juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Poland)

The **Ministry of Culture and National Heritage**  is a ministry of the Polish government led by the Minister of Culture and National Heritage. It is responsible for national heritage preservation and Polish culture. Ministry oversees state or partially state cultural institutions and implements the law regarding art and cultural property. The headquarters are located at Potocki Palace, in Warsaw. The minister has been  Hanna Wróblewska since May 2024.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Ministry of Culture and National Heritage
- **logo**: Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego logo 2022.png
- **logo caption**: Ministerial logotype
- **image**: Pałac Potockich w Warszawie 2021.jpg
- **image caption**: Ministry headquarters
- **type**: ministry
- **headquarters**: Potocki Palace, Warsaw, Potocki Palace, 15 Krakowskie Przedmieście, Krakowskie Przedmieście Street, Warsaw
- **budget**: PLN 4.029 billion
- **minister1 name**: Hanna Wróblewska
- **minister1 pfo**: Minister of Culture and National Heritage
- **deputyminister1 name**: Bożena Żelazowska
- **deputyminister1 pfo**: Secretary of State, General Inspector of Monuments
- **deputyminister2 name**: Maciej Wróbel
- **deputyminister2 pfo**: Secretary of State
- **deputyminister3 name**: Marta Cienkowska
- **deputyminister3 pfo**: Undersecretary of State
- **deputyminister4 name**: Sławomir Rogowski
- **deputyminister4 pfo**: Undersecretary of State
- **chief1 name**: Dorota Żebrowska
- **chief1 position**: Director General
- **parent department**: Council of Ministers of the Republic of Poland, Council of Ministers
- **deputyminister type**: Secretaries of State
- **footnotes**: Leadership officials source:
Organizational ecology

**Organizational ecology** is a branch of organizational studies that draws from biology, economics, and sociology to examine how organizations emerge, evolve, and decline.

Organizational ecology is divided into many levels like community, population, and organization. The community level involves interacting populations, the population level includes organizations engaged in similar activities, and the organization level focuses on individual organizations. When people talk about organizational ecology in research, they usually mean population ecology, which focuses on the second level, studying how groups of organizations change over time.

## _Development:_

Before the 1970s, most research on organizations focused on how they adapt to change. But in the mid-1970s, researchers like William Evan and Eric Trist started looking at how the environment affects organizations. Trist defined population ecology as studying how groups of organizations interact and create a system. Then, in 1977, Michael T. Hannan and John H. Freeman developed a theory of population ecology, explaining how organizations compete and evolve, similar to natural selection. This approach examines how organizations start, end, and change over time.

Organizational ecology has since become a major field in studying organizations, known for its use of big data over long periods. Some key books in this field are "The Demography of Corporations and Industries" and "Logics of Organization Theory."

## _Niche theory:_

1. Two Types of Organizations: There are two main kinds of organizations: generalists and specialists.
1. Generalists vs. Specialists:
    - Generalist organizations try to take advantage of everything in their environment and are okay with taking risks if things change.
    - Specialist organizations focus on doing one thing really well and prefer stability over taking big risks.
1. When to Specialize: Niche theory says that it's usually better to specialize when the environment is stable and predictable.
1. Exceptions to the Rule: However, niche theory also teaches us that being a generalist isn't always the best choice, especially when the environment is unpredictable and changes often.
1. Industry Structures: Niche theory helps us understand why some industries have mostly generalist organizations while others have more specialists. It depends on what the environment demands from them.
Umamah bint Zainab

**Umamah bint Zainab** married Ali ibn Abi Talib after the death of Fatima bint Muhammad. She was the granddaughter of the Prophet Muhammad from his daughter Zainab and Al as ibn Rabi'a. She belongs to Ahlul Bayt.

## Family

Umamah's mother was Zainab bint Muhammad, who was the elder daughter of Muhammad. Zainab was married to Abu al As, and the couple had two children: Ali bin Abu al As and Umamah bint Zainab. Zainab  passed away at the young age of 31. At that time Umamah was very small, so Muhammad decided to take care of Umamah. He loved her very much. She learned truthfulness, modesty (being humble), obedience, seriousness, and understanding from her grandfather the Prophet. She died in 66 AH.

### Mother’s side of family tree

Umamah’s mother’s side descendants are the following: Umamah bint, Zainab bint, Mohammad Bin, Abdullah bin, Abd al, Muttalib bin, Hashim bin, Abd al, and Manaf bin Qusai.

### Father’s side of family tree

Umamah’s father’s side descendants are the following: Umamah bint, Abu al as bin, Rabi bin, Abd al, Aza bin, Abd Shams bin, Abd al, and Manaf bin Qusai.

## Marriage with Ali ibn Abi Talib

At the time of the Holy Prophet's death in 632 C.E, Umamah had come of age. Under the guidance of Prophet, she held virtues of patience, gratitude, and unchanging trust in Allah. Recognizing her character, Fatimah bint Mohammad entrusted a significant request to Ali ibn Abi Talib before her own death:

"Please marry my niece Umamah bint Zainab after my departure. I believe there is no one better suited to nurture and care for our children."

In keeping with Fatimah's wishes, Ali ibn Abi Talib wed Umamah bint Abu al As. Devotedly (lovingly), Umamah served Ali ibn Abi Talib with great loyalty and dedication for twenty-eight years, showing the essence of a faithful spouse.

## The last wish of Ali ibn Abi Talib

On 19th Ramadan 40 AH, Abdul Rahman ibn Muljan attacked Ali ibn Abi Talib. He summoned Mugheera bin Naufal, the grandson of Abd al Muttalib, and requested him to marry Umamah after his passing. He passed away after two days on the 21st of Ramadan 40 AH.

## Marriage with Mugheera bin Naufal

Hassan bin Ali married Mugheera bin Naufal with Umamah's consent. She agreed to be married with Mugheera bin Naufal because it was the last will of Ali ibn Abi Talib. His father, Naufal bin Haris, was a cousin of Prophet Mohammad. Umamah remained wedded to Mugheera bin Naufal for 26 years.

## Children

She gave birth to two children: Mohammad al Wast bin Ali and Yahya bin Mugheera.
Diane Rehm

**Diane Rehm**  (born Diane Aed; September 21, 1936)  is an American journalist. She hosts Diane Rehm: On My Mind podcast, produced at WAMU, which is licensed to American University in Washington, D.C.. She is the former American public radio talk show host of The Diane Rehm Show, which was distributed nationally and internationally by National Public Radio. The show was produced at WAMU.
Nyctixalus pictus

The **painted Indonesian tree frog**, **spotted tree froglet**, **Sumatra Indonesian tree frog**, **cinnamon tree frog**, **cinnamon frog**, **spotted tree frog**, **white-spotted tree frog**, or **white-spotted brown frog** (_Nyctixalus pictus_) is a frog.  It lives in Malaysia, Vietnam, Myanmar, Brunei, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Singapore.  People have seen it between 50 and 1800 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in forests that have never been cut down and in forests that have been cut down and grew back.  It does not live in places where too many trees have been cut down.  The female frog lays eggs in bits of water high up in the trees. The water is in holes in the trees.  People have also seen the frogs breed in buckets of water.

Scientists believe this frog is not in danger of dying out because it lives in such a large place, but they believe people cutting down its forests may harm it. Some of the places where the frog lives are protected parks.

Sometimes people catch this frog to sell as pets, but scientists do not think they do it enough to make the frog die out.
Schooner

A **schooner** is a sailboat with at least two masts. It has special sails, called fore-and-aft rigs on all masts. Also, the mast at the front is not the highest. Today, most schooners have three masts. The first schooner was built in 1713, in Gloucester, north of Boston.
Confession

In general, a **confession** is when a person tells someone a thing that the other person usually does not know. In different context<nowiki/>s, the word has slightly different meanings:

- In law, it is about telling a police officer or a lawyer about a crime. It might also about being a witness. In many law systems, people who confess a crime they committed will be punished less severely.
- A confession of faith is usually when people say that they belong to a specific religious group or religion. This is usually done  as a ritual.
- In some Christian faiths, most notably, Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches, a confession is telling a priest about one's own wrongdoing (which may be sinful).  In certain circumstances, the priest can then forgive the sinful behaviour.  Among the criteria are that the person who did wrong must be able to see that he or she did wrong, and they must be willing to correct the wrong to the best of their abilities.

Often, a confession is associated with an admission of a moral or legal wrong:

Not all confessions reveal wrongdoing, however. For example, a declaration of love is often considered positive both by the confessor and by the recipient of the confession and is a common theme in literature.

There are several specific kinds of confessions that have significance beyond the social. A legal confession involves an admission of some wrongdoing that has a legal consequence. Confession in religion varies widely across various belief systems. It is usually part of a ritual by which the person acknowledges thoughts or actions considered sinful or morally wrong within the confines of the confessor's religion. In some religions, confession takes the form of an oral communication to another person. Socially, however, the term may refer to admissions that are neither legally nor religiously significant.

Some confessions are very notable. For example, the confession of Henry II of England to the murder of Thomas Becket.
Captain general of Central America

During Mexico's annexation of the region, Mexico and Central America had the same heads of state. Iturbide ruled as regent, and then as emperor, from January 1822 until his abdication in March 1823, after which, the three leaders of the provisional government—Bravo, Victoria, and Negrete—served as joint heads of state.

## Captaincy government

- Color key

|colspan="3"|Captain General|Assumed office|Left office|Time in office|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background-color:#006847"|||**Gabino Gaínza**|5 January 1822|23 June 1822||
|style="background-color:#006847"|||**Vicente Filísola**|23 June 1822|26 November 1822||
|style="background-color:#006847"|||**Felipe Codallos**|26 November 1822|7 March 1823||
|style="background-color:#006847"|||**Vicente Filísola**|7 March 1823|1 July 1823||
Legal confession

In law, a **confession** is when a person admits to being involved in a crime. In many law systems, confessions that have been provided when the person was forced, are not usable. Histoically, a common way of forcing someone to confess was with torture.
Harald Scharff

**Harald Scharff** (20 February 1836-3rd January 1912) was a Danish ballet dancer and actor.  The roles he became famous for was James in La Sylphide in 1856, and as Paolo in Flower Festival in Genzano, in 1858. Scharff might have had a relationship with Hans Christian Andersen.
Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny

***Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny*** is a 2023 American action adventure movie directed by James Mangold. It stars Harrison Ford, Phoebe Waller-Bridge, Antonio Banderas, John Rhys-Davies, Toby Jones, Boyd Holbrook, Ethann Isidore, Mads Mikkelsen and Karen Allen. The movie was released on May 25, 2023. It was a box office bomb.

Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny was the final movie released on home video by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment.

## Other websites

- _Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny_ at IMDb

## Infobox (film)

- **director**: James Mangold
- **music**: John Williams
- **cinematography**: Phedon Papamichael
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (United States)
 Paramount Pictures (International)
- **runtime**: 154 minutes
- **country**: United States
United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $295 million
- **gross**: $384 million
Khalifa

**Khalifa** (خليفة) is a name which means "leader" or "ruler". The title is most commonly used for a leader of a caliphate but it is also used by Islamic groups such as Daesh and the Ahmadi community. The first Khalifa in the Rashidun Caliphate was Abu Bakr but many groups such as the Twelvers claim it was supposed to be Ali. This is due to the different interpretations of the word Khalifa between Sunni scholars and Shi'i scholars.

## Infobox (given name)

- **name**: Khalifa
- **image**: Rashidun_Caliph_Abu_Bakr_as-Șiddīq_(Abdullah_ibn_Abi_Quhafa)_-_أبو_بكر_الصديق_عبد_الله_بن_عثمان_التيمي_القرشي_أول_الخلفاء_الراشدين.svg
- **caption**: Abu Bakr, the first _Khalifa_
- **gender**: Male
- **meaning**: _Leader_, _Successor_, _Steward_, _Deputy_
- **region**: Arabia
 Rashidun Caliphate, Islamic Caliphate
- **language**: Arabic language, Arabic
- **alternative spelling**: Khalifah, Khaleefa, Khaleefah, Caliph
- **variant forms**: Khalifeh (Persian), Kalifa (West African)
Maurice Bishop International Airport

**Maurica Bishop International Airport**, formerly known as **Point Salines International Airport**, is an international airport in St. George's, Grenada.

## History

The airport was the starting point for the Invasion of Grenada by the United States. American paratroopers battled Grenadan soldiers and armed Cuban construction workers for several hours before securing the airport, after which American planes could land there.
Yahya Sinwar

**Yahya Sinwar** (Arabic: يحيى السنوار) (29 October 1962 – 16 October 2024) was a Palestinian politician who was the leader of Hamas in Gaza.

## Early life

He was born in the Khan Yunis refugee camp in Egyptian-governed Gaza in 1962. His family were forcibly expelled from the Palestinian city of Al-Majdal Asqalan during the 1948 War. He completed his academia at the Muslim University of Gaza and received a bachelor's degree in Arabic studies.

## Activities

For planning the capture and killing of two Israeli soldiers and four Palestinians accused of working with Israel in 1989, he was sentenced to four life sentences by the Israeli courts, of which he served 22 years until his release among 1,026 others in a 2011 prisoner exchange. In 2017, he was elected as the leader of Hamas. He was re-elected as the leader of Hamas in 2021, and had a failed assassination against him by Israel that year.

## Personal Life

In addition to his native Arabic, Sinwar spoke Hebrew, which he learned, along with insights into Jewish culture, while held captive by Israel.

## Death

On 17 October 2024, Israel Defense Forces and Shin Bet said they were looking into whether Sinwar was among three individuals killed in an operation in Gaza that had taken place the day before, though neither Israel or Hamas made any official confirmation. A body believed to be Sinwar's and a DNA sample were collected. According to Kan radio, the bodies of Sinwar and his associates were found with cash, weapons and fake IDs.

The IDF confirmed through DNA analysis that Sinwar had been killed a day earlier in Gaza during a firefight with the IDF.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **branch**: Al-Qassam Brigades
- **serviceyears**: 1987–2024
- **battles**: First Intifada, First Uprising
2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, 2021 Palestine–Israel crisis
Israel–Hamas war, Gaza–Israel war
* 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel, Operation Al-Aqsa Flood
* Invasion of Rafah


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Yahya Sinwar
- **native name lang**: ar
- **office**: List of leaders of Hamas, Chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau
- **term start**: 6 August 2024
- **term end**: 16 October 2024
- **deputy**: Khalil al-Hayya
- **predecessor**: Ismail Haniyeh
- **office1**: Hamas government in Gaza, Leader of Hamas in Gaza
- **term start1**: 13 February 2017
- **term end1**: 16 October 2024
- **predecessor1**: Ismail Haniyeh
- **image**: Yahya Sinwar portrait 3x4.jpg
- **caption**: Sinwar in 2012
- **birth name**: Yahya Ibrahim Hassan Sinwar
- **birth place**: Khan Yunis, Administration of Gaza by Egypt, Egyptian-administered Gaza
- **death place**: Rafah, State of Palestine, Palestine
- **party**: Hamas
- **nationality**: Palestinian
- **relatives**: Mohammed Sinwar (brother)
- **children**: 3
- **nickname**: Abu Ibrahim (_Kunya (Arabic), kunya_)
Eduardo Gomes International Airport

**Eduardo Gomes International Airport** is the international airport serving Manaus, Brazil. It is named for Air Marshal Eduardo Gomes. It is the third-busiest cargo handling airport in Brazil.
Marwan Issa

**Marwan Issa** (Arabic: مَرْوَانٌ عِيسَى) is or was a member of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades which is the military wing of the Hamas group.

Israel says he planned out the attacks by Hamas on the 7th of October 2023 alongside Mohammed Deif. He was put on a terrorist watchlist by the US in late 2019 and EU in late 2023 respectively.

It is believed by Israel and the United States that he was killed in an Israeli airstrike during Israel–Hamas war in March 2024. Hamas has neither accepted nor denied his killing. If he is alive, he will replace Yahya Sinwar's position Hamas leader in the Gaza Strip in case he dies and Mohammed Deif's position as the main leader of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Marwan Issa
- **native name**: مَرْوَانٌ عِيسَى
- **native name lang**: ar
- **other names**: Shadow man
- **birth date**: 1965
- **birth place**: Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip
- **death date**: March 2024
- **nationality**: Palestinian
- **known for**: Deputy commander of Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades
- **children**: 4 (2 deceased)
Mohammed Deif

**Mohammed Deif** (Arabic: مُحَمَّدٌ ٱلضَّيْفُ) is the head of staff in the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of the Hamas movement.

He was born in 1965 in the Khan Yunis Refugee Camp inside the Gaza Strip that was set up by Israel after the 1948 Palestine War.

He joined the Hamas movement in 1987, and went by the alias Mohammed Deif, which means guest in the Arabic language, possibly referring to how he would live like a nomad to not be targeted by the government of Israel.

## Terrorist designations

In 2015 and 2023 respectively, he was designated a terrorist by the EU and USA.

## Assassination attempts and attacks on family

On the morning of Wednesday 11 October 2023, the family home of Deif's father was hit by an airstrike in Khan Younis; his father, brother and at least two other relatives were killed in the attack.

|Attempt|Date|Location|Weapon|Deaths|Injuries|Context|During||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|2001||||||||
||2002|a car in Gaza||2 people|Deif lost an eye||||
|4|2006 July 12||||Deif had spinal injuries|IDF soldier Gilad Shalit taken hostage.|2006 Israel-Lebanon crisis||
||2014 August 19|multifamily house, in Sheikh Radwan, Gaza City|air strike with 6 missiles|6+ killed: 2 women, 2 teenagers, 2 infants.|15 people injured (1+ child),|Deif family killings|2014 Gaza War||
||2023 October11 (morning)||air strike|||Airstrike on the family home of Deif's father.|rowspan="2"|Israel–Hamas war|
|8+|2024 July 13|Al-Mawasi, Rafah|air strike, with 8 missiles|90|300|13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack|||

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Mohammed Deif

- **birth place**: Khan Yunis refugee camp, Gaza Strip (under Egyptian occupation of the Gaza Strip , Egyptian rule)
- **death place**: Al-Mawasi, Khan Yunis, Gaza Strip
- **nickname**: Abu Khaled (Kunya (Arabic), _kunya_)
The mastermind (Palestinian nickname)
The cat with nine lives (Israeli nickname)
- **birth name**: Mohammed Diab Ibrahim al-Masri
- **allegiance**: Hamas
- **commands**: Ezzedeen Al-Qassam Brigades
- **serviceyears**: 1987present
- **rank**: Chief of Staff (2002present)
- **battles**: * First Intifada
* Second Intifada
* Gaza–Israel conflict
** 2012 Gaza War
** 2014 Gaza War
** 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis
** 2023 Israel–Hamas war
*** 2023 Hamas attack on Israel
*** 2023 Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
RSPCA Australia

**RSPCA Australia** (**Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals**) is an Australian organisation that was founded in 1981. It promotes animal welfare.

The RSPCA is partly funded by the Australian Government. It is the leading animal welfare organisation in Australia. It also has many animal shelters for pet adoption, and many animal products in Australian supermarkets are from RSPCA-approved farms.

The RSPCA in Australia is inspired by the British RSPCA, an animal welfare charity in England and Wales.

## State branches

The RSPCA has branches in every state and territory of Australia:

|colspan="4"|RSPCA branches by state or territory|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||RSPCA ACT|Weston Creek, Canberra|1|
||RSPCA NSW|Yagoona, Sydney|6|
||RSPCA Darwin|Berrimah, Darwin|1|
||RSPCA Queensland|Wacol, Brisbane|15|
||RSPCA South Australia|Stepney, Adelaide|3|
||RSPCA Tasmania|Mowbray, Launceston|3|
||RSPCA Victoria|Burwood East, Melbourne|6|
||RSPCA Western Australia|Malaga, Perth|4|
|****|**RSPCA Australia**|**Deakin, Canberra**|**38**|

## Animal adoption

Animals that can be adopted at RSPCA shelters include birds, cats, dogs, farm animals, ferrets, guinea pigs, rabbits and rodents. Animals like amphibians, crabs, fish and reptiles are usually sold at pet stores and are not common at RSPCA shelters.

RSPCA shelters can be found in every state and territory and in both cities and towns. There is at least one RSPCA shelter in every capital city except Hobart.

## Infobox (organization)

- **type**: Peak body
- **status**: Charity
- **headquarters**: Deakin, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- **leader title**: Chair
- **leader name**: Dr Richard Russell
- **duplicate-leader title**: CEO
- **duplicate-leader name**: Richard Mussell
- **key people**: CEO - Richard Mussell
- **budget**: Australian dollar, A$100 million
- **name**: RSPCA Australia
- **size**: 300px
- **location**: Canberra, ACT
- **membership**: 8
- **staff**: 35
Governors of the Australian states

Each Australian state has a governor, who serves as the head of state and represents the King or Queen. Governors perform the same actions as the federal Governor-General but on the state level. The Governor of a state acts on the advice of that state's Premier and the state cabinet.

The Australian Indian Ocean Territories (Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands), Norfolk Island and the Northern Territory have administrators instead of governors. The Australian Capital Territory does not have a governor or an administrator.

### Current state governors

|Name|Portrait|Title|Term|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Margaret Beazley||Governor of New South Wales|2 May 2019 (4 years, 280 days)|
|Barbara Baker||Governor of Tasmania|16 June 2021 (2 years, 235 days)|
|Frances Adamson||Governor of South Australia|7 October 2021 (2 years, 122 days)|
|Jeannette Young||Governor of Queensland|1 November 2021 (2 years, 97)|
|Chris Dawson||Governor of Western Australia|15 July 2022 (1 year, 206 days)|
|Margaret Gardner||Governor of Victoria|9 August 2023 (181 days)|

### Current administrators of the territories

|Name|Portrait|Region|Term|Title|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Hugh Heggie||Northern Territory|2 February 2023 (1 year, 4 days) || Administrator of the Northern Territory||
|George Plant||Norfolk Island|1 June 2023 (250 days) || Administrator of Norfolk Island||
|Farzian Zainal||Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands || 19 June 2023 (232 days) || Administrator of Australian Indian Ocean Territories|||
Mihail Kogălniceanu, Constanța

**Mihail Kogălniceanu** is a commune in Constanța County, Romania.

The Mihail Kogălniceanu International Airport is in the commune.
Burnside Project

**Burnside Project** is an American electropop band formed in 1999.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _The Networks, the Circuits, the Streams, the Harmonies_ (2003)
- _The Finest Example Is You_ (2005)
- _Syntax and Semantics_ (2016)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Burnside Project
- **image**: BURNSIDE PROJECT Richard Jankovich Gerald Hammill Paul Searing.jpg
- **origin**: New York City, United States
- **genre**: Electropop, indie rock
- **years active**: 1999–2024
- **label**: Bar/None
- **website**: [https://www.burnsidemusic.com/ Official website]
- **past members**: Richard Jankovich
Gerald Hammill
Paul Searing
Anna Bohichik
Michael Lerner
Soltau

**Soltau** is a mid-sized town in Heidekreis in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is in the middle of Lüneburg Heath. About 22,000 people live there. The town is known for its tourist attractions like the Heide-Park, the Soltau-Therme and the Soltau Toy Museum.

Today, Soltau has three primary schools, a grammar school, a middle school, a secondary modern school and a special needs school.

## Localities

It has 16 districts:

1. Ahlften
1. Brock
1. Deimern
1. Dittmern
1. Harber
1. Hötzingen
1. Leitzingen
1. Marbostel
1. Meinern
1. Mittelstendorf
1. Moide
1. Oeningen
1. Tetendorf
1. Wiedingen
1. Woltem
1. Wolterdingen

## Twin towns

Soltau is twinned with:
- Coldwater, Michigan, United States (since 1971)
- Laon, France (since 1972)
- Osterburg, Germany (since 1991)
- Myślibórz, Poland (since 1997)
- Zielona Góra, Poland (since 1997)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Soltau
- **image photo**: Soltaualtesrathaus.jpg
- **image caption**: Old town hall
- **image coa**: DEU Soltau COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Soltau.svg
- **image plan**: Soltau_in_HK.svg
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Heidekreis
- **elevation**: 57
- **area**: 203.25
- **postal code**: 29614
- **area code**: 05191
- **licence**: HK
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 3 58 021
- **mayor**: Olaf Klang
- **leader term**: 2021–26
- **party**: Independent
Charité

The **Charité** is a large hospital in Berlin, Germany. The medical school, University Medicine Berlin, is a joint institution with Free University of Berlin and  the Humboldt University. It is Europe's largest university hospital.

The Charité started in 1710. More than half of all German Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine, including Emil von Behring, Robert Koch and Paul Ehrlich,  worked at the Charité. It is spread over four campuses. There are about 3,000 beds, 15,500 people who work there, 8,000 students, and more than 60 operating theaters. It has a turnover of two billion euros annually.

The modern history of medicine has been significantly influenced by scientists, who worked at the Charité. Rudolf Virchow was the founder of cellular pathology, while Robert Koch developed vaccines for anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis. For his life's work Koch is seen as one of the founders of modern medicine. Paul Ehrlich discovered the first antibiotic, arsphenamine.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Charité – Berlin University of Medicine
- **motto**: _Forschen, Lehren, Heilen, Helfen_
- **motto lang**: de
- **mottoeng**: Researching, teaching, healing, helping
- **image**: Logo_Charite.svg
- **type**: Public university, Public
- **chairman**: Heyo K. Kroemer
- **students**: 9,485
- **city**: Berlin
- **country**: Germany
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
- **affiliations**: Free University of Berlin,
Humboldt University of Berlin
- **native name**: Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
- **native name lang**: de
- **academic affiliation**: German Universities Excellence Initiative
- **budget**: €2.3 billion
- **academic staff**: 5,242 <small>(307 professors)</small>
Cerro Maggiore

**Cerro Maggiore** is a _comune_ in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

## Twin towns

Cerro Maggiore is twinned with:
- Bad Neustadt an der Saale, Germany, since 2008

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Cerro Maggiore
- **official name**: Comune di Cerro Maggiore
- **image skyline**: Cerro Maggiore - chiesa dei Santi Cornelio e Cipriano - facciata.jpg
- **image flag**: Cerro Maggiore-Gonfalone.svg
- **image shield**: Cerro Maggiore-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Milan, Milan (MI)
- **frazioni**: Cantalupo
- **mayor**: Giuseppina Berra
- **area total km2**: 10.12
- **population total**: 15065
- **population as of**: 31 December 2020
- **population demonym**: Cerresi
- **postal code**: 20023
- **area code**: 0331
Corning, Kansas

**Corning** is a city in Nemaha County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 212 people lived there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Corning, Kansas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Nemaha_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Corning_Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Nemaha County, Kansas, Nemaha County and Kansas
- **image map1**: Map of Nemaha Co, Ks, USA.png
- **map caption1**: Kansas Department of Transportation, KDOT map of Nemaha County, Kansas, Nemaha County (:File:Kansas official transportation map legend.png, legend)
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kansas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kansas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Nemaha County, Kansas, Nemaha
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Kansas, Township
- **established title**: Founded
- **established title1**: Platted
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1889
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total sq mi**: 0.28
- **area land sq mi**: 0.28
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area total km2**: 0.71
- **area land km2**: 0.71
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation ft**: 1345
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 212
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 66417
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 785, 785
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 20-15725
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID
- **blank1 info**: 2393637
Goff, Kansas

**Goff** is a city in Nemaha County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, 106 people lived there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Goff, Kansas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Nemaha_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Goff_Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Nemaha County, Kansas, Nemaha County and Kansas
- **image map1**: Map of Nemaha Co, Ks, USA.png
- **map caption1**: Kansas Department of Transportation, KDOT map of Nemaha County, Kansas, Nemaha County (:File:Kansas official transportation map legend.png, legend)
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kansas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kansas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Nemaha County, Kansas, Nemaha
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Kansas, Township
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1880
- **established title1**: Platted
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1887
- **named for**: Edward Goff
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total sq mi**: 0.21
- **area land sq mi**: 0.21
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area total km2**: 0.53
- **area land km2**: 0.53
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation ft**: 1234
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 106
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 66428
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 785, 785
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 20-26775
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID
- **blank1 info**: 2394921
Centralia, Kansas

**Centralia** is a city in Nemaha County, Kansas, United States.  As of the 2020 census, 485 people lived there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Centralia, Kansas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: Nemaha_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Centralia_Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Nemaha County, Kansas, Nemaha County and Kansas
- **image map1**: Map of Nemaha Co, Ks, USA.png
- **map caption1**: Kansas Department of Transportation, KDOT map of Nemaha County, Kansas, Nemaha County (:File:Kansas official transportation map legend.png, legend)
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kansas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kansas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Nemaha County, Kansas, Nemaha
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in Kansas, Township
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1859
- **established title1**: Platted
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1882
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total sq mi**: 0.45
- **area land sq mi**: 0.45
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area total km2**: 1.17
- **area land km2**: 1.17
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation ft**: 1296
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 485
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 66415
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 785, 785
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 20-12425
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID
- **blank1 info**: 2393790
Chula, Missouri

**Chula** is a city in Livingston County, Missouri, United States.
Wheeling, Missouri

**Wheeling** is a city in Livingston County, Missouri, United States.
Ludlow, Missouri

**Ludlow** is a village in Livingston County, Missouri, United States.
Mooresville, Missouri

**Mooresville** is a village in Livingston County, Missouri, United States.
Utica, Missouri

**Utica** is a village in Livingston County, Missouri, United States.
Machining

**Machining** is a way to make things by removing material from a larger piece. This process is often used with metal, but it can also be done with wood, plastic, ceramic, and other materials. The goal is to create a specific shape or part. This method is called subtractive manufacturing because it involves cutting away material.

Machining is a crucial part of making metal products, but it's not limited to metals. People who specialize in machining are called machinists. They usually work in a place called a machine shop, which has tools for cutting and shaping materials.

## The Role of Computers in Machining

In modern times, computers play a big role in machining. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) is a method where computers control machines like mills and lathes. This helps in making the process more efficient. CNC machines can work without constant human supervision, reducing labor costs for machine shops.

In recent years, advanced CNC machines have been developed, combining turning and milling into one process. These are known as CNC turning-milling compound centers.

## History and Terms

The meaning of machining has changed over time. In the 18th century, a machinist was someone who built or fixed machines using manual processes like carving wood or hand-filing metal. Back then, the words "machine tool" and "to machine" didn't exist.

Around the mid-20th century, these terms were created as technology evolved. "Traditional" machining processes, like turning, milling, and drilling, became widespread. These processes use machine tools with sharp cutting tools to shape materials.

With new technologies after World War II, like electrical discharge machining and ultrasonic machining, the term "conventional machining" was used to differentiate older methods from newer ones. Today, when we say "machining," we usually mean the traditional processes.

In recent decades, as additive manufacturing (AM), like 3D printing, became popular, the term "subtractive manufacturing" emerged. This term covers any process involving the removal of material, similar to traditional machining. The two terms are often used interchangeably.

Understanding machining is essential for anyone interested in manufacturing processes. Whether done traditionally or with modern technologies, machining plays a vital role in creating the products we use every day.

## Infobox (infobox)

- **image**:
- **data1**:
- **data2**: When you remove material from a larger piece to get the desired shape, either by turning or milling, this is called machining these days.
Radio Free Asia

**Radio Free Asia** (**RFA**) is a non-profit corporation that broadcasts radio programs and publishes news, information, and commentary for its audiences in Asia. It is funded by the United States government.

The service aims to providing accurate and uncensored reporting to countries in Asia that have poor media environments and limited protections for speech freedom and press freedom.
Diana Award

**The Diana Award** is a special prize given to young people between the ages of 9 and 25. It is named after Diana, Princess of Wales, who believed that young people have the power to make the world a better place. This award was established in 1999 by a board chaired by former UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown. It is the longest-running award for young people based on their actions. The award is given to young people who are working hard to make a positive difference in their communities and the world. This could include things like:

- Helping people in need
- Protecting the environment
- Standing up for what they believe in
- Making their communities safer and kinder

It is run by The Diana Award charity, a legacy charity of Princess Diana. It is based in London, UK. Winners of the Diana Award receive a special ceremony and a chance to connect with other young people who are also making a difference. The award is handed over to winners by The Prince of Wales and the Duke of Sussex. Currently, the CEO of The Diana Award is Tessy Ojo.

Award winners include Kanchan Amatya, Mark Leschinsky, Georgina Lara Booth, Asafa Powell, Angelo Cardona, Siddhant Sarang and Aishwarya Sridhar.

## Infobox (award)

- **name**: The Diana Award
- **awarded for**: "Young people who work to improve the lives of others"
- **location**: London
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **year**: 1999
Fifi and the Flowertots

***Fifi and the Flowertots*** is a British animated preschool television series. It was created by Keith Chapman. It aired from 2 May 2005 to 5 July 2010. It featured a group of flower-based characters doing their activities and adventures through the garden. Fifi Forget-Me-Not and Primrose were voiced by Jane Horrocks, while the other characters were voiced by Maria Darling, Tim Whitnall, Marc Silk and John Thomson.
Keebler Company

The **Keebler Company**  is an American cookie and former cracker manufacturer. It was founded in 1853. It has produced many baked snacks, advertised with the Keebler Elves. The brand is now owned by Ferrero SpA. Its slogans have included "Uncommonly Good" and "a little elfin magic goes a long way".
November Revolution

The **November Revolution** or also called the (**Aponte rebellion**) was an armed conflict that broke out in Cuba in 1812 against Spain when it was governed by Napoleon. It was the second revolt against the Empire since the Conspirators Rebellion. Jose Aponte Ulabarra, a black carpenter who was part of the Havana Militia was the main leader of the conflict.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: November Revolution
- **place**: Cuba, Island of Cuba
- **partof**: Spanish American wars of independence
- **date**: 30 November 1812 -
 11 March 1813
- **combatant1**: **Cuba**
*<hr>Viceroyalty of New Spain
Dominican Republic, Saint Domingue
El Salvador
Puerto Rico, Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
* First Mexican Empire
- **combatant2**: **France**
*Belize, British Honduras
* England
 Spain
 Catalonia, Catalan volunteers
- **commander1**: Aniceto Iznaga
Francisco de Arango
Antonio Aponte
Manuel Zequeria
Felix Varela
- **commander2**: Napoleon, Napoleon Bonaparte
Ferdinand VII
Miguel de la Torre
Juan O'Donojú
First Messenian War

The **First Messenian War** was a set of battles between two
Greek city states, Sparta and Messenia. It began in 743 BC and ended in 724 BC. These two major powers fought to decide which was the better kingdom in Greece. There were three Messenian Wars. This war was the first of them. Eventually, Sparta would defeat the Messenians. After the Second Messenian War Messenia was conquered and destroyed by the Spartans. In the Third Messenian War, there was no hope of freedom left for the Peloponnese (the people who lived in Messenia before the Spartans).

## Beginning

The First Messenian War began as the result of population problems. Spartans were the major threat, and greatest kingdom in Greece. The military was highly trained, and was very good at land battles. But there was one big problem. Sparta had a small population. The kingdom soon found a risky solution. Right beside Sparta, there was a kingdom that had a very large population: Messenia. It had a population of about 8000 to 10,000. So the Spartans wanted the Messenian people. For a start, the ninth king of Sparta, Almenes built a large army.

## The war

The First Messenian War started successfully for the Spartans. The city of Ampheia in Messenia was easily taken. While the people living in the city were sleeping, the Spartan army suddenly appeared at the city walls and gates, and massacred the opposition. They took many prisoner. Most of these prisoners were sold as slaves.

For the rest of the war,  the Spartans invaded, massacred, and took captive. The Messenian army could not do much to defend its country.

King Aristodemus of Messenia was troubled about the Spartan expansion in his lands. So he ordered guerrilla warfare to take place. Even this strategy did not stop the Spartans, and after about 20 years of fighting, Messenia gave up the first round to the Spartans. The Second Messenian War would begin in a matter of years.

## Sacrifice and regret

King Aristodemus of Messenia sacrificed his daughter to the god of death for a victory over the Spartans. When Aristodemus realized that he lost the First Messenian War, he deeply regreted the sacrifice. He also felt betrayed by the gods. According to legend, the king killed himself by the grave of his daughter in sadness.

## Results

The main contribution of the First Messenian War was that Sparta successfully increased its population, and also made its influence in Ancient Greece greater.
Arch Deluxe

The **Arch Deluxe**  was a hamburger sold by the international fast food restaurant chain McDonald's in 1996. It was marketed specifically to adults. It was soon discontinued after failing to become popular. It is considered one of the most expensive product flops of all time.
King George, Virginia

**King George** is a census-designated place (CDP) in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is the county seat of King George County.
Nasutixalus medogensis

The **Medog ridge-nosed tree frog** (_Nasutixalus medogensis_) is a frog.  It lives in Tibet, in China.  People have seen it 1619 meters above sea level.

This frog lives high in the trees where the branches come together like a roof.

Scientists think human beings changing wetlands could hurt this frog.
Color (typography)

In typography and typesetting, color refers to the apparent darkness or density of a region of text, considered in the context of the printed (or handwritten) page. For example, a region of text may be said to be too dark or too light, or the color may be described as inconsistent. The same concept is used in type design, wherein the designer may seek to achieve "even color"—that is, to create the optical impression of roughly uniform density or blackness within specimens of text set in that typeface.
Duke of Sussex

**Duke of Sussex** is a noble title given to a male member of the British Royal Family. It is considered a hereditary title, meaning it can be passed down from father to son. The title was first created in 1801 and given to Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, the sixth son of King George III. It is one of several royal dukedoms in the British peerage system. This title became extinct in 1843 when Prince Augustus Frederick died without any sons. The title was revived in 2018 and bestowed upon Prince Harry, the younger son of King Charles III, on the occasion of his wedding to Meghan Markle. The wife of the Duke of Sussex is called the Duchess of Sussex.

## History

The word "Duke" is linked to Sussex way back in history. This area used to be a separate kingdom called Sussex, ruled by kings. Around the year 827, another kingdom called Wessex took over Sussex. Later, both became part of what we now know as England. Interesting fact: sometimes these early Sussex kings were called "ealdormen" or even "duces" in Latin, which can be kind of like saying "duke".

In 1801, the special title "Duke of Sussex" was given for the first time to Prince Augustus Frederick. He was the sixth son of King George III.  Interestingly, he also received two other titles that same day: Baron Arklow and Earl of Inverness. But these titles all disappeared when Prince Augustus Frederick died in 1843.

Although the Prince was survived by a son and daughter by Lady Augusta Murray, their marriage (purportedly solemnized at St George's Hanover Square Church, Westminster, in 1793) had been annulled for lack of royal permission under the Royal Marriages Act 1772, rendering the children illegitimate under English law and unable to inherit titles from their father. Both children by the annulled marriage died childless, rendering the issue of their inheritance moot.

Prince Augustus married again in 1831, but this time he broke the rules (called the Royal Marriages Act) again! He married Lady Cecilia Gore in London. Because of this she didn't become a legitimate wife of Prince Augustus, Lady Cecilia couldn't join the royal family at official events. But later, in 1840, Queen Victoria gave Lady Cecilia her own special title, Duchess of Inverness.

In 2018, when Prince Harry, grandson of Queen Elizabeth, married Meghan Markle, he received a special title - Duke of Sussex! This title was brought back just for him, as the previous Duke lived a long time ago. Meghan, his wife, became the first ever Duchess of Sussex. He also got other lesser titles for different parts of the UK. A year later, they welcomed a son, Prince Archie, who inherits these titles when he grows up.

## Related pages

- Titles of European royal heirs

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Dukedom of Sussex
- **image**: File:Coat of Arms of Harry, Duke of Sussex.svg
- **caption**: Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex#Arms, Arms of Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex