juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Yoo Young-chul

**Yoo Young Chul** is a South Korean criminal. He is a thief, burglar, robber, fraudster, batterer and serial killer. He murdered 21 women from September 2003 to July 2004 in Seoul, the capital of South Korea. The victims were all women, including a bride who was going to marry the next day. After he was arrested on July 18th 2004, he claimed that he had killed 26 people. However, according to investigation done by The Korea Public Prosecutor’s Office, it was found that he murdered 21 people. The judge gave him the death penalty on December 13rd, 2004, instead of life imprisonment because of the cruelty of his murders. The judge considered Yoo Young Chul’s statement that if he wasn’t arrested, he would have chopped even 100 people into pieces. The chief judge said “considering the pain the victims’ family suffered and panic prevailed in the society, he cannot avoid the top penalty.” He is living on death row, as South Korea has not carried out any executions since 1997.

He said that he started murdering because of hatred toward women caused by his divorce. He got a score of 38 on psychopath test where the maximum score is 40. The closer the score is to 40, the more likely that the test-taker is a psychopath. But, psychiatrists made a diagnosis that he was normal and that he could act according to his own true will. So, the fact that he was psychopath could not justify the crime he committed. This shocking event made many people in Korea pay attention to psychopath and this criminal case was made into a movie named "Chu-Gyuk-Ja" which means "The Chaser" in English.

## Other websites

- http://sstv.freechal.com/News/Detail.aspx?cSn=1&pSn=41787
- http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=038&aid=0000262424
- http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=032&aid=0000098551
- http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=052&aid=0000060752&
- http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=052&aid=0000060617&
- http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=087&aid=0000024041
- http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=055&aid=0000034349&
- http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=032&aid=0000098363
- http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=034&aid=0000157809
- http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=102&oid=001&aid=0000850683
Men at Work

**Men at Work** is an Australian reggae-influenced rock band that formed in 1979 in St. Kilda, a suburb of Melbourne. Men at Work often used woodwind and brass instruments. In 1986, they disbanded, but in 1996 they reformed and are still playing. Their biggest success they had in the 1980s. Their biggest hit song was "Down Under" which went to Number 1 on the charts in the USA and UK. They are the only Australian band to have both a single and an album at No 1. on the US charts at the same time.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Men at Work
- **img**: Men At Work 1983.jpg
- **img capt**: Men At Work in 1983
- **img size**: 230
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: St Kilda, Victoria, St. Kilda, Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia
- **years active**: 1979–1986
1996-present
- **current members**: Colin Hay
- **past members**: Greg Ham †
Ji Kang Hun

**Ji Kang Hun** (1954~October 15th 1988) was an escapee from prison in Seoul.

Ji became well known to Koreans, along with those who escaped with him, as their hostage taking was broadcast live all over Korea. Ji became famous for his saying “If you have money, non-guilty. If you don't have money, guilty.” The phrase criticized social and income inequality of the 1980s Korean society. Also, it raised the issue of “Preventive Custody Policy,” which separated prisoners from the society for a while even after their prison term was over in a preventative approach to potential crimes.

## The Escape

On October 8, 1988, 12 prisoners from Youngdeungpo Prison escaped into Seoul city during their transfer to Kongju Prison. Although they were known to Koreans as cruel and inhumane criminals, they were actually accused of robbery and other small crimes. They escaped because they were enraged by the idea of “Preventive Custody Policy,” and that trials were conducted unfairly to the poor. Their prison term for stealing 5,000,000 won was longer than that of Jun Kyung Hwan, brother of the former Korean president, who had embezzled approximately 60,000,000,000 won.
Among the 12 escapees, 4 out of 5 managed to stay unarrested until the very end. They are Ji Kang Hun (35 years old), An Kwang Sul (22), Kang Young Il (21), and Han E-Chul (20). They moved in search of shelters from houses to houses in Seoul. On October 15th, they smuggled into Koh Yong-suh’s house in Seodaemungu Bukjakadong and took hostage of his family. This hostage taking was broadcasted live on television. Koh managed to sneak out from the house at 4:00 AM in the morning and informed the police. The house was surrounded immediately by more than 1000 police force. The standoff between the escapees and the police started from 4:40 AM. At about 12:00 PM, Kang Young Il came out of the house in an effort to negotiate with the police. He tried to get back to the house, but was stopped by Ji who shot a gun before Kang’s feet. Ji stated that this was his last gift to Kang. Then, two of other escapees, An Kwang Sul and Han E-Chul committed suicide in the other room. Ji asked the police for a cassette tape, Holiday by Beegees. He shouted out to the reporters, policemen, and those who were at the scene, “If you have money, non-guilty. If you don't have money, guilty.” He tried to kill himself by stabbing his throat with a piece of glass that he had shattered from the window while listening to Holiday. During the process of rescuing the hostages, Ji was shot two times by the Special Squad in the house. He died the same day at the hospital for excessive loss of blood.

## Influence

To this day, the phrase “If you have money, non-guilty. If you don’t have money, guilty” is used to criticize politicians or elites in corporations who get away with bribery and embezzlement.

A movie based on his escape, “Holiday,” was made in Korea in 2006. The title was named after a song by Beegees, which Ji Kang Hun asked for at the hostage taking scene

## Other websites

- "Hostage Taking on Sunday" video from MBC iMTV
- October 16th 1988 News from MBC
Commercial Act of South Korea

The **Commercial Act of South Korea**  is the law that controls commerce in South Korea. It was originally enacted on 1 January 1963. It currently consists of 5 main chapters: General Provisions, Commercial Transactions, Company, Insurance, and Maritime Commerce.

Amendments (changes) were made in 1963, 1984, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2008 and 2009. The biggest changes were made to comply with rules made by the International Monetary Fund. These changes were made during South Korea's foreign currency crisis in 1998. They were  to support corporate restructuring and improving accountability and transparency of management through efficient monitoring.

The concept of directors' duty of loyalty was introduced in the Commercial Act and was imposed as a statutory obligation of directors of stock companies. The Commercial Act also  included the concept of _de facto_ directors liable for damages under certain circumstances.  The Commercial Act holds "owners", who do not hold any official corporate directorship, liable for mis-management and misconduct. Additionally, through the introduction of the shareholder proposal rights, the status of minority shareholders improved. They have opportunities to propose certain issues to the board of directors and the general shareholders' meeting.

## More reading

- Hwa-Jin Kim (1999) "Living with the IMF: a New Approach to Corporate Governance and Regulation of Financial Institutions in Korea", 17 Berkeley _Journal International Law_.
- The Korean Commerce Code (상법/商法): § 382-3, 401-2, 363-2
Dilation and curettage

**Dilation and curettage (D&C)** is a type of surgery used to diagnose and treat problems with woman's uterus.

During a D&C, a doctor will do these things:
- Give the woman anesthesia
- Slowly dilate (widen) the cervix
- Put a _curette_ (a spoon-shaped tool with a sharp edge) into the uterus through the cervix
- Use the curette to take out parts of the lining of the uterus.

A D&C can be used for many reasons.  For example:
- To take tumors out of the uterus
- To diagnose problems like cancer of the uterus
- To take out tissues from a fetus or placenta, after a miscarriage or a medical abortion, which will stop bleeding
Dilation and evacuation

**Dilation and evacuation** (or "D&E") is a medical procedure. It may be used as a method of abortion when a woman is in her second trimester (between 12–32 weeks pregnant). This procedure also may be used after a woman has a miscarriage, to make sure that the uterus is emptied out completely.  If tissue is left behind in a woman's uterus after a miscarriage, she can get an infection.

## Process

A dilation and evacuation involves two major steps. First, the cervix (the bottom part of the uterus) is dilated, or made bigger. This is often done about a day before the actual procedure. To dilate the cervix, a doctor may put special tools into the cervix. The cervix needs to be made larger so that medical tools, like forceps (surgical tongs) or a curette (a tool that is used to scrape away the lining of the uterus) can be put into the cervix.

The second step of the D&E procedure is to evacuate, or remove, everything inside of the uterus. The woman is given a local anesthetic to numb part of her body or a general anesthetic to put her to sleep. The doctor will then put a cannula (a medical tube) into the uterus, through the vagina. The cannula is attached to a bottle and a pump that create a vacuum. The cannula is used to vacuum (or suction) out everything that is in the uterus, including the fetus.

The doctor may use forceps to take out any tissue that is still in the uterus. The doctor may also use a curette to scrape out the lining of the uterus. The vacuum can then be used again to make sure that the uterus is completely empty. This is to prevent infection from tissue left behind by accident.

If a woman is earlier on in her pregnancy, this procedure can sometimes be done without dilating the cervix first. This is called a "vacuum aspiration". It can be used for women who are in the first trimester (the first 12 weeks of pregnancy) or for women who are in the early stages of the second trimester. However, sometime during the second trimester, it becomes very difficult to do this procedure without dilating the cervix first. At this point, a full dilation and extraction is needed.

A complete D&E usually takes 10 to 20 minutes. Often, women are able to go home on the same day as the procedure, without staying overnight in a hospital.

Most abortions are done much earlier on in the pregnancy, so a full dilation and extraction is usually not needed.

## Related pages

- Abortion
- Miscarriage
Visual kei

**Visual kei** (aka **visual rock**) is a Japanese musical style that started in the late 1980s. Visual kei was influenced by glam rock. Visual kei artists use striking fashion and theatrical performances to highlight their music.

Early visual kei bands were strongly influenced by glam rock and heavy metal. Over time, visual kei has changed to meet the consumers' taste for music. Today, visual kei music includes goth, industrial, J-pop, and hip hop. Sometimes it is called "neo-visual kei".

Visual kei influenced the gothic lolita fashion trend. Visual kei artists often have wild dress, androgynous looks, jewelry, dyed hair, and thick make-up. Gothic lolita dressers say that they are inspired by their favorite visual kei bands.

X Japan and Buck-Tick are widely seen as the first visual kei bands. Other well-known bands that helped to increase visual kei's popularity include Malice Mizer, Luna Sea, and Dir en grey.

## References

- http://www.furinkan.com/tomobiki/waguku.visual.htm
- VisualKei.com
Dwarf hamster

The **dwarf hamsters** represent a group of small hamsters in the genus ***Phodopus***. Although they do not belong to this genus, the Chinese hamster is often referred to as a dwarf hamster as well.

Although more limited in colour than the Syrian hamster, dwarf hamsters are an alternative to pet owners who enjoy a smaller, more sociable hamster. The dwarf hamster was discovered by W.C. Campbell in the early 1900's.
Damien Rice

**Damien Rice** (born 7 December 1973) is an Irish singer-songwriter, musician and record producer. He plays guitar, piano, clarinet and percussion. Some call his music Brit-pop (British pop music) but he says his music is  alternative rock. He is known as a singer and songwriter who wrote sad but beautiful songs for on popular movie and television programs. _The Blower's Daughter_ is his representative song. It was used in the 2004 move _Closer_. His music is often used in ice skating. Recently, Rice was given "special thanks" in the end credits of the Academy Award winning 2007 Irish musical movie _Once_. The movie starred fellow Irish musician Glen Hansard.

He was born 7 December 1973 and raised in Celbridge, County Kildare Ireland. Before he started his own solo-career, he was a member of the rock band _Jupiter_ which later became Bell X1. In this band, he released 2 singles and 1 album. However, Rice became disenchanted with the label and left the band to pursue a solo career. When he start his own career, he form a band with new members. For example, Lisa Hannigan is famous for featuring Damien Rice's songs like _Cold water_, _9 crimes_ and so on.

So far, he has released two studio albums: _O_ in 2002, and _9_ in 2006. And he also has released EPs _B side_ in 2004. In 2002, his album was a strong commercial success and won the Shortlist Music Prize. After that, his second studio album _9_ released not only in Ireland but also Europe and North America.

Rice is also known for his charity work. He helped the Burma Campaign to free Burmese democracy movement leader Aung San Suu Kyi. Rice and Hannigan recorded a charity song, campaigning for her release, called _Unplayed Piano_, which they performed at the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize Concert in Oslo. In 2008 he participated in a music album called Songs for Tibet which is an initiative to support Tibet and to underline the human rights situation in Tibet.
Entrena

**Entrena** is a municipality in the autonomous community of La Rioja, Spain. The population of the town is 1.488 (2009). Entrena is located near Logroño.

## Infobox (city)

- **official name**: Entrena
- **image flag**: ESP Entrena Flag.svg
- **image seal**: Escudo de Entrena-La Rioja.svg
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision name1**: La Rioja
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: La Rioja
- **subdivision type3**: List of municipalities in La Rioja, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: La Rioja
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Esteban Pérez Díez
- **area total km2**: 21.03
- **elevation m**: 558
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population total**: 1488
- **population density km2**: 70.76
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **website**: http://www.entrena.org
Brahui people

The **Brahui people** (Brahui: بروہی) are the only Dravidian-speaking ethnic group in Pakistan. There are around 2.2 million Brahuis, most live in Baluchistan, where they are native. They are closely linked to the Balochs with whom they have intermingled, and whose cultural traits they have absorbed. The Brahui people are believed to be a remnant of the inhabitants of the Indus Valley Civilization. The Brahui language, also called **Brahvi**, is a Dravidian language.

DNA studies suggest that the Brahui are most closely related to the ancient Dravidian people, which are descedants of neolithic farmers inhabiting the area between the Zagros mountains area in modern-day Iran and Indus Valley Plains in Pakistan
Chittagonian peoples

The **Chittagonian peoples** are groups of Bengali ethnocultural group native to the Chittagong District and Cox's Bazar District of Bangladesh.
Chittagonian peoples also speak Bengali and tribal languages of the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

Chittagongian people speak the Chittagongian language, which is an Indo-Aryan language of Assamese-Bengali group. It is considered a dialect of Bengali by the Bangladeshi government though they are not mutually intelligible.

They live in the Chittagong division of south-eastern Bangladesh. They are predominantly Muslim, but there are sizeable Hindus, Buddhist and Christians.
Shan

**Shan** may refer to:

## People

- The Shan people, Southeast Asian ethnic group inhabiting Myanmar
    - The Shan language
- Dai people, also known as Shan, ethnic group in China
- Shanrong (山戎), term for "mountain barbarian" in Shanxi, Hubei in northern China
- Shan (surname), or 单 in Chinese, a Chinese surname
- Shan, a variant of the Welsh given name usually spelt Siân
- Darren Shan, children's author
- MC Shan, rapper

## Places

- Shan State of Myanmar
- Shaanxi, abbreviated as Shan (陕), province of the People's Republic of China
- Shan County, Shandong, county in Shandong, China
- Shan County, Henan, in Sanmenxia, China
- Shantou, or Shan (汕), a city in Guangdong, China
- Shan (剡), river name in Zhejiang Province of PRC
- Shan (鄯), name for a region in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
- Shan (鄯), the name of ancient Western Regions (西域)
- 山, _shan_, Chinese for "mountains" or "mountain range"
- Mount Shani or Gora Shan, a mountain in the Caucasus

## Other uses

- Shan Foods, a brand of Pakistani cuisine spice mixes
- Insect from Shaggai, or Shan, a fictional alien race in the writings of Ramsey Campbell
International Year of Astronomy

The year 2009 was named **The International Year of Astronomy** by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and UNESCO. It was a celebration of astronomy around the world with 141 countries taking part. "The Universe, Yours to Discover" was the official slogan. The idea was to promote astronomy worldwide and get young people interested in it. The year 2009 is special to astronomers, as it is the 400th anniversary since the first astronomical telescope by Galileo Galilei was used.

Activities run during the year included observatory tours, shows, and photograph displays. People could get involved in many of these activities online with a computer.
Shan people

The **Shan peoples** (Shan: ; IPA: [tɑ́ɪ], IPA: [ʃán lùmjóʊ]; Chinese: 掸族; pinyin: Shànzú；傣族) are a Tai ethnic group of South East Asia. The Shan live mostly in Shan State, Myanmar. These people have close religious ties and similarities with Bangladesh's Chittagonian peoples.
Marketing mix

The **marketing mix** is the combination of elements necessary to the planning and execution of a total marketing operation. The total marketing operation mainly consists of three processes: Analyzing the situation of companies, STP, and **Marketing mix**. Marketing managers first analyze the situation of the company and then conduct STP: Segmentation, Targeting, Positioning. In STP, they segment the market, choose the target market in which the company can have competitive advantages and determine what is to be their products' position in the market, and then they design the marketing mix. In the process, marketing managers should design an internally consistent and mutually supportive marketing mix.

It was specifically divided into the 4Ps: Product, Placement, Price and Promotion by E.Jerome McCarthy in 1960, and from then it has been dealt with various variables. These variables include not only goods and services but usage, value, image and so on.

## Relative importance among 4Ps

In devising the marketing strategy it is usually said that getting a competitive advantage should be considered important than any other factors. Product and price is first determined. Decision-making about place and promotion is considered  later after determining the strategic position of the products by comparing rival products and then giving relative quality of products, price of products to the market.

## References

- Kotler, Philip (2003) "Marketing Management", Prentice Hall, .
- Chae Seo Il (2007) "Marketing", B&M Books,
- Silbiger, Steven (2005) "The Ten-day MBA", HarperCollins,
Infiltration tactics

Willy Rohr developed successful in 1915 the _Shock-Troops-Taktiks_ in the Western Front. They had been used in the Battle of Verdun. His Bataillon became independent and was first named as _Sturmbataillon Rohr_ and became about one year later renamed by the _Prussian Minister of War_ to _Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr)_.

Oskar von Hutier was another one of Germany's most successful and innovative generals of World War I. He did the same for the Eastern Front

After rising to army command early in 1917, Hutier began to apply the lessons learned from his three years of commanding troops, along with his study of tactics used by other armies. He devised a new strategy for the Germans to break the stalemate of trench warfare. These tactics were to prove so successful in 1917 and 1918 that the French dubbed them "Hutier tactics", although the more commonly used term today is "infiltration tactics".

## Operation Michael

In the Spring Offensive of 1918 the first of five parts was called Michael.  At the beginning on 21 March 1918, thee Germans launched an attack with three armies, for a total of 42 divisions. The aim was to break through the salient at the junction point between the French forces (south) and the English (north), with operations between Bapaume and Saint Simon, intending to then create a wedge between the two contingents, pushing the British Expeditionary Force out towards the sea. On the first day the defensive lines were already smashed against both Allies, and the Germans completely succeeded in advancing 65 kilometers long into a salient of approximately 80 km. In their sweeping advance the German troops met greater resistance against the English than the French. But although the Germans were successful at first, after a few days the German offensive was suddenly exhausted, and beginning March 27, when the French began to engage their strategic reserve near Amiens, the Germans had no more substantial territorial gain. So the Germans failed to achieve a strategically important victory, and indeed, it had lengthened the battle line and created a salient exposed to Allied counter-offensives.
Clarity Act

The **Clarity Act** (known as **Bill C-20** before it became law) was a law passed by Canadian Government in 1999.

## Other websites

- Text of the Clarity Act
- Full text of the Reference re Secession of Quebec
- 1995 Act Respecting the Future of Quebec
- Open letter in support of the democratic right to self-determination for Quebec
- Debates - Issue 44 - April 6, 2000 (Senate's Second Reading debate about the passage of specific powers to the House of Commons; notable because the Senate is a co-equal body)
- CBC report on introduction of Clarity Bill
Nell

**Nell** (Hangul: ) is a South Korean alternative rock band. They formed in 1999, but debuted in 2001. It consists of Kim Jong-wan, Lee-Jae-kyung and Lee Jung-hun. Jung Jae-won was the fourth member, but he left the band in June 2023. The band's name comes from a 1994 movie of the same name. Nell is one of the few rock bands who gained mainstream popularity in South Korea. They also have been nominated for several musical awards.

## History

Nell was formed in 1999. They began playing at live clubs around Hongik University, and were spotted by Seo tai ji, who signed them to his private record company. In July 2006, Nell left Seo Tai Ji Company and joined Woolim Entertainment.

Nell is one of the few rock bands that have achieved mainstream success in the country. Their 2007 'Welcome Home' tour sold out in two minutes. Nell has also participated in the annual ETPFEST in 2002, and the Myspace Secret Show November 28th, 2008.

The band stopped performing after their nomination at the Golden Disk Awards on December 11th, 2008, because of the members' departure for the compulsory South Korean military service. The band got back together with "Slip Away" when their term was over.

## Members

**Current members**
- Kim Jong-wan () – vocals, guitar, keyboard, drums
- Lee Jae-kyung () – lead guitar
- Lee Jung-hoon () – bass guitar, tambourine, keyboard, chorus

**Past members**
- Jung Jae-won () – drums

### Studio albums

**Indie**
- _Reflection of_ (Jan 2001)
- _Speechless_ (Sept 2001)
**Major**
- _Let It Rain_ (2003)
- _Walk Through Me_ (2004)
- _Healing Process_ (2006)
- _Separation Anxiety_ (2008)
- _Slip Away_ (2012)
- _Newton's Apple_ (2014)
- _C_ (2016)
- _Let's Part_ (2018)
- _Colors in Black_ (2019)
- _Moments in Between_ (2021)

### Extended plays

- _Let's Take a Walk_ <small>(Re-arranged album)</small> (2007)
- _The Trace_ <small>(Live album)</small>  (2008)
- _Escaping Gravity_ (2013)

### Single albums

- _Holding onto Gravity_ (2012)

### Soundtrack appearances

- _Run_ <small>(_Two Weeks_ OST)</small> (2013)
- _Waiting for You_ <small>(_Beautiful Gong Shim_ movie OST)</small> (2016)
- _Breath_ <small>(_The Good Wife_ OST)</small> (2016)
- _Blue Moon_ <small>(_Tale of the Nine Tailed_ OST)</small> (2020)

## References

- biography on Naver.com
- biography on Woolliment.com

## Other websites

- Official Website(Korean)
- Official Fansite(Korean)
- Official Myspace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Nell
<small></small>
- **img capt**: Nell at CJ E&M Center, 2014
- **img**: Nell.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Seoul, South Korea
- **years active**: 1999–present
- **label**: [http://www.woolliment.com/ WOOLLIM Entertainment]
- **url**: [http://www.nellhouse.com/ Official Website]
- **current members**: *Kim Jong-wan
*Lee Jae-kyung
*Lee Jung-hoon
- **past members**: Jung Jae-won
Mongolian hamster

The **Mongolian hamster** (_Allocricetulus curtatus_) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in China and Mongolia.
Tibetan dwarf hamster

The **Tibetan dwarf hamster** (_Cricetulus alticola_) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in China, India, and Nepal.
The Hallé

**The Hallé** is an orchestra based in Manchester, England. It is the UK's oldest symphony orchestra and the fourth oldest in the world.  Since 1996 its home is in the Bridgewater Hall, Manchester.

## History

.

The orchestra gave its first concert on 30 January 1858.  It had been started by Hallé  the year before to play at an exhibition.  The orchestra gave its concerts in the Free Trade Hall.

One of the most famous conductors the orchestra had was Hans Richter who was music director from 1899 to 1911.  During this time the orchestra gave the first performance of  _Symphony No. 1_ by Sir Edward Elgar.

The orchestra suffered during the economic crisis of the 1930s and when World War II started.  At that time it was sharing many of its players with the BBC.  There were only 30 players left.  A new conductor was appointed in 1943: John Barbirolli.  He was the musical director for 27 years.  During this time the orchestra rose to international fame.

Kent Nagano was principal conductor of the orchestra from 1992 to 1999.  The orchestra moved from the Free Trade Hall to the Bridgewater Hall in 1996.  Nagano was criticized for putting on concerts that cost a lot of money, and charging high fees for himself.  The orchestra started to be in financial problems and nearly went bankrupt.  Then changes were made and the orchestra were more secure financially.

## The Hallé today

In September 2000, Mark Elder took over as musical director.  He has made the orchestra into an excellent orchestra again.

In 2006 a new job of guest conductor was given to Cristian Mandeal.  From 2009 the guest conductor will be Markus Stenz.  The leader of the orchestra is Lyn Fletcher.

The Hallé also has a choir which was started in 1858 by Sir Charles Hallé.  They give about twenty concerts a year.  Their conductor is James Burton who also conducts the Hallé Youth Choir.   There is a Hallé Youth Orchestra which is conducted by Ewa Strusinska.  There is now also a Hallé Children’s Choir, conducted by Shirley Court.  The Hallé  also have their own CD label since 2008.

## Principal conductors

- 1858–1895 Sir Charles Hallé
- 1895–1899 Sir Frederic Cowen
- 1899–1911 Hans Richter
- 1912–1914 Michael Balling
- 1915–1920 Sir Thomas Beecham (musical adviser)
- 1920–1934 Sir Hamilton Harty

- 1939–1942 Sir Malcolm Sargent (conductor-in-chief)
- 1943–1970 Sir John Barbirolli
- 1972–1983 James Loughran
- 1983–1992 Stanisław Skrowaczewski
- 1992–1999 Kent Nagano
- 2000–_present_ Sir Mark Elder

## Other websites

- The Hallé official website
Turkish hamster

The **Turkish hamster** (_Mesocricetus brandti_) is a species of hamster closely related to the Syrian hamster. It is used as a laboratory animal in scientific research, but is not widely available on the pet market.
Romanian hamster

The **Romanian hamster** (_Mesocricetus newtoni_) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found in Bulgaria and Romania.
Chinese striped hamster

The **Chinese striped hamster** (_Cricetulus barabensis_), also known as the **striped dwarf hamster**, is a species of hamster. It is distributed across northern Asia, from southern Siberia through Mongolia and northeastern China to northern North Korea.
Kam dwarf hamster

The **Kam dwarf hamster** (_Cricetulus kamensis_) is a species of rodent in the Cricetidae family. It is found only in China.
Samaritans

The **Samaritans** are a group of people who live in the Levant. Samaritans believe in the same one God of Judaism, but use only the Torah as text.

There are more than 800 Samaritans. Most of them live in Holon and Nablus.

## Related pages

- Samaritanism
- The Samaritan Museum

## References

Archived. https://web.archive.org/web/20080512075303/http://www.jtsa.edu/prebuilt/exhib/scrips/index.shtml

https://archive.today/20130626180151/http://www.jtsa.edu/prebuilt/exhib/scrips/index.shtml
Indian religions

**Indian religions** or **Indic religions** are religions that originated from the Indian subcontinent. Dharma is an idea common to many of these religions such as Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism.

### Dharmic religions

The following religions are based on the ideology of Dharma:
- Buddhism
- Hinduism
- Jainism
- Sikhism

### Ethnic/folk religions

The following religions are not necessarily based on the concept of Dharma and have their own ideologies:
- Sanamahism
- Donyi Poloism
- Bathouism
- Sarnaism
Lembit Oll

**Lembit Oll** (23 April 1966 – Tallinn, 17 May 1999) was an Estonian chess grandmaster. He was already successful as a junior, becoming champion of Estonia in 1982 and junior champion of the Soviet Union in 1984. He also won multiple European and World junior championships. The FIDE awarded him the IM-title in 1983 and the GM-title in 1992. From that moment, he regularly played for Estonia during Chess Olympiads and European teamchampionships. Early 1998 he reached his highest rating on the FIDE rating list: 2655.
He played his last tournament in 1999 in Nova Gorica reaching a shared 2nd position.

Oll, who was married, fell into severe depressions after he divorced. He jumped out of the window of his house on the fifth floor and did not survive. Despite his personal problems, he still held the 42nd place on the world ranking list at that time. He was buried in Tallinn. His grave is not far from that of Paul Keres, another famous chess player.

## List of victories

- 1989: Espoo, Tallinn (zonal tournament), Helsinki.
- 1990: Terrassa.
- 1991: Sydney, Helsinki.
- 1992: Sevilla.
- 1993: Vilnius, The Hague, Antwerp.
- 1994: New York Open (shared 1st with Jaan Ehlvest).
- 1995: Helsinki, Riga (zonal tournament).
- 1996: Saint Petersburg.
- 1997: Køge, Szeged (shared 1st), Hoogeveen (shared 1st).
Matryoshka

**Matryoshka** (Russian: матрёшка) is a traditional Russian doll made of wood and painted with colorful ornaments. This doll is one of the most popular souvenirs in Russia. It is also widely distributed abroad under different names such as “Aunt Olga,” “Babushka” or “Mommy doll.”  Although Matryoshka is called a doll it is actually a set of dolls of different sizes placed one in another. The reason for that lies behind the name “Matryoshkг.” The name "Matryoshka" came from the traditional Russian name "Matryona". This name was associated with motherhood and fertility. The biggest doll symbolizes “mother” with her numerous “doll” family.
On the 6

***On the 6*** is the debut studio album by American singer and entertainer Jennifer Lopez. The album's title refers to a time when Jennifer lived in the Bronx. The label released five singles to promote the album.

## Charts

|scope="col"|Chart (1999)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|8||||
|5||||
|19||||
|13||||
|20||||
|9||||

## Sales and shipments

|align="center"|Certifier|align="center"|Certification|align="center"|Sale|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Argentina (CAPIF)|align="center"|Gold|align="center"|50,000|
|align="left"|Australia (ARIA)|align="center"|Gold|align="center"|35,000|
|align="left"|Austria (IFPI)|align="center"|Gold|align="center"|10,000|
|align="left"|Europe (IFPI)|align="center"|Platinum|align="center"|1,000,000|
|align="left"|Finland (IFPI)|align="center"|Gold|align="center"|15,000|
|align="left"|France (SNEP)|align="center"|2×Gold|align="center"|210,000|
|align="left"|Netherlands (NVPI)|align="center"|Platinum|align="center"|60,000|
|align="left"|Canada (CRIA)|align="center"|5×Platinum|align="center"|500,000|
|align="left"|Germany (IFPI)|align="center"|Gold|align="center"|100,000|
|align="left"|New Zealand (RIANZ)|align="center"|2×Platinum|align="center"|30,000|
|align="left"|Poland (ZPAV)|align="center"|Platinum|align="center"|60,000|
|align="left"|Switzerland (IFPI)|align="center"|Gold|align="center"|15,000|
|align="left"|USA (RIAA)|align="center"|3×Platinum|align="center"|3,000,000|
|align="left"|UK (BPI)|align="center"|Platinum|align="center"|300,000|
|align="left"|World|align="center"|—|align="center"|8,500,000|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: On the 6
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Jennifer Lopez
- **released**: June 1, 1999
- **recorded**: 1998-1999
- **length**: 71:00
- **language**: English/Spanish
- **next title**: J.Lo
- **next year**: 2001
Pungmul

**Pungmul** is a Korean traditional music. It includes drumming, dancing, and singing. Most performances are outside, with tens of players, all in constant motion. Pungmul is rooted in the dure farming culture. It was originally played as part of farm work, on rural holidays, at other village community-building events, and in shamanistic and Buddhistic rituals. Pungmul performers wear very gorgeous costumes. A flowery version of the Buddhist kkokkal is the most common headdress. Advanced performers sometimes wear sangmo, which are hats with long ribbons attached to them that players can spin and flip in intricate patterns by moving their heads.

Drumming is the most important element of Pungmul. Each group is led by a kkwaenggwari (small handheld gong) player, and includes at least one person playing janggu (hourglass drum), buk (barrel drum), and jing (gong). Wind instruments (t'aepyongso and nabal) are sometimes played along with the drummers. Following the drummers are dancers, who often play the sogo (a small drum that makes almost no sound) and tend to have more elaborate choreography. Finally, japsaek (actors) dressed as caricatures of traditional village roles wander around to engage spectators, blurring the boundary between performers and audience. Minyo (Korean traditional chants) are performed in Pungmul sometimes, and audience members enthusiastically sing and dance along. Most Minyo are set to drum beats in one of a few jangdan (rhythmic patterns) that are common to Pungmul, Sanjo, P'ansori, and other traditional Korean musical genres.
Afro

The **afro** is a type of hairstyle that is noted for its large size. The hair is curled out, forming a ball shape. For some people, this is how their hair grows because it is naturally curly. Not all beauty salons can offer this hairstyle, though.

It is called the afro because most people who can grow an afro naturally have ancestors from Africa.  The afro became popular among Civil Rights activists in the 1960s in the United States.  They were tired of white people's hair and bodies being called beautiful and black people's hair and bodies being called ugly.  So they grew their hair into afros on purpose.  The afro became less popular in the middle of the 1970s through the late 1990s.  Then it came back with the natural hair movement.  In the 1960s, wearing an afro was seen as a political choice, but in the 21st century it can also be just a style choice.  Some people wear an afro only because they do not want to straighten their hair with hot tools or chemicals.

An afro can be any length, short or long, but it is different for everyone, especially depending on the person's race and ethnicity. Europeans and Asians will tend to have wavier, looser curls, so they usually cannot grow natural afros.  Some people say it is in poor taste or bad manners for a white person to call their hairstyle an "afro" because that cuts the afro off from its history as a way black people showed their hair could be beautiful even when white-majority cultures said it wasn't. Some Jewish people also can naturally grow afros, because of their curly hair. These hairstyles are often called "Jewfros."

The afro needs care. In a 2015 interview in _Glamour_, Dr. Rolanda Wilkerson of Pantene said people with afros should wash their hair once a week instead of every day, air-dry instead of using a hair dryer, and moisturize.
Islands (album)

***Islands*** is the fourteenth studio album by The Flower Kings. The album was released on October 30, 2020.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Islands
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: The Flower Kings
- **released**: October 30, 2020
- **genre**: Progressive rock
- **length**: 95:51
- **label**: Inside Out
- **prev title**: Waiting for Miracles
- **prev year**: 2019
- **next title**: By Royal Decree
- **next year**: 2022
Unconscious mind

The **unconscious mind** is thought to be a deeper part of a person's mind that works without that person knowing it. Feelings, thoughts, desires or emotions appear to come out of nowhere, leaving the person to question where they came from.

The **unconscious mind** is a term coined by the 18th century German romantic philosopher Friedrich Schelling and later introduced into English by the poet and essayist Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It is, however, an ancient idea which has been noticed in many civilisations and cultures. Also, whether other mammals have similar mental mechanisms to man is also a question with a considerable history.

## Freud's views

The unconscious mind plays a large role in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. He discussed the importance of the unconscious mind in understanding conscious thought and behaviour.

However, the unconscious was not discovered by Freud. Historian of psychology Mark Altschule concluded, "It is difficult—or perhaps impossible—to find a nineteenth-century psychologist or psychiatrist who did not recognize unconscious thought as not only real but of the highest importance".

Freud's advance was not to uncover the unconscious but to devise a method for systematically studying it. However, his method is controversial, and so are the rest of his ideas. Freud called dreams the "royal road to the unconscious". He developed his idea in _The Interpretation of Dreams_ (1899). The preconscious was described as a layer between conscious and unconscious thought; its contents could be accessed with a little effort. A key feature of the unconscious is what he called 'repression'. Freud believed that many people repress painful memories deep into their unconscious mind.

## Adaptive unconscious

The **adaptive unconscious** is a set of unconscious mental processes influencing judgment and decision making. It is different from conscious processing: it is faster, effortless, more focused on the present, but less flexible.

In other theories of the mind, the unconscious is limited to "low-level" activity, such as carrying out goals which have been decided consciously. In contrast, the adaptive unconscious is thought to be involved in "high-level" cognition such as goal-setting as well.

The term 'adaptive unconscious' suggests it has survival value and hence is an adaptation which was strongly selected in the past. Indeed, for much of vertebrate evolution, all mental activity was unconscious. No-one supposes that fish have consciousness. Thus our consciousness is added to an already-existing set of mechanisms which operate but whose operation is normally not felt by us.<sup>p23</sup>
Andrew Rivkin

**Andrew Rivkin** (born May 31, 1969) is a Canadian entrepreneur. He co-founded Cryptologic Inc
, which was one of the first online gambling software companies. He also co-founded Fun Technologies which is one of the largest online skill gaming provider worldwide. Andrew is an avid polo player, member of the Toronto Polo Club. He is also listed as a donor to the Mount Sinai Hospital of Toronto.
Roborovski hamster

**Roborovski hamsters** (_Phodopus roborovskii_) are the smallest of all hamsters commonly kept as pets. Roborovski hamsters live in the wild around the Gobi Desert, throughout Mongolia's desert steppe and parts of northern China. Robo hamsters, as they are commonly called, are also extremly fast. Because of their size wired cages are not suitable for them
Palmengarten

The **Palmengarten** is one of two botanical gardens in Frankfurt am Main, Germany.  It is in the city area Westend-Nord.

The garden was privately paid for and built by the architect Heinrich Siesmayer.  Work was done in 1871 and the garden opened to the public. One special visit was from the American entertainer Buffalo Bill.  Buffalo Bill performed his Western show at the garden in 1890. In 1931, it was placed in the care of the city of Frankfurt.  Control of the  garden was later moved to the American occupation authorities after World War II.  When the Palmengarten was returned to the city's control in the 1960s, a major rebuilding started. The halls that were destroyed in the war were redeveloped and expanded. In 1992, the reconstruction finished and the Palmengarten showed in its new form.

Next to the area of the Palmengarten is the Frankfurt Botanical Garden, which belongs to the biology department of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt.

The botanical exhibits are placed according to their start in free-air or climate controlled greenhouses, which also contain many tropical and subtropical plants.

With , it is the biggest garden of its kind in Germany.

## Related pages

- List of botanical gardens
Las Cruces, New Mexico

**Las Cruces** is the second largest city in the American state of New Mexico. The current population is about 110,000. The city is known for its large Urban Renewal Project that tore down much of its historic Main Street area.

The main campus of New Mexico State University is in Las Cruces.

## Other websites

- City of Las Cruces "People Helping People"

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Las Cruces, New Mexico
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: The City of the Crosses
- **motto**: People Helping People
- **image flag**: Flag of Las Cruces, New Mexico.svg
- **image seal**: Seal of Las Cruces, New Mexico.svg
- **image map**: File:Dona Ana County New Mexico Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Las Cruces Highlighted.svg
- **pushpin map**: New Mexico#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within New Mexico##Location within the United States
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin label**: Las Cruces
- **map caption**: Location of Las Cruces within Doña Ana County and New Mexico
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Mexico, County
- **subdivision name2**: Doña Ana County, New Mexico, Doña Ana
- **government type**: Council–manager government, Council–manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City Manager
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1849
- **established title1**: Incorporated
- **established date1**: 1907
- **area total km2**: 199.51
- **area land km2**: 199.26
- **area water km2**: 0.25
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 111385
- **population metro**: 217,552 (US: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 202th)
- **population density km2**: 559.00
- **timezone**: Mountain Standard Time, Mountain
- **population demonym**: Las Crucen
- **utc offset**: −07:00
- **timezone dst**: Daylight saving time, DST
- **utc offset dst**: −06:00
- **elevation ft**: 3900
- **area total sq mi**: 77.03
- **area land sq mi**: 76.93
- **area water sq mi**: 0.10
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 88001, 88003-88007, 88011-88013
- **area code**: Area code 575, 575
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 35-39380
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0899715
- **population density sq mi**: 1447.82
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Rio Rancho, New Mexico

**Rio Rancho** is the largest city in Sandoval County and third largest city in the U.S. state of New Mexico. A suburb of Albuquerque, it is part of the Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## Other websites

- City of Rio Rancho "City of Vision"

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Rio Rancho, New Mexico
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Rio Rancho Sprawl.jpeg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of suburban Rio Rancho
- **nickname**: "The City of Vision"
- **image map**: Sandoval County New Mexico Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Rio Rancho Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location within Sandoval County
- **pushpin map**: New Mexico#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within New Mexico##Location within the United States
- **pushpin label**: Rio Rancho
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: New Mexico
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Mexico, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Sandoval County, New Mexico, Sandoval, Bernalillo County, New Mexico, Bernalillo
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1961
- **established title2**: Municipal incorporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1981
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total km2**: 268.38
- **area land km2**: 267.70
- **area water km2**: 0.67
- **elevation ft**: 5509
- **population total**: 104046
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 388.66
- **population metro**: 916,528 (List of metropolitan statistical areas,  Albuquerque Metropolitan Statistical Area)
- **timezone**: Mountain Time Zone, Mountain
- **utc offset**: −07:00
- **timezone dst**: Mountain
- **utc offset dst**: −06:00
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 87124, 87144, 87174
- **area code**: Area code 505, 505
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 35-63460
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2410954
- **blank name sec2**: Primary Airport
- **blank2 name sec2**: Secondary Airport
- **population density sq mi**: 1006.63
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 103.62
- **area land sq mi**: 103.36
- **area water sq mi**: 0.26