juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Bernie Mac Show

***The Bernie Mac Show*** is an American comedy, drama and family television series. It is rated PG. It aired on FOX from 2001 to 2006.

## Voice cast

- Bernie Mac as Bernie McCullough
- Kellita Smith as Wanda McCullough
- Camille Winbush as Vanessa Thomkins
- Jeremy Suarez as Jordan Thomkins
- Dee Dee Davis as Bryana Thomkins
- Serena Williams (1 episode) as herself
- Angela Bassett (1 episode) as herself
- Shaquille O'Neal (1 episode) as himself
- Halle Berry (1 episode) as herself
- Naya Rivera as donna (11 episodes)
- Meagen Fay as Joan Lefko (8 episodes)
- Chelsea Handler as Doris Flynt (1 episode)
- Rebecca Corry as Marianne (1 episode)
- Emilia Groth as Brittney (1 episode)
- Matt Damon (1 episode)
- Don Rickles (1 episode)
- Chris Rock (1 episode)
- Ellen DeGeneres (1 episode)
- Ice Cube (1 episode)

## Other websites

- http://www.tv.com/shows/the-bernie-mac-show/
Keegan-Michael Key

**Keegan-Michael Key** (born March 22, 1971) is an American actor and comedian.

Key was born in Southfield, Michigan. He and Jordan Peele have a comedy show on _MADtv_.
Jordan Peele

**Jordan Peele** (born February 21, 1979) is an American actor, comedian, director, producer and writer. Peele directed and wrote the 2017 horror movie _Get Out_, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

## Early Life

Peele was born on February 21, 1979, in New York City and raised by a single mother on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. He graduated from the Calhoun School and attended Sarah Lawrence College in Yonkers, New York. He dropped out of college after two years to pursue comedy.

## Career

Peele joined the cast of the sketch comedy show MADtv in 2003. He became friends with fellow cast member Keegan Michael-Key. The two became a comedy duo, and later co-starred in their own sketch show, Key & Peele.

**As Filmmaker**
|Year|Title|width=60|Director|width=60|Writer|width=60|Producer|Distribution|Note|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2016|_Keanu_||||Warner Bros. Pictures|||||
|2017|_Get Out_||||Universal Pictures|||||
|2018|_BlacKkKlansman_||||Focus Features|||||
|2019|_Us_||||rowspan="3"|Universal Pictures||||
|2021|_Candyman_|||||||||
|rowspan="2"|2022|_Nope_||||||||
|_Wendell and Wild_||||Netflix||||||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jordan Peele
- **image**: Jordan Peele Peabody 2014 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Peele at the 2014 Peabody Awards
- **birth name**: Jordan Haworth Peele
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Sarah Lawrence College
- **years active**: 2002–present
- **children**: 1
Bobby Lee

**Robert** "**Bobby**" **Lee, Jr.** (born September 17, 1971) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, singer, dancer, voice artist, and comedian, best known for his work on _MADtv_.

He was born in San Diego, California.

## Other websites

- Official MADtv Website

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Bobby Lee
- **image**: Bobby Lee in "Pauly Shore's Vegas Is My Oyster".png
- **caption**: Lee in 2011
- **birth name**: Robert Lee Jr.
- **birth place**: San Diego, California, U.S.
- **active**: 1994–present
- **genre**: Observational comedy, black comedy, blue comedy
- **subject**: Human behavior, human sexuality, American politics, gender differences
- **education**: Poway High School
- **alma mater**: Palomar College
Donkey Kong Jr.

***Donkey Kong Jr.*** is an arcade video game made by Nintendo in 1982. It is the sequel to _Donkey Kong_. The game was ported to many home video game consoles, including the NES, Atari 2600, Atari 7800, and ColecoVision.  It was released for the Wii's Virtual Console in 2006. It was later released for the Nintendo 3DS from the Nintendo eShop service in 2012.

## Gameplay

Donkey Kong Jr. (also called Junior or DK Jr.) has to rescue his father Donkey Kong from Mario. The player has to go through four stages; each of which have a different theme. To move through the stage, DK Jr. can climb vines/chains/ropes. He can go down faster by holding only one vine, or go up faster by holding two of them. He has to avoid enemies that are in each stage. To complete the first three stages, DK Jr. has to reach the key at the top. In the fourth stage, he has to push six keys into locks near the top of the stage. After the player completes all four stages, the game goes back to the first stage and is more difficult.

## Other websites

- _Donkey Kong Junior_ at the Killer List of Videogames

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Donkey Kong Jr.
- **developer**: Nintendo <small>(original)</small>
Atari
Coleco Industries
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Shigeru Miyamoto
- **producer**: Gunpei Yokoi
- **artist**: Shigeru Miyamoto
Yoshio Sakamoto
- **composer**: Yukio Kaneoka
- **series**: _Donkey Kong (series), Donkey Kong_, _Mario_
- **platforms**: Arcade
- **genre**: Platform game, Platforming
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer
- **cabinet**: Upright
Donkey Kong Barrel Blast

***Donkey Kong Barrel Blast***, known as ***Donkey Kong Jet Race*** in Europe and Australia and as ***Donkey Kong Barrel Jet Race*** in Japan, is a racing video game for the Wii game console. It was released in Japan on June 28, 2007, in North America on October 8, 2007, in Europe on January 25, 2008, and in Australia on February 7, 2008. It was originally going to be released on the Nintendo GameCube and was going to use the DK Bongos, but was moved to the Wii.

## Gameplay

_Donkey Kong Barrel Blast_ is a racing game where the player controls their character with the Wii Remote and Nunchuk. To move their character, the player has to shake the Wii Remote and Nunchuk, lift them at the same time to jump, and use the controller's motion sensor to beat their opponents and use items. The main mode of play is a Grand Prix like the one seen in the _Mario Kart_ series. There is also a Time Trial mode where players can race on one track without opponents.

## Other websites

- Official webite
- _Donkey Kong: Barrel Blast_  at Nintendo

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Donkey Kong Barrel Blast
Donkey Kong Jet Race
- **developer**: Paon
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Kenichi Imaeda
- **producer**: Kentaro Nishimura
Toshiharu Izuno
Rikiya Nakagawa
- **composer**: Takashi Kouga
- **series**: _Donkey Kong (series), Donkey Kong_
- **platforms**: Wii
- **genre**: Racing video game, Racing
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer
Jan Swammerdam

**Jan Swammerdam** (12 February 1637 – 17 February 1680) was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. His work on insects showed that the stages an insect life – egg, larva, pupa, and adult – are different forms of the same animal. He did experiments on muscle contraction. In 1658, he was the first to observe and describe red blood cells. He was one of the first people to use the microscope in dissections, and his techniques remained useful for hundreds of years.

## Research on insects

Knowledge of insects in the 17th century was to a great extent inherited from Aristotle. Swammerdam dissected insects and studied them under microscopes.

Swammerdam showed that insects develop in the same gradual manner as do other animals. He wanted to dispel the seventeenth-century idea that different life stages of an insect (e.g. caterpillar and butterfly) were different individuals.

He got evidence from his dissections. By examining larvae, he identified adult features in pre-adult animals. For example, he noticed that the wings of dragonflies and mayflies exist before their final molt. Swammerdam used these observations in his 1669 publication, _Historia Insectorum Generalis_ (The Natural History of Insects).  This work included many descriptions of insect anatomy. It was here that Swammerdam revealed that the "king" bee has ovaries. _Biblia natura_ published posthumously in 1737, carried the first confirmation that the queen bee is the sole mother of the colony. Despite five intense years of beekeeping, the mode of honey bee reproduction escaped him as he wrote, "I do not believe the male bees actually copulate with the females."

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Jan Swammerdam
- **image**: Jan Swammerdam.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: A 19th century fantasy portrait: no genuine portrait of Jan Swammerdam is known.
- **birth date**: 12 February 1637
- **birth place**: Amsterdam, Dutch Republic
- **death date**: 17 February 1680 (aged 43)
- **death place**: Amsterdam, Dutch Republic
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **field**: Entomology
- **alma mater**: University of Leiden
- **known for**: Describing erythrocytes, work on entomology
Ms. Pac-Man

***Ms. Pac-Man*** is an arcade video game made by Midway Manufacturing (now Midway Games). It was released one year after _Pac-Man_, on May 22, 1980. It became one of the most popular video games of all-time after its release. This led Namco to make the game an official title in the _Pac-Man_ series. It has a female character, new mazes, and changes in gameplay from _Pac-Man_. It is most successful American-made arcade game, selling 115,000 arcade cabinets.

## Gameplay

_Ms. Pac-Man_ plays similarly to _Pac-Man_. The player has to move Ms. Pac-Man, a yellow disc, around a maze. The goal is to eat all of the yellow pellets (circles) while not getting caught by the ghosts. The player can get more points by eating fruits that appear. When Ms. Pac-Man eats a white pellet, the ghosts turn blue. The player can eat them for points. The game has 256 stages. Like _Pac-Man_, the 256th level cannot be finished because of a problem with the creation of the game.

The game has gameplay changes from the original _Pac-Man_. They include:
- The game has four different mazes instead of one maze that is played for the whole game.
- Three of the four mazes have two sets of warp tunnels instead of one.
- Instead of staying in the middle of the maze, the fruit moves around the maze, going in and out of warp tunnels.
- The ghosts have different behaviors.
- The game has different sound effects and music.

## Other websites

- _Ms. Pac-Man_ at the Killer List of Videogames
- _Ms. Pac-Man_ at the Arcade History database

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Ms. Pac-Man
- **caption**: _Ms. Pac-Man_ arcade cabinet
- **developer**: Midway Games, Bally Midway
General Computer Corporation
- **publisher**: Midway Games, Bally Midway
Namco Bandai Games, Namco
- **engine**: Pac-Man
- **genre**: Maze
- **composer**: Chris Rode
- **modes**: Up to 2 players, taking turns
- **platforms**: Arcade game, Arcade
Game Boy
Game Boy Advance
Game Boy Color
Game Gear
Sega Genesis
Sega Master System
Super Nintendo Entertainment System
- **cabinet**: Standard upright, mini-upright and cocktail
M61 Vulcan

**M61 Vulcan** is a hydraulic and pneumatic autocannon. It has six barrels. It is cooled by air and fires by the power of electricity. It is a Gatling-style rotary cannon. The size of its caliber is 20 mm. It has a very high rate of fire. It has been the main gun of United States military fixed-wing aircraft since the late 1960s and is also used elsewhere. It was made by General Electric at first, and later by General Dynamics.
First Presbyterian Church (Trenton, New Jersey)

The **First Presbyterian Church** is a historic church in Trenton, New Jersey, United States. It is located at 120 East State Street. The church building was built in 1726. During the American Revolutionary War the British occupied Trenton. They used the church as a stable to keep their horses. It was repaired when they left. In 1804 the old stone church was taken down. A new church of all brick was completed in 1805. The church building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.

The church graveyard is the burial place of at least two Revolutionary War notables. Colonel Johann Rall, Commander of the Hessians forces defeated by General George Washington. He died just after the Battle of Trenton. John Rosbrugh, was killed at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek (Second Battle of Trenton). He was the first U.S. chaplain killed in battle. The inventor of the steamboat, John Fitch, was a member of the congregation at First Presbyterian.
Feather River

The **Feather River** is a river in Northern California in the United States. It is a tributary of the Sacramento River. The river originates in the Sierra Nevada mountains and is  long, flowing in a general southward direction.

The river is an important source of drinking and irrigation water for California. The Oroville Dam is located on the river, near the city of Oroville.

## Tributaries

- Bear River
- Yuba River
- Middle Fork Feather River
- North Fork Feather River

## Related pages

- American River

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Feather River
- **name other**: Río de las Plumas
- **image**: Feather River upstream from Bear River May 1962 (26252160824).jpg
- **image size**: 280
- **image caption**: The Feather River near its confluence with the Bear River (Feather River tributary), Bear River
- **map**: Feathermap-01.png
- **map size**: 280
- **map caption**: Map of the Feather River watershed. The artificially connected Sutter Basin and Butte Creek (Butte County, California), Butte Creek drainage basins are indicated in yellow.
- **pushpin map size**: 280
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: United States
- **subdivision type2**: State
- **subdivision name2**: California
- **subdivision type3**: Region
- **subdivision name3**: Butte County, California, Butte County, Yuba County, California, Yuba County, Sutter County, California, Sutter County
- **subdivision type5**: Cities
- **subdivision name5**: Oroville, California, Oroville, Yuba City, California, Yuba City, Marysville, California, Marysville
- **length**: , North-south
- **discharge1 location**: Nicolaus, California, Nicolaus
- **source1**: North Fork Feather River
- **source1 location**: Confluence of Rice Creek and South Arm Rice Creek, Plumas County, California, Plumas County
- **source2**: Middle Fork Feather River
- **source2 location**: Near Beckwourth, California, Beckwourth, Sierra Valley, Plumas County, California, Plumas County
- **source confluence**: Lake Oroville
- **source confluence location**: Upstream of Oroville Dam
- **mouth**: Sacramento River
- **mouth location**: Verona, California, Verona
- **river system**: Sacramento River Basin
- **tributaries left**: Yuba River, Bear River (Feather River), Bear River
- **tributaries right**: Sutter Basin, Sutter Bypass
American River

The **American River** is a river in northern California in the United States. It is a tributary of the Sacramento River. The river starts in the Sierra Nevada and flows west through the city of Sacramento. The river is  long with a watershed of .

Folsom Dam and Folsom Lake are located on the American river east of Sacramento.

## Tributaries

- North Fork American River
    - Middle Fork American River
- South Fork American River

## Infobox (_river)

- **name**: American River
- **image**: American River CA.jpg
- **image caption**: The American River near Fair Oaks, California, Fair Oaks
- **source1 location**: Sierra Nevada (US), Sierra Nevada
- **mouth**: Sacramento River
- **subdivision type1**: Countries
- **subdivision name1**: United States
- **map**: Americanrivermap.png
- **map caption**: Map of the **American River** watershed. It includes the North, Middle, and South River fork, forks of the river as well as Rubicon River (California), Rubicon River, a tributary of the Middle Fork.
Grand Coulee Dam

The **Grand Coulee Dam** is a dam on the Columbia River in the United States state of Washington. The dam forms Lake Franklin D. Roosevelt. The dam was built between 1933 and 1942, with a new power plant added between 1997 and 1974. The dam is operated by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation.

Grand Coulee Dam is  high and  long. The lake behind it can hold more than  of water.

The dam provides water for agriculture in Central Washington. Water is pumped from Lake Roosevelt to Banks Lake, located in the Grand Coulee. From there it runs by gravity to irrigate about  of fertile farmland. Incorporated in the late 1940s and early 1950s, this scheme is known as the Columbia Basin Project.

Grand Coulee also produces hydroelectricity. In fact, it is the largest electric-power producing facility in the United States. At full load the dam can produce 6,809 megawatts or enough for 5 million typical American households. The dam was an important source of power for factories during World War II. Today, it provides much of the cheap electric power for the Pacific Northwest.

Among other benefits include flood control for the lower Columbia River and recreational boating and fishing on Lake Roosevelt.

As a consequence of the dam's construction, the reservoir flooded large tracts of Native American lands. Salmon can no longer migrate to the upper Columbia River system.

## Other websites

- Columbia Basin Project  – Bureau of Reclamation
- Grand Coulee Dam – Northwest Power and Conservation Council
Gerry Desjardins

**Gerard Ferdinand Desjardins** (born July 22, 1944 in Noëlville, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender.

## Playing career

Before playing in the NHL, Desjardins played 2 seasons in the CPHL with the Houston Apollos.

He joined the Los Angeles Kings in 1968 but first played a season in the AHL for the Cleveland Barons. He played 2 seasons with the Kings and joined the Chicago Black Hawks where he played for 3 years. After his time with the Black Hawks was over, he went and played for the New York Islanders for 2 seasons and the Buffalo Sabres for 4 years. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1978.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Goaltender
- **birth place**: Noëlville, Ontario, Noëlville, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 180
- **played for**: Los Angeles Kings
Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
New York Islanders
Buffalo Sabres
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **career start**: 1965
- **career end**: 1978
Eugene O'Neill

**Eugene Gladstone O'Neill** (October 16, 1888 – November 27, 1953) was an American playwright. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1936. He won four Pulitzer Prizes throughout the 1920s and one even after his death in 1957.

## Early life

O'Neill was born on October 16, 1888 in a hotel room in New York City, New York. He studied at Princeton University and at Harvard University. O'Neill's parents were immigrants from Ireland. 'The one thing that explains more than anything about me is the fact that I'm Irish,” playwright Eugene O'Neill informed his son Eugene Jr in 1946.

## Career

O'Neill's best-known stage works include, _Anna Christie_ (for which he won the Pulitzer Prize, 1922), _Desire Under the Elms_ (1924), _Strange Interlude_ (for which he won the Pulitzer Prize, 1928), _Mourning Becomes Electra_ (1931), and his only well-known comedy, _Ah, Wilderness!_ (1933).

O'Neill won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1936. He won four Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his works on stage.

## Personal life

O'Neill was married to Kathleen Jenkins from 1909 until they divorced in 1911. They had one son. Then, he was married to Agnes Boulton from 1918 until they divorced in 1929. They had one son and one daughter. A granddaughter from this marriage is the actress Geraldine Chaplin.

After this divorce, he was married to Carlotta Monterey from 1929 until his death in 1953. O'Neill was an Agnostic.

O'Neill was a anarchist socialist.

## Death

O'Neill died on November 27, 1953 at a hotel room in Boston, Massachusetts from cerebellar cortical atrophy, a neurological disease. He was 65 years old. As he was dying, he whispered his last words: "I knew it. I knew it. Born in a hotel room and died in a hotel room."

## Other websites

- Eugene O'Neill official website
- Casa Genotta official website
- Eugene O'Neill | PlaybillVault.com
- Eugene O'Neil Autobiography  at the Nobel Foundation
- Works by Eugene O'Neill at Project Gutenberg Australia
- Eugene O'Neill National Historic Site
- American Experience - Eugene O'Neill: A Documentary Film on PBS

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: ONeill-Eugene-LOC.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of O'Neill by Alice Boughton
- **birth name**: Eugene Gladstone O'Neill
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **occupation**: Playwright
- **spouse**:

- **relatives**: * Charlie Chaplin (son in-law)
* Geraldine Chaplin (granddaughter)
* Oona Chaplin (great-granddaughter)
- **parents**: James O'Neill (actor, born 1847), James O'Neill
Ella O'Neill, Mary Ellen Quinlan
- **awards**: Nobel Prize in Literature (1936)
Pulitzer Prize for Drama (1920, 1922, 1928, 1957)
Tony Award for Best Play (1957)
- **signature**: Eugene O'Neill signature.svg
All Is Lost

***All Is Lost*** is a 2013 American survival-adventure movie directed by J. C. Chandor. It only stars Robert Redford as a lost man at sea. The movie has almost no dialogue. It was released to positive reviews on October 18, 2013.
127 Hours

***127 Hours*** is a 2010 American biographical drama movie directed by Danny Boyle. It stars James Franco as real-life canyoneer Aron Ralston, who became trapped by a boulder in Blue John Canyon, southeastern Utah, in April 2003. It received positive reviews, especially from Roger Ebert, Richard Roeper, and Peter Travers. It was released on November 12, 2010.
Rush (2013 movie)

***Rush*** is an American-British 2013 biographical-drama movie written and directed by Ron Howard. It is based on the true events about racecar drivers James Hunt and Niki Lauda. It stars Chris Hemsworth, Daniel Brühl, and Olivia Wilde. It was released to positive reviews on September 20, 2013.
$38,000,000 US Budget.
$69,690,069 WorldWide Gross 😝
The Simpsons: Road Rage

***The Simpsons: Road Rage*** is a 2001 action-adventure video game based on the animated television show _The Simpsons_. It was released for the GameCube, Xbox, PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance. It is similar to the game _Crazy Taxi_, in that the player has to pick up people and drive them to where they want to go as fast as they can.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: The Simpsons: Road Rage
- **developer**: Fox Interactive <small>(PS2 & Xbox)</small>
Radical Entertainment <small>(GC)</small>
Altron <small>(GBA)</small>
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
THQ <small>(GBA)</small>
- **platforms**: PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, Game Boy Advance
- **released**: **PlayStation 2**
**Xbox**
**GameCube**
**Game Boy Advance**

- **genre**: Racing video game, Racing
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
Cut the Rope (video game)

***Cut the Rope*** is a puzzle video game released by ZeptoLab. In it, the player must cut a series of ropes with their finger to feed a small creature named Om Nom a piece of candy. Once you have fed him the candy, the next level is unlocked. The game has been downloaded over 100 million times. The spin off games have also been released: ***Cut the Rope: Holiday Gift*** (2010), ***Cut the Rope: Experiments*** (2011), ***Cut the Rope: Time Travel*** (2013), ***Cut the Rope 2*** (2013), and ***My Om Nom*** (2014 for Apple App Store and 2015 for Google Play Store).

## Gameplay

In each level, the candy hangs by one or several of the titular ropes which the player must cut with a swipe of their finger using the device's touchscreen. Using various objects such as floating bubbles and bellows, the candy must also be manipulated around obstacles to get to Om Nom's mouth.
Each level takes place in a box. There are different types of boxes, such as the cardboard box, fabric box, and foil box. More boxes will be added soon.

Each level pack introduces new challenges.  Levels are scored with a zero to three star rating, similar to _Angry Birds_. according to how many stars the player picked up, and a point score depending on the number of stars collected and the amount of time taken to complete the level. In-app purchases, such as "Superpowers" and "Hints", and "Magnets" make play easier.

## Levels

|Game|Number of boxes|Levels per box|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Cut the Rope|15|25|375|
|Cut the Rope: Holiday Gift|1|25|25|
|Cut the Rope: Experiments|8|25|200|
|Cut the Rope: Time Travel|9|15|135|
|Cut the Rope 2|5|24|120|
|Cut the Rope: Magic|8|Between 15 and 40|200|
|Cut the Rope Remastered|5|24|120|

## Other websites

- Cut the Rope on the publisher's website
- Cut The Rope Online

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Cut the Rope
- **caption**: Logo of the original _Cut the Rope_
- **developer**: ZeptoLab
- **released**: _Cut the Rope_: October 2010
 _Cut the Rope: Holiday Gift_: December 2010
 _Cut the Rope: Experiments_: August 2011
_Cut the Rope: Time Travel_: April 2013
_Cut the Rope 2_: December 2013
- **genre**: Puzzle video game, Puzzle
- **modes**: Single player video game, Single
- **platforms**: iOS
Android (operating system), Android
Leap Motion
BlackBerry 10
Symbian
BlackBerry PlayBook
DSiWare
Mac OS X
Web browser, Browser
Microsoft Windows, Windows
Windows Phone
BlackBerry
Nintendo 3DS (Nintendo eShop)
United States invasion of Panama

The **United States Invasion of Panama**, codenamed **Operation Just Cause**, was the invasion of Panama by the United States in December 1989 and January 1990. This operation was done during the administration of U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and ten years after the Torrijos–Carter Treaties. By this treaty, it was accepted that the United States should give up control of the Panama Canal to Panama by 1 January 2000.

During the invasion, the Panamanian leader, general and dictator Manuel Noriega was removed from his position and the elected president Guillermo Endara took control of the office. The Panamanian Defense Force was dissolved.

Well-known parts of the invasion, were
- Capture of Torrijos Airport
- Operation Acid Gambit
- Raid at Renacer Prison
- Battle of Rio Hato Airfield
- Paitilla Airport
- Balboa Harbour
- Fort Amador
- Coco Solo
- Battle of Pacora River Bridge
- Battle of Panama City
- Operation Nifty Package
- Operations in the West
- Madden Dam skirmish
St Jude storm

The **St. Jude Storm** also known as **Cyclone Christian**, was a severe European windstorm that hit Northwestern Europe from 27 October 2013 to 28 October 2013. The storm caused 17 deaths. Winds of up to 80–90 mph (130–145 km/h) were forecast for southern England, but the highest windspeed was in Denmark, where a gust of 120.8 mph (194.4 km/h) was recorded in the south of the country on the afternoon of 28 October, the strongest wind recorded in the country's history. Damage occurred in Denmark, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, and United Kingdom.

## Highest wind gust per country

|Country|Gust|Location|
| --- | --- | --- |
||164 km/h|Southend-on-Sea|
||176 km/h|Boulogne-sur-Mer|
||146 km/h|Knokke-Heist|
||152 km/h|Vlieland|
||173 km/h|Sankt Peter-Ording|
||194 km/h|Als|
||180 km/h|Karlsborg|
||177 km/h|Verdens Ende|
||166 km/h|Kimitoön|
||120 km/h|Vilsandi|
||115 km/h|Cape Kolka|
||126 km/h|Primorsk|

## Infobox (winter storm)

- **name**: St. Jude storm
- **image location**: Christian 28 October 2013.jpg
- **image name**: Christian making landfall in Denmark on 28 October 2013.
- **stormtype**: European windstorm
Extratropical cyclone
- **date formed**: 26 October 2013
- **date dissipated**: 31 October 2013
- **total fatalities**: 17 dead, 1 missing
- **pressure**: Est.  Obs. 967.6mb
- **sustained wind**: , Als (island), Als, Denmark
- **gust**: , Als (island), Als, Denmark
- **areas affected**: United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Latvia, Estonia, Finland, Russia
Rodrigo López

**Roderigo López** (1525 – June 7, 1594) was a physician of Portuguese background. He was tried and executed for trying to poison Elizabeth I. He is believed to be the inspiration for Shakespeare's character Shylock in _The Merchant of Venice_.

López was born into a family of Jewish origin in Portugal but converted to Christianity. He graduated from university with a degree in medicine. He went to England where he was appointed chief physician to Elizabeth I in 1586. He knew powerful men at court, and grew rich and respected. He was involved in various court intrigues until convicted of plotting to poison the Queen. He was hanged, drawn and quartered.

Several contemporaries make reference to the trial and execution. Christopher Marlowe mentions it in _Doctor Faustus_ as do Thomas Dekker in _Whore of Babylon_ and Thomas Middleton in _A Game at Chess_. It is possible that Shylock in Shakespeare's _The Merchant of Venice_ was inspired by López.

Queen Elizabeth I’s physician, Roderigo Lopez, was tried and executed for allegedly plotting to kill the queen in 1594. As a Portuguese double agent, ‘Doctor Lopez a Jew’ was said to have conspired with the Spanish, England’s enemies at that time. He was accused of attempting to kill the Portuguese King Antonio and ‘take away Queene Elizabeths life by poyson’, in return for ‘fifty thousand Crowns’
Arletty

**Arletty** (15 May 1898 – 24 July 1992) was a French actress, singer, and model. She played Garance in the French movie _Les Enfants du Paradis_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Arletty
- **image**: Portraits_d%27Arletty_actrice,_btv1b10335797n.jpg
- **caption**: Studio Harcourt portrait
- **birth name**: Léonie Marie Julie Bathiat
- **birth place**: Courbevoie, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **years active**: 1930–1963
- **occupation**: Actress, singer, fashion model
Les Enfants du Paradis

***Les Enfants du Paradis*** (_Children of Paradise_) is a French romantic drama movie. It was written by Jacques Prévert and directed by Marcel Carné and released in 1945. It stars Arletty as French courtesan Garance. She is loved by four men: a street mime, an actor, a criminal, and an aristocrat. The story is set among the lower class theatres of Paris between 1820 and 1840. Garance is courted by four men but leaves them all because they will not allow her to love in her own way. The three hour film has been described as France's _Gone with the Wind_.
Dave Dryden

**David Murray Dryden** (September 5, 1941 – October 4, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. Dryden was known for the distinction of creating (as well as being the first goaltender to employ) the modern day goaltending mask consisting of a fiberglass mask with a cage.

## Playing career

Before playing in the NHL, Dryden played 2 seasons in the OHA playing for the Toronto St. Michael's.

In the NHL, he played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks, Buffalo Sabres and Edmonton Oilers. Dryden faced his brother Ken in a game between his Sabres and the Montreal Canadiens. It was the only time in the history of the NHL that brothers opposed each other as goalies.

Dryden was the goalie against whom Wayne Gretzky scored his first professional goal. During his time in the WHA, he played for the Chicago Cougars and Edmonton Oilers. He won the Ben Hatskin Trophy as the WHA's top goaltender, and the Gordie Howe Trophy as league MVP.

Since retiring from playing professional ice hockey in 1979, he became the chair person of Sleeping Children Around the World charity which was founded by his father and provides bed kits to children in developing countries.

On October 4, 2022, Dryden died at his home in Oakville, Ontario from a disease known as chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Dave Dryden.png
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Dave Dryden (c. 1961)
- **position**: Goaltender
- **birth place**: Hamilton, Ontario, Hamilton, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Oakville, Ontario, Canada
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 186
- **played for**: New York Rangers
Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
Buffalo Sabres
Edmonton Oilers
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **career start**: 1961
- **career end**: 1979
Michel Dumas

**Michel Joseph Dumas** (born July 8, 1949) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He currently works as a chief amateur scout for the Chicago Blackhawks.

## Playing career

Before playing in the NHL, Dumas played 2 games with the Oklahoma City Blazers and 3 seasons with the Dallas Black Hawks of the CHL. He also played 2 seasons in the IHL with the Dayton Gems.

He was called up to play for the Chicago Black Hawks for 3 games and went back down to the play 1 season for the Dallas Black Hawks again.  He was called up again by the Black Hawks but he only played 5 games as his career was cut short due to an eye injury he suffered in a game against the Colorado Rockies in 1976.

He was hired by the Black Hawks tin 1977 to be an amateur scout, and was then promoted to be their chief amateur scout in the 1992–93 season.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Goaltender
- **birth place**: St. Antoine-de-Pontbriand, Quebec, QC, Canada, CAN
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 9
- **weight lb**: 180
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **career start**: 1974
- **career end**: 1977
IPad Air

The **iPad Air** is the fifth type of iPad made by Apple Inc. It was announced at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts on October 22, 2013. It first came with iOS 7 installed on it and was upgraded to other versions later. The iPad Air contains the 64-bit Apple A7 processor and another M7 coprocessor. Apple released the iPad Air on November 1, 2013. It cannot be upgraded past iOS 12.

The iPad Air is 7.5 millimeters thick, which is thinner than both the iPad 2 and the iPad Mini. It has a smaller screen bezel which looks like the one on the iPad Mini. However, it still uses the same 9.7-inch Retina Display as the previous iPad model.

Its successor, the iPad Air 2, was announced on October 16, 2014.

## Features

The iPad Air can run iOS 12.  It can act as a mobile hotspot, sharing its internet connection over Wifi, USB, or Bluetooth.  It can have access to the App Store, where users can buy and download mobile applications onto their device.

## Infobox (information appliance)

- **name**: iPad Air
- **logo**: IPad Air logo 2019.svg
- **image**: IPad 2017 tablet.jpg
- **releasedate**: November 1, 2013
- **discontinued**: March 21, 2016
- **developer**: Apple Inc.
- **manufacturer**: Foxconn
- **family**: iPad
- **type**: Tablet computer
- **os**: ** Original:** iOS 7, iOS 7.0.3
 **Current: **iOS 16, iOS 16.5

- **power**: Built-in rechargeable lithium-ion polymer battery, Li-Po battery

- **soc**: Apple A9 with 64-bit architecture and Apple M9 motion co-processor
- **storage**: 16, 32, 64 or 128 GB flash memory
- **memory**: 2 GB Random-access memory, RAM
- **display**: 2,048 × 1,536 pixel, px color IPS LCD display at (264 Pixel density, ppi) with a 4:3 aspect ratio, oleophobic coating
- **input**: Multi-touch touch screen, screen, #Audio, headset controls, M7 motion co-processor, Proximity sensor, proximity and low-key lighting, ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, magnetometer, digital compass, dual microphone
- **camera**: **Front**: 1.2 MP, 720p HD
**Rear**: 5.0 MP AF, iSight with Five Element Lens, Hybrid IR filter, video stabilisation, face detection, HDR, ƒ/2.4 aperture
- **service**: App Store (iOS), App Store, iTunes Store, iBookstore, iCloud, Game Center
- **dimensions**:  _(h)_
 _(w)_
 _(d)_
- **weight**: **Wi-Fi:**
**Wi-Fi + Cellular:**
- **predecessor**: iPad (4th generation)
- **successor**: iPad Air 2
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

The **Universal Mobile Telecommunications System** (**UMTS**) is a third generation mobile cellular system for networks. It is based on the GSM standard and is part of the International Telecommunications Union IMT-2000 standard set. UMTS is developed and maintained by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project). It uses wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) radio access technology so that users can transfer information faster.
Marinade

**Marination** is the process of soaking foods in a liquid before cooking. The liquid is called **marinade**. The idea is to add flavour and to tenderize tougher cuts of meat.

The marinade may be acidic (made with ingredients like vinegar, lemon juice, or wine) or enzymatic (made with ingredients like pineapple, papaya or kiwifruit). In addition to these ingredients, a marinade often contains oils, herbs, and spices to further flavour the food.

Marination may last seconds or days. Different marinades are used in different cuisines. For example, in Pakistani and Indian cuisine the marinade is usually prepared with a mixture of blends.
Hôtel Ritz Paris

The **Hôtel Ritz** is a grand hotel in the heart of Paris in the Place Vendôme. The hotel is ranked highly among the most prestigious and luxurious hotels in the world and is a member of "The Leading Hotels of the World".

The hotel has 159 rooms. It was founded by the Swiss hotelier, César Ritz, in collaboration with the chef Auguste Escoffier in 1898. The new hotel was constructed behind the façade of a Town house from the 18th-century. It overlooks one of the central squares in Paris.

It was one of the first hotels in Europe to provide a bathroom _en suite_, a telephone and electricity for each room. It established a reputation for luxury. The clients have included royalty, politicians, writers, film stars and singers. Several of its suites are named in honour of famous guests of the hotel, for example Coco Chanel and Ernest Hemingway who lived at the hotel for years. One of the bars of the hotel, _Bar Hemingway_, is devoted to Hemingway.

The Ritz has the reputation of being the most expensive hotel in Paris. The rooms as of May 2011 started at €850 a night. Suites start at €3,600 and cost up to €13,900 a night for the most expensive ones (the _Suite Impériale_ is the most expensive). The Ritz employs more than 600 people.

_L'Espadon_ is a world-renowned restaurant. It attracts aspiring chefs from all over the world who come to learn at the nearby Ritz-Escoffier School. The cuisine is run by the award-winning chef Michel Roth, the ninth head chef of the hotel. The restaurant was awarded a second star by the 2009 edition of the influential Michelin Red Guide.

During the Second World War, the German Luftwaffe used the hotel as local headquarters in Paris. The son of César Ritz, Charles, died in 1976. The last members of the Ritz family who owned the hotel sold it to the Egyptian businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed in 1979. In August 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales and Al-Fayed's son, Dodi, dined in the hotel's Imperial Suite before their fatal car crash.

The hotel is being entirely renovated. It has been closed since 1 August 2012 and will open its doors in March 2016, after a delay of nearly two years. Because of its status as a symbol of high society and luxury, the hotel has featured in many novels (for example F. Scott Fitzgerald's _Tender Is The Night_ and Hemingway's _The Sun Also Rises_),
a play (Noël Coward's _Semi-Monde_), and films (such as Billy Wilder's 1957 comedy _Love in the Afternoon_ and William Wyler's 1966 comedy _How to Steal a Million_).

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Ritz Paris
- **map type**: France Paris 1st arrondissement
- **map size**: 300px
- **image**: Hôtel Ritz.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **building type**: Hotel
- **owner**: Mohamed Al-Fayed
- **address**: 15 Place Vendôme
- **location town**: 1st arrondissement of Paris, 1st arrondissement, Paris
- **location country**: France
- **opened date**: 1 June 1898
- **renovation date**: 1987, 2012–16
- **architect**: Jules Hardouin Mansart (1705)
  Charles Mewès (1897–98)
Bernard Gaucherel (1980–87)
Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg

**Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg** (19 April 1795 – 27 June 1876) was a German naturalist, zoologist, comparative anatomist, geologist, and microscopist. He was one of the most famous and productive scientists of his time.

## Microscopic organisms

Ehrenberg was appointed professor of medicine at Berlin University in 1827. In 1829 he accompanied Alexander von Humboldt through eastern Russia to the Chinese frontier. After his return he began to concentrate his studies on microscopic organisms, which then were not much studied.

For nearly 30 years Ehrenberg examined samples of water, soil, sediment, blowing dust and rock and described thousands of new species, among them well-known flagellates such as Euglena, ciliates such as _Paramecium aurelia_ and _Paramecium caudatum_, and many fossils, in nearly 400 scientific publications. He was particularly interested in a unicellular group of protists called diatoms, but he also studied, and named, many species of radiolaria, foraminifera and dinoflagellates.

These researches built up our knowledge of the microorganisms of certain geological formations, especially of the chalk, and of the marine and freshwater accumulations. Until Ehrenberg took up the study it was not known that considerable masses of rock were composed of minute forms of animals or plants. He also demonstrated that the phosphorescence of the sea was due to organisms.

He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences from 1836 and a foreign member of the Royal Society of London from 1837. In 1839, he won the Wollaston Medal, the highest award granted by the Geological Society of London. He continued until late in life to investigate the microscopic organisms of the deep sea and of various geological formations. He died in Berlin on 27 June 1876.

## Legacy

After his death in 1876, his collections of microscopic organisms were deposited in the Humboldt Museum at the University of Berlin. The "Ehrenberg Collection" includes 40,000 microscope preparations, 5,000 raw samples, 3,000 pencil and ink drawings, and nearly 1,000 letters of correspondence. His collection of scorpions, and other arachnids from the Middle East, is also held in the Berlin Museum.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
- **image**: Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried, by Eduard Radke.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg
- **birth date**: 19 April 1795
- **birth place**: Delitzsch
- **death date**: 27 June 1876
- **death place**: Berlin
- **nationality**: Germany, German
- **field**: Natural history
- **prizes**: Leeuwenhoek Medal (1877)
Afro-Haitians

**Afro-Haitians** or **Black Haitians**, are Haitian people whose ancestors were Africans. Most Afro-Haitians are descended from West African slaves. The slaves were brought over to work in plantations, mainly for sugar canes.

The vast majority (about 90%) of Haitians are of African descent. Of them, about 25-30% are of mixed race or mulatto.

## Origins

|Region descended from, 1535-1791|Amount %|
| --- | --- |
|Senegambia <small>(Wolof)</small>|6.5|
|Sierra Leone <small>(Zape)</small>|3.1|
|Windward Coast <small></small>|1.1|
|Gold Coast <small>(Akan, Bran)</small>|4.3|
|Bight of Benin  <small>(Yoruba, Aja, Terranova)</small>|24.7|
|Bight of Biafra <small>(Igbo, Kalabari)</small>|4.6|
|West-central Africa <small>(Kongo, Mbundu)</small>|46.1|
|Southeast Africa <small></small>|3.3|

Haiti, just like in any region in the Americas, received slaves from all over West and Central Africa. Although Haitian slaves were from all over Africa, the most common were Kongos from the Congo region, and Ewe and Fon tribes of current-day Benin or Togo. There was also a lot of Igbo people from Nigeria.

Haitian Voodoo is obviously from the Fon people of Benin, when they came in large numbers as slaves to work in plantations as maids, farmers, and sugar cane cutters have kept their traditions strong and alive till this day after 300 years away from their original home.

The African influence can also be seen in the language Haitians use to speak; Haitian Creole is a French-based language with strong African influence in the phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar, pronunciations. There are many words of African origin used in every day speech. Haitian food is mostly of African origin, including the names of the food. The music of Haiti is filled with African rhythms and instruments, the use of call and response as well as vocal African songs.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Afro-Haitians
- **langs**: French language, FrenchHaitian Creole
- **rels**: CatholicismHaitian Vodou
- **related**: HaitiansList of ethnic groups of Africa, West/Central AfricansAfro-ArgentinesAfro-CaribbeansAfro-ChileansAfro-Costa RicansAfro-CubansAfro-Dominicans (Dominican Republic)Afro-EcuadoriansAfro-JamaicansAfro-Latin AmericansAfro-MexicansAfro-PeruviansAfro-Puerto RicansAfro-Trinidadians and TobagoniansAfro-UruguayansCreole peoples, CreolesLouisiana Creole people, Louisiana CreolesAfrican-Americans
Mark Fitzpatrick

**Mark Fitzpatrick** (born November 13, 1968 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

## Playing career

Before playing in the NHL, Cloutier played 1 season in the BCJHL with the Revelstoke Rangers and 3 seasons in the WHL with the Medicine Hat Tigers whom he won the Memorial Cup twice with.

He was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings with the 27th overall pick in the 1987 NHL Entry draft. He played 17 games with the Kings and on February 22, 1989 he was traded along with Wayne McBean to the New York Islanders in exchange for Kelly Hrudey. He played 2 seasons with the Islanders. During his time with them, Fitzpatrick contracted Eosinophilia–myalgia syndrome, which is a potentially fatal neurological disease and it cost him almost all of the 1990-91 NHL season. He was able to recover and he returned to the ice in February 1992. He won the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for his efforts in returning to the league after the illness in 1992.

On June 20, 1993, during the expansion draft for the Florida Panthers and the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim, he was traded to the Quebec Nordiques for Ron Hextall and a swap of first-round picks. After only four days, he was claimed in the expansion draft by the Panthers. He played 5 seasons with the Panthers where he played as a backup goaltender to John Vanbiesbrouck.

On January 16, 1998, he was traded to the Tampa Bay Lightning with Jody Hull for Dino Ciccarelli and Jeff Norton. During his time in Tampa, he only managed record 7 wins in 34 games for the struggling Lightning who finished the season with the worst record in the NHL.

He was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks for Michal Sykora where he spent the season as a backup capacity to Jocelyn Thibault. He moved to Carolina Hurricanes for the 1999–2000 NHL season but spent most of the year playing in the International Hockey League for the Cincinnati Cyclones. He only played 3 games for the Carolina Hurricanes and spent another season in the IHL for the Detroit Vipers before he retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2001.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **birth place**: Toronto, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 198
- **played for**: Los Angeles Kings
New York Islanders
Florida Panthers
Tampa Bay Lightning
Chicago Blackhawks
Carolina Hurricanes
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **draft**: 27th overall
- **draft year**: 1987
- **draft team**: Los Angeles Kings
- **career start**: 1988
- **career end**: 2001