juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Jessica Chastain

**Jessica Michelle Chastain** (born March 24, 1977) is an American actress. She is ranked as one of the _Time_ 100 most influential people in 2012.

## Filmography

- _Dark Shadows_ (2004) - Carolyn Stoddard <small>Television series</small>
- _Blackbeard_ (2006) - Charlotte Ormand <small>Television series</small>
- _Jolene_ (2008) - Jolene
- _Stolen_ (2009) - Sally Ann
- _Murder on the Orient Express_ (2010) - Mary Debenham <small>Television series</small>
- _The Debt_ (2010) - Rachel Singer (young)
- _Take Shelter_ (2011) - Samantha LaForche
- _Coriolanus_ (2011) - Virgilia
- _The Tree of Life_ (2011) - Mrs. O'Brien
- _The Help_ (2011) - Celia Foote
- _Wilde Salome_ (2011) - Salome
- _Texas Killing Fields_ (2011) - Pam Stall
- _Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted_ (2012) - Voice of Gia
- _Lawless_ (2012) - Maggie
- _Tar_ (2012) - Mrs. Williams
- _Zero Dark Thirty_ (2012) - Maya
- _Mama_ (2013) - Annabel
- _Interstellar_ (2014) - Murphy Cooper
- _It – Chapter Two_ (2019) - Adult Beverly Marsh

## Personal life

Chastain married Gian Luca Passi de Preposulo in 2017. They have a daughter.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jessica Chastain
- **image**: Jessica Chastain Cannes 2, 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Chastain in May 2012
- **birth name**: Jessica Michelle Chastain
- **birth place**: Sacramento, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **years active**: 2012–present
Juei

was a  after _Yōwa_ and before _Genryaku._  This period started in May 1182 and ended in March 1184.  The reigning emperors were Antoku_-tennō_ (安徳天皇) and .

## Events of the _Juei_ era

- **1182** (_Juei 1_): The entire country suffers a famine.
- **14 August 1183** (_Juei 2, 25th day of 7th month_): the Taira (also known as the Heike)  flee the capital with Emperor Antoku.
- **8 September 1183** (_Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month_): In the 3rd year of Antoku's reign, former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa named another emperor; and the young child was given the acceptance of abdication rites (_juzen_). Go-Shirakawa wanted it to look like the succession (_senso_) was received by someone other than Antoku; and soon after, Emperor Go-Toba is said to have accepted the responsibility and powers of the emperor (_sokui_).   Emperor Go-Toba is enthroned without the imperial regalia.
- **1183** (_Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month_): When Go-Toba is proclaimed emperor by the Genji, there were two emperors  one living in Heian-kyō and another in flight towards the south.

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Juei|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Gregorian|1182|1183|1184|
Genryaku

was a  after _Juei_ and before _Bunji._  This period started in April 1184 and ended in August 1185.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Genryaku_ era

- **25 April 1185** (_Genryaku 2, 24th day of the 3rd month_): the Taira (also known as the Heike) and the Minamoto clashed in the Battle of Dan-no-ura; and the Heike are defeated.  Antoku drowned at Dan-no-ura.
- **6 August 1185** (_Genryaku 2, 9th day of the 7th month_): Great earthquake in Kyoto and in the Kinai region.

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Genryaku|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Gregorian|1184|1185|
Bunji (era)

was a  after _Genryaku_ and before _Kenkyū._  This period started in August 1185 and ended in April 1190. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Bunji_ era

- **22 December 1185** (_Bunji 1, 29th day of the 11th month_): The court formally approves the shogonate government at Kamakura in the Kantō region.
- **1186** (_Bunji 2, 4th month_): Go-Shirakawa visits the widow of Emperor Takakura (Kenrei-mon In) at her humble retreat in Ohara.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Bunji|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1185|1186|1187|1188|1189|1190|
Rush Hour (movie)

***Rush Hour*** is a 1998 American movie by New Line Cinema. Starring;   Jackie Chan, Chris Tucker, Ken Leung

It was followed by the sequel movies, _Rush Hour 2_ (2001) and _Rush Hour 3_ (2007).

## Cast

- Jackie Chan as Inspector Yan Niang Lee
- Chris Tucker as Detective James Carter
- Julia Hsu as Soo-Yung
- Phillip Baker Hall as Captain Bill Diel
- Tom Wilkinson as Griffin / Juntao
- Ken Leung as Sang
- Chris Penn as Clive Cod

## Jackie Chan Stunt Team

- Kwan Yung
- Mars
- William Tuan
- Johnny Cheung
- Ken Lo
- Andy Cheng
- Nicky Li
- Chan Man Ching
- Stuart Yee
- James Lew

## Sequel

- _Rush Hour 2_ (2001)
- _Rush Hour 3_ (2007)
Kenkyū

was a  after _Bunji_ and before _Shōji._  This period started in April 1190 and ended in April 1199. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Kenkyū_ era

- **1191** (_Kenkyū 2_): Esai brings Zen Buddhism to Japan
- **26 April 1192** (_Kenkyū 3, 13th day of the 3rd month_): Former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa died at the age of 66.  He had been father or grandfather to five emperors -- Emperor Nijō, the 78th emperor; Emperor Rokujō, the 79th emperor; Emperor Takakura, the 80th emperor; Emperor Antoku, the 81st emperor; and Go-Toba, the 82nd emperor.
- **21 August 1192** (_Kenkyū 3, 12th day of the 7th month_): Minamoto Yoritomo was named leader of the forces to fight the in the north of Japan.
- **15 April 1195** (_Kenkyū 6, 4th day of the 3rd month_): Shogun Yoritomo visited the capital.
- **18 February 1198** (_Kenkyū 9, 11th day of the 1st month_): In the 15th year of Go-Toba's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (_senso_) was received by his eldest son.
- **1198** (_Kenkyū 9, 3rd month_): Emperor Tsuchimikado accepted his official role as emperor (_sokui_).
- **9 February 1199** (_Kenkyū 10, 13th day of the 1st month_): Shogun Yoritomo died at age 53 in Kamakura.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kenkyū|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1190|1191|1192|1193|1194|1195|1196|1197|1198|1199|
2112 (album)

***2112*** is the fourth studio album released by the Canadian progressive rock band Rush. The album was released in 1976.

The album is most famous for its song 2112, which has the same name as the album. It is a seven-part epic that lasts about twenty minutes. It tells the story of a man living in a dystopian society in the year 2112. The first song takes up the entire first side of the album, while the second side featured a few more songs.

## Track listing

All lyrics by Neil Peart and music by Geddy Lee and Alex Lifeson, except where noted.
- Side one
1. "2112" – 20:38
    - I: "Overture" – 4:33 (_0:00—4:33_)
    - II: "The Temples of Syrinx" – 2:12 (_4:33—6:45_)
    - III: "Discovery" (music: Lifeson) – 3:29 (_6:45—10:14_)
    - IV: "Presentation" (music: Lifeson) – 3:42 (_10:14—13:56_)
    - V: "Oracle: The Dream" – 2:00 (_13:56—15:56_)
    - VI: "Soliloquy" – 2:21 (_15:56—18:17_)
    - VII: "Grand Finale" – 2:14 (_18:17—20:33_)
- Side two
1. "A Passage to Bangkok" – 3:34
1. "The Twilight Zone" – 3:19
1. "Lessons" (Lifeson) – 3:53
1. "Tears" (Lee) – 3:35
1. "Something for Nothing" (music: Lee) – 4:00

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: 2112
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Rush (band), Rush
- **released**: April 1, 1976
- **recorded**: February 1976 at Toronto Sound Studios, Toronto
- **genre**: Progressive rock, hard rock
- **length**: 38:44
- **label**: Anthem Records, Anthem (Canada)
Atlantic Records, Atlantic (Japan)
Epic Records, Epic/Sony (Japan)
Mercury Records, Mercury
- **producer**: Rush, Terry Brown (record producer), Terry Brown
- **prev title**: Caress of Steel
(1975)
- **next title**: All the World's a Stage (album), All the World's a Stage
(1976)
Shōji (era)

was a  after _Kenkyū_ and before _Kennin._  This period started in April 1199 and ended in February 1201. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Shōji_ era

- **29 January 1199** (_Shōji 2, 12th day of the 2nd month_): Oyama Tomomasa was appointed to the governor of Harima Province and governor of Kyoto.
- **1200** (_Shōji 2, 10th month_): Hōjō Tokimasa was created daimyo of Ōmi Province.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Shōji|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1199|1200|1201|
Kennin

was a  after _Shōji_ and before _Genkyū._  This period started in February 1201 and ended in February 1204. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Kennin_ era

- **1202** (_Kennin 2, 1st month_): Nitta Yoshishige died.  He was the deputy director for cuisine for the Dairi (大炊助) in the palace.  His court rank was 2nd rank of the 5th class (従五位下).
- **1202** (_Kennin 2, 7th month_): Minamoto no Yoriie was raised to the 2nd rank of the 2nd class; and he was named the 2nd shogun of the Kamakura shogunate.
- **1202** (_Kennin 2, 10th month_):  The _naidaijin_ Minamoto no Michichika died at 54;  and his court position was then filled by _dainagon_ Fujiwara no Takatada.
- **1202** (_Kennin 2_): On orders from Shogun Minamoto no Yoriie, the monk Eisai founded Kennin-ji, a Zen temple and monastery.
- **1203** (_Kennin 3, 8th month_): Shogun Yoriie fell gravely ill.
- **1203** (_Kennin 3, 9th month_): Yoriie shaved his head and became a Buddhist priest; and the emperor named Minamoto no Sanetomo as the 3rd shogun.Hōjō Tokimasa became Sanetomo's _shikken_ (regent).

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kennin|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1201|1202|1203|1204|
Spectacled caiman

The **spectacled caiman** (_Caiman crocodilus_), or the **common caiman**, is a medium sized crocodilian species that lives in the wetland areas of South America. This size of this species generally can get up to between . The spectacled caiman gets its name from the bony ridge between its eyes, looking like a pair of eyeglasses. As the seasons get colder, this caiman can change colors. Spectacled caimans have been known to eat insects, crustaceans, and mollusks.

## In captivity

According to ISIS, there are known to be 170 spectacled caimans in zoos.
Coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda

**The coat of arms of Antigua and Barbuda** was made in 1966 by Gordon Christopher.  It is similar to the Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.  The symbolism is more complex.

At the top of the Coat of Arms is a pineapple.  The island is famous for this fruit.  Many plants are around the shield: red hibiscus, sugarcane, and yucca plant.  The pair of deer are for the wildlife of the islands.

The shield shows the sun, also found on the flag, rising from a blue and white sea. The sun is for a new beginning. The black background is for the African origins of many of the nations's people. At the bottom of the shield, in front of the sea, sits a sugar mill.

The national motto is at the bottom: "Each endeavouring, all achieving".
Saint George Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

**Saint George** is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda.  It is on the island of Antigua.

V.C. Bird International Airport is in Saint George Parish. The head office of LIAT is on the airport grounds.
Saint John Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

**Saint John** is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. It has the capital city, St. John's.
Saint Mary Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

**Saint Mary** is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is Bolands.
Saint Paul Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

**Saint Paul** is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. Fort Berkeley is located in Nelson’s Dockyard National Park.
Saint Peter Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

**Saint Peter** is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is Parham. It includes Guiana Island and Great Bird Island. The parish is home to Betty's Hope Sugar Plantation, a popular historic site.
Saint Philip Parish, Antigua and Barbuda

**Saint Philip** is a parish of Antigua and Barbuda on the island of Antigua. The capital is the town of Carlisle.
Fortune

**Fortune** may refer to:

- Luck, a chance happening, something which happens beyond a person's control
- Wealth, a collection of items of economic value
- Prophecy, the prediction of future events
    - Fortune, the predictions made in the process of fortune-telling
    - Fortune, the printed slip of text contained in a fortune cookie
- Fortune, an alternative spelling for the Roman goddess Fortuna
- Fortune (magazine), a magazine created in 1929
Redonda

**Redonda** is a very small Caribbean island.  It is part of Antigua and Barbuda,.  No people live here.

This small island is  southwest of Antigua.  It is between the islands of Nevis and Montserrat.

Redonda seems like one very large rock. It is what is left of an ancient volcanic core.  The land rises very steeply from sea level, mostly as sheer cliffs. There is no source of freshwater except rain. The only animals that live here are seabirds and a herd of feral goats.  The goats live on the poor grazing on top of the island.

## History

Christopher Columbus found Redonda in 1493 on his second journey. He said the island belonged to Spain. He named the island _Santa María la Redonda_, meaning Saint Mary the Round.  The island looks round when viewed from the side. In the 1860s, the island became a British possession.
Fortune cookie

A **fortune cookie** is a sugary cookie usually made from flour, sugar, vanilla, and oil with a short message or "fortune" inside.  The cookie was made popular by Makoto Hagiwara who was a Japanese immigrant who ran the Japanese Tea Garden At San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park in the 1890s.

The "fortune" is a piece of paper with words of wisdom or prophecy. The message may also include a Chinese phrase with translation or a list of lucky numbers.
Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda

Antigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth realm. King Charles III is the reigning monarch since September 8, 2022. He is Antigua and Barbuda's head of state.

Many of the jobs of the government are done by the Governor-General.
The Reader

***The Reader*** is a 2008 German-American romantic drama movie. It stars Ralph Fiennes as Michael Berg and Kate Winslet as Hanna Schmitz. It was directed by Stephen Daldry, produced by Anthony Minghella and Sydney Pollack and written by David Hare. It is based on a 1995 German novel. _The Reader_ was nominated for many Academy Awards, including a Best Picture nomination. Winslet won an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role.
Rachel Getting Married

***Rachel Getting Married*** is a 2008 American drama movie about a drug addict attending her sister's wedding. Anne Hathaway stars. This drama got limited released on 3 October, 2008.

## Awards and nominations

|colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Awards||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Academy Awards**|Best Actress|Anne Hathaway|||
|**Austin Film Critics Association**|Best Actress|Anne Hathaway|||
|rowspan=2|**Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards**|Best Actress|Anne Hathaway||
|Best Cast|Acting Ensemble||||
|rowspan=4|**Chicago Film Critics Association Awards**|Best Actress|Anne Hathaway||
|Best Supporting Actor|Bill Irwin||||
|Best Supporting Actress|Rosemarie DeWitt||||
|Best Original Screenplay|Jenny Lumet||||
|**Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards**|Best Actress|Anne Hathaway|||
|rowspan=4|**Detroit Film Critics Society**|Best Actress|Anne Hathaway||
|Best Supporting Actress|Rosemarie DeWitt||||
|Best Ensemble|||||
|Best Newcomer|Rosemarie DeWitt||||
|rowspan=2|**EDA Annual Achievement Awards**|Best Ensemble Cast|||
|Best Woman Screenwriter|Jenny Lumet||||
|**Golden Globe Awards**|Best Actress—Drama|Anne Hathaway|||
|rowspan=2|**Gotham Awards**|Breakthrough Actor|Rosemarie DeWitt||
|Best Ensemble Cast|Anne Hathaway, Rosemarie DeWitt, Bill Irwin Tunde Adebimpe, Anna Deavere Smith Anisa George, Debra Winger||||
|**Houston Film Critics Society**|Best Actress|Anne Hathaway|||
|rowspan=6|**Independent Spirit Awards**|Best Film|||
|Best Director|Jonathan Demme||||
|Best First Screenplay|Jenny Lumet||||
|Best Lead Female|Anne Hathaway||||
|Best Supporting Female|Rosemarie DeWitt||||
|Best Supporting Female|Debra Winger||||
|**National Board of Review Awards**|Best Actress|Anne Hathaway|||
|**New York Film Critics Circle Awards**|Best Screenplay|Jenny Lumet|||
|**Palm Springs International Film Festival**|Desert Palms Achievement Award for Best Actress|Anne Hathaway|||
|rowspan=2|**Satellite Awards**|Best Supporting Actress|Rosemarie DeWitt||
|Best Actress—Drama|Anne Hathaway||||
|**Screen Actors Guild Awards**|Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role|Anne Hathaway|||
|**Southeastern Film Critics Association**|Best Actress|Anne Hathaway|||
|**St. Louis Film Critics Association**|Best Actress|Anne Hathaway|||
|rowspan=2|**Utah Film Critics Association**|Best Supporting Actress|Rosemarie DeWitt||
|Best Screenplay|Jenny Lumet||||
|**Venice Film Festival**|Golden Lion||||
|rowspan=2|**Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association**|Best Supporting Actress|Rosemarie DeWitt||
|Best Screenplay|Jenny Lumet||||

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Rachel Getting Married
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Jonathan Demme
- **producer**: Jonathan Demme
Neda Armian
Marc E. Platt
- **writer**: Jenny Lumet
- **starring**: Anne Hathaway
Rosemarie DeWitt
Bill Irwin
Anna Deavere Smith
Tunde Adebimpe
Debra Winger
- **music**: Donald Harrison Jr.
Zafer Tawil
- **cinematography**: Declan Quinn
- **editing**: Tim Squyres
- **distributor**: Sony Pictures Classics
- **runtime**: 114 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **gross**: $16,020,184
Genkyū

was a  after _Kennin_ and before _Ken'ei._  This period started in February 1204 and ended in April 1206. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Genkyū_ era

- **1204** (_Genkyū 1, 10th month_): Minamoto no Sanetomo ordered Hōjō Masanori, Hōjō Tomomichi and Hatakeyama Shigeyasu to travel to Heian-kyo.  They were to return with Sanetomo's bride.
- **1204** (_Genkyū 1, 12th month_): Two of Sanetomo's emissaries returned to the Kantō; but Shigeyasu remained in Heian-kyo where he died.
- **1205** (_Genkyū 2, 3rd month_): Kyoto and the provinces of the Kinai were struck by a notable storm.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Genkyū|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1204|1205|1206|
Shiretoko National Park

is a World Heritage Site in Hokkaidō, Japan. The park covers the Shiretoko Peninsula which faces the Sea of Okhotsk.

The word "Shiretoko" is comes from an Ainu word _""_. It means "end of the Earth".

## History

Shiretoko National Park was established in 1964.

In 2005, UNESCO named the area a World Heritage Site. UNESCO also suggested that Japan should work with Russia to make an international "World Heritage Peace Park" including the Kuril Islands. Both Japan and Russia claim these islands as part of their countries.

## Geography

Shiretoko is hard to get to. Visitors must go to most places on foot or by boat.   There is a hot springs waterfall called . __ means "water of the gods" in Ainu.

### Plants

The park forests are temperate and subalpine. There are several different types of trees. The most common trees here are Sakhalin fir, Erman's birch, and Mongolian oak.

### Animals

The park has Japan's largest mammal species of Ezo brown bears.

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Shiretoko National Park
- **alt name**: 知床国立公園
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Shiretoko National Park.jpg
- **photo caption**: View from the sea
- **location**: Hokkaidō, Japan
- **established**: June 1, 1964
Hip replacement

**Hip replacement** is a surgery where the hip joint is replaced by a prosthetic implant. This joint replacement is usually done to relieve arthritis pain or fix very bad joint damage.

## Types of Hip Replacement Surgeries

There are three types of hip replacement surgeries.

- Total hip replacement
- Partial hip replacement
- Hip surfacing

Above are X-ray scans taken after surgery. Top image is person facing the machine with the front of their body. Bottom/second image is side view.

## People who might benefit from a hip replacement

A doctor may recommend a hip replacement if there is significant pain, swelling, and damage to the hip joint, for example because of the following conditions:

- Osteoarthritis (most common)
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis)
- Injury such as hip fracture
- Tumor in the hip joint

### Recovery Time

Typically, after 6 to 12 weeks, the patient will make a full recovery from hip replacement surgery. They will still need follow-up appointments to make sure the hip is healing.

Most people can resume their daily activities after six weeks. A patient may be discharged from the hospital after 2 to 4 days. There are some ways that help someone speed up the recovery after surgery.
Slurry

A **slurry** is, in general, a thick suspension of solids in a liquid.

## Uses

There are many kinds of slurries, including
- A mixture of cement and water to form concrete
- A mixture of thickening agent, oxidizers, and water used to form a gel explosive
- A mixture of pyroclastic rock and water known as a lahar
- A mixture of bentonite and water used to make slurry walls
- A mixture of coal waste and water known as coal slurry
- A mixture of wood pulp and water used to make paper
- A mixture of animal waste and water used as fertilizer
- A mixture of finely ground meat and water, centrifugally dewatered into meat slurry, a food product
- An abrasive substance used in chemical-mechanical polishing
- A mixture of ice crystals, freezing point depressant, and water called slurry ice
- A mixture of raw materials and water involved in the rawmill manufacture of Portland cement
- A mixture of minerals, water, and additives used in the manufacture of ceramics
- A mixture of water and food starch used to thicken puddings, sauces, and gravys.

## Related pages

- Asphalt
Ken'ei

was a  after _Genkyū_ and before _Jōgen._  This period started in April 1206 and ended in October 1207.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Ken'ei_ era

- **1206** (_Ken'ei 1, 2nd month_): Shogun Sanetomo's standing at court was raised to the 2nd rank of the 4th class.
- **16 April 1206** (_Ken'ei 1, 7th day of the 3rd month_): The emperor planned to pay a visit to the Kujō Yoshitsune, but in the night before this visit, an unknown assassin killed  Yoshitsune.  After the killing, Konoe Iezane was made _sesshō_ (regent) and Fujiwara no Tadatsune was made the  Minister of the Left (_sadaijin_).
- **1206** (_Ken'ei 1, 12th month_):  Konoe Iezane stopped being _sesshō_; and instead, he became Chancellor (_kampaku_).
- **1207** (_Ken'ei 1_): Hōnen and his followers are exiled

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Ken'ei|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1206|1207|
Jōgen (Kamakura period)

, also known as **Shōgen**, was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) after _Ken'ei_ and before _Kenryaku._  This period spanned the years from October 1207 through March 1211.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Jōgen_ era

- **1208** (_Jōgen 2, 6th month_): Tsuchimikado went to the Kumano Sanzan Shrine.
- **1210** (_Jōgen 4, 5th month_): The emperor returned to the Kumano Shrine.
- **1210** (_Jōgen 4, 6th month_): Tsuchimikado accepted Hideyasu of Kazusa as part of the court.
- **1210** (_Jōgen 4, 8th month_): The emperor visited the Kasuga Shrine.
- **1210** (_Jōgen 4, 9th month_): A comet with a very long tail appeared in the night sky.
- **1210** (_Jōgen 4, 25th day of the 11th month_): In the 12th year of Tsuchimikado's reign, the emperor abdicated for no particular reason; and the succession (_senso_) was received by his younger brother, the second son of the former-Emperor Go-Toba.  Soon after, Emperor Juntoku's role as emperor was confirmed (_sokui_).

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Jōgen|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1207|1208|1209|1210|1211|
Biwer

**Biwer** is a commune and small town in eastern Luxembourg.

The commune is in the canton of Grevenmacher,  which is part of the old district of Grevenmacher.  It is made up of Biwer, Boudler, Brouch, Hegelsdorf, Wecker and Weydig.

In Biwer, the largest village of the commune,  are every public buildings. There are  the primary school called 'An der Wiss', the cultural centre 'Fancy', a swimming pool, a sports hall and a day-care centre.

## Other websites

- Biwer commune website
Amyloplast

An **amyloplast** is an organelle inside a plant cell that stores starch. It is only found in starchy plants such as tubers and fruits.
Kenryaku

was a  after _Jōgen_ and before _Kempo._  This period started in March 1211 and ended in December 1213. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Kenryaku_ era

- **1211** (_Kenryaku 1, 1st month_): The Buddhist priest Hōnen returned from a period of exile.  He was the founder of the  temple-complex.
- **1211** (_Kenryaku 1, 1st month_): Shogun Sanetomo's position at court was raised to the 1st rank of the 3rd class.
- **2 January 1211** (_Kenryaku 1, 16th day of the 1st month_): The former-Senior High Priest Jien (1155–1225) was appointed _Tendai_ Abbot.
- **1212** (_Kenryaku 1_): Hōnen died at age 80.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kenryaku|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1211|1212|1213|
Kempo (era)

was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) after _Kenryaku_ and before _Jōkyū._  This period started in December 1213 and ended in April 1219. The reigning emperor was Juntoku_-tennō_ (順徳天皇).

## Events of the _Kempo_ era

- **1213** (_Kempo 1, 1st day of the 1st month_): There was an earthquake at Kamakura.
- **1213** (_Kempo 1, 11th month_): Fujiwara no Teika, also known as Fujiwara no Sadeie offered a collection of 8th century poems to Shogun Sanetomo.  These poems were collectively known as the Man'yōshū.
- **1214** (_Kempo 2, 2nd month_): Shogun Sanetomoand the Buddhist priest Eisai drank tea, together.
- **1214** (_Kempo 2, 3rd month_): The emperor went to Kasuga.
- **1214** (_Kempo 2, 4th month_): Enryaku-ji was burned; and Sanetomo paid for repairs.
- **1215** (_Kempo 3, 1st month_): Hōjō Tokimasa died at age 78 in the mountains of Izu Province.
- **1215** (_Kempo 3, 6th month_):  Eisai died at age 75.
- **1215** (_Kempo 3, 8th-9th months_): There were many earthquakes in the Kamakura area.
- **1217** (_Kempo 5, 8th-9th months_): The emperor visited the Shrines at Hirano and at Ōharano near Kyoto.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kempo|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1213|1214|1215|1216|1217|1218|1219|
Il Canzoniere

***Il Canzoniere*** is a collection of 365 poems. It was written by the Italian poet Petrarch between 1336 and 1373.
Its central theme is the poet's love for Laura, a woman Petrarch allegedly met on April 6, 1327, in the Church of Sainte Claire in Avignon.

## Other websites

- Il Canzoniere online
- Il Canzoniere text
- Canzoniere (different edition) and other works
- Petrarch and Laura Multi-lingual site
Arc flash

**Arc flash** is an accidental electrical explosion usually caused by a short circuit. It usually happens at higher-voltages (around 300 volts and above). It can cause the electrical conductors to melt creating an explosion of molten or even vaporized metal. Temperatures can be as high as 20000 degrees Celsius. Arc flash is one of the reasons it is so important to turn the power off before working on any high-voltage equipment.
Facesitting

**Facesitting** is when someone sits on someone else's face. People reportedly enjoy this due to a perceived sense of submission by the person getting facesat, where the person sitting is controlling the breath of the "seat". Facesitting is sometimes called "queening" or "kinging".
Jōkyū

, also called **Shōkyū,** was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) after _Kempō_ and before _Jōō._  This period started in April 1219 and ended in April 1222. The reigning emperor was Juntoku_-tennō_ (順徳天皇).

## Events of the _Jōkyū_ era

- **12 February 1219** (_Jōkyū 1, 26th day of the 1st month_): Shogun Sanetomo was assassinated on the steps of Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū in Kamakura."
- **1220** (_Jōkyū 2, 2nd month_): The emperor visited the Iwashimizu Shrine and the Kamo Shrines.
- **13 May 1221** (_Jōkyū 3, 20th day of the 4th month_): In the 11th year of Juntoku's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (_senso_) was received by eldest son who was only 4 years old.  Soon after, Emperor Chūkyō is said to have acceded to the throne (_sokui_).  Chūkyō was emperor for only a few months.
- **29 July 1221** (_Jōkyū 3, 9th day of the 7th month_): In the 1st year of what is now considered to have been Chūkyō's reign, he abdicated; and contemporary scholars then construed that the succession (_senso_) was received by a grandson of former Emperor Go-Toba.
- **1221** (_Jōkyū 3_): The Jōkyū War (_Jōkyū no ran_) was an armed attempt by Emperor Go-Toba to take power from the Kamakura shogunate.  The effort did not succeed.
- **14 January 1222** (_Jōkyū 3, 1st day of the 12th month_): Emperor Go-Horikawa's role as emperor was confirmed (_sokui_).

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- New York Public Library Digital Gallery, early photograph of Shrine steps where Sanetomo was  killed

|Jōkyū|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1219|1220|1221|1222|
Black magic

**Black magic** has traditionally referred to the use of supernatural powers for evil and selfish purposes. definition of "black magic" has been used by people for any type of magic practice that is disapproved of or thought of as evil or satanic.

## Black magic practices

- Immortality, wishing to live beyond a natural lifespan
- Curses, magically making something bad happen to someone else
- Necromancy, practices involving spirits and the dead
- Summoning

## Related pages

- Voodoo
Viola Davis

**Viola Davis** (born August 11, 1965) is an American actress, producer and model. She has starred in many movies, including _Traffic_ and _Antwone Fisher_ and _Suicide Squad_. She has also done many television programs including ABC's _How to Get Away with Murder_. She won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2017 for her role in _Fences_ (2016).

In 2023, Davis became one of the eighteen people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Viola Davis
- **image**: Viola Davis by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Davis at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con
- **birth place**: St. Matthews, South Carolina, U.S.
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **children**: 1
- **relations**: Mike Colter (second cousin)
True name

A **true name** is a name of a thing or being that expresses, or is somehow identical with, its true nature. The idea that language, or some specific sacred language, refers to things by their true names has been central to philosophical and grammatical study as well as various traditions of magic, divination and mysticism since ancient times.
Jōō (Kamakura period)

, also romanized as **Jō-ō,** was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) after _Jōkyū_ and before _Gennin._  This period started in April 1222 and ended in November 1224. The reigning emperor was Go-Horikawa_-tennō_.

## Events of the _Jōō_ Era

- **1222** (_Jōō 2_):  Regulations established concerning salaries for land stewards (_jitō_) who were appointed by the shogunate
- **9 July 1223** (_Jōō 2, 20th day of the 6th month_):  The buildings of the Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji in Suruga province  were re-built by Hōjō Tokimasa.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Jōō|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1222|1223|1224|
Leeward Caribbean Creole English

**Leeward Caribbean Creole English** is an English-based creole language spoken in the Leeward Islands of the Caribbean.  It is in the countries of Antigua and Barbuda, Montserrat and Saint Kitts and Nevis.  It is also called Antiguan Creole, Saint Kitts Creole and Montserrat Creole.

Islanders often use it along with Standard English. People of a higher social status use English more often.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Leeward Caribbean Creole English
- **altname**: Antiguan Creole
- **nativename**: Saint Kitts Creole
- **states**: Antigua and Barbuda
- **speakers**: 125,000 (no date)
67,000 in Antigua and Barbuda
- **date**: 2001
- **familycolor**: Creole
- **fam1**: English-based creole languages, English Creole
- **fam2**: Atlantic
- **fam3**: Eastern
- **fam4**: Southern
- **fam5**: Northern Antilles
- **dia1**: Saint Kitts Creole
- **dia2**: Montserrat Creole
- **iso3**: aig
- **lingua**: 52-ABB-apf to -apm
Louise Lake-Tack

**Dame Louise Agnetha Lake-Tack**, GCMG, DStJ (born 26 July 1944) is a former Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda.

## Background and earlier career

Louise Lake-Tack was born in St. Philip's Parish, Antigua in 1944. She went to Freetown Government School before attending the Antigua Girls High School in St. John's. After graduating she went to the United Kingdom. She studied nursing at Charing Cross Hospital. She worked first at the National Heart Hospital and later at the Harley Street Clinic.

Lake-Tack later studied and graduated in law.  She was a magistrate at both Marylebone and Horseferry Magistrate Courts. She also sat at Pocock Street Crown Court and Middlesex Crown Court to hear appeal cases from the lower courts. She was a member of the Antigua and Barbuda National Association (London) for the 24 years before her appointment as Governor-General.

## Governor-General

She took office as Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda on 17 July 2007. She was the first woman to hold the office. On 14 August 2014, she was replaced by Dr Rodney Williams, who took office as the 4th Governor General of Antigua and Barbuda.

## Honours

- Dame Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG, 13 November 2007)
- Dame of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem (DStJ, 16 October 2007)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: <small>Excellency, Her Excellency</small>
- **name**: Louise Lake-Tack
- **honorific-suffix**:
<small>Order of St Michael and St George, GCMG Venerable Order of Saint John, DStJ</small>
- **office**: List of Governors-General of Antigua and Barbuda, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda
- **image**: DameLouiseLake-Tack.jpg
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister**: Baldwin Spencer
- **term start**: 17 July 2007
- **term end**: 14 August 2014
- **predecessor**: James Carlisle
- **successor**: Rodney Williams
- **birth place**: St Phillip's, Antigua and Barbuda
Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda

This page has a **list of prime ministers of Antigua and Barbuda**.

## Chief Minister of Antigua (1960-1967)

|rowspan="2"|#|rowspan="2"|Incumbent|rowspan="2"|Portrait|colspan="2"|Tenure|rowspan="2"|Political affiliation|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Vere Bird||1 January 1960|27 February 1967|Antigua Labour Party|||||

## Premiers of Antigua (1967-1981)

|rowspan="2"|#|rowspan="2"|Incumbent|rowspan="2"|Portrait|colspan="2"|Tenure|rowspan="2"|Political affiliation|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Vere Bird <small>(1st time)</small> ||  || 27 February 1967 || 14 February 1971 || Antigua Labour Party|||||||||
|2|George Walter||14 February 1971|1 February 1976|Progressive Labour Movement|||||
|(1)|Vere Bird <small>(2nd time)</small> ||  || 1 February 1976 || 1 November 1981 || Antigua Labour Party|||||||||

## Prime Ministers of Antigua and Barbuda (1981-Present)

|rowspan="2"|#|rowspan="2"|Incumbent|rowspan="2"|Portrait|colspan="2"|Tenure|rowspan="2"|Political affiliation|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Vere Bird||1 November 1981|9 March 1994|Antigua Labour Party|||||
|2|Lester Bird||9 March 1994|24 March 2004|Antigua Labour Party|||||
|3|Baldwin Spencer||24 March 2004|13 June 2014|United Progressive Party|||||
|4|Gaston Browne||13 June 2014|Incumbent|Antigua Labor Party|||||
Baldwin Spencer

**Winston Baldwin Spencer** (born October 8, 1948) is a former Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda. He served in office from 2004 to 2014. He also served as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Baldwin Spencer
- **image**: Baldwin Spencer.jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **governor general**: James Carlisle
Louise Lake-Tack
- **term start**: 24 March 2004
- **term end**: 13 June 2014
- **predecessor**: Lester Bird
- **successor**: Gaston Browne
- **party**: United Progressive Party (Antigua and Barbuda), United Progressive Party
- **spouse**: Jacklyn Spencer
Lester Bird

**Sir Lester Bryant Bird** (February 21, 1938 – August 9, 2021) was the second Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda from 1994 to 2004. He was also a well-known athlete. He was chairman of the Antigua Labour Party (ALP) from 1971 to 1983. He became Prime Minister when the previous Prime Minister resigned. The previous Prime Minister was his father, Vere Bird.

Bird Jr. was born in New York City. He went to the University of Michigan, and became a lawyer. Bird died on August 9, 2021 at the age of 83.
Area code 268

**Area code 268** is the telephone area code of Antigua and Barbuda.  The 268 area code is part of the North American Numbering Plan (NANP).

When in Antigua and Barbuda, use the seven digits alone. When calling to Antigua and Barbuda from anywhere in the United States or Canada simply dial 1(268) + seven digit phone number.
Taurobolium

During the Roman Empire, the **taurobolium** referred to practices involving the sacrifice of a bull, which after mid-2nd century AD became connected with the worship of the Great Mother of the Gods; though not previously limited to her cult, after 159 AD, all private inscriptions mention _Magna Mater_ (the Roman name for the goddess Cybele). Originating in Asia Minor, its earliest attested performance in Italy occurred in 134 AD.

## Ritual

At the taurobolium ritual, the high-priest would stand inside a pit made specifically for the purpose of the ritual, a bull would be led above the pit and sacrificed above him, the blood of the bull would pour down onto the priest, showering him in the blood. After this, the bull's meats are ritually butchered and cooked and eaten and offered and given as a sacrifice to Cybele and the bull's remaining testicles were removed and taken to the sanctuary as an offering to her. This ritual was done as a replacement for the castration of high-priests, this was because castration of male Roman citizens was forbidden in Rome.

## Related pages

- Animal sacrifice, the ritual sacrifice of an animal
Gennin

was a  after _Jōō_ and before _Karoku._  This period spanned the years from November 1224 to April 1225. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Gennin_ Era

- **1224** (_Gennin 1_): _Kyogyoshinsho_ was believed to have been composed by Shinran in 1224; and this is also considered the year in which Jōdo Shinshū was founded.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Gennin|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1224|1225|
Karoku

was a  after _Gennin_ and before _Antei._  This period started in April 1225 and ended in December 1227. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Karoku_ Era

- **1225** (_Karoku 1, 11th month_): At Kamakura,  Kujō Yoritsune's coming of age ceremonies took place at age 8; but control of the shogunate affairs was in the hands of  Hōjō Yasutoki, who was the regent (_shikken_).
- **1225** (_Karoku 1, 12th month_): Emperor Go-Horikawa went in formal procession to Iwashimizu Hachiman-gū and to the Kamo Shrines.
- **1226** (_Karoku 2, 1st month_): The Emperor raised Yoritsune to the 1st rank of the 5th class in court hierarchy.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Karoku|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1225|1226|1227|
Antei

was a  after _Gennin_ and before _Kangi._  This period started in December 1227 and ended in March 1229.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Antei_ Era

- **1227** (_Antei 1, 1st month_): Fujiwara Kintsugu died at age 53.  He had been Minister of the Right (_udaijin_) and Minister of the Left (_sadaijin_).
- **1227** (_Antei 1, 2nd month_): The emperor raised Fujiwara no Nagako, the daughter of Konoe Iezane, to the rank of empress consort (_chūgū_).

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Antei|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1227|1228|1229|
Gary Thomasson

**Gary Leah Thomasson** (born July 29, 1951 in San Diego, California) is a former professional baseball player. He played as an outfielder and first baseman in Major League Baseball from 1972 to 1980 and in Japanese Nippon Pro Baseball from 1981 to 1982.

Thomasson got a lot of attention when he joined the Yomiuri Giants. He got the largest contract ever in the Nippon league. Then, Thomasson played poorly in his two years in Japan. He almost set the league record for strikeouts. He ended his career with a knee injury.

## Cultural references

Japanese artist Genpei Akasegawa used Thomasson's name to describe a kind of found art. A _"Tomason"_ is a part of a building that has lost its meaning or purpose, but still is still interesting.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Gary Thomasson
- **position**: Outfielder
- **bats**: Left
- **throws**: Left
- **birth place**: San Diego, California
- **debutdate**: September 5
- **debutteam**: San Francisco Giants
- **finaldate**: October 6
- **finalyear**: 1980
- **finalteam**: Los Angeles Dodgers
- **stat1label**: Batting Average
- **stat1value**: .249
- **stat2label**: Home Runs
- **stat2value**: 61
- **stat3label**: RBI
- **stat3value**: 294
- **teams**: * San Francisco Giants (1972–1977)
* Oakland Athletics (1978)
* New York Yankees (1978)
* Los Angeles Dodgers (1979–1980)
* Yomiuri Giants (1981–1982)
- **highlights**: * 1978 World Series Championship
Kangi

, also romanized as **Kanki,** was a  after _Antei_ and before _Jōei._  This period started in March 1229 and ended in April 1232. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Kangi_ era

- **1230** (_Kangi 2, 12th month_): Kujō Yoritsune was married to the daughter of Minamoto no Yoriie.
- **1231** (_Kangi 3, 2nd month_): Yoritsune was raised to the 2nd rank of the 4th class in the _dōjō kuge_.
- **1231** (_Kangi 3, 3rd month_): Yoritsune was made a General of the Left.
- **1231** (_Kangi 3, 4th month_): Yoritsune was raised to the 1st rank of the 4th class in the _dōjō kuge_.
- **6 November 1231** (_Kangi 3, 11th day of the 10th month_): Former Emperor Tsuchimikado died.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kangi|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1229|1230|1231|1232|
Jōei

was a  after _Kangi_ and before _Tenpuku._  This period started in April 1232 and ended in April 1233. The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Jōei_ Era

- **1232** (_Jōei 1, i2nd month_): Kujō Yoritsune was raised to the 2nd rank of the 3rd class in the court hierarchy.
- **1232** (_Jōei 1, 11th month_): In the 11th year of Emperor Go-Horikawa's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (_senso_) was received by a his oldest son.  Soon after, Emperor Shijō's new role as emperor was confirmed (_sokui_).

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Jōei|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1232|1233|
Tenpuku

, also romanized as **Tempuku,** was a  after _Jōei_ and before _Bunryaku._  This period started in April 1233 and ended in November 1234. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Tenpuku_ Era

- **1233** (_Tenpuku 1, 1st month_):  Kujō Yoritsune is granted the court post of

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Tenpuku|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1233|1234|
Tomason

A , also spelled **Thomason** and **Thomasson** in English, is a kind of conceptual art or found art. Gempei Akasegawa created this word to describe certain kinds of useless parts of buildings or roads. These have lost their purpose as the environment around them changed.  This kind of art is not made on purpose, but becomes art when people observe and recognize it.

## Origin of the name

Akasegawa named this special kind of "art" after an American baseball player who joined the Yomiuri Giants in 1981. Gary Thomasson became famous in Japan for getting the biggest baseball contract ever, then playing very poorly and retiring early.

## Types of Tomason

Tomason can be grouped by features they have in common. These include: "useless stairways", "pointless doorways", "overhangs", "blocked windows", "sealed up walls", "A-bomb type",  (doors opening from a high place into open air), "outies", "poundcakes", "atago" (strange bumps or things sticking up out of the road for no reason), "premature burial" (when a wall is built partly covering an existing feature), and more.

## Other websites

- Tomason in Sydney
- みちくさ学会ではトマソンを募集しています！ ("...looking for Tomason!") -- images
- Flickr, thomason (超芸術トマソン)
Mystery fiction

**Mystery fiction** (story, book, novel) is fictional work in which a professional or amateur detective investigates and solves a crime mystery. Usually the story begins with a crime and a few suspects, and ends when the protagonist detective identifies the criminal.

Sometimes the term is used to refer to supernatural or suspense stories and thrillers.

## Related pages

- Miss Marple
- Sherlock Holmes
- Nancy Drew
- The Hardy Boys