juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Data loss

**Data loss** is an event that happens when a file, program, or a piece of information is lost. When data is updated, it may change, and this may not be data loss. Data loss also does not occur when the data is unavailable for some time only, for example because the server it is stored on cannot be reached. When this server can be reached again, the data will again be there.  There are some common causes to data loss. Data loss can sometimes be prevented by creating a backup copy. A backup copy may contain an older version of a file, which can make data loss less severe. If certain information used by the system is lost, the system may stop working. Getting the system working again and restoring the data from a backup copy may take a long time.

#### Accidental deletion

Sometimes a file or folder is accidentally (not meant to be done) deleted. Most of the time users have a special "recycling" bin to recover from, but the loss of system files can stop the system from working.

##### System

Sometimes the system could have run low on battery power and shut off automatically while saving or loading data, corrupting it.

##### Self

Sometimes the system is accidentally unplugged, causing a corruption.

#### Shutdown

The user can shut the system off by themselves to corrupt unwanted data.

#### Unplug

At any time a computer user can unplug the system and corrupt unwanted data.
Lost Horizon

**Lost Horizon** or **Lost Horizons** may be about:
- _Lost Horizon_ (novel), a fantasy adventure novel by James Hilton that was the origin of Shangri-La
- _Lost Horizon_ (1937 movie), a movie based on the novel
- _Lost Horizon_ (1973 movie), another movie based on the 1937 film
- Lost Horizon (band), a Swedish power/progressive metal band
- Lost Horizons (Lemon Jelly album), an album by Lemon Jelly
- Lost Horizons (Luca Turilli's Dreamquest album), an album by the group Luca Turilli's Dreamquest
- Lost Horizons (Abney Park album), an album by Abney Park
- Lost Horizons (Gin Blossoms song), a song from their album New Miserable Experience
- Lost Horizon (video game), an adventure game by Animation Arts
To Anacreon in Heaven

**To Anacreon in Heaven**, also known as the **Anacreontic Song**, was the official song of the Anacreontic Society. The Anacreontic society was a gentlemen's club of amateur musicians in London during the 18th century. It was written by John Stafford Smith, a British Mason of Inverness Lodge #4 in London. At one point, the song was used by an Irish Masonic Orphans' Home as their song. Later, it became a popular English drinking song, and was called To Anacreon in Heaven. It is about a Greek poet named Anacreon.

The song is no longer sung frequently. However, the music was used by Francis Scott Key for The Star-Spangled Banner, the national anthem of the United States.
Brave New World (album)

***Brave New World*** is an album by Iron Maiden.  It is the band's twelfth studio album, and it was released on 30th May of 2000.

The album was recorded in Paris, France. And it was produced by Kevin Shirley.

It has sold around 307,000 copies in the USA. It received many good reviews.One person who reviewed it said that "its excellence was undeniable."

## Musicians

- Bruce Dickinson - vocals
- Janick Gers - guitar
- Steve Harris - bass guitar
- Nicko McBrain - percussion
- Dave Murray - guitar
- Adrian Smith - guitar

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Brave New World
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Iron Maiden
- **released**: 30 May 2000
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 66:57
- **label**: EMI
- **producer**: Steve Harris (musician), Steve Harris and Kevin Shirley
- **prev title**: Virtual XI
(1998)
- **next title**: Dance of Death (album), Dance of Death
(2003)
Davao City

**Davao City** is a capital city of Mindanao and the largest city in the province of Davao del Sur. The city serves as the regional center of Davao Region 11th, Davao has been awarded by the Department of Tourism as the "most livable city" in the Philippines in 2008, The city boasts some of the finest beaches and mountains in the country and its proximity of the Philippines 'most captivating' diving spots as well as is highest peak, Mount Apo, The City of Davao is the premiere city and hub of whole Mindanao, It is a Crown Jewel of Mindanao, King City of the South, Fruit Basket of the Philippines, Durian Capital of the Philippines and Little Japan of the Philippines.

## Other websites

- Official Website
Rocket Mania!

***Rocket Mania*** is a computer puzzle video game made by Nuclide Games and PopCap Games.

## Gameplay

The player rotates fuses to launch rockets. Multiple rockets can be launched because the fuses have junctions. Players can get coins for launching rockets. Five coins will upgrade a rocket. The player goes through different ranks by earning points. Combos can also happen if a fuse launches and then falls.

### Classic

The game starts at night, with a time limit. Depending on the level, the player will launch a certain number of rockets before they level up. The dragon automatically upgrades the rockets with coins, which in turn gives the player more points. Other types of items can also be awarded. Item values are based on rockets.

### Arcade

The game starts empty, with tiles filling up the board. The player must lead fuses to rockets before the board fills.

### Strategy

The player starts with a number of matches. Launching multiple rockets will bring bonus matches to the board, but they will burn out if left there. If the match is carried by the fuse light, the player gets the match. The game ends if the player runs out of matches.

## Reception

GameZone awarded the Windows version of the title a 9.2 (out of 10) and an "Editor's Choice" award. While the reviewer at GameZone enjoyed the way the difficulty level slowly ramped up, GameSpot felt that the game was a little too simple and that there wasn't any real challenge until the later levels. As such, GameSpot scored the title as only 6.7 (out of 10), although some positive aspects which were noted included an easy control scheme and a decent variety of modes.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Rocket Mania!
- **image**: Rocket mania game logo.jpg
- **developer**: Nuclide Games
- **publisher**: PopCap Games
- **engine**: PopCap Games Framework
- **platforms**: Microsoft Windows, Windows, Windows Mobile, Palm OS
- **released**: August 15, 2003
- **genre**: Puzzle video game, Puzzle
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
- **designer**: Luc Van den Borre
Catherine, Princess of Wales

**Catherine, Princess of Wales**,  <small>CH</small> (born **Catherine Elizabeth Middleton**, sometimes known as **Kate Middleton**; 9 January 1982) is the wife of Prince William and mother of Prince George, Princess Charlotte and Prince Louis. She will become Queen (Catherine Windsor) of the British Empire when William becomes King.

## Background

Middleton was born at Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading, She grew up in Berkshire. She went to Marlborough College. She met Prince William when she was studying at the University of St Andrews in 2001.

When they started a relationship, the attention from the media made Middleton feel harassed. In April 2007, the press reported that William and Middleton had split up. They continued to be friends and didn't stay away from each other, and later in 2007 they got back together.

## Marriage to Prince William

William and Kate were married on 29 April 2011. She became Duchess of Cambridge upon her marriage to Prince William. Since then, Middleton has attended many royal events.

On 22 July 2013, the Duchess gave birth to a baby boy at St. Mary's Hospital in London. On 24 July, it was announced that the baby would be called Prince George of Cambridge, with the full given name George Alexander Louis. On 2 May 2015, she gave birth to Princess Charlotte of Cambridge. Their third child, Prince Louis of Cambridge, was born on 23 April 2018.

## Public image

Kate is very popular with the public. Many people like her fashion sense and she has been placed on many "best dressed" lists.

## Health

On 22 March 2024, she announced publicly that she had been diagnosed with cancer after having abdominal surgery in January. She said that was is undergoing chemotherapy.

## Titles

- 29 April 2011 – present: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge
- 8 September 2022:-present Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cornwall
- 9 September 2022:-present Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales, Her Royal Highness  The Countess of Chester
- In Scotland: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Rothesay, Her Royal Highness  The Countess of Carrick, Lady of the Isles, Baroness Renfrew, Her Royal Highness  The Countess of Strathearn
- In Northern Ireland: Baroness Carrickfergus

## References

|-

## Infobox (person)

- **embed**: yes
- **signature**: CatherineSignature.svg


## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Catherine
- **title**: Princess of Wales (#Titles, more)
- **image**: Princess of Wales in 2023 (cropped)03.JPG
- **caption**: Catherine in 2023
- **alt**: A photo of Catherine, Princess of Wales at the age of 40
- **birth name**: Catherine Elizabeth Middleton
- **birth place**: Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, Berkshire, England, UK
- **house**: House of Windsor, Windsor (by marriage)
- **father**: Michael Middleton (British businessman), Michael Middleton
- **mother**: Carole Middleton, Carole Goldsmith
- **religion**: Church of England
William R. Maples

**William Ross Maples**, Ph.D. (Dallas, Texas; August 7, 1937 - Gainesville, Florida; February 27, 1997) was a forensic anthropologist. He worked at the C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory at the Florida Museum of Natural History. He usually studied about bones and helped in many famous criminal searches, including the question about Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna's survival. He wrote the book _Dead Men Do Tell Tales: The Strange and Fascinating Cases of a Forensic Anthropologist_. The book is about his life from when he began being interested in anthropology and about some of his most famous forsenic cases.

## References

- Maples, William R. and Browning, Michael (1994). _Dead Men Do Tell Tales_. () Existe versión en español "Los muertos también hablan" (2006)

## Other websites

- A biography of William R. Maples 
- C.A. Pound Human Identification Laboratory
- The William R. Maples Center for Forensic Medicine
Memoir

A **memoir** (from the French word _mémoire_ or the Latin _memoria_, meaning "memory") is a literary genre and a kind of autobiography.

## Overview

A person who writes memoirs can be called a _memoirist_. An autobiography tells the story of a life, while a memoir tells a story from a life, such as touchstone events and turning points from the author's life.
Anna Demidova

**Anna Demidova** (1878 – July 17, 1918) was a Lady in Waiting for Tsarina Alexandra of Russia. She was exiled with the Romanov family to Tobolsk and Ekaterinburg after the Russian Revolution of 1917. She was also killed with them on July 17, 1918. She was later canonized as a martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1981 for being hurt by the Soviet. Her nickname was "Nyuta" and she was described as a tall blonde.
Alexander Palace

The **Alexander Palace** () was a palace near Tsarskoye Selo, St. Petersburg, Russia. It is mostly famous for being the place where the last Russian Emperor Nicholas II and his family lived. It is in the Alexander Park. It was called an "elegant building" with the "greatest simplicity" and "comfort".

## Other websites

- Alexander Palace Time Machine
- Official website of the palace
- World Monuments Fund - Alexander Palace

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Alexander Palace
- **native name**: Александровский дворец
- **native name lang**: Александровский дворец
- **image**: File:Alexander palace.JPG
- **image size**: 350px
- **caption**: Panoramic view of Alexander Palace in 2010
- **building type**: Imperial residence
- **location country**: Russia
- **architect**: Giacomo Quarenghi
- **start date**: 1792
Amulet

An **amulet** (from Latin _amuletum_, meaning "charm"), is an object that people think will bring good luck and or protection to its owner.

Usually amulets are gems, statues, coins, drawings, pendants, rings, plants, animals, etc. Even words can be amulets, such as _vade retro satana_—(Latin, "go back, Satan"), to make bad luck go away.
Tsarskoye Selo

**Tsarskoye Selo** (; "Tsar's Village") is an old Russian residence of the imperial family. It is located  south from the center of St. Petersburg, but is no longer a place for the imperial family. Instead, it is part of the town of Pushkin and of the World Heritage Site.

## History

In the 17th century, the place belonged to a Swedish noble.

In 1708, Peter the Great gave the estate to his wife as a present. She helped in the making of the Blagoveschenskaya church there in 1724, and changed the name of the place to Blagoveschenskoye. However, this soon went out of use.

It was Catherine I who started to develop the place as a place for royal people. She built the Catherine Palace, now known as the Cameron Gallery.

By the end of the 18th century, Tsarskoye Selo became a popular place for noble people to visit in the summer. On September 17, 1941 the Germans destroyed the town of Pushkin, destroying many historical buildings and other artifacts.
Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia

**Prince John Constantinovich of Russia** () (5 July 1886 – 18 July 1918), also known as **Prince Ioann**, **Prince Ivan** or **Prince Johan,** was the eldest son of Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich of Russia. He was described as a gentle, religious person. His relatives gave him the nickname of Ioannchick. He was born at Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire, and was in the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov. He later married the Princess Helen of Serbia.
Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)

**Maria Feodorovna** (Russian: Мария Фёдоровна, <small>romanized:</small> _Mariya Fyodorovna_; 26 November 1847 – 13 October 1928) was Empress of Russia from 1881 to 1894 as the wife of Emperor Alexander III. She was the fourth child and second daughter of King Christian IX of Denmark and Queen Louise of Hesse-Kassel. She was also the mother of Nicholas II, the last Russian Emperor.

Maria was born as Princess Dagmar on November 26, 1847 in Copenhagen, Denmark to Christian IX and Louise of Hesse-Kassel. She was the older sister of Queen Alexandra of Denmark. In 1866, she married Alexander III of Russia. They had six children together named Nicholas, Alexander, George, Xenia, Michael, and Olga.

In 1881, she became the empress consort after the assassination of her father in-law, Emperor Alexander II. She was the empress for thirteen years until her husband's death in 1894. After his death, she became empress dowager as her eldest son Nicholas II, became emperor

Maria was the empress dowager from 1894 until the fall of the Russian Empire during the Russian Revolution in 1917.  Nicholas and his family were murdered by Bolsheviks on July 17, 1918. Maria and her daughters and other members of the Romanov family managed to escape from the revolution.

She later went back to her home country Denmark and she never returned to Russia. Maria died ten years later in 1928, she was 80 years old.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Maria Feodorovna
- **image**: File:Maria Feodorovna of Russia 1881.jpg
- **caption**: Maria in 1881
- **succession**: List of Russian royal consorts, Empress consort of Russia
- **reign**: 13 March 1881 – 1 November 1894
- **coronation**: 27 May 1883
- **cor-type**: Russia
- **house**: House of Glücksburg, Glücksburg
- **father**: Christian IX of Denmark
- **mother**: Louise of Hesse-Kassel
- **signature**: Empress Dowager Maria's signature (in Russian).svg
- **full name**: Marie Sophie Frederikke Dagmar
- **birth name**: Princess Marie of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
- **birth place**: Yellow Mansion, Copenhagen, Denmark
- **death place**: Hvidøre House, Klampenborg, Denmark
- **religion**: Russian Orthodoxy
prev. Lutheranism
- **predecessor**: Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse), Maria Alexandrovna
- **successor**: Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse), Alexandra Feodorovna
Lernaean Hydra

In Greek mythology, the **Lernaean Hydra** was a serpent-like monster. According to Theogony 313, the Hydra is the child of Typhon and Echidna. The Hydra had many heads.

It is also said that the Hydra's teeth were able to raise skeletons from the dead. There are pictures of the Hydra on vases and bronze plates dating back as far as the 7th century BC.

Hercules (who is called "Heracles" in Greek mythology) kills the Hydra as one of his labors. The Hydra lived in the lake of Lerna in the Argolis. The lake itself is older even than the Mycenaean city of Argos. Lerna was also the site of the myth of the Danaids.

The second of the 12 labors of Hercules was to kill the Hydra. The monster also had one immortal head that was in the middle. All of the heads could spit deadly acid. To defeat the Hydra, Hercules called on his nephew Iolaus for help. As soon as Hercules cut off one head, Iolaus would cauterise the wound with a flaming torch so that nothing could grow to replace it. After removing the Hydra's immortal head, Hercules buried it under a large rock. Then he collected the monster's poisonous blood. In later adventures, he dipped his arrows in the blood to kill other monsters.

## References

- General references
- "Hydra." Myths and Legends of the World. 2001. _Encyclopedia.com._ 11 Apr. 2016<http://www.encyclopedia.com>.

## Infobox (mythical creature)

- **name**: Hydra
- **aka**: Lernaean Hydra
- **image**: Gustave Moreau 003.jpg
- **caption**: Gustave Moreau's 19th-century depiction of the Hydra, influenced by The Beast (Revelation), the Beast from the Book of Revelation
- **mythology**: Greek mythology
- **parents**: Typhon and Echidna (mythology), Echidna
- **country**: Ancient Greece, Greece
- **habit**: Learna
CrossOver

**CrossOver** is the collective name for four commercial programs developed by CodeWeavers that allow using Windows programs on Mac OS X and Linux.
The programs include "CrossOver Linux", "CrossOver Mac", "CrossOver Games" and "CrossOver Games Linux". They are modified versions of the free and open source Wine compatibility layer.
Hound Dog (song)

**Hound Dog** is a song written by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It was first sung by Willie May Thornton in March 1953, but is best known by Elvis Presley in 1956. The genre is twelve-bar blues.
Miss Piggy

**Miss Piggy** is a female pig puppet made by Jim Henson that appeared on _The Muppet Show_ on television.
Bert

**Bert** or **BERT** may refer to:

## Persons, characters, or animals known as Bert

- Bert (name), commonly an abbreviated forename and sometimes a surname
- Bert, a character in the poem "Bert the Wombat" by The Wiggles; from their 1992 album Here Comes a Song
- Bert (Sesame Street), fictional character on the TV series _Sesame Street_
- Bert (horse), foaled 1934
- Bert (Mary Poppins), a Cockney chimney sweep in the book series & Disney film _Mary Poppins_
- Iron Bert (one half of the two yellow diesels 'Arry and Bert), also in _Thomas and Friends_

## Places

- Berd, Armenia, also known as Bert
- Bert, Allier, a commune in the French  of Allier
- Bert, West Virginia

## Electronics & computing

- Bit error rate test, a testing method for digital communication circuits
- Bit error rate tester, a test equipment used for testing the bit error rate of digital communication circuits
- HP Bert, a CPU in certain Hewlett-Packard programmable calculators
- BERT (language model) (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), a natural language processing technique

## Entertainment & sports

- Bert, a type of shot in Pickleball
- Bert Diaries, Swedish children's novels, TV series and film
- Bert (TV series), a Swedish TV series based on Bert Diaries
- Q*bert, a game whose Macintosh versions were known as _Bert_
Ernie

**Ernie** is an orange Muppet on the television program _Sesame Street_. Ernie was created and voiced by Jim Henson. Steve Whitmire has voiced Ernie since 1993. Now, he is voiced by Peter Linz. He is Bert's best friend. They live together.

Ernie is the more active and funny kind of guy. He looks like an orange football with horizontal stripes on his shirt. He laughs differently than anyone else and really likes to sing.

Ernie was first seen with Bert in the test episodes of _Sesame Street_ in 1969. His voice at that time was more similar to Rowlf the dog than Kermit the Frog. He had purple and yellow stripes on his shirt and a purple nose instead of the red and blue stripes and red nose he has now. His shirt and nose were changed in the second year of the program. In the third year, his eye focus got better.

Bert is Ernie's and roommate. He is more grumpy, but still likes Ernie.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Ernie
- **series**: Sesame Street
- **colour**: Orange
- **first**: _Sesame Street Test Pilot 1_ (July 21, 1969)
- **lbl1**: Performed by
- **data1**: Jim Henson
Steve Whitmire
John Tartaglia
Billy Barkhurst
Peter Linz
- **voice**: Jim Henson
Steve Whitmire
- **alias**: Caveman Ernie, Sir Ernie, John Adams, Old King Cole, Robin Hood, Tweedledum and Tweedledee, Tweedle Dum, etc.
- **species**: Muppet
- **gender**: Male
Bee Train

**Bee Train** Production Inc. (ビィートレイン株式会社, Biītorein Kabushikigaisha?) usually referred to as Bee Train is a Japanese anime studio, founded by Koichi Mashimo and his colleagues in 1997. It is most famous for showing strong female characters with a light lesbian attraction.

## History

Mashimo worked around Japan as a director on his own (not employed to a single company) with a group of other artists. He started a studio that would encourage and help young artists. He and his friend worked at Production I.G. The company president agreed to help Mashimo with his plan and helped start it. The first few years the two studios worked together on anime based on popular video games then Bee Train studio grew big enough to work more on its own. The studio was given a project of short videos to tie in with a new video game series called .hack (said as _dot hack_). In addition to the new set of videos the studio was also given a 26 episode television series. The next years would be met with new additions to the game series and the studio's famous "girls-with-guns" trilogy. Bee Train became independent in 2006. The two studios still have a good relationship with each other and work together on projects occasionally. From 2009 to 2010, the studio expanded to include two new areas called C-Station and D-Station. Bee Train also has another small office called Studio Road.  Studio Road does the color work for anime.

## Other websites

- Bee Train at Anime News Network.com
- Bee Train at IMDb.com
Give a Little More

"**Give a Little More**" is the second single released by Maroon 5 on August 17, 2010, from the album _Hands All Over_. The music video for the single was released on September 1, 2010, on VEVO. The song hit radio airplay on October 12, 2010. The song was produced by Phantom Planet's Sam Farrar.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Give a Little More
- **artist**: Maroon 5
- **album**: Hands All Over
- **released**: August 17, 2010
- **recorded**: 2009
- **genre**: Pop rock, funk rock
- **length**: 3:00
- **label**: Octone
- **writer**: Adam Levine, Jesse Carmichael, and James Valentine
- **producer**: Robert John "Mutt" Lange
- **prev title**: Misery (Maroon 5 song), Misery
- **prev year**: 2010
- **next title**: Hands All Over (song), Hands All Over
- **next year**: 2010
Stutter (song)

"**Stutter**" is a song performed by American pop rock band Maroon 5 from their third studio album _Hands All Over_ released on September 15, 2010. The song was written by frontman Adam Levine, Matt Flynn, and Sam Farrar. It was recorded and produced in Vevey, Switzerland in early 2010 by producer and music engineer Robert John "Mutt" Lange.

## Background

The song itself premiered during the band's nationwide summer tour in late July 2010 by featuring it on their set list to perform live. The track gained much gratitude and was demanded as a single, however was released along with the album, _Hands All Over_, on September 15, 2010. Several amateur videos were uploaded to YouTube and other video-sharing social networks prior to its full-length studio release. On E! News' online website it was said that the group would release the song as a third single, following up the second single "Give a Little More", released on October 12, 2010, in late December or early January the next year. However, "Never Gonna Leave This Bed" ended up being the third mainstream single from the album, being released under A&M Records on February 5, 2011.

## Chart rankings

The track gained a great number of digital downloads around the time of the album's release in late September, 2010 pursuing "Stutter" to debut and peak at #84 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. It became the biggest selling song on the album that wasn't a single.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Stutter
- **artist**: Maroon 5
- **album**: Hands All Over
- **released**: 15 September 2010
21 September 2010 (Digital Release)
- **recorded**: 2010; Vevey, Switzerland
- **genre**: Pop rock
- **length**: 3:17
- **label**: A&M/Octone Records
- **writer**: Adam Levine, Matt Flynn, Sam Farrar
- **producer**: Robert John "Mutt" Lange
- **prev title**: Misery (Maroon 5 song), Misery
- **prev year**: 2010
- **next title**: Hands All Over (song), Hands All Over
- **next year**: 2010
Amphora

In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, **amphoras** were used to transport liquids or grain. Amphores had two handles, used for carrying. Amphoras existed in different sizes, between 5 litres and 50 litres. They were made of clay, or metal.  Cargo ships for liquids were full of amphorae.

Most of the amphoras that now exist were made in old times  of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. However, many were made long before then. Some amphoras date from as far back as 4500 BCE.  Some varieties have been found in ancient China.
Mac OS X Lion

**Mac OS X Lion** is an operating system. It is the eighth major release of Apple's Mac OS X software line. It is made for Macintosh desktops, laptops, and servers. It was released on 20th July 2011 via the Mac App Store.

Lion was unveiled to the public at Apple's "Back to the Mac" event on October 20, 2010. It brings developments from iOS (Apple's mobile operating system for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad), such as the App Store, to the Mac.

## New or changed features

Some new features were announced at the "Back to the Mac" keynote, however more features are expected to be revealed closer to the release date.

- **Mac App Store** — An application store similar to the iOS App Store. It will be made available to Macs running Mac OS 10.6 "Snow Leopard" on January 6, 2011. Like in iOS, it will provide many ways for shoppers to discover apps, one-click installation, and one-click updates of all or selected installed applications.
- **Launchpad** — An application launcher that presents an iOS-like icon grid of installed applications. Multiple pages and grouping apps in folders will be supported.
- **Full-screen apps** — Native, system-wide support for full-screen applications.
- **Mission Control** — Overview of running applications, putting together other Mac OS features including Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen apps.
- **Multi-touch gestures** — Similar to iOS, gestures performed using a multi-touch input device (e.g. Magic Mouse, Magic Trackpad) will allow the user to scroll, swipe to different pages, and enter Mission Control.
- **Auto save** — Documents automatically save, so users will not have to save their work.
- **Apps resume when launched** — Applications resume in the same state when reopened.
- **Autohiding Scrollbars** — Scrollbars appear in the content area of the window and autohide when not scrolling (similar to iOS).
- **Removal of "Aqua" UI** — The "Aqua" look used in OS X since 2000 (first used in "iMovie 2") was replaced with a flatter, grey look.

## Other websites

- Mac OS X Lion at Apple.com

## Infobox (os version)

- **name**: OS X v10.7 "Lion"
- **family**: OS X
- **logo**: OS X Lion.png
- **logo size**: 100px
- **developer**: Apple Inc.
- **website**: [https://www.apple.com/support/lion/ Official website]
- **source model**: Closed source (with open source components)
- **license**: Apple Public Source License, APSL and Apple Software license agreement, EULA
- **kernel type**: Hybrid kernel, Hybrid
- **updatemodel**: Apple Software Update
- **supported platforms**: x86-64
- **first release url**: https://www.apple.com/pr/library/2011/07/20Mac-OS-X-Lion-Available-Today-From-the-Mac-App-Store.html
- **release version**: 10.7.5 <small>Build 11G63</small>
- **release url**: http://support.apple.com/kb/DL1583
- **preceded by**: Mac OS X Snow Leopard, Mac OS X v10.6 "Snow Leopard"
- **succeeded by**: OS X Mountain Lion, OS X v10.8 "Mountain Lion"
- **support status**: Unsupported as of September 2014
- **date**: November 2010
Planck time

The **Planck time** is the length of time at which no smaller meaningful length can be validly measured due to the indeterminacy expressed in Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Theoretically, this is the shortest time measurement that is possible. Planck time is roughly 10<sup>−43</sup> seconds. However, to date, the smallest time interval that has been measured is 10<sup>−21</sup> seconds, a "zeptosecond".
One Planck time is the time it would take a photon travelling at the speed of light to cross a distance equal to one Planck length.

Planck time is calculated from the Planck constant, which was first thought of by the physicist Max Planck in 1900. This work by Planck asserts that the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency, and their relation can be put in terms of familiar units such as the joule by using the proportionality constant Planck gave us. Heisenberg's original quantum theory was improved by his teacher and colleague Max Born.

Born put Heisenberg's equation into a matrix form. Born immediately noticed that to calculate using these matrices, one matrix had to be multiplied by another matrix. In matrix multiplication, multiplying matrix P by matrix X gives a different result from the one obtained by multiplying matrix X by matrix P. He further noticed that the difference between the two matrices involves **h**, the Planck proportionality constant. It shows that one can never pin down things like P (momentum) and X (location) exactly. As a result, we cannot pin down a time any better than we can pin down a place or a momentum. We get closer and closer and then we reach the "Planck time."

## Notation

Planck time is usually written _t_<sub>P</sub>, a symbol made of a lowercase letter _t_, initial of the Latin word _tempus_ ("time"), in italic, followed by a subscript uppercase letter P, initial of the last name of Max Planck.

## Definition

Planck time is defined by :
- ,
where :

- ***h*** is the Planck constant

- is the reduced Planck constant (Planck constant divided by 2 pi)
- is the gravitational constant ;
- is the speed of light in a vacuum ;
- is the Planck length.

## Values

In the International System of Units, the recommended value for the Planck time is :
- s,
with a relative error of 10<sup>-4</sup>.

## Related pages

- Planck length
Silva Kaputikyan

**Silva Barunaki "Sirvard" Kaputikyan** (, 20 January 1919 in Yerevan, Republic of Armenia - 25 August 2006, Yerevan) was a 20th century prominent Armenian poet, writer, academic, and public activist.

In February 1988, during a reception in Kremlin, Mikhail Gorbachev said that he and his wife, Raisa, greatly admired Kaputikyan's poetry. She appeared as herself in the 1992 documentary _Parajanov: The Last Spring,_ about Sergei Parajanov, the legendary film-maker of Armenian descent who was persecuted by Soviet authorities (Sayat Nova).

## Awards

Awards won by Kaputikyan during her career include:
- Named "Renowned Master of Arts" by the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1971)
- Named "Renowned Worker of Arts" by the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1980)
- Received state prizes of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (1952) and the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1988)
- Received the _Nosside_ Italian prize
- Awarded Ordens of St. Mesrob Mashtots (in Yerevan, Armenia) and _Knyaginia Olga_

Kaputikyan was also a member of International PEN.
Pointillism

**Pointillism** is a way of painting in which small separate dots of pure color are used to form images. The artist paints the picture with hundreds of tiny dots, mainly of red, yellow, blue and green, with white. The eye and mind of the viewer mix the colours to make different shades of these colours, as well as orange, purple, pink, and brown depending on the way the dots of colour are arranged.

Georges Seurat, at first an Impressionist painter, and Paul Signac, developed this technique in 1886. Other important artists were Camille Pissarro and, in some paintings, Vincent van Gogh.  Art critics who saw their work, laughed at it and called it "Pointillism" as an insult. This name is still used, but is no longer thought of as an insult.

Traditionally, artists blend pigments (mix colours) on a palette. Pointillist painters do not mix the colours on the palette at all  they just use the colours straight from the tube. Traditional painters, and also impressionist painters, use many types of brushstrokes, and many textures of paint. The surface of the painting may have flat colour, lines, squiggles and dabs of paint. In a pointillist painting, every part of the picture is done in tiny dots, and most of the dots are about the same size. Pointillism is usually done in oil paints, because they are thick and do not run into each other when they are painted on the canvas.

## Printing and television

Many colour printers and large printing presses use four colours to print in tiny dots of cyan (blue), magenta (red), yellow, and black. Televisions and computer monitors use a similar technique to show many different colors using only red, green, and blue.

## Music

The name Pointillism is also given to a style of 20th-century music. Different musical notes are made separately from each other, giving a sound texture similar to pointillism. This type of music is also known as "punctualism" or "klangfarbenmelodie".

## Related pages

- Impressionism
- Post-Impressionists
Baud

The **baud** (symbol: **Bd**) is the unit to measure the symbol rate. If one symbol can be transmitted per second, this is equal to one Baud. The unit is named after Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot a French telecommunications engineer who invented the Baudot code. The baud is different from the gross bit rate, measured in bits per second.

Various electric signal schemes invented in the 20th century such as phase-shift keying can make bit rates much higher than signal rates. In another example, Gigabit Ethernet has a symbol rate of 125 MBd. Gigabit Ethernet uses pulse-amplitude modulation and can transmit two bits of payload data per symbol. Gigabit Ethernet uses four balanced pairs for transmission.

It can transmit .
Yun Chi-young

**Yun Chi-Young** (Hangul: 윤치영, February 10 1898 - February 9 1996) was a Korean Independent Activist and politician, educators, diplomats. His nickname was 'DongSan' (동산, 東山). 1st Interior Minister (1948) of South Korea, 1st, 2nd and 3rd the National Assembly of South Korean. Younger Half-Uncle was Yun Bo-seon, 4th president of South Korea.

2nd  Republic of Korea Ambassador to French  1950 to 1951, 13th Mayor of Seoul City at December 17, 1963 to March 30, 1966.

## Book

- 『Yun Chi-young's 20c』(윤치영의 20세기)

## Related pages

- Yun Posun
- Rhee Syngman
- Yun Chi-ho
- Park Chung-hee
- Chang Myon
- Kim Gu

## References

- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=520742
Sodium periodate

**Sodium periodate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula can be NaIO<sub>4</sub> (sodium metaperiodate) or Na<sub>5</sub>IO<sub>6</sub> (sodium orthoiodate). It has sodium and periodate ions in it.

## Properties

Sodium periodate is a colorless solid. It reacts with acids to make periodic acid. It breaks down when heated to make sodium iodate and oxygen gas. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

## Preparation

It can be made by oxidation of sodium iodide with sodium hypochlorite in a nitric acid solution.

## Uses

Sodium periodate can oxidize cellulose. It is also used as a biodegradable chemical in the human body. It is also used in organic chemistry reactions.

## Related pages

- Potassium iodate
- Perbromic acid
- Potassium perchlorate
7 Up

**7 Up** is a product of a lemon-lime flavored soft drink. The origin of the name is unclear. The rights to the brand are held by Keurig Dr Pepper in the United States, and PepsiCo (or its licensees) in the rest of the world, including Puerto Rico. It is distributed by the 7-Up/Dr. Pepper company.

It has been reformulated several times since its launch in 1929. 7-Up Soft Drink contains no caffeine and now has no artificial ingredients or preservatives. The company promotes the product as having a crisper, more refreshing lemon-lime taste than before.
Periodic acid

**Periodic acid** (pronounced as per·io'·dic acid) is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO<sub>4</sub> or H<sub>5</sub>IO<sub>6</sub>. It has hydrogen and periodate ions in it.

## Properties

Periodic acid is found as a colorless solution. It is a strong oxidizing agent, like perchloric acid. It breaks down when heated to iodine pentoxide and oxygen, as well as water. It does not form . It is found as  in dilute solution and  in concentrated solution. When  is heated, it turns into .

## Preparation

It is made by reacting a periodate with a strong acid.

## Uses

It is used to look at the structure of certain organic compounds.

## Related pages

- Perbromic acid
- Sodium perbromate
- Iodic acid
Periodate

**Periodate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is either IO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> (metaperiodate) or IO<sub>6</sub><sup>5-</sup> (orthoperiodate). They are the salts of periodic acid. The iodine is in its +7 oxidation state. Periodates are similar to perchlorates. They are strong oxidizing agents. Sodium periodate is the most common periodate.

## Related pages

- Iodate
- Hypoiodite
Potassium periodate

**Potassium periodate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KIO<sub>4</sub>. It has potassium and periodate ions in it.

## Properties

Potassium periodate is a white solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to potassium perchlorate. It does not dissolve good in water. It makes potassium iodate and oxygen when heated.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting potassium iodide with a strong oxidizing agent.

## Uses

It is used to find out how much potassium is in something because it is one of the few potassium compounds that do not dissolve easily in water.

## Related pages

- Sodium periodate
- Periodic acid
- Iodic acid
Ray, Iran

**Rey**, **Rayy**, **Ray**, **Rhages** or **Rages** (; ; ) also known as Shahr-e-Rey (), is the oldest city in the state of Tehran, Iran. Rey today has been added into the Greater Tehran city. It is linked by the Tehran Metro to the rest of Tehran and has many industries and factories in use. A settlement began here 6,000 BCE as part of the Central Plateau Culture. The settlement was used as a capital by the Medes called Rhaga. In classical Roman geography it was called Rhagae. Its name dates back to the pre-Median.
Iodine heptafluoride

**Iodine heptafluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF<sub>7</sub>. It contains iodine and fluoride ions. The iodine is in its +7 oxidation state.

## Properties

It is a colorless gas with a moldy, stinky odor. Its melting point is at , and its boiling point is at . This means that it has a very narrow liquid range. It is a powerful oxidizing agent. It is very irritating to the skin. It is an interhalogen.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting iodine pentafluoride with fluorine gas.

## Related pages

- Iodine trifluoride
- Iodine pentoxide
- Periodate
Hypoiodous acid

**Hypoiodous acid** is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HIO. It has hydrogen and hypoiodite ions in it.

## Properties

Hypoiodous acid is very unstable. It easily disproportionates to iodine and iodic acid. It is a disinfectant and oxidizing agent.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with iodine.

## Uses

It is too unstable to be used, although people think that this is what makes iodine a disinfectant.

## Related pages

- Iodic acid
- Periodic acid
Hypoiodite

**Hypoiodite** is an ion. Its chemical formula is IO<sup>-</sup>. It is very unstable. It easily disproportionates to iodide and iodate. It is made by reacting iodine with a base. The iodine is in its +1 oxidation state. It is the salt of hypoiodous acid.

## Related pages

- Iodine monochloride
- Iodine trifluoride
Iodine trifluoride

**Iodine trifluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF<sub>3</sub>. It has iodine and fluoride ions in it. The iodine is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Iodine trifluoride is a yellow solid. It breaks down above -28°C. It is made by reacting very cold fluorine with iodine.

## Related pages

- Iodine tricloride
- Iodine pentafluoride
- Iodine heptafluoride
Iodine trichloride

**Iodine trichloride** is a chemical compound made of iodine and chlorine. Its chemical formula is . The iodine is in the +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Iodine trichloride is a yellow solid. It melts at . It conducts electricity when it melts. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is an interhalogen.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting a lot of cold iodine with liquid chlorine. It can also be made by heating liquid iodine with chlorine gas at .

## Related pages

- Iodine pentafluoride
- Iodine monochloride
- Iodine heptafluoride
Silver iodate

**Silver iodate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is AgIO<sub>3</sub>. It has silver and iodate ions in it. The silver is in the +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Silver iodate is a colorless solid. It does not dissolve in water. It is an oxidizing agent.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting silver nitrate with sodium iodate.

## Related pages

- Potassium iodate
- Sodium periodate
- Sodium bromate
SemEval

**SemEval** (**Sem**antic **Eval**uation) is a series of workshops that focus on evaluating computer systems that  interpret the meaning of human language (aka Computational Semantic systems).

## Infobox (infobox)

- **name**: SemEval
- **title**: SemEval
- **headerstyle**: background:#ccf;
- **header1**: Academics
- **label2**: Disciplines:
- **data2**: Natural Language Processing
Computational Linguistics
Semantics
- **label3**: Umbrella
Organization:
- **data3**: [http://www.clres.com/siglex.html ACL-SIGLEX]
- **header4**: Workshop Overview
- **label5**: Founded:
(Origin)
- **data5**: 1998 ([http://www.senseval.org/ Senseval])
- **label6**: Latest:
- **data6**: [http://semeval2.fbk.eu/semeval2.php Semseval 2]
Summer 2010 (Ended)
[http://acl2010.org/ ACL @ Uppsala, Sweden]
- **label7**: Upcoming:
- **data7**: [http://aclweb.org/aclwiki/index.php?title=Draft_Schedule_for_SemEval_3 Semseval 3]
Summer 2012(tentative)
Association for Computational Linguistics, ACL @ Jeju Island, Korea
- **header8**: History
- **label9**: [http://www.itri.brighton.ac.uk/events/senseval/ARCHIVE/index.html Senseval-1]
- **data9**: 1998 @ Sussex
- **label10**: [http://www.sle.sharp.co.uk/senseval2 Senseval-2]
- **data10**: 2001 @ Toulouse
- **label11**: [http://www.senseval.org/senseval3 Senseval-3]
- **data11**: 2004 @ Barcelona
- **label12**: [http://nlp.cs.swarthmore.edu/semeval SemEval-1
(Senseval-4)]
- **data12**: 2007 @ Prague
- **label13**: [http://semeval2.fbk.eu/ SemEval-2]
- **data13**: 2010 @ Uppsala
- **belowstyle**: background:#ddf;
Iodate

**Iodate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is . The iodine is in the +5 oxidation state. It can be made by reduction of periodate. They are similar to chlorates. They react with acids to make iodic acid. They are salts of iodic acid. An example would be sodium iodate.

## Related pages

- Iodine compounds
Iodine pentafluoride

**Iodine pentafluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is IF<sub>5</sub>. It has iodine and fluoride ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties

Iodine pentafluoride is a pale yellow liquid. It is an interhalogen. It is also a powerful oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid.

## Preparation

Iodine pentafluoride is made by burning iodine in fluorine gas.

## Uses

It is used in organic chemistry (amine to nitrile conversion after hydrolysis).

## Related pages

- Iodine heptafluoride
- Iodine trifluoride
Iodine pentoxide

**Iodine pentoxide**, also known as **iodine(V) oxide** and **diiodine pentoxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is I<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. It has iodine and oxide ions. The iodine is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties

Iodine pentoxide is a white solid. It breaks down to iodine and oxygen when heated. It reacts with carbon monoxide to make carbon dioxide and iodine. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with water to make iodic acid.

## Preparation

Iodine pentoxide is made by heating iodic acid to  in dry air.

## Uses

It is used to see how much carbon monoxide is in a sample of gas.

## Related pages

- Iodine pentafluoride
- Iodine trifluoride
- Iodine monochloride
Potassium iodate

**Potassium iodate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KIO<sub>3</sub>. It has potassium and iodate ions in it.

## Properties

Potassium iodate is a white solid. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is similar to potassium bromate and potassium chlorate. It reacts violently with many reducing agents.

## Preparation

Potassium iodate is made by reacting iodic acid with potassium hydroxide or by reacting iodine with potassium hydroxide. This second reaction makes the iodide and the iodate.

## Uses

Potassium iodate is used to add iodine to salt. It is better than potassium iodide because it does not oxidize to iodine and evaporate like potassium iodide does. It is sometimes used in flour just like potassium bromate.

It is also used for radiation protection. A nuclear explosion can make radioactive iodine, which goes into the thyroid and can make cancer. Eating potassium iodate makes the thyroid full of nonradioactive iodine and prevents radioactive iodine from going in. It lasts longer than potassium iodide.

## Related pages

- Potassium periodate
- Periodic acid
- Hypoiodous acid
Sodium iodate

**Sodium iodate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaIO<sub>3</sub>. It has sodium and iodate ions in it.

## Properties

Sodium iodate is a colorless solid. It is similar to sodium chlorate. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It reacts with sodium hypochlorite to make sodium periodate. It can catch things on fire.

## Preparation

It is made by dissolving iodic acid or iodine in sodium hydroxide solution. Iodine dissolving also makes sodium iodide.

## Uses

It is used to make sodium periodate.

## Related pages

- Potassium iodate
- Potassium periodate
- Potassium chlorate
Copper(I) iodide

**Copper(I) iodide**, also known as **cuprous iodide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CuI. It has copper and iodide ions in it. The copper is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Copper(I) iodide is a white solid. It does not dissolve in water. It easily turns tan or brown. It is a reducing agent. The iodide easily oxidizes to iodine. Copper does not form a stable copper(II) iodide; copper(II) iodide breaks down right away to make copper(I) iodide and iodine. It dissolves in concentrated iodides like potassium iodide. When it is diluted, it makes copper(I) iodide again.

## Preparation

It can be made by reacting iodine and copper in concentrated hydroiodic acid. Another way would be to react copper(II) sulfate and potassium iodide. This makes copper(II) iodide which as said before breaks down right away to make iodine and copper(I) iodide.

## Uses

It is used to make organic compounds. It is also used to make clouds rain. It is used to make nylon resistant to heat. It can be used to put iodine to foods.

## Related pages

- Copper(I) bromide
- Copper(I) chloride