juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ecumenism

**Ecumenism** (or **Oecumenism**) is the idea that the different Christian denominations should work together more than they currently do and, if disagreements can be fully resolved, unify. This idea is different from religious toleration and interfaith dialogue, which refers to Christianity's relations with other religions. Over the years, Christianity has been split into many different movements. These separations are based on doctrine, on history, and what people do in everyday life.

The term **ecumenical** comes from the Latin _oecumenicus_, a phrase referring to "the whole world", meaning literally "inhabited" (lived in). In Christianity, the qualification ecumenical is originally (and still) used in terms such as Ecumenical council and Ecumenical Patriarch. The meaning pertains to the totality of the larger Church (such as the Catholic Church or the Eastern Orthodox Church). It is not restricted to one of its local churches or dioceses.

The ecumenical symbol is a boat on water with a Christian cross as the mast; this is based on the gospel story of Jesus calming the storm on the Sea of Galilee. It has become the official logo of the World Council of Churches and many other ecumenical organizations.

## Related pages

- Gamaliel's principle
- Inclusivism
- Invisible church
- Irenicism
- One true church
- One true faith
- Postdenominationalism
- Religious pluralism
- Rimé movement
- Sectarianism
Douglas DC-8

The **Douglas DC-8 ** is an aircraft with four engines. It was the first jet plane made by the Douglas Aircraft Company. It was made from 1958 to 1972. There were 556 DC-8 planes built. Major users were Air Transport International, Astar Air Cargo and Johnsons Air. It was launched later than the Boeing 707.
John Elliot (railway manager)

**Sir John Elliot** (6 May 1898 – 18 September 1988) was a British transport and railway manager. Born **John Elliot Blumenfeld**, he was the son of the  _Daily Mail_ news editor R. D. Blumenfeld (who later became managing editor of the _Daily Express_.) He changed his name to **John Elliot** in March 1923.
Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi

**Sayeeda Hussain Warsi, Baroness Warsi** (surname pronounced _VAR-SEY_; born 28 March 1971 in Dewsbury, West Riding of Yorkshire, England) is a British politician and lawyer. She was born to Pakistani immigrants and is a member of the House of Lords. She has been the Chairman of the Conservative Party and Minister Without Portfolio in the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government. She was the first Muslim woman to be a member of the British cabinet. She lives in Wakefield, West Yorkshire.

## Personal life

In 1990 Warsi married her cousin Naeem in an arranged marriage. She and her first husband divorced in December 2007. On 20 August 2009, she married Iftikhar Azam.
Ulster Unionist Party

The **Ulster Unionist Party** or **UUP** for short is a centre-right political party in Northern Ireland. It wants Northern Ireland to stay in the United Kingdom and is also moderately against the European Union. It has 10 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly and 1 of 3 Northern Ireland seats in the European Parliament but has no seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Its current leader is Robin Swann.

During the 2010 general election and the 2009 European Parliament Election, the party allied itself to the UK Conservative Party and called itself _Ulster Conservatives and Unionists - New Force_.
London Underground 1972 Stock

The London Underground **1972 stock** is a fleet of trains used on the London Underground. The 1972 Stock was ordered to make up the shortfall in trains on the Northern line's 1959 Tube Stock fleet. It is, however, currently used on the Bakerloo line.

## Other websites

- Transport for London - Rolling Stock - 1972
- Tubeprune - 1972 Tube Stock

## Infobox (underground stock)

- **name**: 1972 Stock
- **image**: File:1972 Stock at Kilburn High Road 3.jpg
- **imagealt**: 1972 Mk. II Stock at Kilburn High Road
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: 1972 Mk. II Stock at Kilburn High Road
- **type**: Deep-level tube
- **lines**: (1972 – present)
 (1979 – 1984)
 (1972 – 1999)
- **manufacturer**: Metro-Cammell
- **carlength**: DM
T/UNDM
Escalator

An **escalator** is a moving staircase – a conveyor transport device for carrying people between floors of a building. The device consists of a motor-driven chain of individual, linked steps that move up or down on tracks, allowing the step treads to remain horizontal.
Central London

**Central London** is the innermost part of London, England.

The inner London boroughs were defined by the London Government Act 1963, and the definition is used for purposes such as the local government finance system. They correspond to the former area of the County of London. These inner London boroughs are:
- Camden
- Greenwich
- Hackney
- Hammersmith and Fulham
- Islington
- Kensington and Chelsea
- Lambeth
- Lewisham
- Southwark
- Tower Hamlets
- Wandsworth
- Westminster

The City of London was not part of the County of London and is not a London Borough but can be included. North Woolwich is an anomaly as it was part of the County of London but was transferred to Newham, an outer London borough, in 1965.
2010 California Proposition 19

California's **Proposition 19**, (often shortened to _Prop 19_), also known as the _Regulate, Control & Tax Cannabis Act_, was a ballot initiative on the November 2, 2010 California statewide ballot. The proposition would have decriminalized/legalized various marijuana-related activities, allow local governments to regulate these activities, collect marijuana-related fees and taxes, and authorized various criminal and civil penalties. It did not pass with 54% of California voters voting 'No', and 46% voting 'Yes'.

## Results

|colspan=3 width=300|Proposition 64||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Yes|align=right|4,643,751|align=right|46.54%|
|** No**|align=right|**5,333,359**|align=right|**53.46%**|

## Related pages

- Adult Use of Marijuana Act (2016)

## Other websites

- The Full Text of the Regulate, Control and Tax Cannabis Act of 2010
- State of California Legislative Analysts Analysis of the Initiative
- Ballotpedia page on California Proposition 19
- YES on Proposition 19 - the sponsors of the proposal
- Marijuana Policy Project, California branch  - a lobbying group in support
- Public Safety First  - a lobbying group in opposition
Square foot

A **square foot** is a way to measure area. It is the area made by a square that has 1 foot sides. It is used mainly in the United States and partially in Bangladesh, Canada, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Liberia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, and the United Kingdom.
Martin McGuinness

**James Martin Pacelli McGuinness** (23 May 1950 – 21 March 2017)  was a Northern Irish politician who was the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland until his resignation on 9 January 2017. He was born in Derry, Northern Ireland. He was a member of Sinn Fein, which is a political party that wants Northern Ireland to join with the Republic of Ireland and leave the United Kingdom. He was the Member of Parliament and Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for the constituency of Mid Ulster.

Martin McGuiness joined the Irish Republican Army (IRA) in 1970 and was put in prison for six months in 1973. He was elected the Member of Parliament for Mid-Ulster at the 1997 General Election but never took his seat in the House of Commons. This is because Sinn Fein members do not want to swear any oath to the Queen.

McGuiness was one of Sinn Fein's top debaters at the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 and was elected as a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly in 1998 for the constituency of Mid Ulster. He was the Minister of Education in the Northern Ireland executive from 1999 to 2002. On 8 May 2007, following the St. Andrew's Agreement Martin McGuiness was made the Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland. Ian Paisley of the Democratic Unionist Party was the First Minister until June 5, 2008 when he was replaced by Peter Robinson.

In January 2017, it was revealed that McGuinness was suffering from amyloidosis, a rare genetic disease that affects the vital organs. He died in a hospital in Londonderry  on 21 March 2017 from the disease, aged 66.
Peter Robinson

**Peter David Robinson** (born 29 December, 1948 in Belfast) is a politician of Northern Ireland, who was the First Minister of Northern Ireland and leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP).

## Career

He was elected the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Belfast East during the 1979 General Election and was elected to the Northern Ireland assembly in 1998. He was the Minister for Regional Development from November 1999 to July 2000 and again from October 2001 to October 2002. Robinson was Minister of Finance and Personnel from May 2007 to June 2008.

On 31 May 2008 the leader of the DUP Ian Paisley resigned and Peter Robinson was chose to replace him as First Minister and DUP leader. In January 2010, it was revealed that Peter Robinson's wife Iris Robinson, who was also an MP, had had an affair and attempted suicide in 2008 whilst she was a member of the British and Northern Irish parliaments. This scandal may have caused Peter Robinson to lose his Belfast East parliamentary seat at the 2010 General Election.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Peter David Robinson
- **caption**: Peter Robinson is the First Minister of Northern Ireland
- **image**: Peter Robinson at Titanic Belfast (Cropped).jpg
- **office**: First Minister of Northern Ireland
- **term start**: 5 June 2008
- **term end**: 11 January 2016
- **alongside**: Martin McGuinness
- **predecessor**: Ian Paisley
- **successor**: Arlene Foster
Jacob Riis

**Jacob August Riis** (; May 3, 1849 – May 26, 1914) was a Danish-American photographer and journalist. Riis came to the United States in 1861 and worked in various odd jobs before going into journalism.  Riis is most known for his photographs and writings on slums in New York City.  Riis is usually thought of as one of the Muckrakers, a group of people who wanted to improve conditions in cities.
Latin honours

**Latin honours** are Latin phrases that are used to show how advanced the level at which someone earned an academic degree. The common ranks are:  (meaning "with honor"),  ("with great honor"), or  ("with highest honor"). This system is mostly used in Canada, the United States, and in many European countries. Some universities in other countries also use the English translation of these phrases rather than the Latin ones.

Another example is , which means "with outstanding honor" in English. The  rank was created to recognize students who earned the same grade point average as the  honor, but who did so while in a more rigorous honors curriculum (used by the College of St. Benedict and St. John's University).

## Other websites

- _Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, concerning Latin honors §15, in German_
Bugzilla

**Bugzilla** is an internet software for recording bug reports. It is coded in CGI and is used by many programmers. It is free for everyone to use without having to pay any money.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Bugzilla on Wikimedia

## Infobox (software)

- **title**: Bugzilla
- **logo**: Bugzilla logo (2022).svg
- **logo caption**: **Buggie**, Mascot of _Bugzilla_.
- **screenshot**: BugzillaScreenshot.png
- **author**: Terry Weissman
- **developer**: Gervase Markham
Mozilla Foundation
- **programming language**: Perl
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **language**: [http://www.bugzilla.org/download/#localizations Multiple languages]
- **genre**: Bug tracking system
- **license**: Mozilla Public License
How It's Made

***How It's Made*** () is a half-hour documentary-style science show. It shows 3-4 everyday items being made. It is shown on the Discovery Channel.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Howitsmade.jpg
- **genre**: Documentary
- **creator**: Gabriel Hoss
- **country**: Canada
- **runtime**: 24 minutes (w/o ads)
 30 minutes (w/ ads)
- **network**: Ztélé (Quebec)
Discovery Channel Canada
Science (TV channel), Science (United States)
- **num episodes**: 416
- **num seasons**: 32
Mount Tongariro

**Mount Tongariro** is an active volcano in the centre of North Island in New Zealand. It has 12 volcanic cones on top of its mountain. It has erupted over 70 times in the last few years. Mount Tongariro is  tall.
FreeRice

***FreeRice*** is a non-profit organization that donates rice to the hungry people around the world. Players choose an answer from a multiple-choice question. As the player gets more right answers, they advance in level. The highest level depends on the subject.

## Donation

In 2008, FreeRice became economically sufficient to donate 20 grains of rice per answer instead of 10. Unfortunately, the economic landslide of 2009 reduced the grains per answer back down to 10.

## Other websites

- Official Site

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Freerice
- **logo**: FreeRice logo.png
- **caption**: Typical screenshot of the game, showing how much rice has been  donated
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: Click-to-donate site
- **current status**: Active
- **owner**: World Food Programme, The World Food Programme
- **author**: John Breen
- **location**: Rome, Italy
Caesalpinioideae

**Caesalpinioideae** is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae. Members of this family usually have zygomorphic flowers.

Some classification systems, for example the Cronquist system, treat Fabaceae in a narrow sense, raising Mimosoideae to the rank of family as Caesalpiniaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group treats Fabaceae in the broad sense.
Haptic technology

**Haptic technology** or **haptics** is a tactile feedback technology. It makes vibrations and movements which can make people think that there is a real object when there is not. They are used to look into the sense of touch. Some video games use this to make it seem more real.

## Origin of haptic

The word Haptic comes from the Greek Haphe, meaning "pertaining to the sense of touch", and comes from the Greek word haptesthai meaning "to contact” or “to touch”.

## Definition of haptic

Existing computer technology to the human and computer information exchange has been used mainly audio-visual information. However, the user through the virtual reality want to be more specific and realistic information, and is designed to feel the passing touch and force haptic technology.

## Field of haptic

Haptis are divided into the 'force feedback' and 'tactile feedback'

## Force feedback

'Force feedback' is the technology that user to feel the power and movements.
For example, the park that are dynamic in the movie in the film as a moving screen, move the chair forward speed and sense of the conflict that their audience will feel like scenes. This is an example haeptikseuui using force feedback.

## Tactile feedback

'Tactile feedback' place in the field of medicine that is used a lot. On a computer screen and watch the virtual 3-dimensional anatomical structure of the patient directly to the affected part of the 3-D video in real-time sisulhal a notice on your computer screen. And the compressed air and electrical machinery, such as moving suyonggi using a small pin and, in fact, feels like touching the skin and is passed to implement the reality of the situation is almost similar to the environment.

## Future of haptic

In the future, the output of the computer device used to monitor, speakers, as well as standard haptic devices is expected to go. In addition, the leisure industry, with the 21st century haptic technology has many economical potential, haptic technology for the study will be very active.
Michael Portillo

**Michael Denzil Xavier Portillo** (born 26 May 1953) is a British television presenter and former Conservative Party politician.

Michael Portillo was born in Bushey, Hertfordshire, to a Scottish mother and Spanish father.

Portillo first became a Member of Parliament (MP) in a by-election in 1984, representing the constituency of Enfield Southgate. He very much liked Margaret Thatchers policies and was quite Eurosceptic, meaning that he was against the European Union. He became a cabinet member in 1992, holding the following positions: Chief Secretary to the Treasury (April 1992 - July 1994), Secretary of State for Employment (July 1994 - July 1995) and Defence Secretary (July 1995 - May 1997). Many people thought he would try to become the leader of the Conservative Party in 1995 but he chose to stay loyal to John Major. At the 1997 General Election, Portillo lost his seat in the House of Commons to the Labour Party.

Portillo returned to the House of Commons after winning a by-election in 1999 for the constituency of Kensington and Chelsea. He then started to re-think many of his ideas and began to argue for a more socially liberal Conservative Party. He became the Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer in February 2000 but he did not have a good relationship with party leader William Hague. He was a candidate in the 2001 Conservative Party leadership contest; he lost to Iain Duncan Smith. Portillo left the House of Commons at the 2005 General Election and has since hosted several television and radio programmes.
Pontifex Maximus

The **Pontifex Maximus** was the high priest of the Roman Republic and Empire. The words meant 'greatest bridge-builder'. It was a religious post under the Roman Republic, and a mostly ceremonial post under the Roman Empire. The term was later used in the Roman Catholic Church for the Pope.
Roman Senate

The **Roman Senate** was the longest-lasting institution in Ancient Rome. It began in the first years of the city, which was supposedly founded in 753 BC. It survived the Roman Kingdom (753 BC–509 BC), the Roman Republic (509 BC–27 BC), the Roman Empire (27 BC–395 AD) and the fall of the Western Roman Empire (395–476 AD).

The Senate started as an advisory council of elders. The word "senate" came from 'senex' meaning "old man". The Senate reached its peak in the middle Republic, when it was the most powerful body in Rome. The Senate lost much of its power in the first period of the Empire, known as the _Principate_.

After Diocletian, when the centre of government was moved out of Rome, the Senate became just a municipal body. The influence of the old idea lived on, and Constantine II set up a Senate in Constantinople.

## Functions

The Senate passed decrees called _senatus consultum_, which were advice from the Senate to a magistrate (senior official). They usually were obeyed in practice.

Through such advice, the Senate directed the magistrates, especially the Roman Consuls (the chief magistrates) in their handling of military conflicts.

The Senate also had power over the civil government in Rome. Only the Senate could authorize paying out public funds from the treasury. As the Roman Empire grew, the Senate also supervised the administration of the provinces, which were governed by former consuls and praetors. It decided which magistrate should govern which province.

The senators were patricians, and so members by birth, or men of lesser birth who had notable achievements. Under the early kings, the Senate numbered 100, but grew to 900, then Augustus reduced it to 600. Even so, only about 100 to 200 members were active at any given time. From time to time there were other sources of power in Rome, such as assemblies, magistrates, dictators and emperors, but the Senate always played a part.

## Other websites

- Roman Senate Citizendium

## Other reading

- Lintott, Andrew 1999. _The Constitution of the Roman Republic_. Oxford University Press. .
Zipper

_This article is about the fastening device called the_ zip.  _For information on the acronym ZIP, please see that article._
---

A **zipper** (**zip fastener** or **zip** in British English) is a device for temporarily joining two edges of fabric together.  It is widely used in clothing and other textiles.

## Description

The bulk of a zip consists of two strips of fabric tape, one permanently fixed to each of the two flaps to be joined, and each carrying tens or hundreds of specially shaped metal or plastic teeth.  Another part, the slider, which is operated by hand, rides up and down the two sets of teeth.  Inside the slider is a Y-shaped channel that pushes the opposing sets of teeth together or apart, depending on the slider's direction of travel.  The zip is usually fitted vertically in clothing so that pushing the slider from top to bottom opens it, and pushing it from bottom to top closes it. If the slider got lose then the zipper becomes non-functinal  and needs to fix it .The friction of the slider against the teeth causes a characteristic buzzing noise which is probably the origin of the name _zip_.

## History

An early device similar to the zip, 'an Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure', was patented in the USA by Elias Howe in 1851, but did not reach the market.  Whitcomb Judson patented a similar 'Clasp Locker', for fastening shoes, in 1891 or 1893, and marketed the invention through his 'Universal Fastener' company.  These two designs used hooks and eyes.  The design used today, based on interlocking teeth, was invented by an employee of Judson's, Swedish scientist Gideon Sundback, in 1913 as the 'Hookless Fastener' and patented in 1917 as the 'Separable Fastener'.  The B. F. Goodrich Company coined the name 'Zipper' in 1923, and used the device on tobacco pouches and boots.  The zip became popular for children's clothing and men's trousers in the 1920s and 1930s.  At this stage, the zip was permanently joined at one end, so could not be used to fasten jackets.
Spiraeoideae

The **Spiraeoideae** is an old name for a subfamily of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae. Until 2007, the subfamily name was used for a group of plants that are mostly shrubs (but some are herbs) and have small dry fruit. In 2007, the subfamily was made much larger, to include plants that were previously placed in subfamilies Amygdaloideae and Maloideae. In 2012, it was decided at the International Botanical Congress that the correct name for that large subfamily must be Amygdaloideae. Subfamily Amygdaloideae now includes plants with fleshy fruit including apple and plum.
Mussaurus

***Mussaurus*** (meaning "mouse lizard") was an early, plant-eating prosauropod dinosaur from the Upper Triassic, about 215 million years ago.  It was found in southern Argentina. It gets its name from the small size of the skeletons first discovered.
They were large-eyed hatchlings (babies), only 9-16 inches long (18-37 cm); these are the smallest dinosaur skeletons yet found.

However, _Mussaurus_ is now known from adult specimens. the name is something of a misnomer; adults possibly reached 3 m (10 ft) in length, and weighed . _Mussaurus_ possesses anatomical features suggesting a close, possibly transitional evolutionary relationship with true sauropods.
Afrovenator

***Afrovenator*** was a theropod dinosaur from the  Middle Jurassic of northern Africa. It was a bipedal meat-eating predator with long bladelike teeth.  Fossils have been found in Abaka, Niger in the southern Sahara desert. A nearly complete _Afrovenator_ was found in 1993. It is one of the most complete dinosaurs found in Africa so far.

The rocks where it was found were redescribed as "mid-Jurassic" after the discovery had been announced.

It is in a group of theropods which are known as the Megalosaurs.
Æsir–Vanir War

In Norse mythology, the **Æsir–Vanir War** was a war that occurred between the Æsir and the Vanir, two groups of gods. The war ultimately resulted in the unification of the two tribes into a single tribe of gods. The war is an important event in Norse mythology. The two side eventually came to a truce by spitting into a bowl; the spit was mixed, and the god Kvasir was born. Kvasir was killed by dwarves for his blood.
Delisle scale

The **Delisle scale** is a scale to measure temperature. It was introduced by French astronomer Joseph-Nicolas Delisle in 1732. Delisle used a thermometer that worked with Mercury. The unit is abbreviated "De" or "D". 0°De is equal to the boiling point of water under normal pressure. Delisle then measured the volume change of the mercury. At the start, the Delisle scale had 2400 degrees. Josias Weitbrecht recalibrated the theromometer in 1738, so that the melting point of ice was taken into account. Ice melts at 150°De.

The Deslile scale counts downwards, from the boiling point to the melting point. It was widely used in Russia in the 19th century.
Wandering albatross

The **wandering albatross** is a large seabird of the family Diomedeidae. It is also called the snowy albatross or white-winged albatross. It is the largest member of the genus _Diomedea_ (the great albatrosses) and has the largest wingspan of any living bird. It can have a wing-span of up to 11.5 feet (3.50 m).  The IUCN says it is a vulnerable species.

## Behavior

Wandering albatross live together when breeding, which they do once every two years. They are monogamous, and usually mate for life. They can live for over 50 years, and adult mortality is only 5 to 7% a year (this is very low for birds).

### Communication

They make many kinds of noises, such as screams, whistles, grunts and bill clapping. When they are looking for a mate, they spread their wings, wave their heads and tap their bills together. They feed at night on cephalopods, small fish, and crustaceans

## Other websites

- BirdLife Species Factsheet.
- Wandering Albatross videos, photos & sounds  on the Internet Bird Collection
- Holotypes of Wandering Albatross subspecies in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
- South Georgia albatross slide show
Hypobromite

**Hypobromite** is an ion. Its chemical formula is . It contains bromine in its +1 oxidation state. It is an oxidizing agent. It is similar to hypochlorite. Hypobromites are the salts of hypobromous acid. Hypobromite is a disinfectant. Some white blood cells oxidize bromide to hypobromite with peroxide and use the hypobromite to kill germs. Bromides can be added to pools along with chlorine to make hypobromite, which disinfects the pools.

Hypobromites are made by dissolving bromine in a basic solution. Hypobromite disproportionates to bromate and bromide when heated.

## Related pages

- Bromite
- Perbromate
Hypobromous acid

**Hypobromous acid** is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO. It contains hydrogen and hypobromite ions. It is a weak and unstable acid. It is similar to hypochlorous acid. It disproportionates into bromate and bromide when heated or left to dry. It is made when bromine is added to warm water. It can kill many bacteria and deodorize. It works very well when it is with hypochlorous acid.

## Related pages

- Bromous acid
- Bromic acid
- Perbromic acid
Bromous acid

**Bromous acid** is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO<sub>2</sub>. It contains hydrogen and bromite ions. It contains bromine in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

It can be made by oxidizing hypobromous acid with hypochlorous acid. It can also be made by careful disproportionation of hypobromous acid. It can also be made by reacting hypobromous acid and bromic acid. They can be used to reduce permanganates to manganates.

## Related pages

- Perbromic acid
- Hydrobromic acid
Perbromic acid

**Perbromic acid** is a chemical compound. It is an acid. Its chemical formula is HBrO<sub>4</sub>. It contains hydrogen and perbromate ions.

Perbromic acid is a very unstable acid. It easily breaks down. It can be made by reacting perbromates with an acid. It releases oxygen and turns into bromic acid. It can also totally break down, releasing bromine gas.

## Related pages

- Bromous acid
- Hypobromous acid
Bromite

**Bromite** is an ion. Its chemical formula is BrO<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>. It is made by reacting bromous acid with a base. They easily disproportionate to bromates and bromides.

## Related pages

- Perbromate
- Bromate
- Hypobromite
Perbromate

**Perbromate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is BrO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>. It contains bromine in its +7 oxidation state. It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is very unstable and turns into bromate and oxygen easily. It was first made by decay of a radioactive selenate. Later it was gotten by electrolysis of a bromate. It can also be made by oxidation of bromate with fluorine or xenon difluoride.

## Related pages

- Bromite
- Hypobromite
Bromate

**Bromate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is BrO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>. It contains bromine in its +5 oxidation state. It is more common than hypobromites, perbromates, and bromites. Sodium bromate is an example. Bromates are strong oxidizing agents.

Bromates are made by reacting bromides with ozone. They can also be made by electrolysis of a hot bromide solution. Chlorine dioxide can react with bromide when in sunlight to make bromate. Bromates can be made by reacting potassium hydroxide with bromine. This makes bromide and bromate. Bromates can be made by reacting bromic acid with a base.

It might be a carcinogen. It is made when bromide is in water and reacted with ozone or chlorine. Sometimes water with too much bromate has to be gotten rid of.

## Related pages

- Bromous acid
Pablo Ruiz (singer)

**Pablo Maximiliano Miguel Coronel Vidoz**, also known as **Pablito Ruiz** and **Pablo Ruiz**, born on 4 May 1975 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, is an Argentine singer, actor and dancer. His musical career began at age 10.

### Studio albums

- _Pablo Ruiz_ (released 1985)
- _Un ángel_ (1988)
- _Océano_ (1989)
- _Espejos azules_ (1990)
- _Irresistible_ (1992)
- _60/90_ (1994)
- _Aire_ (1997)
- _Was it something that I didn't say?_ (1999)
- _Jamás_ (2001)
- _Necesito tus besos_ (2003)
- _Demasiado tarde_ (2005)
- _Renacer_ (2009)

## Other websites

Official Website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Pablo Ruiz
- **alt**: 150px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Pablo Maximiliano Miguel Coronel Vidoz
- **alias**: Pablito Ruiz
- **birth place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Romantic music, romantic, Dance-pop, dance
- **occupation**: Actor, dancer
- **years active**: 1985 – present
- **label**: Capitol Records
Constructivism

**Constructivism** was an artistic and architectural movement that originated in Russia from 1913 by Vladimir Tatlin onward which rejected the idea of _art for art's sake_ in favour of art for social purposes. It heavily influenced graphic and industrial designers.

Constructivism as an active force lasted until around 1934, having a great deal of effect on the art of the Weimar Republic and elsewhere, before being replaced by Socialist Realism. Its motifs have sporadically recurred in other art movements since.
Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen

**Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen** is the German title of “the medicinal plants of Kohler” - the atlas of medicinal plants with the illustrations and the brief explanations, one of the most known reference books on the medicinal plants of the end of the 19th Century.

Complete title of atlas in the German language - “Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen naturgetreuen Abbildungen mit kurz erläuterndem Texte. Atlas zur pharmacopoea germanica, austriaca, belgica, danica, helvetica, hungarica, rossica, suecica, Neerlandica, British pharmacopoeia, zum Codex medicamentarius, sowie zur Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America”.

The three-volume publication was published by the publishing house Franz Kohler (Ger. Franz Eugen Köhler) “Gera-Untermhaus” at Gero in 1887.

In three volumes of atlas containing a four hundred colored botanical illustrations of medicinal plants. Together with the images of plants, the atlas includes detailed botanical descriptions and information about the medical effectiveness of these plants (Herbalism). High-quality chromolithographies accurately transfer to the component of plants and reflect the characteristic features of the corresponding forms. It is considered that this book - better meets the botanical illustrations of medicinal plants.

The publisher of reference book Franz Koehler was not the author or the illustrator of this work. Artist- illustrators - Müeller C.F. Schmidt, lithograph - K. Gunther. The first two volumes of publication were prepared with the participation of German botanist Gustav Pabst.

The fourth volume, initially outlined for the release, never was published. Later in the USA was published the analogous book, they sometimes identify it with the fourth volume.

## Other websites

- Alphabetical list
Computer rage

**Computer rage** is a heightened physiological response with associated feelings of anger and frustration resulting from using a computer or other complex electronic device.
It may result in the physical assault of the computer or similar item, possibly leading to the device incurring more damage than it had before.

## Manifestation and causes

Computer rage may manifest itself in verbal abuse and occasionally physical violence towards the object, in some cases violent actions towards the hardware itself, usually either thumping the keyboard, shaking the monitor or banging the mouse on the table/desk. In online interactions, enraged persons may flame and abuse other users, shouting at them through headsets, sending rude messages, or rage quit (exiting a game prematurely out of anger).

Computer rage may be caused by distress due to a hardware or software problem which the enraged person is unable to correct. Persons may bang or kick the computer in an attempt to get it to function normally, though this action carries the distinct risk of destroying the computer's hard disk drive via a head crash. Another common occurrence of computer rage is whilst playing computer games, mainly first-person shooters and mmorpgs. Computer rage is normally induced when a gamer either fails an objective or is killed repeatedly.

Tech support personnel and systems administrators may be subjected to customer's anger at a malfunctioning system, commonly including the aforementioned verbal abuse.

## Related pages

- Air rage
- Mouse rage
- Road rage
- Technostress
- Trolley rage
- Wrap rage

## Other websites

- www.computer-rage.org  by Kent Norman
- Survey on Computer Rage  by the Laboratory for Automation Psychology
Interhalogen

An **interhalogen** is a chemical compound. It is made by two halogens reacting with each other. Normally interhalogens are quite toxic and reactive. An example would be chlorine trifluoride or bromine monochloride.

## Uses

Interhalogens are strong oxidizers. They are also used to add halogen atoms to other molecules (halogenation).
Chlorine trifluoride

**Chlorine trifluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ClF<sub>3</sub>. It contains chlorine and fluoride ions. The chlorine is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Chlorine trifluoride is a colorless gas, but it can be compressed to a light yellow liquid. Chlorine trifluoride is normally sold compressed. It is an interhalogen, and is very reactive. It can burn plastics, sand, skin, hydrogen sulfide, metals, phosphorus, and sulfur. Since it is a much stronger oxidizing agent than oxygen, it can burn things that normally can't burn, like concrete or sand. It reacts with water very violently to make hydrofluoric acid and hydrochloric acid. It can ignite glass after being in it for a while.

## Preparation

Chlorine trifluoride is made by reacting chlorine with fluorine. This makes other chlorine fluorides which have to be taken out.

## Uses

Chlorine trifluoride is used to make uranium hexafluoride by reacting it with uranium metal. It was looked at as a rocket propellant. It was also looked at as a poison gas. It is too difficult to make and store, though. Chlorine trifluoride can be used to clean areas where semiconductors are made.

## Safety

Chlorine trifluoride is extremely toxic and dangerous. It is one of the most dangerous chemicals there is. It can catch many things on fire, including things that are usually non-flammable, such as asbestos, concrete, and glass. The fires are almost impossible to put out. It reacts with most things.

## Related pages

Chlorine pentafluoride
Chlorine monofluoride
Chlorine dioxide
Bromine trifluoride
Iodine trifluoride.
Nick Young

**Nick Young** (born June 1, 1985 in Los Angeles, California) is an American basketball player that currently plays for the Denver Nuggets of the NBA. He was selected by the Washington Wizards with the 16th pick in the 1st round of the 2007 NBA draft. Young played four seasons with the Wizards before being traded to the Los Angeles Clippers for a future second-round pick on March 15th, 2012. He went to University of Southern California for college and played basketball with the USC Trojans.

## Other websites

- Nick Young's NBA profile
Evil empire

The "Evil Empire" is a term which was used by the US president Ronald Reagan (1911-2004). It is a synonym for the Soviet Empire, which consists of the "republics" of the Soviet Union and the "Council for Mutual Economic Assistance" (Comecon). Members of this "council" were satellite states, which where formally independent, but always controlled into the right direction by the Soviet Union with military, if they considered it as necessary.

The first known usage of the term "Evil Empire" was in one of Reagan's speeches at 1983. He proposes to continue the endless war between good and evil. This emphasizes that you need both sides to agree for an nuclear freeze. If only the US reduced their nuclear weapons, it "would be a very dangerous fraud, for that is merely the illusion of peace". In contrast to this illusion he stands for the reality. This means for him "peace through strength".

## Online source

- "President Reagan's Speech Before the National Association of Evangelicals," The Reagan Information Page, March 8, 1983.
Containment

The policy of **containment** was a diplomatic strategy of the United States to prevent the spread of the communism during the Cold War. Economic support should bind countries to the United States. This was a counteraction against the new Soviet sphere of influence.

In March 1947 the US president Harry Truman (1884-1972) announced support for countries which were threatened by military force. This speech is called "Truman Doctrine" nowadays. In detail, he promised support for Greece and Turkey against the Soviet Union.

The most important part of the policy of containment was the "European Recovery Program" (1948), also known as "Marshall Plan", which should boost the European economy after the destruction in the Second World War using—most important—money, successful American economic models, and less European trade barriers.
Lower Austria

**Lower Austria** (German: _Niederösterreich_, <small>East Central Austro-Bavarian:</small> _Niedaestareich_) is a state of Austria. It is in the northeast of the country. It is the biggest state by area, the second biggest by population, and also the historical core of Austria.

Nearly 1.7 million people are living in Lower Austria on an area of about 19,000 km².

Sankt Pölten has been the capital since 1986, before this was Vienna. Sankt Pölten is also the biggest city of the state, followed by Wiener Neustadt.

It borders to the following other states of Austria: in the west to Upper Austria, in the south to Styria, and in the southeast to Burgenland. The city/state of Vienna lies in the middle of Lower Austria.

It has also borders with other countries: in the north the Czech Republic and in the east Slovakia.

The Danube River flows through Lower Austria, dividing the state in a northern part (the regions of _Waldviertel_ and _Weinviertel_) and a southern part (the regions of _Mostviertel_ and _Industrieviertel_). These regions are divided into 21 districts and contain 573 towns.

The northern part has many hills. Those in the Waldviertel belong to the ridge of Manhartsberg (part of the Bohemian Massif), and those in the Weinviertel are spurs of the Carpathian Mountains.<br/ >
The southern part is more mountainous with spurs of the Alps, like the Styrian-Lower Austrian Limestone Alps and the Vienna Woods (_Wienerwald_). Highest summit is the Schneeberg at 2,076 m.

Lower Austria is very rural, 42% is agricultural and 40% is wooded. Winegrowing can especially be found in the areas/regions of Wachau, Weinviertel and Thermenregion.

About 80% of the population is Roman Catholic.

## Politics

Seats taken in the Lower Austrian Parliament (56) since the elections of 2013:
- ÖVP - 30
- SPÖ - 13
- Team Stronach - 5
- FPÖ - 4
- GRÜNE - 4

Lower Austria is governed by a coalition of ÖVP and SPÖ. Governor has been Johanna Mikl-Leitner (ÖVP) since April 2017.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Lower Austria
- **native name**: Niederösterreich
- **native name lang**: de, bar
- **settlement type**: States of Austria, State of Austria
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Lower_Austria.svg
- **flag size**: 120px
- **image shield**: Niederösterreich CoA.svg
- **shield size**: 60px
- **image map**: Niederösterreich in Austria.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Sankt Pölten
- **leader party**: ÖVP
- **leader title**: Landeshauptmann, Governor
- **leader name**: Johanna Mikl-Leitner
- **area total km2**: 19186.27
- **population total**: 1653419
- **population as of**: 1 January 2016
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **blank1 name sec2**: Federal Council of Austria, Votes in Bundesrat
- **blank1 info sec2**: 12 (of 62)
- **blank name sec2**: First level NUTS of the European Union#Austria, NUTS Region
- **blank info sec2**: AT1
- **iso code**: AT-3
- **website**: [http://www.noe.gv.at/ www.noe.gv.at]
Tsonga language

**Tsonga** is a language of Bantu origin spoken primarily in South Africa and Mozambique. It is also known as Changana or Xangana.

## Text example

The **Lord's Prayer** written in Tsonga:

- Tata wa hina la nge matilweni,
- vito ra wena a ri hlawuleke;
- a ku te ku fuma ka wena;
- ku rhandza ka wena a ku endliwe misaveni,
- tanihi loko ku endliwa tilweni.
- U hi nyika namuntlha vuswa bya hina bya siku rin'wana ni rin'wana;
- u hi rivalela swidyoho swa hina,
- tanihi loko na hina hi rivalela lava hi dyohelaka;
- u nga hi yisi emiringweni,
- kambe u hi ponisa eka Lowo biha,
- Amen.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Tsonga
- **altname**: Changana
- **nativename**: _Xitsonga_
- **states**: Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zimbabwe
- **region**: Limpopo Province, Limpopo, Mpumalanga
- **speakers**: 3.7 million
- **date**: 2006
- **familycolor**: Niger-Congo
- **fam2**: Atlantic–Congo languages, Atlantic–Congo
- **fam3**: Benue–Congo languages, Benue–Congo
- **fam4**: Bantoid languages, Bantoid
- **fam5**: Southern Bantoid languages, Southern Bantoid
- **fam6**: Bantu languages, Bantu
- **fam7**: Southern Bantu
- **fam8**: Tswa–Ronga languages, Tswa–Ronga?
- **iso1**: ts
- **iso2**: tso
- **iso3**: tso
- **lingua**: [http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUT-dc 99-AUT-dc] incl. varieties 99-AUT-dca...
-dcg
- **guthrie**: S.53 (S.52)
Werner Faymann

**Werner Faymann** (born 4 May 1960 in Vienna) is an Austrian politician. He belongs to the Social Democratic Party of Austria.

He was transport, innovation and technology minister from 2007 to 2008.

His party won the elections of the National Assembly in 2008. As a result he was the Federal Chancellor of Austria from 2008 to 2016. He was succeeded by Christian Kern.

## Other websites

- Homepage of the Austrian Chancellor
Social Democratic and Labour Party

The **Social Democratic and Labour Party** or **SDLP** is a centre-left political party in Northern Ireland. Its policies promote social democracy and the idea that Northern Ireland should leave the United Kingdom and join with the Republic of Ireland. Its leader is Colum Eastwood and currently it has none of the Northern Ireland seats in the UK parliament, however it has 8 out of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly making it the 5th largest party in the assembly .

The party rejected violence during the Troubles and was the most successful nationalist party during the 1980s and 1990s.

## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 2
- 18


## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 7
- 90


## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 59
- 462


## Infobox (political party)

- **country**: Northern Ireland
- **name**: Social Democratic and Labour Party
- **native name**: Páirtí Sóisialta Daonlathach an Lucht Oibre
- **abbreviation**: SDLP
- **logo**:
- **leader**: Colum Eastwood Member of parliament, MP
- **chairman**: Joe Byrne (politician), Joe Byrne Member of the Legislative Assembly (Northern Ireland), MLA
- **foundation**: 1970
- **ideology**: Social democracy,
United Ireland,
Irish nationalism
- **position**: Centre-left
- **international**: Socialist International
- **european**: Party of European Socialists
- **youth wing**: SDLP Youth
- **wing1 title**: Women's wing
- **wing1**: SDLP Women's Group
- **colours**: Green, Red, Yellow
- **website**: [http://www.sdlp.ie www.sdlp.ie]
- **seats1 title**: House of Commons of the United Kingdom, Northern Irish seats in the House of Commons
- **seats2 title**: Northern Ireland Assembly
- **seats3 title**: Local government in Northern Ireland
The Final Frontier

***The Final Frontier*** is an album by Iron Maiden.  It was announced on 4 March 2010, along a concert tour.

It was recorded in The Bahamas and produced by Kevin Shirley. The album began being sold on 17 August 2010.

It sold very well, being the most popular album in 21 countries when it went on sale, as well as being one of the top five most popular albums in eight other countries.

## Musicians

- Bruce Dickinson - vocals
- Janick Gers - guitar
- Steve Harris - bass guitar
- Nicko McBrain - percussion
- Dave Murray - guitar
- Adrian Smith - guitar

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Final Frontier
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Iron Maiden
- **released**: 13 August 2010
- **recorded**: 11 January – 12 February 2010
Compass Point Studios
<small>(Nassau, Bahamas)</small>
17 February –  1 March 2010
The Cave Studios
<small>(Malibu, California)</small>
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **label**: EMI
Universal Music Enterprises, UME, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony (United States)
- **producer**: Kevin Shirley, Steve Harris (musician), Steve Harris
- **chronology**: Iron Maiden studio albums
- **prev title**: A Matter of Life and Death (album), A Matter of Life and Death
(2006)
- **next title**: The Book of Souls
(2015)
Windows Narrator

***Windows Narrator*** is a tool for the visually impaired. The user has four options to customize their  experience.

## Purpose

The tool reads text, message boxes, and mimics user typing. The voice, pitch, and speed can all be tailored to the user's preferences.

## Related pages

- Narrator
- Microsoft Windows Speech Recognition

## Other websites

- Windows Official Site
Sunny (Korean singer)

**Sunny** (born **Susan Soonkyu Lee** on May 15, 1989) is an American singer based in South Korea. She is also a radio DJ, music show host, and member of the Korean girl group Girls' Generation and of its sub-unit Girls' Generation-Oh!GG under the label SM Entertainment.

￼She has white hair

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sunny
- **img**: 220728 소녀시대 써니 Sunny (cropped).jpg
- **img capt**: Sunny in 2022
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Lee Soon-Kyu (이순규)
- **alias**: Sunny
- **birth place**: Orange, California, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: K-Pop
- **occupation**: Singer, Presenter, TV hostess,
radio jockey
- **years active**: 2007 – present
- **label**: SM Entertainment
- **associated acts**: Girls' Generation
SM Town


## Infobox (korean name)

- **title**: Korean name
- **color**: khaki
- **hangul**: 써니
- **rr**: Sseoni
- **mr**: Ssŏni
- **hangulborn**: 이순규
- **rrborn**: I Sun-gyu
- **mrborn**: Yi Sun-gyu