juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Muon-catalyzed fusion

**Muon-catalyzed fusion** (μCF) is a type of cold nuclear fusion, which means that nuclear fusion can happen at low temperatures and under normal pressure. There need to be 3 particles: a muon, a positively charged triton and a positively charged deuteron. The muon, which has a greater mass (when its not moving) than an electron, drags the heavier triton and the deuteron to it, creating something called a muonic heavy hydrogen ion. This means that the particle is a hydrogen atom with more protons then electrons, that contains a muon, and that contains extra neutrons which make it heavier. This reaction can be done at room temperature or below, such as -270 degrees Celsius.

To create these, a stream of negative muons is sent onto blocks of protium, deuterium and tritium (3 first isotopes of hydrogen). The muon bumps out the electron in the hydrogen atom. Because the electron is replaced, any 2 atoms are bound together. This makes a molecular ion, also called a special muonic molecule. A muon is 207 times more massive then an electron. Because of the difference in mass, the atom changes. Because it is heavier, the atoms in the molecular ion are pressed very tightly together, and then the nuclei, the centers of the atoms, join together. The following process is called nuclear fusion. The 2 nuclei join together and "glue" together. But, their weights do not just add up, a part of their mass is released as energy. This is the energy used.

Now, the process continues because the muon is thrown out of the nuclei when they fuse, so it can join other nuclei, which continues the reaction. Sometimes the muon is attached to something else thrown out from the nucleus, and the muon is lost. This stops the reaction.

## Positives and negatives

The good thing about this is that muon-catalyzed fusion uses little energy, and produces much energy. The only problem is that the reaction is not stable, so it does not last a long time, because the muons are lost. This process is still a long way from being used for business.

de:Kalte Fusion#Myonen-katalysierte Fusion
Berber

**Berber** might refer to:

- Berber people, an ethnic group from North Africa
- Berber languages, languages spoken by the Berber people
Nomad

**Nomadic people** (or **nomads**) are people who move from one place to another, instead of living in one place. The best known examples in Europe are the Roma, Sinti, and Irish Travellers. Many other ethnic groups and communities are traditionally nomadic, like the Berbers, Kazakhs, and Bedouin.

## Why are people nomadic?

Most nomads are family men herding their livestock (like cattle or horses) from pasture to pasture. To find food for their stock and avoid bad weather, they have to move their herds from place to place. Nomads who follow their herds (like the Mongols) usually live in tents with few things inside.

Other nomads are traders and craftsmen (people who make things). They travel to exchange goods or to practice their craft where it is needed. These nomads usually travel in wagons because they are better for carrying goods.

Other nomads follow animals. For example, the Sámi of Lapland are a semi-nomadic tribe that follow a herd of reindeer. The Sámi are a migratory people who lead their own herd of reindeer to winter feeding grounds and then return them in the spring to their feeding ground close to a permanent home base, where their family lives. This cycle happens every year.

## Mobile warfare

The skills of nomadic life can be useful in mobile warfare, and have been used in attacking sedentary agricultural and urban people. Genghis Khan and the Mongol hordes, for example, conquered vast areas in Asia by organizing themselves as cavalry.
Geodesic dome

A **geodesic dome** is a structure shaped like the top half of a sphere, made of many little shapes, usually triangles.  It often is made of glass, concrete, or steel. They are cheap to make, and bigger than square buildings.

The first geodesic dome was designed after World War I by Walther Bauersfeld, chief engineer of the Carl Zeiss optical company, for a planetarium to house his planetarium projector.  An initial, small dome was patented and constructed by the firm of Dykerhoff and Wydmann on the roof of the Zeiss plant in Jena, Germany. A larger dome, called "The Wonder of Jena", opened to the public in July 1926.

Later, they were promoted by the American engineer, Buckminster Fuller. He coined the term "geodesic". Many kits are available.

A variation on geodesic domes are monolithic domes
Coprolalia

**Coprolalia** is a condition that affects about 15% of people with Tourette syndrome.  Someone with coprolalia will use words that make people feel uncomfortable so often that it is hard to control. This is often in the form of a stream of curse words.

People who have Tourette syndrome are not the only people who experience coprolalia. For example, it can happen in people who have had a stroke, or who have schizophrenia.
Billy Talent

***Billy Talent***, before called **Pezz**, is a Canadian punk rock band from Mississauga, Ontario. The name Billy Talent was inspired by the guitarist "Billy Tallent" from the **Michael Turner** novel _Hard Core Logo_. They performed and recorded together for about 10 years before becoming famous.

## Members

- Benjamin Kowalewicz - vocals
- Ian D'Sa - guitar, vocals
- Jon Gallant - bass, vocals
- Aaron Solowoniuk - drums

## Albums

- Billy Talent (2003)
- Billy Talent II (2006)
- Billy Talent III (2009)
- Dead Silence (2012)
- Afraid of Heights (2016)
- Crisis of Faith (2022)

## Other websites

- Official site
- Billy Talent at MySpace
- Billy Talent exclusive video interview on peta2

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Billy Talent
- **img**: Billy Talent at Ruisrock 2007.jpg
- **img size**: 250
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- **genre**: Alternative rock, post-hardcore, punk rock
- **years active**: 1993present
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Warner Music Canada, Warner, Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **associated acts**: Cancer Bats, Anti-Flag
- **current members**: **Benjamin Kowalewicz**
**Ian D'Sa**
**Jonathan Gallant**
**Aaron Solowoniuk**
Massospondylus

***Massospondylus*** was a dinosaur from the Upper Triassic to the Lower Jurassic periods. It was described by Richard Owen in 1854. It is one of the first dinosaurs to have been named. The remains were found in South Africa.

The dinosaur was bipedal. It was probably a plant eater (herbivore).
MIRC

**mIRC** is a popular shareware Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client for Microsoft Windows. It was created in 1995 by Khaled Mardam-Bey in C. Its most recent update (7.25) was made in 2012. It is licensed as Proprietary. It comes free of charge for 30 days and then you have the choice to buy it for US$20, or continue using but the program will ask you to buy it at each launch.

## Related pages

- List of IRC clients

## Other websites

- Official website
For Dummies

The **...for dummies** is a series of books that try to explain something very simply. The series was created in 1991 by Dan Gookin. The first book was about the computer operating system  MS-DOS. Dan Gookin created the book, because in 1987 a person wanted a book that was simple and easy to read, as the person considered computer books to be dull at that time. After MS-DOS for dummies, came PC's for Dummies by Gookin, and Andy Rathbone. Other popular ...For Dummies books are The Internet for Dummies by John Levine, Carol Baroudi, and Margaret Levine Young, and Beginning Programming for Dummies by Wallace Wang. The book cover is usually yellow and black, with the name in white letters on the black part.

## Other websites

- For dummies website
The Source (Charmed)

**The Source** is a fictional character in the television series _Charmed_. **The Source of All Evil** is vanquished by the Power of Three in the fourth season of the show. Cole Turner (Phoebe's fiancee) takes his place as the ruler of the Underworld. Once he is killed, the Charmed Ones are free.
Takasaki line

The  is a  railway line that runs from Omiya station in Saitama Prefecture to Takasaki Station in the Gunma Prefecture. It runs diagonally from south to north in Saitama prefecture and is owed and operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East Japan). The national highway route 17 and its historical predecessor Nakasendo run near this line.
The fare between Takasaki and Omiya of the Takasaki line is 1280 yen.
The colors of the cars are green and orange. So it looks similar to the Utsunomiya line.
The maximum speed of this train . So it is possible to go Takasaki from Omiya in about an hour and a half.
The Takasaki line including local trains and rapid trains has generally six standard-runs per hour in daytime. According to the time, the train might be crowded with students and company employees in major cities, for example, Ageo, Okegawa, Kitamoto, Kounosu, Kumagaya, Fukaya, Honjo.

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Takasaki Line
- **color**: FF8C00
- **image**: JREast-E231-1000-U526.jpg
- **image width**: 300px
- **caption**: E231 series EMU on the Takasaki Line
- **locale**: Tokyo, Saitama Prefecture, Saitama, Gunma Prefecture, Gunma prefectures
- **open**: 1883
- **operator**:  JR East
- **electrification**: 1,500 V DC overhead catenary
- **map**:
- **map state**: collapsed
Red panda

The **red panda** (_Ailurus fulgens_) is a mammal. It is the only species of the Ailuridae family. There are two subspecies: _Ailurus fulgens fulgens_ and _Ailurus fulgens styani_. It is also known as **lesser panda**, **cat-bear**, **bear-cat** and **firefox**.

## Overview

Most that are bred at Japanese zoos are _Ailurus fulgens styani_. They are called レッサーパンダ (ressaa panda) in Japanese and 小熊貓 (xiǎo xìong māo) in Chinese, literally translating to English as "small bear-cat", or "fox-bear."  The IUCN classes them as endangered.

The red panda is not closely related to the giant panda: they are in different families, but share a diet of mostly bamboo. They have both adapted to eating plant material, which is unusual for members of the Carnivora.

French zoologist Frédéric Cuvier first described the western red panda Ailurus fulgens in 1825, 48 years before the giant panda was classified.

A scientist by the name Brian Houghton Hodgson, was one of the first people to look more deeply into the red panda because up until he did, there was not much known about the species.

## Habitat

The red panda lives in the southern part of China, Sikkim, Nepal, and the Himalaya mountains in high trees. In the Indian kingdom of Sikkim it is the state animal. As an endangered species it is protected by laws in the countries where it lives. Two nearly complete skeletons have been found at the Gray Fossil Site in Gray, Tennessee.

## Appearance and life

Red pandas are about 50-60 centimeters long and weigh between three and five kilograms. They have chestnut colored hair, and their faces have white markings. A red panda's tail can measure from 30 to 50 centimeters long (Almost the length of their body) which provides them with balance while navigating the treetops. They will also use these tails as wraparound blankets in their chilly mountain habitat. They live alone while they are adults. They have thumb-like appendages for grabbing Bamboo, similar to giant pandas. Red pandas feed mainly on bamboo using their opposable thumb. While their thumb-like appendages can be used in the same way as that of giant pandas, it is believed that the red panda’s opposable thumbs may have evolved as an adaptation for grasping branches in trees rather than for stripping bamboo. The red panda can be found spending most of their day on top of tree branches. Their thumb-like appendages make them skilled climbers. They live eight to ten years in the wild and up to 15 years in captivity. They have the digestive system and skeleton of a carnivore, but they mostly eat plants. In addition to Bamboo, the Red Panda also eats fruits, tuberous roots, acorns, small mammals, bugs, grubs, birds, grasses, and beech mast. The Red Panda is classified as crepuscular, which means they are active around dawn and sunset, sleeping during the night and midday instead. Hodgson observed that they are monogamous and only breed once a year.

## References

Glatston, A. R. (2011). Red panda biology and conservation of the first panda (1st ed.). Academic Press.
Refraction

**Refraction** is the change in direction of a wave, caused by the change in the wave's  speed. Examples of waves include sound waves and light waves. Refraction is seen most often when a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium. Different types of medium include air and water.

When a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium, the wave will change its speed and its direction. For example, when a light wave travels through air and then passes into water, the wave will slow and change direction. In this property when the light is transmitted through a medium, polarisation of electrons take place, which in turn reduces the speed of light, thus changing the direction of light.

As light goes into a medium which is denser, the light ray will 'bend' toward the normal. When it goes back into the less dense medium (with a lower refractive index), it will bend back through the same angle as when it came in (if the surface at exit is parallel to the surface at entry).

An example of how refraction works is placing a straw in a cup of water, with part of the straw in the water. When looking at a certain angle, the straw appears to bend at the water's surface. This is because of the change in density of the medium and thus, bending of light rays as they move from the air to water.

A good and simple way to understand how light works is to think of it like a car. When the car hits the gravel surface (this is the medium) on an angle, the tire that hits it first will slow, causing it to turn in that direction. Therefore, if light hits a medium on the right having a greater refractive index, it will bend right. The amount of bending is given by Snell's law and corpuscular theory of light. Lenses work by refraction.

When light refracts in a prism, it splits into colours of the rainbow because some wavelengths bend more than others.

In optics the **refractive index** or **index of refraction** _n_ of a substance is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or other radiation, goes through that medium. It is defined as
where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and _v_ is the _phase velocity_ of light in the medium. Snell's law uses refractive indexes to calculate the amount of refraction.
Fargo

**Fargo** usually refers to:
- Fargo, North Dakota, United States
- _Fargo_ (1996 movie), a crime movie by the Coen brothers
- _Fargo_ (TV series), an American black comedy–crime drama television series

**Fargo** may also refer to:

### United States

- Fargo, Arkansas
- Fargo, Georgia
- Fargo, Indiana
- Fargo, Benton County, Indiana
- Fargo, Ohio
- Fargo, Oklahoma
- Fargo, Wisconsin

## Arts, entertainment, and media

- _Fargo_ (1952 movie), an American western movie directed by Lewis D. Collins
- Fargo, a character from the anime series _Bubblegum Crisis_
- Fargo, a character from the video game _Chrono Cross_
- Douglas Fargo, a character from the TV-series "Eureka"
- "Fargo", a track by Caravan Palace on the 2019 album _Chronologic_

## Military

- _Fargo_-class cruiser, a ship design of the United States Navy
    - , the first _Fargo_-class cruiser
- Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9 (NATO reporting name: "Fargo"), a Soviet fighter plane
- USS _Fargo_ (CL-85), original name for the  aircraft carrier

## Vehicles

- Fargo Trucks, originally made by the Chrysler Corporation, later by Askam
- Isuzu Fargo, a commercial vehicle

## Other uses

- FARGO (programming language)
- Fargo (surname)
Psychedelic mushroom

**Magic mushrooms** or **psychedelic mushrooms** or **Psilocybin mushrooms** contain the alkaloid psilocybin, or similar  substances.

Psilocybin is a mind-altering chemical. It changes the brain to an altered state of mind, or a different state of consciousness. This can lead to effects like hallucinations or visions. They may be used for medical purposes to treat cluster headaches, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and certain kinds of depression.

_Psilocybe semilanceata_ is the classic example of a magic mushroom, but there are quite a few others. These fungi also have some species with psilocybin: _Copelandia_, _Gymnopilus_, _Inocybe_, _Mycena_, _Panaeolus_, _Pholiotina_, _Pluteus_.

Psilocybin can kill in extremely high doses. The LD<sub>50</sub> of psilocybin is 280 mg/kg for rats, this is about 1.5 times that of caffeine. In normal psychedelic mushrooms, psilocybin makes up about 1% of their weight. Therefore, nearly 1.7 kilograms of dried mushrooms, or 17 kilograms of fresh mushrooms, would be required for a 60 kg person to reach the 280 mg/kg LD50 rate of rats.

Psilocybin mushrooms have probably been used since prehistoric times. They may be seen in rock art. Many cultures have used these mushrooms in religious rites. Psychedelic mushrooms have been used by native peoples of Mesoamerica for religious communion and healing. Catholic missionaries were against the use of magic mushrooms. In Modern society, they are sometimes used recreationally. Their medical use in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is studied, for example, in the treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer, the treatment of depression and to help quit smoking.

The function of compounds like this in nature is they reduce the likelihood of the mushroom being eaten before its spores have been scattered. It is a defence against herbivory.
Harold Godwinson

**Harold Godwinson** (c. 1022 – 14 October 1066) ruled England as **King Harold II of England** after King Edward the Confessor died. Harold ruled from 5 January 1066 until he was killed at the Battle of Hastings. His death marked the Norman conquest of England and the end of Anglo-Saxon England.

## Career

Harold was the son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and Gytha, a Danish noblewoman. His sister, Edith, was married to the king whom he succeeded, Edward the Confessor. About the same time, Harold became the Earl of East Anglia. When his father died in 1053, Harold inherited his earldom of Wessex.

Elfgar, the son of Leofric of Mercia, was appointed to replace Harold in East Anglia. Berkshire and Somerset were joined to Wessex again. Wessex itself was then an enormous amount of land that covered about a third of England. Harold ruled over a large portion of England, making him the most powerful man in the whole kingdom after the king.

Harold had three brothers: Tostig, Swegen and Gryth. He claimed to have been made King by Edward the Confessor. Before Harold became king, he swore to help William, Duke of Normandy, to become king.

In September 1066, Harold defeated an invasion from the north by Harald Hardrada of Norway. Harold returned south to fight William's invasion but was killed. It is generally assumed that it was by an arrow shot by one of William's archers. However, some reports stated that he was cut down by many soldiers.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **more**: england
- **name**: Harold Godwinson
- **title**: King of Kingdom of England, England
- **image**: Penny of Harold Godwinson.png
- **succession**: List of English monarchs, King of England
- **reign**: 5 January — 14 October 1066
- **coronation**: 6 January 1066
- **predecessor**: Edward the Confessor
- **successor**: Edgar the Ætheling or William the Conqueror
- **spouse**: Edith Swanneck
Edith of Mercia
- **full name**: Harold Godwinson
- **house**: House of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, Godwin
- **father**: Godwin, Earl of Wessex
- **mother**: Gytha Thorkelsdóttir
- **birth date**: Circa 1022
- **birth place**: Wessex, England
- **death date**: (aged about 44)
- **death place**: Battle of Hastings, Sussex
- **burial place**: Waltham Abbey, Essex, or Bosham (disputed)
Frank Griswold

**Frank Tracy Griswold III** (born 18 September 1937 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania died 6 March 2023) was the 25th Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

Griswold went to school at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire.  He earned an A.B. in English literature from Harvard College (1959). He attended the General Theological Seminary and earned his B.A. and M.A, in theology from Oriel College, Oxford University (1962, 1966). Griswold became a priest in 1963. He became a priest in Pennsylvania. He worked at three churches there. Frank Griswold was the bishop of Chicago from 1987 until he became presiding bishop in 1997.

Griswold is a member of the Joint Standing Committee of the Primates of the Anglican Communion and the Anglican Consultative Council. He was co-chair of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission from 1998 to 2003.  He was a member of the standing committee for the 1998 Lambeth Conference. He has also served on diocesan, national and international committees for liturgy, worship and ecumenism. He is also a member of The Fellowship of Saint John.

His term as presiding bishop ended on November first 2006. He was replaced by the Rt. Reverand Katharine Jefferts Schori. She was elected by the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Most Reverend
- **name**: Frank Griswold
- **title**: List of presiding bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, 25th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church
- **image**: 2007BishopGriswold.jpg
- **caption**: Griswold in 2007
- **church**: Episcopal Church (United States), Episcopal Church
- **elected**: July 21, 1997
- **term**: 1998–2006
- **predecessor**: Edmond L. Browning
- **successor**: Katharine Jefferts Schori
- **ordination**: June 23, 1963
- **ordained by**: Joseph Gillespie Armstrong
- **consecration**: March 2, 1985
- **consecrated by**: John Maury Allin
- **other post**: Episcopal Bishop of Chicago, Bishop of Chicago (1987–1998)
 Coadjutor Bishop of Chicago (1985–1987)
- **birth place**: Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **religion**: Anglican
- **spouse**: Phoebe Wetzel
Sign of the cross

The **sign of the cross** is a physical gesture made by Catholic and Orthodox Christians, and sometimes also Protestants. It is usually done at the start and end of prayers.

In the Catholic tradition, the right hand goes from the forehead, to the chest, and then to the left and right shoulders (the order of shoulders does not matter). This is sometimes done while saying "Father, Son, Holy Spirit."

In the Orthodox tradition, the tips of the thumb and the middle and index fingers are put together, and the ring finger and little finger are put against the palm. The first three fingers are for faith in the Trinity, and the other two fingers are for the two natures of Jesus, divine and human.

## Other websites

- Why Do Lutherans Make the Sign of the Cross? - from the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America website
- The Power of the Sign of the Cross  - (Ukrainian church)
- The Sign of the Cross - a Catholic perspective
- Significance of the Sign of the Cross
Jell-O

**Jell-O** is a brand name for a dessert. It is known for a number of gelatin desserts, such as fruit gels, puddings, and unbaked cream pies. including fruit gels, puddings and no-bake cream pies.

## Description

Jell-O is sold as all prepared (ready to eat) or in powder form, and it is has many different colors and flavors. The powder has powdered gelatin, sugar, and artificial sweeteners. It is melted into hot water, and then chilled and eaten. Sometimes other ingredients are added to make them taste better. Jell-O must be put in a refrigerator until it is served, and usually eaten with a spoon.

There are also pudding and pie under the Jell-O brand. To make pudding, they are cooked on the stove with milk, then eaten.

Though the word _Jell-O_ is a name brand, it is commonly used in the United States as a generic name for all gelatin products.

## Other websites

- Official Kraft Jell-o website
- Upstate, Where It Was First Made, Unwavering Devotion to Jell-O New York Times May 4, 2008
- Thoughts on Jell-O With Antioxidants
Pteranodon

***Pteranodon*** was a large pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous period. About 1200 partial skeletons have been found, more than any other pterosaur. It lived in the area of the Western Interior Seaway.

Fossil _Pteranodon_ have been found in Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota.

## Appearance

With its wings open it was up to 7 meters across. _Pteranodon_ might have lived much like an albatross, spending a lot of time over the ocean, looking for fish. It had no teeth in its long mouth, and it had a small pouch like a pelican at the back of its jaw. _Pteranodon_ had a big crest at the back of its head. _Pteranodon longiceps_ had a straight crest that went backwards, and _Pteranodon sternbergi_ had a bigger, flatter crest that went upward.

## Life style

_Pteranodon_ lived mainly on offshore rookeries. Most _Pteranodon_ fossils are found where, at the time, they were hundreds of kilometres from the coastline.

They certainly fed on fish. Fossilized fish bones have been found in the stomach area of one _Pteranodon_. Other specimens have fragments of fish scales and vertebrae near the torso.

Females of both species were smaller than the males, and had small, rounded crests. The crests were probably used in display, though they may have had other functions as well.
Richard II of England

**Richard II** (6 January 1367 – 14 February 1400) was the son of Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan of Kent, "The Fair Maid of Kent". He was born in Bordeaux and became his father's successor when his elder brother died in infancy.

Since his father died before him, he became king in 1377. His uncle John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, became regent until Richard could rule. He was deposed and made to abdicate in 1399 by Henry of Bolingbroke (Henry IV), John of Gaunt's son with Blanche of Lancaster. Richard was taken prisoner; and was killed in captivity later that year.

William Shakespeare wrote a play about Richard II.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Richard II
- **title**: King of England, Lord of Ireland
- **succession**: List of English monarchs, King of England
- **image**: Richard II of England.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait at Westminster Abbey, mid-1390s
- **reign**: 22 June 1377 – 14 February 1400
- **coronation**: 16 July 1377
- **predecessor**: Edward III of England, Edward III
- **successor**: Henry IV of England, Henry IV
- **spouse**: Anne of Bohemia (1382–1394)
Isabella of Valois (1396–1400)
- **house**: House of Plantagenet
- **father**: Edward, the Black Prince, Edward, Prince of Wales "The Black Prince"
- **mother**: Joan of Kent
- **birth place**: Bordeaux, Aquitaine, Principality of Aquitaine
- **death place**: Pontefract Castle, West Yorkshire
- **burial place**: Westminster Abbey, London
Drinker

**Drinker** was a small dinosaur from North America. It was a very small herbivore that grew up to 1 meter long. It was named after Edward Drinker Cope a paleontologist, a dinosaur scientist who found many dinosaur fossils such as _Triceratops_, _Anatotitan_ and _Tyrannosaurus rex_.
Franz Ferdinand (band)

**Franz Ferdinand** is a Scottish indie rock band from Glasgow, Scotland. The group is named after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The band has released five albums, _Franz Ferdinand_, _You Could Have It So Much Better With Franz Ferdinand_, _Tonight: Franz Ferdinand_, _Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action_, and their most recent release, _Always Ascending_.

The band members are Alex Kapranos, Robert Hardy, Julian Corrie, Dino Bardot, Audrey Tait and touring member Johnny Marr ex-The Smiths and past members are Paul Thompson and Nick McCarthy.

### Current members

- Alex Kapranos – lead vocals, lead guitar (2002–present); piano (2005–present)
- Bob Hardy – bass guitar, percussion (2002–present); backing vocals (2002–2008)
- Julian Corrie – keyboards, synthesisers, lead guitar, backing vocals (2017–present)
- Dino Bardot – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2017–present)
- Audrey Tait – drums, percussion (2021–present)
- Johnny Marr - lead & rhythm guitar (2025–present)

### Former members

- Paul Thompson – drums, percussion, backing and occasional lead vocals (2002–2021)
- Nick McCarthy – rhythm guitar, keyboards, synthesisers, backing and occasional lead vocals (2002–2016)

## Discography

- Franz Ferdinand (2004)
- You Could Have It So Much Better (2005)
- Tonight: Franz Ferdinand (2009)
- Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action (2013)
- Always Ascending (2018)
- The Human Fear (2025)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Franz Ferdinand
- **img**: Franz Ferdinand - O2 Academy Brixton - Saturday 24th February 2018 FranzFBrixton240218-38 (26699814248).jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Glasgow, Scotland
- **genre**: Alternative rock, new wave music, new wave, indie rock, garage rock revival , post-punk revival, pop rock, Pop music, pop, dance-punk, dance-rock, art rock, punk rock
- **years active**: 2002–present
- **current members**: Alex Kapranos
Bob Hardy (bassist), Bob Hardy
Julian Corrie
Dino Bardot
Audrey Tait
Johnny Marr
- **past members**: Nicholas McCarthy
Paul Thomson
- **label**: Domino Records, Domino
- **url**: [http://www.franzferdinand.com FranzFerdinand.com]
Kress Stores

**S. H. Kress & Co.** was a group of "five and dime" department stores in the United States between 1896 to 1981. The business was started in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, by Samuel H. Kress in 1896. **Kress Stores** were common in many cities and towns of the United States. In 1964, S. H. Kress & Co. was bought by Genesco, Inc. Genesco began closing down the stores in 1980.

The Kress chain was known for the architecture of the stores. A number of former Kress stores, now used for other things, are said to be landmarks. Some of the most well-known Kress locations included New York City's Fifth Avenue, Canal Street, New Orleans, and one at Hollywood's Hollywood Boulevard. The one at Hollywood Boulevard is now preserved at a theme park in Florida.

## Other websites

- Main Street Five-and-Dime: The Architectural Heritage of S. H. Kress & Co.
- The Kress Building in Fort Worth, Texas
- Remembering the House of Kress
Athlete's foot

**Athlete's foot** is a condition where the foot is dry and cracked, which can be mildly painful. It was named athlete's foot because it was common in people who play sports or do exercise. The infection can be spread to other areas of the body, such as the armpit, and the knees and elbows.

## Symptoms

Athlete's foot causes scaling, flaking, itching, blisters and cracked skin. It can be cured by using antibiotics.
Back

**Back** might refer to:
- Back (anatomy)
- Back (surname)

## Places

- Back (crater), lunar crater
- Back, Lewis, a village on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland
- Back Peninsula, Nunavut, Canada
- Back railway station, in Back, Manitoba, Canada
- The Backs, an area at the rear of several colleges in Cambridge, England

### Music

- _Back_ (Lynn Anderson album), 1983
- Back (Ohio Players album), 1988
- "Back" (song), a song by Colt Ford from the album _Declaration of Independence_
- _B.A.C.K._, a 1999 album by Danish thrash metal band Artillery
- "Back", a song by Lil Pump featuring Lil Yachty from the album _Lil Pump_
- Back, in music, accompaniment

### Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

- _Back_ (novel), a 1946 novel by Henry Green
- _Back_ (TV series), a 2017 British sitcom
- "Back" (_Louie_), an episode of the American television series _Louie_
- "Back" (_Spaced_), a television episode

## Sports

- Back (American football)
- Back nine, the last nine holes on a golf course
- Fullback (American football), a common position in many football games
- Half back (disambiguation), a position in many football games
- Nickelback (American football), a defensive back in American and Canadian football
- Quarterback, a position in the offensive backfield of American and Canadian football
- Running back, a position in the offensive backfield of American and Canadian football
- Back, another term for the position of defender, in association football and Australian rules football
- Back, a player who is defending the goal, in hockey and many other games who is defending the goal
- Back, a rugby football player who is not involved in the scrum
    - Back (rugby league)
    - Back (rugby union)
Reflection (physics)

**Reflection** is the change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two different media, so that the wave moves back into the medium it came from.
The most common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves.

Specular reflection is a mirror-like reflection of light from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction is reflected into a single outgoing direction. In the diagram to the right, a light ray is coming from the point P, and meets at the mirror at point O. The ray reflects at the point O outwards in the same medium towards point Q. Reflection is measured relative to a line through point O that is at 90˚ to the mirror. The angles made by the light ray (shown in the diagram as  and ) must be equal. Both angles have to be equal whenever reflection occurs. This is known as the "law of reflection".

People make many things to use reflections, including reflecting telescope<nowiki/>s, radar, sonar, and lidar and putting light reflectors on things they want to see.
Caspian Sea

The **Caspian Sea** is the largest and only closed sea on Earth by both area and volume and is considered a sea. Its name comes from the Caspi people which the Gilaks/Caspis Caspianis are the only decendent of and are the same as. It has a surface area of . Its volume is . The Caspian has for44% of the total lake waters of the world. More than 89% of the seas area belongs to Iran.

The Caspian sea is an endorheic body of water. It is bordered by Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It has a maximum depth of about . It is called a sea because when the Romans first arrived there, they tasted the water and found it to be salty. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of sea water.

## Other websites

- Caspian Sea Region
- Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea (2003)
- Target: Caspian Sea Oil  John Robb, 2004

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Caspian Sea
- **image lake**: Caspian Sea from orbit.jpg
- **caption lake**: As captured by the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS on the orbiting Terra (satellite), Terra satellite
- **caption bathymetry**: l
- **type**: Endorheic, Saline, Permanent, Natural
- **inflow**: Volga River, Ural River, Kura River, Terek River
- **outflow**: Evaporation
- **basin countries**: Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan
- **residence time**: 250 years
- **islands**: :Category:Islands of the Caspian Sea, 26+
- **islands category**: Islands of the Caspian Sea
- **cities**: Baku (Azerbaijan), Rasht (Iran), Aktau (Kazakhstan), Makhachkala (Russia), Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan, Türkmenbaşy (Turkmenistan)
Complementary angles

**Complementary angles** are two angles that when their measurements are added together is equal to 90 degrees.
Civil rights

**Civil rights** are rights that all people in a country have.

## Overview

The civil rights of a country apply to all the citizens within its borders. These rights are given by the laws of the country. Civil rights are sometimes thought to be the same as natural rights.

## Specifics

In many countries, civil rights include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly. Civil rights also include the right to own property and the right to get fair and equal treatment from the government, from other citizens and from private entities. They may prevent discrimination based on race, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity or disability.

### Legal protection

Civil rights are protected by laws and customs. The constitutions of many democracies have a "Bill of Rights" guaranteeing the people's freedom and privileges. A well-known example is the _United States Bill of Rights_.

A court of law decides if a person's civil rights have been violated. The courts also decide the limits of civil rights, so that people do not use their freedoms to take away the rights of other people.

## Related pages

- Rule of law
- Civil liberties
- Human rights
- Natural rights
- Minority rights
- Women's rights
- Economic, social and cultural rights
Moscovium

**Moscovium** is a superheavy synthetic radioactive chemical element also known as **eka-bismuth**. It has the symbol **Mc** and the atomic number 115. Moscovium does not exist in nature. It is made from a fusion reaction between americium and calcium.

The element is named in honor of the Russian city of Moscow.

Moscovium is in or near the center of the theoretical island of stability. No stable isotopes of moscovium have yet been found. The most stable isotope with 184 neutrons is <sup>299</sup>Mc. The isotope that has been made has only 175 neutrons (<sup>290</sup>Mc).

## Uses

There is no use of Moscovium at the moment because of its radioactivity and short half-life.

## History

On February 2, 2004 a report that moscovium and nihonium were made was written in a journal named Physical Review C. The report was written by a team of Russian scientists at Dubna University's Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.<sup>,</sup>

These people reported that they bombarded americium with calcium to make four atoms of moscovium.

Scientists of Japan also report that they have made moscovium.

In May 2006 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research this element was made by another method and what the final products from radioactive decay were was found by chemical analysis.

## Name

The name was changed to Moscovium. It used to be named ununpentium.

## Chemical properties

Not enough moscovium has been made to measure its physical or chemical properties. It is thought that it would be a hard metal. It may be slightly colored.

Moscovium is in the same group as bismuth but its chemical properties will be different. The chemistry of moscovium will be very influenced by special relativity. It will make its properties different to the other elements in the periodic table that have a smaller atomic number. One important difference from bismuth is the presence of a stable oxidation state of +I (Mc<sup>+</sup>). The (Mc<sup>+</sup>) ion is thought to have chemical properties like Tl<sup>+</sup>.

## In popular culture

Moscovium is inside or near the island of stability. This is probably why it is found in popular culture. It is more likely to be talked about in UFO conspiracy theories.

The most popular story about moscovium is from Bob Lazar. It is not pseudoscience because it is a refutable theory, however Lazar's claims are not backed by any direct experimental evidence at this time.

## Other websites

- Uut and Uup Add Their Atomic Mass to Periodic Table
- Apsidium - Ununpentium
- Discovery of Elements 113 and 115
- Discovery of New Superheavy Elements 113 and 115
- Superheavy elements
- History & Etymology

## Infobox (moscovium)
The World Factbook

***The World Factbook***, also known as the ***CIA World Factbook***, was a book that contained the Central Intelligence Agency's information about the world's countries.  A new book was published every year.  The _Factbook_ provided a two- to three-page summary of the demographics, geography, communications, government, economy, and military of 272 countries, dependencies, and other areas in the world. Originally a print document, it went online in 1997. On 5 February 2026, the site closed down without prior notice.  The CIA noted the closing on its Internet page.

_The World Factbook_ was designed to be used by people that work for the United States government, but it was also used by students, on websites, and in other publications that are not made by governments.  Because the U.S. Government made it, it was in the public domain.

## Other websites

- Official website
Taco

**Tacos** are Mexican sandwich-like dishes. It is made from a corn tortilla wrapped around some sort of filling. Traditionally, the tortilla is soft, but some variations from different countries have hard shells and flour tortillas.

Tacos are filled with a variety of filling such as beef, chicken, fish, pork, cheese, lettuce, onions, guacamole, and salsa. Sauces can also be added to tacos ranging from salsa to hot sauces like Tapatío. People use many different combinations of foods to build the taco.

Tacos are world popular, but especially in Mexico, Central America, China and the United States. In the United States, tacos have been industrialized by fast food businesses such as Taco Bell, Del Taco, and Chipotle.

## History

The taco predates the arrival of the Spanish in Mexico. Bernal Díaz del Castillo documented the first taco feast enjoyed by Europeans, a meal which Hernán Cortés arranged for his captains in Coyoacán.
Gerard Way

**Gerard Arthur Way**  is an American musician and comic book writer. He is the lead singer and co-founder of the punk rock band My Chemical Romance. He played for the band from their start in September 2001 until they broke up on March 22, 2013, until the reunion on October 31, 2019, thus rejoining Gerard to the band.

He is known for commonly changing his hair color from black to blonde and even a striking red. He married Lyn Z of Mindless Self Indulgence on September 3, 2007. Gerard and Lyn Z announced that they were having a baby in November 2008. Their daughter, Bandit Lee Way, was born on May 27, 2009. She arrived at 2:57 PM and weighed 6 pounds and 5.6 ounces. Gerard has said that both Bandit and Lyn Z are "happy and healthy". Way is also the writer of the comic book series "The Umbrella Academy".

## Before My Chemical Romance

He was born on April 9, 1977 in Summit, New Jersey and he attended the School of Visual Arts in New York City and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1999.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **associated acts**: My Chemical Romance


## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Gerard_Way_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg
- **caption**: Way at WonderCon in 2017
- **image size**: 235px
- **birth place**: Summit, New Jersey, US
- **children**: 1
- **years active**: 2001–present
Emerson, Lake & Palmer

**Emerson, Lake & Palmer** were an English progressive rock group. In the 1970s, the band was extremely popular, selling over 30 million albums and headlining huge concerts.

## Members

- Keith Emerson: keyboards
- Greg Lake: vocals, bass, guitars, production
- Carl Palmer: drums, percussion

## Discography

- Studio albums
1. _Emerson, Lake & Palmer_ (1970)
1. _Tarkus_ (1971)
1. _Trilogy_ (1972)
1. _Brain Salad Surgery_ (1973)
1. _Works Volume 1_ (1977)
1. _Works Volume 2_ (1977)
1. _Love Beach_ (1978)
1. _Black Moon_ (1992)
1. _In the Hot Seat_ (1994)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Emerson, Lake & Palmer
- **image**: Emerson Lake and Palmer band photo.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Croydon, London, England
- **genre**: Progressive rock, psychedelic rock
- **years active**: 1970–1979, 1991–1998,
- **label**: Manticore Records, Manticore, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Cotillion Records, Cotillion, Island Records, Island, Sanctuary Records, Sanctuary, Rhino Records, Rhino, Shout! Factory, Victor Entertainment, Victor, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Music, Orizzonte, Razor & Tie, Victory Records, Victory, Eagle Rock Entertainment, Eagle
- **associated acts**: King Crimson, The Nice, Atomic Rooster, The Crazy World of Arthur Brown (band), The Crazy World of Arthur Brown, Asia (band), Asia, Qango (band), Qango, 3 (1980s band), 3, Emerson, Lake and Powell, Emerson, Lake & Powell
- **past members**: Keith Emerson
Greg Lake
Carl Palmer
Aeolic Greek

**Aeolic Greek** was a dialect of the Greek language that was spoken on the island of Lesbos and nearby parts of Asia Minor.
Myst

***Myst*** is a computer game designed by the brothers Robyn and Rand Miller in a company called Cyan. The Millers started working on Myst in 1991 and released it for the Macintosh computer on September 24, 1993. _Myst_ was later released on many different computers and video game consoles.

In _Myst_, the player starts by using a special book to travel to Myst Island. There, the player uses other special books to travel to different worlds called "Ages". Solving puzzles on different Ages helps the player learn more about Myst Island and the people who live there. The player can make choices that change the ending of the game.

When _Myst_ was released, it became very popular. Critics loved _Myst_ because it felt like a real world. _Myst_ was the best-selling computer game until The Sims was released in 2000. _Myst_ helped the CD-ROM get more popular when the CD-ROM was new. Because _Myst_ was so popular, four sequels were made, and three _Myst_ novels were written.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Myst
- **developer**: Cyan, Inc., Cyan
- **publisher**: Brøderbund, Midway Games, Mean Hamster Software, Sunsoft
- **designer**: Robyn Miller, Rand Miller
- **composer**: Robyn Miller
- **released**: **Macintosh**

**Saturn**

**PlayStation**

**PSP**

**Nintendo DS**

**iOS**
April 22, 2009
- **genre**: Adventure game, Graphic adventure, Puzzle video game, puzzle
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
- **platforms**: Cross-platform: Mac OS, Sega Saturn, Saturn, Microsoft Windows, Windows, Atari Jaguar CD, Jaguar CD, 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, 3DO, CD-i, PlayStation (console), PlayStation, AmigaOS, PlayStation Portable, PSP, Nintendo DS, iOS (Apple), iOS
Father Christmas

**Father Christmas** is the British name for Santa Claus. The name was used in songs, such as "I Believe in Father Christmas" by Emerson, Lake & Palmer.
Chink

**Chink** is a racial slur for Chinese people or any other Asians who look Chinese.

**Chink** may also refer to:
__NOTOC__

### Nickname

- Chink Crossin (1923-1981), American professional basketball player
- Eric Dorman-Smith (1895-1969), Irish officer in the British Army and the Irish Republican Army
- Chink Heileman (1872-1940), American Major League Baseball player in 1901
- William O. Lowe (1894-1949), American college football player and first commissioner of the Smoky Mountain Conference
- Chink Outen (1905-1961), American Major League Baseball player
- Chink Taylor (1898-1980), American Major League Baseball player in 1925
- Leo Taylor (baseball) (1901-1982), American Major League Baseball player in one game in 1923
- Chink Zachary (1914-2006), American Major League Baseball pitcher in 1944

### Stage name

- Chink Martin, American jazz tuba player Martin Abraham (1886-1981)
- Chink Santana,  American R&B musician and producer Andre Parker

## Other uses

- A narrow opening or vulnerability, as in a chink in one's armor
- Chinks, a half-length type of chaps, leather coverings for the legs, derived from _chingadero_
- A colloquial term for the common pheasant in the United States, derived from "Chinese pheasant"
- _Bourreria baccata_, a plant species also known as chink
- Chink (Isle of Wight), a scenic rock cleft
- "Chink", an episode of the 2010 British Television drama _Married Single Other_

## Related pages

- Chinking, material used to fill the spaces between logs in log buildings
Handle

**Handle** could mean:

- Handle (grip), a device, attached to an object, that is held to move or use the object
- Handle (mathematics), a term used in topology
- Handle, the friction and flexibility of sheets of material as measured by Handle-o-Meter
- Handle, a pseudonym used in Citizens band radio
- Handle or username, a pseudonym used within an online system
- Adjustment handles let a user interface designer resize a control.
- A handle is a 1.760001 liter (approx. half gallon) bottle of a distilled beverage because bottles of that size often have a handle
- Handle, the total amount bet at a place such as a horse racing track, dog racing track, or jai alai fronton
- A doorhandle.