Aramaic language

**Aramaic** is a Semitic language. It has been written for 3,100 years and has been spoken for longer than that. It is one of the Northwest Semitic languages. Other Semitic languages include Amharic, Hebrew, Arabic and many other languages. Aramaic words are written with the 22 characters of the Aramaic alphabet, which was widely adopted for other languages and is an ancestor to the Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic alphabets.

## History

Aramaic is the language of the two biblical books of Daniel and Ezra, it is the language of the Jewish Talmud. In the 12th century BC, the first speakers of Aramaic started to live in what is now Syria, Iraq and eastern Turkey. As the bureaucratic language of the Achaemenid Empire, it became the most important language in the Middle East. Jewish speakers took the language with them to North Africa and Europe. Christian speakers took the language with them to Persia, India and even China.

In the 7th century AD, Aramaic stopped being the most important language in the Middle East. The Arabic language became the new important language. Aramaic is still spoken by scattered communities of Jews, Mandaeans and Christian communities, such as Assyrians. Small groups of people still speak Aramaic in different parts of the Middle East. The wars of the last two centuries have made many speakers leave their homes to live in different places around the world. Today, between 500,000 and 850,000 people speak Aramaic languages.

## Dialects

Aramaic is not an unchanged language. Because different groups used it throughout history, there are many different types of Aramaic languages, called dialects, but some of them are so different that they are like different languages. The different dialects make two groups: an Eastern group and a Western group. The division between them is around the River Euphrates.

The dialects are divided also by time. Old Aramaic is the name of the oldest dialects, which only scholars learn. Middle Aramaic is the group of dialects, which are used not every day but for special things like writing and religion. Modern Aramaic is the group of dialects that is used every day by some groups.

## Alphabet

|rowspan="3" style=max-width:0em|Letter name|colspan="4"|Aramaic written using|rowspan="3"|IPA|rowspan="3"|Phoneme|colspan="15"|Equivalent letter in|||||||||||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Ālaph||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"||; ,|ʾ|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭀|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩱|አ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Αα|Aa|Аа|𑀅, 𑀆|𐨀|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰁|
|Bēth||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"||,|b|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭁|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩨|በ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Ββ|Bb|Бб, Вв|𑀩, 𑀪|𐨦|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰉 𐰋|
|Gāmal||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"||,|g|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭂|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩴|ገ||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"||Γγ|Cc, Gg|Гг, Ґґ|𑀕|𐨒|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰲 𐰱|
|Dālath||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"||,|d|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭃|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩵|ደ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Δδ|Dd|Дд|𑀤, 𑀥, 𑀟, 𑀠|𐨢|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰓|
|Hē||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||h|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭄|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩠|ሀ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Εε|Ee|Ее, Ёё, Єє, Ээ|𑀳|𐨱|||
|Waw||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"||; ,|w|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭅|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩥|ወ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||(), Υυ|Ff, Uu, Vv, Ww, Yy|Ѵѵ, Уу, Ўў|𑀯, 𑀉, 𑀊, 𑀒, 𑀑|𐨬|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰈 𐰆|
|Zayn||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||z|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭆|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩸|||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Ζζ|Zz|Зз|𑀚|𐨗|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰕|
|Ḥēth||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||ḥ|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭇|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩢|ሐ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Ηη|Hh|Ии, Йй|𑀖|𐨓|||
|Ṭēth||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||ṭ|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭈|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩷|ጠ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Θθ||Ѳѳ|𑀣, 𑀝, 𑀞|𐨠|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐱃|
|Yodh||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"||; ,|y|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭉|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩺|የ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Ιι|Ιi, Jj|Іі, Її, Јј|𑀬|𐨩|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰘 𐰃 𐰖|
|Kāph||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"||,|k|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭊|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩫|ከ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Κκ|Kk|Кк|𑀓|𐨐|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰚 𐰜|
|Lāmadh||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||l|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif; line-height:1em;"||||𐭋|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩡|ለ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Λλ|Ll|Лл|𑀮|𐨫|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif; line-height:1em;"|𐰞 𐰠|
|Mim||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||m|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭌|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩣|መ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Μμ|Mm|Мм|𑀫|𐨨|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰢|
|Nun||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||n|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭍|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩬|ነ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Νν|Nn|Нн|𑀦|𐨣|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰤 𐰣|
|Semkath||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||s|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭎|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩯|||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Ξξ||Ѯѯ|𑀱|𐨭|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰾|
|ʿAyn||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||ʿ|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭏|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩲|ዐ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Οο, Ωω|Oo|Оо, Ѡѡ|𑀏, 𑀐, 𑀇, 𑀈|𐨀𐨅|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰏 𐰍|
|Pē||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"||,|p|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭐|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩰|ፈ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Ππ|Pp|Пп|𑀧, 𑀨|𐨤|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰯|
|Ṣādhē|,|style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||ṣ|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭑|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩮|ጸ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||()||Цц, Чч, Џџ|𑀲|𐨯|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰽|
|Qoph||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||q|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭒|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩤|ቀ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||(|Qq|Ҁҁ, Фф|𑀔|𐨑|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰴 𐰸|
|Rēš||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||r|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭓|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩧|ረ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Ρρ|Rr|Рр|𑀭|𐨪|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐰺 𐰼|
|Šin||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"|||š|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭔|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩦|ሠ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Σσς|Ss|Сс, Шш, Щщ|𑀰|𐨮|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐱂 𐱁|
|Taw||style="font-size: 26px; font-family: serif;"|||style="font-size: 24px; font-family: serif;"||,|t|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||||𐭕|style="font-size: 20px; font-family: serif;"||𐩩|ተ||style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"||Ττ|Tt|Тт|𑀢|𐨟|style="font-size: 22px; font-family: serif;"|𐱅|

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Aramaic
- **altname**: ‎,
_Arāmāyā_
- **region**: Levant, Fertile Crescent, Eastern Arabia
- **familycolor**: Afro-Asiatic
- **fam2**: Semitic languages, Semitic
- **fam3**: West Semitic languages, West Semitic
- **fam4**: Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic
- **fam5**: Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest Semitic
- **ancestor**: Old Aramaic language, Old Aramaic (900–700 BC)
Middle Aramaic
- **child1**: Eastern Aramaic
- **child2**: Western Aramaic
- **lingua**: 12-AAA
- **glotto**: aram1259
- **glottorefname**: Aramaic