Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

**Frederick II** (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250), was one of the most powerful Holy Roman Emperors of the Middle Ages and head of the House of Hohenstaufen.  His political and cultural ambitions, based in Sicily and stretching through Italy to Germany, and even to Jerusalem, were enormous. However, his enemies, especially the popes, prevailed, and his dynasty collapsed soon after his death. Historians have searched for superlatives to describe him, as in the case of Professor Donald Detwiler, who wrote:

Viewing himself as a direct successor to the Roman Emperors of Antiquity, he was Emperor of the Romans from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a claimant to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy. At the age of three, he was crowned King of Sicily as a co-ruler with his mother, Constance of Hauteville, the daughter of Roger II of Sicily. His other royal title was King of Jerusalem by virtue of marriage and his connection with the Sixth Crusade.

He was frequently at war with the Papacy, hemmed in between Frederick's lands in northern Italy and his Kingdom of Sicily (the _Regno_) to the south, and thus he was excommunicated four times and often vilified in pro-papal chronicles of the time and since. Pope Gregory IX went so far as to call him an Antichrist.

Speaking six languages (Latin, Sicilian, German, French, Greek and Arabic), Frederick was an avid patron of science and the arts. He played a major role in promoting literature through the Sicilian School of poetry. His Sicilian royal court in Palermo, from around 1220 to his death, saw the first use of a literary form of an Italo-Romance language, Sicilian. The poetry that emanated from the school had a significant influence on literature and on what was to become the modern Italian language.  The school and its poetry were saluted by Dante and his peers and predate by at least a century the use of the Tuscan idiom as the elite literary language of Italy.

He was also the first king who explicitly outlawed trials by ordeal as they were considered _irrational_.

After his death, his line quickly died out and the House of Hohenstaufen came to an end.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Frederick II
- **image**: Sizilien- Friedrich II - 5506775 (obverse).jpg
- **caption**: A gold augustalis bearing Frederick's effigy. Legend:
- **succession**: Holy Roman Emperor; King of Italy
- **reign**: 1220–1250
- **predecessor**: Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto IV
- **successor**: Conrad IV of Germany, Conrad IV
- **coronation**: 22 November 1220 (Rome)
- **succession1**: King of Germany
formally King of the Romans
- **reign1**: 1212–1220
- **predecessor1**: Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto IV
- **successor1**: Henry (VII) of Germany, Henry (VII)
- **coronation1**: 9 December 1212 (Mainz)
25 July 1215 (Aachen)
- **succession2**: King of Sicily
- **reign2**: 1198–1250
- **predecessor2**: Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry VI
- **successor2**: Conrad IV of Germany, Conrad I
- **coronation2**: 3 September 1198 (Palermo)
- **succession3**: King of Jerusalem
- **reign3**: 1225–1228
- **predecessor3**: Isabella II of Jerusalem, Yolande
- **successor3**: Conrad IV of Germany, Conrad II
- **coronation3**: 18 March 1229, Jerusalem
- **house**: House of Hohenstaufen
- **spouse**: Constance of Aragon
Isabella II of Jerusalem, Yolande of Jerusalem
Isabella of England
Bianca Lancia (?)
- **issue**: Henry (VII) of Germany, Henry VII of Germany
Conrad IV of Germany
Henry Otto, Governor of Sicily
Margaret of Sicily, Margaret, Margravine of Meissen
- **father**: Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor
- **mother**: Constance, Queen of Sicily
- **birth place**: Iesi, Marche, Kingdom of Italy (medieval), Italy
- **death place**: Castel Fiorentino, Apulia, Kingdom of Sicily, Italy
- **burial place**: Cathedral of Palermo
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism