juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Forest, Ontario

**Forest, Ontario** is a town in Lambton County, Ontario, Canada. About 3,000 people live in the town. It the biggest town in Lambton Shores. The town was an important lumber town. It even had its own train stop. Forest is now a tourist attraction. It has trails and camp facilities.

## History

Forest is located on land that was once dense forest. When the Grand Trunk Railway was built, the station for the town was named for the dense forest. In 1859, the first post office was then named Forest.

## Industry

The industry of the town was first based on the large amount of fruit growing in the area. There was once a canning factory and a basket factory in Forest. In more recent years, the town has become a dormitory community for the city of Sarnia and, to a lesser extent, London, Ontario. The large tourism area along the shores of nearby Lake Huron also helps local businesses. Several small manufacturing plants supporting the automobile industry have also opened in the past few years.

## Population

In 2001, the last year that Forest was a national census unit, the town had a population of 2,857. The average age of the people who live in Forest was about 42. This is five years older than the average for the entire province. The average earnings of the people living in Forest was $27,902 (CAD) in the year 2000. In 2006, the local census unit was changed to the town of Lambton Shores. In 2021, the town of Forest had a population of 2,429.

## Education

Forest has a high school, North Lambton Secondary School. The school has a large gymnasium and cafeteria. It also has access to washroom and meal preparation facilities. Forest has two separate school systems. It has a public school system, Kinnwood Central Public School, and a private school system, St. John Fisher. Both systems have elementary schools.

## Recreation and tourism

There are many recreational facilities in the town. These include an enclosed arena/community center with baseball and soccer fields, a lawn bowling club and public tennis courts. There is also an agricultural society with grounds used for a fall fair and campsites. A privately owned golf course is located in the town, Forest Golf and Country Hotel. There are also more than a dozen other golf courses within a  drive.

Forest has a natural amphitheatre in the conservation area in the south part of the town. Each year the people of the town act in a religious play called _The Promise_ in this amphitheatre. They have done the play since 1995. The stage of the amphitheatre is on a small island. The audience sits on the surrounding hillsides.
Soul music

**Soul music** is a kind of music that mixes rhythm and blues, gospel music, and pop music. It was created in the 1960s in the United States by African American musicians. Features of soul music are call and response, hand claps, body movement and a tense vocal sound.

Ray Charles is said to be inventor of soul music with his song "I Got a Woman". Soul is energetic music, with the main subjects of lyrics being love, dance and life. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame states that soul is "music that arose out of the black experience in America through the transmutation of gospel and rhythm & blues into a form of funky, secular testifying." Recently, singers like Christina Aguilera, Amy Winehouse and Adele have become well known as Blue Eyed Soul singers. In some styles of soul music, brass and saxophones are used a lot.

## Notable artists

- Ray Charles
- James Brown
- Wilson Pickett
- Marvin Gaye
- Sam Cooke
- Smokey Robinson
- Aretha Franklin
- Major Lance

## Related pages

- Funk
- R&B
- Reggae
- Hip hop
Garni

**Garni** ("Գառնի" in Armenian) is a village in the Armenian province of Kotayk.

## Other websites

- Garni at Armenica.org
Greater Armenia

**Greater Armenia** could mean:

- Greater Armenia, a political goal of Armenian irredentists.
- The Kingdom of Armenia, also known as Greater Armenia, Great Armenia, or Historic Armenia.
Irredentism

**Irredentism** is the desire of a state or some of its people in a state for the annexation of land of another state. Those who want the land say that it really belongs to them because the other state stole it, or they wish to liberate the people who live there who have the same ethnicity or some other connection such as the parent nation owning that territory.

The term was invented in the 1870s, when the unification of Italy left out Italians who lived in Austria-Hungary.
Fume hood

A **fume hood** or **fume cupboard** is a large piece of scientific equipment common to chemistry laboratories. Fume hoods stop a person coming into contact with hazardous fumes. They contain an air pump that sucks fumes away from the person using them.

Fume hoods have a large glass window that is opened when a scientist needs to get inside. The window protects the scientist from splashes of chemicals or explosions that could harm them. Most chemical reactions are done inside a fume hood.

## Other websites

- University of Louisville's Chemical Hood User's Guide
- Information from the University of Bath in the UK

## Infobox (laboratory equipment)

- **name**: Fume hood
- **image**: Fume hood.jpg
- **caption**: A common modern fume hood.
- **other names**: Hood
Fume cupboard
Fume closet
- **uses**: Fume removal
Blast/flame shield
- **related**: Laminar flow cabinet
Ghevont Alishan

Father **Ghevont Alishan** () (July 6, 1820 – November 9, 1901; also spelled **Ghevond Alishan**) was an ordained Armenian Catholic priest, historian and a poet. In 1885, Alishan created the first modern Armenian flag.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ghevont Alishan
- **image**: Ghevont Alishan.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Portrait of Alishan from his 1901 book _Hayapatum_ (Հայապատում, "Armenian History")
- **birth place**: Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
- **death place**: Venice, Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), Kingdom of Italy
- **nationality**: Armenians, Armenian
Armenian Catholic Church

The **Armenian Catholic Church** is an Eastern Catholic church _sui juris_ within the Catholic Church. Its headquarters are in Bzoummar, Lebanon. The union was established in the Council of Florence, in 1439. During the Armenian Genocide (1915-1918), its followers were scattered, mainly to Syria and Lebanon. Many Armenians also fled to Georgia and Ukraine.

In 1991, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, Pope John Paul II merged the churches in Georgia and Ukraine with those in Armenia. He created a new eparchy of Armenia and Eastern Europe. There is a seminary in Gyumri, the largest city in Armenia. Meanwhile, e Catholic Armenians in Georgia de facto entered the newly-formed diocese.The city of Gyumri was chosen because most Catholic Armenians live in the north of the country.

Many Armenians emigrated to the United States and Canada, mainly in the 1970s. For that reason, Pope Benedict XVI created a diocese for those people. It is responsible for about 35.000 people in the United States and about 10.000 in Canada.

The church uses the Armenian Rite and the Armenian language for its services.

The current Patriarch of the church is Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni.

## Related pages

- Armenian Apostolic Church

## Other websites

- Official web site
- Armenian Apostolic Church Library
Armin T. Wegner

**Armin T. Wegner** (October 16, 1886 – May 17, 1978) was a soldier in World War I, a writer and a co-creator of German Expressionism, a political activist for Armenian and Jewish human rights, and a victim of Nazi persecution.

He was a war reporter for several German newspapers at the same time. While staying in Turkey, he saw the genocide of Armenians with his own eyes.

After Hitler came to power, Wegner was against the fascists, and spoke against the treatment of Jews. After writing a letter to Hitler, he was arrested and tortured. Wegner survived and escaped and was based in England, and in Italy after the end of World War II.

## Other websites

- Armin T. Wegner Society
- Biography of Armin T. Wegner
- Armin T. Wegner  at Yad Vashem website
Activism

**Activism** is an action to make a change, or stop a change, in society. It can be trying to make a government change its laws, or trying to make people change what they do. There are many forms of activism. Activism is most associated with protests.

Activist demonstrative forms of activism includes rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, or hunger strikes. When activism is linked to art, the action, in street art is called artivism.

## Related page

- Lobbying
- Political prisoner
- Social movement
Uncertainty principle

The **Uncertainty principle** is also called the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Werner Heisenberg stumbled on a secret of the universe: Nothing has a definite position, a definite trajectory, or a definite momentum. Trying to pin a thing down to one definite position will make its momentum less well pinned down, and vice-versa. In everyday life we can successfully measure the position of an automobile at a definite time and then measure its direction and speed (assuming it is coasting along at a steady rate) in the next few moments. That is because the uncertainties in position and velocity are so small that we could not detect them. We assume, quite correctly, that the trajectory of the automobile will not be noticeably changed when we drop a marker on the ground and click a stopwatch at the same time to note the car's position in time and space.

We may bring that experience to the world of atomic-sized phenomena and incorrectly assume that if we measure the position of something like an electron as it moves along its trajectory it will continue to move along that same trajectory, which we imagine we can then accurately detect in the next few moments. We need to learn that the electron did not have a definite position before we located it, and that it also did not have a definite momentum before we measured the trajectory. Moreover, we may justifiably assume that a photon produced by a laser aimed at a detection screen will hit very near to its target on that screen, and confirm this prediction by any number of experiments. Next we will discover that the more closely we try to measure some location of the electron on its way toward the detection screen, the more it and all others like it will be likely to miss that target. So the mere act of measuring the location of an electron makes the trajectory more indefinite, indeterminate, or uncertain. If the trajectory were made more clear and then we were to try to locate that electron along an extension of the trajectory we just staked out, then we would find that the more precise we made our knowledge of the trajectory, the less likely we would be to find the electron where ordinary expectations would lead us to believe it to be. If pitchers threw electrons instead of baseballs, and an overhead camera and side-facing camera were placed somewhere between the pitcher's mound and home plate so that the exact position of the electron could be determined in mid flight, then without the cameras being turned on, the pitcher would throw straight balls, and with the cameras turned on his pitches would start out straight but gyrate wildly after their pictures were taken. The more clearly we know where the ball was halfway toward home place, the more trouble the batter will have in getting ready to hit it with his bat.
Assyria

**Assyria** was a city-state on the Upper Tigris River during the Middle Bronze Age. It was named after its capital, the ancient city of Assur, which was in what is now Iraq.

The Assyrians were just to the north of their rivals, the Babylonians. All of the kingdoms of ancient Mesopotamia used the cuneiform writing system, which had been invented by the Sumerians.

## Assyrian people

The Assyrians are an ethnic group in what are now Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria, but many have immigrated to the Caucasus, North America, and Western Europe during the past century. Hundreds of thousands others live in the Assyrian diaspora. They are part of the Iraqi refugees communities in Europe, the former Soviet Union, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.

## Related pages

- Assyrian genocide
- Nineveh
Forum

**Forum** (plural _forums_ or _fora_) may mean:
- Forum (Roman), open public area in the middle of a Roman city
    - Roman Forum, the most famous example
- Forum (legal), a place for public speaking in the United States
- Internet forum, discussion board on the Internet
- Public forum debate, a type of debate
- Blandford Forum, town in England
- World Economic Forum
- Foraminifera
Van (disambiguation)

A **van** is a road vehicle used for transporting goods or groups of people.

**Van** or may also refer to:

## Places

In Turkey:
- Van, Turkey, the city
- Van Province
- Lake Van, borders the Van Province

## Other

- The country code for Vanuatu
- Van Slanzar de Fanel, a fictional character in _The Vision of Escaflowne_
- A kind of Norse deity, plural Vanir
- Turkish Van, a breed of cat
Van, Turkey

**Van** (; ) is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van Province. It is on the eastern shore of Lake Van. The city's population in 2005 was 284,464. According to the _Encyclopedia of the Orient_, Kurds form the majority though no census based on ethnicity was ever held in Turkey.

## Other websites

- Plan of Van city as it was before 1915

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Van
- **settlement type**: City
- **imagesize**: 310px
- **image blank emblem**: Van Büyükşehir Belediyesi logo.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Emblem of Van Municipality
- **pushpin map**: Turkey
- **pushpin mapsize**: 280px
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Turkey
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Turkey, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Eastern Anatolia Region, Eastern Anatolia
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Turkey, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Van Province, Van
- **leader party**: State Appointment
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: Vali (governor)#Turkish term, Governor
- **elevation m**: 1726
- **population total**: 1 118 087 (province)
- **population as of**: end 2024
- **population blank1 title**: City
- **population blank1**: 522 862
- **population density blank1 km2**: auto
Van Province

**Van** (, ) is a province in eastern Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. It is 19,069 km<sup>2</sup> in area and has a population of 1,035,418 at the end of 2010. Kurds form the majority of the population in the province.

## History

In the 9th century BC, the Van area was the center of the Urartian kingdom. For centuries after that, the area was a major Armenian population center. After World War I Armenian population was forced to leave and was cleansed during the Armenian Genocide.

## Related pages

- Van Resistance

## Other websites

- Pictures of the capital of this province
Urartian language

**Urartian** is the name for the language spoken by the people of the ancient kingdom of Urartu in northeast Anatolia (present-day Turkey), in the region of Lake Van.

Urartian was a language isolate, which was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, but a member of the Hurro-Urartian family.

There is a hypothesis that suggests that besides the cuneiform inscriptions of the Urartian language, Urartu had a native hieroglyphic writing system. Armenian scientist Artak Movsisyan published a partial attempt deciphering of Urartian hieroglyphs, saying that they were written in an early form of Armenian.

## Related pages

- Urartu

## More reading

- C. B. F. Walker: section _Cuneiform_ in _Reading the Past_. Published by British Museum Press, 1996, .
- J. Friedrich: _Urartäisch_, in _Handbuch der Orientalistik I_, ii, 1-2, pp. 31–53. Leiden, 1969.
- Gernot Wilhelm: _Urartian_, in R. Woodard (ed.), _The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World’s Ancient Languages_. Cambridge, 2004.
- Mirjo Salvini: _Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer_. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1995.

## Other websites

- Urartian hieroglyphs hypothesis

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Urartian
- **altname**: Vannic
- **states**: Armenian Highland
- **region**: Urartu
- **era**: attested 9th–6th century BCE
- **familycolor**: Caucasian
- **fam1**: Hurro-Urartian languages, Hurro-Urartian
- **iso3**: xur
- **glotto**: urar1245
- **glottorefname**: Urartian
- **linglist**: xur
- **notice**: IPA
Yamaha Corporation

**Yamaha** is a Japanese multinational company that makes different products, including musical instruments such as keyboards.

Yamaha was founded in 1887 by _Torakusu Yamaha._ Yamaha started when the founder _Torasku Yamaha when_ he successfully completed the first reed organ It was named **Nippon Gakki Company, Limited** and produced pianos and reed organs at that time. In October 1987, on the 100th anniversary, its name was changed to **The Yamaha Corporation**. Yamaha produces several musical instruments including keyboards, flutes, guitars and things in a band. Yamaha also produces motorbikes, as well as the voice synthesizer Vocaloid. Yamaha is a big corporation and was founded 125 years ago.

In 1989, Yamaha shipped the world's first CD recorder.

## Infobox (_company)

- **company name**: Yamaha Corporation
- **company logo**: Yamaha logo.svg
- **image**: YAMAHA (headquarters 3).jpg
- **image caption**: Main buildings of Yamaha Corporation
- **foundation**: October 12, 1887
- **location city**: Hamamatsu, Shizuoka prefecture, Japan
- **location country**: Japan
- **industry**: Conglomerate
- **products**: Musical instruments, Audio/Video, Electronics, Computer related products, Motorbikes, Personal water craft
- **revenue**: 4.4 billion US$ (2003)
- **operating income**: 267 million US$ (2003)
- **net income**: 149 million US$ (2003)
- **num employees**: 23,500 (3/2003)
Grease (movie)

***Grease*** is a 1978 American romantic comedy musical movie directed by Randal Kleiser and produced by Robert Stigwood. The movie tells the story of high-schoolers Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Danny (John Travolta), Frenchy (Didi Conn) and Sandy (Olivia Newton-John).

In 2020, Grease was selected by the Library of Congress into the United States National Film Registry.

## Plot

Danny Zuko (John Travolta) and Sandy Olsson (Olivia Newton-John) meet in Los Angeles, California in summer 1959 and they fall in love. When Sandy has to leave to go back to Australia, they believe it is the end of their romance. However, Sandy gets transferred to his school and they meet again. When Danny sees Sandy again, he acts as if he does not care about her. He does this to keep up his reputation, but Sandy does not know this and wishes she has never met him. She and Danny date on and off, but Sandy becomes frustrated with him because of the way he treats her. At the end of the movie, Sandy transforms herself into the kind of woman Danny could truly love forever, and they get back together.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Grease
- **director**: Randal Kleiser
- **producer**: Robert Stigwood
Allan Carr
- **screenplay**: Bronte Woodard
- **based on**: Grease (musical), Grease by Jim Jacobs
Warren Casey
- **starring**: John Travolta
Olivia Newton-John
Stockard Channing
Jeff Conaway
Eve Arden
Frankie Avalon
Joan Blondell
Edd Byrnes
Sid Caesar
Alice Ghostley
Dody Goodman
Sha Na Na
- **music**: Michael Gibson (musician), Michael Gibson
- **cinematography**: Bill Butler (cinematographer), Bill Butler
- **editing**: John F. Burnett
Robert Pergament
- **production companies**: Paramount Pictures
Allan Carr, Allan Carr Productions
RSO Records
Polydor Records
- **distributor**: Paramount Pictures
- **released**: June 16, 1978
- **runtime**: 110 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $6 million
- **gross**: $366.2 million
Eastern Time Zone

**Eastern Time Zone** (**ET**) is the time zone for the eastern part of the Americas including the United States, Canada and parts of South America and the Caribbean. ET is five hours behind UTC in winter, which is called Eastern Standard Time (EST). It is four hours behind UTC during summer Daylight saving time, when it is called Eastern Daylight Time (EDT).

The largest city in the Eastern Time Zone is New York, the largest city in the United States. The New York metropolitan area is the largest in the zone.

#### Canada

In Canada, the following provinces and territories are part of the Eastern Time Zone:
- Ontario (except areas west of Thunder Bay but including Atikokan)
- Quebec (except far eastern Côte-Nord and the Magdalen Is.)
- East-central Nunavut (including part of Melville Pen. and most of Ellesmere and Baffin Is., including Iqaluit; Southampton Island does not observe Daylight saving time)

#### United States

In the United States, the following states are part of the Eastern Time Zone:

Parts of several other states use Eastern Time as well:
- nearly all of Florida except for the west border with Alabama
- most of Indiana (all except the Evansville area and the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois)
- eastern half of Kentucky
- all of Michigan except the four counties that border Wisconsin (Gogebic, Iron, Dickinson, Menominee).
- the eastern third of Tennessee
- some towns in eastern Alabama, including Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley, observe Eastern Time, although they are officially in the Central Time Zone. The main reason for this is because they are close to Columbus, Georgia, which is in the Eastern Time Zone.

#### Other countries

The following countries that use Eastern Time Zone include:

- Mexico - the eastern state of Quintana Roo
- Panama
- Jamaica
- Haiti
- The Dominican Republic
- Cuba
- the Bahamas
- Not all Caribbean countries observe Daylight saving time.

### South America

In South America this time zone is observed in:
- Ecuador (except Galápagos)
- Peru
- Parts of Brazil:
    - the state of Acre
    - Amazonas - the southwestern region of the state.
Armenian Legion

The **Armenian Legion** () or **Armenische Legion** was the name given to the 812th Armenian Battalion which was a foreign unit comprised of several thousand men.

Leaders Kanayan and Garegin Njdeh counted the support of over 18,000 Armenians.

In addition to this exclusively Armenian unit, Nazi Armenians also served in the thirty eight other SS divisions, including the elite Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler.

## Related pages

- French Armenian Legion

## Infobox (military unit)

- **unit name**: Armenian Legion
- **caption**: Armenian Bergmann freiwillige during rest performing Berd (Fortress) the traditional Caucasian warriors' dance after celebrating victory over Russian partisans.
- **dates**: June 8, 1944
- **country**: Germany
- **branch**: Wehrmacht
- **size**: 18,000
- **ceremonial chief**: Drastamat Kanayan
- **ceremonial chief label**: General
Garegin Njdeh

**Garegin Njdeh** (, real name: **Garegin Ter-Harutiunian**, 1 January 1886 - late 1955) was an Armenian statesman, military, and political thinker. He was a native of Nakhchivan.

## Death

Njdeh fled Armenia after the triumph of Bolsheviks, and was involved in patriotic activities in Iran, Bulgaria and the United States. A controversial person, he was expelled from Dashnak party. Njdeh was very much against communism. He worked with Nazi Germans during the World War II. He was arrested in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1944 and sent to Moscow, then to Yerevan. He spent the rest of his life in prison in the Russian city of Vladimir, where he died in 1955.
Armed forces

The **armed forces** are the backbone of defending the security of their countries on land, sea, and air. They are organised, armed, and trained to achieve the goals set by the state that they fight for.

## Divisions

Many countries in the present day separate their armed forces that fight on land, at sea, in the air, and policing the border. These groups are usually called:
- Army
- Navy
- Air force
- Paramilitary

## Related pages

- Military
Drastamat Kanayan

**General Drastamat Kanayan** (May 31, 1884 – March 8, 1956) was an Armenian  politician, revolutionary, and general. He was the commander of the Armenian Legion of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany and part of Armenian national liberation movement.

Drastamat Kanayan was born in Iğdır, Surmalu, Russian Empire (present-day Turkey) in 1884.
Jack White

**John Anthony Gillis** (born July 9, 1975), known as Jack White,
is an American singer, guitarist, composer and actor. He is best known as one half of The White Stripes with his ex-wife Meg White. They are not actually siblings, contrary to what Jack may had others believe.

Because of his successful career with The White Stripes, he has gotten the chance to work many other famous musicians, including Bob Dylan and Loretta Lynn. He has performed many different genres of music, including blues music, folk music, alternative rock, garage rock, and indie music, among other music, in his songs.

He married model Karen Elson in 2005. They currently have two children, Scarlett Teresa White and Henry Lee White. As of today, they live in Nashville, Tennessee.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jack White
- **image**: Jack_White_Ottawa.jpg
- **caption**: Jack White performing with the Dead Weather at the Ottawa Bluesfest 2009.
- **image size**: 220px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: John Anthony Gillis
- **alias**: Jack
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, United States, USA
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar, piano, Electronic organ, organ, Bass guitar, bass, Drum kit, drums, marimba, mandolin, xylophone, clavioline
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, alternative rock, garage rock, blues rock, punk blues
- **occupation**: Musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, Record producer, producer, actor
- **years active**: 1987–present
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., V2 Records, V2, Third Man Records, Third Man, Sub Pop, Sympathy for the Record Industry, XL Recordings, XL, Italy Records, Italy
- **associated acts**: Meg White, The White Stripes, The Raconteurs, The Dead Weather, Stephen Colbert, The Upholsterers, The Go, Loretta Lynn, Beck, Holly Golightly (singer), Holly Golightly, Soledad Brothers (band), Soledad Brothers, Alicia Keys, Wanda Jackson, The Black Belles, The Rolling Stones, Black Milk, Lanie Lane, Pokey LaFarge and the South City Three, Karen Elson, Norah Jones, Bob Dylan, Danger Mouse, Daniele Luppi
Meg White

**Meg White** (born December 10, 1974) is an American former musician and singer. She is known as the drummer for The White Stripes.

Meg's simple style of drumming has caused a lot of debate. Meg called it "my strength. A lot of drummers would feel weird about being that simplistic."

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **years active**: 1997–2011
- **past member of**: The White Stripes


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Meg White
- **name**: Meg White
- **image**: Meg White 1.jpg
- **caption**: White performing in 2006
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Megan Martha White
- **alias**: Meg White
- **years active**: 1997–2011
- **birth place**: Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan, Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan, U.S.
Adriatic Sea

The **Adriatic Sea** is a body of water and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula was separated by the sea. Countries that have a coastline in the Adriatic Sea are Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania.

The average width of the sea is about 160 km. The Strait of Otranto joins the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea and is only 85 to 100 km wide. The sea is very shallow. Its average depth is 240 m (133 fathoms). The sea is deepest east of Monte Gargano and south of Dubrovnik where it dips below 1,460 m (800 fathoms).
Tomomi Kahala

**Tomomi Kahala**, sometimes spelled **Kahara** ( _Kahara Tomomi_ born August 17, 1974 in Tokyo) is a Japanese female singer. Her nickname is "Tomochan", and special skill is Horse riding. Her most famous song is "_I'm Proud_", "_I Believe_".

## Albums

|Release|Title||
| --- | --- | --- |
|1996|_Love Brace_||
|1997|_Storytelling_||
|1998|_Nine Cubes_||
|rowspan="2"|1999|_Kahala Compilation_|
|_One Fine Day_|||
|rowspan="2"|2001|_Best Selection_|
|_Love Again_|||
|2002|_Natural Breeze ~Kahala Best 1998-2002~_||
|rowspan="2"|2005|_Naked_|
|_Super Best Singles ~10th Anniversary_|||

## Awards

|Years|Awards||
| --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="4"|1995|Fuji Television Visual Queen of the Year '95 - (Video by "_Paradox_")|
|Japan Usen Awards - New Artist & Best New Artist (Song by "_I Believe_")|||
|All Japan Request Awards - Best New Artist (Song by "_I Believe_")|||
|Japan Record Awards - New Artist (Song by "_I Believe_")|||
|rowspan="4"|1996|Japan Gold Disc Awards - Best 5 New Artist|
|Japan Usen Awards - Excellence Prize|||
|All Japan Request Awards - Yomiuri Telecasting Gold Artist|||
|Japan Record Awards - Excellence Prize (Song by "_I'm Proud_")|||
|rowspan="3"|1997|Japan Gold Disc Awards - Best 5 Artist|
|Japan Usen Awards - Excellence Prize (Song by "_Hate Tell a Lie_")|||
|All Japan Request Awards - Yomiuri Telecasting Special Award (Song by "_Hate Tell a Lie_")|||
|1998|Japan Gold Disc Awards - Pop Album of the Year (Album by "_Storytelling_")||
|2004|Japan Record Awards - Gold Prize (Song by "_Anata ga Ireba_ (あなたがいれば)")||
|2005|Queen of the "Nattō (納豆)"||

## Other websites

- Tomomi Kahara - Universal Music official site
- Kahala Tomomi Website - Warner Music official site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tomomi Kahala
華原 朋美
- **background**: solo_singer
- **alias**: Tomochan
- **origin**: Tokyo, Japan
- **genre**: J-Pop
- **occupation**: Singer, Actress
- **years active**: 1995 - present
- **label**: Orumok Records
Warner Music Japan
Universal Music Japan
- **url**: [http://www.universal-music.co.jp/kahara_tomomi/ Tomomi Kahara (UMJ)]
Canton Township, Michigan

**Canton, Michigan** is a township in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township had a population of 98,659. The FBI decided that it is the 20th safest city in the United States. The average household in Canton earns $84,000 dollars.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Canton Township, Michigan
- **settlement type**: Charter township
- **motto**: "Michigan's Community of Vision!"
- **image skyline**: canton_township_municipal_complex.JPG
- **imagesize**: 275
- **image caption**: The Canton Municipal Building in 2010
- **image map**: Canton Charter Township, MI location.png
- **mapsize**: 250
- **map caption**: Location within Wayne County, Michigan, Wayne County
- **pushpin map**: Michigan#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the state of Michigan##Location within the United States
- **pushpin label**: Canton
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Michigan, County
- **subdivision name2**: Wayne County, Michigan, Wayne
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1825
- **established title2**: Organized
- **established date2**: 1834
- **leader title**: Supervisor
- **leader title1**: Municipal clerk, Clerk
- **leader title2**: Treasurer
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 36.14
- **area land sq mi**: 36.11
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 98659
- **population density sq mi**: 2732.2
- **population metro**: 4285832 (Metro Detroit)
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 207
- **elevation ft**: 679
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code, ZIP code(s)
- **postal code**: 48187, 48188
- **area code**: Area code 734, 734
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 26-13120
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1626030
Probability theory

**Probability theory** is the part of mathematics that studies random situations. Probability theory usually studies random events, random variables, stochastic processes, and non-deterministic events (events that do not follow a simple pattern).

Tossing a coin, winning the lottery, or rolling a die are random events. However, random events have certain patterns, which can be studied and predicted, using probability theory.

Scientists can use probability theory to obtain information about things that would be too complex to deal with, like statistical mechanics. Also, scientists discovered (in the 20th century) that atoms, and everything that we know, obeys something called quantum mechanics, which uses lots of probability theory.

## History

The theory of probability was created by Gerolamo Cardano, a medical doctor and gambler who tried to calculate his luck. Years later, Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal helped develop Cardano's theory.

Today, probability theory is used in statistics, which is useful to all kinds of areas: like medicine, economy, Science, Mathematics...

## Related pages

- Fuzzy logic
- Variance
- Law of large numbers
- Central limit theorem
- Statistics

## Bibliography

- The first major treatise blending calculus with probability theory, originally in French: _Théorie Analytique des Probabilités_.

- The modern measure-theoretic foundation of probability theory; the original German version (_Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitrechnung_) appeared in 1933.

- A lively introduction to probability theory for the beginner.
The Raven

"**The Raven**" is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published on January 29, 1845. It tells the story of a mysterious talking raven who visits a lover; it shows how the lover is slowly going insane. It is often called Poe's most famous poem, its publication made him famous in his day, and today it is still one of the most recognized and respected poems in American literature.

## Other websites

- https://blog.prepscholar.com/the-raven-poem-summary
Mesoamerican chronology

Looking at the history of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica one can see some rather different periods  between the first humans and the early Colonial period (which followed the Spanish colonization of the Americas) in the end.

### Paleo-Indian period

The **Paleo-Indian** (not so often ***Lithic***) period or era  begins with the first signs of human presence in the region and leads to agriculture and other practices (e.g. pottery, permanent settlements) characteristic of proto-civilizations. In Mesoamerica, the end of this phase was about 8,000 BC. It was a period of hunter-gatherers.

### Archaic Era

c. 8,000 BCE - 2,000 BCE

In this time agriculture and permanent villages developed in the region. Late in this era, people used pottery and started weaving with a loom.

### Preclassic Era or Formative Period

c. 2,000 BCE - 200 CE

Nation-states developed and with them the first large scale ceremonial architecture and cities. That were the Olmec civilization, the early Zapotec, Monte Alto Culture in Guatemala's Pacifc lowlands, and Maya civilization.

### Classic Era

c. mid  2nd century - early 10th century

Teotihuacan grows to a metropolis and its empire dominates Mesoamerica.  During this time the cities of the Maya southern lowlands, such as Tikal, Palenque, and Copán have their greatest era. The Classic Era ended earlier in Central Mexico, with the fall of Teotihuacan around the 7th century, than it did in the Maya area, which continued for centuries more. Around this time, many southern lowland sites (most notably in Tikal) experienced a short period of limited decline, called the **Middle Classic Hiatus**. The later period of Maya's continued growth is sometimes known as the **Florescent Era**.

### Postclassic Era

10th century - 16th century.

Many of the great nations and cities of the Classic Era collapsed, but some continue, such as in Oaxaca, Cholula, and the Maya of Yucatán, such as at Chichen Itza and Uxmal. This is sometimes seen as a period of increased chaos and warfare.  The Toltec  dominated central Mexico in the 11th - 13th century, then collapsed.  The northern Maya are for a time united under Mayapan. The Aztec Empire rises in the early 15th century and seems on the path to gain a dominance over the whole region not seen since Teotihuacan, when Mesoamerica is discovered by Spain and conquered by the Conquistadores.  Arguably, the Post-Classic continued until the conquest of the last independent native state of Mesoamerica, Tayasal, in 1697.

## Bibliography

<div class="references-small">

</div>
- Duverger, Christian (1999): _Mesoamérica, arte y antropología._ <small>CONACULTA</small>-Landucci Editores. Paris. .
- Miller, Mary Ellen. (2001). _El arte de mesoamérica_. "Colecciones El mundo del arte". Ediciones Destino. Barcelona, España. .
- Several Authors. (1996)  "Historia General de Guatemala"  .

## Other websites

- Mesoweb Research Center
- FAMSI, Foundation for Mesoamerican Study
- European Mayanist
- The Mirador Basin Project
- Guatemala Cradle of the Maya Civilization
Beck

**Beck Hansen** (better known as simply **Beck**) (born **Bek David Campbell**, July 8, 1970 in Los Angeles, California) is an American singer, musician, and multi-instrumentalist. He is known for folky rock music, unusual lyrics, and post-modern arrangements, which has made him one of the most outstanding in 1990s alternative rock.

He became extremely popular with his hit song "Loser" in 1994. Beck is known for including various styles of music into his songs, including folk music, electronica, indie music, techno, rock music, and alternative music, among others.

Hansen married actress Marissa Ribisi in 2004. They currently have two children: a son, Cosimo Henri, and a daughter, Tuesday.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Beck
- **image**: Oliver Mark - Beck, Hamburg 2000.jpg
- **caption**: Beck in 2000
- **birth name**: Bek David Campbell
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Beck, Full list
- **children**: 2
- **mother**: Bibbe Hansen
- **father**: David Campbell (composer), David Campbell
Prime Meridian

The **Prime Meridian** is the meridian (line of longitude) that goes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in London it is also known as the International Meridian or Greenwich Meridian. Other longitudes are given as east or west of the Prime Meridian.

Lines like this are not actually lines on the ground, but are ways of saying where a place is on the globe. The ones that run horizontal (east to west) are called latitude. They tell us how far a location is from the equator. The other lines are vertical and are known as longitudes.

Such is the Meridian's fame that each year, hundreds of thousands of visitors from all around the world make their way to the Observatory to stand astride the Line. But its position is marked in hundreds of other places too. On its path from pole to pole, the Meridian passes through England, France, Spain, Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ghana and Antarctica.

## Related pages

- Meridian
- International Date Line
Retirement

**Retirement** is when people stop working. People may retire when they reach a certain age, or if they get sick or have an accident, or even for their own choice. People cannot generally retire unless they have a pension. Some people may semi-retire and keep some sort of job. People typically do this after working for so many years and growing tired of it.

People who become less able to look after themselves may move to retirement homes, retirement villages, sheltered housing, or nursing home<nowiki/>s. They may have to pay for care,<nowiki/>or their family may care for them.

## Retirement in other uses

The term may also be used when it's not related to people. The word can mean something is out of service, like an old model vehicle.
Sophia

**Sophia** and **sofia** may mean:

## Spiritual

- Sophia (gnosticism), gnostic deity
- Pistis Sophia, gnostic text
- In the Ben Sirach, wisdom from the Torah.

## Music

- Sophia (indie rock band)
- SOPHIA, Japanese band
- Sophia (EP) by The Crüxshadows
- Sophia (song) by Nerina Pallot

## Buildings

- Hagia Sophia or Saint Sophia, Istanbul
- Sophia Cathedral in Russia
- Sophia University in Tokyo

## Geographic locations

- Sofia
- Sophia Antipolis, France
- Sophia, West Virginia

## Science

- Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy
- 251 Sophia, asteroid

## Other

- Sophia (name)
- Sophia (vehicle), from the Blaster Master video-game series

## Related pages

- Sofia (disambiguation)
Trdat the Architect

**Trdat the Architect** (c. 950-1020) (Armenian: Տրդատ ճարտարապետ), known in Latin as **Tiridates**, was chief architect of the Bagratuni Dynasty of Armenia.

After a great earthquake in 989 destroyed the dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine officials sent Trdat to Byzantium to organize repairs. The restored dome was completed by 994.

## Other websites

- The Ani cathedral
- Cities and sites in Armenia
Byzantium

**Byzantium** () was an ancient Greek city. The name "Byzantium" is a Latinization of the original name **Byzantion**.

The city became the center of the Byzantine Empire, (the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages), but at that time it was already called Constantinople.

### Legend

The origins of Byzantium are not clear. There is only a legend. It tells that a certain Byzas from Megara (a town near Athens), founded Byzantium, when he sailed northeast across the Aegean Sea. He had asked the Oracle at Delphi where he should found his new city. The Oracle told him to find it "opposite the blind." At the time, he did not know what this meant. But when he came upon the Bosporus he realized what it meant: on the Asiatic shore was a Greek city, Chalcedon. It was they who must have been blind because they had not seen that obviously superior land was just a half mile away on the other side of the Bosporus. Byzas founded his city here in this "superior" land and named it Byzantion after himself.

### History before Constantine I

Byzantion was mainly a trading city due to its strategic location at the Black Sea's only entrance. Byzantion later conquered Chalcedon, across the Bosporus.

When it fought with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus, the city was besieged by Roman forces and suffered extensive damage in 196 AD. Byzantium was rebuilt by Septimius Severus, when he had become emperor, and quickly regained its earlier prosperity.

### Center of the Eastern Roman Empire

When Roman Emperor Constantine I decided to move his capital to the Eastern part of the Roman Empire he chose the place of Byzantion because of its strategical value. He refounded it, in 330 AD, as _Nova Roma_.  After his death the city was called Constantinople ('city of Constantine'). It remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was later called the Byzantine Empire by historians.

## Emblem

Following the legend the citizens of Byzantium claimed the crescent moon as their state symbol, after an important victory in 340 BC.  However, the origin of the crescent and star as a symbol dates back much earlier - to ancient Babylon and ancient Egypt. But Byzantium was the first city that used the crescent moon as its symbol. In 330 AD Constantine I added the Virgin Mary's star to the flag.

## Related pages

- Constantinople details the history of the city before the Turkish conquest of 1453
- Istanbul, describes the modern city

## References

- Jeffreys, Elizabeth and Michael, and Moffatt, Ann. 1981. _Byzantine Papers: Proceedings of the First Australian Byzantine Studies Conference, Canberra, 17-19 May 1978_. Australian National University, Canberra.
- Istanbul Historical Information - Istanbul Informative Guide To The City .  Retrieved Jan. 6, 2005.
- The Useful Information about Istanbul . Retrieved Jan. 6, 2005.

## Other websites

- Society for the Promotion of Byzantine Studies : www.byzantium.ac.uk
- Description of Byzantine monetary system - fifth Century BC : History of money FAQs
Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia

The **Arsacid Dynasty** or (sometimes called the **Arshakuni Dynasty**) ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 54 to 428. They started as a branch of the Parthian Arsacids but became a distinctly Armenian dynasty later on. Armenia was between the Parthian and Roman Empire<nowiki/>s and both were trying to control it. Arsacid Kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years after the fall of the Artaxiad Dynasty until 62 when Tiridates I of Armenia secured Arsacid rule in Armenia.

An independent line of Kings was established by Vologases II of Armenia (Valarses/Vagharshak) in 180. Two of the most notable events under Arsacid rule in Armenian history were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by St. Gregory the Illuminator in 301 and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in 405.

## References

- History of Education in Armenia - by Kevork A. Sarafian, G A Sarafean
- The heritage of Armenian literature Vol.1 - by A. J. (Agop Jack) Hacikyan, Nourhan Ouzounian, Edward S. Franchuk, Gabriel Basmajian

## Other websites

- Armenian History; Armenian Highland
- Armenian History: Arshakuni Dynasty by Levon Zekiyan
- The Arshakuni Dynasty of Armenia by Vahan M. Kurkjian
Hakob Kojoyan

**Hakob Karapetovich Kojoyan** (1883 - 1959) was an Armenian artist. He worked in genres of painting, landscapes, and applied art. Hakob Kojoyan was awarded the designation of "People's Artist of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic." He helped Armenian architect Alexander Tamanian to create the coat of arms for the Democratic Republic of Armenia.

## Biography

Hakob Kojoyan was born in Akhaltsikhe (now in Georgia) to a family of Armenian jewelers. As a boy he apprenticed to the goldsmith's craft and learned engraving. At age 20 he went to study art in Munich, Germany, and in 1905 went to the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in Russia, where he studied for two years. He later spent time in Paris and Moscow, then in 1918 returned to Armenia.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Hakob Kojoyan
Հակոբ Կոջոյան
- **image**: Hakob Kojoyan 2013 Armenian stamp.jpg
- **caption**: Hakob Kojoyan on a 2013 Armenian stamp
- **birth date**: December 13, 1883
- **birth place**: Akhaltsikhe, Tiflis Governorate, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Yerevan, Armenian SSR, Soviet Union
- **movement**: Painting and applied art
- **works**: Coat of Arms of Armenia#Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of Armenia, Coat of Arms of the Democratic Republic of Armenia
- **awards**: People's Artist of the USSR
Alexander Tamanian

**Alexander Tamanian** (, March 4, 1878, Yekaterinodar - February 20, 1936, Yerevan) was an Armenian neoclassical architect, who is remembered today for his work in the city of Yerevan.

## Other websites

- Alexander Tamanian at Armeniapedia.org
- Alexander Tamanian at TACentral.com
Ani

**Ani** () is a ruined and uninhabited medieval city-site in Turkey. It is in the province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia. It was once the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey.

At the height of its great times, Ani had a population of 100,000 - 200,000 people and was the rival of Constantinople, Baghdad and Cairo. Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani has been abandoned and largely forgotten for centuries.

## History

Armenian chroniclers first mention Ani in the 5th century AD. They describe it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian Kamsarakan dynasty.

By the early 9th century the former territories of the Kamsarakans in Arsharunik and Shirak (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian Bagratuni dynasty. Their leader, Ashot _Msaker_ (Ashot the Meateater) (806-827) was given the title of _ishkhan_ (prince) of Armenia by the Caliphate in 804.

### Other monuments

There are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by Chalcedonian Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc.

## Other websites

- Virtual Ani - has clickable maps, extensive history and photos