juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
2010 Nobel Prizes

The **2010 Nobel Prizes** were given out by the Nobel Foundation. There were six different awards: Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.

Nobel Week was from December 6 to December 12. During the week, there were many lectures and discussions. On December 10, the award ceremony and banquet (celebration meal) for each prize happened. The award ceremony and banquet for the Peace Prize was in Oslo, and the award ceremony and banquet for the other awards were in Stockholm.

### Physics

|colspan="5"|Winners|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Andre Geim (b. 1958)|rowspan="2"|Russian British|rowspan="2"|"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"|rowspan="2"||
||Konstantin Novoselov (b. 1974)|||||||

### Chemistry

|colspan="5"|Winners||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Richard F. Heck (1931–2015)|American|rowspan="3"|"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"|rowspan="3"||
||Ei-ichi Negishi (1935–2021)|rowspan="2"|Japanese||||
||Akira Suzuki (b. 1930)||||||

### Physiology or Medicine

|colspan="5"|Winner||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Sir Robert G. Edwards (1925–2013)||"for the development of in vitro fertilization"||

### Literature

|colspan="4"|Winner||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Mario Vargas Llosa (b. 1936)||"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"||

### Peace

|colspan="5"|Winner||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Liu Xiaobo (1955–2017)||"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China."||

### Economic Sciences

|colspan="5"|Winners|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Peter A. Diamond (b. 1940)|rowspan="2"||rowspan="3"|"for their analysis of markets with search frictions"|rowspan="3"||
||Dale T. Mortensen (1939–2014)|||||||
||Christopher A. Pissarides (b. 1948)|||||||
Liu Xiaobo's Prize was given _in absentia_ (without him being there) because he was in prison in China.

## Controversy

China and several other countries boycotted the awards ceremony in Sweden because they did not like that the Peace Prize was going to be given to Liu. China also started their own peace prize, the Confucius Peace Prize, which is given one day before the Nobel Prizes award ceremony.

## References

<references responsive="1"></references>
Ciudad del Carmen

**Ciudad del Carmen** is a city in the Mexican state of Campeche. It is the largest city in the municipality of Carmen. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Champotón

**Champotón** is a city in the Mexican state of Campeche. It is a largest city in the municipality of Champotón. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Tapachula

**Tapachula** is a city in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is a largest city in the municipality of Tapachula. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
San Cristóbal de las Casas

**San Cristóbal de las Casas** is a city in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is a largest city in the municipality of San Cristóbal de las Casas. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Paraíso, Tabasco

**Paraíso** is a city in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is a largest city in the municipality of Paraíso. In 2020, 25,555 people lived there.
Cárdenas, Tabasco

**Cárdenas** is a city in the Mexican state of Tabasco. It is a largest city in the municipality of Cárdenas. In 2020, 80,454 people lived there.
Taxco

**Taxco** is a city in the Mexican state of Guerrero. It is a largest city in the municipality of Taxco. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Ulmanis

**Ulmanis** (feminine: Ulmane) is a Latvian surname originated from the German surname Ullmann. Notable individuals with the surname include:

- Kārlis Ulmanis (1877–1942), First Prime Minister of Latvia
- Gunārs Ulmanis (1938–2010), Latvian footballer
- Guntis Ulmanis (born 1939), President of Latvia (1993–1999)

## Infobox (surname)

- **name**: Ulmanis
- **meaning**: "man from Ulm"
- **origin**: Germany, German
- **variant**: Ulman, Ulmann, Ullman or Ullmann
Xilitla

**Xilitla** is a city in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. It is a largest city in the municipality of Xilitla. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Matehuala

**Matehuala** is a city in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. It is a largest city in the municipality of Matehuala. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Comala

**Comala** is a city in the Mexican state of Colima. It is a largest city in the municipality of Comala. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Uruapan

**Uruapan** is a city in the Mexican state of Michoacán. It is a largest city in the municipality of Uruapan. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Zamora, Michoacán

**Zamora** is a city in the Mexican state of Michoacán. It is a largest city in the municipality of Zamora. In 2020, 154,546 people lived there.
Cuautla, Morelos

**Cuautla** is a city in the Mexican state of Morelos. It is a largest city in the municipality of Cuautla. In 2020, 157,336 people lived there.
Jojutla

**Jojutla** is a city in the Mexican state of Morelos. It is a largest city in the municipality of Jojutla. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Compostela, Nayarit

**Compostela** is a city in the Mexican state of Nayarit. It is a largest city in the municipality of Compostela. In 2020, 20,322 people lived there.
San Blas, Nayarit

**San Blas** is a city in the Mexican state of Nayarit. It is a largest city in the municipality of San Blas. In 2020, 10 935 people lived there.
Hieratic

**Hieratic** was the 2nd script of the ancient Egyptians.

## History

Hieratic script came from Hieroglyphics. It later developed into Demotic script.
Soviet deportation of Greeks

Just as many other ethnic minorities within the Soviet Union, Greeks were also persecuted by the totalitarian regime of Joseph Stalin (1878–1953).

## Events

Between the 1930s and 1949, Greek schools, cultural centres and publishing houses were banned from operating, while all Greek men older than 16 years old were deported to forced settlements that took the form of cattle trains. One of the Greek victims said:

## Casualties

70,000‒80,000 Greeks were victims of such deportation and 15,000 did not survive, a death rate between 18.8% and 21.4%. The surviving Greeks were not allowed to return to their original homes until the MVD Order N 0402 was adopted on September 25, 1956. Some survivors moved to Greece.

## Aftermath

The Soviet deportation of Greeks has been classified as a genocide by some historians.

## Related pages

- Holodomor
- Soviet deportation of Koreans
- Soviet deportations of Chechens and Ingush
- Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II
- Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Soviet deportation of Greeks
- **partof**: Genocides by the Soviet Union
- **target**: Greek people, Greeks
- **date**: Between 1930s and 1949
- **fatalities**: 18.8%–21.4% of Greeks in the Soviet Union
- **victims**: 70,000‒80,000 Greeks
- **motive**: Ethnic cleansing
- **type**: Ethnic cleansing
- **perps**: Soviet Union
Juan Carlos Maqueda

**Juan Carlos Maqueda** (born December 29, 1949) is an Argentine lawyer, judge, and politician. In 2002, he became a Justice of the Supreme Court of Argentina. He was a justice until December 27, 2024.

## Biography

Maqueda studied law at the Catholic University of Córdoba. In 1977, he became a professor there. From 1980 to 1986, he was a technical secretary there.

He specialized in constitutional law and political science. He began his political career in 1974 as Director of Culture for the Municipality of Córdoba. Later he was a provincial deputy (1987-1991), a national deputy (1991-1999), and Minister of Education of Córdoba (1999).

In 2001, Maqueda was elected national senator. He resigned from the Senate in December 2002. He became Supreme Court Justice that same month, a position he held until 2024.

## Health

In 2004, Maqueda had emergency heart surgery. In 2014, he went to the Argentine Institute of Diagnosis and Treatment after fainting during an event held at the Italian Embassy. On October 15, 2022, he went to the Fernández Hospital for "minor trauma" after being hit by a cyclist.

## Infobox (judge)

- **image**: Juan Carlos Maqueda2024.jpg
- **caption**: Maqueda in 2023
- **office**: Supreme Court of Argentina, Minister of the Supreme Court
- **nominator**: Eduardo Duhalde
- **term start**: 30 December 2002
- **office2**: List of Provisional Presidents of the Argentine Senate, Provisional President of the Senate
- **term start2**: 4 January 2002
- **term end2**: 27 December 2002
- **predecessor2**: Ramón Puerta
- **successor2**: José Luis Gioja
- **office3**: Argentine Senate, National Senator
- **term start3**: 10 December 2001
- **term end3**: 27 December 2002
- **constituency3**: Córdoba Province, Argentina, Córdoba
- **office4**: Argentine Chamber of Deputies, National Deputy
- **term start4**: 10 December 1991
- **term end4**: 10 December 1999
- **constituency4**: Córdoba Province, Argentina, Córdoba
- **office5**: Legislature of Córdoba, Provincial Deputy of Córdoba
- **term start5**: 10 December 1987
- **term end5**: 10 December 1991
- **birth place**: Río Tercero, Córdoba, Río Tercero, Córdoba Province (Argentina), Córdoba Province, Argentina
- **alma mater**: Catholic University of Córdoba
- **successor**: Manuel García-Mansilla
- **term end**: 27 December 2024
Dependant

In tax and other law, a **dependant** is a person who solely relies on another for money, care or both. In many countries, supporting a dependant can make the financial benefactor/caregiver eligible for tax deductions.
Ghost of Yōtei

***Ghost of Yōtei*** is an upcoming Action-adventure video game developed by Sucker Punch Productions for the PlayStation 5

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Ghost of Yōtei
- **developer**: Sucker Punch Productions
- **publisher**: Sony Interactive Entertainment
- **director**: Nate Fox
Jason Connell
- **producer**: Brian Fleming
- **platform**: PlayStation 5
- **release**: 2025
- **genre**: Action-adventure
- **modes**: single-player
Timashyovsk

Timashevsk, sometimes romanized Timashyovsk, is a town and the administrative center of Timashevsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Russia, located on the Kirpili River 73 kilometers north of Krasnodar, the administrative center of the krai.

- Type: Town with 52,600 residents
- Description: human settlement in Timashyovsky District, Krasnodar Krai, Russia
- Also known as: Timashevsk, Timashyovskaya, Timashëvsk, Timoschewskaja and Timoshevskaya
Anbeta Toromani

**Anbeta Toromani** (born April 2, 1979) is an  Albanian-born, naturalized Italian ballet dancer and dance teacher. She became famous in Italy as the runner-up in the second season of the talent show _Amici di Maria De Filippi_. She has performed as a principal dancer in many theaters in Italy and abroad.

## Early life and education

Toromani was born in Tirana, Albania. She began practicing gymnastics at the age of five. After an injury, she switched to ballet and studied at the National Dance Academy of Tirana. She later specialized for a year at a school in Baku, Azerbaijan. She became a principal dancer at the National Theater of Opera and Ballet in Tirana.

In 2002, she joined _Amici di Maria De Filippi_ and finished as runner-up. From 2003 to 2012, she was a professional dancer on the show.

She danced in many operas and ballets in places like Naples, Palermo, Macerata, and Bratislava, often in lead roles. She has worked with famous choreographers such as Alessandra Celentano, Fabrizio Monteverde, Gheorghe Iancu, and Amedeo Amodio.

In recent years, she continued to dance in major festivals and television programs. In 2022, she returned to _Amici_ as a guest and judge.

## Personal life

She is married to ballet dancer Alessandro Macario. Together, they have performed in many shows and tours across Italy.

## Other websites

- Anbeta Toromani on IMDb

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anbeta Toromani
- **birth place**: Tirana, People's Socialist Republic of Albania, PR Albania
- **nationality**: Albanian, Italian
- **education**: National Dance Academy of Tirana
- **alma mater**: Baku Dance Academy
- **occupation**: Ballet dancer, dance teacher
- **years active**: 1990–present
Aaron Abrams

**Aaron Abrams** is a Canadian actor and writer who has worked in both film and television.

He has appeared in several regular and recurring roles on television. He is known for his work in Children Ruin Everything, Masters of Sex, Rookie Blue, Slings & Arrows, Longmire, The Oath, Blindspot, Blue Bloods, and Hannibal. Abrams has also had supporting roles in films such as Amelia, Flash of Genius, and the Code 8 franchise.

He has written and produced several films. He is known for his work on The Lovebirds, a comedy, and has also written and produced films like The Go-Getters and Young People Fucking. He worked on the television series The L.A. Complex as well.
Leave no trace

**Leave No Trace**, or LNT, is a set of ethics about keeping the outdoors clean. It started in the mid 1900's because of damage to the environment in the United States because of camping and related activities. In 1994, the not for profit Leave No Trace Center for Outdoor Ethics was formed to create educational resources around LNT and created seven principles of LNT. These are:

1. Plan ahead and prepare
1. Travel and camp on durable surfaces
1. Dispose of waste properly
1. Leave what you find
1. Minimize campfire impacts
1. Respect wildlife
1. Be considerate of others

The idea is to leave the wilderness unchanged by people camping.
Fire pan

A **fire pan** is a pan for holding fire, which means that it would not impact the surrounding environment like vegetation and rocks and burns less wood because it is smaller.
Flag of Assen

The **flag of Assen** () has two horizontal stripes of blue and white. It was adopted 4 may 2021.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Assen
- **image**: Flag of Assen.svg
- **proportion**: 2:4
- **adoption**: *4 May 2021
Sucker Punch Productions

**Sucker Punch Productions LLC** is an American video game developer founded in 1997. They are known for creating the _Ghost of Tsushima_ and _Ghost of Yōtei_ games. In 2011, the company was bought by PlayStation Studios.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Sucker Punch Productions, LLC
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Video games
- **hq location city**: Bellevue, Washington
- **hq location country**: U. S.
- **key people**: Nate Fox (Chief creative officer, creative director)
Jason Connell (creative director)
- **products**: _Ghost of Tsushima_
_Ghost of Yōtei_
_Rocket: Robot on Wheels_
_Sly Cooper_ series
_Infamous (series), Infamous_ series
- **num employees**: 160
- **num employees year**: 2020
- **parent**: PlayStation Studios (2011-present)
Samsung Galaxy Note 5

The **Samsung Galaxy Note 5** is an Android phablet made and developed by Samsung. It  was announced on August 13, 2015. It was released on August 21, 2015.

## Features

Galaxy Note 5 has 5MP selfie camera, 16MP back camera, 5.7 inch Super AMOLED screen, 4GB RAM, 3000mAh battery capacity. 15W wired charger and 32GB, 64GB and 128GB storage options.

## Software

Galaxy Note 5 run Android 5.1.1 Lollipop in first release, they can upgrade to other versions like Android 6.0 Marshmallow and Android 7.0 Nougat when came out.

## Problems

BBC reported about Galaxy Note 5 has a pen problem such as wrongly removed it can damage the pen, this phone or both and inserting pen wrongly can cause the pen stop working forever.

## Reviews

The Verge review the Samsung Galaxy Note 5 it is best Android phone with bigger screen and stylus.

CNET review the Samsung Galaxy Note 5 it has good reviews such as taking very good outside picture, very good battery life and using pen has not felt better. It has bad reviews such as battery cannot remove and no external storage option.

## Infobox (mobile phone)

- **name**: Samsung Galaxy Note 5
- **codename**: Project Noble
- **logo**: Galaxy Note 5 Logo.svg
- **logosize**: 250px
- **image**: Samsung Galaxy Note 5.png
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Front of the Samsung Galaxy Note 5
- **brand**: Samsung
- **manufacturer**: Samsung Electronics
- **series**: Samsung Galaxy Note,  Galaxy Note
- **predecessor**: Samsung Galaxy Note 3
 Samsung Galaxy Note 4
Samsung Galaxy Note Edge
 Samsung Galaxy Note 7 (After recalled)
- **successor**: Samsung Galaxy Note 7
Samsung Galaxy Note FE
Samsung Galaxy Note 8
- **related**: Samsung Galaxy S6/S6 Edge
- **type**: Phablet
- **form**: Slate
- **soc**: Exynos 7 Octa 7420
- **cpu**: Octa-core 64-bit 14nanometre, nm
- **gpu**: Mali-T760 MP8
- **memory**: 4gigabyte, GB LPDDR4
- **storage**: 32, 64, or 128GB UFS 2.0
- **battery**: Li-Ion 3000 mAh
- **display**: 5.7inch (145mm) Quad HD Super AMOLED
(16:9 aspect ratio) 2560×1440 pixel resolution, 518 pixel density, ppi
- **rear camera**: 16 megapixel Samsung ISOCELL S5K2P2 or Sony Exmor RS IMX240, f/1.9, 2160p@30fps, 1440p@30fps, 1080p@60/30fps, 720p@30/60fps, auto HDR, slow motion video recording 720p at 120fps, optical image stabilization, video stabilization, phase detection autofocus, tracking autofocus, manual focus, LED flash
- **front camera**: 5MP, 1440p/1080p/720p video recording, dual video call, auto HDR
- **sound**: Dolby Digital Sound 2.0
Champion (Kanye West song)

"**Champion**" is a song by Kanye West from his 2007 album, "Graduation." The track features a motivational theme that celebrates perseverance and success. Sampling "The Champion" by Steely Dan, the production incorporates a blend of electronic elements and hip-hop beats, showcasing Kanye's signature style. The lyrics reflect Kanye's journey to the top, emphasizing hard work and resilience in the face of challenges. The song captures an empowering spirit, encouraging listeners to strive for greatness and embrace their inner champion. Its energetic vibe and impactful message make it a standout track on the album.
Anomaloglossus murisipanensis

***Anomaloglossus murisipanensis*** is a frog.  Scientists found it in Venezuela.

## Home

Scientists saw the frog in exactly one place, Murisipan-Tepui, which is a high flatland. They saw it 2300 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog inside Canaima National Park and Los Tepuyes Natural Monument.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN and from Venezuela all say this frog is in some danger of dying out.  Most of these frogs live high on the tepui flatland, but people set fires lower down that can go that high. Climate change can also hurt this frog. There is nowhere higher and colder for them to climb to if the weather becomes too hot.  Diseases from viruses, bacteria, and fungi could also hurt this frog.
Venezuelan Fauna Red List

The **Red List of Venezuelan Fauna**, **Venezuelan Fauna Red List**, or **Listo Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana** is a group of scientists that study animals in Venezuela and tell whether they are safe or in danger of dying out and by how much.

## Start

The Red List of Venezuelan Fauna came from the Red Book of Venezuelan Fauna. The book first came out in 1995, and again in 1999 and 2003. The organization that made it tried to give many books to schools and other places, but they decided it would be better to give people information using electronics.

The Red List first let regular people join its website in 2013. At that time, 81 scientists, 11 photographers, and 20 artists had looked at more than 4000 species.

## Updates

Unlike other lists of animals, which update every few years, people can write new information in the Venezuelan Fauna Red List at any time. The List has three main editors who look at the whole list and eighteen other editors who look at the types of animals they know best to check new information.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: The Red List of Venezuelan Fauna
- **region served**: Venezuela
- **language**: Spanish
Koerner, Ray & Glover

**Koerner, Ray & Glover** is an American blues band formed in 1962.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Blues, Rags and Hollers_ (1963)
- _Lots More Blues, Rags and Hollers_ (1964)
- _The Return of Koerner, Ray & Glover_ (1965)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Koerner, Ray & Glover
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- **genre**: Blues
- **years active**: 1962–2002
- **label**: Elektra Records, Elektra
- **past members**: Tony "Little Sun" Glover
"Spider" John Koerner
Dave "Snaker" Ray
Louis Kampf

**Louis Kampf** (May 12, 1929 – May 30, 2020) was an American literature professor and former president of the Modern Language Association.

## Early life and education

Louis Kampf was born on May 12, 1929 in Vienna. In 1938 he fled Nazi Germany with his parents, and, via Belgium, France, and Morocco, arrived in the United States in 1941. He attended George Washington High School in New York City, then Long Island University on a basketball scholarship, and then graduate school in comparative literature at the University of Iowa. From 1958 to 1961, he was a Junior Fellow at Harvard, the last year of which he spent at the American Academy in Rome.

## Career

Kampf taught in the Massachusetts institute of Technology Humanities Department from 1961 to 1995 and was Literature chair from 1967-1969. At the 1968 convention of the Modern Language Association in New York City, an uprising in protest of the Vietnam war led to his election as second vice-president and succession to the presidency of the organization in 1970.

He was a founder of the MLA’s Radical Caucus, of the journal _Radical Teacher,_ and of the New University Conference, an organization of left and feminist graduate students and faculty on more than 40 campuses.  In 1967, he helped organize Resist, which began as a source of support for Vietnam war draft resistance and continues to this day to support and fund a wide rage of social justice causes.  Throughout his life, he was active in struggles against war, imperialism, sexism, racism, and homophobia, as well as in support of Palestinian freedom.

In his 34 years at MIT, Kampf helped found the new Women’s Studies program, team-taught “Intellectuals and Social Change” with Noam Chomsky, and created a variety of innovative courses.  He served on the Reprints Committee of the Feminist Press and on the editorial board of _Signs: A Journal of Women and Culture_. Upon his retirement, the Louis Kampf Writing Prize in Women's and Gender Studies was established in his honor.

## Personal life and death

Kampf was married for a number of years to journalist and academic, Ellen Cantarow.  He shared the last 30 years of his life with his partner, Jean Jackson, professor emerita of anthropology at MIT.

Louis Kampf died on May 30, 2020, in Cambridge, Massachusetts

## Publications

- _On Modernism; The Prospects for Literature and Freedom_, MIT Press, 1967.
- _The Politics of Literature: Dissenting Essays on the Teaching of English_, edited with Paul Lauter, Pantheon, 1972.
Web (programming system)

**Web**  (or **WEB**) is a programming system, first created by Donald E. Knuth. He used it to demonstrate what he called literate programming: Programs are written much like literature, and what the program does is included in the text. In other programming models, there's the program code, and there is documentation. With Web, there is just one file which contains both. The system consists of two main programs:

- _tangle_ creates a source file in Pascal, from the Web source file.
- _weave_ creates the documentation in TeX.

Most Web systtms use Pascal for the generated code. Later there was a version caled CWEB, which generated C code.

Tex and Metafont are written in Web.

## Other websites

- _An Introduction to the WEB Style of Literate Programming_ (PDF-file; 149 kB)
- _The CWEB System of Structured Documentation_
Software rendering

***Software Rendering***  or ***Software Renderer*** is a term in computer graphics. That only using the CPU to render, not the GPU to render the GPU to render the graphics.
Izabella Tabarovsky

**Izabella Tabarovsky** is the Kennan Institute Senior Advisor on Regional Partnerships and Programming, specializing in Eastern European history. Tabarovsky runs the Kennan Institute's _Russia Files_ and _Focus Ukraine_. She also leads the Kennan Institute's U.S.–Israel working group on Russia in the Middle East. Her mother tongue is Russian, while being proficient in French, German, Hebrew and Spanish.

## Education

She holds a BA from the University of Colorado in Boulder and an MA in Russian History from Harvard University.

## Research areas

Tabarovsky's research areas cover:

- The Holocaust
- Independent media in Russia
- Repressions under Joseph Stalin
- Soviet and contemporary left antisemitism

## Selected works

Her pieces have been published in _The Forward_, _Newsweek_, _Tablet_, _Fathom Journal_, Jewish Telegraphic Agency etc.

### The Holocaust

- "Putin’s New Propaganda Campaign Turns Jews into a Prop", _The Forward_, January 2020
- "Most Jews Weren't Murdered in Death Camps. It's Time To Talk About The Other Holocaust", _The Forward_, June 2019
- "Babi Yar: The Holocaust as a Final Solution Began Here", _Newsweek_, September 2016.

### Antisemitism

- "Senator Sanders, Fighting Anti-Semitism Requires Actions, not Just Universalist Promises", _The Forward_, November 2019
- "Book Review | A Specter Haunting Europe: The Myth of Judeo-Bolshevism", _Fathom Journal_, October 2019
- "The Left Can No Longer Excuse Its Anti-Semitism", _The Forward_, August 2019
- "Understanding the Real Origin of that New York Times Cartoon: How anti-Semitic Soviet propaganda informs contemporary left anti-Zionism", _Tablet_, June 2019
- "To understand Labour antisemitism, go back to the USSR's giant anti-Zionism campaign", _Jewish Chronicle_, May 2019
- "Soviet Anti-Zionism and Contemporary Left Antisemitism", _Fathom Journal_, May 2019
- "We Soviet Jews Lived Through State-Sponsored Anti-Zionism. We Know How It Is Weaponized", _The Forward_, March 2019

### Cold War history

- "What My Soviet Life Has Taught Me About Censorship and Why It Makes Us Dumb", _Areo_, May 2021
- "The liberation fight for Soviet Jews was a miracle. Most of us didn't know about it", _Jewish Telegraphic Agency_, April 2019
- "Walking in Each Other’s Shoes: Through the Iron Curtain and Back", _Wilson Quarterly_, Fall 2016

### Stalinist totalitarianism

- "How ‘The New York Times’ Helped Hide Stalin’s Mass Murders in Ukraine", _Tablet_, October 2020
- "Why Are Memories of Stalin’s Terror Being Buried?", _Newsweek_, February 2017
- "The Price of Silence: Family Memory of Stalin’s Repressions", _Wilson Quarterly_, Fall 2016

## Related pages

- Shira Klein
- Havi Dreifuss
- Shimon Redlich
- Saul Friedländer
- Renée Poznanski
Luise Danz

**Luise Danz** was born on December 11, 1917 was a Nazi concentration camp guard in World War II. She was born in Walldorf, Werra in Thuringia. Danz was caught in 1945 and put on trial for crimes against humanity at the Auschwitz trial in Kraków, Poland. She was sentenced to life in prison in 1947, but was released due to general amnesty on August 20, 1957.
First Czechoslovak Army in Slovakia

The **First Czechoslovak Army in Slovakia**, was a military formation in Slovakia during World War II. it was formed by Czechoslovak resistance groups active in the Nazi German puppet state called the Slovak Republic in late august 1944. the army fought against the Wehrmacht and SS forces in Slovakia during the Slovak National Uprising for two months before being crushed by the axis forces in october.
Tetrafluoroborate

**Tetrafluoroborate** is an anion, a chemical with a negative electrical charge, made of boron and fluorine. It has the chemical formula .

Tetrafluoroborate is the Lewis adduct of boron trifluoride and the fluoride ion. Tetrafluoroborate is a weakly coordinating anion, so it does not react with many other chemicals. This makes it useful for making salts and solutions containing unstable cations.
Bob West

**Robert Matthew West** (born June 25, 1956) is an American voice actor and graphic designer. He is best known for being the original voice actor of Barney The Dinosaur in the PBS series Barney & Friends He’s also had other voice roles in other media. He retired from voice in Barney in 2000.
Amreli district

**Amreli** is a district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is situated in the Saurashtra region of southern Gujarat. Its name comes from the Amreli town. In the 2011 national Indian census, its population was 1,514,190 people.
Soviet deportation of Koreans

The **Soviet deportation of Koreans** refers to the mass deportation of 172,000 Koreans from the Russian Far East to unpopulated areas of the Soviet-occupied Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan by the NKVD.

## Overview

The mass deportation was ordered by Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin (1878–1953), and Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union Vyacheslav Molotov (1890–1986). It happened between September and October 1937.

The Korean deportees were transported 6,400 km to Soviet-occupied Central Asia under the pretext of "stem[ming] the infiltration of Japanese espionage into the Far Eastern Krai". As many as 50,000 Korean deportees died as a result.

In 1953, Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971), despite condemning the excess of Stalinism, did not condemn the deportation of Koreans during his attempted de-Stalinization.

## Casualties

As many as 50,000 Korean deportees are estimated to have died as a result of the deportation. Common causes of death were hunger and sickness. The death rate lied between 16.3% and 25%.

## Academic views

Despite not comparable to the Holocaust, some historians classify the Soviet deportation of Koreans as the first instance of Soviet deportation on the basis of ethnicity, while some consider it one of the many Soviet crimes against humanity qualifiable as a genocide.

## Related pages

- Holodomor
- Soviet deportation of Greeks
- Soviet deportations of Chechens and Ingush
- Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II
- Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Deportation of Korea, Koreans in the Soviet Union
- **partof**: Genocides by the Soviet Union
- **image**: Korean deportation in the Soviet Union.svg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Map of the deportation of Korean people from the Russian Far East to the Soviet Central Asia

- **location**: Primorsky Krai
- **target**: Koreans
- **date**: September–October 1937
- **fatalities**: **Several Estimation, estimates**
 1) 16,500
 2) 28,200
3) 40,000
4) 50,000
(16.3%–25% of Koreans in the Soviet Union)
- **victims**: 172,000 Korea, Koreans deported to Soviet deportation of Greeks#Events, forced settlements in Soviet Central Asia
- **motive**: Ethnic cleansing and Soviet persecution of Poles during World War II#Destruction of Polish society, Russification
- **type**: Ethnic cleansing
- **perps**: NKVD
Amy Harvey

**Amy Harvey** (; born December 18, 2002), also known by her last name, **Harvey**, is a Japanese rapper, singer, and model in South Korea. She is a member of the Japanese girl group XG.

## Early life

Amy Harvey was born to an Australian father and a Japanese mother. She is an only child.

## Career

When she was thirteen, Harvey was in the 2016 . She won the competition along with five other people. When she was trying out, she got many awards. She got the most awards. Later, Harvey was a model for _Love Berry_ and  for _ViVi_. Harvey was named an "" by many fashion magazines. and _Vogue Girl_ Japan.

On March 18, 2022, Harvey became the main rapper and sub-vocalist of the girl group XG.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Amy Harvey
- **image**: XG Harvey May 2023.png
- **caption**: Harvey in 2023
- **birth place**: Tokyo, Japan
- **years active**: 2016–present
Chervyen massacre

The **Chervyen massacre** (; ; Belarusian: Чэрвеньская разня) was one of the NKVD prisoner massacres. Over 1,000 political prisoners from Poland, Belarus and Lithuania were executed by the NKVD near Chervyen (present-day Belarus) on 25–27 June 1941, a few days after the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union began.

## Background

Before the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union, the Soviets were holding hundreds of thousands of political prisoners in NKVD prisons across their occupied territories in Eastern Europe. The sudden invasion caused such chaos that the NKVD was ordered to kill or evacuate 140,000 prisoners from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland, which ended up in two-thirds of the said prisoners being killed.

## Massacre

On June 24, 15 Lithuanians who had received death sentences before the evacuation were executed On June 25, about 2,000 prisoners were marched on foot by troops from the 42nd NKVD brigade to Chervyen. 500 prisoners were executed along the way for not walking fast enough.

On June 27, while the remaining prisoners were put in Chervyen prison, the Belarusian NKVD received a telegram from Mikhail Ivanovich Nikolsky, head of the NKVD prison department in Moscow, ordering him to leave 400 prisoners in Chervyen and execute the rest. Hundreds more prisoners were shot during further evacuation. 200 prisoners escaped, while 40 Lithuanian prisoners survived.

## Related pages

- Naliboki massacre
- Genocides by the Soviet Union
- Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
Bad Girls Club season 10

The tenth season of _Bad Girls Club_ is titled ***Bad Girls Club: Atlanta*** and premiered on January 15, 2013 and was filmed in Atlanta, Georgia.

## Cast

|Name|Age|Hometown|Nickname|Replaced||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Alicia Samaan|24|Bolingbrook, Illinois|Ms. Chi-Fly|rowspan="7"|-|
|Janae|23|Houston,Texas|The Houston Hellraiser|||
|Nicole|22|Fort Lee, NJ|The Jersey Joker|||
|Paula Hellens|26|Chicago, Illinois|Hell On Heels|||
|Shannon Sarich|26|Hillsboro, Oregon|Buff Barbie|||
|Stephanie George|21|Harlem, NY|The Harlem Heartbreaker|||
|Valentina|22|Hyattsville, Maryland|The Sexy Socialite|||
|Jennifer|21|San Bernardino, California|The Fun-Loving Firecracker|_Janae_||
|Raquel|21|Pine Grove, California|The Cali Contender|_Nicole_||
|Nancy Denise|22|Memphis, Tennessee|The Tennessee Toughy|_Jennifer_||

## Infobox (television)

- **num episodes**: 17
- **network**: Oxygen
- **released**: January 15 - May 21, 2013
Rzeszów–Jasionka Airport

**Rzeszów–Jasionka Airport** is an airport in Poland.

## Related pages

- Supplying weapons and other military equipment (during the Russian invasion of Ukraine)
Formal charge

A **formal charge** (**F.C.** or ) is a type of charge in chemistry. This charge is a number that is given to an atom in a molecule. This charge assumes that the electrons are equally shared in chemical bonds. This would mean that each atom would have an equal share of each electron. In chemistry, the atom in a bond with a bigger electronegativity will have a bigger share of electrons. Formal charge ignores this, however. Formal charge can be found by taking the number of valence electrons the atom usually has, and subtracting a number that is given to that atom in a Lewis structure.

V is the number of valence electrons the atom usually has (in its ground state).  is the number of valence electrons part of the atom that are not part of a bond. These are also called lone pairs.  is the number of electrons that are part of a bond with the atom.

The best Lewis structure(or main resonance structure) is the molecule with a formal charge of 0 on all of its atoms.

## Related pages

- Oxidation state
- Valence (chemistry)
- Coordination number
Abbey of Fontenay

The **Abbey of Fontenay** is a former Cistercian abbey. It is in the commune of Marmagne near Montbard, in the département of Côte-d'Or in France.  It was founded by Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1118. It was built in the Romanesque style.  It is one of the oldest and Cistercian abbeys in Europe. The abbey became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. The dormitory, cloister,  chapter house, caldarium, refectory, dovecote and "forge" of the church are all maintained from the original church. The abbey, along with other Cistercian abbeys, combine Romanesque and Gothic architecture.

## Gallery

This World Heritage Site has maintained most of the Romanesque and Early Gothic buildings. It shows how the Abbey looked in the 12th century very well.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in France

## Other websites

- The Abbey of Fontenay Website
- UNESCO page
- Fontenay abbey on the site Bourgogne Romane
- Paradoxplace Fontenay Photo and History Page
- Christine Bolli, Abbaye de Fontenay  An essay about the Cistercians and the abbey from smarthistory.khanacademy.org
- Visit the abbey in panophography, immersive and interactive 360° images.
- High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of Abbey of Fontenay | Art Atlas

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay
- **image**: Abbaye de Fontenay R01.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **location**: Marmagne, Côte-d'Or, Marmagne, Côte-d'Or, France
- **criteria**: (iv)
- **id**: 165bis
- **year**: 1981
- **extension**: 2007
- **locmapin**: France
Pontigny Abbey

**Pontigny Abbey** () was a was a Cistercian monastery. Recently, it has been the cathedral for the Mission de France. For the Mission de France, it is the Territorial Prelature of Pontigny (). The Abbey is in Pontigny on the River Serein, in the present diocese of Sens and department of Yonne, Burgundy, France. It was founded in 1114. The church was the 2nd great daughter house of Cîteaux Abbey. In 1791 in the French Revolution, it stopped being a church. The abbey, except for the church, was destroyed. In 1843, it was refounded as part of the Fathers of St. Edmund. The abbey became private property in 1909. In 1941 it became the mother house of the Mission de France. The Mission de France is a territorial prelature.

## Burials

There have been many burials in this church. Some of these are:

- Adèle of Champagne (1145–1206), queen of Louis VII of France
- Saint Edmund of Abingdon (c. 1180–1240), Archbishop of Canterbury
- Paul Desjardins (1859–1940)

## Other websites

- Pictures of Pontigny
- History of the Abbey
- Architecture of Pontigny
- Cistercian Foundation Abbey of Pontigny - History & Photos
Ducks on the Wall

"**Ducks on the Wall**" is a 1975 song by The Kinks and was taken from their 14th studio album _Soap Opera_. It was written by principal songwriter Ray Davies.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Ducks on the Wall
- **type**: single
- **artist**: The Kinks
- **album**: Soap Opera (album), Soap Opera
- **b-side**: Rush Hour Blues
- **released**: 18 April 1975
- **length**: 3:12
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA
- **writer**: Ray Davies
- **producer**: Ray Davies
- **prev title**: Holiday Romance
- **prev year**: 1974
- **next title**: You Can't Stop the Music
- **next year**: 1975
La Cour-Dieu Abbey

**La Cour-Dieu Abbey** (; ) used to be a Cistercian monastery in the commune of Ingrannes in Loiret, France. It is about 19 km south of Pithiviers.

## History

The abbey was the sixth daughter house of Cîteaux. It was founded in 1119. The church's construction started in 1170. The construction finished in 1216.

The abbey was partially destroyed in 1399. the abbey was attacked in 1562 and 1567 by Protestants during the Wars of Religion.

In 1791 French Revolution, the building was abandoned.

## Other websites

- Certosa di Firenze: La Cour-Dieu Abbey (very short entry)
- Short article on the abbey, with an historical photo

## References

- Peugniez, Bernard, nd: _Routier cistercien._, pp.109-110. Moisenay: Editions Gaud
Bad Girls Club season 11

The eleventh season of the Oxygen reality television series _Bad Girls Club_ is titled ***Bad Girls Club: Miami*** also known as ***Bad Girls Club: Back in Miami*** and premiered on August 13, 2013. This is the second season to take place in Miami, the first being season 5, and was filmed in early 2013.

### Original Bad Girls

|Name|Age|Hometown|Nickname|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|JazMone Adams|22|Glendale, California|The Misbehavin’ Model|
|Milyn Jensen|24|Los Angeles, California|The Star Chaser|
|Sarah Oliver|27|Riverdale, Georgia|The Bootylicious Blondie|
|Stephanie Rivera|21|New Haven, Connecticut|The Sultry Siren|
|Teresa Bordeaux|22|Newark, Ohio|The Inked Queen|
|Tess Mett|21|Louisville, Kentucky|The Rough Rider|
|Tiana Small|21|Harlem, NY|The Harlem Hothead|

### Replacement Bad Girls

|Name|Age|Hometown|Nickname|Replaced|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Gina Lopez|23|Brooklyn, NY|The Brooklyn Baller|_Tess_|
|Janelle Shanks|22|Houston, Texas|The Weaveologist|_Milyn_|
|Shanae Thomas|21|Atlanta, Georgia|The A- Town Aggressor|_Sarah_|
|Andrea Bowman|21|Wichita, Kansas|The Rhinestone Cowgirl|_Teresa_|
|Mercedies Webber|24|Brooklyn, NY|The Replacement’s Replacement|_Janelle_|
|Hailey Wade|21|Spring, Texas|The Twerkin Texan|_Shanae_|

## Infobox (television)

- **num episodes**: 17
- **network**: Oxygen
- **released**: August 13 - December 17, 2013
Battle of Brémule

The **Battle of Brémule** was on 20 August 1119. It was between Henry I of England and Louis VI the Fat of France. Henry I had to defend Normandy many times. His victory stopped an invasion from France.

The French loss stopped the rebellion. It led to King Louis accepting William Adelin as Duke of Normandy. William Adelin became the Duke in 1120, even though King Louis still thought William Clito was the duke.

England and France did not agree with the borders of both kingdoms. Both were lawkeeping in this area. This issue led to the battle.

French stores said the battle was bloody and fierce.  French stories said that Louis the Fat fought so close to the knights that a Norman said "The King is taken!" The king then replied "The King is not taken, neither at war, nor at chess!" This statement was proven later to not be said by the king.

British and Norman stories said that their knights gained lots of money from the ransoms paid by the prisoners. They also said that the British only had 3 casualties.

## Other websites

- Orderic Vitalis, "Battle of Brémule, according to Orderic Vitalis", from _De Re Militari: The Society for Medieval Military History_, online.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Brémule
- **image**: Ludvik6 jindrichI Bremule.jpg
- **image size**: 280px
- **date**: 20 August 1119
- **place**: Gaillardbois-Cressenville, Normandy
- **result**: Anglo-Norman victory
- **combatant1**: Kingdom of England
*Duchy of Normandy
- **combatant2**: Kingdom of France
*Rebellious Norman barons
- **commander1**: Henry I of England, Henry I
William Adelin
- **commander2**: Louis VI of France, Louis VI
William Clito
- **strength1**: 500 knights
- **strength2**: 400 knights
- **casualties1**: Insignificant
- **casualties2**: 140 knights captured
Bad Girls Club season 12

The twelfth season of the Oxygen reality television series _Bad Girls Club_ is titled ***Bad Girls Club: Chicago***, this is the seventh and final season to take place outside Los, Angeles.

### Original Bad Girls

|Name|Age|Hometown|Nickname|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Alexandria Rice|22|Sherwood, Wisconsin|The Hot Model|
|Alyssa Carswell|24|Fort Lauderdale, Florida|The Luscious Loudmouth|
|Brittany Britton|24|Louisville, Kentucky|The Country Hustler|
|Jada Cacchilli|28|Queens, NY|The Rough Rhymer|
|Jonica Booth|25|St. Louis, Missouri|The Chick Magnet|
|Linsey Jade +|21|Brooklyn, NY|The Brooklyn Brat|
|Loren Jordan|23|Mobile, Alabama|The Mobile Belle|

### Replacement Bad Girls

|Name|Age|Hometown|Nickname|Replaced|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Aysia Garza|22|Klein, Texas|The Texas Temptress|_Linsey_|
|Dalila Ortiz|26|Chicago, Illinois|The Chicago Wildcard|_Alyssa_|
|Raesha Clanton|23|Mobile, Alabama|The Alabama Slammer|_Brittany_|

## Infobox (television)

- **num episodes**: 17
- **network**: Oxygen
- **released**: May 13 - September 9, 2014
Bad Girls Club season 13

***Bad Girls Club: Redemption*** is the thirteenth installment of the Oxygen reality television series _Bad Girls Club._ It premiered on October 7, 2014, and concluded on January 6, 2015.

### Original Bad Girls

|Name|Age|Hometown|Season|Replaced||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Alyssa Carswell|24|Fort Lauderdale, Florida|Chicago|rowspan="9"|-|
|Camilla Poindexter|27|Long Beach, California|Las Vegas|||
|Danni Victor|26|Methuen, Massachusetts|Las Vegas|||
|Jada Cacchilli|28|Queens, NY|Chicago|||
|Judi Jai|25|Olympia Fields, Illinois|New Orleans|||
|Julie Ofcharsky|25|Boston, Massachusetts|Mexico|||
|Natalie Nunn|29|Oakland, California|Los Angeles|||
|Raquel Santiago|23|Pine Grove, California|Atlanta|||
|Sarah Oliver|29|Riverdale, Georgia|Miami|||
|Rimanelli Mellal|24|Chicago, Illinois|Mexico|Natalie||

## Infobox (television)

- **num episodes**: 13
- **network**: Oxygen
- **released**: October 7, 2014 - January 6, 2015
Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo

"**Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo**" is a 1970 song by Johnny Winter and was taken from his studio album _Johnny Winter And_. It was written by Rick Derringer and was made into a single in 1973 where it peaked at number 23 in the United States and number 11 in Canada.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Rock and Roll, Hoochie Koo
- **artist**: Johnny Winter#Johnny Winter And, Johnny Winter And
- **album**: Johnny Winter And
- **recorded**: 1970
- **genre**: Hard rock
- **length**: 3:29
- **writer**: Rick Derringer
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **producer**: Johnny Winter, Rick Derringer
Bad Girls Club season 14

***Bad Girls Club: Back for More*** is the fourteenth season of the Oxygen reality television series _Bad Girls Club._ It premiered on August 11, 2015, and concluded on November 3, 2015.

### Original Bad Girls

|Name|Age|Hometown|Nickname|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Christina Aviles|22|Queens, NY|The Sultry Showstopper|
|Jasmine Carter|21|Chicago, Illinois|The Southside Slugger|
|Jelaminah Lanier|25|Houston, Texas|The Houston Hustler|
|Kathryn Florek|23|Zion, Illinois|The Lusty Loudmouth|
|Lauren Lewis|23|Covington, Georgia|The Red Hot Redneck|
|Shannade Clermont|20|Montclair, New Jersey|The Power Princess|
|Shannon Clermont|20|Montclair, New Jersey|The Uptown Princess|

### Replacement Bad Girls

|Name|Age|Hometown|Nickname|Replaced|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Jenna Charland|22|Albany, NY|The Queen of Trash Talk|_Christina_|
|Beatrice Miller|21|Yonkers, NY|The Red Headed Rebel|_Shannon_|
|Amber Zadora|21|Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|The Dolled Up Dynamite|_Shannade_|
|Alicia Ramsdell|22|Atlanta, Georgia|The Bad Ass Beauty Queen|_Jelaminah_|

## Infobox (television)

- **num episodes**: 12
- **network**: Oxygen
- **released**: August 11 - November 3, 2015
Precious (Depeche Mode song)

"**Precious**" is a 2005 song by British band Depeche Mode and is the leading single from their 11th studio album _Playing the Angel_. It went to number 4 in the United Kingdom and Scotland, number 71 in the United States and number 1 in Sweden, Spain, Italy and Denmark.

## Track listing

**UK and European CD single**
1. "Precious" (album version) – 4:10
1. "Precious" (Sasha's Spooky mix single edit) – 5:45

**European limited 7-inch picture disc**
- A. "Precious" (album version)
- B. "Precious" (Michael Mayer Ambient mix)

**European 12-inch single**
- A. "Precious" (Sasha's Spooky mix full length) – 10:32
- AA. "Precious" (Sasha's Gargantuan vocal mix full length) – 9:40

**European enhanced CD single**
1. "Precious" (album version)
1. "Free"
1. "Precious" (video)

**European maxi-CD single**
1. "Precious (Sasha's Gargantuan vocal mix edit) – 7:11
1. "Precious (Misc. full vocal mix) – 5:44
1. "Free – 5:12

**US and Canadian maxi-CD single**
1. "Precious (Sasha's Spooky mix) – 7:33
1. "Precious (Sasha's Gargantuan vocal mix) – 7:10
1. "Precious (Michael Mayer Balearic mix) – 7:18
1. "Precious (Misc. full vocal mix) – 5:41
1. "Precious (Misc. Crunch mix) – 6:51
1. "Precious (Motor mix) – 6:37

**US digital download (radio version)**
1. "Precious" (US radio version) – 4:07
1. "Free" – 5:10

**DVD single**
1. "Precious" (video)
1. "Precious" (Motor remix)
1. "Precious" (Michael Mayer Ambient mix)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Precious
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Depeche Mode
- **album**: Playing the Angel
- **b-side**: Free
- **studio**: Sound Design (Santa Barbara, California)
- **genre**: Synth-pop
- **length**: 4:10
- **label**: * Mute Records, Mute
* Sire Records, Sire
* Reprise Records, Reprise
- **writer**: Martin Gore
- **producer**: Ben Hillier
- **prev title**: Enjoy the Silence
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: A Pain That I'm Used To
- **next year**: 2005