juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sabine Werner

**Sabine Werner** (born 5 September 1960 in Tübingen) is a German biochemist and professor of cell biology at ETH Zurich. She is an editor of  _European Journal of Cell Biology._ She was awarded the Otto Hahn Medal. In 2008 she received the Cloëtta Prize.

She studied at University of Tübingen, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, and Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München**.**

Her work focuses on the role of growth factors in wound healing and cancer.

## Infobox (person/wikidata)

- **fetchwikidata**: ALL
Michael Falzon (actor)

**Michael Falzon** (16 May 1972 – 23 June 2020) was an Australian musical theatre and rock tenor actor, and producer. He ran his own production company, Good Egg Creative. He was born in Sydney. He was known for his roles in _Rock of Ages_ and _Hedwig and The Angry Inch_.

Falzon died on 23 June 2020 from cancer in Sydney, aged 48.
Claudia Cagninelli

**Claudia Cagninelli** (born 19 July 1990 in Trescore Balneario) is an Italian volleyball player. She played at the 2007 FIVB Girls' Youth World Championship, and 2008 Women's Junior European Volleyball Championship, winning a gold medal.

At the club level, she played for Volley Bergamo and ICOS Crema.

## Infobox (person/wikidata)

- **fetchwikidata**: ALL
Liannes Castañeda Simon

**Liannes Castañeda Simon** (born 18 October 1986) is a Cuban volleyball player.

She played at the 2011 FIVB World Grand Prix and 2012 FIVB World Grand Prix. She also played for VK Prostějov and Cignal HD Spikers.
A8 autoroute

The **A8** is an autoroute (motorway) in France. It goes across the southern coast of France between Marseille and the border with Italy. It is about  long. The whole autoroute is part of the European route E80. The autoroute also goes past Cannes and Nice. It passes near to the principality of Monaco.

## Exits and junctions

- 28 : A7 autoroute, Coudoux
- Aires de repos:  Ventabren
- 29 18 km: Aix-en-Provence (ouest)
- 28 : A51 autoroute
- 30 19 km: Aix-en-Provence (pont de l'Arc)
- 31 21 km: Aix-en-Provence (est)
- 32 27 km: N7 Châteauneuf-le-Rouge
- Péage de La Barque
- : A52 autoroute
- Aires de service: Rousset (eastbound) L'Arc (westbound)
- 33 47 km: Pourrières
- Aires de repos:  Saint-Hilaire (eastbound) Barcelone (westbound)
- 34 58 km: Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume
- Aires de service: Cambarette
- 35 74 km: Brignoles
- Aires de repos: Roudai/Candumy
- : A57 autoroute
- Aires de service: Vidauban
- 36 118 km: Draguignan / Le Muy, Gulf of Saint-Tropez
- Aires de repos:  Jas Pellicot
- Aires de service:  Canaver
- 37 129 km: Fréjus / Puget-sur-Argens
- Péage de Le Capitou/Fréjus Ouest
- 38 134 km: Fréjus / Saint-Raphaël
- Aires de service:  L'Esterel
- 39 145 km: les Adrets-de-l'Esterel
- 40 157 km: Mandelieu-la-Napoule
- 41 159 km: Cannes / Les Tourrades
- 42 165 km: Cannes / Mougins
- Aires de repos:  Piccolaret
- Aires de service:  Breguieres
- 44 171 km: Antibes Ouest, Sophia Antipolis
- Péage d' Antibes Ouest
- 46 178 km: Villeneuve-Loubet / Bouches du Loup
- 47 179 km: Villeneuve-Loubet Centre
- 48 181 km: Cagnes-sur-Mer
- 49 185 km: Saint-Laurent-du-Var
- 50 186 km: Nice (promenade des Anglais)
- 51 187 km: Nice (Saint-Augustin)
- Péage de Nice Saint-Isidore
- 52 190 km: Nice (Saint-Isidore)
- 54 197 km: Nice (nord)
- 55 199.5 km: Nice (l'Ariane)
- 56 :  Monaco (A500 Spur)
- Péage de La Turbie
- 57 208 km: La Turbie
- Aires de service:  La Scoperta (eastbound) Beausoleil (westbound)
- 58 214 km: Roquebrune-Cap-Martin
- 59 220 km: Menton
- _State border_
- 224 km  Autostrada A10 (Italy)

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: FRA
- **type**: A
- **route**: 8
- **maint**: ASF
- **map**: Autoroute A8 FR.svg
- **length km**: 224
- **established**: 1961
- **direction a**: East
- **direction b**: West
- **terminus a**: at Marseille
- **terminus b**: Italy, Italian border; road continues as the Italian Autostrada A10 (Italy), A10
Laís Vasques

**Laís Zurli Bittencourt Vasques** (born 12 February 1996 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played at the 2012 Girls' Youth South American Volleyball Championship, 2018 FIVB Women's Club World Championship, 2019 FIVB Women's Club World Championship, and 2019 FIVB Volleyball Women's Nations League.

She played for Minas T.C.

## Infobox (person/wikidata)

- **fetchwikidata**: ALL
Affinity chromatography

**Affinity chromatography** is one way scientists separate molecules from each other.  Using affinity chromatography, they can take just one kind of molecule out of a mixture of many molecules.  Affinity chromatography works on molecules that exist inside the bodies of living things and not on other molecules.  Affinity chromatography is one kind of liquid chromatography.

Affinity chromatography works because most molecules from inside living things stick to some molecules but not others, the way magnets stick to opposite magnets but not to wood or plastic.  An antibody will stick to its antigen but not to a different antibody's antigen.  A protein will stick to its own receptor or inhibitor but not to a different protein's receptor or inhibitor.  A DNA-splicing protein will stick to its own DNA sequence but not to a different DNA sequence.  In affinity chromatography, the thing that the target molecule sticks to is called the _ligand_.

To prepare for affinity chromatography, scientists decide which molecule they want and find its ligand.  The ligand could be an antibody if the target molecule has an antigen; DNA if the target molecule is a polymerase, DNA-binding protein, or DNA-binding enzyme; aromatic molecules if the target is a different kind of enzyme; or a peptide if the target is another biomolecule.  Then they prepare a _stationary phase_ and treat it with the ligand.  The stationary phase can be membranes, special beads, or supports with different-sized pores in them.

Then the scientists pour the mixture, or _mobile phase_ over the stationary phase.  Sometimes, the scientists add a _binding buffer_ to help the target molecule stick to its ligand.  Then the scientists rinse away the rest of the mixture.  The target molecule is stuck to its ligand, which is stuck to the stationary phase, so it is not rinsed away.  Then the scientists add an _elution buffer_ to make the ligand let go of the target molecule so they can collect it.  Scientists sometimes use machines or special tools to hold the stationary phase in exactly the right position and to pour the mixture, rinse, and other treatments in exactly the right way.

In some affinity chromatography, the binding buffer and elution buffer work by changing the pH of the solution.  That means they make it more acidic or less acidic.  Because most molecules from living things change shape depending on how much acid is nearby, the binding buffer and elution buffer can make the ligand and target molecule change shape to hold on tighter or let go of each other.

Affinity chromatography does not always work perfectly.  Sometimes the scientists must purify the target molecule to make sure they did not accidentally collect other molecules too.

Because scientists need to prepare a stationary phase with exactly the right ligand, they can only use affinity chromatography to collect molecules that they already understand well.  Usually, they cannot use affinity chromatography to collect new or strange molecules.
Impulse (1984 movie)

***Impulse*** is a 1984 American science fiction thriller movie directed by Graham Baker and starring Tim Matheson, Meg Tilly, Hume Cronyn, Bill Paxton. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Hard Asphalt

***Hard Asphalt*** () is a 1986 Norwegian drama movie directed by Sølve Skagen and starring Frank Kong, Kristin Kajander, Marianne Nielsen, Morten Faldaas, Liv Heløe, Tone Schwarzott, Tom Tellefsen.
Cloudstone

***Cloudstone*** is a role-playing video game that was released by Playsaurus in 2011. It was the first game to be released by Playsaurus, with Clicker Heroes being the next game. In fact, many of the monsters in _Cloudstone_ were later used in _Clicker Heroes_.

_Cloudstone_ was taken off Kongregate on November 20, 2017.

## Gameplay

In _Cloudstone_, the player plays the game as an unnamed character. _Cloudstone_ is played by clicking on a spot in the level to move there. There are many levels in _Cloudstone_. Some levels contain chests full of potions and weapons, while some contain monsters to fight. Monsters can be attacked by clicking on them when the player is close to them. Monsters give a currency called gold, which can be used to buy weapons and armor. Unlike in _Clicker Heroes_, monsters can fight back and damage the player. The game is lost if the player dies.

## Reception

_Cloudstone_ did  not receive much attention from critics. However, on Kongregate, users commented on _Cloudstone_ and gave it mixed reviews.

## Related pages

- Clicker Heroes

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Cloudstone
- **caption**: Logo
- **developer**: Playsaurus
- **publisher**: Playsaurus
- **platforms**: Web browser, iOS (now removed), Android (operating system), Android (also removed)
- **released**: 2011
- **genre**: Action game, Action
- **modes**: Single-player
Lays Freitas

**Lays Fernanda Oliveira de Freitas** (born 13 October 1995) is a Brazilian volleyball player. She played at the 2016 Women's U22 South American Volleyball Championship, 2016 Montreux Volley Masters, and 2017 FIVB Volleyball Women's U23 World Championship.
Ksenia Kravchenko

**Ksenia Kravchenko** (born 5 February 1991) is a Russian volleyball player. She played at the 2015 FIVB World Grand Prix and 2015 Montreux Volley Masters.

She played for VC Voronezh and Severyanka Cherepovets.

## Infobox (person/wikidata)

- **fetchwikidata**: ALL
The Elephant Keeper

***The Elephant Keeper*** (; ) is a 1987 Thai drama movie directed by Chatrichalerm Yukol and starring Sorapong Chatree, Ad Carabao.
Olesya Nikolaeva

**Olesya Nikolaeva** is a Russian volleyball player. She played at the 2015 European Games, 2015 Montreux Volley Masters, 2015 Summer Universiade, and 2015–16 CEV Women's Champions League.

She played for Dinamo Kazan.

## Infobox (person/wikidata)

- **fetchwikidata**: ALL
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules

**Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules** is the second book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series. It is the sequel to the book Diary of a Wimpy Kid. It was released on February 1, 2008.
Lewis John Carlino

**Lewis John Carlino** (January 1, 1932 – June 17, 2020) was an American screenwriter and director. He was born in New York City.

His best known works were _The Fox_, _The Brotherhood_, _The Mechanic_, _The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea_, _I Never Promised You a Rose Garden_, _Resurrection_, and _The Great Santini_.

Carlino died on June 17, 2020 in Whidbey Island, Washington from blood cancer, aged 88.
Kamal Lohani

**Kamal Lohani** (26 June 1934 – 20 June 2020) was a Bangladeshi journalist. He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2015 by the Government of Bangladesh. He was the director general of Shilpakala Academy from April 2009 until April 2011.

Lohani got his first job as a journalist in the Daily Millat in 1955. He joined as a secretary at Chhayanaut in 1962. He formed a left cultural organization – _Kranti_ in 1967.

Lohani died on 20 June 2020 from COVID-19 in Dhaka, aged 85.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Kamal Lohani
- **image**: Kamal Lohani.jpg
- **caption**: Kamal Lohani
Nouri Dhiab

** Nouri Dhiab** (1 July 1943 – 22 June 2020) was an Iraqi football forward. He played for the national team between 1965 and 1971. He played fifteen matches and scored six goals.

Dhiab died on 22 June 2020 at the age of 76.
Angela Madsen

**Angela Madsen** (May 10, 1960 – June 22, 2020) was an American Paralympian sportswoman. She participated in both rowing and track and field. She won a bronze medal in the shot put at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. Madsen, along with team-mate Helen Taylor, is the first woman to have rowed across the Indian Ocean. Madsen was born in Long Beach, California.

Madsen drowned while rowing near Honolulu, Hawaii on June 22, 2020 at the age of 60.
Nikos Alefantos

**Nikos Alefantos** (, 3 January 1939 – 23 June 2020) was a Greek professional footballer and football coach. He was born in Athens. Alefantos managed several clubs in the Greek Super League, including Olympiacos F.C. during 2004. He also had played for Larissa F.C. in 1975 and 1990. From 1952 to 1969, he played as a footballer. From 1969 to 2004, he had a career as a football manager.

Alefantos died on 23 June 2020 in Athens from a heart attack, aged 81.

## Other websites

- Alefantos Biography
Nikolai Fadeyechev

**Nikolai Borisovich Fadeyechev** (, 27 January 1933 – 23 June 2020) was a Soviet and Russian ballet dancer and educator. He was honored with the People's Artist of the USSR in 1976. Fadeyechev was born in Moscow. He retired from ballet dancing in 1977 and later became a ballet educator.

He was known for his works with the Bolshoi Theatre. He danced alongside some of the company's great ballerinas, including Galina Ulanova in _Giselle_ and _Les Sylphides_, and was a regular partner with Maya Plisetskaya, Raisa Struchkova, Nina Timofeeva, Marina Kondratyeva, Natalia Bessmertnova, Ekaterina Maximova and Ludmila Semenyaka.

Fadeyechev died of heart failure on 23 June 2020 in Moscow, aged 87.

## Other websites

- Fadeyechev's page on the Bolshoi Theatre web site
Li Zhensheng (photojournalist)

**Li Zhensheng** (; 22 September 1940 – 23 June 2020) was a Chinese photojournalist. He captured some of the most telling images from the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, better known as the Chinese Cultural Revolution. Li was born in Dalian. He was known for working with _Heilongjiang Daily_.

A private museum, dedicated to Li's life and work, was opened in 2017 in Sichuan Province as a part of the Jianchuan Museum Cluster.

Li died on 23 June 2020 from a cerebral hemorrhage in Long Island, New York, aged 79.
Li Zhensheng (geneticist)

**Li Zhensheng** (; born February 25, 1931) is a Chinese geneticist. His works focused on the genetics of wheat. He is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the Highest Science and Technology Award in 2006. Li was born in Zibo, Shandong.
Li Zhensheng

**Li Zhensheng** may refer to:

- Li Zhensheng (geneticist) (born 1931), Chinese geneticist
- Li Zhensheng (photojournalist) (1940–2020), Chinese photojournalist
Towns County, Georgia

**Towns County** is a county located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 12,493. Its county seat is Hiawassee. The county was created on March 6, 1856.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Towns County
- **state**: Georgia
- **seat wl**: Hiawassee
- **largest city wl**: Young Harris
- **area total sq mi**: 172
- **area land sq mi**: 167
- **area water sq mi**: 5.4
- **area percentage**: 3.2%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 12493
- **density sq mi**: 75
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **web**: http://www.townscountyga.com/
- **named for**: George W. Towns
- **ex image**: Towns County Georgia Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Towns County courthouse in Hiawassee
Hiawassee, Georgia

**Hiawassee** is the county seat of Towns County, Georgia, United States. The community's population was 981 at the 2020 census.
César Bosco Vivas Robelo

**César Bosco Vivas Robelo** (14 November 1941 – 23 June 2020) was a Nicaraguan Roman Catholic prelate. He was born in Masaya, Nicaragua. He was ordained a priest in 1970 by Pope Paul VI. In 1991, he became Bishop of the Diocese of León. He retired in 2019.

Vivas Robelo died on 23 June 2020 at a hospital in Managua, Nicaragua from respiratory failure, aged 78.
Jamaal Bowman

**Jamaal Bowman** (born April 1, 1976) is an American educator and political activist. He was the Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 16th congressional district from 2021 to 2025.

He was the Democratic nominee in the 2020 elections for the U.S. House, defeating  incumbent Eliot Engel.

He is a former principal and founder of the Cornerstone Academy for Social Action, a public middle school in The Bronx.

His congressional campaign against Engel was compared to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez's primary challenge against Joe Crowley. Bowman's campaign was supported by Ocasio-Cortez, Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren, and the editorial board of _The New York Times_. He defeated Engel in the primary.

He lost his re-election campaign for the Democratic nomination in 2024 to George Latimer.

## Other websites

- Campaign website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jamaal Bowman
- **state**: New York (state), New York
- **term start**: January 3, 2021
- **term end**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Eliot Engel
- **successor**: George Latimer (New York politician), George Latimer
- **image**: Jamaal Bowman 117th U.S Congress.jpg
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 3
- **education**: University of New Haven (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Mercy College (New York), Mercy College (Master of Arts, MA)
Manhattanville College (Doctor of Education, EdD)
Carter Center

The **Carter Center** is a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization founded in 1982 by former U.S. President Jimmy Carter.

Carter and his wife Rosalynn Carter partnered with Emory University just after he lost in the 1980 U.S. Presidential elections to Ronald Reagan.

The center is located in a shared building next to the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum on  of parkland, just two miles (3 km) from downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The library and museum are owned and operated by the United States National Archives and Records Administration, while the Center is governed by a Board of Trustees.

The Carter Center's goal is to advance human rights and to stop human suffering, including helping improve the quality of life for people in more than 80 countries. T

he center has many projects including election monitoring, supporting locally led state-building and democratic institution-building in many  countries and talking with heads of states on behalf of victims of human rights abuses.

It also leads disease eradication efforts, spearheading the campaign to eradicate Guinea worm disease, as well as controlling and treating onchocerciasis, trachoma, lymphatic filariasis, and malaria through awareness campaigns.
Georgia State Senate

The **Georgia State Senate** is the upper house of the Georgia General Assembly (the state legislature of Georgia, USA).

According to the state constitution of 1983, this body is to be made of no more than 56 members elected for two-year terms. Current state law provides for 56 members. Elections are held the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years.

Senators must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of Georgia for two years and their senatorial district for one year (preceding the election). The highest position in the Senate is the President of the Senate.

## Current makeup

|scope="row" style="background:#F33; width:62.5%; text-align:center; color:white"|**34**|style= "background:#FFFFFF; width:0%; text-align:center; color:black"||style="background:#33F; width:37.5%; text-align:center; color:white"|**21**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|scope="row" style="text-align:center; color:#F33"|**Republican**||style="text-align:center; color:#33F"|**Democratic**||
1970 Georgia gubernatorial election

The **1970 Georgia gubernatorial election** was held on November 3, 1970. It was known for electing little-known former state Senator Jimmy Carter Governor of Georgia after a hard battle in the Democratic primary.

This election is famous because Carter, who was often seen as one of the _New South Governors_, later ran for president in 1976 on his gubernatorial record and won.

As of , this is the last time Fulton County voted for the Republican candidate.

### First round

- Jimmy Carter – 388,280 (48.62%)
- Carl Sanders – 301,659 (37.77%)
- Chevene B. "C. B." King – 70,424 (8.82%)
- Ku Klux Klan leader Jesse Stoner – 17,663 (2.21%)
- McKee Hargett – 9,440 (1.18%)
- Thomas J. Irwin – 4,184 (0.52%)
- Adam B. Matthews – 3,332 (0.42%)

### Runoff

A runoff was held on September 23:
- Carter – 506,462 (59.42%)
- Sanders – 345,906 (40.58%)

## Republican Primary results

- Harold Columbus "Hal" Suit (1922–1994) – 62,868 (60.97%)
- James L. Bentley – 40,251 (39.03%)

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 1970 Georgia gubernatorial election
- **country**: Georgia (U.S. state)
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 1966 Georgia gubernatorial election
- **previous year**: 1966
- **next election**: 1974 Georgia gubernatorial election
- **next year**: 1974
- **election date**: November 3, 1970
- **flag year**: 1956
- **image1**:
- **nominee1**: **Jimmy Carter**
- **party1**: Democratic Party (United States)
- **popular vote1**: **620,419**
- **percentage1**: **59.3%**
- **image2**:
- **nominee2**: Hal Suit
- **party2**: Republican Party (United States)
- **popular vote2**: 424,983
- **percentage2**: 40.6%
- **map image**: GACountiesGovernor1970.svg
- **map size**: 250px
- **map caption**: County results
**Carter:**
**Suit:**
- **title**: Governor
- **before election**: Lester Maddox
- **before party**: Democratic Party (United States)
- **after election**: Jimmy Carter
- **after party**: Democratic Party (United States)
Hal Suit

**Harold Columbus "Hal" Suit** (April 1, 1922—November 20, 1994) was an American local television news personality and politician. He won the 1970 Republican nomination for Governor of Georgia but lost the November general election to future U.S. President Jimmy Carter.
Lester Maddox

**Lester Garfield Maddox Sr.** (September 30, 1915 – June 25, 2003) was an American politician who was the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. He was a Democrat and supporter for racial segregation. He was Lieutenant Governor during the period when Jimmy Carter was Governor.

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Lester Maddox
- **image**: Lester Maddox.jpg
- **office1**: 7th Lieutenant Governor of Georgia
- **term start1**: January 12, 1971
- **term end1**: January 14, 1975
- **predecessor1**: George Smith
- **successor1**: Zell Miller
- **order**: 75th List of Governors of Georgia, Governor of Georgia
- **lieutenant**: George T. Smith
- **term start**: January 11, 1967
- **term end**: January 12, 1971
- **predecessor**: Carl Sanders
- **successor**: Jimmy Carter
- **birth name**: Lester Garfield Maddox
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
- **death place**: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
- **resting place**: Arlington Memorial Park
 Sandy Springs, Georgia, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **otherparty**: American Independent Party, American Independent
- **spouse**: Hattie Virginia Cox
- **children**: Linda
Virginia
Lester
Larry
- **occupation**: Politician
George Busbee

**George Dekle Busbee Sr.** (August 7, 1927 – July 16, 2004), was an American politician. He was the 77th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1975 to 1983. He was a senior partner at King & Spalding thereafter.

## Other websites

- _New Georgia Encyclopedia_ profile of George Busbee

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: George Busbee
- **image**: George Busbee (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 77th List of Governors of Georgia, Governor of Georgia
- **lieutenant**: Zell Miller
- **term start**: January 14, 1975
- **term end**: January 11, 1983
- **predecessor**: Jimmy Carter
- **successor**: Joe Frank Harris
- **office1**: Chair of the National Governors Association
- **term start1**: August 5, 1980
- **term end1**: August 11, 1981
- **predecessor1**: Otis Bowen
- **successor1**: Richard A. Snelling, Richard Snelling
- **birth name**: George Dekle Busbee
- **birth place**: Vienna, Georgia, Vienna, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Savannah, Georgia, Savannah, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Mary Beth Talbot
- **children**: 4
- **education**: Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College
Hugh Carter

**Hugh Alton Carter Sr.** (August 13, 1920 – June 24, 1999) was an American Democratic politician and businessman from Georgia. He was born in Plains, Georgia. Carter was a member of the Georgia State Senate from 1967 to 1981.

His cousin is former President Jimmy Carter.
Jack Carter (politician)

**John William Carter** (born July 3, 1947) is an American businessman and politician. He unsuccessfully ran for the United States Senate in Nevada in 2006.

Carter was born at Naval Hospital Portsmouth in Portsmouth, Virginia, He is the eldest child of former President Jimmy Carter and First Lady Rosalynn Carter.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jack Carter
- **birth name**: John William Carter
- **image**: John "Jack" Carter 2025.jpg
- **birth place**: Portsmouth, Virginia, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **battles**: Vietnam War
Amy Carter

**Amy Lynn Carter** (born October 19, 1967) is the daughter of former U.S. President Jimmy Carter and Rosalynn Carter.

Carter later became known for her political activism. She participated in a number of sit-ins and protests during the 1980s and early 1990s that were aimed at changing U.S. foreign policy towards South African apartheid and Central America.

Carter illustrated _The Little Baby Snoogle-Fleejer_, her father's book for children, published in 1995.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Amy Carter
- **image**: AMB Kwan hosts Amy Carter (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Amy Carter in 2023
- **birth name**: Amy Lynn Carter
- **birth place**: Plains, Georgia, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Memphis College of Art (Bachelor of Fine Arts, BFA)
Tulane University (Master of Arts, MA)
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 1
James Earl Carter Sr.

**James Earl Carter** (September 12, 1894 – July 22, 1953) was an American politician, businessman, and farmer. He was from Plains, Georgia. He was the father of Jimmy Carter.

Carter was a conservative in his political views.

Carter, Sr. was elected to the Georgia House of Representatives in 1953, as a Democrat, and served briefly representing Sumter County until his death later that year. Carter had previously served on the Sumter County Board of Education.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: James Earl Carter Sr.
- **office**: Member of the Georgia House of Representatives for Sumter County
- **term start**: January 1953
- **term end**: July 22, 1953
- **predecessor**: Charles Burgamy
- **successor**: Thad M. Jones
- **birth place**: Arlington, Georgia, U.S.
- **death place**: Plains, Georgia, U.S.
- **death cause**: Pancreatic cancer
- **profession**: Politician, businessman, farmer
- **nationality**: American
- **parents**: William Archibald Carter
Nina Pratt
- **children**: Jimmy Carter, Jimmy, Gloria Carter Spann, Gloria, Ruth Carter Stapleton, Ruth, and Billy Carter, Billy
- **known for**: Father and namesake of Jimmy Carter
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **branch**:
 Georgia National Guard
- **birth name**: James Earl Carter
Arlington, Georgia

**Arlington** is a city in Calhoun and Early counties, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 1,209.
Blakely, Georgia

The city of **Blakely** is the county seat of Early County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 5,371.
Lieutenant (navy)

**Lieutenant** (abbreviated **Lt**, **LT**, **LT(N)**, **Lt(N)**, **Lieut** and **LEUT**, depending on nation) is a commissioned officer rank in many nations' navies. It is the most senior of junior officer ranks.

The now immediately senior rank of lieutenant commander was formerly a senior naval lieutenant rank.
American Campaign Medal

The **American Campaign Medal** is a military award of the United States Armed Forces which was first created on November 6, 1942, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

The medal was seen to recognize those military members who had performed military service in the American Theater of Operations during World War II.

## Infobox (military award)

- **name**: American Campaign Medal
- **image**: AmericanCM.png
- **image size**: 110px
- **caption**: American Campaign Medal
- **awarded by**: United States Department of War, Department of War and Department of the Navy
- **type**: Service medal
- **eligibility**: U.S. military service in the American Theater for at least 30 days outside the U.S. or 1 year inside the U.S. between December 7, 1941, and March 2, 1946.
- **status**: Inactive
- **first award**: December 7, 1941
- **last award**: March 2, 1946
- **same**: Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
- **lower**: World War II Victory Medal
- **image2**:

- **caption2**: Service ribbon and campaign streamer
World War II Victory Medal

The **World War II Victory Medal** is a service medal of the United States military which was created by an Act of Congress on 6 July 1945 (Public Law 135, 79th Congress).

## Infobox (military award)

- **name**: World War II Victory Medal
- **image**: WWIIVictory.gif
- **image size**: 120px
- **caption**: World War II Victory Medal
- **awarded by**: United States Department of War, Department of War and Department of the Navy
- **type**: Military service medal
- **eligibility**: Served in the armed forces between the dates of 7 December 1941 and 31 December 1946.
- **status**: Retired
- **higher**: European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
- **same**: Merchant Marine World War II Victory Medal
- **lower**: Army of Occupation Medal or
Navy Occupation Service Medal
- **image2**:

- **caption2**: Service ribbon (top) and campaign streamer (bottom)
China Service Medal

The **China Service Medal** was a service medal awarded to U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard personnel. The medal was created by Navy Department General Order No. 176 on 1 July 1942.  The medal recognized service in and around China before and after World War II.

## Infobox (military award)

- **name**: China Service Medal
- **image**: ChinaService.jpg
- **image size**: 100px
- **awarded by**: the Department of the Navy
- **type**: Service medal
- **eligibility**: Navy, Marine Corps and Coast Guard personnel
- **for**: Services performed during operations in China or in Chinese territorial waters or contiguous ocean areas from 7 July 1937 to 7 September 1939 and 2 September 1945 to 1 April 1957
- **status**: Obsolete
- **established**: 1 July 1942
- **higher**: Navy: Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal
Marine Corps: Marine Corps Expeditionary Medal
Coast Guard: Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medal
- **lower**: American Defense Service Medal
- **image2**:

Ribbon bar and Campaign streamer for the medal
National Defense Service Medal

The **National Defense Service Medal** (**NDSM**) is a service award of the United States Armed Forces created by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953.  It is awarded to every member of the US Armed Forces.

## Infobox (military award)

- **name**: National Defense Service Medal
- **image**:
- **caption**: National Defense Service Medal
- **awarded by**: the United States Department of Defense, Department of Defense
- **type**: Service medal
- **eligibility**: Member of the United States Armed Forces during qualifying periods of national emergency
- **for**: Military service during periods of national emergency or any other periods designated by the Secretary of Defense of the United States, Secretary of Defense.
- **campaign**: Korean War, Vietnam War, Gulf War, Persian Gulf War, Global War on Terrorism
- **status**: Active
- **description**: **Obverse:** Shows a North American bald eagle, perched on a sword and palm. Above this, in a semicircle, is the inscription "_National Defense_".
**Reverse:** Shows a shield, taken from the coat of arms of the United States; it is half encircled below with an open wreath, the right side of oak leaves and laurel leaves the left.

**Ribbon:** The ribbon has a wide yellow stripe in the center, flanked by narrow stripes of red, white, blue, white and wide red stripes.
- **clasps**: Service star for subsequent awards
- **established**: s:Executive Order 10448, Executive Order 10448, April 22, 1953 (as amended by s:Executive Order 11265, E.O. 11265, January 11, 1966; s:Executive Order 12776, E.O. 12776, October 8, 1991; s:Executive Order 13293, E.O. 13293, March 28, 2003.
- **first award**: April 22, 1953 – July 27, 1954 (retroactive to June 27, 1950)
- **last award**: March 28, 2003 – present (retroactive to September 11, 2001)
- **higher**: Army: Army of Occupation Medal
Air Force: Medal for Humane Action
Navy: Navy Occupation Service Medal
Marine Corps: Navy Occupation Service Medal
Coast Guard: Navy Occupation Service Medal
- **lower**: Korean Service Medal
- **related**: Global War on Terrorism Service Medal
- **image2**:

- **caption2**: Service ribbon and Campaign streamer
Dark horse

A **dark horse** is a political term used to describe a little known political figure or thing that later becomes well known in a situation, especially in a competition involving multiple rivals. It also describes a contestant that ideally should be unlikely to win but yet still might.

Examples pertaining to United States politics include James K. Polk in the 1844 United States presidential election, Jimmy Carter in the 1976 United States presidential election, Bernie Sanders in the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries, and Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election.
1976 Democratic National Convention

The **1976 Democratic National Convention** met at Madison Square Garden in New York City, from July 12 to July 15, 1976.  The convention nominated former Governor Jimmy Carter of Georgia for president and Senator Walter Mondale of Minnesota for vice president.

John Glenn and Barbara Jordan gave the keynote addresses. Jordan's keynote address made her the first African-American woman to deliver the keynote address at a Democratic National Convention.

The convention was the first in New York City since the 103-ballot 1924 convention.
Draft evasion

**Draft evasion** is any attempt to escape a government-forced legal requirement to serve in the military forces of one's nation. Sometimes draft evasion involves refusing to work with the military draft laws (formally known as conscription laws) of one's nation.

Illegal draft evasion is said to have characterized every military conflict of the 20th and 21st centuries. Such evasion is generally considered to be a criminal offense. On the other hand, there is evasion out of religious or ethical belief called conscientious objector.

## Types of draft evasion

Illegal evasion methods include

- Not signing up for the draft when you are supposed to.
- going into hiding in the country to try not to be found
- fleeing or going to another country to avoid the draft
- destroying draft cards
- faking mental and/or physical illness

Legal methods include

- Conscientious objection- being recognized as a conscientious objector (someone who believes in something very much that they cannot join the draft)
- going to a higher level of education to receive a deferment
- getting an essential civilian job
- getting a exemption because of a medical condition you have
- joining a different branch of the military
Camp David Accords

The **Camp David Accords** was a pair of political agreements signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on 17 September 1978, following twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David, the country retreat of the President of the United States in Maryland.

The two framework agreements were signed at the White House and were witnessed by President Jimmy Carter. The second of these frameworks (_A Framework for the Conclusion of a Peace Treaty between Egypt and Israel_) led directly to the 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.

Due to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. The first framework (_A Framework for Peace in the Middle East_), which dealt with the Palestinian territories, was written without the Palestinians' participation and condemned by the United Nations.
Torrijos–Carter Treaties

The **Torrijos–Carter Treaties** () are two treaties signed by the United States and Panama in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977. The treaties guaranteed that Panama would gain control of the Panama Canal after 1999, ending the control of the canal that the U.S. had since 1903.

The treaties are named after the two signatories, U.S. President Jimmy Carter and the Commander of Panama's National Guard, General Omar Torrijos.
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

The **Strategic Arms Limitation Talks** (**SALT**) were two rounds of bilateral conferences and corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union, the Cold War superpowers, on the issue of arms control.

The two rounds of talks and agreements were **SALT I** and **SALT II.**

Negotiations commenced in Helsinki, Finland, in November 1969.

SALT I led to the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and an interim agreement between the two countries. Although SALT II resulted in an agreement in 1979, the United States Senate chose not to ratify the treaty in response to the Soviet war in Afghanistan.

The agreement expired on December 31, 1985 and was not renewed.
1979 oil crisis

The **1979** (or **second**) **oil crisis** or **oil shock** occurred in the world due to decreased oil output in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. Despite the fact that global oil supply decreased by only around 4%, widespread panic resulted, driving the price far higher. Oil prices more than doubled to $39.50 per barrel over the next 12 months, and long lines once again appeared at gas stations, as they had in the 1973 oil crisis.

## Infobox (historical event)

- **event name**: 1979 oil crisis
- **image name**: Top Oil Producing Countries.png
- **image caption**: Graph of top oil-producing countries, showing drop in Iran's production
- **aka**: Second oil crisis
- **date**: –
1980 Democratic National Convention

The **1980 National Convention** of the U.S. Democratic Party  nominated President Jimmy Carter and Vice President Walter Mondale for reelection. The convention was held in Madison Square Garden in New York City from August 11 to August 14, 1980.

The 1980 convention was known as it was the last time in the 20th century, for either major party, that a candidate tried to get delegates released from their voting commitments. This was done by Senator Ted Kennedy, Carter's primary challenger for the nomination in the Democratic primaries.

President Carter gave his speech accepting the party's nomination on August 14.
Eradication of infectious diseases

**Eradication** is the lowering of an infectious disease's numbers in all those suffering from it in the world's population to zero. It is sometimes confused with elimination of infectious diseases. That is the lowering of an infectious disease's numbers in all those suffering from it in a _local_ population to zero. The only human disease to be eradicated is smallpox. The only animal disease eradicated is rinderpest. Vaccination was vitally important to the eradication of smallpox and rinderpest. Vaccination is vitally important to current polio eradication efforts. Vaccination is vitally important to current measles eradication efforts.
Anti-German sentiment

**Anti-German sentiment** (**Germanophobia** or **Teutophobia**) is an opposition to, or fear of, Germany,  Germans, its culture and the German language. The opposite is called Germanophilia.

The sentiment began with the mid-19th century unification of Germany, which made the new nation a rival to the Great powers of Europe in economics, military, cultural, and geopolitical  grounds. It was believed correctly in other countries that Otto von Bismarck and Helmuth von Moltke were driving Germany towards domination of the European landmass. Bismark unified Germany in 1871 and was their first Chancellor, serving until 1890.

Von Moltke the elder was chief of staff of the Prussian Army for 30 years. He commanded in the  Austro-Prussian War and the Franco-Prussian War. He is described as a "Prussian military organization and tactical genius". He was fascinated with railways and pioneered their military usage. He is often referred to as _Moltke the Elder_ to distinguish him from his nephew Helmuth Johann Ludwig von Moltke, who commanded the German Army (_Deutsches Heer_) at the outbreak of World War I.
Habitat for Humanity

**Habitat for Humanity International** (**HFHI**), generally known as **Habitat for Humanity** or **Habitat**, is an international, non-governmental, and nonprofit organization, which was founded in 1976 by Linda and Millard Fuller. The organization focuses on building homes for refugees, natural disaster locations, and the homeless.

Habitat for Humanity is a Christian organization. The international operational headquarters are located in Americus, Georgia, United States, with the administrative headquarters located in Atlanta.

As of 2020, Habitat for Humanity operates in all 50 U.S. states and more than 70 countries.
Archery, Georgia

**Archery** is an unincorporated community in Webster County, in the U.S. state of Georgia. The community lies about  from Plains.

Jimmy Carter, 39th President of the United States, grew up in Archery on a farm which is now known as the "Jimmy Carter Boyhood Farm" and is part of the Jimmy Carter National Historic Site.
Webster County, Georgia

**Webster County** is a county located in the west central portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 Census reflected a population of 2,348, making it the third-least populous county in Georgia. The county seat is Preston.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Webster County
- **state**: Georgia
- **seat wl**: Preston
- **largest city wl**: Preston
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 210
- **area land sq mi**: 209
- **area water sq mi**: 1.1
- **area percentage**: 0.5%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 2348
- **density sq mi**: 11
- **web**: www.webstercountyga.org
- **ex image**: Webster County, GA Courthouse.JPG
- **ex image cap**: Webster County Courthouse in Preston
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **named for**: Daniel Webster
Preston, Georgia

**Preston** is an unincorporated community in Webster County, Georgia, United States, located seventeen miles west of Americus. The population was 453 at the 2000 census. The community is the county seat of Webster County.

Preston was an incorporated town from 1857 to 1977, and a city from 1977 to 2009.
Georgia Southwestern State University

**Georgia Southwestern State University** (**GSW**) is a public university in Americus, Georgia.  It is part of the University System of Georgia and offers bachelor's degree programs along with selected master's and specialist degree programs.

## Infobox (university)

- **established**: 1906
- **type**: Public university, Public
- **endowment**: $30 Million
- **president**: Neal Weaver
- **students**: 3,128 (fall 2018)
- **city**: Americus, Georgia, Americus
- **state**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: 325 acres
- **colors**: Navy blue and Gold

- **mascot**: "Surge"
- **nickname**: Georgia Southwestern State Hurricanes, Hurricanes
- **affiliations**: University System of Georgia
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
- **athletics**: Peach Belt Conference
National FFA Organization

**National FFA Organization** is an American 501(c)(3) youth organization, specifically a career and technical student organization, based on middle and high school classes that promote and support agricultural education. It was founded in 1925.

In 1988 the name was changed to the National FFA Organization, now commonly referred to as **FFA**. Today FFA is among the largest youth organizations in the United States, with 669,989 members in 8,630 chapters throughout all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
1966 Georgia gubernatorial election

The **1966 Georgia gubernatorial election** was held on November 8, 1966.

After an election that exposed divisions within the Georgia Democratic Party (giving the Georgia Republican Party a shot at the Governor's Mansion for the first time in the twentieth century), segregationist Democrat Lester Maddox was elected Governor of Georgia.

The voting also made future President Jimmy Carter well known.

## Democratic primary election results

The primary was held on September 13, 1966.

Pursuant to Georgia law, as no candidate received a majority of votes in the primary, a runoff was held on September 27.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 1966 Georgia gubernatorial election
- **country**: Georgia (U.S. state)
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 1962 Georgia gubernatorial election
- **previous year**: 1962
- **next election**: 1970 Georgia gubernatorial election
- **next year**: 1970
- **election date**: November 8, 1966
- **flag year**: 1956
- **image size**: x150px
- **image1**: File:Lester Maddox.jpg
- **nominee1**: **Lester Maddox**
- **party1**: Democratic Party (United States)
- **delegate count1**: **182**
- **popular vote1**: 450,626
- **percentage1**: 46.22%
- **image2**: Image:Howard Callaway.jpg
- **nominee2**: Bo Callaway
- **party2**: Republican Party (United States)
- **delegate count2**: 66
- **popular vote2**: **453,665**
- **percentage2**: **46.53%**
- **party3**: Independent politician
- **nominee3**: Ellis Arnall
- **delegate count3**: –
- **popular vote3**: 69,025
- **percentage3**: 7.08%
- **map image**: 1966 Georgia gubernatorial election results map by county.svg
- **map size**: 200px
- **map caption**: County results
**Maddox:**
**Callaway:**
**Arnall:**
- **title**: Governor
- **before election**: Carl Sanders
- **before party**: Democratic Party (United States)
- **after election**: Lester Maddox
- **after party**: Democratic Party (United States)
Ellis Arnall

**Ellis Gibbs Arnall** (March 20, 1907December 13, 1992) was an American politician. He was the 69th Governor of Georgia from 1943 to 1947.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image upright**: 0.9
- **order**: 69th
- **office**: Governor of Georgia
- **term start**: January 12, 1943
- **term end**: January 14, 1947
- **predecessor**: Eugene Talmadge
- **successor**: Herman Talmadge
- **office2**: Attorney General of Georgia
- **term start2**: 1939
- **term end2**: 1943
- **governor2**: Eurith D. Rivers
Eugene Talmadge
- **preceded2**: M. J. Yeomans
- **succeeded2**: Grady Head
- **birth name**: Ellis Gibbs Arnall
- **birth place**: Newnan, Georgia, U.S.
- **death place**: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
- **resting place**: Oak Hill Cemetery in Newnan, Georgia
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Mildred Delany _Slemons_ Arnall
- **alma mater**: Mercer University
University of the South
University of Georgia School of Law
- **profession**: Lawyer, Attorney
Newnan, Georgia

**Newnan** is a city in Metro Atlanta and the county seat of Coweta County, Georgia. The population was 42,549 at the 2020 census.
Georgia's 3rd congressional district

**Georgia's 3rd congressional district** is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Georgia. The district is currently represented by Republican Drew Ferguson.

The district's boundaries have been redrawn following the 2010 census, which granted an additional congressional seat to Georgia.
Georgia House of Representatives

The **Georgia House of Representatives** is the lower house of the Georgia General Assembly (the state legislature) of the U.S. state of Georgia. There are currently 180 elected members.

The Georgia House of Representatives was created in 1777 during the American Revolution.

## Current makeup

|rowspan=3|Affiliation|colspan="2"|Party <div style="font-size:80%">(Shading indicates majority caucus)</div>|rowspan=3|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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