juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Me and My Gang

***Me and My Gang*** is the fourth studio album by American country music duo Rascal Flatts. The album was released on April 4, 2006, through Lyric Street Records. It debuted as No. 1 on Billboard 200. It held that position for three weeks. _Me and My Gang_ had the highest sales of any album in 2006. RIAA certified it as five times platinum.

On April 25, 2007, Rascal Flatts performed "My Wish" on _American Idol_ as part of fundraising for charities. The campaign was named _Idol Gives Back_.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Me and My Gang
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Rascal Flatts
- **recorded**: 2005
- **genre**: Country music, Country, country pop
- **length**: 51:31
- **label**: Lyric Street Records, Lyric Street
- **producer**: Dann Huff
- **prev title**: Feels Like Today
(2004)
- **next title**: Still Feels Good
(2007)
Yucatan, Missouri

**Yucatan** is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, Missouri, United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Yucatan, Missouri
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated area, Unincorporated community
- **pushpin map**: Missouri
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Missouri
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Missouri, County
- **subdivision name2**: Callaway County, Missouri, Callaway
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 817
- **area code**: Area code 573, 573
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 741377
Portland, Missouri

**Portland** is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, Missouri, United States. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located at  (38.710161,-91.717166) on Route 94 about twenty miles northeast of Jefferson City.

## History

The village was laid out in 1831. Its location on the Missouri River made it a popular shipping point for the farms and plantations of Callaway County. The name Portland stems from that activity.
Toledo, Callaway County, Missouri

**Toledo** is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

## History

A post office called Toledo was established in 1887. It operated until 1905.
Toledo, Ozark County, Missouri

**Toledo** is an unincorporated community in Ozark County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Toledo, Missouri
- **native name lang**: EN
- **settlement type**: Community
- **pushpin map**: Missouri
- **pushpin map alt**: Location of Toledo, Missouri
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Toledo, Missouri
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Missouri
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Ozark County, Missouri, Ozark County
- **elevation m**: 272
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central Time Zone (North America), CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: Central Time Zone (North America), CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
Fulton

**Fulton** may refer to:

## People

- Fulton (surname), including list of people with the surname

### Canada

- Fulton, Ontario, a community in West Lincoln, Ontario

### United States

- Fulton, Alabama
- Fulton, Arkansas
- Fulton, California
- Fulton, Illinois
- Fulton, Indiana
- Fulton, Kansas
- Fulton, Kentucky
- Fulton, Maryland
- Fulton, Michigan
- Fulton, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Fulton, Mississippi
- Fulton, Missouri
- Fulton, New York,
- Fulton, Ohio
- Fulton, South Dakota
- Fulton, Texas
    - George W. Fulton Mansion
- Fulton, Tennessee
- Fulton, Wisconsin, a town
- Fulton (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community

## Related pages

- Fulton County
- Fulton Ferry
- Fulton Township
Songül Öden

**Songül Öden** (born 1979 in Diyarbakır) is a Turkish actress. She is famous for her role as Gümüş Şadoğlu in Turkish series _Gümüş_. She graduated in theatre from the University of Ankara. She is an ethnic Zaza.

She is well-liked as an actress in the Middle East.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Songül Öden
- **image**: Songül Öden.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Songül Öden, 2009
- **birth name**: Songül Öden
- **birth place**: Diyarbakır, Turkey
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1993present
Fulton, Missouri

**Fulton** is a town in Missouri, United States. It is the county seat of Callaway County. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 12,600 in the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- Fulton Area Chamber of Commerce
- Fulton, Missouri tourism site

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Fulton, Missouri
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Fulton County Missouri Courthouse 01.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image caption**: Callaway County Courthouse in Fulton.
- **image map**: Callaway_County_Missouri_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Fulton_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Fulton, Missouri
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Missouri
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Missouri, County
- **subdivision name2**: Callaway County, Missouri, Callaway
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1825
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: March 14, 1859
- **named for**: Robert Fulton
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 32.28
- **area land km2**: 31.93
- **area water km2**: 0.35
- **area total sq mi**: 12.46
- **area land sq mi**: 12.33
- **area water sq mi**: 0.14
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 12600
- **population density km2**: 394.59
- **population density sq mi**: 1021.98
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 801
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 65251
- **area code**: Area code 573, 573
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 29-26182
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2394834
- **blank2 name sec1**: United States Numbered Highway System, U.S. Routes
- **blank2 info sec1**:
Callaway County, Missouri

**Callaway County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. In the 2020 U.S. Census, the county's population was 44,283. Its county seat is Fulton. It is named for Captain James Callaway, grandson of Daniel Boone.

## Other websites

- Callaway County official website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Callaway County
- **state**: Missouri
- **founded year**: 1820
- **founded date**: November 25
- **seat wl**: Fulton
- **largest city wl**: Fulton
- **area total sq mi**: 847
- **area land sq mi**: 835
- **area water sq mi**: 13
- **area percentage**: 1.5
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 44283
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: https://callawaycounty.org
- **named for**: James Callaway
- **ex image**: Fulton County Missouri Courthouse 01.JPG
- **ex image cap**: The Callaway County Courthouse in Fulton
Kansas City metropolitan area

The **Kansas City metropolitan area** surrounds the city of Kansas City, Missouri. It includes 14 counties in both Missouri and Kansas. With a population of 2.2 million people, it is the second largest metropolitan area in Missouri behind Greater St. Louis. However, the Kansas city metropolitan area gained population from 2020 to 2024. The St. Louis metropolitan area lost population.
Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution

In statistics the **Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution** is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann.
It was first defined and used in physics (in particular in statistical mechanics) for describing particle speeds in idealized gases. In an idealized gas the particles move freely inside a stationary container without interacting with one another, most of the time. Sometimes they collide and exchange energy and momentum with each other or with their thermal environment. Particle in this context refers to gaseous particles (atoms or molecules), and the system of particles is assumed to have reached thermodynamic equilibrium.
While the distribution was first derived by Maxwell in 1860 on heuristic grounds, Boltzmann later carried out significant investigations into the physical origins of this distribution.

A particle speed probability distribution indicates which speeds are more likely: a particle will have a speed selected randomly from the distribution, and is more likely to be within one range of speeds than another. The distribution depends on the temperature of the system and the mass of the particle.
The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution applies to the classical ideal gas, which is an idealization of real gases. In real gases, there are various effects (e.g., van der Waals interactions, vortical flow, relativistic speed limits, and quantum exchange interactions) that can make their speed distribution different from the Maxwell–Boltzmann form. However, rarefied gases at ordinary temperatures behave very nearly like an ideal gas and the Maxwell speed distribution is an excellent approximation for such gases. For this reason, it forms the basis of the Kinetic theory of gases, which provides a simplified explanation of many fundamental gaseous properties, including pressure and diffusion.
Jessye Norman

**Jessye Mae Norman** (September 15, 1945 – September 30, 2019) was an American opera singer. She was a dramatic soprano. She often sung works by Richard Wagner. Norman was in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. She won Grammy Awards. She received a Spingarn Medal. She also got a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a National Medal of Arts.

In 1970, she performed in Italy for the first time. There she sang in Handel's _Deborah_. The following year, she performed at the Maggio Musicale for the first time. There she sang in _L'Africaine_.

## Life and death

Norman was born in Augusta, Georgia.

She died on September 30, 2019 at a Manhattan hospital from multiple organ failure and sepsis caused by a spinal cord injury at the age of 74. In _The Simpsons_ episode, "Go Big or Go Homer", was dedicated to her memory.
The Perfumed Garden

***The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight*** ( __) is an Islamic sex manual, similar to the Hindu Kama Sutra, written in the 15th century by  Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nefzawi, also known simply as "Nefzawi". It is written in Arabic. _The Perfumed Garden_ is an example of erotic literature and contains sex among humans (heterosexual and homosexual) and animals.

The book was first translated into English by Richard Francis Burton in 1886. He translated it through a French translation. He could not complete his translation because the book was not widely acceptable because of its content. After him a new French translation by René R. Khawam was published in 1976. In 1923, the English composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji wrote _Le jardin parfumé: Poem for Piano Solo_.

## References

- _The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight_, Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nafzawi, translated by Jim Colville, 1999, Kegan Paul International, , 82 pages.
- _La prairie parfumée ou s'ébattent les plaisirs_, Umar Ibn Muhammad Nafzawi , translated by René R. Khawam, 1976, .
- _The Perfumed Garden_, Shaykh Nefwazi , translated by Sir Richard Francis Burton, Benares, 1886.  Many reprintings including:
    - Full text online
Hértevin language

**Hértevin language** (in Hértevin: ܣܘܪܬ _Sôreth_) is an Aramaic or Syriac language that was originally spoken in a group of villages in the southeastern part of Turkey. It is especially in Siirt Province. Speakers of Hértevin Aramaic have moved mostly to Western countries, and are now scattered and isolated from one another. A few speakers remain in Turkey.

## More reading

- Jastrow, Otto (1990). Personal and Demonstrative pronouns in Central Neo-Aramaic. In Wolfhart Heinrichs (ed.), _Studies in Neo-Aramaic_, pp. 89–103. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. .
- Maclean, Arthur John (1895). _Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul_. Cambridge University Press, London.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Hértevin
- **nativename**: <span dir="rtl">ܣܘܪܬ</span> _Sôreth_
- **states**: Turkey
- **region**: Siirt Province
- **speakers**: 1,000
- **date**: 1999
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Afro-Asiatic
- **fam2**: Semitic languages, Semitic
- **fam3**: Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic
- **fam4**: Northwest Semitic languages, Northwest Semitic
- **fam5**: Aramaic language, Aramaic
- **fam6**: Eastern Aramaic
- **fam7**: Northeastern Neo-Aramaic, Northeastern
- **script**: Syriac alphabet, Syriac (Madnhāyâ alphabet)
- **iso3**: hrt
- **glotto**: hert1241
- **glottorefname**: Hertevin
Abdul Hamid II

**Abdul Hamid II** (21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was the last sultan to have complete control over the Empire. He was responsible of the Hamidian massacres. Killing between 100.000 - 300.000 Armenians. He witnessed many revolutions and wars. Abdul Hamid II ruled from 1876, until he was overthrown by a group of people calling themselves the "Young Turks" in 1909. Abdul Hamid II was the last ruler who nearly had total authority. Meaning that his authority was hardly limited by policies or reforms such as a constitution.

## Rule

He modernized the Ottoman Empire during his reign. Railways, schools and hospitals were built under his rule. He also seeked to unify the Muslims in the Empire under Pan-Islamism. Others had tried to unify people in the Empire under Ottomanism (identity based on shared belonging to the Ottoman Empire).

Sultan Abdul Hamid II was the one who authorized the building of the Hamidiye Mosque, which was finished in 1886. The Mosque was built near the Yildiz Palace, and its decoration style combines the classical Ottoman with Neo-Gothic. It became a symbol for the ruler's authority.

His reign ended as Young Turks revolted against him.
In 1909, being persona non grata, he was forced to abdicate in favor of his brother, who became Sultan Muhammad V. Abdul Hamid II spent his last years under house arrest at the Beylerbeyi Palace in Istanbul, where he died in 1918.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Abdul Hamid II
- **title**: Caliph of Islam
Amir al-Mu'minin
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
- **image**: Abdülhamid II of Turkey.jpg
- **caption**: Abdul Hamid II in the late 19th century as a Sultan.
- **succession**: List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
- **reign-type**: Reign
- **coronation**: 7 September 1876
- **predecessor**: Murad V
- **pre-type**: Predecessor
- **successor**: Mehmed V
- **suc-type**: Successor
- **full name**: Abdul Hamid bin Abdulmejid
عبد الحميد بن عبد المجيد
- **house**: House of Osman
- **house-type**: Royal house
- **father**: Abdulmejid I
- **mother**: • Tirimüjgan Sultan
• Rahime Perestu Sultan
- **birth place**: Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
- **death place**: Beylerbeyi Palace, Istanbul, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
- **burial place**: Sultan Mahmud II Tomb
- **religion**: Sunni Islam
- **signature type**: Tughra
- **signature**: Tughra of Abdülhamid II.svg
Brain death

**Brain death** means that the brain has stopped working. Brain death is permanent, and cannot be cured or reversed. No treatment can help when a person is **brain dead**, there is no activity in any part of their brain. Every part of the brain is dead; no oxygen flows to the brain, and there is no electrical activity in any part of the brain.

The brain controls everything we need to do to stay alive. For example, it controls breathing, body temperature, heart rate, and many other important things. When a person is brain dead, their brain cannot control any of these things. A brain-dead person cannot breathe on their own. They will never be able to wake up or be aware of what is going on around them.

Sometimes, brain-dead people are kept alive with special machines and medications. For example, doctors can put a tube down a person's throat and use a machine called a ventilator to pump oxygen into their lungs. While these machines can keep the person's other organs alive for a while, they cannot help the brain get better. Eventually, the person's other organs will stop working too.

## Diagnosis

Doctors can diagnose brain death by examining the patient. They will check for reflexes which are controlled by the brainstem, and see if the person can breathe on their own. If the person is brain-dead, the doctor will find:
- The person has no reflexes (for example, they do not gag when the doctor touches the back of their throat)
- The person's pupils do not change size in bright light or in the dark
- The person does not move or react when the doctor does something painful (like pinching the person's skin)
- The person does not try to breathe on their own

Before diagnosing brain death, doctors will check for any other problem that could look like brain death (for example, a very low body temperature, or an overdose of sedatives). They will usually wait six to 24 hours before checking again to make sure the person still has no signs of activity in the brain. Then a second doctor is called in to do the same tests. If both doctors agree, the patient can officially be diagnosed "brain dead."

### Immediate diagnosis

Sometimes, doctors use other tests which can diagnose brain death right away. These tests include:
- EEG, which records the electrical activity in the brain. A brain-dead person will have no electrical activity in their brain.
- Brain scans like CT scans. A brain-dead person will have no blood flowing to their brain.

## Causes

Brain death happens because of an injury to the entire brain. The most common causes are:
- A very bad head injury
- A stroke which cut off the brain's oxygen supply or caused bleeding in the brain
- Swelling in the brain, either from an infection like encephalitis, or from the brain not getting enough oxygen.

Swelling or bleeding in the brain can cut off blood flow to the brain and push on the brainstem. If it gets bad enough, it can crush the brainstem.

## Other websites

- Understanding Brain Death (in Simple English)  from Brigham & Women's Hospital
Luis Guillermo Solís

**Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera** (born 25 April 1958) is a Costa Rican politician. He was the President of Costa Rica from 2014 to 2018. He is a member of the Citizens' Action Party (PAC).

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: President Luis Guillermo Solis.jpg
- **office**: List of Presidents of Costa Rica, 47th President of Costa Rica
- **vicepresident**: Helio Fallas Venegas
Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría, Ana Helena Chacón
- **term start**: 8 May 2014
- **term end**: 8 May 2018
- **predecessor**: Laura Chinchilla
- **successor**: Carlos Alvarado Quesada, Carlos Alvarado
- **party**: National Liberation Party (Costa Rica), National Liberation Party

Citizens' Action Party (Costa Rica), Citizens' Action Party

- **birth name**: Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera
- **birth place**: San José, Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- **partner**: Mercedes Peñas Domingo (2006–present)
- **children**: 6
- **alma mater**: University of Costa Rica
Tulane University
University of Michigan, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor
Trenton

**Trenton** may refer to:

### Canada

- Trenton, Nova Scotia
- Trenton, Ontario
- CFB Trenton, a Canadian Forces Base near Trenton, Ontario

### United States

- Trenton, New Jersey, the capital of the state of New Jersey and most well known city with this name
- Trenton, Alabama
- Trenton, Florida
- Trenton, Georgia
- Trenton, Illinois
- Trenton, Indiana
- Trenton, Kentucky
- Trenton, Maine
- Trenton, Michigan
- Trenton, Missouri
- Trenton, Nebraska
- Trenton, New York
- Trenton, North Carolina
- Trenton, North Dakota
- Trenton, Ohio
- Trenton, South Carolina
- Trenton, Tennessee
- Trenton, Texas
- Trenton, Utah
- Trenton, Dodge County, Wisconsin, a town
- Trenton, Pierce County, Wisconsin, a town
    - Trenton (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community
- Trenton, Washington County, Wisconsin, a town
Vargas

**Vargas State** (, ) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. It is named after Venezuela's first civilian president, José María Vargas. The state covers an area along the Caribbean coast in the north of Venezuela. It borders Aragua to the west and Miranda to the east. Caracas is to the south. Vargas contains the country's largest seaport and airport. The state's capital city is La Guaira.

The area was previously governed as part of Venezuela's Federal District. The governor was chosen by the federal government of Venezuela. In 1998 the government of Rafael Caldera made Vargas split Vargas from the Federal District. Shortly after this it became the 23rd state of Venezuela.

## Other websites

- Government website
Akron (disambiguation)

**Akron** is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio.

**Akron** may also refer to:

## Aviation

- USS _Akron_, a rigid airship of the United States Navy
- _Akron_ (1911 airship), a semirigid airship that exploded in 1912

## Entertainment

- _Akron (movie)_, a 2015 independent, LGBT-themed movie, directed by Brian O'Donnell
- Akron / Family, a folk-influenced experimental rock band

### Canada

- Akron, Ontario

### United States

- Akron, Alabama
- Akron, Colorado
- Akron, Indiana
- Akron, Iowa
- Akron, Kansas
- Akron, Michigan
- Akron, Missouri
- Akron, Nebraska
- Akron, New York
- Akron, Ohio
- Akron, Pennsylvania
- Akron, West Virginia
- Akron Township, Illinois
- Akron Township, Michigan
- Akron Township, Big Stone County, Minnesota
- Akron Township, Wilkin County, Minnesota

## Other uses

- University of Akron, in Ohio
- Akron and Barberton Belt Railroad
- Akron Plan, an architectural plan for church buildings in the late 19th and early 20th century
- Acron Group, sometimes spelled Akron Group, a Russian chemical company
- Independence Akron, a German paraglider design
- The Akron (1948–1985), a Southern California-based imported goods and home decorating retail chain
- Akron / Family, American experimental folk group

## Related pages

- Acron (disambiguation)
- Akron Airport (disambiguation)
Joplin

**Joplin** may refer to:

## People

- Janis Joplin, singer-songwriter
- Scott Joplin, ragtime musician and composer

## Places

- Joplin, Missouri
Cojedes

**Cojedes State** () is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is San Carlos. Cojedes covers a total area of 14,800 km². It had a population of 323,165 in 2011.
Portuguesa

**Portuguesa** may refer to:

## Places

- Brazil
- Portuguesa, Rio de Janeiro, a neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro

- Venezuela
- Portuguesa (state), one of the 23 states which make up the country

## Mountain

- Portuguesa or Chiqllarasu, a mountain in Peru

## Other uses

- Portuguese language
- A Portuguesa, the Portuguese national anthem
- Associação Portuguesa de Desportos, a football club based in São Paulo, Brazil
- Associação Atlética Portuguesa (RJ), a football club based in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Associação Atlética Portuguesa Santista, a football club based in Santos, Brazil
- Associação Portuguesa Londrinense, a football club based in Londrina, Brazil
- Portuguesa Fútbol Club, a football club based in Acarígua, Venezuela
Johann Gottlieb Fichte

**Johann Gottlieb Fichte** (; ; May 19, 1762 – January 27, 1814), was a German philosopher. He was one of the first philosophers of the movement known as German idealism. He died of typhus in Berlin.

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western Philosophy
- **era**: 18th-century philosophy
- **image**: Johann Gottlieb Fichte.jpg
- **name**: Johann Gottlieb Fichte
- **birth place**: Rammenau, Electorate of Saxony, Saxony
- **death place**: Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia
- **alma mater**: University of Königsberg (PhD, 1792)
- **nationality**: German
- **school tradition**: German idealism, German Romanticism, Post-Kantianism
- **main interests**: Self-consciousness and self-awareness, moral philosophy, political philosophy
- **influences**: Immanuel Kant, Salomon Maimon
- **influenced**: Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Hegel, Dieter Henrich, Johann Friedrich Herbart, Herbart, Novalis, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Schelling
- **notable ideas**: Absolute consciousness, Thesis, antithesis, synthesis, thesis–antithesis–synthesis, the not-I, _das Streben_ (striving), mutual recognition, _Gnosology, Wissenschaftslehre_, _Anstoss_, _Tathandlung_, _Urtrieb_ (original drive), "Fichte's original insight"
Tom Ellis (actor)

**Thomas John Ellis** (born 17 November 1978) is a British actor. He is known for playing Lucifer Morningstar in the Fox urban fantasy series _Lucifer_ and its DC Universe crossover appearances. He has also played Gary Preston in the BBC One sitcom _Miranda_, William Rush in the USA Network series _Rush_ and Mark Etches in the supernatural drama _The Fades_.

Ellis was born in Cardiff, Wales. He has an English background. His ancestry traces back to the county of Devon. He grew up in England. Ellis went to school in Sheffield.

Ellis was married English actress Tamzin Outhwaite from 2006 until their divorce in 2014. He married American screenwriter Meaghan Oppenheimer in 2019. He has three children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tom Ellis
- **image**: Tom Ellis (2016).jpg
- **caption**: Ellis in 2016
- **birth name**: Thomas John Ellis
- **birth place**: Cardiff, Wales
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2000–present
- **children**: 3
Benchmark

A **benchmark** is a standard, or set of standards, that a product can have to show a level of quality. It can also be a test that a person makes a product like a computer do to see how good it can do a task, or set of tasks. Some computer benchmarks are to test the CPU or the GPU. People use benchmarks to see if their computer can run some kinds of software or games. People also use benchmarks to see if one piece of hardware is better than another.
Anti-Federalism

**Anti-Federalism** refers to a diverse group of Americans who opposed the ratification of the 1787 United States Constitution. Anti-Federalists believed a strong central government could become corrupt and tyrannical, as they believed that Great Britain had become. They wanted a weak central government like under the Articles of Confederation.

One of the many points that the Anti-Federalists disagreed with the Federalists was that the Constitution did not have a Bill of Rights. The Federalists argued the Constitution did not need a Bill of Rights but finally agreed to add several amendments to the Constitution. The House of Representatives approved 17 amendments. The Senate passed on 12 of them for ratification by the states. Of the 12, 10 were ratified by the 13 states and became known as the United States Bill of Rights. Virginia was the last to ratify the amendments on December 15, 1791.

Under the new government, many Anti-Federalists created the Democratic-Republican Party, which also wanted a weak central government.
Lateral root

**Lateral roots** are plant roots that extend horizontally from the main root (radicle). They serve to anchor the plant securely to the soil. The branching of roots helps water uptake. With the water comes similar required

required for the growth and development of the plant.
Kevin Randleman

**Kevin Christopher Randleman** (August 10, 1971 – February 11, 2016) was an American mixed martial arts fighter and wrestler. He was a UFC Heavyweight Champion from 1999 to 2000. He fought professionally from 1996 until 2011, winning 17 out of his 33 fights.

Randleman was born in Sandusky, Ohio. He was married twice and had three children.

Randleman died from heart failure caused by pneumonia on February 11, 2016 in San Diego, California. He was 44.

## References

Kevin Randleman is nicknamed a monster because of his physique and fighting strength
Mabel Matiz

**Mabel Matiz** (born Fatih Karaca, August 31, 1985 in Mersin) is a Turkish singer, writer and dentist. He chose Mabel Matiz as stage name. Mabel is a character in the novel Kumral Ada Mavi Tuna. Matiz means _drunk_ in old Greek language. He has released 3 studio albums. He studied dentistry at the University of Istanbul, and graduated in 2008. He briefly worked in a health care clinic until starting a music career. He is an LGBT supporter and LGBT rights activist.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mabel Matiz
- **image**: Mabel Matiz.jpg
- **caption**: Mabel Matiz in 2015
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Fatih Karaca
- **birth place**: Mersin, Turkey
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Rock music, roc
- **occupation**: Singer, writer, dentist
- **years active**: 2008–present
- **label**: DMC
Chris Isaak

**Chris Isaak** (born June 26, 1956) is an American rock musician and actor. He is known for his 1950s rock and roll style. His songs are usually about love, loss and heartbreak. His has been singing for four decades. He has had twelve studio albums.

In 1990, his song "Wicked Game" was released. It became a Top 10 hit in 1991.

Isaak was born in Stockton, California.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Chris Isaak
- **image**: Chris Isaak at NAMM 1 25 2014 -15 (12243161146).jpg
- **caption**: Isaak in 2014
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Christopher Joseph Isaak
- **birth place**: Stockton, California, Stockton, California, U.S.
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar, bass guitar
- **genre**: Rock and roll, rockabilly, roots rock, surf rock
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician, actor, talk show host
- **years active**: 1978-present
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records
- **website**: [http://www.chrisisaak.com www.chrisisaak.com]
Alpine chough

The **Alpine chough** (_Pyrrhocorax graculus_) is a type of bird in the crow family. It is one of only two species in the genus _Pyrrhocorax_. It nests in the mountains. It can be found in Spain and Morocco eastwards through southern Europe to the Himalayas.

The golden eagle is a predator on the chough.
Kentucky Camp, Arizona

**Kentucky Camp** is a ghost town in Arizona. It was a mining camp.
Rocky Road to Dublin

"**Rocky Road to Dublin**" is an Irish folk song. The song was made in the 19th century by the composer D. K. Gavan. It tells a story about a man who is going from his home in Tuam, Ireland to Liverpool, England. It is a hard song to play and needs a lot of practice.

## Other websites

- Sheet music for the Rocky Road to Dublin
Manuel Vicente

**Manuel Sesimbra Vicente** (born 15 May 1956) is an Angolan politician. He has been Vice President of Angola since September 2012. He was born in Central Luanda.

Before becoming vice president, Vicente served as the chairman of Sonangol. Sonangol is an oil and natural gas company owned by the government of Angola.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Manuel Vicente
- **image**: Manuel Vicente 2014.jpg
- **order**: Vice President of Angola
- **president**: José Eduardo dos Santos
- **predecessor**: Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos
- **term start**: 26 September 2012
- **birth place**: Luanda, Angola, Luanda, Portuguese Angola, Overseas Province of Angola, Portugal
- **party**: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA
Rank correlation

A **rank correlation** is any statistic that measures the relationship between rankings. A "ranking" is the assignment of "first", "second", "third", etc. to different observations of a variable. (In general, to place things in an order) A **rank correlation coefficient** measures the degree of similarity between two rankings.

One might test for _do colleges with a higher-ranked basketball program tend to have a higher-ranked football program?_ A quite important question is _do people with higher-ranked education tend to get higher levels of income?_

Some of the most used rank correlation statistics are
1. Spearman's ρ
1. Kendall's τ
1. Goodman and Kruskal's γ

An increasing rank correlation coefficient implies increasing agreement between rankings. The coefficient is inside the interval [−1, 1] and assumes the value:

- 1 if the agreement between the two rankings is perfect; the two rankings are the same.
- 0 if the rankings are completely independent.
- −1 if the disagreement between the two rankings is perfect; one ranking is the reverse of the other.

## Kerby simple difference formula

Dave Kerby recommended the rank-biserial as the measure to introduce students to rank correlation, because the general logic can be explained at an introductory level.

Kerby showed that this rank correlation can be expressed in terms of two figures: the percent of data that support a stated hypothesis, and the percent of data that do not support it. The Kerby simple difference formula states that the rank correlation can be expressed as the difference between the proportion of favorable evidence (_f_) minus the proportion of unfavorable evidence (_u_).

### An illustration

Suppose a coach trains long-distance runners for one month using two methods.  Group A has 5 runners, and Group B has 4 runners.  The hypothesis is that method A produces faster runners.  The race to assess the results finds that the runners from Group A do indeed run faster, with the following ranks: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6.  The slower runners from Group B thus have ranks of 5, 7, 8, and 9.

The analysis is done on pairs, a member of one group compared to a member of the other group. For example, the fastest runner in the study is a member of four pairs: (1,5), (1,7), (1,8), and (1,9).  All four of these pairs support the hypothesis, because in each pair the runner from Group A is faster than the runner from Group B.  There are a total of 20 pairs, and 19 pairs support the hypothesis.  The only pair which does not support the hypothesis are the two runners with ranks 5 and 6, because in this pair, the runner from Group B had the faster time.  By the Kerby simple difference formula, 95% of the data support the hypothesis (19 of 20 pairs), and 5% do not support (1 of 20 pairs), so the rank correlation is r = .95 - .05 = .90.

The maximum value for the correlation is r = 1, which means that 100% of the pairs favor the hypothesis.  A correlation of r = 0 indicates that half the pairs favor the hypothesis and half do not.  An effect size of r = 0 describes _no relationship_ between group membership and the members' ranks.
Tachometer

A **tachometer** is a sensor that measures the rotation speed of an object, for example a wheel or shaft. There are different methods to do so (for example, mechanical, optical, or magnetic). Most tachometers display the measurement in revolutions per minute.
Plain view doctrine

The **plain view doctrine** allows law enforcement officers to collect evidence or contraband found in plain view while they are lawfully present. It is an exception to items spelled out in a search warrant and to the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. The doctrine is based on the United States Supreme Court decision _Horton v. California_. The court held that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit warrantless seizures of any evidence which is in plain view.

## Horton test

There are three conditions, all of which must be satisfied, in order to uphold a seizure under the plain view doctrine:
1. the item must be in plain view of the officer,
1. the officer must lawfully be in the place where he discovered the evidence, and
1. the incriminating nature of the evidence must be immediately apparent.

## Conditions

In order for an officer to seize an item, the officer must have probable cause to believe the item is evidence of a crime or is contraband. The police may not move objects to get a better view. In _Arizona v. Hicks_ (1987), the officer was found to have acted unlawfully. While investigating a shooting, the officer moved—without probable cause—stereo equipment to record the serial numbers. They also seized three weapons and a stocking-cap mask. The court granted the defendants motion to suppress all the evidence that had been seized because his Fourth Amendment rights had been violated. The plain view doctrine has also been expanded to include the sub doctrines of plain feel, plain smell, and plain hearing.

## Digital searches

In committing crimes, criminals routinely use computers and mobile devices. The courts have so far allowed law enforcement a broad authority to examine all files on computers in search of illegal materials.
Phil Gartside

**Philip Andrew Gartside** (April 1952 – 10 February 2016) was an English businessman. He was born in Leigh, Lancashire. Gartside was chairman of Bolton Wanderers Football Club from 1999 through 2015.

Gartside died in Cheshire from cancer on 10 February 2016. He was aged 63.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Phil Gartside
- **image**: Phil Gartside.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Gartside pictured in 2008
- **birth name**: Philip Andrew Gartside
- **birth date**: April 1952
- **birth place**: Leigh, Greater Manchester, Leigh, Lancashire, England
- **death place**: Cheshire, England
- **occupation**: Chairman of Bolton Wanderers F.C., Bolton Wanderers
The Football Association, FA board member
- **years active**: 1999–2015
André van den Heuvel

**André van den Heuvel** (4 June 1927 – 9 February 2016) was a Dutch actor. He appeared in more than 55 movies and television shows between 1957 and 2008. He was born in Tegelen, Netherlands. He was known for his roles in _Lifespan_ (1976), _Rubens_ (1977), _Dag Dokter!_ (1978) and in _De rode zwaan_ (1999).

Van den Heuvel died in Amsterdam on 9 February 2016 from complications from a stroke. He was aged 88.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: André van den Heuvel
- **image**: André van den Heuvel als regisseur, Bestanddeelnr 921-6572.jpg
- **caption**: André van den Heuvel in 1968
- **birth place**: Tegelen, Netherlands
- **death place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1957-2008
New York metropolitan area

The **New York metropolitan area** is the city and suburbs of New York City. It includes Long Island and the Mid- and Lower Hudson Valley in the state of New York. It also includes north and central New Jersey, three counties in western Connecticut and five counties in eastern Pennsylvania.

The New York metropolitan area is the most populous in US. This includes the numbers defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (20.1 million residents) and the Combined Statistical Area (22.4 million residents). It is also one of the most populous built-up areas in the world, and the single largest in North America.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: New York metropolitan area
- **settlement type**: Megacity and metropolitan area, metropolitan region
- **image skyline**: Luchtfoto_van_Lower_Manhattan.jpg
- **image caption**: Lower Manhattan and nearby areas
- **image map**: Map of the USA highlighting the New York metropolitan area.png
- **map caption**: Location within the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, States
- **subdivision name1**:

- **seat type**: Core city
- **parts type**: Satellite city, Satellite cities
- **parts style**: coll
- **unit pref**: US
- **area urban sq mi**: 3,248.1
- **area metro sq mi**: 8,294.2
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population urban**: 19,426,449
- **population density urban sq mi**: 5,980.8
- **population density metro sq mi**: 2,421.2
- **population blank1 title**: Metropolitan statistical area, Metro
- **population blank1**: 20,081,935 (List of metropolitan statistical areas, 1st)
- **population blank2 title**: Combined statistical area, CSA
- **population blank2**: 22,431,833 (1st)
- **population demonym**: Metro New Yorker
- **demographics type2**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics2 title1**: Metro
- **demographics2 info1**: $2.163 trillion (2022)
- **demographics2 title2**: CSA
- **demographics2 info2**: $2.504 trillion (2022)
- **timezone1**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset1**: −05:00
- **timezone1 dst**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: −04:00
- **area codes**: Area codes 201 and 551, 201, Area code 203, 203, Area code 212, 212, Area code 332, 332, Area codes 570 and 272, 272, Area code 347, 347, Area code 203, 475, Area codes 610, 484, and 835, 484, Area code 516, 516, Area codes 201 and 551, 551, Area code 570, 570, Area codes 609 and 640, 609, Area codes 610, 484, and 835, 610, Area code 631, 631, Area codes 609 and 640, 640, Area code 646, 646, Area code 718, 718, Area code 732, 732, Area code 845, 845, Area code 848, 848, Area code 860, 860, Area code 862, 862, Area code 908, 908, Area code 914, 914, Area code 917, 917, Area code 929, 929, Area code 973, 973
Warrant (law)

A **warrant** is a writ that permits someone to take a specific legal action. Most often the writ is from a judge. It is used by law enforcement to take actions such as searching for evidence, making an arrest or seizing property.

## Search warrant

In the United States, in order for police and other law enforcement personnel to search for evidence, they need a warrant. They must also have probable cause (a good reason to believe they will find evidence of a crime). A search warrant must be signed by a judge or magistrate. The officer must provide a sworn statement of fact called an affidavit. If the judge or magistrate believes the affidavit establishes probable cause, he or she approves the warrant. A warrant is usually for a specific period of time and spells out exactly what the officers may search for and seize.

### United States

In many cases an arrest warrant is not needed. If a police officer personally sees someone committing a crime, the officer may arrest that individual without a warrant. An officer may also arrest someone if they have probable cause to believe the person had committed or were about to commit a crime. For example, a police officer is notified a bank has just been robbed and is given a description of the suspect. The single robber left in a dark blue Ford Mustang. The officer stops a dark blue Ford Mustang with bags of money on the back seat (in plain sight) and the driver matches the description. The officer believes he has probable cause and arrests the driver.

If the person is in his (or her) own home and the crime is not a serious one, an officer needs an arrest warrant.

### European Union

In the European Union a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) is most often used between member countries in place of a lengthy extradition process. These came into effect on 1 January 2004. Since that time they are used to arrest dangerous criminals who flee across borders in Europe.

### Japan

In Japan, an officer may arrest a person they believe may have committed a crime. They can detain the person for up to 48 hours. The police are required to inform the person why they were arrested. During the 48 hour period, the person may be brought before a prosecutor if the police have enough evidence. If the prosecutor believes the evidence is enough, they request a **warrant of detention** before a judge within 24 hours. The defendant appears before the judge when the warrant is requested. The case may be dropped for lack of evidence either before the prosecutor or before the judge.
Prince William County, Virginia

**Prince William County** is a county in Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 482,204.
2015 Washington, D.C., mass murder

The **2015 Washington, D.C., mass murder** occurred on May 14, 2015. Three members of the Savopoulos family (Savvas, Amy, and their son, Philip) were murdered at their home in Washington, D.C.. Their housekeeper, Veralicia Figueroa, was also murdered. The victims were held hostage for nineteen hours, from May 13. Ten-year-old Philip was tortured in order to coerce $40,000 in cash from the family.
The killers restrained the victims with duct tape before killing them. They then set the house on fire. All the victims had been hit with something, and Philip was also stabbed.

## Victims

The Savopouloses were an upper-class family. They lived in the Woodley Park neighborhood of Northwest Washington. Savvas Savopoulos was the CEO and President of American Iron Works. This is a construction company that helped build the Verizon Center.

The murder victims are:

- Savvas Phillip Savopoulos, age 46, a prominent area businessman
- Amy Clare Savopoulos (_née_ Martin), age 47, his wife
- Philip Savvas Savopoulos, age 10, their son
- Veralicia Figueroa, age 57, their housekeeper

The family left behind two teenage daughters, Abigail and Katerina Savopoulos.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: 2015 Washington, D.C., mass murder
- **location**: Woodley Park, Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **target**: Savopoulos family
- **date**: May 13–14, 2015
- **type**: Mass murder, arson
- **fatalities**: 4
- **perp**: Believed to be Daron Dylon Wint and unknown accomplices
- **weapons**: Knife, blunt object, fire by arson
Greater Mexico City

**Greater Mexico City** refers to the conurbation around Mexico City. The official name is **Mexico City Metropolitan Area** (_Área Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México_). It is made up of the Federal District itself and 41 surrounding municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo.

### Mexico City Metropolitan Area

The Mexico City Metropolitan Area is defined to be integrated by:
- The 16 boroughs (_delegaciones_) of the Federal District (Mexico City proper):

- Azcapotzalco
- Álvaro Obregón
- Benito Juárez
- Coyoacán
- Cuajimalpa de Morelos
- Cuauhtémoc
- Gustavo A. Madero
- Iztacalco
- Iztapalapa
- Magdalena Contreras
- Miguel Hidalgo
- Milpa Alta
- Tláhuac
- Tlalpan
- Venustiano Carranza
- Xochimilco

- The 40 municipalities of the State of Mexico:

- Acolman
- Atenco
- Atizapán de Zaragoza
- Chalco
- Chiautla
- Chicoloapan
- Chiconcuac
- Chimalhuacán
- Coacalco de Berriozábal
- Cocotitlán
- Coyotepec
- Cuautitlán
- Cuautitlán Izcalli
- Ecatepec de Morelos
- Huehuetoca
- Huixquilucan
- Ixtapaluca
- Jaltenco
- La Paz
- Melchor Ocampo
- Naucalpan de Juárez
- Nextlalplan
- Nezahualcoyotl
- Nicolás Romero
- Papalotla
- San Martín de las Pirámides
- Tecámac
- Temamatla
- Teoloyucán
- Teotihuacán
- Tepetlaoxtoc
- Tepotzotlán
- Texcoco
- Tezoyuca
- Tlamanalco
- Tlalnepantla de Baz
- Tultepec
- Tultitlán
- Valle de Chalco Solidaridad
- Zumpango

- One conurbation municipality of the State of Hidalgo:
- Tizayuca
Tizayuca

**Tizayuca** is a city and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. It covers an area of 92.5 km².

As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 56,573.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tizayuca
- **settlement type**: Municipality and town
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image seal**: Coat of arms of Tizayuca.svg
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **pushpin map**: Mexico
- **pushpin label position**: above
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Mexico
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Mexico
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Mexico, State
- **subdivision name1**: Hidalgo (state), Hidalgo
- **subdivision type2**: Municipal seat
- **subdivision name2**: Tizayuca
- **area total km2**: 100.22
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 100563