juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Soul

Many philosophies and religions say that a **soul** is a supernatural essence of a living human being that lives after death. It is usually said to be immortal. It cannot be discovered by science, because it cannot be tested in any controlled way. Many different opinions exist as to what happens to personal experience after death.

Reincarnation is a belief that after the body dies, the soul will be born again in another body. It is important to Hinduism. Buddhists understand the idea of an eternal soul, and the idea of simple annihilation as delusion; they say that there is no unchanging, permanent self, soul or essence in phenomena.  Buddhists believe in transmigration, or rebirth in samsara or other planes of existence, based on how they understand kamma (Pāli; karma in Sanskrit), and nibbana (nirvana in Sanskrit) for Enlightened ones. In Jainism the soul is sometimes called jiva.

Resurrection is the Christian belief that a soul returns in the same body. In most Christian denomination this was realized in Jesus Christ but is also the promise for all souls; see heaven, hell, and Final Judgement.

Most atheists say that there is no such thing as a soul, and that the body is the only part of a person.

## Popular culture

In popular culture, soul usually means deep feeling and commitment. It is in this sense that the word appears in the term soul music. However that music was also influenced by gospel music which was religious.

One popular idea about souls that is easy to express, is that a person _is_ a soul, and _has_ a body. The soul is the "I" in "I exist" that feels and lives life. What people call the mind could be _part_ of the soul: one soul started this article, other souls have edited it, and another soul is reading it. This view, however, implies that the human body is a possession, and seems to devalue bodies that do not have souls as defined or understood by the speaker (some people say that animals, heretics, and people of another religion do not have souls). Like most uses of the verb to be, there is an ideology in these simple words.

Christianity teaches that all humans have an immortal soul. This means that it is a part of them which does not die when their physical body dies, but lives on with them to heaven or to hell. Christians believe that the soul is the 'breath of life' which God gave to Adam.

In Japan the soul is believed to weigh 21 grams. This belief may have been influenced by the observations of Dr. McDougall in the early 1900s.

### Characteristics

One distinction often made is between soul, which is distinct from other souls, and spirit, which may be combined with that of other beings. The idea of the Holy Spirit in Christianity, for example, is a universal and shared spirit many souls are part of, and which is expressed on Earth in that faith by "the Church" meaning "the body of Christ" meaning "all bodies that follow Jesus." This could be more inclusive than the is/has view of souls and bodies.

## Related pages

- Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul
Soap

**Soap** is a chemical compound resulting from the reaction of an alkali (commonly sodium or potassium hydroxide) with a fatty acid. Soaps are the metallic salts of long chain fatty acids. When mixed with water during bathing, cleansing, or washing, they help people and clothes get clean by lowering the chance of dirt and oil to get to the skin or fabric. Soaps are made from animal fats or vegetable oils. There are two basic steps in making soap. They are called Saponification and Salting-out of soap. Some people like to make their own soap.

Soap cleans very well in soft water. It is not toxic to water life. It can be broken down by bacteria. However, it is slightly soluble in water, so it is not often used in washing machines. It does not work well in hard water. It cannot be used in strongly acidic solutions. Mild hand soaps are only basic enough to remove unwanted skin oils. For other forms of oil, dishwashing soap is strong enough to remove almost all forms of oil without damaging petroleum products such as plastics. It does not damage skin either. Soap suds physically capture and lift germs (a virus, bacteria etc.) off of the surface of the skin and then water rinses them into the sink.

Soap has been made in many ways. Humanity has used soap-like things for thousands of years. The earliest recorded evidence of the making of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient Babylon and Sumeria. They were soap solutions, or soapy water.  People made them by mixing ashes with water and fat and boiling them. The Babylonians used water, alkali and cassia to make soap.

Ancient Gauls added salt to the soap solution to make the solid soap fall out.

The Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) suggests that ancient Egyptians bathed often and had animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to make a soap-like substance. Egyptian document<nowiki/>s say that a soap-like substance was used in the preparation of wool for weaving.

## Related pages

- Detergent
- Soap made from human corpses
Summary

A **summary** is a condensed explanation of an event, story, document, etc.. i.e. "summing up the facts." They are not constrained to any medium or topics. Not to be confused with abstract, which is a summary of a document. There are many different levels of summarization that can be done. The summarizer may choose any length, but the sumarees may not appreciate anything more than absolutely necessary to get the required facts.

Summaries help to spread information fast. They also help people make decisions on if it is something worth looking further into.

EXAMPLES

A quick "good/bad" can suffice in some situations. In other situations, the summary may rival the length of the original.

"This book was really cool. This guy drives a pickup to work everyday, and has a dangerous job."

Many scientific journals publish a summary for every large article so people who do not have much time can read the main information quickly without spending too much time reading the article.
Service economy

A **service** is a job or work done for someone else. All the service trades form a **service economy**.

Good examples are:
- Government is perhaps the largest example.
- Hospitals and the health services generally.
- Banks and financial services.
- Motor trade services. All services except actual products such as parts and petrol (which are obviously goods or products).
- Painting a house as opposed to building it.

The old split between product and service is now often a service–product continuum. Many products are being transformed into services.
An example is IBM, which made computers, now is mainly a consultancy for businesses which use computers. That has been so at least for the past 40 years.

The person or company which gives the service will get something in return for the service, obviously. Who gives the service usually gets money in return. Who gives the service may get goods in return. Who gives the service can get another service in return. This is a type of trade.
Sense

There are several meanings of the word **sense**.  This page is for disambiguation - there are more detailed articles on each meaning:

When a word has several meanings, one can refer to it as being used "in the sense of..." some context or other.  In Simple English for instance we avoid using words in unusual senses.

## The sensory system of animals

The human sensory system is usually said to have six senses:
- Hearing is the sense of sound that comes into our ears.
- Sight is the sense of seeing things with our eyes.
- Touch is the sense of feeling things with our skin.
- Taste is the sense of the flavor of things with our tongues
- Smell is the sense of smelling things with our noses.
- Kinesthetic sense is knowing where your whole body is and where it is not.
Other animals may have other senses. Fish have lateral lines which detect changes in the water pressure around them, and some can detect changes in electric fields around them.

## Sense in language

Sense in this context is the meaning conveyed by language.

Another use is to flag whether an argument or statement is correct and understood.  "That makes **no sense**" or "That is **nonsense**" are examples from everyday speech.

A variation of this is to say that something does not make "economic sense".  Usually these words signal a political dispute or some failure to define terms correctly.

The term "common sense" is thinking based on a wide experience of life. It used to mean practical wisdom. It has a long history of being used in politics, often to mean that some idea will be accepted or rejected because of human nature (what people are like).
Synagogue

A **synagogue** is a place where Jews meet to worship and pray to God.

In Hebrew, a synagogue is called _beit knesset_, which means, a "house of gathering". The word "synagogue" comes from _sunagoge_, which is a Greek word. In a synagogue, Jews carry out the Jewish services, which consist of prayers, sometimes with special actions.

A synagogue will usually have a large room for prayers. There might be some smaller rooms for studying. There will be some offices. There will also usually be a big room for special events.

The front of a synagogue faces towards Jerusalem in Israel.  In the front is the holiest part of the synagogue, the Ark. This is a closet which has the Torah scrolls inside.  The Torah scrolls have the holy writings of Judaism on them.  The Ark usually has a curtain in front of it.

On top of the Ark is light which is always lit, called the “Eternal Lamp”. It is a symbol which means that God is always there.
Every synagogue has a raised platform called the “Bimah”. The person who reads the Torah scroll stands there when he reads. The Bimah is either in the middle of the hall, or in front of the Ark.

In some synagogues men and women sit in different places. Some synagogues even have a short wall so that they can not see each other. This is so that the people will think about the prayers better.

Jews may call synagogues by different names. Many Orthodox and Conservative Jews living in English-speaking countries use the name "synagogue" or the word "shul", which is Yiddish. Jews who speak Spanish or Portuguese call synagogues _esnoga_. Some Jews call the synagogue a temple.

Jewish worship does not have to be carried out in a synagogue.  It can be wherever a minyan of ten Jews are. It could be in someone's home or anywhere such as a cruise liner or an airplane. Some synagogues have a separate room or torah study, this is called the "beth midrash" meaning house of study. Some kinds of Jewish worship can be done alone or with fewer than ten people.
Synagogues are places were Jews can worship.
Scarcity

**Scarcity** in economics is the lack of various forms of capital. Scarcity can be used to describe an economic situation in economics, or it can be used to describe more general situations.

In economics, scarcity is the result of people having "Unlimited Wants and Needs," or always wanting something new, and having "Limited Resources." Limited Resources means that there are never enough resources, or materials, to satisfy, or fulfill, the wants and needs that every person have. Scarcity is called the "basic economic problem," meaning that it always exists.

Scarcity exists due to the effects of nature such as drought, floods, storms, pest infestation, fire and other things.  Real scarcity can also exist by over use of non-renewable resources.  Goods (things) and services are also scarce because there are only a limited number of things in the world and due to the limits of technology and our own priorities.

More scarce goods and services have higher prices, because of supply and demand. Gold is used less than iron, but the price of gold is much higher, because gold is more scarce. Lawyers are paid more than janitors, because there is scarcity of qualified lawyers.

Scarcity of capital is the main constraint in economic development of developing countries. Economic growth is an increase in the production and consumption of goods and services. It entails increasing population or per capita consumption. It is represented by increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Scarcity refers to limited resources. These resources are the inputs of production i.e., land, labor and capital.

## Artificial scarcity

Artificial scarcity is when somebody limits the amount of goods or services that are available, although it would be simple to make more. Artificial scarcity can increase profits for a business. Some people will pay more for something that is scarce, because it shows that they are rich (a status symbol). Copyrights, patents, monopolies, cartels, planned obsolesence can make artificial scarcity.
Test

A test is a structured procedure designed to evaluate whether a subject, claim, or system meets specified criteria. The _Concise Oxford English Dictionary_ defines a test as: "a procedure intended to establish the quality, performance, or reliability of something".

Tests can serve multiple purposes. For example, tests can be used to determine what someone knows, or can do, for example through multiple choice questions in an exam, or written assignments. Medical tests assess whether or how parts of the body are functioning via medical procedures, such as blood tests that determine the presence or absence of substances. In product testing, tests are used to establish whether products function as intended.

## Types of tests

In science, researchers perform tests to identify, quantify, or characterize substances. They also perform statistical hypothesis tests to examine of predictions are corroborated or falsified. In product testing a product’s performance, safety, quality, and compliance is examined to help ensure that what consumers buy is reliable, and safe. Assessment testing refers to the systematic gathering of information—through standardized tests, measurements, and evaluation procedures—to understand individual differences in abilities, traits, behaviors, or psychological characteristics. In psychological and educational contexts, assessments are designed to be standardized, reliable, and valid, ensuring that results provide meaningful information for decision‑making. These tests may measure cognitive skills, social traits, motives, adjustment, or other aspects of human functioning. Personality tests, a specialized subset of psychological assessments, measure personal characteristics known as traits, which are thought to explain variability in behavior and experience. Personality assessment seeks to define and quantify traits in an objective way so they can be compared across individuals or groups.

## Other websites

- Tests and Experiments: Similarities and Differences
Time horizon

A **time horizon** is a future point in time when something must be "done" (a "deadline") or will be "over" (a "time limit").  Either way, the matter will be closed when the time horizon is reached.

Common time horizons people use are:
- _end of day_, usually meaning the working day;
- _the weekend_;
- _end of month_;
- _fiscal quarter_;
- _end of school term_;
- _end of calendar year_
- and _end of fiscal year_.

It is very important to know at what time horizon something you are doing will be scored, evaluated, marked or paid for.

Sports, for example football (soccer) and basketball, often have time limits. Baseball and others do not, which sometimes causes problems.
Time limit

A **time limit** is a time horizon that is imposed on everyone at once.

It may be used to try to achieve fairness in some system of ethics.  For instance, if poor people and rich people are debating something, a time limit may be imposed so that the rich people cannot keep debating until the poor people have to go to work, and lose.

Time limits are very important in accounting so that everyone can report their results (for tax and investment purposes) at the same time.  This in turn creates deadlines for the accountant and those reporting.

However, the deadline is imposed by an authority, whereas the time limit is imposed by a system.  So there can be slack in a deadline, so that results do not have to be reported always very fast.

For example, in the United States of America, the end of the calendar year on December 31 is the time limit for taxes, but the deadline for reporting is April 15.  Sometimes the government allows more time, as it did for the families of those who were killed in the September 11, 2001 attacks.

## Related pages

- Time horizon
- Deadline
Table

**Table** may mean one of these:

- Table (furniture)
- Table (information)
    - Periodic table
    - Lookup table
Tragedy (Greek theatre)

In theatre, a **tragedy** as defined by Aristotle is a play that ends badly for the hero or heroine or others. A tragedy is usually about a person who has many good qualities, but also has one poor quality (called a "tragic flaw") that causes trouble for him, and maybe his family or friends.

Often in a tragedy, there is one possible event that the hero fears and tries to prevent, but no matter what he does, it makes this thing more and more sure to happen.  Tragedies originated in Ancient Greek theatre, where they were performed at religious festivals. The three most famous Greek tragedy writers were Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides. Later famous writers include Shakespeare and Jean Racine.

Sometimes the word **tragedy** is also used to mean something with a bad outcome in real life e.g. crime or death. It makes people cry when there’s sad scenes in movies .

## Related pages

- Catharsis
- English Renaissance drama
- Henrik Ibsen
- Arthur Miller
The Sun

The **Sun** is the star at the center of the Solar System.

**The Sun** may also mean:

### United Kingdom

- _The Sun_ (United Kingdom), a current daily national tabloid
- _The Sun_ (1792–1806), a defunct British newspaper
- _The Sun_ (1893–1906), a defunct British newspaper

### United States

- _The Sun_ (magazine), a monthly literary and photography magazine
- _The Sun_ (Lowell), a daily newspaper in Massachusetts
- _The Sun_ (New York City), a defunct daily newspaper in New York (1833–1950)
- _The New York Sun_, 2002–2008
- _The Sun_ (Sheridan), a defunct weekly newspaper in Oregon (1890–2014)
- _Sun_, later the _Ann Arbor Sun_, a defunct underground newspaper in Michigan
- _The Sun_, later called _Peck's Sun_, a Wisconsin newspaper founded by George Wilbur Peck
- _The U.S. Sun_, the U.S. online edition of _The Sun (United Kingdom)_

### Elsewhere

- Sun Newspapers (Northern Territory), community newspapers in Darwin, Australia
- _The Sun_ (Hong Kong), a defunct Chinese-language newspaper (1999–2016)
- _The SUN_ (Hong Kong), an English-language newspaper for Filipinos
- _The Sun_ (Malaysia), a daily Malaysian tabloid
- _The Sun_ (New Zealand), a defunct New Zealand newspaper
- _The Sun_ (Nigeria), a daily Nigerian newspaper
- _The Sun_ (Rangoon), a defunct Burmese newspaper (1911–1954)
- _The Sun_ (Sydney), a defunct Australian tabloid (1910–1988)

### Movies

- _The Sun_ (movie), a 2005 Russian biographical movie

#### Artists

- The Sun (American band)
- The Sun (Estonian band)
- The Sun (Italian band), previously under the name Sun Eats Hours

#### Albums

- _The Sun_ (Cat Empire album)
- _The Sun_ (Fridge album)
- _The Sun_, an album by FanFan

#### Songs

- "The Sun", by Maroon 5 from the 2002 album _Songs About Jane_
- "The Sun", a 2014 single by Parov Stelar
- "The Sun", an original Barney song from _Barney in Outer Space_

### Fictional and literary uses

- The Sun (Tarot card), a trump card in the tarot deck
- _The Sun_ (wordless novel), a 1919 book of woodcut prints by Frans Masereel
- _Ash-Shams_ ("The Sun"), the ninety-first _sura_ of the Qur'an
- The Sun, a _The House of the Dead III_ character

## Other

- The Sun (St. Paul's Churchyard), a historical bookseller in London

## Related pages

- Sun (disambiguation)
- Sun (newspaper)
- _The Sunday Sun_ (disambiguation), name of various newspapers
- _Le Soleil_ (French for "The Sun"), name of various newspapers
- _Die Son_ (Afrikaans for "The Sun"), a daily South African tabloid
Temple

A **temple** is a building where people go to practice their religion. In a temple people may perform religious rituals, ceremonies, and pray. Thus, a temple is a general term for a house of worship. Christians usually call their religious buildings churches.

Some examples of temples from different religions:
- Hinduism (Mandir)
- Buddhism (Shaolin)
- Temples at Uppsala
- Greek temple
- Temple in Jerusalem
- Mormon temple
- Roman temple
- Reform Judaism's synagogues.
- Baha'i (Mashriqu'l-Adhkar)
- Temples in Bangkok
Theft

**Theft** is when one person or group takes from another person, business, or state any object, money, or information without permission and does not intend to return it. A person who has been convicted of theft may be called a **thief**. However, the practice of engaging in theft is also called **stealing**. There are many different types of theft, such as pickpocketing and shoplifting. Burglary and robbery are separate crimes which involve theft.

Stealing is basic and is illegal almost everywhere.  Thieves steal things sometimes because they want to have something for themselves, or because they want to sell something for money.  Sometimes thieves will make plans to rob a store, bank, house, or person, and sometimes they will just see a chance to steal something and take it.  Some thieves have kleptomania.

When thieves steal things for money, they usually pick cars, electronics, laptops, or other things they can sell easily. Sometimes thieves use pawn shops to sell things easily to someone who will not ask questions.
Value

**Value** is how much something is worth. Often the best way to find the value of something is to use the price that it can be sold for. However Oscar Wilde wrote that 'people know the price of everything but the value of nothing'- in other words true value does not depend on money alone.

In math, a value is a number which is concrete, something everyone can agree upon.  However people may disagree on the value of water, depending if you live in a desert or next to a river. Disagreements on the value of things can create fights between nations, political parties, religions, etc.
Volapük

**Volapük** (pronounced  in English,  in Volapük) is a constructed language created in 1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer. Schleyer was a Catholic priest from Germany. He felt that God had told him in a dream to make an international language. The name "Volapük" comes from the words "vol" (world) and "pük" (language). Volapük conventions took place in 1884, 1887, and 1889. The aim was to help people from different cultures speak to each other.

Volapük became less popular after 1887 when Esperanto was published. Part of the reason for this was that Esperanto is easier to learn with a simpler grammar. There are believed to only be 20-30 Volapük speakers in the world today.

The vocabulary of Volapük is mostly English, with some words from German and French. The grammar is based on Indo-European languages.

## History

Volapük was created by Johann Martin Schleyer. He first wrote about his idea in 1887. He published a book about Volapük in 1880. The book was translated into ten languages. Soon, people started creating Volapük clubs in Europe.

The language started to become popular. People published books and journals in Volapük. However, not everybody liked the language. The American Philosophical Society thought that Volapük was too complex.

## Example text

Below is the Lord's Prayer written in Volapük.
<poem>

</poem>

## Other websites

- Basic course in Volapük, in English
- Basic grammar of Volapük, in Esperanto
- Volapop: A site about popular culture written in Volapük
- Discussion group on the vocabulary and grammar of Volapük
- A complete Italian grammar of Volapük (1888) by V. Amoretti
- Una grammatica completa di Volapük in lingua italiana (1888) a cura di V. Amoretti
- General Volapük discussion group
- Flenef bevünetik Volapüka / International Friendship of The World Language

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Volapük
- **image**: Volapuk symbol.svg
- **imagesize**: 100px
- **imagecaption**: Logo of the Volapük movement (2nd phase)
- **creator**: Johann Martin Schleyer
- **created**: 1879–1880
- **setting**: International: mostly in Europe
- **speakers**: 20
- **date**: 2000
- **fam2**: International auxiliary language
- **posteriori**: vocabulary from English language, English, German language, German, and French language, French
- **agency**: Kadäm Volapüka
- **script**: Latin script, Latin
- **iso1**: vo
- **iso2**: vol
- **iso3**: vol
- **glotto**: none
- **notice**: IPA
Vocabulary

The **vocabulary** a person uses is all the words that person knows and uses. In general, a person who is five years old knows about 4,000 to 5,000 words. Adults who have gone to college may know 20,000 words.

## Overview

The number of words in a language is more than the words listed in one dictionary. One dictionary may have a list of 500,000 words. Another dictionary may have some other words that the other dictionary does not have. Adding up all the words in those dictionaries, there are about 750,000 words in English. There may be more words than that.

## Usage

Words being used the most are short words. That is true in all languages. The 50 most common words in English have fewer than seven letters. Half of these words have fewer than four letters. The vocabulary of a language is always changing.  New words are made or words change their meaning. Words about computers, like "download" are new to English. The new word "bling" came from hip hop. Words like _cool_ have developed new meanings.

Your growth is limited not by your intelligence, but by your language.

**Your thoughts are limited to the amount of vocabulary you know.**

When you don’t have the words to name an idea, a feeling, or a problem, you also lack the power to think about it clearly, question it deeply, or express it precisely.

Expanding your vocabulary doesn’t just improve how you speak—it expands how you think, how you understand the world, and how effectively you shape your reality.

## Related pages

- Grammar
- Linguistics
Vegetable oil

**Vegetable oils** are triglyceride oils made from plants. They are used in food and for cooking. In past centuries they were much used as fuel in oil lamps. Some kinds of plant oils that people use are palm oil, maize, olive, peanut, rapeseed, soy, and sunflower.

Margarine is an artificial butter made from vegetable oil.

## Related pages

- Cooking oil
Velocity

**Velocity** is a measure of how fast something moves in a particular direction. To define it needs both magnitude and direction. If an object moves east at 9 metres per second (9 m/s), then its velocity is 9 m/s to the east.

The idea behind this is that speed does not tell us in which direction the object moves in a given frame of reference. Speed is one part of velocity, direction is the other part. Depending on the frame of reference, the velocity can be defined with many mathematical concepts required for making the correct analysis.

### Average velocity

To calculate the average velocity of an object, we divide its displacement (its change of position) by the time it took to change position.

For example, if an object moves 20 meters (m) to the left in 1 seconds (s), its velocity (v) would be equal to:

### Instantaneous velocity

Unlike average velocity, the instantaneous velocity tells us how fast something is moving at only one time, because velocity can only change with time.

## Velocity in two-dimensional motion

The concept of velocity allows us to consider two different means of calculating the velocity. Two-dimensional motion _requires_ us to use vector notation to define the physical quantities found throughout the kinematics.

#### Average velocity

To calculate the average velocity of an object, we divide its displacement (its change of position) by the time it took to change position.

where: is the total distance traveled in a given time interval . Each of these quantities can be calculated by substracting two different values intertwined within the given quantity, hence give the desired .

#### Instantaneous velocity

Contrary to average velocity, the instantaneous velocity tells us the rate of change at which a given object is moving along a certain path at a given instance of time, which usually tends to be infinitesimally small.

When , we can see that . Taking that into consideration we can conceptualize this rate of change between displacement vector and interval of time using mathematical analysis _(most notably-_ _Calculus)_

## Relative velocity

Velocity can also be measured by comparing the motion of two objects. This is called relative velocity. The second object is called the reference frame. To find the relative velocity, subtract the velocity of the reference frame from the velocity of the first object. For example, Earth moves at 67,000 miles per hour around the Sun. Usually, we do not care about this motion. So we subtract the vector that represents Earth's motion from the total motion.
Virtual community

A **virtual community** is a group of people who share an interest, hobby or set of views.
The people in it may come from many different places.
They talk with each other using technology, such as the Internet, telephone calls, texting, video calls and email.

## How virtual communities communicate

Virtual communities may use any of the following to communicate:

**Internet**
- Chat rooms
- Email
- Instant messengers
- Internet Forums (_message boards_)
- Websites like social network services
- Wiki

**Telephone**
- Conference calls (where more than 2 people can talk at one time)

**Mail**
- A newsletter
- A magazine

## References

This section needs to be expanded.
Wiki

A **wiki** is a type of website allowing anyone to create and change its pages.

## Etymology

The word is sometimes used in Internet slang to mean Wikipedia.  W_iki_ is short for WikiWikiWeb.  _Wikiwiki_ is a word from the Hawaiian language, meaning "fast" or "speed". Examples of wikis include Wikipedia, Everipedia, Citizendium, Scholarpedia, Conservapedia, Wiktionary and Wikibooks.

## Overview

Every wiki can be changed, or edited, by anyone who has an account on the wiki, or by everyone in the world if the wiki allows it. Some important pages can only be changed by certain users. Wikis are central places where everybody can share and add new information, and then people read them. Wikis allow information from all around the world to be collected.

## History

Ward Cunningham started the first wiki in March 1995. Many people liked it, and wrote there, after which they started similar websites such as Wikipedia. MediaWiki is the most used software for wikis and is the software used for Wikipedia and many other Wikis. JSPWiki is one of many others. "Wiki" is also sometimes an abbreviation for Wikipedia.

## Purposes

Wikis can be used for different things; not all wikis follow the same rules for using them. For instance, the purpose of Wikipedia is to write articles for an encyclopedia. That is why on Wikipedia, people do not want general discussion that does not help in writing articles.

## Functions

On a wiki, people can write pages by collaboration and teamwork. Pages are watched closely to see whether changes are good or bad. If one person writes something wrong, another can correct it. Other users can also add something new to the page. Because of this, the page gets better when people change it.

Administrators can block someone from editing if they vandalize, or for other reasons. Users can also discuss things on wikis. Discussion can help people understand things better and get a chance to tell their views. On Wikipedia, the Talk pages are for that, but in some wikis, the article and the discussion are in the same page.

### Vandalism

Most wikis can be edited by anyone and everyone. Some wikis are even available to people without an account, so sometimes wikis will become a target for vandals to add unwelcome, disruptive or even misleading content. There are many ways to prevent this. Individual pages can be protected to allow only certain users, or only those with an account, to edit them. Administrators can also block users who make repeated vandal edits after a minimum of a single warning. Vandalism may not be stopped totally, but regular, careful checking can limit the amount of disruption.

## Related pages

- Wikipedia
- English Wikipedia
- Simple English Wikipedia
Word

**A word** is something spoken by the mouth that is meaningful. It is usually part of a sentence which makes the meaning clear.

Words are also used in writing, which is a relatively modern invention. In alphabetic writing, a word is a collection of letters. The word then communicates a meaning that can also usually be pronounced. A logogram is also a word.

Some words have more than one meaning; for example, 'spring' can refer to the season, the device, or a conjugation of the verb. They are homonyms. Some words have different pronunciation; for example, 'wind' (the noun) and 'wind' (the verb) are pronounced differently.

Some words have different spelling; for example, 'color' and 'colour' are both correct. ‘Color' is used in American English, and ‘colour' is used in British English. Some words can be only one letter such as "a" and "I" in English. Besides English, all other languages have their own words. When written with an alphabet, words are usually separated by a space. When written with ideograms, each word is usually a separate symbol.

Words can be invented, which are then called neologisms. For example, radar was originally an acronym but became an actual word. Two words may be joined to make a compound word.

## Fuller definition

A word is the smallest thing that can be said _with meaning_. For example, _hello_ is a word.

That contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but may not stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (such as _oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect_), or several (_rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected_), and a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just given, they are _-s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed_).

The meaning of words can be found in a dictionary.

## Related pages

- Lexeme
- Parts of speech
- Heteronym — when two different words have the same spelling
Web browser

A **web browser** is a computer program or mobile application for visiting websites on the World Wide Web. Since the late 1990s, most personal computers, mobile phones and other mobile devices have supported web browsers.

Web browsers are used to browse websites on the Internet. The first web browser was created in 1990. Many web browsers are available for free. All web browsers are used for visiting websites, but some web browsers exist with certain purposes in mind. For example, some browsers focus on data security, privacy, and keeping computers safe from viruses. Other browsers focus on providing the fastest and most simple experience.

Some popular web browsers include:

- Google Chrome
- Mozilla Firefox
- Microsoft Edge, a more modernized version of Internet Explorer, included with Windows 10 and later
- Opera
- Safari, included on all Apple devices including iPhones, iPads, and Macs. Previously, Safari could be used on Microsoft Windows. Apple no longer supports using Safari on Windows.

Discontinued web browsers:
- Internet Explorer, included with Windows 10 and earlier, which is no longer supported

## Function

A webpage is one area of a website.  Every web page has a unique web address, which is typically entered in a text input located at the top of the browser interface. When visiting a webpage, the browser downloads the website content, usually HTML documents, style information, JavaScript for website function, and any images or video required to display the webpage. Its browser engine then reads and translates the HTML file, and renders it on-screen in a visible format.

## Other websites

- What is browser? Video by Google
- How browsers work
- Web Browser -Citizendium
Web

**Web** can mean several things
- Spider webs are woven traps usually used by spiders to catch insects
- Web is a common short name for the World Wide Web
- Web is a word for the tissue (biological) between fingers and toes, such as the webbed feet of ducks and other waterfowl, or material with a similar purpose, such as between the thumb and finger of a baseball glove
Webpage

A **webpage** (or **web page**) is a document from the internet which can be seen with a web browser.  Web pages each have a URL or address, which is how a page is found, and is different for every page.  When a webpage is part of a larger group of pages managed by a company, person, or organization, it is part of a website.

Pages can have words, pictures, videos, and links. Links are ways to get to other web pages.

For example, this article is a webpage. It has the URL **https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webpage**, and is part of the Wikipedia website.  It has words and links.  The links in this page are shown in blue and can be clicked to go to other webpages.

## Technology

Web pages are usually stored in HTML code which describes what to show on the page like words or pictures. Web pages can also use two other types of code to tell the page how to work:
1. Cascading Style Sheets (or CSS) is a code used to tell the page how to look.
1. JavaScript (or JS) is used to change the words, style, or pictures on the page.
Wiktionary

**Wiktionary** is a wiki-based project to develop a multilingual online dictionary, or a group of meanings for words, in the form of a wiki. There are many languages of Wiktionary. Wiktionary is also a thesaurus. Wiktionary is run by the Wikimedia Foundation, which also runs Wikipedia. The English Wiktionary currently has over 7.3 million pages  and 4.0 million users. Much like Wikipedia, the Wiktionary is run in several different languages that can be selected from its main page. These include the Simple English Wiktionary.

## Logo

In 2006, there was a vote for the change of the logo of Wiktionary. The original logo of only words was replaced. However, there were very few people who voted in this contest. Therefore, smaller wikis used the newer logo but the English Wiktionary stayed with the same logo.

In 2009, there was a second contest for a newer logo _(pictured)_. This was a step to make all the Wiktionaries to have the same logo on all projects. However, the English Wiktionary still did not use the new logo. The Simple English Wiktionary voted on the new logo on November 30, 2010 and the community decided the new logo to use it as their logo. However, no changes were made to the logo and the discussion was thus forgotten.

## Other websites

- Simple English Wiktionary main page
- English Wiktionary main page
- List of Wiktionaries by language family

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Wiktionary
- **logo**: Wiktionary-logo.svg
- **logo size**: 125px
- **screenshot**: English Wiktionary Main Page.png
- **caption**: Main Page of the English Wiktionary on January 14, 2019
- **collapsible**: yes
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Dictionary, Online dictionary
- **language**: Multilingual
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: Jimmy Wales and the Wikimedia Foundation, Wikimedia community
- **current status**: active
Window

A **window** is an opening in a wall or roof of a building, in a car etc., to let air and light in. It is usually filled with a sheet of glass. There can be many different shapes and sizes, including rectangular, square, circular, or irregular shapes. Some windows include coloured glass. Windows are usually transparent so that people can see through them.

Before glass was used in windows, people in Asia used paper to fill the hole in the wall. The paper would let light in.

## Types of windows

There are different types of windows. They are:

### Cross-window

A cross-window is one that has a vertical mullion and a horizontal transom, that make a cross.

### Fixed window

A fixed window is one that cannot be opened. It is made to allow light to enter. The windows in churches are usually fixed.

### Single-hung sash

A single-hung sash window is a window that has one horizontal sash at the bottom that can move up and down.

### Double-hung sash

A double-hung sash is a window that has two sashes (panels) that can independently move up and down. One is usually the lower; one the upper.

### Casement window

A casement window is a window with a sash that has a hinge that swings in or out like a door. Casement windows are usually held open using a casement stay.

### Skylight

A skylight is a window built into a roof. This type of window allows natural daylight and moonlight to enter.

### Roof lantern

A roof lantern is a glass structure that has lots of different colours. It looks like a small building. It is built on a roof for day or moon light.

### Stained-glass window

A stained-glass window is a window that is made up of pieces of coloured glass. The coloured glass can be transparent, translucent or opaque. It usually shows people or places. Usually, the glass in these windows is separated by lead rods. Stained-glass windows are very common in churches.

## How they are made

Different materials are used when making a window. For the frame of the window wood, polyvinyl chloride, composite, aluminium, steel, fiberglass are used.

Many windows have movable window coverings such as blinds or curtains.  They keep out light and add insulation. They also ensure privacy. Windows allow natural light to enter.  Too much can have bad effects such as glare and too much heat.
Wine

|||
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2" align="center"|<small>red and white wine</small>|

**Wine** is an alcoholic drink. It is made from the juice of grape.

If alcoholic drinks are made from the juice of other fruits (such as plums or blackberries) they may be called "wine". This article only deals with wine made from grapes.

## Different types of wine

There are two main types of wine, red wine and white wine. Red wine is made using the skins of the grapes. The skins give the wine a dark color, and chemicals called tannins that taste slightly bitter. Red wine can be sweet or dry. "Dry" means low in sugar.

White wine is made without the grape skins at all, so it is usually less bitter and more acidic. Like red wines, they can be sweet or dry.

Rosé wine (a French word meaning "pink") is in between: it has some flavor and color from the skins, but not as much as a red wine.

Wine with bubbles in it, called sparkling wine. Sparkling wine can be red, white, or rosé, but is usually white. It can be made in any country, but the best-known sparkling wines are champagne, which comes from France and (recently) southern England, _Prosecco_, from Italy.

Fortified wine is made by mixing liquor into the wine while it ferments.

## Wine making

Wine making begins with growing red or white grapes. Wine grapes have thicker skins and bigger seeds compared to grapes for eating. After the grapes are ripe, they are picked off the plants. There are different ways of picking (for example, using machines, or picking by hand, in the day, or at night).

After harvest, the grapes are crushed to release their juice, which is very sugary. Before, this was done by people stomping on grapes with their bare feet. Today, machines are used, but people sometimes use their bare feet in festivals. The person making the wine also decides now if the wine will be red, white, or rose:
- If the grape skins sit in the juice a long time, the wine will be red.
- If the grape skins sit in the juice a short time, the wine will be rosé.
- If the grape skins do not sit in the juice at all, the wine will be white.

Next, the sweet grape juice is fermented, by adding yeast. In a few days, the yeast turns the sugar into alcohol, and also releases carbon dioxide.

After fermenting, the wine is stored for a while (called "aging"). The person making the wine can make different choices, which will change the flavor of the wine. They can choose to store the wine in a steel container, or a barrel made of oak wood. If they choose wood, the wine will absorb some of the wood flavor, which wine drinkers call "oakiness". This process can take only a couple of weeks, up to several years, depending on what kind of flavor the wine maker wants.

Lastly, the wine is bottled and sent to a customer, restaurant or store to be enjoyed.

## Wine and people

People have been making wine for at least 5000 years. The oldest evidence of ancient wine production has been found in Georgia from  BC (the earliest known traces of grape wine),

## Related pages

- Eucharist
Width

**Width** or **breadth** is the side-to-side length, measuring across the object at right angles to the height.

For example, the distance between the left side and right side of a chair is its width.

Objects have a length and a width in two dimensions or more. In shapes such as rectangles, multiplying the length and the width equals the area of the shape.

## Related pages

- Height
- Depth
Water

**Water** () is a simple chemical compound made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. It is clear, has no taste or smell, and is almost colorless. All living things need water to survive. Water molecules stick together because of hydrogen bonds. These bonds give water special properties. For example, water has high surface tension, and can dissolve many substances. Water exists in three forms on Earth: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor). The word "water" comes from the Old English word wæter.
Want

A **want** is a wish or a desire for something. If a person would like to have something, but can choose not to have it, that thing is wanted or can be called a want. To want is not the same as to need, which is when someone _must_ have something.

People often talk about needing a thing, when they really just want it. Wants can be for the same things as needs. For example, a person can _need_ to eat food and can _want_ to eat cake. If there is no cake then he or she may have to eat something else, perhaps bread. The need is no longer so important (the person is no longer hungry) although the want may still be there. If there is cake, then the person's needs and wants can both be met.

In economics, a want is about goods or services. Choice is how to satisfy a want, when there are different ways to do this.

Want can also be the idea of what it means to be poor, hungry or with no money. Charles Dickens wrote a famous book called _A Christmas Carol_ in which there are two children, named Want and Ignorance.