juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Australian Open

The **Australian Open** is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is the first one of the year. It is played in Melbourne, Australia. The Australian Open has been played on  grass and three variations of hardcourts:
- Grass (1905–1987)
- Rebound Ace (hard court, 1988–2007)
- Plexicushion (hard court, 2008–2019)
- GreenSet (hard court, 2020-present)

Before 1983, many of the best tennis players did not play at the tournament. This was because the Australian Open was far away from Europe and North America and was not considered as important as the other Grand Slam tournaments.

## Heat policy

The tournament is played in January, during the Australian summer. In 1998 an extreme heat rule was brought in. It is the only major tournament that has a heat policy. If the temperature gets higher than 35 degrees (C) matches may have to be stopped for a short time, because players feel dehydrated. Matches on the outside courts are stopped. The roof over the main stadium courts can be closed, and cooling systems turned on. In 2007 the temperature on the courts reached 50 degrees Celsius.

## Winners

- 2026 Carlos Alcaraz and Elena Rybakina
- 2025 Jannik Sinner and Aryna Sabalenka
- 2024 Jannik Sinner and Zheng Qinwen
- 2023 Novak Djokovic and Aryna Sabalenka
- 2022 Rafael Nadal and Ashleigh Barty
- 2021 Novak Djokovic and Naomi Osaka
- 2020 Novak Djokovic and Sofia Kenin
- 2019 Novak Djokovic and Naomi Osaka
- 2018 Roger Federer and Caroline Wozniacki
- 2017 Roger Federer and Serena Williams
- 2016 Novak Djokovic and Angelique Kerber
- 2015 Novak Djokovic and Serena Williams
- 2014 Stan Wawrinka and Li Na
- 2013 Novak Djokovic and Victoria Azarenka
- 2012 Novak Djokovic and Victoria Azarenka
- 2011 Novak Djokovic and Kim Clijsters
- 2010 Roger Federer and Serena Williams
- 2009 Rafael Nadal and Serena Williams
- 2008 Novak Djokovic and Maria Sharapova
- 2007 Roger Federer and Serena Williams
- 2006 Roger Federer and Amélie Mauresmo
- 2005 Marat Safin and Serena Williams
- 2004 Roger Federer and Justine Henin-Hardenne

## Other websites

- Australian Open website
Adrian Willaert

**Adrian Willaert** (pronounce: AH-dree-ahn VIL-art), (born Flanders about 1490; died Venice, 7 December  1562) was a Flemish composer in the Renaissance period.  He was one of the most important composers of his time.  He went to Italy when he was young and spent the rest of his life there.  He belonged to the group of composers who lived and worked in Venice at the time, and who were known as the “Venetian School”.

## Life

He may have been born in Bruges which is now in Belgium, although we are not sure.  One of his students, Gioseffo Zarlino, who became a well-known music theorist, said that Willaert went to Paris first to study law, but then decided to study music.  In Paris he met Jean Mouton, the main composer of the French royal chapel, and studied with him.  Mouton taught him to write music in the style of Josquin, whose music was very polyphonic with the voices imitating one another a lot.

Sometime around 1515 Willaert first went to Rome.  There is a story, which is probably true, that Willaert was surprised to find the Pope’s choir singing something he had composed.  The choir thought it had been composed by Josquin, who was very famous by then.  When the young Willaert told them that he himself was the composer, the choir did not believe the young man, and refused to sing it again.

In July 1515, Willaert worked for the Cardinal Ippolito I d'Este of Ferrara.  Ippolito liked to travel, and he often took Willaert and other musicians with him to places such as Hungary, where he probably spent two years, from 1517 to 1519.  When Ippolito died in 1520, Willaert worked for Duke Alfonso d'Este of Ferrara.  In 1522 Willaert had a job at the court chapel of Duke Alfonso; he stayed there until 1525.

Willaert then got the most important musical job in the whole of Europe at that time: he became maestro di cappella (director of music) at the church of St. Mark's at Venice.  The director who had been there before had not been very good, so Willaert made the music in that church really great again.  He stayed in that job until his death.  He was very famous and young composers came from all over Europe to study with him and learn how to be a composer.

## Musical style and influence

Willaert was one of the greatest composers of the Renaissance and the most important composer in Europe between the death of Josquin and the time of Palestrina.

He wrote music in lots of forms, especially church music, madrigals and instrumental pieces called ricercar.

## References

- _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
Sydney Harbour

**Sydney Harbour** (also called **Port Jackson**) is a natural harbour on the East Coast of Australia in Sydney. It is the location of the  Sydney Opera House and the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

## History

Before the arrival of European settlers, the area surrounding Sydney Harbour was home to a variety of aboriginal tribes, including members of the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, Eora and Wanegal tribes. It is believed that the Gadigal people once lived in the area heading from the south side of Port Jackson (South Head, Watsons Bay) and west in a semi circle through Petersham. The Cammeraygal tribe lived on the northern side of Sydney Harbour and the Wanegal tribe owned the area on the southern side of the Parramatta River, just west of Petersham and through to Rose Hill. The Eora tribe lived on the southern side of Sydney Harbour, not far from where the First Fleet set up camp.

In 1770, shortly after he left Botany Bay (Kurnell Peninsula), Lt James Cook became the first non-Aboriginal person to visit Sydney Harbour. Cook named it Sydney Harbour after Sir George Jackson. He did not go into the harbour, but sailed past the entrance (Sydney Heads) on his way north up the East Coast of Australia.

European settlement started on January 26, 1788 when Captain Arthur Phillip and the First Fleet arrived from England. Phillip brought 732 convicts (prisoners) and a small group of soldiers to start a penal colony. They landed at a small inlet which they called Sydney Cove after Lord Sydney, who was the British government's Home Secretary.

## Islands

There are lots of islands inside Sydney Harbour, including Shark Island, Clark Island, Fort Denison, Goat Island, Cockatoo Island, Spectacle Island, Snapper Island and Rodd Island. Some other former islands, including Bennelong Island, Garden Island and Berry Island are now connected to the mainland by bridge or by landfill. There are several islands only accessible by boat, for example Fort Denison and Cockatoo Island. Boat hire operators offer charter trips or self-drive options to these locations.

## Other websites

- A Living Harbour A history of Sydney Harbour from ABC Radio National
Vex

**Vex** may refer to:

- Vex, a robotic construction kit
- Vex, a fictional character in the Sackboy franchise
- FIRST Vex Challenge, a robotics competition
- Vex, Switzerland
- _Vex (album)_, an album by Steel Pulse
- _Vex (brachiopod)_, a brachiopod genus.
- Vex Red, an English rock band
- The Vex, a music club started by Self-Help Graphics & Art, Inc
- Z.Vex Fuzz Factory, a brand of fuzz box used for musical effects
- Virgin Express, an airline created by the Virgin Group
Billy Ray Cyrus

**Billy Ray Cyrus** (born August 25, 1961) is an American singer, songwriter and actor.

He is best known for his popular single "Achy Breaky Heart" (1992).

From 2001 to 2004, Cyrus starred in the television series _Doc_. The series was about a country doctor who moved from Montana to New York City. He was in the Disney Channel series, _Hannah Montana_, which he co-starred with his daughter Miley Cyrus.

## Other websites

- Billy Ray Cyrus at CMT.com
- Archive of  .

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Billy Ray Cyrus
- **image**: Billy Ray Cyrus 2019.jpg
- **img capt**: Cyrus at the White House in 2019
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Billy Ray Cyrus
- **birth place**: Flatwoods, Kentucky, U.S.
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **years active**: 1989present
Yantra

**Yantra** literally means loom, instrument or machine. In actual practice, a yantra is a symbol which represents aspects of the divine, such as the Mother Goddess or Durga. It is made of interlocking geometric figures, circles, triangles and floral shapes that form a pattern. Though drawn in two dimensions, a yantra can represent a three dimensional sacred object. The yantra is primarily a meditation tool. Yantras function as revelatory symbols of cosmic truths.

## Related pages

- Mandala
- Tantra

## References

- Khanna, Madhu (1979). _Yantra: The Tantric Symbol of Cosmic Unity_. Thames and Hudson, first paperback edition, 1981.

## Other websites

- An Introduction to Yantras, What They Are and How to Use Them For Meditation
- Yantras - The Mystic Power
- High Resolution Yantras Dasa Maha Vidya, The 15 Nityas and other yantras, printable.
Sri Yantra

The **Shri Yantra** or **Sri Chakra** of Tripura Sundari is a yantra or mandala formed by nine interlocking triangles surrounding a dot in the center called a bindu.  Four of these triangles are upright representing Shiva or the Masculine.  Five of these triangles are inverted representing Shakti or the Feminine. Because it is composed of nine triangles, it is also known as the _navayoni chakra_.

Together the nine triangles are interlaced in such a way as to form 43 smaller triangles in a web symbolic of the entire cosmos or a womb symbolic of creation. Together they express Advaita-ism or non-duality. This is surrounded by a lotus of eight petals, a lotus of sixteen petals, and an earthsquare resembling a temple with four doors.

The Shri Chakra is also known as the _nava chakra_ because it can also be seen as having nine levels. Each level corresponds to a mudra, a yogini, and a specific form of the deity Tripura Sundari along with her mantra. These levels starting from the outside or bottom layer are:
1. _Trailokya Mohana_, a square of three lines with four portals
1. _Sarvasa Paripuraka_, a sixteen-petal lotus
1. _Sarva Sankshobahana_, an eight-petal lotus
1. _Sarva Saubhagyadayaka_, composed of fourteen small triangles
1. _Sarvarthasadhaka_, composed of ten small triangles
1. _Sarva Rakshakara_, composed of ten small triangles
1. _Sarva Rohahara_, composed of eight small triangles
1. _Sarva siddhi prada_, composed of 1 small triangle
1. _Sarvanandamaya_, composed of a point or _bindu_

## TEMPLES

1.Shri Yantra Temple, This temple is most popular and ancient .

2.Shri Narmadeshwar Shri Laxmi Yantra Mandir in this temple  Siddha Shri is given by the priest to devotees take to home and prey .this temple is in Rajpipla city, JIOR pati, Kumbheshwar street, at the bank of River Narmada .

Official Website:- Shri Narmadeshwar Shri Laxmi Yantra Mandir Official Website

## Other websites

- Lalita Tripurasundari, the Red Goddess
- Shri Narmadeshwar Shri Laxmi Yantra Mandir
- Sri Yantra
- How to Draw a Sri Chakra
- How to draw Sri Yantra
Tulku

A **tulku** (also **tülku**, **trulku**) is a Tibetan Buddhist lama who has achieved the ability to consciously determine to be reborn, often many times, in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow. The most famous example is the lineage of Dalai Lamas, who are said to be reincarnations of the previous thirteen Dalai Lamas, beginning with Gendun Drup (1391 – 1474). It is held in the Vajrayana tradition that the oldest lineage of tulkus is that of the Karmapas (spiritual head of the Karma Kagyu lineage), which began with Düsum Khyenpa (1110-1193).

In addition to Tibetans and related peoples, Tibetan Buddhism is the traditional religion of the Mongols and their relatives. The Mongolian word for a tulku is _qubilγan_, though such persons may also be called by the honorific title _qutuγtu_ (Tib: **phags-pa_ / Skt: _ārya_), or _hutagt_ in the standard Khalkha dialect.

A recent Chinese word for tulku is _huófó_ (活佛), which literally means "living Buddha". Thus the term **Living Buddha** is used to mean _tulku_.

## References

- Logan, Pamela (2004). "Tulkus in Tibet" . _Harvard Asia Quarterly_ **8_' (1) 15-23.
Yeshe Tsogyal

**Yeshe  Tsogyel** (, rhymes with "may she so well") is also known in the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism as the **Great Bliss Queen**. She is both a woman and a female deity called a _dakini_.

She lived from 757 to 817, and was the wife of Emperor Trisong Detsen (740 - c. 798) who invited Padmasambhava to Tibet:
- From the mouth of a lotus was born
- The swift goddess, heroic liberator
- Who went forth in human form
- Amid the snowy mountains of Tibet.

Among Tibetans she is seen as a Buddha who takes the form of an ordinary woman so as to be seen by the average person, "who, for the time being, do not see her Vajravarahi form as a fully perfected deity." In fact,
- She displays whatever emanation form will tame
- Any given [person], just as, for example, the full moon in the sky
- Emerges as [various] reflections in different water vessels.

According to legend she was born in the same manner as the Buddha, a Sanskrit mantra sounding as her mother gave birth painlessly. She is considered a reincarnation of the Buddha's own mother.  Her name ("Primordial (_ye_) Wisdom (_shes_) Queen (_rgyal mo_) of the Lake (_tso_)") derives from her birth causing a nearby lake to double in size.

As a young girl, she is said to have prayed for the happiness of all sentient beings. At the age of sixteen, she was initiated into Buddhism by Guru Padmasambhava. Although she was originally one of the Queen consorts of Trisong Detsen, he gave her to Padmasambhava and she became his main spiritual consort. After many years of study she became enlightened. Yeshey Tsogyal was the main person who wrote down and collected Padmasambhava's teachings. She also terma most of the hidden teachings called _termas_.

As the wife of Tri-song-day-tsen and the consort of Padmasambhava, given to him at her request by the king, she also stands historically at the beginning of Buddhism's eclipse of Bön in Tibet.  She is also considered a manifestation of Sarasvati and sometimes identified with the Bodhisattva Tara.

## References

- Klein, Anne Carolyn (1995). _Meeting the Great Bliss Queen: Buddhists, Feminists, and the Art of the Self_. Beacon Press: Boston. .
Urho Kekkonen

**Urho Kaleva Kekkonen** (; 3 September 1900 – 31 August 1986), often referred to by his initials **UKK**, was the President of Finland between 1956 and 1982. He was also the Prime Minister of Finland before that.

Kekkonen was born in Pielavesi. He took part of the Finnish Civil War. He was anti-Communist and later anti-Fascist.

Kekkonen became the Interior Minister in 1937, and he then attempted to ban the fascist party known as the Patriotic People's Movement (commonly abbreviated to IKL).

In the year 1950, after the Second World War, Kekkonen became the Prime Minister of Finland.

The "Passikivi-Kekkonen line" was a foreign policy doctrine established by, Kekkonen and Juho Kusti Paasikivi, aimed at Finland's survival as an independent sovereign, democratic, and capitalist country in the immediate proximity of the Soviet Union.

Kekkonen was elected the President of Finland in 1956, after president Paasikivi. He attempted to keep Finland a neutral country, which means it was not affiliated with any military alliance such as NATO or the Warsaw Pact during the Cold War.

Urho Kekkonen led the underwriting of the Helsinki Accords of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe between European countries, the United States and the Soviet Union in 1975.

Kekkonen became sick in 1981 and resigned from presidency.

He died in 1986, three days before his 86th birthday.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Urho Kekkonen
- **image**: Urho-Kekkonen-1977-c.jpg
- **caption**: Urho Kekkonen in 1977
- **order**: 8th President of Finland
- **nationality**: Finnish
- **term start**: 1 March 1956
- **term end**: 27 January 1982
- **predecessor**: Juho Kusti Paasikivi
- **successor**: Mauno Koivisto
- **order2**: Prime Minister of Finland
- **term start2**: 20 October 1954
- **term end2**: 3 March 1956
- **president2**: Juho Kusti Paasikivi
- **predecessor2**: Ralf Törngren
- **successor2**: Karl-August Fagerholm
- **term start3**: 17 March 1950
- **term end3**: 17 November 1953
- **president3**: Juho Kusti Paasikivi
- **predecessor3**: Karl-August Fagerholm
- **successor3**: Sakari Tuomioja
- **birth place**: Pielavesi, Grand Duchy of Finland, Finland, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Helsinki, Finland
- **spouse**: Sylvi Salome Uino
- **children**: Matti, Taneli
- **party**: Centre Party (Finland), Agrarian League 1933–1965: Centre Party 1965–1982
- **residence**: Tamminiemi
- **alma mater**: University of Helsinki
- **profession**: Lawyer, police officer, journalist
- **signature**: KekkonenUrhoSignature.png
- **height**: 1.81 m
Albert Hofmann

**Albert Hofmann** (11 January 1906 – 29 April 2008) was a Swiss scientist. He invented Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Hofmann wrote more than 100 scientific articles and a number of books, including _LSD: My Problem Child_ (1979).

## Life

Hofmann was born in Baden, Switzerland. He studied chemistry at the University of Zürich. His main interest was the chemistry of plants and animals, and he studied about the chemical structure of the common animal substance chitin. Hofmann worked at the pharmaceutical-chemical department of Sandoz Laboratories in Basel.

Five years after its first synthesis, he discovered by accident the psychedelic effects of LSD, after absorbing some through his fingertips on 16 April 1943. Three days later, he deliberately consumed 250 micrograms of LSD, and experienced far more intense effects. This was followed by a series of self-experiments. He first wrote about these experiments on 22 April of the same year.

He became director of the natural products department at Sandoz and went on studying hallucinogenic substances found in Mexican mushrooms and other plants used by the indigenous peoples. This led to the synthesis of psilocybin, the active agent of many magic mushrooms.

Hofmann called LSD "medicine for the soul".

He had a heart attack in his home in Burg im Leimental on 29 April 2008, and died at the age of 102.

## Other websites

- Albert Hofmann (NNDB)
- Erowid: Albert Hofmann Vault
- Albert Hofmann Foundation
- MAPS ("Stanislav Grof interviews Dr. Albert Hofmann")
Mahasiddha

A **mahasiddha** (Sanskrit: _maha_ - great, _siddha_ - achiever) is type of yogi important in Tantra. They are found in both Hinduism and Tibetan Buddhism. They are connected with unusual ways of thinking and with the highest levels of spiritual enlightenment.  They are very different from arhats, the saints who gave up the world to achieve buddhahood.

The Mahasiddhas are actual people who acquired magical powers from their spiritual practice. A mahasiddha is a bodhisattva, someone who can enter _nirvana_ whenever they want, but instead choose to stay in _samsara_ to help others.

In both Hindu and Tibetan Buddhist traditions there are **85 Mahasiddhas**. The lists are not all the same, but there are many Mahasiddhas who appear on most lists. In Tibetan Buddhist art, they are often shown in paintings together, for example around the border of a _thanka_.

## Important Mahasiddhas

Each Mahasiddha has come to be known for certain things.  One of the most loved Mahasiddhas is Virupa, who is a saint of the Sakyapa sect.  He lived in 9th century India and was known for his great attainments. Other important Mahasiddhas include:

- Marpa, the great translator and first native-born guru in Tibet who brought Buddhist teachings from India.
- Milarepa, Marpa's student . In Buddhist pictures and statues, Milarepa is shown with his right hand cupped against his ear. He does this to better listen to the teachings _(dharma)_.
- Karmapa, the first consciously incarnating lama of Tibet.
- Gorakhnath
- Matsyendranath
- Nagarjuna
- Naropa
- Saraha
- Shantideva
- Tilopa

## Complete list of Mahasiddhas

In Buddhism there are 89 Mahasiddhas:
Acinta,
Ajogi,
Anangapa,
Aryadeva,
Babhaha,
Bhadrapa,
Bhandepa,
Bhiksanapa,
Bhusuku,
Camaripa,
Campaka,
Carbaripa,
Catrapa,
Caurangipa,
Celukapa,
Dan,
Darikapa,
Dengipa,
Dhahulipa,
Dharmapa,
Dhilipa,
Dhobipa,
Dhokaripa
Dombipa,
Dukhandi,
Ghantapa,
Gharbari,
Godhuripa,
Goraksa,
Indrabhuti,
Jalandhara,
Jayananda,
Jogipa,
Kalapa,
Kamparipa,
Kambala,
Kanakhala,
Kanhapa,
Kankana,
Kankaripa,
Kantalipa,
Kapalapa,
Khadgapa,
Kilakilapa,
Kirapalapa,
Kokilipa,
Kotalipa,
Kucipa,
Kukkuripa,
Kumbharipa,
Laksminkara,
Lilapa,
Lucikapa,
Luipa,
Mahipa,
Manibhadra,
Medhini,
Mekhala,
Mekopa,
Minapa,
Nagabodhi,
Nagarjuna,
Nalinapa,
Naropa,
Nirgunapa,
Pacaripa,
Pankajapa,
Putalipa,
Rahula,
Saraha,
Sakara,
Samudra,
Santipa,
Sarvabhaksa,
Savaripa,
Syalipa,
Tantepa,
Tantipa,
Thaganapa,
Tilopa,
Udhilipa,
Upanaha,
Vinapa,
Virupa,
Vyalipa,
Lokesh

## References

- Dowman, Keith (1986). _Masters of Mahamudra: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-four Buddhist Siddhas_. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

## Other websites

- Murals of mahasiddhas in the Lukhang hidden temple
- Names of the 84 Mahasiddha (with brief explanation of their meaning).
- The Mahasiddha Linedrawings of H.R.Downs (in Dowman (1986)).
- MahaSiddha Dharma website
Red Hat sect

In Tibetan Buddhism, the "Red Hat" sects or schools include the three oldest of the four main schools, to wit:

- Nyingma
- Sakya
- Kagyu

The newer Gelug school is known as the "Yellow Hat Sect".
Drugs

**Drugs** change the way the body works. It could mean:

- Medicine - Special chemicals or herbs given to people by a doctor when they are sick
- Illegal drugs - Chemicals, pills, liquids, or parts of plants that people take to make them feel a certain way
Gustatory system

The **gustatory system** is the sensory system for the sense of taste.

## Function

The human body can be stimulated by certain things. This stimuli is measured by sensory receptors and the energy is converted to something our brain can understand. There are receptors in our tongue which can measure four main things.

### Salt

This is the simplest receptor found in the mouth.

### Sour

Sour tastes are usually received from acidic compounds.

### Bitter

Bitter tastes are important, since poisons are usually bitter and therefore we need to know whether or not to spit a bitter food out. This is the most complicated receptor found in the mouth.

### Sweet

Food which has a lot of carbohydrates such as glucose are sweet.
Olfactory system

The **olfactory system** is also known as our sense of smell. It is the sensory system used for olfaction. It is the most sensitive of our senses and helps us to identify many different (millions of) aromas around us, in the atmosphere.

Most mammals and reptiles have two parts to their olfactory system.
1. There is a main olfactory system, which detects volatile, airborne substances.
1. There is secondary, or accessory, system. The accessory olfactory system senses fluid-based stimuli. Behavioral evidence indicates that most often, the stimuli detected by the accessory olfactory system are pheromones.

The olfactory system is often spoken as being similar to the gustatory system (taste system). Both are chemosensory senses. They change chemical signals into nerve impulses, which are translated into perceptions in the brain.

The part of the brain which deals with olfaction is the rhinencephalon, a small part in the human brain, but much more important in other vertebrates. The piriform cortex is probably the area most closely associated with identifying the odor. The medial amygdala is involved in social functions such as mating and recognising animals of the same species. The entorhinal cortex pairs odors with memories.

These systems give us advanced warnings about the environment and also plays a very important role in how we recognise and successively communicate with each other. Smell is closely linked to memory and experience and the subtle connection between a smell and an object or person adds to the memory. The exact functions of these higher areas is still being researched.

Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel won the 2004 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on the olfactory system.  By analyzing rat DNA, they estimated that there were about one thousand different genes for olfactory receptors in the mammalian genome.

## Damage

Damage to the olfactory system can happen through brain injury, cancer or toxic gases. The damage is usually measured by doctors giving the patient something to smell and having the patient try to guess what it is.

## Related pages

- Olfaction
- Gustatory system
- Memory
- Learning and fear based learning, learned helplessness
Bricostore

**Bricostore** is a type of French hypermarket. They sell do-it-yourself (DIY) goods.

## Bricostore in Europe

|align="center"|**Country**|align="center"|**First hypermarket**|align="center"|**Number of hypermarkets**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Hungary|1998|9||||
|Romania|2002|13||||
|Croatia|2004|3||||

## Other websites

- Bricostore Romania
- Bricostore Hungary
- Bricostore Croatia

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Bricostore
- **company type**: Public company, Public
- **foundation**: 1850 (Paris)
- **location**: Paris, France
- **key people**: Philippe Bresson, CEO & Chairman
- **industry**: Retailer, Retail (Home Improvement)
- **num employees**: 3,000
- **products**: Home improvement products such as home appliances, tools, household hardware, and gardening, garden supplies & plants.
Pharaoh's Island

**Pharaoh's Island** is an island on the River Thames, in Surrey, England.

## Location

The island is above Shepperton Lock. It can only be reached by boats.

## History

The island was given to Admiral Nelson as a reward for winning Battle of the Nile, and he used it as a place to fish.

## Other websites

- The River Thames Guide — Shepperton Lock
Ky Ebright

**Carroll M. Ebright** (March 20, 1894 - November 1979), sometimes known as **Ky Ebright** was a  coach for the University of California, Berkeley crew team. He is the only man to coach three Olympic gold medal winning eight oared boats. Ky Ebright died in Berkeley, California at the age of 85.

### Olympic wins

- 1928 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal
- 1932 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal
- 1948 Summer Olympics - Gold Medal

### IRA Championships

- 1928
- 1932
- 1934
- 1935
- 1939
- 1949

## Other websites

- Rowing Hall of Fame Link
- IRA Championships Link
- History Cal Crew
Robert Johnson

**Robert Johnson** may mean:

- In politics:
- Robert Johnson (governor), South Carolina
- Robert Johnson (Texas) (1929–1995), member of Texas state legislature 1956–63
- Robert D. Johnson (1883–1961), U.S. Congressman from Missouri
- Robert Edward Johnson, Congressional candidate in Florida in 2004 and in Texas in 2006
- Robert J. Johnson, U.S. Congressional candidate from New York in 2004 and 2006
- Robert Ward Johnson (1814–1879), U.S. Senator from Arkansas
- Robert Johnson, Louisiana State Representative

- In business:
- Robert E. Johnson, magazine editor
- Robert L. Johnson (born 1946), American media entrepreneur, founder of Black Entertainment Television
- Robert M. Johnson, Publisher of _Newsday_
- Robert Wood Johnson I (died 1910), founded Johnson & Johnson
- Robert Wood Johnson II (1893–1968), 3rd president of Johnson & Johnson
- Robert Wood Johnson III (1920–1970), 3rd generation president of Johnson & Johnson
- Robert Wood Johnson IV, American businessman

- In the arts:
- Robert Johnson (drummer), former drummer for KC and the Sunshine Band
- Robert Johnson (musician) (Robert Leroy Johnson) (1911–1938), blues singer and guitarist
- Robert Johnson (actor), voice actor noted for _Mission: Impossible_ mission messages
- Robert Johnson (Scottish composer) (c. 1470 - after 1554)
- Robert Johnson (composer) (c. 1580–1634) English lutenist and composer
- Robert Johnson (conductor), orchestral conductor
- Robert Johnson (screenwriter), writer for films such as The Temptations
- Robert Sherlaw Johnson, British composer, pianist and music scholar
- Robert Johnson, British comic entertainer known under the stage name Bob Carolgees

- In the military:
- Robert Johnson (Civil War) (1834–1869), Civil War Brigadier General, son of Andrew Johnson, U.S. President
- Robert S. Johnson, American World War II flying ace

- In religion:
- Robert Johnson (martyr) (died 1581), Catholic priest
- Robert Johnson (rector), Puritan rector

- Others:
- Robert Johnson (American football), NFL tight end
- Robert Johnson (explorer), explorer of the south coast of New South Wales, Australia, in 1821
- Robert Johnson (handball), a Canadian handball player who competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics
- Robert Johnson (terrorist), on the U.S. No Fly List
- Robert A. Johnson, Jungian analyst
- Robert Underwood Johnson, U.S. writer and diplomat

## Other

- First name variations:
- Bob Johnson
- Rob Johnson
- Bobby Johnson
- Robb Johnson
- For all other first names see Johnson

- Surname variations:
- Robert Johnston

- Middle name Robert:
- Lacey Robert Johnson
- Jeremy Robert Johnson

- Other:
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School
- Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital
- The Robert Johnson Songbook (album)
Ishman Bracey

**Ishmon Bracey** (January 9, 1899 or 1901 – February 12, 1970), was a blues singer and guitarist from Mississippi.

### Early Life

Bracey was born in Byram, Mississippi. He started playing at local dances and parties in about 1917. He also worked as a waterboy on the Illinois Central Railroad. His first recorded song was in Memphis in 1928. He played as lead guitar with Charlie McCoy on rhythm guitar.

### Songs performed

In the 1920s, Bracey had not yet started playing delta blues and each of his songs were different. However, he was one of the only Mississippi blues musicians to sing with a nasal voice. He often sang about skin creams and powders which would lighten dark skin.

### Later life

When he recorded in 1930, his voice had become deeper. This meant that he could not sing high enough for some of his songs and the songs had to be changed. He recorded after in 1931 for Paramount Records with a group called _The New Orleans Nehi Boys_, which had a guitarist called Charles Taylor.

## Songs

Bracey has recorded 16 songs in all, the original copies of his 78-rpm records are some of the most valuable things in blues collecting history. "Trouble Hearted Blues" and "Left Alone Blues" are his best known songs.
Bundesfinanzhof

The **Bundesfinanzhof** or _Federal Finance Court_  is one of the federal supreme courts of Germany. It is the final court of appeals for cases about tax and customs law.  It hears cases from the _Finanzgerichte_ (Finance Courts).

The _Federal Finance Court_  was first created in 1918.  It has its headquarters in Munich, Bavaria.

## Other websites

- Official homepage
Hot Club de Paris

**Hot Club de Paris** are a band which came from Liverpool, United Kingdom. They are signed to the London-based Moshi Moshi Records, a record company, and released their debut album _Drop It 'Til It Pops_ in October 2006. Their second album, _Live at Dead Lake_, was released in June 2008.

## History

The band formed in early 2004 after band members Matthew and Paul met in 2003 working at Chester racecourse. It's other members were playing in different bands in the Liverpool music scene including street punkers Down and Outs and new wave popsters Victor FME.

They both loved American punk rock bands (Minutemen, Firehose, SST Records bands etc.) and they became interested in math rock and experimental indie bands which influenced their music a lot. They signed to Moshi Moshi Records in 2005, and have since toured around the world to support the release of their debut record.

They have been shown on a number of music-based TV shows in the UK and their record played airplay on a number of radio stations including BBC Radio1, BBC 6 Music and XFM, whose DJ John Kennedy has championed the band. Kennedy claimed that their debut album is 'one of the best of 2006'.

They have toured with a number of bands including Jamie T, Maxïmo Park and The Who.

They played at the 2007 SXSW music festival in Austin, Texas and have toured in the UK, Italy, Belgium, Ireland, Spain, France, Sweden, Iceland, Germany, Switzerland, the United States, Holland and India.

They recorded their second album (_Live at Dead Lake_) in Chicago with Brian Deck. Brian Deck has previously produced Iron and Wine and Modest Mouse. It was released in 2008.

They released two EPs in 2010: _With Days Like This As Cheap As Chewing Gum, Why Would Anyone Want To Work?_ and _The Rise And Inevitable Fall Of The High School Suicide Cluster Band_. Tracks from these EPs were released on the album _Free The Pterodactyl Three_ in 2011.

### Singles

- "Sometimesitsbetternottostickbitsofeachotherineachotherforeachother" (2006) UK #57
- "Everyeveryeverything" (2006) UK #67
- "Shipwreck" (2007) UK #38
- "Clockwork Toy/You can call me Al" (2007) UK #88
- "Will You Still Be In Love With Me Next Year?" (2007)
- "Hey! Housebrick" (2008) UK #81
- "My Little Haunting" (2008)

### Compilation contributions

Hot Club De Paris have released several tracks on compilation albums, including _Can You Hear Me Clearly?_, on Moshi Moshi records, and a rare CDR release _Munkyfest v7.0_, released by the organisers of the _Munkyfest_ festival.

## Sources

- Interview
- BBC gig review
- Article on gigwise

## Other websites

- Official website
- Interview on www.krugermagazine.com
- Official hotclubdeparis myspace
- HCdP page  on Moshi Moshi Records web site
- album review on This is Fake DIY

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Hot Club de Paris
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Liverpool, England
- **genre**: Indie rock
- **years active**: 2004 – present
- **label**: Moshi Moshi
- **url**: [http://welcometothehotclub.tk/ Official website]
- **current members**: Alasdair Smith
Paul Rafferty
Matthew Cameron Smith
Willie Brown

The name **Willie Brown** may mean:

- Willie Brown (politician) (born 1934), Mayor of San Francisco (1996–2004), Speaker of the California State Assembly (1980–1995)
- Willie Brown (football player) (born 1940), American football Hall-of-Fame cornerback
- Willie Brown (musician) (1900–1952), American delta blues guitarist and singer
- Willie Brown (cartoon character), fictional owner of Felix the Cat
- Willie Brown (footballer born 1900), Scottish footballer
- Willie Brown (footballer born 1950), Scottish footballer
- Willie Brown (footballer born 1974), Ghanaian footballer
- Willy Brown, victim of the Omaha Race Riot of 1919

## Related pages

- William Brown, for people known as William/Bill Brown
Willie Brown (musician)

**Willie Brown** (August 6, 1900 – December 30, 1952) was an American guitarist and singer. He played with Charley Patton, Son House, and Robert Johnson.

### Birth

Brown was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi.

### Music

He was known to be shy and only wanting to accompany other musicians rather than play lead guitar. Robert Johnson called him "my friend boy Willie Brown".

Brown is heard playing on the Paramount label sessions of 1930. He played _M & O Blues_ and _Future Blues_. He also played songs with Son House and Charlie Patton. There are also rumours that he played with Luke Thomson and Thomas "Clubfoot" Coles. At least four other songs he recorded for Paramount have never been found.

Brown also played a song during the Great Depression for the Library of Congress called _Make Me a Pallet on the Floor_.

#### Possible songs

A song called _Rowdy blues_ was thought to have Brown playing on rhythm guitar since he played another song (_Future Blues_) on the same album (_Son House & The Great Delta Blues Singers_).

## Death

He died of heart disease in Tunica, Mississippi at the age of 52.

## Other websites

- "Cross Road Blues" lyrics
Sid Wilson

**Sidney George "Sid" Wilson** (born January 20, 1977) is an American musician and member of Slipknot. In Slipknot he is known as **#0**. He is known as the craziest member of Slipknot because of his over-the-top antics, such as jumping into the audience and moshing along with them, hitting himself with the custom percussion instruments, and walking on top of the crowd. He also performs as **DJ Starscream**.

His injuries include breaking both of his heels. He likes the television series _Transformers_ and takes his DJ name "Starscream" from one of its characters. He also has tattoos of the characters. In Slipknot he wears a metallic style mask with lighting up eyes and moving eyebrows and mouth.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sid Wilson
- **image**: Sid Wilson at Mayhem.jpg
- **caption**: Wilson on Stage (theatre), stage
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Des Moines, Iowa, United States
- **instrument**: Turntables
- **genre**: Nu metal
- **years active**: 1998–Present
- **associated acts**: Slipknot
Soundproof Coalition
- **url**: [http://www.slipknot1.com Slipknot website]
Mahamudra

**Mahamudra** (Sanskrit: _great seal_) is an advanced form of meditation in Buddhism. It is practiced by the Kagyu, Gelug and Sakya schools of Tibetan Buddhism.

The Bön and Nyingma schools practice a different advanced form of meditation called Dzogchen.
Discount store

A **discount store** is a type of department store, which sell products at prices lower than traditional retail outlets. Most discount department stores offer wide assortments of goods; others specialize in such merchandise as jewelry, electronic equipment, or electrical appliances. Discount department stores are more popular in the United States than other countries.  Discount stores, usually smaller than Neighborhood markets and supercenters, usually offer the essentials, like groceries. Some iconic brands that own these establishments are those like Walmart, and Target.

## Related pages

- Department store
- Supermarket
- Grocery store
- Walmart
Second Temple

The **Second Temple** (Hebrew: בית המקדש, _Holy House_) was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem which stood between 516 BC and 70 AD. It is also known as the **Herod's Temple**. Back then, it was the center of Jewish worship. The Romans burned down Jerusalem and its Second Temple on August 4, 70 AD after crushing a Jewish revolt against their colonial rule.

## Related pages

- Jerusalem
- Western Wall
- History of Jews
- Haredi Judaism
- Orthodox Judaism
- Conservative Judaism

## Other websites

- About the Temple of Jerusalem
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Temple, The Second
- Resources > Second Temple and Talmudic Era > Second Temple Jerusalem The Jewish History Resource Center, Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Temple in Jerusalem

The **Temple in Jerusalem** or **Holy Temple** (, transliterated _Bet HaMikdash_, which means literally "The Holy House") stood on the Temple Mount _(Har HaBayit)_ in the old city of Jerusalem. According to classical Jewish belief, it was the "footstool" of God's presence in the physical world.  It was the place where Jews brought all the offerings described in the Torah.

The First Temple, also called Solomon's Temple, was built by King Solomon in seven years during the 10th century BCE and has been dated astronomically to 957 BCE. It was the center of ancient Judaism. This first Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BCE. A new temple was built from 535 BCE to 516 BCE. That was destroyed by the Romans in 70 CE. All of the outer walls still stand, although the Temple itself has long since been destroyed.

The Islamic Dome of the Rock has stood on the site of the Temple since the late 7th Century CE. The al-Aqsa Mosque, from roughly the same period, also stands on the Temple courtyard.

## Related pages

- Al-Aqsa Mosque
- Second Temple

## Other websites

- About the Temple of Jerusalem
- visit of the Temple Institute Museum in Jerusalem conducted by Rav Israel Ariel
Mean Girls

***Mean Girls*** is a 2004 American teen comedy movie starring Lindsay Lohan, Rachel McAdams, Tim Meadows, Ana Gasteyer, Amy Poehler, and Tina Fey. It was written by Fey and directed by Mark Waters.

## Plot

_Mean Girls_ is about a teenage girl, Cady Heron, who used to be home schooled in Africa but moves to the United States and has to go to a normal high school in Evanston, Illinois. On her first day at school, she hates it. She thinks it is a bit weird because she cannot go to the toilet when she wants, cannot write in green ink and has to stay in the same seat every time she goes into a lesson.

On the second day it becomes more successful as she makes new friends, Janis and Damian. When they skip a lesson, Janis and Damian give her a map of the school eating area. It is arranged into different sorts of people and their personalities. At lunch time Cady is on her way to sit with her new friends but is interrupted, then Regina, Gretchen and Karen ("The Plastics") ask her to sit with them and so she sits with them.

Soon, Cady joins the Plastics, and Janis devises a plan to shatter them.  Cady convinces Regina to eat these bars that will make her gain weight instead of lose weight. However, Cady becomes too much like the Plastics, and throws a party at her parents' house without their permission. She tries to hook up with Regina's boyfriend, but he rejects her because she's "just like a clone of Regina now".  Janis tells Cady that she's just like one of the Plastics now.

Janis reveals to the entire school about her and Cady's plan to ruin Regina's reputation. Regina is upset and leaves the school but is hit by a bus. Low grades in calculus class force Cady to rethink her plans.  She joins the math team, and works on getting her grades up. She manages to help the math team win a championship.

## Cast

- Lindsay Lohan as Cady Heron
- Rachel McAdams as Regina George
- Lizzy Caplan as Janis Ian
- Daniel Franzese as Damian
- Lacey Chabert as Gretchen Wieners
- Amanda Seyfried as Karen Smith
- Tina Fey as Ms. Sharon Norbury
- Tim Meadows as Mr. Ron Duvall
- Amy Poehler as Mrs. George
- Ana Gasteyer as Mrs. Heron
- Neil Flynn as Mr. Heron
- Jonathan Bennett as Aaron Samuels

## Sequel

_Mean Girls 2_ was released in 2011 on DVD. None of the actors from _Mean Girls_ were in it apart from Tim Meadows.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Mean Girls
- **image**: File:Mean Girls.jpg
- **alt**: "**MEAN** GIRLS" written in pink writing in all capital letters, with "MEAN" in bolder text than "GIRLS".
- **caption**: Logo
- **director**: Mark Waters
- **screenplay**: Tina Fey
- **producer**: Lorne Michaels
- **cinematography**: Daryn Okada
- **editing**: Wendy Greene Bricmont
- **music**: Rolfe Kent
- **studio**: Broadway Video
- **distributor**: Paramount Pictures
- **runtime**: 96 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $17 million
- **gross**: $130.1 million
French Open

The **French Open** is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments. It is played in Paris, France. The first competition was held in 1891.

The French Open is known for being the only Grand Slam played on a clay court. On a clay court the ball bounces much slower and higher than on hard or grass courts. This makes it more difficult to win the point and rallies (the number of shots in a point) usually last longer. Players that excel on clay courts are called _clay-court specialists_.

The tournament is played for four weeks. It starts in late May and finishes in early June.

Sometimes, the French Open is called the Roland Garros tournament. Roland Garros was a well-known aviator from World War I who had the main tennis court named after him.

The singles winners in 2016 were **Novak Djokovic** and Garbiñe Muguruza. The singles winners in 2015 were Stan Wawrinka and Serena Williams.

## Records

- Men - Rafael Nadal has won 9 times: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014.
- Women - Chris Evert won 7 times: 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, and 1986.
Sami

**Sami** might mean:

- Sámi, an ethnic group from Lapland
- Sámi languages, the languages spoken by the Sámi people

## Given name

- Sami Al-Jaber, Saudi Arabian footballer
- Sami Helenius, Finnish ice hockey player
- Sami Hyypiä, Finnish footballer
- Sami Khedira, German footballer
- Sami Lepistö, Finnish ice hockey player
- Sami Salo, Finnish ice hockey player
Sam Chatmon

**Sam Chatmon** (January 10 1897 - February 2 1983), was a guitarist and singer.

## Life and career

Chatmon was born in Bolton, Mississippi.

### Early life

Chatmon had a very musical family, all of them lived in Mississippi. Two of Sam's brothers, fiddler Lonnie Chatmon and guitarist Bo Carter, performed with guitarist Walter Vinson as the Mississippi Sheiks. Chatmon himself was a member of the family's string band when he was young. He performed all the time for white audiences in the 1900s.

### Music style

The Chatmon band played:
- Ragtime
- Ballads
- Popular dance tunes.

### Instruments played

Chatmon played the banjo, mandolin, harmonica and the guitar. He played at parties and on street corners in Mississippi for money and tips. In the 1930s he recorded songs with his brothers.

### Later life

Chatmon moved to Hollandale, Mississippi in the early 1940s and worked on plantations in Hollandale. He started playing again in 1960, playing mostly blues music. In the same year, he recorded songs for Arhoolie Records. He went on tours in the 1960s and 1970s and played for many festivals such as the Festival of American Folklife in Washington, D.C. in 1972, the Mariposa Fest in Toronto in 1974, and the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival in 1976.

## Timeline

- 1897 - Born in Bolton, Mississippi
- 1900 - Played for white audiences
- 1930 - Recorded with the Sheiks, Lonnie and the Chatman Brothers
- 1940 - Moved to Hollandale, Mississippi, to work on plantations
- 1960 - Rediscovered as a folk-blues artist, he also recorded for the Arhoolie Label
- 1970 - Performed with Fingers Taylor on The Blues Caravan
- 1972 - Played many of his largest and best-known folk festivals
- 1974 - Played the Mariposa Fest in Toronto
- 1976 - Played the New Orleans Jazz and Heritage Festival
- 1983 - Died

## Other websites

- Illustrated Sam Chatmon discography
- Sam Chatmon biography at the All Music Guide website
Medicine wheel

A **medicine wheel** is a stone structure built by the natives of North America for spiritual and ritual purposes.

They appear mostly in Alberta, Canada. They were built by laying out stones in a circular pattern. They often look like a wagon wheel laying flat.  They could be large, reaching up to 75 feet across.

Medicine wheels are still used today in the Native American traditions. However, the meaning is usually not shared outside the tribe.

## Other websites

- What is a Medicine Wheel?
Stone structure

**Stone structures**, or "megaliths", have been built by men for thousands of years. Many of these structures were built around the same time (the 3rd millennium BC).

Some of the better known ones are:

- Easter Island
- Egyptian pyramids
- Medicine wheels
- Stone circle
- Stone circle (Iron Age)
- Stonehenge, which is in England.
- Stone ship
- Ziggurats
Megalith

A **megalith** is a large stone used to build a structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. ***Megalithic*** means structures made of such large stones, put together without the use of mortar or cement.

The word _megalith_ comes from the Ancient Greek **' _megas_ meaning _great_, and **' _lithos_ meaning _stone_. It has been used to describe stone structures built by people from many parts of the world living in many different times.  Many megaliths were used to figure out the dates of the solstices and equinoxes.

These structures were built mainly in the Neolithic period. They continued to be built into the Bronze Age. Some were built even earlier in the Mesolithic period.

A famous example of a megalith is Stonehenge.

## References

- Johnson, W. (1908). _Folk-memory_. Oxford: Clarendon press.