juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Valegro

**Valegro** (5 July 2002 – 1 November 2025) was a dressage horse ridden by British equestrian Charlotte Dujardin. His stable name was Blueberry. He was a double World Champion in dressage. Valegro won the Grand Prix Special and Grand Prix Freestyle.

## Career

Valegro never lost a race, starting in January 2012.

Dujardin and Valegro won the FEI World Cup grand prix at London Olympia in 2011. They set a world record. Their score was 88.022% in April 2012.

Dujardin and Valegro were for Great Britain in the 2012 Summer Olympics. They set a new Olympic score of 83.784%. On August 7, 2012, Dujardin and Valegro were a part of a team that won the gold medal in the team dressage. They won a gold medal in individual dressage.

At the 2013 European Championships in Herning, Charlotte and Valegro won the Grand Prix and the Grand Prix Special.

Valegro won a gold medal in the individual dressage at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games.

## Retirement and death

On 14 December 2016, Valegro was retired by Dujardin. Dujardin and Valegro did a goodbye speech at the London International Horse Show 2016. It was on television by the BBC.

Valegro was euthanatized in November 2025 at the age of 23.

## Other websites

- Valegro in action, 2016 (video)

## Infobox (named horse)

- **horsename**: Valegro
- **image**:
- **caption**: Valegro with Charlotte Dujardin at the 2012 Summer Olympics
- **breed**: Dutch Warmblood
- **sire**: **Negro**
- **grandsire**: Ferro
- **dam**: Maifleur
- **damsire**: Gershwin
- **sex**: Gelding
- **foaled**: 2002
- **country**: Netherlands
- **colour**: Dark Bay
- **owner**: Carl Hester Rowena Luard Anne Barrott
- **died**: November 2025 (aged 23)
- **rider**: Charlotte Dujardin
- **trainer**: Carl Hester
- **record**: Grand Prix world record, Grand Prix Special world record, Grand Prix Freestyle world record
- **wins**: Olympic Individual Gold Brazil 2016, Olympic Team Gold London 2012; Olympic Individual Gold London 2012; European Team Bronze Herning 2013; European Individual Gold Grand Prix Special Herning 2013; European Individual Gold Grand Prix Freestyle Herning 2013; FEI Reem Acra World Cup Dressage Lyon 2014; Team Silver World Equestrian Games Normandy 2014; Individual Gold Grand Prix Special World Equestrian Games Normandy 2014; Individual Gold Grand Prix Freestyle World Equestrian Games Normandy 2014; Winner of the FEI Reem Acra World Cup Dressage Las Vegas 2015; European Team Silver Aachen 2015; European Individual Gold Grand Prix Special Aachen 2015; European Individual Gold Grand Prix Freestyle Aachen 2015
- **imagesize**: 200px
Wim Franke

**Wim Franke** (9 August 1941 – 10 June 2013) was a Dutch basketball player. After his playing career he became basketball coach, manager and director.

Franke became became eight times champion with Den Helder, Den Bosch and Amsterdam. He played with the Netherlands men's national basketball team a total of 60 international matches, including at EuroBasket 1961 and EuroBasket 1963.

Franke started playing basketball around 1954 at the age of 12 years, with The Wolves Amsterdam.

In the late 1960s Franke suspended by the basketball association. In 1970 while playing with Flamingo's Haarlem, during a match against The Wolves Amsterdam, Franke started fighting with Frans de Haan and was sent off the field.

Franke was the father of basketball player Rolf Franke and grandfather of basketball player Yannick Franke. Franke died in Hoofddorp on 10 June 2013 at the age of 71 years old. Ten year after his death in July 2023, he was posthumously honored with a basketball court in Vreeland.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Wim Franke
- **death place**: Hoofddorp, Netherlands
- **height**: 196 cm
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: basketball player
Gunter van den Berg

Ir. **Gunter Gerben van den Berg ** (6 January 1943 – 9 May 2015) was a Dutch basketball player. He played with The Wolves Amsterdam and the Netherlands men's national basketball team.

## Basketball

Van den Berg learned to play basketball according to himself at the Museumplein basketball court.  Van den Berg started playing with Monark, the sister club of The Wolves Amsterdam. When he transferred from Monark to The Wolves Amsterdam, he skipped the juniors and ended up immediately in the first of The Wolves. With The Woves Van den Berg became national champion in 1960 and 1961. These year they qualified as being national champion for the FIBA European Champions Cup. In both years they were eliminated in the first round. At the 1960–61 FIBA European Champions Cup by BC Sparta Praha and at the 1961–62 FIBA European Champions Cup by Alsace de Bagnolet.

Van den Berg made his debut for the Netherlands men's national basketball team at the age of 17 years old on 31 October 1960 against Denmark. He played a total of 8 international matches, including at EuroBasket 1961. With 165 long, he was one of the shortest Dutch international basketball players ever.

## Personal life

Van den Berg was born in Amsterdam on 6 January 1943. He studied and became engineer. He died unexpectedly on 9 May 2015 at the age of 72 years old. He is burried in Breukelen.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gunter van den Berg
- **birth name**: Gunter Gerben van den Berg
- **birth place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **height**: 165 cm
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: basketball player
Dolf Pouw

**Dolf Pouw** (born 1941) was a Dutch basketball player and basketball coach. He played with Argus, Punch and the national team.

## Basketball

Pouw was a member of the Netherlands men's national basketball team. He played with the national team a total of 21 international matches, including at EuroBasket 1961. During EuroBasket 1961, although the Dutch team lost most of the matches, Pouw's playing was praised.

After his career he became a basketball trainer and coach. After Egon Steuer left as the head coach of the Netherlands national team in 1970, Pouw became the temporary trainer of the national team. In 1971 when René Mol was the head coach of the national team, Pouw became assistant coach. He also became a basketball director.

## Education and other sports involvement

After his training as a physical education teacher, Pouw studied, among others, leisure sciences at Tilburg University. He obtained his doctorate on the subject of 50 years of national sports policy. He worked at "Stichting Spel en Sport" and the NISB as a policy advisor. He was also a sports historian about physical education in The Hague.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dolf Pouw
- **height**: 198 cm
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: basketball player and coach
Weston, Wisconsin

**Weston** is a village in Marathon County, Wisconsin. It is part of the Wausau Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 15,723 at the time of the 2020 census.
Rachel Campos-Duffy

**Rachel Campos-Duffy** ( **Campos**; born October 22, 1971) is an American conservative television personality. She first appeared on television in 1994 as a cast member on the MTV reality television series _The Real World: San Francisco_. She was a guest host on the ABC talk show _The View_. She also is a permanent co-host on _Fox & Friends Weekend_ in May 2021.

In 1999, she married Sean Duffy. They have nine children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rachel Campos-Duffy
- **image**: Rachel Campos-Duffy 2025.jpg
- **caption**: Campos-Duffy in 2025
- **birth name**: Rachel Campos
- **birth place**: Tempe, Arizona, U.S.
- **occupation**: Television personality
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **children**: 9
Saint Mary's University of Minnesota

**Saint Mary's University of Minnesota** (**SMUMN**) is a private Catholic university with its main campuses in Winona and Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Saint Mary's University of Minnesota
- **image size**: 200px
- **former name**: Saint Mary's College (1912–1995)
- **motto**: _Virtus et Scientia_
- **mottoeng**: _Virtue and Knowledge_
- **type**: Private university
- **religious affiliation**: Catholic Church, Catholic (Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, Lasallian)
- **endowment**: $61.8 million (2019)
- **budget**: $88.9 million (2016)
- **faculty**: Undergraduate: 96 full-time, 41 part-time;
Graduate: 400 adjunct
- **president**: James P. Burns
- **students**: 4,701
- **undergrad**: 1,089
- **postgrad**: 3,730
- **city**: Winona, Minnesota, Winona and Minneapolis, Minnesota
- **country**: U.S.
- **colors**: Red, white, & navy
- **mascot**: northern cardinal, Cardinal
- **sports nickname**: Cardinals
- **athletics affiliations**: NCAA Division III – Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, MIAC
- **academic affiliations**: IALU, Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities, ACCU, Council of Independent Colleges, CIC, National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, NAICU
William Mitchell College of Law

**William Mitchell College of Law** was a private, independent law school. It was in St. Paul, Minnesota, United States, from 1956 to 2015. It offered full- and part-time legal education for those who wanted a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree.

On December 9, 2015, Hamline University School of Law merged into William Mitchell College of Law, and became the Mitchell Hamline School of Law.

## Infobox (college)

- **name**: William Mitchell College of Law
- **established**: 1956–2015
- **type**: Private
- **endowment**: $21.5 million
- **head**: Eric Janus
- **city**: Saint Paul, Minnesota, St. Paul
- **state**: Minnesota
- **country**: United States
- **students**: 930
- **faculty**: 48 full-time; 300+ adjunct
- **median lsat**: 156
- **median gpa**: 3.53
- **ranking**: 134
- **bar pass rate**: 94.2%
- **annual tuition**: $35,660
- **states represented**: 36
- **foreign countries represented**: 20
- **homepage**: http://mitchellhamline.edu/
- **motto**: _Practical Wisdom_
Roxanne Trunnell

**Roxanne Trunnell** (born April 26, 1985) is an American Paralympic equestrian. She won three medals at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. She also got a gold medal at 2020 Summer Paralympics. She got a bronze medal in the team open event.

Trunnell has H1N1 virus. This is what made Trunnell be in a wheelchair.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Roxanne Trunnell
- **national team**: United States
- **birth place**: Richland, Washington, Richland, Washington (state), Washington, United States
- **sport**: Para-equestrian
Wisconsin's 7th congressional district

**Wisconsin's 7th congressional district** is a congressional district of the United States House of Representatives in northwestern and central Wisconsin. It is the largest congressional district in the state, covering 20 counties.

The district has the following counties: Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, St. Croix, Chippewa (partial), Clark, Douglas, Florence, Forest, Iron, Jackson (partial), Juneau (partial), Langlade, Lincoln, Marathon, Monroe (partial), Oneida, Polk, Price, Rusk, Sawyer, Taylor, Vilas, Washburn, and Wood (partial).

The district is currently represented by Republican Tom Tiffany.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Wisconsin
- **district number**: 7
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Tom Tiffany
- **party**: Republican
- **residence**: Minocqua
- **english area**: 18,786.53
- **percent urban**: 42.04
- **percent rural**: 57.96
- **population**: 747,209
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $71,320
- **percent white**: 89.5
- **percent black**: 0.7
- **percent asian**: 1.6
- **percent native american**: 2.0
- **percent hispanic**: 2.6
- **percent other race**: 0.3
- **percent more than one race**: 3.3
- **cpvi**: R+12
Minocqua, Wisconsin

**Minocqua** is a town in northwestern Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 4,414 as of 2018. Minocqua is also known as "The Island City."
Shuntarō Tanikawa

was a Japanese poet and translator. He was thought to be one of the most widely read Japanese poets. Tanikawa was born in Suginami, Japan.

The English translation of his poetry volume _Floating the River in Melancholy_ won the American Book Award in 1989. Tanikawa has written more than 60 books of poetry and also translated Charles Schulz's _Peanuts_ and the Mother Goose rhymes into Japanese. He was nominated for the 2008 Hans Christian Andersen Award.

Tanikawa died in Tokyo, Japan on November 13, 2024, at the age of 92.

## Other websites

- New York Times discusses Tanikawa's Selected Works
- Shuntaro Tanikawa  at J'Lit Books from Japan
Hans Christian Andersen Award

The **Hans Christian Andersen Awards** are two literary awards given by the International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY). It honors one living author and one living illustrator for their works toward children's literature. The writing award was first given in 1956, the illustration award in 1966. It is sometimes called the "Nobel Prize for children's literature".

The awards are named after Hans Christian Andersen.

## Other websites

- "The Hans Christian Andersen Collection at Northwestern: Illustrated Children's Books from Around the World: July 27th – September 9th, 2004"  — multimedia exhibit by Northwestern University Library including much information about the HCA Award and the 2004 Illustration Award in particular

## Infobox (award)

- **name**: Hans Christian Andersen Award
- **image**: Hans Christian Andersen Medal.png
- **alt**: A golden medallion with an embossed image featuring a bust of Andersen.
- **awarded for**: Outstanding and lasting contribution to children's literature
- **presenter**: International Board on Books for Young People
Hannah Dodd

**Hannah Dodd** (born 17 May 1995) is an English actress, dancer and model. Her first well known role was in the Hulu teen series _Find Me in Paris_ (2018–2020). She is best known for her role as Francesca Bridgerton in the Netflix serious _Bridgerton_ (2024–).

Dodd was born in Colchester and grew up in Leavenheath on the Essex–Suffolk border. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the London Studio Centre in 2017.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hannah Dodd
- **image**: Hannah Dodd in 2024.png
- **caption**: Dodd in 2024
- **birth name**: Hannah Francesca Katie Dodd
- **birth place**: Colchester, England
- **education**: Ormiston Sudbury Academy
- **alma mater**: London Studio Centre
- **occupation**: Actress, dancer, model
- **years active**: 2011–present
Southern University

**Southern University and A&M College** (**Southern University**, **Southern**, **SUBR** or **SU**) is a public historically black university in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States. It is the largest historically black college or university (HBCU) in Louisiana.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Southern University and
A&M College
- **image**: Southern University wordmark.svg
- **image upright**: 0.7
- **image size**: 180
- **accreditation**: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, SACS
- **type**: Public university, Public Flagship university, flagship Land-grant university, land-grant Historically black colleges and universities, historically black land-grant university
- **parent**: Southern University System, SU System
- **endowment**: $9.4 million (2018)
- **head label**: President-Chancellor
- **head**: Dennis Shields
- **vice chancellor**: James H. Ammons
- **administrative staff**: 1,600
- **students**: 8,226 (fall 2022)
- **postgrad**: 1,756 (fall 2022)
- **undergrad**: 6,470 (fall 2022)
- **city**: Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Baton Rouge
- **state**: Louisiana
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban;
- **free label**: Newspaper
- **free**: _The Southern Digest_
- **former names**: Southern University for Colored Students (1880–1890)
- **colors**: Columbia blue and gold

- **nickname**: Southern Jaguars and Lady Jaguars, Jaguars & Lady Jaguars
- **sporting affiliations**: NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision, FCS – Southwestern Athletic Conference, SWAC
- **logo size**: 250
New Jersey's 11th congressional district

**New Jersey's 11th congressional district** is a suburban district in northern New Jersey. The district includes parts of Essex, Morris, and Passaic Counties. It is mainly in Morris County.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: New Jersey
- **district number**: 11
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: _Vacant_
- **percent urban**: 96.21
- **percent rural**: 3.79
- **population**: 775,849
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $134,648
- **percent white**: 61.6
- **percent hispanic**: 16.5
- **percent black**: 6.1
- **percent asian**: 11.8
- **percent more than one race**: 3.2
- **percent other race**: 0.7
- **cpvi**: D+6
American University in Cairo

The **American University in Cairo** (**AUC**) is a private research university in New Cairo, Egypt. The university gives American-style learning programs at undergraduate, graduate, and professional levels.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: American University in Cairo
- **other name**: AUC
- **image size**: 250px
- **established**: 1919
- **type**: Private University, Private
- **endowment**: $535.5 million (2019)
- **founder**: Charles Watson
- **president**: Ahmad S. Dallal
- **provost**: Ehab Abdel-Rahman
- **students**: 6,980 (from 69 countries, 59% female)
- **undergrad**: 5,755
- **postgrad**: 1,225
- **other students**: 31,127 (Continuing Education)
- **city**: New Cairo
- **country**: Egypt
- **campus**: Main campus in New Cairo, and the old campus in Tahrir Square
- **language**: English
- **colors**: Federal blue
- **mascot**: The Eagle Horus
- **faculty**: 467 Full-time and 149 part-time (45% international faculty)
Jessica Madsen

**Jessica Shirley Madsen** (born 11 April 1992) is an English actress. She is known for her roles as Clarice in the horror movie _Leatherface_ (2017) and Cressida Cowper in the Netflix period drama _Bridgerton_ (2020–present).

Madsen was born in London and grew up in Surrey. She trained at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, graduating in 2013. She is bisexual.

## Infobox (person)

- **birth name**: Jessica Shirley Madsen
- **birth place**: Westminster, London, England
- **education**: Hurst Lodge School, Ascot, Berkshire
- **alma mater**: Guildhall School of Music and Drama
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 2013–present
Abortion in Equatorial Guinea

**Abortion in Equatorial Guinea** is highly restricted and subject to specific legal and cultural conditions. It is legal only under limited circumstances. These include a pregnancy that poses a risk to the health or life of the mother or fetus, or one that results from rape or incest, with a gestational limit of 12 weeks. The country requires spousal consent for abortions. Violations of abortion laws can result in severe penalties, including imprisonment and fines.

### Penal code

The penal code of Equatorial Guinea classifies abortion as a crime. However, the government has stated that this provision is not actively enforced, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

### International commitments

Equatorial Guinea signed the Maputo Protocol, which guarantees women's rights to safe abortion under specific conditions.

## Cultural and religious influence

Abortion is considered taboo in the dominant Fang culture. It is strongly opposed by the majority of Catholics, who represent the largest religious group in the country. This cultural and religious opposition significantly impacts public opinion and policy enforcement.

## Related pages

- Abortion laws
- Reproductive rights

## Other websites

- Official United Nations Website
- Maputo Protocol Text
David Falconer

**Sir David Falconer of Newton** (1640 – 15 December 1685) was a Scottish judge and legal scholar who served as the Lord President of the Court of Session from 1682 until his death. He was also a member of the Scottish Parliament, representing the County of Forfar.

## Early life

David Falconer was born in 1640, the second son of Sir David Falconer of Glenfarquhar, a Commissary of Edinburgh, and Margaret Hepburn. His elder brother was Sir Alexander Falconer of Glenfarquhar. The Falconer family was closely linked to Scottish nobility, with his paternal grandfather being a brother of Sir Alexander Falconer, 1st Lord Falconer of Halkerton.

He studied law under the guidance of his father and became an advocate on 3 July 1661.

## Legal career

- 24 May 1676: Nominated as a Lord of Session.
- 2 March 1678: Appointed a Lord of Justiciary.
- 5 June 1682: Promoted to Lord President of the Court of Session.

Falconer also served in the Scottish Parliament in 1685, representing the County of Forfar. During this time, he was elected to serve as a Lord of the Articles and participated in commissions on trade, church organization, and judicial reforms.

## Published works

Falconer is remembered for compiling the decisions of the Court of Session from November 1681 to 9 December 1685. These records were later published in 1705 by John Spottiswood, contributing significantly to Scottish legal literature.

## Death and legacy

Falconer passed away in Edinburgh on 15 December 1685 following a brief illness. He was buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard, where a monument was erected in his memory. The monument remains at the outer north-east corner of the church.

- His daughter, Catherine Falconer, married Joseph Home of Chirnside and was the mother of David Hume, the renowned philosopher and historian.
- His son, Alexander Falconer, inherited his father's title but left no direct heirs.

## Family

Falconer married Anne Lindsay, the only child of John, 9th Lord Lindsay of the Byres. They had a daughter, Agnes, who married George Ogilvy, 2nd Lord Banff.

## Related pages

- Court of Session
- David Hume

## Other websites

- Greyfriars Kirkyard website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sir David Falconer
- **birth date**: 1640
- **birth place**: Glenfarquhar, Scotland
- **death place**: Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland
- **occupation**: Scottish judge
- **known for**: Lord President of the Court of Session
- **spouse**: Anne Lindsay
- **children**: Catherine Falconer, Alexander Falconer
- **parents**: Sir David Falconer of Glenfarquhar and Margaret Hepburn
Lord President of the Court of Session

The **Lord President of the Court of Session** () is the most senior judge in Scotland, the head of the judiciary, and the presiding judge of the College of Justice, the Court of Session, and the High Court of Justiciary. Since 1836, the office has been combined with the title of **Lord Justice General**, making the Lord President the head of the High Court of Justiciary as well.

The current Lord President is **Lord Carloway**, who has held the position since 18 December 2015. In June 2024, Lord Carloway announced his intention to retire from judicial office in early 2025.

## History

The position of Lord President was established in 1532 with the formation of the Court of Session by King James V. The first officeholder was Alexander Mylne, Abbot of Cambuskenneth. The role originally presided over Scotland’s highest civil court but was later combined with the title of Lord Justice General, making the officeholder the head of the judiciary in both civil and criminal law.

## Inner House of the Court of Session

- Outer House of the Court of Session
- Sheriff Appeal Court
- Scottish Land Court
- Court of the Lord Lyon
- Lands Tribunal for Scotland

## Appointment

The Lord President is appointed by the monarch, acting on the advice of the First Minister. The position is held for life, with mandatory retirement at the age of 75.

## Salary

The Lord President is paid according to Salary Group 1.1 of the UK Judicial Salaries Scale, which in 2016 amounted to £222,862.

## Notable officeholders

- Alexander Mylne, Abbot of Cambuskenneth – First Lord President (1532)
- Sir James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair – Prominent 17th-century jurist
- Lord Carloway – Incumbent, serving since 2015

## Related pages

- Court of Session
- High Court of Justiciary

## Other websites

- Judicial Office for Scotland website
Lands Tribunal for Scotland

The **Lands Tribunal for Scotland** is a judicial body in Scotland responsible for resolving disputes involving land and property. Established in 1949 under the Lands Tribunal Act 1949, it operates independently but is supported administratively by the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. Its headquarters are located at George House, Edinburgh.

## Jurisdiction and functions

- Applications to discharge or vary title conditions under the Title Conditions (Scotland) Act 2003.
- Determinations of fair rents under the Rent (Scotland) Act 1984.
- Disputes concerning the Land Compensation (Scotland) Act 1973, including claims for compensation due to compulsory purchase or public works.
- Appeals from decisions of the Keeper of the Registers of Scotland related to land registration.
- Other property disputes referred to it by law or agreement.

## Composition

The Lands Tribunal for Scotland is chaired by a President, who is usually a senior legal figure, and supported by legal and surveying members. The current President is **Lord Minginish**. Members of the tribunal have expertise in law, surveying, and valuation to ensure informed decisions on complex property issues.

## Independence

The tribunal operates independently from the judiciary but is part of the broader framework of the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service. Its decisions can be appealed to the Inner House of the Court of Session.

## Notable cases

- Major infrastructure projects requiring compulsory purchase of land.
- Challenges to title conditions affecting residential and commercial developments.
- Disputes over the fair valuation of property.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Lands Tribunal for Scotland
- **formation**: 1949
- **founding location**: Scotland
- **type**: Judicial tribunal
- **headquarters**: George House, Edinburgh, Scotland
- **region served**: Scotland
- **language**: English
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Lord Minginish
- **parent organization**: Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service
- **website**: [https://www.lands-tribunal-scotland.org.uk/ Lands Tribunal for Scotland]
Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service

The **Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service** (**SCTS**) is an independent body responsible for managing Scotland's courts and tribunals. It was established in 2010 under the _Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008_ to support the Scottish judiciary and ensure the efficient administration of justice.

## Overview

The SCTS provides services for the Court of Session, High Court of Justiciary, Sheriff Court, Justice of the Peace Court and various tribunals.

## Duties

- Managing court buildings and facilities
- Maintaining the security of courts in partnership with Police Scotland
- Providing administrative support to all courts and tribunals in Scotland
- Ensuring access to justice for all individuals, including accommodations for persons with disabilities
- Supporting the judiciary, including the Lord President of the Court of Session, who also serves as the head of the SCTS Board

## Governance

The SCTS is governed by a board chaired by the Lord President of the Court of Session, the most senior judge in Scotland. Other board members include judicial representatives, tribunal members and lay members with expertise in finance, business and public administration. The Chief Executive, Eric McQueen, oversees daily operations and implements the board's strategic vision.

## Court network

- Superior Courts: Court of Session and High Court of Justiciary
- Justice of the Peace Courts: Handle minor criminal offenses
- Sheriff Courts: Scotland's primary local courts for civil and criminal cases
- Tribunals: Including the Lands Tribunal for Scotland and the Housing and Property Chamber

## Digital transformation

- Digital case management systems
- Online payment systems for fines and fees
- Remote hearing technology, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic

## Budget

For the financial year 2022–2023, the SCTS had an allocated budget of £153 million for court operations, facilities and staff salaries.

## Independence

Although the SCTS works closely with the Scottish Government, it operates independently to ensure judicial impartiality and uphold the rule of law in Scotland within the constitutional framework of the United Kingdom.

## Related pages

- Devolution
- Sheriff Court
- Court of Session
- High Court of Justiciary
- Justice of the Peace Court
- Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

## Other websites

- Judiciary of Scotland
- Official website of the SCTS

## Infobox (government agency)

- **name**: Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service
- **seal width**: 200px
- **seal caption**: Logo of the SCTS
- **formed**: 2010
- **jurisdiction**: Scotland
- **headquarters**: SCTS Headquarters, 1A Parliament Square, Edinburgh, EH1 1RF
- **employees**: Approx. 1,500
- **budget**: £153 million (2022–2023)
- **minister1 name**: [https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/cabinet-secretary-for-justice-and-home-affairs/ Angela Constance MSP]
- **minister1 pfo**: Cabinet Secretary for Justice and Home Affairs
- **chief1 name**: Eric McQueen
- **chief1 position**: Chief Executive
- **parent department**: Scottish Government
- **website**: [https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/ scotcourts.gov.uk]
Justice of the Peace Court

The **Justice of the Peace Court** (**JP Court**) is a summary criminal court in Scotland that deals with less serious criminal offenses. Established in 2008, it replaced the earlier District Courts, creating a unified system under the management of the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service (SCTS). It is presided over by lay magistrates known as **Justices of the Peace**, supported by legally qualified court clerks.

## Jurisdiction

- Minor criminal offenses, such as traffic violations, breach of the peace, and petty theft.
- Cases punishable by fines or imprisonment of up to 60 days.
- Local ordinance and bylaw violations.

## Appointment of Justices

Justices of the Peace are:

- Appointed by the Scottish Ministers on the recommendation of local advisory committees.
- Trained in Scottish criminal law and court procedure.
- Required to undergo regular continuing education to maintain their competence.

## Appeals

Decisions made by the JP Court can be appealed to the Sheriff Appeal Court, which reviews cases on both legal and procedural grounds.

## History

The JP Court was created under the Criminal Proceedings etc. (Reform) (Scotland) Act 2007 as part of reforms to streamline Scotland's summary criminal justice system. It replaced the District Courts, which had been managed by local authorities.

## Role in the Community

The JP Court plays an essential role in ensuring access to justice for minor offenses at a local level. It reflects community values through its lay magistrates, who bring a non-legal perspective to the judiciary.

## Related pages

- Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service
- Sheriff Court
- High Court of Justiciary
- Judiciary of Scotland

## Other websites

- Justice of the Peace Court (SCTS website)
- Information for court users

## Infobox (court)

- **court name**: Justice of the Peace Court
- **established**: 2008
- **country**: Scotland
- **location**: Various locations across Scotland
- **type**: Lay magistrates (Justices of the Peace) supported by legally qualified clerks
- **appeals**: Sheriff Appeal Court
- **terms**: 5-year appointments for Justices of the Peace
- **positions**: Approx. 400 Justices of the Peace
- **website**: [https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/the-courts/jp-court Justice of the Peace Court]
Sheriff Appeal Court

The **Sheriff Appeal Court** is a court in Scotland that hears appeals from decisions made by the Sheriff Court. Established in 2015, the court is a key part of the Scottish judicial system, providing a route for individuals to challenge decisions in civil and criminal matters made in the Sheriff Court. It plays a vital role in ensuring the consistency and accuracy of legal decisions in Scotland.

## See also

- Sheriff Court
- Court of Session
- High Court of Justiciary
- Judiciary of Scotland

## Other websites

- Sheriff Appeal Court (official website)
- Information about appeals in Scotland

## Infobox (court)

- **court name**: Sheriff Appeal Court
- **established**: 2015
- **country**: Scotland
- **location**: Edinburgh and Glasgow
- **type**: Appellate court
- **appeals**: Appeals from the Sheriff Court
- **terms**: N/A
- **positions**: Varies (judges appointed by the Lord President)
- **website**: [https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk/the-courts/sheriff-appeal-court Sheriff Appeal Court]
Presidency of Donald Trump

**Presidency of Donald Trump** may mean:

- First presidency of Donald Trump, from 2017 to 2021
- Second presidency of Donald Trump, starting in 2025
Raghuji I

**Raghuji I** (_Raghuji Bhonsle)_; 1695 – 14 February 1755) was a Maratha general of the Bhonsle clan who established the Nagpur Kingdom in much of east-central India during the reign of Chhatrapati Shahu I. His successors ruled the kingdom until 1853.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: Raghuji Bhonsle.jpg
- **name**: Raghuji the Great
- **title**: Senasaheb Subha
 Senadhurandhar
- **caption**: Portrait of Raghuji Bhonsle
- **succession**: 1st Raja of Nagpur kingdom, Nagpur
- **religion**: Hinduism
- **birth name**: Raghuji Bhonsle
- **birth date**: 1695
- **reign**: 173914 February 1755
- **successor**: Janoji I
- **house**: House of Bhonsle, Bhonsle (Nagpur kingdom, Nagpur)
- **father**: Bimbaji
- **mother**: Kashibai
- **issue**: Janoji I
 Mudhoji Bhonsle, Mudhoji I
 Bimbaji Bhonsle, Bimbaji
 Sabaji
First Battle of Eran

A major battle took place in Malwa, where a local Gupta ruler named Bhanugupta was in charge, likely as a governor. According to the Bhanugupta Eran inscription, his army fought in a big battle at Eran in 498 CE, but suffered heavy losses. It is believed that Bhanugupta was defeated by Toramana in this battle, which led to the western Gupta region of Malwa being taken over by the Hunas.

## Battle

According to the 6th-century CE Buddhist text Manjusri-mula-kalpa, Bhanugupta lost the region of Malwa to the powerful Shudra ruler Toramana, who then continued his campaign towards Magadha. This forced Narasimhagupta Baladitya to retreat to Bengal. Toramana, described as a mighty leader with a formidable army, went on to conquer the city of Tirtha in the Gauda region (modern-day Bengal). The text also mentions that Toramana installed a new king in Benares, named Prakataditya, who is depicted as the son of Narasimhagupta.

After defeating the Guptas and taking control of the Malwa region, Toramana is prominently mentioned in a renowned inscription found in Eran, affirming his rule over the area. The Eran Boar Inscription, located in Eran (about 540 km south of New Delhi in Madhya Pradesh), dates to his first regnal year and confirms his dominion over eastern Malwa. The inscription, which is written in Sanskrit using the Brahmi script, spans 8 lines and is engraved beneath the neck of a boar. The opening line introduces Toramana as Mahararajadhiraja ("The Great King of Kings"):

On his gold coins minted in India in the style of the Gupta Emperors, Toramana presented himself confidently as:

The Alchon Huns issuance of gold coins, such as the Toramana issue, alongside their silver and copper currency, indicates that their empire in India was both wealthy and influential. However this victory was temporary as he was defeated and drown away by Gupta–Aulikara alliance in 515 CE.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: First Battle of Eran (498 CE)
- **partof**: Gupta–Hunnic Wars
- **date**: 498 CE
- **place**: Eran (Modern day India)
- **result**: Hephthalites, Hunnic victory
- **territory**: Hephthalites, Huns captured Western Malwa form Gupta Empire of India.
- **combatant2**:  Hephthalites, Alchon Huns
- **combatant1**:  Gupta Empire
- **commander2**: Toramana
Harigupta
Bhuta
- **commander1**: Gupta Empire#Gupta dynasty, Bhanugupta
Suraśmicandra
Matrvishnu
Dhyanavishnu
Sheriff Court

The **Sheriff Court** is a key component of the judicial system in Scotland, handling the majority of civil and criminal cases in the country. The Sheriff Courts are organized geographically into six sheriffdoms, each overseen by a Sheriff Principal.

## History

The origins of the Sheriff Court date back to the medieval period when local sheriffs were appointed to administer justice and maintain order. The system evolved over centuries, with significant reforms introduced in the 19th and 20th centuries to streamline court procedures and improve efficiency.

## Jurisdiction

The Sheriff Court has jurisdiction over both civil and criminal matters. It is the principal court for many legal issues in Scotland, except for the most serious cases, which are heard by the High Court of Justiciary or the Court of Session.

### Civil Cases

- Debt recovery
- Family law (e.g., divorce and child custody)
- Housing disputes
- Personal injury claims

## Other websites

- Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service
- The Law Society of Scotland

## Infobox (court)

- **court name**: Sheriff Court
- **established**: Various (first established in the medieval period)
- **jurisdiction**: Scotland
- **type**: Civil and criminal court
- **authority**: Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service
- **appeals to**: Court of Session (civil), High Court of Justiciary (criminal)
- **appeals from**: Sheriff courts and summary sheriffs
- **website**: [https://www.scotcourts.gov.uk Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service]
Sheriff principal

The **Sheriff Principal** is a senior judicial officer in the Sheriff Court system of Scotland.

## Overview

Each of Scotland's six sheriffdoms is headed by a Sheriff Principal, who oversees the work of the courts within their jurisdiction. Their duties include administrative responsibilities, judicial functions and appellate work.

## History

The position of Sheriff Principal originated in medieval Scotland, where sheriffs represented the monarch in local judicial matters. Over time, the role evolved, with Sheriff Principals becoming key figures in Scotland's modern judicial system. Today, they are appointed based on their extensive experience in the legal profession.

## Appointment

Sheriff Principals are appointed by the Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland and must have at least ten years of qualified legal practice as an advocate (a barrister in Scotland) or solicitor. They are part of the judiciary independent of the executive branch of the Scottish Government.

## Other websites

- Judiciary of Scotland
- Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service
Hamidreza Sadri

**Hamidreza Sadri** (born on 3 July 2000, in Tehran ) is an Iranian taekwondo athlete.  He is the holder of the silver medal of the 2017 Asian Youth Championship in Kazakhstan  and the gold medal of the 2018 World Army Championship in Brazil.  He won the title of the most technical player in these competitions.   He is now playing for the national taekwondo team of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

## Honors

- Gold medal of the World Army Championship in Brazil 2018
- Silver medal of Kazakhstan Asian Junior Championship 2017
- Silver medal of Open Croatia 2012
- Gold medal of Open Lebanon 2018
- Silver medal of Fajr Open 2019
- Bronze medal of Open Albania 2022
- Bronze medal of Open Netherlands 2022

## Other websites

Hamidreza Sadri on Instagram

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Hamidreza Sadri
- **image**: Hamidreza Sadri2.jpg
- **caption**: Sadri at Open Lebanon 2018
- **headercolor**: lightblue
- **full name**: Hamidreza Sadri
- **birth place**: Tehran, Iran
- **show-medals**: yes
Mae Klong

The **Mae Klong** (Thai: แม่น้ำแม่กลอง) is a river in Thailand. It passes through several towns and ends at another town called Samut Songkhram.

### Fish species

Several fish species, like the giant barb, live in the Mae Klong river basin.
Golden Age of Comic Books

The **Golden Age of Comic Books** was the start of modern comics and the creation of known superheroes like Superman, Batman, Robin, Captain Marvel, Captain America, and Wonder Woman. The Golden Age started with the first appearance of Superman in _Action Comics_ #1 (1938) and ended before the first appearance of Barry Allen / Flash in _Showcase_ #4 (1956).
Scottish Land Court

The **Scottish Land Court** (Scottish Gaelic: _Cùirt Fearainn na h-Alba_) is a specialist court in Scotland with jurisdiction over disputes relating to agricultural tenancies and crofting rights. Established in 1912, it plays a pivotal role in resolving matters concerning the management, ownership, and usage of rural land.

## History

The Scottish Land Court was established under the Scottish Land Court Act 1911 and began functioning in 1912. Its creation was part of wider land reform efforts aimed at addressing issues affecting tenant farmers and crofters, particularly in the Highlands and Islands.

## Jurisdiction and Role

- Disputes over agricultural tenancies.
- Crofting matters under the Crofters (Scotland) Act 1993.
- Appeals from decisions made by the Crofting Commission.

## Structure and Composition

The Scottish Land Court is presided over by a President, who must be legally qualified, and other members with expertise in agricultural or crofting matters. The court sits in Edinburgh but frequently holds hearings across Scotland to facilitate access to justice.

The current President is **Lord Minginish**, who has held the position since 2014.

## Other websites

- Official website of the Scottish Land Court

## Infobox (court)

- **court name**: Scottish Land Court
- **native name**: Cùirt Fearainn na h-Alba
- **image size**: 150px
- **established**: 1912
- **country**: Scotland
- **location**: Edinburgh, Scotland
- **type**: Appointment by the Monarch on recommendation
- **authority**: Scottish Land Court Act 1911
- **positions**: President and other members
- **chiefjudgetitle**: President
- **chiefjudge**: Lord Minginish
- **termstart**: 2014
Ameerega labialis

The ***Ameerega labialis*** is a frog.  It lives in Peru.  Scientists do not know if it is in danger of dying out.
Scottish Land Court Act 1911

The **Scottish Land Court Act 1911** (1 & 2 Geo. 5 c. 49) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that established the Scottish Land Court to address disputes relating to agricultural tenancies and crofting in Scotland. The Act was a pivotal element of early 20th-century land reform in Scotland, particularly for the Highlands and Islands.

## Background

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, land issues in Scotland, especially in the Highlands and Islands, caused significant social and economic unrest. Crofters and tenant farmers faced challenges due to high rents, insecure tenancies, and limited access to land. The Act was introduced to provide a legal framework for addressing these issues and to balance the rights of landlords and tenants.

## Other websites

- Full text of the Scottish Land Court Act 1911 at legislation.gov.uk

## Infobox (uk legislation)

- **short title**: Scottish Land Court Act 1911
- **type**: Act
- **parliament**: Parliament of the United Kingdom
- **long title**: An Act to establish a Land Court in Scotland and to provide for the administration of agricultural tenancies and crofting disputes.
- **year**: 1911
- **citation**: 1 & 2 Geo. 5 c. 49
- **territorial extent**: Scotland
- **royal assent**: 31 December 1911
- **commencement**: 1912
- **repealing legislation**: Scotland Act 1998
- **status**: Repealed
- **original text**: [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/49/enacted Original Text at legislation.gov.uk]
- **revised text**: [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Geo5/1-2/49 Revised Text at legislation.gov.uk]
Senator of the College of Justice

The title of **Senator of the College of Justice** refers to a judge of the Court of Session, the supreme civil court of Scotland. Senators also serve as judges of the High Court of Justiciary, the supreme criminal court of Scotland. Collectively, they form part of the College of Justice, which was established in 1532 by King James V of Scotland.

## History

The College of Justice was created by the College of Justice Act 1532 to ensure justice was administered fairly and efficiently across Scotland. Senators of the College of Justice were originally drawn from the clergy, nobility, and legal professionals. Over time, the role evolved into a professional judiciary, with Senators becoming some of the most senior legal figures in Scotland.

## See Also

- College of Justice
- Court of Session
- High Court of Justiciary
- Law of Scotland

## Other websites

- Official website of the Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service
- Judiciary of Scotland - Official Website

## Infobox (judge)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable
- **name**: Senator of the College of Justice
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom
- **appointed by**: Monarch of the United Kingdom
- **profession**: Judge
- **court**: Court of Session
- **country**: Scotland
Court of Session

The **Court of Session** (Scottish Gaelic: _Cùirt an t-Seisein_) is the supreme civil court of Scotland. It is based in Parliament House, Edinburgh, and serves as both a court of first instance and a court of appeal. Together with the High Court of Justiciary (Scotland’s supreme criminal court), it forms part of the College of Justice established in 1532.

## History

The Court of Session was established by the College of Justice Act 1532 during the reign of King James V of Scotland. It was modeled on European courts of the time, with influence from France and other civil law systems. Initially, the court included clerical members, but over time, it evolved into a professional judiciary dominated by legal experts.

Parliament House in Edinburgh has been the court's home since 1639, making it one of the oldest courts in continuous operation in the world.

## Related pages

- Scots law
- High Court of Justiciary
- Supreme Court of the United Kingdom

## Other websites

- Official website of the Court of Session
- Court of Session-related legislation at legislation.gov.uk

## Infobox (court)

- **court name**: Court of Session
- **native name**: Cùirt an t-Seisein
- **image**: Parliament_Square,_Edinburgh_facing_east.jpg
- **alt**: Court of Session
- **caption**: Parliament House, Edinburgh, home of the Court of Session
- **established**: 1532
- **jurisdiction**: Scotland
- **location**: Parliament House, Edinburgh, Scotland
- **type**: Appointment by the Monarch on the recommendation of the First Minister of Scotland
- **authority**: College of Justice Act 1532
- **appealsto**: Supreme Court of the United Kingdom
- **positions**: 34 Senators of the College of Justice
- **chiefjudgetitle**: Lord President
- **chiefjudgename**: Lord Carloway
- **termstart**: 2015