juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door

***Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door*** is a Nintendo GameCube role-playing game released in 2004. It won the IGN.com award for best RPG game of the year. It uses the setting of Nintendo's _Mario_ games. The game received a remake for the Nintendo Switch in 2024.

## Plot

Princess Peach finds a map in an old town filled with crime. Mario sets off to the town of Rogueport, along with several other areas where he finds the Crystal Stars. There is a door deep in the sewers of Rogueport (the Thousand-Year Door) which will open if all the Crystal Stars are collected. It is said that a demonic spirit rests behind the door. The X-Nauts (a group of robot-like people) try to steal all of the Crystal Stars in order to awaken an evil demon to wipe out the planet so that they can become dictators of the world. The last boss of the game is the Shadow Queen who possesses (takes over) Princess Peach.

## Remake

A remake of _Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door_ was announced on September 14, 2023. It was released on May 23, 2024. The game runs at 30 FPS, but doesn't have a major effect on gameplay.

## Reviews

The game had good reviews.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door
- **image**: Paper Mario The Thousand-Year Door logo.webp
- **developer**: Intelligent Systems
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Ryota Kawade
- **producer**: Shigeru Miyamoto
Ryouichi Kitanishi
- **artist**: Chie Kawabe
- **writer**: Hironobu Suzuki
Misao Fukuda
- **composer**: Yoshito Hirano
Yuka Tsujiyoko
Saki Haruyama
- **series**: _List of Mario role-playing games, Paper Mario_
- **released**: **Virtual Console (NDS)**
- **genre**: Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player
- **platforms**: GameCube
Nintendo DS (Virtual Console)


## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door
- **developer**: Intelligent Systems
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Masahiko Nagaya
- **series**: _Paper Mario_
- **platforms**: Nintendo Switch
- **genre**: Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player
Jumanji

***Jumanji*** is a 1995 American fantasy adventure comedy movie starring Robin Williams, which was based loosely on a 1982 children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg. It is about a boy who gets trapped in a game for 30 years, and must finish playing the game when he gets out. Other stars include Kirsten Dunst, David Alan Grier, Bonnie Hunt, Bradley Pierce, Jonathan Hyde, and Bebe Neuwirth. In the "Flying Hunter Van Pelt" scene, Roland D-50's PN-D50-02 patch "Fast Forward" was heard.

The game in the movie (titled Jumanji) has been made into a real game.

Its sequel is the 2017 movie _Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle_, with different actors.
Neopets

***Neopets*** is a website that lets its users create virtual pets, and take care of them. The site was created on November 15, 1999, and has hundreds of millions of users.  The website is owned by Jumpstart.  Most of the pets that the user can create are not real animals, but are based upon real animals.  Neopets has story plots, chat boards, and different things that users can do with their Neopets. Many people of many different ages join Neopets. The site has many games that the user can play.  Neopets has a help section to find answers to many of the questions that users may have. The games length varies from a minute or less to saveable games like Neoquest that take more than 10 hours total to complete.

## Pets

A person can make a pet and care for it using items. Items are given when a person does activities on the website. Items can also be purchased using Neopoints, the website's form of money. They can get special items called paint brushes which change the color of the pet to a different special color.

People younger than thirteen years old have less access to website features. They are not allowed to use the forum or send messages to other people.

### Default avatars

Default avatars are the easiest type of avatar to get. Once a person creates an account on Neopets, they get to use the default avatars without having to do anything. Default avatars are mainly the different pets that can be used on the site and certain faeries.

### Clickable avatars

Clickable avatars are the second easiest avatar to get. To earn a Clickable, the user must go to a certain place on the site. Once the user has gone to that page, they get a message that says they can use that avatar.

### Avatars that are earned

Many avatars have to be earned. These are the avatars that people want most. These avatars are the hardest to get. These avatars may be gotten in many different ways. For example, getting a certain score in a game, buying a specific item, looking up a pet, refreshing, or getting a set amount of Neopoints.

## Fan sites

There are many websites created by Neopets users to help other players. These sites help with information about how to play games and how to get avatars. There are also many sites for users to find ways to change the look of the pages that tell about themselves and their pets.

## Other websites

- Neopets home page
Daniel Handler

**Daniel Handler ** (born February 28, 1970) is the real name of Lemony Snicket, author of the popular _A Series of Unfortunate Events_ books. He graduated from Lowell High School and from Wesleyan University in 1992. He is a native of San Francisco and went to the San Francisco Boys Chorus.  He calls himself the fake name of Lemony Snicket in the books, as well as in Lemony's autobiography. The autobiography is listed as fiction. After several years of writing the books, Daniel let the public know that he was behind the name of Lemony Snicket.

He is married to Lisa Brown and had their first child, Otto, in October 2003. He finished 13 books to complete the Series of Unfortunate Events.

It is also believed by some people that his wife, author and illustrator Lisa Brown could possibly be the "Beatrice" that Handler writes his books for.
House music

**House music** is a type of electronic dance music. It began during the early 1980s from disco and the black American soul music tradition.  It takes its name from the Warehouse, a Chicago club where DJs first played their records to a large audience.   The original "House" sound is characterized by "four on the floor" beats at 120-130 BPM, forward-driven bass lines, an emphasis on the second and fourth beats of each measure, handclaps, and cymbals.  Over the years, house has created many types of house music. These include:

- Acid house (with its "trippy" melodic lines, usually generated on a Roland 303 synthesizer)
- Ambient house (with an ambient, atmospheric sound)
- Bassline house (with an prominent warpy low bass sound)
- Deep house (with a greater emphasis on "soul" and atmospheric background sounds)
- Electro house (with a fuzzy, electronic and dirty bassline and heavy usage of synthesizers, similar to electropop)
- Euro house (with a sound similar to Eurodance)
- Balearic house (originating in the Balearic islands of Spain)
- French house (originating in France)
- Italo house (originating in Italy)
- Speed garage (featuring choppy basslines, reggae-style vocals and often "broken" beats)
- Kuduro (a type of house music played in Angola features Angolan music and world music)
- Progressive house (usually faster than traditional house, with many volume and phase changes and a "progression" of different background sounds)
- Disco house (even greater emphasis on the bassline, and the return of many disco-like additions such as violin sections)
- Hip house (House music with rapped lyrics)
- Tech house (techno sounds featured over a house-derived beat, with melodic progression often less emphasized)
- Latin house (incorporating elements of traditional Latin American music)
- Tribal house (greater emphasis on drumlines; melodies may be present, but with less traditional "progression")
- Witch house (with a dark, paranormal and witchcraft-themed sound) and Rodrick Onunuga

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: House
- **color**: black
- **bgcolor**: Blue
- **instruments**: Synthesizer, drum machine, Keyboard instrument, keyboard, Turntable, Computer
- **other topics**: Dance music, electronic music
Alkali

In chemistry, an **alkali** is an aqueous (from water) solution with a pH value of more than seven.
The word 'alkali' comes from the Arabic 'qali' meaning 'from the ashes' since ashes mixed with water used as cleaning products (such as soaps) are made of alkali materials.

## Example

- An alkali is where a base is dissolved in water. Often it is the salt of an Alkali metal.
- An alkali is the opposite to an acid and can be neutralized (brought down to pH seven) by adding acid.

## Characteristics

- It feels **soapy**.
- It is **corrosive** (it can burn your skin away).
- The higher the number is over seven on the pH scale the stronger the alkali is.
- Highly soluble (can be dissolved) in water.
- They have a bitter taste.
- Turns red litmus paper blue.
- Can conduct electricity due to the presence of mobile ions.
- Is it blue or purple on a universal indicator?

## Strength

Like acids, alkalis can be weak or strong, depending on the nature and the concentration of the ionic salt composing it. The strength of an alkali can be found using universal indicator. Also like acids, the strength of an alkali is rated using the pH scale.

For example, soap and toothpaste contain weak alkalis, while cleaning products often contain strong ones.

## Examples of common alkalis

- Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
- Potassium hydroxide, KOH
- Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)<sub>2</sub>
- Aqueous ammonia, NH<sub>3</sub> (aq)
- Magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)<sub>2</sub>

## Uses of common alkalis

- Sodium hydroxide is used to make paper, detergents and soap.
- Potassium hydroxide is used by farmers to make acidic soil more alkaline so that plants will grow better in it, and is also used as the electrolyte in alkaline, Ni-Cd, and Ni-MH batteries.
- Calcium hydroxide is used to neutralize acidic soil.
- Ammonium hydroxide is used as a cleaning agent.

## Oxides and hydroxides

Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are two types of base. When neutralized (an acid is added), they produce salt and water. The type of salt produced depends on the acid and base.

## Related pages

- Base
- Acid

## Other websites

- Small article on Alkaline chemicals
- A distributor of Alkali Metals
- A revision site directed towards GSCE students
- In depth article on Alkalis - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
- Alkali cleaning materials
- Small in depth article on Alkali Metals
The White Stripes

**The White Stripes** were an American rock duo from Detroit, Michigan. There were two people in the band: Jack White (songwriter, vocals, guitar, piano, and bass) and Meg White (drums, percussion, and vocals). They are influential in the 2000s indie rock and garage rock revival.

The White Stripes started in Detroit, and released two albums: their self-titled debut (1999) and _De Stijl_ (2000). They became famous with their third album, _White Blood Cells_ (2001). Their fourth album, _Elephant_ (2003), won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album. Their last two albums, _Get Behind Me Satan_ (2005) and _Icky Thump_ (2007), each won the same award. After a break, they ended in 2011.

The White Stripes were known for presenting in strictly red, white, and black colors, and their frequent use of the number three. Jack and Meg White were married when they started the band, but divorced after its formation. They did not want people to know that they were once married, and told the public that they were brother and sister.

## Members

- Jack White – vocals, guitar, keyboards, piano, bass, percussion
- Meg White – drums, percussion, vocals

## Awards

The White Stripes won a lot of awards. They won three Grammy Awards and five MTV Video Music Awards. Two of their albums are on _Rolling Stone**s "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" list. _Rolling Stone_ called them the sixth greatest duo of all time.

## Discography

**Studio albums_'
- _The White Stripes_ (1999)
- _De Stijl_ (2000)
- _White Blood Cells_ (2001)
- _Elephant_ (2003)
- _Get Behind Me Satan_ (2005)
- _Icky Thump_ (2007)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The White Stripes
- **img**: Jack & Meg, The White Stripes.jpg
- **img capt**: The White Stripes performing at the O2 Wireless Festival in 2007
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
- **years active**: 1997–2011
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., V2 Records, V2, Third Man Records, Third Man, Sub-Pop, Sympathy for the Record Industry. XL Recordings, XL, Italy Records, Italy
- **url**: [http://whitestripes.com www.whitestripes.com]
- **current members**: Jack White
Meg White
Millennium Dome

The **Millennium Dome** is a large dome-shaped building in Greenwich in South East London, UK (now known as **The O<sub>2</sub>)**. It was built between 1997 and 2000 to celebrate the beginning of the third millennium. The name was officially changed to **The O<sub>2</sub>** when Telefónica O<sub>2</sub> Europe plc  bought the naming rights from the devehutz Entertainment Group.

From 31 December 1999 until 31 December 2000 the Dome and some surrounding buildings were the home of the Millennium Exhibition which was meant to show the best of Britain to the world. The most successful part of the Exhibition was the stage show that was held two or three times each day in the middle of the dome. The show had dozens of dancers and acrobats, music by Peter Gabriel, and a tower that rose out of the dome's floor.

The rest of the Exhibition was not as successful as the Dome's owners had hoped. About 6 and a half million people visited the Exhibition, which was only half the number its owners hoped for.

The dome was sold to US Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) and reopened in July 2007 as the O<sub>2</sub>, an entertainment complex including a 22,000-seat concert and sports venue, cinema, music club and exhibition spaces. Among the first artists to perform there were Bon Jovi and Prince. The Rolling Stones performed there in August 2007, Led Zeppelin played a reunion show there in December 2007, and the Spice Girls took residence in the arena from December 2007 to January 2008.

In 2012, as part of the Summer Olympics in London, the building was renamed the "North Greenwich Arena" and was used to host gymnastics and basketball.

A walkway across the top of the dome's structure has been opened, allowing visitors to cross the roof at a height of 60m. The O2 Roofwalk tourist attraction is now partially  powered by solar energy.

In 2022, a large hole was ripped in the O2 arena caused by Storm Eunice. 1,000 people were evacuated but nobody was injured.
Millennium

A **millennium** (plural: _millennia_) is a time period of one thousand (1000) years. The word _millennium_ is derived from two Latin words _mille_ ("thousand") and annum ("year").
Outlook

**Outlook** is a free email, address book and calendar software, included with Microsoft Office. It is owned by Microsoft. It was started in 1996 as **Hotmail**. It was created by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith. In 1997, Microsoft bought Hotmail for about $400 million. They renamed it twice, to MSN Hotmail and Windows Live Hotmail. In 2013, Hotmail became Outlook.

## Other websites

Outlook login
Train (disambiguation)

**Train** can mean more than one thing:

- **A train** is a series of cars on a railway.
    - **A wagon train** is an older kind of train.

- **To train** is to teach how to do something, or to practice doing something.  Not only human beings but also animals can be trained.

- **Train (band)**, an American pop rock band.
Media

**Media** may refer to:

- Media (communication), tools used to store and deliver information or data
    - Advertising media
    - Broadcast media
    - Digital media
    - Electronic media
    - Hypermedia
    - Print media
    - Published media
- Mass media can mean television, radio, newspapers, magazines and the internet
    - News media, mass media focused on communicating news
        - Journalists, the people who write for and work in news media
- Multimedia, communications that include multiple forms of information
- Media (computer), used in computer data storage devices
- Media (arts), materials and techniques used by an artist to produce a work

## Related pages

- Media studies
- Multimedia
- Medium (disambiguation)
Caretaker

- _Caretaker can also refer to a caregiver._

A **caretaker** is someone who has the job of looking after a building. For example, the building could be a school or shop.

## Related pages

- Cleaner
British

A **British** person or object comes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales) and Northern Ireland. It is sometimes used by the Isle of Man or the Channel Islands (near France). It can also be used for some overseas places like Gibraltar (near Spain) or the Falkland Islands (near South America).

The term "British" is often used to describe something unique to the UK, for example British people, 'the British way of life' or 'the British weather'.

A British person can also be called a Briton. A unique symbol of the "British" is the Union Jack flag which is recognised globally as a symbol of the United Kingdom. The flag is made up of a combination of the flags of the countries that are part of the United Kingdom.

The British Isles are Great Britain, Ireland, and some smaller islands. The British Isles include the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.

Although being British is a collective identity, the countries of England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales have separate identities and flags which make them unique.

## Related pages

- British people
Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis

***Jurassic Park: Operation Genesis*** is a video game for the PC and PlayStation 2. The goal of the game is to create a theme park and keep the park guests safe. The player can choose the island they build on and what dinosaurs to place in their park. They can choose up to 25 dinosaurs to add to the park. After the park is created, they can play 12 missions. After winning all missions, a game option called Site B is unlocked. With Site B, the player can create an island without any fences or people, just like the 3rd _Jurassic Park_ movie.
Think Quest

**ThinkQuest** was an educational website. It was used by students of schools in the United States and other countries. It was run by the Oracle Education Foundation.

As of July 1, 2013, ThinkQuest was discontinued.

## Other websites

- ThinkQuest library archive
John Cleese

**John Marwood Cleese** (born 27 October 1939) is an English actor, comedian, producer and writer. He was born in Weston-super-Mare, England. He graduated from Downing College, Cambridge. Cleese has a degree in law. He was a member of the comedy team Monty Python. He starred in the television sitcom _Fawlty Towers_ that he co wrote with his first wife, Connie Booth, who played the role of Polly Sherman on the show. He plays the role of Q in some of the various James Bond movies.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Cleese
- **image**: John Cleese (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Cleese in 2014
- **birth name**: John Marwood Cleese
- **birth place**: Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, England
- **alt**: Cleese smiling
- **alma mater**: Downing College, Cambridge
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, producer, writer
- **years active**: 1961–present
Arthur Conan Doyle

**Sir Arthur Conan Doyle** (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British doctor and author. He is well known because he wrote short stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes. He also wrote science fiction and historical stories.

He became an  agnostic by the time he left school. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University from 1876 to 1881. He wrote short stories in his spare time. In 1882, he started working as a doctor in Southsea. He carried on writing short stories while he waited for patients. His first Sherlock Holmes story that was published was _A Study in Scarlet_.

Doyle's great gifts as a writer were story-telling and character. He created really memorable characters. Holmes' gift for deduction has been copied many times in fiction. The character was probably based on a doctor called Joseph Bell. Holmes himself and Watson were balanced by the evil genius Moriarty, one of the great villains in fiction.

After _A Study in Scarlet_ came _The Sign of the Fair_, _The Valley of Fear_ and _The Hound of the Baskervilles_. The other Holmes stories were published in the _Strand Magazine_. They were later collected together in five volumes, starting with _The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes_. Conan Doyle also wrote _The Lost World_, published in 1912. In it, Professor Challenger and his companions travel to find a large plateau in South America where dinosaurs still live.

Their children were: Mary Louise, Arthur Alleyne Kingsley (with Louise), Jean Lena Annette, Denis Percy Stewart, and Adrian Malcolm (with Jean). Doyle's wife Louisa died in 1906. After the death of his son Kingsley just before the end of the First World War, and the deaths of his brother Innes, his two brothers-in-law and his two nephews shortly after the war, Doyle sank into depression. He found solace supporting spiritualism and its attempts to find proof of existence beyond the grave. He was a member of the renowned supernatural organisation The Ghost Club.

## Other websites

- Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Literary Estate
- The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
- **image**: Conan doyle.jpg
- **caption**: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
- **birth name**: Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle
- **birth place**: Edinburgh, Scotland
- **death place**: Crowborough, East Sussex, England
- **nationality**: British
- **citizenship**: UK
- **occupation**: Novelist, short story writer, poet, physician
- **alma mater**: University of Edinburgh Medical School
- **genre**: Detective fiction, fantasy, science fiction, historical novels, non-fiction
- **notableworks**: Stories of Sherlock Holmes
_The Lost World_
- **signature**: Arthur Conan Doyle Signature.svg
Muslims

A **Muslim** is a person who believes in Islam, an Abrahamic monotheistic religion. Muslims believe in the five pillars of Islam and the six pillars of _iman_ (faith). Muslims believe the Qur'an is a book of the words that the God of Abraham gave to Muhammad. Alongside the Qur'an, Muslims also believe in previous revelations of God, such as the _Tawrat_ (Torah), the _Zabur_ (Psalms), the _Injeel_ (Gospel), the _Scrolls of Abraham_, and the _Scrolls of Moses_. Muslims believe human beings will be judged for how they lived on the Day of Judgement by God.

## Muslims around the World

Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Qur'an forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. Muslim conquests following Muhammad's death led to the creation of the Arab caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area. The Islamic conquests culminated in the Arab Empire being established across three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe). Today, there are about 1.57 billion Muslims in the world, which is about 1 person in every 4 people. The Muslim population continues to grow.

## Related pages

- Islam
- Islamic state
- Non-denominational Muslims
- Arabs
- Caliphate
- Umayyad Caliphate

## Other websites

- Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner – The Islamic Supreme Council of America.
- Muhammad and the First Muslim Ummah  – University of Chicago
- _Islamophobia Today_ Newspaper  – An Islamophobia news clearing house
- Sammy Aziz Rahmatti, _Understanding and Countering Islamophobia_
- WikiSaurus:Muslim

## Infobox (religious group)

- **group**: Muslims
- **population**: worldwide (2020)
- **founder**: Muhammad
- **image**:
- **caption**: _Prayers in the Mosque_ (1892) by Jean-Léon Gérôme
- **pop1**: 231,070,000
- **pop2**: 213,161,100
- **pop3**: 207,000,000
- **region4**: Bangladesh
- **pop4**: 153,700,000
- **pop5**: 99,100,000
- **pop6**: 95,000,000
- **pop7**: 82,900,000
- **pop8**: 82,800,000
- **pop9**: 60,000,000—80,000,000
- **pop10**: 42,000,000
- **languages**: Arabic language, Arabic (also Sacred language, liturgical), Urdu, Bengali language, Bengali, Malay language, Malay, Persian language, Persian, Javanese language, Javanese, Punjabi language, Punjabi, Turkish language, Turkish, Hausa language, Hausa, Mandarin Chinese & other Sinitic languages and languages of the Muslim world
- **scriptures**: Quran
- **religions**: 80–90% Sunni Islam
12–17% Shia Islam
~1% Ibadi Islam
~1% Other Muslim traditions, e.g. Mutazilites Islam
Jalisco

**Jalisco** is a state located in west Mexico. The capital of Jalisco is Guadalajara. It is next to the Pacific Ocean and the states of Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, San Luis Potosí, Guanajuato, and Michoacán. It also has half of the Chapala Lake.
Ferrari

**Ferrari S.p.A.** is an Italian automobile company that makes fast luxurious automobiles. They are made in Italy and are very expensive. They usually cost $150 000 to $1 500 000. Ferrari's first car was the Ferrari 125S.

Ferrari has a rich racing history and is a well known premium automobile brand. The fastest street Ferrari is the F50 GT1, which can go over 370 km/h (about 222 mph).
The most powerful Ferrari is the FXX, which has about 800 horsepower. The FXX is a lighter, improved version of the F60 Enzo; it is Ferrari's most exclusive model. It is basically a race car that you can buy from Ferrari. The automobile is so extreme (completely flat tires, low ride height, and no roadcar safety features such as Airbags) that it cannot be driven on roads legally. Ferrari will keep it for you at their Factory in Maranello in Italy. You can go to Italy and drive it on their private race track, or have it transported to another race track around the world, the same as if you were driving for a racing team. Thirty have been built and all but two were sold to customers for $2,500,000 each. Ferrari gave one to seven-time Formula 1 World Champion Michael Schumacher, who had driven for Ferrari for ten years when he retired in 2006, having brought Ferrari much success. Ferrari made his FXX different by painting it black. The other twenty-nine are either red or white, with stripes painted in the other colour.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Ferrari N.V.
- **logo**: Ferrari wordmark.svg
- **logo caption**: Ferrari wordmark (7 letter)
- **image**: フェラーリ本社前 (36309429124).jpg
- **predecessor**: Auto Avio Costruzioni
- **founded**: September 13, 1939
- **founder**: Enzo Ferrari
- **hq location city**: San Francisco
- **hq location country**: USA
Fiat

**Fiat** (<small>UK:</small> /ˈfiːət, -æt/, <small>US:</small> /-ɑːt/, <small>Italian:</small> [ˈfiːat]; originally **FIAT**, Italian: _Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino_, <small>lit. </small>'Italian Automobiles Factory, Turin') is a car company in Italy. It was founded in Turin in 1899. Over the years, Fiat also made different products like planes, trains, trams, buses, trucks, manufacturing robots, space rocket parts, refrigerators, washing machines, and more. Fiat is currently part of Stellantis.

## History

On 11 July 1899, Gianni Agnelli was part of the group of founding members of FIAT, _Fabbrica Italiana di Automobili Torino_. The first Fiat plant opened in 1900 with 35 staff making 24 cars. Known from the beginning for the talent and creativity of its engineering staff, by 1903 Fiat made a small profit and produced 135 cars; this grew to 1,149 cars by 1906. The company then went public selling shares via the Milan stock exchange.

#### Years 1950s - 1980s

- 124
- 125
- 126
- 127
- 128
- 130
- 131
- 132
- 133
- 500
- 600
- 850
- 1100
- 1300
- 1400
- 1800
- Dino
- Multipla
- Ritmo
- X1/9

#### Years 1980s - 2000

- Argenta
- Barchetta
- Fiat Bravo/Brava
- Cinquecento
- Coupé
- Croma
- Duna
- Marea
- Panda
- Punto
- Ritmo
- Regata
- Tempra
- Tipo
- Uno

#### Years 2000-2010

- Albea
- Bravo (Nuova) (new)
- Croma (Nuova) (new)
- Fiorino
- Punto
- Grande Punto
- Idea
- Multipla
- Palio
- Panda (Nuova) (new)
- Scudo
- Sedici
- Seicento
- Siena
- Stilo
- Ulysse
- 500 (Nuova) (new)
- Doblò

#### Years 2010-present

- Bravo (Nuova) (new) (2007-2016)
- Croma (Nuova) (new) (2005-2010)
- Fiorino
- Grande Punto, Punto Evo (2005-2018)
- Panda (Nuova) (new)
- Scudo (2007-2016, 2020-present)
- Sedici (2006-2011)
- Stilo
- Ulysse (2020-present)
- 500 (Nuova)
- 500e (2020-present)
- Doblò

### From 1920 to 1945

- Fiat CR.42 Falco.
- Fiat G.50.

### From 1945 to 2000

- Fiat G.91.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: FIAT Automobiles Società per azioni, S.p.A.
- **logo**: Fiat_logo23.png
- **logo size**: 100px
- **image**: Fiat - Mirafiori building (Italy, 2020).png
- **image caption**: Fiat Mirafiori, Mirafiori, headquarters and industrial district of Fiat in Turin, pictured in 2020
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **founder**: Giovanni Agnelli
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **location city**: Lingotto, Turin
- **location country**: Italy
- **key people**: John Elkann (acting President (corporate title), president)
Olivier François (Chief executive officer, CEO)
- **industry**: Automotive industry, Automotive
- **products**: Automobiles, electric vehicles
- **production**: 1,350,000 units (2023)
- **parent**: Stellantis Europe
Hunter S. Thompson

**Hunter Stockton Thompson** (July 18, 1937 – February 20, 2005) was an American writer.

He was known for a unique style of writing which he called **Gonzo journalism**, where the writer writes about himself trying to write about what was happening around him.

He was born and raised in Louisville, Kentucky and spent most of his adult life on his ranch in Colorado. He committed suicide in Woody Creek, Colorado by shooting himself in the head. His main topic was the health of the American Dream.

## Works

His books include:

- _Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas_
- _The Rum Diary_
- _Hell's Angels_
- _The Great Shark Hunt_
- _The Kingdom of Fear_
- _The Curse of Lono_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Hunter Stockton Thompson
- **caption**: Thompson in 2002
- **image**: Hunter S. Thompson in Fuck film (cropped).jpg
Uncle John's Bathroom Reader

***Uncle John's Bathroom Readers*** is the name of a series of books aimed at people who like to read while using the restroom. The books are full of trivia.

The books were first published in 1988.

## Books

1. _Uncle John's Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Second Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Third Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Fourth Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Fifth Bathroom Reader_ (Forms - along with 6 and 7 - Uncle John's Legendary Lost Bathrom Reader)
1. _Uncle John's Sixth Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Seventh Bathroom Reader_
1. _The Best of Uncle John's Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Ultimate Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Giant 10th Anniversary Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Great Big Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Absolutely Absorbing Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's All-Purpose Extra-Strength Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Supremely Satisying Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Ahh-Inspiring Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Unstoppable Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Slightly Irregular Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Fast-Acting Long-Lasting Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Curiously Compelling Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Triumphant 20th Anniversary Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Unsinkable Bathroom Reader_
1. _Uncle John's Endlessly Engrossing Bathroom Reader_

### Kid's Bathroom Readers

1. _Uncle John's Bathroom Reader for Kids Only_
1. _Uncle John's Electrifying Bathroom Reader for Kids Only_
1. _Uncle John's Top Secret Bathroom Reader for Kids Only_

### Other books

There are several other books in the series, aside from the "Classics" and the "For Kids Only." Over 3 million of the books have been sold in total.

## Common columns

- "Court Transquips"
- "Famous for 15 Minutes"
- "Strange Lawsuits"
- "Urban Legends"
Civil engineering

**Civil engineering** is the term for the work of designing and building infrastructure. It usually means large structures, like bridges, dams, buildings, roads and tunnels.  It may also be applied to smaller structures like residential buildings.  It also covers complicated networks such as water, irrigation and sewerage networks.  Civil engineers can be involved in all stages in the life of infrastructure, from planning and construction to maintenance and demolition.  Civil engineering often overlaps with architecture.

Civil engineering has many different areas or disciplines.  Some important areas are geotechnical, structures, environmental, construction management, hydrology, transportation, and materials. It is important for civil engineers to have an understanding of all these disciplines as projects often involve many of them at the same time.

Civil engineers are responsible for lots of the things that are required for a society to function properly. Safe water supplies, sewage treatment, roads, railways and buildings are all part of civil engineering.

To work in civil engineering requires training. Construction workers will train at a center and 'on the job' (training while doing the job), sometimes with apprenticeship.

To be a professional in civil engineering requires studying at a university or college. Civil engineers often study subjects like structures, materials, physics and calculus.

The profession of civil engineering is represented by professional bodies in various countries. In the UK the Institution of Civil Engineers promotes civil engineering as a discipline and supports engineers throughout their careers. The American Society of Civil Engineers performs a similar task in the USA.

Professional engineers often choose to become Chartered Engineers. Chartership shows employers and clients that they are both qualified and experienced in their jobs. Civil engineers usually have to write a big essay and take an interview with a panel of experienced engineers to gain chartership.

## Related pages

- Geotechnical engineering
- Infrastructure
- Military engineering
- National Academy of Engineering
- Structural engineering

## Other websites

- List of Civil Engineering Words
Comparison

A **comparison** is an evaluation of similarities and differences.

- Comparison (computer programming)
- Comparison (grammar)
- Comparative
- Three degrees of comparison
Kitchen

The **kitchen** is the room in the house where food is cooked. Sometimes, people eat in their kitchens, too. Hotels, schools, and places where people work often have kitchens as well. A person who works in a kitchen in one of these places may be a kitchen worker or a chef (depending on where he/she cooks).

## History

Kitchens have evolved significantly over time. Early kitchens were basic areas with open fires for cooking, often separate from the living areas due to the smoke. In the Middle Ages, larger homes featured separate kitchens with chimneys.

The Industrial Revolution brought advancements like cast iron stoves, which made kitchens more efficient. By the 20th century, kitchens became central to homes, equipped with gas and electric stoves, refrigerators, and sinks with running water.

Modern kitchens combine cooking and social spaces. They often form part of open-plan living areas.

## Types

Kitchens can vary in size, layout, and purpose. Common layouts include:

- L-shaped kitchens: Popular for small spaces, offering two connecting walls for work areas.
- U-shaped kitchens: Efficient for cooking, providing workspace on three sides.
- Galley kitchens: Narrow and compact, often used in apartments.
- Open-plan kitchens: Integrated with living or dining areas, creating a communal space.

Outdoor kitchens are also common in warm climates and are used for barbecues and social gatherings. They might include grills, sinks, and/or storage. Usually they are located near a water source.

## Key elements

A typical kitchen includes the following elements.

- Appliances: Stoves, ovens, refrigerators, and dishwashers.
- Workspaces: Countertops and islands for food preparation.
- Storage: Cabinets, shelves, and pantry areas for food and utensils.
- Lighting: Task lighting for preparation areas and ambient lighting for aesthetics.

Modern kitchens often include smart appliances, such as refrigerators with touchscreens or ovens controlled via smartphone apps.

## Kitchen trends

Current kitchen trends include:

- Sustainability: Using eco-friendly materials like bamboo and reclaimed wood.
- Minimalism: Clean lines, open shelving, and clutter-free spaces.
- Smart Kitchens: Featuring energy-efficient appliances and voice-activated controls.
- Multi-functional Spaces: Combining cooking areas with dining and entertainment spaces.

## Cultural variations

Kitchen designs differ around the world:

- Japan: Emphasises compact, organised spaces with minimal decoration.
- Mediterranean: Features earthy tones, tiled surfaces, and large cooking areas.
- Western: Often open-plan, blending cooking, dining, and living areas.

## Renovating kitchens

Renovating a kitchen can improve functionality, energy efficiency, and aesthetics. Popular renovations include adding islands, upgrading appliances, and improving storage.
Software engineering

**Software engineering** is a field of engineering, for designing and writing programs for computers or other electronic devices.  A software engineer, or programmer, writes software and compiles the software to make instructions the computer can follow.

Good quality software is easier to fix and add new features. Good documentation and good design are parts of good software. Becoming a software engineer requires experience and practice writing code. Software engineering may be very difficult work.   The software release life cycle includes getting the requirements, planning, writing, documenting and testing the software before it is released. When it is released, it is given to other people to use, who are called the "end users". Good software should be user friendly, which means it is easy to use.

## Steps in creating software

Software engineering can broadly be split into the following steps:
- _Requirements_ say what the software should do.
- _Software design_ is usually done on paper. It says what the different parts of the software are, and how they talk to each other.
- After the design phase is done, each component (part) of the software is coded.  Code is what tells the computer exactly what to do at each step.
- Testing is done to see if the components meet the requirements and that the system as a whole meet the requirements.
- Part or all of this process can be repeated if software bug<nowiki/>s are found or new requirements are needed.

## Tools used in creating software

Software engineers use many tools and practices in making software.  Some of the most common are:
- Flowcharts
- UML diagram
- Debugging tools
- Compiler
- Text editor, usually part of an IDE - Integrated Development Environment
- Database

## Related pages

- Software development

## Other websites

- The British Computer Society
- The Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
- Computer Degrees and Careers
- Software engineering -Citizendium
Student

A **student** is a person who goes to school to learn something. Students can be children, teenagers or adults who are going to university, but it may also be other people who are learning, such as in college. A young person who cannot be classed as a student is called a pupil. Usually, students will learn from a teacher or a lecturer if at university. They also do much reading. Students can also be studying for a specific profession. If they study to be officers, they are cadets.

## Subjects

Students in school learn subjects. There are many subjects in school like:
- Math
- Science
- Social Studies
- Writing
- Reading
- Language

## Related pages

- Education
- Study
Suburb

A **suburb** is an area of a town or city, a little away from the downtown (city center), where there are fewer big buildings and mainly houses, schools and shops. Such places are called suburban areas or suburban districts. Sometimes, the suburbs cover a very large area. The suburbs are part of the metropolitan area and may be legally part of the main city.

Since the Industrial revolution, urbanization has spread very quickly and far. Transport in the form of trams, buses, trains and cars allows commuting from distant homes to work in the inner city. This led to the growth of suburbs as residential areas. Housing commonly includes Detached houses and semi-detached houses and flats. Houses are built farther apart than in the inner city and there is often space for gardens and parks.

As cities grow outwards, they begin to take over the surrounding countryside. Authorities have created green belts on the undeveloped land around a city to prevent urban sprawl and to prevent the towns and cities merging into one. They also encourage development within the town, and protect the countryside. The need for new houses, particularly large detached and semi-detached houses in pleasant surroundings, means that some areas of green belt land have been built on and others are threatened. That's because it is cheaper to build on empty land than to redevelop brownfield sites in older parts of the town or city.

## Related pages

- Suburbanisation - how suburbs are created
Skyscraper

A **skyscraper** is a very tall high-rise building, usually more than 152 metres (500 feet) in height.  Most skyscrapers are built in urban areas such as cities, and they are very common in the central business district (also called downtown) areas of many large cities including New York City, Chicago, London, Paris, Sydney, Beijing, Berlin, Toronto, Moscow, Hong Kong and Tokyo. Skyscrapers  are common in downtown districts where it's more economical to build up instead of out.

## History

Originally, the word **skyscraper** meant a tall sail on a sailing ship. Over time, the word's meaning has changed, and today it means a tall building. Until the nineteenth century, buildings taller than six stories tall were not common. Tall buildings made of weak materials would fall down. In addition, people did not like walking up many steps and running water could only be brought up to fifty feet (15m) high.

Better technology helped make skyscrapers more common. Stronger building materials such as steel and reinforced concrete were developed, so stronger buildings could be made. Water pumps brought water up to heights above fifty feet.

The first building to be considered a skyscraper, the Home Insurance Building, was built in Chicago, Illinois in the United States, and was designed by William LeBaron Jenney. The building, ten stories high, was built from 1884 to 1885. It was destroyed in 1931 because they wanted to build another building in its previous place.

In the same year the Home Insurance Building was destroyed, one of the oldest and most famous skyscrapers, the Empire State Building, opened in New York City. Later in the 20th century, people started building skyscrapers in cities that did not have many tall buildings in the past. In 1973, the then-called Sears Tower in Chicago was finished and became the world's tallest building until the late 1990s. It took the record from the World Trade Center in New York City, which opened in 1970 but was destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Many taller buildings have been built since then, including Taipei 101 in Taipei. This building was the world's tallest from 2004 until 2008, when the Burj Khalifa in Dubai opened. Burj Khalifa is at this time the tallest building and man-made structure ever made, but the Jeddah Tower in Jeddah, which is still being built, will be even taller.

## Related pages

- List of tallest structures in the world
- List of tallest buildings in Australia
- List of tallest buildings in Thailand
- List of tallest buildings in the United States
- Urbanization
Integer

In mathematics, **integers** are whole numbers (natural numbers, their negatives, and zero). Integers can also be shown on a number line like this:

In particular, zero or 0 is an integer that is neither positive nor negative. An integer is a whole number with no fractional or decimal part.

Integers have no smallest or largest value because for any given integer, there is always a larger and smaller integer. Any integer is either greater than or smaller than any other integer. Consecutive integers are integers that come after each other (as in ).

The sum, difference and product of integers is always an integer.(for example, (12 + 2345 × (67 - 8)) × 9 is an integer). An integer divided by an integer is sometimes not an integer (for example, 1 ÷ 2 = 0.5).

or  is the name of the set of integers, and  is the set of positive integers. (, +, 0) is an abelian group.

The number of integers is infinite. The cardinal number of  is . The ordinal number of  is .

To sum up, an integer is a whole number that has no decimals.

## In programming

In some programming languages, like C, there are types called "int" or "integer."
Natural number

The **naturals** (also called **counting numbers** or the **whole numbers**), are the numbers used for counting things. Natural numbers are the numbers small children learn about when they first start to count. Natural numbers are always whole numbers (integers) and exclude zero, so one is the smallest natural number. The set of natural numbers can be represented by the symbol .

There is no largest natural number. The next natural number can be found by adding 1 to the current natural number, producing numbers that go on "forever". There is no natural number that is infinite in size. Any natural number can be reached by adding 1 enough times to the smallest natural number.

## Non-natural numbers

The following types of numbers are not natural numbers:
- Numbers less than 0 (negative numbers), for example, −2 and −1
- Fractions, for example,  and
- Fractional numbers, for example, 7.675
- Irrational numbers, for example,  and   (pi)
- Imaginary numbers, for example,  (_i_)
- Complex numbers, for example,
- infinities, for example,  and

## Basic operations

- _Addition_: The sum of two natural numbers is a natural number.
- _Subtraction_: The difference of two natural numbers is a whole number
    - if  is greater than , then  minus  is a natural number
- _Multiplication_: The product of two natural numbers is a natural number.
- _Division_: The quotient of two natural numbers is a rational number

- _Ordering_: Of two natural numbers, if they are not the same, then one is bigger than the other, and the other is smaller.  , , or
    - if  then
    - if  and  then , which is the same as .
    - One is the smallest natural number:  or
    - There is no largest natural number

- Mathematical induction: If these two things are true of any property  of natural numbers, then  is true of every natural number
    - if  is true of 1
    - and if  of  then  of
    - then  is true of all natural numbers

## Special natural numbers

- Even numbers: If , then  is an even number
    - The first even natural numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8, and so on.
- Odd numbers: If , then  is an odd number
    - A number is either even or odd but not both.
    - The first odd natural numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, and so on.
- Composite numbers: If , and  and  are not 0 or 1, then  is a composite number.
    - The first composite (non-prime) natural numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21 and so on.
- Prime numbers: If a number is not 1, and not a composite number, then it is a prime number.
    - The first prime (non-composite) natural numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and so on. Two is the only even prime number.
    - There is an infinite number of prime numbers.
- Square numbers: If , then  is a square.  is the square of .
    - The first natural squares are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 and so on.

## How to write it

is the way to write the set of all natural numbers. While 0 is not a natural number, it is possible to create a set that includes both the set of natural numbers and the number zero. This set is written .

## Related pages

- Integer