juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Victoria Cross

The **Victoria Cross** (**VC**) is the highest military medal given for bravery "in the face of the enemy" to members of the defence forces of Commonwealth  countries, and former British Empire territories. It is the most important medal, more important than all other orders, decorations and medals.

It may be given to a person of any rank in any  service (army, navy or air force) or anyone working for the military. It is usually presented to the person, or a family member if they were killed, by the British monarch during a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. It can be presented by the Governor-General for awards made by other Commonwealth countries.

It is the joint highest medal for bravery in the United Kingdom with the George Cross, which is for bravery _not_ in the face of the enemy. However, the VC is higher in the order of importance and would be worn first by a person who had been given both medals (which has not happened).

The VC was begun on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria for acts    of bravery during the Crimean War. Since then, the medal has been given 1,356 times to 1,353 people. Only 13 medals, nine to members of the British Army, and four to the Australian Army have been presented since the Second World War.

Since 1990, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, have started their own versions of the VC.

## Living holders of the Victoria Cross

The list of living holders of the Victoria Cross is small.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._
- Bill Apiata, VC  2004
- Johnson Beharry, VC  1951
- John Cruickshank, VC 1966
- Mark Donaldson, VC  2009
- Rambahadur Limbu, VC, MVO  2005
- Keith Payne, VC, OAM, DSC (US)  2007
- Ben Roberts-Smith, VC MG  2011
- William Speakman-Pitts, VC 2011
- Daniel Kieghran   2012

## Related pages

- Victoria Cross for Australia
- George Cross
- George Medal
- Elizabeth Cross
Pit (Kid Icarus)

is a fictional main character in the _Kid Icarus_ game series. He is the angel bodyguard of Palutena. He also appeared in the _Super Smash Bros._ series.

## Games

- _Kid Icarus_ (1986)
- _Kid Icarus: Of Myths and Monsters_ (1991)
- _Kid Icarus: Uprising_ (2012)

## Other appearances

- _Captain N: The Game Master_
- _Super Smash Bros. Brawl_

### Small appearances

- _Tetris_ (NES) - 1989 - Pit is playing a violin when the player wins Game B on Speed 9, Height 0.
- _F-1 Race_ (Game Boy) - 1990 - Before Course 8, Pit cheers for the player. He also appears in the end of the race.
- _Super Smash Bros. Melee_ (GameCube) - 2001 - He appears as a trophy.
- _WarioWare: Twisted!_ (Game Boy Advance) - 2005 - In one of 9-volt's games, the player directs Pit left or right to dodge snakes and eggplants thrown at the player. Pit is also seen on the cover of the Kid Icarus record box. The theme for Kid Icarus is an unlockable record in the game. When the cursor is placed on it, the text describing it says, "This is the closest thing to a sequel you're gonna get! Har har!"
- _WarioWare: Smooth Moves_ (Wii) - 2007 - In the conducting game, Pit is playing a cello. The theme is one of the songs which is conducted.

## Character design

Pit is based on Icarus and Eros (also known as Cupid), figures from Greek mythology. The clothes that he wears and the fact that he is an angel resembles Perseus, Bellerophon, and Hercules, the last also being an archer. His looks have changed very little over the years, having always included things that have to do with classical antiquity (such as the chiton and sandals). His weapon is the bow and arrow. In _Of Myths and Monsters_, Pit first received a crown of laurel, as well as revealing his eye color, blue. In _Super Smash Bros. Brawl_, Pit is seen wearing an exomis. On the official _Super Smash Bros. Brawl_ website, it is said that Pit is an angel that cannot normally fly. Much like Samus Aran from the _Metroid_ series and Link from _The Legend of Zelda (series)_ series, Pit did not talk much in Super Smash Bros. Brawl.

As part of changing the character, the designers of _Super Smash Bros. Brawl_ changed his looks by combining parts of his looks from the promotional artworks of both Kid Icarus titles with new ideas. Pit now appears older than the child-age designs from older games and now has a more anime/manga-like appearance, although he still seems to have a childish voice in the Japanese version. In The English version of Super Smash Bros. Brawl, he has a deeper-sounding teenaged voice. Nintendo has described the redesign as "a giant leap forward in his evolution". It is also said on the _Smash Bros. Dojo_ that one of Pit's color changes is black, a "_Fallen Angel color_" choice. This new look had became popular among most nintendo fans. It will be used for the upcoming Kid Icarus Uprising.

## Other websites

- Pit's character biography  at the official _Super Smash Bros. Brawl_ website.
- The first _Super Smash Bros. Brawl_ trailer , as seen at E3 2006, at the game's official website.
- Pit's descent from Angel Land  on _Super Smash Bros. Brawl_ official website
Solomonovo

**Solomonovo** (; ) is a village in the Uzhhorodskyi Raion in the Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine.

## Location

Solomonovo lies between the Latorica and Tisza rivers, near the Ukraine-Hungary-Slovakia border triangle, close to Chop. Its area is 2,009 hectares.

## History

Neighboring settlements are Chop and Záhony. The village belonged to Hungary from 1000 to 1920 and again from 1938 to 1944, was part of Czechoslovakia from 1920 to 1938, and has been part of Zakarpattia since 1945.

Solomonovo is in western Zakarpattia, on the Chop-Mukachevo plain of the Zakarpattia Lowland. The Tisza flows south of the village, and the Latorica flows north. The rivers shaped the main landforms around it. Most of the area is now farmland, gardens, meadows, and pastures, with wooded areas only along the river floodplains.

Until the 1850s, the lands around the village were covered by ancient forests, which were gradually cut down. Before river regulations, Solomonovo was often threatened by floods from the Tisza and Latorica.

## Population

According to the 2001 census, 1,387 people lived in Solomonovo.

## Resources

- Solomonovo – karpataljaturizmus.net
- Solomonovo (Соломоновo) of Ukraine 1:100,000 topographic maps

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Solomonovo
- **native name**:  Соломоново
- **native name lang**: uk
- **other name**:  Tiszasalamon
- **settlement type**: Village
- **image shield**: Герб_села_Соломоново.png
- **population total**: 1457
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population density km2**: auto
- **area total km2**: 6,15
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**:  Ukraine
- **subdivision type1**: Oblast
- **subdivision type2**: Raion
- **subdivision name1**:  Zakarpattia Oblast
- **subdivision name2**:  Uzhhorodskyi Raion
Tysaashvan

**Tysaashvan** or **Tisaashvan** (Ukrainian: _Тисаашвань_, Hungarian: _Tiszaásvány_), until 1995 **Mineralnoye** (Ukrainian: Мінєралноє) is a village in Transcarpathia, Ukraine.

## History

The village belonged to Hungary from 1000 to 1920 and again from 1938 to 1944. Between 1920 and 1938, it was part of Czechoslovakia. And since 1945, it has been part of Zakarpattia. The lands around the village were covered with ancient forests until the 1850s, when they were gradually cleared.

## Resources

- Tisaashvan (Tiszaásvány) – karpataljaturizmus.net
- Tisaashvan (Тисаашвань) of Ukraine 1:100,000 topographic maps

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Tysaashvan
- **native name**:  Тисаашвань
- **native name lang**: uk
- **other name**:  Tiszaásvány
- **settlement type**: Village
- **population total**: 852
- **population density km2**: auto
- **area total km2**: 210
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**:  Ukraine
- **subdivision type1**: Oblast
- **subdivision type2**: Raion
- **subdivision name1**:  Zakarpattia Oblast
- **subdivision name2**:  Uzhhorodskyi Raion
- **image shield**: Tysaashvan_gerb.png
Judgment Day (2009)

**Judgment Day (2009)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on May 17, 2009 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. It was the eleventh and last Judgment Day event held by WWE, as Judgment Day was replaced by Over the Limit in 2010.

## Related pages

- List of WWE pay-per-view events

## Other websites

- The official Judgment Day website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: Judgment Day (2009)
- **theme**: "Rescue Me (Buckcherry song), Rescue Me" by Buckcherry
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **date**: May 17, 2009
- **venue**: Allstate Arena
- **attendance**: 14,822
- **city**: Rosemont, Illinois
- **lastevent**: Backlash (2009)
- **nextevent**: Extreme Rules (2009)
- **event**: WWE Judgment Day, Judgment Day
- **lastevent2**: Judgment Day (2008)
- **nextevent2**: _Last_
- **brand**: WWE Raw, Raw
WWE SmackDown, SmackDown
ECW (WWE), ECW
SummerSlam (2009)

**SummerSlam (2009)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on August 23, 2009 at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the 22nd annual SummerSlam event and featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. Eight matches were contested on the event's card.

## Results

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3;"|**#**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3;"|**Matches**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3;"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3;"|**Time**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Dark|Beth Phoenix last eliminated Kelly Kelly and Eve Torres|Battle royal|Unknown|||||
|1|Rey Mysterio (c) defeated Dolph Ziggler|Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship|12:27|||||
|2|Montel Vontavious Porter defeated Jack Swagger|Singles match|06:24|||||
|3|Chris Jericho and The Big Show (c) defeated Cryme Tyme (Shad Gaspard and JTG)|Tag Team match for the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship|09:46|||||
|4|Kane defeated The Great Khali (with Ranjin Singh)|Singles match|05:59|||||
|5|D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels)  defeated The Legacy (Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase)|Tag Team match|20:02|||||
|6|Christian (c) defeated William Regal (with Vladimir Kozlov and Ezekiel Jackson)|Singles match for the ECW Championship|00:10|||||
|7|Randy Orton (c) defeated John Cena|Singles match for the WWE Championship Had Orton got himself Counted out or Disqualified for the second time he would lose the championship|17:50|||||
|8|CM Punk defeated Jeff Hardy (c)|Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match for the World Heavyweight Championship|21:34|||||

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: SummerSlam (2009)
- **image**: CM Punk WHC SummerSlam 2008.jpg
- **caption**: CM Punk, who beat Jeff Hardy in a TLC match for the World Heavyweight Championship (WWE), WHC title.
- **tagline**: The Biggest Event of the Summer
- **theme**: "You Gotta Move" by Aerosmith
- **promotion**: World Wrestling Entertainment
- **date**: August 23, 2009
- **venue**: Staples Center
- **city**: Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- **lastevent**: Night of Champions (2009)
- **nextevent**: WWE Breaking Point, Breaking Point
- **event**: SummerSlam
- **lastevent2**: SummerSlam (2008)
- **nextevent2**: SummerSlam (2010)
Let It Rock (Kevin Rudolf song)

"**Let It Rock**" is the first single of Kevin Rudolf from his first album _In the City_. Rapper Lil Wayne is featured in the song. The track was written by Rudolf. It was used as the theme song for WWE's 2009 Royal Rumble.

## Infobox (single)

- **name**: Let It Rock
- **artist**: Kevin Rudolf featuring Lil Wayne
- **album**: In the City (Kevin Rudolf album), In the City
- **released**: July 29, 2008
- **recorded**: 2008
- **genre**: * Electropop
* rap rock
* pop rock
- **length**: 3:56
- **label**: * Cash Money Records, Cash Money
* Universal Republic#Universal Republic Records Group, Universal Republic
- **writer**: * Kevin Rudolf
* Lil Wayne, Dwayne Carter Jr.
- **producer**: Kevin Rudolf
- **chronology**: Kevin Rudolf singles
- **title**: Let It Rock
- **year**: 2008
- **next title**: Welcome to the World
- **next year**: 2009
Kevin Rudolf

**Kevin Winston Rudolf** (born February 17, 1983) is an American musician, director, actor, and record producer from New York City, New York.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kevin Rudolf
- **image**: Kevin Rudolf.jpg
- **caption**: Rudolf performing in 2009
- **alias**: Binocular
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Kevin Winston Rudolf
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **origin**: Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States, U.S.
- **years active**: 2000–present
Legacy (2008 movie)

***Legacy*** is a movie starring Haylie Duff and Madeline Zima, due in theaters in 2008. It was filmed in Los Angeles and concerns a sorority house where one of the rushees is found dead and the primary suspects are three of the most popular girls of the house. The movie was released Straight to DVD on the 12 August 2008 in the United States and has had mixed reviews from critics. In some countries like Australia, the movie is also called _Pretty Little Devils_ and was also released straight to video.

## Cast

- Haylie Duff as **Lana Stevens**
- Madeline Zima as **Zoey Martin**
- Jillian Murray as **Megen Woods**
- Tom Green as **Detective Strasburg**
- Margo Harshman as **Nina**
- Monica Lo as **Mai**
- Brett Claywell as **Jeff Cook**
- Kate Albrecht as **Katarina "Katie" Whittington**
- Jane Sibbett as **Catherine Whittington**
- Laura Ashley Innes as **Emily Barton**
- Donnell Rawlings as **Det. Sams**
- Marisa Guterman as **Fanny**
- Taylor Hoover as **Taylor**
- Brian Tarbox as **Partier**
- Rachel Melvin as **Julie**
- Joseph Ferrante as **Officer Santocki**

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Legacy
- **director**: Irving Rothberg
- **writer**: Jason Dudek
Samantha Silver
- **starring**: Madeline Zima
Haylie Duff
Monica Lo
- **producer**: Greg Strasburg
- **distributor**: American World Pictures
- **released**: 12 August 2008
- **runtime**: TBA
- **language**: English
Ezekiel Hart

**Ezekiel Hart** (; May 15, 1770 - September 16, 1843) was a Jewish Canadian businessman and politician, and the first Jew to be elected to public office in the British Empire.

He was born May 15, 1770 at Trois-Rivières, Quebec to Aaron Hart and Dorothea Judah.

Ezekiel Hart created a brewery with his brothers in Trois-Rivières and, on April 11, 1807 was elected to the _Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada_. Because he was Jewish, he swore his oath on a Hebrew Bible, instead of a Christian Bible, and while wearing a kippah. At the time, British laws did not let Jews have important positions like these, and Hart was expelled from the assembly. He was elected again in 1808 and expelled again.

He did not run for public office again. He continued to live in Trois-Rivières where he was a successful businessman and well-respected member of the community. He served in the militia during the War of 1812 and became colonel in 1830.

He came from a very important and rich family. His father, Aaron Hart, was member of the British forces, and a well-known businessman in Canada. His brothers, Moses and Benjamin, were important businessmen at Trois-Rivières and Montreal. His cousin, Henry Judah, later became a member of the _Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada_.

Ezekiel Hart died on September 16, 1843 at Trois-Rivières, at the age of 76.
Blabbermouth.net

**Blabbermouth.net** is a website that is dedicated to heavy metal and hard rock news, as well as album and music DVD reviews.

## Official website

- Blabbermouth.net
Craig Jones

**Craig '133' Jones** also known as **133** (or **133 mHz**), **The Silent One**, or by his number **#5**, (born on February 11, 1972 or 1973), is an American musician. He is best known as the sampler and keyboard player of the metal band, Slipknot.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Craig "133" Jones
- **img**: Craig Jones of Slipknot at Optimus Alive Festival 2009 (cropped).jpg
- **img capt**: 133 performing in Slipknot at 2009's Optimus Alive!, Optimus Alive Festival.
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Craig Michael Jones
- **alias**: , 133, The Silent One, Spike-Head, Pin-head
- **birth place**: Des Moines, Iowa
- **instrument**: Sampler (musical instrument), Sampler, MIDI controller, Keyboard instrument, keyboard, guitar,  synthesizer,
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner, Nuclear Blast
- **associated acts**: Slipknot (band), Slipknot, Modifidious
- **website**: http://www.slipknot1.com
Mick Thomson

**Mickael Gordon Thomson** (born November 3, 1973), also known as **Mick**, is an American musician. He is best known as the lead guitarist for Slipknot, a heavy metal band. He joined the band in 1996. Thomson joined Slipknot after being in a death metal band named Body Pit. He met Donnie Steele, Paul Gray, and Anders Colsefni in Body Pit. All of them were later in Slipknot.

Thomson has worked with many different bands, such as Malevolent Creation, Necrophagia, and Lupara.
Shawn Crahan

**Michael Shawn Crahan** (born on September 24, 1969), is an American musician, music producer, and artist. He is better known by his stage name **"Clown"**. He is best known as one of the two custom percussionists of Slipknot. He looks like a clown when he is wearing his mask.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: M. Shawn Crahan
- **image**: Shawn Crahan at Mayhem.jpg
- **caption**: at the mayhem festival 2008.
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Michael Shawn Crahan
- **birth place**: Des Moines, Iowa, US
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **website**: (#External links, External links)
Colin Richardson

**Colin Richardson** (born 31 December 1936 in London) is a British record producer, mixer and recording engineer. He has worked on about 80 different albums, and is most frequently associated with hard rock and heavy metal music.

## Other websites

- Colin Richardson myspace page
- Colin Richardson production discography
Dave Fortman

**Dave Fortman** (born July 11, 1967) is an American music producer and musician. He used to play rhythm guitar in the California-based rock band Ugly Kid Joe through the 1990s. He also co-owns a recording studio called Balance Productions which is in Louisiana. He recently worked with Slipknot on their fourth studio album called _All Hope Is Gone_.

## Other websites

- Official Ugly Kid Joe MySpace page
- Balance Productions
- Ugly Kid Joe Fan Site
Sampler (musical instrument)

A **sampler** is an electronic musical instrument that is similar to the synthesizer. What a sample does is that instead of creating sounds from scratch however, a sampler starts with more than one recording (or "samples") of different sounds added by the user, and then plays each back based on how the instrument is configured.  Because these samples are usually stored in RAM, the information can be quickly accessed.
Headbangers Ball

***Headbangers Ball*** is a television program about heavy metal and hardcore punk music airing on MTV2, and other channels.

## Other websites

- Official show sites
    - United States  – Official blog
    - UK
    - Denmark
    - Finland
    - Sweden
    - Australia
- Myspace site
- Official site for albums spawned from _Headbangers Ball_
- Jump The Shark – Headbangers Ball
- Headbangers Ball Tribute Site

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Music television, Music (Heavy metal music, Heavy metal)
- **presenter**: Kevin Seal (1987-1988)
Adam Curry (1988-1990)
Riki Rachtman (1990-1995)
Vanessa Warwick (1990-1997 in Europe only)
Jamey Jasta (2003-2007)
 Jose Mangin (2011-present website only)
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num episodes**: 410
- **editor**: Danny Hinnenkamp
- **runtime**: 90 minutes (1988-1989)
120 minutes (1989-2008)
60 minutes (2011-present)
- **network**: MTV
- **network2**: MTV2
Solar cooker

A **solar cooker** is a device that uses energy from sunlight. They use no fuel and do not cost anything to run. They also help slow deforestation and desertification. Another benefit of solar cooking is that, unlike cooking with fire, Solar cookers do not pollute the air. Solar cookers can be used for cooking outside. This is useful when using fire is risky or there is no fuel for the fire. The solar cooker is very useful. It uses the Sun which is a renewable source of energy.

Solar box cookers can be made of materials or be made in a factory and sold. There are many kinds of solar box cookers. They can be made from small cardboard boxes that can be used to cook a single meal, They can also be made of wood and glass boxes built into the sunny side of a house.

The solar cooker was invented by Horace de Saussure, a Swiss naturalist, as early as 1767. They did not become popular until the 1970s. They are found in almost every country of the world.
House of mirrors

A **house of mirrors** or **hall of mirrors** is a traditional attraction at carnivals and amusement parks.
Phonograph

The **phonograph** is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound.  It was the most common device for playing recorded music from the 1870s through the 1980s.  It was invented by Thomas Edison, after other inventors had studied the idea.  Early phonographs both recorded and played sound on cylinders.  In its later forms, it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or, since the 1940s, a record player.

## Creation

Thomas Edison made his first phonograph with the mouth piece of the early telephone and some tinfoil. He thought he could talk into the mouth piece to make a disk vibrate, as the disk vibrated a needle would put grooves in the tinfoil. When Edison adjusted the machine to play and cranked the lever, he was surprised to hear his voice play back to him. He said his ideas rarely worked the first time. These cylinders could record sound, but due to their cylindrical shape, they could not be copied cheaply with a mold.

The phonograph was soon replaced by the graphophone by Alexander Graham Bell in his Volta Laboratory.  Later it was replaced with the disc phonograph, cassette tapes, compact discs, audio files and other devices.  These later inventions made stereo sound.

## Gramophone

The gramophone, invented by Emile Berliner, plays sounds from a flat disk record. The record is placed onto the **turntable**. The turntable spins the record while a lever with a small needle on the bottom lies between the little grooves in the disk. When the grooves make the needle vibrate, music is played. These machines do not record, but the disks could be copied quickly onto vinyl disks in a factory with a mold, called a master.
Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)

***Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)*** is the third album by Slipknot. Slipknot is an American heavy metal band. Roadrunner Records (a record label) released the album on May 25, 2004. It is the band's only album produced by Rick Rubin. The album had many singles, such as "Before I Forget" and "Duality".

The band released their second album, _Iowa_, in 2001. After this album, the band did many different things. Members of Slipknot started other bands, such as Stone Sour, Murderdolls, and To My Surprise. They started recording the album in 2003. They recorded the album in The Mansion (a music studio). At first, the band did not make much music. The band's singer, Corey Taylor, was drinking alcohol. Still, the band made enough music for a new album. _Vol. 3_ is different from Slipknot's first albums. It has different types of music, such as guitar solos and acoustic guitar music.

Many music critics liked the album. The RIAA gave the album a platinum certification. It went onto many national music charts. _Vol. 3_ was number 2 on the US _Billboard_ 200. It was also number 5 on the UK Albums Chart. The band won a Grammy Award for "Before I Forget".

## Track listing

All tracks written by Corey Taylor, Mick Thomson, Shawn Crahan, Craig Jones, Jim Root, Chris Fehn, Paul Gray, Joey Jordison and Sid Wilson.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Slipknot (band), Slipknot
- **recorded**: 2003–2004
- **studio**: The Mansion in Los Angeles, California; Akademie Mathematique of Philosophical Sound Research and Sound City Studios, Sound City in Los Angeles
- **genre**: * Nu metal
* alternative metal
- **length**: 60:09
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **producer**: Rick Rubin
- **prev title**: Iowa (album), Iowa
- **prev year**: 2001
- **next title**: 9.0: Live
- **next year**: 2005
Social Democratic Party (Romania)

The **Social Democratic Party** (Romanian: _Partidul Social Democrat_, **PSD**) is a social democratic political party in Romania. It is currently the largest party in the Chamber of Deputies and has been in a government with the National Liberals, the USR and the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians since 2024.

The PSD originates from the left-wing Democratic National Salvation Front (FDSN), which was formed in 1992 as a breakaway from the centre-left National Salvation Front (FSN). In 1993, this merged into the **Party of Social Democracy in Romania**. The party's present name was adopted in 2001 following a merger with the smaller Romanian Social Democratic Party (PSDR).

The PSD has traditionally been one of two major parties in post-communist Romania, along with the National Liberal Party (PNL).

## Ideology

While the party is generally considered to be centre-left and social democratic, many commentators have described it as left-wing populist, left-wing nationalist, socially conservative and economic nationalist.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Social Democratic Party
- **native name**: Partidul Social Democrat
- **native name lang**: ro
- **logo**: Flag of the Social Democratic Party (Romania) (cropped).svg
- **logo size**: 150px
- **abbreviation**: PSD
- **president**: Marcel Ciolacu
- **secretary general**: Paul Stănescu
- **leader1 title**: First-Vice Presidents
- **leader1 name**: Gabriela Firea
Sorin Grindeanu
- **leader2 title**: Honorary President
- **leader2 name**: Ion Iliescu
- **leader3 title**: Leader in the Senate of Romania, Senate
- **leader3 name**: Lucian Romașcanu
- **leader4 title**: Leader in the Chamber of Deputies (Romania), Chamber of Deputies
- **leader4 name**: Alfred Simonis
- **leader5 title**: Leader in the European Parliament
- **leader5 name**: Dan Nica
- **founded**: (PDSR)
 (merger)
- **merger**: PDSR
Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001), PSDR
- **predecessor**: Democratic National Salvation Front (PDSR predecessor)
- **headquarters**: Șoseaua Kiseleff 10 Bucharest
- **youth wing**: Social Democratic Youth (Romania), TSD
- **womens wing**: OFSD
- **membership year**: 2014
- **membership**: 509,000
- **position**: Centre-left politics, Centre-left
- **national**: Red Quadrilateral
(1992–1996)
Social Democratic Pole of Romania (2000–2004)
Social Liberal Union
(2011–2014)
Centre Left Alliance
(2012–2014)
National Coalition for Romania (2021–present)
- **european**: Party of European Socialists
- **international**: Progressive Alliance
Socialist International
- **europarl**: Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats
- **colours**: Red (politics), Red
- **seats1 title**: Senate of Romania, Senate
- **seats2 title**: Chamber of Deputies (Romania), Chamber of Deputies
- **seats3 title**: European Parliament
- **seats4 title**: Mayors
- **seats5 title**: Counties of Romania, County Presidents
- **seats6 title**: Counties of Romania, County Councilors
- **seats7 title**: Local Council Councilors
- **seats8 title**: Government of Romania, Ministers
- **country**: Romania
James Dewees

**James Dewees** (born March 13, 1976) is an American musician who has been involved in many musical projects including The Get Up Kids, Reggie and the Full Effect, Coalesce, New Found Glory, and My Chemical Romance.

### Reggie and the Full Effect

- Studio albums
1. _Greatest Hits 1984-1987_ (April 20, 1999)
1. _Promotional Copy_ (April 25, 2000)
1. _Under the Tray_ (February 18, 2003)
1. _Songs Not to Get Married To_ (March 29, 2005)
1. _Last Stop: Crappy Town_ (June 17, 2008)
1. _No Country for No Musicians_ (November 19, 2013)
1. _41_ (February 23, 2018)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: James Dewees
- **img**: jamesdewees.jpg
- **img capt**: James Dewees in Austin, TX on 8/23/08
- **img size**: 200px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: James Dewees
- **origin**: Liberty, Missouri
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, piano, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, Drum kit, drums
- **genre**: Alternative rock, indie rock, hardcore punk, power pop, metalcore, post-hardcore
- **years active**: 1995present
- **label**: Vagrant Records, Vagrant
- **associated acts**: Coalesce (band), Coalesce, The Get Up Kids, Reggie and the Full Effect, New Found Glory, My Chemical Romance, Leathermouth
- **url**: [http://www.thegetupkids.com/ The Get Up Kids]
Resaca Confederate Cemetery

**Resaca Confederate Cemetery** in Resaca, Georgia is home to over 400 confederate soldiers who died during the American Civil War, also known as the War Between the States. This particular cemetery is designated for the soldiers that fought in the Battle of Resaca which took place May 14 and 15, 1864. Although the battle lasted two days, there are only three graves where the death date is listed as May 15, 1864. The remaining graves are listed as May 14, 1864. There are 424 graves marked 'unknown'.

## History

After the battle, a family known as the Green family returned to their plantation and the sight that met them there was almost more than they could bear. The bodies of confederate soldiers were buried in crude makeshift graves all across the yard. Compelled by a since of respect to those who had fallen in action, Mary J. Green and her sister began collecting the bodies to bury properly. Though poverty was rampant the Green daughters wrote friends asking for any amount money they could give. Col. John Green gave his daughters 2.5 acres of land for use as a cemetery for these soldiers. With the money collected and the land provided, the Green daughters and their mother began work on what we now call the Resaca Confederate Cemetery.

The Resaca Confederate Cemetery was founded on October 25, 1866. This cemetery and one in Winchester, Virginia were both dedicated on the same day. Each group thought they were the first confederate cemetery.
Palm Sunday

**Palm Sunday** is a Christian festival. It is always happens on a Sunday but the date each year changes. It is a day to celebrate the day that Jesus entered the city of Jerusalem in Israel as was written about in the Bible in Mark 11:1-11, Matthew 21:1-11, Luke 19:28-44, and in John 12:12-19. During Palm Sunday many Christians celebrate with Crosses made out of Palm leaves and by going to church.

Many Christian churches mark Palm Sunday as the beginning of Holy Week which ends on Easter Sunday. It is an event celebrated by some churches by cutting branches of palm trees and attending mass. Palm Sunday is celebrated by most Christian churches all over the world including Roman Catholics and Protestants. However, Orthodox churches observe Palm Sunday at a later date following the Julian calendar. In some countries, palm leaves that were blessed during mass are displayed on the door of their houses believing that it will also bring blessings to their household. Some churches traditionally gather the palm leaves to be burned and used during the Ash Wednesday services.

## Related pages

- Roman Catholicism
- Eastern Orthodox

## Other websites

- BBC - Palm Sunday
- Christian calendar for 2009
Passive solar building design

In **passive solar building design**, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it doesn't involve
the use of mechanical and electrical devices.

The key to designing a passive solar home is to best take advantage of the local climate. Elements to be considered include window placement and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading.  Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or "retrofitted".
Moraceae

**Moraceae** are often called the **mulberry family** or **fig family**, is a family of flowering plants comprising about 40 genera and over 1000 species. Included are well-known plants such as the fig, banyan, breadfruit, mulberry, and osage-orange.
Ulmaceae

**Ulmaceae** is a family of flowering plants that includes the elms (genus _Ulmus_), and the zelkovas (genus _Zelkova_). Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and have a scattered distribution elsewhere except for Australasia.
Vickie Guerrero

**Vickie Lynn Benson** (formerly **Guerrero**, née **Lara**; born April 16, 1968) is an American former professional wrestling authority figure and manager. She is best known for her time with WWE and All Elite Wrestling (AEW). She is the widow of professional wrestler and WWE Hall of Famer Eddie Guerrero. During her time in WWE, she was known for yelling the catchphrase "Excuse Me!" which received negative reactions from the fans. She was also an occasional wrestler.

On the June 23, 2014 episode of _Raw_, Guerrero was fired after she lost a pudding match against Stephanie McMahon with her job on the line. McMahon won with help from Alicia Fox, Layla, and Rosa Mendes. Guerrerogott revenge on McMahon by throwing her into mud pool. She then pointed to the sky, said "this was for you"; as a tribute to her late husband, Eddie, and did Eddie's taunt before leaving.

On December 11, 2019, Guerrero appeared as a guest commentator for the taping of _AEW Dark_, which aired on December 17 on YouTube. On July 15, 2020, at Fight for the Fallen, Guerrero was revealed as Nyla Rose's manager. On the special Friday June 4, 2021, edition of _Dynamite_, she introduced Andrade El Idolo to AEW. On April 6, 2023, Guerrero's roster page was removed from AEW's website.

## Awards and accomplishments

- ***The Baltimore Sun***
    - Non-Wrestler of the Year (2008)
- **World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE**
    - Miss WrestleMania (1 time)
    - Slammy Award for Couple of the Year (2008) – with Edge
- ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
    - Best Non-Wrestler (2009, 2010)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (twitch streamer)

- **embed**: yes
- **channel name**: excusemevg
- **years active**: 2020–present
- **followers**: 2,800
- **follower date**: May 1, 2023


## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: Vickie Guerrero
- **birthname**: Vickie Lynn Lara
- **image**: Vickie Guerrero 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Benson in 2013
- **names**: **Vickie Guerrero**
- **alma mater**: Herzing University
- **height**: 5 ft 4 in
- **weight**: 141 lb
- **children**: 2, including Shaul Guerrero
- **birth place**: El Paso, Texas, U.S.
- **billed**: El Paso, Texas
- **trainer**: Eddie Guerrero
Chavo Guerrero Jr.
- **debut**: July 14, 2005
- **retired**: April 6, 2023
- **family**: Guerrero family, Guerrero
Renewable energy in developing countries

Most developing countries have good renewable energy resources, including solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, and biomass. These can help developing countries reduce their dependence on oil and natural gas. Investments in renewables can be less expensive than fossil fuel energy systems.

## Importance of renewables

Renewable energy can be particularly suitable for developing countries. In rural and remote areas, transmission and distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be difficult and expensive. Producing renewable energy locally can offer a viable alternative.

Interest in renewable energies has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution, reduced costs of renewable energy technologies, and improved efficiency and reliability.

## Poverty reduction

Renewable energy projects in many developing countries contribute to poverty alleviation by providing the energy needed for creating businesses and employment. Renewable energy technologies can also make indirect contributions to alleviating poverty by providing energy for cooking, space heating, and lighting.

## Education

Renewable energy can also contribute to education, by providing electricity to schools. Renewable energy for cooking and heating can reduce the time that children, spend out of school collecting fuel. In addition, the displacement of traditional fuels reduces the health problems from indoor air pollution produced by burning those fuels.

## Health

Renewable energy can also contribute to better health by providing energy to refrigerate medicine and sterilize medical equipment. It can also provide power for supplying the fresh water and sewerage services needed to reduce infectious disease.

## Kenya

Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita. More than 30,000 small solar panels, each producing 12 to 30 watts, are sold in Kenya
annually. For an investment of as little as $100 for the panel and wiring, the PV system can be used to charge a car battery, which can then provide power to run a fluorescent lamp or a small television for a few hours a day. More Kenyans adopt solar power every year than make connections to the country’s electric grid.

## Related pages

- Indian Solar Loan Programme
- Ashden Awards for Sustainable Energy
- Solar powered refrigerator

## Other websites

- Solar Offers A Future for Kenya’s Youth
- Clean Energy Investment
- The Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) Tackles Energy Poverty
- Milk Cooler Powered by Renewable Energy Could Help Ugandan Dairy Farmers
Papaveraceae

**Papaveraceae** is a family of flowering plants. The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, and is also known as the "poppy family". Most are herbaceous plants, but a few are shrubs and small trees.
Myristicaceae

**Myristicaceae** is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants, mostly from Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and it is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, the nutmeg (_Myristica fragrans_). It has about 21 genera and 520 species. They are mostly trees and shrubs.
Dirac delta function

The **Dirac delta function**, often written as , is a made-up concept by mathematician Paul Dirac. It is a really pointy and skinny function that pokes out a point along a wave. Loosely speaking, it has the value of zero everywhere except at , in such a way that the area between the function and the _x_-axis adds up to 1. The delta function is often used in sampling theory, where its pointiness is useful for getting clean samples.

The integral of the Dirac delta function is the Heaviside function. The Dirac delta function can be seen as the derivative of the Heaviside function.

## Related pages

- Special functions
Newton's method

**Newton's method** provides a way for finding the real zeros of a function. This algorithm is sometimes called the Newton–Raphson method, named after Sir Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson.

The method uses the derivative of the function in order to find its roots. An initial "guess value" for the location of the zero must be made. From this value, a new guess is calculated by this formula:

Here x<sub>n</sub> is the initial guess and x<sub>n+1</sub> is the next guess. The function f (whose zero is being solved for) has the derivative f'.

By repeatedly applying this formula to the generated guesses (that is by setting the value of x<sub>n</sub> to the formula's output and recomputing), the value of the guesses will approach a zero of the function.

Newton's method can be explained graphically by looking at intersections of tangent lines with the x-axis. First, a line tangent to the f at x<sub>n</sub> is calculated. Next, the intersection between this tangent line and the x-axis is found. Finally, the x-position of this intersection is recorded as the next guess, x<sub>n+1</sub>.

## Problems with Newton's Method

Newton's method can find a solution quickly if the guess value begins sufficiently near the desired root. However, when the initial guess value is not close, and depending on the function, Newton's method may find the answer slowly or not at all.

## Further reading

- Fernández, J. A. E., & Verón, M. Á. H. (2017). Newton’s method: An updated approach of Kantorovich’s theory. Birkhäuser.
- Peter Deuflhard, Newton Methods for Nonlinear Problems. Affine Invariance and Adaptive Algorithms, Second printed edition. Series Computational Mathematics 35, Springer (2006)
- Yamamoto, T. (2001). "Historical Developments in Convergence Analysis for Newton's and Newton-like Methods". In Brezinski, C.; Wuytack, L. (eds.). Numerical Analysis : Historical Developments in the 20th Century. North-Holland. pp. 241–263.

## Related pages

- Kantorovich theorem (Statement about the convergence of Newton's method, found by Leonid Kantorovich)
ASIMO

**ASIMO** is a robot that was built by Honda on 2000. The current models could walk, run, and go up and down stairs. Engineers planned to add laser capabilities. Its height was 130 centimeters (4 feet 3 inches) and weight 54 kilograms (119 pounds). ASIMO was just like an astronaut wearing a backpack and could walk or run on two feet.

## Development

ASIMO was created at Honda's Research & Development _Wako Fundamental Technical Research Center_ in Japan. Honda will not confirm how much it costs.

## Name

ASIMO is an acronym.  ASIMO stands for "**A**dvanced **S**tep in **I**nnovative **MO**bility". It should be pronounced "ah she moh" to match the original Japanese pronunciation.

As of February 2009, there are over 100 ASIMO units in existence.

## What We Learned From ASIMO

Through the development of ASIMO, Honda has gained the prospect of realizing the physical capabilities needed for robots to operate in a living environment with people, with the capability to replicate some human functions through engineering.

- "Move around while sharing the same space with people," which includes moving among people and not falling over when bumped into by a person.
- "Perform tasks by using hands."
- "Interact with people," including understanding spoken words and controlling movement/behavior according to the estimated intention of nearby people.

Moreover, by showing what it can do in a living environment with people, we believe ASIMO enabled many people to envision a future where robots co-exist with people and spread the wings of people's imagination, said Honda.

## Public appearances

ASIMO has made lots of public appearances.
Fahrenheit 451

***Fahrenheit 451*** is an American dystopian fiction novel. It was written by Ray Bradbury and first published in 1953.

The novel is about a future American society in which people are hedonistic (meaning they live only for pleasure), and reading is against the law because it makes them think. The main character, Guy Montag, has a job as a "fireman" (which, in this future, means "book burner"). The number "451" refers to the temperature (in Fahrenheit) at which the books burn when the "firemen" burn them "for the good of humanity". Written in the early years of the Cold War, the novel is a critique of what Bradbury saw as an increasingly dysfunctional American society.

The idea began with Bradbury's short story "Bright Phoenix," written in 1947 but first published in the _Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction_ in 1963. The original short story was reworked into the novella, _The Fireman_, and published in the February 1951 issue of _Galaxy Science Fiction_. The novel was also serialized in the March, April, and May 1954 issues of _Playboy_ magazine. Bradbury wrote the entire novel on a pay typewriter in the basement of UCLA's Powell library. His original idea in writing _Fahrenheit 451_ was to show his great love for books and libraries. He has often referred to Montag as an allusion to himself.

Over the years, the novel has been subject to various interpretations, primarily focusing on the historical role of book burning in suppressing dissenting ideas. Bradbury has said that the novel is not about censorship; he says that _Fahrenheit 451_ is a story about how television destroys interest in reading literature, which leads to people thinking that knowledge is made up of "factoids", partial information without context, such as Napoleon's birth date alone, without an indication of who he was.

A movie version of the novel was released in 1966, and at least two BBC Radio 4 dramatizations have also been aired, both of which follow the book very closely.
Collingwood School

**Collingwood School** is a private school in West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It teaches from Junior Kindergarten to Grade 12.

## History

Collingwood School was opened in 1984 by West Vancouver and North Vancouver parents who wanted a private school nearby. The school was named after a ship called the HMCS Collingwood. The school used the buildings from the old Glenmore Elementary School. Now the school has buildings in two different parts of West Vancouver.

## Facilities

The "Morven" campus is the oldest part of the school. This is where they teach the older children, from Grade 6 to Grade 12. It is in a part of West Vancouver called the British Properties. The address is 70 Morven Drive, West Vancouver. The "Wentworth" campus was built later. This is where they teach the younger children, from Junior Kindergarten to Grade 5. It is right below Cypress Provincial Park in West Vancouver.

## Other websites

- Collingwood School Official Site
- Round Square Official Site
Stack (data structure)

The **stack** is one of the most important data structures in computer science. To understand how a stack works, think of a deck of playing cards that is face down. We can only easily access the card that is on top. When we want to look at the top card, there are two things we can do: we can peek at it, but leave it on the stack, or we can pop it off. When we pop off the top object, we are taking it off the stack. If we want to add another card to the top of the stack, we push.

A stack is called a last-in-first-out (LIFO) collection. This means that the last thing we added (pushed) is the first thing that gets pulled (popped) off. If the last card we put on our stack of cards was an ace, then the first card we pulled from the top is that same ace.

## History

The stack was first proposed in 1955, and then patented in 1957, by the German Friedrich L. Bauer. The same concept was developed independently, at around the same time, by the Australian Charles Leonard Hamblin.

## Other operations

In modern computer languages, the stack is usually implemented with more operations than just "push" and "pop". Some implementations have a function which returns the current length of the stack. Another typical helper operation is "top" (also known as "peek"), which can return the current top element of the stack without removing it. Another common operation is "dup," which makes a copy of the element at the top of the stack.

## Related pages

- Stack machine