juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Conjecture

A **conjecture** is an idea in mathematics that appears _likely_ to be true but that has not been _proven_ to be true.

After a conjecture is proven to be true, it becomes a theorem.

## Famous conjectures

Until recently, one of the most famous conjectures was Fermat's Last Theorem. The name was incorrect, because although Fermat said he had a proof for it, none could be found in his notes. In 1992, British mathematician Andrew Wiles found a proof for it, making it a theorem and not a conjecture.

Other famous conjectures include:

- There are no odd perfect numbers
- Goldbach's conjecture
- The twin prime conjecture
- The Collatz conjecture
- The Riemann hypothesis
- P versus NP
- The Poincaré conjecture (proven by Grigori Perelman)

## Undecidable conjectures

Not every conjecture can be proven true or false. The continuum hypothesis, which describes the size of certain infinite sets, is an example. It was shown to be independent of the generally accepted axioms of set theory, which means that it cannot be proven true or false using those axioms. It is therefore possible to take this statement, or its negation, as a new axiom in a consistent manner (much as we can take Euclid's parallel postulate as either true or false).

In this case, if a proof uses this statement, researchers will often look for a new proof that _does not_ require the hypothesis The one major exception to this in practice is the axiom of choice -- unless studying this axiom in particular, the majority of researchers do not usually worry whether a result requires the axiom of choice.
Akshobhya

**Buddha Akshobhya** is one of the five Dhyani buddhas. In Chinese, he is called _Ah-Chu-For_. In Japanese, he is called Ashuku Nyoral and In Tibetan, he is called Mi Kyu Pa, or Sang Gye.

According to the scripture, _Akobhyavyha Sutra_, it is written that a monk wished to practice the Dharma and made a vow- not to feel angry or disgust at another being and he will manage anger appropriately. When he succeeded, he became Buddha Akshobya, an immovable one. He was given charge over the eastern paradise Abhirati Pure Land (the land of Joyous). It is believed that those who are reborn in this Pure Land will not be born in lower realms of consciousness and are never to be born again. In the Akshobhya sutra, it is also mentioned that the _Buddha Shakyamuni_, himself praised the patience of Akshobhya and making his determination a reality.

Akshobya represents Dharma that changes hatred and dislike into wisdom. He is shown touching the earth with his right hand and holding an upright thunderbolt in his left hand. Akshobya's blessings enables us to develop wisdom and understand the true nature of reality.

Akshobhya, meaning unshakeable, is one of many Buddhas found in Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism. He is described in the Mahayana Sutras of Northern Buddhism and in the Tantra literature. Although a relatively minor figure in the Sutras Akshobhya is of major importance in the Tantras occupying a central role in Vajrayana Buddhism at all levels. He is easily recognized in paintings by having a buddha-like form, blue body colour and the left hand supporting an upright vajra scepter. There are no other Buddhist figures that have this same iconographic appearance. Tantric depictions of Buddhas are commonly shown with jewel ornaments and a crown.
Jambhala

In the Buddhist religion, **Jambhala** is the wealth-giving form of Avalokiteśvara or Chenrezig, the bodhisattva of compassion.

Jambhala's blessings are to help others by eliminating poverty, so that they may practice the Dharma. There are five Jambhalas - Yellow Jambhala (overcomes pride), White Jambhala (overcomes attachment), Black Jambala (overcomes resentment), Green Jambhala (overcomes jealousy) and Red Jambhala (overcomes greed). For instance, the White Jambhala is shown sitting on a turquoise dragon and his left hand holds a mongoose that spews out precious jewels.
Bodhi

**Bodhi** (Sanskrit) or **Enlightenment** refers to full awakening where all limitations have been removed from the mind. All positive potential including unlimited compassion, skill and wisdom are said to be realized. The enlightened being is free from samsara.
Combinatorics

**Combinatorics** is a branch of mathematics. It is concerned with finite or countable infinite sets. Combinatorics is part of discrete mathematics. Combinatorics are about graph theory, or Partitions of sets. According to George Pólya, combinatorics looks at counting the number of possibilities, and about the questions whether certain configurations exist, and how to get to them.

## Permutation

Permutation is concerned with the following problems:
- Determining how many different ways there are to arrange a number of objects.
- Determining how many ways there are to select a number of objects from a larger set.

There are variations in the problems as follows:
- The objects may or may not be distinguishable.
- The order in which the objects are selected may or may not matter.

### Examples

- There are 6 different ways to arrange three distinguishable objects (as shown in the graphic).
- There are three different ways to select one particular orange from a basket with three oranges.
- There is only one possible way to select the apple from a basket that has one orange, one apple and one pear in it.
Enrique Granados

**Enrique Granados** (born Lérida, Spain, 27 July 1867;  died in the English Channel, 24 March 1916) was a Spanish composer and pianist. He lived most of his life in Barcelona. His favourite painter was Goya and his best work, the piano pieces called _Goyescas_, are inspired by Goya’s paintings.

### Early career

Granados started having piano lessons in Barcelona and then went to Paris where he studied privately with Charles de Bériot. He returned to Barcelona in 1889 and the following year gave his first piano recital. He wrote a zarzuela (light opera) called _Maria del Carmen_. The king liked it very much and gave him an award.

During the following years he composed a lot and performed with famous musicians such as Jacques Thibaud, Pau Casals and Camille Saint-Saëns.  His piano suite _Goyescas_ was first performed in Barcelona in 1911 and then in Paris in 1914 where it soon became extremely popular.

### _Goyescas_ and the fateful voyage

He was persuaded to make _Goyescas_ into an opera. The opera was going to be performed at the Paris Opéra but, because of World War I it was performed in New York instead.  Granados was invited to go to New York to watch the first performance of his opera. He was very frightened of the sea, but eventually was persuaded to go. The opera was a great success when it was performed on 26 January 1916. Granados felt that he was at the beginning of a successful career. President Wilson invited him to play the piano at the White House. Because of this invitation he missed the ship that would have taken him back to Spain.  He took a ship to England instead. In Liverpool, he got off the ship and got onto another one which would take him to Dieppe in France. The ship was called the _Sussex_.  When the _Sussex_ was in the middle of the English Channel it was torpedoed by a German submarine. Granados managed to get onto a lifeboat, but then he saw his wife in the sea and he jumped in to try to save her, but they both drowned.

## His music

Granados wrote mainly piano works and songs. He was influenced by Romantic composers such as Grieg, Schumann and Liszt, but he was starting to make his music sound very Spanish. His songs include some of the best written by a Spanish composer. His piano works include _Ten Spanish Dances_, which are not too difficult to play, and the suite _Goyescas_ which is mostly quite difficult to play. The most popular piece in this suite is called _Lament, or The Maiden and the Nightingale_. It has a very romantic tune which is repeated several times.
Manuel de Falla

**Manuel de Falla** (born Cádiz, Spain, 23 November 1876; died Alta Gracia, Argentina, 14 November 1946) was a Spanish composer. Falla (pronounce: “FA-ya”), together with Albéniz and Granados, helped to make Spanish music important again after three centuries during which there had been no important Spanish composers.

### Early years

Falla had his first music lessons in Cádiz. At first he did not know whether he wanted to take music or literature as a career. When he was ten he started to go to music evenings where he heard chamber music being played. Then he started to go to the opera, and he heard church music and orchestral music. He liked the music of Grieg and decided that he wanted to do something similar with Spanish music. He went to Madrid where he studied very hard and won prizes. His first compositions were played in Cádiz. He studied with Pedrell who had also taught Albéniz and Granados.

He wrote a song called _Tus ojillos negros_ which became very popular, and he won a prize for a piano composition, but it was his opera _La vida breve_ (1904-1905) which really showed his genius, although it was not performed at the time. No one in Spain wanted to perform his zarzuelas, so he went to Paris in 1907. He soon made friends with Dukas, Debussy, Ravel and Turina. He made changes to _La vida breve_ and it was performed in Paris in 1913. His piano works and songs were also performed in Paris, and in Madrid.

### Mid career

In 1915 he wrote _El amor brujo_. It was a work with dances, songs and spoken passages. He soon turned it into a ballet. The music uses the songs of Andalusia and the rhythms of Spanish folkmusic. He wrote a work for solo piano and orchestra called _Noches en los jardines de España_ (_Nights in the gardens of Spain_). Later he changed it to a ballet for Diaghilev, calling it _El sombrero_. It was performed in London in 1919 with designs by Picasso. The music is very lively and often sounds like a guitar. He wrote a piano piece called _Fantasia bética_ (1919) which is the most important Spanish piano work after Albéniz’s _Iberia_.

Falla had many friends, including Lorca. They liked small theatre pieces and Falla wrote _El retablo_ and set it as a puppet opera. He liked the music of the past centuries, and wrote a concerto for harpsichord and five other instruments.

### Final years

During his final years Falla was composing a very large work called _Atlántida_. It was a long oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra. The words were in Catalan. Falla did not live long enough to finish the work. He became very depressed because of World War II. In the end he was invited to Argentina where he settled. He continued to work at _Atlántida_, but he had not finished it when he died. A man called Ernesto Halffter spent many years trying to finish it and prepare it for a performance. It was performed on stage at La Scala, Milan, in 1962, but it does not work well as an opera. Occasionally it is performed as a concert piece.

## References

- The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980
Granados

**Granados** may refer to:

## Places

- Granados, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala
- Granados, Sonora, Mexico
    - Granados Municipality, Sonora

## People

- Enrique Granados (1867–1916), Spanish composer
- Federico Tinoco Granados (1870–1931), president of Costa Rica
- Jorge García Granados (1900–1961), politician and diplomat from Guatemala
- Miguel García Granados (1809–1878), president of Guatemala
- Steven Granados-Portelance (born 1987), Canadian drag queen
Joaquín Turina

**Joaquín Turina Pérez** (9 December 188214 January 1949) was a Spanish composer of classical music.

## Biography

Turina was brought up in Seville, and the music of this town always had a big influence on his music. His father was a painter. As a small boy Turina’s favourite toy was a small toy accordion. He started to study medicine, but he wanted to be a musician, so his father let him study music instead. He had piano lessons with Enrique Rodriguez and studied harmony with Garcia Torres, who was in charge of music at the cathedral in Seville.

Soon Turina started to compose. He met Falla and the two musicians became lifelong friends. He moved to Paris in 1905 where he studied with Moskowski and d’Indy. One of the his first works to be performed was piano quintet. The style was similar to César Franck. Albéniz heard it and advised the young composer to make his music sound Spanish.

Turina’s music started to be performed widely. In 1914 both Turina and Falla returned to live in Spain. They were two of the most important Spanish composers. He was choirmaster at the Teatro Real and he had an opera _Jardin de oriente_ performed there. He became director of the Madrid Conservatory and received many honours. He died after a long illness.

Turina’s music always sounds very Spanish, although he used the forms of main European composers. He wrote many short piano pieces which often describe a person. He wrote songs, chamber music, string quartets and guitar music.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joaquín Turina
- **image**: Joaquín Turina.jpg
- **caption**: Turina in 1914
- **birth place**: Seville, Spain
- **death place**: Madrid, Spain
- **occupation**: Composer
Edouard Lalo

**Edouard Lalo** (born Lille, 27 January 1823; died Paris, 22 April 1892) was a French composer.

## His life

His family originally came from Spain.  Edouard learned to play the piano and violin at the Lille Conservatory, but his parents did not want him to take music as a profession.  So he left home when he was 16 and went to Paris.  He took some lessons and earned money by teaching and playing the violin.  He liked chamber music.  Not many people in France were interested in chamber music at that time.  With three friends he formed a string quartet and they helped to make the string quartets of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven better known in France.  He played the viola in his quartet, and later he played second violin.  In 1859, he composed a string quartet.

It was not until the 1870s, when he was already in his 50s, that he started to become really well known.  Some famous conductors such as Pasdeloup, Lamoureux and Colonne and the violinist Sarasate took an interest in his orchestral works and performed them.  He wrote a violin concerto and a work called _Symphonie espagnole_ (_Spanish Symphony_) which was also for solo violin and orchestra.  Sarasate played both these works.  He wrote a cello concerto in 1877.

He wrote an opera _Le roi d’Ys_, but no opera house wanted to perform it.  They asked him to write a ballet instead.  He did not know anything about ballet, but he composed one called _Namouna_.  It had some good music, although people who did not like him said it sounded like Wagner or like the music of someone who is used to writing symphonies.

In 1888, his opera _Le roi d’Ys_ was performed at last.  It was an enormous success, but Lalo only had four more years to live, and he did not compose anything more of importance.  He had married one of his pupils in 1865 and they had a son.

## His music

In France Lalo is mainly remembered for his opera _Le roi d’Ys_, but in other countries his best known work is his _Symphonie espagnole_.  It is not really a “symphony”,  it is a violin concerto.  It has  five movements and there are lots of lively, Spanish rhythms.  His cello concerto is also an excellent work.

## References

The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980
Wagenhausen

**Wagenhausen** is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in  Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wagenhausen
- **municipality name**: Wagenhausen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wagenhausen-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Frauenfeld (district), Frauenfeld
- **postal code**: 8259
- **municipality code**: 4871
- **area**: 11.2
- **elevation**: 403
- **population**: 1554
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.wagenhausen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Diessenhofen, Eschenz, Hemishofen (SH), Hüttwilen, Oberstammheim (ZH), Ramsen (SH), Stein am Rhein (SH), Unterstammheim (ZH)
Wäldi

**Wäldi** is a municipality of the district of Kreuzlingen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wäldi
- **municipality name**: Wäldi
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wäldi-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Kreuzlingen (district), Kreuzlingen
- **postal code**: 8564
- **municipality code**: 4701
- **area**: 12.3
- **elevation**: 610
- **population**: 955
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.waeldi.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ermatingen, Kemmental, Raperswilen, Tägerwilen, Wigoltingen
Wängi

**Wängi** is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wängi
- **municipality name**: Wängi
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Waengi.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Münchwilen (district), Münchwilen
- **postal code**: 9545
- **municipality code**: 4781
- **area**: 16.4
- **elevation**: 470
- **population**: 4074
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.waengi.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aadorf, Bettwiesen, Bichelsee-Balterswil, Eschlikon, Lommis, Matzingen, Münchwilen, Thurgau, Münchwilen, Stettfurt
- **image photo**: File:Waengi reformita preghejo kaj tombeja kapelo 076.JPG
Warth-Weiningen

**Warth-Weiningen** is a municipality of the district of Frauenfeld in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Warth-Weiningen
- **municipality name**: Warth-Weiningen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: WarthWeiningen-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Frauenfeld (district), Frauenfeld
- **postal code**: 8532
- **municipality code**: 4621
- **area**: 8.3
- **elevation**: 445
- **population**: 1180
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.warth-weiningen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Felben-Wellhausen, Frauenfeld, Herdern, Hüttwilen, Pfyn, Uesslingen-Buch
Wigoltingen

**Wigoltingen** is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wigoltingen
- **municipality name**: Wigoltingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wigoltingen-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Weinfelden (district), Weinfelden
- **postal code**: 8556
- **municipality code**: 4951
- **area**: 17.2
- **elevation**: 431
- **population**: 2115
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.wigoltingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Amlikon-Bissegg, Homburg, Switzerland, Homburg, Hüttlingen, Switzerland, Hüttlingen, Kemmental, Märstetten, Müllheim, Switzerland, Müllheim, Raperswilen, Wäldi
Wilen

**Wilen** is a municipality of the district of Münchwilen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wilen
- **municipality name**: Wilen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wilen-blazon.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Münchwilen (district), Münchwilen
- **postal code**: 9535
- **municipality code**: 4786
- **area**: 2.25
- **elevation**: 552
- **population**: 1926
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.wilen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Kirchberg, St. Gallen, Kirchberg (SG), Rickenbach, Thurgau, Rickenbach, Sirnach, Wil, St. Gallen, Wil (SG)
Wuppenau

**Wuppenau** is a municipality in Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Wuppenau
- **municipality name**: Wuppenau
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Wuppenau COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Wuppenau.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Weinfelden (district), Weinfelden
- **postal code**: 9514
- **municipality code**: 4791
- **area**: 12.1
- **elevation**: 615
- **population**: 1016
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.wuppenau.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Braunau, Switzerland, Braunau, Bronschhofen (SG), Kradolf-Schönenberg, Niederhelfenschwil (SG), Schönholzerswilen, Zuzwil, St. Gallen, Zuzwil (SG)
Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf

**Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf** is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf
- **municipality name**: Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: ZihlschlachtSitterdorf-blazon.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Zihlschlacht-Sitterdorf 2011.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Thurgau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TG
- **district**: Weinfelden (district), Weinfelden
- **postal code**: 8588
- **municipality code**: 4511
- **area**: 12.2
- **elevation**: 527
- **population**: 1991
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.zihlschlacht-sitterdorf.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Amriswil, Bischofszell, Erlen, Hauptwil-Gottshaus, Hohentannen, Muolen (SG)
Auenstein, Aargau

**Auenstein** is a municipality of the district Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

It is about  northwest of Lenzburg.

## Other websites

- Official Website of Auenstein

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Auenstein
- **municipality name**: Auenstein
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Auenstein COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Auenstein.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Brugg (district), Brugg
- **postal code**: 5105
- **municipality code**: 4091
- **area**: 5.68
- **elevation**: 376
- **population**: 1421
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.auenstein.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biberstein, Möriken-Wildegg, Oberflachs, Rohr, Aargau, Rohr, Rupperswil, Thalheim, Aargau, Thalheim, Veltheim, Aargau, Veltheim
- **twintowns**: Ilsfeld (Germany)
Auw, Aargau

**Auw** is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Auw
- **municipality name**: Auw
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Auw AG COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Auw 2012.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Muri (district), Muri
- **postal code**: 5644
- **municipality code**: 4223
- **area**: 8.61
- **elevation**: 489
- **population**: 1561
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.auw.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Beinwil (Freiamt), Hohenrain (LU), Mühlau, Sins, Switzerland, Sins
Daniel D. Tompkins

**Daniel D. Tompkins** (June 21, 1774 – June 11, 1825) was an entrepreneur, jurist, representative, the fifth governor of New York, and the sixth vice president of the United States from 1817 to 1825.

## Infobox (_president)

- **name**: Daniel D. Tompkins
- **nationality**: American
- **image**: Daniel D Tompkins by John Wesley Jarvis.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait by John Wesley Jarvis
- **order**: 6th Vice President of the United States
- **term start**: March 4, 1817
- **term end**: March 4, 1825
- **order1**: 5th Governor of New York
- **term start1**: July 1, 1807
- **term end1**: February 24, 1817
- **predecessor**: Elbridge Gerry
- **successor**: John C. Calhoun
- **president**: James Madison
- **lieutenant1**: John Broome (politician), John Broome
DeWitt Clinton
John Tayler
- **predecessor1**: Morgan Lewis (governor), Morgan Lewis
- **successor1**: John Tayler (acting)
- **office2**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New York, New York Supreme Court of Judicature
- **term start2**: July 2, 1804
- **term end2**: July 1, 1807
- **successor2**: William W. Van Ness
- **office3**: Member of the New York State Assembly
- **term start3**: July 1, 1802
- **term end3**: June 30, 1803
- **birth date**: June 21, 1774
- **birth place**: Scarsdale, New York, Scarsdale, Province of New York, British America (now New York (state), New York, U.S.)
- **death date**: June 11, 1825
- **death place**: Castleton, Staten Island, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **spouse**: Hannah Tompkins, Hannah Minthrone
- **party**: Democratic-Republican
1262

## Events

- King Mindaugas of Lithuania renounces Christianity, returning to his pagan roots and reverting to Grand Duke of Lithuania.
- The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into a treaty establishing a union with Norway and acknowledges Norwegian King Haakon IV as its ruler.
- Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
- King Henry III of England obtains a papal bull releasing him from the Provisions of Oxford, preceding the Second Barons' War, a civil war started in 1263.
- King Mengrai of the Lannathai kingdom in present-day Thailand founds the city of Chiang Rai as the kingdom's first capital.
- Adam de la Halle writes the first operetta, "Le Jeu de la Feuillee".
- Richard of Chichester is canonized as a saint; he is best known for writing the prayer later adapted into the song _Day by Day_ in the musical Godspell.

## Births

- July 2 – Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (died 1312)
- Ladislaus IV of Hungary (died 1290)
- Hugh le Despenser, 1st Earl of Winchester (died 1326)

## Deaths

- July 15 – Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford, English soldier (born 1222)
- Aegidius of Assisi, companion of Saint Francis of Assisi
- Shinran Shonin, Japanese founder of the Jodo Shinshu branch of Pure Land Buddhism
- Matilda II of Boulogne, Queen of Portugal, spouse of King Afonso III of Portugal (born 1202)
Chuck Norris facts

**Chuck Norris facts** is an Internet phenomenon with joke "facts" about martial artist and actor Chuck Norris. The "facts" are jokes about Norris' toughness, attitude, virility, "alpha-male status", and masculinity. They are given in a comically serious tone, for example:

- _Chuck Norris' tears cure cancer. Too bad Chuck Norris has never cried. Ever._

The "facts" usually say that Chuck Norris is a very angry, all-powerful, superbeing. Some of these "facts" have also turned into popular jokes.  Like most Internet phenomena, the Chuck Norris facts have spread around the world. They have been translated into many different languages as well as used as the basis for advertising and other Internet phenomena. The "facts" often refer to his use of roundhouse kick attacks to do almost anything, his beard, and his role in the action television series _Walker, Texas Ranger_.

## Background

Chuck Norris facts were first seen on the Internet in early 2005. Conan O'Brien's Chuck Norris jokes on _Late Night with Conan O'Brien_ have been seen as a cause for the fad.  These "facts" are similar to "Tall tales" such as those of Paul Bunyan.  Chuck Norris Facts started being used in the gaming community shortly after a Chuck Norris Fact generator was created for use with World of Warcraft in early 2006.

## Chuck's response

Chuck Norris has talked about the Chuck Norris facts on his official website, chucknorris.com, with a statement. He was surprised and liked the attention. He said that some of the statements were indeed funny but he tries not to take any of them seriously. He hoped that the "facts" would get people to want to know the real facts about Chuck Norris found in his literary works.

Norris appeared in a 2007 commercial for Mountain Dew where he had his revenge on the two fictional webmasters of a site that showed Norris in a humorous way. This is a reference to the Chuck Norris facts meme.

In December, 2007, Norris sued when these statements were published in book form by Penguin in November 2007.

## Other websites

- Chuck Norris Facts.com
- Over 8,000 Chuck Norris facts (with sounds)
- More Chuck Norris facts
- Chuck Norris' official response
- A Washington Post article on Chuck Norris facts
Magglio Ordóñez

**Magglio Jose "Maggs" Ordóñez** (born January 28, 1974) is a former Major League Baseball player from Venezuela. He was a right fielder and right-handed batter. Ordóñez was born in Coro, Venezuela. He played for the Chicago White Sox from 1997 to 2004 and the Detroit Tigers from 2005 to 2011. After his baseball career, Ordóñez became a mayor in Venezuela.

## Other websites

, or Retrosheet
- Pura Pelota – Venezuelan Professional League statistics
Johan Santana

**Johan Alexander Santana ** () (born March 13, 1979, in Tovar, Mérida State, Venezuela) is a Major League Baseball left-handed starting pitcher who plays for the New York Mets. His first team was the Minnesota Twins.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Johan Santana
- **image**: Johan Santana 20060602.jpg
- **width**: 300
- **position**: Starting pitcher
- **number**: 57
- **bats**: Left
- **throws**: Left
- **birth place**: Mérida State, Tovar, Mérida State, Venezuela
- **debutdate**: April 3
- **debutyear**: 2000
- **debutteam**: Minnesota Twins
- **statyear**: 2008 season
- **stat1label**: Win (baseball), Win-Loss
- **stat1value**: 109-51
- **stat2label**: Earned run average
- **stat2value**: 3.11
- **stat3label**: Strikeouts
- **stat3value**: 1,587
- **awards**: *3x Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star (2005, 2006, 2007)
*2x Cy Young Award winner (2004, 2006)
*2x TSN Pitcher of the Year (2004, 2006)
I injuries
Johan has been suffering a shoulder injury. His career could be over.
*2x Players Choice Award, Player's Choice Outstanding Pitcher (2004, 2006)
*2x Warren Spahn Award winner (2004, 2006)
*Gold Glove, Gold Glove Award (2007)
*Triple crown (baseball), Pitching Triple Crown (2006)
*Led American League, AL in win (baseball), wins (2006)
*Led American League, AL in strikeouts (2004, 2005, 2006)
*Led American League, AL in Earned Run Average, ERA (2004, 2006)
*Led National League, NL in Earned Run Average, ERA (2008)
- **teams**: *Minnesota Twins (-)
*New York Mets (-2012)
Minnesota Twins

The **Minnesota Twins** are a Major League Baseball team in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They began in 1901 as the **Washington Senators**, based in Washington, D.C. They moved to the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in 1961. That area is often called the "Twin Cities", so the team was renamed the "Twins". They have often worn a "TC" emblem on their uniforms and caps.

As the Senators, they were not very successful overall. They had some strong teams in the 1920s and 1930s, but most years they played poorly. As the Twins, they have had much better success, with two World Series championships, in 1987 and 1991, and many other post-season games.

They first played at Metropolitan Stadium in the suburb of Bloomington, Minnesota. They moved to the Metrodome in 1982, and then to Target Field in 2010.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (mlb)

- **name**: Minnesota Twins
- **established**: 1901
- **misc**: Based in Minnesota since 1961
- **current league**: American League
- **y1**: 1901
- **division**: American League CentralCentral Division
- **y2**: 1994
- **past division**: American League WestWest Division
- **y5**: 1969
- **y6**: 1993
- **colors**: Navy blue, scarlet red, Kasota limestone, Minnesota Kasota gold, white

- **y3**: 1961
- **nicknames**: Twinkies
- **pastnames**: * History of the Washington Senators (1901–60), Washington Senators (–)
- **ballpark**: Target Field
- **y4**: 2010
- **pastparks**: * Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (–)
* Metropolitan Stadium (–)
* Griffith Stadium (–)
** a.k.a. National Park (–)
* Boundary Field, National Park (–)
* American League Park (–)
- **ws**: (3)
- **league**: AL
- **p**: (6)
- **div**: Central
- **dv**: (6)
- **misc5**: **West Division titles** (4)
- **wc**: (1)
- **wild card**: 2017 Minnesota Twins season, 2017
- **owner**: Jim Pohlad
- **manager**: Rocco Baldelli
- **gm**: Thad Levine
- **presbo**: Derek Falvey
Hard-Fi

**Hard-Fi** are a popular indie rock band from Staines an area of London, England. They are named after Lee Scratch Perry's description of his studio . They have had two hit albums in the UK charts: "Stars of CCTV" and "Once Upon a Time in the West". Their most successful songs include, but are not exclusive to "Suburban Knights" and "Hard to Beat".

## Band Members

- Richard Archer
- Kai Stephens
- Ross Phillips
- Steve Kemp

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Hard-Fi
- **img**: Hard-Fi Hurrciane-Festival.jpg
- **img capt**: Hard-Fi at the 2006 Hurricane Festival in Germany
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Staines, Surrey, England
- **genre**: indie rock, post-punk revival, dance-punk, ska punk
- **years active**: 2003–present
- **label**: Necessary Records, Necessary / Warner Music Group, Warner (UK), Atlantic Records, Atlantic (U.S.)
- **current members**: Richard Archer
Ross Phillips
Kai Stephens
Steve Kemp (musician), Steve Kemp
Room

A **room** (or **chamber**) is a space inside a structure or building. Usually, a room is separated from other rooms and from the outside by walls. Door<nowiki/>s provide access.

A room may have a specified purpose, defined by its use. Examples of such rooms are the bedroom, the kitchen, and the bathroom.

## History

People have been using rooms for a long time. The Minoans may have been the first to use rooms in 2200 BC, but they might be older than that. Many rooms were unique and could be put into different categories. They had bedrooms, kitchens, and closets, much like the houses of today. Sometimes rooms were built on top of other rooms, with stairs connecting the levels. Bathrooms also existed, and they had baths, toilets, and plumbing.

Ancient Rome had very complex buildings with many rooms. The Anasazi people also had complex rooms, which are probably the oldest in North America, and the Mayans were making them a few hundred years AD. Around the early Han Dynasty in China, buildings with lots of purposes, like religious and social, started to be made. These buildings could have several levels.
Goldbach's conjecture

**Goldbach's conjecture** is one of the oldest unsolved problems in number theory and in all of mathematics. It states:

- Every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes.

## Origins

On 7 June 1742, the Prussian mathematician Christian Goldbach wrote a letter to Leonhard Euler  in which he suggested the following conjecture, which would later be called **Goldbach's strong conjecture**:
- Every integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two primes.
He considered 1 to be a prime number, a convention subsequently abandoned.
Goldbach wrote that even numbers 4 and up could always be composed of two different prime numbers.

A weaker version of Goldbach's original conjecture is:
- Every integer greater than 5 can be written as the sum of three primes.
This is called **Goldbach's weak conjecture**.  Euler, becoming interested in the problem, wrote back to Goldbach saying that the weak conjecture would be implied by Goldbach's strong conjecture, saying that he was certain that the theorem was true ("_ein ganz gewisses Theorema_"), but he was unable to prove it.

Goldbach's weak conjecture was later proved by Harald Helfgott in 2013,  but Goldbach's strong conjecture has not been proved yet.

## Other websites

- _Goldbach's conjecture_, part of Chris Caldwell's Prime Pages.
Compass (drafting)

A **compass** (or **pair of compasses**) is a drawing tool that can be used to draw circles or arcs, parts of circles. They can also be used  to measure distances, in particular on  maps. Compasses can be used for mathematics, drafting, navigation, and more.

Compasses are usually made of metal, and have two parts called _legs_ meeting at a hinge. The legs can be moved apart or together to change the size of the circle. One part has a spike, a sharp, pointy part at its end, and the other part has a pencil or a pen. There are two types of compasses: the mechanical compass and normal compass. The mechanical compass is a compass that has a mechanical pencil, and the normal compass is a compass that has a normal pen or pencil on it. To make the compass work, you need to change how far the pencil sticks out.

A divider is a compass that has two parts with a spike, and is used to show measurements of distances and lengths. It is called a divider because it is used to divide (make smaller things from a bigger thing) a distance in two, using geometry.

## Uses

Circles can be made by pressing the leg with the spike into the paper, putting the pencil on the paper, and moving the pencil in the circle. To do this, you need to not to move the legs farther apart or closer together while you are drawing the circle. A circle can be made bigger or smaller by moving the legs farther apart or closer together.

Distances can be measured on a map using dividers,compasses with two spikes. The distance between the spikes on the map shows a distance in reality. Measuring how many times the compasses fit between two things on the map shows the distance between those things.

Compass and straightedge drawing is used to show things in plane geometry (geometry used on a flat area). Real compasses are used on paper, but the perfect compass used in proofs is an imaginary, perfect tool that draws perfect circles. The most strict definition of this ideal tool, used for explaining, is the "collapsing compass". It draws a circle from a given place with a given radius and cannot be used again. That is, unlike a real pair of compasses, it cannot simply be moved to another place and used to draw another circle that is the same.
43 Ariadne

**43 Ariadne** is a fairly big and bright main belt asteroid. It is the second-biggest member of the Flora asteroid family. It was found by N. R. Pogson on April 15, 1857 and named after the Greek heroine Ariadne.

## Characteristics

Ariadne is very stretched out (almost twice as long as its smallest shape). It is a retrograde rotator, although its pole points almost parallel to the ecliptic towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-15°, 235°) with a 10° uncertainty<sup>[2]</sup>. This gives an axial tilt of about 105°.

## Trivia

- For reasons unknown, "Asteroid 43 Ariadne" was included in a list of names of supporters of the NASA spacecraft Stardust that was stored on a microchip within the spacecraft.
- The maximum apparent size of Ariadne is equal to the maximum apparent size of Pluto.

## References

- <div id="IRAS">Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey </div>
- <div id="Kaasalainen02">M. Kaasalainen, J. Torppa & J. Piironen _Models of Twenty Asteroids from Photometric Data _, Icarus, Vol. 159, p. 369 (2002).</div>
- <div id="Tanga03">P. Tanga _et al._ _Asteroid observations with the Hubble Space Telescope_, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 401, p. 733 (2003).</div>
- PDS lightcurve data
- <div id="Krasinsky02">G. A. Krasinsky _et al._ _Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt_, Icarus, Vol. 158, p. 98 (2002).</div>

## Other websites

- shape model deduced from lightcurve
- bi-lobed shape model from Hubble lightcurves
- Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 43 Ariadne
- **discoverer**: Norman Robert Pogson, N. R. Pogson
- **discovered**: April 15, 1857
- **alt names**: _none_
- **mp category**: Asteroid belt, Main belt (Flora family)
- **epoch**: November 26, 2005 (Julian day, JD 2453700.5)
- **semimajor**: 329.646 Giga, Gmetre, m (2.204 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **perihelion**: 274.339 Gm (1.834 AU)
- **aphelion**: 384.954 Gm (2.573 AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.168
- **period**: 1194.766 day, d (3.27 Julian year (astronomy), a)
- **inclination**: 3.464degree (angle), °
- **asc node**: 264.937°
- **arg peri**: 15.948°
- **mean anomaly**: 101.582°
- **avg speed**: 19.92 km/second, s
- **dimensions**: 95×60×50 km
- **mass**: ~4.0×10<sup>17</sup> kilogram, kg _(estimate)_
- **density**: ~2.7 g/cubic centimetre, cm³ _(estimate)_
- **surface grav**: ~0.012 m/s² _(estimate)_
- **escape velocity**: ~0.034 km/s _(estimate)_
- **rotation**: 0.2401 d
- **spectral type**: S-type asteroid
- **magnitude**: 8.78  to 13.29
- **abs magnitude**: 7.93
- **albedo**: 0.274 (geometric albedo, geometric)
- **angular size**: 0.11"  to 0.025"
- **single temperature**: ~178 kelvin, K
_max:_ 275K (+2° celsius, C)
Moomin (singer)

**MOOMIN** (born July 13, 1972) is a Japanese reggae singer. He comes from Chigasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture.

## Albums

|Year|Album|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1998|In My Life||
|1999|Moments||
|2000|Triple M|Remix Album|
|2001|Get Here||
|2002|Natural High||
|2003|Rise Again||
|The Best of Moomin|||
|Rise Again Remixes|||
|2004|No More Troubles||
|Featuring Works|||
|2005|Link Up||
|2006|Adapt|Cover Album|

## Other websites

- Official site (UMG)
- Official site (Overheat Studio)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: MOOMIN
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth date**: July 13, 1972
- **origin**: Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Chigasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
- **genre**: Reggae
- **years active**: 1992 - present
- **label**: Universal Music Group
- **url**: [http://www.universal-music.co.jp/moomin/ Official site (UMG)]
[http://www.overheat.com/ Official site (Overheat Studio)]
Lantana camara

***Lantana camara*** or **Spanish flag** is a hairy shrub native from tropical America. It is regarded as a notorious weed, and popular ornamental garden plant in many parts of the world.

## Other websites

- Flora of China
- Presence of two types of ﬂowers with respect to nectar sugar in two gregariously ﬂowering species
- Medicinal uses
14th Dalai Lama

**His Holiness Tenzin Gyatso** is the fourteenth Dalai Lama. His full name is **Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso**. The Dalai Lama was born in Tagtser (Amdo) in Tibet to a family of farmers on July 6, 1935. He is the fourteenth and current **Dalai Lama**. He is the political and spiritual leader of Tibet. On October 6, 2009, he received the Lantos Human Rights Prize from United States House Speaker Nancy Pelosi.  In 1989 he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work encouraging understanding between different religions and encouraging people and countries to care for one another. He is always working for the freedom of Tibet through dialogue, and encourages young Tibetans to study their language, history and philosophy to preserve it and to promote it to the world.

## Related pages

- Gyalo Thondup

## Infobox (religious leader)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Holiness the 14th Dalai Lama
- **name**: Tenzin Gyatso
- **image**: Dalailama1 20121014 4639.jpg
- **religion**: Buddhist
- **office**: Dalai Lama
- **birth place**: Qinghai
- **birth name**: Pang Wee Kiat
- **began**: 1937
- **predecessor**: Thubten Gyatso
- **honors**: Nobel Peace Prize
Lantos Human Rights Prize
Lama

- _This article is about a religious leader. The article about the animals is at Llama_
In the Tibetan language, **lama** means teacher. A lama is a religious teacher, guide, or mentor of Tibetan Buddhism. The meaning is similar to the Sanskrit term _guru_. The word _lama_ is part of the title, Dalai Lama.
Rinpoche

**Rinpoche** is a title in Tibetan Buddhism which may be given to a religious teacher known as a lama.  The word "Rinpoche" literally means "precious one".

In Tibet and Bhutan, when used as "Guru Rinpoche" it refers to Padmasambhava, who first brought Tibetan Buddhism to the Himalayas. When used as "Je Rinpoche", it refers to Je Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelug School.
Padmasambhava

**Padmasambhava** was an Indian Buddhist monk who brought Buddhism to Tibet from India in the 8th century and founded the Nyima school of Tibetan Buddhism. The name is in the Sanskrit language and means "born from a lotus flower". In Bhutan and Tibet he is better known as **Guru Rinpoche** ("Precious Master") or **Lopon Rinpoche**, where followers of the Nyingma school regard him as the second Buddha.

He was from Oddiyana and the mantra of Padmasambhva is _"Om Ah Hum Vajra Guru Padma Siddhi Hum"_ and is called the _Vajra Guru mantra_.  There is also a prayer called "The Seven Line Prayer" which is devoted to him.

## Related pages

- Lama
- Rinpoche
- Yeshe Tsogyal

## Other websites

- The Seven Line Prayer: Text and commentary
Kitsune

() is the Japanese word for fox.  There are a lot of foxes in Japanese folklore. Stories depict them as intelligent beings and as having magical abilities that increase with their age and wisdom. The most important of their magic tricks is the ability to assume human form. While some folktales speak of kitsune employing this ability to trick others — as foxes in folklore often do — others portray them as faithful guardians, friends, lovers, and wives.

Foxes and human beings lived close together in ancient Japan; this is why there are legends about them. Kitsune have become closely associated with Inari, a Shinto _kami_ or spirit, and serve as his messengers. This role has reinforced the fox's supernatural importance. The more tails a kitsune has — they may have as many as nine — the older, wiser, and more powerful it is. Because of their potential power and influence, some people make offerings to them as to a god.
Phonetics

**Phonetics** (from the Greek word φωνή, _phone_ which means 'sound' or 'voice') is the science of the sounds of human speech. Someone who is an expert in phonetics is called a phonetician.

Phonetic theory regards the nature of sounds in speech (called phones) and how they are made, heard and thought of. Phonology, which came from it, studies sound systems and sound units (such as phonemes and distinctive features). Phonetics is one of the two parts of orthographical linguistics, the other part being spelling, differing from grammar and lexis.

Phonetics has three main branches:
- articulatory phonetics, regarding the place of articulation and the movement of the lips, tongue, vocal tract, and vocal folds,
- acoustic phonetics, concerned with the traits of the sound waves and how the inner ear hears them, and
- auditory phonetics, concerned with speech perception (mostly how the brain thinks of what the ears hear)

There are more than 100 different phones recognized by the International Phonetic Association (IPA) and are shown in their writing system called the International Phonetic Alphabet.

The first time phonetics was studied was 2,500 years ago in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Pāṇini wrote about the place and manner of articulation of consonants in Sanskrit in his 5th-century BC essay on Sanskrit linguistics. The major Indic scripts still order their consonants the way  did.

## Accessible sources

- Introduction to phonetics for beginners
M. C. Escher

**Maurits Cornelis Escher** (17 June 1898 – 27 March 1972), usually referred to as **M. C. Escher**, was a Dutch graphic artist born in Leeuwarden, Netherlands. He is known for his often mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs and mezzotints. These feature impossible constructions, explorations of infinity, architecture and tessellations (tilings).

During his life, Escher made 448 lithographs, woodcuts and wood engravings. He did over 2000 drawings and sketches. He also illustrated books, designed tapestries, postage stamps and murals. Escher was interested in different ways of making art, he used tile-like repeated patterns in many of his paintings. Early in his career he drew inspirations of nature: he studied art, landscapes and insects. Some of Escher’s most famous drawings include: _Drawing hands_, _Relativity_ and _Flying Fish_. Most of his works were related to mathematics.
Adit

An **adit** is a type of entrance to a mine which is horizontal or nearly horizontal. Adits are usually built into the side of a hill or mountain, and often occur when coal or ore is located inside the mountain but above the local valley floor or coastal plain. The use of adits is generally called _drift mining_.