juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Boulieu-lès-Annonay

**Boulieu-lès-Annonay** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Boulieu-lès-Annonay
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Boulieu-lès-Annonay entrée du village.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Boulieu-lès-Annonay (Ardèche).svg
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Annonay-1
- **insee**: 07041
- **postal code**: 07100
- **mayor**: Céline Bonnet
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Annonay Rhône Agglo
- **elevation min m**: 358
- **elevation max m**: 915
- **area km2**: 9.45
Bourg-Saint-Andéol

**Bourg-Saint-Andéol** is a small commune of the Ardèche _département_ in the Rhône Valley in the southern part of France.  It is the capital of a canton in the arrondissement of Privas, with a population of about 8,000 as of the year 1999.

## Twin cities

- Monschau in Germany (Eifel) since 1975
- Albertirsa in Hungary since 1998
- Gaggiano in Italy since 2002

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Bourg-Saint-Andéol
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Bourg-Saint-Andéol (Ardèche).svg
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Bourg-Saint-Andéol
- **insee**: 07042
- **postal code**: 07700
- **mayor**: Serge Martinez
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Rhône aux gorges de l'Ardèche
- **elevation m**: 70
- **area km2**: 43.74
- **population**: 7,798
- **population date**: 1999
Bozas

**Bozas** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Bozas
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Église de Bozas.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Haut-Vivarais
- **insee**: 07039
- **postal code**: 07410
- **mayor**: Aimé Deloche
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Hermitage-Tournonais-Herbasse-Pays de Saint Félicien
- **elevation m**: 500
- **elevation min m**: 277
- **elevation max m**: 808
- **area km2**: 12.5
Brossainc

**Brossainc** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Burzet

**Burzet** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Cellier-du-Luc

**Cellier-du-Luc** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Chalencon

**Chalencon** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_ in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Chalencon
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Chalencon.svg
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Vernoux-en-Vivarais
- **insee**: 07048
- **postal code**: 07240
- **mayor**: Alain Sallier
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Eyrieux aux Serres
- **elevation m**: 657
- **elevation min m**: 259
- **elevation max m**: 867
- **area km2**: 9.44
- **population**: 303
- **population date**: 1999
Le Chambon, Ardèche

**Le Chambon** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Chambonas

**Chambonas** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Chambonas
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Chambonas10.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Chambonas.svg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Les Cévennes ardéchoises
- **insee**: 07050
- **postal code**: 07140
- **mayor**: Bérengère Bastide
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays des Vans en Cévennes
- **elevation m**: 110
- **elevation min m**: 121
- **elevation max m**: 409
- **area km2**: 12.08
Kohistan District

**Kohistan District** can be any of the following:

- Kohistan District, Afghanistan
- Kohistan District, Pakistan
Queen (album)

***Queen*** is the debut studio album by Queen and was released on 13 July 1973 by EMI Records in the United Kingdom and by Elektra Records in the United States. It went to number 32 in the United Kingdom, number 52 in Japan and number 83 in the United States.

### Original release

All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Queen
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Queen (band), Queen
- **released**:

(US)
- **recorded**: December 1971 (demo sessions)
April – 30 July 1972
- **length**: 38:46
- **next title**: Queen II
- **next year**: 1974
Queen II

***Queen II*** is the second studio album by Queen and was released on 8 March 1974 by EMI Records in the United Kingdom and by Elektra Records in the United States. It went to number 5 in the United Kingdom, number 19 in Norway, number 26 in Japan, number 40 in Canada and number 49 in the United States. It did poorly in the chart in Australia where it made #79.

### Original release

All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Queen II
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Queen (band), Queen
- **recorded**: 5 August 1973 – 20 February 1974
- **studio**: Trident Studios, Trident, London
- **length**: 40:42
- **prev title**: Queen (Queen album), Queen
- **prev year**: 1973
- **next title**: Sheer Heart Attack
- **next year**: 1974
Sheer Heart Attack

***Sheer Heart Attack*** is the third studio album by Queen and was released on 8 November 1974 by EMI Records in the United Kingdom and by Elektra Records in the United States. It went to number 2 in the United Kingdom, number 6 in Canada and France, number 7 in Finland and the Netherlands, number 9 in Norway, number 12 in the United States, number 19 in Australia and number 23 in Japan.

### Original release

All lead vocals by Freddie Mercury unless noted.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Sheer Heart Attack
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Queen (band), Queen
- **recorded**: 7 July – 22 October 1974
- **genre**: *Hard rock
*glam rock
- **length**: 38:41
- **prev title**: Queen II
- **prev year**: 1974
- **next title**: A Night at the Opera (Queen album), A Night at the Opera
- **next year**: 1975
Peyrepertuse Castle

**Peyrepertuse Castle** is a castle in France. It is one of the Cathar castles. It was built before the 11th century. It is in Aude, in Occitanie. It is built in a strategic position, on a cliff, about 30-40m high. The castle is first mentioned in the year 806, but the site seems to have been occupied since Roman times. At that time, it belonged to a Catalan count. It later changed hands, first to the Count of Barcelona, then to that of Narbonne.

When the Treaty of Corbeil is signed in 1258, the border between France and Spain is right to the south of the castle. In the year 1240, after the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars, the castle becomes French. It is extended, and there is a garrison placed there; it protects against invasions until the 16th century when Roussillon becomes a French territory.

Today, the ruins of the castle attract about 100.000 visitors a year. There is a vineyard nearby.

## Other websites

- Official website of the castle (French)
- Peyrepertuse on cathares.org (French)
- Images of climbers (French)
- Article with photos on Peyrepertuse (French)
Remlingen, Lower Saxony

**Remlingen** is a former municipality of the district Wolfenbüttel. Since 1 November 2016, it is part of the municipality Remlingen-Semmenstedt. Remlingen is close to Wittmar what is an old village from miners in the Asse. The inhabitants' of Remlingen
are 1953 in three villages. The mayor is named Klaus-Günter Warnecke.

## Other websites

- Samtgemeinde Asse

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Ortsteil
- **municipality**: Remlingen-Semmenstedt
- **name**: Remlingen
- **image photo**: 2014-06-01 Remlingen von oben.jpg
- **image coa**: Wappen_Remlingen_(LK-WF).jpg
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Wolfenbüttel
- **elevation**: 138
- **area**: 21.59
- **population**: 1824
- **stand**: 2015-12-31
- **postal code**: 38319
- **area code**: 05336
- **licence**: WF
- **divisions**: 3 Ortsteile
Jacó, Costa Rica

**Jaco Beach Costa Rica** is on the west central coast of Costa Rica's Puntarenas province, on the Pacific Ocean side of the country.  What started as a small surfing village popular with Costa Ricans from all over the Pacific coast, has developed into the most popular and visited tourism destination in the whole country. As the closest and most developed beach town from Costa Rica's Juan Santa Maria International Airport in San Jose, Jaco is only a 1 hour and 10 minute ride from the airport.

Jaco is home to the largest selection of hotels, vacation rental condos and private vacation rental homes than any other beach town in Costa Rica, as well as 3 casinos, over 75 restaurants, 3 major grocery stores, surf shops, pharmacies, souvenir and artesan shops, bakeries, dentists, emergency care, and an 18-hole championship golf course. The region is also home to Costa Rica's  best zip line canopy tours, ATV tours, white water rafting, surfing and the best Costa Rica fishing charters at the Los Suenos Resort & Marina, in Herradura Beach directly next to Jaco Beach.

To the immediate south of Jaco is the surf town of Playa Hermosa (Hermosa Beach). 1 hour and 15 minutes to the south of Jaco Beach is the Manuel Antonio National Park and Wildlife preserve offering visitors a first hand glimpse of Costa Rica's famed wildlife species such as white face monkeys, howler monkeys, sloths, pizotes, iguanas, butterflies, frogs, insects, and exotic jungle plants native to Costa Rica.

## Other websites

- Jaco Party Planner and Adventure Tours
- Family Vacation Packages at Costa Rica
- Jaco information
- Costa Rica Fishing Experts
Irazu Volcano

**Irazu Volcano National Park** has one of the most active volcanos of Costa Rica. It is in the central mountain range at 31 km to northwest of the city of Cartago, 3,435 meters above sea level. It last erupted in 1963 and 1965.

Irazu Volcano National Park offers many types of craters, some having small lakes. The park also includes 2,309 hectares of rain forest. From the highest point in the park, on a clear day, you can see both, the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea at the same time.

The Crater Principal lake has an unusual greenish yellow coloring caused by rainfall dissolving the minerals along the craters walls. It has also been known to change colour to rust-red depending on the minerals present. The inactive, dry Diego de la Haya crater sits just up to the right of the Crater Principal and is filled with volcanic ash.

The park is the site of a reforestation project to restore the area which was destroyed by the eruptions. The forest is made up of conifers and other exotic and native species. There is a native forest consisting mainly of oaks and alder, protecting the watershed of the Reventado River.

The vegetation of the park has been changed by the constant eruptions, but it is very beautiful and diverse.

## Other websites

- Irazu Volcano National Park

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Irazú Volcano National Park
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: DirkvdM irazu 4.jpg
- **photo caption**: Irazú volcano crater
- **location**: Costa Rica
- **nearest city**: Cartago, Costa Rica, Cartago
- **established**: 9 August 1955
- **governing body**: National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC)
Puerto Viejo de Talamanca

**Puerto Viejo de Talamanca** is a coastal town in Talamanca in Limón Province. It is in southeastern Costa Rica and is known simply as Puerto Viejo to the people who live there. Puerto Viejo de Talamanca is a tourist destination. The beaches Playa Chiquita, Playa Negra, and Punta Uva are close to Puerto Viejo.

Many tourists stop in Puerto Viejo when going to Panama at Sixaola. This border crossing is popular with people going to and from Bocas del Toro.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Puerto Viejo
- **official name**: Puerto Viejo de Talamanca
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Puerto Viejo de Talamanca.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **pushpin map**: Costa Rica
- **pushpin label position**: top
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300px
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Costa Rica
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Costa Rica, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Limón Province, Limón
- **subdivision type2**: Cantons of Costa Rica, Canton
- **subdivision name2**: Talamanca (canton), Talamanca
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central Standard Time
- **utc offset**: -6
Cathar castles

**Cathar castles** (French: _Châteaux cathares_) is a term used by the French tourist industry. It is used for castles in Languedoc-Roussillon that were usually built by the enemies of the Cathars during the Albigensian Crusade.

## True Cathar castles

The Cathars built fortified homesteads, not castles. The legend of Cathar architects and builders is no more than a myth. The Cathars did not build castles and so the only ones that can claim the description "Cathar" are small castles, which are often totally unknown to the public. Their unspectacular ruins are often far away from tourist routes.

## Royal citadels

Because Raimond II was unable to recapture Carcassonne in 1240, the city walls were strengthened by the French king, who also destroyed small _castra_ in the Corbières region and built citadels to protect the border with the Kingdom of Aragon.

The five castles are often called the _cinq fils de Carcassonne_ (five sons of Carcassonne):
- Château d'Aguilar
- Peyrepertuse Castle
- Puilaurens Castle
- Quéribus Castle
- Château de Termes

Those fortresses resisted various assaults, led by the Aragonese Army.

## Abandonment of the citadels

In 1659, Kings Louis XIV of France and the Philip IV of Spain signed the Treaty of the Pyrenees. The French king also married the Infanta Marie Therese. The treaty changed the border by giving Rousillon to France and moving the border southward to the crest of the Pyrenees, where it reamains. The fortresses, therefore, lost their importance.

Some maintained a garrison for a while, a few until the French Revolution, but they slowly fell into decay and often becoming sherpherds' shelters or bandits' hideouts.

## Other "Cathar castles"

- Château d’Arques
- Château de Durfort
- Châteaux de Lastours
- Château de Montségur
- Château de Padern
- Château de Pieusse
- Château de Puivert
- Rennes-le-Château
- Château de Roquefixade
- Château de Saissac
- Château d'Usson
Château d'Usson

The **Château d'Usson** is one of the Cathar castles in southwestern France.  It is in the _commune_ of Rouze, in the Ariège _département_.
Sertab Erener

**Sertab Erener** (born December 4, 1964) is a Turkish pop music singer. She is one of the most successful female Turkish pop singers in Turkey. Erener is said to be one of the divas of Turkish pop music.

She released her first album which produced by Sezen Aksu, _Sakin Ol_ (Calm Down) in August 1992. Her debut song "Sakin Ol" became greatly popular. Next album _Lal_ (Ruby) released in October 1994. Lal was important for her career, because songs in the album such as "Rüya" (Dream), "Sevdam Ağlıyor" (My Love is Crying), "Mecbursun" (You Have to), "Gel Barışalım Artık" (Let's Make Peace) and "Lal" became hit quickly.

In May 1997, Sertab released her third album, _Sertab Gibi_ (Like Sertab). She stopped working with Sezen Aksu and she worked with Demir Demirkan in this album. Although album's sales were very low, album is the favorite album of fans. "Aşkolan Aşktır" (Love Matters), "Seyrüsefer" (Navigation) and "İncelikler Yüzünden" (Because of the Niceties) were the important songs from the album. Sertab Erener released self-titled fourth album in March 1999. Albums hit were "Yanarım" (I Burn), "Zor Kadın" (Hard Woman) and Vur Yüreğim (Hit, My Heart). Vur Yüreğim's video clip was including real scenes from shocking and afflictive events such as martyr funerals, atomic bomb and natural disasters.

In Europe, she is best known for winning the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 with her hit song _Every Way That I Can_.

Sertab's victory at Eurovision became a real breakthrough in the musical world of Europe. On the wave of success, when the song "Everyway That I Can" occupied the leading lines of the European charts, Sertab Erener recorded the English-language album "No Boundaries", released in 2004.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sertab Erener
- **img**: Sertab Erener 02.jpg
- **img capt**: Sertab Erener & Demir Demirkan
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Sertab Erener
- **birth place**: Istanbul, Turkey
- **origin**: Istanbul
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **genre**: pop music, Pop
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1992 – present
- **label**: Simya Müzik
- **url**: [http://www.sertab.com/ Official website]
Book of Leviticus

**Leviticus** (lih-vih-tih-kus) is the third book of both the Bible, and the Torah. In Hebrew it is known as Vayikra' (וַיִּקְרָא), meaning 'And He called.' It was written by the Old Testament Patriarch Moses. Leviticus was written to the Hebrew people of Israel. The book has several main topics, some of which are the Jewish laws of sacrificing to God, and the work of the priests. These priests are sometimes known as Levites (what this book is named after).

## When was it written

It was likely developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian empire (Yehud Madinata) between 538-332 BCE. Tradition says this book was written around 1300 B.C. by Moses.

## Summary

God gives more instructions to Moses. God asks Moses to repeat what He said to Moses' people, the Israelites.

Continuing from Exodus the Israelites are escaping Egypt. They reach the Biblical Mount Sinai. In Exodus, Moses learned from God how to build the holy tabernacle (a tent for praying and worshiping). In Leviticus God teaches Moses and the Levites how to make sacrifices and how to behave in a good way.

The first few chapters show God's laws for offering sacrifices for various reasons, such as for the forgiveness of sins.

Then Moses makes Aaron a priest of God. Details about how the priests are to make sacrifices to God are given.  This is sometimes called the "ceremonial law".  Two sons of Aaron were destroyed for doing the work of the priest in the wrong way.

Then God teaches the people how to eat right and be clean. Examples of food that are forbidden are pork and shrimp. Meat is also not to be eaten with milk at the same time. Beyond that, eaten meat is to be taken from animals that were slaughtered in a specific way. The meat must not contain blood either, as this is seen as representing life in the face of the animal having died. Regarding staying clean, laws are given about menstruation (the monthly period), sexual relations, skin disease, and how dead bodies are to be disposed of.

The rest of the book describes how priests, the Levites, should be ordained, should dress, carry out rituals, and act (for example on the Day of Atonement, and other important Holy Days).

## Related pages

- Liberty Bell

## Other websites

- Leviticus (KJV)
- Leviticus (NIV)
Book of Joshua

The **Book of Joshua** is the sixth book of the Christian Bible, and also the sixth book of the Hebrew Tanakh. It is not clear who wrote the book, although most of the Jewish tradition believe it was Joshua, son of Nun. It is the first of the books of the Tanakh (Old Testament) covering the history of Israel from the arrival in Canaan or the Promised Land to the Babylonian captivity.

It is not known when the Book was written, but it cannot have been written before roughly 1200 BC, as the events described in the book occur then. Some scholars believe it was written much later, perhaps in 550 BC, at the time of the Babylonian exile, when there was a desire to remember and retell their own history.

## Summary

After the death of Moses, God put Joshua in charge of the people. Joshua sent two spies to spy on the city of Jericho. A woman prostitute called Rahab hid these two men and told the enemies they had already left. She hid them on top of her roof, underneath stalks of flax. The spies later promised that they would keep the oath that Joshua made with them.

Jericho fell when the people of Israel, instructed by God, circled around the wall of Jericho seven times and blew their ram's horns, and on the seventh time, they all shouted with a great shout, causing the wall to fall.

Joshua told the spies to go to Rahab's house and bring out her family and belongings. The spies did as they were told, as they kept the oath. Joshua saved Rahab's life, and she went to live in Israel.

Later, God told Joshua to invade the city of Ai. After they did this, the people of Gibeon tricked Joshua into a treaty.

However, three days later, the people of Israel realized that they really made a treaty with Gibeon's neighbors, the Hivites. The Hivities became cursed, but the people of Gibeon promised that they would do whatever the Israelites say.

After making peace with the Hivites, they went to lay siege to Gibeon. The Gibeonites sent a message to Joshua saying he needs to save the people of Gibeon. So, God killed many of the Amorites by making large hailstones. Then Joshua made the sun stay over Gibeon, and the moon over Ajalon. Joshua later got very old and died.

## Quotes

No one will be able to stand against you all the days of your life. As I was with Moses, so too I will be with you; I will not fail you nor forsake you. (1:5)

Decide today whom you will serve, the gods your ancestors worshipped in Mesopotamia or the gods of the Amorites in whose land you are now living. As for my family and me, we will serve the LORD. (24:15)

## Other websites

- Book of Joshua (KJV)
- Book of Joshua (NIV)
Home education

**Home education** or **homeschooling** is a form of education where the parent or guardian is the teacher. The reason for this form of education is usually that the guardian is not happy with the nearby schools, or sometimes for religious or moral purposes. Many people also want to protect children from bullying and violence. In recent years, it became popular in many countries.

Before starting homeschooling, it can be a good idea to deschool first. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, any homeschool arrangement must by law satisfy inspectors that the children's education is sound. This is because, under the Education Act of 1944, parents or guardians are legally obliged to send children to school. The possibility of other methods has been added as a possibility, subject to certain checks.

Often, several families come together to provide the skills needed. This serves two purposes. First, the range of knowledge and skills is wider. Second, the schooling has a more social angle, which promotes the development of social skills.

In most countries, homeschooling is a legal alternative to going to a school.

Unschooling has (much) freedom in its homeschooling.

Unschooling is a very free type of homeschooling.

## History and publications

The idea of home schools came to life in the 1960s, when the effectiveness of classroom education was challenged. There were a number of critical publications:
- Skinner B.F. 1968. _The technology of teaching_. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts. The book has discussion of the weaknesses of classroom teaching.
- Illich, Ivan 1971. _Deschooling society_. . In the book, one of his main objections to traditional schooling was its tendency to train young people to fit in to the existing society. Illich was motivated by leftist political ideas.
- Holt, John 1963. _How children fail_. 2nd ed 1982. According to him, schooling does more harm than good to a child's ability and desire to truly learn.
- Holt, John 1963. _How children learn_. 2nd ed 1983.

## Alternatives and dangers

Some private schools try to achieve similar objectives by other means. Some private schools attempt to make a school more flexible and responsive to the needs of individual children.

Dangers of home education include the possibility of it being used for religious and political propaganda, and the vulnerability of children to unsupervised adults.  Education may be uneven, leaving children with a patchy grasp of many subjects.  The children would also get to know fewer other children than they would ordinarily. Also, it is obvious that some parents are better placed to organise home education than others.

In theory, visits by the inspectors of schools might be able to identify problems. However, at least in the United Kingdom, schools are not inspected every year. If we cannot inspect all schools annually, how can we expect to monitor individual families?

## Related pages

- Deschooling
- Unschooling
- Fushūgaku

## Other websites

- National Home Education Research Institute
Shinjuku Station

is a railway station in Shinjuku and Shibuya wards in Tokyo, Japan. According to the Guinness Book of Records, it is the busiest train station in the world.

## Other websites

- JR East Shinjuku Station
- Keio Shinjuku Station
- Odakyu Shinjuku Station
- Tokyo Metro Shinkuku Station
- Toei Shinjuku Station
Epistle to the Galatians

The **Epistle to the Galatians** (or **Galatians**) is the forty-eighth book in the Bible (and ninth in the New Testament), written by the Apostle Paul. The book was written to the people of Galatia, a part of modern day Turkey, with whom Paul had earlier preached and founded the congregation in their area.

It is not known for sure, but most believe that the book was written around 57 A.D. One of the curious verses in the letter is where Paul says "See with what large letters I am writing this in my own hand". (Chapter 6, verse 11).  This is understood to mean that normally Paul used a secretary to write down as he spoke his letters.  However he wanted the Galatians to be sure it was he himself that was the author of the letter they would receive so he wrote a few lines himself. Some believe he had poor eyesight and so had to write with "large letters".

## Content

Paul's letter is to settle an important question of that day.  It is if the gentile Christians must first join the Jewish religion and keep the Law of Moses. Paul says that the gentile Galatians do not need to keep the old Laws such as the need for  circumcision, which is the removal of some skin around the male sex organ, done by Jews and Muslims as an act of religious obedience to God. Paul says that this is no longer important since Jesus has come. Paul says it is not good that the community has turned from the gospel (Chapter 1, verses 6–10) He says there is only one gospel and one way of being saved through faith in Christ and that adding to that makes it another gospel. He talks about his early life as a Jew, (Chapter 1, verses 13–14), how he met Christ, often called the conversion of Paul, (Chapter 1, verses 15–16), and his early work (Chapter 1 verses 17–24). He tells about meeting with the other Christian leaders in Jerusalem as reported in Acts chapter 15, verses 2:1–10. He says that they agreed with him that the gentiles did not need to be become practicing Jews first. In Chapter 2 he tells about a meeting with Peter where he told Peter that he was not acting properly towards the gentile Christians by not eating with them. Then he says that Jews, like Gentiles, are not made right with God by keeping the old Law but by trusting in what Jesus did for them when He died on the cross. Later in the book he tells that the Law was given to show us how sinful we are so that we would see the need for forgiveness.  He says that when we love others we have fulfilled the true meaning of the Law. He writes that when we have faith, God sends the Holy Spirit who helps us live a good life and keep from bad things. He gives a list of those bad and good actions.  (Chapter 5)

## Importance

The  Epistle to the Galatians has been very important in the history of Christianity, the development of Christian theology, and the study of the apostle Paul.

The book contains some of the most known Bible teachings, such as that all have need of salvation (Galatians 3:28-29), and the Fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23).

## Other websites

- Galatians (KJV)
- Galatians (NIV)
Label

A **label** can have several meanings:

- A category or classification - a term used to identify something or someone
- A brand or a trademark
- A strip or narrow piece of something, especially one used to identify something
- promotional tab used in  philately
- A molding over a door or window
Oldenzaal

**Oldenzaal** is a municipality and city in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 32,000 people were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region.

Oldenzaal got city rights in 1249.

## People

- Gert Timmerman (1935-2017), a singer and musician ("Gert and Hermien")

## References

- Plaatsengids.nl

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Oldenzaal
- **native name**: Oldnzel
- **settlement type**: Municipality, city
- **image skyline**: Marktplein (market square) - panoramio.jpg
- **image flag**: Flag of Oldenzaal.svg
- **image shield**: Oldenzaal wapen.svg
- **image map**: Map - NL - Municipality code 0173 (2009).svg
- **map caption**: Location
- **image map1**: Gem-Oldenzaal-OpenTopo.jpg
- **map caption1**: Map
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Netherlands
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: Overijssel
- **subdivision type2**: Region
- **subdivision name2**: Twente
- **established title**: Established
- **elevation m**: 48
Paramilitary

**Paramilitary** describes forces which are organized as military forces, but are not part of the Armed Forces. Examples of such forces are police forces of a country. There are paramilitary groups that are official (run by a country), and others that are not.

The name comes from Greek _para_ (which means _beside_) and Latin _miles_ (which means _soldier_).

## Military compared to paramilitary

Though a paramilitary is not a military force, it is usually equivalent to a military's light infantry force in terms of intensity, firepower, and organizational structure. Paramilitary forces and organizations use "military" equipment, skills, tactics etc that are compatable with the civilian sector (IE: Urban environments etc). During peacetime, Paramilitary professions are usually found in areas such as high profile non-military sites such as laboratories, nuclear power plants, industrial explosive factories, seaports, airports, borders and government sites such as embassies, palaces, political summits etc tasked with roles of VIP protection, anti-terrorism etc. A paramilitary may also commonly fall under the command of a military, even despite not being part of the military or play an assisting role for the military in times of war.

Paramilitary forces can also include private military company missions.

### Quasi-military compared to Paramilitary

Although similar, a **quasi-military** organization has more near-identical to military aspects (_i.e._, militia, political party, guerrilla, rebel, drug cartel, organized crime, _etc._) whereas a paramilitary is its own (_i.e.,_ security company, intelligence service, coast guard, border guard, _etc._).

### Law Enforcement

- Police departments of many countries are organized in a manner similar to military forces.
- SWAT teams of some American police departments: trained to handle high-risk situations that regular police officers are not as qualified to handle such as hostage rescue, counter-terrorism missions, and arresting particularly dangerous criminals.

### Government Agencies

- Special Activities Center of the Central Intelligence Agency: a unit of the CIA whose missions often require a great deal of secrecy and carefulness. Most members of this unit are recruited from special forces units from all over the United States military. Their main mission is to collect intelligence on countries hostile to the United States; most CIA operatives killed in the line of duty have been members of the Special Activities Division.

### Political

- The SS and SA of Nazi Germany: the SS was the successor to the SA, but for the most part, both groups handled the same responsibilities. They were originally bodyguards to Adolf Hitler, but as the war heated up, they were assigned to oversee concentration camps as guards and administrators. While not an official part of Germany's military, the SS had an armed branch that was trained as a regular military unit.
Champagne, Ardèche

**Champagne** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Champis, Ardèche

**Champis** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Chandolas

**Chandolas** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Chanéac

**Chanéac** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Charmes-sur-Rhône

**Charmes-sur-Rhône** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Charnas

**Charnas** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France. About 715 or 722 people lived there in 2008.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## References

- INSEE

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Charnas
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Serrières
- **insee**: 07056
- **postal code**: 07340
- **mayor**: Michel Cellard
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Vivarhône
- **elevation m**: 250
- **elevation min m**: 141
- **elevation max m**: 398
- **area km2**: 5.39
- **population**: 715
- **population date**: 2008
Palaeolithic

The **Palaeolithic** (or **Paleolithic**) was a period of prehistory when humans made stone tools.  It was the first and longest part of the Stone Age. It began around 3.3 million years ago and ended around 11,650 years ago.  About 99% of human history happened in the Palaeolithic.
Bolas

**Bolas** (from Spanish _bola_, "ball", also known as _boleadoras_) are a throwing weapon made of weights on the ends of interconnected cords, designed to capture animals by entangling their legs. They are used by the gauchos in South America today, but have been found in excavations of pre-Hispanic settlements, especially in Patagonia, where indigenous peoples used them to catch guanaco and ñandu.

## Use

Gauchos use boleadoras to capture running cattle or game. The thrower gives the balls momentum by swinging them and then releases the boledoras. The weapon is usually used to entangle the animal's legs, but when thrown with enough force might even break the bone.

## Design

There is no uniform design; most bolas have two or three balls, but there are versions of up to 8 or 9 balls. Some bolas have balls of equal weight, others vary the knot and cord. Gauchos use bolas made of leather cords with wooden balls or small leather sacks full of stones at the ends of the cords.

Bolas can be named depending on the amount of weights used:
- Perdida (1 weight)
- Avestrucera or ñanducera (2 weights)
- Boleadora (3 weights)
- Ka-Lum-Ik-Toun (Inuit name for bolas with 10 or more weights)

## Other websites

- Inuit Bolas
- Boleadoras
Cord

**Cord** may refer to:

- Cable, in electronics, such as power cord or extension cord
- Twine, string or rope
- Cord (band),  a British rock group
- _Cord_ (movie), a 2000 movie starring Daryl Hannah and Jennifer Tilly
- Cord (sewing), a trimming made of multiple strands of yarn twisted together
- cord (unit of volume), used to measure firewood
- Cord Automobile, a former American car marque founded by Errett Lobban Cord
- Mycelial cord, a structure, used by fungi to transfer nutrients over larger distances
- spinal cord
- Umbilical cord, a tube that connects a developing embryo or fetus to its placenta
- Vibrating string

## Related pages

- Chord
Howard Hughes

**Howard Robard Hughes, Jr.** (December 24, 1905 – April 5, 1976), was an American businessman and movie producer. During his life, he was one of the richest people in the world. He was born in Humble, Texas to a rich family. He went to Hollywood and became a movie producer and aviator. Hughes broke several world records for flying aeroplanes. He created his own air company, which was later bought by TWA.

## Biography

Many people now think Hughes may have had OCD or obsessive compulsive disorder. This is because later in life, he kept himself away from the outside world. He lived in a hotel suite at The Desert Inn in Las Vegas as a recluse. He never left his room. He also did not cut his hair or fingernails. He had a group of doctors and other people to help take care of him.

In 1972, a man named Clifford Irving claimed to have co-written the autobiography of Hughes. It was later shown to not be real. Hughes died in Houston while being moved to a hospital in Mexico. After he died, there was an argument over his will.
Tarzan

**Tarzan** is a main fictional character. He appeared in many books by Edgar Rice Burroughs. Burroughs first wrote about Tarzan in 1914. The book was called _Tarzan of the Apes_. Tarzan's father was an English lord who died in the African jungle. The baby Tarzan was left alone in the jungle. Giant apes found the baby Tarzan and took care of him. Tarzan has also appeared in other media including movies, movie serials, comic books, and television programs.
Surfer Rosa

***Surfer Rosa*** is the first music album by the Pixies.  It was released by a record label called 4AD in March 1988.

## Other websites

- _Surfer Rosa_ at Last.fm
- _Surfer Rosa_ at Google Music
OK Go

**OK Go** is a rock band from Chicago. The band members are Damian Kulash (lead vocals and guitar), Tim Nordwind (bass guitar and backing vocals), Dan Konopka (drums and percussion) and Andy Ross (keyboards, guitar and backing vocals). Their best known song is "Here It Goes Again".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: **OK Go**
- **img**: Ok Go 2010.png
- **img capt**: OK Go performing in 2010
(from left) Damian Kulash, Dan Konopka, Andy Ross and Tim Nordwind.
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Chicago, Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, United States
Washington, D.C., United States
- **genre**: Alternative rock, power pop, indie rock
- **years active**: 1998–present
- **label**: Capitol Records, Capitol, Paracadute
- **associated acts**: Debate Team (band), Debate Team, Secret Dakota Ring
- **url**: [http://www.okgo.net/ www.okgo.net]
- **current members**: Damian Kulash
Tim Nordwind
Dan Konopka
Andy Ross
- **past members**: Andy Duncan (musician), Andy Duncan
Death zone

The **death zone** is the name used by mountain climber<nowiki/>s for high altitude where there is not enough available oxygen for humans to breathe. Sometimes, the death zone is also given specific names as "Rainbow Valley" for the Everest death zone. This is usually above 8,000 metres (26,247 feet). Fourteen mountains have peaks that are in the death zone; Those mountains are in Asia, and they are part of the Himalaya and Karakoram.

"People are advised not to stay in the death zone for more than 16 to 20 hours", media said; Shorter stays can also be deadly.

Most of the 200+ climbers who have died on Mount Everest have died in the death zone.Due to the inverse relationship of atmospheric pressure to altitude, the average person takes in about 30% as much oxygen as at sea level at the top of Everest. Thus, a normal human person accustomed to breathing air at sea level could only be there for a few minutes before becoming unconscious.  Most climbers have to carry oxygen bottles to be able to reach the top.  Visitors become weak and have the inability to think clearly and make decisions, especially under stress. Since helicopters also perform poorly in thin air, many bodies of dead visitors are left on the mountain. Reports suggest that more than 150 of these bodies, older than 30 years, are still lying in the Everest death zone.

## Alive in the death zone for more than one night

In 2008, Pemba Gyalje stayed in K2's Death Zone for 90 hours. Among 96 total death in Mount K2, 56 have occurred in the death zone.

In 2006, climber Lincoln Hall, had been left for dead on Everest on May 25, 2006. He did survive the event. The lack of oxygen in his blood made it easier for him to get frostbite.  He also had headaches, nausea, vomiting and hallucinations.  He said later this was caused by cerebral edema. This is a swelling of the brain.  This is caused at high altitude when blood leaks into the brain. It  can kill a person if the brain becomes too compressed.  Hall was left for dead after his breathing and heartbeat stopped.  He was found the next morning. A team of four, led by American climber Daniel Mazur, found Hall was sitting cross-legged near a ten-thousand foot cliff's edge. He was not wearing his gloves or hat. He also did not have any oxygen equipment and his climbing suit was not zipped . Mazur later said that Hall seemed lucid. He said that Hall's first words were, "I imagine you're surprised to see me here." A very large rescue operation was created and Hall was rescued. He lived for seven years after the event.. He spoke and wrote books about his experiences on Everest,. Hall died in 2012 from mesothelioma.
Book of Judges

The** Book of Judges** is the seventh book in both the Christian Bible (Old Testament), and the Hebrew Tanakh. It was originally written in Hebrew, to the people in Israel. The Hebrew word for the book is _Shaptiym_, which means, 'people of judgment.'

## Content

The book contains the stories of many "judges" who were leaders who typically led the people in battle and then served as a civil leader.  While not kings, these men were respected and they sometimes decided cases.  That is why they were called Judges. One of the Judges was Samson who was a very strong man.  He fought against the Philistines.  After his beloved, Delilah, tricked him by cutting his hair, he was made a slave.  At his death, he destroyed many enemies by pulling down a building on them. Gideon was another famous judge.  He defeated an army of Midianites with only 300 men. Another famous judge was Deborah. She was a military, civil and religious leader.

In the book, there is a pattern which repeats. The people turn from God, and he allows their enemies to harm them. Then they pray to God. He sends them a new judge. This judge helps the people and defeats their enemies.  The people are happy for a time, but soon they again turn from God.  This happens again and again.

## Quote

- In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes (21:25)

## See

- Samson
- Shibboleth

## References

- IVP New Bible Commentary

## Other websites

- Judges (NIV)
- Judges (KJV)
Book of Ruth

The **Book of _Ruth**_ is the eighth book of the Old Testament (Christian), and the Tanakh (Jewish).  It is one of the shortest books in both the Jewish and Christian holy books, consisting of only four chapters. It is unknown who wrote the book.

The book does not name its author. In the past, people believed the prophet Samuel (11th century BCE) was the author. But the majority of scholars now date it to the Persian period (6th–4th centuries BCE).

## Story of Ruth

The book tells the story of the family of Elimelech, his wife Naomi, and their sons Mahlon and Chilion. Because of a famine, they were forced to leave Bethlehem and go to the land of Moab. Once there, Elimelech died, and his sons married two Moabite women. Mahlon married Ruth, and Chilion married Orpah. After some time there, Mahlon and Chilion both died.

Naomi was forced to return home because her husband and sons were dead. She then told Ruth and Orpah to return home to their families and find new husbands. Orpah returned home but Ruth promised she would follow Naomi wherever she went. Ruth's pledge to Naomi is found in chapter 1 verses 16 and 17. _ But Ruth said, "Do not press me to leave you or to turn back from following you! Where you go, I will go; where you lodge, I will lodge; your people shall be my people, and your God my God. Where you die, I will die— there will I be buried. May the Lord do thus and so to me, and more as well, if even death parts me from you!"_ Although originally made by a daughter-in-law to her mother-in-law, a form of this pledge is sometimes included in wedding services.

They returned to their home and Ruth decided she would go into the fields to pick up grain the wealthy people would drop on the ground (a common practice in that time). A kind man named Boaz, who was the owner of the field, noticed her and her beauty.  He  also learned that she had chosen to follow the God of Israel and that she was caring for her widowed mother-in-law. He told his workers to drop extra grain for her. When she went home to tell her mother-in-law how much she received, they found out that Boaz was a close relative of theirs. Under Jewish law, this gave Ruth the right to marry Boaz, if Boaz bought the land formerly owned by Ruth's husband.

After an even closer relative said he would not buy the land and marry her, Boaz and Ruth were happily married. She would bear him a son named Obed, who was the father of Jesse, who was the father of David, who was, according to the New Testament, the ancestor of Jesus.

## Other websites

- The Book of Ruth (King James Version)
- The Book of Ruth (New International Version)
Epipalaeolithic

The **Epipaleolithic** or "peripheral old Stone Age" is a term used for the hunter-gatherer cultures that existed after the end of the last Ice Age, before the Neolithic.

The term is sometimes confused with Mesolithic, and the two are sometimes used as synonyms. Yet, when a distinction is made, 'Epipaleolithic' describes cultures that were not much affected by the ending of the Ice Age. Meanwhile, the term 'Mesolithic' is reserved for Western Europe, where the extinction of the Megafauna had a great influence on the Palaeolithic populations at the end of the Ice Age.
Thinker

**Thinker** could mean:
- an intellectual - the one who tries to use his or her intellect to work, study, reflect, speculate on, or ask and answer questions with regard to a variety of different ideas.
- The Thinker (French: _Le Penseur_) a bronze and marble sculpture by Auguste Rodin.
- Thinker (comics), a pair of comic book characters at DC Comics and Marvel Comics, respectively.
Agricultural revolution

**Agricultural revolution** could mean:
- Neolithic Revolution (about 10,000 years ago), which formed the basis for human civilization to develop. It is commonly referred to as the 'First Agricultural Revolution'.
- Green Revolution (1945-), the use of industrial fertilizers and new crops greatly increases the world's agricultural output.

There are also several more local events related to agriculture and called revolutions:

- Muslim Agricultural Revolution (10th century), which led to increased urbanization and major changes in agriculture and economy during the Islamic Golden Age.
- British Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which spurred urbanization and consequently helped launch the Industrial Revolution.
- Scottish Agricultural Revolution (18th century), which led to the "Lowland Clearances."