Durham, North Carolina

**Durham** is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It has about 280,000 people. Durham has two universities, Duke and NC Central. It is northwest of Raleigh, and northeast of Chapel Hill. It is the county seat of Durham County. The city is part of a larger area known as the Research Triangle.

## History

Before Europeans came to the Durham area, there were some Native American tribes like the Eno and Occaneechi nearby.

### Creation

Before Durham became a city, the land it is in was used for farming. There were many plantations which had slaves. In the mid-1800s, rail was becoming an important means of transportation, and a depot (a train station) was needed in between the towns of Raleigh and Hillsborough. Nobody was willing to give their land for the station at the time, until Dr. Bartlett S. Durham gave his land to be used for the station. The station was then named after Durham. In 1853, a post office was started near Durham Station.

### Confederate monuments

Many confederate monuments have been removed or renamed in Durham.
- Confederate Soldiers Monument (1924) at the Old Durham County Courthouse, was pulled down and severely damaged during a protest on August 17, 2017. Eight individuals were arrested for destroying the memorial, but the charges were later dropped. The monument is being stored in a county warehouse. In early 2019, a joint city-county government committee to consider what to do with the damaged statue, recommended that it be displayed indoors in its crumpled state. "The committee said displaying the statue in its current damaged form would add important context. The proposal would leave the statue's pedestal in place and add outdoor markers honoring Union soldiers and enslaved people." The proposal needs approval from the Durham County Commission. Durham County maintains that the Cultural History Artifact Management and Patriotism Act of 2015 does not apply, since the law does not address damaged monuments. On August 11, 2020, contractors removed the stone pedestal and moved it to a secure location following the recommendation of the City-County Committee on Confederate Monuments and Memorials.
- Statue of Robert E. Lee in the Duke Chapel, Duke University. Installed in the 1930s in consultation with "an unnamed Vanderbilt University professor". Defaced in August 2017. After vandalism, removed August 19, 2017.
- Julian S. Carr Junior High School, for whites only, built in 1928, closed in 1975. The building became part of the formerly all-white Durham High School, which closed in 1993. Since 1995 the buildings are used by the Durham School of the Arts. On August 24, 2017, the Board of the Durham Public Schools voted unanimously to remove Carr's name from the building.

### Tobacco Industry and Economic growth

During the Civil War, the armies that passed near Durham enjoyed the local tobacco. After the war, many veterans returned to Durham for more tobacco. Because of this, a strong tobacco industry began around the area, and a tobacco factory was started. Because the population of the area increased, Durham was officially incorporated (started) on April 10, 1869. In 1881, Durham County was also created, before that, Durham was in Orange County.

The Duke family was important to Durham's growth and economy. Their tobacco company, American Tobacco, was one of the most important tobacco companies in the United States, and they were based in Durham. Duke University was named after one of them. Today Duke University is seen as one of the most notable universities in the country. Later, the Duke family began investing in electric power, and they created the company Duke Power (now called Duke Energy), which helped bring better electricity to many towns and cities across North Carolina, including Durham.

During the early 20th century, because of the growing tobacco and electricity industry, Durham also saw a growth in the textiles industry, which helped grow Durham's population.

### African-American Community and Civil Rights Movement

Also during the early 20th century, Durham grew an African-American community in a neighborhood called Hayti, south of Downtown. Many important businesses and companies owned by African-Americans were started in Durham. North Carolina Central University was one of the first publicly funded (paid for) African-American colleges, and was started in 1924.

Because of Durham's notable African-American community, Durham became the site of events during the Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s and 60s. Famous civil rights activist Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. visited Durham. In 1957, Seven African-Americans protested segregation at the Royal Ice Cream Parlor by sitting in Whites-only spots and refused to move. This type of protest was called a sit-in, and the protest was the first one to happen in North Carolina.

### Research Triangle Park

In the 1950s, Duke University, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University, along with local governments, built the Research Triangle Park in Durham County, just outside the city. The park is used for scientific, technology and medical developments. It is home to many companies and has 65,000 workers. The park has helped Durham's economy since the tobacco and textile industry has been declining (going down) since the mid 20th century.

### Modern Growth

In 1987, the American Tobacco factory closed, leading to Durham's economy to go down. But Durham's economy has started to grow again, and Durham's main industries are now in medicine, technology, science, healthcare and education. Some of this growth can be thanks to the Research Triangle Park. Many new developments in retail and housing have been near the park and around Interstate 40, in the southern part of the city. Durham's recent growth can also be because of being part of the Research Triangle area, a part of North Carolina which includes Raleigh and Chapel Hill that has had economic and population growth since the beginning of the 21st century.

### Downtown Renewal

Since the end of the Tobacco industry, Durham's downtown has been going through a renewal and many changes. Many of the old tobacco buildings have been changed to restaurants, apartments, lofts and other things. Many new bars, entertainment venues and art studios are opening there too. Downtown is also home to many companies in different industries like banking, software and medicine. The Durham Performing Arts Center (DPAC) has become Durham's main entertainment center and many famous performers have visited it. The Durham Bulls Athletic Park, the ballpark of the Durham Bulls, is also in Downtown.

## Geography

Durham is located in north-central North Carolina, near Chapel Hill and Raleigh, in an area known as The Triangle. One of the few rivers in Durham is the Eno River. It goes into Falls Lake.

### Climate

Durham has a sort of mild climate with hot summers and cool winters. In the summer temperatures usually go from 90° Fahrenheit during the day to 70 °F at night. In the winter, is about 50 °F during the day and 30 °F at night. It can change more. Durham gets about  of rain and  of snow.

### Transportation

Durham has a lot of transportation, or roads, trains, and airplanes. Some freeways in Durham are Interstates 40 and 85 and highway 147. Durham is right next to an airport. Durham also has a train station.

## Things to see

Duke University is in Durham. Durham also has the Museum of Life and Science and the Nasher Art Museum. Downtown, there are also several tall buildings.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Durham
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: Bull City, City of Medicine
- **image flag**: Flag of Durham, North Carolina.svg
- **image map**: Durham County North Carolina incorporated and unincorporated areas Durham highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Durham County, NC, Durham County and North Carolina
- **pushpin map**: North Carolina#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Durham
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in North Carolina, Counties
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: North Carolina
- **subdivision name2**: Durham County, North Carolina, Durham, Wake County, North Carolina, Wake, Orange County, North Carolina, Orange
- **government type**: Council-manager government, Council-Manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager, City Manager
- **leader title2**: Council
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: April 10, 1869
- **named for**: Bartlett S. Durham
- **total type**: Total
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 116.19
- **area land sq mi**: 115.36
- **area water sq mi**: 0.82
- **area total km2**: 300.92
- **area land km2**: 298.79
- **area water km2**: 2.13
- **area water percent**: 0.71
- **elevation ft**: 404
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 283506
- **population rank**: List of United States cities by population, 70th in the United States
List of municipalities in North Carolina, 4th in North Carolina
- **population urban**: 396,118 (US: List of United States urban areas, 106th)
- **population density urban km2**: 834.1
- **population density urban sq mi**: 2,160.4
- **population metro**: 588,911 (US: Metropolitan statistical area, 96th)
- **population density km2**: 948.85
- **population blank2 title**: Combined Statistical Area, CSA
- **population blank2**: 2,242,324 (US: Combined statistical area, 33rd)
- **population demonym**: Durhamite
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 27701, 27702, 27703, 27704, 27705, 27706, 27707, 27708, 27709, 27710, 27711, 27712, 27713, 27715, 27717, 27722
- **area code**: Area code 919, 919, Area code 984, 984
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 37-19000
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2403521
- **blank2 name**: Primary Airport
- **blank2 info**: Raleigh–Durham International Airport
- **population density sq mi**: 2457.51