juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dipsacus fullonum

**Fuller's Teasel** (_Dipsacus fullonum_) is a species of plant.  It is also known as **Wild Teasel**.  It belongs in the teasel family (Dipsacaceae).

It is native to Eurasia and Africa, and has been naturalized in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.  This species grows to a height of 2–10 feet. The flowers are small and lavender-colored. They are arranged in an oval flower-head, which also contains many small leaves. These are hard and have a hooked and pointed tip.

In ancient times, this plant was grown in gardens because its dry flower-heads were used to prepare wool for spinning. This was done by combing the raw wool with the flower-heads, so that the fibres were arranged neatly. The people who prepared wool were called "fullers", which is the origin of the plant's English and scientific names. Fuller's Teasel was also used in folk medicine, for example against skin infections.

## Other websites

- _Dipsacus fullonum_ at USDA PLANTS Database
- _Dipsacus fullonum_ at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses
Medical illustrator

A **medical illustrator** or **medical artist** is an artist that professionally works to use art to help to explain and record knowledge related to biology and medicine.  They don't only make these things, but they can also work as consultants or administrators in the field of biocommunication.  They make medical pictures using original and modern ways of doing things.  These pictures appear in textbooks and advertisements about medicine, as well as professional journals and videos made to help instruct people in various medical procedures.

## History

Medical pictures or diagrams have been made for hundreds of years or longer.  Many of these pictures or diagrams look different than the ones that we see today because they were based on the studies of the scholars of that period in time rather than observing the thing that they wanted to draw directly.

As a job, medical illustration has a more recent history. In the late 1890s, Max Brödel, who was an artist from Leipzig, was brought to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to draw pictures for several notable clinicians, including Harvey Cushing, William Halstead, and Howard Kelly.

Max Brödel also made several new techniques for drawing medical pictures, such as carbon dust.  He also looked over the making of first academic department of medical illustration, which is still active today.

## Other websites

- Article about Medical Illustrators on mshealthcenteers
1916 Stanley Cup Finals

The **1916 Stanley Cup Final** was played between the National Hockey Association (NHA) winners Montreal Canadiens and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) winners Portland Rosebuds. This was the first time that a best-of-five Cup series had all five games played. The Rosebuds were the first team from the United States to play for the Cup. The Canadiens defeated the Rosebuds three games to two and won the Cup for the first time.

## Infobox (stanley cup final)

- **year**: 1916
- **dates**: March 20-March 30, 1916
- **team1**: **Montreal Canadiens** <small>(NHA)</small>
- **team1 short**: Montreal
- **team1 coach**: Newsy Lalonde
- **series winner**: George Prodger, Goldie Prodger <small>(17:20, third, G5)</small>
- **team2**: Portland Rosebuds <small>(PCHA)</small>
- **team2 short**: Portland
- **team2 coach**: Edward Savage <small>(mgr.)</small>
- **format**: best-of-five
- **team1 1**: 0
- **team1 2**: **2**
- **team1 3**: **6**
- **team1 4**: 5
- **team1 5**: **2**
- **team1 tot**: **3**
- **team2 1**: **2**
- **team2 2**: 1
- **team2 3**: 3
- **team2 4**: **6**
- **team2 5**: 1
- **team2 tot**: 2
- **location1**: Montreal (Montreal Arena) <small>(all games)</small>
- **referees**: Harvey Pulford, J. Brennan
Conyza canadensis

**Canadian Horseweed** (_Conyza canadensis_) is species of plant.  It is also known as **Canadian Fleabane**, **Coltstail**, and **Marestail**.  It belongs in the family Asteraceae.  It is native to North America and Central America.  It has been naturalized in Alaska and Hawai'i.  It blooms from June to September.  This species is found in prairies, fields, along roadsides, gardens, and stream edges.  It has a height of 3 inches to 10 feet.

## Other websites

- _Conyza canadensis_ at USDA PLANTS Database
- _Conyza canadensis_ at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses
Marestail

**Marestail** (also **mare's tail**) may mean:

- Plants
- _Conyza canadensis_, a plant also known as Canadian Horseweed and Canadian Fleabane
- _Equisetum_, a genus of plants also known as Horsetail and Pipeweed
- _Hippuris_, a genus of aquatic flowering plants

- Waterfalls
- Grey Mare's Tail, near Moffat in Dumfriesshire, Scotland
- Grey Mare's Tail, Llanrwst in the Conwy valley in north Wales

- Other
- Mare's tail, a type of cirrus cloud formation.
The Twilight Saga: New Moon

***The Twilight Saga: New Moon*** is a movie based on the book, _New Moon_, one of the Twilight saga books by Stephenie Meyer. It is the second movie to be made about the teenage vampires, the first being _Twilight_. The movie, directed by Chris Weitz, stars Kristen Stewart as Bella, and Robert Pattinson as Edward. Filming for the third movie in the series, _Eclipse_, started before _New Moon_ was finished.

In the USA the movie made $140.7 million on its opening weekend. In Australia, the movie set the record for the most money on an opening weekend with AU$16.01 million, or more than one million tickets.
Treaty of Maastricht

The **Treaty of Maastricht** was a treaty signed between European countries, in the Dutch city of Maastricht, on 7 February 1992. This treaty made possible further integration between European states, and made possible the existence of the European Union, doing better than previous treaties such as the Treaty of Rome. European integration went even further with the Treaty of Lisbon which was signed in 2007 and became effective in December 2009.

The treaty said that it needed to be ratified (agreed upon) by each country according to their constitution. In France, Denmark and the Netherlands, this needed Referendums. The treaty introduced a single currency(the Euro), but Denmark and the United Kingdom did not have to use it. Germany was the last country to agree upon the treaty.

Any citizen of a country in the European Union is a citizen of the European Union.

The single currency was first asked for by François Mitterrand in 1983, but Germany did not agree to it until 1990. The German leader at the time (Helmut Köhl), agreed, but he did not ask the leader of the Bundesbank (at the time, Karl Otto Pöhl). Every country that joined the currency have to follow a set of rules that were in the treaty. The treaty also created the European Central Bank.

There have been treaties that have changed the Treaty of Maastricht. These were to add new countries to the European Union. The treaty was also changed in 2007 by the Treaty of Lisbon, to make it like a constitution.
Treaty of Lisbon

The **Treaty of Lisbon** was signed on 13 December 2007 between 27 European states that are members of the European Union (EU). It became effective on December 1, 2009. It is now the document that defines the Union, but it is not a constitution. It gives a common set of rules that the member states have agreed to use on subjects where they have decided to work together. It does better than previous treaties such as the Treaty of Rome and the Treaty of Maastricht. It gives the European Union new things, such as:

- a President of the European Council (who is not the President of the European Union – there is no such job).
- a High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, who is a member of the European Commission and who represents the Union around the world.
- stronger role for the European Parliament, which is directly elected by citizens of the EU,
- the ability to make more decisions by "qualified majority". Although some decisions require that all member states agree, there are more that can be decided if there is a large majority.
- better police and justice across the continent.

## Sources

- Booklet by the European Commission available on europa.net
High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

The **High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy** is a position created by the Treaty of Lisbon, starting December 1, 2009 (it was actually already created in 1999). The position is part of the European Commission.

Her duty is to be the face of European Union to the rest of the world, along with the President of the European Council.

The job is sometimes known casually a "the European Foreign Minister" but this is not correct because she is not a member of any government.

## List

|rowspan=2|No.|rowspan=2|Portrait|rowspan=2|Name <small>(Born-Died)</small>|colspan=3|Term|colspan=4|Party|rowspan=2|Commission|rowspan=2|Member state|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**–**||**Jürgen Trumpf**|1 May 1999|18 October 1999||style="background-color: "||Independent|style="background-color: "||Independent|N/A||
|**–**||**Javier Solana**|18 October 1999|1 December 2009||style="background-color: "||PES|style="background-color: "||PSOE|N/A||
|**1**||**Catherine Ashton**|1 December 2009|1 November 2014||style="background-color: "||PES|style="background-color: "||Labour|Barroso II||
|**2**||**Federica Mogherini**|1 November 2014|30 November 2019||style="background-color: "||PES|style="background-color: "||PD|Juncker||
|**3**||**Josep Borrell**|1 December 2019|30 November 2024||style="background-color: "||PES|style="background-color: "||PSOE|Von der Leyen I||
|**4**||**Kaja Kallas**|1 December 2024|_Incumbent_||style="background-color: "||RE|style="background-color: "||REF|Von der Leyen II||
Catherine Ashton

**Catherine Margaret Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland**,  (born 20 March 1956 at Upholland, Lancashire) is a British Labour politician. She was born in Upholland, Lancashire, England. In November 2009, she was appointed to be the first European Foreign Minister.

## Other websites

- Ashton's profile on the European Commission web site

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: The Baroness Ashton
of Upholland
- **image**: Baroness Ashton headshot.jpg
- **caption**: Ashton in 2009
- **office**: Vice-President of the European Commission, First Vice President of the European Commission
- **president**: José Manuel Barroso
- **term start**: 9 February 2010
- **term end**: 1 November 2014
- **predecessor**: Margot Wallström
- **successor**: Frans Timmermans
- **office1**: High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
- **nominator1**: Gordon Brown
- **term start1**: 1 December 2009
- **term end1**: 1 November 2014
- **predecessor1**: Javier Solana
- **successor1**: Federica Mogherini
- **office2**: European Commissioner for Trade
- **nominator2**: Gordon Brown
- **president2**: José Manuel Barroso
- **term start2**: 3 October 2008
- **term end2**: 1 December 2009
- **predecessor2**: Peter Mandelson
- **successor2**: Benita Ferrero-Waldner
- **office3**: Leader of the House of Lords
Lord President of the Council
- **monarch3**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister3**: Gordon Brown
- **term start3**: 28 June 2007
- **term end3**: 3 October 2008
- **predecessor3**: Valerie Amos, Baroness Amos, The Baroness Amos
- **successor3**: Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon, The Baroness Royall of Blaisdon
- **office4**: Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Justice
- **monarch4**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister4**: Tony Blair
- **term start4**: 8 May 2007
- **term end4**: 27 June 2007
- **predecessor4**: _Herself_
- **successor4**: Philip Hunt, Baron Hunt of Kings Heath, The Lord Hunt of Kings Heath
- **office5**: Department for Constitutional Affairs, Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs
- **monarch5**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister5**: Tony Blair
- **term start5**: 9 September 2004
- **term end5**: 8 May 2007
- **predecessor5**: Geoffrey Filkin, Baron Filkin, The Lord Filkin
- **successor5**: _Herself_
- **office6**: Department for Education and Skills (United Kingdom), Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Sure Start, Early Years, Childcare and School Standards
- **monarch6**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister6**: Tony Blair
- **term start6**: 12 June 2001
- **term end6**: 9 September 2004
- **predecessor6**: Jacqui Smith
- **successor6**: Geoffrey Filkin, Baron Filkin, The Lord Filkin
- **office8**: Member of the House of Lords
 Lord Temporal
- **term start8**: 20 October  1999
 Life Peerage
- **birth name**: Catherine Margaret Ashton
- **birth place**: Upholland, West Lancashire
- **party**: Non-affiliated members of the House of Lords, Non-affiliated
 Labour Party (UK), Labour
- **education**: Bedford College (London), Bedford College, London
Herman Van Rompuy

**Herman Van Rompuy** (born 31 October 1947) is a Belgian politician. In November 2009 he was appointed the first permanent President of the European Council, which is the meeting of the heads of government of all of the member states of the European Union.

He was previously Prime Minister of Belgium.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Herman Van Rompuy
- **image**: Herman Van Rompuy 675.jpg
- **office**: President of the European Council
- **term start**: 1 December 2009
- **term end**: 1 December 2014
- **predecessor**: Fredrik Reinfeldt
- **successor**: Donald Tusk
- **office2**: List of Prime Ministers of Belgium, Prime Minister of Belgium
- **monarch2**: Albert II of Belgium, Albert II
- **term start2**: 30 December 2008
- **term end2**: 25 November 2009
- **predecessor2**: Yves Leterme
- **successor2**: Yves Leterme
- **office3**: List of Presidents of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, President of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives
- **term start3**: 12 July 2007
- **term end3**: 30 December 2008
- **predecessor3**: Herman De Croo
- **successor3**: Patrick Dewael
- **party**: Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams, Christian Democratic and Flemish
- **birth place**: Etterbeek, Brussels, Belgium
- **spouse**: Geertrui Windels
- **residence**: Sint-Genesius-Rode, Belgium
- **alma mater**: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Catholic University of Leuven
- **profession**: Economist
- **website**: [http://www.hermanvanrompuy.be/ Official website]
Treaty of Rome

The **Treaty of Rome** was signed on 25 March 1957 between six European coutries (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Germany. After centuries of wars, those countries started to act together for more peace and prosperity. This treaty was the basis of the European Economic Community. It was one of two treaties (the other being Treaty of Maastricht) that created the European Union. It created a common market for goods and people. Other countries later joined it.
Shinhwa

**Shinhwa**, first started in the year 1998, is a South Korean band.  It is made up of six male members. In the earlier years of the band, they were under SM Entertainment, later switching to Good Entertainment.

## Members

|Stage name|Birth name|Hangul|Hanja|Date of birth|Position|Agency||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Eric Mun|Eric|Mun Jung-hyuk||||Leader, main rapper|Top Class Entertainment|
|Lee Min-woo|Lee Min-woo||||Lead vocalist, main dancer|Liveworks Company||
|Kim Dong-wan|Kim Dong-wan||||Lead vocalist|Liveworks Company||
|Shin Hye-sung|Jung Pil-gyo||||Main vocalist|Liveworks Company||
|Jun Jin|Park Choong-jae||||Lead rapper, lead dancer, vocalist|–||
|Andy|Lee Sun-ho||||Lead rapper|TOP Media||
Dave Davies

**David Russell Gordon "Dave" Davies** (born 3 February 1947 in Fortis Green, London) is an English rock musician who is best known as the lead guitar player in English rock group The Kinks. His brother Ray Davies was the band's lead singer.

In 1990 Davies, along with the other three original members of The Kinks, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

In 2003, Davies was listed at 88 in _Rolling Stone's_ list of the _"100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time."_

Davies is openly bisexual.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dave Davies
- **img**: Dave Davies.jpg
- **img capt**: Davies in 2002
- **image size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: David Russell Gordon Davies
- **birth place**: London, England
- **instrument**: Guitar, voice
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, producer
- **years active**: since 1963
- **associated acts**: The Kinks
- **website**: [http://www.davedavies.com/ Dave Davies.com]
Coffee cake

A **coffee cake** can be either.
- a cake made with, or flavored with, coffee;
- a cake intended to be served with coffee or for similar breaks and snacks. This type of cake may or may not contain coffee.

Coffee cakes are typically single layer cakes that may be square or rectangular like a Stollen. Coffee cakes are typically flavored with cinnamon, nuts, and fruits. These cakes sometimes have a crumbly or crumb topping called Streusel and a light glaze drizzle. In American, they are frequently eaten at festive breakfasts.

Coffee cakes can be similar to teacakes, but teacakes are often smaller individual items served with tea.
Mi Plan

***Mi plan*** (_My Plan_) is the fourth studio album by singer Nelly Furtado It is also her first ever all Spanish album. It was released in September, 2009. Seven of the songs were written together by Furtado and Cuban musician, Alex Cuba.

## Singles

- "Manos al Aire" was the first single released from the album. It was on the radio on June 30, 2009, with digital versions on sale the next day.
Andrei Kirilenko

**Andrei Kirilenko** (born February 18, 1981 in Izhevsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a small forward that formerly played for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

He played in the NBA with the Utah Jazz for 10 seasons and then played in Russia with his original team, CSKA Moscow. After playing a season with them, he returned to the NBA and signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves on July 27, 2012.

He is of Russian origin. His jersey number is 47. He is nicknamed AK-47 because of his jersey number and because the AK-47 came from Russia.

Kirilenko was named as Russia's flag bearer for the Opening Ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics games.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Andrei Kirilenko at NBA.com
Bjarne Stroustrup

**Bjarne Stroustrup** (born 30th December 1950 in Århus, Denmark) is an American-Danish computer scientist, most famous for creating the C++ programming language.
WarioWare DIY

***WarioWare D.I.Y.***, known in Japan as , is a minigame video game released for the Nintendo DS in 2009. It is the seventh title in the _WarioWare_ series. It was first revealed on October 2, 2008 and it was released in  Japan on April 29, 2009. In North America, it was announced at E3 2009 on June 2nd, 2009.

## Gameplay

_WarioWare D.I.Y._ allows players to design their own minigames, creating their own graphics, music and designing a 'cassette' for them. The game features three sections in its main menu: My House, where the player designs minigames, WarioWare, the tutorial, and My Shop, where the player makes microgame cassettes. When creating the music, the player can sing through the DS's microphone, which the DS then turns them into notes. These notes can then be performed by various instruments such as pig noises.

Players can send their creations to other D.I.Y. owners or receive other people's works. They can also be uploaded to Nintendo Wi-Fi connection for contest purposes. Microgames made available by Nintendo can be downloaded, too. Additionally, the WiiWare game Asobu Made in Ore allows users to play the microgames on the Wii with the Wii remote's pointer.

### Diamond Software

- Mona
- Jimmy T.
- Ashley & Red
- Orbulon
- 9-Volt

### Wario-Man Software

- Wario-Man
- Dribble & Spitz
- Kat & Ana
- 18-Volt

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: WarioWare D.I.Y.
- **developer**: Intelligent Systems
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: _Wario (series), Wario_
- **genre**: Minigame, Microgame compilation
Game creation
- **modes**: Single-player
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS
Phil Keaggy

**Philip Tyler Keaggy** (born March 23, 1951 in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American musician. He is most famous for playing Contemporary Christian music. He has won seven _Dove Awards_ for his instrumental albums and he has been nominated twice for the Grammy Award for Best Rock Gospel Album. The style of guitar playing he is most famous for is his "fingerpicking" style which means he usually plucks the strings with his fingers rather than use a plastic guitar pick. Many guitar magazines have voted him as one of the best in the world at the fingerpicking style.

## Other websites

- PhilKeaggy.com

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: solo_singer
- **instrument**: Guitar, Singing, voice
- **name**: Phil Keaggy
- **img**: Phil_Keaggy.png
- **genre**: Christian music, Contemporary Christian
- **years active**: since 1966
- **url**: [http://www.philkeaggy.com www.philkeaggy.com]
Apocynaceae

The **Apocynaceae** or **dogbane family** is a family of flowering plants in the order Gentianales. It includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas. They usually have a milky sap. There are about 200 genera and 2,000 species.
Reaction inhibitor

A **reaction inhibitor** is a substance that slows down chemical reactions without being involved in the actual reaction. It does the opposite of a catalyst, which speeds up reactions without undergoing a permanent change in itself. An example is snake venom, which is deadly for humans because it can slow down their internal chemical reactions.
Azad Kashmir Regiment

The **Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regiment** is one of the six infantry regiments of Pakistan Army. Its _Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regimental Centre_ is located at Mansar (Pakistan), Attock District, The Pak-Punjab.
Federal Capital Territory (Pakistan)

The **Federal Capital Territory** (**FCT**) around Karachi was the original Capital territory of Pakistan. The FCT was created in 1948 from the city of Karachi and surrounding areas as the location for Pakistan's capital following independence. The FCT was bordered by the province of Sind Province (1936–1955) to the northeast and the princely state of State of Las Bela to the northwest with the Arabian Sea to the south.
Merlot

**Merlot** is a type of red wine and it is the main agricultural production of the Swiss canton called ticino.
Iconostasis

**Iconostasis** is the name given to a "wall" of icons in Eastern Orthodox Churches. These icons or religious paintings divide the church into a part for the public, and one which is reserved to priests, called the sanctuary.
Sundance Film Festival

The **Sundance Film Festival** is an American movie festival that takes place every year in Utah. It is one of the largest independent movie festivals in the United States.

The festival is held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, Ogden, and at the Sundance Resort. It is an event for new work from American and international independent movie makers. The festival has competition for American and international drama and documentary movies, feature films and short films.

## 2015

The 2015 Sundance Film Festival took place January 22 to February 1, 2015. _What Happened, Miss Simone?_, a documentary about American singer Nina Simone, opened the festival. A comedy-drama movie, _Grandma_, was the closing night movie. It  stars Lily Tomlin.

## Success of festival

Many notable independent movie makers first got noticed at Sundance, including Kevin Smith, Robert Rodriguez, Quentin Tarantino, Todd Field, David O. Russell, Steve James, Steven Soderbergh, Darren Aronofsky, James Wan, Edward Burns, and Jim Jarmusch.

The festival has also given more attention and a larger audience to such movies as _Saw_, _Super Troopers_, _The Blair Witch Project_, _Spanking the Monkey_, _Reservoir Dogs_, _Primer_, _Little Miss Sunshine_, _Clerks_, _Sex, Lies, and Videotape_, _The Brothers McMullen_, _Afternoon Delight_, _Napoleon Dynamite_, and _Whiplash_.

## Further reading

- Anderson, John. _Sundancing: Hanging Out And Listening In At America's Most Important Film Festival_. Harper Paperbacks, 2000.
- Biskind, Peter. _Down and Dirty Pictures: Miramax, Sundance, and the Rise of Independent Film_. Simon & Schuster, 2004.
- Craig, Benjamin. _Sundance – A Festival Virgin's Guide_. Cinemagine Media Publishing, 2004.
- Smith, Lory. _Party in a Box: The Story of the Sundance Film Festival _. Gibbs Smith Publishers, 1999.
- von Roon, Alexander. "Grass and dark Tunnels: Sundance is a Marketing-Tool for the US Film Industry", Berliner Zeitung 2000.

## Other websites

- – official site
- Sundance: A Festival Virgin's Guide – detailed festival history and information for attendees
Turner Field

**Turner Field** is a baseball ballpark in Atlanta, Georgia, home to the Atlanta Braves. The park first opened in 1996 to host the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, when it was known as Centennial Olympic Stadium. After the Olympics and Paralympics, the park was changed to allow baseball to be played, and opened for the 1997 Braves season. The stadium replaces Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, which was built in 1966.

On November 11, 2013, it was announced that the Braves would leave Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County. The lease which allowed the Braves to play in Turner Field was set to end in 2016, and the team stated that many fans had problems getting to the stadium on game days. At the new stadium's groundbreaking on September 16, 2014, that venue's name was revealed as SunTrust Park.

After the Braves left, Turner Field has been reconfigured for the second time, redesigned for college football in 2017 as Center Parc Stadium for Georgia State University. Architecture firm Heery was responsible for both stadium conversions.
Stevie Nicks

**Stephanie Lynn "Stevie" Nicks** (born May 26, 1948, in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American singer-songwriter. She is best known for her work with Fleetwood Mac. Within the band and as a solo singer, she has over forty Top 50 hits and has sold over 140 million albums.

Nicks was named "The Reigning Queen of Rock and Roll" and one of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time" by _Rolling Stone_. As a member of Fleetwood Mac, she was selected to be included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. She was included again in 2019 for her solo career.

With Fleetwood Mac, Nicks has been nominated for nine Grammy Awards. They won the 1978 Grammy Award for Album of the Year for _Rumours_. They also won the 2003 Grammy Hall of Fame Award.

### Fleetwood Mac

- Studio albums
1. _Fleetwood Mac_ (1975)
1. _Rumours_ (1977)
1. _Tusk_ (1979)
1. _Mirage_ (1982)
1. _Tango in the Night_ (1987)
1. _Behind the Mask_ (1990)
1. _Say You Will_ (2003)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, pop rock
- **instrument**: Vocals, tambourine


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stevie Nicks
- **image**: Stevie Nicks - In Your Dreams Premiere March 2013 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Nicks at the "In Your Dreams" Premiere, in March 2013.
- **birth name**: Stephanie Lynn Nicks
- **birth place**: Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.
- **alma mater**: San Jose State University
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter
- **years active**: 1967–present
Baloristan

**Baloristan** (Gilgit-Chitral) is the name of a region of Northern Areas of Pakistan.  It borders Pakistan's North-West Frontier to the west, Afghanistan and China to the north, Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir to the east, leading to the frozen wastes of the Third Pole.

The central administrative unit of Baloristan, Gilgit Agency.
Michael Waltrip

**Michael Curtis Waltrip** (born April 30, 1963 in Owensboro, Kentucky) is an American race car driver and owner of his team called Michael Waltrip Racing. Michael Waltrip is the younger brother of three time Sprint cup champion, Darrell Waltrip.
Jean Simmons

**Jean Simmons** (January 31, 1929 – January 22, 2010) was an Anglo-American actress. She was active in movies, television and theatre.

## Life and career

Jean Simmons was born in London, England. She began her acting career very young, and appeared in films like David Lean's _Great Expectations_ (1946) and Laurence Olivier's _Hamlet_ (1948) while still a teenager.

As a very promising young actress, she came to Hollywood in 1950, where she appeared in such films as _The Robe_ (1953), _Young Bess_ (1953), _Désirée_ (1954), _The Egyptian_ (1954), _The Big Country_ (1958), _Spartacus_ (1960), _Elmer Gantry_ (1960), _Life at the Top_ (1965), _A Rough Night in Jericho_ (1967), etc.

In the 1970s, she gradually turned to television work, notably in the highly successful miniseries _The Thorn Birds_ (1983), for which she won an Emmy Award for best supporting actress, and _North and South _ (1985).

Simmons was married twice. Her first was to actor Stewart Granger from 1950 to 1960, with whom she had a daughter, Tracy (born 1956). Simmons and Granger became American citizens in 1956. The second was to film director Richard Brooks from 1960 to 1977, with whom she had a second daughter, Kate (born 1961). Both marriages ended in divorce.

Simmons died at the age of 80 of lung cancer in Santa Monica, California.
Ernie Coombs

**Ernest "Ernie" Coombs**, CM (November 26, 1927 – September 18, 2001) who was most famous for being the host of the popular Canadian television TV show called _Mr. Dressup_. 'Mr. Dressup was on TV for a very long time.

He was born in Lewiston, Maine in 1927. After he finished school at the North Yarmouth Academy he decided to find work entertaining children. He first started learning how to do this when he moved to Canada in 1963 and started working for Fred Rogers on an early version of _Mister Rogers' Neighborhood_. This show was on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV channel. After Rogers moved back to the United States in 1964 Coombs stayed in Canada. His next work was on a TV show called _Butternut Square_ which was on TV from 1964 to 1967.

After _"Butternut Square"_ ended Coombs started the _"Mr. Dressup"_ TV show. It would become one of Canada's longest-running children's TV shows. As Mr. Dressup he would do art, sing songs, tell stories and play children's games. In each show Mr. Dressup would dress up in costumes that he would find in a box he called his _"Tickle Trunk"_.

Coombs became a Canadian citizen in 1994.

His TV show did not stop until February 1996.  The same year, he was named a Member of the Order of Canada .

Repeats of his TV show were shown on CBC Television until 2006.

After he retired from TV Coombs continued to work entertaining children and did a lot of work to raise money for many children's charities.

Coombs had a stroke on September 10, 2001. He died on September 18, 2001 in Toronto, Ontario. He was 73 years old when he died.

## Other websites

- Ernie Coombs' Order of Canada Citation
- Ernie Coombs' CBC personalities page
- Canadian Connections' Ernie Coombs page
- The Mr. Dressup Pictures and Sound Page by Buffalonian Steve Cichon

### Multimedia

- CBC Archives Remembering Mr. Dressup - CBC News 2001

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ernie Coombs
<small>[http://www.gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/honours-desc.asp?lang=e&TypeID=orc&id=3569 CM]</small>
- **birth place**: Lewiston, Maine, United States, US
- **death place**: Toronto, Ontario
Canada
Pleiotropism

**Pleiotropism** is a central term in developmental genetics. In pleiotropism, a single gene affects a number of phenotypic traits in the same organism.

These pleiotropic effects often seem to be unrelated to each other. The usual underlying mechanism is that the same gene is activated in several different tissues, producing apparently different effects. It follows that the phenomenon must be extremely common, since most genes will have effects in more than one tissue.

The term may be contrasted with **pleiomorphism**, in which a genetically uniform group of organisms shows variable phenotypes.

## Evolutionary implications

Pleiotropy has significance for the theory of evolution. It has often been claimed that some heritable features of animals are not the product of adaptation by natural selection. Much of this may be explained by pleiotropism. Strong selection for one or two aspects of gene function will automatically bring along some other pleiotropic traits. These other traits, though inherited, may be neutral or even slightly deleterious in terms of selection.

_Antagonistic pleiotropy_ refers to the expression of a gene resulting in multiple competing effects, some beneficial but others detrimental to the organism. Three circumstances are possible:

1. Simultaneously, a gene may cause deleterious traits which are outbalanced by the survival value of positive traits.

2. A gene may increase fitness in the younger, fertile organism, yet contribute to decreased fitness later in life. The reproductive contribution at the younger stages of life will ensure the spread of such a gene.

3. A gene may increase fitness in some habitats, but not others. Its survival in the population is then balanced. An example is a bacterial gene which enhances glucose use at the expense of the ability to use other energy sources (such as lactose). This has positive effects when there is plenty of glucose, but can be lethal if lactose is the only available food source.
Empire of the Sun (band)

**Empire of the Sun** is an Australian electronic music group which started in 2007. The band is made up of two musicians, Luke Steele of The Sleepy Jackson and Nick Littlemore of Pnau. The pair achieved chart success with their first single, "Walking on a Dream", which got to number ten on the Australian charts, and reached 64 on the UK Singles Chart.

Their first album also called _Walking on a Dream_, released in October 2008, won a platinum award in Australia. Another single from the album, "We Are the People" reached the top 25. Recently Empire of the Sun was in the news for getting to fourth position on the BBC’s annual Sound of Music poll 2009. They are currently signed to EMI Australia and Virgin UK. In November 2009, the band won four awards from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). They were given the award for the best group, the best pop release, the Album of the Year, and Single of the Year.

Empire of the Sun is very different, Luke Steele said that "...we are not a band. We're anything we want it to be..." The two musicians play a lot of instruments and dress in elaborate stage costumes.

## Other websites

- Official Empire of the Sun website
- Empire of the Sun on MySpace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Empire of the Sun
- **img**: Empireofthesun2.jpg
- **img capt**: Empire of the Sun, 2009
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Australia
- **genre**: Synthpop, Synthrock
- **associated acts**: The Sleepy Jackson, Pnau, Teenager (band), Teenager
- **url**: [https://empireofthesun.co/ Official website]
- **current members**: Luke Steele (musician), Luke Steele
Nick Littlemore
Interrobang

An **interrobang** or **interabang** is a grammatical symbol which combines both the exclamation mark (!) and the question mark (?).

The basic purpose of is to put at the end an exclamatory sentence, such as one where we are in disbelief (ex. You did what‽)

It is a very uncommonly used symbol as most people would simply end their exclamatory questions with both of the symbols like this: !? or ?!

On a computer an interrobang looks like this: ‽

On a chromebook the unicode is: Ctrl+Shift+u+2+0+3+D
Visegrád Group

The **Visegrád Group** (also the **Visegrád Four** or **V4**) is a group of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia. It was created in 1991 in Visegrád, Hungary for the purposes of better cooperation among these countries.

## Other websites

- Official website
Really Wild Animals

***Really Wild Animals*** was a National Geographic television series. It had Dudley Moore as the voice of "Spin".

### Season 1

- Swinging Safari
- Wonders Down Under
- Deep Sea Dive
- Totally Tropical Rain Forest
- Amazing North America
- Adventures in Asia
- Polar Prowl

### Season 2

- Hot Dogs and Cool Cats
- Dinosaurs and Other Creature Features
- Monkey Business and Other Family Fun
- Farmyard Friends
- Awesome Animal Builders
- Secret Weapons and Great Escapes
The Fabulous Moolah

**Mary Lillian Ellison** (July 22, 1923 – November 2, 2007), better known by her ring name **The Fabulous Moolah**, was an American female professional wrestler.  She wrestled for WWE. She was a 4 time WWF Women's Champion.  She was champion for almost thirty years.  That made her champion longer than anyone else in the sport. She was inducted into the 1995 WWE Hall of Fame.  She was the first woman to join the WWE Hall of Fame. She is also the oldest WWE Women's Champion ever to win the title against Ivory at No Mercy in 1999. She was best friends with fellow wrestler _Mae Young_. The Fabulous Moolah also has a book about her life titled, _The Fabulous Moolah: First Goddess of the Squared Circle_.

Moolah died on November 2, 2007 in Columbia, South Carolina of a heart attack.

## Other websites

- The Fabulous Moolah's WWE Hall of Fame page
- The Fabulous Moolah at findagrave.com

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: The Fabulous Moolah
- **names**: The Fabulous Moolah
Slave Girl Moolah
The Spider
- **image**: Moolah20010402.jpg
- **caption**: Moolah in April 2001
- **birth place**: Kershaw County, South Carolina, Kershaw County, South Carolina, United States of America, U.S.
- **death place**: Columbia, South Carolina
- **billed**: Columbia, South Carolina
- **trainer**: Mildred Burke
- **debut**: 1949
Percentile

A **percentile** (or a centile) is a measure in statistics.

It is a way of expressing where an observation falls in a range of other observations.

For example, if a score falls in the 20th percentile, this means that 20 percent of all the scores recorded are equal to or lower. If a score is in the 90th percentile, this means that 90 percent of all the other scores were equal to or lower than that score.

In statistics, percentiles are found by taking a large set of numerical data, arranging it in ascending order, and then dividing it into 100 groups with an equal number of data points. Each of the 99 dividing points is called a **percentile** of the data set.

Some of the percentiles have special names. For example. the 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles are called the first, second and third quartile, respectively. The 50th percentile is also called the median.

## Related pages

- Decile
Grand Coulee

The **Grand Coulee** used to be a river in the U.S. state of Washington. This dry river stretches for sixty miles from the Grand Coulee Dam to Soap Lake. A feature known as Dry Falls divides the Coulee into two parts. Dry Falls is thought to be the remains of the largest waterfall ever, two or three times higher than Niagara Falls.

## Geological history

The Grand Coulee is granite bedrock which is 40 to 60  million years old. The volcanic basalt is  thick. The coulee is said to have been made when the Columbia River was blocked by a large glacier. At the end of the last ice age the Columbia River went back to its old route and left the coulee. The coulee is a mile wide and was formed by a river that now flows a different way.

## Modern Uses

The area surrounding the Grand Coulee is shrub land. It has a rainfall of twelve inches per year. The Lower Grand Coulee contains the Park, Blue, Alkali, Lenore, and Soap lakes. Until recently, the Upper Coulee was dry.

The _Columbia Basin Project_ dammed the river in 1952. It used the Grand Coulee as an irrigation network.  The Upper Grand Coulee was dammed and made _Banks Lake_. The lake is filled by pumps from the Grand Coulee Dam. Banks Lake feeds a hundred-mile (160 km) irrigation system.
Latent autoimmune diabetes

**Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults** (**LADA**) is similar to both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes.  Like type 1 diabetes, LADA is an autoimmune disease of the pancreas.  This means the body's immune system attacks the cells in the pancreas that are supposed to make insulin. But LADA is also like type 2 diabetes, because it causes insulin resistance. This means that insulin does not work as well as it should in a person's body.

Most people with latent autoimmune diabetes are thin or skinny  or have a normal BMI, although some are overweight to slightly obese.

### Differences between LADA and type 1 diabetes

The biggest difference between LADA and type 1 diabetes is that LADA comes on slowly.

People with type 1 diabetes cannot make insulin.  But if they are given a shot of insulin, the insulin works and does its job in their bodies.  But in people with LADA, even if they are given insulin, the insulin may not work as well as it should.

### Differences between LADA and type 2 diabetes

Most people with LADA become insulin-dependent (have to inject insulin) within 3-15 years. This is very different from type 2 diabetes.  Only 20%-30% of type 2 diabetics end up being insulin-dependent.

Another difference is that type 2 diabetes can happen to anyone at any age.  But LADA does not affect children or teenagers.  It usually affects people age 35 and older.

With LADA, the pancreas cannot make insulin because the immune system is attacking its insulin-making cells.  This does not happen in type 2 diabetes.

Some people with LADA have family members with type 2 diabetes.

## Diagnosis and treatment

People with LADA are sometimes misdiagnosed (diagnosed incorrectly) as having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. A special blood test can prove what kind of diabetes a person has.  The test looks for an antibody that only diabetics with LADA have.  It is called a GAD antibody test.

People with LADA usually control their diabetes using very similar methods and changes of lifestyle to type 2 diabetes: eating right, exercising and oral medications; weight loss is optional. Unlike Type 2 diabetics who might never need to inject insulin the LADA patients become insulin dependent within several years.

### Complications

The complications of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults are very like those for types 1 and 2 diabetes, like stroke, heart disease, gangrene, kidney trouble, and heart attacks.

## Genes and antibodies

There are glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies connected with LADA. There are also TCF7L2 genes associated with Type 2 diabetes which are also connected with LADA.

## Related pages

- Type 1 diabetes
- Type 2 diabetes
- Insulin
- Autoimmune disease
- Insulin resistance
Screwdriver (cocktail)

The **Screwdriver** is an alcoholic cocktail. It is made from orange juice mixed with vodka which is an alcohol. It got its name because American builders used to add vodka to their orange juice and stir it with their screwdrivers.
Antoine Lavoisier

**Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier** (26 August 1743 – 8 May 1794) was a French nobleman, chemist and biologist. He is often called the _"Father of Modern Chemistry"_. His work is an important part of the histories of chemistry and biology. It also contributed to the beginnings of atomic theory. He was the first scientist to recognise and name the elements hydrogen and oxygen. He was executed, as were hundreds of other nobles, during the French Revolution.

## Early life

Antoine de Lavoisier began studying at the Collège Mazarin in Paris in 1754, when he was 11 years old. Collège Mazarin was one of the best secondary schools in France then. He studied to be a lawyer like his father and his grandfather. He got his degree in 1763 and practised law at the parliament; however, he really preferred scientific research to law, so he also studied chemistry, botany, astronomy, and mathematics. He got his law degree in 1763, but never practised as a lawyer. He started a career as a scientist instead.

## Science career

During his career, Lavoisier brought major changes to the study of chemistry. Much of his research was done on combustion. He is the person who explained combustion by oxidation. To prove this, Lavoisier studied the air. In order to do this, in 1776, he burned mercury in an enclosed vase. His conclusion: the air is a combination of oxygen and is not a chemical element.

He also discovered the law of conservation of mass that is _nothing is lost, nothing is created, everything is transformed_. It says that the mass of the final products of a chemical reaction is the same as the reactants’ ones. Today, this principle is the basis of modern chemistry.

Lavoisier, together with L. B. Guyton de Morveau, Claude-Louis Berthollet and Antoine François de Fourcroy, created the first system of chemical nomenclature in the 1780s.

## Political career

While he was doing research for chemistry, Lavoisier was also working at the government. During this time, the French Revolution began in 1789. Antoine kept his position in the government. But, two years later, a new government arrived in power. This new government was suspicious of Lavoisier's great success as a scientific researcher and as a public administrator. He was accused of selling modified tobacco. He was arrested for conspiracy against the people. Even though there was no proof that showed that Antoine de Lavoisier broke the law, he was sentenced to death on 8 May 1794. He was executed using the guillotine.
Tequila Sunrise

The **Tequila Sunrise** is an alcoholic cocktail made using tequila. Mexico is known for having Tequila in its bars. It is named afer the way it looks when it is poured into a glass, similar to the sky at sunrise.
Daisy Duck

**Daisy Duck** is a cartoon character created in 1940 at Walt Disney Animation Studios. She is the anthropomorphic white duck that has large eyelashes and ruffled tail feathers around her lowest region to suggest a skirt. She is often seen wearing a hair bow, blouse and heeled shoes.

Daisy made her official debut (an earlier love interest for Donald called Donna was introduced in the 1937 short "Don Donald") in the 1940 short Mr. Duck Steps Out.

## Related pages

- Walt Disney Pictures
- List of Disney movies

## Infobox (character)

- **colour**: Thistle
- **name**: Daisy Duck
- **image**:
- **first**: _Mr. Duck Steps Out_ (1940)
- **creator**: Carl Barks
- **voice**: Clarence Nash (1940)
Ruth Clifford (1948)
Gloria Blondell (1945–1950)
Vivi Janiss (1954)
Patricia Parris (1983-1989)
Tony Anselmo (1987)
Diane Michelle (1989–1999)
Russi Taylor (_Fantasia 2000_)
Tress MacNeille (1999–present)
Debra Wilson (2022–present)
- **lbl1**: Developed by
- **data1**: Jack King (animator), Don Rosa
- **alias**: Katrian Duck (Dutch), Margarida (Portuguese)
- **species**: Duck
- **family**: Duck family (Disney), Duck family
- **significantother**: Donald Duck
- **relatives**: Duck family (Disney)#April, May, and June Duck, April, May, and June (nieces)