juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cvrcka

The **Cvrcka** is a river in Central Bosnia, the largest left bank tributary of Vrbanja river.

It rises in area of Skender Vakuf on the northern slopes of Čemernica, on the same drainage divide as the Jakotina. Jakotina is  another tributary of the same river, which flows in same parallel direction to Vrbanja river. It streams are consisted by two rivers: Međurača (source at about 1,200 m) and Vukača (source at about 1,150 m). Its estuary is between Večići and Vrbanjci (310 m above sea level).

## Related pages

- Vrbanja river
- Večići
- Vrbanjci
- Kotor Varoš

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Cvrcka
- **name native**: Cvrcka/Цврцка
- **image**: Посебни резерват природе Кањон Цврцке 3.jpg
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **source1 location**: Čemernica (Bosnia and Herzegovina), Čemernica
- **mouth location**: Vrbanja river, Vrbanja (Večići–Vrbanjci)
Vrbanjci

**Vrbànjci** is a village in the Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the Municipality of Kotor Varoš, Republika Srpska.

## Geography

Vrbanjci spread  along the Vrbanja river (for which it is named), between its tributaries Jezerka, Bosanka, and Cvrcka.

## History

The history of this area commemorates the battle on The Field of Večići, on the Vrbanja river, where was the clash between the Ottomans army and repressed  pro Bosnian forces, from almost the entire State of Bosnia.  According to the historical context, it probably happened around 1463, when Bosnia fell under Ottoman Administration.

During the last War in Bosnia (1992–1995), Serb paramilitary and police forces have committed severe crimes against the civilian Bosniaks and Croats  populations in Vrbanjaca and surrounding villages, including Večići

Most of the refugees of the Bosniak population are back in their  native lands and have restored their houses, with the assistance of the international community, but above all thanks to their own resources.

Since 1995, parents of Bosniak's pupils at the local Elementary school "Sveti Sava" have been running a leongly court case to exercise their Constitutional right to teach in their native Bosnian language. Following a decade-long denial of the lawsuit at the Municipal Court in Kotor Varoš and the District Court in Banja Luka, the Constitutional Court of RS issued a verdict in their favor only in December 2019, obliging the defendant to reimburse all costs of the trial.

## Population

|1991|1981|1971||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan ="7"|**Vrbanjci**|||
|**Census year**||||
|**Bosniaks**|1.468 (49.34%)|487 (29.89%)|514 (31.07%)|
|**Croats**|799 (26.85%)|689 (42.29%)|651 (39.35%)|
|**Serbs**|658 (22.11%)|373 (22.89%)|473 (28.59%)|
|**Yugoslavians**|41 (1.37%)|79 (4.84%)|13 (0.78%)|
|**Others and Unknown**|9 (0.30%)|1 (0.06%)|3 (0.18%)|
|**Total**|**2,975**|**1,629**|**1,654**|

## Related pages

- Vrbanja river
- Kotor Varoš
- Večići

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: Village
- **name**: Vrbanjci
- **image skyline**: Mosque in Vrbanjci, Kotor Varoš.jpg
- **pushpin map**: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Entity
- **subdivision name1**: Republika Srpska
- **subdivision type2**: Region
- **subdivision name2**: Banja Luka
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Republika Srpska, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Kotor Varoš
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **postal code**: ++387 051
Bosanka (river)

**Bosanka** (Bosnian women) is a river in central Bosnia. It is a right tributary of the Vrbanja river. It rises on the southern slopes of the Uzlomac mountain (elevation about ) in four streams. The length is about . Flowing through Petrovići, and its mouth in Vrbanja river is between the villages of Dabovci and Dudići. The mouth of the river is downstream from Vrbanjci, along highway M-4 (Banja Luka - Doboj).

The only significant (left) tributary to Bosanka is the Vodalka.
In 1950 there were eight watermills in the Bosanke and Vodalke river basins.
On the eastern side of Vodalke are several creeks, such the Zmajevac, Pirizevac and Breska. On the western side are the Jelovac, Pušića potok, Svinjara and Jošavka.

During the War in Bosnia people living in the area of the Bosanka were expelled and killed. This is especially true in the village of Vrbanjci, and nearby surrounding Večići, Hrvaćani,  Garići and Rujevica.

## Related pages

- Vrbanja river
- Vrbanjci
- Večići
- Kotor Varoš
Tony Atkinson

**Sir Anthony Barnes "Tony" Atkinson**, (4 September 1944 – 1 January 2017) was a British economist. He was the Senior Research Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford and Centennial Professor at the London School of Economics. A student of James Meade, Atkinson virtually single-handedly established the modern British field of inequality and poverty studies. He worked on inequality and poverty for over four decades.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1988.

Atkinson died on 1 January 2017 from multiple myeloma in Oxford, England, aged 72.

## Infobox (economist)

- **honorific prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Tony Atkinson
- **school tradition**: Neo-Keynesian economics
- **image**: Tony Atkinson - Festival Economia 2015.JPG
- **caption**: Tony Atkinson at the Festival of Economics in Trento, May 2015
- **birth name**: Anthony Barnes Atkinson
- **birth place**: Caerleon, Wales
- **death place**: Oxford, England
- **nationality**: British
- **institution**: Nuffield College, Oxford
London School of Economics
- **field**: Economics of income distribution, poverty, micro-economics
- **alma mater**: Cambridge University
- **doctoral students**: John Micklewright
- **influences**: James Meade
- **influenced**: Thomas Piketty
Emmanuel Saez
- **repec prefix**: e
- **spouse**: Judith Mandeville
- **repec id**: pat36
Hilarion Capucci

**Hilarion Capucci** (2 March 1922 – 1 January 2017) was a Syrian Catholic bishop. He served as the titular archbishop of Caesarea in the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. He was born in Aleppo, Syria. During his time in office, he was a critic of Israel, showing support with the Palestinians.

On 20 July 1947, he was ordained a priest of the Basilian Alepian Order. On 30 July 1965, he was appointed archbishop and consecrated.

On 1 January 2017, the Vatican announced that Capucci had died in Rome, aged 94.

## Other websites

- Grzegorz Ignatowski, The arrest of Hilarion Capucci and the relations between the Holy See and the State of Israel
Memo Morales

**Guillermo Enrique Morales Portillo**, better known as **Memo Morales** (6 April 1937 – 1 January 2017) was a Venezuelan singer also known as _El Gitano Maracucho_. He was the voice main of important orchestras of the country.

In 1981, he founded, with Luisín Landaez, _La Nuestra_, and in 1984, with Cheo García, created _La Gran Orquesta de Cheo y Memo_. They performed together until Garcia's death in 1994.

Morales died on 1 January 2017 in Caracas, Venezuela from a heart attack, aged 79.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Memo Morales
- **image**: Memo Actual.jpg
- **caption**: Memo Morales in 2010
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Guillermo Enrique Morales Portillo
- **alias**: Memo Morales
- **birth place**: Maracaibo, Venezuela
- **death place**: Caracas, Venezuela
- **genre**: Tropical bailable, Música Española, Gaita Pasadobles, Rumba Flamenca, Boleros Morunos
- **occupation**: Singer
- **associated acts**: Luis Alfonzo Larrain, Billo Frometa, Cheo García
Uzlomac

**Uzlomac** is a long mountain in Central Bosnia,  Bosnia and Herzegovina,  east from line direction Maslovare –  Vrbanjci – Kotor Varoš – Čelinac. It stretches in  southeast – northwest direction, through the mountainous area, from Kruševica river to Jošavka. Its maximum altitude is .

On Uzlomac rise many tributaries of Vrbanja river, Usora and Ukrina, i.e. tributaries of  Vrbas and Bosna (river) confluences.

## Related pages

- Vrbanjci
- Kotor Varoš
- Čelinac
- Vrbanja river
- Bosanka (river)
- Jezerka
Yaakov Neeman

**Yaakov Neeman** (‎ , 16 September 1939 – 1 January 2017) was an Israeli lawyer and academic. He was born in Tel Aviv. Neeman served as Minister of Justice in 1996 and again from 2009 through 2013. He also served as Minister of Finance from 1997 through 1998.

He was also professor of law at the Bar-Ilan University.

Neeman died on 1 January 2017 in Jerusalem, aged 77.

## Other websites

- Herzog, Fox & Neeman
- Knesset Website
Get Dumb

"**Get Dumb**" is a 2007 single by Swedish DJs Axwell, Steve Angello and Sebastian Ingrosso (later known as Swedish House Mafia) along with Dutch DJ Laidback Luke. The song was also the first ever collaboration by the Swedish trio before their formation as a supergroup.

## Credits

- _Produced at Groove Motel, Stockholm_
- Vocals – Sebastian Ingrosso
- Drums – Axwell
- Keyboards – Steve Angello
- Percussion – Laidback Luke
- Label: Big & Dirty

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Get Dumb
- **artist**: Axwell, Steve Angello, Angello, Sebastian Ingrosso, Ingrosso and Laidback Luke
- **released**: June 2007
- **genre**: Dance music, Dance, electro house
- **length**: 2:47
- **label**: Big & Dirty
 Data (UK)
- **chronology**: Swedish House Mafia singles
- **next title**: Leave the World Behind
- **next year**: 2009
Small-cell carcinoma

**Small-cell carcinoma** (also known as "**small-cell lung cancer**", or "**oat-cell carcinoma**") is a type of highly malignant cancer that most commonly arises within the lung, although it can occasionally arise in other body sites, such as the cervix, prostate, and gastrointestinal tract. Small cell carcinoma has a shorter doubling time, higher growth fraction, and earlier development of metastases compared to a non-small cell carcinoma.
Ciarán Hinds

**Ciarán Hinds** (  ; born 9 February 1953) is an Irish movie, television and stage actor.

He is known for his roles in _Road to Perdition_, _The Sum of All Fears_, _The Phantom of the Opera_, _Munich_, _There Will Be Blood_, _Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2_, _The Woman in Black_, _Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy_, _Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance_ and _Frozen_. He played Steppenwolf, in the 2017 movie _Justice League_ and its director's cut in 2021.

In 2022, Hinds was nominated for an Academy Award for his role in _Belfast_. He also Stared as Puddleglum in Netflix's The Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair in 2025.

## Other websites

- Website dedicated to his works on stage and screen
- Youthaction.org Northern Ireland Organization Supported by Hinds

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Ciarán Hinds in 2022.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Ciarán Hinds, 2022
- **birth place**: Belfast, Northern Ireland
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1976–present
- **domesticpartner**: Hélène Patarot (1987–present; 1 child)
Olivia (name)

**Olivia** [ oh-**liv**-ee-_uh_ ] is a female given name in English. It is derived from the Latin word _olive_. Olivia is a stunning appellation that has been on the rise in popularity in recent times. This name has a profound legacy and a significant connotation. Its Latin roots reveal that Olivia signifies "olive tree", which is a symbol of serenity, intelligence, and affluence. For centuries, the olive tree has been adored for its splendor and practicality. It dates back to the 13th century. Many people think the name was first used by William Shakespeare for a character in _Twelfth Night_. This name was ranked #1 on the US Popular Female Names in 2021.

## People

- Olivia Newton-John, British-Australian singer (1948–2022)
- Olivia de Havilland, British and American actress (1916–2020)
- Olivia Munn, American actress, comedian, television personality and author
- Olivia Thirlby, American actress
- Olivia Rodrigo, American singer (born 2003)
- Olivia Jordan, American model
- Olivia Baril, Canadian cyclist
- Olivia Wilde, American actress, film director and producer
- Olivia Hooker, psychologist and professor (1915-2018)
Muriel (name)

**Muriel** is a female given name in the English language. It is also a family name. The name has been around for a long time in Breton, Celtic, Irish and Scottish Gaelic languages. The name was common in medieval England, often formatted as Merial. Usage of _Muriel_ peaked in the early 1920s. Use of the name has steadily declined over time. Muriel is a beautiful name that has been around for centuries. It is a name that has a rich history and a deep meaning. The name Muriel has its roots in Gaelic and means "bright sea." It is a name that is associated with beauty, grace, and strength.  The pronunciation of the name is [ **my_oo_r**-ee-_uh_l ].  This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Alma Muriel, Mexican actress (1951-2014)
- Muriel Pavlow, British actress (1921-2019)
- Muriel Rukeyser, poet and political activist
- Muriel Bowser, American politician and member of the Democratic Party currently serving as the eighth Mayor of the District of Columbia
- Muriel Marland-Militello, French politician (1943-2021)
Emmanuel Niyonkuru

**Emmanuel Niyonkuru** (20 July 1962 – 1 January 2017) was a Burundian politician. He was appointed to the Government of Burundi as Minister of Water and Environment in 2015, after having been elected as a senator for the district of Muramvya. He was born in the Commune of Rutegama, Burundi.

Niyonkuru was assassinated by gunshot in the capital city of Bujumbura on 1 January 2016, aged 54. A woman was reportedly arrested.
Joseph A. Califano Jr.

**Joseph Anthony Califano Jr.** (born May 15, 1931) is a retired American politician. He served as United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare from 1977 through 1979 under the Jimmy Carter administration. He is the founder and chairman of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASAColumbia), an evidence-based research organization.

He is one of two living former Secretaries of Health, Education, and Welfare (the other is his predecessor, F. David Mathews).

He has been Adjunct Professor of Public Health (Health Policy and Management) at Columbia University Medical School (Department of Psychiatry) and School of Public Health and is a member of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences.

## Other websites

- Biography at protectthetruth.org
- National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (CASAColumbia)
- NNDB biographical article
- Oral History Interview with Joseph Califano from Oral Histories of the American South
    - _Booknotes_ interview with Califano on _Inside: A Public and Private Life_, May 23, 2004.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Joseph A. Califano Jr.
- **image**: JAC_AR_2007.jpg
- **imagesize**: 217px
- **order**: 12th
- **office**: United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
- **term start**: January 25, 1977
- **term end**: August 3, 1979
- **appointer**: Jimmy Carter
- **predecessor**: F. David Mathews
- **successor**: Patricia Roberts Harris, Patricia R. Harris
- **birth name**: Joseph Anthony Califano Jr.
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York, Brooklyn, New York (state), New York, United States
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: Mark Gerald Califano
Joseph Anthony Califano III
Claudia Frances Califano
Brooke Byers Califano
John Byers Califano
- **alma mater**: College of the Holy Cross (1952)
Harvard Law School (1955)
- **occupation**: Government
- **profession**: Politician
Usora (river)

**Usora** is left tributary of the Bosnia in central Bosnia. The total length of the river Usora – from sources below the top of the mountain Očauš to the mouth above the Doboj  is about 82 kilometers. The town of Teslić, through which it flows, bears the  local name Velika Usora (Great Usora), since under the city at a place called Sastavci meets with his same named, but a lot less left tributary Mala Usora (Little Usora). It  also comes from the mountain masiff Uzlomac – Borja – Očauš below it in smaller distances rises more Bosnia river and their tributaries, as well as the basin Vrbanja river and Ukrina. In its upper reaches, the river makes a wide loop around Borja, from its southwest to northeast slopes.

Great Usora created by merging Gomjenice and Brkića stream. Small Usora springs below (south) of the main road M-4 (Banja Luka – Matuzići, some 10 km west of Pribinić). Before Sastavci locality, right tributary to it are: Mišića rijeka, Great Ostružnja, Inova , Miljkovača, Velika rijeka (Great river), Brezna  and smaller streams, as well as left: Rankovića rijeka, and Gračanica.

In much of the flow Ukrina is flooding  river but the increasingly frequent flooding causes significant damages.

In the early Bosnian history Usora belonged to  gold-bearing river, and it is believed that this is still in its upper course along with the many large and small tributaries and streams. Obvious hydro-energy potential Usora is permanently unused, and fish stocks almost negligible, especially if one takes into account the centuries-old discharging untreated waste industrial water Chemical Distillation of wood in Teslić.

## Related pages

- Uzlomac
Echinodon

***Echinodon*** is a genus of Heterodontosaur dinosaur. It has been found in the Lower Cretaceous of Europe, 140 million years ago.

_Saurechinodon_ is a synonym of this genus.
Mel Lopez

**Gemiliano** "**Mel**" **Campos Lopez, Jr.** (1 September 1935 – 1 January 2017) was a Filipino politician. He served as the Mayor of Manila from 1986 to 1987 and 1988 to 1992. He was also an assemblyman of the Batasang Pambansa (former parliament of the Philippines) from 1984 to 1986. He was born in Manila.

Lopez died from a heart attack on 1 January 2017 in Quezon City. He was 81.
Megalosauridae

**Megalosauridae** is a monophyletic family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs in the order Megalosauroidea. They appeared in the Middle Jurassic,

They are closely related to the family Spinosauridae. Some members of this family include _Megalosaurus_, _Torvosaurus_, _Eustreptospondylus_, and _Afrovenator_.

Megalosaurids were among the first major adaptive radiation<nowiki/>s of large theropod dinosaurs, but they became extinct by the end of the Jurassic period. They were a relatively primitive group of basal tetanurans with two main subfamilies, Megalosaurinae and Afrovenatorinae.

The basal genus _Eustreptospondylus_ differs from both subfamilies. Its position is unclear.
François Chérèque

**François Chérèque** (1 June 1956 – 2 January 2017) was a French trade unionist. He was the leader of the trade union centre French Democratic Confederation of Labour (CFDT, ) from 2002 to 2012. He was born in Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle.

Chérèque died from leukaemia on 2 January 2017 at the age of 60.
Squash (drink)

**Squash** (also called _cordial_ or _dilute_) is a non-alcoholic concentrated syrup. It is used in beverage making.  It is usually fruit-flavoured. Squash is made from fruit juice, water, and sugar. Modern squashes may also contain food coloring and additional flavoring. Some traditional squashes contain herbal extracts, most notably elderflower and ginger. The original name for Squash was "Lemon Squash" but the name was shortened to include other flavors.
Viktor Tsaryov

**Viktor Grigoryevich Tsaryov** (; 2 June 1931 – 2 January 2017) was a Russian footballer. He played professionally from 1954 to 1966. He was best known for playing as a midfielder for Dynamo Moscow. He later managed the USSR football team and Dynamo Moscow. He was born in Moscow.

Tsaryov died on 2 January 2017 in Moscow at the age of 85.

## Other websites

- Viktor Tsaryov at rusteam.permian.ru

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Viktor Tsaryov
- **fullname**: Viktor Grigoryevich Tsaryov
- **image**: Tsaryov Viktor.jpg
- **caption**: Tsaryov in 2011
- **birth place**: Moscow, USSR
- **death place**: Moscow, Russia
- **height**: 1.76 m
- **position**: Midfielder/Defender (football), Defender
- **youthclubs1**: FC Dynamo Moscow
- **years1**: 1952
- **clubs1**: MVO Moscow, MVO Kalinin
- **caps1**: 0
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1953
- **clubs2**: MVO Moscow
- **caps2**: 0
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 1954–1966
- **clubs3**: FC Dynamo Moscow, Dynamo Moscow
- **caps3**: 298
- **goals3**: 12
- **nationalyears1**: 1958–1963
- **nationalteam1**: USSR national football team, USSR
- **nationalcaps1**: 12
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1967–1968
- **managerclubs1**: USSR national football team, USSR (assistant)
- **manageryears2**: 1973–1975
- **managerclubs2**: FC Dynamo Moscow, Dynamo Moscow (assistant)
- **manageryears3**: 1976
- **managerclubs3**: USSR national youth football team, USSR U-18
- **manageryears4**: 1979
- **managerclubs4**: Dynamo Moscow
- **manageryears5**: 1981
- **managerclubs5**: USSR U-18
Bogdan Tuszyński

**Bogdan Romuald Tuszyński** (4 July 1932 – 1 January 2017) was a Polish sports journalist, reporter and historian. He was best known for his sports report _Studio S-13_ of the Polskie Radio, beginning in 1970. He started his job as an editor of _Przegląd Sportowy_ (1951–1952). He later moved to Polskie Radio in 1953, leaving them in 1981. He also reported on the Peace Race every year. He published about thirty books between 1975 and 2009.

Tuszyński was born in Łódź. His daughter, Agata Tuszyńska (born 1957), also became a journalist.

Tuszyński died after a long illness on 1 January 2017 in Warsaw. He was 84.
Lateen

A **lateen** (from French _latine_, meaning "Latin") or **latin-rig** is a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast. It runs in a fore-and-aft direction.

Dating back to Roman navigation, the lateen became the favorite sail of the Age of Discovery. This was mainly because it allowed a boat to tack "against the wind". It is common in the Mediterranean, the upper Nile River, and the northwestern parts of the Indian Ocean. It is the standard rig for feluccas and dhows. Another form is used on small recreational boats like the Sailfish and Sunfish.

## Operation

A square sail is a very simple device. It catches a following wind and pushes the vessel forward. The lateen sail is more complex. It is set at an angle to the wind. It works by creating a difference in air pressure between the two sides (concave and convex) of the sail. This is the same way a fore-and-aft sail works. This is why the lateen sail is considered the ancestor of the fore-and-aft sail. The advantages of the lateen sail is that it is effective in lighter winds. It causes less drag and so is more efficient. It allows the vessel to sail much "closer to the wind" (meaning it can sail at up to about 45 degrees into the wind). This made the lateen sail a very important invention.

## Development

The lateen sail did not directly come from the square sail. There was an intermediate sail type called the lug sail. It was one of the earliest fore-and-aft rigs. It was developed for use on the Indian Ocean. Sailors knew that the wind does not always come from behind the vessel. They learned that the square sail could be made more efficient by turning it on the mast so it remained at a right angle to the wind. When used with a keel and some form of steering, it provided more options. Instead of simply sailing downwind, the vessel could move in different directions relative to the direction of the wind. If the wind came from the beam (side of the ship), rotating the sail became less effective. But, if the luff (edge of the sail) was pointed into the wind and kept taut, the sail would provide forward movement.  This could be made more effective if the yard (or spar) holding the sail is sloped downward into the wind. From this discovery came the lug, then the lateen.

## History

In ancient history the square sail was used in the Mediterranean. It was used on seagoing ships of the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans. In Northern Europe at this time, they only used the square sail. This was even after the ships in the Mediterranean were using the triangular lateen sails.

The 15th and 16th century caravel was a favorite type of ship used in the Portuguese and Spanish voyages of discovery. In addition to their distinctive single sterncastle, they carried lateen sails. During this time the caravel developed into a very fast and highly maneuverable ship. Two of Christopher Columbus's ships, the _Niña_ and the _Pinta_ were caravels. He repeatedly praised the _Niña_ as his fastest and favorite ship.

## Other websites

- Lateen sailing; YouTube
John Berger

**John Peter Berger** (5 November 1926 – 2 January 2017) was an English art critic, novelist, painter and poet.

Berger was born in Hackney, London, England. He was the son of Miriam (nee Branson) and Stanley Berger. Berger served in the British Army from 1944 to 1946. He studied at the Chelsea School of Art and the Central School of Art in London.
 He lived in France for over 50 years.

Berger's novel _G._ won the 1972 Booker Prize. He wrote an essay on art criticism, _Ways of Seeing_. The essay was written as an accompaniment to a BBC series. It is often used as a university text.

Berger died on 2 January 2017 in Paris at the age of 90.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: John Berger
- **image**: John Berger-2009 (6).jpg
- **caption**: Berger in 2009
- **birth name**: John Peter Berger
- **birth place**: London Borough of Hackney, Hackney, London, England, United Kingdom, U.K.
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **language**: English
- **nationality**: British
- **education**: St Edward's School, Oxford
- **alma mater**: Chelsea School of Art; Central School of Art
- **genre**: Writer
- **awards**: James Tait Black Memorial Prize; Booker Prize (1972)
Tacking (sailing)

**Tacking** or **coming about** is a term in sailing that means the boat is changing directions by turning the bow of the vessel in relationship to the wind. It also means the course you are on relative to the direction of the oncoming wind. A tack with the wind blowing over the port (left) side of the boat is called a "port tack". A tack with the wind coming over the starboard side of the boat is called a "starboard tack". The sailboat's helmsman is responsible for communicating with the rest of the crew when making a tacking maneuver. When making a tack the helmsman calls out "ready about!" When the crew is ready they call out "ready", and the maneuver is started. The opposite of a tack (into the wind) is a jibe (changing direction while moving with the wind).

## Tacking maneuver

In order to tack a boat moving into the wind, some speed is necessary. If too much time is taken in completing the tack, the forward momentum will be lost and the boat may move backwards. If a sailboat is caught going directly into the wind, it is called "in irons." This stops all forward motion of the boat. A tacking maneuver is a basic skill that is learned with practice. The maneuver also is different in a single person small sailboat than in a 40 or 50 foot racing sailboat.

## Beating

**Beating** is the procedure by which a ship moves on a zig-zag course to make progress directly into the wind (upwind). No sailing vessel can move directly into the wind (though that may be the desired direction). Beating allows the vessel to advance indirectly upwind.

A ship that is beating will sail as "close to the wind" as possible. This position is known as close hauled. In general, the closest angle to the wind that a ship can sail is around 35 to 45 degrees. Some modern yachts can sail very near to the wind, while older ships, especially square-rigged ships, cannot sail very close to the wind.

## Related pages

- Wing on wing
The Lego Ninjago Movie

***The Lego Ninjago Movie*** is an American-Danish 3D computer-animated action comedy adventure martial arts movie. It is directed by Charlie Bean and written by Dan Hageman, Kevin Hageman, Kevin Chesley and Bryan Shukoff. The movie was released in the United States on September 22, 2017 through Warner Bros. and starts the voices of  Jackie Chan, Dave Franco, Olivia Munn, Justin Theroux, Zach Woods, Kumail Ninjiani, Abbi Jacobson, Fred Armisen and Michael Pena. It is the second spin-off of the 2014 movie The Lego Movie.

## Plot

Six young ninjas are tasked to defend their home island Ninjago. By night, they are warriors and use their skills and vehicles to fight against villains and monsters. By they are ordinary teenagers struggling against their greatest enemy: high school.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: The Lego Ninjago Movie
- **based on**: Lego Ninjago
by Lego
- **music**: Mark Mothersbaugh
- **distributor**: Warner Bros. Pictures
- **runtime**: 101 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $70 million
- **gross**: $123.1 million
Derek Parfit

**Derek Parfit** (11 December 1942 – 1 January 2017) was a British philosopher. He specialized in problems of personal identity, rationality, ethics, and the relations among them.

## Early life

Parfit was born in Chengdu, China. His parents, Jessie and Norman Parfit, were British medical doctors who moved to Western China. After a year in China, Parfit moved to Oxford, England where he was raised. He studied at the University of Oxford.

## Career

Parfit's 1984 book _Reasons and Persons_ has been very well known to other philosophers. His last book, _On What Matters_ (2011), was widely published and discussed for many years before its publication.

Parfit worked at Oxford University for all of his academic career. He was an Emeritus Senior Research Fellow at All Souls College, Oxford. He was also a visiting professor of philosophy at New York University, Harvard University, and Rutgers University. He was awarded the 2014 Rolf Schock Prize "for his groundbreaking contributions concerning personal identity, regard for future generations, and analysis of the structure of moral theories."

## Personal life

Parfit was an experienced photographer and a poet. He was married to the philosopher Janet Radcliffe Richards.

Parfit died in London, England on 1 January 2017, aged 74.

## Other websites

- Profile, All Souls College, Oxford
- Derek Parfit: a bibliography. A complete bibliography of writings.
- Parfit's _Climbing the Mountain_ reading group on PEA Soup
- A Small Amount of Biographical Information

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western Philosophy
- **era**: Contemporary philosophy
- **name**: Derek Parfit
- **image**: Derek Parfit at Harvard-April 21, 2015-Effective Altruism (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 160px
- **caption**: Derek Parfit at Harvard University, April 2015
- **birth place**: Chengdu, China
- **death place**: London, England
- **spouse**: Janet Radcliffe Richards
- **alma mater**: University of Oxford
- **education**: Eton College, Eton
- **school tradition**: Analytic philosophy
- **main interests**: Ethics, personal identity, rationalism, consequentialism, philosophy of mind
- **influences**: Henry Sidgwick
Immanuel Kant
Christine Korsgaard
John Stuart Mill
Thomas Nagel
- **influenced**: John Cottingham
Sam Harris (author)
Effective Altruism
- **awards**: Rolf Schock Prizes in Logic and Philosophy
Battle of Austerlitz

In the **battle of Austerlitz**,   Napoleon Bonaparte  fought Russian and Austrian troops. The battle took place near Austerlitz (now in the Czech Republic) in 1805. Napoleon’s big victory let him create the Confederation of the Rhine. The book War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy contains a detailed description of the battle.

The battle sometimes (as of the 2020s) gets acted out (or reenacted).

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Austerlitz
- **partof**: the War of the Third Coalition
- **image**: La bataille d'Austerlitz. 2 decembre 1805 (François Gérard).jpg
- **alt**: Colored painting showing Napoleon on a white horse and General Rapp galloping towards Napoleon to present the captured Austrian standards
- **caption**: _Napoléon at the Battle of Austerlitz_, by François Gérard (Galerie des Batailles, Palace of Versailles, Versailles)
- **date**: 2 December 1805
- **place**: Slavkov u Brna, Austerlitz, Moravia, Austrian Empire
(now Slavkov u Brna, Czech Republic)
- **result**: Decisive French victory
*Peace of Pressburg (1805), Treaty of Pressburg
*Effective end of the War of the Third Coalition, Third Coalition
- **territory**: Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and creation of the Confederation of the Rhine
- **commander1**: Napoleon, Napoleon I
- **strength1**: 65,000–68,000 (not including III Corps)
- **strength2**: 84,000–95,000
- **casualties1**: **Total: 9,000**
- **casualties2**: **Total: 36,000**
Rogue One

***Rogue One: A Star Wars Story*** (or just ***Rogue One***) is an American science fiction movie. It was released worldwide in December 2016. A Lucasfilm movie, it is directed by Gareth Edwards. It was written by Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy with the story by John Knoll and Gary Whitta. The film stars Felicity Jones, Diego Luna, Ben Mendelsohn, Donnie Yen, Mads Mikkelsen, Alan Tudyk, Jiang Wen and Forest Whitaker.

It is the first movie in the _Star Wars_ anthology series. The story follows Jyn Erso, daughter of the unwilling designer of the Galactic Empire's super-weapon the Death Star. Her mission is to get the diagram so it can be destroyed.

## Critical response

James Dyer of Empire Magazine gave the film 4 stars, saying "The ultimate Star Wars fan film, it's short on whimsy but when it gets going there's enough risk-taking and spectacle to bode well for future standalones". Amy Nicholson of MTV gave the film a C-, saying "Audiences once packed theaters to gawk at the future; now, it's to soak in the past. The emphasis is on packing in as much nostalgia as possible and tersely editing it together to resemble a film". IGN's Eric Goldman gave the film a 9/10, stating "The film offers a remarkable recreation of the original Star Wars' world, while exploring this universe from a different, edgier perspective than is the norm". Matthew Pejkovic of Matt's Movie Reviews scored the film a 4/5, saying "Earns its intergalactic stripes as a Star Wars spin-off of visual gumption and gritty action filmmaking, securing its place as the glue between trilogies in this ever expanding space saga". Mark Dujsik of Mark Reviews Movies gave the film a 2/4, stating "We're used to the characters in this series existing primarily as archetypes. The characters here, though, barely qualify as archetypes".

## Other websites

- at
- _Rogue One_ The Movie Database

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Rogue One: A Star Wars Story
- **caption**: Official logo
- **image**: Star Wars Rogue One Logo.svg
- **director**: Gareth Edwards (director), Gareth Edwards
- **cinematography**: Greig Fraser
- **studio**: Lucasfilm, Lucasfilm Ltd.
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Walt Disney Studios
Motion Pictures
- **runtime**: 133 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $200 million
- **gross**: $1.481 billion
Richard Machowicz

**Richard John** "**Mack**" **Machowicz** (May 30, 1965 – January 2, 2017) was an American television presenter and Navy SEAL. He was the host of the Discovery Channel and Military Channel show _Future Weapons_. He also was a member of the Spike series _Deadliest Warrior_. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Machowicz was diagnosed with brain cancer in 2015. His condition got worse in December 2016. He died on January 2, 2017 in Pearland, Texas at the age of 51.
Alfonso Wong

**Alfonso Wong** (, 1925 – 1 January 2017) was a Hong Kong manhua artist. He also wrote under the pen name _"Wong Chak"_ (), which is his son's name. He created the comic strip _Old Master Q_ (_Lao Fu Zi_), which has been published since 1962. He was born in Tianjin, China and moved to Hong Kong in 1960. He had six sons.

Wong died from organ failure on 1 January 2017 in California, United States. He was 91.
Granny (killer whale)

**Granny** ( – ), also known by scientific name **J2**, was an orca, or killer whale. With an age of about 105, Granny was the oldest orca humans know of to ever live. She was first captured in 1967 with a group of orcas. However, she was believed to be too old for public aquariums and was released.

In January 2017, it was announced that researchers considered Granny dead. She had last been seen on October 12, 2016.
Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne

**Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne** (Oscar Carl Olof; born 2 March 2016) is the second child and only son of Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden. His older sister is Princess Estelle.

## Title

- **2 March 2016 – present:** His Royal Highness Prince Oscar of Sweden, The Duke of Skåne

## Honors

- Sweden Knight of the Order of Charles XIII  (2 March 2016)
- Sweden Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim  (27 May 2016)
- Recipient of the Commemorative Golden Jubilee Medal of His Majesty The King (15 September 2023)
(Swedish: _Hans Kunglig Höghet Oscar, Prins av Sverige, Hertig av Skåne)_

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Prince Oscar
- **title**: Duke of Skåne
- **image**: File:Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne 2023.jpg
- **caption**: Prince Oscar in 2023
- **full name**: Oscar Carl Olof
- **house**: House of Bernadotte, Bernadotte
- **father**: Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland, Daniel Westling
- **mother**: Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
- **birth place**: Karolinska University Hospital, Solna Municipality, Solna, Sweden
- **religion**: Church of Sweden
SOCATA MS.880 Rallye

The **SOCATA MS.880 Rallye** is a French light aircraft used by civilian and military users. It's first mission is training.

## History

It was create by Morane-Saulnier and after built by SOCATA. A military light attack version is known as **Rallye 235 Guerrier**.
Some were built under licence in Poland as PZL Koliber.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: SOCATA MS.880 Rallye
- **image**: File:Socata MS-880B Rallye Club, Private JP7621207.jpg
- **caption**: **SOCATA MS.880 Rallye**.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Training aircraft.
- **national origin**: France.
- **manufacturer**: SOCATA
- **first flight**: 1959
- **introduction**: 1961
- **status**: Active
Sir Thaddeus

**Sir Thaddeus, or the Last Lithuanian Foray: A Nobleman's Tale from the Years of 1811 and 1812 in Twelve Books of Verse** (in Polish _Pan Tadeusz, czyli ostatni zajazd na Litwie. Historia szlachecka z roku 1811 i 1812 we dwunastu księgach wierszem_) is a long poem by Polish romantic poet Adam Mickiewicz. It is regarded as a national epic. It was first published in Paris in 1834. The poet was then in exile in France. _Sir Thaddeus_ is a story of a conflict between two noble families, the Soplicas and the Horeszkos. The time is 1811 and 1812, shortly before Napoleon invaded Russia. When attacked by Russian soldiers, both families fought against the enemy. The conflict between the families was ended with the marriage of Thaddeus Soplica and Sophia Horeszko.

Adam Mickiewicz was born in the East of the former Polish-Lithuanian state. Because of that he called Lithuania his mother-country.

<poem>
_Litwo! Ojczyzno moja! ty jesteś jak zdrowie._
_Ile cię trzeba cenić, ten tylko się dowie,_
_Kto cię stracił. Dziś piękność twą w całej ozdobie_
_Widzę i opisuję, bo tęsknię po tobie._
</poem>

Lithuania, my country, thou art like health; how much thou shouldst be prized only he can learn who has
lost thee. To-day thy beauty in all its splendour I see and describe, for I yearn for thee. (Translation in prose by George Rapall Noyes).

The poem is written in 13-syllable metre, very common in Polish literature.

## Bibliography

- Adam Mickiewicz, Pan Tadeusz; or The last foray in Lithuania; a story of life among Polish gentlefolk in the years 1811 and 1812, Translated from the Polish by George Rapall Noyes, London 1917.

## Other websites

- Full text of the poem in Polish
Charles J. Colgan

**Charles Joseph Colgan** (September 25, 1926 – January 3, 2017) was an American politician and businessman. He served as a member of the Virginia Senate from the 29th district from January 1976 to January 2016. He also served two terms as President pro tempore from 2008 to 2012, and for less than four months in 2014.

Colgan was born in Frostburg, Maryland. He served in the U.S. Air Force (USAF) in 1945. He was married twice and had eight children.

Colgan died from a vascular illness on January 3, 2017 in Aldie, Virginia. He was 90.
Ivo Brešan

**Ivo Brešan** (27 May 1936 – 3 January 2017) was a Croatian playwright, novelist and screenwriter. He was for known for political satire. He was on screen from the early 1970s to 2006. His work included _Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja_ (1973), _How the War Started on My Island_ (1996) and _Marshal Tito's Spirit_ (1999). He had written screenplays with his son Vinko Brešan.

Brešan was born in Vodice. In 2001, he was awarded the Vladimir Nazor Award for Life Achievement in Literature

Brešan died on 3 January 2017 in Zagreb at the age of 80.
Rolf Noskwith

**Rolf Noskwith** (19 June 1919 – 3 January 2017) was a British businessman. During the Second World War, he worked under Alan Turing as a cryptographer at the British military base Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.

Noskwith was born in Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany. His parents were Eastern European-born Jews. He moved with his family to England in 1932. He was educated at Cambridge.

Noskwith died on 3 January 2017 in London at the age of 97.
Halal snack pack

A **halal snack pack**, or **HSP**, is a dish that comes from Australia. It is made up of halal-certified doner kebab meat (mainly lamb, chicken or beef), chips, sauces (mainly chili, garlic and barbecue sauces) and often cheese. The exact origin of the halal snack pack is unknown. Halal snack packs have become more popular since 2015, when the Facebook group "Halal Snack Pack Appreciation Society" was created.
Diego Luna

**Diego Luna Alexander** (born 29 December 1979) is a Mexican actor, director and producer. He has appeared in many movies, including _Y tu mamá también_ (2001), _Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights_ (2004), _The Terminal_ (2004), _Milk_ (2008), _Elysium_ (2013) and _Rogue One_ (2016). He currently stars as Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo in the Netflix crime series _Narcos: Mexico_ (2018–present).

Luna was born in Toluca and grew up in Mexico City. His mother Fiona Alexander, a British set designer, died in a car accident when Luna was two. His father Alejandro Luna is a Mexican set designer. He was married to actress Camila Sodi from 2008 to 2013. They have two children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Diego Luna
- **image**: Diego Luna Cannes 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Luna at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival
- **birth name**: Diego Luna Alexander
- **birth place**: Toluca, Mexico
- **alias**: Alexander García
- **height**: 183 cm
- **years active**: 1982–present
- **nationality**: Mexicans, Mexican
- **children**: 2
- **parents**: Fiona Alexander
Alejandro Luna
Donnie Yen

**Donnie Yen** (born 27 July 1963), also known as **Yen Ji-dan** (甄子丹), is a Chinese-born Hong Kong actor, martial artist, movie director, producer and action choreographer. He is also a wushu world champion many times. He is best known for his role as Ip Man in the _Ip Man_ (2008–2015) trilogy movies. He also appeared in _Shanghai Knights_ (2003), _Flash Point_ (2007) and _Rogue One_ (2016).

Yen was born in Guangzhou, Guangdong. When he was two years old, his family moved to Hong Kong. They later moved to Boston, Massachusetts, United States when he was 11. He has been married twice and has three children.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Donnie Yen
- **image**: Donnie Yen 20240324.jpg
- **caption**: Yen attending the Hong Kong Derby 2024 raceday as the "BMW Hong Kong Derby Ambassador" at the Sha Tin Racecourse
- **native name lang**: zh
- **office**: Member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
- **term start**: March 2023
- **birth place**: Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- **citizenship**: Hong Kong (1963–1974, 2009–present)
 United States (1974–2010)
- **height**: 5 ft 7 in
- **children**: 3
- **mother**: Bow-sim Mark
- **father**: Klyster Yen
- **awards**: #Awards and nominations, Full list
Hercules (2014 movie)

Hercules is an American 2014 action-adventure-fantasy film. Directed by Brett Ratner, it stars Dwayne Johnson, Ian McShane, Rufus Sewell and John Hurt and is based off the graphic novel _Hercules: The Thracian Wars_. It was released on July 25, 2014 and was one of two movies released in 2014 which were about the mythical warrior, the other being The Legend of Hercules; unlike the former, this film gained mixed to positive critical reviews and was a box office success.

## Plot

Hercules (Dwayne Johnson), is the leader of a gang of mercenaries, comprised of the prophet Amphariaus (Ian McShane), the thief Autylocus (Rufus Sewell), the barbarian Tydeus (Aksel Hennie), the huntress Atalanta (Ingrid Bolsø Berdal) and his nephew Iolaus (Reece Ritchie).  Hercules is supposedly the lovechild of Zeus and a mortal woman who engaged in 12 legendary labors, but was betrayed by Hera, who induced him with madness, which caused him to kill his wife and children while he was visiting King Eurystheus (Joseph Fiennes). Despite Hercules' origins not being clearly established in the movie, he displays powerful godlike strength and unmatched skill in combat. However, he is frequently plagued by the memory of murdering his family and visions of the three-headed hellhound Cerberus.

After saving his nephew on the coast of Macedonia, Hercules celebrates with his team. As they drink in a tavern, the group are approached by Ergenia (Rebecca Ferguson), the daughter of Lord Cotys (John Hurt) who wants Hercules to train the Thracian armies to defend his kingdom from the warrior king Rhesus, to which the hero accepts. The band are welcomed to Thrace by Cotys and General Sitacles (Peter Mullan). However, Rhesus has reached the Bessi people Cotys insists that Hercules leads the army into battle to defend the tribe, despite their lack of training. However, they arrive too late as Rhesus has cursed the Bessi into turning against the Thracians.
Igor Volk

**Igor Petrovich Volk** (, ; 12 April 1937 – 3 January 2017) was a Soviet cosmonaut and test pilot. He was best known for his involvement as a research cosmonaut in the Soyuz T-12 in 1980. It was seventh manned spaceflight to the Soviet space station Salyut 7. He bomber pilot in the Soviet Air Force. He later joined the Moscow Aviation Institute in 1962. He had over 7000 flight hours logged in over 80 different aircraft. He had the rank of colonel in the Russian Air Force.

Volk was born in Zmiiv, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukrainian SSR. He was given many awards, most famously the Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin titles. He was married and had two children.

Volk died on 3 January 2017 while on holiday in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. He was 79.
René Ballet

**René Ballet** (1928 – 2 January 2017) was a French journalist and author. He was a communist and a member of the French Communist Party. He started his career as a civil servant in Paris in 1961. He was first a civil servant in finance and later in national education. He was the writer of 14 novels and 35 essays. In 1978, he started working for the communist newspaper _L'Humanité_.

Ballet was born in Saint-Étienne. He grew up in Grenoble. He joined the French Resistance during World War II. He lived in Vanves.

Ballet died on 2 January 2017 at the age of 88.
Wayne Westner

**Wayne Brett Westner** (28 September 1961 – 4 January 2017) was a South African golfer. He turned professional in 1982. He had a total of 13 wins in his career. He was best known for his 1993 Dubai Desert Classic win. He also won the World Cup of Golf in 1996 with Ernie Els. His career ended in 1998 because of injury. He was born in Johannesburg.

Westner was involved in a hostage event on 4 January 2017 at his home in Pennington, KwaZulu-Natal. He later committed suicide (killed himself) with a gunshot wound to his head at his home. He was 55.