juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Aral Sea

The **Aral Sea** ( (Aral tengizi), , ) was a lake in Central Asia. It is between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south.

Since the 1960s, the Aral Sea shrank. 90% of the sea has gone. The rivers that fed it (the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya) were used by the Soviet Union for irrigating cotton production. What is left of the Aral Sea is heavily polluted, largely as the result of weapons testing, industrial projects, and fertilizer runoff before and after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

There is a project to save at least the northern part of the Aral Sea. For this, a dam was built in the 1990 to stop water running off. Climate improved in the following years, and water levels rose again. However, that dam broke, and was rebuilt in 2005, with international funding.

Another problem was that Rebirth Island had been used for the testing of biological weapons until 1993. It is currently contaminated with anthrax, the plague, and tularemia. Since 2001, it is no longer an island, but a part of the mainland.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Aral Sea
- **image lake**: Aral Sea 1989-2008.jpg
- **caption lake**: The Aral Sea in 1989 (left) and 2008 (right)
- **location**: Kazakhstan - Uzbekistan,
Central Asia
- **type**: endorheic, natural lake, reservoir (North)
- **inflow**: North: Syr Darya
South: groundwater only
(previously the Amu Darya)
- **basin countries**: Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
- **area**:
(2004, four lakes)

(1998, two lakes)

(1960, one lake)
North:
 (2008)
South:
 (2005)
- **depth**: North:  (2007)
South: (2005)
- **max-depth**: North:
 (2008)
 (2007)
 (2003)
South:
 (2005)
 (1989)
- **volume**: North:  (2007)
- **elevation**: North:  (2007)
South:  (2007)
 (1960)
Non-ionizing radiation

**Non-ionizing radiation** (or, esp. in British English, **non-ionising radiation**) means any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules - that is, completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule.

The composition of this radiation can vary depending on what may be ionized. Visible light, near ultraviolet, infrared, microwave and radio waves are all examples of non-ionizing radiation, though visible and near ultraviolet can also ionize some molecules.  The light from the Sun that reaches the earth is largely composed of non-ionizing radiation, with the notable exception of some ultraviolet rays.  However, most ionizing radiation is filtered out by the atmosphere.

## Related pages

- Radio wave
- Ionizing radiation
Electromagnetic spectrum

The **electromagnetic** **spectrum** is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can be divided into octaves — as sound waves are — adding up to eighty-one octaves. Physicists have studied electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from thousands of kilometres down to fractions of the size of an atom. It is commonly said that waves beyond these limits are uncommon, although this is not known to be true. The short wavelength limit is likely to be the Planck length, and the long-wavelength limit is the size of the universe itself, though in principle the spectrum is infinite.

Radiation of shorter wavelength than about 30 μm is commonly detected by its ability to exceed the ionization energy of atoms. Radiation of longer than 3mm is commonly detected by its ability to induce electrical currents. Radiation between these limits was little used until the 21st century because of the difficulty of detecting it.

The types of electromagnetic waves are Radio waves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet, X-rays, and Gamma rays.

## Spectra of objects

Nearly all objects in the universe emit, reflect or transmit some light. (Black holes do not.) The distribution of this light along the electromagnetic spectrum (called the _spectrum_ of the object) is determined by what the object is made of. Several types of spectra can be distinguished depending upon the nature of the radiation coming from an object.

Spectroscopy is the branch of physics that observes matter by its emitted or reflected spectra.

## Other websites

- U.S. Frequency Allocation Chart - Covering the range 3 kHz to 300 GHz (from Department of Commerce)
- Canadian Table of Frequency Allocations  (from Industry Canada)
- UK frequency allocation table (from Ofcom, which inherited the Radiocommunications Agency's duties, pdf format)
- The Science of Spectroscopy  - supported by NASA, includes OpenSpectrum, a Wiki-based learning tool for spectroscopy that anyone can edit
- An EM Spectrum Overview in Flash  by e-builds
Spectrum (disambiguation)

A **spectrum** is a condition or value that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum.

**Spectrum** can also be

- In physical sciences
- The electromagnetic spectrum
    - The spectral class of asteroids
    - The visible spectrum or optical spectrum, a subset of the electromagnetic spectrum
    - An emission spectrum observed in light
    - An absorption spectrum observed in light
    - Radio spectrum, a radio frequency subset (or part) of the electromagnetic spectrum
    - The spectral class of stars in Stellar classification
- The timbre (spectrum of sound energy) of a musical note
- The energy spectrum of a collection of particles (particle physics)
- The frequency spectrum of a signal
- The power spectrum of a signal
- The spectrum of activity of a chemical

- Proper nouns
- The ZX Spectrum, an early British home computer
- _IEEE Spectrum_, a magazine
- _Spectrum_ (magazine), published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church
- Spectrum Value Partners, a management consulting firm
- Spectrum (band), an Australian group of the 1970s led by Mike Rudd
- Spectrum, a band headed by Peter Kember
- The Smith Spectrum, a sports arena in Logan, Utah, U.S.A.
- The Wachovia Spectrum, formerly _The Spectrum_, a sports arena in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
- Guildford Spectrum, a leisure complex in Guildford, England
- Spectrum London, UK, an art gallery
- The Gaylactic Spectrum Awards or Spectrums, a literary award
- Spectrum (album), debut album of fusion drummer, Billy Cobham

- In social and medical sciences
- The economic spectrum
- The political spectrum of opinion
- A spectrum disorder, in psychiatry
- Autism for Autism Spectrum Disorder

- In mathematics
- The spectrum of a matrix, in linear algebra
- The spectrum of an operator, in functional analysis (a generalisation of the spectrum of a matrix)
- The spectrum of a ring, in commutative algebra
- The spectrum of a C*-algebra
- A spectrum (homotopy theory)
- The Stone space of Boolean algebra
- The spectrum of a theory, in mathematical logic
Continuum

A **Continuum** is a continuous series where all parts are very similar to their nearest neighbour, but the ends or extremes of it are different from each other.

This describes something that changes gradually (little by little) from one condition, to a different condition, but without any sudden changes or discontinuities.

The difference between a continuum, and something with very different changes that can be measured, is important for all continuum theories.

Continuum may also refer to:

- The space-time continuum
- Continuum (mathematics), the real line, or more generally any space, ordering, or cardinal that shares certain properties of the real line (e.g., "connectedness" or "size")
- Language continuum - a group of dialects, where the dialect of each area is understandable in neighboring areas, and these dialects may gradually 'slide' from one language to another related language, even though speakers of the different languages who live farther apart may have more difficulty understanding one another.
- Continuum concept, Jean Liedloff's articulation of the natural principles upon which attachment parenting was founded
- Continuum Entertainment, a Brazilian game developer
- Continuum Health Partners, a consortium of New York City Hospitals
- Continuum hypothesis, a mathematical hypothesis
- Continuum International Publishing Group, a publishing house
- Continuum mechanics, a branch of physics that deals with continuous matter
- Continuum RPG, the time travel role-playing game _C°ntinuum_
- Apache _Continuum_, a continuous integration server for building Java based projects
- Q Continuum, a parallel existence in the fictional Star Trek universe
- _Continuum_ (song), a song by Jaco Pastorius released on his self-titled album, August 1976
- _Continuum_ (album), an album by John Mayer released September 12, 2006
- _Continuum_ (CD), the debut album by music project **Continuum** released in 2005
- _Continuum_ (computer game), the North American version of the classic computer game, Alpha Waves
- _Continuum_ (game client), a game client for the SubSpace computer game
- Continuum (games convention), a biannual British roleplaying convention dedicated to the worlds of Greg Stafford, Michael Moorcock, H.P.Lovecraft and many others
- Continuum (instrument), a "fretless keyboard"
- _Continuum_ (Ligeti), a composition for harpsichord by György Ligeti
- Continuum (music project), the musical collaboration between Steven Wilson and Dirk Serries
- _Stargate: Continuum_, a direct-to-DVD movie of the _Stargate_ franchise
Revenge (album)

***Revenge*** is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 14, 1992.

## Track listing

- Unholy
- Take It Off
- Tough Love
- Spit
- God Gave Rock 'N' Roll To You II
- Domino
- Heart Of Chrome
- Thou Shalt Not
- Every Time I Look At You
- Paralyzed
- I Just Wanna
- Carr Jam 1981
Continuum (theory)

A **continuum** is when a change happens over time or an area without being interrupted.

Space-time is when space and time are said to be part of the same continuum instead of two different continuums.

A dialect continuum is a group of language dialects that change over an area. In a dialect continuum, two dialects are more different when they are farther away from each other.

## Related pages

- Continuum (mathematics)
Alive III

***Alive III*** is a live album by the American hard rock and heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 18, 1993.

## Track listing

- _Creatures Of The Night_
- _Deuce_
- _I Just Wanna_
- _Unholy_
- _Heaven's On Fire_
- _Watchin' You_
- _Domino_
- _I Was Made For Lovin' You_
- _I Still Love You_
- _Rock And Roll All Nite_
- _Lick It Up_
- _Forever_
- _I Love It Loud_
- _Detroit Rock City_
- _God Gave Rock 'N' Roll To You II_
- _The Star Spangled Banner_
Turbine

A **turbine** is an engine that turns fluid movement into energy. This energy can be changed to make electricity with a generator. A turbine is a turbomachine with normally 1 moving part called a rotor assembly (_a shaft or drum with blades attached_) Moving fluid,  normally water, moves the blades so that they transfer energy to the rotor. Some early turbine examples include windmills and waterwheels.

A casing can be placed around the turbine to control the movement of the fluid. Credit for the invention of the steam turbine is given both to Anglo-Irish engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854 - 1931) for invention of the reaction turbine(turbines that utilize water pressure and water speed to rotate), and to the Swedish engineer Gustaf de Laval (1845-1913) for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern steam turbines normally utilize both the reaction and impulse turbine in one system.

## Types

- Steam turbine
- Gas turbine
- Transonic turbine
- Jet engine, including
- Turbojet
- Turbofan
- Turboprop
- Turboshaft
- Ceramic turbine
- Contra-rotating turbine
- Statorless turbine
- Shrouded turbine
- Shroudless turbine
- Bladeless turbine
- Water turbine
- Wind turbine
- Impulse turbine
- Velocity compound Curtis

## Other websites

- Turbine introductory math
- Turbines jet powered 1/16 scale Airbus A330
Rotor

**Rotor** (rotating part) may mean:

In **engineering**:
- Helicopter rotor, the rotary wing(s) of a rotorcraft such as a helicopter
- Rotor (electric), the non-stationary part of an alternator or electric motor, operating with a stationary element called the stator.
- ROTOR, a former radar project in the UK following the Second World War
- Rotor (turbine), the rotor of a turbine powered by fluid pressure
- Rotor (brake), the disc of a disc brake, in U.S. terminology
- Rotor (distributor), a component of the ignition system of an internal combustion engine
- Rotor (engine), the rotary piston in a rotary combustion engine
- Rotor (antenna), an electric motor that rotates an antenna to the direction of transmission or reception
- Rotor (magazine), a US magazine covering the civil helicopter industry

In **computing**:
- Rotor machine, the rotating wheels used in certain cipher machines, such as the German Enigma machine
- Rotor (software project), the former code name for Microsoft's shared source implementation of its Common Language Infrastructure

In **music**:
- Rotor (band), a German progressive stoner rock band
- Rotor Plus (sometimes known as Rotor), an experimental electronica band from New Zealand

In **other fields**:
- SC Rotor Volgograd, a Russian football club
- Rotor (Sonic the Hedgehog), a fictional character from the Sonic the Hedgehog universe
- Rotor (ride), the trade name for an amusement ride
- Rotor (meteorology), a turbulent horizontal vortex that forms in the trough of lee waves
- Rotor (mathematics), an n-blade object in geometric algebra, which rotates another n-blade object about a fixed or translated point
- Rotor (planet), a planet in Isaac Asimov's book _Nemesis_
- Rotor (game), a game written for the Commodore Amiga computer
Electric power

**Electric power** is defined as the power dissipated by an electric circuit. Electric power is a measurement of the rate at which energy is used over a period of time. The SI unit for power is the watt, the unit for energy is the joule, and the unit for time is the second.

For a direct current circuit, electric power equals the electric current multiplied by the voltage.

When electric current flows through a circuit, it is slowed down by the resistance in the circuit. Devices can convert this current to useful forms of work, such as heat radiation, light emission, mechanical motion, or acoustic vibrations.

## Related pages

- Electric power transmission
- Electric power distribution
- Electrical generator

## References

- Reports on August 2003 Blackout, North American Electric Reliability Council website
Kiss Unplugged

***Kiss Unplugged*** is an album of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss's performance on MTV Unplugged on August 8, 1995. The album was released on March 12, 1996.

## Track listing

- Comin' Home
- Plaster Caster
- Goin' Blind
- Do You Love Me
- Domino
- Got To Choose
- Sure Know Something
- A World Without Heroes
- Rock Bottom
- See You Tonight
- I Still Love You
- Every Time I Look At You
- 2,000 Man
- Beth
- Nothin' To Lose
- Rock And Roll All Nite
Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions

***Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions*** is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 28, 1997.

## Track listing

- Hate
- Rain
- Master & Slave
- Childhood's End
- I Will Be There
- Jungle
- In My Head
- It Never Goes Away
- Seduction of the Innocent
- I Confess
- In the Mirror
- I Walk Alone
Head (hydraulic)

**Hydraulic head** is a specific measurement of water pressure or total energy per unit weight above a datum.

It is usually measured as a water surface elevation, expressed in units of length, but represents the energy at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer. In an aquifer, it can be calculated from the depth to water in a piezometric well (a specialized water well), and given information of the piezometer's elevation and screen depth.

## Atmospheric pressure

Even though it is conventional to use gauge pressure in the calculation of hydraulic head, it is more correct to use total pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure), since this is truly what drives groundwater flow. Often detailed observations of barometric pressure are not available at each well through time, so this is often disregarded (contributing to large errors at locations where hydraulic gradients are low or the angle between wells is acute.)

## Analogs to other fields

Hydraulic head is a measure of energy, and has many analogs in physics and chemistry, where the same mathematical principles and rules apply:
- _Hydraulic head_ is analogous to:
    - magnetic monopole
    - electric charge
    - heat (i.e., temperature)
    - concentration
- A continuous "field" of hydraulic heads is analogous to:
    - an electric field
    - a magnetic field
- Similar differential operators can be applied to the fields, to find:
    - the gradient, or the direction of flow
    - the divergence of flow
    - the curl, or if the field is rotating

## Related pages

- fluid dynamics
- Darcy's law

## References

- Bear, J. 1972. _Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media_, Dover. .
- for other references which discuss hydraulic head in the context of hydrogeology, see that page's further reading section
Susan Brownmiller

**Susan Brownmiller** (February 15, 1935 – May 24, 2025) was an American feminist, journalist and activist. She was best known for her pioneering work on the politics of rape in _Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape_ (1975). The book argued that rape was a crime of power and violence, not passion. Her book also helped create laws that made it easier to prosecute rapists.

## Early life

Brownmiller was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Mae and Samuel Warhaftig, a lower-middle-class Jewish couple. She was raised in Brooklyn and was the only child of her parents. She later took the pen name Brownmiller, legally changing her name in 1961.

Brownmiller studied at Cornell University for two years, but did not graduate. She later studied acting in New York City. She appeared in two off-Broadway productions.

## Activism

Brownmiller also participated in civil rights activism. She joined CORE during the sit-in movement and volunteered for Freedom Summer in 1964. She first became involved in the Women's Liberation Movement in New York City in 1968. There she joined a consciousness-raising group in the newly formed New York Radical Women organization.

Brownmiller went on to co-ordinate a sit-in against Ladies' Home Journa in 1970, began work on _Against Our Will_ after a New York Radical Feminists speak-out on rape in 1971, and co-founded Women Against Pornography in 1979.

She continued to write and speak on feminist issues, including a recent memoir and history of Second Wave radical feminism. She wrote a memoir called _In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution_ in 1999.

Brownmiller said that rape has been defined by men rather than women before she released her book. In her book, she said that men use rape as a means of continuing male dominance by keeping all women in a state of fear. All men benefit from this.

She was an Adjunct Professor of Women's & Gender Studies at Pace University in New York City.

## Personal life

She called herself as "a single woman", even though "I was always a great believer in romance and partnership." She never married.

Brownmiller died on May 24, 2025 at a hospital in New York City from a long-illness at the age of 90.

## Other websites

- Susan Brownmiller.com
- Jewish Women and the Feminist Revolution from the Jewish Women's Archive
- 1989 audio interview with Susan Brownmiller  by Don Swaim
Erich Fromm

**Erich Seligmann Fromm** (23 March 1900 in Frankfurt – 18 March 1980 in Muralto) was a German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, and humanistic philosopher. He was part of what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical theory. He taught at several universities.

Fromm was born in a family of rabbis. Because of his Jewish background Fromm fled from Nazi Germany in 1934 and settled in the United States. After the war he moved to Mexico. The last years of his life he lived in the Swiss Alps. He died 1980 in Muralto.

One of his famous works is _Haben oder Sein_ (_To Have or to Be?_) from 1974. In this book he critices many aspects in the western society like the pursuit of wealth.

## Other websites

- Erich Fromm on the Mystical Site www.mysticism.nl
- Website der Internationalen Erich-Fromm-Gesellschaft
- www.erich-fromm.info  - German site - Curriculum vitae and available books.
- Clark, Neil. "Wanted: an Erich Fromm party." Guardian Unlimited, February 20, 2007.
François Adrien Boieldieu

**François Adrien Boieldieu** (December 16, 1775 – October 8, 1834) was a French composer. He mainly wrote operas.

## List of operas

- _La fille coupable_ (1793)
- _Rosalie et Myrza_ (1795)
- _La famille suisse_ (1797)
- _L'heureuse nouvelle_ (1797)
- _Le pari, ou Mombreuil et Merville_ (1797)
- _Zoraïme et Zulnar_ (1798)
- _Le dot de Suzette_ (1798)
- _Les méprises espagnoles_ (1799)
- _Emma, ou La prisionière_ (1799)
- _Béniovski, ou Les exilés du Kamchattka_ (1800)
- _Le calife de Baghdad_ (1800)
- _Ma tante Aurore ou Le Roman impromptu_ (1803)
- _Le baiser et la quittance, ou Une aventure de garrison_ (1803)
- _Aline, reine de Golconde_ (1804)
- _La jeune femme colère_ (1805)
- _Abderkan_ (1805)
- _Un tour de soubrette_ (1806)
- _Télémaque_ (1806)
- _Amour et mystère, ou Lequel est mon cousin?_ (1807)
- _Les voitures versées_ (_Le séducteur en voyage_) (1808)
- _La dame invisible_ (1808)
- _Rien de trop, ou Les deux paravents_ (1810)
- _Jean de Paris_ (1812)
- _Le nouveau Seigneur de village_ (1813)
- _Bayard à Mézières, ou Le siège de Mézières_ (1814)
- _Le Béarnais, ou Henri IV en voyage_ (1814)
- _Angéla, ou L'atelier de Jean Cousin_ (1814)
- _La fête du village voisin_ (1816)
- _Charles de France, ou Amour et gloire_ (1816)
- _Le petit chaperon rouge_ (1818)
- _Les arts rivaux_ (1821)
- _Blanche de Provence, ou La cour des fées_ (1821)
- _La France et l'Espagne_ (1823)
- _Les trois genres_ (1824)
- _Pharamond_ (1824)
- _La dame blanche_ (1825)
- _Les deux nuits_ (1829)
- _La marquise de Brinvilliers_ (1831)

## Sources

- François Adrien Boieldieu on Find a Grave site
Red Hot Riding Hood

***Red Hot Riding Hood*** is a movie made by Tex Avery. It is a short cartoon. It was made in 1943. In 1990, the public voted it to be one of the best animated movies of all time.
Turkish Van

The **Turkish Van** is a breed of cat that comes from Turkey. It has lived in the Lake Van area of Turkey for hundreds of years and has been popular in that country. This is why it is named the Turkish Van. This part of Turkey is in very high mountains and has long, cold winters. But the summers are hot.

This cat got used to this climate over time by its body changing. It now has a thick, full fur coat in the winter, but sheds in the summer and becomes a short-haired cat. The Turkish Van swims in the summer to cool itself off and the thin summer coat dries quickly. This breed of cat has become popular by appearing through some pieces of media, with one notable example being Olivia from _Oggy and the Cockroaches_, who is often asserted to as a Turkish Van.

## Eye colours

A Turkish Van may have blue eyes, amber eyes, or eyes with two different colors.

## Other websites

- Cat Fanciers' Association: The Turkish Van breed

## Infobox (cat breed)

- **name**: Turkish Van
- **image**: Thor, turkish van.jpg
- **imagecaption**: A Turkish Van with heterochromia.
- **image2**: Morris,_a_cat_of_the_Turkish_Van.jpg
- **imagecaption2**: Turkish Van cat
- **altname**: Turkish cat (obsolete)
- **country**: Turkey (foundation stock),
United Kingdom (initial breeding programme)
- **cfastd**: https://web.archive.org/web/20060118003851/http://www.cfainc.org/breeds/standards/turkish-van.html
- **fifestd**: http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/TUV.pdf
- **ticastd**: https://tica.org/phocadownload/tv.pdf
- **gccfstd**: https://web.archive.org/web/20081203120615/http://www.turkishvancatclub.co.uk/index2.htm
- **aacestd**: https://web.archive.org/web/20080212192503/http://www.aaceinc.org/pages/breeds/van.htm
- **acfastd**: http://www.acfacats.com/turkish_van_standard.htm
- **acfstd**: http://www.acf.asn.au/Standards/Turkish_Van.htm
Turkish Angora

The **Turkish Angora** is a cat from Turkey. It has long white fur.  It is like the Turkish Van cat, but its fur is different.

## Infobox (catbreed)

- **name**: Turkish Angora
- **image**: Turkish Angora in Ankara Zoo (AOÇ).JPG
- **imagecaption**: Turkish Angora cat at the Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo in Ankara. The zoo breeds and sells Turkish Angora cats.
- **image2**: Turkse angora.jpg
- **imagecaption2**: Turkish Angora
- **altname**: Ankara
- **cfastd**: https://cfa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/turkish-angora-standard.pdf
- **fifestd**: http://www1.fifeweb.org/dnld/std/TUA.pdf
- **ticastd**: https://tica.org/phocadownload/ta.pdf
- **acfastd**: http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/TURKISH%20ANGORA.pdf
- **ccastd**: https://www.cca-afc.com/documents/BreedStandards/TURKISH_ANGORA_20200203_021135.pdf
Psycho Circus

***Psycho Circus*** is the eighteenth studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 22, 1998.

## Personnel

- Paul Stanley – vocals, rhythm guitar, bass on track 8, acoustic guitar on tracks 5 & 8
- Gene Simmons – vocals, bass (except on 1, 8 & 9), rhythm guitar on track 5
- Ace Frehley – lead guitar and vocals (on tracks 4, 6 and 11)
- Peter Criss – drums (on track 4), vocals (on tracks 6 & 8)

### Additional musicians

- Kevin Valentine - drums (except track 4)
- Tommy Thayer - lead guitar (except tracks 2, 4, 6 & 11)
- Bruce Kulick - backwards guitar intro & solo on track 2, bass and backing vocals on tracks 1 and 9, rhythm guitar on track 9
- Shelly Berg – acoustic piano, orchestration and conductor on tracks 8 and 10
- Bob Ezrin – Fender Rhodes on track 8

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Psycho Circus
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Kiss (band), Kiss
- **released**: September 22, 1998
- **recorded**: January–April 1998 at A&M Studios, Hollywood, California, One on One Studios, New York, New York
- **genre**: Hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **length**: 44:24
- **label**: Mercury Records, Mercury
- **producer**: Bruce Fairbairn
- **prev title**: Carnival of Souls: The Final Sessions, Carnival of Souls
- **prev year**: 1997
- **next title**: Sonic Boom (Kiss album), Sonic Boom
- **next year**: 2009
Biological warfare

**Biological warfare** (or **germ warfare**) is when pathogens are used as a weapon. This is called a biological weapon. Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. If non-living things (like toxins) are used, this is called chemical warfare.

Biological warfare has been used throughout history. The first form of biological warfare may have been when the plague hit the Mongols. During battle, they were said to have thrown plague victims' bodies at their enemies. Before the 20th century, it took some of the following forms:
- Deliberate poisoning of food or water supplies with infectious materials
- Use of microorganisms, living or dead animals in a weapon system.
- Use of fabrics that are contaminated

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, biological weapons were used by the Japanese army against China. The Japanese army usually launched contaminated fleas or food from planes.

Today, pathogens for diseases like anthrax or smallpox could be used as agents for biological weapons.

The production, and stockpiling of such weapons was forbidden in the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972.

Validated BW threat agents include the following: Anthrax, Bioregulators, Botulinal toxins, Brucellosis, Cholera, Clostridium perfringens,Encephalomyelitis viruses, Glanders, Hemorrhagic Fever viruses, Mycotoxins, Neurotoxins, Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB), Plague, Q-fever, Ricin, Shigella, Smallpox, Tularemia, and Typhus.

There are also required characteristics of biological agents. These requirements are consistently producing a given result; being manufacturable on a large scale; being stable during production, storage, and transportation; being capable of efficient dissemination; being stable after dissemination. It is desirable to be possible to use forces to protect against it yet difficult for enemies to protect against or detect. Short and consistent incubation periods are also ideal, though not necessary.
Kiss Symphony: Alive IV

***Kiss Symphony: Alive IV*** is a live album by the American rock band Kiss, performing with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra. It was released on July 22, 2003.

## Track listing

- Deuce
- Strutter
- Let Me Go, Rock 'N' Roll
- Lick It Up
- Calling Dr. Love
- Psycho Circus
- Beth
- Forever
- Goin' Blind
- Sure Know Something
- Shandi
- Detroit Rock City
- King Of The Night Time World
- Do You Love Me
- Shout It Out Loud
- God Of Thunder
- Love Gun
- Black Diamond
- Great Expectations
- I Was Made For Lovin' You
- Rock And Roll All Nite
Frankfurt Stock Exchange

The **Frankfurt Stock Exchange **(_in German Börse Frankfurt_) is a stock exchange in Frankfurt, Hesse. It is the biggest stock exchange in Germany by the amount of money exchanged and the number of companies.

## Other websites

- Frankfurt Stock Exchange - Website for investors
General-purpose programming language

A **general-purpose programming language** is a way to tell a computer what to do that makes a user's job easy and quick without much confusion. It is not restricted to only one field (e.g. HTML). They can be used for many different things. One example is BASIC, invented by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in 1963.
Bikini

A **bikini** is a type of swimsuit for women. It consists of two parts; pants and a bra top, leaving an uncovered area between the two. The bikini is an ancient invention, reinvented after the Second World War.

The bikini is perhaps the most popular female beachwear around the globe.

By the mid-2000s bikinis had become a US $811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company. The bikini has boosted spin-off services like bikini waxing and the sun tanning industries.

## History

Predecessors of the bikini date back to antiquity, in Çatalhöyük and the Greco-Roman world. Artwork dating back to the Diocletian period (286-305 AD) in Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily depicts women in garments resembling bikinis in mosaics on the floor. The images of ten women, dubbed the "Bikini Girls", exercising in clothing that would pass as bikinis today, are the most replicated mosaic among the 37 million colored tiles at the site. Archeological finds, especially in Pompeii, show the Roman goddess Venus wearing a bikini. A statue of Venus in a bikini was found in a cupboard in the southwest corner in Casa della Venere; others were found in the front hall.

By the early 1940s two-piece swimsuits were frequent on American beaches. Hollywood stars like Ava Gardner, Rita Hayworth and Lana Turner tried similar swimwear or beachwear.

The modern bikini was introduced by French engineer Louis Réard and fashion designer Jacques Heim in Paris in 1946. Réard was a car engineer but by 1946 he was running his mother's lingerie boutique near Les Folies Bergères in Paris. Heim was working on a new kind of beach costume. It comprised two pieces, the bottom large enough to cover its wearer's navel. Réard named his swimsuit the "bikini", taking the name from the Bikini atoll, one of a series of islands in the South Pacific where testing on the new atomic bomb was occurring that summer. He promoted it with the slogan "le bikini, la première bombe an-atomique". This is a play on words: "anatomique" means "relating to anatomy". Réard could not find a model to wear his design. He ended up hiring Micheline Bernardini, a nude dancer from the _Casino de Paris_. That bikini, with a g-string back, had  of cloth with newspaper type printed across. It introduced on July 5 at Piscine Molitor, a public pool in Paris. Heim's design was the first worn on the beach, but the clothing was given its name by Réard. The bikini became increasingly popular throughout the 1960s and 70s.

## Other websites

- "David Dodge and the Art of the Bikini"
- "A Brief History of the Bikini: How the tiny swimsuit conquered America", _Slate Magazine_, July 5, 2006.
- Bikini Science
High Voltage (1976 album)

***High Voltage*** is the debut studio album by  Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released in Australia on 17 February, 1975.

## Track listing

All songs were written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young, and Bon Scott.
1. “It’s A Long Way To The Top  (If You Wanna Rock ‘N’ Roll)”– 5:02
1. "Rock ‘N’ Roll Singer" – 5:04
1. "The Jack" – 5:54
1. "Live Wire" – 5:50
1. "T.N.T." – 3:35
1. "Can I Sit Next To You Girl" – 4:12
1. "Little Lover" – 5:40
1. "She’s Got Balls" – 4:52
1. ”High Voltage” – 4:05

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: High Voltage
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: AC/DC
- **released**: 14 May 1976
- **recorded**: 1974–1975 <small>at Albert Studio, Sydney, Australia</small>
- **genre**: Hard rock, blues rock
- **length**: 44:37
- **label**: ATCO Records, ATCO
- **producer**: Harry Vanda, George Young (rock musician), George Young
- **prev title**: T.N.T. (album), T.N.T.
(1975)
- **next title**: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap
(1976)
Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap

***Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap*** is a studio album by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released in November 1976 in Europe and delayed for release in USA until 1981.

## Track listing

1. Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap 3:52
1. Love At First Feel 3:13
1. Big Balls 2:38
1. Rocker 2:52
1. Problem Child 5:47
1. There's Gonna Be Some Rockin' 3:18
1. Ain't No Fun (Waiting Round To Be A Millionaire) 6:58
1. Ride On 5:54
1. Sqeealer 5:15

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: AC/DC
- **released**: 20 September 1976 (Australia)
17 December 1976 (Worldwide)
April 1981 (US)
- **recorded**: January – July 1976
- **genre**: Hard rock, blues rock, rock and roll
- **length**: 42:24 (Australia)
39:59 (International)
- **label**: Albert Productions, Albert
- **producer**: Harry Vanda, George Young (rock musician), George Young
- **prev title**: High Voltage (1976 album), High Voltage
(1976)
- **next title**: Let There Be Rock
(1977)
School bus

A **school bus** is a type of bus that takes students to their school. They may pick kids up in front of their house or at a dedicated bus stop. It is larger than a car going to school or a school van. but smaller than a people train going to school. In many areas, passing a stopped school bus is punishable by a traffic ticket.

## Characteristics

In the United States, school buses are yellow while in other countries they may be different. The 3 lines or rub rails on the outside of a school bus in the United States have a purpose for safety in the event of an accident. The bottom line shows where the bus floor is. The middle line shows the bottom of the seat. The top line shows where the top of the seat is as well as the bottom of the window. School buses are also equipped with more than one emergency exit. These could be on the side of the bus, the top, or the back. Each of these is for if the bus rolls one of these sides during an accident. When opened they also will make a loud alarm sound.

### Type A

A Type “A” school bus is a conversion or body constructed upon a van-type or cutaway front-section vehicle with a left side driver’s door, designed for carrying more than 10 persons. Sixteen designed seating capacity or less may be single rear wheeled; 17 designed seating capacity and larger shall have dual rear wheels. This definition shall include two classifications: Type A-1, with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) less than 14,500 pounds; and Type A-2 with a GVWR greater than 14,500 pounds and less than 21,500 pounds.

### Type B

A Type “B” school bus is constructed utilizing a body on a stripped chassis, with the entrance door behind the front wheels. This definition includes two classifications: Type B-1, with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less, designed for carrying more than 10 persons and Type B-2, with a GVWR greater than 10,000 pounds. The engine is beneath and/or behind the windshield and beside the driver’s seat. Both Type B-1 and Type B-2 must be equipped with dual rear tires.

### Type C

A Type “C” school bus is constructed utilizing a chassis with a hood and front fender assembly. The entrance door is behind the front wheels. A “type C school bus” also includes a cutaway truck chassis or truck chassis with cab, with or without a left side door, and with a GVWR greater than 21,500 pounds.

### Type D

A Type “D” or “Transit Style” school bus is a body installed upon a stripped chassis, with the engine mounted in the front or rear, and has a GVWR of more than 21,500 pounds, designed for carrying more than 10 persons. The engine may be beside the driver’s seat or it may be at the rear of the bus, behind the rear wheels. The entrance door is ahead of the front wheels.
Iron oxide

**Iron oxides** are chemical compounds.  They are made of iron and oxygen. There are sixteen known iron oxides. Iron oxides are used in pigments. It is used in both man-made and natural pigments. Iron oxides are often non-stoichiometric. Ferric oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is rust.

Iron oxides and oxyhydroxides are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes.  They are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite, and occur in hemoglobin. Iron oxides are inexpensive and durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes. Colors commonly available are in the "earthy" end of the yellow/orange/red/brown/black range. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E172.

Venetian red (haematite), Magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>), or a mixture of oxides make black or purple pigments. The umber, sienna and ochre are oxides or hydrated oxides of a yellow to chestnut colour.

Most iron oxide is mined as iron ore. Every year millions of tons go into blast furnaces to make iron.

## Various iron oxides

- Iron(III) oxide, reddish, commonly known as rust, found in the earth as haematite
- Iron(II,III) oxide, magnetic, black, found in the earth as magnetite
- Iron(II) oxide, black, rare, flammable, not stable at room temperature
- Iron(II) hydroxide, dark green hydrated iron oxide

## List of pigments (or iron oxide pigments)

- Caput mortuum (pigment)
- Earth pigment
- Falu red
- Ferrihydrite
- Goethite
- Golden ochre
- Hematite
- Hemosiderin

- Iron oxide
- Iron oxide red
- Iron(II,III) oxide
- Iron(II) oxide
- Iron(III) oxide
- Magnetite
- Mars Black (pigment)
- Mummy brown
- Ochre and Attic ochre
- Red Ochre

- Sienna
- Sinopia

- Umber

- Venetian red

## References

de:Eisen#Oxide
Incendiary device

**Incendiary devices** or **incendiary bombs** are bombs. These bombs have been designed to start a fire. Sometimes they are also called **firebombs**. They were used very frequently in World War II. Materials such as Napalm, White phosphorus, thermite, chlorine trifluoride are often employed in such bombs. A very crude such bomb (which uses fuel) is the Molotov cocktail.

The United States still uses such bombs, called Mark 77 bomb. They were used during the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Most other countries no longer use them, since they are banned by Section III of the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. This treaty was ratified in 1980.

Probably the most famous incendiary attack is the bombing of Dresden, Germany during WWII by the Allies. Flamethrower<nowiki/>s are also incendiary devices.
Maynard James Keenan

**Maynard James Keenan** (born **James Herbert Keenan** on April 17, 1964) is an American kickass Artist, Rock vocalist,songwriter, musician, and producer. He sings in 3 extremely talented bands, Tool, A Perfect Circle, and Puscifer.

## Early life

James Herbert Keenan was born in Ravenna, Ohio on April 17, 1964. His mother is Judith and his father is Michael, who was a high school teacher. Keenan's parents divorced when he was three years old, and Michael moved away. Keenan did not see him very much for the next 12 years. Later, his mother married someone else. He was mean and did not allow Keenan to be creative. When Keenan was 11, his mother, Judith, had a brain aneurysm that paralyzed her. Two years later, she told Keenan to move to Michigan with his father.

### The Army

Keenan joined the United States Army after he graduated from high school. He wanted to use the G.I. Bill to go to art school. He joined the United States Military Academy Preparatory School (West Point Prep School) where he picked up the nickname "Maynard". He did very well in his training, but said no to an offer to stay in the Army and work at West Point. He decided to start his music career instead.

### Art

After being honorably discharged from the Army, Keenan went back to Michigan to go to art school. Then, in 1988, he moved to Los Angeles, California to help design the inside of pet stores. He was fired from this job and then worked creating movie sets. He also played bass guitar in a band and sang for another band.

## Music career

Keenan started playing music soon after leaving art school. He and Adam Jones formed Tool. Keenan formed A Perfect Circle in 1999. They had 4 albums: _Mer De Noms_, _The Thirteenth Step_, _eMOTIVe_ and _Eat the Elephant_. He then left again to be with his family. He now has a vineyard where he makes wine but still takes tours for his working side project; Puscifer. Tool released an album in 2019 named _Fear Inoculum_.

### Tool

Keenan met Adam Jones in Los Angeles. They started the band Tool in 1990. The band's line up later became Keenan as singer, Jones playing guitar, Danny Carey playing drums, and Paul D'Amour playing bass. When D'Amour left the band, Justin Chancellor took his place. Tool signed to Zoo Entertainment in November 1991.

## Other websites

- MaynardJamesKeenan.com, currently redirecting to the Puscifer website
- Wine Spectator Online , where Maynard maintains a running blog about wine collecting and winemaking.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Maynard James Keenan
- **img**: 20180602 Nürnberg Rock im Park A Perfect Circle 0011.jpg
- **img capt**: Keenan performing as part of A Perfect Circle in 2018
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: James Herbert Keenan
- **birth place**: Ravenna, Ohio, United States
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar, bass guitar, keyboard instruments
- **genre**: Progressive metal, alternative rock, industrial metal, hard rock, experimental music, experimental
- **years active**: 1985–1987, 1990–present
Naphtha

**Naphtha** is the name for a number of intermediary products that occur when refining crude oil. They are liquid hydrocarbons. They are used to produce high octane gasoline products. The petrochemical industry also uses them to make olefins and solvents.

Typical naphtas are used for:
- Solvents in cleaning fluid.
- As an ingredient of Shoe polish.
- As an ingredient for some of the fuels used in lighters.
- Possibly one of the things in Greek fire.
Naphthalene

**Naphthalene** is a crystalline, white hydrocarbon, with a strong smell. It is best known as the main ingredient in mothballs, urinal deodorizer blocks, and can be used as an antiseptic. In mothballs, it is used as an insecticide or pesticide.

Naphthalene is toxic. In humans, being exposed to naphthalene can destroy red blood cells. Naphthalene may also cause cancer.

## History

In the early 1820s, two different papers were published on something that matched the description of Naphthalene. Both groups made it by distilling coal tar. In 1821 John Kidd cited both reports, and condensed their results to accurately describe the properties of naphthalene, and how to make it. Kidd named it naphthalene because "naphtha" means any explosive hydrocarbon mixture. By 1826, Michael Faraday discovered the formula for it. Emil Erlenmeyer proposes that it is two fused benzene rings in 1866, and Carl Gräbe confirms this three years later.

## Other websites

- Naphthalene (PIM 363) - mostly on toxicity of naphthalene
MySQL

**MySQL** is a database system used by many websites on the Internet. It is based on SQL. Many ways of doing things in SQL are similar in MySQL. The data is structured in tables in MySQL. To extract data from the tables, queries are used.

For example:

`SELECT id_number`

`FROM main_database`

`WHERE name='John'`

This query will return the `'id_number'` of the person named `'John'` from the table named `'main_database'`.

## History

MySQL was first released in May 1995 and a Windows version was released in January 1998. The latest version (5.6.11) was released in April 2013.

## Compatibility

MySQL is compatible with many major programming languages. The most common one is PHP. An ODBC interface (called MyODBC) has been made so that users of Microsoft's ASP language can use MySQL.

## Major users

Some of the largest MySQL users on the internet include:

- Apple
- Amazon.com
- Digg
- Google

Many PHP scripts also use MySQL. These include:

- WordPress
- phpBB
- MediaWiki - the software behind Wikipedia

## Related pages

- PHP

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: MySQL
- **developer**: MySQL AB, a subsidiary of Sun Microsystems since February 2008 which is also a subsidiary of Oracle Corporation since January 2010
- **released**: 23 May 1995
- **latest release version**: 5.7.15
- **programming language**: C (programming language), C, C++
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Relational database management system
- **license**: GNU General Public License or proprietary EULA
- **website**: [http://www.mysql.com/ www.mysql.com]
White phosphorus

**White phosphorus**  is an incendiary weapon. It makes a bright light and smoke. Its main ingredient is one of the allotropes of the chemical element phosphorus. White phosphorus is toxic to humans. It can burn deep into soft tissue, it can be breathed in, or it can be ingested (eaten). Over time, these can cause death.

The use of incendiary weapons against civilians is forbidden since 1949. They were used by U.S. forces in Iraq in 2004.
White phosphorous was also used for smoke cover by the Israeli Army during Operation Cast Lead in the Gaza Strip during the 2008-2009 war between Israel and Hamas.
Miroslav Klose

**Miroslav Klose** (born June 9, 1978 in Opole, Poland) is a Polish born German football player. From 1999 until 2004 he played for Kaiserslautern and from 2004 until 2007 for Werder Bremen. In 2007 changed to Bayern Munich. In 2011, he left Bayern Munich and joined the Italian team Lazio. On the Germany national team he has played in 137 matches since 2001 and scored 71 goals.

Klose is a great player known for his heading skills and he is currently the all-time top scorer of the Germany national football team with 71 goals. He is also the all-time leading goal scorer of the FIFA World Cup after beating Ronaldo's record in the semi-final against Brazil.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1998–99||Homburg||Regionalliga||20||11||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||20||11
|-
|1999–00||rowspan="5"|Kaiserslautern||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||2||0
|-
|2000–01||29||9||2||0||12||2||43||11
|-
|2001–02||31||16||4||0||colspan="2"|—||35||16
|-
|2002–03||32||9||4||4||colspan="2"|—||36||13
|-
|2003–04||26||10||1||1||2||1||29||12
|-
|2004–05||rowspan="3"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||32||15||4||0||8||2||44||17
|-
|2005–06||26||25||3||2||7||3||36||30
|-
|2006–07||31||13||1||0||13||2||45||15
|-
|2007–08||rowspan="4"|Bayern Munich||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||27||10||6||5||12||5||42||20
|-
|2008–09||26||10||4||3||8||7||38||20
|-
|2009–10||25||3||5||2||8||1||38||6
|-
|2010–11||20||1||4||3||2||1||26||5

|-
|2011–12||rowspan="5"|Lazio||rowspan="5"|Serie A||27||13||2||0||6||3||35||16
|-
|2012–13||29||15||2||0||5||1||36||16
|-
|2013–14||25||7||0||0||3||1||28||8
|-
|2014–15||34||13||6||3||colspan=2|—||40||16
|-
|2015–16||24||7||1||0||4||1||29||8

327||132||38||20||72||24||434||176
139||55||11||3||18||6||168||64
466||187||49||23||90||30||602||240
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2001||7||2
|-
|2002||17||12
|-
|2003||10||1
|-
|2004||11||5
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||17||13
|-
|2007||5||3
|-
|2008||15||8
|-
|2009||6||4
|-
|2010||12||10
|-
|2011||8||5
|-
|2012||13||4
|-
|2013||3||1
|-
|2014||7||3
|-
|**Total**||**137**||**71**
|}