juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chrysanthemum

**Chrysanthemums** are a genus (_Chrysanthemum_) of about 30 species of perennial flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, from Asia and northeast Europe.

## References and other websites

- Germplasm Resources Information Network: _Chrysanthemum_
- Painting of Chrysanthemums
- Chrysanthemum Gardening  and care
- ICBN: List of conserved genera (scroll down for _Chrysanthemum_)
Flagship

A **flagship** is the ship used by the officer who commanded a group of naval ships. The term comes from the custom of the commanding officer to fly a special flag to show he was present.

Used in this way, "flagship" is normally a temporary name; the flagship is wherever the officer is flying his flag. However, admirals have always needed a special place; a meeting room large enough to hold all the captains of the fleet, and a place for the admiral's staff to make plans and draw up orders.

Over the years, the term "flagship" has been borrowed by other industries. These include broadcasting, automobiles, cell phones, and others to mean their core products or services.
Eurasian magpie

The **Eurasian magpie** or **common magpie** (_Pica pica_) is a bird that lives in Europe, much of Asia, and northwest Africa. It is one of several birds in the crow family named as magpies.

In Europe, "magpie" is used by English speakers to call the European magpie; it is the only magpie in Europe outside the Iberian Peninsula.

## Related pages

- General licences under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981

## Other websites

- European Magpie videos  on the Internet Bird Collection
- Avibase
Sui generis

**Sui generis** (pronounced  or ) is a term from Latin. It can be translated to _Of (his/her/its) own kind_. It basically means that something has VERY special characteristics. They are so special, that the thing cannot really be compared to anything else. It is used in various contexts. The term was invented by philosophers. What they originally wanted to say was that an idea is so specific as to be unique, that it cannot really be part of a broader concept.

## Law

When lawyers talk about something being _sui generis_, they mean that something is unique.  It cannot be compared. With intellectual property, a design can be _sui generis_.

## Political sciences

The European Union is something that has come to be in the last few years. In some ways it is like state in others like a confederation of states or an international organisation. It is mostly classified as _sui generis_.

## Sociology

In the sociology of Emile Durkheim, _sui generis_ is used to illustrate his theories on social existence. He says that society, as it was there before any living individual was born, is independent of all individuals. His _sui generis_ (its closest English meaning in this sense being 'independent') society will furthermore continue its existence after the individual ceases to interact with it.

## Examples in media

Meryl Streep was praised in a _Wall Street Journal_ review of _The Devil Wears Prada_: "(her) pitch-perfect portrayal of Miranda is _sui generis_, with a dramatic existence of its own, as unique and memorable as, say, a Bette Davis character."

Martin Kettle in _The Guardian_ said about hung parliaments: "Each is _sui generis_, dependent on the particular parliamentary arithmetic, inter-party momentum and surrounding political circumstances."

_Slate_ has used the term several times; one article discussed the unique variations of French Rose Champagne: "Grower Champagnes are wines made by small farmers in the Champagne region who, bucking convention, choose to craft their own wines rather than sell their grapes to the major Champagne houses. Typical of farmer fizzes, the grower rosés are utterly _sui generis_—in a few cases almost freakishly so."

A CNN _The Marquee_ post said about James Brown, "I can't even begin to talk about his importance. He was _sui generis_."

Political commentator Dick Morris referred to the intense public interest in the 2008 US Presidential race as "clearly sui generis, and anything can happen."
Regular polygon

A **regular polygon** is a shape that can be drawn on a flat surface. It has sides that are all the same length, and its angles are all the same. In other words, a polygon which is both equilateral (which means all its sides have the same length) and equiangular (which means that all its angles are the same) is a regular polygon. It always has the same number of edges and points.

A polygon is also convex if there aren't any two points within it that can't be connected with a straight line, where the entire straight line is also in it. An example of a concave shape is a five-pointed star. It's concave because you can connect two of the points of a star with a straight line, and most of the straight line doesn't go through the star. If a five-pointed star is both equilateral and equiangular, it is also a regular polygon, but it isn't a convex one. All regular concave polygons are stars.

## Examples

The simplest examples of regular convex polygons are:
Polygons with more sides look more like circles. A polygon with an infinite number of sides is called an apeirogon. Polygons can be described in text by a special symbol called a Schläfli symbol. This symbol is written as curly brackets, with some numbers inside it, like {3}. {3} is a triangle. The number inside can also be a fraction. A Schläfli symbol of {5/2} is a five-pointed star.

## Properties

Most mathematical objects have things that can be said about them that are always true. These are called properties. All polygons (convex and star polygons) can be rotated in place by some angle and still look the same—in other words, they're all rotationally symmetric. For example, a square could be rotated a quarter turn, and it would look the same as before. Another way of seeing this property is that any polygon can have a circle drawn around it, touching all its points, and the polygon's points are evenly spaced around the circle. A polygon can also have a circle drawn inside it, touching all its edges (but not overlapping), and the places where the circle touches the polygon are also evenly spaced. The centers of the two circles drawn are in the same place. This proves that a regular polygon is rotationally symmetric.

The circle outside the polygon is called circumscribed, and the circle inside the polygon is called inscribed. Any polygon where a circle circumscribes all its points is called a cyclic polygon. All regular polygons are cyclic, but not all cyclic polygons are regular.
Straightedge and compass construction

**Straightedge and compass construction**, also known as **ruler-and-compass construction**, is drawing of lengths, angles or shapes using only a ruler and compass.

Some things cannot be drawn this way.  For example, there are only 32 regular polygons with an uneven number of sides which are known to be constructible.  It has been proven that a square with the same area as the area of a circle cannot be constructed.  This is called "Squaring the circle".
Carnation

A **carnation** is a type of flower. It has been grown for so many years, yet we are not aware where it came from.

## Related pages

- Sweet William
Air Force One

**Air Force One** is the official air traffic control call sign for any aircraft carrying the president of the United States. Air Force One is usually always referred to any aircraft the president and his staff travels on. The official name of the plane is the SAM 2900 and VC-25.

Air Force One is one of the most recognizable symbols of the presidency not just in American culture but across the world. Emblazoned with the words “United States of America,” the United States flag, and the Seal of the President of the United States. Air Force One has an undeniable and amired presence wherever it goes and flies to.

## History

Air Force One is maintained and operated by the Presidential Airlift Group, part of the White House Military Office. The Airlift Group was founded in 1944 as the Presidential Pilot Office at the direction of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

For the next 15 years, various propeller-driven aircraft served until President Dwight D. Eisenhower flew to Europe aboard VC-137A, a Boeing 707 Stratoliner, in August 1959.

In 1962, President John F. Kennedy became the first president to fly in a jet specifically built for presidential use  a modified Boeing 707 until it retired in 1990.

The current presidential aircraft, Boeing 747-200B, became the new and modified presidential plane in 1990, when President George H.W. Bush became the first president to ride on the aircraft.

## Layout and amenities

- Inside, the president and his staff members can enjoy 4,000 square feet of floor space on three floors, including an extensive suite for the president that features a large office, lavatory, conference room, gym, and a large bathroom.
- Air Force One includes a medical suite that can function as an operating room, and a doctor is permanently on board. The plane’s two food preparation galleys can feed 100 people at a time. It can also prepare up to 2,000 meals
- Air Force One also has quarters for those who accompany the president, including senior advisors, Secret Service officers, traveling press, and other guests. Several cargo planes typically fly ahead of Air Force One to provide the president with vehicles and services needed in remote locations.
- The aircraft has two lower decks so stairs won't be an issue in foreign countries.
- It has 85 telephones for government secured lines and regular use.
- It has 20 television sets.
- All of it's windows are bulletproof and armored.
Commonwealth realm

A **Commonwealth realm** is a country in the Commonwealth of Nations which has King Charles III as monarch. They include his home country of the United Kingdom and many of its former colonies or territories. As of 2023, there are 15 commonwealth realms:

In each of the countries outside the UK, the King appoints a Governor-General to represent him, who, after consulting with the government of the realm, has all of the powers and duties of the Monarch. Usually the Governor-General signs all acts of parliament into law, but can wait and ask the King for advice or wait for him to sign the act himself.  This happened in 1982 when Queen Elizabeth signed the important _Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms_ during a visit to Ottawa, and the Australia Act 1986 in Canberra.

Some realms became republics; Barbados changed from being a realm to a republic in 2021.

Although King Charles III is monarch of many countries, the British government has no power in the other realms, just as the governments of the other realms have no power in the UK. This is why each realm decides on the Monarch's official title. Usually it is "Queen/King of (realm) and Her/His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth". But two countries mention the UK in their title for the Queen: Grenada uses "Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Grenada and Her other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth", while Canada uses the old-fashioned form, which reads "by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith." Not all countries use the title _Defender of the Faith_.
__NOTOC__

## Other websites

- The Commonwealth Secretariat Official site
- The Commonwealth - UK Government site

### Commonwealth

- United Commonwealth  Main All-Commonwealth group

### Australia

- Australian Monarchist League (traditionalist constitutional monarchists)
- No Republic - Australians for Constitutional Monarchy (Moderate constitutional monarchists)

### Canada

- Canadian Monarchy - The Official Site
- Canadian Monarchist ONLINE
- Monarchist League of Canada

### New Zealand

- Monarchist League of New Zealand
Dashiki

A **Dashiki** is a loose fitting, brightly coloured garment associated with African culture. It is also associated with the counterculture of the 1960s in the United States. The most popular styles cover the top half of the body. It originated in West Africa. A common form is a loose-fitting pullover garment, with an ornate V-shaped collar. It often has an embroidered neck and sleeve lines. There are both casual and formal versions.

## History

The term "dashiki" comes from the Yoruba language, where it originally referred to a loose-fitting pullover developed in West Africa as a practical work tunic for men. The Yoruba word "dashiki" itself is derived from the Hausa term "dan ciki," which means shirt. Dashikis were worn by both men and women. This garment keeps the wearer cool in the hot African climate. The dashiki was worn as a work shirt in the shorter version.

## 1960s US counterculture

The dashiki became popular in the hippie culture of the 1960s. Peace Corps members returning from Africa brought back dashikis. African diplomats to the United Nations in New York were often seen and photographed wearing colorful dashikis. Dashikis were seen as a symbol of support for black racial struggles. Groups like the Black Panthers wore the Dashiki as a symbol of their black heritage. The Afro hairstyle, faded blue jeans and the Dashiki were all popular expressions of the Black is beautiful cultural movement.

## Musical groups

Many of the rock groups of the 60s and 70s wore Dashikis. But black performers of the 60s 70s preferred the more conventional suit and tie look. But in the 80s several black groups wore the dashiki to show their heritage. One South African vocal group, 'Ladysmith Black Mambazo', wore dashikis extensively. This identified them more as Africans than Zulus.

## Other websites

- Dashikis
- Dashiki
Colorado Avalanche

The **Colorado Avalanche** are an American ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They play their home games at Ball Arena in Denver, Colorado. They play in the Central Division of the Western Conference. The team has won the Stanley Cup championship three times: in 1996, 2001, and in 2022.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Colorado Avalanche
- **current**: 2023–24 Colorado Avalanche season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#8A2432 5px solid; border-bottom:#236093 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Western Conference (NHL), Western
- **division**: Central Division (NHL), Central
- **founded**: 1972
- **history**: **Quebec Nordiques**
1972–73 WHA season, 1972–1978–79 WHA season, 1979 (WHA)
1979–80 NHL season, 1979–1994–95 NHL season, 1995 (NHL)
**Colorado Avalanche**
1995–96 NHL season, 1995–present
- **arena**: **Ball Arena**
- **city**: Denver, Colorado
- **uniform image size**: 240px
- **team colors**: Burgundy, blue, silver, black

- **media affiliates**: Altitude Sports and Entertainment
KKSE (AM), Altitude 950
KKSE-FM, Altitude Sports 92.5
- **owner**: Kroenke Sports & Entertainment
- **general manager**: Chris MacFarland
- **head coach**: Jared Bednar
- **captain**: Gabriel Landeskog
- **minor league affiliates**: Colorado Eagles (American Hockey League, AHL)
Utah Grizzlies (ECHL)
- **stanley cups**: **3** (1996 Stanley Cup Finals, 1995–96, 2001 Stanley Cup Finals, 2000–01, 2022 Stanley Cup Finals, 2021–22)
- **conf titles**: **3** (1995–96 NHL season, 1995–96, 2000–01 NHL season, 2000–01, 2021–22 NHL season, 2021–22)
- **presidents' trophies**: **3** (1996–97 NHL season, 1996–97, 2000–01 NHL season, 2000–01, 2020–21 NHL season, 2020–21)
- **division titles**: **12** (1995–96 NHL season, 1995–96, 1996–97 NHL season, 1996–97, 1997–98 NHL season, 1997–98, 1998–99 NHL season, 1998–99, 1999–2000 NHL season, 1999–00, 2000–01 NHL season, 2000–01, 2001–02 NHL season, 2001–02, 2002–03 NHL season, 2002–03, 2013–14 NHL season, 2013–14, 2020–21 NHL season, 2020–21, 2021–22 NHL season, 2021–22, 2022–23 NHL season, 2022–23)
- **goal horn**: Kahlenberg KPH-130 Electric Piston Horn
- **goal song**: Chase the Sun by Planet Funk (Avalanche Remix)
Battle of Midway

The **Battle of Midway** was an important naval battle of World War II, between the United States and the Empire of Japan. It took place from 4 June 1942 to 7 June 1942. This was about a month after the Battle of the Coral Sea, and six months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Midway
- **partof**: the Pacific War, Pacific Theater of World War II
- **image**: SBDs and Mikuma.jpg
- **caption**: U.S. Douglas Aircraft Company, Douglas SBD Dauntless, SBD-3 Dauntless dive bombers from the USS Hornet (CV-8), USS Hornet about to attack the burning Japanese warship, cruiser Mikuma for the third time on 6 June 1942.
- **date**: 4–7 June 1942
- **place**: Midway Atoll

- **result**: American victory
- **commander1**: Chester W. Nimitz, Nimitz
Frank J. Fletcher, Fletcher
Raymond A. Spruance, Spruance
Elliot Buckmaster, Buckmaster
George D. Murray, Murray
- **commander2**: Yamamoto Isoroku

Nobutake Kondo, Kondo
 Chūichi Nagumo, Nagumo
Tamon Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi
Ryusaku Yanagimoto, Yanagimoto
- **strength1**: 3 carriers
~25 support ships
233 carrier aircraft
127 land-based aircraft
- **strength2**: 4 carriers
2 battleships
~15 support ships (heavy and light cruisers, destroyers)
248<sup>p90</sup> carrier aircraft, 16 floatplanes
Did not participate in battle:
2 light carriers
5 battleships
~41 support ships (Yamamoto "Main Body", Kondo "Strike Force" plus "Escort" and "Occupation Support Force")
- **casualties1**: 1 carrier sunk
1 destroyer sunk
150 aircraft destroyed
307 killed
- **casualties2**: 4 carriers sunk,
1 cruiser sunk
248 carrier aircraft destroyed<sup>p524</sup>
3,057 killed
Minnesota Wild

The **Minnesota Wild** are a ice hockey team based in St Paul, Minnesota

The Wild joined the NHL in 2000. Their home is the Xcel Energy Center in downtown St. Paul.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Minnesota Wild
- **current**: 2023–24 Minnesota Wild season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#024930 5px solid; border-bottom:#AF1E24 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **division**: Central Division (NHL), Central
- **founded**: 2000
- **history**: **Minnesota Wild**
2000–01 NHL season, 2000–present
- **arena**: **Xcel Energy Center**
- **city**: Saint Paul, Minnesota
- **uniform image size**: 150px
- **team colors**: Iron range red, forest green, harvest gold, Minnesota wheat

- **media affiliates**: Bally Sports North
 KFXN-FMKFAN (100.3 FM)
- **head coach**: Dean Evason
- **general manager**: Bill Guerin
- **owner**: Roope Hintz
- **captain**: Jared Spurgeon
- **minor league affiliates**: Iowa Wild (American Hockey League, AHL)
Iowa Heartlanders (ECHL)
- **division titles**: **1** (2007–08 NHL season, 2007–08)
Ghassanids

**Ghassanids**, are an Arab clan who came to the Levant from Yemen before Islam. Ghassanids were Christians. Some of them remain  Christians until modern days especially in Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine, and Israel. The Ghassanids were a puppet of the Byzantine Empire during the Byzantine-Sassanid wars during the war they fought against the Lakhmids. The Ghassanids were annexed by the Muslim Caliphate in the mid 600s AD.
Boeing B-29 Superfortress

The **Boeing B-29 Superfortress** was a heavy bomber aircraft with four engines used by the United States Army Air Forces in World War II, and by other countries' military after that. The name "Superfortress" came from its famous previous model, the B-17 Flying Fortress.

The B-29 **Boeing Model 345** was one of the biggest aircraft to serve during World War II. It was one of the most advanced bombers of its time. It was the most used aircraft in the U.S. bombing against Japan in the final months of World War II, and B-29s carried the atomic bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The B-29 stayed in service for a long time after the war ended. By the time it was retired in the 1960s, some 3,900 planes had been built.

The American B-29 Superfortress was one of the most **ambitious** and **expensive** projects of WWII, even more expensive than the Manhattan Project. This enormous **heavy bomber** was equipped with **numerous remote-controlled turrets** and 4 **powerful propellers**. This heavy bomber  was used in **later parts of the war**, and was designed to finally **supress** the Japanese forces.
Sewing

**Sewing** is stitching cloth, leather, furs, or other materials, using a needle and thread. Sewing can be done on a sewing machine, or by hand.

"Plain" sewing is mostly done to make or mend clothing and household furnishings such as curtains, sheets, upholstery, and table linens. It is also used for sails, bellows, skin boats, banners and other items shaped out of flexible materials.

"Fancy" sewing is done to decorate materials, such as embroidery or quilting.

Sewing is an important part of shoemaking and bookbinding. Wound<nowiki/>s are often sewn shut.

If a thread becomes loose in a sewn item, the stitches may unravel and require restitching to repair them. In repair sewing, pulling the threaded needle in and out of the fabric at the same lengths and places as the other remaining stitches can make a repair nearly invisible. Replacing a missing button on a garment follows the same procedure, although there are different possible ways to place the thread to sew on a button. While repairs are usually sewn by hand, most garments are created using a machine, which can range from simple to complex.
Saipan

**Saipan** (IPA:  in English) is the largest island and capital of the United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI), a chain of 15 tropical islands which are part of the Marianas archipelago in the western Pacific Ocean (15°10’51”N, 145°45’21”E) with a total area of 115.39 km² (44.55 sq mi). At the 2020 census, there were 43,385 people.

Saipan is at latitude of 15.25° north and longitude of 145.75° east, about 200 km (120 mi) north of Guam. Saipan is about 20 km (12.5 mi) long and 9 km (5.5 mi) wide. It is a popular tourist destination in the Pacific.

## Other websites

- Saipan Municipality, United States Census Bureau
- Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs  Links to cultural and informational sites about the CNMI as well as to government sites
- Saipan Tribune
- KSPN Channel 2
- Marianas Variety
Knitting

**Knitting** creates flexible fabric by looping thread or yarn together using two or more knitting needles or a knitting machine.

### Flat knitting

Flat knitting, which is usually done on two straight needles, makes a length of cloth and is used to create things like blankets, scarves, and the backs, fronts, and sides of sweaters.

### Circular knitting

Circular knitting, which is done on circular needles, or needles that have points on both ends, produces a seamless tube and is used to create things like hats, socks, mittens, rings, and sleeves.

### Cable knitting

Patterns called _cables_ are typically used on sweaters, particularly on fancy Aran sweaters from Ireland.
Different kinds of stitches create different patterns in knitting. For example, the stretchy ends of knitted sleeves are called _ribbing_.

### Yarn

Yarn for knitting can be made from any number of natural or synthetic (man made) fibers such as wool, cotton, silk, or acrylic. Some yarns are made from a blend of several kinds of fibers.

Yarns come in many thicknesses or _weights_ from fine to thick: lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, Aran, bulky, and super-bulky. Thinner yarns are generally used with smaller knitting needles, and thicker yarns are used with larger knitting needles.

### Needles

Knitting needles come in various shapes: straight, double-pointed, cable, and circular. They can be made from bamboo, aluminum, steel, or plastic.

oc:Tricot
Yarn

**Yarn** is a long, continuous length of fibers that have been spun or felted together. Yarn is used to make cloth or different wearable accessories including shoes, hats, scarfs, etc. by knitting, crocheting or weaving. Yarn is sold in a shape called a skein to prevent the yarn from becoming tangled or knotted.

Yarn can be made from any number of natural or synthetic fibers such as wool, cotton, silk, or acrylic. Some yarns are made from a blend of several kinds of fibers.

Yarns come in many thicknesses or weights from fine to thick: lace, fingering, sock, sport, double-knit (or DK), worsted, aran, bulky, and super-bulky. Very fine yarn is called thread and is used in sewing and embroidery.

Yarn can also be used to crochet.
Takijirō Ōnishi

was a Vice-Admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, who came to known as the father of the _kamikaze_.

## Other websites

- One of the commanders who be orderd the Kamikaze operation (in Japanese)
Torpedo

The **torpedo**, is an explosive projectile weapon that moves by itself (using a propeller), launched above or below the water surface, that goes underwater toward a target, and made to explode when it hits a target or is near to it. Torpedoes may be launched from submarines, surface ships, helicopters, aircraft, land etc. Robert Whitehead invented the torpedo in 1866.

## Other websites

- Swedish Bofors 'Torpedo 2000' promo video
- Modern Torpedoes And Countermeasures http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE3-4/joseph.html
- US Navy torpedo data cut and pasted from a Navy Fact File
- Early History of the Torpedo Torpedo History
- US Naval Undersea Museum Torpedo Display
- US Naval Undersea Museum Torpedo Collection
Undercarriage

In aviation, the **undercarriage** or **landing gear** is the structure (usually wheels) that supports an aircraft and allows it to move across the surface of the Earth when it is not flying.

## Other websites

- Alphonse Pénaud website
- FAA Website
Battlefield 2

***Battlefield 2*** is a first-person shooter developed by Digital Illusions CE and published by EA Games.

By playing online the players can gather points for the global ranking. If a player has enough points, he is promoted to the next higher rank and can unlock new weapons and awards.

The storyline takes place in Middle- and Eastern-Asia in the near future. In this fictional war, the US Marine Corps fights against China and the fictional "Middle Eastern Coalition". So the players can use the most modern weapons like the F-35 Lightning II fighter or the T90 tank. It´s also possible to choose between different classes like medic, assault, sniper and others.

Because _Battlefield 2_ is a tactic shooter, teamplay is very important. One player by team can be the commander who issues instructions on his team. The other players can group themselves into squads.

In every round two teams are playing. At the beginning of the round, both teams have a certain number of tickets. By eliminating an enemy the teams can reduce the number of tickets of the other team. The team that has more tickets at the end of the round wins.

_Battlefield 2_ is the sequel of _Battlefield 1942_ and _Battlefield Vietnam_. The most recent game of the _Battlefield_ series is _Battlefield: Bad Company 2_.

There is also an add-on named _Special Forces_ in which several special forces (e. g. SAS) can be played. Also two so called "booster packs" are available: _Euro Forces_ which brings the army of the European Union into the game and _Armored Fury_ which relocates the storyline to North America.

_Battlefield 2_ is one of the most popular games in it´s genre. Although being released in 2005 it´s still played by many persons around the world and has a big community.

## Other websites

- _Battlefield 2_ website
- Battlefield 2: Special Forces Website

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Battlefield 2
- **developer**: Digital Illusions CE
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
- **designer**: Lars Gustavsson
Linus Josephson
Erik Sjövold
- **programmer**: Andreas Fredriksson
Jonas Kjellström
Mats Dal
- **artist**: Mårten Lundsten
Riccard Linde
- **series**: _Battlefield (video game series), Battlefield_
- **platforms**: Microsoft Windows
- **genre**: First-person shooter
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer
- **state**: Dormant
Battlefield (series)

The **Battlefield** series consists of the following first-person shooter games that were developed by Digital Illusions CE, and published by Electronic Arts:

1. _Battlefield 1942_ - (PC, Mac), released 10 September 2002.
    - _The Road to Rome_ (Expansion Pack)
    - _Secret Weapons of World War II_ (Expansion Pack)
1. _Battlefield Vietnam_ - (PC), released 14 March 2004 (US only), and 19 March 2004.
1. _Battlefield 2_ - (PC), released 21 June 2005 (US only) and 24 June 2005.
    - _Special Forces_ (Expansion Pack), released 22 November 2005 (US only), and 24 November 2005
    - _Euro Force_ (Booster Pack), released 14 March 2006.
    - _Armored Fury_ (Booster Pack), released 6 June 2006.
1. _Battlefield 2: Modern Combat_ - (PS2, Xbox, Xbox 360), released 24 October 2005 (PS2/Xbox), 11 May 2006 (Xbox 360).
1. _Battlefield 2142_ - (PC, Mac), was released 17 October 2006.
    - Northern Strike (Booster Pack), released 8 March 2007.
1. _Battlefield: Bad Company_ - (Xbox 360, PlayStation 3), released 23 June 2008.
1. _Battlefield: Bad Company 2_ - (PC, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3), released 2 March 2010.
1. _Battlefield 3_ - (PC, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3), released 25 October 2011.
1. _Battlefield 4_ - (PC, Xbox 360, PlayStaion 3, Xbox One, PlayStation 4), released 29 October 2013.
1. _Battlefield Hardline_ - (PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, released 17 March 2015.
1. _Battlefield 1 -_ (PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4), released 23 October 2016.
1. _Battlefield V_ - (PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4), release date 20 November 2018.
1. _Battlefield 2042_ - (PC, Xbox Series X/S, Xbox One, PlayStaion 5, PlayStation 4), release date 19 November 2021.

## Other websites

- Battlefield Gaming Information
Tangent

The word _tangent_ can mean different things:

- tangent, a trigonometric function
- tangent, a line which _touches_ a curve.
Subset

In set theory, a set  is called a **subset** of a set  if all of the elements of  are contained in . For example, any set is a subset of itself. Another example of a subset is a proper subset: a set  is called a **proper subset** of a set  if  is subset of  but is not equal to .

The symbol "" always means "is a subset of." The symbol "" always means "is a proper subset of." There is also the symbol "", which some authors use to mean "is a subset of" and other authors only use to mean "is a proper subset of."

For example:
- is a subset of , so we could write .

- is a proper subset of , so we could write ,, or .

- The interval [0, 1] is a proper subset of the set of real numbers , so .

## Related pages

- Subset sum problem
- Vector subspace
Lemma

**Lemma** may refer to:
- Lemma (mathematics), a proven statement that is used to prove another statement
- Lemma (linguistics), the canonical form of a word. They are the head words in a dictionary.
- Lemma (logic), which is simultaneously a premise for a contention above it and a contention for premises below it
- Lemma (botany), one of the specialised bracts enclosing a floret in a grass inflorescence
- "Shadowing lemma", a fictional animal in Terry Pratchett's _Discworld_ series, which exists in only 2 dimensions and eats mathematicians
Middle Temple

**The Honourable Society of the Middle Temple** is one of the four Inns of Court exclusively entitled to call their members to the English bar as barristers. (The others are the Inner Temple, Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn.) It is near the Royal Courts of Justice, within the City of London.
Albanian Orthodox Church

The **Orthodox Autocephalous Church of Albania** is one of the Eastern Orthodox churches. It is very new. It was created in 1922 by the fathers of the Albanian Orthodoxy Fan Noli, Visarion Xhuvani, and others. The Albanian Orthodox Church is autocephalous, meaning its bishop does not have to answer before any superior clerical authority.

Since its beginning it has had a difficult time. The church suffered during the Second World War, and in the communist period that came after. This became worse after 1967 when Albania was declared an atheist state, and no public or private expression of religion was allowed. After religious freedom returned in 1991, the church has become very active again. More than 250 churches have been created or repaired, and more than 100 clergy being ordained.

The Church currently has four dioceses, Tirana, Durrës and Elbasan; Berat and Kanina; Gjirokastër; and Korçë.

## Other websites

- Albanian Orthodox Library
- Official Site of the Albanian Orthodox Church
- Eastern Christian Churches: Orthodox Church of Albania
- History of the Establishment of the Church
University of Padua

The **University of Padua** (Italian _Università degli Studi di Padova_, **UNIPD**) is in Padua, Italy. It was created in 1222. It is one of the oldest European universities and the second oldest in Italy. As of 2003, the university had about 65,000 students.

## History

The university is usually said to have been founded in 1222 when a big group of students and professors left the University of Bologna. They did this to look for more academic freedom ('Libertas scholastica').
The first subjects to be taught were law and theology. The curriculum got bigger quickly, and by 1399 the institution had divided in two: a _Universitas Iuristarum_ for civil law and Canon law, and a _Universitas Artistarum_ which taught astronomy, dialectic, philosophy, grammar, medicine, and rhetoric.

## Related pages

- Padua

## Other websites

- University of Padua Website
- Museums of the University

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Padua
- **native name**: Università degli Studi di Padova
- **latin name**: Universitas Studii Paduani
- **motto**: Universa Universis Patavina Libertas (Latin)
- **mottoeng**: Liberty of Padua, universally and for all
- **established**: 1222
- **type**: State-supported
- **rector**: Prof. Giuseppe Zaccaria
- **students**: 65,000
- **city**: Padua
- **province**: Veneto
- **country**: Italy
- **free label**: Sports teams
- **free**: CUS Padova (http://www.cuspadova.it/)
- **affiliations**: Coimbra Group, Top Industrial Managers for Europe, TIME network
- **website**: [http://www.unipd.it/ www.unipd.it/]
Anti-aircraft warfare

**Anti-aircraft warfare**, or **air defence**, is any way of fighting military aircraft in combat from the ground. Different guns and cannons have been used for this since the first military aircraft were used in World War I. They have become more powerful over the years.  After World War II, Surface to Air Missile<nowiki/>s began to be used too.   Today, both are used to fight against aircraft.

Nicknames for anti-aircraft guns include **AAA** or **triple-A**, an abbreviation for ***a**nti-**a**ircraft **a**rtillery_, and **flak** or **flack** (from the German ***Fl**ug**a**bwehr**k**anone_, _aircraft defence cannon_). An **anti-aircraft missile** is another name for a **surface-to-air missile**, also said SAM for short.

## Other websites

- _Archie to SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air Defense_ by Kenneth P. Werrell (book available for download)
- Japanese Antiaircraft land/vessel doctrines in 1943-44
National Museum of the United States Air Force

The **National Museum of the United States Air Force** (formerly the **United States Air Force Museum**) is the official national museum of the United States Air Force and is located on Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, near Dayton, Ohio. Over 400 aircraft and missiles are on display, most of them indoors.  Admission is free.

## Exhibits

The museum has many rare and important aircraft and other exhibits, including one of four surviving Convair B-36s,  the only surviving XB-70 Valkyrie, and _Bockscar_–the B-29 Superfortress that dropped the second atomic bomb in World War II. In contrast to the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum, nearly all of the museum's exhibits are extremely accessible. Most are easily touched, even investigated, by visitors.

## Other websites

- Official website
- The Air Force Museum Foundation - a private non-profit organization supporting the mission and goals of the National Museum of the USAF
Inner Temple

**The Honourable Society of the Inner Temple** is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. (The other Inns are Middle Temple, Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn.)

The Inner Temple was first recorded as being used for legal purposes when lawyers' houses were burned down in Wat Tyler's revolt in 1381. Before that date, the Temple was occupied by the Knights Templar. The Inner Temple was damaged during the wartime bombings in the areas surrounding the River Thames.

## Famous members

- Geoffrey Chaucer (reputed)
- Thomas de Littleton
- William Catesby
- Sir Edward Coke
- Sir Francis Drake
- Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
- Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex
- Christopher Hatton
- Thomas Morton, a member of the associated Inn of Chancery Clifford's Inn
- William Wycherly
- Judge Jeffreys
- James Boswell
- Samuel Johnson (resided at the Inner Temple for a period, though not a member)
- William Paca
- Karl Pearson, and his father William Pearson, QC
- George Phillippo
- Thomas Hughes
- William Schwenk Gilbert
- Bram Stoker
- Mohandas Gandhi (called 1891, disbarred 1922, reinstated 1988)
- John Maynard Keynes
- Clement Attlee
- Jawaharlal Nehru
- Mohammed Ali Jinnah
- Cecil Rhodes
- Ivy Williams, the first female barrister
- A.J.P. Taylor
- Seretse Khama, president of Botswana (admitted 1946)
- Derry Irvine
- Lord Woolf
- Elizabeth Butler-Sloss
- Jack Straw
- Michael Howard
- John Mortimer (whose best-known creation, Horace Rumpole, was also an Inner Templar)
- Richard Searby
- Malcolm Bishop
- Thomas Willing
- Musa Alami
- Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad
- Tunku Abdul Rahman
sir edmund anderson chief justice of common pleas

## Other websites

- Inner Temple website
- Inner Temple Banqueting website
Inns of Court

The **Inns of Court** are a group of four legal societies in Britain that have the exclusive right to train barristers and to regulate their admission to the English bar.  The buildings, which house these societies, are called Inns of Court.  The Inns of Court have directing and disciplinary functions over their members. The Inns also provide libraries, dining facilities and professional accommodations to members. Each Inn also has a church or chapel.

Over the centuries the number of active Inns of Court was reduced to four, which are Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, Inner Temple and Middle Temple.
Lincoln's Inn

**The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn** is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. (The other Inns are Middle Temple, Gray's Inn and Inner Temple.)

Lincoln's Inn is thought to be the oldest of the four Inns of Court. The history of the Inn can be traced back to 1422, although its actual origins are even older.

It is in Holborn, in the London Borough of Camden, on the border with the City of London and the City of Westminster.

## Famous Members

- Lord Denning
- Sir Thomas More
- Richard Cromwell
- Thomas Langlois Lefroy, Chief Justice of Ireland from 1855 to 1866
- Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Founder of Pakistan
- Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Muslim poet, famous for the idea of Pakistan, philosopher, politician, National Poet of Pakistan
- John Henry Cardinal Newman
- Mirza Hameedullah Beg, Chief Justice of India
- Tony Blair, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- Cherie Blair QC (Known professionally as Cherie Booth QC)
- John Donne
- Margaret Thatcher, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- William Osgoode, first Chief Justice of Ontario after whom Osgoode Hall (and therefore Osgoode Hall Law School) was named
- Syed Sajjad Ali Shah, Chief Justice of Pakistan
- Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Prime Minister and President of Pakistan
- John Kofi Agyekum Kufour, President of the Republic of Ghana

## Preachers of Lincoln's Inn

The office of Preacher of Lincoln's Inn or Preacher to Lincoln's Inn is a clerical office in the Church of England.  Past Preachers of Lincoln's Inn include:
- John Donne
- William Warburton
- Henry Wace
- Derek Watson

## Other websites

- Lincoln's Inn website
- www.shaw-hardwick.co.uk
Gray's Inn

<div style="width:215px;float:right;margin-left:10px;">

</div>
**The Honourable Society of Gray's Inn** is one of the four Inns of Court around the Royal Courts of Justice in London. They may call members to the Bar and allow them to practice as barristers. The other Inns are Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn and Inner Temple.

Gray's Inn is in Holborn, in the London Borough of Camden, on the border with the City of London and the City of Westminster.

## Other websites

- Gray's Inn website
- Online Law History of Gray's Inn
Naomi Nari Nam

**Naomi Nari Nam** (born July 6, 1985 in Anaheim, California) is a figure skater from the United States.

Nam was a very good skater as a child. She won the silver medal (second place) at the 1999 United States national championships behind Michelle Kwan at age 13. She would have normally gone to the World Championships after doing this, but she was too young according to the rules. She could have gone if she had won a medal at the World Junior Championships, but that was the last year the World Junior Championships were held before Nationals and Nam did not go to those championships.

Nam had a bad career after this. She had an injury in her hip and had to stop skating as a single skater.

In 2005, she started skating as a pairs skater with Themistocles Leftheris. They placed 5th at the 2006 Nationals, a very good result for a new team. They won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Skate America competition, which was even more good. They won the bronze at the 2007 Nationals and then placed 6th at the 2007 Four Continents.

Naomi Nari Nam is a very graceful and flexible skater. She and Leftheris are a good pairs team. They do very hard jumps for a pairs team, which is helped by Nam's good singles career.

## Other websites

- Naomi Nari Nam and Themi Leftheris Online  - Official website
- International Skating Union biography
- U.S. Figure Skating biography
Themistocles Leftheris

**Themistocles "Themi" Leftheris** (born December 20, 1982) is a figure skater from the United States.

Leftheris has skated pairs for most of his life. He has had many partners and has done very well with them.

In 2005, he started skating as a team with Naomi Nari Nam. They placed 5th at the 2006 Nationals, a very good result for a new team. They won the bronze medal (third place) at the 2006 Skate America competition, which was even more good. They won the bronze at the 2007 Nationals and then placed 6th at the 2007 Four Continents.

Themistocles Leftheris is a very powerful skater. He and Nam are a good pairs team. They do very hard jumps for a pairs team, which is helped by Nam's good singles career.

## Other websites

- Naomi Nari Nam and Themi Leftheris Online  - Official website
- International Skating Union biography
- U.S. Figure Skating biography
Ohka

The **Yokosuka MXY-7 _Ohka**_ (櫻花 "cherry blossom") was a type of airplane rocket, used for suicide attacks by the Empire of Japan in the last months of World War II. The United States gave the aircraft the name _Baka_ (Japanese for "stupid").

It was carried by a bomber that dropped it when close enough to an enemy ship. The pilot guided it to crash with the target. When dropping down, it could go so fast that it was almost impossible to stop it. The operational record of Ohkas used in action includes three ships sunk and three other ships with great damage.

## Related pages

- Kamikaze
- Kaiten

## Other websites

- _Thunder Gods_  1989 book about Ohka squadron
- _The Cherry Blossom Squadrons_  1973 book about Ohka squadron
- The History of Kamikaze _Ohka_ 桜花
Stéphane Lambiel

**Stéphane Lambiel**  (born 2 April 1985 in Martigny, Valais) is a figure skater from Switzerland. He is famous for his very good spins.

Lambiel was a good skater as a child. When he was 12 years old, he was picked to perform an exhibition at the 1997 World Championships.

He has won the Swiss national championships every year he has entered them, and at every level.

In 2002, when he was 16, the Swiss Olympic Committee told him he could go to the 2002 Winter Olympics if he placed in the top 15 at the European Championships. Lambiel placed 4th at the European Championships and he went to the Olympics.

In 2006, Lambiel won the silver medal (second place) at the 2006 Winter Olympics. He was World Champion in 2005 and 2006.

Lambiel is famous for having everything a skater needs to do well, called the "full package". He is very artistic, and has all the technical elements needed, including a quadruple jump. He is very consistent, except for the triple axel, which is a bad jump for him.

Lambiel has had a lot of injuries, which has kept him out of the Grand Prix a lot. After the Olympics, he did not feel very motivated. He missed the 2007 European Championships because he said he was burnt out. But he came back for the 2007 World Championships, where he won the bronze medal.

In 2010 he said he was no longer going to compete in skating.

## Other websites

- Official Website
Daisuke Takahashi

is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as a figure skater.

Takahashi was born in Kurashiki, Okayama.

## Career

Takahashi won the Japanese national championships in 2006 and 2007.

Takahashi is the first male skater from Japan to win the World Junior Championships and the first male skater from Japan to win a silver medal at the World Championship.

He was a member of the Japanese team at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin in Italy.  In 2010, he won a bronze medal in the Winter Olympic Games at Vancouver in Canada.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- Japan at the Olympics

## Other websites

- Daisuke Takahashi at International Skating Union (ISU)
Evgeni Plushenko

**Evgeni Plushenko** (born 3 November 1982) is a figure skater from Russia. He was born and raised in the Soviet Union. He is the last of the "Soviet System" figure skaters, which took children from their parents at a young age and raised them in a training system away from home while giving them everything they needed, including housing and food and equipment, so they could become the best.

## Early years

Plushenko was a very good skater as a child. At age 14, he won the World Junior Championships. At age 15, he won the bronze medal at the World Championships. He has always been coached by Alexei Mishin, a very famous Soviet and Russian skater coach. At the time of Plushenko's rise, Mishin was also coaching Alexei Yagudin. When Yagudin saw all the attention Mishin was giving Plushenko, it made Yagudin leave and find another coach. Plushenko and Yagudin had a very big rivalry that ended in 2002, when Yagudin won the Olympic Gold and Plushenko won the silver.

## Career

Between the 2002 Olympics and the 2006 Olympics, Plushenko only lost a competition twice. The first time was to Emanuel Sandhu at the 2003-2004 Grand Prix Final. The second was to Brian Joubert at the 2004 European Championships. Plushenko came close to losing the 2003 World Championships to American Timothy Goebel, but won.

Plushenko withdrew from the 2005 World Championships with injury. But he won the 2006 Olympics with a very big lead over everyone else there.

Plushenko took the 2006-2007 season away from skating. He was married and had a child, but he is now getting a divorce. He is trying to come back to competitive skating, but still has a lot of injuries.

Plushenko is known for his consistency and his strong jumping ability. He has done a lot of quadruple jumps in competition and in combination with other jumps. He was the first to do a lot of quadruple-jump combinations. He has also done the Biellmann spin in competition, although he has not done that recently.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official website
- International Skating Union biography
End of days

**End of Days** usually can mean:
- End times in eschatology and religion.

"End of Days" has also been the title of a number of movies and television episodes:
- _End of Days_ (1999 movie), starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and directed by Peter Hyams
- "End of Days" (_Buffy_ episode), a season 7 episode of _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_
- "End of Days" (_Torchwood_), a series 1 episode of _Torchwood_