juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
MS NOW

**My Source for News, Opinion, and the World** (**MS NOW**; formerly **MSNBC**) is an American cable television news channel owned by Versant, a company controlled by Comcast, created when NBCUniversal's cable networks were split off. It was started in 1996. Before 2025, it was historically produced by NBC's news division, NBC News, but now employs its own news staff. It replaced a channel Roger Ailes operated and founded for NBC called America's Talking, which launched in 1994.

## Shows

Most of its shows are shows that talk about news and politics and are hosted by people such as Stephanie Ruhle, Katy Tur, Symone Sanders, Jen Psaki, Ari Melber, Chris Hayes, Rachel Maddow and Lawrence O’Donnell. There have been accusations of liberal bias made about MSNBC. MSNBC's motto is "Lean Forward".
Athletic director

An **athletic director** is someone who is in charge of the sports at a school.  Most colleges and high schools have an athletic director.
Hyperplane arrangements

**Hyperplane arrangements** is a branch of mathematics that studies how smaller objects, called hyperplanes, can be arranged in a bigger object. This is related to other fields of mathematics like number theory, combinatorics, and topology.
Gouverneur Morris

**Gouverneur Morris** (January 31, 1752 – November 6, 1816) was an American politician and diplomat from New York City. He was born and died in Morrisiana, which is now part of The Bronx, New York City, and went to college at King's College, New York (now Columbia University). He was a delegate to the Continental Congress from New York in the 1770s.

In the 1780s, he moved to Philadelphia and was the assistant superintendent of finance. He was also a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from Pennsylvania and was very active there. He gave 173 speeches, more than any other delgate. Morris wrote the Preamble and many of the sections of the U.S. Constitution.  Later, he served as ambassador to France from 1792 to 1794.  He was a U.S. Senator from 1800 to 1803.

Late in life, Morris was head of the group that built the Erie Canal. He wanted a strong central government and for people to think of themselves mostly as in the United States, rather than their state. He also spoke out against slavery.

Morris a wooden leg because he lost his leg in a carriage accident in 1780.  He is also noted for keeping a diary of his life.
Herman Hickman

**Herman M. Hickman** (October 1, 1911 - April 25, 1958) was a Hall of Fame college football player for the University of Tennessee, and played for the NFL's Brooklyn Dodgers.  He later coached football and was a professional wrestler.

## Playing career

Hickman came to the University of Tennessee from Johnson City, Tennessee. Hickman was a guard for the Tennessee Volunteers football team from 1929–1931.  He was chosen for Grantland Rice's All American football team in 1931. Hickman was also named to the All-Southern team in 1931 with teammate Gene McEver. Coach Robert Neyland held Hickman in high regard. "When one (football writer) said Hickman was 'the best guard the South ever produced,' Coach General Bob Neyland snarled, 'Herman Hickman is the greatest guard football has ever known.'"

Following his time at Tennessee, Hickman played for the NFL's Brooklyn Dodgers from 1932 to 1934.  He was named an All Pro at left guard in 1933.< name=bio/>  He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1959.

## Coaching career

Hickman was an assistant at Wake Forest, North Carolina State and West Point before earning the head coaching job at Yale University in 1948.  He led the Bulldogs to a 16-17-2 record before resigning in 1951.

## Other activities

Hickman was a writer, who came to be known as "Poet Laureate of the Little Smokies." He was also a staff writer for Sports Illustrated.

Hickman also was a professional wrestler, known as "The Tennessee Terror."  He wrestled in over 500 matches.

## Sources

- HickokSports.com Bio
- College Football Hall of Fame Bio
- Professional Football Researchers Association
- 2006 University of Tennessee Football Media Guide
No More Heroes (video game)

***No More Heroes*** is an action video game for Wii system. The game's main character is Travis Touchdown, who is trying to be the number one hitman. His weapon is a kind of light sword which probably comes from _Star Wars_.
Butterflyfish

**Butterflyfish** are a group of brightly marked tropical marine fish in the family **Chaetodontidae**. The **bannerfish** and **coralfish** are also included in this group. They live mostly on the reefs of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. There are about 120 species in 10 genera.
Marine angelfish

**Marine angelfish** are group of fish of the family **Pomacanthidae**. They are found on shallow reefs in the tropical Atlantic, Indian, and mostly western Pacific oceans. The family contains seven genera and approximately 86 species.
Anatoly Karpov

**Anatoly Karpov**  (born Zlatoust, Russia, 23 May 1951) is a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster and former World Champion. He was official world champion from 1975 to 1985, played three more matches for the title from 1986 to 1990, then was FIDE World Champion from 1993 to 1999.

His tournament successes include over 160 first-place finishes. He had a peak Elo rating of 2780, and his 90 months at world number one are second only to the record of Garry Kasparov.

Since 2005, he has been a member of the Public Chamber of Russia. He has recently involved himself in several humanitarian causes, such as advocating the use of iodised salt.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Anatoly Karpov
- **image**: Karpov, Anatoly (Flickr).jpg
- **caption**: Anatoly Karpov, 2006
- **placebirth**: Zlatoust, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, RSFSR, Soviet Union
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster (1970)
- **worldchampion**: 1975–1985
1993–1999 (FIDE)
- **rating**: 2619
- **peakrating**: 2780 (July 1994)
Vasily Smyslov

**Vasily Smyslov** (24 March 1921 – 27 March 2010) was a Russian chess grandmaster, and World Chess Champion from 1957 to 1958.<sup>p376</sup>

Smyslov was a candidate for the World Chess Championship on eight occasions (1948, 1950, 1953, 1956, 1959, 1965, 1983, and 1985). He was one of the five players selected to compete for the 1948 World Chess Championship tournament to determine who should succeed the late Alexander Alekhine as champion. His selection was questioned by some, but this criticism was silenced when he finished second behind Mikhail Botvinnik. His victories in the double-round Candidates tournaments of 1953 and 1956 were the greatest tournament wins of the 1950s. He played three 24-game world championship matches against the formidable Botvinnik, drawing the first in 1954, winning the second in 1957 but losing the return match in 1958. All three matches were held in Moscow.

Smyslov was twice equal first in the Soviet Championship (1949, 1955), and his total of 17 Chess Olympiad medals won is an all-time record. In five European Team Championships, Smyslov won ten gold medals (team and individual). He remained active and successful in competitive chess well into the 1960s and 1970s and he qualified for the finals of the World Championship Candidates' matches as late as 1983. Vasiliy won the first World Senior Chess Championship in 1991. He retired from competitive play in 2001.

Smyslov was also a concert-level singer. His baritone singing, and fellow grandmaster Taimanov's piano recitals, were evening events at many major chess tournaments.

A tribute from Anatoly Karpov:
- "What I remember most about [Smyslov] was his competitive spirit, but also his delicate sense of humour. It was always very tough playing against him, despite him being more than twice my age".

## Books by Smyslov

- 2003: _Smyslov's best games, Volume 1: 1935-1957_ (Moravian Chess)
- 2003: _Smyslov's best games, Volume 2: 1958-1995_ (Moravian Chess)
- 1997: _Endgame virtuoso_ (Cadogan)
- 1995: _Smyslov's 125 selected games_ (Everyman Chess)
- 1972: Grigory Levenfish and Vasily Smyslov _Rook endings_ (Batsford)
Karachay-Balkar

The **Karachay-Balkar language** (Къарачай-Малкъар /Qarachay-Malqar/) is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars. It is divided into two dialects: Karachay which pronounces two phonemes as  and , and Balkar, which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as  and .

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Karachay-Balkar
- **nativename**: Къарачай-Малкъар/Qarachay-Malqar
- **familycolor**: Altaic
- **states**: Russia
- **region**: Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkessia
- **speakers**: 400,000
- **fam1**: Altaic languages, Altaic (Altaic language#Controversy, controversial)
- **fam2**: Turkic languages, Turkic
- **fam3**: Kypchak languages, Kypchak
- **fam4**: Kypchak-Cuman
- **script**: Cyrillic alphabet, Latin alphabet
- **iso2**: krc
- **iso3**: krc
Boris Spassky

**Boris Spassky**  (30 January 1937 – 27 February 2025) was a Soviet–French chess grandmaster. He was the tenth World Chess Champion, holding the title from late 1969 to 1972.<sup>p381</sup>

Spassky won the USSR Chess Championship twice outright (1961, 1973), and twice more lost in playoffs (1956, 1963). He was a World Chess Championship candidate on seven occasions (1956, 1965, 1968, 1974, 1977, 1980, and 1985). He was born in Leningrad.

Boris won the Candidates match series in 1965 and 1968. He played for the world championship three times. Against Tigran Petrosian in 1966 he lost; against Petrosian again in 1969 (winning), and against Bobby Fischer in 1972 (losing). The match with Fischer in Reykjavik was the most publicised chess match of any time. His loss was subjected to the most rigorous scrutiny by the Soviet central committee for chess, and he was criticised for lack of adequate preparation.

The second half of his life until recently was lived in France. He has both Russian and French nationality.

## Later life

On 1 October 2006, Spassky suffered a minor stroke during a chess lecture in San Francisco. On 23 September 2010, ChessBase reported that Spassky had suffered a more serious stroke that had left him paralyzed on his left side. After that he returned to France for a long rehabilitation programme.

On 16 August 2012, Spassky left France to return to Russia under disputed circumstances. He lived in an apartment in Moscow.

Spassky died on February 27, 2025 in Moscow at the age of 88.

## Further reading

- Cafferty, Bernard 1969. _Spassky's best games_. Batsford.
- Winter, Edward G. 1981. _World chess champions_.
- Seirawan, Yasser 1997. _No regrets: Fischer-Spassky_ International Chess Enterprises.
- Edmonds, David and Eidinow, John 2004. _Bobby Fischer Goes to War: how the Soviets lost the most extraordinary chess match of all time_. Ecco.
- Garry Kasparov 2004. _My great predecessors, part III_. Everyman Chess.
Bill Bailey

**Mark Robert Bailey** (born 13 January 1965), known professionally as **Bill Bailey**,  is an English actor, comedian, musician and singer. He is known for being on television programmes _Bill Bailey's Birdwatching Bonanza_, _Have I Got News for You_, _Never Mind the Buzzcocks_, _QI_ and _Black Books_.

In 2003, a newspaper called _The Observer_ said that Bailey was "one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy". In 2007, he was voted number seven on Channel 4's "Hundred Greatest Stand-ups".

## Other websites

- Bailey's website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bill Bailey
- **image**: Bill Bailey rocking out in 2008.jpg
- **caption**: Bailey performing at the Royal Albert Hall in 2008
- **birthname**: Mark Robert Bailey
- **birth place**: Bath, Somerset, Bath, Somerset, England
- **nationality**: British people, British
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, musician, singer
- **yearsactive**: 1989–present
- **spouse**: Kristin (m. 1998–present)
- **children**: 1
- **homepage**: http://www.billbailey.co.uk
- **television**: _Bill Bailey's Birdwatching Bonanza_
_Black Books_
_Never Mind the Buzzcocks_
_QI_
Vladimir Kramnik

**Vladimir Kramnik**, born 25 June 1975, is a Russian chess grandmaster. He was Classical World Chess Champion from 2000 to 2006, and undisputed World Chess Champion from 2006 to 2007.

In October 2000, he defeated Garry Kasparov in a match played in London, and became the Classical World Chess Champion. In late 2004, Kramnik successfully defended his title against challenger Peter Leko in a drawn match played in Brissago, Switzerland.

In October 2006, Kramnik, the Classical World Champion, defeated reigning FIDE World Champion Veselin Topalov in a unification match. As a result, Kramnik became the first undisputed World Champion, since Garry Kasparov split from FIDE in 1993.

In 2007, Kramnik lost the title to Viswanathan Anand, who won the World Chess Championship tournament (not a classical match between the two players) ahead of Kramnik. He played Anand at the World Chess Championship match 2008, but lost.

## Private life and health

Kramnik has been diagnosed with an uncommon form of arthritis, called ankylosing spondylitis. It causes him great physical discomfort while playing. In January 2006, Kramnik announced that he would skip the Corus Chess Tournament in Wijk aan Zee to seek out treatment for his arthritis. He returned from treatment in June 2006, playing in the 37th Chess Olympiad. He scored a +4 result, earning the highest performance rating (2847) of the 1307 participating players.

On 30 December 2006 he married French journalist Marie-Laure Germon. He has a daughter named Daria who was born 28 December 2008.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Vladimir Kramnik
- **image**: Vladimir Kramnik 2, Candidates Tournament 2018.jpg
- **caption**: Kramnik at the 2018 Candidates Tournament
- **birthname**: Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik
- **placebirth**: Tuapse, USSR
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2801
<small>(#2 on the Jan 2016 FIDE ratings list)</small>
- **worldchampion**: 2000–2006 (Classical)
2006–2007 (Unified)
- **peakrating**: 2810 (January 2013)
Leah Clark

**Leah Clark** (born December 20, 1979 in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American actress. She has provided many voices for Japanese anime series and video games.  The roles she is most famous for are Coby in _One Piece_, Blair in _Soul Eater_, and Fuyuki in _Sgt. Frog_

## Other websites

- Leah Clark at the CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: File:Leah Clark (26402138019).jpg
- **name**: Leah Clark
- **birth place**: Albuquerque, New Mexico
- **occupation**: Voice actress, ADR director, ADR script writer, singer
- **years active**: 1999–present
Veselin Topalov

**Veselin Topalov** (Веселин Топалов, born 15 March 1975), is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster and former 'FIDE world chess champion'. This was a knock-out tournament of lower status than the classical world championship.

Topalov became the FIDE champion in 2005. He lost his title in a classical match against Vladimir Kramnik, the purpose of which was to unify the titles. During the match, his manager accused his opponent of cheating. The match ended the division between world titles, which had arisen in 1993. Next, Topalov defeated Gata Kamsky in February 2009 in Sofia, Bulgaria to earn the right to be the challenger for the World Chess Championship in 2010.  Topalov lost the World Championship match with Anand 5½–6½ in May 2010.

Topalov won the 2005 Chess Oscar. He was ranked #1 in the world from April 2006 to January 2007, and then had the second highest Elo rating of all time (2813). He regained the world #1 ranking again in October 2008, and officially remained #1 until January 2010, when he fell to #2 behind Magnus Carlsen.

He has been ranked number one a total of 27 months in his career, the fifth longest, behind only Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Magnus Carlsen, and Bobby Fischer.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Veselin Topalov
- **image**: Veselin Topalov Sofia Airport 24.10.2005.pic-01.jpg
- **birthname**: Veselin Topalov
(Веселин Топалов)
- **placebirth**: Rousse, Bulgaria
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **worldchampion**: 2005–2006 (FIDE)
- **rating**: 2730
<small>(#20 on the Mar 2022 FIDE ratings list) </small>
- **peakrating**: 2816 (July 2015)
Study

**Study** can mean:

- Research, a way of finding new understanding
- Study skills, ways to improve learning
- Study (room), a room of the house, similar to a home office
- Study (art), a drawing or series of drawings done before a major work of art
- Field of study, a general topic of knowledge
- Étude, a piece of music also called a "study"
- Education
- An experiment
Sam Harris

**Samuel Benjamin Harris** (born April 9, 1967) is an American author. He is a philosopher, neuroscientist,  atheist and humanist . He is the co-founder and CEO of Project Reason.

Harris, Christopher Hitchens, Richard Dawkins, and Daniel Dennett are commonly known as the "Four Horsemen of Atheism".

## Controversies

In 2014, Sam Harris appeared on Bill Maher’s show and criticized Islam so Ben Affleck accused him of racism and Harris ended up debating Cenk Uygur about what he had said. Sam Harris also caused controversy when he interviewed Charles Murray with Ezra Klein accusing him of racist pseudoscience for doing that so Harris debated Ezra Klein. Harris called himself part of the Intellectual Dark Web until 2020 when he said he was leaving because the Intellectual Dark Web had become too pro-Trump. In 2021, Harris was criticized by Dave Rubin and Bret Weinstein for saying he was grateful to Jack Dorsey for banning Donald Trump from Twitter.

## Books

- _The End of Faith_ (2004).
- _Letter to a Christian Nation_ (2006).
- _The Moral Landscape: how science can determine human values_ (2010).
- _Lying_ (2011).
- _Free Will_ (2012)
- Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion (2014)
- Islam and the Future of Tolerance (2015)

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **embed**: yes
- **era**: Contemporary philosophy, Contemporary
- **region**: Western philosophy, Western
- **school tradition**: New Atheism
- **main interests**: Neuroscience, religion, ethics, free will, spirituality, philosophy of mind
- **notable ideas**: The Moral Landscape, Science_of_morality#Overview, Ethics as a branch of science
- **influences**: Bertrand Russell, John Stuart Mill, Daniel Dennett
- **thesis title**: The moral landscape: How science could determine human values
- **thesis url**: https://www.proquest.com/docview/366925574/
- **thesis year**: 2009


## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Sam Harris
- **image**: Sam Harris 2016 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Harris in March 2016
- **birth name**: Samuel Benjamin Harris
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Author
- **citizenship**: United States
- **education**: Bachelor of Arts, B.A. in Philosophy, Stanford University (2000)
Ph.D. in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles (2009)
- **genre**: Non-fiction
- **subject**: Neuroscience, philosophy, religion, ethics, spirituality
- **children**: 2
- **awards**: PEN/Martha Albrand Award, Webby Award
- **signature**: Sam_Harris_signature.svg
Shepherd Express

**Shepherd Express** is an progressive weekly newspaper in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. It is the third largest newspaper in the state of Wisconsin. Its original title was the "Crazy Shepherd", a name that comes from a line in poet Allen Ginsberg’s poem “Footnotes to Howl”.

## Official Website

Shepherd Express Website

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: Shepherd Express
- **caption**: December 28, 2017 cover of the
_Shepherd Express_
- **type**: Alternative weekly
- **format**: tabloid (newspaper format), Tabloid
- **foundation**: 1982
- **owners**: Louis Fortis
- **publisher**: Louis Fortis
- **editor**: Louis Fortis
- **circulation**: 64,665
- **headquarters**: 207 E. Buffalo Street
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202
United States
- **website**: [http://www.shepherdexpress.com/ shepherdexpress.com]
Paranasal sinuses

**Paranasal sinuses** are parts of the nasal cavity. They are usually counted to be part of the respiratory system. They are mucous membranes, which are mostly inside bones. These bones are then filled with air, which makes the skull look bigger, without adding much extra weight. Prenasal cavities can be found in mammals, most birds, dinosaurs, and crocodilians.

Since sinuses are in virtually all land vertebrates, they must have a function. They are covered with a mucosa, epidermal cells which are moist and make mucus. This moistens and warms the air on its way into the lungs. The mucus also picks up particles which come in with the air. A variety of possible functions have been proposed:

- Decreasing the relative weight of the front of the skull, and especially the bones of the face.
- Increasing resonance of the voice.
- Providing a buffer against face damage.
- Insulating sensitive structures like dental roots and eyes from rapid temperature fluctuations in the nasal cavity.
- Humidifying and heating of inhaled air because of slow air turnover in this region.
- Regulation of intranasal and serum gas pressures.
- Immunological defence.
Fishing lure

A **fishing lure** is an object used to catch fish. It is tied to the end of a fishing line. A fishing lure is made to look like something a fish would eat. They move in a special way and have certain colors. Lures have fishing hooks attached to them.

They are usually used with a fishing rod.  When a lure is used, it is cast, or thrown, out into the water and pulled back in. A good fisherman can cast the lure into places where the fish hide, like under logs.

There are many types of fishing lures. Most of them are made to look like dying, injured, or fast fish. They can be made of wood, plastic, rubber, metal, cork, feathers, animal hair, and other things. Some are shiny so that they catch the fish's attention.

Fishing lures can come in many different types such as a jig or a popper. A jig will usually have a weight attached to it so it can float at the right height. A popper is a lure used to attract trout and bass. A popper has a colorful design in the front to attract fish. Fishing lures can be very expensive as some are sold for thousands of dollars.

The fishing lure was invented in 1890 by a man named James Heddon. He created the fishing lure by accident by taking a big piece of wood and carving a frog shape into it and taking the lure and attaching it to his line. Then he threw it in the water and immediately caught a bass. The next day he started a company called the Heddon Company and the era of the fishing lure was born.

## Other websites

- History of fishing lures
- List of popular lures
Batabanó, Cuba

**Batabanó** is a municipality and city in the La Habana Province of Cuba. It was founded in 1688. It is crossed by several rivers.  In 2004, 25,664 people lived there.
Americans United for the Separation of Church and State

**Americans United for the Separation of Church and State** or "Americans United" for short, is an organization that says that anyone has the freedom of religion, therefore, anyone of any race,gender, last name, or ethnicity can pray to whomever we please. It promotes what it believes is a strong reading of the Establishment clause of the U.S. Constitution. It is headquartered in Washington D.C. and is headed by the Reverend Barry Lynn.

## Other websites

- Americans United for the Separation of Church and State website
- local chapters of American United
- Why the Religious Right is Wrong About Separation of Church and State
- Official blog of Americans United

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **non-profit name**: Americans United for Separation of Church and State
- **founded date**: 1947
- **location**: Washington, DC
- **area served**: United States
- **method**: Litigation, education
- **revenue**: Dollar, $6,921,251 United States Dollar, USD (2007)
- **num members**: Over 75,000
- **homepage**: http://www.au.org/
Bilby

The **bilby** (also known as the **rabbit-eared bandicoot**) is a rabbit-like marsupial. It lives in deserts, dry forests, dry grasslands, and dry shrubby areas in Australia. The bilby's pouch faces backwards. These big-eared, burrowing mammals were in danger of extinction, but now they are back living in New South Wales.

The bilby, like all bandicoots, is a nocturnal animal (most active at night). Digging with its strong, clawed feet, this solitary mammal excavates long, complex burrows. Its underground dens are up to 5 feet (1.5 m) long.

Bilbies have the usual long bandicoot muzzle and big ears. They are about  long. Compared to bandicoots, they have a longer tail, bigger ears, and softer, silky fur. The size of their ears allows them to have better hearing, and to radiate heat. They are nocturnal omnivores that do not need to drink water.  They get their moisture from food, which includes insects and their larvae, seeds, spiders, bulbs, fruit, fungi, and very small animals. Most food is found by digging or scratching in the soil, and by using their very long tongues.
Shakhriyar Mamedyarov

**Shakhriyar Mamadyarov**  (born 12 April 1985 in Sumgayit, Azerbaijan), is a chess grandmaster. On the January 2008 FIDE rating list he reached number six in the world with a rating of 2760. He is known for being an excellent chess strategist.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Shakhriyar Mamedyarov
- **image**: Mamedyarov Shakhriyar 3 cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Mammadyarov at the 2006 Corus chess tournament
- **birthname**: Şəhriyar Məmmədyarov
- **placebirth**: Sumgayit, Azerbaijan
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2800
<small>(#5 on the June 2017 FIDE ratings list)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2800 <small>(June 2017)</small>
State Farm Stadium

**State Farm Stadium** is a sports  stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It opened in 2006 as **Cardinals Stadium**, named for the Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League, which have played there since the stadium opened. Shortly after opening, the stadium was renamed **University of Phoenix Stadium**. This name was due to a corporate sponsorship contract; the University of Phoenix is a for-profit school without a sports program. In 2018, the Cardinals and State Farm Insurance entered into a new sponsorship deal, leading to the stadium's current name.

## Structure

The stadium is completely covered, featuring a grass field that slides in and out of the stadium. This allows the playing surface to be exposed to sunlight when not in use, and also allows the stadium floor to be used for other events without risk of damaging the field.

## History

The stadium has hosted many events apart from Cardinals games. The Super Bowl was held there in 2008, 2015, and 2023. Several college football games, including the annual Fiesta Bowl, have been played there, as have some high school games. It has also hosted several significant soccer (association football) matches, including several matches in the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup and Copa América Centenario in 2016. The stadium also hosted WrestleMania XXVI, and hosted the Final Four (semifinals and finals) of the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 2017. It will host the Final Four again in 2024.

## Other websites

- State Farm Stadium's Official Website
Yellowknife, Northwest Territories

**Yellowknife** (2021 population: 20,340) is a Canadian city. It is the capital of the Northwest Territories of Canada.  It is located on the north shore of Great Slave Lake. The city used to be a mining town until the 1980's.

On August 16, 2023, the city of Yellowknife had to evacuate because of the growing wildfires near the area.

## Other websites

- Official website
Footloose

***Footloose*** is a 1984 American musical drama movie. It stars Kevin Bacon and was directed by Herbert Ross. Lori Singer, Dianne Wiest and John Lithgow are co-stars.

It was made into a musical on Broadway in 1999. A movie remake came out in 2011.
MJ Cole

**MJ Cole** (born **Matthew James Firth Coleman**, 9 August 1973)  is a DJ. He has worked with Dido and Mariah Carey. He is from London, England. Cole attended the Royal College of Music. He is a garage singer. He has also worked with Fatboy Slim, De La Soul, Freq Nasty, and Ed Rush. He has done remixes for Kym Mazelle. His song "Sincere" made it onto Britain's Top 40.

## Other websites

- http://www.ask.com/music/MJ-Cole/361880

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: MJ Cole
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Matthew James Firth Coleman
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: House music, House, UK garage
- **occupation**: Musician, record producer, Disc jockey, DJ
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **label**: Talkin' Loud, Prolific Recordings
- **website**: [http://www.prolificrecordings.com/ Prolific Recordings]
Fishery

A **fishery** is a place for raising fish or harvesting fish. There are all kinds of fisheries in the world, like salmon fisheries. Fisheries might take fish from the wild or breed them.
Clematis vitalba

**Old man’s beard** (the scientific name is _Clematis vitalba_) is a fast growing vine that covers and strangles trees and shrubs. To kill the tree or shrub, it covers them and does not let them get any light from the sun that it needs to grow.
2010 Chile earthquakes

**2010 Chile earthquake** may refer to:

- 2010 Chile earthquake, the 8.8 magnitude earthquake on 27 February 2010 off the coast of Maule
- 2010 Pichilemu earthquake, the 6.9 magnitude earthquake on 11 March 2010 on the coast of Pichilemu
Main Page

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Butter cake

**Butter cake** is a cake with butter as a main ingredient.

The traditional English pound cake used equal parts of butter, flour, sugar, and eggs to produce a heavy, rich cake. This was the first butter cake.  The invention of baking powder during the 19th century made it possible to have lighter, fluffier cakes using these same ingredients, making the modern butter cake.

Butter cakes are often made by beating the butter and sugar until fluffy. This is called creaming.  Eggs are added, then the other ingredients.
Butter cakes taste best when stored at room temperature, because they dry out and lose taste when refrigerated.
Baking powder

**Baking powder** is a dry chemical leavening agent used to make baked foods lighter and less dense. It was invented by the English chemist Alfred Bird (1811–1878) in 1843.

Bird was quickly followed by Henry Jones (1812 – 12 July 1891), who invented self-raising flour in 1845.

## How it works

Baking powder works by creating a chemical reaction between an acid and a base. This produces carbon dioxide bubbles, which make the mixture light.

Baking powder is used when the food should not taste of yeast, or when the mixture is not elastic enough to hold bubbles for very long. But sometimes, it has a metallic taste.

Baking powder creates carbon dioxide faster than yeast. For this reason, breads made with baking powder rise quicker and are called quick breads.

### Chemical formula

Most baking powders are made up of an alkaline (usually baking soda), one or two acid salts, and a starch (cornstarch or sometimes potato starch). Baking soda supplies the carbon dioxide to this mix, and the acid releases it, like this:

- NaHCO<sub>3</sub> + H<sup>+</sup> → Na<sup>+</sup> + CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O
Battle royal (professional wrestling)

In professional wrestling, a **battle royal**, otherwise spelled "**battle royale**" (plural: **battles royal**, **battles royale**, **battle royals** or **battle royales**), is a match type in which many wrestlers fight against each other at the same time and wrestlers are eliminated until only one is left. That person is then the winner. Usually, a battle royal begins with a number of wrestlers in the ring, who are then eliminated by being pushed out of the ring, over the top rope, and having both feet touch the floor outside the ring. A popular example of the battle royal is the Royal Rumble match that is put on yearly in January by WWE.

## Team based

Team based battle royals consist of two or more teams of wrestlers, with the number of wrestlers on each team usually being equal. There are different types of such matches:
- A team is eliminated when only one wrestler for that team is eliminated.
- Matches ends when there are wrestlers for only one team (the winners), who have not been eliminated.
Numbat

The **numbat** (_Myrmecobius fasciatus_) is a marsupial from open woodlands in western Australia. It is also called the **banded anteater**, because it eats termites.

It is unusual in being one of the few diurnal (daytime) marsupials. It has no pouch, but the mother carries round her four young on her stomach. At night, they take shelter in hollow logs. The numbat has a life span of 5–6 years under human care.

These solitary, long-tailed termite-eaters are in danger of extinction; very few remain in the wild. When Europeans arrived, the numbat was found across the New South Wales and Victorian borders west to the Indian Ocean, and as far north as the southwest corner of the Northern Territory. It was at home in a wide range of woodland and semiarid habitats.

The deliberate release of the European red fox in the 19th century wiped out the entire numbat population in Victoria, NSW, South Australia and the Northern Territory, and almost all numbats in Western Australia, as well. By the late 1970s, the population was well under 1,000 individuals, concentrated in two small areas far from Perth, Dryandra, and Perup.

The numbat is the emblem of Western Australia.
Haber process

The **Haber process** or the **Haber-Bosch process** is a chemical reaction that uses nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to create the chemical compound ammonia. The Haber process uses temperatures ranging from 400°C to 450°C under a pressure of 200 atm. The Haber process uses a catalyst mostly made up of iron.

## History

The Haber process is named after the German scientist Fritz Haber. Haber was the first person to successfully complete the process. In 1909, Haber's process could produce about one cup of ammonia every two hours. Carl Bosch helped to develop the Haber process for industry. In 1913, the German company BASF started using the Haber process to make ammonia. During World War I, the Haber process was used to make explosives. The Germans kept this a secret until after the war. In 1918, Haber won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and in 1931, Bosch also shared a Nobel Prize.

The Haber process is still important today because it produces ammonia, which is needed for fertilizer and for many other purposes. The Haber process produces about 500 million tons (453 billion kilograms) of fertilizer every year. This fertilizer helps to feed about 40% of the world's population.

## Process

The gases for the Haber process must be prepared before changing them into ammonia. After that is done, ammonia is created by using magnetite (iron oxide) as the catalyst:

- N<sub>2</sub> + 3H<sub>2</sub>  2NH<sub>3</sub>

In this process, only about 15% of the nitrogen and hydrogen is changed into ammonia. However, the unused nitrogen and hydrogen is recycled. Overall, 98% of nitrogen and hydrogen can be changed into ammonia.

## References

.
Stockholm syndrome

**Stockholm syndrome** is something that sometimes happens to people who are victims of kidnapping. In Stockholm syndrome, the victim starts feeling loyalty toward the person who kidnapped him or her and even start to have feelings for the person. It got its name from a bank robbery in Norrmalmstorg in Stockholm, Sweden in 1973. There was a bank robbery where two thieves held four people as hostages. After the thieves were arrested, the hostages defended them publicly.
Levon Aronian

**Levon Aronian**, born 6 October 1982 in Yerevan, is an Armenian chess Grandmaster. He is Armenia's #1 player.

Aronian won the Chess World Cup 2005. He led the Armenian national team to the gold medals in the 37th Chess Olympiad, Turin 2006, the 38th Olympiad, Dresden 2008, and the World Team Chess Championship in Ningbo, 2011. In the Chess Olympiad 2010 at Khanty-Mansiysk he won the silver medal for his individual performance on board one.

He won the FIDE Grand Prix 2008–2010, qualifying him for the Candidates tournament for the World Chess Championship 2012, where he was knocked out in the first round.

Aronian has had a string of outstanding tournament results since reaching the top with a joint win at Wijk aan Zee 2008. His latest, and perhaps greatest victory was in January 2012, at the same Tata Steel Chess Tournament in Wijk aan Zee. The field included world #1 Magnus Carlsen, defending champion Hikaru Nakamura, and former world champion Veselin Topalov, among others. The average rating of the field was 2755, making this thirteen-round event a category 21 tournament. After twelve rounds, Aronian was in clear first place with 8.5 points going into the final round, one point ahead of Carlsen and Teimour Radjabov. In the final round, Aronian drew against Radjabov with the white pieces in the King's Indian Defence. With the draw, Aronian finished with 9/13 (+5), a tournament performance rating of 2891. He took clear first place a point ahead of Carlsen, Radjabov and Fabiano Caruana.

Aronian was declared the best sportsman of Armenia in 2005, and was awarded the title of "Honoured Master of Sport of the Republic of Armenia" in 2009.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Levon Aronian
- **image**: Aronian01.jpg
- **birthname**: Levon Aronian
- **placebirth**: Yerevan, Armenia
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2792
<small>(#4 on the Jan 2016 FIDE ratings list)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2825 (May 2012)
Casio

is an electronics company whose headquarters are in Tokyo, Japan. Its products include calculators, mobile phones, cameras, musical instruments and watches. It was founded in 1946, and in 1957 released the first electric compact calculator.

## Other websites

- www.casio.com

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Casio Computer Company, Limited
カシオ計算機株式会社
- **company logo**: Casio logo.svg
- **company type**: Public company, Public
- **foundation**: 1 June 1957
<small>(Casio Computer Co., Ltd.)</small>
April 1946
<small>(Kashio Seisakujo)</small>
- **location**: Shibuya, Tokyo, Shibuya, Tokyo, Japan
- **key people**: Kazuo Kashio <small>(President)</small>
Hideaki Terada
<small>(Chairman and Chief executive officer, CEO)</small>
- **industry**: Electronic engineering
- **products**: Watches, clocks, electronic calculators, digital cameras, electronic musical instruments, mobile phones
- **revenue**: $4.616 billion <small>(2010)</small>
- **num employees**: 11,336 <small>(2010)</small>
- **homepage**: [http://world.casio.com/ world.casio.com]
Alexander Grischuk

**Alexander Grischuk** (born Moscow, 31 October 1983) is a chess grandmaster, one of the top Russian players.

In the FIDE World Chess Championship 2000 he made it to the semi finals.
In the FIDE World Chess Championship 2004 he made it to the quarter finals, where he lost 3–1 to Rustam Kasimdzhanov.

Grischuk is also one of the best blitz chess players in the world, having once held the record for highest rating achieved on the Internet Chess Club. In 2006 he won the World Blitz Championship in Israel.

Grischuk is married to the Ukrainian WGM Natalia Zhukova.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Alexander Grischuk
- **image**: Alexander Grischuk grandmaster.jpg
- **birthname**: Alexander Igorevich Grischuk
- **placebirth**: Moscow, Russia
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2777
<small>(#6 in the April 2014 FIDE ratings list)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2786 (October 2013)
Peter Svidler

**Peter Svidler**, born 17 June 1976 in Leningrad, is a Russian chess Grandmaster, and six times Russian chess champion.

Peter Svidler learned to play chess when he was six years old. In 1992, he tied for 1st with Ragim Gasimov in the USSR Junior Open Chess Championship. He became a grandmaster in 1994.

He has been Russian champion six times (1994, 1995, 1997, 2003, 2008, 2011). This is a record for this high-class event, which has a long history. In 2001, he reached the semi-finals of the FIDE World Championship.

He came second (with Viswanathan Anand) in the FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 in San Luis with 8.5 points out of 14 games, lagging 1.5 points behind the winner, Veselin Topalov. In an interview  given for World Chess Network he said: "I only prepared seriously for San Luis, and I think it has paid off. But in general I spend most of my spare time with my wife and kids, so my relative success in 2005 was a pleasant surprise". His San Luis result earned him direct entry to the World Chess Championship series of 2007. In that tournament he scored 6.5 out of 14, placing 5th out of eight players.

In 2006 he came second behind Alexander Grischuk at the World Blitz Championship in Rishon Lezion, Israel, with 10.5 points out of 15 games. He also finished tied for first with Vladimir Kramnik at Dortmund 2006.

## 2011 World Cup

Svidler has won the FIDE 2011 World Cup in Khanty-Mansisyk Siberia. The final was in September.

Svidler took the $120,000 first prize after beating his fellow countryman, Alexander Grischuk 2.5-1.5, in the best-of-four game final. It was a crushing psychological win for Svidler, who took adantage of his opponent's bad time-management. Svidler steered the games into lines that had Grischuk thinking from the very early stages.

Svidler has now become the first Russian to win the World Cup title. His back-to-back major title wins of the Russian Championship followed by the World Cup has Svidler once again into the world’s top ten.

Both Svidler and Grischuk also earned qualification for the 2012 World Championship Candidates tournament. And in the all-Ukrainian battle for the third Candidates spot, Vassily Ivanchuk won 2.5-1.5 against Ruslan Ponomariov.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Peter Svidler
- **image**: Peter Svidler grandmaster.jpg
- **birthname**: Peter Veniaminovich Svidler
- **placebirth**: Saint Petersburg, Russia
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2756
<small>(#13 on the April 2014 FIDE ratings list)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2765 (January 2006)
Life insurance

**Life insurance** is money for your family to use to pay your bills and death expenses when you die. A person must be healthy to purchase a life insurance policy. The amount of life insurance needed depends on the person’s family’s needs when they die. Some things to consider when purchasing a life insurance policy are, marital status, the number of dependents, (wife, kids, etc.) family size, income, and wealth. Life insurance has different types of policies.

## Types of life insurance

- Term life insurance
- Whole life insurance
- Universal life insurance
- Indexed universal life insurance
- Variable life insurance
- Variable universal life insurance
- Final expense insurance
- Group life insurance
Polytetrafluoroethylene

In chemistry, **Polytetrafluoroethylene** (often shortened to **PTFE**) is a polymer of tetrafluoroethylene. As a polymer made from a fluorocarbon, it is called a fluoropolymer. Polytetrafluoroethylene is not very reactive. It also repels oil and water. E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company developed it in 1938.

It is better known by its trade-names, _Teflon_ and _Gore-Tex_. Teflon is a coating for cookware and other tools. Gore-Tex is stretched PTFE, used as a membrane in clothing.

## Problems

Perfluorooctanoic acid was formerly used to produce Polytetrafluoroethylene. It is very toxic for people and may cause cancer. In the 2010s it was replaced with other chemicals.

The precursors for many chemical weapons are highly corrosive, so their containers are often treated with Polytetrafluoroethylene. For this reason, the export of Polytetrafluoroethylene from the European Union may need a special permit.
Teflon (disambiguation)

**Teflon** is a trade name, which is used for the following polymers:
- Polytetrafluoroethylene
- Perfluoroalkoxy,
- Fluorinated ethylene propylene

## Other uses

- The Teflon president, a nickname used for President Ronald Reagan.
Mannerism

**Mannerism** is a style of art that was created in the Late Renaissance period, from about 1520 until about 1600. The Mannerist style of painting or sculpture often shows figures that are "elongated" (made longer) and "distorted" (made into strange shapes"). The aim of the Mannerist artist was usually to make art that looked "elegant".

The Mannerist style began in Italy, where the artists were influenced by the figures that Michelangelo painted on the ceiling and in the "Last Judgement" in the Sistine Chapel. During the Renaissance, artists like Leonardo da Vinci and Raphael had tried very hard to learn from nature, and to paint things in a way that was very realistic. These two famous painters both died around 1520. Many artists then decided that they were going to use the art of painting to "express themselves". They were not going to follow the rules of anatomy and perspective in the way that Leonardo and Raphael did. Mannerist paintings are often full of figures that seem to be twisting, writhing or fighting. The faces of the figures often show strong emotions such as sadness, fear, hatred or sexual feelings.

Not all the painters who were working during the Mannerist period painted in the Mannerist style. Many artists continued to work in the style of the High Renaissance. Painters in the Mannerist style were Tintoretto, Jacopo Pontormo, Agnolo Bronzino, Parmigianino and Rosso Fiorentino. Giambologna and Benvenuti Cellini were Mannerist sculptors. Giulio Romano was a Mannerist architect.

Mannerism spread from Italy to France, Germany and Spain. One of the most famous Mannerist painters was El Greco who worked in Spain. Some other artists who worked in the Mannerist style are the French sculptor Jean Goujon, the Dutch painter Abraham Bloemaert and the German painter Bartolomeus Spranger. Possibly the strangest paintings from this time were by Giuseppe Arcimboldo who did pictures in which people's faces seem to be made from fruit, flowers, fire and even fish.