Gerund

A **gerund** is a verb used as a noun.

In English, the **gerund** is formed by adding -ing to a verb root. It is identical in form to the present participle (ending in _-ing_) and can behave as a verb within a clause (so that it may be modified by an adverb or have an object), but the clause as a whole (sometimes consisting of only one word, the gerund itself) acts as a noun within the larger sentence. For example: ***Eating** this cake is easy._

In "Eating this cake is easy", "eating this cake", although traditionally known as a phrase, is referred to as a non-finite clause in modern linguistics.  "Eating" is the verb in the clause, while "this cake" is the object of the verb.  "Eating this cake" acts as a noun phrase within the sentence as a whole, though; the subject of the sentence is the non-finite clause, specifically _eating_.

Other examples of the gerund:
- _I like **swimming**._ (direct object)
- ***Swimming** is fun._ (subject)

Not all nouns that are identical in form to the present participle are gerunds. The formal distinction is that a gerund is a _verbal_ noun – a noun derived from a verb that retains verb characteristics, that functions _simultaneously_ as a noun and a verb, while other nouns in the form of the present participle (ending in _-ing_) are _de_verbal nouns, which function as common nouns, not as verbs at all. Compare:
- _I like **fencing**._ (gerund, an activity, could be replaced with "to fence")
- _The white **fencing** adds to the character of the neighborhood._ (deverbal, could be replaced with an object such as "bench")

## Double nature of the gerund

As the result of its origin and development, the gerund has nominal and verbal properties. The _nominal_ characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
1. The gerund can perform the function of subject, object and predicative:
    - ***Smoking** endangers your health._ (subject)
    - _I like **making** people happy._ (object)
1. The gerund can be preceded by a preposition:
    - _I'm tired **of arguing**._
1. Like a noun the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case, a possessive adjective, or an adjective:
    - _I wonder at **John's keeping** calm._
    - _Is there any objection to **my seeing** her?_
    - ***Brisk walking** relieves stress._
The _verbal_ characteristics of the gerund include the following:
1. The gerund of transitive verbs can take a direct object:
    - _I've made good progress in **speaking Basque**._
1. The gerund can be modified by an adverb:
    - ***Breathing deeply** helps you to calm down._
1. The gerund has the distinctions of aspect and voice.
    - ***Having read the book once before** makes me more prepared._
    - **_Being deceived** can make someone feel angry._

## Verb patterns with the gerund

Verbs that are often followed by a gerund include _admit, adore, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, describe, detest, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, feel, finish, give, hear, imagine, include, justify, listen to, mention, mind, miss, notice, observe, perceive, postpone, practice, quit, recall, report, resent, resume, risk, see, sense, sleep, stop, suggest, tolerate_ and _watch_.
Additionally, prepositions are often followed by a gerund.

For example:
- _I will never quit smoking._
- _We postponed making any decision._
- _After two years of deciding, we finally made a decision._
- _We heard whispering._
- _They denied having avoided me._
- _He talked me into coming to the party._
- _They frightened her out of voicing her opinion._