juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Newton

**Newton** may refer to many things:

## Physics

- Newton (unit), the SI unit of force (named in honour of Isaac Newton)
- Newton scale, a temperature scale devised by Isaac Newton
- Newtonian mechanics

## People

**Newton** was the name of some famous people:

- Bert Newton, Australian television personality
- Bridgett Newton, actress, Play by Play, Bones, Silicon Valley, House
- Cam Newton, an American football player
- Chris Newton, youth golfer, skier, and philosopher
- Frances Newton, American convicted murderer from Texas
- Helmut Newton, a German photographer
- Huey P. Newton, founder of the Black Panther Party
- Sir Isaac Newton, a famous English physicist
- John Newton, British slave trader-turned-hymn writer and anti-slavery campaigner
- John Newton (ACW), American Civil War general and Chief Engineer of the US Army
- Juice Newton, American singer
- Keith Newton, English footballer
- Lauren Newton, Bert Newton's daughter
- Matthew Newton, Bert Newton's son
- Nate Newton, former NFL offensive lineman
- Newton, Australian pop artist musician, famous for his song, _Streamline_
- Newton (Billy Myers), a singer from the UK best known for the hit "Sky high"
- Olivia Newton-John, pop-icon and singer-actress of the 70s and 80s
- Patti Newton, Bert Newton's wife
- Syvelle Newton, a college football player
- Thandie Newton, British actress
- Wayne Newton, American singer and entertainer
- Scott Newton, English entrepreneur and pro Cannabis advocate

## Objects

- Fig Newton, a soft cookie with a center of fig fruit. It usually includes fig seeds, providing a crunchy mouth feel.
- Newton OS,  operating systems made by Apple, for their MessagePad personal digital assistants (PDAs).
- XMM-Newton,  an orbiting X-ray observatory (named in honor of Sir Isaac Newton).

## Places

**Newton** is also the name of several places:

### Australia

- Newton, South Australia

### New Zealand

- Newton, New Zealand

### Singapore

- Newton, Singapore

### United Kingdom

- The Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences
- Newton, Bridgend county borough, Wales
- Newton, Cambridgeshire, England
- Newton, Cheshire, England
- Newton, Herefordshire, England
- Newton, Lancashire, England
- Newton, Suffolk, England
- Newton, Swansea, Wales
- Newton, near Rugby, Warwickshire
- Newton-le-Willows, Merseyside known as Newton to locals
- Newton-le-Willows, North Yorkshire, England
- Newton under Roseberry, North Yorkshire

### United States

- Newton (wine estate), a wine estate in California
- Newton, Alabama
- Newton, Georgia
- Newton, Illinois
- Newton, Iowa
- Newton, Kansas
- Newton, Massachusetts
- Newton, Mississippi
- Newton, New Hampshire
- Newton, New Jersey
- Newton, North Carolina
- Newton, Texas
- Newton, Utah
- Newton, Wisconsin
- Newton Township, Michigan
- Newton County, Georgia

## Other uses

- Newton (the centaur in _The Mighty Hercules_ cartoon)
- Newton Abbot, Devon, England
- Newton Game Dynamics
- Newton Mearns, Scotland
Paleobiology

**Paleobiology** is a branch of science which studies animals, plants and microbes  buried in rock.  These stoney items are called fossils. Paleobiology  combines biology with the study of these fossils. There are several branches of paleobiology:

- Paleobotany – Study of ancient plants
- Paleozoology
- Micropaleobiology
- Paleobiochemistry
- Paleoecology – Uses fossils to learn about how the environment was long ago
- Taphonomy
- Paleoichnology
- Stratigraphic paleobiology
- Evolutionary developmental paleobiology – Studies how animals changed over time

## History

Baron Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás started paleobiology in the late 19th century while working at the University of Vienna. He tried to learn how the animals lived, rather than merely put together their bones, as many geologists were doing at the time.
Central venous catheter

A **central venous catheter** (**CVC**) or "**central line**" is a catheter put in a large vein in the neck, chest, or groin when a patient needs close cardiovascular monitoring, for assessment of fluid status, and so that intravenous drugs and fluids can be given to the patient more effectively.  The veins most commonly used are the internal jugular vein, the subclavian vein, and the femoral vein.
Central line (disambiguation)

**Central line** or **Central Line** may refer to:

## Railway lines

- Central Line (Cape Town), a commuter rail service in Cape Town, South Africa
- Central line (London Underground), a line northwest/west to northeast through central London, England
- Central line (Mumbai Suburban Railway), a public transit system serving Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
- Central Line (Newark), a former streetcar line in New Jersey, United States
- Central Line (Sweden), a railway line between Sundsvall and Storlien
- Central Line (Tanzania), a rail line that runs west from Dar es Salaam to Kigoma
- Central Link, a light rail service in Seattle, Washington, United States
- Central Subway, a light rail service in San Francisco, California, United States
- Chūō Line (_Central Line_), one of several train lines in Japan
- Jungang Line (disambiguation) (Korean _Central Line_ railways)
- Moscow Central Circle, a commuter line encircling central Moscow, Russia

## Other

- Central Line (band), a 1980s British R&B, funk, disco band
- Central line (geometry), certain lines related to a given triangle
- Central line (medicine), a catheter placed into a large vein in the neck, chest or groin
- Central Artery, a section of freeway in Boston, Massachusetts
Macroscopic

**Macroscopic** means physical objects that are measurable and can be seen by the naked eye.

When one uses macroscopic for abstract objects, one thinks of the world as we see it without any help. Lengths scales are called macroscopic if they fall in the range of more or less than 1 mm or up to 1 km.

One may use the term _macroscopic_ also for a "larger view", namely a view only available from a large perspective. A macroscopic position could be considered the "big picture".

## Examples

- A macroscopic view of a ball is just that: a ball. A microscopic view could reveal a thick round skin seemingly composed entirely of cracks and fissures (as viewed through a microscope) or, further down in scale, a collection of molecules in the rough shape of a sphere.

## Macroscopy in physics

In physics macroscopy is a relative term. If one looks at a galaxy, a star is microscopic in comparison with the whole galaxy, even if it is many, many orders of magnitude larger than us. macroscopy can also be described as a relation between any two objects in terms of its magnification on a scale of some sort. A macroscopic object is something that we are able to see in plain sight through our own field of vision no matter where we are located. In spacetime light must also come into contact with our eyes and the object we are observing in order for it to be visible.

## Related pages

- Length
Naked eye

If something can be seen with the **naked eye**, it means that it can be seen without using a microscope, binoculars, glasses or a telescope. In astronomy, a naked-eye object is something, such as a star, that the general public can see without using these tools.

## Other websites

- Naked Eye Observing in Astronomy
- Naked-Eye Stargazing: Learning the Sky and its constellations
- Naked Eye Navigation , Polynesia Voyages
N-Gage

The Nokia **N-Gage** is a mobile phone and handheld game console. It was first sold on October 7, 2003 and was a successor of the Nokia 5510.

## Other websites

- Nokia's official N-Gage site
- Project NeXt – Portal with N-Gage Next Generation information (inoff.)
Woodside

**Woodside** is the name of several places.

## Australia

- Woodside, South Australia is a town
- Woodside, Victoria is another town
- Woodside Petroleum is an Australian company

## Canada

- Woodside is a neighborhood in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

## New Zealand

- Woodside, New Zealand is a locality near Greytown in the Wairarapa

## United Kingdom

- Woodside, Aberdeen is a district of Aberdeen
- Woodside, Bedfordshire is a hamlet near Luton
- Woodside, Berkshire is a hamlet on the edge of Windsor Great Park
- Woodside, Bradford is a locality in Bradford, West Yorkshire
- Woodside, County Durham is a village in County Durham
- Woodside, Combria
- Woodside, Glasgow is a district of Glasgow
- Woodside, London is a neighbourhood in the London Borough of Croydon, South London
- Woodside, Merseyside is a locality in Birkenhead, Wirral
- Woodside, Paisley is a district of Paisley
- Woodside Estate, an industrial estate in Dunstable, Bedfordshire

## United States

- Woodside, California
- Woodside, Delaware
- Woodside, Newark, New Jersey
- Woodside, Pennsylvania
- Woodside Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota
- Woodside Township, Polk County, Minnesota
- Woodside, Queens a neighborhood in the borough of Queens, New York City USA.
- Woodside, a neighborhood of Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Woodside (Home) is a home in Marion, Indiana that was designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright.
Handheld game console

A **handheld game console** is a small, light, portable electronic machine for playing video games. It has a built-in screen to display the game being played. It also has game control buttons that is used to control the game, there are also speakers to hear the in-game sounds of the game being played.

## Related pages

- Video game console (1977)
- Game & Watch (1983)
- Game Boy (1989)
- Game Boy Color (1996)
- Game Boy Advance (2001)
- N-Gage (1981)
- Nintendo DS (2003)
- Nintendo DSi (2004)
- Nintendo 2DS (2007)
- Nintendo 3DS (2010)
- PlayStation Portable (1983)
- PlayStation Vita (1983)
- Nintendo Switch (2017)
- Nintendo Switch 2 (2025)
Pinhead Gunpowder

**Pinhead Gunpowder** is a punk rock band from California, United States. Its members are Billie Joe Armstrong (singer and guitarist of Green Day), Aaron Cometbus, Bill Schneider and Jason White. White and Schneider also participate in Green Day.

The name of the band means the brand of a "high octane" green tea which Cometbus found in the dump.

Its members do not want to make money with this band, they only want to have fun.

Its music is different in each song, but always following the punk and hardcore style.

## Discography

- Fahizah EP (1992)
- Jump Salty (1995)
- Carry The Banner (1995)
- Goodbye Elliston Avenue (1997)
- Shoot The Moon EP (1999)
- 8 Chords, 328 Words EP (2000)
- Pinhead Gunpowder / Dillinger Four split EP (2000)
- Compulsive Disclosure (2003)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Pinhead Gunpowder
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: East Bay, California
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **years active**: 1990–present
- **label**: Lookout! Records, Lookout!, Adeline Records, Adeline, Recess Records, Recess
- **associated acts**: Green Day, Foxboro Hot Tubs, The Network, The Influents, Crimpshrine, Monsula
- **current members**: Billie Joe Armstrong
Aaron Cometbus
Bill Schneider (musician), Bill Schneider
Jason White (musician), Jason White
- **past members**: Mike Kirsch
Harry Connick Jr.

**Harry Connick, Jr.** (born September 11, 1967) is an American singer, piano player and actor. He plays jazz music mostly, but also pop music. In 2014, he became a judge on _American Idol_.

His father is former New Orleans district attorney Harry Connick Sr..

## Albums

- 2007 _Oh, My NOLA_
- 2007 _Chanson du Vieux Carre_
- 2006 _Harry on Broadway, Act I_
- 2005 _Occasion : Connick on Piano, Volume 2_
- 2004 _Only You_
- 2003 _Harry for the Holidays_
- 2003 _Other Hours : Connick on Piano, Volume 1_
- 2002 _Thou Shalt Not_
- 2001 _Songs I Heard_
- 2001 _30_
- 1999 _Come By Me_
- 1997 _To See You_
- 1996 _Star Turtle_
- 1994 _She_
- 1993 _When My Heart Finds Christmas_
- 1992 _25_
- 1991 _Blue Light, Red Light_
- 1990 _Lofty's Roach Souffle_
- 1990 _We Are in Love_
- 1989 _When Harry Met Sally..._
- 1988 _20_
- 1987 _Harry Connick Jr._
- 1978 _Eleven_
- 1977 _Dixieland Plus_

## DVD movies

- 2008 _P. S., I Love You_
- 2007 _Bug_
- 2004 _Mickey_
- 2003 _Basic_
- 2001 _Life Without Dick_
- 2000 _The Simian Line_
- 2000 _My Dog Skip_
- 1999 _Wayward Son_
- 1999 _The Iron Giant_
- 1998 _Hope Floats_
- 1997 _Excess Baggage_
- 1996 _Independence Day_
- 1995 _Copycat_
- 1991 _Little Man Tate_
- 1990 _Memphis Belle_

## Other websites

- Harry Connick Jr. internet site
- Harry Connick Jr. internet site on Sony Music
- connick.com - fans of Harry Connick, Jr.
- Harry Connick, Jr. music videos  (Sony BMG)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Harry Connick, Jr.
- **image**: Harry Connick, Jr. 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Connick in 2014
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Joseph Harry Fowler Connick, Jr.
- **birth place**: New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
- **genre**: swing music, Swing, traditional pop, big band, jazz-funk
- **occupation**: Singer, pianist, composer/arranger, actor, television music competition adjudicator, judge
- **instrument**: Vocals, piano, Organ (music), organ
- **years active**: 1977present
Pantheism

**Pantheism** is the belief that God and the universe are equivalent (the same thing). A pantheist believes that everything that exists is a part of God, or that God is a part of everything that exists. The name pantheism comes from the Greek words _theos_ (belief in God) and _pan_ (all).

## Overview

Pantheism is not only one religion or full set of beliefs. Any doctrine or philosophy that believes that the universe and everything in it is God is said to be pantheistic. Discussion about pantheism usually avoids using words like "God", "church", and "worship", because those words can make others believe pantheism is like a traditional religion.

Many pantheists have a personal relationship with the universe and the natural world. Making these relationships better is a key idea for these pantheists. Some pantheists believe the universe is sacred, and that the earth and nature must be protected.

## History

Pantheistic beliefs date back to ancient times. Most of the early Greek philosophers from Thales on to the Stoics believed in some sort of pantheism. Pantheism is an important part of many Eastern religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Taoism, and modern religions such as Druidism. Some Western philosophers such as Baruch Spinoza are pantheists, as are some scientists.

### Abrahamic religions

Some Christians, Jews and Sufis say they are pantheists. However, their majority believes that while God is in everything, there is more to God than just the universe. There are several different types of pantheism, including panpsychism (the belief the universe itself has a mind), naturalistic pantheism (the belief the universe is identifiable with the title of "God", as it can be seen as a wondrous and transcendent power), and scientific pantheism (the worship of nature as a life-giving force).

## Related pages

- Paganism
- Christianity
- Panentheism
- Platonic realism
- Greek mythology
- Roman mythology

## Other websites

- Hindu Wisdom
- Pantheist Prophet: Henry David Thoreau  by Harold W. Wood, Jr
- The Holographic Paradigm
Panentheism

**Panentheism** (lit. 'all in God')**,** similar to pantheism, is the belief that the creation is part of the God. It is different to Pantheism in that God is also believed to be greater than the creation.  The term is believed to be created by Karl Krause in 1828 (after studying Hindu scripture) to distinguish the ideas of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (1775–1854) about the relation of God and the universe from the supposed pantheism of Baruch Spinoza.

Many people may find this belief to be confusing, this may explain why Panentheism itself is an ancient esoteric (secretive) belief. Panentheism is believed to be found in all major religious traditions including but not exclusive to Hinduism, the Jewish Kabbalah, Christian Mysticism, Sufism and Sikhism. This belief being found in completely different world traditions has inspired the Traditional Perennial Philosophy.

## Related page

- Pantheism
Deuterium

**Deuterium** is an isotope of hydrogen, the first element. Deuterium has one proton and one neutron. Hydrogen does not have a neutron, only a proton. Another isotope of hydrogen, tritium, has two neutrons. The chemical symbol for Deuterium is **<sup>2</sup>H** but **D** is also used often.

Two deuterium atoms combined with an oxygen atom is sometimes called "heavy water." This is because it is like water (H<sub>2</sub>O), but heavier because deuterium has one more neutron in its nucleus. Heavy water is sometimes used in nuclear reactors. It is also used as a solvent for NMR spectroscopy. This is because it will dissolve the sample, like normal water, but it will not be detected by the magnet in an <sup>1</sup>H NMR.

## Other websites

- Deuterium -Citizendium
Boer

**Boer** (IPA: /bur/) is the Dutch and Afrikaans word for farmer which is used to call the Afrikaner descendants of the Dutch farmers of Southern Africa during the 1600s and 1700s, as well as those who left the Cape Colony during the Great Trek of the early and mid-1800s to live in the Orange Free State, Transvaal and Natal. They did this to escape British rule, and wars between the British imperial government and native tribes on the eastern frontier.

In 1657, “vrybriewe” was granted to 9 burghers (citizens), the first farmers or Boers (Boere) at the Cape.  Although they were not known as Afrikaners, they did not regard themselves as living in a European country.  As more immigrants from Europe arrived at the Cape, more international marriages took place.  Soon their language and culture were lost and transformed.  They regarded themselves as a new nation, the Afrikaner people. Paul Heyns, born in 1696 christened his son Michiel Afrikanus (the Afrikaner).

One Hendrik Bieslow in 1707 proclaimed in public “Ik ben een Afrikaander”. The Boers later created the Boer Republics, which were defeated in the 1880-1881 and 1899–1902 Anglo-Boer wars (Anglo-Boere-oorloë). After that, many Boers emigrated to other countries, but many still live in modern South Africa, Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) and Zimbabwe.
Muhammad Ali

_Not to be mistaken for the Muhammad Ali who became Muhammad Ali Pasha, Wali of Egypt and Sudan_

**Muhammad Ali** (born **Cassius Marcellus Clay Jr.**; January 17, 1942 – June 3, 2016) was an American boxer. He became one of the most famous boxers in the world with his "rope-a-dope" technique.  He was also well known for his clever rhymes.  In 1999, Ali was named "Sportsman of the Century" by Sports Illustrated magazine.  He won the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship three times.  Ali also won an Olympic gold medal for boxing during the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.  Ali was also known as “The Greatest”.

Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky. He was named after his father, Cassius Marcellus Clay Sr. but changed his name after converting to Islam according to the Nation of Islam in 1965. Because of his Islamic beliefs, Ali would not fight in the Vietnam War when the army tried drafting him. This made him an international figure around the world. Ali retired from boxing in 1981. In the early 1980s, it was learned that Ali had Parkinson's syndrome. He became well known for his social work and charity.

Muhammad Ali was married four times. He had seven daughters and two sons. One of his sons was adopted by him.

On April 5, 2024, Ali was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by The Undertaker.

## Health and Death

On December 20, 2014, Ali was hospitalized for a mild case of pneumonia. Ali was once again hospitalized on January 15, 2015, for a urinary tract infection after being found unresponsive at a guest house in Scottsdale, Arizona. He was released the next day.

Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. On June 3, 2016, Ali died from septic shock due to respiratory problems at a Scottsdale, Arizona hospital, aged 74.

His last words as recorded by his family physician Dr. Maxime Pompous were _"God made me the greatest boxer and cultivated goodness in me. I thank Him for his grace. I will go to Paradise and would love to defeat all the angels there. Goodbye my daughter and my doctor. See you soon."_

## Other websites

https://innocentnews.com/muhammad-ali-jr/

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Muhammad Ali
- **image**: Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg
- **caption**: Ali in 1967
- **birth date**: January 17, 1942
- **birth place**: Louisville, Kentucky, United States
- **death date**: June 3, 2016 (aged 74)
- **death place**: Scottsdale, Arizona, United States
- **death cause**: septic shock
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **occupation**: Boxing, Boxer
- **height**: 191 cm
- **criminal penalty**: Conviction overturned
Mechanician

A **mechanician** is an engineer or a scientist working in the field of mechanics, or in engineering, applied mechanics and similar fields. Sometimes mechanicians are also called **mechaniker** and **mechanicist**.

## People who made lasting contributions to mechanics more than 100 years ago

- Guillaume Amontons: laws of friction
- Galileo Galilei: notion of strength.
- Josiah Willard Gibbs: thermodynamics
- Heinrich Rudolf Hertz: contact mechanics
- Issac Newton: Newton's laws, law of gravitation

## Related pages

- Applied mechanics
- Mechanics
- Mechanic

## Other websites

- iMechanica, news and views of interest to mechanicians and their friends.
- Homepage of the ASME International Applied Mechanics Division
- Mathematics Geneaology Project
- Mechanician Career Description
- The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
Compressive stress

**Compressive stress** is the stress on materials that leads to a smaller volume.

By compressive stress the material is under compression. Compressive stress to bars, columns, etc. leads to shortening.

One can increase the compressive stress until compressive strength is reached.  Then materials will react with ductile behaviour (most metals, some soils and plastics) or with fracture in case of brittle materials (geomaterials, cast iron, glass, etc.). For example, if a cylinder is compressed under the action of the applied force, the restoring force per unit area is known as the compressive stress. It is one of the best stresses for chassis, so if you have a chassis report explain it well as it helps a lot.

## Related pages

- Tensile stress
- Hooke's law
Cambuslang railway station

**Cambuslang railway station** is a train station for the Scottish town of Cambuslang, in South Lanarkshire (near Glasgow.) The station is owned and managed by First ScotRail. There is a train every ten minutes. Trains come more often at busy times of the day. The station has a ticket office at the top, with a bridge across the track and two ramps down to each platform.

## Other websites

- Train times and station information for Cambuslang from the National Rail website.
- Map and Aerial photo from Multimap.com
- First ScotRail: Official Website
- SPT Official Website
Rotation

**Rotation** is the movement of an object in a circular motion.

A two-dimensional object rotates around a  _center_ (or _point_) _of rotation_. A three-dimensional object rotates around a line called an _axis_. If the axis of rotation is within the body, the body is said to rotate upon itself, or _spin_– which implies relative speed and perhaps free-movement with angular momentum. A circular motion around an external point (for example the Earth around the Sun) is called an _orbit_ or more properly _orbital revolution._ As an extension, 4d rotations are around planes. Every rotation can also be described as in a plane and around a point.

## Types of rotation

Rotation around a point in one plane can be in a clockwise direction or an anticlockwise direction.

### Aviation

In flight dynamics, the principal rotations are known as _yaw_ (left/right), _pitch_ (up/down), and _roll_ (rolling). The term rotation is also used in aviation to refer to the upward pitch of an aircraft, particularly when starting the major climb for takeoff. The same terms are used for fish moving through water.

### Amusement rides

Many amusement rides provide rotation. A Ferris wheel and observation wheel have a horizontal central axis, and parallel axes for each gondola, where the rotation is opposite, by gravity or mechanically.

### Sports

Rotation, usually called _spin_, plays a role in many sports. _Topspin_ and _backspin_ in tennis. _English_, _follow_ and _draw_ in billiards and pool. Curve balls in baseball and spin bowling in cricket.  Table tennis paddles are specialized to allow players to spin the ball as they hit it.

## Related pages

- Earth's spin
- Precession
- Torque

## Other websites

- Product of Rotations at _cut-the-knot_
- When a Triangle is Equilateral at _cut-the-knot_
- Rotation (Interactive Animation) at Math is Fun
- Rotate Points Using Polar Coordinates
Moment (physics)

In physics, **moment of force** (often just **moment**) is a measure of a force's tendency to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or axis.

In this concept the **moment arm**, the distance from the axis of rotation, plays an important role. The lever, pulley, gear, and most other simple machines create mechanical advantage by changing the moment arm. The SI unit for moment is the newton meter (kgm²/s² or Nm).

Formula for moment:

The Principle of Moment states that when a system is in equilibrium the sum of its CLOCKWISE MOMENTS equals the sum of its ANTICLOCKWISE MOMENTS.

Some examples where moments (turning effect) are applied involve levers, like seesaws, opening and closing doors, nutcrackers, can openers, and crowbars.

A lever is a simple machine in which one force called the effort is used to overcome another force called the load.

In physics, a moment is a combination of a physical quantity and a distance.

## History of moment

The principle of moments is derived from Archimedes' discovery of the operating principle of the lever. In the lever one applies a force, in his day most often human muscle, to an _arm_, a beam of some sort. Archimedes noted that the amount of force applied to the object, the _moment of force_, is defined as _M = rF_, where _F_ is the applied force, and _r_ is the distance from the applied force to object.
Bosconian

***Bosconian*** is a video arcade game made by Namco in 1981. The player moves a spaceship and tries to destroy "space stations". There are also other things in space that the player has to destroy to get to the space stations. The game was later used on many of the early personal computers.

## Reception

_Bosconian_ won the 1982 Arcade Award for Best Science Fiction/Fantasy Coin-Op Game. The award was given out in January 1983. It beats both Atari's _Gravitar_ and Sega's _Zaxxon_.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Bosconian
- **developer**: Namco
- **composer**: Nobuyuki Ohnagi (Arcade ver.)
Yuzo Koshiro (X68000 ver.)
- **genre**: Multi-directional shooter
- **modes**: 1-2 players alternating
- **cabinet**: Upright, cabaret, and cocktail
- **arcade system**: Namco Galaga
- **display**: Horizontal orientation, Raster graphics, Raster, 288 x 224 resolution
- **sound**: 1x Namco WSG @ 3.072 MHz, 1x Namco 54XX @ 1.536 MHz, Discrete
- **platforms**: Arcade (original)
MSX, Sharp X68000, X68000, Sharp X1
The Sunday Night Project

***The Sunday Night Project*** is a British comedy television programme. It was broadcast on Channel 4 from 4 February 2005 to 8 February 2009. The show was presented by Justin Lee Collins and Alan Carr with a different guest host each week.
Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia

**Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia** (;  – 17 July 1918) was the youngest daughter of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. After she was murdered during the Russian Revolution, she was canonized as a passion bearer by the Russian Orthodox Church.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna
- **image**: Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna Crisco edit letters removed.jpg
- **caption**: Photo,
- **full name**: Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova
- **house**: Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
- **father**: Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
- **mother**: Alix of Hesse and by Rhine
- **birth place**: Peterhof Palace, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg, Russian Soviet Republic
- **burial date**: 17 July 1998
- **burial place**: Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- **religion**: Russian Orthodox
- **signature**: Signature of Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia.svg
Anna Anderson

**Anna Anderson** (December 16, 1896 – February 12, 1984) was a woman who claimed she was Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia. The real Anastasia had been murdered in Ekaterinburg with the rest of her immediate family on July 17, 1918. Her remains have been found and extensively tested using DNA samples from Anastasia's family comparing them to Anderson. There was no match at all. Anderson attempted to kill herself in 1920 in Berlin, Germany. She was taken to a mental hospital. A short time later she began to tell her false story of escape to people there. Some people believed her. Most people did not. Her false claims were pushed for 70 years. Movies were made about her story. She married Jack Manahan and called herself Anastasia Manahan. They lived in Charlottesville, Virginia, where she died of pneumonia in 1984.

## Other websites

- Article by Peter Kurth  — Anna Anderson’s biographer tells why he does not believe Anna Anderson was Franziska Schanzkowska.
- Russian Forensics  - A site demonstrating the Russian agenda to prove Anastasia's remains were in the grave.
- Anna Anderson Exposed - A site exposing why Anna Anderson was a fraud.
- Anna Anderson WAS Grand Duchess Anastasia — a site supporting a "conspiracy theory" surrounding Anna Anderson and Anastasia
- Article by Rey Barry — Journalist Rey Barry — friend of Anna Anderson and Jack Manahan, and a supporter of her pretensions.
- Anastasia: Duchess in Disguise — another website arguing that  photographs of Anna Anderson look like Anastasia.
- Anastasia and Anna Anderson — A narrative of Anastasia’s death.
- Anna Anderson/ Anastasia Manahan — A paper written by a supporter with a list of reasons why they believe that Anna Anderson was Anastasia.
- Anastasia: The Truth - A website correcting misstatements recently made about Anastasia and Anna Anderson.
- HIH Grand Duchess Anastasia Historical Society  - A web site telling the story of Anastasia Nikolaevna and the woman who claimed to be her.
- Could Anna Anderson be Anastasia?  - A web site discussing the DNA tests done on Anna Anderson.
- Anastasia: The Unmasking Of Anna Anderson  - An online article on Anna Anderson and her claim.
Celtic F.C.

**Celtic Football Club** is a professional football club based in Glasgow, Scotland. They play in the Scottish Premiership and are one of the most successful Scottish teams.

## Old Firm

Celtic is half of the Old Firm; the other half is Rangers F.C. This is a term for the relationship between the two clubs, which are the biggest in Glasgow.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Celtic
- **image**: Celtic Park.jpg
- **current**: 2023-24
- **fullname**: The Celtic Football Club
- **nickname**: The Bhoys, The Hoops, The Celts
- **founded**: 1888
- **ground**: Celtic Park, Glasgow, Scotland
- **capacity**: 60,411
- **chairman**: Ian Bankier
- **manager**: Brendan Rodgers
- **league**: Scottish Premiership
- **season**: 2022–23 Scottish Premiership, 2022–23
- **position**: Scottish Premiership, champions
- **pattern la1**: _celtic2122h
- **pattern b1**: _celtic2122h
- **pattern ra1**: _celtic2122h
- **pattern sh1**: _celtic2021h
- **pattern so1**: _celtic2122h
- **pattern b2**: _celtic2122a
- **pattern sh2**: _celtic2122a
- **pattern so2**: _celtic2122a
- **leftarm2**: 053E29
- **body2**: 053E29
- **rightarm2**: 053E29
- **shorts2**: 053E29
- **socks2**: 053E29
- **pattern la3**: _celtic2122t
- **pattern b3**: _celtic2122t
- **pattern ra3**: _celtic2122t
- **pattern sh3**: _celtic2122t
- **pattern so3**: _celtic2122t
- **leftarm3**: F2F5F0
- **body3**: F2F5F0
- **rightarm3**: F2F5F0
- **shorts3**: F2F5F0
- **socks3**: F2F5F0
Rally-X

***Rally-X*** is a arcade video game released by Namco in 1980. The player moves a car around a maze. The player tries to collect 10 "flags".

Players can lose a life by:
- Running in to a red car
- Running in to rocks
- Running out of fuel

## Flags

In _Rally-X_, there are two types of flags: regular flags and special flags. Special flags double the players points after collecting it. It will only work if the player does not lose a life. In _New Rally-X_, there is another flag called a lucky flag. It fills up the car's fuel tank if it is empty. There is only one special flag or lucky flag.
Physical compression

**Physical compression** means that a material under compressive stress reduces its volume.

There are different uses of compression in physics and engineering. By compression it is possible to measure mechanical properties of materials such as compressive strength or modulus of elasticity. Scientists do this with press machines.

When gases are compressed, their volume becomes smaller as seen in the Ideal gas law. This compression is used in gas engines, for example in the Diesel engine as in any internal combustion engine and in the steam engine.

## Related pages

- Strength of materials
- Compression member
- Tension (mechanics)
Compressive strength

**Compressive strength** measures the pushing force that one needs to break a material.

When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed. Concrete can be made to have high compressive strength e.g. many concrete floors have compressive strength of 3000 p.s.i..

## Related pages

- Tensile strength
- Compression
- Compressive stress
- Deformation
- Strength of materials
Strength of materials

The **strength of materials** is the ability of materials to resist force. That ability is an important topic in mechanical engineering. It describes the mechanical behaviors of materials in response to forces that act on objects (such as stress, deformation, strain and stress-strain relations). Usually, the strength of a material is described with units of pressure, because then the value can be applied to many different shapes. For example, a wire and a rod made out of the same steel may have the same tensile strength but the thicker rod will require more force to break.

Strength is considered in terms of compressive strength, tensile strength, and shear strength, but other properties are often considered, like impact strength and fracture toughness. The strength of materials will also change depending on the environment, such as when it is hot or cold, or humid or dry. Sometimes, the environment, or use over time will change the strength of materials over many hours, days, months, or even years. For example, some metals and metal alloys can become stronger or weaker after being used for many years, especially at high temperatures. This is because their microstructure, or structure on a very small scale, will change. In almost all materials, the microstructure is what is studied to understand and guess what the strength of a material will be.  It is also what scientists and engineers can modify to change a material (especially a metal). For plastics, many conditions can affect them by causing chemical changes. For example, water will make many plastics softer and weaker, and UV radiation from the Sun can damage many plastics and make them brittle and weak, including Kevlar.

## Related pages

- Statics

## Other websites

- Failure theories
Compression

**Compression** could mean:

- Gas compression, raising the pressure and reducing the volume of gases
- Physical compression, the result of the subjection of a material to compressive stress
    - Compression arch suspended-deck bridge, a compression arch rises above the deck
- Compression, the part of a longitudinal wave where particles are the closest together
- Compressibility, a measure of volume change resulting from pressure
- Compression (geology), a system of forces that tend to decrease the volume of or shorten rocks.
- Compression ratio, a number that predicts the performance of any internal-combustion engine
- Data compression, encoding information using fewer bits
    - Image compression
    - Audio data compression
    - Video compression
        - Compression artifact, noticeable defects in audio or video that has been compressed
    - Bandwidth compression, in telecommunications
- Gain compression in electronic amplifiers, which is a result of device non-linearity
- Audio level compression, usually artificially introduced Gain compression to improve the perceived quality of audio
- Compression (functional analysis), in mathematics
    - Compression bandage, designed to reduce the flow of blood

## Related pages

- Compressor (a disambiguation page)
Funeral Blues

"**Funeral Blues**" is a poem written in 1936 by W. H. Auden.

_Funeral Blues_ is a simple poem about death, isolation (loneliness), emptiness and longing. The death of a lover may or may not be a literal event (actually happened). The poem is also about the end of a romantic relationship with somebody other than the person's spouse/partner. In four stanzas it moves from the time before the funeral (Stop all the clocks, Silence the pianos...), during the funeral itself (Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come...), after the funeral (He was my North, my South...), and the loneliness and grief that comes with it.
W. H. Auden

**Wystan Hugh Auden** (21 February 1907 – 29 September 1973) was a Anglo-American poet. He was born in York and moved to Harborne, Birmingham in 1908, then to New York City in 1939. He wrote several famous poems such as _Funeral Blues_, and As I Walked Out One Evening. He signed his works **W. H. Auden**. He died in Vienna, Austria and is buried in Kirchstetten.

Auden was an Anglican and was gay. He married Erika Mann in 1935 to enable her to escape Nazi Germany. His partner from 1946 until his death was Chester Kallman (1921–1975).

## Related pages

- List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people
- List of poets from North America
Parsley

**Parsley** is a fresh flavored bright green herb. It used on food as a garnish and as a seasoning in soups, sauces and salads. Some people eat parsley to get their breath to smell better. Parsley can be easily grown in gardens, as well as inside the home, wherever there is plenty of indirect sunlight. Parsley needs good, light soil, good drainage and frequent watering to thrive indoors. To harvest parsley, cut the most mature stalks near the base that are still bright green. New shoots will grow for some time from the base of an established plant. Parsley is extraordinarily rich in vitamins C and A, minerals (especially potassium),beta-carotene, folate and dietary fiber.

The following chart provides information on the nutritional values and caloric composition of parsley:

Water content (grams per 100g) 87.71

Calorie content of Food (kcals per 100g/3.5oz) 36

Protein content (grams per 100g) 3.7

Fat content (lipids) (grams per 100g) 1.2

Ash content (grams per 100g) 2.1

Moisture (grams per 100g) 85.2

Carbohydrate content (grams per 100g) 8.0

Dietary Fiber content (grams per 100g) 4.1
Weed

A **weed** is a plant that people think is an impurity, because it is growing invading the plant's space. Only smaller plants are often called weeds.

A person may grow plants because it has  flowers, but other people may think that this plant is a weed for some reason. This may be for one of these reasons:
- It has pollen that makes them sneeze
- It spreads seeds that will grow quickly
- The roots go too far under the ground and can cause damage to houses or pipes
- The roots spread quickly
- The plant has poisonous berries
- The plant has liquid (sap) in it that can hurt a person's skin

If someone is farming a plant and it then moves outside the farm, the plant may then be called a weed.

Some plants are very hard to stop once they start growing. These are called invasive weeds.

Weed can also be a name for any wild plant, one that people do not use for anything and invading their space.

## Commons weeds

Common weeds include:

- Dandelion
- Cirsium arvense
- Ground ivy
- Quackgrass
Ternopil

**Ternopil** () is a city in western Ukraine. It is also the administrative centre of the Ternopil region. The city has about 220,000 inhabitants (2025) and lies on the Siret River.

## History

The city was part of the Austrian Habsburg Empire from 1772 until 1918, and it belonged to Poland before 1772. When the Austrain empire fell in 1918, Turnopil beccame part of the short-lived ZUNR (Western Ukrainian National Republic). After heavy battles between Polish troops and Ukrainian Galician Army troops, the city was occupied by Poland in 1920. However, it was only part of Poland for less than 20 years, and in September 1939, it was taken by Soviet troops and annexed to the USSR. Ternopil became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, it became a part of Independent Ukraine.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ternopil
- **official name**: Тернопіль
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: File:Тернопіль - Архікатедральний собор Непорочного Зачаття Пресвятої Богородиці - 07080278.jpg
- **image caption**: The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of The Blessed Virgin Mary (former Dominican Church)
- **image flag**: Ternopil prapor.png
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Ternopil.svg
- **pushpin map**: Ukraine
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Ukraine
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Ukraine
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Ukraine, Oblast
- **subdivision name1**: Ternopil Oblast
- **subdivision type2**: Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Ternopil City
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Serhiy Nadal (All-Ukrainian Union "Svoboda")
- **area total km2**: 72
- **area total sq mi**: 27.8
- **population as of**: 2022
- **population total**: 225004
- **population density km2**: 3831
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **area code**: +380 352
Justin Lee Collins

**Justin Lee Collins** (born 28 July 1974) is an English television and radio presenter and former stand-up comedian from Bristol. Collins co-hosted _The Friday Night Project_ on Channel 4 with Alan Carr.
Alan Carr

**Alan Carr** (born 14 June 1976) is an English television presenter and stand-up comedian. Carr was born in Weymouth, Dorset, and grew up in Northampton. He presented Channel 4's The Friday Night Project with Justin Lee Collins. Carr is openly gay. He hosts _Alan Carr: Chatty Man_.

## Other websites

- Official site
Cremation

**Cremation** is the act of burning a body after it has died. Cremation is a popular option to dispose of (get rid of) a body instead of burying it. The place where cremations take place is called a **crematorium** or **crematory**.

Religions which approve cremation include Christianity, Jehovah's Witnesses, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Shinto, and Neopaganism. Traditional Judaism and Mormonism strongly discourage cremation, although the first reference to cremation in the Hebrew Bible is found in 1 Samuel 31, where it states that the dead bodies of Saul and his sons are burned, and their bones are buried. Neo-Confucianism and Zoroastrianism disapprove it. Many Muslims believe cremation is forbidden. However, some Muslims, such as Quranists, believe cremation is permissible in Islam as there is no prohibition in the Qur'an against cremation, and that burial is not the only Islamic method that is approved by God.

A natural gas cremation releases around 126kg of carbon dioxide.

## Ways of keeping or disposing of the cremated remains

Cremated remains (also called _ashes_) are returned to the person's family. The family then has a few options of what to do with the remains. Usually the ashes are buried in an urn at a cemetery plot just as a coffin is buried in normal earth burial. Many religions require the ashes to be handled in dignified manner. In Scandinavia it is customary to bury the ashes ín an urn in a family grave (a grave which contains the remains of many family members). Family graves are also popular in Japan and Thailand.

Sometimes the cremated person has thought about what they want to be done with their remains and have shared their desires with their family. Cremated remains can be kept in a container called an urn, which in turn can be buried on cemetery plot or placed in a depot called _columbarium_, or thrown into the air or water of a place that was special to the cremated person, or buried anonymously in the ground. These are the most popular choices of what to do with remains. There are also other, less common, options of how to dispose of the remains. Some examples of ways to scatter the remains are: through fireworks, shot from guns, or dropped from an airplane or hot air balloon. Remains can even be sent into space or turned into a diamond. The latter can be done because humans and diamonds are both made largely from carbon.

## Queen Victoria, pioneer in cremation jewelry

Queen Victoria is the most well-known mourner because she went into a state of mourning for several decades. To honour her late Prince Albert, Queen Victoria "took to wearing black jet jewelry, from Whitby, in Yorkshire". As a limited and fairly difficult medium to work with, jet was expensive. It's a hard material, requiring skilled craftsmanship to avoid breakage during carving.

## Related pages

- Human death

## References

- Technical report #30  – Incineration of Human Bodies

## Other websites

- Cremation Association of North America
- International Scattering Society
- Crematory in Europe
Spartacus

**Spartacus** (circa 120 BC – circa 70 BC, at the end of the Third Servile War), according to Roman historians, was a gladiator-slave who became the  leader of an unsuccessful slave uprising against the Roman Republic.

## Related pages

- Spartacus (movie)
George Africanus

- _For the Roman general, see Scipio Africanus_
**George John Scipio Africanus** (1763—1834) was a West African slave who became a successful businessman in Nottingham, England.
Booker T. Washington

**Booker Taliaferro Washington** (April 5, 1856, – November 14, 1915) was an American political leader, teacher and author. He was born into slavery, but was eventually freed. He was one of the most important people in African American history in the United States from 1890 to 1915.

Washington helped start the Tuskegee Institute, which was a university for African-American students, after attending the Hampton Institute.  Washington believed that in order to create a peaceful post-slavery society, black and white people needed to "cast down the bucket" and become friends with each other.  He saw violence and protests against discrimination of blacks as holding grudges between the races.  Washington also stated that freed blacks should not aim for Congress right away, they needed to start by being able to support themselves economically.

## Visit to president

Washington was invited to dinner by President Theodore Roosevelt. The President wanted to appoint Washington to advise him on issues of race. This upset some American people. African Americans had visited the White House before but had never been asked to dine there. In reaction several newspapers published a racist poem called _Niggers in the White House_. The poem was published again when the wife of Representative Oscar DePriest had tea with wife of President Hoover.