Colin Powell

**Colin Luther Powell**, KCB (Honorary), MSC, (April 5, 1937 – October 18, 2021) was an American  General in the United States Army and politician. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State (2001-2005), serving under President George W. Bush. He was the first African American appointed to that position. As a General in the United States Army, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War. He was the first and, so far, the only African American to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.

## Early life

He was born Colin Luther Powell on April 5, 1937, in Harlem, New York City, New York. His father, Luther Powell, was a shipping clerk. His mother, Maud Powell, was a seamstress. Both had immigrated to the United States from Jamaica. He grew up in south Bronx. He joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) while he was a student at City College of New York. He commanded his unit's precision drill team and achieved the highest rank in ROTC, cadet colonel. When he graduated in 1958, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the United States Army.

## Army career

His first assignment was in West Germany. He was promoted to the rank of Captain on June 1, 1962. Powell then served two tours of duty during the Vietnam War. He was wounded twice while in Vietnam. Once by a Viet Cong booby trap. He received a Purple Heart. A year later he received a Bronze Star Medal. He was wounded a second time in a helicopter crash where he saved two other soldiers. For this action he was awarded the Soldier's Medal. Between his two tours in Vietnam, Powell was promoted to the rank of major in May 1966.

Powell then earned an MBA degree at George Washington University in Washington, DC. He received a White House fellowship and worked in the Office of Management and Budget during 1972–1973. As a lieutenant colonel Powell served as a battalion commander in the 2d Infantry Division. In 1975 Powell was promoted to full colonel and became a brigade commander in the 101st Airborne Division. He was promoted to the rank of general in 1989. He was appointed to the position of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff by President George H. W. Bush. He oversaw a number of crisis situations including Operation Desert Storm. In 1993 he retired from the military as a four-star general.

## United States Secretary of State

In 2001 he was nominated and confirmed as US Secretary of State. After the September 11 attacks he took a leading role in aligning allies for military action in Afghanistan. Powell dealt with a number of international crises including a near war between India and Pakistan (both of which had nuclear weapons) in 2001–2002. In February 2003 he appeared before the United Nations Security Council. He presented evidence that Iraq was hiding weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This convinced many in the US that Iraq was a threat. In September 2004 he appeared before the United States Congress to testify that the intelligence used to show Iraq had WMDs was wrong. Then, on November 15, 2004, Powell announced his resignation.

## Later life

Powell supported Barack Obama for President of the United States in 2008 and 2012.

In 2016, while not a candidate for that year's election, he received three electoral votes from Washington for President of the United States. After Barack Obama, Powell was only the second Black person to receive electoral votes in a presidential election.

Powell was a critic of the Donald Trump administration, believing he was not qualified to be president. He supported former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for president in 2016. On June 7, 2020, Powell announced he would be voting for former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 presidential election. In August, Powell delivered a speech in support of Biden's candidacy at the 2020 Democratic National Convention.

In January 2021, after the Capitol building was attacked by Trump supporters, Powell said he left the Republican Party.

## Death

On October 18, 2021, Powell, who was hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland for multiple myeloma-related treatment, died from problems caused by COVID-19 on October 18, 2021 at the age of 84. He was fully vaccinated; however his cancer made his immune system weak. He also had Parkinson's disease when he died.

## Other achievements

- **1993** he was the founder of America's Promise. This is a charitable organization that helps at-risk children.
- **1993 ** was awarded an honorary Knight Commander (KCB) of the Most Honorable Order of the Bath by Queen Elizabeth II.
- **1995**, Powell published his memoir, "My American Journey".
- **1997** he started America's Promise Alliance to help children and youths.
- **2012** he published his second memoir "It Worked For Me: In Life and Leadership".

## Other websites

- Colin Powell: America's Best Leaders from US News & World Report
- Remarks to the United Nations Security Council, February 5, 2003
- "Colin Powell On the issues"

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Colin Powell
- **image**: Colin Powell official Secretary of State photo.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, January 2001
- **office**: 65th United States Secretary of State
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **deputy**: Richard Armitage (naval officer), Richard Armitage
- **term start**: January 20, 2001
- **term end**: January 26, 2005
- **predecessor**: Madeleine Albright
- **successor**: Condoleezza Rice
- **office1**: 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
- **president1**: George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
- **deputy1**: Robert T. Herres
David E. Jeremiah
- **term start1**: October 1, 1989
- **term end1**: September 30, 1993
- **predecessor1**: William J. Crowe
- **successor1**: John Shalikashvili
- **office2**: 16th National Security Advisor (United States), United States National Security Advisor
- **president2**: Ronald Reagan
- **deputy2**: John Negroponte
- **term start2**: November 23, 1987
- **term end2**: January 20, 1989
- **predecessor2**: Frank Carlucci
- **successor2**: Brent Scowcroft
- **office3**: United States Deputy National Security Advisor
- **president3**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start3**: December 1986
- **term end3**: November 23, 1987
- **predecessor3**: Peter Rodman
- **successor3**: John Negroponte
- **birth name**: Colin Luther Powell
- **death place**: Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.
- **death cause**: Problems caused by COVID-19
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent
(before 1995, 2021)
- **otherparty**: Republican Party (United States), Republican (1995–2021)
- **children**: Michael Powell (lobbyist), Michael, Linda Powell, Linda, Annemarie
- **education**: City College of New York (Bachelor of Science, BS)
George Washington University (Master of Business Administration, MBA)
- **signature**: Colin Luther Powell Signature.svg
- **serviceyears**: 1958–1993
- **rank**:  General (United States), General
- **unit**: 3rd Armored Division (United States), 3rd Armored Division
23rd Infantry Division (United States), 23rd Infantry Division
- **commands**: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
United States Army Forces Command
V Corps (United States), V Corps
2nd Brigade 101st Airborne Division
- **battles**: Vietnam War
United States invasion of Panama, Invasion of Panama
Gulf War
- **mawards**: Defense Distinguished Service Medal (4)
Army Distinguished Service Medal (2)
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal
Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (2)
Soldier's Medal
Bronze Star Medal
#Awards and decorations, _Full list_