juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Free radical

A **free radical**, or **radical**, is an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron. The radical is reactive and seeks another electron to pair.

Many _free radicals_, are (very reactive or) highly chemical reactive.

## In biology

Free radicals are involved in the causes of damage associated with disease development. Examples are hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.

The need for antioxidants in people's daily lives is becoming more critical with increased exposure to free radicals. Oxygen is highly reactive and can form free radicals; antioxidants can stabilize or deactivate oxygen free radicals before they attack cells. Pollution, cigarette smoke, drugs, illness, and stress can increase our exposure to oxygen free radicals.
Dracunculus

***Dracunculus*** is a genus of plants in the family Araceae. They have a large purple spathe and spadix, and a foul smell.

There are only three species of  _Dracunculus_. _Dracunculus vulgaris_ grows in Southern Europe and Northern Africa. _Dracunculus canariensis_ grows in Canary Islands and Madeira.

All of these plants are herbs with tubers. The individual flowers flowers are tiny: they are gathered in an inflorescence.

Common names for this plant are _Snake Lily_, _Dragon Arum_, _Black Dragon_, _Voodoo Lily_, _Ragons_, _Black Arum_, _Dragonwort_ and _Stink Lily_.

_Dracunculus vulgaris_ is cultivated as a garden plant.
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## Other websites

- ITIS: _Dracunculus_
- NCBI: _Dracunculus_
Poughkeepsie Bridge

The **Poughkeepsie Bridge** (sometimes known as the **Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge** or the **Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge**) is a cantilever bridge over the Hudson River. It goes from Poughkeepsie, New York on the east side to Highland, New York on the west side. It was built for trains and was completed on January 1, 1889. It closed down on May 8, 1974 after a bad fire. It became part of the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. On October 3, 2009, the bridge was opened to the public as a pedestrian bridge and New York State Park. It is now known as the Walkway Over the Hudson. It cost $39 million to improve it.
Shehnai

A **Shehnai**  is a South Asian music instrument which is normally played at marriages and other ceremonies, rites and rituals. The word itself is of Turkish origin, combining 'Sheh' (or 'Shah') 'Royal' and '-Nai' means ,(Barber)

Also referred as Nadasvaram in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is usually made of wood and it has to be blown like a flute to play it.

Ustaad Bismillah Khan is considered as the maestro of Shehnai.
Verne Troyer

**Verne Jay Troyer** (January 1, 1969 – April 21, 2018) was an American actor, director, stuntman, voice artist, and comedian. He was  tall. He was best known for playing Mini-Me in the _Austin Powers_ movies. Troyer also guest-hosted WWE Raw on November 30, 2009.

On April 21, 2018, Troyer died in Los Angeles, California while being hospitalized with alcoholism complications from a suicide attempt. His manner of death was ruled as suicide. His cause of death was alcohol poisoning.

## Other websites

- Verne Troyer's Official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Verne Troyer
- **image**: Verne Troyer Chiller Theatre Expo 2017-10-28.jpg
- **caption**: Troyer at the Chiller Theatre Expo in 2017
- **birth name**: Vernon Jay Troyer
- **birth place**: Sturgis, Michigan, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Suicide
- **resting place**: Cremation, Cremated
- **education**: Centerville High School
- **alma mater**: Kellogg Community College
- **height**: 81 cm
- **occupation**: Actor, director, stunt performer, Internet personality, voice artist, comedian
- **years active**: 1994 – 2016
- **domestic partner**: Brittney Powell (2007 – 2018)
- **parents**: Reuben Troyer (father)
Susan Troyer (mother)
Brandon Barnes

**Brandon Barnes** (born October 10, 1972) is an American musician. He is best known as the drummer and co-composer for the hardcore punk band Rise Against. He lives with his wife, son and daughter in Colorado.

## Biography

Brandon studied music in college and played drums in the University of Colorado music program. He knew then he wanted to make music his career. By listening to his favorite drummers such as Elvin Jones, Tony Williams, Terry Bozzio, Peter Erskin, and Dave Lombardo, Brandon got the style of playing he has used in many bands over the last 10 years.
Brandon joined Rise Against in 2000 after the breakup of "Pinhead Circus" and was on the 2001 release and tour of The Unraveling. Since then, Brandon Barnes is continuing to play in Rise Against and has made drum tracks for all six of their albums.

### Pinhead Circus

- _Everything Else Is Just a Far Gone Conclusion_ (1999)

### Rise Against

- _The Unraveling_ (2001)
- _Revolutions Per Minute_ (2003)
- _Siren Song of the Counter Culture_ (2004)
- _The Sufferer & the Witness_ (2006)
- _This Is Noise_ (2007)
- _Appeal to Reason_ (2008)
- _Endgame_ (2011)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Brandon Barnes
- **image**: 2018 Brandon Barnes (cropped).jpg
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Denver, Colorado
- **genre**: Melodic hardcore, punk rock, hardcore punk
- **occupation**: Drummer
- **years active**: 1993-present
- **associated acts**: Rise Against, Pinhead Circus
Newgrounds

**Newgrounds** is a website hosted in Glenside, Pennsylvania, United States. Founded in 1995 by Tom Fulp, the site hosts a variety of animations, games, art and music from users worldwide. On April 6, 2000, the site became the first automated content-upload website on the internet, innovating with a voting and review system.

## Portal system

On April 7, 2000, the portal system was introduced in order to let artists upload their work without requesting.

The websites portal relies on a "Blamming" system. When an animation or game is uploaded, users can vote from 0 to 5 stars, and if they'd like, add a written review. If a submissions score is too low, the submission will be Blammed. This means it will not be able to be viewed anymore, other than the name and comments in the "Obituaries" section of the portal. Newly added submissions will need to get a certain number of votes before being able to write written reviews.

Newgrounds was one of the most popular websites in the 2000s. Many people created and viewed Flash animations and games, and due to the large amount of free entertainment, many users were drawn to it.

In 2009, the art portal was opened. Rather than a Blamming system, featured submissions are based on being scouted. Being scouted means an artist who has already been scouted thinks your art is good enough for you to be scouted. Scouted artists can be featured, and you must sort by unscouted artists to see unscouted artists.

## Notable events

On April 20, 2021, the site experienced a major crash and outage due to the rhythm game _Friday Night Funkin'_ being updated to include a level featuring the Tankmen, notable Newgrounds mascots.

## Related pages

- Adobe Flash
Moscow Kremlin

The **Moscow Kremlin**, usually just called **the Kremlin**, is a fortress in the center of Moscow, where most of the Russian government works.  It is on the left bank of the Moskva River and southwest of Red Square.

It is where the President of Russia works and may live. The term "the Kremlin" is often used to mean the Russian government.

The Kremlin and Red Square are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

## Other websites

- Moscow Kremlin photo

## Infobox (historic site)

- **name**: Moscow Kremlin
- **native name**: Моско́вский Кремль
- **native language**: Russian
- **image map**: Moscow 05-2012 Kremlin 22.jpg
- **location**: Moscow, Russia
- **locmapin**: Central Moscow
- **map width**: 275
- **map caption**: Location in Central Moscow
- **built**: 1482–1495
- **designation1**: WHS
- **designation1 offname**: Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow
- **designation1 date**: 1990 <small>(14th World Heritage Committee, session)</small>
- **designation1 number**: [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 545]
- **designation1 criteria**: i, ii, iv, vi
- **designation1 type**: Cultural
- **designation1 free1name**: State Party
- **designation1 free1value**: Russia
- **designation1 free2name**: Region
- **designation1 free2value**: List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe, Eastern Europe
Samson (disambiguation)

**Samson** is a person from the Bible known for his strength.

**Samson** may also refer to:

## Music

**Samson (band)**, a British rock band formed in 1977
Comune

The **** (; plural:  ) is a basic administrative division in Italy. It is about the same as a township or municipality.
Pavlova (food)

**Pavlova** is a meringue-based dessert named after the Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova. It is  a cake with a crispy crust and soft, light inside.

People believe the dessert was made to celebrate one of the dancer's tours to Australia and New Zealand in the 1920s. The two countries have argued for a long time over where it was created.

The dessert is very popular in both countries and often eaten on special occasions. It is usually served with cream and fruit.

## History

Research shows that the pavlova was first made in New Zealand or Australia.

Professor Helen Leach, who studies the history of food at the University of Otago in New Zealand, collected 667 pavlova recipes.  Her book, _The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand’s Culinary History_, says that the first Australian pavlova recipe  was made in 1935, and the recipe in the rural magazine _NZ Dairy Exporter Annual_ was made in 1929.

The Australian website "Australian Flavour" gives an even earlier date, 1926, when _Home Cookery for New Zealand_ by E Futter had a recipe for “Meringue with Fruit Filling.” The recipe was almost the same as a pavlova.
Meringue

A **meringue** () is a type of dessert made from whipping egg whites and sugar. Some meringue recipes also ask for cream of tartar or cornstarch to hold it together. Meringues are often flavoured with vanilla and a small amount of almond or coconut extract. They are light, airy and sweet.

## History

People do not agree whether meringue was invented in the Swiss town of Meiringen by an Italian chef named Gasparini. They are more sure that the name _meringue_ was first seen in 1692, in a cookbook by François Massialot. The word _meringue_ was first used in English in 1706 in an English translation of Massialot's book. There are two English recipe books that have a recipe for meringue, but it is called "white biskit bread" in the book of recipes started in 1604 by Lady Elinor Fettiplace, or called "pets" in the manuscript of collected recipes written by Lady Rachel Fane.

## Type of meringue

There are many types of meringue. The usual type is dry and crisp.

One type is the half-cooked type on queen of puddings, key lime pie, and lemon meringue pie. There are also uncooked meringues, and other types of meringues cooked in different ways.

Cooked meringue cannot be refrigerated or it will become soggy. They will keep for at least a week if stored in an airtight container.

Meringue is also used as a topping on other desserts, such as angel food cake, pavlova, and baked Alaska.

## Notes

Basic Meringue Recipe (Mary Berry) Rachel's Recipe Pantry
Faggot (slang)

**Faggot** (or **fag**) is an insulting term for a homosexual person. It is usually used to refer to gay men. Many people, especially homosexuals, see it as hate speech. Most prefer the term gay, or sometimes queer. Queer has been taken back for use by the LGBTQ+ community, even with the way the word has been used in the past.

Younger people (including LGBT people) often use terms like "gay," "fag," "faggot," and "poofter" as insults towards people that they don't like.
Zach Blair

**Zach Blair** (born December 26, 1974) is the lead guitarist and co-composer for Chicago-based hardcore punk band Rise Against. Before joining Rise Against in early 2007, Blair was a member of hardcore punk group called Only Crime along with his brother, Doni Blair who currently plays with the Toadies. He has also been a 2nd touring guitarist for The Loved Ones and was the 2nd guitarist on the instrumental band "The Mag Seven's" album "The Future Is Ours, If You Can Count".

Blair is a vegetarian, an animal rights advocate and actively promotes PETA with the other members of Rise Against. Their newest release, _Appeal to Reason_ is Rise Againsts' first album with Blair.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Zach Blair
- **img**: Rise Against - Southside Festival 2022 - IMG 4668 - 1.jpg
- **img capt**: Blair performing in 2022.
- **img size**: 220
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Zachariah Joaquin Blair
- **birth place**: Sherman, Texas
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **genre**: Punk rock
Melodic hardcore
Hardcore punk
- **occupation**: Musician, composer
- **years active**: 1991-present
- **associated acts**: Hagfish (1991-2001)
GWAR (1999-2002)
Armstrong (2002)
Only Crime (2003-2007)
Rise Against (2007 - present)
- **url**: http://www.riseagainst.com/
Sawfly

A **sawfly** is an insect belonging to suborder **Symphyta** of the order Hymenoptera. The sawflies are a group of largely plant-eating (herbivorous) insects. The group is less specialised than the ants, bees and wasps.

Sawflies differ from most other Hymenoptera by their broad connection between the abdomen and the thorax, and by their caterpillar-like larvae. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. Large populations of certain sawfly species may cause  economic damage to forests and cultivated plants.

As of 2013, the Symphyta are treated as nine superfamilies (one extinct) and 25 families. Most sawflies belong to the Tenthredinoidea superfamily, with about 7,000 species worldwide. Tenthredinoidea has six families, of which Tenthredinidae is by far the largest with some 5,500 species.

## Xyelidae

The **Xyelidae** is a small family of sawflies known from fewer than 50 living species in five genera, with an extensive fossil record. They are the oldest fossil Hymenoptera, dating back to the Triassic, some 200 million years ago.

Most species occur in the Northern hemisphere, especially in boreal regions, though there are a few neotropical species. Most are associated with conifers (esp. _Pinus_ and _Abies_), where the larvae feed on pollen or within buds, though larvae of a few species feed on the leaves of deciduous trees.
Catarina Pereira

**Catarina Pereira** (born June 13, 1990) is a Portuguese singer and actress. She competed with her song, "Canta por mim" (Sing for me), for the chance to sing for Portugal at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. She had the lead role in the Portuguese production of "High School Musical".

## Recordings

- On the album _The Best of the World_ (iplay), Catarina Pereira and Filipa Azevedo sang "Carousel Paper."
- From the soundtrack album for _Love Spell_ (BSO) (Lighthouse Music), Catarina Pereira sang "Mais que Perfeito"
- On the album _Feelings_ (BSO) (Lighthouse Music) Catarina Pereira sang "Believe Me".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Catarina Pereira
- **image**: CatarinaPereira.JPG
- **caption**: Catarina in "Família Superstar"
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Catarina Pereira da Silva
- **birth place**: Matosinhos, Porto, Portugal
- **origin**: Portugal
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **website**: [http://www.catarinapereira.pt.vc/ www.catarinapereira.pt.vc]
Captain Planet and the Planeteers

***Captain Planet and the Planeteers***, also known as simply ***Captain Planet***, is an American animated environmentalist television program, based on an idea by Ted Turner and produced by Andy Heyward, Robby London, Barbara Pyle and Nicholas Boxer. The series was developed and co-produced by Turner Program Services along with the partnership of DiC Entertainment and ran new episodes from September 10, 1990 until May 11, 1996. A second series, _The New Adventures of Captain Planet_, ran for three seasons and was produced by Turner Broadcasting and then-corporate sibling Hanna-Barbera Productions. Both programs continue today in syndication.

## Related pages

- Captain Planet
Protectionism

**Protectionism** means that a country has laws or other rules that make it easier for their own products and brands to sell by making goods from foreign countries more expensive or harder to get.

The idea of protectionism is to stop imports (when people buy goods from other countries instead of from their own). Mercantilism is one kind of protectionism.

For example, if farmers from Argentina are selling wheat at a lower price than French farmers are, French people would buy more wheat from Argentine farmers than from French farmers, and French farmers would not get so much money.

The benefits to protectionism is that some people in a country would make more money because they would be able to sell things at higher prices, but on the other hand, other people would lose money because they wouldn't be able to buy the things from other countries that sell them cheaper.

Many protectionists (people who believe in protectionism) support big tariffs (taxes on a trade involving a foreign country) because the government can get a lot of money from the tariffs.

When a country raises a tariff on another country, usually the other country raises their tariffs on that country to get even.  This is called a trade war.

Tariffs were popular in the United States during the 1800s, but when the United States made the Hawley-Smoot Tariff a law in 1930, it raised tariffs very high on Europe.  In response, Europe raised its tariffs on the United States, which resulted in a trade war.  Many economists and historians believe that the tariffs made the Great Depression worse.

Trade-protectionism is favoured by economic nationalists and left-wing parties.

Protectionism is no longer popular now. Instead, people support free trade (the opposite of protectionism where the government makes it easier for the country to trade with other countries).

## Related pages

- Developmentalism

## Other websites

- What is protectionism? at wisegeek.com
Led Zeppelin (album)

***Led Zeppelin*** is the first album from English rock band Led Zeppelin, released on 12 January 1969. The album was recorded in 1968 and is notable for being one of the most influential albums of all time, especially inspiring future heavy metal and hard rock bands. The album did not get good reviews by critics in 1969 but the album still sold many copies, today, the album is generally seen as a rock classic.
On the album, guitarist and producer Jimmy Page used many different techniques to get a unique sound. For example, he recorded the instruments from far away instead of putting the microphone right in front of the amplifier or drum set, this gives a different sound, like it sounds in the room when it was played. https://www.rollingstone.com/news/story/11027261/the_long_shadow_of_led_zeppelin/print

## Other websites

Official website

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Led Zeppelin
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Led Zeppelin
- **released**: 12 January 1969
- **recorded**: September – October 1968
- **studio**: Olympic Studios, London
- **genre**: Hard rock, blues rock, heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **length**: 44:26
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **producer**: Jimmy Page
- **next title**: Led Zeppelin II
- **next year**: 1969
Early Christianity

**Early Christianity** is known as the Christianity of around the three centuries (1st, 2nd, 3rd, early 4th) between the time of the Crucifixion of Jesus (c.26-36) and  the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

Since the 19th century, historians have learned more about the early Christian community. Books written early in the time period, such as the Didache (in second-millennium copies) and the Gospel of Thomas (in two manuscripts dated as early as about 200 and 340) as well as parts from the Jewish-Christian Gospels have been found again in the last 200 years

## History

At the beginning of Christian history, the church was in Jerusalem, in an "upper room" perhaps where the Cenacle is today, and leaders included James, Peter, and John. The major source for the Apostolic Age (c.30-c.100) is the _Acts of the Apostles_. Following the Great Commission, the missionary actions of the Apostles, including Paul of Tarsus who said the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles", spread Christianity to cities in the Hellenistic world, such as Alexandria and Antioch, and also to Rome and even beyond the Roman Empire. The term "Christian" was first applied to members of the church at Antioch according to . The New Testament includes letters written by Paul to churches, such as those in Thessalonica and Corinth, during the years 50-62, see also Seven Churches of Asia. Early Christians continued the Jewish practice of respect for the Jewish Scriptures, using the Septuagint translation of Hellenistic Judaism that was in general use among Greek-speakers, or the Targums in use among Aramaic-speakers, but added to it their own writings.
Hops

**Hops** are the flowers of the hop plant, which are in the humulus genus. Hops look like little cones, and are used to make beer. They give the beer a bitter flavor. They have been used to make beer for many centuries, and were used by the Romans in the Roman Empire.
Priscilla Ahn

**Priscilla Ahn** (born March 9, 1984) is an American singer-songwriter.

In 2008, Blue Note Reco.rds released her first full-length album, _A Good Day_.  Ahn went on a national tour that June.  Ahn has toured with Willie Nelson, Amos Lee, Ray LaMontagne, Devotchka and Joshua Radin.  Ahn's songs have been on television shows and movies.  She has made appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Dancing with the Stars and NPR.

### Albums

|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album details|scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:5em;"|Peak chart positions|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|*Released: June 10, 2008 *Label: Blue Note Records|147|51||||
|*Released: May 3, 2011 *Label: Blue Note Records|-|-||||
|*Released: June 27, 2012 *Label: EMI Music Japan|-|186||||
|*Released: October 31, 2012 *Label: EMI Music Japan|-|270||||
|*Released: July 25, 2013 *Label: SQE Music|-|238||||
|*Released: July 16, 2014 *Label: Yamaha Music Communications|-|58||||
|*Released: July 23, 2014 *Label: Universal Music|-|193||||
|*Released: Oct 28, 2016 *Label: In a Tree Inc.|-|-||||

### EPs

- Priscilla Ahn (2007, self-released)
- Live Session (2008, iTunes)
- In A Tree (2009)
- Sweet Hearts (2012, With Charlie Wadhams)
- Waiting (2021)

### Singles

- "Dream" (2008, Blue Note)
- "I'll Never Smile Again" (2009)
- "I Am Strong" by Tiësto featuring vocals by Priscilla Ahn (2009)
- "Where The Leaf Starts To Fall" featuring Taiwanese music band Sodagreen (2013)
- "從一片落葉開始 (It Began With A Fallen Leaf)" by Sodagreen featuring vocals by Priscilla Ahn (2013)

### Music videos

- "Dream"
- "Red Cape"
- "Vibe So Hot"
- "I Don't Have Time To Love"
- "When You Grow Up"
- "Torch Song"
- "Home"
- "Remember How I Broke Your Heart"
- "Leave It Open"

### Compilation appearances

- _His Way, Our Way (Sinatra Tribute)_
- _The Hotel Café presents Winter Songs- Silent Night_  featured on _ER _

### Contributions

- Vocals and Piano on Joshua Radin's _We Were Here_, Columbia, 2006 (as Priscilla Hartranft)
- Vocals on Amos Lee's _Supply and Demand_, Blue Note Records, 2006
- Vocals on Joshua Radin's EP _Unclear Sky_: "The Fear You Won't Fall", 2006
- Vocals on Joshua Radin's _Underwater_: "Let It Go", "The Greenest Grass", 2012.
- Vocals on William Fitzsimmons' _The Sparrow and the Crow_, Mercer Street, 2008
- Vocals on Cary Brothers' Vol. 1 EP  _Maps_, 2012
- Vocals on Ashtar Command _American Sunshine_: "The Breakup Song", "Rosa", "All the Stars in Heaven", 2011
- Vocals on TV on the Radio's _Nine Types of Light_: "Will Do", 2011
- Vocals on Amos Lee's _Mission Bell_: "Stay With Me", 2011

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Priscilla Ahn
- **img**: Priscilla Ahn Headshot SEC.JPG
- **img capt**: Priscilla Ahn (2014)
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Priscilla Natalie Hartranft
- **instrument**: Guitar, piano, harmonica
- **genre**: Acoustic music, Acoustic, Folk music, folk
- **years active**: 2003–present
- **label**: Blue Note Records, Blue Note
- **url**: [http://www.priscillaahn.com PriscillaAhn.com]
Swastika

The **Swastika** is a cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either left-facing or right-facing forms. It is a widely-used religious symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The symbol was also used in pre-Christian Europe. The word "Swastika" became part of the English language in the nineteenth century with the British conquest of India. In the 1920s, the Nazi party chose the swastika as its symbol and it is for this association that it is best known in the Western world.

## Religious use

The Swastika is a sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. It is also a sign of spiritual purity. The swastika was a letter in the ancient Sanskrit language. It meant luck or  well being. It is also found on Byzantine buildings, Ancient Greek coinage and in Native American burial sites. The swastika is present in Africa, in the ancestral traditions of Ethiopia and Ghana among the Akan peoples.

## In Nazi Germany

The swastika was a symbol used by the Nazi Party in Germany, and later by the Third Reich.  Adolf Hitler chose it as the symbol of the German Workers Party after he joined.  Before Hitler, members had already worn swastika armbands. (They believed they were adopting an ancient European symbol; they were seemingly unaware of its continued use in the East.)  Hitler was responsible for its red, white and black coloring. From 1935 – 1945 it was used on the German flag.  The symbol became stigmatized because of its association with Nazi war crimes.

Since shortly after World War II, it has been illegal in Germany and Austria to display the swastika and other Nazi symbols. The swastikas on Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain temples are exempt from this law, because religious symbols cannot be banned in Germany.

## Naming dispute

Since at least the early 2000s, Hindus, Buddhists and Jains have become more and more upset and annoyed to see their holy symbol being used as a badge of hatred by racists and neo-Nazis. One way that they have tried to reestablish their symbol as one of peace and good fortune is to try to encourage use its name in German, _Hakenkreuz_ (hooked cross), when writing about the Nazis' version of it. (Although the Asian religions usually show the symbol in vertical/horizontal orientation and the Nazis usually showed it diagonally, neither group, especially the Nazis, did so consistently.) As of 2022, it does not seem that this campaign has achieved success. The Western media continue to use the name "swastika" when writing about neo-Nazi use of the symbol.

## Other websites

- The History of the Swastika
Hartford Whalers

The **Hartford Whalers** were a professional ice hockey team from Hartford, Connecticut. The Whalers played in the National Hockey League for 18 seasons. The team began playing in the NHL and were originally called the **New England Whalers** before being renamed the Hartford Whalers in 1979. The Whalers were relocated to Raleigh, North Carolina and were renamed the Carolina Hurricanes in 1997-98 season.
Winnipeg Jets

The **Winnipeg Jets** are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. The team plays in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada at Canada Life Centre. They were founded in 2011 when the Atlanta Thrashers were bought by Winnipeg-based company, True North Sports and Entertainment and were moved back to Winnipeg. The team announced the _Winnipeg Jets_ as their name when they selected 7th in the first round of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft on June 25, 2011. Kevin Cheveldayoff was named its first General Manager on June 8, 2011 and Claude Noel was named the new head coach of the Jets on June 23, 2011.

The original Winnipeg Jets played in the NHL from 1972 to 1996. This team is now known as the Arizona Coyotes.

## Other websites

- Official website
Saab 9-3

The **Saab 9-3** is a car produced by Saab since 1998. It is the successor of the 900, and it is now in its Second generation.
Saab 9-5

The **Saab 9-5** is a car produced by Saab since 1997. It is the successor of the 9000, and it is now in its Second generation.
Saab 9000

The **Saab 9000** was a car produced by Saab from 1985 through 1998. It was successed by the 9-5.
Saab 900

The **Saab 900** was a car produced by Saab from 1978 through 1998. It was succeeded by the 9-3.
Easter Bunny

The **Easter Bunny** (or **Easter Hare**) is a character depicted as an anthropomorphic rabbit. In old stories, the creature brings baskets filled with colored eggs, candy and toys to the homes of children on the night before Easter. The Easter Bunny will either put the baskets in a certain place or hide them somewhere in the house for the children to find when they wake up in the morning.

The Easter Bunny is similar to Christmas's Santa Claus, as they both bring gifts to good children on the night before the holidays they are related to.
Alberto Núñez Feijoo

**Alberto Núñez Feijoo** (born September 10, 1961) is a Spanish politician. He was elected President of the People's Party and Leader of the Opposition in 2022. He was the 7th and current President of the Regional Government of Galicia since 2009 until 2022. He was the leader of the Galician People's Party, the main conservative political party which defeated the socialists in the elections of 2009 and again in the elections of 2012.

Feijoo is a strong admirer of Manuel Fraga, although he does not govern Galicia in the same manner.

Núñez Feijoo studied law in Santiago de Compostela. He is married to the journalist Carmen Gámir.

His party had the most votes on the 2023 Spanish general election, but could not find enough allies to form a government. His rival Pedro Sánchez could form a government on November.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alberto Núñez Feijóo
- **image**: Alberto Núñez Feijóo 2025.jpg
- **office**: Leader of the Opposition (Spain), Leader of the Opposition
- **caption**: Feijóo in 2025
- **primeminister**: Pedro Sánchez
- **term start**: 2 April 2022
- **predecessor**: Pablo Casado
- **office1**: President of the People's Party (Spain), People's Party
- **1namedata1**: Cuca Gamarra
- **term start1**: 2 April 2022
- **predecessor1**: Pablo Casado
- **office2**: President of the Regional Government of Galicia
- **vicepresident2**: Alfonso Rueda
Francisco Conde
- **term start2**: 18 April 2009
- **predecessor2**: Emilio Pérez Touriño
- **office3**: Xunta de Galicia, First Vice President of the Regional Government of Galicia
- **president3**: Manuel Fraga
- **term start3**: 10 September 2004
- **term end3**: 2 August 2005
- **predecessor3**: Javier Suárez Vence
- **successor3**: Anxo Quintana
- **office4**: Xunta de Galicia, Minister of Territorial Policy, Public Works and Housing of Galicia
- **president4**: Manuel Fraga
- **term start4**: 18 January 2003
- **term end4**: 2 August 2005
- **predecessor4**: Xosé Cuiña
- **successor4**: María José Caride
- **office5**: Correos, President of the State Post and Telegraph Society
- **president5**: José María Aznar
- **term start5**: 18 May 2000
- **term end5**: 18 January 2003
- **predecessor5**: José Ramón Esteruelas
- **successor5**: Víctor Calvo-Sotelo
- **office6**: Ministry of Health (Spain), General Secretary for Health Management and Cooperation
- **primeminister6**: José María Aznar
- **term start6**: 10 May 1996
- **term end6**: 18 May 2000
- **predecessor6**: Position established
- **successor6**: Rubén Moreno Palanques
- **office7**: People's Party of Galicia, President of the People's Party of Galicia
- **term start7**: 15 January 2006
- **term end7**: 1 April 2022
- **predecessor7**: Manuel Fraga
- **successor7**: TBD
- **office8**: Member of the Parliament of Galicia
- **term start8**: 18 July 2005
- **constituency8**: Pontevedra
- **birth place**: Galicia (Spain), Os Peares, Spain
- **party**: People's Party (Spain), People's Party
- **partner**: Eva Cárdenas
- **children**: 1
- **education**: University of Santiago de Compostela
Lincoln Logs

**Lincoln Logs** is the name of a children's toy.  They are small logs made for children to build with. They were invented in Chicago, Illinois by John Lloyd Wright, son of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

Lincoln Logs were added into the United States National Toy Hall of Fame in 1999.
Led Zeppelin II

***Led Zeppelin II*** is the second album by the English rock band Led Zeppelin. It was released on October 22, 1969, it was recorded in 1969 in many different studios. The album sounds a lot like the first album with a few hard rock songs and blues covers, but they also did some new things with the love song "Thank You" and the drum solo "Moby Dick". The most famous song from the album is "Whole Lotta Love", the riff is one of the most well known in the rock genre. Guitarist and producer Jimmy Page worked with engineer Eddie Kramer to create many unusual sounds, for example, on "Whole Lotta Love", they used a technique known as backward echoing.

## Sources

- Jimmy Page's recording techniques

## Other websites

Official website

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Led Zeppelin II
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Led Zeppelin
- **released**: 22 October 1969
- **recorded**: January – August 1969
- **genre**: Hard rock, blues rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **length**: 41:24
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **producer**: Jimmy Page
- **prev title**: Led Zeppelin (album), Led Zeppelin
- **prev year**: 1969
- **next title**: Led Zeppelin III
- **next year**: 1970
Led Zeppelin III

***Led Zeppelin III*** is the third album from the band Led Zeppelin, released on October 22, 1970. Many of the songs were written while Jimmy Page and Robert Plant visited a cottage in Wales, in a place called Bron-Yr-Aur. The musicians were inspired by the Welsh countryside, and because of this, many songs on the album are written in the style of folk and country. This upset many fans at the time who said that the band should focus on making more rock music, but there were still some rock songs on the album, such as "Immigrant Song" and "Celebration Day”.

## Sources

- Jimmy Page interview on Led Zeppelin III

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Led Zeppelin III
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Led Zeppelin
- **released**: 5 October 1970
- **recorded**: January–August 1970 at various locations
- **genre**: Folk rock,hard rock,blues rock
- **length**: 43:04
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **producer**: Jimmy Page
- **prev title**: Led Zeppelin II
(1969)
- **next title**: Led Zeppelin IV
(1971)
Avalon (song)

"**Avalon**" is a popular jazz song. It was written by Al Jolson, Buddy DeSylva and Vincent Rose in 1920. It was first recorded by Jolson and used in the musicals _Sinbad_ and _Bombo_. Jolson's version became #2 on the American singles chart. It is possible that Rose wrote the song alone, and that Jolson's name was used in the credits because he was a popular artist and helped make the song popular. At first only Rose and Jolson were marked as the writers, and DeSylva's name was added later.

Many jazz artists have recorded the song, for example Cab Calloway (1934), Coleman Hawkins (1935) and Eddie Durham (1936). Benny Goodman played the song in his concert in Carnegie Hall in 1938. The song was also played in the films _The Jolson Story_ (1946) and _The Benny Goodman Story_ (1956).

The melody at the beginning of the song was taken from Giacomo Puccini's opera _Tosca_, and Rose changed it only a little. Because of this, a court later decided that Jolson and Rose had to pay Puccini's publishers $25,000 and all later profits from the song.

## Versions

- Red Nichols and His Five Pennies (27 February 1928)
- George Monkhouse and his Cambridge University Quinquaginta Ramblers (12 March 1930)
- Spike Hughes and his Dance Orchestra (23 May 1930)
- Joel Shaw and his Orchestra (August 1932)
- Billy Cotton and his Band (21 July 1933)
- Casa Loma Orchestra (16 August 1934)
- Cab Calloway and his Orchestra (4 September 1934)
- Scott Wood and his Six Swingers (18 December 1934; 1 September 1936)
- Joe Venuti and his Orchestra (26 December 1934)
- KXYZ Novelty Band (29 January 1935)
- Coleman Hawkins (2 March 1935)
- Quintette of the Hot Club of France (July 1935)
- Jimmie Lunceford and his Orchestra (30 September 1935)
- Harry Roy and his Orchestra (8 November 1935)
- Val Rosing and his Swing Stars (18 November 1935)
- Ballyhooligans (7 July 1936)
- Benny Goodman Quartet (29 June 1937; 28 September 1937; 16 January 1938)
- Joe Daniels and his Hotshots (28 September 1937)
- Alix Combelle et son Orchestre (4 October 1937)
- Harry James and his Orchestra (13 July 1939; 8 November 1939)
- Willie Lewis and his Negro Band (27 June 1941)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Avalon
- **cover**: Al Jolson Avalon cover.jpg
- **alt**: Vintage poster of a woman smiling; she has a round face, short, wavy, ginger hair and a light 1920s dress
- **caption**: Early sheet music cover
- **artist**: Al Jolson
- **written**: 1920
- **published**: by Jerome H. Remick & Co., New York
- **genre**: Jazz
- **writer**: Al Jolson, Buddy DeSylva, Vincent Rose
Phoney War

The **Phoney War** was a name for the eight months during World War II from the invasion of Poland in September 1939 to the invasion of France in May 1940.

During that time, there were no major military operations in Europe. The United Kingdom and France declared war after Poland was invaded and started blockade against Nazi Germany, which did likewise by declaring war and blockade. The Battle of the Atlantic had begun in which German submarines destroyed many British ships. The British Royal Air Force dropped propaganda leaflets on Germany, and Canadian troops began to arrive in Britain.

In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway. Both the Allies and the Axis restarted large-scale fighting against each other. Britain and France needed many weapons quickly and so they began to buy them from American weapon companies. The Americans remained neutral but helped Britain and France by selling weapons cheaply and then by the Lend-Lease program of military equipment and supplies.
Jason Bonham

**Jason John Bonham** (born 15 July 1966) is an English rock drummer who is noted for being the son of Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham, as well for his own music. He has played with bands like Foreigner and UFO, and he has also played with the surviving members Led Zeppelin on several band reunions, such as the reunion in 2007 at the London 02 Arena. He has a close relationship with former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page, and they have toured together in the 80's when Page released his solo album, Outrider. In 2010, Bonham will be working with his new band, Black Country.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Sources

- Bonham in Black Country
Radiolaria

**Radiolaria** are amoeboid protists which produce mineral skeletons. The skeletons, usually of silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>), have a central capsule. This divides the cell into inner and outer portions, called _endoplasm_ and _ectoplasm_.

Radiolaria are found as zooplankton throughout the ocean, and their skeletal remains cover large portions of the ocean floor as **radiolarian ooze**. Radiolaria have existed since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era. They take their name from the radial symmetry of most species. They are valuable markers or diagnostic fossils, because they have a rapid turn-over of species. This helps to identify strata, and to correlate strata at different sites.

Radiolaria are heterotrophs (eat other things), but also may include protist algae as endosymbionts.

## Structure

The skeletons of radiolarians are generally organized around spicules, or spines, which extend from the main skeletal mass. Formed from the fusion of many of these spines is the outermost skeleton, the shell or _test_. Connecting this shell to the many concentrically organized inner shells are bars or beams, which strengthen and support the structure.

The nuclei and most other organelles are in the endoplasm, while the ectoplasm is filled with frothy vacuoles and lipid droplets, keeping them buoyant. Often it also contains symbiotic algae which provide much of the cell's energy. Not much is known about the living amoebae because they cannot be cultured in the laboratory.

## Other websites

- NHM rotating glass model
Led Zeppelin IV

***Led Zeppelin IV*** is the fourth album from the rock band Led Zeppelin. The real title of the album is , but since it's impossible to say these symbols, it is normal just to say Led Zeppelin IV. Some people also say ***The fourth album***, ***'Zoso***', ***Symbols*** or simply call it ***Untitled***. It was released on November 8, 1971 and recorded at a big house called Headley Grange in 1971. The album received widespread acclaim, and is considered the band's most famous and most successful album. It also has their best known song, "Stairway to Heaven". For this album, the band used many different genres and recording techniques, they had rock and roll songs, acoustic songs and heavy blues songs. Many fans and critics considered "Stairway to Heaven" to be one of the best songs of all time, if not the greatest, as well as the album itself. There are also many other notable songs on the album, "Rock and Roll" was played in almost every concert the band did after the release of the album, while songs such as "Black Dog and "Going to California" were played for most of the shows. All of the songs have become regulars on American rock radio.

## The four symbols

For this album, the band chose to not have a normal name for their album, so that people would just listen to the music without caring about the title and get wrong expectations. Jimmy Page got the idea that each member of the band should choose their own symbol to represent them on the album title. Each band member have been closely associated with their symbol during and after the career of Led Zeppelin, and they have all used them after the release of the album. For example, John Bonham used to have the three rings on his bass drum and Jimmy Page has used the Zoso symbol on his amplifier as recent as the reunion concert in 2007 at the London 02 Arena.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Jimmy Page on Led Zeppelin IV

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Led Zeppelin IV
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Led Zeppelin
- **released**: 8 November 1971
- **recorded**: December 1970 – March 1971 at various locations
- **genre**: Hard rock, blues rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal, folk music, folk
- **length**: 42:33
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **producer**: Jimmy Page
- **prev title**: Led Zeppelin III
(1970)
- **next title**: Houses of the Holy
(1973)
Squeeze (band)

**Squeeze** are a British rock/new wave band from London.  They were active from 1974 to 1982 and 1985 to 1999. They reunited in 2007.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Squeeze
- **img**: Squeeze live.jpg
- **img capt**: Squeeze, 2010
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, United Kingdom
- **genre**: New Wave music, New Wave, Power pop, Pop rock
- **years active**: 1974–1982, 1985–1999, 2007–present
- **label**: A&M Records, Reprise Records, Ark 21 Records, I.R.S. Records, Quixotic Records
- **associated acts**: Glenn Tilbrook & The Fluffers
They Might Be Giants
- **url**: [http://www.squeezeofficial.com Official Squeeze Website]
- **current members**: Glenn Tilbrook
Chris Difford
John Bentley (musician), John Bentley
Simon Hanson
Stephen Large
- **past members**: Jools Holland
Paul Gunn (drummer), Paul Gunn
Harry Kakoulli
Gilson Lavis
Paul Carrack
Don Snow (keyboardist), Don Snow
Keith Wilkinson (musician), Keith Wilkinson
Chris Holland (musician), Chris Holland
Andy Metcalfe
Matt Irving
Pete Thomas
Kevin Wilkinson
Hilaire Penda
Ashley Soan
Chris Braide
Steve Nieve
Nick Harper
Houses of the Holy

***Houses of the Holy*** is the fifth album from rock band Led Zeppelin, released on March 28 1973, but recorded in 1972. This album has many different music styles on it, like reggae, funk, acoustic songs and folk-like rock songs. Many fans and critics thought when the album was released, that it was not as good as the album they made two years earlier, Led Zeppelin IV, but today it is seen as one of their best albums. Songs like "The Song Remains the Same", "No Quarter", "Over the Hills and Far Away" and "The Rain Song" were performed for almost all tours after the release of the album. "The Song Remains the Same" is also the title of their 1976 movie, but recorded in 1973 and 1974.

## Other websites

official website

## Sources

Houses of the Holy info

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Houses of the Holy
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Led Zeppelin
- **released**: 28 March 1973
- **recorded**: January–August 1972, Stargroves and Headley Grange with the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio, and Island Studios, London, England, United Kingdom.
Audio mixing (recorded music), Mixed at Olympic Studios, London and Electric Lady Studios, New York City, New York (state), New York, United States
- **genre**: Hard rock
- **length**: 40:58
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **producer**: Jimmy Page
- **prev title**: Led Zeppelin IV
(1971)
- **next title**: Physical Graffiti
(1975)
Heat lamp

A **heat lamp** is a lamp (light) with the main purpose of making heat.  This is commonly infrared light but white light incandescent lightbulbs are also used.  Sometimes the glass of the light bulb is colored to cut out yellow and even higher frequency light (to let the infrared light through, which has most of the heat).

Humans can use these lamps to keep warm, to warm a part of the body that is injured and needs gentle heat, etc. These lamps are also frequently used to keep baby chickens, piglets or other baby animals warm.
Maltese lira

The **Maltese lira** was the type of money that was used in Malta before it was replaced by the euro in 2008.
Walnut Hills High School

**Walnut Hills High School** is a high school in Cincinnati, Ohio. According to Newsweek, Walnut Hills is the best school in Ohio. It helps prepare you for college. The school colors are blue and gold. The motto is "_Sursum ad summum_", which is Latin for "Rise to the Highest". The mascot is the eagle, and the sports teams are known as "The Eagles". They have a newspaper that comes out every month and have a magazine that comes out every year.

They hold Over 50 State championships in varying sports and 2 national Championships.

{US-geo-stub}}
Wrongful life

**Wrongful life** is a legal action in which someone is sued for not stopping the birth of a severely disabled child.  In this type of lawsuit a child and the parents will sue a doctor or a hospital.  The doctor or hospital is sued for not giving information about the disability during the pregnancy.  The doctor or hospital may have not provided all the information on a genetic case before the pregnancy.  The parents argue that if the mother had known this information, she would have had an abortion, or chosen not to become pregnant at all.

In the past, only parents could sue for their _own_ damages the occurred as a result of the birth of a disabled child (e.g., the mother's own pregnancy medical bills and cost of psychiatric treatment for both parents' emotional distress resulting from becoming aware that their child was disabled).  This cause of action is known as wrongful birth.  But the child could not sue for his or her own damages, which were often much more in terms of money and harm.

In four U.S. states, the child is allowed to start a wrongful life cause of action for damages.  In 1982, the Supreme Court of California was the first state supreme court to permit the child's right to sue for wrongful life, but in the same decision, limited the child's recovery to special damages.

Most other jurisdictions, including England and Ontario, have not allowed the wrongful life cause of action.

## Related pages

- Wrongful birth
- Wrongful abortion
- Bioethics

## Further reading

- Appel, Jacob M.  Physicians, Wrongful Life and the Constitution, _Medicine & Health, Rhode Island_ Volume 87, Number 2.  February 2004.  Retrieved October 28, 2008.

## Other websites

- Sydney Morning Herald article from May 2004
- Article on wrongful life in the Cornell Law Review.