juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Francesco Maria de' Medici, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro

**Francesco Maria de' Medici** (12 November 1660 – 3 February 1711) was an Italian political leader, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro.

## Early life

Medici was born in Florence. He was the second son of Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.

In 1683 he was made governor of Siena.

## Cardinal

In 1686, Pope Innocent XII made him a cardinal. In 1709, he was permitted to give up his role as cardinal on 14 July 1709 the same year.

## Duke

In March 1694, he inherited to the Duchies of Rovere and Montefeltro.

In 1709, he married Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga.

Medici died at the Bagno a Ripoli in 1711.

## Titles and styles

- 12 November 1660 – 6 March 1694: _His Highness_ Prince Francesco Maria de' Medici.
- 6 March 1694 – 3 February 1711: _His Highness_ The Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro.
- 2 September 1686 – 19 June 1709: _His Eminence_ Cardinal Francesco Maria de' Medici.

## Other websites

- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Medici, Francesco Maria de'
- Catholic-Hierarchy, (Layman) Francesco Maria de’ Medici 

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Francesco Maria de' Medici
- **image**: Cardinal Francesco Maria de' Medici (1660-1711).jpg
- **caption**: Medici while Cardinal
- **reign**: 6 March 1694 – 3 February 1711
- **succession**: Della Rovere, Duke of Rovere and Montefeltro
- **spouse**: Eleonora Luisa Gonzaga
- **full name**: Francesco Maria de' Medici
- **house**: House of Medici
- **father**: Ferdinando II de' Medici
- **mother**: Vittoria della Rovere
- **birth date**: 12 November 1660
- **birth place**: Pitti Palace, Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Tuscany
- **death place**: Bagno a Ripoli, Florence, Tuscany
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
Regurgitation

**Regurgitation** is the process of a human or animal letting out the food it had been digesting. Sometimes, blood can come out as well.

Regurgitation can be very important to some animals, such as birds for example. It is used by a number of species to feed their young. This is especially when the young is in its nest or home and the parent hunts for food. Or some birds can occasionally regurgitate pellets of food that is not digestable, such as bones and feathers. Owls are known to do this.
Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia

The **Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia** (, **'), also called the **Russian Orthodox Church Abroad**, **ROCA**, or **ROCOR''') is a small part of the Russian Orthodox Church. It has over 400 parishes worldwide, and an estimated membership of over 400,000 people.
House arrest

**House arrest** is when someone has been arrested, but not put in prison. Instead, they are made to stay in their homes, hence the term. Subjects typically wear ankle bracelets which alert the authorities when they leave their house.

A notable example of house arrest is Aung San Suu Kyi of Burma.  She was under house arrest for much of the time between 1990 and 2010. Another example is Zhang Xueliang (張學良). The good thing in Mr Zhang's case is that (as the "house arrest" had ended) he lived freely for a decade. He was allowed to leave China in the 1990s.
The Stig

**The Stig** is the 'tame racing driver' from the popular BBC motoring show _Top Gear_. He coaches the 'stars in the reasonably priced car' and is the driver for the Power laps. His identity is unknown though he has been played by many drivers, the most recent driver is Ben Collins.

de:Top Gear#The Stig
American League Central

The **American League Central Division** is a group of baseball teams in the American League of Major League Baseball (MLB). The teams all play in the Midwestern United States. It was started in 1920.

## Teams in the American League Central Division

- Chicago White Sox
- Cleveland Guardians
- Detroit Tigers
- Kansas City Royals
- Minnesota Twins
Tuner (car)

When talking about cars, a **tuner** is a car with many parts changed so the car can go very fast. The word "tune" here means "to adjust" or "to change". Typically, people call any vehicle that has been modified for performance reasons a tuner car regardless of make or model.

When people want to drive fast cars but don't want to buy a very expensive car, they change some parts for an ordinary car to make it go faster.

## Making a tuner

For basic tuning, the engine intake and exhaust are changed, which means the process that takes air into the engine and out of the engine happens faster. People can also make the frame of the car stronger, to help it go around corners better. A spoiler or wing helps air push the car down onto the ground, which means more grip.

## Some types of tuned cars

- A **hot rod** is a classic American car with lots of engine upgrades to help it go fast in a straight line.
- A **lowrider** is a very low car, often with fancy paint and decals. Lowriders are popular in the United States.
- **JDM** means Japanese domestic market, It is used for cars that are made for Japan and are exported into other countries.

## Related pages

- Auto racing
Rage Racer

***Rage Racer*** is a 1996 racing video game by Namco where the player controls different cars and wins races in order to become what the game calls "Rage Racer". Four different car manufacturers make cars to drive in the game. Each of the cars has its forte and is sometimes named after it. In the game, the player drives three (four later in the game) courses to try and win a trophy and move to the next class.

## Storyline

At the beginning of the game, the game shows a plot of how some elite few "Race Racers" started to race their "worldwide speedway".

### Grand Prix

In the Grand Prix mode, the player starts at Class 1. They choose a course and then a car. As the player wins races, they win prize money, or "credits", which are called **e.g.** in the game. E.g. can be used to buy new upgrades, cars, or courses. If the player loses a race, they lose 1 chance. A player starts with 5 chances per class. If a player loses when they do not have any chances, the game ends. Players can still save, and can still retrieve their credit and cars, but medals and trophies are lost.

### Time Trial

Time Trial is a mode where the player races the clock. They choose a car and course, and then are shown the record for the track. Tracks are also divided into "***sections***", parts of a track.

A player can save or load data with a memory card.

## Other websites

- Namco Site.
Watercress

**Watercress** (_Nasturtium officinale_) is a plant which grows in water. It is a member of the Brassicaceae family, along with some other leaf vegetables.

People grow them for eating, often in salad or sandwiches. They have a peppery flavour and are fast-growing. Watercress is related to the cabbage and mustard plants.

Agrology of watercress is both a large scale and a garden scale. However the packaging used by super markets using sealed plastic bags under some pressure. Watercress is also known as tall nasturtium. This plant grows well in cold water. That's why you will find it near water like a ditch.

Watercress packs have a lot of nutrients such as Iron, potassium, vitamins C and E, etc. Watercress also helps with skin problems. It keeps the skin very clarified. Watercress is used in many recipes. You can use it to make a sandwich or in soup.

If it is not harvested, watercress can grow to a height of 50–120 cm.

New market, Alabama, was once known as "Watercress Capital of the World".
Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

**Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany** (30 July 1549 – 3 February 1609) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1587 to 1609. He succeeded his older brother Francesco I.

Ferdinando was the fifth son of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Eleonora di Toledo.

He was a Cardinal before he became Grand Duke, until he married Christine of Lorraine in 1589. He was succeeded by his eldest son, who reigned as Cosimo II. His wife and daughter-in-law Maria Maddalena of Austria acted as regents for Cosimo II.

## Issue

- Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1590–1621); married Maria Maddalena of Austria and had issue;
- Eleonora de' Medici (1591–1617) died unmarried
- Catherine de' Medici (1593–1629); married Ferdinando Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, later Governor of Siena;
- Francesco de' Medici (1594–1614) died unmarried;
- Carlo de' Medici (1595–1666) died unmarried;
- Filippino de' Medici (1598–1602) died unmarried;
- Lorenzo de' Medici (1599–1648) died unmarried;
- Maria Maddalena de' Medici (1600–1633) died unmarried;
- Claudia de' Medici (1604–1648); married (1) Federico della Rovere and had issue; (2) Leopold V, Archduke of Austria and had issue.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Ferdinando I
- **image**: Ferdinando i de' medici 12.JPG
- **succession**: Grand Duke of Tuscany
- **predecessor**: Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco I
- **successor**: Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II
- **spouse**: Christina of Lorraine
- **issue**: Cosimo II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Cosimo II, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Princess Maria Maddalena
Caterina, Duchess of Mantua
Carlo, Bishop of Ostia
Claudia, Archduchess of Austria
- **full name**: Ferdinando de' Medici
- **house**: House of Medici
- **father**: Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Grand Duke Cosimo I of Tuscany
- **mother**: Eleonora di Toledo
- **birth place**: Palazzo Pitti, Florence
- **death place**: Palazzo Pitti, Florence
Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany

**Cosimo I de' Medici** (12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574) was Duke of Florence from 1537 to 1574 and then the first Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1569. He was the son of Giovanni dalle Bande Nere and Maria Salviati.

## Marriage and family

In 1539, he married Eleonora di Toledo (1522–1562). She died, with her sons Giovanni and Garzia, in 1562, aged forty. All three of them died from malaria while traveling to Pisa.

Before his first marriage, Cosimo fathered an illegitimate daughter with an unknown woman:

- Bia de' Medici (1536 – 1 March 1542) died in infancy.

With Eleonora, Cosimo fathered eleven children:

- Maria de' Medici (3 April 1540 – 19 November 1557) died unmarried.
- Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (25 March, 1541 – 19 October 1587) married Joanna of Austria and then Bianca Cappello.
- Isabella de' Medici (31 August 1542 – 16 July 1576) marrried Paolo Giordano I Orsini.
- Giovanni de' Medici (28 September 1543 – November 1562) Bishop of Pisa.
- Lucrezia de' Medici (7 June 1545 – 21 April 1561) married of Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara.
- Pietro (Pedricco) (10 August  1546 – 10 June 1547) died in infancy.
- Garzia de' Medici (5 July 1547 – 12 December 1562) died unmarried.
- Antonio de' Medici (1548–1548) died in infancy.
- Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (30 July 1549 – 17 February 1609) married Christina of Lorraine.
- Anna de' Medici (1553–1553) died in infancy.
- Pietro de' Medici (June 3, 1554 – April 25, 1604)
_murdered his wife Eleonora di Garzia di Toledo because of infidelity_

After Eleonora's death in 1562, Cosimo fathered two children with his mistress Eleonora degli Albrizzi:
- Giovanni de' Medici (1563–1621)
- unnamed daughter (1566) died at birth?

In 1570, Cosimo married Camilla Martelli:

- Virginia de' Medici (29 May 1568 – 15 January 1615) Cesare d'Este, Duke of Modena.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Cosimo I de' Medici
- **image**: Agnolo Bronzino - Cosimo I de' Medici in armour - Google Art Project.jpg
- **caption**: Cosimo I in Armour by _Agnolo Bronzino_.
- **spouse**: Eleanor of Toledo
Camilla Martelli
- **succession**: Duke of Florence
- **reign**: 1537-1569
- **predecessor**: Alessandro I
- **successor**: himself as Grand Duke
- **succession1**: List of rulers of Tuscany, Grand Duke of Tuscany
- **reign1**: 1569-1574
- **predecessor1**: himself as Duke
- **successor1**: Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco I
- **issue**: Bia de' Medici
Princess Maria
Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Francesco I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Isabella, Duchess of Bracciano
Cardinal Giovanni
Lucrezia, Duchess of Modena
Prince Pedricco
Prince Garzia
Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinando I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Princess Anna
Prince Pietro
Virginia, Duchess of Modena
- **house**: Medici
- **father**: Giovanni dalle Bande Nere
- **mother**: Maria Salviati
- **birth place**: Florence, Republic of Florence
- **death place**: _Palazzo Pitti_ Florence, Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Point (ice hockey)

A ***point*** is a unit of score that is given when a player knocks the puck into their rival's goal.
Riau Islands

The **Riau Islands** is a province in Indonesia. Tanjung Pinang is its capital city. Its official language is Riau. In 2007, the population was around 1,392,900.

## Other websites

- Teknonium site from riau

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Riau Islands Province
- **native name**: _Provinsi Kepulauan Riau_
- **native name lang**: id
- **type**: Provinces of Indonesia, Province
- **image shield**: coat of arms of Riau Islands.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Riau Islands.svg
- **motto**: _Berpancang Amanah Bersauh Marwah_ (Malay language, Malay)
 (With trust as foundation, and dignity as the anchor)
- **image map**: Riau Islands in Indonesia (special marker).svg
- **map caption**: Location of Riau Islands in Indonesia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Indonesia
- **seat type**: List of capitals of provinces in Indonesia, Capital
- **seat**: Tanjung Pinang
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: H.M.Sani
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 8201.72
- **population total**: 1685698
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Demographics
- **demographics1 title1**: Ethnic groups
- **demographics1 info1**: Malays (ethnic group), Malays (35,6%), Javanese people, Javanese (22,2%), Indonesian Chinese, Chinese (9,3%), Minangkabau people, Minangkabau (9,3%), Batak (Indonesia), Batak (8,1%), Bugis, Buginese (2,2%), Banjar people, Banjarese (0,7%)
- **demographics1 title2**: Religion
- **demographics1 info2**: Islam (79.34%), Protestantism (11.17%), Buddhist (6.65%), Roman Catholicism (2.28%), Confucianism (0.2%), Hinduism (0.09%)
- **demographics1 title3**: Languages
- **demographics1 info3**: Malay language, Malay , Chinese language, Chinese , English language, English
- **timezone1**: Time in Indonesia, WIT
- **utc offset1**: +07
- **website**: [http://www.kepriprov.go.id/ www.kepriprov.go.id]
Singapore River

The **Singapore River** is a river in Singapore. It flows from the Central Area of Singapore to the ocean. It is  long. Its mouth was used as a port. In the past, it was a very busy place because of the spice trade. It became very polluted and was cleaned up from 1977 to 1987.
East India Company

The **East India Company** (**EIC**) was a British joint-stock company that had its headquarters in London. It was started for trading with the East Indies, but most trade was with India and China. It was given a royal charter (official permission) to exist, in 1600 and traded many things in India.

In the mid-18th century, the company built up its own presidency armies and won the Battle of Plassey, which brought it from only trading with India to actually ruling the Indian subcontinent.

The company had armed forces and armed ships. It fought against various Indian rulers and struggled against the Dutch East India Company and other European powers. It was ruled by one governor and 24 directors and became a monopoly in most parts of India.

After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the British government ruled India directly, and the company was dissolved in 1874. Its role was taken over by the British Raj, which was the Indian government. At its height, the Raj covered a huge area from Baluchistan in the west to Burma in the east, as well as Ceylon and a number of other islands.
Strait of Singapore

The **Strait of Singapore** or **Singapore Strait** is a strait in Singapore. It is  long and  wide. It is between the Strait of Malacca and the South China Sea. Singapore is to the north and the Riau Islands are to the south. It is the way to get to the Singapore Harbor. The depth of the Strait limits the size of ships that can go between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea.
Apache Subversion

**Apache Subversion** (also called subversion repository and **SVN**) is an internet software mainly used by software programmers. Subversion allows other developers to view the code easily.

To download files in a directory of a subversion repository, one can "checkout" using a subversion client.

## Further reading

- C. Michael Pilato, Ben Collins-Sussman, Brian W. Fitzpatrick; _Version Control with Subversion_; O'Reilly;  (1st edition, paperback, 2004, full book online, mirror)
- Garrett Rooney; _Practical Subversion_; Apress;  (1st edition, paperback, 2005)
- Mike Mason; _Pragmatic Version Control Using Subversion_; Pragmatic Bookshelf;  (1st edition, paperback, 2005)
- William Nagel; _Subversion Version Control: Using the Subversion Version Control System in Development Projects_; Prentice Hall;  (1st edition, paperback, 2005)

## Other websites

- Subversion official website
- Wikimedia's subversion repository

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Subversion
- **author**: CollabNet
- **developer**: Apache Software Foundation
- **discontinued**: No
- **programming language**: C (programming language), C
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **genre**: Revision control
- **license**: Apache License 2.0
Variable-width encoding

A **variable-width encoding** is a type of character encoding scheme in which codes of different lengths are used to encode a character set for representation in a computer. All of the common Unicode encodings are variable-width encodings, e.g. UTF-8 and UTF-16. It's a common mistake to think that UTF-16 isn't, so that's not a good reason to prefer UTF-16 (only its obsolete predecessor UCS-2 is fixed-width).

ASCII is a fixed-width encoding. So are many other legacy encodings, but no modern text encoding. Note, ASCII is legal UTF-8 text, but it's only fixed-width in that sense only when that subset is used. As soon as text uses even one letter outside of the ASCII subset, or even if software expects UTF-8 text, and can't rely on only the ASCII subset used, then the (UTF-8) encoding used is variable-length.
Cro-Magnon

**Cro-Magnons** were the first early modern humans. They were the first members of our species, _Homo sapiens_.

The earliest known Cro-Magnon remains are between 35,000 and 45,000 years old, based on radiometric dating.  The oldest of these, from 43,000  45,000 years ago, were found in Italy and Britain.  Other remains also show that Cro-Magnons reached the Russian Arctic about 40,000 years ago.

Cro-Magnons had powerful bodies, which were usually heavy and solid with strong muscles.  Unlike Neanderthals, which had slanted foreheads, the Cro-Magnons had straight foreheads, like modern humans.  Their faces were short and wide with a large chin.  Their brains were slightly larger than the average human's is today.

## Naming

The name "Cro-Magnon" was created by Louis Lartet, who discovered the first Cro-Magnon skull in southwestern France in 1868.  He called the place where he found the skull _Abri de Cro-Magnon._  _Abri_ means "rock shelter" in French; _cro_ means "hole" in the Occitan language; and "Magnon" was the name of the person who owned the land where Lartet found the skull.  Basically, Cro-Magnon means "hole on Magnon's land."

This is why scientists now use the term "European early modern humans" instead of "Cro-Magnons."  In taxonomy, the term "Cro-Magnon" does not mean anything.

## Cro-Magnon life

Cro-Magnons used bones, shells, and teeth to make jewelry. They spun, dyed, and tied knots in flax, to make cords for their tools, make baskets, or sew clothing

Like most early humans, the Cro-Magnons mostly hunted large animals.  For example, they killed mammoths, cave bears, horses, and reindeer for food.  They hunted with spears, javelins, and spear-throwers.  They also ate fruits from plants.

The Cro-Magnons were nomadic or semi-nomadic.  This means that instead of living in just one place, they followed the migration of the animals they wanted to hunt.  They may have built hunting camps from mammoth bones; some of these camps were found in a village in Ukraine.  They also made shelters from rocks, clay, tree branches, and animal skin (leather).

## Related pages

- Neanderthal
- _Homo sapiens_
- Human evolution
Cheating in video games

**Cheating** in video games is when a player creates an advantage for themself beyond what normal gameplay would allow. In general, cheating is breaking the rules to get an unfair advantage. One form of cheating is using "glitches" in a open world or Shooter game where a person may find a wall or a piece of ground they can walk through, like being able to walk through a wall on a certain angle or from one side but not be able to walk back through that same wall the other way, an example of this being effective would be in an ambush situation, the other person may not be able to shoot at you but you may be able to shoot them, "virtually" making you partially invincible. Another form of cheating is by changing a games code structure. In other world, it is included in an existing video game as if it is from that video game and continues to work in this way. If we look at it structuarry, it comes up with a very different work.

These kind of advantages can often be activated by entering codes. A set of **cheat codes** may have been written into the game's programming by the game's developers. When entered, a code activates a corresponding advantage. Cheat codes can also be created by added software, called a game trainer. Players can also cheat by taking advantage of software bugs in the game.

Some games have "activatable cheat codes" preset on the actual game such as Speed Racer, or the Lego series of video games and by playing the game you actually get told cheat codes to put in to be able to unlock advantages, these are different from "cheating" because the games developers "want" you to use these types of cheat codes and these types of cheat codes are only useable in single player games the bad type of cheat codes are cheat codes not intended to be used in a game that make the system do things that are not normal. For example, pressing a certain sequence of buttons may increase a character's hit points in an role-playing game, or make a car drive faster in a racing game.

Another way of video game hacks is using applications called _exploits._ like WiiBrew, which access a video games coding and allows you to completely change its code from adjusting a "left' button to go "up" instead all the way to completely recreating the game.

The number of users using competitive video games cheat continues to decrease with the development of anti-cheat systems. We can examine this thesis based on the League of Legends.
|Year|Percentage of players using cheats|Percentage of banned players|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2019|4.11%|1.21%|
|2020|2.63%|5.46%|
|2021|0.98%|7.61%|
The reason why the rate of banned players is higher than the rate of cheating is that past activities can be detected.

## Other websites

- Official data shared by League of legends game
Anaphalis

***Anaphalis*** (pronounced A-ná-pha-lis) is a genus within the Asteraceae family whose members are commonly known by the name **Pearly everlasting**. There are around 110 species within the genus with the vast majority being native to central and southern Asia. There is one species native to North America that is fairly well known and popular in cultivation, namely the Western Pearly Everlasting (_Anaphalis margaritacea_).

Two of the species, _A. javanica_ and A. longifolia can be found on the mountain af the Java island in Indonesia. _A. javanica_, also known as the Javanese Edelweiss, is currently an endangered species.

## Species

- Anaphalis javanica (Javanese Edelweiss)
- Anaphalis longiflora
- Anaphalis longifolia
- Anaphalis lorentzii
- Anaphalis margaritacea - Western Pearly Everlasting
- Anaphalis viscida - found in Mount Tambora, Indonesia
Weaning

**Weaning** means changing the diet of a baby from its mother's milk to the food it will eat as an adult.  Since only female mammals make milk, weaning is only needed by mammals.  When a baby does not drink any more breast milk (or milk substitute), the baby has been weaned.

## Human weaning

Babies are able to eat small amounts of solid food, along with breast milk or formula, when they are about six months old.  Before this time, a child's digestive system and kidneys are still forming, so the child is not ready for solid food.

Babies do not have teeth and cannot chew their food, so they are usually fed soft, runny food such as cooked mashed fruit or vegetables.  Babies cannot digest some foods which adults can eat, including food with nuts or with large amounts of gluten, salt or sugar.  Also, babies' digestive systems are very sensitive to bacteria, so they should not eat any foods with honey, eggs or shellfish in them because these foods may contain harmful bacteria.

## Weaning conflict

Weaning conflict happens when the mother wants to wean her baby, but the baby wants to keep breastfeeding. The mother tries to force the baby to stop breastfeeding, and the baby tries to force the mother to continue.  Some evolutionary scientists think mammal mothers need to wean their babies as soon as possible, so they have a greater chance of having more babies and spreading their genes.  But mammal babies want to breastfeed as long as they can so they will have a chance to grow strong, and also to enjoy the full care of their mothers.  Weaning conflict happens in several mammal species, including primates and canines.

Indeed, weaning conflict probably always happens, but  it does not usually endanger the survival of mother and child. Most mammals have a cut-off system whereby milk cannot be digested after a certain point. Modern humans are very unusual in this respect. They inherit a capacity for permanent digestion of milk.

## Related pages

- Breastfeeding
Nanoelectromechanical systems

**Nanoelectromechanical systems** will be very tiny machines, with dimensions thousands of times thinner than the human hair, that could be used as motors or sensors. The technology is very new and still in the laboratory stage, but may replace microelectromechanical systems.

Compared to human scale, things work very differently at nano dimensions. For example, attractive forces between materials of the same type may push together moving parts and block a motor.
Photocathode

A **photocathode** is a negatively charged electrode in a light detection device. They are the main type of photomultiplier. That means they take a little light, and make more of it.

There are instruments which need to magnify the amount of light coming in. Examples are astronomical telescopes and military night-sight equipment: binoculars and telescopes on helmets and rifles etc.

The lens of the telescope or binocular passes the light onto a layer of glass coated with a special light-sensitive metal. When this is struck by light, the absorbed energy causes electrons to jump off. This is called the 'photoelectric effect'. The freed electrons are then collected to produce the final image.

## Some photocathode materials

1. **Ag-O-Cs**, (silver oxide/caesium, also called S-1). This was the first compound photocathode material, developed in 1929.
1. **High temperature bialkali** or low noise bialkali (sodium-potassium-antimony, Na-K-Sb). This material is often used in oil well logging since it can withstand temperatures up to 175 °C. At room temperatures, this photocathode operates with very low dark current, making it ideal for use in photon counting applications.
1. **GaAs** (gallium(II) arsenide). This photocathode material covers a wide spectral response range, from ultraviolet to 930 nm (nm = nanometre, a measure of the wavelength of the light or other electromagnetic radiation).
1. **Cs-Te, Cs-I** (caesium-telluride, caesium-iodide). These materials are sensitive to vacuum UV and UV rays, but not to visible light and are therefore referred to as solar blind. Cs-Te is insensitive to wavelengths longer than 320 nm, and Cs-I to those longer than 200 nm.
These devices are mostly based on alkali metals.
Space Shuttle Enterprise

The **Space Shuttle Enterprise** (OV-101) is a spacecraft used by NASA for testing of the space shuttles. Enterprise was built without engines and without the heat protection system needed for it to travel into space and return to the atmosphere. Enterprise began being built in June 4, 1974, and was completed on September 17, 1976. Enterprise was used for flight tests in 1977. Scientists wanted to test how the shuttle could be transported on top of a Boeing 747. They also did three test manned test flights with the shuttle still joined to the Boeing. When these test were finished they did another five tests with the shuttle flying without engines like a glider. The pilots practiced landing the shuttle at the Edwards Airforce Base. The pilots were astronaut Gordon Fullerton, Apollo 13 astronaut Fred Haise, Joe Engle and Dick Truly.   After the test flights, the Enterprise was used for vibration tests at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. After all the tests were finished, some parts of the Enterprise were used in the building of the other shuttles.

The Enterprise was going to be named the "Constitution", but many people wrote to the President and asked for it to be named after the space craft on the TV show Star Trek. Enterprise can be seen today by visitors to the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center near Washington, D.C.
Reggie Bush

**Reginald Alfred "Reggie" Bush II** (born March 2, 1985) is an American football player for the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). He plays the position of running back.

## Career history

Bush played football at Helix High School in La Mesa, California, then played football at the University of Southern California. Bush won the 2005 Heisman Trophy, which is for the best player in college football, but in 2010, he gave the award back because of claims that he took gifts while in college that would have made him a professional athlete while still in college.

## NFL history

The New Orleans Saints chose Bush with the second pick in the 2006 NFL Draft. In 2010, Bush won a Super Bowl with the Saints over the Indianapolis Colts.
Globular protein

A **globular protein** is one of a common type of protein.

They are one of three types of protein. The others are fibrous and membrane proteins.

Their structure is a result of protein folding. They are made of polypeptide chains folded into a compact sphere shape.

They are soluble in water because of the hydrophilic ('water-loving') side chains that project from the outside of the molecules. They play an important role in metabolic reactions.

Unlike proteins which only have a structural function, globular proteins can act as:
- Enzymes, by catalyzing organic reactions taking place in the organism in mild conditions and with a great specificity. Different esterases fulfill this role.
- Messengers, by transmitting messages to regulate biological processes. This function is done by hormones, i.e. insulin etc.
- Transporters of other molecules through membranes
- Stocks of amino acids.
- Regulation of other molecules is also done by globular proteins rather than fibrous proteins.
- Structural proteins, e.g., actin and tubulin, which are globular and soluble as monomers, but polymerize to form long, stiff fibers.

Globular proteins include myoglobin and hemoglobin.

## Globulins

**Globulins** are all globular proteins except albumins. They have higher molecular weights than albumins. They are insoluble in pure water but dissolve in dilute salt solutions.

Some globulins have important function as antibodies, others are responsible for the transport of lipids, iron or copper in the blood.
Pickerel frog

The **pickerel frog** (_Lithobates palustris_, formerly _Rana palustris_) is a small frog in North America. It has dark squares on its back. The squares are in lines instead of randomly scattered. Leopard frogs have circular spots. They have an orange or yellow coloration on the inside of their back legs. They are found in the east of North America. They have toxic glands in their skin that can kill other frogs.

## Related pages

- Bullfrog
Northern green frog

The **Northern green frog** is a subspecies of the North American green frog. Its name is either _Rana clamitans melanota_, or _Lithobates clamitans melanota_.

It is moderately large. It is found in the northeast United States and some of eastern Canada. Its call sounds like a plucked banjo. It has a fold running from the top of its eyes down the side of its back. The bullfrog does not have these folds. It is normally found in swamps, marshes, and muddy streams.

## Related pages

- Pickerel frog
Wiki markup

**Wikitext language**, or **wiki markup**, is a markup language  used to write pages in wiki websites, such as Wikipedia. It is a simplified alternative to HTML. It is converted by wiki software (like MediaWiki) into regular HTML, which the user's web browser will render.

## Example

|MediaWiki syntax|Equivalent HTML|Rendered output|
| --- | --- | --- |
|<samp> "You mean you can't take 'less'," said the Hatter: "it's very easy to take 'more' than nothing."</samp>|<samp><p>"Take some more <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> ," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly.</p> <p>"I've had nothing yet," Alice replied in an offended tone: "so I can't take more."</p> <p>"You mean you can't take <i>less</i>," said the Hatter: "it's very easy to take <i>more</i> than nothing."</p> </samp>|"Take some more tea," the March Hare said to Alice, very earnestly. "I've had nothing yet," Alice replied in an offended tone: "so I can't take more." "You mean you can't take _less_," said the Hatter: "it's very easy to take _more_ than nothing."|
<small>(Quotation above from _Alice's Adventures in Wonderland_ by Lewis Carroll)</small>

## Purpose

The main purpose of having Wikitext in wikis instead of HTML is because HTML is more complicated and not many people know how to use it. Therefore, it is easier to use Wikitext rather than HTML and thus makes editors contributing to a wiki easier to create content.

## Related pages

- HTML
- WYSIWYG editor

## Other websites

- Help on editing on Meta Wiki
Environmentally friendly

**Environmentally friendly** (also **eco-friendly**, **nature friendly**, and **green**) are terms that refer to objects that people buy (called _goods_), services, laws, and rules that either do not harm the environment or do very little harm to it. To make people who buy the goods or services know that they are environmentally friendly, environmentally friendly goods and services often are marked  with _eco-labels_. But because there is no single type of eco-label, the International Organization for Standardization thinks that these labels do not mean much because they could mean different things.

## Etymology

Environmentally friendly is a term used to refer to goods and services, laws, guidelines and policies claimed to inflict minimal or no harm on the environment. Companies sometimes use these terms to promote goods and services by making environmental marketing claims, sometimes falsely and with eco-labels. Also ecofriendly, by 1993, from eco- + friendly.

## Other websites

- No Impact Advice on sustainable living practices

## Related pages

- Sustainable energy
Intranet

An **intranet** is a private computer network that only a few selected computers can have access to. Usually, they are being used as internal company websites for employees to know more about what is happening in the company without letting other people see.

An intranet works the same way as a normal network. The system administrator can add webpages to it and it can be accessed normally from a web browser.

Russia has successfully tested Runet, which is a country-wide alternative to the internet. An expert said "Increasingly, authoritarian countries who want to control what citizens see are looking at what Iran and China have already done... It means people will not have access to dialogue about what is going on in their own country, they will be kept within their own bubble".

## Related pages

- Internet
Bold

**Bold** can mean the following:
- Bold (type) - making text darker
- Boldness - Being brave
Italic

**Italic** script and  type has a long history. It was based on handwriting.

Ludovico Vicentino degli Arrighi (1475–1527) was a papal scribe and type designer in Renaissance Italy. Present day cursive writing style known as "italic" is based upon the style he developed. It has been said that the style of cursive known as "italic" got its name from this _Italian_ designer. Modern day scribes, also known as "calligraphers",  study the work of Arrighi to learn the structure of the style of writing known as "italic" , a modernized version of the Chancery hand which was first perfected by Roman scribes in the early part of the sixteenth century.

In typography, **italic type** is a cursive font based on a kind of calligraphic handwriting. Such letters normally slant slightly to the right.

In modern texts, Italics can emphasise key points in a printed text. One manual of English usage described italics as "the print equivalent of underlining".

Calligraphy-inspired typefaces were first designed in Italy, to replace documents written in a handwriting style called chancery hand. As the illustration shows, there were flourishes copied from calligraphy. An alternative is oblique type: the type is slanted but the letterforms do not change shape: this less elaborate approach is used by many sans-serif typefaces.

## Usage on the web

Using italic is usually used as a place holder for a blank piece of information.
There are different ways in making a text _italic_.

### HTML

In HTML, the editor can add the `` and the `` tags to make text surrounded by these tags italic.

### Wikitext

In Wikitext, the editor can just add two apostrophes (``) around the text to become italic.

## Related pages

- Bold
- Underlined
Bold (type)

In formatting, **bold type** is a little bit darker and bigger than normal type. It is used to emphasize a few words as a bolded text can attract attention from the reader.

## Usage

Markup languages provide different ways to make a word **bold**. For example:

- In HTML, the `` and the `` tags are used to surround the text that needs to be bolded.
- In Wikitext, an editor can bold a text using three apostrophes (``) around the text to be bolded to produce the same results.

## Related pages

- Italic
- Underlined
Underline

To make a text **underlined** means to add a straight line below the text. It is commonly used to emphasize the text. However, it is usually not used.

## Usage

Both HTML and Wikitext uses the same way in making underlined text. They both use the `` and the `` tags to produce an underlined text.

## Related pages

- Bold
- Italic
Iodic acid

**Iodic acid** is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO<sub>3</sub>. It contains hydrogen and iodate ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties

Iodic acid is a white solid that can dissolve in water to make an acidic solution. Chloric acid and bromic acid only exist in solution and break down when crystallized. Iodic acid is a strong oxidizing agent. It can be converted to iodine pentoxide when it is heated gently. If it is heated strongly, it decomposes into iodine, oxygen, and other iodine oxides.

It can form several things when it is reduced. If there is a lot of reducing agent, it is reduced to iodide. If there is a lot of iodic acid, it is reduced to iodine. If there is a lot of chloride, then it is reduced to iodine trichloride, a yellow liquid.

## Preparation

It can be made by electrolysis of an acidic iodide solution.

## Uses

Iodic acid is used to make other iodates by reacting bases with iodic acid. It is also used as a strong acid.

## Related pages

- Periodic acid
Malays

The **Malays** (Malay-; ; Rejang: ꤷꥁꤼ; Jawi: ) are an Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia. They mainly live in the Maritime Southeast Asia region (especially within the Malay Archipelago; consist of Indonesian Archipelago and Philippines archipelago), such as Sumatra, Riau Islands, Singapore, Kalimantan (including Brunei), southern Thailand, and southern Philippines.

## Overview

Malay people were once a tribal group who inhabited the island of Sumatra. According to the Malay Annals, the origin of Malay people are from the area known as Palembang in modern-day South Sumatra.

Sang Sapurba also mentioned in the Malay Annals as the King of Malays who originated from the hill of Siguntang Mahameru area as well.

Malay people transformed from the tribal group into an ethnic group during the glorious era of Srivijaya—the empire that originated from Palembang— when the trading activities grew. Nowadays, Malay people are inhabiting areas that was under the Srivijayan empire rule, with the big population mainly in Sumatra and its surrounding regions such as Bangka Belitung Islands, Riau Islands, Malacca Peninsula ( Kra Peninsula), Kalimantan (including Brunei), southern Thailand, southern Vietnam, and southern Philippines.

## Language

Most ethnic Malays speak one or more of the many dialects (versions) of the Malay language, a language of the Austronesian family of languages. In Indonesia, the standardized form of Malay is Indonesian (),These naming policies were created to form national unities in the countries instead of making the Malays a ruling influence or the ruling class. In Malaysia, the standard form is called bahasa melayu (. About 80% of their words mean the same thing in either dialect. same like in Brunei. In Brunei, Thailand and Singapore it is also known as _Bahasa Melayu_.

Today, the language is usually written a version of the Roman alphabet, called Rumi. Malay written using the Arabic alphabet is called Jawi, which is mostly used in official and religious contexts. Jawi is more common than Rumi in very conservative Muslim areas like Kelantan in Malaysia and Pattani in Thailand.

## Religion

The vast majority of ethnic Malays today are Sunni Muslims and Islam has become a large part of the Malay identity.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Malay
_Melayu_ꤷꥁꤼ
ملايو
- **native name**: Orang Melayu
- **total**: Circa, c. **32.9 million**
- **regions**: <span style="font-size:105%;">**Majority populations**</span>
- **region6**: ***'
- **pop6**: 15,749,378<small> (2012) </small>
- **region2**: ***'
- **pop2**: 295,972 <small>(2014)</small>
- **region8**: <span style="font-size:105%;">**Minority populations**</span>
- **region1**: ***'
- **pop1**: ± 8,200,000 <small>(2015 estimate)</small>
- **region10**: ***'
- **pop10**: 3,354,475 <small>(2010 estimate)</small>
- **region12**: **Singapore**
- **pop11**: 27,345,017 <small>(2010)</small>
- **languages**: Malay language, Malay, Indonesian language, Indonesian, Thai language, Thai, Filipino language, Filipino, English language, English, Arabic
- **religions**: 98.9% Sunni Islam, 0.8% Shia Islam, 0.3% Christian
- **related groups**: Cham people, Cham
Tinie Tempah

**Patrick Chukwuemeka Okogwu** (born 7 November 1988) is a British rapper, singer and songwriter. He was born in Plumstead, London and is of Nigerian origin. He is better known by his stage name **Tinie Tempah**. He also founded the record label Disturbing London in 2006.

Some of his more famous songs are "Pass Out", "Written in the Stars" and "Earthquake".

Tempah released his first album _Disc-Overy_ in 2010. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. Seven singles were released from the album.

On 4 August 2013, the first single from _Demonstration_, "Trampoline", was released. 2 Chainz rapped in it. It reached number three in the UK Singles Chart. His second album _Demonstration_ was released 4 November 2013. Twelve of the album's fifteen songs feature other musicians. Tempah won Best UK Hip Hop/Grime Act at the 2013 Music of Black Origin Awards.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tinie Tempah
- **image**: File:Tinie Tempah, 2010-08-12.jpg
- **caption**: Tinie Tempah in August 2010
Orang Laut

The **Orang Laut** are a group of Malays living in the Riau Islands. Their name means _the sea people_. They used to be pirates.
Japanese occupation of Singapore

The **Japanese Occupation of Singapore** is a time from 1942-1945 (during World War II) where the Japanese occupied Singapore. Japan attacked because Singapore was an important naval base for controlling other areas. The occupation started after the army of Japan defeated garrison troops from Australia, British Malaya, Britain, and India. This was at the Battle of Singapore. The British decided to surrender to the Japanese on 15 February 1942 at the Ford Motor Factory.

The city was renamed to Syonan-to (pronounced as Sho-nan-to), meaning Light of the South, during the rule. It was officially returned to the British after the peace treaty ending World War II was signed.

The Japanese did not treat the people very well during their occupation.  There was a large amount of inflation because the Japanese printed paper money for Singapore to use, which did not have any identification numbers.  Also called 'banana notes' as they had a picture of a banana tree on them, the paper notes could have been printed by people who had a modern-day printer and sufficient paper.

## Timeline

In 1941, due to the weak defenses, the Japanese attacked Singapore. They landed on Singaporean soil on the 9th of February 1942 and took control of the colony on 15 February 1942, soon renaming it Syonan-to (pronounced as Sio-nan-to or Sho-nan-to), meaning Light of the South Island, during the rule.  Many people suffered during this time till the Japanese surrendered and the British returned to Singapore in September 1945.

## The Black Market

During the Japanese Occupation, the trade was disrupted, resulting in scarcity of food and other kinds of goods, causing the price to drastically increase in a process known as inflation. Even if one were to try to buy a jar of jam from a shop, the shopkeeper would say that he had none. However, if one was prepared to pay a very high price for it, the shopkeeper would know just where to get it: the black market.
Ligand

A **ligand** is a biochemical substance. Its function is to bind to a biological molecule, and make the molecule perform a function. Ligand binding alters the shape of the receptor protein. This changes the protein's behaviour.

In a narrower sense, it is a signal triggering molecule, binding to a site on a target protein.

The binding occurs by intermolecular forces, such as ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. The docking (association) is usually reversible (dissociation).

Ligands include substrates, inhibitors, activators, and neurotransmitters. The tendency or strength of binding is called affinity.

## Related pages

- Signal transduction
- Cytokine
- Agonist
- Receptor antagonist