juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pik Botha

**Roelof Frederik "Pik" Botha**, DMS (27 April 1932 – 12 October 2018) was a South African politician of Dutch descent. He served as the country's foreign minister in the last years of the apartheid era.

Botha was nicknamed 'Pik' (short for _pikkewyn_, Afrikaans for 'penguin') because of a perceived likeness to a penguin in his stance, accentuated when he wore a suit.

In 2000, Botha declared his support for Presidents Nelson Mandela and Thabo Mbeki.

Botha died on 12 October 2018 at his home in Pretoria at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- South African History Online
- South African Who's Who

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Roelof Frederik Botha
- **image**: Pik Botha.jpg
- **office1**: Minister of Mineral and Energy Affairs
- **term start1**: 27 April 1994
- **term end1**: May 1996
- **successor1**: Penuel Maduna
- **predecessor1**: George Bartlett
- **president1**: Nelson Mandela
- **office2**: Deputy Leader of the
National Party (South Africa), National Party in Transvaal Province, Transvaal
- **leader2**: F. W. de Klerk
- **term start2**: 1987
- **term end2**: 1996
- **office3**: Minister of International Relations and Cooperation, Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start3**: 27 April 1977
- **term end3**: 10 May 1994
- **successor3**: Alfred Nzo
- **predecessor3**: Hilgard Muller
- **primeminister3**: P. W. Botha <small>(1978–84)</small>
B.J. Vorster <small>(1966–78)</small>
- **president3**: F. W. de Klerk <small>(1989-94)</small>
P. W. Botha <small>(1984-89)</small>
- **office4**: Parliament of South Africa, Member of Parliament
- **constituency4**: Westdene
- **term start4**: 1977
- **term end4**: 1994
- **constituency5**: Wonderboom, Pretoria, Wonderboom
- **term start5**: 22 April 1970
- **term end5**: 1974
- **office6**: South African Ambassador to the United States
- **term start6**: 30 July 1975
- **term end6**: 11 May 1977
- **primeminister6**: B.J. Vorster
- **predecessor6**: Johan Samuel
Frederick Botha
- **successor6**: Donald Bell Sole
- **birth place**: Rustenburg, Transvaal Province, Transvaal, Union of South Africa, South Africa
- **death place**: Pretoria, South Africa
- **spouse**: Helena Susanna Bosman
 Ina Joubert m. 27 April 1998
- **party**: National Party (South Africa), National
- **children**: 2 sons, 2 daughters
- **alma mater**: University of Pretoria
- **occupation**: Diplomat and politician
- **profession**: Law
Rose Laurens

**Rose Laurens**, previously billed as **Rose Merryl** (born **Rose Podwojny**; 4 March 1953 – 30 April 2018), was a French pop singer-songwriter. She was known for her songs "Africa" and the French concept album of _Les Misérables_, a song later adapted into English as "I Dreamed a Dream".

Laurens died on 30 April 2018 of a long-illness at the age of 65.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rose Laurens
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Rose Podwojny
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter
- **years active**: 1976–2018
- **label**: Flarenasch
- **website**: [http://www.roselaurens.com Official site]
Santa Clarita Diet

***Santa Clarita Diet*** is an American horror-comedy web television series created by Victor Fresco. It was created for the streaming service Netflix. It stars Drew Barrymore and Timothy Olyphant. The series premiered on February 3, 2017 with the first season. It has received generally positive reviews, with critics praising the cast and premise, but criticizing the number of graphic scenes. The second season was announced on March 29, 2017 and premiered on March 23, 2018. The series was cancelled on March 29, 2019 after the third season.

Joel and Sheila Hammond are real estate agents in Santa Clarita, California. The couple face a series of harsh events when Sheila has a physical transformation into a zombie and starts craving human flesh after eating clams.  With Joel and the family trying to help Sheila, they have to deal with neighbors, cultural norms and getting to the bottom of a potentially mythological mystery.
Henderson waves

**Henderson Waves** () is a pedestrian bridge in Singapore. The bridge is in the shape of a wave.
Aileen Hernandez

**Aileen Clark Hernandez** (May 23, 1926 – February 13, 2017) was an African-American who fought for the rights of women and people with less rights. During her life, she was the president of the National Organization for Women and also worked in government for the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

## Early life

Hernandez's parents were Charles and Ethel Clark. They moved from Jamaica to the United States. Hernandez grew up in Brooklyn, New York City with her two brothers. Ethel Clark was a worker in a clothing factory. Charles Clark was a worker for an art supply store. All of the children in the Clark family learned to do work around the house such as sewing and cooking.

## Education

Hernandez went to Bay Ridge High School. She was a successful student and almost at the top of her class. Later, she went to Howard University, in Washington, D.C. She was educated at other universities, such as University of Oslo, New York University, and the University of California at Los Angeles. In 1959, she received a master's degree from University of California at Los Angeles.

## Career

Her first job was with the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union. She also worked with Alan Cranston and at the Fair Employment Practice Commission. Later, she was the first female on the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Hernandez started working with businesses to help them hire more women and people with less rights in 1966. She was vice president of the National Organization for Women in 1967 and became president in 1971.

## Death

Hernandez died from complications related to dementia at the age of 90.

## Honors and awards

- Woman of the Year, Community Relations Conference of Southern California; 1961
- Howard University Distinguished Postgraduate Achievement in Labor and Public Service; 1968
- Ten Most Distinguished Women in the San Francisco Bay Area (The San Francisco Examiner); 1969
- Honoree of the National Urban Coalition for Distinguished Service to Urban Communities; 1985
- Regents Scholar in Residence, University of California, Santa Barbara
- Silver Spur Award (San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association); 1995
- Eleanor Roosevelt Award (Democratic Women’s Forum in California); 1996

## References

- "Aileen Clarke Hernandez." _Contemporary Black Biography_, vol. 13, Gale, 1996. _Biography in Context_. Accessed May 4, 2018.
- "Aileen Hernandez." _UXL Biographies_, UXL, 2011. _Student Resources in Context_. Accessed May 4, 2018.
- "Aileen Clarke Hernandez." _DISCovering U.S. History_, Gale, 1997. _Student Resources in Context_. Accessed May 4, 2018.
- Sandomir, Richard. "Aileen Hernandez, Ex-NOW President and Feminist Trailblazer, Dies at 90." _New York Times_, Mar. 1, 2017, p. A28(L). _Student Resources in Context_. Accessed May 4, 2018.
Jody Williams

**Jody Williams** (born October 9, 1950) is a peace activist and humanitarian. She focused mainly on removing landmines from the world. Williams helped start the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL).

## Inspiration

Many things made her become a peace activist. One of these things was her brother. Her brother was deaf and schizophrenic. He was disliked for his disabilities.

In college, Williams didn't know what she wanted to study. After she graduated, she worked as a teacher in the United Kingdom, Mexico, and Washington D.C. Williams does not like landmines. She does not want innocent people to be hurt by the landmines. Some people would accidentally step on the landmines and be killed.

## Work With Celebrities

Williams worked with celebrities to help teach people about the danger of landmines. She even worked with was Diana, Princess of Wales. Some celebrities didn't like this activism. One celebrity that didn't like Williams’ activism was Bill Clinton, a former US president. Clinton made this clear when he did not call her when she got the Nobel Peace Prize.

## Achievements

Williams won the Nobel Peace Prize. She was given the Nobel Peace Prize because of her work on getting rid of landmines. The Nobel Peace Prize was given to her in October, a day after her birthday. Williams said that it was challenging for her to get support on this project. The government didn't want to give landmines up because they were cheap and worked well. Williams won the argument and had landmines were made illegal.

Williams worked for many organizations. She worked with Nicaragua-Honduras Education Project, the Medical Aid for El Salvador, Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, and Medico International.

Williams wrote _Banning Landmines: Disarmament, Citizen Diplomacy, and Human Security_ and _My Name is Jody Williams: A Vermont Girl's Winding Path to the Nobel Peace Prize_. Williams also helped make the Nobel Women's Initiative. The Nobel Women’s Initiative is an organization that is made up of female Nobel Peace Prize winners. They work all over the world and tell people about female equality.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jody Williams
- **image**: JodyWilliamsMay2010.jpg
- **caption**: Williams in May 2010
- **birth place**: Rutland (city), Vermont, Rutland, Vermont, United States
- **nationality**: United States
- **known for**: 1997 Nobel Peace Prize
Irene Natividad

**Irene Natividad** works on helping women around the world.

## Early life

Natividad was born in 1948 in the Philippines. In Natividad’s early life, she and her family spent a lot of time moving. She traveled to Japan, Iran, Greece, and India and learned many languages, including Spanish, French, Tagalong, Farsi, Italian and Greek. By traveling, she saw how women were treated all over. Her mother never had a job because she was not allowed to work. Her mother told her to become a great student so she could get a job, unlike her.

## Education

Natividad went to many different schools as a child. The schools were all around the world. Her high school was in Greece. She went to Long Island University after high school. Then she went to Columbia University. She was given two degrees there. The degrees were for Philosophy and American Literature. Natividad also went to Marymount College

## Career

Natividad led the National Women's Political Caucus. She often writes and talks about her opinion on many topics. In 1992 she became leader of the Global Forum for Women. The Global Forum for Women comes up with ideas to try and help issues with women. She joined other people to start _Project Vote Smart._ They try to get more votes for education. She became the chair of the _Women’s Votes ‘96._

## Awards

Asian American Quarterly (1994): “Power Brokers: The 25 Most Influential People in Asian America”

Campaigns and Elections Magazine (1993) “Seventy-four Women Who Are Changing American Politics"

The National Conference for College Women Student Leaders (1989) “Women of Distinction Award”

Ladies’ Home Journal (1989) “100 Most Powerful Women in America”

Women’s Funding Coalition (1987) “Innovator for Women$hare Award”

Americans by Choice (1986) “Honored Americans Award”

Women’s Congressional Caucus  (1985) “Women Making History Award

## Personal life

Natividad now lives in Washington DC. She is married to Andres Cortese. They have one son. His name is Carlo Natividad-Cortese.
Nikki Giovanni

**Yolande Cornelia "Nikki" Giovanni, Jr.** (June 7, 1943 – December 9, 2024), was an American poet, writer, commentator, activist, and educator. She was one of the world's most well-known African-American poets. She was born in Knoxville, Tennessee.

## Career

Giovanni was part of the Black Arts Movement. Her early writings supported human rights and fought against violence. Giovanni wrote to protest the unfair lives of black people. She also wrote about family, love, and children. Some of her writing is also for children. Jazz music and her family's stories helped her writing.

## Death

On December 9, 2024, Giovanni died from problems caused by lung cancer at a hospital in Blacksburg, Virginia. She was 81.

## Achievements

Giovanni wrote _Gemini,_ which was given the National Book Award.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Nikki Giovanni
- **image**: Image:niki-giovanni.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth name**: Yolande Cornelia Giovanni Jr.
- **birth place**: Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.
- **death place**: Blacksburg, Virginia, U.S.
- **education**: Fisk University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Pennsylvania
Columbia University
- **period**: 1968–2022
- **partner**: Virginia C. Fowler
- **children**: 1
Miriam Makeba

**Zenzi Miriam Makeba** (March 4, 1932 - November 9, 2008), nicknamed **Mama Africa**, was a South African singer, actress, and activist. She was against racial segregation which happened during the 20th century in South Africa.She shaped the new transition of black empowerment through her nationally and somehow globally acclaimed music.

## Early life

Makeba was born in a town near Johannesburg, South Africa on March 4, 1932. Her town was segregated. Makeba started to sing in her school/church choir. She found comfort in singing and music.

## Career

Makeba started singing in 1950. She first sang with her cousin's group. They were called the Cuban Brothers. She was also in two other groups called the Manhattan Brothers and the Skylarks. Makeba was in movies and musicals as well. She was in the musical _King Kong_ in 1959, the movie _Come Back, Africa_, and she recorded music with Harry Belafonte.

_Come Back, Africa_ criticized segregation in South Africa. The South African government banned her from South Africa. Harry Belafonte helped Makeba come to the United States of America. They became friends and made an album together. The album was called _An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba_. They won a Grammy award in 1966 for that album.

## Later Life

Makeba married a jazz trumpet player named Hugh Masekela in 1964. Makeba divorced him in 1966. She then married Stokely Carmichael in 1968. He was a Civil Rights leader. She divorced him in 1978. Makeba came back to South Africa in 1990. The government started removing laws that made South Africa segregated. Makeba then died on November 9th 2008.
Ella Baker

**Ella Josephine Baker** (December 13, 1903 – December 13, 1986) was an African-American civil rights and human rights activist. She worked alongside some of the most famous civil rights leaders of the 20th century, including W. E. B. Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall, A. Philip Randolph, and Martin Luther King Jr. She also mentored many emerging activists, such as Diane Nash, Stokely Carmichael, Rosa Parks, and Bob Moses. Baker has been ranked as  "One of the most important African American leaders of the twentieth century and perhaps the most influential woman in the Civil Rights Movement," known for her critiques not only of racism within American culture, but also the sexism and classism within the Civil Rights Movement.

## Organizations

Baker worked with many civil rights organizations. Some of these organizations were the NAACP, Martin Luther King’s Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.

Baker knew that some Black American protesters lost their jobs. Their White American bosses fired them. So she co-founded “In Friendship.” “In Friendship” raised money and collected  clothing to send to people who were fired. Baker was the Executive Secretary.
Amina al-Said

**Amina al-Said** (January 20, 1914 - August 13, 1995) was an Egyptian feminist, journalist, and editor.

In 1931, she was one of the first three women to graduate from Fu’ad University. She advocated for women's rights in Egypt. She started the first Arabic magazine for women in 1934, the _Hawaa-Eve_. She also helped start the Pan-Arab Feminist Union. Al-Said was the first Egyptian journalist to be paid by a major publisher.

She received the First State Recognition Award, First Order of the Republic, Universal Star, and National Arts Award. She was also one of the first women's rights activists to be supported by her government.
Fred Quimby

**Frederick Clinton "Fred" Quimby** (July 31, 1886 – September 16, 1965) was an American cartoon producer. He was best known as producing _Tom and Jerry_ cartoons, for which he won seven Academy Awards.

He was the movie sales executive in charge of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio, which included Tex Avery, as well as William Hanna and Joseph Barbera (creators of _Tom and Jerry_).

## Other websites

- The Tom and Jerry Story
- The Creators – The Magic Behind The Cartoon

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Fred Quimby
- **image**: Fred Quimby - Nov 1920 EH.jpg
- **birth name**: Frederick Clinton Quimby
- **birth place**: Morton, Minnesota
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, Santa Monica, California
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **years active**: 1921–1955
- **occupation**: Animation producer
- **spouse**: Sue Quimby (1923–1954) (her death)
Professor's Cube

The **Professor's Cube** is a mechanical puzzle, a 5×5×5 version of the Rubik's Cube.  It has qualities in common with both the original 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube and the 4×4×4 Rubik's Revenge, and knowing how to solve either can help when working on the 5×5×5 cube.

## Related pages

- Pocket Cube
- Rubik's Cube
- Rubik's Revenge
Eric Yarrow

**Sir Eric Grant Yarrow, 3rd Baronet**, MBE, DL, FRSE (23 April 1920 – 22 September 2018) was a British businessman. He was born in Surrey, England.

After serving during World War II, he worked at Yarrow Shipbuilders, in 1946, later becoming President of Yarrow plc until 1987, and was Chairman of Clydesdale Bank from 1985 to 1991.

Yarrow was appointed a Vice-President of RINA in 1972 as well as serving as Prime Warden of the Shipwrights' Company (1970–71), among other charitable activities.

Yarrow was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for military service in 1946.

Yarrow died on 22 September 2018 at the age of 98.

## Other websites

- _Burke's Peerage and Baronetage_
- _Who's Who_
- Profile: Eric Yarrow _Frost's Scottish Who's Who_
Anita Ellis

**Anita Ellis** (née **Kert**; April 12, 1920 – October 28, 2015) is a Canadian-born American singer, actress and pilot. She was born in Montreal, Quebec. Ellis became a naturalized United States citizen in 1950. In 1941, she joined WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio, as a singer. Ellis dubbed the singing voices of such actresses as Rita Hayworth (notably in _Gilda_, 1946), Vera-Ellen and Jeanne Crain.

Ellis retired in 1987 and moved to Manhattan. She suffered from Alzheimer's disease.

## Other websites

- Film Reference biography
Lydia Wideman

**Lydia Wideman** (later _Wideman-Lehtonen_; 17 May 1920 – 13 April 2019) was a Finnish Olympic cross-country skier gold medalist. She was born in Vilppula, Finland. She was the first female Olympic medalist in cross-country skiing. In 1952 she competed in thirteen 10 km races and won all of them, including the 1952 Winter Olympics, national championships and Lahti Ski Games.

In February 2018, following the death of Durward Knowles, she became the oldest living Olympic champion. Wideman died on 13 April 2019, aged 98.
Durward Knowles

**Sir Durward Randolph Knowles** (2 November 1917 – 24 February 2018) was a Bahamian sailor and Olympic champion. He won the gold medal in the Star class at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, together with Cecil Cooke. He won the bronze medal in the same class at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne.

From 2016 to 2018, he was the oldest living Olympic champion. He turned 100 in November 2017 and died on 24 February 2018 of kidney failure.
Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse

**Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse** (January 2, 1918 – December 13, 2019) was a German type designer, calligrapher and book-binder. She was the 1991 winner of the Frederic W. Goudy Award. She also designed several fonts.

## Life

She was born in Schwerin, Germany. In her early years, she worked with Rudolf Koch and Edward Johnston.

From 1946 to 1954, Von Hesse taught lettering at the Städelschule in Frankfurt. She was hired by the Stempel foundry in Frankfurt to design typefaces, and went on to a successful career as a typographer with Stempel.

In 2001, she was recognized with a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Friends of Calligraphy. She turned 100 in January 2018.

From 1951 until his death in 2015, she was married to Hermann Zapf. They had one son Christian, who died in 2012. She lived in Darmstadt, Germany. She died on December 13, 2019 at the age of 101.

## Created designs

- Alcuin (URW Hamburg)
- Ariadne (Stempel)
- Carmina (Bitstream)
- Christiana (Berthold)
- Columbine (URW Hamburg)
- Diotima (Stempel)
- Hesse-Antiqua (2018, Monotype, with Ferdinand Ulrich)
- Nofret (Berthold)
- Shakespeare (Hallmark)
- Smaragd (Stempel)

## Other websites

- MyFonts: Gudrun Zapf von Hesse
- Font Designer – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse
- Personal Designer Portrait – Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse
- Typophile: Gudrun Zapf von Hesse

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse
- **image**: 20160320T160542-GZvH-NP.jpg
- **caption**: Gudrun Zapf-von Hesse at her home in Darmstadt; photographed on March 20, 2016.
- **birth place**: Schwerin, Germany
- **death place**: Darmstadt, Germany
- **occupation**: Type designer, calligrapher, book-binder
- **years active**: 1943 – 2010
Big Four

**Big Four** may refer to:

- Big Four (banking)
- Big Four British railway companies
Laban movement analysis

**Laban movement analysis** (LMA) describes human movement. It is based on the original work of Rudolf Laban, and many others helped to develop it. Its main and original purpose was to be a dance notation. Before film and video were developed, there was no way to record dance moves so that later dancers could use those moves. The transmission of dance from one generation to the next depended on older expert dancers teaching young dancers.

The problem was especially notable in modern dance, where the vocabulary of classical dance figures was expanded with almost no limits. Towards the end of his life, Laban extended his ideas into the movements workers made during physical work.

LMA draws from many fields including anatomy, kinesiology and psychology. It is used by dancers, actors, gymnasts and many other groups. However, it is fair to say that it is now largely replaced by video recordings. Also, it is not the only kind of dance notation, and not the only way human movement can be written down as a record for later generations. And, it was not the first such system. For example, in the 1680s Pierre Beauchamp had a dance notation system for baroque dance, and in 1887/8 Eadweard Muybridge started to use film to record human and animal movement. It is film and video which has transformed our understanding of motion, rather than dance notation. But in its field the Laban notation was notable.

Dance which has been reliably recorded on notation and perhaps backed up by video recording, can be and has been used to copyright choreography.
Kirsty Sword Gusmão

**Kirsty Sword Gusmão** was the first lady of East Timor from 2000 to 2015. Gusmão wanted kids to be able to learn. Gusmão started the Alola Foundation.  The Alola Foundation helps girls, their families and helps poor people. She helped free East Timor from Indonesia. Gusmão was a spy for twenty years.

## Early life

Gusmão was born in Melbourne, Australia, in 1966. She went to Melbourne University and studied education.

## East Timor

Gusmão first traveled to the East Timor part of Indonesia in 1991. She was finding information for a movie on the area and was the interpreter for the movie maker. She became a teacher in Jakarta, Indonesia. She worked there from 1992-1996. She was worried about human rights in East Timor. While she fought for human rights she met the East Timor independence leader, Xanana Gusmão. He was in prison. She met him through going to his jail cell. She married him in 2000.

She moved back to Melbourne, Australia , for cancer treatment in 2012. In 2015, Sword Gusmão and Gusmão announced their separation.
Wendy Wasserstein

**Wendy Wasserstein** (October 18, 1950 – January 30, 2006) was an American playwright. She was an Andrew Dickson White Professor-at-Large at Cornell University. She received the Tony Award for Best Play and the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1989 for her play _The Heidi Chronicles_.

Her plays, which explore topics ranging from feminism to family to ethnicity to pop culture, include _The Sisters Rosensweig_, _Isn't It Romantic_, _An American Daughter_, _Old Money_, and her last work which opened in 2005, _Third_.

Wasserstein was hospitalized with lymphoma in December 2005 and died on January 30, 2006, aged 55.
Gloria Molina

**Gloria Molina** (May 31, 1948 – May 14, 2023) was a politician and an activist for Latino rights.

## Early Life

Gloria Molina was born on May 31, 1948 in Los Angeles, California. Her mother and father moved to the United States from Mexico. She went to school in Pico Rivera, California as a child, and she also went to East Los Angeles College. When she was 19, she made most of the money for her family. She stopped school at California State University in Los Angeles.

## Achievements

Molina was a part of and started many groups that supported LatinX rights. She became a member of the California government in 1982. In 1987, she became the first woman Los Angeles government member. She heard the people of Los Angeles to make the city better. In 1991, Molina became a Supervisor for Los Angeles. While Supervisor, she fought to stop AIDS. She became the co-chair of Bill Clinton’s presidential campaign.
Anjali Gopalan

**Anjali Gopalan** (born September 1, 1957) is a gay rights activist in India. She specifically focuses on HIV/AIDS. She forced the Indian government to pay attention to people with HIV/AIDS. The Indian government had to give more money to help people with HIV/AIDS. The government also made a law that doctors have to give good medical care to people with this virus and disease.

Gopalan was born in India. Her father was in the army, so they moved around a lot. She went to school in India and the United States. She went to Lady Shri Ram College. She studied politics, journalism, and international development.

Gopalan worked as a journalist in India. She moved to New York City. She became a social worker and saw how HIV/AIDS affected people. She returned to India to take care of her parents. She then began to inform her community about HIV/AIDS in India.

## References

"Anjali Gopalan." _Newsmakers_, vol. 1, Gale, 2013. _Biography In Context_, Accessed 3 May 2018.
Winona LaDuke

**Winona LaDuke** (born August 18, 1959) is an environmentalist, economist and writer who supports Native American rights. In addition, LaDuke believes in not damaging nature. For this cause, she started the White Earth Land Recovery Project. She currently lives on the White Earth Reservation. LaDuke studied at Harvard and MIT. She was included in _TIME_ magazine’s 1994, “50 for the Future.”  She was included because of her actions to protect Native Americans’ land from dangerous chemicals.
Elaine H. Kim

**Elaine H. Kim**  (February 26, 1972) teaches Asian American Studies and she fights for Asian American rights.  She co-founded the non-profit organization Asian Women United (AWU).

Kim first suffered disrespect because of her race in the second grade. She has made videos and has written in newspapers. She attended University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. Kim went back to Seoul, South Korea to teach, but came back to University of California, Berkeley.

She teaches Asian American studies, and she fought for Asian American people around the San Francisco Bay Area and in Berkeley.

## Awards

- Asian Pacific American Heritage Lifetime Achievement Award (City and County of San Francisco), 2012
- Lifetime Achievement Award, Association for Asian American Studies, 2011
- Association for Asian American Studies Book Award in Cultural Studies, 2005
- Hall of Outstanding Women at California, 1995
- Fulbright Fellowship, 1987-1988
Ruth Sienkiewicz-Mercer

**Ruth Sienkiewicz-Mercer** (September 23, 1950 – August 8, 1998) was a civil rights activist and writer. She fought for the rights of people with disabilities. She also wrote the book, _I Raise My Eyes to Say Yes_, with the help of Steven B. Kaplan.

## Early Life

When she was five weeks old, Sienkiewicz-Mercer acquired viral encephalitis. This is a disease that causes the brain to swell up. She became well again. Later, others noticed that she was not able to speak or move. Sienkiewicz-Mercer was diagnosed with cerebral palsy, a disease that causes paralysis.

## Education

The first school Sienkiewicz-Mercer attended was in Massachusetts. This school was meant for people with disabilities. There, a doctor diagnosed her as mentally disabled. Her parents then decided to send her to another school. This school was more expensive. Sienkiewicz-Mercer had to leave the school because there was not enough money to continue her education. She then had to attend another school for the mentally disabled. At this school, Sienkiewicz-Mercer was treated terribly for sixteen years.

## Quotes

"After fourteen years of living in an institution, I knew I had to write a book about my experiences to let everyone know I was aware of all that was going on. I don't want people to have to live in that kind of environment. They are left to rot, basically, and not treated like the human beings they are. My work consists of advocating for the rights of people with disabilities, promoting community services, and closing down institutions. I want to write more."
Maureen Orcutt

**Maureen Orcutt** (April 1, 1907 – January 9, 2007) was an American golfer and _New York Times_ reporter. Orcutt won many golf championships. She stopped playing golf at age 87 because she had knee problems.

In 1934, she won the 1934 Democratic Party nomination for the New Jersey General Assembly. In 1991, she was put into the New York State Hall of Fame for winning golf tournaments over 70 years.

In 2007, Orcutt died at the age of 99 from heart failure.

## Important tournaments won

- Women's Eastern Amateur - 1925, 1928, 1929, 1934, 1938, 1947, 1949
- North and South Women's Amateur - 1931, 1932, 1933
- Canadian Women's Amateur - 1930, 1931
- Metropolitan Women's Amateur - 1926, 1927, 1928, 1929, 1934, 1938, 1940, 1946, 1959, 1968
- U.S. Senior Women's Amateur - 1962, 1966
- North and South Women's Senior Amateur - 1960, 1961, 1962
Patrisse Cullors

**Patrisse Cullors** (born June 20, 1983) supports African Americans and their rights. She co-founded Black Lives Matter. She grew up in Los Angeles. She also supports LGBTQ rights.

## Early life

Cullors lived during a time when prison populations were rising. Her father and brother were in and out of prison most of her life. Her mom worked long hours and spent limited time with her. When she was 16, she identified as queer and had her first girlfriend. Her family did not agree, but her friends supported her. She decided to get involved in other groups that would support her and help others like her.

Cullors went to UCLA, where she studied philosophy and religion. She kept trying to get equal rights during this time.

## Achievements

Cullors co-founded the Black Lives Matter movement. She created a hashtag, #BlackLivesMatter. It spread quickly on social media sites. She helped African-Americans that needed help with lawsuits against them. She supported the LGBTQ community. She wanted everyone to have equal rights.

## Publications

Cullors wrote the book called _STAINED: An Intimate Portrayal of State Violence._ It talks about violence in prison.
Snowshoe hare

The **snowshoe hare** is _Lepus americanus_, found in North America. It is a kind of hare adapted to cold climates. It is white in colour in the winter.

A major predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. There are historical records of animals caught by fur hunters over hundreds of years. The records show show the lynx and hare numbers rising and falling in a cycle. This has made the hare a case study of the relationship between numbers of predators and their prey.
Russalka

The ***Russalka*** was a battleship of the navy of the Russian Empire. It was assigned to coastal defense in the Baltic Sea.

## History

The Russian vessel _Russalka_ was built in St. Petersburg in 1867. It was 62 meters long and armed with six cannons. The crew consisted of 178 sailors. On September 7, 1893, the ship entered a fateful course to Helsinki and sank in the Gulf of Finland due to bad weather. On September 10, the maritime ministry announced Russalka's disappearance with all hands lost.

## Search and recovery

The Imperial Russian Ministry of the Interior ordered a search, which involved 15 vessels and lasted until October 16, 1893. The search was then called off without success. On June 22, 2003, a ship was found at a depth of 30 meters from the bottom of the sea.
CAD/CAM

The term **CAD/CAM** is a shortening of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacture (CAM). The term CAD/NC (Numerical Control) is equivalent in some industries. Most CAD/CAM software was developed for product development and to design and manufacture of components and molds. They are also increasingly used by architects.  CAD/CAM software uses CAD drawing tools to describe geometries used by the CAM portion of the program to define a toolpath that will direct the motion of a machine tool to machine the exact shape that was drawn.

Examples of CAD/CAM software are SolidWorks, INVENTOR, CATiA  and AutoCAD. Furthermore, examples of CAM software are SolidCAM and CAMWorks.

3D CAD/CAM software provides the ability to control CNC machinery from 2.5 axis, 3 axis and multi axis CNC machines.

Expert CAD/CAM systems were developed around 1988.
French Chess Federation

The **French Chess Federation** (French : _Fédération Française des Echecs_ – _FFE_) is the national organization for chess in France. The president is Diego Salazar, the vice-president is Christophe Leroy and the treasurer is Stéphane Reyreau. The headquarters of the French Chess Federation is Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, near Paris. The French federation was founded in 1933.

## Related pages

- French Chess Championship

## Other websites

- Official Website
French Chess Championship

The **French Chess Championship** is the annual national chess tournament of France. It was officially first played in 1923 after the formation of the _Fédération Française des Echecs_ in 1921.

The first unofficial national tournament was played in 1880, in the Café de la Régence, where further events were held in 1881 and 1883. The 1903 and 1914 tournaments were the first real predecessors of the official championship. They ran under the name _Championnat de France des amateurs_ (Championship of the chess enthusiasts).

## Other websites

- Héritage des Echecs Français
- Championnat de France
Manuel Turizo

**Manuel Turizo Zapata**, better known as **Manuel Turizo** and by the acronym **MTZ** (born 12 April 2000) is a Colombian singer and songwriter. Born in Montería, Colombia. He is recognized for his hit single "Una Lady Como Tú" that won him great popularity.

## Career

His musical career comes with the release of an EP composed of 3 songs of different styles. There he focuses on urban music, trap music and reggaeton. In December 2016, he launched "Baila Conmigo", produced by his brother Julián and Zensei, "Vámonos" and "Una Lady Como Tú", a theme that made him famous throughout America and part of Europe.

On April 10, 2017 reissued "Una Lady Como Tú" and on August 4 premieres the remix of this track, with Nicky Jam. On October 20, "Déjala Que Vuelva" premieres, a collaboration he made with Piso 21. On November 28, the single "Déjate Llevar", a song by Juan Magán with the collaboration of Belinda, Snova, B-Case and Turizo, will be released. On December 7 he released the single "Esperándote".

#### As lead artist

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16.5em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"|Year|colspan="7"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13.2em;"|Certifications|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|2016|—|—|—|—|—|—|—||rowspan="5"||
|—|—|—|—|—|—|—||||||
|3|18|2|2|32|41|21|* AMPROFON: Diamond+Gold * PROMUSICAE: 4× Platinum|||||
|rowspan="2"|2017|—|—|—|8|—|—|—|* AMPROFON: Platinum * PROMUSICAE: Platinum|||
|11|—|30|43|50|33|18|* PROMUSICAE: Gold|||||
|colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|||||||||||

#### As featured artist

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16.5em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"|Year|colspan="7"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13.2em;"|Certifications|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2017|6|—|—|85|—|—|—|||
|7|7|3|13|16|8|6|* ASINCOL: 2× Platinum * PROMUSICAE: Platinum|_Ubuntu_|||
|colspan="14" style="font-size:90%"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.||||||||||

## Awards and nominations

|scope="col"|Year|scope="col"|Award|scope="col"|Category|scope="col"|Work|scope="col"|Result|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||2017||Kids' Choice Awards Colombia|Favorite Song|"Una Lady Como Tú"|||||
|rowspan="3"|2018|rowspan="3"|MTV Millennial Awards|Hit of the Year|"Déjala que Vuelva"|||||
|Urban Explosion|Himself|||||||||
|Instagramer Level God Colombia|Himself|||||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Manuel Turizo
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: Manuel Turizo in 2018.jpg
- **caption**: Turizo in 2018
- **birth name**: Manuel Turizo Zapata
- **birth place**: Montería, Colombia
- **genre**: Reggaeton
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 2016–present
- **label**: La Industria Inc.
Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya

Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya is an Indian mystery drama series on SET India, starring Tejaswi Prakash Wayangankar and Rohit Suchanti in lead roles and It premiered on 7 November 2017 and airs on SET India.

Female Actress Profile
https://twchannels.com/karn-sangini-serial-on-star-plus-cast-wiki-story-pics-images-promo-timings/
Joel Kovel

**Joel Kovel** (August 27, 1936 – April 30, 2018) was an American scholar and author.

## Biography

From 1977 till 1983 he was Director of Residency Training, Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (where he was also Professor of Psychiatry from 1979–1986). From 1980 to 1985, he was an Adjunct Professor of Anthropology at the New School for Social Research and from 1986–7 a Visiting Professor of Political Science and Communications, University of California, San Diego.

Kovel's works include _White Racism_ (1971)  (nominated for a National Book Award), _A Complete Guide to Therapy_ (1979), _The Age of Desire_ (1982), _Against the State of Nuclear Terror_ (1982), _In Nicaragua_ (1986), _The Radical Spirit: Essays on Psychoanalysis and Society_ (1988), _History and Spirit_ (1991), _Red Hunting in the Promised Land_ (1994),  _The Enemy of Nature_ (2002), and _Overcoming Zionism_ (2007).

On May 1, 2018, it was announced that Kovel died in New York City on April 30 at the age of 81. No cause of death was given.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Joel Kovel
- **image**: Joel Kovel, 2009 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Joel Kovel, in 2009
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, New York, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City
- **occupation**: Scholar, writer
- **nationality**: American
Max Berrú

**Max Berrú** (June 5, 1942 – May 1, 2018) was an Ecuadorian-Chilean singer and musician. He was one of the two founders of Inti-Illimani and sang the band's famous song "Viva Chile!". He was born in Cariamanga, Loja Province.

President Ricardo Lagos awarded him with the "Orden al Mérito Docente y Cultural Gabriela Mistral" in 2002. He owned a restaurant called _Mitad del Mundo_ ("Middle of the World"), in reference to his Ecuadorian origins.

Berrú died in Santiago de Chile on May 1, 2018 of multiple myeloma at the age of 74.

## Other websites

- https://archive.today/20120629151410/http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20050412/pags/20050412203156.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20050507104908/http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20050503/pags/20050503204512.html
Wanda Wiłkomirska

**Wanda Wiłkomirska** (11 January 1929 – 1 May 2018) was a Polish violinist and teacher. She was born in Warsaw. She was known for both the classical works and for her interpretation of 20th Century music, having received two Polish State Awards for promoting Polish music and also other awards for her contribution to music.

Wiłkomirska gave world premiere performances of numerous contemporary works including Tadeusz Baird and Krzysztof Penderecki. She lived in Brisbane, Australia. Wiłkomirska performed on a violin crafted by Pietro Guarneri in 1734 in Venice.

Wiłkomirska died in Brisbane on 1 May 2018 at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- I’LL PLAY IT FOR YOU , Ein Dokumentarfilm über die Geigerin Wanda Wiłkomirska (2008)
Morton, Minnesota

**Morton** is a city in Renville County, Minnesota, United States. This city is ninety-five miles southwest of Minneapolis. It is the headquarters of the Lower Sioux Indian Reservation. The population was 410 at the 2020 census.
Tuas Link MRT station

**Tuas Link MRT station (EW33)** is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station along the East West Line in Tuas, Singapore. It is the western terminus of the East West Line, and the westernmost MRT station in the network.

It is the first above-ground station to have platforms on a lower level than the station control room, fare gates and ticketing machines.

Tuas Link station is within walking distance to Raffles Marina, Tuas Checkpoint and the Malaysia–Singapore Second Link. However, as Tuas Checkpoint is designated as a vehicular checkpoint, travellers are not allowed to enter the checkpoint on foot via Tuas Link station.

## History

Tuas Link MRT station, along with the rest of the Tuas West Extension of the East West MRT Line, was first announced on 11 January 2011 by Transport Minister Raymond Lim. The groundbreaking ceremony marking the start of the construction of Tuas West Extension was held at this station on 4 May 2012 by Transport Minister Lui Tuck Yew. When opened, the extension is expected to serve more than 100,000 commuters daily.

The opening of the station was delayed from 2016 to the second quarter of 2017 to make way for the installation of the new signalling system. The station and the Tuas West Extension started operations on 18 June 2017.

Stations between Gul Circle to Tuas Link were temporary closed between 16 and 19 November 2017 following a collision between two trains at Joo Koon station. On 20 November 2017, train service from Gul Circle to Tuas Link was resumed; however, train services between Joo Koon and Gul Circle will be suspended till mid-2018 to facilitate maintenance work on signalling devices.

## Related pages

- Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Rapid transit
- **image**: Tuas Link station.jpg
- **image caption**: Platform level of Tuas Link station.
- **address**: 20 Tuas West Drive
Singapore 638418
- **other**: Tuas Link
- **structure**: Elevated
- **platform**: 2 (1 island platform)
- **levels**: 1
- **tracks**: 2
- **connections**: Tuas Bus Terminal, Taxi
- **parking**: No
- **bicycle**: Yes
- **electrified**: Yes
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation)
Clementi rail accident

The **1993 Clementi rail accident** was a rail accident that occurred on the East West line of the Singapore MRT. It was the MRT's first major incident and resulted in 156 passengers being injured. It was caused by a  oil spill.

## Background

The MRT commenced operations in 1987, with the part of the line from Outram Park MRT station to Jurong East MRT station opening on 12 March 1988. At the time of the accident, the system had been operating for six years.

## Incident

Before the start of service, a maintenance vehicle leaked oil onto the tracks from Buona Vista MRT station to  Clementi MRT station until the junction with Ulu Pandan Depot. The first 10 westbound trains reported braking difficulties. The eleventh train, a C151, had to use its emergency brakes to stop at the station. At 7.50 am on 5 August 1993, the 12th train, another C151, collided with the stationary C151 at Clementi while it was recharging its batteries, resulting in 156 injuries.

## Investigation

the investigation showed that the cause of the accident was a  oil spill caused by a defective rubber ring on a maintenance locomotive.

### Response

In the aftermath of the accident, SMRT said that it would replace the faulty maintenance locomotives and purchase new ones. It also introduced a new policy for station managers to inspect tracks for oil or foreign objects before the start of service.

### Joo Koon rail accident

The second collision on the MRT, the Joo Koon rail accident, occurred 24 years later on 15 November 2017, when two C151A trains collided at Joo Koon MRT station.

## Infobox (rail accident)

- **caption**: Clementi MRT Station at night
- **time**: 7.50 am Singapore Standard Time, SST
- **location**: Clementi MRT station
- **country**: Singapore
- **line**: East West MRT Line, East West
- **operator**: SMRT Trains
- **type**: collision
- **cause**: oil spill
- **trains**: 2
- **deaths**: 0
- **injuries**: 156
Devbhumi Dwarka district

**Devbhumi Dwarka District** is a district of India on the southern coast of the Gulf of Kutch in the state of Gujarat. Its headquarters are located in the city of Jamkhambhaliya. The district was created on August 15, 2013 from Jamnagar district.
Matthew Meselson

**Matthew Stanley Meselson** (born  May 24, 1930) is a geneticist and molecular biologist at Harvard University. He is known for his demonstration, with Franklin Stahl, of the semi-conservative DNA replication.

After completing his Ph.D under Linus Pauling at the California Institute of Technology, Meselson became a Professor at Harvard University in 1960. He is there today as today as Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of the Natural Sciences.

In the famous Meselson–Stahl experiment of 1958 he and Frank Stahl showed with nitrogen isotope labeling that DNA is replicated semi-conservatively. In addition, Meselson, François Jacob, and Sydney Brenner discovered the existence of messenger RNA in 1961. Meselson has investigated DNA repair in cells and how cells recognize and destroy foreign DNA, and, with Werner Arber, was responsible for the discovery of restriction enzymes.

Since 1963 he has been interested in chemical warfare and biological defense and arms control. Meselson worked with Henry Kissinger under the Nixon administration to convince President Richard Nixon to renounce biological weapons, suspend chemical weapons production, and support an international treaty banning biological agents for hostile purposes. In 1972 this became  the Biological Weapons Convention.

Meselson has received many awards. His laboratory at Harvard investigates the biological and evolutionary nature of sexual reproduction, genetic recombination, and aging. Many of his past students are notable biologists, including Nobel Laureate Sidney Altman, Mark Ptashne, Susan Lindquist, Stephen F. Heinemann, and Richard I. Morimoto.

## Related pages

- Meselson–Stahl experiment

## Infobox (scientist)

- **birth name**: Matthew Stanley Meselson
- **image**: File:Matthew Meselson 2010.jpg
- **birth place**: Denver, Colorado, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: University of Chicago
California Institute of Technology
- **doctoral advisor**: Linus Pauling
- **thesis title**: I. Equilibrium sedimentation of macromolecules in density gradients with application to the study of deoxyribonucleic acid. II. The crystal structure of N,N-dimethyl malonamide
- **thesis year**: 1957
- **thesis url**: http://thesis.library.caltech.edu/2536/
- **notable students**: Mark Ptashne, Susan Lindquist, Richard I. Morimoto, Sidney Altman, Nancy Kleckner, Steven Henikoff, Stephen Heinemann, Victor Corces
- **awards**: Guggenheim Fellowship, MacArthur Fellows Program Genius Award, Genetics Society of America - Thomas Hunt Morgan Medal for lifetime contributions, Lasker Award for Special Achievement in Medical Science