juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Provinces of Vanuatu

**Vanuatu** is divided into six provinces. It has been divided this way since 1994.

|Province|Capital|main islands|Land Area (km²) !! Population Census 1999||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Malampa|Lakatoro|Ambrym, Malakula, Paama|2,779|32,705|
|Penama|Longana|Pentecost Island, Ambae, Maéwo|1,198|26,646|
|Sanma|Luganville|Santo, Malo|4,248|36,084|
|Shefa|Port Vila|Efate, Shepherd Islands|1,455|54,439|
|Tafea|Isangel|Tanna, Aniwa, Futuna, Erromango, Anatom|1,628|29,047|
|Torba|Sola|Banks and Torres Islands|882|7,757|
|Vanuatu|Port Vila||12,189|186,678|

## Municipalities

The provinces are divided into municipalities (usually consisting of an individual island) headed by a council and a mayor elected from among the members of the council.

## Island Regions (historical)

From 1985 to 1994 Vanuatu was divided into eleven island regions:

|_Island Region_ ||Capital||part of current Province||Land Area (km²) || Population Census 1999 or estimate|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Ambae &Maéwo|Longana|Penama|708|14,646|
|Ambrym|Eas|Malampa|678|7,787|
|Banks &Torres|Sola|Torba|882|7,757|
|Éfaté|Port Vila|Shefa|915|50,000|
|Epi|Ringdove|Shefa|451|3,000|
|Malakula|Lakatoro|Malampa|2,043|23,361|
|Paama|Liro|Malampa|58|1,557|
|Pentecost|Loltong|Penama|490|12,000|
|Santo &Malo|Luganville|Sanma|4,248|36,084|
|Shepherd Islands|Morua|Shefa|89|1,439|
|Taféa|Isangel|Taféa|1,628|29,047|
|New Hebrides|Port Vila||12,189|186,678|

## Districts (historical)

During the Condominium era, specifically from 1968 to 1984 the group was divided into four administrative districts:

|_District_||Capital||Main Islands||Current Provinces||Land Area (km²) || Population Census 1999|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Southern District (Tanna)||Lénakel||Tanna, Aniwa, Futuna, Erromango, Anatom||Tafea||align="right" |1,628||align="right" |29,047|||||||
|Central District 1 (Efaté)||Port Vila||Efate, Epi, Shepherd Islands||Shefa||align="right" |1,455||align="right" |54,439|||||||
|Central District 2 (Malékoula)||Lamap||Ambrym, Malakula, Paama, Pentecôte||Malampa, Penama (part)||align="right" |3,269||align="right" |44,705|||||||
|Northern District (Santo)||Luganville||Santo, Malo, Banks and Torres Islands, Aoba, Maewo||Sanma, Torba, Penama (part)||align="right" |5,838||align="right" |58,487|||||||
|Vanuatu|Port Vila|||12,189|186,678||
Gran Valira

The **Gran Valira** is the biggest river in Andorra. It flows through the capital, Andorra la Vella, and exits the country in the south near the Spain–Andorra road border crossing.

The Gran Valira is a tributary to the Segre, a tributary to the Ebro. It flows into the Segre in La Seu d'Urgell, Spain.

## Geography

The Gran Valira river has a length of , only  outside Andorra, and a drainage basin with an area of  for the whole Valira system including the Valira d'Orient and the Valira del Nord rivers.

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at La Seu d'Urgell in the Catalonia, Spain.

The Valira river has the shape of _Y_. The upper branches are the _Valira del Nord_ an the _Valira d'Orient_ rivers. They join in Escaldes-Engordany and, from here, the river is called the _Gran Valira_.

### Valira del Nord

Le Valira del Nord river is also called _Valira de la Massana_, _Valira de Ordino_ or _ribera de Ordino_. It starts in the _Estanys de Tristaina_, a group of 3 lakes in northwestern Andorra, in the Ordino parish at an altitude of  above sea level. From here, the river flows to the centre of the country, flowing through the villages El Serrat, Les Salines, Llorts, Arans, La Cortinada, Ansalonga, Ordino, La Massana, Anyós and Engordany (part of Escaldes-Engordany). Its main tributaries are the _Sorteny_ and _Arinsal_ rivers.

### Valira d'Orient

The Valira d'Orient river is also called _Valira de Encamp_, _Valira de Canillo_ or _Valira de Soldeu_. It starts in the _Cirque des Pessons_ in northeastern Andorra, in the Encamp parish. From here, the river flows through the villages Soldeu, El Tarter, L'Aldosa, El Vilar, Canillo, Molleres, Les Bons, Encamp et Escaldes (part of Escaldes-Engordany). Its main tributary is the _Madriu_ river.

### Gran Valira

The Gran Valira river starts with the confluence of the two previous rivers in Escaldes-Engordany. It flows through the towns Andorra la Vella, Santa Coloma, La Margineda, Aixovall and Sant Julià de Lòria. Then it flows into Spain where it is joined, by the left side, by its main tributary, the Runer river.

Finally, it flows into the Segre river in La Seu d'Urgell.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Gran Valira
- **image**: File:Andorra la Vella, Valira river.jpg
- **image caption**: Gran Valira flowing under the Pont de Paris in Andorra la Vella
- **map**: Andorra topographic map-ca.svg
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Andorra
- **subdivision type4**: City
- **subdivision name4**: Andorra la Vella
- **source confluence**: Valira d'Orient & Valira del Nord
- **source confluence location**: Escaldes-Engordany, Andorra
- **mouth location**: La Seu d'Urgell, Spain
- **tributaries left**: Valira d'Orient, Madriu
- **tributaries right**: Valira del Nord
Bodies of water of Azerbaijan

Below is a list of the **water bodies of Azerbaijan**, which include rivers and lakes. Canals which are artificial rivers and reservoirs which are artifical lakes are also a part of Azerbaijan's water systems.

The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea drainage basin.

## Rivers

There are 8,359 rivers of various lengths within Azerbaijan. Of them 8,188 rivers are less than 25 kilometers in length. Only 24 rivers are over 100 kilometers long. The largest rivers that flow through the country are:
- Kur
- Aras
- Qanix, located in Alazan
- Qabirri, also known as Iori in Georgia
- Samur
- Pirsaat
- Tartarchay (tributaries Levchay, Addabanchay, Turagaychay)
- Turyan
- Agstafa
- Hekeri
- Vilesh

### River system

The rivers in Azerbaijan can be divided into three groups:
1. The Kur basin rivers (Qanix, Qabirri, Turyan, Agstafa, Shekir, Terter, Khachin, etc.)
1. The Aras basin rivers (Arpachay, Nakhchivan, Okhchu, Hekeri, Kondelenchay, etc.)
1. Rivers, flowing directly into the Caspian Sea (Samur, Gudyal, Velvele, Vilesh, Lenkeran, etc.)

### Kur and Aras

The Kur and Aras are the longest rivers in Azerbaijan.  The rivers directly flow into the Caspian Sea.  They come from the north-eastern slope of the Greater Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur-Devechi and Lenkeran lowlands.

The Kur River drainage basin area (86,000 km²) up to the junction with the Aras River is smaller than the Aras drainage basin (101,937 km²). The river is still called Kur on the junction because the water level of the Kura is twice as high as that of the Aras River.

## Lakes

- Aggol
- Jandargol
- Lake Hadjikabul,  the largest lake by area and volume
- Lake Boyukshor
- Lake Sarysu
- Lake Goygol
- Maral-gol
- Masazirgol
- Ajinohur
- Boyuk Alagol

## Reservoirs

There are over 60 water reservoirs.  These help guide the river flow in Azerbaijan. Most of them are used for irrigation. The largest water reservoirs are:
- Mingachevir reservoir, the largest reservoir by area
- Shemkir reservoir
- Araz reservoir
- Serseng reservoir
- Agstafachay reservoir
- Varvara reservoir
- Jeyranbatan reservoir
- Khanbulanchay reservoir
- Yenikend reservoir
Hulme

**Hulme** is an inner city area and electoral ward of Manchester, England which is south of Manchester city centre and divided from it by the River Medlock. Historically a part of Lancashire, the name Hulme comes from the Old Norse word for a small island, or land surrounded by water or marsh, showing that it was probably settled by Norse invaders during the period of the Danelaw.

The part of Hulme nearest to Old Trafford is known as Cornbrook from the Corn Brook, a tributary of the River Irwell. The Bridgewater Canal passes through Hulme. Chorlton-on-Medlock is to the east, Moss Side to the south and Old Trafford to the west.

## Other websites

- ALL FM, whose radio coverage includes Hulme
- The Hulme Tune show news
- Hulme Life - Manchester Community Initiative
- Hulme Residents Portal
- The old Hulme
- The People's Republic of Hulme - _Archive Hour_ - BBC Radio 4

## Infobox (uk place)

- **area total km2**: 2.204
- **country**: England
- **official name**: Hulme
- **population**: 8,932
- **metropolitan borough**: Manchester
- **metropolitan county**: Greater Manchester
- **region**: North West England
- **constituency westminster**: Manchester Central (UK Parliament constituency), Manchester Central
- **post town**: MANCHESTER
- **postcode district**: M15
- **postcode area**: M
- **dial code**: 0161
- **os grid reference**: SJ834963
- **london distance**: SSE
- **static image**: Hulme Arch and Beetham Tower.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>The Hulme Arch Bridge, with the Beetham Tower in the background</small>
Jean Coralli

**Jean Coralli** (January 15, 1779 – May 1, 1854), born **Jean Coralli Peracini**, was a French dancer and choreographer of Italian background. He debuted in Paris in 1803. He choreographed for Vienna, Milan, Lisbon, and Marseilles. He later held the post of First Ballet Master of the Paris Opéra Ballet. He is best known for the creation of the Romantic ballet _Giselle_ (1841). This ballet was choreographed with Jules Perrot. Other ballets include _Le Diable Boiteux_, _La Tarentule_, and _La Péri_.

## References

- Beaumont, Cyril W. 1935. _The Complete Book of Ballets_. Grosset & Dunlap. pp. 113–143.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jean Coralli
- **image**: Coralli.jpg
- **caption**: Coralli, about 1810
- **birth name**: Jean Coralli Peracini
- **birth date**: January 15, 1779
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **nationality**: French
- **known for**: _Giselle_
- **occupation**: Dancer
Choreographer
Heather Whitestone

**Heather Leigh Whitestone** (born February 24, 1973) is an American former beauty queen. She became Miss America 1995 on September 17, 1994. She was the first deaf Miss America. She lost most of her hearing about 18 months after birth.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Heather Whitestone
- **image**: File:Miss America 1995 Heather Whitestone.jpg
- **caption**: Whitestone in 2012
- **birth name**: Heather Leigh Whitestone
- **birth place**: Dothan, Alabama
- **known for**: First Deafness, deaf Miss America
- **alma mater**: Jacksonville State University
- **occupation**: Motivational speaker and author
- **title**: Miss Alabama 1994
Miss America 1995
- **predecessor**: Kimberly Clarice Aiken
- **successor**: Shawntel Smith
- **children**: 4
Shin Saimdang

**Shin Saimdang** (; , 29 October 1504 – 17 May 1551) or **Lady Saimdang Shin** (, ) was an artist, poet, writer, and Confucian scholar during the Joseon dynasty of Korea. long time aged she was worship, honored as a symbol of wise mother and wife.

Her real name was Inseon. Her pen names were Saimdang, Inimdang, Imdang, Imsajae. She was the mother of Yi I, the Korean philosopher.

### Poetry

- _Looking Back at my Parents' Home while Going Over Daegwallyeong Pass_(Hangul: , Hanja: )
- _Thinking of Parents_ (Hangul: , Hanja: ), a poem about her mother.

### Paintings

- _Landscape_ (Hangul: , Hanja: )
- _Mountains and rivers_ (Hangul: , Hanja: )
- _Grass and insect painting_(Hangul: , Hanja: )
- _Geese among reeds_ (Hangul: , Hanja: )

## Related pages

- Yi I
- Hwang Jinyi
- Heo Chohui

## Other websites

- Ojukheon & Gangneung Municipal Museum
- Shin Saimdang:Navercast
Hwang Jinyi

**Hwang Jinyi** (c. 1520 - c. 1560) was a gisaeng of the Joseon Dynasty who lived during the reign of King Jungjong. Her _gisaeng_ name was **Myeongwol** (meaning "bright moon"). She was said to be charming, witty, very beautiful, and very smart. Her personal life has inspired movies, a TV series, operas, and many novels. She has become a modern popular cultural icon of Korea.

## Related pages

- Shin Saimdang
- Uh Woo-dong
- Yu Gamdong
- Heo Chohui

## Other websites

- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=173946
- Two sijo attributed to Hwang, translated by Larry Gross
- Hwang Jinyi:Navercast

## Infobox (korean name)

- **caption**: Alleged portrait of Hwang Jin-I.
- **hangul**: 황진이
- **hanja**: 黃眞伊
- **rr**: Hwang Jini
- **mr**: Hwang Chini
- **othername1**: Kisaeng, Gisaeng name
- **hangul1**: 명월
- **hanja1**: 明月
- **rr1**: Myeong-wol
- **mr1**: Myŏngwŏl
Enamorada de Ti (album)

***Enamorada de Ti*** () is a remix album by American singer Selena. It was released on April 3, 2012 by EMI Latin records. It contains remixed songs that were released before Selena's death. It also includes duets with Don Omar, Selena Gomez, Juan Magan, Samo from the Mexican band Camila and the Carlos Santana band. The purpose of the album was to "bring Selena's music into today's pop music scene". Her songs were given "updated" beats and rhythms. The songs remixed were turned into ballads, electronic dance music and reggaeton. Within an hour of its release, the album peaked at number-one on the US iTunes Store and Mexico iTunes Store. The lead single, "Amor Prohibido" (with Samo) peaked at number 20 on the US Latin Pop Airplay and number 48 on the Hot Latin Tracks. The single is currently charting and have been for over a month.
Citroën AX

The **Citroën AX** is a car produced by Citroën. It replaced the Citroën LN in late 1986 with the 3-door model and the Citroën Visa in 1987 with the 5-door model although the Visa continued until 1988. It was facelifted in late 1991 and was replaced by the Citroën Saxo in 1996 but the AX continued in some markets until 1998. In Malaysia, it was sold as the Proton Tiara with only a 5-door version from 1996 to 2000.

## Engines

- _AX 10_ 31 kW (42 hp)
- _AX 11_ 40 kW (54 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
- _AX 14_ 48 kW (65 hp), 51 kW (69 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
- _AX 14 GT_ 55 kW (75 hp) and 62 kW (84 hp)
- _AX Sport_ 70 kW (95 hp)
- _AX GTi_ 70 kW (95 hp)
- _AX 14 D_ 37 kW (50 hp) and 39 kW (53 hp)
- _AX 15 D_ 43 kW (58 hp)
Margalla Hills

The **Margalla Hills** (Urdu: مرگله کی پہاڑىاں) is a mountain range in the lesser Himalayas. The Hills are north of Islamabad. The Margalla Range has an area of . The hills are an 'off shoot' or linked part of the bigger Murree hills. It is a range with many valleys as well as mountains. Its highest peak is Tilla Charouni, in its eastern end, which is 1,604 metres tall. The range has an average elevation of 1000 metres. The range gets some snow in some higher places in winters.

### Damn-e-Koh

**Damn-e-Koh** is a garden viewing point in the middle of the Margalla Hills. Daman-e-Koh is a midpoint for tourists on their way to the higher view point. There is a plan to construct a chairlift from Daman-e-Koh to Pir Sohawa. Monkeys are a common sight during winter. Cheetahs are frequently reported to descend from higher hills of Murree during snowfall.

### Monal

**Monal** is a family resort in the Margalla Hills. It has a restaurant  and point from where you can view the city of Islamabad. It is a short way up the Margalla hills. It attracts tourists from several places to eat, buy and enjoy. There is a Motion Ride too.

### Pir Sohawa

Pir Sohawa is a rapidly developing tourist resort located 17 kilometers (11 mi) from Islamabad on top of Margalla Hills. It has a 3000 plus ft elevation and located in Monal village which is geographically part of Haripur District.Bright hills is a holiday resorts at scenic views of canyons on Margalla hills.

### Margalla National Park

Margalla National Park is located in the foothills of the Margalla. The park includes the Margalla Hills, which form's the foothills of the Himalayas, along with Shakarparian Park and Rawal Lake. Established in 1980, Margalla Hills National Park covers approximately 17,386 hectares (67.13 sq mi).

## Hikking and Trekking

Margalla is famous for its hiking routes that go till Pir Sohawa and above. Some famous routes are:
- Trail 3
- Trail 6
- Trail 5
- Bruti and Tila Charouni trail
Kherimurat

**Kherimurat** is a mountain range in district Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. It is  long. Its highest point is Tilla Kherimurat at  high.

## Other websites

- Link at docs.google.com
Kherimar

**Kherimar** is a mountain range in district Attock, Punjab, Pakistan. It is  long and  wide. Its highest point is  high.
Çankaya University

**Çankaya University** is a school found in Ankara, Turkey on July 9, 1997. Çankaya University has four faculties and one vocational training School. It has 7,786 students.
Memrise

**Memrise** is a free online language-learning website. It uses flashcards with mnemonics to teach. Users are tested by multiple choice and type-in tests. Memrise was founded by Ed Cooke and Greg Detre. Memrise is headquartered in England.

Memrise uses what's called "elaborate encoding" to help users remember different concepts.
Karl Weierstraß

**Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstraß** (31 October 1815 - 19 February 1897) was a German mathematician. Most of his work is about using logic as a thorough foundation of analysis. He mainly used power series for this. He also provided foundations for the theory of elliptic functions, differential geometry and the calculus of variations. The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem is named in his honour: according to the theorem, every bounded sequence of real numbers has at least one limit point. He criticised earlier mathematicians for using assumptions too often, and being too vague in their definitions.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Karl Weierstrass
- **native name**: Karl Weierstraß
- **image**: Karl Weierstrass 2.jpg
- **caption**: painting by Conrad Fehr , 1895
- **birth place**: Kingdom of Prussia
- **death place**: Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
- **nationality**: Germans, German
- **field**: Mathematics
- **work institution**: Technical University of Berlin, Gewerbeinstitut
- **alma mater**: University of Bonn
Tilla Charouni

**Tilla Charouni** is the highest peak of Margala Hills National Park in northern Pakistan. Its height is 1604 m / 5263 feet. It is also the highest peak of District Islamabad and District Haripur as it is on the boundary of both districts. It is covered with pine trees.
Rivers of Ivory Coast

Four major river systems are in Ivory Coast.  They flow from north to south, draining into the Gulf of Guinea. From west to east these are:

- Cavally
- Sassandra
- Bandama
- Comoé

In the north, many smaller tributaries change to dry streambeds between rains.
Dezső Czigány

**Dezső Czigány** (1 June 1883 – 31 December 1937) was a Hungarian painter.

## Career

He was a member of "The Eight," which was Hungarian group of artists.  The Eight was founded in early 1909.

In 1937 he took his own life.
Rachel Berry

**Rachel Berry** is a fictional character from the FOX musical comedy-drama series _Glee_. The character is played by actress Lea Michele. The character first appeared in _Glee_ from its pilot episode. It was first broadcast on May 19, 2009. Rachel was created by _Glee_ creators Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan. She is the glee club captain of the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio, where the show is set. Her storylines have seen her suffer feeling alone because of her ambition to win. She has also developed romantic feelings for Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff), a member of the rival (enemy) glee club Vocal Adrenaline. She also had many dates with quarterback and glee club co-captain Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). The two eventually become engaged.

Michele has stated that she was just like Rachel when she was younger. She had inspiration to play the role as Rachel.  These include the movie _Election_ and other television roles such as the _Gossip Girl_ character Blair Waldorf. Michele has said that she feels "vulnerable" while playing Rachel. She stated, "Rachel will never be popular because her looks aren't (are not) considered beautiful, and when I was in high school it was the same for me. I didn't get a nose job, and every single girl around me did. Therefore, I was out." Michele added, "What's so great about _Glee_ is that it shows you how that kind of stuff hurts, but it doesn't matter: You can still be who you want to be."

## Infobox (character)

- **series**: Glee
- **image**: Rachel Berry Firework 2.png
- **first**: "Pilot (Glee), Pilot"
- **creator**: Ryan Murphy
Brad Falchuk
Ian Brennan
- **portrayer**: Lea Michele
- **name**: Rachel Berry
- **occupation**: High school student
- **family**: Hiram and LeRoy Berry (fathers)
Shelby Corcoran (biological mother)
- **significantother**: Finn Hudson (ex-fiancé)
Jesse St. James
Brody (boyfriend)
- **religion**: Judaism
Taryn Manning

**Taryn Manning** (born 6 November 1978) is an American singer, actress and designer. She as raised in Tucson, Arizona. She has performed in many movies in the span of multiple genres from comedy to science fiction. She acted in the movie _Crossroads_.

## Awards and nominations

|Year||Association||Category|Work||Result|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2005|Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association|Best Breakthrough Performance|_Hustle & Flow_|||||
|2006|Screen Actors Guild Awards|Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture <small>(shared with the cast)</small>||||||
|Black Reel Awards|Best Ensemble|||||||
|2009|Bel Air Film Festival|Film Fashion Visionary||||||
|2014|Gold Derby Awards|Comedy Guest Actress|rowspan="5"|_Orange Is the New Black_||||
|2015|rowspan="4"|Screen Actors Guild Awards|rowspan="4"|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series||||
|2016||||||||
|2017||||||||
|2018||||||||
|rowspan="3"|2022|rowspan="3"|Golden Raspberry Awards|Worst Picture|rowspan="2"|_Karen_||
|Worst Actress||||||||
|Worst Supporting Actress|_Every Last One of Them_|||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Taryn Manning
- **image**: TarynManning07TIFF.jpg
- **caption**: Manning at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Falls Church, Virginia, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Rock music, rock
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, actress, fashion designer
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar
- **years active**: 1999–present
- **label**: Dreamworks Records
 Little Vanilla Records
- **associated acts**: Boomkat, Mystic (singer), Mystic, Butch Walker, Nickelback, will.i.am
American Reunion

***American Reunion*** is the fourth and final movie of the _American Pie_ comedy series. It stars Mena Suvari, Alyson Hannigan and Natasha Lyonne. It was released in April 2012.

## Future

In August 2017, Seann William Scott said in an interview that the fourth film probably had not made enough at the domestic box office to warrant another film. In August 2018, Tara Reid said she met with the directors, with them saying that the fifth film will happen, and that filming could begin soon. In September 2022, it was announced that Universal 1440 was developing another spin off American Pie Presents movie with Sujata Day.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: American Reunion
- **cinematography**: Daryn Okada
- **editing**: Jeff Betancourt
- **music**: Lyle Workman
- **distributor**: Universal Pictures
- **runtime**: 113 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $50 million
- **gross**: $235 million
Natasha Lyonne

**Natasha Lyonne** (born Natasha Braunstein, April 4, 1979) is an American actress. She is Jewish and grew up in New York City, Israel and Miami. As a young child she was signed by Ford Modeling Agency. She has been in movies in the _American Pie_ comedy series. She currently plays Nicky Nichols in Orange Is the New Black. In 2012 she played Tiffani in Weeds, a show made by the creator of Orange Is the New Black.
Jennifer Coolidge

**Jennifer Coolidge** (born August 28, 1961 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American movie and television actress and comedian. She acted in _American Pie_ in 1999 and _Legally Blonde_ in 2001. She has a recurring role in the 2011 television series _2 Broke Girls_. She also acted in many other movies and television programs.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jennifer Coolidge
- **image**: ROMY 2012 19 Jennifer Coolidge.jpg
- **caption**: Coolidge at ROMY in Vienna, 2012
- **birth name**: Jennifer Audrey Coolidge
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Emerson College
 American Academy of Dramatic Arts
- **occupation**: Actress, Comedian
- **years active**: 1993–present
Sakaser

**Sakaser** is the highest mountain in the Salt Range area in Pothohar in Pakistan. _Saki_ relates to "Sakia" or Buddha and _sar_ means "pond". There is a large lake just below the mountain. It is in Khushab District but it can be seen from districts of Mianwali and Chakwal.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Sakaser
- **elevation m**: 1,522
- **location**: Pakistan
- **range**: Salt Range
- **easiest route**: Hike
Tilla Jogian

**Tilla Jogian** is the highest hill in District Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan. Its height is . It is about  from Jhelum city. Tilla Jogian can be seen from the nearby districts. There is as a ruined old temple and water tank on top of the Tilla Jogian.

It is said or claimed by various people that the temple of Tilla Jogian was founded in 100 B.C by the _Kan-Phatta_ sect of Hindu _Jogis_ and the name of this place is in fact derived from this i.e. 'Tilla' (Hill)and 'Jogian' (of the Jogis). Later, Guru Nanak Dev, the founder of Sikhism also spent some time here.
Hermaphroditus

In Greek mythology, **Hermaphroditus** was the two-sexed son of Hermes and Aphrodite. He was a minor god of androgeny, effeminacy and hermaphroditism. He also symbolized the unity of male and female. He was one of the members of the Erotes, a group of winged love gods. His name is the origin of the word hermaphrodite.

## Mythology

According to a myth of Ovid, he was raised by nymphs in a cave on Mount Ida. At the age of fifteen, he traveled to the cities of Lydia and Caria in Asia Minor. It was there that he came upon a pool of fresh water. He undressed and bathed in the pool. Meanwhile, the nymph of the pool Salmacis, fell in love with him. She jumped into the pool and embraced him, not letting go, he struggled to get away from her. Salmacis prayed to the gods that they should never separate and the gods hearing her prayer, merged their bodies together, transforming Hermaphroditus into an androgynous being. Hermaphroditus, in anger of his transformation, cursed the pool so that anyone who bathed in it would suffer the same fate.

## Cult

The worship of Hermaphroditus originated from Cyprus, under the name of Aphroditus. The cult was introduced into mainland Greece around the late 5th century BC. At rituals and sacrifices to the god, worshipers cross-dressed; men wearing women's clothing and women dressed in men's clothing. The god was also identified with the moon, because the moon was thought to be both male and female.

## Art

Hermaphroditus was a popular subject in ancient Greek and Roman art. He is often shown alone and sometimes interacting with satyrs and cupids. There is a famous statue called "The Sleeping Hermaphroditus" at the Louvre Museum in Paris.
Max Payne

***Max Payne*** is a third-person shooter video game made by Finnish developers Remedy Entertainment and published by Gathering of Developers in July 2001 for Microsoft Windows. Later in 2001, ports for PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameBoy Advance were published by Rockstar Games. A Macintosh port was published in July 2002 by MacSoft in North America, and by Feral Interactive in the rest of the world. There were plans for a Dreamcast version of _Max Payne_, but they were cancelled because of the console had stopped being made. The game was again released in April 2009 as a downloadable game for the Xbox Originals program for the Xbox 360.

The game features a neo-noir type style and uses comic strips (with voice-overs) in place of animated cutscenes to narrate the game. This is because it is inspired by hard-boiled detective novels by authors like Mickey Spillane. The game contains many references to Norse mythology, particularly the myth of Ragnarök. Several of the names used in the game are those of Norse gods. The gameplay is very much influenced by the Hong Kong action cinema genre, particularly the work of director John Woo, and it was the first game to feature the bullet time effect made famous in _The Matrix_.

_Max Payne_ got very good reviews from critics and was praised for its exciting gun play and use of noir storytelling devices. As of 2012, the _Max Payne_ franchise has sold over 7.5 million copies. The game has also won a BAFTA Award.

## Sequels

The game was followed by _Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne_, released in 2003. And _Max Payne 3_, released in 2012.

## Other websites

- _Max Payne_
- Max Payne archives  at 3D Realms
Nautiloid

**Nautiloids** are a large and varied group of marine cephalopods (Mollusca) in the subclass Nautiloidea. They began in the later Cambrian. _Nautilus_ is the only surviving genus.

Nautiloids flourished during the early Palaeozoic era, when they were the main predatory animals. They developed an extraordinary range of shell shapes and forms. Some 2,500 species of fossil nautiloids are known, though only a few species survive today.

## Taxonomic relationships

Nautiloids are among the group of animals known as cephalopods. The cephalopods are an advanced class of molluscs. The cephalopods also include ammonoids, Belemnites and modern coleoids such as octopus and squid.

Traditionally, the most common classification of the cephalopods has been a three-fold division into the nautiloids, ammonoids, and coleoids.  This article is about nautiloids in that broad sense, sometimes called Nautiloidea _sensu lato_.

Cladistically speaking, nautiloids are a paraphyletic group united by shared primitive (basal) features not found in derived cephalopods. In other words, they are a evolutionary grade that is thought to have given rise to both ammonoids and coleoids. They are defined by the exclusion of both those descendent groups.  Both ammonoids and coleoids probably descended from  bactritids, which in turn arose from straight-shelled orthocerid nautiloids.

The ammonoids (a group which includes the ammonites and the goniatites) are extinct cousins of the nautiloids which evolved early in the Devonian, some 400 million years ago.
Aphroditus

The worship of **Aphroditus** comes from Cyprus, a cult of a masculine or hermaphrodite form of Aphrodite. The divinity was introduced into Greece and celebrated in Athens in a cross-dressing ritual.

## Mythology

It is thought that Hesiod's myth, explaining the birth of Aphrodite, born when Cronus cut off the genitals of Uranus and threw it into the sea, originated from the cult of Aphroditus. A terracotta plaque from the 7th century BC found at Perachora in Greece, representing Aphroditus emerging from severed male genitals, suggests this, as there are two different myths of the creation of Aphrodite.

## Cult

According to Macrobius, Aphroditus was represented in Cyprus with a beard and phallus, wearing female clothing and holding a scepter. At sacrifices to the god, worshipers cross-dressed, men wearing women's clothing and women dressed in men's clothing. The cult spread from Cyprus into southern Asia Minor, eventually reaching mainland Greece around the late 5th century BC. In Athens, the iconography of the god took on the _anasyromenos_ pose, a female figure lifting her dress to reveal an erect phallus, a gesture that had apotropaic qualities, much like the god Priapus. By the Hellenistic period, the cult and votives had spread throughout Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy.

## Evolution

Gradually over time the cult lost popularity, Aphroditus was also being called Hermaphroditus, which originally meant Aphroditus in the form of a herm or "a herm of Aphroditus". These were marble or bronze sculptures with a head or torso above a plain rectangular pillar, a symbol of fertility. In later Greek mythology, Hermaphroditus came to be known as the son of Hermes and Aphrodite.
Charles Bonnet

**Charles Bonnet** (March 13, 1720 – May 20, 1793) was a Swiss naturalist and philosopher.

## Related pages

- List of biologists

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Charles Bonnet
- **image**: CharlesBonnet.jpg
- **birth date**: 13 March 1720
- **birth place**: Geneva
- **death date**: 20 May 1793
- **death place**: Genthod, near Geneva
- **citizenship**: Switzerland, Swiss
- **field**: natural history, Naturalist
Trait (disambiguation)

**Trait** may refer to:

- A trait in biology is a typical character or feature of an organism, the sum total of which make up the phenotype. Example: retractable claws are a _trait_ of the cat family.
- Trait theory, an approach to the psychological study of personality
- Trait (computer programming), a model for structuring object-oriented programs
- Traits class, a template class in the C++ programming language

## Entertainment

- _Trait_ (album), the first and only EP by the industrial rock/metal band Pailhead
- Trait (role-playing games), a type of role-playing statistic
Trait theory

In psychology, **trait theory** is the study of human personality. Trait theorists are interested in the measurement of _traits_, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behaviour, thought, and emotion.
Trait (album)

***Trait*** is the first, and only, EP by the industrial rock/metal band Pailhead. The original EP was released in 1988, containing the first four songs in a slightly different order. When re-released on CD in the early 90's, the group's first single ("I Will Refuse" b/w "No Bunny" 12") was added as a bonus.

#### Side One

1. "Don't Stand in Line" - 3:47
1. "Ballad" - 3:53

#### Side Two

1. "Man Should Surrender" - 3:40
1. "Anthem" - 4:45

### CD

1. "Man Should Surrender" - 3:40
1. "Anthem" - 4:45
1. "Don't Stand in Line" - 3:47
1. "Ballad" - 3:53
1. "I Will Refuse" - 4:17
1. "No Bunny" - 5:00

## Personnel

- Ian MacKaye - vocals, guitar
- Al Jourgensen - guitar
- Paul Barker - bass
- Bill Rieflin - drums (1-5)
- Eric Spicer - drums (6)

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Trait
- **type**: EP
- **artist**: Pailhead
- **released**: 1988
- **recorded**: 1986-1988
- **genre**: Industrial rock, Industrial metal
- **length**: 24:02
- **label**: Wax Trax Records, Wax Trax
- **producer**: Al Jourgensen, Hypo Luxa, Paul Barker, Hermes Pan
Trait (computer programming)

In computer programming, a **trait** is a collection of methods. A trait is used to build a simple model for object oriented programs. A trait is a building block for classes. It makes an easy way to reuse code.
Granger, Indiana

**Granger** is a city in Indiana in the United States.
Transuranium element

A **transuranium element** is any chemical element that comes after Uranium in the periodic table. These elements have atomic numbers greater than 92. All transuranium elements are radioactive, and none are found in nature except Neptunium and Plutonium. An element that is radioactive will decay into other elements.

## Isotopes

From what we do know about the transuranium elements, as the atomic number goes up, the more radioactive it gets. Some isotopes have very long half-lives, such as Americium-243 having a half life of 7370 years. Others do not, like Tennessine-294 which has a half life of 51 milliseconds.

## Uses

The applications of them are used far and wide, like how Uranium and Plutonium are used for fuel and weapons, Curium is used for rovers, Berkelium is used for creating other elements, notably Tennessine, and Americium being used for smoke detectors. Fermium to Lawrencium really don't have uses and after that, what scientists call superheavy elements are Rutherfordium to Oganesson, which also have no uses.
Stupendemys

***Stupendemys*** is a prehistoric genus of freshwater turtle. Its fossils have been found in northern South America, in rocks dating from the late Miocene to the very start of the Pliocene, about 6 to 5 million years ago.

_Stupendemys_'s carapace measured over  in length and was also very wide. With a total carapace length of at least 11 feet (3.3 m) it was the largest turtle that ever existed, surpassing even _Archelon_.

Two species have been described to date. _Stupendemys geographicus_ from Venezuela, and _Stupendemys souzai_, a bit smaller and more slender, from Brazil.

## Ecology

Its weight helped _Stupendemys_ stay under water for long periods, grazing on aquatic plants. It was probably a very weak swimmer, unable to move its bulk against a swift current, and probably avoided smaller streams.

Altogether, the fauna of the time had many large herbivores and few terrestrial carnivores. The habitat was mostly low-lying rainforest that was seasonally flooded, as well as floodplains and swampland. The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving.
Carol Greider

**Carolyn Widney "Carol" Greider** (born April 15, 1961) is an American molecular biologist. She is Professor and Director of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins University.

Greider discovered the enzyme telomerase in 1984, when she was a graduate student of Elizabeth Blackburn at the University of California, Berkeley. Greider pioneered research on the structure of telomeres, the ends of the chromosomes. She was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, with Blackburn and Jack Szostak, for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme telomerase.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **image**: Carol Greider 2009-01.JPG
- **image size**: 150px
- **name**: Carol Greider
- **birth place**: San Diego, California
- **nationality**: American
- **field**: Molecular biology
- **work institution**: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Johns Hopkins University
- **alma mater**:
University of California, Berkeley
- **doctoral advisor**: Elizabeth Blackburn
- **known for**: discovery of telomerase
- **prizes**:  Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research, Lasker Award (2006)
Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (2007)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2009)
Telomerase

**Telomerase** is an RNA protein which is an enzyme. It adds DNA sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in all vertebrates) to the end of DNA strands in the telomere regions.

The telomeres are disposable buffers blocking the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. They are a region of repeated nucleotides containing noncoding DNA. Telomeres are destroyed during cell division, and are remade by the enzyme telomerase.

The function of telomeres is to avoid the loss of important DNA from chromosome ends. Every time the chromosome is copied 100–200 meaningless nucleotides are lost, which causes no damage to the organism's DNA. So, the telomeres are shortened after each replication cycle, and then are restored to their proper length by telomerase. Telomerases carry their own RNA molecule, which is used as a template to elongate the telomeres.

The existence of a compensatory mechanism (a 'fix') for telomere shortening was first predicted by Soviet biologist Alexey Olovnikov in 1973. He also suggested the telomere hypothesis of ageing and the telomere's connections to cancer.

Telomerase was discovered by Carol Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn in 1984 in the ciliate _Tetrahymena_. Together with Jack Szostak, Greider and Blackburn were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery.
Luc Montagnier

**Luc Antoine Montagnier** (18 August 1932 – 8 February 2022) was a French virologist and joint recipient with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for the discovery made by his team, and particularly Françoise Baré-Sinoussi of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). He worked as a full-time professor at Shanghai Jiaotong University.

## Controversy

He has been discredited by his Nobel peers because of the many fake and dangerous theories he tries to spread, such as "DNA teleportation" or Papaya Cure for AIDS or Parkinson disease. In 2009 he published two controversial research studies which, if true, "would be the most significant experiments performed in the past 90 years, demanding re-evaluation of the whole conceptual framework of modern chemistry".
Homeopaths claim his research as support for homeopathy, but Montagnier himself says it cannot be extended to homeopathy. Many scientists have greeted it with scorn and harsh criticism.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Montagnier also supported the conspiracy theory that SARS-CoV-2 was created and escaped from a laboratory.

## Honors

He received the Legion of Honour. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1988.

## Personal life

Montagnier died on 8 February 2022 at a hospital in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France at the age of 89.

## Related pages

- List of biologists

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Luc Antoine Montagnier
- **image**: Luc Montagnier-press conference Dec 06th, 2008-6.jpg
- **caption**: Montagnier in 2008
- **birth place**: Chabris, France
- **death place**: Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
- **nationality**: French
- **fields**: Virology
- **workplaces**: Pasteur Institute
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- **known for**: Discovery of HIV
- **awards**: 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Brad Falchuk

**Brad Falchuk** is a television writer, director, and producer. His works include the television series _Nip/Tuck_, _Glee_, _Mutant X_, _Earth: Final Conflict_, _Veritas: The Quest_, and _American Horror Story_. He was born in 1971 and is Jewish.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Brad Falchuk
- **image**: Brad Falchuk by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Falchuk at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2011.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **occupation**: Screenwriter, director, producer
Glee club

A **glee club** is a musical group or choir. During the 19th and early 20th century, the glee club was only for men. Later in the 20th century it became available for all students in college. Glee club was the most popular after-school activity in college campuses. There are some glee clubs in high school. The oldest glee clubs in the United States are the Harvard Glee Club, founded in 1858.

## Related pages

- _Glee_ (an American television series)
Teamwork

**Teamwork** is when many  people work together. They work together to reach a goal. Teamwork helps people to understand others, build friendly friendships, and to get any job done the right way. In health care, teamwork is often practiced to help patients at the hospital. All team members are given a job to do. In teamwork, all work is shared.
Interracial marriage

An **interracial marriage** is a marriage between two people of different races. In some cases it violates a rule requiring endogamy. In some countries, it was against the law to marry someone of a different race. These countries included, Germany (during the Nazi period), South Africa under apartheid, and some U.S. states in the United States before a 1967 ruling.

The United Nations "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights" which  granted the right to marriage "without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion" was enacted in 1948.   It is now accepted in principle in most of the world.
Interracial

**Interracial** means two people of two different races.

- Interracial marriage is marriage between two people of different races.
- Interracial adoption means placing a child of one racial group or ethnic group with adoptive parents of another racial group or ethnic group.
- The Commission on Interracial Cooperation was an organization in the southern United States in the early 20th century.
Same-sex relationship

A **same sex relationship** is a type of relationship between two people of the same sex. The term is associated with the LGBT community. In many countries it is against the law to be in a relationship and have sex with the same gender. Same-sex relationships have been recorded in history. The earliest is from Egyptian royal servants Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum in the 25th century BC. It is often known as the earliest homosexual relationship couple.

## Related pages

- Same-sex marriage
- Cross-sex friendship
- Homosociality

## Other websites

- Arizona Central: Here's to 'bromance' (March 24, 2008)
- Seattle Times: Bromances aren't uncommon as guys delay marriage (April 7, 2008)
Francisco Maschio

**Francisco Maschio** was a horse race trainer, born in Argentina in the 1890s knowned as _Brujo de Olleros_. Maschio  began his career working at a Hipodromo de Maronas, Montevideo, Uruguay as thoroughbred  trainer. Lately he went to  Buenos Aires, Argentina by invitation of the famous tango singer Carlos Gardel. His  stables ( named _Stud Yeruá_ ) was localized at Olleros Street, Palermo, Buenos Aires, near the actual Olleros (Buenos Aires Metro Station) He was the  trainer of the horses of Carlos Gardel, including the legendary Lunático. He won many statistics in Hipodromo de Palermo.
Jelly Belly

**Jelly Belly** is a brand of jelly beans. The company which makes Jelly Belly beans was founded in 1898 in Fairfield, California.

The product comes in over 50 flavors ranging from traditional flavors like that of orange, lemon, lime, and cherry, to more exotic ones like cinnamon, pomegranate, cappuccino, buttered popcorn, and chili-mango.

The company which makes Jelly Belly beans makes over 100 other different foods, including chocolate, licorice, gummies, and candy corn.

## Other websites

- Jelly Belly website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Jelly Belly Candy Company
- **type**: Private
- **foundation**: 1869
- **location**: Fairfield, California
- **key people**: Herman G Rowland
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **industry**: Confections
- **products**: Jelly beans, candy corn, mellowcremes, gummis, jells, chocolate confections
- **revenue**: $200 million
- **num employees**: 725
- **homepage**: [http://www.jellybelly.com JellyBelly.com]
Assa Abloy

**Assa Abloy** is the world's largest lock and door hardware company. Assa Abloy was formed in 1994 when Swedish company _Assa_ purchased Finnish company _Abloy_. Assa Abloy's products range from low-security products such as Yale to medium-security locks such as Medeco to high-security locks such as **Abloy**.

The holding company of Assa Abloy was the Swedish security firm _Securitas_, but the firm is now independently quoted on the Swedish Stock Exchange.

## Other websites

- https://www.assaabloy.com/en/com/
- http://www.assaabloy.com/en/com/About-ASSA-ABLOY/ASSA-ABLOY-brand/All-Brands/
The Bonfire of the Vanities (movie)

***The Bonfire of the Vanities*** is a 1990 American drama movie. It is based on the novel Bonfire of the Vanities by Tom Wolfe. Tom Hanks plays Sherman McCoy, Bruce Willis plays Peter Fallow, Kim Cattrall plays Judy McCoy, Melanie Griffith plays Maria Ruskin, Morgan Freeman plays Judge Leonard White. The movie is based on the novel of the same name and is focused on corporate greed, vanity and lust during the late 1980s in New York City. This movie was given substandard reviews by the movie critics; it was a huge box office bomb.

## Cast

- Tom Hanks as Sherman McCoy
- Bruce Willis as Peter Fallow
- Melanie Griffith as Maria Ruskin
- Morgan Freeman as Judge Leonard White
- Kim Cattrall as Judy McCoy
- Saul Rubinek as Jed Kramer
- Alan King as Arthur Ruskin
- John Hancock as Reverend Bacon
- Kevin Dunn as Tom Killian
- Donald Moffat as Mr. McCoy
- Barton Heyman as Detective Martin
- Norman Parker as Detective Goldberg
- Louis Giambalvo as Ray Andruitti
- Mary Alice as Annie Lamb
- Kurt Fuller as Pollard Browning
- Robert Stephens as Sir Gerald Moore
- Richard Libertini as Ed Rifkin
- Andre Gregory as Aubrey Buffing
- Clifton James as Albert Fox
- Beth Broderick as Caroline Heftshank
- Adam LeFevre as Rawlie Thorpe
- Kirsten Dunst as Campbell McCoy
- Geraldo Rivera as Robert Corso
- F. Murray Abraham (uncredited) as D.A. Abe Weiss
- Rita Wilson as P.R. Woman

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: The Bonfire of the Vanities
- **director**: Brian De Palma
- **producer**: Brian De Palma
- **screenplay**: Michael Cristofer
- **music**: Dave Grusin
- **cinematography**: Vilmos Zsigmond
- **editing**: Bill Pankow
David Ray
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **runtime**: 126 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $47 million
- **gross**: $15.6 million