juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
PAX AM Days

***PAX AM Days*** is an EP released by American rock band Fall Out Boy. They released it on October 15, 2013. Allmusic gave it 3 stars out of 5. It has been described by the band as being more of an "old school" punk style, as opposed to their normal style of more melodic and lyrical punk.

## Track listing

1. "We Were Doomed from the Start (The King Is Dead)" - 1:35
1. "Art of Keeping Up Disappearances" - 1:03
1. "Hot to the Touch, Cold on the Inside" - 1:24
1. "Love, Sex, Death" - 1:23
1. "Eternal Summer" - 1:45
1. "Demigods" - 1:50
1. "American Made" - 1:38
1. "Caffeine Cold" - 2:41

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: PAX AM Days
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Fall Out Boy
- **released**: October 15, 2013
- **recorded**: July 2013 at PAX AM Studios in Hollywood, CA
- **genre**: punk rock, hardcore punk
- **length**: 13:19
- **label**: Island Records, Island
- **producer**: Ryan Adams, Fall Out Boy
- **prev title**: Save Rock and Roll
- **prev year**: 2013
- **next title**: American Beauty/American Psycho
- **next year**: 2015
Norm Kelly

**Norman "Norm" Kelly** (born August 11, 1941) is a retired Canadian politician. Kelly was a city councillor in Toronto, Ontario representing one of two municipal wards that make up the jurisdiction of Scarborough—Agincourt.

He served as deputy mayor of Toronto under mayor Rob Ford. He succeeded Doug Holyday in 2013 after the latter resigned from council to contest a by-election for the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. He was succeeded by Denzil Minnan-Wong on November 30, 2014. In 2018 Kelly lost his seat on Toronto City Council to Jim Karygiannis.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Norm Kelly
- **image**: File:Councillor Norm Kelly (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Kelly in November 2014
- **office**: Toronto City Councillor
for Ward 22 Scarborough—Agincourt, Ward 40 Scarborough—Agincourt
- **term start**: December 1, 2000
- **term end**: December 1, 2018
- **predecessor**: Sherene Shaw
- **successor**: Jim Karygiannis
- **office1**: 11th List of mayors of Toronto#Deputy Mayors, Deputy Mayor of Toronto
- **term start1**: August 21, 2013
- **term end1**: November 30, 2014
- **predecessor1**: Doug Holyday
- **successor1**: Denzil Minnan-Wong
- **office2**: Chair of the Scarborough Community Council
- **term start2**: December 1, 2006
- **term end2**: December 1, 2008
- **predecessor2**: Michael Thompson (Canadian politician), Michael Thompson
- **successor2**: Michael Del Grande
- **office3**: Toronto City Councillor
for Ward 14 Scarborough Wexford
- **term start3**: January 1, 1998
- **term end3**: November 30, 2000
- **predecessor3**: Ward Created
- **successor3**: Ward Abolished
- **office4**: Metro Toronto, Metro Toronto City Councillor
for Ward 14 Scarborough Wexford
- **term start4**: December 1, 1994
- **term end4**: January 1, 1998
- **predecessor4**: Maureen Prinsloo
- **successor4**: City Amalgamated
- **parliament5**: Canadian
- **riding5**: Scarborough Centre (electoral district), Scarborough Centre
- **term start5**: February 18, 1980
- **term end5**: September 4, 1984
- **predecessor5**: Diane Stratas
- **successor5**: Pauline Browes
- **birth name**: Norman Kelly
- **birth place**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **residence**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **party**: Liberal Party of Canada, Liberal
- **spouse**: Charlotte Kelly
- **children**: 2
Ordinary Love (U2 song)

"**Ordinary Love**" is a song by rock band U2. It was written dedicated to Nelson Mandela. It was also created to be included in the biography movie _Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom_.

The song will be given a limited 10" vinyl release on Record Store Day. "Ordinary Love" is the first song by U2 since 2010. The song was released on 29 November 2013, less than a week before Mandela died.

"Ordinary Love" was at number one on the Top Digital Download chart in Italy. U2 won the 2014 Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and in January 2014 was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song.

## Other websites

- Ordinary Love at U2.com

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Ordinary Love
- **border**: yes
- **caption**: Cover art designed by Oliver Jeffers
- **artist**: U2
- **b-side**: "Breathe (U2 song), Breathe" (Mandela version)
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **label**: Interscope Records, Interscope
- **writer**: Bono (lyrics)
U2, Danger Mouse (music)
- **producer**: Danger Mouse
- **prev title**: I Will Follow
- **prev year**: 2011
- **next title**: Invisible
- **next year**: 2014
The Fox and the Grapes

***The Fox and the Grapes*** is a fable by Aesop.  It is about a fox who sees some grapes hanging high on a vine. He tries to reach the grapes, but he can't. Since he can't get them, he tells himself that the grapes are probably sour anyway.

This fable shows the idea of cognitive dissonance. The English expression "sour grapes" comes from this fable.
Reagan (disambiguation)

**Ronald Reagan** was the 40th President of the United States.

**Reagan** might also mean:

## Places

- United States
- Reagan, Indiana
- Reagan, Henderson County, Tennessee
- Reagan, McMinn County, Tennessee
- Reagan, Texas
- Reagan County, Texas

## Other uses

- USS _Ronald Reagan_ (CVN-76)
    - Ronald Reagan Freedom Award
    - Ronald Reagan Presidential Library
    - Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport
- _Reagan_ (movie), a movie written & directed by Eugene Jarecki

## Other people

- Michael Reagan, son of Ronald Reagan
- Ron Reagan, son of Ronald Reagan
- Nancy Reagan, First Lady of the United States, wife of Ronald
- Maureen Reagan, daughter of Ronald Reagan
- Faye Reagan, pornographic actress
- Reagan Gomez-Preston, actress

## Related pages

- Reaganomics
Mandela (disambiguation)

**Nelson Mandela** was an anti-apartheid activist and democratically elected President of South Africa.

**Mandela** might also mean:

- _Mandela_ (moth), a genus of moths of the Noctuidae family
- Elasmia mandela (E. mandela), a species of moth of the family Notodontidae, of the genus Elasmia

## Nelson Mandela topics

- _Mandela: The Authorised Biography_, a 1999 book by Anthony Sampson
- _Mandela_ (1996 movie), a documentary movie
- _Mandela_ (1987 movie), an HBO television movie
- _Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom_, a 2013 biographical movie about Nelson Mandela
- _Free Nelson Mandela_, also known as _Nelson Mandela_, a 1984 protest song by The Specials / The Special AKA
- _Morning, Mandela_ (2017 movie), a movie and storytelling of Nelson Mandela who wakes up as a leader of South Africa.

## Locations

- Mandela, Rajasthan, a village in Sikar, Rajasthan, India
- Mandela, Lazio, a town in Italy
- Mandela, Massachusetts, a proposed town in Massachusetts, USA

## People

- Relatives of Nelson Mandela:
    - Winnie Madikizela-Mandela (1936—2018), anti-apartheid activist, politician and wife of Nelson Mandela
    - Zenani Mandela-Dlamini, South African diplomat and politician, daughter of Nelson Mandela
- Mandela, African surname: (unrelated to Nelson Mandela)
    - Ocansey Mandela, Burkina Faso football player
    - Mandela Barnes, American community organizer, activist and politician
    - Mandela Van Peebles, American actor
    - Mandela Bellamy, American dancer
Free Nelson Mandela

"**Nelson Mandela**" (known in some versions as "**Free Nelson Mandela**") is a song written by British musician Jerry Dammers and performed by band The Special A.K.A. - with lead vocal by Stan Campbell. It was released on the single _Nelson Mandela / Break Down The Door_ in 1984. It was created as a protest against the imprisonment of Nelson Mandela by the apartheid South African government.
Reagan Gomez-Preston

**Reagan Gomez-Preston** (born April 24, 1980 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American television, voice,  movie actress and model.

She is best known for playing Zaria Peterson, Robert and Jerri Peterson's oldest daughter on The WB sitcom The Parent 'Hood, which was her first acting role. She also makes the voice of Roberta Tubbs on Fox animated sitcom _The Cleveland Show_.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Reagan Gomez by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Reagan Gomez-Preston at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International, Comic-Con in San Diego, California.
- **name**: Reagan Gomez-Preston
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, Model
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **children**: 2
Jason Sudeikis

**Daniel Jason Sudeikis** ( ; born September 18, 1975) is an American actor, comedian and writer. He is known for creating and playing the lead role in the Apple TV+ series _Ted Lasso_. It won him an Emmy Award in 2021, two Golden Globe Awards and a SAG Award in 2020.

## Career

In 2003, he was hired as a sketch writer for _Saturday Night Live_ and became a cast member from 2005 to 2013. He has appeared on television in _30 Rock_, _The Cleveland Show_, _Eastbound & Down_, and other shows.

In 2009, he was part of the legendary and last episode of _Joe Buck Live_ when Artie Lange, high on Vicodin and whisky, called Jason a " Lucky Pierre" and verbally fought with Joe Buck live on air. This resulted in the cancellation of _Joe Buck Live_.

He played "Schmitty" on _It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia_.  He is also known for his roles in the movies _Hall Pass_, _Horrible Bosses_, _Epic_, and _We're the Millers_.

## Personal life

Sudeikis was born on September 18, 1975 in Fairfax, Virginia.

In June 2004, he married American screenwriter Kay Cannon. They separated in 2008 and divorced in February 2010.

In 2011, Sudeikis began dating American actress Olivia Wilde. They became engaged in January 2013. They have a son, Otis and a daughter, Daisy. Sudeikis and Wilde's relationship ended in November 2020.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Jason Sudeikis on March 20, 2023 in the Oval Office of the White House - P20230320AS-2571 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Sudeikis in 2023
- **name**: Jason Sudeikis
- **birthname**: Daniel Jason Sudeikis
- **birth place**: Fairfax, Virginia, U.S.
- **spouse**: Kay Cannon (2004–2010)
- **partner**: Olivia Wilde (2011–2020)
- **children**: 2
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, screenwriter, writer
- **yearsactive**: 1998–present
Charlie Day

**Charles Peckham Day** (born February 9, 1976) is an American actor, musician, producer, and screenwriter. He is best known for portraying Charlie Kelly on _It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia_, as well as for his roles in the movies _Horrible Bosses_ (2011) and _Pacific Rim_ (2013).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Charlie Day
- **image**: Charlie Day by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Day at the San Diego Comic-Con International in 2010
- **birth name**: Charles Peckham Day
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Portsmouth Abbey School
- **alma mater**: Merrimack College
- **years active**: 2000-present
- **spouse**: Mary Elizabeth Ellis (2006-present)
- **children**: 1
Horrible Bosses 2

***Horrible Bosses 2*** is an American comedy movie. It is the sequel to 2011's _Horrible Bosses_. It stars Jason Bateman, Jason Sudeikis, Charlie Day, Kevin Spacey, Jennifer Aniston, Chris Pine, Jamie Foxx, and Christoph Waltz. The script of the movie was written by Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein. The movie was released on November 26, 2014 and was. It was produced by New Line Cinema and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.

## Cast

- Jason Bateman as Nick Hendricks
- Charlie Day as Dale Arbus
- Jason Sudeikis as Kurt Buckman
- Jennifer Aniston as Dr. Julia Harris
- Jamie Foxx as Dean Jones
- Chris Pine as Rex Hanson
- Kevin Spacey as David Harken
- Christoph Waltz as Burt Hanson
- Jonathan Banks as Detective Hatcher
- Keegan-Michael Key as Mike
- Lindsay Sloane as Stacy Arbus
I, Frankenstein

***I, Frankenstein*** is a 2014 Australian-American fantasy action movie written and directed by Stuart Beattie. It is based on the graphic novel and original screenplay by Kevin Grevioux. It stars Aaron Eckhart, Bill Nighy, Yvonne Strahovski, Miranda Otto, Socratis Otto, Jai Courtney and Kevin Grevioux. It was released on January 24, 2014.
The Best of Pink Floyd: A Foot in the Door

***The Best of Pink Floyd: A Foot in the Door*** is a greatest hits album released in 2011. It was part of Why Pink Floyd...?.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Best of Pink Floyd: A Foot in the Door
- **type**: greatest
- **artist**: Pink Floyd
- **released**: 7 November 2011
- **recorded**: 1967–1994
- **genre**: Progressive rock, psychedelic rock
- **length**: 79:39
- **label**: EMI Records, EMI
- **producer**: James Guthrie (record producer), James Guthrie, Pink Floyd
- **compiler**: David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters
- **prev title**: Discovery (box set), Discovery
(2011)
Earphones

**Earphones** or **earbuds** are a small type of audio listening device, similar to headphones, that people wear in their outer ear. Earphones are lighter and more portable than headphones. They let people listen to music on a MP3 player, mobile phone, computer, or any other audio device.

Earphones that are worn inside the ear canal are called **In-ear headphones** or **In-ear monitors**. They typically have better sound quality.
Suthep Thaugsuban

**Suthep Thaugsuban** (; born 7 July 1949) is a Thai politician. He is the leader of People's Alliance for Democracy. In 2013, he organized a protest in Bangkok against the government. He led protesters in "Occupying Bangkok". In 2014 he became a Buddhist monk.
Greg Whyte

**Greg Whyte,** OBE (born 21 June 1967) is a former Olympian and a sports scientist. He won a World Championship silver medal and a European bronze medal. Whyte also competed in two Olympic Games, representing Great Britain in the Modern Pentathlon.

Whyte has been involved in Comic Relief.
His role has been to train and coach celebrities who do challenges for charity, such as comedian David Walliams, John Bishop, James Cracknell, Cheryl Cole, Gary Barlow, and Eddie Izzard. His charity work for Comic Relief and Sports Relief projects has so far raised over £17 million.

Whyte is a Professor in Applied Sport & Exercise Science at Liverpool John Moores University. He is also an authority in the UK on exercise physiology, sports performance and rehabilitation.

## Honours

Greg was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2014 New Year Honours for his services to sport, sport science and charity.
Finn the Human

**Finn Campbell Mertens** (also known as **Finn** and **Finn the Human**) is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the American animated television series _Adventure Time_ created by Pendleton Ward. He is voiced by Jeremy Shada in most appearances.

The character first appeared in the original pilot, where he was named **Pen** and voiced by Zack Shada, Jeremy's older brother.

The character has been met with largely positive critical reception.

Finn's enthusiastic nature becomes more serious as the series progresses, meaning he is both maturing and developing as a character as he ages. As shown in "Memories of Boom Boom Mountain", Finn appears to have been abandoned in the woods when he was a baby.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Finn
- **series**: Adventure Time
- **first**: _Adventure Time (pilot), Adventure Time_ (Original Short)
"Slumber Party Panic" (First Episode)
- **last**: Come Along with Me (Adventure Time), "Come Along With Me"
- **creator**: Pendleton Ward
- **voice**: Zack Shada (Pen)
Jeremy Shada (Finn)
Jonathan Frakes (adult)
- **fullname**: Finn Campbell Mertens
- **species**: Human
- **gender**: Male
- **family**: Martin Mertens (Biological Father)
 Minerva Campbell (Biological Mother)
Jake the Dog (Adoptive brother)
Jermaine (Adoptive brother)
Joshua (deceased adoptive father)
Margaret (deceased adoptive mother)
Charlie (Adoptive niece)
T.V. (Adoptive nephew)
Viola (Adoptive niece)
Kim Kil Whan (Adoptive nephew)
Jake Jr. (Adoptive niece)
Bronwyn  (Adoptive grandniece)
Shoko  (Past incarnation)
Stormo (Shared DNA)
Fern Murtons (Alternate self)
Roselinen Mertens (Wife)
Jay and Bonnie (Children in "Pillow World")
Shermy (Future incarnation)
Shulem Deen

**Shulem Deen** (born 1974) is the author of a memoir, _All Who Go Do Not Return_ (2015),  and the editor of _Unpious.com_, an online journal for voices critical of Hasidic lifestyle and beliefs.

## Career

Deen first became known as the author of the blog, "Hasidic Rebel," which he wrote from 2003 until 2012, and which was the subject of a 2003 feature article in the _Village Voice_. Deen's blog was the first widely read website by a practicing Hasid casting doubt on his religious faith. His memoir chronicles his often painful change from a devout member of the Skverer Hasidic community in New Square, New York to a secular Jew.

In 2010, Deen launched the Unpious website along with "Shtreimel," another ex-Hasidic blogger, and has served as its editor throughout. He has also written several pieces for other publications on the intersection of Hasidic and secular lives, including articles in the _Jewish Daily Forward_, _Tablet Magazine_, _Salon_, and _Zeek_.

He currently serves as a Board member at Footsteps, a New York City organization that assists formerly ultra-Orthodox Jews with transitioning to life outside the Orthodox world.

## Personal life

Deen spent his early life among Satmar Hasidim in Borough Park, Brooklyn, and joined the Skverer sect when he was a teenager, moving to the town of New Square, to settle after marriage. He was married in 1993, and has five children.

In 2005, Deen was expelled from New Square by its leaders for holding heretical views, and several years later divorced his wife and left the Hasidic lifestyle entirely. He currently lives in Brooklyn New York  He is mostly estranged from his children, who have remained among the Skverer Hasidim in New Square, N.Y.
Jaffna College

**Jaffna College** (JC) is a private school in Vaddukoddai, Sri Lanka.

## Infobox (school)

- **name**: Jaffna College
- **city**: Vaddukoddai, Jaffna District
- **province**: Northern Province, Sri Lanka, Northern Province
- **country**: Sri Lanka
- **schooltype**: 1AB
- **type**: Education in Sri Lanka#Private schools, Private
- **founded**: 1867
- **district**: Valikaamam Education Zone
- **schoolnumber**: 1011032
- **principal**: Mr. David S. Solomon(Principal)
- **gender**: Mixed
- **language**: Tamil language, Tamil, English language, English
- **roll**: 1,998
Vaddukoddai

**Vaddukoddai** (also spelled _Vattukkottai_, _Vatukotai_, or _Vattukotai_; ) is a town in northern Sri Lanka. It is a small but important town located on the Jaffna peninsula. This part of the country is dominated by Tamil people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Vaddukoddai
- **native name**: வட்டுக்கோட்டை
- **settlement type**: Town
- **pushpin map**: Sri Lanka
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: Sri Lanka
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Sri Lanka, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Northern Province, Sri Lanka, Northern
- **subdivision type3**: Districts of Sri Lanka, District
- **subdivision name3**: Jaffna District, Jaffna
- **subdivision type4**: Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka, DS Division
- **subdivision name4**: Valikamam West
John W. North High School

**John W. North High School** is a high school in Southern California, in the United States of America. It is named after the founder of Riverside, John W. North.
Shulamit Aloni

**Shulamit Aloni** (; 29 November 1928 – 24 January 2014) was an Israeli lawyer and politician. She founded the Ratz party. She was the leader of the Meretz party, and served as Minister of Education from 1992 to 1993. In 2000, she won the Israel Prize.

Aloni died on January 24, 2014 at her home in Tel Aviv, aged 85.

## Other websites

- Shulamit Aloni  Jewish Agency
- Shulamit Aloni Jewish Virtual Library
- Shulamit Aloni, Knesset website

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Portrait of Shulamit Aloni.jpg
- **name**: Shulamit Aloni
- **birth name**: Shulamit Adler
- **birth place**: Poland
- **death place**: Tel Aviv, Israel
- **occupation**: author, columnist, lawyer, politician, teacher
François Deguelt

**François Deguelt** (born **Louis Deghelt**, 4 December 1932 – 22 January 2014) was a French singer. He was best known for his performance on behalf of Monaco in the Eurovision Song Contests of 1960 and 1962.

Deguelt died on 22 January 2014 in Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France from heart failure, age 81.

## Other websites

- Discography and cover art at encyclopédisque.fr

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: François Deguelt
- **image**: Eurovisie Songfestival 1962 te Luxemburg, voor Monaco Francois Deguelt, Bestanddeelnr 913-6607.jpg
- **caption**: François Deguelt at the 1962 Eurovision Song Contest
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Louis Deghelt
- **birth place**: Tarbes, Hautes-Pyrénées, France
- **death place**: Var (department), Var, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France
- **genre**: Pop, Chanson
- **occupation**: Singer
San Luis Obispo, California

**San Luis Obispo** is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is about halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco. It was founded in 1772 by Junípero Serra.

San Luis Obispo is one of California's oldest settlements. It is the county seat of San Luis Obispo County. At the 2020 census, 47,063 people lived there. California Polytechnic State University is in San Luis Obispo.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: San Luis Obispo
- **nickname**: "SLO", "San Luis", "SLO Town"
- **population demonym**: San Luis Obispan
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in California, City
- **image skyline**: sanluisobispo.jpg
- **image caption**: The city of San Luis Obispo looking east from the top of Bishop Peak (California), Bishop Peak in early 2006
- **image flag**: Flag of San Luis Obispo, California.svg
- **image seal**: Seal of San Luis Obispo, California.png
- **image map**: San_Luis_Obispo_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_San_Luis_Obispo_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in San Luis Obispo County, California, San Luis Obispo County and the state of California
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: California
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: San Luis Obispo County, California, San Luis Obispo
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: September 1, 1772
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: February 16, 1856
- **named for**: Louis of Toulouse, St. Louis of Toulouse
- **government type**: Mayor–council
- **leader title4**: State & Federal Representatives
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 13.45
- **area land sq mi**: 13.31
- **area water sq mi**: 0.15
- **area total km2**: 34.84
- **area land km2**: 34.46
- **area water km2**: 0.38
- **area water percent**: 1.09
- **elevation ft**: 233
- **elevation m**: 71
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 47063
- **population density sq mi**: 3537
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 93401–93403, 93405–93410, 93412
- **area code**: Area code 805, 805
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
- **blank name sec2**: Congressional district
- **blank info sec2**: California's 24th congressional district, 24th
Northern Province, Sri Lanka

The **Northern Province** ( **';  **') is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka. The capital of the province is Jaffna. The Sri Lankan Civil War began in this province. It where most of the Tamil people in Sri Lanka live.

Provinces in Sri Lanka were created in the 19th century. Provincial councils were created in 1987 by a change to the Constitution. Between 1988 and 2006 the Northern Province and the Eastern Province were temporarily put together to make the North Eastern Province.

## Districts

- Jaffna District
- Kilinochchi District
- Mannar District
- Mullaitivu District
- Vavuniya District

## Related pages

- Tamil Eelam

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Northern Province
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: Provinces of Sri Lanka, Province
- **image skyline**: Sunset Over Lagoon2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Sunset over a lagoon
- **image map**: Sri Lanka Northern Province locator map.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Sri Lanka
- **image map1**: Yaarl Province.jpg
- **map caption1**: Districts of the Northern Province
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sri Lanka
- **established title**: Created
- **established date**: 1 October 1833
- **established title1**: Provincial council (Sri Lanka), Provincial council
- **established date1**: 14 November 1987
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Jaffna
- **seat1 type**: Largest City
- **seat1**: Vavuniya
- **parts type**: Districts of Sri Lanka, Districts
- **parts style**: list
- **p1**: Jaffna District, Jaffna
- **p2**: Kilinochchi District, Kilinochchi
- **p3**: Mannar District, Mannar
- **p4**: Mullaitivu District, Mullaitivu
- **p5**: Vavuniya District, Vavuniya
- **government type**: Provincial councils of Sri Lanka, Provincial council
- **governing body**: Northern Provincial Council
- **leader title**: List of Governors of Northern Province, Governor
- **leader name**: Maj Gen G. A. Chandrasiri
- **leader title1**: List of Chief Ministers of Northern Province, Chief Minister
- **leader name1**: C. V. Vigneswaran
- **leader title2**: Parliament of Sri Lanka, MPs
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 8884
- **area land km2**: 8290
- **area rank**: 3rd (13.54% of total area)
- **area water percent**: 6.7
- **population total**: 1058762
- **population rank**: 9th (5.22% of total pop.)
- **population as of**: 2012 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Sri Lanka
- **utc offset1**: +05:30
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Sri Lanka, Post Codes
- **postal code**: 40000-45999
- **area code type**: List of Sri Lanka telephone codes, Telephone Codes
- **area code**: 021, 023, 024
- **iso code**: LK-4
- **registration plate**: NP
- **blank name sec1**: Official languages
- **blank info sec1**: Tamil language, Tamil, Sinhala language, Sinhala
- **blank name sec2**: Symbols
- **blank1 name sec2**: Flower
- **blank1 info sec2**: Kaanthal
- **blank2 name sec2**: Tree
- **blank2 info sec2**: Maruthu
- **blank3 name sec2**: Bird
- **blank3 info sec2**: Seven sisters
- **blank4 name sec2**: Animal
- **blank4 info sec2**: Male deer
Jaffna

**Jaffna** (, **',  **') is the capital city of the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. The population of Jaffna is 88,138. Jaffna is Sri Lanka's 12th largest city.The biggest of all in Jaffna is the Jaffna Fort and Nallur Kandasamy temple. The statue made out of gold was the man who was the person who put Sinhala people and Tamil people together.

## Related pages

- Burning of Jaffna library

## Other websites

- Jaffna District – Jaffna Traveler Information
- Yarl Mann – Jaffna Culture, Tradition & Heritage

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Jaffna
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Jaffna montage.jpg
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top: Jaffna Public Library, Nallur Kandaswamy temple, Jaffna Fort, the Jaffna-Pannai-Kayts highway
- **pushpin map**: Sri Lanka
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sri Lanka
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Sri Lanka, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Northern Province, Sri Lanka, Northern
- **subdivision type3**: Districts of Sri Lanka, District
- **subdivision name3**: Jaffna District, Jaffna
- **government type**: Jaffna Municipal Council, Municipal Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Yogeswari Patkunarajah
- **leader party**: United People's Freedom Alliance, UPFA (Eelam People's Democratic Party, EPDP)
- **unit pref**: Metric system, Metric
- **area total km2**: 20.2
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population total**: 88,138
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Sri Lanka Time, Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone
- **utc offset**: +5:30
- **elevation m**: 5
- **website**: [http://www.jaffnamc.lk/ Jaffna Municipal Council]
Computation

**Computation** is the act of determining (working out) something by processing information. It involves using specific rules, either mathematical or logical. It may or may not involve using numbers; the computation of numbers and arithmetic is generally called _calculation_. The study of computation is called computer science.

The theory of computation involves determining whether a certain problem can be solved by computation.

## Related pages

- Algorithm
Calculus of variations

The **calculus of variations** is a field of mathematical analysis. It usually deals with functions defined on the real numbers, and with finding minima and maxima of such functions. When finding a minimum or maximum, there are often additional conditions that need to be satisfied. In the 18th century, mathematicians such as Leonhard Euler and Joseph-Louis Lagrange made this kind of calculus popular.

Other people who influenced it include Adrien-Marie Legendre, Alfred Clebsch, Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi and Karl Weierstraß. Today, calculus of variations is used in different fields of science, such as geodesy, theoretical physics, classical mechanics and quantum mechanics.
Hattula

**Hattula** is a municipality in Finland. As of 31 October 2013, 9,704 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Hämeenlinna, Pälkäne and Valkeakoski.

Economy: There municipality is home to a tank brigade; C. 600 people have a job (or employment) with the brigade.
A company has plans (as of 2024) to build 12 wind turbine power plants.

## Other websites

- The official page
Collective noun

A **collective noun** is a noun that describes a group of things. In the examples, the word in italics is the collective term.

Examples are:
- A _bench_ of magistrates
- A _congregation_ of worshippers
- A _bunch_ of grapes/keys
- A _list_ of characters
Law of sines

The **sine rule** or **law of sines**, is a theorem in mathematics. It says that, if you have a triangle like the one in the picture, the equation below is true.

This is another version, which is also true.

**D** is equal to the diameter of the triangle's circumcircle.

The law of sines is used to find the remaining sides of a triangle when two angles and a side are known. This is known as triangulation. The law of sines can also be used when two sides and one of the angles not enclosed by the two sides are known. In some such cases, the formula gives two possible values for the enclosed angle. This is called an _ambiguous case_.

The law of sines is one of two trigonometric equations which is used to find lengths and angles in scalene triangles. The other is the law of cosines.

## Proof

The area  of any triangle can be written as one half of its base times its height (drawn from the vertex not on the base).  Depending on which side one chooses to be the base, the area can be given by
Multiplying these by  gives
Swell Radio

**Swell Radio** is a mobile radio streaming application. It learns what kind of radio stations the user likes based on listening to behaviour, community filtering and an algorithm. It was originally designed for use while going to and coming from work. The service focuses on delivering spoken-word audio content to users.

The app is available on iOS devices worldwide but content is customized to the United States and Canada. The application does not have any advertisements.

## History

Concept.io, creator of Swell Radio, raised $5.4 million in Series A Funding led by venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson. The application originally launched the application on the iOS platform in Canada in early 2013 and officially launched in the United States on June 27, 2013.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Swell Radio
- **title**: Swell
- **developer**: Concept.io
- **frequently updated**: yes
- **operating system**: iOS 6.0 or later;
- **status**: Active
- **genre**: Streaming Radio
Catbells

**Catbells** is a fell in the English Lake District in the county of Cumbria. It has a modest height of . It is one of the most popular fells in the area. It is on the western shore of Derwent Water within  of the busy tourist town of Keswick. Its distinctive shape catches the attention of many visitors to the Lakes who like to climb to the top. There is a view of this mountain from Friars Crag on the opposite side of Derwent Water. The fell's unusual name may have come from a distortion of "Cat Bields" meaning shelter of the wildcat. But this is not certain. The fell's name is sometimes written as "Cat Bells".
Welfare economics

**Welfare economics** is a field of economics that looks at the problem of allocating resources. It uses techniques from microeconomics to assess general well-being. From this assessment, it tries to find an allocation of productive factors as to desirability and economic efficiency within an economy, often  relative to competitive general equilibrium. It analyzes _social welfare_ in terms of economic activities of the individuals that compose the theoretical society considered. Individuals and their economic activities are the basic units for aggregating to social welfare. The aggregation may focus on a group of people, a community, or a society. There is no "social welfare" apart from the "welfare" associated with its individual units.

Welfare economics typically takes individual preferences as given and tries to improve  welfare in terms of  Pareto efficiency. As an example, social state B is "better" than social state A, if at least one person prefers _B_ and no one else opposes it. Another aspect of welfare treats income/goods distribution, including equality, as a further dimension of welfare.

**Social welfare** refers to the overall welfare of society. With sufficiently strong assumptions, it can be defined as the sum of the welfare of all the individuals in the society. Welfare may be measured either cardinally in terms of "utils" or dollars, or measured ordinarily in terms of Pareto efficiency. The cardinal method in "utils" is rarely used in pure theory today. Its main problem is that different kinds of "utility" cannot easily be summed up without losing the meaning of the measurement. In applied welfare economics money-value estimates are often used. One example of applied welfare economics is cost-benefit analysis.  Money-value estimates are a useful form of measurement where income-distribution effects are factored into the analysis or seem unlikely to change the analysis.

The capabilities approach to welfare argues that freedom - what people are free to do or be - should be included in welfare assessments, and the approach has been particularly influential in development policy circles where the emphasis on multi-dimensionality and freedom has shaped the evolution of the Human Development Index.

Other classifying terms in welfare economics include externalities, equity, justice, inequality, and altruism.
American Motors

**American Motors** (AMC) was an American car company. It was formed in 1954 when Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and Hudson Motor Car Company became one company.  It is famous for its Javelin and AMX muscle cars. AMC bought the Jeep car company in 1970. In 1987, Chrysler bought AMC for US $1.5 billion.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: American Motors Corporation
- **logo size**: 150
- **logo caption**: Logo from 1970 until 1987
- **fate**: AMC was renamed Jeep-Eagle, Jeep Eagle Corporation then merged into Chrysler in 1990.
- **founder**: George W. Mason
- **location**: American Center
27777 Franklin Rd
Southfield, Michigan, 48034
United States, U.S.
- **industry**: Automotive industry, Automotive
Jaffna District

**Jaffna District** ( __; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second level of administrative division of the country. The capital of the district is the city of Jaffna.

## Administrative units

Jaffna District is divided into 15 Divisional Secretary's Division (DS Divisions), each headed by a Divisional Secretary (previously known as an Assistant Government Agent). The DS Divisions are further sub-divided into 435 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).

## Infobox (district)

- **name**: Jaffna District
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: Districts of Sri Lanka, Administrative District
- **image skyline**: Kandarodai Farm land.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Farmland in Kandarodai
- **image map**: Jaffna district.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sri Lanka
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sri Lanka, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Northern Province, Sri Lanka, Northern
- **established title**: Created
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Jaffna
- **parts type**: Divisional Secretary's Division, DS Division
- **parts style**: coll
- **p1**: Delft Divisional Secretary's Division, Delft
- **p2**: Island North Divisional Secretary's Division, Islands North
- **p3**: Island South Divisional Secretary's Division, Islands South
- **p4**: Jaffna Divisional Secretary's Division, Jaffna
- **p5**: Karativu
- **p6**: Nallur Divisional Secretary's Division, Nallur
- **p7**: Thenmarachchi Divisional Secretary's Division, Thenmarachchi
- **p8**: Vadamarachchi East Divisional Secretary's Division, Vadamarachchi East
- **p9**: Vadamarachchi North Divisional Secretary's Division, Vadamarachchi North
- **p10**: Vadamarachchi South West Divisional Secretary's Division, Vadamarachchi SW
- **p11**: Valikamam East Divisional Secretary's Division, Valikamam East
- **p12**: Valikamam North Divisional Secretary's Division, Valikamam North
- **p13**: Valikamam South Divisional Secretary's Division, Valikamam South
- **p14**: Valikamam South West Divisional Secretary's Division, Valikamam SW
- **p15**: Valikamam West Divisional Secretary's Division, Valikamam West
- **leader title**: District Secretary
- **leader name**: S. Arumainayaham
- **leader title1**: Parliament of Sri Lanka, MPs
- **leader title2**: Northern Provincial Council, MPCs
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1025
- **area land km2**: 929
- **area water km2**: 96
- **area water percent**: 9.37
- **area rank**: 24th (1.56% of total area)
- **population total**: 583378
- **population rank**: 16th (2.88% of total pop.)
- **population as of**: 2012 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Sri Lanka
- **utc offset1**: +05:30
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Sri Lanka, Post Codes
- **postal code**: 40000-40999
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka, Telephone Codes
- **area code**: 021
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:LK, LK-41
- **registration plate**: NP
- **blank name sec1**: Official Languages
- **blank info sec1**: Tamil language, Tamil, Sinhala language, Sinhala
Nanjing University

**Nanjing University** is one of the oldest universities in China. It is in Nanjing. Founded in 1902, it became a new-type school when the Qing Dynasty ended. Nanjing University has two campuses. They are the Gulou campus, which is in the center of Nanjing City; and Xianlin, in the northeast of Nanjing.
Mannar District

**Mannar District**  ( __; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second-level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the town of Mannar.

## Geography

Mannar District is in the north west of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Northern Province. It has an area of .

## Infobox (district)

- **name**: Mannar District
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: Districts of Sri Lanka, Administrative District
- **image skyline**: Mannar Trip20.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image map**: Mannar district.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Sri Lanka
- **image map1**: Sri Lanka Mannar District.jpg
- **map caption1**: DS and GN Divisions of Mannar District, 2006
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sri Lanka
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sri Lanka, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Northern Province, Sri Lanka, Northern
- **established title**: Created
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Mannar, Sri Lanka, Mannar
- **parts type**: Divisional Secretary's Division, DS Division
- **parts style**: coll
- **p1**: Madhu Divisional Secretary's Division, Madhu
- **p2**: Mannar Divisional Secretary's Division, Mannar
- **p3**: Manthai West Divisional Secretary's Division, Manthai West
- **p4**: Musali Divisional Secretary's Division, Musali
- **p5**: Nanaddan Divisional Secretary's Division, Nanaddan
- **leader title**: District Secretary
- **leader name**: M. Y. S. Deshapriya
- **leader title1**: Parliament of Sri Lanka, MPs
- **leader title2**: Northern Provincial Council, MPCs
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1996
- **area land km2**: 1880
- **area water km2**: 116
- **area water percent**: 5.81
- **area rank**: 13th (3.04% of total area)
- **population total**: 99051
- **population rank**: 24th (0.49% of total pop.)
- **population as of**: 2012 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Sri Lanka
- **utc offset1**: +05:30
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Sri Lanka, Post Codes
- **postal code**: 41000-41999
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka, Telephone Codes
- **area code**: 023
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:LK, LK-43
- **registration plate**: NP
- **blank name sec1**: Official Languages
- **blank info sec1**: Tamil language, Tamil, Sinhala language, Sinhala
Vavuniya District

**Vavuniya District** ( __; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second-level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the city of Vavuniya.

## Geography

Vavuniya District is in the north of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Northern Province. It has an area of .

## Administrative units

Vavuniya District is divided into 4 Divisional Secretary's Division (DS Divisions), each headed by a Divisional Secretary (previously known as an Assistant Government Agent). The DS Divisions are further sub-divided into 102 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).

## Infobox (district)

- **name**: Vavuniya District
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: Districts of Sri Lanka, Administrative District
- **image skyline**: Vavuniya3.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Vavuniya
- **image map**: Vavuniya district.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Sri Lanka
- **image map1**: Sri Lanka Vavuniya District.jpg
- **map caption1**: DS and GN Divisions of Vavuniya District, 2006
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sri Lanka
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sri Lanka, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Northern Province, Sri Lanka, Northern
- **established title**: Created
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Vavuniya
- **parts type**: Divisional Secretary's Division, DS Division
- **parts style**: coll
- **p1**: Vavuniya Divisional Secretary's Division, Vavuniya
- **p2**: Vavuniya North Divisional Secretary's Division, Vavuniya North
- **p3**: Vavuniya South Divisional Secretary's Division, Vavuniya South
- **p4**: Venkalacheddikulam Divisional Secretary's Division, Venkalacheddikulam
- **leader title**: District Secretary
- **leader name**: M. K. Bandula Harischandra
- **leader title1**: Parliament of Sri Lanka, MPs
- **leader title2**: Northern Provincial Council, MPCs
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1967
- **area land km2**: 1861
- **area water km2**: 106
- **area water percent**: 5.39
- **area rank**: 15th (3.00% of total area)
- **population total**: 171511
- **population rank**: 22nd (0.85% of total pop.)
- **population as of**: 2012 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Sri Lanka
- **utc offset1**: +05:30
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Sri Lanka, Post Codes
- **postal code**: 43000-43999
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka, Telephone Codes
- **area code**: 024
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:LK, LK-44
- **registration plate**: NP
- **blank name sec1**: Official Languages
- **blank info sec1**: Tamil language, Tamil, Sinhala language, Sinhala
Valkeakoski

**Valkeakoski** is a city in Finland. It is known for its paper industry. Nearby municipalities are Akaa, Hattula, Hämeenlinna, Kangasala, Lempäälä and Pälkäne. In 1973, Sääksmäki was merged with Valkeakoski.
Vavuniya

**Vavuniya** (, ) is a large town in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It is governed by an Urban Council. It is also the main town of Vavuniya District.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Vavuniya
- **native name**: வவுனியா
වවුනියා
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Vavuniya City.jpg
- **pushpin map**: Sri Lanka
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: Sri Lanka
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Sri Lanka, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Northern Province, Sri Lanka, Northern
- **subdivision type3**: Districts of Sri Lanka, District
- **subdivision name3**: Vavuniya District, Vavuniya
- **subdivision type4**: Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka, DS Division
- **subdivision name4**: Vavuniya South (Tamil)
- **government type**: Vavuniya Urban Council, Urban Council
- **leader party**: Tamil National Alliance, TNA
- **leader title**: Chairman
- **leader name**: Iyaththurai Kanagiah
- **unit pref**: Metric system, Metric
- **population as of**: 2007
- **population total**: 75,175
- **population density km2**: 3,341
- **population density sq mi**: 8,641
- **timezone**: Time zone#UTC .2B 6.2C F, Sri Lanka Standard Time Zone
- **utc offset**: +5:30
Mullaitivu District

**Mullaitivu District** ( __; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the town of Mullaitivu.

Mullaitivu District is in the north east of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Northern Province. It has an area of .

## Infobox (district)

- **name**: Mullaitivu District
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: Districts of Sri Lanka, Administrative District
- **image skyline**: Iranamadu Tank2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Iranamadu tank
- **image map**: Mullaitivu district.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Sri Lanka
- **image map1**: Sri Lanka Mullaitivu District.jpg
- **map caption1**: DS and GN Divisions of Mullaitivu District, 2006
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sri Lanka
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sri Lanka, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Northern Province, Sri Lanka, Northern
- **established title**: Created
- **established date**: September 1978
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Mullaitivu
- **parts type**: Divisional Secretary's Division, DS Division
- **parts style**: coll
- **p1**: Manthai East Divisional Secretary's Division, Manthai East
- **p2**: Maritimepattu Divisional Secretary's Division, Maritimepattu
- **p3**: Oddusuddan Divisional Secretary's Division, Oddusuddan
- **p4**: Puthukudiyiruppu Divisional Secretary's Division, Puthukudiyiruppu
- **p5**: Thunukkai Divisional Secretary's Division, Thunukkai
- **leader title**: District Secretary
- **leader name**: N. Vethanayagam
- **leader title1**: Parliament of Sri Lanka, MPs
- **leader title2**: Northern Provincial Council, MPCs
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 2617
- **area land km2**: 2415
- **area water km2**: 202
- **area water percent**: 7.72
- **area rank**: 11th (3.99% of total area)
- **population total**: 91947
- **population rank**: 25th (0.45% of total pop.)
- **population as of**: 2012 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Sri Lanka
- **utc offset1**: +05:30
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Sri Lanka, Post Codes
- **postal code**: 42000-42999
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Sri Lanka, Telephone Codes
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:LK, LK-45
- **registration plate**: NP
- **blank name sec1**: Official Languages
- **blank info sec1**: Tamil language, Tamil, Sinhala language, Sinhala