juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Battle of Malvern Hill

The **Battle of Malvern Hill** was a battle in the American Civil War. It was fought on July 1, 1862.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Malvern Hill
- **partof**: the American Civil War
- **image**: Battle of Malvern Hill.png
- **caption**: _The battle of Malvern Hill_, by Currier and Ives.
- **place**: Henrico County, Virginia
- **result**: Union (American Civil War), Union victory
- **combatant1**: United States (Union (American Civil War), Union)
- **combatant2**: Confederate States of America, CSA (Confederacy)
- **commander1**: George B. McClellan
Fitz John Porter
- **commander2**: Robert E. Lee
- **strength1**: 54,000
- **strength2**: 55,000
- **casualties1**: 2,100
- **casualties2**: 5,650
Northwest Division (NBA)

The **Northwest Division** is one of three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association, along with the Pacific Division and the Southwest Division. The five teams in this division are the Denver Nuggets, Minnesota Timberwolves, Oklahoma City Thunder, Portland Trail Blazers, and the Utah Jazz.
Pacific Division (NBA)

The **Pacific Division** is one of three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association, along with the Northwest Division and the Southwest Division. The five teams in this division are the Golden State Warriors, Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, Phoenix Suns, and the Sacramento Kings.
Southwest Division (NBA)

The **Southwest Division** is one of three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association, along with the Pacific Division and the Northwest Division. The five teams in this division are the Dallas Mavericks, Houston Rockets, Memphis Grizzlies, New Orleans Pelicans, and the San Antonio Spurs.
Protocol 41

**Protocol 41** is a communication protocol which embeds internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) packets inside Internet protocol version 4 (IPv4) packets. It is usually used to allow a computer or router with only an IPv4 address to obtain an IPv6 address (or maybe more than one address, to serve more than one computer).  Most IPv6 tunnel providers support Protocol 41, including Hurricane Electric.  6to4, 6rd, and 6in4 are all different ways of using Protocol 41.  Protocol 41 does not use TCP or UDP (although the IPv6 packets inside can carry TCP and UDP traffic).  It is not to be confused with TCP or UDP port number 41.

## 6to4

6to4 is a special usage of protocol 41. A 6to4 address starts with the digits 2002, followed by the IPv4 address of its router. A 6to4 address might look like: **2002:CB00:71FF:0:fe64:3486:d398:3346**

## Related pages

- Teredo tunneling
- John Kristoff's IP protocol 41 feed blog post
- IP protocol 41 feed
Castor and Pollux

**Castor and Pollux** were twin brothers in Greek and Roman mythology.  Together they are called the **Dioscuri** or **Dioskouroi**.  They were the sons of Queen Leda of Sparta.  Their twin sisters were Helen of Troy and Clytemnestra.  Castor and Pollux were changed into the constellation called Gemini.  Tyndareus, the king of Sparta, was the father of Castor, which made Castor mortal, while Zeus was the father of Pollux which made him a demigod.

Zeus seduced Leda as a swan and she laid four eggs, these eggs hatched and four children were born to Leda, the two brothers Castor and Pollux, and two sisters, Helen and Clytemnestra; Castor and Clytemnestra were considered to be the children of King Tyndareus,  Pollux and Helen were the demigod offspring of Zeus.

Castor and Pollux are universally named among the Argonauts, the crew of the Argo who sailed for Colchis with Jason.  During the quest for the Golden Fleece, Pollux is noted for having bested the King of Bebryces during a boxing match.

One of the best-known myths with Castor and Pollux is how they became a constellation. During a battle, Castor, being mortal, was killed. Heartbroken at the death of his brother, Pollux prayed to Zeus to make Castor immortal which meant Pollux would have to give up half of his immortality.  Eventually, Zeus agreed to the request, and so Castor and Pollux were transformed into the Gemini constellation.  To balance the cosmos, the Dioscuri would only be on Olympus one half of the year, and the other six months would be spent in the Underworld in the Elysium fields.

They became the gods of sailing and horsemanship. ... Pollux and Castor were also known for their boxing abilities and were thus the gods of athletes and athletic competitions. In both art and literature, Pollux and his brother were shown with horses, as the two were famed horsemen.
Sodablasting

**Sodablasting** is a process for cleaning and removing old paint from surfaces. Sodium bicarbonate is "blasted" against the surface using compressed air.
On Human Nature

***On Human Nature*** is a 1979 Pulitzer Prize-winning book by Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson.

The book tries to explain how aspects of humans and society can be explained from the point of view of evolution. He explains how evolution has left its traces on the characteristics which are the specialty of the human species. Examples are generosity, self-sacrifice, worship and the use of sex for pleasure.

The book was an attempt to complete the Darwinian revolution by bringing biological thought into social sciences and humanities.

## Infobox (book)

- **author**: E. O. Wilson
- **name**: On Human Nature
- **language**: English
- **subject**: Sociobiology, evolutionary psychology
- **genre**: Science
- **publisher**: Harvard University Press
- **release date**: October 18, 2004 _25th Anniversary Edition_
- **isbn**: 0-674-01638-6
- **dewey**: 304.5 22
- **congress**: GN365.9 .W54 2004
- **oclc**: 55534964
Sociobiology: the new synthesis

***Sociobiology: the new synthesis*** is a book by E.O. Wilson that helped start the sociobiology debate, one of the great scientific controversies of the 20th century.  Wilson popularized the term "sociobiology" as an attempt to explain the evolutionary mechanics behind behaviours such as altruism, aggression, and nurture. The fundamental principles guiding sociobiology are:
1. an organism's evolutionary success is measured by the extent to which its genes are represented in the next generation.
1. this applies to an animal's behaviour and social life as much as it does to any other aspect of its life.

The book was first published in 1975, then reprinted in 1976.  A twenty-fifth anniversary edition was published in 2000 by Harvard University Press.

## Reception

The application of sociobiology to humans was immediately controversial. Some people, such as Stephen Jay Gould, and Richard Lewontin said that sociobiology was biologicially determinist. They argued that it would be used, as similar ideas had been in the past, to justify the status quo, entrench ruling elites, and legitimize authoritarian political programmes. They referred to social darwinism and eugenics of the early 20th century, and to other more recent ideas, such as the race and IQ controversy of the early 1970s as cautionary tales in the use of evolutionary principles as applied to human society.

Wilson and his admirers countered these criticisms by saying that Wilson had no political agenda, and if he had one it was certainly not authoritarian (Wilson is an outspoken environmentalist). They argued that sociobiology does not necessarily lead to any particular political ideology as many critics implied.

Many other sociobiologists have used sociobiology to argue quite separate points. Noam Chomsky surprised many by coming to the defense of sociobiology on the grounds that political radicals need to postulate a relatively fixed idea of human nature in order to be able to struggle for a better society. They needed to know what human needs were in order to build a better society.

An extensive account of the controversy around the book was published 25 years later. It largely supporting Wilson's views. For ethologists, Wilson's ideas are mainstream, and for them his book is not controversial.

## Related pages

- Adaptive unconscious
- Blank slate
- Evolutionary psychology
- Human nature
- Nature vs nurture
- Sociobiology

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Sociobiology: the new synthesis
- **author**: Edward O. Wilson
- **subject**: Sociobiology
- **genre**: science books
- **publisher**: Harvard University Press
- **release date**: 1975
- **pages**: 697
- **isbn**: 978-0-674-00089-6
- **dewey**: 591.56 21
- **congress**: QL775 .W54 2000
- **oclc**: 42289674
- **preceded by**: The Insect Societies
- **followed by**: On Human Nature
Bremach

**Bremach** is an Italian manufacturer of trucks. It specializes in the manufacturing of military vehicles, and 4WD fire engines. Some are used in France and Germany.
Cessna T-41 Mescalero

The **Cessna T-41 Mescalero** is an American training aircraft. It is a military variant of the Cessna 172. It first flew in 1965. It was first used the same year. It was used by many air forces including Argentina, Greece, Iran, Laos.
Bell 47

The **Bell 47** is an American helicopter. It was the first civilian helicopter in the world built in series. Militaries used it as OH-13. It was built under licence in Italy by Agusta and in Japan by Kawasaki. Its first flight was in 1947.
Ali Zeidan

**Ali Zeidan** (sometimes written as **Zidan**; ; born 5 December 1950) is a former Prime Minister of Libya. He was appointed by the General National Congress on 14 October 2012. Zeidan took office on 14 November after Congress approved his cabinet nominees. Before the Libyan civil war, Zeidan was a human rights lawyer in Geneva. According to the BBC, he is considered by some local observers as a strong-minded liberal.

It was reported on 10 October 2013 that Zeidan was kidnapped by armed men in Tripoli, during the early hours in the morning. He was freed hours later.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Ali Zeidan

- **image**: Ali Zeidan at US State Department 2013.png
- **office**: List of heads of government of Libya, Prime Minister of Libya
- **president**: Mohammed Magariaf
Juma Ahmad Atigha
Nouri Abusahmain
- **term start**: 14 November 2012
- **term end**: 11 March 2014
- **predecessor**: Abdurrahim El-Keib
- **successor**: Abdullah al-Thanay
- **birth place**: Libya
- **party**: National Party For Development and Welfare
Air Forces of the National People's Army

The **Air Forces of the National People's Army** () was the air force of East Germany. It was a part of the National People's Army, established in 1956.

### 1. Luftverteidigungsdivision (1. LVD)

- Jagdfliegergeschwader 1 "Fritz Schmenke" (HQ Holzdorf)
- Jagdfliegergeschwader 3 "Wladimir Komarow" (HQ Preschen)
- Jagdfliegergeschwader 7 "Wilhelm Pieck" (HQ Drewitz)
- Jagdfliegergeschwader 8 "Hermann Matern" (HQ Marxwald)
- 41. Fla-Raketenbrigade "Hermann Dunker" (HQ Ladeberg)
- 51. Fla-Raketenbrigade "Werner Lamberz" (HQ Sprötau)
- Fla-Raketenregiment 31 "Jaroslaw Dombrowski" (HQ Straßgräbchen)

### 3. Luftverteidigungsdivision (3. LVD)

- Jagdfliegergeschwader 2 "Juri Gagarin" (HQ Trollenhagen)
- Jagdfliegergeschwader 9 "Heinrich Rau" (HQ Peenemünde)
- 43. Fla-Raketenbrigade "Erich Weinert" (HQ Sanitz)
- Fla-Raketenregiment 13 "Etkar André" (HQ Parchim)
- Fla-Raketenregiment 23 "Rudolf Breitscheid" (HQ Stallberg)

### Fighter Aircraft

- Mikoyan MiG-21
- Mikoyan MiG-29
- Mikoyan MiG-23
- Mikoyan MiG-23BN
- Sukhoi Su-22
- Aero L-39 Albatros

### Transport Aircraft

- Antonov An-2
- Antonov An-26
- Ilyushin Il-62
- Tupolev Tu-134
- Tupolev Tu-154
- Let L-410 Turbolet
- Zlín Z 43

### Helicopters

- Mil Mi-2
- Mil Mi-8
- Mil Mi-24
- Mil Mi-14

### Surface-to-Air Missiles

- S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline)
- S-75 Wolchow (SA-2 Guideline)
- S-125 Newa (SA-3 Goa)
- S-200 Wega (SA-5 Gammon)
- S-300 (SA-10 Grumble)
Guinevere

**Guinevere** was the wife of King Arthur in the Camelot stories.  Part of the story is that she fell in love with Lancelot, Arthur's very close friend and greatest knight.
Scott Wilson (actor)

**Scott Wilson** (born **William Delano Wilson**; March 29, 1942 – October 6, 2018) was an American actor of television and movies. He was known for his roles in _In the Heat of the Night_, _In Cold Blood_, _The Great Gatsby_, _Dead Man Walking_, _Pearl Harbor_, and _Junebug_.

Wilson was born on March 29, 1942 in Thomasville, Georgia. He married Heavenly Wilson in 1977. Wilson died of complications from leukemia on October 6, 2018 in Los Angeles, California, aged 76.
Dick Gregory

**Richard Claxton "Dick" Gregory** (October 12, 1932 – August 19, 2017) was an American comedian, social activist, social critic, writer, and entrepreneur.

Gregory was born on October 12, 1932 in St. Louis, Missouri. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Gregory studied at Sumner High School and at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. He had been married to Lillian Gregory since 1959. They had 10 children.

Gregory died at a hospital in Washington, D.C. on August 19, 2017 of heart failure at the age of 84.

## Other websites

- A short biography from www.dickgregory.com
- Dick Gregory's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
- _Booknotes_ interview with Gregory on _Callus on My Soul: A Memoir_, March 4, 2001.
- Speech by Dick Gregory given on October 20, 1969. Audio recording. From the University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues.
- Footage of October, 1968 interview with Dick Gregory regarding his candidacy for the Presidency in 1968
Hip hop soul

**Hip hop soul** is a subgenre of hip hop, contemporary R&B, soul, and new jack swing.

## Characteristics

Hip hop soul first started as a genre that fused hip hop with soul music. Some of the best songs of hip hop soul include "I'll Make Love to You", "Lonely", "Swim Good", "Ya Lil (Al Anisa Farah)" and "Can't Be Without You". It was very popular at first. Then, it began to lose commercial success because of its late sexual lyrics and dark themes.

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Hip hop soul
- **color**: Blue
- **instruments**: Singing, Vocals
Order of Lenin

The **Order of Lenin** (Russian: Орден Ленина, Orden Lenina), named after Vladimir Lenin, was the highest order bestowed by the Soviet Union. The order was awarded to:
- Civilians for outstanding services rendered to the State,
- Members of the armed forces for exemplary service,
- Those who promoted friendship and cooperation between peoples and in strengthening peace
- Those with meritorious services to the Soviet state and society

The order was established by the Central Executive Committee on April 6, 1930. It was disestablished in 1991, because of the fall of the Soviet Union.

## Other websites

- Legal Library of the USSR
Con Air

***Con Air*** is an American 1997 action crime thriller movie. It was directed by Simon West and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. It stars Nicolas Cage, John Malkovich, John Cusack, and Steve Buscemi. It received positive reviews. Roger Ebert gave the movie three out of four stars. In was released on June 6, 1997.
Saving Mr. Banks

***Saving Mr. Banks*** is a 2013 biographical comedy-drama movie. It is based on the real life events during the making of the 1964 Disney movie _Mary Poppins_.

_Saving Mr. Banks_ stars Tom Hanks as Walt Disney and Emma Thompson as P. L. Travers. Paul Giamatti, Bradley Whitford, Kathy Baker, Rachel Griffiths and Colin Farrell also appear in the movie.

Meryl Streep was the first choice to play Travers. Thompson took the part because the studio could not get Streep. Thompson has said the role of P. L. Travers was the most difficult one she's played.

Photography began in September 2012. The movie was filmed in the Los Angeles area, and the Disney Studios. Care was taken to keep any post-1964 rides from being caught on film.

_Saving Mr. Banks_ was given its world premiere at the London Film Festival on October 20, 2013. It has received much critical praise. _The Hollywood Reporter_ said the movie was an "affecting if somewhat soft-soaped comedy drama, elevated by excellent performances."
Jokkmokk

**Jokkmokk** is a locality in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. It is the seat of Jokkmokk Municipality.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Jokkmokk
- **other name**: Jåhkåmåhkke / Dálvvadis
- **image skyline**: Jokkmokk kyrka.jpg
- **image caption**: Jokkmokk Church
- **image shield**: Jokkmokk vapen.svg
- **pushpin map**: Sweden
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Jokkmokk Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Norrbotten County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Lapland, Sweden, Lapland
- **area total km2**: 3.59
- **population as of**: 31 December 2010
- **population total**: 2,786
- **population density km2**: 776
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Skin graft

A **skin graft** is a transplants of skin. The most common way to do this is to transplant skin from one part of a person to another place on the same person. The technique was developed in World War II by surgeons who had to deal with people who had suffered severe burns.

Transplants of skin from one person to another is limited by tissue rejection caused by the immune system. As with organ transplants, tests are done to find a donor who is "compatible" with the host. Identical twins make the perfect donors for each other because they are genetically identical.
Nirodha

**Nirodha** is a Sanskrit word, which is also a concept used in Buddhism. It is one of the Four Noble Truths. It is the end of suffering and its causes. According to Thubten Chodron, Nirodha is the final disappearance of all bad experiences and their causes in such a way that they can no longer occur again.
Shahram Rostami

**Shahram Rostami** (born 19??) was an Iranian flying ace in the Iran-Iraq War. He was an F-14 Tomcat pilot. He shot down 6 Iraqi fighters: 1 MiG-21, 3 Mirage F1s and 2 MiG-25s. He was the first fighter pilot in the world, who shot down a MiG-25.
Brookhaven, Georgia

**Brookhaven** is a city in western DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. It is northeast of Atlanta. Brookhaven became DeKalb County's 11th city on December 17, 2012. It has been approved in a referendum on July 31, 2012.

In 2020, 55,161 people live in Brookhaven. It is the largest city in DeKalb County. The new city stretches over .

## Other websites

- City of Brookhaven
- Brookhaven Directory
- Brookhaven Neighborhood Association

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Brookhaven, Georgia
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Brookhaven Village.jpg
- **imagesize**: 275px
- **image caption**: Brookhaven Village, located on Dresden Drive east of Georgia State Route 141, Peachtree Road
- **image map**: DeKalb_County_Georgia_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Brookhaven_Highlighted_1310944.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in DeKalb County, Georgia, DeKalb County and the state of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **pushpin map**: Metro Atlanta
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Brookhaven in Metro Atlanta
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Georgia, County
- **subdivision name1**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **subdivision name2**: DeKalb County, Georgia, DeKalb
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 30.71
- **area land km2**: 30.39
- **area water km2**: 0.31
- **population total**: 55161
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 1814.85
- **population density sq mi**: 4700.55
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 30319, 30341
- **area code**: 404/470/678/770
- **pushpin label**: Brookhaven
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 13-10944
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 331243
- **area total sq mi**: 11.86
- **area land sq mi**: 11.73
- **area water sq mi**: 0.12
- **seal size**: 200
M129 grenade launcher

**M129 Grenade launcher** is an American 40-mm automatic grenade launcher. It is weapon for helicopters. It was made in 1966 by the Ford aerospace company and it is still being used today. It is advanced version of the earlier M75. The rate of fire of M75 was 225 rounds per minute, but the M129 can shoot 400 rounds per minute. It is powered by the helicopter's electrical systm. M129 is used by these helicopters:

- Bell AH-1 Cobra
- Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne
- Bell UH-1 Iroquois
- OH-6A Cayuse
- OH-58 Kiowa
Russian literature

**Russian literature** is literature written in the Russian language or by Russian people. Famous writers who were Russian include Leo Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Ivan Turgenev, Nikolai Gogol, Vladimir Nabokov, Mikhail Sholokhov and Solzhenitsyn.
Conair

**Conair** or **Connair** may refer to:

- Conair Group, a company that makes firefighting tools for aircraft
- _Con Air_, a movie from 1997
- Conair of Scandinavia, a Danish airline from 1964 to 1994
- Connellan Airways (later Connair), an Australian airline from 1943 to 1980

## Related pages

- Continental Airlines
William P. Clark Jr.

**William Patrick Clark, Jr.** (October 23, 1931 – August 10, 2013) was an American rancher, judge, and public servant. He served under President Ronald Reagan as the Deputy Secretary of State from 1981 to 1982, National Security Advisor from 1982 to 1983, and the Secretary of the Interior from 1983 until 1985.

Clark was a judge of the Superior Court of California from 1969 to 1971 and an associate justice of the California State Supreme Court from 1973 to 1981.

On September 21, 1983 Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt embarrassed the administration by yet again making bigoted remarks to the media, causing him to resign on November 8, and Clark requested and received an appointment to replace Watt.

He returned to California after his stint serving the administration and pursued a variety of law firm and other business interests.

Clark was born on October 23, 1931 in Oxnard, California. He was raised as a Catholic.

Clark was married to Johanna "Joan" Brauner until her death in April 2009. They had five children; Monica, Peter (nicknamed Pete), Nina, Colin, and Paul.

Clark died on August 10, 2013 in Shandon, California from Parkinson's disease, aged 81.

## Other websites

- Department of the Interior listing
- American President - William Patrick Clark

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **image**: William P. Clark, Jr. in 2001.jpg
- **order**: 44th
- **title**: United States Secretary of the Interior
- **term start**: November 18, 1983
- **term end**: February 7, 1985
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor**: James G. Watt
- **successor**: Donald P. Hodel
- **order2**: 12th
- **title2**: National Security Advisor (United States), United States National Security Advisor
- **term start2**: January 4, 1982
- **term end2**: October 17, 1983
- **president2**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor2**: Richard V. Allen
- **successor2**: Robert McFarlane
- **order3**: 6th
- **title3**: United States Deputy Secretary of State
- **term start3**: February 25, 1981
- **term end3**: February 9, 1982
- **president3**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor3**: Warren Christopher
- **successor3**: Walter John Stoessel, Jr.
- **birth name**: William Patrick Clark, Jr.
- **birth place**: Oxnard, California, Oxnard, California
- **death place**: Shandon, California
- **spouse**: Johanna Brauner
- **children**: Monica Clark
Peter Clark
Nina Clark
Colin Dominick Clark
Paul Clark
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
Haji (actress)

**Haji** (**Cerlet Catton**; January 24, 1946 – August 10, 2013) was a Canadian-born actress and former exotic dancer known for her role in the Russ Meyer's 1965 cult classic _Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!_.

Haji was born on January 24, 1946 in Quebec, Canada. She had one daughter out of wedlock. Haji died on August 10, 2013 from unknown causes.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Haji
- **image**: Haji in Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1965).jpg
- **caption**: Haji in 1965
- **birth name**: Cerlet Catton
- **birth place**: Quebec, Canada
- **othername**: Barbarella
Haji Cat
Haji Catton
- **occupation**: Actress
Russ Meyer

**Russell Albion "Russ" Meyer** (March 21, 1922 – September 18, 2004) was an American movie director, producer, screenwriter, cinematographer, editor, actor and photographer.

Meyer is known writing and directing on a series of successful low-budget sexploitation movies that featured campy humor, sly satire and large-breasted women such as in _Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill!_.

During his early movie career, Meyer used to work with future Pulitzer Prize-winning movie critic Roger Ebert.

## Early life

Meyer was born on March 21, 1922 in San Leandro, California to a German-American family. He was raised in Oakland, California.

### Marriages

He was married to Betty Valdovinos from 1949 until they divorced in 1950. Then he was married to Eve Meyer from 1952 until they divorced in 1966. Then he was married to Edy Williams from 1970 until they divorced in 1973.

## Death

Meyer died on September 18, 2004 in Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California from complications from pneumonia after battling Alzheimer's disease. He was 82 years old. Meyer was buried at Stockton Rural Cemetery in Stockton, California.

### Biopic

Fox Searchlight Pictures is currently negotiating the rights to create a biopic covering the early years of Meyer's career.

## Other websites

- Nathaniel Rich on Russ Meyer in the _San Francisco Chronicle_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Russ Meyer
- **image**: Russ Meyer by Roger Ebert.jpg
- **caption**: Meyer in 1996 (photo by Roger Ebert)
- **birth name**: Russell Albion Meyer
- **birth place**: San Leandro, California
United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Pneumonia
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **spouse**: Betty Valdovinos (1949–1950)
Eve Meyer (1952–1966)
Edy Williams (1970–1973)
Public Enemies (2009 movie)

***Public Enemies*** is a 2009 biographical-crime-drama movie set in Chicago during the 1930s. It was directed by Michael Mann. It stars Johnny Depp as John Dillinger. Christian Bale, Marion Cotillard, Stephen Lang, Leelee Sobieski, Channing Tatum, and Billy Crudup also star. It was released on July 1, 2009.

Roger Ebert, Peter Travers, Rex Reed, and Michael Phillips gave it positive reviews.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Public Enemies
- **director**: Michael Mann
- **based on**: _Public Enemies: America's Greatest Crime Wave and the Birth of the FBI, 1933–34_ by Bryan Burrough
- **music**: Elliot Goldenthal
- **cinematography**: Dante Spinotti
- **distributor**: Universal Pictures
- **runtime**: 140 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $80–100 million
- **gross**: $214.1 million
Douglas Seale

**Douglas Seale** (28 October 1913 – 13 June 1999) was an English actor, director, and producer.

## Career

He provided the voice of Krebbs in _The Rescuers Down Under_ (1990). Two years later, Seale voiced the Sultan in _Aladdin_.

He also appeared in several movie including _Amadeus_ and _Ernest Saves Christmas_ (1988) in which he played Santa Claus. He appeared in the 1986 Christmas movie, _A Smoky Mountain Christmas_, as Vernon.

Seale was born on 28 October 1913 in London, England. He was married three times, first two ended in divorce. His last marriage was to Louise Troy until her death of breast cancer in 1994.

Seale died on 13 June 1999 in New York City, New York from pneumonia, aged 85. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered into the Atlantic Ocean.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Douglas Seale
- **birth place**: London, England, United Kingdom, U.K.
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death cause**: Pneumonia
- **resting place**: Cremated, Ashes scattered into the Atlantic Ocean
- **occupation**: Actor/producer/director
- **spouse**: 2 previous marriages,
Louise Troy
(?-1994; her death)
University of Paris

The **University of Paris** () was a university in Paris, France. It was one of the first universities to be established in Europe. It was founded in the middle of the 12th century. The university is often referred to as the **Sorbonne** or **la Sorbonne**, after the creation of the college (Collège de Sorbonne) founded around 1257 by Robert de Sorbon.

In 1971, the university was split into thirteen independent universities.

## Other websites

- Academy of Paris
- Sorbonne - Universités Paris I, III, IV and V (official homepage)

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Paris
- **native name**: Université de Paris
- **image**: Coat of arms of the University of Paris.svg
- **latin name**: Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis
- **motto**: _Hic et ubique terrarum_ (Latin)
- **mottoeng**: Here and anywhere on Earth
- **established**: Circa 1150 – 1793, 1896
- **type**: guild, Corporative from c. 1150 to 1793 and public university, public from 1896 to 1970
- **city**: Paris
- **country**: France
- **campus**: Urban
Not Without My Daughter

***Not Without My Daughter*** is a 1991 American drama movie by director Brian Gilbert. It stars Sally Field and Alfred Molina. It is based on Betty Mahmoody's 1987 book by telling the story about the escape with her daughter from her husband from Iran.

## Plot

American Betty Lover marries Iranian doctor Sayeed Bozorg Mahmoody (nicknamed: Moody). They have a daughter called Mahtab (Persian: "Moonlight").

Moody wants to see his family in Tehran, Iran, because he has not seen his family for ten years. Betty doesn't want to go to Iran, because she thinks that it is dangerous. Moody persuades Betty, that she goes to Iran for a two week holiday. But Moody has hidden the termination of his job in a hospital in the USA from Betty and Mahtab and tells his family, that they will stay in Iran forever. Because a man has the say in Iran, they have to stay here and Betty cannot take her daughter Mahtab out of the country without her husband's permission. She searches for help to escape from the country with Mahtab, for example from the Swiss embassy.

She has major problems to adapt to the strict laws and customs of the country, because as an American she is much-hated in Iran. Moody often abuses Betty, because she does not obey him. After 18 months, Betty succeeds to escape Iran with her daughter Mahtab. They flee over the Zagros mountains in the northwest of Iran to Turkey. They fly back to USA from there.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Not Without My Daughter
- **director**: Brian Gilbert (director), Brian Gilbert
- **writer**: David W. Rintels
- **music**: Jerry Goldsmith
- **cinematography**: Peter Hannan (producer), Peter Hannan
- **distributor**: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
- **runtime**: 116 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
Persian language, Persian
- **budget**: $22 million
Heteropogon contortus

***Heterpogon contortus*** is a kind of perennial grass. It is native to southern Africa, southern Asia and parts of Australia and Oceania. Common names for the species include **black spear grass** and **tanglehead**. The plant can reach a height of . The plants grow particularly well in areas where wildfires are frequent. Native Hawaiians used it to thatch their houses.
Land reclamation

**Land reclamation** is the idea of getting new land. It is usually done in coastal areas. Sometimes it is also done in areas like rivers and lakes. Usually, there is a natural process which fills such areas with sand, dirt and other materials. Land reclamation uses the same process, which is sped up. In many cases, this is done using dikes. An example where land reclamation is done is the IJsselmeer in the Netherlands.

Pioneer plants, such as Salicornia or Ammophila grow there. When the level of the land is as high as that of the high tide, new ditches are dug, and the process can repeat.

Sometimes, it is too time-consuming to wait for the land to rise. In that case, it is possible to pump out the water in the enclosed area. This was done in the Netherlands, where many areas are below sea level. The problem with this approach is that it needs to be repeated, for example in the case of heavy rainfall.
Few examples are Kansai Airport in Osaka, Japan.

The creation of large, artificial islands, such as Palm Islands in Dubai or Maasvlakte, which is part of the port of Rotterdam is not known as Land reclamation.
Jerry Maren

**Jerry Maren** (born **Gerard Marenghi**; January 24, 1920 – May 24, 2018) was an American actor and writer. He was the only confirmed surviving dwarf Munchkin from _The Wizard of Oz_ (in 2014).

The other surviving munchkin cast member was Ruth Robinson Duccini until she died in 2014. Maren is the last surviving male dwarf Munchkin from the movie and later the only living Munchkin actor since the death of Duccini. Maren retired from public appearances in September 2011.

## Early life

Maren was born **Gerard Marenghi** in Boston, Massachusetts on January 24, 1920.

## Career

In the 1950s, Maren worked as a Little Oscar for the Oscar Mayer Company and as Buster Brown in television and radio commercials. Later he joined his friend Billy Barty in organizing Little People of America. Maren has also portrayed Mayor McCheese and The Hamburglar in commercials for McDonald's.

In the late 1970s, he was the dapper little man on _The Gong Show_, heralding each show's big finish with an onslaught of confetti as Milton Delugg's band played "Hoop Dee Doo".

Maren also made a notable appearance in _The Odd Couple_ episode 'Felix the Horseplayer' as Harry Tallman, a racehorse exerciser who was giving Oscar tips on winning horses.

## Personal life

Maren was married to Elizabeth Barrington from 1975 until her death at age 69 on January 27, 2011.

He lived in Southern California.

## Death

On May 24, 2018, Maren died in San Diego of heart failure complicated by dementia at the age of 98.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jerry Maren
- **image**: Jerry Maren 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Maren in January 2010
- **birth name**: Gerald Marenghi
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: La Jolla, San Diego, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart failure complicated by dementia
- **occupation**: Actor, writer
- **height**: 4ft 3in
- **known for**: Last living cast member and Munchkin of _(The Wizard of Oz (1939 film), The Wizard of Oz)_
- **years active**: 1938–2010
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Barrington
<small>(1975-2011; her death)</small>
Ruth Duccini

**Ruth Duccini** (July 23, 1918 – January 16, 2014) was an American actress and writer. She was one of the last two surviving Munchkins from the 1939 movie _The Wizard of Oz_. The other is Jerry Maren. Duccini was the last surviving female from the movie and also the oldest.

Her role in the movie as a Munchkin villager was not credited. Her most recent appearance was when she (along with the other surviving Munchkins from _The Wizard of Oz_) was presented with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

While Duccini could not remember what she earned filming _Oz_ in 2013, she said that the Munchkin village actors were paid $125 a week during filming.

Duccini made the news again when Baroness Margaret Thatcher died and critics of the former Prime Minister tried to propel "Ding-Dong! The Witch Is Dead" on the radio charts to celebrate her passing. Duccini and Maren both called the campaign "terrible" and were saddened by the movement while insisting the song was never to be used in such a way.

Duccini died on January 16, 2014 from natural causes in Las Vegas, Nevada, aged 95.

## Other websites

- The Wizard of Oz' Special Screening Honoring the Munchkins Photo Gallery

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ruth Duccini
- **birth name**: Ruth L. Robinson
- **birth place**: Rush City, Minnesota, U.S.
- **death place**: Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1939, 1981
- **spouse**: Fred Duccini
(m.1943-1994; his death)
University of Leicester

The **University of Leicester** is a university in Leicester, England.

## Related pages

- International Planning History Society

## Other websites

- University of Leicester website
- LUSH Student Radio
- University of Leicester Student Savings Directory
- Aerial photograph of University College (later Leicester University) in April 1926
International Planning History Society

**International Planning History Society** (**IPHS**) is an international academic organization for urban planning history. The organization was established in 1974 at the University of Leicester, in Leicester, England as an academic group called "Planning History Group". In 1993, it became an international organization with architecture and urban planning faculties around the world and the name changed to "International Planning History Society".

## Related pages

- Society for American City and Regional Planning History

## Other websites

- International Planning History Society
- The International Planning History Society International Conference - 2020  website
- The International Planning History Society International Conference - 2012  website
- The International Planning History Society International Conference - 2014  website
Yukuhashi, Fukuoka

**Yukuhashi** is a town in Fukuoka Prefecture, western Japan. It is south of Kitakyushu, near Oita Prefecture. It has around 70,000 people.

## Other websites

- City website
Crossing the Rubicon

**Crossing the Rubicon** is a metaphor similar to "Burning one's bridges" and "the point of no return". It means passing a decisive point, where one cannot turn back. It comes from a genuine historical incident. The Rubicon is  a shallow river in north-east Italy. According to Roman tradition and law Roman legions could not be brought south of the river without permission of the Roman Senate.

## Caesar's civil war

In 50 BC, the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered Julius Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor of Gaul had finished. Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason.

### Crossing the Rubicon

Caesar and his army approached Rome and _crossed the Rubicon_ in 49 BC. It was the point beyond which no army was supposed to go. The river marked the boundary between Cisalpine Gaul to the north, and Italy proper to the south. Pompey, the lawful Consul, and his friends, fled from Rome as Caesar's army approached. So began a civil war in which Caesar eventually triumphed.

What Caesar reportedly said at the crossing of the Rubicon is "Alea iacta est" ("The die is cast"). This is yet another metaphor. It comes from gambling with dice: once the die or dice have been thrown, no bets can be withdrawn or added, even before the dice have come to rest.
Pico Ruivo

**Pico Ruivo** ("red peak" in Portuguese) is, with its , the highest point of the island of Madeira and the third summit of Portugal (after Mount Pico in Pico Island, Azores, and Torre in continental Portugal).

Pico Ruivo is in the Central Mountainous Massif, in the municipality of Santana, where there are also other high mountains like the _Pico das Torres_, with  and the _Pico do Arieiro_, with .

## Plants

Although of moderate altitude, the top has a very rocky landscape. The only vegetation that can develop there is of plants that grow on or among rocks.

There are two main types of vegetation: one with heathers, widespread on the island, and another with few herbaceous plants. A special feature for this altitude is the presence of small shrubs and heather trees.

## Wildlife

Some birds found on Pico Ruivo are the common blackbird, chaffinch and the Madeira firecrest. The red-legged partridge and the common linnet also nest on Pico Ruivo.

Until a few years ago, its slopes were used for raising goats, sheep and cows. However, to conserve the biodiversity in the region (such as the protection of the bird _freira-da-madeira_ and plant communities in altitude), this practice was prohibited and the entire area around the peak is recovering.

## Hiking

The summit of Pico Ruivo can be reached only on foot:
- from Achada do Texeira (north-east, 1,592 meters) by a trail;
- from the Pico do Arieiro (southeast), the third highest mountain of the island, along a path about  long; or
- by the west, especially from Curral das Freiras.

## Other websites

- madeira islands - Madeira Tourism Office: Nature holidays
- Pico Ruivo, Portugal - Peakbagger.com
- "Europe: Atlantic Islands - Ultra Prominences" - Peaklist.org.
- Pico Ruivo: Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering: SummitPost
- Madeira Tourism Office: Walking through undreamt beauty

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Pico Ruivo
- **photo**: Pico Ruivo.jpg
- **photo caption**: Pico Ruivo in Madeira island.
- **photo size**: 280
- **elevation m**: 1862
- **prominence m**: 1862
- **location**: Madeira
- **easiest route**: From Achada do Teixeira
Henry Polic II

**Henry Polic II** (February 20, 1945 – August 11, 2013) was a stage, screen, and voice actor. He was best known for his role as Jerry Silver in _Webster_ and as the voice of Scarecrow in _Batman: The Animated Series_.

Polic was born on February 20, 1945 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He studied at Florida State University. Polic died on August 11, 2013 in Los Angeles, California from cancer, aged 68.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Henry Polic II
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1974-2004
Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau

**Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau** (**Johan Friso Bernhard Christiaan David van Oranje-Nassau van Amsberg**; 25 September 1968 – 12 August 2013) was a member of the Dutch Royal Family.

He was born on 25 September 1968 in the University Medical Center in Utrecht, Netherlands to Princess Beatrix and Prince Claus. He was a younger brother of King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands. Because of his marriage without an Act of Consent in 2004, he lost his membership of the Dutch Royal House and was no longer in the line of succession to the Dutch throne. He worked as chief financial officer for Urenco Group.

On 17 February 2012, Prince Friso was buried under an avalanche in Lech, Austria, while skiing off piste. He was taken to a hospital in Innsbruck where he was in critical but stable condition.

According to his doctor, even though he was trapped for a relatively short time and hopes had originally been higher, subsequent neurological tests showed that after fifty minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in moderate hypothermia he suffered massive brain damage due to oxygen shortage. The prince was in a minimally conscious state and it was unclear whether he would ever regain full consciousness. After nearly a year and a half in a coma, he died on 12 August 2013.

## Other websites

- Geen Toestemmingswet Huwelijk Friso en Mabel, archived from regering.nl, 10 October 2003 (Dutch)

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Prince Friso
- **full name**: Johan Friso Bernhard Christiaan David
- **image**: Friso 2b.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **birth place**: Utrecht (city), Utrecht, Netherlands
- **death place**: Huis ten Bosch, The Hague, Netherlands
- **house**: House of Orange-Nassau
- **spouse**: Princess Mabel of Orange-Nassau <small>(2004–2013; his death)</small>
- **issue**: Countess Luana of Orange-Nassau  Countess Zaria of Orange-Nassau
- **religion**: Protestant Church in the Netherlands
- **father**: Claus von Amsberg
- **mother**: Beatrix of the Netherlands
Russell's paradox

**Russell's paradox** is a paradox in naive set theory that is named after Bertrand Russell, who described the paradox in 1901. German mathematician Ernst Zermelo discovered it in 1898 but did not publish the idea. The paradox highlights some problems that set theory had at the time. When Georg Cantor developed the theory in the 1880s, he already suspected that his theory would lead to such problems.

Consider the set of sets that do not contain themselves. The paradox appears when we consider whether this set should contain itself. If it should, then the set no longer satisfies its condition. If it should not, then it should contain itself. Thus, a contradiction arises. This paradox, stemming from a simple set definition, exposed a flaw in set theory and led mathematicians to introduce restrictions on set creation, as described in axiomatic set theory.

About 20 years later, Russell came up with the Barber paradox, which is a way of describing the same problem in a different way. The Barber paradox says: "Suppose there is a barber who shaves all adult men who do not shave themselves." In this case, answering the question of whether the barber shaves himself is impossible. If he does, then he would not, because he "shaves all men who do not shave themselves." Similarly, if he does not, then he would. This leads to a conundrum.

## Informal presentation

Most sets we normaly talk about are not members of themselves.

- We call a set "normal" if it is not a member of itself.

- We call a set "abnormal" if it is a member of itself.

Every set must be either normal or abnormal.

**Example 1:** The set of all squares on a flat plane. This set is not itself a square, so it is not inside itself. That means it is a **normal** set.

**Example 2:** the set of everything that is _not_ a square on the plane. This set is not a square either, so it belongs to itself. That makes it an **abnormal** set.

Now think about the set of all normal sets _and call it: R_.

We ask: Is _R normal or is it abnormal?_

- If _R is normal: then it should be a inside the set of all normal sets - wich means inside itself. But that would make it abnormal_
- if _R is abnormal: then its not inside the set of all normal sets - wich means not inside itself. but that would make it normal_

So _R would have to be both normal and abnormal, wich would be impossible. This contradiction is called for Russels paradox._
Augusta Victoria Hospital

**Augusta Victoria Hospital** is a hospital on Mount of Olives, Jerusalem. It was built in 1907. It was named after Augusta Viktoria of Schleswig-Holstein, the wife of German Kaiser Wilhelm II.

## Other websites

- Augusta Victoria  on the Israel Traveler website.
The Adventures of Tintin (movie)

***The Adventured of Tintin*** or ***The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorns*** a 2011 New Zealand-American action-adventure movie. The film is based on three of Hergé's albums _Crab with the Golden Claws_, _The Secret Unicorn_, and _Red Rackham's Treasure_.

It was directed by Steven Spielberg. It was produced by Peter Jackson and Kathleen Kennedy. It stars Jamie Bell, Andy Serkis, Daniel Craig, Nick Frost, Simon Pegg, and Enn Reitel. It was composed by John Williams.

It was released on December 21, 2011.

## Cast

- Jamie Bell as Tintin
- Andy Serkis as Captain Haddock and Sir Francis Haddock
- Daniel Craig as Ivan Ivanovitch Sakharine and Red Rackham
- Nick Frost as Thomson
- Simon Pegg as Thompson
- Toby Jones as Aristides Silk
- Daniel Mays as Allan
- Gad Elmaleh as Omar ben Salaad
- Mackenzie Crook as Tom
Vasiliy Mihaylovich Peskov

**Vasiliy Mikhailovich Peskov** (March 14, 1930 – August 12, 2013) was a Russian writer, journalist, photographer, traveler and ecologist.

He has worked in the Russian newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda since 1956. From 1975 until 1990 he conducted the TV programme "In the World of Animals" on Soviet TV.

Peskov was born on March 14, 1930 in Orlovo, Central Black Earth Oblast (now Voronezh Oblast), Soviet Union.

In 1964, he was awarded a Lenin Prize. In 1990, he was among the winners of UNEP's Global 500 Roll of Honour.

Peskov died on August 12, 2013 in Moscow, Russia. The cause of his death is currently unknown. He was 83 years old.

## Related pages

- List of ecologists from Europe

## Other websites

- ЗАГЛЯДЫВАЮЩИЙ В ПРИРОДУ
- Adult Award Winner in 1990
- mosdepkultura