juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Illnau-Effretikon

**Illnau-Effretikon** is a municipality in Pfäffikon in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland. About 16,000 people live there.

## History

On 1 January 2016, the former municipality of Kyburg merged into the municipality of Illnau-Effretikon.

## Villages

Illnau, Effretikon, Kyburg, Ottikon bei Kemptthal, Bisikon, Agasul, Bietenholz, Bilikon, First, Horben, Kemleten, Luckhausen, Mesikon and Oberkempttal.

## Twin towns

- Orlova, Czech Republic
- Grossbottwar, Germany
- Arvigo, Switzerland
- Mont-sur-Rolle, Switzerland

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Illnau-Effretikon
- **municipality name**: Illnau-Effretikon
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Kirche Illnau 2012.jpg
- **image caption**: Church of Illnau
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Illnau-Effretikon COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zurich
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZH
- **district**: Pfäffikon (district), Pfäffikon
- **lat ns**: N
- **long ew**: E
- **postal code**: 8307 Effretikon
8308 Illnau
- **municipality code**: 0296
- **area**: 25.28
- **elevation**: 516
- **website**: www.ilef.ch
- **mayor**: Ueli Müller
- **mayor asof**: March 2014
- **mayor title**: Stadtpräsident
- **parliament name**: Grosser Gemeinderat
- **parliament number of members**: 36
- **executive name**: Stadtrat
- **executive number of members**: 9
- **places**: Illnau, Effretikon, Ottikon bei Kemptthal, Bisikon, Agasul, Bietenholz, Billikon, First, Horben, Kemleten, Luckhausen, Mesikon, Oberkempttal
- **neighboring municipalities**: Fehraltorf, Kyburg, Zurich, Kyburg, Lindau, Switzerland, Lindau, Russikon, Volketswil, Weisslingen, Winterthur
- **twintowns**: Orlová (Czech Republic), Grossbottwar (Germany), Arvigo (Switzerland), Mont-sur-Rolle (Switzerland)
Kappel am Albis

**Kappel am Albis** is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zurich in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Kappel am Albis
- **municipality name**: Kappel am Albis
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Kappel am Albis COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Kappel am Albis.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zurich
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZH
- **district**: Affoltern (district), Affoltern
- **postal code**: 8926
- **municipality code**: 0006
- **area**: 7.87
- **elevation**: 573
- **population**: 1029
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.kappel-am-albis.ch
- **mayor**: Kurt Bär
- **neighboring municipalities**: Baar, Switzerland, Baar (ZG), Hausen am Albis, Knonau, Mettmenstetten, Rifferswil, Steinhausen, Switzerland, Steinhausen (ZG)
Boutonne

The **Boutonne** is a river of western France that flows through the Deux-Sèvres and Charente-Maritime departments, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is a right tributary of the Charente river.

## Geography

The Boutonne has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Saint-Séverin-sur-Boutonne in the Charente-Maritime department, at an altitude of .

**Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Saint-Séverin-sur-Boutonne (1969-2017)**

### Course

The Boutonne starts in the southeast of the Deux-Sèvres department, in the _commune_ of Chef-Boutonne (that is, "Head of the Boutonne"), at an elevation of about .

It flows to the west and, later, to the southwest through the Deux-Sèvres and Charente-Maritime departments before flowing, at almost right angle, into the Charente river in Cabariot at about  of altitude.

The Boutonne flows through 1 region (Nouvelle-Aquitaine), 2 departments and 41 _communes_; they are, from source to mouth:

- **Deux-Sèvres**: Chef-Boutonne (here is the source of the river), Fontenille-Saint-Martin-d'Entraigues, Chérigné, Lusseray, Brioux-sur-Boutonne, Vernoux-sur-Boutonne, Séligné, Brieuil-sur-Chizé, Villefollet, Villiers-sur-Chizé, Chizé, Le Vert (the last _commune_ of Deux-Sèvres in the course of the river).
- **Charente-Maritime**: Dampierre-sur-Boutonne (the first _commune_ where the Boutonne gets into the department), Saint-Séverin-sur-Boutonne, Coivert, Blanzay-sur-Boutonne, Saint-Georges-de-Longuepierre, Saint-Martial, Saint-Pierre-de-l'Isle, Nuaillé-sur-Boutonne, Saint-Pardoult, Les Églises-d'Argenteuil, Antezant-la-Chapelle, Vervant, Poursay-Garnaud, Courcelles, Saint-Julien-de-l'Escap, Saint-Jean-d'Angély (main city in the course of the river), Ternant, La Vergne, Voissay, Torxé, Les Nouillers, Tonnay-Boutonne, Puy-du-Lac, Archingeay, Saint-Coutant-le-Grand, Champdolent, Lussant, Cabariot (place where the river flows into the Charente river).

Seven _communes_ have the name of the river in their names: Chef-Boutonne, Saint-Séverin-sur-Boutonne, Dampierre-sur-Boutonne, Tonnay-Boutonne, Blanzay-sur-Boutonne, Nuaillé-sur-Boutonne, Vernoux-sur-Boutonne.

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Boutonne river are:

**Left tributaries**:
- Nie - 26 km

**Right tributaries**:
- Béronne - 29.5 km
- Belle - 25 km
- Trézence - 27.7 km, the main tributary of the Boutonne

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Banque Hydro - Station R6092920 - La Boutonne à Saint-Séverin-sur-Boutonne

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Boutonne
- **image**: Ecluses St Jean dY.jpg
- **image caption**: The Boutonne at Saint-Jean-d'Angély
- **map**: Boutonne river map.svg
- **source1 location**: Chef-Boutonne
- **mouth location**: Charente (river), Charente
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
Sound barrier

Sound barrier is a phenomenon where sound waves in the air get packed densely ahead of a moving thing (such an aircraft) and form a highly pressurized area there.

Sound is vibration in the air, and it goes as sound waves. They move at constant speed in the air. When an object, such as an aircraft moves in the air, it produces sound. The sound waves spread all around the object. When the object comes closer to the speed of sound (Mach 1), air pressure changes drastically, and there will be pressure waves around the object - the sound waves can no more escape ahead, but get packed and form a high pressure area ahead the object. This pressure will rise until the speed of Mach 1 is reached. At this point, it will suddenly decrease, and a sound burst will result. The speed of Mach 1, where this burst happens, is often called **sound barrier**. Aircraft wings had to be redesigned, so that certain aircraft can fly at speeds faster than Mach 1. Flying faster than sound produces a sonic boom.

Breaking the sound barrier will take a lot of energy, and breaking it will succeed only with specially designed missiles and aircraft.
Hypersomnia

**Hypersomnia** is a medical condition which is characterized by unusual sleepiness. People with hypersomnia easily feel sleepy during the day, and fall asleep.

Not to be confused with: The condition where people wake up often during the night and have trouble sleeping through the night is called insomnia, and falling to sleep during the day is called narcolepsy. Both of these are different, but like hypersomnia are a sleep disorder.

Hypersomnia affects about five percent of the population, or about one of twenty people. Very often, people with sleep apnea suffer from hypersomnia. Hypersomnia can also occur with other conditions, such as mood disorders.

If the hypersomnia is caused by a problem with the brain or nervous system, it is called **primary hypersomnia**. Narcolepsy is an example of a primary hypersomnia. If the hypersomnia is the effect of another condition, it is usually called **secondary hypersomnia**. Examples of secondary hypersomnia include someone losing consciousness because of epilepsy. Sleep apnea, cited above, is one of the most common forms of secondary hypersomnia. Certain drugs can also cause (secondary) hypersomnia.

Primary hypersomnia is very rare. Secondary hypersomnia are quite common.
Holy orders in the Catholic Church

The **Sacrament of Holy Orders** in the Catholic Church includes three orders: bishop, priest, and deacon.

In the phrase “Holy Orders”, the word “holy” means “set apart for some purpose.” The word “order” means a hierarchy or way of organizing people.
Don Robinson (rugby league)

**Donald "Don" Robinson** (4 June 1932  – 27 May 2017) was an English professional Rugby League World Cup winning footballer. He played in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, playing at representative level for Great Britain, England, Yorkshire, and Rugby League XIII, and at club level for Wakefield Trinity (captain) (Heritage № 584), and Leeds.

## Other websites

- England Statistics at englandrl.co.uk
- Great Britain Statistics at englandrl.co.uk
- Statistics at rugbyleagueproject.org
- Floodlit feast at Odsal
Saucy Sylvia

**Saucy Sylvia** (**Sylvia Cadeski**; July 27, 1920 – May 25, 2017) was a Canadian-born American comedian, classically trained pianist, singer, and radio personality. She was born in Owen Sound, Ontario. In the 1940s and the 1950s, she hosted _The Sylvia Show_ on radio.

Sylvia died at her home in Newport, Rhode Island from complications of pneumonia on May 25, 2017 at the age of 96.

## Other websites

- Sex is the thing that started it all
- 0069
- Saucy Sylvia's Official Website
Frank Deford

**Benjamin Franklin "Frank" Deford III** (December 16, 1938 – May 28, 2017) was an American sportswriter, novelist and health activist. Over his 40 year career, he was a regular sports commentator on NPR's _Morning Edition_ radio program (from 1980 to 2017).

Deford was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at Princeton University. He was married to Carol Penner until his death in 2017. They had three children.

Deford wrote for _Sports Illustrated_ magazine from 1962 until his death in 2017, and was a correspondent for the _Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel_ television program on HBO.  He wrote 18 books, nine of them novels such as _Everybody's All-American_ (1981).

Deford died on May 28, 2017, at the age of 78, at his home in Key West, Florida.

## Other websites

- Frank Deford Archive at SI
- Frank Deford's Insider Archive  also at SI
- Frank Deford, NPR Biography
- Frank Deford articles at Byliner
- Frank Deford  at Yahoo!
Chicago Transit Authority

**Chicago Transit Authority**, also known as **CTA**, is the operator of mass transit in Chicago, Illinois and some of its surrounding suburbs, including the trains of the Chicago "L" and CTA bus service.

The CTA is an Illinois independent governmental agency that started operations on October 1, 1947 upon the purchase and combination of the transportation assets of the Chicago Rapid Transit Company and the Chicago Surface Lines streetcar system. In 1952, CTA purchased the assets of the Chicago Motor Coach Company, which was under the control of Yellow Cab Company founder John D. Hertz, resulting in a fully unified system.

Today, the CTA is one of the three service boards financially supported by the Regional Transportation Authority.
Red Line (CTA)

The **Red Line**, sometimes known as the **Howard-Dan Ryan Line** or the **North-South Line**, is a rapid transit line in Chicago, run by the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) as part of the Chicago "L" system. It is the busiest line on the "L" system, with an average of 251,813 passengers boarding each weekday in 2012. The route is  long with a total of 33 stations, from Howard station in Rogers Park on the north side, through the State Street subway and to 95th/Dan Ryan in Roseland on the south side.

Like the Blue Line, the Red Line runs 24 hours a day, 365 days a year; it is one of only five mass-transit rail systems in the United States to do so (the others being the PATCO Speedline, Staten Island Railway, the PATH lines, and the New York City Subway).

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Red Line
- **image**: Red Line arriving at Sheridan Rd.jpg
- **image width**: 275 px
- **caption**: A Red Line train of 5000-series cars
- **type**: Rapid transit
- **system**: Chicago "L"
- **status**: Operational
- **locale**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **start**: Howard (CTA station), Howard
- **end**: 95th/Dan Ryan (CTA pstation), 95th/Dan Ryan
- **stations**: 33
- **daily ridership**: 251,813 (avg. weekday 2012)
- **open**: Oldest section: May 31, 1900; current operation as Red Line: February 21, 1993
- **operator**: Chicago Transit Authority
- **character**: Subway, elevated, surfaced
- **stock**: 5000 series (CTA), 5000-series
- **depot**: Howard Yard, 98th Yard
- **electrification**: Third rail, 600 Volt, V Direct current, DC
Roman citizenship

People in Ancient Rome had certain rights depending on who they were. Some were citizens, and had rights that non-citizens did not have. The rights available to individual citizens of Rome varied over time, according to their place of origin and their service to the state. They also varied under Roman law according to the classification of the individual within the state. Various legal classes were defined by the various combinations of legal rights that each class enjoyed.

Client state citizens and allies (socii) of Rome could receive a limited form of Roman citizenship such as the Latin Right. Such citizens could not vote or be elected in Roman elections. Slaves were considered property, not legal persons and unable to be citizens. Over time, they acquired a few protections under Roman law.

Rights available to citizens under Roman law addressed included:

Ius suffragiorum: The right to vote in the Roman assemblies.

Ius gentium: The legal recognition, developed in the 3rd century BC, of the growing international scope of Roman affairs, and the need for Roman law to deal with situations between Roman citizens and foreign persons. The ius gentium was therefore a Roman legal codification of the widely accepted international law of the time, and was based on the highly developed commercial law of the Greek city-states and of other maritime powers. The rights afforded by the ius gentium were considered to be held by all persons; it is thus a concept of human rights rather than rights attached to citizenship.

Ius conubii: The right to have a lawful marriage with a Roman citizen according to Roman principles, to have the legal rights of the paterfamilias over the family, and for the children of any such marriage to be counted as Roman citizens.

Ius migrationis: The right to preserve one's level of citizenship upon relocation to a polis of comparable status. For example, members of the cives Romani (see below) maintained their full civitas when they migrated to a Roman colony with full rights under the law: a colonia civium Romanorum. Latins also had this right, and maintained their ius Latii if they relocated to a different Latin state or Latin colony (Latina colonia). This right did not preserve one's level of citizenship should one relocate to a colony of lesser legal status; full Roman citizens relocating to a Latina colonia were reduced to the level of the ius Latii, and such a migration and reduction in status had to be a voluntary act.

The right of immunity from some taxes and other legal obligations, especially local rules and regulations.

The right to sue in the courts and the right to be sued.

The right to have a legal trial (to appear before a proper court and to defend oneself).

The toga was the characteristic garment of the rich Roman male citizen, and statues of emperors (here Antoninus Pius) frequently depict them togate (togatus).
Orange Line (CTA)

The **Orange Line**, is a rapid transit line in Chicago, Illinois run by the Chicago Transit Authority as part of the "L" system. It is about  long and runs at grade and elevated on existing railroad embankments and new concrete and steel structures from Midway International Airport, the Southwest Side and downtown Chicago. In September 2012, the average weekday boardings on the Orange Line were 63,037. The Orange Line operates between Midway Airport and the Loop, weekdays from 4:00 a.m. to 1:25 a.m., and Saturdays and Sundays from 4:30 a.m. to 1:25 a.m.

## Other websites

- Orange Line at CTA official site
- Orange Line extension plan

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Orange Line
- **image**: Chicago Transit Authority Orange Line Train on the loop.jpg
- **caption**: A Orange Line train of 3200-series cars.
- **type**: Rapid transit
- **system**: Chicago "L"
- **status**: Operational
- **locale**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **start**: Midway (CTA station), Midway
- **end**: The Loop (CTA), The Loop
- **stations**: 16
- **daily ridership**: 63,037
(avg. weekday September 2012)
- **open**: October 31, 1993
- **operator**: Chicago Transit Authority
- **character**: Elevated and Surface Level
- **stock**: 2600 series (Chicago "L"), 2600-series, 3200 series (Chicago "L"), 3200-series
- **electrification**: Third rail, 600 Volt, V Direct current, DC
Yellow Line (CTA)

The **Yellow Line**, formerly known as the **Skokie Swift**, is part of the Chicago Transit Authority's "L" system in Chicago, Illinois. The  route runs from the Howard Terminal on the north side of Chicago, through the southern part of Evanston and to the Dempster Terminal in Skokie, Illinois, making one intermediate stop at Oakton Street in Skokie.

At Howard, Yellow Line passengers can transfer to the Purple or Red Lines of the CTA. The Yellow Line is the only CTA line that does not go to Chicago Loop.

## Other websites

- Yellow Line at CTA official site

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Yellow Line
- **image**: Four Cars at Oakton Curve.jpg
- **caption**: A Yellow Line train of 5000-series cars.
- **type**: Rapid transit
- **system**: Chicago "L"
- **locale**: Chicago and Skokie, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **start**: Howard (CTA station), Howard
- **end**: Dempster–Skokie (CTA station), Dempster–Skokie
- **stations**: 3
- **daily ridership**: 7,063
(avg. weekday September 2012)
- **open**: March 28, 1925
- **close**: March 27, 1948
- **reopen**: April 20, 1964
- **operator**: Chicago Transit Authority
- **character**: Elevated, open cut, and grade level
- **stock**: 5000 series (CTA), 5000-series
- **electrification**: Third rail, 600 Volt, V Direct current, DC
Green Line (CTA)

The **Green Line** is a rapid transit line on the Chicago Transit Authority's "L" system. It is the only completely elevated route in the entire system. It uses the system's oldest segments (dating back to 1892), extending  with 30 stops between Forest Park and Oak Park (Harlem/Lake), through Chicago's West Side to the Loop, and then to the South Side and Englewood (Ashland/63rd) and Woodlawn (Cottage Grove/63rd).

As of September 2012, the average number of weekday boardings on the Green Line is 70,554. The Green Line operates between Harlem/Lake and Cottage Grove, weekdays from 4:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m., and Saturdays and Sundays from 5:00 a.m. to 1:00 a.m., and between Harlem/Lake and Ashland/63rd, weekdays from 3:50 a.m. to 1:05 a.m., and Saturdays and Sundays from 4:50 a.m. to 1:05 a.m.

## Other websites

- Green Line at CTA official site

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Green Line
- **image**: Green Line at 51st Street.jpg
- **caption**: A Green Line train of 5000-series cars.
- **type**: Rapid transit
- **system**: Chicago "L"
- **status**: Operational
- **locale**: Chicago, Oak Park, Illinois, Oak Park and Forest Park, Illinois, Forest Park, Illinois, United States
- **start**: Harlem (CTA Green Line station), Harlem
- **end**: Ashland/63rd (CTA station), Ashland/63rd, Cottage Grove (CTA station), Cottage Grove
- **stations**: 30
- **daily ridership**: 70,554
(avg. weekday September 2012)
- **open**: February 21, 1993 (Current operation)
- **operator**: Chicago Transit Authority
- **character**: Elevated
- **stock**: 5000 series (CTA), 5000-series
- **electrification**: Third rail, 600 Volt, V Direct current, DC
- **website**: [http://www.transitchicago.com/riding_cta/systemguide/greenline.aspx CTA Green Line]
- **map state**: collapsed
Purple Line (CTA)

The **Purple Line** (or the **Evanston Line**) of the Chicago Transit Authority is a  route on the northernmost section of the Chicago "L" rapid transit system. Normally, it extends south from Linden Avenue in Wilmette, passing through Evanston to Howard Street, on Chicago's north side. In 2016, the average weekday boardings on the Purple Line was 10,187.

## Other websites

- Purple Line at CTA official site

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Purple Line
- **box width**: 28em
- **image**: Argyle and Bryn Mawr.jpg
- **caption**: A Purple Line train of 5000-series cars.
- **type**: Rapid transit
- **system**: Chicago "L"
- **status**: Operational
- **locale**: Chicago, Illinois, Chicago, Evanston, Illinois, Evanston and Wilmette, Illinois, Wilmette, Illinois, United States
- **start**: Linden (CTA station), Linden
- **end**: Howard (CTA station), Howard
 The Loop (CTA), The Loop (weekday rush hours only)
- **stations**: 25 (weekday rush hours)
 11 (all other times)
- **daily ridership**: 10,187 <small>(avg. weekday 2016)</small>
- **open**: July 31, 1949 (Current operation)
- **operator**: Chicago Transit Authority
- **character**: Elevated and Grade Level
- **stock**: 5000 series (CTA), 5000-series
- **electrification**: Third rail, 600 Volt, V Direct current, DC
Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales

***Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales*** is a 2017 American swashbuckler comedy action film. It is the fifth installment in the _Pirates of the Caribbean_ movie series and the sequel to _On Stranger Tides_ (2011). The movie is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson, with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer. Johnny Depp, Geoffrey Rush and Kevin McNally reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow, Hector Barbossa and Joshamee Gibbs. It has Javier Bardem playing the main villain, Spanish ghost pirate Captain Salazar, Brenton Thwaites playing Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann's son Henry Turner, Kaya Scodelario playing Barbossa's secret daughter Carina Smyth with Paul McCartney make a guest apparicion playing Jack Sparrow's Uncle Jack. Orlando Bloom reprise his role of Will Turner who appear at the start and the ending of the film, additionally Keira Knightley make a silent  cameo (despite is an important cameo) at the end of the film reprising her role of Elizabeth Swann.

It was released in conventional, Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D and IMAX 3D formats on May 26, 2017.

Despite receiving mixed reviews from film critics, the film was positively welcomed from audience who praised its story, directing, humor, heart, emotional weight, character development, cast performances (especially those of Depp and Bardem), musical score, action scenes, special effects and the ending, it was also a box office success grossing over $285 million worldwide. A sequel is currently in development.

## Cast

- Johnny Depp as Jack Sparrow
- Javier Bardem as Armando Salazar
- Geoffrey Rush as Hector Barbossa
- Brenton Thwaites as Henry Turner
- Kaya Scodelario as Carina Smyth
- Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs
- Golshifteh Farahani as Shansa
- David Wenham as Lieutenant John Scarfield
- Stephen Graham as Scrum
- Orlando Bloom as Will Turner
- Keira Knightley as Elisabeth Swann

## Sequel

A sixth final film is currently in development with Ronning back to direct while Ted Elliott, first four film's co-writer, and Craig Mazin will write the screenplay.

On 2020, Jerry Bruckheimer announced that the first draft of the screenplay is almost ready and that, even though he plans to have Johnny Depp in the movie, he doesn't know yet what role the character will have.

Later, Johnny Depp was confirmed to reprise his role and that the movie is expected to be released around 2024.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales
- **director**: Joachim Ronning
Espen Sandberg
- **producer**: Jerry Bruckheimer
- **writer**: Jeff Nathanson
Terry Rossio
- **starring**: Johnny Depp
Geoffrey Rush
Javier Bardem
Brenton Thwaites
Kaya Scodelario
Kevin McNally
- **music**: Geoff Zanelli
- **cinematography**: Paul Cameron
- **editing**: Roger Barton
- **production companies**: Jerry Bruckheimer Films
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Pictures
- **released**: 22 July 2017
- **runtime**: 129 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $230–320 million
- **gross**: $794.9 million
Brown Line (CTA)

The **Brown Line** (or the **Ravenswood Line**) of the Chicago "L" system, is an  route with 27 stations between Chicago's Albany Park neighborhood and downtown Chicago. It runs completely above ground and is almost entirely grade-separated. It is the third busiest 'L' route, with an average of 101,881 passengers boarding each weekday in 2011.

The Brown Line operates to the Loop weekdays and Saturdays from 4:00 am to 1:30 am and on Sundays from 5:00 am to 1:30 am. The Brown Line Shuttle service, running only between Kimball and Belmont, runs from 4:00 am to 2:20 am on weekdays and Saturdays, and 5:00 am to 2:00 am on Sundays. At Belmont, southbound riders can transfer to the 24-hour Red Line.

## Other websites

- Brown Line at CTA official site

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Brown Line
- **image**: Chicago Transit Authority Brown Line train.jpg
- **caption**: A Brown Line train of 3200 series cars.
- **type**: Rapid transit
- **system**: Chicago "L"
- **status**: Operational
- **locale**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **start**: Kimball (CTA station), Kimball
- **end**: The Loop (CTA), The Loop, Belmont (CTA North Side Main Line station), Belmont
- **stations**: 27
- **daily ridership**: 101,881 (avg. weekday in 2011)
- **open**: August 1, 1949 (Current operation)
- **operator**: Chicago Transit Authority
- **character**: Elevated and Street Level
- **stock**: 3200 series (Chicago "L"), 3200-series
- **electrification**: Third rail, 600 Volt, V Direct current, DC
Pink Line (CTA)

The **Pink Line** is an  rapid transit line in Chicago, run by the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) as part of the Chicago "L" system.

It is CTA's newest rail line and began operation for a 180-day trial period on June 25, 2006, running between 54th/Cermak Station in Cicero, Illinois and the Loop in downtown Chicago. The route to the Loop follows tracks shared with Green Line trains on Lake Street, connected by the previously non-revenue Paulina Connector. In September 2012, the average weekday boardings on the Pink Line was 33,737. The Pink Line does not make any 'L' train transfers on the Douglas Branch.

The Pink Line operates between 54th/Cermak and the Loop, weekdays from 4:05 a.m. to 1:25 a.m., and Saturdays and Sundays from 5:05 a.m. to 1:25 a.m.

## Other websites

- Pink Line at CTA official site
- CTA Selects Winning Essay of Name the Line Contest  - CTA Press Release on the Pink line

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Pink Line
- **image**: North Lawndale Sunset.jpg
- **caption**: A Pink Line train of 5000-series cars.
- **type**: Rapid transit
- **system**: Chicago "L"
- **status**: Operational
- **locale**: Chicago and Cicero, Illinois, Cicero, Illinois, United States
- **start**: 54th/Cermak (CTA station), 54th/Cermak
- **end**: The Loop (CTA), The Loop
- **stations**: 22
- **daily ridership**: 33,737
(avg. weekday September 2012)
- **open**: June 25, 2006
- **operator**: Chicago Transit Authority
- **character**: Elevated and Street Level
- **stock**: 5000 series (CTA), 5000-series
- **electrification**: Third rail, 600 Volt, V Direct current, DC
- **map state**: collapsed
Allahabad Address

The **Allahabad Address** () is a speech by Pakistani scholar Sir Muhammad Iqbal.

The speech was given on 29 December 1930, at Allahabad, British India. This was during the 25th annual session of the All-India Muslim League. Iqbal wanted an independent state for Muslim-majority provinces in northwestern India. Iqbal said there could be no peace until the Muslim provinces were given the same privileges as the Hindu provinces.
Biocentrism

**Biocentrism** is a theory given by the American biologist Robert Lanza which states that nothing is absolute in the universe. It says that the universe exists relative to us and can't exist without living beings. It says that space and time are just our perceptions. There is no real existence of anything outside us. This theory can be considered a theory of everything. Young's double-slit experiment supports this theory.
Kotagiri

**Kotagiri** is a panchayat town in The Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu, India. As of 2011 Census, the population of the town is 28,207 of which 13,607 are males while 14,600 are females.
Nilgiris district

**Nilgiris district** is a district in Tamil Nadu, India. The district mainly lies in the Nilgiri Hills which gives the district its name. The capital of the district is the town of Ootacamund(Ooty). The highest point of Tamil Nadu, the Doddabetta peak is located in this district.

## Population

According to the 2011 census of India, the Nilgiris district had a population of 735,394 with a sex-ratio of 1,042 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929 females.

## Tourism

Nilgiris is a home to several hill stations that attracts tourists towards it. These include Ooty, Coonoor, Gudalur and Kotagiri. The Nilgiri Mountain Train, popularly known as the Toy Train, attracts tourists as the journey offers spectacular views of the hills and forests.
Nilgiri Hills

**Nilgiri Hills** is a mountain range in Western Ghats of India. This range is in the states of western Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. The highest peak in the range is the Doddabetta.
Kanchipuram district

**Kanchipuram district** is a district in the northeast of the state of Tamil Nadu in India. The district has a total geographical area of  and coastline of . The town of Kanchipuram is the district headquarters. Kanchipuram District had been administered by the Pallavas, Cholas, Vijayanagar rulers and the British before Independence.

## Kanchipuram Silk

Kanchipuram district is known for its 'Silk', since it is one of the main professions of the people living in and around is weaving silk sarees. The silk weavers of Kanchipuram settled more than 400 years ago and made it as the producer of best silk sarees in the country.

## Population

According to the 2011 census of India, Kanchipuram district had a population of 3,998,252. The sex-ratio was 986 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.
Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple

**Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple** is the oldest structure in Kanchipuram. Located in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India, it is a Hindu temple in the Dravidian architectural style. It is dedicated to the Lord Shiva, and is known for its historical importance. The temple was built from 685-705AD by a ruler of the Pallava Dynasty. The low-slung sandstone compound contains a large number of carvings, including many half-animal deities which were popular during the early Dravidian architectural period.
Tiruvannamalai district

**Tiruvannamalai district** is one of the 32 districts of Tamil Nadu, India. The town of Tiruvannamalai is the headquarters of the district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 2,464,875 with  994 females for every 1,000 males.

## History

Tiruvannamalai district is one of the sacred area in Tamil Nadu. The name of the district comes from its headquarters. The word "annamalai" in Tiruvannamalai means "the inaccessible mountain" and "Tiru" is a respectful title given. The temple town of Tiruvannamalai is one of the most ancient heritage sites of India and is a centre of the Saiva religion. The Deepam festival celebrated here attracts devotees from far and wide throughout South India. After independence Tiruvannamalai was under North Arcot District. The civil district of North Arcot was divided into Vellore District and Tiruvannamalai District in October 1989.

## Other websites

- official website
Annamalaiyar Temple

Annamalaiyar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Shiva, located at the base of Annamalai Hill in the town of Tiruvannamalai in Tamil Nadu, India.It is significant to the Hindu section of Saivism as one of the temples associated with the five elements, and specifically to the element of fire, or Agni. The main deity of the temple is Arunachaleshwarar (Shiva) and his consort, Unnamalai Amman(Parvati).

The temple complex covers 10 hectares, and is one of the largest in India. It has four gateway towers known as "_gopurams_". The tallest is the eastern tower, with 11 stories and a height of , making it one of the tallest temple towers in India. The _Karthigai Deepam_ festival is celebrated during the day of the full moon between November and December, and a huge beacon is lit at the top of the hill.The event is witnessed by millions of pilgrims from different parts of Tamil Nadu.
Jewish-American organized crime

**Jewish-American organized crime** emerged within the American Jewish community during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It has been referred to variously in media and popular culture as the ***Jewish Mob***, ***Jewish Mafia***, ***Kosher Mafia***, ***Kosher Nostra***, or ***Undzer Shtik*** ().

## Infobox (criminal organization)

- **name**: Jewish Mafia
- **image**: Bugsy_Siegel.jpg
- **caption**: Bugsy Siegel was instrumental in the creation of Las Vegas Valley, Las Vegas
- **founded**: Late 19th century
- **founding location**: New York City and various towns of the East Coast of the United States, East Coast
- **founded by**: Arnold Rothstein
- **years active**: Late 19th century–Present
- **territory**: United States; active mostly in New York City, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles and Florida
- **ethnic makeup**: Jews, Jewish, American Jews, Jewish-American, Italian-American and Italian Jews, Jewish-Italian
- **criminal activities**: Drug trafficking, Narcotics trafficking, racketeering, gambling, loan sharking, bookmaking, contract killing, blood diamond, diamond trafficking, extortion, weapons trafficking, fraud, prostitution, Rum-running, bootlegging and money laundering
- **allies**: Italian American Mafia, Israeli mafia, Russian mafia, various criminal organizations in the U.S., in George Freeman (bookmaker), Australia and Vincenzo Cotroni, Canada
Wallace Fard Muhammad

**Wallace D. Fard** aka **Wallace Fard Muhammad**  (born February 26, 1877) was a co-founder of the Nation of Islam. He appeared in Detroit in 1930 and had an obscure background and used several aliases. He taught a unique form of religion which was based on Islam to members of the city's African-American population. He was also a seller of silk, incense, and perfume and was remembered as being a light skinned black man, a light skinned Arab, and a white man. Fard was last seen in 1933 by Elijah Muhammad, when Fard took off in an airplane from the Detroit airport.

## Related pages

- List of people who disappeared mysteriously: 1910–1990

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **caption**: Nation of Islam portrait
- **order**: Leader of the Nation of Islam
- **term start**: 1930
- **term end**: 1934
- **successor**: Elijah Muhammad
- **birth date**: February 26, 1877
- **birth place**: Unknown
- **death date**: Unknown
- **death place**: Unknown
- **occupation**: Minister
- **footnotes**: a. Birth dates attributed to Fard include 1877, 1891, and 1893; the Nation of Islam Saviour's Day, celebrates February 26, 1877.
Moorish Science Temple of America

The **Moorish Science Temple of America** is an American national and religious organization founded by Noble Drew Ali, born Timothy Drew.
Master boot record

The **master boot record** is the first 512 kilobytes of a partitioned mass-storage device such as a hard drive. The master boot record gives the BIOS information on things like partitioning, file systems, location of the operating system, etc.

Because the master boot record is crucial for running the operating system, any changes to it may make the contents of a hard drive unreadable until they have been fixed. In the past, there have been instances of malware making changes to the master boot record. One noticeable example of this is CIH.
Masud Ghnaim

**Masud Ghnaim**, Arab: مسعود غنايم , Hebrew: מסעוד גנאים , (born February 14, 1965) is an Israeli politician. He was political leader of Ra'am ("The United Arab List").

Ghnaim is an Arab Israeli and a Muslim.

He obtained a BA in the history of the Middle East at Haifa University and then worked in the fields of education and culture.
He joined the Islamic Movement in Israel and chose the moderate division of this Islamist movement, called the Southern Branch and one of the forerunners of Ra'am.

In 2003 he entered local politics by sitting on the city council of his hometown, Sakhnin, until 2005. He then entered national politics by becoming a member of Knesset in 2009. Since 2015 he had both been leader of the Ra'am party and a politician in The Joint List of four parties.
He left the Knesset after the elections of April 2019.

Ghnaim wants Israel to be changed into an Islamic caliphate and supports the Iran-Syria-Hezbollah coalition.

## References

- Bio at the Knesset official website
Dharmapuri district

**Dharmapuri district** is one of the 38 district in Tamil Nadu state in India. The district came into existence from October 10, 1965. It is the first district created in Tamil Nadu after independence. Dharmapuri is the district headquarters. Dharmapuri town is historically called "Thakadoor". As of 2011 census, the district had a population of 1,506,843 with a sex-ratio of 946 females for every 1,000 males. The current average literacy of the district was 91.2% compared to the national average of 72.99%.

## Tourism

The Kaveri river flows into the state through the district, and Hogenakkal, a town situated 46 km from Dharmapuri is the site where the river drops into as a scenic waterfall known as Hogenakkal Falls.Another important tourist destination in the state is the hill-temple at Theerthamalai in Harur taluk which is a sacred religious place for the Hindus, and which is existing from the times of the Chola and the Vijayanagara empires.
Dharmapuri, Tamil Nadu

Dharmapuri is a city and the administrative headquarters of Dharmapuri district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is one of top leading Mango producer of state.

## Population

According to 2011 census of India, Dharmapuri had a population of 68,619 with a sex-ratio of 1,013 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.As per the religious census of 2011, Dharmapuri (M) had 88.99% Hindus, 9.65% Muslims, 0.99% Christians, 0.02% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.01% Jains and 0.33% following other religioner.
Hogenakkal Falls

Hogenakkal Falls is a waterfall in South India on the Kaveri river in the Dharmapuri district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.Sometimes referred to as the "Niagara Falls of India," it is known for medicinal baths and hide boat rides, projecting itself as a major tourist attraction.

Carbonatite rocks in this site are considered to be the oldest of its kind in South Asia and one of the oldest in the world. The Government of Tamil Nadu made a proposal to convert the falls into providing drinking water for the state.
Vellore district

**Vellore district** is one of the 32 districts in the Tamil Nadu state of India. It is one of the biggest district in Tamil Nadu. Vellore City is the headquarters of this district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,936,331 with a sex ratio of 1,007 females for every 1,000 males.The Government of India recently included Vellore city into prestigious smart City project along with 26 more cities.

## Tourism

The Vellore Fort is the primary tourist attraction in the district headquarters Vellore.During British rule, Tipu Sultan's family and the last king of Sri Lanka, Vikrama Rajasinha, were held as royal prisoners in the fort. It houses a church, a mosque and a Hindu temple, the latter known for its carvings. The first rebellion against British rule erupted at this fort in 1806, and it witnessed the massacre of the Vijayanagara royal family of Emperor Sriranga Raya.The golden temple of _Sripuram_ is another attraction in the district.Jalagandeeswarar Temple inside the Vellore fort dedicated to Jalagandeeswar, is noted for its sculptures.
Vellore Fort

Vellore Fort is a large 16th-century fort in the center of Vellore city, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It was built by Vijayanagara kings. The fort was at one time the headquarters of the Aravidu Dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire. The fort has grand ramparts and wide moat.

The fort's ownership passed from Vijayanagara kings, to the Bijapur sultans, to the Marathas, to the Carnatic Nawabs and finally to the British, who held the fort until India gained independence. The Indian government maintains the fort with the Archaeological Department. During British rule, the Tipu Sultan's family and the last king of Sri Lanka, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha were held as prisoners in the fort.  The fort houses the Jalakanteswarar Hindu temple, the Christian St. John's Church and a Muslim mosque, of which the Jalakanteswarar Temple is famous for its magnificent carvings.  The first significant military rebellion against British rule erupted at this fort in 1806, and it is also a witness to the massacre of the Vijayanagara royal family of Sriranga Raya.
Krishnagiri district

**Krishnagiri district** is a district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. This is a new district which was carved out from Dharmapuri district by 2004.  The municipal town of Krishnagiri is the district headquarters. In Tamil Nadu, _e-Governance_ was first introduced at Krishnagiri district under the National e-Governance Project (NEGP) in revenue and social welfare departments on a pilot basis.  The district is one of the largest producers of mangoes in India. As of 2011, the district had a population of 1,879,809 with a sex-ratio of 958 females for every 1,000 males.

## Mining and forestry based activities

Mining activities first started in the Krishnagiri district in the 1980s-1990s.This was mainly used to provided needed resource for the increased number of construction projects, for which many government issued quarry leases are being granted, namely Rough stone, granite, and Earth quarry leases. This has been done under the Tamil Nadu Minor Mineral Concession Rules 1959.According to estimates, it is thought that around 27,000 workers are participating in quarry related activities.

Having 202,490 hectares of forest lands, or about 39% of its total geographical area allows Krishnagiri district to gain access to a variety of produce such as bamboo, honey, and tamarind, which are collected and processed in places such as  Anchetty, Denkanikotta, Thally and Berigai areas.
Krishnagiri

**Krishnagiri** is a municipality town and administrative headquarters of Krishnagiri district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Mango is cultivated as the main crop and the land here is extremely fertile with rich access to fresh water making it amenable to growing crops. Krishnagiri is a rapidly growing town and is the site of significant business and residential development. The Krishnagiri Dam is currently undergoing expansion and a variety of small-scale industry zones are being set up. According to 2011 census, Krishnagiri had a population of 71,323 with a sex-ratio of 1,015 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.

The Krishnagiri district has a prehistoric importance. Archeological sources confirm the presence of habitats of man kind during Paleolithic, Neolithic and Mesolithic Ages. Various rock paintings and rock carvings of Indus Valley civilization and Iron Age seen in this district support the historical significance of this district.Krishnagiri district was carved out of Dharmapuri district on 9 February 2004 with five taluks and ten blocks.
Krishnagiri Dam

Krishnagiri Dam is a dam that spans the Thenpennai River by the village of Dhuduganahalli, located in Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu, India. The Krishnagiri Dam is also known as **Krishnagiri Reservoir** **Project (KRP) Dam**. The KRP Dam is located  from Krishnagiri, between Dharmapuri and Krishnagiri which irrigates thousands of acres of land around Krishnagiri. The Dam is operational from 1958, inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu K. Kamaraj.
Karur district

**Karur district** is a district located very centrally along the Kaveri and Amaravathi rivers in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The main town in Karur District is the city of Karur, which is also the district headquarters. The district had a population of 1,064,493 with a sex-ratio of 1,015 females for every 1,000 males. A total of 102,731 were under the age of six, constituting 52,969 males and 49,762 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 20.8% and .05% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 68.3%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.

## Home textiles

Karur is famous for its home textiles. Karur has a place in five major product groups: bed linens, kitchen linens, toilet linens, table linens, wall hangings. Overall Karur generates around Rs.6000 crores in foreign exchange through direct and indirect exports. Allied industries like ginning and spinning mills, dyeing factories, weaving etc., employs around 450,000 people in and around Karur.
Kulithalai

**Kulithalai** is a town in Karur district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The recorded history of Kulithalai is known from medieval Chola period of the 9th century and has been ruled, at different times, by the Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Later Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire and the British Raj. M. Karunanidhi, five time Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and leader of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam won his first legislative elections from Kulithatlai constituency in 1962.

The town is administered by the Kulithalai municipality, which covers an area of . As of 2011, the town had a population of 27,910.   The town is a part of the fertile Cauvery delta region and agriculture is the major occupation. Roadways are the major mode of transportation to Kulithalai and the town also has rail connectivity.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kulithalai
- **other name**: Kulittalai
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Kulitalai kadambavanesvarar temple karur district tamilnadu.JPG
- **pushpin map**: India Tamil Nadu
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Tamil Nadu, India
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Tamil Nadu
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name2**: Karur district, Karur
- **government type**: Second Grade Municipality
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **elevation m**: 86
- **population total**: 27910
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Tamil language, Tamil
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **registration plate**: TN-47
Karur

**Karur** is the administrative headquarters of Karur District in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Karur is the district formed after independence and located on the banks of River Amaravathi and River Kaveri, it has been ruled, at different times, by the Chera, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Hyder Ali, Carnatic kingdom, and the British. It is located at a distance of  southwest of the state capital Chennai. Karur is the district located at the "heart" or center of Tamil Nadu.

## Population

Karur had a population of 262580 with a sex-ratio of 1,032 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 6,147 were under the age of six, constituting 3,162 males and 2,985 females.

## Economy

Major industries in Karur include:
- its exported woven textiles, by hand loom or by power loom
- the TNPL - Tamil Nadu government-sponsored paper factory
- the Chettinad cement factory
- the EID Parry sugar factory
- worldwide export of bus body manufacturing
The two leading private rating banks have their headquarters in Karur: the Karur Vysya Bank (KVB) and the Lakshmi Vilas Bank (LVB).
Arab Israelis

**Arab Israelis** are Arabs who live in the State of Israel. They call themselves _Palestinian Israelis_. About 21% of the Israeli people are Arab Israelis.

As of 2015, there were about 2.1 million Arab Israelis, about 300 thousands of them were living in East Jerusalem and a small number on the Golan Heights.

Most Arab Israelis are Muslims (84%), a small minority is Christian or Druze (both about 8%).