juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bryan Loren

**Bryan Loren Hudson** (May 5, 1966 – January 2026), also nicknamed **The Wiz**, was an American singer-songwriter and record producer.

Loren started writing music when he was 12 years old. In 1984 Loren's first album, _Bryan Loren_, was released. "Lollipop Luv" was released as a single from it. It reached number 23 in the R&B chart. In 1992 he released his second album, _Music From The New World_. He was a member of Fat Larry's Band.  He wrote "Feels so Good" for Whitney Houston.

## Work with Michael Jackson

Loren wrote the number one single "Do the Bartman" with Michael Jackson. He made a song with Jackson called "Satisfy You" in 1990, but it was never released. He wrote "Superfly Sister" with Michael Jackson. It was on Jackson's 1997 album _Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix_.
Loren's death on January 28, 2026, was confirmed by Shana Mangatal, a close friend, and Loren's brother, Geno.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bryan Loren
- **birth name**: Bryan Loren Hudson
- **alias**: The Wiz
- **birth place**: Long Island, New York, U.S.
- **genre**: Electronica, R&B, funk music, funk, soul music, soul, pop
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, record producer
- **years active**: 1981–2026
- **label**: Philly World, Arista Records, Arista, BBR
- **past member of**: Fat Larry's Band
Lupita Nyong'o

**Lupita Nyong'o** (born 1983) is a Kenyan-Mexican actress, model and filmmaker. The first American movie she acted in was _12 Years a Slave_. Nyong’o won several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, for her role in _12 Years a Slave_. She was also in _Black Panther_ (2018) and _Us_ (2019).

## Early life and career

Nyong'o was born in Mexico City, Mexico, in 1983 to Dorothy and Peter Anyang' Nyong'o. Her parents had fled Kenya because they were being harassed by the government there; her uncle was killed in 1980. The family moved back in 1987 but they were still harassed by Daniel arap Moi's government, which was supported by the United States and United Kingdom.

Nyong'o was raised mostly in Kenya, but returned to Mexico as a teenager and attended university in the United States. After graduating, she played a role in the 2009 Nigerian television show _Shuga_. She went back to school and got a Master's degree from Yale's School of Drama in 2012.

In 2014, Nyong’o won several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, for her role in _12 Years a Slave_. She said her acting in _12 Years a Slave_ was inspired by Michael Jackson and Whoopi Goldberg. Nyong'o was nominated for the British Film Academy’s Rising Star Award and on the cover of _Dazed & Confused_ and _W_ magazine's February 2014 issues. She was named the most beautiful in the world by PEOPLE magazine in April 2014.

Nyong'o continued to act in major Hollywood movies including _Star Wars: The Force Awakens_ (2015), _The Jungle Book_ (2016), _Black Panther_, and _Us_. As well as acting, in 2019 and 2020 she wrote a children's book, _Sulwe_, which was released in English, Swahili, and Luo.

She also won a Daytime Emmy Award for an episode in “Bookmarks: Celebrating Black Voices,” in which she read from her children’s book _Sulwe_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lupita Nyong'o
- **image**: SXSW 2019 8 - Lupita Nyong'o (46611809024) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Nyong'o at South by Southwest in 2019
- **alma mater**: Hampshire College, Yale School of Drama (MFA), Whittier College
- **birth name**: Lupita Amondi Nyong'o
- **birth place**: Mexico City, Mexico
- **yearsactive**: 2004–present
- **citizenship**: Kenyan, Mexican
- **occupation**: Actress, model, film director, music video director
- **parents**: Peter Anyang' Nyong'o (father)
Dorothy Nyong'o (mother)
- **relatives**: Isis Nyong'o (cousin)
Tavia Nyong'o (cousin)
Numerical integration

**Numerical integration** is the term used for a number of methods to find an approximation for an integral. Numerical integration has also been called **quadrature**. Very often, it is not possible to solve integration analytically, for example when the data consists of a number of distinct measurements, or when the antiderivative is not known, and it is difficult, impractical or impossible to find it. In such cases, the integral can be written as a mathematical function defined over the interval in question, plus a function giving the error.

One way to find a numerical integral is using interpolation. Very often these interpolating functions are polynomials.

Various formulas have been studied for many years and become famous.  For example, there is the Gaussian quadrature (named after Gauss), the Newton-Cotes formula (named after Isaac Newton), and the Euler-Maclaurin formula (named after Leonhard Euler).

## Numerical errors

Numerical errors can occur in any kind of numerical computation including numerical integration. Errors in numerical integration are considered in another area called "validated numerics".

## People who studied about numerical integration

- Masaaki Sugihara
- Masao Iri
- Masatake Mori

## Numerical integration software

- MATLAB, INTLAB
    - GNU Octave, Scilab - open source versions of MATLAB
- Wolfram Mathematica - made by Wolfram Research
Another Brick in the Wall

"**Another Brick in the Wall**" is a rock and roll song by Pink Floyd. It is divided into three parts. It was released on their album _The Wall_ in 1979. Part 1 is a song about the sadness of a child (later to become a rockstar). Part 2 continues from "The Happiest Days of Our Lives". It is a rock opera protest song against the cruelty of teachers in Britain. Part 3 is the loudest and shortest part of _Another Brick in the Wall_. It is about the rockstar's anger and the completion of his "Metaphorical Wall". It cross-fades to "Goodbye Cruel World". In 2004, Korn made a studio version of "Another Brick in the Wall". The Pink Floyd version reached 57 on the disco chart.

The tunes of all three parts are exactly the same, but one part will be louder than the previous part. It starts off with the tragedy of Part 1 to the protesting of Part 2 to the fury of Part 3.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Another Brick in the Wall
- **type**: Song
- **artist**: Pink Floyd
- **album**: The Wall
- **published**: Pink Floyd Music Publishers
- **released**: 30 November 1979
- **recorded**: April–November 1979
- **genre**: Progressive rock
- **length**: **9:08** (All three parts)
- **label**: *Harvest Records, Harvest (UK)
*Columbia Records, Columbia (US)
- **writer**: Roger Waters
- **producer**: *Bob Ezrin
*David Gilmour
*James Guthrie (record producer), James Guthrie
*Roger Waters
Harry Benjamin

**Harry Benjamin** (January 12, 1885 – August 24, 1986) was an American sexologist and endocrinology. A book he wrote about transsexualism called _The Transsexual Phenomenon_ was published in 1966. He died when he was 101. He made the Sex Orientation Scale. It is also known as the Benjamin scale.

## Early life

Benjamin was born in Berlin. He was raised in an Ashkenazi Jewish home.

## Personal life

Benjamin was married to a woman called Gretchen.
The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland

***The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland*** is a 1999 American children's film that was directed by Gary Halvorson. It made $11,683,047. Produced by Columbia Pictures, Jim Henson Pictures and Children's Television Workshop, the film was released on October 1, 1999. The movie's soundtrack was released by Michael Jackson's record label MJJ Music.

## Plot

?

## Cast

- Mandy Patinkin as Huxley
- Vanessa L. Williams as the Queen of Trash

### Humans of Sesame Street

- Alison Bartlett-O'Reilly as Gina
- Ruth Buzzi as Ruthie
- Emilio Delgado as Luis
- Loretta Long as Susan
- Sonia Manzano as Maria
- Bob McGrath as Bob
- Roscoe Orman as Gordon

### Muppet performers

- Kevin Clash as Elmo, Pestie, Grouch Jailer, Grouch Taxicab Driver
- Fran Brill as Zoe, Pestie, Prairie Dawn
- Stephanie D'Abruzzo as Grizzy, Pestie
- Dave Goelz as Humongous Chicken
- Steve Whitmire as Ernie, Stuckweed, Sharon Groan, Football Stenchman, Bad Humor Man, Parrot
- Frank Oz as Bert, Grover, Cookie Monster
- Jerry Nelson as Count von Count, Pestie, Grouch Mayor, Grouch Police Officer, Voice of Mr. Johnson
- Caroll Spinney as Big Bird, Oscar the Grouch
- Martin P. Robinson as Laundromat Manager, Pestie, Telly Monster
- Matt Vogel as Big Bird (puppetry in some scenes)
- David Rudman as Baby Bear, Alarm Clock Bird, Fat Blue Anything Muppet, Caterpillar, Pestie, Collander Stenchman, Grouch Ice Cream Customer, Puppeteer of Mr. Johnson, Various Grouches
- Joey Mazzarino as Bug
- Carmen Osbahr as Rosita
Division of Richmond

The **Division of Richmond** is an Australian electoral division in the state of New South Wales. It was set up for the first Australian federal election in 1901.  It is  named after its local area, the Richmond Valley and Richmond River. These were named for Charles, the fifth Duke of Richmond.

Richmond is in the north-east corner of NSW, next to the Queensland border. The main towns are Bangalow, Brunswick Heads, Byron Bay, Kingscliff, Lennox Head, Mullumbimby, Murwillumbah, Nimbin, Ocean Shores, Pottsville, Suffolk Park and Tweed Heads.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="2"|(Sir) Thomas Ewing|Protectionist|1901–1909|
|||Commonwealth Liberal|1909–1910|||
|||rowspan="2"|Walter Massy-Greene|Commonwealth Liberal|1910–1917|
|||Nationalist|1917–1922|||
|||Roland Green|Country|1922–1937||
|||Hubert Lawrence Anthony|Country|1937–1957||
|||rowspan="3"|Doug Anthony|Country|1957–1975|
|||National Country|1975–1982|||
|||National|1982–1984|||
|||Charles Blunt|National|1984–1990||
|||Neville Newell|Labor|1990–1996||
|||Larry Anthony|National|1996–2004||
|||Justine Elliot|Labor|2004–present||

Richmond was held for 55 years by three generations of the Anthony family -- Hubert Lawrence Anthony (a minister in the Fadden and Menzies governments), Doug Anthony (leader of the National Party from 1971 to 1984 and Deputy Prime Minister in the Gorton, McMahon and Fraser governments) and Larry Anthony (a minister in the Howard government) -- the first three-generation dynasty in the Australian House of Representatives. Charles Blunt was the leader of the Nationals and one of only three major party leaders to lose their own seat in an election.

## Other websites

- Division of Richmond – Australian Electoral Commission

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Richmond
- **image**: Division of Richmond 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Richmond (green) within New South Wales
- **created**: 1901
- **mp**: Justine Elliot
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Richmond River
- **electors**: 97379
- **electors year**: 2013
- **area**: 2768
- **class**: Rural
Michael Jackson's Ghosts

***Michael Jackson's Ghosts*** is a 52-minute short movie starring Michael Jackson. It was written by Stephen King and Mick Garris. Stan Winston directed it. Jackson plays three roles in it. There are four songs in the movie. These are "Ghosts", "2 Bad", and "Is It Scary". Mos Def plays Seth in the movie. _Ghosts_ was shown at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival.

The movie tells the story of a scary maestro who is being invited to a party by its mayor at his mansion. The mayor looks like Thomas W. Sneddon, the main prosecutor in Jackson's child sexual abuse case twenty-three years before the movie will be made. Jackson will play both the maestro and the mayor.
The 20/20 Experience

***The 20/20 Experience*** (also known as The 20/20 Experience – 1 of 2) is the third studio album by Justin Timberlake. It was released on March 15, 2013, by RCA Records Three singles were released from the album. It was the best selling album of 2013 in the US.
Euromaidan

**Euromaidan** () was a popular movement in Ukraine between autumn 2013 and spring 2014. It began on the night of 21 November 2013 with protests demanding that Ukraine become part of the European Union.  On 30 November 2013 riot police attacked protestors, violently putting a stop to the protests.  The protesters then demanded the resignation of President Viktor Yanukovych.  Many people were killed in the riots.

Many people in Ukraine, particularly in the western part of the country, wanted to be part of the European Union. But President Yanukovych wanted to maintain close relationships with Russia.  This angered pro-EU civilians.  They started Euromaidan.  On 30 November, the police intervened, sometimes violently.  As a result, more people came out to protest.  Many people blocked the streets with their cars in a protest called _Automaidan_.

The President fled in February 2014 but protests continued.  In March 2014 the Russian Federation captured Crimea which angered many other nations.  Some people feared this might lead to a global war.

## Riots/revolution

As the riots continued, the protesters were attacked.  Hundreds were killed or injured.  Ukrainians got the freedom they wanted and a new government, although they have not yet entered into the European Union.  Meanwhile, Ukraine lost Crimea to Russia.

Russia did not like that the Ukrainian government was overthrown as the new more nationalist and anti-Russian government did not favor them. Some of the people in the east, in the Donbas, preferred the old President, and declared independence and wanted to join Russia. Many people in Ukraine, particularly in the east, suffered in fighting.

## Related pages

- Orange Revolution
- _The Long Breakup_, award-winning documentary about Ukraine after the end of the Soviet Union

## Other websites

- Euromaidan on Facebook
10 Things I Hate About You

***10 Things I Hate About You*** is a 1999 American teen movie. It is directed by Gil Junger. It was the first movie he directed. The movie is a modern version of William Shakespeare's play _The Taming of the Shrew_. The main character is Katarina "Kat" Stratford. She is played by Julia Stiles. Heath Ledger plays her love interest Patrick Verona. Kat is a feminist. Her sister Bianca is trying to find Kat a boyfriend. She decides that Patrick would suit Kat because he is also an outcast. The Scholastic Corporation published a novel of the story in June 1999. It was written by David Levithan.
Carbapenem

**Carbapenems** are a class of antibiotics which act against a wide range of bacteria. Their structure is difficult for bacterial enzymes to break down. They were originally developed from a product of _Streptomyces cattleya_.

Carbapenems are one of the "antibiotics of last resort" for many bacterial infections, such as _Escherichia coli_ (_E. coli_) and _Klebsiella pneumoniae_.

Recently, alarm has been raised about an "Indian superbug". This is a strain resistant to Carapenems, which was discovered in Delhi. This strain produces an enzyme which chops up the antibiotic molecule.

At present there are no new antibiotics in development to replace carbapenems. However, some older antibiotics may treat bacteria that are resistant to carbapenems.
Issa Rae

**Issa Rae** is an American actress, model, businesswoman, director, producer and writer. In 2011 she started a YouTube comedy series called _Awkward Black Girl_. In 2013 it won the Shorty Award for Best Web Show. Forbes put her in their 30 Under 30 list in 2013 and 2014. She also owns a series of businesses including restaurants.

## Early life and career

Rae was born Jo-Issa Diop.
In the third grade, Rae entered a program for gifted and talented students. She went to Stanford University.
Robyn Lawley

**Robyn Lawley** (born 13 June 1989) is an Australian plus-size model and fashion designer. Robyn was born in Girraween, New South Wales. She started modelling when she was sixteen years old. She was on the covers of French Elle and Vogue Italia.    She was the first model for Mango's plus-size line, Violeta by Mango. She designed a swimwear line.

## Infobox (model)

- **name**: Robyn Lawley
- **image**: Robyn Lawley.JPG
- **caption**: Robyn Lawley at the Guess Accessory Launch in Sydney, Australia
- **birth place**: Girraween, Australia
- **occupation**: Fashion model
- **partner**: Everest Schmidt
- **children**: 1
- **height**: 189 cm
- **haircolor**: Brown
- **eyecolor**: Blue/Gray/Green
- **agency**: One management (New York)
 New Madison (Paris)
 Why Not Model Management (Milan) Bella models Australia
 Milk Management (London)
 Francina Models (Barcelona)
 MIKAs (Stockholm)
Barkhad Abdi

**Barkhad Abdi** (born 10 April 1985) is an actor from Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was born in Somalia. He has a nomination for a Golden Globe Award. He also has an Oscar nomination for his role in the movie _Captain Phillips_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Barkhad Abdi
- **image**: Barkhad Abdi at LFCC Awards.jpg
- **caption**: Abdi at the London Film Critics Circle Awards 2013, 34th London Film Critics Circle Awards, February 2014
- **birth place**: Mogadishu, Somali Democratic Republic, Somalia
- **occupation**: Actor, film director
- **years active**: 2013–present
Streptomyces

***Streptomyces*** is the largest genus of Actinobacteria, Gram-positive bacteria. _Streptomyces_ is often found in soil and is very much similar to fungi by its shape. They form long thin threads called hyphae that can differentiate into a chain of spores for reproduction. Almost all of the bioactive compounds produced by _Streptomyces_ are made while the hyphae are forming from the substrate mycelium.

## Use in medicine and science

Streptomyces are medically important, as they produce antifungals, antiparasitic drugs, antivirals, antitumorals, anti-hypertensives, immunosuppressants and antibiotics. Different species of streptomyces are used to produce different antibiotics. Over 500 species of _Streptomyces_ bacteria have been described. For example, widely studied _S. griseus_ was the first to be used in production of an antibiotic streptomycin, while _S. avermitilis_ as a source of avermictin. Another well-studied species, _S coelicolor_, is widely used in genetic studies due to its relative ease of handling and distinct morphological stages. Overall, Streptomyces produce over two-thirds of the clinically useful antibiotics of natural origin, such as tetracycline, neomycin and chloramphenicol.

## Antibiotic mechanism

Antibiotics target essential proteins for pathogens’ growth and survival, inhibiting essential functions. For example, streptomycin, which is made from _S. griseus,_ irreversibly binds to bacterial genetic materia<nowiki/>l and causes errors in the production of new proteins, which leads to cell death. It can be used for treating severe infections, such as tuberculosis and plague. Another example is avermectin, made from _S. avermitili._ It causes invertebrate paralysis (inability to make and pass nerve impulses), which is used as a drug and pesticide against parasitic worms and insects. Avermectin enhances glutamate (neurotransmitter) at the glutamate-gated chloride channels that mammals don’t possess. It causes the excess of chloride ions inside the cell (hyperpolarisation), so the action potential cannot be further induced, ultimately leading to paralysis.

## Antibiotic resistance

Genetic changes in bacteria might result in antibiotic resistance. They might be acquired through spontaneous mutations (vertical gene transfer) or through other bacteria passing their genes (horizontal gene transfer). Self-medications or improper medication use can result in the emergence of resistant bacteria. It is difficult to obtain new antibiotics, that is why researchers seek to improve existing ones, as well as working to discover new drugs.
Rosie the Riveter

**Rosie the Riveter** is a cultural icon in the United States. She was an icon of women that worked in factories and shipyards during World War II. She was in a World War II poster titled "We Can Do It!". She is often used as a symbol of feminism in this image. Pictures of working women were used many times during World War II. The US government wanted women to work during the war. In 1944 a movie called _Rosie the Riveter_ was released.

Rosie the Riveter became associated with a real woman called Naomi Parker, who inspired the icon. Rosie the Riveter was named after Rosalind P. Walter.

In 1997, the Rosie the Riveter Memorial Committee was started.
Prince of Conti

The title of **Prince of Conti** was an old title at the old French court. The prince held the prestigious rank of _Prince of the blood_ at the court and was also entitled to the style of **Serene Highness**. The eldest son of the prince usually used the title of _Prince of La Roche-sur-Yon_ and at other times used the title _Count of La Marche_

## Marquess and Princes of Conti

- 1558-1614: marquis, from 1581 onwards 1st prince François, Prince of Conti.

_At his death, the title was not passed on, because of the lack of direct descendants.  The title was bestowed in 1629 upon:_

- 1629-1666 : 2nd prince Armand
- 1666-1685 : 3rd prince Louis Armand
- 1685-1709 : 4th prince François Louis called _Le Grand Conti_.
- 1709-1727 : 5th prince Louis Armand
- 1727-1776 : 6th prince Louis François
- 1776-1814 : 7th prince Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti

_At his death, the title was not passed on, because of the lack of legitimate descendants._
The Net

***The Net*** is a 1995 American melodramatic thriller movie. It was released on July 28, 1995. The story is about a computer systems analyst, Angela Bennett, who becomes a victim of identity theft. She is also framed for murder. Sandra Bullock plays Angela Bennett.

Reviews for _The Net_ were very mixed. The movie, however, made over US$110 million worldwide. Roger Ebert gave the movie three out of four stars.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Net
- **writer**: John Brancato and Michael Ferris
- **starring**: Sandra Bullock
Jeremy Northam
Dennis Miller
- **director**: Irwin Winkler
- **producer**: Rob Cowan
Irwin Winkler
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
- **runtime**: 114 minutes
- **editing**: Richard Halsey
- **language**: English
- **country**: United States
- **budget**: $22 million
- **gross**: $110,627,965 (Worldwide)
- **music**: Mark Isham
Jeff Rona
Iran–Contra affair

The **Iran-Contra affair** was a scandal that happened from August 1985 to March 1987. It happened under President Ronald Reagan's administration. The scandal involved the United States government selling weapons to Iran in exchange for hostages held by Hezbollah and money. The money was secretly given to the Nicaraguan Contras. This was illegal, because Congress banned giving money to the Contras before the deals with Iran and the Contras happened. When 1,500 missiles were shipped three hostages were released but those three hostages were soon replaced with three more hostages. Secretary of State George Shultz called it “a hostage Bazaar”.

Oliver North was tried in court for the affair because he took the blame instead of Reagan. The court found North to be not guilty.

On March 4, 1987, Reagan himself apologized to the American people and said it was all his fault. George H. W. Bush later pardoned anyone who was involved in the affair.

While President Ronald Reagan was a supporter of the Contra cause, the evidence is unclear as to whether he knew about the scandal.

On November 25, 1986, President Reagan announced the creation of a Special Review Board to look into the matter; the following day, he appointed former Senator John Tower, former Secretary of State Edmund Muskie, and former National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft to serve as members. This commission was called the Tower Commission. Towards the end, the committee said that there was no evidence to say that Reagan had anything to do with the affair.

## Other websites

- Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs, a comprehensive website
Maureen Reagan

**Maureen Elizabeth Reagan** (January 4, 1941 – August 8, 2001) was an American television and movie actress. She was the first child of Ronald Reagan and his first wife, Jane Wyman. Her brother was Michael Reagan (adopted). She also had a sister, Christine, who died shortly after birth. She also has a brother and sister from her father's second marriage, to Nancy Davis: Patti Davis and Ron Reagan.

Maureen Reagan died from melanoma in Granite Bay, California. She was aged 60.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Maureen Reagan
- **image**: Maureen Reagan 1995.jpg
- **caption**: Maureen Reagan in 1995
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Granite Bay, California, U.S.
- **spouse**:

- **child**: Rita Mirembe Revell
- **parents**: Ronald Reagan (1911-2004)
Jane Wyman (1917-2007)
Michael Reagan

**Michael Edward Reagan** (born **John Flaugher**; March 18, 1945 – January 4, 2026) was an American radio show host. He was the adopted son of Ronald Reagan and Jane Wyman. He hosted the radio show _The Michael Reagan Talk Show_.

## Early life and career

He was born at Queen of Angels - Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center in Los Angeles, California to Irene Flaugher.

He studied at Loyola High School and Judson School,  and Arizona State University and Los Angeles Valley College. He had small roles in movies and television shows, including _Falcon Crest_ which starred his mother, Jane Wyman.

In 1971 Reagan married Pamela Gail Putnam (born 1952). She is the daughter of Duane Putnam, who was then the Atlanta Falcons football line coach. The couple divorced in 1972.

In 1975, Reagan remarried to Colleen Sterns. They had two children.

Reagan died in Los Angeles from cancer on January 4, 2026 at the age of 80.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael Reagan
- **image**: Michael Reagan by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Reagan in 2017
- **birth name**: John Charles Flaugher
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cancer
- **occupation**: Radio personality, Radio talk show host, writer
- **alma mater**: Arizona State University
- **spouse**:

- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 2
- **parents**: Ronald Reagan
Jane Wyman
Patti Davis

**Patti Davis** (born October 21, 1952) is an American actress, model and author.

David was born at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, She is youngest daughter of late U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Reagan's second wife, Nancy Reagan.

Davis In 2013, she published a book called _Till Human Voices Wake Us_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Patti Davis
- **image**: Patti Davis 1983.jpg
- **caption**: Patti Davis at Nancy Reagan's birthday party in 1983
- **birth name**: Patricia Ann Reagan
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **occupation**: Actress, author
- **father**: Ronald Reagan
- **mother**: Nancy Reagan
Ron Reagan

**Ronald Prescott "Ron" Reagan** (born May 20, 1958) is an American political commentator. He presents his commentary on the radio. He currently works for MSNBC as a political analyst.

Reagan was born at Cedar-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, He is youngest son of Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan, He had one sister Patti Davis.

Reagan is a Democrat and an atheist despite being the son of Republican President Ronald Reagan. His mother was Nancy Reagan. He is often incorrectly called Ronald Reagan Jr. or Ronald Reagan II. In 2011 he wrote a book on his father called _My Father at 100_.

## Infobox (person)

- **birthname**: Ronald Prescott Reagan
- **image**: Ron Reagan, 2006.jpg
- **alt**: Ron Reagan in 2008
- **caption**: Reagan in 2006
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **education**: Yale University (no degree)
- **party**: Independent voter, Independent
- **movement**: Atheism
- **father**: Ronald Reagan
- **mother**: Nancy Reagan
Eureka College

**Eureka College** is a Christian liberal arts college in the United States. It is in Eureka, Illinois. It was established in 1855. Abraham Lincoln once spoke on the campus of the college in 1856. Ronald Reagan graduated from the college in 1932. In 2010, Eureka College was made a national historic district by the National Park Service.
Robert Finch (American politician)

**Robert Hutchison Finch** (October 9, 1925 - October 10, 1995) was an American politician. He was a Republican politician from La Canada Flintridge, California. He served as the Lieutenant Governor of California under the term of Ronald Reagan from 1967 to 1969.

He was born in Tempe, Arizona. He was the son of Robert L. Finch, a member of the Arizona House of Representatives.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Robert H. Finch
- **image**: RobertHFinch.jpg
- **office**: Counselor to the President
- **term start**: June, 1970
- **term end**: December 15, 1972
- **president**: Richard Nixon, Richard M. Nixon
- **order2**: 8th
- **office2**: United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
- **term start2**: January 21, 1969
- **term end2**: June 23, 1970
- **president2**: Richard Nixon, Richard M. Nixon
- **predecessor2**: Wilbur J. Cohen
- **successor2**: Elliot Richardson, Elliot L. Richardson
- **order3**: 38th Lieutenant Governor of California
- **term start3**: 1967
- **term end3**: 1969
- **governor3**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor3**: Glenn M. Anderson
- **successor3**: Edwin Reinecke
- **birth name**: Robert Hutchinson Finch
- **birth place**: Tempe, Arizona, U.S.
- **death place**: Pasadena, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Carol Crothers Finch
- **children**: Maureen Finch Shaw
Kevin Finch
Priscilla Finch
Cathleen Finch Morser
- **profession**: Politician, Lawyer
- **education**: LL.B. 1951 University of Southern California
1947 Occidental College
- **branch**: United States Marine Corps
- **serviceyears**: 1951-1953
- **battles**: World War II
Korean War
Edwin Reinecke

**Edwin** "**Ed**" **Reinecke** (January 7, 1924 – December 24, 2016) was an American politician. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives. He also served under Ronald Reagan as the 39th Lieutenant Governor of California from 1969 to 1974.

Reinecke was born on January 7, 1924 in Medford, Oregon. He died on December 24, 2016 in Laguna Hills, California of natural causes, aged 92.

## Other websites

- Congressional biography
- Video: Reinecke discusses drug trafficking
John L. Harmer

**John Loren Harmer** (April 28, 1934 – December 6, 2019) was an American politician. Harmer served in the California State Senate from 1966 to 1974. He was a member of the Republican Party. He served as the 40th Lieutenant Governor of California from 1974 to 1975. He was given the job by Governor Ronald Reagan, who was leaving office at the time.

Harmer wrote the book _Reagan: Man of Principle_.

Harmer died on December 6, 2019 in Bountiful, Utah at the age of 85.
Pat Brown

**Edmund Gerald** "**Pat**" **Brown, Sr.** (April 21, 1905 – February 16, 1996) was an American politician. Brown served as the 32nd Governor of California from 1959 to 1967. He is the father of the 34th and 39th Governor of California, Jerry Brown. He was succeeded by Ronald Reagan as Governor, but Reagan was soon succeeded by Brown's son Jerry. Brown ran for President of the United States three times; in 1976, 1980 and in 1992.

## Other websites

- Official Biography and portrait from State of California
- California State of Mind: The Legacy of Pat Brown
- Brown family of California at The Political Graveyard
- Shows off his custom license plate https://books.google.com/books?id=7FQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA99
- Find a grave Edmund Brown

## Infobox (governor)

- **birthname**: Edmund Gerald Brown
- **image**: Pat Brown (California Governor 1962).jpg
- **order**: 32nd
- **office**: Governor of California
- **term start**: January 5, 1959
- **term end**: January 2, 1967
- **lieutenant**: Glenn M. Anderson
- **predecessor**: Goodwin Knight
- **successor**: Ronald Reagan
- **order2**: 23rd
- **office2**: California Attorney General
- **term start2**: January 8, 1951
- **term end2**: January 5, 1959
- **governor2**: Earl Warren
Goodwin Knight
- **predecessor2**: Frederick N. Howser
- **successor2**: Stanley Mosk
- **office3**: 21st San Francisco District Attorney's Office, District Attorney of San Francisco
- **term start3**: 1943
- **term end3**: 1950
- **predecessor3**: Matthew Brady (district attorney), Matthew Brady
- **successor3**: Thomas C. Lynch
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Holy Cross Cemetery (Colma, California)
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic <small>(1932 and after)</small>
- **otherparty**: Republican Party (United States), Republican <small>(before 1932)</small>
- **spouse**: Bernice Layne Brown, Bernice Layne
- **children**: 4, including Jerry Brown, Edmund Gerald Jr. and Kathleen Brown, Kathleen Lynn
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **alma mater**: San Francisco Law School
Robert Montgomery

**Robert Montgomery** (May 21, 1904 – September 27, 1981) was an American actor and director. He was born in Beacon, New York. He starred in many movies, including _Night Must Fall_. He died in New York City from cancer. He was cremated.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Robert Montgomery
- **image**: RobertMontgomeryApr1939.jpg
- **office1**: President of the Screen Actors Guild
- **term start1**: 1935
- **term end1**: 1938
- **successor1**: Ralph Morgan
- **predecessor1**: Eddie Cantor
- **term start2**: 1946
- **term end2**: 1947
- **successor2**: Ronald Reagan
- **predecessor2**: George Murphy
- **birth name**: Henry Montgomery, Jr.
- **birth place**: Beacon, New York, Fishkill Landing, New York (now Beacon, New York), U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, director
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Bryan Allen (1928–1950; divorced); 2 children
Elizabeth Grant Harkness (1950–1981; his death)
- **children**: Elizabeth Montgomery
Robert Montgomery, Jr.
Howard Keel

**Howard Clifford Keel** (April 13, 1919 – November 7, 2004) was an American actor and singer. He was born in 1919. He starred in many movies, including _Man of La Mancha_ and _Kiss Me, Kate_. He died of colon cancer in 2004.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **embed**: yes
- **office**: 12th President of the Screen Actors Guild
- **term start**: 1958
- **term end**: 1959
- **predecessor**: Leon Ames
- **successor**: Ronald Reagan


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Howard Keel
- **image**: Howard Keel in Annie Get Your Gun trailer 2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: from the trailer for _Annie Get Your Gun (film), Annie Get Your Gun_ (1950)
- **birth name**: Harry Clifford Keel
- **birth place**: Gillespie, Illinois, United States
- **death place**: Palm Desert, California, United States
- **occupation**: Actor, singer
- **years active**: 1943–2002
- **children**: 4
George Chandler

**George Chandler** (June 30, 1898 – June 10, 1985) was an American actor. He starred in many movies, including _The Fatal Glass of Bear_ and in _Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?_. He also starred in the 1954 television series _Lassie_.

Chandler was born in Waukegan, Illinois. He served in the United States Army during World War II. In his early career, he was a vaudeville performer.

Chandler's first movie appearance was in 1928. In 1960, Chandler was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild.

Chandler died in Los Angeles from complications of cancer-related surgery on June 10, 1985, aged 86.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: George Chandler
- **image**: George Chandler.jpg
- **office1**: President of the Screen Actors Guild
- **term start1**: 1958
- **term end1**: 1959
- **successor1**: Dana Andrews
- **predecessor1**: Ronald Reagan
- **birth place**: Waukegan, Illinois, Waukegan, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cancer
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, Glendale, California
- **spouse**: Catherine Ward (1935-?) 3 children
1986 United States bombing of Libya

The **bombing of Libya** by the United States in 1986 was codenamed **Operation El Dorado Canyon**. It was a series of airstrikes against Libya on 15 April 1986 ordered by President Ronald Reagan. The attack was made by the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps. It was in response to the bombing of a discotheque in Berlin, West Germany. It was reported that 40 Libyans were killed. One U.S. plane was shot down, killing two soldiers.
Century City

**Century City** is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, in the United States. It is west of downtown and next to Beverly Hills. About 5,900 people live here.
Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer

**Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawar** (, born 1958) is an Iraqi politician. He was the Vice President of Iraq from 2005 to 2006. He then served as President of Iraq from 2004 to 2005.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawar
<small>غازي مشعل عجيل الياور</small>
- **image**: Ghazi al Jawar.jpg
- **office**: Acting President of Iraq
- **primeminister**: Ayad Allawi
- **term start**: 28 June 2004
- **term end**: 7 April 2005
- **predecessor**: Coalition Provisional Authority
- **successor**: Jalal Talabani <small>(President)</small>
- **office2**: Vice President of Iraq
<small>Shared office with Adil Abdul-Mahdi</small>
- **term start2**: 7 April 2005
- **term end2**: 22 April 2006
- **president2**: Jalal Talabani
- **predecessor2**: Ibrahim al-Jaafari and Rowsch Shaways
- **successor2**: Adil Abdul-Mahdi and Tariq al-Hashimi
- **office3**: Iraqi Governing Council, President of the Governing Council of Iraq
- **term start3**: 17 May 2004
- **term end3**: 1 June 2004
- **predecessor3**: Ezzedine Salim
- **successor3**: Ayad Allawi <small>(Prime Minister of Iraq, Prime Minister)</small>
- **birth place**: Mosul, Kingdom of Iraq, Iraq
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **alma mater**: King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
American University
George Washington University
Lesley Stahl

**Lesley Rene Stahl** (born December 16, 1941) is an American television journalist. Since 1991, she has reported for CBS on _60 Minutes_.

Stahl was born in Lynn, Massachusetts. She was raised in Swampscott, Massachusetts.

## Other websites

- CBS biography
- NNDb entry for Lesley Stahl
- Lesley Stahl  at wowOwow

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Lesley Stahl (8291398526).jpg
- **caption**: Lesley Stahl in 2008
- **name**: Lesley Stahl
- **birthname**: Lesley Rene Stahl
- **birth place**: Lynn, Massachusetts,
 United States
- **credits**: _60 Minutes_ (1991–present)
- **years active**: 1983–present
- **occupation**: News reporter
- **spouse**: Jeffrey Gordon (1964-?; divorced)
Edith Windsor

**Edith "Edie" Windsor**  (née **Schlain**; June 20, 1929 – September 12, 2017) was an American lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights activist and a former technology manager at IBM.

Windsor was the lead plaintiff in the Supreme Court of the United States case _United States v. Windsor_, which successfully overturned Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act and was considered a landmark legal victory for the same-sex marriage movement in the United States.

Windsor died in Manhattan, New York on September 12, 2017 at the age of 88.

## Early life and education

Windsor was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to James and Celia Schlain, a Russian Jewish immigrant family of modest means. She was the youngest of three children. During her childhood, her family suffered as a result of the Great Depression, and her father lost both his candy-and-ice-cream store and their home above it. In school, she at times experienced anti-Semitism. Throughout school, she dated boys her age, but said later she recalls having crushes on girls.

Windsor received her bachelor's degree from Temple University in 1950. In 1955, she began pursuing a master's degree in mathematics, which she obtained from New York University in 1957. She then joined IBM, where she worked for the next sixteen years. During this time, she spent two semesters studying applied mathematics at Harvard University on an IBM fellowship.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Edith "Edie" Windsor
- **image**: Edie Windsor DC Pride 2017 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Edith Windsor in 2017
- **birth name**: Edith Schlain
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **alma mater**: New York University
Temple University
- **employer**: IBM
- **known for**: _United States v. Windsor_
- **movement**: LGBT rights in the United States, LGBT rights
- **spouse**: Saul Windsor (?-?; div.)

- **awards**: #Awards, see below
Flag of Ecuador

The national flag of Ecuador was created in September 1860.

## Appearance

It has three horizontal bands in light yellow, blue and red. In the center it features an eagle over the Seal of Ecuador.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Republic of Ecuador
- **nickname**:

- **image**: Flag of Ecuador.svg
- **use**: 011011
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**: 26 September 1860 (standardized November 2009)
- **design**: A horizontal tricolor of yellow (double width), blue and red with the Coat of arms of Ecuador, National Coat of Arms superimposed at the center and Sun of May, El Sol De Mayo (symbolizing independence from Spain).
- **image2**: File:National Standard of Ecuador.svg
- **nickname2**: President of Ecuador, Presidential Standard
- **design2**: Same design as the National Flag with the 1:1 proportion.
- **image3**: File:Civil Flag and Ensign of Ecuador.svg
- **use3**: 100100
- **proportion3**: 2:3
- **design3**: A horizontal tricolor of yellow (double width), blue and red (Just like the flag of Colombia).
Flag of Chicago

The **flag of Chicago** was created in 1917 by Wallace Rice. Stars were added to the flag in 1933 and in 1939.

## Appearance

It has five horizontal bands. The first, third and last are white and the second and fourth are light blue. There are four stars in the middle in which each represents an important event in the city's history.

## Ranking

In a review by the North American Vexillological Association of 150 American city flags, the Chicago city flag was ranked second best with a rating of 9.03 out of 10, behind only the flag of Washington, D.C.

## Related pages

- Flags of cities of the United States
- Chicago
- Flag of Illinois

## Other websites

- Municipal Code of Chicago (sections pertaining to Municipal Flag)
- NAVA city flag survey

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Chicago
- **image**: Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**: *1939
Flag of Vatican City

The national flag of the Vatican City is also the flag of the Holy See. It was created in 1929 as a direct order from Pope Pius XI.

## Appearance

It has two vertical stripes in light yellow and white. The original flag had yellow and red stripes. The flag also features the Vatican City's coat of arms.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Vatican City State
- **image**: Flag of Vatican City State - 2023 version.svg
- **imagetext**: 2023 version of the flag
- **use**: 111000
- **proportion**: 1:1
- **design**: A vertical Bicolour (flag), bicolour of yellow and white, charged with the Coat of arms of the Holy See, emblem of the Holy See centred on the white portion
St Peter's College, Oxford

**St Peter's College** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. The college was founded in 1929. It became a full college of the University in 1961.

The college is located on the site of the former New Hall Inn. Its oldest buildings are Linden House (1794) and Canal House (1828). Both were former headquarters of the Oxford Canal Company.
Somerville College, Oxford

**Somerville College** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1879 as a women's college. The college was named after Mary Somerville, a prominent scientist, mathematician and astronomer. Somerville supported women's suffrage and education. The college first admitted male students in 1994.

Famous graduates of the college include Anthea Bell, Indira Gandhi, Sam Gyimah, Dorothy Hodgkin, Iris Murdoch and Margaret Thatcher.
PopMatters

***PopMatters*** is an online magazine about popular culture. It was started in 1999 by Sarah Zupko. _PopMatters_ publishes reviews, interviews, and essays about music, television, movies, books, video games, comics, sports, and the internet.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: PopMatters
- **type**: Online magazine
- **language**: English language, English
- **owner**: Sarah Zupko
- **author**: Sarah Zupko
- **launch date**: Autumn,
- **current status**: Active
Rachel Lloyd

**Rachel Lloyd** (born 1975) is an English activist against sex trafficking. Lloyd moved to the United States in 1997. In 1998 she started the Girls Educational and Mentoring Services. A documentary was made about it called _Very Young Girls_. It was released in 2007. In 2011 her book _ Girls Like Us: Fighting for a World Where Girls Are Not for Sale, an Activist Finds Her Calling and Heals Herself_ was published.

## Early life

Lloyd was born in Portsmouth. She left school when she was 13 to work. She tried to kill herself three times. When she was 17 years old, she moved to Germany. She worked there as a prostitute for two years. When her pimp tried to kill her, she went to a church to live. Lloyd moved to the United States in 1997. She went back to school and got a General Educational Diploma. Then she went to university. There she got a Master’s degree in urban anthropology.
Prince of Condé

The title of **Prince of Condé** was a title used in France while the country was a monarchy For example prior to 1793. The holder of the title was a member of the extended royal family and therefore held the rank and further title of prince of the blood and the style of **Serene Highness** but the style was only used when in writing. The holder of the title also held the important further rank of First Prince of the blood. The heir was usually given the title of Duke of Bourbon and at other times the Duke of Enghien.  The title was _only_ to be inherited by the male line as females were expelled from to succeeding to titles. The title existed for almost two centuries and during that time the prince was one of the highest ranking prince behind that of the actual royal family.

Over the years the princes were used to make political and financial marriages with member of the wealthy French nobility as well as princesses of other European ruling houses. The prince was a member of the French House of Bourbon.

1. Louis de Bourbon _(1546-1569)_ Founder of the line and a younger son of a Queen of Navarre and from which the Count of Soissons line descends.
1. Henri de Bourbon _(1569–1588)_ A Lieutenant General of New France (Modern day Canada)
1. Henri de Bourbon _(1588–1646)_ It is from him that the Princes of Conti descend.
1. Louis, Grand Condé _(1646–1686)_ famous military man during the reign of Louis XIV.
1. Henri Jules de Bourbon _(1686–1709)_ famous for his madness.
1. Louis de Bourbon _(1709–1710)_ forced to make a marriage with an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV.
1. Louis Henri de Bourbon _(1710–1740)_ known better as the **Duke of Bourbon**. He was also a Prime Minister of France during the reign of Louis XV
1. Louis Joseph _(1740–1818)_
1. Louis Henri _(1818–1830)_. Last Bourbon Prince of Condé
1. Prince Louis of Orléans _(1845–1866)_. A son of Louis Philippe I and given the title by courtesy. Not due to male line descent.

## Small note

Princes and princesses of this line of the House of Bourbon are often _incorrectly_ surnamed as "Bourbon-Condé". Which is **incorrect**. Their surname was just "de Bourbon".

## Related pages

- Princes of Conti another cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, itself descending from the Condé line.
- The title was similar to the Savoyard title of Prince of Carignan.
Tom O'Carroll

**Thomas Victor O'Carroll** (born 1945) is an Irish writer. He is an activist for pedophiles. He lives in Cumbria.

## Career

In 1980 O'Carroll's first book, _Paedophilia: The Radical Case_, was published. In the book, O'Carroll talks about his own experiences as a pedophile and about how sex between children and adults is not wrong. The book was taken off Amazon in 2010.
In June 2010 _Michael Jackson's Dangerous Liaisons_, a book he wrote about Michael Jackson was published under a pen name.

## Sex offences

O'Carroll was first jailed in 1981 for the contact ads in the Paedophile Information Exchange's magazine. In August 2002, O'Carroll was imprisoned for nine months, and jailed again in 2006 for two and a half years for having child pornography.