juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Karisma Kapoor

**Karisma Kapoor** (also spelled as **Karishma Kapoor**) is an Indian actress. She was born on 25 June 1974 in Bombay, Maharashtra, India. Karishma Kapoor acts in Hindi language movies. She has won a Filmfare Best Actress Award. She also won a Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award and a National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress.

## Early life

She is the sister of  actress Kareena Kapoor. She is the daughter of Bollywood Actors Randhir Kapoor and Babita. She is the first-cousin of actor Ranbir Kapoor. Kapoor studied at the Cathedral and John Connon School in Mumbai until Grade Six.

## Personal life

She married Sanjay in 2003 and they have two children.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Karisma Kapoor
- **image**: KarismaKapoor.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Photograph of Karisma Kapoor
- **yearsactive**: 1991 - 2003
- **birth place**: Bombay, Maharashtra, India
- **occupation**: Actress
- **birthname**: Karishma Kapoor
- **spouse**: Sanjay Kapur (2003 - 2016)
Parides erithalion

The **Variable Cattleheart** (_Parides erithalion_) is a species of butterfly.  It belongs in the family Papilionidae.  It is found in North America and South America.

## Description

The upper side of the wings is black.  The hind wing (bottom wing) has a row of red spots.  The underside of the wings is also black.  The hind wing has a row of pink and whitish-colored spots.

## Life cycle

The eggs are a brownish color.  The caterpillar is brownish-black.  It has white and reddish-brown areas.

## Host plants

The Variable Cattleheart feeds on _Aristolochia cordiflora_.

## Other websites

- _Parides_ at Butterflies of America
- Larval food plant information sorted by plant
Ava Gardner

**Ava Lavinia Gardner** (December 24, 1922 – January 25, 1990) was an American actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for acting in _Mogambo_ (1953). She was in several popular movies during the 1950s, and got BAFTA Award nominations for her performances in _Bhowani Junction_ (1956), _On the Beach_ (1959) and _The Night of the Iguana_ (1964).

She is listed as one of the American Film Institute's greatest stars of all time.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ava Gardner
- **image**: Studio publicity Ava Gardner.jpg
- **birth name**: Ava Lavinia Gardner
- **birth place**: Smithfield, North Carolina, US
- **death place**: Westminster, London, England
- **death cause**: Pneumonia
- **resting place**: Sunset Memorial Park, Smithfield, North Carolina
- **education**: Rock Ridge High School
- **alma mater**: Barton College, Atlantic Christian College
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1941–1986
- **spouse**: Mickey Rooney (1942–1943)
Artie Shaw (1945–1946)
Frank Sinatra (1951–1957)
Oswaldo Sánchez

**Oswaldo Sánchez** (born 21 September 1973) is a Mexican football player. He plays for Santos Laguna and Mexico national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1993/94||rowspan="3"|Atlas||rowspan="3"|Primera División||14||0
|-
|1994/95||32||0
|-
|1995/96||31||0
|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|América||rowspan="3"|Primera División||14||0
|-
|1997/98||28||0
|-
|1998/99||28||0
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="8"|Guadalajara||rowspan="8"|Primera División||34||0
|-
|2000/01||33||0
|-
|2001/02||30||0
|-
|2002/03||38||0
|-
|2003/04||36||0
|-
|2004/05||26||0
|-
|2005/06||27||0
|-
|2006/07||16||0
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Santos Laguna||rowspan="4"|Primera División||13||0
|-
|2007/08||23||0
|-
|2008/09||31||0
|-
|2009/10||||
454||0
454||0
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||4||0
|-
|1998||3||0
|-
|1999||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||12||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||12||0
|-
|2004||13||0
|-
|2005||14||0
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||10||0
|-
|2008||12||0
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||98||0
|}
Shigeru Morioka

is a former Japanese football player.

## Biography

Morioka was born in Ozu on August 12, 1973. After graduating from Yawatahama Technical High School, he joined J1 League club Gamba Osaka in 1992. He debuted in 1993 and played many matches as offensive midfielder from 1994. His opportunity to play decreased in 1998. He moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga in 1999 and Vissel Kobe in 2000. He returned to Gamba in 2002. Although he played many matches in 2002, his opportunity to play decreased from 2003. In 2006, he moved to Regional Leagues club Banditonce Kobe (later _Banditonce Kakogawa_). He retired at the end of the 2008 season.

In July 1996, Morioka was selected for the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played one match as a right side midfielder against Hungary in the third match. Although Japan won 2 matches, they lost in the first round. Japan won Brazil in their first game. It was known as "Miracle of Miami" (マイアミの奇跡) in Japan.

## Statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="7"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="7"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1993||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|1994||26||4||4||2||3||1||33||7
|-
|1995||45||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||45||5
|-
|1996||16||1||0||0||9||1||25||2
|-
|1997||28||5||1||0||0||0||29||5
|-
|1998||13||0||1||0||0||0||14||0
|-
|1999||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J1 League||15||2||0||0||3||1||18||3
|-
|2000||rowspan="2"|Vissel Kobe||rowspan="2"|J1 League||13||2||0||0||2||0||15||2
|-
|2001||5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|-
|2002||rowspan="4"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="4"|J1 League||21||1||2||0||8||0||31||1
|-
|2003||10||0||0||0||2||0||12||0
|-
|2004||14||2||2||0||5||1||21||3
|-
|2005||3||0||1||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Banditonce Kobe||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||12||2||4||0||colspan="2"|-||16||2
|-
|2007||13||5||3||0||colspan="2"|-||16||5
|-
|2008||Banditonce Kakogawa||Regional Leagues||11||2||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||11||2
246||31||18||2||32||4||296||37
246||31||18||2||32||4||296||37
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Shigeru Morioka
- **fullname**: Shigeru Morioka
- **birth place**: Ozu, Ehime, Ozu, Ehime Prefecture, Ehime, Japan
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1989–1991
- **youthclubs1**: Yawatahama Technical High School
- **years1**: 1992–1998
- **clubs1**: Gamba Osaka
- **caps1**: 129
- **goals1**: 15
- **years2**: 1999
- **clubs2**: Kyoto Sanga FC, Kyoto Purple Sanga
- **caps2**: 15
- **goals2**: 2
- **years3**: 2000–2001
- **clubs3**: Vissel Kobe
- **caps3**: 18
- **goals3**: 2
- **years4**: 2002–2005
- **clubs4**: Gamba Osaka
- **caps4**: 48
- **goals4**: 3
- **years5**: 2006–2008
- **clubs5**: Banditonce Kakogawa
- **caps5**: 36
- **goals5**: 9
- **totalcaps**: 246
- **totalgoals**: 31
- **nationalyears1**: 1996
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national under-23 football team, Japan U-23
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Daniel Sanabria

**Daniel Sanabria** (born 2 February 1977) is a former Paraguayan football player. He has played for Paraguay national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||15||3||3||1||2||0||20||4

|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Libertad||rowspan="2"|Primera División||29||2||||||||||29||2
|-
|2002||15||0||||||||||15||0

|-
|2002||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0

|-
|2003||rowspan="2"|Libertad||rowspan="2"|Primera División||15||1||||||||||15||1
|-
|2004||29||2||||||||||29||2

|-
|2005||Colo-Colo||Primera División||10||1||||||||||10||1

|-
|2005||Sportivo Luqueño||Primera División||18||2||||||||||18||2
|-
|2006||Olimpia||Primera División||7||0||||||||||7||0

|-
|2007||América-SP||||0||0||||||||||0||0

|-
|2008||Independiente Medellín||Primera A||34||2||||||||||34||2
15||3||3||1||2||0||20||4
113||7||||||||||113||7
10||1||||||||||10||1
0||0||||||||||0||0
34||2||||||||||34||2
172||13||3||1||2||0||177||14
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Daniel Sanabria
- **fullname**: Daniel Horacio Sanabria Gueyraud
- **birth place**: Asunción, Paraguay
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **years1**: 1995–1998
- **years2**: 1999
- **years3**: 2000
- **years4**: 2001–2005
- **years5**: 2002
- **years6**: 2005
- **years7**: 2005
- **years8**: 2006
- **years9**: 2007
- **years10**: 2008
- **years11**: 2009
- **years12**: 2011
- **years13**: 2013
- **clubs1**: Club Sport Colombia, Sport Colombia
- **clubs2**: Club 12 de Octubre, 12 de Octubre
- **clubs3**: Shonan Bellmare
- **clubs4**: Club Libertad, Libertad
- **clubs5**: → Kyoto Sanga FC, Kyoto Purple Sanga (loan)
- **clubs6**: → Colo-Colo (loan)
- **clubs7**: → Club Sportivo Luqueño, Sportivo Luqueño (loan)
- **clubs8**: Club Olimpia, Olimpia Asunción
- **clubs9**: América FC (SP), América-SP
- **clubs10**: Independiente Medellín
- **clubs11**: General Caballero Sport Club, General Caballero ZC
- **clubs12**: C.D. Quevedo, Deportivo Quevedo
- **clubs13**: C.D. FAS, FAS
- **caps3**: 15
- **goals3**: 3
- **caps4**: 88
- **goals4**: 5
- **caps5**: 0
- **goals5**: 0
- **caps6**: 12
- **goals6**: 1
- **caps7**: 18
- **goals7**: 2
- **caps8**: 7
- **goals8**: 0
- **caps9**: 5
- **goals9**: 0
- **caps10**: 34
- **goals10**: 2
- **goals12**: 2
- **nationalyears1**: 2001–2003
- **nationalteam1**: Paraguay national football team, Paraguay
- **nationalcaps1**: 7
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Gláucio (footballer, born 1975)

**Gláucio de Jesus Carvalho** (born 11 November 1975) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1994|Portuguesa Desportos|Série A|1|0|
|1994–95|Feyenoord|Eredivisie|9|3|
|1995–96|0|0|||
|1996|Flamengo|Série A|8|2|
|1996–97|Excelsior|Eerste Divisie|12|6|
|1997–98|Feyenoord|Eredivisie|1|0|
|1998|América|Série C|||
|1999|Guarani|Série A|2|0|
|2000|América|Série A|||
|2000–01|Rayo Vallecano|La Liga|23|1|
|2001–02|29|1|||
|2002–03|Qadsia|Premier League||2|
|2003–04||5|||
|2004|Internacional|Série A|3|0|
|2005|Paulista|Série B|||
|2005|Avispa Fukuoka|J2 League|37|18|
|2006|J1 League|7|1||
|2006|Paulista|Série B|||
|2007|||||
|2007|São Caetano|Série B|||
|2007–08|Al-Salmiya|Premier League||0|
|2008|Paraná|Série B|||
|2009|Vitória|Série A|||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Gláucio
- **fullname**: Gláucio de Jesus Carvalho
- **birth place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1994
- **years2**: 1995–1997
- **years3**: 1996
- **years4**: 1997
- **years5**: 1998–2000
- **years6**: 1999
- **years7**: 2000–2002
- **years8**: 2002–2003
- **years9**: 2003
- **years10**: 2004
- **years11**: 2004–2007
- **years12**: 2005–2006
- **years13**: 2007
- **years14**: 2008
- **years15**: 2008
- **years16**: 2009
- **years17**: 2010
- **clubs1**: Associação Portuguesa de Desportos, Portuguesa
- **clubs2**: Feyenoord
- **clubs3**: → Clube de Regatas do Flamengo, Flamengo (loan)
- **clubs4**: → Excelsior Rotterdam (loan)
- **clubs5**: America Football Club (RJ), América (RJ)
- **clubs6**: → Guarani Futebol Clube, Guarani (loan)
- **clubs7**: Rayo Vallecano
- **clubs8**: Sport Club Corinthians Alagoano, Corinthians Alagoano
- **clubs9**: Al Qadisiya Kuwait
- **clubs10**: Sport Club Internacional, Internacional
- **clubs11**: Paulista Futebol Clube, Paulista
- **clubs12**: → Avispa Fukuoka (loan)
- **clubs13**: Associação Desportiva São Caetano, São Caetano
- **clubs14**: Al Salmiya Club, Al-Salmiya
- **clubs15**: Paraná Clube
- **clubs16**: Esporte Clube Vitória, Vitória
- **clubs17**: Oeste Futebol Clube, Oeste
- **caps1**: 1
- **goals1**: 0
- **caps2**: 10
- **goals2**: 3
- **caps3**: 8
- **goals3**: 2
- **caps4**: 12
- **goals4**: 6
- **caps6**: 2
- **goals6**: 0
- **caps7**: 51
- **goals7**: 2
- **goals9**: 7
- **caps10**: 3
- **goals10**: 0
- **caps12**: 44
- **goals12**: 19
- **caps16**: 11
- **goals16**: 1
- **nationalyears1**: 1995
- **nationalteam1**: Brazil national under-20 football team, Brazil U-20
Ali Boumnijel

**Ali Boumnijel** (born 13 April 1966) is a former Tunisian football player. He has played for Tunisia national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1991–92||Nancy-Lorraine||Division 1||7||0
|-
|1992–93||rowspan="5"|Gueugnon||rowspan="3"|Division 2||30||0
|-
|1993–94||40||0
|-
|1994–95||41||0
|-
|1995–96||Division 1||37||0
|-
|1996–97||Division 2||18||0
|-
|1997–98||rowspan="6"|Bastia||rowspan="5"|Division 1||0||0
|-
|1998–99||5||0
|-
|1999–2000||1||0
|-
|2000–01||1||0
|-
|2001–02||4||0
|-
|2002–03||Ligue 1||5||0
|-
|2003–04||Rouen||Ligue 2||23||0

|-
|2004–05||rowspan="3"|Africain||rowspan="3"|Ligue Professionnelle 1||12||0
|-
|2005–06||24||0
|-
|2006–07||25||0
212||0
61||0
273||0
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1991||||
|-
|1992||||
|-
|1993||||
|-
|1994||||
|-
|1995||||
|-
|1996||||
|-
|1997||3||0
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||0||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||6||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||11||0
|-
|2005||7||0
|-
|2006||9||0
|-
!Total||||
|}

## Honours

**Tunisia**
- Africa Cup of Nations: 2004

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ali Boumnijel
- **image**: Lens - Sochaux (23-11-2019) 19.jpg
- **caption**: Boumnijel in November 2019
- **birth place**: Menzel Jemil, Tunisia
- **height**: 1.89m
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **currentclub**: Tunisia national football team, Tunisia (assistant coach)
- **years1**: 1988–1997
- **clubs1**: FC Gueugnon, Gueugnon
- **caps1**: 166
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1991–1992
- **clubs2**: → AS Nancy, Nancy (loan)
- **caps2**: 7
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 1998–2003
- **clubs3**: SC Bastia, Bastia
- **caps3**: 15
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2003–2004
- **clubs4**: FC Rouen, Rouen
- **caps4**: 23
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2004–2007
- **clubs5**: Club Africain
- **caps5**: 84
- **goals5**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 289
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1991–2007
- **nationalteam1**: Tunisia national football team, Tunisia
- **nationalcaps1**: 51
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 2011–2012
- **managerclubs1**: Tunisia national football team, Tunisia (goalkeeper coach)
- **manageryears2**: 2012–2013
- **managerclubs2**: Umm Salal SC, Umm Salal (goalkeeper coach)
- **manageryears3**: 2014–2016
- **managerclubs3**: China national football team, China (assistant)
- **manageryears4**: 2017–2018
- **managerclubs4**: Étoile Sportive du Sahel, Étoile du Sahel (assistant)
- **manageryears5**: 2019–2022
- **managerclubs5**: FC Sochaux-Montbéliard, Sochaux (assistant)
- **manageryears6**: 2022–
- **managerclubs6**: Tunisia national football team, Tunisia (assistant)
Takafumi Yoshimoto

**Takafumi Yoshimoto** (born 13 May 1978) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2002||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2002||Yokohama||J. League 2||14||1||2||1||colspan="2"|-||16||1
|-
|2003||rowspan="5"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="5"|J. League 2||31||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||34||0
|-
|2004||15||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||2
|-
|2005||30||6||1||0||colspan="2"|-||31||6
|-
|2006||32||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||32||5
|-
|2007||30||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||32||4
|-
|2008||rowspan="2"|Yokohama||rowspan="2"|J. League 2||19||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2009||23||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
195||18||11||1||0||0||206||19
195||18||11||1||0||0||206||19
|}
Daishi Hiramatsu

**Daishi Hiramatsu** (born 3 July 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Mito Hollyhock||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||13||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2007||41||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||43||0
|-
|2008||38||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||40||4
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Tokyo||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||7||1||3||0||5||0||15||1
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
99||5||8||0||5||0||112||5
99||5||8||0||5||0||112||5
|}

## References

- Tokyo
Oligocene

The **Oligocene** is the last geological epoch in the Palaeogene. It lasted for about 11 million years, from 34 million years ago to 23 million years ago. It was preceded by the Eocene and followed by the Miocene. During the Oligocene, the world continued to get cooler from its peak in the mid-Eocene. The world was still largely forested, but grasslands began to spread. Ice formed in Antarctica. The period is seen as one of _transition_, both in climate and in the biota.
Pliocene

The **Pliocene** (**Pleiocene** in older texts) was a short geological epoch at the end of the Neogene period. It was the fifth and final epoch of the former Tertiary period and the fifth epoch of the Cainozoic era. It began 5.3 million years ago and ended 2.6 million years ago. The Pliocene follows the Miocene epoch and is followed by the Pleistocene epoch.

The world continued to get cooler and drier in the Pliocene. Tropical rain forests and deciduous forests shrank. Grasslands grew, and many herbivorous mammals became grazers instead of browsers. Of this we are certain, because their teeth tell us what kind of food they ate. Browsers eat leaves and small branches, and grazers eat grass. The concept of _mesowear_ deals with this. Mesowear is a method based on animals' tooth wear fingerprints. Each animal has special feeding habits, which cause unique tooth wear. Rough feeds cause serious tooth abrasion, while smooth one triggers moderate abrasion. So browsers have teeth with moderate abrasion and grazers have teeth with rough abrasion. Seeing the teeth of browsers next to those of grazers is convincing.

A new land bridge at Panama brought a Great American Interchange. Hominid evolution took a new turn as some apes started to live on the savannah instead of the forests (Australopithecines). Late in the Pliocene the Greenland ice cap grew and became permanent, and the ice sheet of Antarctica grew to cover most of Antarctica.

## Related pages

- Human timeline
Grazer

A **grazer** is an animal, usually a herbivorous mammal, which eats grass.  It is contrasted with browsers, which eat trees & shrubs.

The life-style, dentition (teeth), and digestive system of grazers is different from browsers, to handle the problems of eating and digesting grass. This is well illustrated in the evolution of such groups as horses. Ruminants are the largest group of grazers, though many other animals such as giant panda<nowiki/>s also graze.

When grazers keep eating grass in an area without giving the plants time to grow back, that is called overgrazing.
Fauna

**Fauna** means animal life. It is a group term; it means the animal life typical of the time or place. It is a similar term to flora in Botany.

So one might speak of the Eocene fauna as being different from the Miocene fauna. Or say, the fauna of a particular habitat. The flora and fauna of a savannah differ from those of a rain forest.

Another use of the word is for published lists of animals, such as:
- Linnaeus, Carolus. _Fauna Suecica,_ 1746, the first book to use this term.

## Related pages

- Flora
- Megafauna
Butterscotch

**Butterscotch** is a confection (like candy) made from brown sugar, butter and cream. It is a bit like toffee but is made differently. Butterscotch is made by boiling sugar until it is at the "soft crack" stage, which is a slightly lower temperature than for toffee. Butterscotch can be used as a sauce for desserts like ice cream.
Jiffy Lube

**Jiffy Lube** is a chain of businesses that services automobiles. It is most well known for quick oil changes. The one-way design of the building allows for fast service.

In addition to oil changes, Jiffy Lube mechanics are trained to inspect cars and suggest service when needed. They can do many services themselves.

Jiffy Lube is owned by Pennzoil-Quaker State, part of SOPUS (Shell Oil Products United States), part of Royal Dutch Shell Group.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Encyc:Jiffy Lube
National Endowment for the Arts

The **National Endowment for the Arts** is a branch of the United States government that gives money for art, music, television, and film projects. It is supposed to promote enjoyment and participation in the arts.
Art Blakey

**Arthur "Art" Blakey** (October 11, 1919 – October 16, 1990), also known as **Abdullah Ibn Buhaina**, was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. With Kenny Clarke and Max Roach, he was one of the inventors of the modern bebop style of drumming. His band, the Jazz Messengers, was made up of many jazz musicians became famous and important in jazz.

## Early life and career

Blakey was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. By the time he was a teenager he played the piano professionally. He then taught himself to play the drums in the style of Chick Webb, Sid Catlett and Ray Bauduc. He played in New York in 1942 with Mary Lou Williams. He then went on tour with the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra. From 1944 to 1947 he played with the Billy Eckstine big band, along with Miles Davis, Dexter Gordon and Fats Navarro.

In 1947 Blakey recorded with an octet called the Jazz Messengers. In the early 1950s he performed and broadcast with musicians like Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Clifford Brown, and Horace Silver. Blakey and Silver recorded together several times, like the album _A Night at Birdland_ in 1954. Over the years the Jazz Messengers included jazz musicians such as Donald Byrd, Johnny Griffin, Lee Morgan, Wayne Shorter, Freddie Hubbard, Keith Jarrett, Chuck Mangione, Woody Shaw, JoAnne Brackeen and Wynton Marsalis. Blakey made a world tour in 1971–2 with the Giants of Jazz (with Dizzy Gillespie, Kai Winding, Sonny Stitt, Thelonious Monk and Al McKibbon).

He converted to Islam during a visit to West Africa in the late 1940s and took the name Abdullah Ibn Buhaina. (He had the nickname "Bu").

Up to the 1960s Blakey recorded as a sideman with many other musicians like Jimmy Smith, Herbie Nichols, Cannonball Adderley, Grant Green, and Jazz Messengers musicians Lee Morgan and Hank Mobley. After the mid-1960s he mostly worked as a bandleader.

Blakey continued performing and touring with his group into the late 1980s. He died in 1990 of lung cancer in New York City.

Discography: His discography includes

- _Moanin_' (album from 1958)

- _A Night in Tunisia_ (1961)
- _Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers_ (1961; It was his last album.)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Arthur Baker
- **img**: Art Blakey08.JPG
- **img capt**: Blakey in 1985
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Arthur Blakey
- **alias**: Abdullah Ibn Buhaina
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, U.S.
- **instrument**: Drum set, Drums, percussion
- **genre**: Jazz, Bebop
- **occupation**: Drummer, bandleader
- **years active**: 1942–1990
- **label**: Blue Note Records
- **associated acts**: Art Blakey & the Jazz Messengers
- **url**: http://www.artblakey.com/
Jethro Tull (agriculturist)

**Jethro Tull** (1674-1741) was an agricultural engineer from England who helped start the British Agricultural Revolution. He helped improve the seed drill, which is a tool that put seeds in the ground to plant them faster. This seed drill was normally pulled by a horse or strong cattle. Jethro was one of the most influential engineers of this century. He began these inventions and soon after the economy thrived. The seed drill spaced out the seeds as well to keep the plants growing. In 1703 he perfected the seed drill, and the farmers in England began to use it. A short while after, Welsh farmers were introduced to this new machinery.
Carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection

**Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection** or **CSMA/CD** is a protocol (or rule) used by computer ethernet networks. It stops computers from sending information on the same ethernet wire at the same time. With this rule, a computer will check that the wire is not being used before it sends information. This ability to check is called "carrier sense." This rule is used when many computers can use the same connection. This is called "multiple access." If computers do send information at exactly the same time, the computers can tell a mistake has been made and stop sending. This is called "collision detection." When this collision occurs, the computers stop sending information, wait for a random amount of time, and then check before resending the information.

## Other websites

- Top Bits
Crash Test Dummy

A **crash test dummy** is a test device (commonly abbreviated 'ATD') that is made to be close to the same shape, size, heaviness, proportions and articulation of the human body. They sometimes have equipment embedded in them that measures data about how hard things are hitting it and how fast the ATD is moving around. ATDs have many applications but are commonly used in simulated (test) car crashes to see how safe the cars are for people when they crash. There are many different kinds of dummies with different weights, for example, dummies that are the same size and weight as a baby.
Parides montezuma

**Montezuma's Cattleheart** (_Parides montezuma_) is a species of butterfly.  It belongs in the family Papilionidae.  It is found in North America and South America.

## Description

The upper side of the wings is black.  The hind wing (bottom wing) has one row of red crescents along the edge.  The underside of the wings is black.  The hind wing has a row of red crescents like the ones on the upper side.

## Host plants

Here is a list of host plants used by Montezuma's Cattleheart. (The host plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on.):

- _Aristolochia acanthophylla_
- _Aristolochia foetida_ - Jalisco Dutchman's Pipe
- _Aristolochia grandiflora_ - Pelican Flower
- _Aristolochia micrantha_
- _Aristolochia orbicularis_

## Other websites

- Larval food plant information sorted by plant
Parides alopius

The **white-dotted cattleheart** (***Parides alopius***) a species of butterfly.  It is in the family Papilionidae.

It is endemic to Mexican.  It has also been found once in the United States in southeastern Arizona.

## Description

The upper side of the wings is black.  The hind wing (bottom wing) has two rows of spots.  The first row is white.  The second row is pink.  Males have fewer white spots than females.  The underside of the wings is similar to the upper side.  The row of pink spots on the underside are more noticeable than the pink spots on the upper side.  It has a wingspan of 3-3.5 inches.

## Life cycle

The caterpillar is ringed with black and white bands.  It has yellow and reddish-brown fleshy areas.  Each side of the body has red, orange, and white spots.  The chrysalis is a blue-green color.  The head, parts of the thorax, and the abdomen are a bright yellow-green color. It is not known whether the chrysalis has a brown form or not.  The chrysalis has a similar shape to that of the pipevine swallowtail's (_Battus philenor_) chrysalis.

The imago (adult) is seen from March-November. It lives in pine-oak forests.

## Host plants

The only known host plant the caterpillar feeds on is Watson's pipevine (_Aristolochia watsoni_).

## Other websites

- _Parides alopius_ at Butterflies and Moths
- _Parides alopius_ at Mexican Butterflies
Innocence (Avril Lavigne song)

**Innocence** is a song by written by Avril Lavigne with Evan Taubenfeld, featured on her third studio album The Best Damn Thing.

## Charts

|align="left"|Chart (2007)|style="text-align:center;"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Canadian Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|59||
|International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Slovak Airplay Chart|style="text-align:center;"|19|
|Ukraine Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|11||
|UK Singles Chart|style="text-align:center;"|190||
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Bubbling Under Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|16|
|US Billboard Pop 100|style="text-align:center;"|93||

## Infobox (single)

- **name**: Innocence
- **type**: song
- **artist**: Avril Lavigne
- **album**: The Best Damn Thing
- **released**: 2007
- **length**: 3:52
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Pop rock
- **label**: RCA Records
- **writer**: Avril Lavigne, Evan Taubenfeld
- **producer**: Rob Cavallo
Unwanted (Avril Lavigne song)

"**Unwanted**" is a song by Avril Lavigne. It was released on her first studio album _Let Go_. It was released as a radio single. The song is known for its very heavy guitar. It was one of the four songs released on her 2003 EP _The Angus Drive EP_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Unwanted
- **type**: promotional single
- **artist**: Avril Lavigne
- **album**: Let Go (Avril Lavigne album), Let Go
- **released**: March 2004 <small>(Canada)</small>
June 2005 <small>(Australia)</small>
- **recorded**: 2001
- **genre**: * Hard rock
* post-grunge
* nu metal
- **length**: 3:40
- **label**: Arista Records, Arista
- **writer**: Avril Lavigne, Cliff Magness
- **producer**: Cliff Magness
Angus Drive

***The Angus Drive EP*** is an EP that was released in 2003 by Canadian singer Avril Lavigne and it contains songs that were already released on her 2002 album _Let Go_.

## Song list

1. "Sk8er Boi" 3:25
1. "Unwanted" 3:42
1. "Losing Grip" 3:54
1. "Complicated" 4:05

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Angus Drive EP
- **type**: EP
- **artist**: Avril Lavigne
- **released**: May 1, 2003
- **genre**: Pop rock, alternative rock
- **length**: 14:55
- **label**: Arista
- **prev title**: Let Go (Avril Lavigne album), Let Go
(2002)
- **next title**: Under My Skin
(2004)
Keisuke Mori

**Keisuke Mori** (born 17 April 1980) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1999||rowspan="6"|Sagan Tosu||rowspan="6"|J. League 2||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2000||6||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|2001||13||1||2||0||1||0||16||1
|-
|2002||15||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||15||0
|-
|2003||17||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||2
|-
|2004||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2004||ALO's Hokuriku||Football League||3||0||||||colspan="2"|-||3||0
|-
|2006||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||12||0||||||colspan="2"|-||12||0
66||3||2||0||2||0||70||3
66||3||2||0||2||0||70||3
|}
Silva Jose Reinaldo Fernandes

**Silva Jose Reinaldo Fernandes** (born 28 December 1976) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|}
Thomas Bickel

**Thomas Bickel** (born 6 October 1963) is a former Swiss football player. He played for Switzerland national team.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Biel-Bienne|1984–85|Nationalliga B|29|6|||
|rowspan="4"|Zürich|1985–86|rowspan="3"|Nationalliga A|30|3|
|1986–87|29|8|||||
|1987–88|33|8|||||
|rowspan="8"|Grasshopper Zürich|1988–89|rowspan="7"|Nationalliga A|24|2|
|1989–90|30|2|||||
|1990–91|33|1|||||
|1991–92|31|7|||||
|1992–93|32|3|||||
|1993–94|29|7|||||
|1994–95|19|2|||||
|rowspan="4"|Vissel Kobe|1995|rowspan="2"|Football League|25|6|
|1996|30|12|||||
|1997|J1 League|20|3||||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="10"|Switzerland|1986|5|1|
|1987|6|0|||
|1988|5|0|||
|1989|1|0|||
|1990|4|1|||
|1991|7|0|||
|1992|5|1|||
|1993|3|0|||
|1994|11|2|||
|1995|5|0|||
Markus Rosenberg

**Markus Rosenberg** (born 27 September 1982) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Werder Bremen and Sweden national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2001||rowspan="3"|Malmö FF||rowspan="3"|Allsvenskan||13||1
|-
|2002||11||0
|-
|2003||16||3
|-
|2004||Halmstad||Allsvenskan||26||14
|-
|2005||Malmö FF||Allsvenskan||12||4

|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Ajax||rowspan="2"|Eredivisie||31||12
|-
|2006/07||9||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||14||8
|-
|2007/08||30||14
|-
|2008/09||29||7
|-
|2009/10||||
78||22
40||12
73||29
191||63
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2005||6||3
|-
|2006||6||1
|-
|2007||7||2
|-
|2008||7||0
|-
|2009||4||0
|-
!Total||30||6
|}
Marcelo Miguel

**Marcelo Miguel Pelissari** (born 20 August 1975) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|1996||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
5||0||0||0||0||0||5||0
|}
Richard Dutruel

**Richard Dutruel** (born 24 December 1972) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.

### Club

|-
|1991–92||rowspan="2"|Paris Saint-Germain||rowspan="2"|Division 1||4||0
|-
|1992–93||0||0
|-
|1993–94||rowspan="2"|Caen||rowspan="2"|Division 1||30||0
|-
|1994–95||38||0
|-
|1995–96||Paris Saint-Germain||Division 1||6||0

|-
|1996–97||rowspan="4"|Celta Vigo||rowspan="4"|La Liga||36||0
|-
|1997–98||36||0
|-
|1998–99||37||0
|-
|1999–00||19||0
|-
|2000–01||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||15||0
|-
|2001–02||0||0
|-
|2002–03||Deportivo Alavés||La Liga||33||0

|-
|2003–04||Strasbourg||Ligue 1||24||0
102||0
176||0
278||0
|}

### International

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Richard Dutruel
- **image**: Richard Dutruelle.png
- **fullname**: Richard Philippe Dutruel
- **birth place**: Thonon-les-Bains, France
- **height**: 1.92 m
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthclubs1**: CS Thonon
- **youthclubs2**: INF Clairefontaine, Clairefontaine
- **youthclubs3**: Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Paris Saint-Germain
- **years1**: 1991–1996
- **years2**: 1993–1995
- **years3**: 1996–2000
- **years4**: 2000–2002
- **years5**: 2002–2003
- **years6**: 2003–2005
- **clubs1**: Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Paris Saint-Germain
- **clubs2**: → Stade Malherbe Caen, Caen (loan)
- **clubs3**: RC Celta de Vigo, Celta
- **clubs4**: FC Barcelona, Barcelona
- **clubs5**: Deportivo Alavés, Alavés
- **clubs6**: RC Strasbourg, Strasbourg
- **caps1**: 10
- **caps2**: 68
- **caps3**: 128
- **caps4**: 15
- **caps5**: 33
- **caps6**: 24
- **totalcaps**: 278
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 0
- **goals3**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **goals5**: 0
- **goals6**: 0
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 2000
- **nationalteam1**: France national football team, France
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Masahiko Nakagawa

**Masahiko Nakagawa** (born 26 August 1969) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1992||rowspan="4"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="4"|J. League 1||colspan="2"|-||2||0||4||0||6||0
|-
|1993||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1995||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Yokohama Marinos||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|1996||16||0||1||0||1||0||18||0
|-
|1997||0||0||0||0||6||0||6||0
|-
|1998||rowspan="3"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||1||0||1||0
|-
|2000||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2000||Nagoya Grampus Eight||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||rowspan="2"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 2||29||0||0||0||2||0||31||0
|-
|2002||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
46||0||3||0||14||0||63||0
46||0||3||0||14||0||63||0
|}
Masao Kiba

**Masao Kiba** (born 6 September 1974) is a retired Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="12"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="12"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|1994||4||0||0||0||0||0||4||0
|-
|1995||28||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||32||0
|-
|1996||22||1||3||0||13||0||38||1
|-
|1997||9||0||3||0||5||0||17||0
|-
|1998||21||0||1||0||0||0||22||0
|-
|1999||26||0||2||0||3||0||31||0
|-
|2000||23||0||4||0||2||0||29||0
|-
|2001||30||0||2||0||2||0||34||0
|-
|2002||30||0||2||0||8||0||40||0
|-
|2003||28||0||2||0||4||0||34||0
|-
|2004||2||0||1||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2005||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 2||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="2"|Valiente Toyama||rowspan="2"|Regional Leagues||13||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|2007||6||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||6||0
|-
|2007||Mi-O Biwako Kusatsu||Regional Leagues||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||3||0
245||1||24||0||37||0||306||1
245||1||24||0||37||0||306||1
|}
Foraminifera

**Foraminifera** or ***forams***, as they are called, are an important group of tiny single-celled rhizarian eukaryotes. They are mostly marine, though a few live in fresh-water, and even on damp land areas. In the sea, they live both in the plankton (pelagic), and in the deeper water (the benthos). They have _tests_ (like shells) made of calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>).

The organism has pseudopodia like an amoeba. It uses these to capture and eat bacteria and small diatoms. Also, many of them keep algal endosymbionts. Some are _idioplastic_, which means they eat the algae, but keep the algal chloroplasts for their own benefit.

Forams are often used to date strata in palaeontology. The detailed record of forams from deep sea drilling projects are the basis of a fossil index for geological periods or stages. This is called _biostratigraphy_.

Deep sea forams from the Mariana Trench are below the _carbonate compensation depth_, below which all CaCO<sub>3</sub> dissolves. They have evolved organic tests, instead of calcium carbonate ones. This suggests that the tests are a vital part of their life-style, perhaps protecting them from other micro-predators.
Take Me Away (Avril Lavigne song)

"**Take Me Away**" is a song by Canadian singer Avril Lavigne from her second album, _Under My Skin_. Like the single before it (_Losing Grip_), _Take Me Away_ has an edgy, post-grunge sound and started playing on Canadian rock radio in March of 2004. At around the same time that "Don't Tell Me" was being promoted, as the lead single from _Under My Skin_, "Take Me Away" was being released as the B-side on some copies of the "Don't Tell Me" single.

"Take Me Away" was released to radio only in Australia in 2005.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Take Me Away
- **type**: Promotional recording, Promotional single
- **artist**: Avril Lavigne
- **album**: Under My Skin (Avril Lavigne album), Under My Skin
- **a-side**: "Don't Tell Me (Avril Lavigne song), Don't Tell Me"
- **released**: May 24, 2004
- **recorded**: 2003
- **studio**: NRG Studios, North Hollywood, California
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 2:57
- **label**: Arista Records, Arista
- **producer**: Don Gilmore
Strata

**Strata** are layers of rock, or sometimes soil. In nature, strata come in many layers. It is a term in sedimentary and historical geology; the singular is ***stratum***.  The study of strata is called stratigraphy.

These layers are laid down as sediment, often in the sea, and are slowly changed by pressure, heat and chemical action into rocks.

The strata are often typical of a particular time and place, and allow geologists to relate rocks in different places. For instance, chalk was laid down in the Upper Cretaceous period, and consists mainly of the remains of microscopic algae called coccoliths.

In normal strata, the later strata are laid down on earlier strata in horizontal layers. In the long passage of time, sedimentary rocks may get _deformed_ by huge forces in the Earth: volcanism, orogeny (mountain building) or other causes. Then it requires research to work out what has happened to the strata.

When strata rise above sea level they get worn down by erosion, such as weather. This causes gaps in the sequence of strata, which may have risen and sunk many times in Earth history. These gaps are called unconformities in geological jargon.

## Cycles

In many formations of strata there are repeating patterns. For example, clay layers alternate with sandstone layers; or carbonate layers alternate with shales. This is usually caused by repeating cycles of climate. In warmer times the sea rises, and carbonate rocks are deposited in shallow subtropical seas. Later, ice builds up at the poles and the sea level drops. Then the same area is close to shore, and gets sand and mud washed down by rivers.

Rocks showing repeat patterns of strata are called rhythmites. Sometimes the patterns are caused by annual climate changes. Geologists call those varves.
Live Acoustic (Avril Lavigne EP)

***Live Acoustic EP*** is an EP that was released in 2004 by Canadian singer Avril Lavigne. It was made up of songs from her 2004 album, _Under My Skin_, and her hit single "Sk8er Boi" from her 2002 album _Let Go_.

It is an acoustic album that was only released in United States Target stores. All the songs were recorded live during Avril's North American mall tour.

## Song listing

1. "He Wasn't"<small>(Live Acoustic) - 3:16</small>
1. "My Happy Ending"<small>(Live Acoustic) - 3:56</small>
1. "Sk8er Boi"<small>(Live Acoustic) - 3:37</small>
1. "Don't Tell Me"<small>(Live Acoustic) - 3:38</small>
1. "Take Me Away"<small>(Live Acoustic) - 2:55</small>
1. "Nobody's Home"<small>(Live Acoustic) - 3:42</small>

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Live Acoustic EP
- **type**: EP
- **artist**: Avril Lavigne
- **released**: July 1, 2004
- **genre**: Acoustic music, Acoustic, alternative rock
- **length**: 21:04
- **label**: Arista
- **prev title**: Under My Skin
(2004)
- **next title**: The Best Damn Thing
(2007)
Sarah Vaughan

**Sarah Lois Vaughan** (March 27, 1924  – April 3, 1990) was an American jazz singer. She was described by jazz writer Scott Yanow as having "one of the most wondrous voices of the 20th century". She had a contralto (alto) vocal range.

Vaghan had the nicknames "Sassy" and "The Divine One", and she was a Grammy Award winner. The National Endowment for the Arts gave her its "highest honor in jazz," the NEA Jazz Masters Award, in 1989.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sarah Vaughan
- **img**: Sarah Vaughan - William P. Gottlieb - No. 1.jpg
- **img capt**: Sarah Vaughan, possibly at Cafe Society, NYC, ~August 1946, by William P. Gottlieb.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Sarah Lois Vaughan
- **alias**: "Sassy"
"The Divine One"
- **instrument**: Voice
- **genre**: Vocal jazz, bebop, cool jazz, traditional pop
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 1942–1989
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia, Mercury Records, Mercury, Roulette Records, Roulette, Pablo Records, Pablo
Gish

***Gish*** is the debut studio album by American rock band The Smashing Pumpkins. It was released on May 28, 1991.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Corgan, except where noted.

## Personnel

Those involved in the making of _Gish_ are:

### The Smashing Pumpkins

- Billy Corgan – vocals, guitar, bass, production
- James Iha – guitar
- D'arcy Wretzky – bass, vocals on "Daydream", layouts
- Jimmy Chamberlin – drums

### Additional musicians

- Mary Gaines – cello on "Daydream"
- Chris Wagner – violin and viola on "Daydream"

### Production

- Bob Knapp – photography
- Michael Lavine – photography
- Butch Vig – production, engineering
- Doug "Mr. Colson" Olson – engineering
- Howie Weinberg – mastering (1991 and 1994 releases)
- Evren Göknar – mastering (2011 remaster bonus CD)

## Charts

|scope="col"|Chart (1991)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="text-align:center;"|195|||
|style="text-align:center;"|6|||
|style="text-align:center;"|51|||
|style="text-align:center;"|40|||
|style="text-align:center;"|146|||
|style="text-align:center;"|20|||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Gish
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: the Smashing Pumpkins
- **recorded**: December 1990 – March 1991
- **studio**: Smart Studios, Smart (Madison, Wisconsin)
- **length**: 45:45
- **prev title**: Early 1989 Demos
- **prev year**: 1989
- **next title**: Lull (EP), Lull
- **next year**: 1991
Maureen Tucker

**Maureen** ("Mo" or "Moe") **Tucker** (born August 26, 1944 in Levittown, New York) is an American musician, best known as the drummer for the Velvet Underground, a band from the 1960s and early 1970s.

Tucker worked in a factory during the day, but played drums as a hobby. Two of her brother Jim's friends were college , Lou Reed and Sterling Morrison, who had started a band. (Jim gave the band its name, after he brought them a copy of a book titled _The Velvet Underground_.) When their drummer suddenly quit, she was asked to fill in for him. She did so, and ended up staying with the band full-time. She left her factory job.

Early on she was asked to "do something different" with her drums. Tucker turned her bass drum on its side, and began playing with  instead of drumsticks, standing up. This became her signature style. (She also played  a few times, after her drums were stolen.) She played on all the band's recordings for Verve Records and MGM's record label, and their concerts through the 1960s. She also sang lead vocals on "After Hours" and "I'm Sticking With You".

Tucker had to take a break from drumming in 1970, when she became pregnant. Billy Yule, teenage brother of Doug Yule, filled in for her on drums until after her baby Kerry was born. Tucker returned to the band, staying on even when Reed and Morrison left. She quit later, when the band thought about changing names. Instead of a solo career, she went back to factory work, and family life.

Later Tucker began drumming with other bands, including her own projects. She joined the Velvet Underground's 1990s reunions, and was present when the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Maureen Tucker
- **img**: The Moe Tucker Band (2).jpg
- **img capt**: Maureen Tucker in Augsburg, Germany, September 1992
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Maureen Ann Tucker
- **alias**: Moe Tucker
- **birth place**: Levittown, New York, United States
- **instrument**: Drum kit, Drums, percussion, guitar, vocals, bass guitar, saxophone
- **genre**: Experimental rock, protopunk, rock & roll, art rock, avant garde, folk-rock
- **occupation**: Drummer, musician, singer-songwriter, singing, singer
- **years active**: 1963–present
- **associated acts**: The Velvet Underground
Paramecium

***Paramecium*** is one of the best-known protists, often taught in school biology courses. It is a Ciliate genus. Ciliates are a clade of protists which move by synchronous waves of tiny projections from their cuticle. These projections are called cilia (singular: _cilium_). The species range from 50 to 350 μm in length. They live in freshwater ponds, and eat bacteria, and other protists such as single-celled algae4

Paramecium species usually have bacterial symbionts, and some species have green algal symbionts.

## Reproduction

Reproduction in _Paramecium_ has been researched for many years. _Paramecium_ has two nuclei (a large macronucleus and a single compact micronucleus). They cannot survive without the macronucleus and cannot reproduce without the micronucleus. Reproduction is either by binary fission (asexual), conjugation (sexual), or, rarely, by _endomixis_, a process of self-fertilisation. During binary fission a fully grown organism divides into two daughter cells. Conjugation consists of the temporary union of two organisms and the exchange of micro-nuclear elements. Without the rejuvenating effects of conjugation a paramecium ages and dies. Only opposite mating types, or genetically compatible organisms, can unite in conjugation.

This reproductive system is unique to ciliates, and is one of the reasons why we think the Protista is not a natural clade (monophyletic), but rather a polyphyletic collection of single-celled organisms.

### _Paramecium aurelia_

This species consists of 14 "syngens", each genetically isolated from every other, and biochemically unique. Each syngen has two mating types. The syngens are so similar in appearance that they have not been given separate species names.<sup>p322</sup>

### Killer paramecia and kappa particles

These are paramecia which secrete, into the medium around them, particles which kill other paramecia. This killer trait is caused by **kappa particles**, which are symbiotic bacteria. The kappa particles are only found in paramecia with a dominant K gene. The killing is done by smaller particles which are defective DNA phages. The kappa bacterium is just one of many found in natural populations of _Paramecium aurelia_.<sup>p243/4</sup>
Kingston, Wisconsin

**Kingston** is a village of Green Lake County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States.  281 people were living in Kingston as of 2020.

## Geography

Kingston has a total area of 1.5 square miles.

## Other websites

- Mill Pond Library, Kingston, Wisconsin