juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Château

A **** (plural __) is a manor house or castle of the lord of the manor or a country house of nobility or gentry.

The term comes from French-speaking regions and is used most often for buildings in these regions. Where clarification is needed, a fortified château (that is, a castle) is called a _château fort_. But the word is not used in the same way as  "castle" is in English, and most châteaux are more appropriately described as "palaces" or "country houses" in English than as "castles". For example, the Château de Versailles is so called because it was in the country when it was built, but it does not bear any resemblance to a castle, so it is usually known in English as the Palace of Versailles.The Château de Montsoreau is the first Renaissance château to have been built in France, in the world famous Loire Valley. The Château de Montsoreau is also the only one to have been built in the Loire riverbed.

## Other websites

- Photos of Loire Châteaux
- Château de l'Isle-Marie
- Roquetaillade castle
- Château de Ravignan
- Château de Montreuil-Bellay
- Château de Fontainebleau 
- Château de Bellocq Bearn (in french)
- Château Saint-Aubin
- Château of Gaston Phoebus at Morlanne in Bearn
Château (disambiguation)

**Château** may refer to:

## Terms

- château (French for castle; plural _châteaux_) - a manor house or residence of the lord of the manor or a country house of gentry, usually French, with or without fortifications
- château fort - used in French and occasionally in English, where there is need of a distinction between a large post-medieval residence (château) and a medieval fortified residence (château fort).

## Companies

- Le Château - a clothing retailer
- Chateau - a Canadian importer of dollar discount store electronics and accessories

## Hotels

- Château Frontenac, Quebec City, Quebec
- Château Montebello, Montebello, Quebec,
- Château Champlain, Montreal, Quebec
- Chateau Lake Louise, Lake Louise, Alberta
- Château Laurier, Ottawa, Ontario
Positron

A **positron** (also called an **antielectron**) is the antimatter version of an electron. It has the same mass and spin as an electron. However, it has a positive electric charge, whereas an electron has a negative charge. Like all antimatter, when it meets its so-called counterpartner, each are annihilated and turned into energy. The electron and positron disappear, and the total mass decreases. There is no name for this type of energy, as it is neither mechanical, radiation, chemical, electrical, nuclear, nor thermal. Although the energy does emit light photons when annihilated, it is converted from some form of energy that has not been named.

A positron also very rarely makes a structure called positronium. Positronium is like an atom in many ways, but is very unstable, and usually quickly annihilates.

## Other websites

- What is Antimatter? What is a Positron?  (from the Frequently Asked Questions :: Center for Antimatter-Matter Studies)
- Positron information search at SLAC
- Positron Annihilation as a method of experimental physics used in materials research.
- Original Publication by Anderson (DOI Link)
Basque pelota

**Basque pelota** called **Pelota** in Spanish, **pilota** in Basque and Catalan, or **pelote** in French  is the name for several sports played with a ball using one's hand, a racket, a wooden bat or a basket, against a wall  or with two teams face to face separated by a line on the ground or a net. Their roots can be traced to the Greek and other ancient cultures, but in Europe they all come from real tennis (see _Jeu de paume_). Today, Basque Pelota is played in several countries: in Spain and France, specially in the Basque Country and its neighbour areas and in Latin American countries like Argentina, Chile, Uruguay,  Cuba and some parts of the United States.

The International Federation of Basque Pelota has made rules for the 14 different sorts of pelota.  Two are for both women and men, and 12 just for men.

People bet on the results of the games.

The players are called pelotari.

## Similar games

- Gaelic handball
- Valencian pilota
- Valencian frontó

## Other websites

- International Federation of Basque Pelota
- http://www.manista.com/
- "The History of Basque Pelota in the Americas"  by Carmelo Urza
- Pelota vasca in the Spanish-language _Auñamendi Encyclopedia_, with sections on the game and history.
- 1959's film _Thunder in the Sun_ in IMDb
Pump-jet

A **pump-jet** or **water jet** is a marine system that creates a jet of water for propulsion. The mechanical arrangement may be a propeller with nozzle, or a centrifugal pump and nozzle.

Pump jets have some advantages over bare propellers for certain applications, usually related to requirements for high-speed.

## Other websites

- Personal Watercraft Industry Association
- American Watercraft Association
- U.S. Coast Guard Boating Safety
Propulsor

A **propulsor** is a mechanical device that gives propulsion. The pump-jet is an example.
Valencian language

**Valencian** (_valencià_) is the historical, traditional, and official name used in the Valencian Community (Spain) for the language spoken in this region.

In linguistics "Valencian" is also used to identify this distinctive variant spoken in central and southern Valencia which has gained its own currency within the idioma valenciano.

## Language or dialect?

The official authorities, which are the government of the Valencian Community and the Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua, accept Valencian as a dialect of Catalan.  The Real Acadèmia de Cultura Valenciana and several associations disbelieve this opinion. They believe Valencian is a language in its own. They also accuse the official authorities of mixing Valencian with Catalan. This is done by approaching the Valencian ortography and grammar to the Catalan one.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Valencian
- **nativename**: _valencià_
- **pronunciation**: or
- **states**: Spain
- **ethnicity**: Valencians
- **region**: Valencian Community, Valencia, Region of Murcia, Murcia (Carche)
 See also Països Valencians, geographic distribution of Valencian
- **speakers**: 2.4 million
- **date**: 2004
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam5**: Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance
- **fam6**: Occitano-Romance languages, Occitano-Romance
- **fam7**: Valencian language, Valencian
- **fam8**: Valencian language#Dialects, Western Valencian
- **script**: Valencian orthography (Latin script)
- **nation**: **Spain:**
- **agency**: RACV
- **isoexception**: Idioma
- **glotto**: val
- **notice**: IPA
Valencian pilota

_Pilota Valenciana_ or **Valencian pilota** (_pilota_ means _ball_ in Valencian) is a traditional handball sport played in the Valencian Community. Its origins are not known, but seems to be related to the French Jeu de paume.

Rules vary from area to area but the common trait is that the ball is struck with a bare, or almost bare, hand (only some minimal protection is applied in some versions of the sport). The general rule involves two teams made from two up to five players each (the numbers depend on the particular version played).

The second characteristic is that it is not played against a wall. Instead, similarly to modern tennis, two individuals or teams are placed face to face separated either by a line on the ground or a net.
A distinctive trait of Valencian pilota is that the spectators are often seated or standing very close to the court which means that they may be impacted by the ball and thus become an (unwilling) part of the game.

## History

Valencian pilota origins are not known with certainty, but it's commonly supposed to be a variant from the middle-aged Jeu de paume, as many other European handball sports (Basque _laxoa_, French Longue paume, Frisian handball and Italian Pallone) similar to the actual Valencian llargues variant.

_Jeu de paume_ is documented at Paris in 1292 since there were 13 ball workshops and many _tripots_ (courtfields), it was first played with the hands, and the scoring system was very similar to the current Valencian one. There were so many resemblances with the _Valencian pilota_ sport that, in the 16th century Joan Lluís Vives compared both games in his _Dialogues_ and claimed them to be exactly the same despite some minor differences.

## Other websites

- Valencian pilota federation
- News about Valencian pilota
- News and shop about Valencian pilota
- Online one-on-one _Escala i corda_ game, videos and 3D views of a ''trinquet
- Personal site of Pedro, a Valencian pilotari
- II Handball World Meeting
- History of the Pilota, PDF

## Videos

- Youtube: 7 videos featuring the 1993 Escala i Corda Individual final match, Genovés I vs. Sarasol I
- Pilota valenciana: Joc i tradició. 15 minutes documentary
Trapezoid

In geometry, A **trapezoid** (in North America) or **trapezium** (in Britain and elsewhere) is a quadrilateral, which is defined as a shape with four sides. This shape has two parallel sides which are called the _bases_ of the trapezoid, and another two sides called its _legs_. In North America, the term "trapezium" is used for what is elsewhere called an irregular quadrilateral, which has no parallel sides.****

## Special cases

Some trapezoids are special cases where they have at least one noteworthy feature:

- **Isosceles trapezoids**: These have legs that are of the same length, and because of that, this trapezoid has a pair of angles of the same wideness (congruent).
- **Parallelograms**ː This is a trapezoid where two pairs of its sides are parallel to each other. As a result, there are two pairs of vertices in a parallelogram that are congruent.
- **Tangential trapezoids**ː These are trapezoids whose sides can be tangent to a circle placed inside of them, to which the circle is called an incircle.

## Calculating area

To calculate the area of a trapezoid, you must add the two parallel sides together, divide that by 2, then multiply that by its height.

## Other websites

- "Trapezoid" on _MathWorld_
- Trapezoid definition   Area of a trapezoid   Median of a trapezoid With interactive animations
- Trapezoid (North America) at elsy.at: Animated course (construction, circumference, area)
Frisian handball

**Frisian handball** (_Dutch: kaatsen, Frisian: Keatsen_) is a traditional Frisian sport, related to American handball and fives, that is most commonly practiced by people from the northern province of Fryslân, or Friesland. It is believed to be one of the oldest ballgames. The score is similar to tennis. The first team that scores six games, wins the match. It is played by the ethnic group of the Frisians.

In parts of Belgium, a similar game is played, there called _Jeu de Pelote_. This game is played by teams of 5 players on a trapezium shaped field, mostly on marketplaces.

## Other websites

- Belgian Federation
- KNKB Dutch Federation
- Walon amateur Federation
- Franeker's _Permanent Comity_
- Ath Handball Museum
- 1956, Balle Pelote final match, Braine-Gosseli
- Video: Chris Wassenaar
Gaelic football

**Gaelic Football** (Irish: _Peil_, _Peil Ghaelach_ or _Caid_), commonly referred to as "**football**", or "**Gaelic**", is a form of football that is played mainly in Ireland. It and hurling are the most popular spectator sports in Ireland.

Gaelic football is played by teams of 15 on a rectangular grass pitch with H-shaped goals at each end. The object is to score by kicking/striking the ball with the hand and getting it through the goals. The team wins if it has the highest score at the end of the match. Getting the ball into the net scores 3 points, and getting it between the posts but above the goal scores 1 point.

Players advance the ball up the field with a combination of carrying, soloing (dropping and then toe-kicking the ball upward into the hands), kicking, and hand-passing to their team-mates.

Gaelic football is one of four Gaelic Games run by the Gaelic Athletic Association, the largest sporting organization in Ireland. It has strict rules on player amateurism. The game is believed to have come from ancient Irish football known as caid, which dates back to 1537, although the modern game took shape in 1887.

## Playing field

The grass pitch is rectangular, stretching 130–145 metres long and 80–90 metres wide. There are H-shaped goalposts at each end with a net on the bottom section. The same pitch is used for hurling; the GAA, which organizes both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at distances of 13m, 20m and 45m from each end-line. Shorter pitches and smaller goals are used by under-12s and under 10s.

## Duration

Gaelic football matches last for 60 minutes, which divided into two halves of thirty minutes, with the exception of senior inter-county games, which last for 70 minutes (two halves of 35 minutes). Draws are decided by replays or by playing 20 minutes of extra time (two halves of 10 minutes) or in a penalties shoot out.

## Teams

Teams consist of 15 players (a goalkeeper, two corner backs, a full back, three half backs, two mid fielders, three half forwards, two corner forwards and a full forward), as well as up to 15 substitutes, 5 of whom may be used. Each player is numbered 1–15, starting with the goalkeeper, who must wear a differently-coloured jersey.

## Ball

The game is played with a round leather football that is similar to a soccer ball but heavier. It also has horizontal stitching, rather than the hexagon and pentagon panels that are often used on soccer balls. The ball is similar to a standard volleyball.

## Other websites

- Rules
- Official GAA website
- An Fear Rua - The GAA Unplugged!  -GAA site with news, views, fun and chat...
- Unofficial GAA Messageboard
Caid (sport)

***Caid*** was the name given to several ancient and traditional football games in Ireland. _Caid_ is now a word used by some people for modern Gaelic football.

The word _caid_ originally meant the ball that was used. It was made out of animal skin with a natural bladder inside.

Some people believe that _caid_ has influenced the modern sport of Gaelic football, whose rules were officially published in 1887.

The first recorded mention of football in Ireland was in 1308, when John McCrocan, a spectator at a football game, was charged with accidentally stabbing a player, called William Bernard. Football games are mentioned in the Statute of Galway, 1527, which allowed the playing of football and archery but banned _hokie,_ the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves, and other sports. _Caid_ was especially popular in rural areas.

There is some evidence that _caid_ was taken around the world by the Irish diaspora and that it may have influenced the development of Australian rules football although that is controversial.

By the late 19th century, _caid_, like many aspects of native Irish culture, was in steep decline.
Longue paume

**Longue paume** is an outdoor version of jeu de paume and therefore an ancestor of modern lawn tennis. Hundreds of years ago, the sport was quite popular, particularly in France. It was part of the Paris 1900 Summer Olympics, but not all think that the medals that were then awarded for longue paume have full value. Today,, the sport is played regionally in Picardie. The governing body of the sport is the _Fédération Française de Longue Paume_, which has its headquarters in Amiens.

## Other websites

- Connaissez-vous la Longue Paume?
- Ligue de Picardie de Longue Paume
Palla

- _For the article of ancient Roman clothing, see Palla (garment)_.
**Palla**, Italian language for ball, is the name of various traditional ball games of Italy. In Italian they also call _pallacanestro_ for basketball, _pallavolo_ for volleyball, _pallamano_ for handball and _pallanuoto_ for water polo.

### Palla eh!

_Palla eh!_ is an old Tuscan ball game from Maremma towns between Siena and Grosseto.  It has this name because players call out _eh!_ before serving.

Small hand-made balls contain a lead pellet wrapped in rubber and wool with a leather cover. The game is played by facing teams who strike, not catch, the ball with either a bare or gloved hand: every team include 3, 4 or 5 athletes. Courts are marked out with painted lines on town streets, but there is no net, and players can move between sides.  Adjacent buildings, objects, and sometimes spectators, are considered "in play."  Play does stop for oncoming automobiles.  Similar to real tennis, a second bounce can result in a "chase" rather than an outright point, marked in chalk where the ball stops rolling. In one version of palla, scoring is identical to that of tennis: 15-30-40-game.

### Palla 21

In a variant called _palla 21_ scoring is 7-14-21 or game. In this form they use a rubber or plastic ball of 35-40 grams. Firstly a palla 21 tournament was played in Chicago during 2007 with Italian national team.

### Palla elastica

_Palla elastica_ is a team game: every team include 5 athletes who catch a rubber ball,  similar to tennis ball, with either a bare hand. The team which wins 11 games is final winner of the match: each game consists of 4 points. Registered players of official championships dispute their matches in a kind of stadium, 75 metres long with lateral wall, named _sferisterio_ or _sferodromo_ in Italian language.

### Pallamuro

_Pallamuro_ is Italian name of American handball.

### Palla prigioniera

_Palla prigioniera_ is Italian name of prisoner ball.

### Pallacorda

_Pallacorda_ or _palla della corda_ is the Italian name of ancient form of real tennis where a cord of rope was strung across the street and players used hands, racket or tamburello alias _tambourine_ in English language. Pisa, Prato, Rome, Siena, and various Tuscan towns still have streets named _via Pallacorda_ or _via Della Corda_.

### Pallamaglio

_Pallamaglio_ is an other ancient game called pall mall in English language and his modern form named skittles is played in England, Germany, Austria and Switzerland currently.

### Pallina

_Pallina_ means _small ball_ and it is a team game: every team include 4, 5 or 6 athletes who catch a rubber ball, of almost 50 grams, with either a bare hand.

## Related pages

- Pallone
- Tamburello

## References

- Morgan, Roger (1989). "European Derivatives of Tennis" in _The Royal Game_, L. St J. Butler & P. J. Wordie, ed.  Stirling: Falkland Palace Real Tennis Club.  or .
- McNicoll, Kathryn (2005). _Real Tennis_, pp. 21–22.  Buckinghamshire: Shire Publications. .
- Whitman, Malcolm D. (1932). _Tennis: Origins and Mysteries_, p. 85.  Mineola, NY: Dover Publications (2004 reprint). .
Pellet

**Pellet** is a term used for a small particle or grain, typically one created by compressing an original material.  The term is used in a variety of specific contexts.

- Air gun pellets are non-spherical projectiles fired from air guns
- Airsoft pellets are the spherical plastic projectiles used in Airsoft guns
- The individual items of "shot" fired from a shotgun, are referred to as pellets
- In centrifugation, a pellet is the concentrated component of a mixture that had been centrifuged
- Animal feed pellets are feedstuffs produced from various raw materials and additives
- Plastic resin pellet, or nurdle
- Bird pellets are the round balls of undigested matter that some bird species occasionally regurgitate
- Wood pellets or corn pellets are used in pellet stoves
- Pelletizing is the industrial process used to create pellets - often using a pellet mill
- Pellet  is an open source reasoner for OWL DL
Troposphere

The **troposphere** is the lowest layer of the Earth’s atmosphere. It extents up to 20 kilometers above the earth’s surface. It contains 75% of the atmosphere's mass and 99% of the total mass of water vapor and aerosols. This layer is rich in oxygen. The temperature drops from an average around 62°F (17°C) to -60°F (-51°C) at the troposphere.

The transitional area between the troposphere and stratosphere is called the tropopause. The troposphere is made up of approximately 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases, which include carbon dioxide, methane, neon, krypton, argon, helium, and hydrogen. The air in the troposphere is warmest closest to the earth and colder at higher elevations. Most of the dust particles in the earth's atmosphere are found in the troposphere.

## Other websites

- Troposphere Citizendium
Rapid deepening

**Rapid deepening** is a condition that happens when the minimum sea-level atmospheric pressure of a tropical cyclone goes down at lot very quickly. The National Weather Service describes rapid deepening as a decrease of 42 millibars in less than 24 hours.  However, this phrase is usually applied to most storms that are quickly becoming stronger.
Doppler radar

**Doppler radar** uses the Doppler effect to measure the speed (radial velocity) of targets. Radial velocity is how fast the target is coming towards, or going away from, the radar. The Doppler effect will shift the received frequency up or down, based on the radial velocity of a target in the beam. This gives a direct and highly accurate measurement of target velocity, but only the radial velocity. Doppler radar by itself doesn't measure the azimuthal velocity (how fast it is going in other directions).

Doppler radars may be Coherent Pulsed, Continuous Wave, or Frequency Modulated.
Atlantic hurricane

An **Atlantic hurricane** is a tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean, usually in the Northern Hemisphere during the summer or autumn, with one-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 74 mph (64 knots, 33 m/s, 119 km/h).  When applied to hurricanes, "Atlantic" generally refers to the entire "Atlantic basin", which includes the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.

Most Atlantic tropical storms and hurricanes form between June 1 and November 30. The United States National Hurricane Center monitors the basin and gives out reports, watches and warnings about tropical weather systems for the Atlantic Basin as one of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers for tropical cyclones as defined by the World Meteorological Organization.

Tropical disturbances that reach tropical storm intensity are named from a pre-determined list. On average, 10.1 named storms form each season, with an average of 5.9 becoming hurricanes and 2.5 becoming major hurricanes (Category 3 or greater). The climatological peak of activity is around September 10 every season. Hurricane Wilma of 2005 was the most powerful hurricane ever recorded in history.

## References

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</div>

## Other websites

- Tropical Cyclone Forecasters' Reference Guide
- NHC Tropical Cyclone Climatology
- Monthly Mean Sea Surface Temperatures
- Hurricane Preparation Guide
Buras-Triumph, Louisiana

**Buras-Triumph** is an unincorporated community in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, United States.
The population was 3,358 at the 2000 census. On the peninsula, Buras is higher, with Triumph southeast of Buras.

Buras-Triumph has become famous as the location where, on August 29, 2005, at 6:10 AM CDT, the eye of Hurricane Katrina made its strongest landfall. However, the storm surge and high winds began on the previous day, August 28, 2005. During those 2 days, the area was destroyed as a result.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Buras-Triumph
- **settlement type**: Former Census-designated place
- **image skyline**: Hurricane-Katrina-Buras-Louisiana-watertower-EPA.jpg
- **image caption**: Fallen water tower following Hurricane Katrina
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Louisiana
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, Plaquemines
- **pushpin map**: Louisiana
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Buras-Triumph in Louisiana
- **area total sq mi**: 7.2
- **area land sq mi**: 5.0
- **area water sq mi**: 2.2
- **elevation ft**: 3
- **population as of**: 2000
- **population total**: 3358
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **area code**: Area code 504, 504
Dry Tortugas

The **Dry Tortugas** are a small group of islands. They are at the end of the Florida Keys, United States. They are about  west of Key West, and  west of the Marquesas Keys, at , the closest islands. Still farther west is the Tortugas Bank, which is now underwater. The islands were discovered in 1513 by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León. They are an unincorporated area of Monroe County, Florida and belong to the Lower Keys Census County Division. With their surrounding waters they make up the **Dry Tortugas National Park**.

## Other websites

- Topographic and Floristic Change of the Dry Tortugas Keys, with description and areas of keys
- Dry Tortugas National Park by Park Vision  A Photographic Guide to the Park.
- Dry Tortugas Satellite View Google Maps
- History and Ecology of Mangroves in the Dry Tortugas
Aventura, Florida

**Aventura** is a city found in the northeastern part of Miami-Dade County, Florida. The city name is from the Spanish word for "adventure," and was named "Aventura" because that was the name of the original group of condominium developments in the area. The name predates the well known mall (Aventura Mall) built near the condominium developments. According to the 2020 U.S. census, 40,242 people lived in the city.

## Infobox (mapframe)

- **wikidata**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
- **stroke-width**: 1


## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Aventura, Florida
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "The City of Excellence."
- **image skyline**: Aventura Skyline.jpg
- **image caption**: Aventura, Florida, October 2006
- **image flag**: Flag of Aventura, Florida.svg
- **image seal**: Seal of Aventura, Florida.jpg
- **image map**: Miami-Dade County Florida Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Aventura Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in Miami-Dade County, Florida
- **image map1**: Aventura.png
- **mapsize1**: 250x200px
- **map caption1**: U.S. Census Bureau map showing city limits
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Florida, County
- **subdivision name2**: Miami-Dade County, Florida, Miami-Dade
- **government type**: Council-Manager government, Council-Manager
- **established title**: municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: November 7, 1995
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 9.11
- **area land km2**: 6.86
- **area water km2**: 2.25
- **area total sq mi**: 3.52
- **area land sq mi**: 2.65
- **area water sq mi**: 0.87
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 40242
- **population density km2**: 5867.26
- **population density sq mi**: 15197.13
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 1
- **elevation ft**: 3
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 33180, 33160
- **area code**: Area code 305, 305, Area code 786, 786, Area code 645, 645
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 12-02681
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1777315
- **pushpin relief**: y
Florida Keys

The **Florida Keys** is an archipelago of about 1700 islands in the southeast United States. They begin at the southeastern tip of the Florida peninsula, about 15 miles south of Miami, and extend in a gentle arc south-southwest and then westward to Key West, the westernmost of the inhabited islands, and on to the uninhabited Dry Tortugas.  The islands lie along the Florida Straits, dividing the Atlantic Ocean to the east from the Gulf of Mexico to the west, and defining one edge of Florida Bay.  At the nearest point, the southern tip of Key West is just 98 miles (157 km) from Cuba. The Florida Keys are between about 23.5 and 25.5 degrees North latitude, in the subtropics. The climate of the Keys however, is defined as tropical according to Köppen climate classification.  More than 95 percent of the land area is in Monroe County, but a small portion extends northeast into Miami-Dade County, primarily in the city of Islandia, Florida. The total land area is 356 km² (137 sq mi). As of the 2020 census the population was about 82,874, with an average density of 233/km² (603/sq mi), although much of the population is concentrated in a few areas of much higher density, such as the city of Key West, which has 32% of the entire population of the Keys.

The city of Key West is the county seat of Monroe County, which consists of a section on the mainland which is almost entirely in Everglades National Park, and the Keys islands from Key Largo to the Dry Tortugas.

Upper keys
- Key Biscayne
- Key Largo
- Rattlesnake Key

Middle keys
- Islamorada
- Tavernier
- Plantation Key
- Matecumbe Key
- Craig Key
- Fiesta Key
- Long Key
- Conch Key
- Duck Key
- Grassy Key
- Deer Key
- Vaca Key
- Marathon
- Boot Key

Lower keys
- Bahia Honda
- West Summer land Key
- Ohio Key
- No Name Key
- Big Pine Key
- Torch Key
- Ramrod Key
- Summerland Key
- Cudjoe Key
- Sugarloaf Key
- Saddlebunch Keys
- Big Coppitt Key
- Boca Chica
- Key West

## Other websites

- A Gazetteer of the Florida Keys
- City of Key West
- Historical photographs of the Florida Keys
- History of the Conch Republic
- National Park Service: Dry Tortugas
- NOAA Marine Sanctuary
- Crane Point Museum & Nature Center

### Media

- The Reporter newspaper
- The Keynoter newspaper
- The Key West Citizen
Climatology

**Climatology** is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time, and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as teleconnections and climate indices.

## History

The Greeks began the study of climate.

## Other websites

- Climatology News Daily publication with news in all areas of climatology plus free news feeds for webmasters.
- Climate Prediction Center
- IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: The IPCC assesses the scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the understanding of the risk of human-induced climate change.
- KNMI Climate Explorer The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute's Climate Explorer graphs climatological relationships of spatial and temporal data.
- Climatology as a Profession  Amer. Inst. of Physics account of the history of the discipline of climatology in the 20th century
Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger

"**Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger**" is a 2001 single from the album _Discovery_ by Daft Punk.

Kanye West's 2007 song _Stronger_ from the album _Graduation_ uses a sample from _Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger
- **artist**: Daft Punk
- **album**: Discovery (Daft Punk album), Discovery
- **released**: October 13, 2001
- **genre**: House music, House
- **length**: 3:43
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **writer**: Thomas Bangalter
Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo
Edwin Birdsong
- **producer**: Daft Punk, Edwin Birdsong
- **prev title**: Digital Love
- **prev year**: 2001
- **next title**: Face to Face (Daft Punk song), Face to Face
- **next year**: 2003
Pastor

A **pastor** is what a leader is called in some Christian Churches. The word _pastor_ is Latin for "shepherd".

## Other websites

- New Advent. The Catholic Encyclopedia's entry on the term _pastor_.
- Gunpoint Pentecostal Church. A Pentecostal view on the term _pastor_.
- Pastors' Families and Personal Lives   A collection of resources about keeping a pastor's personal life vibrant.
- Pastor's Role . A collection of articles about the role of a pastor in a church.
- Pastoral Administration . Articles about a pastor's role as administrator of a church.
Egyptology

**Egyptology** is the study of Ancient Egypt. It falls under both history and archaeology. Someone who studies or works in this field is called an **Egyptologist**.
Lichfield

**Lichfield** is a small city in Staffordshire, England.

The first part of the name comes from a nearby Roman-British village called _Letocetum_. It was captured by the Mercians some time before 669, when it was called _Licidfelth_. Between 786 and 803, the Christian archbishop in England was here, instead of Canterbury.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: City of Lichfield
- **country**: England
- **civil parish**: Lichfield
- **region**: West Midlands
- **static image**: Lichfield Collage.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>From top left: Lichfield Cathedral; Samuel Johnson Birthplace Museum; Quonians Lane; Lichfield Garrick Theatre, Garrick Theatre; Cityscape.</small>
- **static image 2 width**: 75px
- **static image 2 caption**: <small>Coat of arms of Lichfield</small>
**Motto:** _Salve, magna parens_ (Hail great parent)
<small></small>
- **area total km2**: 14.02
- **population**: 30,583
- **os grid reference**: SK115097
- **post town**: LICHFIELD
- **postcode area**: WS
- **postcode district**: WS13 WS14
- **dial code**: 01543
- **constituency westminster**: Lichfield (UK Parliament constituency), Lichfield
- **london distance**: Boxing the compass, NNW
- **shire district**: Lichfield (district), Lichfield
- **shire county**: Staffordshire
El Llano, Dominican Republic

**El Llano** (_The Plain_) is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña province.

## Population

The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 4,193: 2,161 men and 2,032 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

## History

El Llano became a municipality by the law 687 of 2 July 1974. Before that date, it was part of Comendador.

## Geography

El Llano has an area of . It is to the east of Comendador, next to the San Juan province.

## Administrative division

The municipality of El Llano has only one municipal district; this is:

|Code|Municipal district|Population <small>(2010)</small> !! Area <small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small> !! Density|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|070302|Guanito|4,151|82.8||

## Economy

The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. The main crop is rice.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: El Llano
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **pushpin map**: Dominican Republic
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Dominican Republic
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Elías Piña Province, Elías Piña
- **established title2**: Municipality since
- **established date2**:
1974
- **parts type**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Municipal District
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Guanito, Elías Piña, Guanito
- **area total km2**: 17.1
- **elevation m**: 554
- **population total**: 4193
- **population as of**: 2010
- **total type**: Total
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **blank name sec1**: Distance:
- **blank info sec1**: to Comendador, Elías Piña, Comendador
Hondo Valle

**Hondo Valle** (in English, _Deep Valley_) is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña Province. It is in the northern _Sierra de Neiba_ mountain range.

## Population

The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 7,194: 3,782 men and 3,412 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

## History

Hondo Valle was elevated to the category of municipality by the law 916 of 12 August 1978. Before that date, it was a municipal district of Comendador.

## Geography

Hondo Valle is in a small valley on the Sierra de Neiba mountain range, at an elevation of 890 m. It is at  to the south of Comendador.

The limits of the municipality are the municipality of El Llano to the north, the municipality of Juan Santiago to the east, the Independencia province to the south and Haiti to the west.

### Climate

Hondo Valle has a tropical wet and dry/savanna (Köppen climate classification : **Aw**).

The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with  of rainfall, followed by September with .

The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of  and the second is December with .

Hondo Valle is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

## Administrative division

The municipality of Hondo Valle has only one municipal district; this is:

|Code|Municipal district|Population <small>(2010)</small> !! Area <small>(km<sup>2</sup>)</small> !! Density|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|070402|Rancho de la Guardia|3,393|43.9||

## Economy

The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Hondo Valle
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **pushpin map**: Dominican Republic
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Elías Piña Province, Elías Piña
- **established title2**: Municipality since
- **established date2**:
1978
- **parts type**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Municipal District
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Rancho de la Guardia
- **area total km2**: 78.7
- **elevation m**: 890
- **population total**: 7194
- **population as of**: 2010
- **total type**: Total
- **population urban**: 4234
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **blank name sec1**: Distance:
- **blank info sec1**: to Comendador, Elías Piña, Comendador
Juan Santiago, Dominican Republic

**Juan Santiago** is a Dominican municipality in the Elías Piña province.

## Population

The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 4,360: 2,394 men and 1,966 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

## History

Juan Santiago became a municipal district of Comendador by the law 916 of 12 August 1978. Then, in 2005, it became a municipality of the Elías Piña province.

## Geography

Juan Santiago has an area of . The limits of the municipality are the municipality of El Llano to the north, the San Juan province to the east, the Independencia province to the south and the municipality of Hondo Valle to the west.

## Economy

The main economic activity of the municipality is farming.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Juan Santiago
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **pushpin map**: Dominican Republic
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Dominican Republic
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Elías Piña Province, Elías Piña
- **established title2**: Municipality since
- **established date2**: 2005
- **area total km2**: 102.2
- **elevation m**: 807
- **population total**: 4360
- **population as of**: 2010
- **total type**: Total
- **population urban**: 1565
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset dst**: -4
Río Limpio, Elías Piña

**Río Limpio** (in English, _Clean River_) is a Dominican municipal district of Pedro Santana in the Elías Piña Province.

## Population

The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 3,364: 1,913 men and 1,451 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

## History

Río Limpio became a municipal district of Pedro Santana by the law 36 of 15 November 1992.

## Geography

Río Limpio has an area of . It is on the right side of the _Vallecito_ river, a left tributary of the Artibonite river.

The town is to the west of the _Loma Nalga de Maco_ mountain,  high (), the highest mountain in the western Cordillera Central mountain range.

The limits of the municipality are the Dajabón province to the northwest, the Santiago Rodríguez province to the northeast, the San Juan province to the east, the municipality of Pedro Santana to the south and Haiti to the west.

## Economy

The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. The main crops are coffee and rice.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Río Limpio
- **official name**: Villa de Río Limpio
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **pushpin map**: Dominican Republic
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Dominican Republic
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Elías Piña Province, Elías Piña
- **established title2**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Municipal District since
- **established date2**:
1992
- **area total km2**: 312.2
- **elevation m**: 771
- **population total**: 3364
- **population as of**: 2010
- **total type**: Total
- **population urban**: 1513
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset dst**: -4
Sabana Cruz, Elías Piña

**Sabana Cruz** (in English, "Savanna [of the] Cross") is a Dominican municipal district of Bánica in the Elías Piña Province. It has a total area of 66.0 km².

Sabana Cruz is on the southwest of the municipality of Bánica, on the border with Haiti.

## Population

In the last national census (2002), the population of Sabana Cruz was of 2,081 persons. The population density was 31.5 persons/km².

## Economy

The main economic activity of the municipality is agriculture.
Sabana Larga, Elías Piña

**Sabana Larga** (in English, "Long Savanna") is a Dominican municipal district of Comendador in the Elías Piña Province near the border with Haiti.

## Population

The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 2,056: 1,127 men and 929 women. The urban population was  of the total population.

## History

Sabana Larga was made a municipal district of Comendador by the law 18 of 20 January 2004; a municipal district is a part of a municipality that has its own government.

## Geography

Sabana Larga is to the northeast of the city of Comendador, on the northern side of the _Macasías_ river, the main left tributary of the Artibonite river.

## Economy

The main economic activity of Sabana Larga is farming.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Sabana Larga
- **settlement type**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Municipal District
- **pushpin map**: Dominican Republic
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Elías Piña Province, Elías Piña
- **subdivision type2**: Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Comendador, Elías Piña, Comendador
- **established title**: Municipal District since
- **established date**:
2004
- **area total km2**: 101.1
- **elevation m**: 327
- **population total**: 2056
- **population as of**: 2010
- **total type**: Total
- **population urban**: 527
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset dst**: -4
Kanal 5

**Kanal 5** is a Swedish television channel.

## Source

- Kanal 5 homepage
Decadence

**Decadence** (pronounced: DEK-a-dence) means a state in which people are behaving in a way that is regarded by some people as being morally bad.  The adjective is 'decadent'.  It has nothing to do with the word decade (10 years).

## Where the word came from

“Decadence” comes from the Latin words “de” (from) and “cadere” (to fall).  Thus it means _to fall from a higher state of being_.

## Decadence and society

Decadence is usually a state in a society which used to be good but has become bad. Many people have started to behave in a way that others think is shocking and society does not function as well as it did before.  Of course, not everyone will agree what is “good” or “bad”, but some societies, such as Sodom and Gomorrah, are thought to have been decadent.

## Decadence and the arts

The end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century is often called the _fin de siècle_ (end of century). It is an example of a supposed decadent society in literature and art.

In France there were several writers who were happy to be called “decadent”.  They included Paul Verlaine, Charles Baudelaire, Arthur Rimbaud and Stéphane Mallarmé. In France, the symbolist artists such as Gustave Moreau regarded themselves as "decadent". In England decadent artists included the author Oscar Wilde and visual artists such as Aubrey Beardsley. The "decadents" advocated living a "decadent lifestyle", which means a lifestyle based on seeking  the maximum possible amount of aesthetic pleasure.

In the early 1970s, glam rock musicians such as David Bowie called themselves "decadent". David Bowie's 1973 album _Diamond Dogs_ is about the theme of decadence.  Glam rock musicians and fans of glam rock music signaled that they were decadent by wearing platform shoes. The popular 1976 film _Rocky Horror Picture Show_ was a humorous depiction of "decadence".

People of the goth subculture, which began in the early 1980s among fans of the band Bauhaus, generally regard themselves as being "decadent".  One way they may symbolize themselves as being decadent is by wearing fishnet stockings.

## Colors that symbolize decadence

The color lavender is usually used to symbolize decadence.  Both of the books in the "further reading" list below are colored different tones of lavender.  In the 1890s, the color mauve was used to symbolize decadence--the 1890s were called the _mauve decade_.

## Further reading

- _Decadence: the strange life of an epithet_ By Richard Gilman--New York: 1979--Farrar, Straus and Giroux
- _Dreamers of decadence: the symbolist painters of the 1890s_ By Philippe Julian 1971
Giro Manoyan

**Giro (Kiro) Manoyan** () is an Armenian politician, one of the leaders of ARF Dashnaktsutiun and the head of _Armenian Cause_ Office.

Manoyan attended and finished Concordia University in Montreal, Canada. In the 1980s he was the Executive Director of the Armenian National Committee of Canada. From 1989 to 1999, he edited the Horizon Weekly Armenian newspaper. Since 2000, he is the Director of the International Secretariat of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Bureau in Yerevan.

## Other websites

- An interview with Kiro Manoyan
Castleton, Derbyshire

**Castleton** is a small village in the Derbyshire Peak District national park, in England. It is built on a limestone part of the national park and nearly all the buildings are built of limestone. It has extremely good access as it is near some main cities.

The main attractions in Castleton include Mam Tor, a tall mountain made out of shale. Burbage Moor is a lovely walking spot. It has some climbing spots and has a valley in a valley. Winnats Pass is a path way in between two cliffs. It is very spectacular walking through it. There are big limestone caves near Castleton. They have stalagmites stalactites.

Blue John is a type of rock which is found near Castleton. Water can be seen flowing out of the ground. This is water which has soaked into the limestone.

Castleton has the nickname "Gem of the Pee*”

## Other websites

- Derbyshire Guide
- Pigot's 1835 Directory
- Minerals, Mines and Quarries
Asterix

***Asterix*** () is a French comic book. It was created by René Goscinny (words) and Albert Uderzo (pictures). Goscinny died in 1977 and Uderzo continued to draw and write the series by himself until his death in 2020. The title character Asterix is a Gaul, a member of a Celtic tribe that lived in present-day France, in the year of 50 B.C.E. Asterix lives in a small village in northwest Gaul (Ancient France) during the time of Julius Caesar in 50 BC. Unlike the rest of Gaul, this village has not been taken over by the Romans, because the people in the village drink a magic potion brewed by their druid Getafix. Asterix has many adventures with his friend, Obelix, a Menhir delivery man. The stories have been adapted into movies and video games; there is even an amusement park. There is also a couple of cartoons made after this popular comic, and both the comic and the cartoon can be made into so that the characters speak French.