juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
18th century BC

The **18th century BCE** was the century which lasted from 1800 BCE to 1701 BCE.

## Events

- **1800 BCE**: Iron Age in India
- **1800 BCE**: Beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age in the period system devised by Oscar Montelius.
- **1800 BCE – 1300 BCE**: Troy VI flourishes.
- ** c. 1800 BCE**: Sedentary Mayan communities in Mesoamerica
- ** c. 1800 BCE**: Hyksos start to settle in the Nile Delta. The capital was at Avaris.
- **c. 1792 BCE – 1750 BCE**: (middle chronology) – Hammurabi rules Babylonia and has to deal with Mari.
- **c. 1792 BCE – 1750 BCE**: (middle chronology) – Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
- **1787 BCE – 1784 BCE**: Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin.
- **1786 BCE**: Egypt: Queen Sobekneferu dies. End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty.
- **1779 BCE**: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, starts to rule.
- **1770 BCE**: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.
- **1766 BCE**: Shang conquest of Xia Dynasty. China.
- **1764 BCE – 1750 BCE**: Wars of Hammurabi.
- **1757 BCE**: Mari sacked by Hammurabi. Zimrilim's palace is destroyed.
- **1757 BCE**: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, dies.
- **1750 BCE**: Hyksos occupation of Northern Egypt.
- **1750 BCE**: A large volcano eruption at Mount Veniaminof, Alaska.
- **c. 1750 BCE**: Nomadic shepherds, the Aryans, enter India from Central Asia and the Russian steppes.
- **c. 1750 BCE**: Vedic period starts in India.
- **c. 1750 BCE**: Investiture of Zimrilim (Zimiri-Lim, King of Mari, before the Goddess Ishtar), a wall painting on mud plaster from the Zimrilim palace at Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Iraq), Court 106, is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
- **1749 BCE – 1712 BCE**: Mesopotamian Rebellions.
- Early Unetice culture, beginning of the Bronze Age in Central Europe.
- Minoan civilization: phase II of the Middle period (MM II).
- c. 1700 BC: The last species of mammoth became extinct on Wrangel Island.
- c. 1700 BC: Indus Valley Civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture
- c. 1700 BC: Minoan Old Palace period ends and Minoan Second Palace (Neopalatial) period starts in Crete.
- c. 1700 BC: Aegean metalworkers are producing decorative objects that may be better than Ancient Near East jewelers, whose techniques they seem to borrow.
- c. 1700 BC: Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire.
- c. 1700 BC: Bronze Age starts in China.
- c. 1700 BC: Shang Dynasty starts in China.
- **1800 BCE – 1700 BCE**: Decline of the Indus Valley Civilization

## Significant persons

- Hammurabi (1792 BCE–1750 BCE), ruler of the Babylonian Empire
- Tang overthrew emperor Jie, last ruler of the Xia dynasty.

## Deaths

**1750 BCE**—Hammurabi (middle chronology)

## Inventions, discoveries, introductions

- **c. 1700 BCE**—date for the building of the Phaistos Disc. Its purpose and meaning, and even its original geographical place of manufacture is unknown. This makes it one of the most famous mysteries of archaeology.
1300s BC (decade)

## Events and trends

- Cecrops II, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 40 years. He is succeeded by his son Pandion II. Pandion II was later driven into exile from Athens by the sons of Cecrops II's brother Metion. Metion took power. Pandion II went to Megara. He married the King's daughter and eventually inherited the throne. After his death, Pandion II's sons returned to Athens and drove out the sons of Metion.
- 1307 BC—Adad-nirari I becomes king of Assyria.
- 1300 BC—Pangeng moved the capital of Shang Dynasty to Yin.
- c. 1300 BC—Rise of the Urnfield culture.
- c. 1300 BC—1312 BC—the revelation of the Torah to Moses occurred.
- c. 1300 BC—Some people of "Eastern Woodlands" begin to build massive earthworks, mounds of earth and stone. Poverty Point, Louisiana is the earliest one.
- c. 1300 BC–1200 BC—Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae, Greece, is built. Excavated by Christos Stamatakis in 1878.
- c. 1300 BC–1200 BC—The palace at Pylos is built.
- c. 1300 BC–1100 BC—Warrior vase, from Mycenae, Ancient Greece, is made. It is now at National Archaeological Museum of Athens.

## Significant people

- Pangeng of China
1100s BC (decade)

## Events and trends

- 1104 BC—Foundation of Cadiz, Spain.
- 1100 BC—Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria conquers the Hittites.
- c. 1100 BC—The Dorians invade Ancient Greece.
- c. 1100 BC—Mycenaean era ends with the destruction of that civilisation.
- c. 1100 BC—Late Minoan culture ends.
- c. 1100 BC—Greek Dark Ages begin.
- c. 1100 BC—Beginning of the proto-Villanovan culture in northern Italy.
- c. 1100 BC—The New Kingdom in Egypt comes to an end.
- c. 1100 BC—Shang Dynasty ends in China.
- c. 1102 BC—Maya Calendar counts time from this point.

## Significant people

- King David is ruler over Israel.
- c. 1100 BC—Zarathustra is born.

## Inventions, discoveries, introductions

- Alphabet made by Phoenicians.
- MUL.APIN made by Assyrians: an ancient catalog of constellations.
1550s BC

The **1550s BC** was a decade lasting from January 1, 1559 BC to December 31, 1550 BC.

## Events and trends

- The city of Mycenae, in the northeast Peloponnesus, becomes the most powerful in Achaea.  The Mycenaean civilization is named after the town.
- 1557 BC—Estimation: Memphis, capital of Lower Egypt becomes the largest city of the world.  It takes the lead from Avaris, capital of the Hyksos in Egypt.
- 1556 BC—Cecrops I rebuilds Athens after the great flood of Deucalion. He becomes the first of several Kings of Athens whose life is part of Greek mythology.
- c. 1552 BC—End of Second Intermediate period in Ancient Egypt. Start of New Kingdom. 18th–20th Dynasties.
- 1550 BC—Ahmose I becomes Pharaoh of Egypt.
- 1550 BC—May 14—Lunar Saros 35 begins.
- c. 1550 BC–1500 BC—Dagger blades with lion hunt, from Shaft Grave IV, Grave Circle A, at Mycenae, Greece, are made. They are now at National Archaeological Museum of Athens.
- c. 1550 BC Stonehenge was built.
21st century BC

The **21st century BC** is a century which lasted from the year 2100 BC to 2001 BC.

## Events

- c. 2100 BC – c. 2050 BC: Nanna Ziggurat, Ur (modern Muqaiyir, Iraq) was built.
- 2091 BC: Beginning of the Patriarchal Age was traditionally set in this year.
- 2080 BC: Ninth Dynasty wars in Egypt.
- 2080 BC: First Intermediate Period of Egypt ended. Middle Kingdom began in Ancient Egypt.
- 2071 BC: Magh Ithe, first recorded battle in Ireland myths.
- 2070 BC (disputable): Yu the Great set up the Xia Dynasty.
- c. 2064 BC – 1986 BC: Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt.
- c. 2055 BC: End of First Intermediate Period of Egypt.
- c. 2055 BC: Middle Kingdom began in Ancient Egypt.
- c. 2055 BC: Mentuhotep II from Thebes got Ancient Egypt together.  He began to rule (other date is 2040 BC).
- c. 2055 BC – 1985 BC: Funerary Stele of Amenemhat I was made. Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt. Excavated in 1915–1916. It is now kept in Egyptian Museum, Cairo. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
- c. 2049 BC: Oak trees for Seahenge felled.
- 2040 BC: Beginning of the Xia Dynasty, the first dynasty and government system in China.
- 2040 BC: Pharaoh Merykare died. End of Tenth dynasty of Egypt. Pharaoh Mentuhotep II started to rule. Start of Eleventh Dynasty.
- 2034 BC – 2004 BC: Ur–Amorite wars.
- c. 2009 BC – 1997 BC: Funerary temple of Mentuhotep III was built. Eleventh Dynasty.
- 2004 BC: Elamite destruction of Ur.
- c. 2004 BC: Pharaoh Mentuhotep II, Eleventh dynasty of Egypt dies.
- c. 2000 BC: Aegean Bronze Age ended.

## Significant persons

- Ur-Nammu, 3rd dynasty of Ur
- Shulgi of Urim

## Legendary people

- According to Abrahamic religious tradition, the era of the Patriarch Abraham (however, other dates include 19th century BC, and/or 17th century through 15th century BC)
- According to Hindu tradition, lifetime of Rama, the 7th Avatar of Vishnu

## Inventions, discoveries, introductions

- 2100 BC—Earliest law code in Mesopotamia, the Code of Ur-Nammu
- 2037 BC—Emperor Shen Nong makes first (perhaps mythical) tea drink by boiling fresh leaves
Kōryō, Nara

is a Japanese town in Nara Prefecture on the island of Honshū. The town has a population of 33,606 people.

## History

According to tradition, Kōryō was sometimes the site of an Imperial Palace, including
- Umayasaka Palace or _Umayasaka-no-miya_, 640.
- Kudara Palace or _Kudara-no-miya_, 640–642   _Kudara_ is related to an ancient name of the Korean kingdom of Baekje.

## Related pages

- Capital of Japan

## Other websites

- Kōryō website
1249

#### Africa

- King Louis IX of France captures Damietta in Egypt. It is the first major military battle of the Seventh Crusade.

#### Asia

- Pho Khun Si Indrathit is the first king of the Sukhothai kingdom. This is the start of the modern Thai nation.
- The Hikitsuke, a judicial organ of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates of Japan, is started.
- The Japanese Hōji era ends, and the Kenchō era begins.

#### Europe

- February 16 – Andrew of Longjumeau is sent by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols.
- June 13 – coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
- August 15 – The First Battle of Athenry is fought in Galway, Ireland.
- The city of Stralsund (in present-day Germany) is burned to the ground by forces from the rival city of Lübeck.
- Swedish statesman Birger Jarl takes over the province of Tavastia in Finland. This gives Sweden power in Finland.
- Alphonse of Toulouse orders Jews from Poitou, France to leave.
- The Hungarian capital is moved from Esztergom to Buda.

##### Mediterranean

- May 26 – The Battle of Fossalta is fought between the Holy Roman Empire and the Lombard League. The Lombards capture the German commander.
- The Moors lose possession of Alicante in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).
- King Afonso III of Portugal recaptures Faro and Silves in the Algarve from the Moors. This ends the Portuguese Reconquista.
- The city of Mystras, Greece is strengthened and a palace is built there by William II Villehardouin.

#### Education

- University College, the first College at Oxford, is founded with money gifted from the estate of William of Durham.

#### Science

- Roger Bacon publishes a major scientific work. It includes writings of convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness. It is the first publication of the formula for gunpowder in the western world.

## Births

- Eric V of Denmark (d. 1286)
- Robert III of Flanders
- Frederick I, Margrave of Baden (d. 1268)
- Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford (d. 1297)
- Pope John XXII (d. 1334)
- Menachem Meiri, rabbi

## Deaths

- July 6 – King Alexander II of Scotland (b. 1198)
- July 19 – Jacopo Tiepolo, Doge of Venice
- September 27 – Count Raymond VII of Toulouse (b. 1197)
- As-Salih Ayyub, ruler of Egypt
- Abu Zakariya, ruler of the Maghreb (b. 1203)
- William of Sherwood, English logician (b. 1190)
- Wuzhun Shifan, Chinese Zen Buddhist monk (b. 1178)
- Song Ci, Chinese physician and judge (b. 1186)
Cub

A **cub** is the young of some large predatory animals such as bears, lions, wolves, and big cats.

**Cub** may mean:

- Cub, a member of Cub Scouts
- Cub player, a member of certain sports teams, e.g. the Chicago Cubs baseball club
- A novice or learner, particularly in newspaper reporting
- Cub (band), an indie rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia, which formed in 1992 and disbanded in 1997
- Cub (Happy Tree Friends), a character in _Happy Tree Friends_
- Cub Foods, a division of the U.S. Supervalu company
- Piper Cub, a line of light aircraft built from the 1930s to the 1980s
- "Cub": NATO reporting name for the Antonov An-12 Russian Turboprop transport
- Honda Super Cub, a range of small motorcycles produced by Honda
- "Cashed Up Bogan", a slang term used in Australia and New Zealand
- Kapcai, a class of mini motorcycles of Malaysia and Southeast Asia - Malaysian Cub Prix
- LDV Cub, a rebadged version of the Nissan Vanette van sold by LDV Limited
- Cub Records, a record label
- Farmall Cub, a model in the Farmall tractor model line
- Cub Buck (1892–1966), professional American football player
- Carlton & United Breweries, an Australian Alcohol Manufacturer
321 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **321 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Macedonian Empire

- Antipater makes Antigonus commander in chief of his army in Asia Minor.  He sends him with Craterus to fight against Eumenes, the satrap of Cappadocia and a supporter of Perdiccas.
- Perdiccas marches against Ptolemy. When he fails to cross the Nile he is murdered by mutinous officers. Ptolemy is in power in Egypt and Seleucus in power in Babylon.
- The main generals of the late Alexander the Great agree to the Partition of Triparadisus.
- Ptolemy strengthens his position by marrying Eurydice, the third daughter of Antipater.
- Antigonus and Craterus defeat Eumenes in battle.  Eumenes escapes.

#### Roman Republic

- Successes by Rome's armies force the Samnites to ask for peace. The terms are harsh so peace does not happen.
- Two Roman consuls, Spurius Postumius Albinus and Titus Veturius Calvinus, lead a force into Samnium.  They are trapped in a mountain pass known as the Caudine Forks.  They make a five-year treaty with the Samnites.

#### India

- Chandragupta Maurya, founder of the Mauryan empire, makes himself king of Magadha.

## Deaths

- Craterus, Macedonian general (b. c. 370 BC)
- Perdiccas, Macedonian general and regent after the death of Alexander the Great (b. c. 365 BC)
- Zhou Xian Wang, King of the Zhou Dynasty of China
297 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **297 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Roman Republic

- Fabius Maximus Rullianus becomes consul for the fourth time. He defeats the Samnites in a battle near Tifernum.

#### Greece

- After Cassander's death from illness, Philip IV, Cassander's eldest son, becomes King of Macedon.  Soon after this he suffers from a wasting disease and dies. Antipater, the next son, rules jointly with his brother Alexander V.
- Demetrius Poliorcetes returns to Greece to become master of Macedonia. While Demetrius is in Greece, Lysimachus seizes his possessions in Asia Minor.
- Ptolemy decides to support Pyrrhus of Epirus and restores him to his kingdom. At first Pyrrhus reigns with a kinsman, Neoptolemus II of Epirus.  But he has him assassinated.

#### India

- Chandragupta Maurya goes to Sravana Belagola near Mysore to live in the way of Jains.
- Bindusara his son goes to the Pataliputra throne.

## Deaths

- King Cassander of Macedon (b. c. 358 BC)
358 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **358 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

#### Persian Empire

- Artaxerxes III succeeds Artaxerxes II as King of Persia. To secure his throne he puts to death most of his relatives.

#### Greece

- Alexander of Pherae, Despot of Pherae in Thessaly, is murdered by his wife's brother.  This is by the wife's request.
- Cersobleptes, along with his brothers, Amadocus II and Berisades, gets the land of the Thracian king, Cotys I.

#### Macedonia

- Philip II of Macedon invades the hill tribes of Paeonia and beats them. His rule goes inland as far as Lake Ohrid.

#### Roman Republic

- The Romans defeat the Volsci.  They take most of their land and settle it with Roman colonists.

## Deaths

- Artaxerxes II, King of the Persia (b. c. 436 BC)
- Alexander of Pherae, Despot of Pherae in Thessaly, Greece
- Cotys I, King of Thrace
- Bardyllis, Illyrian king (killed in battle by Phillip of Macedon)
University of Paris-Seine

**University of Paris-Seine** is a group of higher education institutes in France. It groups public universities and national research centers. These places teach nearly every field of sciences (fundamental, engineering, business).

## History

The _Université du grand ouest parisien_ was created on 6 February 2012.
The name has changed the 1st of March 2015. It is now called « Université Paris-Seine ».

## Colleges and institutes

The member universities and institutes are :

- Cergy-Pontoise University - UCP ;
- ESSEC ;
- École internationale des sciences du traitement de l'information - EISTI ;
- ISIPCA ;
- École nationale supérieure d’architecture de Versailles - ENSA-V ;
- École nationale supérieure du paysage - ENSP-V ;
- École nationale supérieure d'arts de Paris-Cergy - ENSAPC ;
- École nationale supérieure de l'électronique et de ses applications (ENSEA) ;
- Supméca ;
- École de Biologie Industrielle - EBI ;
- École d'électricité, de production et des méthodes industrielles - ECAM-EPMI ;
- Institut libre d'éducation physique supérieur - ILEPS ;
- École supérieure d'Informatique, réseaux et systèmes d'information - ITESCIA ;
- École pratique de service social - EPSS ;
- École d'ingénieur d'agro-développement international - ISTOM.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Paris-Seine
- **native name**: Université du grand ouest parisien
- **image**: Logo Universite Paris Seine.png
- **established**: 6 February 2012
- **type**: Public
- **president**: Anne-Sophie Barthez
- **city**: Île-de-France (region), Île-de-France
- **country**: France
- **nickname**: UPS
- **website**: http://www.universiteparisseine.fr/
Common barn owl

The **common barn owl** (_Tyto alba_) is a species of owl in the genus _Tyto_. It is the most widely distributed species of owl, and one of the most widespread of all birds. The barn owl family Tytonidae is one of two main lineages of living owls, the other being the typical owls (Strigidae). It is known by many other names in different parts of the world, which is one of the problems with 'common names'. It is one of the main reasons Linnaeus invented his system of scientific naming.

This owl has long wings, a pale face, and a square-shaped tail. It lives in rural areas like farms and woodland. The barn owl has a wing span of 75–110 cm and its body length measures up to around 25–50 cm. It weighs between 187 and 800 grams.

Barn owls' breeding season is spring. It breeds in nests in trees. It eats small mammals, reptiles, fish, insects and smaller birds.

## Ecology

_Tyto alba_ is nocturnal, as usual for owls. However, it often becomes active shortly before dusk and can sometimes be seen during the day, when it moves from a sleeping place it does not like.

This is a bird of open country such as farmland or grassland with some interspersed woodland. This owl prefers to hunt along the edges of woods. It has an effortless wavering flight as it moves over pastures or similar hunting grounds. Like most owls, the Barn Owl flies silently; tiny serrations on the leading edges of its flight feathers help to break up the flow of air over its wings, thereby reducing turbulence and the noise that accompanies it.

### Diet and feeding

It hunts by flying low and slowly over an area of open ground, hovering over spots that conceal potential prey. They may also use fence posts or other lookouts to ambush prey. The Barn Owl feeds primarily on small vertebrates such as rodents.

Studies have shown that an individual Barn Owl may eat one or more rodents per night; a nesting pair and their young can eat more than 1,000 rodents per year. Locally superabundant rodent species in the weight class of several grams per individual usually make up most of the prey. Such animals probably make up at least three-quarters of the biomass eaten by each and every _T. alba_, except in some island populations. In Ireland, the accidental introduction of the Bank vole in the 1950s has led to a major shift in the Barn Owl's diet: where their ranges overlap the vole is now by far the largest prey item. The diet is supplemented with local small vertebrate and large invertebrate life.
North American river otter

The **North American river otter** (_Lontra canadensis_), or the **common otter**, is an aquatic mammal native to only North America in the countries Canada, and the United States. River otters are a distant relative of the weasel family. North American river otters can reach a length of 3.9 ft and weigh 3 lbs. The river otter's life expectancy is 10 to 15 years in the wild and 25 years in captivity. The main habitat of the river otter are near freshwater rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, marshes, swamps, and coastal waters. They prefer fish, though they will eat amphibians such as frogs, turtles, and crayfish. They have also been reported to eat small mammals and birds.

About 290 North American river otters are currently in captivity.
Shiki District, Nara

is a district near Nara in Nara Prefecture, Japan.

According to tradition, the Shiki District was sometimes the site of an Imperial Palace, including
- _Shikishima no miya_ during the reign of Emperor Nintoku
- Iwareikebe no Namitsuki Palace during the reign of Emperor Yomei
- Kurahashi no Shibagaki Palace or _Kurabashi no miya_ during the reign of Emperor Sushun

## Related pages

- Capital of Japan
Gavar

**Gavar** is a city in Armenia.  It is the capital of Gegharkunik. It was called **Nor Bayezet** or **Novyi Bayazet** until 1959.  Then the name changed to **Kamo** until 1996. The town is in the mountains.  It is only a few miles away from the western shores of Lake Sevan. In 2001 there were 23,302 people.

The people of Gavar are mainly Christians.  They belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church.

## Notable people

Here are some notable people who were born or raised in the town of Gavar:
- Pahare (1895–1968), actor, writer, conservative.
- Frunze Dovlatyan (1927–1997), was a film director, actor and screenwriter.
- Byureghik Mneyan (1935), actress, honoured pedagogue of the Republic of Armenia.
- Hranush Hakobyan (1954), politician and current minister of diaspora of the Republic of Armenia.
- Tigran Arzakantsyan (1966) veteri­narian and honorary Doctor of International Business.
- Hovhannes Goharyan (1988) football player of the Armenian national team.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Gavar
Գավառ
- **nickname**: Kyavarr
- **image skyline**: Gavar general view.jpg
- **image caption**: Gavar
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Gavar.png
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Marz
- **subdivision name1**: Gegharkunik Province, Gegharkunik
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Gurgen Martirosyan
- **established title**: Established
City status
- **established date**: 1830
1850
- **area total km2**: 35
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population total**: 25700
- **population density km2**: 734
- **timezone**: UTC+04:00
- **utc offset**: +4
- **timezone dst**: UTC+05:00
- **utc offset dst**: +5
- **elevation m**: 2000
- **website**: [http://www.gavariqaghaqapetaran.am/ Official site]
- **footnotes**: Sources: Population
Kyōtanabe, Kyoto

is a Japanese city in Kyoto Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History

According to tradition, Kyōtanabe was the site of an Imperial Palace, including the Tsutsuki Palace during the reign of Emperor Keitai.

## Related pages

- Capital of Japan

## Other websites

- http://www.kyotanabe.jp/category/7-0-0-0-0.html ; http://www.kyotanabe.jp/
Kingdom of Armenia

**Kingdom of Armenia** may mean:
- Kingdom of Armenia (Antiquity) also known as Artaxiad or Arsacid Armenia, 190 BC to AD 387/428
- Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages) also known as Bagratid Armenia, AD 885 to 1045

sometimes also called "Kingdom of Armenia" or "Armenian kingdom" are:
- Satrapy of Armenia also known as Orontid Armenia
- the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1198 to 1375
- Kingdom of Artsakh
- Kingdom of Commagene
- Kingdom of Sophene
- Kingdom of Vaspurakan
Hrazdan

**Hrazdan** () is the capital of the Kotayk Province of Armenia. The name Hrazdan is from the Middle-Persian name _Frazdan_ which was transliterated as _Hrazdan_ in the Armenian language. _Farzdan_ is connected to the Zoroastrian mythology. With 52,900 people it is the fifth-largest city in Armenia. The town was formed under Soviet rule.  During the Soviet years it was one of the highly-industrialized towns of the Armenian SSR.

The Hrazdan River is by the town.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Hrazdan
- **native name**: Հրազդան
- **image skyline**: Hrazdan coll. 2014.jpg
- **image caption**: From top left:<div style="background:#fee8ab;">

Makravank Monastery • Hrazdan reservoir
World War II memorial • Nagorno-Karabakh War, Artsakh War memorial
 Hrazdan skyline</div>
- **imagesize**: 275px
- **pushpin map**: Armenia
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **map caption**: Location of Hrazdan in Armenia
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Marz
- **subdivision name1**: Kotayk Province, Kotayk
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Sevak Mikayelyan
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1959
- **area total km2**: 22
- **population as of**: 2011 census
- **population total**: 41,875
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Armenia Time, AMT
- **utc offset**: +4
- **elevation m**: 1675
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 2301-2309
- **area code**: (+374) 223
- **footnotes**: Sources: Population
Yōrō

was a  after _Reiki_ and before _Jinki._  This period started in November 717 and ended in February 724. The reigning empress was .

## Events of the _Yōrō_ era

- **717** (_Yōrō 1, 9th month_): Empress Genshō traveled through Ōmi Province where she was met by the lords of the San'indō, the San'yōdō and the Nankaidō.  Also, she traveled to Mino Province where the lords of the Tōkaidō, Tōsandō and Hokurikudō met with her.
- **718** (_Yōrō 2_): Changes in the Taihō Code are made. The  combines comments with changes and additions.
- **720** (_Yōrō 4_): _Nihon Shoki_ completed.
- **721** (_Yōrō 5, 5th month_): _Nihon Shoki_ in 30 volumes was given to the Empress.
- **721** (_Yōrō 5, 5th month_): Fujiwara no Fuhito died at age 62.
- **721** (_Yōrō 5, 5th month_): Former-Empress Gemmei died at age 61.

## Nara period

- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Yōrō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||717|718|719|720|721|722|723|724|
Vanadzor

**Vanadzor** is the third-largest city in Armenia.  In 2001 there were 107,394 people.  It is the capital of the Lori Province. It was named **Kirovakan** during the Soviet era and **Karakilisa** during the Tsarist period.

Much of the city's history is unknown. The history of the area possibly dates back to the Bronze Age.  It was part of the Kingdom of Armenia.  The town had a lot of damage from the 1988 Spitak earthquake.

Most of the people belong to the Armenian Apostolic Church. Vanadzor is the home of the Diocese of Gougark.

## Notable people

- Stepan Zoryan, an Armenian writer
- Suren Aghababyan, a literary critic
- Artavazd Peleshyan, a documentary film-maker
- Shavarsh Karapetyan, a Soviet Armenian finswimmer
- Vic Darchinyan, World unified boxing champion and the IBF, WBO, WBC champion
- Gor Mkhitarian, an Armenian rock-musician
- Tigran Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Vanadzor
- **native name**: Վանաձոր
- **image skyline**: Vanadzor new collection.jpg
- **image caption**: From top left:<div style="background:#fee8ab;">

Vanadzor Central Park
Vanadzor skyline • Pambak River
Church of the Holy Mother of God, Vanadzor, Church of the Holy Mother of God • Church of the Nativity of Blessed Virgin Mary, Russian Church of the Nativity
Lori Province administration • Hayk Square
Pambak Mountains around Vanadzor</div>
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **pushpin map**: Armenia
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Marz
- **subdivision name1**: Lori Province, Lori
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Mamikon Aslanyan
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1828
- **area total km2**: 25.1
- **population as of**: 2011 census
- **population total**: 86,199
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Vanadzortsi
- **timezone**: Armenia Time, AMT
- **utc offset**: +4
- **elevation m**: 1350
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 2001-2024
- **area code**: (+374) 322
- **registration plate**: 36
- **footnotes**: Sources: Population
Kapan

**Kapan** is a town in the south of Armenia.  It was also named **Gafan** and **Madan**.  It is the capital of the Syunik Province. In 2010 there were 45,488 people. Kapan is the city with the most peoplecity in the province and southern Armenia.

Kapan is from the Armenian word _kapel_ which mean "to lock".

## Notable landmarks

- Vahanavank monastery
- Baghaberd and Halidzor Fortresses.
- Tatev Monastery
- Monument to David Bek.
- Kapan College of Music
- Kapan Archaeological and Ethnographic Museum
- Kapan Theatre

## Sport

- Gandzasar FC - football club
- Lernagorts Kapan FC - football club

## Notable People from Kapan

- Ogtay Asadov - Speaker of National Assembly of Azerbaijan
- Karen Sargsyan - Principal choirmaster of the Armenian Opera Theater
- Tatoul Markarian - Armenian ambassador to United States

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Kapan
- **native name**: Կապան
- **native name lang**: hy
- **settlement type**: List of cities and towns in Armenia, Town
- **image skyline**: Kapan coll-13.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: From top left:
- **image seal**: Coat of Arms of Kapan.jpg
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **map caption**: Location of Kapan in Armenia
- **pushpin map**: Armenia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Armenia, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Syunik Province, Syunik
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Armenia, Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Kapan Municipality, Kapan
- **established title**: First mentioned
- **established date**: 5th century
- **established title1**: City status
- **established date1**: 1938
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Gevorg Parsyan
- **area total km2**: 36
- **elevation m**: 910
- **population total**: 43,190
- **population as of**: 2011 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Armenia Time, AMT
- **utc offset**: +4
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 3301-3308
- **area code**: (+374) 285
- **website**: [http://www.kapan.am/ Official website]
Ijevan

**Ijevan** is a city in northern Armenia.  It was named **Istibulagh** and **Karavansara**.  It is the capital of Tavush region.  The city's current name, Ijevan means "inn" in Armenian. The former name Karavansara means "inn" in Persian. In 2009 there were 20,500 people.  This made it the most populated city in the province. Ijevan has had a railway station since 1870.

Tradition says that about 2000 years ago,  King Artavasdes I built a city here.

A branch of Yerevan State University is in the city.

## Notable locations

- Makaravank Monastery was built in the 10th century in Achajur village, 16 km north of Ijevan. This purple and green stone complex in the forest above the village is a very popular destination.
- Arakelots Monastery was built in the 13th century, a few kilometers north of Ijevan near Kirants village.
- Kirants Monastery was built in the 8th century, 10 km north of Ijevan.
- The monastery of Gandzakar village was built a few kilometers south of Ijevan.
- Yenokavan Canyon, near Yenokavan village north of Ijevan is characterized with beautiful cliffs, caves, forests, rivers and cascades. "Anapat cave" has a style of pre-Christian unique carvings which resemble Mayan and Aztec works. There are small rest houses and a modern resort in Yenokavan canyon.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Ijevan
- **native name**: Իջևան
- **image skyline**: Ijevan mix.jpg
- **image caption**: From top left:<div style="background:#fee8ab;">

Ijevan skyline • Ijevan central park
Ijevan Dendropark • World War II memorial
Gugark Mountains • Ijevan Sabctuary, Ijevan Wildlife Sanctuary
Winter panorama of Ijevan area</div>
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image seal**: Coat of Arms of Ijevan.png
- **pushpin map**: Armenia
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Marz
- **subdivision name1**: Tavush Province, Tavush
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1780s
- **established title2**: City status
- **established date2**: 1961
- **area total km2**: 4.6
- **population as of**: 2011 census
- **population total**: 21,081
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Armenia Time, AMT
- **utc offset**: +4
- **elevation m**: 755
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 4001, 4002
- **area code**: (+375) 263
- **registration plate**: 57
- **footnotes**: Sources: Population
Yeghegnadzor

**Yeghegnadzor** is a town in Armenia.  It was named **Yeghegik**.  Then it named **Keshishkend** until 1935. From 1935–1957 it was named **Mikoyan**.  It is the capital of the Vayots Dzor province. The name of the city means "the valley of canes" in the Armenian language.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Yeghegnadzor
 Եղեգնաձոր
- **image skyline**: 423 Village arménien près d'Eghenadzor.JPG
- **image caption**: Yeghegnadzor
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Marz
- **subdivision name1**: Vayots Dzor
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Sirekan Babayan
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population total**: 8200
- **population density km2**: 112.7
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT +4
- **utc offset**: +4
- **timezone dst**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT+5
- **utc offset dst**: +5
- **elevation m**: 1194
- **footnotes**: Sources: Population
Jinki (era)

was a  after _Yōrō_ and before _Tenpyō._  This period started in February 724 and ended in August 729.  The reigning emperor was .

The new era name meant "Sacred tortoise".

## Events of the _Jinki_ era

- **727** (_Jinki 4_): The emperor sent inspectors into the provinces to review the work of all officials.
- **724** (_Jinki 5_): An ambassador from Korea was received in court.

## Related pages

- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Jinki|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||724|725|726|727|728|729|
Australian Senate

The **Senate** is the upper house of the Parliament of Australia. The lower house is the House of Representatives. Senators are elected for a term that is usually six years. But some senators have three year terms. The Senate has a lot of power from the Australian Constitution.

There are currently 76 people in the Senate.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **background color**: firebrick
- **name**: Senate
- **legislature**: 48th Parliament of Australia
- **house type**: Upper house
- **coa pic**: Coat of Arms of Australia.svg
- **body**: Parliament of Australia
- **leader1 type**: President of the Senate (Australia), President
- **leader1**: Sue Lines
- **party1**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **election1**: 26 July 2022
- **leader2 type**: Leader of the Government in the Senate (Australia), Leader of the Government
- **leader2**: Penny Wong
- **party2**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **election2**: 1 June 2022
- **leader3 type**: Manager of Government Business in the Senate, Manager of Government Business
- **leader3**: Katy Gallagher
- **party3**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **election3**: 1 June 2022
- **leader4 type**: Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Australia), Leader of the Opposition
- **leader4**: Michaelia Cash
- **party4**: Liberal Party of Australia, Liberal
- **election4**: 25 January 2025
- **leader5 type**: Manager of Opposition Business in the Senate, Manager of Opposition Business
- **leader5**: Jonathon Duniam
- **party5**: Liberal Party of Australia, Liberal
- **election5**: 25 January 2025
- **members**: 76
- **structure1**: File:2025 Australian Senate - Composition of Members.svg
- **structure1 res**: 255px
- **term length**: 6 years (state senators)

- **voting system1**: Proportional representation (single transferable vote)
- **last election1**: 2025 Australian federal election, 3 May 2025
(2025 Australian Senate election, Half Senate election)
- **next election1**: Next Australian federal election, On or before 20 May 2028
- **session room**: Australian Senate - Parliament of Australia.jpg
- **meeting place**: Senate Chamber
Parliament House, Canberra, Parliament House
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory,
Australia
Australian House of Representatives

The **House of Representatives** is the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. The upper house is the Senate. Members of Parliament (MPs) serve for terms of about three years. There are 151 members. Each member represents one electorate. The number of electorates is figured out so that it is in proportion to the population of each state/territory. and so that each one has roughly the same population. This is determined by the AEC (Australian Electoral Commission).

## Infobox (legislature)

- **background color**: #307159
- **name**: House of Representatives
- **legislature**: 48th Parliament of Australia
- **coa pic**: Coat of Arms of Australia.svg
- **coa caption**: Commonwealth Coat of Arms
- **house type**: Lower house
- **body**: Parliament of Australia
- **leader1 type**: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives, Speaker
- **leader1**: Milton Dick
- **party1**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **election1**: 26 July 2022
- **leader2 type**: Prime Minister of Australia, Prime Minister
- **leader2**: Anthony Albanese
- **party2**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **election2**: 23 May 2022
- **leader3 type**: Leader of the House (Australia), Leader of the House
- **leader3**: Tony Burke
- **party3**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **election3**: 1 June 2022
- **leader4 type**: Leader of the Opposition (Australia), Leader of the Opposition
- **leader4**: Sussan Ley
- **party4**: Liberal Party of Australia, Liberal
- **election4**: 13 May 2025
- **leader5 type**: Manager of Opposition Business in the House (Australia), Manager of Opposition Business
- **leader5**: Alex Hawke
- **party5**: Liberal Party of Australia, Liberal
- **election5**: 28 May 2025
- **members**: 150
- **structure1**: File:Australian_House_of_Representatives_chart.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **term length**: 3 years
- **voting system1**: Optional preferential voting, Full Instant-runoff voting, preferential voting
- **last election1**: 2025 Australian federal election, 3 May 2025
- **next election1**: Next Australian federal election, By 20 May 2028
- **session room**: Australian House of Representatives - Parliament of Australia.jpg
- **meeting place**: House of Representatives Chamber
Parliament House, Canberra, Parliament House
Canberra, Australian Capital Territory
Australia
UTC+06:30

**UTC+06:30** is the timezone in places below.  The time is 6.5 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.

## As standard time (all year round)

- Australia
    - Cocos Islands
- Myanmar
UTC+07:00

**UTC+07:00** is the timezone in places below.  The time is 7 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.  This timezone is also known as **I**ndo**c**hina **T**ime (**ICT**).

## As standard time (all year round)

- Australia
    - Christmas Island
- Cambodia
- Indonesia (Western)
    - Central Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra, West Kalimantan

- Mongolia  (Far Western)
    - Khovd, Uvs, and

- Laos
- Thailand
- Vietnam
- Russia - Omsk Time
    - Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Kemerovo Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast.

## East Asia

It is considered the westernmost time zone in East Asia.

## Discrepancies between official UTC+07 and geographical UTC+07

Although usually time zones are made based on longitude, there are some differences.

### Areas located within UTC+07 longitudes using other time zones

- Many parts of China, including for example Guangxi Province and Hainan Island
- Most of central Mongolia including the capital
- Peninsular Malaysia
- Western part of Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo including Kuching
- Singapore

#### Areas between 82°30′ W and 97°30′ E ("physical" UTC+06)

- The westernmost part of Indonesia including Banda Aceh.

#### Areas between 102°30′ W and 117°30′ E ("physical" UTC+08)

- The easternmost part of Java including Surabaya, Malang, and Banyuwangi.

## References

Asian time zones
Automatic rifle

Usually, an **automatic rifle** is a rifle that continuously fires bullet as long as the trigger is pressed. Cartridge shells are ejected and new cartridges are loaded into the chamber automatically. However, most automatic rifles are designed to give both semi- and fully automatic fire. This is called selective fire. They also rifle bullets from a magazine. These features makes them different from other automatic firearms like the machine gun and submachine gun.

## Use

Soldiers in the United States Army who carry the M249 SAW are called _automatic riflemen_. The weapon is also called an _automatic rifle_. However, it is a fully automatic firearm. These are normally called squad automatic weapons (SAW) or light machine guns.

An assault rifle is quite similar to an automatic rifle. However, it uses less powerful bullets than the machine gun or battle rifle. This allows the soldier using it to control the recoil of the weapon without using a bipod or something similar. Bullets like these are called "intermediate" bullets. For example, the AK-47 assault rifle often uses a 7.62x39mm bullet. The bullet is the same diameter. However, it is smaller and less powerful compared to the 7.62x54mmR. The 7.62x54mmR was what was being used with rifles when the AK-47 was brought in to service.

## History

The very first automatic rifle was the Mexican Mondragón rifle. It was designed by General Manuel Mondragón. He began working on the weapon in 1882. He patented it in 1887. In the 20th century, automatic rifles go back to World War I. This is where the Browning Automatic Rifle (B.A.R.) and Huot were first used. They were supposed to be used like light machine guns to help soldiers attack. However, only the Mondragón rifle and the B.A.R. were used in World War I.

## Examples

- Farquhar-Hill rifle
- Federov Avtomat
- Cei-Rigotti
- Browning Automatic Rifle
- M1946 Sieg automatic rifle
- MTB 1925

## Related pages

- Semi-automatic rifle
- Assault rifle
- Sniper rifle
- Light machine gun
- Squad automatic weapon
UTC+06:00

**UTC+06:00** is the timezone in places below. The time is 6 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.

## As standard time (all year round)

- Bangladesh - previously used this as standard time and UTC+07:00 as daylight saving time
- Bhutan
- British Indian Ocean Territory (including Chagos Archipelago and Diego Garcia)
- Kazakhstan - most of country (including Astana and Almaty)
- Kyrgyzstan
- Russia - Yekaterinburg Time - Asia/Yekaterinburg
    - Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk Oblast, Kurgan Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Perm Krai, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast
- China, Unofficial time zone in Tibet and XUAR
UTC+11:30

**UTC+11:30** is the timezone in places below. The time is 11.5 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time. This time zone was used in Norfolk Island until October 4, 2015.

## As standard time (all year round)

- Australia
    - Norfolk Island

es:Huso horario#UTC+11:30, L†
Telephone numbers in Australia

**Country Code: +61**

**International Call Prefix: 0011**

**Trunk Prefix: 0**

The **Australian telephone numbering plan** is how phone numbers work in Australia.  It has changed many times.  The most recent major change was between 1994 and 1998.

## Present numbering plan Overview

Australia is divided geographically into four large area codes. The standard telephone number in Australia has ten digits.  The first digit is '0'.

The first digits are for the type of service. The following list is a high level of numbering plan presented in domestic format. Geographical region boundaries do not exactly follow state borders.

- **00** Emergency and International access
- **01** Alternative phone services:
    - **014** –  Satellite phones
    - **0151** –  Public safety service
    - **0163** –  Pager numbers (defunct service; no longer available)
    - **0198** –  Data numbers (e.g. **0198 308 888** is the dial-up PoP number for Telstra)
- **02** Geographic: Central East region (NSW, ACT)
- **03** Geographic: South-east region (VIC, TAS)
- **04** Digital Mobile services (GSM, 4G and 5G)
- **05** Universal/Personal numberings
- **07** Geographic: North-east region (QLD)
- **08** Geographic: Central and West region (SA, NT, WA)
- **09** Internet of things service
- **1** Non-geographic numbers (mostly for domestic use only)

## Overview of plan between 1980s and 1994

- **00** TAS, toll-free, premium, satellite telephones
- **01** AMPS mobile services
- **02** Sydney
- **03** Melbourne
- **04** NSW regional areas less than 200 km away from Sydney
- **05** VIC regional areas
- **06** ACT, NSW regional areas more than 200 km away from Sydney
- **07** QLD
- **08** SA, NT
- **09** WA

**000** is the emergency telephone number in Australia.
Broadheath, Worcestershire

**Broadheath** with Lower Broadheath is a civil parish officially  known as _Lower Broadheath_, in the Malvern Hills district of Worcestershire, England.  According to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,713.  The parish also includes Upper Broadheath, which is about 3 miles north-west of Worcester.

There are many housing estates in the village.

The village has a village hall, church, post office and shop, a village green with a football pitch, running track and many children's play areas.  There is a large village common. There is also a primary school (Broadheath C.E. Primary School). The school has about 150 children, from the age of four up to eleven.  There are also three pubs in the village.

Broadheath is the birthplace of the English composer Edward Elgar.

## Other websites

- Lower Broadheath official web site.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **label position**: top
- **official name**: Broadheath
- **population**: 1,713
- **population ref**: (United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 Census)
- **static image**: Elgar's birthplace.JPG
- **static image caption**: Edward Elgar's birthplace in Broadheath
- **shire district**: Malvern Hills (district), Malvern Hills
- **shire county**: Worcestershire
- **region**: West Midlands
- **civil parish**: Lower Broadheath
- **constituency westminster**: West Worcestershire
- **postcode district**: WR2
- **postcode area**: WR
- **post town**: WORCESTER
- **os grid reference**: SO8156
Statute of Westminster 1931

The **Statute of Westminster 1931** is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.  It was passed on 11 December 1931.  The Act gave equality to the self-governing dominions of the British Empire.  It is still law in each of the Commonwealth realms.

The Statute is important because it gave legislative freedom to these countries.  Its current relevance is that it sets the basis for the continuing relationship between the Commonwealth realms and the Crown.

## Infobox (uk legislation)

- **short title**: Statute of Westminster, 1931
- **parliament**: Parliament of the United Kingdom
- **long title**: An Act to give effect to certain resolutions passed by Imperial Conferences held in the years 1926 and 1930.
- **year**: 1931
- **statute book chapter**: 22 & 23 Geo. 5 c. 4
- **royal assent**: 11 December 1931
- **status**: Current
Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942

The **Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942** is an Act of the Australian Parliament.  They formally accepted the Statute of Westminster 1931. It happened on 9 October 1942.

The Act is more important for its symbolic value than for the legal effect of its provisions. Australia was becoming more independent from the United Kingdom.  This Statute showed the independence to the world.
Australia Act 1986

The **Australia Act 1986** is the name of a pair of separate but related pieces of legislation. One was an Act of the Commonwealth Parliament of Australia.  The other was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. These nearly identical Acts were passed by the two parliaments because no one knew which one had the power to do so.

The _Australia Act_ ended the possibility for the UK to make laws for Australia.  Also the UK could not be involved in Australian government. And no one could appeal from any Australian court to a British court.