juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
400

## Events

- First invasion of Italy by Alaric (probable date).
- The Vandals start their westward trek from Dacia and Hungary (approximate date).
- Construction (and therefore occupation) at Great Zimbabwe begins (approximate date).
- Earliest date of human occupation on Easter Island (approximate date).
- Chrysanthemums are introduced to Japan (approximate date).
1147

## Events

- Siege of Lisbon: King Afonso I of Portugal and the Crusaders capture Lisbon from Muslims
- First written mention of Moscow.
- Abd al-Mumin destroys the Almoravid Empire
- Dore Abbey founded
- Wendish Crusade
Advaita Vedanta

**Advaita Vedanta** is a school in Hinduism. People who thoroughly explore **Advaita** know that their soul is not different from Brahman. The most famous Hindu philosopher who taught about Advaita Vedanta was Adi Shankara who lived in India more than a thousand years ago.

## History

Adi Shankara learned the sacred texts of Hinduism, like Vedas and Upanishads under his teacher Govinda Bhagavadpada and later wrote extensive commentaries of Hindu sacred texts called Upanishads. In these commentaries, he proposed the theory of Advaita, saying that the Upanishad actually teach that the individual soul (called Atman) is not different from Ultimate Reality (called Brahman). He also taught that there is only one essential principle called Brahman and everything else is a kind of expression of that one Brahman. Because of this theory of one being, his teachings became popular as the "Advaita" (_a_ = not, _dvaita_ = two, means no-two or non-dual). The way he said this to people was _"Atman is Brahman."_

Adi Shankara was smart and knew that people would wonder how he could say such an odd thing. He realized that many people would ask him, "If a person's soul is really one with Ultimate all along, then what makes a person feel so separate from Ultimate?" His answer to this was that we are ignorant of our real self being Ultimate because we see through a kind of filter—like looking through a dirty piece of glass—and he called this filter we look through, _maya_, which means "illusion" in Sanskrit.

Shankara said that our ignorance makes us feel very separate from Ultimate, and even from everything around us. Shankara suggested that the best way people can find the truth is for them to try to clear their thinking of all ignorant thoughts, be very good, and think very hard about who they really are. He said that if a person did all these things he would realize that Brahman was himself all along.

This is a very similar idea to other religions at their esoteric core. For instance within Islam there is an idea of annihilation within the divine, Fana and Waḥdat al-Wujūd (Unity of Existence)

## Other websites

- Advaita Vedanta of Shankaracharya Portal
Parthenon

The **Parthenon** is a temple in the middle of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece (Europe). It was a temple to honor the goddess Athena for nearly 900 years from the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD, and originally had a huge idol to her. It was a Christian church from the 5th century to the 15th when it became a mosque. The name _Parthenon_ means _the virgin's place_ in Greek. It was built between 447 BC and 432 BC during the reign of Pericles. It is considered one of ancient Greece's greatest architecture accomplishments.

The building was constructed using limestone foundations and 22,000 tons of marble. The building was designed by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates. It has 46 Doric columns which support the roof, with 8 across the front and back, and 17 on each side.

In 1687 a gunpowder explosion damaged the building. Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin took some of the sculptures, now called the Elgin Marbles, from the Parthenon in 1759. They have been on display in the British Museum since 1816.
Neutral

The word **neutrality** can have different meanings too:

- Neutrality (international relations), when a country does not side with any of the parties in a conflict
- Neutral solution, a chemical solution that is neither acidic nor alkaline
    - Neutralization
- Neutral particle, in physics, a particle that does not have an electric charge.
Physical anthropology

**Physical anthropology** looks at how the anatomy of the human body has changed over time. It compares the human body to the bodies of other primates. Studies of physical anthropology often look at the evolution of mankind.

Areas of physical anthropology include paleoanthropology and primatology. When physical anthropology is joined to other branches of biology, it becomes biological anthropology.   Biological anthropology puts together information from the fossil record, the human skeleton, genetics, our primate relatives, human adaptations, and human behaviour.
Jackal

**Jackals** are canid species found in Africa, Asia and Europe. They are carnivorous of small and medium-sized prey. To hunt, they can run at speeds of 16 km/h (10 mph). This is not fast, but they have great endurance, so can run for a long time.

They often chase prey as a pair or a group, usually not as individuals. Jackals are "opportunistic omnivores", which will take on larger animals if they need to. They are predators of small to medium-sized animals and scavengers.

Jackals are monogamous (each male lives with only one female). A pair defends its territory from other pairs: they mark the territory with urine and feces. The territory may be large enough to hold some young adults who live with their parents until they have their own territory. Sometimes, jackals join small packs, for example to hunt a big animal, but normally they hunt alone or as a pair.

Jackals are not a clade.  They have several times developed from canid ancestors. However, they are closely related. It could be put this way: jackals are dogs which have a certain similar appearance and behaviour. They all have 78 chromosomes.
There are three species of jackals:
- **Black-backed jackal** (_Lupulella mesomelas_) - the common jackal, live in many African habitats;
- **Golden jackal** (_Canis aureus_) - live in South and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe;
- **Side-striped jackal** (_Lupulella adusta_) - live in central and Southern Africa;

A canid from Ethiopia and Eritrea, the Ethiopian wolf (_Canis simensis_), is sometimes called Simien jackal, but it is really a wolf. The Ethiopian wolf is one of the rarest and most endangered of all canids.
Diogenes syndrome

**Diogenes syndrome** is a behavioral disorder. It is not a disease, it is a psychological condition. People who have it do not look after themselves enough any more, this is called self-neglect. They do not wash, perhaps do not shave, etc. So they develop a strong odor (scent). Since they neglect their hygiene, other diseases related to poor hygiene usually accompany the disorder.

Very often this disorder affects old people who live alone.

Diogenes Syndrome is named after the behavior (but not necessarily the ideals) of Diogenes of Sinope. It is thought to be the end stage of personality disorder.
Marx and Engels Internet Archive

The **Marxists Internet Archive** (also known as **MIA** or **Marxists.org**) is a volunteer-based non-profit organization that has an Internet archive of Marxist writers and other similar authors, socialists, and others on their website.

The texts are available in many different languages.
1668

## Events

- January – The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed.
- February 13 Lisbon – Peace Treaty between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England where it is recognized the legitimity of the Portuguese monarch. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.
- The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution.
- Bishop Issac Barrow founds a trust to establish a university on the Isle of Man. (King William's College)
- July 25 – The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake causes 43,000 to 50,000 deaths in Shandong during the Qing Dynasty, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China.
- August 17 – The magnitude 8.0 North Anatolia earthquake causes 8,000 deaths in northern Anatolia, Ottoman Empire, and is the most powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey.
- First performance of Molière's comedy, _Tartuffe_
- The British East India Company takes over Bombay
- Foundation of the First National Bank of Europe in Stockholm, Sweden "Riskbank"
- Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia convenes a church council in Gondar, which decides to expel all Roman Catholics in Ethiopia.

## Births

- November 10 - François Couperin, French composer
Andrei Sakharov

**Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov** (Russian: Андре́й Дми́триевич Са́харов, 21 May 1921 – 14 December 1989), was a Soviet nuclear physicist. He was also a well-known dissident and human rights activist. Sakharov was an advocate of nuclear disarmament and civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union.

## Life

Sakharov was a very clever scientist. He graduated from college during World War II but was kept out of the Red Army to do scientific research for the government. Sakharov helped the Soviets develop the hydrogen bomb in the 1950s. But he also made many peaceful uses of nuclear power.

The bomb he had helped make started Sakharov to be a dissident. He argued with Nikita Khrushchev against unneeded nuclear tests.  He was afraid that these tests put people's lives and healths in danger without need. He began asking, too, for more freedom of speech.  The government removed him from his secret work and his special job as a scientist. Sakharov began to see what unhappy lives most Soviet citizens led.

Persecution only made him speak out more.  He asked for more freedom of religion and defended others who had spoken out and been put into jail. The secret police began to watch him and to make files of information against him. After Sakharov criticized activities of the USSR's Arab allies, Arab terrorists came to his apartment and held him, his wife, and his stepson hostage for an hour.  "Do you want to kill us?" cried Sakharov's wife. "We can do worse things than kill you," they replied. After the terrorists left without doing anything, Sakharov tried to tell the police about it. The police did not really care.

The only thing that protected Sakharov was many people knew about him outside the Soviet Union. The Communists were afraid that if something happened to him, it would give the world a bad image of the USSR. But when Sakharov criticized the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, they became very angry and took him to the city of Gorky. There he was watched by the police outside his apartment. He tried to go on a hunger strike, not eating anything. The Soviet Union was afraid he might die, so they force-fed him (forcing him to eat).

Sakharov kept on asking for _glasnost_ (openness). In 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev, who agreed with Sakharov and thought there should be _glasnost_, let the dissident scientist return home. Sakharov continued to call for reform, and in December 1989, he died of heart failure, at the age of 68. . But two years later his wish became true with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. .
1686

## Events

- May 4 – The Municipality of Ilagan was founded in the Philippines.
- July 17 – A meeting took place at Lüneburg between 'some evangelical Princes and Electors' and representatives of the King of Navarre, the King of Denmark and the Queen of England. The object of this meeting is the formation of an 'evangelical' league of defence against the Catholic League, called the 'Confederatio Militiae Evangelicae'.
- July 22 – New York City and Albany, New York are granted city charters by the colonial governor.
- September 2 – The forces of the Holy League of 1684 liberate Buda from the Ottoman Turkish rule that leads to the end of Turkish rule in Hungary during the subsequent years.

### Undated

- The League of Augsburg (en) is founded.
- Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria join the Holy League against the Ottoman Turkish Empire.
- A group of conspirators met at Charborough House in Dorset to plan the overthrow of king James II of England by Parliamentarians and the Dutch William III of Orange-Nassau.
- A hurricane saves Charleston, South Carolina, from attack by Spanish vessels.

## Births

- January 16 – Archibald Bower, Scottish historian (died 1766)
- January 31 – Hans Egede, Norwegian Lutheran missionary (died 1758)
- April 9 – James Craggs the Younger, English politician (died 1721)
- April 28 – Michael Brokoff, Czech sculptor (died 1721)
- April 29 – Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English statesman (died 1742)
- May 24 – Gabriel Fahrenheit, German physicist and inventor (died 1736)
- June 9 – Andrei Osterman, Russian statesman (died 1747)
- July 6 – Antoine de Jussieu, French naturalist (died 1758)
- July 9 – Philip Livingston, American politician (died 1749)
- July 31 (or August 1) – Benedetto Marcello, Italian composer (died 1739)
- August 12 – John Balguy, English philosopher (died 1748)
- August 19 – Eustace Budgell, English writer (died 1737)
- August 19 – Nicola Porpora, Italian composer (died 1768)
- October 15 – Allan Ramsay, Scottish poet (died 1758)

## Deaths

- January 31 – Jean Mairet, French dramatist (born 1604)
- February 10 – William Dugdale, English antiquarian (born 1605)
- April 6 – Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Anglesey, English royalist statesman (born. 1614)
- April 19 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish writer (born 1610)
- June 23 – William Coventry, English statesman (born c.1628)
- July 10 – John Fell, English churchman (born 1625)
- July 16 – John Pearson, English theologian (born 1612)
- August 13 – Louis Maimbourg, French-born historian (born 1610)
- October 26 – John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater, English politician (born 1623)
- November 11 – Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Condé, French general (born 1621)
- November 11 – Otto von Guericke, German physicist and inventor (born 1602)
1149

## Events

- Castle of Carimate destroyed.
- Nur ad-Din defeats the Principality of Antioch at the Battle of Inab.
Equidae

**Equidae**, also known as a **Horse Family** is a family of odd-toed ungulate that are only one surviving genus: _Equus_.  Horses, donkeys and zebras belong in this genus. Animals of the _Equus_ genus can have hybrid offspring, but they are usually sterile. They can have many different colours.

An adult female equidae is called a **mare**.
Wolves (Story of the Year album)

***Wolves*** is the sixth studio album by American rock band Story of the Year. The album was released on December 8, 2017.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Wolves
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Story of the Year
- **released**: December 8, 2017
- **recorded**: 2016–2017
- **genre**: Melodic hardcore, alternative metal, hard rock
- **length**: 55:07
- **label**: Self-released
- **producer**: Aaron Sprinkle
- **prev title**: Page Avenue: 10 Years and Counting
- **prev year**: 2013
- **next title**: Tear Me to Pieces
- **next year**: 2023
Lynx

The ***Lynx*** is a small cat. It is a genus with four species. The four species are in Eurasia, Spain, Canada and America, and do not overlap much.

## Appearance

_Lynx_ have short tails, and usually some hair on the ears. They have large paws (feet) padded for walking on snow, and long whiskers on the face. The color of the body is from light brown to grey and is sometimes marked with dark brown spots, especially on the legs. They weigh about 5 kg or about 11 pounds (approximately the size of a large domestic cat) and can weigh up to about 30 kg (66 pounds). They are between 70 and 150 cm long, with a relative short tail - 5-25 cm. They live for about 20 years.

_Lynx_ are similar to a regular house cat, but larger. They have a powerful body on short, furry legs attached to hefty feet, and a bobbed, black-tipped tail. The fur is spotted and yellowish-brown to grey. It has a collar of fur around the face, giving a triangular shape. They also have long black ear tufts.

## Habitat

_Lynx_ live in the high altitude forests with many shrubs, reeds and grass. They hunt only on the ground, but can climb trees and swim.

They can be found in the some places in northern Scandinavia, in North America and also in the Himalayas. Since the 1990s people try to move part of the population of the Eurasian lynx to Germany. They can also be found in Białowieża Forest (northeastern Poland), and southern Spain.

The Colorado Division of Wildlife tried to move other wild _Lynx_ populations from Canada back to the United States.

## Behaviour

_Lynx_ are usually solitary, although a small group may travel and hunt together occasionally. Mating takes place in the late winter and once a year the female gives birth to between two and four kittens. The young stay with the mother for one more winter, a total of around nine months, before moving out to live on their own as young adults.

_Lynx_ make their dens in crevices or under ledges. They feed on a wide range of animals from white-tailed deer, reindeer, roe deer, small red deer, and chamois, to smaller, more usual prey: snowshoe hares, sheep, squirrels, mice, turkeys and other birds, and goats. They also eat ptarmigans, voles, and grouse.

## The genus _Lynx_

- Genus _Lynx_
    - Canada lynx, _Lynx canadensis_
    - Eurasian lynx, _Lynx lynx_
    - Iberian lynx or Spanish Lynx, _Lynx pardinus_
    - Bobcat, _Lynx rufus_

## Conservation

The Iberian lynx is the most endangered feline in the world. There are only two populations (together, 300 animals), in the southern Spain.
Hunting lynxes is illegal in many countries.

## Other websites

- Canada Lynx in the Southern Rockies
- The Iberian Lynx  The natural history of the Iberian lynx
- Hopes raised by Spain lynx births
The Grass Roots

**The Grass Roots** are an American rock music group. Their peak in popularity was in the 1960s and 1970s. They formed in Los Angeles, California in 1966. Their biggest hit was the song "Midnight Confessions" which charted in the US at #5 in 1968.  Their 1969 song "I'd Wait a Million Years" was #15 in the U.S..

## Albums

- Where Were You When I Needed You (1966)
- Let's Live for Today (1967)
- Feelings (1968)
- Leavin' It All Behind (1969)
- Lovin' Things (1969)
- Move Along (1972)
- Alotta Mileage (1973)
- Grass Roots (1975)
- The ABC Collection (1976)
- 14 Greatest (1978)
- Powers of the Night (1982)
- Live at Last (2000)
- Symphonic Hits (2001)
- Live Gold (2008)
- The Complete Original Dunhill/ABC Hit Singles (2014)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Grass Roots
- **img**: The Grass Roots.png
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Folk rock, psychedelic folk, psychedelic rock, pop rock
- **years active**: 1965–present
- **label**: Dunhill Records, Dunhill, ABC Records, ABC, Haven, MCA Records, MCA, Gusto Records, Gusto, RFG, Cleopatra Records, Cleopatra
- **current members**: Mark Dawson
Joe Dougherty
Dusty Hanvey
Larry Nelson
- **past members**: See #Band members, Members
Dionne Warwick

**Dionne Warwick** (born December 12, 1940) is an American R&B singer. She was born in East Orange, New Jersey.

Warwick sang many songs written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David.  Many of these songs were hits.

In 1990, Warwick hosted and executive produced a talk show, _Dionne and Friends_. She was a contestant in the 2011 season of _The Apprentice_.

Warwick's sister Dee Dee Warwick (1942-2008), their aunt Cissy Houston (1933-2024) and cousin Whitney Houston (1963-2012) were singers.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dionne Warwick
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: Pat Nixon with Dionne Warwick.jpg
- **caption**: Warwick with First Lady Pat Nixon in 1971
- **birth name**: Marie Dionne Warrick
- **birth place**: East Orange, New Jersey, United States
- **genre**: gospel music, Gospel, R&B, Soul music, soul, Urban contemporary, urban, soft rock, adult contemporary, quiet storm, Pop music, pop
- **occupation**: Singer, actress
- **years active**: 1962–present
- **instrument**: Vocals, Mandocello
- **label**: Scepter Records, Scepter<small> (1962–1971)</small>
Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros.<small> (1972–1977)</small>
Arista Records, Arista<small> (1979–1995)</small>
Concord Records, Concord<small> (2005–2007)</small>
Rhino Records, Rhino<small> (2008–present)</small>
- **associated acts**: Burt Bacharach, The Spinners (American band), The Spinners, Isaac Hayes, Sacha Distel, Whitney Houston, Jeffrey Osborne, June Pointer, Stevie Wonder, Elton John, Dieter Bohlen, Gladys Knight, Patti LaBelle, Smokey Robinson, Chuck Jackson, Barry Manilow, Bee Gees, Luther Vandross, Marvin Gaye, Kashif (musician), Kashif, Howard Hewett, Johnny Mathis
Barenaked Ladies

**Barenaked Ladies** are a Canadian band. They formed in Toronto, Canada in 1988. The band is made up of four men. In 1991, the band was taken off the program for a New Year's Eve concert in Toronto because someone thought the name was bad. The band started as a duo with Ed Roberstson and Steven Page. Lead singer Page left the band in 2009 to begin a solo career. He was also arrested in 2008 for having the illegal drug cocaine.

## Members

The current band members are:
- Ed Roberston - guitar and vocals
- Jim Creegan - vocals and bass
- Kevin Hearn - vocals, keyboard, accordion and guitar
- Tyler Stewart - vocals and drums

## Television

Ed Robertson is also the host of a television programme, called _Ed's Up_. On the programme, he travels around Canada by airplane. A plane he was flying crashed into trees in 2008. Roberston and the other passengers were not hurt.

The theme song to the television series _The Big Bang Theory_ is performed by Barenaked Ladies.

## Recordings

The band have made 18 albums:
- _Gordon_ (1992)
- _Maybe You Should Drive_ (1994)
- _Born on a Pirate Ship (1996)_
- _Rock Spectacle_ (1996)
- _Stunt_ (1998)
- _Maroon_ (2000)
- _Disc One: All Their Greatest Hits_ (2001)
- _Everything To Everyone_ (2003)
- _Barenaked For The Holidays_ (2004)
- _Barenaked Ladies Are Me_ (2006)
- _Talk To The Hand_: Live In Michigan DVD (2007)
- _Barenaked Ladies Are Men_ (2007)
- _Snacktime!_ (2008)
- _All In Good Time_ (2010)
- _Grinning Streak_ (2013)
- _Silver Ball_ (2015)
- _Fake Nudes_ (2017)
- _Detour de Force_ (2021)

## Other websites

- Ed's Up TV pages

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Barenaked Ladies
- **img**: BarenakedFoursome.jpg
- **img capt**: Barenaked Ladies performing in 2008: Kevin Hearn, Ed Robertson, Tyler Stewart, and Jim Creeggan (l-r)
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **label**: John King Artist Consultants, Page Music, Page Publications, Sire Records, Sire, Reprise Records, Reprise, Desperation, Raisin'
- **associated acts**: The Brothers Creeggan, Kevin Hearn and Thin Buckle, Yukon Kornelius, The Vanity Project
- **current members**: Jim Creeggan
Kevin Hearn
Ed Robertson
Tyler Stewart
- **past members**: Andy Creeggan
Steven Page
Paul Revere & the Raiders

**Paul Revere & the Raiders** were an American pop group who were popular in the 1960s. They started in Boise, Idaho and then re-located to Portland, Oregon.

In 1971 the band had a number-one hit on the Billboard charts, with "Indian Reservation (The Lament of the Cherokee Reservation Indian)".

The Raiders most well known lineup consisted of: Mark Lindsay (lead vocals), Drake Levin (guitar), Jim Valley (guitar), Phil Volk (bass), Paul Revere (keyboards) and Mike Smith (drums).

The band claimed to have 23 hits from 1961 to 1972, more hits for a long period of time than even the likes of The Beatles did not achieve.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Paul Revere & the Raiders
- **image**: Paul Revere and the Raiders 1967.JPG
- **caption**: The band in 1967. Front L-R: Paul Revere, Mike Smith. Center L-R: Jim Valley, Mark Lindsay. Back: Phil Volk
- **image size**: 200px
- **alias**: The Downbeats
- **origin**: Boise, Idaho, United States
- **genre**: Pop rock, Rock & roll, Garage rock, Protopunk
- **years active**: 1958–1976, 1978–2014
- **url**: http://www.paulrevereraiders.com
- **current members**: Paul Revere (musician), Paul Revere
Doug Heath
Ron Foos
Darren Dowler
Danny Krause
Tommy Scheckel
- **past members**: Mark Lindsay
Robert White
Richard White
William Hibbard
Dick McGarvin
Red Hughes
David Bell
Jerry Labrum
Andrea Loper
Mike "Smitty" Smith
Ross Allemang
Steve West
Dick Walker
Charlie Coe
Drake Levin, Drake "Kid" Levin
Mike "Doc" Holliday
Phil "Fang" Volk
Jim "Harpo" Valley
Freddy Weller
Joe Correro, Jr.
Keith Allison
Omar Martinez
Robert Wooley
Blair Hill
Michael Bradley (singer), Michael Bradley
Carlo Driggs
Jamie Revere
Nintendogs

is a video game for the Nintendo DS. In _Nintendogs_, the player has dogs. At the start of the game one can choose a type of dog and give it a name. They give the dogs food and drinks. If a dog is good one might get to feed them a dog biscuit or a jerky treat. The dogs can be washed, taken for a walk, taught to do tricks and put into contests. The contests are: agility trial, disc competition and obedience trial. One can find out how to compete in these contests by looking at their care books, under Supplies.

There are four versions of the game each with different breeds.
They are: _Dalmatian and Friends_, _Chihuahua and Friends_, _Labrador and Friends_ and _Dachshund and Friends_. All breeds are unlockable in every version and a player can unlock dogs by increasing his trainer points. However, the player can only have three dogs at home. To get more the player must drop off one at the Dog Hotel. Every player can only drop off five dogs at a time.

If the player does not play the game for a long period of time, the dog may run away, so players need to play with their dogs daily.

A sequel, _Nintendogs + Cats_, was released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2011.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development, Nintendo EAD
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Kiyoshi Mizuki
- **producer**: Hideki Konno
Shigeru Miyamoto
- **composer**: Hajime Wakai
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS
- **genre**: Digital pet, Pet-raising simulation
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer
RAID

**RAID** is an acronym that stands for **Redundant Array of Inexpensive** **Disks** or  **Redundant Array of Independent Disks**. RAID is a term used in computing. With RAID, several hard disks are made into one logical disk. There are different ways this can be done. Each of the methods that puts the hard disks together has some benefits and drawbacks over using the drives as single disks, independent of each other. The main reasons why RAID is used are:

- To make the loss of data happen less often. This is done by having several copies of the data.
- To get more storage space by having many smaller disks.
- To get more flexibility (Disks can be changed or added while the system keeps running)
- To get the data more quickly.
Leonid Brezhnev

**Leonid Illich Brezhnev** (19 December 1906 – 10 November 1982) was a leader of the Soviet Union. Born in 1906, Brezhnev's title was "First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union". He was effectively the dictator of the Soviet Union from 1964 until his death in 1982.

During the Second World War, Brezhnev was a Political Commissar. He supervised various military units. There, he became a friend of Nikita Khrushchev.

Unlike Khrushchev, the leader of the Soviet Union before him, Brezhnev did not agree with the process of destalinization, and did not support reform. Under Brezhnev, the Soviet economy mostly consisted of military spending. Because the country's resources were going to the armed forces, as they had under Joseph Stalin in wartime, consumer wants were ignored. The standard of living began to fall.

Brezhnev died of a heart attack on November 10, 1982. At over 18 years, Brezhnev was longest ruling Russian Ruler since Stalin until Vladimir Putin broke this record in 2017.

## Related pages

- Death and state funeral of Leonid Brezhnev

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific suffix**: Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal Gold Star Medal, HSU
- **name**: Leonid Brezhnev
- **image**: Leonid Brezjnev, leider van de Sovjet-Unie, Bestanddeelnr 925-6564.jpg
- **caption**: Brezhnev in 1967
- **office1**: List of heads of state of the Soviet Union, President of the Soviet Union
- **term start1**: 7 May 1960
- **term end1**: 15 July 1964
- **successor1**: Anastas Mikoyan
- **predecessor1**: Kliment Voroshilov
- **premier1**: Nikita Khrushchev
- **term start2**: 16 June 1977
- **term end2**: 10 November 1982
- **predecessor2**: Nikolai Podgorny
- **successor2**: Yuri Andropov
- **premier2**: Alexei Kosygin
Nikolai Tikhonov
- **office**: General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
<small>(as First Secretary from 1964 to 1966)</small>
- **term start**: 14 October 1964
- **term end**: 10 November 1982
- **president**: Anastas Mikoyan <small>(until 1965)</small>
Nikolai Podgorny <small>(until 1977)</small>
Himself(until his death)
- **premier**: Alexei Kosygin <small>(until 1980)</small>
Nikolai Tikhonov
- **predecessor**: Nikita Khrushchev
- **successor**: Yuri Andropov
- **birth name**: Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev
- **birth place**: Kamianske, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **death cause**: Heart Attack
- **party**: Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- **spouse**: Viktoria Brezhneva
- **children**: Yuri Brezhnev
Galina Brezhneva
- **residence**: 26 Kutuzovsky Prospekt
- **signature**: Leonid Brezhnev Signature.svg
Approximation

An **approximation** is a version of a piece of information that does not describe it exactly, but is close enough to be used. An approximation may be used either when the exact piece of information is not known, or when it's too long or complicated and people need something simpler. The most common simple adjective for an approximation is "about".

For example, if you wanted to add 2.0002 and 2.0003, you can add 2 and 2, and it would be an approximation.
If you are left with a balance of Dollar 78.23 you might want to say you are left with 80 dollars. In mathematics, this is written using the  symbol (e.g., ).

Archimedes used polygons to approximate a circle, and to calculate an approximation for pi as shown below:

## Related pages

- Approximation theory
- Diophantine approximation
- Estimation
- Numerical analysis
PhpBB

**phpBB** is a commonly used, free computer software for forums. As the name suggests, phpBB is written in PHP, with the use of one of SQL compatible databases.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: phpBB
- **logo**: Phpbb3-ccw-logo.png
- **screenshot**: Phpbb 3.0 prosilver.png
- **developer**: The phpBB Group
- **released**: 17 June 2008
- **programming language**: PHP
- **language**: multilingual
- **genre**: Internet forum
- **license**: GNU General Public License
- **website**: https://www.phpbb.com/
Jerboa

A **jerboa** is a small desert rodent of Asia and Northern Africa. It looks like a mouse, but it has a long tail and very long back legs. The jerboa moves by jumping, and their highest jump is over 6 feet high. They have long tails, long hind legs, and short front legs. There are 33 species of jerboa, which tend to live in hot deserts.

When they are being chased, jerboas can run up to 24 kilometers per hour. Some jerboa species are preyed on by little owls in central Asia. Most species of jerboas have very good hearing. Their hearing helps them avoid being attacked by predators.

## Related pages

- Hopping mouse
- Jumping mouse
- Kangaroo rat and kangaroo mouse
- Kultarr
- Springhare
Smell

The term **smell** may refer to one of the following articles:

- Olfaction, the sense of smell, that is, the ability to perceive odors
- Odor - the sensation perceived by the detection of certain chemical compounds by the sense of olfaction
Teaspoon

A **teaspoon** is a spoon used for stirring tea, measuring sugar, and playing games such as spoons. They are also called **flatspoons** in American English. Longer teaspoons can be used to eat ice cream and other desserts, too. It is usually covered with silver or stainless steel.

It is also a unit of measurement, now equal to 5 millilitres.
Camembert

**Camembert** is a village in France. It is in Normandy. It is in the Orne _département_ of the Lower Normandy region in France. It is most famous as the place where Camembert cheese originated. In 1999, 199 people lived there.

## Geography

Camembert has a total area of 10.3 square kilometers.
Camembert cheese

**Camembert cheese**, more generally known as **Camembert**, is a French soft cheese. It originated in the village of Camembert in Normandy. Since 1983, the name _Camembert de Normandie_ has been protected as Appellation d'Origine controlée (AOC).

## Production

Camembert is made from unpasteurized cow's milk, and is ripened by the moulds _Penicillium candida_ and _Penicillium camemberti_ for at least three weeks. It is produced in small rounds, about 250 grams in weight, which are wrapped in paper and boxed in thin wooden boxes.

## Characteristics

When fresh, it is quite crumbly and relatively hard, but it characteristically ripens and becomes more runny and strongly flavoured as it ages.

Camembert can be used in many dishes, but it is popularly eaten uncooked on bread or with wine or meat, to enjoy the subtle flavour and texture which do not survive heating.

## History

Camembert was reputedly invented in 1791 by Marie Harel, a farmer from Normandy. However, the origin of the cheese we know today as camembert is more likely to rest with the beginnings of the industrialisation of the cheese-making process at the end of the 19th century. In 1890, an engineer, M. Ridel invented the wooden box which was used to carry the cheese and helped to send it for longer distances, in particular to America where it became very popular. These boxes are still used today.

Before fungi were properly understood, the colour of Camembert rind was a matter of chance, most commonly blue-grey, with brown spots. From the early 20th century onwards the rind has been more commonly pure white, but it was not until the mid-1970s that pure white became standard.

The cheese was famously issued to French troops in the First World War, becoming firmly fixed in the French popular culture as a result. It has many other roles in French culture, literature and history. It is now internationally known, and many local varieties are made around the world.

The cheese is said to have inspired Salvador Dalí to create his famous painting, _The Persistence of Memory_. Its "melting" watches were inspired by the sight of a melting wheel of over-ripe Camembert.

The Camembert de Normandie was granted a protected designation of origin in 1992 after the original AOC in 1983.

## Related pages

- Brie, a similar cheese from a different region

## References

_Camembert: A National Myth_ by Pierre Boisard  claims that Camembert was one of the first globalised, homogenised and standardised foods.

## Other websites

- Camembert website
- Camembert AOC
- Joseph Knirim, Marie Harel and the camembert cheese
- Castello's Camembert
- Saga Blue's Camembert
Childbirth

Human reproductive system

**Childbirth**, also known as **labour and delivery**, is when a woman gives birth. This means it is the ending of a pregnancy where one baby or (more) babies leave the uterus by passing through the  vagina or by Caesarean section.

Birth rate is important in determining the population growth rate. In 2015, there were about 135 million births globally. About 15 million were born before 37 weeks of gestation, called a premature birth, while between 3 and 12 percent were born after 42 weeks as a postterm delivery.

## Related pages

- Premature birth
- Postterm birth
- Population growth rate
- Mortality rate

## Infobox (medical condition)

- **name**: Childbirth
- **synonyms**: Labour and delivery, labor and delivery, partus, giving birth, parturition, birth, confinement
- **image**: Postpartum baby2.jpg
- **caption**: Newborn baby and mother
- **field**: Obstetrics, midwifery
- **complications**: Obstructed labour, postpartum bleeding, eclampsia, postpartum infection, birth asphyxia, Kangaroo care, neonatal hypothermia
- **types**: Vaginal delivery, C-section
- **causes**: Pregnancy
- **prevention**: Birth control, abortion
- **frequency**: 135 million (2015)
- **deaths**: 500,000 maternal deaths a year
Shiva

Shiva is a major god in Hinduism and one of the chief gods as a member of the Trimurti. Shiva is causeless auspiciousness. Shiva is also known as the _Maharudra_ (the great Rudra). Shiva is an embodiment of ultimate space of enlightenment. He assumed human form to guide humans in the past and thus, he is also known as _Adiguru_ or _Adiyogi_ (the first teacher).

His space of enlightenment is what all spiritual seekers aspire for. All enlightened sages live in this space of Shiva. Shiva is the destroyer god of this complete universe because he destroys all evils in the world. His wife is the goddess Parvati.

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Hindu
- **image**: Shiva-Parvati on Nandi.jpg
- **caption**: Shiva and Parvati on Nandi (bull), Nandi
- **name**: Shiva
- **devanagari**: शिव
- **affiliation**: Brahman, Parabrahman (Shaivism), Trimurti
- **deity of**: Destruction, Dance, Arts
- **abode**: Kailash
- **mantra**: Om Namah Shivaya
 Shivaya Namah
- **weapon**: Trishula
- **consorts**: Parvati
- **festivals**: Maha Shivaratri, Hariyali Teej, Ardra Dharshana
- **member of**: Trimurti
- **mount**: Nandi (bull)
ASCII art

**ASCII art** is art made out of ASCII characters. This can be simple art like "<3" (it looks almost like a heart if you turn your head sideways), or it can be more complex, with characters carefully placed out, containing many lines of characters.
ASCII art was originally used to "draw" pictures on computers that only allowed ASCII characters.
Smilies are considered ASCII art.

ASCII art was invented because in the past, computers could only display simple characters in a format known as ASCII. This meant that computers could only display text. People started making art with ASCII characters to display an "image". These images are also sometimes referred to as emoticons, especially when they make images similar to facial expressions. Examples are:

`:)      *_*     :(      O_o`

`:|      T_T     :D`

They can also be more complicated.

## External links

- html art, rychkov.org
Riddle

A **riddle** can be classed as a statement with a solution. This solution, however, need not be logical. Solving riddles usually involve thinking about the question and putting it into context.

## Other websites

- Riddleness - Riddles With Answers
- Anglo-Saxon riddles
- riddles for adults-interesting and challenging riddles for adults
Novalis

**Novalis** is the pseudonym of **Georg Philipp Friedrich Freiherr von Hardenberg** (2 May 1772 – 25 March 1801), who was a writer and philosopher of the early German Romanticism.
Body piercing

**Body piercing** or just **piercing** is a form of body modification, where humans of either gender pierce their skin to put jewellery through the hole later. There are many different reasons some people have piercings, such as religious or other cultural purposes. Many people, especially in North America and Europe, choose to be pierced for ornamental, or sexual pleasure.

## History

In early records, it was not common to discuss the use of piercings or their meanings. However, body adornment and modification are estimated have been around for more than 5000 years, found in mummies like Ötzi the Iceman, Europe's oldest natural mummy estimated to be about 5,300 years old. Piercing of the ears, nose, and tongue have a long history in many ancient cultures, and lip piercing and stretching were more common in African tribes, especially for cultural identification.

### Piercings in the 20th & 21st century

Body piercings of any kind were not popular in Western cultures in the beginning of the 20th century. After World War II, the gay subculture used piercings as a fashion statement. Other subcultures, such as "hippie" and the punk movement, also began to use piercings as a form of expression in the 1960s and 1970s. Genital piercing is becoming more common. Sometimes people get genital piercings to create interest or attract attention. Some types of genital piercing are supposed to increase sexual pleasure. For males, one type of penis piercing is called an Ampallang.
Physical

**Physical** can mean:
- Something that is made of matter
- Something about the human body
- Physical anthropology
- Something done by a force made when something moves to apply or create the force. (This is only a form of Kinetic energy.)
Elonka Dunin

**Elonka Dunin** (; born December 29, 1958) is an American video game developer. Her job is to make computer games at Simutronics Corporation, in Missouri.  She also knows a lot about famous puzzles, especially a puzzle called Kryptos, which no one knows all the answers to yet.

In 2006, she wrote a book with hundreds of puzzles in it, called _The Mammoth Book of Secret Codes and Cryptograms_.

## References

- Elonka Dunin's website (biography)
- Simutronics corporation
Folk

**Folk** can mean:

- a specific people, tribe, or nation
- folklore, stories and traditions told orally.
- folk art, art done in traditional styles

In **music:**
- folk music or folksong, music by and of the common people.
- folk dance, a 19th century form of dance
- folk-punk, a genre of music that combines elements of folk and punk rock music
- folk-rock, a kind of music that is folk music and Rock and Roll mixed together.
- folk metal, a sub-genre of heavy metal that mixes it with folk music
Victorian

**Victorian** may mean:

- 19th-century matters:
    - Victorian era
    - Victorian architecture
    - Victorian decorative arts
    - Victorian fashion
    - Victorian morality
    - Victorianism in esthetics and manners
    - Victorian literature
    - Victorian America
- Saint Victorian (disambiguation)

## Related pages

- Victoria (disambiguation)
- Victoriana
Bethlehem

**Bethlehem** is a Palestinian city on the West Bank.  It is most famous as the place where Jesus was born.  (See Gospel of Matthew chapter 2.)  It is five miles from Jerusalem and has been under Israeli occupation since 1967.
Albert II, Prince of Monaco

**Albert II** (born 14 March 1958), is the current Sovereign Prince of Monaco. He became ruler after his father Prince Ranier III died in April 2005. He is the only son and the middle of three children of Rainer and his wife, Grace Kelly.

## Legitimate children

Prince Albert and his wife, Charlene, had twins:
1. Princess Gabriella, Countess of Carladès, Countess of Polignac (born 10 December 2014)
1. Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco, marquis des Baux,  Conde de Polignac born 10 December 2014); heir to the throne of Monaco.

## Health

On 19 March 2020, amid the large-scale outbreak of COVID-19, it was officially announced that Albert II had tested positive. This made Albert II the first monarch and head of state to have tested positive for COVID-19. On 31 March, it was announced that he had made a full recovery.

## Titles and styles

- **14 March 1958 – 6 April 2005:** _His Serene Highness_ The Hereditary Prince of Monaco, Marquess of  Baux.
    - **31 March 2005 – 6 April 2005:** _His Serene Highness_ The Prince Regent of Monaco.
- **6 April 2005 – present:** _His Serene Highness_ The Sovereign Prince of Monaco.

## Ancestral Information

<centre></centre>

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Albert II
- **image**: The Prince of Monaco in 2013.jpg
- **succession**: Prince of Monaco
- **reign**: 6 April 2005 – present
- **predecessor**: Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, Rainier III
- **successor**: Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco, Jacques
- **reign1**: 31 March 2005 – 6 April 2005
- **full name**: Albert Alexandre Louis Pierre Grimaldi
- **reign-type1**: Regency
- **issue**: _Legitimate:_
Princess Gabriella, Countess of Carladès
Jacques, Hereditary Prince of Monaco
_Illegitimate:_
Jazmin Grace Grimaldi
Alexandre Coste
- **house**: House of Grimaldi
- **father**: Rainier III, Prince of Monaco
- **mother**: Grace Kelly
- **birth place**: Prince's Palace of Monaco, Monaco-Ville, Monaco
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism
- **signature**: Signature of Albert II, Prince of Monaco.png
Rex Warner

**Rex Warner** (birth name **Reginald Ernest Walker**; 9 March 1905 – 24 June 1986) was a classical English writer and translator.
Hugh Cook

- _There is also Hugh Cook (science fiction author), born in England, who also lived in New Zealand and Japan._
**Hugh Cook** (born 1942) is a Canadian writer.

## Bibliography

- _Cracked Wheat and Other Stories_ - 1985 ()
- _The Homecoming Man_ - 1989 ()
- _Home in Alfalfa_ - 1998 ()
Zapotec peoples

**The Zapotec** are a native tribe of people from Mexico. People think there are between 300.000 and 400.000 people. Most of them live in the state of Oaxaca. Most of them speak either Zapotec languages or the Chatino language. Before Christopher Columbus came to America, the Zapotec civilisation was highly developed. It also included a system of writing.

## References

- Malinowski, Sharon; Sheets, Anna, ed. (1998); "Zapotec" in _The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes_; Gale Research, Detroit, Michigan.

## Other websites

- Zapotec Culture  (in English and Spanish)
- Zapotec Language  (including variants, in English and Spanish)
IMAX

**IMAX** is a kind of movie projection system, which shows movies on a very large screen. It was first introduced in Japan in 1970.

## Other websites

- Official site
Esotericism

**Esotericism** is about secret knowledge for a small group of people.   Esotericism also describes mystical, spiritual or occult points of view. Esotericism studies Gnosticism, Yoga, Alchemy, Magic, Spiritualism, Hypnosis, Astrology, Meditation, Mysticism, and Occultism. Many followers of Abrahamic faiths, particularly Christianity and Islam, have criticized Esotericism as black magic. Esotericism in religion is called "obscurantism".

Esotericism can also be about understanding symbolism and hidden meanings of many different books.  They include religious books, philosophy books and books about history.  They use these books as their texts.

## Esoteric groups

- Alawites
- Anthroposophy
- Freemasons
- Hermeticism
- Illuminati
- Kabbalah
- Knights Templar
- Rosicrucians
- Theosophy
Hugh Cook (science fiction author)

**Hugh Walter Gilbert Cook** (9 August 1956 – 8 November 2008) was a science fiction author. Cook was born in Essex, England, and moved to New Zealand. He moved to Japan in 1997.
Sect

A **sect** is a small religious or political group that separates from a larger group. Sects have many of the same beliefs and practices as the original group, but often have some different doctrines. In contrast, a denomination is a large religious group.

## Related pages

- Cult
- New religious movement