juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Eadweard Muybridge

**Eadweard Muybridge** (9 April 1830 – 8 May 1904) was an English pioneer in photographing motion and in motion picture projection.

Muybridge was of partial Dutch descent. In his earlier years in San Francisco, Muybridge became known for his landscape photography, particularly of the Yosemite Valley. He also photographed the Tlingit people in Alaska. He was commissioned by the United States Army to photograph the Modoc War in 1873. In 1874 he shot and killed Major Harry Larkyns, his wife's lover. Muybridge was acquitted in a jury trial on the grounds of justifiable homicide.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Eadweard Muybridge
- **image**: Muybridge-2.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth name**: Edward James Muggeridge
- **birth place**: Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England
- **death place**: Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England
- **nationality**: British
- **field**: Photography
Chelsea Handler

**Chelsea Handler** (born February 25 1975) is an American writer, stand-up comedian and actress. She has performed in many movies and television programs. She is the host of _Chelsea Lately_. She was born near Livingston, New Jersey.

Handler was the host of the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards.

_Are You There, Chelsea?_ was an NBC sitcom. It was based on Handler's 2008 best-selling book _Are You There, Vodka? It's Me, Chelsea_. The program aired from January 11 to March 28, 2012. On May 11, 2012, the network canceled it. Laura Prepon played the main character, "Chelsea Newman," a cocktail waitress. Handler was "Chelsea's" born-again Christian sister, "Sloane".
She hosted the late-night talk show Chelsea Lately on the E! network from 2007 to 2014, and released a documentary series, Chelsea Does, on Netflix in January 2016. Between 2016 and 2017, Handler hosted the talk show, Chelsea, on Netflix.

## Published Works

- _My Horizontal Life: A Collection of One-Night Stands_ (2005)
- _Are You There, Vodka? It's Me, Chelsea_ (2008)
- _Chelsea Chelsea Bang Bang_ (2010)
- _Lies That Chelsea Handler Told Me_ (2011)
- "50 Shades of Chartreuse: This Time it's Personal" (publishing 2012/13)

### Television and movies

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2012|_Fun Size_|Wren and Albert's mother|Film|
|2012|_Are You There, Chelsea?_|Sloane|TV|
|2012|_This Means War_|Trish|Film|
|2011|_Whitney_|Dr. Price|TV|
|2011– present|_After Lately_|Herself|TV|
|2011|_Hop_|Mrs. Beck|Voice|
|2009|_The Good Wife_|Herself|TV|
|2007– present|_Chelsea Lately_|Herself|Talk show|
|2007–2008|_In the Motherhood_|Heather|Webseries|
|2007|_Steam_|Jacky||
|2007|_Comedy Central Presents_|Herself|Standup|
|2006|_The Chelsea Handler Show_|Herself|Talk show|
|2006|_Reno 911!_|Pinky|TV|
|2006|_National Lampoon Presents Cattle Call_|Nikita||
|2005|_Weekends at the D.L._|Herself||
|2005|_Totally High_|||
|2004|_Girls Behaving Badly_|Various|Prank Show|
|2004|_The Bernie Mac Show_|Doris Flynt|TV|
|2002|_My Wife and Kids_|Nurse Amy||
|2002|_The Practice_|Callie Fairbanks||
|2001|_The Plotters_|Ann||
|2001|_Spy TV_|Unknown||

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Chelsea Handler
- **image**: Chelsea Handler 2012 Shankbone.JPG
- **caption**: Handler at the 2012 Time 100
- **birth name**: Chelsea Joy Handler
- **birth place**: Livingston, New Jersey, U.S.
- **medium**: Television, stand-up, film, books, modeling, acting
- **nationality**: American
- **active**: 1996–present
- **genre**: Observational comedy, news satire, blue comedy
- **subject**: Pop culture, celebrities, gossip
- **notable work**: Host of _Chelsea Lately_
- **website**: [http://www.chelseahandler.com ChelseaHandler.com]
Heinrich von Kleist

**Bernd Heinrich Wilhelm von Kleist** (18 October 1777 – 21 November 1811) in Berlin) was a German poet and dramatist of romanticism. He finished life by killing himself.

## Works

- 1803-1807: _Der zerbrochne Krug_
- 1807: _Amphitryon_
- 1807: _Das Erdbeben in Chili_
- 1808: _Die Marquise von O...._
- 1808: _Die Hermannsschlacht_
- 1808: _Penthesilea_
- 1808: _Das Käthchen von Heilbronn_ or _Die Feuerprobe_.
- 1810: _Das Bettelweib von Locarno_
- 1810: _Die heilige Cäcilie oder die Gewalt der Musik. Eine Legende_
- 1810: _Über das Marionettentheater_
- 1811: _Der Findling_
Willard Scott

**Willard Herman Scott, Jr.** (March 7, 1934 – September 4, 2021) was an American weather presenter, author, television personality, clown, comedian, radio personality and occasional actor. He was best known for creating and originally playing Ronald McDonald in the McDonald's commercials.  He was on _The Today Show_ for many years. He retired in 2015.

Scott died on September 4, 2021, of natural causes in Delaplane, Virginia at the age of 87.

## Writings

Scott has published several fiction and non-fiction books:

- _The Joy of Living_
- _Down Home Stories_
- _Willard Scott’s All-American Cookbook_
- _America Is My Neighborhood_
- _The Older the Fiddle, the Better the Tune_
- _If I Knew It Was Going To Be This Much Fun, I Would Have Become A Grandparent First_

He has also co-authored two books with Bill Crider:

- _Murder Under Blue Skies_
- _Murder in the Mist_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Willard Scott
- **image**: Willard Scott 1997.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Scott in 1997
- **birth name**: Willard Herman Scott, Jr.
- **birth place**: Alexandria, Virginia, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Delaplane, Virginia, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Weather presenter, author, television personality, clown, comedian, radio personality, actor
- **years active**: 1950–2015
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
- **family**: John
- **notable works**: Weatherman for the _Today (U.S. TV program), Today_ show
Portrayer of Ronald McDonald in the original McDonald's commercials
Northern Calloway

**Northern Calloway** (January 22, 1948) was an American actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is  best known for playing David on _Sesame Street_ from 1971 through 1989.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Northern Calloway
- **birth name**: Northern James Calloway
- **birth date**: January 22, 1948
- **birth place**: United States, U.S.
- **othername**: Northern James Calloway
Northern Caloway
Northern James Caloway
- **occupation**: Actor, voice artist, comedian
Robert Doisneau

**Robert Doisneau** (14 April 1912 – 1 April 1994) was a French photographer. In the 1930s, he used a form of camera called a Leica on the streets of Paris. He and Henri Cartier-Bresson were pioneers of photojournalism.

As a young man Doisneau attended the École Estienne in Paris to learn the crafts involved in the book trade, but he always claimed that the streets of the working-class neighbourhood of Gentilly provided his most important schooling. In 1929, in an effort to improve his draftsmanship, he began photographing, just as Modernist ideas were beginning to promote photography as the prime medium for advertising and reportage.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert Doisneau
- **image**: Robert Doisneau photographed by Bracha L. Ettinger in his studio in Montrouge, 1992.jpg
- **caption**: Doisneau in his studio in Montrouge, 1992
- **birth name**: Robert Doisneau
- **birth place**: Gentilly, Val-de-Marne, France
- **death place**: Montrouge, France
- **resting place**: Raizeux
- **known for**: Street photography, _Le baiser de l'hôtel de ville_ (_The kiss by the City Hall_)
- **education**: École Estienne, 1929 graduate, diplomas in engraving and lithography
- **occupation**: Photographer, engraver
- **title**: Chevalier of the Order of the Legion of Honour
Luther Ingram

**Luther Thomas Ingram** (November 30, 1937 – March 19, 2007) was an American R&B singer-songwriter. He had  many hit songs during his career. His song _(If Loving You is Wrong) I Don't Want to be Right_ was released in 1972. He died from heart failure.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Luther Ingram
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Luther Thomas Ingram
- **birth place**: Jackson, Tennessee, Jackson, Tennessee, U.S.
- **death place**: Belleville, Illinois, Belleville, Illinois, U.S.
- **instrument**: Human voice, Vocals
- **genre**: Rhythm and blues, R&B, Soul music, soul
- **occupation**: Singing, Singer, songwriter
- **years active**: 1965–1992
- **label**: Koko Records, KoKo, Profile Records, Profile
Honey War

The **Honey War** was a bloodless border dispute in the 1830s between Iowa (first as a part of Wisconsin Territory, then Iowa Territory) and Missouri over their border.

The Honey War was caused by a disagreement over a  wide piece of land covering the entire border (see map).  The disagreement was caused because 3 things were not easy to understand: the Missouri Constitution's part about borders, the survey of the Louisiana Purchase, and treaties with the Native Americans.  The United States Supreme Court ended the dispute in Iowa's favor.  It said that the almost-straight border of Iowa would follow the Des Moines River south for about  until it reached the Mississippi River near Keokuk.

During the War, the state militias faced each other, a Missouri sheriff collecting taxes in Iowa was arrested, and three honey trees were cut down.

## References

- _State of Missouri v. State of Iowa_, 48 U.S. 660 (1949).
- Everett, Derek R. (2008, Fall). To Shed Our Blood for Our Beloved Territory: The Iowa-Missouri Borderland. _The Annals of Iowa_, 67(4), 269–297.
- The Territorial Militia - History of The Iowa National Guard by Stephen N. Kallestad
- Stories of Iowa for Boys and Girls by Bruce E. Mahan - 1931 - reprinted on Iowa History Project
- Country Facts and Folklore By Andy Reddick (republished on rootsweb)
Daniel Day-Lewis

**Sir Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis** (born 29 April 1957) is a retired British actor. He won three Academy Awards, four BAFTA Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Award<nowiki/>s.

He was born in London, England on 29 April 1957. He has dual citizenship - British and Irish. He is the youngest of Cecil Day-Lewis' four children and the younger of Jill Balcon's two children. His sister, Tamasin Day-Lewis, is a television chef. Day-Lewis married Rebecca Miller (the daughter of Arthur Miller) in 1996. From another relationship Day-Lewis has one son. With Miller, he has two sons.

He starred in movies, such as _My Left Foot_, _The Last of the Mohicans_, _In the Name of the Father_, _There Will Be Blood_ and _Gangs in New York_. He played Abraham Lincoln in Steven Spielberg's 2012 biopic movie _Lincoln_. He won an Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award for his performance. He retired from acting after starring in _Phantom Thread_. After a seven-year absence, it was announced that Day-Lewis would return to acting. He stars in _Anemone_, the first film directed by his son, Ronan Day-Lewis.
Richard Harris

**Richard St John Harris** (1 October 1930 – 25 October 2002) was an Irish movie, stage, television actor, writer, movie, stage producer, singer-songwriter, and a movie director who is known for his roles as King Arthur in _Camelot_ and as Albus Dumbledore in the first two _Harry Potter Movie Series_. He was lifelong friends with Irish actor Peter O'Toole.

Harris was born in Limerick, Irish Free State on 1 October 1930 to an Irish Catholic family. Harris studied to become an actor at the Crescent College and at The Royal Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. Harris was married to Elizabeth Rees-Williams from 1957 until they divorced in 1969. Harris remarried in 1974 to Ann Turkel until they divorced in 1982. Harris has three sons: Jamie Harris, Jared Harris, and Damian Harris.

Harris died on 25 October 2002 from Hodgkin's lymphoma in his London, England home, aged 72. He was replaced in the role of Dumbledore by Michael Gambon.

## Other websites

- Richard Harris, Peter O'Toole & Munster Rugby

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Richard Harris 1985.jpg
- **caption**: Richard Harris in 1985
- **birth name**: Richard St John Harris
- **birth place**: Limerick, Irish Free State
- **death place**: London, England, UK
- **death cause**: Hodgkin's lymphoma
- **education**: Crescent College
- **alma mater**: London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
- **occupation**: Actor, singer-songwriter, producer, director, writer
- **years active**: 1958–2002
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Rees-Williams (1957–1969)
Ann Turkel (1974–1982)
- **children**: Jamie Harris
Jared Harris
Damian Harris
Dolphy

**Rodolfo Vera Quizon, Sr.** (July 25, 1928 – July 10, 2012) was a Filipino, director, comedian, movie, television, stage, and radio actor. He is also known for his comedy works earning him the nickname as "The King of Comedy".

Dolphy was born on July 25, 1928 in Tondo, Manila, Philippines on July 25, 1928. He has 17 children and one adopted child by his partner Zsa Zsa Padilla. Dolphy died on July 10, 2012, aged 83, in Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines from multiple organ failure after suffering pneumonia and renal failure.

## Infobox (person)

- **child**: yes
- **yearsactive**: 1944–2012
- **television**: _John en Marsha_
_Home Along Da Riles_
_Pidol's Wonderland_


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dolphy
- **image**: Dolphy.jpg
- **caption**: Dolphy in 2008
- **birth name**: Rodolfo Vera Quízon
- **birth place**: Tondo, Manila, Insular Government of the Philippine Islands, Philippine Islands, U.S.
- **death place**: Makati City, Philippines
- **resting place**: The Heritage Park, Taguig, Philippines
- **parents**: Melencio Espinosa Quizon
Salud de la Rosa Vera
- **children**: 17, including Freddie Quizon, Freddie, Eric Quizon, Eric, Epy Quizon, Epy, Vandolph Quizon, Vandolph, and Zia Quizon, Zia
Buddy Ebsen

**Christian Ludolph "Buddy" Ebsen, Jr.** (April 2, 1908 – July 6, 2003) was an American actor, dancer, singer and comedian. He was known for his roles as Jed Clampett in _The Beverly Hillbillies_ and as Barnaby Jones in _Barnaby Jones_. Ebsen was the oldest voice guest star in television history with his voice role as Chet Elderson in _King of the Hill_.

Ebsen was originally cast to play the Scarecrow in _The Wizard of Oz_. However, Ray Bolger, who was playing the Tin Man, convinced Ebsen to trade roles for a rehearsal. Ebsen had a very bad allergic reaction to the aluminum dust in the Tin Man's makeup. He had to go to the hospital. He was so sick that Jack Haley replaced him as the Tin Man.

## Personal life

Ebsen was married to Ruth Cambridge from 1936 until they divorced in 1942. He was later married to Nancy Wolcott from 1944 until they divorced in 1985. Ebsen was last married to Dorothy Knott from 1985 until his death in 2003. Ebsen had 2 children with Cambridge, 5 with Wolcott, and one with Knott.

Ebsen died on July 6, 2003 in the Torrance Memorial Medical Center in Torrance, California from respiratory failure caused by pneumonia, aged 95 years old. He was buried at Pacific Crest Cemetery in Redondo Beach, California.

## Other websites

- The official Buddy Ebsen Virtual Museum
- The official Buddy Ebsen web site
- Fan tribute site

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Buddy Ebsen
- **image**: Barnaby Jones.JPG
- **caption**: Ebsen (left) as Barnaby Jones, with Lee Meriwether (1973)
- **birth name**: Christian Ludolf Ebsen Jr.
- **birth place**: Belleville, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Torrance, California, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Rollins College, University of Florida
- **years active**: 1928–1999
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 7, including Kiki Ebsen
- **relatives**: Vilma Ebsen (sister)
Chris Evans

**Christopher Robert "Chris" Evans** (born June 13, 1981) is an American television, voice, and movie actor. Evans was born in Sudbury, Massachusetts on June 13, 1981. He is known for his roles as Johnny Storm/Human Torch in _Fantastic Four_ and _Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer_ and as Captain America in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (2011–2019). In 2022, Evans partnered with the pet food brand Jinx alongside his rescue dog, Dodger.

On September 9, 2023, Evans married actress Alba Baptista. The couple welcomed their first child, a daughter, on October 24, 2025.

### Movies

|Year|Title|Role|Note|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000|_The Newcomers_|Judd||
|2001|_Not Another Teen Movie_|Jake Wyler||
|2003|__|Ben Harris|Short movie|
|2004|_The Perfect Score_|Kyle Curtis||
|2004|_Cellular_|Ryan Hewitt||
|2005|_Fierce People_|Bryce Langley||
|2005|_Fantastic Four_|Johnny Storm / Human Torch||
|2005|_London_|Syd||
|2007|_TMNT_|Casey Jones|Voice only|
|2007|_Sunshine_|Robert Mace||
|2007|_Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer_|Johnny Storm / Human Torch||
|2007|_The Nanny Diaries_|Hayden "Harvard Hottie"||
|2007|_Battle for Terra_|Stewart Stanton|Voice only|
|2008|_Street Kings_|Detective Paul Diskant||
|2009|_Push_|Nick Gant||
|2009|_The Loss of a Teardrop Diamond_|Jimmy Dobyne||
|2010|_The Losers_|Jake Jensen||
|2010|_Scott Pilgrim vs. the World_|Lucas Lee||
|2011|_Puncture_|Michael David "Mike" Weiss||
|2011|_Captain America: The First Avenger_|Steve Rogers / Captain America||
|2011|_What's Your Number?_|Colin Shea||
|2012|_The Avengers_|Steve Rogers / Captain America||
|2013|_The Iceman_|Robert "Mr. Freezy" Pronge||
|2013|_Snowpiercer_|Curtis Everett||
|2013|_Thor: The Dark World_|Steve Rogers / Captain America|Uncredited cameo|
|2014|_Captain America: The Winter Soldier_|Steve Rogers / Captain America||
|2014|_Playing It Cool_|Narrator||
|2014|_Before We Go_|Nick Vaughan|Director and producer; _completed_|
|2015|_Avengers: Age of Ultron_|Steve Rogers / Captain America|_Post-production_|
|2018|_Avengers: Infinity War_|Steve Rogers||

### Television

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000|_Opposite Sex_|Cary Baston|Lead Role|
|2000|_The Fugitive _|Zack Lardner|Episode: "Guilt"|
|2001|_Boston Public_|Neil Mavromates|Episode: "Chapter Nine"|
|2002|_Eastwick_|Adam|TV pilot|
|2003|_Skin_|Brian|Episode: "Pilot"|
|2008|_Robot Chicken_|Various voices|Episode: "Monstourage"|
|2009|_Attack of the Show!_|Himself|Episode: "1.906"|
|2015|_Marvel's Agent Carter_|Steve Rogers / Captain America|via archival footage from _Captain America: The First Avenger_|

### Video Games

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2005|_Fantastic Four_|Johnny Storm / The Human Torch|Voice only|
|2011|_Captain America: Super Soldier_|Steve Rogers / Captain America|Voice only|

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Chris Evans
- **image**: Chris Evans 2020 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Evans in 2020
- **birth name**: Christopher Robert Evans
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- **children**: 1
- **years active**: 1997–present
Mark Ruffalo

**Mark Alan Ruffalo** (born November 22, 1967) is an American director, screenwriter, producer, movie, television, and voice actor. He is known for his role as Hulk in the _Marvel Cinematic Universe_ (2012-today). Ruffalo was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin on November 22, 1967. Ruffalo has been married to Sunrise Coigney since 2000. They have three children.

In November 2017, Ruffalo and Senator Bernie Sanders, who Ruffalo supported in the 2016 United States presidential election, were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for their narration of the Sanders's memoir _Our Revolution: A Future to Believe In_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mark Ruffalo
- **image**: Mark Ruffalo 2012.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Ruffalo in April 2012
- **birth name**: Mark Allan Ruffalo
- **birth place**: Kenosha, Wisconsin, USA
- **occupation**: Actor, director, screenwriter, producer, voice actor
- **height**: 173 cm
- **years active**: Since 1988
- **children**: 3
Chris Hemsworth

**Christopher Hemsworth**  (born 11 August 1983) is an Australian actor. He is known for his role as Thor in the _Marvel Cinematic Universe_ (2010–present).

## Life

Hemsworth was born on 11 August 1983 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. He has been married to actress and model Elsa Pataky since 2010. They have three children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Chris Hemsworth
- **image**: Chris Hemsworth by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg
- **caption**: Hemsworth at the 2024 San Diego Comic-Con
- **birth name**: Christopher Hemsdirt
- **birth place**: Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia
- **education**: Heathmont College
- **occupation**: Actor
- **height**: 191 cm
- **years active**: 2002–present
- **children**: 3
- **relatives**: Luke Hemsworth (brother)
Liam Hemsworth (brother)
Joanne van Os (aunt)
- **signature**: Chris Hemsworth Signature.svg
Stellan Skarsgård

**Stellan John Skarsgård**  (born June 13, 1951) is a Swedish movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He is known for his roles as Bootstrap Bill Turner in _Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest_ and _Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End_ and as Dr. Erik Selvig in _Thor_, _The Avengers_, and _Thor: The Dark World_. He also played Luthen Rael in the _Star Wars_ series _Andor_ (2022–2025).

For his role as Boris Shcherbina in the HBO miniseries _Chernobyl_ (2019), he won a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Emmy Award.

For his role as Gustav Borg in _Sentimental Value_ (2025), he won a Golden Globe Award and is nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. For this, he became the first actor to be nominated for a Best Supporting Oscar for a role in an international movie.

## Personal life

Skarsgård was born in Gothenburg, Sweden on June 13, 1951.

Skarsgård was married to My Skarsgård from 1975 until they divorced in 2007. They had six children: Alexander (born in 1976), Gustaf (born in 1980), Sam (born in 1982), Bill (born in 1990), Eija (born in 1992) and Valter (born in 1995). Skarsgård has been married to Megan Everett since 2010. They have two sons: Ossian (born in 2009) and Kolbjörn (born in 2012).

Five of Skarsgård's children – Alexander, Gustaf, Bill, Valter and Kolbjörn, are also actors.

He had a stroke in 2022 that left him with memory problems.
Paul Bettany

**Paul Bettany** (born 27 May 1971) is an English movie, voice, television, and stage actor. He voiced J.A.R.V.I.S. in the movies _Iron Man_, _Iron Man 2,_ _The Avengers_, and _Iron Man 3_. He played the fictional character Vision in _Avengers: Age of Ultron_ and _Captain America: Civil War,_ as well as in the Disney+ miniseries _WandaVision_. Bettany was born in Shepherd's Bush, London, England. He has been married to Jennifer Connelly since 2003. They have three children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Paul Bettany
- **image**: Paul Bettany SDCC 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Bettany at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International
- **birth place**: Harledsen, London, England, UK
- **occupation**: Celebrity
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **children**: 3
Cartesian product

In mathematics, sets can be used to make new sets. Given two sets _A_ and _B_, the **Cartesian product** of _A_ with _B_ is written as _A × B_, and is the set of all ordered pairs whose first element is a member of _A_, and whose second element is a member of _B_.

For example, let _A_ = {1, 2, 3} and _B_ = {a, b}. Then:
The set of a Cartesian product can be visualized as a two-dimensional table, with its entry being its elements.

## Related pages

- Cross product
- Product (mathematics)
- Relation (mathematics)
Clark Gregg

**Robert Clark Gregg** (born April 2, 1962) is an American director, screenwriter, actor and voice artist. He has acted in both television and movies. Gregg is known for his role as Phil Coulson in _Iron Man_, _Iron Man 2_, _Thor_, and _The Avengers_.

Gregg was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Gregg married Jennifer Grey in 2001. They have a daughter, Stella Gregg. They divorced in 2021.
Cobie Smulders

**Jacoba Francisca Maria Smulders** (born April 3, 1982) is a Canadian-American model, actress and voice artist. She has acted in movies and television. She played Robin Scherbatsky in the TV series _How I Met Your Mother_. She plays Maria Hill in the _Marvel Cinematic Universe_.

Smulders was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Smulders has been married to Taran Killam since 2012. They have two daughters, Shaelyn Cado Killam (born 2009) and Janita Mae Killam (born 2015).
Magma (mathematics)

In mathematics, a **magma** is kind of algebraic structure. It is a set with a binary operation on that set.

A binary operation works by taking two elements from a set (that do not have to be different) and returning some other element of that set.

If we give the set a label (such as _X_) and the binary operation a label (such as •). Then we give the magma the label (_X_, •).

## Examples

The natural numbers with addition form a magma. Because the set of natural numbers is written as  and addition is written as  the magma is written as . The name of the magma would be "The natural numbers under addition".

The integers with multiplication form a magma. Because the set of integers is written as  and multiplication (in abstract mathematics) is written as  the magma is written as . The name of the magma would be "The integers under multiplication".

The real numbers under division do **not** form a magma. This is because numbers cannot be divided by 0. A binary operation requires that _any_ two elements can be taken from the set (in this case in order) to produce another element from the set. The real numbers without 0 is written as . It can be shown that the  is a magma.
Joseph Maher

**Joseph Maher** (December 29 1933 - July 17 1998) was an Irish-American movie, television, voice, and stage actor. He is best known from his acting in the television series _Goode Behavior_ and the movies _Heaven Can Wait_, _Mars Attacks_ and _Sister Act_. He played the character Mr. Chambers in 1984 short _Frankenweenie_. Maher won a Drama Desk Award in 1986.

Maher was born in Westport, County Mayo, Ireland on December 29, 1933. Maher was openly gay. He was a naturalized US citizen. Maher died on July 17, 1998 in Los Angeles, California from a brain tumor. He was 64 years old when he died.

## Other websites

- Photo

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joseph Maher
- **image**: Joseph Maher "Second Chance" (1987 FOX press photo).jpg
- **birth place**: Westport, County Mayo, Republic of Ireland, Ireland
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Brain tumor
- **nationality**: Irish people, Irish-United States, American
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1957  1998
- **awards**: **Drama Desk Award** (1986)
Toby Jones

**Tobias Edward Heslewood Jones** (born 7 September 1966) is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Arnim Zola in _Captain America: The First Avenger_, Dobby in _Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets_ and _Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows_, as Claudius Templesmith in _The Hunger Games_, Irving Paul Lazar in _Frost/Nixon_, as Percy Alleline in _Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy_, as Gunnar in _Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom_ and as Owl in the 2018 Disney movie _Christopher Robin_.

Jones was born in Hammersmith, London, England on 7 September 1966 to Freddie Jones and Jennifer Heselwood.
Dianne Feinstein

**Dianne Goldman Berman Feinstein** ( ; born **Dianne Emiel Goldman**; June 22, 1933 – September 29, 2023) was an American politician. She was the senior United States Senator from California.  She was a member of the U.S. Democratic Party and was  in Senate since November 4, 1992. She was also the 38th Mayor in San Francisco from 1978 to 1988.

She was the first woman to have presided over a U.S. presidential inauguration.

On February 14, 2023, she announced her decision not to run for reelection to a sixth term in 2024.

## Early life

She was born in San Francisco, California. Feinstein is of Polish-German-Russian-Jewish descent.

## Death

Feinstein died on September 29, 2023 at her home in Washington, D.C. from problems caused by encephalitis at the age of 90.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Dianne Feinstein
- **image**: Dianne Feinstein, official Senate photo 2.jpg
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: California
- **term start**: November 4, 1992
- **term end**: September 29, 2023
- **predecessor**: John F. Seymour
- **successor**: Laphonza Butler
- **order1**: 38th
- **office1**: Mayor of San Francisco
- **term start1**: December 4, 1988
- **term end1**: January 7, 1988
- **predecessor1**: George Moscone
- **successor1**: Art Agnos
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 1
John Lithgow

**John Arthur Lithgow** (born October 19, 1945) is an American movie, stage, voice, television actor, poet, author, and musician. He began acting in 1972. He was in the movies _The World According to Garp_, _Footloose_, _Terms of Endearment_, _Shrek_, _Rise of the Planet of the Apes_, _The Campaign_ and _Conclave_. Lithgow was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor twice.

He played Arthur Mitchell on Showtime's _Dexter_ and won Golden Globe and Emmy Awards for his acting. He played the protagonist Dick Solomon in sitcom _3rd Rock from the Sun_. He later won a Golden Globe and Emmy Award for playing Winston Churchill on _The Crown_.

Lithgow was born on October 19, 1945 in Rochester, New York and studied at Harvard University. Lithgow was married to Jean Tayton from 1966 until they divorced in 1980. Lithgow has been married to Mary Yeager since 1981. Lithgow has three children, Ian, Phoebe, and Nathan Lithgow.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Lithgow
- **image**: John Lithgow at Met Opera Opening in 2008.jpg
- **caption**: Lithgow in 2008
- **birth name**: John Arthur Lithgow
- **birth place**: Rochester, New York, U.S.
- **education**: Harvard University (Bachelor of Arts, AB)
London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art
- **years active**: 1972–present
- **works**: John Lithgow on screen and stage, Full list
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by John Lithgow, Full list
- **children**: 3, including Ian Lithgow
Paul Gleason

**Paul Xavier Gleason** (May 4, 1939 – May 27, 2006) was an American movie, television, voice, and stage actor who is known for his role as Dwayne T. Robinson in the 1988 action movie _Die Hard_.

Gleason was born in Jersey City, New Jersey on May 4, 1939 and raised in Uleta, Florida. Gleason was married to Candy Moore from 1971 until they divorced in 1978. Later, he was married to Susan Kehl from 1995 until his death in 2006. Gleason died on May 27, 2006 from lung cancer in a hospital in Burbank, California. He was 67 years old.

## Other websites

- Photos of burial place at Findagrave

## Infobox (person)

- **birth name**: Paul Xavier Gleason
- **birth place**: Jersey City, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Burbank, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1965–2006
- **known for**: **Dwayne T. Robinson** in _Die Hard_
- **spouse**: Candy Moore
(m. 1971-1978, divorced)
Susan Kehl
(m. 1995-2006, his death)
Reginald VelJohnson

**Reginald VelJohnson, Jr.** (born August 16, 1952) is an American actor and writer who is known for his role as Sgt. Al Powell in _Die Hard_ and _Die Hard 2_. VelJohnson was born in Queens, New York and studied at New York University.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Reginald VelJohnson
- **birth name**: Reginald VelJohnson, Jr.
- **birth place**: Queens, New York City, New York, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: New York University
- **known for**: **Sgt. Al Powell** in _Die Hard_ and _Die Hard 2_ ,
 **Carl Winslow** in _Family Matters_
- **occupation**: Actor, writer, director
- **yearsactive**: 1979–present
David S. Goyer

**David Samuel Goyer** (born December 22, 1965) is an American screenwriter, movie director, and a book and comics writer. Goyer is known for his work on _Batman Begins_, _The Dark Knight_, and _The Dark Knight Rises_. He also worked on the movie _Man of Steel_. Goyer was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Jet (lignite)

**Jet** is a geological material considered to be a minor gemstone. It is originally a wood product called lignite, squeezed and heated by geological processes. The older definition of mineral did not apply to organic material. Therefore, jet was not called a mineral, but instead a _mineraloid_. However, this view is changing, as so many crystalline materials have organic origin.

The English noun "jet" comes from the French word for the same material: _jaiet_. Jet is either black or dark brown, but may contain pyrite inclusions, which are of brassy colour and metallic lustre. The adjective _jet-black_, meaning as dark a black as possible, comes from this material.
Sylvia Sidney

**Sylvia Sidney** (born **Sophia Kosow**; August 8, 1910 – July 1, 1999) was an American movie, television, voice, and stage actress who is known for her role in the crime-drama movies. She is also known for playing Florence Norris in _Mars Attacks!_ and as Juno in _Beetlejuice_. Sidney won a Golden Globe Award and a Saturn Award.

Sidney was born in The Bronx, New York on August 8, 1910 to Russian-Jewish immigrant parents. Sidney was married to writer Bennett Cerf from 1935 until they divorced in 1936. She married actor-director Luther Adler in 1938. The couple had a son named Jacob (1939–1987), and divorced in 1946. She was married to Carlton Alsop from 1947 until they divorced in 1951.

Sidney died on July 1, 1999 in New York City from throat cancer. She was 88 years old.
Glenn Shadix

**William Glenn Shadix** (April 15, 1952 – September 7, 2010) was an American movie, television, and voice actor who is known for his role as Otho in _Beetlejuice_ and as the Mayor of Halloween Town in _The Nightmare Before Christmas_. Shadix was born on April 15, 1952 in Bessemer, Alabama and studied at Birmingham-Southern College. Shadix was openly gay. Shadix died on September 7, 2010 from a blunt trauma in his Birmingham, Alabama home after he accidentally fell. He was 58 years old.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Glenn Shadix DragonCon 2004- cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Shadix  in 2004
- **birth place**: Bessemer, Alabama, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
- **resting place**: Cremated
- **death cause**: Blunt trauma
- **nationality**: American
- **known for**: **Otho** in _Beetlejuice (movie), Beetlejuice_,
**Mayor** in _The Nightmare Before Christmas_
- **yearsactive**: 1981–2010
- **birthname**: William Glenn Shadix
Leslie Cochran

**Albert Leslie Cochran** (June 24, 1951 – March 8, 2012) was an American activist and homeless man. Cochran is known for his activism on the city of Austin, Texas.

Cochran was born in Miami, Florida on June 24, 1951. He was married from 1985 through 1986.

On October 1, 2009, police officers found him unconscious outdoors. He was taken to the University Medical Center Brackenridge in critical condition. He claimed he was attacked by a group of people after commenting about the dangers of drug abuse.

Cochran died on the morning of March 8, 2012 from a head trauma in Austin, Texas, aged 60.

## Other websites

- Photos of Leslie throughout the years , _Austin American-Statesman_
- In Memoriam: Leslie Cochran, 1951-2012 (KUT News)
- "'Leslie', Austin's icon of weird, dies" , KXAN reportage
- Leslie Cochran's grave
Great Oxygenation Event

The **Great Oxygenation Event** (**GOE**) was the creation of free oxygen in our atmosphere. It was caused by cyanobacteria doing photosynthesis. It took a very long time, from three billion years ago to about one billion years ago.

Photosynthesis was making oxygen both before and after the GOE. Before the GOE, organic matter and dissolved iron chemically captured any free oxygen. Earth has much iron, and iron has higher solubility than its oxides, so the oceans had much dissolved iron. It became iron oxide and made huge deposits of banded iron rock from the Archaean and Proterozoic eras. When not enough iron remained to capture more oxygen, free oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere. This was the GOE.

Oxygen was toxic to most of the Earth's anaerobic inhabitants at the time. As cyanobacteria produced oxygen, and built their stromatolites, they changed the environment for other protists. Since the other protists had no way to deal with oxygen, most became extinct. Another consequence was the effect of free oxygen on atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas. Their reaction removed the methane, and caused the Huronian glaciation. This was perhaps the longest snowball Earth episode ever. Free oxygen has been an important part of the atmosphere ever since.

## Timing

The evidence is that free oxygen was first produced by photosynthetic organisms (prokaryotic, later eukaryotic) which emitted oxygen as a waste product. These organisms lived long before the GOE, perhaps 3500 million years ago (mya). The oxygen they made would have quickly been removed from the atmosphere by the 'mass rusting' which led to the deposition of banded-iron formations. Oxygen only began to continue in the atmosphere in small quantities shortly (~50 million years) before the start of the GOE. Without a draw-down, oxygen would come to the atmosphere and stay there very quickly. At today's rates of photosynthesis (which are much greater than those in the land-plant-free Precambrian), modern atmospheric O<sub>2</sub> levels could be produced in around 2,000 years.

Timeline:
1. 3,500 mya Archaean eon: production of oxygen by cyanobacteria starts in stromatolites.
1. Oxygen causes deposit of iron as iron oxides in banded iron formations.
1. c. 2,400 mya Palaeoproterozoic era: free oxygen escapes into atmosphere, mostly absorbed on the land.
1. c. 850 mya Neoproterozoic era: oxygen starts to accumulate in the atmosphere. Continues to increase during the Palaeozoic era, peaking in the Carboniferous period.
1. Present levels.
Edmund Gwenn

**Edmund John Kellaway** (September 26, 1877 – September 6, 1959) was an English movie, television, and stage actor who is known for his role as Santa Claus in _Miracle on 34th Street_. Gwenn won an Academy Award and two Golden Globe Awards.

Gwenn was born in Wandsworth, London, England on September 26, 1877. He studied at St. Olave's School and King's College London. Gwenn was married to Minnie Terry for one day in 1901. They divorced the same day they married. Gwenn died on September 6, 1959 from pneumonia cause by a stroke in his Woodland Hills, Los Angeles home, aged 81.
Pete van Wieren

**Pete van Wieren** (October 7, 1944 – August 2, 2014) was a former American sportscaster.  He was the voice of Major League Baseball's Atlanta Braves along with Skip Caray.

Van Wieren was born in Rochester, New York.

He also called games for the Atlanta Hawks, Atlanta Falcons preseason, and Atlanta Flames. Van Wieren also was employed for Turner Sports calling college football games on TBS and NBA games for TNT and TBS. He unexpectedly announced his retirement in 2008 after the death of fellow broadcaster Skip Caray.

Early in 2010, Van Wieren was diagnosed with lymphoma. Van Wieren died from the disease in Atlanta, Georgia, aged 69.
Dan Hicks

**John Daniel "Dan" Hicks** (born June 2 1962 in Tucson, Arizona) is a sportscaster with NBC.

He currently calls golf tournaments for NBC. He also is a fill-in for Notre Dame Football on NBC when Tom Hammond is not there. Hicks called swimming and figure skating in the Olympics. He called NFL games for NBC, as well as NBA games. Hicks called the 2012 Pro Bowl with analysts Mike Mayock and Doug Flutie and sideline reporters Alex Flanagan and Randy Moss. In the 2012 preseason game between the Indianapolis Colts and Pittsburgh Steelers, Hicks called an NFL game for the first time since 1997. Hicks filled in for Al Michaels because Michaels took a break after anchoring the 2012 London Summer Olympics.

Hicks is married to ESPN sportscaster Hannah Storm.
Spero Dedes

**Spero Dedes** (born February 27, 1979) is a Greek-American sportscaster employed by CBS, MSG, and NFL Network. He is the host of NFL Total Access.

Dedes was born in Panamus, New Jersey. Before working with CBS, he called NFL games on Fox in 2004 as well as the New Jersey Gladiators of the Arena Football League. Dedes was the radio voice of the Los Angeles Lakers from 2005-2011. He was expected to replace Joel Meyers, but signed a contract with the New York Knicks instead.

Meyers now calls games for the New Orleans Hornets. While at NFL Network, he has called BCS games and NFL Preseason Games for the network. He called the 2004 Summer Olympics on NBC for field hockey at the age of 25.  This made him the youngest member of an Olympic Game broadcast for NBC. He also called college football and basketball games for Westwood One.
GNAA (disambiguation)

**GNAA** is the Gay Nigger Association of America, an Internet trolling organization.

**GNAA** may also mean:

- Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, a national art gallery in Italy
- Great North Air Ambulance, an English medical charity
- Gridless Narrow-Angle Astrometry, an astrometry technique
- Guilford Native American Association, a Native American community association
Verne Lundquist

**Merton Laverne "Verne" Lundquist, Jr.** (born June 17, 1940) is a longtime sportscaster with CBS Sports and formally with Turner Sports and ABC Sports.

He backed up Chris Schenkel for ABC'S covering of bowling. He also called college football games for ABC. He started his career as the voice of the Dallas Cowboys.  During his time at Turner Sports, he called college football, NFL, and NBA games for TNT and/or TBS. Lundquist replaced Gary Bender as play-by-play announcer for TNT Sunday Night Football before ESPN took over for Sunday Night Football full-time.

Lundquist currently calls SEC games and other college football games for CBS with Gary Danielson and sideline reporter Tracy Wolfson. Lundquist also calls college basketball and golf tournaments for CBS. He used to call NFL and NBA games for the network.

Lundquist is a native of Duluth, Minnesota.  He graduated from Texas Lutheran College.
Toll-like receptor

**Toll-like receptors** (**TLRs**) are proteins which act in the innate immune system and the digestive system. They are membrane-spanning, that is, they reach from the outside of the cell to the inside.

TLRs recognize molecules which come from microbes. Once microbes get through physical barriers such as the skin or intestinal tract mucosa, they are recognized by TLRs. The TLRs set up an immune cell response.

TLR signalling leads to the induction or suppression of genes that orchestrate the inflammatory response. In all, thousands of genes are activated by TLR signalling, and the TLRs are one of the most important means of gene modulation.

Toll-like receptors have also been shown to be an important link between innate and adaptive immunity through their presence in dendritic cells.

## Extended family

Most mammalian species have between ten and fifteen types of Toll-like receptors. Thirteen TLRs (TLR1 to TLR13) have been identified in humans and mice, and similar ones have been found in other mammalian species. TLRs are not identical in all mammals. For example, a gene coding for a protein like TLR10 in humans is present in mice, but seems to have been damaged at some time by a retrovirus.  On the other hand, mice express TLRs 11, 12, and 13, none of which is present in humans.  Other mammals may express TLRs that are not found in humans.  Non-mammalian species may have TLRs different from mammals.

## History

They got their name from their similarity to the protein coded by the Toll gene identified in _Drosophila_ in 1985 by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard. The gene in question, when mutated, makes the Drosophila flies look unusual. The researchers were so surprised that they spontaneously shouted out in German "Das ist ja toll!" which translates as "That's great!".

Toll-like receptors are now counted among the key molecules that alert the immune system to the presence of microbial infections. In 1996, _Toll_ was found by Jules A. Hoffmann and his colleagues to have an essential role in the fly's immunity to fungal infection. It worked by activating the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. Plant homologues were discovered in 1995 (rice XA21), and 2000 (_Arabidopsis_ FLS2).

TLR 4 function as a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensing receptor was discovered by Bruce A. Beutler and colleagues. These workers proved that mice which could not respond to LPS had mutations which abolished the function of TLR4. This identified TLR4 as one of the key components of the receptor for LPS.
Bill Macatee

**Bill Macatee** (born November 17, 1955) is a television sportscaster.

He currently is with Tennis Channel and CBS Sports calling tennis tournaments, golf tournaments, and NFL games. He is paired with John McEnroe and Mary Joe Fernandez for tennis, Ian Baker-Finch for golf, and Steve Tasker for NFL games.

He was sports director at KMBD-TV. Macatee was a sports correspondent for The Today Show and sports anchor at NBC News at Sunrise and Sunday Today. He was formally with NBC Sports and USA Sports. At NBC, he provided live reports and did studio hosting for NBC's coverage of NFL, college football, Major League Baseball, tennis, and college football. At USA, he covered PGA Tour, figure skating, boxing, and the 2006 Winter Olympics. Macatee also called college basketball games for CBS as well as Clash of Champions; a bowling program part of CBS Sports Spectacular.

Macatee was born in Rome, New York, and grew up in El Paso, Texas with his childhood friend Nick Rolen Macatee was once married to actress India Allen.
Jim Nantz

**James William Nantz, III** (born May 17, 1959) is an American television sportscaster  with CBS Sports. He currently partners with Clark Kellogg and Steve Kerr for college basketball games, Nick Faldo for golf tournaments, and Tony Romo for NFL games.

His jobs include these:
- NFL on CBS lead play-by-play/studio host
- PGA Tour on CBS play-by-play
- Olympics on CBS anchor
- NBA on CBS play-by-play
- NFL on CBS Radio play-by-play
- College Basketball on CBS lead play-by-play/studio host
- College football on CBS lead play-by-play
- Tennis on CBS play-by-play
- PGA Tour on BBC Open Championship play-by-play
- BYU Cougars football play-by-play
- Utah Jazz play-by-play
- KSL-TV sports anchor in Salt Lake City Utah

Nantz has been honored with the NSSA’s National Sportscaster of the Year award five times (1998, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009).
In 2011, Nantz was named as a recipient of the Pete Rozelle Radio-Television Award from the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Jim Nantz
- **image**: JimNantz2001.jpg
- **image size**: 125px
- **caption**: Jim Nantz by set of _The NFL Today_, 2001.
- **birth name**: James William Nantz, III
- **birth place**: Charlotte, North Carolina
- **sport**: Lead Play-by-Play Announcer, NFL on CBS
Play-By-Play Broadcaster, College Basketball on CBS, College Basketball; PGA Tour on CBS, Golf
Kevin Burkhardt

**Kevin Burkhardt** (born March 2, 1974) is an American sports television sprotscaster who calls games for the NFL on Fox with Tom Brady and Erin Andrews.

Burkhardt was born on March 2, 1974.

Burkhardt previously was a field reporter for New York Mets games on SportsNet New York. Burkhardt worked with Gary Cohen, Keith Hernandez and Ron Darling. He has also a play-by-play announcer for the New York Mets spring training games and New Jersey Jackals games. In June 2012, he filled in for Gary Cohen for the first time during regular season. He hosted and reported for _Mets Hot Stove_, _Mets Pre-Game Live_, _Mets Post-Game Live_, and _Mets Year in Review_. Outside of baseball, he was a beat reporter for the New York Jets and provided sports reporting for Time-Warner Cable and WCBS-AM. Burkhardt also called college football and Dallas Cowboys games for the Compass Media Networks, where Burkhardt was paired with Danny White.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Kevin Burkhardt during MLB on Fox pre-game show, October 17, 2024 - 003 (cropped).jpg
- **name**: Kevin Burkhardt
- **caption**: Burkhardt in 2024
- **alma mater**: William Paterson University
- **occupation**: Sportscaster
- **spouse**: Rachel Burkhardt
- **children**: 1