juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Insulin glargine

**Insulin glargine** (also known as **Lantus**) is a diabetic insulin medicine of long-lasting origin that is used to control high blood sugar. The medication is used during the evening or night hours by people having Type 1 diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults or, rarely, in Type 2 diabetes. The medication is used with other insulins, including mealtime insulin.
Insulin lispro

**Insulin lispro**, better known as **Humalog**, is a quick-acting diabetic insulin taken before meals. People having Type 1 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (or rarely, Type 2 diabetes) use the medication. It was first approved in 1996.
Coon

**Coon** may refer to:
- Coon (cheese), an Australian brand of cheese being renamed to "Cheer"
- Coon (slur), a racial slur
- Raccoon
Dysthymia

**Dysthymia** (also called **dysthymic disorder** or **neurotic depression**) is a type of mental illness called a mood disorder.  People with dysthymia have depression that is mild to moderate and lasts for a long time, sometimes years. A person must have symptoms for at least two years to qualify for a diagnosis of dysthymia.

The symptoms of dysthymia and major depressive disorder are similar. Both disorders can have serious effects on the body, mind, and emotions.  Physical symptoms can include changes in appetite, low energy, feeling tired, and trouble sleeping. Mental symptoms include difficulty making decisions or concentrating. Emotionally, people with either disorder often feel hopeless and have low self-esteem.  These symptoms are usually less severe with dysthymia.

In comparison to people with major depressive disorder, people with dysthymia may think about suicide and try to kill themselves. Dysthymia does not involve mania, hypomania (mild forms of mania), or mixed episodes (where a person has symptoms of both depression and mania).

Sometimes, people with dysthymia have "double depression."  This happens when a person with dysthymia has episodes of major depression (where their depression gets much worse) on top of their existing dysthymia.

Dysthymia usually affects adults, though it can affect teenagers. People who are diagnosed early (before age 22) usually have more severe relapses (where they return to being dysthymic after having been healthy), and are more likely to have other mental illnesses along with their dysthymia.
Fibromyalgia

**Fibromyalgia** is a medical condition that causes chronic (long-lasting) pain all over the body. The exact causes are not known. Fibromyalgia cannot be cured, but there are things that can help with the pain and other symptoms.

Fibromyalgia affects mostly women, but men can also be affected. Adults are diagnosed with fibromyalgia more than children.

## Symptoms

The symptoms of fibromyalgia are not just the pain. It can also include severe fatigue, trouble sleeping, and sensitivity.

Fibromyalgia sometimes exists along with depression, stress, and anxiety.

## What can make symptoms worse

Sometimes pain, fatigue, and the other symptoms of fibromyalgia can get worse because of other things. These are called triggers.

Some triggers in fibromyalgia could be stress, sickness, medications, or changes in life, weather, sleep, or what you eat. For example, if someone with fibromyalgia was very stressed and upset because of work, they might be in more pain the next few days.

## Things that can help

Many things can help with the symptoms, like medications, physical therapy, and counseling.

## Related pages

- Chronic conditions
- Pain
A Single Man

***A Single Man*** is a 2009 American drama movie. It is set in Los Angeles, California on November 30, 1962 and stars Colin Firth as a depressed, English, gay, professor thinking about committing suicide. Julianne Moore plays his best friend. This movie got very positive reviews by the critics.
University of Costa Rica

The **University of Costa Rica** () is a public university in the Republic of Costa Rica, in Central America.  Its main campus is Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio. It is located in San Pedro Montes de Oca, in the province of San José.  It is the oldest, largest, and most prestigious university in Costa Rica. It is also the most important research university in Central America. About 39,000 students attend UCR each year.

The University of Costa Rica is currently in the top 500 best universities worldwide, ranking at #1826 world-wide, and at #81 Latin America-wise.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Costa Rica
- **native name**: Universidad de Costa Rica
- **motto**: _Lucem Aspicio_ (Latin, "In search for the light")
- **established**: 1940
- **type**: Public university, Public, undergraduate, graduate.
- **rector**: Henning Jensen Pennington, Dr. Henning Jensen-Pennington
- **students**: 41.642 (2011)
- **undergrad**: 37.600
- **postgrad**: 4.042
- **city**: San Pedro, Costa Rica, San Pedro Montes de Oca
- **province**: San José Province, San José
- **country**: Costa Rica
- **campus**: Both urban area, Urban and Rural
- **free label**: Campus size
- **free**: 77.5 ha, 775.000 m²
- **website**: [http://www.ucr.ac.cr www.ucr.ac.cr]
The Boat Race

**The Boat Race** is a rowing race that happens every year in London. It is a race between the boat clubs of Cambridge University and Oxford University. The crews are made up of students. These two universities have a strong tradition in rowing and a strong rivalry between them.

The course is 4 miles long, along the River Thames. The first boat race was in 1829, and it is usually held on the last Sunday of March or the first Sunday of April. During the World Wars, the Boat Race did not happen. It is a very important sporting event in the United Kingdom. Millions of people watch it on television. In 2009, more than 250,000 people watched it along the river.

As of 2013, Cambridge has won the race 81 times and Oxford 77.

## 2021 Boat Race

The 166th Boat Race will take place on the  River Great Ouse on Sunday 4 April. It will start at  Ely in Cambridgeshire. The reason is that Hammersmith Bridge on the Thames is unsafe, and the coronavirus dangers are greater in London.
Carle Thulka

**Carle Thulka**, also known as **Lake Maurice**, is a salt lake in South Australia. It is the largest of many salt lakes in the eastern end of the Great Victoria Desert. It is normally dry, except during and after periods of heavy rainfall. When it is full, the lake covers an area of around . It is part of the geological basin known as the Officer Basin. The smaller Lake Dey Dey is to the north. Since 1985, Carle Thulka is part of the lands belonging to the Maralinga Tjarutja, a southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara. The community of Oak Valley is near the western shore of the lake.

The exposed surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt or sand, covered with a salty crust. The area around Carle Thulka is very dry. Two wells have been drilled to the southeast and northwest of Carle Thulka, to search for uranium and other minerals. Both wells yield very low levels of groundwater. The water contains high levels of salt. It has also been found to contain radium and sediments from the Cambrian era.

## History

The lake is named after the explorer Richard Maurice. Maurice went on at least eight expeditions to the Great Victoria Desert between 1897 and 1903. He was not the first European to pass through this region: Ernest Giles and his team had explored the area almost 20 years before. Giles saw the lake in 1875, but he did not give it a name. He described the area as barren, and wrote that he and his team found no game between Carle Thulka and the Western Australian border. Maurice, in his own expeditions, recorded information and collected specimens on the plants, animals and geology of the area. In 1904, a mining surveyor named Frank George led a prospecting expedition through this region. He used Maurice's camels and equipment and travelled northwest of Lake Dey Dey and across the border to the salt lakes in Western Australia. George named Lake Maurice, and he reported that the area was not likely to contain anything suitable for mining.

The area around Carle Thulka was affected by the nuclear-weapon tests done during the 1950s. Dozens of Aboriginal families were removed from their ancestral lands and settled in towns far to the north (Ernabella), south (Yalata and Ooldea) and west (Cundeelee and Warburton). In the late 1940s, a single officer, Walter MacDougall, was sent to warn people in the area of the coming tests. The fallout from the hydrogen bombs was expected to harm or kill anyone within range. Officially, all were forced to leave their lands and were not allowed within 200 km of ground zero. Given that only one officer and an assistant were assigned to warn the people who lived across this huge area, many of the people were never informed, nor did they leave the area. Planes dropped information leaflets across the area, but the natives could not read the leaflets and were wary or afraid of the aircraft.

## Other websites

- Topographic map (1942)

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Carle Thulka
- **other name**: Lake Maurice
- **image lake**: Lake Maurice 0317.svg
- **location**: South Australia
- **type**: salt lake
- **basin countries**: List of lakes of Australia, Australia
- **area**: 29 km²
Serpentine Lakes

The **Serpentine Lakes** is a chain of salt lakes in the Great Victoria Desert of Australia. It runs for almost  along the border between South Australia and Western Australia. When full, the lakes cover an area of . Most of it is located in the Mamungari Conservation Park. The Anne Beadell Highway crosses the northernmost arm of the lake.

The Serpentine Lakes are considered an important wetlands area. They form part of a major palaeo-drainage system, an ancient and inactive drainage system from the Palaeozoic era. The surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt and sand, and is covered with a salty crust. The sediment is mostly quartz arenite. The lakes form the main channel of the palaeo-drainage system. Other channels are covered by dunes and are not well defined.

Tektites high in magnesium have been found in these lakes.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Serpentine Lakes
- **image lake**: Serpentine Lakes.JPG
- **location**: South Australia and Western Australia
- **type**: salt lakes
- **basin countries**: List of lakes of Australia, Australia
- **length**: 100 km
- **area**: 97 km²
Lake Dey Dey

**Lake Dey Dey** is a salt lake in South Australia. It is one of many salt lakes in the eastern end of the Great Victoria Desert. It is normally dry, except during and after periods of heavy rainfall. It is part of the geological basin known as the Officer Basin. The larger Lake Maurice is to the south. Since 1985, Lake Dey Dey is part of the lands belonging to the Maralinga Tjarutja, a southern branch of the Pitjantjatjara. The community of Oak Valley is located nearby to the southwest.

The surface of the lake normally consists of dry clay, silt or sand, covered with a salty crust. The area around Lake Dey Dey is very dry. Groundwater contains high levels of salt.

The lake is culturally important to the Maralinga Tjarutja people. Both Dey Dey and Lake Maurice have **' (Dreaming stories) associated with them, and some parts of Dey Dey are restricted so that only men who have been initiated have access. The major **' associated with Lake Dey Dey relates to , an ancestral spirit represented by the eastern grey kangaroo.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Lake Dey Dey
- **location**: South Australia
- **type**: salt lake
- **basin countries**: List of lakes of Australia, Australia
Bess Armstrong

**Elizabeth Key "Bess" Armstrong** (December 11, 1953) is an American actress. She got her start in acting on stage. Armstrong has done most of her acting on television but has been in some movies. She starred in the 1986 movie _Nothing in Common_ with Tom Hanks and Jackie Gleason.

Armstrong was born in Baltimore, Maryland.
Samuel Witwer

**Samuel Weiler "Sam" Witwer IV** (born October 20, 1977) is an American actor and musician. He has appeared in individual episodes of many television shows as well as minor recurring characters in shows including _Battlestar Galactica_.

### Movies

- _Gamer_ (2009)
- _Pathology_ (2008)
- _The Mist_ (2007)

### Television

- 2001: _ER_ – Tommy (1 episode)
- 2001–2003: _JAG_ – Beasley (3 episodes)
- 2002: _Dark Angel_ – Marrow (1 episode)
- 2004: _Cold Case_ – James Creighton (1 episode)
- 2004–2005: _Battlestar Galactica_ – Lt. Crashdown (11 episodes)
- 2006: _Dexter_ – Neil Perry (3 episodes)
- 2007: _It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia_ – Muscular Man
- 2007–2008: _CSI: Crime Scene Investigation_ – Officer Casella (3 episodes)
- 2008–2009: _Smallville_ – Davis Bloome
- 2010: _The Walking Dead_ – Zombie soldier inside the tank
- 2011–present: _Being Human_ – Aidan McCollin
- 2011–2013: _Star Wars: The Clone Wars_ – Darth Maul

### Video games

- 2008: _Star Wars: The Force Unleashed_ – Galen Marek, Darth Sidious
- 2010: _Star Wars: The Forde Unleashed II_ – Galen Marek, Darth Sidious

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Samuel Witwer
- **image**: Sam Witwer at Comic-Con 2011 cropped.jpg
- **birth name**: Samuel Weiler Witwer IV
- **birth place**: Glenview, Cook County, Illinois, U.S.A
- **known for**: Aidan McCollin in _Being Human_
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2001–present
Highgate

**Highgate** is a wealthy suburban area in north London. It is partly in the London Borough of Camden, partly in the London Borough of Islington and partly in the London Borough of Haringey.
Finchley

**Finchley** is a suburban area of the London Borough of Barnet in north London.
King's Royal Hussars

The **King's Royal Hussars** are a cavalryregiment in the British Army.

## Regimental Identity

The King's Royal Hussars wear a brown beret and their cap badge depicts the Prussian Eagle. This is because Princess Frederica of Prussia awarded the symbol of the Royal House of Prussia to the 14th Light Dragoons in 1798. The letters 'FR' are above the eagle.

Soldiers serving in the regiment also wear a brown stable belt with two yellow stripes. HRH Prince Albert permitted the regiment to wear crimson trousers, which still form a part of the uniform today.

The regimental quick march is 'The King's Royal Hussars', whilst the slow march is 'Coburg' and the general salute is 'The Eagle'.
Pope Pius I

**Pope Pius I** (; died 154) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 10th Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome from 140 until his death in 154.

## Early life

Pius was born at Aquileia, in Northern Italy.

## Pope

Pius became pope in 140.

He was the first sole Bishop of Rome during his reign.  Previously, the Bishop of Rome was a council of Bishops with the Pope being the head of the council.  His feast day is celebrated on July 11.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- "Pius," _Encyclopædia Britannica,_ 1911
- Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: Pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope Saint
- **name**: Pius I
- **image**: Pope Pius I.jpg
- **title**: Bishop of Rome
- **see**: Holy See
- **birth name**: Pius
- **term start**: c. 140
- **term end**: c. 155
- **predecessor**: Pope Hyginus, Hyginus
- **successor**: Pope Anicetus, Anicetus
- **birth date**: c. late 1st century
- **birth place**: Aquileia, Italy
- **death date**: c. 155
- **death place**: Rome, Roman Empire
- **feast day**: 11 July
- **other**: Pius
National Institute of Statistics and Census of Costa Rica

The **National Institute of Statistics and Census** of Costa Rica (Spanish: _Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de Costa Rica_, or _INEC_) is the government institution in charge of censuses and official surveys in the country. The main office is located in San José.

## History

INEC was first called _Oficina Central de Estadística_ in 1861. Later, in 1951, it was called _Dirección General de Estadística y Censos_, until 1998, when INEC was its legal name. INEC ran its first census in 1864, and the last one was the 10th population and the 6th dwellings census, held in June 2011.

## Censuses in Costa Rica

- **1864**. First Population Census .
- **1883**. Second Population Census .
- **1892**. Third Population Census .
- **1927**. Fourth Population Census .
- **1950**. Fifth Population Census .
- **1963**. Sixth Population Census .
- **1973**. Seventh Population Census. Available at CCP.
- **1984**. Eighth Population Census. Available at CCP.
- **2000**. Ninth Population Census. Available at CCP.
- **2011**. Tenth Population Census.

## Other websites

- INEC website (in spanish only)
- Central American Population Center website (in spanish only). _Centro Centroamericano de Población (CCP)_, organization in charge of demographic studies, has information about the census that can be accessed online.
Liberia, Costa Rica

**Liberia** is the capital and largest city of Guanacaste province in Costa Rica. The city is  northwest of the national capital, San José. Liberia is often called "la ciudad blanca" (the white city) by its residents because of the white gravel once used to make the city’s roads and the whitewashed colonial houses that once made up a large part of the city.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Liberia
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Liberia_City_-_Cathedral.JPG
- **image flag**: Bandera de Liberia (Costa Rica).svg
- **pushpin map**: Costa Rica
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Costa Rica
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Costa Rica, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Guanacaste Province, Guanacaste
- **subdivision type2**: Cantons of Costa Rica, Canton
- **subdivision name2**: Liberia (canton), Liberia
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1836
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1456.57
- **elevation m**: 144
- **population total**: 62995
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Liberiano
- **timezone1**: +6
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 50101
Nicoya

**Nicoya** is a town in Costa Rica's Guanacaste Province. It is one of the most important tourist zones. It serves as a transport hub to Guanacaste's beaches and national parks. The town is also the capital of the _cantón_ of the same name (Nicoya Canton).

The town was built in an old colonial style. It was built in the Cordillera Volcánica de Guanacaste. Agriculture and cattle are the town's main economic activity.

In early 2006, a group of researchers led by adventure writer Dan Buettner and supported by National Geographic Magazine, the National Institute for Aging, and Alliance Healthcare, designated Nicoya as a Blue Zone. This designation is granted to global regions that are characterized by the longest life expectancies.  Among the ideal Nicoyan lifestyle characteristics cited by the research were the water’s high calcium content, intense daily physical activity, year-long fruit consumption, and close inter-generational relationships.

While the town elected 61 year old Lorenzo Rosales Vargas as mayor on December 3, 2006 he was only able to serve for about a year before quitting due to health reasons. Since May 5, 2008 Eduardo Gutiérrez Rosales has been holding the office instead as Nicoya's first supply mayor. They are both members of the National Liberation Party (PLN).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Nicoya
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Nicoya.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image flag**: Bandera de Nicoya.svg
- **pushpin map**: Costa Rica
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Costa Rica
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Costa Rica
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Costa Rica, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Guanacaste Province
- **subdivision type2**: Cantons of Costa Rica, Canton
- **subdivision name2**: Nicoya Canton
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Eduardo Gutiérrez Rosales
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1523
- **established title2**: Joined Republic of Costa Rica
- **established date2**: 1824-1825
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population as of**: 2000
- **population total**: 20,945
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central Standard Time
- **utc offset**: -6
- **elevation max m**: 123
- **elevation min m**: 3
Lens (optics)

A **lens** is a clear (transparent) object (like glass, plastic or even a drop of water) that changes the way things look by bending the light that goes through it. They may make things appear larger, smaller, or upside-down. Some places lenses are used include spectacles (eyeglasses), contact lenses, cameras, projectors, microscopes, telescopes, magnifying glasses, etc. Each eye also has a lens.

They work by refraction, or the bending of light.

Lenses have three main shapes. Each different shape changes the image (making it bigger or smaller). The three types are:
- Convex: the center part is thicker
- Concave: the center part is thinner
- Planar: flat

The power of a lens is the reciprocal of its focal length:
P = 1/focal length.

## History

The word "lens" comes from the Latin word for "lentil," because the earliest convex lenses in common use were shaped like the bean.

The oldest written record of lenses is in the ancient Greek play by Aristophanes called "Clouds", where lenses were used with sunlight to make fire.

Galileo Galilei is commonly believed to have used lenses to make the first known refracting telescope. However, he merely adapted and improved a design he learned from Dutch lensmakers such as Hans Lippershey. He was probably the first to use telescopes to make accurate astronomical observations, though.

## Related pages

- Camera lens
- Focal length
Khuiratta

**Khuiratta** () is a town of the Kotli District in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. In has been the headquarters of the district subdivision since 2010.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Khuiratta
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **mapsize**: 100px
- **pushpin map**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative units of Pakistan, Province
- **area code type**: List of dialling codes of Pakistan, Calling code
- **timezone1**: Pakistan Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset1**: +5
Lauren Alaina

**Lauren Alaina Kristine Suddeth** (born November 8, 1994) is an American country singer. She placed second on the 10th season of _American Idol_. Her album _Wildflower_ was released in 2011. She is from Rossville, Georgia.

## Discography

- Singles
- "Doin' Fine" (2017)
Banjo-Tooie

***Banjo-Tooie*** is a platformer video game for the Nintendo 64 game console released in 2000. It was made by Rare and published by Nintendo. It is the sequel to _Banjo-Kazooie_.

The main characters are a bear named Banjo and an orange bird named Kazooie. The game takes place two years after _Banjo-Kazooie_. It follows Banjo and Kazooie as they try to stop the evil witch Gruntilda Winkybunion and her sisters, Mingella and Blobbelda, from bringing back Gruntilda's body to its original form.

The game was released on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service on April 29, 2009.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Rare
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **genre**: Platformer
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Nintendo 64
Stockton-on-Tees

**Stockton-on-Tees** is a medium-sized town in the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in County Durham.
Cashback reward program

When payment is made with credit card, sellers pay small percentage of the transaction to their bank or merchant. Many credit card companies, especially those in the United Kingdom and United States, share the commission with the owner of card by giving him money bonus, points that can be exchanged for prizes and discounts once some level of purchases is reached. A monetary benefit is known as **cashback**, sometimes pronounced as two separate words in the United States - (**cash back**). Usual cashback amount is between 0.5% and 2% of buyers net spending (purchases minus refunds and tax) as a yearly bonus, which is either added to the credit card account or paid by cheque, cash or wire to the participant.

Recently, major card issuers have increased cashback amount to 5% for purchases especially in grocery stores and petrol stations.

In most cases bonuses like cashback are offered to customers that pay off their credit debt on time every month.
Canton (country subdivision)

A **canton** is a type of administrative division of a country. Generally, cantons have fewer people and are smaller than other administrative divisions like counties, departments, or provinces.

Cantons exist in many countries. The best-known cantons and the most politically important are those of Switzerland. The Swiss cantons are semi-sovereign.
Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia

**Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia** (March 10, 1900 – June 9, 1970) was the president of Costa Rica from 1940 to 1944.

## Early life

Calderón was born on 10 March 1900 in San José. In his youth, Calderón studied in Costa Rica, France and Belgium, where he married Yvonne Clays Spoelders, who was later the first female diplomat of Costa Rica. After finishing his studies, Calderón became a practicing surgeon, which he would remain for most of his early career.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia
- **image**: Calderón Guardia 1940 cropped.jpg
- **order**: List of Presidents of Costa Rica, President of Costa Rica
- **term start**: 8 May 1940
- **term end**: 8 May 1944
- **predecessor**: León Cortés Castro
- **successor**: Teodoro Picado Michalski
- **birth place**: San José, Costa Rica, San José
- **death place**: San José, Costa Rica, San José
- **party**: Republicano Nacional (during term)
National Unification Party (Costa Rica), National Unification Party (beginning in 1966)
Karen Black

**Karen Black** (July 1, 1939 – August 8, 2013) was an American actress, screenwriter, singer and songwriter. She has acted in many movies. These include _The Great Gatsby_, _Airport 1975_ and _Easy Rider_. Black has won 2 Golden Globe Awards for "Best Performance by an Actress In A Supporting Role in a Motion Picture".

## Early life

She was born in Park Ridge, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, Illinois. She was the daughter of Elsie Mary (née Reif), a writer of several prize-winning children's novels, and Norman Arthur Ziegler. Her paternal grandfather was Arthur Charles Ziegler, a classical musician and first violinist for the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Her sister is actress Gail Brown. Black was of German, Czech and Norwegian ancestry.

## Personal life

Black was married four times. She had two children.

## Death

Black died on August 8, 2013 in Santa Monica, California from ampullary cancer, aged 74.

## Other websites

- _Stuck!_ movie site
- Podcast interview March 2007
- Karen Black - The Terror Trap

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Karen Black
- **image**: Karen Black - Ace.jpg
- **caption**: in _Ace Up My Sleeve_ (1976)
- **birth name**: Karen Blanche Ziegler
- **birth place**: Park Ridge, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, screenwriter, singer, composer, producer
- **years active**: 1959–2013
- **spouse**: Charles Black (1955-1962)
Robert Burton (1973–74)
L.M. Kit Carson (1975–?)
Stephen Eckelberry (1987–2013; her death)
- **children**: Hunter Carson (b. 1975)
Celine Eckelberry (b. 1987)
Pit Corder

**Pit Corder** (6 October 1918 - 27 January 1990) was a professor of linguistics at the University of Edinburgh. His important work was studying errors that language learners make. This is called error analysis. He was the first chairman of the British Association for Applied Linguistics, 1967-70.

## Early life

Pit Corder was born at 4 Bootham Terrace, York, into a Quaker family. His full name was Stephen Pit Corder. His father, Philip Corder (b. 1885), was a schoolteacher from an English family, and his mother, Johanna Adriana van der Mersch (b. 1887), was Dutch. Pit studied at Bootham School, a Quaker boarding school near York. His father was a master at the school. Corder studied modern languages at Merton College, Oxford University, from 1936 to 1939.

After Oxford, Corder began teaching at Great Ayton Friends' School. Then, during World War II, he was in the Friends' Ambulance Unit in Finland and Egypt. He did not have to be a soldier because he was a conscientious objector. In 1946 Corder married Nancy Proctor (b. 1916), his second cousin. They had two sons and a daughter.

## Academic career

After the war, Corder worked for the British Council in Austria, Turkey, Jamaica and Colombia. During this time he taught classes, worked on syllabus design, and prepared new language-teaching materials. In 1957 Corder joined the school of applied linguistics at the University of Edinburgh. However, he still worked for the British Council at the same time. The British Council needed specialists in applied linguistics because it was expanding language teaching programs around the world. Corder studied for the diploma in applied linguistics to help the Council. He taught at Edinburgh University for over twenty years until he retired in 1983.
Tracy D. Terrell

**Tracy Dale (David) Terrell** (June 23, 1943 – December 2, 1991) was an American professor, linguist and education theorist who wrote _The Natural Approach_ along with Stephen Krashen. The Natural Approach is a way of teaching language, or methodology. In this methodology, learners should be exposed to a lot of language. The approach also says that lowering effective or emotional barriers to learning is important. He published textbooks for college level languages. Dos Mundos Spanish, Deux Monde French, and Kontakte German based on Natural Approach theory.

## Career

Tracy D. Terrell graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a PhD in linguistics. He became an important American Hispanist and theoretical linguist. He taught at the University of California, Irvine from 1970 until 1985. Then, he took a job in the linguistics department at the at the University of California, San Diego.  He retired in 1989, and finally died of AIDS in 1991.  Along with Stephen Krashen, he developed the “Natural Approach” to second language learning. This was a popular way of teaching second languages. He was also well known and respected for his work in Hispanic linguistics. Dr. Terrell was fluent in Spanish, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Dutch Greek

## Some books

- _The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom_, Hayward, CA : Alemany Press, 1983.
- _Dos Mundos_, Spanish language textbook, McGraw-Hill
- _Deux Mondes_, French language textbook, McGraw-Hill
- _Kontakte_, German language textbook, McGraw-Hill
- _Bravo_, Spanish language textbook, Glencoe (McGraw-Hill)

## Journal articles

- _Terrell, T. D. (1980). A Natural Approach to the Teaching of Verb Forms and Function in Spanish_. Foreign Language Annals, 13(2), 129-136.
- _Krashen, S. D., Terrell, T. D., Ehrman, M. E., & Herzog, M. (1984). A Theoretical Basis for Teaching the Receptive Skills_. Foreign Language Annals, 17(4), 261-275.
- _Terrell, T. D. (1977). A Natural Approach to Second Language Acquisition and Learning_. The Modern Language Journal, 61(7), 325-337.
Merrill Swain

**Merrill Swain** is a professor emerita of second-language education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto. She developed the output hypothesis. This idea about second-language acquisition says that learners cannot become very good at the grammar of a language only by taking in language and trying to understand it. They must also speak to learn. Swain also worked with Michael Canale on communicative competence. Swain was the president of the American Association for Applied Linguistics in 1998.  She received her PhD at the University of California.

## Related pages

- List of women linguists

## Other websites

- Merrill Swain at the Ontario Institute of Studies in Education
Magnetar

A **magnetar** is a type of neutron star with an extremely powerful magnetic field.

It is known as the largest and the most powerful type of magnet existing in the Universe.  It has the most powerful magnetic field at 10<sup>15</sup> gauss.  The theory regarding these objects was proposed by Robert Duncan and Christopher Thompson in 1992, but the first recorded gamma ray burst thought to have been from a magnetar had been detected on March 5, 1979.  Magnetars were previously named as Anomalous X-ray Pulsar<nowiki/>s (**AXP**s).
|colspan="2"|AXP candidates and their estimated rotation period in seconds, as of 2003|
| --- | --- |
|AXP 1E 2259+586|6.98|
|AXP 1E 1048-59|6.45|
|AXP 4U 0142+61|8.69|
|AXP 1RXS 1708-40|11.0|
|AXP 1E 1841-045|11.8|
|AXP AXJ1844-0258|6.97|
|AXP CXJ0110-7211|5.44|
|colspan="2"|Please note that the second, fourth, and last names were abbreviated|
Ravindra Prabhat

**Ravindra Prabhat** (born April 5, 1969) is a Hindi-language poet, scholar, journalist, novelist and short story writer from India. He has been an administrator, editor, researcher, and screenplay writer. He writes for a major daily newspaper as a historian. He has received several awards.

### Books

**Fiction**
- _Taki Bacha Rahe Loktantra_(2011)  (Hindi)
- _Prem Na Hat Bikay_ (2012)  (Hindi)
- _Dharati Pakad Nirdaliya_ (2013)  (Hindi)

**Non-fiction**
- _Contemporary Nepali Literature_ (critical writings,essays and interviews,1995)
- _History of Hindi Blogging_ (2011)  (Hindi)
- Contributor to _Hindi Blogging: Expression of new revolution_ (2011)

**Documentaries**
- _Naya Bihan_ (Screen Play Writer, 1992) television documentary film on Women's Education under the UNESCO related plan of Unit of Sitamarhi District in "Bihar Education Project".

**Poetry collections**
- _Ham Safar_ (1991) (his first poetry collection)
- _Mat Rona Ramjani Chacha_ (1999)
- _Smriti Shesh_ (2002)

**Magazines**
- _Urvija_ 1992 to 1995. Published at Sitamarhi, Bihar in India.
- _ Fagunahat_, 1990 to 1992a yearly magazine published at Sitamarhi, Bihar in India.
- _Samvad_, 1993, editor of a special issue of this monthly magazine, whose principal editor was Basant Arya.
- _Sahityanjali_, 1994. editor of a special issue of this monthly magazine, whose principal editor was Madhvendra Verma.
- _Hamari Vani_ 2010, a Hindi e-journal. he was consulting editor for the year 2010.
- _Parikalpna Blogotsav_, 2012 - . He is chief editor of this Internet web journal.
- _Vatvriksh_, May 2011 to May 2013. A Hindi magazine published in Lucknow. He is chief editor.
- _Parikalpana Samay_, June 2013 - A monthly Hindi magazine published in Lucknow. He is chief editor.

## Adaptations of Prabhat's works

- Dr. Siyaram written a Book on Prabhat's works-
_Ravindra Prabhat Ki Parikalpana aur Blog alochana karm_(2017)  (Hindi)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ravindra Prabhat
- **image**: Ravindra prabhat.jpg
- **caption**: Prabhat in December 2008
- **birth place**: Mahindwara, Sitamarhi, Bihar, India
- **nationality**: Indian
- **occupation**: poet, writer, journalist
Negligent homicide

**Negligent homicide** is the crime of killing a person unintentionally through negligence. For example, someone might write a text message while driving a car, instead of paying attention to the road. If that makes them hit and kill someone, that is negligent homicide.

It is a lesser crime than murder or manslaughter and the sentences are lower.
Crime of passion

The term **crime of passion** refers to a criminal act in which the perpetrator commits a crime against someone else due to strong impulse (for example, grief or heartbreak) rather than in the premeditated fashion. For example, the wife may take her revenge on a person with whom a husband may have had an affair, or vice versa. This is known by the term _temporary insanity_ in the United States.
Chancellor (education)

A **chancellor** is a leader of a university or a college. This title is mainly used in the Commonwealth nations. In other countries, such as the United States, it is more common to call him/her the **university president**.

The chancellor is often just a ceremonial figure. This means he or she does not make many decisions inside the University. He/She is just a person who is chosen to represent the University at official events and with other organizations. In this case, the Chancellor might not even live close to the University or take part in meetings there. For example, at the University of Cambridge the chancellor is a person who has done something important in his life, and is in some way connected to the University. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was the Chancellor at Cambridge for 36 years.

## Vice-chancellor

The vice-chancellor of a university is instead the chief executive. He/She is the one that makes all the decisions, goes at regular meetings and has the day-to-day duties to do. The vice-chancellor is often very closely linked to the University: for example, he/she might be a fellow there, who decides to take on additional responsibilities. The vice-chancellor might also represent the university at important events if the chancellor is not available.
Neck (body part)

The **neck** is the part of the body that connects the head to the trunk.

The neck contains the cervical spine (the bones in the neck) many important blood vessels, the trachea (through which breathing is done) the larynx (where the voice comes from) the esophagus, lymph nodes, muscles, nerves, connective tissue, and skin. Blood vessels include Carotid artery and Jugular vein.
Barbara Acklin

**Barbara Acklin** (February 28, 1943 – November 27, 1998) was an American soul singer and songwriter. She was very popular in the 1960s and 1970s. She had several hit singles, including "Love Makes a Woman". She was born in Oakland, California and raised in Chicago. Acklin later moved to Omaha, Nebraska. She died there from pneumonia when she was 55.
Lola Albright

**Lola Albright** (July 20, 1924 – March 23, 2017) was an American actress. She has been in many movies. She was a fashion model before her acting career. Albright was born and raised in Akron, Ohio.

Albright died at her home in Toluca Lake, California on March 23, 2017, aged 92.
Martha Byrne

**Mary Martha Byrne** (December 23, 1969) is an American television actress. She appears mostly in soap operas. She played Lily in _As the World Turns_. She played Andrea in _General Hospital_. She was born in Ridgewood, New Jersey.
Georges Appert

**Georges Appert** (1850 – 1934) was a French historian, writer and Japan studies expert.  He was a professor of law at the University of Tokyo.

## Career

Appert was a government advisor in Japan from 1879 to 1889.

## Select works

In an overview of writings by and about Appert, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 26 works in 43 publications in 5 languages and 132 library holdings. Some of the works are:

- _Ancien Japon,_ 1888
- _Du terme en droit romain et en droit français,_ 1876
- _Dictionnaire des termes de droit, d'économie politique et d'administration,_ 1885
- 日本立法資料全集 (_Japanese legislation Complete Works_). 別卷 337, 佛國相續法講義 , 2005
- _Un code de la féodalité Japonaise au XIIIe siècle,_ 1900
- 経済学講義 (_Economics lecture_), 1883

## Related pages

- Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji period Japan
Rosanne Cash

**Rosanne Cash** (born May 24, 1955 ) is an American singer, songwriter and author. She originally did country music, but then expanded to pop, folk and rock music. Cash has had many hit songs during her singing career. She is the daughter of Johnny Cash. Rosanne Cash was born in Memphis, Tennessee.  She moved to Nashville in 1981, and New York City almost nine years later.
Semiotics of culture

**Semiotics of culture** is a field of semiotics which explains the phenomena of culture as created by sign processes (semiosis) used in communication.

Semiotics of culture was established by Juri Lotman (University of Tartu) and his colleagues in Moscow and elsewhere.

es:Semiótica cultural
Carrie Brownstein

**Carrie Rachel Brownstein** (born September 27, 1974) is an American singer, guitarist and actor. She sings with the band Wild Flag. Brownstein plays indie and alternative rock music. Since 2011, she has acted on the sketch comedy television series _Portlandia_.

Brownstein was born in Seattle, Washington.  She grew up in Redmond, Washington and lives in Portland, Oregon. In 2010, she stated that she is bisexual.
Laura Pausini

**Laura Pausini**,  (; born 16 May 1974) is an Italian pop singer-songwriter. She sings both in Italian and Spanish, as well as in Portuguese, English, French, Catalan and Latin.

She is a judge on the Spanish and Mexican versions of _The Voice_ and also a judge on the Spanish version of _The X Factor_.

In 2022, she was one of the presenters of the Eurovision Song Contest 2022.

## Discography

- _Laura Pausini_ (1993)
- _Laura_ (1994)
- _Le cose che vivi_ / _Las cosas que vives_ (1996)
- _La mia risposta_ / _Mi respuesta_ (1998)
- _Tra te e il mare_ / _Entre tú y mil mares_ (2000)
- The Best of Laura Pausini - E ritorno da Te / Lo mejor de Laura Pausini - Volveré Junto a Ti (2001)
- _From the Inside_ (2002)
- _Resta in ascolto_ / _Escucha_ (2004)
- Live in Paris 05 (2015)
- _Io canto_ / _Yo canto_ (2006)
- San Siro 2007 (2007)
- _Primavera in anticipo_ / _Primavera anticipada_ (2008)
- Laura Live World Tour 09 / Laura Live Gira Mundial 09 (2009)
- _Inedito_ / _Inédito_ (2011)
- 20 - The Greatest Hits / 20 - Grandes Éxitos (2013)
- Simili / Similares (2015)
- Laura Xmas / Laura Navidad (2016)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **instrument**: Vocals


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Laura Pausini
- **honorific suffix**: Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, OMRI
- **image**: Laura_Pausini_Inedito_World_Tour.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Pausini on 22 December 2011, performing in Milan during her Inedito World Tour
- **birth place**: Solarolo, Emilia–Romagna, Italy
- **nationality**: Italian
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **partner**: Paolo Carta (2005–present)
- **children**: 1
- **signature**: Laura Pausini signature.png
Jane Henson

**Jane Henson** (**Jane Ann Nebel**; June 16, 1934 – April 2, 2013) was an American puppeteer and the widow of puppeteer Jim Henson.

Henson was born on June 16, 1934 in St. Albans, Queens, New York City. She studied at the University of Maryland, College Park. Henson was married to Jim Henson from 1959 until they separated in 1986. They had 5 children. Henson died on April 2, 2013 in her home in Greenwich, Connecticut from cancer, aged 78.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jane Henson
- **birth name**: Jane Ann Nebel
- **birth place**: St. Albans, Queens, St. Albans, Queens, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S
- **death place**: Greenwich, Connecticut, Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cancer
- **nationality**: American
- **other names**: Jane Nebel Henson
- **occupation**: Puppeteer
- **alma mater**: University of Maryland, College Park
- **boards**: Jim Henson Foundation,
The Jim Henson Legacy,
American Center for Children's Television
- **spouse**: Jim Henson
(m. 1959-1986; separated)
- **children**: Lisa Henson
Cheryl Henson
Brian Henson
John Henson (puppeteer), John Henson
Heather Henson
Hotel for Dogs (movie)

***Hotel for Dogs*** is a 2009 American teen comedy movie. It is based on the 1971 Lois Duncan book of the same name. The movie was directed by Thor Freudenthal and adapted by Jeff Lowell and Mark McCorkle.

## Cast

- Emma Roberts as Andi
- Jake T. Austin as Bruce
- Johnny Simmons as Dave
- Don Cheadle as Bernie
- Robinne Lee as Carol
- Cesar Yedra as Clarence
- Troy Gentile as Mark
- Kyla Pratt as Heather
- Lisa Kudrow as Lois
- Kevin Dillon as Carl

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Hotel for Dogs
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Thor Freudenthal
- **producer**: Lauren Shuler Donner
Ewan Leslie
Jonathan Gordon
Jason Clark
- **screenplay**: Jeff Lowell
Mark McCorkle
Bob Schooley
- **starring**: Emma Roberts
Jake T. Austin
Troy Gentile
Kyla Pratt
Johnny Simmons
Lisa Kudrow
Kevin Dillon
Don Cheadle
- **music**: John Debney
- **cinematography**: Michael Grady
- **editing**: Sheldon Kahn
- **studio**: DreamWorks, DreamWorks Pictures
Nickelodeon Movies
Cold Spring Pictures
The Montecito Picture Company
The Donners Company
Mavrocine
- **distributor**: Paramount Pictures
- **runtime**: 100 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $75 million
- **gross**: $117,000,198
Tomkinson Ranges

The **Tomkinson Ranges** is a mountain range in the northwest corner of South Australia. The range consists of sandstone hills, surrounded by spinifex grasslands. Several rock holes are located in and around the hills.

The mountains were named after politician Samuel Tomkinson (1851–1900). The explorer William Gosse named them when he passed through the region in the early 1870s. Ernest Giles and his team reached the ranges shortly after, and set up a base here from which to explore the Gibson and Great Victoria Deserts. Numerous prospecting expeditions were made through the region until the 1930s.

Together with the Mann Ranges, the Tomkinson Ranges are an important part of the Pitjantjatjara homeland. The communities of Kalka and Pipalyatjara are located at the base of the mountains.
Petermann Ranges

The **Petermann Ranges** is a mountain range in central Australia. It spreads about  across the border between Western Australia and the southwest corner of the Northern Territory. The highest point is  above sea level. The ranges were formed about 550 million years ago, in an event called the Petermann Orogeny. They are made mostly of granite, sandstone and quartzite. The greater Petermann Ranges consist of several sections of ridges and hills. In the Northern Territory, these sections include the Dean, Mannanana, Ilyaralona, Curdie and Piultarana Ranges, the Pottoyu Hills, and several isolated mountains. In Western Australia, it includes the Hope and Dean Ranges.

The Petermann Ranges were given their name by the explorer Ernest Giles, who travelled through the area during March 1874.

The area is considered biologically important for Australia. An indigenous protected area, the Katiti-Petermann Indigenous Protected Area, has been proposed to conserve the ranges' ecosystem.
Battle of Qingshanli

The **Battle of Qingshanli**(, ) was a battle for the independence of Korea that took place in Manchuria. From October 21 to October 28, 1920, fighting happened between Kim Jwa-jin and Hong Pom-do, Lee Pom-seok's 4,000-strong Korean independence militia and a 30,000-strong Japanese suppression regiment.

## Bibliography

- JACAR Ref.C03022770200, Chōsengun Shireibu (朝鮮軍司令部): Kantō shuppeishi (間島出兵史)
- Sasaki Harutaka (佐々木春隆): _Kankoku dokuritsu undōshi jō no "Seizanri taisen" kō_ (韓国独立運動史上の「青山里大戦」考), Gunji shigaku (軍事史学), Vol.15 No. 3, pp. 22–34, 1979.
- Sasaki Harutaka (佐々木春隆): Chōsen sensō zenshi to shite no Kankoku dokuritsu undō no kenkyū (朝鮮戦争前史としての韓国独立運動の研究), 1985.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Qingshanli
- **partof**: the Korean Independence Movement
- **date**: October 21–28, 1920
- **place**: Qīngshānlǐ, Jilin, Jílín, China
- **result**: Inconclusive
- **combatant1**:  Imperial Japanese Army
- **combatant2**: Northern military administration office army,
 Korea independent army
- **commander1**: Tomotake Takashima
Masahiko Azuma
Naoaki Isobayashi
Masuzō Kimura
- **commander2**: Kim Jwa-jin
Lee Beom-seok (1900), Lee Beom-seok
Hong Beom-do
An Mu
- **strength1**: 35,000
- **strength2**: about 3,000
Peyote

The **peyote** is either of two species of the cactus genus Lophophora of plants in the family Cactaceae.

The most common plant, L. williamsii, grow in North America, mostly in Mexico, can be found in the Chihuahuan desert of southern Texas and northern Mexico. The size is about eight centimeters (three inches) wide and five centimeters (two inches) tall. It is mostly blue green in color, with pink to white flowers, growing in groups among scrub, in areas with limestone soil. L. diffusa grows only in a small area in central Mexico, the color is yellow green, with white to yellow flowers.

Peyote has hallucinogenic effects, made by at least 28 different alkaloids, mostly mescaline. In many countries it is illegal to sell, use or posses both dried plant-material and living plants, but some places also give an exception from the law when used in religious rituals, such as by The Native American Church where it is used in a similar way as some Native American tribes, that likely have used peyote for at least 5,500 years. in their rituals.