juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Enlisted rank

An **enlisted rank** (also known as an **enlisted grade** or **enlisted rate**) is any rank below that of a commissioned officer. The term can also include non-commissioned officers or warrant officers, except in United States. In most cases, enlisted service personnel perform jobs specific to their own roles.

The term "enlistment" means military commitment (whether officer or enlisted).
United States House Committee on Agriculture

The **United States House of Representatives Committee on Agriculture**, or Agriculture Committee is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. The House Committee on Agriculture is in charge of federal agriculture policy and some federal agencies. It can recommend funding for many governmental agencies, programs, and activities relating to agriculture.

## Other websites

- Agriculture Committee Homepage, official website (Archive)
- Committee Rules  (PDF), Agriculture Committee, official website
- House Agriculture Committee. Legislation activity and reports, Congress.gov.
- House Agriculture Committee Hearings and Meetings Video. Congress.gov
- Past Committee Chairs, Agriculture Committee, official website

## Infobox (u.s. congressional committee)

- **name**: House Agriculture Committee
- **type**: standing
- **chamber**: house
- **congress**: 118th
- **status**: active
- **formed**: May 3, 1820
- **chair**: Glenn Thompson (politician), Glenn Thompson
- **chair party**: R
- **chair since**: January 3, 2023
- **ranking member**: David Scott (Georgia politician), David Scott
- **rm party**: D
- **rm since**: January 3, 2023
- **seats**: 52
- **majority1**: R
- **majority1 seats**: 28
- **minority1**: D
- **minority1 seats**: 24
- **oversight**: United States Department of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture
- **counterpart**: Senate Agriculture Committee
- **subcommittees**: <div style="text-align:left;">
* United States House Agriculture Subcommittee on Commodity Exchanges, Energy, and Credit, Commodity Exchanges, Energy, and Credit
* United States House Agriculture Subcommittee on Conservation and Forestry, Conservation and Forestry
* United States House Agriculture Subcommittee on Nutrition, Oversight, and Department Operations, Nutrition, Oversight, and Department Operations
* United States House Agriculture Subcommittee on General Farm Commodities and Risk Management, General Farm Commodities and Risk Management
* United States House Agriculture Subcommittee on Biotechnology, Horticulture, and Research, Biotechnology, Horticulture, and Research
* United States House Agriculture Subcommittee on Livestock and Foreign Agriculture, Livestock and Foreign Agriculture
</div>
- **meeting place**: 1300 Longworth House Office Building, Washington, D.C.
- **meeting image**: Longworth House 1300.JPG
United States House Committee on Armed Services

The **U.S. House Committee on Armed Services**, also known as the **House Armed Services Committee** or **HASC**, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is responsible for funding and oversight of the Department of Defense (DoD) and the United States Armed Forces. Their main legislative focus is the National Defense Authorization Act, which has been passed by Congress and signed into law each year since 1962.
The Malay Dilemma

***The Malay Dilemma*** () is a 1970 book by Mahathir Mohamad, a Malaysian politician who later became the country’s longest-serving Prime Minister.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Malay Dilemma
Dilema Melayu
- **author**: Mahathir Mohamad
- **country**: Malaysia
- **language**: English
- **subject**: Non-fiction
- **publisher**: Asia Pacific Press
- **pub date**: 1970
- **pages**: 188
- **isbn**: 978-981-204-355-9
- **oclc**: 246739691
2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election

The **2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election** took place on November 6, to elect the 41st Governor of Minnesota. Democratic (DFL) Governor Mark Dayton chose not to run for re-election for a third term. The Democratic nominee was U.S. Representative Tim Walz from Minnesota's 1st congressional district while the Republican Party nominated Hennepin County commissioner Jeff Johnson.

Walz went on to defeat Johnson by the largest margin for a DFL candidate since 1986, receiving more votes than any other gubernatorial candidate in Minnesota history.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election
- **country**: Minnesota
- **flag year**: 1983
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 2014 Minnesota gubernatorial election
- **previous year**: 2014
- **next election**: 2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election
- **next year**: 2022
- **election date**: November 6, 2018
- **image1**: File:Tim Walz official photo (cropped 2).jpg
- **image size**: 150x150px
- **nominee1**: **Tim Walz**
- **party1**: Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
- **running mate1**: **Peggy Flanagan**
- **popular vote1**: **1,393,096**
- **percentage1**: **53.8%**
- **image2**: File:Jeff Johnson (cropped).jpg
- **nominee2**: Jeff Johnson (Minnesota politician), Jeff Johnson
- **party2**: Republican Party (United States)
- **running mate2**: Donna Bergstrom
- **popular vote2**: 1,097,705
- **percentage2**: 42.4%
- **map caption**: **Walz:**
**Johnson:**
**Tie:**
- **title**: Governor of Minnesota, Governor
- **before election**: Mark Dayton
- **before party**: Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, Minnesota DFL
- **after election**: Tim Walz
- **after party**: Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, Minnesota DFL
Jim Hogg

**James Stephen Hogg** (March 24, 1851March 3, 1906) was an American lawyer and Democratic Party politician who served as governor of Texas from 1891 to 1895. A progressive Democrat, Hogg was notable for presiding over a number of reforms during his time as governor.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jim Hogg
- **image**: Jim hogg.jpg
- **order2**: 20th
- **office2**: Governor of Texas
- **term2**: January 20, 1891January 15, 1895
- **lieutenant2**: George C. Pendleton
Martin McNulty Crane
- **predecessor2**: Lawrence Sullivan Ross
- **successor2**: Charles Allen Culberson
- **order3**: 22nd
- **office3**: Attorney General of Texas
- **predecessor3**: John D. Templeton
- **successor3**: Charles Allen Culberson
- **governor3**: Lawrence Sullivan Ross
- **term3**: November 2, 1886November 4, 1890
- **birth date**: March 24, 1851
- **birth place**: Cherokee County, Texas, Cherokee County, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **restingplace**: Oakwood Cemetery
 Austin, Texas
- **party**: Texas Democratic Party, Democratic
- **spouse**: Sarah Ann Stinson
- **parents**: Joseph L. Hogg
Lucanda McMath
- **children**: 4, including Ima Hogg, Ima
- **profession**: Lawyer, Journalist, newspaperman, public servant
Scott Jensen

**Scott M. Jensen** (born November 19, 1954) is an American physician and politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was a member of the Minnesota Senate from 2017 to 2021. He was the Republican nominee for governor of Minnesota in the 2022 election, however lost the election to Governor Tim Walz. He is running for governor again in 2026.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Scott Jensen
- **image**: Minnesota State Senator Scott Jensen.jpg
- **state senate**: Minnesota
- **district**: 47th
- **term start**: January 3, 2017
- **term end**: January 5, 2021
- **predecessor**: Julianne Ortman
- **successor**: Julia Coleman (politician), Julia Coleman
- **birth place**: Sleepy Eye, Minnesota, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Mary
- **children**: 3
- **relatives**: Carl Jensen (politician), Carl Jensen (father)
- **education**: Luther Seminary (attended)
University of Minnesota (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Doctor of Medicine, MD)
2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election

The **2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election** took place on November 8, 2022, to elect the governor of Minnesota. Democratic (DFL) Governor Tim Walz was re-elected after beating the Republican nominee, former state senator Scott Jensen.

Walz won the election after having a big lead in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. He won the election by a 7.7% margin. With his win, Walz gave the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party its fourth consecutive gubernatorial victory, the most in the party's history.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election
- **country**: Minnesota
- **flag year**: 1983
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election
- **previous year**: 2018
- **next election**: 2026 Minnesota gubernatorial election
- **next year**: 2026
- **election date**: November 8, 2022
- **image1**: File:Governor Tim Walz at Commission on Judicial Selection Reception, 2023 (cropped) (cropped).jpg
- **nominee1**: **Tim Walz**
- **party1**: Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party
- **running mate1**: **Peggy Flanagan**
- **popular vote1**: **1,312,349**
- **percentage1**: **52.27%**
- **image2**: File:Minnesota State Senator Scott Jensen.jpg
- **nominee2**: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician), Scott Jensen
- **party2**: Republican Party (United States)
- **running mate2**: Matt Birk
- **popular vote2**: 1,119,941
- **percentage2**: 44.61%
- **map caption**: **Walz:**
**Jensen:**
- **title**: Governor of Minnesota, Governor
- **before election**: Tim Walz
- **before party**: Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, Minnesota DFL
- **after election**: Tim Walz
- **after party**: Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, Minnesota DFL
- **turnout**: 61.0%
Devapala's Expedition in Northwest

**Devapala's Expedition in Northwest** was fought between the Pala Empire, the Hunas and the Kambojas in the Northwest region of South Asia. The expedition was led by Devapala, the ruler of the Pala Empire.

## Background

Devapala, the ruler of the Pala Empire, was fighting the Tibetan Empire. Bhoja, the ruler of the Gurjara Dynasty, took advantage of the situation and attacked the Pala Empire. Bhoja's aggressive campaign put him in conflict with Devapala. After dealing with the Tibetan Empire, Devapala started a campaign against Bhoja. In this campaign, Devapala not only defeated Bhoja but also led campaigns against the Hunas and the Kambojas in the northwest.

The Hūnas were a nomadic tribe from Central Asia, that had a significant impact on Indian history. However, they eventually lost their power. They continued to rule over some principalities in the Indian subcontinent. The Hūnas that Devapala, ruler of the Pala empire, invaded was the Huna principality located in the Uttarapatha.

## Campaign

The Hunas that Devapala, ruler of the Pala empire, invaded was the Huna principality located in the Uttarapatha. Devapala launched a campaign against the Hunas principality in the region of Uttarapatha and emerged victorious. He then waged war against the Kambojas in the same campaign after defeating the Hunas. Both the Hunas and the Kambojas were located at the outer reaches of the Pala Empire, which may explain Devapala's hostility towards them. Devapala is given credit for subduing both the Hunas and Kambojas, according to his inscription as well as the inscription that references his reign.

## Aftermath

Devapala had appointed a Buddhist priest named Indragupta from Nagarahara or Jalalabad in Afghanistan. Uttarapatha, which included parts of Punjab and the Northwestern territories, also had portions of the Kabul valley or Eastern Afghanistan, which was the homeland of the Kambojas. The inscription of King Devapala of the Pala empire from this period serves as evidence for this. The inscription mentions a place called Nagarahara near Jalalabad, which was in Uttarapatha. This statement is in agreement with the assertion "Uttarapathe Purusapuramandale," as mentioned in a Pala period manuscript held in the Cambridge University library. Purusapura in the statement refers to Peshwar.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Devapala's Expedition in Northwest
- **place**: Punjab
- **result**: Pala Empire victory
- **combatant2**: Hunas
Kambojas
- **combatant1**: Pala Empire
- **commander1**: Devapala
- **commander2**: unknown
- **date**: 9th CE
- **territory**: * Devapala subdues the Hunas and Kambojas
Fong Chan Onn

Tan Sri **Fong Chan Onn** (born 29 February 1944) is a Malaysian politician. He was a vice-president of the Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and served as a Member of Parliament for Selandar (1999-2004) and Alor Gajah (2004-2013).

He was Deputy Minister of Education (1990-1999) and Minister of Human Resources (1999-2008) under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad. He retired from Parliament in 2013.
Bakti

***Bakti*** (English: Faithfullness) is a 1950 Singaporean Malay black-and-white drama movie. Directed by L. Krishnan and produced by Run Run Shaw, it was adapted from Les Misérables. P. Ramlee starred in his first leading role, with Kasma Booty, S. Roomai Noor, and Siput Sarawak. The movie launched P. Ramlee's career and made him a major figure in Malay cinema for 20 years.

## Cast

- P. Ramlee as Nasir
- Kasma Booty as Sa'adiyah
- S. Roomai Noor as Hassan
- Siput Sarawak as Edah
- Yusof Banjar as Orang Kaya Ibrahim
- Siti Zainab

## Legacy and status

P. Ramlee named his son, Nasir P. Ramlee, after his character. With no surviving copies, _Bakti_ is now considered a lost movie.

## Related pages

- P. Ramlee filmography

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Bakti
- **director**: L. Krishnan
- **screenplay**: L. Krishnan
- **story**: S. Ramanathan
- **based on**: Les Misérables
- **producer**: Run Run Shaw
- **starring**: P. Ramlee
 Kasma Booty
 S. Roomai Noor
 Siput Sarawak
- **music**: Osman Ahmad
- **studio**: Shaw Brothers Studio
 Malay Film Productions
- **country**: Malaysia
- **language**: Malay language, Malay
Nilam

***Nilam*** (English: ***Nilam***) is a 1949 Singaporean Malay black-and-white romantic drama. Directed by B. S. Rajhans and produced by Run Run Shaw, it was written by A.R. Iyer. The film starred Siput Sarawak, S. Roomai Noor, Daeng Harris, and P. Ramlee.

## Cast

- Siput Sarawak as Princess Nilam/Dilara
- S. Roomai Noor as Ahmad
- Daeng Harris as Jaiman/Paiman
- P. Ramlee as Rashid
- Siti Tanjung Perak as Suratna
- Neng Yatimah as Dancer
- Jaafar Wiryo as King Kaherah

## Related pages

- P. Ramlee filmography

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Nilam
- **director**: B. S. Rajhans
- **producer**: Run Run Shaw
- **story**: A. R. Iyer
- **starring**: Siput Sarawak
 S. Roomai Noor
 Daeng Harris
 P. Ramlee
- **music**: Osman Ahmad
- **studio**: Malay Film Productions
- **distributor**: Shaw Brothers Studio
- **runtime**: 108 minutes
- **country**: Singapore
- **language**: Malay
Chinta

***' (Malay: ***Love__') is a 1948 Singaporean Malay black-and-white romantic drama. Directed by B. S. Rajhans and produced by Malay Film Productions, it was released on 31 October 1948.

_Chinta_ was the first Malayan film after the Malayan Emergency declaration and marked P. Ramlee's screen debut. P. Ramlee also sang five songs for lead actor S. Roomai Noor. It is the oldest surviving Malayan film.

## Cast

- Siput Sarawak as Chinta
- S. Roomai Noor as King Kanchi and Sanchi
- Ja'afar Wiryo as Camban
- Harris as Vidush
- P. Ramlee as Putar
- Suhara Effendi as Ruchi
- Norsiah
- Lelawati

## Related pages

- P. Ramlee filmography

## Other websites

- _Chinta_ / Love (1948)  at the Singapore Film Locations Archive
- _Cinta_ / 1948 - Filem Malaysia

## Infobox (film)

- **director**: B. S. Rajhans
- **music**: Zubir Said
Alfonso Soliano
- **production companies**: Malay Film Productions
- **distributor**: Shaw Brothers
- **language**: Malay
Zealandia (newspaper)

***Zealandia*** was a New Zealand tabloid newspaper. For 55 years, it was published by the Catholic Bishop of Auckland. The newspaper was first released on 10 May 1934. Its last ever newspaper was on 23 April 1989. It was founded by the seventh Catholic Bishop of Auckland, James Michael Liston. It mostly talked about Catholic events. However, some other New Zealand writers wrote in its columns. Some of its writers were people like James K. Baxter and John Reid. The magazine also had many important editors, like Cardinal McKeefry and Bishop Owen Snedden.

## Editors

- Peter McKeefry (1934 - 1948)
- Owen Snedden (1948 - 1962)
- Earnest Simmons (1962 - 1969)
- Patrick Murray (1969)
- Denzil Meuli (1969 - 1971)
- Pat Booth (1971 - 1972)

## Closure

_Zealandia_ was last released on 23 April 1989. A free newspaper called _New Zealandia_ was also a newspaper until 1996. In 1996 the Bishop of Auckland established the _New Zealand Catholic_. The Catholic Diocese of Auckland has an archive of _Zealandia_ and _New Zealandia_.

### Sources

- Reid, Nicholas Evan (2000). _The Bishop's Paper: A History of the Catholic Press of the Diocese of Auckland_. CPC.
Communist Party of Hawaii

The **Communist Party of Hawaii** was the party of the Communist Party USA in the Territory of Hawaii. It was founded in 1934  by Bill Bailey. The party was meant for many poor working class members, such as stevedores and plantation workers.  The Communist Party helped form many labor unions and helped make labor strikes. They also made general strikes in the nonviolent revolution.In 1958, the party was dissolved.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Communist Party of Hawaii
- **foundation**: 1934
- **headquarters**: Honolulu, Hawaii
- **ideology**: Communism
Marxism
Trade unionism
- **national**: Communist Party USA
- **country**: the United States
- **founder**: Bill Bailey (Spanish Civil War veteran), Bill Bailey
- **dissolved**: 1958
- **merged**: Democratic Party of Hawaii
Thomas Walter Bickett

**Thomas Walter Bickett** was an American Democratic Party politician who served as governor of North Carolina from 1917 to 1921. Bickett's tenure was notable for the passage of a wide range of progressive social reforms. Negatively, however, his tenure also saw the passage of a law, as one study described it, "to prevent incurable mental defectives from perpetuating their species."
B. B. Comer

**B.B Comer** was an American Democratic Party politician who served as governor of Alabama from 1907 to 1911. A number of social reforms were carried out during his time in office.
Withdrawal of Lyndon B. Johnson from the 1968 United States presidential election

On March 31, 1968,  U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson made a surprise announcement during a televised address to the nation. The incumbent announced that he would not run for re-election for another term and that he was ending his campaign in the 1968 United States presidential election.

Johnson said, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your president."

Johnson's decision allowed Vice President Hubert Humphrey to become the Democratic Party's nominee. The 1968 Democratic National Convention, which was held in Chicago, had large protests and much fighting between the demonstrators and the police. Humphrey would go on to lose the election to former Vice President Richard Nixon.
Gwen Walz

**Gwen Walz** (née **Whipple**; born June 15, 1966) is an American educator and public school administrator. She is the 39th and current First Lady of Minnesota since 2019. She is the wife of Governor Tim Walz.

Walz worked for over twenty years in the public school system as an English teacher. Her first teaching job was in Alliance, Nebraska.

When her husband became governor in 2019, she is the only first lady in Minnesota's history to have an office in the Minnesota State Capitol. Walz is in charge of a policy team focusing on education, corrections, and gun control legislation.

Whipple married Tim Walz in 1994 when he was also working as a teacher. They have two children. She went through in vitro fertilisation before giving birth to their daughter and first child.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Gwen Walz
- **image**: File:Gwen Walz 2019 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Walz in 2019
- **office**: First Ladies of Minnesota, First Lady of Minnesota
- **term label**: Assumed role
- **governor**: Tim Walz
- **term start**: January 7, 2019
- **predecessor**: Mary Pawlenty ()
- **birth name**: Gwen Whipple
- **birth place**: Glencoe, Minnesota, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Gustavus Adolphus College (Bachelor of Art, BA)
 Minnesota State University, Mankato (Masters of Arts, MA)
Palmerston, New Zealand

**Palmerston** is a town in the Waitaki District, New Zealand. It is located on State Highway 1 and 85. It is 54 kilometers northwest of Dunedin and 59 kilometers south of Oamaru. It has two churches, primary school and high school situated in the town.

## Infobox (mapframe)

- **zoom**: 9


## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Palmerston
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Palmerston Town Hall, Otago - panoramio.jpg
- **image caption**: Palmerston Town Hall
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Palmerston within New Zealand
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of New Zealand, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Otago
- **subdivision type2**: Territorial authorities of New Zealand, Territorial authority
- **subdivision name2**: Waitaki District
- **subdivision type3**: Ward
- **subdivision name3**: Waihemo Ward
- **subdivision type4**: Community
- **subdivision name4**: Waihemo Community
- **seat type**: Electorates
- **leader name**: Waitaki District Council
- **leader title1**: Regional council
- **leader name1**: Otago Regional Council
- **leader title2**: Mayor of Waitaki
- **leader title3**: Waitaki (New Zealand electorate), Waitaki MP
- **leader title4**: Te Tai Tonga, Te Tai Tonga MP
- **area total km2**: 8.75
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: NZST
- **utc offset1**: +12
- **timezone1 dst**: NZDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: +13
- **postal code type**: Postcode
- **area code type**: Area code
- **blank name**: Local iwi
- **blank info**: Ngāi Tahu
Hyloxalus vertebralis

**Boulenger's rocket frog** (_Hyloxalus vertebralis_) is a frog.  It lives in  Ecuador. Scientists think it could live in Peru too.

## Body

The adult male frog is 14.1–17.5 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 17–20.2 long. This frog has dark marks on its belly. The male frogs have darker marks than the female frogs. The male frog's male organs are white in color.

## Home

This frog lives in cloud forests in valleys high in the Andes mountains. It also lives in places where animals eat grass, in parks, and in people's gardens. People see this frog near puddles and streams. The frogs sit on plants .3 to 3 meters above the ground. People have seen this frog between 1770 to 3500 meters above sea level.

Many of the places this frog lives are protected parks, for example Parque Nacional Cajas, Parque Nacional Río Negro Sopladora, Páramo, Matorral Interandino, Bosque Montano Oriental, and Bosque Montano Occidental.

## Young

The female frog lays eggs on  the ground. The male frog carries the tadpoles on his back. He carries them to streams where they swim and grow.

## Danger

Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out because people change its habitat to make towns. During the 1990s, many of these frogs died. Scientists think it could be the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, but they are not sure.
Ramapati Singhania

**Ramapati Singhania** (born May 8, 1956) is an Indian industrialist. He was the director of multiple companies under the JK Group. He belongs to one of the old Indian business houses, the Singhania family.

## Early life

Ramapati Singhania was born in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India in a Marwari industrialist family to Gopal Krishna Singhania and Sulochana Devi. He is a grandson of Sir Padampat Singhania. He studied at the University of Virginia Darden School of Business and Carnegie Mellon University.

## Career

After the death of his father in 1980, he joined the JK Group of companies. He was the head of the PGR Group and served as a full-time Director of JK Synthetics Ltd, Director of JK Bombay Ltd, JayKay Tech Ltd, Keventor Agro Ltd, and JK Jute Mills Ltd. He was the president of the National Institute of Quality & Reliability, India.

Ramapati Singhania is the author of the book "Productivity Transformation," which details his journey with JK Synthetics.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ramapati Singhania
- **image**: Ramapati Singhania - Photo.jpg
- **caption**: India, Indian Industrialist
- **birth date**: May 8, 1956
- **birth place**: Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
- **nationality**: Indian
- **spouse**: Rajeshree Singhania
- **parents**: :en:Gopal_Krishna_Singhania, Gopal Krishna Singhania (father), Sulochana Devi (mother)
- **family**: :en:Singhania_family, Singhania family
Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics

At the 1896 Summer Olympics, there were 12 athletics events. 25 medals were given. 12 silver medals were given to winners. 13 bronze medals were given for 2nd place. No medals were given for 3rd. After the olympics 37 modern medals were given out (12 gold, 13 silver, 12 bronze). All of the events except the marathon were in the Panathinaiko Stadium. This stadium was also the finish for the marathon.

Events were held on 6 April, 7 April, 9 April, and 10 April 1896

There were 63 athletes from nine nations competed. All of these athletes were men. Athletics had the biggest number of countries out of any sport in the 1896 Olympics.

## Schedule

|colspan=11|Men's|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|100 m|H|||||F||
|400 m|H||F|||||
|800 m|H|||F||||
|1500 m|||F|||||
|110 m|||H||||F|
|Marathon||||||F||
|High jump||||||F||
|Pole vault||||||F||
|Long jump|||F|||||
|Triple jump||F||||||
|Shot put|||F|||||
|Discus throw||F||||||

## Medal summary

These medals were given after the Olympics by the International Olympic Committee. At the time, winners were given a silver medal and athletes in 2nd place were given bronze medals. There was no award for 3rd place.
|rowspan=2|100 metres|rowspan=2|rowspan=2|12.0|rowspan=2|rowspan=2|12.2||12.6|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|400 metres||56.2 ****||58.2||60.7||
|800 metres||2:11.0||2:11.8||2:28.0||
|1500 metres||4:33.2 ****||4:33.6||4:36.0||
|110 metre hurdles||17.6 ****||17.7|_none awarded_|||
|Marathon||2:58:50 ****||3:06:03||3:06:35||
|rowspan=2|High jump|rowspan=2|rowspan=2|1.81 m ****||1.65 m|_none awarded_||
|rowspan=2|Pole vault|rowspan=2|rowspan=2|3.30 m ****|rowspan=2|rowspan=2|3.20 m||2.60 m|
|Long jump||6.35 m ****||6.00 m||5.84 m||
|Triple jump||13.71 m ****||12.70 m||12.52 m||
|Shot put||11.22 m ****||11.03 m||10.36 m||
|Discus throw||29.15 m ****||28.95 m||27.78 m||

## Nations

63 athletes from 9 nations were at the Athens Games. National Olympic Committees had not been fully made yet, so it is not sure what countries competed. For example, Olympedia says there was 1 athlete from Cyprus and 2 athletes from Smyrna. However, Cyprus and Smyrna both competed for the Greek team. Chile also says they had a competitor. However, some sources say that Luis Subercaseaux did not start his race.

## References

- International Olympic Committee results database
- (Digitally available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf )
- (Excerpt available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1896.pdf )

## Infobox (olympic event)

- **event**: Athletics
- **games**: 1896 Summer
- **venue**: Panathinaiko Stadium
- **dates**: 6–10 April 1896
- **num events**: 12 (12 men, 0 women)
- **competitors**: 63
- **nations**: 9
- **next**: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics, 1900
Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres

The men's 1500 metres was the longest track race in the 1896 Summer Olympics. It was the last event on 7 April. The race had 8 athletes. It was ran in one round.

## Background

The 1500 metres was one of the 12 athletic events that has been held in every Summer Olympics. In 1895, Albin Lermusiaux had the unofficial world record for this event. The world record holder did not run in the race.

## Competition

The competition was all in one round.

The track was only 330 metres, even though modern tracks are usually 400 metres. The track had quick turns was made of loose cinders. Running was very difficult. Runners also turned clockwise, rather than modern counterclockwise turns.

## Schedule

The exact times of each events were not written down. The 1500 metres was the last event of the second day.

|colspan="2"|Date|rowspan="2"|Round|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Tuesday, 7 April 1896|Tuesday, 26 March 1896|**Final**||

## Summary

Albin Lermusiaux of France was in front for most of the race. However, Edwin Flack and Arthur Blake passed him in the last 100 meters.

Flack passed Blake, and beat him by 5 meters. This made Flack the first Australian Olympic winner. Lermusiaux finished in third, 15 meters behind. Carl Galle was in 4th.

The other Greek were all in last place. However, records do not say what position the last two ran in.

## Results

|Rank||Athlete||Nation||Time||Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Edwin Flack||4:33.2||||||
||Arthur Blake||4:33.6||||||
||Albin Lermusiaux||4:36.0||||||
|4|Carl Galle||4:39.0||||||
|5|Angelos Fetsis||Unknown||||||
|6|Dimitrios Golemis||Unknown||||||
|rowspan=2|7–8|Konstantinos Karakatsanis||Unknown|||||
|Dimitrios Tomprof||Unknown|||||||

## Records

Edwin Flack set the first Olympic record of the event. His time was 4:33.2.

## References

- (Digitally available at la84foundation.org )
- (Excerpt available at la84foundation.org )

## Infobox (olympic event)

- **event**: Men's 1500 metres
- **games**: 1896 Summer
- **caption**: Edwin Flack
- **venue**: Panathinaiko Stadium
- **dates**: April 7
- **competitors**: 8
- **nations**: 5
- **win value**: 4:33.2
- **longnames**: yes
- **gold**: Edwin Flack
- **goldnoc**: AUS
- **silver**: Arthur Blake (middle-distance runner), Arthur Blake
- **silvernoc**: USA
- **bronze**: Albin Lermusiaux
- **bronzenoc**: FRA
- **next**: Athletics at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's 1500 metres, 1900
Sitabamba District

**Sitabamba District** is one of 8 districts of the Santiago de Chuco Province in Peru.

## References

<references responsive="1"></references>

## Infobox (province peru)

- **province**: Sitabamba
- **flag**: Flag of Sitabamba, Peru.svg
- **capital**: Sitabamba
- **mayor**: Teudulio Layza Valverde
- **founded**: November 3, 1900
- **area**: 310.23
- **elevation**: 3063
- **pop**: 3610
- **density**: auto
- **ubigeo**: 131008
Cycling at the 1896 Summer Olympics

At the 1896 Summer Olympics, there were 6 cycling events at the Neo Phaliron Velodrome. They were prepared by the Sub-Committee for Cycling. The events were held on 8 April, 11 April, 12 April and 13 April 1896.  19 cyclists from 5 nations competed.****

## Medal summary

The table shows the medals that were given afterwards by the International Olympic Committee. At the time, the winners were given a silver medal. The rest of the athletes were not given any award. Of the 5 nations, every nation won at least a silver medal or better. Three nations won a gold medal.

|Road race||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Track time trial||||
|Sprint||||
|10 kilometres||||
|100 kilometres|||_none awarded_|
|12-hour race|||_none awarded_|

## Participating nations

19 cyclists from 5 nations competed at the Athens Games:

- _(*)_

<small>_(*) NOTE: Also had one cyclist (Nikos Loverdos) from Smyrna. Loverdos competed for Greece._</small>

## Sub-Committee for Cycling

- Nicolas Vlangalis, president
- Const. Bellinis, secretary
- S. Mavros
- Nic. Kontojiannis
- Mar Philipp
- Jac. Theophilas

## Other websites

- (Digitally available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf )
- (Excerpt available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1896.pdf )

## Infobox (olympic event)

- **event**: Cycling
- **games**: 1896 Summer
- **venues**: Athens and surrounding area
Neo Phaliron Velodrome
- **date**: 8, 11–13 April 1896
- **competitors**: 19
- **nations**: 5
- **next**: cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics, 1900
Cycling at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's individual road race

The **men's road race** was the only road cycling event in the 1896 Summer Olympics. The course was 87 kilometres long. It was on 12 April. 7 cyclists from 3  nations were in the race. The event was won by Aristidis Konstantinidis of Greece. August von Gödrich was in second. Edward Battell was in third.

## Background

This was the first time that this race was held in the Olympics. It would not be held again until 1936. Since 1936, this race has been held at every other Summer Olympics. The cycling race had the same course as the marathon. 7 cyclists were in the event. The German athlete August von Gödrich, the British athlete Edward Battell, and five other Greek athletes were in the race. Battell worked in the British Embassy and was almost not allowed to compete.

## Competition

The race was on an 87 kilometres course. The course went from Athens to Marathon and back. At Marathon, the cyclists had to sign a document that showed that they were there. The end of the course was at the velodrome. Along the road, there were many Officials.

## Schedule

|colspan=2|Date|rowspan=2|Time|rowspan=2|Round|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Sunday, 12 April 1896|Sunday, 31 March 1896|12:00|**Final**|||

## Race

Aristidis Konstantinidis was in the front of the race until the turn at Marathon. His bicycle broke when he was riding back to Athens. This allowed Edward Battell to pass Konstantinidis before he was able to get another bicycle. Battel fell afterwards, however. This allowed both Konstantinidis and August von Gödrich to pass Battell. Battell finished in third place.

## Results

|Rank|Cyclist|Nation|Time||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Aristidis Konstantinidis||3:22:31||
||August von Gödrich||3:42:18||
||Edward Battell||Unknown||
|rowspan=4|4–7|Georgios Aspiotis||Unknown|
|Miltiades Iatrou||Unknown|||
|Konstantinos Konstantinou||Unknown|||
|Georgios Paraskevopoulos||Unknown|||

## References

- (Digitally available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf )
- (Excerpt available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1896.pdf )

## Infobox (olympic event)

- **event**: Men's road race
- **games**: 1896 Summer
- **image size**: 200px
- **venue**: Athens–Marathon
- **date**: 12 April 1896
- **competitors**: 7
- **nations**: 3
- **longnames**: yes
- **gold**: Aristidis Konstantinidis
- **goldnoc**: GRE
- **silver**: August von Gödrich
- **silvernoc**: GER
- **bronze**: Edward Battell
- **bronzenoc**: GBR
- **next**: Cycling at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's individual road race, 1936
London Rail

**London Rail** was a directorate of Transport for London associated in the connection with the National Rail network within Greater London. **Rail for London**, established in 2006, provides rail passenger transport services in London.

## References

<references responsive="0"></references>

## Infobox (organisation)

- **name**: London Rail
- **image**: Overground notextroundel.svg
- **formation**: 1999
- **type**: Directorate of Transport for London
- **purpose**: Overseeing regional rail operations
- **region served**: Greater London, UK
- **parent organisation**: Transport for London
- **size**: 100px
Cycling at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's sprint

The men's sprint was one of the cycling events in the 1896 Summer Olympics. It was held on 11 April. It was the second event that day. The sprint was 6 laps around the track and was 2 kilometres long. There were 4 Cyclists from 3 Nations. The sprint was won by Paul Masson of France. His teammate, Léon Flameng, was in 3rd place. Stamatios Nikolopoulos of Greece was in 2nd place.

## Background

The sprint was the first time this event happened. The event was at every Summer Olympics except 1904 and 1912.

## Competition

The event was a single race. All 4 racers started together. The race was 2 kilometers. The track was  kilometres long, so every racer did 6 laps.

## Schedule

The exact time that the event happened was not known.

|colspan=2|Date|rowspan=2|Time|rowspan=2|Round|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Saturday, 11 April 1896|Saturday, 30 March 1896||**Final**|||

## Results

The race was very slow. Rosemeyer had to stop because his bike stopped working. At the end of the race, Masson passed Nikolopoulos. He won by 15 meters. Flameng was very far behind, and was in third place.

|Rank|Cyclist|Nation|Time|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Paul Masson||4:58.2|||
||Stamatios Nikolopoulos||5:00.2|||
||Léon Flameng||data-sort-value=6:00.0|Unknown||
|data-sort-value=4|—|Joseph Rosemeyer||data-sort-value=9:99.9||

## References

- (Digitally available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf )
- (Excerpt available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1896.pdf )

## Infobox (olympic event)

- **event**: Men's sprint
- **games**: 1896 Summer
- **image size**: 200px
- **venue**: Neo Phaliron Velodrome
- **date**: 11 April 1896
- **competitors**: 4
- **nations**: 3
- **longnames**: yes
- **gold**: Paul Masson (cyclist), Paul Masson
- **goldnoc**: FRA
- **silver**: Stamatios Nikolopoulos
- **silvernoc**: GRE
- **bronze**: Léon Flameng
- **bronzenoc**: FRA
- **next**: Cycling at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's sprint, 1900
Cycling at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's track time trial

The men's time trial was one of the track cycling events in the 1896 Summer Olympics. It was the 4th cycling event. It was held on 11 April. This time trial was 1/3 of a kilometre in distance. When the event returned in the 1928 Summer Olympics, the distance was one kilometre.

## Background

This was time this event happened. The event would not be held until 1928. After 1928, the event would be helped at every Olympic Game until 2004. This was the only time the event was one-third of a kilometre. After the 1896 games, the time trial was one kilometre long. Paul Masson of France was the most important cyclist in this race.

## Competition

The event was a time trial on the track. The distance was one-third of a kilometre. This was one lap around the track.

## Schedule

The time when the event happened is not known. The cycling races happened after 2 p.m. The time trial was the 3rd event.

|colspan=2|Date|rowspan=2|Time|rowspan=2|Round|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Saturday, 11 April 1896|Saturday, 30 March 1896||**Final**|||

## Results

8 cyclists raced. Paul Masson won his 3rd race that day. Adolf Schmal and Stamatios Nikolopoulos tied for 2nd place. They had to compete in a race-off to race for 2nd place.

|Rank|Cyclist|Nation|Time|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Paul Masson||24.0|||
|rowspan=2|2|Stamatios Nikolopoulos||26.0|Race-off|
|Adolf Schmal||26.0|Race-off|||
|4|Edward Battell||26.2|||
|5|Frederick Keeping||27.0|||
|5|Theodor Leupold||27.0|||
|5|Léon Flameng||27.0|||
|8|Joseph Rosemeyer||27.2|||

### Race-off

In this race, Nikolopoulos won the race and beat his time from the first round. Schmal was slower in the 2nd race.

|Rank|Cyclist|Nation|Time|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Stamatios Nikolopoulos||25.4|
||Adolf Schmal||26.6|

## References

- (Digitally available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf )
- (Excerpt available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1896.pdf )

## Infobox (olympic event)

- **event**: Men's track time trial
- **games**: 1896 Summer
- **image size**: 200px
- **venue**: Neo Phaliron Velodrome
- **date**: 11 April 1896
- **competitors**: 8
- **nations**: 5
- **longnames**: yes
- **gold**: Paul Masson (cyclist), Paul Masson
- **goldnoc**: FRA
- **silver**: Stamatios Nikolopoulos
- **silvernoc**: GRE
- **bronze**: Adolf Schmal
- **bronzenoc**: AUT
- **next**:
Cycling at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's track time trial, 1928 (Summer Olympics)
Swimming at the 1896 Summer Olympics

At the 1896 Summer Olympics, there were 4 swimming events. All of the competitors were for men. They were planned by the Sub-Committee for Nautical Sports.  All events were on 11 April in the Bay of Zea. There were 13 swimmers from 4 nations.

## Medal summary

These medals given afterwards by the International Olympic Committee. At the time, winners were given a silver medal. Every other places were not given medals.

|100 m freestyle|****||_not known_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|500 m freestyle||||
|1200 m freestyle|||_not known_|
|Sailors 100 m freestyle||||

## Nations

13 swimmers from 4 nations swam at the Athens Games.

## Sub-Committee for Nautical Sports

- Prince George of Greece, president
- Pavlos Damalas, secretary
- Dimitrios Kriezis
- Konstantinos Sachtouris
- Georgios Koundouriotis
- Dimitrios Argyropoulos
- Konstantinos Kanaris
- K. Argyrakis

## Infobox (olympic event)

- **event**: Swimming
- **games**: 1896 Summer
- **venue**: Bay of Zea
- **dates**: 11 April 1896
- **num events**: 4
- **competitors**: 13
- **nations**: 4
- **next**: Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics, 1900
Swimming at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's 500 metre freestyle

The men's 500 metre freestyle was one of the swimming events in the 1896 Summer Olympics.

Only three swimmers swam in the 500 metre freestyle. Paul Neumann won the event. Alfréd Hajós, the winner of the 100m, tried to win all 3 open swimming events. However, he did not swim in the 500m because it started after the 100 metres. Efstathios Chorafas was the only swimmer to swim in all three events.

## Background

This was the only Olympic Games with a 500-metre freestyle swimming event. The 1900 Olympics had 200- and 1000-metre events. In the 1904 Olympics, the 400-metre swim was used. This became the standard for swimming after that.

## Competition

This freestyle swimming competition was in a single race. All of the swimmers swam at the same time. The swimmers were taken out by a ship into the Bay of Zea. The swimmers would swim back to the shore.

## Schedule

The 500 metre freestyle was the third of the swimming events.

|colspan=2|Date|rowspan=2|Time|rowspan=2|Round|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Saturday, 11 April 1896|Saturday, 30 March 1896|**11:00**|**Final**|||

## Results

|Rank||Swimmer||Nation||Time|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||||8:12.6||||
||||9:57.6||||
||||Unknown||||

## References

- (Digitally available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf )
- (Excerpt available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1896.pdf )

## Infobox (olympic event)

- **event**: Men's 500 metre freestyle
- **games**: 1896 Summer
- **venue**: Bay of Zea
- **date**: April 11
- **competitors**: 3
- **nations**: 2
- **longnames**: yes
- **win value**: 8:12.6
- **gold**: Paul Neumann (swimmer), Paul Neumann
- **goldnoc**: AUT
- **silver**: Antonios Pepanos
- **silvernoc**: GRE
- **bronze**: Efstathios Chorafas
- **bronzenoc**: GRE
Swimming at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle

The men's 100 metre freestyle was a swimming event in the 1896 Summer Olympics. 6 swimmers were in the race. The 2 swimmers from Austria-Hungary finished first and second. The time and place of the other swimmers was not recorded.

The race was very close. Alfréd Hajós of Hungary beat Otto Herschmann of Austria by half a metre. The other swimmers were very far behind. In the awards ceremony, the Hungarian flag was shown. However, the band played the Austrian anthem (Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser) until Hajós started to sing the Hungarian anthem (Himnusz).

## Background

This was 100 metre freestyle race. This event has been at every Summer Olympics except for 1900 and 1904. In 1900, the shortest freestyle race was 200 metres. In 1904, the race was in yards rather than metres.

## Competition

The competition had a single race. All swimmers swam at the same time. The swimmers would be taken into the Bay by a ship. From the boat, they would race towards the shore. There were Buoys that marked the starting line. Pumpkins marked the course. A red flag showed where the finish line of the race was.

## Schedule

The 100 metres freestyle was the first swimming events.

|colspan="2"|Date|rowspan="2"|Time|rowspan="2"|Round|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Saturday, 11 April 1896|Saturday, 30 March 1896|**11:00**|**Final**|||

## Results

|Rank||Swimmer||Nation||Time|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||||1:22.2||||
||||1:22.8||||
|rowspan="4"|3–6|||data-sort-value="0:00.0"|Unknown||
|||data-sort-value="0:00.0"|Unknown||||
|||data-sort-value="0:00.0"|Unknown||||
|||data-sort-value="0:00.0"|Unknown||||

## Records

These were the world records and olympic records before the 1896 Summer Olympics.

<sup>*</sup> unofficial

The record was created after the competition:

|Date|Event|Athlete|Nation|Distance (m)|Record|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|April 11|Final|Alfréd Hajós|align=left|1:22.2|**OR**|

## References

- (Digitally available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1896/1896.pdf )
- (Excerpt available at http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/Mallon/1896.pdf )

## Infobox (olympic event)

- **event**: Men's 100 metre freestyle
- **games**: 1896 Summer
- **venue**: Bay of Zea
- **date**: April 11
- **competitors**: 6
- **nations**: 4
- **longnames**: yes
- **win value**: 1:22.2
- **gold**: Alfréd Hajós
- **goldnoc**: HUN
- **silver**: Otto Herschmann
- **silvernoc**: AUT
- **next**: Swimming at the 1904 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 yard freestyle, 1904 (100 yd)
Erika Dobosiewicz

**Erika Dobosiewicz** (November 5, 1967 – March 30, 2023) was a Polish born violinist who performed widely. She considered her home as Mexico. She won the International “Henryk Szeryng” Violin Competition in Mexico in 1992 and led the Theater Orchestra of Fine Arts as concertmaster.

## Discography

- Manuel Ponce's Concerto for Violin and Orchestra played with the Querétaro Philharmonic.
- _Trocar_, 4 Johann Sebastian Bach suites (2012), with Raúl Zambrano, Asaf Kolerstein and Alberto Cruzprieto.
Manuel Rodríguez

**Manuel Rodríguez** may refer to:

## People

- Manuel Rodríguez Erdoíza (1785-1818), Chilean lawyer.
- Manuel Rodríguez Lozano (1896-1971), Mexican painter.
- Manuel Rodríguez Sánchez (1917-1947), Spanish bullfighter.
- Manuel Rodríguez Navarro (born 1969), Spanish football player.
- Manuel Rodríguez Villegas (born 1982), Mexican writer.

## Other uses

- Manuel Rodriguez Island, an island in Chile.
Edmore Sibanda

**Edmore Sibanda** (born 3 June 1984) is a Zimbabwean footballer. He plays as a goalkeeper for Golden Arrows. He also plays for the Zimbabwe national football team.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Edmore Sibanda
- **birth place**: Mvuma, Zimbabwe
- **height**: 1.81m
- **currentclub**: Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C., Golden Arrows
- **clubnumber**: 30
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **years1**: 2006–2008
- **clubs1**: Chapungu United F.C., Chapungu United
- **years2**: 2008–2017
- **clubs2**: CAPS United F.C., CAPS United
- **years3**: 2015
- **clubs3**: → Gunners F.C., Gunners (loan)
- **years4**: 2017–2019
- **clubs4**: Witbank Spurs F.C., Witbank Spurs
- **caps4**: 18
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2019–
- **clubs5**: Lamontville Golden Arrows F.C., Golden Arrows
- **caps5**: 13
- **goals5**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 2008–
- **nationalteam1**: Zimbabwe national football team, Zimbabwe
- **nationalcaps1**: 12
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **club-update**: 21:57, 9 December 2019 (UTC)
- **nationalteam-update**: 15 February 2019