juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Upper Franconia Government Region

**Upper Franconia** (, ; Main-Franconian: ) is a _regierungsbezirk_ (administrative region) of the German state Bavaria. It has an area of 7,230 km² and about 1,200,000 people. It borders the German states of Sachsen and Thuringia, and also the Czech Republic. Bayreuth is its capital.

### Cities which are urban districts

1. Coburg,
1. Bamberg,
1. Hof,
1. Bayreuth.

### Smaller cities

1. Forchheim,
1. Kulmbach,
1. Lichtenfels,
1. Marktredwitz,
1. Neustadt bei Coburg
1. Kronach,
1. Rödental,
1. Wunsiedel,
1. Selb,
1. Münchberg,
1. Helmbrechts,
1. Rehau,
1. Stadtsteinach,
1. Bad Staffelstein,
1. Ebermannstadt,
1. Burgkunstadt

### Districts

1. Coburg Rural District
1. Bamberg Rural District
1. Forchheim Rural District
1. Bayreuth Rural District
1. Lichtenfels Rural District
1. Kronach Rural District
1. Hof Rural District
1. Kulmbach Rural District
1. Wunsiedel i. Fichtelgebirge Rural District

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Upper Franconia
- **native name**: Oberfranken
- **native name lang**: de
- **settlement type**: Regierungsbezirk
- **image map**: Locator map RB Oberfranken in Bavaria.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Bavaria highlighting Upper Franconia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Germany
- **subdivision type1**: States of Germany, State
- **subdivision name1**: Bavaria
- **extinct title**: Disestablished
- **seat type**: Region seat
- **seat**: Bayreuth
- **area total km2**: 7230.19
- **population density km2**: auto
- **website**: [http://www.regierung.oberfranken.bayern.de regierung.oberfranken.bayern.de]
- **image flag**: Flagge Oberfranken.svg
- **flag size**: 150px
- **image shield**: Wappen Bezirk Oberfranken2.svg
Lemma (mathematics)

In mathematics, a **lemma** is a "mini-proof"; a small hypothesis which is proved and then provides a part of a more important theorem.

## Popular Lemmas

A good small thing can lead to many big things. Some powerful results in mathematics are known as lemmas, such as Bézout's lemma, Dehn's lemma, Euclid's lemma, Farkas' lemma, Fatou's lemma, Gauss's lemma, Greendlinger's lemma, Itō's lemma, Jordan's lemma, Nakayama's lemma, Poincaré's lemma, Riesz's lemma, Schur's lemma, Schwarz's lemma, Urysohn's lemma, Yoneda's lemma and Zorn's lemma. While these results originally seemed too simple to get independent interest, they have turned out to be important to the theories in which they occur.
Avatar

**Avatar**, a word in Hinduism, is a deity which comes down to earth  and takes in another form. Rama was an avatar of Vishnu, one of the three main gods of the Hindus. Similarly, Buddha was also an avatar. Both of these avatars had human form, but avatars of the Hindu mythology have also appeared in animal form. For example: Matsya had the form of a fish and Varaha had the form of a boar.

The word is usually translated into English as "incarnation", but better as "appearance" or "manifestation". This is the sense in which the word 'avatar' is used in various media today.

According to Hindu mythology, the important avatars of god Vishnu are named below:

- Matsya
- Kurma
- Varaha
- Narasimha
- Vamana
- Parashurama
- Rama
- Balarama
- Krishna
- Buddha
- Kalki

Several Hindu scriptures have details and stories about Vishnu's avatars. These texts also tell that Vishnu will appear again as the Kalki avatar. The following stories are of the avatars that appeared in animal forms or partly animal and partly human forms.

Matsya is the first avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a big fish. Sometimes, it is said that he took the form of a half-man and half-fish. There is a story about this in Hindu mythology. The story tells about a very wicked demon (an _asura_) who snatched the Vedas, the holy books of the Hindus, and went deep inside the sea. At this point, Vishnu came as the Matsya (fish) avatar, who went deep into the sea and brought back the Vedas. He gave the Vedas to Manu. The Hindu scriptures say that Manu was the first man in the world. He may also be compared with Noah.

Kurma is the second avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a tortoise. Kurma is a word in the Sanskrit language that means a tortoise. This avatar of Vishnu is a symbol of strength and stability.

Varaha was the third avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a black boar. Varaha is a word in the Sanskrit language that means a boar. The Hindu scriptures tell a story about this avatar. There was a demon (a _daitya_) named Hiranyaksha. He threw the earth (called prithivi by the Hindus) into the waters of the ocean. The earth was about to sink in the ocean. At this point, Vishnu took the form of a black boar, entered the water and carried the earth on its body. Thus Vishnu, as Varaha, saved the earth from destruction.

Narashimha was the fourth avatar of Vishnu, in the form of a man with the head of a lion. This avatar of Vishnu is also a symbol of great strength. This avatar of Vishnu killed the demon king Hiranyakashyap.

All other avatars of Vishnu after Narashimha avatar were in the form of human beings.

Although the avatars of Vishnu are the most important in the Hindu mythology, there are stories about avatars of other deities, like Shiva, Ganesha and Devi.

Avatar is material appeareance of God in Hinduism.

## Related pages

- Sugata Bhuddha
- Puranass
Avatar (disambiguation)

**Avatar** can mean:
- Avatar, the incarnation of a God in Hinduism.
- Avatar, a picture representing a person on the internet.
- _Avatar: The Last Airbender_, a Nickelodeon animated television series
- _Avatar_ (2009 movie), James Cameron's 3-D science fiction movie
Cleopatra VII

**Cleopatra Philopator** (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ) 69 BC – 10 August, 30 BC, was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. She was its last active ruler.

## Infobox (pharaoh)

- **name**: Cleopatra
- **image**: Isismontemartini.JPG
- **caption**: A bust that could belong to Cleopatra VII wearing Vulture crown, now at Centrale Montemartini Museum
- **reign**: 51–30 BC (21 years)
- **predecessor**: Ptolemy XII
- **dynasty**: Ptolemaic dynasty
- **successor**: Caesarion
- **reg-type**: Co-pharaoh
- **birth place**: Alexandria


## Infobox (hieroglyphs)

- **title**: Cleopatra VII
- **name**: <hiero>q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-t-A-H8</hiero>
- **name transcription**: Cleopatra
_Qlwpdrt_
- **name in cartouche**: yes
- **name2**: <hiero>wr:r-nb-nfr-nfr-nfr-H2:x-O22</hiero>
- **name2 in serekh**: yes
- **name2 serekh symbol**: <hiero>G5</hiero>
- **name2 explanation**: **Horus name (1):** Wer(et)-neb(et)-neferu-achet-seh
_Wr(.t)-nb(.t)-nfrw-3ḫ(t)-sḥ_
 _The great Lady of perfection, excellent in counsel_
- **name3**: <hiero>wr*t:r-t:W:t-A53-n:X2*t:z</hiero>
- **name3 in serekh**: yes
- **name3 serekh symbol**: <hiero>G5</hiero>
- **name3 explanation**: **Horus name (2):** Weret-tut-en-it-es
_Wr.t-twt-n-jt=s_
 _The great one, sacred image of her father_
- **name4**: <hiero>q:rw-W:p-d:r:t*H8-nTr-t:H8-R7:t-z:N36</hiero>
- **name4 in cartouche**: yes
- **name4 transcription**: Cleopatra netjeret mer(et) ites
_Qlwpdrt nṯrt mr(t) jts_
_The goddess Cleopatra who is beloved of her father_
Cleopatra

**Cleopatra** was a name of several ancient Egyptian women. Most of the queens (numbered 7) of the Ptolemaic dynasty were named Cleopatra.

- Cleopatra VII, the most famous Cleopatra of Ancient Egypt, who had a son with Julius Caesar named Caesarion.
CSS

**CSS** is an abbreviation. It can stand for the following:
- Cascading Style Sheets, a technology to make HTML look better
- The Chinese Space Station, a planned space station in low earth orbit
- Content Scrambling System, a way to make it harder to copy DVDs
- Counter-Strike Source, an online first person shooter game
Jean-Philippe Rameau

**Jean-Philippe Rameau** (born Dijon, September ? 1683; died Paris, 12 September 1764) was a French composer.  He is famous for his music for harpsichord and for his operas.  His most well-known operas are: _Hippolyte et Aricie_, _Castor et Pollux_, and _Dardanus_. He is also known for his one act opera "Pigmalion" which he is said to have composed in 8 days. He is also known as an important music theorist by writing many books on the matter.

## Other websites

- Jean-Philippe Rameau / Discography
Light-emitting diode

A **light-emitting diode** (**LED**) is a semiconductor device that produces light from electricity. LEDs last a long time and do not break easily (compared to incandescent lightbulbs). They can produce many different colors. They are efficient - most of the energy turns into light, not heat.

An LED is a type of diode that makes one color of light when electricity is sent through it in the expected direction (electrically biased in the forward direction). This effect is a kind of electroluminescence.

The color of the light depends on the chemical composition of the semiconducting material used, and can be near-ultraviolet, visible or infrared.  The color affects how much electricity is used by the LED.  A white LED has either two or three LEDs inside, of different colors. Modern white LEDs used for general-purpose lighting have one single-color LED inside (usually blue but sometimes violet), combined with a phosphor that converts that single color to white.

LEDs are used in many places. Early LEDs could only emit infrared, and were used in optical fiber communication. Later ones were used as red indicator lights on many electronic devices, and in the 1980s they also made other colors. In the 21st century they are used for bright advertising signs, brake lights on cars, in TVs, and more recently, light bulbs for the home. White LEDs bright enough to illuminate rooms are usually more expensive than regular lightbulbs but they last longer and burn less electricity.

LEDs, which make their own light, should not be confused with LCDs, which block light. Some displays, however, mix the two technologies, using LEDs to backlight the LCD.

Today, some LEDs are surface-mount devices (SMD), so they can be very small.

## Types

- Organic light-emitting diode
- Crystal light-emitting diode

## References

- Nikolay Zheludev 2007.  The life and times of the LED – a 100-year history. _Nature Photonics_. **1**, 189–192. http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v1/n4/full/nphoton.2007.34.html.  http://www.orc.soton.ac.uk/fileadmin/downloads/100_years_of_optoelectronics__2_.pdf  is a full-text version.
Arthur Sullivan

**Sir Arthur Sullivan** (13 May 1842 – 22 November 1900) was an English composer. In his lifetime people thought he was the best British composer, but nowadays his serious works are rarely heard. He worked with an author and poet called W. S. Gilbert, and together they wrote fourteen comic operas. Their names are always mentioned together: "Gilbert and Sullivan". Their operas were very popular a hundred years ago, and most still are. The most popular are _The Mikado_, _H.M.S. Pinafore_ and _The Pirates of Penzance_. The two men were very different. They argued sometimes, but they worked together for 25 years, from 1871 to 1896.

Sullivan's serious works include one grand opera, two dozen orchestral and choral pieces, and many hymns and songs, including "Onward Christian Soldiers" and "The Lost Chord".
Ramen

is a Japanese kind of noodle soup. The noodles are made of wheat. Ramen are typically Japanese, though they originally came from China. Ramen has become very popular in Japan and there are many shops that sell it. The Japanese also make "instant ramen" to eat ramen quickly and easily at home. Outside of Japan, people have also started to eat ramen.

There are various types of thickness, shapes and lengths. The noodle may be thin or thick, straight or wrinkled.

In Japan, there are unique local Ramen in various areas where local tastes are enjoyed. It is called "gotouchi ramen" in Japan. For example, Hakata ramen is known for its pork ramen soup. The noodles are very thin and do not need to be boiled for very long to become soft. Sapporo ramen is known for its miso ramen soup.
Kitakata ramen is known for its Shoyu ramen soup. Shio (salty) ramen is also a popular flavor. These days, Gyokai-tonkotsu ramen is also popular.
Peter Paul Rubens

**Pieter Pauwel (Peter Paul) Rubens** (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a painter.

## Early life

He was born "in the German province of Westfalia, where his ... [Calvinist]Flemish family had fled to escape religious persecution in Antwerp. In 1578, they moved to Cologne", according to media; The family moved back to Antwerp in 1589.

He was good at painting many subjects: portraits, stories from the bible or other books and landscapes. He painted in the Baroque style. Paintings in this style have a lot of action and color. Many of his paintings have a sensual touch. Some of them can be seen as erotic.

## Other information

In 2024, the painting "Crucifixion of Jesus Christ" was authenticated as one of his paintings; Later it was auctioned for [c. 2 million euro or] 2.3 million euros ($2.7 million).

## Other websites

- Biography of Peter Paul Rubens
Adolf Frederick of Sweden

**Adolf Frederick**, (14 May 1710 - 12 February 1771), was the King of Sweden between 1751 and 1771.
Gothenburg

**Gothenburg** () is the second largest Swedish city, after Stockholm. Around 550 000 people live there. The city was founded in 1621 by king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gothenburg
- **native name**: _Göteborg_
- **image skyline**: Gothenburg new montage 2012.png
- **image caption**: From left to right: View over Gothenburg and Göta Älv, Götaplatsen, Svenska Mässan, Gothenburg tram network, Gothenburg tram, Älvsborg Castle, Elfsborg Fortress, Ullevi.
- **pushpin map**: Sweden
- **image shield**: Göteborg vapen.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Gothenburg Municipality,
Härryda Municipality,
Partille Municipality and
Mölndal Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Västra Götaland County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Västergötland and Bohuslän
- **established title3**: City status in Sweden, Charter
- **established date3**: 1621
- **area total km2**: 450
- **area water km2**: 14.5
- **area water percent**: 3.2
- **area urban km2**: 203.67
- **area metro km2**: 3717
- **population as of**: 2011 (urban: 2010)
- **population total**: 520,374
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population metro**: 938,580
- **population density metro km2**: auto
- **population urban**: 549,839
- **population density urban km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Göteborgare
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **website**: [http://www.goteborg.se/ www.goteborg.se]
Bad Aibling

**Bad Aibling** (Central Bavarian: _Bod Oabling_ or _Oawin_) is a town in Bavaria (Germany). It is a former district seat. It is on the river Mangfall about 35 miles southeast of Munich. Bad Aibling is a health resort (peat pulp bath and mineral water).

## History

In 804, Bad Aibling was mentioned for the first time. After the second World War Bad Aibling has evolved to a major centre for intelligence organizations and secret services. In 2004 the US American Bad Aibling Echelon station closed after decades of operation. In 2016, ten people were killed in a train crash.

## Number of people

In the town live about 18,000 people. It is 498 meters above sea level and covers an area of 41.55 km².

## Other websites

- Official website
- The health and cure administration

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **wappen**: DEU Bad Aibling COA.svg
- **bundesland**: Bavaria
- **regierungsbezirk**: Upper Bavaria
- **landkreis**: Rosenheim
- **höhe**: 492
- **fläche**: 41.55
- **einwohner**: 17795
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 83035 – 83043
- **vorwahl**: 08061
- **kfz**: RO (bis 1972 AIB)
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 87 117
- **gliederung**: 28 Stadtteile
- **bürgermeister**: Felix Schwaller
- **partei**: Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern, CSU
Gaya (India)

**Gaya** is a town in the Indian state of Bihar. Some parts of Gaya date back to the fifth and sixth centuries. It is one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus.
Nozomi (Shinkansen)

**Nozomi** trains are the fastest Shinkansen "bullet" trains in Japan. They can reach Osaka from Tokyo in two and a half hours. The trains are called "bullet" trains because they travel so fast, like a bullet from a gun. These trains have speeds of up to .

The second fastest Shinkansen trains is the Hikari train.  The third fastest Shinkansen train is the Kodama train. In the Japanese language, "Nozomi" means hope, "Hikari" means light and "Kodama" means "echo."

"Shinkansen" means "New Trunk Line" in Japanese because it was built with all new bridges, tunnels through mountains and under water, and special tracks for high speed trains so it could go directly (straight) from city to city. Before the Shinkansen, trains in Japan were slower because they were old and had to go around many mountains, or share the track with cars on road crossings.
Moravia

**Moravia** (Czech and Slovak: _Morava;_ German_:_ _Mähren_) is a historical region in the eastern part of the Czech Republic that takes its name from the Morava River, which flows from the north to the south of the land.

Together with Bohemia in the west and Silesia in the north, Moravia was a historical-political region called the Czech Lands. Moravia, Bohemia and a small part of Silesia make up the current Czech Republic.

Important cities in Moravia are Brno, Olomouc, Ostrava and Zlín.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Moravia
- **map caption1**: Location of Moravia in the European Union
- **utc offset**: +1
- **settlement type**: Czech lands, Historical land
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of the Czech Republic, Regions
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name1**: Moravian-Silesian Region, Olomouc Region, South Moravian Region, Vysočina Region, Vysočina, Zlín Region, South Bohemian Region, Pardubice Region
- **subdivision name**: Czech Republic
- **seat**: Brno (1641–1948)
Brno, Olomouc (until 1641)
- **seat type**: Former capital
- **population total**: 3100000
- **population demonym**: Moravian
- **native name**: _Morava_
- **map caption**: Moravia _(green)_ in relation to the current regions of the Czech Republic
- **image skyline**: Mikulov pohled 2.jpg
- **image shield**:
- **image map1**: EU-Moravia.png
- **image map**:

- **image flag**: Moravská orlice.jpg
- **image caption**: The town of Mikulov
- **established title1**: Great Moravia, Consolidated
- **established title**: First mentioned
- **established date**: 822
- **area total km2**: 22348.87
- **anthem**: Jsem Moravan
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Advanced Photo System

The **Advanced Photo System**, also known by its numerical label **240** or **IX240**, or by trademarked names such as **Advantix**, was a technology for photographic film and cameras. People started using it in the year 1996. From 2001, it started to disappear from the market. There were no new developments. In 2011, Kodak and Fuji announced they would produce no new APS film cartridges. They were the last two companies to produce film.

## How it worked

It had a new way of changing film in cameras, simpler than with the old roll film system, so the film could be "dropped in", just like people changed batteries. It allowed for people to change a film, even if the entire film had not been used yet.

When the film was developed, it had an "index print" which showed small copies of every picture. This is similar to the contact sheets used with other film formats. For each photo taken, special information was saved onto the film, called "metadata". The developed negatives were stored in the original cartridge, unlike other film formats where they were kept in plastic sleeves.

There were three different kinds of images, which were made by cropping (cutting) the negative. The camera always started with the largest kind, but the finished picture could change depending on which aspect ratio the owner wanted:

- Panoramic
- Classic
- HDTV (16:9)

## Problems

- Film frame size is smaller (30x16mm compared to 24x36 for older cameras).
- The final print is not as good
- Photography companies needed to buy new equipment, since their old equipment would not work with APS.
- APS film processing was difficult at home.  The Paterson developing tank, used at home with other film formats, never supported APS.
- Reversal (slide) proved to be unpopular and was soon discontinued.
- Black and white film was available, but not very common.

The system never became popular, and cameras stopped being made in 2004. Film continued to be made until 2011. Since then, most cameras have switched to digital (electronic) systems anyway. Almost all remaining film cameras on the market use 135 film instead.

One famous type of camera that used this system was the Canon IXUS, which then later changed and became a digital one. Many modern digital cameras use a sensor that is the same size as the APS-C frame.

## Technical details

The film comes in a canister similar to the 135 film cartridge, but smaller. The film is threaded onto the takeup reel automatically by the camera. This reduces the chance of mistakes during film loading, including mistakes that could damage the shutter. In addition to recording the image, the camera also records metadata such as the date and time the photo was taken, the aperture and shutter speed, and the size of the photo. Metadata can be recorded optically next to the picture area, or on a magnetic stripe that is built-into the film. All APS film (even black and white film) is developed in C-41 chemistry. After the film is developed, it is  stored in the original cartridge, rather than plastic sleeves.

## Other websites

- photo.net  - Reviews and comments on APS
- Photos of disabled APS cameras
Coral reef

A **coral reef** is a large underwater structure made of dead and living corals. In most healthy reefs, stony corals are predominant. They are built from colonial polyps from the phylum Cnidaria which secrete an exoskeleton of calcium carbonate. The reefs are formed in tropical marine areas (30 degrees north and south of the equator) and between the tropics. The reef acts as the home of many tropical fish and other animals. Coral reefs systems are a major tourism attraction because of their beauty and color of the corals and their many associated animals.

People look at them while snorkeling and diving. One example of a coral reef is in Malaysia at Pulau Tioman, off the State of Pahang. The most famous is the Great Barrier Reef off the East coast of Australia.

## Formation

Most present-day coral reefs were formed after the last ice age when melting ice caused the sea level to rise and flood the continental shelves. This means they are less than 10,000 years old. As coral reef communities were established on the shelves, they built reefs that grew upwards, keeping pace with the rise in sea level. Reefs that did not keep pace became _drowned reefs_, covered by so much water that there was insufficient light for further survival.

Coral reefs are also found in the deep sea away from the continental shelves, around oceanic islands and as atolls. The vast majority of these ocean coral islands are volcanic in origin. The few exceptions have tectonic origins where plate movements have lifted the deep ocean floor on the surface.

## Conservation

Coral reefs are fragile ecosystems. Because corals need warm, sunlit water to live, they often grow close to the top of the water. Being so close to land makes them often be damaged by poisons and dirt that can come from boats and the land nearby. Dirt makes the water cloudier, which makes the sunlight less. Poisons can bleach and kill corals. Also, they are hard for ships to see, but easy to hit, which makes ships often run into the coral, damaging both the boats and coral. Because of this, many countries are trying to lessen the kinds of building that usually happen near beaches that have coral reefs nearby and be more careful about the boats that go around reefs.
Laurel wreath

A **laurel wreath** is a circular wreath made of interlocking branches and leaves of the bay laurel (_Laurus nobilis_). This is an evergreen whose leaves give off a pleasant scent.

The wreath is traditionally worn on the head. In Greek mythology, the god Apollo is shown wearing a laurel wreath because of the story of Apollo and Daphne. In Ancient Greece, it was given to special people, such as winners in competitions in poetry or sports, such as the Ancient Olympic Games.

It was also used in Ancient Rome, and Roman Emperors are often shown wearing laurel wreaths. In the Summer Olympics 2004 in Athens, Greece gave laurel wreaths to the winners. The saying "resting on one's laurels" comes from this and means that someone relaxes now because he or she did something good in the past.

In some countries, the laurel wreath is used as a symbol of the master's degree. The wreath is given to young masters in the graduation ceremony of the university. The word "Laureate" in 'poet laureate' refers to the laurel wreath.

In modern times, wreaths are used for their decorative quality rather than ceremonial use. Wreaths may be made with flowers such as roses to make them more appealing.
Ranchi

**Ranchi** is the capital city of Jharkhand state of India. About 11,26,720 people lived in Ranchi (census:2011). Two of the oldest and largest psychiatric hospitals of India were located there.  In 1967 it had one of India's first medical colleges.

## Infobox (city)

- **official name**: Ranchi
- **native name**: ᱨᱟᱺᱪᱤ
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: City Of Waterfall
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Jharkhand
- **subdivision type2**: Divisions of Jharkhand, Division
- **subdivision name2**: South Chotanagpur division, South Chotanagpur
- **subdivision type3**: List of districts of Jharkhand, District
- **subdivision name3**: Ranchi district, Ranchi
- **image skyline**: File:Ranchi.landmarks.jpg
- **image caption**: From left to right: - Kanke, Ranchi Railway Station, Rajendra Chowk, Birsa Munda Airport, JSCA International Cricket Stadium, Line Tank Pond, Kadru Flyover - Hotel Radisson Blue, Nucleus Mall, GEL Church Complex.
- **pushpin map**: India Jharkhand
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Ranchi in Jharkhand
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **leader party**: Sanjeev Vijayvargiya
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–Council
- **leader title**: Ranchi Municipal Corporation, Mayor
- **leader name**: Asha Lakra (BJP)
- **area total km2**: 652.02
- **area metro km2**: 1250
- **elevation m**: 654
- **elevation ft**: 2320
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +05:30
- **population total**: 2856945
- **population as of**: 2019
- **population metro**: 3045798
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Metro rank
- **population blank2 title**: Demonym
- **population blank2**: Calcuttan
- **blank3 name**: Ethnicity
- **blank2 name**: Languages of India, Spoken languages
- **blank2 info**: Hindi language, Hindi, Nagpuri language, Nagpuri, Santali language, Santali
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, Postal index number
- **postal code**: 8340 xx,
- **registration plate**: JH  01
- **blank name sec1**: UN/LOCODE
- **blank info sec1**: IN RNC
- **blank1 name sec1**: Communications in India, Telephone
- **blank1 info sec1**: 91-651-XXXX XXXX
Ujjain

**Ujjain** is a city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, India. Ujjain is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus. It was an important city of Ancient India. It is known for the Mahakaleshwar Temple, a towering structure with a distinctively ornate roof. Nearby, Bade Ganesh Temple houses a colorful statue of Ganesh, the elephant-headed Hindu deity. Harsiddhi Temple features a pair of tall dark pillars studded with lamps.
Ayodhya

**Ayodhya** (; IAST: __) is a city on the banks of holy river Saryu in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ayodhya district as well as the Ayodhya division of Uttar Pradesh, India. It shares a municipal corporation with its neighbouring twin city of Faizabad. The Ramayana tells that Raam, a god of Hindus, was born in Ayodhya. Ayodhya is on the bank of the Sarayu River. The city is about five kilometers east of Faizabad, another important city of Uttar Pradesh.

The Ramayana tells that Ayodhya was the capital city of Raam’s kingdom. Raam was a form (an avatar) of Vishnu. Ayodhya is one of the seven most holy cities of Hindus.

Today, Ayodhya is a popular destination for pilgrims and tourists who come to visit the Ram Janmabhoomi temple and other historical sites associated with Lord Rama. The city is also known for its rich cultural heritage and is home to several ancient temples, shrines, and other historical monuments. You can hire a car driver for outstation to explore the culture of lord Ram.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ayodhya
- **other name**: ''
- **settlement type**: City
- **pushpin map**: India Uttar Pradesh#India
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: District
- **subdivision name1**: Uttar Pradesh
- **subdivision name2**: Faizabad district, Ayodhya
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–Council
- **governing body**: Ayodhya Municipal Corporation
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Rishikesh Upadhyay, BJP
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 79.8
- **elevation m**: 93
- **population total**: 55,890
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Language
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Hindi language, Hindi
- **demographics1 title2**: Additional official
- **demographics1 info2**: Urdu
- **demographics1 title3**: Regional
- **demographics1 info3**: Awadhi language, Awadhi
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +05:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 224001
- **area code**: 05278
- **area code type**: Telephone code
- **registration plate**: UP-42
Tulsidas

**Tulsidas** (1497-1623) was an Indian writer whose full name was goswami tulsidas . He wrote many books which are manifestations of Sanatan dharma and Indian ideology. His most famous book is the _Ramcharitmanas_. This book was written in a language called Awadhi, a dialect of Hindi. The book tells the story of Lord Rama and his war and victory over Ravan, the king of Lanka. Rama fought for his wife Sita and brought her back from Lanka to Ayodhya.

Another book written by Tulsidas is _Kavitavali_.

Tulsidas was born in Sukarketh Rajapur,Present-day in  Uttar Pradesh, in Samvat 1554 or 1497 A.D. He was a Sarayuparina Brahmin by birth and is regarded as an incarnation of Valmiki, the author of the _Ramayana_. His father's name was Atmaram Dubey and his mother's name Hulsi. Tulsidas conceived of god in the form of Rama. Tulsidas's composition 'Ramcharitmanas.' written in Awadhi is important both as an expression of his devotion and as a literary work. His devotion to the literary world is very important. He founded the Sankatmochan Temple dedicated to Lord Hanuman in Varanasi.

There is a belief that Tulsidas was the reincarnation of the sage Valmiki, who wrote the original “**Ramayana**.” Although Tulsidas wrote many popular works, he shared very little about his own life in his writings. Most of what we know about Tulsidas comes from the “**Bhaktamal**,” written by his contemporary Nabhadas, and the “Bhaktirasbodhini,” a commentary on the “**Bhaktamal**” by Priyadas.

Tulsidas ka jivan parichay is rich with his devotion to Lord Rama and his contributions to literature. The poems and verses, known as **Tulsidas ke dohe**, reflect his deep spiritual insights and continue to be cherished by readers.
Mathura

**Mathura** is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Mathura is a very old city, and one of the seven holy cities of the Hindus. It was an important city of ancient India.

## Other websites

- More Information about Mathura
Pulitzer Prize

The **Pulitzer Prize** is an American prize given to journalism and literature. The prize is considered a very high prize. It is also given for musical composition of very high standard. Originally started by Joseph Pulitzer, Columbia University in New York City now awards the prize.

Prizes are given in twenty-one categories. The winner gets $10,000 cash award and a certificate. One of the twenty-one prizes is the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.
Titan (mythology)

The **Titans** (, _Titânes_ - "Straining ones") were members of the second generation of immortal beings in Greek mythology. Though many beings were referred to as Titans in the myths, the term is usually used in reference to the twelve children of Gaia and Ouranos.

They ruled the cosmos prior to the Olympians, with whom they fought for control of the universe in a series of battles known as the Titanomachy. The Olympians emerged victorious, as many of the Titans were cast into Tartarus.

## The first generation (Ouranides)

The first generation of Titans were the children of Gaia and Ouranos; known as the **Ouranides** or the **Elder Titans**, they were twelve in total. They were:
- Okeanos
- Tethys
- Koios (Coeus)
- Phoebe
- Hyperion
- Theia
- Kreios (Crius)
- Iapetos
- Themis
- Mnemosyne
- Kronos
- Rhea

## The second generation (Coenides, Creonides, Hyperionides, and Iapetionides)

The second generation of Titans were mostly children of the original Twelve. These include the children of Okeanos and Tethys: the Potamoi, gods of rivers, and the Okeanides, who were three thousand in number, as well as the Nephelai, cloud nymphs.

Then there was the offspring of Koios and Phoebe: sisters Asteria and Leto.

Next came the children sired by Hyperion and Theia: Helios (the Sun), Selene (the Moon), Eos (the Dawn).

Afterwards came the sons of Iapetos and the Okeanid Asia/Klymene. Known as the Iapetionides, there were four of them: Atlas (the eldest), Prometheus and Epimetheus (who were twins), and Menoitios.

Last but not least were the children of Krios and Eurybia (daughter of Gaia and Pontus): Pallas, Astraeus, and Perses, the latter of whom would go on to marry Asteria, with whom he sired Hecate, goddess of magic and witchcraft.
Titan

**Titan** can mean:
- Titan (mythology), a kind of god in Greek mythology
- Titan (moon), one of Saturn's moons
- Titan (Six Flags Over Texas), a roller coaster at Six Flags Over Texas
- 2023 Titan submersible incident, an implosion of OceanGate's submersible
Phoebe (Titan)

**Phoebe** is a Titan in Greek mythology. She was associated with the moon. She is the daughter of Uranos and Gaia. She was married to her brother Coeus, and had two daughters: Leto  and Asteria. Leto bore Artemis and Apollo, Asteria is the mother of Hecate.

The Olympians beat the Titans in the ten-year war. She and the Titans were summoned by Zeus to Tarturus, in the Underworld.
Phoebe

**Phoebe** can mean:
- Phoebe, a Titan in Greek mythology
- Phoebe (moon), one of Saturn's moons
Rhea (mythology)

**Rhea** () is one of the Titans in Greek mythology. She is a daughter of Gaia and Ouranos. She was the sister and wife of Kronos. She was the mother of Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus). She was known as the "Great Mother" (_Magna Mater_). Rhea was not very important in the Ancient Greek religion. The Roman Rhea is Ops.

## Name

Scholars think Rhea’s name comes from the word  (_rheo_), which means "flow" or "ease."

### Birth

Uranus kept all his children in a prison. But the youngest child, Cronus, escaped.  Gaia helped him defeat his father. Cronus became king in his place. He freed his brothers and sisters. He married his sister Rhea. Rhea and Cronus fought Ophion and Eurynome, daughter of Oceanus. Rhea could wrestle. She fought Eurynome herself. Rhea and her husband threw them into the ocean. Rhea and her husband became rulers in their place.

### Husband and children

Cronus heard that one of his children would defeat him, the way he had defeated his father. When his children were born, he swallowed each one.  They did not die.  They were alive in his stomach.  When Rhea had her sixth, Zeus, she hid him from Cronus.  She gave Cronus a stone to swallow instead.  She hid Zeus in Crete. When Zeus was grown, he would fight his father and save his brothers and sisters. They became the Olympian gods. Rhea stopped ruling as the queen of the gods. Instead of being a queen, she became a supporting goddess on Mount Olympus. She had some roles and stories in the new Olympian times. She was there when her grandson Apollo was born. She cared for her other grandson, Dionysus. When Hades kidnapped her granddaughter Persephone, Rhea went to stop Persephone's mother Demeter from crying. In the story of Pelops, she was reborn in the unlucky youth after he was killed.

### Later stories

Rhea and Aphrodite saved Creusa (the wife of Aphrodite's son Aeneas) from slavery after the fall of Troy. Rhea knew that the bodies of ships had been made from trees cut from her holy mountains, so she made the wood become sea nymphs.

The man Melanion wanted to marry Atalanta, and Aphrodite, goddess of love, helped him do it.  But Melanion forget to thank Aphrodite for her help. So Aphrodite made the couple have great passion for each other when they were near a temple of Rhea. The two then went to have sex inside the temple. This made Rhea very angry.  Rhea turned them into lions.
Magnus II of Sweden

**Magnus II of Sweden,** or ***Magnus Henriksson*** (died 1161) was a Danish lord.  He was King of Sweden between 1160 and 1161.

His mother was Ingrid Ragvaldsdotter, a granddaughter of Inge I. His father was the Danish lord Henrik Skatelår.

Magnus killed Eric the Saint as he left the church in Uppsala on May 18, 1160. He ruled as king of almost all of Sweden.  Then he was murdered by the men of Charles Sverkerson, the rival king, the year after.
Karl Sverkersson

**Karl Sverkersson** (c. 1130 – 12 April 1167) was the King of Sweden between 1160 and 1167.
Knut Eriksson

**Knut Eriksson** (born before 1150 – died 1195/96) was the King of Sweden between 1173 and 1195.
Sverker II of Sweden

**Sverker II of Sweden** ( 1165 - 17 July 1210) was the King of Sweden between 1196 to 1208. He was killed July 17, 1210 in the Battle of Gestilren.
Eric X of Sweden

**Eric X of Sweden** (**Erik Knutsson**, c. 1180 - April 10, 1216) was the King of Sweden between 1208 and 1216.

Erik was the son of King Knut Eriksson of Sweden, but his mother is now unknown. In 1205 he escaped from the Battle of Älgarås, where his three brothers were killed. He stayed for three years with family in Norway. He returned to Sweden in 1208 and defeated Sverker II of Sweden in the battle of Lena. He was married in 1210 to Rikissa of Denmark, the daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark and Sophia of Novgorod.

Eric was elected king, but the coronation took place only in November 1210, after the Battle of Gestilren where he again defeated and killed Sverker II. Sverker had attempted to regain the throne. King Erik's coronation is the earliest known coronation in Sweden. It was carried out by the bishop Valerius, a former supporter of King Sverker II.

In 1216, Pope Innocent III agreed that King Erik was King of Sweden, and also any other pagan lands he captured, probably Finland. Previously, Innocent III had supported Sverker II. Very little is known about King Erik's reign, but it is said that the crops were good while he was king.

Erik had several children:
1. Sofia (died before 24 April 1241), married to Prince Burwin Henry III of Mecklenburg (d. 1277/1278)
1. Marianne, Pomeranian princess, also called _Mariana_ or _Marina_
1. Ingeborg Eriksdotter of Sweden, married Birger Jarl.
1. Erik Eriksson, called_Erik the Lisp and the Lame_. He was born in 1216 after his father's death. The Karl Chronicle says that "Erik Lisp and Lame" also had a sister, Martha Farmer. This would have been Erik Knutsson's daughter. Historian Dick Harrison says that this is only political propaganda for Martha's cousin, Karl Knutsson (Bonde). This untrue connection would have made him a relative of the House of Eric.

Erik died of a fever in 1216 at Nas Castle in Visingsö. He is buried in the Varnhems Church.
Johan Sverkersson

**Johan Sverkersson** (c. 1201 – March 10, 1222) was the King of Sweden between 1216 and 1222.
Eric XI of Sweden

**Eric XI of Sweden** (**Erik Eriksson**) was the King of Sweden from 1222 to 1229, and from 1234 to 1250.
Westboro Baptist Church

The **Westboro Baptist Church** (**WBC**) is an American unaffiliated Baptist church known for its extreme opinions and protests, especially those against gay people. The church is widely described as a hate group.

## Establishment

It was originally headed by Fred Phelps and consists mostly of members of his large family. In 2011, the church claimed it had about 40 members. The church is in a residential neighborhood on the west side of Topeka about three miles (5 km) west of the Kansas State Capitol. Its first public service was held on November 27, 1955.

## Actions

The church has been involved in actions against gay people since at least 1991. This is when it sought a crackdown on homosexual activity at Gage Park six blocks northwest of the church. In addition to conducting anti-gay protests at military funerals, the organization pickets other celebrity funerals and public events that are likely to get it media attention. Protests have also been held against Jews and some protests have included WBC members stomping on the American flag.

## Affiliation

The WBC is not affiliated with any Baptist denomination. The Baptist World Alliance and the Southern Baptist Convention (the two largest Baptist denominations) have each denounced the WBC over the years. The church describes itself as following "Primitive Baptist" and Calvinist principles.

## Infobox (christian denomination)

- **name**: Westboro Baptist Church
- **image**: Westboro-church1.jpg
- **main classification**: Baptist
- **theology**: Primitive Baptist & Calvinist
- **area**: Topeka, Kansas, United States
- **members**: 40
- **ministers**: Fred Phelps
University of Chicago

The **University of Chicago** is a university in Hyde Park, Chicago, Illinois. It started when the American Baptist Education Society used money from John D. Rockefeller to build it. The university began in 1890. William Rainey Harper was the university's first president in 1891. The first classes were held in 1892.

## Background

Many people think it is one of the best universities in the world. Its students get a strong liberal arts education. The university also does important research work. Some of this research work is for the United States government.

The university is known for providing good education in economics (the study of the economy), linguistics (the study of language), social science (the study of society), and mathematics (the study of numbers). Physicists at the University of Chicago built the world's first man-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction. The university spends $472 million on sponsored research each year.

The University of Chicago has had about 90 Nobel Prize winners. (The Nobel Prize is received for using one's intelligence to contribute meaningfully to society.)

## Types of schools

The university has six graduate professional schools:
- Divinity School
- Chicago Booth School of Business
- Law School
- Pritzker School of Medicine
- Harris School of Public Policy Studies
- School of Social Service Administration.

## Other websites

- Official athletics website
- University of Chicago Magazine website
- Archival Photographic Files University of Chicago Library
- Alumnus Arley D. Cathey pledges $17 million

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: The University of Chicago
- **image**: Rosenwald-Hall-Szmurlo.jpg
- **image upright**: 0.6
- **caption**: Julius Rosenwald Hall
- **latin name**: Universitas Chicaginiensis
- **motto**: _Crescat scientia; vita excolatur_ (Latin)
- **mottoeng**: Let knowledge grow from more to more; and so be human life enriched
- **established**: 1890
- **type**: Private university, Private
- **academic affiliations**: Association of American Universities, AAU
National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities, NAICU
Universities Research Association, URA
- **endowment**: $7.928 billion (2018)
- **president**: Robert J. Zimmer
- **provost**: Daniel Diermeier
- **students**: 16,445
- **undergrad**: 6,286
- **postgrad**: 10,159
- **faculty**: 2,859
- **staff**: 15,949 (including employees of the University of Chicago Medical Center)
- **city**: Chicago
- **state**: Illinois
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
 (Main Campus)

(Warren Woods Ecological Field Station, Warren Woods State Park)
 (Yerkes Observatory)
- **sporting affiliations**: NCAA Division III – University Athletic Association, UAA
- **colors**: Maroon and White

- **nickname**: Chicago Maroons, Maroons
- **mascot**: Phil the Phoenix
- **logo**: University of Chicago wordmark.svg
- **logo size**: 251
Shanghai Fugu Agreement

The **Shanghai Fugu Agreement** was a successful political prank which was landed on the Social Democrats in the German state of Hesse in 1985.

In 1985 the new Green Party prepared to enter into a German state government for the first time in its history. The first green cabinet minister in German history was going to be Joschka Fischer who later became minister of Foreign Affairs in the German Federal Government under chancellor Gerhard Schroeder. The 1985 Hesse coalition was to be based on an official policy agreement negotiated by both parties.

During a final night session of the negotiations the Greens tabled a demand that Hesse join the "Shanghai Fugu Agreement". This was accepted by their tired Social Democratic counterparts and became official state policy.

The Greens argued that the fugu fish is well known to be a dangerous delicacy requiring specialised chefs who mostly come from Asia.  Due to expanding restrictions on work permits restaurants have found it difficult to employ such specialists. The "Shanghai Fugu Agreement" provides special regulations for certified fugu chefs internationally.

The agreement was absolutely fictional but was neither discovered to be a joke by the Social Democrats during the nightly negotiations nor later by civil servants or the press who went through the coalition contracts. It took years to be discovered as the joke it was.
Siren (noisemaker)

A **siren** is a device that is able to produce a loud noise. Sirens can be found on emergency vehicles, like ambulances. They are also installed on buildings, to warn of tornadoes, or air raids.

### Emergency Vehicles

Vehicles used by firefighters (fire truck), police officers (police car) and paramedics/emergency medical technicians (ambulance) are often fitted a siren to warn people that the vehicle is coming and to make a clear path, usually by pulling over. These vehicles often may break some traffic laws when traveling to an emergency. If other vehicles do not stop and make a path, an accident could happen.

### Air raid sirens

In World War II, many nations installed air raid sirens in cities to warn when enemy planes were coming to attack with bombs. After the war ended these sirens were kept ready to sound, in case a new war started, due to the tense relationship between the United States and Soviet Union (USSR) (Now Russia) that existed from 1947 to 1991. As weapons have gotten faster, quieter and harder to spot, the ability to provide warning before a bomb or missile falls has become difficult. A number of countries, including the United States, now use their sirens to warn of severe weather, such as tornadoes, tsunamis; emergencies at dams, chemical plants and nuclear power stations.
Interval

An **interval** is what comes between two things.
- In an mathematical interval those things are usually numbers.
- In music, an interval (music) is the distance between two notes.
- In a live performance, an **interval** is like an intermission.  It gives the performers and the audience a break.
- An interval can be the distance between two moments in time.