juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Edgar Degas

**Edgar Degas** (, ; born **Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas**, ; 19 July 183427 September 1917) was a French artist. He is famous for his paintings and sculptures: he was one of those who started Impressionism, although he rejected the term, and preferred to be called a realist.<sup>p31</sup>

A superb draughtsman, he is identified with the subject of the dance, and over half of his works depict dancers. These display his mastery in the depiction of movement, as do his racecourse subjects and female nudes. His portraits are notable for their psychological complexity and the way they show human isolation.<sup>p11</sup>

## His life

He was born in Paris, France. He began to paint early in his life. Because his father wanted it, he went to university to become a lawyer in 1853. Edgar did not like this, and he went to study at the _École des Beaux-Arts_, an important art-school in Paris in 1855. In 1856 he traveled to Naples in Italy, he stayed there for 3 years. He studied famous painters like Michelangelo and Raphael and learnt by copying their work.

In 1859 he came back to Paris. He started his first important painting _The Bellelli Family_, and also started on a few paintings on historical myths, like _Alexander and Bucephalus_ and _The Daughter of Jephthah_. In 1861 he visited Normandy and made his first drawings of horses which were an important subject for his paintings.

After the start of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Degas worked for the National Guard. He did not have time to paint.<sup>p29</sup> After the war he went to stay with his brother Rene in New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1873 he went back to Paris and in 1874 his father died. He then found out his brother had large business debts. Edgar had to sell the house and a collection of art he had inherited. He now had to depend on his paintings for his income. He created a lot of great paintings in next 10 years.<sup>p33</sup> With the money he earned, he bought paintings by painters he liked a lot. Examples are Manet, Paul Cézanne, Pissarro, Gauguin, Van Gogh and others.

In 1874 Edgar Degas and a group of other painters started to organise their own art exhibition. Their exhibitions were called "Impressionist Exhibitions". At the end of the 1880s, he started to take photographs of his friends.<sup>p26</sup> Other photographs, of dancers and nudes, were used as an example for some of his later paintings.<sup>p34</sup>

As the years passed, he became isolated. They think that he made sculptures up until 1910. He probably stopped working in 1912. He never married, and he was nearly blind at the end of his life. He died in Paris in 1917.<sup>p41</sup>

## Related pages

- List of French painters
Luigi Russolo

**Luigi Russolo** (30 April 1883 – 4 February 1947)  was a painter and musician from Italy. He was part of the Futurism movement and built his own musical instruments. His instruments were destroyed in World War II in Paris, because the Germans bombed the city, others have simply disappeared.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Luigi Russolo
- **image**: Luigi Russolo ca. 1916.gif
- **caption**: Luigi Russolo ca. 1916
- **image size**: 130px
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Luigi Russolo
- **genre**: Experimental music, Avant-garde
- **occupation**: "Machine music" pioneer
Futurism, Futurist Painting, painter
Custom-made instrument builder, Custom instrument builder
- **years active**: 1901-1947
Bacterial conjugation

**Bacterial conjugation** is the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.

Conjugation is a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer, as are transformation and transduction, though these two other mechanisms do not involve cell-to-cell contact.

Bacterial conjugation was discovered by Nobel Prize winners Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum. They showed that the bacterium _Escherichia coli_ entered a sexual phase during which it could share genetic information.

Bacterial conjugation is often incorrectly regarded as the equivalent of sexual reproduction, since it involves the exchange of genetic material. During conjugation the _donor_ cell provides a conjugative or mobilizable genetic element that is most often a plasmid or transposon. Most conjugative plasmids have systems ensuring that the _recipient_ cell does not already contain a similar element.

The genetic information transferred is often beneficial to the recipient. Benefits may include antibiotic resistance, xenobiotic tolerance or the ability to use new metabolites. Such beneficial plasmids may be considered bacterial endosymbionts. Other elements, however, may be viewed as bacterial parasites and conjugation as a mechanism evolved by them to allow for their spread.

## Mechanism

The basic conjugative plasmid is the **F-plasmid**, or F-factor. The F-plasmid is an episome (a plasmid that can integrate itself into the bacterial chromosome) with a length of about 100,000 base pairs.

There can only be one copy of the F-plasmid in a given bacterium, either free or integrated, and bacteria that possess a copy are called _F-positive_ or _F-plus_ (denoted F<sup>+</sup>). Cells that lack F plasmids are called _F-negative_ or _F-minus_ (F<sup>-</sup>) and can function as recipient cells.

## Inter-kingdom transfer

The nitrogen fixing _Rhizobia_ are an interesting case of inter-kingdom conjugation.

For example, the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of _Agrobacterium_ and the root-tumor inducing (Ri) plasmid of _A. rhizogenes_ contain genes that are capable of transferring to plant cells. These genes turn plant cells into factories producing chemicals used by the bacteria for nitrogen and energy. Infected cells form crown galls or root tumours, respectively. The Ti and Ri plasmids are thus endosymbionts of the bacteria, which are in turn endosymbionts (or parasites) of the infected plant.

## Genetic engineering

Conjugation is a convenient means for transferring genetic material to a variety of targets. In laboratories successful transfers have been reported from bacteria to yeast, plants, mammalian cells, and isolated mammalian mitochondria.

Conjugation has advantages over other forms of genetic transfer. In plant engineering, _Agrobacterium_-like conjugation complements other standard vehicles such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). While TMV is capable of infecting many plant families these are primarily herbaceous dicots. _Agrobacterium_-like conjugation is also primarily used for dicots, but monocot recipients are not uncommon.
Plasmid

A **plasmid** is a DNA molecule that is separate from the chromosomal DNA and that can replicate (copy itself) independently.

The term _plasmid_ was first introduced by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg in 1952.

Plasmids are double stranded and, in many cases, circular. Plasmids usually occur naturally in bacteria, but are sometimes found in eukaryotic organisms (e.g., the _2-micrometre-ring_ in _Saccharomyces cerevisiae_).

Plasmid size varies from 1 to over 1,000 kilobase pairs (kbp). The number of identical plasmids within a single cell can range from one to thousands. Plasmids are often associated with conjugation, a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.

Plasmids are transferable genetic elements, or "replicons", capable of independent self copying in a suitable host. Plasmids can be found in all three major domains, Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Similar to viruses, plasmids are not considered a form of "life" as it is currently defined. Unlike viruses, plasmids are "naked" DNA and do not encode genes necessary to encase the genetic material for transfer to a new host.

Plasmid host-to-host transfer requires direct, mechanical transfer by conjugation or changes in host gene expression allowing the intentional uptake of the genetic element by transformation.

Microbial transformation with plasmid DNA is neither parasitic nor symbiotic in nature, since each implies the presence of an independent species living in a commensal or detrimental state with the host organism. Rather, plasmids provide a mechanism for horizontal gene transfer within a population of microbes and may provide a selective advantage under a given environmental state.

Plasmids may carry genes that provide resistance to naturally occurring antibiotics in a competitive environmental niche, or alternatively the proteins produced may act as toxins under similar circumstances. Plasmids also can provide bacteria with an ability to fix elemental nitrogen or to degrade difficult organic compounds. This may provide an advantage under conditions of nutrient deprivation.

The construction of first **recombinant DNA** emerged from linking of a gene encoding antibiotic resistance with a native plasmid.
Horizontal gene transfer

**Horizontal gene transfer (HGT)** (or _Lateral gene transfer_) is how an organism gets genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism.

By contrast, _vertical transfer_ occurs when an organism gets genetic material from its ancestor, e.g., its parent or a species from which it has evolved.

Most thinking in genetics has focused on vertical transfer, but horizontal gene transfer is also important. Amongst single-celled organisms it may be the dominant form of genetic transfer. Artificial horizontal gene transfer may be used as a type of genetic engineering.

## Mechanism

There are several mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer:

- Transformation, the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA). This process is relatively common in bacteria, but less so in eukaryotes. Transformation is often used in laboratories to insert novel genes into bacteria for experiments or for industrial or medical applications.
- Transduction, the process in which bacterial DNA is moved from one bacterium to another by a bacterial virus (a bacteriophage, or 'phage').
- Bacterial conjugation, a process in which a bacterial cell transfers genetic material to another cell by cell-to-cell contact.
- A **gene transfer agent** or 'GTA' is a virus-like element which contains random pieces of the host chromosome. They are found in most members of the alphaproteobacteria order Rhodobacterales. They are encoded by the host genome. GTAs transfer DNA so frequently that they may have an important role in evolution.
A 2010 report found that genes for antibiotic resistance could be transferred by engineering GTAs in the laboratory.
- Integrons, a bacterial "kit" for transferring gene cassettes.

## History

Horizontal gene transfer was first described in Japan in a 1959 publication that demonstrated the transfer of antibiotic resistance between different species of bacteria.

In the mid-1980s, Syvanen suggested that lateral gene transfer not only had biological significance, but was involved in shaping evolutionary history from the beginning of life on Earth.

"Increasingly, studies of genes and genomes are indicating that considerable horizontal transfer has occurred between prokaryotes". The phenomenon appears to have had some significance for unicellular eukaryotes as well. As Bapteste et al. observe, "additional evidence suggests that gene transfer might also be an important evolutionary mechanism in protist evolution".

There is some evidence that even higher plants and animals have been affected. Richardson and Palmer (2007) state: "Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has played a major role in bacterial evolution and is fairly common in certain unicellular eukaryotes. However, the prevalence and importance of HGT in the evolution of multicellular eukaryotes remains unclear".
Transduction (genetics)

**Transduction** how a virus moves DNA from one bacterium to another.

Joshua Lederberg and his graduate student Norton Zinder showed in 1952 that bacteriophages could transfer genetic information between bacteria in _Salmonella_. This explained how bacteria of different species could gain resistance to the same antibiotic very quickly.

Transduction also refers to the process whereby foreign DNA is introduced into another cell via a viral vector. This is a common tool used by molecular biologists to introduce a foreign gene into a host cell's genome.

When bacteriophages infect a bacterial cell, they usually reproduce by using the replicational, transcriptional, and translation machinery of the host bacterial cell to make many complete viral particles, including the viral DNA or RNA and the protein coat. Errors in this process can result in the virus carrying over DNA from one bacterium to another.
Transformation (genetics)

In molecular biology, **transformation** is the genetic alteration of a cell by the direct uptake and expression of DNA from its surroundings.

Transformation occurs naturally in some species of bacteria, and can also be done artificially. Bacteria that are capable of being transformed, whether naturally or artificially, are called _competent_.

Transformation is one of three processes by which outside genetic material may be brought into bacterial cells. The other two are conjugation (transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact), and transduction (injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage into the host).

Transformation may also used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells, such as animal and plant cells. Introduction of foreign DNA into eukaryote cells is usually called "transfection".

## History

Transformation was first demonstrated in 1928 by British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith. Griffith discovered that a harmless strain of _Streptococcus pneumoniae_ could be made virulent after being exposed to heat-killed virulent strains.

Griffith thought some "transforming principle" from the heat-killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent. In 1944 this transforming principle was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty. They isolated DNA from a virulent strain of _S. pneumoniae_ and using just this DNA were able to make a harmless strain virulent. They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria 'transformation'. See Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.

The results of these experiments were at first sceptically received by the scientific community. Not until the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer (conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953) by Joshua Lederberg were Avery's experiments accepted. Transformation did not become routine procedure in laboratories until 1972 when Cohen successfully transformed _Escherichia coli_ by treating the bacteria with calcium chloride. This created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria and opened the way for biotechnology and research.

Transformation of animal and plant cells was also investigated with the first transgenic mouse being created by injecting a gene for a rat growth hormone into a mouse embryo in 1982.

In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors, _Agrobacterium tumefaciens_, was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid. By removing the genes in the plasmid which caused the tumour and adding in new genes researchers were able to infect plants with _A. tumefaciens_ and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants.

Not all plant cells are susceptible to infection by _A. tumefaciens,_ so other methods were developed including electroporation and micro-injection. Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System (gene gun) by John Sanford in 1990.
Malibu, California

**Malibu** () is a beach city in western Los Angeles County, California, about  west of Downtown Los Angeles. It has a Mediterranean climate. The  strip of the Malibu coast incorporated in 1991 into the City of Malibu. The area is home of Hollywood movie stars, people in the entertainment industry, and other affluent residents. Most Malibu residents live within a few hundred yards of Pacific Coast Highway (State Route 1), which crosses the city, with some residents living up to a mile (1.6 km) away from the beach up narrow canyons. As of the 2020 census, the population was 10,654.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Malibu, California
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in California, City
- **image skyline**: MalibuAir.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Downtown Malibu and surrounding neighborhoods
- **image flag**: Flag of Malibu, California.gif
- **image seal**: Seal of Malibu, California.jpg
- **seal size**: 94px
- **nickname**: The 'Bu
- **image map**: LA County Incorporated Areas Malibu highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Malibu in Los Angeles County, California
- **pushpin map**: Los Angeles##USA California#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area##Location in California##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Malibu
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: California
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Los Angeles County, California, Los Angeles
- **established title3**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated (city)
- **named for**: Chumashan languages, Chumash: _Humaliwo_, "The Surf Sounds Loudly"
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 51.54
- **area total sq mi**: 19.90
- **area land km2**: 51.45
- **area land sq mi**: 19.86
- **area water km2**: 0.09
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **area water percent**: 0.22
- **elevation m**: 32
- **elevation ft**: 105
- **population total**: 10654
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 90263–90265
- **area code**: Area codes 310 and 424, 310/424
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
- **population density km2**: auto
- **native name lang**: veo
Spirochaete

**Spirochaetes** (or Spirochetes) are the phylum **Spirochaetae**. These are double-membrane bacteria with long, helically coiled (spiral-shaped) cells.

Spirochaetes are bacteria. They have flagella, which run lengthwise between the cell wall and outer membrane. The flagella cause a twisting motion which moves the spirochaete about.

Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are many parasitic species.

## Classification

The spirochaetes are divided into three families (Brachyspiraceae, Leptospiraceae, and Spirochaetaceae). They are all put in a single order, the **Spirochaetales**. Disease-causing members of this phylum include:

- _Leptospira_ species, some of which cause leptospirosis
- _Borrelia_ species, some of which cause Lyme disease
    - _Borrelia recurrentis_, which causes relapsing fever.
- _Treponema pallidum_ subspecies which cause syphilis and yaws.
- _Brachyspira_ species, which cause intestinal spirochaetosis.

## Other websites

- Introduction to the Spirochetes. UCMP. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/spirochetes.html
Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment

The **Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment** was reported in 1944 by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty, that DNA is the substance that causes bacterial transformation.

This was the culmination of research in the 1930s and early 1940s at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research to purify and characterize the "transforming principle" responsible for the phenomenon first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928. In this early experiment dead _Streptococcus pneumoniae_ of the virulent strain type III-S, when injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci, resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci.

At that time it was thought protein might be the hereditary material. In their paper in 1944, Avery and his colleagues suggest that DNA, rather than protein was the hereditary material of bacteria, and could be analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.

This was an epoch-making experiment, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. The Nobel laureate Arne Tiselius said that Avery was the most deserving scientist not to receive the Nobel Prize for his work.
Alton, Kansas

**Alton** is a city in Osborne County, Kansas, United States. There were 100 people living in Alton in the 2020 census. Alton was previously known as "Bull City".

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Alton, Kansas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Osborne_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Alton_Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Osborne County, Kansas, Osborne County and Kansas
- **image map1**: Map of Osborne Co, Ks, USA.png
- **map caption1**: Kansas Department of Transportation, KDOT map of Osborne County, Kansas, Osborne County (:File:Kansas official transportation map legend.png, legend)
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kansas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kansas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Osborne County, Kansas, Osborne
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Kansas, Township
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1870 (Bull City)
- **established title1**: Platted
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1885
- **named for**: Alton, Illinois
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total sq mi**: 0.31
- **area land sq mi**: 0.31
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area total km2**: 0.80
- **area land km2**: 0.80
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation ft**: 1647
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 100
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 67623
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 785, 785
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 20-01600
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID
- **blank1 info**: 2393938
Lebanon, Kansas

**Lebanon** is a city in Smith County, Kansas, United States, in the north central part of the state. The population was 178 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lebanon, Kansas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Lebanon, KS.jpg
- **image caption**: Visitor center (2019)
- **image map**: Smith_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Lebanon_Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Smith County, Kansas, Smith County and Kansas
- **image map1**: Map of Smith Co, Ks, USA.png
- **map caption1**: Kansas Department of Transportation, KDOT map of Smith County, Kansas, Smith County (:File:Kansas official transportation map legend.png, legend)
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kansas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kansas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Smith County, Kansas, Smith
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Kansas, Township
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1876
- **established title1**: Platted
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1889
- **named for**: Lebanon, Kentucky
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total sq mi**: 0.32
- **area land sq mi**: 0.32
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area total km2**: 0.84
- **area land km2**: 0.84
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation ft**: 1844
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 178
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 66952
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 785, 785
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 20-39100
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID
- **blank1 info**: 2395665
Sprint Corporation

**Sprint Nextel Corporation** () was a telecommunications company based in Overland Park, Kansas.  It operated under the name **Sprint**, and was once the fourth largest wireless telecommunications network in the United States behind Verizon, AT&T and T-Mobile, with 56.3 million customers, behind Verizon Wireless and AT&T Mobility.

On April 1, 2020, T-Mobile and Sprint merged, with T-Mobile now being the whole owner of Sprint, making Sprint an effective subsidiary of T-Mobile until the Sprint brand was officially phased out. Leadership, background, and stock changes happened immediately, with customer side changes happening over time. Sprint was officially discontinued on August 2, 2020. Billing was already showing the T-Mobile brand, and on this date all retail, customer service, and all other company branding was replaced by T-Mobile. New rate plans were also introduced as well for all new and existing customers from both companies, though they will all will remain with their current plan, if they choose not to switch to a new T-Mobile plan for at least 3 years.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Sprint Nextel Corporation
- **logo**: Sprint_Corporation_Logo.svg
- **image**: Sprint_store_on_TV_Highway_-_Hillsboro,_Oregon.JPG
- **image caption**: A Sprint store in Hillsboro, Oregon
- **type**: Public company, Public ()
- **foundation**: 1937
- **predecessor**: Brown Telephone Company
- **defunct**: (as a company)
August 2, 2020 (overall)
- **location city**: Overland Park, Kansas
- **location country**: United States
- **key people**: James Hance, <small>chair (official), chairman</small>
Dan Hesse, <small>chief executive officer, chief executive</small>
- **industry**: Telecommunications
- **services**: Mobile phone services
Internet carrier
- **num employees**: 40,000 (2012)
Rajon Rondo

**Rajon Pierre Rondo** (born February 22, 1986 in Louisville, Kentucky) is an American former professional basketball point guard. He played parts of 16 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Boston Celtics, Dallas Mavericks, Sacramento Kings, Chicago Bulls, New Orleans Pelicans, Los Angeles Lakers, Atlanta Hawks, Los Angeles Clippers, Los Angeles Lakers, and Cleveland Cavaliers. Rondo won an NBA Championship with the Boston Celtics in 2008. Rondo was selected with the 21st overall pick in the first round of the 2006 NBA Draft by the Phoenix Suns. Rondo played college basketball for the University of Kentucky.

On April 2, 2024, Rondo announced that he was retiring from playing professional basketball.

## Other websites

- Rajon Rondo's NBA profile page
Bette Midler

**Bette Midler** (born December 1, 1945) is an American actress, singer and comedian. She starred in movies including _Ruthless People_, _Beaches_ and _Hocus Pocus_. Midler has won many awards in the entertainment industry. She was born in Honolulu, Hawaii.

## Career

Midler released her first album, _The Divine Miss M_, in December 1972. Midler won the 1973 Grammy Award for Best New Artist because of it.

In 1979, Midler appeared in her first movie, _The Rose_, as the main character.

In 1988, she played Cecilia Bloom in _Beaches_. The movie's soundtrack featured a cover version of "Wind Beneath My Wings" sung by Midler. It reached No.1.

In 2000, she had her own sitcom called _Bette_. It ended after one season.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1966|_Hawaii_|Passenger|Uncredited||
|1968|_The Detective_|Girl at Party|Uncredited||
|1969|_Goodbye, Columbus_|Wedding Guest|Uncredited, cut scene||
|1971|__|Virgin Mary|Also known as _The Divine Mr. J_; blocked distribution of movie||
|1972|_Scarecrow in a Garden of Cucumbers_|unknown|Voice||
|1979|__|Mary Rose Foster|||
|1980|_Divine Madness!_|Herself/ Divine Miss M.|Concert movie||
|1982|_Jinxed!_|Bonita Friml|||
|rowspan="2"|1986|_Down and Out in Beverly Hills_|Barbara Whiteman||
|_Ruthless People_|Barbara Stone||||
|1987|_Outrageous Fortune_|Sandy Brozinsky|||
|rowspan="3"|1988|_Big Business_|Sadie Shelton/Sadie Ratliff||
|_Oliver & Company_|Georgette|Voice|||
|_Beaches_|C. C. Bloom||||
|1989|__|Music Teacher|Short film||
|1990|_Stella_|Stella Claire|||
|rowspan="3"|1991|_Scenes from a Mall_|Deborah Fifer||
|_For the Boys_|Dixie Leonard||||
|_Yakety Yak, Take it Back_|Herself||||
|1992|_Trash Talk_|Herself|||
|1993|_Hocus Pocus_|Winifred 'Winnie' Sanderson|||
|1995|_Get Shorty_|Doris Saphron|Uncredited||
|1996|__|Brenda Cushman|||
|1997|_That Old Feeling_|Lilly Leonard|||
|rowspan="2"|1999|_Get Bruce_|Herself||
|_Fantasia 2000_|Herself / Hostess|Segment: "Piano Concerto No. 2, Allegro, Opus 102"|||
|rowspan="3"|2000|_Drowning Mona_|Mona Dearly||
|_Isn't She Great_|Jacqueline Susann||||
|_What Women Want_|Dr. J.M. Perkins|Uncredited|||
|2002|_Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood_||Executive producer||
|2004|__|Bobbie Markowitz|||
|2007|_Then She Found Me_|Bernice Graves|||
|2008|__|Leah Miller|||
|2010|_Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore_|Kitty Galore|Voice||
|rowspan="2"|2012|_Casting By_|Herself|Documentary|
|_Parental Guidance_|Diane Decker||||
|2017|_Freak Show_|Muv|||
|2019|_The Addams Family_|Grandmama|Voice||
|TBA|_The Glorias: A Life on the Road_|Bella Abzug|_Post-production_||
Subway (restaurant)

**Subway** is an American fast-food chain corporation specializing in restaurants. These restaurants mainly sell submarine sandwiches, but also has pizzas, protein bowls,  salads, soups, cookies and muffins. The name "Subway" comes from the New York City Subway, a public transport system in New York City, and many restaurants are decorated with historic photographs and maps of the subway system.

The first Subway outside of North America opened in Bahrain, in December 1984. Today, there are more than 44,000 Subway locations in 112 countries across the world, making it the world's largest fast food restaurant chain by number of stores. It has more stores than McDonald's, but McDonald's earns more revenue than Subway.

Since 2007, Subway has consistently ranked in Entrepreneur Magazines' top 500 franchise list. It also ranked 2nd on the "Fastest Growing Franchise" lists. In March 2011, Subway was named "the most loved fast food chain in the US" by Amplicate.com.

## Products

Subway's main product is a type of sandwich called a submarine sandwich or "sub". Each sub is made from a combination of baguette, meat, cheese and vegetables. Subway has different menu items for different countries. However, there are some common products that are sold in most countries. They are:
- Italian BMT (Stands for "Biggest, Meatiest, Tastiest" though it stood for "Brooklyn Manhattan Transit" at first.)
- Steak & Cheese
- Meatball Marinara
- Chicken Teriyaki
- Subway Club
- Chicken & Bacon Ranch
- Tuna
- Roasted Chicken
- Veggie Delite
- Ham
- Cranberry sauce & Herbed Stuffing
- Grey Poupon Sub
- Roast Beef
- Egg & Cheese
- Bacon, egg & cheese

### Regional variations

Subway formerly had 23 kosher restaurants in Israel. All were closed by 2004. In the United States, there used to be 12 locations with kosher food. As of 2011, only five stores were open.

Subway opened its first restaurant in India in 2001 in New Delhi. Subway restaurants in India do not serve beef and pork products in deference to Hindu and Muslim beliefs respectively. Subway opened its first all-vegetarian outlet on the campus of Lovely Professional University (LPU) in Jalandhar, Punjab. In 2009, Zagat Survey Says "Top Overall", Behind Wendy's.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Subway restaurant locations map
- tellsubway

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Subway
- **company logo**: Subway 2016 logo.svg
- **logo caption**: Logo since 2016
- **company type**: Private company, Private
- **foundation**: Bridgeport, Connecticut, Bridgeport, Connecticut, U.S. (1965)
- **location**: Milford, Connecticut, Milford, Connecticut, U.S.
- **key people**: John Chidsey (CEO)
- **industry**: Restaurants
- **products**: sandwich, Submarines
Salads
Pizzas
Cookies
 Muffins
- **revenue**: $15.0305 billion USD (2006)
Brandon Bochenski

**Brandon Louis Bochenski** (born April 4, 1982) is a Kazakhstani-American former professional ice hockey player. He was picked by the Ottawa Senators with the 223rd overall pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the NHL for many teams including the Ottawa Senators from 2004-2006, Chicago Blackhawks from 2005-2007, Boston Bruins from 2006-2008, Anaheim Ducks in 2007, Nashville Predators in 2007 and the Tampa Bay Lightning from 2008-2010 before leaving North America to sign a one-year contract with the Kontinental Hockey League's, Barys Astana.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Brandon Bochenski.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Bochenski with the Boston Bruins in 2007.
- **played for**: Ottawa Senators
Chicago Blackhawks
Boston Bruins
Anaheim Ducks
Nashville Predators
Tampa Bay Lightning
Barys Astana
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 194
- **ntl team**: USA
- **ntl team 2**: KAZ
- **birth place**: Blaine, Minnesota, U.S.
- **draft**: 223rd overall
- **draft year**: 2001
- **draft team**: Ottawa Senators
- **career start**: 2004
- **career end**: 2019
Bouvier des Flandres

The **Bouvier des Flandres** is a breed of dog that originated in Flanders. They are now known to be guard dogs, police dogs and pets. They were originally known for cattle droving, sheep herding, and cart pulling. Their name means "Cow Herder of Flanders" in English.
Peter Forsberg

**Peter Mattias "Foppa" Forsberg** (born July 20, 1973 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden) is a retired Swedish ice hockey center.

Forsberg was known for his on-ice vision and physical play when he was on the ice. Forsberg won the Stanley Cup in 1996, and again in 2001, while part of the Colorado Avalanche. Forsberg played his NHL career while a part of 4 teams and had a career that spanned over 15 NHL seasons. Forsberg also played in the Swedish Elite League for the Modo Hockey. Forsberg announced that he would make a return to the NHL on January 21, 2011 but later retired after only 2 road games.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Peter Forsberg 2016-03-17 001 (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Forsberg in 2016
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shot**: Left
- **birth place**: Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 209
- **played for**: **National Hockey League, NHL**:
Quebec Nordiques
Colorado Avalanche
Philadelphia Flyers
Nashville Predators
**Swedish Hockey League, SEL**:
Modo Hockey
- **ntl team**: Sweden
- **draft**: 6th overall
- **draft year**: 1991
- **draft team**: Philadelphia Flyers
- **career start**: 1989
- **career end**: 2011
- **halloffame**: 2014
Marie François Sadi Carnot

**Marie François Sadi Carnot** (; 11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, the fourth president of the Third French Republic. He served as the President of France from 1887 until he was murdered by Sante Geronimo Caserio in 1894.

## Presidency

Carnot had a reputation for honesty, this made him a popular candidate to succeed Jules Grévy who had resigned following a scandal. He was elected by 616 votes out of 827. He assumed office at a critical period, when the republic was all but openly attacked by.

Carnot's popularity helped to force General Boulanger into exile. Boulanger was a conservative and a supporter of the monarchy, and it was feared he would try to overthrow the Republic.

## Death

Carnot was near his most popular, when, on 24 June 1894, he attended a public banquet in Lyon. Afterward, Carnot was stabbed by an Italian anarchist named Sante Geronimo Caserio. He died shortly after midnight on 25 June. The stabbing aroused widespread horror and grief, and the president was honoured with an elaborate funeral ceremony in the Panthéon.

## Related pages

- Politics of France

## Other websites

- Carnot's Gravesite
- Carnot biography

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Sadi Carnot
- **order**: 5th President of the French Republic
Co-Prince of Andorra
- **nationality**: French
- **image**: Portrait officiel de Sadi Carnot.jpg
- **term start**: 3 December 1887
- **term end**: 25 June 1894
- **predecessor**: Jules Grévy
- **successor**: Jean Casimir-Perier
- **birth place**: Limoges, Haute-Vienne
- **death place**: Lyon, Rhône
- **party**: Republican Left
Leaf insect

The family **Phylliidae** (often misspelt 'Phyllidae') includes the living true **leaf insects** or **walking leaves**, which include some of the most remarkable leaf mimics in the entire animal kingdom. They occur from South Asia through Southeast Asia to Australia. There are different views about their taxonomy.

## Characteristics

Leaf insects use camouflage to take on the appearance of a leaf. They do this so accurately that predators often cannot distinguish them from real leaves. In some species the edge of the leaf insect's body even has the appearance of bite marks. To further confuse predators, when the leaf insect walks, it rocks back and forth, to mimic a real leaf being blown by the wind.

They and stick insects go together in the Order Phasmatodea.

The scholar Antonio Pigafetta may have been the first to document the creature.  Sailing with Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigational expedition, he studied and chronicled the fauna on the island of Cimbonbon as the fleet hauled ashore for repairs.

## Related pages

- Stick insect
Dictyoptera

**Dictyoptera** includes two orders of insects – cockroackes and temites (Blattodea), and mantids (Mantodea).

While all modern Dictyoptera have short ovipositors, the oldest fossils of Dictyoptera have long ovipositors, much like members of the Orthoptera.

The term Dictyoptera is usually considered a superorder, with Isoptera, Blattaria and Mantodea being its three orders. In some classifications, however, Dictyoptera is shifted to order status.

Regardless, in all classifications the three constituent groups are the same, just treated at different rank. Termites and cockroaches are very closely related, with ecological and molecular data pointing to a relationship with the cockroach genus _Cryptocercus_.

Based on genetic evidence, the closest living relatives of the Dictyoptera are the phasmids. If the Dictyoptera are a superorder they might be included in it.
Frances Fisher

**Frances Fisher** (born 11 May 1952) is an England-born American actress. She played Strawberry Alice for 1992's _Unforgiven_. She also played Ruth DeWitt Bukater in the 1997 movie _Titanic_. Both movies won the Academy Award for "Best Pictuce". Before those, Fisher starred in the soap opera _The Edge of Night_ (1976–1981).

Fisher was born in Milford on Sea, Hampshire, England.

Fisher supported Senator Bernie Sanders for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
Fredonia, Kansas

**Fredonia** is a city in Wilson County, Kansas, United States. The population was 2,151 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Wilson County.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Fredonia, Kansas
- **settlement type**: City and County seat
- **image skyline**: Gold_Dust_Hotel_Fredonia_Kansas.jpg
- **image caption**: Gold Dust Hotel (2016)
- **image map**: Wilson_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Fredonia_Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Wilson County, Kansas, Wilson County and Kansas
- **image map1**: Map of Wilson Co, Ks, USA.png
- **map caption1**: Kansas Department of Transportation, KDOT map of Wilson County, Kansas, Wilson County (:File:Kansas official transportation map legend.png, legend)
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kansas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kansas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Wilson County, Kansas, Wilson
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Kansas, Township
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1860s
- **established title1**: Platted
- **established date1**: 1868
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1871
- **named for**: Fredonia, New York
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total sq mi**: 2.45
- **area land sq mi**: 2.44
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **area total km2**: 6.34
- **area land km2**: 6.32
- **area water km2**: 0.02
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation ft**: 896
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 2151
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 66736
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 620, 620
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 20-24575
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID
- **blank1 info**: 475082
Grylloblattidae

**Grylloblattidae** is a family of extremophile and wingless insects that live in the cold on top of mountains.

They are commonly called **grylloblattids**, but are also sometimes called **ice crawlers** or **icebugs**.

Most are nocturnal and appear to feed on detritus (rubbish). They have long antennae (23–45 segments) and long cerci (appendages on the rear; 5–8 segments), but no wings.

Their closest living relatives are the recently-discovered Mantophasmatidae.

The family is placed in its own suborder, **Grylloblattodea**, and sometimes in its own order, **Grylloblattaria**. It contains 5 genera and 25 species.
Paraneoptera

**Paraneoptera** is a monophyletic superorder of insects.

It includes four orders, the bark lice, true lice, thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs.

The mouthparts of the Paraneoptera reflect diverse feeding habits. Basal groups are microbial surface feeders, whereas more advanced groups feed on plant or animal fluids.

## Hemiptera

Hemiptera is an order of insects often known as the _true bugs_ (bug). They are about 50,000–80,000 species of cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, shield bugs, and others. They range in size from  to around , and share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts.

## Psocoptera

Psocoptera, the bark lice, include 4,400 described species arranged in 3 suborders. There are 50 families of bark lice with over 200 genera. This is the first insect order to show the beginnings of a transition to sucking mouthparts. It is sister group to the Phthiraptera. Bark lice are found on foliage, under bark, or in leaf litter.

## Phthiraptera

Phthiraptera, the lice, includes 5,000 described species divided into 4 suborders.

The body of a louse is dorsoventrally flattened and the eyes are absent or nearly so. The legs are strong for holding onto fur or feathers of the host. All species of lice are parasitic. Lice parasitise all orders of birds and most orders of mammals.

## Thrips

Order Thysanoptera includes 5,500 species classified into two suborders. These insects are called thrips.

The mouth is in the form of an asymmetrical mouth cone, consisting of piercing stylets. Thrips are commonly found on and in flowers. Most species are phytophagous, feeding on flowers.
Exopterygota

The **Exopterygota**  are a superorder of insects. They are in the subclass Pterygota in the infraclass Neoptera.

In Exopterygotes the young resemble adults but have externally-developing wings. They undergo a modest change between immature and adult, without going through a pupal stage. The nymphs develop gradually into adults through a process of moulting.

The Exopterygota are a diverse insect superorder, divided into eight orders. They include locusts, thrips, and lice among other types of insects.

They are distinguished from the Endopterygota (or Holometabola) by the way in which their wings develop. Endopterygota (meaning literally "internal winged forms") develop wings inside the body and undergo an elaborate metamorphosis involving a pupal stage. Exopterygota ("external winged forms") develop wings on the outside of their bodies without going through a true pupal stage, though a few have something resembling a pupa.
Xiphosura

**Xiphosura** is an order of marine chelicerates. It includes a large number of extinct lines and only four recent species in the family Limulidae, which include the horseshoe crabs.

The group has hardly changed in millions of years. The modern horseshoe crabs look almost identical to prehistoric genera such as the Jurassic _Mesolimulus_, and are considered to be living fossils.

Xiphosura are traditionally placed in the class Merostomata. This term was originally made for the eurypterids; now, with the Xiphosura added, it is known to be paraphyletic.

Although the name Merostomata is still seen in textbooks, without reference to the Eurypterida, some have urged that this usage should be discouraged. The shared features of the two groups traditionally grouped in the Merostomata are now thought to be retentions of primitive conditions (symplesiomorphies).

The Xiphosura is basal to a clade comprising Eurypterida and Arachnida. It is estimated that the Xiphosura diverged from the Arachnida 480 million years ago.
Eurypterid

The **eurypterids**, related to arachnids, were the largest known arthropods. They are members of the extinct order **Eurypterida**. It is a most diverse Chelicerate order. They are also called **sea scorpions**.

The largest, such as _Jaekelopterus_, reached 2½ metres in length, but most species were less than 20 cm (8 inches). They were the largest arthropods of all time. They were predators which thrived in the warm, shallow seas and lakes of the Ordovician to the Permian periods, around 460 to 248 million years ago. Recent research suggsts their eyesight was not very good.

The move from the sea to fresh water probably occurred by the Pennsylvanian period. Eurypterids went extinct during the Permian–Triassic extinction event 251 million years ago, and their fossils have a near global distribution.

## Description

The typical eurypterid had a large, flat, semicircular carapace, followed by a jointed section, and finally a tapering, flexible tail, most ending with a long spine at the end (_Pterygotus_, though, had a large flat tail, possibly with a smaller spine). Behind the head of the eurypterids were twelve body segments. These segments are formed by a dorsal plate, called a tergite, and a ventral plate, called a sternite. The tail, known as the telson, is spiked in most eurypterids.

A recent discovery of a new fossil species of eurypterid, _Pentecopterus_, has been made. It is two meters long, and lived 467 million years ago, in the Middle Ordovician period.

## Some genera

- _Megarachne_
- _Bassipterus_
- _Jaekelopterus_
- _Orcanopterus_
- _Eurypterus_
- _Pterygotus_
- _Slimonia_
- _Mixopterus_
- _Terropterus_

## Other websites

- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982220314226
Amblypygi

**Amblypygi** is an order of Arachnids also known as **whip spiders** or tailless **whip scorpions**. The name 'amblypygid' means "blunt rump", a reference to a lack of the telson (tail). They are harmless to humans.

The Amblypygs are in the subphylum Chelicerata of the phylum Arthropoda. The order has 5 families, 17 genera and about 155 species. They are found in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Some species are subterranean; many are nocturnal. During the day, they may hide under logs, bark, stones, or leaves. They prefer a humid environment.