juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nocturnal emission

**Nocturnal emissions**, **wet dreams**, **sex dreams**, and **sleep orgasms** all mean when person has a sexual orgasm while sleeping. It often leads to ejaculation. Wet dreams can begin after a person goes through puberty. Some young people have their first orgasm this way. According to one book, about 13% of boys had their first ejaculation through a wet dream. They might not understand what has happened to them, if they have not been taught anything about sex.

Nocturnal emissions are called wet dreams in males because of the dampness caused by ejaculation and because the orgasm and ejaculation often happen during a sexually exciting dream. Scientists are not sure what causes them. Most sexual dreams _do not_ cause orgasms.

It is harder for women to tell, because vaginal lubrication is not always associated with orgasm.

Wet dreams are natural and harmless. They do not mean that anything is wrong with you. While it can feel almost magical to ejaculate during a dream, most boys don't like the mess it creates. Many people stop having wet dreams if they masturbate often, or once they begin having sexual intercourse regularly.

Dreams can be strange and confusing. Often it is best not to over-think about what they might mean. A dream about having sex with another boy or man does not necessarily mean you are gay. A sexual dream involving a relative or teacher does not mean you truly want to have sex with that person. A dream about sex with an animal does not mean you truly want to have sex with an animal.

If you urinate while asleep, this is called wetting the bed, not a wet dream.

Nocturnal emissions are mentioned in the Bible in **Deuteronomy 23:10** and **Leviticus 15:16.** Deuteronomy 23:10-11 says, "10: If any man among you becomes unclean because of a nocturnal emission, he must leave the camp and stay outside. 11: When evening approaches, he must wash with water, and when the sun sets he may return to the camp." (Berean Standard Bible)
Tevatron

The **Tevatron** was a giant Particle accelerator in Illinois that was used by scientists to make protons go very fast, almost the speed of light in some cases. Scientists looked at what happens when the protons hit antiprotons to see if they are right about their ideas as to what protons are made of.

The Tevatron was a circular particle accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (also known as Fermilab), just east of Batavia, Illinois. It was the second highest energy particle collider in the world after the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Tevatron is a synchrotron that accelerates protons and antiprotons in a 6.28 km (3.90 miles) ring to energies of up to 1 TeV, hence its name. The Tevatron was completed in 1983 at a cost of $120 million ($ today) and has been regularly upgraded since then. (The 'Energy Doubler', as it was known then, produced its first accelerated beam — 512 GeV —  on July 3, 1983.)  The _Main Injector_ was the most substantial addition, built over five years from 1994 at a cost of $290 million.  The Tevatron was shut down on September 30, 2011.

The Large Hadron Collider was later built in Switzerland to look for one of those pieces, called the Higgs Boson. The LHC broke and is now being fixed. The Tevatron scientists also tried to find the Higgs Boson. They need to do this before the LHC is fixed, because the LHC is much better at finding things.

The scientists at the Tevatron had a year's headstart on the scientists at the LHC. Whoever finds the Higgs will be honored by other scientists. That is why the scientists at the Tevatron wanted to find it before the scientists at the LHC.

The Tevatron discovered three of the 17 fundamental particles including the top quark.  The main ring of the Tevatron will probably be reused in future experiments, and its components may be transferred to other particle accelerators.
First Punic War

The **First Punic War** started in 264 BC. It lasted for 23 years, ending in 241 BC. It was the first of three wars fought between ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic. They were rivals for trade and influence in the Mediterranean. For more than 20 years the two powers struggled for supremacy. Key areas were the island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also North Africa. Rome eventually won control of Sicily.

With the help of her own allies and rebels among the indigenous African allies of Carthage, Rome won the First Punic War after 23 years. In the end it became the dominant naval power of the Mediterranean. To get terms for peace, the Carthaginians had to pay a large amount of money (in silver), and give up a number of islands in the Mediterranean. They kept Sardinia and Corsica.
Scott Westerfeld

**Scott Westerfeld** (born May 5, 1963) is an American author of science fiction and young adult literature. One of his most famous book series was _Uglies_.

### Adults

- _Polymorph_ (1997)
- _Fine Prey_ (1998)
- _Evolution's Darling_ (2000)

#### _Succession_ series

- _The Risen Empire_ (2003)
- _The Killing of Worlds_ (2003)
The two books were re-published in 2005 in one volume, also titled _The Risen Empire_.

### Young adults

- _So Yesterday_ (2004)
- _Afterworlds_ (2014)
- _Horizon_ (2017)

#### _Midnighters_ trilogy

- _The Secret Hour_ (2004)
- _Touching Darkness_ (2005)
- _Blue Noon_ (2006)

#### _Peeps_ series

- _Peeps_ (2005) (also known as _Parasite Positive_ in Britain and _V-Virus_ or _Peeps_ in Canada)
- _The Last Days_ (2006)

#### _Uglies_ series

- _Uglies_ (2005)
- _Pretties_ (2005)
- _Specials_ (2006)
- _Extras_ (2007)
- _Impostors_ (2018)
- _Shatter City_ (2019)
- _Mirror's Edge_ (2021)
- _Youngbloods (2022)_

##### Related works

- _Bogus to Bubbly: An Insider's Guide to the World of Uglies_ (2008)
- Graphic novel retellings from Shay's point of view:
    - _Uglies: Shay's Story_ (with Devin Grayson and Steven Cummings) (2012)
    - _Uglies: Cutters_ (with Devin Grayson and Steven Cummings) (2012)

#### _Leviathan_ series (illustrated by Keith Thompson)

- _Leviathan_ (October, 2009)
- _Behemoth_ (October, 2010)
- _Goliath_ (September, 2011)

##### Related works

- _The Manual of Aeronautics_ (illustrated guide) (August, 2012)

#### _Spill Zone_ graphic novel series (illustrated by Alex Puvilland)

- _Spill Zone_ (May, 2016)
- _Spill Zone: The Broken Vow_ (July, 2019)

##### Related works

- _Spill Night_ (short story for Free Comic Book Day) (March 2017)

#### _Zeroes_ trilogy (with Margo Lanagan and Deborah Biancotti)

- _Zeroes_ (2015)
- _Swarm_ (2016)
- _Nexus_ (2018)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Scott Westerfeld
- **image**: Scott Westerfeld.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Westerfeld at a conference
- **birth place**: Dallas, Texas, Dallas, Texas, United States, USA
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **period**: 1990s - present
- **genre**: Young adult literature, Young adult
- **spouse**: Justine Larbalestier
Partial differential equation

**Partial differential equations** (abbreviated as PDEs) are a kind of mathematical equation. They are related to partial derivatives, in that obtaining an antiderivative of a partial derivative involves integration of partial differential equations.

## Numerical methods

Since PDEs have appeared in mathematics and physics, many scientists have studied methods to solve them. But unfortunately, no one could establish methods to solve any kind of PDE. Therefore, numerical methods for PDEs (such as the finite element method) are widely studied since the appearance of computers.

## Related pages

- Differential equation
- Functional analysis
- Ordinary differential equation
- Navier–Stokes equations

## People who studied about partial differential equations

- Kyuya Masuda
- Peter Lax
- Ryogo Hirota
- Shinichi Oishi
- Sofya Kovalevskaya
- Terence Tao

## Literature

- Partial Differential Equations (Graduate Studies in Mathematics) Lawrence C. Evans, American Mathematical Society, 2010/04/.
- Egorov, Y. V., & Shubin, M. A. (2013). Foundations of the classical theory of partial differential equations. Springer Science & Business Media.
- Olver, P. J., Introduction to partial differential equations. Berlin: Springer.
- Partial Differential Equations I-III (Applied Mathematical Sciences) Michael Taylor, Springer.
Trade paperback (comics)

Trade paperbacks, or "trades" as they are commonly called, are collections of comic books that are usually bound in a better format than the comic magazines, using the same materials and methods as printed books. They are generally sold in bookstores and specialty comic book shops rather than at newsstands.

Unlike graphic novels, the material in a trade paperback is reprinted from comic magazines that were released in the standard 32-page format. Unlike comic books, which only tell one small part of a story, trade paperbacks usually collect a complete story, story arc, or a large part of a story. They usually reprint the material from 4 to 12 comic books, depending on the size of the trade and the story being collected.

Some famous examples of trade paperbacks:
- Watchmen
- V for Vendetta
- Batman: Year One
Mathematical induction

**Mathematical induction** is a special way of proving a mathematical truth. It can be used to prove that something is true for all the natural numbers (or all positive numbers from a point onwards). The idea is that if:

1. Something is true for the first case (base case);
1. Whenever that same thing is true for a case, it will be true for the next case (inductive case),

then
- That same thing is true for every case by induction.

In the careful language of mathematics, a proof by induction often proceeds as follows:
- State that the proof will be _by induction over _. ( is the _induction variable_.)
- Show that the statement is true when  is 1.
- Assume that the statement is true for any natural number . (This is called the _induction step_.)
    - Show then that the statement is true for the next number, .

Because it is true for 1, then it is true for 1+1 (=2, by the induction step), then it is true for 2+1 (=3), then it is true for 3+1 (=4), and so on.

### Sum of the first n natural numbers

Prove that for all natural numbers _n_:

Proof:

First, the statement can be written as:

- (for all natural numbers _n)_

By induction on _n_,

First, for _n_=1:
- ,

so this is true.

Next, assume that for some _n_=_n<sub>0</sub>_ the statement is true. That is,:

Then for _n_=_n<sub>0</sub>_+1:

can be rewritten as

Since

Hence the proof is complete by induction.

### The sum of the interior angles of a polygon

Mathematical induction is often stated with the starting value 0 (rather than 1). In fact, it will work just as well with a variety of starting values. Here is an example when the starting value is 3: "The sum of the interior angles of a -sided polygon is  degrees."

The initial starting value is 3, and the interior angles of a triangle is  degrees. Assume that the interior angles of a -sided polygon is  degrees. Add on a triangle which makes the figure a -sided polygon, and that increases the count of the angles by 180 degrees  degrees. Since both the base case and the inductive case are handled, the proof is now complete.

There are a great many mathematical objects for which proofs by mathematical induction works. The technical term is a _well-ordered set_.

## Inductive definition

The same idea can work to _define_ a set of objects, as well as to prove statements about that set of objects.

For example, we can define th degree cousin as follows:
- A st degree cousin is the child of a parent's sibling.
- A st degree cousin is the child of a parent's th degree cousin.

There is a set of axioms for the arithmetic of the natural numbers which is based on mathematical induction. This is called "Peano's Axioms". The undefined symbols are | and =.The axioms are
- | is a natural number.
- If  is a natural number, then  is a natural number.
- If  then .

One can then define the operations of addition and multiplication and so on by mathematical induction. For example:

## Related pages

- Mathematical proof
- Proof by contradiction
Kader Abdolah

**Hossein Sadjadi Ghaemmaghami Farahani** (, better known by his pen name **Kader Abdolah** () (Arak, 12 November 1954), is a Dutch author who was born in Iran.

Kader Abdolah was born _Hossein Sadjadi Ghaemmaghami Farahani_ () in Arak, Iran. Since 1988 he has been living in the Netherlands.

His books are often written in Dutch.  He adds ideas from Persian literature.  He wrote "De reis van de lege flessen", "The journey of the empty bottles".  The book is about an Iranian who goes to live in the Netherlands.  "The House of the Mosque" was voted second best Dutch novel ever in Holland. "My Father's Notebook: A Novel of Iran" and "The House of the Mosque" are available in English.

## Honours and awards

- Knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion
- Knight in the French Order of Arts and Literature

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Kader abdolah oct08 by sander bakkes.jpg
- **caption**: Kader Abdolah in October 2008
- **pseudonym**: Kader Abdolah
- **birth name**: Hossein Sadjadi Ghaemmaghami Farahani
- **language**: Dutch, Persian language, Persian
- **citizenship**: Netherlands
Iran
- **education**: physics
- **alma mater**: University of Teheran
Wigan

**Wigan** is a town located within the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester, North West England. It is home to Wigan Athletic football club and Wigan Warriors rugby league team. It is about twenty miles from Liverpool, Manchester and Preston.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **post town**: WIGAN
- **static image name**: Wigan Pier and the Leeds & Liverpool Canal.jpg
- **london distance**:  Boxing the compass, SE
- **os grid reference**: SD583055
- **dial code**: 01942
- **postcode district**: WN1-WN3, WN5, WN6
- **postcode area**: WN
- **constituency westminster**: Wigan (UK Parliament constituency), Wigan
- **official name**: Wigan
- **region**: North West England
- **metropolitan county**: Greater Manchester
- **metropolitan borough**: Metropolitan Borough of Wigan, Wigan
- **population ref**: (United Kingdom Census 2011, 2011 Census)
- **population**: 103,608
- **static image caption**: Wigan Pier, a former wharf on the Leeds and Liverpool Canal
Polymerization

**Polymerization** or **polymerisation** is the process in which small molecules, called monomers, join chemically to produce a very large chain-like or network molecules, called polymer<nowiki/>s. The monomer molecules may all be alike, or they may represent two, three, or more different compounds. Usually at least 100 monomer molecules must be combined to make a product that has certain unique physical properties—such as elasticity, high tensile strength, or the ability to form fibres—that differentiate polymers from substances composed of smaller and simpler molecules. Often, many thousands of monomer units are incorporated in a single molecule of a polymer. The formation of stable covalent chemical bonds between the monomers sets polymerization apart from other processes, such as crystallization, in which large numbers of molecules aggregate under the influence of weak intermolecular forces. Alkene molecules can react with themselves, by adding polymerization to form 'plastic' or polymeric materials. When a catalyst (a substance that speeds up chemical processes) is added to the reaction, or it is heated under pressure, unsaturated alkenes link together, when the double bond partially breaks.

Polyethene is a cheap and useful plastic used for plastic bags and bottles, it is also very flexible and quite strong.

### Condensation Polymerization

In condensation polymerization, the monomers are connected by a dehydration reaction.

### Addition Polymerization

Monomers that are unsaturated may become polymerized using addition reactions with each other. This process is called addition polymerization, and the double and triple bonds become single or double bonds.
Final Crisis

**Final Crisis** is was a seven issue miniseries published by DC Comics from May 2008 to January 2009 written by Grant Morrison and drawn by JG Jones, Carlos Pacheco and Doug Mahnke.

In _Final Crisis_, the bad guys win. But after some fighting, Superman deep freezes the Earth's population. After he defeats a vampire god called the Dark Monitor, he brings the world back with his imagination.
Adverse possession

**Adverse possession** is a rule in property law. This rule says that if property is not being used by its owner while another person is using the property, this other person (called an "adverse possessor") becomes the new owner of the property. To get these rights, the adverse possessor usually must use the property in the way a normal owner would do for a period of time, typically 20 years. In some jurisdictions, a form of adverse possession exists in which the adverse possessor ends up with sharing some rights to property with the owner, such as a right-of-way, instead of getting all the rights.
Rule against perpetuities

The Rule against Perpetuities is one of the most complicated rules in property law and wills and trusts.  In general, the rule states that a gift of a will (or a trust) will not be enforced if the subject of the gift is to be given to a person who can not be known now, and will not be able to be known, by the end of 21 years after the death of everyone who was alive (including children in their mother's uterus but not yet born) at the time the gift was created.

For example, if a woman says in her will that her house is to be given "to the children of her children when they graduate from college" this would not be enforced by a court. It would not be enforced because one (or more) of her children's children might not graduate from college until 21 years after everyone who was alive at the time of the woman's death has died.

The purpose of the rule is to prevent property from being tied up for "perpetuity" (a very long time).  The courts (and many people in society) do not want to hold property to see who will receive it after a complicated set of rules from the gift-giver. First, this would result in a waste of the courts' time and resources. Second, it would be a waste of the property that is being given through the gift.  If a gift in a will violates the Rule against Perpetuities, the court will simply strike that gift and transfer the subject of the gift as if the will had not mentioned it.

However, many countries and states have changed this rule, and it does not apply at all, or in a changed way, in those countries and states.
Polypeptide

A **polypeptide** is a string or linear chain of amino acids linked together. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins.  A single polypeptide chain might make up the entire primary structure of a simple protein; more complex proteins are formed when two or more polypeptides link together. Each protein is a polymer of amino acids.

Polypeptides are made when mRNA is translated, a process involving ribosomes, tRNA and amino acids.
Solipsism

**Solipsism** ( ) is the view that a person has no reason to believe anything exists except their own mind. It is a theory that first appeared in ancient philosophy. It mainly means to reject or doubt that other people exist. "" and "" are the Latin words for "alone" and "self", which is where the word "solipsism" comes from. Some kinds of solipsism say that everything outside a person's own mind (including other people) is only imaginary. Other kinds of solipsism instead say that nothing outside a person's own mind is certain.

Denial of material existence, in itself, is not solipsism. Solipsism also rejects or doubts that other people exist. As an epistemological view, it is the concept that nothing but one's own mind can be _certain_ to exist. The existence of other minds, in this view, is considered a possibility, but not certainty. And even time does not stop just because there would be nobody to experience it (which is probably going to happen in the end of the universe when there would be simply nothing)

## Related pages

- Egoism
- Idealism
- Nihilism
Dipstick

A **dipstick** is a tool which can be dipped into liquid to measure how much of it there is, or to test it for things.

## Testing dipstick

A testing dipstick is usually made of paper or cardboard. It contains substances which change colour when something is found in a liquid.

## Measuring dipstick

Measuring dipsticks show the amount of liquid in a container. These containers are usually hard to access. Measuring dipsticks are used by inserting and removing the stick and then checking how much of the stick is covered by the liquid. The oil level dipstick is an example of a measuring dipstick found on most internal combustion engines.
Elliptic curve

An **elliptic curve** is a curve of degree 3 that can be described using the following formula:

,

where  and  are integers.
Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit

The **Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit** is an American strategic bomber. It is designed to get through many anti-aircraft defenses. It can drop both conventional and nuclear bombs. Up to 80 -class JDAM GPS-guided bombs, or sixteen  B83 nuclear bombs, can be dropped by such bombers.

## Overview

The bomber was designed as an "Advanced Technology Bomber" (ATB) under the Carter government. The development continued under the Reagan government. The bomber is made by Northrop Grumman. Each aircraft cost US$737 million (in 1997 dollars).

## Operations

The B-2 bombers was first used against Serbia in the 1999 Kosovo War, later in the Iraq War. In 2023, it landed for the first time in Europe – leaving Norway after training with NATO forces.

### Operation Midnight Hammer

In the early morning of June 22, 2025, seven USAF B-2 bombers conducted the "Operation Midnight Hammer" to bomb Iran's Fordow and Natanz nuclear sites. They dropped 30,000 pounds of bunker busters, followed by two Tomahawk missile strikes on the Isfahan nuclear site, marking the first use of such bombs and the largest B-2 bomber mission in history ‒ involving 125 aircraft when fighter jets and refueling planes are counted in. Trump said that the Iranian nuclear sites had been "completely and totally obliterated".

## Issues

The bomber is reportedly expensive, sparking controversies in the U.S. Congress, which initially wanted 132 bombers, but reduced it to 21 in the 1990s. In 2008, a B-2 was destroyed in a crash shortly after takeoff. The crew got out safely. 20 B-2s are being used by the United States Air Force.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: B-2 Spirit
- **image**: File:B-2 Spirits on Deployment to Indo-Asia-Pacific.jpg
- **caption**: A B-2 Spirit from Whiteman Air Force Base, Mo., flies over an undisclosed location in the U.S. Pacific Command area of operations.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Strategic bomber, Strategic Stealth aircraft, stealth bomber
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: Northrop Grumman
Northrop Corporation
- **first flight**: 17 July 1989
- **introduction**: April 1997
- **produced**: 1988‒2000
- **primary user**: United States Air Force
- **number built**: 21
- **status**: In service
- **program cost**: US$44.75 billion (through 2004)
- **unit cost**: $737 million (1997)
Diapause

**Diapause** is a delay in development which has evolved in response to regular periods of adverse environmental conditions.

It is a physiological state with very specific conditions. Diapause is a mechanism used as a means to survive predictable, unfavourable environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes, drought or reduced food availability. It is most often observed in arthropods, especially insects, and in the embryos of many of the oviparous species of fish in the order Cyprinodontiformes.

Not only is diapause started by specific stimuli or conditions, but once it is started, only certain other stimuli are capable of bringing the organism out of diapause. This distinguishes diapause from other forms of dormancy such as hibernation.

Activity levels of diapausing stages can vary considerably among species. Diapause may occur in a completely immobile stage, such as the pupae and eggs, or it may occur in very active stages that undergo extensive migrations, such as the adult Monarch butterfly, _Danaus plexippus_. In cases where the insect remains active, feeding is reduced and reproductive development is slowed or halted.
Electric field

An **electric field** is a vector field that shows the direction that a positively charged particle will move when placed in the field. More precisely, if a particle has an electric charge  and is in an electric field , the electric force the charge will feel is . Electric fields are produced around objects that have electrical charge, or by a magnetic field that changes with time. Electric field lines are used to represent the influence of electric field.  The idea of an electric field was first made by Michael Faraday.

Electric fields are caused by electric charges, described by Gauss's law, or varying magnetic fields, described by Faraday's law of induction.  The equations of both fields are coupled and together form Maxwell's equations that describe both fields as a function of charges and currents.

## Related pages

- _Polarization electric field_ and _ambipolar electric field_
Audiobook

**Audiobooks** or "talking books" are books that have been read aloud by someone and recorded. Nowadays, they are usually recorded onto compact discs (CDs), although some older editions remain on cassette tapes. (This is why many texts in this format were first called books-on-tape.) More recently, audiobooks have been available to download from the internet (free or paid-for) and pre-recorded on special MP3 players.

While audiobooks can be used by anyone, they serve as a main resource for people who are blind or cannot see well.

Many popular books are often chosen to be turned into audiobooks. The original author may or may not be involved in choosing the narrator for the reading. Some authors often use the same reader for many books, so that their audiobooks have a similar sound or style.
Power spectrum

The **power spectrum** of a signal is the power or more simply the energy of the signal at each frequency that it contains. It can also be considered as the range or spectra of energy or power of the given signal derived from the signals' range of frequencies. For example, white noise, which contains all frequencies at the same power, has a flat **power spectrum**. The **power spectrum** of the sound of the bottom key on a piano would have a high value at the frequency corresponding to its note, and low values elsewhere.
Slovak Wikipedia

The **Slovak Wikipedia** (In Slovak: _Slovenská Wikipédia_) is the Slovak-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition began in October 2003.

It is the 44th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.

it has over 250,000 articles.

## Other websites

- Slovak Wikipedia main page

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: **Slovak Wikipedia**
_Slovenská Wikipédia_
- **screenshot**: SlovakWikipediaMainpageScreenshot1October2012.png
- **collapsible**: yes
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-sk.svg
- **url**: [http://sk.wikipedia.org sk.wikipedia.org]
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Slovak language, Slovak
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: Slovak wiki community
Parsec

The **parsec** (symbol: **pc**) is a unit of distance used in astronomy. It is the distance that light travels in 3.26 years, or just under 31 trillion kilometres (about 19 trillion miles).

This is from the definition: a parsec is the distance from the Sun to an object which has a parallax angle of one arcsecond. The technique used in the calculation is trigonometry.

It takes 3.26 years for the light to come from a parsec away.

## Related pages

- Astrometry

## Infobox (unit)

- **name**: Parsec
- **image**: Stellarparallax parsec1.svg
- **caption**: A parsec is the distance from the Sun to an astronomical object which has a parallax angle of one arcsecond. (the diagram is not to scale).
- **standard**: astronomical units
- **quantity**: length
- **symbol**: pc
- **units1**: International System of Units, SI units
- **units2**: Imperial units, imperial & United States customary units, US units
- **units3**: other astronomical
- **units4**:    units
- **inunits4**:  light-year, ly
Deterministic algorithm

A **deterministic algorithm** is a computer science algorithm. A machine or algorithm is considered deterministic if, when you give it the same thing (the same input), that what you get out (the output) does not change. This is used in computer science because it ensures that an algorithm or machine is able to reliably return the same information. In mathematics, addition would be counted as a deterministic algorithm. This is because, given the same inputs, 4 and 8 for example, you will always get the same output, 12.
Puget Sound

**Puget Sound** is a sound in northwestern Washington State. It is a large area of salt water that is partially cut off from the rest of the Pacific Ocean. Many of Washington's cities, like Seattle and Tacoma are next to the sound. Many boats and ships travel on the sound. Some of the ships are ferries which take people and cars from the main part of Washington to the islands in the sound and to the Olympic Peninsula. Many ships come from across the ocean from places like Japan and China to trade in Washington.
The Legacy of Heorot

***The Legacy of Heorot*** is a science fiction novel written in 1987 by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Steven Barnes.

This is the first book in the _Heorot_ series. It is about a human space colony at the star Tau Ceti.

## Plot Summary

Hundreds of years in the future, people travel to the star Tau Ceti. It takes 100 years to fly there. To live that long the people go to sleep and freeze each other. When they get there they unfreeze, but some people do not wake up. Some people wake up but are not as smart as they were.

They land on the fourth planet from the sun and build a town on a big island. Everything is peaceful until they are attacked by a large animal. The animal is like a cross between a frog and an alligator. It is big but also _very_ fast and smart. They call it a Grendel. The Grendel kills several people but then it is killed.

The people get very scared and build fences, land mines, and guns. After a while they get less scared and think that the Grendel they killed was the only one. They build boats and get brave. Then another bigger Grendel kills some of the people in the boats. The People trap and kill this Grendel.

The People get really mad. They find out that Grendels have to stay near water because when a Grendel moves fast it makes a lot of heat. If it does not cool off it will die. They go all around the island and kill all the Grendels. This makes them very happy.

They feel safe and travel all around the island. They notice that the alien fish are big now. They think that without the Grendels around there will be lots of fish to eat. This makes them happy.

Everything is good until the fish get very big. When they get big enough they grow legs, breath air, and move very fast. The fish are _baby Grendels_. Now instead of a few big Grendels there are thousands of small ones.

Some people escape to the space ship. But, other stay to defend the town. They use the electric fences and land mines and guns to kill the little Grendels. After awhile the town gets too damaged to protect anymore. The people run away to a cave on a mountain. The Grendels follow them up a river and attack the cave. The people use kerosene to burn the Grendels. Also, they knock big rocks down onto them. After enough Grendels get killed, the other Grendels learn to run away instead of just attack. The people _win_.

Over time the people hunt down all the new Grendels and all the alien fish. Finally they are safe.
Xkcd

***xkcd*** is a comic strip on the Internet. American cartoonist Randall Munroe draws and writes the comic. The comic is drawn in boxes. It is one of the most popular comics on the Internet. It is "a webcomic of romance, sarcasm, math and language". Sometimes, the readers of the comic act out things that Munroe puts in his comics. There are also messages in all comics that show up when moused over. In October 2007, the comic was viewed about 60 million times. The comic has won many awards. The name "xkcd" does not mean anything and was just made so people do not say it as a word. , there are over 3000 different _xkcd_ comics.

In November 2015, Munroe wrote a book named _Thing Explainer_,  using the same stick figure drawings from his comic. The book is about how things work, and is written in Simple English. It uses only one thousand different simple words. The idea for it came from a comic "Up goer Five" which is about the Saturn V rocket.

## References

**Notes**

## Other websites

- Main site
- A site for explaining the comics of xkcd

## Infobox (comic strip)

- **title**: xkcd
- **italic title**: no
- **image**: xkcd philosophy.png
- **website**: xkcd.com
- **caption**: Panel from "Philosophy"
- **author**: Randall Munroe
- **url**: [https://xkcd.com/ xkcd.com]
- **status**: Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays
- **genre**: Geek humor
Lamar Advertising

**Lamar Advertising** is an outdoor advertising company. The company was founded in the year 1902. The company's headquarters is in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Lamar operates in the United States of America, Canada and Puerto Rico. They sell advertising on billboards. They sell advertising on buses. They have digital billboards.

## Departments

Lamar has many parts called "departments". This is common in most companies. Here are some parts of Lamar.
- IT (it stands for Information Technology)
- Human Resources
- National Sales
- Plants (this is what Lamar calls its offices)

## Other websites

- Lamar
Carl Pomerance

**Carl Pomerance** (born 1944, Joplin, Missouri) is a mathematician. Most of his work has been in number theory. He helped find the quadratic sieve which is a way to factor big numbers very fast. He teaches at Dartmouth College. He has Erdős number 1.
Carnegie Mellon University

**Carnegie Mellon University** is a research university. It is in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is known for research in computer science. It is ranked #1 in the United States for computer science.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Carnegie Mellon University
- **image**: Cmu-pittsburgh-3.jpg
- **caption**: Andrew Carnegie
- **motto**: "My heart is in the work."
- **established**: 1900 by Andrew Carnegie
- **type**: Private
- **endowment**: $950 million
- **president**: Jared Cohon
- **undergrad**: 5,705
- **postgrad**: 5,265
- **faculty**: 1,368
- **city**: Pittsburgh
- **state**: Pennsylvania
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
- **athletics**: National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA Division III
- **colors**: Cardinal, Gray, and Tartan Plaid
- **nickname**: Tartans
- **mascot**: Scotty the Scottie Dog
- **website**: [http://www.cmu.edu/ cmu.edu]
- **logo**: Carnegie Mellon wordmark.svg
Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords

***Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords*** is an adventure puzzle video game made by Infinite Interactive and published by D3 Publisher in 2007.
Josh Groban

**Joshua Winslow "Josh" Groban** (born February 27, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, actor, and record producer. He has won many Tony and Grammy awards throughout his career, including one for Natasha, Pierre and the great Comet of 1812. He is playing Sweeney Todd now.

## Early life and education

Groban was born in Los Angeles, California, to Jack Groban, a businessman, and Lindy Groban (née Johnston), a school teacher. His father is a descendant of Jewish immigrants from Poland and Ukraine, but converted from Judaism to Christianity upon marrying his mother. His mother's ancestry includes English, German, and Norwegian; one of her own grandfathers had also been Jewish. His parents are Episcopalians.

Groban first sang in public when he was in the seventh grade. His music teacher chose him to sing a solo of "S'wonderful" at the school's cabaret night, where he sang alone on stage for the first time. At this time, he was more focused on acting, playing Tevye in his high school's production of _Fiddler on the Roof_. In the summers of 1997 and 1998, he also attended the Interlochen Center for the Arts Camp in Michigan, majoring in musical theater, and began taking vocal lessons. He went on to attend the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts as a theater major and graduated in 1999. He was admitted to and briefly attended Carnegie Mellon University, intent on studying musical theater. Four months into his first semester, Groban was offered a recording contract and left college to pursue a singing career.
He is playing Sweeney Todd, and he claims to be a pescetarian... because of meat pies

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Josh Groban
- **image**: Josh Groban (Cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Groban, February 2009
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Joshua Winslow Groban
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **instrument**: Vocals, piano, drums, percussion
- **genre**: Easy listening, Vocal music, vocal, operatic pop, pop rock
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, musician, actor, record producer
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **label**: 143 Records, 143, Reprise Records, Reprise
Slip End

**Slip End** is a medium sized village in South Bedfordshire, England. There is one school in the village - Slip End Lower School serving the community and surrounding areas from Reception to Year 4 Children.

There are two community venues in the village:

- The Village Hall is at the centre of the village.
- Peter Edwards Hall and playing fields is adjacent to the Church, St Andrews, next to the M1 motorway.

## Other websites

- Slip End official website

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **static image**: Slip End, Village Sign and Village Hall - geograph.org.uk - 168744.jpg
- **static image caption**: Slip End sign in the town's village centre
- **official name**: Slip End
- **population**: 1,976
- **population ref**: _(2001)_
- **civil parish**: Slip End
- **unitary england**: Central Bedfordshire
- **lieutenancy england**: Bedfordshire
- **region**: East of England
- **constituency westminster**: Luton South (UK Parliament constituency), Luton South
- **post town**: LUTON
- **postcode district**: LU1
- **postcode area**: LU
- **dial code**: 01582
- **os grid reference**: TL080461
Alex Fraser

**Alex Fraser** can be any of the following:

- Alex Fraser (scientist), Australian scientist
- Alex Fraser (politician), Canadian politician
- Alex Fraser Bridge
Network bridge

A **network bridge** is a device which connects two parts of a network together at the data link layer (layer 2 of the OSI model).

Network bridges work similarly to network switches, but the traffic is managed differently. A bridge will only send traffic from one side to the other if it is going to a destination on the other side. This is different to a layer 1 switch which sends all traffic from either side. Sometimes network bridges are called layer 2 switches.

Since they need to look at the contents of the traffic going into them, they are much more complicated than a hub or repeater.

## How is it different to a switch?

Network Switches and Bridges are both Layer 2 devices. They  operate at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) of the OSI Reference Model. Network Switches and Bridges have many similarities and similar  function. But Switches are considered as superior devices than bridges.

Following are the major differences between  network switches and bridges.

**•** Packet forwarding in Bridges are performed using software. Packet forwarding in Switches are performed using ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits).

**•** Switches operate comparatively higher speeds than Bridges.

**•** Method of switching of a Bridge is store and forward. Method  of switching of a Switch can be store and forward, cut-through or fragment-free.

**•** Normally a Switch has more ports than a Bridge.

**•** Bridges can operate only in half duplex mode, but a Switch can operate both in half duplex or full duplex mode.

**•** Both Bridge and Switch has one collision domain per port, but switches have one broadcast domain per VLAN.

**•** Switches support full-duplex Local Area Network (LAN) communication.

## Related pages

- Shortest Path Bridging
Alex Fraser (scientist)

**Alex Fraser** (1923–2002) was an Australian computer scientist. He helped develop the modelling of population genetics on computers.  His work made an impact on how we view evolutionary systems today.
Great Northern War

The **Great Northern War** (1700–1721), was a war fought between Sweden and the coalition of Russia, Saxony, Poland, and Denmark-Norway. In 1715 Prussia and Hannover joined the war against Sweden. The King of Hannover was also King George II of Great Britain.

After the coalition attacked them, Sweden invaded Russia in 1709 which was not a good idea. The Russian Army retreated  so the Swedish Army had to chase them. When winter came it was the coldest winter that Europe had had in a hundred years and half of the Swedish <span style=color:#06c>soldiers</span> died in the cold. Eventually the Swedish army caught up to the Russian army and they had a battle, called the battle of Poltava. Russia won the battle but most of the Swedish soldiers, including king Charles XII of Sweden, escaped and went to the Ottoman Empire. Peter, the king of Russia, didn't like this so he declared war on the Ottoman Empire.  He lost and had to give the town of <span style=color:#06c>Azov</span> back to the Ottomans.

Charles XII left the Ottoman Empire in 1714 and went to Stralsund in Pomerania which was owned by Sweden at the time but was under siege.  Charles escaped back to Sweden just before the people in Stralsund surrendered. Then he invaded Norway (which was owned by Denmark at the time.) and was shot and killed there. With their king gone, the Swedish soldiers left Norway and went back to Sweden. On the way back many soldiers died.

When all that was happening Russia had been invading Sweden. Russia conquered  Estonia, Livonia and Ingria. By the time the remaining soldiers had come back from Norway, Russia had completely conquered Finland. Sweden still didn't want peace though, because they would have to give lots of land to Russia. Russia used a newly made fleet of ships to attack and raid the Swedish Coast and Sweden would still not give up.  Eventually the Russian and Swedish ships came together in the Battle of Grengam. Both sides thought they had won the battle so no treaty was signed until the Russians continued using their boats to damage the Swedish coast. Finally Sweden gave up in 1721. Sweden had made peace with Denmark in 1720 and in 1721 Sweden signed the treaty of Nystad.

## Treaties

In the Treaty of Nystad, or Treaty of Uusikaupunki, Sweden had to give land to other countries. Sweden had to give Estonia, Livonia and Ingria to Russia but kept Finland. Sweden also signed other treaties. In the treaty of Stockholm, Sweden gave Prussia Swedish Pomerania. In the treaty of Fredericksborg where Sweden had to pay Denmark-Norway money for the damage the war had done.

This war allowed Russia to become the dominant power in Northeastern Europe, instead of Sweden.
CentOS

**CentOS** is a distribution (or _distro_) of Linux that is made to be similar to Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). It was made as a free alternative that is compatible with RHEL. Now, many people work on CentOS, and many more people use it on their computers. Often, CentOS is used on servers (computers which provide services to people or other computers) because it is stable (does not break often) and can be installed (put on a computer) in not much time, compared to other distributions such as Gentoo.

In January 2014, CentOS, officially joined with Red Hat alongside RHEL and Fedora. However, the people that worked on CentOS stayed separate from RHEL.

On December 8th 2020, The CentOS Project announced the end of CentOS as it was previously known and announced CentOS Stream. AlmaLinux and Rocky Linux among others now provide 1:1 binary compatible releases with RHEL and the original CentOS. The original CentOS will reach end of life December 2021.

## Other websites

- Official website
David Gilmour

**David Jon Gilmour** CBE (born 6 March 1946) is an English musician, record producer, songwriter. He is most famous for being a guitarist, singer and songwriter in the rock band Pink Floyd. Along with being in Pink Floyd, he has worked as a record producer for other musicians. Gilmour has also recorded and released albums as a solo performer.

Gilmour has always been active with many different charities. He was appointed CBE in 2003 for services to both music and for his charity work.

In 1996, Gilmour was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Pink Floyd.

In 2003, Gilmour was listed at number 82 in _Rolling Stone Magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time"

## Discography

- _David Gilmour_ (1978)
- _About Face_ (1984)
- _On an Island_ (2006)
- _Live in Gdańsk_ (2008)
- _Rattle That Lock_ (2015)
- _Live at Pompeii_ (2017)
- _Luck and Strange'' (2024)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: David Gilmour
- **img**: David Gilmour in Munich July 2006-ed-.JPG
- **img capt**: Gilmour in concert in Munich, Germany in 2006
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: David Jon Gilmour
- **birth place**: Cambridge, England
- **origin**: Cambridge, England
- **instrument**: Guitar, Singer, vocals
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, progressive rock
- **occupation**: Musician, record producer, songwriter
- **years active**: 1963–present
- **associated acts**: Pink Floyd
- **website**: [http://www.davidgilmour.com/ DavidGilmour.com]
Thermal conductivity

**Thermal conductivity** is the ability of a material to conduct heat. Metals are good at heat conduction. The thermal conductivity of a material is a defining property that aids in the development of effective heating/cooling technologies. A value for thermal conductivity can be determined by measuring the rate at which heat can pass through a material.

**Thermal resistivity** is the opposite of thermal conductivity. This means not conducting heat much. Materials with high resistivity are called "thermal insulators" and are used in clothing, thermoses, home insulation, and cars to keep people warm or in refrigerators, freezers, and thermoses to keep things cold.

Thermal conductivity is often represented by the Greek letter "kappa", .  The units of thermal conductivity are watts per meter-kelvin.  Watts are a measure of power, meters are a measure of length, and kelvins are a measure of temperature.  From the units, we can see that thermal conductivity is a measure of how much power moves through a distance due to a temperature difference.

Some great thermal insulators are:
Vacuum, Aerogel, Polyurethane

Some great thermal conductors are:
Silver, Copper, Diamond

Silver is one of the most thermally conductive materials (and is relatively common), and because of this there are some cool experiments you can do with silver that show extremely well how thermal conduction works.

One example is when you put 2 spoons in boiling water, one spoon is steel and the other is silver. When you take the spoons out of the boiling water, the silver spoon is hotter than the steel spoon. The reason for this is that silver conducts heat better than steel. The silver spoon will also cool off faster because of this, as it is better at releasing heat.

Another example of silver's thermal conductivity is to put different materials on ice cubes.  An iron washer will just sit on the ice and slowly become colder.  A copper penny will melt through the ice cube and become colder faster.  A silver coin, spoon, or ring on the ice cube will sink into it almost as though the ice cube were made of thick syrup, and the silver will become ice cold almost instantly.  Again, this is because the silver is really good at drawing heat from the air and giving it to the ice cube.  Copper is also good at this, but not as much as silver.