juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nematode

The **nematodes** or roundworms are  one of the most diverse of all animal phyla. They are one of the protostome phyla.

Nematode species look very similar to one another. Over 80,000 have been described, of which over 15,000 are parasitic. It has been estimated that the total number of described and undescribed roundworms might be more than 500,000.

The body structure is fairly constant. A thick cuticle gives protection, and acts as a kind of hydrostatic skeleton. _Caenorhabditis elegans_ has had its genetics studied intensively, and it had its genome analysed in the year 1998. DNA sequence analysis of nematodes is quite advanced, including trees of species relationship.

Cell numbers in the organs are constant within a species. Nematodes have a fixed, genetically determined number of cells, a phenomenon known as eutely. The male _C. elegans_ has 1031 cells, a number which does not change after cell division stops at the end of the larval period. Growth is solely due to an increase in the size of individual cells.

## Related pages

- _Turbatrix aceti_
- _Caenorhabditis elegans_
Bromance

A **bromance** is a close non-sexual relationship between two or more men, a form of homosocial intimacy. Bromance is a portmanteau word of _bro_ or _brother_ and _romance_. The word was created in the 1990s to describe the sort of relationships that develop between skateboarders who spend a great deal of time together.

## Related pages

- Platonic love
- Romantic friendship
- Womance
Turbatrix aceti

***Turbatrix aceti*** (also called **vinegar eels**) is a species of nematode. They feed on the acidic bacteria from vinegar and other things, like fermented apples. They range from 1mm to 10mm long or larger. These nematodes go through a six-stage life cycle. The stages are: an egg, four larval stages, and reaching adulthood. They live about 10 months.

## Anatomy

The nematode's reproductive system is sexual. Female vinegar eels have ovaries and produce eggs. Their reproductive system is in the form of a tube. The females also have a short sac-like seminal receptacle that stores sperm. A fertilized egg hatches in the uterus before leaving the womb. Vinegar eels give birth to as many as 45 babies every 8-10 days.  A male vinegar eels’ reproductive system is smaller than the female’s. They have testis and a vas deferens. The testes open into a wide sperm duct and then into a muscular duct which can push out the sperm. The duct empties into a  cloaca.

Nematodes, such as the vinegar eels, have no circulatory system. Through their body’s wall, gas and excretion waste are diffused. Oxygen from the outside environment is diffused into the body, and carbon dioxid<nowiki/>e is diffused out of the body. Vinegar eels have to live in liquids that have enough oxygen so that it can diffuse into their bodies.

## Aging research

Experiments with _T. aceti_ were done to understand the cause of ageing.  DNA damage accumulates when the rate of damage occurrence is more than the rate of DNA repair.  Accumulation of DNA damage leads to a decline in gene expression. There is a consistent decline in DNA repair capacity with age in the nematode. A second report measured the ability to repair DNA damage in young and old nematodes after exposure to ionizing radiation.  They observed that the old nematodes were strikingly less able to carry out this type of DNA repair than young nematodes.  These experiments suggest that a decline in DNA repair capability occurs with age. This is the "DNA damage theory of aging".

## References

- Aquatic Community. "Raising Vinegar Eels."  AC Tropical Fish & Aquarium. Aquaticcommunity.com, 2004-06. Web. 19 Apr. 2012.
- Pinckney, Rhonda DVM, PhD. "(The Parasitology Resource UW - Madison)." The Parasitology Rescource/ VetMed. UW School of Veterinary Medicine. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. <http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/pbs/foodsafety/parasite/vinegar.html >.
- Tappin, Adrian R. "Vinegar Eels." Home of the Rainbowfish- Feeding. Selected for Inclusion in the National Library of Australia Digital Archive of Australian Online Publications (Jan. 1998), Dec. 2008. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. <http://rainbowfish.angfaqld.org.au/vinegar.htm >.
- Wetman. "Vinegar Eels." The Skeptical Aquarist.com. The Skeptical Aquarist ©, 21 Mar. 2011. Web. 19 Apr. 2012. <http://www.skepticalaquarist.com/turbatrix >.
Edward Stratemeyer

**Edward L. Stratemeyer** (October 4, 1862  May 10, 1930) was an American publisher and a writer of children's stories. He was very prolific and created several children's series including _The Rover Boys_, _The Bobbsey Twins_, _Tom Swift_, _The Hardy Boys_, and _Nancy Drew_. He founded the Stratemeyer Syndicate.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Edward L. Stratemeyer
- **image**: Stratemeyerposing.jpg
- **caption**: Unknown date.
- **pseudonym**: Victor Appleton,  Ralph Bonehill, Franklin W. Dixon, Laura Lee Hope, Carolyn Keene, Roy Rockwood and Arthur M. Winfield
- **birth place**: Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth, New Jersey, United States
- **resting place**: Evergreen Cemetery, Hillside, Evergreen Cemetery
 Hillside, New Jersey, Hillside, New Jersey, United States
- **occupation**: Publisher and writer
- **nationality**: American people, American
- **genre**: Children's fiction
- **notableworks**: Creator of the book series:
_Bobbsey Twins, The Bobbsey Twins_
_Bomba, the Jungle Boy_
_The Colonial Series_
_The Dana Girls_
_Dave Dashaway_
_Don Sturdy_
_The Hardy Boys_
_Jack Ranger_
_Nancy Drew_
_Rover Boys, The Rover Boys_
_Tom Swift_
Julie Delpy

**Julie Delpy** (born 21 December 1969 in Paris) is a French-American director and movie actress. She has performed in and directed many movies during her career. She moved to the United States around 1990. She is a dual citizen of France and the United States.
Bunryaku

, also romanized as **Bunreki,** was a  after _Tenpuku_ and before _Katei._  This period started in November 1234 and ended in September 1235. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Bunryaku_ Era

- **18 June 1234** (_Bunryaku 1, 20th day of the 5th month_): Former Emperor Chūkyō died.
- **31 August 1234** (_Bunryaku 1, 6th day of the 8th month_): Former Emperor Go-Horikawa died.
- **1234** (_Bunryaku 1, 12th month_): Kujō Yoritsune is raised to the 1st rank of the 3rd class in the court hierarchy.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Bunryaku|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1234|1235|
Katei

was a  after _Bunryaku_ and before _Ryakunin._  This period started in September 1235 and ended in November 1238. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Katei_ Era

- **1235** (_Katei 1, 11th month_): Kujō Yoritsune is raised to the 2nd rank of the 2nd class in the court hierarchy.
- **1236** (_Katei 2, 7th month_): Yoritsune is raised to the 1st rank of the 2nd class in the court hierarchy.
- **1237** (_Katei 3, 8th month_): Yoritsune ordered the building of a mansion in the Rokuhara section of Kyoto.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Katei|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1235|1236|1237|1238|
Ribalonga

**Ribalonga** (from the Gallician _riba_ - 'climb' and _longa_ - 'long') is a Portuguese parish in the north of the Municipality of Alijó, in ‘Trás-dos-montes’ (‘behind the hills’). It has a population of 231 (2011) and an area of 9,15 km2 (density : 25,2/km2). Its patron saint is Saint Anna, mother of Saint Mary and therefore, grandmother of Jesus.

## History

The Castle of Ribalonga was a fortress that probably began to be inhabited on the Iron Age and continued on the Ancient Rome.
Ribalonga belonged on the 13th century to the parish of Vila Chã, on 1839 to Vila Real, on 1852 to Vilar de Maçada and on 1872 to Alijó.

### Legend of the red cross

The legend tells that in the year 2000, a man of the family Sampaio, whose descendants still live in the village, coming from the fair of Vilar de Maçada, brought with him some meat. Suddenly, he was followed by a pack of wolves and he became very scared, because he realized that the wolves were very hungry. When he arrived near the village, the wolves began to close the circle. When he saw himself lost, he got off his horse and knelt and asked the Lord of the Afflicted to save him from the wolves. At this moment, the dogs in the house of Mr. Sampaio began barking anxiously and the wife of the man let them go. They ran fast to the place where the man was and drove the wolves away. In recognition, he built a cross where he asked the Lord to help. A few days later, one of the dogs appeared, all hurt.
This cross can be seen today, a little bit degraded, on the place that has the name _Red Cross_ and that is in the South of Ribalonga.

### Legend of St. Ana

There is another legend of Ribalonga, referring to its place of St. Ana. There is a huge rock, rectangular, with three grooves at the top, the head, the torso and the limbs of a person.
The voice of the people, that same voice that describes the legends word by word, says that these signs were left there by St. Ana when she was on pilgrimage to holy places.
The legend tells that St. Ana, very tired and seeing no other place to lie down, took this rock to rest.  And so the stone became soft for her to be comfortable and cosy, taking the shape of her body. And the next day, at dawn, her forces restored, she continued her journey. After that, people began to pass the rock to go to work and, noticing the furrows, they were amazed. Nobody knows how they came to the conclusion that it was St. Ana. Was it because they were devotees? No one can answer, the fact is that currently the village patron saint is St. Ana and  the hills and the land around the place where the famous rock is, are known as _Santa Ana_.

## Geography

Ribalonga borders to Rapadoura, Vila Verde, Popúlo, Vilar de Maçada, Vila Chã and to the region of Douro. It has a lot of mountains, hills, pines and it's very stony.

## Culture

The cuisine of Ribalonga is based on meat. There are a lot of different specialities like _cozido à portuguesa_ ('Portuguese stew'), _feijoada à transmontana_ (rice and black beans), _alheiras_ or _linguiças_ (both sausages). There are a lot of fields and vineyards too.
Tokyo Skytree

, formerly known as , is a broadcasting, restaurant, and observation tower in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan the special ward of Sumida, not far from the Sumida River. The nearest train station is Oshiage, which is on the Toei Asakusa Line, Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line, and railway lines operated by Tobu and Keisei.

The Tokyo Skytree was designed by the architects from Nikken Sekkei, a e company, the process of building the tower began in 2008 and was completed on 29 February 2012.Emperor Akihito visited the tower in advance of its official opening, and the opening ceremony took place on 22 May 2012.

With a height of , the Tokyo Skytree is the tallest structure in Japan. This height was chosen because it could be easily remembered. The figures 6 (_mu_), 3 (_sa_), 4 (_shi_) stand for Musashi Province, which is an old name of the region where the tower stands.

It is the third tallest structure in the world behind Merdeka 118 in Malaysia and Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It is also the tallest tower in the world, according to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, because there is no space in the Skytree for people to live or work in, unlike the Burj Khalifa.

All of central Tokyo can be seen from special viewing platforms at  and . At night, it is lit up with different coloured lights. The entry to the Tembo Deck (350 m) costs about ¥2,400 for a same-day adult ticket in 2025.

## Other websites

- http://www.tokyo-skytree.jp/english ,  
- Skyscrapernews article on New Tokyo Tower
- http://www.rising-east.jp/webcam/

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Tokyo Skytree
- **native name**: 東京スカイツリー
- **native name lang**: ja
- **logo**: TOKYO SKYTREE logo.svg
- **logo size**: 150px
- **image**: Tokyo Skytree 2014 Ⅲ.jpg
- **caption**: Tokyo Skytree in 2014
- **location**: Sumida, Tokyo, Japan
- **status**: Completed
- **architectural style**: Neofuturistic
- **building type**: Broadcast, restaurant, and observation tower
- **floor count**: 32 above ground
3 below ground
- **elevator count**: 13
- **cost**: 65 billion Japanese yen, JPY (600 million United States dollar, USD)
- **architect**: Nikken Sekkei
- **main contractor**: Obayashi Corp.
- **developer**: Tobu Railway
- **owner**: Tobu Tower Skytree Co., Ltd.
Jean Robieux

**Jean Robieux** (15 October, 1925; Jugon-les-Lacs – 14 June 2012; Chatenay-Malabry) was a French physicist. Graduate from _École Polytechnique_ (1946-1949), _École nationale de l'aviation civile_ (1949-1951), Doctor of Science from University of Paris and holder of a Master of Science from the California Institute of Technology, he is a leading French specialist in laser.
He is a member of the French Academy of Sciences and of the _Académie des Technologies_ (Academy of Technologies).

## Works

Jean Robieux is responsible for the discovery of the principle of control of laser fusion in 1961 and the discovery of the principle of laser isotope separation. All contributions are outlined in his book « High Power Laser Interactions : Isotopes Separation - Nuclear Fusion Control - Elementary Particles Selective Creation ».

## Bibliography

- _High Power Interactions : Isotopes separation - Nuclear fusion control - Elementary particles selective creation_. Ed. Lavoisier-2000
- _Towards the end of global warming. Abundant energy without pollution. Laser nuclear fusion»_. Ed.Louis de Broglie-2009

## Award

- Officier of the Légion d'honneur (2000)

## Other websites

- Interview vidéo de monsieur Jean Robieux sur la fusion nucléaire par laser
- La fusion par laser au seuil de la réalité
- La Fusion Nucléaire par laser - Jean Robieux

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jean Robieux
- **image**: JeanRobieux2010.JPG
- **birth date**: 15 October 1925
- **birth place**: Jugon-les-Lacs
- **death date**: 14 June 2012
- **death place**: Chatenay-Malabry
- **nationality**: France, French
- **citizenship**: France, French
- **known for**: Nuclear Fusion Laser
- **education**: Aerospace engineer
- **alma mater**: École Polytechnique
 École nationale de l'aviation civile
 University of Paris
 California Institute of Technology
Ryakunin

was a  after _Katei_ and before _En'ō._  This period spanned the years from November 1238 to April 1239. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Ryakunin_ Era

- **1238** (_Ryakunin 1, 1st month_): Kūjo Yoritsune travelled from Kamakura to Kyoto with Hōjō Yasutoki.
- **1238** (_Ryakunin 1, 2nd month_): Yoritsune began to live in his new palace at Rokuhara.
- **1238** (_Ryakunin 1, 10th month_): Yoritsune travelled from Kyoto to Kamakura.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Ryakunin|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1238|1239|
En'ō

was a  after _Ryakunin_ and before _Ninji._  This period spanned the years from February 1239 to July 1240. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _En'ō_ Era

- **1239** (_En'ō 1, 1st month_):  gave up his office as _daijo daijin_; and he retired from court life.  He became a Buddhist priest.
- **28 March 1239** (_En'ō 1, 22nd day of the 2nd month_): Former Emperor Go-Toba died at age 60.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|En'ō|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1239|1240|
Ninji

, also called **Jinji,** was a  after _En'ō_ and before _Kangen._  This period started in August 1240 and ended in January 1243. The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Ninji_ Era

- **1242** (_Ninji 3, 10th day of the 1st month_): In the 10th year of Shijō's reign, the emperor died; and the succession (_senso_) was received by the second son of former Emperor Tsuchimikado.
- **1242** (_Ninji 3, 5th month_): Emperor Go-Saga's role as emperor was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).
- **14 July 1242** (_Ninji 3, 15th day of the 6th month_): Hōjō Yasutoki died at age 60.
- **7 October 1242** (_Ninji 3, 12th day of the 9th month_): Former Emperor Juntoku died in exile on Sado Island.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Ninji|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1240|1241|1242|1243|
Osweiler

**Osweiler** is a small village in the commune of Rosport, in eastern Luxembourg.

The commune is in the canton of Echternach,  which is part of the district of Grevenmacher.

The family of Dennis Hastert, the 59th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, emigrated from Osweiler to America.
Kangen

was a  after _Ninji_ and before _Hōji._  This period started in February 1243 and ended in February 1247. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Kangen_ era

- **1244** (_Kangen 2, 4th month_): Kujō Yoritsugu had his coming-of-age ceremonies at age 6.  In the same month, Yoritsune asked Emperor Go-Saga for permission to make Yoritsugu the new shogun.
- **11 September 1245** (_Kangen 3, 7th month_):  Yoshitsune shaved his head and became a Buddhist priest.
- **1246** (_Kangen 4, 7th month_): Yoritsune's son, now Shogun Yoritsugu (who is only 7 years old) marries the sister of Hōjō Tsunetoki.
- **1246** (_Kangen 4_): In the 4th year of Go-Saga's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (_senso_) was received by his 4-year-old son.  Soon after, Emperor Go-Fukakusa's role as emperor is confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kangen|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1243|1244|1245|1246|1247|
Ichneumon

The **Ichneumonoidea** are parasitoid wasps. They are a superfamily in the suborder Apocrita.

The superfamily is made up of the **ichneumon** wasps, (family Ichneumonidae), and the braconids (family Braconidae). The superfamily contains well over 80,000 different species. Members of the family Ichneumonidae are usually larger than members of the Braconidae, and the family has three times as many species as the braconids. The two families are distinguished mainly by details of wing venation.

Almost all are solitary insects, and most are parasitoids—the larvae feeding on or in another insect which finally dies. Being in the same order, ichneumonoids are closely related to other hymenoptera such as ants and bees. Many species in both families use polydnaviruses (with double strand DNA) to suppress the immune system of the host insect.

Some species use many different insects as hosts, others are very specific in host choice. Various ichneumons are used successfully as biological control agents in controlling pests such as flies or beetles.

Ichneumon wasp species are highly varied, ranging from  to  long. Most are slender, with the females of many species (particularly in the genus _Megarhyssa_) having an extremely long ovipositor for laying eggs. The female finds a host and lays an egg on, near, or inside the host's body. Upon hatching, the larval ichneumon feeds either externally or internally, killing the host when they themselves are ready to pupate. Despite looking formidable, the ovipositor does not deliver a sting like many wasps or bees. It can be used by the wasps to bore through rotten wood, and lay eggs in grubs hiding under the wood.

## Other websites

- Reference large-format photos of 15 different species of Ichneumonidae
- An interesting account  of an observer's encounter with Ichneumons.
- University of Florida Department of Entomology & Nematology page about Ichneumons
- BugGuide page: Family Ichneumonidae - Ichneumon Wasps
Information asymmetry

**Information asymmetry** is a concept in economics and contract theory. It says that in any given contract the two parties of the contract do not have the same information. Information economics is a field of science that looks at some of the problems that result from this bias. Neoclassical economics assumes there is perfect information: all the actors know all the states of their environment; they can also observe what all the other actors do. Information is free -it has no cost in the economic sense. This is also true for the ability to observe the other parties.

## Model

A model called New institutional economics changes this: information is no longer free, there are costs associated with obtaining information.

Information asymmetry is concerned with three main asymmetries:
- _Hidden characteristics_: Certain features of the products are not known before the contract is made.
- _Hidden action_ and _hidden information_: After the contract is made, one of the actors' actions cannot be observed (hidden action); if it can be observed, its qualities cannot be determined (hidden information)
- _Hidden intention_: Before the contract is made, all the actors can be observed, but their intentions cannot be known.

## History

In 2001, the Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to George Akerlof, Michael Spence, and Joseph E. Stiglitz "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information."

## Related pages

- Planned obsolescence
SWV

**SWV** (**Sisters with Voices**) are an African American girl group that sing R&B music.  They were founded in New York City. They formed in 1990. The group was founded in 1990 and had multiple hit songs between then and 1998, one of which sampled the Michael Jackson hit song _Human Nature_. The group broke up in 1998 but then reunited around 2005 and have been making music since.

## Albums

- It's About Time (1992)
- New Beginning (1996)
- Release Some Tension (1997)
- I Missed Us (2012)
- Still (2016)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: SWV
- **img**: Tajofswv.jpg
- **img capt**: SWV performing in 2005
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Sisters with Voices
- **origin**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **years active**: 1990–1998,
2005–present
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA, Mass Appeal Entertainment/E1 Music
- **associated acts**: Teddy Riley (producer), Teddy Riley, Brian Alexander Morgan, Allstar
- **url**: http://www.therealswv.com
- **current members**: Coko, Cheryl "Coko" Clemons
Tamara Johnson-George, Tamara "Taj" Johnson-George
Leanne "Lelee" Lyons
Simpson's paradox

**Simpson's paradox** is a paradox from statistics. It is named after Edward H. Simpson, a British statistician who first described it in 1951. The statistician Karl Pearson described a very similar effect in 1899.-  Udny Yule's description dates from 1903.  Sometimes, it is called the **Yule–Simpson effect**. When looking at the statistical scores of groups, these scores may change, depending on whether the groups are looked at one by one, or if they are combined into a larger group. This case often occurs in social sciences and medical statistics. It may confuse people, if frequency data is used to explain a causal relationship.  Other names for the paradox include   _reversal paradox_ and _amalgamation paradox_.

## Example: Kidney stone treatment

This is a real-life example from a medical study comparing the success rates of two treatments for kidney stones.

The table shows the success rates and numbers of treatments for treatments involving both small and large kidney stones, where Treatment A includes all open procedures and Treatment B is percutaneous nephrolithotomy:

||colspan=2 width=150|Treatment A|colspan=2 width=150|Treatment B|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||success|failure|success|failure|
|colspan=2|_Group 1_|colspan=2|_Group 2_||
|number of patients|81|6|234|36|
||93%|7%|87%|13%|
|colspan=2|_Group 3_|colspan=2|_Group 4_||
|number of patients|192|71|55|25|
||73%|27%|69%|31%|
|colspan=2|_Group 1+3_|colspan=2|_Group 2+4_||
|number of patients|273|77|289|61|
||78%|22%|83%|17%|

The paradoxical conclusion is that treatment A is more effective when used on small stones, and also when used on large stones, yet treatment B is more effective when considering both sizes at the same time. In this example, it was not known that the size of the kidney stone influenced the result. This is called a hidden variable (or lurking variable) in statistics.

Which treatment is considered better is determined by an inequality between two ratios (successes/total). The reversal of the inequality between the ratios, which creates Simpson's paradox, happens because two effects occur together:
1. The sizes of the groups, which are combined when the lurking variable is ignored, are very different. Doctors tend to give the severe cases (large stones) the better treatment (A), and the milder cases (small stones) the inferior treatment (B). Therefore, the totals are dominated by groups three and two, and not by the two much smaller groups one and four.
1. The lurking variable has a large effect on the ratios, i.e. the success rate is more strongly influenced by the severity of the case than by the choice of treatment. Therefore, the group of patients with large stones using treatment A (group three) does worse than the group with small stones, even if the latter used the inferior treatment B (group two).
Guarani

**Guarani**, **Guaraní** or **Guarany** may refer to

## Ethnography

- Guaraní people, an indigenous people from South America's interior (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Bolivia)
- Guaraní language, or Paraguayan Guarani, an official language of Paraguay
- Guarani dialects, spoken in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, and Paraguay
- Guarani languages, a group of languages, including Guarani, in the Tupí-Guaraní language subfamily

## Economics

- Paraguayan guaraní, the currency of Paraguay

## Geography

- Guarani, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Guarani de Goiás, Brazil
- Guarani das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Guarani Aquifer, a large underground water reservoir in South America

## Literature and music

- _The Guarani_, an 1857 novel by José de Alencar
- _Il Guarany_, an opera by Carlos Gomes, based on the above novel

## Machines

- VBTP-MR, a Brazilian 6x6 armored personnel carrier

## Association football (soccer) clubs

- Brazil
- Guarani Esporte Clube (CE), Juazeiro do Norte
- Guarani Esporte Clube (MG), Divinópolis
- Guarani Futebol Clube, Campinas
- Guarany Futebol Clube, Bagé
- Guarany Futebol Clube (Camaquã)
- Guarany Sporting Club, Sobral
- Associação Atlética Guarany, Porto da Folha
- Esporte Clube Guarani, Venâncio Aires
- Sociedade Esportiva, Recreativa e Cultural Guarani, Palhoça
- Sport Club Guarany, Cruz Alta

- Paraguay
- Club Guaraní, Asunción
Coat of arms of Argentina

The **coat of arms of Argentina** was used in its current form in 1944.  It started in the seal of the General Constituent Assembly of 1813.

It is not known who made the coat of arms.  At the top is the gold-yellowed Sun of May, also found on the flag of Argentina. The rising sun is for the rising of Argentina.  In the center, there are two shaking hands.  This is for the unity of the Provinces of Argentina. The hands come together to hold a pike.  This shows power and willingness to defend freedom.  The Phrygian cap is on the top of the spear.

The blue and white colors are for the Argentine people.  They are the same colors of the Argentine flag. The blue half is for the sky and the white is for the Río de la Plata.

## Infobox (coat of arms)

- **name**: Coat of arms of Argentina
- **image**: Coat of arms of Argentina.svg
- **image width**: 200
- **lesser**: Coat of arms of Argentina (Alternative).svg
- **lesser width**: 100
- **lesser caption**: Alternative
- **armiger**: Argentina.
- **year adopted**: 1813, 1944.
- **crest**: A Sun of May
- **shield**: An oval division of the field, party per fess bleu celeste and argent; the two shaking hands in base come together to hold a pike with a Phrygian cap gules in chief.
- **other elements**: The whole surrounded by a wreath of laurel vert and tied with a banner.
- **earlier versions**: The seal of a French group in the National Assembly (around 1793) and the seal of the General Constituent Assembly (1813).
Jenny Agutter

**Jennifer Ann Agutter** (born 20 December 1952) is a British actress. She was born in Taunton, Somerset.  She starred in _The Railway Children_, _Walkabout_, _Logan's Run_ and ''An American Werewolf in London.
En unión y libertad

****** (Spanish for "in unity and freedom") is Argentina's national motto. It was set in the 1813 General Assembly. This was when the Argentine War of Independence wanted free from the Spanish Empire. It is on all peso coins and banknotes.
Patagonia

**Patagonia** is at the southern end of South America.  It is land shared by Argentina and Chile.  It has some of the most dramatic landscapes on Earth. It has the southern section of the Andes mountains to the southwest towards the Pacific ocean.

## Geography

It follows south through the Colorado River towards Carmen de Patagones in the Atlantic Ocean. To the west, it includes the Valdivia through Tierra del Fuego archipelago.

The name Patagonia is from the word _patagón_ used by Magellan in 1520.  The word was for the native people that his expedition thought to be giants. Now people think the Patagons were actually Tehuelches.  They had an average height of 180 cm (~5′11″) compared to the 155 cm (~5′1″) average for Spaniards of the time.

## Animals

The guanaco, the cougar, the Patagonian fox, the Patagonian hog-nosed skunk, and the Magellanic Tuco-tuco are the most common mammals of the Patagonian plains.  There are also many birds.  Southern Caracara, Austral parakeets, and Green-backed Firecrowns are some.  Waterfowl include Chilean Flamingo, Upland Goose, and steamer ducks.

Famous marine fauna include the southern right whale, the Magellanic Penguin, the orca and elephant seals. The Valdés Peninsula is a UNESCO World Heritage Site for its importance as a nature reserve.
Omen

An **omen** is a sign that is thought to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. The word can mean something either "good" or "bad" is about to happen. The origin of the word is unknown, although it may be connected with the Latin word _audire_, meaning "to hear". An example from the past, babies born with birth defects were believed to be a bad or evil omen.

## Related pages

- Luck
- Superstition
Phoebe Cates

**Phoebe Belle Cates** (born July 16, 1963) is an American model and movie actress. She is best known for acting in movies in the _Gremlins_ franchise and for acting in the 1982 movie _Fast Times at Ridgemont High_.

Cates was born on July 16 1963, in New York City, New York. She married actor Kevin Kline in 1989. They have two children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Phoebe Cates
- **image**: Phoebe Cates at 81st Academy Awards.JPG
- **caption**: Phoebe Cates at 81st Annual Academy Awards, February 22 2009
- **birth name**: Phoebe Belle Cates
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Model (1977–1981)
Actress (1982–1994, 2001)
Entrepreneur (2005–present)
Hōji

was a  after _Kangen_ and before _Kenchō._  This period started in February 1247 and ended in March 1249. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Hōji_ era

- **1247** (_Hōji 1_):  The Hōji conflict; Hōjo family destroyed the Miura family; and in so doing, the clan consolidated its authority as regents.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Hōji|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1247|1248|1249|
Argentine Antarctica

**Argentine Antarctica** is a part of Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national territory.  This claim overlaps with British and Chilean claims in Antarctica. Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands.

The Argentine exploration to the continent started early in the 20th century. José María Sobral was the first Argentine to set foot on Antarctica in 1901. He spent 2 seasons with the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of Doctor Otto Nordenskiöld. In 1904, the Orcadas Base was fully working. Years later other bases were made. The first Argentine expedition to reach the South Pole was the 1965 Operación 90.

Argentine actions in Antarctica are coordinated by the Instituto Antartico Argentino

According the last Argentine national census, on October 2010 (winter) there were 230 people in the six permament bases.

## Geography

The geography of Argentine Antarctica has some features of the Patagonia. The highest peaks are at the south of the Antarctic Peninsula. The land is under an ice sheet.

The region has a polar climate, with strong winds, snow and thick clouds.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Argentine Antarctica
- **native name**: Antártida Argentina
- **image skyline**: Argentine Antarctica.svg
- **image caption**: Argentine Antarctica map since 1950, the Orcadas base are from 1904.
- **image flag**: Flag of Tierra del Fuego province in Argentina.svg
- **image shield**: Escudo COA Tierra del Fuego Province Argentina.svg
- **image map**: Antarctica, Argentina territorial claim.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Antarctica
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Argentina
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina, Tierra del Fuego Province
- **founder**: José María Sobral
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 965,597
- **population total**: 300
- **population density km2**: auto
Kenchō

was a  after _Hōji_ and before _Kōgen._  This period started in March 1249 and ended in October 1256. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Kenchō_ era

- **1252** (_Kenchō 2_): Great Buddha of Kamakura was put in place at Kōtoku-in.
- **1253** (_Kenchō 5_): Kenchō-ji founded.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kenchō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1249|1250|1251|1252|1253|1254|1255|1256|
Kōgen

was a  after _Kenchō_ and before _Shōka._  This period started in October 1256 and ended in March 1257. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Kōgen_ era

- **1 September 1256** (_Kōgen 1, 11th day of the 8th month_): Kujō Yoritsune, also known as Fujiwara Yoritsune, died at the age of 39 years.
- **14 October 1256** (_Kōgen 1, 24th day of the 9th month_): Yoritsune's son and successor as Kamakura shogun, Kujō Yoritsugu, also known as Fujiwara Yoritsugu, died at the age of 18 years.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kōgen|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1256|1257|
Shōka

was a  after _Kōgen_ and before _Shōgen._  This period started in March 1257 and ended in March 1259. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Shōka_ era

- **1257** (_Shōka 1_): A major epidemic was reported in this year.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Shōka|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1257|1258|1259|
Bunpō

, also romanized as **Bumpō**, was a  after _Shōwa_ and before _Gen'ō._  This period started in February 1317 and ended in April 1319.  The reigning Emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Bunpō_ Era

- **1317** (_Bunpō 1, 9th month_): Former-Emperor Fushimi died at age 53 years.
- **1318** (_Bunpō 2, 2nd month_): In the 11th year of Hanazono's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (_senso_) was received by his cousin, who was the second son of former-Emperor Go-Uda.  Soon eafter, Emperor Go-Daigo's role as emperor was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).
- **1319** (_Bunpō 3, 4th month_): Emperor Go-Daigo caused the _nengō_ to be changed to _Gen'ō_ to mark the beginning of his reign.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Bunpō|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1317|1318|1319|
Gen'ō

was a  after _Bunpō_ and before _Genkyō._  This period started in April 1319 and ended in February 1321.  The reigning Emperor was .

## Events of the _Gen'ō_ era

After the abdication of Emperor Hanazono, Takaharu-shinno was proclaimed emperor. Nijō Michihira was Chancellor (_kampaku_); but the court remained under the direction of former-Emperor Go-Uda.  Prince Morikuni  was the shogun in Kamakura; and Hōjō Takatoki was the shogunate's chief minister (_shikken').
- **1319** (_Gen'ō 1, 3rd month_): Prince Kuniyoshi, the son of former-Emperor Go-Nijō, was named Crown Prince (_tōgu_).
- **1319** (_Gen'ō 1, 6th month_): Konoe Tsunehira died.  He was Minister of the Left (_sadaijin_).
- **1319** (_Gen'ō 1, in the 8th month_): The daughter of Saionji Sanekane became one of the emperor's concubines.
- **1319** (_Gen'ō 1, 12th month_): Nijō Michihira resigned from his office as _kampaku_; and Ichijō Uchitsune became _kampaku_.
- **1330** (_Gen'ō 2, 5th month_): Hōjō Tokiasu died.  Tokiasu was a high shogunate official (_Rokuhara Tandai_ and _Kitakata_).
- **1320** (_Gen'ō 2, 5th month_): Kujō Moronori died at age 48. He was a former Regent (_sesshō'').

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Gen'ō|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1319|1320|1321|
Béard-Géovreissiat

**Béard-Géovreissiat** is a commune in the Ain department of France. Most of the commune is the villages of  Béard and Géovreissiat. The hamlet of St Germain de Béard, and the northern part of the hamlet of Croix-Châlon are also part of the commune.

The commune was called Géovreissiat until October 2008. Géovreissiat is the main village and the city hall is there.
In 2009, 935 people lived in the commune. They are called the _Béardais_.

Between 1841 and 1846, the population fell from 720 to 354 inhabitants, and continued to fall until the end of the Second World War. Today it has reached its highest population since records began.

## References

- INSEE

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Béard-Géovreissiat
- **arrondissement**: Nantua
- **canton**: Nantua
- **insee**: 01170
- **postal code**: 01460
- **mayor**: Christian Izabel
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Lac de Nantua
- **elevation m**: 500
- **elevation min m**: 446
- **elevation max m**: 724
- **area km2**: 4.69
- **population**: 935
- **population date**: 2009
Lottery

**Lottery** is a form of gambling where people pick numbers for a prize, usually money. It is forbidden by some governments although allowed by others. Until after World War II, lottery systems were banned in most countries, including the United States and Europe. Nowadays, lottery is a real method of revenue in some countries, including United States.
Energy drink

**Energy drinks** are beverages whose producers say they can "can boost energy". This claim has to do with vitamins and stimulants in these drinks. Examples of energy drinks are Red Bull and Monster Energy. They are usually well liked by young people. 66% of energy drink sales are to people between the ages of 14 and 35.  Up to a third of children in the UK have at least one energy drink every week.

They are a subset of the larger group of energy products, which includes bars and gels; they are also different from sports drinks, which are advertised to improve sports performance. There are many brands and varieties in this drink category.

Energy drinks have the effects of caffeine and sugar, but there is little or no evidence that many other ingredients have any effect. Most effects of energy drinks on cognitive performance, such as increased attention and reaction speed, are primarily due to the presence of caffeine. Other studies ascribe those performance improvements to the effects of the combined ingredients.

There is evidence that these drinks  are harmful to the mental and physical health of children and young people, as well as their behaviour and education.  Some  supermarkets have introduced a voluntary ban on the sale of energy drinks to under-16s.  The British government said they would ban energy drinks for under-16s in England in 2019, but in 2024 that has not happened. The  British Soft Drinks Association says their voluntary code of practice says BSDA members do not market or promote energy drinks to under-16s.
Kellie Martin

**Kellie Noelle Martin** (b. October 16 1975 near Riverside, California) is an American television actress. She is known for playing Lucy Knight in the NBC television series _ER_.

## Awards and nominations

|Year|Association|Category|Nominated work|Result||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1990|Young Artist Awards|Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series|_Life Goes On_|||
|1991|Young Artist Awards|Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series|_Life Goes On_|||
|rowspan="2"|1992|Young Artist Awards|Best Young Actress Starring in a Television Series|_Life Goes On_||
|Viewers for Quality Television|Best Supporting Actress in a Quality Drama Series|_Life Goes On_||||
|1993|Emmy Awards|Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series|_Life Goes On_|||
|1999|Screen Actors Guild|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series|_ER_ <small>(shared with cast)</small>|||
|rowspan="2"|2000|Screen Actors Guild|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series|_ER_ <small>(shared with cast)</small>||
|Screen Actors Guild|Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series|_ER_ <small>(shared with cast)</small>||||
Mutunus Tutunus

In ancient Roman religion, **Mutunus Tutunus** was a phallic marriage deity. He is often associated with the Greek god Priapus. His shrine was located on the Velian Hill, supposedly since the founding of Rome, until the 1st century BC.

During marriage rites, Roman brides are supposed to have straddled the phallus of Mutunus to prepare themselves for sexual intercourse, according to Church Fathers who interpreted this act as an obscene loss of virginity.

## Related pages

- Priapus - Greek mythology version of Mutunus Tutunus
Lionel Guérin

**Lionel Guérin** is a French Chief executive officer and politician. Graduate from the _École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique_ and from the _École nationale de l'aviation civile_, he is the founding President of the regional airline Airlinair, President of Transavia France and of the _Fédération nationale de l’aviation marchande_.

In September 2011, he almost became chairman of Air France.

Lionel Guerin is an environmental activist. He likes parrots. He also likes supporting sustainable aviation.

Guérin received the Legion of Honour award.

## Bibliography

- _Info-Pilote_ number 612, Paris, Info-Pilote, March 2007

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lionel Guérin
- **birth name**: Guérin
- **nationality**: France, French
- **known for**: Founding President of Airlinair and President of Transavia.com France, Transavia France
- **education**: Aerospace engineer
 Airline Transport Pilot Licence
- **alma mater**: École nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique
 École nationale de l'aviation civile
- **employer**: Airlinair
 Transavia.com France, Transavia France
- **occupation**: Founding President of Airlinair and President of Transavia.com France, Transavia France, President of the _Fédération nationale de l'aviation marchande_
- **children**: 2
- **website**: http://www.travelgreen.fr
Omar Hawsawi

**Omar Hawsawi** (Arabic: عمر هوساوي; born on 27 September 1985) is a Saudi Arabian former professional footballer who plays as a defender for Al-Ittihad.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|King Cup|colspan="2"|Crown Prince Cup|colspan="2"|Asia|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="11"|Al-Nassr|2010–11|Pro League|8|1|1|0|1|0|6|0|—|16|1||
|2011–12|Pro League|13|2|1|0|2|0|—|—|16|2|||||
|2012–13|Pro League|15|1|2|0|3|0|—|2|0|22|1||||
|2013–14|Pro League|22|3|1|0|4|0|—|—|27|3|||||
|2014–15|Pro League|24|2|4|0|3|1|6|0|1|0|38|3|||
|2015–16|Pro League|23|1|4|0|2|0|5|0|1|0|35|1|||
|2016–17|Pro League|23|1|3|0|4|0|—|—|30|1|||||
|2017–18|Pro League|22|0|2|0|—|—|3|0|27|0|||||
|2018–19|Pro League|13|0|2|0|—|11|2|3|0|29|2||||
|2019–20|Pro League|7|0|2|0|—|1|0|0|0|10|0||||
|rowspan="5"|Al-Ittihad|2020–21|Pro League|17|0|0|0|—|—|2|0|19|0|||
|2021–22|Pro League|16|1|1|0|—|—|0|0|17|1|||||
|2022–23|Pro League|20|0|2|0|—|—|1|0|23|0|||||
|2023–24|Pro League|11|0|0|0|—|4|0|1|0|16|0||||

### International

- _Statistics accurate as of match played 10 September 2019._

|Year|Apps|Goals|
| --- | --- | --- |
|colspan=3|Saudi Arabia||
|2013|1|0|
|2014|11|1|
|2015|7|0|
|2016|8|1|
|2017|12|0|
|2018|12|1|
|2019|2|0|

**International goals**
- _Scores and results list Saudi Arabia's goal tally first._
|#|Date|Venue|Opponent|Score|Result|Competition|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1.|14 October 2014|King Abdullah Sports City, Jeddah||**1**–0|1–1|Friendly|
|2.|15 November 2016|Saitama Stadium 2002, Saitama||**1**–2|1–2|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification|
|3.|26 February 2018|King Abdullah Sports City, Jeddah||**1**–0|3–0|Friendly|

## Honours

**Al-Nassr**
- Saudi Professional League: 2013–14, 2014–15, 2018–19
- Saudi Crown Prince Cup: 2013–14
- Saudi Super Cup: 2019

**Al-Ittihad**
- Saudi Professional League: 2022–23
- Saudi Super Cup: 2022

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Omar Hawsawi
- **image**: Omar Hawsawi 2018.jpg
- **caption**: Hawsawi with Saudi Arabia national football team, Saudi Arabia at the 2018 FIFA World Cup
- **full name**: Omar Ibrahim Omar Othman Hawsawi
- **birth place**: Mecca, Saudi Arabia
- **height**: 1.84 m
- **currentclub**: Al Ittihad Club (Jeddah), Al-Ittihad
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **clubnumber**: 4
- **youthclubs1**: Al-Shabab FC (Riyadh), Al-Shabab
- **years1**: 2008–2009
- **clubs1**: Al-Washm Club, Al-Washm
- **years2**: 2009–2011
- **clubs2**: Al-Shoulla F.C., Al-Shoulla
- **caps2**: 15
- **goals2**: 2
- **years3**: 2011–2020
- **clubs3**: Al Nassr FC, Al-Nassr
- **caps3**: 170
- **goals3**: 11
- **years4**: 2020–2024
- **clubs4**: Al Ittihad FC, Al-Ittihad
- **caps4**: 65
- **goals4**: 1
- **nationalyears1**: 2013–2019
- **nationalteam1**: Saudi Arabia national football team, Saudi Arabia
- **nationalcaps1**: 53
- **nationalgoals1**: 3
- **pcupdate**: 18 February 2024
- **ntupdate**: 10 September 2019
Abdulaziz Fallatah

**Abdulaziz Fallatah ** (; born December 28, 1985) is a Saudi football player who plays as a midfielder.

## References

- Kooora.com

## Other websites

- Profile at slstat.com

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Abdulaziz Fallatah
- **fullname**: Abdulaziz Kamel Fallatah
- **birth place**: Saudi Arabia
- **height**: 1.79 m
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthclubs1**: Al-Wehda Club (Mecca), Al-Wehda
- **years1**: 2006–2009
- **clubs1**: Al-Wehda Club (Mecca), Al-Wehda
- **years2**: 2009–2010
- **clubs2**: Al-Faisaly FC (Harmah), Al-Faisaly
- **years3**: 2010–2011
- **clubs3**: Al-Qadisiyah FC, Al-Qadisiyah
- **caps3**: 25
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2011–2012
- **clubs4**: Al-Nassr FC
- **caps4**: 13
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2012–2013
- **clubs5**: Al-Taawoun FC, Al-Taawon
- **caps5**: 2
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2013–2014
- **clubs6**: Al-Orobah F.C., Al-Orobah
- **caps6**: 24
- **goals6**: 3
- **years7**: 2014–2016
- **clubs7**: Al-Wehda Club (Mecca), Al-Wehda
- **caps7**: 6
- **goals7**: 0
- **years8**: 2016
- **clubs8**: Al-Orobah F.C., Al-Orobah
- **years9**: 2016–2017
- **clubs9**: Hajer Club, Hajer
- **caps9**: 12
- **goals9**: 0
- **years10**: 2018
- **clubs10**: Jeddah Club, Jeddah
- **years11**: 2020–2021
- **clubs11**: Bisha FC, Bisha