juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Fobos-Grunt

**Fobos-Grunt** (also spelled **Phobos-Grunt**, also called **Phobos Sample Return Mission**) was an unmanned Russian spacecraft. It was an attempted sample return mission to Phobos, a moon of the planet Mars. Scientists intended Phobos-Grunt to orbit and study Mars. It was meant to look at Mars' atmosphere and dust storms, plasma and radiation. Then, Phobos-Grunt should have landed on Phobos and returned a 200 g soil sample to Earth.

The spacecraft was the first Russian interplanetary mission since Mars 96. It was launched on 8 November 2011 (UTC), aboard a Zenit rocket, at Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was sent with the Chinese spacecraft Yinghuo-1 and  with the Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment.

The name _Phobos-Grunt_ () is Russian for _Phobos-Soil_.

### Images

- A picture of Phobos-Grunt . Retrieved 2011-09-05.
- Phobos-Grunt diagram. Retrieved 2011-09-05.
- A model of Phobos-Grunt. Retrieved 2011-09-05.

## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Fobos-Grunt
- **image**: Cebit 2011-fobos-grunt together with upper stage.jpg
- **image caption**: A model of Fobos-Grunt presented during CeBIT 2011
- **mission type**: Phobos (moon), Phobos lander
Sample return
- **operator**: Russian Federal Space Agency, Roskosmos
- **cospar id**: 2011-065A
- **satcat**: 37872
- **mission duration**: Planned: 3 years
 Final: failed at launch
- **manufacturer**: Lavochkin, Russian Space Research Institute
- **launch mass**: with fuel
- **power**: 1000 W (main orbiter/lander) + 300 W (Earth return vehicle)
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**: Zenit-2M, Zenit-2SB
- **launch site**: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Baikonur Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45, 45/1
- **orbit epoch**: 15 January 2012
- **orbit reference**: geocentric orbit, Geocentric
- **orbit regime**: Low Earth orbit, Low Earth
- **orbit inclination**: 51.4°
- **apsis**: gee
Wade Belak

**Wade Belak** (July 3, 1976 – August 31, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played a career total of 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques with the 12th overall pick in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. Belak retired from the NHL on March 8, 2011 and remained with the Predators in an organizational role.

On August 31, 2011, He was found dead in his condo at the One King Street West hotel in Toronto. His death was later treated as a suicide by Toronto police. Before his death he was preparing to take part in the upcoming season of Battle of the Blades. After his death, an autopsy revealed that Belak had been suffering from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Wade Belak.png
- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: Colorado Avalanche
Calgary Flames
Toronto Maple Leafs
Florida Panthers
Nashville Predators
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence/Forward (ice hockey), forward
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 5
- **weight lb**: 222
- **birth place**: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, SK, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Toronto, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 12th overall
- **draft year**: 1994
- **draft team**: Quebec Nordiques
- **career start**: 1996
- **career end**: 2011
Skate (2007 video game)

***Skate*** (marketed as **skate.**) is a skateboarding video game that was published by Electronic Arts. It is available for the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 systems. The game is also featured as a mobile phone game which can be downloaded. The game is the first in the _Skate_ video game series. It was followed by Skate It! in 2008 and Skate 2 in 2009.

## Other websites

- Official game website

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: EA Black Box
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
EA Mobile <small>(Mobile)</small>
- **released**: **Mobile**
**Xbox 360**
**PlayStation 3**

- **genre**: Extreme sports
- **composer**: Z-Trip
Tommy Guerrero
XXXChange
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer (closed)
- **platforms**: Xbox 360
PlayStation 3
Mobile phone
Skate 2

***Skate 2*** is a skateboarding video game that was published by Electronic Arts. It is available for the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 systems. The game was the third in the _Skate_ video game series, after Skate It! It was followed by _Skate 3_ which was released in 2010. The game got very good reviews with a 7.5 out of 10 from GameSpot and a 83 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Other websites

- Official game website

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Skate 2
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
- **developer**: EA Black Box
- **genre**: Extreme sports
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
Skate 3

***Skate 3*** is a skateboarding video game that was published by Electronic Arts. It is available for the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 video game systems. The game was the fourth in the _Skate_ video game series, after Skate 2. The game takes place in the city of Port Carverton. The city also embraces skateboarding which was unlike the second game where they had a "skateboarding is a crime" mentality. The game got good reviews with a 7.5 out of 10 from GameSpot and a 80 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Other websites

- Official game website

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Skate 3
- **image**: Skate 3 logo.png
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
- **developer**: EA Black Box
- **genre**: Extreme sports
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: PlayStation 3, Xbox 360
Catwalk

A **catwalk** is a raised walkway. The term is most often used for fashion shows, where models walk along showing off the clothes. A catwalk on a ship is a passageway above decks. A similar term is **runway**, but it need not be off the ground.

## Movie

_Catwalk_, a documentary on life on the fashion runways, was filmed in 1993 by director Robert Leacock. The movie followed models Christy Turlington, Naomi Campbell, Yasmin Le Bon, Kate Moss, and Carla Bruni as they jetted around London, Milan, Paris, and New York during Spring Fashion Week, including behind-the-scenes footage.  The movie was shot in black and white and colour, and featured many top designers at work, like a young John Galliano, Justin Thomas, Karl Lagerfeld, and Gianni Versace four years before his death.
About a Girl (Nirvana song)

**"About a Girl"** by the grunge band Nirvana is the third song on Nirvana's first album _Bleach_. It was one of Kurt Cobain's less heavy songs of the ones he wrote for the band. Compared to "Blew" and "Downer" it is considered quite mild.
The Rescuers

***The Rescuers*** is a 1977 American animated comedy-drama adventure movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was released to movie theaters on June 22, 1977, by Buena Vista Distribution. _The Rescuers_ was re-issued to theaters on December 16, 1983 (double bill with _Mickey's Christmas Carol_) and March 17, 1989, It is the 23rd Disney animated movie. The movie is about the Rescue Aid Society, an international mouse organization in New York City and shadowing the United Nations. They are dedicated to helping abducted victims around the world at large. Two of these mice, shy janitor Bernard (Bob Newhart) and his co-agent, the elegant Hungarian representative Miss Bianca (Eva Gabor), set out to rescue Penny (Michelle Stacy), an orphan girl who is being held prisoner in an uncharted island called Devil's Bayou by treasure huntress Madame Medusa (Geraldine Page).

The movie is based on a series of books by Margery Sharp, mainly _The Rescuers_ and _Miss Bianca_. The movie was very successful. Later, Disney released a sequel called _The Rescuers Down Under_ in 1990. This made this movie the first Disney animated movie to have a sequel.

## Cast

- Bob Newhart as Bernard
- Eva Gabor as Miss Bianca
- Geraldine Page as Madame Medusa
- Michelle Stacy as Penny
- Joe Flynn as Mr. Snoops
- Jim Jordan as Orville
- John McIntire as Rufus
- Jeanette Nolan as Ellie Mae
- Pat Buttram as Luke
- James MacDonald as Evinrude
- Bernard Fox as Mr. Chairman
- George Lindsey as Deadeye
- Larry Clemmons as Gramps
- Dub Taylor as Digger
- John Fiedler as Deacon Owl
- Shelby Flint as Singer, Bottle
- Bill McMillian as T.V. Announcer

## Other websites

- (Dead link)

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Rescuers
- **music**: Artie Butler
- **studio**: Walt Disney Animation Studios, Walt Disney Productions
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Buena Vista Distribution
- **runtime**: 77 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $7.5 million
- **gross**: $169 million
Logan Medal of the Arts

- _See also the Logan Medal of the Geological Association of Canada.

The **Logan Medal of the Arts** was an arts prize started in 1907. Art Institute of Chicago helped to award the prize.  From 1917 through 1940, 270 awards were given.

The Medal was named for arts patron Frank Granger Logan. Logan founded the brokerage house of Logan & Bryan. He served over 50 years on the board of the Institute.  He and his wife, Josephine Hancock Logan, administered the award consistent with their support of the Society for Sanity in Art. They founded that Society in 1936. Josephine Logan also wrote a book in 1937 called _Sanity in Art_.  The Logans strongly opposed all forms of modern art, including cubism, surrealism, and abstract expressionism.

## Winners

- _This is an incomplete list, please help us by updating it._
- 1907: Albin Polasek (first winner)
- 1918: Walter Ufer
- 1921: Frank V. Dudley
- 1921: Cecilia Beaux
- 1924: Eugene F. Savage
- 1925: Albin Polasek
- 1925: Archibald J. Motley
- 1926: Charles Hopkinson
- 1926: Bror Julius Olsson Nordfeldt
- 1929: David Smith
- 1930: Davenport Griffen
- 1931: Morris Kantof
- 1930: Theodore Roszak
- 1933: Santiago Martínez Delgado
- 1935: Doris Lee
- 1938: Norman MacLeish
- 1939: Gladys Curtis Simpson
- 1940: Lawrence Adams
- 1942: Abbott Lawrence Pattison
- 1954: Naum Gabo
- 1959: Richard Talaber
- 1963: Isamu Noguchi
- 1964: James Rosati
- 1966: Al Held

- George Bellows
- Gutzon Borglum
- James Brooks
- Frank Tolles Chamberlin
- Howard Norton Cook
- Frederic Milton Grant
- Emil Holzhauer
- Edward Hopper
- Rudolph Ingerle
- Terrence Karpowicz
- Willem de Kooning
- Charles Wheeler Locke
- Conrad Marca-Relli
- Suzanne Martyl
- Frank Moore
- Louis Conrad Rosenberg
- Carl E. Schwartz
- Hannah Small
- Heinz Warneke
- Marguerite Zorach
- William Zorach

## Further reading

- Rudolph Ingerle (1879-1950): _Paintings of the Ozarks, the Great Smoky Mountains and the 1933 Century of progress Exposition_ (Chicago: Aaron Galleries, 2000)

## Other websites

- "Sanity & Mrs. Logan". _Time Magazine'' (March 22, 1937).   Retrieved January 31, 2008
Foster the People

**Foster the People** is an American pop rock band from Los Angeles, California. Foster the People have two members: Mark Foster and Isom Innis Their best known song is "Pumped Up Kicks" which was released on September 14, 2010 and reached #1 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart, #3 on the Rock Songs tally and #3 on the Billboard Hot 100.

## Discography

So far as of 2014, Foster the People has released 2 Studio albums and 1 EP: In March 2014 the group Debuted their second album Supermodel (Foster the People Album)

### Albums

- _Torches_ (2011)
- _Supermodel_ (2014)
- _Sacred Hearts Club_ (2017)
- _Paradise State of Mind_ (2024)

### EPs

- _Foster the People_ (2011)
- _Spotify Sessions_ (2014)
- _III_ (2017)
- _Pick U Up_ (2019)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Foster the People
- **img**: 2011 MuchMusic Video Awards - Foster the People.jpg
- **img capt**: Foster The People in 2011
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California,
United States
- **genre**: Indie pop, indie rock, indietronica, indie dance, neo-psychedelia
- **years active**: 2009-_present_
- **label**: Startime International
- **url**: [http://www.fosterthepeople.com/ Foster the People Website]
- **current members**: Mark Foster
Mark Pontius
Cubbie Fink
Joseph-Louis Lagrange

**Joseph-Louis Lagrange** (born Giuseppe Lodovico [Luigi] Lagrangia, Turin, Piedmont, 25 January 1736 – Paris, 10 April 1813) was a mathematician and astronomer. According to one authority, he was "the greatest mathematician of the eighteenth century".

He lived part of his life in Prussia and part in France. He made significant contributions to mathematical analysis, from number theory, to classical and celestial mechanics.

On the recommendation of Euler and d'Alembert, in 1766 Lagrange succeeded Euler as the director of mathematics at the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin. He stayed there for over twenty years, producing a large body of work and winning several prizes of the French Academy of Sciences.

Lagrange's treatise on analytical mechanics, first published in 1788, was the best treatment of classical mechanics since Newton, and helped the development of mathematical physics in the nineteenth century.

## Life

Lagrange's parents were Italian, although he also had French ancestors on his father's side. In 1787, at age 51, he moved from Berlin to France and became a member of the French Academy, and he remained in France until the end of his life. Therefore, Lagrange is alternatively considered a French and an Italian scientist.

Lagrange survived the French Revolution and became the first professor of analysis at the École Polytechnique upon its opening in 1794. Napoleon appointed Lagrange to the Legion of Honour and made him a Count of the Empire in 1808. Lagrange is buried in the Panthéon and his name appears as one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower.

## Related pages

- Lagrange point
- Lagrange's theorem (group theory)

## Infobox (_scientist)

- **name**: Joseph-Louis Lagrange
- **image**: Lagrange_portrait.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Joseph-Louis, Comte de Lagrange
- **birth place**: Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia, Piedmont-Sardinia
- **death place**: Paris, Greater French Empire, France
- **nationality**: Italy, Italian
 France, French
- **field**: Mathematics
 Mathematical physics
- **work institution**: École Polytechnique
- **doctoral advisor**: Leonhard Euler
- **doctoral students**: Joseph Fourier
 Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana, Giovanni Plana
 Siméon Denis Poisson, Siméon Poisson
- **known for**: Analytical mechanics
 Celestial mechanics
 Mathematical analysis
 Number theory
- **footnotes**: Note he did not have a doctoral advisor but academic genealogy authorities link his intellectual heritage to Leonhard Euler, who played the equivalent role.
Homeless World Cup

The **Homeless World Cup** is an football competition for homeless people all over the world. Starting in 2003 in Graz, Austria, the competition brings together homeless people with the aim to end homelessness.

## Rules

Anyone can play, male or female, as long as they are at least 16 years old. They must also have been homeless at some point after the previous year's World Cup, work as a street newspaper seller to earn money or be asylum seekers.

A team of 4 players play, with 3 outfield players and 1 goalkeeper. 4 substitution players are allowed.

A team gets 3 points for a win. If a match ends in a draw, it is decided by penalty shootout and the winning team gets three points and the losing team gets one point. Games are 14 minutes long, in two seven-minute halves. The field is 22m (long) x 16m (wide).

## History

Since 2003 the competition has taken place in:

- Graz, Austria - 2003
- Gothenburg, Sweden - 2004
- Edinburgh, Scotland - 2005
- Cape Town, South Africa - 2006
- Copenhagen, Denmark - 2007
- Melbourne, Australia - 2008
- Milan, Italy - 2009
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - 2010
- Paris, France - 2011
- Mexico City, Mexico - 2012
- Poznań, Poland - 2013
- Santiago, Chile - 2014
- Amsterdam, Netherlands - 2015
- Glasgow, Scotland - 2016
- Oslo, Norway - 2017
- Mexico City, Mexico - 2018
- Cardiff, Wales - 2019

## _Kicking It_ documentary

The 2006 Homeless World Cup was the filmed as part of a documentary called _Kicking It_. directed by Susan Koch and Jeff Werner focusing on the experiences of seven homeless people at the Homeless World Cup football (soccer) game. Residents of Afghanistan; Kenya; Dublin, Ireland; Charlotte, North Carolina; Madrid, Spain and St. Petersburg in Russia were in the documentary which was narrated by actor Colin Farrell. The movie was released in January, 2008 at the Sundance Film Festival and is being distributed by Liberation Entertainment, Netflix and ESPN.

## Other websites

- Official website
CNDO/2

**CNDO** is the short cut for **Complete Neglect of Differential Overlap**. It is both 1) a method for learning key facts about molecular orbitals as well as 2) the name of a particular set of computer programs. CNDO is based on quantum chemistry. It is one of the first semi-empirical quantum chemistry methods. It uses two approximations:
- core approximation - only the outer valence electrons are explicitly included.
- zero-differential overlap

CNDO builds a mathematical model of a molecule. CNDO starts with the position of the positively charged nuclei of the atoms and the negatively charged electron clouds surrounding them.  Quantum chemistry tells the model the probability distribution of electron locations based on atomic orbitals.  From this information, CNDO computes data about the resulting molecular orbitals.

CNDO/2 is the main version of CNDO. John Pople and coworkers first wrote CNDO/2.

## Other websites

- CNDO/2 Calculation (Pirika)
- Molecular Modeling for Educators
- Density Functional Modelling of Point Defects in Semiconductors
Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers

***Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers*** (CAPIF) is a group that represents the music industry in Argentina.

## Sales certification

_Singles_:
- Gold: 50,000
- Platinum: 100,000

_Long plays & cassettes (albums)_:
- Gold: 30,000
- Platinum: 60,000
- Diamond: 500,000

_Compilation albums:_
- Gold: 100,000
- Platinum: 200,000

The criteria for certification were changed as of January 1, 2001. CAPIF certification criteria for albums since that date are:

- Gold: 20,000 units
- Platinum: 40,000 units
- Diamond: 250,000 units

Non-album formats:

|Format|Gold|Platinum|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Digital downloads|10,000|20,000|
|Music DVD|4,000|8,000|
AMPROFON

***Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas*** (AMPROFON) is a group that represents the music industry in Mexico.

## Sales certificates

|width="150" rowspan="2"|Format|colspan="4"|Thresholds||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="text-align:left;" rowspan="6"|**Album**|30,000|60,000|300,000|style="text-align:left;"|Since July 1, 2009|||
|40,000|80,000|400,000|style="text-align:left;"|From January 1, 2008, until June 30, 2009|||||
|50,000|100,000|rowspan="2"|500,000|style="text-align:left;"|From July 1, 2003, until December 31, 2007||||
|rowspan="2"|75,000|rowspan="2"|150,000|style="text-align:left;"|From January 1, 2000, until June 30, 2003||||
|rowspan="2"|1,000,000|style="text-align:left;"|From January 1, 1999, until December 31, 1999||||||
|rowspan="1"|100,000|rowspan="1"|250,000|style="text-align:left;"|Until December 31, 1998||||
|style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"|**Digital Album**|5,000|10,000||style="text-align:left;"||||
|style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|**Digital Album <small>(Pre-loaded)</small>**|rowspan="2"|50,000|rowspan="2"|100,000|400,000|style="text-align:left;"|Since June 1, 2008|
|500,000|style="text-align:left;"|Until May 31, 2008|||||||
|style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"|**Digital Track**|30,000|60,000|300,000|style="text-align:left;"|Since September 1, 2010|||
|1,500|3,000||style="text-align:left;"|Until August 31, 2010|||||
|style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"|**Digital Track <small>(Pre-loaded)</small>**|50,000|100,000|500,000|style="text-align:left;"|Until August 31, 2010|||
|style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"|**Music DVD**|10,000|20,000||style="text-align:left;"||||
|style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"|**Music Video <small>(Pre-loaded)</small>**|50,000|100,000|500,000|style="text-align:left;"||||
|style="text-align:left;" rowspan="1"|**Ringtone**|10,000|25,000|250,000|style="text-align:left;"||||

## Infobox (organization)
Signature song

A **signature song** is a song best known for a singer due to its popularity among their fans. They can be songs that makes a singer more popular.
Selena ¡VIVE!

***Selena ¡VIVE!*** was a tribute concert that was held on April 7, 2005. It was held a week after the 10th anniversary of Selena's death. Over 65,000 fans attended the concert, which featured high-profile artists.

_Selena ¡VIVE!_ is the highest-rated and most-viewed Spanish-language show in American television history. The show, which lasted over three hours, scored a 35.9 Nielsen household rating.
You and I

"**You and I**" is a song by American pop singer Lady Gaga from her third album _Born This Way_. it was released as the fourth single from the album on August 23, 2011.  Gaga wrote the song herself and produced it with R.J. "Mutt" Lange, who is known for his 14-year marriage to Canadian country pop singer Shania Twain and was Twain's writing partner and producer.

The song reached the top ten in the US and Canada.  The Recording Industry Association of America certified the song triple-Platinum on February 29, 2016, for sales and shipments of three million copies across the United States.

## Music videoS

Gaga is seen on a farm in Nebraska and is dressed in various outfits: in one point, she is wearing a straitjacket, and another time, she is dressed as a mermaid.  Actor Taylor Kinney plays Gaga's love interest in the video.  Kinney and Gaga dated for nearly five years after making the music video.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: You and I
- **artist**: Lady Gaga
- **album**: Born This Way
- **recorded**: 2010
- **length**: 5:07
4:06 (radio edit)
- **writer**: Lady Gaga, Stefani Germanotta
- **prev title**: The Edge of Glory
- **prev year**: 2011
- **next title**: Marry the Night
- **next year**: 2011
Kalam

**Kalām** (, literally "speech" or "words") is the Islamic discipline of seeking theological knowledge through dialectic (debate and argument). It also promotes prudence and logical reasoning. A practitioner of kalām is called a _mutakallim_ (plural _mutakallimiin_).

## Related pages

- Islamic theology
Snare drum

The **snare drum** or **side drum** is a percussion instrument. It has strands of _snares_ made of curled metal wire, metal cable, plastic cable, or gut cords. They are stretched across the skin on the bottom of the drum. Pipe and tabor and some military snare drums can have a second set of snares on the bottom side of the top head. This is used to make a "brighter" sound. The snare drum is considered one of the most important drums of the drum kit.

The snare drum can make some special sounds:
- A rimshot: When the drum is hit in a way that makes the side of the stick touch the rim. This makes it louder.
- A cross-stick: The stick is laid down on the drum with its tip touching the head and the bottom end being used to hit the other side of the rim. This makes a loud "click" sound.

## Sources

- <cite id=Beck>Beck, John (1995). _Encyclopedia of percussion instruments_. New York: Garland Publishing. . Google Books preview. Accessed 8 September 2009.</cite>

## Other websites

- Marching Snare Drum Heads - Description of types of marching snare drum heads.
- Royal Schools Sources Percussion Page  Sources for the prescribed music for the Royal Schools of Music practical exams
- Field Drums Blog Photos, information, critical commentary and analysis of field drums, focusing on drums of the American Civil War
- Snare Drums Online  Snare Drum reviews, Guides to choosing a snare drum, and buying guides
- How to Build a Snare Drum DRUM! Magazine shows the step-by-step process of building a snare drum.
Economic boom

***Economic boom*** is a phase when the economy has a huge increase. It is a natural cycle.

The United States of America had an essential supply of natural resources such as timber, iron, coal, minerals, oil and land. Immigrants provided a plentiful and cheap work force to utilise these resources. This enabled America to become a huge economic power at the beginning of the 20th century. These resources were an important foundation for the economy.

Whilst European economies suffered during the First World War, the USA experienced significant growth. US banks loaned money to Europe and businesses sold much needed goods. The war also provided a stimulus for inventions in production, materials and advertising. Immediately after the war there was a small slump but from 1922 the USA experienced an unprecedented economic boom.

Electricity developed slowly before the war but during the 1920s the electricity industry experienced a huge boom. By 1929 the majority of houses in America had electricity and 70 per cent of them used it for lighting purposes. As a result of the development of factories to produce consumer goods for the American people, the demand for electricity doubled. Electrical power was introduced in factories to drive machinery, and thus it became possible to introduce mass production to a number of factories, e.g. refrigerators, washing machines, vacuum cleaners and radio sets.

The car industry is the best example of mass production during the period. Henry Ford was a pioneer with his idea of producing affordable cars for the people of America. He set about realising his dream by producing his early cars in small workshops. He had groups of men working for him and gradually the cars were built.

Henry Ford and his son posing in the model F Ford car in 1905.
Henry Ford and his son posing in the model F Ford car in 1905
Henry Ford's hard work bore fruit. As he produced more and more cars, he could reduce his prices. By 1925 the price of a car was around $290, which was much cheaper than the price of $850 in 1908. Henry Ford was of the opinion that it was better to sell more cars for a small profit, as that meant employing more workers.

By 1929 Americans owned 23 million cars. The workers earned good wages ($5 per day), thousands of jobs were created, roads were built, petrol stations were built, as were hotels and restaurants. Therefore, the entire economy was given a substantial boost due to the car industry.

In order to help American people to purchase the new goods that were available, systems of hire-purchase and credit were introduced. This meant that a person could buy something by paying for it on a monthly basis. As a result, the majority of Americans could afford expensive goods. In order to encourage Americans to take advantage of the scheme, advertisements were placed on roadsides, on the radio, in newspapers and in cinemas.

During the same period, chain stores appeared for the first time, e.g. J P Penney. Catalogue shopping also became fashionable as it was a convenient way of buying goods.
Tremors (movie)

***Tremors*** is an American science fiction comedy horror movie. It is set in Nevada and is directed by Ron Underwood. The screenplay was written by S.S. Wilson and Brent Maddock.

## Plot

Valentine and Earl want to go to Bixby, Nevada and they leave the Perfection Valley. A subterranean animal kills five people. The Perfection Valley is in danger.

## Cast

- Kevin Bacon: Valentine McKee
- Fred Ward: Earl Bassett
- Michael Gross: Burt Gummer
- Reba McEntire: Heather Gummer
Tremor

In biology, a **tremor** is when antagonist muscles move repeatedly without being controlled. There are different forms of tremors. Very often, a tremor is a symptom for another condition, and not its cause. People with a tremor are not necessarily sick. For example, physiological tremors are measurable, but not visible; they occur in all humans.
Peach (disambiguation)

**Peach** can mean:

- Peach, the fruit or the tree
- Princess Peach (or just "Peach"), a video game character
- Peach (color)
Urtica dioica

***Urtica dioica***, often known as **common nettle**, **burn nettle**, **stinging nettle** or **nettle leaf**, are a type of plant which have stinging defensive hairs on the leaves and stems. Stinging nettles can be found in America, Europe and Asia.

## Sting mechanism

The hairs inject histamine and other chemicals that produce a stinging sensation when contacted by humans and other animals. Soaking stinging nettles in water or cooking removes the stinging chemicals from the plant, which allows them to be handled and eaten without injury.

## Usage

The plant has been used as medicine, food, tea and fibre. Nettles are sometimes used in cheesemaking, as nettle soup or as substitute for spinach. Its stems contain a bast fibre that is used for the same purposes as linen. Nettles have been used to make clothing for 2,000 years.

## Ecology

Stinging nettles are important food plants for several butterflies, like the peacock butterfly and the small tortoiseshell. Also some deers and other animals eat the plant, preferred the leaf shot.
Ferrari F50

The **Ferrari F50** is a sports car made by Ferrari in 1995. It was created to celebrate the company's 50th anniversary. The car has two doors. It is a two-seated convertible with a removable hardtop. It has a 4.7 L V12 engine that was based on the 3.5 L V12 used in the 1992 Ferrari F92A Formula One car.

Only 349 Ferrari F50's were made. This was because Ferrari wanted it to be rare. The last F50 was produced in Maranello, Italy in July 1997.

It was made in 5 different colors: red, dark red, yellow, black and silver.

The Ferrari F50 can reach a top speed of 205 miles per hour.
Mass spectrum

A **mass spectrum** is an intensity versus _m/z_ (mass-to-charge ratio) plot that represents a chemical analysis. The mass spectrum of a sample is a pattern representing the distribution of ions by mass (more correctly: mass-to-charge ratio) in a sample. It is a histogram usually made using an instrument called a mass spectrometer. Not all mass spectra of a given substance are the same. It can depend on the operating conditions of the instrument. For example, some mass spectrometers break the analyte molecules into many pieces; others observe the intact molecular masses with little fragmentation. A mass spectrum can represent many different types of information based on the type of mass spectrometer and the specific experiment; however, all plots of intensity vs. mass-to-charge are called "mass spectra".

Common fragmentation processes for organic molecules are the McLafferty rearrangement and alpha cleavage.

In the past, chemists with PhD degrees were needed to interpret mass spectra. Today, computer programs read the data and identify the compounds in a sample.

## Other websites

- Interactive tutorial on mass spectra  National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- Weighing Atoms: A layperson's introduction to mass spectrometry  National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- What's in an Oil Drop: A layperson's introduction to Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance   National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (IUPAC green book)
- An introductory video on Mass Spectrometry The Royal Society of Chemistry
Stuntman (video game)

***Stuntman*** is a racing/action video game that was published by Infogrames and Atari. It was released for the PlayStation 2 and the Game Boy Advance systems. The game is also featured as a mobile phone game which could be downloaded. _Stuntman_ was followed by the 2007 sequel, _Stuntman: Ignition_. The game received positive reviews, GameSpot gave it a 8.0 out of 10 and IGN gave it a 8.6 out of 10.

The game was followed by sequel, called _Stuntman: Ignition_ released in 2007.

## Other websites

- Stuntman at MobyGames

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Stuntman
- **developer**: Reflections Interactive
- **publisher**: Infogrames/Atari
- **released**: **PlayStation 2**:
**Game Boy Advance**:
**Mobile**:
- **genre**: Racing game, Racing/Action game, action
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: PlayStation 2
Game Boy Advance
Mobile phone
Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)

"**Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)**" is a single by Lady Gaga.  It appeared on Gaga's debut album _The Fame_ and was released as a single on January 10, 2009.  Its music video references Gaga's Italian heritage.  Though the single did not chart in the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the song gold on February 29, 2016, for shipments and streams equal to 500,000 copies there.  "Eh, Eh" charted in the top ten in France, New Zealand and Sweden.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Eh, Eh (Nothing Else I Can Say)
- **artist**: Lady Gaga
- **album**: The Fame
- **recorded**: 2008
- **length**: 2:57
- **producer**: Martin Kierszenbaum
- **prev title**: Poker Face (Lady Gaga song), Poker Face
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: LoveGame
- **next year**: 2009
SC Austria Lustenau

**SC Austria Lustenau** is a football club from Lustenau, Vorarlberg. The club is playing in the Erste Liga, the second division in Austria.

## History

The club was founded in June 1914 as football department of Turnerbund Lustenau and was named FA Turnerbund Lustenau. This name had the club till 1936. For not having a football assosiation in Vorarlberg the club only played friendly matches. During the time of  First World War there were no matches. In 1920 the club started in a regular championship. The first success was the Vorarlberg championship in the 1929/30 season. They were qualified for the Austrian Amateur Championship and reached the final versus Kremser SC.

In 1936 the club left the Turnerbund Lustenau and became a club of its own. The were renamed to SC Austria Lustenau. In the following years they reached several titels.  In 1994 they won the Regionalliga West and were promoted to the First League, the second division in Austrian football. From 1997 to 2000 they played in the Bundesliga, the top division of Austrias football. Since the relegation 2 000 they played in the 2. Liga. In the 2021-22 season they won the league and were promotet to the Bundesliga.

The biggest success so far was the Cup final in 2010/11. Austria Lustenau was the first club from Vorarlberg which ever reached a Cup final. The match was lost against SV Ried. In 2020 they reached again the Cup final but lost again versus FC Red Bull Salzburg.

The club secured promotion back to the Bundesliga after 22 years in the second division with a 2-1 away win against SV Horn.
At the end of the 2023/24 season, Lustenau was relegated from the Bundesliga again.

## Current squad

_Updated 5 February 2026_

### Coaching staff

- Markus Mader Headcoach
- Martin Schneider Assistancecoach
- Seifedin Chabbi Assistancecoach

## Honours

- **Runner-up Austrian Amateur Championship:** 1930 (FA Turnerbund)
- **Champion 2nd division:** 1997
- **Champion Regionalliga West(3rd division):** 1994
- **Champion Tyrol/Vorarlberg:** 1977
- **Vorarlberger Champion:** 1930 (FA Turnerbund), 1937, 1946, 1949, 1965, 1977, 1978, 1980 (Austria) , 2005 (Austria-Amateure)
- **Vorarlberger Cup :** 1936, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1980 (Austria) 1999 (Austria-Amateure)

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Austria Lustenau
- **fullname**: Sport Club Austria Lustenau
- **founded**: June 1914
- **ground**: Reichshofstadion, Planet Pure Stadium
Lustenau, Austria
- **capacity**: 8,800
- **chairman**: Hubert Nagel
- **manager**: Martin Brenner
- **league**: Bundesliga
- **season**: 2023/24
- **position**: **12th** relegated
- **pattern b1**: _thinwhitesides
- **leftarm1**: 006040
- **body1**: 006040
- **rightarm1**: 006040
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: 006040
- **pattern b2**: _thinwhitesides
- **leftarm2**: 202060
- **body2**: 202060
- **rightarm2**: 202060
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: 202060
Stuntman: Ignition

***Stuntman: Ignition*** is a racing/action video game that was published by THQ and was developed by Paradigm Entertainment. It was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360 systems. _Stuntman: Ignition_ was the sequel to the 2002 video game, _Stuntman_. The game received positive reviews, GameSpot gave it a 7.5 out of 10 and IGN gave it a 7.1 out of 10.

## Other websites

- Stuntman: Ignition at GameSpot

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Paradigm Entertainment
- **publisher**: THQ
- **genre**: Racing game, Racing/Action game, action
- **modes**: Single-player, online game, online multiplayer
- **platforms**: PlayStation 2
PlayStation 3
Xbox 360
Kazunori Yamauchi

**Kazunori Yamauchi** (born August 5, 1967) is a Japanese game designer, professional racing driver, and CEO of Polyphony Digital and producer of the _Gran Turismo_ series.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kazunori Yamauchi
- **image**: Kazunori Yamauchi.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Yamauchi at 25 Hours Of Thunderhill 2009
- **birth place**: Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
- **occupation**: Game designer, professional race driver
Cradle of Humankind

The **Cradle of Humankind** is a World Heritage Site, named by UNESCO in 1999. The site is about 50 kilometres northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa in the Gauteng province. It occupies .

## Fossils

The site is called the _Cradle of Humankind_ because it has produced a large number of hominid fossils, including some of the oldest. Some date back as far as 3.5 million years ago.

These fossils were found in the site's limestone caves, including the Sterkfontein Caves. Of all the early hominid fossils ever found, more than a third were found in Sterkfontein.

In 1947 Robert Broom and John T. Robinson discovered a 2.3-million-year-old fossil of _Australopithecus africanus_ (which they nicknamed 'Mrs. Ples'). Previously, in 1924, Raymond Dart discovered a juvenile _A. africanus_ skull at Taung in the North West Province of South Africa. (The fossil was nicknamed the 'Taung Child'). Excavations still continue at this site.

### _Australopithecus sediba_

In 2008 near Johannesburg, archaologists found the remains of several partial skeletons of a previously unknown australopithecine species, _A. sediba_. The remains have been dated to about two million years ago (mya). Based on a recent re-examination of two partial _A. sediba_ skeletons_,_ this species is close to the origin of the genus _Homo_. Not all palaeoanthropologists agree that it is a new species.

A new analysis shows this species had a human-like pelvis, hands and teeth, and a chimpanzee-like foot. In six separate research reports, palaeontologists reported on the anatomy of a juvenile male skeleton, MH1; a female skeleton, known as MH2; and an isolated adult tibia (shinbone), known as MH4. The findings suggest that some species of australopithecine climbed trees, some walked on the ground, and some did both:

> Its small heel resembles that of a chimpanzee more than it does a human. This suggests it likely walked with an inward rotation of the knee and hip, with its feet slightly twisted. This primitive way of walking might have been a compromise between upright walking and tree climbing, the researchers suggest, since _A. sediba_ seems to have had more adaptations for tree-climbing than other australopithecines.

Scientists in England investigated the skeletons' teeth. Like other parts of the skeletons, the teeth are a mosaic of primitive and human-like features.
Overhand knot

The **overhand knot** is the simplest knot that can be created.  It is often used as a stopper knot at the end of a rope.

## Related pages

- List of knots
Knot theory

**Knot theory** is the study of knots in mathematics.  In knot theory, the ends of the rope are attached so that there is no possible way for the knot to be untied.  Peter Guthrie Tait was the first person to make charts describing mathematical knots in the 1860s.

## Related pages

- List of knots
- Topology

## Further reading

- Richard H. Crowell and Ralph Fox, _Introduction to Knot Theory_,  1977,
- Gerhard Burde and Heiner Zieschang, _Knots_, De Gruyter Studies in Mathematics, 1985, Walter de Gruyter,
- Louis H. Kauffman, _On Knots_, 1987,
Anthology (Selena album)

***Anthology*** was a greatest hits album by Selena. The album included remixed songs from Selena's early music career. Two EPs were released as a promotion. The album sold over 1,200,000 copies.

## Track listing

1. Always Mine
1. No Quiero Saber
1. Don't Throw Away My Love
1. La Bamba
1. I'm Getting Used To You (club remix)
1. Yo Fui Aquella
1. Captive Heart
1. Amame
1. Missing My Baby
1. Disco Medley (Full; Club Remix)

_Mariachi_
1. Ramalazo
1. Dame Tu Amor
1. Pa'Que Me Sirve La Vida
1. Differentes
1. Siempre Hace Frio
1. Que Creias
1. Quiero Estar Contigo
1. Rama Caida
1. Sabes
1. Tu Solo Tu

_Cumbia_
1. Yo Te Dare
1. La Puerta Se Cerro
1. Corazoncito
1. Enamorada de Ti
1. No Debes Jugar
1. Carino Mio
1. Salta La Ranita
1. Te Amo Solo A Ti
1. La Llamada
1. Baila Esta Cumbia

## Promotional singles

Two EPs were released. Both of them contained five songs each.

## Sales and certifications

<small>**Notes**</small>
<small>Note that RIAA has launched its Oro y De Platino certification scheme for those albums the 50% of the content of which are in Spanish, initially, the award-levels for Oro y De Platino were: Gold=100,000 and Platinum=200,000.</small> In February 2008, RIAA reduced the certification-award-levels for Oro y De Platino to Gold=50,000 and Platinum=100,000.
|align="left"|Country|align="center"|Certification|align="center"|Sales|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|USA|align="center"|6x Platinum (Certification type: Latin)|align="center"|1,200,000+|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Anthology
- **type**: Greatest hits
- **artist**: Selena
- **released**: April 7, 1998 <small>(United States, US)</small>
- **recorded**: 1986–1995
- **genre**: Tejano music, Tejano/Latin Pop
- **label**: EMI Latin, EMI
- **producer**: Abraham Quintanilla Jr, Abraham Quintanilla II
- **prev title**: Selena (Soundtrack), Selena: The Movie
(1997)
- **next title**: All My Hits Vol.1
(1999)
All My Hits/Todos Mis Exitos

***All My Hits/Todos Mis Exitos*** was a greatest hits album by Selena. The album included a collectable rose-pin for fans. The album sold over 1,200,000 copies in the United States.

## Sales and certifications

|align="left"|Country|align="center"|Certification|align="center"|Sales|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|USA|align="center"|6x Platinum (Certification type: Latin)|align="center"|1,200,000|
<small>**Notes**</small>
<small>Note that RIAA has launched its Oro y De Platino certification scheme for those albums the 50% of the content of which are in Spanish, initially, the award-levels for Oro y De Platino were: Gold=100,000 and Platinum=200,000. In February 2008, RIAA reduced the certification-award-levels for Oro y De Platino to Gold=50,000 and Platinum=100,000.</small>

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: All My Hits/Todos Mis Exitos Vol. 1
- **type**: Greatest hits
- **artist**: Selena
- **released**: March 9, 1999 <small>(United States, US)</small>
- **recorded**: 1990–1995
- **genre**: Tejano music, Tejano/Latin Pop
- **length**: 57:32
- **label**: EMI Latin, EMI
- **producer**: Abraham Quintanilla, Jr.
- **prev title**: Anthology (Selena album), Anthology
- **prev year**: 1998
- **next title**: All My Hits Vol. 2
- **next year**: 2000
All My Hits Vol. 2

***All My Hits/Todos Mis Exitos Vol. 2*** was the second series of the _All My Hits_ collection. It was a greatest hits album by Selena. The album included a heart-necklace for fans. The album sold over 400,000 copies in the United States.

## Track listing

1. Enamorada de Ti (Club Remix)
1. No Quiero Saber
1. Techno Cumbia (Radio Edit Version)
1. A Million to One (Medley)
1. Fotos Y Recuerdos
1. Si Una Ves
1. No Me Queda Mas (Astro 95 live)
1. Siempre Hace Frío
1. El Chico Del Apartamento 512
1. Muñequito De Trapo
1. Captive Heart
1. Tu Robaste Mi Corazón (with Pete Astudillo)
1. Bidi Bidi Bom Bom (Astro 95 Live)
1. Aunque No Salga El Sol (New Version)
1. Yo Fui Aquella (New Version)
1. Cien Años (Mirachi Version)

## Certifications and sales

<small>**Notes**</small>
<small>Note that RIAA has launched its Oro y De Platino certification scheme for those albums the 50% of the content of which are in Spanish, initially, the award-levels for Oro y De Platino were: Gold=100,000 and Platinum=200,000.'</small> In February 2008, RIAA reduced the certification-award-levels for Oro y De Platino to Gold=50,000 and Platinum=100,000.
|align="left"|Country|align="center"|Certification|align="center"|Sales|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|USA|align="center"|2x Platinum (Certification type: Latin)|align="center"|400,000+|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: All My Hits/Todos Mis Éxitos Vol. 2
- **type**: Compilation album
- **artist**: Selena
- **released**: February 29, 2000
- **recorded**: 1986–1995
- **genre**: Latin pop
- **label**: EMI Latin
- **prev title**: All My Hits Vol. 1, All My Hits/Todos Mis Éxitos
- **prev year**: 1999
- **next title**: Live! The Last Concert
- **next year**: 2001
Ones (album)

***Ones*** is a greatest hits album by Selena. The album included an unreleased ballad song. The album sold over 500,000 copies in the United States.

## Track listing

- Disc 1 CD

- Disc 2 Music video DVD
1. No Quiero Saber
1. La Carcacha
1. Buenos Amigos (Duet With Álvaro Torres)
1. La Llamada
1. Amor Prohibido
1. No Me Queda Más
1. Bidi Bidi Bom Bom
1. Techno Cumbia
1. Dónde Quiera Que Estés (Duet With Barrio Boyzz)
1. Tú, Sólo Tú
1. Siempre Hace Frío
1. I Could Fall In Love
1. Dreaming Of You

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Ones
- **type**: Greatest hits
- **artist**: Selena
- **border**: yes
- **released**: October 1, 2002
- **recorded**: 1990–1995
- **genre**: Latin pop
- **label**: EMI Latin
- **producer**: A.B. Quintanilla III, Kike Santander, José Luis Arroyave, Jorge Alberto Pino, Sergio Minski, Guillermo J. Page, Andrés Felipe Silva
- **prev title**: Live! The Last Concert
- **prev year**: 2001
- **next title**: Greatest Hits (Selena album), Greatest Hits
- **next year**: 2003
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front

**JKLF** seeks independence of Jammu and Kashmir state from both India and Pakistan.
The JKLF claims that they are not Islamist, but are nationalist, and opposes  the emergence of the territories into either Pakistan or India but rather wants the region of Kashmir to separate from the three countries and become independent.

In 1982 branches were established in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, Pakistan and in 1987 in Indian-administered Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir).
Mirador de la Flor

***Mirador de la Flor*** () is a life-sized statue that is in Corpus Christi, Texas. The statue is a memorial to American singer Selena. The statue was ordered by the Mayor of Corpus Christi as a tourist attraction in 1997. Hundreds of fans visit the statue weekly from all over the world. The statue faces Corpus Christi bay, where the gun that killed Selena was thrown. A second life-sized statue of Selena was made in Mexico in March 2011.