juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1914

**1914** (MCMXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.  It was the year that saw the start of what became known as World War I.

## Events

- June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Countess Sophie were assassinated by Black Hand in Sarajevo. This led to World War I.
- August 2 – According to the NSDAP 25 points manifesto, anyone who was not German-race who did not live in Germany before this date had to leave the country.
- August 15 - Construction of the Panama Canal is finished.
- August 31 – Saint Petersburg, Russia is renamed Petrograd by Nicholas II.
- September 26 - The Federal Trade Commission is formed.

### Date unknown

- Australian supermarket chain Coles Supermarkets was founded.
- The Iglesia ni Cristo ("Church of Christ") was built in the Philippines.
- The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main opened.
- Yuma, Arizona became a city.
- Portugal got rid of the monarchy of Kongo.

## Nobel Prizes

- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Robert Bárány, Austrian doctor.

## Births

- February 5 – William S. Burroughs, American writer (d. 1997)
- March 31 – Octavio Paz, Mexican writer, poet and diplomat (d, 1998)
- April 2 – Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
- May 13 – Joe Louis, American boxer (d. 1981)
- May 29 – Tenzing Norgay, Sherpa climber (d. 1986)
- September 24 – John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1991)
- October 16 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, last Shah of Afghanistan (d. 2007)
- October 27- Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 1953)
- November 25 – Joe DiMaggio, American MLB baseball player (d. 1999)
- December 14 – Karl Carstens, 5th President of West Germany (d. 1992)
- December 20 - Harry F. Byrd, Jr., American politician (d. 2013)
- December 30 – Igor Diakonov, Russian (Soviet) historian and linguist (d. 1999)
- Nancy Drew, Fictional character

## Deaths

- June 14 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)
- June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1863), and his wife Countess Sophie
- August 6 – Ellen Louise Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson. (b. 1860)

nv:1901 – 1950
Torah

**Torah** () is a Hebrew word that means "instructions". When most people say the word Torah they either mean the whole Jewish Bible (the Tanakh), the first five books of the Bible, or all of the Jewish teaching in general. These five books are the beginning of both the Jewish and Christian bibles. They are

1. Genesis (),
1. Exodus (),
1. Leviticus (),
1. Numbers () and
1. Deuteronomy ().

Other names for this set of books are the "Five Books of Moses," or "Pentateuch".

Each of the books in the Torah is separated into parts called "Parshiyot." _Parsha_ is a Hebrew word meaning "portion." Every Shabbat one _parsha_ is read in the synagogue, but sometimes two are read. This is so that all the _parshiyot_ are finished every year, on the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah.

It is also known as the **Five Book of Moses** because Moses received these five books from God.

The "Tawrat" () is the Arabic name for the Torah within its context as an Islamic holy book believed by Muslims to be given by God (Allah) to prophets and messengers amongst the Children of Israel, and often refers to the entire Hebrew Bible. It is mentioned many times in the Qur'an.

## Pentateuch

Pentateuch means the first five books of the Bible. These books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The word _Pentateuch_ comes from two Greek words that mean "five books" or "five scroll"

According to tradition, the books were written by the Israelite leader, Moses. The Pentateuch is often called the Five Books of Moses or the Torah.

The Pentateuch tells the story from the Creation of the world to the death of Moses and the preparation of the Israelite's to enter the land of Canaan. The story is told in three parts. The first part (Genesis 1-11) is about the Creation and the beginning of human beings on earth. The second part (Genesis 12-50) are the stories of the ancestors of the Israelites, mainly Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. The third part, beginning with the book of Exodus, describes how the Israelite's left Egypt and the early history of the people of Israel as a nation. It also has many laws about how the Israelite's must build their society. Deuteronomy is mostly Moses's final speech to his people and a summary of the Pentateuch.
Mandarin

**Mandarin** might mean:

- Mandarin language, a language from China
- Mandarin orange, a citrus fruit
- Mandarin Duck, a breed of duck
- Mandarin Airlines, an airline from Taiwan
Hesse

**Hesse** () is a state of Germany. It was formed in 1945 as Greater Hesse, and became Hesse in 1946

The capital is Wiesbaden. The main rivers in the northern part of Hesse are Werra, Fulda and Lahn. It is a hilly countryside, the main mountainchains being the Rhön, the Westerwald, the Odenwald, the Taunus and the Spessart. Most inhabitants live in the southernmost part of Hesse between the rivers Main and Rhine.

Hesse is divided into 21 districts. There are also five cities, which belong to no district.

### Independent cities

- Darmstadt
- Frankfurt (Main)
- Kassel
- Offenbach
- Wiesbaden

### Cities

- Hanau
- Marburg
- Fulda
- Giessen
- Wetzlar
- Bad Homburg
- Rodgau

## Districts

The cities and counties of Hesse are grouped into three _Regierungsbezirk._ automobile registration is handled by the districts.  The two or three letters of the automobile registration plate are in _italics_

|width="35%"|Darmstadt|width="31%"|Gießen|width="36%"|Kassel|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|valign="top"|<ul> <li>Bergstraße (_HP_) <li>Darmstadt-Dieburg (_DA_) <li>Groß-Gerau (_GG_) <li>Hochtaunuskreis (_HG_) <li>Main-Kinzig-Kreis (_MKK_) was (_HU_) <li>Main-Taunus-Kreis (_MTK_) <li>Odenwaldkreis (_ERB_) <li>Offenbach (_OF_) <li>Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis (_RÜD_) <li>Wetteraukreis (_FB_) </ul>|valign="top"|<ul> <li>Gießen (_GI_) <li>Lahn-Dill-Kreis (_LDK_) <li>Limburg-Weilburg (_LM_) <li>Marburg-Biedenkopf (_MR_) <li>Vogelsbergkreis (_VB_) </ul>|valign="top"|<ul> <li>Fulda (_FD_) <li>Hersfeld-Rotenburg (_HEF_) <li>Kassel (_KS_) <li>Schwalm-Eder-Kreis (_HR_) <li>Werra-Meißner-Kreis (_ESW_) <li>Waldeck-Frankenberg (_KB_) </ul>|

## Other websites

- Official government portal
- Portal about east part of Hesse
- 360 Degree virtual trip through the Rhön - part of eastern Hesse

## Infobox (german state)

- **name**: Hesse
- **german name**: Hessen
- **map**: Deutschland Lage von Hessen.svg
- **map size**: 200
- **map text**: Hesse in Germany
- **flag**: Flag of Hesse.svg
- **state coa**: Coat of arms of Hesse.svg
- **capital**: Wiesbaden
- **area**: 21100
- **population**: 6077000
- **website**: hessen.de
- **leader party**: CDU
- **ruling party1**: Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU
- **ruling party2**: Alliance '90/The Greens, Greens
- **leader title**: Minister President
- **leader**: Boris Rhein
Schleswig-Holstein

**Schleswig-Holstein** (Danish: _Slesvig-Holsten_, Low Saxon: _Sleeswiek-Holstain_, Frisian: _Sleeswyk-Holstein_, North Frisian: _Schleswig-Holstian_) is the northernmost of the 16 states (German: Bundesländer) in Germany.

Schleswig-Holstein borders on Denmark in the North, the North Sea in the West, the Baltic Sea and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the East, and Lower Saxony and Hamburg in the South. Kiel is the capital of this state.

There are 4 independent towns:
- Kiel
- Lübeck
- Neumünster
- Flensburg

## Countryside

The countryside is lowlands and hills with no mountains. The highest elevation in the state is the Bungsberg at only . There are many lakes, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holsteinische Schweiz ("Holstein Switzerland") or Schweiziann-Schwezalia. It has this name because there are many small hills which came to existence in the last ice age.

## Other websites

- Official governmental portal  in German

## Infobox (german state)

- **name**: Schleswig-Holstein
- **map**: Deutschland Lage von Schleswig-Holstein.svg
- **map size**: 200
- **map text**: Position of Schleswig-Holstein within Germany
- **flag**: Flag of Schleswig-Holstein.svg
- **state coa**: Coat of arms of Schleswig-Holstein.svg
- **capital**: Kiel
- **area**: 15763
- **population**: 2834305
- **pop date**: November 2006
- **website**: schleswig-holstein.de
- **leader party**: CDU
- **ruling party1**: CDU
- **ruling party2**: Alliance '90/The Greens, Greens
- **ruling party3**: FDP
- **leader title**: Minister President
- **leader**: Daniel Günther
- **latd**: 54
- **latm**: 28
- **lats**: 12
- **longd**: 9
- **longm**: 30
- **longs**: 50
Lower Saxony

**Lower Saxony** ( ; ; Saterland Frisian: _Läichsaksen_) is a German Bundesland (state).

## Places

The capital is Hannover (Hanover).

There are 38 districts:

|colspan=3||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|width=33%|# Ammerland # Aurich # Celle # Cloppenburg # County of Bentheim (_Grafschaft Bentheim_) # Cuxhaven # Diepholz # Emsland # Friesland # Gifhorn # Goslar # Göttingen # Hamelin-Pyrmont (_Hameln-Pyrmont_)|width=33%|<ol start=14> <li> Hanover (_Hannover_) <li> Harburg <li> Helmstedt <li> Hildesheim <li> Holzminden <li> Leer <li> Lüchow-Dannenberg <li> Lüneburg <li> Nienburg <li> Northeim <li> Oldenburg <li> Osnabrück <li> Osterholz </ol>|width=33%|<ol start=27> <li value=27> Osterode <li> Peine <li> Rotenburg <li> Schaumburg <li> Soltau-Fallingbostel <li> Stade <li> Uelzen <li> Vechta <li> Verden <li> Wesermarsch <li> Wittmund <li> Wolfenbüttel </ol>|

There are 8 urban districts
- Braunschweig (Brunswick)
- Delmenhorst
- Emden
- Oldenburg
- Osnabrück
- Salzgitter
- Wilhelmshaven
- Wolfsburg

Other important towns are Göttingen, Hildesheim and Goslar.

## Other websites

- Official governmental portal (German)
- Official governmental portal (English)

## Infobox (german state)

- **name**: Lower Saxony
- **german name**: Niedersachsen
- **map**: Germany Laender Niedersachsen.png
- **map size**: 200
- **flag**: Flag of Lower Saxony.svg
- **state coa**: Coat of arms of Lower Saxony.svg
- **capital**: Hanover
- **area**: 47168
- **population**: 8002916
- **website**: niedersachsen.de
- **leader party**: SPD
- **ruling party1**: SPD
- **ruling party2**: Alliance '90/The Greens, Greens
- **leader title**: Minister President
- **leader**: Stephan Weil
- **latd**: 52.59
- **longd**: 9.14
1536

## Events

- February 2 – Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- February 25 – Jacob Hutter burned in a stake for heresy
- May 19 – Execution of Anne Boleyn
- May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour
- October 13 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in York, is "resolved" by Robert Aske
- October 29 – Coronation of Jane Seymour as the Queen of England
- Various religious buildings are closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries, including
- Basingwerk Abbey
- Bourne Abbey
- Brinkburn Priory
- Cartmel Priory
- Dore Abbey and
- The Cistercian Abbey of St Mary and St Chad
- Wales is united with England by an Act of Union
- Manco Capac II revolts from Spanish rule in Peru
- Resumption of war between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. Francis ceases control of Savoy and captures Turin.
- Protestantism introduced in Denmark
- Portuguese Crown divides Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies.

## Deaths

- January 7 – Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII of England.
- May 19 – Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII of England.
- Pargalı İbrahim Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
2005 Hoboken mayoral election

The **Hoboken election of 2005** was an election when people living in Hoboken, New Jersey voted for a mayor. They also voted for a person for council of the city. The main people hoping to be mayor were:
- David Roberts (won)
- Carol Marsh (lost)
- Frank Raia (lost)
- Michael Russo (lost)
- Evelyn Smith (lost)

The people hoping to join the council were:
- Ruben Ramos Jr. (with Roberts, won)
- Theresa LaBruno (with Roberts, won)
- Peter Cammarano (with Roberts, won)
- Inés García-Keim (with Marsh)
- Anthony Soares (with Marsh)
- Brian Urbano (with Marsh)
- Theresa Burns (with Raia)
- Anthony Mussara (with Raia)
- Ron Rosenburg (with Raia)
- Genevy Dimitrion (with Russo)
- Manny Ortega (with Russo)
- Brian Keller (with Russo)
- Carrie Gilliard (with Smith)
- Diane Nieves (with Smith)
- Elizabeth Falco (with Smith)
- Andrew Amato (by himself)
- Scott Delea (by himself)

The election was on May 10, 2005. Roberts and Marsh got the most votes. Neither of them got 50% of the vote. Because this happened, a second election will happen (June 14, 2005).
1519

## Births

- Lady Eleanor Brandon (d. 1547)
- March 31 – Henry II of France (d. 1559)
- April 13 – Catherine of Medici (d. 1589)

## Deaths

- May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci (b. 1452)
1475

## Births

- March 6 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)
1564

**1564** (MDLXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- March 8 –  Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death
- June 22 – Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World
- September 10 – The Battle of Kawanakajima
- Ottoman Turks invade Malta
- Modern pencil becomes common in England
- Conquistadors crossed the Pacific
- Spanish found a colony in the Philippines

## Births

- February 15 – Galileo Galilei
- April 23 – William Shakespeare

## Deaths

- March 18 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti)
1483

## Births

- April 6 – Raphael (d. 1520)
- November 10 – Martin Luther (d. 1546)
1919

**1919** (MCMXIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- January 15 – Great Molasses Flood in Boston kills 21 people.
- January 16 – Prohibition begins in the United States.
- June 28 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I.
- Charles Strite invents the toaster.
- Jules Bordet, Belgian doctor, won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

### January

- January 1 – Carole Landis, American actress and singer (d. 1948)
- January 13 – Robert Stack, American actor (d. 2003)
- January 14 – Giulio Andreotti, 41st Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2013)
- January 27 - Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks (d. 1972)
- January 31 – Jackie Robinson, American baseball player (d. 1972)

### February

- February 5 – Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1996)
- February 18 – Jack Palance, American actor and singer (d. 2006)

### March

- March 2 – Jennifer Jones, American actress (d. 2009)
- March 17 – Nat King Cole, American singer and jazz pianist (d. 1965)
- March 25 – Jeanne Cagney, American actress (d. 1984)

### April

- April 8 – Ian Smith, 8th Prime Minister of Rhodesia (d. 2007)
- April 13 – Madalyn Murray O'Hair, American atheist activist (d. 1995)

### May

- May 3 - Pete Seeger, American folk musician (d. 2014)
- May 7 – Eva Perón, former First Lady of Argentina (d. 1952)
- May 16 – Liberace, American pianist (d. 1987)
- May 17 – Antonio Aguilar, Mexican singer, actor, equestrian, film producer, and screenwriter (d. 2007)

### June

- June 6 – Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington, 6th Secretary General of NATO (d. 2018)
- June 14 – June Spencer, English actress (d. 2024)

### July

- July 8 – Walter Scheel, 4th President of Germany (d. 2016)
- July 20 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (d. 2008)
- July 26 – James Lovelock, English environmentalist (d. 2022)

### August

- August 9 – Joop den Uyl, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (d. 1987)
- August 13  Norman Spencer, English film producer

### September

- September 19 – Prakash Kaur, Indian folk singer
- September 26 – Matilde Camus, Spanish poet (d. 2012)

### October

- October 3 - James M. Buchanan, American Nobel Prize winning Economist (d. 2013)
- October 6 – Siad Barre, 3rd President of Somalia (d. 1995)
- October 8 – Kiichi Miyazawa, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2007)
- October 18 – Pierre Trudeau, 15th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000)
- October 26 - Edward Brooke, American politician (d. 2015)

### November

- November 4 – Martin Balsam, American actor (d. 1996)

## Deaths

- Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau – French painter
- January 6 – Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States
- April 10 – Emiliano Zapata
- May 6 – L. Frank Baum, American writer
- August 11 – Andrew Carnegie, Scottish businessman
- October 7 – Alfred Deakin, second Prime Minister of Australia
- October 13 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize winner
Yoda

**Yoda** is a fictional character in the Star Wars fictional universe. He is a Grand Jedi Master who plays an important part in the films. Frank Oz voices Yoda. Originally, he was a puppet, played by Oz. But in the last two movies of the Prequel Trilogy, Yoda is made with CGI.

## History

Yoda has lived for over 900 years and not much of his history before _Episode I: The Phantom Menace_ is known. He is an alien, but his race and home planet remains unknown. He speaks the same language as everyone else but says his sentences sort of backwards. For example, "Teach you, I will" instead of "I will teach you". Yoda speaks this way in order to engage his listeners, and director George Lucas' intention to portray him as a wise character.

Yoda is the oldest and wisest member of the Jedi Council. Even though he is very small, he is very good with a lightsaber and uses the 4th jedi style known as Ataru.

When Luke Skywalker encounters him on Dagoba in The Empire Strikes Back, Yoda pretends to be a mischievous local in order to test Luke's patience; an essential thing for any Jedi. Yoda later reveals himself to be the Jedi Master that Luke is seeking out, and agrees to begin training him.

In Return of the Jedi, Yoda passes away from old age at 900 years old, having been overcome with illness.

Throughout the Prequel Trilogy, Yoda serves on the Jedi Council, advising Jedi Knights and such. Yoda does battle with the Seperatist leader Count Dooku and the Sith Emperor Darth Sidious, before going into exile following Order 66; the takeover of the Galactic Republic and the planned extermination of all Jedi.

## Other websites

- Article by Urrutia: "Interview with Master Yoda."
- Yoda on Wookiepedia
Abu Dhabi

**Abu Dhabi** (, _ʼAbū Ẓaby_) is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. It is in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi is one of the seven emirates which form the United Arab Emirates(UAE). The city is on a T-shaped island going into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast.  The city is 972 km<sup>2</sup> in size.  The city had a population of 1.45 million people in 2022. Abu Dhabi is also the largest emirate in the UAE.

## History

People started to live in the area and call it Abu Dhabi about 300 years ago.  In the 1970s, the Bani Yas tribe made Abu Dhabi their capital city.  Shakhbut bin-Dhiyab Al Nahyan became the leader of the city in 1818.  People found oil in 1958 in Abu Dhabi.  They started to sell the oil in the 1960s.  In 1971 December the 2nd, Abu Dhabi joined the United Arab Emirates and became the capital city.

## Weather

Abu Dhabi is in a desert and has a desert climate.  There is not a lot of rain but it does rain a little in the winter months.  The average rainfall per year is 51 cm.  It can also be very hot.  In the daytime, the average summer temperature is 42 °C. The average daytime temperature in the winter is more comfortable at 23 °C.

## Tourism

Abu Dhabi has many tourist attractions such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque, Abu Dhabi Louvre Museum, Mangrove Kayaking Tours, Ferrari World, the Emirates Palace, Qasr Al-Hosn, bout towers, Abu Dhabi According to the Department of Culture and Tourism. The usual amount of people that come in Abu Dhabi is 10 million per year. Abu Dhabi also has Jabal Hafeet, which is the tallest mountain in the UAE.
Watt

The **watt** (symbol: W) is the SI unit of power. It is named in honour of the physicist James Watt (1736–1819).

## Definition

The watt is a method of measuring the rate of energy transfer of an appliance. A one watt lightbulb, for example, will change one joule of electrical energy into light energy (and some heat/sound) every second, thus "consuming" it. It is a measure of an appliance's power (appetite for joules).

The **watt** is the rate a source of energy uses or produces one joule during one second, so the same quantity may be referred to as a **joule per second**, with the symbol **J/s**. It can also be written as **kg·m<sup>2</sup>·s<sup>−3</sup>**. The more watts, the more energy used per second. That is why a higher-watt electrical appliance works faster than a lower-watt appliance.

It is equivalent to one volt ampere (1 V·A) or 1/746 of a horsepower. The power of a light bulb is measured in watts. LEDs have much smaller consumption of power. Example small led can be used by  what can be also written 15 milliwatts.

Watt is a unit of power, joule is a unit of work and energy, and time is a unit of time. An equation for solving Power, Work and Time is **Power = Work ÷ Time,** **Work = Power **× **Time, **or **Time = Work **÷** Power**.

### Kilowatt

1000 watts is called a kilowatt, written as kW. It is also known as (10<sup>3</sup>) watts. In many countries, electric bills are based on how many kilowatt-hours are being used.

### Megawatt

1000000 watts is called a megawatt, written as MW. It is also known as (10<sup>6</sup>) watts. This is used to describe how much electricity is needed by a large town.

### Gigawatt

1000000000 watts is called a gigawatt, written as GW. It is also known as (10<sup>9</sup>) watts. This is used to describe how much electricity is needed for a power grid.

## Example

If 1000kJ of energy was used to power one lightbulb of 100W, how long will the lightbulb last for using that energy?

Because Time is unknown, but you know the other two, the correct equation would be "**Time = Work **÷** Power",** then 1,000,000J ÷ 100W = 10000 seconds. Then convert it into proper time and you'll get 2 hours, 46 minutes and 40 seconds.
Koblenz

**Koblenz** is a city in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany with about 107,000 inhabitants. It is the third biggest city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and one of its main centres. Koblenz is the base of the Campus Koblenz of the University of Koblenz-Landau and the seat of the Mayen-Koblenz municipality.

## Geography

Koblenz is at the meeting of the Rhine and Moselle rivers, between Bonn ( downstream the Rhine) and Mainz ( upstream the Rhine). Parts of Koblenz belong to a UNESCO World Heritage site.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: City
- **image coa**: DEU Koblenz COA.svg
- **image flag**: DEU Koblenz Flag.svg
- **image plan**: Rhineland-Palatinate KO.svg
- **plantext**: Location of Koblenz in Rhineland-Palatinate
- **state**: Rhineland-Palatinate
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 64.7
- **area**: 105.02
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 07111000
- **population**: 105888
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 56001–56077
- **area code**: 0261
- **licence**: KO
- **mayor**: David Langner
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: SPD
- **image photo**: Koblenz im Buga-Jahr 2011 - Deutsches Eck 01.jpg
Delta

**Delta** (uppercase/lowercase **Δ δ**), is a letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "d" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 4. Letters that came from it include the Roman D and Cyrillic Д.

## Scientific use

In mathematics, physics and chemistry, the upper-case letter Δ is used to denote "changes" in a variables (e.g., ). It can also be used to represent discriminant—a key algebraic expression used to determine the number of roots a polynomial has. The lower-case letter , on the other hand, is often used to denote small quantities in proofs involving limit, a key concept on calculus is based on.

In molecular chemistry, the lower case Greek letter δ is used to represent a partial charge. This is always less than the unit charge associated with an ion, but has no real fixed value.

A river delta is so named because its shape approximates the upper-case letter delta.

## Related pages

- Epsilon
Elbe

The **Elbe River** ( , , , ) is one of the major waterways of central Europe.  It comes from the North West Czech Republic. It flows through much of Germany. At Cuxhaven, it flows into the Wadden Sea, which is part of the North Sea. Important big cities on the boards of the river are Hradec Králové, Pardubice and Ústí nad Labem in the Czech Republic, and Dresden, Magdeburg and Hamburg in Germany.

Each of mentioned cities in the Czech Republic has almost 100,000 inhabitants. There are about 500,000 people living in Dresden, and 250,000 in Magdeburg. With 1.8 million people in the city proper, Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany, and the sixth largest city in the European Union. Hamburg is still  away from the estuary.

The port in Hamburg is the second most important seaport in the EU, after Rotterdam, and the third most important for container ships in the EU (after Rotterdam and Antwerp). Ships can travel up to Pardubice.

The Elbe is an important river, and is classified as a stream.  Up to Cuxhaven, it is  long,  are in the Czech Republic. Officially, its length is , which is a point in the open sea.
Danube

The **Danube** (Latin name _Hister_) is the second-longest river in Europe (the Volga is the longest). It is the longest river of the European Union.

The river is 2,860 km (1,777 mi) long. Brigach and Breg join in Donaueschingen (near the Black Forest) to "make" the Danube. The Danube flows through or makes part of the border of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. The river ends in the Black Sea through the Danube Delta.

Bigger cities include Ulm, Regensburg in Germany; Linz, Vienna in Austria; Bratislava in Slovakia, Budapest in Hungary; Vukovar in Croatia; Novi Sad and Belgrade in Serbia.

The Danube is named in many other languages: ,  (Dunav), German and Plattdüütsch: , , , , , ,  or _Danubius_, , , , .

The Danube is an important waterway. Ocean ships can go to Brăila in Romania. River boats can go to Kehlheim in Bavaria. Smaller ships can travel as far north as Ulm, Germany.

There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube:
- the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, in the northern province of Serbia)
- the 64 km Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km
- the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (about 171 km), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.
There is much history and culture related to the Danube. As with many other rivers, its natural environment and plants and animals are affected by pollution.

## Other websites

- Danube in easy French

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Danube
- **image**: View from Gellért Hill to the Danube, Hungary - Budapest (28493220635).jpg
- **image caption**: The Danube in Budapest
- **map**: Danubemap.png
- **map caption**: Course of the Danube, marked in red
- **subdivision type1**: Countries
- **subdivision type5**: Cities
- **discharge1 location**: Before the Danube Delta
- **discharge1 avg**: (Period: 1931-2010)
(Period: 1970-2015)
- **discharge2 location**: Passau, Bavaria, Germany
30km before town
- **discharge3 location**: Vienna, Austria
- **discharge4 location**: Budapest, Hungary
- **discharge5 location**: Belgrade, Serbia
- **source1**: Breg (river), Breg
- **source1 location**: Furtwangen im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- **source2**: Brigach
- **source2 location**: Sankt Georgen im Schwarzwald, St. Georgen im Schwarzwald, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- **source confluence location**: Donaueschingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- **mouth**: Danube Delta
- **mouth location**: Ukraine
Main

The **Main** (pronounced in German like the English word _mine_) is a river in Germany, 524 km in length, and one of the bigger tributaries of the Rhine river. Its average discharge at Frankfurt East Harbour is 190 cubic metres/second. It flows through the Bundesländer (states) of Bavaria, Hesse and 25 Kilometers along the border of Bavaria with Baden-Württemberg. The biggest city on the Main is Frankfurt, others are Bayreuth, Bamberg, Würzburg, Hanau and Offenbach. The mid Main valley is characterised by many vineyards. It is part of the region of Franken. Boats on the Main can use the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal to go to Eastern Europe.

The name of the river has nothing to do with the English word _main_, which means _most important_, or the French word _main_, which means _hand_. The river was named _Mogin_ by the ancient celts after their god Mogon. Later, the Romans called the river _Moenus_ in their language. In the Middle Ages, this name became _Meyn_ and later _Main_.
Weser

The **Weser** is a river of north-western Germany. Formed at Hannoversch Münden by the confluence of the Fulda and Werra rivers, it flows through Bremen to the North Sea, and has a length of 440 km. Together with the Werra, its length is 730 km.
Suicide

**Suicide** is when someone chooses to kill themselves. When someone kills themselves, people say that they have "committed suicide," "completed suicide," or "**died by suicide**". When a person seriously considers killing themselves, they are described as **suicidal**.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Suicide
- **image**: Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg
- **caption**: _The Suicide_ by Édouard Manet 1877–1881
- **icd10**: –
- **medlineplus**: 001554
- **emedicinesubj**: article
- **emedicinetopic**: 288598
- **meshname**: Suicide
- **meshnumber**: F01.145.126.980.875
Bicentennial

A **bicentennial** is the two hundredth year of something. In the United States, bicentennial is commonly is used to refer to the year 1976. This is because 1976 is two hundred years after the country was started in 1776. In Australia it commonly means one of two bicentennials. The first, in 1970, was the two hundredth anniversary of James Cook finding Australia. The second, in 1988 was the two hundredth anniversary of the first white settlement on the continent.
Shropshire

**Shropshire**, sometimes known as **Salop** and sometimes shortened to **Shrops** in print, is a ceremonial county of England. It has no cities and only a few large towns - Shrewsbury, Telford, Ludlow and Oswestry. It is a very rural county with many hills, forests, farms and rivers within its borders.

The county borders Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south-east, Herefordshire to the south and Powys and Wrexham County Borough, counties of Wales, to the west.

The county's county town is Shrewsbury, the birthplace of evolutionist Charles Darwin, however its largest town is Telford. Telford is known for its tourist attraction, Ironbridge Gorge. Ironbridge Gorge is the world's first iron structure. Shrewsbury is also the location of the Ditherington Flax Mill, also known as the Flaxmill Maltings, the world's the first iron-framed building. It is seen as the world's first skyscraper, described as _"the grandfather of skyscrapers"_.

## Places of interest

Places of interest in Shropshire include:

- Attingham Park, Atcham
- Blists Hill Victorian Town, Madeley
- Bridgnorth Castle, Bridgnorth
- Ditherington Flax Mill, Shrewsbury
- Haughmond Hill, near Shrewsbury
- Hawkstone Park, near Hodnet
- Ironbridge Gorge, Telford
- Long Mynd, Church Stretton
- Offa's Dyke Path
- Severn Valley Railway, Bridgnorth
- Shrewsbury Abbey, Shrewsbury
- Shrewsbury Castle, Shrewsbury
- Snailbeach, near Shrewsbury
- The Stiperstones, Pontesbury
- Wroxeter Roman Village, Atcham

## Related pages

- River Severn
- West Midlands
- British Isles

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Shropshire
- **image caption**: The Townbrook Valley from the Long Mynd; the clock tower of Shrewsbury Market Hall; and the Iron Bridge, Ironbridge
- **locator map**: Shropshire UK locator map 2010.svg
- **map caption**: Shropshire within England
- **region**: West Midlands (region), West Midlands
- **established date**: Historic counties of England, Ancient
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of Shropshire
- **lord lieutenant name**: Anna Turner JP
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of Shropshire
- **high sheriff name**: Jane Trowbridge JP
- **area total km2**: 3490
- **area total rank**: 13th
- **ethnicity**: <small>Figures for Shropshire (district), Shropshire UA:</small>
93.8% White, British
1.9% White, other
1.5% S. Asian
0.9% Mixed
0.6% White, Irish
0.6% Black
- **districts map**:
- **districts key**: Unitary
- **districts list**: # Shropshire (district), Shropshire

- **mps**: Parliamentary constituencies in Shropshire, List of MPs
- **police**: West Mercia Police
- **unitary council1**: Shropshire Council
- **unitary council2**: Telford and Wrekin Council
- **iso code**: GB-SHR
Kermit the Frog

**Kermit the Frog** is a Muppet character created by Jim Henson. Kermit was Henson's trademark Muppet character.

Kermit was originally performed by Henson himself. After Henson's death, Kermit was played by Steve Whitmire. In 2017, Whitmire stopped working with the Muppets. Matt Vogel replaced him and played Kermit until 2022.

Kermit has appeared on many TV shows, including _Sesame Street_, _The Muppet Show_, Sam and Friends, The Ed Sullivan Show, and _Muppet Babies_. Kermit has also appeared in several films and has been a guest speaker.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Kermit the Frog
- **series**: The Muppets / Sesame Street
- **image**:
- **caption**: A statue of Kermit as seen at Muppet*Vision 3D at Disney's Hollywood Studios.
- **first**: Sam and Friends (1955)
- **creator**: Jim Henson
- **portrayer**: Jim Henson (1961-1990)

Steve Whitmire (1990-2016)

Matt Vogel (2017-present)
- **species**: Muppet frog
- **gender**: Male
- **occupation**: Entertainer, actor, stage manager, show producer, director, reporter
- **family**: Robin the Frog (nephew)
- **significantother**: Miss Piggy (1976-2015; on-and off since)
- **nationality**: American
Cotton

**Cotton** is a soft, natural fiber that grows with the seeds of the cotton plant.  (Fiber is long and thin, like hair.)  After the cotton fiber is gathered from the plant, it can be spun into cotton thread. The cotton thread can then be made into cloth.  The cloth can be used to make clothes for people and many other things.  People often wear cotton clothing, especially in hot weather. Bandages are usually cotton.

There are different types of cotton plants.  Some cotton plants grow wild in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.  This is how cotton was discovered many years ago.  Most of the cotton gathered to make cloth comes from crops grown on cotton plantations.  Cotton is farmed in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas.  Cotton soaks up to 24-27 of its own weight in water (very absorbent). All parts of cotton plants are useful.

Cotton is in the mallow family and produces delicate, lovely flowers.  Other members of the mallow family include hollyhocks and hibiscus, used to brighten gardens all over the world.  The cotton fiber forms around the seeds of the cotton plant. It helps carry the seeds long distances on the wind so the baby plant can grow up far away. Early humans realized that the soft, fluffy fibers might be suitable for textile use and began to breed the plant, selecting for fluffy, easily spun varieties.

Cotton is one of the oldest fibers under human cultivation, with traces of cotton over 7,000 years old recovered from archaeological sites. Cotton is also one of the most used natural fibers in existence today, with consumers everywhere wearing and using cotton for various purposes. The word "cotton" comes from the Arabic word "qutn".Millions of acres globally are devoted to the production of cotton, whether it be new world cotton, with longer, smoother fibers, or the shorter and coarser old world varieties.

After harvesting, cotton must be combed to remove the seeds. This was a laborious process until the industrial revolution and invention of the cotton gin, which quickly separates the seeds from the fiber and combs them for spinning. While a single cotton fiber is not terribly strong, when multiple curling fibers are straightened and twisted together, they form a strong, smooth thread that can be knitted or woven, as well as dyed.

## Other websites

- Cotton -Citizendium
Hewlett-Packard

**Hewlett Packard** (**HP**) is a computer technology company. It was created in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, in a garage in California. It is based in Palo Alto, California. They are best known for making computers and computer hardware such as inkjet printers, laser printers, all-in-one printers, scanners and digital cameras. As well as computer accessories such as keyboards and monitors.

on November 1st, 2017, HP acquired Samsung Electronics’ printing division.

In 2002, HP bought Compaq and re-branded together as one company that is stylized as _hp_. The letters in the latest logo are lower case.

## Other websites

- The Museum of HP Calculators
- HP History Links
- Protect 724 Community
- hp drivers
- Local HP

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Hewlett-Packard Company
- **logo**: HP Logo 2017.svg
- **logo alt**: Last logo of Hewlett-Packard used from 2010 to 2015; now used by HP Inc.
- **image**: HP Headquarters Palo Alto.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **image caption**: HP headquarters in Palo Alto, California, U.S.
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **industry**: Computer hardware
Software, Computer software
IT service management, IT services
Information technology consulting, IT consulting
- **fate**: Corporate split; renamed as HP Inc.
- **successors**: HP Inc.
Hewlett Packard Enterprise
- **defunct**: (main company) (For Hewlett Packard Enterprise). Now operating as HP Inc.
- **location city**: Palo Alto, California, Palo Alto, California
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **products**: See List of Hewlett-Packard products, list of HP products.
- **subsid**: List of acquisitions by Hewlett-Packard, List of subsidiaries
- **location country**: United States, U.S.
Eminem

**Marshall Bruce Mathers III** (born October 17, 1972), known professionally as **Eminem**, is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, and actor. He became popular in 1999 with the release of the album _The Slim Shady LP_, which won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album that year. His next work, _The Marshall Mathers LP_, became the best-selling solo album in U.S. history. This made him known around the world. He helped publicize his record label, Shady Records, and the group D12.

## Infobox (infobox)

- **child**: yes
- **header**: Logo
- **headerstyle**: background:#b0c4de
- **data1**:


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **origin**: Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Eminem
- **height**: 5 ft 9 in
- **image**: Eminem 2021 Color Corrected.jpg
- **caption**: Eminem in 2021
- **birth name**: Marshall Bruce Mathers III
- **birth place**: St. Joseph, Missouri, U.S.
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **children**: 3
1909

**1909** (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- March 31 – Construction of the RMS Titanic is started
- April 6 – Robert Peary arrived in the north pole.
- April – The Adana massacre takes place in the Ottoman city of Adana
- June 29 – Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia
- The first model of the Model T is sold
- The pH scale is developed.
- Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss doctor, won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

## Births

- January 13 – Danny Barker, American musician (d. 1994)
- February 9 – Carmen Miranda, Brazilian singer and actress (d. 1955)
- March 20 – Juliana of the Netherlands (d. 2004)
- May 27
    - Dolores Hope, American singer (d. 2011)
    - Juan Vicente Pérez, Supercentenarian Venezuelan man fourth-oldest verified man ever (d. 2024)
- June 6 – Isaiah Berlin, Latvian philosopher and educator (d. 1997)
- June 10 – Errol Flynn, American actor (d. 1959)
- August 10 – Leo Fender, American guitar maker (d. 1991)
- August 21  Ethel Caterham, British supercentenarian
- August 26 – Sylvère Maes, Belgian cyclist (d. 1966)
- September 21 – Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana (d. 1972)

## Deaths

- February 17 – Geronimo, Native American leader (b. 1829)
- December 17 – Léopold II of Belgium, King of Belgium (b. 1835)
- January 12 – Hermann Minkowski, German mathematician (b. 1864)
Tenochtitlan

**Tenochtitlan** was the capital city of the Aztec Empire.  The Aztecs built Tenochtitlan around 1325, right on a lake called Lake Texcoco.

As the Empire grew, so did Tenochtitlan.  By the early 1500s, at least 200,000 people lived in the city.  This made Tenochtitlan the largest city in the Americas before Christopher Columbus arrived.

## Center of the Aztec Empire

Tenochtitlan was the center of the Aztec government and religion.  It was also a very big trading center.  When the Spanish arrived in 1519, they guessed that 60,000 people came to the market in Tenochtitlan every day.  People bought and sold many things there, including slaves (prisoners of war from states the Aztecs had taken over).  The entire city was decorated with art, architecture, and stone sculptures.

## The Great Temple

The city had a huge pyramid called the Templo Mayor (Great Temple).  At the top of the Temple, there were two small rooms.  In these rooms, the Aztecs sacrificed people to two of their most important gods: _Huitzilopochtli_, the god of war and the sun, and _Tlaloc_, the rain god.  The Aztecs believed that if they did not feed their gods blood, the gods would wither and die, causing the end of the world as they knew it.

## Agriculture

The Aztecs had created canals all across the city.  By bringing water to Aztec crops, these canals made it possible for the Aztecs to grow much more food than they normally could have.  The Aztecs had also made levees to protect the city from flooding, and reservoirs for fresh water.

The Aztecs also built chinampas (small rectangular crops floating on lake beds) so that they could create more food to feed the thousands of people who lived around Tenochtitlan. In addition, they built waterways and dams so that they could receive fresh water, and block out the salty brackish water.

## Fall of Tenochtitlan

In 1519, Spanish conquistadores led by Hernan Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan.  Cortes was impressed with the city, but still decided to attack it.  The Spanish and their Tlaxcalan allies invaded Tenochtitlan, and the city fell in 1521.

Mexico City was built over the ruins of Tenochtitlan.

## Photo gallery

<div align=center></div>

## Related pages

- Aztec
- Aztec Empire
Malleability

**Malleability** is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened into metal leaf. One well-known type of metal leaf is gold leaf. Many metals with high malleability also have high ductility.  Some do not; for example lead has low ductility but high malleability.

Malleability is a physical property of matter, usually metals. The property usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the modern periodic table of elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking.  Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead.

Gold and silver are highly malleable. When a piece of hot iron is hammered it takes the shape of a sheet. The property is not seen in non-metals. Non-malleable metals may break apart when struck by a hammer. Malleable metals usually bend and twist in various shapes.

Zinc is malleable at temperatures between 100 and 200 °C but is brittle at other temperatures.

## How is malleability measured?

There are two ways to measure it. The first is to measure the pressure or compressive stress that a material withstands before it breaks. The other test involves measuring the thickness of a metal sheet before it breaks.

## Related pages

- Ductility
Gay

**Gay** is a word used to describe someone who is homosexual. Today, the word usually means a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same gender. Often that person is also romantically interested in people of the same gender. A gay person can be a male who likes other males or a female who likes other females.

A person that is attracted to people only of the opposite gender is heterosexual. While a person attracted to people of the same gender and the opposite gender is bisexual.

The word "gay" can mean any homosexual person, but sometimes it is used just for homosexual men. In that case, homosexual women are called "lesbian" instead. Sometimes, people use the word "queer" to mean the same thing as "gay" when talking about sexuality.

In the early 20th century and before, "gay" used to mean 'happy' or 'carefree', but now people use it to define sexuality or to offend people.

## Related pages

- Gay man
- Lesbian

## Other websites

- The International Lesbian and Gay Association
- The Human Rights Campaign
- The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation
Potsdam

**Potsdam** (Low Sorbian: _Podstupim_) is a small German city which is right next to Berlin. In fact it touches the border of Berlin, and is about 26 km southwest of Berlin's centre. It is the capital of the state of Brandenburg. Potsdam has a small population: about 176,000 people lived in this city in 2017.

On the other hand, it is the largest World Heritage site in Germany. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918. It was planned in the Age of Enlightenment with a careful balance of architecture and landscape. Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its people of their relationship with nature and reason.

Around the city there are a series of lakes and cultural landmarks. The parks and palaces of Sanssouci are the centre of the  World Heritage Site. The Soviet Union did not return many of the Potsdam art treasures, and they remain to this day in Russia. The library of Frederick the Great was returned, but only 36 oil paintings.

The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at the palace Cecilienhof.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Potsdam
- **art**: City
- **image photo**: Potsdam - Schloss Sanssouci.jpg
- **image caption**: Sanssouci, former summer palace of Frederick the Great
- **wappen**: DEU Potsdam COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Potsdam.svg
- **bundesland**: Brandenburg
- **landkreis**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **höhe**: 35-114
- **fläche**: 187.28
- **einwohner**: 148691
- **stand**: 2006-10-31
- **plz**: 14401 – 14482
- **vorwahl**: 0331
- **kfz**: P
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 12 0 54 000
- **website**: [http://www.potsdam.de/ potsdam.de]
- **bürgermeister**: Jann Jakobs
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: SPD