juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Vesta (mythology)

**Vesta** was the virgin goddess of the hearth, home, and family in Roman mythology. She rarely appeared in art, as her presence was symbolized by the sacred fire that burned at her temple. The temple was forbidden to all except her priestesses, the Vestal Virgins. The Roman equivalent of the Greek Hestia, Vesta was seen to protect everything that was most important to people's survival. She was not a central figure of many myths. The lack of an easy source of fire in the early Roman community placed a special premium on the ever-burning hearth fire, both publicly and privately maintained; thus, from the earliest times Vesta was assured of a prominent place in both family and state worship. Her worship was observed in every household along with that of the Penates and the Lares, and her image was sometimes encountered in the household shrine.(1)

The state worship of Vesta was much more elaborate. Her sanctuary was traditionally a circular building, in imitation of the early Italian round hut and symbolic of the public hearth. The Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum was of great antiquity and underwent many restorations and rebuildings in both republican and imperial times. There burned the perpetual fire of the public hearth attended by the Vestal Virgins. This fire was officially extinguished and renewed annually on March 1 (originally the Roman new year), and its extinction at any other time, either accidentally or not, was regarded as a portent of disaster to Rome.(2)

The asteroid 4 Vesta is named for her.

## Other websites

References(sorry...on my cell, someone else will have to tidy up....
For (1) & (2) Britannica.com
Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers

|2 Pallas|March 28 1802|
| --- | --- |
|4 Vesta|March 29 1807|

**Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers** (October 11, 1758 – March 2, 1840) was a German astronomer, physician and physicist.
Minstrel

A **minstrel** was a composer of the medieval time period. Other names for them are minnesinger, troubadour and trouvere. A minstrel was also a name for black musicians in America of the 19th century and white musicians who appeared in blackface.
Gnathostomata

**Gnathostomata** is the group of vertebrates with jaws.

The group was meant to include all jawed fish, but in modern fashion it also includes all the tetrapods as well, since they evolved from jawed fish. It is the sister group of the Agnatha, the jawless vertebrates.

The Gnathostomata first appeared in the Ordovician period and became diverse in the Devonian period, the 'Age of Fishes'. Land vertebrates appeared in the Carboniferous period.

## Subgroups

- Chondrichthyes cartilaginous fish
- Acanthodii† 'spiny sharks'
- Placoderms† armoured fish
- Osteichthyes bony fish
    - Actinopterygii ray-finned fish
    - Sarcopterygii lobe-finned fish and land vertebrates (tetrapods)
Flag of Mali

The **flag of Mali** has three equal vertical stripes. Starting from the flagpole, the colours are green, gold, and red, which are part of the pan-African colours.

The flag became official on March 1, 1961. The original flag became official on April 4, 1959, when Mali joined the Mali Federation. This flag was the same, but the golden stripe had a human "stick figure", called a _kanaga_, in black, with its arms pointing to the sky. The figure was removed because of an Islamic belief against making pictures of humans. (Mali is about 95% Muslim.)
Coat of arms of Mali

On 20 October, 1973, the **coat of arms of the Republic of Mali** was made. The motto of the Republic of Mali is "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" (One People, One Goal, One Faith).

The coat of arms of the Republic of Mali is a circle. There is a light blue background:
- in the middle, the Mosque of Djenné, in gold
- above the mosque, a flying vulture, in gold
- below, the rising sun, in gold
- in front of the sun, two bows bent by their arrow, in white
- in the surround, the writings "République du Mali" above and "Un Peuple, Un But, Une Foi" below, in black capital letters.
Le Mali

"**Le Mali**" (English: "The Mali") is the national song of Mali. Seydou Badian Kouyate wrote the words and Banzoumana Sissoko wrote the music. It is known as "**Pour l'Afrique et pour toi, Mali**" (English: "For Africa and for you, Mali") or "**À ton appel Mali**" (English: "At your call, Mali").

It became Mali's national song in 1962 and it is a normal song of love of the country. It is about how the people of Mali would sacrifice their lives for their nation and for freedom. A common theme in the song is wanting to unite Africa. The chorus is written below:

## Lyrics

|French original|English translation|
| --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem>**I** At your call, Mali For your prosperity Loyal towards your destiny We will be all united, One people, one goal, one faith, For a united Africa If the enemy should show himself Inside or outside, Standing on the ramparts, We are ready to die. For Africa and for you, Mali, Our banner shall be liberty. For Africa and for you, Mali, Our fight shall be for unity. Oh, Mali of today, Oh, Mali of tomorrow, The fields are flowering with hope Hearts are thrilling with confidence. **II** Standing town and country Standing women, young and old For the country moving Towards a bright future For our dignity Let us strengthen our ranks well For the public salvation Let us forge the common good Together shoulder to shoulder Let us make the path of happiness **III** The path is hard very hard Which leads to common happiness Courage and dedication Vigilance at all times Truth of ancient times Truth everyday Happiness through labour Will make the Mali of tomorrow **IV** Africa finally rises Let us welcome this new day Let us welcome liberty Let us march towards unity New found dignity Support our fight True to our oath Of making Africa united My brothers standing together All at the appointment of honour </poem>|

### In local languages

|Bambara lyrics|Arabic translation|Alternate Arabic lyrics|Soninké translation|Songhai translation|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|<poem> </poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|

## Other websites

- Mali: _Le Mali_ - Audio of the national anthem of Mali, with information and lyrics (archive link)
- Presidency of Mali: Symboles de la République, L'Hymne National du Mali: history and lyrics, updated 13 June 2003.

## Infobox (anthem)

- **english title**: Mali
- **alt title**: "" or ""
- **en alt title**: "For Africa and for you, Mali"
- **alt title 2**: ""
- **en alt title 2**: "At your call, Mali"
- **prefix**: National
- **author**: Seydou Badian Kouyaté
- **composer**: Banzumana Sissoko
- **adopted**: 9 August 1962
- **sound**: Malian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga
- **sound title**: U.S. Navy Band abridged instrumental version (equivalent to the last four lines of a verse and the chorus)
French Sudan

**French Sudan** (Fr.: _Soudan_) was a colony in French West Africa in actual Mali.

## Existence

It existed at two separate times. The first time was from 1890 to 1899, and the second was from 1920 to 1960. In 1960 it became the independent nation of Mali.

## Beginning

It was created as a French territory on September 9, 1880 and its name was "Upper Senegal".

### Name

The name changed to the "French Sudan Territory" on August 18, 1890, and its capital was Kayes. On October 10, 1899, French Sudan was broken into pieces: 11 southern provinces became part of French Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire and Dahomey. However, two provinces were returned in 1900.

## History

In 1902 the parts of the colony which were not organised into military districts became Senegambia and Niger, then the name changed to Upper Senegal and Niger in 1904. Finally, the old name of French Sudan returned in a reorganisation in 1920.

In 1933, Upper Volta stopped existing (It began again in 1947.) and French Sudan gained some of its provinces.

## Independence

After the October 4, 1958 French vote about the constitution, the "République Soudanaise" joined the French Community, again with the name French Sudan, and it gained complete domestic control on 25 November, 1958.

On April 4, 1959, French Sudan was joined with Senegal to form the Mali Federation. This became fully independent but still inside the French Community on June 20, 1960. This union finished on August 20, 1960, when Senegal left. On 22 September, French Sudan changed its name to the Republic of Mali and left the French Community.

## Infobox (former subdivision)

- **conventional long name**: French Sudan
- **common name**: French Sudan
- **era**: New Imperialism
- **subdivision**: Colony
- **nation**: French West Africa
- **life span**: 1880–1960
- **year start**: 1880
- **event end**: Mali Federation, Federated with Senegal
- **year end**: 1959
- **p1**: Wassoulou Empire
- **p2**: Toucouleur Empire
- **p3**: Kénédougou Kingdom
- **p4**: Mossi Kingdoms
- **s2**: Mali Federation
- **flag s2**: Flag of Mali (1959–1961).svg
- **image flag**: Flag_of_French_Sudan.svg
- **flag**: Flag of French Sudan
- **flag type**:
Flag
- **image map**: French Sudan map.png
- **image map caption**: **Green**: French Sudan
**Lime**: French West Africa
**Gray**: Other French possessions
**Black**: France, French Republic
- **anthem**: La Marseillaise
- **capital**: Bamako<sup>1</sup>
- **stat year1**: 1959
- **stat area1**: 1241238
- **stat pop1**: 4,407,000
- **footnotes**: <sup>1</sup> Kayes (1892–1899)
- **today**: Mali
- **s1**: French West Africa
- **flag s1**: Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg
Cunnilingus

**Cunnilingus** is when a person has oral sex with a female. They lick their (the female) sex organs with their lips and tongue. The word comes from a Latin word for the vulva (_cunnus_) and from the Latin word for tongue (_lingua_).

The clitoris is the main part of a female's sex organs that brings the most feeling. Often, a female reaches an orgasm during cunnilingus.

In the past, some thought cunnilingus to be taboo (bad). People in some countries still think of it as taboo. However, many people in western and other cultures have oral sex.
Agnatha

The **Agnatha** is an infraphylum of fish. It is paraphyletic. This means it is a convenient catch-all term, which does not follow the rules of cladistics.

For example, most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group (ancestral group) of gnathostomes. But according to the rules, one sister group should not contain ancestors of another sister group.

The living Agnatha (lampreys and hagfish) are known as cyclostomes. Recent molecular data from rRNA, and from mtDNA, show that these living agnathans  are monophyletic. There are about 100 species. Hagfish are vertebrates but do not have vertebrae. It is believed that they lost their vertebrae during their lifestyle adaptations.

The lifestyle of the lamprey (an ectoparasite on other fish) and hagfish (a scavenger) means that they are not typical of the fossil groups, which were free-swimming and often armoured.

## Classification

- Agnatha: the jawless fish. Cambrian to present day.
    - †Pteraspids: the head-shields
    - Anaspids: gills opened as holes. Silurian to end-Devonian.
        - †Cephalaspids: early jawless fish
        - Cyclostomes: Lampreys and Hagfish
    - †Osteostraci: bony-armoured jawless fish.

### Anatomy

Agnathans do not have jaws, and have a cartilaginous skeleton. There is a notochord in both larvae and adults. They do not have  paired fins. They have seven or more paired gill pouches.

Agnatha have no identifiable stomach and are cold-blooded. The heart is simple, with two chambers.

### Physiology

There is a light-sensitive pineal eye. Fertilization and development of young are both outside the body, and there is no parental care.

## Fossil agnathans

The oldest fossil agnathans are found in Cambrian deposits.

Many Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian agnathans were armoured with heavy bony-spiky plates. The first armoured agnathans were the Ostracoderms ("shell-skinned"). By the upper Silurian the agnathans had reached the high point of their evolution. They declined in the Devonian and never recovered.
Henry Cavendish

**Henry Cavendish** FRS (10 October 1731-24 February 1810) was a British scientist. He is famous for discovering hydrogen. Cavendish measured the Earth's mass, density and gravitational constant with the Cavendish experiment.  He studied at Peterhouse, which is part of the University of Cambridge, but he left without graduating.

He built a laboratory in his father's house in London, where he worked for nearly fifty years, but he only published about 20 scientific papers. Even so, he is regarded as one of the greatest scientists of his time.

Cavendish claimed that the force between the two electrical objects gets smaller as they get further apart. If the distance between them doubled, the force would be one quarter what it was before.  This was the basis of the inverse-square law. He explained the concept of electric potential, which he called "the degree of electrification". He developed the thought of all points on a good conductor's surface have the same potential energy beside a common reference point. Having no way to measure electric current, he used his body as a machine which measures strength of electric current. All Cavendish's explorations in his notebook was found and confirmed by James Clerk Maxwell.

Cavendish’s electrical papers from the _Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London_ have been reprinted, together with most of his electrical manuscripts, in _The Scientific Papers of the Honourable Henry Cavendish, F.R.S._ (1921).
Sponge (tool)

A **sponge** is a tool that is used for cleaning and washing. The sponge is made of a special material, with many holes. By rubbing the sponge against dirty surfaces, the dirt can be removed.

Today, there are also artificial sponges.

## Natural sponges for cleaning

Most natural sponges used for cleaning today come from the Mediterranean and the Caribbean. Today Izmir and Tripolis are the main markets where natural sponges are sold.

### Antibiotic compounds

Sponges have medicinal potential. This is because of antimicrobial compounds in either the sponge itself or their microbial symbionts.

## Dolphin use sponges

Bottlenose dolphins have been seen using live sponges. This was in Shark Bay. Shark bay is in Western Australia. The behaviour has only been observed in the bay. Most likely adult dolphins teach it to their children. The only other marine mammals that use tools are Sea otters.
Tyne and Wear

**Tyne and Wear** is a metropolitan county in North East England.

It was created in 1974, and consists of the five metropolitan boroughs:
- On the north bank of the River Tyne
    - Newcastle
    - North Tyneside
- On the south bank of the River Tyne
- Gateshead
- South Tyneside
- Spanning the River Wear
    - Sunderland

Like all metropolitan counties, the county council was abolished in 1986, and its functions given either to the individual boroughs or shared by new joint committees of the five boroughs.

Schools are now controlled by each borough. The fire brigade is one of several services run on a county-wide basis by a committee made up of members from each borough.

The people from Sunderland and the people from Newcastle did not like being joined in one county. The Royal Commission that recommended changing the county councils of England could not even find a name that the people of the two place liked. Their report just called the new county "area D".

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Tyne and Wear
- **image caption**: The Angel of the North, Souter Lighthouse in Whitburn, Tyne and Wear, Whitburn, and the River Tyne between Gateshead and Newcastle.
- **locator map**: Tyne and Wear UK locator map 2010.svg
- **map caption**: Tyne and Wear within England
- **region**: North East England, North East
- **established date**: 1974
- **established by**: Local Government Act 1972
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of Tyne and Wear
- **lord lieutenant name**: Lucy Winskell
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff
- **high sheriff name**: Joanne Jane Curry (2025-2026)
- **ethnicity year**: 2011 United Kingdom census, 2011
- **gss code**: E11000007
- **nuts code**: TLC22/23
- **districts map**:
- **districts key**: Metropolitan borough, Metropolitan districts
- **districts list**: # Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead, Gateshead
# City of Sunderland, Sunderland
- **police**: Northumbria Police
- **largest city**: Newcastle upon Tyne
- **mps**: List of parliamentary constituencies in Tyne and Wear, 11 MPs
Osteichthyes

**Osteichthyes** are a taxonomic superclass of fish, also called _bony fish_, that includes the ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) and lobe finned fish (Sarcopterygii). The split between these two classes occurred around 440 million years ago.  The Osteichthyes are paraphyletic with land vertebrates. This is why some classification schemes put the tetrapods into the Osteichthyes.  Osteichthyes are the most various group of vertebrates, consisting of over 29,000 species, making them the largest superclass of vertebrates in existence today.

## Taxonomy

Osteichthyes has two classes. They are the Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii.

- Actinopterygii – these are the **ray-finned fishes**.
- Sarcopterygii – these are the **lobe-finned fishes**. There are only a few sarcopterygians that are still alive today. Most of them have gone extinct.
Alexey Ekimyan

**Alexey Ekimyan** (,  (10 April 1927, Baku - 24 April 1982, Moscow) was a famous Armenian-Russian composer, and author of popular songs. Ekimyan was also a General of Soviet militsia (police) and was the head of Criminal Investigation Department of Moscow region. He was considered the only popular composer in the world who ruled a law-enforcement department at the same time. Ekimyan awarded by the _"Renowned Master of the Arts"_ Armenian SSR official title.

Ekimyan's first song for the Moscow International Festival (1957) was approved by Vano Muradeli ("I don't know if you would become a general, but you would become a composer!"). His songs were performed and recorded by prominent Soviet singers that include Lyudmila Zykina, Iosif Kobzon, Lusine Zakaryan. Some hits by Ekimyan were chosen for the "Song of the Year" all-Soviet festivals during the 1970s-'80s.

The documentary film-concert "Paths of My Memory" (1979, 27 min.) by Yerevan Studio is dedicated to the Alexey Ekimyan.

Ekimyan died on April 24, 1982. He is buried in Yerevan, Armenia.

## Discography

- Artashes Avetyan sings: songs by Alexey Ekimyan, U.S.S.R.: Melodiya, 1978 (LP). C60-10619-20
- Alexey Ekimyan. Beregite druzey..., Russia: Melodia, 2006 (CD)
- Alexey Ekimyan. Vot i vstretilis, Russia: Melodia, 2007 (CD)

## Other websites

- Alexey Ekimyan's biography (in Russian)
Mikael Tariverdiev

**Mikael Tariverdiev** (15 August 1931, Tbilisi, Georgia – 24 June 1996, Sochi, Russia) was a prominent Soviet composer. He was born of Armenian parents in Georgia but lived in Russia.

He is an author of over 100 romances and 2 operas. But most of all he is known for his music in many popular Soviet movies.

Mikael Tariverdiev was a recipient of multiple awards, including the USSR State Prize (1977) and the prize of the American Academy of Music (1975). He was made People's Artist of Russia in 1986.

The Best Music prize at the largest Russian national film festival Kinotaur is named after Tariverdiev.

## Other websites

- Tariverdiev.Ru
Bergen

**Bergen** is the second largest city and municipality in Norway. The city has a population of 275,000 in the municipality, and 238,098 in the urban area. Bergen was a county until 1972, when it was merged with Hordaland. The old wharf _Bryggen_ is a World Heritage Site.

Bergen is on the west coast of Norway, and it exports a lot of fish. It has a temperate oceanic climate, with high rainfall every month.

The mayor, Marit Warncke, is elected until late 2027.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bergen
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **image skyline**: Bryggen, Bergen, Noruega, 2019-09-08, DD 114.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: Bryggen
- **image flag**: Flag of Bergen, Norway.svg
- **image seal**: Bergen våpen.svg
- **pushpin map**: Norway
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: County
- **subdivision name1**: Vestland
- **area total km2**: 445.0
- **population total**: 286,930
- **population as of**: January 1, 2022
- **population density km2**: 644.8
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 5003–5098
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: 4601
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:NO, ISO 3166 code
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
1456

## Births

- June 11 – Anne Neville, wife of King Richard III of England
- June 23 - Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland, wife of James III of Scotland (d. 1486)
Winchester

**Winchester** is a city in the county of Hampshire, England. It was the capital of Saxon England. It is the home of Winchester College, the oldest continually living public school in England. Winchester was made the capital city of Wessex by King Egbert in 827, and later made the capital of England. It is around 10 miles from neighbouring city, Southampton.
Axial tilt

In astronomy, **axial tilt** is the angle between a planet's rotational axis at its north pole and a line perpendicular to the orbital plane of the planet. It is also called **axial inclination** or **obliquity**. The axial tilt of Earth is the cause of seasons like summer and winter on Earth.

## Axial tilt of bodies in the Solar System

- Sun 7.25 (to the Ecliptic)
- Mercury ~0.01
- Venus 177.4
- Earth 23.439281
- Moon 1.5424
- Mars 25.19
- Ceres ~4
- Jupiter 3.13
- Saturn 26.73
- Uranus 97.77
- Neptune 28.32
- Pluto 119.61

## Axial tilt of Venus, Uranus, Pluto

The axial tilts of Venus, Uranus and Pluto are greater than 90 degrees for the following reasons:

- **Venus**: Venus is rotating very slowly in a retrograde direction, opposite to the direction of planets like Earth. The north pole of Venus is pointed 'down' (southward); hence the angle between the rotational axis of Venus passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 177.4 degrees. There are various theories as to why this is. Its rotation and lack of a moon may be explained by gigantic impacts early in its life.

- **Uranus**: Uranus, the blue planet, rotates on its side. One result of this axis orientation is that, averaged over the Uranian year, the polar regions get more energy from the Sun than its equatorial regions. Nevertheless, Uranus is colder at its poles than at its equator. What causes this is unknown. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is also not known for sure, but the usual idea is that during the formation of the Solar System, an Earth-sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation.
- **Pluto**: Like Uranus, Pluto's rotational axis and north pole are pointed slightly downward (southward). Hence the angle between Pluto's rotational axis passing through its north pole and the line perpendicular to its orbital plane is 119.61 degrees.

## Related pages

- Stellar precession
Hydrostatic equilibrium

**Hydrostatic equilibrium** happens when the pull of gravity is balanced by a pressure gradient which creates a pressure-gradient force in the other direction. The balance of these two forces is known as the **hydrostatic balance**. It flattens the surface of undisturbed liquids.
Right ascension

**Right ascension** (abbreviated **RA**; symbol **α**) is the astronomical word for one of the two coordinates of a point on the celestial sphere when using the equatorial coordinate system. It is the celestial counterpart to longitude. The other coordinate is the declination.

The moon, planets and stars all have their own right ascension. Many of them are listed in an almanac. Using arithmetic, the object’s right ascension and declination indicate where to look in the sky to see the object.

## Related pages

- Sidereal time
Declination

**Declination** (abbrev. **dec** or **δ**) is a word used in astronomy to describe one of the two coordinates of the equatorial coordinate system, the other being either right ascension or hour angle. Dec is comparable to **latitude**, projected onto the celestial sphere, and is measured in degrees north and south of the celestial equator.
Retrograde and direct motion

**Direct motion** is the motion of a planetary body in a direction similar to that of other bodies within its system, and is sometimes called **prograde motion**.

**Retrograde motion** is motion in the opposite direction. In the case of celestial bodies such as the retrograde Carme group of moons, such motion may be real, defined by the natural rotation or orbit of the body.

Every so often a planet _seems_ to change direction and go the other way for a short period of time (in relation to the fixed stars). It makes a "retrograde loop" or squiggle in its track before carrying on as normal. This apparent retrograde motion, however, is only seen because the Earth is moving. It is only seen when outer planets are near opposition.

## Prograde motion in planetary systems

Prograde or direct motion is usually the case. That is because _both the star and its planets formed out of the same disk of gas_. By definition the disk rotates all in the sane direction because gravity links all the objects which are formed by the shrinking of the primordial disk of gas.

All eight planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun in the direction of the Sun's rotation, which is counterclockwise when viewed from above the Sun's north pole. Six of the planets also rotate about their axis in this same direction.

The exceptions – the planets with retrograde rotation – are Venus and Uranus. Venus's axial tilt is 177°, which means it is rotating almost exactly in the opposite direction to its orbit.

Uranus has an axial tilt of 97.77°, so its axis of rotation is approximately parallel with the plane of the Solar System. The reason for Uranus's unusual axial tilt is not known with certainty. During the formation of the Solar System, it is thought an Earth-sized protoplanet collided with Uranus, causing the skewed orientation. But see also Grand tack hypothesis.
Planetesimal

**Planetesimals** are small, solid objects thought to exist in protoplanetary disks around a young or forming star. Planetesimals are created when dust particles collide.
Achondrite

An **achondrite** is a stony meteorite that is made of material similar to terrestrial basalts or plutonic rocks. Compared to the chondrites, they have all been differentiated and reprocessed to a lesser or greater degree from the effects to melting and recrystallization on or within meteorite parent bodies.
Basalt

**Basalt**  is a common grey to black rock. It is pushed out (extruded) by volcanos. The lava is rich in magnesium and iron.

It has olivine and pyroxene minerals which make it dark in colour. Basalt is usually fine-grained because the lava cools rapidly on the Earth's surface. Flood basalts are commonplace, formed by lava pouring out and solidifying.

On Earth, most basalt magmas have formed by the hot molten mantle. Basalt is a type of intrusive rock meaning it forms inside of the volcano. Basalt has also formed on Earth's Moon, Mars, Venus, and even on the asteroid Vesta.

The crustal portions of oceanic tectonic plates are made mostly of basalt, produced from upwelling mantle below mid-ocean ridges.

Unweathered basalt is black or grey. Basalt blocks are often used for roads and pavements (sidewalks), and for houses and other buildings. It is hard-wearing and heat resistant.

Basalt can be made into fibre. Basalt fibre is often used as a safe replacement for asbestos. Intense heat and pressure can change basalt into its metamorphic rock equivalent. The rocks known as greenstone are basalt which has been metamorphised. See metamorphic rock for more details.
Aswan

**Aswan** (, population 200,000) is a city in the south of Egypt and the capital of the Aswan Governorate. It is on the east bank of the Nile and is a busy market and tourist center.

Aswan is one of the driest places in the world where people live; as of early 2001, the last rain there was 6 years earlier. As of October 13, 2007, the last rainfall was a thunderstorm on May 13, 2006. In Nubian settlements, the people often do not put a roof over all of the rooms in their houses.

About 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) southwest of Aswan is the Aswan International Airport.

## History

Aswan is the ancient city of **Swenett**. At a later time it was called **Syene**. In antiquity it was the frontier town of Ancient Egypt facing the south. Swenett is supposed to have derived its name from an Egyptian goddess with the same name. This goddess later was identified as Eileithyia by the Greeks and Lucina by the Romans during their occupation of Ancient Egypt. This is because both goddesses were associated with childbirth. In this context, the name was translated as "the opener". The ancient name of the city also is said to be derived from the Egyptian symbol for "trade", or "market".

The Ancient Egyptians oriented themselves toward the origin of the life-giving waters of the Nile in the south. Swenett was the southernmost town in the country. Egypt always was seen as  "opening" or beginning at Swenett. The city was on a peninsula on the right (east) bank of the Nile, immediately below (and north of) the first cataract of the flowing waters, which extended to it from Philae. Navigation to the delta was possible from this location without a barrier.

The stone quarries of ancient Egypt were located here. They were celebrated for their stone, and especially for the granitic rock called syenite. They furnished the colossal statues, obelisks, and monolithic shrines that are found throughout Egypt, including the pyramids; and the traces of the quarrymen who worked (alongside domesticated draft animals) in these 3,000 years ago are still visible in the native rock. They lie on either bank of the Nile, and a road,  in length, was cut beside them from Syene to Philae.

Swenett was also important as a military station and for its position on a trade route. Under every dynasty it was a garrison town; and here tolls and customs were levied on all boats passing southwards and northwards. Around 330, the legion stationed here received a bishop from Alexandria; this later became the Coptic Diocese of Syene. Many ancient weitere mention the city . Among them are Herodotus, Strabo, Stephanus of Byzantium, Ptolemy, Pliny the Elder, Vitruvius, and it appears on the Antonine Itinerary. It may also be mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel and the Book of Isaiah.

The Nile is nearly  wide above Aswan. From this frontier town to the northern extremity of Egypt, the river flows for more than  without bar or cataract. The voyage from Aswan to Alexandria usually took 21 to 28 days in favorable weather.

On 12 November 2021, many scorpions invaded the city as a result of flooding and strong winds in the city. Over 500 people were stung.

## Related pages

- Aswan Dam
Carl Barks

**Carl Barks** (March 27, 1901 – August 25, 2000) was a famous cartoonist. He was the inventor of Scrooge McDuck, the Beagle Boys, Gyro Gearloose and many other Walt Disney characters. He was often called the most important artist in Disney comics.

Carl Barks was born on March 27, 1901, near Merrill, Oregon, as part of a farming family. At the age of 10, he became interested in art for the first time. When he was 15, his mother died, and he began to help his father on the family's farm. In 1935, he took a contract with Disney and started as one of the studio's artists. Some months later, he become a part of Ted Sears "Story Department" at the Disney studios, where he wrote more than two dozen stories for short films with Donald Duck and other characters until 1942.

In 1942 he went to "Western Publishing". There he started drawing comics with Donald Duck and later with other characters - most of them he created by himself. He held this job until 1966, when he retired.

By the early 1990s, Carl Barks had become a comic legend. In 1994, at the age of 93, for the first time in his long life, he traveled to Europe and visited around a dozen countries. Some months earlier, his third wife, Margaret, called Garé, had died at the age of 75.

In 1999, leukemia began to destroy Barks' body. The _Duck Man_ died, aged 99, on August 25, 2000, at his home in Grants Pass, Oregon.
Ripon

**Ripon** is a small cathedral city in North Yorkshire, England. In the 2001 census Ripon had a population of 15,922. In England only Wells, Ely and the City of London are smaller.

Ripon was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. It stayed a borough in the West Riding of Yorkshire until 1974. Under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a parish in the borough of Harrogate, North Yorkshire. Because it is an urban (town) parish Ripon can call its parish council Ripon City Council, the chairman of its parish council is called the City Mayor.

## Other websites

- Photos of Ripon and surrounding area
- Ripon Tourist, Community and Business Information
- Ripon Tourist Information and Business Directory
- Ripon & District Amateur Radio Society
- Ripon Cathedral
- The Ripon Gazette
- A history of the choristers of Ripon Cathedral
- Newby Hall Cricket Club - Nurturing the future of cricket

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: City of Ripon
- **country**: England
- **region**: Yorkshire and the Humber
- **static image**: Fountains Abbey, Ripon.jpg
- **static image caption**: Fountains Abbey at Ripon
- **static image 2**: Ripon COA.png
- **static image 2 width**: 100px
- **static image 2 caption**: Arms of Ripon City Council
- **population**: 15,922
- **population ref**: (United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 census)
- **os grid reference**: SE312714
- **label position**: bottom
- **post town**: RIPON
- **postcode area**: HG
- **postcode district**: HG4
- **dial code**: 01765
- **constituency westminster**: Skipton and Ripon (UK Parliament constituency), Skipton & Ripon
- **civil parish**: Ripon
- **shire district**: Harrogate (borough), Harrogate
- **shire county**: North Yorkshire
- **website**: http://www.ripon.org/
Ripon (disambiguation)

**Ripon** is a city in North Yorkshire, England.

**Ripon** or **Rippon** may also refer to:

## Places

- Canada
- Ripon, Quebec

- United States
- Ripon, California
- Ripon, Wisconsin
- Ripon (town), Wisconsin
- Rippon Lodge, a historic building in Woodbridge, Virginia

- Australia
- Rippon Lea Estate, a historic property in Elsternwick, Victoria
- Ripponlea, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne

## Other uses

- Ripon College, several
- Blackburn Ripon, an aircraft
- George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon (Lord Ripon), Viceroy of India
What's It Gonna Be

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|What's It Gonna Be|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"|Digital cover|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|July 29 2003r.|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|3:35|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé Knowles, Lashaun Owens, Karrim Mack, Corte Ellis, Larry Troutman, Roger Troutman, Kandice Love|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Crazy in Love (2003r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>What's It Gonna Be </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Baby Boy (2003r.)</small>|
***What's It Gonna Be*** is a single by Beyoncé from the Japanese edition of her debut album _Dangerously in Love_ (2003), the bonus CD of her first DVD _Live at Wembley_ (2004), and the Wal-Mart edition of Destiny's Child's fourth studio album _Destiny Fulfilled_ (2004). A 7" promo single containing three different versions of the song plus three different versions of Faith Evans' cover of Donna Summer's 1978 "Heaven Knows" (which was part of the official soundtrack to _The Fighting Temptations_) was released. The song was used in Knowles' adds for L'Oréal.

## Track listing

- **7" promo single**
Side A:
1. "Heaven Knows" (Main Edit) – Faith Evans
1. "Heaven Knows" (Instrumental) – Faith Evans
1. "Heaven Knows" (A Cappella) – Faith Evans

Side B:
1. "What's It Gonna Be" (Main Edit)
1. "What's It Gonna Be" (Instrumental)
1. "What's It Gonna Be" (A Cappella)
Senegal River

The **Senegal River** is a river in West Africa. It is 1,800 km long and is the border between Senegal and Mauritania. Pliny the Elder called it _Bambotus_ (from a word meaning "hippopotamus") and Claudius Ptolemy called it _Nias_. Hanno the Carthaginian went to the river in about 450 BC when he was going from Carthage to Mount Cameroon in the Gulf of Guinea. Carthage was destroyed in 146 BC, but before that time there was probably trade from here to the Mediterranean Sea.

The Semefé River and Bafing River meet in Bafoulabé and this forms the Senegal River. The Semefé and Bafing rivers' sources are in Guinea. The Bafing River flows through Mali and the Semefé is the Mali-Senegal border.

Near the river's mouth, the Senegal goes through Biffeche and there is an island in the river. The city of Saint-Louis is on this island. The river then turns south. There is a thin line of sand and this separates the river from the Atlantic Ocean. The line of sand is called the Langue de Barbarie. After this, the river enters the Atlantic Ocean. The river has two large dams: the Manantali Dam in Mali, and the Maka-Diama Dam on the Mauritania-Senegal border, near the sea. The Manantali Dam makes a reservoir. The Maka-Diama Dam stops salt water going deep into the countryside.

The Senegal River takes its water from 483,181 km² of land. About 8 000 000 km³ of water goes along the river every year. The Faleme River, Karakoro River, and Gorgol River join the Senegal River.

In 1972, Mali, Mauritania and Senegal made the Organisation pour la mise en valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS). This organisation manages the land around the river. Guinea joined this organisation in 2005.

## Other websites

- Map of the Senegal River basin
- Hydrology of Senegal (Powerpoint presentation)
Diprotodont

The **Diprotodontia** is a large order of about 120 Australasian marsupial mammals. It includes the kangaroos, wallabies, possums, koala, wombats, and many others.

Extinct members include the giant Diprotodon family, and _Thylacoleo_, the so-called "marsupial lion".

## Classification

**Order DIPROTODONTIA**

- Family †Thylacoleonidae (marsupial lions)

- **Suborder Vombatiformes**
    - Family Phascolarctidae: Koala (1 species)
    - Family Vombatidae: wombats (3 species)
    - Family †Diprotodontidae
- **Suborder Phalangeriformes**
    - Superfamily Phalangeroidea
        - Family Phalangeridae: brushtail possums and cuscuses
        - Family Burramyidae: pygmy possums
    - Superfamily Petauroida
        - Family Tarsipedidae:  Honey possum
        - Family Petauridae (Striped possum, Leadbeater's possum, Yellow-bellied Glider, Sugar glider, Mahogany glider, Squirrel glider)
        - Family Pseudocheiridae: ringtailed possums and allies
        - Family Acrobatidae: (Feathertail glider and Feather-tailed possum)
- **Suborder Macropodiformes**
    - Family Macropodidae: kangaroos, wallabies and allies
    - Family Potoroidae: bettongs, potaroos and rat-kangaroos
    - Family Hypsiprymnodontidae: Musky rat-kangaroo

† means extinct family, genus or species.
Live in Atlanta

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Live in Atlanta|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"|http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Dc001-lg.jpg(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/Dc001-lg.jpg) , CD side cover|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|March 28, 2006 February 20, 2007<small>(Blu-ray)</small>|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|110 min|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia Records|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Sharon Ali, Mathew Knowles, Destiny's Child|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Number 1's (2005)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Live in Atlanta </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small> </small>|
***Destiny's Child: Live in Atlanta*** features Destiny's Child performing live in Atlanta, Georgia at Philips Arena on July 15, 2005 during their _Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin' It_ tour which sponsored by McDonald's, it was also known as the last tour of Destiny's Child. It was released on March 28, 2006 in the United States. The DVD debuted at #1 on the _Billboard_ Music DVD charts breaking record sales about 500,000 copies at first week, instead of those numbers Nielsen SoundScan tracked sales of 50,000 because the restrictions about retail, international deliveries and e-packages, RIAA already certified the DVD as Platinum.

This was also released as a two-disc CD but only in Japan.

## Track listing

|#|Title|Time|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1.|Intro/Overture|2:38|
|2.|"Say My Name"|4:30|
|3.|"Independent Women Part I"|3:01|
|4.|"No, No, No Part 2"|1:38|
|5.|"Bug A Boo"|2:12|
|6.|"Bills, Bills, Bills"|1:32|
|7.|"Bootylicious"|1:05|
|8.|"Jumpin' Jumpin'"|1:21|
|9.|"Soldier" Dance Interlude|4:31|
|10.|"Soldier" (featuring T.I. and Lil Wayne)|5:09|
|11.|Dancer Break|1:40|
|12.|"Dilemma" (featuring Kelly Rowland)|4:56|
|13.|"Do You Know" (Michelle Williams)|5:26|
|14.|Beyoncé Intro|2:07|
|15.|"Baby Boy" (featuring Beyoncé)|3:31|
|16.|"Naughty Girl" (featuring Beyoncé)|2:32|
|17.|Band Introduction|2:36|
|18.|"Cater 2 U"|3:11|
|19.|"Cater 2 U" Dance Sequence|6:54|
|20.|"Girl"|5:15|
|21.|"Free"|3:40|
|22.|"If"|1:29|
|23.|"Through with Love" (featuring The Choir)|3:41|
|24.|Bad Habit (featuring Kelly Rowland)|3:08|
|25.|Dancer Ballet Break|1:18|
|26.|"Dangerously in Love 2" (featuring Beyoncé)|6:47|
|27.|"Crazy in love" (featuring Beyoncé)|4:12|
|28.|"Salsa Dance Break"|2:03|
|29.|"Survivor"|6:45|
|30.|"Lose My Breath"/Credits <small>(Independent Women)</small>|11:37|
Bambara language

**Bambara** is a language from Mali.  More than 6 000 000 people (including second language users) speak it.  It is called **Bamanankan** in Bambara.  Bambara is very similar to **Dioula**.  Dioula is not spoken by as many people, but it is used in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, and Gambia.  The Bambara language is spoken mainly by people in the Bambara racial group.  About 2,700,000 people are in this group, but Bambara is also used by other racial groups in Mali.

Bambara is in the Manding language family.  These languages are similar to each other.  This family of languages is in a larger language group.  This group is called the Mandé group.  It is an SOV language (Subject-Object-Verb) and it has two tones (pitches).

There are seven vowels: a, e, , i, o,  and u.

Writing started during the period of French rule.  There is not much written work, but there is a lot of oral literature, which is often stories about kings and heroes.  The people who tell these stories are called _Griot_.  They also sing religious songs.  Many of their songs are very old and some people think the songs are as old as the old Mali Empire.

Bambara is a national language of Mali, and it is also the most widely understood language in Mali.

Bambara has many local dialects.  Somono, Segou, San, Beledugu, Ganadugu and Wasulu and Sikasso are some dialects.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Bambara
- **nativename**: Bamanankan
- **states**: Mali
- **region**: central southern Mali and neighboring areas
- **speakers**: 2.8 million
- **date**: 1995
- **ref**: e16
- **speakers2**: Spoken to varying degrees by 80% of the population of Mali
- **familycolor**: Niger-Congo
- **fam1**: Niger–Congo languages, Niger–Congo ?
- **fam2**: Mande languages, Mande
- **fam3**: Western Mande
- **fam4**: ...
- **fam5**: Manding languages, Manding
- **fam6**: East Manding
- **fam7**: Bambara–Dyula
- **iso1**: bm
- **iso2**: bam
- **iso3**: bam
- **script**: N'Ko, Latin script, Latin
Proboscidea

**Proboscidea** (meaning "trunked beast") is an order containing only one familiy of living animals, Elephantidae, the elephants, with three living species (African forest elephant, African bush elephant, and Asian elephant).

During the period of the last ice age there were more species. They included a number of species of the elephant-like mammoths and mastodons.

The oldest proboscidean dates from the early Palaeogene period, over 50 million years ago. The evolution of the elephant-like animals mainly concerned the proportions of the cranium and jaw and the shape of the tusks and molar teeth. These were adaptations to various kinds of vegetable. food

## Families

Present-day elephants are the survivors of a once larger and more varied family.
- Elephantidae
- †Gomphotheriidae
- †Mammutidae
- †Stegodontidae
- †Barytheriidae
- †Deinotheriidae
- †Moeritheriidae
- †Numidotheriidae
- †Palaeomastodontidae
- †Phiomiidae
Adrar des Ifoghas

The **Adrar des Ifoghas** is a sandstone high area in the Kidal Region of Mali.  Is has an area of about 250,000 km².

There are wide, shallow valleys, and many granite rocks.  The Tamesna Plain is to the east.  The Telemsi Fosse is to the west  The low, western part of the Azaouak Valley is to the south.  Tanezrouft is to the north.  Kidal, Aguel'hoc, Boughessa, Essouk and Tessalit are cities in this area.

The Adrar des Ifoghas is called "Adagh" in the local language.  "" is the Berber word for mountain, and "Ifogha" is the short name of a rich Tuareg family.  This family (the "Kel Ifoghas") has been very powerful in this area for a long time.  They are nomads and they eat and sell camels, goats and sheep.

The area has many old archaeological places.  The rock drawings showing men hunting, farming, and looking after cows are very important.  Asselar Man's bones were also found here by Théodore Monod.  Recently, the Adrar des Ifoghas has become popular for hiking.
Kokoreç

**Kokoreç**, or **Kokoretsi** is a meal. It is made of lamb intestines. Intestines of suckling lambs (süt kuzusu) is most favored for this dish. It is not a standard menu item in restaurants. It can be found in any street.

Kokoreç can be cooked in many ways. One way is to cook it similar to Gyros; with a horizontal skewer (see also Rotisserie). The intestine parts are stacked together. This sort can be found in street vendors mostly. The most popular heating method is charcoal fire which gives it an extra rich flavour. After it is cooked, it is cut and put in a half or quarter portion of Turkish bread (somun). Tomatoes or spices can be added to it.

Another way to cook is to cut it after cleaning, mixing it with cut tomatoes and green peppers. After that, it is cooked on a big griddle in large quantities, and then it is added hot red pepper and oregano. It is constantly mixed and cut by the cooker using two spatulas in his hands during cooking. When done, the dish is kept warm.

Kokoreç can be served in many ways. It is usually served as a sandwich in form of Yarım Ekmek Kokoreç (Half-Bread) or Çeyrek Ekmek Kokoreç (Quarter-Bread). At the same time, it could be served without bread, on a plate, as a normal meal. Kokoreç is usually served with Ayran, Beer or Cola.
Ub Iwerks

**Ubbe Ert Iwerks** (March 24, 1901 – July 7, 1971), better known as **Ub Iwerks**, was an American animator. He is best known for creating Mickey Mouse, together with Walt Disney.

Ub Iwerks was born in 1901 in Kansas City. His father Eert Ubbe was an immigrant from Germany. In 1919 he met Walt Disney the first time. Some months later, Disney founded his first studio. Ub Iwerks was his first artist, and at this time the only one. Iwerks was called "the fastest animator" of Hollywood, because he could drew more than 700 pictures a day. In fact, he finished the first Mickey Mouse cartoon which was produced in just two weeks.

Disney and Iwerks often had differences. As a result of this differences, Iwerks left Disney in 1930 and founded his own studio. It closed in 1936, after that, Iwerks worked some months for Columbia Pictures, in 1940 he went back to Walt Disney. He did not draw anymore, but became the head of the "Special Processes Department". There he invented the Multiplane camera. For this camera he was awarded in 1960 with a special Oscar.

At the end of his life, Ub Iwerks worked for popular directors, like Alfred Hitchcock, too. In 1963 he was nominated for his work on _The Birds_ for a second Oscar.

Ub Iwerks died at age 70 in Burbank, California. His sons Don Iwerks and David Iwerks worked for Disney, too. Ub's great grandson, Michael Iwerks, also works at Disney.