juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Anita Baker

**Anita Baker** (born January 26, 1958, in Toledo, Ohio, and raised in Detroit, Michigan) is a singer and recording artist. She has had multiple studio records with hit songs. She was born near Toledo, Ohio. She was raised around Detroit. She received several Grammy Awards due to her numerous recordings, mostly during the 1980s, in which decade she was extremely popular.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Anita Baker
- **image**: AnitaBaker_performing_in_2008_cropped.JPG
- **caption**: Baker performing at the 17th Annual Salute to Freedom
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Toledo, Ohio, United States
- **origin**: Detroit, Michigan, United States
- **genre**: rhythm and blues, R&B, soul jazz, smooth jazz, soul music, soul, quiet storm
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1978–present
- **label**: Ariola<small> (1979)</small>
Beverly Glen Records<small> (1982-1984)</small>
Elektra Records, Elektra<small> (1985-1995)</small>
Atlantic Records, Atlantic<small> (1996-2001)</small>
Blue Note Records, Blue Note<small> (2004-present)</small>
- **website**: [http://www.bluenote.com/ArtistBiography.aspx?ArtistId=920438 Blue Note artist page]
Megumi Kamionobe

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Kamionobe was born in Yokohama on 15 March 1986. After graduating from Musashigaoka College, she joined Albirex Niigata in 2006. She was selected Best Eleven 5 times (2009, 2010, 2014, 2015 and 2016).

On 1 August 2009, Kamionobe debuted for the Japan national team against France. She was a member Japan's squad for the 2011 and 2015 World Cups. Japan won the World Cup in 2011 and came second in 2015. In Asia, she was also a squad member at the 2010 Asian Games and the 2014 Asian Cup. Japan won the championship at both tournaments. She played 34 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 2016.

## Statistics

|colspan="3"|Japan national team||
| --- | --- | --- |
|2009|1|0|
|2010|10|1|
|2011|6|1|
|2012|1|0|
|2013|5|0|
|2014|4|0|
|2015|5|0|
|2016|2|0|

## Other websites

- Japan Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Megumi Kamionobe
- **image**: Megumi Kamionobe (18733585736).jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Kamionobe at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, 2015 World Cup
- **fullname**: Megumi Kamionobe
- **birth place**: Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Kanagawa, Japan
- **position**: Midfielder
- **currentclub**: Albirex Niigata Ladies, Albirex Niigata
- **youthyears1**: 2001–2003
- **youthclubs1**: Yamato Sylphid
- **youthyears2**: 2004–2005
- **youthclubs2**: Musashigaoka College
- **years1**: 2006–
- **clubs1**: Albirex Niigata Ladies, Albirex Niigata
- **caps1**: 287
- **goals1**: 85
- **nationalyears1**: 2009–2016
- **nationalteam1**: Japan women's national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 34
- **nationalgoals1**: 2
- **club-update**: end of the 2020 season
Annabella Sciorra

**Annabella Sciorra** (born March 29, 1960) is an American television and movie actress. Her parents are of Italian origin. She has performed in television programs and movies. She was featured in Spike Lee's 1991 _Jungle Fever_. Other notable movies she starred in include _Internal Affairs_ (1990), _The Hand That Rocks the Cradle_ (1992) and _Romeo Is Bleeding_ (1993). Sciorra was born in Brooklyn, New York City.
Monte Fitz Roy

**Monte Fitz Roy** (also known as **Cerro Chaltén**, **Cerro Fitz Roy**, or simply **Mount Fitz Roy**) is a mountain in the border between Argentina and Chile that is located near the village of El Chaltén that is in Argentina. . It is in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in Patagonia. The mountain is 3375 metre high. It was first climbed in 1952 by French mountain climbers Lionel Terray and Guido Magnone. It is one of the most difficult mountains to climb on Earth. The clothing label, Patagonia, used Monte Fitz Roy as the idea for their logo, after Yvon Chouinard climbed the mountain in 1968 and made a movie about it.

Francisco Moreno first saw the mountain on 2 March 1877. He named it Fitz Roy, in honour of Robert Fitz Roy. Fitz Roy was captain of HMS Beagle and had travelled up the Santa Cruz River in 1834 and made maps of large parts of the Patagonian coast .

_Cerro_ is a Spanish word meaning hill, while "Chaltén" is a Tehuelche word meaning smoking mountain, as they believe it was a volcano for its peak is most of the time covered by clouds.

## Geology

Fitz Roy is a huge pyramid shaped granite monolith, carved by the winds, snow and ice. Fitz Roy is made of igneous rocks from deep in the Earth. When large tectonic plates collided about 100 million years, magma escaped between these plates and solidified between other rocks. The erosion of these rocks led to the formation of the mountain.

## Plants and animals

There are no plants on the bare walls of the summit. In the steep foothills, below the summit there are forests of beech and vast plains of short vegetation adapted to extreme climatic conditions

Animals are very rare in the region of Fitz Roy. There are a few eagles and rabbits.

### Further reading

- Giuseppe Miotti, 1991: El Fitz Roy : Cuadernos Patagonicos N.4, Milano, Scode, 1re éd. 32 p. Giuseppe Miotti, El Fitz Roy : Cuadernos Patagonicos N.4, Milano, Scode, 1991, 1re éd., 32 p. [In Line Tecpetrol.
- Kearney A, 1993: _Mountaineering in Patagonia_. Seattle, Washington: Cloudcap.
- Marc Antonin Azema, 1954: La Conquête du Fitz Roy, Paris, Flammarion, 235 p.
- Terray L, 1963: _Conquistadors of the Useless_, p. 307-8, Victor Gollancz Ltd.

## Other websites

- Fitz Roy at Peakware
- Monte Fitz Roy in History
- News El Chaltén
Saori Ariyoshi

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Ariyoshi was born in Saga on November 1, 1987. In 2008, when she was at Nippon Sport Science University, she debuted in the Nadeshiko League for TEPCO Mareeze. After graduating, she joined Nippon TV Beleza (later _Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza_) in 2010. She played 175 matches for the club. She was selected for the Best Eleven four years in a row, from 2013 to 2016). In 2021, she moved to Omiya Ardija Ventus with teammate Mizuho Sakaguchi.

In February 2012, Ariyoshi was selected the Japan national team for 2012 Algarve Cup. At this competition, on February 29, she debuted against Norway. In 2014, she played at 2014 Asian Cup and 2014 Asian Games. Japan won the championship at Asian Cup and the 2nd place at Asian Games. In 2015, played at 2015 World Cup and Japan won the 2nd place. She played 6 matches and scored a goal. She was named candidates for the Golden Ball at the tournament. She was also a member for 2018 Asian Cup and Japan won their second consecutive title. She played 65 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2019.

## Statistics

|colspan="3"|Japan national team||
| --- | --- | --- |
|2012|5|0|
|2013|8|0|
|2014|17|0|
|2015|12|1|
|2016|7|0|
|2017|0|0|
|2018|14|0|
|2019|2|0|

## Other websites

- Japan Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Saori Ariyoshi
- **image**: Saori Ariyoshi FIFA Women's World Cup CMR vs JPN June 12th, 2015.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Ariyoshi at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, 2015 World Cup
- **fullname**: Saori Ariyoshi
- **birth place**: Saga, Saga, Saga, Saga Prefecture, Saga, Japan
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **currentclub**: Omiya Ardija Ventus
- **youthyears1**: 2003–2005
- **youthclubs1**: Kamimura Gakuen High School
- **youthyears2**: 2006–2009
- **youthclubs2**: Nippon Sport Science University
- **years1**: 2008
- **clubs1**: TEPCO Mareeze
- **caps1**: 3
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2010–2020
- **clubs2**: Nippon TV Tokyo Verdy Beleza
- **caps2**: 175
- **goals2**: 9
- **years3**: 2021–
- **clubs3**: Omiya Ardija Ventus
- **nationalyears1**: 2012–2019
- **nationalteam1**: Japan women's national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 65
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
- **club-update**: end of the 2020 season
Ami Otaki

is a Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Otaki was born in Hiratsuka on July 28, 1989. After graduating from Waseda University, she joined French Division 1 club Olympique Lyonnais in 2012. The club won 2011–12 UEFA Champions League. In June 2013, she returned to Japan and joined Urawa Reds. In December 2014, she moved to the French club En Avant Guingamp. In May 2015, she retired end of 2014–15 season. In 2016, Otaki took a year away from football to participate in the 17th edition of the FIFA Master. She graduated in July 2017 and later that month signed a one-year contract with Paris FC. In January 2018, she returned to Japan and joined NHK Spring Yokohama FC Seagulls. In 2019, she moved to JEF United Chiba.

On June 20, 2012, Otaki debuted for the Japan national team against Sweden. She played 3 games for Japan until 2013.

## Statistics

|colspan="3"|Japan national team||
| --- | --- | --- |
|2012|1|0|
|2013|2|0|

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ami Otaki
- **image**: Ami Otaki (Olympique Lyonnais).jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Otaki playing for Olympique Lyonnais Féminin, Olympique Lyonnais
- **fullname**: Ami Otaki
- **birth place**: Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, Kanagawa, Japan
- **position**: Forward
- **currentclub**: JEF United Chiba Ladies, JEF United Chiba
- **youthyears1**: 2002–2007
- **youthclubs1**: NHK Spring Yokohama FC Seagulls, Yokosuka FC Seagulls
- **youthyears2**: 2008–2011
- **youthclubs2**: Waseda University
- **years1**: 2012–2013
- **clubs1**: Olympique Lyonnais Féminin, Olympique Lyonnais
- **caps1**: 15
- **goals1**: 11
- **years2**: 2013–2014
- **clubs2**: Urawa Reds Ladies, Urawa Reds
- **caps2**: 21
- **goals2**: 3
- **years3**: 2014–2015
- **clubs3**: En Avant de Guingamp (women), En Avant Guingamp
- **caps3**: 5
- **goals3**: 2
- **years4**: 2017
- **clubs4**: Paris FC (women), Paris FC
- **caps4**: 7
- **goals4**: 2
- **years5**: 2018
- **clubs5**: NHK Spring Yokohama FC Seagulls
- **caps5**: 18
- **goals5**: 11
- **years6**: 2019–
- **clubs6**: JEF United Chiba Ladies, JEF United Chiba
- **caps6**: 18
- **goals6**: 7
- **nationalyears1**: 2012–2013
- **nationalteam1**: Japan women's national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **club-update**: end of the 2019 season
Erina Yamane

is a former Japanese football player. She played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Yamane was born in Hiroshima on December 20, 1990. After graduating from JFA Academy Fukushima, she joined TEPCO Mareeze based in Fukushima Prefecture club in 2009. However, the club was disbanded for Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. She moved to JEF United Chiba in 2012.She played 92 matches in Nadeshiko League. She left the club in July 2017. In August, she joined Spanish Primera División club Real Betis. She played for the club in 2 seasons. In August 2019, she returned to JEF United Chiba. She retired end of 2020 season.

In November 2008, Yamane was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 2008 U-20 World Cup. On January 15, 2010, she debuted for the Japan national team against Chile. In July, she was selected Japan U-20 team for 2010 U-20 World Cup. In 2014, she was a member for 2014 Asian Cup and 2014 Asian Games. Japan won the championship at Asian Cup and the 2nd place at Asian Games. In 2015, she also played at 2015 World Cup and Japan won the 2nd place. She played 26 games for Japan until 2019.

## Statistics

|colspan="3"|Japan national team||
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010|1|0|
|2011|0|0|
|2012|0|0|
|2013|3|0|
|2014|9|0|
|2015|5|0|
|2016|3|0|
|2017|2|0|
|2018|0|0|
|2019|3|0|

## Other websites

- Japan Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Erina Yamane
- **image**: Erina Yamane (18759870415).jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Yamane at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, 2015 World Cup
- **fullname**: Erina Yamane
- **birth place**: Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture, Hiroshima, Japan
- **position**: Goalkeeper
- **youthyears1**: 2006–2008
- **youthclubs1**: JFA Academy Fukushima
- **years1**: 2009–2011
- **clubs1**: TEPCO Mareeze
- **caps1**: 1
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2012–2017
- **clubs2**: JEF United Chiba Ladies, JEF United Chiba
- **caps2**: 92
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2017–2019
- **clubs3**: Real Betis Féminas, Real Betis
- **caps3**: 32
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2019–2020
- **clubs4**: JEF United Chiba Ladies, JEF United Chiba
- **caps4**: 10
- **goals4**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 135
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 2008–2010
- **nationalteam1**: Japan women's national under-20 football team, Japan U-20
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 2010–2019
- **nationalteam2**: Japan women's national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps2**: 26
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
Irregular galaxy

An **irregular galaxy** is a galaxy that does not have a distinct regular shape, like a spiral or an elliptical galaxy.

Irregular galaxies do not fall into any of the regular types of the Hubble sequence. They do not have a bulge in the centre, nor any trace of spiral structure. They are quite common: they may make up a quarter of all galaxies. Most were once spiral or elliptical galaxies but were deformed by gravitational pull. Irregular galaxies also contain abundant amounts of gas and dust.

There are three sorts of irregular galaxies:

1. An Irr-I galaxy (**Irr I**) is an irregular galaxy that features some structure but not enough to place it cleanly into the Hubble sequence. Some of the irregular galaxies are small spiral galaxies that are being distorted by the gravity of a larger neighbour.
1. An Irr-II galaxy (**Irr II**) is an irregular galaxy that does not appear to feature any structure that can place it into the Hubble sequence.
1. Dwarf irregulars, This type of galaxy may be important, as they often have a low level of metallicity and relatively high levels of gas. This is similar to the earliest galaxies in the Universe. They may be a local (and recent) version of the faint blue galaxies known to exist in deep field galaxy surveys.

The Magellanic Cloud galaxies were once classified as irregular galaxies, but have since been found to contain barred spiral structures.
Adèle Dumilâtre

**Adèle Alphonsine Dumilâtre** (30 June 18214 May 1909) was a French ballerina associated with the romantic ballet.  She was born in Paris to Michel Dumilâtre, an actor in the Comédie-Française. He hoped she would become a tragedienne, but her dance talent led her to the ballet of the Paris Opéra. She performed from 1840 to 1848. She rose quickly from minor parts to principal roles. At eighteen she danced _La Sylphide_. She created the roles of Myrtha in _Giselle_ and the title role in _Lady Henriette_. Rich gentlemen sustained her power at the Opéra. She danced in Milan and London where she created the title role in _The Marble Maiden_ (1845) by Arthur Saint-Léon. She married Louis Drake y del Castillo in 1848 and bore him three children. She died in Paris and was buried in the Montmartre Cemetery. Her older sister Sophie was also a prominent Parisian ballerina.
Rhea Perlman

**Rhea Jo Perlman** (born March 31, 1948) is an American television, movie actress, and writer. She is best known for her role as Carla Tortelli in _Cheers_. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City. Perlman is married to actor Danny DeVito. They have three children together. Perlman has won four Emmy Awards.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rhea Perlman
- **image**: RheaPerlmanAug2011.jpg
- **caption**: Perlman in 2011
- **birth name**: Rhea Jo Perlman
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York, USA
- **years active**: 1972 - present
- **alma mater**: Hunter College (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **children**: 3, including Lucy DeVito
- **father**: Philip Perlman (actor), Philip Perlman
- **relatives**: Heide Perlman (sister)
Stacy Keach

**Walter Stacy Keach, Jr.** (born June 2, 1941 in Savannah, Georgia) is an American television, voice, stage, narrator, and movie actor. He is mostly known for his dramatic roles and guest star appearances. Keach is also known for his role as Ken in _Titus_. Keach is a Golden Globe Award winning actor.

Keach was born in Savannah, Georgia on June 2, 1941 to Mary Cain (née Peckham) and to Walter Stacy Keach. Keach was married four times. First to Kathryn Baker from 1964 until they divorced. Second to Marilyn Aiken from 1975 until they divorced. Thirdly to Jill Donahue from 1981 until they divorced 1986. He has been married to Malgosia Tomassi since 1986.

## Other websites

- Stacy Keach - official website
Harry Harrison

**Harry Harrison** (born **Henry Maxwell Dempsey**; March 12, 1925 – August 15, 2012) was an American science fiction author. He was best known for his character the Stainless Steel Rat and the novel _Make Room! Make Room!_ (1966).

Harrison was born in Stamford, Connecticut. Harrison was married to Joan Merkler Harrison from 1930 until her death in 2002. They had two children. Harrison died on August 15, 2012 in his home in Brighton, England.

## Other websites

- Official Harry Harrison News Blog
Maurice Sendak

**Maurice Bernard Sendak** (June 10, 1928 – May 8, 2012) was an American writer and illustrator of children's literature. He was best known for his book _Where the Wild Things Are_, which was released in 1963.

## Early and personal life

Sendak was born on June 10, 1928 in Brooklyn, New York City. His parents were Sadie (née Schindler) and Philip Sendak. Sendak was a homosexual and had a partner Dr. Eugene Glynn from 1957 until 2007 when Glynn died.

### Death

Sendak died on May 8, 2012 in his home in Danbury, Connecticut from a stroke. He was 83 years old.
His remains were cremated.

## Other websites

- "TateShots: Maurice Sendak", a five-minute interview, Tate Museum, 22 December 2011; "look back over his literary career, discuss his love for William Blake and hear why he believes that as an artist, 'you just have to take the dive'".
- "Fresh Air Remembers Author Maurice Sendak", _Fresh Air_ (NPR), May 8, 2012. With links to/excerpts of interviews in 1986, 1989, 1993, 2003 (re: _Brundibár_), 2009 ("Looking Back On _Wild Things_ ...") and 2011 ("This Pig Wants To Party: Maurice Sendak's Latest").
Harrison Ford (silent movie actor)

**Harrison Ford**  (March 16, 1884 – December 2, 1957) was an American stage and movie actor. He was a leading Broadway theatre performer and a star of the silent film era.

Ford was born in Kansas City, Missouri on March 16, 1884. Ford died on December 2, 1957 after being run-over by a car in the early 1950s. He was not related to the living actor with the same name. He was married to actress to Beatrice Prentice from 1909 until his death in 1957. Ford died in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California after being run over by a car on December 2, 1957, aged 73.

## Movies

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1915|_Excuse Me_|Lt. Harry Mallory|||
|1916|_Anton the Terrible_|David Burkin|Alternative title: _The Austrian Spy_||
|1917|_The Crystal Gazer_|Dick Alden|||
|1917|_Molly Entangled_|Barney Malone|||
|1918|_Good Night, Paul_|Paul Boudeaux|||
|1918|_A Lady's Name_|Noel Corcoran|||
|1919|_You Never Saw Such a Girl_|Eric Burgess|||
|1919|_Hawthorne of the U.S.A._|Rodney Blake|||
|1920|_Food for Scandal_|Watt Dinwiile|||
|1920|_Her Beloved Villain_|Martinot|||
|1921|_Wedding Bells_|Reginald Carter|||
|1921|_Love's Redemption_|Clifford Standish|||
|1922|_Foolish Wives_|Rude Soldier/Armless Soldier|Uncredited||
|1922|_Smilin' Through_|Kenneth Wayne/Jeremiah Wayne|||
|1922|_Her Gilded Cage_|Lawrence Pell|||
|1923|_Vanity Fair_|George Osborne|||
|1923|_Maytime_|Richard Wayne|||
|1924|_The Average Woman_|Jimmy Munroe|||
|1924|_Janice Meredith_|Charles Fownes|||
|1925|_Proud Flesh_|Don Jaime|||
|1925|_Lovers in Quarantine_|Anthony Blunt|||
|1925|_That Royle Girl_|Fred Ketlar|||
|1926|_The Song and Dance Man_|Joseph Murdock|||
|1926|_Hell's 400_|John North|||
|1926|_The Nervous Wreck_|Henry Williams|||
|1927|_Night Bride_|Stanley Warrington|||
|1927|_The Girl in the Pullman_|Dr. Donald A. Burton|||
|1928|_Let 'Er Go Gallegher_|Henry Clay Callahan|||
|1928|_The Rush Hour_|Dan Morley|||
|1929|_The Flattering Word_||||
|1929|_Her Husband's Women_||||
|1932|_Love in High Gear_|Donald Ransome|||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Harrison Ford
- **image**: Harrison Ford (silent film actor).jpg
- **caption**: Ford in c. 1915
- **birth place**: Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
- **death place**: Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Car accident
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1904–1932
- **spouse**: Beatrice Prentice
(1909–1957; his death)
Dana Hill

**Dana Hill** (born **Dana Lynne Goetz**; May 6, 1964-July 15, 1996) was an American voice actress. She has a raspy voice. She starred in television programs and movies, including _Goof Troop_ (1992-1993). She died resulting from a stroke that was due to having type 1 diabetes (she was diagnosed at age 10). Hill was born around California.
Jewish languages

**Jewish languages** are the various languages and dialects that developed in Jewish communities around the world.

## History

Although Hebrew was the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries, by the 5th century, the closely related Aramaic joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea where the ancient Jews, "Judeans", where the word "Jew" comes from, lived. By the 3rd century Jews of the diaspora (Jewish people outside of their country) were speaking Greek, and soon afterwards Hebrew was no longer used as a first language - for over sixteen centuries being used almost only as a liturgical language (for prayer) until revived as a spoken language by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda in the Palestine of the late 1880s and eventually becoming the official language of the state of Israel.

## Development

For centuries Jews worldwide spoke the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branching off as independent languages.

The usual way these languages developed was through the addition of Hebrew words, phrases, and sometimes grammar used to express uniquely Jewish concepts and concerns. Often they were written in Hebrew letters, including the block letters used in Hebrew today and Rashi script. Due to the isolated nature of many Jewish communities, many Jewish languages retained archaic (old) vocabulary and linguistic structures of the language from which they descended long after they had been lost or changed in later forms of the parent language.

## Widely spoken

Among the most widely spoken Jewish languages to develop in the diaspora are Yiddish, Ladino, and the Judæo-Arabic group of languages. Yiddish is the Judeo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe, and Ladino, also called Judezmo and Muestra Spanyol (our Spanish), is the Judeo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who lived in the Iberian peninsula.

Many ancient and distinct Jewish languages, including Gruzinic (Jewish Georgian), Judeo-Arabic, Judeo-Berber, Krymchak (Jewish Uzbek) and Judeo-Malayalam (a kind of Indian language) have largely fallen out of use due the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab lands, the assimilation policies of Israel in its early days and other factors.

Yiddish was the language spoken by the largest number of Jews in the 1850s, but today the three most commonly spoken languages among Jews are English, modern Hebrew, and Russian—in that order. Some people think that since Jews who use English and Russian have a lot of Jewish things to say and ways to say them, one day there might be a Judeo-English and maybe Judeo-Russian language.
Maureen McCormick

**Maureen Denise McCormick** (born August 5, 1956) is a television actress. She played the character of Marcia Brady on _The Brady Bunch_ starting in 1969 and ending in 1974. She also acted in many other TV series. She wrote an autobiography called _Here's the Story: Surviving Marcia Brady and Finding My True Voice_.

### Studio albums

|Year|Album details|
| --- | --- |
|1995|_When You Get a Little Lonely_ * Release date: April 4, 1995 * Label: Phantom Hill Records|

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Maureen McCormick
- **image**: Maureen McCormick Maui crop.PNG
- **caption**: Maureen McCormick at a book signing
Daniel Francois Malan

**Daniel Francois Malan** (May 22 1874 – February 7 1959) also known as D.F. Malan, was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954. He was leader of the National Party, an Afrikaner nationalist political party. Apartheid began as a state policy in South Africa under Malan.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Daniel François Malan
- **image**: DFMalanPortret.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **order**: 5th
- **office**: Prime Minister of South Africa
- **term start**: 4 June 1948
- **term end**: 30 November 1954
- **monarch**: George VI
Elizabeth II
- **governor-general**: Gideon Brand van Zyl
Ernest George Jansen
- **predecessor**: Jan Smuts
- **successor**: Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom
- **order1**: Minister of Home Affairs (South Africa), Minister of the Interior
- **term start1**: 30 June 1924
- **term end1**: 20 May 1933
- **primeminister1**: J. B. M. Hertzog
- **predecessor1**: Patrick Duncan (governor-general), Patrick Duncan
- **successor1**: Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894–1948), Jan Hofmeyr
- **birth place**: Riebeek-Wes, Cape Colony
- **death place**: Stellenbosch, Cape Province, Cape,
Union of South Africa, South Africa
- **party**: National Party of South Africa, National Party
Phyllis Thaxter

**Phyllis St. Felix Thaxter** (November 20, 1921 – August 14, 2012) was an American stage and movie actress. She was known for playing Superman's mother in the 1978 movie _Superman_, and as Ellen Lawson in _Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo_.

## Early life

Thaxter was born on November 20, in 1921. in Portland, Maine to Sidney Thaxter and to his wife.

## Career

She had worked a lot on Broadway since 1940. When Dorothy McGuire went to Hollywood, Phyllis replaced her in the play Claudia. In 1944, she signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Her first movie was with Van Johnson in the wartime movie _Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo_. Thaxter played Joan Alris Ellis, a woman suffering from split personality in the movie _Bewitched_ in 1945. In 1948, she played a cattle owner's daughter alongside Barbara Bel Geddes in _Blood on the Moon_.

At MGM, she routinely portrayed the ever-patient wife to a number of leading men. She moved to Warner Brothers in the 1950s, but usually played the same type of roles.

Thaxter's career ended for a while after being ill of polio in 1952. She made a comeback on the television series in _Rawhide_. She would later appear on other television programs such as; _Wagon Train_, _The Twilight Zone_, and _Alfred Hitchcock Presents_. In 1978, Thaxter was cast along with Glenn Ford as Ma and Pa Kent in _Superman_.

## Personal life

Thaxter was married to James Thomas Aubrey, Jr. from 1944 until they divorced in 1962. They had a son and a daughter. She was married to Gilbert Lea from 1962 until his death in 2008.

### Death

Thaxter died on August 14, 2012 in her home in Longwood, Florida from Alzheimer's disease, aged 90. She had the disease for eight years. She was cremated and her ashes were thrown to the sea.

## Movies

- _Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo_ (1944)
- _Bewitched_ (1945)
- _Week-End at the Waldorf_ (1945)
- _Tenth Avenue Angel_ (1946)
- _The Sea of Grass_ (1947)
- _Living in a Big Way_ (1947)
- _Blood on the Moon_ (1948)
- _Act of Violence_ (1948)
- _No Man of Her Own_ (1950)
- _The Breaking Point_ (1950)
- _Jim Thorpe -- All-American_ (1951)
- _Fort Worth_ (1951)
- _Springfield Rifle_ (1952)
- _Wagon Train_ (1959)
- _Women's Prison_ (1955)
- _The World of Henry Orien_ (1964)
- _The Invaders_ (TV series), Season 2/21, Episode: "The Peacemaker" (1968)
- _Superman_ (1978)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Phyllis Thaxter
- **image**: Phyllis Thaxter in Bewitched trailer.jpg
- **caption**: From the movie _Bewitched (1945 movie), Bewitched_ (1945)
- **birth place**: Portland, Maine, U.S.
- **death place**: Longwood, Florida, U.S.
- **birthname**: Phyllis St. Felix Thaxter
- **death cause**: Alzheimer's disease
- **resting place**: Cremated
- **known for**: **Martha Kent** in _Superman (1978 movie), Superman_,
**Ellen Lawson** in _Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo_
- **spouse**:
(divorced),

(his death)
- **occupation**: Actress
- **children**: Skye Aubrey,
James Aubrey
- **yearsactive**: 1940–1992
Godfather's Pizza

**Godfather's Pizza** is an American pizza franchise group that was started around around 1973. The restaurant chain is headquartered out of Omaha, Nebraska and sells Italian foods in addition to pizza. The chain sells golden, original and thin crusts depending on the eatery.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Godfather's Pizza
- **image**: Godfathers Pizza - Hillsboro, Oregon.JPG
- **image caption**: Restaurant in Hillsboro, Oregon, Hillsboro, Oregon
- **company type**: Private company, Private
- **foundation**: 1973
- **location**: 2808 North 108th Street
Omaha, Nebraska 68164
- **key people**: Ronald B. Gartlan (CEO)
- **industry**: Fast food, Pizza
- **products**: Pizza, Chicken, Salad, Potatoes
Shelley Winters

**Shelley Winters** (**Shirley Schrift** August 18, 1920 – January 14, 2006) was an American movie actress who appeared in many blockbuster movies such as _Place in the Sun_, _The Big Knife_, _Lolita_, _The Night of the Hunter_, _Alfie_, and _The Poseidon Adventure_. Her career spanned over 50 years until her death in 2006. Winters won Academy Awards for her acting in _The Diary of Anne Frank_ and _A Patch of Blue_.

## Early life

Winters was born on August 18, 1920 in St. Louis, Missouri to Rose (née Winter) and to Jonas Schrift. She was raised in Brooklyn, New York City. She was educated at The New School.

## Career

Winters' career began in 1943 in the movie _There's Something About a Soldier_ and since then she appeared in over 100 movies, such as; _Escape in the Fog_, _New Orleans_, _The Greatest Story Ever Told_, _Flap_, _Black Journal_, _Fanny Hill_, _Jury Duty_, and her final movie _A-List_.

### Awards and nominations

|Year|Award|Film|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1951|Best Actress in a Leading Role, nominated|_A Place in the Sun_|
|1959|Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, won|_The Diary of Anne Frank_|
|1965|Best Actress in a Supporting Role, won|_A Patch of Blue_|
|1972|Best Actress in a Supporting Role, nominated|_The Poseidon Adventure_|

Winters has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and was inducted into the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 1992.

## Personal life

Winters was married to Paul Meyer from 1937 until they divorced in 1948. Later she married Vittorio Gassman from 1949 until they divorced in 1954. Thirdly she married Anthony Franciosa from 1957 until they divorced in 1960. Lastly she married Gerry DeFord from 2006 until her death in 2006. Winters only had one child with Grassman.

### Death

Winters died on January 14, 2006 in at a hospital in Beverly Hills, California home from heart failure, she was 85 years old. Five days later, her ex-husband Anthony Franciosa died from a stroke.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Shelley Winters
- **image**: Studio publicity Shelley Winters.jpg
- **imagesize**: 235px
- **caption**: Winters in a studio publicity photo (1951)
- **birth name**: Shirley Schrift
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart Failure
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: The New School
- **spouse**: Mack Paul Mayer
<small>(m. 1942–1948; divorced)</small>
Vittorio Gassman
<small>(m. 1952–1954; divorced; 1 child)</small>
Anthony Franciosa
<small>(m. 1957–1960; divorced)</small>
Gerry DeFord
<small>(m. 2006-2006; her death)</small>
- **years active**: 1943–1999
- **occupation**: Actress
- **awards**: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress (1959 and 1965)
Anthony Franciosa

**Anthony Franciosa** (**Anthony George Papaleo** October 25, 1928 – January 19, 2006) was an American movie, TV, and stage actor, usually known as **Tony Franciosa** during his career.

He made some movies such as; _Career_ (1959) for which he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor/Drama. In television he is known for his lead roles in five well-known TV shows as; the sitcom _Valentine's Day_ (1964–65), the drama series _The Name of the Game_ (1968–71), _Search_ (1972–73), _Matt Helm_ (1975) and _Finder of Lost Loves_ (1984). Franciosa received a Tony Award nomination for his role in the play _A Hatful of Rain_.

Franciosa was born in New York City, New York on October 25, 1928.

Franciosa was married to Beatrice Bakalyar from 1952 until it ended in divorce in 1957. Secondly he married Shelley Winters from 1957 until they divorced in 1960. Thirdly he married Judy Balaban from 1961 until they divorced in 1967. Lastly he married Rita Thiel from 1970 until his death in 2006.

Franciosa suffered a stroke on the day his ex-wife Shelley Winters died on January 14, 2006. Franciosa died five days after Winters' death on January 19, 2006 from a stroke at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, he was 77 years old. He is survived by his wife Rita, his three children, and his two grandchildren. His remains were later cremated.
Ron Palillo

**Ronald Gabriel "Ron" Palillo** (April 2, 1949 – August 14, 2012) was an American television and movie actor, who is best known for his role as high school student Arnold Dingfelder Horshack on the ABC sitcom _Welcome Back, Kotter_, from 1975 to 1979.

Palillo was born in Cheshire, Connecticut on April 2, 1949.  He was educated at University of Connecticut. Palillo died on August 14, 2012 from a heart attack in his Palm Beach, Florida home.  He was 63 years old. He is survived by his partner of 41 years, Joseph Gramm.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Ron Palillo 1975.jpg
- **caption**: Ron Palillo in 1975
- **birth name**: Ronald Gabriel Paolillo
- **birth place**: New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.
- **partner**: Joseph Gramm (1971–2012; Palillo's death)
- **alma mater**: University of Connecticut
- **occupation**: actor, illustrator, playwright
- **other names**: Ronald G. Paolillo (as illustrator)
- **yearsactive**: 1975–2010
Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom

**Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom** (also spelled Strydom) also known as J.G. Strydom or Hans Strydom (July 14 1893-August 24 1958) nicknamed _the Lion of the North_, was Prime Minister of South Africa from 30 November 1954 to 24 August 1958. He was an Afrikaner nationalist, as well as a supporter and defender of apartheid, which was invented by the previous Prime Minister, Daniel Francois Malan.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Johannes Gerhardus Strijdom
- **image**: JG Strijdom.jpg
- **width**: 240px
- **order**: 6th
- **office**: Prime Minister of South Africa
- **term start**: 30 November 1954
- **term end**: 24 August 1958
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **predecessor**: Daniel Francois Malan
- **successor**: Hendrik Verwoerd
- **birth place**: Klipfontein (farm), Klipfontein, Cape Colony
- **death place**: Cape Town, Cape Province, Union of South Africa
- **party**: National Party of South Africa, National Party
Murder of JonBenét Ramsey

**JonBenét Patricia Ramsey** (August 6, 1990December 25, 1996) was an American child beauty pageant queen. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia and moved to Boulder, Colorado when she was nine months old. She was strangled in her house in Boulder. Her murder remains unsolved. Alexis Reich falsely confessed to the murder in 2006.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: JonBenét Ramsey
- **image**: JonBenét Ramsey grave.jpg
- **caption**: JonBenet's tombstone
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia United States
- **death place**: Boulder, Colorado, United States
- **body discovered**: 26 December 1996
- **parents**: John Bennett Ramsey and Patricia Ramsey
Thomas Kretschmann

**Thomas Kretschmann** (Born 8 September 1962 in Dessau, East Germany) is a German movie, television, voice actor best known for playing Leutnant Hans von Witzland in the 1993 film _Stalingrad_, Hauptmann Wilm Hosenfeld in _The Pianist_, Hermann Fegelein in _Der Untergang_, Captain Englehorn in the 2005 remake of _King Kong_, _Valkyrie_, and voicing Professor Z in _Cars 2_.

Kretschmann was born on September 8, 1962 in Dessau, East Germany. Kretschmann had a partner Lena Roklin from 1997 until they split-up in 2009, they had three children. Kretschmann currently lives in Malibu, California and Los Angeles, California.
Melissa Manchester

**Melissa Manchester** (born February 15, 1951 in the Bronx, New York) is an American singer, songwriter and actress. She has acted in several movies. She has received several awards during her musical career, which began in the late 1960s.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Melissa Manchester
- **image**: MelissaManchester20091028.JPG
- **caption**: Manchester in concert on October 28, 2009 in Annapolis, Maryland
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Bronx, New York
- **genre**: Pop
- **occupation**: Singer-Songwriter, Musician, Actress
- **instruments**: Vocals, piano, keyboards
- **years active**: 1971–present
- **label**: Arista Records, Arista, Bell Records, Bell
- **associated acts**: Barry Manilow, Bette Midler, Harlettes
Blythe Danner

**Blythe Katherine Danner** (born February 3, 1943) is an American actress. She is the widow of movie director Bruce Paltrow. She is the mother of actress Gwyneth Paltrow and director Jake Paltrow. She has starred in many Broadway plays and movies.

## Early life

Danner was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is the daughter of Katharine (née Kile) and Harry Earl Danner, a bank executive. She has a brother, opera singer/actor Harry Danner, a sister, performer-turned-director Dorothy (Dottie) Danner, and a half-brother, violin maker William Moennig. Danner is of part Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry, and one of her great-grandmothers was born in Barbados (a White Barbadian).

## Infobox (comedian awards)

- **child**: yes
- **emmyawards**: **Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series**
 2005 _Huff (TV series), Huff_
 2006 _Huff (TV series), Huff_
- **tonyawards**: **Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play**
 1970 _Butterflies Are Free_


## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Blythe Danner - 1980.jpg
- **caption**: Danner in 1980
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- **birth name**: Blythe Katherine Danner
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1965–present
- **spouse**: Bruce Paltrow
(m. 1969–2002; his death)
Kim Du-han

**Kim Du-han**(korea:김두한, hanja:金斗漢, 1918-1972) was South Korean politician, gangsters. He was one of the boss of big gangsters groups of Seoul. A pen-name was **Uisong**(의송, 義松).

## Site link

- Kim Du-han
- Kim Du-han
- 야인시대
Jordana Brewster

**Jordana Brewster** (, born April 26, 1980) is an American actress. She began acting during her late teens starting with the soap opera _All My Children_. Later, Brewster began acting in movies and television programs. These include _The Fast and the Furious_ series of movies. Brewster was born in Panama City, Panama. Her father is American. Her mother is Brazilian. She grew up in Brazil and London before moving to New York at age 10.

## Early life

Brewster was born in Panama City, Panama, the daughter of Maria João (née Leal de Sousa), a former _Sports Illustrated_ swimsuit model from Brazil, and Alden Brewster, an American investment banker.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1998|_The Faculty_|Delilah Profitt|||
|2001|_The Invisible Circus_|Phoebe|||
|2001|_The Fast and the Furious_|Mia Toretto|||
|2004|_D.E.B.S._|Lucy Diamond|||
|2005|_Nearing Grace_|Grace Chance|||
|2006|_Annapolis_|Ali Halloway|||
|2006|_The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning_|Chrissie|Nominated – Scream Awards for Scream Queen Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress: Horror Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie: Scream||
|2009|_Fast & Furious_|Mia Toretto|Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress: Action||
|2011|_Fast Five_|Mia Toretto|Nominated – Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actress: Action||
|2013|_Fast & Furious 6_|Mia Toretto|||
|2015|_Furious 7_|Mia Toretto|||

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1995|_All My Children_|Anita Santos|Episode dated May 16, 1995||
|1995–2001|_As the World Turns_|Nikki Munson|114 episodes Nominated – Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Teen Performer||
|1999|_The '60s_|Sarah Weinstock|TV miniseries||
|2007|_Mr. and Mrs. Smith_|Jane Smith|TV pilot||
|2008–2009|_Chuck_|Jill Roberts|Episodes: "Chuck Versus the Ex", "Chuck Versus the Fat Lady", "Chuck Versus the Gravitron", "Chuck Versus the First Kill"||
|2010|_Dark Blue_|Maria|Episodes: "Urban Garden", "Liar's Poker" and "Shelter of the Beast"||
|2010|_Gigantic_|Celebrity|Episodes: "Pilot: Part 1" and "Pilot: Part 2"||
|2012|_Dallas_|Elena Ramos|||

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: JordanaBrewsterMarch09cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Jordana at the 2009 premiere of _Fast & Furious_.
- **birth place**: Panama City, Panama
- **occupation**: Celebrity, Model (person), Model
- **height**: 173 cm
- **years active**: 1995 - present
Outrage (movie)

***Outrage*** is a movie that came out in 2010. _Autoreiji_ is the movie's original title in Japan. Takeshi Kitano is the director. It has a restricted rating. It is 109 minutes long. It is a crime drama. It is about Tokyo's yakuza clans. It has a little sexual content. It competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2010 Cannes Film Festival.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Outrage
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Takeshi Kitano
- **writer**: Takeshi Kitano
- **starring**: Takeshi Kitano
- **music**: Keiichi Suzuki (composer), Keiichi Suzuki
- **cinematography**: Katsumi Yanagijima
- **editing**: Takeshi Kitano
- **studio**: Office Kitano
- **runtime**: 109 minutes
- **country**: Japan
- **language**: Japanese
English
- **gross**: 634 million Japanese yen, yen
Tom Kenny

**Thomas James Kenny** (born July 13, 1962) is an American actor and comedian. He is mostly known for being the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants in _SpongeBob SquarePants_. He has also done the voices of The Ice King in _Adventure Time_, The Mayor in _The Powerpuff Girls_, Lord Mission in _Codename: Kids Next Door_, Wheelie in _The SpongeBob cartoon series_, and Scout Master Lumpus in _Camp Lazlo_.

## Early and personal life

Kenny was born on July 13, 1962 in Syracuse, New York. He has been married to Jill Talley since 1995. They have two children, Mack (born 1998) and Nora (born 2003). The Kennys live in Studio City, California.

Kenny met Bobcat Goldthwait in first grade and they became lifelong friends.

## Awards and nominations

|style="background:#ccc;"|Year|style="background:#ccc;"|Award|style="background:#ccc;"|Category|style="background:#ccc;"|Film/TV Show|style="background:#ccc;"|Result|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2001|Annie Award|Best Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Production (voice of SpongeBob)|_SpongeBob SquarePants_|||||||
|2008|Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production (voice of SpongeBob)|||||||||
|2010|Golden Raspberry Awards|Worst Screen Couple (voice of Wheelie and Skids) <small>(shared with Shia LaBeouf and either Megan Fox or any "Transformer")</small>|_Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen_|||||||
|Annie Award|Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production (voice of SpongeBob)|_SpongeBob SquarePants_||||||||
|2011|Golden Raspberry Awards|Worst Screen Ensemble (voice of Wheelie) <small>(shared with the entire cast)</small>|_Transformers: Dark of the Moon_|||||||
|2014|Annie Award|Outstanding Achievement, Voice Acting in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production (voice of Ice King)|_Adventure Time_|||||||
|2015|Annie Award|Voice Acting in an Animated Feature (voice of SpongeBob)|_The Spongebob Movie: Sponge Out of Water_|||||||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tom Kenny
- **image**: Tom Kenny by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
- **caption**: Kenny in 2023
- **birth place**: Syracuse, New York, U.S.
- **birth name**: Thomas James Kenny
- **years active**: 1981–present
- **parents**: Paul Austin Kenny
Theresa Bridget Donigan
- **children**: 2
Regina King

**Regina King** (born January 15, 1971 in Los Angeles) is an American movie and television actress and model. She began acting in 1985 with the situation comedy _227_, on which program she stayed until 1990. She has performed in many movies, including _Jerry Maguire_, _Boyz n the Hood_ (1991) and _Higher Learning_ (1995). She voiced both Huey and Riley Freeman in the Adult Swim television series _The Boondocks_.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Regina King 2010.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Regina King, Los Angeles, California
May 22, 2010
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1985–present
- **spouse**: Ian Alexander Sr. (1997−2007; divorced) 1 child
Poetic Justice

***Poetic Justice*** is a 1993 urban drama movie. It stars Tupac Shakur, Regina King and Janet Jackson. It is about poems from the poet Maya Angelou. _Poetic Justice_ received mixed to negative reviews, though received close to $28 million while in theaters.
Wave function

In quantum mechanics, the **Wave function**, usually represented by _Ψ_, or _ψ_, describes the probability of finding an electron somewhere in its matter wave. To be more precise, the _square_ of the wave function gives the probability of finding the location of the electron in the given area, since the normal answer for the wave function is usually a complex number. The wave function concept was first introduced in the Schrödinger equation.

## Mathematical interpretation

The formula for finding the wave function (i.e., the probability wave), is below:

where _i_ is the imaginary number, _ψ (x,t)_ is the wave function, _ħ_ is the reduced Planck constant, _t_ is time, _x_ is position in space, _Ĥ_ is a mathematical object known as the _Hamiltonian operator_. The reader will note that the symbol  denotes that the partial derivative of the wave function is being taken.

### Probabilistic nature

Note that the wave in question, commonly referred to as Schrodinger's Wave, "is not in physical space", and does not give the probability of where an object is -- the object has no physical existence.  The wave function gives "the probability that if you look, you will _observe_ (emphasis mine) the object at a particular place".  When nothing disturbs it, an electron does not exist in any place.  "Quantum mechanics brings probability to the heart of the evolution of things."

## Related pages

- Schrödinger equation
- Quantum mechanics
- Bohr model
Partial derivative

In multivariable calculus, the **partial derivative** of a function is the derivative of one variable when all other variables are held constant. In other words, a partial derivative takes the derivative of certain variables of a function while not differentiating other variable(s). Partial derivatives are often used in multivariable functions.

For partial derivatives of function _f_ with respect to variable _x_, the notation

,  ,

is standard, but other notations are sometimes used.

## Examples

If we have a function , then there are several partial derivatives of _f(x, y)_ that are all equally valid. For example,

Or, we can do the following:

## Related pages

- Difference quotient
- Partial differential equation
String (physics)

In string theory and theoretical physics, **strings** are hypothetical objects that are believed to be the elementary particles of the universe. If they exist, they would not be point-like particles, but rather 1-dimensional "strings" of energy that vibrate in various dimensions. The image to the right illustrates the various possible dimensions that a string could vibrate in. (Currently, physicists accept the fact that there are at least 11 dimensions in our universe: 1 time dimension and 10 spatial dimensions.) The length of the strings would be determined by Planck length:

It is still not known whether these strings actually exist. They are the main topic of string theory.

## Related pages

- String theory

- Calabi-Yau manifold

- M-theory