juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ocean thermal energy conversion

**Ocean thermal energy conversion** (OTEC) is a way of getting useful energy from the world's oceans. The sun shines on the oceans of the world and in the hot parts near the water at the sea's surface can be quite warm, sometimes as high as 30°C.

Many oceans are very deep and the water at depths of 1,000 meters can be around 5 °C.

If a pipe is put down into the ocean we can bring the cold water to the surface where we also have warm water available.

The difference in temperature between the warm surface water and the cold deep water may only be around 15 °C. But we can build a machine called a heat engine, which can use this  difference to generate power that can be used by people that live in that place. A machine which can do this is called an OTEC machine which stands for _ocean thermal energy conversion_.

Because the difference in temperature is small we will need to get large quantities of warm and cold water to go through the machine to get a useful amount of work, but large quantities are available in the ocean.

It has been estimated that OTEC could give amounts of energy that are 10 to 100 times greater than the other ocean energy source, wave power.

The first OTEC machine was built in Cuba in 1930 and made 22 kW of electricity. The largest machine built so far generated 250 kW in 1999 and was made by the US. Plans to build even bigger machines of around 10 MW have been made.

OTEC can also supply quantities of cold water as a by-product. This can be used for refrigeration and can help crops and fish grow. OTEC can also produce large amounts of salt-free water, which can be useful on mid-ocean islands as drinking water.
Middle-distance running

**Middle distance race** event is longer than sprints, up to 3000 metres. The standard middle distances are the 800 metres, 1500 metres and the mile run, while the 3000 metres may also be classified  as a _middle distance event_. The 880 yard run, or half mile, was the forebear to the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s. The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was commonplace in continental Europe in the 20th century.
Powerslave

***Powerslave*** is a studio album by Iron Maiden. It went on sale on 3 September 1984. It was the second most popular album in England when it started being sold.

The album got good reviews; one person said it was "classic and essential."

One of the songs, "Rime of the Ancient Mariner," was adapted from a poem of the same name by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. It is Iron Maiden's longest song (almost 14 minutes).

## Musicians

- Bruce Dickinson – lead vocals
- Dave Murray – guitar
- Adrian Smith – guitar, backing vocals
- Steve Harris – bass, backing vocals
- Nicko McBrain – drums

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Powerslave
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Iron Maiden
- **released**: 3 September 1984
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 50:57
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: EMI
- **producer**: Martin Birch
- **prev title**: Piece of Mind
(1983)
- **next title**: Somewhere in Time (album), Somewhere in Time
(1986)
New World vulture

**New World vultures** are the group of vultures that are found in the Americas.  They form the  family **Cathartidae**.  There are seven species in five genera.  Four of the genera have only one species each.

These are large birds of prey that feed on the meat of dead or dying animals.  The name "Cathartidae" comes from the Greek word _katharsis_ meaning to purge or make clean.

Unlike other birds of prey, they have a good sense of smell.  The opening of their nostrils has a hole through from one side of the beak to the other.  Some other vultures hop to move on the ground, but the New World vultures walk.

The two largest species are called condors.

## Species

- Genus _Coragyps_
    - Black vulture _Coragyps atratus_ in South America and north to US
- Genus _Cathartes_
    - Turkey vulture _Cathartes aura_ throughout the Americas to southern Canada
    - Lesser yellow-headed vulture _Cathartes burrovianus_ in South America and north to Mexico
    - Greater yellow-headed vulture _Cathartes melambrotus_ in the Amazon Basin of tropical South America
- Genus _Gymnogyps_
    - California condor _Gymnogyps californianus_ in California. Formerly widespread in the mountains of western North America.
- Genus _Vultur_
    - Andean condor _Vultur gryphus_ in the Andes
- Genus _Sarcoramphus_
    - King vulture _Sarcoramphus papa_ from Southern Mexico to northern Argentina
Counter-Strike

***Counter-Strike*** is a multiplayer first-person shooter game that was created by Valve Corporation. The game was initially released on November 9, 2000, for Microsoft Windows and later released for Xbox in 2003, and for OS X and Linux in 2013. The game is divided into two teams: counter-terrorists and terrorists, where players fight against each other to achieve their mission or stop the opposing team from achieving theirs.

Initially, Counter-Strike started as a mod for Valve's popular game, Half-Life. The game quickly gained traction, and in a short period of time, Valve Corporation made it into a standalone game.

## Gameplay

In Counter-Strike, players complete missions to achieve objectives such as planting a bomb, rescuing hostages, or killing the VIP on the opposing team. The game's objective changes depending on the level and mission the teams are playing. The game ends when one team finishes their mission or eliminates all players on the opposing team.

At the beginning of each round, players receive money, which they can use to purchase weapons and equipment that will help them complete their mission. As players progress through the game, they can earn more money, which can be used to purchase more powerful weapons and equipment.

Counter-Strike is primarily an online game, and players connect to a server to fight against other players. The game's popularity led to the creation of several sequels, including Counter-Strike: Source and Counter-Strike: Global Offensive. Counter-Strike: Global Offensive was released on August 21, 2012, and has since become one of the most played games in the world. The game's success is due to its exciting gameplay, the ability to play online with friends, and the constant updates and additions to the game, which keep players engaged and interested.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Counter-Strike
- **image**: File:Counter-Strike.svg
- **developer**: Valve Corporation, Valve
- **publisher**: Sierra Studios
- **series**: _Counter-Strike (series), Counter-Strike_
- **engine**: GoldSrc
- **genre**: Tactical shooter, Tactical first-person shooter
- **modes**: Multiplayer video game, Multiplayer
- **platforms**: Microsoft Windows, Windows, Xbox (console), Xbox, OS X, Linux
Racewalking

**Racewalking**, or **Walking race**, is a long-distance athletic event. It is different from running: in that one foot must appear to be in contact with the ground at all times. Stride length is reduced, so to achieve competitive speeds, race walkers must walk at speeds close to those that Olympic 400-meter runners use. They must walk at those speeds for hours at a time since the Olympic events are the 20 km race walk and 50 km race walk.

## Other websites

- Racewalk.com
- High School Race Walking
- Race Walking Record - News, photos and reports all about racewalking 
- World Masters Race Walking Rankings
- Race Walk UK
- Race Walk Australia
- D. Guebey walking pages
Sriharikota

**Sriharikota** is a barrier island off the coast of the southern state of Andhra Pradesh in India. It houses India's only satellite launch centre in the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (also known as SHAR) and is used by the Indian Space Research Organisation to launch satellites using multi-stage rockets such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.

Sriharikota separates the Pulicat Lake from the Bay of Bengal, and is home to the town of Pulicat. It is in Sri Amarajeevi Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore district in Andhra Pradesh. The nearest town is Sullurpeta, which has the nearest railway station. The nearest business city is Sri City. It is also connected by expressways to Chennai.
Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis

As a Commonwealth realm, St Kitts and Nevis has the same monarch as several other Commonwealth countries, King Charles III.

In St Kitts, or when representing St Kitts in another country, he is known as the King of St Kitts and Nevis, His full official title being: _Charles the Third, by the Grace of God, Kingof Saint Christopher and Nevis and of His other Realms and Territories, Head of the Commonwealth_.

When acting as King of St Kitts, Charles III only takes advice from the Government of St Kitts and Nevis.  This is because the Statute of Westminster of 1931 said that all Commonwealth countries were independent of each other, and that the British government no longer had the right to interfere or give orders to the other countries.

Usually the King's constitutional roles are carried out by the Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Royal succession (who is next in line to the throne) is governed by the English Act of Settlement of 1701, which is part of constitutional law.

## Infobox (monarchy)

- **royal title**: King
- **realm**: Saint Kitts and Nevis
- **border**: federal
- **coatofarms**: Coat of arms of Saint Kitts and Nevis (variant).svg
- **coatofarms article**: Coat of arms of Saint Kitts and Nevis
- **image**: King Charles III (July 2023).jpg
- **incumbent**: Charles III
- **incumbentsince**: 8 September 2022
- **his/her**: His
- **heir apparent**: Prince William, Duke of Cornwall and Cambridge
- **first monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **date**: 19 September 1983
COBOL

**COBOL** is a programming language that was developed in the year 1959. It was one of the first computer programming languages. The name COBOL stands for ***CO**mmon **B**usiness-**O**riented **L**anguage_.

## Background

COBOL was created because people wanted a language they could use to describe the problems in a way that is independent of the hardware used. Like SQL COBOL uses a syntax that is close to that of natural languages. As an example,  ***ADD** YEARS **TO** AGE_ is a valid expression.

## History

There are several different versions of COBOL. The newest is from 2002. In general, versions of the language before 1985 are not compatible with the newer versions, from 1985 and later.

In his letter to an editor in 1975 titled "How do we tell truths that might hurt?", computer scientist and Turing Award recipient Edsger Dijkstra remarked that "The use of COBOL cripples the mind; its teaching should, therefore, be regarded as a criminal offense." In this letter, Dijkstra also criticised several other languages which were used at the time.

In recent years, COBOL has been extended to allow object-oriented programming, user-defined functions, and user-defined data types.

## Reputation

The computer scientist Howard E. Tompkins disagreed, and defended structured COBOL: "COBOL programs with convoluted control flow indeed tend to 'cripple the mind'", but this was because "there are too many such business application programs written by programmers that have never had the benefit of structured COBOL taught well...".
Edsger W. Dijkstra

**Edsger Wybe Dijkstra** (May 11, 1930 – August 6, 2002; ) was a Dutch computer scientist. He received the 1972  Turing Award  for fundamental contributions to developing programming languages, and was the Schlumberger Centennial Chair of Computer Sciences at The University of Texas at Austin from 1984 until 2000.

Shortly before his death in 2002, he received the ACM PODC Influential Paper Award in distributed computing for his work on self-stabilization of program computation. This annual award was renamed the Dijkstra Prize the following year, in his honor.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Edsger Wybe Dijkstra
- **image**: Edsger Wybe Dijkstra.jpg
- **birth place**: Rotterdam, Netherlands
- **death place**: Nuenen, Netherlands
- **field**: Computer science
- **work institutions**: Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Mathematisch Centrum
Eindhoven University of Technology

University of Texas at Austin, The University of Texas at Austin
- **doctoral advisor**: Adriaan van Wijngaarden
- **doctoral students**: Nico Habermann
Martin Rem
David Naumann
Cornelis Hemerik
Jan Tijmen Udding
Jan L. A. van de Snepscheut, Johannes van de Snepscheut
Antonetta van Gasteren
- **known for**: Dijkstra's algorithm
Structured programming
THE multiprogramming system
Semaphore (programming), Semaphore
- **prizes**: Turing Award
Association for Computing Machinery
3 Doors Down

**3 Doors Down** are an American alternative rock band. They formed in 1994 in Escatawpa, Mississippi. The members of the group are Brad Arnold, the singer, Matt Roberts, who plays the lead guitar and backing vocals, Chris Henderson, who plays the rhythm guitar, Todd Harrell who plays the bass guitar and Greg Upchurch, who plays the drums.

On May 7, 2025, Arnold announced that he had been diagnosed with Stage IV clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma, a form of kidney cancer. On February 7, 2026, Arnold died in his sleep after battling cancer.

### Studio albums

- 2000: _The Better Life_
- 2002: _Away from the Sun_
- 2005: _Seventeen Days_
- 2008: _3 Doors Down_
- 2011: _Time of My Life_
- 2016: _Us and the Night_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: 3 Doors Down
- **image**: 3 Doors Down live @ Laredo Energy Arena in Laredo, Texas.JPG
- **caption**: 3 Doors Down live in Laredo, Texas
- **image upright**: 1.25
- **origin**: Escatawpa, Mississippi, U.S.
- **years active**: 1996–2026
- **current members**: * Chris Henderson
* Greg Upchurch
* Chet Roberts
* Justin Biltonen
- **past members**: * Brad Arnold
* Matt Roberts
* Todd Harrell
* Richard Liles
* Daniel Adair
Third Treaty of San Ildefonso

The **Third Treaty of San Ildefonso** (short for the **Preliminary and Secret Treaty between the French Republic and His Catholic Majesty the King of Spain, Concerning the Aggrandizement of His Royal Highness the Infant Duke of Parma in Italy and the Retrocession of Louisiana**) was a treaty between France and Spain. In it, Spain gave the territory of Louisiana to France.
Viglen

**Viglen** is an IT company based in the United Kingdom. Viglen is operated by UK businessman Lord Sugar and most schools in the UK own Viglen computers. Some of the products that Viglen have made are the Incepta II and the Genrie Pro.
Lotus Cars

**Lotus Cars** is a British builder of sports and racing cars. It is based at the old site of RAF Hethel, a World War II airfield in Norfolk. The company designs and builds race and production cars. The cars are built to have a low weight. The cars handle well (they can turn, start and stop quickly.)

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Lotus Group
- **image**: Lotus Headquarters.jpg
- **native name lang**: en
- **type**: Privately held company, Private
- **founder**: Colin Chapman
- **location city**: Hethel, Norfolk
- **location country**: England, UK
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **industry**: Automotive industry, Automotive
- **products**: Automobiles
- **production**: 867 units (2022)
- **revenue**: £56 million
- **revenue year**: 2022
- **num employees**: 1,385 (2021)
- **parent**: Geely, Zhejiang Geely Holding Group
Susan Collins

**Susan Margaret Collins** (born December 7, 1952) is an American politician who is the senior U.S. Senator from Maine since 1997. She is a moderate in the Republican Party. Collins was elected to the Senate in 1996. The Senator was born December 7, 1952.

On February 13, 2021, Collins was one of seven Republican senators to vote Donald Trump guilty of starting an insurrection at the U.S. Capitol attack in his second impeachment trial.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Susan Collins
- **image**: Susan Collins official Senate photo.jpg
- **caption**: Collins in 2015
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Maine
- **alongside**: Angus King
- **term start**: January 3, 1997
- **predecessor**: William Cohen, Bill Cohen
- **office1**: Chair of the United States Senate Special Committee on Aging, Senate Aging Committee
- **term start1**: January 3, 2015
- **term end1**: February 3, 2021
- **predecessor1**: Bill Nelson
- **successor1**: Bob Casey Jr.
- **office2**: Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Senate Homeland Security Committee
- **term start2**: January 3, 2003
- **term end2**: January 3, 2007
- **predecessor2**: Joe Lieberman
- **successor2**: Joe Lieberman
- **birth name**: Susan Margaret Collins
- **birth place**: Caribou, Maine, Caribou, Maine, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Thomas Daffron
- **education**: St. Lawrence University
Frill-necked lizard

The **frilled lizard** (_Chlamydosaurus kingii_) has a large reptile, thin frill around its head, which it displays in order to frighten enemies. To appear even more impressive, it also opens its mouth wide and often rears up on its hind legs. When frightened, this lizard will run away, using its back-legs only, earning it the nickname, the "bicycle lizard."

## Description

These lizards spend most of their life in trees (they are primarily arboreal). They live in the north of Australia and in New Guinea. They inhabit moist tropical and warm-temperate forests and in woodlands with shrubby understory. When displayed, the frill is 9.5-14 inches (24-34 cm) wide. When the lizard is at rest, the frill folds down on its shoulders. Adults are over 8 inches (20 cm) long.

## Diet

Frill-necked Lizards are carnivorous (meat-eaters). They eat bugs (like cicadas, ants, spiders, termites) small mammals, and small lizards. They hunt in trees and on the ground.

## Reproduction

Females lay 8 to 23 small eggs in an underground nest. These lizards hatch with the ability to be fully independent, hunt and to use their frill.
Jodi Picoult

**Jodi Lynn Picoult** (born 19 May 1966 in Nesconsent, Long Island, New York) is an American author. Picoult comes from what she calls a "non-practicing Jewish family". She was raised in her hometown in Long Island, but moved to the U.S. State of New Hampshire when she was 13 years old. She went to Princeton, a university in the U.S. state of New Jersey, where she studied writing and graduated from in 1987. She also went to Harvard University, where she earned a master's degree in education. She had many jobs, as a guest writer for magazines like _Seventeen_, to editing textbooks and teaching eighth grade English. She published her first novel _Songs of the Humpback Whale_ in 1992. Her first book to debut as a New York Times best-seller was her 2007 novel _Nineteen Minutes_; the following year her novel _Change of Heart_ became her second novel to debut as #1 on the New York Times Best Seller's list. Her last novel to be featured on the list was _Handle With Care_ (2009). Four of her novels, _The Pact_ (1998), _Plain Truth_ (2000), _The Tenth Circle_ (2006) and most recently, _My Sister's Keeper_, which published as a book in 2004 but released as a movie in 2009. She was awarded the New England Bookseller Award for fiction in 2003. Picoult currently has some 14 million copies of her books in print worldwide. In addition to writing novels, Picoult had written for DC Comics' third volume of Wonder Woman in 2007; she only wrote 5 issues. She lives with her husband, Tim Van Leer, their three children and pets in Hanover, New Hampshire.

## Books by Picoult

|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Years|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Title|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1992|_Songs of the Humpback Whale_|||||
|1993|_Harvesting the Heart_|||||
|1995|_Picture Perfect_|||||
|1996|_Mercy_|||||
|1998|_The Pact_|Adapted as a _Lifetime Original Movie_ in 2002||||
|1999|_Keeping Faith_|Adapted as a _Lifetime Original Movie_ in 2004||||
|2000|_Plain Truth_|||||
|2001|_Salem Falls_|||||
|2002|_Perfect Match_|||||
|2003|_Second Glance_|||||
|2004|_My Sister's Keeper_|Adapted into a movie in 2008||||
|2005|_Vanishing Acts_|||||
|2006|_The Tenth Circle_|||||
|2007|_Nineteen Minutes_|New York Times Best Seller||||
|2008|_Change of Heart_|New York Times Best Seller||||
|2009|_Handle With Care_|New York Times Best Seller||||
|2010|_House Rules_|||||
|2011|_Sing You Home_|||||

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Jodi Picoult
- **image**: Jodipicoult.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Picoult at a book signing in New Hampshire
- **birth name**: Jodi Lynn Picoult
- **birth place**: Nesconsent, Long Island, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Writer
- **language**: English
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: Princeton University, Harvard University
- **period**: 1992-present
- **notableworks**: Nineteen Minutes, The Pact
- **spouse**: Tim Van Leer
- **awards**: New England Bookseller Award
Shad Gaspard

**Shad Gaspard** (January 13, 1981 – May 17, 2020) was an American professional wrestler and actor. He was best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He teamed with JTG and they formed the tag team, Cryme Tyme. Gaspard later began an acting career which he stated in an interview for Right After Wrestling. He starred in _Get Hard_.

Gaspard was born in New York City.

Gaspard married his longtime girlfriend Siliana Gaspard in 2009, together the couple had a son, in April 2010.

On March 5, 2011, Gaspard was arrested by police in Columbus, Ohio for having allegedly refused the commands of a police officer and then resisting arrest for jaywalking. He was later cleared of all charges in July 2011.

On May 17, 2020, Gaspard was caught in a strong rip current at Marina del Rey beach in Venice Beach, California. On May 20, 2020, his body was found washed up in Venice Beach, California, three days after he had gone missing and identified by the Los Angeles County coroner's office. He was 39 years old.

On April 1, 2022, Gaspard was posthumously awarded with the Warrior Award at the WWE Hall of Fame.

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Shad Gaspard
- **names**: The Beast
**Shad Gaspard**
**Shad**
- **image**: Shad Cryme Tyme.jpg
- **image size**: 150
- **caption**: Shad Gaspard
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York, Brooklyn, New York City, New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Venice Beach, California, U.S.
- **billed**: Brooklyn, New York
- **children**: 1
- **trainer**: Ohio Valley Wrestling, OVW Staff
- **debut**: 2003
Bukittinggi

**Bukittinggi** (Indonesian for "high hill", formerly called _Fort de Kock_) is a city in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The population of this city was estimated at 120,000 according to the 2010 census. Bukittinggi became the capital city of Indonesia from 1948 to 1949 when Indonesia was at war with the Netherlands.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bukittinggi
- **nickname**: Londen van Andalas
- **motto**: _Saayun Salangkah_
(Minangkabau language, Minangkabau: _Same turn, same step_)
- **image skyline**: Daily_Bukittinggi.jpg
- **image caption**: Clock tower and main square
- **image seal**: Lambang Kota Bukittinggi.jpeg
- **image map**: Lokasi Sumatra Barat Kota Bukittinggi.svg
- **pushpin map**: Indonesia_Sumatra South#Indonesia_Sumatra#Indonesia
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Southern Sumatra, Sumatra and Indonesia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Indonesia
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: West Sumatra
- **area total km2**: 25.24
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 110954
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Time in Indonesia, WIB
- **utc offset**: +7
- **elevation m**: 930
- **area code**: +62 752
- **website**: [http://www.bukittinggikota.go.id/ www.bukittinggikota.go.id]
Yogyakarta

**Yogyakarta** is a city in the Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia. Yogyakarta was the capital city of Indonesia from 1947 to 1948. The city is near two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Borobudur temple and Prambanan temple.

## Education

Yogyakarta is a major center of education in Indonesia. Public universities in the city include:
- Gadjah Mada University one of Indonesia's best known state universities.
- Yogyakarta State University
- Sunan Kalijaga State Islamic University
- Indonesia Arts Institute

Private universities include:
- Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta
- Islamic University of Indonesia
- Atma Jaya University
- Sanata Dharma University

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Yogyakarta
- **official name**: City of Yogyakarta

- **native name lang**: jv, id
- **settlement type**: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, City
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: From above, left to right: Tugu Yogyakarta, Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, Alun-alun, Southern Alun-alun of Yogyakarta, Taman Sari (Yogyakarta), Taman Sari Water Castle, Bank Indonesia, Bank Indonesia building in Yogyakarta, Jalan Malioboro, Malioboro Street, and Beringharjo, Beringharjo Market.
- **image flag**: Flag of Yogyakarta City.svg
- **image seal**: Seal of the City of Yogyakarta.svg
- **nickname**: _Kota Pelajar_ , _Kota Budaya_ , _Kota Gudeg_
- **image map**: Lokasi_DIY_Kota_Yogyakarta.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Special Region of Yogyakarta
- **pushpin map**: Indonesia_Java#Indonesia
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Java and Indonesia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Indonesia
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Indonesia, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Java
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Indonesia, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Special Region of Yogyakarta
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Haryadi Suyuti
- **leader title1**: Vice Mayor
- **leader name1**: Heroe Purwadi
- **area total km2**: 32.50
- **area metro km2**: 2159.1
- **elevation m**: 113
- **population total**: 373589
- **population as of**: 2020 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population metro**: 4010436
- **population density metro km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Demographics
- **demographics1 title1**: Religion
- **area code**: (+62) 274
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Indonesia, Area code
- **registration plate**: Vehicle registration plates of Indonesia, AB
- **blank name sec1**: Human Development Index, HDI (2019)
- **blank info sec1**: 0.867 ()
- **timezone**: Time in Indonesia, Indonesia Western Time
- **utc offset**: +7
- **translit lang1 info1**: ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ
- **translit lang1 type1**: Javanese language, Javanese
- **translit lang1**: Regional
- **translit lang1 info2**: Jogjakarta
- **translit lang1 type2**: Non-formal
Kenzo Suzuki

is a Japanese professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA), World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). He is currently wrestling for All Japan Pro Wrestling and was a member of the stable, Voodoo Murders. He was often managed to the ring by his real-life wife, Hiroko Suzuki.

## Championships and accomplishments

- **All Japan Pro Wrestling**
    - Gaora TV Championship (1 time)
    - World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with The Great Muta
    - World's Strongest Tag Determination League (2010) – with KONO
- **DDT Pro-Wrestling**
    - KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Danshoku Dino and Super Sasadango Machine
    - King of Dark Championship (1 time)
- **Ganbare☆Pro-Wrestling**
    - World's Strongest Ganbare Tag Tournament (2017) – with Kazma Sakamoto
- **New Japan Pro-Wrestling**
    - Young Lion Cup (2000)
    - Young Lion Tournament (2002)
- **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
    - PWI ranked him #**392** of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010
- **Tokyo Sports**
    - Rookie of the Year (2000)
- **VKF Battle Entertainment**
    - VKF Championship (1 time)
- **World Wrestling Entertainment**
    - WWE Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with René Duprée

## Other websites

- Kenzo Suzuki's OWOW profile

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Kenzo Suzuki
- **image**: Kenzo Suzuki cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Suzuki in 2005
- **names**: **Kenso**
- **spouse**: Hiroko Suzuki (m. 2003)
- **birth place**: Hekinan, Aichi Prefecture, Aichi, Japan
- **billed**: The Land of the Rising Sun
Tokyo, Japan
- **trainer**: Kensuke Sasaki
Seiji Sakaguchi
- **debut**: January 4, 2000
Semih Erden

**Semih Erden** (born July 28, 1986 in Istanbul, Turkey) is an Turkish basketball player who currently plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the NBA. He was selected 60th overall in the 2nd round in the 2008 NBA Draft by the Boston Celtics, while he was playing for Fenerbahçe Ülker in his homeland. Erden arrived in Boston for the 2010–11 season, but was traded to Cleveland near the end of the season. During the 2011 NBA lockout, he returned to Turkey and played for Beşiktaş; after the lockout ended in December 2011, he returned to the Cavaliers.

## Other websites

- Semih Erden's NBA profile
Doug Williams (wrestler)

**Douglas Clayton Durdle** (born 1 September 1972) is an English professional wrestler. He is best known for his time working in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He was known under the ring name, **Douglas Williams**.

## Signature moves

- _Bombs Away_ (TNA) / _Bomb Scare_ (Independent circuit) (Diving knee drop)
    - _Chaos Theory_ (Williams pushes the opponent from behind into the turnbuckles, grabs hold of their waist, rolls backwards with them and follows up with a bridging German suplex)
    - Guillotine choke – 2010
    - _Revolution DDT_ (Tornado DDT)
- **Signature moves**
    - _Anarchy Knee_ (Running high knee)
    - _British Figure Four Leglock_ (Reverse figure four leglock)
    - Cravate, sometimes with repeated knee strikes to the opponent's head
    - European uppercut, sometimes from the top rope
    - Inverted Gory special
    - Bridging/Release double underhook suplex, sometimes from the top rope
    - Northern Lights suplex
    - Push up facebusters
    - Snap suplex transitioned into a gutwrench suplex and finished with an exploder suplex

## Championships and accomplishments

- **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
    - PWI ranked him #45 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2010

- **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
    - IWGP Tag Team Championship (one time) with Brutus Magnus
    - TNA Television Championship (two times)
    - TNA World Tag Team Championship (one time) with Brutus Magnus
    - TNA X Division Championship (one time)

## Other websites

- TNA.com Profile

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Doug Williams
- **image**: Doug Williams (wrestler).jpg
- **names**: **Doug Williams**
**Douglas Williams**
- **height**: 6 ft 0 in (2. 13cm)
- **weight**: 235 lb. (140 kg)
- **birth place**: Reading, Berkshire, England
- **billed**: Manchester, England
**The United Kingdom** (Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, TNA)
- **trainer**: NWA UK Hammerlock
Andre Baker
Dino Scarlo
- **debut**: 1993
Philidor Defence

**Philidor's defence**, usually called _the Philidor_, is one of the basic chess openings. It was used often by the 18th century master François-André Danican Philidor, and he published analysis about it in his textbook _L'Analyse du jeu des échecs_ (1849).

### Philidor's counter-gambit

- 1.e4 e5
- 2.Nf3 d6
- 3.d4 f5

### Main line

- 1.e4 e5
- 2.Nf3 d6
- 3.d4 exd4
- 4.Nxd4 Nf6
- 5.Nc3 Be7 or 5...g6 followed by 6...Bg7

### Transposition

Black can reach a line called the Hanham variation by transposing from the Pirc defence:
- 1.e4 d6
- 2.d4 Nf6
- 3.Nc3 Nbd7
- 4.Nf3 e5

- Kosten, Tony 1992. _Winning with the Philidor_. Batsford, London.
- List of chess openings
Robert Boyle

**Robert Boyle** FRS (25 January 1627 – 31 December 1691) was a 17th-century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor and founding member of the Royal Society.

Boyle was born in Ireland to a titled Anglo-Irish family. He was the fourteenth child of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, who had arrived in Ireland in 1588.

## Career

Robert Boyle is best known for Boyle's law.

When Robert Hooke was young, Boyle employed him as an instrument-maker and assistant. They continued to cooperate when Hooke took charge of experiments at the Royal Society.

Scientific research was the main focus of Boyle's life.  He joined other like-minded men in a group which called itself the "Invisible College".  He was part of the group which founded the Royal Society in 1660.

Boyle was an alchemist, but also the first modern chemist. His 1661 book, _The Sceptical Chymist_, is important in the history of chemistry.

## Religious interests

As a director of the East India Company Boyle spent large sums in promoting the spread of Christianity in the East. He contributed liberally to missionary societies and to the expenses of translating the Bible or portions of it into various languages.

Boyle supported the policy that the Bible should be available in the language of the people, in contrast to the Latin-only policy of the Roman Catholic Church at the time.

## Further reading

- Hunter, Michael. (2000). _Robert Boyle, 1627-91: scrupulosity and science_. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer. ; OCLC 185478148
- __________. 2009. _Boyle: between God and science_. New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 698916661

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Robert  Boyle
- **image**: Robert Boyle 0001.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Robert Boyle (1627–91)
- **birth date**: 25 January 1627
- **birth place**: Lismore, County Waterford, Lismore, County Waterford, Kingdom of Ireland, Ireland
- **death date**: 31 December 1691 (aged 64)
- **death place**: London, Kingdom of England, England
- **fields**: Physics, chemistry
- **known for**: Boyle's law, founder of modern chemistry
- **influences**: Robert Carew, Galileo Galilei, Otto von Guericke, Francis Bacon
- **influenced**: Considered the founder of modern chemistry
- **awards**: Fellow of the Royal Society
Myrtillocactus

***Myrtillocactus*** is a genus of plants in the family Cactaceae.

All of these plants are succulents. The plants grows in Mexico and Guatemala. In total, there are 4 species:
- _Myrtillocactus cochal_
- _Myrtillocactus eichlamii_
- _Myrtillocactus geometrizans_
- _Myrtillocactus schenckei_

Flowers are white or yellowish, its length is appr. 2.5 cm.

Some species of Myrtillocactus are popular houseplants.

## Other websites

- Germplasm Resources Information Network: _Myrtillocactus_
- NCBI: _Myrtillocactus_
USS Nimitz (CVN-68)

The **USS _Nimitz_ (CVN-68)** is a supercarrier of the United States Navy. Starting in late 2011, The USS _Nimitz_ will be stationed at Naval Station Everett in Everett, Washington. It is named after Admiral Chester W. Nimitz.

It is 1063 feet (333 meters) long. It has four separate steam catapults that can launch a 100,000-pound plane to 160 mph in 100 meters. It can launch early warning planes, light fighters, and larger fighter-bomber aircraft. It is powered by two nuclear reactors and can stay at sea for 24 years without refueling. However, refueling needs to be done carefully and only in special naval bases. The carrier weighs 100,000 tons, and it carries a maximum of 130 McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet<nowiki/>s or 85-90 larger planes.
Commelinoideae

**Commelinoideae** is a subfamily of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the dayflower family (Commelinaceae). The Commelinoideae is one of two subfamilies within the Commelinaceae and includes 39 genera (out of 41 in the family) and all but 12 of the family's several hundred known species.
Emma Bunton

**Emma Lee Bunton** (born 21 January 1976) is a British singer-songwriter and television promoter. She was a member of girl group the Spice Girls. She gained her nickname **"Baby Spice"** from being the youngest member of the group.

She was a contestant in the 2006 series of _Strictly Come Dancing_. She is also the host of the Heart FM Saturday evening show from 4pm to 7pm.

On 12 August 2012, The Spice Girls performed a medley of "Wannabe" and "Spice Up Your Life" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. They got back together just for the event. Their performance was the most tweeted moment of the Olympics closing ceremony with over 116,000 tweets on Twitter per minute.

## Personal life

Bunton's long-term partner since 1998 is singer Jade Jones. The couple have two children: Beau Lee Jones and Tate Lee Jones. She is also a godmother to Geri Halliwell's daughter Bluebell Madonna Halliwell, alongside Victoria Beckham.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Emma Bunton
- **img**: EmmaBuntonXmasRAH061219-37 (50116365821) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Emma Bunton on 6 December 2019
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Emma Lee Bunton
- **alias**: Baby Spice
- **birth place**: Finchley, London, England, UK
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Pop, adult contemporary music, adult contemporary
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter
TV and radio presenter
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin <small>(1996–2007)</small>
Polydor Records, Polydor <small>(2003–04)</small>
19 Entertainment, 19 <small>(2004–07)</small> <small>(US)</small>
Universal Music <small>(2004–07)</small>
- **associated acts**: Spice Girls, Jade Jones, Victoria Beckham, Melanie B, Melanie C
Barred spiral galaxy

A **barred spiral galaxy** is a big group of stars shaped like a spiral, and which has a long, straight bar also made up of stars  across its middle. Imagine it like a pinwheel firework with a stick going through it. Our home, the Milky Way, is one of these galaxies and has its own bar.

Edwin Hubble  made a list of all the galaxies he could find and put them into groups according to their shapes. He noticed that some of the spirals have tight arms, some have loose arms, and others are somewhere in between. He even made a category for those with a straight bar and no spiral arms.

Bars in galaxies act like nurseries for stars. They help bring gas toward the center, where new stars are born when there is enough gas and dust around. But the bars do not last forever; over time, they might change, and the galaxy becomes a more typical spiral.

Scientists think that this whole process takes about two billion years. They have found evidence that even in the early days of the universe, some galaxies already had these bars.

Barred spiral galaxies are like big whirlpools of stars with a straight bar made of more stars  in the middle. It is like a special phase in a galaxy's life, and it takes a long time for them to go from being just a spiral to having a bar.
Steeplechase (athletics)

The **steeplechase** is an obstacle race in athletics, which derives its name from the word _steeplechase_ in horse racing.

## Related pages

- Sprint
- Middle distance race
- Walking race
- Hurdle race
- Relay
- Long distance race
- Cross-country race
- Marathon
Ken Anderson (wrestler)

**Kenneth Anderson** (born March 6, 1976) is an American professional wrestler. Anderson is known for his time working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) from 2005 to 2009 under the ring name **Mr. Kennedy**. He has also wrestled in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as **Mr. Anderson** from 2010 to 2016. He is currently signed to Top Rank Boxing as their announcer.

Anderson is a former WWE United States Champion, Money in the Bank winner, and two-time TNA World Heavyweight Champion. He is known for performing his ring announcements himself.

## Championships and accomplishments

- **All-Star Championship Wrestling/ACW Wisconsin**
    - ACW Heavyweight Championship (4 times)
    - ACW Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Mike Mercury (1), Eric Hammers (1), and Adrian Serrano (1)
    - ACW Television Championship (1 time)
    - ACW Hall of Fame (Class of 2009)
- **Big League Wrestling**
    - BLW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
    - BLW Tag Team Championship (1 time)
- **Championship Of Wrestling**
    - cOw/WPWI United Championship (1 time)
- **Great Lakes Championship Wrestling**
    - GLCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **Heavy on Wrestling**
    - HoW Undisputed Championship (1 time)
- **Mid American Wrestling**
    - MAW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **NWA Midwest**
    - NWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **Nu-Wrestling Evolution/New Wrestling Entertainment**
    - NWE World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
    - Ranked No. 7 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in 2011
- **Pro Wrestling Pride **
    - PWP Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **River City Championship Wrestling**
    - RCCW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
    - TNA World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
- **Ultimate Pro Championship Wrestling**
    - UPCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Big Daddy Loker
- **World Association of Wrestling**
    - WAW World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **World Wrestling Entertainment**
    - WWE United States Championship (1 time)
    - Money in the Bank (2007)
- ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
    - Best Gimmick (2005)
    - Worst Gimmick (2013) <small>as a member of Aces & Eights</small>
- **Xtreme Intense Championship Wrestling**
    - XICW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Joey Padgett

## Other websites

- TNA Wrestling profile

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: Ken Anderson
- **image**: Ken Anderson by Ryan Bognar.jpg
- **caption**: Anderson in March 2019
- **birth name**: Kenneth Anderson
- **children**: 3
- **names**: Kamikaze Ken
**Ken Anderson**
Ken Kennedy
**Mr. Anderson**
Mr. Kennedy
Two Rivers Jack
- **height**: 6 ft 2 in
- **weight**: 235 lb
- **birth place**: Two Rivers, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **billed**: Green Bay, Wisconsin
- **trainer**: Eric Hammers
Mike Mercury
- **debut**: 1999
S Club

**S Club**, formerly **S Club 7** are a British pop band. They formed in 1998 in London and split up in 2003. The band members were Jo O'Meara, Bradley McIntosh, Paul Cattermole, Rachel Stevens, Hannah Spearritt, Jon Lee and Tina Barrett. The group reunited in 2008 with Jo O'Meara, Bradley McIntosh and Paul Cattermole and was renamed S Club.

### Studio albums

- 1999: _S Club_
- 2000: _<nowiki/>'7'<nowiki/>_
- 2001: _Sunshine_
- 2002: _Seeing Double_

## Iconic songs of S Club

Some iconic songs from S Club includes 'Never Had a Dream Come True', 'Don't Stop Movin', 'S Club Party', 'Reach' and 'Bring It All Back'.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: S Club
- **img**: S Club 7 - Bournemouth 2015.jpg
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, dance-pop, Contemporary R&B, R&B, disco
- **years active**: 1998–2003
2008–present
- **origin**: London, England
- **label**: Polydor Records
<small>(UK)</small>
Interscope Records
<small>(U.S. 1999–01)</small>
A&M Records
<small>(U.S. 1999–01)</small>
Polydor Records
<small>(US 2002)</small>
Universal Records
<small>(U.S. 2002)</small>
- **current members**: Jo O'Meara
Bradley McIntosh
Rachel Stevens
Jon Lee
Tina Barrett
- **past members**: Paul Cattermole
Rachel Stevens
Hannah Spearritt
Jon Lee
Tina Barrett
The New York Times Best Seller list

**_The New York Times_ Best Seller list** is a list of best-selling books in the United States that has been published weekly on Sundays by the _New York Times_, a New York City based newspaper since 9 April 1942. It is also released a stand-alone publication, meaning it is sometimes published separately outside of the newspaper, and can also be found online. The list is usually split into fiction and non-fiction sections; each contain ten to twenty titles. It has been accused of being easily manipulated, so it may not actually list the best sellers.
Muskmelon

**Muskmelons** (_Cucumis melo_) are a type of melon. Cantaloupes are a popular type of muskmelon, but there are other types like the Honeydew Melon.  They come from Persia  (Iran) and nearby countries.  They were transported west to Europe near the time of Christ's birth.  The name Cantaloupe comes from the Italian town they were cultivated in: _Cantalupo_ _nel Sannio_

The name of the muskmelon comes from the words "musk," which means "perfume" in Persian and "melon," which is French and comes from a Latin word melonem (melo in the accusative form - direct object function in a sentence) that means "fruit of a cucurbit."

## History

Muskmelons are native to Iran, as well as parts of India and Afghanistan.  The first known mention of the muskmelon was in Greece in the 3rd century BC. There is an old Egyptian painting that shows a fruit some people think was a muskmelon. In the first century AD, Romans knew about the muskmelon, and both the Greeks and Romans found that it could be used as medicine or to eat. At about this time, China also found out about the muskmelon.

During the Middle Ages the muskmelon spread across Europe to as far west as Spain and Christopher Columbus brought seeds of it to the Caribbean in 1494.  In the 1600s it was being grown across North America by the Spanish, the English and Native Americans.  By 1650 the muskmelon was being grown in Brazil.

## Taste

Muskmelons can widely vary in taste, depending on each fruit: some are sweet and some more closely resemble their cucurbitaceae cousin, the cucumber, in taste.  In 1513, a Spanish writer said of the muskmelon that "the good [muskmelons] are like good women, and the bad like bad women."  Maybe expecting all melons to be sweet, which is not the case as mentioned earlier.
2006 Hengchun earthquakes

The **2006 Hengchun earthquake** happened on Tuesday December 26, 2006 at 12:25 UTC (20:25 local time) near Taiwan. On the surface the center of the earthquake was about 22.8 km west southwest of Hengchun, Pingtung County, Taiwan.  The center of the earthquake underground was 21.9 km deep in the Luzon Strait ().

Reports of the strength of the quake do not all agree. Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau reported 7.0 M<sub>L</sub>  The United States Geological Survey estimated the quake to be 7.1 M<sub>w</sub>  The Hong Kong Observatory   and the Japan Meteorological Agency  said 7.2 M<sub>w</sub>. Taiwan's Central News Agency reported that it was the strongest earthquake to hit Hengchun in one hundred years. The earthquake hurt and killed many people and damaged many buildings. It also damaged several undersea cables. The broken cables were a problem for telecommunication services in parts of Asia.

The date of the earthquake was unusual. The earthquake happened exactly two years after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake that caused terrible damage to the coastal communities across Southeast and South Asia. It was also exactly three years after the 2003 earthquake that almost destroyed the southern Iranian city of Bam.

### Taiwan

This earthquake was the first time Taiwan detected a tsunami. The water level changed only 25 cm and did not damage anything.

### Warning from agencies in other areas

An early tsunami warning came from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). They reported that the earthquake caused a 1-meter tsunami. It was moving towards the east coast of the Philippines. The Hong Kong Observatory also reported a tsunami that would probably not affect Hong Kong.

## Related pages

- List of earthquakes
- 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake

## Other websites

- US Geological Survey (USGS) earthquake report
- Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau earthquake report
- Central Weather Bureau of Taiwan  The CWB maintains an up-to-date record of earthquakes and their aftershocks.
- _Reuters_ article
- _BBC NEWS_ article
- _CNN_ article
- _International Herald Tribune_ article
- Singapore's _Channel NewsAsia_ report on 28 December 2006

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **name**: 2006 Hengchun earthquakes
- **tags**: yes
- **timestamp**: doublet
- **timestamp-a**: 2006-12-26 12:26:21
- **timestamp-b**: 2006-12-26 12:34:15
- **isc-event-a**: 11123554
- **isc-event-b**: 11123555
- **anss-url-a**: usp000f114
- **anss-url-b**: usp000f115
- **local-time-a**: 20:26
- **local-time-b**: 20:34
- **magnitude-a**: 7.0
- **magnitude-b**: 6.9
- **affected**: Taiwan
- **tsunami**: Yes
- **aftershocks**: 5.5  Dec 26 at 12:40
 5.6  Dec 27 at 2:30
- **casualties**: 2 dead; 42 injured
Cuban solenodon

The **Cuban solenodon** or **almiqui** (_Solenodon cubanus_) is a species of soricomorph that is endemic to Cuba. It belongs to the family Solenodontidae along with a similar species, the Hispaniolan Solenodon (_Solenodon paradoxus_). The solenodon is unusual among mammals in that its saliva is venomous. Since its discovery in 1861 by the German naturalist Wilhelm Peters.