juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Shipwreck

A **shipwreck** is the remains of a ship that has been wrecked. Shipwrecks are found either beached on land or sunken to the seabed of a body of water. They may be deliberate or accidental. UNESCO estimates that worldwide over 3 million shipwrecks. Some are thousands of years old.

## Attraction

Historic wrecks are attractive to marine archaeologists because they preserve historical information. For example, studying the wreck of _Mary Rose_ revealed information about seafaring, warfare, and life in the 16th century. Military wrecks, caused by a battle at sea, are studied to find details about the historic events. They can reveal much about the battle that occurred. Once in a while there is a discovery of a treasure ship, often from the period of European colonisation. Some contemporary wrecks, such as the oil tankers _Prestige_ or _Erika_, are of interest because of their potential harm to the environment. Other contemporary wrecks are scuttled (sank deliberately) in order to create reef growth.

## Famous shipwrecks

Some very famous shipwrecks include the RMS _Titanic_, HMHS _Britannic_, RMS _Lusitania_, SS _Andrea Doria_, SS _Edmund Fitzgerald_ or the _Costa Concordia_.  There are also thousands of wrecks that were not lost at sea but have been abandoned or sunk. These abandoned, or derelict ships are typically smaller craft, such as fishing vessels. They sometimes pose a hazard to navigation.

## Other websites

- 10 Shipwrecks Frozen In Time
- International Registry of Sunken Ships
Eddy current

An **eddy current** can be made when you have a solenoid (coil of wire), in which there is a soft iron core. When you connect the solenoid to an AC power source, metal objects held above the cross sectional area of the solenoid are repelled due to Lenz's Law.
Analytic philosophy

**Analytic philosophy** is a branch of philosophy that was important in the 20th century. Analytical philosophy focuses on the philosophy of language, mathematical logic and on argumentation. Important thinkers of this movement include Gottlob Frege,  Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Willard Van Orman Quine. It is one of the most common styles of philosophy taught in universities today.

## Related pages

- Metaphilosophy
- Ordinary language philosophy
Johan Ludvig Runeberg

**Johan Ludvig Runeberg** (; 5 February 1804 – 6 May 1877) was a poet from Finland. He is the national poet of Finland. He wrote in the Swedish language.

Runeberg's most famous work is _Fänrik Ståls sägner_ (The Tales of Ensign Stål, _Vänrikki Stoolin tarinat_ in Finnish). He wrote it between 1848 and 1860. The book consists of 36 poems. The tales are about Finnish War of 1808–09. In the war  Russia got Finland from Sweden. In the tales Runeberg tries to tell us that deep down inside people are similar on both sides of the war. In that book, small people from Finland become heroes in their own life.  The first poem "Vårt land" (_Our Land_, _Maamme_ in Finnish) became the Finnish National anthem.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Johan Ludvig Runeberg
- **image**: Johan Ludwig Runeberg bw.jpg
- **image size**: 248px
- **caption**: <small>Johan Ludvig Runeberg (portrait by C. P. Mazer)</small>
- **birth place**: Jakobstad, Kingdom of Sweden
- **death place**: Porvoo, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire
- **spouse**: Fredrika Runeberg
- **signature**: Johan Ludvig Runeberg autograf.png
George S. Irving

**George S. Irving** (**George Irving Shelasky**; November 1, 1922 – December 26, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his character roles on Broadway. He voiced the Heat Miser in _The Year Without a Santa Claus_ (1974) and in _A Miser Brothers' Christmas_ (2008). Irving recorded the audio version of _Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark_. He also appeared on stage in _Oklahoma!_ and on television in _All in the Family_. He won a Tony Award in 1973.

## Other websites

- TonyAwards.com Interview with George S. Irving

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: George S. Irving
- **image**: George S Irving.jpg
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **caption**: as Dario the conductor in Rodgers and Hammerstein's _Me and Juliet_, 1953
- **birthname**: George Irving Shelasky
- **birth place**: Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart failure
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1943–2016
- **spouse**: Maria Karnilova (1948-2001; her death; 2 children)
Edmund Lyndeck

**Edmund Lyndeck** (October 4, 1925 – December 14, 2015) was an American character actor and musical theatre actor. He began his career in 1970 when he appeared in _The Ed Sullivan Show_. He appeared on stage as Ebenezer Scrooge in _A Christmas Carol_.  He also appeared in the stage production of _Into the Woods_.

Lyndeck appeared in guest appearances on _Ed_, _The Cosby Show_, and _Law & Order: Special Victims Unit_.

## Other websites

- Brief interview with Lyndeck about Stephen Sondheim

## Infobox (person)

- **birth date**: October 4, 1925
- **birth place**: Bayonne, New Jersey, Bayonne, New Jersey, United States
- **death date**: December 14, 2015 (aged 90)
- **death place**: Pennsylvania, United States
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1970-2015
Bayonne, New Jersey

**Bayonne** (pronounced _bay-OWN_) is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Bayonne is east of Newark, the state's largest city, north of Elizabeth in Union County and west of Brooklyn. As of 2020, the population was 71,686.
H. Arnold Steinberg

**H. Arnold Steinberg** (May 12, 1933 – December 11, 2015) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist of Jewish descent. He was the Chancellor of McGill University serving from 2009 through 2014.

He studied at McGill University and Harvard University.

In 1957, he started working at Dominion Securities Corp. Ltd. before joining Steinberg Inc. in 1958. He would remain at the company until 1989 and was Chief Financial Officer.

Steinberg died suddenly in Montreal, Quebec from a heart attack on December 11, 2015 at the age of 82.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: H. Arnold Steinberg
- **image**: Arnold Steinberg (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: H. Arnold Steinberg in 2013
- **birth place**: Montreal, Quebec
- **death place**: Montreal, Quebec
- **office**: 18th List of McGill University people#List of chancellors, Chancellor of McGill University
- **term start**: 2009
- **term end**: 2014
- **occupation**: Businessman
Metropolitan Community Church

The **Metropolitan Community Church** (MCC) is an international Protestant Christian denomination. It is based in Los Angeles, California. It has 222 member congregations in 37 countries. It has a specific outreach to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender families and communities. The MCC has property worth $50 million. It has 40,000 members. They want to double in size in the next ten years. They also want acceptance by other Christian organizations. The MCC currently has "Official Observer" status with the World Council of Churches. MCC supports same-sex marriage. The MCC has been denied membership in the US National Council of Churches. Many local MCC congregations are members of local ecumenical partnerships around the world. MCC also belongs to several statewide councils of churches in the United States.
Deschooling

**Deschooling** is a word that was first used by Ivan Illich (Austrian philosopher, 1926–2002). Many homeschoolers use the word to describe the process that children go through when they left the school system to start homeschooling. It is an important process for homeschooling, in which children should prepare for their first homeschool days. Some children need more time to go through it than others. Families do this normally because many things in homeschooling are different from the public school system.

## Other websites

- _Deschooling: How Long Does it Take? _
- _Deschooling_ on www.homeschool.com
Unschooling

**Unschooling** is a special form of homeschooling. In this form of education, learners choose activities as their medium for learning. It is not as known as traditional homeschooling, but is becoming more known.

## Motivations

Many persons decide to do unschooling because it makes it possible to learn through natural life experiences, or they do not like the concept of schooling and think that they can learn better by doing other activities.

## Branches

There are different branches of unschooling. Here are some examples:

- Worldschooling: Learners travel around the world and learn through experiencing other places, people, cultures, and typical activities of these locations.
- Project-based unschooling: Learners choose a project that interests them and do it in their own time and learn things about it and related topics.
- Gameschooling: Learners play varios games like board and card games with and against others. Learners can develop social skills such as interpersonal communication, negotiation, persuasion, diplomacy, and moral character.

## Criticism

Critics of unschooling think that children will lack the social skills, structure, and motivation of their schooled peers, while other think that the opposite is true.

## Related pages

- Deschooling
John Bannon

**John Charles Bannon**  (7 May 1943 – 13 December 2015) was an Australian politician for the Labor Party. He was the 39th Premier of South Australia from 10 November 1982 until 4 September 1992. He was born in Bendigo, Victoria and grew up in Adelaide, South Australia.

Bannon died from cancer on 13 December 2015 in Adelaide, aged 72.

## Other websites

- Parliament Profile
Abu Ali al-Anbari

**Abd al-Rahman Mustafa al-Qaduli**, better known as **Abu Ali al-Anbari**, (; born 1957/1959 - died 12 December 2015) was an Iraqi militant jihadist of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. He was the governor for territories held by the organization in both Iraq and Syria. He was thought to be the second-in-command (along with his counterpart Abu Muslim al-Turkmani (KIA) who held a similar position in Iraq). He was born to an ethnic Iraqi Turkmen family in the Nineveh Governorate of northern Iraq.

## Career

He plays a political role of overseeing the local councils and acts as a kind of political envoy. His military role includes directing ISIL operations against both other Syrian rebels who oppose President Bashar al-Assad's government and also against the Syrian government itself.

In November 2015, The New York Times reported that al-Anbari had recently arrived in Libya by boat, where the group has established a powerful branch centered in the city of Sirte. On December 12, 2015 al-Anbari was killed in an airstrike by the Iraqi army.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Abu Ali al-Anbari
- **birth date**: 1957 or 1959
- **death date**: 18 March 2016
- **birth place**: Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq
- **death place**: Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria
Benedict Anderson

**Benedict Richard O'Gorman Anderson ** (August 26, 1936 – December 13, 2015) was an American academic and writer. He was a polyglot.He was the Aaron L. Binenkorb Professor Emeritus of International Studies, Government & Asian Studies at Cornell University. He was best known for his book _Imagined Communities_, first published in 1983. He worked on the "Cornell Paper." That report showed that the official story of Indonesia's 30 September Movement and the Indonesian killings of 1965–66 was not true. Indonesia forced him to leave that country.

## Personal life

Anderson was born in Kunming, China, to James O'Gorman Anderson and Veronica Beatrice Bigham. In 1941 the family moved to California. In 1957, Anderson received a Bachelor of Arts in Classics from Cambridge University, and he later earned a Ph.D. from Cornell's Department of Government, where he studied modern Indonesia under the guidance of George Kahin. He was the brother of historian Perry Anderson.

Anderson died in Batu, Malang, in his sleep of heart failure on December 13, 2015 at the age of 79.

## Other websites

- A short biography
- "The Nation as Imagined Community"  An excerpt from _Imagined Communities_

## Infobox (scientist)

- **embed**: yes
- **fields**: Political science, Historical science
- **workplaces**: Cornell University (Professor Emeritus)
- **doctoral advisor**: George McTurnan Kahin
- **doctoral students**: John Sidel


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Benedict Anderson
- **birth place**: Kunming, Republic of China (1912–1949), China
- **death place**: Batu (city), Batu, East Java, Indonesia
- **citizenship**: Ireland, Irish
- **alma mater**: Bachelor of Arts, B.A., Cambridge University
 Ph.D., Cornell University
- **relatives**: Perry Anderson (brother)
Rowan University

**Rowan University** is a public university in Glassboro, New Jersey, United States.  The school also has a campus in Camden, New Jersey. The school opened in 1923 as **Glassboro Normal School** on a twenty-five acre site donated by the town. The school became **New Jersey State Teachers College at Glassboro** in the 1930s.  Then it became **Glassboro State College** in 1958. Starting in the 1970s, it added programs in business, communications, and engineering.

It was renamed **Rowan College of New Jersey** in 1992, after Henry Rowan and his wife Betty gave the school $100 million.  At the time, the gift was largest ever given to a public college. It became Rowan University on March 21, 1997, when it won approval for university status from the New Jersey Commission on Higher Education. In the fall of 2012, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University opened in Camden.  It was the first public medical school in New Jersey not associated with the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. It later took over the School of Osteopathic Medicine on July 1, 2013.  It became the second university in the United States to offer both an M.D. and a D.O. program.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official athletics website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Rowan University
- **motto**: Eruditio spes mundi
- **mottoeng**: Education, hope of the world
- **established**: 1923
- **type**: Public university
- **endowment**: $140.5 million
- **president**: Ali A. Houshmand
- **provost**: James Newell (Interim)
- **city**: Glassboro, New Jersey, Glassboro, Camden, New Jersey, Camden, Stratford, New Jersey, Stratford
- **state**: New Jersey
- **country**: United States, USA
- **faculty**: 1,750
- **staff**: 1,806
- **campus**: Suburban, about
- **former names**: Glassboro Normal School (1923–37)
New Jersey State Teachers College at Glassboro (1937–58)
Glassboro State College (1958–92)
Rowan College of New Jersey (1992–97)
- **undergrad**: 16,022
- **postgrad**: 1,927
- **colors**: Rowan Brown
 Rowan Gold
- **nickname**: RU, The Row, The Boro, Rowan
- **mascot**: Prof (Owl), "Whoo RU"
- **athletics**: 18 NCAA Division III sports teams
37 intramural sports
Training corset

A **training corset** is a corset used for doing body modification (changing the body). It may be used for orthopedic reasons (such as to correct a crooked spine) or for cosmetic reasons (to achieve a smaller waistline which is commonly called waist training).

The term "training corset" is also sometimes used for BDSM corsets used for discipline.

## Related pages

- Corset
Coccinella septempunctata

The **seven-spot ladybird** (_Coccinella septempunctata_) is a colourful beetle. It has red back (wing cases) with seven black spots, black and white head, legs and stomach. As an adult it is 5-8 mm long.

_Coccinella septempunctata_ is the most common lady beetle in Europe. Because it eats harmful insects, people have imported it to North America.

Ladybirds are members of the family Coccinellidae, which is in the infraorder Cucujiformia.
Whooper swan

The **whooper swan** (_Cygnus cygnus_), is a large white bird which lives in Europe and Asia. It is the Eurasian counterpart of the North American trumpeter swan. Francis Willughby and John Ray's _Ornithology_ of 1676 called this swan "the Elk, Hooper, or wild Swan".

## Description

An adult whooper swan  weighs 9-11 kg. It is 140-160 cm long (including neck and head) and it has a wingspan of 205-235 cm. Young swans are grey-brown. They have a pink and black beak. The young get pale grey in end of their first summer. They get the white adult colour before their second winter. Male and female swans look otherwise similar, but the males are larger.

The whooper swan, Bewick's swan and mute swan look quite similar, but the details are different.
Whooper swan is clearly larger than Bewick's swan. When it lands it water or takes off it slides longer distances.

## Behaviour

Whooper swans eat mainly plants growing in water: leaves, stems and roots. During the winter they also eat grain and vegetables from the fields. Young birds often eat insects.

The nest is a large pile of plant matter built on dry ground or on small islands near lakeshore.  The same nest mound may be used over many years although it is often repaired and new material is added.

## Distribution

Whooper swans spends their summer in Northern Europe and Asia. For winter they migrate to coasts where sea does not freeze.

In year 2006 it was estimated, that there are more than 180,000 whooper swans in the world. Out of these, 10,000-100,000 pairs breed in Russia. Between one thousand and ten thousand birds also spend their winter there.
Roland D-50

The **Roland D-50** is a linear/polyphonic 61-key synthesizer made by Roland. It was released in 1987.  Its features include Linear Arithmetic synthesis, on-board effects, a joystick for data manipulation, and an analog synthesis-styled keyboard layout.  The external Roland PG-1000 programmer could also be attached to the D-50 for more complex manipulation of sounds. It was also produced in a rack-mount version. This was called the D-550 and had almost 450 user-adjustable parameters.
Dexter Gordon

**Dexter Gordon** (February 27, 1923 – April 25, 1990) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He was also known as "Long Tall Dexter" and "Sophisticated Giant". Gordon's career lasted for over 40 years. He was among the earliest tenor players to adapt the bebop musical language.

Gordon died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from renal failure and laryngeal cancer at the age of 67.

## Other websites

- Sophisticated Giant: The Dexter Gordon Discography
- Dexter Gordon Multimedia Directory
- Dexter Gordon: 12 Essential Tracks  by Eric Novod (www.jazz.com)
Vadym Tyshchenko

**Vadym Tyshchenko** or **Vadim Nikolayevich Tishchenko** (24 March 1963 – 14 December 2015) was a Soviet and Ukrainian association football player and coach.

Tyshchenko made his debut for USSR on 29 August 1987 in a friendly game against Yugoslavia. He played in UEFA Euro 1988, but was not selected for the squad for that tournament or for the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

Tyshchenko died in Kyiv, Ukraine from a heart attack at the age of 52.

## Other websites

- Profile
- Vadym Tyshchenko died. UA-Football. 14 December 2015

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Vadym Tyshchenko
- **image**: Vadym Tyshchenko.jpeg
- **image size**: 250px
- **fullname**: Vadym Mykolayovych Tyschenko
- **birth place**: Horodok, Lviv Oblast, Horodok, Ukrainian SSR
- **death place**: Kyiv, Ukraine
- **position**: Midfielder
- **currentclub**: FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk (assistant coach)
- **youthclubs1**: FC Karpaty Lviv, Karpaty Lviv
- **youthclubs2**: PFC Nyva Vinnytsia, Nyva Vynnitsia
- **years1**: 1984
- **clubs1**: FC Dynamo-2 Kyiv, Dynamo-D Kyiv
- **years2**: 1984
- **clubs2**: PFC Nyva Vinnytsia, Nyva Vynnitsia
- **years3**: 1985–1986
- **clubs3**: FC Karpaty Lviv, Karpaty Lviv
- **caps3**: 77
- **goals3**: 7
- **years4**: 1987–1992
- **clubs4**: FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk
- **caps4**: 109
- **goals4**: 15
- **years5**: 1992–1994
- **clubs5**: Hapoel Haifa F.C.
- **caps5**: 53
- **goals5**: 4
- **nationalyears1**: 1987, 1990
- **nationalteam1**: USSR national football team, USSR
- **nationalcaps1**: 8
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1996–1997
- **managerclubs1**: FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk (assistant)
- **manageryears2**: 1998
- **managerclubs2**: FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk
- **manageryears3**: 1999
- **managerclubs3**: FC Kryvbas-2 Kryvyi Rih
- **manageryears4**: 2000–2001
- **managerclubs4**: FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih (assistant)
- **manageryears5**: 2001–
- **managerclubs5**: FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk (assistant)
- **manageryears6**: 2005
- **managerclubs6**: FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk (caretaker)
- **manageryears7**: 2010
- **managerclubs7**: FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk (caretaker)
George Tiller

**George Richard Tiller**, MD (August 8, 1941 – May 31, 2009) was an American physician. He was from Wichita, Kansas. He became well-known as the medical director of Women's Health Care Services, one of only three clinics nationwide to provide late-term abortions at the time.

During his tenure with the center, which began in 1975 and continued the medical practice of his father, Tiller was targeted with protest and violence by anti-abortion groups and individuals. After his clinic was firebombed in 1986, Tiller was shot in both arms by anti-abortion extremist Shelley Shannon in 1993.

On May 31, 2009, Tiller was fatally shot in the side of the head by anti-abortion extremist Scott Roeder, as Tiller served as an usher during the Sunday morning service at his church in Wichita. Roeder was convicted of murder on January 29, 2010, and sentenced to life imprisonment.

## Other websites

- George R. Tiller M.D. Memorial Fund
- _Are Some Anti-Abortion Attacks Domestic Terrorism?_  NOW on PBS Piece aired following Dr. Tiller's death
- "George Tiller speaks about the history of violence against him and his medical practice,"  Kansas City _The Pitch_
- "Remembered for Lifelong Dedication to Women's Reproductive Health" Five women (two of them doctors) who worked with Dr. Tiller; _Democracy Now!_, June 1, 2009 (video, audio, and print transcript)
- Criminal Complaint (Kansas v. Roeder) FindLaw, June 2, 2009
- Letters of condolence sent to the editors of _The New York Times_

## Infobox (scientist)

- **embed**: yes
- **fields**: Family medicine
- **work institutions**: Owner-operator of Women's Health Care – Wichita, Kansas (1975–2009)


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: George Tiller
- **image**: George Tiller cropped.jpg
- **birth name**: George Richard Tiller
- **birth place**: Wichita, Kansas, United States, US
- **death place**: Wichita, Kansas, U.S.
- **death cause**: Homicide
- **known for**: Pro-choice advocacy
- **education**: University of Kansas (zoology, 1963)
University of Kansas School of Medicine (1967)
Internship, United States Navy
- **relations**: Jeanne Elizabeth (Guenther) Tiller, widow
Dean Jackson "Jack" Tiller, MD, father (1916–1970)
Krampus (movie)

***Krampus*** is a 2015 American fantasy comedy horror movie based on Krampus from Alpine folklore. It was directed by Michael Dougherty and written by Dougherty, Todd Casey, and Zach Shields.

The movie stars Adam Scott, Toni Collette, David Koechner, Allison Tolman, Conchata Ferrell, Emjay Anthony, Stefania LaVie Owen, and Krista Stadler. It was theatrically released in the Philippines on December 2, 2015, by Columbia Pictures, and in the United States on December 4, 2015, by Universal Pictures to mixed reviews.
Adam Scott

**Adam Paul Scott** (born April 3, 1973) is an American actor, comedian, director, screenwriter, producer, podcaster, dancer, and poet. He is best known for his role as Ben Wyatt in the NBC sitcom _Parks and Recreation_. He has also appeared as Derek in the movie _Step Brothers_, and Henry Pollard in the Starz sitcom _Party Down_. He also played Mark Scout on the Apple TV+ series _Severance_.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Adam Scott
- **image**: AdamScottTIFFSept2011.jpg
- **caption**: Scott at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival
- **birth name**: Adam Paul Scott
- **birth place**: Santa Cruz, California, United States
- **occupation**: Actor, director, screenwriter, producer, Comedian
- **yearsactive**: 1994–present
- **children**: 2
Keith Ellison

**Keith Maurice Ellison** (born August 4, 1963) is an American politician. He is the Attorney General of Minnesota. He is a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), the Minnesota state Democratic Party affiliate.

He was the U.S. Representative for  from 2007 to 2019. Ellison was a co-chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and a Chief Deputy Whip, also notably serving on the House Committee on Financial Services.

Ellison is the first Muslim to be elected to Congress. He is also the first African American elected to the House from Minnesota.

In November 2016, progressive groups and United States senators, including Bernie Sanders of Vermont, supported Ellison for chair of the Democratic National Committee. On February 25, 2017, minutes after defeating him on a second ballot, Chairman Tom Perez motioned for Ellison to be elected his Deputy Chair which was approved by a unanimous voice vote of DNC members.

On June 5, 2018, Ellison announced that he was running for Attorney General of Minnesota and not seeking reelection to Congress. He won the election in November 2018.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Keith Ellison
- **image**: Keith Ellison portrait.jpg
- **office**: 30th Attorney General of Minnesota
- **term start**: January 7, 2019
- **predecessor**: Lori Swanson
- **governor**: Tim Walz
- **office1**: Deputy Chair of the Democratic National Committee
- **leader1**: Tom Perez
- **term start1**: February 25, 2017
- **term end1**: November 8, 2018
- **predecessor1**: Position established
- **successor1**: _Vacant_
- **state2**: Minnesota
- **term start2**: January 3, 2007
- **term end2**: January 3, 2019
- **predecessor2**: Martin Olav Sabo, Martin Sabo
- **successor2**: Ilhan Omar
- **state house3**: Minnesota
- **district3**: 58B
- **term start3**: January 7, 2003
- **term end3**: January 3, 2007
- **predecessor3**: Gregory Gray
- **successor3**: Augustine Dominguez
- **birth name**: Keith Maurice Ellison
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
- **party**: Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party
- **spouse**: Kim Ellison
- **children**: Amirah
Jeremiah
Elijah
Isaiah
- **alma mater**: Wayne State University, B.A.
University of Minnesota Law School, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, J.D.
Vitus Bering

**Vitus Jonassen Bering** (1681 - 1741), also called **Ivan Ivanovich Bering** (Russian name) was a Danish seafarer and explorer. He went into the service of the Russian navy in 1704. He was commissioned a second lieutenant. During the Great Northern War he distinguished himself and was promoted to the rank of commander.

## First Kamchatka expedition

In 1639 a group of Russian _promyshlenniki_ (hunter-traders) sailed from Russia into the Pacific ocean, They were the first Europeans to sailed between Asia and North America. Peter the great, Czar of Russia, wanted to send an expedition to confirm the information. In 1724 he sent the first Kamchatka expedition (1725-30) led by Bering. One of their tasks was to see if Siberia was connected to North America. They sailed first to the Kamchatka Peninsula where a ship was built for the exploration. In 1728 Bering sailed north far enough to discover that Siberia and North America (Alaska) were not connected.

## Second Kamchatka expedition

The Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-43) was a very large scientific expedition. It was also led by Bering. The scientific expedition sent out smaller explorations to chart the coasts of Siberia, the Pacific, and several research expeditions. Ships were sent to Japan and America to promote Russian interests. Bering reached Alaska in 1741. On the return journey they had to stop at Bering Island. While there nearly half the crew, including Bering, died. In 1991, Danish archaeologists found his grave.
Ritornello

**Ritornello** is an Italian word meaning "little return". At first in music ritornello was used as an instruction to repeat a part. By the 1600's the word was used to describe a part of the music played by instruments in a vocal piece. These instrumental sections could be at the start (a prelude), in the middle (an interlude), or at the end (a postlude). In dramatic music, the ritornello provided an opportunity for dancing, or for a scene change. In the Baroque period, a common way to write a song, called an aria, was in da capo form. The aria would be written as two contrasting sections, A and B. By adding an instrumental ritornello (R), the aria could be developed further, forming the scheme R–A–R–B–R–A–R.

In the early 1700's composers began using the ritornello form in concertos, the solo instrument replacing the voice. This gave the composer the chance to develop music during the solos with new material and key changes, between repeated sections of full orchestra. Guiseppe Torelli began using this form, which was then developed and extended by Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi's way of using this form has the following features:
- Ritornellos for the full orchestra alternate with sections for the soloist or soloists.
- The opening ritornello is composed of several small sections. These are usually two to four bars in length, which may be repeated or varied. These sections can be separated from each other or combined in new ways but are still the ritornello.
- When the ritornello is used again, it may be only a part, using only one or some of the sections, sometimes varied.
- The ritornellos guide the tonal structure of the music. They establish the new key if the music changes keys. The first and last use of the ritornello is in the tonic. One (usually the first to be in a new key) is in the dominant; and others are in closely related keys.

Later composers such as Bach and Telemann used Vivaldi's form in their works.
Dominant (music)

The **dominant** in music is the fifth note of a major or minor scale. In a C scale, the fifth and dominant note will be G. Chords built on this note are called dominant chords. In the key of C, the dominant chord will be G-B-D. Keys have the same relationship as notes, so the dominant key will be the key of the fifth note. So in C, the key of G is the dominant key. In musical theory, the dominant is written with the roman numeral "V".
National Medal of Science

The **National Medal of Science** is an honor given by the President of the United States. It is awarded to people in science and engineering who did important work in  behavioral, social sciences, biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and physics.

## History

The National Medal of Science was made on August 25, 1959, by an act of  the Congress of the United States. The medal was to be to honor scientists in the fields of the "physical, biological, mathematical or engineering sciences".
Camcorder

A **camcorder** is an electronic device which combines a video camera and a video recorder. Most devices capable of recording video are camera phones and digital cameras primarily intended for still pictures. The term "camcorder" is used to describe a portable, self-contained device, with video capture and recording as its primary function.
Marilyn Maxwell

**Marilyn Maxwell** (August 3, 1921 – March 20, 1972) was an American actress and entertainer. She was a sex symbol in the 1940s and 1950s. She appeared in several movies and radio programs. She played Hazel Moon in _Lost in a Harem_ (1944). She also played Grace Diamond in _Champion_ (1949).

Maxwell was born in Clarinda, Iowa. She died from a heart attack at age 50.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Marilyn Maxwell
- **image**: Marilyn Maxwell 1961.JPG
- **caption**: Maxwell in 1961
- **birthname**: Marvel Marilyn Maxwell
- **birth place**: Clarinda, Iowa, U.S.
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: heart attack
- **spouse**: John Conte (actor), John Conte
(m. 1944–1946, divorced)
Anders (Andy) McIntyre
(m. 1949–1950, divorced)
Jerry Davis
(m. 1954–1960, divorced)
- **children**: Son
- **yearsactive**: 1942–71
Silver birch

The **silver birch** (_Betula pendula_), also known as the **warty birch**, **European white birch**, or **East Asian white birch**, is a deciduous tree in the family Betulaceae. It grows in Europe, parts of Asia and North America.

The silver birch is a medium-sized  tree, which has triangle-shaped leaves. In autumn the leaves turn yellow and fall. Trunk is shining white.  The twigs are slender, and in an old tree the they often hang downwards.  The flowers are grouped in an inflorescence called a catkin. The wind spreads the birch seed. The trees are monoecious, with both male and female catkins on the same tree.

## Other websites

- Ecology of birch species
- European White Birch
- Betula pendula (silver birch)  Kew Gardens
Eisaku Satō

**Eisaku Satō** (27 March 1901 – 3 June 1975) was a Japanese politician and the 39th Prime Minister of Japan. He was first elected in December 1964. He was the first Prime Minister to have been born in the 20th century. Satō shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Seán MacBride in 1974. He received the award for representing the Japanese people's will for peace, and for signing the nuclear weapons Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1970.

Satō was born in Tabuse in Yamaguchi Prefecture. He suffered a stroke on May 23, 1975 and fell into a deep coma. He died on 3 June 1975 a Tokyo hospital.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Eisaku Satō
- **native name lang**: ja
- **image**: Eisaku Sato 19641109.jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of Japan
- **monarch**: Hirohito, Shōwa
- **term start**: 9 November 1964
- **term end**: 7 July 1972
- **predecessor**: Hayato Ikeda
- **successor**: Kakuei Tanaka
- **office2**: House of Representatives (Japan), Member of the House of Representatives
- **term start2**: 23 January 1949
- **term end2**: 3 June 1975
- **constituency2**: Yamaguchi 2nd
- **birth place**: Tabuse, Yamaguchi, Japan
- **death place**: Tokyo, Japan
- **signature**: SatōE kao.svg
- **party**: Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), Liberal Democratic Party <small>(1955–1975)</small>
- **otherparty**: Liberal Party (Japan, 1945), Liberal Party <small>(1949–1955)</small>
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: University of Tokyo, Tokyo Imperial University
Emperor Toba

was the 74th emperor of Japan. Toba's reign spanned the years from 1107 through 1123. He became Emperor when he was 5 years old. He abdicated the throne when he was 20 years old. At this time the Emperors of Japan only filled a background role in politics. The elaborate court system of _Insei_ was coming to an end as Japan had already turned to feudalism and Militarism.
Eddie Shore

**Edward William Shore** (November 23, 1902 – March 16, 1985), also known as **Eddie Shore**, was a Canadian professional hockey player known for playing defense for the Boston Bruins. He was born in Fort Qu'Appelle, Canada.

Shore played for the Melville Millionaires, Regina Capitals, Edmonton Eskimos, New York Americans, Boston Bruins, Springfeild Indians and the Buffalo Bisons

Shore was originally uninterested in hockey, but joined a college hockey team. Shore also played for the Regina Capitals, and the Edmonton Eskimos in the Western Canada Hockey League.
Armando Cossutta

**Armando Cossutta** (2 September 1926 – 14 December 2015) was an Italian communist politician. After World War II, he became one of the leading members of the party, representing the most pro-Soviet Union tendency. Cossutta was president of the Party of Italian Communists, and Member of Parliament. He also served as Member of the European Parliament during the 5th European term (1999-2004). In 1999, Cossutta appeared on a list of alleged Italian KGB spies. Cossutta has not been convicted.

Cossutta died on 14 December 2015 in Rome, Italy from bronchopneumonia, aged 89.
Evelyn S. Lieberman

**Evelyn May Simonowitz Lieberman** (July 9, 1944 – December 12, 2015) was an American public affairs professional. During the Bill Clinton administration, she became the first woman to serve as White House Deputy Chief of Staff serving for a few months in 1996.

She was the first United States Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. From 2002 until her death, Lieberman worked for the Smithsonian Institution, most recently as Senior Advisor and Assistant to the Secretary for external relations.

Lieberman died of pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C., aged 71.

## Other websites

- Statement by the Vice President and Dr. Jill Biden On the Passing of Evelyn Lieberman

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Evelyn S. Lieberman
- **image**: Evelyn S. Lieberman 1993.jpg
- **caption**: Lieberman in March 1993
- **office**: White House Deputy Chief of Staff
- **term start**: January 1996
- **term end**: December, 1996
<small>Served with Harold M. Ickes, Harold Ickes</small>
- **president**: Bill Clinton
- **predecessor**: Erskine Bowles
- **successor**: John Podesta
- **birth name**: Evelyn May Simonowitz
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Washington, D.C.
- **education**: Buffalo State College, Class of 1966
- **spouse**: Edward H. Lieberman
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
Jansila Majeed

**Jansila Majeed** is an activist in the Puttalam District of Sri Lanka. In 2010, she received an International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

## Life

Majeed was an internally displaced person (IDP) for 20 years.  She works for the rights of Muslim and Tamil IDPs in Sri Lanka.

## Work

Majeed started her work in 1992 with a group of five people.  She is the Managing Trustee of the Community Trust Fund in Puttalam.  The group is an NGO that works for minority rights, women's rights, and peace.  It also works with young people, and teaches about the dangers of mines in the north and east.

Majeed spoke at the beginning of the UNDP 2010 Asia-Pacific Human Development Report on Gender.  In her report, she said that Sri Lanka must change its ideas about women's rights, women in politics, legal rights for women and working women.

## Other websites

- 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Marie Claude Naddaf

**Marie Claude Naddaf** (Arabic: ماري كلود نداف ) is an activist and a nun from Syria.  In 2010, she received an International Women of Courage Award.

## Work

In 1994, Naddaf became Mother Superior at the Good Shepherd Convent in Damascus.  In 1996, she opened the "Oasis Shelter" with her convent. The Oasis Shelter was the first organization for victims of human trafficking and domestic violence in Syria.  She also started the first telephone hotline in Syria.  It was part of an emergency shelter for women.

Naddaf worked for the right of women in police custody in Syria to go to shelter, if they are victims of trafficking. She also started a nursery school and a vocational education program at the prison for women in Damascus.

## Awards

She received a 2010 International Women of Courage award.

## Other websites

- 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Perry Anderson

**Francis Rory Peregrine** "**Perry**" **Anderson** (born 11 September 1938) is a British historian and political essayist. He is a specialist in intellectual history such as the post-1956 Western Marxism of the New Left.

Anderson was educated at Eton College and Worcester College, Oxford.

He is Professor of History and Sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and a former editor of the _New Left Review_. Anderson has written several books, the latest being _The Indian Ideology_ (2012), a polemic against the Indian nation-building project. He is the brother of political scientist Benedict Anderson.

## Other websites

- Archive of Perry Anderson's articles for _The Nation_
- Archive of Perry Anderson's articles for _The New Left Review_
- The New Statesman Profile – Perry Anderson
Lillian Vernon

**Lillian Vernon** (born **Lilli Menasche**; March 18, 1927 – December 14, 2015) was an American businesswoman, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. She founded the Lillian Vernon Corporation in 1951 and served as its chairman and CEO until July 1989, though she continued to serve as executive chairman until 2003.

## Personal life

Vernon was born in Leipzig, Germany. Because they were of Jewish descent the Vernon family fled to the United States in 1937.

Vernon died from congestive heart failure in Manhattan, New York City at the age of 88.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lillian Vernon
- **image**: Lillian Vernon (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Vernon in Manhattan, July 2012
- **birth name**: Lilli Menasche
- **birth place**: Leipzig, Germany
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
- **occupation**: Entrepreneur, businesswoman
- **title**: Founder, CEO of The Lillian Vernon Corporation
Jestina Mukoko

**Jestina Mukoko** is a human rights activist and journalist from Zimbabwe.  In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Work

Jestina Mukoko is the director of the Zimbabwe Peace Project. She studied to be a journalist, and she was a newsreader with the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation.

## Kidnapping

On December 3, 2008, Jestina Mukoko was kidnapped from her house near the city of Harare. Dumisani Muleya of _Business Day_ newspaper said that she was "abducted by suspected state agents for allegedly being involved in plans for anti government demonstrations."

Mukoko told The Independent newspaper that they asked her about her NGO, the Peace Project.  The said she wanted to train young people to fight the government. They beat her on the bottom of her feet with rubber hoses.  They said this is a favourite torture instrument in Zimbabwe because it does not leave a mark on the feet for later.

### International attention

Many world leaders asked for her freedom, including Gordon Brown and Condoleezza Rice.   A "Group of Elders", including Jimmy Carter, Kofi Annan and Graca Machel, wanted to come to Zimbabwe, but the government refused to let them come in.  Instead, they talked to the newspapers in South Africa.

The Zimbabwe High Court told the Zimbabwe Republic Police to look for Mukoko.  The police did nothing.  They said they did not know where she was.

### Freedom

On 24 December, Mukoko appeared in court in Harare on charges of trying to get young people to fight the government.  She did not have a lawyer. She was with seven other people who were kidnapped. The group included a 72-year-old man and a two-year-old boy whose father and mother, Violet Mupfuranhehwe and Collen Mutemagawo, were also prisoners.  In March 2009, three months after her kidnapping, Jestina Mukoko was free on bail. She had to go to the police station every week. They took her passport. On 21 September 2009 the Zimbabwe Supreme Court said she was free. Amnesty International said this was a good decision.

## Other websites

- 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Ananda Prasad Pokharel

**Ananda Prasad Pokharel** is a Nepali politician. He was Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation in Nepal. He is also a member of Napal's Investment Board.
UNOVIS

**UNOVIS** was an important group of Russian artists. It was taken over by Kazimir Malevich at the Vitebsk Art School in 1919. It started of with a group of students and was called MOLPOSNOVIS. The group developed new idea about art. Once Malevich became the leader they changed their name to UNOVIS. The group only lasted until 1926.
UNOVIS stood for "Utverditeli Novovo Iskusstva" which is Russian. In English it meant "affirmers of the new art".

## Foundation and growth

The group had many changes. First known as MOLPOSNOVIS, after the school's teachers joined and it became POSNOVIS. In 1920, Malevich was invited them to teach at the school in 1919 by Marc Chagall. In February of the same year Malevich became leader.
Zakho

**Zakho**, also spelled **Zaxo** (), is a city in the Kurdistan Region. It has about 350,000 inhabitants, the vast majority of whom are ethnic Kurds. It is in the Dahuk Province. There is a university in Zaxo. The biggest soccer club is Zakho FC.
Duhok

**Duhok** () is a city in the Kurdistan Region. The city is the capital of Duhok Governorate and has a population of 500,000. Kurds form the vast majority of the population in Duhok. There is a university in Duhok. The soccer club is Duhok SC.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Duhok
- **native name**: دهۆک
- **image skyline**: Duhok 01.jpg
- **image caption**: City of Duhok viewed from Zawa Mountain
- **pushpin map**: Iraqi Kurdistan #Iraq
- **pushpin label**: Duhok
- **pushpin map caption**: Duhok's location within northern Iraq (light gray) and Iraqi Kurdistan (yellow)
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type2**: Autonomous region
- **subdivision type3**: Governorate
- **subdivision name3**: Duhok Governorate
- **subdivision type4**: District
- **subdivision name4**: Duhok District
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: 2018
- **population total**: 340,900+
- **elevation m**: 565
- **postal code type**: Postcode
- **postal code**: 42001
- **area code**: 062
- **website**: http://duhok.gov.krd
Ethiopian calendar

The **Ethiopian calendar** is the main calendar used in Ethiopia. It serves as the liturgical calendar for Christians in Eritrea and Ethiopia belonging to the Orthodox Tewahedo churches, Eastern Catholic Church and Coptic Orthodox Church. It is a solar calendar which comes from the Egyptian calendar. But like the Julian calendar, it adds a leap day every four years. It begins the year on August 29 or August 30 in the Julian calendar.  A seven to eight-year gap between the Ethiopian and Gregorian calendars results from an alternate calculation in determining the date of the annunciation of Jesus.

## Makeup

Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopic calendar has twelve months of 30 days plus five or six epagomenal days, which make up a thirteenth month. The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar. The names of the days are in Ge'ez. The sixth epagomenal day is added every four years without exception on August 29 of the Julian calendar. This occurs six months before the Julian leap day. Thus the first day of the Ethiopian year, _1 Mäskäräm_, for years between 1900 and 2099 (inclusive), is usually September 11 (Gregorian). It, however, falls on September 12 in years before the Gregorian leap year. The Ethiopian New Year falls on September 11 of the Gregorian calendar. On leap years it falls on September 12.

## History

In 1582 the Christian world changed from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar. Ethiopia did not make the change. As a result, Ethiopia is seven years and eight months behind those countries that use the Gregorian calendar. Christmas and Easter fall on different dates than they would elsewhere.

## Tourists

In Ethiopia banks, airlines and other institutions that tourists would use run on the western calendar. Everywhere else the Ethiopian calendar is used. That may cause some confusion.

## Other websites

- Ethiopian Calendar Converter
- Current local time and date in Ethiopia