juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Piccadilly

**Piccadilly** is a major street in central London, running from Hyde Park Corner in the west to Piccadilly Circus in the east. It is completely within the City of Westminster. St. James's lies to the south of the eastern section of the street, while the western section overlooks Green Park. The area to the north is Mayfair.

It is the location of Fortnum & Mason, the Royal Academy, The Ritz Hotel, the RAF Club and Hatchards book shop. Simpsons, once amongst the United Kingdom's leading clothing stores, opened on Piccadilly in the 1930s. The store closed in 1999 and the site is now the flagship shop of the booksellers Waterstone's.

## History

The name Piccadilly may come from a tailor named Robert Baker, in the late 16th century and early 17th century. He amassed a large fortune by making and selling _piccadills_ – stiff collars with scalloped edges and a lace border, which were then in fashion. With his great fortune he bought a large tract of what was then open country to the west of London.

After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, Piccadilly and the area to the north (Mayfair) began to be systematically developed as a fashionable residential locality. Some of the grandest mansions in London were built on the northern side of Piccadilly: Clarendon House, Berkeley House (later Devonshire House), and Sir John Denham's house (later Burlington House) were built in the 17th century. Later mansions included Melbourne House (now The Albany), Apsley House, Bath House  and Cambridge House. Several members of the Rothschild family had mansions at the western end of the street, and that part was colloquially referred to as Rothschild Row.

By the 1920s most of these buildings had been demolished or were in institutional use.  The enlargement of Park Lane and the formation of Hyde Park Corner as a major traffic gyratory system has cut off the western stretch of Piccadilly, with the result that Apsley House has become detached from it.

21st century Piccadilly is not one of London's principal shopping streets, despite the presence of several famous shops. The Ritz Hotel is in the street, along with some other luxury hotels. There are also some offices and some very expensive flats. Piccadilly is one of the widest and straightest streets in central London.
Romeo (Shakespeare)

**Romeo** is the son of Lord and Lady Montague in William Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. He is one of the two protagonists of the story.

Romeo falls in love with Juliet Capulet, and secretly marries her. Juliet fakes her death to rid herself of a parental marriage arrangement with Count Paris. Romeo is not aware of the fake death. He believes Juliet is truly dead and kills himself.

Leonardo DiCaprio, Leonard Whiting, Leslie Howard and Douglas Booth have played Romeo in movie adaptations of the play. Romeo is also a character in opera and ballet adaptions of the play.

## Other websites

- Complete listing of all of Romeo's lines
Pope Benedict V

**Pope Benedict V** (;   -died July 4, 965), was an Italian deacon of the Roman Catholic Church and the 133rd Pope for five weeks in 964.

Benedict was known as Grammaticus because of his learning.

## Pope

After the death of Pope John XII, Cardinal Benedetto was elected pope by the Romans in 964; but the Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I, did not approve.  Otto deposed Benedict who was then exiled.

Otto forced Benedict to travel to Germany where he was placed under the care of Adaldag, Archbishop of Hamburg-Bremen.

### After his death

Benedict was buried in the cathedral in Hamburg.  Later, his remains were transferred to Rome.

Although his status was questioned during his lifetime, Benedict V is considered to part of the traditional list of popes.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes by length of reign

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope in sequence
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Benedetto

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Benedict V
- **image**: Pope Benedict V Illustration.jpg
- **birth name**: Benedetto
- **death place**: Hamburg, Germany
- **term start**: May 14 964
- **term end**: June 23 964
- **predecessor**: Pope John XII
- **successor**: Pope Leo VIII
- **other**: Benedict
Heidi Fleiss

**Heidi Lynne Fleiss** (born December 30, 1965 in Los Angeles) is an American television personality and columnist, regularly featured in American media. She is often called "Hollywood Madam" (formerly she was a madam and for a short time a prostitute) and is a periodic guest on Fox News programs. Her father was Paul M. Fleiss. She is of Jewish descent.

Fleiss had been convicted of tax evasion and spent some time in prison. She was in a domestic partnership with Dennis Hof until his death in October 2018.
1906 San Francisco earthquake

The **1906 San Francisco earthquake** was the biggest earthquake that has ever hit San Francisco on April 18, 1906. It was felt from Los Angeles to Oregon and Nevada. The earthquake was about a 7.8 on the Richter scale. Around 3,000 people were killed and between 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless. There were also fires because gas pipes were destroyed, and the gas caught on fire. Over 80% of the city was destroyed by the earthquake and fires that came later. The city is on the San Andreas Fault, which slid, causing the earthquake. Many people looted so then the Army had to come in to keep the peace, but there were reports of the army looting as well.

## Other websites

- The 1906 Earthquake and Fire from the National Archives
- Before and After the Great Earthquake and Fire: Early Films of San Francisco, 1897–1916 From American Memory at the Library of Congress.
- A geologic tour of the San Francisco earthquake, 100 years later  from American Geological Institute
- The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire from the Museum of the City of San Francisco website

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **title**: 1906 San Francisco earthquake
- **timestamp**: 1906-04-18 13:12:27
- **isc-event**: 16957905
- **anss-url**: official19060418131226300_12
- **local-time**: 05:12 a.m. local time
- **magnitude**: 7.9 Moment magnitude scale, M<sub>w</sub>
- **intensity**: Mercalli intensity scale, XI (_Extreme_)
- **countries affected**: North Coast (California), North Coast
 San Francisco Bay Area
 Central Coast (California), Central Coast
 United States
- **type**: Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults, Strike-slip
- **tsunami**: Yes
- **casualties**: 700–3,000+
Wonderful Christmastime

"**Wonderful Christmastime**" is a Christmas song which was first recorded by Paul McCartney and released on 16 November 1979. The single did not chart on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 in the United States. The song peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart. The song entered the Billboard Hot 100 in December 2018 peaking at number 26 in January 2024. The song has been covered by many artists, including Kelly Rowland of Destiny's Child, Hilary Duff and Demi Lovato have covered this song throughout the years.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Wonderful Christmastime
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Paul McCartney
- **b-side**: "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reggae"
- **released**: 16 November 1979
- **recorded**: JuneJuly 1979
- **genre**: Rock (music), Rock, Synthpop
- **length**: 3:45
- **label**: Parlophone, Columbia Records, Columbia
- **writer**: Paul McCartney
- **producer**: Paul McCartney
- **prev title**: Eat at Home
- **prev year**: 1971
- **next title**: Coming Up (song), Coming Up
- **next year**: 1980
Doug Ashton

**Douglas Joseph Ashton** (19 November 1919 — 3 November 2011) was the owner of the world's longest family run circus, and the oldest surviving travelling circus. Ashton's Circus was started by Doug Ashton's great grandfather, Joseph Henry Ashton, in 1847. Doug Ashton was born into the circus and was on the road travelling when only six days old. Ashton, and his wife Phyllis, were both awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 1996 for their work for charity and the arts. He died in Perth, Western Australia, while travelling with his grandson's circus, Circus Joseph Ashton. Joseph Ashton trained Nicole Kidman to use the flying trapeze for Baz Lurhmann's movie, _Moulin Rouge!_.
Saline (medicine)

In medicine, **saline** refers to any solution of salt in water; that is, salt water. Such solutions are sterile when they are to be placed into the body by infusion or injection. If the solution has more salt in it than is found in the human body, it is called _hypertonic saline_. The normal salt level is 0.9% and any salt amount more than 0.9% is called hypertonic.
Bobby Vinton

**Bobby Vinton** (born April 16, 1935 in Pennsylvania) is an American musician of Polish descent. At first Vinton was not successful. Around 1963, he began making serious hit songs and albums. That continued into the 1970s and beyond. One of his most popular songs is "Blue Velvet" (a cover of the 1951 song recorded by Tony Bennett) which reached No. 1 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 in 1963.

## Other websites

- Classic bands
Pope Leo

**Pope Leo** may mean:
- Pope Leo I Leo the Great (440–461)
- Pope Leo II (682–683)
- Pope Leo III (795–816)
- Pope Leo IV (847–855)
- Pope Leo V (903)
- Pope Leo VI (928)
- Pope Leo VII (936–939)
- Pope Leo VIII (964–965)
- Pope Leo IX (1049–1054)
- Pope Leo X (1513–1521)
- Pope Leo XI (1605)
- Pope Leo XII (1823–1829)
- Pope Leo XIII (1878–1903)
- Pope Leo XIV (2025–present)
Rodrigo y Gabriela

**Rodrigo y Gabriela** (Rodrigo and Gabriela), also known as "El Rodri y La Gabi", are a Mexican musical duo. They play fast, rhythmic music on acoustic guitars. The duo is Rodrigo Sanchez, lead guitar, and Gabriela Quintero, rhythm guitar and percussion.

They became well known playing in the hotels and bars of Dublin, Ireland. One reviewer said that "...Rodrigo y Gabriela's secret is maybe quite simple. They are resourceful musicians, and are open-hearted, happy entertainers. That, very often, is what people want." Both are vegans and support animal rights. They  play a mixture of many influences and styles.

They met in Mexico City while playing in a thrash metal band and later moved to Dublin. Their album, _Rodrigo y Gabriela_, entered the Irish Albums Chart at Number One.

### Studio albums

- _Foc_ (2001)
- _re-Foc_ (2002)
- _Rodrigo y Gabriela_ (2006)
- _11:11_ (2009)
- _Area 52_ (2012)

### Live albums

- _Live: Manchester and Dublin_ (2004)
- _Live in Japan_ (2008)
- _Live in France_ (2011)

### Extended plays

- _Live Session (2007)

### Live gigs

The Porterhouse, Dublin (2002)

## Other websites

- Official Rodrigo y Gabriela site
- Video Channel  on MUZU TV
- An early career interview with Rodrigo y Gabriela
- Interview on WNYC's Soundcheck.
- Interview with Gabriela for _Irish Migration Studies in Latin America journal_, March 2007
- Interview on NPR's _All Things Considered'', October 10, 2009
- Rodrigo y Gabriela Rock the White House

## Infobox (band)

- **name**: Rodrigo y Gabriela
- **img**: Rodrigo y Gabriela.jpg
- **img capt**: Rodrigo y Gabriela, New York 2007
- **years active**: 2000–present
- **origin**: Mexico City, Mexico
- **label**: Rubyworks
Andy Rooney

**Andrew Aitken** "**Andy**" **Rooney** (January 14, 1919 – November 4, 2011) was an American radio and television writer. His "A Few Minutes with Andy Rooney" was a part of the CBS News program _60 Minutes_ from 1978 to 2011. His final regular appearance on _60 Minutes_ aired October 2, 2011. He died one month later, on November 4, 2011, at age 92.

He started as a reporter covering World War II in Europe. Rooney joined CBS in 1949, as a writer for _Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts_, when Godfrey was very popular on radio and TV. He also wrote for _The Garry Moore Show_.

Rooney was an atheist.

## Other websites

- CBS Biography
- Archive  of previous "A Few Minutes ..." segments
- Andy Rooney Podcast  among other CBS podcasts
- Snopes.com on Rooney E-Mail Snopes.com's article on false e-mail claims
- Andy Rooney Interview at Archive of American Television
- Some of Andy Rooney's Best Observations and Opinions

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Andy Rooney (cropped).jpg
- **name**: Andy Rooney
- **birth name**: Andrew Aitken Rooney
- **birth place**: Albany, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Writer, humorist, television personality
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **period**: 1949–2011
- **language**: English language, English
- **education**: The Albany Academy
- **alma mater**: Colgate University
- **spouse**: (her death)
- **children**: Brian, Emily Rooney, Emily, Martha, Ellen
Angels We Have Heard on High

**"Angels We Have Heard on High"** is a well-known Christmas carol that represents the birth of Jesus found under Gospel of Luke in which shepherds outside Bethlehem find many angels praising children. The song has been covered and performed by many singers over the years.
Pulmonology

**Pulmonology** is a type of medicine where doctors know about the lungs and the heart.  They work on keeping lungs healthy.  A doctor working in pulmonology is called a **pulmonologist**.  Pulmonologists also work with respiratory therapists to educate and help make lungs healthy.

## Where do they work?

- Hospitals
- Clinics (Regular doctors offices)
O Tannenbaum

**"O Tannenbaum"**, also known as **"O Christmas Tree"** in alternate name, is a holiday melody of German origin. The best known form of this song was written in 1824. Notable singers who have performed this song are Aretha Franklin, Johnny Mathis and Chicago.
Piccadilly Circus

**Piccadilly Circus** is a road junction and public space in London's West End in the City of Westminster.

The Circus links Piccadilly with Regent Street, and the theatres on Shaftesbury Avenue, as well as the Haymarket, Coventry Street (onwards to Leicester Square), and Glasshouse Street.

The Circus is close to major shopping and entertainment areas in the West End. Its status as a major traffic intersection has made Piccadilly Circus a busy meeting place and a tourist attraction in its own right.

The Circus is particularly known for its video display and neon signs mounted on the corner building on the northern side, as well as the fountain and statue of an archer popularly known as _Eros_. Actually the statue is that of _Anteros_, who in legend was the brother of Eros. The fountain is a pedestrian area: it and the Circus there is surrounded by several noted buildings, the London Pavilion and the Criterion Theatre. Directly underneath the plaza is Piccadilly Circus tube station, part of the London Underground system.
Dale–Chall formula

The **Dale–Chall formula** is one of the ways to predict how difficult text is to read. It is a readability test. The Dale–Chall formula is a one-variable test: it measures the difficulty of the words used. It does not measure the difficulty of the sentence structure (the syntax).

One of the first readability tests, the Dale–Chall formula used a vocabulary list. It counted the number of listed words in a passage, and applied a formula which gave a grade level. It was used to rate textbooks for grade levels in US school districts. In 1995 the authors published an updated word list.

It is easy, in principle, to use a vocabulary list as part of a computer-based readability measure. The list is organised as a look-up table. The percentage of listed words in a passage gives the data for the formula, and the user is presented with a grade level.

## Related pages

- List of readability tests
- Textual difficulty
Photogram

A **photogram** is a photograph that is made without a camera. Something is placed on top of some photographic paper (or a similar material) and then shining light on it. At the end of this, you get a shadow picture. It usually has different tones. This depends on how transparent the object is.
Park Lane

**Park Lane** is a major road in the City of Westminster, in Central London.

Park Lane is about three quarters of a mile (1.2 km) in length, and runs north from Hyde Park Corner to Marble Arch, along the length of the eastern flank of Hyde Park.

Despite the traffic noise, the road is upmarket. It features five-star hotels, such as The Dorchester, Grosvenor House Hotel and InterContinental London Park Lane Hotel, and showrooms for several makes of high-end sports car. The hotels are part of the area known as Mayfair.

## History

Originally a country lane running north-south along what is now the eastern boundary of Hyde Park, it became a fashionable residential address from the eighteenth century onwards. It has views across Hyde Park and a position at the most fashionable western edge of London. It became lined with some of the largest privately owned mansions in London, including the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House and the Holford family's Dorchester House (demolished in 1929 and replaced by 1931 with The Dorchester, which are now both hotels, and the Marquess of Londonderry's Londonderry House, which has been demolished.

On a corner with Oxford Street, Somerset House (No. 40), built in 1769-70, was successively the town house of Warren Hastings, a former Governor-General of India, the third Earl of Rosebery, and the Dukes of Somerset.

In the 1960s the Lane was widened to three lanes each way either side of a central reservation. This required the demolition of a number of houses at Hyde Park Corner. It claimed land previously in Hyde Park to make room for the multi-lane carriageway. The result was to diminish the appeal of Park Lane as a residential address, as it became one of the busiest and noisiest roads in central London. It has little or none of the countryside atmosphere that once made it popular. The widening of the road distanced the houses on the east side of Park Lane from Hyde Park itself, access to which is now by underpass.
Alghero

**Alghero** (Italian pronunciation: [alˈɡɛro]; , IPA: [ɫəɫˈɣe], locally: [lalˈɣe]; ; ), is a city of about 44,000 citizens in Italy. It lies in the province of Sassari in northwestern Sardinia, next to the sea.

In the 1930s, the Swedish writer Amelie Posse Brazdova wrote a book entitled _Sardinia Side Show_, where she told the complete story of 2 years she spent "interned" in Alghero old town during World War I.

## Other websites

- City of Alghero Official website
- Official Alghero tourism web site
- Alghero Tourist Informations and Webcam Live
- Alghero Tourism and Town Information
- Alghero Tourism and Hotels Informations

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Alghero
- **official name**:

- **image skyline**: Alghero - Panorama (02).jpg
- **image caption**: 16th century Aragonese Crown city walls
- **image flag**: Sinyal d'Aragón.svg
- **pushpin map**: Italy Sardinia
- **region**: Sardinia
- **province**: Province of Sassari, SS
- **frazioni**: Fertilia, Guardia Grande, I Piani, Loretella, Maristella, Sa Segada, Santa Maria La Palma, Tramariglio, Villassunta
- **mayor party**: Centrism,  Centre-right
- **mayor**: Mario Conoci
- **area total km2**: 224.43
- **population total**: 43945
- **population demonyms**: Algheresi
Algueresos
- **elevation footnotes**: 30 June 2017
- **elevation m**: 7
- **saint**: St. Michael
- **day**: 29 September
- **postal code**: 07041
- **area code**: 079
- **footnotes**: spoken language: Catalan language, Catalan
Triangulation station

A **triangulation station** is a fixed surveying station, used in surveying.

It may also be known as a **triangulation pillar**, **trigonometrical station**, **trigonometrical point**, **trig station**, **trig beacon** or **trig point**, and sometimes informally as a **trig**,

The names of triangulation stations vary regionally; they are generally known as _trigonometrical stations_ in North America, _trig points_ in the United Kingdom, New Zealand  and Australia, and _trig beacons_ in South Africa; _triangulation pillar_ is the more formal term for the concrete columns found in the UK.
Pope Leo XI

**Pope Leo XI** (; 2 June 1535 – 27 April 1605), born **Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 233rd Pope for only 26 days in April 1605.

## Early life

He was born in Florence.  His grandmother was a sister of Leo X.

## Priest

In 1567, Medici was ordained as a priest.

In 1569, Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, sent Father Medici to be the ambassador of Florence in the court of Pope Pius V.  For 15 years in Rome, Father Medici was the representative of the city and the Medici family.

## Bishop

Gregory XIII made him Bishop of Pistoia in 1573.  He was named Archbishop of Florence in 1574.

## Cardinal

Gregory raised him to the rank of cardinal in 1583.

In 1596, Clement VIII sent Cardinal Medici as ambassador to the court of Henry IV of France.

## Pope

On 1 April 1605, Cardinal Medici was elected pope.  He chose to be called Leo XI in honor of his uncle Pope Leo X.

When he was elected, Leo XI was almost seventy years of age, and he died within the month.  His death came as a result of fatigue and cold in the ceremony of taking possession of the Basilica of St John Lateran.  He was called _Papa Lampo_ ("Lightning Pope") because his papacy was so short.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes from the Medici family
- List of popes by length of reign

## Other websites

- "Leo XI" in _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 1911
- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo XI
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Medici
- Leo XI at St Peter's Basilica

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Leo XI
- **image**: Pope Leo XI - Portrait.jpg
- **birth name**: Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici
- **birth place**: Florence
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **term start**: 1 April 1605
- **term end**: 27 April 1605
- **predecessor**: Pope Clement VIII
- **successor**: Pope Paul V
- **other**: Leo
Mimosa pudica

***Mimosa pudica***  is a
well-known species of _Mimosa_. It is a creeping annual or perennial herb often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken, re-opening minutes later. The species is native to South America and Central America, but is now a widespread weed.

## Description

The stem is erect in young plants, but becomes creeping or trailing with age. The leaves of the _Mimosa pudica_ are compound leaves.

The leaves are bipinnately compound, with one or two pinnae pairs, and 10-26 leaflets per pinna.  The round-shaped flower heads, which are inflorescences, are 8–10 mm in diameter (excluding the stamens). The floret petals are red in their upper part and the filaments are pink to lavender. The fruit consists of clusters of 2-8 pods from 1–2 cm long each.  The pods break into 2-5 segments and contain pale brown seeds some 2.5 mm long. The flowers are pollinated by the wind and insects. The seeds have hard seed coats which restrict germination.

## Plant movement

_Mimosa pudica_ is well known for its rapid plant movement.
Like a number of other plant species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed "sleep".  The foliage closes during darkness and reopens in light.

The leaves also close when touched, warmed, blown, or shaken. When the plant is disturbed, specific regions on the stems release potassium ions which force water out of the cell vacuoles. The water diffuses out of the cells, producing a loss of cell pressure and cell collapse; this differential turgidity between different regions of cells results in the closing of the leaflets and the collapse of the leaf petiole. This is quite a common trait in the Mimosoideae subfamily of the legume family, Fabaceae. The stimulus can also be transmitted to neighbouring leaves.  The function of this trait is not known. The plant may use its ability as a defense from predators. Animals may be afraid of a fast moving plant and would rather eat a less active one.  Another possible explanation is that the sudden movement dislodges harmful insects.

## References

- Barneby, R.C. 1992. "Sensitivae Censitae: a description of the genus _Mimosa_ Linnaeus (Mimosaceae) in the New World." _Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden_, **65**.
[change]
Pope Leo XII

**Pope Leo XII** (; 22 August 1760 – 10 February 1829), born **Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 253rd Pope from 1823 to 1829.

## Life

Della Genga was born in a family of Papal States nobility.

## Priest

Della Genga was ordained as a priest in 1783.

Pope Pius VII made him his private secretary.

## Bishop

In 1793, he was made Archbishop of Tyre; and he was sent as papal nuncio to Lucerne.

He was the papal nuncio in Cologne between 1794 and 1805.

After 1805, he retired to the abbey of Monticelli near Florence.

## Cardinal

Tn 1816, Pius VII created him  cardinal.

In 1820, Cardinal della Genga became Vicar-General of Rome.

## Pope

Cardinal della Genga was elected pope 1n September 1823.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- "Leo XII", _Encyclopædia Britannica_, 1911
- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Leo XII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal della Genga

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope
- **name**: Leo XII
- **title**: Bishop of Rome
- **image**: Ritratto di Papa Leone XII (cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga
- **birth place**: Genga (near Spoleto)
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **term start**: 28 September 1823
- **term end**: 10 February 1829
- **predecessor**: Pope Pius VII
- **successor**: Pope Pius VIII
- **other**: Leo
Jim Varney

**Jim Varney** (1949-2000) was an American actor and comedian. He is best known as his popular character Ernest in the Ernest movies and the voices of Slinky Dog in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 and Cookie in Atlantis: The Lost Empire.

### Film

|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Year|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Title|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Role|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1987|_Ernest Goes to Camp_|Ernest||||||
|1988|_Ernest Saves Christmas_|Ernest||||||
|1990|_Ernest Goes to Jail_|Ernest||||||
|1991|_Ernest Scared Stupid_|Ernest||||||
|1993|_Ernest Rides Again_|Ernest||||||
|1994|_Ernest Goes to School_|Ernest||||||
|rowspan="2"|1995|_Slam Dunk Ernest_|Ernest|||||
|_Toy Story_|Slinky Dog|Voice||||||
|1997|_Ernest Goes to Africa_|Ernest||||||
|1998|_Ernest in the Army_|Ernest||||||
|1999|_Toy Story 2_|Slinky Dog|Voice|||||
|2001|_Atlantis: The Lost Empire_|Cookie|Voice, final film|||||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jim Varney
- **caption**: Varney in 1979 performing stand-up comedy
- **image size**: 300px
- **birth place**: Lexington, Kentucky, United States
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **occupation**: Stand-up comedian, actor, writer, musician, voice actor, comedian
- **years active**: 1949–2000
- **known for**: Ernest from the Ernest movies
Slinky Dog from Toy Story and Toy Story 2
Cookie from Atlantis: The Lost Empire
- **spouse**:

- **signature**: JimVarneySignature-removebg-preview.png
Pope Damasus II

**Pope Damasus II** (; died August 9, 1048), born **Poppo**, was a German priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 152nd Pope for only 24 days from July 17 to August 9, 1048.

He was the third German to become pope.

## Early life

He was born in Bavaria.

## Bishop

Poppo was Bishop of Brixen in the Tyrol Mountains of Germany.

## Pope

Bishop Popo became pope on July 17, 1048; and he took the name Damasas II.  He died within a month of his election.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes by length of reign

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Damasus II
- **image**: B Damasus II1.jpg
- **birth name**: Poppo
- **birth place**: Pildenau, Bavaria
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: July 17 1048
- **term end**: August 9, 1048
- **predecessor**: Pope Benedict IX
- **successor**: Pope Leo IX
Masazumi Soejima

is a Japanese athlete.  He is best known as a  Paralympian Track and field competitor.  He competes in category long distance events.

## Marathon

In 2011, he won the wheelchair division of the New York City Marathon.  He completed the course in 1 hour 31 minutes 41 seconds (1:31:41).  He dedicated his race to the children in Japan, who were affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

Soejima won the wheelchair division of the Boston Marathon in 2011.

## Paralympics

Masazumi has competed in the marathon in both the 2004 and 2008 Summer Paralympics, 10000m in 2004, 5000m and 1500m in 2008.

In the 4 × 400 m relay in 2004, he won a bronze medal.
Bayesian probability

**Bayesian probability** figures out the likelihood that something will happen based on available evidence. This is different from frequency probability which determines the likelihood something will happen based on how often it occurred in the past.

You might use Bayesian probability if you don't have information on how often the event happened in the past.

## Example

As an example, say you want to classify an email as "spam" or "not spam".  One thing you know about this email is that it has an emoji in the subject line.  Say it's the year 2017, and 80% of the emails you got with emoji in them were spam.  So you can look at an email with emoji in the subject and say it's 80% likely to be spam.

But if only 1% of your emails were spam and 80% of the emojis were spam, that's different than if half your emails are spam and 80% of emoji emails were spam.

Then you can use Bayes's Theorem to determine one probability of whether this email is spam:

p (is_spam | contains_emoji) = [ p(contains_emoji | is_spam) * p(is_spam) ] / p(contains_emoji)

P(xy) = P(xy) * Px / Py
Dani Rodrik

**Dani Rodrik** (born August 14, 1957 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish economist in the fields of international economics, economic development and political economy.
He is a professor of economics at John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he teaches economics to university students.

## Life and work

Dani Rodrik was born in Istanbul, Turkey to a Sephardic Jewish (Jews who come from Spain) family.
He studied at the high schools, Robert College in Istanbul and École Normale Supérieure in Paris and then at the universities, Harvard University and Princeton University in the United States of America learning economics. He graduated from Harvard University and got his Ph.D. and Professorship from Princeton University.

Dani Rodrik is one of the most important Turkish economists and has made several important contributions to economics. He looks at international economics, economic development and political economy,  and has published many articles about them. The main questions of his research are: what makes a good economic policy and why some governments are better than others in adopting it.

He does not like globalization, because he feels it only helps rich people get richer by making poor people poorer and that people lose their jobs. He also thinks that international organizations like the World Bank and the IMF have made it harder for poorer countries to get richer, or even do not allow them to get richer. He writes critical articles against globalization.

## Other websites

- Dani Rodrik's home page
- Who is Dani Rodrik

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Dani Rodrik
- **image**: Dani Rodrik AB 02.jpg
- **caption**: Rodrik in 2012
- **birth place**: Istanbul, Turkey
- **nationality**:  Turkey, Turkish
- **field**: Economics (International economics, Economic development, Political economy)
- **work institution**: John F. Kennedy School of Government (Harvard University)
Tiffani Thiessen

**Tiffani Thiessen** (born January 23, 1974) is an American sitcom and television actress. She was born in Long Beach, California. She played Valerie Malone in _Beverly Hills, 90210_.
Saved by the Bell

***Saved by the Bell*** is an American sitcom. It aired on NBC on Saturday mornings from August 1989 to May 1993. The show performed extremely well, although many TV critics did not like it. The show is set in Los Angeles at a fictional high school.
Pope Benedict VIII

**Pope Benedict VIII** (;   –died April 9, 1024), born **Teofillato** or **Theophylactus**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 144th Pope from 1012 to 1024.

## Early life

Teofillato was the son of Gregory, Count of Tusculum.  He was the brother of Pope John XIX.  He was related to Pope Sergius IV and the Conti family.

## Pope

Teofillato was a layman before he was elected pope in 1012.

Benedict was supported by King Henry II of Saxony.  Benedict crowned Henry Holy Roman Emperor in 1014.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes from the Tusculum family

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Benedict VIII

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Benedict VIII
- **image**: B Benedikt VIII.jpg
- **birth name**: Teofillato (Theophylactus)
- **birth date**: c. 980
- **birth place**: Rome
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: May 18, 1012
- **term end**: April 9, 1024
- **predecessor**: Pope Sergius IV
- **successor**: Pope John XIX
- **other**: Benedict
Knights of St. Patrick

**The Knights of St. Patrick** is a British order of chivalry associated with Ireland.  Founded by King George III of Great Britain and Ireland in 1783. Irish-born British General Herbert Kitchener was a Knight of St. Patrick
The Script

**The Script** are an Irish pop rock group from Dublin. They formed in 2001. They are currently based out of London. They are signed to the Sony Label Group. Their music has been featured in video games and popular TV programs.

The Script have made four albums:
- _The Script_ (2008)
- _Science & Faith_ (2010)
- _#3_ (2012)
- _No Sound Without Silence_ (2014)
These have all gone to the top of the Irish charts. They also did really well in the UK charts, with the first two albums reaching number 1 and _#3_ reaching the second position. Their 2012 single _Hall of Fame_, made with will.i.am, was a worldwide success.

## Other websites

- Official website
Abercrombie River

The **Abercrombie River** is a river in New South Wales, Australia. It flows west from Mount Werong to the Wyangala Dam near Cowra. The river is a tributary of the Lachlan, which it joins at Wyangala lake.

The Abercrombie River is  in length, and passes through the Abercrombie River National Park. It provides habitat for platypus and rakali. The Goulburn-Oberon Road crosses the Abercrombie River in the steep-sided Abercrombie Gorge.

The first people to live alongside the river were Aborigines of the Wiradjuri and Gundungara tribes. They may have used the river as a trading route. The first European to visit the river was explorer Charles Throsby on 5 May 1819, during an expedition from Sydney to the Central West of New South Wales. Alluvial gold was discovered in and along the river in 1851. This started a small gold rush. It was difficult to find gold because of the rough terrain, and changing water levels in the river. Early miners found up to  of gold a day along the river. By 1862 about 45 mining parties were working at Milburne Creek, a minor tributary of the Abercrombie.
It is the furthest east of the inland flowing rivers.
Pope Benedict XII

**Pope Benedict XII** (; died April 25, 1342), born **Jacques Fournier**, was a French priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 198th Pope from 1334 to 1342.

He was the third of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

## Early life

Jacques Fournier is believed to have been born in Saverdun in the Comté de Foix near Toulouse.

He became a Cistercian monk; and he studied at the University of Paris.

In 1311, he was made Abbot of Fontfroide Abbey.

## Bishop

In 1317, Fourier was made bishop of Pamiers.

In 1327, he became Bishop of Mirepoix in the Ariège.

## Cardinal

Pope John XXIII made Fourier a cardinal  in 1327.

## Pope

Cardinal Fourier was elected pope in 1335; and he chose to be called Benedict XII.

Pope Benedict was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

Benedict XII ordered the construction of the Palais des Papes in Avignon.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- Avignon Papacy

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Fourier

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Benedict XII
- **image**: Papa Benedictus Duodecimus.jpg
- **birth name**: Jacques Fourier
- **birth date**: c. 1280s
- **birth place**: Saverdun, France
- **death place**: Avignon
- **term start**: December 20, 1334
- **term end**: April 25, 1342
- **predecessor**: Pope John XXII
- **successor**: Pope Clement VI
- **other**: Benedict
La Toya Jackson

**La Toya Jackson** (born May 29, 1956, near Gary, Indiana) is an American singer, songwriter, writer, actress, television personality and a former model. She was the fifth of ten offspring born to Joseph and Katherine Jackson. She wanted to be an attorney but her father insisted that she work in show business like her siblings. She sang background vocals with The Jackson Five, her brothers' band. She had many musical hits during the 1980s and 1990s and returned in 2004. In 1989 Jackson was on the cover of _Playboy_ magazine.

### 1950s

Jackson was born at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana, She was fifth children and ten child of Joe Jackson and Katherine Jackson

### 1980s

In 1980 Jackson's first album _La Toya Jackson_ was released. Jackson wanted the album to be called "La Toya" but her dad would not let her. Her second single "Night Time Lover" was produced by La Toya's brother Michael. Jackson's third album was released in 1984. She sung backing vocals on Michael's single ""P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)". In 1985 Jackson sung on "We Are the World" as part of USA for Africa. It sold over 20 million copies.

### 1990s

In 1991 Jackson's first book _La Toya, Growing Up In The Jackson Family_ was published.
Jackson released her ninth album _From Nashville to You_ in 1994.

### 2000s

In July 2009 Jackson released the single "Home" in dedication to her brother Michael Jackson, who died on June 25 2009. All of the money from people buying the single went to AIDS_Project Los Angeles, which was one of Michael's favourite charities.

### 2010s

She released a new EP for 2011,_ Starting Over_. In the same year a best-selling memoir written by Jackson of the same name was released. In 2010 she released Dream Cream, a hand cream for Alessandro International.

On April 13, 2013 a reality series about Jackson's life called _Life with La Toya_ started on the Oprah Winfrey Network.

Jackson's newest single “Feels Like Love” was played for the first time on December 14 at a West Hollywood nightclub.

## Personal life

Jackson did not move out of the Jackson family home until she was 31 years old. In 1989 she married her manager Jack Gordon. She did not want to. In 1993 Gordon beat Jackson with a chair many times. She had to have 12 stitches in her mouth. In 1996 Jackson escaped from Gordon with the help of her brother Randy. She sued Gordon under the Violence Against Women Act.
It was reported that on December 9, 2013 Jackson married Jeffrey Phillips in Los Angeles.
However Jackson said this is not true.

## Other websites

- Official website
Abercrombie River National Park

**Abercrombie River National Park** is a national park in New South Wales, Australia. It is  west of Sydney. The Abercrombie and Retreat Rivers flow through the park. The park protects a large area of open forest, the largest area in this part of New South Wales. There are large trees, Casuarina cunninghamia, growing along the river. The river is normally a series of deep waterholes. In the park there are platypuses, rakalis, wallaroos, red-necked wallabies, swamp wallabies and Eastern Grey Kangaroos.

## Other websites

- UNEP-WCMC WDPA Site Sheet
- List of all animals found in the park

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: protected
- **name**: Abercrombie River National Park
- **state**: nsw
- **iucn category**: II
- **image**: Abercrombie River 1.jpg
- **relief**: 1
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **area**: 190
- **managing authorities**: National Parks and Wildlife Service (New South Wales), NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service
- **url**: http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/abercrombie-river-national-park
Rakali

The **rakali** (_Hydromys chrysogaster_), also known as the **water-rat**, is an Australian native rodent. The species lives in burrows on the banks of rivers, lakes and estuaries. It feeds on aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, birds' eggs and water birds. Rakali are  in length with a thick tail measuring around . They weigh . They have webbed hind legs, waterproof fur, a flattened head, a long blunt nose, many whiskers and small ears and eyes. They are black to brown in colour with an orange to white belly, and dark tail with a white tip.

## Common names

Until the 1980s, this species was commonly known as **water-rat**. During the 1990s there was a push for English common names to be replaced with indigenous names. In 1995 the Australian Nature Conservation Agency recommended that the name **rakali** be used as the common name. The Australian Department of Environment and Heritage has taken up this suggestion and both common names are now used.

## Other websites

- Australian Museum Factsheet
Desert Diamond Arena

The **Desert Diamond Arena** is a sports arena in Glendale, Arizona. The arena opened on December 26, 2003, and was the home of the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League until the end of the 2021-2022 (NHL) season. The arena was originally known as **Glendale Arena** until online company Jobing.com acquired naming rights in late 2006 for 10 years, which cost a reported $30 million. The building became **Jobing.com Arena** on January 1, 2007. In 2014, the team ended the contract with Jobing.com and reached a new deal with the Gila River Casinos, owned by a local tribe of Native Americans. The new arena name became official on September 10, 2014 and he arena was renamed **Gila River Arena**. On August 23, 2022, Desert Diamond Casino would purchase the naming rights for the arena and it would be renamed the **Desert Diamond Arena**.

The arena currently seats 17,125 people (17,534 with standing room). The Arizona Sting of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) also played in the arena from 2003 to 2007.
Stockholm Bloodbath

The **Stockholm Bloodbath** () or **Swedish Massacre** (8–9 November 1520) was the mass killing of Swedish nobility by the Danish King Christian II (1481–1559). Denmark, Norway and Sweden were part of the Kalmar Union. There had been conflict in Sweden between those who supported the union, and those who wanted independence. In 1520 Christian II had invaded Sweden. The regent of Sweden, Sten Sture the Younger, was killed in battle. Christian II besieged Stockholm for four months. When the city gave in, he made himself king and beheaded 82 leading Swedes, including two bishops for heresy. The reason for heresy was the people of Stockholm had replaced Archbishop Gustav Trolle; this was said to be a crime against the Church. Sture the Younger's body was dug up and burned at the stake. The killings made people so angry that he became known as "Christian the Tyrant". He was chased out of Sweden in 1523.
Rebbie Jackson

**Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson** (born May 29, 1950 in Gary, Indiana) is an American singer. She is the eldest of the Jackson siblings.

## Life and Career

Jackson was born at 2300 Jackson Street in Gary, Indiana. She began performing on stage in 1974 and later appeared in the television program  _The Jacksons_.

In 1984, Rebbie released her debut album _Centipede_, her most successful album. The single "Centipede" reached number 4 on the US _Billboard_ R&B chart. It has backing vocals from siblings La Toya and Michael Jackson and The Weather Girls. In 1976, she was in the TV series _The Jacksons_. It was the first TV show starring an African-American family. She released two more albums in the 1980s and then went on hiatus. She returned in 1998 with _Yours Faithfully_. She has not had an album released since then.

## Personal life

She married Nathaniel Brown in 1968. He died in 2013 of cancer. They have three children, Austin, Stacee (who has Jackson's only grandchild, London), and Yashi Brown.
Battle of White Mountain

The **Battle of White Mountain** happened in 1620 and was the first battle of the Thirty Years' War. It had Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria defeat the forces of Frederick V, Elector of Palantine, King of Bohemia and Moravia.

The cause of the battle was a revolt by a group of Czech lords who threw two governors and a secretary out of the windows of Prague Castle. The incident is known as the Defenestration of Prague. The rebels quickly built up an army of 30,000 to make an independent Protestant country. The Czechs were defeated by a well-trained Imperial army after a battle lasting less than one hour. Emperor Ferdinand II replaced Frederick as King of Bohemia and then killed many who had opposed him. Others were given a choice to convert to Catholicism or to leave the country.

White Mountain is now in the city of Prague. There is an open space and monument.
Lana Turner

**Lana Turner** (February 8, 1921 - June 29, 1995) was an American actress. She was born in Wallace, Idaho. She was first discovered and signed into movie contract by MGM when she was 16. She played mainly feature roles and was one of Hollywood's first scream queens. She would become very popular in the 1940s and 1950s. Turner appeared in the television series _Falcon Crest_ during 1982 and 1983. The actress died from throat cancer in 1995 in Century City, Los Angeles.
Gansus

***Gansus*** is a genus of  aquatic birds that lived during the Lower Cretaceous period, between 115 to 105 million years ago (mya). It was found in what is now Gansu province, western China. It is the oldest-known of the Ornithurae, the group which includes modern birds (Neornithes) and extinct related groups, such as _Confuciusornis_, _Ichthyornis_ and _Hesperornis_.

## Description

The genus _Gansus_ contains a single species, _G. yumenensis_, which was about the size of a pigeon and similar in appearance to loons and diving ducks.
 It had many features common among modern birds, and also retained some primitive traits such as its clawed wings.

_Gansus_ was discovered in the form of a single fossil foot in 1981. Five more well-preserved fossils were found in 2003–2004 in mudstone at the site of an ancient lake at Changma, Gansu; the geological stratum in which the fossils were found is the Xiagou Formation.  Their bodies had settled in anoxic mud and were soon covered with further extremely fine silty sediments. Without oxygen, their remains resisted decay: these specimens preserved remains of flight feathers and traces of the webbing between their toes.
Marumo no Okite

***Marumo no Okite*** is a Japanese television drama starring Sadao Abe and Mana Ashida. Eleven episodes were broadcast by Fuji Television between April 24 and July 3, 2011.
Ornithurae

**Ornithurae** (meaning 'bird tails' in Greek) is the name of a natural group which includes all modern birds as well as their extinct relatives with plough-shaped pygostyles (†Ichthyornis, †Hesperornithes, †Limenavis). This is a bone at the end of the tail which allows the tail feathers to fan and retract. _Gansus_, from the Lower Cretaceous of China is the earliest known at 110 million years ago.

Simple classification:
- Birds
    - **Ornithurae**
        - Neornithes: modern birds: the most recent common ancestor of all living birds (class Aves) and all its descendants.
            - Palaeognathae (tinamous and flightless ratites)
            - Neognathae (all other modern birds)