juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Historical maps of Stockholm

The **historical maps of Stockholm** and its surroundings date back to the early 17th century, showcasing the city's evolution through time. The earliest known map, from the 1620s, depicts Stockholm before major urban regulations were implemented. Over the centuries, cartography became essential for urban planning and military strategy in Sweden, especially during the country's era as a great power.

## Notable maps

- Ambrosius Thomas’ Spy Map (1564): Created for military purposes, this early map documented Stockholm’s surroundings during the Northern Seven Years’ War. Although not entirely accurate, it helped outline the region’s geography for strategic planning.
- Petrus Tillaeus’ Map (1733): This was Stockholm’s first printed map, featuring street names and a more structured depiction of the city's layout. It served as an official reference for urban development during the 18th century.
- Gripenhielms Mälarkarta (1689): This map, ordered by King Charles XI, presented a highly detailed view of Lake Mälaren and Stockholm. It combined cartographic precision with artistic elements, such as illustrations of landmarks, making it one of Sweden’s most celebrated historical maps.
- Lundgren’s Map (1885): Considered one of Stockholm’s first modern maps, this work highlighted both existing and future urban planning projects. It provided insights into how the city would evolve while preserving its historical context.

## Urban development

The maps reflect significant transformations in Stockholm’s landscape, including the extensive urban planning of Norrmalm and the preservation of medieval street patterns in Södermalm. They also document major architectural changes, such as the construction of public buildings and the development of transportation networks.

Cultural and Practical Use
These historical maps are now preserved in institutions like the Royal Library of Sweden and are studied for their artistic, historical, and urban significance. They provide insights into Stockholm's changing geography and the cartographic advancements of their respective periods.
Norrala Royal Estate

The **Norrala Royal Estate** (Swedish: _Norrala kungsgård_) is a historic royal estate located in the Norrala parish of Hälsingland, Sweden, within today's Söderhamn Municipality. During the Middle Ages, it was one of six estates in northern Sweden associated with the Uppsala öd, a network of royal properties used to support the Swedish monarchy. The estate's history dates back to the late 13th century, serving as a symbol of the Swedish crown's expanding influence over previously autonomous northern territories.

The estate was strategically placed near ancient burial mounds from the Iron Age, aligning it with regional power structures and legitimizing royal authority in the area.

## Role in administration and defense

In the Middle Ages, the estate played an essential role in tax collection and local governance. By the 14th century, it became a center for managing Hälsingland's administrative and financial matters. Defensive structures were built near coastal inlets to protect the area. The nearby Norrala Church, one of the few saddleback churches in northern Sweden, reinforced its regional importance.

## Historical events

- 1372 Meeting: Representatives from northern coastal regions gathered at Norrala kungsgård to present demands to Albrecht of Mecklenburg, then King of Sweden.
- 1521 Gustav Vasa's Visit: During his rebellion against Christian II, Gustav Vasa traveled to Norrala kungsgård to rally support from local farmers, marking a pivotal moment in Swedish history.

## Modern developments

By the 19th century, the royal estate was no longer directly associated with the crown. Over time, it transitioned into private ownership and eventually became part of the surrounding village infrastructure. Its historical legacy remains through archaeological findings and its connection to medieval governance.

## Cultural and historical significance

Norrala kungsgård symbolizes the integration of Hälsingland into the Swedish realm and the evolution of the monarchy's relationship with its northern territories. The site is linked to regional folklore, including beliefs about ancient small kingdoms, and is a point of interest for studying Sweden's medieval history.
Oskar Fischer (footballer)

**Oskar Fischer** (14 July  1929 - 26 April 2003) was an Austrian football player. He played as  defender for FK Austria Wien. He also played one match for the Austrian national football team

## Career

Fischer started playing football in the youth department of FK Austria Wien. In 1948 he was called up to the first team squad. In total, he played 482 times for the Violets (including friendly games). By the end of his career in 1962, he and his team won five championship titles and three cup victories.

## International

On September 30, 1956, he played his only international match for Austria against the Luxembourg selection as part of the qualification for the 1958 World Cup

## International statistics

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="1"|Austria|1956|1|0|

## Honours

- 5 x Austrian championː 1948/49, 1949/50, 1952/53, 1960/61, 1961/62
- 3x Austrian Cupː 1948/49, 1959/60, 1961/62

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Oskar Fischer
- **fullname**: Oskar Fischer
- **death place**: Vienna,  Austria
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **youthyears1**: -1948
- **youthclubs1**: FK Austria Wien
- **years1**: 1948-1962
- **clubs1**: FK Austria Wien
- **caps1**: 199
- **goals1**: 9
- **nationalyears1**: 1956
- **nationalteam1**: Austria national football team, Austria
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Medieval Lviv

**Lviv during the medieval period** was a key cultural, political, and trade hub in Eastern Europe. Founded in the mid-13th century by King Danylo Romanovych of the Galician-Volhynian State, the city became a strategic center due to its position on important trade routes, including the Silk Road extensions leading to Krakow and further west.

### Foundation and early growth

Lviv was first mentioned in 1256 in the Galician-Volhynian Chronicle. King Danylo established the city and named it after his son, Leo I of Galicia. By the late 13th century, Lviv had become the capital of the Galician-Volhynian State, replacing older centers like Halych.

### Integration into Poland

In 1349, Lviv came under Polish control and became part of the Kingdom of Poland. This led to significant urban development, including the construction of city walls and gothic-style churches. The introduction of Magdeburg Law in 1356 granted the city self-governance, further promoting trade and economic growth.

### Economic and cultural flourishing

By the 15th and 16th centuries, Lviv was a multi-ethnic and multi-religious center with a mix of Ukrainian, Polish, Armenian, and Jewish communities. Key industries included trade, craftsmanship, and printing, with Lviv housing one of the first printing presses in Ukraine.

## Fortifications and architecture

The city developed a sophisticated system of fortifications, including the High Castle on Castle Hill and defensive walls surrounding the medieval core. Gothic and Renaissance architectural styles flourished, as seen in landmarks like the Latin Cathedral and Armenian Cathedral of Lviv.

## Legacy

Medieval Lviv remains a vital part of Ukraine’s cultural heritage. Its architectural and historical significance earned it recognition as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998. Modern Lviv preserves many medieval elements, including its urban layout and historic landmarks.
Jan Hendrikx

**Jan Andreas Marie Hendrikx** (27 May 1941 – 29 November 2024) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and from 1980 of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). Hendrikx was Queen's commissioner in Overijssel and served as a member of the Senate.

## Biography

Hendrikx was a member of the provincial council for 12 years from 1970 to 1982. Within that time Hendrikx served as the mayor of Herwen en Aerdt (1972-1974) and a member of the provincial executive of Gelderland. He was at the time the younghest mayor of the Netherlands. He was senior civil servant at the Ministry of the Interior and from 1988 to 2022 Queen's Commissioner in Overijssel. As Queen's Commissioner he successfully led efforts in 1995 to protect Overijssel from flooding due to the extremely high water level in the Dutch rivers. He was Queen's Commissioner  at the time of the Enschede fireworks disaster. Later Hendrikx served as a member of the Senate from 12 June 2007 to 7 June 2011. In the Senate, Hendrikx was involved in matters including domestic affairs, transport and water management, environment and Antillean Affairs.

Hendrikx died on 29 November 2024, at the age of 83 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jan Hendrikx
- **image**: J.A.M. Hendrikx — Bezoek van het College van Gedeputeerde Staten van Gelderland aan Nijmegen. Op de foto aan tafel Com F75578 (cropped).jpeg
- **caption**: Hendrikx in 1973
- **birth name**: Jan Andreas Marie Hendrikx
- **birth place**: Brunssum, Reichskommissariat Niederlande, German-occupied Netherlands
- **death place**: Wijchen, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: Politician
Fedde Jonkman

**Fedde Jonkman** (28 April 1941 – 27 November 2024) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He became most known as the mayor of Rijnsburg (1985-1997) and the mayor of Waddinxveen (1997-2004).

## Biography

Jonkman was born in Friesland in Akmarijp in 1941. He attended Meer Uitgebreid Lager Onderwijs and afterwards the . He started working as a teacher and after taking multiple courses he became a history, geography and social studies teacher. From 1972 to 1978 Jonkman was deputy director of the Christian LEAO in Drachten. Next to that, he was from 1974 a member of the municipal council of Smallingerland, that includes Drachten. In 1978 he became alderman. In April 1985 he was appointed mayor of the at the time South Holland municipality Rijnsburg. He was the mayor there for 12 years. After that he was from 1997 mayor of Waddinxveen. In June 2004, to everyone's surprise, he took early retirement.

Jonkman died in November 2024, at the age of 83 years old.

## Other websites

- Image of Jonkman (who kicks off) at Beeldbank Historische Genootschap Waddinxveen

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Fedde Jonkman
- **birth place**: Akmarijp, Netherlands
- **death place**: Katwijk, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: politician
Erythrosuchus

***Erythrosuchus*** is a large species of carnivorous, crocodile-like reptile that lived during the Triassic era. It has been a star of the series _Life on Our Planet_.

## Prey

Its prey included dicynodonts, such as _Lystrosaurus_. It may have come into contact with two other predators that lived during the same time and place: _Proterosuchus_ and _Cynognathus_.

## Media

To date, _Erythrosuchus_ has appeared in famous media such as _Life on Our Planet_ and _The_ _Lost Spider-Pit Sequence_. In _The_ _Lost Spider-Pit Sequence_, a female individual is shown attacking the sailors of the Venture, and it's inaccurately named as a giant lizard in the movie. _Life on Our Planet_ depicts a group of male _Erythrosuchus_.

## Diet

Its diet only consisted of meat.
Erich Stojaspal

**Erich Stojaspal** (15 March 1929 in Vienna- 30 March 2010) was an Austrian footballer. He played as forward mainly for FK Austria Wien.

## Career

He started playing football in Simmering with the local club Ostbahn XI. In 1943 he moved to FK Austria Wien. He played with good success as a left winger. However, he was mostly used  in the reserve team. In the summer of 1955 he left Austria and moved to Simmeringer SC. He ended his career in 1960.  He was the younger brother of Ernst Stojaspal.
Sphenacodon

***Sphenacodon*** is a genus of sphenacodont that lived during the Early Permian period. _Sphenacodon_ was related to _Dimetrodon_.

## Media

_Sphenacodon_ made an appearance in a famous lost movie called _The Lost Spider-Pit Sequence_. In the movie, it became described as a huge two-legged lizard, and was inaccurately portrayed as being capable of eating humans.
Fontaine de la Rotonde

The **Fontaine de la Rotonde** (French for Rotunda Fountain) is a fountain in the city of Aix-en-Provence, located in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in France. The fountain can be found at the Place de la Rotonde, in the Cours Mirabeau. It is the biggest fountain in the city, at 12 meters high and 32 meters wide.

## History

The fountain was built to serve as a marker for the entrance of the city. To do this, the city's ramparts were destroyed to make way for the fountain, as well as an obelisk. The fountain was designed by the architect Theophile de Tournadre, and its construction was completed in 1860.

## Design

The fountain has pairs of lions around its base. On the higher level, there are bronze statues of children riding swans. On the level above it are heads spouting water. Its centerpiece however, features three female statues, all standing back-to-back, looking in different directions. The first woman looks at the Cours Mirabeau, representing justice. The second woman is looking in the direction of Marseille, which represents trading and agriculture. The final woman is looking in the direction of the city of Avignon, which is meant to represent the fine arts.

## Additional Information

The Fontaine de la Rotonde is considered a Neo-classic historic monument. It was the first fountain in Aix-en-Provence to have its own cast iron bath. The fountain's nearby area is equipped with a defibrillator.
Karma Revero

The **Karma Revero** is a luxury plug-in hybrid sports Sedan made in the United States. It was first introduced in September 2016  by Karma Automotive, which is owned by the Chinese company, Wanxiang Group. The Revero is based on the Fisker Karma, which was originally made by Fisker Automotive.

## History

The original Fisker Karma was produced from 2012 to 2013, but Fisker Automotive went out of business in 2013. In 2014, Wanxiang Group bought the company and its assets, including the rights to the Karma. Production moved to Moreno Valley, California,  where the Karma Revero was launched in 2017.

The Revero kept many features from the original Fisker Karma but included updates and improvements. In 2020, a new version called the Karma Revero GT was introduced with a different engine and a larger battery. The Revero GT used a 1.5-liter BMW engine as a range extender and had improved electric range compared to the original model.

In 2021, Karma introduced the Karma GS-6, a more affordable version of the Revero. It featured a similar battery capacity and all-electric driving range.

An all-electric version, the GSe-6, was also announced. This version did not use a gasoline engine and was designed to offer fully electric driving.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Karma Revero
- **image**: 2018 Karma Revero, front right.jpg
- **caption**: Karma Revero at the 2018 :en:Greenwich Concours d'Elégance, Greenwich Concours d'Elégance
- **manufacturer**: Karma Automotive
- **production**: 2016–2020
2020–present (Revero GT/GTS)
- **model years**: 2017–2020
- **assembly**: Moreno Valley, California, US (Karma Innovation and Customisation Centre)
- **designer**: Henrik Fisker
- **class**: Hybrid electric vehicle, Hybrid Executive car, Executive sedan (E-segment, E)
- **body style**: 4-door sedan (automobile), saloon
- **platform**: Chevrolet Volt#Concept vehicle, GM E-Flex Platform
- **related**: VLF Destino, Fisker Karma, Chevrolet Volt#Concept vehicle, Chevrolet Volt Concept
- **transmission**: 1-speed EVT
- **motor**: 2x permanent-magnet synchronous AC motors
- **drivetrain**: Hybrid vehicle drivetrain#Series hybrid, Series hybrid/PHEV
- **battery**: lithium-ion battery (Revero GT)
 lithium-ion battery (Revero GTS/GS-6)
- **electric range**: 80 km
- **weight**: 2,452 kg
- **predecessor**: Fisker Karma
- **sp**: uk
Fleury Di Nallo

**Fleury Di Nallo** (born 20 April 1943 in Lyon) is a French footballer who played as a striker. In his career, he played 10 games for the French national team, in which he scored 8 goals.

## Club career

Di Nallo began his football career at Olympique Lyon In 1960 he was promoted to the Lyon first team. On 20 August 1960, he made his debut in the French first division in a 0–2 away match against Stade de Reims. From the 1961/62 season he was a regular player for Lyon. He achieved his first success with this club in the 1963/1964 season, in which he won the French Cup.

In early 1975, Di Nallo quit Lyon for Parisian club Red Star 93. In the summer of that year he changed clubs again and joined Montpellier HSC. He retired his career there after the 1976/1977 season.
|Season|Club|Country|Playoffs|Caps|Goals|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1960/61|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|7|1|
|1961/62|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|34|18|
|1962/63|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|30|10|
|1963/64|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|23|10|
|1964/65|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|34|13|
|1965/66|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|37|15|
|1966/67|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|37|14|
|1967/68|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|37|18|
|1968/69|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|4|0|
|1969/70|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|22|13|
|1970/71|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|36|21|
|1971/72|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|38|17|
|1972/73|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|33|17|
|1973/74|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|32|13|
|1974/75|Olympique Lyon||Division 1|9|2|
|1974/75|Red Star 93||Division 1|12|5|
|1975/76|Montpellier HSC||Division 2|23|21|
|1976/77|Montpellier HSC||Division 2|21|6|
|1977/78|Montpellier HSC||Division 2|6|1|

## International career

Di Nallo made his debut for the French national team on 11 November 1962 in a 2–3 friendly defeat against Hungary.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Fleury Di Nallo
- **fullname**: Fleury Di Nallo
- **birth place**: Lyon, France
- **height**: 1.67 m
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **years1**: 1960–1974
- **clubs1**: Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon
- **caps1**: 413
- **goals1**: 182
- **years2**: 1974–1975
- **clubs2**: Red Star F.C., Red Star
- **caps2**: 12
- **goals2**: 5
- **years3**: 1975–1978
- **clubs3**: Montpellier HSC, Montpellier
- **goals3**: 28
- **caps3**: 50
- **totalcaps**: 475
- **totalgoals**: 215
- **nationalyears1**: 1962–1971
- **nationalteam1**: France national football team, France
- **nationalcaps1**: 10
- **nationalgoals1**: 8
Conservative Revolution

The **Conservative Revolution** (German: _Konservative Revolution_), also called the **German neoconservative movement** or **new nationalism**, was a political movement in Germany and Austria from 1918 to 1933, between World War I and the rise of the Nazis. It was a national-conservative and ultraconservative movement that opposed modern ideas and wanted a different future for Germany.

The people in this movement, called conservative revolutionaries, rejected traditional Christian conservatism, democracy, and equality. They felt lost in the modern world and looked to older ideas from the 19th century. These included Friedrich Nietzsche’s dislike of Christian values and democracy, the anti-modern ideas of German Romanticism, the nationalist beliefs of the Völkisch movement, and the strong military traditions of Prussia. Many were also influenced by their experiences of war and comradeship during World War I.
Ameerega ingeri

**Brother Niceforo's poison arrow frog** or **Niceforo's poison frog** (_Ameerega ingeri_) is a frog.  It lives in Colombia.

This frog lives in tropical forests on the eastern side of the Andes Mountains in Colombia.  Scientists saw these frogs between 100 and 400 meters above sea level. Scientists found exactly one frog. They found it in 1970. Scientists went back to the frog's home later, but they did not see it again.  Today, scientists are not sure if the scientists from 1970 were talking about this frog or a different one.  The paper the scientists wrote about their 1970 frog said the frog was red in color. But the frogs that scientists found in the same place in 2016 were brown and blue in color. This does not mean they could not be the same species of frog. If they are all the same frog, then there are many of these frogs alive now.

Scientists think this frog might live in one protected park: Parque Nacional Natural Alto Fragua Indiwasi.

Scientists do not know if this frog is in danger of dying out. But the place where they found the frog has had too many trees cut down so people could build places for cows to eat grass. There is no forest where the scientists first found the frog, but there is a protected park nearby. Scientists think surviving frogs might live inside the park now.
Wang Su-bok

**Wang Su-bok** (, ; 5 March 1917 – 1 June 2003) was a singer from North Korea, who was the most popular singer in Japanese-occupied Korea in 1935.

She was credited as a ground-breaking female artist, whose work led the way for modern K-pop.

## Infobox (korean name)

- **child**: yes
- **title**: Korean name
- **hangul**: 왕수복
- **hanja**: 王壽福
- **mr**: Wang Subok
- **rr**: Wang Subok


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Wang Su-bok
- **native name**: 왕수복
- **native name lang**: ko
- **birth place**: Kōtō, South Heian Province, Japanese Korea
- **death place**: Pyongyang, North Korea
- **occupation**: Singer
- **instrument**: Voice
Alfredo Guzmán

**Alfredo Guzmán** (born 6 February 1943) is a Mexican swimmer who competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.
Lennart Backman

**Kurt Lennart Ingemar Backman** (7 February 1934) is a Swedish footballer who played as a Midfielder.
Frank Reddout

**Franklin Parker Reddout** (March 4, 1931) is an American former professional basketball player.
Gabriel De Michèle

**Gabriel De Michèle** (6 March 1941) is French former footballer of Italian descent, who played as a defender.
Mixe flag

The **Mixe flag** (Mixe: _Ayook_) has three colours and are placed horizontally. The top colour is green, the middle is red and the bottom is yellow. In the middle of the white is a sun with coat of arms of Mixe people.
Flag of Wayuu

The **Wayuu flag** (Wayuu: _Ayook_) has three colours and are placed horizontally. The top colour is dark green, the middle is red and the bottom is yellow. In the middle of the white is a sun with coat of arms of Wayuu people.
Alberta Highway 1

**Highway 1** is a major east–west highway in Alberta that is part of the Trans-Canada Highway. It runs from the British Columbia border near Lake Louise through Calgary to the Saskatchewan border east of Medicine Hat. It continues as Highway 1 into both provinces. It travels about  from Alberta's border with British Columbia in the west to its border with Saskatchewan in the east.

## Related pages

- British Columbia Highway 1
- Saskatchewan Highway 1
- Manitoba Highway 1
2024 FIFA Puskás Award

The **2024 FIFA Puskás Award** was the sixteenth FIFA Puskás Award. It was awarded on December 17, 2024, during The Best FIFA Football Awards 2024.

The 11 nominees was announced by FIFA on November 28, 2024. Manchester United winger Alejandro Garnacho won the award with 26 points.

|Rank|Player|Team|Opponent|Score|Competition|Points||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|1|Alejandro Garnacho|Manchester United|Everton|align="center"|**1**–0|2023–24 Premier League|align="center"|26|
|align="center"|2|Yassine Benzia|||align="center"|**3**–3|2024 FIFA Series|align="center"|22|
|align="center"|3|Denis Omedi|Kitara|KCCA|align="center"|**3**–3|2024 Super 8|align="center"|16|
|align="center"|4|Mohammed Kudus|West Ham United|SC Freiburg|align="center"|**4**–0|2023–24 UEFA Europa League|align="center"|13|
|align="center"|5|Walter Bou|Lanús|Tigre|align="center"|**3**–2|2024 Argentine Primera División|align="center"|13|
|align="center"|6|Federico Dimarco|Inter Milan|Frosinone|align="center"|**1**–0|2023–24 Serie A|align="center"|12|
|align="center"|7|Jaden Philogene|Hull City|Rotherham United|align="center"|**1**–1|2023–24 EFL Championship|align="center"|12|
|align="center"|8|Terry Antonis|Melbourne City|Western Sydney Wanderers|align="center"|**7**–0|2023–24 A-League|align="center"|8|
|align="center"|9|Michaell Chirinos|||align="center"|**1**–0|2024 Copa América qualifying play-offs|align="center"|7|
|align="center"|10|Hassan Al-Haydos|||align="center"|**1**–0|2023 AFC Asian Cup|align="center"|7|
|align="center"|11|Paul Onuachu|Trabzonspor|Konyaspor|align="center"|**2**–1|2023–24 Süper Lig|align="center"|4|
Maurits Geuns

**Josephus Maurice "Maurits" Geuns** (19 September 1937 – 24 November 2024) was a Belgian football player who played as a midfielder. He played with Royal Antwerp F.C. and .

## Biography

Geuns was born in Wommelgem on 19 September 1937. From the age of ten years old he was a member of Royal Antwerp F.C.. He played during the 1955 Belgian Cup when the team became for the Belgian Cup winner. In 1961 he moved to the football club , where he played for over a decade.

Geuns died in Czagani residential care center in Broechem on 24 November 2024, at the age of 87 years old.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Maurits Geuns
- **birth name**: Josephus Maurice Geuns
- **birth place**: Wommelgem, Belgium
- **death place**: Broechem, Belgium
- **position**: Midfielder
- **sport**: Association football
- **club**: Royal Antwerp F.C. (1947-1961)

- **nationality**: Belgian
- **occupation**: football player
Toyota Sora

The **Toyota Sora** is a type of transit bus made by Toyota. It uses hydrogen fuel cells to run and also The bus can carry many passengers and is used in public transport systems.

## History

The Toyota Sora was first shown to the public at the Tokyo Motor Show in 2017.  It was co-developed with Hino Motors, a company known for making trucks and buses. The bus was released for sale in Japan in March 2018.  It was used in public transport systems like Tokyo, where it was used before the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games.

## Features

The Toyota Sora is powered by fuel cells that use hydrogen as fuel. This helps it produce electricity to run the motors. It can hold up to 78 passengers. Refueling takes about 10 minutes.
The bus also has cameras and sensors It can detect nearby pedestrians and cyclists.
And There is also a system that allows passengers to stop the bus in case of an emergency.

## Markets

The Toyota Sora was first sold in Japan, where it became part of public transport systems in cities like Tokyo. It was deployed in time for the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games The Sora has been used by various transit operators, including Tokyo BRT, Keikyu Bus, and Toei Bus.

In Europe, the Sora is sold as a chassis that is fitted with bodywork by the Portuguese company Salvador Caetano, a long-time partner for importing Toyota commercial vehicles into the region. As of 2022, the bus has been ordered and deployed in several European countries, with Germany being one of the main markets.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **image**: Toyota_Sora_fuel_cell_bus_2017_Tokyo_Motor_Show_front.jpg
- **name**: Toyota Sora
- **manufacturer**: Toyota
- **production**: 2018–present
- **assembly**: Japan: Komatsu, Ishikawa (J-Bus)
- **class**: Transit bus
- **body style**: Single-decker bus
- **engine**: Fuel-cell
- **motor**: 2x AC synchronous drive motors
- **transmission**: Full automatic electric motor transmission
- **battery**: 235 kWh Nickel-metal hydride, NiMH battery
- **model code**: ZBC-MUM1NAE
- **chassis**: Low-floor
Militancy in the name of Islam

"**Militancy in the name of Islam: discussed and non-discussed reasons**", mainly **Islam er Name Jongibad: Alochito O Onalochito Karonsomuho** (ইসলামের নামে জঙ্গিবাদ: আলোচিত ও অনালোচিত কারণসমূহ) is a 2016 bengali language book by Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir which explains the political aspects of Islam and the spread and conspiracy of militancy in the name of Islam according to the Quranic Hadith. The book was first published in August 2006. The book is very popular among Bengali Salafi-Ahl al-Hadith communities. Many bengali scholars has prescribed the book as authentic and reliable including Abubakar Muhammad Zakaria.

## Contents

According to Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir, the reasons for the spread of 'Militism or Terrorism' is the Western conspiracy against Islam, Israel, imperialism, oil and religion, killing of Muslims worldwide, suppression of Islam in Muslim countries, unemployment, depression, etc.
In the book, he says that irreligion and secularism are not the same. He also says in the book that the term "militant" is often used indiscriminately by Islamophobic media outlets to refer to Muslims.

### Criterion of Validity in Leadership: Permitting Prayer

Abdullah Jahangir in his book Militancy in the Name of Islam states that the hadith forbids opposing the ruler's authority as long as they pray and/or allow public prayer.

### Sufi-Salafi relation

Abdullah Jahangir about Sufi-Salafi (Wahhabi) relationship, regarding their political philosophy and its misuse and misinterpretation in the Western world, says in his book "Militancy in the Name of Islam",

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Militancy in the name of Islam: discussed and non-discussed reasons

ইসলামের নামে জঙ্গিবাদ: আলোচিত ও অনালোচিত কারণসমূহ
- **author**: Khandaker Abdullah Jahangir
- **country**: Bangladesh
- **language**: Bengali
- **genre**: Religion
militant, Militancy
Islam
History
Politics
- **publisher**: As-Sunnah Publications
- **published**: August, 2006
Potato masher

A **potato masher** is a kitchen utensil used to mash soft foods to make mashed potatoes, applesauce, or refried beans. It consists of a handle with a thick zigzag-shaped wire, or a plate with holes or slots.
Montenegrins

Montenegrins are described today as people from the country of Montenegro or people of Montenegrin ethnicity. Before the Yugoslav Wars the first description was more about the area of what today is Montenegro. Before the Yugoslav Wars the latter description was not widely used as before the Yugoslav Wars Montenegrins were not described as an ethnic group but rather as a geographical term.But Josip Broz Tito played off Montenegrin as an ethnicity. And when Montenegrins wanted independence from 2006-2010,this description became used by Montenegrins themselves.
Leopold Mikolasch

**Leopold Ludwig Mikolasch** (17 October  1920 - 12 March  1964  ) was an Austrian football player. He played mainly for FK Austria Wien as midfielder. He also played for the   Austrian national football team and for the Austrian team  at the1948 Summer Olympics in London.

## Career

Mikolasch made his senior debut at the age of 17 for 1. Simmeringer SC on 4 September 1937. Then he moved to FK Austria Wien  (SC Ostmark Wien as they were called then) . He debuted on 13 April 1938, in the away game against Favoritner AC. Even after the occupation of Austria he played for the club.

After the end of the Second World War he played till the 1949/50, season for Austria Wien in the Staatsliga A. During this time he played 74 league matches. He scored one goal and won the championship and the national cup twice. He ended his playing career in the 1950/51, season with the second division club SV Gloggnitz.

## International

Mikolasch played eight international matches for the national team. He made his debut on 6 December 1945, at the Praterstadion in a 4-1 friendly win against the French national team.

He was also part of the squad for the 1948 Olympic football tournament in London that year. He played his only tournament game on 2 August 1948 at White Hart Lane against the Swedish national team.  He played his last match in 1948, at Budapest in the 1-2 defeat in a friendly against the Hungarian national team.

## International statistics

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|Austria|1945|1|0|
|1946|2|0|||
|1948|5|0|||

## Honours

- Austrian champion: 1949, 1950
- Austrian Cup winner: 1948, 1949

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Leopold Mikolasch
- **fullname**: Leopold Ludwig Mikolasch
- **birth place**: Gmünd, Austria
- **death place**: Vienna, Austria
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1937
- **years2**: 1938–1950
- **years3**: 1950-1951
- **clubs1**: 1. Simmeringer SC
- **clubs2**: FK Austria Wien
- **clubs3**: SV Gloggnitz
- **nationalyears1**: 1945-1948
- **nationalteam1**: Austria national football team, Austria
- **nationalcaps1**: 8
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Papacy in the Middle Ages

The **Papacy during the Middle Ages** spans from the time of Pope Gregory I (590–604) to the end of the Great Schism in 1417. This period saw the significant growth of both spiritual and temporal power for the Papacy. The pope was not only the head of the Catholic Church but also a major political figure, often acting as a mediator in European conflicts and influencing monarchies. Events like the formation of the Papal States and the Crusades highlighted the central role of the Papacy in shaping medieval Europe.

## Key developments

Formation of the Papal States: The establishment of the Papal States in the 8th century was a turning point. Pope Stephen II allied with Frankish King Pepin the Short, who granted lands around Rome to the pope, marking the beginning of the church’s temporal rule. This arrangement laid the foundation for the pope's dual authority as both a spiritual leader and a secular ruler.

The Investiture Controversy: The struggle between church and state reached its peak during the Investiture Controversy (11th–12th centuries), primarily involving Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV. The pope asserted his right to appoint bishops, challenging the emperor's influence over the church. The conflict ended with the Concordat of Worms (1122), establishing the pope's authority in spiritual matters.

The Crusades: The Papacy initiated the Crusades, a series of military campaigns aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Islamic rule. These campaigns solidified the pope's role as the unifying figure of Christendom, although they also led to significant political and economic consequences across Europe.

The Avignon Papacy and Great Schism: From 1309 to 1377, the Papacy moved to Avignon, France, under the influence of French kings. This period, known as the Avignon Papacy, weakened the church's authority. The subsequent Great Schism saw multiple claimants to the Papacy, dividing Europe until the schism's resolution at the Council of Constance in 1417.

## Legacy

The medieval Papacy left a lasting impact on European politics, culture, and religion. It centralized the church's authority, shaped the relationship between church and state, and laid the groundwork for reforms in later centuries. Medieval theologians, such as Thomas Aquinas, also emerged during this period, influencing Christian doctrine for generations.
Tikėjimo žodis

***Tikėjimo žodis*** ("Word of Faith") is an independent evangelical Christian community in Lithuania. It was founded on October 2, 1988, in Vilnius by a group of Christians from various denominations, including Pentecostals, Evangelical Baptists, and Catholic Charismatics. Initially, the community operated in secrecy during the late Soviet period. The organization was officially registered in 1991 as a Bible Center, uniting evangelical churches throughout Lithuania.

In 1990, Giedrius Saulytis became the first pastor (he led the community until 2014).

## Beliefs

The community believes that the Bible, both the Old and New Testaments, is divinely inspired and provides a complete revelation of God's will. Members adhere to universal Christian creeds, such as the Apostles’, Nicene, and Athanasian creeds, aligning with traditional evangelical doctrines.

## Mission and vision

The organization emphasizes:
1. Worshiping Jesus Christ and spreading His gospel.
1. Instilling Christian values in society.
1. Providing charitable services to those in need.

Their vision focuses on knowing Christ and sharing that knowledge with others, inspired by biblical teachings from the Apostle Paul.

## Development and modern structure

By 2001, Tikėjimo žodis was renamed the Christian Community "Word of Faith," encompassing 34 evangelical churches in Lithuania. In 2018, its name changed to the Association of Evangelical Churches in Lithuania. It remains one of the prominent evangelical networks in the country, fostering theological education and community support.

## Cultural contributions

The group published a newsletter titled Tikėjimo žodis during its early years, spreading its teachings and providing commentary on Christian life. It also played a role in translating and distributing the Bible in Lithuanian, contributing to Lithuania’s broader religious and cultural revival.
Multi-paradigm programming language

A **multi-paradigm** language supports multiple programming styles, or paradigms, such as object-oriented, functional, procedural, or declarative.
First World War in Latvia

**World War I had a significant impact on Latvia**, starting in 1914 when the region was part of the Russian Empire. The war brought destruction, mass displacement, and political changes. Many Latvians were mobilized into the Russian army, and the war accelerated the movement toward Latvian independence.

## Major events in Latvia during WWI

- Early War Years (1914–1915):
    - The war began with German attacks on Latvian coastal towns like Liepāja, where German naval forces shelled the city in August 1914.
    - By 1915, the German army advanced into Latvia, capturing key areas in Kurzeme (Courland). This led to large-scale evacuations and the displacement of thousands of Latvians.
- Formation of Latvian Riflemen (1915): To resist the German advance, special Latvian Riflemen units (_Latviešu strēlnieki_) were formed within the Russian army. These units became famous for their bravery in battles, such as the defense of Riga and the Christmas Battles in 1916.
- Occupation and Retreat (1917): In 1917, much of Latvia, including Riga, fell under German occupation. This drastically affected the local population, with many fleeing eastward into Russia as refugees.
- Path toward independence (1918): The war ended with the collapse of the Russian Empire and Germany’s defeat. These events set the stage for the proclamation of Latvian independence on November 18, 1918. The struggle for independence continued during the Latvian War of Independence (1918–1920).

## Impact on the population

The war caused immense suffering for Latvians. Hundreds of thousands became refugees, and many areas were devastated by fighting. Latvian society was deeply affected by the loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and economic hardship.

## Legacy

World War I is remembered in Latvia as a time of great sacrifice and a crucial period leading to independence. Sites like the cemeteries of Latvian Riflemen and memorials commemorate the contributions of Latvians to the war effort.
Matiullah Jan

** Matiullah Jan** is a senior Pakistani journalist and YouTuber.

On the evening of 27 November 2024, Matiullah Jan, who had been investigating casualties from the PTI do-or-die protest, and his colleague Saqib Bashir were abducted by men in black uniforms from the parking lot of the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) in Islamabad. They were blindfolded and forced into a vehicle. Bashir recounted, "We were collecting data on the casualties." Some suggest that Jan’s abduction might be linked to a controversial interview he conducted with a man who allegedly claimed to be the brother of one of the five security officials killed during the PTI protest. In the interview, the man asserted that the police and security forces were responsible for the deaths, rather than the PTI protestors. However, a video released by the government reportedly showed a local PTI protestor in a V8 vehicle carrying out the attack.

Hours before his abduction, Jan had appeared on a TV program where he read from what he claimed were hospital records contradicting the government's denial that live ammunition was used by security forces or that any protesters were killed during the dispersal. Bashir was released on a street three hours later, while Jan was subsequently charged with terrorism and possession of narcotics. A First Information Report (FIR) alleged that he was found with 246 grams of methamphetamine at a vehicle checkpoint in Islamabad's E-9 area. The case was registered at 3:20 a.m., nearly an hour after the reported incident. As of November 28, his whereabouts remain unknown, according to another colleague Asad Ali Toor.

## Background

Jan has worked for several media outlets in Pakistan. He is known for his criticism of the Pakistani government.

Due to his criticism on establishment he has been allegedly threatened many times.
Matiullah Jan was sacked from Waqt News, where he was working as an anchor. This was allegedly due to pressure from security agencies. He currently runs his own YouTube channel.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Matiullah Jan
<small></small>
- **occupation**: Journalist and Supreme Court of Pakistan, Supreme Court reporter
- **notable works**: Interviewed EX-DGFIA
- **nationality**: Pakistani
Copertino

**Copertino** is an Italian city in Apulia. About 24,000 people live there.

## Twin towns

- Cupertino, United States
Kauhajoki Uprising

The **Kauhajoki Uprising** was a local rebellion in Kauhajoki, Finland, during the Finnish War in July 1808. Finnish peasants, angered by Russian occupation and military requisitions, attempted to intercept and plunder a Russian supply convoy. This uprising was part of the broader resistance against Russian forces during the war between Sweden and Russia over control of Finland.

## Key events

1. Initial call to arms: Leaders such as Johan Qvist and Hanelles rallied local farmers from Kauhajoki, Seinäjoki, and neighboring areas to attack a Russian supply convoy near Kauhajoki. The peasants were poorly armed, relying on scythes and axes. Despite their enthusiasm, the effort lacked military coordination.
1. Clashes and retaliation: On July 8, the rebellion culminated in a skirmish where Finnish rebels disrupted a Russian convoy. However, the poorly equipped peasants failed to secure a significant victory. Russian forces retaliated harshly, burning farms and seizing property in the region, devastating local communities.
1. Aftermath: The failed uprising and subsequent Russian reprisals left Kauhajoki severely impacted. Many peasants suffered losses, and the rebellion underscored the dire situation faced by civilians during the Finnish War.

## Significance

The Kauhajoki Uprising highlights the local resistance efforts during the Finnish War, reflecting the desperation and resilience of Finnish peasants against a larger, well-equipped occupying force. Though unsuccessful, the event is remembered as part of Finland’s struggle for self-determination.

## Additional context

The rebellion took place in the context of the broader Finnish War (1808–1809), which resulted in Finland becoming a part of the Russian Empire as an autonomous grand duchy. Local uprisings like Kauhajoki's demonstrate the widespread unrest and opposition to Russian control.
Chandragupta II

**Chandragupta II** (reigned ) was the third ruler of the Gupta Empire in India. He made the Gupta Empire bigger. He defeated the Sassanids.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **allegiance**: Gupta Empire
- **branch**: Gupta Empire#Military, Gupta Army
- **rank**: Commander-in-chief, Supreme Commander
- **battles**: *Gupta–Hunnic Wars
**Gupta–Hunnic Wars#Chandragupta II's Expeditions, Battle of Begram
**Gupta–Hunnic Wars#Chandragupta II's Expeditions, Battle of Sistan
**Gupta–Hunnic Wars#Chandragupta II's Expeditions, Battle of Oxus River


## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Chandragupta II
- **title**: Vikramāditya
(The Sun of Valour)
Maharajadhiraja, Mahārājādhirāja
Paramabhaṭṭāraka
Devaraja, Devarāja
(The God King)
Rājarṣi
Lord of the Three Oceans
Apratiratha
Vaishnav, Paramabhāgavata
Chakra-Vikramah
- **image**: ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg
- **caption**: An 8 gram gold coin featuring Chandragupta II astride a caparisoned horse, with a bow in his left hand. The name _Cha-gu-pta_ appears in the upper left Quadrant (circle), quadrant.
- **succession**: List of Gupta emperors, Gupta emperor
- **reign**:
(35–40 years)
- **predecessor**: Samudragupta, possibly Ramagupta
- **successor**: Kumaragupta I
- **birth date**: (Unknown) possibly
- **birth place**: Pataliputra,

Gupta Empire
- **death place**: Pataliputra
or possibly Ujjain,
 Gupta Empire
- **spouse**: Dhruvadevi, Kuberanaga
- **father**: Samudragupta
- **mother**: Dattadevi
- **dynasty**: Gupta Empire, Gupta
- **religion**: Vaishnavism
Poltava Regional Museum

The **Poltava Regional Museum** is one of the oldest and most prominent museums in Ukraine, located in the city of Poltava. Founded in 1891, the museum initially focused on natural history and archaeology but gradually expanded to include exhibits on history, culture, and art. The museum is housed in the former building of the Poltava Provincial Zemstvo, an architectural masterpiece designed by Vasyl Krychevsky, completed in 1908. This building is an outstanding example of the Ukrainian Modern style, blending traditional folk elements with contemporary design.

## Collections and exhibits

The museum's collection comprises over 300,000 artifacts, including:
- Archaeological Finds: Ancient artifacts from the region, such as tools and ceramics, highlighting Poltava's prehistoric and early medieval history.
- Ethnographic Items: Traditional clothing, carpets, and embroidery, showcasing the cultural heritage of Poltava's rural communities.
- Natural History: Specimens of flora and fauna native to the region.
- Historical Documents: Materials related to the Battle of Poltava (1709) and its impact on Ukrainian and European history.

## War and recovery

During World War II, the museum suffered significant losses, with many exhibits looted or destroyed. After the war, extensive restoration efforts helped recover and rebuild its collections. Today, the museum continues to play a vital role in preserving and presenting Poltava's rich cultural and historical legacy.

## Modern role

The Poltava Regional Museum serves as an educational and cultural hub, hosting exhibitions, workshops, and lectures. It remains a major attraction for visitors interested in Ukrainian history and art.
Historia Salonitana

The ***Historia Salonitana*** ("History of the Bishops of Salona and Split"), written by Thomas the Archdeacon in the mid-13th century, is a critical medieval historical source on the early history of Croatia, the church, and the Dalmatian region. Written in Latin, the text focuses on the history of the Salonitan Church and its transformation following the fall of Salona and the rise of Split as a regional center.

## Content and themes

1. Salona's decline: The book recounts the destruction of the Roman city of Salona in the 7th century during the Avar and Slavic invasions. Refugees fled to the fortified Diocletian’s Palace in Split, establishing a new Christian and cultural hub.
1. Rise of Split: As the center shifted from Salona to Split, the city became the seat of the archbishopric, inheriting the spiritual and political prominence of the region. This transition is a central theme in the Historia Salonitana.
1. Relations with Croatian rulers: The work also explores the interactions between the church in Split and early Croatian rulers, such as Trpimir I and Tomislav, reflecting the integration of the Croatian state into Christian Europe.
1. Legend and historical narrative: The text combines historical events with legends, such as the account of King Zvonimir’s violent death, which later became part of Croatian folklore.

## Extended versions

The _Historia Salonitana Maior_, a later expanded version created in the 16th century, includes additional details about Croatian kings and church councils. This version incorporates documents like the Pacta Conventa, which outlines agreements between Croatian nobility and Hungarian rulers.

## Legacy

The Historia Salonitana remains a foundational text for understanding medieval Dalmatian and Croatian history. It is preserved in several manuscript versions, with critical editions published for modern research. The text provides valuable insights into the region’s transition from Roman to medieval governance and the role of the church in shaping Croatian identity.