juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
International health

**International health** means two different, but related, things. It means care of people who travel from one country to another, and knowledge of diseases foreign to the traveler. It also means people from one country trying to improve health in another.

## Groups

There are different kinds of groups that are involved in international health. They engage in international health for different reasons and with different ethics and rules.

Governments of rich, "developed" countries are often interested in the health of other countries. They are especially interested in the health of neighbor countries. The reasons for this are many: if they have extra resources, they may want to share them with their neighbors; but also they may want to stop spread of diseases from their neighbor country across the border. For example, the United States is a richer country than Mexico and has little problem with measles (in children) or rabies (in mammals) in the interior, but along the border with Mexico these diseases are more common.

The Western Hemisphere's countries have formed PAHO, the Pan American Health Organization, to deal with these kinds of problems  in an organized way. PAHO knows that people and goods flow across borders in both directions, and a problem in one country will soon be a problem in its partner countries. PAHO is an example of an international organization.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) are associations organized outside of the government by volunteers and others, and which serve a particular interest. Often, NGOs interested in health perform important functions in international health, both in direct care and in development.
Salam

**Salam** (, **'), sometimes spelled **salaam**, is an Arabic word that literally means "peace", but is also used as a general greeting, above all in Arab countries and by Muslim countries around the world in general. The word is also borrowed from Arabic in the Pashto, Persian, and Urdu languages.

**As-salamu ʿalaykum_' () is a greeting in Arabic that means "peace be upon you". The greeting is a standard salutation among Muslims, whether socially or within worship and other contexts.  The typical response to the greeting is _wa-ʿalaykumu as-salām_ (وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ; "and upon you be peace").

The full version of the greeting is _as-salamu ʿalaykum wa-rahmatullahi wa-barakatuh_ (, "peace be upon you, as well as the mercy of God and His blessings"), with the full response being _wa-ʿalaykum as-salam wa-rahmatullahi wa-barakatuh_ ().

It is also preferred to use the greeting when arriving and also while leaving. It was reported that Abu Hurairah said "When one of you joins a gathering, let him say 'Peace'. When he wants to get up and leave, let him say 'Peace'. The former is not more important than the latter."
- According to hadith, Prophet Muhammad was asked who should begin the greeting and he said, "The one who is riding should greet the one who is walking and the one who is walking should greet the one who is sitting and the smaller group should greet the larger group."
- It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon a verse of the Quran: "But when you enter the houses, greet one another with a greeting from God blessed and good."
- Shortening the greeting to acronyms, such as _A.S._, _As'kum_ (in Malaysia), or _AsA_ is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people using messaging services such as Snapchat. This trend is similar to writing (S) or SAWS in place of _ṣallá l-Lāhi ʿalayhi wa s-salām_. However, this trend is considered improper by the majority of scholars and does not give the same blessings as saying it properly.
In addition, _As-Salam_ is one of the 99 Names of God.

The Arabic _salam_ means "Peace", which is similar to the Hebrew _shalom_ and the Amharic _selam''.

## Related pages

- Shalom, the Hebrew version of Salam
- Shalom Aleichem, the Hebrew version of Salam Alaykum
Tekken (series)

***Tekken*** is a fighting video game series made by _Namco_ (now _Bandai Namco Games_).

## Games

- **Tekken** - Arcade/PlayStation
- **Tekken 2** - Arcade/PlayStation
- **Tekken 3** - Arcade/PlayStation
- **Tekken Tag Tournament** - Arcade/PlayStation 2
- **Tekken Advance** - Game Boy Advance
- **Tekken Card Challenge** - WonderSwan
- **Tekken 4** - Arcade/PlayStation 2
- **Death By Degrees** - PlayStation 2
- **Tekken 5** - Arcade/PlayStation2
- **Tekken 5: Dark Resurrection** - Arcade/PlayStation Portable/PlayStation 3
- **Tekken 6** - Arcade/PlayStation 3/Xbox 360/PlayStation Portable
- **Tekken 6: Bloodline Rebellion** - Arcade
- **Tekken Hybrid** - PlayStation 3
- **Tekken Tag Tournament 2** - PlayStation 3/Xbox 360/Wii U
- **Tekken Revolution** - PlayStation 3
- **Tekken 7** - Arcade/PlayStation 4/Xbox One/Microsoft Windows
- **Tekken 8** - Arcade/PlayStation 5/Xbox Series X/S/Microsoft Windows

## Movies

- **Tekken: The Motion Picture**
- **Tekken** (2010)
- **Tekken: Blood Vengeance**
- **Tekken 2: Kazuya's Revenge**

## Others

- **Urban Reign**
- **Death by Degress**
- **Capcom X Namco**
- **Project X Zone**
- **Project X Zone 2**
- **Naruto Shippuden: Ultimate Ninja Storm 2**

### Characters

- Kazuya Mishima
- Marshall Law
- Paul Phoenix
- Jin Kazama
- Jun Kazama
- Michelle Chang
- King
- Jack
- Combot
- Mokujin
- Kuma and Panda
- Ling Xiaoyu
- Anna Williams
Tekken 3

***Tekken 3*** is a 1998 fighting video game made by Namco.

### Returning Characters

- Paul Phoenix
- Nina Williams
- Yoshimitsu
- Lei Wulong
- Anna Williams (unlockable)
- Heihachi Mishima (unlockable)

### New Characters

- King
- Jin Kazama
- Ling Xiaoyu
- Hwoarang
- Eddy Gordo
- Forrest Law
- Kuma (unlockable)
- Panda (unlockable)

- Julia Chang (unlockable)
- Bryan Fury (unlockable)
- Gun Jack (unlockable)
- Mokujin (unlockable)
- Ogre (unlockable)
- True Ogre (unlockable)
- Tiger Jackson (unlockable, extra costume for Eddy Gordo)
- King (succesor to the first King)

### Bonus Characters (PlayStation version)

- Gon (unlockable)
- Doctor Boskonovitch (unlockable)
Tekken Tag Tournament

***Tekken Tag Tournament*** is an update to Tekken 3. It has most of the characters from the past games. It was released for PlayStation 2 in 2000.

## Story

The game does not have a story, but it is considered non-canonical.

### Characters

Marshall Law, the Jack robot from the original _Tekken_ game, King, Kuma, Doctor Boskonovitch and Gon, (the manga character who appeared in the PlayStation version of _Tekken 3_) were excluded as characters in _Tekken Tag Tournament_. However, Doctor Boskonovitch makes a cameo in the Tekken Bowling minigame.

#### Returning characters

|width=28% valign=top|
- Heihachi Mishima
- Paul Phoenix
- Yoshimitsu
- Nina Williams
- Michelle Chang
- Armor King
- Ganryu
- Anna Williams
- Lei Wulong
- Jun Kazama
- Baek Doo San
- Eddy Gordo
- King
|width=28% valign=top|
- Hwoarang
- Ling Xiaoyu
- Jin Kazama
- Bryan Fury
- Forrest Law
- Julia Chang
- Gun Jack
- Kunimitsu (unlockable)
- Bruce Irvin (unlockable)
- Jack-2 (unlockable)
- Lee Chaolan (unlockable)
- Wang Jinrei (unlockable)
|width=44% valign=top|
- Roger (unlockable)
- Alex (unlockable)
- Kuma (unlockable)
- Panda (unlockable)
- Kazuya Mishima (unlockable)
- Ogre (unlockable)
- True Ogre (unlockable)
- Prototype Jack (unlockable)
- Mokujin (unlockable)
- Devil (unlockable)
- Angel (unlockable, acts as a costume change for Devil)
- Tiger Jackson (unlockable, acts as a costume change for Eddy Gordo)

#### New characters

- Tetsujin (unlockable)
- Unknown (unlockable)

## Trivia

- If the player chooses Kazuya and Devil on the same Tag Team, Kazuya will transform into Devil (and vice-versa) instead of them tagging.
- If Unknown and Devil are on the same team and Unknown is using Kazuya's moves, instead of tagging out, she will transform into Devil.
Sola scriptura

***Sola scriptura*** (Latin for "by scripture alone") means "the Bible alone ." Protestant Christians who subscribe to the doctrine of Sola scriptura believe that the Bible is the most important authority to the Christian faith, rather than Catholic or Eastern Orthodox Christians who believe that tradition and early church writings have equal authority with the Bible.

_Sola scriptura_ was a principle of Martin Luther's Protestant Reformation and is a principle of Protestants today (see five solas).

## Related pages

- Quranism, the Islamic equivalent
- _Sola fide_
- Muwahhidism, the concept of returning the Islamic faith back to its original foundations
- Ijtihad, the Islamic concept of interpretation of religion and law not limited by tradition

## Other websites

- Many articles on _Sola scriptura_ from a Protestant perspective
- Many articles on _Sola scriptura_  from a Catholic perspective
- "A Critique of the Evangelical Doctrine of Sola Scriptura", an excerpt from _The Shape of Sola Scriptura_ (2001) by Keith Mathison (himself a Calvinistic evangelical)
- A written debate on _Sola scriptura_  between Douglas Jones and Gerald Matatics from _Antithesis Magazine_
- A formal written debate on _Sola scriptura_  between Julie Staples and Apolonio Latar
- A Catholic rebuttal to _Sola scriptura_
- An Orthodox Christian rebuttal to _Sola scriptura_
Tatar

**Tatar** might mean:

- Tatars, an ethnic group from Asia and Europe
- Tatar language, a language spoken by the Tatars
Human Rights Watch

**Human Rights Watch** is an international non-governmental organization. Its activities include research and advocacy on human rights. The headquarters of the organization is in New York City.

## Focus of the organization

- Arms trafficking
- Land mines
- Abortion rights
- Freedom of religion
- Gay rights and rights of transgender according to the Yogyakarta Principles
- Rights of AIDS patients
- Safety of civilians in war; opposes use of cluster bombs
- Child labor
- Child soldiers
- Child prostitution
- Street children
- Genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity
- Torture
- Extrajudicial killings and abductions
- Legal cases against human rights abusers
- Trafficking in women and girls
- Abolition of capital punishment worldwide

## Other websites

- Official Website
Arms trafficking

**Arms trafficking** or **gun-running** is smuggling of weapons and ammunition. Arms trafficking happens everywhere but it is a very big problem in places with violent political conflict or civil war. International organizations for human rights, including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are looking into fixing this problem.
Sola fide

**Sola fide** means "faith only" in Latin. It is used by Protestants, who believe that people must trust Jesus to bring them back into relationship with God. Sin creates a gap between people and God, but Jesus, who was perfect, died by taking the punishment for sin for the people and so bridged the gap. That is called salvation because Jesus "saves" people from being without God. The idea is that trust in Jesus is the only way to be saved and to get to heaven after people die.

That belief was a principle of the Protestant Reformation, which was started by Martin Luther, and is a principle of Protestants today (see five solas). It contrasts with Catholics and the Eastern Orthodox, who believe that Jesus died to bridge the gap between God and people, but they must also behave to be saved.

Protestants agree that people need to do what is right, but they believe that  salvation depends on faith alone, not on acts.

## Related pages

- Sola scriptura
Society of Jesus

The **Society of Jesus** (Latin: _Societas Iesu_, _S.J._ and _S.I._ or _SJ_, _SI_ ) is a Roman Catholic Church religious order whose members are called **Jesuits**, _Soldiers of Christ_, and _Foot soldiers of the Pope_, because the founder, Saint Ignatius of Loyola, was a knight before becoming a priest.

Jesuits are the largest male religious order of the Roman Catholic Church with 19,216 members (13,491 priests, 3,049 scholastic students, 1,810 brothers and 866 novices).

The Society of Jesus is consecrated under the patronage of the Madonna Della Strada.  It is led by a Superior General, currently Arturo Sosa.

The headquarters of the society, its General Curia, is in Rome.

Within the Catholic Church, there has been a sometimes tense relationship between Jesuits and the Vatican.  This is due to questioning of official Church teaching and papal directives, such as those on abortion, birth control, women deacons, homosexuality, and liberation theology.
However, as of 2025, the previous and most recent Pope, Pope Francis, was a Jesuit.

### Jesuit documents

- The Jesuit Ratio Studiorum of 1599
- The Jesuit Mission Press in Japan, 1591-1610

### Jesuit websites

- The Jesuit Portal - Jesuit Worldwide Homepage

- **Africa**
- Jesuits in South Africa

- **Asia-Oceania**
- Jesuits in the Philippines

- **Europe**
- Jesuits in Britain

- **North America**
- Jesuits in Canada
- United States Jesuit Conference

- **South America**
- Jesuits in Chile

### Media

- The BBC Radio 4 _In Our Time_ programme on 18 January 2007 was devoted to the early history and educational role of the Jesuits; the programme's website offers a free podcast and 'listen again' service In Our Time website
- Pray-as-you-go: latest initiative by the British Jesuits, providing daily prayer in MP3 format for use "on the go"
- Documentary by the Society of Jesus Province of Chicago (Windows Media Player)

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Society of Jesus
- **image**: ihs-logo.svg
- **size**: 235px
- **abbreviation**: SJ, Jesuits
- **motto**: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
- **formation**: 1540
- **headquarters**: Church of the Gesu (Mother Church), General Curia (administration)
- **location**: Rome, Italy
- **type**: Roman Catholic religious order
- **leader title**: Superior General of the Society of Jesus, Superior General
- **leader name**: Arturo Sosa
- **main organ**: General Curia
- **key people**: Ignatius of Loyola—founder
- **website**: [http://www.sjweb.info/ www.sjweb.info]
- **num staff**: 19,216
Rosenhan experiment

The **Rosenhan experiment** is a test in psychiatry. It wants to see how good or bad the doctors in a hospital are at seeing if a person has an upset brain.   The first person to do the test was David Rosenhan. The test is named after him. It was first conducted in 1972. Rosenhan published the results in the journal _Science_ under the title "On being sane in insane places."

The test is made of two parts. In the first part, people with not-so-upset brains were sent into a hospital.  These psychiatrically sane people said they heard hallucinations, to get admitted to a psychiatric ward. This was done to test how the psychiatric hospitals would react. The second part was the reverse. Rosenhan told the hospitals, he would send _fake patients_. But he did not send any _fake_ patients.

The results of the study were very controversial. When Rosenhan sent the people, the hospitals were unable to detect them. On the other hand, when he told them he had sent some patients, but really did not, the hospitals recognised a large number of _fake patients_.  The study said that it was impossible to tell a difference between the sane and the insane.
Chassiers

**Chassiers** is a town and commune in the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France. The commune has a population of about 850 people as of the year 1999.
Châteaubourg

**Châteaubourg**can be one of 2 communes in France:

- Châteaubourg, Ardèche
- Châteaubourg, Ille-et-Vilaine
Châteaubourg, Ardèche

**Châteaubourg** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.  The commune has a population of about 200 people as of the year 1999.
Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux

**Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux
- **area km2**: 6.07
- **elevation max m**: 949
- **elevation min m**: 555
- **elevation m**: 600
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **mayor**: Christian Alibert
- **postal code**: 07240
- **insee**: 07060
- **canton**: Rhône-Eyrieux
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **caption**: Town hall
- **image**: Mairie Châteauneuf-de-Vernoux 2011-08-23-027.jpg
Dominican Order

The **Order of Preachers** (Latin:_Ordo Praedicatorum_, _OP_) is a Roman Catholic religious order. Its members follow the rules Saint Dominic gave them in the 13th century.

After the 15th century they are commonly known as **Dominicans**.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Dominican Order
- **image**: Blason Dominican.svg
- **size**: 235px
- **abbreviation**: OP, Dominicans
- **motto**: Laudare, Benedicere, Praedicare
- **formation**: 13th century
- **headquarters**: Basilica of Santa Sabina (Mother Church), General Curia (administration)
- **location**: Aventine Hill, Rome, Italy
- **type**: Roman Catholic religious order
- **leader title**: General Master of the Dominican Order, General Master
- **leader name**: Gerard Francisco Timoner
- **main organ**: General Curia
- **key people**: Saint Dominic—founder
- **website**: [https://op.org/ op.org]
Dominican

**Dominican** might mean:

- Something related to the Dominican Republic
    - Dominican people (Dominican Republic)
    - Dominican Spanish, the version of the Spanish language spoken in the Dominican Republic
- Something related to the country of Dominica
- Dominican Order, a Roman Catholic religious order
M-Train

**M>Train** was a train operator of half of Melbourne's suburban railway network. It stopped operations at 3:00am 18 April 2004, with Connex Melbourne then taking over all rail operations. M>Train and M>Tram's slogan was ***Moving Melbourne***. M>Train operated the Craigieburn, Cranbourne, Frankston, Pakenham, Sandringham, Sydenham, Upfield, Werribee, Williamstown lines, and maintained the 3 underground city loop stations. Their network was more than 268 kilometers long, and owned 125 trains, with 62 new trains on order when M>Train stopped operations.

## History

Bayside Trains (later known as M>Train) were awarded a 15-year contract to run half of Melbourne's railway network on 31 October 1999, by the Victorian State Government. On 1 October 2001, Bayside Trains renamed themselves to M>Train, along with Swanston Trams renaming themselves to M>Tram .
Diploma

A **diploma** is a certificate that is received from a school when the student has studied or completed the subject with good results. For many jobs a diploma is needed, because it proves that the person is good at the subject that was studied. A diploma is usually a basic degree that is lower than a bachelor's degree. In the past, it has also referred to a charter or official document of diplomacy.
Authorized King James Version

The **Authorized King James Version** is a translation of the Christian Bible into English. It is also called the _Authorized Version_ (_AV_) or the _King James Version_ (_KJV_) in the United States.

The name comes from King James I of England. He brought together the Hampton Court Conference of the Church of England and told its members to begin working on the version in 1604. Its first book was published in 1611.

Although it is one of the oldest English translations of the Bible, it is still one of the most widely-read versions. A 2014 survey in the United States found that 55% of those who read the Bible used the King James Version. The next most widely-read version was the New International Version, at 19%, and other versions were used by less than 10%.

## Other websites

- Online Searchable King James Dictionary
- King James Version  -Gutenberg Project
809 Lundia

**809 Lundia** is a small, binary, V-type asteroid orbiting in the Flora family in the Main Belt. It is named after Lund Observatory, Sweden.

The V-type spectrum says that it is not genetically related to the Flora family, but rather is probably a piece (actually two pieces) blown off the surface of nearby 4 Vesta by a big impact in the past. Its orbit is too far from Vesta for it to actually be a member of the Vesta family It is not clear how it came at an orbit so far from Vesta, but other examples of V-type asteroids fairly far from their parent body are known. A mechanism of interplay between the Yarkovsky effect and nonlinear secular resonances (mainly involving Jupiter and Saturn) has been suggested.

## Binary

A moon, designated **S/2005 (809) 1**, was seen based on lightcurve sightings in 2005. In fact, the size of the two bodies appear to be close in size, because during mutual occultations the brightness drops by a similar amount independently of which body is hidden. Assuming an albedo similar to 4 Vesta (around 0.4), suggests that the bodies are about 7 km across. It takes 15.4 hours to orbit each other, which says that the binary is very close — the separation being of the order of 10–20 km, if normal asteroid albedo and density values are assumed.

## Other websites

- Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets
- Johnston Archive entry for 809 Lundia
- Lightcurve showing signature of the binary

## Infobox (planet)

- **minorplanet**: yes
- **background**: #D6D6D6
- **name**: 809 Lundia
- **image**: 809Lun-LB1-mag17.jpg
- **image size**: 245
- **caption**: Asteroid 809 Lundia (apparent magnitude 16.6) near a mag 15.6 star
- **discoverer**: Max Wolf
- **discovered**: 11 August 1915
- **mpc name**: (809) Lundia
- **alt names**: 1915 XP; 1936 VC
- **named after**: Lund Observatory
- **mp category**: Main belt
- **epoch**: 31 July 2016 (Julian day, JD 2457600.5)
- **eccentricity**: 0.19304
- **period**: 3.45 Julian year (astronomy), yr (1259.6 Julian year (astronomy), d)
- **inclination**: 7.14911°
- **asc node**: 154.580°
- **arg peri**: 196.162°
- **mean anomaly**: 76.7867Degree (angle), °
- **dimensions**: 10.26 ± 0.07 km
- **density**: 1.64 ± 0.10 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
- **spectral type**: V-type asteroid, V
- **abs magnitude**: 12.2
- **mean motion**: / day
- **observation arc**: 100.48 yr (36700 d)
- **uncertainty**: 0
Rheine

**Rheine** is a city in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the biggest city in the district.

## Geography

Rheine is on the river Ems, about  north of Münster, about  west of Osnabrück and  east of Enschede (Netherlands).

### Division of the town

Rheine consists of 15 districts:

### Neighbouring municipalities

- Salzbergen
- Spelle
- Hörstel
- Emsdetten
- Neuenkirchen

## History

Although a lot of people have lived in the area around the city since prehistorical times, Rheine was first mentioned in a document signed by Louis the Pious only in 838. On 15 August 1327 it got its town charter from Louis II, Bishop of Münster.

The settlement was founded by reason of two old merchant roads crossing nearby, as well as a ford crossing the river Ems. Frankish soldiers secured this strategic point by a barrack yard at first. Later a church and more buildings were added to this outpost.

In the end of Thirty Years' War the city burned down almost completely. Swedish and Hessian troops besieged imperial soldiers who entrenched themselves in Rheine. On 20th/21st September and 19th October 1647 glowing cannonballs set fire to the city, 365 houses got razed.

During the industrialisation textile industry prospered. It continued to be an important economical factor until the second half of the 20th century. Today engineering industries and services form the largest part of economy in Rheine.

## Twin towns

- Borne (Netherlands) -- since 1983
- Bernburg (Saale) (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany) -- since 1990
- Leiria (Portugal) -- since 1996
- Trakai (Lithuania) -- since 1996

## Other websites

- Official site
- Association for Rheine's twin towns

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Rheine
- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Rheine-Emswehr.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Rheine COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Rheine.svg
- **image plan**: Rheine in ST.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Regierungsbezirk Münster, Münster
- **district**: Steinfurt
- **elevation**: 35
- **area**: 145
- **population**: 73484
- **stand**: 2013-12-31
- **postal code**: 48429-48432
- **area code**: 05971, 05975, 05459
- **licence**: ST, BF, TE
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 5 66 076
- **mayor**: Angelika Kordfelder
- **party**: SPD
Recke

**Recke** is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Geography

Recke is about  north-east of Rheine and  north-west of Osnabrück.

### Municipalities near Recke

- Ibbenbüren
- Hopsten
- Mettingen
- Voltlage
- Neuenkirchen

## Twin town

- Ommen (Overijssel, Netherlands)

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Recke
- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Recke Marktplatz.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Town Square in Recke
- **image coa**: DE Recke COA.svg
- **image plan**: Recke in ST.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **region**: Münster
- **district**: Steinfurt
- **elevation**: 45 - 125
- **area**: 53.48
- **population**: 11797
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 49509
- **area code**: 05453
- **licence**: ST
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 5 66 072
- **divisions**: 6
- **mayor**: Eckhard Kellermeier
- **party**: CDU
Bryggen

**Bryggen** (Norwegian for _the Wharf_), also known as **Tyskebryggen** (_the German Wharf_), is a series of Hanseatic commercial buildings found on the eastern side of the fjord coming into Bergen, Norway. Bryggen is on the UNESCO list for World Heritage sites. The name has the same origin as the Flemish city of Brugge.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: Bryggen, Bergen3.JPG
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: Bryggen in Bergen, built after 1702
- **location**: Bergen Municipality, Bergen, Norway
- **criteria**: (iii)
- **id**: 59
- **year**: 1979
- **locmapin**: Norway
Westerkappeln

**Westerkappeln** is a municipality in the district of Steinfurt, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is about  northwest of Osnabrück.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Gemeinde
- **name**: Westerkappeln
- **image photo**: Evangelische Stadtkirche Westerkappeln 01.jpg
- **image caption**: The Protestant City Church in Westerkappeln
- **image coa**: DE Westerkappeln COA.svg
- **image plan**: Westerkappeln in ST.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **region**: Münster
- **district**: Steinfurt
- **elevation**: 60
- **area**: 85.78
- **population**: 11370
- **stand**: 2007-12-31
- **postal code**: 49492
- **area code**: 05404
- **licence**: ST (until 1975: TE)
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 5 66 092
- **divisions**: 3
- **mayor**: Ullrich Hockenbrink
- **party**: SPD
Osnabrück (district)

**Osnabrück** () is a district (_Landkreis_) in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is near the districts of Emsland, Cloppenburg, Vechta and Diepholz, the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (districts of Minden-Lübbecke, Herford, Gütersloh, Warendorf and Steinfurt) and the City of Osnabrück.

## History

The district is almost the same as the Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück which existed until 1803. When the clerical states of Germany were dissolved, Osnabrück became part of the Kingdom of Hanover, which in turn fell to Prussia in 1866. The district was established in 1972 by merging four old districts (Osnabrück, Melle, Bersenbrück, Wittlage).

## Geography

The landscape is characterised by two mountain chains: the Wiehengebirge in the north and the northern foothills of the Teutoburg Forest in the south. These chains go around the City of Osnabrück.

## Cities and municipalities

|align=left width=25%|Cities|align=left width=25%|Free municipalities|colspan=2 align=center width=50%|Samtgemeinden|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Bad Iburg #Bramsche #Dissen #Georgsmarienhütte #Melle||#Bad Essen #Bad Laer #Bad Rothenfelde #Belm #Bissendorf #Bohmte #Glandorf #Hagen #Hasbergen #Hilter #Ostercappeln #Wallenhorst||***1. Artland** # Badbergen # Menslage # Nortrup # Quakenbrück<sup>1, 2</sup> ***2. Bersenbrück** # Alfhausen # Ankum # Bersenbrück<sup>1, 2</sup> # Eggermühlen # Gehrde # Kettenkamp # Rieste||***3. Fürstenau** # Berge # Bippen # Fürstenau<sup>1, 2</sup> ***4. Neuenkirchen** # Merzen # Neuenkirchen<sup>1</sup> # Voltlage|
|||<sup>1</sup>seat of the Samtgemeinde; <sup>2</sup> town||||||

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Osnabrück
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis Osnabrück COA.svg
- **state**: Lower Saxony
- **capital**: Osnabrück
- **area**: 2122
- **kreisschlüssel**: 03459
- **population**: 357,300
- **population as of**: 2003
- **density**: 168
- **carsign**: OS
- **url**: http://www.lkos.de
- **map**: lower_saxony_os.png
Michelle Branch

**Michelle Jacquet Branch-Landau** (born July 2, 1983) is a singer from the United States. She writes songs and plays the guitar. She made her first album, _Broken Bracelet_, in 2000, and released the platinum-selling albums _The Spirit Room_ and _Hotel Paper_ in August 2001 and June 2003, respectively. During this period, she worked with Carlos Santana on the single "The Game of Love", which won a Grammy Award. In 2004, she formed the musical duo The Wreckers with fellow musician Jessica Harp.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michelle Branch
- **image**: Michelle Branch Centennial Concert.jpgborder
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Branch performing in January 2010
- **birth name**: Michelle Jacquet DeSevren Branch
- **birth place**: Sedona, Arizona, U.S.
- **years active**: 1999–present
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
Scanning electron microscope

The **scanning electron microscope** (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that uses a focused beam of high-energy electrons in producing a variety of signals at the surface of a solid specimen. T he signals produced by the interacting electrons contain useful information such as the shape, atomic structure and conductivity.

When an electron hits the surface, it may be reflected (_backscattered_), absorbed, or conducted away.  Electrons that are absorbed can cause the atom that they hit to become unstable, forcing it to give off another electron (a secondary electron), or to give off light in order to stabilize.  Different detectors, for the different types of reactions, may be fitted to an electron microscope, depending on what is being looked for.

The magnification that can be achieved in a scanning electron microscope depends on how narrow the beam of electrons that strikes the surface can be, and can reach 1 nanometer, about the size of 3 to 5 atoms. The beam is controlled using magnetic fields, with other magnetic fields being used to shape the beam, and to move it across the sample. Magnification may range from 30x to as high as 500,000x.

## Sample

The electron beam is affected by air and water molecules, so the sample must be placed in a vacuum. The sample must also be conductive to allow the electrons not reflected or absorbed to be conducted away. This gives some limits on the type of sample that can be used. In the case of samples from plants or animals, it often means that they must first be coated in gold before they can be placed in the microscope. This is done in order to preserve the sample and keep it from changing or decaying throughout the scanning process.

## Components

The scanning electron microscope is made up of several components:

1. The electron gun is located at the very top or bottom of an SEM and is used to fire a beam of electrons at the object that we are looking at under SEM.

2. The lenses are used to focus electron beams so that we can get clear and detailed images of the examined object. They are not made of glass, but they are made of magnets that change the path of electrons created from the electron gun.

3. The sample chamber is the area where the specimen of interest is examined under SEM. As the technique is very sensitive, the chamber must be very sturdy and have no vibrations happen. This is to allow for the specimen to be kept very still in order for the SEM to produce good images.

4. The detector is the "eyes" of the microscope. It is able to produce the most detailed images of a specimen's surface. Many different detectors can be used depending upon the information wanted from the sample used.

5. The vacuum chamber protects the electron beam from constant interference from air.  The air particles are bad for electron beams, because the electrons would be knocked out of the air and onto the specimen.  Those electrons would be out of focus and would distort the view of the surfaces of the specimen.
Leporidae

**Leporidae** is a mammal family in the order Lagomorpha. It has about 60 species of rabbits and hares. The animals of the family Leporidae are called **Leporids**. The names "rabbit" and "hare" are not names of separate biological groups, but are "randomly" given to different leporid species.

## Taxonomy

- Family **Leporidae**
    - Genus _Brachylagus_
        - Pygmy Rabbit, _Brachylagus idahoensis_
    - Genus _Bunolagus_
        - Riverine Rabbit, _Bunolagus monticularis_
    - Genus _Caprolagus_
        - Hispid Hare, _Caprolagus hispidus_
    - Genus _Lepus_ (true hares, ca. 30 species)
        - Antelope Jackrabbit, _Lepus alleni_
        - Cape Hare, _Lepus capensis_
        - European Hare, _Lepus europaeus_
        - Granada Hare, _Lepus granatensis_
        - Mountain Hare, _Lepus timidus_
        - White-tailed Jackrabbit, _Lepus townsendii_
    - Genus _Nesolagus_
        - Annamite Striped Rabbit, _Nesolagus timminsi_
        - Sumatran Striped Rabbit, _Nesolagus netscheri_
    - Genus _Oryctolagus_
        - European Rabbit, _Oryctolagus cuniculus_ (includes the domestic rabbit)
    - Genus _Pentalagus_
        - Amami Rabbit, _Pentalagus furnessi_
    - Genus _Poelagus_
        - Bunyoro Rabbit, _Poelagus marjorita_
    - Genus _Pronolagus_
        - Natal Red Rock Hare, _Pronolagus crassicaudatus_
        - Jameson's Red Rock Hare, _Pronolagus randensis_
        - Smith's Red Rock Hare, _Pronolagus rupestris_
    - Genus _Romerolagus_
        - Volcano Rabbit, _Romerolagus diazi_
    - Genus _Sylvilagus_ (Cottontail rabbits, ca. 14 species)
        - Swamp Rabbit, _Sylvilagus aquaticus_
        - Brush Rabbit, _Sylvilagus bachmani_
        - Tapeti, _Sylvilagus brasiliensis_
Casimir III the Great

**Casimir III the Great** () (April 30, 1310 – November 5, 1370) was the King of Poland from 1333 until 1370. He was the son of Wladyslaw I the Short. He was the last king of the Piast dynasty, his daughter Jadwiga having married the Lithuanian duke Wladyslaw Jagiello.

Casimir III is the only Polish king to ever receive the title of "the Great". His reign was a time of prosperity and growth for the Polish kingdom. He focused on the economy and strengthening of the country and not on wars and expansion. He kept peace with the Teutonic Order during his reign, for he knew that Poland was weak and would not survive the confrontation with the knights. Because of that, he focused his attention on the south-eastern borders of the country and expanded there. In 1340, he conquered Red Ruthenia (Lviv along with it) from Hungary. Various trade laws created by him made it easier for Polish cities to gather more wealth. Cracow and Lviv gained in importance during his reign.

## Curiosities

- There is a proverb about the king: "Zastał Polskę drewnianą, a zostawił murowaną" (When he ascended Poland was wooden, when he left us, it was from stone) – he had raised many castles during his reign.
- The old Jewish part of Cracow is called "Kazimierz". It was one of the many cities established by the king.

## Other websites

- Poland during the reign of king Casimir III
Thunbergia

***Thunbergia*** Retz. is a genus of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical regions of Africa, Madagascar and southern Asia. Its members are known by various names, including **thunbergias**; **clockvine** on its own usually refers to _Thunbergia grandiflora_, while _Thunbergia alata_ is often known as **Black-eyed Susan vine** or just **Black-eyed Susan** (not to be confused with other flowers called Black-eyed Susan). Orange clockvine is the name of _Thunbergia gregorii_.

Thunbergia was named for Carl Peter Thunberg.
The Pillows

**The Pillows** (or **the pillows**) is a Japanese rock band made in 1989. They sang FLCL's theme song.

## Members

- Sawao Yamanaka - vocals, guitar, the leader.
- Yoshiaki Manabe - guitar.
- Shinichirou Sato - drums.
- Jun Suzuki - bass.

## Albums

- _Moon Gold_ (1991)
- _White Incarnation_ (1992)
- _Kool Spice_ (1994)
- _Living Field_ (1995)
- _Please Mr. Lostman_ (1997)
- _Little Busters_ (1998)
- _Runners High_ (1999)
- _Happy Bivouac_ (1999)
- _Smile_ (2001)
- _Thank You, My Twilight_ (2002)
- _Penalty Life_ (ペナルティーライフ, 2003)
- _90's My Life Returns_ (2004)
- _Good Dreams_ (2004)
- _My Foot_ (2006)
- _Wake Up! Wake Up! Wake Up!_ (2007)
- _Pied Piper_ (2008)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Pillows
- **img**: The Pillows Band.jpg
- **img capt**: Left to right: Yoshiaki Manabe, Sawao Yamanaka, Shinichiro Sato.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Hokkaidō, Japan
- **genre**: Alternative rock, pop-punk
- **years active**: 1989–2025
- **label**: Captain, Pony Canyon, King, Avex Trax
- **url**: [http://www.pillows.jp www.pillows.jp]
- **current members**: Sawao Yamanaka
Yoshiaki Manabe
Shinichirou Sato
Jun Suzuki
- **past members**: Kenji Ueda
Tatsuya Kashima
Rio Negro (Amazon)

The **Rio Negro** is a river which flows through the Amazon rainforest in north-western Brazil, in the state of Amazonas.

It is the largest blackwater river in the world. It is called _Negro_ (Spanish and Portuguese for "black") because its waters are colored by particles of humus, which make them look much like tea.

The Rio Negro is the largest tributary of the Amazon on the left-hand side (as it goes towards the sea). It starts in Colombia and ends in the Amazon basin.

Rio Negro has a very high species richness. About 700 fish species have been documented in the river basin, and it is estimated that the total is 800–900 fish species, including almost 100 endemics and several undescribed species. Among these are many that are important in the aquarium trade, including the cardinal tetra.
Castella

**Castella** (_Kasutera_ in Japanese) is a sponge cake produced in Japan. It is made of sugar, flour, eggs, and starch syrup, very common at festivals and as a street food.
It was originally produced in Portugal during medieval times, and when the Portuguese reached Japan they gave some of it to the Japanese nobility. The name is derived from Portuguese _Pão de Castela_ which means "bread of Spain".
Mallow, County Cork

**Mallow** (Irish _Mala_ "plain of the rock") is the "Crossroads of Munster" and the administrative capital of north County Cork, in the Republic of Ireland. The Northern Divisional Offices of Cork County Council are in the town.
Tocantins River

The **Tocantins River** is a river that flows through the northeastern part of Brazil. It rises in the district with a lot of mountains known as the Pireneus.  These can be found to the west of the Federal District. Its western tributary, the Araguaia River, has headwaters very far south on the slopes of the Serra dos Caiapós.
Bukka Raya I

**Bukka ಬುಕ್ಕ್** (1356-1377 CE) (also known as **Bukka Raya I** was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty. Bukka patronised Telugu poet Nachana Soma.
It is said that Bukka also sent a mission to China during his reign.

Important works of literature were also written during his rule. Dozens of scholars lived under the guidance of Vidyaranya and Sayana. Sayana's commentary on the Vedas, Brahmanas and Aranyakas was written under the patronage of Bukka.

## References

- Dr. Suryanath U. Kamat, Concise history of Karnataka, MCC, Bangalore, 2001 (Reprinted 2002)
- Chopra, P.N. T.K. Ravindran and N. Subrahmaniam.History of South India. S. Chand, 2003.

### Other websites

- AP Online: Medieval history
McGill University

**McGill University** or just **McGill** is an English language university in Montreal, Canada. It was created in 1821, few years before the country Canada existed. McGill University ranks first in Canada for 16 consecutive years according to Maclean's University Rankings.
Renault Koleos

The **Renault Koleos** is the second SUV from Renault after the Renault Scénic RX4. It was first presented on the Geneva Motorshow in the year 2000, then on the "Autosalon Paris" 2006. Now its in third generation.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **image**: Renault Grand Koleos E-Tech Hybrid Aurora I Cloud Pearl (15).jpg
- **name**: Renault Koleos
- **manufacturer**: Renault
- **production**: 2008–present
- **successor**: Renault Espace, Renault Espace VI (Europe)
- **class**: Compact car, Compact crossover SUV (2007–2017)
Mid-size car, Mid-size crossover SUV (2017–present)
- **caption**: Third generation shown
N. T. Rama Rao

**Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao** (Telugu:నందమూరి తారక రామా రావు)(28 May 1923–18 January 1996), more commonly known as **N.T. Rama Rao**, **NTR** by his fans, or **Anna garu**, was an Indian movie actor, director, producer, and politician. He founded the Telugu Desam Party and served four times as Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. His movies included mythological, social, and folk themes. He was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India in the 1960s for his work in Telugu cinema. After acting, Rao became a political activist and party leader.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao
- **image**: N. T. Rama Rao in Shavukaru (1950).jpg
- **caption**: Rama Rao in the film Shavukaru (1950)
- **birth place**: Nimmakuru, Andhra Pradesh, India
- **death place**: Hyderabad (India), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- **death cause**: Heart Attack
- **other names**: NTR
- **known for**: Movie, Cinema, Politics
- **successor**: Nara Chandrababu Naidu
- **party**: Telugu Desam Party
- **spouse**: Basavarama Taraka Rama Rao, Lakshmi Parvathi (Married in 1994)
- **children**: sons Jayakrishna, Saikrishna, Harikrishna, Mohankrishna, Balakrishna, Ramakrishna,   Jayasankarkrishna, and daughters Lokeswari, Purandeshwari, Bhuvaneswari, Umamaheswari
- **relatives**: Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Daggubati Venkateswara Rao
Piast dynasty

The **Piast dynasty** was a Polish dynasty that ruled Poland as first lords in the 10th century, until 1370. Piasts ruled also in Masovia until 1526 and Silesia until 1675.

## List of Polish rulers from Piast dynasty

|Name|Reigned|
| --- | --- |
|Piast Kołodziej (legendary)|8th - 9th century|
|Siemowit/Ziemowit|9th - 10th century|
|Lestko/Leszek|9th - 10th century|
|Siemomysł/Ziemomysł|9th - 10th century|
|Mieszko I see Dagome Iudex, first ruler|960-992|
|Boleslaus I of Poland (the Brave)|992-1025|
|Mieszko II Lambert|1025-1034|
|Bezprym|1031|
|Casimir I the Restorer|1034-1058|
|Boleslaus II the Bold|1058-1079|
|Ladislaus Herman of Poland|1079-1102|
|Zbigniew and Boleslaus III of Poland (the Wrymouthed)|1102-1107|
|Boleslaus III of Poland the Wrymouthed|1107-1138|
|Ladislaus the Exile|1138-1146|
|Boleslaus the Curly|1146-1173|
|Mieszko the Old|1173-1177|
|Casimir the Just|1177-1194|
|Leszek the White and Ladislaus Spindleshanks|1194-1202|
|Ladislaus Spindleshanks|1202|
|Leszek the White|1202-1210|
|Mieszko IV Tanglefoot|1210-1211|
|Leszek the White|1211-1227|
|Ladislaus Spindleshanks|1228|
|Konrad of Masovia|1229-1232|
|Henry the Bearded|1232-1238|
|Henry the Pious|1238-1241|
|Konrad of Masovia|1241-1243|
|Boleslaus the Bashful|1243-1279|
|Leszek the Black|1279-1288|
|Henry IV Probus|1288-1290|
|Przemysl II|1290-1291|
|Ladislaus the Short|1306-1333|
|Casimir the Great|1333-1370|
M-Tram

**M>Tram** was a tram operator in Melbourne, Victoria. They got a 12-year contract on 29 August, 1999 to run the **Swanston Trams** franchise, which was later renamed to M>Train. M>Tram stopped running trams in April 2004. Yarra Trams runs all tram services in Melbourne now. M>Tram's slogan was **Moving Melbourne**.

## Related pages

- M>Train
Scrooge McDuck

**Scrooge McDuck** or **Uncle Scrooge,** is a fictional character first appearing in the Disney comic book _Christmas on Bear Mountain_. The character was created by Carl Barks and has appeared in many comic books, television shows (most notably in his own animated television series _DuckTales_) movies, and video games. Since 1952 Scrooge McDuck has appeared in his own comic book series, called _Uncle Scrooge_. He is partially based on the fictional character Ebenezer Scrooge, from Charles Dickens' novel, _A Christmas Carol_ and on the real Scottish-born American businessman Andrew Carnegie, whose life story resembles that of Scrooge McDuck.

Scrooge was born in Scotland in 1867, the son of Fergus McDuck. His family is very poor, so Scrooge emigrates to USA where he finds gold and becomes rich. In 1902 he moves to Duckburg and builds the Money Bin on Killmotor Hill in the center of Duckburg. Over the next years, Scrooge travels the world, learning about many cultures. In 1930, Scrooge became the richest duck on Earth.

In 1942, Scrooge retires and buys a mansion called the Manor McDuck. In 1947, he invites his nephew Donald Duck and his grand-nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie to spend Christmas at his mansion. His main enemies include the criminal gang called the Beagle Boys who keep trying to steal Scrooge's money, and Flintheart Glomgold, the second richest duck in the world, who tries to destroy Scrooge's wealth and become the richest duck in the world.

Despite his huge wealth, Scrooge does not like to spend his money, and instead likes to swim in his "Money Bin" full of gold coins. Although he is well-meaning and cares about his relatives and other people, he reluctantly gives allowance to his grand-nephews, with the condition that they spend it wisely.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Scrooge McDuck
- **image**: Spirit 43 - Scrooge - Oncle Picsou - Garrepa.JPG
- **first**: _Christmas on Bear Mountain_ (Four Color Comics #178, December 1947)
- **creator**: Carl Barks
- **lbl1**: Developed by
- **data1**: Carl Barks, Don Rosa
- **voice**: Dallas McKennon (1960)
Bill Thompson (voice actor), Bill Thompson (1967)
Alan Young (1974–2016)
Will Ryan (1987)
Dan Milano/Seth Green (Robot Chicken)
Pat Fraley (young Scrooge, in _DuckTales_ episode "Once Upon a Dime")
John Kassir (2016–present)
David Tennant (_DuckTales (2017 TV series), DuckTales_)
Eric Bauza (_Legend of the Three Caballeros_)
- **nickname**: Uncle Scrooge
- **species**: American Pekin duck, Anthropomorphic Pekin duck
- **gender**: Male
- **occupation**: Business magnate
"Adventure Capitalist"
- **family**: Clan McDuck
- **significantother**: Glittering Goldie
Brigitta MacBridge
- **relatives**: Donald Duck (nephew)

Ludwig Von Drake (brother-in-law)
- **nationality**: Scottish people, Scottish
Money Bin

**Money Bin** is a fictional building that Scrooge McDuck owns. The building was constructed in 1902, after Scrooge entered the diamond market.

The building contains all of Scrooge's fortune, which is 'quadrillions' of dollars. The old duck also owns factories, mines, railroads, oil wells and spaceships.

The building is full of gold coins, where Scrooge likes to swim in.

The building appears on _DuckTales_, _The Life and times of Scrooge McDuck_, and _DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp_.
Resurrection Ship

The **Cylon Resurrection Ship** is a fictional type of spacecraft found in the television series _Battlestar Galactica_. The ship is a part of Cylon fleet.

Cylons who are killed have their consciousness downloaded into a nearby resurrection ship. A new body is created for their consciousness. This lets them live again after they die. If a cylon is too far away from the nearest resurrection ship, death will be permanent. With nowhere for the consciousness to download to, they will simply cease to exist.
DIY

**DIY** or _Do it yourself_ is a method of home improvement, where the home owner gets materials and tools for themself, then does the work on their own, without professional help.

DIY can also mean using any skill to do work or a hobby for fun and not hire help. An example is an activity in arts and crafts. A DIY culture is also used in the alternative rock, punk rock, and indie rock music scenes; and in the zine community.