Parmigiana

**Parmigiana** is a Southern Italian dish made with a shallow-fried sliced filling, with cheese and tomato sauce on top, then baked. Eggplant parmigiana is the earliest version. Other kinds made with breaded meat cutlets, such as veal and chicken parmigiana, are popular in other countries, usually in areas with a lot of Italian immigrants.

## History

The dish is claimed by both Campania and Sicily. While "parmigiana" means "from Parma" (in Northern Italy), the dish is not part of Parma food. It is based on melanzane alla parmigiana (alt. parmigiana di melanzane) or eggplant parmigiana (or eggplant Parmesan), a classic Southern Italian dish.

Along with the many Italian versions, different kinds of Parmigiana have been developed across the world, most often in countries where large numbers of Italians immigrated. Examples of dishes developed outside of Italy from the early parmigianas include veal (**Veal Parmigiana**) or chicken breast (**Chicken Parmigiana**) dipped in beaten eggs, breaded, shallow-fried and topped with a marinara sauce (red Sicilian tomato sauce) and mozzarella. It is then usually baked until the cheese is bubbly and brown.  The veal dish is known in Italian as _Cotolette alla Bolognese_.

_Parmigiana_ is also used as an adjective in the names of other unrelated dishes from Parma food, such as _Trippa alla Parmigiana_ (Parma-style tripe).

## Cooking

The dish consists of a sliced filling pan fried in oil, layered with tomato sauce and cheese, and baked in an oven.  In some kinds, the sliced filling is first dipped in beaten eggs and covered in flour or breadcrumbs before frying.  Some recipes use hard grated cheeses such as Parmesan or Pecorino Romano, while others use softer melting cheeses like Mozzarella or Caciocavallo, or a combination of these.

## International variations

In the United States and Canada, veal parmigiana or chicken parmigiana is commonly served as a grinder or a submarine sandwich.  It is also popular with a side of or on top of pasta.  Diced onions or green bell peppers, sautéed or raw, are sometimes added.

Chicken or veal parmigiana has become very popular in Australia as a pub dish, often served with chips and salad. It may also contain a lot of toppings, including sliced ham or fried eggplant slices. This dish is often referred to as a  _parma_ or _parmi_, a simple shortening of the name. However, as Italian pronunciations are phonetic and do not use long vowel sounds, "parma" is incorrect.

A similar dish, the Parmo, which uses either pork or chicken, has been made within the country of England.

## Name

There are several theories for the origin of the name _parmigiana_.

One common theory says the name is from Parmigiano-Reggiano (Parmesan cheese).

Another theory says the name is an alteration of the Sicilian word _parmiciana_:
> This is an ancient Sicilian dish which, in all cookbooks, is erroneously stated as obtaining its name from Parmesan cheese, which is one of the ingredients. Nothing could be further from the truth. The name "parmigiana" does not derive from that of the cheese but is the Italianization of the Sicilian dialectal word "parmiciana", which refers to the slats of wood which compose the central part of a shutter and overlap in the same manner as the slices of eggplant in the dish."

As with Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese, the word _Parmigiana_ is often rendered as "Parmesan" in English-speaking countries, from the French word for "from Parma."

## Other websites

- Veal Parmegiana Recipe
- Eggplant Parmegiana Recipe
- Eggplant Parmesan  the way it is done in Catania (Sicily)
- Parma Daze Chicken parmigiana reviews in Melbourne, Australia
- Discover Downunder Parma Rating  The team from Discover Downunder travel around Australia in search for the best parma!
- parmi.com.au  ratings for South Australia.