juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pieter Brueghel the Elder

**Pieter Brueghel the Elder** (c. 1525 – 9 September 1569) was a Dutch or Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker. He is known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. He is nicknamed 'Peasant Bruegel' to distinguish him from other members of the Brueghel family. But he is the most famous of them and therefore in most of the cases when someone speaks of "Brueghel" he thinks of him. From 1559 he dropped the 'h' from his name and started signing his paintings as **Bruegel**.

## Life

There are records that he was born in Breda, Netherlands, but it is uncertain whether the Dutch town of Breda or the Belgian town of Bree, called Breda in Latin, is meant. He was the son of a peasant living in the village of Breughel.

## Style

In Bruegel's later years he painted in a simpler style than the Italian art in his time. The most obvious influence on his art is the older Dutch master Hieronymus Bosch.

## Themes

Bruegel specialized in landscapes populated by peasants. He is often credited as being the first Western painter to paint landscapes for their own sake.

He showed the rituals of village life—including agriculture, hunts, meals, festivals, dances, and games. These show the folk culture of 16th century life.

## Some of his Paintings

- _Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap_, 1565, Bruxelles, Koninklijke Musea voor Schone Kunsten van Belgie, inv. 8724
- _The Peasant and the Nest Robber_, 1568, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
- _The Three Soldiers_, 1568, Frick Collection, New York City
- _Conversion Of Paul_, 1567, Kunsthistorishes Museum, Vienna
- _The Storm at Sea_, an unfinished work, probably Bruegel's last painting.

## Other websites

- Biography at the Web Gallery of Art
- Pieter Bruegel the Elder at Olga's Gallery
- Pieter Bruegel the Elder in the "A World History of Art"
- Complete list of paintings. Includes all of the 100 proverbs from the painting, with explanation (in French).
- www.all-art.org/early_renaissance About Pieter Brueghel the Elder
- Timken Museum of Art's "Parable of the Sower" by Pieter Bruegel the Elder
Bad Tölz

**Bad Tölz** is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen.

In 1937 a SS-Junkerschule (SS Officer Candidate School) was made at Bad Tölz which operated until the end of World War II in 1945. As well, a subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp was in the town. It provided labour for the SS-Junkerschule and the Zentralbauleitung (Central Administration Building). The former SS-Junkerschule was the base of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion, 10th Special Forces Group until 1991.

Bad Tölz is known for its spas, historic medieval town, and spectacular views of the alps. On the western bank of the Isar River lies the Kurverwaltung, or modern spa, whose iodine-rich waters are known for their soothing and healing powers. Another major attraction is Stadtpfarrkirche, a church made in 1466, which is a good example of German late-Gothic architecture.

## Geography

Bad Tölz sits on the Isar River,  above sea level. It has an area of

## Culture

- Bad Tölz is the setting of the popular television series, _Der Bulle von Tölz_.
- Tölzer Knabenchor - a world-famous boys choir.
- Bad Tölz is famous for the hockey club EC Bad Tölz (also known as Tölzer Löwen)

## Other websites

- Junkerschule Bad Tölz

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Bad Tölz COA.svg
- **image plan**: Bad Tölz in TÖL.svg
- **image photo**: Bad toelz.jpg
- **image caption**: Bad Tölz seen from River Isar
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberbayern
- **district**: Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen
- **elevation**: 658
- **area**: 30.80
- **population**: 17648
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 83646
- **area code**: 08041
- **licence**: TÖL
- **divisions**: 5 Ortsteile
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 73 112
- **mayor**: Josef Janker
- **party**: Christian Social Union of Bavaria, CSU
Chris Brown

**Christopher Maurice Brown** (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. He is one of the most successful R&B singers of the generation as said by _Billboard_. He has often been called by many contemporaries as the King of R&B".

_Forever_ is one of Brown's most famous songs. He has won three American Music Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, eleven BET Awards, and one Grammy Award.

## Personal life

He got attention when he was arrested and convicted in 2009 for beating his then-girlfriend, Barbadian singer Rihanna. He was sentenced to five years probation and six months community service. He was also ordered to stay at least 300 feet away from her for five years. Brown has bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.

He made his own record label CBE (Chris Brown Entertainment or Culture Beyond Your Evolution) in 2007. Brown has three children: Royalty Brown (born 2014 with Nia Guzman), Aeko Catori (born 2019 with Annika Harris) and Lovely Symphani (born 2022 with Diamond Brown)

## Artistry

Brown has a four-octave tenor vocal range and the useful of the falsetto. He lists Michael Jackson, Marvin Gaye, Sam Cooke, Ginuwine, Lil Wayne, 2Pac, Phil Collins, Bobby Brown and R. Kelly as his musical influences.

## Discography

Brown has released 11 studio albums and 9 mixtapes:
|Year|Album|
| --- | --- |
|2005|_Chris Brown_|
|2007|_Exclusive_|
|2009|_Graffiti_|
|2011|_F.A.M.E._|
|2012|_Fortune_|
|2014|_X_|
|2015|_Fan of a Fan: The Album_ <small>(with Tyga)</small>|
|2015|_Royalty_|
|2019|_Indigo_|
|2022|_Breezy_|
|2023|_11:11_|

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **instrument**: Vocals


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Chris Brown
- **image**: BLAKPROPHETZ-CHRIS BROWN - BET AWARDS (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Brown in 2013
- **birth name**: Christopher Maurice Brown
- **birth place**: Tappahannock, Virginia, U.S.
- **years active**: 2002–present
- **children**: 3
- **awards**: Full list
Bernau bei Berlin

**Bernau bei Berlin** (English _Bernau near Berlin_) is a German city in the Barnim district. The city is located about  northeast of Berlin.

In 1842 a railway line was opened. One of the first electrical suburban railway lines in the world has been opened in 1924. This line of the Berlin S-Bahn connected Bernau with station Stettiner Bahnhof (today Berlin Nordbahnhof) in Berlin. The Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB) (_General German Confederation of Trade Unions_) opened its school in 1930. The Waldsiedlung (engl. residential area in the wood) is a district of the city where the political leaders of the GDR lived isolated from the people.

## Twinned cities

- - Champigny-sur-Marne
- ,  - Meckhenheim
- - Skwierzyna

## Other websites

- Official website of the city (German)

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: Wappen_Bernau_bei Berlin.png
- **image plan**: Bernau_bei_Berlin_in_BAR.png
- **state**: Brandenburg
- **district**: Barnim
- **elevation**: 68
- **area**: 103.73
- **population**: 35546
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 16321
- **area code**: 03338
- **licence**: BAR, BER, EW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 12 0 60 020
- **divisions**: Hauptort und 4 Ortsteile
- **website**: [https://www.bernau-bei-berlin.de/ www.bernau-bei-berlin.de]
- **mayor**: André Stahl
- **party**: The Left (Germany), Die Linke
Bad Reichenhall

**Bad Reichenhall** is a spa town, and capital of the Berchtesgadener Land district in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is located near Salzburg, and encircled by the Chiemgauer Alps. Mount Staufen () and Mount Zwiesel () are both near Bad Reichenhall. Bad Reichenhall is a traditional center of salt production, obtained by evaporating water saturated with salt from brine ponds. The town was the site of a disaster on 2 January 2006, when the roof of the town's ice rink collapsed under snow, killing 15 and injuring 34 others.

## Ice rink disaster

Fifteen people, twelve of them children, died in the collapse of the Bad Reichenhall Ice Rink on 2 January 2006. Thirty-four people were injured in the accident.

## Famous people from Bad Reichenhall

- Anni Friesinger, speed skater
- Regina Häusl, alpine skier
- Stefan Holzner, triathlete
- Michael Neumayer, ski jumper
- Hans Söllner, singer-songwriter

## Other websites

- Bad Reichenhall Tourist Centre
- Bad Reichenhall Tourist Attractions

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Bad Reichenhall Altes Rathaus.jpg
- **image caption**: Former town hall
- **image coa**: DEU Bad Reichenhall COA.svg
- **image plan**: Bad_Reichenhall_in_BGL.png
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Upper Bavaria
- **district**: Berchtesgadener Land
- **elevation**: 473
- **area**: 39.44
- **postal code**: 83435
- **area code**: 08651
- **licence**: BGL (_until 1979:_ REI)
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 72 114
- **mayor**: Herbert Lackner
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern, CSU
Chris Brown (disambiguation)

**Chris Brown** (born 1989) is an American R&B singer.

**Chris Brown** or **Christopher Brown** may refer to:

## Music

- _Chris Brown_ (album), an album by Chris Brown
- Chris Brown (Canadian musician), Canadian singer-songwriter and multi-instrumentalist
- Chris Brown (Australian musician), Australian musician, member of Ayers Rock (band)
- Chris Brown (composer) (born 1953), composer, pianist, and electronic musician
- Chris Taylor Brown (born 1981), singer for Trapt
- Christopher Brown (composer) (born 1943), English composer

### Cricket

- Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1974) (born 1974), English cricketer
- Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973) (born 1973), former Cook Islands cricketer

### Gridiron football

- Chris Brown (American football coach), American football coach and former player
- Chris Brown (defensive back) (born 1962), American football player
- Chris Brown (offensive lineman) (born 1978), former American football offensive lineman
- Chris Brown (running back), American football player

### Football

- Chris Brown (American soccer) (born 1977), American soccer midfielder/striker
- Chris Brown (footballer, born 1971), English-American football defender and manager
- Chris Brown (footballer, born 1984), English football striker
- Chris Brown (footballer, born 1992), English football defender

### Hockey

- Chris Brown (field hockey) (born 1960), New Zealand
- Chris Brown (ice hockey) (born 1991), American ice hockey player drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes
- Christophe Brown (born 1974), Swiss ice hockey player in the Switzerland National League A

### Other sports

- Chris Brown (athlete) (born 1978), Bahamian sprinter
- Chris Brown (baseball) (1961–2006), American third baseman

## Politics

- Chris A. Brown (born 1964), member of the New Jersey General Assembly
- Christopher J. Brown (born 1971), member of the New Jersey General Assembly
- Chris Brown (California politician) (born 1981), American politician and businessman in the state of California
- Chris Brown (Mississippi politician) (born 1967), Republican Mississippi state representative and businessman

## Other people

- Christopher Brown (author), American science fiction author
- Christopher Brown (museum director) (born 1948), director of the Ashmolean Museum
- Chris Brown (British Army officer), last General Officer Commanding Northern Ireland
- Chris Brown (veterinarian) (born 1978), Australian veterinarian, television personality and author
- M. Christopher Brown II, President of Alcorn State University
- Chris Brown (dancer) (1896–1956), Native American dancer and costume maker
Demmin

**Demmin** () is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It was the capital of the former Demmin Rural District.

## World War II

German troops destroyed the bridges over the Peene while retreating from Demmin during World War II. This way, the advance of the Soviet Red Army was slowed down when they arrived in Demmin on April 30, 1945. During that night and the following morning, Demmin was handed over to the Red Army largely without fighting, similar to other cities like Greifswald.

Although there were only a few pockets of resistance, nearly 900 people committed mass suicides in fear of the Red Army. Coroner lists show that most drowned in the nearby River Tollense and River Peene, where others poisoned themselves. This was fuelled by atrocities and rapes committed by Red Army soldiers until the city commander had the access to the rivers blocked on May 3.

## Famous residents

- Joachim Lütkemann (1608-1655), preacher and author
- Heinrich Carl von Schimmelmann (1724-1782), merchant and politician
- Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839-1884), pathologist
- Willy Schulz-Demmin (1892-1974), painter
- Hans-Adolf Asbach (1904-1976), politician
- Willi Laatsch (1905-1997), pedologist
- Paul von Maltzahn (born 1945), diplomat
- Andy Glandt, banjo player

## Literature

- Norbert Buske, Das Kriegsende in Demmin 1945 (German) - The End of the War in Demmin 1945

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Demmin-Ansicht-ueber-das-Trebeltal-26-07-2008-226.jpg
- **type**: Stadt
- **image flag**: Flagge Demmin.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Demmin COA.svg
- **state**: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
- **district**: Mecklenburgische Seenplatte
- **image plan**: Demmin in MBS.svg
- **elevation**: 8
- **area**: 80.653
- **population**: 12633
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 17109
- **area code**: 03998
- **licence**: DM
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 13 0 71 029
- **divisions**: 11 districts
- **mayor**: Thomas Witkowski
- **party**: CDU
Red Army

The **Red Army** was the army of the Bolsheviks that was led by Leon Trotsky during the Russian Civil War. It later became the army of the Soviet Union. The name used mainly before and during World War II. After the war, it was renamed as the Soviet Army, but many people continued to call it the Red Army. Even now, some people still nickname the modern Russian Army as the Red Army.

Some later communist organizations such as the Red Army Faction used the name, and anti-communists sometimes used the name for any left-wing group that they said was trying to promote communism and was paid for by the Soviets.

The Red Army was established by Leon Trotsky in January 1918 to counter the White Army during the Russian Civil War. In February 1946, it was renamed the "Soviet Army," and after the Soviet Union dissolved, it became the Russian Army on May 7, 1992.

The Red Army was the biggest land force in the Allied victory in Europe during World War II, and its invasion of Manchuria helped lead to Japan's surrender. On the Eastern Front, it caused 75–80% of the casualties suffered by German forces and ultimately captured Berlin.

## Origins

In September 1917, Vladimir Lenin argued that the only way to prevent the return of police power was to establish a people's militia and integrate it with the army, replacing the standing army with an armed populace. At that time, the Imperial Russian Army was in decline, with about 19 million men mobilized—only 23% of the male population—but most were unarmed and in support roles. General Nikolay Dukhonin reported around 2 million deserters, 1.8 million dead, 5 million wounded, and 2 million prisoners, estimating that about 10 million troops remained.

## Infobox (military unit)

- **unit name**: Workers' and Peasants' Red Army
- **image**: File:Red Army Badge.svg
- **image size**: 125
- **dates**: January 15, 1918 to February 25, 1946
- **allegiance**: CPSU
- **type**: Army
- **battles**: World War I, Russian Civil War, Polish–Soviet War, Winter War, Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front of World War II
Nienburg

**Nienburg** is a town and capital of the district Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

### Geographical location

Nienburg is on the river Weser, approx.  southeast of Bremen, and  northwest of Hanover. Nienburg is the largest town in the Mittelweserregion.

### Population

<small>(in each case December 31st)</small>
- 1998 - 32.789
- 1999 - 32.659
- 2000 - 32.611
- 2001 - 32.454
- 2002 - 32.462
- 2003 - 32.543
- 2004 - 32.691
- 2005 - 32.803

### Town's structure

Nienburg, including quarters
- Erichshagen
- Holtorf
- Langendamm
- Schäferhof/Kattriede
- Nordertor
- Leintor
- Lehmwandlung
- Alpheide

## Town council

The 38 members of the "Stadtrat" are made up of:
- Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands - CDU 14
- Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands - SPD 17
- Bündnis 90/Die Grünen - Grüne 3
- Freie Demokratische Partei-FDP 2
- Wählergemeinschaft - WG 1
- Die Linke 1
(September 10, 2006)

## Twin towns

Nienburg has two twin towns:
- Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
- Vitebsk, Belarus

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Nienburg
- **image coa**: DEU Nienburg (Weser) COA.svg
- **image plan**: Nienburg-Weser in NI.svg
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Nienburg
- **elevation**: 25
- **area**: 64.45
- **postal code**: 31582
- **area code**: 05021
- **licence**: NI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 2 56 022
- **divisions**: 4 districts
- **mayor**: Henning Onkes
- **party**: Independent
Querfurt

**Querfurt** a town in Saalekreis district (Kreis) in the south of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, in a fertile country on the Querne,  west from Merseburg, on a branch line from Oberroblingen.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image caption**: Querfurt skyline
- **image photo**: Querfurt skyline.JPG
- **image coa**: Wappen Querfurt.png
- **image plan**: Querfurt in SK.png
- **state**: Sachsen-Anhalt
- **district**: Saalekreis
- **elevation**: 168
- **area**: 155.23
- **population**: 12659
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 06268
- **area code**: 034771
- **licence**: SK, MER, MQ, QFT
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 15 0 88 305
- **mayor**: Andreas Nette
- **party**: SPD
Saab 35 Draken

The **Saab 35 Draken** ("kite" or "dragon") is a fighter aircraft made by Saab. It first flew in 1955 and was introduced in 1960. It was made to replace the Saab 29 Tunnan. The Draken used a delta wing, which gave it speed. In fact, it was Sweden's first aircraft to go twice the speed of sound.

## What the Draken is like

The Draken is 50 feet, 4 inches (15.35 meters) long, 30 feet, 10 inches (9.42 meters) wide, and 12 feet, 0 inches (03.89 meters) tall. It weighs 18,188 pounds (8,250 kilograms) empty and can weigh up to 27,050 pounds (12,270 kilograms) with things in it. It is powered by a Volvo Flygmotor RM 6C jet engine. It carries 2 30mm cannon and can carry AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles.

## Who uses the Draken

- Sweden
- Austria
- Finland
- Denmark
- United States

## Related pages

- Mirage III
- Delta wing
- Saab
Departments of Haiti

Haiti is divided into 10 departments (French, _départements_).  When Haiti was the French colony of _Saint-Domingue_, there were three provinces: North, South and West. Under Toussaint L'Ouverture, the provinces were converted into departments.

The departments are further divided into 41 _arrondissements_, and 133 _communes_.

|**#**|**Department**|**Capital**|**Area (km²)**|**Population (2003)**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Artibonite|Gonaïves|4,895|1,070,397|
|2|Centre|Hinche|3,597|565,043|
|3|Grand'Anse|Jérémie|3,100|337,516|
|4|Nippes|Miragoâne|1,219|266,379|
|5|Nord|Cap-Haïtien|2,175|564,002|
|6|Nord-Est|Fort-Liberté|1,698|300,493|
|7|Nord-Ouest|Port-de-Paix|2,094|445,080|
|8|Ouest|Port-au-Prince|4,595|3,093,698|
|9|Sud-Est|Jacmel|2,077|449,585|
|10|Sud|Les Cayes|2,602|627,311|

## Other websites

- Statoids: Departments of Haiti
Turquoise

**Turquoise** is an opaque (cannot be seen through), blueish-green mineral. It is not common and can be valuable in finer grades.  It has been prized as a gem and ornamental stone for thousands of years because of its interesting coloring.

The word 'turquoise' means Turkish in French.
Yotsuya Kaidan

**Yotsuya Kaidan**, also known as _Tōkaidō yotsuya kaidan_, is one of the most famous Japanese ghost stories of all time. It was written as a play in 1825 by Tsuruya Nanboku.

The tale takes place in the Tōkaidō region.

## Plot

The story is a tale of murder, betrayal and ghostly revenge. It continues to be an influence on Japanese horror today.
El Greco

**El Greco** ("The Greek", 1 October 1541 – 7 April 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He usually signed his paintings in Greek letters with his full name, **Doménicos Theotokópoulos** ().

El Greco was born in Crete, which was the center of Post-Byzantine art at that time. He trained and became a master of that kind of art before travelling at 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570, he moved to Rome and opened a workshop and made a series of works. While he was in Italy, El Greco added elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance to his style. In 1577, at the age of 36, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death in 1614. In Toledo, El Greco painted his best-known paintings.

El Greco's dramatic and expressionist style puzzled other painters at the time, but came to be appreciated in the 20th century. El Greco is considered to have influenced both the Expressionist and Cubist styles. His personality and works inspired poets and writers like Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. Many modern scholars think that El Greco belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for long figures and often fantastic or dramatic coloring, combining Byzantine traditions with Western painting traditions. His paintings generally have very bright parts contrasting with very dark parts.
Byron (disambiguation)

**Byron** can mean:

### Surname

- George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron ("Lord Byron"), a well-known English writer and poet
- Beverly Byron, U.S. Congresswoman
- Don Byron, an American jazz composer and musician
- Fergal Byron, Irish gaelic football player
- Goodloe Byron, U.S. Congressman
- Henry James Byron, dramatist
- John Byron, 1st Baron Byron,  century Royalist
- John Byron,  century British explorer and admiral
- Kari Byron, member of the _MythBusters_ crew
- Katharine Byron, U.S. Congresswoman
- Robert Byron,  century British travel writer
- Tom Byron, an American pornographic actor and director
- William D. Byron, U.S. Congressman

### Given name

- Byron Black, Zimbabwean tennis player
- Byron Cage, an American gospel singer
- Byron Dafoe, National Hockey League goaltender
- Byron Dorgan, U.S. Senator
- Byron Haskin, U.S. film director
- Byron Katie, American self-help author and founder of "The Work"
- Byron Leftwich, NFL quarterback
- Byron Nelson, PGA Tour golfer, nicknamed 'Lord Byron'
- Byron White, U.S. Supreme court associate justice
- Byron Scott, NBA coach and former player

### Fictional characters

- Byron Basset, the sleeping puppy from _Tiny Toon Adventures_
- Byron (Babylon 5), a character from the television series _Babylon 5_
- Byron Henry, a character in Herman Wouk's novels _The Winds of War_ and _War and Remembrance_
- Byron, a Gym Leader in the _Pokemon Diamond_ and _Pokemon Pearl_ video games

## Places

- United States
- Byron, California
- Byron, Georgia
- Byron, Illinois
- Byron Township, Ogle County, Illinois
- Byron, Maine
- Byron, Michigan
- Byron Township, Michigan
- Byron, Minnesota
- Byron Township, Cass County, Minnesota
- Byron Township, Waseca County, Minnesota
- Byron, New York
- Byron, Ohio
- Byron, Oklahoma
- Byron, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin
- Byron, Monroe County, Wisconsin
- Byron, Wyoming
- Byron Center, Michigan
- Byron Nuclear Generating Station in Illinois
- Australia
- Byron Bay, New South Wales, a coastal town
- Canada
- Byron, Ontario, a suburb of London
- Outer space
- Asteroid 3306 Byron
Greek War of Independence

The **Greek War of Independence** (1821–1829), also commonly known as the **Greek Revolution**, was a successful war by the Greeks who won independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire. Muhammad Ali Pasha sent his son Ismail with an army and a fleet to help fight the Greeks and the Greek Christian revolutionaries asked for help from European Christians. A fleet of the United Kingdom, France and Russia destroyed the Ottoman-Egypt fleet in the Battle of Navarino. After a long and bloody struggle, independence was finally achieved, and confirmed by the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832. The Greeks were thus the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject peoples to be accepted as an independent sovereign power.

## Other websites

- Treaty of Constantinople
- of London, 1832
- War of Independence

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Greek War of Independence
- **partof**: Revolutions during the 1820s
- **image**: Epanastasi.jpg
- **caption**: Germanos of Patras, Germanos blessing the flag at Agia Lavra. Oil painting, 1865.
- **date**: 1821 – 1829
- **place**: The Balkans (mainly Greece) and the Aegean Sea.
- **result**: Greek victory, establishment of the Kingdom of Greece.
- **combatant1**: First Hellenic Republic, Greek revolutionaries
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom
 Bourbon Restoration in France, France
 Russian Empire
- **combatant2**:
 Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors, Egyptian Khedivate
- **commander1**: Theodoros Kolokotronis
  Alexandros Ipsilantis
 Konstantinos Kanaris
 Georgios Karaiskakis
- **commander2**:  Omer Vryonis
 Mahmud Dramali Pasha
 Reşid Mehmed Pasha
 Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, Ibrahim Pasha
- **casualties1**: 300
- **casualties2**: 4,285
Ronald Sinclair

**Ronald Sinclair** (January 21, 1924 - November 22, 1992), born **Richard Arthur Hould** and sometimes called **Ra Hould** or **Ron Sinclair**, was a child actor from New Zealand, who became a movie editor.

## Career

Sinclair was a child actor turned movie editor who was still considered a star in his home country of New Zealand, long after his Hollywood career ended. He appeared in movies like _The Light That Failed_, _Tower of London_, _That Hamilton Woman_ and _Desperate Journey_. He also appeared in a series of children's adventure movies featuring the _Five Little Peppers_.

From 1955 on, Sinclair worked together with director Roger Corman. Together they edited movies like _Swamp Women_, _Day the World Ended_, _The Intruder_, _The Raven_ and _The Trip_.
Affoltern im Emmental

**Affoltern im Emmental** is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Affoltern im Emmental
- **municipality name**: Affoltern im Emmental
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Affoltern im Emmental COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Affoltern im Emmental.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3416
- **municipality code**: 0951
- **area**: 11.5
- **elevation**: 801
- **population**: 1167
- **populationof**: 2005
- **website**: www.affolternimemmental.ch
- **mayor**: Christian Kobel
- **places**: Weier, Rinderbach, Eggerdingen, Heiligenland, Hirsegg
- **neighboring municipalities**: Walterswil, Berne, Walterswil, Dürrenroth, Sumiswald, Rüegsau, Heimiswil, Wynigen
Albligen

**Albligen** () was a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Albligen and Wahlern merged into the new municipality of Schwarzenburg.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Albligen
- **municipality name**: Albligen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Albligen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte_Gemeinde_Albligen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3183
- **municipality code**: 0851
- **area**: 4.3
- **elevation**: 699
- **population**: 477
- **populationof**: 31 December 2010
- **popofyear**: 2010
- **website**: www.albligen.ch
- **mayor**: Regula Reinhardt-Trachsel
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ueberstorf, Wahlern, Heitenried
Alchenstorf

**Alchenstorf** is a municipality of the administrative district  Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Alchenstorf
- **municipality name**: Alchenstorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Alchenstorf COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3473
- **municipality code**: 0402
- **area**: 6.6
- **elevation**: 500
- **population**: 548
- **populationof**: January 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.alchenstorf.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hellsau, Höchstetten, Koppigen, Niederösch, Rumendingen, Seeberg, Wynigen
Allmendingen bei Bern

**Allmendingen bei Bern** is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

The municipality is between Rubigen and Muri bei Bern, near Berne.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Allmendingen bei Bern
- **image photo**: Allmendingen bei Bern, Herrenbauernhaus Seite.jpg
- **image caption**: The Noble's Manor House in Allmendingen
- **municipality name**: Allmendingen bei Bern
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Allmendingen bei Bern COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Allmendingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3112
- **municipality code**: 0630
- **area**: 3.8
- **elevation**: 589
- **population**: 520
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.allmendingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Belp, Muri bei Bern, Rubigen, Worb
Amsoldingen

**Amsoldingen** is a municipality of the administrative district Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Amsoldingen
- **municipality name**: Amsoldingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Amsoldingen COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Thun (administrative district), Thun
- **postal code**: 3633
- **municipality code**: 0921
- **area**: 4.7
- **elevation**: 637
- **population**: 806
- **populationof**: January 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.amsoldingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Höfen, Thun, Höfen, Thierachern, Thun, Uebeschi, Zwieselberg
New-age music

**New-age music** is a type of music which is often related to New Age belief. It is usually soft and instrumental; it means, only few New Age music pieces have a singer. New Age music is good for resting, thinking and meditation.

One of the first people in this genre was Stephen Halpern. He created music to be used for meditation. He could not find a record company for his works, so he published them himself and sold them in New Age stores. His music is very relaxing and has a slow rhythm.

Some of the famous artists who work in this field are Yanni, Kitarō, Jean Ven Robert Hal, Loreena McKennitt, Vangelis, Enya and George Winston.
Write Once Read Many

**Write Once Read Many (times)** or **WORM** is a classification of computer storage media. It is used to describe media that can only be written once. After they are written, they can only be read.

There are two different kinds of such media:
- In some, the hardware prevents multiple writes, examples of such media are the CD-R and DVD-R discs. There is also some kind of computer memory (called PROM) which can only be written once.
- Certain kind of media use a software solution to emulate this behaviour. Examples are  certain kinds of backup tapes and harddisks that can also have this property.
Charles-Marie Widor

**Charles-Marie Widor** (born Lyon, 21 February, 1844; died Paris, 12 March, 1937) was a French organist and composer. He was one of the greatest organists of his time and he had many pupils who learned a lot from him and became famous. Widor is best known for his organ works which he called “symphonies”. The _Toccata_ from his _Symphony no 5_ is one of the best known of all organ pieces, often played at the end of wedding ceremonies.
Paul Hindemith

**Paul Hindemith** (pronounce: powl HIN-deh-mitt; 16 November 1895 in Hanau - 28 December 1963 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German composer, violist, teacher, music theorist and conductor. He was one of the most important and influential German composers during the years between the two World Wars. His style was at first influenced by Schoenberg and Expressionism, but gradually it became more neo-classical, and he turned against Schoenberg's whole approach. He was also famous as a viola player and composed a concerto for viola and orchestra.
Louis Vierne

**Louis Vierne** (8 October 1870 – 2 June 1937) was a French organist and composer. He wrote a lot of music for the organ, including six large works called symphonies, _24 Fantasy Pieces_ (which includes his famous _Carillon de Westminster_), and _24 Pieces In Free Style_. Some of these can be played on the harmonium as well as on the organ.

## Life

Vierne was born in Poitiers. He was almost completely blind from birth. He faced a lifetime of professional frustration, sickness, blindness, loss of family and friends, and disappointments. This all influenced his music.

He died while giving an organ recital at Notre Dame.

## Organ symphonies

- Organ Symphony No. 1 in D minor, Op. 14 (1898–1899)
- Organ Symphony No. 2 in E minor, Op. 20 (1902–1903)
- Organ Symphony No. 3 in F♯ minor, Op. 28 (1911)
- Organ Symphony No. 4 in G minor, Op. 32 (1914)
- Organ Symphony No. 5 in A minor, Op. 47 (1923–1924)
- Organ Symphony No. 6 in B minor, Op. 59 (1930)

Symphony No. 6 exploits the full 12-tone chromatic scale. Vierne's pupil Maurice Duruflé played the Symphony's first performance at Notre Dame in 1935.

## References

- Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. _All Music Guide to Classical Music._ All Music Guide, LLC. p. 1456.
Jehan Alain

**Jehan Alain** (born Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris, 3 February 1911; died near Saumur, 20 June 1940) was a French organist and composer. He learned to play the organ at home on an organ that his father had built. In his short life he composed many works. His most famous organ pieces are _Trois Danses_ (Three Dances) and a brilliant piece called _Litanies_.

Alain was killed fighting in World War II.

His youngest sister, Marie-Claire Alain, is an internationally-famous organist and has made several complete recordings of her brother's organ works.
Shame

**Shame** is an emotion. Shame is rooted in a social or cultural environment. Some people feel shame when some of the rules (that are accepted by the respective society) have been broken. A person can feel ashamed because he or she has thought or done something no one else knows about. Children are often told to be ashamed of something, because they sometimes have trouble telling cause and effect apart. When they grow up, they can better tell the two apart. At that stage, the feeling of guilt becomes stronger.
Keynes (disambiguation)

**Keynes** could mean:

## People with the surname Keynes

- John Keynes (Jesuit) (1624–1697), Jesuit and religious controversialist
- John Maynard Keynes, English economist
- John Neville Keynes, a British economist and father of John Maynard Keynes.
- Dr William Milo Keynes, English doctor and author
- Quentin Keynes, traveller and bibliophile
- Randal Keynes, English author
- Richard Keynes (actor) (born 1979), British actor
- Richard Darwin Keynes (born 1919), English physiologist
- Simon Keynes, Elrington and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon, University of Cambridge
- Skandar Keynes (born 1991), British actor
- Soumaya Keynes is a British actress

## Places in England containing the name Keynes

- Ashton Keynes, a village in Wiltshire
- Coombe Keynes, a hamlet in Dorset
- Horsted Keynes, a village in West Sussex
- Milton Keynes, a city in Buckinghamshire
- Somerford Keynes, a village in Gloucestershire

## Other

- Keynes College, Kent, a college of the University of Kent, named after John Maynard Keynes
Moulin Rouge

**Moulin Rouge** (_Red Windmill_) is a traditional cabaret and nightclub which began in 1889. It is on Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th _arrondissement_ (district of the city). This is near the French quarter of Montmartre in the red-light district of Paris called Pigalle. The theatre can be recognized by the large red windmill on its roof.

The Moulin Rouge puts on cabaret shows every day. It is where the famous French dance, the Can-can, was first performed. It is also famous because many artists and writers have often gone there. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec designed many posters for the cabaret. Because of this, the management always set aside a table where he could have a meal and watch the show.

The ingredients for its success are said to be:
- A revolutionary architecture for the auditorium that allowed rapid changes of décor and where everyone could mix;
- Festive champagne evenings where people danced and were entertained thanks to amusing acts that changed regularly, such as the Pétomane;
- A new dance inspired by the quadrille which becomes more and more popular: the Can-can, danced to a fast-moving rhythm by dancers in titillating costumes;
- Famous dancers whom history still remembers: La Goulue, Jane Avril, la Môme Fromage, Grille d'Egout, Nini Pattes en l'Air, Yvette Guilbert ;
- A place loved by artists, of whom the most iconic was Toulouse-Lautrec. His posters and paintings secured rapid and international fame for the Moulin Rouge.

Several movies have been made about the Moulin Rouge. The latest is _Moulin Rouge!_ directed by Baz Luhrmann. Jean Renoir made another film about the Moulin Rouge.

Until 2023, the shows sometimes featured Burmese pythons. Until 2021, ponies could be seen on stage.  There are 850 seats. In the year 2000, about 420.000 people visited the shows.  In 2023, the Moulin Rouge had a profit of about 82 million euros, with about 550.000 spectators, and employed 450 people. The Moulin Rouge has a large cave, used for Champagne  and other wines. When there is a show, up to 800 bottles of Champagne are consumed, or about 240.000 a year. This makes it the biggest single consumer of Champagne in the world.

## Related pages

- Henri Toulouse-Lautrec
- Paris
- Bohemianism

## Other websites

- Moulin Rouge Paris - Official Website
Henri Matisse

**Henri Matisse** (Le Cateau-Cambrésis, Nord, 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist known for his use of color and his original ideas.

He is mainly known as a painter, but he was also a draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. Matisse was one of the main artists who helped to create modern art early in the 20th century.

- "Matisse created brilliantly colored canvases structured by color applied in a variety of brushwork, ranging from thick impasto [thick paint] to flat areas of pure pigment, sometimes accompanied by a sinuous, arabesque-like line. [This was] the first of the avant-garde movements (1905–7), named "Fauvism" by a contemporary art critic, referring to its use of arbitrary combinations of bright colors and energetic brushwork to structure the composition".

Although he was initially called a Fauve (wild beast), he painted many traditional themes. He painted from life, and his work includes many portraits and other figurative subjects.
His mastery of the expressive language of form and color, in work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art.

Matisse died of a heart attack in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes.

## Other websites

- Matisse in Artchive Artchive
AFI's 100 Years of Musicals

Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, ***AFI's 100 Years of Musicals*** is a list of the top American musical movies. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute at the Hollywood Bowl on September 3, 2006. Unlike most of the previous lists, it only includes 25 winners and was not presented in a televised program.

1. _Singin' in the Rain_ (1952)
1. _West Side Story_ (1961)
1. _The Wizard of Oz_ (1939)
1. _The Sound of Music_ (1965)
1. _Cabaret_ (1972)
1. _Mary Poppins_ (1964)
1. _A Star Is Born_ (1954)
1. _My Fair Lady_ (1964)
1. _An American in Paris_ (1951)
1. _Meet Me in St. Louis_ (1944)
1. _The King and I_ (1956)
1. _Chicago_ (2002)
1. _42nd Street_ (1933)
1. _All That Jazz_ (1979)
1. _Top Hat_ (1935)
1. _Funny Girl_ (1968)
1. _The Band Wagon_ (1953)
1. _Yankee Doodle Dandy_ (1942)
1. _On the Town_ (1949)
1. _Grease_ (1978)
1. _Seven Brides for Seven Brothers_ (1954)
1. _Beauty and the Beast_ (1991)
1. _Guys and Dolls_ (1955)
1. _Show Boat_ (1936)
1. _Moulin Rouge!_ (2001)

## Other websites

- American Film Institute
Abu Nuwas

**Abū Nuwās al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī al-Ḥakamī** (variant: **Al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī 'Abd al-Awal al-Ṣabāḥ, Abū 'Alī** (), known as **Abū Nuwās al-Salamī** () or just **Abū Nuwās** ( _Abū Novās_); 756814) was a classical Arabic poet. He was born in Persia. He is in _The Book of One Thousand and One Nights_.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Abu Nuwas
- **image**: Abu Nuwas.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Abu Nuwas, as drawn by Khalil Gibran in 1916.
- **birth date**: 756
- **death date**: - Baghdad
- **occupation**: Poet
Montmartre

**Montmartre** is a hill 130 metres high and is also the name of the district which surrounds the hill. It is in north Paris and famous for its nightlife.

Many artists had studios or worked around the community of Montmartre such as Salvador Dalí, Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso and Vincent van Gogh.

## Name origin

Montmartre means 'mountain of the martyr.' The name comes from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, who was decapitated on the hill around 250 AD. Saint Denis was the Bishop of Paris and is the patron saint of France.

The hill's religious symbolism is thought to be even older. It may have been a druidic holy place because it is the highest point in the area.

## Related pages

- Bohemianism
Arnaut Danièl

**Arnaut Daniel de Riberac** (today _Arnaut Danièl_) wrote and performed music and poetry in the 12th century. He was Occitan.

## References

- Eusebi, Mario (1995). _L'aur'amara_. Parma: Pratiche Editrice. .
- Pound, Ezra (1910). _The Spirit of Romance_. New Direction Books (1968 reprinting).
Cabaret

**Cabaret** is a form of entertainment having comedy, song, dance, and theatre. Cabarets are mostly performed in a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting at tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. The venue itself can also be called a "cabaret". Sometimes it is called a "Reviue".

The term is a French word for the taprooms or cafés where this form of entertainment was born, as a more artistic form of café-chantant. It comes from Middle Dutch _cabret_, through Old North French _camberette_, from Late Latin _camera_. It essentially means "small room."

Cabaret also refers to a Mediterranean-style brothel – a bar with tables and women who talk, arouse, and entertain the clients. Traditionally these can also have some form of stage entertainment: often singers & dancers – the bawdiness of which varies with the quality of the place. It is the classier, more sophisticated cabaret that eventually engendered the form of place and art form that is the subject of the remainder of this article.
Disney Studios Australia

**Disney Studios Australia** is a major movie studio in Sydney, Australia. Since opening in May 1998, the studio has been involved in the production of a number of successful movies, including _Mad Max: Fury Road_ (2015), _The Matrix_, _Moulin Rouge!_, _Star Wars Episode II_, _Star Wars Episode III_ and _Superman Returns_.

## Other websites

- Fox Studios Australia
- The Entertainment Quarter

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Disney Studios Australia
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Film industry, Film
- **hq location city**: Moore Park, New South Wales, Moore Park, Sydney, New South Wales
- **hq location country**: Australia ()
- **parent**: 20th Century Studios
(Walt Disney Studios (division), Walt Disney Studios)
Thomas Aquinas

**St. Thomas Aquinas**, (1225 – 7 March 1274) was a Catholic Dominican priest from Italy, saint and philosopher. He was born in Roccasecca, as the son of Count Andulf of Aquino and Countess Theodora of Teano.

His early education was at the Benedictine monastery at Montecassino. He attended the University of Naples, where he got the nickname "dumb ox" for his slow demeanor, though he was an intelligent and talented student. He studied philosophy, Catholic theology, church history, liturgy, and canon law.

Thomas de Aquinas is an essential character of Western philosophy and Christianity. We have access to his academic work, teachings, and writings approaching abstract thinking.

Thomas de Aquinas began his journey with the monastery (religious life) at five years old. Coming from a wealthy and influential family, Thomas de Aquinas was destined by his family to become the Abbot of Montecassino. He didn't want to follow the path his family had paved for him and decided to become a monk with the Dominicans. They were monks who lived by eliminating all material wealth. For his family, being a monk of the Dominicans was a dishonor. His family kidnapped him and kept him prisoner in the their castle for over a year in an attempt to change his mind. This was until he escaped and became a friar with the new Dominican Order against the wishes of his family.

He was sent to Paris by the Dominicans to study theology and philosophy. He became one of the 33 Doctors of the Church and is known for his work with Natural Law.  Aquinas took an optimistic view of human nature, believing that it is human nature to do good and not evil.

He was the author of the cosmological argument. Catholics think Aquinas is the best teacher for one who wants to become a priest. His most famous book being _Summa Theologica._ Many schools are named after him including the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines.
Craig Pearce

**Craig Pearce** is an Australian actor and screenwriter. He co-wrote the play _Strictly Ballroom_ and the screenplay of the movie version with Baz Luhrmann. He also wrote the screenplay for the 1996 movie _Romeo + Juliet_ and co-wrote the 2001 movie _Moulin Rouge!_, also with Baz Luhrmann.
Donald McAlpine

**Donald McAlpine** is an Australian cinematographer. He was born in 1934 in New South Wales, Australia. He has been involved in over fifty movies. His more recent work has been seen in Baz Luhrmann's hit musical _Moulin Rouge!_ (2001), for which he earned an _Academy Award_ nomination, Adam Sandler's _Anger Management_ (2003), Universal Pictures' _Peter Pan_ (2003) and the Walt Disney/Walden Media-produced _The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe_ (2005).
Herbert Howells

**Herbert Howells** CBE, CH, was an English composer, organist, and teacher. He was born in Lydney, Gloucestershire on 17 October 1892 to Oliver and Elizabeth Howells. He died in London on 23 February 1983. He wrote a lot of church music for the Anglican Church, including several Service settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. He taught for many years at the Royal College of Music.

One of his best known works is the _Hymnus Paradisi_, a large, sacred work for choir. His organ works include 2 sets of 3 _Psalm-Preludes_ and a piece called _Master Tallis’s Testament_.
Jill Bilcock

**Jillian (Jill) Bilcock** (born 1948 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) is a movie editor. She is a graduate of the Swinbourne College of Technology. Bilcock won the 2002 Eddie Award (best edited comedy or musical movie) for _Moulin Rouge!_. She also was nominated for the Academy Award for movie Editing for that movie. Bilcock has been nominated four times for the BAFTA Award for Best Editing . Three of these nominations were for the first three movies directed by Baz Luhrmann (_Moulin Rouge!_ - 2002, _Romeo + Juliet_ - 1996, and _Strictly Ballroom_ - 1992). The fourth BAFTA nomination was for _Elizabeth_ (1998).