juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Austen Chamberlain

**Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain,** KG (16 October 1863 – 17 March 1937) was a British politician.  He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1925.  His father was another important politician, Joseph Chamberlain, and his half-brother (they had a different mother) was Neville Chamberlain, British Prime Minister from 1937 to 1940.

## Early life

Austen was born in Birmingham on the 16 October 1863, but two days later his mother died.  His grandparents looked after him and his sister, Beatrice.  Austen went to Rugby school, a famous private school, and then studied at the University of Cambridge. He then studied in a political college in Paris and at a university in Berlin. He returned to Britain in 1888.

## Parliament

In 1892, Chamberlain became a Member of Parliament for Worcestershire, as a member of his father's party, the Liberal Unionist Party.  The Liberal Unionists worked to keep Ireland as a part of the United Kingdom.  Chamberlain worked hard for his father, and in 1895 the prime minister gave him a job helping to run the Royal Navy.  Chamberlain became important very quickly. In 1903, the new prime minister, Balfour gave him the job of controlling the Post Office. Then in 1904 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer, responsible for the economy.

In 1906, the government lost the general election, and Chamberlain lost his job in the government.  When his father became ill because of a stroke, he helped his father by fighting against Home Rule, the plan to make Ireland independent. In the First World War, Chamberlain got the job responsible for India, and after the war he became Chancellor of the Exchequer again.  Here he helped Britain to recover from the war.  He was leader of the Conservative Party from 1921 to 1922.

## Foreign Secretary

In 1924, the Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin gave Chamberlain the job of Foreign Secretary, working with important people from other countries. In 1925. At this time, France and Germany were arguing about war reparations, money paid by the Germans to the countries that won the First World War. Many people were worried that war might start again.  Chamberlain met with Gustav Stresemann, the German Foreign secretary. Together with Aristide Briand, they signed the Locarno Pact, an agreement never to use the military to solve problems again. For this, all three men won the Nobel Peace Prize, Chamberlain in 1925, Briand and Stresemann in 1926.

## Warnings about Hitler

After the 1929 general election, Chamberlain lost his job as Foreign Secretary. He stayed in parliament, and often argued with the government about their foreign policy (plans). From 1934 until his death in 1937, Chamberlain warned the government about the Nazi Germany, who were building a larger military. Together with Winston Churchill, he argued that Britain should build its military too.

Austen Chamberlain died on 17 March 1937, shortly before his half-brother, Neville Chamberlain became Prime Minister.

## Books

- David Dutton, _Austen Chamberlain – Gentleman in Politics_, Bolton: R. Anderson, 1985.

## Other websites

- Nobel biography
Tabasco (state)

**Tabasco** is a state in southeast Mexico, on the Gulf of Mexico. About 2,000,000 people live there. Its capital is called Villahermosa.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: State of Tabasco
- **image skyline**: Tabasco_montaje.jpg
- **image caption**: Montage of Tabasco
- **image flag**: Flag of Tabasco.svg
- **flag size**: 140px
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Tabasco.svg
- **shield size**: 80px
- **image map**: Mexico map, MX-TAB.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Mexico
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Mexico
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Villahermosa
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Mexico, Municipalities
- **subdivision name2**: #Municipalities, 17 in 4 zones
- **leader title**: List of Mexican state governors, Governor
- **leader name**: Andrés Rafael Granier Melo (PRI)
- **leader title1**: Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, Federal Deputies
- **leader name1**: Party of the Democratic Revolution, PRD: 8
- **leader title2**: Senate of Mexico, Federal Senators
- **leader name2**: Party of the Democratic Revolution, PRD: 2
PRI: 1
- **area footnotes**:
 List of Mexican states by area, Ranked 24th
- **area total km2**: 25267
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 1,989,969 (List of Mexican states by population, Ranked 20th)
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **blank name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2004)
- **blank info**: 0.7684 - <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span>
List of Mexican states by HDI, Ranked 21st
- **blank1 name**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 info**: MX-TAB
- **blank2 name**: Postal abbr.
- **blank2 info**: Tab.
- **website**: [http://www.tabasco.gob.mx/ Tabasco State Government]
Silent trade

**Silent trade**, or barter, is when traders (who do not speak each other's language) trade without talking to each other. This was used in many parts of ancient Africa. Silent bartering was used during 500 A.D to 1500 A.D. and probably had a much longer history.

To do a silent barter, one group of traders would go to a certain place, leaving whatever they are offering to trade. The other group of traders would then decide if they would like to accept the goods (usually salt or gold) that were left. If the goods met with approval, the second group would then take the goods, leave their own goods in return, and leave because the person accepted the offer. This system of trading was used mostly in ancient Ghana.       The popular things they sold were gold and salt. Another system was face-to-face trading using hand signals.

Gold mined south of the Sahel was traded, pound for pound, for salt mined in the desert. The salt from the desert was needed by the people of Sahel to flavor and preserve their food and gold has always had value for adornment (wearing). Because of this trade, cities grew and flourished and parts of West Africa became commercial centers. West Africa produced gold until about 1500 AD.
Main Page/Knowledge groups

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Tamaulipas

**Tamaulipas** is a state in the northeast of Mexico. About 3,025,000 people live there. Its capital is called Ciudad Victoria.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: State of Tamaulipas
- **image flag**: Flag of Tamaulipas.svg
- **flag size**: 140px
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Tamaulipas.svg
- **shield size**: 80px
- **image map**: Mexico map, MX-TAM.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Mexico
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Mexico
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Ciudad Victoria, Victoria
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Mexico, Municipalities
- **subdivision name2**: #Municipalities, 43
- **subdivision type3**: List of cities in Mexico, Largest City
- **subdivision name3**: Tampico
- **leader title**: List of Mexican state governors, Governor
- **leader name**: Eugenio Hernández Flores (PRI)
- **leader title1**: Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, Federal Deputies
- **leader name1**: National Action Party (Mexico), PAN:5
Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI:3
- **leader title2**: Senate of Mexico, Federal Senators
- **leader name2**: PAN:2
PRI:1
- **area footnotes**:
 List of Mexican states by area, Ranked 7th
- **area total km2**: 79384
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 3,024,238 (List of Mexican states by population, Ranked 13th)
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Tamaulipeco
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **blank name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2004)
- **blank info**: 0.8111 - <span style="color:#090">high</span>
List of Mexican states by HDI, Ranked 11th
- **blank1 name**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 info**: MX-TAM
- **blank2 name**: Postal abbr.
- **blank2 info**: Tamps.
- **website**: [http://www.tamaulipas.gob.mx/ Tamaulipas state government]
Zacatecas

**Zacatecas** is a state in north central Mexico. About 1,360,000 people live there. The capital is also called Zacatecas.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: State of Zacatecas
- **image flag**: Flag of Zacatecas.svg
- **flag size**: 140px
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Zacatecas.svg
- **shield size**: 80px
- **image map**: Mexico map, MX-ZAC.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Mexico
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Mexico, Municipalities
- **subdivision name2**: #Municipalities, 58
- **subdivision type3**: List of cities in Mexico, Largest City
- **subdivision name3**: Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas
- **leader title**: List of Mexican state governors, Governor
- **leader name**: David Monreal Ávila
- **leader title1**: Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, Federal Deputies
- **leader name1**: Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD: 4
National Action Party (Mexico), PAN: 1
- **leader title2**: Senate of Mexico, Federal Senators
- **leader name2**: PRD: 2
PAN: 1
- **area footnotes**:
 List of Mexican states by area, Ranked 10th
- **area total km2**: 73252
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 1,367,692 (List of Mexican states by population, Ranked 25th)
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 7700
- **blank name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2004)
- **blank info**: 0.7563 - <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span>
List of Mexican states by HDI, Ranked 26th
- **blank1 name**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 info**: MX-ZAC
- **blank2 name**: Postal abbr.
- **blank2 info**: Zac.
Petal

A **petal** is a coloured part of a flower. With bright colours and scent, they often bring insects and birds to pollinate the flowers. Petals are made of cellulose and other organic matter.

Petals are modified leaves which surround the reproductive parts of flowers. Together, all of the petals of a flower are called a **corolla**.

The role of petals and the evolution of flowers is an important part of botany. It has been studied from the 18th century to the present day.

The most common types of pollination are:
1. Wind pollination: flowers are small and dull, with little or no scent, and often no petals at all. They produce large amounts of pollen which is scattered by the wind.
1. Insect pollination: flowers show well in the ultraviolet range, and often have honey guides. These are lines leading from the petal to the nectar. Use of scent is also common.
1. Bird pollination: large, colourful flowers with nectar.
Marigold

**Marigold** could mean:

## Plants

- _Calendula officinalis_ (marigold or pot marigold)
- _Tagetes_ (Mexican marigold, African marigold or French marigold)
- _Glebionis segetum_ (syn. _Chrysanthemum segetum_; corn marigold)
- tree marigold = _Tithonia diversifolia_
- Peruvian marigold = usually _Helianthus_ ssp. or rarely _Tagetes tenuifolia_
- desert marigold = _Baileya multiradiata_
- marsh marigold; _Caltha palustris_ in the Buttercup family Ranunculaceae

## literature and entertainment

- "Marigolds", a short story by Eugenia Collier
- "Marigold" (song) by the band Nirvana
- _Marigold_ (2007 film), a Hindi film
- A character in The Witcher
- A character in a Streetlight Manifesto song called "The Receiving End of It All".
- A myth describing what seems to be creation of the marigold is mentioned in the story of Clytie and Apollo, although the plant concerned is often considered to the heliotrope.

## Other

- Marigold, California
- In British English slang, a marigold is a rubber glove, especially a yellow or orange one used for washing dishes.
Moisturizer

A **moisturizer** (or **moisturiser**) is a liquid that is used for softening the skin, especially for naturally dry skins. They increase the skin's water content by reducing evaporation. The thickness of a moisturizer is _actually_ what keeps the hydration concealed into the skin, which then creates the moisturizing effect. Due to its thickening agents, moisturizers typically _only come in lotion or night cream form_.

Unlike a serum, a moisturizer does not penetrate deeply into the skin. The main job of a moisturizer is to seal products into the skin, locking all the moisture and nutrients your skin needs.

They can be quite a complicated chemical mixture. They may contain naturally occurring skin lipids and sterols, artificial or natural oils, emollients, lubricants,etc.

Moisturizers are not always needed or used. They are most useful for persons with dry skin.

Moisturizers are designed to either impart or restore hydration in the stratum corneum, which is an interactive, dynamic structure, and maintenance of hydration can impact its barrier function.

## How they act

Ways that a moisturizer affects the body include:
1. Occlusives work by forming a thin film on the surface of the skin to prevent loss of moisture.
1. Humectants attract water vapor from the air to moisturize the skin.
1. Some add deficient materials. These aim to restore natural moisturizing factors on the skin.
Vidalia onions

**Vidalia onions** are a variety of onions. They are native to Toombs County, Georgia. They are different from other onions because they are more sweet in taste. Southeast Georgia's mild climate, the area's sandy, low sulfur soil, exclusive seedvarieties, and precise farming practices make this original sweet onion, mild and flavorful.

## Other websites

- Vidalia Onion Committee, the official website
Straw

**Straw **is the stems of cereal grains like oats or wheat, after the seeds have been removed. It is often used as bedding for animals (hay is used to feed animals). It can also be used as fuel, to make baskets, and many other things.  In older times, it was used for thatch roofs, or mixed with clay and sand for the cob and adobe used in building houses.

## Related pages

- Drinking straw
- Hay
- Thatching
Cheeseburger

A **cheeseburger** is a hamburger with cheese on it and sometimes lettuce. The cheeseburger is usually found at fast food restaurants, such as Fatburger, Wendy's, Burger King and McDonald's.

## Other websites

- The Tale of the Cheeseburger

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Cheeseburger
- **image**: Cheeseburger.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: A normal cheeseburger
- **country**: United States
- **course**: Main Course
- **served**: Hot
- **main ingredient**: Beef, cheese, bread
- **variations**: Multiple
Calorie

The **calorie** is a pre-SI unit of energy, synonymous with heat. A **calorie** is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water (specific heat capacity = 4,184 J kg<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup>) by one **K** (= °C + 273).

## Applications

On food labels, _calorie_ refers to **kilocalories** (kilo- = 10<sup>3</sup>), which equals to 1000 calories. As such, the word _calorie_ is usually written with a capital C.

In simple words, calories are a way to measure energy. Our bodies get calories from the food we eat. If we eat more calories than we use, the body stores the extra energy as fat. How the body uses a calorie can depend on whether it comes from fat, protein, or carbohydrates.

## Related pages

- BTU
- Joule
- Power
- Biophysics
- Kinematics
- Horsepower
- Thermodynamics
- Classical mechanics
Portland, Maine

**Portland** is the largest city in the U.S. state of Maine. The city's population was 68,408 as of the 2020 Census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Portland, Maine
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: The Forest City
- **motto**:
"I Will Rise Again"
- **image skyline**: Portland, Maine Montage.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Clockwise: Portland waterfront, the Portland Observatory on Munjoy Hill, the corner of Middle and Exchange Street in the Old Port of Portland, Maine, Old Port, Congress Street, the Civil War Memorial in Monument Square, and winter light sculptures in Congress Square Plaza.
- **image map**: Cumberland County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas Portland highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location within Cumberland County
- **pushpin map**: Maine#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Maine##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of the United States, Region
- **subdivision type2**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: New England
- **subdivision name2**: Maine
- **government type**: Council–manager
- **leader title**: City manager
- **leader title1**: Mayor
- **leader title2**: Body
- **established title**: Settled
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1632
- **established date2**: July 4, 1786
- **named for**: Isle of Portland
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 69.44
- **area total km2**: 179.85
- **area land sq mi**: 21.54
- **area land km2**: 55.79
- **area water sq mi**: 47.90
- **area water km2**: 124.06
- **area urban sq mi**: 135.91
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 68408
- **population rank**: US: 519th
- **population density km2**: 1226.21
- **population density sq mi**: 3175.86
- **population urban**: 205,356 (US: List of United States urban areas, 186th)
- **population density urban sq mi**: 1,657.7
- **population metro**: 551,740 (US: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 103rd)
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 19
- **elevation ft**: 62
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 04101–04104, 04108–04109, 04112, 04116, 04122–04124
- **area code**: Area code 207, 207
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 23-60545
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: [http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:573692 573692]
- **subdivision type3**: List of counties in Maine, County
- **subdivision name3**: Cumberland County, Maine, Cumberland
- **population demonym**: Portlander
- **image blank emblem**: Portland, Maine City Logo.png
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **blank emblem size**: 150px
Coweta County, Georgia

**Coweta County** is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia.  As of 2020, 146,158 people lived there. The county seat is Newnan, Georgia. It was named for a Creek Indian tribe that lived in the area.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Coweta County
- **state**: Georgia
- **type**: County (United States), County
- **seat wl**: Newnan
- **largest city wl**: Newnan
- **area total sq mi**: 446
- **area land sq mi**: 441
- **area water sq mi**: 4.9
- **area percentage**: 1.1%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 146158
- **density sq mi**: 327
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **ex image**: Coweta County Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Historic Coweta County Courthouse in Newnan
Intoxication

**Intoxication** is the state of being affected by one or more psychoactive drugs. It can also refer to the effects caused by the ingestion of poison or by the overconsumption of normally harmless substances.

People who drink too much alcohol become _intoxicated._ They may become impaired in some or all of their senses like touch or even eyesight. Long term drinkers develop tolerance to alcohol. This high tolerance means it takes more alcohol to produce the outward signs of intoxication. Intoxication may bring delirium or make people do or say things that are not normal for them. The level of harm done usually depends on the substance and the amount. Mild intoxication usually is not permanently harmful. Mild stimulants like caffeine usually do not harm the person.

## Types

Some types of intoxication:
- Alcohol intoxication
- Caffeine intoxication
- Cannabis intoxication
- Heroin intoxication
- Water intoxication
Intoxication can cause a state of mind that remains once the person is no longer intoxicated that can be used as a legal defense:
- Settled insanity

## Symptoms

Often taking a mild depressant or stimulant does not have much effect on the person who took it. But more serious drugs, substances, or even medications can have a large effect on the person. Usually stimulants keep the person awake and energetic. Depressants work the opposite way; they decrease the heart rate of the person and relax them. Sedatives give the same effect. More of these substances can carry harm or even life-threatening effects, if ingested in large amounts. Mixing alcohol with prescription drugs often leads to increased or hastened impairment. Alcohol can produce hazardous side effects, reduce heart rate, and drop blood pressure to a dangerous level.

## Related pages

- Toxin
- Disability
Gilgit District

The **Gilgit District** is bounded by the Wakhan Corridor of (Afghanistan) in the north, Xinjiang (China) in the north and northeast, Skardu District in the south and southeast. The capital of the Gilgit District is Gilgit town.

The district includes Gilgit town, Naltar, Hunza, Gojal (Upper Hunza) and Shimshal. It also includes many small villages like Minapin, Hopar, and Hispar. The Haramosh valley, now in the Gilgit District, was previously in the Skardu District.

The highest peak in the Gilgit District is Distaghil Sar , which is the 19th-highest mountain in the world.

## Demography

Main languages are Balti, Erina, Shina, Burushaski and khowar.

## Tehsils

- Aliabad Tehsil
- Gojal Tehsil
- Gilgit Tehsil
- Nagar I Tehsil
- Nagar II Tehsil
Zoe (Sesame Street)

**Zoe** is a character from the TV show _Sesame Street_. She is an orange monster who is 3 years old and is very energetic. Her introduction was in 1993.

Zoe was originally unclothed except her barrettes, bracelets, and necklace. She has regularly been dressed in a tutu since 2001, as like many girls of her age, Zoe is obsessed with ballet. Her love of dance in general resulted in the video Zoe's Dance Moves. In Season 49, she wears her tutu less frequently, and more consistently in illustrations and merchandise.

She is currently played by Jennifer Barnhart, but was first played by Fran Brill.
Olympia Snowe

**Olympia Jean Snowe** (née **Bouchles**; born February 21, 1947) is an American politician and former United States Senator from Maine. She is a member of the Republican Party.

She was the first woman to serve in both houses of a state legislature and in both houses of the United States Congress. She was the first woman to be elected Senator in the history of Maine. She is the first Greek woman ever elected to the United States Congress. Senator Snowe is a member of the United States Republican Party. Snowe also served in the United States House of Representatives. She retired in 2013, after deciding not to seek reelection in 2012. She was succeeded by Former Independent Governor of Maine Angus King.

## Other websites

- U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe  _official U.S. Senate site_
- Olympia Snowe for Senate  _official campaign site_
- Profile  at SourceWatch
- U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe video clips from the Senate Republican Conference .
- U.S. Senator Olympia Snowe audio clips from the Senate Republican Conference
- "The Anguished Moderate," _The Washington Post_, July 15, 2007.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Olympia Jean Bouchles
- **image**: Olympia Snowe official photo 2010 edit.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Senior Senator
- **state**: Maine
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **term start**: January 3, 1995
- **term end**: January 3, 2013
- **preceded**: George J. Mitchell
- **succeeded**: Angus King
- **order2**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship
- **term start2**: January 3, 2003
- **term end2**: January 3, 2007
- **preceded2**: John Kerry
- **succeeded2**: John Kerry
- **order3**: Governor of Maine, First Lady of Maine
- **term start3**: February 24, 1989
- **term end3**: January 8, 1995
- **preceded3**: Constance Brennan
- **succeeded3**: Mary Herman
- **state4**: Maine
- **district4**: Maine's 2nd congressional district, 2nd
- **term start4**: January 3, 1979
- **term end4**: January 3, 1995
- **preceded4**: William Cohen
- **succeeded4**: John Baldacci
- **order5**: Maine Senate
- **term start5**: 1977
- **term end5**: 1979
- **order6**: Maine House of Representatives
- **term start6**: 1975
- **term end6**: 1977
- **birth place**: Augusta, Maine, Augusta, Maine
- **residence**: Falmouth, Maine
- **occupation**: Senator
- **spouse**: (1) Peter Snowe (deceased)
(2) John R. McKernan, Jr.
- **alma mater**: University of Maine <small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>
- **signature**: Olympia Snowe Signature.svg
Ghanche District

**Ghanche District** is the easternmost district of the Northern Areas, Pakistan. To its northeast is Xinjiang, China, to the north and northwest is Skardu District, to its west is Astore District and to its south is Leh District in the Indian-administered territory of Ladakh. The line of control along the eastern most region of Ghanche District runs west of the Siachen Glacier.

The capital of Ghanche District is Khaplu. This is the coldest place within Pakistan also called the "Third Pole" with temperatures reaching below  in the winter. Khaplu and Hushe valleys form the gateway for the great Baltoro Muztagh, the subrange of Karakoram that includes the mighty peaks of K2 (8,611 m), Broad Peak (8,047 m), Gasherbrums (8,000+ m) and Masherbrum (7,821 m) (all of which are included in the Skardu District).

## Tehsils

- Khaplu Tehsil
- Mashabrum Tehsil
Polyester

**Polyester** is a type of man-made material. It is a synthetic polymer. With an 18% market share of all plastic materials produced, it is third after polyethylene (33.5%) and polypropylene (19.5%).

## Uses

Polyester can be made into thread, yarn or clothes. Woven into synthetic fabrics, they are often used to make clothes and home furnishings. These include shirts, trousers, pants, jackets, hats, bedding and upholstered furniture. Polyester fiber is used as cushioning and insulating material in pillows, comforters and upholstery padding. It can be used in curtains to insulate windows and keep heat indoors. Polyester is used to make insulating carpets.

Industrial polyester fibers, yarns and ropes are used in tires, fabrics for their use, and safety belts.

## Chemistry

Polyester is a type of polymer that has the ester functional group in its main chain. There are many different polyesters. The term "polyester" as a specific material most often refers to polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Polyesters include chemicals found in nature, such as in plant cuticles. Synthetics made by step-growth polymerization such as polycarbonate and polybutyrate are also polyesters. Natural polyesters and a few synthetic ones are biodegradable, but most synthetic polyesters are not.

The most common polyesters are thermoplastics.

### Synthesis

Most polyesters are made with a polycondensation reaction. See "condensation reactions in polymer chemistry".
The general equation for the reaction of a diol with a diacid is :
- (n+1) R(OH)<sub>2</sub> + n R´(COOH)<sub>2</sub> → HO[ROOCR´COO]<sub>n</sub>ROH + 2n pH<sub>2</sub>O

An alcohol and a carboxylic acid react to form a carboxylic ester.
To assemble a polymer, the water formed by the reaction must be continually removed by azeotrope distillation.
Bowdon, Georgia

**Bowdon** is a city in Carroll County, Georgia,  United States.  As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 2,161. Bowdon is known as "The Friendly City."

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bowdon, Georgia
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "The Friendly City"
- **image skyline**: Bowdon, GA City Hall.JPG
- **image caption**: Bowdon City Hall
- **image map**: Carroll_County_Georgia_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Bowdon_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in Carroll County, Georgia, Carroll County and the state of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Georgia (U.S. state), County
- **subdivision name2**: Carroll County, Georgia, Carroll
- **established date3**: January 1, 1859
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 8.80
- **area land km2**: 8.80
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 3.40
- **area land sq mi**: 3.40
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2161
- **population density km2**: 245.44
- **population density sq mi**: 635.78
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 329
- **elevation ft**: 1079
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 30108
- **area code**: Area code 770, 770
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 13-09544
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0354818
- **website**: [http://www.bowdon.net/ City of Bowdon Georgia Website]
She

The word "**she**" is a third-person singular pronoun used to talk about a female. When the name of a woman has been the subject, then "she" takes the place of that name, in the text. While "she" is the subject form, the word "her" is the object or possessive form (_see table below_). The word "she" is used for a woman (or girl) where the word "he" would be used for a man, or "it" for a neutral pronoun.

In 1999, the American Dialect Society chose "she" as the word of the past millennium (1000-year period). The Society noted the word was not used before the year 1000; "she" was first seen in writings from the 12th century, where the word _"heo"_ had been used to mean either the feminine or mixed plural as with "they".

This is usually used to referring to someone female, but that isn't always exactly the case.

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Ghizar District

**Ghizar District** is northernmost part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Its capital is Gahkuch. Ghizer is also a contact point between Gilgit District and Chitral District (which are connected by Shandur Pass). Ghizer is a multi-ethnic district and three major languages are spoken: Khowar, Shina and Burushaski. There are also a few Wakhi speakers in Ishkoman.

## Tehsils

- Gupis Tehsil
- Yasin Tehsil
- Ishkomen Tehsil
- Puniyal Tehsil
Evening

**Evening** is period between dusk until midnight.

This is the period when people usually watch television, go to social events, return home after work and get ready for bed.
Arthur Davidson

**Arthur Davidson** (February 11, 1881–December 30, 1950) is one of the four co-founders of Harley-Davidson Motorcycles. He and his wife died in a car accident in 1950. Arthur, his two brothers Walter and William started the company in 1903 with William Harley. Arthur was mainly in charge of sales for the company.

When he was not working for the company, Davidson like to raise Guernsey cattle at his farm west of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was well known for giving money and other things such as land to organizations such as the Boy Scouts.
Diamir District

The **Diamir District** is a first-order administrative division of the Pakistani-controlled territory known as the Northern Areas and is the district in which the Karakoram Highway enters that territory from Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The capital of the Diamir District is Chilas. In 2004, the Diamir District was reduced in size as a result of the creation of the new Astore District from Diamir's easternmost tehsil. (See map.)

The Diamir District is bounded by the Astore District in the east, Pakistan's Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the southwest (separated by the Babusar Pass or Babusar Top), Neelum District of Azad Kashmir in the south, the Ghizar District in the north and northwest, and the Gilgit District in the north and northeast.

Before the Karakoram Highway was opened in 1978, the only road reaching Gilgit town from the south was a rough track north from Balakot to Babusar Pass (via Kaghan, Naran, Besal, and Gittidas) and farther north through Babusar Gah to Chilas. The road up to Besal is now in better condition, but from Besal to Babusar Pass, the road is still a rough track.

## Tehsils

- Chilas Tehsil
- Darel Tehsil
- Tangir Tehsil
- Babu Sar Tehsil
Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney − Justice for All

***Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney − Justice for All*** is an adventure game made by Capcom for the Nintendo DS handheld. It's about a lawyer who has to defend his clients for murder.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Capcom
- **publisher**: Capcom
- **series**: Ace Attorney
- **genre**: Adventure game
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS
Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney − Trials and Tribulations

***Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney Trials and Tribulations*** is an adventure game made by Capcom for the Nintendo DS handheld. It's about a lawyer who has to defend his clients for murder.

## Cases

- Turnabout Memories
A flashback case where Mia Fey has to defend Phoenix Wright for the murder of his girlfriend's ex-boyfriend. This is Mia Fey's second case, and the first time she and Phoenix meet.

- The Stolen Turnabout
Phoenix Wright, Maya Fey, and Pearl Fey go to an art gallery and have to defend a thief who apparently stole Maya Fey's sacred urn. A man named Godot is prosecuting him, and has a grudge against Phoenix.

- Recipe for Turnabout
Someone impersonates Phoenix and does a bad job defending someone to frame them for murder. Phoenix learns that it's Maggey Byrde, a client he defended, and tries to find the real killer.

- Turnabout Beginnings
Mia Fey's very first case; she defends an escaped convicted murderer for the murder of a police officer.

- Bridge to the Turnabout
Phoenix goes with Maya and Pearl to a shrine so that the two girls can train. They meet a famous writer, who is murdered the night they arrive. After this, the bridge to where Maya is training is set on fire by a bolt of lightning, and Phoenix tries to get across to save her, but falls into the raging water far below, so Miles Edgeworth, a prosecutor and friend of Phoenix, has to come and act as a defense attorney for him.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Capcom
- **publisher**: Capcom
- **series**: Ace Attorney
- **genre**: Adventure game
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS
Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney

***Apollo Justice: Ace Attorney*** is an adventure game made by Capcom for the Nintendo DS handheld. It's about a lawyer who has to defend his clients for murder.

## Other websites

- Official site
- U.S Official site
- Court Records, an Ace Attorney series fansite.
- Apollo Justice English Demo , playable version of part of the first trial.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Capcom
- **director**: Mitsuru Endo
- **producer**: Minae Matsukawa
- **designer**: Takeshi Yamazaki
Keisuke Yamakawa
- **writer**: Shu Takumi
- **composer**: Toshihiko Horiyama
Hideki Okugawa
- **series**: _Ace Attorney_
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS, iOS, Android (operating system), Android, Nintendo 3DS
- **genre**: Adventure game, Adventure, visual novel
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
Kirby: Canvas Curse

***Kirby: Canvas Curse***, known in Japan as  and in PAL regions as ***Kirby: Power Paintbrush*** is a platform game made by HAL Laboratories and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It is about a character called Kirby who has to defeat a witch called Drawcia. The game is played using the touch screen only.

## Plot

Kirby has to go into a painting to defeat an evil witch called Drawcia. He turns into a ball when he goes in, and the player has to use a magical item called the Power Paintbrush to help Kirby beat Drawcia.

## Gameplay

The player uses the touch screen for everything. To move Kirby, the player has to touch him, making Kirby roll forward. The player can also draw lines with the stylus that Kirby can ride. Kirby will stick to them until they disappear, and these lines can be used to get Kirby higher or get Kirby across a pit. While _Kirby_ games have Kirby eating enemies to get their powers, _Canvas Curse_ does not do that. The player touches an enemy to stun it, and then has Kirby run into it. If it has a power, Kirby will gain it. To use the power, the player has to touch Kirby and he will use the power.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: HAL Laboratories
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: _Kirby (series), Kirby_
- **released**: **Nintendo DS:**
**Virtual Console (Wii U):**

- **genre**: Platform game
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS, Virtual Console (Wii U)
Parade

A **parade** is a large or small group of people who all walk together, usually down a street or road. People who walk in parades are often dressed in costumes, and followed by marching bands, floats or large balloons.

## Reasons

They are often held on holidays or to honor someone. Parades are held for many reasons, but are usually for celebrations of some kind. Days like St Patrick's Day are often celebrated with a parade.

## Military parades

A military parade is one of the most common parades. It is when soldiers march in public. Usually they are followed by tanks and other military vehicles. Military parades are often held after a battle or war has been won. In China, National Day is now celebrated with large military parades in Beijing every 5th year after 1949. In the United Kingdom, the Queen's Official Birthday (now always on a Saturday) is marked by a military parade every year. In the United States, such military parades are less common but usually held on Veterans Day and Independence Day.

## Famous parades

One of the most famous parades in the United States is the Macy's Thanksgiving Day parade in New York City. Over 44 million people watch this parade on television each year.
Pokémon Diamond and Pearl

***Pokémon Diamond_ and _Pokémon Pearl*** are two role-playing games (RPG) made by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld. It is the fourth generation of _Pokémon_ games in the series. In the game, the number of Pokémon is brought up to 493.

A third version to _Diamond and Pearl_ called _Pokémon Platinum_ was released in Japan in Autumn 2008, and released in the USA and UK on March 22, 2009.

Remakes of the games, titled _Pokémon Brilliant Diamond_ and _Shining Pearl_, was released for the Nintendo Switch on November 19, 2021, followed by a spin-off game, Pokémon Legends: Arceus in January 2022.

## Gameplay

The gameplay of _Diamond_ and _Pearl_ are much the same as previous Pokémon games. The player starts the game with one Pokémon, and catches more Pokémon using Poké Balls. The player can also use his/her Pokémon to battle other Pokémon. When the player spots a Pokémon or a trainer, the battle screen appears. During battle, the player may fight, use an item, switch Pokémon, or run away from battle (the last option is not available when facing trainers). All Pokémon have hit points (HP). If a Pokémon's HP is down to zero, it faints and cannot battle until the player revives it. If the player's Pokémon defeats the opponent's Pokémon, it gets experience points. After building up enough experience points, it will gain a new level. Most Pokémon evolve into a new form with a new name when they reach a certain level.

### Plot

The player gets sent by Professor Rowan to fill up the Pokédex, and to become the champion. The player can choose his or her character as per their gender, Dawn for Female players and Lucas for Male Players. The head of Team Galactic, Cyrus tries to destroy the world using Dialga or Palkia to create a new world that he will rule. In _Pokémon Platinum_, Giratina stops him as he is about to do it, and Cyrus then wants to capture it for its power instead. The games take place in the Sinnoh region.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Pokémon Diamond_ and _Pearl
- **italic title**: no
- **developer**: Game Freak
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: Pokémon
- **genre**: Console role-playing game
- **modes**: Single player, multiplayer game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS
- **composer**: Go Ichinose
Hitomi Sato
Junichi Masuda
Bengal cat

The **Bengal cat** is a hybrid (mixed) breed of house cat. They were bred to be even-tempered. This means they do not get angry easily like most house cats. Most Bengal cats weigh  and  in height.

It was bred with a leopard cat and many other domesticated cats around 1990. From the leopard cat, it has a marbled and spotted coat like a leopard. The cats have also appeared twice and occasionally in the animated media, with one example being Dragon from The Secret of NIMH, who is often asserted to as a dark-gray, pattern-less Bengal.

## Other websites

- The International Bengal Cat Society
- Complete Bengal Cat History
- Bengal Cat Facts
- Bengal Cat Guide
- Bengal Genetics
- Owning a Bengal Cat

## Infobox (cat breed)

- **name**: Bengal Cat
- **image**: Paintedcats Red Star standing.jpg
- **imagecaption**: A female Bengal Cat with tricolored rosettes and a clear coat.
- **stock**: Egyptian Mau, Abyssinian cat, Abyssinian, and others (domestic); Asian leopard cat (wild)
- **country**: United States
- **fifestd**: http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/BEN.pdf
- **wcfstd**: http://www.bengalclassifieds.com/bengal-cat-breed-standard-wcf.htm
- **cfastd**: http://cfa.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/bengal.pdf
- **ticastd**: https://www.tica.org/phocadownload/bg.pdf
- **gccfstd**: https://www.gccfcats.org/Portals/0/Bengal.SOP.Template.pdf
- **acfastd**: http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/BENGAL.pdf
- **acfstd**: http://www.acf.asn.au/notices/notices/standards/Group%20Three/Bengal.pdf
- **ccastd**: https://www.cca-afc.com/documents/BreedStandards/BENGAL_20160804_230122.pdf
- **nzcfstd**: http://nzcf.com/sop/SH-30-BEN-2017.pdf
- **x**: Prionailurus bengalensis bengalensis
Pokémon Red and Blue

and , released in Japan as ***Pokémon Red*** and , are two role-playing games. They were made by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, and are the first two video games in the Pokémon series. They were first released for the Game Boy in Japan in 1996. They were later released to the rest of the world in 1998 (North America) and 1999 (Europe and Australia). _Pokémon Yellow_, a special version, was released one year later in each region. These three games (_Pokémon Red_, _Blue_, and _Yellow_) and _Pokémon Stadium_ make up the first generation of _Pokémon_ video game series. _Pokémon Red_ and _Blue_ were later remade for the Game Boy Advance as _Pokémon FireRed_ and _LeafGreen_, released in 2004.

## Setting and plot

The games are set in the fantasy world of Kanto and follow the adventure of the main character, Red, in his quest to defeat all the 8 Gym Leaders and become the Champion. Both games have almost the same plot, but the player must trade among the two in order to have every Pokémon and complete the games' Pokédex. The Kanto Saga of the Pokémon anime is based on the games' plots.

## Gameplay

_Pokémon Red_ and _Blue_ are turn-based role-playing games.

## Reception

_Pokémon Red_ and _Blue_ got good reviews, and their releases started the beginning of what would become a multibillion-dollar company, both selling millions of copies around the world.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: _Pokémon Red_
_Pokémon Blue_
- **developer**: Game Freak
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: _Pokémon (video game series), Pokémon_
- **platforms**: Game Boy
- **released**: ***Red and Green******Blue (Japan)*** (CoroCoro Comic)  (retail)
***Red and Blue***
- **genre**: Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **director**: Satoshi Tajiri
- **producer**: Shigeru Miyamoto
Takashi Kawaguchi
Tsunekazu Ishihara
- **designer**: Satoshi Tajiri
- **artist**: Ken Sugimori
- **writer**: Satoshi Tajiri
Ryosuke Taniguchi
Fumihiro Nonomura
Hiroyuki Jinnai
- **composer**: Junichi Masuda
- **italic title**: no
- **image**: Pokémon RB logo.png
Waveform

The **waveform** is the shape of a wave as it travels. There are many different waveforms. They are usually a shape which is repeated over and over (a "periodic waveform"). A common waveform is the sine wave. It is normally not possible to see a waveform without some device.

## Root mean square

The amplitude of a waveform may change a lot. Even though it changes, the waveform has a **root mean square** (rms) value. For example: in the UK, the AC mains supply is a sine wave and has a voltage of 240 V. This is an rms voltage. The actual voltage varies:

The amplitude of the sine wave keeps changing from -339.4 V to +339.4 V.

Root mean square is important. It lets us work out many useful things, like power and heating in a wire.

This table has information about working out the rms for some waveforms.

|Wave type|rms amplitude|
| --- | --- |
|Sine wave||
|Square wave||
|Triangular wave||
Manchester Airport

**Manchester Airport **  is an important airport in Manchester, England. It opened to passengers in June 1938. It was first called **Ringway Airport**. During World War II it officially became RAF Ringway, and from 1975 until 1986 the title **Manchester International Airport** was used. The airport is almost all within the city of Manchester boundaries—the exception being the second runway, which lies mostly in Cheshire **Manchester Airport** had the most passengers in the Uk outside of London with 22.1 million people in 2007.

Manchester Airport competes with other airports nearby such as Liverpool Airport and Leeds Bradford Airport.

## Airlines and destinations

The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Manchester:

## Other websites

- Manchester Airport - Official website
- Manchester Airport Consultative Committee

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Manchester Airport
- **image**: Manchester Airport.jpg
- **image-width**: 250
- **iata**: MAN
- **icao**: EGCC
- **type**: Public
- **owner-oper**: Manchester Airports Group
- **location**: Greater Manchester
- **elevation-f**: 257
- **elevation-m**: 78
- **website**: [http://www.manchesterairport.co.uk/ www.manchesterairport.co.uk]
- **metric-rwy**: yes
- **r1-number**: 05L/23R
- **r1-length-f**: 10,000
- **r1-length-m**: 3,048
- **r1-surface**: Concrete/Grooved Asphalt
- **r2-number**: 05R/23L
- **r2-length-f**: 9,997
- **r2-length-m**: 3,047
- **r2-surface**: Concrete/Grooved Asphalt
- **footnotes**: Source: United Kingdom Aeronautical Information Publication, AIP
Heaton Park

**Heaton Park** is the largest municipal park in the Greater Manchester region, and one of the largest in both the United Kingdom and Europe. It contains many animal reserves and also has a few listed buildings.