juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mario Beccaria

**Mario Beccaria** (18 June 1920 – 22 November 2003) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy Party. He served as mayor of his city and as member of the Chamber of Deputies.

Beccaria died on 22 November 2003, aged 83. In Sant'Angelo Lodigiano it has been dedicated a street to him.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Deputy
- **name**: Mario Beccaria
- **image**: IT deputy mario beccaria before 1976.jpg
- **order**: Mayor of Sant'Angelo Lodigiano
- **term start**: 1960
- **term end**: 1964
- **order2**: Chamber of Deputies (Italy), Deputy
- **term start2**: 1968
- **term end2**: 1976
- **birth place**: Sant'Angelo Lodigiano, Italy
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **profession**: Politician
- **residence**: Sant'Angelo Lodigiano
- **party**: Christian Democracy (Italy), Christian Democracy
Hurricane Patricia

**Hurricane Patricia** of 2015 was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere. The storm was headed for western Mexico. Its winds grew to Category 5 level and reached 215 mph, or 345 km/h. It also had a really low pressure of 872 millibars, or 25.75 inches of mercury.

Patricia had the highest hurricane winds since Hurricane Linda in 1997.

On April 25, 2016, the name _Patricia_ was retired and replaced with _Pamela_.
Typhoon Vera

**Typhoon Vera**, also called the ***Isewan*** **Typhoon**, was a super typhoon that struck Japan in September 1959. It was the strongest and deadliest typhoon ever in the country. It was also a severe setback to the Japanese economy (Japan was still recovering from World War II). Vera's wind speed was .

It was given the name "Vera" by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. It caused extensive damage to Ise Bay (_Isewan_ in Japanese) which is why it is called the Isewan Typhoon in Japan. Overall damage from the storm was ¥600 million. More than 5,000 people lost their lives in the typhoon.
Ricardo Dolz y Arango

**Ricardo Dolz y Arango** (January 3, 1861 - July 5, 1937) was the rector of University of Havana and a member of the World Court.

## Biography

He was born on January 3, 1861 to Juan Norberto Dolz y Guzman and María de la Luz Arango Molina. He was the rector of University of Havana and a member of the World Court in The Hague, Netherlands. He died on July 5, 1937 of a heart attack at his home in Havana, Cuba, at the age of 76.
Damages

In law, **damages** are an award, usually of money. It is to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury.  The rules for damages can and frequently do vary based on the type of claim which is presented (e.g., breach of contract versus a tort claim) and the jurisdiction. Damages are not the same as court costs which includes the costs to bring a legal case to court. The losing party may also have to pay court costs.

## Categories

In common law countries, damages are usually categorized into **compensatory** (or **actual**) **damages**, and **punitive damages**. Compensatory damages are further categorized into special damages and general damages. Special damages include economic losses such as loss of earnings, property damage and medical expenses. General damages are noneconomic damages such as pain and suffering and emotional distress. **Statutory damages** are those required by statute.

### Compensatory damages

Compensatory damages are paid to compensate the claimant for loss, injury, or harm suffered as a result of another's negligence (tort law). Expectation damages are used in contract law. In civil law countries, these are called "ordinary damages" and may be limited to actual loss.

### Punitive damages

Generally, **punitive damages**, which are also termed _exemplary damages_ in the United Kingdom, are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff, but in order to reform or deter the defendant. They are also to intended to be an example to others not to do the same thing. Punitive damages are awarded when it is determined that compensatory damages are not enough. Punitive damages are awarded over and above the amount of compensatory damages, such as in the event of malice or intent. Great judicial restraint is expected to be exercised in their use. In the United States punitive damages awards are subject to the limitations imposed by the due process of law clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

Punitive damages in most civil law countries are not awarded.

### Statutory damages

Statutory damages are an amount stated within the statute rather than calculated based on the degree of harm to the plaintiff. Lawmakers will provide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine the value of the harm to the victim. Someone breaking the law can entitle the victim to a statutory award. This is even if no actual injury happened.

For example, United States Civil Code 18 USC §§2520 provides for statutory damages to victims of various wiretapping offenses.
Equity (law)

In common law countries **equity** is based on a judiciary assessment of fairness. It is what is often what is considered fair and right under natural law. It is used when the laws themselves do not address an issue or are inadequate in some way. Examples of equity decisions include imposing a lien, correcting a property line or ordering someone to do something to prevent damage.

## History

Common law in England can be traced back to the Norman conquest. The laws, such as they were then, did not address every concern. At first, a subject (of the king) had to petition the king to ask to be heard in his court. One of the first instances of this was in 1070 when Lanfranc, the Archbishop of Canterbury had a case against Odo, Earl of Kent, the king's brother. The archbishop petitioned that lands taken by Odo be restored. Rules of equity began when it became apparent that the common law courts could not solve all legal problems. The king set up courts of chancery (equity). By the 1800s the equity courts were becoming obsolete. In 1875 Parliament did away with the chancery courts altogether.

States in New England followed the English tradition of maintaining separate courts for law and equity. Others, however, combined their courts with both types of jurisdiction. This is what Congress did with respect to the US federal courts. United States bankruptcy courts are the one example of US federal courts which operate as courts of equity.

## Other websites

- The Reasons Behind The Creation Of Equity
Commoners

The terms **commoners**, **common people** or the **masses** refers to ordinary people who are members of neither the nobility nor the priesthood. In a system of social classes, they are those without title or rank. Since the 20th century, the term _common people_ has been used in its place. It refers to typical members of society in contrast to those who are highly privileged (in either wealth or influence).

## History

In Europe, a concept of common people started in the classical antiquity of ancient Rome around the 6th century BC. The Roman social division was into patricians (nobles) and plebeians (commoners). The division may have been instituted by King Servius Tullius as an alternative to the previous three noble tribe<nowiki/>s or clans, whose divisions had caused conflict.

The ancient Greeks generally had no concept of class and their leading social divisions were simply non-Greeks, free-Greeks and slaves. With the growth of Christianity in the 4th century AD, a new world view arose in European thinking about social division, which continued until at least early modern times.

Saint Augustine stated that social division was a result of the Fall of Man. The three leading divisions were considered to be the priesthood (clergy), the nobility, and the common people. That would sometimes be expressed as "those who prayed", "those who fought" and "those who worked". The Latin terms for the three classes (_oratores_, _bellatores_ and _laboratores_) are often found even in modern textbooks, and have been used in sources since the 9th century.
Lateral sulcus

The **lateral sulcus** (also called **Sylvian fissure** or **lateral fissure**) is one of the most prominent structures of the human brain.
It divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below. It is in both hemispheres of the brain. A sulcus is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex.

The lateral sulcus first appears around the fourteenth week of gestation.

## Infobox (brain)

- **name**: Lateral sulcus
- **latin**: fissura lateralis cerebri, sulcus lateralis cerebri
- **image**: Lateral sulcus2.png
- **caption**: Lateral sulcus
Principal Skinner

**Principal Walter Seymour Skinner** (born **Armin Tamzarian**) is  a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Harry Shearer. He is the principal of Springfield Elemantary School.

### Name

He was named after the behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner.

## Role in _The Simpsons_

Skinner was a sergeant in the United States Army during the Vietnam War and now he is the principal of Springfield Elementary School. He has developed a love-hate relationship with Bart Simpson.

## Infobox (simpsons character)

- **name**: Seymour Skinner
- **full name**: Seymour Skinner (Armin Tamzarian)
- **gender**: Male
- **hair**: black, later grey
- **job**: Principal of Springfield Elementary School
- **family**: Agnes Skinner (mother)
- **appearance**: "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" (1989)
- **voiceactor**: Harry Shearer (Current)
Leon Bibb

**Leon Bibb** (February 7, 1922 – October 23, 2015) was an American folk singer. He grew up in Kentucky, studied voice in New York, and worked on Broadway. His career began when he became a featured soloist of the Louisville Municipal College glee club as a student. He was known for performing at _Hootenanny_, on _The Ed Sullivan Show_ and performed with Bill Cosby on tours.

He lived in Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada since 1969. He died in Vancouver at the age of 93.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Leon Bibb
- **image**: Leon Bibb 1976.JPG
- **caption**: Bibb in 1976
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Louisville, Kentucky, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
- **death place**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals
- **genre**: Folk music
- **occupation**: Musician
Krunoslav Hulak

**Krunoslav Hulak** (25 May 1951 – 23 October 2015) was a Croatian chess master. He was awarded the International Master title in 1974, and the grandmaster title in 1976. Hulak was born in Osijek, Croatia.

Hulak died in Zagreb, Croatia, aged 64.

## Other websites

- Tužna vijest za hrvatski šah: Bio je omiljen...
Speedway, Indiana

**Speedway** is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. It is the home of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Speedway, Indiana
- **settlement type**: Town
- **nickname**: "Home of the 500"; "Racing Capital of the World"
- **image skyline**: Indianapolis-motor-speedway.jpg
- **image caption**: Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the town of Speedway in 2005
- **image map**: File:Marion County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Speedway Highlighted 1871828.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Marion County, Indiana
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Indiana
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Indiana, County
- **subdivision name2**: Marion County, Indiana, Marion
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Indiana, Township
- **subdivision name3**: Wayne Township, Marion County, Indiana, Wayne
- **leader title**: Town Manager
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: July 14, 1926
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 12.40
- **area land km2**: 12.40
- **area water km2**: 0.01
- **area total sq mi**: 4.79
- **area land sq mi**: 4.79
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 728
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 13952
- **population density sq mi**: 2915.17
- **population density km2**: 1125.55
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 46224
- **area code**: Area code 317, 317
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 18-71828
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2397670
National Informatics Centre

The **National Informatics Centre** (NIC) is a science and technology group that is part of India's government. It is regulated by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

It was founded in 1976. NIC is responsible for providing IT support to Goverment of India and it also maintains the National Portal of India that contains the Constitution of India.

## Website

- Official website of NIC
- National Portal of India
1959 Mexico hurricane

The **1959 Mexico hurricane** was one of only two Category 5 Eastern Pacific hurricanes to make landfall in Mexico. It was first observed south of Mexico on October 23. The storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on October 25 and a Category 4 the following day. The storm later turned toward the northeast and intensified to Category 5 level. It made landfall near Manzanillo, Mexico.

The hurricane caused at least $280 million in damage. More than 1,800 people lost their lives.
Shel Dorf

**Sheldon "Shel" Dorf** (July 5, 1933 – November 3, 2009) was an American comic-strip letterer and freelance artist. He is known for being the founder of the San Diego Comic-Con International. Dorf lettered the _Steve Canyon_ comic strip for the last 12 to 14 years of the strip's run.

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Shel Dorf (2085929919) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Dorf in April 1988
- **birth name**: Sheldon Dorf
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
- **death place**: San Diego, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: People of the United States, American
- **notableworks**: _Steve Canyon_
San Diego Comic-Con International
Amancio Ortega

**Amancio Ortega Gaona** (; born 28 March 1936) is a Spanish fashion businessman. He is the founding chairman of the Inditex fashion group.

He is best known for its chain of Zara clothing and accessories retail shops. He is the second richest person in the world just behind American billionaire Bill Gates, with a net worth of USD $78.6 billion.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Amancio Ortega
- **caption**: Painting Collage By Danor Shtruzman.jpg
- **birth name**: Amancio Ortega Gaona
- **birth place**: Busdongo de Arbás, Province of León, León, Spain
- **nationality**: Spanish
- **known for**: Co-founder of the Inditex group
- **occupation**: Businessman
- **networth**: United States dollar, US$  78.6  1,000,000,000 (number), billion (October 2015)
- **boards**: Inditex <small>(CEO)</small> Daez <small>(Chief operating officer, COO)</small>
- **signature**: Amancio Ortega Gaona signature.png
Brayden McNabb

**Brayden Luke McNabb** (born January 28, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres and Los Angeles Kings.

## Career

Before playing in the NHL, McNabb played parts of 4 seasons with the Kootenay Ice of the Western Hockey League (WHL). McNabb played for Team Canada during the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships and won a gold medal with Canada at the 2008 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament.

He was drafted 66th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Sabres on May 18, 2011. On November 26, 2011, McNabb made his NHL debut in a 5–1 win against the Washington Capitals. On December 26, 2011, he scored his first NHL goal against Tomáš Vokoun of the Washington Capitals in a 4-2 win.

On March 5, 2014, the Sabres traded McNabb, along with Jonathan Parker and two draft picks, to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Hudson Fasching and Nicolas Deslauriers.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Brayden McNabb 2018-02-04 2.jpg
- **caption**: McNabb with the Vegas Golden Knights in 2018.
- **image size**: 230px
- **team**: Vegas Golden Knights
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **former teams**: Buffalo Sabres
Los Angeles Kings
- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lb**: 212
- **birth place**: Davidson, Saskatchewan, Canada
- **draft**: 66th overall
- **draft year**: 2009
- **draft team**: Buffalo Sabres
- **career start**: 2011
Pseudogene

**Pseudogenes** are genes that have lost their function. They have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein. The term was coined in 1977.

Pseudogenes can result from mutations in a gene whose product is not needed for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional. It may be similar to other kinds of non-coding DNA which have a regulatory role.

Most have some gene-like features. They lack protein-coding ability resulting from a variety of disabling mutations, or their inability to encode RNA (such as with rRNA pseudogenes).

Pseudogenes are generally thought of as the last stop for genomic material that is to be removed from the genome, so they are often labeled as junk DNA. Pseudogenes contain fascinating biological and evolutionary histories in their sequences. This is due to a pseudogene's shared ancestry with a functional gene. In the same way that Darwin thought of two species as having a shared common ancestry followed by millions of years of evolutionary divergence (see speciation), a pseudogene and its associated functional gene also share a common ancestor and have diverged as separate genetic entities over millions of years.
Vigo County, Indiana

**Vigo County** (  or  ) is a county along the western border of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 106,153. The county seat is Terre Haute.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Vigo County
- **state**: Indiana
- **type**: County (United States), County
- **founded**: February 1, 1818
- **seat wl**: Terre Haute
- **largest city**: Terre Haute
- **area total sq mi**: 410.45
- **area land sq mi**: 403.31
- **area water sq mi**: 7.14
- **area percentage**: 1.74%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 106,153
- **density sq mi**: 263.0
- **web**: http://www.vigocounty.in.gov/
- **ex image**: Vigo County Courthouse, Terre Haute, IN, US (15).jpg
- **ex image cap**: Vigo County Courthouse in Terre Haute
- **district**: 8th
- **footnotes**: Indiana county number 84
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **named for**: Francis Vigo
Ján Chryzostom Korec

**Ján Chryzostom Korec**, SJ (22 January 1924 – 24 October 2015) was a Slovak Jesuit Cardinal and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Nitra. He served in the church from 1990 through 2005. He was in jail for eight years (1960-1968) because of his activism against Communism.

Korec was born in Bošany, Czechoslovakia. He died in Nitra, Slovakia at the age of 91.
Pseudepigrapha

**Pseudepigrapha** (pseudo = false; graphe = writing) are falsely attributed works. They are written works not by their supposed author.

Apocryphal books are Jewish religious works thought to be written about 300 BC to 300 AD. They are distinguished by Protestants from the deuterocanonical (Catholic and Orthodox) or Apocrypha (Protestant). These books appear in the Septuagint and Vulgate but not in the Hebrew Bible or in Protestant bibles. Examples are 4 Maccabees and The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs.

The term has also been used by some Muslims who claim that most hadiths are fabrications created in the 8th and 9th century AD, and which are falsely attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Defense (legal)

In civil proceedings and criminal prosecutions under the common law, a defendant may raise a **defense** (or **defence**) in an attempt to avoid criminal or civil liability. It is an answer, made by a defendant to a plaintiff's action or a denial of a prosecutor's charges. It is also an answer in equity.

## Civil law defenses

Under common law, a defendant may raise any of the numerous defenses to limit or avoid liability. These include:
- Lack of jurisdiction of the court, such as diplomatic immunity.
- Failure to state a cause of action or other insufficiencies of pleading.
- Any of the affirmative defenses.
- Defenses conferred by statute - such as a statute of limitations or the statute of frauds.
- _Ex turpi causa non oritur actio_ - the action against the defendant arises from an illegality.
- _Volenti non fit injuria_ - consent by the victim or plaintiff.
- _In pari delicto_ - both sides equally at fault
- Unclean hands

## Criminal defenses

In a criminal trial, there are a wide variety of defenses offered. Some of these include:
- You could also get shot for major bad acts.
- Most often, defendants claim that they did not commit the alleged act in question.
- The defendant had an alibi. He or she was someplace else when the crime was committed and could not be guilty.
- Self-defense, a claim that an act was justified because of something the other person did.
- An Insanity defense claiming the defendant was not capable of telling right from wrong.
- Under the Influence, a claim the defendant should not be held accountable for their actions due to the influences of drugs or alcoholic drink.
- Entrapment is an inducement to commit a crime by authorities in order to get a conviction.

Many of the above are considered an affirmative defense in which case the burden of proof may be on the defendant to prove their innocence. Otherwise in a criminal trial the burden of proof usually rests with the prosecution. They must prove the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

## Related pages

- Absolute defense
- Lawsuit
- Presumption of innocence
- Criminal procedure
- Statute of limitations
- Adversarial system
Defense

**Defense** or **defence** may refer to:

## Tactics and strategy

- Defense (military)
- Defense (sports)
    - Defender (association football)
    - Defenceman (ice hockey)
- Biological defense (disambiguation)
- Strategic Defense Initiative
- Civil defense
- Defence in depth

## Politics and economics

- National security
    - Defense minister
- International security
- Defense industry
    - Defense contractor

## Concepts in law

- Defense (legal)
- Defense of property
- Right of self-defense
- Self-defence

## Other uses

- a chess opening by Black
- HMS _Defence_, Royal Navy ships of this name
- Defense of a doctoral thesis, also called viva voce; see dissertation
- La Défense, a business district in Paris
    - The Grande Arche, commonly known as Arche de la Défense, in Paris
- _DeFence_, an art project
- Haganah (Hebrew for "The Defence"), a paramilitary organization in British Palestine
- Defence mechanism
- Defense in depth (computing)
Drama (Jamelia album)

***Drama*** is the debut studio album by British singer and songwriter Jamelia. It was released by Parlophone Records in the United Kingdom in June 2000.

## Track listing

1. "One"
1. "Money" (featuring Beenie Man)
1. "Call Me"
1. "Not with You"
1. "Boy Next Door"
1. "One Day"
1. "Ghetto"
1. "Thinking 'Bout You"
1. "I Do"
1. "Room 101"
1. "Guilty"
1. "I Can't Be"
1. "This Time"

### Japanese track listing

1. "One"
1. "Thinking 'Bout You"
1. "I Do"
1. "Not with You"
1. "This Time"
1. "Money"
1. "Room 101"
1. "You Say You Love Me"
1. "I Can't Be"
1. "Call Me"
1. "Boy Next Door"
1. "Guilty"
1. "One Day"
1. "Ghetto"
1. "What Is Love"

## Singles

|Information||
| --- | --- |
|align="left"|"**I Do**" * Released: 19 July 1999 * Chart positions: #36 <small>(UK)</small>|
|align="left"|"**Money**" * Released: 21 February 2000 * Chart positions: #5 <small>(UK)</small>|
|align="left"|"**Call Me**" * Released: 5 June 2000 * Chart positions: #11 <small>(UK)</small>|
|align="left"|"**Boy Next Door**" * Released: 2 October 2000 * Chart positions: #42 <small>(UK)</small>|

## Chart performance

UK Album Chart Peak Position 39

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Drama
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Jamelia
- **released**: 26 June 2000
- **recorded**: 1999–2000
- **length**: 60:34
- **label**: Parlophone
- **next title**: Thank You (Jamelia album), Thank You
- **next year**: 2003
Thank You (Jamelia album)

***Thank You*** is the second studio album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. It was first released on 29 September 2003 by Parlophone Records.

## Track listing

**Original release**

**Re-release**

**French Edition Alternate Track**

**International Re-release Bonus Track**

**Japanese Edition Bonus Tracks**

### Weekly charts

|scope="col" style="width:18em;"|Chart (2004)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|63||||
|62||||
|74||||
|52||||
|21||||
|84||||
|16||||
|33||||
|4||||

### Certifications

|scope="col"|Country|scope="col" class="unsortable"|Provider|scope="col"|Certification|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|BPI|2× Platinum|||||

### Singles

|width="30" rowspan="2"|Year|width="200" rowspan="2"|Song|colspan="11"|Peak chart positions|rowspan="2"|Certifications|||||||||||||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" rowspan="2"|2003|align="left"|"Bout" <small>(featuring Rah Digga)</small>|align="center"|37|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="left"||
|align="left"|"Superstar"|align="center"|3|align="center"|1|align="center"|3|align="center"|3|align="center"|7|align="center"|4|align="center"|19|align="center"|5|align="center"|5|align="center"|1|align="center"|2|align="left"|*UK: Silver *AUS: Platinum *BEL: Gold *FRA: Gold *GER: Gold *NZ: Platinum|||
|align="center" rowspan="4"|2004|align="left"|"Thank You"|align="center"|2|align="center"|7|align="center"|30|align="center"|43|align="center"|37|align="center"|46|align="center"|10|align="center"|—|align="center"|28|align="center"|8|align="center"|35|align="left"|*AUS: Gold|
|align="left"|"See It in a Boy's Eyes"|align="center"|5|align="center"|35|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|36|align="center"|—|align="center"|11|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="left"||||
|align="left"|"Universal Prayer" <small>(with Tiziano Ferro)</small>|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|52|align="center"|46|align="center"|—|align="center"|34|align="center"|—|align="center"|1|align="center"|69|align="center"|—|align="center"|31|align="left"||||
|align="left"|"DJ" / "Stop"|align="center"|9|align="center"|37|align="center"|26|align="center"|—|align="center"|46|align="center"|56|align="center"|12|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|—|align="center"|36|align="left"||||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Thank You
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Jamelia
- **released**: 29 September 2003
1 March 2004 <small>(Version 2)</small>
8 November 2004 <small>(Version 3)</small>
- **recorded**: 2002–2003
- **length**: 46:06 <small>(Version 1)</small>
53:59 <small>(Versions 2 & 3)</small>
- **label**: Parlophone
- **prev title**: Drama (Jamelia album), Drama
- **prev year**: 2000
- **next title**: Walk with Me (Jamelia album), Walk with Me
- **next year**: 2006
Colin Gubbins

**Colin Gubbins** was Major-General **Sir Colin McVean Gubbins** KCMG DSO MC (2 July 1896 – 11 February 1976). He was head of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the Second World War.

Gubbins was also responsible for setting up the secret Auxiliary Units, a civilian force to operate behind the German lines if the United Kingdom was invaded during Operation Sea Lion, Germany's planned invasion.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Sir Colin McVean Gubbins
- **image**: ColinGubbins.jpg
- **caption**: Sir Colin Gubbins c.1940s
- **birth place**: Japan
- **death place**: Stornoway
- **branch**: British Army
- **serviceyears**: 1914–1946
- **rank**: Major-General
- **commands**: Special Operations Executive (1943-46)
- **battles**: First World War
North Russia Campaign
Anglo-Irish War
Second World War
- **awards**: Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Distinguished Service Order
Military Cross
Military Cross

The **Military Cross** (**MC**) is the third-level military award given to officers and (since 1993) other ranks of the British Armed Forces. Previously it was also awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries.

The MC is granted in recognition of "an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land to all members, of any rank in Our Armed Forces". In 1979, the Queen approved a proposal that some awards, including the Military Cross, could be awarded posthumously.

## Infobox (military award)

- **name**: Military Cross
- **image**:
- **caption**: Military Cross
- **awarded by**: United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth
- **type**: Military decoration
- **eligibility**: British, (formerly) Commonwealth, and allied forces
- **for**: _... gallantry during active operations against the enemy._
- **status**: Currently awarded
- **description**: Silver cross with straight arms, Royal Cypher in centre (obverse)
(reverse) plain
- **established**: 28 December 1914
- **first award**: 1 January 1915 to Lieutenant G.F.H. Brooke, 16th Lancers (Staff Captain).
- **total**: George V: over 40,000
George VI: over 11,000
Elizabeth II: not published
- **recipients**: over 48,000
- **precedence label**: Order of Wear
- **higher**: Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom), Distinguished Service Cross
- **lower**: Distinguished Flying Cross (United Kingdom), Distinguished Flying Cross
- **related**: Military Medal
- **image2**:

- **caption2**: Ribbon of the Military Cross; without, with bar, and with two bars
Walk with Me (Jamelia album)

***Walk with Me*** is the third studio album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. It was released by Parlophone Records on 25 September 2006 in the UK and Europe. It was released on 17 March 2007 in Australia.

## Track listing

- Sample credits
- "No More" contains a sample of "Golden Brown" by The Stranglers.
- "Ain't a Love" contains a drum sample from "Jungle Jazz" by Kool & the Gang.

- Notes
- Australian edition of the album does not feature the track "Get Up, Get Out".

## Charts

|align="left"|Charts|align="left"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Irish Albums Chart|align="center"|67|
|align="left"|Polish Albums Charts|align="center"|7|
|align="left"|Swiss Albums Charts|align="center"|74|
|align="left"|Turkish Albums Charts|align="center"|30|
|align="left"|UK Albums Chart|align="center"|20|
|align="left"|UK Urban Album Charts|align="center"|9|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Walk with Me
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Jamelia
- **released**: 25 September 2006
17 March 2007
- **recorded**: 2006
- **length**: 41:48
- **label**: Parlophone
- **prev title**: Thank You (Jamelia album), Thank You
(2003)
- **next title**: Superstar - The Hits
(2007)
Bad Ass Strippa

"**Bad Ass Strippa**" is the debut single by Jentina from her self-titled debut album, _Jentina_. It was released in Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart.

### CD 1

1. "Bad Ass Strippa"
1. "Bad Ass Strippa" (Dave Kelly Remix)
1. "Bad Ass Strippa" (Radio Slave Remix)
1. "Bad Ass Strippa" (extended mix)
1. "Bad Ass Strippa" (instrumental)
1. "Bad Ass Strippa" (CD-ROM video)

### CD 2

1. "Bad Ass Strippa"
1. "Bad Ass Strippa" (instrumental)

#### Side 1

1. "Bad Ass Strippa"
1. "Bad Ass Strippa" (Dave Kelly Remix)

#### Side 2

1. "Bad Ass Strippa" (Radio Slave Remix)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Bad Ass Strippa
- **artist**: Jentina
- **album**: Jentina (album), Jentina
- **released**: 2004
- **recorded**: 2004
- **length**: 2:49
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **next title**: French Kisses
- **next year**: 2004
Mysterious (song)

"**Mysterious**" is the third and final single by Jentina from her self titled debut album, _Jentina_. It was released only in Italy where it reached number 49 on the Italian charts.

## Track listing

1. "Mysterious"
1. "Mysterious" (The Vanden Plas Remix)
1. "Mysterious" (James Ford Remix)
1. "Mysterious" (Return to the Stone Age Mix)

## Chart performance

|Chart (2005)|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Italian Singles Chart|align="center"|30|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Mysterious
- **artist**: Jentina
- **album**: Jentina (album), Jentina
- **released**: 2005
- **recorded**: 2005
- **length**: 3:17
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **producer**: David Dorrell, Matt Rowe
- **prev title**: French Kisses
- **prev year**: 2004
Ashland, Concordia Parish, Louisiana

**Ashland** is an unincorporated community in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Ashland, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana

**Ashland** is a village in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the third least populous municipality in Natchitoches Parish (after Powhatan and Robeline, Louisiana) It was incorporated in 1963. A few residences and a convenience store to the north spill over into neighboring Bienville Parish. The population was 269 at the 2010 census but went down 28 percent to 194 in 2020. The median age is 51.8 years, as of 2020. Ashland is part of the Natchitoches Micropolitan Statistical Area but is located nearly forty miles to the north of the parish seat of Natchitoches.

## History

On September 2, 2011, a forest fire destroyed ten houses between Ashland and Creston, but residents escaped personal injury. According to Louisiana Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry Mike Strain, the blaze scorched several thousand acres and was propelled by past drought conditions combined with high winds coming from the aftermath of Tropical Storm Lee in the Gulf of Mexico.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ashland, Louisiana
- **official name**: Village of Ashland
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in Louisiana, Village
- **image skyline**: Revised photo, Ashland, LA, Town Hall IMG_0736.JPG
- **imagesize**: 225px
- **image caption**: <span style="font-size:100%;">Ashland Village Hall is located next to the United States Post Office building</span>
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Ashland
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. State, State
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, Natchitoches
- **established title1**: Incorporated
- **established date1**: 1963
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Terry Chesser (R)
- **leader title1**: Aldermen
- **leader name1**: Josh Adams (R)
Ann Anderson (R)
James Cherry
- **area total km2**: 70.31
- **area land km2**: 69.90
- **area land sq mi**: 26.99
- **area water km2**: 0.42
- **area water sq mi**: 0.16
- **elevation ft**: 226
- **population total**: 194
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population rank**: Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana#Communities, NC: 7th
- **population density km2**: 2.78
- **population density sq mi**: 7.19
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: Area code 318, 318
- **blank name sec1**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info sec1**: 22-03145
- **blank1 name sec1**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info sec1**: 2407410
Defence in depth

**Defense in depth** (also known as **deep** or **elastic defense**) is a military strategy. The delaying tactic is intended not to stop the advance of an enemy but to slow it down. A defense in deep buys time by slowly yielding to the enemy and usually causes additional casualties. That may slow down an advancing army and cause it to lose momentum.

## Examples

Hannibal used the tactic at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. Facing a much larger Roman army, he placed his less experienced soldiers in the centre and his most experienced fighters on both sides. When the Romans advanced, his centre gradually moved back, and the troops on the wings began to surround the Romans. That was the largest slaughter of Roman soldiers in the history of the Roman Republic.

The classic example is medieval hill forts and castles with rings of defenses (usually walls). The inner circles of defenders support the outer circles with missile fire. The attackers must breach all of the lines of defense and exhaust themselves in the process.

The German Army started to use the tactic in 1917, during World War I, and continued the tactic with a great effect against both the French Army and the British Army until July 1918. The arrival of the US Army, which joined the French and the British, ended the effectiveness of the tactic.

## Strategy

A properly-planned defense in depth may reduce or eliminate any advantage that attacking forces might havesuch as superior numbers. The defenders place the attackers behind several layers of defense . The defenders then let the attackers wear down their forces, and the defenders slowly give ground and move back to the next layer of defense.

Carl von Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and the martial art of Budō consider the preferred form of war to be defense. Clausewitz stated that provides the defenders with additional opportunities. A defence in depth may prevent an enemy from surrounding a position and provides an excellent opportunity to counterattack.

A **defense in space** is being absent when an enemy attacks. A **defense in time** is slowing down or blocking an enemy that attacks.

## Delaying action

A similar tactic is called a **delaying action**. when a smaller force to harasses a larger force to delay its advance and to inflict as much damage as possible to the larger force without directly engaging it. That allows the defending army's main force to disengage an enemy and to maintain good order. The main force is given the time necessary to set up a new defensive position. The small force protecting the larger force is called a rearguard.

A famous rearguard example was given in the _Song of Roland_. The nephew of Charlemagne, Roland, commanded the rearguard at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. He and his men protected the rear of the Frankish army while it retreated to France. In his delaying action, Roland and all of his men were killed in an ambush.

## Other websites

- Defence-in-Depth, King's College, London
Defense (sports)

In many team sports, the **defence** or **defense** is the action of those players responsible for preventing the other team from scoring. The term may also refer to the tactics involved in defense. It can also be a specialty team whose primary responsibility is defense. Similarly, a **defense player** or **defender** is a player who is tasked with stopping the other team from scoring. The defender also protects their own team's goalkeeper or goaltender. This is in association football, ice hockey, water polo and many other sports.

In American football the defense is the part of the team that is tasked with preventing the other team's ball carrier from scoring. The defense consists of 11 players.
Cody Eakin

**Cody Eakin** (born May 24, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey centre. He plays in the National Hockey League (NHL). He has played for the Buffalo Sabres, Winnipeg Jets, Washington Capitals, Dallas Stars, and Vegas Golden Knights.

## Career

Before playing in the NHL, Eakin played parts of 4 seasons with the Swift Current Broncos of the Western Hockey League (WHL).

He was drafted 85th overall by the Washington Capitals in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Capitals on October 20, 2009.

On November 1, 2011, Eakin was called up from the Hershey Bears. The same day, Eakin made his NHL debut in a 5-4 overtime win against the Anaheim Ducks. On November 4, 2011, Eakin scored his first NHL goal against Cam Ward of the Carolina Hurricanes.

On June 22, 2012, the Capitals traded Eakin along with a second round pick to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Mike Ribeiro.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Cody Eakin 2018-02-04 1.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Eakin with the Vegas Golden Knights in 2018
- **birth place**: Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **team**: Buffalo Sabres
- **former teams**: Washington Capitals
Dallas Stars
Vegas Golden Knights
Winnipeg Jets
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 183
- **shoots**: Left
- **draft**: 85th overall
- **draft team**: Washington Capitals
- **draft year**: 2009
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **career start**: 2010
Nigella sativa

***Nigella sativa*** is a **black cumin** (also known as nigella or _kalonji_). It is an annual flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is from south and southwest Asia. _Nigella sativa_ can grow to be  tall.

The black cumin fruit has numerous seeds which are used as spice, sometimes as a replacement for original black cumin _Bunium bulbocastanum_. These two plants are both called 'black cumin' on account of their seeds.

## Other websites

- Spice pages: onion seeds (_Nigella sativa_, falsely black cumin or black caraway)
John Barnes Wells

**John Barnes Wells** (October 17, 1880 - August 8, 1935) was "one of the best-known concert singers in New York." He was a popular singer. He was on many 78-rpm recordings released in the early 1900s. He starred in the 1903 musical theater production of _The Wizard of Oz_. One of his last performances was in _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ (1933).

## Biography

He was born on October 17, 1880 in Ashley, Pennsylvania. He died on August 8, 1935 in Roxbury, New York.
Superstar – The Hits

***Superstar – The Hits*** is the first greatest hits album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia, released by Parlophone Records on 24 September 2007.

## Information

Jamelia said about the album "It seems the right time to put out a Greatest Hits and have all the best tracks I've recorded from the past ten years on one album".

## Track listing

|align="center"|#|align="center" width="220"|Track|align="center" width="450"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|1.|align="left"|"Superstar"|align="left"|_Thank You_|
|align="left"|2.|align="left"|"Thank You"|align="left"|_Thank You_|
|align="left"|3.|align="left"|"See It in a Boy's Eyes"|align="left"|_Thank You_|
|align="left"|4.|align="left"|"Stop"|_Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason_||
|align="left"|5.|align="left"|"Money" (featuring Beenie Man)|align="left"|_Drama_|
|align="left"|6.|align="left"|"Beware of the Dog"|align="left"|_Walk with Me_|
|align="left"|7.|align="left"|"DJ"|align="left"|_Thank You_|
|align="left"|8.|align="left"|"Something About You"|align="left"|_Walk with Me_|
|align="left"|9.|align="left"|"Call Me"|align="left"|_Drama_|
|align="left"|10.|align="left"|"Bout" (featuring Rah Digga)|align="left"|_Thank You_|
|align="left"|11.|align="left"|"No More"|align="left"|_Walk with Me_|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Superstar - The Hits
- **type**: greatest
- **artist**: Jamelia
- **released**: September 24, 2007
- **recorded**: 1997-2006
- **length**: 39:00
- **label**: Parlophone
- **prev title**: Walk with Me (Jamelia album), Walk with Me
(2006)
- **next title**: Jamelia - The Collection (2009)
Jamelia – The Collection

***Jamelia – The Collection*** is  the second greatest hits album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. The album was released on July 27, 2009 on Parlophone Records.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Jamelia – The Collection
- **border**: yes
- **type**: Compilation Album
- **artist**: Jamelia
- **released**: 27 July 2009
- **recorded**: 2000-2007
- **length**: 51:02
- **label**: Parlophone Records, Parlophone
- **prev title**: Superstar - The Hits
(2007)
Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia

The **Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia** (Serbo-Croatian: _Wikipedia na srpskohrvatskom jeziku_, Википедија на српскохрватском језику) is the Serbo-Croatian version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia.

It is 19th largest edition by article count.

## See also

- Croatian
- Serbian
- Bosnian

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia
- **collapsible**: yes
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-sh.svg
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Serbo-Croatian
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Minangkabau Wikipedia

The **Minangkabau Wikipedia** is the Minangkabau version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia.  See List of Wikipedias.

It is the 31st largest edition by article count.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Minangkabau Wikipedia
- **collapsible**: yes
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-min.svg
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Online encyclopedia project
- **language**: Minangkabau
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Gene family

A **gene family** is a set of several similar genes. They occur by the duplication of a single original gene. Usually they have similar biochemical functions. The idea that genes get duplicated is almost as old as the science of genetics.

One such family are the genes for human haemoglobin subunits. The ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the α-globin and β-globin loci.  These two gene clusters are thought to have arisen from a precursor gene being duplicated, about 500 million years ago.

The biggest gene family is said to be the olfaction genes. The homeobox genes are another important group.

Genes for the immune system include several gene families. They code for the major histocompatibility complex, and the immunoglobulins. The toll-like receptors are the main sensors of infection in mammals.
Mane

**Mane** may refer to:
- Mane (horse), the line of hair along the spine of a horse's neck
- Mane (lion), the hair found around a male lion's neck
- Mane (surname)

## Places

- Mane Skerry, Antarctic island
- Mané Department, a department in the Sanmatenga Province of Burkina Faso
- French communes:
    - Mane, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence _département_
    - Mane, Haute-Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne _département_
- Mane Bhanjang, village in the state of West Bengal in India
Myrna Loy

**Myrna Loy** (August 2, 1905 – December 14, 1993) was an American movie, television and stage actress. She was known for her roles in _The Thin Man_, _The Best Years of Our Lives_, _After the Thin Man_, _Libeled Lady_, and in _Manhattan Melodrama_.

Loy devoted herself to acting after a few minor roles in silent films. She was originally typecast in exotic roles, often as a _femme fatale_ or a woman of Asian descent. Her career prospects improved greatly after her portrayal of Nora Charles in _The Thin Man_ (1934).

Although Loy was never nominated for a competitive Academy Award, in March 1991 she was presented with an Honorary Academy Award.

Loy was born in Helena, Montana. She was raised in Radersburg, Montana. Loy studied at Harvard-Westlake School. Loy died at a hospital in New York City during surgery at the age of 88. She was buried in Forestvale Cemetery in Helena, Montana.

## Other websites

- Obituary, nytimes.com
- Profile, virtual-history.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Myrna Loy
- **image**: Myrna Loy.jpg
- **caption**: Myrna Loy publicity photo
- **birth name**: Myrna Adele Williams
- **birth place**: Helena, Montana, Helena, Montana, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death cause**: Surgical complications
- **resting place**: Forestvale Cemetery, Helena, Montana
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Harvard-Westlake School, Westlake School for Girls
Venice High School (Los Angeles), Venice High School
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1925–1982
- **spouse**:

- **awards**: Kennedy Center Honors, Kennedy Center Lifetime Achievement Award (1988)
Dick Bavetta

**Richard W.** "**Dick**" **Bavetta** (born December 10, 1939 in Brooklyn, New York) is a retired American professional basketball referee for the National Basketball Association (NBA).

Since starting in 1975, he had never missed an assigned game. He holds the league record for most officiated games. His game on April 12, 2013 in Washington was his 2,600th consecutive game as an NBA official. He retired in 2014.

## Other websites

- Professional Basketball Referees Association