juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Didier Demazière

**Didier Demazière** is a French sociologist specialized in the study of unemployment. He is senior researcher at  French National Center for Scientific Research (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS).

## Bibliography

- _L'injonction au professionnalisme. Analyse d'une dynamique plurielle_ (The injunction professionalism. Dynamic analysis of a plural), with Valérie Boussard and Philip Milburn, (2010).
- _Sociologie des groupes professionnels. Acquis récents, nouveaux défis_ (Sociology of professional groups. Recent achievements, new challenges), with Charles Gadéa, (2009).
- _Sociologie des chômeurs_ (Sociology of unemployed), (2006), ()
- _Analyses textuelles en sociologie. Logiciels, méthodes, usages_ (Textual analysis in sociology. Software, methods, uses), (2006).
- _Analyser les entretiens biographiques_ (Analyze the biographical interviews), with Claude Dubar, 2004. ()
- _Le chômage. Comment peut-on être chômeur ?_ (Unemployment. How can you be unemployed?), (2003).
- _Chômeurs: du silence à la révolte. Sociologie d'une action collective_ (Unemployed: from silence to revolt. Sociology of collective action), with Maria Teresa Pignoni, (1999).
- _Le chômage de longue durée_ (The long-term unemployment), (1995).
- _La sociologie du chômage_ (The sociology of unemployment), (1995).
- _Longue durée. Vivre en chômage_ (Long-term. Living in unemployment), with Marc Helleboid and Jacques Mondoloni, (1994).
- _Le chômage en crise? La négociation des identités des chômeurs de longue durée_ (Unemployment crisis? Negotiation of identities of long-term unemployed), (1992)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Didier Demazière
- **birth name**: Demazière
- **nationality**: France, French
- **known for**: Sociologist
- **employer**: French National Center for Scientific Research (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS)
- **occupation**: Senior Researcher
Legal clinic

A **legal clinic** or **law clinic** is a place where people get legal help.  They are non-profit organizations.  Clinics can be found in many countries.

When legal clinics were first started, they were a way for law students to get practical experience.  Many legal clinics offer pro bono work.
Abdur Rahman Chughtai

**A.R. Chughtai** or in full **Abdur Rahman Chughtai** (1897-1975) was a Pakistani artist and painter. He was well known for his unique style of painting deeply influenced by the miniature paintings of the Mughal Empire.
Ustad Allah Bux

**Ustad Allah Baksh **(1895-1978; ) was a very well known early modern artist and painter of Pakistan. He is best known today for his depictions of rural life in the country and for subjects from Hindu and Persian mythology.Whenever Pakistan's folk culture and life will be talked about, the name of Ustad (ustad means a maestro) Allah Baksh will stand out prominently. He was the man who immortalized our rural life, and specially of the Punjab – the land where he was born in 1885 in the small town of Wazirabad, Punjab. His very near-to-life life-size paintings are full of colour, life and people that forces an onlooker to stop in his tracks and appreciate his masterly work of art. He died in October 1978. His grave can be found at Muslim Town graveyard, Lahore. His son is buried next to him.

Ustad Allah Bakhsh was lucky to have found Master Abdullah, a great maestro of his own time and a master of miniature art. He started learning from his ustad at the age of five and by the age of fourteen he had become an artist of his own style. He also learnt the art of painting from Master Meeran Bakhsh Naqash, a known teacher and painter and was also the Vice Principal of the Mayo School of Arts, now the National College of Arts Lahore.

His art treasure has been preserved in the National art gallery is an exclusive corner attributed to one of the great master painters of Pakistan and Indo-Pak subcontinent. Besides, his studio where he used to spend most of his time has been converted into an academy "Allah Bux Academy" which is now serving as a learning ground for those who wants to excel in this great master's style.
Henna

**Henna**, also known as mehandi or mendhi is a flowering plant. It has been used since ancient times to dye skin, hair, fingernails, leather, cotton, wool and other fabrics. The name is also used for the dye or color preparation derived from the plant, and for the art of making temporary tattoos or designs from these dyes. These henna tattoos are often used in wedding ceremonies.

In addition, the name is also sometimes used, wrongly, for other chemical preparations and dyes that are in fact not made from this plant.

The English name "henna" comes from the Arabic  (or colloquially , loosely pronounced /ħinna/). The natural dye is still mostly used in Arabia, the Middle East, India, and Pakistan.
People of the Dominican Republic

**Dominicans** () are inhabitants or citizens of the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic is a multi-ethnic country in the Caribbean basin which is home to people of many different racial, ethnic, national and cultural backgrounds which has often become a great pride for many Dominicans.

## The people and the race

It is estimated that some 894,000 enslaved Africans were brought to Dominican Republic between 1717 and 1870 (and more before 1717). The slaves came from various West African regions, but the majority came from primarily the Congo region (present-day Angola, Congo, Gabon, and Cameroon) and the gold coast/Guinean (present-day Ghana and Guinea).

In addition, many immigrants arrived from other places around the world. After the last smuggled slave ship that arrived in 1898, many Chinese people came to the island due to the Chinese Revolution, along with the Arabs of North Africa (Morocco or Algeria) and Indians. Immigration from Europe, most notably Spaniards, Italians and Germans occurred during the later parts of the nineteenth century into the beginning of the twentieth century, mostly settling in Santo Domingo and in rural areas in the Cibao valley alike. During World War II, the Dominican Republic became the only nation to take in Jewish refugees by orders from then president Rafael Leonidas Trujillo. Nearly 800 German and Austrian Jews settled in the town of Sosua, Puerto Plata.

Today, much of the contemporary Dominican population is largely Black and Mulatto. The Dominican Republic itself is 45% Mulatto,  40% Black, and 15% White. Studies have indicated that up to 15% of all Dominicans carry maternal Taino-Arawak lineage, figures which are higher in rural areas. Other studies often indicate that the average Dominican is 60% African , 35% European (Mostly Spanish) and 5% Taino-Arawak, but these figures also vary by region as the purest Blacks is lives mostly in the Coastal lowland  regions of the country.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Dominicans
<small>_Dominicanos_</small>
- **image**: Mapa de países de las protestas juveniles dominicanas.svg
- **population**: **11 million**
<small> Diaspora **2.9 million** </small>
- **pop embed**: 8,562,541 (Last census)
- **pop1**: 2,082,857
- **pop2**: 158,393
- **pop3**: 68,000
- **pop7**: 14,248 (by birth, 2023)[1]
40,000 (by ancestry, 2013)[2]
- **pop8**: 11,154
- **pop5**: 17,959(2019)
- **pop6**: 14,743 <small>(2015)</small>
- **pop4**: 43,000
- **pop9**: 11,091
- **pop10**: 10,000
- **pop11**: 8,688 <small>(2015)</small>
- **pop12**: 8,095 <small>(2015)</small>
- **pop13**: 7,000
- **pop14**: 5,000
- **pop15**: 5,442
- **pop16**: 4,000
- **pop17**: 3,843
- **pop18**: 3,370
- **pop19**: 3,000
- **pop20**: 2,942
- **pop21**: 2,849
- **pop22**: 2,000 to 3,000
- **pop23**: 2,000
- **pop24**: 2,000
- **pop25**: 2,000
- **pop26**: 2,000
- **pop27**: 2,000
- **pop28**: 1 475
- **pop29**: 410
- **pop30**: 856
- **pop31**: 741
- **pop32**: 187
- **pop33**: 187
- **langs**: Dominican Spanish
- **rels**: Predominantly Catholic Church, Roman Catholic;
Protestantism, Protestant
Bodo nationalism

**Bodo nationalism** is an ideology that supports self-determination for the Bodo people. The Bodo people are said to be persecuted and discriminated against by Muslim groups in the Indian state of Assam.
Somme River

The **Somme** is a river in the north of France, in the  Hauts-de-France region, and gives its name to the department called Somme.

The name of the river is of Celtic origins, and refers to the tranquility of the river over much of its course. The river is known for the Battle of the Somme, which was an important battle of the First World War.

## Geography

The Somme river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of .

### Course

The source of the Somme is in the Fonsomme _commune_ (Aisne), at an altitude of about .

The Somme passes through the departments and cities of:
- Aisne : Fonsomme, Saint-Quentin
- Somme : Ham, Péronne, Corbie, Amiens, Abbeville, Saint-Valery-sur-Somme

The Somme river flows through 49 _communes_.

Finally, it flows into the English Channel near Saint-Valery-sur-Somme.

## Main tributaries

- Left tributaries
    - Avre - 66.2 km;
    - Selle - 38.9 km;
    - Saint-Landon - 13.2 km;
    - Airaines - 12.8 km;
- Right tributaries
    - Omignon - 32 km;
    - Cologne - 23.2 km;
    - Tortille - 16.1 km;
    - Ancre - 37.4 km;
    - Hallue - 15.8 km;
    - Nièvre - 22 km;
    - Scardon - 12.4 km;

## Archaeology

Different archeological finds have been discovered in its valley: The Acheulean culture is named after Saint-Acheul, a suburb of Amiens. Hand axes from the Palaeolithic period were found there, and gave this name to the respective period.

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Banque Hydro - MEDDE, «Synthèse de la Banque Hydro»

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Somme
- **image**: Somme.JPG
- **image caption**: The Somme
- **map**: MapSomme.jpg
- **map caption**: Course in Northern France
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
- **subdivision type3**: Region
- **subdivision name3**: Picardy
- **discharge1 location**: Abbeville
- **source1 location**: Fonsommes
- **mouth location**: Saint-Valery-sur-Somme
English Channel
United National Liberation Front

The **United National Liberation Front (UNLF)** is an insurgent group in the state of Manipur in the North east of the Republic of India. The UNLF wants to make Manipur an independent Socialist state.
Ghost Dance

**Ghost Dance** was a new religious movement among Native Americans. It was active from about 1860 to about 1890.

At the time, Native Americans had been forced to change their ways of life drastically, and had lost much of their culture and identity. The Ghost Dance movement promised them that if they performed the "Dance" and lived the right way, they would get back most of the things they had lost to white people. They could also re-unite the living and the dead, and the people who had caused them such misery would be driven away from their land.

Members also used other dance rituals to represent their spiritual path.

## First & second wave

The Ghost Dance was most active during two time periods: the first time around 1860, and the second time around 1890.

### 1860 - 1872

Around 1860, a member of the Paiute Native American tribe called _Wodziwob_ had a vision. He saw that the white people would be driven away, and the people would be reunited with their ancestors' spirits, called "ghosts". The vision also told him how to do the Ghost Dance ritual.

The movement spread rapidly. Each tribe added its own elements into the Ghost Dance. However, the movement was ultimately unsuccessful and ended around 1872. At this point, Wodzivob had said that he might have been wrong.

### 1889 and after

The second wave was started about twenty years later by a man called Wovoka, who worked at an LDS Mormon ranch. He was influenced by the new faith and some of its ideas, like sending apostles to spread the faith.

This movement spread wider, and was again adapted to each tribe's culture. The Lakota also adopted the idea of a messiah. The Lakota lived on a reservation, and when local authorities saw 25,000 natives dance together, they saw it as a threat. This led to the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, where the United States Army killed up to 300 Native Americans. This massacre effectively ended the Ghost Dance movement.

Wovoka wrote a letter in 1892 to the other tribes telling them that Jesus had just returned to earth that year, and that if they lived good lives, they would someday get back their lands and culture, and the dead would live.

Wovoka stayed out of public sight for the rest of his life after giving this message, and lived until the 1930s.
Suiko period

The **Suiko period**  was an era of 25 years during the Asuka period of Japanese history.  This period overlaps all but 7 years of Empress Suiko's reign (604-628) or it is used as a synonym for her reign (593-628).

## Calendar

The  adoption of the sexegenary cycle calendar (_Jikkan Jūnishi_) was a significant event in the reign of Empress Suiko.  This pre-dates the system of  which was started in 645.

## Events of the _Suiko_ period

- **604**:  In the 12th year of Suiko's reign, Japan organized its earliest Imperial calendar, also known as the "Suiko period".
- **628**: In the 35th year of Suiko, the empress abdicated; and the period ended.

## Related pages

- Regnal name
- List of Japanese eras

## References

- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). _Japan encyclopedia._ Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 58053128
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). _Annales des empereurs du Japon_ (_Nihon Odai Ichiran_).  Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Tsuchihashi, Paul, S.J. (1952). .  Tokyo: Sophia University. OCLC 001291275
- Zöllner, Reinhard. (2003). _Japanische Zeitrechnung: ein Handbuch_ Munich: Iudicium Verlag. ; OCLC 249297777

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Suiko period|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|16th|17th|18th|19th|20th|21th|22th|23th|24th|25th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Gregorian|604|605|606|607|608|609|610|611|612|613|614|615|616|617|618|619|620|621|622|623|624|625|626|627|628|
Ballast tamper

A **ballast tamper** is a machine used to make railway tracks level. It is like the railway version of a road roller but instead of only squashing the high parts, it also lifts the track out of dips.  Before tamping machines were made, tamping was done by lots of people with shovels. The machines make tamping quicker and the track is more level than if tamping is done by hand. Also, some new tracks and sleepers are too heavy to be lifted by hand, so a tamper has to be used.

New tampers can also move the track from side to side to make it smoother.
WFMU

**WFMU** is a listener-supported, radio station based in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States. It uses a freeform radio program format. This means each personality or disc jockey who goes on the air, gets to decide what music to play.  WFMU is the longest-running freeform radio station in the U.S.

## Other websites

Official Homepage The official site of _WFMU_.
Christiana Guinle

**Christiana Guinle** is a Brazilian producer and actress of stage, movies and television. She graduated from the Royal Shakespeare Company.

### Theater Actress

- Homer's Odissey – won Mambembe best actress award
- O Ateneu, by Raul Pompéia - won Mambembe best new actress award
- Medea, by Eurípedes
- LuLu, by Frank Wedekind
- The Blind, by Ghelderode – Shell best actress award nominee
- Raised in Captivity, by Nicky Silver

### Theater Actress and Producer

- Hell is Other People, based on Jean-Paul Sartre's Huis-Clos – Molière best actress award nominee
- O Anjo Negro (The Dark Angel), by Nelson Rodrigues – won A.P.C.A. best actress award
- The Lady from the Sea, by Ibsen – won Shell best actress award
- God, by Woody Allen

### Cinema

- A Espera (The Wait), by Luiz Fernando Carvalho – the film won Gramado best film award
- Mil e Uma (One Thousand and One), by Suzana Morais about Marcel Duchamp's work
- Metalguru, by Flavio Colker – won Berlin's alternative festival best actress award

### Television

- Chiquinha Gonzaga, by Manoel Carlos – television miniseries about the life of Chiquinha Gonzaga (Brazilian composer, pianist, and conductor), broadcast by Rede Globo Network
- A Casa das Sete Mulheres (The House of Seven Women), by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries broadcast by Rede Globo Network
- Um Só Coração (Just One Heart), by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries broadcast by Rede Globo Network
- JK, by Maria Adelaide Amaral - television miniseries about the life of Juscelino Kubitschek (President of Brazil from 1956 to 1961),  broadcast by Rede Globo Network
Jackie Earle Haley

**Jack "Jackie" Earle Haley** (born July 14, 1961) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in _Little Children_, _Nightmare on Elm Street_, _Watchmen_, _Human Target_, _Dark Shadows_, _Lincoln_, _London Has Fallen_ and _Alita: Battle Angel_.

Haley was born on July 14, 1961 in Northridge, California. He was married three times, both ended in divorce. He was married to Amelia Cruz since 2004. He has a son, Christopher, and a daughter, Olivia.
River Phoenix

**River Jude Phoenix** (August 23, 1970 – October 31, 1993) was an American movie, television, stage, voice actor, musician, and activist who is known for his roles in _The Thing Called Love_, _Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade_, _Dark Blood_, _My Own Private Idaho_, _I Love You To Death_ and in _Stand by Me_. His brother was actor Joaquin Phoenix.

Phoenix was born on August 23, 1970 in Madras, Oregon to Arlyn Sharon Dunetz and to John Lee Botton. He was the oldest of five. Phoenix never married and had no children. Phoenix died on October 31, 1993 in West Hollywood, California from a drug overdose and heart failure, aged 23.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: River Phoenix
- **image**: RIVERP1989.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Phoenix at the 61st Academy Awards in March 1989
- **birth name**: River Jude Bottom
- **birth place**: Madras, Oregon, U.S.
- **death place**: West Hollywood, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cardiac arrest by Multiple drug intoxication
- **resting place**: Cremation, Cremated in Micanopy, Florida, U.S.
- **other names**: River Jude Phoenix
- **occupation**: Actor, musician and activist
- **years active**: 1982–1993
- **parents**: Arlyn Phoenix
John Lee Bottom
- **relatives**: Joaquin Phoenix (brother)
Rain Phoenix (sister)
Summer Phoenix (sister)
Liberty Phoenix (sister)
Alan Cumming

**Alan Cumming** OBE (born 27 January 1965) is a Scottish and American actor who is known for his roles in _The Smurfs_, _Spy Kids_, _Son of the Mask_, and in _X2_. He has won a Drama Desk Award and an Tony Award.

Cumming was born on 27 January 1965 in Aberfeldy, Perthshire, Scotland. He studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. Cumming is openly bisexual. He was married to Hilary Lyon from 1985 until they divorced in 1993. He had been in a civil partnership with Grant Shaffer since 2007.

Cumming gained American citizenship in 2008; he has been a dual British-American citizen since then. Cumming said he wanted to become an American citizen so he could vote for President Barack Obama, though he did not end up getting his citizenship in time to do so.

At a 2025 fundraising event for WNET, the American public broadcasting service in the New York area, he stated "I will always be an American" despite political differences with the American government.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alan Cumming
- **honorific suffix**: Order of the British Empire, OBE
- **image**: AlanCummingSept2013TIFF.jpg
- **alt**: Alan Cumming in 2013
- **caption**: Cumming in 2013
- **birth place**: Aberfeldy, Perth and Kinross, Aberfeldy, Perthshire, Scotland
- **alma mater**: Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, filmmaker, singer, writer
- **years active**: 1980–present
- **known for**: _The Good Wife_; _Cabaret (musical), Cabaret_ (Tony Award)
- **notable works**: _Not My Father's Son_
- **spouse**:
Tent pegging

**Tent pegging** (sometimes spelled 'tentpegging' or 'tent-pegging') is a cavalry or equestrian sport of ancient origin.

## The sport

In the specific sport of tent pegging a mounted horseman, or at times a team of horsemen, rides at a gallop and uses a sword or a lance to pierce, pick up and carry away a small ground target (a symbolic tent peg) or a series of such small ground targets.

## Origins

The origins of tent pegging are ambiguous and subject to some controversy. Some historians and other scholars believe it originated in Arabia, others believe that it might have evolved in Central Asia, while others still believe in its Indian origins. It is believed that people have practised the game of tent pegging since at least the 4th century BC, and over the ages Middle Eastern, Asian and later European empires popularized the game around the world.

The term "tent pegging", however, historically emerged from the attacks by Arabian Muslim cavaliers on enemy camps at dawn or late night, where they would gallop to their tents and pluck out the pegs of their tents, so that these would collapse on them, thus causing havoc and terror in the camp. Several old medieval Arab books give descriptions of such tactics.

## Present

Today, tent pegging is practised around the world, but is especially popular in Australia, Pakistan, India, Israel, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Canada and the United Kingdom. The Olympic Council of Asia included tent pegging as an official sport in 1982, and the International Federation for Equestrian Sports recognised it as an official equestrian discipline in 2004.

However, it is important to recognize the difference between tent pegging as an 'international sport' and the local, rural version of the sport played by the traditional tribal peoples such as the Bedu in the Middle East and Oman, the _Desi_ horsemen of Pakistani and Indian Punjab and so on. The former is a milder sport, whereas the latter is a fiercer and more commanding contest.
Sadequain

Syed **Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi**  (1930-1987) also referred to as **Sadequain Naqqash** or simply **Sadequain**, was a famous Pakistani artist. He is best known for his skills as a calligrapher and a painter.
Arkalochori Axe

The **Arkalochori Axe** is a bronze double axe, probably from the 17th century BC. The axe was found in a cave on Crete, in 1934.  Other items were also found together with the axe. Possibly, there was an earthquake which rendered the cave inaccessible, at the end of the period SM I. The axe was probably used for a reliious ritual. The axe is inscribed with fifteen symbols. It has been suggested that these might be Linear A but Professor Glanville Price agrees with Louis Godart that "the characters on the axe are no more than a 'pseudo-inscription' engraved by an illiterate in uncomprehending imitation of authentic Linear A characters on other similar axes." The axe and the Phaistos Disc are conserved in the Iraklion Archaeological Museum.

## Description

The cave where the axe was found was used from about 2500 BC onwards. In 1912, 53 bronze swords, and 19 double axes were found there; one of the axes is made of silver. Such axes often appear on items which have been attributed to the Minoan or Mycenean culture. One example is the Hagia Triada sarcophagus, which has been dated to the 14th century BC.

When the cave was searched again in 1934, a bigger double axe, made of bronze was found. This axe is about 30 centimetres wide. It is special because it bears an inscription. The symbols on the axe are aligned in three columns. These characters have been compared to both Linear A and the stamps on the Phaistos disc. As of 2012, the writing is unreadable.

Together with this axe, hundreds of long swords, knives and double axes were found in the cave. Most of these were given as offerings, but some are usable. There are 25 small double axes made of gold and seven made of silver. Among the axes found, there are a golden axe, and one made of sivler; either axe is only about 5 cm wide. Both axes (ref _AR Zf 1_ and _AR Zf 2_) bear the same inscription of a word in Linear A:

This has been phonetically transcribed as _I-DA-MA-TE_. This transcription resembles the name of the goddess Demeter. The four symbols in Linear A also resemble symbols on the bigger bronze axe. The findings  indicate that there probably was a temple to a deity linked to military activity in the cave.

## The Inscription

Of the fifteen signs, two appear to be unique. The suggestions for comparison with Linear A and Phaistos Disc glyphs are due to Torsten Timm (2004).

Reading right to left, top to bottom, the symbols are as follows.

|№|Sign|Comment|Linear A|Phaistos Disc|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|01|||A 304  _KA_ ??||
|02|||AB28  _I_|D39|
|03|||AB01  _DA_||
|04||||D02|
|05|||||
|06|||AB05  _TO_ ??||
|07||cf. 04||D02|
|08|||AB80  _MA_||
|09|||AB04  _TE_ ?|D35|
|10||cf. 04||D02|
|11|||AB31  _SA_ ??|D19|
|12||cf. 08|AB80  _MA_||
|13|||AB06  _NA_ ??|D23|
|14||Root?|||
|15|||A338  ?||
National College of Arts

The **National College of Arts** in  Lahore, Pakistan is usually referred to by its acronym **NCA**. It is the oldest fine arts training institute in the country and one of the oldest and best in all of Asia.

The NCA has a rich historical tradition dating back to the days of the British Raj. During the 1860s, it was established in Lahore, in the Punjab region, as the 'Punjab School of Arts' and was then renamed the 'Mayo School of Arts, Lahore', after Lord Mayo, a Viceroy of India. In the 1890s, it moved to its present location next to the Lahore Museum and became the 'Mayo College of Arts' and after Partition and Independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was formally designated as the 'National College of Arts'.

The old Mayo School and College had the unique distinction of having as its first principal and head, Mr John Lockwood Kipling, father of the writer Rudyard Kipling, who was also Curator of the Lahore Museum simultaneously.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: National College of Arts
- **former name**: Mayo School of Industrial Arts
- **motto**: کسب کمال کُن کہ عزیز جہان شوی
Kasb-e-kamal kun ke Aziz-e-Jahan shavi
- **mottoeng**: Seek excellence in your work, so you can be admired by the world
- **established**: 1875
- **type**: Public, art school
- **academic affiliation**: Higher Education Commission (Pakistan)
Pakistan Council for Architects and Town Planners
- **principal**: Prof. Dr. Murtaza Jafri
- **academic staff**: 70
- **students**: 700
- **city**: Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
- **campus**: Urban
- **nickname**: **NCA**
John Lockwood Kipling

**John Lockwood Kipling** (6 July 1837 – 26 January 1911) was an English art teacher, illustrator, and museum curator, who spent most of his career in British India. He was the father of the famous writer  Rudyard Kipling. Most of the original illustrations for Rudyard's renowned _Kim (book)_ (1901) were made by John Lockwood.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: John Lockwood Kipling
- **image**: John Lockwood Kipling és Rudyard Kipling.jpg
- **caption**: John Lockwood Kipling and Rudyard Kipling
- **birth name**: John Lockwood Kipling
- **birth place**: Pickering, North Yorkshire, England
- **death place**: Tisbury, Wiltshire, England
- **occupation**: Art teacher, illustrator, museum curator
Yasuhito, Prince Chichibu

**Prince Chichibu** (Chichibu-no-miya Yasuhito Shinnō) (25 June 1902 – 4 January 1953), also known as Prince Yasuhito, was the second son of Emperor Taishō and a younger brother of the Emperor Shōwa.

As a member of the Imperial House of Japan, he was the patron of various sporting, medical, and international exchange organizations. As an English-speaking prince he played a significant role in post-World War 2 Japan's reconstruction. However, he died tragically early due to Tuberculosis.

The Prince was married to the Princess Chichibu.
Setsuko, Princess Chichibu

**Princess Chichibu** (Yasuhito Shinnōhi Setsuko, née Setsuko Matsudaira) ( 9 September 1909 – 25 August 1995) was the wife of Prince Chichibu (Yasuhito) of Japan, the second son of Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei. She was, therefore, a sister-in-law of Emperor Shōwa and an aunt of the present Emperor, Akihito.

After her husband's death from  Tuberculosis in 1953, Princess Chichibu became president of the Japanese Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, honorary president of the Britain-Japan Society, the Sweden-Japan Society, and an honorary vice president of the Japanese Red Cross. She also maintained close links with old friends active in similar social service ventures around the world.

She died in August 1995 of heart failure.
Guelma

**Guelma** () is the capital of Guelma Province and Guelma District. It is in northeastern Algeria, about  from the Mediterranean coast.

## History

The town of Guelma was created in 1836; and the modern city was established in 1974.

## Other websites

- Office de Tourisme de Guelma

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Guelma
- **official name**: Commune of Guelma
- **native name**: بلدية ڨالمة
- **native name lang**: ar
- **type**: Municipalities of Algeria, Municipality
- **image skyline**: General view of Guelma.jpg
- **image alt**: General view of Guelma
- **image caption**: General view of Guelma
- **image shield**: Guelma.png
- **pushpin map**: Algeria
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Guelma within Algeria
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Algeria, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Guelma Province, Guelma (seat)
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Algeria, District
- **subdivision name2**: Guelma District, Guelma (seat)
- **seat type**: Capital (political), District seat
- **leader title**: People's Municipal Assembly, PMA Seats
- **leader name**: 23
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **elevation m**: 256
- **population total**: 190461
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +01
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Algeria, Postal code
- **postal code**: 24000
- **blank name sec1**: Office of National Statistics (Algeria), ONS code
- **blank info sec1**: 2401
Josef Fritzl

**Josef Fritzl** (born 9 April 1935) is an Austrian criminal who has been convicted in the Fritzl case. He held his daughter Elisabeth captive in a basement dungeon under his house for 24 years without sunlight. Fritzl made his daughter write letters to him and her mother, saying she had joined a cult.

During the 24 years of confining his own daughter in the sunlight-less small basement space, Fritzl visited her only to commit rape. As a result of incest, seven children were born underground. One of the baby boys died and Fritzl burned his body. Three, of six remaining children, were brought upstairs to be raised above the ground with his wife. Other three remained underground with their mother and never saw the sunlight until they were well into their teenage years. One daughter saw the sunlight and other people only after she was already 19 years old.  The police eventually found out about his crimes when one of the children became very sick and he took her to the hospital.

Fritzl was tried and convicted on several charges, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment in a facility for the mentally ill in March 2009. Fritzl could become eligible for release after fifteen years, but he is expected to be in prison until he dies.

A forensic psychiatrist diagnosed him with a personality disorder and a sexual disorder.

## Infobox (criminal)

- **name**: Josef Fritzl
- **birth name**: Josef Fritzl Ledgeway
- **birth place**: Amstetten, Lower Austria, Amstetten, Lower Austria, Federal State of Austria, Austria
- **nationality**: Austrian
- **known for**: Imprisoning and raping his daughter Elisabeth
- **conviction**: Negligent homicide, Murder by negligence, rape, and other charges
- **conviction penalty**: Life imprisonment
- **conviction status**: Incarcerated at Garsten Abbey other wise known as Caldicot or the Ledgeway lodge
- **spouse**: Rosemarie Fritzl (m. 1956; div. 2012)
OpenSolaris

**OpenSolaris** was an open source Unix operating system from Sun Microsystems. It was based on Sun's non-free Solaris operating system. The operating system was known for its ZFS file system. In 2010, Oracle Corporation bought Sun Microsystems and chose to stop making new versions of OpenSolaris. OpenSolaris was later forked into the illumos kernel and the OpenIndiana distribution.

## Other websites

- OpenSolaris (archived)
- OpenIndiana (a fork of OpenSolaris)
Tyne Daly

**Ellen Tyne Daly** (born February 21, 1946) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles as Detective Mary Beth Lacey in _Cagney & Lacey_ and as Maxine Gray in _Judging Amy_. She has won six Emmy Awards, an Tony Award, and an Drama Desk Award.

Daly was born on February 21, 1946 in Madison, Wisconsin. She studied at Brandeis University and at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy. She was married to Georg Stanford Brown from 1966 until they divorced in 1990. They had three children. Her brother is actor Tim Daly; her father was actor James Daly.

## Other websites

- Tyne Daly's official web site
Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre

The **Akhundov Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre** (Azeri: _Axundov adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Akademik Opera və Balet Teatrı_) is an opera house in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is used for opera performances and ballet performances. The building was built in 1911 and is in the Art Nouveau style. It is in the center of Baku. It was opened as an opera house in 1920, and in 1927 the opera house was named after the Azerbaijani writer Mirza Fatali Akhundov. The opera house has 600 seats. The opera house was renovated in 1985 but burned just after all the restoratory works were finished. In 1987, the opera house was renovated again, and after all the restoratory works were finished, the opera house finally reopened its doors.

## Other websites

- Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater Official Website
Liz Smith (journalist)

**Mary Elizabeth "Liz" Smith** (February 2, 1923 – November 12, 2017) was an American gossip columnist. She was known as **The Grand Dame of Dish**. She was a journalist for the New York Daily Times.

Smith was born on February 2, 1923 in Fort Worth, Texas. She was raised in New York City. Smith studied at the University of Texas at Austin. She worked for five years at CBS Radio with Mike Wallace. She was married to George Edward until they divorced.

She was bisexual.

Smith died at her Manhattan apartment on November 12, 2017 of natural causes at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- copy of transcript of her interview with CNN's  Larry King
Ann Richards

**Dorothy Ann Willis Richards** (September 1, 1933 – September 13, 2006) was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Texas. She first obtained national attention as the state treasurer of Texas, when she delivered the keynote address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. Richards served as the 45th Governor of Texas from 1991 to 1995 and was defeated for re-election in 1994 by George W. Bush. Ann Richards was the second woman governor of Texas.

Richards was born on September 1, 1933 in Lakeview, Texas. Richards was raised in Austin, Texas. She studied at Baylor University. Richards was married to David Richards from 1953 until they divorced in 1984. They have four children, including former President of Planned Parenthood Cecile Richards.

Richards died on September 13, 2006 just 12 days after her 73rd birthday from esophageal cancer in Austin, Texas, aged 73.

## Other websites

- Biography of Ann Richards from Northeastern University
- Remembering Ann Richards  by Molly Ivins

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ann Richards
- **image**: Ann Richards, Governor of Texas.jpg
- **caption**: Richards in 1992
- **order**: 45th Governor of Texas
- **lieutenant**: Bob Bullock
- **term start**: January 15, 1991
- **term end**: January 17, 1995
- **predecessor**: Bill Clements
- **successor**: George W. Bush
- **office1**: Texas State Treasurer, Treasurer of Texas
- **governor1**: Mark White
Bill Clements
- **term start1**: January 18, 1983
- **term end1**: January 15, 1991
- **predecessor1**: Warren G. Harding (Texas politician), Warren Harding
- **successor1**: Kay Bailey Hutchison
- **office3**: Member of the Travis County Commissioners Court
- **term start3**: 1977
- **term end3**: 1983
- **birth name**: Dorothy Ann Willis
- **birth place**: Lacy Lakeview, Texas, Lakeview, Texas, U.S. (now Lacy Lakeview, Texas, Lacy Lakeview)
- **death place**: Austin, Texas, U.S.
- **restingplace**: Texas State Cemetery
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 4, including Cecile Richards, Cecile
- **education**: Baylor University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas, Austin
Susannah York

**Susannah York** (**Susannah Yolande Fletcher**, January 9, 1939 – January 15, 2011) was an English movie, stage, voice, radio, and television actress. She was known for her role as Alice in _They Shoot Horses, Don't They?_. She won a BAFTA Award for her role as Alice. She was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award.

York was born on 9 January 1939 in Chelsea, London, England. She studied at Marr College and at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts.

York was married to Michael Wells from 1960 until they divorced in 1976. They have two children. York died on 15 January 2011, six days after her 72nd birthday in a hospital in Chelsea, London, England from multiple myeloma, aged 72.
Robert Goulet

**Robert Gerard Goulet** (November 26, 1933 – October 30, 2007) was an American singer, movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actor.

He was known for his deep voice and for his roles in _Beetlejuice_, _The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear_, and in the broadway version of Camelot as Lancelot. He won a Grammy Award and a Tony Award. He was a "lost Canadian".

Goulet was born on November 26, 1933 in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He studied at Victoria Composite High School and at The Royal Conservatory of Music.

He was married to Louise Longmore from 1956 until they divorced in 1963. Then he was married to Carol Lawrence from 1963 until they divorced in 1981. Then he was married to Vera Novak from 1982 until his death in 2007.

Goulet died on October 30, 2007 in Los Angeles, California from respiratory failure caused by pulmonary fibrosis, aged 73.

### Animated Roles

- _Gary the Rat_ - Robert Goulet
- _Recess: School's Out_ - Mikey Blumberg (singing)

## Other websites

- Robert Goulet official website
Lucille Bliss

**Lucille Theresa Bliss** (March 31, 1916 – November 8, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actress. She was known for being the voice of Smurfette in _The Smurfs_.

Bliss was born on March 31, 1916 in New York City, New York. Her career began in 1935 and lasted until her death in 2012. Bliss died on November 8, 2012 in Costa Mesa, California from natural causes, aged 96.
Daws Butler

**Charles Dawson "Daws" Butler** (November 16, 1916 – May 18, 1988) was an American actor and comedian. He was is known for his voice roles as Yogi Bear, Quick Draw McGraw, Snagglepuss, and Huckleberry Hound.

Butler was born on November 16, 1916 in Toledo, Ohio. Butler's family later moved to Chicago, Illinois were he was raised. He began his career as an entertainer in Chicago.

Butler was married to Mytris Martin from c. 1940 until his death in 1988. They had four children. Butler died from a heart attack in Culver City, California on May 18, 1988, aged 71.

## Other websites

- The Official Daws Butler Website
Lady Garden Park

The **Lady Garden Park** (originally **Ladies' Garden**) is a public park in Abbottabad town, Pakistan.

## History

The park was established soon after the foundation of Abbotabad town itself (January 1853) by Major James Abbott. As distinct from the _Company Bagh_ (East India Company Park) which was also founded down in the main bazaar for the recreation of "natives", the Ladies Garden was exclusively for the use of European or _White_ ladies and families. It was laid out over a whole block of the urban military cantonment area, opposite to St Luke's Church, Abbottabad. A number of trees and flowers imported from England and other places were also planted here.

While the British Raj in India lasted, this park retained its exclusive character, but after the Independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was opened to all the general public.

## Present status

The park is a very popular recreational place for the citizens of Abbottabad. Apart from the general, open area with lawns and walks etc., a section has also been segregated for women and children, with swings, slides, see-saws and so on. A small snack-bar and benches are also placed in a pleasant location, under some fine old trees. A special feature of the park is the copy of the farewell poem written by Major Abbott, the town's founder, which has been carved on a big stone slab beneath a majestic cedar tree. Many tourists come to see and read this and get themselves photographed here (See Link Below for Abbott Poem Text).

## In literature

The park has some literary connections, or has been mentioned in some literary works, most notably:

- The Urdu poem "Abar" (Rain-cloud) by the national poet of Pakistan, Allama Muhammad Iqbal was written during a visit to this park in the town during the British period, in the early 20th century (probably in 1904).
- The park is mentioned in passing for its beautiful old trees in a poem by Pakistani poet and writer, Omer Tarin in the collection _A Sad Piper_, 1st edition, Islamabad, 1994.

## Other websites

- Text of Abbottabad Poem at English Wikipedia, by Major James Abbott; Retrieved 17 November 2012
Commemorative plaque

A **commemorative plaque**, or simply plaque, is a plate made of metal, ceramic, stone, wood, or other material. It is usually placed on a wall or a large stone. It usually has text and sometimes an image in memory of one or more persons, as used for epitaph, an event, a former use of the place, or some other thing.  A plaquette is a small plaque. The word plaquette is not usually used for outdoor plaques fixed to wall.

## United Kingdom

In England there is the Blue Plaques scheme. Plaques are put on to buildings to commemorate their links with important people or events. The scheme has been run by English Heritage for over 140 years and is thought to be the oldest of its kind in the world.

Other commemorative plaque schemes are run by local councils and charities throughout the United Kingdom. These use their own rules for deciding when to put up a plaque. A list of schemes in England can be found on the English Heritage website.

## Theft

As the price of scrap metal has increased plaques have been stolen by thieves wishing to sell the metal for cash.

## Awards

Plaques or, more often, plaquettes, have text awarding someone or something.

## Other websites

- History of the First World War bronze memorial plaques
- WW I memorial plaques history
- _Gallery of Commemorative Plaques_ carved by lettercutter Ieuan Rees
- Blue Plaque Scheme: English Heritage
- Open Plaques - list of commemorative plaques in UK and elsewhere
Valonia ventricosa

***Valonia ventricosa***, also known as "bubble algae" and "sailors’ eyeballs", is a species of algae found in oceans throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions. It is one of the largest single-celled organisms. However, although genuinely a single cell, it has more than one nucleus.

### Environment

_Valonia ventricosa_ usually grow alone, but sometimes they grow in groups. They appear in the littoral zones and continental shelf of tropical and subtropical areas, like the Caribbean, north to Florida, south to Brazil, and in the Indo-Pacific. Overall, they inhabit most oceans in the world, often living in broken coral.
The deepest water it lives in is about .

### Physiology and reproduction

The single-cell organism has a spherical to ovoid (egg-like) shape. The colour varies from grass green to dark green (though in deep dark water they may appear to be silver, teal, or even blackish). This is determined by the number of chloroplasts of the specimen. The surface of the cell shines like glass. The body is a thin-walled, tough, single cell with more than one nucleus. The diameter is usually from  although it may get to  in rare cases. The "bubble" alga is attached to the bottom by fibres: "... anchored to a substrate by minute hair-like appendages called rhizoids that create a surprisingly strong hold".

Reproduction occurs by cell division, where the multinucleic mother cell makes daughter cells, which become separate from the mother cell.

## Studies

Because its cells are so large, _Valonia ventricosa_ has been used to study the permeability of cell membranes.< In studying the cellulose lattice in the cell wall, _Valonia ventricosa_ has undergone extensive X-ray analytical procedures. It has also been studied for its electrical properties, due to its unusually high electrical potential relative to the seawater that surrounds it.
Gulab Singh

Maharaja **Gulab Singh** (1792–1857), Dogra Rajput,  was the founder of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. It was the second largest princely state in British India.Though he was a man of principles, his descendents especially Hari Singh then turned out to be an autocratic ruler who suppressed the Muslims during his reign.

In 1821, Gulab Singh caprajauri from Azhar Khan and vishwa from raja tej Mohan Singh,that same year gulab into part in VI who had been leading of revolution against the Kishore Singh died in 1822 and gulab Singh was confirmed as raja of Jammu by his subject Ranjit Singh afterwards gulab Singh ticket, declaration of sun
Ranjit Singh

**Ranjit Singh** (13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839) was the founder and first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, which came to power in the Punjab from the 16th-19th century. The capital was at Gujranwala, later moved to Lahore. Ranjit Singh first came to fame around the year 1798 when he took advantage of the Durrani Empire turmoil in the Punjab region and captured the city of Lahore expelling the Afghan Muslim army garrison in the city. He then expanded further towards Punjab, fighting the Afghan Empire garrison and conquered many cities through his general, Hari Singh Nalwa. At its height, the Sikh Empire stretched from Jamrud in the west, Amritsar in the east, Multan in the south and Srinagar in the north.

After Ranjit Singh's death, his successors were weak and divided, thus the entire Punjab region fell to the British East India Company, and was conquered by the British Empire later to become part of British Raj.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Ranjit Singh
- **succession**: Maharaja of Sikh Empire
- **predecessor**: Ranjit Singh Was the Founder of the Sikh Empire
- **image**: File:Maharaja Ranjit Singh, Emperor of the Sikh Empire.jpg
- **successor**: Kharak Singh
- **birth date**: 1780
- **death date**: 1839 (aged 58)
- **religion**: Sikhism
Dogras

The **Dogras** are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group in South Asia. Dogras are mostly believed to be of Rajput origins. They are largely settled in the hilly areas of Jammu, in northern India. In terms of religion, they are mostly Hindus, with some Sikhs and Muslims too. They speak their native language Dogri.
Tiwana

The **Tiwana**  are a Punjabi  Jatt clan from the Punjab region of India and Pakistan. The Tiwanas in Indian Punjab are mostly Sikhs, while the Tiwanas of Pakistani Punjab are almost all Muslims.

The best-known member of this clan was late Malik Sir Khizar Hayat Tiwana who for some time remained Premier of the Punjab in British India, following Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan's demise.