juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Made of Bricks

***Made of Bricks*** is the first album by the British singer-songwriter, Kate Nash. It was released on 6 August 2007 on Fiction Records. It reached number one in the UK album charts.

The album was released five weeks earlier than first planned due to the popularity of the single "Foundations". In its opening week of sales the album sold over 56,000 copies, and was certified gold.
The album has now been certified Platinum in the UK for sales of over 300,000.  It has sold over 450,000 copies worldwide.

## Track listing

1. "Play" - 1:11
1. "Foundations" - 4:05
1. "Mouthwash" - 5:01
1. "Dickhead" - 3:42
1. "Birds" - 4:25
1. "We Get On" - 4:34
1. "Mariella" - 4:15
1. "Shit Song" - 3:05
1. "Pumpkin Soup" - 2:59
1. "Skeleton Song" - 5:07
1. "Nicest Thing" - 4:05
1. "Merry Happy/Little Red" - 13:10 <small>(UK bonus track)</small>

### Bonus Tracks

- "A Is For Asthma" - 2:37 <small>(Digital download bonus track)</small>

## Chart positions

|align="left"|Chart (2007)|align="left"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|UK Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|Irish Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|8|
|align="left"|Belgian Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|16|
|align="left"|United World Chart|style="text-align:center;"|23|
|align="left"|German Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|38|
|align="left"|Dutch Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|41|
|align="left"|French Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|50|
|align="left"|Austrian Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|51|
|align="left"|Swiss Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|56|
Matinée (album)

***Matinée*** is the first album from British singer-'songwriter Jack Peñate. It was released on October 8, 2007 on XL Recordings.

## Track listing

1. "Spit At Stars"
1. "Got My Favourite"
1. "Have I Been A Fool"
1. "Torn On The Platform"
1. "Learning Lines"
1. "Run For Your Life"
1. "We Will Be Here"
1. "Made Of Codes"
1. "My Yvonne"
1. "Second, Minute or Hour"
1. "When We Die"
1. "Learning Lines (demo) (Hidden Track)
Radio 1's Live Lounge

***Radio 1's Live Lounge*** is an album of live tracks played on Jo Whiley's Radio 1 show. It contains both covers and the bands' own songs.

### Disc 1

1. Foo Fighters - "DOA"
1. Arctic Monkeys - "Love Machine" (originally by Girls Aloud)
1. Snow Patrol - "Run"
1. The Kooks - "Crazy" (originally by Gnarls Barkley)
1. Razorlight - "Golden Touch"
1. Corinne Bailey Rae - "Munich" (originally by Editors)
1. The Automatic - "Gold Digger" (originally by Kanye West feat. Jamie Foxx)
1. Editors - "All Sparks"
1. Boy Kill Boy - "Maneater" (originally by Nelly Furtado)
1. Queens of the Stone Age - "No One Knows"
1. Embrace - "How Come" (originally by D12)
1. James Blunt - "If There's Any Justice" (originally by Lemar)
1. Natasha Bedingfield - "The Scientist" (originally by Coldplay)
1. Kings of Leon - "Molly's Chambers"
1. Jamie Cullum - "Frontin'" (originally by Pharrell Williams)
1. Sugababes - "Living for the Weekend" (originally by HARD-Fi)
1. Lemar - "I Believe in a Thing Called Love" (originally by The Darkness)
1. Will Young - "Hey Ya!" (originally by OutKast)
1. Hard-Fi - "Tied Up Too Tight"
1. Oasis - "Songbird"

### Disc 2

1. Coldplay - "The Scientist"
1. Lily Allen - "Smile"
1. Keane - "With or Without You" (originally by U2)
1. KT Tunstall - "Other Side of the World"
1. Franz Ferdinand - "What You Waiting For?" (originally by Gwen Stefani)
1. Pink - "Family Portrait"
1. OutKast - "Ms. Jackson"
1. The Futureheads - "Hounds Of Love" (originally by Kate Bush)
1. Jamelia - "Numb" (originally by Linkin Park)
1. Dizzee Rascal - "Jus' a Rascal"
1. Lemon Jelly - "Nice Weather For Ducks"
1. Mylo - "In My Arms"
1. My Chemical Romance - "Song 2" (originally by Blur)
1. The Coral - "Dreaming of You"
1. Maxïmo Park - "Going Missing"
1. The Bravery - "An Honest Mistake"
1. The Streets - "Let's Push Things Forward"
1. Basement Jaxx - "Romeo"
1. Orson - "Push the Button" (originally by Sugababes)
1. 50 Cent - "In Da Club"

## Related pages

- Live Lounge
- Radio 1's Live Lounge – Volume 2
- Radio 1. Established 1967
Sula Sgeir

**Sula Sgeir** is a small, uninhabited Scottish island in the North Atlantic.  One of the most remote of the British Isles. The island is inhospitable to humans. There is a ruined stone house called Taigh Beannaichte (Blessed House) on the east headland Sgeir an Teampall, the island is formed by pieces of rocks, where are often hard to walk on. Sula Sgeir is a National Nature Reserve since 1956. It is an important place for birds.

The most famous part of island are the caves, which can be explored.

## Fauna

There are 5,000 breeding pairs of gannets on Sula Sgeir, which they share with other bird species such as Black-legged Kittiwakes, guillemots, puffins and fulmars.

## Infobox (scottish island)

- **celtic name**: Sula Sgeir
- **norse name**: Súlasker
- **meaning of name**: Gannet Skerry
- **population**: 0
- **island group**: North Atlantic
- **local authority**: Outer Hebrides
Antiderivative

**Antidifferentiation** (also called **indefinite integration**) is the process of finding a certain function in calculus. It is the opposite of differentiation. It is a way of processing a function to give another function (or class of functions) called an antiderivative. Antidifferentiation is like integration—but without limits. This is why it is called indefinite integration. When represented as single letters, antiderivatives often take the form of capital roman letters such as  and .

In general, an antiderivative is written in the form , where:

- The long S, ,  is called an integral sign. In integration, the integral sign has numbers on it. Those numbers tell you how to do the integration. Antiderivatives are different. They do not have numbers on their integral signs.
- is the equation you are integrating.
- The letters  mean "with respect to ". This tells you how to do the antidifferentiation.

## Simple antidifferentiation

A function of the form  can be integrated (antidifferentiated) as follows:

- Add 1 to the power , so  is now .
- Divide all this by the new power, so it is now .
- Add the constant , so it is now .

This can be shown as:

(also known as the power rule of integral)

When there are many terms, we can integrate the entire function by integrating its components one by one:

**(This only works if the parts are being added or taken away.)**

### Examples

Changing fractions and roots into powers makes it easier:

## Integrating a bracket ("chain rule")

To integrate a bracket like , a different method is needed. It is called the **chain rule**. It is like simple integration, but it only works if the  in the bracket is linear (has a power of 1), such as  or —but _not_  or .

For example,  can be determined in the following steps:

- Add 1 to the power , so that it is now
- Divide all this by the new power to get
- Divide all this by the derivative of the bracket  to get
- Add the constant  to give

## Related pages

- Fundamental theorem of calculus
- Integral
- Numerical integration
- Partial fraction decomposition
Baucau

**Baucau** is a city in East Timor (Timor-Leste). It is  east of the capital, Dili. About 16,000 people live there, making it the second largest town in East Timor by population. It is served by the Cakung Airport. The town was first started by Portugal as a trading center.
1 BC

Year **1 ** was a leap year starting on Thursday in the proleptic Julian calendar. Some sources list it as a common year starting on either Friday or Saturday. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Piso**.

## Events

- Emperor Augustus made a peace treaty with Phraates V
- Ovid writes the Ars Amatoria
- Ping of Han becomes Emperor of China
- December 25 - Birth of Jesus as given by Dionysius Exiguus

## Births

- Ptolemy of Mauretania (d. AD 40)
- Jesus Christ (b. 6 April 1BC  d. AD 33)

## Deaths

- Dong Xian, a Han Dynasty Chinese official under Emperor Ai of Han (b. 23 BC)
- Emperor Ai of Han (b. 27 BC)
- Empress Fu
- Empress Zhao Feiyan (b. 32 BC)
Data Protection Act 2018

The **Data Protection Act 2018** (c 29) is a law passed by the  British government in 2018, and replaces the one passed in 1998.

It sets out rules for people who use or store data about living people and gives rights to those people whose data has been collected. The law applies to data held on computers or any sort of storage system, even paper records.

The law covers personal data which are facts like your address, telephone number, e-mail address, job history etc.

People who use the information are called _data controllers_. People who the data is about are called _data subjects_.

## Main points of the Data Protection Act

This is a brief simplified summary of the main principles of the UK Data Protection Act.

This applies to information kept on staff, customers and account holders, for example;
- If you collect data about people for one reason, you must not use it for a different reason;
- You must not give people's data to other people or organisations unless they agree;
- People have the right to look at data that any organisations store about them;
- You must not keep the data for longer than you need to and it must be kept up to date;
- You must not send the data to places outside of the European Economic Area unless adequate levels of protection exist;
- Organisations that store data about people must register with the Information Commissioner’s Office;
- If you store data about people you must make sure that it is secure and well protected;
- If an organisation has data about you that is wrong, then you have a right to ask them to change it.

## Related pages

- Computer legislation
- Computer Misuse Act

## Other websites

- Information Commissioner’s Office

## Infobox (uk legislation)

- **short title**: Data Protection Act 2018
- **type**: Act
- **parliament**: Parliament of the United Kingdom
- **long title**: An Act to make provision for the regulation of the processing of information relating to individuals; to make provision in connection with the Information Commissioner’s functions under certain regulations relating to information; to make provision for a direct marketing code of practice; and for connected purposes.
- **year**: 2018
- **territorial extent**: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- **replaces**: Data Protection Act 1984
- **royal assent**: 23 May 2018
- **commencement**: May 2018
- **status**: Current
- **use new uk-leg**: yes
Nontrinitarianism

**Nontrinitarism** is a movement that rejects the idea of the Christian Trinity. That idea says that God is three different persons in one being.

There are several movements which can be classified as Nontrinitarian. At the First Council of Nicaea, in the year 325, people met and defined the idea of trinity. Some movements started before the council. Nontrinitarianism was later renewed in the Gnosticism of the Cathars in the 11th through 13th centuries, in the Age of Enlightenment of the 18th century, and in Restorationism during the 19th century.

Modern-day versions are usually called Unitarianism.
- Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe in the Trinity and are known for showing people from the Bible why they believe the idea to be false.
- Latter Day Saints (Mormons) also do not believe in the Trinity but believe that God the Father, his Son Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost are three separate beings, that are united in purpose.
- Seventh-day Adventists did not believe in the Catholic doctrine of the trinity for the first 50 years of their existence either. The founders of the world wide Seventh Day Adventist Church believed that: "There is one supreme God of the universe and Jesus Christ: The only begotten Son of God!", Statement of Believes, 1873. The change came many years latter, when the founders of the Seventh Day Adventist Church had already 'slept in the Lord" (died).
Interstate 10

**Interstate 10** (or **I-10**) is a long Interstate Highway which the west side ends at Santa Monica, California (near Los Angeles), and the other side ends at Jacksonville, Florida. In Texas, it is one of the routes which the speed limit is  per hour. The route is  long and travels through 8 states. It is the fourth longest Interstate Highway in the United States after I-90, I-80, and I-40.

## Major cities along the highway

- Los Angeles, California
- San Bernardino, California
- Palm Springs, California
- Phoenix, Arizona
- Tucson, Arizona
- Las Cruces, New Mexico
- El Paso, Texas
- San Antonio, Texas
- Houston, Texas
- Lake Charles, Louisiana
- Lafayette, Louisiana
- Baton Rouge, Louisiana
- New Orleans, Louisiana
- Biloxi, Mississippi
- Mobile, Alabama
- Pensacola, Florida
- Tallahassee, Florida
- Jacksonville, Florida

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: USA
- **type**: I
- **route**: 10
- **map custom**: yes
- **map notes**: I-10 highlighted in red
- **length mi**: 2460.34
- **formed**: 1957
- **direction a**: West
- **terminus a**: in Santa Monica, California, Santa Monica, CA
- **direction b**: East
- **terminus b**: in Jacksonville, Florida, Jacksonville, FL
- **states**: California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida
Miranda Cosgrove

**Miranda Taylor Cosgrove** (born May 14, 1993) is an American actress and recording artist. She was born in Los Angeles, California. She first started her career in 1998 in various commercials. She is best known for her roles as Megan Parker in _Drake and Josh_, Summer Hathaway in _School of Rock_ and her lead role as Carly Shay in Nickelodeon's _iCarly_. She has also guest-starred in shows like _Zoey 101_. She also had her debut soundtrack album called _Sparks Fly_ in April 2010 and _High Maintenance_ in March 2011. She is also best known for voicing Margo in the Despicable Me films.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2003|_School of Rock_|Summer Hathaway||||
|2005|_Yours, Mine and Ours_|Joni North||||
|rowspan="3"|2006|_Greatest Ever Comedy Movies_|Herself|Documentary||
|_Khan Kluay_|Kon Suay|Voice role||||
|_Keeping Up with the Steins_|Karen Sussman|||||
|2009|__|Hannah Mills||||
|rowspan="2"|2010|_Despicable Me_|rowspan="2"|Margo|Voice role|
|_Despicable Me: Home Makeover_|Voice role; short film|||||
|2011|_Our Deal_|Night Creepers|Short film|||
|rowspan="2"|2013|_Despicable Me 2_|rowspan="2"|Margo|Voice role|
|_Despicable Me: Training Wheels_|Voice role; short film|||||
|rowspan="2"|2015|_A Mouse Tale_|Samantha|Voice role||
|_The Intruders_|Rose Halshford|||||
|2017|_Despicable Me 3_|Margo|Voice role|||
|rowspan="2"|2019|_Despicable Me: Minion Scouts_|Margo|Voice role; short film||
|_3022_|Lisa Brown|||||
|2021|_North Hollywood_|Rachel||||
|rowspan="2"|2024|_Despicable Me 4_|Margo|Voice role||
|Drugstore June|TBA|Post-production||||
|2025|The Wrong Paris|Dawn|Netflix Original|||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **instruments**: Vocals


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Miranda Cosgrove
- **image**: Miranda Cosgrove NickRewind 2022.jpg
- **caption**: Cosgrove in 2022
- **birth name**: Miranda Taylor Cosgrove
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **alma mater**: University of Southern California (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Miranda Cosgrove, Full list
- **signature**: Miranda Cosgrove's signature.png
Old Believers

In the Russian Orthodox church history, the **Old Believers** (, read _starovery_ or _staroobryadtsy_) became separated after 1666-1667. They split from the  hierarchy of the Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon. Old Believers continue liturgical practices which the Russian Orthodox Church followed before the reform.

Russian-speakers refer to the schism itself as _raskol_ (**раскол**). This word comes from a Russian word _расколоться_, that means "to cleave apart").

## Background

Patriarch Nikon (1605-1681; 1651-1658 as patriarch) wanted to bring the Russian Orthodox Church and the Greek Orthodox Church closer together. For this reason, he changed a few rituals and texts in 1651. These changes were made to the Russian rituals to be closer to the Greek ones of Nikon's time. According to the Old Believers, Nikon did this without the support of the clergy. and without a council. When the changes were done, people who still practiced the old rites were persecuted.
81 (number)

**Eighty-one** is a number. It comes between eighty and eighty-two, and is an odd number. It is also a square number.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 81
Province of Florence

The **Province of Florence** (in Italian: "Provincia di Firenze") was a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The province has an area of 3,514 sq. km and a population of 933,860 (2001) in 44 _comuni_.

Much of the province is in the plain of the Arno river that became an urban centre around the city of Florence.

The city (in Italian "comune") of Florence is the capital of both the province and the region of Tuscany.

## Important cities

- Florence - 366.488 inhabitants
- Scandicci - 50.003 inhabitants
- Sesto Fiorentino - 46.702 inhabitantis
- Empoli - 46.017 inhabitants
- Campi Bisenzio - 39.176 inhabitants
- Bagno a Ripoli - 25.228 inhabitants
- Fucecchio - 21.912 inhabitants
- Pontassieve - 20.581 inhabitants
- Borgo San Lorenzo - 17.350 inhabitants

## Hospitals

In Florence:
- _C.T.O_
- _Careggi_
- _I.O.T_
- _Mayer_
- _Oftalmico_
- _Ponte Nuovo_
- _Hospital of San Giovanni di Dio_
- _Santa Maria Nuova_
- _Villa d'Ognissanti_
- _Villa Monna Tessa_

In Empoli:
- Hospital of San Giuseppe di Empoli (two different buildings)

In Castelfiorentino:
- Hospital of Santa Verdiana di Castelfiorentino

In Fucecchio:
- Hospital of San Pietro Igneo di Fucecchio

In Bagno a Ripoli:

- _Hospital of Santa Maria Annunziata_

## Other websites

- Province homepage

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Florence
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Toscana
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Florence
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: = 44
- **area total km2**: 3514
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 933,860
- **population density km2**: 265
- **registration plate**: FI
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 048
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Andrea Barducci
- **image map**: Firenze posizione.png
- **image flag**: Flag of the Province of Florence.svg
- **image shield**: Provincia di Firenze-Stemma.svg
Province of Arezzo

**Province of Arezzo** (Italian: **Provincia di Arezzo**) is the eastern most province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of province of Arezzo is the city of Arezzo.

The province has an area of 3,232 km², and a total population of 323,288 (2001) in 39 _comuni_ (singular: _comune_).

|_Comune_|Population||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Arezzo|style="text-align:right;"|95,082|
|Montevarchi|style="text-align:right;"|22,800|
|Cortona|style="text-align:right;"|22,537|
|San Giovanni Valdarno|style="text-align:right;"|17,103|
|Sansepolcro|style="text-align:right;"|15,858|
|Castiglion Fiorentino|style="text-align:right;"|12,502|
|Bibbiena|style="text-align:right;"|12,104|
|Terranuova Bracciolini|style="text-align:right;"|11,814|
|Bucine|style="text-align:right;"|9,760|
|Civitella in Val di Chiana|style="text-align:right;"|8,919|
|Foiano della Chiana|style="text-align:right;"|8,795|
|Cavriglia|style="text-align:right;"|8,764|
|Monte San Savino|style="text-align:right;"|8,456|

## Other websites

- Province homepage (in Italian)

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Arezzo
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Arezzo
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Toscana
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Arezzo
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: = 39
- **area total km2**: 3232
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 323288
- **population density km2**: 100
- **registration plate**: AR
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 051
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Vincenzo Ceccarelli
- **image map**: Arezzo posizione.png
- **image flag**: Provincia di Arezzo-Bandiera.svg
- **image shield**: Provincia di Arezzo-Stemma.svg
Province of Grosseto

**Province of Grosseto** (Italian: _Provincia di Grosseto_) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Grosseto. In the province, there is The Natural Park of Maremma. It is in the famous area of Maremma.

The province has an area of 4,504 km² and a total population of 211,086 (2001). There are 28 _comuni_ (singular: _comune_) in the province

As of June 2005, the main comuni by population are:

|Commune|Population||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Grosseto|align="right"|75,772|
|Follonica|align="right"|21,494|
|Orbetello|align="right"|14,905|
|Monte Argentario|align="right"|12,952|
|Roccastrada|align="right"|9,314|
|Massa Marittima|align="right"|8,798|
|Gavorrano|align="right"|8,561|
|Castiglione della Pescaia|align="right"|7,409|
|Manciano|align="right"|7,213|

## Other websites

- Province homepage

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Grosseto
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Grosseto
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Tuscany
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Grosseto
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: = 28
- **area total km2**: 4,504
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population total**: 210876
- **population density km2**: 47
- **registration plate**: GR
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 58010-58012, 58014-58015, 58017, 58019-58020, 58022-58026, 58031, 58033-58034, 58036-58038, 58042-58045, 58051, 58053-58055
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0564, 0566
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 053
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Lio Scheggi
- **image map**: Grosseto posizione.png
Old Catholic Church

The **Old Catholic Church** is a name for a group of Christian churches. Most of them are from German-speaking countries. Their beliefs are close to that of the Anglican Church. Most Old Catholics are part of the Union of Utrecht.

The Old Catholics split from the Roman Catholic Church in the 1870s because the First Vatican Council (1869-1870) had decided that the Pope is infallible. The Council was from 1869 to 1870. The term "Old Catholic" was first used in 1853 for the See of Utrecht, which was not under the authority of the Pope.
Province of Livorno

The **Province of Livorno** (Italian: _Provincia di Livorno_) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Livorno.

The province has an area of 1,218 km², and a total population of 326,444 (2001). There are 21 _comuni_ (singular: _comune_) in the province.

## Other websites

- Province homepage
- Livorno Tourist Board Site

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Livorno
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Livorno
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Tuscany
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Livorno
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: = 21
- **area total km2**: 1,218
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population total**: 326,439
- **population density km2**: 268
- **registration plate**: LI
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 57014, 57016, 57020-57023, 57025, 57027-57028, 57030-57034, 57036-57039
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0565, 0586
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 049
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Alessandro Franchi
- **image map**: Livorno posizione.png
- **image flag**: Flag_of_the_province_of_Livorno.svg
- **image shield**: Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Province_of_Livorno.svg
Province of Lucca

**Province of Lucca** () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Lucca.

The province has an area of 1,773 km², and a total population of 372,244 (2001). There are 35 _comuni_ (singular: _comune_) in the province.

## Other websites

- Province homepage

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Lucca
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Lucca
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Toscana
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Lucca
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: = 35
- **area total km2**: 1,773
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 372,244
- **population density km2**: 210
- **registration plate**: LU
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 55110
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0583 and 0584
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 046
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Stefano Baccelli
- **image map**: Lucca posizione.png
- **image flag**: Flag of Lucca Province.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Lucca-Stemma.svg
Province of Massa-Carrara

** The Province of Massa-Carrara** () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is named after the two main cities in its territory: Carrara and Massa, its capital.

The province has an area of 1,157 km² and a total population of 200,695 (2005). There are 17 _comuni_ (singular: _comune_) in the province. The main _comuni_ by population are:

|_Comune_|Population||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Massa|align="right"|66,097|
|Carrara|align="right"|65,221|
|Aulla|align="right"|10,529|
|Montignoso|align="right"|10,154|
|Fivizzano|align="right"|8,947|
|Pontremoli|align="right"|8,112|
|Licciana Nardi|align="right"|4,892|
|Villafranca in Lunigiana|align="right"|4,663|
|Fosdinovo|align="right"|4,642|
|Mulazzo|align="right"|2,593|
|Filattiera|align="right"|2,411|
|Tresana|align="right"|2,052|
|Podenzana|align="right"|1,996|
|Bagnone|align="right"|1,975|
|Zeri|align="right"|1,296|
|Casola in Lunigiana|align="right"|1,193|
|Comano|align="right"|773|

## Economy

The economy of the province is  based on the production of the famous white Carrara marble.

## Related pages

- Massa di Carrara
- Carrara
- Marble
- Duchy of Massa and Carrara

## Other websites

- Province homepage

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Massa-Carrara
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Massa-Carrara
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Toscana
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Massa
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 17
- **area total km2**: 1,157
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 200,695
- **population density km2**: 174
- **registration plate**: MS
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 54100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0585
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 045
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Osvaldo Angeli
- **image map**: Massa Carrara posizione.png
- **image flag**: Flag of the Province of Massa-Carrara.svg
- **image shield**: Provincia di Massa-Carrara-Stemma.svg
Province of Pisa

The **Province of Pisa** () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Pisa.

The province has an area of . In 2005, 394,101 people lived there. There are 39 _comuni_ in the province.

Pisa is well known for the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa,which is in the city.

## Other websites

- Province homepage
- Pisa photos

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Pisa
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Pisa
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Toscana
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Pisa
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 39
- **area total km2**: 2,448
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 394,101
- **population density km2**: 161
- **registration plate**: PI
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 56010, 56011, 56017, 56019-56022, 56025, 56027, 56029-56038, 56040-56043, 56046, 56048
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 050, 0565, 0571, 0586, 0587, 0588
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 050
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Andrea Pieroni
- **image map**: Pisa posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Pisa-Stemma.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Pisa Province.png
Province of Pistoia

The **Province of Pistoia** () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy.

## Geography

The capital of the province is the city of Pistoia.  The province has an area of 965 km² and a total population of 268,503 (2001). There are 22 _communes_ in the province.

## Other websites

- Province homepage

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Pistoia
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Pistoia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Toscana
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Pistoia
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 22
- **area total km2**: 965
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 268.503
- **population density km2**: 278
- **registration plate**: PT
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 51100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0573
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 047
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Gianfranco Venturi
- **image map**: Pistoia posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Pistoia-Stemma.svg
Province of Prato

The **Province of Prato** () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Prato. It was formed from part of the province of Florence in 1992.

The province has an area of 365 km² and a total population of 227,886 (2001). There are 7 comune (municipalities) in the province.

## Comuni and population

|Municipality|Population||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Prato|align="right"|182,038|
|Montemurlo|align="right"|18,044|
|Carmignano|align="right"|12,930|
|Vaiano|align="right"|9,645|
|Poggio a Caiano|align="right"|9,167|
|Vernio|align="right"|5,853|
|Cantagallo, Italy|align="right"|2,841|

## Famous people born in Prato

- Birthplace of Italian football legend Paolo Rossi.

## Other websites

- Province homepage

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Prato
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Prato
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Tuscany
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Prato
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 7
- **area total km2**: 365
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 227,886
- **population density km2**: 624
- **registration plate**: PO
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 59100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0574
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 100
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Massimo Logli
- **image map**: Prato posizione.png
War of the Pacific

The **War of the Pacific** (or **Saltpeter War**) took place from 1879-1883. It grew out of a dispute between Bolivia and Peru against Chile over control of a part of the Pacific coast. The disputed area was part of the Atacama Desert that lies between the 23rd and 26th parallels. The territory contained valuable mineral resources, mainly potassium nitrate, which were exploited by Chilean companies and British interests. The Bolivian government decided to increase taxes to take advantage of the increasing income of the region, which led to a commercial dispute.

The early part of the war was mostly at sea, and the late part mostly on land. Chile won, and Bolivia lost its access to the ocean and became landlocked.
Province of Siena

The **Province of Siena** () is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. The capital of the province is the city of Siena.

The province has an area of 3,821 km² (1475 mile²) and a total population of 252,288 (2001). There are 36 _comuni_ (singular: _comune_) in the province. At June 30, 2005, the main _comuni_ by population are:

|_Comune_|Population||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Siena|align="right"|54,337|
|Poggibonsi|align="right"|28,634|
|Colle di Val d'Elsa|align="right"|20,276|
|Montepulciano|align="right"|14,142|
|Sinalunga|align="right"|12,335|
|Sovicille|align="right"|8,882|
|Chiusi|align="right"|8,746|
|Monteriggioni|align="right"|8,189|
|Castelnuovo Berardenga|align="right"|8,081|
|Monteroni d'Arbia|align="right"|7,548|
|San Gimignano|align="right"|7,473|
|Torrita di Siena|align="right"|7,305|
|Chianciano Terme|align="right"|7,221|
The province is divided into seven historical areas:
1. Alta Val d'Elsa
1. Chianti senese
1. The urban area of (Monteriggioni and Siena)
1. Val di Merse
1. Crete senesi Val d'Arbia
1. Val di Chiana senese
1. Val d'Orcia and Amiata

## Other websites

- Province homepage

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Siena
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Siena
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Toscana
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Siena
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 36
- **area total km2**: 3,821
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 194,440
- **population density km2**: 51
- **registration plate**: SI
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 53010-53015, 53017-53025, 53027, 53030-53031, 53034-53037, 53040-53043, 53045, 53047-53049, 53100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0577, 0578
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 052
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Fabio Ceccherini
- **image map**: Siena posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Siena-Stemma.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Siena Province.png
Johannes Ockeghem

**Johannes Ockeghem** (born Saint-Ghislain, near Mons, Belgium about 1410; died Tours, France, 6 February 1497), was the most famous composer of the Franco-Flemish School (from around the area which is now Belgium) in the last half of the 15th century, and is often thought of as the most important composer between Dufay and Josquin des Prez. He was an excellent choirmaster and teacher. He spent most of his life working for the French royal court.

## Life

The name Ockeghem is found with many different spellings in old documents. He was almost certainly born in the town of Saint-Ghislain. His native language was probably French.

Like many composers in this period, he started to learn about music by singing in a church choir, quite possibly in Saint-Ghislain and then in Mons.

His first important job was working for Charles I, Duke of Bourbon in Moulins, (France). Then in 1451 he went to work for King Charles VII of France. By this time he was well known as a singer and composer. He worked for the royal court for more than 50 years and was rewarded with promotions and honours. Charles VII gave him important jobs. After Charles VII’s death Louis XI became king. He reigned for a long time and Ockeghem was in favour with the king. He often travelled with the king, visiting places such as Cambrai and even as far as Spain. He met famous people including the composers Dufay and Binchois. He also had other jobs in Paris.

Louis XI died in 1483. We do not know much about where Ockeghem went after that, but he probably died in Tours because that is where he left his will.

## Music and influence

Ockeghem was not a composer who wrote lots of music, but it is hard to tell as some of it might have got lost. There are 14 masses that survive and other vocal works. His _Missa pro Defunctis_ is the earliest surviving polyphonic Requiem. Ockeghem based many of his masses on well-known tunes in a way that is called “cantus firmus technique”. Sometimes he put the borrowed tunes in the lowest part (he sang bass himself). This was rather unusual.

Ockeghem’s music influenced Josquin des Prez and other composers from Flanders and the Netherlands.

When Ockeghem died Josquin Des Prez composed a motet called _La déploration de la mort de Johannes Ockeghem_ in his honour. The music theorist Johannes Tinctoris described him as a great musician and one of the best singers he knew. Many younger composers used some of Ockeghem’s melodies as a base for their own compositions. In the Renaissance this kind of borrowing from the music ofc another composer was thought to be a great honour.

## References

- Article "Johannes Ockeghem." _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. (ISBN 1-56159-174-2)
- groves music online
Group 16 element

**Group 16** is the third last group in the periodic table. This group is called the **oxygen family** or the **chalcogens**. The elements in this group are oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, polonium and livermorium. The first two elements are nonmetals, elements are in between are metalloids and the last two are metals. Polonium and livermorium are radioactive. Oxygen (as O<sub>2</sub>) is a colorless gas.
Magadino

**Magadino** was a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010, the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Magadino
- **municipality name**: Magadino
- **municipality type**: former
- **image photo**: Magadino TI Kirche 0509.jpg
- **image caption**: The church of San Carlo at Magadino
- **imagepath coa**: Magadino-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Magadino 2009.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6573
- **municipality code**: 5116
- **area**: 7.23
- **elevation**: 196
- **population**: 1604
- **populationof**: December 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **neighboring municipalities**: Contone, Locarno, Minusio, Rivera, Switzerland, Rivera, Tenero-Contra, Vira (Gambarogno)
Maggia

**Maggia** could mean:

- Maggia River, a river in southern Switzerland
- Maggia, municipality, a municipality in southern Switzerland
- Maggia (comics), a fictional crime syndicate in the Marvel Comics universe
Maggia (municipality)

**Maggia** is a municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## History

The actual municipality was created in 2004 on April 27 by merger of the former municipalities of Aurigeno, Coglio, Giumaglio, Lodano, Maggia, Moghegno and Someo.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Maggia
- **municipality name**: Maggia
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Maggia COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Maggia 2008.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Vallemaggia (district), Vallemaggia
- **postal code**: 6671,6673,6674
- **municipality code**: 5317
- **area**: 111.32
- **elevation**: 372
- **population**: 2464
- **populationof**: December 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.maggia.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Avegno, Switzerland, Avegno, Brione (Verzasca), Campo (Vallemaggia), Cavigliano, Cevio, Gordevio, Gresso, Isorno, Lavizzara, Onsernone, Vergeletto, Verscio
Historikerstreit

The **Historikerstreit** (English: _Historians' dispute_) was an intellectual and political controversy in West Germany about the way the Holocaust should be interpreted in history.  It took place between 1986-1989, and pitted left-wing intellectuals against right-wing intellectuals. Its embers flared up again briefly in 2000 when one of the leading figures, Ernst Nolte, was awarded a literary prize. "Die Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will" proposed by Ernst Nolte, had to be rejected as inadequate due to their lack of sufficient empirical substance.

## Related pages

- German Jews
- Polish Memory Law
- Historical revisionism
- Secondary antisemitism
- Holocaust uniqueness debate
Jury

A **jury** is a group of ordinary people, who aren't employees of the court, who decide the answer to a question in a court room. Usually, this question is whether a person is guilty or innocent of committing a crime. A jury may also be responsible for deciding a penalty for the person if they are found guilty. Normally, all members of the jury have to agree on the decision. Sometimes, the jury can still make a decision even if a few members don't agree with it. However, if the jury is quite clearly divided, the result is known as a _hung jury_ and the case is not decided. A member of a jury is called a **juror**. A juror is supposed to be impartial. This means that he or she is to be fair and listen to both sides of the story without deciding what side they will take ahead of time. Some people can not become members of a jury and others have the right to ask not to be made a member. People who can not be members are those which have a mental illness and people who can ask not to be made a juror include doctors and religious persons.

## Jury Nullification

Under the common law juries have a right that is not often used. If they think that the law under which a person is charged is wrong they can use jury nullification to set the person free. Whilst this is a right juries have it is unlawful for a lawyer to explain this to a jury, they must know about it on their own.

## Types of juries

In the United States there are primarily two types of juries which are the finder of facts in a trial:
- A **petit jury** also called a **trial jury** is one made up of from 6 to 12 jurors.
- A **grand jury** is called by a prosecutor to decide if there is probable cause to believe someone has committed a crime. If so, the grand jury returns an indictment against the defendant.

## Juries by country

A jury in the United Kingdom is made up of 12 people for criminal cases and 10 people for civil cases (or 15 people in Scotland) these people are selected at random and are British citizens with no criminal record. Members are chosen from the electoral register for their local area and those chosen must attend jury duty.

In the United States, juries are made up of 12 regular people from the area in which the trial is held and are not members of the court system. They are paid a small amount for their service.
Develier

**Develier** is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of the municipality of Develier

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Develier
- **municipality name**: Develier
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Develier-coat_of_arms.svg_
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2802
- **municipality code**: 6712
- **area**: 12.42
- **elevation**: 477
- **population**: 1334
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.develier.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Courtételle, Delémont, Bourrignon, Boécourt
Ederswiler

**Ederswiler** is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. It is the only German-speaking municipality in the canton, where all others are French-speaking.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ederswiler
- **municipality name**: Ederswiler
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Ederswiler-Blazono.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ederswiler.png
- **languages**: French, German
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2813
- **municipality code**: 6713
- **area**: 3.32
- **elevation**: 553
- **population**: 118
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **website**: ederswiler.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Pleigne, Movelier, Roggenburg, Basel-Landschaft, Roggenburg(BL)
Glovelier

**Glovelier** was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Glovelier, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Soulce and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Glovelier
- **municipality name**: Glovelier
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Glovelier Blazono.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2855
- **municipality code**: 6714
- **area**: 14.34
- **elevation**: 515
- **population**: 1141
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.glovelier.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Boécourt, Bassecourt, Undervelier, Saulcy, Saint-Brais, Montmelon
Mervelier

**Mervelier** is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mervelier
- **municipality name**: Mervelier
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Mervelier-Blazono.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2827
- **municipality code**: 6715
- **area**: 9.70
- **elevation**: 556
- **population**: 565
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.mervelier.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Montsevelier, Corban, Switzerland, Corban, Vermes, Switzerland, Vermes, Schelten(BE), Beinwil, Solothurn, Beinwil(SO)
Korean

**Korean** can mean:

- Anything to do with Korea, a country
- Korean language
- Korean people
- Korean cuisine
- Korean Air
Prana

**Prana** is the vital air or breath of the human body in Hinduism. It is also the vital, life-sustaining force of both the individual body and the universe. Its was first written about in the Upanishads. Prana is in all living forms, but is not itself the soul.

The word prana means "breath" in Sanskrit.

In yoga, prana is divided into different type. There are said to be five pranas or vital currents. They are called prana, apana, vyana, udana and samana.
Sanga Monastery

The **Sanga Monastery** is a small Buddhist monastery near Lhasa, Tibet. Sanga Monastery was built in the ruins of the castle (or fort) Taktse (also Dagtse) Dzong (formerly Dechen Dzong) on the top of a hill. Dagtse Dzong overlooks the roads to Yerpa and Ganden Monastery to the east.

Sanga Monastery together with Ganden Monastery belong to the Geluk (Gelug-pa) order (also known as Yellow Hat Sect, lit. 'Virtuous'). The Yellow Hat Sect was started by Tsongkhapa (Tsong Khapa or Lobsang Drakpa), also known as Jé Rinpoché, 1357–1419. He was known as a writer and teacher.