Madonna and Child

**The Madonna and Child** or **The Virgin and Child** is often the name of a work of art which shows the Virgin Mary and the Child Jesus. The word _Madonna_ means "My Lady" in Italian. Artworks of the Christ Child and his mother Mary are part of the Roman Catholic tradition in many parts of the world including Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, South America, Switzerland, and the Philippines. Paintings known as icons are also an important tradition of the Orthodox Church and often show the Mary and the Christ Child. They are found particularly in Eastern Europe, Russia, Egypt, the Middle East and India.

### Paintings

Works of art which show the _Madonna and Child_ can be paintings or sculptures. Some paintings are very large and show the Madonna on a throne, with saints standing around it. These paintings are altarpieces; they are designed to go above the altar in a church.

In some churches, particularly in Italy and in Eastern Orthodox Churches, there are many wall paintings and mosaics of the _Madonna and Child_.

Most _Madonna and Child_ paintings are small. They have been painted for private owners and would usually have been kept in houses. They might be hung on the wall above a table where flowers and candles could be placed to honour the Virgin Mary. Most of the famous ones are now in art galleries.

### Sculpture

Many Catholic churches have statues of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child, These are sometimes life-sized and are painted, with real hair and glass eyes so that they look lifelike.

Other statues of the _Madonna and Child_ are very small. In the Middle Ages small statues were carved from ivory. These precious statues are often very beautifully and delicately made. They can often be seen in museums.

In Florence in the early 1400s, an artist called Luca della Robbia began making _terracotta_ statues and sculptured altarpieces from clay, which were fired and _glazed_ with colours, most often blue and white, but also purple, green and yellow. This family business lasted for 120 years.

Many statues of the _Madonna and Child_ may be factory-made and sold as souvenirs. This tradition of small statues has been around for hundreds of years. Many of them were made in artist's workshops in the Early Renaissance

### Icons

In the Orthodox Church, there is also a long tradition of painting images of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child. These pictures, which are often quite small and are painted on wooden panels, are often very careful copies of particular famous icons. This tradition continues to the present day.

### Large altarpieces

- _The Trinita Madonna_, by Cimabue, 1280
- _The Rucellai Madonna_, by Duccio, 1285
- _The Maesta_, the Madonna in Majesty by Duccio, c.1308. Duomo Museo, Siena, Italy.
- _The Ognissanti Madonna_, by Giotto, 1310
These three famous paintings are all together in one room of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Two of these paintings are from the Middle Ages, but Giotto's painting is an Early Renaissance painting, as can be seen in the natural, solid look of the figures which seem to be _three dimensional_.
- _The Frari Madonna_, by Giovanni Bellini c. 1470 in the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice
- _The Madonna of the Rocks_ by Leonardo da Vinci. There are two paintings. One is in the National Gallery, London, the other one is in the Louvre, Paris.
- _The family_ by Giambattista Pittoni
- _The Ansidei Madonna_, by Raphael, National Gallery, London
- _The Sistine Madonna_ by Raphael, in the Vatican Museum Art Gallery.

### Wall paintings

- _The Madonna of the Sunset_ by Piero Lorenzetti 1280, Assisi

### Small paintings

- _The Wilton Diptych_. This very rare painting from the Middle Ages was probably done in England and is in the National Gallery, London.
- _The Madonna of the Magnificat_, by Botticelli, Uffizi.
- _The Doni Tondo_, by Michelangelo, 1505, Uffizi.
- Raphael did many of these small paintings. They can be seen at the National Gallery, London, the Uffizi, the Louvre and many other art galleries.

### Statues

Many churches contain famous statues of the _Madonna and Child_, particularly old churches.
- _The Virgin_ of Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris. This Madonna is carved of stone.
- _The Moorish Madonna_ of Sant' Antonio's Basilica, Padua. This Madonna has dark brown eyes and olive skin.
- Many carved wooden Madonnas of the Middle Ages and many terracotta Madonnas by the dell Robbia family can be seen in museums.

### Icons

- _The Virgin of Vladimir_. 1131. This famous icon from Constantinople (modern Istanbul) is kept at the Tretyakov Gallery Moscow. There are many copies of it.
- _The Virgin of Chilandari_, c.1360. Mount Athos, Greece. This painting which is very badly damaged, is famous for its beauty.

## References

- Helen Gardner, _Art through the Ages_, Harcourt, Brace and World Inc.
- Ilan Rachum, _The Renaissance, an Illustrated Encyclopedia_, Octopus Books,
- Rene Huyghe, ed., _Larousse Encyclopedia of Byzantine and Medieval Art_, Paul Hamlyn, 1968
- Fujio Matsumoto, Takeshi Kosugi, _Iconographia mariana _, (text in Japanese, but many plates）2008