juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Operetta

**Operetta** is a term which started to be used in the 19th century to describe an opera that was not too serious and often full of fun.  It is often described as “light opera” (“light” meaning “not serious“).  In an opera everything is usually sung.  In an operetta there is a lot of spoken dialogue, and songs and dances are added to this.  Similar traditions already existed in other countries, e.g. in Germany where the Singspiel tradition was popular (e.g. Mozart’s _The Magic Flute)_.

The operetta tradition started in France and soon spread to Austria and other countries.  It remained popular until the mid-20th century, when it gradually turned into musical comedy.

The composer Jacques Offenbach can be thought of as the creator of the operetta tradition. It grew out of the opéra comique which had become quite long and serious.  There was a need for shorter, more humorous musical entertainments.  Offenbach was composing operettas in the 1850s in Paris.   In England such works were often called “comic operas” or “opera comedies”.   Then Johann Strauss became very popular in Vienna.  He was already very well known in the ballroom, but when he started to write for the theatre he soon became a rival to Offenbach, whose operettas had become very popular in Vienna.  Strauss’s operetta _Die Fledermaus_ (“The Bat”) has been performed more than any other operetta.  In Spain the Zarzuela was a kind of operetta.

Many people were involved in the creating and performing of operettas.  The performers often had to both sing and act very well.  Bizet, Chabrier and Delibes all wrote operettas as well as operas and other types of music.  In England the operas of Gilbert and Sullivan were a kind of English form of operetta.

One of the most popular of all operettas was _Die Lustige Witwe_ (_The Merry Widow_) by Franz Léhar.  It was produced in 1905 in Vienna.  Léhar wrote many other operettas as well.  Franz von Suppé is another composer who wrote operettas in the Austrian tradition. The most known Romanian operetta is _Crai nou_ (_New moon_) by Ciprian Porumbescu.

In the early 20th century the French operetta became less popular as there was more interest in the Viennese operetta.  After World War I Berlin was the centre of German operetta.  By the middle of the 20th century many composers were writing light operas which were based on American dance band music.  These were no longer called “operettas”.  The word “operetta” continued to be used for light operas which were more in the style of traditional central European music.
Investiture

**Investiture** means the formal installation of somebody (heir, elect of nominee) in public office by formally giving him the "insignia".  The term is normally reserved for formal offices of state, aristocracy and church.

In the Middle Ages investiture was the ceremonial transfer of a fief by an overlord to a vassal.  The lord _invested_ the vassal with a fiefdom, by giving a symbol of the land or office.  From feudal times up to the present, the term has been used in canon law to refer to a cleric receiving the symbols of spiritual office, such as the pastoral ring, mitre and staff, signifying transfer of the office.

## United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, around 2,600 people are invested personally by The Queen or a member of the Royal Family. A list of those to be honoured is published twice a year, in either the New Year's Honours List or The Queen's Birthday Honours List.
Approximately 22 Investitures are held annually in Buckingham Palace, one or two at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh and one in Cardiff.

## Investiture Controversy

The question who should invest (appoint) whom was the subject of a conflict between the Catholic church (mainly the papacy) and state (mainly the Holy Roman Empire) in the Middle Ages during the so-called lay investiture controversy.
Insignia

- _For the electronics brand-name of the same name, see _Best Buy_

**Insignia** (the plural of Latin _insigne'': emblem, symbol) is a symbol or token of personal power, status or office, or of an official body of government or jurisdiction. Insignia are especially used as an emblem of a specific or general authority.

Typical examples of insignia are:

- Crowns
- Flags of a country or state
- Coats of arms and Heraldry
- Seals
- Ensigns
- Roundels
- Badges
- Cockades

- Other National Emblems
- Shoulder patch, or shoulder sleeve insignia (SSI)
- Military rank and unit markings
Official insignia are often protected by law as to allow their use only by people holding a specific office or staff members action on behalf of such a person. Misuse, defacement and destruction of such symbols is considered an offense in many countries.
Irish War of Independence

The **Irish War of Independence** was fought by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) against the British soldiers (known as the Black and Tans because of the colour of their uniform) who were trying to keep Ireland under British control.

The war was fought between 1919 and June 1921. The fighting stopped while a peace treaty was worked out.

## Events

The Irish War of Independence began because of the 1916 Easter Rising. During this rebellion, The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) fought British soldiers in Dublin. The IRB wanted Ireland to be its own country and wanted Britain to move its army out of Ireland. IRB members were killed during the rebellion, including 3 who were executed. These executions angered the Irish people, leading many of them to become _Republicans_. Republicans lived mostly in the south of Ireland. Meanwhile, because of the Ulster Plantations, Ulster was the most unionist part of Ireland. The Unionists wanted to stay under control of the British Government.

In 1917 the IRB was renamed the IRA. The fighting started two years later. By the end of 1919, the IRA had defeated the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC), the armed police of the United Kingdom in Ireland, and Ireland had no police forces. In London, the British government began to debate who should rule Ireland.

## Peace treaty

The war waged on until 1921, when Irish Sinn Féin leaders and British Members of Parliament made a peace treaty (called the Anglo-Irish Treaty). This treaty created the Irish Free State, which meant that Ireland was given Dominion Status. The treaty gave all the same rights to the Irish government as the Canadian and Australian governments had.

The treaty also gave the Irish Government power of 26 of the 32 counties in the country. The British Government kept the other 6 counties, which were all in Ulster, and formed Northern Ireland.

## Related pages

- History of Ireland
- Irish Republican Army
Bishop (chess)

A **bishop** () is a piece in the board game of chess. Each player starts the game with two bishops. At the start of a game, one bishop is placed in between the knight and the queen. This piece is the _queen's bishop_. The other bishop is placed between the knight and the king. This piece is the _king's bishop_. The bishops are also referred to as the light-square bishop and dark-square bishop, depending on the square color it starts on. In chess notation, the starting squares are c1 and f1 for White's bishops, and c8 and f8 for Black's bishops.

## History

The bishop first appeared in medieval European chess. In Chaturanga, the bishop was represented as an armed attendant who sat on the back of an elephant. The Arabs called this figure "al-fil", which means "elephant". However, elephants were not known in Central Europe, so they could not recognize the figure. The bishops were interpreted differently by the different nations. That is why the bishop is a "Läufer" (runner) in Germany, a "fou" (fool) in France and a "alfiere" (standard-bearer) in Italy.

## How the bishop moves

The bishop moves diagonally. It can move as far as a player wants it to, unless another piece blocks its path. A bishop can never leave the color of square that it starts on.

In the centre of an empty board, a bishop can move to 13 squares.
Opera buffa

**Opera buffa** is an Italian term meaning “comic opera”.  It is mainly used for 18th century Italian comic operas.  Opera buffa contrasts with opera seria (“serious opera”) in which the story was a tragedy.  Opera seria was supposed to be “serious”, while opera buffa was an entertaining musical comedy.  Like the opera seria, everything was sung, there was no spoken dialogue.  This was different from comic opera in other countries.  The story in opera buffa is told in recitative and then there were arias for the characters to show their feelings and show off their voices.

Although we use the term “opera buffa” today, in the 18th century they called such operas by other names, e.g. “commedia in musica”, “dramma giocosa”, “operetta”, “burlesca” etc.  An opera buffa was usually a full length work: one which would fill a whole evening’s entertainment.  It was different from an “intermezzo” or “farsa” which was a short musical comedy that was performed during the intervals of a musical tragedy, although the difference between the two is not always obvious.  The intermezzo became longer and longer during the 18th century and gradually developed into opera buffa.  Pergolesi’s _La Serva Padrone_ was an intermezzo which became very famous after Pergolesi’s death.  It influenced opera buffa.

Opera buffa always included a lot of caricature.  The characters showed human weaknesses such as , ,  and  (people who were pretending to be wise and important).  They often poked fun at the ruling classes.

In opera buffa the acting was always very important.  It was a very lively show, with a lot happening very quickly.  At the end of each act all the main characters sang together: this is called an “ensemble” (the French word for “together”).

Opera buffa started in Naples and gradually spread to other parts of Italy.  It was particularly popular at carnival time.  Important composers of opera buffa include Carlo Goldoni and Baldassare Galuppi.

By the end of the 18th century it was not always possible to tell the difference between an opera buffa and an opera seria.  Mozart’s opera _Don Giovanni_, for example, has a lot of comedy, but there is also a serious side.
Opera seria

***Opera seria***  is an Italian term which refers to the "serious" style of Italian opera in the 18th century.  It was different from opera buffa which was a musical comedy.  Opera seria was supposed to be about serious tragedy.  The term “opera seria” only started to be used after the time when it was popular in order to talk about the historic period.

Italian _opera seria_ was always in the Italian language, even when it was composed or performed in other countries such as Germany, Austria, England and Spain.  In France the opera seria was not so popular.  They had their own forms of opera.

Popular composers of opera seria included Hasse, Vinci, Jommelli, George Frideric Handel, Piccinni, Paisiello, Cimarosa, Gluck, and Mozart.

_Opera seria_ was often called _dramma per musica_ ("drama through music").  The story was told in recitative, a quick-flowing music with simple accompaniment.  Then there were arias which were the big songs where the singers could show off their skills.  They were normally in _da capo_ form (a main section, a middle section, and the main section repeated).  The opera would start with an overture and there would also be some ensembles where several characters sang at once.

The stories of opera seria were usually about the ancient Greek and Roman gods or kings.  This was in contrast to opera buffa, which was about ordinary people and often made fun of kings and nobility.

The main singers in opera seria were mostly castrati, male singers who had been castrated when they were young so that they still sang with high voices.  Gradually during the 18th century the female singers got more of the main roles (the “prima donna” or “first lady”).

One of the first composers of opera seria was Alessandro Scarlatti. In England George Frideric Handel wrote many great opera seria. The most important man in the development of mid-18th century opera seria was Metastasio who wrote libretti.  His words were set by the greatest composers in Europe: Hasse, Porpora and, especially, Mozart.

In the later part of the 18th century Christoph Willibald Gluck changed a lot of traditions in opera.  He did not want opera to be just a way for singers to show off their voices.  He wanted the story to be important.  He did not use dry recitative but tried to make the drama, dance and music all important, especially the chorus. _Orfeo ed Euridice_ was his first important opera, followed by others such as  _Alceste_.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was influenced by Gluck’s reforms.  His two great opera seria were _Idomeneo_ (1780) and _La clemenza di Tito_ (1791).  Mostly, however, Mozart was not so interested in writing about the old Greek gods and kings.  His other great Italian operas: _Cosi fan tutte_, _Le Nozze di Figaro_ and _Don Giovanni_ are something between opera seria and opera buffa.  These were set to libretti by Lorenzo da Ponte.

Other important _opera seria_ composers were Luigi Cherubini and Gaspare Spontini, followed by Rossini whose musical style made further changes to opera seria.
Mosbach

**Mosbach** (South Franconian: _Mossbach_) is a town in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. About 25,000 people live there. It is between Heidelberg and Heilbronn. There are other big towns nearby: Sinsheim, Eberbach and Osterburken.

In Neckarelz, a suburb of Mosbach, is the most important train station. There are trains running from Mannheim - Heidelberg - Heilbronn, Stuttgart - Heilbronn - Neckarelz and Kaiserslautern - Mannheim - Heidelberg - Mosbach - Osterburken. There are also 2 other stations: Mosbach and Mosbach West. There are only trains from Kaiserslautern to Osterburken.

Mosbach has an area of . The postal codes are from _74801_ to _74821_, the old one was _6950_. The telephone numbers start with _+49 6261_, The cars have number plates with the letters _MOS_.

## Other websites

- Mosbach.de

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: Wappen Mosbach Baden.png
- **image photo**: Mosbach Merianblick 3.JPG
- **image plan**: Mosbach in MOS.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Karlsruhe
- **district**: Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis
- **elevation**: 156
- **area**: 62.23
- **population**: 22735
- **stand**: 2013-12-31
- **postal code**: 74821
- **area code**: 06261, 06263 (Reichenbuch), 06267 (Sattelbach)
- **licence**: MOS, BCH
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 2 25 058
- **divisions**: 6
- **mayor**: Michael Jann
- **party**: Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU
Counties of Ireland

There are 32 historic counties on the island of Ireland. 26 are in the Republic of Ireland and 6 are in Northern Ireland.

The counties _in italics_ do not have a county council, instead they are have two or more smaller administrative county councils (called districts, in Northern Ireland)

Several large towns are county boroughs.  These councils have the same powers and duties of a county council.

|County|County Boroughs|Administrative County|Administrative County|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan=4 style="text-align:center"|**Province of Connauct**|||
|County Galway|Galway City|||
|County Leitrim||||
|County Mayo||||
|County Roscommon||||
|County Sligo|Sligo|||
|colspan=4 style="text-align:center"|**Province of Munster**|||
|County Clare||||
|County Cork|Cork City|||
|County Kerry||||
|County Limerick|Limerick City|||
|County Tipperary||North Tipperary|South Tipperary|
|County Waterford|Waterford City|||
|colspan=4 style="text-align:center"|**Province of Leinster**|||
|County Carlow||||
|_County Dublin_|Dublin City|Dun Laoghaire-Rathdown||
||Fingal|County South Dublin||
|County Kildare||||
|County Kilkenny||||
|County Laois||||
|County Longford||||
|County Louth||||
|County Meath||||
|County Offaly||||
|County Westmeath||||
|County Wexford||||
|County Wicklow||||
|colspan=4 style="text-align:center|**Province of Ulster**|||
|County Cavan||||
|County Donegal||||
|County Monaghan||||
|_County Antrim_||||
|_County Armagh_||||
|_County Down_||||
|_County Fermanagh_||||
|_County Londonderry_||||
|_County Tyrone_||||
Melk Abbey

**Melk Abbey** or **Stift Melk** is a Benedictine abbey. It lies on the Danube, near the city of Melk. It is in Lower Austria. It is one of the distinguishing features of a region known as Wachau. It is an UNESCO World Heritage Site.

The abbey was almost totally destroyed in a fire, on 14 August 1297. It was rebuilt in Baroque style at the beginning of the 18th century.
Walenstadt

**Walenstadt** is a small city in east Switzerland. It is near Lake Walen and is divided in four part cities: Tscherlach, Berschis, Walenstadt and Walenstadtberg.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Walenstadt
- **image photo**: WalenstadtKirche.jpg
- **image caption**: Church of Walenstadt
- **municipality name**: Walenstadt
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Walenstadt COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Walenstadt.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: St. Gallen
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SG
- **district**: Sarganserland (Wahlkreis), Wahlkreis Sarganserland
- **postal code**: 8880
- **municipality code**: 3298
- **area**: 45.75
- **elevation**: 425
- **population**: 5,432
- **populationof**: December 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.walenstadt.ch
- **mayor**: Werner Schnider
- **mayor asof**: 2008
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **places**: Walenstadt, Walenstadtberg, Knoblisbühl, Berschis, Tscherlach
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alt Sankt Johann, Flums, Grabs, Quarten, Sevelen, Wartau
Exhibitionism

Sometimes, people show themselves uncovered, or naked to other people they don't know. They usually do this to get attention. The person who does this is called an **exhibitionist**. The behavior is called **exhibitionism**.

Exhibitionism occurs because of different things: Usually, exhibitionists are extroverts. Exhibitionists often get a good feeling when they show their breasts, genitals or buttocks to strangers to shock or frighten them.

Less severe forms,are mooning,  streaking and flashing.

Also note that to get attention, people must do this at a place we others do not expect it. Undressing before visiting a sauna, le taking off or changing clothes at a beach are perfectly normal.

So there are different settings:

- There are certain medical conditions that make a person exhibitionist. An example of this  is  histrionic personality disorder. Exhibitionism is one of the symptoms of the condition. People may get good feelings from showing their naked breasts, genitals or buttocks.
- Sometimes people have developed exhibitionist behaviors to compensate for things that they cannot get.
- More and more, people  take pictures or videos of themselves naked, or getting naked. They then upload this material on the internet. Sometimes they also get pleasure from such actions.
- In some cases, people are not really exhibitionist, but they use nudity as a form of protest, or as a form of emphasis, to get their message across more easily.
- As outlined,  mooning, streaking and flashing are behaviors that some no longer consider exhibitionist.

Many countries have laws against exhibitionism.

## Common use of the term

All of the following are usually considered exhibitionist

### Nude in public

There is a movement called "Nude in public", wehere people get nude. They then get pleasure from other people looking at them when they are nude, or when they get nude. This behavior is clearly exhibitionist

### Flashing and mooning

When people expose their genitals or breasts for a short time, this is called flashing. If they show their buttocks, it is usually called mooning.

### Streaking

When people perform things in the nude, at a public event, this is usually called straking.  People enganging in this show up naked, at public events.

## Related pages

- Voyeurism
Norman Rockwell

**Norman Percevel Rockwell** (February 3, 1894 – November 8, 1978) was an American painter. He was born in New York City. During 40 years Rockwell drew the cover pages of _The Saturday Evening Post_. He died of emphysema in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. The Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge owns much of his work.

He is well known for the set of paintings called the _Four Freedoms_ - four pictures of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, called: _Freedom of Speech_, _Freedom of Worship_, _Freedom from Want_ and _Freedom from Fear_.

Other famous paintings are
- The Problem We All Live With (1964) - the painting shows Ruby Bridges.

## Related pages

- List of American painters

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Norman Rockwell
- **image**: Rockwell-Norman-LOC.jpg
- **caption**: Norman Rockwell, c. 1921
- **birth name**: Norman Percevel Rockwell
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Stockbridge, Massachusetts, Stockbridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **field**: Painting, illustration
- **training**: National Academy of Design
 Art Students League of New York, Art Students League
- **works**: Willie Gillis
Rosie the Riveter
_Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell), Four Freedoms_
_The Problem We All Live With_
- **awards**: Presidential Medal of Freedom
Zuiderzee Works

The **Zuiderzeewerken** (_Zuiderzee Works_) are a system of dams, land reclamation and water drainage works in the Netherlands during the twentieth century. Plans for the works date back to the 1600s, but it was not until a very bad flood in 1916, that the Dutch parliament finally agreed to pay for the works. Now it is one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World.

First some dams or dykes were built to separate the South Sea () from the North Sea. The biggest was the _Afsluitdijk_ ('closure dyke'). It is  long. When it was finished in 1932, the South Sea was completely cut off and from then on would become a lake called the _IJsselmeer_.

Land reclamation meant building more dams and pumping out the water inside. The new land is called a polder. Polders make new land for agriculture and make flood protection better, because the lake is smaller.

There are gates and sluices at the ends of the Afsluitdijk. The gates, called locks, can be opened to let ships through. The sluices let water out of the IJsselmeer. If there were no sluices the lake would fill up and flood the countryside. This is because it is always being filled with water from rivers and the polders which are still being drained.

## Related pages

- Flood

## References

- Nieuw Land Poldermuseum –A Flevoland museum on the Zuiderzee Works and Dutch water management in general.
- The Zuiderzee Museum–Dedicated to the history and culture of the former Zuiderzee.
- Directorate IJsselmeer Region –The administration responsible for maintaining most of the Zuiderzee Works.
Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto

**Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto** (3 February 1898 – 11 May 1976) was a Finnish architect who made many important contributions to architecture. Sometimes he is called the "Father of Modernism".

## Life

Alvar Aalto was born in Kuortane, Finland. He studied architecture at the Technical University of Helsinki from 1916 to 1921. He returned to Jyväskylä, where he opened his first architectural office in 1923. Alvar Aalto died in May 11, 1976, in Helsinki.

## Other websites

- Alvar Aalto Foundation Custodian of Aalto's architectural drawings and writings.
- Aalto bibliography  - From the official site
- Alvar Aalto - Design Dictionary  Illustrated article about Alvar Aalto
- Alvar Aalto's Savoy Vase (1936)
Crook of Devon

**The Crook of Devon** is a Perthshire village about 6 miles south west of Kinross on the A977. It was famous in the 17th century for its witch burnings. Down the road at the side of the Institute (Village Hall) on the right hand side is a field called Lamblaires and in the north west corner is the place where the witches were  strangled and then burned at the stake.

## Other websites

- Overview of Crook of Devon
Opéra-comique

**Opéra comique** is a French opera tradition.  Many French operas from the early 18th century to the early 20th century are opéras comiques.  In this French tradition there is spoken dialogue as well as songs and dances. It developed from the popular vaudevilles.

In Paris there is a theatre called the Opéra-Comique where these operas were performed.  Although “opéra comique” means “comic opera” it is not necessarily comedy.  Bizet’s opera _Carmen_ is probably the most famous opéra comique, and it is a tragedy. By the late 19th century the opéra-comique usually had no spoken dialogue.  There was music all the way through (as there is in _Carmen_).
Vaudeville

A **Vaudeville** was a French satirical poem or song in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was used a lot in French theatre where entertainments using such songs were called "comédie en vaudeville". Late in the 19th century, a type of variety show done in American theaters came to be called "vaudeville" which was popular from the early 1880s to the early 1930s. The typical American vaudeville performance was made up of a several different, unrelated performances which were grouped together into a single show. Entertainers typically traveled from town to town as arranged by a "vaudeville circuit". It became less popular after the rise of movies, cinema, and radio, which eventually took over as the main forms of public entertainment.

## History

The earliest vaudeville was the _vau de vire_, a Norman song of the 15th century, named after the valley of Vire. During the 16th century a style grew in the towns in France called the _voix de ville_ ( _city voices_), whose name may have been a pun on _vau de vire_. These were also satirical. The two styles came together and in the 17th and 18th century. The term 'vaudeville' came to be used for songs satirizing political and court events.

## Growth

The comédie en vaudeville grew from the tradition of these simple songs. The Paris audiences in the late 17th and early 18th century enjoyed hearing the familiar vaudeville tunes to new words. These comedies then grew into opéra-comique.

## References

- Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, _Vaudeville_.
Capelle aan den IJssel

**Capelle aan den IJssel** is a municipality at the east side of Rotterdam. It is on the river IJssel and it has around 65,000 inhabitants. The place is well-known because the Dutch Prime Minister Jan Peter Balkenende lives there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Capelle aan den IJssel
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities of the Netherlands, Municipality
- **image skyline**: A16 Rotterdam.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: View of Capelle aan den IJssel
- **image flag**: Capelle aan den IJssel vlag.svg
- **image seal**: Capelle aan den IJssel wapen.svg
- **pushpin map**: Netherlands
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Netherlands, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Cor Lamers
- **area total km2**: 14.14
- **population total**: 65,016
- **population as of**: January 1, 2001
- **population density km2**: 4,598
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code(s)
- **postal code**: 2900–2909
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 0502
Poppy

A **poppy** is a flowering plant in the subfamily Paperveroideae.

The name is used especially for the bright red flowers which are common in this group. They are symbolic, and used to remember the Armistice Day of World War I, now known as Remembrance Day. Now it is celebrated in the Commonwealth for those who died in all wars.

Some types can be grown and used to make the drug opium. Ancient Egyptian doctors had their patients eat seeds from a poppy to relieve pain. Poppy seeds contain small quantities of both morphine and codeine. These are pain-relieving drugs that are still used today. The morphine practically disappears from the seeds twenty days after the flower has opened, so from then on poppy seeds and their oils are not narcotic.
There are a number of showy flowers, typically one per stem, in to the poppy family. They include a number of attractive wildflower species with showy flowers growing singularly or in large groups. Many species are grown in gardens. These include large plants used in a mixed herbaceous border and small plants that are grown in rock or alpine gardens.

The flower color of poppy species include: white, pink, yellow, orange, red and blue. Some have dark center markings. The cultivated species include many other colors ranging from dark solid colors to soft pastel shades.  Before blooming, the petals are crumpled in bud, and as blooming finishes, the petals often lie flat before falling away.

The pollen of the oriental poppy, _Papaver orientale_, is dark blue. The pollen of the field poppy or corn poppy (_Papaver rhoeas_) is dark blue to grey. Bees use poppies for their pollen.

The opium poppy, _Papaver somniferum_, is grown for opium, opiates or seeds to be used in cooking and baking.

## Related pages

- Morphine
- Heroin
- Frowning Critters Kill the Smiling Critters
Time signature

A **time signature** is a set of two numbers, one on top of the other one, written right after the key signature in a piece of music. The two numbers in a time signature tell you how many of one kind of note there are in each measure in the song. For example,  means that there are four beats in each measure and the quarter note gets one beat.

## Finding out what certain time signatures mean

The number in the top of the time signature tells a player how many of a certain kind of note there are in each measure. The number in the bottom of the time signature tells what kind of note is used a certain number of times in each measure. The number on the bottom of the time signature can be any power of 2 that is greater than or equal to 2. So, 64 could be a number that is put in the bottom of the time signature, but 65 could not be one.

|Number on the bottom of the time signature|What it means|
| --- | --- |
|1|A whole note lasts one beat|
|2|A half note lasts one beat|
|4|A quarter note lasts one beat|
|8|An eighth note lasts one beat|
|16|A sixteenth note lasts one beat|

This table shows different numbers that could be the bottom of a time signature, and what they mean. Note that each note down lasts for one-half of the amount the note above it lasted. For example, one quarter note lasts one beat, and one-half note lasts one half of a beat, because one divided by two is one-half.

## Time signatures that are used very often

|Time signature|What it means|
| --- | --- |
||Four quarter notes in each measure|
||Three quarter notes in each measure|
||Two quarter notes in each measure|
||Six eighth notes in each measure|

## Symbols that are used instead of time signatures

- The letter **C** has been used instead of using  time.
- The symbol "" is called "cut time" (_alla breve_) and has been used instead of using  time, where every note is cut in half. So, in "cut time", a quarter note, which usually gets one beat, gets one-half of a beat.

## Related pages

- Key signature
- Note (music)
- Bar (music)
Porter

**Porter** can mean:

- The family name Porter.
- The given name Porter.
- Many places are named for people named Porter
- A porter, person who carries objects
- A person who works on a railroad and helps passengers
- A kind of beer
Quetzal

A **quetzal** is a brightly colored bird in the trogon family. They are found in forests and woodlands, especially in humid highlands.

These birds live in the Americas. The word "quetzal" was first used for the resplendent quetzal, a famous long-tailed quetzal that lives in Central America. The resplendent quetzal is the national symbol of Guatemala.

They are strongly sexually dimorphic, as usual with the males being brighter. Parts of the female plumageis brown or grey. These largely solitary birds feed on fruits, berries, insects and small vertebrates (such as frogs). Even with their famous bright plumage, they can be hard to see in their natural wooded habitats.

In Aztec times, the quetzal was worshiped as the god of the air. Its long tail feathers, which can grow up to 2 ft (60 cm) long, were highly prized for making into costume and head-dresses.

## Species

Resplendent Quetzal

Pavonine Quetzal

Crested Quetzal

Eared Quetzal

White-Tipped Quetzal

Golden Headed Quetzal
Teutonic Knights

The **Teutonic Knights** are a Roman Catholic military order. It was formed at the end of the 12th century in Acre, Palestine, during the Crusades. The Teutonic Knights are now a clerical order based in Vienna, Austria.

In 1226 Konrad of Masovia brought the Teutonic Knights to fight against Baltic pagan Prussian tribes. They won quickly and, their new country being Prussia, were called Prussians. The knights started to be a danger for the then weak Poland. Finally, the power of the Teutonic Order was crushed in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410.
Renju

**Renju** (Japanese and ) is a version of the board game Gomoku. The game comes from Japan. It is played in many other countries including China, Korea, Russia, Estonia and Sweden. It is played with black and white stones on a Go board.

## Other websites

- Renju International Federation has complete rules and history of the game
- Nihon Renju Sha Japanese Renju Federation
- Korean Omok Association (***omok*** is the Korean name of the game)
- China Renju federation (RIF China)
Nainital

**Nainital** is a town in the Indian state of Uttarakhand and headquarters of Nainital district in the Kumaon foothills of the outer Himalayas.

_Naini Lake_ has too low a level of oxygen in the bottom layer to sustain fish. This is mostly due to pollution, which includes illegal dumping of garbage.

## Other websites

- Trade Guide for Nainital District
Tony Award for Best Play

- **1948 _Mister Roberts_ **
- **1949 _Death of a Salesman_ **
- **1950 _The Cocktail Party_ **
- **1951 _The Rose Tattoo_ **
- **1952 _The Fourposter_ **
- **1953 _The Crucible_ **
- **1954 _The Teahouse of the August Moon_ **
- **1955 _The Desperate Hours_ **
- **1956 _The Diary of Anne Frank_ **
- **1957 _Long Day's Journey Into Night_ **
- **1958 _Sunrise at Campobello_  **
- **1959 _J.B._ **
- **1960 _The Miracle Worker_ **
- **1961 _Becket_ **
- **1962 _A Man for All Seasons_ **
- **1963 _Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?_ **
- **1964 _Luther_ **
- **1965 _The Subject Was Roses_ **
- **1966 _Marat/Sade_ **
- **1967 _The Homecoming_ **
- **1968 _Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead_ **
- **1969 _The Great White Hope_ **
- **1970 _Borstal Boy_ **
- **1971 _Sleuth_ **
- **1972 _Sticks and Bones_ **
- **1973 _That Championship Season_ **
- **1974 _The River Niger_ **
- **1975 _Equus_ **
- **1976 _Travesties_ **
- **1977 _The Shadow Box_ **
- **1978 _Da_ **
- **1979 _The Elephant Man_ **
- **1980 _Children of a Lesser God_ **
- **1981 _Amadeus_ **
- **1982 _The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby_ **
- **1983 _Torch Song Trilogy_ **
- **1984 _The Real Thing_ **
- **1985 _Biloxi Blues_ **
- **1986 _I'm Not Rappaport_ **
- **1987 _Fences (play)_ **
- **1988 _M. Butterfly_ **
- **1989 _The Heidi Chronicles_ **
- **1990 _The Grapes of Wrath_ **
- **1991 _Lost in Yonkers_ **
- **1992 _Dancing at Lughnasa_ **
- **1993 _Angels in America: Millennium Approaches_ **
- **1994 _Angels in America: Perestroika_ **
- **1995 _Love! Valour! Compassion!_ **
- **1996 _Master Class_ **
- **1997 _The Last Night of Ballyhoo_ **
- **1998 **Art** **
- **1999 _Side Man_ **
- **2000 _Copenhagen_ **
- **2001 _Proof_ **
- **2002 _Edward Albee's The Goat, or, Who is Sylvia?_ **
- **2003 _Take Me Out_ **
- **2004 _I Am My Own Wife_ **
- **2005 _Doubt_ **
- **2006 _The History Boys_ **
- **2007 _The Coast of Utopia_ **
Queen Anne's Revenge

***Queen Anne's Revenge*** was the name of Blackbeard's famous pirate ship. Built in 1710 as the _Concord_, it was captured by the French in 1711 and by pirates in 1717, before being run aground on an island near North Carolina
Tánaiste

A **Tánaiste** (plural: Tánaistí) is the deputy head of the government of the Republic of Ireland.

The Taoiseach nominates a member of Government to be Tánaiste. Simon Harris is the current Tánaiste.

Under the Irish Free State, the deputy leader was Deputy President of the Executive Council.  In 1937 the title was changed to Tánaiste

In history, the tánaiste was the heir of the chief (taoiseach) or king (rí).
Irish Free State

The **Irish Free State** () was the name of Ireland from 1922 to 1937.  It replaced both the Irish Republic and Southern Ireland.

The government was called the Executive Council, and it was headed by the President of the Executive Council, instead of a Prime Minister.

Until 1927 it was ruled by a Governor General on behalf of the King of the United Kingdom.  After a row between the Governments in London and Dublin it was decided that the Governor General represented the King of Ireland, not the King of the United Kingdom, even though they were the same person.

The change meant that the King and the Governor General were advised by the Irish government about what to do in Ireland, and stopped the British government from having any control over Irish affairs.

The constitution of 1937 changed the name of the country to the Irish language , or , but the King stayed head of state until 1948.

|-

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Saorstát Eireann_
- **conventional long name**: Irish Free State
- **common name**: Ireland
- **region**: British Isles
- **country**: Ireland
- **government type**: Constitutional monarchy
- **year start**: 1922
- **year end**: 1937
- **event start**: Constitution of the Irish Free State Act
- **date start**: 6 December 1922
- **event end**: Bunreacht na hÉireann
- **date end**: 29 December 1937
- **event pre**: Anglo-Irish Treaty
- **date pre**: 6 December 1921
- **p1**: Southern Ireland
- **flag p1**: Flag of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.svg
- **p2**: Irish Republic
- **flag p2**: Irish Republic Flag.svg
- **s1**: Republic of Ireland
- **flag s1**: Flag of Ireland.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Ireland.svg
- **image coat**: Seal of the Irish Free State.png
- **symbol**: Coat of Arms of Ireland
- **symbol type**: Great Seal
- **image map**: Ireland GHI Solar-resource-map GlobalSolarAtlas World-Bank-Esmap-Solargis.png
- **image map caption**: Location of the Irish Free State
- **capital**: Dublin
- **leader1**: George V of the United Kingdom, George V
- **leader2**: Duke of Windsor, Edward VIII
- **leader3**: George VI of the United Kingdom, George VI
- **year leader1**: 1922-1936
- **year leader2**: 1936
- **year leader3**: 1936-1937
- **representative1**: Timothy Michael Healy
- **representative2**: James McNeill
- **representative3**: Domhnall na Buachalla
- **year representative1**: 1922-1927
- **year representative2**: 1927-1932
- **year representative3**: 1932-1936
- **title representative**: Governor General
- **deputy1**: W.T. Cosgrave
- **deputy2**: Éamon de Valera
- **year deputy1**: 1922-1932
- **year deputy2**: 1932-1937
- **title deputy**: President of the Executive Council
- **legislature**: Oireachtas
- **house1**: Seanad Éireann
- **house2**: Dáil Éireann
2018 Winter Olympics

The **2018 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the **XXIII Olympic Winter Games,** is a sporting event that took place in between February 9 and 25, 2018. The deadline for bids was January 2009. The winning city, Pyeongchang, South Korea, was announced on July 6, 2011.

Officially, it is being called 'PyeongChang', spelled that way so people don't confuse it with Pyongyang, which is in North Korea.

## Official host city

- **Pyeongchang, South Korea**

### Asia

- Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Bursa, Turkey

### Europe

On July 4, 2007, Sochi, Russia was selected to host the 2014 Winter Games, hurting European candidates' chances at a successful bid. The IOC rarely awards back-to-back games to the same continent.

- **Munich, Germany**
- Upper Carniola, Slovenia
- France
    - Annecy (eliminated)
    - Hautes-Alpes (eliminated)
    - Grenoble (eliminated)
    - Nice (eliminated)
- Sofia, Bulgaria
- Tromsø, Norway (cancelled bid)

### North America

America was going to submit a bid, but the country changed its bid to the 2022 Winter Olympics. Here are the cities which had showed interest:
- United States
    - Denver, Colorado
    - Reno/Lake Tahoe, Nevada/California
    - Salt Lake City, Utah
    - Detroit, Michigan

### South America

- Santiago, Chile

### Sports

|2018 Winter Olympic sports|
| --- |
|* Biathlon * Bobsledding ** Bobsleigh ** Skeleton * Curling * Ice Hockey * Luge * Skating ** Figure skating ** Short track speed skating ** Speed skating * Skiing ** Alpine skiing ** Cross-country skiing ** Freestyle skiing ** Nordic combined ** Ski jumping ** Snowboarding|

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 2018
- Winter
- Olympics
- **image**: Pyeongchang 2018 Logo.svg
- **alt**: PyeongChang 2018 Olympic official emblem
- **host city**: Pyeongchang, South Korea
- **motto**: _Passion. Connected._
(, _Hanadoen Yeoljeong_)
- **nations**: 92
- **athletes**: 2,922 (1,680 men and 1,242 women)
- **events**: 102 in 7 Olympic sports, sports (15 disciplines)
- **opening**: 9 February
- **closing**: 25 February
- **opened by**: President of the Republic of Korea, President Moon Jae-in
- **cauldron**: Yuna Kim, Kim Yun-a
- **stadium**: Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium
- **winter prev**: 2014 Winter Olympics, Sochi 2014
- **winter next**: 2022 Winter Olympics, Beijing 2022
- **summer prev**: 2016 Summer Olympics, Rio 2016
- **summer next**: 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo 2020
Kabyles people

The **Kabyles** (__ in Kabyle  pronounced ) are a Berber people. Their traditional homeland is highlands of Kabylie (or Kabylia) in northeastern Algeria.

Their name comes from the name of the mountainous region in the north of Algeria where they live traditionally. Perhabs It means "tribes" (from the Arabic "qaba'il" which is the plural of "qabîlah" قبيلة tribe). They speak the Kabyle a Berber. Kabyles have been very active to fight for the official recognition of the Berber language in Algeria.

## Related pages

- Kabyle language
- Berber people

## Other websites

- Project _Kabylepedia_
- Kabyles.com  (French)
- Ethnologue.com: Kabyle language
- Algerian linguistic policy (in French)
- imyura.com  (kabyle)literature
- _MAK_

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Kabyles
Leqbayel
- **total**: 9 million (est.)
- **pop1**: Circa, c. 3 to 3.5 million
- **pop2**: Circa, c. ~+1 million
- **pop3**: Circa, c. 120,000
- **pop4**: Circa, c. 95,000
- **pop5**: Circa, c. 90,000
- **pop6**: Circa, c. 75,000
- **languages**: Kabyle language, Kabyle
- **religions**: Islam
- **related groups**: other Berber people, Berber peoples, Iberian people, Iberians
Berber languages

The **Berber languages** or **Tamazight** are a group of closely related languages mainly spoken in Morocco and Algeria. Kabyle and Tachelhit are Berber languages.

## Other websites

- Berber Research Center (INALCO, Paris)
- Interview with Rachid Aadnani on the Amazigh issue
- Imyura, Berber website about literature, mostly Kabyle

### Websites that are in Berber language

- Moroccan Press Agency, the Berber version
- Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Berber (Amazigh)
- **altname**: Tamaziɣt ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ
- **ethnicity**: Berber people (_Imazighen_)
- **region**: North Africa, mainly Algeria and Morocco; smaller Berber-speaking populations in Libya, Mali, Niger, Tunisia, Burkina Faso, Egypt and Mauritania.
Sizable communities of speakers in: Belgium, France, Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Canada, and the United States.
- **familycolor**: Afro-asiatic
- **protoname**: Proto-Berber language, Proto-Berber
- **child1**: ? _Guanche language, Guanche_
- **child2**: ? _Numidian language, East Numidian_
- **child3**: Western Berber languages, Western
- **child4**: Eastern Berber languages, Eastern ?
- **child5**: Northern Berber languages, Northern
- **child6**: Tuareg languages, Tuareg
- **map**: Berber languages.png
- **mapcaption**: Berber-speaking populations are dominant in the colored areas of modern-day North Africa. The other areas of North Africa contain minority Berber-speaking populations.

- **iso2**: ber
- **iso5**: ber
Züsedom

**Züsedom** is a small village in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. Since 1 January 2012, it is part of the municipality Rollwitz.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Ortsteil
- **municipality**: Rollwitz
- **state**: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
- **district**: Vorpommern-Greifswald
- **elevation**: 80
- **area**: 10.35
- **population**: 243
- **stand**: 2011-12-31
- **postal code**: 17309
- **area code**: 039747
- **licence**: VG
- **website**: [http://www.amt-uecker-randow-tal.de www.amt-uecker-randow-tal.de]
Coldplay

**Coldplay** are a British rock band formed in London in 1997. The band's members are vocalist/pianist Chris Martin, guitarist Jonny Buckland, bass player Guy Berryman, drummer Will Champion, and manager Phil Harvey. Coldplay became famous around the world with their 2000 song "Yellow". Their first album, _Parachutes_, was very successful and was nominated for the Mercury Prize. Coldplay were nominated for this award again in 2003 and 2005. Coldplay is one of the most successful bands of the 21st century, selling over 100 million records worldwide. The band is also known for hit singles, including "Speed of Sound" and the 2 Grammy Award-winning songs, "Clocks" and their 2008 single "Viva la Vida" which ended up winning Song of the Year for that same year.

## History

**Coldplay**, are a British alternative rock band, formed in London in 1997. Chris Martin, and Jonny Buckland, were looking forward to form a band while at University College London. After forming Pectoralz, Guy Berryman joined the group as the bass guitarist and they changed their name to Starfish. Will Champion joined as a drummer and backing vocalist who plays various instruments, making the band's lineup complete. Phil Harvey was the group's manager from 1998 to 2001. The band finally changed their name to "Coldplay" in 1998.  Tim Rice-Oxley was to be added to the lineup, but he refused as he was already a member of Keane. The band later recorded. It was released on three EPs; _Safety_ in 1998, _Brothers & Sisters_ as a single in 1999 and _The Blue Room_ in the same year. The Blue Room was their first release on a major record label, after signing to Parlophone.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Coldplay
- **img**: ColdplayWembley120925 (cropped).jpg
- **img alt**: Four men prepare to bow after performing
- **img capt**: Coldplay at Wembley Stadium in 2025. From left to right: Buckland, Martin, Berryman and Champion.
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **associated acts**: Apparatjik
- **url**: [http://www.coldplay.com/ www.coldplay.com]
- **current members**: Chris Martin
Jonny Buckland
Guy Berryman
Will Champion
Phil Harvey (band manager), Phil Harvey