juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Xbox (console)

The **Xbox** is a video game console (a machine that plays video games and DVDs). It was made by Microsoft from November 2001 to October 2005. The controllers were very large in the beginning, but were made smaller later. The Xbox video game console can play music, DVDs, and games. Microsoft discontinued the Xbox because they made the next version of the Xbox, the Xbox 360. The Xbox was first discontinued in 2006 in Japan, later in 2007 in Europe, then in 2009 in the USA.

## History

In 1998, four engineers from Microsoft's DirectX team, Kevin Bachus, Seamus Blackley, Ted Hase and DirectX team leader Otto Berkes, took apart some Dell laptop computers to construct a prototype Microsoft Windows-based video game console. The team hoped to create a console to compete with Sony's upcoming PlayStation 2.

During development, the original DirectXbox name was shortened to Xbox. Microsoft's marketing department did not like the Xbox name, and suggested many other different names.

## Launch

Xbox was the first video game console by Microsoft. It was a very large video game console, and it had a cost of $299.99 in the United States. It was launched one year after the PlayStation 2 and at the same time as the Nintendo GameCube. Halo was the first very popular game for the Xbox.

## Related pages

- Xbox

## Infobox (vg system)

- **name**: Xbox
- **image**: Xbox-console.jpg
- **caption**: Xbox console with "Controller S"
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **manufacturer**: Flextronics
- **family**: Xbox
- **type**: Home video game console
- **os**: Custom
- **generation**: Sixth generation of video game consoles, Sixth generation
- **lifespan**: 2001–2009
- **gpu**: 233 MHz nVidia NV2A
- **media**: DVD, Compact disc, CD, digital distribution
- **storage**: 8 or 10 GB internal hard drive (formatted to 8 GB with allotted system reserve and MS Dash), 8 MB memory card
- **controllers**: 4× Xbox controller ports (proprietary USB interface), (Wireless controllers not supported directly - third-party wireless controllers require a wired base unit)
- **connectivity**: Fast Ethernet, 100 Mbit Ethernet
- **online service**: Xbox Live
- **cpu**: Custom 733 MHz Intel Pentium III "Coppermine (microprocessor), Coppermine-based" processor
- **ram**: 64 MB of DDR SDRAM @ 200 MHz
- **units sold**: 24+ million <small>(as of May 10, 2006)</small>
- **top game**: _Halo 2_, 8.46 million <small>(as of November 2008)</small>
- **successor**: Xbox 360
Fangame

**Fangames** are computer games created by fans based on popular video games. They are often made using C++, The Games Factory, Multimedia Fusion Express, and GameMaker. But now with free versions available of powerful game development tools available, some fangames are made in either Unity or Unreal Engine. One fangame planned to be produced by Capcom and Marvel Comics was 1992's fighting game _Marvel Task Force,_ similar to _Justice League: Task Force_, another fighting game.

## Other websites

- The Click Wiki  - information about Multimedia Fusion, The Games Factory.
1906

**1906** (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- April 18 – An earthquake in San Francisco, California kills at least three thousand people.
- Camillo Golgi, Italian doctor, won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish doctor, won the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Camillo Golgi

## Births

- January 11 – Albert Hofmann, Swiss scientist, invented LSD (d. 2008)
- January 14 - William Bendix, American actor (d. 1964)
- March 6 – Lou Costello, American actor and comedian (d. 1959)
- April 13 – Samuel Beckett, Irish writer (d. 1989)
- April 28 – Kurt Gödel, Austrian-American mathematician (d. 1978)
- July 14 – William H. Tunner, American World War II general (d. 1983)
- August 27 – Ed Gein, American serial killer (d. 1984)
- September 25 – José Figueres Ferrer, President of Costa Rica (d. 1990)
- September 25   – Dmitri Shostakovich, Soviet composer (d. 1975)
- October 30 – Alexander Gode, German-American linguist and translator (d. 1970)
- November 14 – Louise Brooks, American actress and dancer (d. 1985)
- December 19 – Leonid Brezhnev, leader of the Soviet Union (d. 1982)

## Hit songs

- "Anchors Aweigh"

## Movies Released

- _Humorous Phases of Funny Faces_, the first animated movie
- _The Story of the Kelly Gang_, the first feature-length movie
Lou Albano

**Louis Vincent Albano** (July 29, 1933 – October 14, 2009) was a very famous American professional wrestler in the 1980s. Albano is best known as **Captain Lou Albano**. He also appeared in Cyndi Lauper's music video "Girls Just Want to Have Fun" and played Mario on _The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!_, based on the series of video games.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lou Albano
- **image**: Lou Albano and a fan crop.jpg
- **other names**: Captain Lou
- **birth name**: Louis Vincent Albano
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
- **death place**: Westchester County, New York
- **death cause**: Myocardial infarction, Heart Attack
- **occupation**: Professional wrestling, Professional Wrestler
- **years active**: 1980s-2009
Lip synching

**Lip synching** is when a person moves his or her lips at the same time as a recorded sound or with another person.  Some artists lip sync a live performance because they are not as confident and want to avoid hitting possible bad notes.

Lip syncing by singers can be controversial to fans attending concert performances who expect to view a live performance.

The word _synch_ is short for _synchronize_, meaning to do something at the same time.
Faith Evans

**Faith Evans** (born June 10, 1973 in Lakeland, Florida) is an American R&B singer. She grew up in Newark, New Jersey. Her first husband, The Notorious B.I.G., died in a drive-by shooting in 1997 . She has been arrested for cocaine and marijuana. Evans' album _R&B Divas_ was nominated for Best R&B Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.

### Studio albums

- _Faith_ (1995)
- _Keep the Faith_ (1998)
- _Faithfully_ (2001)
- _The First Lady_ (2005)_
- _A Faithful Christmas_ (2005)
- _Something About Faith_ (2010)
- _Incomparable_ (2014)

### Collaboration albums

- _The King & I'' (with The Notorious B.I.G.) (2017)

## Related pages

- I'll Be Missing You
San Andreas

**San Andreas** may mean:

- San Andreas Fault, the 1000 km fault
- San Andreas, California, a place in the United States
- _Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas_, a video game for PlayStation 2, PC and Xbox
Barry Switzer

**Barry Switzer** (born October 5, 1937 in Crossett, Arkansas, USA) was an American football coach. He coached both professional and college football for 32 years. Switzer is one of only three head coaches to win both a college football national championship and a Super Bowl. He has one of the highest winning percentages in the history of college football.

After high school, Switzer went to the University of Arkansas. He played football there from 1956 to 1960. After graduation, Switzer join the US Army for a short time. After the Army, he returned to the University of Arkansas to work as an assistant coach.

After the 1966 season, Switzer became an assistant coach at the University of Oklahoma. He became head coach there in 1973. During his first two years as head coach, Oklahoma did not lose any games and won the national championship two time. They won the championship a third time in 1985. Switzer left Oklahoma in 1989. His record there was 157 wins, 29 losses and 4 ties.

In 1994, Switzer became the coach for the Dallas Cowboys. He led them to a win in Super Bowl XXX during the 1995 season. Switzer retired from coaching after the following season.

In 2001, Switzer was elected into the College Football Hall of Fame. On September 9, 2007, he began working with the FOX television network on its NFL pre-game show.
Constant

A **constant** is something that does not change. Constants (numbers) are used in maths and computer programming.

## Related pages

- Variable
Isabelle of Hainaut

**Isabelle of Hainaut** (5 April, 1170 - 15 March, 1190) was a Queen of France. She was born in Lille on 5 April 1170. Her father was Baldwin V of Hainaut and her mother was Margaret I of Flanders. She married Philip II of France in 1180.
Fragaria

****** is the Latin name used in science for the genus of about 20 species of **strawberries**, plants in the rose family that grow small sweet red fruit. The most well-known and most grown of these species is the strawberry _Fragaria_× ananassa''. The other species are informally known as the **wildstrawberries**.

## Name

**' is a Latin word for the group of "strawberry-like" plants, formed by putting **' ("strawberry") together with the ending **', which here means something close to the English "-like".

## History

People have eaten different kinds of wild strawberries for thousands of years. In Europe, people usually grew the woodland strawberry. Dutch people learned how to eat them through most of the year by planting their seeds at different times, letting them harvest for nine months of the year. The Alpine strawberry became popular around the 1650s because it was a little bigger and could grow in places with less strong sunlight, like the British islands in the late fall. Today's bigger "garden" strawberry was first made around Brest in Brittany (northwest France) in the 1750s. It was made by joining the Virginia strawberry from eastern North America to the European Hautbois and the Chilean strawberry from western South America.

## Kinds

The species of the genus **' are:

- Strawberry or garden strawberry ()
- Woodland strawberry (**')
- Alpine strawberry (**')
- Virginia strawberry (**')
- Chilean strawberry (**')

## Fruit

The real fruit of the strawberries are the achenes, which people usually think of as the little seeds around the outside of the larger red "fruit". What people think is the "fruit" is really the swollen stems between these fruit. This kind of fruit, where different ovaries grow into a single larger fruit, is called an "aggregate fruit".
1859

## Events

- The Suez Canal begins to be built in Egypt.
- January 24 - Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexander John Cuza under the name Romania (see December 1 1918 for the final unification, Transylvania and other regions are still missing at that time).

## Deaths

- Date unknown – Mahmud Bayazidi, Kurdish polymath
- John Brown
Paul Simon

**Paul Simon** (born October 13, 1941) is an American musician and songwriter. He is of Jewish descent and became famous as a member of Simon and Garfunkel, with his friend, Art Garfunkel. He wrote their songs. The two went their separate ways in the early 1970s and since then Simon has become a successful solo artist.

Paul Simon had his first success in 1958 when his song "Hey Schoolgirl" got to Number 49 on the US charts. He was performing with his friend Art Garfunkel in an act called "Tom and Jerry". His next success was in 1965 with "Sounds of Silence" which went to Number 1. This was also performed with Garfunkel under the name "Simon and Garfunkel.

Some of Simon's most famous songs include "Slip Sliding Away", "American Tune", "Late in the Evening", "Still Crazy After All These Years", "Me and Julio Down By the School Yard" and "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover". His 1986 album _Graceland_ is very well-known. He is still producing music. His newest album is called _Surprise_.

Simon has received three honorary doctorates in music, including one from Yale University and one from Berklee College of Music. In 2006, _Time_ said that he was one of the 100 _people who shape our world_.

## Discography

- _Paul Simon_ (WEA), 1972
- _There Goes Rhymin' Simon_, (WEA), 1973
- _Still Crazy After All These Years_, (WEA), 1975
- _One-Trick Pony_, (Warner Bros.), 1980
- _Hearts and Bones_, (Warner Bros.), 1983
- _Graceland_, (Warner Bros.), 1986
- _Rhythm of the Saints_, (Warner Bros) 1990
- _Songs from the Capeman_, (Warner Bros.), 1997
- _You're the One_, (Warner Bros), 2000
- _Surprise_, (Warner Bros), 2006
- _So Beautiful or So What_, 2011
- _Stranger to Stranger_, 2016
- _In the Blue Light_, 2018
- _Seven Psalms_, 2023

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Paul Simon
- **img**: Paul Simon 25-07-2008 2.jpg
- **img capt**: Paul Simon in concert
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Newark, New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey
- **instrument**: Vocal, guitar
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter
- **years active**: 1958–present
- **associated acts**: Simon & Garfunkel, Tom and Jerry
Shirley Jones

**Shirley Jones** (b. March 31, 1934) is an American and singer and actress. She appeared in movie musicals, singing a leading role in movies such as _Oklahoma!_, _The Music Man_, and _Carousel_.

Jones had a supporting role in the movie _Elmer Gantry_, starring actor Burt Lancaster. She is also famous for her role as Shirley Partridge on the television series _The Partridge Family_.

## Personal life

She was married to Jack Cassidy, from 1956 to 1975, and had three sons with him, Shaun, Patrick, and Ryan. Her stepson is David Cassidy who co-starred with her on _The Partridge Family_. After she divorced Cassidy she married Marty Ingels on November 13, 1977. Their marriage would last until Ingels' death in October 2015.

## Other websites

- http://www.shirleyjones.com

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Shirley Jones
- **img**: Shirley Jones 2010.jpg
- **img capt**: Jones in 2010
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Shirley Mae Jones
- **origin**: Charleroi, Pennsylvania,
 United States
- **instrument**: Human voice, Voice
- **occupation**: Singer, actress
- **years active**: 1953–present
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia, Capitol Records, Capitol, Dot Records, Dot, Warner Bros. Records
- **associated acts**: Gordon MacRae
Jack Cassidy
Robert Preston (actor), Robert Preston
Pat Boone
- **url**: [http://www.shirleyjones.com/ shirleyjones.com]
DeForest Kelley

**Jackson DeForest Kelley** (January 20, 1920 – June 11, 1999) was an American actor.

## Roles

Kelley is most famous for his role as Dr. Leonard McCoy of the USS _Enterprise_ in the television series _Star Trek_ and the six movies that followed.

Also known as well as an older Admiral Dr. Leonard McCoy, Star Fleet Surgeon General Emeritus, in the _Star Trek: The Next Generation_ television pilot, "Encounter at Farpoint".

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: DeForest Kelley
- **image**: DEFOREST_KELLEY.jpg
- **caption**: Jackson DeForest Kelley, at a _Star Trek_ convention.
- **birthname**: Jackson DeForest Kelley
- **birth date**: January 20, 1920
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- **death place**: Woodland Hills, California, United States
- **spouse**: Carolyn Dowling (1949-1999)
- **known for**: Playing "Leonard McCoy" in _Star Trek_
Scott Bakula

**Scott Bakula** (October 9, 1954) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles on the television shows, _Quantum Leap_ and _Star Trek: Enterprise_.

## Filmography

- _Cats Don't Dance_ (1997) ... Danny Cat (voice)
- _Looney Tunes: Back in Action_ (2003) ... Danny Cat (voice)

## Other websites

- _Shenandoah_ at Ford's Theatre.
- Scott Bakula 2000 Interview  on _Sidewalks Entertainment_

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Scott Bakula
- **image**: Scott Bakula.jpg
- **caption**: Scott Bakula
- **birthname**: Scott Stewart Bakula
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, United States, U.S.
- **known for**: Acting roles:
**Samuel Becket** in _Quantum Leap_
**Jonathan Archer** in _Star Trek: Enterprise_
- **spouse**: Krista Neumann (1981–1995)
- **partner**: Chelsea Field (1996–present)
Forestry

**Forestry** means working to take care of forests.  Someone who has a job looking after forests is called a **forester**.

Forests are very important for the world today. Much of the water cycle and carbon cycle goes through forests. Many of them are disappearing because people destroy them for firewood or to make farms. A forester makes sure the forest and all the animals that live there are healthy.  Foresters also make sure the forest is in good condition for people to use.  They makes sure that forests are not destroyed by wildfires before they are ready to use for timber production (cutting down trees to use the wood).

Forests are important for recreation (letting people enjoy them).  They are very important today because humans produce a lot of carbon dioxide and the trees in forests help to turn this back into oxygen, which we breathe to live. Foresters also help the government figure out what to do about artificial forestry. Many universities offer forestry courses. Forestry students also study zoology, botany and ecology.

## Related pages

- Environmentalism
- Reforesting
800s BC

## Events

- The poet, Homer is thought to have lived.
- Dido, Queen of Carthage is thought to have lived.
- 804 BC - The empire of Assyria takes over the city of Damascus.
- 804 BC - The Egyptian ruler Pedubastis I dies.
- Ancient Italian society develops.
- Olmec people start to build pyramids.
Robert Englund

**Robert Englund** (born June 6, 1947 in Glendale, California) is an American actor. He is most famous for playing Freddy Krueger in the _A Nightmare on Elm Street_ movies.

## Other websites

- Robert Englund's official website
- Robert Englund interview with the Horror Asylum
- Robert Englund interview by Ladyghost
- Robert Englund interview by AOL Canada
- Robert Englund interview with The Phantom Zone
Margaret of Valois

**Margaret of Valois** (May 14, 1553 – May 27, 1615) was a Princess of France and a member of the house of Valois.

Her father was Henry II of France and her mother was Catherine of Medici. She was also the sister of Francis II of France, Charles IX of France and Henry III of France. Margaret was then married to Henry IV of France.

The author Alexandre Dumas, père wrote a book about Margaret called _Queen Margot_.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Marguerite of France
- **succession**: Queen consort of France
- **image**: Rubens.La Reine Marguerite de Valois.JPG
- **caption**: Detail of painting by Rubens
- **image size**: 235px
- **reign**: 2 August 1589 – 17 December 1599
- **succession2**: Queen consort of Navarre
- **spouse**: Henry IV of France
- **house**: House of Valois
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **father**: Henry II of France
- **full name**: Marguerite  de France
- **mother**: Catherine de' Medici
- **birth place**: Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
- **death place**: _Hostel de la Reyne Margueritte_, Paris
- **burial place**: Basilica of St Denis
- **signature**: Signature of Marguerite of France (wife of Henri IV of France).JPG
Queen Margot

***Queen Margot*** is a book written in 1845 by Alexandre Dumas, père.  It is a story about Margaret of Valois and Henry IV of France.  The same writer wrote many other books including _The Man in the Iron Mask_, _The Count of Monte Cristo_ and _The Three Musketeers_.
Henrietta Maria of France

**Henrietta Maria of France** (November 25, 1609 - September 10, 1669) was the youngest daughter of Henry IV of France and Marie de' Medici. She was born in the Louvre Palace in Paris on November 25, 1609. She was a Roman Catholic.

Henrietta Maria married Charles I and became the Queen of England.

## Issue

|Name|Birth|Death|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Charles James Stuart, Duke of Cornwall|13 March 1629|13 March 1629|Stillborn|
|Charles II|29 May 1630|6 February 1685|Married Catherine of Braganza (1638–1705) in 1663.  No legitimate issue.|
|Mary, Princess Royal|4 November 1631|24 December 1660|Married William II, Prince of Orange (1626–1650) in 1641.  Had issue.|
|James II, King of England|14 October 1633|16 September 1701|Married (1) Anne Hyde (1637–1671) in 1659; had issue (2) Mary of Modena (1658–1718) in 1673; had issue|
|Elizabeth, Princess of England|29 December 1635|8 September 1650|Died young; no issue. Buried Newport, Isle of Wight|
|Anne, Princess of England|17 March 1637|8 December 1640|Died young; no issue. Buried Westminster Abbey|
|Catherine, Princess of England|29 January 1639|29 January 1639|Stillborn; buried Westminster Abbey.|
|Henry, Duke of Gloucester|8 July 1640|18 September 1660|Died unmarried; no issue. Buried Westminster Abbey|
|Henrietta, Princess of England|16 June 1644|30 June 1670|Married Philippe of France, _Duke of Orléans_ (1640–1701) in 1661; had issue|

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **image**: Henrietta Maria by Sir Anthony Van Dyck.jpg
- **succession**: List of English consorts, Queen consort of England, List of Scottish consorts, Scotland and List of Irish consorts, Ireland
- **caption**: Henriette Marie by Anthony van Dyck
- **reign**: 13 June 1625 – 30 January 1649
- **spouse**: Charles I of England, Charles I of England and Scotland
- **issue**: Charles II of England, Charles II, King of England
Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, Mary, Princess of Orange
James II of England, James II, King of England
Elizabeth of England (1635–1650), Princess Elizabeth
Princess Anne of England, Princess Anne
Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester, Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Henrietta of England, Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans
- **issue-link**: #Issue
- **house**: House of Stuart
House of Bourbon
- **father**: Henry IV of France
- **mother**: Marie de' Medici
- **birth place**: Louvre, Palais du Louvre, Paris, France
- **death place**: Château de Colombes, Paris, France
- **burial date**: 13 September 1669
- **burial place**: Basilica of St Denis, Royal Basilica of Saint Denis,
- **religion**: Roman Catholic
Madonna (disambiguation)

**Madonna** (Italian for "my lady") can have different meanings. They are isted below. Commonly it is used for the depiction of Mary, and for the singer.

## Art, incuding religious art

- A depiction of Mary, often with child (Jesus), see Mary, mother of Jesus. Very often this is a statue, sometimes it is also done as a small painting (icon)
- _Benois Madonna,_ a painting  by Leonardo Da Vinci_, completed 1478_
- _Madonna del Prato_,  a painting  by Bellini, completed 1505
- _Madonna del Prato_,   a painting by Raphael, completed 1506
- A motif by Evard Munch, see Madonna (Munch). He used it for five paintings, done between 1894 and 1897, and a lithograph, in 1895, also see List_of_paintings_by_Edvard_Munch

## People called "Madonna"

- _Madonna Louise Ciccone_; born 1958, a well-known US singer, see Madonna
- Armando Madonna, born 1963, Italian football player and trainer
- Joseph Freiherr Maroicic von Madonna del Monte (1812-82), Austrian general, of Croatian descent

## Cities and place names

- Madona, a city in Latvia
- Madonna di Campiglio, a ski resort in Italy
- Madonna di Campagna, a quarter of Turin
- Madonna del Sasso, in Piedmont
- Madonna, Maryland, a place in Maryland

## Songs and music albums

- Lady Madonna, a song

- _Madonna_ (Madonna album)
Tortilla

A **tortilla** is a flat bread used in Mexican cuisine. They are used in burritos, enchiladas, and mainly as a wrap called taco. They are normally made of maize (corn), but can also be made of wheat or potatoes.

In Spanish cuisine, tortillas are very different; they are closer to an omelette based on potatoes, usually mixed with other ingredients like onions, pork sausages or other vegetables; they can be baked or cooked in a frying pan. Also many Latin-American countries call omelettes tortillas, and the ingredients can be different in every country, using their local ingredients and by choice of the chef.
In Armenian cuisine a tortilla is known as lavash which is a type of flat bread.

## Infobox (food)

- **image**: Tortilla2.JPG
- **country**: Mesoamerica
- **type**: Flatbread
- **served**: Hot or warm.
- **main ingredient**: Flour
Bit

**Bit** can have different meanings:
- Binary digit, the most basic unit of information
- A small amount of anything either literal or theoretical.
    - One eighth of a Spanish Peso.
EastEnders

***EastEnders*** is a British TV soap opera in the United Kingdom. It has been running since 19th February 1985, and has had over 7000 episodes. The programme is a rival of _Coronation Street_ and _Emmerdale_ on ITV. It is shown on BBC One.

The programme is in a pretend area of East London, called Walford. It is filmed in Elstree, a village in Borehamwood. Like _Coronation Street_, most action is around a local pub. The pub in _EastEnders_ is called The Queen Vic.

It quickly became very popular when it launched and had its highest rated episode on 25th December 1986 (Christmas Day) when Den Watts served his wife Angie divorce papers behind the Queen Vic which was watched by 30 million viewers, making it one of the most watched shows in the UK of all time.

There are many storylines, including drug abuse, rape, racism, domestic violence, murder, kidnapping, prostitution, theft, senile dementia, arson, and runaway children.

Arguments between members of one family, or between different families, are often in the storylines.

It has won ten BAFTA awards.

## Other websites

- _EastEnders_ at BBC Studios
- _EastEnders_ at BBC Studioworks
- _EastEnders_ at the British Film Institute
Genetic

**Genetic** can refer to:
- Genetics, the science of heredity. In this context, 'genetic' means passed on through heredity.
- Genetic (linguistics), in linguistics, a relationship between two languages with a common ancestor language
- Genetic algorithm, in computer science, a kind of search technique modeled on evolutionary biology
William II of England

**William II of England** (c. 1 September 1056–2 August 1100) was King of England from 1087 to his death.

He was the second son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders. He was a harsh ruler and not very liked. He did not have a wife or any children.

He died in the New Forest when he was shot by an arrow while he was hunting with his brother-in-law, Walter Tirel (Tryyel), and other friends.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: William II "Rufus"
- **title**: King of the English
- **more**: en
- **image**: British School - William Rufus - Google Art Project.jpg
- **image size**: 221
- **succession**: List of English monarchs, King of England
- **reign**: 9 September 1087–2 August 1100
- **coronation**: 26 September 1087
- **predecessor**: William I of England, William I "the Conqueror"
- **successor**: Henry I of England, Henry I "Beauclerc"
- **house**: Norman dynasty
- **father**: William I of England, William I "the Conqueror"
- **mother**: Matilda of Flanders
- **birth date**: c. 1 September 1056
- **birth place**: Normandy, France
- **death place**: The New Forest, England
- **burial place**: Winchester Cathedral
Jane Seymour

**Jane Seymour** (17 July 1509 – 24 October 1537) was the third wife of King Henry VIII of England and queen consort from 1536 until 1537. She was the mother of Edward VI of England, who died at the age of 15. Edward was the only male child of King Henry VIII to survive infancy.

## Biography

Jane Seymour was the child of John Seymour and Margery Wentworth. She was not educated as much as King Henry's wives before her, for example, Catherine of Aragon or Anne Boleyn. She could read and write a little, but was much better at needlework and managing the house. These were considered much more necessary for women. Jane's needlework was said to be beautiful and complex. Some of her work was kept until 1652, where it is recorded to have been given to the Seymour family. After her death, it was noted that Henry was an "enthusiastic embroiderer".

She was a lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of Henry VIII. When Henry divorced his first wife and married Anne Boleyn, Jane continued to be a lady-in-waiting. Henry VIII noticed Jane at court and had already fallen in love with her by the time Anne Boleyn was executed. He became engaged to Jane on the day after the execution, and they were married ten days later, on May 30, 1536. When Jane became queen, she ran the royal court in a strict and formal way, and her only close friends were Anne Stanhope and Elizabeth Seymour.

## Pregnancy and death

Sometime in December 1536, Jane gave birth to a stillborn child.

In early 1537, Jane became pregnant and developed a craving for quail. On October 12, 1537, she gave birth to the son that Henry VIII wanted so much. They named him Edward, and he was later to be King Edward VI of England. Soon, Jane became very ill with fever, and later she died on October 24, 1537. Jane never had a coronation, and was married to Henry for only a year and a half before she died (May 30, 1536 - October 24, 1537). Henry had loved Jane the most among all his wives, because she was the one who gave him a son or a heir to the throne. Even though he was married another three times after Jane's death, he always grieved for her. Before Henry died, he asked to be buried next to Jane.

## Children

Jane had two children, of which only one survived infancy.

- stillborn child (December 1536)
- Edward VI of England (12 October 1537 - 10 July 1553)

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **image**: Hans Holbein the Younger - Jane Seymour, Queen of England - Google Art Project.jpg
- **succession**: Queen Consort of England
- **reign**: 30 May 1536 – 24 October 1537
- **coronation**: 4 June 1536 (Proclamation)
 21 October 1537
- **spouse**: Henry VIII of England (m. 1536)
- **issue**: Edward VI of England
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Catholic
- **father**: John Seymour (1474–1536), Sir John Seymour
- **mother**: Margery Wentworth
- **birth date**: 17 July 1509
- **death place**: Hampton Court Palace, England
- **signature**: Jane Seynour Signature.svg
- **caption**: Portrait by Hans Holbein,  1532 - 1536
- **predecessor**: Anne Boleyn (17 May 1536)
- **successor**: Anne of Cleves (1540)
Elizabeth of York

**Elizabeth of York** (11 February 1466 – 11 February 1503) was Queen of England through her marriage to King Henry VII, which took place on 18 January 1486. She was the daughter of Edward IV of England and of Elizabeth Woodville. Her marriage to Henry VII of England came after his victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses, a civil war between two royal families: the Lancasters and the Yorks.

Elizabeth's younger brothers, known as the **Princes in the Tower**, disappeared under mysterious circumstances after their uncle, Richard III, took the throne in 1483. During this time, a law**, Titulus Regius**, declared that Elizabeth's parents’ marriage was invalid, which made her and her siblings illegitimate. However, Elizabeth and her sisters returned to court after they had spent ten months hiding in Westminster Abbey. There were rumours that Richard III wanted to marry Elizabeth himself.

When Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) defeated Richard III, he knew that marrying Elizabeth would help him gain support from Yorkist followers. He had promised to marry her before his invasion of England, which may have weakened Richard’s support. After becoming king, Henry VII had Titulus Regius repealed and made her his queen.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: File:British School, 16th century - Elizabeth of York (1465-1503) - RCIN 403447 - Royal Collection.jpg
- **succession**: Queen consort of England
- **reign**: 18 January 1486 – 11 February 1503
- **consort**: yes
- **coronation**: 25 November 1487
- **birth date**: 11 February 1466
- **birth place**: Westminster Palace, Middlesex, England
- **death place**: Tower of London, London, England
- **issue-link**: #Children
- **issue-pipe**: more...
- **house**: House of York, York
- **father**: Edward IV of England
- **mother**: Elizabeth Woodville
- **burial date**: 24 February 1503
- **burial place**: Westminster Abbey
- **signature**: Elizabeth Of Yorks Signature.svg
Gregory Peck

**Eldred Gregory Peck** (April 5, 1916 – June 12, 2003) was an American actor who was born in La Jolla, California.

One of 20th Century Fox's most popular movie stars from the 1940s to the 1950s, Peck continued to play important roles well into the 1980s. His most famous role was that of Atticus Finch in the film _To Kill a Mockingbird_ (1962) for which he won his Academy Award. He also won five Golden Globe Awards during his career.

Peck's other best known roles include _Captain Horatio Hornblower_ (1951), _David and Bathsheba_ (1951), _The Snows of Kilimanjaro_ (1952), _Roman Holiday_ (1953), _Moby Dick_ (1956), _The Guns of Navarone_ (1961), _Cape Fear_ (1962), _The Omen_ (1976), and _The Boys from Brazil_ (1978).

President Lyndon Johnson awarded Peck the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. A Democrat, Peck said that President Johnson told him had he decided to run for re-election in 1968, he would have nominated Peck to be the U.S. Ambassador to Ireland.

In 1991, the American Film Institute named Peck among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time, ranking at number 12.

Peck retired from acting in 2000, however he was offered the role of Grandpa Joe in the 2005 movie _Charlie and the Chocolate Factory_, but died before he could accept it. The Irish actor David Kelly was then given the part.

On June 12, 2003, Peck died in his sleep from bronchopneumonia at the age of 87 at his home in Los Angeles.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gregory Peck
- **image**: Peck On the Beach Publicity Photo.jpg
- **caption**: Gregory Peck in 1959
- **birth name**: Eldred Gregory Peck
- **birth place**: La Jolla, California, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Bronchopneumonia
- **resting place**: Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Los Angeles, California
- **alma mater**: University of California, Berkeley
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1933–2000
- **spouse**: Greta Kukkonen
(m. 1934–1947, divorced)
Veronique Passani
(m. 1947–1996, his death)
- **relatives**: Ethan Peck (grandson)
- **children**: 5, including Cecilia Peck, Cecilia
Sin City

***Sin City*** is the title of a number of stories by Frank Miller, written in a comic book-style and the name of a movie that is based on the books.

## _Sin City_ movie

A movie version of the _Sin City_ books was released in 2005.  It starred a number of famous actors, including Jessica Alba, Brittany Murphy, Bruce Willis, and Elijah Wood. The movie was directed by Frank Miller, Robert Rodriguez, and Quentin Tarantino.

The movie is based on four stories from the _Sin City_ books:  "The Customer is Always Right", "The Hard Goodbye", "The Big Fat Kill" and "That Yellow Bastard".

## Other websites

- Official _Sin City_ website
- Roger Ebert's original review of Sin City
- _Sin City_ Trailer 1 (14.5 MB, Quicktime)
- _Sin City_ Trailer 2 (27.4 MB, Quicktime)
- A list of differences between the books and the film
- Comic book-to-film visual comparisons
- An extensive interview with Miller and Rodriguez (59:39 minutes, click "Extended Audio")
- The Spoilers Alternate DVD Commentary of Sin City
- Peter Sanderson's indepth analysis of the film
- _Sin City_ at FranksFilms
Brittany Murphy

**Brittany Murphy-Monjack** (born **Brittany Anne Bertolotti**; November 10, 1977 – December 20, 2009) was an American actress and singer. She appeared in many movies and was the voice of Luanne on the American television show _King of the Hill_. Murphy was married to British moviemaker Simon Monjack (1970-2010) from 2007 until her death on December 20, 2009. She died of pneumonia. An overdose of legal drugs also played a part in her death.

## Filmography

|colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Film||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1993|_Family Prayers_|Elsie|Alternative title: _A Family Divided_||
|1995|_Clueless_|Tai|||
|1996|_Freeway_|Rhonda|||
|rowspan=2|1997|_Bongwater_|Mary||
|_Drive_|Deliverance Bodine||||
|rowspan=3|1998|_Falling Sky_|Emily Nicholson||
|_The Prophecy II_|Izzy|Direct-to-video release|||
|_Zack and Reba_|Reba Simpson||||
|rowspan=2|1999|_Drop Dead Gorgeous_|Lisa Swenson||
|_Girl, Interrupted_|Daisy Randone||||
|rowspan=5|2000|_Trixie_|Ruby Pearli||
|_Angels!_|Nurse Bellows||||
|_Cherry Falls_|Jody Marken||||
|_The Audition_|Daniella|Short subject|||
|_Sidewalks of New York_|Ashley||||
|rowspan=3|2001|_Summer Catch_|Dede Mulligan||
|_Don't Say a Word_|Elisabeth Burrows||||
|_Riding in Cars with Boys_|Fay Forrester||||
|rowspan=3|2002|_Spun_|Nikki||
|_Something in Between_|Sky||||
|_8 Mile_|Alex Latourno||||
|rowspan=3|2003|_Just Married_|Sarah||
|_Uptown Girls_|Molly Gunn||||
|_Good Boy!_|Nelly|Voice|||
|2004|_Little Black Book_|Stacy Holt|||
|rowspan=2|2005|_Sin City_|Shellie||
|_Neverwas_|Maggie Blake||||
|rowspan=4|2006|_The Groomsmen_|Sue||
|_Love and Other Disasters_|Emily "Jacks" Jackson||||
|_Happy Feet_|Gloria|Voice|||
|_The Dead Girl_|Krista Kutcher||||
|rowspan=2|2008|_The Ramen Girl_|Abby||
|_Futurama: The Beast with a Billion Backs_|Colleen (Voice)|Direct-to-DVD release|||
|rowspan=3|2009|_Deadline_|Alice||
|_Across the Hall_|June||||
|_Abandoned_|Mary||||
|1991|_Murphy Brown_|Frank's Sister|1 episode||
|1991-1992|_Drexell's Class_|Brenda Drexell|18 episodes||
|rowspan=2|1992|_Kids Incorporated_|Celeste|1 episode|
|_Parker Lewis Can't Lose_|Angie|1 episode|||
|rowspan=2|1993|_Almost Home_|Molly Morgan|13 episodes|
|_Blossom_|Wendy|1 episode|||
|rowspan=2|1994|_Frasier_|Olsen|1 episode|
|_Party of Five_|Abby|2 episodes|||
|1994-1995|_Sister, Sister_|Sarah|6 episodes||
|rowspan=4|1995|_Boy Meets World_|Trini|2 episodes|
|_The Marshal_|Lizzie Roth|1 episode|||
|_seaQuest DSV_|Christine VanCamp|1 episode|||
|_Murder One_|Diane "Dee-Dee" Carson|1 episode|||
|rowspan=3|1996|_Double Jeopardy_|Julia|Television movie|
|_Nash Bridges_|Carrie|1 episode|||
|_Clueless_|Jasmine|1 episode|||
|1997-2009|_King of the Hill_|Luanne Platter (Voice) Various characters (Voice)|226 episodes||
|1998|_David and Lisa_|Lisa|Television movie||
|1999|_The Devil's Arithmetic_|Rivkah|Television movie||
|1999-2000|_Pepper Ann_|Tank the 8th grader (Voice)|3 episodes||
|2000|_Common Ground_|Dorothy Nelson|Television movie||
|rowspan=2|2009|_Tribute_|Cilla McGowan|Television movie|
|_Megafault_|Dr. Amy Lane|Television movie|||

## Other websites

- Brittany Murphy Tribute
Evershot

**Evershot** is a village in the county of Dorset. It is in the West Dorset District. In 2001 there were 206 people living in Evershot.
Copyleft

**Copyleft** is a name for a type of a license for free content or free software. It is not the opposite of copyright, but its purpose is the opposite of the purpose of the frequently seen copyright type of license (which uses copyright to _forbid_ changing, giving, or selling something). A copyleft license uses copyright to _forbid forbidding_ changing, giving, or selling something.

Both copyleft and non-copyleft ("permissive") licenses for free content or free software can be used for things like documents (for example books, art, music and software); they always allow people to change the works, and to give or sell them to other people. It should be noted that, although people might think that copyleft content is not copyrighted, that's a myth. Copyleft is a form of licensing: it is not just another name for public domain.

However, in a copyleft license, when a person gives or sells a work (changed or not changed) to a friend, the person must allow the friend to do the things which the author of the original work has allowed in the license to the person. This often means, for example, that if another person licensed a book under a copyleft license, and you changed it into a new book, you would have to license your new book under the same license.

Some free and open copyleft licenses that are used a lot are the GNU General Public License and the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. Commercial copyleft licenses are the Server Side Public License and the Open Compensation Token License.
Bush

**Bush** can be more than one thing:
- A bush or a shrub is a woody plant
- The bush is the name used for undeveloped land in some countries
- For the U.S. presidents Bush, see George Bush
- Bush (band)
Aerospace engineering

**Aerospace engineering** is a field of engineering that specializes in vehicles that move in fluids. This usually means working with airplanes, cars, boats, trains, or spacecraft.

As with other engineering, people who work in Aerospace engineering must study. This depends on what they want to do. Aerospace engineers (who design and oversee repair of vehicles) study for years at a university or college and earn a degree. Technicians (those who repair and construct vehicles) will do a shorter course and 'on the job' training. Aerospace jobs include astronauts, pilots, and other professionals.
Karnataka

Karnataka is a state in the Republic of India.  It has an area of .In traditional Indian geography, it is part of the Southern zone. It has 31 districts. As of the 2011 census, it has a population of approximately 61.1 million. The present Chief Minister of the state is Siddaramaiah of the Indian National Congress.

Bangalore is the capital city of Karnataka.  It is also known as the IT capital of India. Mysore, Mangalore, Hubli-Dharwad, Kalaburgi and Hospet are the other big cities in Karnataka. Places to see in Karnataka are Bangalore, Mysore, Hampi, Bijapur, Belur/Halebid, Shivamogga, sannati (yadgir) and Shravanabelagola.  The Lalbhag Botanical Garden, Badami and the Jog water are some of the well-known tourist attractions in Karnataka.

Kannada  is the official language of the state and the most prominent language spoken by the people in Karnataka.  Telugu, Tamil, Marathi, Hindi and Malayalam are also spoken in Karantaka. Kannada is declared as one of the official languages of India. It has won the most number of Gnanpith Awards - 8, which are awarded to writers.

Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Telangana to the northeast, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the south and Kerala to the southwest.  Topographically, Karnataka consists of the Arabian Sea Coast, Western Ghats, Deccan Plateau, and Eastern Ghats.

Karnataka's history dates back to the 3rd century BC.  The succession of able administrators from the Hoysalas, Chalukyas and the mighty Vijayanagara rulers, to the arrival of the Mughals in the 17th century and the British in the 18th century have contributed to the mix of culture and heritage that is as rich as it is ancient.  The perambadi pass is a mountain pass located in karnataka which is connected to kannur district in kerala.

## References

**
**

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Karnataka
- **native name**: कर्नाटक
 ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ
- **settlement type**: State of India
- **image map**: File:IN-KA.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Karnataka in India
- **image map1**: India Karnataka location map.svg
- **map caption1**: Map of Karnataka
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 61095297
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name1**: South India
- **area total km2**: 191980
- **blank name**: Official languages
- **blank info**: Kannada
- **timezone**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset**: +05:30
Norrland

**Norrland** is the northernmost region of Sweden. The other two regions are Götaland and Svealand. Norrland includes the Swedish counties Gävleborg County, Västernorrland County, Jämtland County, Västerbotten County and Norrbotten County. By "Upper Norrland" people usually mean Norrbotten and Västerbotten counties.
Historically parts of northern Finland have also been parts of Norrland.

Even though 59% of Sweden's area is within Norrland, only 12% of its population live there. The biggest town of Norrland is Umeå.

Norrland is famous for its landscape, and for phenomena such as the Midnight sun, Polar night and Aurora also called the Northern lights.
Nova Scotia

**Nova Scotia** ( ); <small>French pronunciation:</small> ) is a small province found on the east coast of Canada. The name "Nova Scotia" is Latin for "New Scotland". The capital and largest city is Halifax.

People who live in Nova Scotia are called Nova Scotians. There are over 1 million of them; over 500,000 of whom live in Halifax.

What is now Nova Scotia used to be controlled by the Mik'maq. The French settled among them at Port Royal after 1600, and called the land part of Acadia, with Port Royal as its capital. In 1710, after a war, the British captured Port Royal and went on to capture the rest of the peninsula. It was the first time that the British had captured and held a French colony.

On 6 December 1917, about 2,000 people were killed in the Halifax Explosion.

Nova Scotia's government is a democracy. Tim Houston is the premier and Mike Savage is the lieutenant governor.

## Other websites

- Nova Scotia Govt online map archive

## Infobox (province or territory of canada)

- **name**: Nova Scotia
- **settlement type**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **other name**:

- **image flag**: Flag of Nova Scotia.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Nova Scotia.svg
- **motto**:
"One defends and the other conquers"
- **image map**: Nova Scotia in Canada 2.svg
- **label map**: yes
- **official lang**: Canadian English (_de jure_)
**First Language**: Mi'kmaq language, Mi'kmawi'simk
**Recognized Regional Languages:**
Canadian French, Canadian Gaelic
- **capital**: Halifax, Nova Scotia, Halifax
- **largest city**: Halifax, Nova Scotia, Halifax
- **largest metro**: Halifax
- **premier**: Tim Houston
- **premierparty**: Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia, PC
- **government type**: Parliamentary system, Parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- **viceroy**: Michael Savage (politician), Mike Savage
- **viceroytype**: Lieutenant Governor
- **legislature**: Nova Scotia House of Assembly
- **pci**: 39,092
- **area rank**: 12th
- **area total km2**: 55284
- **area land km2**: 52942
- **area water km2**: 2342
- **percentwater**: 4.2
- **population demonym**: Nova Scotian, Bluenoser
- **population rank**: 7th
- **population total**: 969,383
- **population as of**: 2021 Canadian census, 2021
- **population est**: 1091857
- **pop est as of**: 2025 Q4
- **densityrank**: 2nd
- **density km2**: 18.91
- **gdp year**: 2020
- **gdp total**:  billion
- **gdp rank**: 7th
- **gdp per capita rank**: 12th
- **admittanceorder**: 1st, with New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec
- **admittancedate**: 1 July 1867
- **houseseats**: 11
- **senateseats**: 10
- **timezone1**: Atlantic Time Zone, Atlantic
- **utc offset1**: -04:00
- **postalabbreviation**: NS
- **postalcodeprefix**: List of B postal codes of Canada, B
- **iso code**: CA-NS
- **website**: novascotia.ca
- **flower**: Epigaea repens, Mayflower
- **tree**: Picea rubens, Red spruce
- **bird**: Osprey
- **hdi**: 0.903 — <span style="color:#090">Very high</span>
- **hdi rank**: 11th
- **hdi year**: 2019
- **timezone1 dst**: Atlantic Daylight Time, ADT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -03:00
Calgary (disambiguation)

**Calgary** might mean any of the following places:
- Calgary, Mull is a village and a bay on the Isle of Mull, Scotland, United Kingdom
- Fort Calgary was a Northwest Mounted Police fort founded in 1875, named after Scotland's Calgary.  It is now a historic site
- Calgary, Alberta is the largest city in Alberta, Canada; founded on the site of the fort
    - The Calgary Flames are a National Hockey League team from Calgary.
    - The Calgary Region is the area surrounding and including the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
    - The Calgary Health Region is the health district of Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and neighbouring areas

- 96192 Calgary, an asteroid