juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Elevation

When talking about geography the **elevation** of a certain point is how high it is compared to some reference point. Very often, the reference point is mean sea level, the level of the ocean midway between high and low tide on an average day. Most land has a positive elevation, which means it is above sea level. A few desert places are below sea level, thus have negative elevation.

Sometimes elevation is measured against the center of the earth. The problem there is that the geoid, the shape of the earth, does not really look like a ball, it is slightly squashed (an oblate spheroid). This means, that while still at mean sea level (at the equator), some points are farther away from the center of the earth than others. That way the peak of Chimborazo, a volcano in Ecuador is farther away from the center of the earth than the peak of Mount Everest. Yet, Mount Everest is higher above sea level.

## Related pages

- Altitude
Bastila Shan

**Bastila Shan** is a character from the _Star Wars_ universe.

Bastila Shan was born in the year 3,979 BBY. She is the daughter of Helena Shan and an unknown treasure hunter who joined the Jedi Order. She became a valuable member to the Jedi Order despite her young age due to her mastery of Battle Meditation. During the Jedi Civil War, she was responsible for the capture of Darth Revan, with whom she fell in love.

After the amnesic Darth Revan was given an entirely new identity, they worked together for a long time, searching for the Star Forge.

After Revan learnt of his true identity she was captured and tortured by Darth Malak and turned to the dark side. During a confrontation, she tried to persuade the redeemed Revan to return to the dark side and reclaim his rightful place. After being rejected and forced to flee to the Star Forge, Bastila confronted Revan again and lost. She begged him to kill her, but he refused and used the power of their love to bring her back to the light and help the Republic in the Battle of Rakata Prime.

She later married Revan and soon had a child called Vaner. When Revan left to stop a war he was sure was coming, she stayed behind to look after her child. She is also one of the surviving Jedi to survive the purge that followed it. She died of old age.
Darth Revan

**Darth Revan** is a fictional character from the _Star Wars_ universe and Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic.

Revan was a Jedi Knight and general who turned to the dark side with his padawan Darth Malak in the Mandalorian Wars. After the death of Mandalore the Ultimate, Revan claimed the title of "Dark Lord of the Sith". He then founded a powerful new Sith Empire, and declared war on the Republic and the Jedi themselves. After defeating almost all of the Republic territories, Revan was captured by the Jedi due to the betrayal of his apprentice Darth Malak. He almost died (a small spark of the Force kept him alive) and was brought to the Council to have his mind replaced by a new identity that was loyal to the Republic. Even after discovering his former identity, he rejected the dark side. Revan ended the war he had begun by killing Malak. After the Jedi Civil War, Revan was given back his rank as Jedi Knight at age 26. He used two lightsabers one purple and one red this symbolised that he was equal in the force but still was tilted to the dark side.

He was the lover of Bastila Shan. A year later, all his memories returned. He later left to the Unknown Regions to face this new threat known as the "True Sith".
Kraft Foods

**Kraft Foods** () is a business that makes packaged food. They own Oscar Mayer. It was started in 2012 as a spin-off of Mondelez. It was bought by H.J. Heinz in 2015.

## Other websites

- Kraft Corporate Website
- Kraft Foods Inc. Fact Sheet from Hoover's

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Kraft Foods Inc.
- **company logo**: Kraft logo 2012.svg
- **company type**: Public () (2012-2015)
Division (2015-Present)
- **foundation**: 1903, Chicago
- **location**: Northfield, Illinois, United States, USA
- **key people**: Irene Rosenfeld, CEO
- **industry**: Trademark, Branded foods and beverages [http://www.hoovers.com/kraft-foods/--ID__103392--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml]
- **revenue**: $34.356 billion United States dollar, USD (2006)
- **num employees**: 94,000 (2005)
Soft drink

**Soft drinks** (also known as **pop**, **soda**, **tonic**, **soda pop**, **fizzy drinks**, or **minerals**) are "fizzy" drinks made from concentrates and sugar. When they are made, carbon dioxide gas is added which makes them "fizzy". This process is called carbonation. Some soft drinks have flavors. Some popular types of soda are Sprite, Mountain Dew, 7 Up, Pepsi, Dr Pepper and Coca-Cola. Most soft drinks are sweetened with sugar. That is what makes them so unhealthy.
Toby Keith

**Toby Keith Covel** (July 8, 1961 – February 5, 2024) was an American country music singer-songwriter, record producer and actor.

## Death

In June 2022, Keith announced that he was diagnosed with stomach cancer six months before. He died from the disease on February 5, 2024 in Oklahoma at the age of 62.

## Albums

- 1993 - _Toby Keith_
- 1994 - _Boomtown
- 1996 - _Blue Moon_
- 1997 - _Dream Walkin_'
- 1999 - _How Do You Like Me Now?!_
- 2001 - _Pull My Chain_
- 2002 - _Unleashed_
- 2003 - _Shock'n Y'all_
- 2005 - _Honkytonk University_
- 2006 - _White Trash with Money_
- 2007 - _Big Dog Daddy_
- 2008 - _That Don't Make Me a Bad Guy_
- 2009 - _American Ride_
- 2010 - _Bullets in the Gun_
- 2011 - _Clancy's Tavern_
- 2012 - _Hope on the Rocks_
- 2013 - _Drinks After Work_
- 2015 - _35 MPH Town_

- Christmas albums
- _Christmas to Christmas_ (1995)
- _A Classic Christmas'' (2007)

## Related pages

- List of country musicians from Oklahoma

## Other websites

- Toby Keith's official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Toby Keith
- **height**: 6 ft 4 in
- **img**: TobyKeithApr10.jpg
- **img capt**: Keith at the 45th Annual Academy of Country Music Awards in Las Vegas, Nevada on April 18, 2010
- **img size**: 250px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Toby Keith Covel
- **birth place**: Clinton, Oklahoma, Clinton, Oklahoma, U.S.
- **death place**: Oklahoma, U.S.
- **origin**: Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, record producer, actor
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar
- **years active**: 1993–2024
- **label**: Mercury Records Nashville
Polydor Records, Polydor
A&M Records, A&M
DreamWorks Records, DreamWorks Nashville
Show Dog-Universal Music, Show Dog-Universal (formerly of Show Dog Nashville)
- **associated acts**: Scotty Emerick
Bobby Pinson
Krystal Keith
- **url**: [http://www.tobykeith.com/ www.tobykeith.com]
Redhead

**Redhead** is a person with red or reddish-tinted hair. Approximately 1 to 2% of the world's population has red hair.

In Iceland people that have red hair are called Anton Einar or short name for it lúði and came from the Greek gods, Zues and Hades.

Red hair is made by genes. The gene for red hair is recessive, meaning to be weaker than other genes, like the brown hair gene, for example. Because of this, in order to have natural red hair a person needs to have red-haired ancestors present on both the maternal (mother's) and paternal (father's) side of the family.

Red hair is said to be most common close to the Northern European coasts and islands of the Atlantic Ocean, like British Isles, and in particular among Celtic people.

In Ireland, the percentage of population with red hair is very high relative to the rest of the world at around 10%, with 46% carrying the gene. Parts of the United Kingdom such as Scotland also have very high percentages with around 6%. There was a misconception that red hair occurrence in Scotland ran at around 13%, due to this figure appearing in reliable media sources, however this figure was only an estimate and has since been disproved by research. Dr. Jim Wilson of Britain's DNA has carried out the only large scale genetic study of Red Hair using a sample of over 2,343 people; and has found red hair occurrence of 6% in Scotland, this is concurrent with the largest ever study of hair colour in Scotland which analysed over half a million people and found red hair prevalence of 5.3%. A 1956 study of hair color among British army recruits also found high levels of red hair in Wales and the English Border counties.

Depite all this, the US has the largest number of redheads living there in the world (up to 18 million compared to 650,000 redheads living in Scotland).

In some countries, particularly the British Isles, despite the high proportion of redheads there, redheads are sometimes given rude names such as "carrot-top" and "ginga", and are in some cases heavily ridiculed (made fun of) by their peers. In some extreme cases, people have been harassed (others have behaved threateningly towards them) for having red hair.
John Inman

**Frederick John Inman** (28 June 1935 – 8 March 2007) was an English actor. He is best known for his role as Mr Humphries in the 1970s/early 1980s BBC comedy series, _Are You Being Served?_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Inman
- **birth name**: Frederick John Inman
- **birth place**: Preston, Lancashire, Preston, Lancashire, England
- **death place**: Paddington, London, England
- **death cause**: Hepatitis A
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1965–2004
- **nationality**: British nationality law, British
- **education**: Claridge House
- **spouse**: Ron Lynch (1972–2007)
- **television**: _Odd Man Out (UK TV series), Odd Man Out_
_Are You Being Served?_
_Take a Letter, Mr. Jones_
_Grace & Favour_
- **website**: http://www.johninman.co.uk
Edward Abbey

**Edward Paul Abbey** (January 29, 1927 – March 14, 1989) was an American nature writer. He is known for books including Desert Solitaire, Black Sun, The Journey Home, The Fool's Progress, and Hayduke Lives.

## Early life and education

He was born in the state of Pennsylvania in the United States in 1927. He grew up in Pennsylvania, in a small town in the mountains near the city of Pittsburgh. He later moved to the American Southwest and wrote several books. He spent most of his adult life in the states of New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah. Most of his books are about the Southwest.

During World War II, he was in high school. He took a trip hitchhiking to see the American West. During his trip through Arizona and New Mexico, he fell in love with the Southwest. He enlisted near the end of World War II and was stationed in Italy as a military policeman. When he came back to the United States, he moved to New Mexico and got a college degree. Then he started writing books.

## Writing works

Abbey's first book was titled _Jonathan Troy_. It did not sell well and Abbey did not like it very much, and it was taken out of print. His second book was _The Brave Cowboy_. This book sold better and made him known as a writer of western fiction. It was also made into a movie called _Lonely are the Brave_. _Fire on the Mountain_ was his third book. _The Brave Cowboy_ and _Fire on the Mountain_ are about cowboys who loved the old American West and did not like it becoming modernized.

He moved to New Jersey for a short time but did not like it, and moved back to the Southwest. He took a job as a park ranger in Utah. He wrote about his job as a park ranger in his fourth book, _Desert Solitaire_. _Desert Solitaire_ became a bestseller and made him a popular nature writer. He also took other jobs in the Southwest. He worked as a fire lookout at the Grand Canyon in Arizona, and as a park ranger in other National Parks.

After _Desert Solitaire_ became a bestseller, he wrote several books of nature essays. Some of these include _The Journey Home_, _Abbey's Road_, _Down the River_, _Beyond the Wall_, and _One Life At a Time, Please_. He also kept writing novels. His next novel was _Black Sun_, which is about a fire lookout at the Grand Canyon falling in love but then seeing his girlfriend disappear. His next novel after that was _The Monkey Wrench Gang_. This was his most controversial novel because it was about four people using sabotage to stop development in the Southwest. He also wrote a science fiction novel called _Good News_.

His last two novels were _The Fool's Progress_ and _Hayduke Lives_. _The Fool's Progress_ is a long novel that is based on Edward Abbey's own life. _Hayduke Lives_ is a sequel to _The Monkey Wrench Gang_.

Abbey died in 1989 and was buried in the desert in Arizona.

## Other websites

- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Edward Abbey
- Pennsylvania state historical marker for Abbey at Home

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Edward Abbey
- **birth place**: Indiana, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Tucson, Arizona, U.S.
- **occupation**: Essayist, novelist
- **notableworks**: _Desert Solitaire_
_The Monkey Wrench Gang_
Sampling

**Sampling** could mean:

- Sampling (signal processing), changing a continuous signal into a discrete signal
- Sampling (music), re-using parts of sound recordings in a piece of music
- Sample (statistics), selection of observations to get some knowledge of a statistical population
- Sampling (case studies), selection of cases for single or multiple case studies
- Sampling (for testing or analysis), taking a representative portion of a material or product to test (e.g. by phyisical measurements, chemical analysis, microbiological examination), typically for the purposes of identification, quality control, or regulatory assessment

Specific types of sampling include:
- Chorionic villus sampling, a method of detecting fetal abnormalities
- Food sampling, the process of taking a representative portion of a food for analysis, usually to test for quality, safety or compositional compliance. (Not to be confused with Food, free samples, a method of promoting food items to consumers)
- Theoretical sampling, the process of selecting comparison cases or sites in qualitative research
- Water sampling, the process of taking a portion of drinking water for analysis, e.g. to check that it complies with relevate water quality standards, or river water to check for pollutants, or bathing water to sheck that it is safe for bathing, or intrusive water in a building to identify its source.
Bretons

The **Bretons** are the residents of the region of Brittany in France.  Most trace much of their heritage to white people who settled the area from south western Great Britain in the 4th–6th centuries. The region of Brittany is named after them and many speak _Brezhoneg_, a Brythonic language closely related to Cornish and a bit more distantly to Welsh. The Breton language as such is part of the Insular Celtic language group. In eastern Brittany, a regional _langue d'oïl_ named Gallo developed; it shares certain points of vocabulary, idiom, and pronunciation with Breton.
Midlands (disambiguation)

There are several regions in the world known as the **Midlands**. These include:

- Midlands, Tasmania, Australia.
- Midlands, England.
- Midlands, South Carolina, United States.
- Natal Midlands, South Africa.
- Midlands, Zimbabwe.
- _Mittelland_, Switzerland, see Swiss plateau.
- Vidzeme, Latvia.
Jaworzno

**Jaworzno** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 96 600 inhabitants and 152,2 km².
Volt

- _For the electric plug-in hybrid concept car, see Chevrolet Volt._
- _For the record label, see Volt Records_
The **volt** (symbol: V) is the SI derived unit of electric potential difference or electromotive force (also known as voltage). It is named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827), who invented the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery.

## Definition

The volt is defined as the potential difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power. Hence, it is the base SI representation m<sup>2</sup> · kg · s<sup>−3</sup> · A<sup>−1</sup>, which can be equally represented as one joule of energy per coulomb of charge, J/C.

## Hydraulic analogy

In the _hydraulic analogy_ sometimes used to explain electric circuits by comparing them to water-filled pipes, voltage is like water pressure - it determines how fast the electrons will travel through the circuit. Current (in amperes), in the same analogy, is a measure of the volume of water that flows past a given point, the rate of which is determined by the voltage, and the total output measured in watts. The equation that brings all three components together is: volts × amperes = watts

## Common voltages

Nominal voltages of familiar sources:
- Nerve cell action potential: around 30 mV
- Single-cell, rechargeable NiMH or NiCd battery: 1.2 V
- Mercury battery 1.355 V
- Single-cell, non-rechargeable alkaline battery (e.g. AAA, AA, C and D cells): 1.5 V
- Lithium polymer rechargeable battery: 3.75 V
- Transistor-transistor logic (TTL) power supply: 5 V
- PP3 battery: 9 V
- Automobile electrical system: 12 V (nominal)
- Household mains electricity: 230 V RMS in Europe, Australia, Asia and Africa, 120 V RMS in North America, 100 V RMS in Japan (see List of countries with mains power plugs, voltages and frequencies)
- Rapid transit third rail: 600 to 700 V (see List of current systems for electric rail traction)
- High speed train overhead power lines: 25 kV RMS at 50 Hz, but see List of current systems for electric rail traction for exceptions.
- High voltage electric power transmission lines: 110 kV RMS and up (1150 kV RMS is the record as of 2005)
- Lightning: Varies greatly, often around 100 MV.

Note: Where 'RMS' (root mean square) is stated above, the peak voltage is  times greater than the RMS voltage for a sinusoidal signal.

## History of the volt

In 1800, as the result of a professional disagreement over the galvanic response advocated by Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta developed the so-called Voltaic pile, a forerunner of the battery, which produced a steady electric current. Volta had determined that the most effective pair of dissimilar metals to produce electricity was zinc and silver. In the 1880s, the International Electrical Congress, now the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), approved the volt for electromotive force. The volt was defined as the potential difference across a conductor when a current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power.

## Related pages

- SI for unit prefixes
- SI electromagnetism units
- Voltmeter
- Watt
- Ampere

## Other websites

- Volt -Citizendium
Music competition

A **music competition** is an event in which people compete for prizes by performing music.  Music competitions can be for solo performers or for small or large groups such as orchestras, bands or choirs.  Some competitions are for young people who are starting to make a professional career in music.  Other music competitions may be for amateurs, which means that professional musicians are not allowed to compete.

The person who decides who is the winner is called the adjudicator.  Some big festivals have a team of several adjudicators who decide together on the winner.

The British and International Federation of Music Festivals organizes music competitions for amateurs in many parts of the British Isles.  Children and adults can take part, competing in classes for music, speech and drama and dance.  Competitions like these are often called "festivals" because the main reason for taking part is to enjoy performing rather than just to win.

There are many big international competitions for some of the most talented musicians from all over the world.  Winning a big competition can help a young musician to start a successful career.  Some people think it can also be a bad thing to win a big competition, especially for musicians who are still very young.  It may make them a star for a short time but they still have to get better and mature as a musician and a person.

Some of the most famous international music competitions are:
- Leeds International Pianoforte Competition held in Leeds, England
- International Tchaikovsky Competition held in Moscow
- BBC Young Musician of the Year held in England.
- Super Girl in China

In popular music one of the great European events is the Eurovision Song Contest.
Adjudicator

An **adjudicator** is someone who decides on a winner at a competition for music or theatre.  The adjudicator will always be somebody who has a lot of experience in what he is adjudicating.  In big international festivals, a team of several adjudicators may decide together on the winners.  In amateur competitions, the adjudicator may also talk to the competitors after they have performed and give them advice.  Competitors are often given first, second and third prizes.

In Law, an adjudicator is someone who decides who is right when a group of people cannot agree on something.
Criticism

**Criticism** is a word used in two senses. Originally, it meant "a scholarly analysis and balanced judgement". Later (mid-20th century) it came to mean "a hostile attack" pointing out the bad features of the topic.

1. Constructive criticism: criticism to evaluate and improve. This is when somebody points out aspects of something else that could be improved or made better. This is an important activity, especially when dealing with young people. Parents and teachers often use this kind of criticism. In adult life it is widely used in literature, the arts and science.
1. Negative or destructive criticism: criticism as an attack on a person or idea. Negative criticism is often interpreted as an attack against a person (ad hominem), and appears often in debates between political opponents.

## History of the word

In ancient Greek _kritos_ meant judge, and _kritikos_ meant the critic. Related Greek terms are krinein (separating out, deciding), krei- (to sieve, discriminate, or distinguish). The word moved from Greek to Latin (_Criticus_, a judge) to French (_critique_) to English. The words "critic" and "critical" existed in the English language from the mid-16th century, and the word "criticism" first made its appearance in English in the early 17th century.

## Related pages

- Art critic
- Critic
- Critical thinking
- Music critic
- Textual criticism
Arthur

**Arthur** is a male name that can also mean:

## Fictional characters

- King Arthur
- Arthur Teller
- Arthur Read

## Other

- _Arthur_ (TV series)
- _Arthur_ (book series)
- _Arthur_ (1981 movie), a movie starring Dudley Moore
Eduard Hanslick

**Eduard Hanslick** (born Prague September 11, 1825; died Baden, Austria, August 6, 1904) was a famous music critic.  He wrote about music that was being composed in his time.  He liked the music of composers like Brahms and Schumann but hated the music of Wagner and Liszt.  Their music sounded too modern for his taste.

He was born into a German-speaking family.  His father was a music teacher.  When he was 18 Hanslick went to study music with Tomášek, one of Prague's most important musicians. He also studied law at Prague University.  He did not study music at university but he knew a lot about music and played the piano very well.  He started writing music reviews (writing about concerts that had taken place).  For many years he wrote reviews in a paper called _Neue freie Presse_.  He became professor of history and music at the University of Vienna and was an adjudicator at lots of music festivals.  His most famous book was called _Vom Musikalisch-Schönen_ (_About Beauty in Music_).

Hanslick's tastes were conservative (he did not like new ideas).  We remember him today for writing good things about Brahms and bad things about Wagner.  A lot of musicians took sides on this matter.  It is sometimes called: _The War of the Romantics_.  Musicians had long arguments in the music journals about which kind of music was better.

Although in some ways he was narrow-minded he had a lot of influence on music.  His books on music are very interesting showing great knowledge.  He knew most of the great musicians of his day.

Wagner made a caricature of Hanslick in his opera _Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg_ in which the town clerk Beckmesser criticizes the young singer Walther who sings songs which break the traditional rules of composition.
The Fairly OddParents

***The Fairly OddParents*** is an American animated comedy television series. It was created by Butch Hartman in 2001 for the Nickelodeon cable television network. The show is about a 10-year-old boy named Timmy Turner who has 2 fairy godparents named Cosmo and Wanda. He also has a fairy godbrother named Poof. The fairies have the power to grant wishes to Timmy. When granting his wishes, they must still following "Da Rules", the fairy rule book.

_The Fairly OddParents_ was the fourth longest-running Nicktoons series. In 2017, it ended with the half-hour episode "Hare Raiser / The Kale Patch Caper". The series was originally set to continue, but ended with the tenth season. The series was cancelled by Nickelodeon in 2018. A live-action-animation hybrid reboot by Paramount+ and Nickelodeon Productions was announced to be in development in February 2021. The series _The Fairly OddParents: Fairly Odder_ premiered on March 31, 2022. and an upcoming untitled computer-animated series by Nickelodeon Animation Studio, this version features an African-American character named Hazel. The show premiered on TeenNick in May 18, 2024! And reaired on March 2025!

## Cast

- Tara Strong as Timmy Turner, Poof
- Daran Norris as Cosmo, Mr. Turner, Jorgen Von Strangle
- Susanne Blakeslee as Wanda, Mrs. Turner
- Grey DeLisle as Vicky, Tootie
- Maddie Taylor as Sparky
- Kari Wahlgren as Chloe Carmichael

Recurring voice actors include Jim Ward, Rob Paulsen, Dee Bradley Baker, Tom Kenny, Eric Bauza, Jason Marsden, Jeff Bennett, Dionne Quan, Gary LeRoi Gray, Kevin Michael Richardson, Frankie Muniz, and Ibrahim Haneef Muhammad.

## TV Movies

The Fairly OddParents had some Made for TV Movies including Abracatastrophe, Channel Chasers, School’s Out: The Musical, Fairy Idol, A Fairly OddBaby and Wishology. It also had three live action movies with Drake Bell as Timmy Turner.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Animation
Television comedy, Comedy
Fantasy
Jazz
dance-pop
- **creator**: Butch Hartman
- **developer**: Steve Marmel
- **director**: Butch Hartman
- **opentheme**: "The Fairly OddParents"
- **endtheme**: "The Fairly OddParents" (instrumental)
- **composer**: Guy Moon
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 10
- **num episodes**: 172 (294 segments)
- **list episodes**: List of The Fairly OddParents episodes
- **location**: Nickelodeon Animation Studios in Burbank, California
- **animator**: **Animation Production Services**
Yeson Entertainment, Yeson Animation Studios (Seasons 1-10a)
Elliott Animation (Season 10b)
- **related**: _Oh Yeah! Cartoons_
SpongeBob SquarePants
Winter War

The **Winter War** (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940) was a conflict fought between the Soviet Union and Finland.

It began when the Soviet Union invaded Finland soon after the invasion of Poland.  The Soviet military forces expected a victory over Finland in a few weeks because the Soviet Army had many more troops, tanks and planes than the Finnish Army.

However, the Finnish forces resisted better and much longer than expected. They had good winter clothes and wore white coats, which camouflaged them in the snow.  As well, the Finnish soldiers moved around on skis, which made it easy for them to sneak up on the Soviet soldiers.  The Soviets did not have good winter clothes, and they wore dark green coats, which were easy to see in the snow.

The peace treaty that ended the war in March 1940 left the Finns as a free people. They had to give up 11% of their country and tried to get it back during the Continuation War.

## Related pages

- World War II

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Winter War
- **partof**: World War II
- **image**: Winter war.jpg
- **caption**: A Finnish machine gun crew during the Winter War
- **date**: 30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940
- **place**: Eastern Finland
- result     [[Interim Peace]]
- **territory**: Cession of the Gulf of Finland islands, Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia, Salla, and Rybachy Peninsula, and rental of Hanko to the Soviet Union
- **combatant1**:
 Foreign_support_of_Finland_in_the_Winter_War, Foreign volunteers
- **combatant2**:
 Finnish Democratic Republic <small>_(A puppet state. Recognized only by USSR.)_</small>
- **commander1**: Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
- **commander2**: Joseph Stalin
 Kirill Meretskov
 Kliment Voroshilov
 Semyon Timoshenko
 Otto Wille Kuusinen
- **strength1**: 337,000–346,500 men
32 tanks
114 aircraft
- **strength2**: 425,640–760,578 men
998,100 men (overall)
2,514–6,541 tanks
3,880 aircraft
- **casualties1**: 25,904 dead or missing
43,557 wounded
1,000 Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union, captured
957 civilians in air raids
20–30 tanks
62 aircraft
**70,000 total casualties**
- **casualties2**: 126,875 dead or missing
188,671 wounded, injured or burned
5,572 Soviet prisoners of war in Finland, captured
3,543 tanks
261–515 aircraft
**323,000 total casualties**
Joiner

- _ For "joinery" in North American sense see: Woodworking joints_

A **joiner** is a person who makes woodwork that is used for buildings. That includes things that are called "Finish carpentry" and "millwork" in the United States. Joiners make and install parts of building, for example doors, windows, stairs, wooden panelling, mouldings, shop cabinets, kitchen cabinets, and other wooden items.  The skills of a joiner are somewhat between a carpenter and a cabinetmaker.

The terms **joinery** and joiner are not used often in the United States any more, but the main carpenters' trade union still calls itself the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.
Goiás

**Goiás** is a state of Brazil. It is in the central part of the country. It shares borders with Tocantins, Bahia, Minas Gerais, the Federal District, Mato Grosso do Sul and Mato Grosso. The capital and largest city in the state is Goiânia. With an area of 341,289 km², Goiás is about the size of the Republic of the Congo; smaller than Germany and larger than Finland.

There are 246 municipalities in Goiás. The top 15 cities in order by number of people (est. 01/07/2005) are:

- Goiânia (1,201,006)
- Aparecida de Goiânia (435,234)
- Anápolis (313,412)
- Luziânia (180,227)
- Águas Lindas de Goiás (159,294)
- Rio Verde (133,231)
- Valparaíso de Goiás (119,493)
- Trindade (95,300)
- Planaltina de Goiás (94,717)
- Novo Gama (93,081)
- Formosa (90,247)
- Itumbiara (85,724)
- Jataí (76,100)
- Senador Canedo (71,399)
- Catalão (70,574)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: State of Goiás
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: States of Brazil, State
- **image flag**: Bandeira_de_Goi%C3%A1s.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Goiás.svg
- **image map**: Brazil State Goias.svg
- **map caption**: Location of State of Goiás in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital and Largest City
- **seat**: Goiânia
- **leader title**: Governor (Brazil), Governor
- **leader name**: Marconi Perillo
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **leader name1**: José Eliton
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 340086
- **area rank**: List of Brazilian states by area, 7th
- **population total**: 6,154,996
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population rank**: List of Brazilian states by population, 12th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of Brazilian states by population density, 17th
- **population demonym**: Goiano
- **demographics type1**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2006 estimate
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: R$ 57,091,000,000 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 9th)
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: R$ 9,962 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 12th)
- **demographics type2**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 title1**: Year
- **demographics2 info1**: 2005
- **demographics2 title2**: Category
- **demographics2 info2**: 0.800 – <span style="color:green">high</span> (List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index, 9th)
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 73700-000 to 76790-000
- **timezone1**: Time in Brazil, BRT
- **utc offset1**: -3
- **timezone1 dst**: Time in Brazil, BRST
- **utc offset1 dst**: -2
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BR, BR-GO
- **website**: [http://www.goias.gov.br/ goias.gov.br]
Maranhão

**Maranhão** is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northeastern region of the country. To the north is the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Maranhão shares borders with Piauí, Tocantins and Pará. In the 19th century, the state used plantation slaves to produce cotton for Europe.

Major cities in the state besides the state capital São Luís are Imperatriz, Timon, and Caxias. The Alcantara spaceport is in the north of the state, not far from São Luís.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: State of Maranhão
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: States of Brazil, State
- **image flag**: Bandeira do Maranhão.svg
- **image shield**: Brasão_do_Maranhão.png
- **image map**: Brazil State Maranhao.svg
- **map caption**: Location of State of Maranhão in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital and Largest City
- **seat**: São Luís, Maranhão, São Luís
- **leader title**: Governor (Brazil), Governor
- **leader name**: Flávio Dino (Brazilian Socialist Party, PSB)
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **leader name1**: Carlos Brandão (Brazilian Social Democracy Party, PSDB)
- **leader title2**: Federal Senate (Brazil), Senators
- **leader name2**: Eliziane Gama (Cidadania)
Roberto Rocha (Brazilian Social Democracy Party, PSDB)
Weverton Rocha (Democratic Labor Party (Brazil), PDT)
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 331983.293
- **area rank**: List of Brazilian states by area, 8th
- **population total**: 6,714,314
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population rank**: List of Brazilian states by population, 10th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of Brazilian states by population density, 16th
- **population demonym**: Maranhense
- **demographics type1**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2006 estimate
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: R$ 28,621,000,000 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 16th)
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: R$ 4,628 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 26th)
- **demographics type2**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 title1**: Year
- **demographics2 info1**: 2005
- **demographics2 title2**: Category
- **demographics2 info2**: 0.683 – <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span> (List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index, 26th)
- **timezone1**: Time in Brazil, BRT
- **utc offset1**: -3
- **timezone1 dst**: Time in Brazil, BRST
- **utc offset1 dst**: -2
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 65000-000 to 65990-000
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BR, BR-MA
- **website**: [http://www.ma.gov.br/ ma.gov.br]
Mato Grosso

**Mato Grosso** is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the western part of the country. Mato Grosso shares borders with the states of Rondônia, Amazonas, Pará, Tocantins, Goiás and Mato Grosso do Sul. It also borders the country Bolivia to the southwest. The name, Mato Grosso, means "thick jungle".

Mato Grosso is the state in Brazil in which the most deforestation of Brazil's part of the Amazon Rainforest has happened. In 1977, the state was split into two halves. This created the new state Mato Grosso do Sul. The Bororo native people live in the Mato Grosso area.

## Cities

There are few cities. The most important ones are:
- Alta Floresta
- Barra do Garças
- Cáceres
- Cuiabá, the capital
- Rondonópolis
- Sinop
- Várzea Grande

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: State of Mato Grosso
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: States of Brazil, State
- **image flag**: Bandeira de Mato Grosso.svg
- **image shield**: Brasão de Mato Grosso.png
- **image map**: Brazil State MatoGrosso.svg
- **map caption**: Location of State of Mato Grosso in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital and Largest City
- **seat**: Cuiabá
- **leader title**: Governor (Brazil), Governor
- **leader name**: Pedro Taques, José Pedro Taques (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, PSDB)
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 903357
- **area rank**: List of Brazilian states by area, 3rd
- **population total**: 3,115,336
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population rank**: List of Brazilian states by population, 19th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of Brazilian states by population density, 25th
- **population demonym**: Mato-grossense
- **demographics type1**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2006 estimate
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: R$ 35,284,000,000 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 15th)
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: R$ 12,350 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 8th)
- **demographics type2**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 title1**: Year
- **demographics2 info1**: 2005
- **demographics2 title2**: Category
- **demographics2 info2**: 0.801 – <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span> (List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index, 11th)
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 78000-000 to 78890-000
- **timezone1**: Time in Brazil, BRT-1
- **utc offset1**: -4
- **timezone1 dst**: Time in Brazil, BRST-1
- **utc offset1 dst**: -3
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BR, BR-MT
Hassium

**Hassium** is a very radioactive and unstable chemical element. It has the symbol **Hs** and it has the atomic number 108. It is a superheavy transuranium element.

Hassium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made in a lab.

## History

Hassium was first made in 1984. and **eka-osmium**. It was made at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. The element was named from the Latin name for the German state of Hessen. Hessen is the state that the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung is in. Before it was named Hassium, scientists could not decide what the name should be and there was an element naming controversy. The temporary IUPAC systematic element name was _unniloctium_ meaning "one-zero-eight-ium" referring to its atomic number. The symbol with the name was _Uno_. In 1994 a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 108 be named _hahnium_. The name hassium was adopted internationally in 1997.

## Chemistry

Isotope 270 of Hassium was found in December 2006. An international team of scientists led by the Technical University of Munich discovered it. It is a doubly magic isotope and it has a long half-life of 22 seconds. Scientists had thought that heavy and stable isotopes should exist. Some theories said Hassium-270 may be part of an island of stability. Hassium can oxidise like osmium, the element above it in the periodic table, into hassium tetroxide. Chemists found that is less volatile than osmium tetroxide.

## Other websites

- WebElements.com - Hassium
- Apsidium - Hs
Roraima

**Roraima** is one of the states of Brazil. It is in the northern part of the country. It shares borders with the states of Pará and Amazonas, as well as the countries Venezuela and Guyana. Roraima is both the northernmost and least populated state of Brazil.

## Geography

The climate is tropical with an average temperature of 26 °C. Most of the state is in the Amazon rainforest. A small part of the state is a small strip of savanna to the east. The state has many mineral deposits - especially gold, diamonds, cassiterite, bauxite and copper. These create constant fights with the native people. The Yanomami are the most well-known of the native people, but they are greatly out-numbered by the Macuxi.

The Monte Roraima National Park is near one of the highest mountains of Brazil, the 9220 ft (2727 m) high table-top Mount Roraima.

## History

In 1943, the federal government separated the area from the state Amazonas. The territory was first named Rio Branco after the main river. In 1962, it was renamed "Roraima." In 1988, it became a state. The name of the state was taken from Monte Roraima, whose name comes from the Pemon words _roroi_ (cyan) and _ma_ (large).

## Other websites

- State government website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: State of Roraima
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: States of Brazil, State
- **image flag**: Bandeira de Roraima.svg
- **image shield**: Brasão de Roraima.jpg
- **image map**: Brazil State Roraima.svg
- **map caption**: Location of State of Roraima in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital and Largest City
- **seat**: Boa Vista
- **leader title**: Governor (Brazil), Governor
- **leader name**: José de Anchieta Júnior
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 224298.98
- **area rank**: List of Brazilian states by area, 14th
- **population total**: 469,524
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population rank**: List of Brazilian states by population, 27th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of Brazilian states by population density, 27th
- **population demonym**: Roraimense
- **demographics type1**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2006 estimate
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: R$ 3,660,000,000 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 27th)
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: R$ 9,075 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 13th)
- **demographics type2**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 title1**: Year
- **demographics2 info1**: 2005
- **demographics2 title2**: Category
- **demographics2 info2**: 0.750 – <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span> (List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index, 18th)
- **timezone1**: Time in Brazil, BRT-1
- **utc offset1**: -4
- **timezone1 dst**: Time in Brazil, BRST-1
- **utc offset1 dst**: -3
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BR, BR-RR
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 69300-000 to 69399-000
- **website**: [http://www.rr.gov.br/ rr.gov.br]
Final Fantasy IX

***Final Fantasy IX*** is a role-playing video game for the Playstation. It was released in 2000 by Square Enix.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Final Fantasy IX
- **developer**: Square (company), Square
Silicon Studio, Silicon Studio Thailand (iOS, Android, PC)
Guld Studio (PS4)
- **director**: Hiroyuki Ito
- **programmer**: Hiroshi Kawai
- **artist**: Hideo Minaba
- **writer**: Hironobu Sakaguchi
- **composer**: Nobuo Uematsu
- **series**: _Final Fantasy_
- **platforms**: PlayStation (console), PlayStation, iOS, Android (operating system), Android, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4
- **genre**: Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
Final Fantasy (video game)

**Final Fantasy** is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix.  It was released in 1987.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Final Fantasy
- **developer**: Square Co., Ltd.
- **publisher**: <sup>**Japan, JPN**</sup> Square Co., Ltd.
<sup>**North America, NA**</sup> Nintendo, Nintendo of America
- **designer**: Hironobu Sakaguchi <small>(original concept, game director)</small>
Masafumi Miyamoto <small>(game producer)</small>
Yoshitaka Amano <small>(character designer)</small>
Kenji Terada <small>(scenario writer)</small>
Nobuo Uematsu <small>(Video game music, music)</small>
Nasir Gebelli <small>(programmer)</small>
- **series**: _Final Fantasy_ series
- **genre**: Role-playing game
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Nintendo Entertainment System
- **italic title**: no
Final Fantasy II

***Final Fantasy II*** is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. Instead of getting stronger by getting points by killing monsters and using these to gain levels, for each attack you make there is a chance a stat (strength, health, agility...) will be increased.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Final Fantasy II
- **width**: 300px
- **developer**: Square (company), Square
- **publisher**: Square
- **director**: Hironobu Sakaguchi
- **producer**: Masashi Miyamoto, Masafumi Miyamoto
- **programmer**: Nasir Gebelli
- **artist**: Yoshitaka Amano
- **composer**: Nobuo Uematsu
- **series**: _Final Fantasy_
- **genre**: Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
Final Fantasy III

***Final Fantasy III*** is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. Final Fantasy III is notably the first Final Fantasy game to make use of the job feature. For each battle you win you get points, you can spend these points on job classes, each job class has different commands in its menu during battle.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Final Fantasy III
- **developer**: Square (company), Square
- **director**: Hironobu Sakaguchi
- **producer**: Masashi Miyamoto, Masafumi Miyamoto
- **programmer**: Nasir Gebelli
- **artist**: Yoshitaka Amano
- **composer**: Nobuo Uematsu
- **series**: _Final Fantasy_
- **genre**: Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer <small>(remake only)</small>
Final Fantasy IV

***Final Fantasy IV*** is a fantasy role-playing video game. It was made in 1991 by Squaresoft, now called Square Enix. It was first played on the Super Famicom in Japan, and Super Nintendo in the United States. It was called _Final Fantasy II_ when it was on the Super Nintendo. You can also play it on the Sony PlayStation, Wonderswan Color, Game Boy Advance, and Nintendo DS (with 3D graphics).

The most important person in the game is Cecil. He is a Dark Knight for the Kingdom of Baron. You help Cecil beat Golbez, an evil person who steals strong crystals from the world. Many different people help Cecil out during the game.

_Final Fantasy IV_ helped make later _Final Fantasy games_. This was the first game to use an Active Time Battle, where players and enemies take turns to fight instead of having all players fight at the same time. The player makes the character do actions in real-time. This way of playing was also used in later _Final Fantasy_ games.

## Importance

_Final Fantasy IV_ did quite a lot to impact role-playing video games. It introduced battles fought using Square-Enix's ATB system and had great graphics for the time.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Final Fantasy IV
- **developer**: Square (company), Square
- **director**: Hironobu Sakaguchi
- **designer**: Takashi Tokita
- **programmer**: Ken Narita
- **artist**: Yoshitaka Amano
- **composer**: Nobuo Uematsu
- **series**: _Final Fantasy_
- **genre**: Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer