomy for Plants_
- Classification from the International Association for Plant Taxonomy
Vine

A **vine** is a climbing plant which use stems or runners. These runners trail on the ground, and will climb up when it is possible. It is a growth habit or life habit which makes use of trees to reach light in natural habitats.

In the United Kingdom, the term "vine" applies almost exclusively to the **grapevine**, whereas the term "climber" is used for all climbing plants.  The grapevine, genus ***Vitis***, carries berries which can be made into wine.

In the United States, all climbing plants are called vines or ivies or sometimes creepers (like the Virigina Creeper).

Most vines are flowering plants. These may be divided into woody vines or lianas, such as wisteria, kiwifruit, and common ivy, and herbaceous (nonwoody) vines, such as morning glory.
Aerial root

An **Aerial root** is a root which is above the ground. Different plants have grown them. They can have different functions:
- For support: Sometimes such roots are grown for support. Ivy plants have them to cling to structures, such as stone walls, or other trees. The Banyan tree (also known as _strangler fig_) grows them downward from branches into the forest floor. Eventually, the host tree dies.
- Roots for breathing: Some plants grow in environments where there is much water in the soil. They may then grow such roots (upwards) to breathe air. Black mangroves have such roots, for example.
- As a parasite. Parasites sometimes grow these, into the host to get nutrients. One example of this is the mistletoe.
- Roots to propagate: Some plants have above-ground roots. In some places, little plants (with leaves and roots) develop. They will drop off at some point, and develop into new plants (that are clones of the parent). Examples for this are strawberries or the spider plant.
Agar

**Agar** is a jelly-like substance made from red algae. It consists of agarose and a mixture of molecules known as agaropectin.

You can grow bacteria on agar plates: that is how bacteria are laid out for testing in hospital pathology departments. It is used as a place to grow bacteria in an microbiology laboratory.

Domestically, it is used to make desserts, as a laxative, and in the process of brewing.

The word "agar" comes from the Malay word **agar-agar**, a word which is used for "red algae", where the jelly comes from.

## References

min:Agar
new:आगर
Australian Air Force Cadets

The **Australian Air Force Cadets** (**AAFC**) is a youth organisation in Australia. The goal of the organisation it to help prepare young people for adult life. It was first created on July 11, 1941 with the name Air Training Corps. It was created to give training to young men (ages 14 to 20) who were interested in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). The name was changed in 2001.

## Other websites

- Official AAFC website
Cable

A communication **cable** is made of many wires or optical fibers twisted together to make a larger wire. Each of these wires may be covered. Some cables contain both electrical wires and optical fibers. There are many kinds of cables, including coaxial cables which block out radio or magnetic interference from other wires or cables, by having one wire inside an insulated tube surrounded by a second wire, acting as a metal tube along the same axis.

Electrical cables are usually made of copper, because electricity moves well through copper, but it is not as expensive as silver or other better conductors. Cables are sometimes made of aluminium because it is cheaper than copper.

The word "cable" is also used as ellipsis, or a short form, for "cable TV".

Wire ropes are a common type of cable. A cable car is a trolley pulled by a cable.

## Related pages

- Cable television
Yellow jersey

The Yellow jersey (French: Maillot jaune [majo ʒoːn]) is the jersey worn by the leader of many multi-day (or _stage_) bicycle races, originally and most notably the Tour de France. It allows the rider who was in the overall lead at the end of the previous day to be easily identified.

Because the Tour de France was the first to use a coloured jersey to identify the leader many newer races have chosen the same colour, for example the Tour of Germany. Other tours and races use other colours, sometimes because of the sponsor.

The Giro d'Italia, Tour of Italy, have a pink jersey (maglia rosa). The race's original sponsor was the sports newspaper (La Gazzetta dello Sport) which printed on pink paper, like many European sports newspapers.

The leader in the Vuelta a España (Tour of Spain) wears a red jersey (called "La Roja"). From 1998 to 2010 the Vuelta leader's jersey was gold in color.

Sometimes a rider will get three yellow jerseys.
1. In front of the press and spectators They are presented a special one that zips up at the back to make the presentation easier.
1. An ordinary jersey to wear during the race the next day.
1. An unused jersey to keep as a memento.
They will sometimes also autograph many copies of the jersey that are given out to VIPs with the race and their team.
Green jersey

In road bicycle racing, and especially the three Grand Tour stage races Tour de France, Giro d'Italia and Vuelta a Espana, the **Green jersey** is the name given to a cycling jersey worn by the leader in a subsidiary competition.

For example, while the overall race leader in the Tour de France will wear the yellow jersey, or "maillot jaune", the green jersey ("maillot vert") will be worn by the leader in the points competition for sprinters.

In the Vuelta a Espana, the green jersey is worn by the "King of the Mountains", the leader in the competition for the best climber. The Giro d'Italia also used a green jersey for its "King of the Mountains" from 1974 to 2011, but that jersey was changed to a blue jersey,  starting in 2012.

### Overall Leader

The following events use the "green jersey" to signify the current leader and/or final winner of the overall classification by time
(_incomplete listing_)
- To Be Determined

### Points Competition Leader

The following events use the "green jersey" to signify the current leader and/or final winner of the overall classification by points (often known as the sprinters competition):

(_incomplete listing_)
- Tour de France (known as the maillot vert)
- Dauphiné Libéré
- Tour de l'Avenir
- Tour de Georgia

### King of the Mountains

The following events use the "green jersey" to signify the current leader and/or final winner of the overall classification of the best climber :

(_incomplete listing_)
- Tour of Poland (_Polish_: known as the _najlepszy góral_ or _Klasyfikacja Górska_)

#### Former use

- Giro d'Italia (_Italian_: known as the maglia verde) – Used from 1974 to 2011; a blue jersey (_maglia azzurra_) is now used instead.
Rainbow jersey

The **Rainbow jersey** is a special jersey worn by world champion cyclists during races.

It is mainly white with five horizontal bands in the UCI colours around the chest. From the bottom up the colours are: green, yellow, black, red and blue, the same colours that appear in the rings on the olympic flag. There are different jerseys for each discipline (road racing, track racing, cyclo-cross, BMX, and the types of mountain biking).

A cyclist must wear the jersey when competing in the same discipline, category and speciality that he is world champion for. For example, the world road race champion would wear the jersey while competing in stage races and one-day races, but would not during time trials. Similarly, on the track, the world individual pursuit champion would only wear the jersey when competing in other individual pursuit events.

A champion who does not wear the rainbow jersey can be fined 2500 to 5000 Swiss francs.

The team's sponsor pays a lot of money to have their name on each rider's jersey.  They can still put their names on the world champion's jersey, but probably smaller because there is less space.  Sponsors do not mind because the world champion gets a lot more publicity than ordinary riders.

A world champion who is leading a stage race wears the race-leader's jersey, not the world champion's, but only while he is the leader.
Derny race

A **derny race** is a race in which the cyclists are paced by someone riding a derny.

A **Derny** is a motorised bicycle designed and built for motor-paced cycling events (e.g.: motor-paced races in six-day and Keirin racing) or motor-paced road races.

The first Dernys were built by "Roger Derny et Fils" of Paris, France in 1938. That firm is no longer in business and any motorised bicycle for pacing is called a "Derny".

The rider of the derny usually sits upright, this makes it easier for the cyclist by reducing wind resistance.

The photographers' motorbikes used to help riders in ordinary races. That is why they were banned from riding in front of the cyclists.
Escopetarra

An ***escopetarra*** is a guitar made from a rifle; it is used as a symbol of peace. The name is a  combination of the Spanish words _escopeta_ (meaning shotgun/rifle) and _guitarra_ (meaning guitar).

_Escopetarras_ were invented in 2003 by a Colombian peace activist named César López. At a gathering after the El Nogal Club bombing in Bogotá, he noticed a soldier holding a gun like a guitar and got the idea for it. The first _escopetarra_ in 2003 was made from a Winchester rifle and a Stratocaster electric guitar.

López made five _escopetarras_, four of which were given to Colombian musician Juanes, Argentine musician Fito Páez, the United Nations Development Program, and the city  government of Bogotá, while one was kept for himself. Juanes later sold his _escopetarra_ for US$17,000 at a Beverly Hills fundraiser held to help victims of anti-personnel mines, while the _escopetarra_ given to the UN was exhibited at the June 2006 of the UN Conference on Disarmament.

In 2006, López got 12 more decommissioned AK-47s from Colombia's peace commissioner's office. After they are turned into guitars, he plans to give them to popular musicians such as Shakira, Carlos Santana, and Paul McCartney, as well as political figures such as the Dalai Lama. However, a member of the Dalai Lama's staff rejected López' offer, saying it is not appropriate to give a weapon as a gift; López has said he will try to explain his purpose more clearly.
Sylvère Maes

**Sylvère Maes** (born August 27, 1909 in Zevekote – died December 5, 1966 in Ostend) was a Belgian cyclist, who is most famous for winning the Tour de France in 1936 and 1939.

## References

- Profile
Maurice Garin

**Maurice Garin** (March 3, 1871 - February 19, 1957) was a road bicycle racer. He is best known for winning the 1903 Tour de France - the very first running of the race.

Garin was born in Arvier in the Aosta Valley in north-west Italy. He became a naturalized French citizen only in December 1901, when he was already a champion cyclist, winner of the second Paris-Roubaix.

He was declared the winner of the 1904 Tour de France, but was later disqualified. The Tour de France organisation and the French cycling authorities have not said why.  They were said to have taken a train through part of the route. In the early days stages were much longer than today, sometimes starting in the dark.

When he retired from professional cycling he ran a small garage in Lens until his death.

He is buried in the Cimetière Est in the neighbouring suburb of Sallaumines

## Major Wins

- 1897
- Paris-Roubaix
- 1898
- Paris-Roubaix
- 1902
- Bordeaux-Paris
- 1903
- Tour de France
    - Winner overall classification
    - Winner 3 stages

## Other websites

- http://www.lepays.net/jdj/01/02/20/MA/article_1.html
Spiracle

Insects have small holes in their bodies that allow them to breathe. These holes are called **spiracles**. Air comes in the spiracles and goes to invertebrate trachea, or tubes.

These tubes take the oxygen to other parts of the insect body. Because insects have no lungs, air comes in and goes out of the spiracles passively (by itself). Some insects can open and close the spiracles to keep water out.

Some spiders also have spiracles.

Sharks and rays have a spiracle behind each eye. When the shark is not moving, the spiracle helps the shark to breathe.
Henri Cornet

**Henri Cornet** (born **Henri Jardry** 4 August 1884 - 18 March 1941) was a French cyclist who won the second Tour de France in 1904.

Born in Desvres, Pas-de-Calais, France, he was 18 years old when he raced in the Tour de France. The race was spoiled by many problems including irate spectators throwing nails on the road in the final stage that forced Henri Cornet to ride the last 40 kilometres with two flat tyres. There were a lot of complaints about cheating, the top four finishers were disqualified by a special committee of the French cycling union.  Although his overall time was three hours behind the first place rider, race officials declared Henri Cornet the winner in November 1903, when he was 19 years and 3 months old. He is the youngest ever winner.

Such was the commotion over the 1904 race that Tour founder Henri Desgrange said it was probably the last time the race would ever be run.   The race winner Maurice Garin was suspended from competition for two years (he retired), and the second place finisher was banned for life. In all
nine cyclists were excluded because of illegal use of cars or trains and all of the stage winners were disqualified because of illegal agreements about allowing people to win.

After 1904 Cornet never again had any great success in any race.  He abandoned the 1905 Tour de France in the 4th stage. He won the 1906 Paris-Roubaix race, but could not start the 1906 Tour de France, and had to abandon it again in 1907, but did manage 8th place finish in 1908. Extremely fast in what today are called time trials, he won the final leg of the 1908 race. A special timed lap run at a velodrome racetrack in Paris, the event was not counted as an official stage or towards the overall classification. Cornet competed in his last Tour de France in 1912, finishing 28th.

He died in 1941 at the age of 56 in Prunay-le-Gillon, Eure-et-Loir.
Mongoose

A **mongoose** (plural mongooses, alternatively mongeese) is a small terrestrial carnivoran mammal of the family **Herpestidae**, a family of small cat-like carnivores. Mongooses are widely distributed in Asia, Africa the Caribbean, and southern Europe.

## In popular culture

A well-known mongoose written in fiction is Rikki-Tikki-Tavi, who has a short story of the same title in _The Jungle Book_ (1894) by Rudyard Kipling. In this story set in India, the young mongoose saves his family from a krait and from two cobras, named Nag and Nagaina. This story was later made into several movies, and also a song by Donovan.

There is a Mongoose fictional character in Bram Stoker's novel, _The Lair of the White Worm._ The main character, Adam Salton, buys one to hunt snakes.

Game Freak's Pokémon media franchise has a Pokémon named Zangoose, named after the mongoose.
Patina

A **patina** is a coating of various chemical compounds such as oxides or carbonates formed on the surface of metal or other material. Often this is due to exposure to weather. The word "patina" comes from the Latin word meaning "shallow dish". For many works of art the patina adds to its value. In many cases, the artist wanted the work to acquire a patina over time.

## Natural patina

A patina layer takes many years to develop under natural weathering. Buildings in damp climates will develop patina layers faster than ones in dry areas. The facades of many buildings are made of copper, brass or bronze, for example. These will produce different colors after natural weathering.
Copper takes on a natural green or blue-green patina. Bronze takes on a brown color. Early civilizations used bronze extensively. The Bronze Age is named for it. In the United States, bronze was rarely used in buildings before the American Civil War. Marble, especially white marble, was used in classical Greek and Roman statues. It takes on a light golden patina over time.

Often, antique and well-used firearms will develop a patina on the steel after the bluing, parkerizing, or other finish has worn off. Firearms in this condition are generally considered more valuable than ones that have been re-blued or parkerized. The patina protects the firearm from the more damaging rust that would occur if the patina were polished off. Rust is sometimes valued as a patina. Examples are rat rods, custom cars and meant to look like early 1940s hot rods. They glorify rusted hot rods that have an almost cartoonish appearance. Some are actually rusted metal while others have a faux (false) finish intended to look like rust.

## Faux patinas

Copper items, lamps, fixtures and outdoor projects can be made to look weathered by use of paints or chemicals. For example, a 50/50 mix of ammonia and white vinegar will give copper an aged patina. Architects and craftspeople use copper sulfate on copper items to make them look old. Patina Green is another product used to give copper an instant aged look. Woodworkers and wood finishers mix their own wood stains. This is to match finishes on wood furniture to the same color, tone and patina of the original finish.

## Other websites

- Metallic Finishes & Effects - DIY
- Shabby Chic - Patina 1937 Ford Three-Window
Crux

**Crux**, commonly known as the **Southern Cross**, is a constellation that can be seen by people in the Southern Hemisphere. Its four brightest stars are in the shape of a cross. The name _Crux_ is the Latin word for a cross. It is a small constellation, but the four main stars are bright, so the cross shape is easily seen in the sky. Each of the four stars has an apparent visual magnitude brighter than +2.8. The four stars point approximately in the directions of north, south, east and west.

Crux was first described by the Italian navigator Andrea Corsali in 1515. In the past, sailors used Crux to help with navigating across oceans.

The Southern Cross is used as a symbol in many Southern Hemisphere countries and states. It appears on the flags of Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Samoa.

It was used on the flag flown by miners in Ballarat, Victoria, during the 1854 rebellion known as the Eureka Stockade. The flag has been used as a symbol of protest in Australia since then.

## Related pages

- Northern Cross

## Infobox (constellation)

- **name**: Crux
- **abbreviation**: Cru
- **genitive**: Crucis
- **pronounce**: , genitive
- **symbolism**: Southern Cross
- **family**: Hercules Family, Hercules
- **quadrant**: SQ3
- **areatotal**: 68
- **arearank**: 88th
- **numbermainstars**: 4
- **numberbfstars**: 19
- **numberstarsplanets**: 2
- **numberbrightstars**: 5
- **numbernearbystars**: 0
- **brighteststarname**: Alpha Crucis, Acrux (α Cru)
- **starmagnitude**: 0.87
- **neareststarname**: Eta Crucis, η Cru
- **stardistancely**: 64.22
- **stardistancepc**: 19.69
- **numbermessierobjects**: 0
- **meteorshowers**: Crucids
- **bordering**: Centaurus
Musca
- **latmax**: 20th parallel north, 20
- **latmin**: South Pole, 90
- **month**: May
- **main stars**: 5