juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
7

**7** (**VII**) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Saturday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Monday. It was the 7th year of the 1st century.

#### Roman Empire

- The Illyrians revolt against Roman rule.
- Pannonians revolt with Dalmatians and Illyrian tribes against Roman rule.
- Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus dismisses the Judean ethnarch Herod Archelaus.
- Publius Quinctilius Varus is appointed governor of Germany.
- Tiberius Quinctilius Varus, legate, is charged with organizing Germany between the Rhine and Elba rivers. He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which create dissension among the Germans.
- Abgarus of Edessa is deposed as king of Osroene.
- Construction of the Temple of Concordia begins.

#### Asia

- Vonones I of the Arsacid Dynasty becomes ruler of Parthia
- Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang, Henan) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an, Shandong) emperor. This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han.
- Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes.

#### Arts and Sciences

- Strabo writes _Geographia_ (some claimed around AD 18).
- Livy is appointed to tutor Claudius in history. Claudius begins writing and researching a history of the Roman Civil Wars which is critical of Augustus. Livia and Antonia Minor force him to stop his work destroying any opportunity for political advancement.

## Births

- Drusus Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the elder (d. 33).
- Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman General (d. 67).

## Deaths

- Athenodoros Cananites, Stoic philosopher (b. 74 BC).
8

**8** (**VIII**) is a leap year of the Julian calendar which started on a Sunday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Tuesday. It was the 8th year of the 1st century.

### Roman Empire

- August 3 – Roman general Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus.
- Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced. Augustus breaks off engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida.
- Effort is made to betrothe Claudius to Livia Medullina
- Marcus Furius Camillus, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, suff. Lucius Apronius become Roman Consuls.
- Roman poet Ovid is banished from Rome and exiled to the Black Sea near Tomis (present-day Constanţa).
- Ovid begins the Fasti (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year.

### Europe

- Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome; Eppillus becomes king.

### Mid-East

- Vonones I becomes king of Parthia.
- 8 or 9 CE: Attambelos II. dies and is being replaced by Abinergaos I. who is becoming the new King of Characene.

### Asia

- Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.
- China invents paper, which is first used by the military.

## Births

- Titus Flavius Sabinus, Roman consul and brother of emperor Vespasian (d. 69)

## Deaths

- Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, Roman general (b. 64 BC).
9

**9** (**IX**) is a common year of the Julian calendar which started on a Tuesday. According to the Gregorian calendar, it started on a Thursday. It was the 9th year of the 1st century.

### Roman Empire

- Illyria is turned into a province after a revolt has been defeated.
- Ovid is banished to Tomis.
- Pannonia (modern-day Hungary) submits to Roman rule.
- In order to increase the number of marriages, and ultimately the population, the _lex Papia Poppaea_ is adopted in Rome. This law prohibits celibacy and childless relationships.
- September: Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
    - Governor of Germania Magna, Publius Quinctilius Varus, retreats with the three legions XVII Augusta, XVIII Augusta, and XIX Augusta, as well as auxiliary troops of the Cherusci, who stand under the lead of Arminius, to their winter camp at Vetera.
    - Arminius and the auxiliry troops seperate from the Roman legions under the pretense of wanting to gather more allies.
    - Day 1: The Roman legions bypass the northern Wiehen Hills due to reports of revolting Germanic tribes there. Remaining winter garrisons are being attacked by Germanic warriors.
    - Day 2: The Romans emerge from a dense forest and are then being attacked by the allied Germanic tribes (consisting of Cherusci, Marsi, Chatto, Bructeri, Chauci and others), under the lead of Arminius. The difficult forest terrain does not allow the Roman army to take their typical battle formation and numerous soldiers fall to the Germanic forces. Romans retreating into the forest are being pursued by Germanic warriors.
    - Day 3: In an attempt to shake of the Germanic tribes, the Romans under Varus march westward throughout the day and the following night.
    - Day 4: The decimated Roman legions reach an area north of the _Kalkriese Berg_. Here the Germanic tribes had errected ramparts to block the Roman escape. The Romans (still unable to form their battle formation due to swamps and hills) attempt to storm the ramparts but fail. The Germanic tribes pursue the surviving soldiers into the open field. Legions XVII Augusta, XVIII Augusta, and XIX Augusta, totaling around 20,000 soldiers, were almost entirely lost. Publius Quinctilius Varus, as well as many other commanders of the Army, loses his life in the battle.
    - The battle of the Teutoburg forest represents one of the greatest defeats of the Roman Empire.
- Following the defeat at the Teutoburg forest, the Rhine River is established as the boundary between the Latin and German speaking worlds from here on out, stopping Roman Expansion beyond it.
- Roman finances become strained following the Danubian insurrection, and Varus' defeat in Germany. This results in the levying of two new taxes: five percent of inheritances, and one percent on sales.
- Ovid completes Ibis.

### Asia

- Wang Mang founds the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China (until 25).

## Births

- November 18 - Vespasian, Roman emperor

## Deaths

- Publius Quinctilius Varus, Roman general, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, said to have committed suicide
10

**10** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, throughout the Roman Empire, it was known as the **year of the consulship of Dolabella and Silanus**

## Events

- Differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes of the Irminones.
- The Greek dynasty in Bactria is ended
- Publius Cornelius Dolabella is a Roman Consul.
- Illyria is divided into Pannonia and Dalmatia.
- Ovid finishes writing Tristia (the "Sorrows") (5 books) and Epistulae ex Ponto (Letters from the Black Sea) (4 books) describing the sadness of banishment.

## Births

- Hero of Alexandria, Greek engineer (d. c. 70)
- Saint Peter, one of Jesus' disciples and the first pope (d. c. 64).

## Deaths

- Didymus Chalcenterus, Greek scholar and grammarian. (b. c. 63 BC)
11

**11** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lepidus and Taurus**.

## Events

- Germania Inferior and the Rhine secured by Germanicus
- Augustus ends his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe. This is to reinforce the Roman defence along the Rhine and the Danube.
- Artabanus III of the Arsacid Dynasty becomes ruler of Parthia
- In India, Satakarni begins his reign as Emperor of the Andhra Empire (11-29)

## Deaths

- Marcus Antistius Labeo, Roman jurist
12

**12** is a year in the 1st century. It was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Capito**.

## Events

- Annius Rufus is appointed Prefect of Judea.
- Germanicus and Gaius Fonteius Capito become Roman Consuls.
- Quirinius returns from Judea to become a counselor to Tiberius
- Ovid stops writing Fasti because of the lack of resources (being far from the libraries of Rome). He completes 6 books that detail festivals found in the Roman Calendar.
- October 12 – The Introduction of the so-called Criminal Tribes Act, 1871 was a continued discriminatory enactation on the 12th of October, in **British India** respectively.

## Births

- August 31 – Caligula, Roman Emperor
13

**13** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Silius and Plancus**.

## Events

- Abgarus of Edessa is reinstalled as king of Osroene.
- Roman Senate passed a senatus consultum restricting the reduced Vigintisexviri to the Ordo Equester.
- Tiberius made his triumphant procession through Rome after siege of Germany.
- Last year of _Shijianguo_ era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty
- Strabo publishes his view on the shape of the Earth

## Deaths

- Empress Wang Zhengjun (b. 71 BC)
30

**30** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Vinicius and Longinus**.

## Events

- Kushan Empire is founded
- City of Tournai is founded in Belgium
- Possible year for the Sermon on the Mount
- April 7 - possible date for crucifixion of Jesus
- Saint Peter becomes Pope
- Phaedrus translates Aesop's fables
- Velleius Paterculus writes the general history of the countries known in Antiquity

## Births

- Nerva, Roman emperor
- Quintus Petillius Cerialis, brother-in-law of Vespasian
- Praveen Ranjan

## Deaths

- April 7 - Judas Iscariot, disciple of Jesus
- April 7/Good Friday - Jesus (born about 4 BC) - most widely accepted date by modern scholars (traditionally 33)
- Shammai, president of the Sanhedrin and talmudic scholar, died 30 C.E.
- John the Baptist
50

**50** (Roman numerals: **L**) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Saturday. It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was not in use at the time of the common year starting on Saturday and ending on Saturday.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), **50 AD** (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

## Events

- The Romans create a city called Londinium on the River Thames

## Deaths

- Abgarus of Edessa, king of Osroene
- Aulus Cornelius Celsus, writer of _De Medicina_
- Gamliel I, the nasi of the Jewish people in Babylonia
3 (number)

The number **three** (3) is one more than two, one less than four, and two less than five. It is the first Mersenne prime. Three is an important number for many cultures (groups of people living together). It is also a prime number. It is the first odd prime. In Roman numerals, it is **III**.

## Famous threes

- the Three Stooges
- the three Doshas (weaknesses) in Ayurvedic medicine in India
- the Trimurti (three aspects of God) in Hindu religion
- the Holy Trinity in Christian religion
- three gifts of the wise men (Magi) who visited Christ at his birth in the Gospel of Matthew.
- the three bears in the fairy tale Goldilocks
- the three Imperial Regalia of Japan

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 3
- **numeral**: Ternary numeral system, ternary
- **factorization**: prime number, prime
- **divisor**: 1, 3
- **roman unicode**: Ⅲ, ⅲ
- **greek prefix**: wikt:tri-, tri-
- **latin prefix**: wikt:tre-, tre-/wikt:ter-, ter-
- **lang1**: Arabic (language), Arabic
- **lang2**: Urdu
- **lang3**: Bengali language, Bengali
- **lang4**: Chinese numeral, Chinese
- **lang4 symbol**: 三，弎，叁
- **lang5**: Devanāgarī
- **lang6**: Ge'ez alphabet, Ge'ez
- **lang6 symbol**: ፫
- **lang7**: Greek numerals, Greek
- **lang7 symbol**: γ (or Γ)
- **lang8**: Hebrew (language), Hebrew
- **lang9**: Japanese numerals, Japanese
- **lang10**: Khmer numerals, Khmer
- **lang11**: Korean numerals, Korean
- **lang11 symbol**: 셋,삼
- **lang12**: Malayalam language, Malayalam
- **lang13**: Tamil language, Tamil
- **lang14**: Telugu language, Telugu
- **lang15**: Thai language, Thai
10 (number)

**10** (**Ten** ) is the number that is after **nine** and before **eleven**. Most people have ten fingers and ten toes.

Ten is the smallest positive whole number with two digits. Ten is an important number because most people write numbers using multiples of ten. This is called the decimal number system.

In Roman numerals, 10 is written as **X**.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 10
- **cardinal**: ten, onety, enty
- **ordinal text**: tenth, onetieth, entieth
- **numeral**: decimal
- **divisor**: 1, 2, 5, 10
- **roman unicode**: X, x
- **greek prefix**: wikt:deca-, deca-/wikt:deka-, deka-
- **latin prefix**: wikt:deci-, deci-
- **lang1**: Chinese numeral
- **lang1 symbol**: 十，拾
- **lang2**: Hebrew numerals, Hebrew
- **lang2 symbol**: <span style="font-size:150%;">י</span> (Yod)
- **lang3**: Khmer numerals, Khmer
- **lang3 symbol**: ១០
- **lang4**: Korean numerals, Korean
- **lang4 symbol**: 십
- **lang5**: Tamil numerals, Tamil
- **lang5 symbol**: ௰
- **lang6**: Thai numerals, Thai
- **lang6 symbol**: ๑๐
- **lang7**: Devanagari, Sanskrit/Marathi/Hindi
- **lang7 symbol**: १०
- **lang8**: Bangla Akshar, Bangla
- **lang8 symbol**: ১০
Man

A **man** is an adult male human. He is the opposite of a woman. People use the word "man" (one _man_, two or more _men_) to talk about gender. Manhood is the period in a male's life after he changes from a boy. A boy is a male child; a female child is called a girl. After boys reach maturity, they can be called a man.

Like most other male mammals, a man inherits an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father. What makes someone a man is not agreed on globally.

## Biology

There are some sexual differences between a man and a woman. Men have sex organs which we call "external" (not inside the body). But many parts of the male reproductive system are internal too. The study of male reproduction and sex organs is "andrology".

Men normally have the same illnesses as women, but there are some sexual illnesses which men have only, or more often.

There are more differences between men and women, not only sexual differences.
- Some people say men, as a group, are more aggressive than women; they want to fight more. But most research has found that men and women are equally aggressive.
- In modern western society, few men wear make-up or clothing of the sort women traditionally wear.

Some examples of secondary sexual characteristics in male humans:
- more pubic hair
- more facial hair
- more body hair
- larger hands and feet than women
- broader shoulders and chest
- narrower hips
- larger skull and bone structure
- larger brain
- greater muscle mass
- a more visible Adam's apple and deeper voice
- a longer shinbone

Men are usually taller than women. In 1996, the average height of men around the world was 171 cm.

Biology is not the only thing which makes people feel they are men, or that other people are men. Some people were born in a female body but feel that they are men. We call these _transgender_ or _transsexual_ men. Some men can have a hormone or chromosomal difference. Some men have other intersex conditions. Some of those intersex people who people said were female (girls) when they were born want to change this later in their lives.

## Related pages

- Violence against men
- International Men's Day
Position

|width="40" height="30"|up|
| --- | --- |
|width="40" height="30"|diagonal (corner)|
|width="40" height="30"|diagonal (corner)|
|width="40" height="30"|diagonal (corner)|
|width="40" height="30"|diagonal (corner)|
**Position** is a way to explain where something is.

The words which indicate position are called prepositions.

### Left, middle, and right

To find which is your **left** hand side, hold your hands palms down, point your index fingers and stick your thumbs out at right angles. The finger and thumb of your _left_ hand will form a capital letter L.

If the letter L you make is reversed, you found your **right** hand. **Left** and **right** are called opposite sides.

**Middle** is between _up_ and _down_ and is between _left_ and _right_. Middle means the same as _center_.

Certain topics, such as boat positions and anatomy, use particular terms of direction.

## Far and near

|width="50%"|The box is _far_.|width="50%"|The box is _near_.|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|valign="center" align="center" height="100"||valign="center" align="center" height="100"||
**Far** means that something is a long way away from you. **Near** means it is _close_ to you. Things can also be near and far other persons and other things.

## In sports

In many sports, the term "position" is used to show what occupation a person has on their team. For example, in baseball, positions include catcher, shortstop and pitcher.

## Human position

In various activities such as dance and yoga, the static arrangement of the body and its parts is called a position, for example in an arabesque (ballet).

## In math and physics

The position of something is where that thing is in space and time. Usually people use Cartesian coordinates to write down a position. So a scientist might say that the balloon was at _x_, _y_, _z_ when it popped at a certain time. The scientist can also say the balloon’s position in other ways, like latitude, longitude, and height (spherical coordinates) or x, y, z, and t (space and time).

## In society

The position of a person is his status or responsibility in a community or group of people. It is called rank in the army.
In a factory the manager is a typical position.
Right

**Right** might mean:

- A position, the opposite of left
- Right, the opposite of _wrong_ in morality
- Rights, something a person has that people think should not be taken away from them
- Right-wing, a conservative point of view
Arundel Castle

**Arundel Castle** is a castle in Arundel, West Sussex, England. It was built by Edward the Confessor.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Arundel Castle
- **image**: Arundel Castle 001.jpg
- **caption**: Arundel Castle
Size

|width="100%"|This dot is _small_.|width="100%"|This box is _big_.|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|valign="center" align="center" height="100"|•|valign="center" align="center" height="100"|{| width="150"|
|style="background:black;"||}||

The **size** of something is how much space the thing takes. It can also be described as how big or small something is.

Sizes can be measured. When a size is measured, it is given a number. for comparison.

It can be measured with different types of systems, example: the metric system.

Metric: 1 cm= 10 mm, 1 m= 100 cm, 1 km= 1000 m and so on...

## Words for sizes

- _little_
- smaller/little is very small, as in short.
    - _small_ means "little"
    - _very small_ means "tiny"
- _big_
- bigger/large is very big, as in long or tall.
    - _big_ means "large"
    - _very big_ means "huge"

_Small_ and _big_ are opposites. (There are more words for big and little, examples are: gigantic, microscopic, short, tall, etc)

## Examples

- Example 1
    - A yellow box is 2 metres long, 3 metres wide and 1 metre deep. The box has a volume of 6 cubic metres.
    - A green box is 3 metres long, 3 metres wide and 1 metre deep. The size of the green box is 9 cubic metres.
- The green box is larger in size than the yellow box.

- Example 2
    - A red box is 2 feet long, 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep. The box has a volume of 6 cubic feet.
    - A blue box is 3 feet long, 3 feet wide and 1 foot deep. The size of the blue box is 9 cubic feet.
- The blue box is larger in size than the red box.
Opposite

**Opposite** may refer to:
- Antonym, a word that means the opposite of a word
- Additive inverse, in mathematics, taking the negative ("opposite") of a number

## Related pages

- Opposition (astronomy and astrology)
Direction

**Direction** follows an imaginary line connecting two points.
Something following the line is moving in that _direction_. People show directions by pointing.

The word _direction_ is made from the root _direct_ meaning to guide.

These are words used to talk about a **direction**:
- Up
- Down
- Backward
- Left
- Right
- Forward
- Northeast
- South
- Southeast
- East
- Northwest
- West

## Related pages

- Compass
- Navigation
Starvation

**Starvation** happens when a living being (like a person or an animal) does not eat enough food to live properly. If a living thing is starving for a long period of time, it dies.

Starvation can be seen as an extreme version of hunger. During starvation, the body will slowly but surely become less fat and stop working properly, until the living being dies or eats enough again to stop starving.

There are other effects of starvation. These can include:
- Tiredness
- problems thinking properly
- sudden and extreme changes to emotions
- dehydration (lack of water in the body)
- vomiting
- loss of muscles
- a swollen stomach caused by kwashiorkor
- weakness and not being able to stand
When the body is starving, the body will start eating itself in a final attempt to survive. When there are no muscles and fat left to eat, the person (or animal) dies. People who eat nothing usually die in a few months.

Even when a starving person eats again, they may have permanent damage to their body.

Some people intentionally starve themselves to lose weight, but this is considered a bad idea because it may damage the human body.

In history, countries used to use starvation as a form of the death penalty.

In 1944 Ancel Keys started a scientific experiment about starvation to see the impact of starvation on people and to see how people could best recover from starvation. The participants were all men. They ate 1800 calories a day.

## Related pages

- Hunger
- Global Hunger Index
- Malnutrition
- Anorexia nervosa
Scissors

**Scissors** are a tool used for cutting thin material like:
- paper
- cardboard
- metal foil
- thin plastic
- food
- cloth
- rope
- wire
- hair
- nail

Knives are better than scissors for some uses. Unlike a knife, scissors have two sharp edges.
Some types of scissors, like children's scissors, are not very sharp. Children's scissors are often protected with plastic. These are called "Safety Scissors".

Scissors can be made for left-handed or right-handed people. Using scissors made for the wrong hand is very hard for most people.

There are many kinds of scissors used for cutting different materials and shapes.
Malcolm IV of Scotland

**Malcolm IV of Scotland** (20 March 1141- December 9, 1165) was the grandson of David I of Scotland. He succeeded his grandfather as King of Scotland in 1153. He never married or had children. Not much is known about him.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Malcolm IV
- **title**: King of Scots
- **image**: Malcolm iv.jpg
- **reign**: 1153 - 1165
- **predecessor**: David I of Scotland, David I
- **successor**: William the Lion
- **father**: David I of Scotland
- **mother**: Ada de Warenne
- **birth date**: 20 March 1141
- **birth place**: Kingdom of Scotland
- **death date**: 9 December 1165
- **death place**: Jedburgh, Scotland
David I of Scotland

**David I of Scotland** (1084 – 24 May 1153) was the son of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: David I
- **title**: King of Scots
- **image**: David I de Escocia.jpg
- **reign**: 1124 – 24 May 1153
- **predecessor**: Alexander I of Scotland, Alexander I
- **successor**: Malcolm IV of Scotland, Malcolm IV
- **father**: Malcolm III of Scotland, Máel Coluim mac Donnchada
- **mother**: Saint Margaret of Scotland, Margaret
- **birth date**: 1084
- **death date**: 24 May 1153
- **death place**: Carlisle, England
Saint Margaret of Scotland

**Saint Margaret of Scotland** (c. 1045 - 16 November 1093) was a Scottish queen and English princess. She was married to Malcolm III of Scotland. She was the mother of David I of Scotland, Alexander I of Scotland and Edgar.  She was the daughter of Edward the Exile, and the granddaughter of Edmund Ironside.  She was probably born in Hungary.

Margaret died four days after her husband.

## Other websites

- Margaret of Scotland  at the University of Pittsburgh
- Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Margaret of Scotland
Matilda of Flanders

**Matilda of Flanders** (1031 - 2 November 1083) was the Queen Consort of England as the wife of William the Conqueror. She was the daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders and Adela of France and the mother of Robert Curthose, William II and Henry I.

## Early life

Matilda was the daughter of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, and Adela of France, who was the daughter of King Robert II of France. Historians think she was born about 1031. Care was given to her education and so she would become known for her learning as much as for her great beauty. Matilda, like other princesses of her day, was very skilled at fine needlework.

Matilda was well respected because she was a part of a large royal family. She was related to many kings in Europe including Charlemagne. Matilda was a very small woman in size, and some reports said she was only 4 ft 2 in (129.5 cm).

## Duchess of Normandy

Matilda married William the Conqueror probably between 1051 and 1052 while she was still a teenager. Ever since he became Duke of Normandy as a boy, William had to fight to keep Normandy. When William was born, his mother and father were not married and so he had the stigma of being a bastard. By marrying Matilda, who was the niece of the King of France, William gained respect in Europe.

When William was getting ready to attack England, Matilda had a ship built for him, called the _Mora_. While William was in England and after he became King of England in 1066, Matilda stayed behind to rule Normandy while William was away.

## Queen of England

A year later, in 1067, Matilda joined her husband in England, and she was crowned Queen of England. It helped William that Matilda was related to an earlier English king, Alfred the Great. It was important to the English people to think that Matilda was herself part English. Matilda died on 3 November 1083, when she was about 52 years old.

## Family

Together, Matilda and William had ten children, including:
- William II of England
- Adela of Normandy, the mother of Stephen of England
- Henry I of England
- Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy after his father's death

## Infobox (royalty)

- **type**: monarch
- **name**: Matilda of Flanders
- **succession**: Queen Consort of England
- **image**: Matilda-flanders sm.png
- **caption**: Matilda of Flanders, wife of William I of England portrait. Originally from "Queens of England" - 1894.
- **reign**: 1066-1083
- **house**: House of Normandy
- **spouse**: William the Conqueror (1051 - 1083)
- **father**: Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
- **mother**: Adela of France
- **birth date**: 1031
- **death place**: Caen, France
Robert II of France

**Robert II of France** (March 27, 972  July 20, 1031) was born in Orleans, France.  He was the son of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine.  He was married to Constance of Arles.

Robert was succeeded by his son Henry I of France.  Robert is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica where his tomb effigy survives.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Robert II
- **image**: Sceau de Robert II le pieux.jpg
- **caption**: Seal of King Robert II
- **succession**: List of French monarchs, King of the Franks
- **moretext**: (Style of the French sovereign, more...)
- **reign**: 30 December 987 – 24 October 996;
24 October 996 – 20 July 1031
- **reign-type**: Co-reign
Solo-reign
- **coronation**: 25 December 987
- **cor-type**: france
- **predecessor**: Hugh Capet, Hugh
- **successor**: Henry I of France, Henry I
- **spouse**: Rozala of Italy
(m. 988; ann. 996)
Bertha of Burgundy
(m. 996; ann. 1001)
Constance of Arles
(m. 1001/03; his death)
- **issue**: Tħuļtħel
Hedwig of France, Countess of Nevers, Advisa, Countess of Nevers
 Hugh Magnus
 Henry I of France
 Adela of France, Countess of Flanders, Adela, Countess of Flanders
 Robert I, Duke of Burgundy
- **house**: House of Capet
- **father**: Hugh Capet
- **mother**: Adelaide of Aquitaine
- **birth date**: c. 972
- **birth place**: Orléans, France
- **death place**: Melun, France
- **burial place**: Saint Denis Basilica, Paris, France
Adelaide of Aquitaine

**Adelaide of Aquitaine** (c.945-1004) was the Queen of Hugh Capet and the daughter of William III of Aquitaine.  She was the sister of William IV of Aquitaine.
William III of Aquitaine

**William III of Aquitaine** (c. 915 – 3 April 963) became the Duke of Aquitaine and Count of Poitiers in 935. He was the son of Ebalus of Aquitaine.

William's nickname was _Towhead_.

William was married to Adela of Normandy. He was the father of Adelaide of Aquitaine, who became Queen of France when she married Hugh Capet. He was succeeded by his son, William IV of Aquitaine.
Basilica of Saint-Denis

The **Basilica of Saint-Denis** is a basilica near Paris, France. It is famous for its architecture and as the burial place for many Kings of France. It is in the suburb of Saint Denis, which is in the north of Paris. Since 1966, it is the cathedral of the diocese of Saint-Denis. It is located in the Greater Paris area, about  from Paris.

The Basilica is named after Saint Denis. Saint Denis is the patron saint of France. He was also the first Bishop of Paris.

The Basilica was an Early Gothic building. In 1136 the Abbot Suger (1081 - 1155) began replacing the building, bit by bit, beginning with the west front and then with a new east end. The east end is said to be the first building in the Gothic style. It was not completed until the 13th century.

The current organ of the basilica is the first organ built by Aristide Cavaille-Coll. With 4200 pipes, it contains a lot of innovations, opening the romantic area. The French organist Pierre Pincemaille, titular between 1987 and 2018, set up lots of recitals and recorded 8 CDs with this instrument.

## Other websites

- L'Internaute Magazine: Diaporama
Gothic cathedrals

**Gothic cathedrals** are important examples of Gothic Architecture. Gothic architecture was a way of planning and designing buildings that began in Western Europe in the Late Middle Ages.

Gothic architecture started out of Romanesque architecture, in France in the 1100's. The places where the architecture was made increased across Europe. But in the 1500's Renaissance architecture became more used in the Renaissance Period. The Renaissance Period took place from the 1200s to the 1600s. Before that, most cathedrals were made in Gothic styles.
Cathedral

A **cathedral** is a Christian church that is the office of a Bishop or Archbishop. As cathedrals serving as the office, they are central church of a diocese or archdiocese. Only those Christian denominations have cathedrals. Cathedrals can be found in the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican as well as some Lutheran churches.

In the Greek Orthodox Church, the terms "kathedrikos naos" (literally: "cathedral shrine") and "metropolis" (literally "mother city") are both used to describe the same thing. "Metropolis" is more common, but both terms are officially used.

There are variations on the use of the term "cathedral"; for example, some pre-Reformation cathedrals in Scotland now within the Church of Scotland still retain the term cathedral, despite the Church's Presbyterian polity which does not have bishops. As cathedrals are often particularly impressive buildings, the term is often used incorrectly to refer to any large important church. Some churches are bigger than the cathedral.

Several cathedrals in Europe, such as Cologne, and in England at York, Norwich and Southwell, are referred to as _Minster_ (German: _Münster_) churches, from Latin _monasterium_, because the establishments were served by canons living in community or may have been an abbey, prior to the Reformation. The other kind of great church in Western Europe is the abbey.

## Definition

The word cathedral is derived from the Latin noun "cathedra" (_seat_ or _chair_), and refers to the presence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne serving as his office. In the ancient world, the chair was the symbol of a teacher and thus of his role as teacher, and also of an official presiding as a magistrate and thus of the role in governing a diocese or archdiocese.

The word cathedral, though now grammatically used as a noun, is originally the adjective in the phrase "cathedral church", from the Latin "ecclesia cathedralis". The seat marks the place set aside in the prominent church for the head and is therefore a major symbol of office.

Many cathedrals are very old.

## Cathedrals which are not the seat of a bishop

Some churches are called _cathedral_, but they are not the office of a bishop or archbishop. This  may be because the way the church is organised changed over time. This is the case for Our Lady of Sorrows Church, Poprad, in Slovakia, for example. In Slovak language, this church is called _cathedral_. It is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Spiš. This diocese was re-organised several times. Currently, the cathedral of the diocese is St. Martin's Cathedral (Spišská Kapitula). Churches that formerly were a diocesan seat may be called concathedral, co-cathedral, or pro-cathedral.
Patron saint

A **patron saint** is a person or being who is considered in some Christian churches as a saint who pleads in heaven for the interests of a specific nation, place, craft, activity, class of people or person. Catholics were traditionally named after a patron saint in the belief that the patron saint would then help them throughout their life.

Here is a list of some patron saints and the items that they are the patron saint of:

## Countries, regions and cities

- Saint Andrew (Scotland, Russia)
- Catherine of Siena Italy and Europe
- Saint David (Wales)
- Saint Denis (France)
- Saint Francis of Assisi Italy
- Saint George (Canada, Catalonia, England, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Montenegro, Ethiopia, Aragon, Catalonia, Moscow)
- Saint Michael (Vatican City, Rome, Lazio, Italy, France, Germany, Israel, Normandy, France and Kyiv)
- Saint Patrick (Ireland)
- Saint Piran (Cornwall)
- Saint James (Spain)
Saint David

**Saint David** (c. 512 - 587) is the patron saint of Wales. He was a Welsh bishop in the 6th century. He is usually represented standing on a little hill, with a dove on his shoulder.  He is commemorated on 1 March. The earliest mention of St. David is found in a tenth-century manuscript of the "Annales Cambriae", which assigns his death to A.D. 601.

## Related pages

- Saint David's Day

## References

- Catholic Online

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: David
- **birth date**: c. 512
- **death date**: 587
- **feast day**: March 1
- **image**: Jesus Chapel St David.jpg
- **caption**: St David
- **patronage**: Wales
Saint Andrew

**Saint Andrew** is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and the patron saint of Scotland, Romania, Ukraine and several other countries. He was crucified on a cross that was turned sideways to look like an "X". The Saint Andrew's flag is the official flag of Scotland.
On St Andrew's Day, many people in Scotland wear a thistle.

## Related pages

- Twelve Apostles
- The Cross of St. Andrew

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Andrew the Apostle
- **image**: Artus Wolffort - St Andrew - WGA25857.jpg
- **caption**: Saint Andrew by Artus Wolffort
- **titles**: Apostle
- **birth date**: Early 1st century
- **birth place**: Bethsaida, Judea (Roman province), Judea, Roman Empire
- **death date**: Mid- to late 1st century
- **death place**: Patras, Greece, Patras, Achaia (Roman province), Achaia, Roman Empire
- **venerated in**: All of Christianity
- **canonized date**: Apostolic age
- **canonized by**: Pre-congregation
- **feast day**: 30 November
- **attributes**: Old man with long (in the East often untidy) white hair and beard, holding the Gospel Book or scroll, sometimes leaning on a saltire
- **patronage**: Scotland, Barbados, Ukraine, Russia, Sicily, Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Patras, Roman Catholic Diocese of Parañaque, Diocese of Parañaque, City of Manila, Amalfi, Luqa (Malta) and Prussia; Roman Catholic Diocese of Victoria, Diocese of Victoria fishermen, fishmongers and rope-makers
491

## Deaths

- March 17 – Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland (_possibly_ died this year, could also have died in the year 493)
Glastonbury

**Glastonbury** is a town in Somerset, England. It is well known for being mistakenly thought of where Glastonbury Festival is held, however the festival is in fact held in the village of Pilton, nearly 7 miles to the east.

## History

Glastonbury is also well known because of Glastonbury Abbey. This is because Glastonbury Abbey is said to be the place where King Arthur is buried, and it was burned down when King Henry the Eighth got angry at all Catholic monasteries in the country as the Pope would not grant him a divorce. The abbot, Abbot Whiting, was killed on the Tor, a local landmark.
Glastonbury Abbey

**Glastonbury Abbey** is in Glastonbury, Somerset, England. It was King Ine of Wessex who decided to build Glastonbury Abbey and out of stone. King Edmund I of England was buried at the Abbey in 946 AD. It is said to be the burial place of King Arthur.
Somerton

**Somerton** is a town in Somerset. In 2001 there were 4509 people living in Somerton. It is between the towns of Yeovil and Street.  It is in the South Somerset District of Somerset.

Somerton was the capital of the Kingdom of Wessex from 871 to 901.  It also used to be Somerset's county town, but this is now Taunton.
Yeovil, Somerset

**Yeovil** is a town in the county of Somerset.  It is in the South Somerset District.  Yeovil takes its name from the River Yeo.  _Yeo Village_ became Yeovil over time.

## Transportation

The town has two railway stations.  They are called Yeovil Junction and Yeovil Pen Mill.  The town has many villages near by.  These are West Coker, East Chinnock, East Coker, Stoford, Evershot, Halstock and Yetminster.

## Politics

Yeovil is where Yeovil Town Council is based for the district of South Somerset.  The town's main employers are GKN Westlands Helicopters.

## Sports

Yeovil is home to the _giant killer_ football club Yeovil Town F.C..  The club played against Liverpool F.C in 2004. Yeovil used to be famous for glove-making.  This is why the football team are nicknamed _The Glovers_.
Bridgwater

**Bridgwater** is a town in the county of Somerset.  It is in the District of Sedgemoor.
Street

- _See also Street (town)_
A **street** is a piece of land, made flat and often with pavement, so that people can travel on it better. "Street" and "road" may mean the same thing, but "street" is more often used only in a town.

Many streets are the center of local culture or of a specialized activity. New Orleans’ Bourbon Street, for example, is famous for its active nightlife and also for its role as the center of the city’s French Quarter. The Bowery in Manhattan was, at different times, a main highway, a center of underground punk culture, and a specialized shopping district for light fixtures.

## Related pages

- Avenue
- Boulevard
- Road
Taunton

**Taunton** is a town in the county of Somerset.  It is in the Taunton Deane District.  Taunton is the county town of Somerset.  Taunton is on the River Tone and takes its name from the river.  _Tone town_ became Taunton.

In 1685, Judge Jefferies was based in Taunton during the Bloody Assizes that followed the Battle of Sedgemoor.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **static image**: Tauntonchurch.jpg
- **static image caption**: The tower of St. James Church rises over the County Ground, Taunton, County Ground
- **country**: England
- **official name**: Taunton
- **population**: 61,400
- **shire district**: Taunton Deane
- **shire county**: Somerset
- **region**: South West England
- **constituency westminster**: Taunton Deane (UK Parliament constituency), Taunton Deane
- **post town**: TAUNTON
- **postcode district**: TA1, TA2, TA3, TA4
- **postcode area**: TA
- **dial code**: 01823
- **os grid reference**: ST228250
- **website**: [http://www.tauntondeane.gov.uk www.tauntondeane.gov.uk]
Shepton Mallet

**Shepton Mallet** is a town in the county of Somerset, England.  It is in the Mendip district.

From 1185 to April 2023 Shepton Mallet was where Mendip District Council was based for the Mendip district. In April 2023, it was abolished and replaced by Somerset Council. It is a pleasant place to go, and has a beautiful countryside.
Bath, Somerset

**Bath** is a city in the county of Somerset in England. It is  west of London, and  southeast of Bristol.

Bath is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city has preserved some of its Roman remains and its 18th century architecture.

## History

The city gets its name from the famous Roman baths in the town. The Romans built the baths as part of a spa, in the year 43 BC. They called it _Aquae Sulis_, which means "The waters of Sulis". Sulis was a local goddess.

During the Middle Ages, it was an important city for buying and selling wool.

Bath became a city in 1585, when Queen Elizabeth I declared it to be one.

Bath has two universities and several schools and colleges.

Bath is where Roald Dahl's short story "The Landlady" takes place. The city is also mentioned in many of Jane Austen's books, like _Northanger Abbey_, _Sense and Sensibility_, and _Pride and Prejudice._

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **official name**: City of Bath
- **id**: 428
- **year**: 1987
- **criteria**: Cultural: i, ii, iv
- **area**: 2,900 ha


## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Bath
- **country**: England
- **region**: South West England
- **static image caption**: Pulteney Bridge
- **population**: 88,859
- **population demonym**: Bathonian
- **os grid reference**: ST750645
- **map alt**: Map of Somerset, with a red dot showing the position of Bath in the north east corner
- **label position**: left
- **post town**: BATH
- **postcode area**: BA
- **postcode district**: BA1, BA2
- **dial code**: 01225
- **constituency westminster**: Bath (UK Parliament constituency), Bath
- **london distance**: Boxing the compass, E
- **unitary england**: Bath and North East Somerset
- **lieutenancy england**: Somerset
- **static image**: Bath, England (38162201235).jpg
- **static image 2**: File:Bath monuments August 2016 09.jpg
- **static image 2 caption**: York Street, south to Roman Baths (Bath), The Roman Baths
Wells, Somerset

**Wells** is a city in the county of Somerset. It is in the district of Mendip. The only other city in Somerset is the much larger Bath. In 2018 there were 12,000 people living in Wells.

Wells Cathedral is in Wells. The cathedral is very popular with visitors to Wells. The cathedral has a school attached to it. The school specializes in music (as well as normal school subjects). Timothy K. Murray, composer, was a student there.

The city of Wells is named after springs in the grounds of the Bishop's Palace.

It is the second smallest city in the United Kingdom after St Davids in Wales. The area of Somerset was known in past centuries as a stronghold of taxation avoidance and liquor smuggling (from ships wrecked on the coast). In the 18th century the Bishop of Bath and Wells used to travel with half-a-dozen armed soldiers, and no doubt they were needed. The city has been there since Roman times, indeed it was originally a Roman settlement.
East Coker, Somerset

**East Coker** is a village in Somerset.  It is in the South Somerset District.  East Coker is near the town of Yeovil.

St Michael's church contains the ashes of the poet T. S. Eliot. One of his poems is called _East Coker_. William Dampier, explorer and buccaneer was born in the village in 1651. He circumnavigated the world four times and published a book about his experiences. Dampier Island and Dampier Straits off Australia are named after him. Along the approach to the church are 12 almshouses built in 1640 by Archdeacon Helyar, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth l.

One of East Coker's famous residents is Trevor Peacock.  Trevor Peacock played _Jim_ in _The Vicar of Dibley_.
Tatworth

**Tatworth** is a village near Chard in the South Somerset District of Somerset, England. It was settled in 1254, but traces of earlier settlers have been found, such as a Roman villa.
Chard (Somerset)

**Chard** is a town in Somerset.  It is in the South Somerset District.  It is near the border of the county of Devon.

Chard is the birthplace of aviation.  It was in Chard, during 1848, that John Stringfellow (1799 - 1883), first demonstrated that powered flight was possible.

In 1685, Chard was one of the towns in which Judge Jefferies held some of the Bloody Assizes after the failure of the Monmouth Rebellion.  He stayed in _The Choughs_, a public house in Chard.
Crewkerne

**Crewkerne** is a town in Somerset, England where about 6,700 people live. It is in the South Somerset District, near the border with Dorset.

## History

The first time it is mentioned in history is 899, when king Alfred the Great left the manor to his son Aethelweard. The name _Crewkerne_ comes from the Saxon words _Cruce_ (cross) and _earne_ (cottage), because of the early church there. There was also a mint where coins were made between 978 and 1035. In 1066, the manor belonged to Edith, mistress of Harold Godwinson. After the Norman Conquest, it belonged directly to William the Conqueror.

## Notable Sites

St Bartholomew's Church is located on the high ground west of the town. Its' existence dates back as far as the 9th Century.

## Other websites

- Archaeology of Crewkerne  (.pdf file)
Stoford, Somerset

**Stoford** is a village in the county of Somerset, England. It is in the South Somerset District.
River Tone

The **River Tone** is a river in the county of Somerset.  It flows through the town of Taunton and joins the River Parrett.

Taunton takes its name from the River Tone.  _Tone town_ became Taunton.
River Yeo

The **River Yeo** is a river in the county of Somerset in the United Kingdom.  It flows through the town of Yeovil and joins the River Parrett.

Yeovil takes its name from the River Yeo.  _Yeo Village_ became _Yeovil_ over time.
River Adur

The **River Adur** is a river in the county of Sussex, in England. It starts from South Downs, southern England and ends in the port town of Shoreham-by-Sea.

## Other websites

- Adur Valley Guide
River Aire

The **River Aire** is a river in England.  It runs through the counties of North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire, although most of it is in West Yorkshire.

The river starts in Malham, and from there flows through (in order) Skipton, Keighley, Shipley, Leeds, Castleford, Knottingley and Airmyn.
River Aln

The **River Aln** is a river in the county of Northumberland.  It starts at the hamlet of Alnham in the . The river ends at the North Sea at Alnmouth on the east coast of England. The river forms part of the name of the town of Alnwick. It also forms part of the names of the villages of Alnmouth and Alnham. The river served as a war zone between the English and the Scots.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: River Aln
- **image**: River Aln.jpg
- **image caption**: The River Aln near Alnmouth
- **pushpin map**: United Kingdom Northumberland
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Northumberland
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: United Kingdom
- **subdivision type3**: County
- **subdivision name3**: Northumberland
- **subdivision type5**: Towns
- **subdivision name5**: Alnham, Whittingham, Northumberland, Whittingham, Alnwick, Lesbury, Alnmouth
- **source1 location**: Alnham
- **mouth location**: Alnmouth
River Alt

The **River Alt** is a river in the county of Merseyside in England just north of Liverpool. The river begins near Huyton and flows about 28 km northeast to empty into the Irish Sea at the town of Hightown. Other towns along the river include Kirkby, Maghull and Formby. There are 75 km of tributary feeding the river. About 250,000 people live in the area around the river. The northern part of the river forms the boundary between the counties of Merseyside and Lancashire.