juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ionosphere

The **ionosphere** () is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth. Closest to the surface of Earth, the ionosphere is about  away. It goes on up to  above sea level.

## The outer limits of the ionosphere

Much research has been done on Plasma fountain (or Polar wind). Satellites have been used (since the 1960's), when doing research. Some of them are ISIS-2, Dynamics Explorer, the Akebono satellite, and the Polar satellite. That research has covered different places above the surface of Earth. Those places are at different altitudes and latitudes. Research has also been done at different times of [one or more] solar cycles.

In 2007, a research paper said that Plasma fountain (or Polar wind) is "an ambipolar outflow of thermal plasma from [the ionosphere near the North pole and South pole, or] high-latitude ionosphere"; That plasma moves from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere.

Decades of research have led to a body of scientific work; A thing that it says, is that there is at least one electric field on the outer limits (of the ionosphere).

The electric field gets called different things, such as
- polarization field (and polarization electric field)
- ambipolar field (and ambipolar electric field)

### Causes of the _plasma fountain_ (or polar wind)

About 30 years of research [as of the 2020s], says that the cause of the _plasma fountain_ (or polar wind) is ambipolar outflow of thermal plasma: ion acceleration by a polarization electric field at high altitudes.
The polarization electric field or ambipolar electric field was originally proposed in the 1920s for ionized stellar atmospheres.

The field is very small but, unlike other forces, it points away from gravity. In low-density plasma at high altitude (above Earth), it overwhelms gravity for light ions.

## Related pages

- Kennelly-Heaviside layer
Bill Bonds

**Bill Bonds** (February 23, 1932 – December 13, 2014) was an American television anchor and reporter. He was best known for his work at WXYZ-TV in Detroit, Michigan. Bonds became an Action News anchorman beginning in the early 1970s.

Bonds died at his home in Southfield, Michigan on December 13, 2014, from a heart attack.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bill Bonds
- **image**: Rabinowitz-BillBonds-1985.JPG
- **caption**: Bill Bonds prepares to interview students at Harrison High School in Farmington Hills, Michigan. 1985 photo.
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Southfield, Michigan, Southfield, Michigan, U.S.
- **occupation**: Television news anchor, journalist, Pundit (expert), commentator
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **alma mater**: University of Detroit
Superman: Ultimate Flight

**Superman: Ultimate Flight** is a steel roller coaster designed by Bolliger and Mabillard. It has been installed at three Six Flags theme parks around the United States. These are Six Flags Great Adventure, Six Flags Great America and Six Flags Over Georgia. Another park, Six Flags Discovery Kingdom has a shorter version with a more twisted course.

## Infobox (roller coaster extend)

- **location**: Six Flags Great Adventure
- **section**: Boardwalk
- **status**: Operating
- **opened**: April 17, 2003
- **year**: 2003
- **rcdb number**: 1976


## Infobox (roller coaster extend)

- **location**: Six Flags Great America
- **section**: Orleans Place
- **previousattraction**: Shockwave (Six Flags Great America), Shockwave
- **status**: Operating
- **opened**: May 3, 2003
- **year**: 2003
- **rcdb number**: 1977


## Infobox (roller coaster)

- **name**: _Superman: Ultimate Flight_
- **logodimensions**: 150px
- **image**: Superman Ultimate Flight at Six Flags Great America 14.jpg
- **imagedimensions**: 250px
- **caption**: _Superman: Ultimate Flight_ at Six Flags Great America
- **location**: Six Flags Over Georgia
- **section**: Metropolis Park
- **status**: Operating
- **opened**: April 6, 2002
- **year**: 2002
- **previousattraction**: Shuttle Loop#Installations, Viper
- **location rcdb number**: 1568
- **type**: Steel
- **type2**: Flying
- **manufacturer**: Bolliger & Mabillard
- **model**: Flying Coaster - Superman
- **lift**: Chain lift hill
- **height ft**: 106
- **drop ft**: 100
- **length ft**: 2759-2798
- **speed mph**: 51
- **inversions**: 2 (1 non-vertical)
- **capacity**: 1100-1500
- **gforce**: 3
- **restriction in**: 54
- **virtual queue name**: Flash Pass
- **virtual queue image**: Fastpass availability icon.svg
- **virtual queue status**: available
- **custom label 1**: Trains
- **custom value 1**: Two (Great America and Great Adventure) or three (Over Georgia) trains, with seven (Over Georgia) or eight (Great America or Great Adventure) cars. Riders are arranged four across in one row for a total of 28 (Over Georgia) or 32 (Great America or Great Adventure) riders per train.
Michael A. Epstein

Sir **Michael Anthony Epstein** CBE, FRS FMedSci (18 May 1921 – 6 February 2024) was a British virologist of Jewish descent. He was one of the discoverers of the Epstein-Barr virus.

Epstein was Professor of Pathology, 1968-85, and Head of Department, 1968-82 at the University of Bristol.  In 1979 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and was its Vice-President from 1986 to 1991. In 1989 he was elected a member of the Academia Europaea.

He died on 6 February 2024, at the age of 102.

## Other websites

- Epstein-Barr virus, Sir Anthony Epstein  FRS

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael A. Epstein
- **birth name**: Michael Anthony Epstein
- **birth place**: London, England, UK
- **nationality**: United Kingdom
- **known for**: Epstein-Barr virus
- **occupation**: Virology
- **awards**: Royal Medal
Zero-point energy

**Zero-point energy** is the energy of the vacuum space, the space between the subatomic particles within atoms. There are a few theories about how much energy there is in that space. There is the theory that there is an incredibly small, very near-zero amount, the theory that there is zero energy there, the theory that the amount of energy is indeterminable, and the theory that a cubic centimetre of vacuum has a few levels of magnitude more energy than would be required to create the Big Bang.

If you look at the way physics is going, there are atoms, then there are subatomic particles making up atoms (e.g. electrons, protons, neutrons), then further subatomic particles making up those subatomic particles (e.g. quarks, gluons), and now there is string theory. String theory says that those smallest subatomic particles are made of vibrating strings of energy, and that those strings have practically no actual width whatsoever. So all the matter of the universe could be compressed into an extremely small space, hence the Big Bang theory. If this is the case, the large energy interpretation of zero-point energy seems likely.

The term "zero-point" comes from the cooling of helium to 0 kelvin. Even at fractions below 1 Kelvin, the helium stays fluid with no signs of freezing.

## References

- What's the Energy Density of the Vacuum?

## Other websites

- Physics: Superfluid helium HD | experiment and explanation.
- Zero-point energy?  "Ask the Van" popular science FAQ at University of Illinois.
Black Christmas (1974 movie)

***Black Christmas*** (also released as ***Silent Night, Evil Night***, and ***Stranger in the House***) is a 1974 Canadian independent horror movie. It was directed and produced by Bob Clark. _Black Christmas_ was released on October 11, 1974 in Canada, December 20, 1974 in the United States, and on October 12, 1975 in the United Kingdom. The movie is inspired by the urban legend "The Babysitter and the Man Upstairs" and is also based on murders that took place in Quebec around Christmas. The movie is considered to be one of the first slasher movies. There was a remake that was made and released on Christmas of 2006.

The movie gained positive reviews from critics and holds a 63% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

A remake of the same name was released in 2006.

## Cast

- Olivia Hussey as Jess
- Keir Dullea as Peter
- Margot Kidder as Barb
- John Saxon as Lt. Fuller
- Marian Waldman as Mrs. Mac
- Andrea Martin as Phyllis "Phyl"
- James Edmond as Mr. Harrison
- Douglas "Doug" McGrath as Sergeant Nash
- Arthur "Art" Hindle as Chris
- Lynne Griffin as Clare
- Michael Rapport as Patrick
- Leslie "Les" Carlson as Graham
- Martha Gibson as Mrs. Quaife
- John Rutter as Laughing Detective
- Robert Warner as Doctor
- Syd Brown as Farmer
- Jack Van Evera as Search Party
- Les Rubie as Search Party
- Marcia Diamond as Woman
- Pam Barney as Jean
- Robert Hawkins as Wes
- David Clement as Cogan (as _Dave Clement_)
- Julian Reed as Jennings
- Dave Mann as Cop
- John Stoneham Sr. as Cop (as _John Stoneham_)
- Danny Gain as Cop
- Tom Foreman as Cop
- John 'Frenchie' Berger as Man on snowmobile (uncredited)
- Bob Clark as Prowler Shadow / Phone Voice (uncredited)
- Nick Mancuso as The Prowler / Phone Voice (uncredited)
- Debi Weldon as Sorority Girl (uncredited)

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Black Christmas
- **director**: Bob Clark
- **producer**: Bob Clark
- **writer**: A. Roy Moore
- **starring**: Olivia Hussey
Keir Dullea
Margot Kidder
John Saxon (actor), John Saxon
Marian Waldman
Andrea Martin
James Edmond
- **music**: Carl Zittrer
- **cinematography**: Reginald H. Morris
- **editing**: Stan Cole
- **distributor**: Ambassador Film Distributors (Canada)
Warner Bros. (U. S.)
- **studio**: Film Funding Limited of Canada
- **released**: October 11, 1974 (Canada)
December 20, 1974 (U.S.)
October 12, 1975 (UK)
- **runtime**: 98 minutes
- **country**: Canada
- **language**: English
- **budget**: Canadian dollar, $620,000
- **gross**: $4,053,000
Eeyore

**Eeyore** is a fictional character from the book series and children's franchise _Winnie the Pooh_. He is pessimistic, gloomy old donkey who happens to be a friend of Winnie the Pooh. He is hardly ever happy and when he is he is still sardonic and a bit cynical. His grumpiness might be attributed to the fact that his tail is affixed to his behind using a pushpin. Nevertheless he seems genuinely appreciative of the efforts of his friends to cheer him up, for example when Pooh and Piglet build The House at Pooh Corner for him, or when they give him birthday presents of a honey jar is empty and a balloon! accidentally burst.

Eeyore is always overlooked and is often used as a beast of burden, most notably when he was ridden by Rabbit in his search for train "borowers" in _The Tigger Without a Name_ and _The Pooh with a Name_. Nearly all of Eeyore's houses have fallen down, been knocked down, or been bounced down. However, Eeyore is not good at _building_ the houses; butterflies often knock them down just by landing on them.  Yet, like tortured Sisyphus, he soldiers on and rebuilds again, time after time.

Despite his depressive nature, Eeyore is capable of great compassion which is shown when he grows a plant that Rabbit, a master gardener, was unable to grow just by showing the plant a little love.

In merchandise by the Walt Disney Company, Eeyore always has an uncharacteristic smile. Also, he is somewhat less caustic and sarcastic in the Disney version than in A. A. Milne's original stories. It must also be noted that Eeyore's tail was not always fixed to him by a pushpin although Disney have chosen this as his permanent image.

Eeyore's name is a phonetic representation of the donkey's bray, possibly derived from the baby talk name for the animal.

Eeyore's birthday was December 25, 1921, when Christopher Robin received him as a Christmas present.
Black Christmas (2006 movie)

***Black Christmas*** (also abbreviated as ***Black X-Mas***) is a 2006 Canadian-American slasher movie. It was directed by Glen Morgan and was produced by Marty Adelstein, Steve Hoban, Glen Morgan, Dawn Parouse, Victor Solnicki, and James Wong. _Black Christmas_ was released on December 15, 2006 in the United Kingdom and on December 25, 2006 in the United States. The movie is loose remake of the 1974 movie with the same name.

In December 2006, before the movie's premiere, it gained some criticism from religious groups because of its graphic content in a holiday setting, and the distributor's choice to release the movie on Christmas Day in the United States.

The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 14% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Sam Adams of the Los Angeles Times was quoted as saying "Like an ugly tie or a pair of slipper socks, Black Christmas is destined to be forgotten the instant it's unwrapped, gathering dust until the season rolls around again".

## Cast

- Katie Cassidy as Kelli Presley
- Michelle Trachtenberg as Melissa Kitt
- Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Heather Lee-Fitzgerald
- Lacey Chabert as Dana Mathis
- Kristen Cloke as Leigh Colvin
- Andrea Martin as Barbara MacHenry/Mrs. Mac
- Crystal Lowe as Lauren Hannon
- Oliver Hudson as Kyle Autry
- Karin Konoval as Constance Lenz
- Dean Friss as Agnes Lenz
    - Christina Crivici as 8-year-old Agnes
- Robert Mann as William Billy Lenz
    - Cainan Wiebe as young Billy
- Jessica Harmon as Megan Helms
- Leela Savasta as Clair Crosby
- Kathleen Kole as Eve Agnew
- Howard Siegel as Beauregard Rice
- Peter Wilds as Frank Lenz

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Black Christmas
- **director**: Glen Morgan
- **producer**: Marty Adelstein
Steve Hoban
Glen Morgan
Dawn Parouse
Victor Solnicki
James Wong (producer), James Wong
- **screenplay**: Glen Morgan
- **writer**: Based on _Black Christmas (1974 movie), Black Christmas_ by A. Roy Moore
- **starring**: Katie Cassidy
Michelle Trachtenberg
Mary Elizabeth Winstead
Oliver Hudson
Lacey Chabert
Kristen Cloke
Andrea Martin
- **music**: Shirley Walker
- **cinematography**: Robert McLachlan (cinematographer), Robert McLachlan
- **editing**: Chris Willingham
- **distributor**: TVA Films
- **studio**: Dimension Films
2929 Productions
Hard Eight Pictures
- **released**: December 15, 2006 (UK)
December 25, 2006 (U.S.)
- **runtime**: 84 minutes
92 minutes (unrated cut)
- **country**: Canada
United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $9 million
- **gross**: $21,510,851
Fragmentation (reproduction)

In biology, **fragmentation** is when a body breaks up into two or more parts and these parts grow into new individuals. Fragmentation can be seen in certain algae such as  spirogyra.
Joey Bishop

**Joey Bishop** (February 3, 1918 – October 17, 2007) born **Joseph Abraham Gottlieb**, was an American entertainer. He appeared on television as early as 1948 and eventually starred in his own weekly comedy series playing a talk show host. He then later hosted a late night talk show.

He later became a member of the "Rat Pack" with Frank Sinatra, Peter Lawford, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Dean Martin. Bishop was born in The Bronx, New York.

Bishop died from heart failure in Newport Beach, California, aged 89.

## Other websites

- Joey Bishop, 89; comedian was last surviving member of Rat Pack
- Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia website

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Joey Bishop 1967.JPG
- **caption**: Bishop in 1967
- **birth name**: Joseph Abraham Gottlieb
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Newport Beach, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1948–1996
- **children**: Larry Bishop
Peter Lawford

**Peter Sydney Ernest Lawford** (born Peter Sydney Ernest Aylen; September 7, 1923 – December 24, 1984) was an English-born American actor and singer. He was born in London.

He was a member of the "Rat Pack" along with Dean Martin. He was married to Patricia Kennedy. Lawford then became the brother-in-law to President John F. Kennedy. He had four children; including Christopher.

From the 1940s to the 1960s, he had a strong role in popular culture and starred in a number of popular movies.

Lawford died from cardiac arrest caused by renal failure and liver failure in Los Angeles, California, aged 61.
Inside Out (2015 movie)

***lnside Out aka Natural Log Side Out or Nlside Out*** is a 2015 American computer animated comedy-drama adventure movie. It was produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. The movie is directed by one of Pixar's leading talents Pete Docter. The film was shown at the Cannes Film Festival on May 19, 2015 and was released on June 19, 2015. It is about eular's constant and natural logs and worships its founder, John Napier.

## Plot

Riley Anderson is an 11-year-old girl. She moves from Minnesota to San Francisco with her family. This affects a number of emotions in her head that each control her feelings, thoughts and memories. The five emotion characters are: Joy, Anger, Disgust, Fear and Sadness. Each of the characters has power over an island of Riley's life, which represent different parts of her personality.

After a bad series of events at her first day of school, Joy and Sadness get sucked out of Headquarters, where the 5 emotions work. The rest of the movie consists of the other 3 emotions trying to compensate for Joy's absence but failing to.

Near the end of the movie, after Riley tries running away out of homesickness, Sadness and Joy come back. After every emotion tried discarding Sadness in the past, she stops Riley from going back to Minnesota. Riley then goes back to her new house and cries about missing her old home with her parents, with Joy and Sadness in control. After she finishes crying, a bittersweet yellow and blue memory comes out, made by the both of them. This is Riley's first mixed-emotion memory. This memory makes the emotions realize that Sadness also plays an important role in Riley's life.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Inside Out
- **image**: Inside Out (2015 film) Logo.svg
- **director**: Pete Docter
- **producer**: Jonas Rivera
- **story**: Pete Docter
- **screenplay**: Michael Arndt
- **starring**: Amy Poehler
Phyllis Smith
Mindy Kaling
David Hasselhoff
Lewis Black

- **music**: Michael Giacchino
- **studio**: Walt Disney Pictures
Pixar Animation Studios
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
- **released**: June 19, 2015
- **language**: English
- **country**: United States
House of Grimaldi

The **House of Grimaldi** is associated with the history of the Republic of Genoa, Italy and of the Principality of Monaco. The head of the present family is Prince Albert II of Monaco. He is the son of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco and Grace Kelly. The state is also well known for having a Princess in her own right.

## Links

- House of Natoli

## Infobox (family)

- **surname**: House of Grimaldi
- **coat of arms**:
- **country**: Republic of Genoa, Genoa, Monaco
- **titles**: * List of rulers of Monaco, Prince of Monaco
* Consul of Genoa
- **founder**: Grimaldo Canella, Grimaldo
- **current head**: Albert II, Prince of Monaco
- **founding year**: 1160
Anglosphere

**Anglosphere** is a term used to mean the group of English-speaking nations with a similar cultural heritage.

The Anglosphere includes the United Kingdom, the United States, and the main members of the Commonwealth of Nations such as Canada (except the majority French-speaking province of Quebec and the majority Inuit-speaking territory of Nunavut), Australia and New Zealand. Ireland, a former Commonwealth of Nations member, is in the Anglosphere.

The term was invented at the end of the 20th century.

## Other meanings

The word means more than just those countries where English is a first or second language. To be considered part of the Anglosphere requires sharing basic customs and values. "Nations comprising the Anglosphere share a common historical narrative in which Magna Carta, the English and American Bills of Rights, and such Common law principles as trial by jury, presumption of innocence". Since the Great Rapprochement of the early 20th century, the United States and Great Britain were far more friendly than before. Their military alliance during World War II has lasted ever since.

By the time of the 2003 Iraq war the political use of the word meant the cultural tendency towards military intervention, particularly by the US, the UK and Australia. Strategically, the word has come to mean that the US is usually backed by Britain and Australia, but not so much by Canada. In this sense, Canada is and sometimes is not considered a part of the Anglosphere. This has been since the Pierre Trudeau era. The United States of America is generally considered by many to be the dominant country in the Anglosphere.

Some go so far as to call it an Anglospherist school of thought. This holds that English speaking countries are becoming a separate civilization in their own right. Anglosphere theorists point out that there is no intent to build an Anglosphere superstate like the European Union. The term was coined by science fiction writer Neal Stephenson in his novel _The Diamond Age_.

## Related pages

- List of countries where English is an official language
- English-speaking world
- Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

## Other websites

- The Anglosphere is alive and well, but I wonder whether it needs a better name
- The State of the Anglosphere
Wild Card (movie)

***Wild Card*** is a 2015 crime drama movie. Jason Statham plays security guard Nick Wild, who has a gambling problem. Stanley Tucci plays Baby. Anne Heche plays Roxy.

The movie was released by Lionsgate. It is based on the novel _Heat_. It is a remake of a movie from 1986 called _Heat_.
Geoff Downes

**Geoffrey "Geoff" Downes** (born 25 August 1952) is an English rock songwriter, record producer, and musician, mainly a keyboardist. He is mainly known as a member of the New wave duo The Buggles, progressive rock band Yes, and supergroup Asia.

### Solo

- Studio albums
- _The Light Program_ (1986, Store for Music)
- _Vox Humana_ (1992, JIMCO/Czar)
- _Evolution_ (1998, Blueprint Records)
- _The World Service_ (2000, Blueprint Records)
- _Shadows & Reflections_ (2003, Blueprint Records)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Geoff Downes
- **image**: Geoff Downes 7060.jpg
- **caption**: Geoff Downes in 2006
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Stockport, Cheshire, England
- **genre**: Progressive rock, new wave, synthpop
- **years active**: 1974–present
- **label**: Geffen Records, Atlantic Records, Frontiers Records
- **associated acts**: The Buggles, Yes (band), Yes, Asia (band), Asia
Active transport

**Active transport** is when molecules move across a cell membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. This takes energy, often from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Active transport is done so cells get what they need, such as ions, glucose and amino acids.

In general, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. To get molecules into the cell _against_ the concentration gradient, work must be done. The work is done in special proteins which act as ports in the cell membrane. The imports must come through the ports: they cannot get through the bilipid layer of the cell membrane.

## Types of ports

There are three main types of protein ports in cell membranes:
- Uniporters: they use energy from ATP to pull molecules in.
- Symporters: they use the movement in of one molecule to pull in another molecule against gradient.
- Antiporters: one substance moves against its gradient, using energy from the second substance (mostly Na+, K+ or H+) moving down its gradient.
Andreas Schockenhoff

**Andreas Schockenhoff** (February 23, 1957 – 13 December 2014) was a German politician of the CDU. From 1990 until his death in 2014, he served as a member of the German Bundestag. In the general election in 2013, he was elected the seventh consecutive year as a direct mandate for the federal electoral district Ravensburg in the German Bundestag. Schockenhoff was born in Ludwigsburg, Germany.

Schockenhoff died in Ravensburg, Germany, aged 57.
Joan Barril

**Joan Barril i Cuixart** (20 January 1952 – 13 December 2014) was a Spanish journalist and writer. He was born in Barcelona, Spain. He was known for his writing columns in _El País_, _La Vanguardia_ and in _El Periódico de Catalunya_.

Barril died in Barcelona, Spain from pneumonia, aged 62.

## Other websites

- Web de _El Cafè de la República_
- Web de opinión de _El Periódico de Catalunya
- Web del programa _Qwerty''
- Entrevista a Joan Barril
- Editorial Barril & Barral
David H. Gambrell

**David Henry Gambrell** (December 20, 1929 – May 6, 2021) was an American politician. Gambrell served in the United States Senate representing Georgia from 1971 through 1972. He was appointed to the Senate by President Jimmy Carter.

Gambrell died on May 6, 2021 in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 91.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: David H. Gambrell
- **image name**: David Henry GAMBRELL.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **term start**: February 1, 1971
- **term end**: November 7, 1972
- **appointed**: Jimmy Carter
- **preceded**: Richard Russell, Jr.
- **succeeded**: Sam Nunn
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
- **death place**: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Davidson College
Harvard Law School
- **spouse**: Luck Flanders Gambrell (1953–2015; her death)
Jeanne Martin Gambrell
- **children**: Luck Gambrell
Henry Gambrell
Alice Gambrell
Mary Gambrell
- **unit**: United States Army Reserve, Reserves
George A. Sinner

**George Albert Sinner** (May 19, 1928 – March 9, 2018) was an American politician. He served as the 29th Governor of North Dakota from 1985 through 1992. He served two four-year terms as governor.

Sinner died on March 9, 2018 in Fargo of pneumonia at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- Jane Sinner Papers at The University of North Dakota
- North Dakota Historical Society: George Sinner

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: George Albert Sinner
- **image**: File:George Sinner.png
- **order**: 29th
- **office**: Governor of North Dakota
- **term start**: January 1, 1985
- **term end**: December 15, 1992
- **lieutenant**: Ruth Meiers
Lloyd Omdahl
- **predecessor**: Allen I. Olson
- **successor**: Ed Schafer
- **birth place**: Fargo, North Dakota
- **death place**: Fargo, North Dakota
- **spouse**: Elizabeth "Jane" Sinner
- **alma mater**: College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University, Saint John's University
- **profession**: Farmer
- **residence**: Casselton, North Dakota
- **party**: North Dakota Democratic NPL Party, Democratic-NPL
Caravan

A **caravan** may refer to:

## Automobile models

- Dodge Caravan
- Nissan Caravan
- Chevrolet Caravan (GM do Brasil)
- Caravan, term used by the German manufacturer Opel to denote its station wagon body style

## Road vehicles

- Travel trailer, a small trailer known in the British Isles and Australasia as a caravan

## Other

- Convoy, a group of vehicles or ships traveling together for mutual support
- Caravan Tours, an escorted tour company
- Caravan (travellers), a group of travellers journeying together
Caravan (travellers)

A **caravan** (from ) is a group of people traveling together. Often they are on a trade expedition.

### On the Silk Road

Caravans were used mainly in desert areas and throughout the Silk Road.  Traveling in groups aided in defense against bandits, in the same way that convoy<nowiki/>s at sea helped protect against piracy. It also helped improve economies of scale in trade. In the 14th century there were reports of caravans of up to 12,000 camels.

In historical times, caravans traveled across East Asia and Europe. They often carried luxurious and lucrative goods, such as silks or jewelry. They would trade these for salt, gold, copper or slaves. At first donkey carts were used. They were replaced with the single hump camel. The camel could go great distances on very little water.

## Why caravans?

Caravans could require a large investment in goods and camels. They were a rich target for bandits. The profits from a successful trade journey could be great.

Many rulers along important trade routes created _caravanserai_ (way-stations). These were places where caravans could refresh their animals and supplies can be replenished. However, the volume a caravan could transport was limited. For example, a caravan of 500 camels could only transport as much as a third or half of the goods carried by a regular Byzantine merchant sailing ship.

## Caravans today

Present-day caravans still transport important goods in less-developed areas of the world. Examples are the camel trains traversing the southern edges of the Sahara Desert. Also, modern caravans are often made up of cars, trucks and busses.

## Related pages

- The Silk Road
- Trade
Flying University

**Flying University** (or "Floating University") was a counterculture educational activist group in Warsaw, Poland. They gathered in private apartments to teach history and the Polish language to students. The group operated for 20 years from 1885 to 1905. Warsaw was then under the control of the Russian Empire. Marie Curie became a student here after being banned from Warsaw University because of her sex.
Because I Said So

***Because I Said So*** is a 2007 romantic comedy movie. The movie is about an overbearing mother who is concerned about her three daughters. Diane Keaton plays Daphne. Mandy Moore plays Milly. Piper Perabo plays Mae. Lauren Graham plays Maggie.

_Because I Said So_ got negative reviews from critics. But it did very well at the box office. It took in more than $69 million against a $39 million budget.
Piper Perabo

**Piper Perabo** (born October 31, 1976) is an American actress. She acts in movies, television and on stage. In the movie _Whiteboyz_, she played Sara. She played Violet "Jersey" Sanford in _Coyote Ugly_.

Perabo was born in Dallas, Texas. She grew up in Toms River, New Jersey.
Lauren Graham

**Lauren Graham** (born March 16, 1967) is an American actress, producer and novelist. She played Lorelai Gilmore on _Gilmore Girls_. She played Sarah Braverman in the TV series _Parenthood_.

Graham was born in Honolulu, Hawaii.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lauren Graham
- **image**: Lauren Graham at PaleyFest 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Lauren Graham in 2013
- **birth place**: Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
- **education**: New York University
Barnard College (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Southern Methodist University (Master of Fine Arts, MFA)
- **known for**: * Lorelai Gilmore in _Gilmore Girls_
* Sarah Braverman in _Parenthood (2010 TV series), Parenthood_
- **birth name**: Lauren Helen Graham
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **partner**: Peter Krause (2010–2021)
Eastcote

**Eastcote** is a suburban area in west London. (It was in Middlesex until the county was abolished in 1965). It is part of the London Borough of Hillingdon. In the Middle Ages, Eastcote was one of the three areas that made up the parish of Ruislip, under the name of Ascot. The name came from its position to the east of the parish. From the mid-17th century there were clusters of small hamlets in this area.
Monster Buster Club

**Monster Buster Club** is a children's comedy action animated television program series. It was created by Vincent Chalvon-Demersay and David Michel and by Marathon Media and Image Entertainment Corporation Inc. The series was first shown on TV in France on TF1, October 29, 2007. In the United States it began on June 9, 2008. In Asia it started on May 3, 2008. The show was first shown on Canada's Television channel YTV in 2008. The series ended in 2009.

## Plot

This show is about three twelve-year-olds, helped by an alien girl named Cathy, who are all charged with saving their town from alien invasions. With her grandfather, they reform a secret organization that was founded centuries ago called the Monster Buster Club, often abbreviated to MBC. The goal of the MBC is to locate alien criminals seeking refuge in Single Town, capture them, and send them to galactic authorities.

## Other websites

- Official Site
- Marathon Brings Monster to MIPCOM from animationmagazine.net
- Disney XD Official site

## Infobox (television)

- **image size**: 200px
- **writer**: John Derevlany (Eps. 1-26)
 Al Schwartz (Eps. 27-52)
- **voices**: Michael Yarmush
Matt Hill
Anna Cummer
Andrea Libman
Tabitha St. Germain
Rick Jones (voice actor), Rick Jones
- **developer**: Marathon Media Group
 Jetix Europe
- **genre**: Animation, Action film, Action, Comedy, Adventures
- **runtime**: 22 minutes
- **creator**: Vincent Chalvon-Demersay
 David Michel
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 52
- **list episodes**: List of Monster Buster Club episodes
- **executive producer**: Vincent Chalvon-Demersay
Sylain Viau
**Co-Executive Producer**
Charles Henri Moarbes
- **producer**: Sylvain Viau
David Michel
Vincent Chalvon-Demersay
- **theme music composer**: David Vadant
Noam Kaniel
- **composer**: Jeff Fisher
Paul-Etienne Cote
- **country**: France
 Canada
- **language**: French
English
- **network**: Jetix Europe (Europe)
TF1 (France)
- **image**: Monsterbusterclublogovector.png
Mieszko II Lambert

**Mieszko II Lambert** (ca. 990 - May 10, 1034) was a king of Poland from 1025 to 1031, and a duke of Poland from 1032 to 1034 from the Piast dynasty. He was the second son of Boleslaw I the Brave. He is the third known Polish ruler. He was father of Casimir I.

He was probably named after Mieszko I of Poland, who was his grandfather.

In 1028 and in 1030 he attacked Saxony. Later, Poland was attacked by Germany, Bohemia, and Kiev. When Poland was attacked by Yaroslav the Wise in 1031, Mieszko lost control over Poland.
Self storage

**Self storage** is a place where rooms or spaces are rented to individuals and companies. These can very large rooms or outside spaces, or as small as a simple locker. These spaces are usually rented on a short term lease, or on a month by month basis.

A business may use self storage as a way to free up expensive office space to store company files, inventory, equipment, furniture and other items.

The person or business leasing the space is responsible for placing items inside. The storage company does not usually have access to the spaces.

The money spent on self storage in the USA was estimated to be $24 billion in 2013.
Chakri

**Chakradhar Gilla** (known as Chakri) (15 June 1974 – 15 December 2014) was an Indian music composer and singer. He works for Tollywood movies. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu for the movie _Satyam_ (2003). His song named "O Maguva Nee Sneham Kosam" from his movie "Satyam" was thought to be his best known work. Chakri was born in Mahabubabad, Telangana.

Chakri died from a heart attack in Hyderabad, Telangana, aged 40.
John McVie

**John Graham "Mac" McVie** (born 26 November 1945) is a British bass guitarist. He is best known as a member of rock groups John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers and Fleetwood Mac. He joined Fleetwood Mac shortly after its formation by guitarist Peter Green in 1967. He replaced bassist Bob Brunning.

In 1968, he married blues pianist and singer Christine Perfect, who became a member of Fleetwood Mac two years later. John and Christine McVie divorced, however, in 1977.

On 27 October 2013, Fleetwood Mac announced on their Facebook Page that McVie had been diagnosed with cancer and would be undergoing treatment. He has continued to play with the band during their 2014 On With The Show tour following an improvement in his condition.

## Other websites

- Fleetwood Mac official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: John McVie
- **image**: JohnMcVie.JPG
- **caption**: John McVie live with Fleetwood Mac on 3 March 2009 in St. Paul, Minnesota
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: John Graham McVie
- **birth place**: Ealing, County of London, London, England
- **instrument**: Bass guitar
- **genre**: Rock, blues
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1963–present
- **label**: Reprise Records, Reprise, Blue Horizon
- **associated acts**: John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, John Mayall's Bluesbreakers (1963–1967)
 Fleetwood Mac (1967–present)
 John McVie's "Gotta Band" with Lola Thomas, John McVie's "Gotta Band" with Lola Thomas (1992)
Louis Alphonse Koyagialo

**Louis Alphonse Daniel Koyagialo Ngbase te Gerengbo** (23 March 1947 – 14 December 2014) was a Congolese politician. He was Deputy Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito. He was responsible for the Ministry of Postal Services, Telephones, and Telecommunications . He became Acting Prime Minister on 6 March 2012 after Prime Minister Muzito resigned.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Louis Alphonse Koyagialo
- **office**: Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
<small>Acting</small>
- **president**: Joseph Kabila
- **term start**: 6 March 2012
- **term end**: 18 April 2012
- **predecessor**: Adolphe Muzito
- **successor**: Augustin Matata Ponyo
- **birth place**: Yakoma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Yakoma, Belgian Congo
<small>(now Democratic Republic of the Congo)</small>
- **death place**: Johannesburg, South Africa
- **party**: Unified Lumumbist Party, PALU
Saint Lucy

**Saint Lucy**  was born in Italy. Lucy’s mother tried to arrange a marriage for her. Lucy did not want to marry. Her mother agreed, but the rejected bridegroom was not happy. He betrayed Lucy to the governor as a Christian. Lucy was killed. She died at age 21.

## Related page

- St. Lucia Day
Saint Emiliana

**Saint Emiliana** was a Christian saint. She was born in Rome. Her feast day is January 5. She was a mystic person (a spiritual and faithful person).

## Biography

Emiliana and her sister Tharsilla were aunts of Pope Gregory I. Their uncle was Pope Felix III. They treated their house like a convent. They were spiritual and committed to God. They wanted to help the world. Tharsilla died on December 24. A few days after Tharsilla died, she appeared to Emiliana. Emiliana died on January 5.
Louis III, Prince of Condé

**Louis de Bourbon, 6th Prince of Condé** (10 November 1668 - 4 March 1710) was a Prince of the blood at the French court of Louis XIV. Styled as the Duke of Bourbon from birth, he succeeded his father as Prince of Condé in 1709. He was commonly called _Monsieur le Duc_. However, he was known by the lesser ducal title. He was prince for less than a year. As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, he was a _prince du sang_. He was governor of Burgundy from 1709 to 1710. He was forced to marry an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV.

## Issue

1. Marie Gabrielle Éléonore de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Bourbon (22 December 1690 - 30 August 1760) died unmarried.
1. Louis Henri I, Prince of Condé (18 August 1692 - 27 January 1740) married Marie Anne de Bourbon and had no issue. He later married Landgravine Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg and had issue.
1. Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon (22 November 1693 – 27 May 1775) married Louis Armand, Prince of Conti and had issue.
1. Louise Anne de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Charolais (23 June 1695 - 8 April 1758) died unmarried.
1. Marie Anne de Bourbon (16 October 1697 - 11 August 1741) secretly married Louis de Melun, Duke of Joyeuse.
1. Charles, Count of Charolais (19 June 1700 - 23 July 1760) secretly married Jeanne de Valois Saint Remy (descendant of Henri II of France) and had illegitimate issue.
1. Henriette Louise de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Vermandois (15 January 1703 - 19 September 1772) died unmarried.
1. Élisabeth Alexandrine de Bourbon, Mademoiselle de Sens (15 September 1705 - 15 April 1765) died unmarried.
1. Louis, Count of Clermont (15 June 1709 - 16 June 1771) died unmarried.

## Tiles and styles

- **10 November 1668 – 1 April 1709 ** _His Most Serene Highness_ the Duke of Bourbon.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Louis de Bourbon
- **image**: 1694 Portrait of Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé from the workshop of Rigaud (Versailles).jpg
- **title**: Duke of Bourbon
- **succession**: 6th Princes of Condé, Prince of Condé
- **reign-type**: Tenure
- **predecessor**: Henri Jules, Prince of Condé
- **successor**: Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, Louis Henri I, Prince of Condé
- **birth place**: Hôtel de Condé, Paris, Kingdom of France, France
- **death place**: Palace of Versailles, Île-de-France, France
- **issue**: Marie Anne Éléonore de Bourbon, Marie Gabrielle Éléonore, Mademoiselle de Bourbon
Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, Louis Henri, 7th Prince of Condé
Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon, Louise Élisabeth, Princess of Conti
Louise Anne de Bourbon, Louise Anne, Mademoiselle de Charolais
Marie Anne de Bourbon (1697–1741), Marie Anne, Duchess of Joyeuse
Charles, Count of Charolais
Henriette Louise de Bourbon, Henriette Louise, Mademioselle de Vermandois
Élisabeth Alexandrine de Bourbon, Élisabeth Alexandrine, Mademoiselle de Sens
Louis, Count of Clermont
- **house**: House of Bourbon-Condé, Bourbon-Condé
- **father**: Henri Jules, Prince of Condé
- **mother**: Anne  of Bavaria
- **house**: House of Bourbon, Bourbon (Condé branch)
Raquel Castro

**Raquel Castro** (born November 17, 1994) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She played Gertie in _Jersey Girl_ in 2004. She played Destiny in _Little Fugitive_.

Castro was born in Long Island, New York.
Nick Cravat

**Nicholas Cuccia** (January 11, 1912 – January 29, 1994), known as **Nick Cravat**, was an American actor and stuntman. He co-starred with Burt Lancaster in nine movies. He played a mute character in movies such as _Davy Crockett_ and _King of the Wild Frontier_. He did not have speaking roles because he could not hide his thick Brooklyn accent.

Cravat was born in New York City. On January 29, 1994 he died of lung cancer in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California.
Dennis Morgan

**Dennis Morgan** (December 30, 1908 – September 7, 1994) was an American actor and singer. He played Jefferson in _Christmas in Connecticut_. He played Paul Hudson in _The Desert Song_.

Morgan was born Stanley Morner in Prentice, Wisconsin, on December 30, 1908. He died in Fresno, California of respiratory failure on September 7, 1994.
Francisco Ibáñez Talavera

**Francisco Ibáñez Talavera** (15 March 1936 – 15 July 2023), Spanish comic book artist and writer. He was born in Barcelona, Spain. He is the creator of several comic book series. The most famous series he created is _Mortadelo y Filemón_.

Ibáñez worked in a bank while publishing his first drawings before dedicating himself fully to his craft in 1957.  A year later, _Mortadelo y Filemón_ appeared for the first time in the publication _Pulgarcito_.  After that Ibáñez created several other characters.  Since 1988, he has drawn six new _Mortadelo y Filemón_ albums a year. Many of them concern common issues of the day.

In 1994, he received the Grand Prize of the _Salón del Cómic de Barcelona_. In 2001 he received the _Medalla de Oro al Mérito en las Bellas Artes_ ("Gold Medal for Contributions to the Fine Arts"). He received the "Premios Notario del Humor" 2008 from the University of Alicante.
Ibáñez married Remedios Solera Sánchez in 1966, with whom he had two daughters.

Ibáñez died in Barcelona on 15 July 2023, at the age of 87.

## Works

- _Mortadelo y Filemón, agencia de información_ (1958).
- _La familia Trapisonda, un grupito que es la monda_ (1958)
- _13, Rue del Percebe_ (1961)
- _Godofredo y Pascualino viven del deporte fino_ (1961)
- _Ande, ríase usté con el arca de Noé_ (1961)
- _El botones Sacarino_ (1963)
- _Rompetechos_ (1964)
- _Pepe Gotera y Otilio_ (1966)
- _Chicha, Tato y Clodoveo_ (1985)
- _7, Rebolling Street_ (1987)
- _Doña Pura y Doña Pera vecinas de la escalera_
- _Don Pedrito que está como nunca_
- _El doctor esparadrapo y su ayudante Gazapo_
- _Tete Cohete_

## Infobox (comics creator)

- **name**: Francisco Ibáñez
- **image**: Francisco Ibáñez.jpg
- **caption**: Ibáñez in 2006
- **birth name**: Francisco Ibáñez Talavera
- **birth place**: Barcelona, Second Spanish Republic, Spain
- **death place**: Barcelona, Spain
- **nationality**: Spanish
- **area**: Writer, artist
- **alias**: Ibáñez
- **notable works**: _Mort & Phil_
- **signature**: Firma Francisco Ibáñez.jpg
Pulgarcito

***Pulgarcito*** (Spanish for "Tom Thumb") was a weekly illustrated magazine in Spain. It was published by Editorial Bruguera. It was first named _El Gato Negro_. It had a black cat as its logo from June 1921 to 1986.

_Pulgarcito_ had short stories, articles, pastimes, and jokes, with only a few comic strips. Economic difficulties caused by the Spanish Civil War led to only 13 issues being published between 1945 and 1947. It was brought back after 1952. It had with more space given to comic strips when it returned. It also had a new set of new comic characters, including:

- Zipi y Zape (characters that later got their own magazine)

- Las hermanas Gilda

- Carpanta

- El profesor Tragacanto

Both Ibáñez and Jan worked on _Pulgarcito_ during its last years.  With the demise of the Editorial Bruguera publishing house, _Pulgarcito_ was discontinued.
Shapeshifting

**Shapeshifting** is the act of being able to change into another being or form.  The idea of shapeshifting has been around since the Middle Ages. It has been used in literature and epic poems, including works such as _Peleus and Thetis_ and the _Iliad_.  The trend of shapeshifting is still being done today. It is a theme in children's literature, and works of popular culture.

## Other websites

- The Evolution of the Vampire in Fiction and Popular Culture
- Real Shapeshifters Website  Dedicated to the study of shapeshifting phenomena (realshapeshifters.com)
- Shapeshifters in Love  – A series of articles about shapeshifting characters in romance and speculative fiction.
Don L. Anderson

**Don Lynn Anderson** (March 5, 1933 – December 2, 2014) was an American geophysicist. Anderson’s work was about seismology, solid state physics, geochemistry and petrology to explain how the Earth works. Anderson was born in Frederick, Maryland.

Anderson died of cancer in Cambria, California, aged 81.

## Other websites

- Anderson's webpage at Caltech

## Infobox (scientist)

- **image**: Don L. Anderson portrait photo.jpg
- **name**: Don L. Anderson
- **birth place**: Frederick, Maryland, Frederick, Maryland
- **death place**: Cambria, California, Cambria, California
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **alma mater**: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, California Institute of Technology
- **workplaces**: California Institute of Technology, Caltech Seismological Laboratory
- **fields**: Seismology, Geophysics, Geology, Geochemistry
- **doctoral advisor**: Frank Press
- **known for**: Plate Tectonics, Seismology, Geochemistry, Scientific Poetry
- **doctoral students**: Martin Smith, Lane Johnson, Bruce Julian, "Francis" Wu, "Leon" Teng, Charles G. Sammis, Harmuth Spetzler, Thomas H. Jordan, James Whitcomb, Hsi-Ping Liu, Scott David King, Jeffrey Given, Shingo Watada, Janice Regan, Eric Chael, Hua-Wei Zhou, Lianxing Wen.
- **footnotes**: Anderson's expertise in numerous scientific disciplines has been recognized with gold medals from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Geological Society of America, the Royal Astronomical Society, and the highest science medals from the American Geophysical Union and the President of the United States.
Norman Bridwell

**Norman Bridwell** (February 15, 1928 – December 12, 2014) was an American author, cartoonist, and philanthropist. He was best known for creating _Clifford the Big Red Dog_. Bridwell was born in Kokomo, Indiana.

Bridwell died on December 12, 2014 of heart failure at the age of 86 in Edgartown, Massachusetts.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Norman Bridwell
- **image**: Norman Bridwell, Clifford the Big Red Dog, 2011.jpg
- **caption**: Bridwell in 2011, holding a copy of the first _Clifford the Big Red Dog_ book.
- **birth place**: Kokomo, Indiana
- **death place**: Edgartown, Massachusetts
- **occupation**: Writer, philanthropist, illustrator
- **nationality**: American
- **genre**: Children's literature
- **notableworks**: _Clifford the Big Red Dog_
- **spouse**: Norma Bridwell
- **children**: Emily Elizabeth, Tim Bridwell