juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Aermacchi M.B.339

**Aermacchi M.B.339** was built by Alenia Aermacchi. The creation of this type was requested by the Aernautica Militaire. They wanted to use it as new trainer.

## Development

Based on Aermacchi M.B. 326,  M.B. 339 is a direct successor of this type. The changes made on the cockpit, front parts and tail-end result in new product. The delivery has started in 1978. From 1982, those planes became the main plane of the Italian flight group Frecce Tricolori. This plane has been exported in 8 countries. The later types like M.B. 339 CD/FD have been produced only for Frecce Tricolori and can be seen as 4th generation fighters.

## Technical data (M.B.339A)

|Data|Units|
| --- | --- |
|Production time|1973-1985|
|Manufacturer|Alenia Aermacchi|
|Wingspan|12,20 m|
|Length|10,90 m|
|Hight|3,90 m|
|Wing area|19,30 m²|
|Weight (empty)|3.125 kg|
|Max takeoff weight|5.900 kg|
|Passengers|-|
|Crew|2|
|Speed|898 km/h|
|Service ceiling|14.630 m|
|Range|2110 km|
|Powerplant|1*Rolls Royce Viper 632-43|
|Weapons|1800 kg rockets or bombs|

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: MB-339
- **image**: File:MB339 - RIAT 2008 (2674540983).jpg
- **caption**: An MB-339CD of the Italian Air Force


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: trainer (aircraft), Advanced trainer and light attack aircraft
- **manufacturer**: Alenia Aermacchi
- **first flight**: 12 August 1976
- **introduced**: 1979
- **status**: Active in production
- **primary user**: Italian Air Force
- **more users**: Royal Malaysian Air Force
 Eritrean Air Force
 United Arab Emirates Air Force
- **produced**: 1978–present
- **number built**: 230
- **unit cost**: $8.3 million
- **developed from**: Aermacchi MB-326
Ocean sunfish

The **ocean sunfish** (_Mola mola_), also called the **mola** or **sun fish**, is a large ocean fish found in warm and temperate oceans. It is the heaviest known bony fish in the world.

It has an almost circular, flattened body. This unusual fish swims by flapping its long pectoral and dorsal fins; the caudal fin is used as a rudder (for steering).

Some sunfish have been seen floating on their sides at the top of the sea; they may be using the sun to heat themselves up. They eat crustaceans, starfish, jellyfish, sponges, mollusks, algae, plankton, squid, and small fish. The species is native to tropical and temperate waters around the globe. It resembles a fish head with a tail, and its main body is flattened laterally.

### Appearance

The ocean sunfish has an unusual appearance. It does not have a caudal fin and has a pseudotail; the clavus. The body is round and oval-shaped. The dorsal fin and anal fin are extended, making the fish appear big. The dorsal and anal fin are used as the rudder. The fish lacks a swim bladder.

### Skin

A sunfish's skin can vary from silver to white. The fish also gains the ability to vary skin color from dark to light, especially when attacked.

### Range

Ocean sunfish are found in temperate and tropical waters of all oceans.

### Behavior

Sunfish can sometimes be found in a group, but usually alone. They sometimes bask sideways.

## Related pages

- List of fish common names

## References

1. <small>Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2016). "_Mola mola_"  in FishBase.</small>
1. <small>"The Ocean Sunfish, a Giant from the Depths".</small>

## Other websites

- Ocean sunfish on Wikidata
Remora

**Remoras**, sometimes called **suckerfish** or **sharksuckers**, are fish in the family **Echeneidae** of ray-finned fish in the order Carangiformes. They are small fish that live on and around sharks. They eat stray bits of food left by the shark and tiny shrimp-like parasites that live on the shark's skin. They have sucker-like disks on their heads with which they attach to the shark.
Both the shark and the remora benefit from the pairing, but the remore benefits much more; this is commensalism. Remora are also known as sucker fish or shark sucker.
Rick Snyder

**Richard Dale Snyder** (born August 19, 1958) is an American politician, business executive, venture capitalist, and accountant who was the 48th Governor of Michigan. A member of the Republican Party, he became governor on January 1, 2011 and left office on January 1, 2019.

Snyder was seen as a possible Republican Party candidate for Vice President of the United States in 2012, although Paul Ryan was selected.

A report by the University of Michigan School of Public Health concluded Snyder has "significant legal responsibility" for the Flint water crisis, exposing 6,000 to 12,000 Flint children to lead.

On April 16, 2020, an article was published in _Vice_ gave details and evidence of corruption, and a cover-up by Snyder, including details of how he was warned repeatedly about the dangerous effects of the decisions he had made about the water supply to the city of Flint during the water crisis. In January 2021, Snyder was criminally charged for his role in the crisis.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rick Snyder
- **image**: Rick Snyder in 2013.jpg
- **order**: List of Governors of Michigan, 48th
- **office**: Governor of Michigan
- **lieutenant**: Brian Calley
- **term start**: January 1, 2011
- **term end**: January 1, 2019
- **predecessor**: Jennifer Granholm
- **successor**: Gretchen Whitmer
- **birth name**: Richard Dale Snyder
- **birth place**: Battle Creek, Michigan, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Sue Snyder
- **children**: 3
- **education**: University of Michigan, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor
- **signature**: Rick-snyder-sigsvg.png
Bibliomania

**Bibliomania** can be a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder, by collecting of books to the point where social relations or health are in danger. It can be connected to stealing (kleptomania) of books.

Bibliomania is not to be confused with bibliophilia, which is the usual love of books.

Don Quixote may be the most famous bibliomaniac in fiction.
Jersey Shore

The **Jersey Shore** is the name for the part of New Jersey that is along the Atlantic Ocean.
Jefferson Cardoso

**Jefferson Cardoso dos Santos** (born February 15, 1986) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Guarani in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série C.

He started playing football with his local club  São Vicente Atlético Clube and then went on to Jabaquara Atlético Clube in Brazils 4th league. He became Champion with this team and then went on to Red Bull Brasil. With this team he was two times promoted. In summer 2011 he and his teammate Alex Rafael were invited to train with F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. He played two test matches for Salzburg (Bayer 04 Leverkusen, Olympique Lyon). He convinced the club and so he was signed for Red Bull Salzburg. After some matches as substitution he played his first match in the starting team on 21 August 2011 in a league match versus S.K. Sturm Graz.

## Honours

- 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série B (4th league): 2009
- 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (3rd league): 2010
- 1x Finale Copa Paulista: 2010

## Infobox (football biography)

- **image**: File:Jefferson5.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **fullname**: Jefferson Cardoso dos Santos
- **birth place**: São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
- **currentclub**: Brasiliense Futebol Clube, Brasiliense
- **position**: Defender (association football), Left defender
- **youthyears1**: 2006
- **youthclubs1**: São Vicente Atlético Clube
- **youthyears2**: 2007–2008
- **youthclubs2**: Jabaquara Atlético Clube
- **years1**: 2009–2011
- **clubs1**: Red Bull Brasil
- **caps1**: 78
- **goals1**: 4
- **years2**: 2011–2012
- **clubs2**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **caps2**: 8
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2012
- **clubs3**: Ituano Futebol Clube, Ituano
- **caps3**: 0
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2012
- **clubs4**: Guaratinguetá Futebol, Guaratinguetá
- **caps4**: 5
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2013
- **clubs5**: Brasiliense Futebol Clube, Brasiliense
- **caps5**: 2
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2014–
- **clubs6**: Guarani Futebol Clube, Guarani
- **pcupdate**: August 14, 2014
2010 Russian Premier League

The **2010 Russian Premier League** was the 19th season of the Russian Premier League. The team with the most points was Zenit St. Petersburg, with 68 points. CSKA Moscow was second with 62 points. The season started on March 12, 2010. The last match was played November 29, 2010. On November 14, 2010, Zenit St. Petersburg claimed their titles after a 5-0 win against FC Rostov. Lastly, this season was Saturn Moscow Oblast's last season. The team was dissolved after.

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **tourney name**: Russian Premier League
- **year**: 2010
- **dates**: March - November 2010
- **num teams**: 16
- **champion other**: Zenit St Petersburg
- **count**: 2
- **second other**: PFC CSKA Moscow, CSKA Moscow
- **third other**: Rubin Kazan
- **matches**: 240
- **goals**: 561
- **top scorer**: Welliton
- **prevseason**: 2009 Russian Premier League, 2009
- **nextseason**: 2011–12 Russian Premier League, 2011–12
Chillán Viejo

**Chillán Viejo** is a Chilean commune in the south of Chillán. According to the Chilean , Chillán Viejo has an area of  and 26,172 inhabitants.

## History

This commune began in 1895. Thanks to an administrative crisis, the title of commune was revoked on 1927. Finally, in 1995, during the promulgation of a law in the government of the now ex-president Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Chillán Viejo is again a commune.

### The Monumental Park "Bernardo O'Higgins"

The colonial house where Bernardo O'Higgins born on 1778.

### Traditional Parties

- Saint Raphael
- Our Lady of Mount Carmel
- Our Lady of the Rosary

## Other websites

- Municipality of Chillán Viejo

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Chillán Viejo
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **image flag**: Bandera de Chillán Viejo.svg
- **flag alt**: Flag
- **image shield**: Escudo de Chillán Viejo.svg
- **shield alt**: Coat of arms
- **image map**: Comuna de Chillán Viejo.svg
- **map caption**: Location of the commune of Chillán Viejo in the Ñuble Region
- **map alt**: Location of the commune of Chillán Viejo in the Ñuble Region
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Ñuble Region, Ñuble
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Diguillín Province, Diguillín
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader party**: Independent (politician), Ind.
- **leader name**: Felipe Alwin Lagos
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 291.8
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population demonym**: _Chillanvejanos_
- **population total**: 22084
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Urban area, Urban
- **population blank1**: 18827
- **population blank2 title**: Rural area, Rural
- **population blank2**: 3257
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 10,791
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 11,293
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: −3
- **area code**: 56 + 42
- **website**: [http://www.chillanviejo.cl/ Municipality of Chillán Viejo]
Pyramid scheme

A **pyramid scheme** is a way of making money that cannot continue very long. It involves promising people payment or services, primarily for enrolling other people into the scheme or training them to take part. It does not supply any real investment or sale of  products or services to the public. Pyramid schemes are a form of fraud. For this reason, pyramid schemes are illegal in many countries.

This type of scheme became widespread in the late 19th century. The way the scheme is described is sometimes changed to hide what it is doing. Many people believe that multilevel marketing (MLM) is also a pyramid scheme.

## Concept and basic models

A successful pyramid scheme combines a business that seems real with a simple-to-understand money-making description which is used for profit. The idea is that the first person, Mr. X, makes a payment. To get money, Mr. X has to recruit others like him who will also make a payment. Mr. X gets paid out of money received from those new people (recruits). The recruits go on to involve others. As each new recruit makes a payment, Mr. X gets a part. He is promised always increasing benefits as the "business" expands.
Such "businesses" do not have real products or services. To make them more believable, most such scams have fake letters from successful members and information. Only the first person (sometimes called the "pharaoh") and a very few at the top levels of the pyramid make a lot of money. The amounts get much smaller further down the pyramid. Someone at the bottom of the pyramid loses money. They paid to enter, but cannot get anyone else to join.

## The "Eight-Ball" model

Recruiting a large number of others into a scheme can be difficult so a system is used that seems more simple. In this model each person must recruit only two others. However, a larger number of levels is needed before the person gets paid any money. The scheme requires a person to recruit two others, who must each recruit two others, who must each recruit two others.

The "eight-ball" model contains a total of fifteen members. This scheme has been called the "Airplane Game" and the four tiers labelled as "captain," "co-pilot," "crew," and "passenger" to denote a person's level.

Such schemes may hide their pyramid nature by calling themselves as "gifting circles" with money being "gifted." The eight passengers must each pay (or "gift") a sum (e.g. $1,000) to join the scheme. This total of $8,000 goes to the captain who leaves the scheme. Everyone remaining moves up one level. There are now two new captains so the group splits in two with each group requiring eight new passengers. A person who joins the scheme as a passenger will not get any money until they advance through the crew and co-pilot levels to captain. Therefore, the participants in the bottom 3 tiers of the pyramid lose their money if the scheme collapses. Popular schemes such as the "Women Empowering Women" do this.

## Related pages

- Ponzi scheme: it is similar but not the same as pyramid scheme
The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales

***The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales*** is a children's book by Jon Scieszka. It was published in 1992 by Viking. It is a collection of stories which make fun of famous children's stories and fairy tales, such as "Chicken Licken", "The Gingerbread Man" (changed to The Stinky Cheese Man of the title), "The Ugly Duckling", and others. It was illustrated by Lane Smith, who won the Caldecott Honor for his illustrations. This book also won the New York Times Best Illustrated Book award, among numerous awards in many countries.

The book was also re-released in a new edition in 2002 to celebrate its tenth anniversary. This new edition also included a story which had been listed in the Table of Contents of the previous editions, but had not appeared anywhere in the book. This story was printed on the back of the dust jacket.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Stinky Cheese Man and Other Fairly Stupid Tales
- **author**: Jon Scieszka
- **illustrator**: Lane Smith
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Children's book
Picture book
- **publisher**: Viking Press
- **release date**: 1992
- **media type**: Print (hardcover, paperback)
- **pages**: 56
- **isbn**: 978-0-670-84487-6
- **oclc**: 25248190
- **dewey**: [E] 20
- **congress**: PZ8.S3134 St 1992
Palestine at the Olympics

**Palestine at the Olympics** is a history which includes 5 games in 5 countries and 10+ athletes.  Since 1996, Palestine (PLE) has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

## History

Palestine has been at the Summer Olympics since 1996.  Since 1986 Palestine is part of the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA).  Palestine has not won any Olympic medals.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Palestine profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: PLE
- **nocname**: Palestine Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **flagcaption**: Palestinian flag, Flag of Palestine
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
São Paulo Museum of Art

The **São Paulo Museum of Art** is an art museum on Paulista Avenue in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The museum opened in 1968.

The São Paulo Museum of Art's collection includes the greatest names in international art history van Gogh, Francisco de Goya, Matisse, Picasso, Modigliani, Giuseppe Amisani, Marc Chagall, Max Ernst, Salvador Dalí, Joan Miró, Andy Warhol, El Greco, Diego Vélasquez, Mantegna, Bellini, Botticelli,  Giambattista Pittoni, Raphäel, Le Pérugin, Titien, Tintoretto, Guercino, Poussin, Manet, Degas, Cézanne, Monet, Renoir, Gauguin, Toulouse-Lautrec, Pierre Paul Rubens, Rembrandt, Antoine Van Dyck.
Philippines at the Olympics

**Philippines at the Olympics** is a history which includes 23 games in 16 countries and 370+ athletes.  Since 1911, the Philippines has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Philippines is PHI.

## History

The Philippine National Olympic Committee was formed in 1911.  It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1929.

Philippines's team first competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.

The team did not compete in the 1980 Summer Olympics.

Filipino athletes have also been at the Winter Olympic Games  three times after 1972, but not since 1994. The Philippines is the first nation in the tropics to be in the Winter Olympic Games.

### Summer games

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:11em"|Name|style="width:10em"|Games|style="width:7em"|Sport|style="width:15em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||1928 Amsterdam|Swimming|Men's 400 metre breaststroke||||||
|||1932 Los Angeles|Athletics|Men's high jump||||||
|||1932 Los Angeles|Boxing|Men's bantamweight||||||
|||1932 Los Angeles|Swimming|Men's 200 metre breaststroke||||||
|||1936 Berlin|Athletics|Men's 400 metre hurdles||||||
|||1964 Tokyo|Boxing|Men's featherweight||||||
|||1988 Seoul|Boxing|Men's light flyweight||||||
|||1992 Barcelona|Boxing|Men's light flyweight||||||
|||1996 Atlanta|Boxing|Men's light flyweight||||||
|||2016 Rio De Janiero|Weightlifting|Women's 53 kg||||||
|||2020 Tokyo|Weightlifting|Women's 55 kg||||||
|||2020 Tokyo|Boxing|Women's featherweight||||||
|||2020 Tokyo|Boxing|Men's flyweight||||||
|||2020 Tokyo|Boxing|Men's middleweight||||||

### Summer Youth games

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:11em"|Name|style="width:10em"|Games|style="width:7em"|Sport|style="width:15em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Luis Gabriel Moreno|2014 Nanjing|Archery|Mixed Team||||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Philippine Olympic Committee website
- Philippines profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: PHI
- **nocname**: Philippine Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the Philippines
- **gold**: 1
- **silver**: 5
- **bronze**: 8
Robert Louis Stevenson

**Robert Louis Stevenson** was a Scottish novelist, essayist, poet and travel writer. He was born on 13 November 1850 and died on 3 December 1894. His parents were Thomas Stevenson, and Margaret Isabella Balfour. He spent much of his childhood sick in bed with lung trouble. He studied law in Edinburgh University, but later turned his interest to writing. Some of his best known works are Treasure Island, Kidnapped and Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll. He is the subject of several literature classes, especially his book KIDNAPPED for children aged 12 to 13 across the globe.

## Selected works

- _Treasure Island_ (1883)
- _A Child's Garden of Verses_ (1885)
- _The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde_ (1886)
- _Kidnapped_ (1886)
- _The Black Arrow_ (1888)
- _The Master of Ballantrae_ (1889)
- _Island Nights' Entertainments_ (1893)

## References

https://www.wordreference.com/enfr/these

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Robert Louis Stevenson
- **image**: Robert Louis Stevenson Knox Series.jpg
- **birth name**: Robert Lewis Balfour Stevenson
- **birth date**: 13 November 1850
- **birth place**: Edinburgh, Scotland
- **death date**: 3 December 1894 (aged 44)
- **death place**: Vailima, Samoa
- **occupation**: Writer
- **nationality**: Scottish people, Scottish
- **period**: Victorian era
- **spouse**: Fanny Van de Grift Osbourne
- **children**: Isobel Osbourne (stepdaughter)
Lloyd Osbourne (stepson)
- **relatives**: Thomas Stevenson
Margaret Isabella Balfour
Qatar at the Olympics

**Qatar at the Olympics** is a history which includes 8 games in 7 countries and 100+ athletes. Since 1979, Oman has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Qatar is QAT.

## History

The Qatar Olympic Committee was formed in 1979 and recognized by the IOC in 1980.

Teams from Qatar have taken part in the Summer Olympic Games but is scheduled to its Winter Olympic Games debut in 2026.

After the 2008 Summer Olympics, Qatar was, along with Saudi Arabia and Brunei, one of only three countries to never send a female athlete to the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee in 2010 said it would "press" these countries to have women's participate.  Then the Qatar Olympic Committee said it "hoped to send up to four female athletes in shooting and fencing" to the 2012 Summer Games in London.

## Medalists

|Medal|Name|Games|Sport|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Mohammed Suleiman|1992 Barcelona|Athletics|Men's 1,500m|
||Said Saif Asaad|2000 Sydney|Weightlifting|Men's 105 kg class|
||Nasser Al-Attiyah|2012 London|Shooting|Men's skeet|
||Mutaz Essa Barshim|2012 London|Athletics|Men's high jump|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Qatar profile at London2012.com
- "Qatar using black gold to tap into top performers", _The Guardian_, December 13, 2005 (on Olympic competitors from various countries switching to Qatari citizenship)
- home page

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: QAT
- **nocname**: Qatar Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 4
The Westing Game

***The Westing Game*** is a mystery novel written by Ellen Raskin. It was published in 1978 and it won the Newbery Medal in 1979. It was made into a movie which was released in 1997. This movie was released under both the names _The Westing Game_ and _Get a Clue_.
Selous' zebra

The **Selous' zebra** (_Equus quagga borensis_) is one of the six subspecies of the plains zebra (_Equus quagga_). Selous' Zebra is a critically endangered species. These are often confused with the Damaraland zebras (_Equus quagga antiquorum_), and the Chapman Zebra (_Equus quagga chapmani_). The Selous' Zebra's belly is partly striped and they have clean black and white banding. They do not have the brown shadow stripes of the Chapman Zebra.

Selous's Zebra lives in the northwest of Kenya, parts of Uganda, and the southeast of Sudan.
Saudi Arabia at the Olympics

**Saudi Arabia** has been in 12 Summer Olympic Games. They first were in the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany.  They have been in the Winter Olympic Games since 2022.

By Saudi Arabian law, women cannot be in the Olympic Games. However, the International Olympic Committee is reportedly pressuring the Saudi Olympic Committee to send female athletes to the 2012 Summer Olympics.  Others want Saudi Arabia to not be in the Olympics unless they let women in.

The Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee was formed in 1964 and recognized in 1965.

## Medalists

|Medal|Name|Games|Sport|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Hadi Al Somayli|2000 Sydney|Athletics|Men's 400 m hurdles|
||Khaled Al Eid|2000 Sydney|Equestrian|Individual jumping|
||Ramzy Al Duhami Abdullah Al Saud Kamal Bahamdan Abdullah Sharbatly || 2012 London || Equestrian || Team jumping||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Saudi Arabia profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: KSA
- **nocname**: Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 2
Klaipėda

**Klaipėda** is a city in Lithuania. It is where the Nemunas River  flows into the Baltic Sea. Klaipėda is the third largest city in Lithuania and the capital of Klaipėda County. The German name of the city is **Memel**. Until 1920, this city was the northernmost city of the German Empire.

The city's history is complicated. The Port of Klaipėda is important in the area. It is a usually ice-free port on the Baltic Sea. It has been controlled by the Teutonic Knights, the Duchy of Prussia, the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Entente States, Lithuania, and the Third Reich. The city became part of Lithuania while it was a Soviet Socialist Republic. Klaipėda remained part of Lithuania after it again became independent state.

The population shrank from 207,100 in 1992 to 177,823 in 2011. Popular seaside resorts found close to Klaipėda are Nida to the south on the Curonian Spit, and Palanga to the north.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Klaipėda
- **nickname**: Uostamiestis (port city)
- **settlement type**: City municipality
- **map caption**: Location of Klaipėda
- **image map**: Klaipeda city in Lithuania.svg
- **image flag**: Klaipeda City Flag.svg
- **image shield**: Klaipeda City Arms.svg
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Lithuania
- **subdivision name1**: Lithuania minor
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Lithuania, Ethnographic region
- **subdivision name2**: Klaipėda County
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Lithuania, County
- **subdivision name3**: Klaipėda city municipality
- **subdivision type3**: List of municipalities of Lithuania, Municipality
- **subdivision type6**: Capital (political), Capital of
- **subdivision name6**: Klaipėda County
 Klaipėda city municipality
- **parts type**: Elderships of Lithuania, Elderships
- **p1**: Melnragė and Giruliai
- **parts style**: para
- **established date**: 1252
- **established title**: First mentioned
- **established date2**: 1254
- **established title2**: Granted Magdeburg rights, city rights
- **population total**: 161,300
- **population as of**: 2011
- **area total km2**: 110
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
JIT

**JIT**, Just-In-Time compilation is a way to translate bytecode instructions to instructions the processor understands. Bytecode is a set of computer instructions for a processor that only exists on paper.

The alternative to a JIT is an interpreter that looks at each bytecode instruction individually and then decides what to with it. When you run over the same part of the program again, an interpreter has to make the decisions again. While a JIT makes the decisions on how to handle the bytecode once, and then stores it as native processor instructions (this takes memory). Properly deciding how to translate bytecode take some time, so you have some minor slowdown in startup speed. A proper modern JIT first runs a regular interpreter, and then does the JIT step once it knows something is used frequently.

## Related pages

- Java Virtual Machine
Hınıs

**Hınıs** is a town in Erzurum district in east of Turkey. Over 30,000 people live there, mainly Kurdish.
Avro 683 Lancaster

**Avro 683 Lancaster** was developed out of Avro 679 Manchester. It was the most used RAF bomber in the Second World War. The changes made on Avro 679, like four Rolls-Royce Merlin X instead of two powerplants and longer wings, have led to the new name Avro 683. Royal Air Force ordered 1070 pieces of this airplane.  After the success on the war places, Avro sold the production licence to other companies. One of those was Packard, who bought the licence for powerplant production and improved them. The variant with the most produced pieces was Avro 683 B I, a plane which was the base of RAF Bomber Command at that time.

## Technical data (Lancaster B I)

|Data|Units|
| --- | --- |
|Years of production|1941-1946|
|Manufacturer|Avro|
|Wingspan|31 m|
|Length|21,10 m|
|Hight|6,10 m|
|Wing area|120,50 m²|
|Weight (empty)|16.740 kg|
|Max takeoff weight|31.750 kg|
|Passengers|-|
|Crew|7|
|Speed|462 km/h|
|Service ceiling|7.470 m|
|Range|4.070 km|
|Powerplant|4*Rolls-Royce Merlin X|

## References

**Notes**

## Other websites

- 20./21. February 1945 - The last flight of RAF PD421 IQ-F. Historical research of an Avro 683 lost near Hagen, Germany <small>German</small>

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Lancaster
- **image**: File:Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Members' day 2018 MOD 45164718.jpg
- **long caption**: Lancaster B I _PA474_ of the RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight in 460 Squadron (RAAF) colours, escorted by Hurricane Mk.IIc LF363.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Heavy bomber
- **national origin**: United Kingdom
- **manufacturer**: Avro
- **designer**: Roy Chadwick
- **first flight**: 9 January 1941
- **introduced**: February 1942
- **status**: Retired
- **primary user**: Royal Air Force
- **more users**: Royal Canadian Air Force
Royal Australian Air Force
- **number built**: 7,377
- **unit cost**: GBP, £45–50,000
- **developed from**: Avro Manchester
- **variants with their own articles**: Avro Lancastrian
- **developed into**: Avro York
Avro Lincoln
Blackburn B-103

**Blackburn B-103 Buccaneer** was made for the Royal Navy, the naval part of the United Kingdom´s armed forces. It was also by the Royal Air Force starting in 1968. That was the first airplane with some technical innovations like a system for increased buoyancy, a split rudder (which widens to be an air brake), and rotating magazine for nuclear or conventional weapons. After tests, this plane was selected and put in use by Royal Navy in 1962. This aircraft was retired in 1994. It was used in the 1991 Gulf War.

## Technical data (Buccaneer S 2B)

|Data|Units|
| --- | --- |
|Years of production|1961-1977|
|Manufacturer|Blackburn Aircraft Limited|
|Wingspan|13,41 m|
|Length|19,33 m|
|Hight|4,97 m|
|Wing area|47,82 m²|
|Wight (empty)|13.608 kg|
|Mx takeoff weight|28.123 kg|
|Passengers|-|
|Crew|2|
|Speed|1040 km/h|
|Service ceiling|12.200 m|
|Range|3.701 km|
|Powerplants|2*Rolls-Royce RB.168 Spey Mk.101|

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Buccaneer
- **image**: File:Hawker Siddeley Buccaneer S2B, UK - Air Force AN0334965.jpg
- **caption**: A Buccaneer taking off from Faro, Portugal


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: naval aircraft, Maritime strike aircraft
- **national origin**: United Kingdom
- **manufacturer**: Blackburn Aircraft, Blackburn Aircraft Limited,
Hawker Siddeley
- **primary user**: Royal Navy
- **more users**: Royal Air Force
 South African Air Force
- **number built**: 211
Southern (Govia Thameslink Railway)

**Southern** is a train operating company in the south of England. They operate routes around the southeast such as London, Kent, West Sussex, East Sussex and more. It is a division of Govia.
Annie Lennox

**Ann Lennox** <small>OBE</small> (born 25 December 1954) is an Academy Award-winning Scottish pop-rock singer. She is best known for being the lead singer of the Eurythmics. Lennox has also released five albums on her own.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Annie Lennox
<small>Order of the British Empire, OBE</small>
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: Annie Lennox SING campaign, Vienna 2010 b.jpg
- **caption**: Annie Lennox performing at the Rally for Human Rights during the International AIDS Conference 2010 in Vienna as part of her Sing (Annie Lennox song), SING Campaign.
- **birth name**: Ann Lennox
- **origin**: Aberdeen, Scotland
- **years active**: 1976–present
Michael Sheard

**Michael Sheard** (18 June 1938 – 31 August 2005) was a Scottish character actor who featured in many movies and television programmes, and was known for playing villains. His most prominent television role was as strict deputy headmaster Maurice Bronson in the children's series _Grange Hill_, which he played between 1985 and 1989. He appeared as Admiral Ozzel in _The Empire Strikes Back_ (1980).

## Early life

Sheard was born **Michael Lawson Perkins** in Aberdeen, Scotland, the son of Donald Marriot Perkins, a church minister. He trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, and took his mother's maiden name as his stage name. During his national service Sheard was a Royal Air Force aircraftman.

## Personal life

Sheard died of cancer on 31 August 2005, aged 67, at his home on the Isle of Wight, leaving his wife, Rosalind Moir, whom he married in 1961, and three children; two sons: Simon and Rupert and a daughter Susannah

## Filmography

- _The McKenzie Break_ (1970) as Ingenieur-Offizier Unger
- _Universal Soldier_ (1971) as Man (uncredited)
- _Frenzy_ (1972) as Jim (uncredited)
- _The Darwin Adventure_ (1972) as Man #1
- _Super Bitch_ (1973) as Williamson (uncredited)
- _England Made Me_ (1973) as Fromm
- _Holiday on the Buses_ (1973) as Depot Manager
- _Soft Beds, Hard Battles_ (1974) as New Military Governor (uncredited)
- _The Hiding Place_ (1975) as Kapteyn
- _The Sweeney - Hit and Run_ (1975) as Mr Penketh (headmaster)
- _Erotic Inferno_ (1975) as Eric Gold
- _Rogue Male_ (BBC movie) (1976) as Adolf Hitler
- _Force 10 from Navarone_ (1978) as Sgt. Bauer
- _Escape to Athena_ (1979) as Sergeant Mann
- _Riddle of the Sands_ (1979) as Böehme
- _All Quiet on the Western Front_ (1979) as Paul's father
- _The Empire Strikes Back_ (1980) as Admiral Ozzel
- _Rough Cut_ (1980) as Man at Airport (uncredited)
- _Green Ice_ (1981) as Jaap
- _The Bunker_ (1981) as Himmler
- _Raiders of the Lost Ark_ (1981) as U-Boat Captain (uncredited)
- _High Road to China_ (1983) as Charlie
- _The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission_ (1985, TV movie) as Adolf Hitler
- _Murder Rap_ (1988) as Defense Counsel (uncredited)
- _Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade_ (1989) as Adolf Hitler (uncredited)
- _Doombeach_ (1989) as Headmaster
- _The Darling Buds of May_ as Building Inspector (1992)
- _Another Life_ (2001) as Mr. Justice Shearman

## Bibliography

- _Yes, Mr Bronson: Memoirs of a Bum Actor_ () published in 1997
- _Yes, Admiral_ () published in 1999
- _Yes, School's Out!_ () published in 2001
- _Yes, It's Photographic!_ published in 2004

## Other websites

- Bio at Ancestry.com - shows birth year as 1938
- Obit from _The Independent_ also shows birth year as 1938
- Obituary: _The Guardian_ shows incorrect birth year

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael Sheard
- **image**: Michael Sheard, PanoptiCon 2003 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Sheard in 2003
- **birth name**: Michael Lawson Perkins
- **birth place**: Aberdeen, Scotland
- **death place**: Isle of Wight, England
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1971-2005
John Steell

Sir **John Steell** (1804 - 1891) was a Scottish sculptor born in Aberdeen, but moved to Edinburgh at an early age. A number of the public statues there are by him including the one of the Duke of Wellington outside Register House and that of Sir Walter Scott at the Scott Monument.
Alexander Auldjo

**Alexander Auldjo** (October 21, 1758 – May 21, 1821) was a businessman and political figure in Lower Canada.

Auldjo was born in Aberdeen, Scotland in 1758. He came to Montreal around 1778. He became a fur trader. Later he exported wheat and imported goods from England. In 1796, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Montreal West. He also became a Justice of the Peace. Auldjo was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel during the War of 1812. In 1817, he became a shareholder in the Bank of Montreal. His brother George was Lord Provost of Aberdeen.
Neuromancer

***Neuromancer*** is a science fiction novel by William Gibson. It was published in 1984. It is an important book that started the cyberpunk genre. It was Gibson's first novel and the first book of the Sprawl trilogy. _Neuromancer_ was the first novel to win all three of the important awards in science fiction — the Nebula Award, the Philip K. Dick Award, and the Hugo Award.

## Publication

Terry Carr asked Gibson to write the book for the third series of Ace Science Fiction Specials. This was a series for authors' first novels.

## Other websites

- _Neuromancer_ at the William Gibson Aleph, featuring cover art and adaptations
- _Neuromancer_ at Worlds Without End
- Study Guide for William Gibson: _Neuromancer_ (1984)  by Paul Brians of Washington State University
- Gibson on the influence of _Blade Runner_
- _Neuromancer_ , reviewed by Ted Gioia (Conceptual Fiction )

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Neuromancer
- **image caption**: First edition paperback cover
(Ace Science Fiction 1984)
- **author**: William Gibson
- **cover artist**: James Warhola
- **series**: Sprawl trilogy
- **genre**: science fiction, cyberpunk
- **pub date**: July 1, 1984
- **publisher**: Ace Books, Ace
- **media type**: print (paperback and hardback)
- **pages**: 271
- **isbn**: 978-0-441-56956-4
- **oclc**: 10980207
- **preceded by**: "Burning Chrome"
- **followed by**: Count Zero
The Giver

***The Giver*** is a novel by Lois Lowry. It is science fiction. Bantam Books published the book in 1993. It won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American literature for children in 1994. _The Giver_ has sold more than 5 million copies.

People have been complaining that the novel "The Giver" is unsuitable for children, simply because it is too dark. This is why the book has been often challenged.

_The Giver_ is the first book in a quartet. _Gathering Blue,_ _Messenger,_ and _Son_ are the books.
Alex Rafael

**Alex Rafael da Silva Antônio** (born  1 January 1988 in São Paulo, Brazil) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga as striker.

## Career

He started playing football in the youth teams of Corinthians São Paulo. In 2007, he went on to the local rival  Palmeiras. After the foundation of Red Bull Brasil, he played with this team and was promoted two times till they played in the Série A2, the second league in the province of São Paulo. In 2010, he played in the final of the Copa Paulista.

In 2011, he and his teammate Jefferson were invited to practice with FC Red Bull Salzburg in Austria. He played in test matches versus Bayer Leverkusen and Olympique Lyonnais. He could convince the coaches and so he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in Austrias Bundesliga.

## Honours

- 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série B (4th league): 2009
- 1x Champion Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (3rd  league): 2010
- 1x final Copa Paulista: 2010

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Alex Rafael
- **image**: Alex Rafael.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **fullname**: Alex Rafael da Silva Antônio
- **birth place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **currentclub**: Ras Al Khaima Club, Ras Al Khaima
- **clubnumber**: 8
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **youthyears1**: 2006
- **youthclubs1**: Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, Corinthians
- **youthyears2**: 2007–2008
- **youthclubs2**: Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, Palmeiras
- **years1**: 2008–2010
- **clubs1**: Red Bull Brasil
- **caps1**: 83
- **goals1**: 26
- **years2**: 2011–2012
- **clubs2**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **caps2**: 5
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 2012
- **clubs3**: → Comercial Futebol Clube (SP), Comercial-SP (loan)
- **caps3**: 5
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2012
- **clubs4**: Thespakusatsu Gunma, Thespa Kusatsu
- **caps4**: 10
- **goals4**: 3
- **years5**: 2013
- **clubs5**: Associação Ferroviária de Esportes, Ferroviária
- **caps5**: 7
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2014
- **clubs6**: Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard FC, Ulsan Hyundai Mipo Dockyard
- **caps6**: 19
- **goals6**: 5
- **years7**: 2014–2015
- **clubs7**: A.O.T. Alimos F.C.
- **caps7**: 7
- **goals7**: 0
- **years8**: 2015–2016
- **clubs8**: Ubon UMT United F.C., Ubon UMT United
- **caps8**: 40
- **goals8**: 26
- **years9**: 2016
- **clubs9**: Sukhothai F.C., Sukhothai
- **caps9**: 8
- **goals9**: 1
- **years10**: 2017
- **clubs10**: Al-Shamal Sports Club, Al-Shamal
- **caps10**: 7
- **goals10**: 9
- **years11**: 2017–
- **clubs11**: Ras Al Khaima Club, Ras Al Khaima
Corroboree frog

There are two species of **corroboree frog**:
- Southern corroboree frog, _Pseudophryne corroboree_
- Northern corroboree frog, _Pseudophryne pengilleyi_
Northern corroboree frog

The **northern corroboree frog** is one of two species of **corroboree frog** (_Pseudophryne pengilleyi_). The other is the southern corroboree frog.

The two frogs were believed to be the same. But in 1996 they were recognised as two different species. The northern corroboree frog is a very small black frog with either light green or yellow stripes. Unlike the southern species, these stripes are sometimes broken.

It lives in the subalpine areas of south eastern Australia, an area of about  including the Kosciusko National Park, Namadgi National Park, the Brindabella Mountains and the Fiery Ranges.

The northern corroboree frog has not suffered as badly as the southern as it has a much larger habitat. It lives above above sea level and with higher population numbers at the lower level. It has recently been downgraded from critical to an endangered species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
Galaxy Science Fiction

***Galaxy Science Fiction*** was an American science fiction magazine. It was published from 1950 to 1980.

## Editors and authors

H. L. Gold was the first editor. He made _Galaxy_ the leading science fiction magazine of its time. He published stories about social issues, not just technology. Gold published many well-known and important stories, including: Robert A. Heinlein's _The Puppet Masters_ and Alfred Bester's _The Demolished Man_. He also published Ray Bradbury's "The Fireman", which later became the novel _Fahrenheit 451_.

By the late 1950s, Frederik Pohl was helping Gold with the magazine. When Gold became ill, Pohl became editor. He started officially at the end of 1961, but had been doing most of the editing for a while. _Galaxy_ continued to be successful. Pohl often published fiction by important writers such as Cordwainer Smith, Jack Vance, Harlan Ellison, and Robert Silverberg. However, Pohl never won the annual Hugo Award for his work at _Galaxy_. He did win three Hugos for another magazine, _If_.  In 1969, _Galaxy_ was sold to Universal Publishing and Distribution Corporation (UPD) and Pohl quit. Later editors included  Ejler Jakobsson and James Baen.
Ether

In organic chemistry, an **ether** is a part of a molecule called a functional group. An ether group is a structure where two carbon atoms are linked by chemical bonds to the same oxygen atom, and neither carbon has a double bond to another oxygen atom.

Chemicals that contain the ether group are also called **ethers**. Diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and ethyl tert-butyl ether are examples of important ethers in the chemical industry.

## Special types

An ether where the two carbon atoms are directly bonded to each other is an epoxide. Cyclic compounds containing multiple ether groups are called crown ethers.

When two ether groups share the same carbon atom, the compound is an acetal. An ether and  group on the same carbon is a hemiacetal.

## Related groups

Ethers by definition do not have a  double bond on either of the carbons next to the oxygen. This bond changes how the chemical acts enough that if present, the chemical is no longer considered as an ether. If one carbon has this bond, the group is an ester; if both do, it is an acid anhydride.

A thioether is an ether where the oxygen atom is replaced by sulfur.

One or both carbon atoms may be replaced with silicon. Replacing one carbon atom gives a silyl ether, and replacing both gives a siloxane.
George Medal

The **George Medal** (**GM**) is the second highest civil award of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth. It ranks below the George Cross. It is only awarded for non-combat acts of bravery.

The GM was created on 24 September 1940 by King George VI.  At this time, during the height of The Blitz, there was a desire to reward acts of civilian courage. It was decided that the George Cross and the GM would recognise civilian bravery in the face of enemy action and brave deeds more widely.

Announcing the new award, the King said:
- "In order that they should be worthily and promptly recognised, I have decided to create, at once, a new mark of honour for men and women in all walks of civilian life. I propose to give my name to this new distinction, which will consist of the George Cross, which will rank next to the Victoria Cross, and the George Medal for wider distribution".

The Warrant for the GM was published in the _London Gazette_ on 31 January 1941. The medal is granted in recognition of "acts of great bravery". The GM was originally not issued posthumously, but the warrant was amended in 1977 to allow posthumous awards, several of which have been subsequently made.

The medal is primarily a civilian award, but it may be awarded to military personnel for gallant conduct that is not in the face of the enemy. As the Warrant states:

- "The Medal is intended primarily for civilians and award in Our military services is to be confined to actions for which purely military Honours are not normally granted".

Bars are awarded to the GM in recognition of the performance of further acts of bravery meriting the award. In undress uniform or on occasions when the medal ribbon alone is worn, a silver rosette is worn on the ribbon to indicate each bar.  Recipients are entitled to the postnominal letters GM.

The details of all awards to British and Commonwealth recipients are published in the _London Gazette_.

## Related pages

- Victoria Cross
- George Cross
- Elizabeth Cross

## Infobox (military award)

- **name**: The George Medal
- **image**:

- **caption**: Ribbon: 32mm, crimson with five narrow blue stripes.
- **awarded by**: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the UK and Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth
- **type**: Civil decoration.
- **eligibility**: Those performing acts of bravery in, or meriting recognition by, the United Kingdom.
- **for**: _"... acts of great bravery."_
- **status**: Currently awarded.
- **description**: Silver disc, 36mm diameter.
- **post-nominals**: GM
- **established**: 24 September 1940
- **total**: approx 2,200
- **higher**: George Cross
- **lower**: Queen's Gallantry Medal, Sea Gallantry Medal