juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
University Belt

The **University Belt** is a _de facto_ subdistrict in Manila, Philippines, describing a network of interlinking roads lined with universities, colleges and other institutions of learning in the city. Manila's districts of Sampaloc, San Miguel and Quiapo comprise the acknowledged areas of the University Belt. Other clusters of schools along the southern bank of the Pasig River, mostly in the districts of Intramuros and Ermita and the southernmost part of Malate near the city limits, are mentioned.

## Early History

Manila was the center of higher education since Spanish colonial times. The first schools in Manila's Intramuros district were the **Real Colegio de Santa Potenciana** founded in 1589, the **Universidad de San Ignacio** in 1590, the **San Jose Seminary** in 1601, the **University of Santo Tomas** in 1611, the **Colegio de San Juan de Letran** in 1620, the **Santa Isabel College Manila** in 1632, the **Universidad de San Felipe de Austria** in 1640, and the **Ateneo de Manila** in 1859.

Today, only _San Juan de Letran_, _Santa Isabel_, _Santo Tomas_ and the _Ateneo_ remain of those seminal institutes of learning.

## American Period to the present

During the period of American colonization, the city planner, Daniel Burnham envisioned Manila's educational hub in **Santa Mesa Heights**, the area north of Sampaloc, Manila in what is now present-day Quezon City.

However, the American government preferred all institutions close to Rizal Park as the center, with institutions lining _Calle Rizal_ (present-day Taft Avenue) surrounding it. Among the educational institutions of the American regime were the **University of the Philippines Manila** and the **De La Salle University**.

Likewise, other colleges and universities sprung in the more populous districts of Manila, that became knaown as the _"University Belt"_; stretching from the government center of San Miguel, through the mercantile districts of Quiapo and Santa Cruz; concluding at the campus of the _Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas_ in Sampaloc which moved in 1927 from its original campus in Intramuros. By the early 1900s, nine new institutions were founded in the area: _Holy Ghost College_ **(San Miguel)**, _San Beda University_ **(San Miguel)**, _La Consolacion College_ **(San Miguel)**, _Centro Escolar University_ **(San Miguel)**, _San Sebastian College_ **(Quiapo)**, _Santa Rita College_ **(Quiapo)**, _Manila Law College_ **(Santa Cruz)**, the _University of Manila_ **(Sampaloc)** and _National University_ **(Sampaloc)**.
Croesus

**Croesus** (;  ; 595 BC – _about_ 547? BC) was the king of Lydia from 560 BC until his defeat by the Persians. Through his conquest of neighboring lands, he became famous for his wealth. The historian Herodotus and the geographer Pausanias made explicit records of his offerings at Delphi temple.

When the Persian Empire grew stronger, King Croesus misunderstood the prophecy at the Delphi temple and subjectively sent troops to attack the Persian king Cyrus the Great. He was defeated and his empire was thrown. According to Herodotus, he was then pardoned and even became a close advisor to Cyrus the Great when the king led his army to fight the Massagetae. The story of the fallen king Croesus had a profound influence on the ancient Greeks, making his name indispensable in Greek history.

## Related pages

- Herodotus
- Xenophon

## Other websites

- Herodotus' account of Croesus (from the Perseus Project) : see 1.6-94; contains links Croesus was the son of Alyattes II and continued the conquest of Ionian cities of Asia Minor that his father had begun to both English and Greek versions
- An in-depth account of Croesus' life, by Carlos Parada
- Livius, Croesus   by Jona Lendering
- Croesus on Ancient History Encyclopedia

## Infobox (royalty)

- **succession**: List of kings of Lydia, King of Lydia
- **image**: Croesus portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Depiction of Croesus, –490 BC
- **predecessor**: Alyattes of Lydia
- **successor**: Cyrus II of Persia
- **issue**: 2, including Atys (son of Croesus), Atys
- **father**: Alyattes of Lydia
- **birth date**: 7th/6th century BCE
- **birth place**: Lydia
- **death date**: 6th century BCE
- **death place**: Sardis, Sardis, Lydia
- **native lang1**: Lydian language, Lydian
Karel Vuursteen

**Karel Vuursteen** (25 July 1941 – 30 December 2024) was a Dutch top official.

Born in Arnhem in 1941, Vuursteen studied development economics at the University of Wageningen. Between 1968 and 1991, he worked for Philips where he held various management positions. He was the CEO of Philips Lighting from 1990 to 1991.

From 1991, he was a member of the board of directors of Heineken and was the CEO of Heineken from 1993 to 2002. He was elected  in 2001. He was a member of the supervisory boards of Electrolux (from 1998)), Ahold (until 2004), ING, Gucci Group, Henkel (until 2013), AkzoNobel (2009-2014) and TomTom (2009-2014).

Vuursteen was married and he had three children. He died on 30 December 2024, at the age of 83.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Karel Vuursteen
- **birth place**: Arnhem, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: businessman
Bendiks Cazemier

**Bendiks Walter Cazemier** (5 January 1931 – 28 December 2024) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Christian Historical Union and later Christian Democratic Appeal.

Cazemier was born in Stavoren in 1931. His father Otto Samuel Cazemier was a  there. In 1931 the family moved to Dalfsen where he grew up. His uncle was Henne Wiebe Cazemier was also predikant in various Frisian municipalities.

He started his career in Zwollerkerspel in 1950. He worked for various municipalities and was among othes civil servant of the municipal secretariat and chief clerk. He was the mayor of IJlst from 1964 to 1970 and the mayor of  from 1970 to 1984. In 1984, the municipalities of IJlst and former Wymbritseradiel merged into the municipality of Wymbritseradiel during a municipal reorganization. Cazemier became mayor of the newly formed municipality until 1993. He held various secondary positions and was among others, chairman of the Friese Wildschadecommissie (translated: Frisian Game Damage Commission) and secretary of the central board of Talma Rustoorden. From 1993 to 1994 he was acting mayor of Ameland.

Cazemier died in Sint Nicolaasga on 28 December 2024, at the age of 93 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bendiks Cazemier
- **birth name**: Bendiks Walter Cazemier
- **birth place**: Stavoren, Netherlands
- **death place**: Sint Nicolaasga, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: politician
Pierre Beaufays

**Pierre A.E. Ghislain Beaufays** (29 May 1943 – 23 December 2024) was a Belgian politician.

As a member of the PSC he was a member of the Chamber of Representatives from 1987 to 1999 and member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe from 1995 and 1999.

Beaufays died in Eghezée on 23 December 2024, at the age of 81 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pierre Beaufays
- **birth name**: Pierre A.E. Ghislain Beaufays
- **birth place**: Noville-les-Bois, Belgium
- **death place**: Eghezée, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgian
- **occupation**: politician
Heinz Bigler

**Heinz Bigler** (21 December 1925 – 20 June 2002) was a Swiss football player. He played as a midfielder. He was born in Bern, Switzerland. Bigler played for Switzerland in the 1954 FIFA World Cup. He also played for BSC Young Boys.

Bigler died on 20 June 2002 at the age of 76.

## Other websites

- FIFA profile

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Heinz Bigler
- **birth place**: Bern, Switzerland
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1952–1962
- **clubs1**: BSC Young Boys
- **nationalteam1**: Switzerland national football team, Switzerland
- **nationalcaps1**: 10
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Marcel Flückiger

**Marcel Flückiger** (20 June 1929 – 27 November 2010) was a Swiss football player.
He played as a defender. Flückiger played for Switzerland in the 1954 FIFA World Cup. He also played for BSC Young Boys.

Flückiger died on 27 November 2010 in Bern, Switzerland at the age of 81.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Marcel Flückiger
- **birth place**: Switzerland
- **death place**: Bern, Switzerland
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **clubs1**: BSC Young Boys
- **nationalyears1**: 1953–1959
- **nationalteam1**: Switzerland national football team, Switzerland
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Fons Roggeman

**Fons Roggeman** (16 June 1939 – 24 December 2024) was a Belgian painter.

Roggeman is considered as one of the pioneers of classically, figurative painters in Flanders of the second half of the 20th-century. In 2017 he won the Binus Culture Prize. His work has been exhibited in many exhibitions and he had an exibition about his entire oeuvre in November 2014.

Roggeman had cancer and had had two major open heart surgeries. He died in Deurle on 24 December 2024, at the age of 85 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Fons Roggeman
- **image**: Fons Roggeman.jpg
- **caption**: Roggeman in 2024
- **birth place**: Aalst, Belgium, Aalst, Belgium
- **death place**: Deurle, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgian
- **occupation**: painter
Olivier Eggimann

**Olivier Eggimann** (28 January 1919 – 16 April 2002) was a Swiss football player. He played as a midfielder. He was born in Renens. Eggimann played for Switzerland at the 1950 and 1954 FIFA World Cup.

Eggimann died on 16 April 2002, at the age of 83.

## Other websites

- FIFA profile

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Olivier Eggimann
- **birth place**: Switzerland
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1940–1945
- **clubs1**: BSC Young Boys
- **years2**: 1945–1948
- **clubs2**: FC Lausanne-Sport
- **years3**: 1948–1951
- **clubs3**: Servette FC
- **years4**: 1952
- **clubs4**: ES FC Malley
- **years5**: 1952–1957
- **clubs5**: FC La Chaux-de-Fonds
- **nationalyears1**: 1941–1955
- **nationalteam1**: Switzerland national football team, Switzerland
- **nationalcaps1**: 44
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Stavoren

**Stavoren** (formerly **Staveren**; ) is a city in the Dutch province of Friesland, on the coast of the IJsselmeer. Stavoren got city rights between 1060 and 1067. It is part of the municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân. In 2024, 945 people lived there.
Mühlenbach, Baden-Württemberg

**Mühlenbach** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Demographics

**Population development:**

|Year|Inhabitants||
| --- | --- | --- |
|valign="top"|{| class="wikitable sortable zebra hintergrundfarbe5"||
|1990|1,542||
|2001|1,702||
|2011|1,674||
|2021|1,682|}|

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Mühlenbach
- **image coa**: DEU Mühlenbach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Mühlenbach in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 260
- **area**: 31.22
- **postal code**: 77796
- **area code**: 07832
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 078
- **website**: [http://www.muehlenbach.de www.muehlenbach.de]
- **mayor**: Helga Wössner
- **leader term**: 2017–25
Ettenheim

**Ettenheim** is a town in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Ettenheim.JPG
- **image coa**: DEU Ettenheim COA.svg
- **image plan**: Ettenheim in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 193
- **area**: 48.90
- **postal code**: 77949–77955
- **area code**: 07822
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 026
- **divisions**: 5 districts
- **mayor**: Bruno Metz
Nordrach

**Nordrach** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Nordrach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Nordrach in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 297
- **area**: 37.75
- **postal code**: 77787
- **area code**: 07838
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 085
- **website**: [http://www.nordrach.de/ www.nordrach.de]
- **mayor**: Carsten Erhardt
- **leader term**: 2023–31
- **party**: FDP
Oberharmersbach

**Oberharmersbach** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Demographics

**Population development:**
|Year|Inhabitants||
| --- | --- | --- |
|valign="top"|{| class="wikitable sortable zebra hintergrundfarbe5"||
|1990|2,543||
|2001|2,594||
|2011|2,487||
|2021|2,442|}|

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Oberharmersbach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Oberharmersbach in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 303
- **area**: 40.92
- **postal code**: 77784
- **area code**: 07837
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 088
- **website**: [https://www.oberharmersbach.de/ www.oberharmersbach.de]
- **mayor**: Richard Weith
- **leader term**: 2017–25
Oberwolfach

**Oberwolfach** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is the site of the Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics ().

## Infobox (german location)

- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **image photo**: Oberwolfach Anfang April 279.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Oberwolfach Wappen 2024.svg
- **image plan**: Oberwolfach in OG.svg
- **elevation**: 323
- **area**: 51.27
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08317093
- **postal code**: 77709
- **area code**: 07834
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **website**: [http://www.oberwolfach.de/ oberwolfach.de]
- **mayor**: Matthias Bauernfeind
- **leader term**: 2023–31
- **party**: CDU
Ohlsbach

**Ohlsbach** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Ohlsbach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Ohlsbach in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 181
- **area**: 11.14
- **postal code**: 77797
- **area code**: 07803
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 097
- **website**: [https://www.ohlsbach.de/ www.ohlsbach.de]
- **mayor**: Bernd Bruder
- **leader term**: 2020–28
Seelbach, Baden-Württemberg

**Seelbach** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Seelbach
- **image coa**: DEU Seelbach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Seelbach in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 286
- **area**: 29.84
- **postal code**: 77960
- **area code**: 07823
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 127
- **website**: [https://seelbach-online.de/ seelbach-online.de]
- **mayor**: Michael Moser
- **leader term**: 2023–31
Seebach, Baden-Württemberg

**Seebach** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Seebach
- **image coa**: DEU Seebach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Seebach in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 602
- **area**: 19.05
- **postal code**: 77889
- **area code**: 07842
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 126
- **website**: [http://www.seebach.de www.seebach.de]
- **mayor**: Reinhard Schmälzle
- **leader term**: 2017–25
Oppenau

**Oppenau** is a town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. About 4,700 people live there. It is in the Rench valley in the Black Forest.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Oppenau hauptstr.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Oppenau COA.svg
- **image plan**: Oppenau in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 277
- **area**: 73.04
- **postal code**: 77724–77728
- **area code**: 07804
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 098
- **divisions**: 5 Ortsteile
- **website**: [http://www.oppenau.de www.oppenau.de]
- **mayor**: Uwe Gaiser
- **leader term**: 2017–25
- **party**: Independent
Ortenberg, Baden-Württemberg

**Ortenberg** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Ortenberg
- **image photo**: Ortenberg-Baden.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Ortenberg COA.svg
- **image plan**: Ortenberg in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 163
- **area**: 5.66
- **postal code**: 77799
- **area code**: 0781
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 100
- **website**: [http://www.ortenberg.de www.ortenberg.de]
- **mayor**: Markus Vollmer
- **leader term**: 2016–24
Ottenhöfen im Schwarzwald

**Ottenhöfen im Schwarzwald** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Ottenhöfen, Totalansicht.jpg
- **image coa**: Wappen Ottenhoefen im Schwarzwald.svg
- **image plan**: Ottenhöfen im Schwarzwald in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 327
- **area**: 25.26
- **postal code**: 77883
- **area code**: 07842
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 102
- **website**: [http://www.ottenhoefen.de/ www.ottenhoefen.de]
- **mayor**: Hans-Jürgen Decker
- **leader term**: 2019–27
Sasbach (Ortenau)

**Sasbach** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Sasbach
- **image coa**: DEU Sasbach Ortenau COA.svg
- **image plan**: Sasbach in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 147
- **area**: 16.74
- **postal code**: 77880
- **area code**: 07841
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 116
- **website**: [http://www.sasbach-ortenau.de/ www.sasbach-ortenau.de]
- **mayor**: Dijana Opitz
- **leader term**: 2023–31
- **party**: CDU
Rheinau (Baden)

**Rheinau** is a town in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Rheinau
- **image coa**: DEU Rheinau COA.svg
- **image plan**: Rheinau in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 130
- **area**: 73.51
- **postal code**: 77866
- **area code**: 07844 / 07227 / 07853
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 153
- **website**: [http://www.rheinau.de/ www.rheinau.de]
- **mayor**: Oliver Rastetter
- **leader term**: 2023–31
- **party**: CDU
Renchen

**Renchen** is a town in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german place)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Renchens Weinbrenner-Kirche.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Renchen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Renchen in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 150
- **area**: 32.08
- **postal code**: 77871
- **area code**: 07843
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 110
- **mayor**: Bernd Siefermann
- **leader term**: 2016–24
- **party**: CDU
Tieleman van Rijnberk

**Tieleman van Rijnberk** (1932 – 24 December 2024) was a Dutch press photographer.

Born in 1932, Van Rijnberk became a press photographer of _Het Vrije Volk_ in 1970 that merged in 1991 into _Rotterdams Dagblad_. After the merger he retired. He is described as a "striking" photographer with a "clear opinion".

Van Rijnberk went to the 1974 FIFA World Cup in West Germany for a photo report of the women of the players of the Netherlands national football team. A picutre of the woman of Theo de Jong, at the moment that he scored, won at the end of the year the second prize in the "Features" category at the , the national Dutch photography awards. Photographs of Van Rijnberk are among others in the collections of  and .

After his retirement, Van Rijnberk continued photographing and focused mainly on nature subjects. He published his photographs among others at the Seniorweb photo group "FOTO". Van Rijnberk died in 24 December 2024, at the age of 92 years old.

## Other websites

- Photograph of Cobie de Jong with which he won second prize at the .

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tieleman van Rijnberk
- **birth place**: Utrecht, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: press photographer
Sasbachwalden

**Sasbachwalden** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Sasbachwalden COA.svg
- **image plan**: Sasbachwalden in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 257
- **area**: 18.13
- **postal code**: 77887
- **area code**: 07841
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 118
- **website**: [http://www.sasbachwalden.de/ www.sasbachwalden.de]
- **mayor**: Sonja Schuchter
- **leader term**: 2024–32
- **party**: CDU
Schutterwald

**Schutterwald** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Schutterwald COA.svg
- **image plan**: Schutterwald in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 151
- **area**: 21.04
- **postal code**: 77746
- **area code**: 0781
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 122
- **website**: [https://www.schutterwald.de/ www.schutterwald.de]
- **mayor**: Martin Holschuh
- **leader term**: 2019–27
Schwanau, Baden-Württemberg

**Schwanau** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Schwanau
- **image photo**: Kirche Schwanau-Nonnenweier Foto MS N1176.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Schwanau COA.svg
- **image plan**: Schwanau in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 153
- **area**: 38.36
- **postal code**: 77963
- **area code**: 07824
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 150
- **website**: [https://www.schwanau.de/ www.schwanau.de]
- **mayor**: Marco Gutmann
- **leader term**: 2022–30
Steinach, Baden-Württemberg

**Steinach** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Steinach
- **image coa**: DEU Steinach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Steinach in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 205
- **area**: 33.32
- **postal code**: 77790
- **area code**: 07832
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 129
- **website**: [http://www.steinach.de www.steinach.de]
- **mayor**: Nicolai Bischler
- **leader term**: 2017–25
Willstätt

**Willstätt** is a municipality in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Willstätt COA.svg
- **image plan**: Willstätt in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 142
- **area**: 55.28
- **postal code**: 77731
- **area code**: 07852
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 141
- **website**: [http://www.willstaett.de/ www.willstaett.de]
- **mayor**: Christian Huber
- **leader term**: 2019–27
Wolfach

**Wolfach** is a town in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german place)

- **name**: Wolfach
- **type**: Town
- **image coa**: DEU Wolfach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Wolfach in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **regbzk**: Freiburg (region), Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08317145
- **area**: 67.99
- **elevation**: 262
- **postal code**: 77709
- **area code**: 07834
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **mayor**: Thomas Geppert
- **leader term**: 2022–30
- **website**: [http://www.wolfach.de/ wolfach.de]
Zell am Harmersbach

**Zell am Harmersbach** is a town in Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german place)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Zell am Harmersbach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Zell am Harmersbach in OG.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Ortenaukreis
- **elevation**: 223
- **area**: 36.43
- **postal code**: 77736
- **area code**: 07835
- **licence**: OG, BH, KEL, LR, WOL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 17 146
- **website**: [http://www.zell.de www.zell.de]
- **mayor**: Günter Pfundstein
- **leader term**: 2023–31
Michigan State University shooting

On February 13, 2023, a shooting happened at Michigan State University.

The shooter, Anthony McRae, who was not a student at the school, killed 3 students before committing suicide.

The shooting, along with the Oxford High School shooting, are the deadliest school shootings in the history of Michigan.
Aichhalden

**Aichhalden** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Aichhalden COA.svg
- **image plan**: Aichhalden in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 716
- **area**: 25.74
- **postal code**: 78733
- **area code**: 07422, 07444, 07836
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 001
- **website**: [https://www.aichhalden.de/ www.aichhalden.de]
- **mayor**: Michael Lehrer
- **leader term**: 2017–25
Bösingen, Baden-Württemberg

**Bösingen** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Bösingen
- **image coa**: DEU Bösingen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Bösingen in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 649
- **area**: 22.45
- **postal code**: 78662
- **area code**: 07404
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 009
- **divisions**: 2 Ortsteile
- **website**: [https://www.boesingen.de/ www.boesingen.de]
- **mayor**: Peter Schuster
- **leader term**: 2022–30
Deißlingen

**Deißlingen** (Swabian: _Deißlinge_) is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## Infobox (german place)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Deißlinger Hagenstall, Haga Stall - panoramio.jpg
- **image caption**: The Deißlinger Hagenstall
- **image coa**: DEU Deisslingen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Deißlingen in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 611
- **area**: 32.16
- **postal code**: 78652
- **area code**: 07420
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 072
Dietingen

**Dietingen** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Dietingen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Dietingen in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 575
- **area**: 42.25
- **postal code**: 78661
- **area code**: 0741 bzw. 07404
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 011
- **website**: [http://www.dietingen.de www.dietingen.de]
- **mayor**: Frank Scholz
- **leader term**: 2016–24
Zimmern ob Rottweil

**Zimmern ob Rottweil** is a municipality in Rottweil in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Zimmern ob Rottweil COA.svg
- **image plan**: Zimmern ob Rottweil in RW.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Freiburg
- **district**: Rottweil
- **elevation**: 663
- **area**: 33.76
- **postal code**: 78658
- **area code**: 0741
- **licence**: RW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 25 069
- **website**: [http://www.zimmern-or.de www.zimmern-or.de]
- **mayor**: Carmen Merz
- **leader term**: 2017–25
MV Mont Louis

**MV _Mont Louis**_ was a 1972 Finnish-built French roll-on/roll-off cargo ship.

In August 1984 she was en voyage with 30 drums of uranium hexafluoride, an intermediate substance in the process of uranium enrichment, towards Riga, Latvia. In misty weather, with severely reducing visibility, she collided with the German ferry _Olau Britannia_ on 25 August 1984, 15 kilometres off the coast of Ostend. The bow of _Olau Britannia_ went for six metres into the side of _Mont Louis_ and water poured into the engines of _Mont Louis_. After the German ferry was pulled away, _Mont Louis_ started to list. The ship tipped onto its side and sank into the 14 metres deep water.

As oil had leaked into the water, the Belgian Navy sprayed 28,000 litres of dispersant. The sinking had a major concern as it was transporting hazardous substances that could elevate the level of radioactivity in the area. In the month after the accident, all drums of uranium hexafluoride were recovered. Investigation turned out that the _Mont Louis_ was responsible for the accident due to human errors by the commanding officer and the first lieutenant.

## Infobox (ship begin)

- **infobox caption**: MV _Mont Louis_


## Infobox (ship career)

- **ship country**: France
- **ship name**: _Mont Louis_
- **ship owner**: Compagnie Général Maritime (CGM)
- **ship builder**: yard in Finland
- **ship launched**: 1972
- **ship out of service**: 25 August 1984
- **ship fate**: sank on 25 August 1984 after collision with German ferry _Olau Britannia_


## Infobox (ship characteristics)

- **ship type**: Roll-on/roll-off cargo ship
- **ship capacity**: 450 tonnes
Jeroen Krom

**Jeroen Krom**, professionaly knwon as **DJ Jerome**, (16 June 1971 – 22 December 2024) was a Dutch DJ and record producer.

Krom founded in 1991 the record label Outland Records and also owned a record store with the same name. Three of singles made it to the Dutch Single Top 100. His most known song is _Sex met die kale_ that he made together with Lawineboys 2010. It is a cover of _Sex on Fire_ by Kings of Leon. As a DJ he performed at national and international festivals, including Awakenings, Dance Valley and Amsterdam Dance Event. He closed his record store in 2016 due to declining sales and ended his career due to declining health. Krom died on 22 December 2024, at the age of 53 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jeroen Krom
- **birth place**: Haarlem, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: DJ and record producer
Partial charge

A **partial charge** is an electric charge on an atom which is smaller in magnitude than the charge of a single electron or proton. Because electrons have the smallest charge of any free particle, partial charges can't exist on large objects, and are only found inside molecules. Partial charges are used to indicate whether a covalent bond between atoms is polar.

Partial charges are usually written using the Greek letter delta, and a symbol to indicate their sign: δ+ for a positive partial charge, and δ- for a negative one. The numeric value of a partial charge is usually less important than its sign, and can be measured in a few different ways, so it's rare that exact numbers are given for partial charges.

Partial charges are formed when two different chemical elements have different electronegativity, a number that measures how much each element wants to gain electrons. Atoms which pull harder on electrons will attract negative charge, and those which have a weaker pull have a positive charge.

In water, , oxygen wants electrons more than hydrogen does. Hydrogen then has a positive partial charge δ+ and oxygen has a negative partial charge δ-.
Willy Meysmans

**Willy Meysmans** (10 March 1930 – 21 December 2024) was a Belgian sculptor.

He was most known for making the statue __ of Margaret of Louvain (1207-1225)
in Leuven in 1981. Meysmans also made works of art for private and public buildings, including the artwork for the Belgian pavilion at the Expo 58 in Brussels. He exhibited in Belgium, Western Europe and Africa.

Meysmans died in Leuven on 21 December 2024, at the age of 94.

## Further reading

- _Encyclopédie de l'architecture & des arts en Belgique: Le décor de la maison. Les arts appliqués. La tapisserie. La sculpture actuelle. Visages neufs_, Volume 2 , Éditeur Dutilleul, 1958
- _Beelden in het Zuidpark_ , BEKKERS, Ludo/CLAUS, Luc/GEIRLANDT, Karel J./KINT, Jacques & MADELEIN, Leo, Gent Noordstarfonds 1969

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Willy Meysmans
- **birth place**: Mechelen, Belgium
- **death place**: Leuven, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgian
- **occupation**: sculptor
Emiel Vermeir

**Emiel Vermeir** (1939 – 18 December 2024) was a Belgian press photographer.

Vermeir was born in 1939. During his time in the army he learned to play movies. Afterwards he started working as an operator at the Rydant family cinema in Saint-Gilles (nowadays Cinema Albert). He was attracted by  printing house "De Cuyper". Within his job, he started making photographs for regional newspaper _De Voorpost_ and the photographs were also published in newspaper _Het Volk_. He also started making photographs for showbizz news magazine _Het Zondagsblad_. During his career he made photo reports in the United States, Thailand and he was among other on the first flight of a Concorde aircraft in Belgium. He was also a BRT journalist for among others _Echo_.

Meysmans had contact with many artists and other known people. He also used that to help others. He organised for 30 years performances by Flemish artists for prisoners in prison. But also after he heard the wish of artist Will Tura to meet King Boudewijn, Vermeir was able to organize that.

His son Bob Vemeir also became a journalist and is a spokesperson of the VRT.

Vermeir had cancer. He died via euthanasia during the evening of 18-19 December 2024, at the age of 85 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Emiel Vermeir
- **nationality**: Belgian
- **occupation**: press photographer
Adaptec

**Adaptec, Inc.** was a company that made computer storage products. It started in 1981 and was its own company until 2010. Then, another company called PMC-Sierra bought it. Later, PMC-Sierra was bought by Microsemi, and Microsemi was bought by Microchip Technology

## History

Three people—Larry Boucher, Wayne Higashi, and Bernard Nieman—started Adaptec in 1981. At first, Adaptec made tools for computers that used a system called Parallel SCSI. Their popular products included adapters for computers, such as:

- The 154x/15xx ISA family,
- The 2940 PCI family,
- The 29160/-320 family.

They also made software called ASPI to help connect devices like tape drives, scanners, and special disks. As technology improved, they added new features like RAID and used newer connections like PCIe and SAS.

In the 1990s, Adaptec bought other companies to grow. Some examples:

- In 1993, they bought Trantor Systems Ltd. for $10 million.
- In 1995, they bought Future Domain Corporation for $25 million.
- In 1999, they bought Distributed Processing Technology for $236 million.

In 2010, PMC-Sierra bought most of Adaptec’s business, including:

- Their RAID storage products,
- The Adaptec brand name,
- Their customers and tools for selling products,
- Solutions to make SSDs faster.

After the sale, Adaptec kept some of its old technology, patents, and real estate, plus about $400 million in cash. The deal was completed on June 8, 2010, and PMC-Sierra renamed the storage business "Adaptec by PMC".

Later, PMC-Sierra was bought by Microsemi in 2016. The old Adaptec company changed its name twice, first to ADPT Corporation, and then to Steel Excel, Inc. Steel Excel is now an investment company.

## Products

Adaptec made many different products for computers, like:

- Tools for SCSI, USB, FireWire, iSCSI, and Fibre Channel,
- Software for burning CDs and DVDs (like Easy CD Creator and Toast),
- Storage devices like Snap Servers.

Today, the Adaptec brand is still used to sell:

- Host bus adapters,
- RAID adapters,
- SAS expander cards,
- Cables and accessories.
Kia Tasman

The **Kia Tasman** is a mid-size Pickup truck from Kia it will be produced in 2025.

## History and Features

The Kia Tasman was debuted at the at the Jeddah International Motor Show and in Hobart. it was named after the Tasman Sea  it will be produced in South Korea and Australia will be one of the main markets of the Pickup Truck and Kia said it will be the most Australian vehicle" that was ever developed

It has four bed configurations which are:Single Decker, Double Decker, Sports Bar and Ladder Rack. while the Tasman has a 2.5 liter petrol engine and a 2.2 liter turbo diesel engine and also a 6-speed manual transmission and a 8-speed automatic transmission.

## Markets

The Kia Tasman will be sold Initially in South Korea, Africa, the Middle East and Australia Kia said the Pickup Truck it will not be avaliable in the United States and Canada.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Kia Tasman
- **image**: Kia Tasman TK (02).jpg
- **manufacturer**: Kia
- **model code**: TK
- **production**: 2025 (to commence)
- **class**: Mid-size pickup truck
- **chassis**: Body-on-frame
Kia K4 (2025)

The **Kia K4** is a compact car made by Kia since 2024 it replaced the Kia Forte.

## History and Features

The Kia K4 was showed at the New York International Auto Show in 21 March 2024. and launched also in the New York International Auto in 27 March of the same year the car have Hatchback and Sedan versions.

It has 1.6 and 2.0 liter gasoline engines and a 8-speed automatic CVT transmission and it has features like a Al Assistant voice control technology that is activated by saying "Hey Kia".

## Markets

The Kia K4 is currently sold in North America Australia and Middle East the car is not sold in South Korea.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Kia K4
- **image**: 2025 Kia K4 LX in Azure Blue, front right, 2024-10-12.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Kia, Kia Corporation
- **model code**: CL4
- **production**: 2024–present
- **model years**: 2025–present (North America)
- **class**: Compact car (C-segment, C)
- **related**: Hyundai Elantra#CN7, Hyundai Avante/Elantra (CN7)
- **body style**: 4-door Sedan (automobile), sedan
5-door hatchback
- **platform**: Hyundai-Kia K3 platform, Hyundai-Kia K3
- **caption**: 2025 Kia K4 LX Sedan (Canada)
Kia K3 (BL7)

The **Kia K3** is a subcompact car made by Kia since 2023 its the sucessor of the Kia Rio.

## History and Features

The Kia K3 was teased in August 2023 and in the same month it was launched in Mexico. it has a 5-door Hatchback and a 4-door Sedan versions and also 1.4 (from The Kia rio that is however retained only in export markets) 1.6 and 2.0 liter gasoline engines with 6-speed manual and automatic transmissions.

## Markets

The Kia K3 is sold in Mexico where it was first released in August 2023 it is also sold in Middle East and in other Latin American countries as the K3 Cross.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Kia K3 (BL7)
- **image**: 2024 Kia K3 Sedan GT Line (Colombia) front view.jpg
- **caption**: 2023 Kia K3 GT-Line (Colombia)
- **manufacturer**: Kia, Kia Corporation
- **production**: October 2023 – present
- **model years**: 2024–present (Middle East)
- **model code**: BL7
- **class**: Subcompact car (B-segment, B)
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
- **related**: Hyundai Accent#BN7, Hyundai Accent/Verna (BN7)
- **predecessor**: Kia Rio
Allobates undulatus

***Allobates undulatus*** is a frog.  It lives in Venezuela.

## Home

This frog is awake during the day and it lives on the ground. It lives in forests that grow next to rivers. Scientists saw this frog in exactly one place: Cerro Yutajé. Scientists saw the frog 1750 meters above sea level.

Scientists saw the frog in one protected park: Monumento Natural Los Tepuyes.

## Young

Scientists think the tadpoles swim in streams, like tadpoles from other frogs in _Allobates_.

## Danger

Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out.  Climate change can hurt this frog because it only lives in one small place.  If that place gets hotter or colder or if the amount of weather changes, the frogs could all die.  Like other animals that only live in one small place, _A. undulatus_ could also be killed by a sickness.
Guus Luijters

**Guus Luijters** (3 November 1943 – 3 January 2025) was a Dutch writer and journalist.

Luijters started writing in 1972. In 2012 he wrote _In Memoriam_ that is co-written by Aline Pennewaard. The book contains biographies of around 20,000 children who were killed during the German occupation of World War II. The work took seven years to complete. It received national attention after television programm _De Wereld Draait Door_ paid attention to it. An addendum was published in 2013. His 2023 book _Verdwenen stad_, co-written by Willy Lindwer, also deals with the persecution of Jews during World War II and in particular the role of the public transport operator GVB in Amsterdam in deportations. For his works he received on 7 June 2024 the , awarded by Femke Halsema, who also awarded him with a certificate from Yad Vashem.

Luijters was married between 1967 and 1972 with  and later married Ruth Visser. He died on 3 January 2025, at the age of 81 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Guus Luijters
- **image**: Guus Luyters 3.JPG
- **caption**: Luijters in 2008
- **birth place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: writer and journalist
- **awards**: (2024)
Johnny 3 Tears

**Johnny 3 Tears** is an American musician who does vocals and plays bass guitar for Hollywood Undead. He is
from Los Angeles, California. He runs a cannabis business called "Dove and Grenade".

## References

- Johnny 3 Tears on American Songwriter
- cannabis business
Pascal Couchepin

**Pascal Couchepin** (born 5 April 1942) is a Swiss politician. He was a member of the Swiss Federal Council from 1998 to 2009. Couchepin is a member of the Free Democratic Party (FDP/PRD). He was the President of the Swiss Confederation in 2003 and again in 2008. Couchepin headed the Federal Department of Economic Affairs from 1998 to 2002 and Federal Department of Home Affairs from 2003 to 2009.

## Other websites

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

|-

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Pascal Couchepin
- **image**: Pascal Couchepin, 2009.jpg
- **office8**: List of members of the Swiss Federal Council, Member of the Swiss Federal Council
- **term start8**: 1 January 1998
- **term end8**: 1 November 2009
- **predecessor8**: Jean-Pascal Delamuraz
- **successor8**: Didier Burkhalter
- **office**: President of the Swiss Confederation, President of Switzerland
- **vicepresident**: Hans-Rudolf Merz
- **term start**: 1 January 2008
- **term end**: 31 December 2008
- **predecessor**: Micheline Calmy-Rey
- **successor**: Hans-Rudolf Merz
- **vicepresident1**: Ruth Metzler-Arnold
- **term start1**: 1 January 2003
- **term end1**: 31 December 2003
- **predecessor1**: Kaspar Villiger
- **successor1**: Joseph Deiss
- **office4**: Head of the Federal Department of Home Affairs, Department of Home Affairs
- **term start4**: 1 January 2003
- **term end4**: 1 November 2009
- **predecessor4**: Ruth Dreifuss
- **successor4**: Didier Burkhalter
- **office5**: Head of the Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research, Department of Economic Affairs
- **term start5**: 1 January 1998
- **term end5**: 31 December 2002
- **predecessor5**: Jean-Pascal Delamuraz
- **successor5**: Joseph Deiss
- **office2**: Federal Council (Switzerland), Vice President of Switzerland
- **term start2**: 1 January 2007
- **term end2**: 31 December 2007
- **president2**: Micheline Calmy-Rey
- **predecessor2**: Micheline Calmy-Rey
- **successor2**: Hans-Rudolf Merz
- **term start3**: 1 January 2002
- **term end3**: 31 December 2002
- **president3**: Kaspar Villiger
- **predecessor3**: Kaspar Villiger
- **successor3**: Ruth Metzler
- **spouse**: Brigitte Rendu
- **children**: 3
- **birth place**: Martigny, Switzerland, Martigny, Switzerland
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **alma mater**: University of Lausanne
- **party**: Free Democratic Party of Switzerland, Free Democratic Party
Free Democratic Party of Switzerland

The **Free Democratic Party** (, **FDP**; , **PLD**), also called **Radical Democratic Party** (, **PRD**; , **PLR**) was a liberal political party in Switzerland. The FDP was founded in 1894. On  1 January 2009, it merged with the Liberal Party of Switzerland to become the FDP. The Liberals.
Liberal Party of Switzerland

The **Liberal Party of Switzerland** () or **Swiss Liberal Party** (; ; ) was a liberal political party in Switzerland. The Liberal Party was founded in 1913. On 1 January 2009, it merged with the Free Democratic Party (FDP/PRD) to become the FDP.The Liberals.
Erich Fuchs

**Erich Fuchs** was a Nazi. He was a SS functionary who worked for the Action T4 program.

## References

https://web.archive.org/web/20110517111305/http://www.sobibor.info/murderers.html
Nude calendar

**Nude calendars **are a type of wall calendar with nude models. These models appear in different scenes and locations. Predominantly in the United Kingdom, nude calendars are produced to raise money for charity.

## Types

There are different types of these calendars:

- **Calendars with pin-up models** . These kinds of calendars started in the 19th century. These calendars often have pictures of pin-up models. Usually they are paid for by product placement in the pictiures. They may also have logos and a special in-house style. Calendars with female nudes become common in workplaces were mostly men worked, for example garages or car dealerships.  Today, many empolyers have banned or restricted their display, because they think the calendars are a form of sex discrimination. An example for such a calendar is  the Pirelli Calendar.
- **Sports nude calendars**. Some sports teams have produced nude calendars. They do this either to get more funding or to raise the visibility of their team.  Examples include the Australian women's football team prior to the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, the Canadian cross-country ski team in 2001 and 2002, and a group of Canadian women biathletes in 2008.
- **Charity nude calendars.** A group of middle-aged Englishwomen who were members of a local branch of the Women's Institute made the first such calendar. They were posing nude to raise funds for Leukaemia Research. The calendar was released in 1999, and became an international sensation; it also inspired the movie _Calendar Girls_. After this success more nude calendars were made for charity in the 2000s. The earnings are usually donated to various health or social causes. Participants include artists, celebrities, sportsmen and sportswomen, firefighters, military forces, the police, or members of a group such as farmers, Women's Institute members who wish to raise funds for a chosen charity. The women's rugby match Oxford and Cambridge, which was played at Twickenham in 2015, was publicised by the Oxford team making a nude calendar.

## Related pages

- Fundraising
- Nude photography
- Depictions of nudity

## Other websites

- Warwick University Rowing Club's nude calendar
- Warwick Rowers men's calendar
- Naked Business: 9 Charity Calendars in the Nude
- - one of the most famous nude calendars in Poland - the Olmet calendar (Silesian Pirelli), 2019 edition
Baltic News Network

**Baltic News Network** (**BNN**) is a news outlet founded on September 1, 2010 by Fred Zimmer. It is primarily reporting events in the Baltic states, including Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.

## Mission

The BNN was set up to counter Russian disinformation to prevent it from influencing public opinion in the Baltic states.

## Languages

The site is available in English and Latvian.

## Related pages

- BBC
- CNN
- Deutsche Welle (DW)
- Public Broadcasting of Latvia (LSM)