juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kauniainen

**Kauniainen** () is a city in Uusimaa, Finland. It is part of the Greater Helsinki area. Kauniainen has an area 6.0 km² and is fully located within Espoo.

Kauniainen has the lowest local taxation rate in Finland (16,5 %). A lot of rich people live there.

Kauniainen was officially founded in 1920. It became a city in 1972. There are about 8,550 people living in Kauniainen. Most of them (57 %) speak Finnish as their first language. 39 % have Swedish as their mother tongue.

Kauniainen has very good bus and train connections. There is a railway station. Many buses drive through Kauniainen.

## Other websites

- The official Kauniainen page, in Finnish, Swedish and English
Nummi-Pusula

**Nummi-Pusula** is a former municipality in Finland. It was formed in 1981 from the existing municipalities of Nummi and Pusula. The municipality is in Uusimaa and in the province of Southern Finland. On 1 January 2013, it became a part of Lohja.

Nummi-Pusula has an area of .  of it is water. About 6,175 people lived there as of 31 December 2012.

## Other websites

- The official Nummi-Pusula page , in Finnish, English, German and Estonian
Medicine man

A **medicine man** is a traditional Native American healer. Healing was only part of their function. Another part of their role was as guardian of their belief system, and their rituals.

A very similar role was played in many other mesolithic and neolithic societies, such as pre-modern Africa and New Guinea. This person, man or woman, might help cure physical, mental, or spiritual health problems. A term such as shaman or witch doctor reflects the supernatural element in such roles.
Basement

The **basement** is the lowest level or levels in some buildings, almost always below the ground. There is another type of basement, called a subbasement. or subcellar A subcellar is just like a basement, but more below it.

Most basements have lights.

## History

The first famous basements were made sometime in the 1950s. After that, many other kinds of basements were built and made. Later, most basements were used to have washing machines and other items in basements.

Soon, basements were used to contain or save water.

## Basement uses

Throughout history and even today, basements have been put to multiple uses. The most common uses for basements include storage, holding utilities, and conversion to different types of living space, such as game rooms. In some cities, like London and New York City, basements sometimes have apartments in them.
Landfill

A **landfill** is a place where waste is kept. Waste is usually buried in landfills, but it may first be sorted to remove any recyclable materials.

Landfills have a bad smell and look bad, therefore are usually located far away from where people live.

Once the waste is crushed into very small pieces, it is buried, but without oxygen, a dangerous gas called methane is created. This process is called anaerobic digestion. In some countries, the methane from landfills is used to generate energy.

## Large landfills in the United States

Roosevelt Regional Landfill, Roosevelt, Washington.

Denver Arapahoe Disposal Site, Aurora, Colorado.

Columbia Ridge Landfill, Arlington, Oregon.

Pine Tree Acres, Lenox, Michigan.

## Other large landfills

- Smokey Mountain in Manila, Philippiness
Human reproductive system

The **reproductive system** is the part of an organism that makes them able to sexually reproduce. human and other animals use their reproductive systems to have sexual intercourse as well as reproduce. The reproductive system is one of the human organ systems and one example is the penis in man.

The illustrations (pictures) here show only human reproductive systems. Other mammals have similar reproductive systems.
Rectum

The **rectum** is a part of the large intestine which forms a part of the gastrointestinal system. The rectum ends in the anus which is the end of the gastrointestinal system. It is where feces or stools are stored temporarily before coming out of the anus.

Body temperature can also be taken in the rectum. Rectal temperature can be taken by inserting a medical thermometer not more than 25 mm (1 inch) into the rectum via the anus. Normal rectal temperature generally ranges from 36 to 38 °C (97.6 to 100.4 °F) and is about 0.5 °C (1 °F) above oral (mouth) temperature and about 1 °C (2 °F) above axilla (armpit) temperature and 3 degrees warmer than vaginal temperatures.

The **rectum** was featured in film series, 'The Human Centipede,' a horror movie about the face of loss in a world of deep connection and interesting cuisine. Within the film it is stated that, "Humans have a profound desire for other **rectums.**" Often this is due to the G-stop for men being located between the Anus and the testicles, giving men a desire to be anally penetrated in the rectum, this form of rectal pleasure first ever documented in the journal of Henry IV.
County seat

A **county seat** is the location of a county government, and is usually the largest, oldest, or most central town or city within a county. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the name county town is used rather than county seat.

In the U.S. state of Louisiana, counties are called parishes and have **parish seats** rather than county seats; while in Alaska, counties are called boroughs and have **borough seats**.

## Related pages

- County town
Pacific Islands

The **Pacific Islands** are islands that are in the Pacific Ocean. There are about 20,000 or 30,000 of them. These islands are sometimes called Oceania. The Pacific Islands are in three groups. These groups are Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. People who live on these islands are called Pacific Islanders. These islands can be made by volcanoes or made on coral reefs. The islands made by volcanoes are bigger, and more people can live on them. The islands made on coral reefs are smaller, and fewer people can live on them. One of Oceania's biggest economic advantages are tourism. As many vacationers come to see the wildlife and the beautiful beaches that span the islands. Major countries and territories include the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Hawaii (United States), Samoa, Solomon Islands, and Tonga.

Island nations in the western Pacific Ocean, such as Brunei, East Timor, Japan, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, and most of Indonesia are not considered parts of the Pacific Islands since they do not lie in any of the three Oceanic regions. People inhabiting those islands, therefore are not Pacific Islanders.
Large intestine

The **Large intestine** is also called the colon or large bowel. It connects the small intestine to the rectum and anus. It is about 1.5 meters long or 5 feet. It is shorter than the small intestine, but its diameter is larger.

Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as faeces before being removed by defecation.

## Related pages

- Small intestine

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Large intestine
- **latin**: Colon or intestinum crassum
- **image**: Intestine-diagram.svg
- **caption**: Front of abdomen, showing the large intestine, with the stomach and small intestine in gray outline.
- **image2**: Gray1223.png
- **caption2**: Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for liver (red), and the stomach and large intestine (blue). The large Intestine is like an upside down U.
- **system**: Digestive system
- **artery**: Superior mesenteric artery, Superior mesenteric, Inferior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric and Internal iliac artery, iliac arteries
- **vein**: Superior mesenteric vein, Superior and inferior mesenteric vein
- **lymph**: Inferior mesenteric lymph nodes
Joensuu

**Joensuu** is a city in Finland. It is the centre of the region of North Karelia. Joensuu has an area of 2.751,13 km² and a population of around 77,000 people. 369.3 km² of the area is water.

The Finnish capital, Helsinki is located 437 km away from Joensuu. There is a university in Joensuu.

The municipalities of Tuupovaara and Kiihtelysvaara were merged with Joensuu on January 1 2005. In 2009 the municipalities of Eno and Pyhäselkä were merged with Joensuu.

## Other websites

- The official Joensuu page
Tuupovaara

**Tuupovaara** was a municipality in the North Karelia region of Finland. It was merged with Joensuu on January 1 2005. Before 1913 the place was known as Kovero.

In 2004 there were 2,217 people living in Tuupovaara.

## Villages

Eimisjärvi, Hartiovaara, Heinäaho, Herajärvi, Hoilola, Kinnasniemi, Kokinvaara, Konnunniemi, Kortevaara, Kovero, Luutalahti, Mannervaara, Pirttijärvi, Revonsonkaja, Saarivaara, Sonkajanranta, Tuupovaara, Öllölä
Urine

**Urine** (**pee**) is a liquid created by the body, in the kidneys. It is stored in the bladder and comes out of the human body through the urethra, a tube which leads from the bladder to the urethral meatus (_meatus_ is an opening in the body), at the tip of the penis (men) or the vulva (women). Urinating is how the body gets rid of unwanted or unneeded substances in the blood. Urine is the liquid that these substances are put in. After the blood has circulated through the body, its composition has changed, because some substances in the blood have been absorbed by the body and because the body has released other substances into the blood. The blood has also absorbed substances produced from our food. The liver removes many toxins (harmful substances) and adds other substances that the blood needs (amino acids, proteins, coagulation factors, hormones, etc.). Then the kidneys remove excess amounts of urea, salts, etc. by putting them into the urine. After the blood has passed through the liver and the kidneys, it has the correct composition that the body needs.

Urine is mostly water, and contains mineral salts, and about 2% urea, which is produced in the liver to remove ammonia, which is a very toxic substance. Urea has very low toxicity, although a continuously high level of urea in the blood (a condition called hyperuremia) can cause disease.

The color of urine normally ranges from colourless to yellow. The yellow color is caused by urobilins, which are produced by the breakdown of hemoglobin, the substance that gives blood its red color. If a person is dehydrated, less urine will be produced (maybe less than one liter per day), and it will be more concentrated. If a person drinks a lot of water, more urine will be produced (maybe as much as two liters per day) and it will be less concentrated.

Urine lets the body get rid of:

1. Extra water
1. Extra electrolytes (salts)
1. Urea (mostly not needed by the body)
1. Drugs
1. Toxins (poisons in the body)( Note that most toxins are removed in the bile of the liver, which transfers the toxins to the feces. Many descriptions of urine say that some toxins are removed in urine, but do not say what toxins these are).
Some slang terms for urine are "pee", "wee", "wee wees" and "piss".

## Related pages

- Urination
Rudolf Vrba

**Rudolf "Rudi" Vrba** (September 11, 1924 – March 27, 2006), was a professor in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics at the University of British Columbia in Canada. His birth name was **Walter Rosenberg**. In April 1944, he escaped from the Auschwitz concentration camp. After escaping, he passed information to the Allies who were fighting the Axis Powers during the Second World War. He informed the authorities about the mass murder that was taking place at the camp.
Joel Brand

**Joel Brand** (25 April 1906 – 13 July 1964) was a Jew from Hungary. He helped to save many lives of Jews of Hungary from death. He saved them from being sent to Nazi Germany’s death camp at Auschwitz concentration camp.
Auschwitz concentration camp

**Auschwitz concentration camp (Oshvitzpin)** was a group of Nazi concentration camps during World War II. The group included Nazi Germany's largest extermination camp, Auschwitz-Birkenau.
Savukoski

**Savukoski** (Inari Sami: **Suovâkuoškâis**, Northern Sami: **Suovvaguoika**) is a Finnish municipality in the Province of Lapland. As of 2005, 1,326 people lived there. The area is 6,496.64 km². The municipality was founded in 1916.

Nearby municipalities are Pelkosenniemi, Salla and Sodankylä. The villages in Savukoski include Kuosku, Martti, Nousu, Seitajärvi, Savukoski, Tanhua, Lunkkaus, Viitaranta, Värriö, Rovala and Ruuvaoja.

## Economy

Employers: Metsähallitus, Veljekset Karjalainen and Metsänhoitoyhdistys. In 1967, phosphorus was found in the area. It is planned to open a phosphorus mine after 2015.

## Geography

One third of area is national parkland: Urho Kekkonen National Park, Värriö Strict Nature Reserve and Maltio Strict Nature Reserve.

## Other websites

- The official Savukoski page
Friedrich Dürrenmatt

**Friedrich Dürrenmatt** (January 5, 1921 in Konolfingen, canton of Bern  December 14, 1990 in Neuchâtel) was a writer and philosopher from Switzerland.

## Personal life

Dürrenmatt was the son of a protestant pastor. He was always interested in drawing. He went to school until 1941, afterwards he studied philosophy, sciences (deep point physics) and German literature at the University of Bern. He dropped studies in 1946, when he published his first written work.

One year later he married the Swiss actress Lotti Geissler (1919–1983). They had three children. The financial situation of the family got better, when Dürrenmatt began to write radio dramas and crime fiction.

In 1984 he married the German actress and television director Charlotte Kerr (1927–2011).

His world-wide success is based on two plays: _The Visit_ and _The Physicists_.

## Selected Works

- Romulus the Great (_Romulus der Große_, 1950, play)
- The Judge and His Hangman (_Der Richter und sein Henker_, 1950, novella)
- Suspicion (_Der Verdacht_, 1951, also known as _The Quarry_, novella)
- The Tunnel (_Der Tunnel_, 1952, short story)
- The Marriage of Mr. Mississippi (_Die Ehe des Herrn Mississippi_, 1952, play)
- Theatre Problems (_Theaterprobleme_, 1954, essay)
- Once a Greek (_Grieche sucht Griechin_, 1955, novel)
- The Visit (_Der Besuch der alten Dame_, 1956, play)
- A Dangerous Game (_Die Panne_, 1956, novel / novella, also known as _Traps_)
- The Pledge (_Das Versprechen_, 1958, novella)
- The Physicists (_Die Physiker_, 1962, play)
- King John (_König Johann_, 1968, play)
- _Play Strindberg_ (1969, play)
- Monster Lecture on Justice and Law (_Monstervortrag_, 1969, lecture)
- The Coup (_Der Sturz_, 1971, short story)
- _Achterloo_ (1982, play)
- The Execution of Justice (_Justiz_, 1985, novel)
- The Assignment (_Der Auftrag_, 1986, novella)
- Switzerland, A Prison: A Speech for Václav Havel (_Die Schweiz — ein Gefängnis_, 1990, speech)

## Secondary Literature

- Goertz, Heinrich: _Friedrich Dürrenmatt_, Reinbek 1987, .
- Rüedi, Peter: _Dürrenmatt oder Die Ahnung vom Ganzen_, Zürich 2011, .

## Other websites

- Centre Dürrenmatt Neuchâtel
- National Library Switzerland
Kampala

**Kampala** is the capital of Uganda. More than 1,800,000 people live there. The city is on the shore of Lake Victoria.

The Ugandan National Theatre is in Kampala. There is also a university in the city.
The home team; Kampala City Council (KCC) Football Club is a leading Africa FIFA Club team player. This is where Ugandan QUentin TArintino is

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Kampala
- **settlement type**: Capital city
- **image skyline**: Kampalamontage.png
- **image caption**: Montage of various landmarks in Kampala, Uganda.
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **pushpin map**: Uganda Kampala#Uganda#Africa
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Kampala in Uganda##Location in Africa
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Uganda
- **subdivision type1**: City
- **subdivision name1**: Kampala District, Kampala
- **leader title1**: Lord Mayor
- **leader name1**: Erias Lukwago
- **leader title2**: Executive Director
- **leader name2**: Andrew Kitaka
- **area total km2**: 189
- **area land km2**: 176
- **area water km2**: 13
- **population as of**: 2019
- **population density km2**: 8,892
- **population total**: 1,680,600
- **population metro**: 6,709,900
- **area metro km2**: 8,451.9
- **population density metro km2**: 793
- **population demonyms**: Munakampala
- **timezone**: East Africa Time, EAT
- **utc offset**: +3
- **elevation m**: 1200
Common wombat

The **common wombat**, _Vombatus ursinus_, is one of three wombat species living in Australia. It is found the mountains and hills of southeast Australia, Tasmania, and Flinders Island in Bass Strait. They look like a small bear, which is what the name _ursinus_ means. It is a marsupial, a type of mammal that carried its young in a pouch. It is the largest burrowing plant-eating mammal in the world. Its closest living relative is the koala.

## Description

They are a short and muscular animal that walks on four strong legs. The feet and claws are designed to help the wombat dig tunnels in rocky ground. They are between 70 and 120 cm in length and weigh between 15 and 35 kg. It is covered in a very rough and coarse fur which can be anywhere from black to silver grey, from dark brown to sandy brown. Wombats have very tough skin on their rump.

## Breeding

Wombats live alone but meet up to breed in April to June on mainland Australia. In Tasmania the breeding can occur at any time of the year. The young wombats are tiny, about two cm long, when they are born after a gestation of only 21 days, and move into the mother's pouch. Wombats normally only have one baby although the pouch has two nipples. Unlike a kangaroo, the pouch opens backwards, which would prevent it from filling with dirt as it crawls into its burrow. The young wombat lives in the pouch for about six months, and finally becomes independent of the mother at about 18 months of age. Wombats live for about five years, although some in captivity have lived for 26 years.

## Diet

Wombats live in burrows that they dig with their sharp claws. They are nocturnal animals, and come out their burrows in the evening to look for food. It is a herbivore, so it only eats grass, tree and shrub roots, bark, leaves, and fungi. Wombat faeces are cube shaped. The wombat will use them to mark things in its territory, so it is common to find the cubes on top of leaves, rocks, and branches. Because of their shape they do not roll off.

## Burrows

The burrows can be as small as two metres or as long as 30 metres. They dig with their front feet, kick the soil backwards with their back feet, and then use their rump like a bulldozer to push the dirt out of the burrow. Only one wombat lives in each burrow, but wombats may have up to four burrows in the area they live.

## Living with wombats

Farmers see the Common Wombat as a pest. It often destroys fences by burrowing, and the burrow openings are a danger to grazing animals. It is still common in Australia, but the areas it lives in are being reduced because of land clearing for farms.

The common wombat has no natural predators. It is not scared of people and is often seen in camping areas. They can make good pets.
Bonobo

The **bonobo** (_Pan paniscus_) is a great ape and the smaller of the two species making up the genus _Pan_ (the other is _Pan troglodytes_, the common chimpanzee). The bonobo is sometimes called the **dwarf** or **pygmy chimpanzee**. Although the name "chimpanzee" is sometimes used to refer to both species together, it is usually understood to mean the common chimpanzee, while _Pan paniscus_ is usually referred to as the bonobo.

The bonobo lives in rain forest, in a  area south of the Congo River. This is in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central Africa.

The bonobo has high levels of sexual behavior. Sex functions in conflict appeasement, affection, social status, excitement, and stress reduction. It occurs in virtually all partner combinations and in a variety of positions. This may explain the lower levels of aggression in the bonobo as compared to the common chimpanzee and other apes. Bonobos are matriarchal and a male's rank in the social hierarchy is often determined by his mother's rank.

The two chimpanzee species are separated by the huge Congo River. Its formation 1.5–2 million years ago may have led to the speciation of the bonobo. Their population is between 29,000 and 50,000 individuals. The species is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is threatened by habitat destruction, human population growth and commercial poaching. The bonobo lives for about 40 years in captivity, though its lifespan in the wild is unknown.
Genoa

**Genoa** (, Ligurian: _Zena, Zêna_) is a city and capital of the Liguria region in Italy. The population of Genoa in 2006 was 620,316. It is the most important seaport in Italy. Before Italy was united into one country in the 1800s, Genoa was a republic that also included the island of Corsica. Genoa was famous for its merchants, or traders, who traded everywhere from England to Istanbul. Famous Genoese people include, Andrea Doria, Niccolò Paganini, and Christopher Columbus.

## Other websites

- Comune di Genova

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Genoa
- **native name**:

- **official name**: Comune di Genova
- **image skyline**: Collage Genova.jpg
- **image flag**: Flag of Genoa.svg
- **image shield**: Stemma di Genova.svg
- **region**: Liguria
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Genoa, Genoa (GE)
- **mayor**: Marco Bucci (politician), Marco Bucci
- **elevation m**: 20
- **area total km2**: 240.29
- **population as of**: 1 January 2018
- **population total**: 580097
- **population demonym**: Genoese, Genovese
Liguria

**Liguria** (/lɪˈɡ(j)ʊəriə/, <small>Italian:</small> [liˈɡuːrja]; , [liˈɡyːɾja]) is a region of Northern Italy. The capital is Genoa.
The population was about  in 2017.

## Provinces

- Province of Genoa (capital)
- Province of La Spezia
- Province of Savona
- Province of Imperia

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Liguria
- **italian name**: Liguria
- **flag**: Flag of Liguria.svg
- **region coa**: Coat of arms of Liguria.svg
- **coa size**: 55px
- **map**: Liguria in Italy.svg
- **capital**: Genoa
- **leader**: Alessandro Piana
- **area**: 5422
- **area percent**: 1.8
- **area rank**: 18th
- **population**: 1557533
- **pop rank**: 12th
- **pop percent**: 2.7
- **pop date**: 2017
- **population demonym**:

- **gdp**: 44.1
- **gdp year**: 2008
- **gdp per capita**: 27,100
- **gdp cap year**: 2008
- **nuts**: ITC
- **latd**: 44.4556
- **longd**: 8.7347
Royal Opera House

The **Royal Opera House** is a famous opera house  in London. Sometimes it is called  "Covent Garden" because it is in the area of London called Covent Garden.  The Royal Opera House is the home of the Royal Opera and the Royal Ballet.  There is an orchestra which plays there for all the operas and ballets.

The building that is now the Royal Opera House is the third building in that place.  The first theatre to be built there in 1732 was burnt down in 1808.  The second theatre opened in 1809 but was burnt down in 1856.  Today's building was built in 1858, although a lot of it was rebuilt between 1996 and 2000.  The auditorium (the main part where the audience sits) is nearly the same, but all the backstage rooms are new: the dressing rooms, rehearsal rooms, office space etc.  There is an extra small theatre called the Linbury Theatre which is used for smaller performances.  Together with the new restaurant areas it has helped to get more young people to come.

The Royal Opera House seats 2,268 people.  There are seats downstairs (the stalls), four tiers of boxes, a balcony and a gallery.

The conductor ("Musical Director") of the Royal Opera House Orchestra is Antonio Pappano who is a young British conductor.

## Other websites

- Royal Opera House
Kalahasti

**Kalahasti** is a place in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus. In Kalhasti, there is a famous and ancient temple of Shiva, a god of Hindus. The temple is one of the five such temples of Shiva in south India collectively known as Pancha Bootha Sthalams. The other four such temples are at Kanchipuram, Thiruvanaikaval, Tiruvannamalai, and Chidambaram.

In this temple, people worship Shiva in the form of a linga. There are many mythological stories about this linga. One of the stories tell that an elephant, a snake, and a spider used to worship this linga. The god Shiva blessed them with moksha (liberation).

Another story tells about a saint named Kannappa. He took out his eyes and offered the same to the linga. At this supreme sacrifice, Shiva became very happy. He appeared in the form of a human being, and restored the eyesight of Kannappa. Kannappa is worshipped as one of the 63 saiva saints in Tamil Nadu.

Sri Kalahasti temple, 36 km away is famous for its Vayudeva temple, which is the only shrine of the god of wind in India. Constructed in the 12th century by the Chola king, Rajarajendra, Vayu is incarnated as Lord Shiva and worshipped as Kalahasteeswara.

This is an important temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. This temple has one of the elemental lingas, the vayu (air) linga. There is a lamp inside the inner sanctum that is constantly flickering despite the lack of air movement inside. The air-linga can be observed to move even when the pujaris close off the entrance to the main Deity room, which does not have any windows. You can see the flames on several ghee lamps flicker as if blown by moving air. The linga is white and is considered Swayambhu, or self-manifested.

Kalahasti is surrounded by two sacred hills. The Durgamba temple is on the northern hill. On the south hill there is the shrine of Kannabeswara, in memory of the Sage Kannappa, who offered an eye to the Lord. When he tried to offer his other eye as well, the Lord mercifully stopped him. There is also a temple dedicated to Subramanya on one of the surrounding hills. The main linga is untouched by human hands, even by the priest. Abhisheka (bathing) is done by pouring a mixture of water, milk, camphor, and panchamrita. Sandal paste, flowers and the sacred thread are offered to the utsava-murti, not the main linga.

This temple is one of the most impressive Siva temples in India. It features an enormous, ancient gopuram (tower) over the main gate. The tower is 36.5m (120 feet) high. The entire temple is carved out of the side of a huge stone hill. It was built in1516 by King Krishnadeva Raya. The temple is run by neatly dressed Saivite Brahmins.

## Related pages

- Linga
Raidas

**Guru Ravidas**, also spelt as **Raidas**, was an Indian saint and poet of 15th century. He belonged to a family of leather workers, he even claimed to be an _achhoot_ or untouchable. Some of his verses found place in Guru Granth Sahib, the main text of Sikhism.

Mirabai, a Rajput lady of a royal family of Rajasthan, was one of the followers of Guru Ravidas. They follow his teachings and consider him their Guru, the teacher.

Guru Raidas wrote poems in Braj Bhasha. A few of his poems are "_ab kaise chutey ram nam_", "_aasi Lal tujh binu_".

Guru Raidas refuted the prevalent Caste System of the time and stated that all people were equally cared upon by god. He also, like many contemporary Bhakti saints, refuted complex Brahminical Rituals and Sacrifices, in favour of true and complete devotion to god by means of song, dance, or _japa_ (simple chanting of god's name).

## Related pages

- BR Ambedkar
Rishi

**Rishi** is a word used in many Hindu scriptures. A simple translation of the word into English would mean a sage. Hindu scriptures and Hindu mythology tell about a number of rishis. They describe a rishi as an old person, with a lot of knowledge and wisdom. They also say that some of the rishis had great powers, and sometimes even some gods of Hindus like Indra were afraid of rishis. Some of the rishis were famous for becoming angry very quickly and easily. Their anger sometimes resulted in the rishis cursing people. A female is called a Rishika.

Rishis used to live in deep forests. Many young men from villages and towns also lived with them as their students and disciples. Rishis taught them in schools called Gurukuls. After education, these young men returned to live with their families. However, some of them shall always remain with the rishis as their disciples. Sometimes, even kings and other members of the ruling families would go to them to seek advice and blessings. Sometimes these rishis and their disciples would go to the royal courts and participate in discussions there.

Seven such rishis were the most famous. Hindu scriptures have named them as _saptarishis_, that is, the seven sages. The seven sages were Kashyapa, Atri, Vashitha, Vishvamitra, Gautam, Jamdagni, and Bharadvaja. According to Hindu mythology, these seven sages had become like divine beings. Ancient astrology of Hindus identified these seven sages with the stars of the sky, the Great Bear. Their wives formed the Pleiades.

## Related pages

- Atri
- Vishvamitra
- Gautam
Tiruvannamalai

**Tiruvannamalai** is a place in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus. In Tiruvannamalai, there is a famous and ancient temple of Shiva, a god of Hindus. The temple is one of the five such temples of Shiva in south India.

In this temple, people worship Shiva in the form of a linga. Large number of Hindus from all around the world go to this place every year. In the months of November and December, a festival lasting for ten days takes place. During this festival, people light up an entire hill near Tiruvannamalai.

## Related pages

- Linga

## Other websites

- Tiruvannamalai
Vishvamitra

**Vishvamitra** is the name of a rishi (sage) of ancient India. This is a Sanskrit word, and its translation is: "_universal friend, that is, a friend of everybody_". Vishvamitra wrote many verses of the Vedas, especially the Rig Veda and the Atharva Veda.

The Hindu scriptures have many stories about Vishvamitra. One of them tell about the competition between another rishi named Vashistha. Both wanted to become priests of big royal families of ancient India.

## Related pages

- Hindu mythology
- Vashistha
Genetic disorder

A **genetic disorder** is a health problem caused by abnormalities in the genome. They are heritable, and _may_ be passed down from the parents' genes to their children and to later generations. If a genetic disorder is present from birth, it is described as a congenital defect. Some defects only show up in later life.

The mutation responsible can occur spontaneously before the embryo develops, or it can be inherited from parents who are carriers of a faulty gene.

There are _well over 6,000 known genetic disorders_, and new genetic disorders are constantly being found. More than 600 genetic disorders are treatable. Around 1 in 50 people are affected by a known single-gene disorder, while around 1 in 263 are affected by a disorder caused by their chromosomes. Parts of a chromosome may be absent, or duplicated.

About _65% of people have some kind of health problem as a result of congenital genetic mutations_. About 1 in 21 people are affected by a genetic disorder classified as "rare" (less than 1 in 2,000 people). Most genetic disorders are rare in themselves. They may affect one person in every several thousands or even millions. Sometimes they are relatively frequent in a population. If they are frequent, it suggests these recessive gene disorders give an advantage in certain environments when only one copy of the gene is present. Sickle cell anaemia is an example of this.

The same disease, such as some forms of cancer, may be caused by an inherited genetic condition in some people, by new mutations in other people, and by nongenetic causes in still other people. A disease is only called a genetic disease if it can be inherited at birth. The particular defect may only show up later in life.

## Related pages

- Birth defect
- List of genetic disorders
- Prenatal diagnosis
Balloon

A **balloon** is a bag that is usually filled with gas. This gas can be helium, hydrogen, nitrous oxide, oxygen or air.

Throughout the 19th century, balloons were made out of animal bladders. Nowadays, balloons are made from a thin and stretchy material like rubber, latex, neoprene or plastic and can come in many different colors. Big balloons are made from nylon fabric.

Balloons are used for many purposes like decorations and entertainment.

Most small balloons are made for parties or hiccup cures. These balloons are sometimes made to look like animals.

Some balloons are very big. Big balloons are used for people to fly into the sky. Big balloons are called aircraft. Most balloon aircraft are filled with hot air. They are called hot air balloons.

Balloons can also be filled with water. They are called "water balloons". Water balloons are a kind of toy, best known for its use of water balloon fights.

## Related pages

- Balloon (aircraft)
AM

**AM** can mean:
- Ante meridiem, in the 12-hour clock
- The chemical symbol for Americium
- Amplitude modulation, in radio
Einsteinium

**Einsteinium** is a chemical element with the atomic number 99 it is a synthetic element, so all isotopes are radioactive.

Einsteinium is the 7th element in the actinide series. The most stable isotope of Einsteinium has 99 protons and electrons and 153 neutrons. There are 19 different (radioactive) isotopes.
Einsteinium is named after Albert Einstein. It was found for the first time in 1952 by Albert Ghiorso and his team of scientists in the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion, and identified as an element at the University of California, Berkeley.

Einsteinium isotopes have a half-life between 40 and 471 days.

## Uses

Einsteinium has been used to create the element Mendelevium for the first time in 1955, although no practical uses are known. It has been used before as a calibration marker in a chemical analysis spectrometer.
Vulva

The **vulva** is the part of the body of female mammals (including women) where the outside parts of the reproductive system can be seen. The parts of the vulva that can be seen are the:

- Mons pubis
- Labia majora
- Labia minora
- Clitoris
- Vaginal opening
- Urinary opening

The mons pubis is the area of skin and fat above the other structures. It protects the other structures below it. The labia majora are thick areas of skin and fat located to the side of the urinary and vaginal openings. Smaller and thinner labia are the labia minora. These structures are connected to the hood of the clitoris. They are close to the vagina. Many people say the word vagina when they mean the vulva. The vagina is the _tube_ connecting the internal parts (the womb) to the vulva.

## Related pages

- Vulvar cancer

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Human vulva
- **latin**: wikt:pudendum muliebre, pudendum muliebre
- **image**: Genital Diversity Expanded.jpg
- **caption**: Vulvas of different women (pubic hair removed in some cases)
- **width**: 300px
- **precursor**: Genital tubercle, urogenital folds
- **artery**: Internal pudendal artery
- **vein**: Internal pudendal veins
- **nerve**: Pudendal nerve
- **lymph**: Superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Deism

**Deism** is the belief that a higher being (like God) exists but that the only revelation of God is in nature and reason, not in sacred books or prophets. Deism says that people should rely on logic and reason and not traditions of a religion based on a holy book. People who follow deism are called **deists**.

Deists believe that a higher power created the world. They may not believe that the creation of the universe happened because of a spontaneous event. They usually reject supernatural events like miracles and believe that God has set up natural laws that govern how the universe works and how people should act that and God does not interfere with those laws. Most deists also see holy scriptures, such as the Bible and Qur'an, as writings by people, rather than by God.

Famous deists from history include the American political leader and inventor Benjamin Franklin, French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, the French philosopher Voltaire, the British philosopher Thomas Paine, and the French revolutionary leader Maximilien de Robespierre. Many historians think that US President Thomas Jefferson was a deist though he failed to say so.

## Other websites

- World Union of Deists
Cleveland Guardians

The **Cleveland Guardians** are a Major League Baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio. They are part of the American League Central Division. Under the team's former name of Cleveland Indians, the Guardians won two World Series championships in 1920 and 1948.  Currently, they hold the longest championship drought in MLB.

The team was founded in 1894 in Grand Rapids, Michigan as the Grand Rapids Rustlers, playing in the late-1890s Western League, which became the American League in 1900. In that same year, the team moved to Cleveland, taking the name of Lake Shores. The next year, the team became the Cleveland Bluebirds, also known as Blues. Players didn't like that name, and failed in a try to change the name to "Broncos" in 1902. In that same year, the team traded for star player Nap Lajoie, who later became player-manager, and it soon became known as the "Naps" in his honor. The team was called the Cleveland Naps until Lajoie left at the end of the 1914 season.

After Lajoie left, the team looked for a new nickname and settled on "Indians" for the 1915 season, partly in honor of the Boston Braves who had won the 1914 World Series. In more modern times, their nickname was often thought to be a poor choice. It is considered offensive to name a team for a race or ethnic group. However, there was no serious effort to change the name until the 21st century. After growing criticism, the team started to move away from the nickname in 2018, retiring its controversial "Chief Wahoo" logo of a caricatured Native American. In 2020, team owner Paul Dolan announced that the "Indians" name would be retired after the 2021 season. The new nickname of Guardians was announced on July 23, 2021. The name refers to the _Guardians of Traffic_, statues sculpted into pylons of the Hope Memorial Bridge that crosses the Cuyahoga River near downtown Cleveland. The Cleveland Guardians name took effect on November 19, 2021.

In the 1990s, the then-Indians were in the postseason several times.  They made it to the World Series in 1995 and 1997 but lost to the Atlanta Braves and the Florida Marlins respectively.  They returned to the World Series in 2016, and again they lost, this time to the Chicago Cubs in seven games.  In 2017, they set an American League record of winning 22 straight games.  They won 102 games during the season.  However, they lost to the New York Yankees in the Division Series.

## Other websites

- Official Website
Friuli Venezia Giulia

**Friuli-Venezia Giulia** (; ; ) is a region in the north-east of Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Trieste. The population is . Friuli-Venezia Giulia has a border with the Italian region of Veneto to the west, Austria to the north and Slovenia on the east.

People in this region speak the Italian, Friulian, Slovene and German languages.

## Provinces

- Trieste (capital)
- Udine
- Gorizia
- Pordenone

## Geography

Friuli-Venezia Giulia has an area of  and is Italy's most north-eastern region. It is the 5th smallest region in Italy. The Alps lie to the north of the region, and the beaches and cliffs of the Adriatic Sea are on the south edges.

## Cuisine

Friulani, Giuliani, Austrian, Slovene and Hungarian influences over the centuries have created a wide range of food and drink typical of the region. Some examples include:
- Jota (Istrian stew)
- Radicchio
- Goulash
- Gnocchi alla spinache

## Infobox (region of italy)

- **name**: Friuli-Venezia Giulia
- **region coa**: CoA of Friuli-Venezia_Giulia.png
- **coa size**: 50px
- **map**: Italy Regions Friuli-Venezia Giulia Map.png
- **flag**: Flag of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.svg
- **capital**: Trieste
- **area**: 7856
- **population**: 1222061
- **pop rank**: 15th
- **pop date**: 2007-12-31
- **gdp**: 34.3
- **gdp year**: 2006
- **leader**: Renzo Tondo
- **leader party**: PdL
- **nuts**: ITD
- **latd**: 46.1650
- **longd**: 12.9053
Latin alphabet

The **Latin alphabet,** also known as the **Roman alphabet**, is a collection of letters. This alphabet was originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language. Today, we use it to write the English language, Spanish language, French language, and more.

This alphabet evolved from the Phoenician alphabet.

This alphabet contains the letters A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y and Z.

## Related pages

- Latin script
Udine

**Udine** is a city in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. The population is 96,678.
Occitan language

**Occitan** is known as **lenga d'òc** by its native speakers.

It is a Romance language spoken in the south of France, the Occitan Valleys of Italy, the Val d'Aran of Catalonia and Monaco. The regions together are called Occitania. This is an unofficial name for a region in three countries. Its justification is that it is united by a culture.

Occitan took a different path from Latin to the main official languages. It is sometimes called **lenga d'òc** ("language of _oc_", French: _langue d'oc_) because its word for _yes_ is _òc_, as opposed to _oil_ (_oui_) or _sì_ in other languages. That is one way to classify Romance languages.

Occitan is an official language of Catalonia. Since September 2010, the Parliament of Catalonia has considered Aranese Occitan to be the officially preferred language for use in the Val d'Aran.

## Dialects

- Alpine (also named Vivaro-Alpine or Provençal Alpine)
- Auvergnat
- Gascon (including Aranese spoken in Val d'Aran, Catalonia, Spain)
- Languedocien
- Limousin
- Provençal

Some of those names (Provençal, Limousin, Gascon) were once used for the whole language.

## Other websites

- Dictionary (written in Occitan)
- Ethnologue report page for language with code OCI (Occitan)
- English-Occitan lexicon
- Orbilat.com , Overview and grammar of Occitan
- Occitanet.free.fr, a guide to the language
- Ostaldoccitania.net  The house of occitan associations of Toulouse
- Eonet.ne , "LexRomEdic", Electronic version of Lexique Roman of Rainouard (A provisional version is available).

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Occitan
- **nativename**: _occitan_, _lenga d'òc_, _provençal_
- **states**: France, Spain, Italy, Monaco
- **speakers**: estimates range from  to
- **date**: 2007–2012
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Occitano-Romance languages, Occitano-Romance
- **ancestor**: Old Occitan
- **nation**: Catalonia (Spain)
- **minority**: France
Andorra
Italy (Law number 482 of 15 December 1999)
- **agency**: Conselh de la Lenga Occitana; Congrès Permanent de la Lenga Occitana; Institut d'Estudis Aranesi
- **iso1**: oc
- **iso2**: oci
- **iso3**: oci
- **lc1**: sdt
- **ld1**: (Judeo-Occitan)
- **glotto**: occi1239
- **glottorefname**: Occitan
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-g & 51-AAA-f
- **dia1**: Auvergnat dialect, Auvergnat
- **dia2**: Gascon dialect, Gascon (including Aranese dialect)
- **dia3**: Languedocien dialect, Languedocien
- **dia4**: Limousin dialect, Limousin
- **dia5**: Provençal dialect, Provençal
- **dia6**: Vivaro-Alpine
- **map**: Occitania blanck map.PNG
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **notice**: IPA
- **map2**: Idioma occitano dialectos.png
- **mapcaption2**: various dialects of Occitan
Bass (singer)

A singer who is a **bass** is a man with a low singing voice. Some basses may be able to sing down to C two octaves below middle C. Even low A is sometimes needed in Russian church music.

In opera, basses often have the part of the villain, or the king, or a priest. A buffo-bass is a character role in which the bass singer needs a wide range for the comedy of the part. The part of Leporello in Mozart's _Don Giovanni_ needs a buffo bass. The lowest kind of bass is called a basso-profondo. An example is the priest Sarastro in Mozart's _Magic Flute_.

Feodor Chaliapin (1873-1938) was a famous Russian bass.
Southern gospel singer J.D. Sumner held the world record for lowest bass singer for a number of years, from 1988 until he was beaten by Tim Storms in 2016
A baritone is a voice between tenor and bass in range, but some low baritones describe themselves as bass-baritones. Wotan in _Der Ring des Nibelungen_ is a bass-baritone part. Bryn Terfel is a famous Welsh bass-baritone.
Johnny Cash is well known for his bass-baritone voice.
Plankton

**Plankton** are drifting organisms that live in the surface layers of the ocean. They live in the top layer of the ocean, called the epipelagic zone. They are not strong enough to swim against ocean currents. The term is in contrast to **nekton**, who can control their movements. There are three groups:
- Phytoplankton: which live at the surface of the ocean and photosynthesise (use light to make sugars and other molecules).
    - Eukaryote algae: diatoms, coccolithophores, some dinoflagellates.
    - Bacteria: cyanobacteria.
- Zooplankton: small protozoans or metazoans: Ctenophores; jellyfish; rotifers; foraminifera; tiny crustacea and other animals. Some eggs and larvae of larger animals such as fish, crustaceans, and annelids. Apart from the eggs, they all feed on other plankton.
- Some groups fall into both categories. Dinoflagellates can be either photosynthetic producers or heterotroph consumers; many species are _mixotrophic_ depending upon their circumstances. It is also hard to fit viruses into this scheme; yet they are present in great numbers.

Plankton are important in the ocean's food chain. They are the main source of food for almost all fish larvae as they switch from their yolk sacs to catching prey. Basking sharks and blue whales feed on them directly; other large fish feed on them indirectly, by eating fish of smaller size, such as herrings.

The distribution of plankton is governed more by nutrients than by temperature. Large tracts of ocean are blue and sterile. The reason is that these areas lack one or more crucial nutrients for the photosynthetic plankton, upon whom all the others depend. Broadly speaking, areas near land masses get nutrients by rivers and wind. The key nutrient lacking in the Pacific ocean is iron, essential in molecules such as _ferredoxins_, iron-sulfur proteins which do electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions.
Wake Forest University

**Wake Forest University** is a university found in Winston-Salem, North Carolina . It was started in 1834 in the eastern North Carolina town of Wake Forest. The university was moved to Winston-Salem in 1956. A private school for both men and women, it has been a university since 1967.

The components of Wake Forest University are the Undergraduate College and the Wayne Calloway School of Business and Accountancy, the School of Law, Wake Forest School of Medicine, the Babcock Graduate School of Management, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the Divinity School.

## Sports

Wake Forest's athletics teams are called the _Deamon Deacons_ and they have sixteen varsity teams.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Wake Forest University
- **image**: UpperQuad ACB.jpg
- **caption**: Wait Chapel
- **motto lang**: Latin
- **established**: 1834
- **type**: Private
- **endowment**: $1 billion
- **president**: Nathan Hatch
- **students**: 6,716
- **undergrad**: 4,263
- **postgrad**: 2,453
- **city**: Winston-Salem
- **state**: North Carolina
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Suburban
- **athletics**: NCAA Division I FBS
- **nickname**: Demon Deacons
- **mascot**: Demon Deacon
- **website**: [http://www.wfu.edu/ www.wfu.edu]