juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Norman Alden

**Norman Alden** (born **Norman Adelberg**; September 13, 1924 – July 27, 2012) was an American character actor. He performed in television programs and movies. He first appeared on television on _The 20th Century Fox Hour_ in 1957. He provided the voice of Kay in _The Sword in the Stone_ (1963), and had a notable role in _I Never Promised You a Rose Garden_. His acting career began in 1957 and lasted nearly 50 years. He also played the role of Kranix and Arblus in the 1986 animated Transformers movie. He retired from acting in 2006.

Alden was born on September 13, 1924 in Fort Worth, Texas and died at the age of 87 on July 27, 2012 from natural causes in Los Angeles. He is survived by his two children from his first marriage, one grandson, and his partner of  over 25 years, Linda Gilbert Thieben.

## Other websites

- Norman Alden @ BehindTheVoiceActors

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Norman Alden
- **image**: 1976 Press Photo Actor Norman Alden.jpg
- **birth name**: Norman Adelberg
- **birth place**: Fort Worth, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **othername**: Norm Alden
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1957–2006
- **alma mater**: Texas Christian University
- **spouse**: Sharon Hayden
(1966-19??; divorced); 2 children
- **partner**: Linda Thieben
(c. 1987-2012; his death)
- **website**: http://www.normalden.com
Dwarf galaxy

A **dwarf galaxy** is a small galaxy composed of up to several billion stars. This is a small number compared to our own Milky Way's 200–400 billion stars. The Large Magellanic Cloud, containing over 30 billion stars, is sometimes classified as a dwarf galaxy and sometimes as a full-fledged galaxy orbiting the Milky Way galaxy.

## Formation of dwarf galaxies

Most galaxies, including dwarf galaxies, form in association with dark matter or out of gas containing metals. However, NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer space probe identified new dwarf galaxies forming out of gases lacking metals. These galaxies were in the Leo Ring, a cloud of hydrogen and helium around two massive galaxies in the constellation Leo.

Dwarf galaxies can be pulled toward and ripped by neighbouring spiral galaxies till they ultimately merge.

## Local dwarfs

There are many dwarf galaxies in the Local Group: these small galaxies frequently orbit around larger galaxies, such as the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy. A 2007 paper has suggested that many dwarf galaxies were created by tidal forces during the early evolution of the Milky Way and Andromeda. Tidal dwarf galaxies are produced when galaxies collide and their gravitational masses interact. Streams of galactic material are pulled out away from the parent galaxies and the halos of dark matter that surround them.

The Milky Way has more than 20 known dwarf galaxies orbiting it. Recent observations suggest the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, Omega Centauri, is actually the core of a dwarf galaxy with a black hole in its center. It was at some time absorbed by the Milky Way.
Solar flare

A **solar flare** or **solar limb** is a sudden brightening observed over the Sun's surface. It is a large energy release of up to 6 × 10<sup>25</sup> joules of energy. The energy is about a sixth of the total energy that is released from the Sun each second equal to 160,000,000,000 megatons of TNT. It can also be compared with the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter. The release is then followed by a colossal coronal mass ejection also known as a CME. The first flare releases clouds of electrons, ions, and atoms through the corona of the Sun into space. These clouds usually reach planet Earth a day or two after this has happened. A solar flare is sometimes referred to another phenomena in other stars, such as stellar flare.

Solar flares affect all layers of the solar atmosphere such as the photosphere, chromosphere, and corona. Solar flares produce radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum at all wavelengths from radio waves to gamma rays. Most of the energy goes to frequencies outside its range and because of this most of the flares cannot be seen by the naked eye. Solar flares are observed (looked at) with special instruments. Solar flares occur in active regions around sunspots. Solar flares are powered by the sudden release of magnetic energy that is stored in the corona. The same energy releases may produce coronal mass ejections (CME), although the relation between CMEs and flares is still not known.

X-rays and UV radiation that is released by solar flares can affect Earth's ionosphere. Because of this, radio communications, radars and other devices may be disrupted for a short time. Richard Christopher Carrington was the first person to observe a solar flare in 1859. Carrington had spotted brightening's of small areas within a sunspot group. Stellar flares have also been observed on several of other stars. Solar flares can be "active" from several flares a day or "quiet" from several flares every week. Solar flares occurs during the 11-year cycle (the solar cycle). There are less "large flares" than smaller ones.

## Other websites

- Live Solar Images and Data Site  Includes x-ray flare, geomagnetic, space weather information detailing current solar events.
- Solar Cycle 24 and VHF Aurora Website (www.solarcycle24.com)
- Solar Weather Site
- Current Solar Flare - and geomagnetic activity in dashboard style (www.solar-flares.info)
- STEREO Spacecraft Site
Messier 87

**Messier 87** (also known as **M87**, **Virgo A** or **NGC 4486**) is a supergiant elliptical galaxy. It was discovered in 1781 by the French astronomer Charles Messier, who catalogued it as a nebulous feature. The second brightest galaxy within the northern Virgo Cluster, it is about 16.4 million parsecs (53.5 million light-years) from Earth.

Unlike a disk-shaped spiral galaxy, Messier 87 has no distinctive dust lanes. It has an almost featureless, ellipsoidal shape. Luminosity diminishes  with distance from the centre. At the core of this unusually large galaxy is an unusually large supermassive black hole. This is a strong source of radiation at many wavelengths, particularly radio waves. This black hole is the first and, to date, the only one for which astronomers have been able to make a direct image. A radio image taken by the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 was published on 10 April 2019. The image shows the shadow of the black hole, surrounded by an emission ring with a diameter of .

A jet of energetic plasma known as a blazar is thrown out by the black hole at near the speed of light. It goes outward at least . In pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1999, the motion of Messier 87's jet was measured at four to six times the speed of light. This motion is probably an optical illusion caused by the relativistic velocity of the jet.

## Stars

The stars in this galaxy form about one sixth of Messier 87's mass. They are spread out symmetrically, but the density of stars decreases with distance from the core. The galactic envelope extends out to a radius of about , where it stops—possibly cut off by an encounter with another galaxy. Between the stars is a diffuse interstellar medium of gas that has been chemically enriched by elements emitted from evolved stars.

Orbiting the galaxy is a huge number of about 12,000 globular clusters, compared to 150200 globular clusters orbiting the Milky Way.

Messier 87 is one of the most massive giant elliptical galaxies near Earth, and one of the brightest radio sources in the sky,
It is a popular target for both amateur and professional astronomy study.
Eric Braeden

**Eric Braeden** (born **Hans-Jörg Gudegast**; April 3, 1941) is a German-American movie and television actor, best known for his role as Victor Newman on the soap opera _The Young and the Restless_, as Hans Dietrich in the 1960s TV series _The Rat Patrol_, and as John Jacob Astor IV in the 1997 film _Titanic_. Braeden won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1998 for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series for the role of Victor Newman.

## Personal life

Braeden was born in Bredenbek, Germany to German parents. Braeden was educated at the University of Montana. Braeden is married to Dale Russell Gudegast since 1966 and have two children together. Braeden currently lives in Los Angeles, California.

In April 2023, Braeden announced he was diagnosed with "high-grade" bladder cancer.

## Other websites

- Eric Braeden's Official Website
- Interview at Talk Humor

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Eric Braeden
- **image**: Eric Braeden - Monte-Carlo Television Festival.jpg
- **caption**: Braeden in 2013
- **birth name**: Hans-Jörg Gudegast
- **birth place**: Bredenbek, Free State of Prussia, Germany

- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1960–present
- **children**: Christian Gudegast
Jerry Stiller

**Gerald Isaac** "**Jerry**" **Stiller** (June 8, 1927 – May 11, 2020) was an American comedian and actor. He spent many years in the comedy team Stiller and Meara with his wife Anne Meara. Stiller and Meara are the parents of Ben Stiller (with whom he co-starred in the movies _Zoolander_, _Heavyweights_, _Hot Pursuit_, and _The Heartbreak Kid_) and Amy Stiller. He is best known for his recurring role as Frank Costanza in _Seinfeld_ and his supporting role as Arthur Spooner in _The King of Queens_.

## Early life

Stiller was the oldest of four children, Stiller was born in Brooklyn, New York City, the son of Jewish parents, Bella (nee Citrin) and William Stiller, a bus driver. His paternal grandparents immigrated from Galicia, and his mother was born in Poland.

## Marriage and family

Stiller married Anne Meara in 1954 and had two children together, Ben Stiller and Amy Stiller.

## Personal life

Stiller lived in New York City, New York.

## Death

On May 11, 2020, Stiller died at his home in New York City, New York of natural causes at the age of 92.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jerry Stiller
- **image**: Jerry Stiller 2006.jpg
- **caption**: Stiller in 2006
- **birth name**: Gerald Isaac Stiller
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
- **death cause**: Death by natural causes, Natural causes
- **alma mater**: Syracuse University <small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>
- **children**: 2; including Ben Stiller
- **years active**: 1953–2016
Anne Meara

**Anne Meara** (born September 20, 1929 – May 23, 2015) was an American comedian and actress. She and Jerry Stiller were a 1960s comedy team, appearing as Stiller and Meara, and are the parents of actor/comedian Ben Stiller and actress Amy Stiller.

## Early life

Meara was born in Brooklyn, New York. She is the daughter of Irish immigrant parents, Mary (née Dempsey) and Edward Joseph Meara, a lawyer.  Meara was raised in Roman Catholicism, and converted to Reform Judaism six years after marrying Stiller.

## Death

Meara died on May 23, 2015 at the age of 85 of multiple strokes.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anne Meara
- **image**: Anne Meara 1975.JPG
- **caption**: Meara in 1975.
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York, U.S.
- **years active**: 1948–2015
- **spouse**: Jerry Stiller (1954–2015; her death)
- **children**: Ben Stiller (b. 1965),
Amy Stiller (b. 1961)
Deniece Williams

**Deniece Williams** (born June 3, 1950 in Gary, Indiana) is an American Grammy Award winning singer, songwriter and musician. She has had many hit records. She is best known for the 1980s song _Let's Hear it for the Boy_. The single that came out in 1984.
Amy Stiller

**Amy Belle Sawyer Stiller** (born August 9, 1961) is an American actress, stand-up comedian and Bikram Yoga instructor.

## Early life

She was born in New York, New York. She is the daughter of the Jewish-American comedians Jerry Stiller and Anne Meara, and the older sister of actor Ben Stiller. She graduated from the United Nations International School, in New York City, in 1979.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Amy Stiller
- **birth place**: New York City, New York City, New York, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress/Comedienne
- **years active**: 1970, 1988–present
- **family**: Ben Stiller (brother)
Bert Sugar

**Bert Randolph Sugar** (June 7, 1937 – March 25, 2012) was a boxing writer and sports historian.

### Career

Sugar also appeared in several movies playing himself, including _Night and the City_, _The Great White Hype_ and _Rocky Balboa_. Interviews with Sugar feature in _Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson_. Sugar had been referred to as "Runyonesque" (in reference to Damon Runyon) by Bob Costas, and "one of the foremost historians alive," by the _Boston Globe_. Along with Lou Albano, he helped write _The Complete Idiot's Guide to Pro Wrestling._ He wrote a regular sports column for _Smoke Magazine_.

### Death

A cigar-smoker most of his life, Sugar died from cardiac arrest on March 25, 2012. His family was at his bedside in Northern Westchester Medical Center in Mount Kisco, New York. He had spent his remaining years battling lung cancer.

## Other websites

- Talkin' Boxing with Bert Sugar - Boxing Insider - August 12, 2011

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bert Sugar
- **image**: Sugar (cropped).JPG
- **caption**: Sugar in 2010
- **birth name**: Herbert Randolph Sugar
- **birth date**: June 7, 1937
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C.
- **death place**: Mount Kisco, New York, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cardiac arrest
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Boxing writer,
sports historian
- **years active**: 1968 – 2012
- **education**: Juris Doctor, JD, MBA
- **alma mater**: University of Maryland, College Park,
University of Michigan
<small>Juris Doctor, JD, MBA</small>
- **spouse**: Suzanne Sugar
- **children**: Jennifer Frawley,
J.B. Sugar
- **awards**: International Boxing Hall of Fame, Ellis Island Medal of Honor
Ken Mattingly

**Thomas Kenneth "Ken" Mattingly II** (March 17, 1936 – October 31, 2023) was a NASA astronaut and a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy. He was one of the Apollo program astronauts, acting as support crew for Apollo 8 and Apollo 11. He also was the astronaut who helped with the development of the Apollo spacesuit and backpack. Mattingly should have been on Apollo 13, but he was removed from the crew a few days before the launch because he had been in contact with German measles. He was the Apollo Command Module pilot for Apollo 16 (April 16-27, 1972), which meant he stayed in orbit around the Moon while John Young and Charles Duke landed on the surface. During this time he performed 26 scientific experiments. He spent 3 days, 9 hours and 28 minutes by himself, the longest solo US space flight. On the return from the Moon, Mattingly completed a 1 hour, 13 minute, spacewalk.

After the Apollo missions, Mattingly become a Space Shuttle astronaut and flew two missions. The first was STS-4, from June 26 to July 4, 1982. This was the fourth and final orbital test flight for the Space Shuttle Columbia and Mattingly was the mission commander. STS-4 did 112 orbits of the Earth. His second mission was STS-51C in January 1985 in the Space Shuttle Discovery. Mattingly was again the mission commander for this short trip which launched equipment for the Department of Defense.

Mattingly was born in Chicago, Illinois. Educated in Florida, he completed a degree in aeronautical engineering at Auburn University. He joined the navy in 1958 and trained as a pilot. In 1966 he was chosen for the Apollo program. He spent 504 hours in space, and retired from NASA in 1985.

Mattingly died in Arlington, Virginia on October 31, 2023 at the age of 87.
Katarina Witt

**Katarina Witt** (born 3 December 1965) is a retired German figure skater. She won gold medals at the 1984 and 1988 Winter Olympics and competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics. She also won four World Championships and six European Championships. In 1995, Witt became a member of the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame.

Witt was born in East Germany and began skating at the age of five. She went to a special school for athletic children, where she met her coach, Jutta Muller. Witt won the European Championships for the first time in 1983. She won the gold medal in the 1984 Winter Olympics, and also won the World Championships later that year. At the 1988 Winter Olympics, Witt and her rival, Debi Thomas, both performed to Bizet's music from the opera _Carmen._ Their competition for first place was called the "Battle of the Carmens." Witt won gold, and her artistic performance became famous. Witt competed in the 1994 Winter Olympics and finished seventh. Afterwards, she retired from competition.
Zack Snyder

**Zachary Edward "Zack" Snyder** (born March 1, 1966) is an American director, screenwriter, and producer, best known for action/science fiction movies.

## Career

After making his career debut with the 2004 remake _Dawn of the Dead_, he gained wide recognition with the 2007 box office hit _300_, adapted from writer-artist Frank Miller's Dark Horse Comics miniseries of 300, and later went on to direct the 2009 superhero film _Watchmen_, an adaptation of the Watchmen a comic book of the same name. He is the co-founder of Cruel and Unusual Films, a production company he established in 2004, alongside his wife Deborah Snyder and producing partner Wesley Coller.

His first family film was the 2010 animated family adventure film _Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole_, based on the first three books of the series by Kathryn Lasky. He directed _Sucker Punch_.

In recent years, he directed _Man of Steel_, _Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice_ and _Justice League_. After Joss Whedon replaced him in _Justice League_, fans petitioned Warner Bros. to release Snyder's version of the movie. In May 2020, his version, titled _Zack Snyder's Justice League_, will be released in 2021.

## Personal life

Snyder was born on March 1, 1966 in Green Bay, Wisconsin. He has been married to Deborah Snyder since 2004.

In March 2017, Snyder's daughter committed suicide, forcing Snyder to drop out from the _Justice League_ production.

## Movies

|Year|Film|Director|Producer|Writer|Distributor(s)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2004|_Dawn of the Dead_||||Universal Pictures|
|2007|_300_||||Warner Bros. Pictures|
|2009|_Watchmen_||||Warner Bros. Pictures and Paramount Pictures|
|2010|_Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole_||||Warner Bros. Pictures|
|2011|_Sucker Punch_||||Warner Bros. Pictures|
|2013|_Man of Steel_||||Warner Bros. Pictures|
|2013|_Army of the Dead_||||Universal Pictures and Warner Bros. Pictures|
|2014|_300: Rise of an Empire_||||TBC|
|2016|_Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice_||||Warner Bros. Pictures|
|2017|_Wonder Woman_||||Warner Bros. Pictures|
|2017|_Justice League_||||Warner Bros. Pictures|
|2021|_Zack Snyder's Justice League_||||Warner Bros. Pictures and HBO Max|

### Music videos

- "Tomorrow" performed by Morrissey (1992)
- "World Class Fad" performed by Paul Westerberg (1993)
- "I Know" performed by Dionne Farris (1994)
- "Walk This World" performed by Heather Nova (1995)
- "Desolation Row" performed by My Chemical Romance (2009)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Zack Snyder
- **image**: Zack Snyder.jpg
- **caption**: Zack Snyder in June 2013
- **birth place**: Green Bay, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **birth name**: Zachary Edward Snyder
- **spouse**: Deborah Snyder (September 25, 2004–present)
- **years active**: 1990–present
- **notable works**: _Sucker Punch_,
_Watchmen_,
_300_,
_Dawn of the Dead_,
_Man of Steel (movie), Man of Steel_,
_Justice League (movie), Justice League_
Deborah Snyder

**Deborah Snyder** (née **Johnson**) is an American producer of movies and television commercials. She is married to moviemaker Zack Snyder. She has often worked with him on movies such as _Watchmen_ and _300_.  She is the co-founder of the production company Cruel and Unusual Films.

## Personal life

Snyder is currently married to moviemaker Zack Snyder.  They met in 1996. They married on September 25, 2004. The wedding was at St. Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in Manhattan, New York. They currently live in Pasadena, California.

## Movies

|Year|Movie|Role||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="1"|2007|_300_|Executive producer|
|rowspan="1"|2009|_Watchmen_|Movie producer|
|rowspan="1"|2010|_Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole_|Executive producer|
|rowspan="1"|2011|_Sucker Punch_|Movie producer|
|rowspan="1"|2013|_Man of Steel_|Movie producer|
|rowspan="1"|2016|_Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice_|Movie producer|
|rowspan="1"|2017|_Justice League Part One_|Movie producer|
|rowspan="1"|2021|_Zack Snyder's Justice League_|Movie producer|

## Other websites

- Cruel and Unusual Films official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Deborah Snyder
- **birth date**: 1963
- **birth place**: Edison, New Jersey, U.S.
- **birth name**: Deborah Johnson
- **spouse**: Zack Snyder (September 25, 2004 – present)
- **occupation**: Movie producer
- **years active**: 1990s–present
Diane Lane

**Diane Lane** (born January 22, 1965) is an American movie actress.

Born and raised in New York City, New York. Lane made her career debut at the age of 13 in George Roy Hill's 1979 movie _A Little Romance_, starring opposite Sir Laurence Olivier. Soon after, she was featured on the cover of _Time_ magazine. She has since appeared in several notable movie, including the 2002 movie _Unfaithful_, which earned her Academy Award, Golden Globes and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. She appeared in Zack Snyder's movie _Man of Steel_.

She played Hillary Rodham Clinton in the 2013 NBC four-hour miniseries _Hillary_.

Lane has been married to actor Josh Brolin since 2004. She filed for divorce in February 2013. She was previously married to actor Christopher Lambert from 1988 to 1994.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Diane Lane (Berlin Film Festival 2011) 2.jpg
- **caption**: Lane at the 61st Berlin International Film Festival (2011)
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, United States
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1971–present
- **spouse**: Christopher Lambert (1988–1994; divorced; 1 child)
Josh Brolin (2004–2013; separated)
- **website**: http://www.dianelane.com/
Richard Lynch

**Richard Hugh Lynch** (February 12, 1940 – June 19, 2012) was an Irish-American actor best known for playing villains in movies and television. He often appeared in science fiction productions, including _Battlestar Galactica_ (as Wolfe) and its sequel series _Galactica 1980_ (as Commander Xaviar). He also appeared in such shows as _Starsky and Hutch_, _T. J. Hooker_, _The A-Team_, _Charmed_ and _Star Trek: The Next Generation_.

## Early life

Richard Lynch was born on February 12, 1940 in Brooklyn, New York City to Irish Catholic parents. His younger brother is actor Barry Lynch. Lynch served in the United States Marine Corps.Lynch was trained at The Actors Studio and at the HB Studios.

## Career

In while acting, Lynch was also a musician and played the saxophone, guitar, piano, and flute. He also enjoyed fishing, poetry, and architecture. He held Republic of Ireland citizenship through his Irish born parents and was a frequent visitor to Ireland. With Barry, the two brothers starred together in the films _Nightforce_ and _Total Force_. Lynch's wife Lily starred with him in the film _Breaking the Silence_ (1998) and son Christopher Lynch starred with him in the science fiction film _Trancers II_.

### Later career

Through the years, Lynch worked with old friend and colleague Don Calfa in the films _Necronomicon_ (1993), _Toughguy_ (1995), _Corpses Are Forever_ (2003), and _Lewisburg_ (2009).

## Personal life and death

Lynch had married twice — once to Béatrix Lynch (their son Christopher died in 2005 from pneumonia), and later to Lily Lynch. His body was found in his home in Yucca Valley, California on June 19, 2012. It is not known if Lynch died on June 18 or 19. After not having heard from Lynch for several days, friend and actress Carol Vogel went to his home to find the door open and his body in his kitchen. She then called 9-1-1 He was survived by his brother Barry and sisters Carole Taylor and Cathy Jones. News reports following his death incorrectly identified his birth year as 1936, but the LA Times obituary published by his family correctly listed the year as 1940.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Richard Lynch
- **birth name**: Richard Hugh Lynch
- **birth date**: February 12, 1940
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Yucca Valley, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **nationality**: Irish and American
- **known for**: Wolfe, Commander Xaviar
- **notable works**: _Battlestar Galactica_, _Galactica 1980_, _Star Trek: The Next Generation_, _Starsky and Hutch_, _T. J. Hooker_, _The A-Team_, _Charmed_, _Halloween (2007 film), Halloween_
- **alma mater**: The Actors Studio,
HB Studios
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1967 – 2012
- **other names**: Richard H. Lynch
- **spouse**: Béatrix Lynch
(? – ?; divorced),
Lily Lynch
(? – ?)
- **children**: With Béatrix:
Christopher Lynch (dead)
- **relations**: Barry Lynch (brother)
- **awards**: Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor (1982)
Jenna von Oy

**Jenna von Oÿ** (born May 2, 1977) is an American country music singer-songwriter and actress. She is best known for her acting in the sitcom _Blossom_. She has acted in other television series as well as in movies. Von Oÿ  was born in Danbury, Connecticut.
Barry Lynch

**Barry J. Lynch** (born Brooklyn, New York) is an American actor. His older brother, Richard Lynch, was also an actor who appeared in _Star Trek: The Next Generation_.

## Selected filmography

- _Star Trek: Klingon Academy_ (2000) (video game) (voice) ... as Academy Helmsman, Ra'wl'a Captain, Freighter Captain 1, Tlhoy Captain
- _Star Trek: Borg_ (1996) (video game) ... as Nikolai Andropov
- _Star Trek: Klingon_ (1996) (video game) (voice)
- _Star Trek: The Next Generation_ episode Face of the Enemy ... as Ensign Stefan DeSeve

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Barry J. Lynch
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **years active**: 1980 – present
- **occupation**: Actor
- **relations**: Richard Lynch (brother)
Allison Janney

**Allison Brooks Janney** (born November 19, 1959) is an Emmy Award American movie, television and voice actress.  She is best known for her roles in the television drama _The West Wing_ for which she received several Emmy Awards. She starred in the 1999 Oscar winning movies _American Beauty_ and _Juno_ as well as many other movies.

In 2017, Janney starred as LaVona Fay Golden in the black comedy _I, Tonya_. She won an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, Satellite Award and a Golden Globe Award for her role as Golden in 2018.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Allison Janney
- **image**: Allison Janney Oct 2014 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Janney in 2014
- **birth name**: Allison Brooks Janney
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **education**: Kenyon College (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **occupation**: Actress
- **partner**: Richard Jenik
 (2002–2006)
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Allison Janney, Full list
- **works**: #Acting credits, Filmography
Robert Culp

**Robert Martin Culp** (August 16, 1930 – March 24, 2010) was an American actor, scriptwriter, voice actor and director.

## Early life

Culp was born in Oakland, California, and graduated from Berkeley High School, where he was a pole vaulter, taking second place at the 1947 CIF California State Meet.  He attended the University of the Pacific, Washington University in St. Louis, San Francisco State University, and the University of Washington School of Drama, but never completed an academic degree.

## Career

Culp is widely known for his work in television. Culp first earned an international reputation for his role as Kelly Robinson on _I Spy_ (1965–1968), the espionage series in which he and co-star Bill Cosby played a pair of secret agents. The 1980's brought him back to TV again, starring as FBI Agent Bill Maxwell on _The Greatest American Hero_.   He also had a recurring role as Warren Whelan on _Everybody Loves Raymond_. In all, Culp gave hundreds of performances in a career spanning more than 50 years.

## Personal life

Culp married five times and was the father of three sons, Joshua (1958), Jason (1961) and Joseph (1963), and two daughters, Rachel (1964) and Samantha (1982). From 1967 to 1970, he was married to Eurasian actress France Nuyen, whom he had met when she guest-starred on _I Spy_. She appeared in four episodes, two of them written by Culp himself.

Culp wrote scripts for a total of seven episodes, one of which he also directed. He also wrote scripts for other television series, including _Trackdown_, _The Rifleman_ and _The Greatest American Hero_.

### Death

Culp died on March 24, 2010, suffering a heart attack while taking a walk in Los Angeles, California. Culp's remains were buried in the Sunset View Cemetery in El Cerrito, California, located not far from his hometown of Oakland.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Robert Culp 1965.JPG
- **caption**: Robert Culp in September 1965.
- **birth name**: Robert Martin Culp
- **birth place**: Oakland, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart Attack
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Berkeley High School
- **alma mater**: University of Washington School of Drama
- **occupation**: Actor, scriptwriter, director
- **yearsactive**: 1953–2010
- **spouse**: Elayne Carroll (1951–1956)
Nancy Ashe (1957–1966)
France Nguyen (1967–1970)
Sheila Sullivan (1971–1976)
Candace Faulkner
(1981–2010)
- **website**: http://www.robertculponline.com/
Lee Wallace

**Lee Wallace** (born **Leo Melis**, July 15, 1930 – December 20, 2020) was an American movie, stage, radio and television actor. Wallace only had movie roles in; _Used People_ (1992), _Batman_ (1989) as Gotham City's mayor William Borg, _Private Benjamin_ (1980) as Mr. Waxman, and as the Mayor of New York City in _The Taking of Pelham One Two Three_ (1974), _The Muppets Take Manhattan_ as the Mayor of New York City. On Broadway, he appeared in _A Teaspoon Every Four Hours_, _Unlikely Heroes_, _The Secret Affairs of Mildred Wild_, _Molly_, _Zalmen or The Madness of God_, _Some of My Best Friends_, _Grind_ and _The Cemetery Club_.

Wallace was born in Brooklyn, New York on July 15, 1930 to Celia (née Gross) and Eddie Melis. Wallace died on December 20, 2020 at his New York City home after a long-illness, aged 90.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lee Wallace
- **image**: Lee Wallace Actor.jpg
- **birth name**: Leo Melis
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1973-2020
- **spouse**: Marilyn Chris (1974-2020)
- **children**: Paul Christopoulos Wallace
IC 1101

**IC 1101** is a supergiant lenticular galaxy  at the center of the Abell 2029 galaxy cluster. It, along with its cluster is 1.07 billion light years away in the constellation of Virgo. It has a diameter of 400,000 to 550,000 light-years.

## Size

The galaxy has a diameter of about 400,000 to 550,000 light-years, as measured using the D<sub>25</sub> isophote and the 2MASS survey. It is the central galaxy of a huge galaxy cluster called Abell 2029 which has a mass (mostly dark matter) of roughly 100 trillion times that of the Sun. IC 1101 is also known as A2029-BCG, as it is the brightest member of the aforementioned cluster Abell 2029 . IC 1101 is more than seven times the size of the Milky Way. If it were in place of our galaxy, it would swallow up the Milky Way and some neighboring satellite galaxies, including the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Small Magellanic Cloud. It also has the largest core of any galaxy, at a core diameter of around 13,000 light-years, bigger than the previous largest core of any galaxy which is at 10,000 light-years, in the elliptical galaxy A2261-BCG https://arxiv.org/pdf/1707.02277.pdf.

## Related pages

- List of galaxies
- Abell 2029-The galaxy cluster in which IC 1101 is located.
- Virgo (constellation)

## Other websites

- The scale of the Universe (Astronomy Picture of the Day March 12, 2012)
Vostok 2

**Vostok 2** (, _Orient 2_ or _East 2_) was a Soviet space mission. It carried cosmonaut Gherman Titov into orbit for a full day to study the effects of a long period of weightlessness on the human body.  Titov orbited the earth over 17 times. Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1 had only done one orbit.

The flight was an almost complete success. Problems included not turning on a heater which meant the temperature dropped to , a period of space sickness, and problems on re-entry when the reentry module failed to separate cleanly from its service module.

Titov took manual control of the spacecraft for a short while. The Soviets admitted that Titov did not land with his spacecraft. Titov said he ejected from his capsule to test another landing system. It is now known that all Vostok program landings were done this way.

The re-entry capsule was destroyed during development of the Voskhod spacecraft.

As of 2012, Titov is the youngest person to reach space. He was 25 years old at launch.

## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Vostok 2
- **image**: Vostok_spacecraft.jpg
- **image caption**: Model of the Vostok capsule with its upper stage
- **insignia**: Vostok2patch.png
- **operator**: Soviet space program
- **harvard designation**: 1961 Tau 1
- **satcat**: 168
- **mission duration**: 1 day, 1 hour, 18 minutes
- **orbits completed**: 17.5
- **spacecraft**: Vostok (spacecraft), Vostok-3KA No.4
- **manufacturer**: Experimental Design OKB-1
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**: Vostok-K 8K72K
- **launch site**: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Baikonur Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 1, 1/5
- **landing date**:  UTC
- **landing site**: Krasny Kut, Saratov Oblast, Krasny Kut

- **orbit epoch**: , 02:00:00 UTC
- **orbit reference**: geocentric orbit, Geocentric
- **orbit regime**: low Earth orbit, Low Earth
- **orbit eccentricity**: 0.00501
- **orbit inclination**: 64.93 degrees
- **orbit period**: 88.46 minutes
- **apsis**: gee
- **crew size**: 1
- **crew members**: Gherman Titov
- **crew callsign**: ( - "Eagle")
- **crew photo**: Gherman Titov 2.jpg
- **previous mission**: Vostok 1
- **next mission**: Vostok 3
- **programme**: Vostok programme
<small>Manned flights</small>
Thérèse of Lisieux

**Saint Thérèse of Lisieux** (1873 - 1897) (aka. St Therese of the Child Jesus/ Sainte Thérèse de Lisieux) is  Doctor of the Catholic church, which means that her life and writings are considered particularly important for Catholics. She is also called the Little Flower of Jesus. She lived in France as a nun, and died at 24 from tuberculosis. Mother Teresa chose her name in honor of her.
Delphinus

**Delphinus** is a genus of dolphin, commonly known as the "**Common Dolphin**". There are two species in this genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (_Delphinus delphis_), and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (_Delphinus capensis_). But some studies say that there is a third species, the "**Arabian Common Dolphin**" (_Delphinus tropicalis_), which has a long, thin beak and is found in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea.

## Description

Both, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin are medium-sized dolphins. Adults grow between the lengths of 1.9 to 2.5 meters (6.2 to 8.2 ft), and weigh around 80 to 235 kg (180 to 520 lb). Males are longer and heavier than females. They are dark grey on the back, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold, or yellow in color.

## Behavior

Common Dolphins live in both, warm temperate and tropical waters from 40°N to 50°S. They eat many species of fish like sardines, herrings, and bonitos, octopuses and squids. They are fast swimmers, swimming up to the speed of 60 km per hour. They have made dives up to 200 meters (660 ft) deep.

## Reproduction

Common Dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100 centimeters (2.3 to 3.3 ft) long, and weigh around 10 kg (22 Ib). They give birth to 1 young at a time. Females mature between the age of 2 and 7 years old and males mature between the age of 3 and 12 years old. They live for around 35-40 years.

## Species

At first it was thought that there was only one species of the Delphinus genus, the Short-beaked Common Dolphin (_Delphinus Delphis_). But later, studies showed that there was another species, the Long-beaked Common Dolphin (_Delphinus Capensis_). The difference between the Short-beaked Common Dolphin and the Long-beaked Common Dolphin, is that the Short-beaked Common Dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the Long-beaked Common Dolphin. Now scientist say there is a third species, the **Arabian Common Dolphin** (_Delphinus Tropicalis_) which has a long, thin beak and lives in the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, but it is not confirmed.
Elizabeth Berkley

**Elizabeth Berkley** (born July 28, 1972, in Farmington Hills, Michigan) is an American movie and television actress. She is best known for her role in _Saved by the Bell_. She also acted in the 1995 erotic drama _Showgirls_, which garnered controversy due to its intense sexuality. Most of her movies are independent movies.

Berkley is Jewish.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Elizabeth Berkley
- **image**: Greg Lauren and Elizabeth Berkley.jpg
- **caption**: with husband Greg Lauren (2008)
- **birth place**: Farmington Hills, Michigan, United States
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1986–present
- **spouse**: Greg Lauren (m. 2003–present)
- **children**: 1
- **awards**: **Golden Raspberry Awards**
* Razzie Award for Worst Actress, Worst Actress
:1995 _Showgirls_
*Worst New Star
:1995 _Showgirls_
**National Board of Review Award for Best Cast, NBR Award for Best Cast**
:1996 _The First Wives Club_
Cartwheel galaxy

The **Cartwheel galaxy** (also known as _ESO 350-40_) is a lenticular galaxy about 500 million light-years away in the constellation Sculptor.

It is about 150,000 light years across, slightly larger than the Milky Way. It has a mass of about  solar masses, and rotates at .

It was discovered by Fritz Zwicky in 1941. Zwicky said his discovery was "one of the most complicated structures awaiting its explanation on the basis of stellar dynamics".

The Cartwheel galaxy shows radio and optical spokes, but they are not the same spokes.

## Evolution

The galaxy was a normal spiral galaxy before it had a collision with a smaller galaxy about 200 million years ago. When the nearby galaxy passed through the Cartwheel Galaxy, the power of the collision sent a strong shock wave through the galaxy. Moving at high speed, the shock wave moved gas and dust. This made a starburst around the galaxy's center. This explains the blue colored ring around the center, bright section. It can be seen that the galaxy is beginning to take the shape of a normal spiral galaxy again, as spiral arms (The spokes) are spreading out from a central core.

There are other possible explanations of the ring-like appearance.

## Other websites

- Galaxy evolution simulation: the Cartwheel Galaxy

de:Ringgalaxie#Wagenradgalaxie
Messier 49

**Messier 49** (also known as _NGC 4472_) is an elliptical galaxy about  away in the constellation of Virgo. This galaxy was discovered by French astronomer Charles Messier in 1771. Messier 49 is 4.1° west-southwest of the star Epsilon Virginis.

Messier 49 was the first member of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies to be discovered. It is the most luminous member of that cluster and is brighter than any galaxy closer to the Earth. This galaxy is part of the smaller Virgo B subcluster 4.5° away from the dynamic center of the Virgo Cluster, which is centered on Messier 87. Messier 49 is gravitationally interacting with the dwarf irregular galaxy UGC 7636.

Messier 49 has the radio emission of a normal galaxy. However, the core of the galaxy is emitting X-rays, which suggests the presence of a supermassive black hole of , or 565 million times the mass of the Sun. To the southwest of the core, the luminous outline of the galaxy can be traced out to a distance of 260 thousand parsecs. The only supernova event observed within this galaxy is SN 1969Q, discovered in June 1969.

This galaxy has a large collection of globular clusters, estimated at about 5,900. However, this count is far exceeded by the 13,450 globular clusters orbiting the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87. On average, the globular clusters of M 49 are about 10 billion years old. Between 2000–2009, strong evidence for a stellar mass black hole was discovered in an M 49 cluster. A second candidate was announced in 2011.
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan

, also known as **NAOJ**, is a Japanese astronomy research organization.  NAOJ has several facilities in Japan; and it has an observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii.

## History

NAOJ was established in 1988.  Three institutions merged.  They were the
- Tokyo Astronomical Observatory of the University of Tokyo
- International Latitude Observatory of Mizusawa
- Research Institute of Atmospherics of Nagoya University.

In 2004, NAOJ became part of the National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS).  NINS was created to promote collaboration among researchers of the five constituent institutes. NAOJ merged with four other national institutes.  They were
- National Institute for Basic Biology
- National Institute for Fusion Science
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences
- Institute for Molecular Science

### Timeline

- **1888** 	Tokyo Astronomical Observatory was established by the University of Tokyo
- **1899** 	Latitude Observatory was established in Mizusawa.
- **1908** 	Astronomical Society of Japan established.
- **1949** 	Nobeyama University Atmospheric Research Center established
- **1960** 	Okayama Astrophysical Observatory established
- **1981** 	Hinotori satellite launched
- **1988** 	NAOJ established
- **1992** 	Nobeyama Radio Heliograph began observations
- **1996** 	Introduction and open use of super computers
- **1997** 	HALCA satellite launched
- **1999** 	Subaru Telescope begain working on Mauna Kea in Hawaii
- **2004** 	NAOJ merged into NINS
- **2006** 	Ishigakishima Obervatory established, Akari satellite  launched
- **2007** 	_Kaguya_ satellite launched

## Locations

- Mitaka Campus at Mitaka, Tokyo
- The Headquarters, Astronomy Data Center, Advanced Technology Center, Public Relations Center
- Solar Flare Telescope, Sunspot Telescope, TAMA 300 gravitational wave detector
- Tokyo Photoelectric Meridian Circle
- Historical instruments: Solar Tower Telescope, 65cm refractor dome, 20cm refractor dome

- Nobeyama Radio Observatory & Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory at Minamimaki, Nagano
- 45m Millimeter Radio Telescope, Nobeyama Millimeter Array, Nobeyama Radio Heliograph

- Mizusawa VERA Observatory at Ōshū, Iwate.
- 20m radio telescope, 10m VLBI radio telescope

- Historical building: Dr. Kimura Museum

- Norikura Solar Observatory at Mount Norikura, Nagano
- 10cm Coronagraph, 25cm Coronagraph

- Okayama Astrophysical Observatory at Mount Chikurinji, Okayama.
- 188cm telescope, 91cm telescope, 65cm Coude-Type solar telescope

- VERA 20m radio telescopes
- Mizusawa
- Ogasawara.
- Iriki.
- Ishigakijima.

- Hawaii Observatory on the island of Hawaii
- Subaru 8m telescope (Mauna Kea)
- Hilo Base Facility (Hilo, Hawaii).

## Projects

- Hinode
- SELENE

## Related pages

- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

## Other websites

- National Astronomical Observatory Of Japan website
Short-beaked common dolphin

The **short-beaked common dolphin** (_Delphinus delphis_) is one of the two species of the genus, Delphinus. It is found in warm temperate and tropical waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. It is also found in the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea.

## Description

The short-beaked common dolphin is a medium-sized dolphin, but is smaller than the other species of the genus Delphinus, the long-beaked common dolphin. Adults grow between the lengths of 1.6 to 2 meters (5.2 to 6.6 ft), and weigh between 70 and 235 kg (150 to 520 Ib). Short-beaked common dolphins are said to be heavier than the Long-beaked common dolphin. The back of the short-beaked common dolphin is dark grey, the belly is white, and the sides are light grey, gold or yellow.

## Feeding

Short-beaked common dolphins eat fish like cod, herrings, sardines, and flying fish. They also eat octopuses, squids, cuttlefish, and crustaceans.

## Reproduction

Female short-beaked common dolphins are pregnant for around 10 to 11 months before giving birth to young which are 70 to 100 cm (2.3 to 3.3 ft) long, and weigh about 10 kg (22 Ib). Males mature at the age of between 3 and 12 years old, and females mature at the age of between 2 and 7 years old.  They live for around 35 years, but some live for only 22 years.

## Species

The short-beaked common dolphin was first thought to be the only species of the genus, Delphinus. But soon, studies show that there is another species, the long-beaked common dolphin (_Delphinus capensis_). The difference between the short-beaked common dolphin and the long-beaked common dolphin is that the short-beaked common dolphin is smaller in size and has a smaller beak than the long-beaked common dolphin.
Cheryl Tiegs

**Cheryl Rae Tiegs** (born September 25 1947 in Breckenridge, Minnesota) is an American fashion model and actress. She is best known for her modeling for the _Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue_. Tiegs has been on the cover of the _SI_ Swimsuit Issue three times. She has also been on the covers of many other magazines. These include _Vogue_, _Glamour_, _Harper's_ and _Time_. Tiegs performed as herself in the sitcom _Just Shoot Me_.

From 1970 to 1979, she was married to movie director Stan Dragoti.
Patrika Darbo

**Patrika Darbo** (born April 6, 1948 in Jacksonville, Florida) is an American movie and television actress. She played Nancy Wesley in the television soap opera _Days of Our Lives_. She also acted in independent movies.

## Awards and nominations

|scope="col" style="width:0.5%;"|Year|scope="col" style="width:7%;"|Award|scope="col" style="width:2%;"|Work|scope="col" style="width:1%;"|Result|scope="col" style="width:0.5%;"|Ref|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1999|Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Female Newcomer|rowspan="2"|_Days of Our Lives_|||||||
|2000|Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series|||||||||
|2016|Primetime Emmy Award for Best Actress in a Short Form Comedy or Drama Series|rowspan="2"|_Acting Dead_|||||||

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Patrika Darbo.jpg
- **caption**: Darbo at the 16th Annual MovieGuide Faith and Values Awards Gala, February 2008
- **birth name**: Patrika Davidson
- **birth place**: Jacksonville, Florida
- **yearsactive**: 1983-present
- **spouse**: Rolf Darbo (1973-present)
Messier 84

**Messier 84** (also known as _NGC 4374_) is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Virgo.  M84 is in the heavily populated inner core of the Virgo Cluster of galaxies.

Radio observations and Hubble Space Telescope images of M84 have revealed two jets of matter shooting out from the galaxy's centre, as well as a disk of rapidly rotating gas and stars. This suggests there is  a supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy. Its mass is  1.5  M<sub>☉</sub>, that is gravitation amounting to 15 billion solar masses.

## History

Charles Messier discovered Messier 84 in 1781 when he searched for "nebulous objects" in the night sky. The object is the 84th in the Messier Catalogue.

## Supernovae

Two supernovae have been observed in M84: SN 1957
and SN 1991bg.
Possibly, a third, SN 1980I is part of M84 or, alternatively, one of its neighboring galaxies, NGC 4387 and M86.