juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Jama Masjid

The **Jama Masjid**, also known as the **Masjid-i Jahān-Numā** (, which translates as the 'World-reflecting Mosque') is the principal mosque of Old Delhi in India. It was built in 1656 by the Mughals under Emperor Shah Jahan.

## Infobox (religious building)

- **building name**: Jama Masjid
- **image**: Jama Masjid, Delhi.jpg
- **location**: Delhi, India
- **religious affiliation**: Islam
- **territory**: Delhi
- **district**: Central Delhi
- **status**: Mosque
- **architecture type**: Mosque
- **architecture style**: Islamic architecture, Islamic,
- **year completed**: 1656
- **capacity**: 25,000
- **length**: 80 m
- **width**: 27 m
- **dome quantity**: 3
- **minaret quantity**: 2
- **minaret height**: 41 m
2006 Jama Masjid explosions

The **2006 Jama Masjid explosions** were two explosions that occurred in the courtyard of Jama Masjid, a 17th-century mosque in Old Delhi (India) on April 14, 2006.
Babri Mosque

The **Babri Mosque** (; ) (Transliteration:**Babri Masjid **) or **Mosque of Babur** was a mosque in Ayodhya, India. It was constructed by order of the first Mughal emperor of India, Babur, in Ayodhya in the 16th century.

Statues of Hindu deities were kept in the mosque overnight and claimed by hindus as the birth place of lord Rama.

Later, the site was declared disputed by the court. The mosque was destroyed in 1992 when a rally of Hindu extremists and nationalists entered in Ayodhya and demolished it.

After the demolition of the Babri Mosque there was violence between Muslims and Hindus. On 27 September 2010 an Indian High Court (Allahabad High Court) decided that the Mosque was built on the Ram Temple which was destroyed by Babar. Allahabad High Court decided to split the site into three parts.

On 22 January 2024, Ram mandir was built upon the place while Muslims where given another place to build a mosque.

## Infobox (mosque)

- **name**: Babri Mosque
- **image**: Babri Masjid.jpg
- **alt**: Babri Mosque
- **caption**: Babri masjid in 19th century
- **latitude**: 26.7956
- **longitude**: 82.1945
- **location**: Ayodhya, India
- **year**: Constructed – 1527
Destroyed – 1992
- **architecture style**: Tughlaq
Wudu

**Wudu** ( **al-wuū**',  _ābdast_, ,  **wazū**') is the Islamic act of washing parts of the body using water. It is necessary to do this before one prays.
7 July 2005 London bombings

The **7 July 2005 London bombings** (also called **7/7**) were suicide bomb attacks on public transport in London. British Muslim extremists conducted the attacks during the morning rush hour.

At 08:49, three bombs exploded within fifty seconds of each other on three London Underground trains. A fourth exploded an hour later at 09:47 on a bus in Tavistock Square. The bombs were homemade. They were carried in rucksacks and set off by the bombers.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: 7 July 2005 London bombings
- **partof**: Islamic terrorism and terrorism in the United Kingdom
- **location**: London, England
- **target**: Public on London Underground trains and a bus in Central London
- **time**: 08:49 - 09:47
- **timezone**: UTC+01:00
- **type**: Suicide bombings, mass murder
- **fatalities**: 56 (including the 4 bombers)
- **injuries**: 784
- **perpetrators**: Hasib Hussain
Mohammad Sidique Khan
Germaine Lindsay
Shehzad Tanweer
- **weapons**: Improvised explosive device, IEDs
- **motive**: Islamic terrorism
Maliki

**Maliki** (Arabic **مَالِكِي**) is one of the four madhhabs (schools of fiqh or religious law) in Sunni Islam.  The third-largest madhhab, it is followed by about 15% of the world's Muslims.  Most of them are in North Africa and West Africa.
Madh'hab

A **madhhab** (Arabic مذهب [mæðhæb] pl. مذاهب [mæðæːhıb]) is an **Islamic school of law**, or _fiqh_ (religious jurisprudence). There are eight madhhabs in Sunni Islam: Maliki, Hanafi, Hanbali, Shafi'i, Zahiri, Jariri, Thawri, Awzai, and Laysi.

There are also non-denominational Muslims, who are not affiliated with any of those schools: other Sunnis, as well as Shias and Ibadis.
Islamic calligraphy

**Islamic calligraphy** (Arabic: إِسْلَامِيُّ خَطَاطَةٌ), also known as **Arabic calligraphy**,  is the art of artistic handwriting, and by extension, of bookmaking. It is both an art, and a practical way of writing.

Arabic calligraphy may be found on tiles and other ornaments. The text usually comes from the Koran (Qur'an).

## Styles

The different styles of Arabic writing mostly derive from early versions of the Koran. There are geometric styles such as **Kufic**, and cursive (flowing) styles like **Naskh**, **Thuluth**, and **Muhaqqaq**.

## References

- Wolfgang Kosack: _Islamische Schriftkunst des Kufischen. Geometrisches Kufi in 593 Schriftbeispielen. Deutsch – Kufi – Arabisch._ Christoph Brunner, Basel 2014, .
Decorum

**Decorum** (from the Latin: "proper, fit, becoming") was a principle of classical rhetoric, poetry and theatrical theory.
Carsten Niebuhr

**Carsten Niebuhr** or **Karsten Niebuhr** (March 17, 1733 – April 26, 1815) was a German mathematician, surveyor, cartographer, and explorer.

Niebuhr was the son of a Hanoverian farmer. He was self-educated. He travelled throughout the Middle East including Arabia, Persia (Iran), Syria and India. He was the only surviving member of a Danish/German team after the others died from illness and malaria. He wrote at least two books on his trips to the region which were later translated in to English and published in two volumes in the 1790s. Later editions were published around 1825.

Niebuhr’s maps of the region including _Sinus Persicus_,  made about 1765 of the Persian Gulf is considered one of the most accurate of his time and was used for nearly 100 years.

## Other websites

- _Travels in Arabia_ is an old book from 1892 that talks about Carsten Neibuhr's travels
Madrasa

**Madrasa** (, _madrasa_ pl. , _madāris_) is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion). It is variously transliterated as **madrasah**, **madarasaa**, **medresa**, **madrassa**, **madraza**, **madarsa**, **madrasseh**, etc.
Umar

**Umar ibn al-Khattab** (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, <small>romanized:</small> ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb_; <abbr>c.</abbr> 582/583 – 644), also spelled **Omar**, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (<abbr>r.</abbr> 632–634) as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644. Umar was a senior companion and father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

At first, Umar opposed Muhammad and was enemy of Islam. After his conversion to Islam in 616, Umar became the first Muslim to openly pray at the Kaaba. After Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance to hazrat Abu Bakr rz. () as the first disputed caliph. Umar served as the closest adviser to the Bakr until August 634. It was then that the dying Abu Bakr made Umar his successor.

Under Umar, the caliphate expanded. It ruled the Sasanian Empire and more than two-thirds of the Byzantine Empire. His attacks on the Sasanian Empire resulted in the conquest of Persia in less than two years. Jewish tradition says that Umar set aside the Christian ban on Jews and let them into Jerusalem and to worship. Umar was assassinated by the Persian slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz in November 644.

Umar is said to be one of the most powerful Muslim caliphs. He is revered in the Sunni Islamic tradition. More than 50 hadiths speak of how he was the second greatest  Sahabah after Abu Bakr. He is viewed negatively in the Twelver Shia tradition, although Shi'ite figures often married into his family and named their children after him. They view his killer as a martyr although he was not a Muslim.

## Related pages

- Sahaba

## Bibliography

- Guillaume, A., _The Life of Muhammad_, Oxford University Press, 1955.
- Previte-Orton, C. W. (1971). _The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History_. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Donner, Fred, _The Early Islamic Conquests_, Princeton University Press, 1981.

## Other websites

- Excerpt from _The History of the Khalifahs'' by Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti
- Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya al-Husayni al-Ninowy.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Hazrat Umar
 حظرت عمر
- **image**: Rashidun Caliphs Hazrat Umar ibn Al-Khattāb - عُمر بن الخطّاب ثاني الخلفاء الراشدين.svg
- **image size**: 260
- **alt**: Calligraphic representation of Umar's name, with the honorific 'may God Exalted be pleased with him':
- **succession**: 2nd Rashidun Caliph, Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate
- **reign**: 23 August 634 – 3 November 644
- **predecessor**: Hazrat Abu Bakr
- **successor**: Hazrat Uthman, Uthman ibn Affan
- **birth place**: Mecca, Hejaz, Arabian Peninsula, Arabia
- **death date**: (Dul huj 26 AH) ()
- **death place**: Medina, Hejaz, Rashidun Caliphate
- **burial place**: Prophet's Mosque, Medina
- **issue-link**: Family tree of Umar
- **issue-pipe**: (among others)
- **house**: Quraysh (Banu Adi)
- **house-type**: Tribe
- **father**: Khattab ibn Nufayl
- **mother**: Hantamah bint Hisham
- **religion**: Islam
- **signature**: Signature Believed To Be Of ʿUmar B. Al-Khaṭṭāb.png
Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

**Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld**  (26 December 1737 – 26 February 1815) , was a famous general of the Habsburg Emperors.

Born at Schloß Ehrenburg in Coburg, he was the youngest son of Duke Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Anna Sophie, Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

Josias joined the Habsburg military as Colonel in 1759. After participating in the Seven Years' War, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant Field Marshal by 1773. In the Russo-Turkish-Austrian war of 1788, he commanded an army corps under Freiherr von Laudon, occupying Moldavia, capturing Khotyn in Bessarabia and sharing in Aleksandr Suvorov's success in the Battle of Focşani (August 1, 1789). Having completely beaten the main Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha in the Battle of Rymnik, he captured the greater part of Wallachia, including Bucharest, being welcomed by the population after the flight of Prince Nicholas Mavrogenes. Soon after that, he became a Field General.

During the occupation of Moldavia, Josias met Therese Stroffeck. On September 24, 1789, in the town of Roman, she gave birth to a son. The son's name was Frederick. Josias married Therese after their return to Coburg, on December 24. He then said that he was the father of Frederick. Frederick was ennobled by the Austrian Emperor on August 25, 1808. On February 17, 1853 the Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha created him _Freiherr von Rohmann_, named after the place of his birth. But Frederick, because he was born before his parents were married, did not inherit the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

In 1793 and 1794, Josias commanded the army in the Austrian Netherlands during the Flanders Campaign. Because of his victories in the French Revolutionary Wars (in the Battle of Neerwinden (1793) and the Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)), he returned the region to Austrian control. Entering France, he took Condé, Valenciennes, Quesnoy and Landrecies. However, due to poor positioning he suffered a string of minor setbacks. This poor positioning was caused by disunity amongst the Allied powers and their forces. His army than suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Fleurus (26 June).

After these losses, Josias left the Netherlands. Habsburg diplomats had already decided to give up the region, anyway. Upset by both this and  the policies of the Baron Thugut, Josias resigned as Field Marshal. The Count of Clerfayt took over the position. Josias then went to Coburg, where he later died.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Prince Josias
- **title**: Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- **image**: Frederick Josias de Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of the Prince, wearing Austrian military uniform with the ribbon and star of the Order of Maria Theresa of Austria.
- **spouse**: Therese Stroffeck
- **issue**: Frederick, Freiherr von Rohmann
- **house**: House of Wettin, Wettin
- **father**: Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- **mother**: Princess Anna Sophie of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
- **birth place**: Ehrenburg Palace, Coburg, Bavaria
- **death place**: Coburg
- **religion**: Lutheranism
2006 al-Askari mosque bombing

_This article is about the bombing that took place in 2006. For the later bombing see 2007 al-Askari mosque bombing_

The 2006 **al-Askari mosque bombing** occurred at the **al-Askari mosque** in the Iraqi city of Samarra, on February 22, 2006, at about 6:55 a.m. local time.

## Infobox (terrorist attack)

- **title**: 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing
- **image**: Al_Askari_Mosque.jpg
- **location**: Samarra, Iraq
- **target**: Al-Askari mosque
- **date**: February 22, 2006
- **type**: Bombing
- **fatalities**: 0
- **injuries**: 0
- **perps**: Unknown
Friday prayer

***Jumu'ah*** () (also known as ***jum'ah***, **Friday prayer**, etc.) is a congregational prayer (_salat_) that Muslims hold every Friday, just after noon in _dhuhr_. In many Muslims conturies, the Friday is the weekend, while others, Fridays are half-day for school and some workspaces.
Sunrise

**Sunrise** is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the horizon in the east. Its opposite is the sunset.
Hanafi

The **Hanafi** (Arabic:** **حَنْفَىهُ) is one of the four schools of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. It is the oldest of the four schools (madh'habs) of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) in Sunni Islam and was founded by Abu Hanifa. Hanafi legal theory primarily derives law from the Quran, the sayings and practices of Muhammad (_sunnah_), scholarly consensus () and analogical reasoning (), but also considers juristic discretion () and local customs (). It is distinctive in its greater usage of _qiyas_ than other schools. This gives it the name Ahlul Ray by scholars like Ibn Taymiyyah.

The school spread throughout the Muslim world under the patronage of various Islamic empires, including the Abbasids and Seljuks. The Central Asian region of Khorasan emerged as a centre of classical Hanafi scholarship between the 10th and 12th centuries, which gave rise to the Maturidi school of theology. The Ottoman Empire adopted Hanafism as its official state school of law and influenced the legal Maturidi thought of the school, eventually codifying it as the _Mecelle_ in the 1870s.

Followers of the Hanafi school are called Hanafis, who are estimated to comprise one third of all Muslims. It is the largest Islamic school in the regions of the Balkans, Central Asia, Anatolia, the Levant, Afghanistan, and South Asia, in the latter of which it is mainly split between the Barelvi and Deobandi movements.
Baitul Mukarram

**Baitul Mukarram** (; The holy house) is the national mosque of Bangladesh.

## Infobox (religious building)

- **name**: Baitul Mukarram National Mosque
- **native name**: বায়তুল মোকাররম জাতীয় মসজিদ

- **native name lang**: bn
- **tradition**: Hanafi, Deobandi
- **religious affiliation**: Islam
- **image**: Baitul Mukarram (Arabic, بيت المكرّم; Bengali, বায়তুল মুকাররম; The Holy House).jpg
- **caption**: The structure of Baitul Mukarram National Mosque resembles the Kaaba in Mecca
- **map type**: Bangladesh
- **map size**: 250
- **map caption**: Location in Bangladesh
- **location**: Dhaka, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- **administration**: Government of Bangladesh, Ministry of Religious Affairs, Government of Bangladesh
- **consecration year**: 1959
- **functional status**: active
- **leadership**: _Hon'ble Imam, Senior Imam:_ Hafez Maulana Mizanur Rahman Al Qasmi.
_Hon'ble Imam(s):_ Hafez Maulana Mohibullahil Al Baki An Nadvi, Hafez Maulana Ehsanul Haque & Hafez Maulana Mohiuddin Qasmi.
_Hon'ble Muazzin, Chief Muazzin:_ Hafez Kari Maulana Kazi Masudur Rahman.
_Hon'ble Muazzin(s):_ Hafez Kari Maulana Habibur Rahman Mishkat & Hafez Kari Maulana Muhammad Ishaq.
- **ownership**: Government of Bangladesh
- **architect**: Abdulhusein M. Thariani
- **architecture style**: Islamic Architecture
- **architecture type**: Mosque, National Mosque
- **groundbreaking**: 27 January 1960
- **year completed**: 1968
- **capacity**: 40,000
- **height max**: 99 feet
Musalla

**al-Musallā**, Arabic:  (_al-muṣallā_) is the name for an open space outside a mosque that is mainly used for praying. The words is derived from the verb  (_ṣallā_) which means to pray.
Shafi`i

The **Shafi`i** (Arabic: الشَّافِعِيُّ) or **Syafi'i** is one of the four schools of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam. The third largest by population, it was founded by Imam Al-Shafi'i.

It is practiced in Asia and Africa.

South Asia: Maldives, Sri Lanka and most South Indian states including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, as well as Maharashtra, including its largest city, Mumbai.

Southeast Asia: Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, southern Philippines, and Thailand.

Western Asia: Kurdistan, large parts of Hadhramaut, and the Levant.

Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique.
Minbar

A **minbar** (also called **mimbar** sometimes, ) is a special place in a mosque. It is used by the Imam to speak to the congregation, to deliver sermons. Usually, minbars are raised (to be higher than the crowd, much like pulpits); These sermons are usually called _khutbah_ ( خطبه ). In a minbar, the speaker is standing while he is giving the lecture. An alternative to this is to have a Hussainia where the speaker can sit down while giving the lecture.

Very often, the minbar is shaped like a small tower. The minbar is located to the right of the mihrab, the niche that indicates the direction of prayer (i.e. towards Mecca).
Iman (concept)

- _Not to be confused with Imam, a prayer leader in Islam_
**Iman** () is an Islamic term usually translated as "belief or faith". It is often used to refer to the strength of conviction in a Muslim.
Maghrib

**Maghrib** () is the fourth daily salat in Islam, offered at sunset.
Voter registration

**Voter registration** is needed in some democracies for citizens and residents to check in with some central registry so that they will be allowed to vote in elections. In Australia, for example, everyone over the age of 18 must register with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC). Their names are then added to the electoral roll, a list of all people able to vote in future elections. Part of the AEC's job is make sure everyone who is allowed to vote is listed on the roll. They also have to make sure that people who have died are removed from the lists.
Petition

A **petition** is a request to change some thing. They are often made to a government official or public entity.  Petitions to a deity are a form of prayer. To make a petition is one of civil rights called right to petition.

## Law

A _Petition_ can also be the title of a legal pleading that initiates a legal case.  The initial pleading in a civil lawsuit that seeks only money (damages) might be called (in most U.S. courts) a _complaint_. An initial pleading in a lawsuit that seeks non-monetary or "equitable" relief, such as a request for a writ of _mandamus_ or _habeas corpus_, custody of a child, or probate of a will, is instead called a _petition_. A **petitioner** is a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances, through use of a petition.
Texaco Cup

The **Texaco Cup** was an association football competition in England.

## Winners

Finals played over two legs except 1973-74, aggregate score given.

|Season|Winners|Runners-up|Aggregate score|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1970–71|Wolverhampton Wanderers|Heart of Midlothian|3–2|
|1971–72|Derby County|Airdrieonians|2–1|
|1972–73|Ipswich Town|Norwich City|4–2|
|1973–74|Newcastle United|Burnley|2–1|
|1974–75|Newcastle United|Southampton|3–1|
Rous Cup

The **Rous Cup** was an association football competition in the second half of the 1980s.  It was contested between England, Scotland and, in later years, a guest team from South America.
Taça de Portugal

The **Taça de Portugal** (Translation: **Cup of Portugal**) is an association football competition. It is the cup competition for teams from Portugal. S.L. Benfica is the most successful team in this cup. They have won 26 Taça de Portugals, with their most recent win happening in 2017.
Finsbury Park Mosque

The **Finsbury Park Mosque**, also known as the **North London Central Mosque**, in Finsbury Park, London, is a mosque that was built in the 1990s to serve the large Muslim population in the area.

## Infobox (religious building)

- **name**: Finsbury Park Mosque
- **native name**: North London Central Mosque
- **image**: North London Central Mosque, Finsbury Park - geograph.org.uk - 759870.jpg
- **location**: Finsbury Park, London, Finsbury Park, London
United Kingdom
- **established**: founded 1988, main building 1994
- **religious affiliation**: Sunni Islam/Muslim Council of Britain
- **capacity**: 2,000
- **architecture type**: Mosque
- **minaret quantity**: 1
Primeira Liga

**Primeira Liga** is a football league which is top division in Portugal.

## 2020–21 clubs

- Belenenses SAD
- Benfica
- Boavista
- Braga
- Famalicão
- Farense
- Gil Vicente
- Marítimo
- Moreirense
- Nacional
- Paços de Ferreira
- Portimonense
- Porto
- Rio Ave
- Santa Clara
- Sporting CP
- Tondela
- Vitória de Guimarães

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Primeira Liga
- **country**: Portugal
- **confederation**: UEFA
- **founded**: 1934
- **level**: 1
- **number of teams**: 16
- **relegation to**: Segunda Liga
- **current champions**: F.C. Porto, FC Porto
- **season**: 2011–12
- **most successful club**: S.L. Benfica, Benfica (32)
Peaceful coexistence

**Peaceful coexistence** was a theory developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War that said that socialist and capitalist states could 'accept' each other. The idea of peaceful coexistence came from before the Communist leader Stalin’s death, as Georgy Malenkov called for it in 1952. But it was more clear after Stalin’s death in 1953 where destalinization (removing the personality and politics of Stalin) began.
UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

The **UEFA Cup Winners' Cup** (originally known as the **European Cup Winners' Cup**) was an association football club competition which took place every year between winners of all European domestic cup competitions. The first competition was held in the 1960–61 season, and the last in 1998–99.  The competition was then abolished to make way for a further expansion to the UEFA Champions League, with domestic cup winners now gaining entry into the UEFA Cup.

## Other websites

- UEFA Cup Winners' Cup topscorers at Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation
- UEFA website (archived 31 January 2011)

## Infobox (football tournament)

- **logo**:
- **organiser**: UEFA
- **founded**:
(rebranded in 1994)
- **related comps**: UEFA Champions League, European Cup (1st tier)
UEFA Europa League, UEFA Cup (3rd tier; merged with)
- **region**: Europe
- **number of teams**: 32 (first round)
- **current champions**: SS Lazio, Lazio
(1st title)
Bourke, New South Wales

**Bourke** is a town and Local Government Area (see Bourke Shire Council) in the north of New South Wales, Australia.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Bourke
- **state**: nsw
- **image**: Bourke court house.jpg
- **caption**: Court house
- **relief**: 1
- **pop**: 2,047
- **postcode**: 2840
- **elevation**: 106
- **dist1**: 778
- **dir1**: NW
- **location1**: Sydney
- **dist2**: 162
- **dir2**: N
- **location2**: Cobar, New South Wales, Cobar
- **dist3**: 96
- **dir3**: W
- **location3**: Brewarrina, New South Wales, Brewarrina
- **lga**: Bourke Shire
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Barwon, Barwon
- **fedgov**: Division of Parkes, Parkes
- **maxtemp**: 28.1
- **mintemp**: 13.3
- **rainfall**: 300.7
Shiraz

**Shiraz** is an important city in Southern Iran. About 1.4 million people live there. Shiraz is the fourth biggest city in Iran by population, and is the capital of Fars Province.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Shiraz
- **settlement type**: Cities in Iran, City
- **native name lang**: fa
- **image flag**: Flag of Shiraz.svg
- **nickname**: City of Gardens
- **pushpin map**: Iran#Middle East
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Shiraz within Iran
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Iran
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Iran, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Iran, County
- **subdivision type3**: Bakhsh
- **subdivision name1**: Fars Province, Fars
- **subdivision name2**: Shiraz County, Shiraz
- **subdivision name3**: Central District (Shiraz County), Central
- **government type**: Islamic City Council of Shiraz, City Council
- **leader title**: List of mayors of Shiraz, Mayor
- **leader name**: Mohammad Hasan Asadi
- **area total km2**: 240
- **area total sq mi**: 86.487
- **area land km2**: 240
- **area land sq mi**: 86.487
- **area water km2**: 0
- **area water sq mi**: 0
- **area water percent**: 0
- **elevation m**: 1,500
- **elevation ft**: 5,200
- **population urban**: 1,565,572
- **population metro**: 1,800,000
- **population as of**: 2016 census
- **population density km2**: 6,670
- **population density sq mi**: 18600
- **population blank1 title**: Population rank
- **population blank1**: List of Iran cities by population, 5th (Iran)
- **area code**: 071
- **image size**: 400px
- **timezone**: Iran Standard Time, IRST
- **utc offset**: +03:30
- **blank1 name**: License plate
- **blank1 info**: 63–93
Shiraz (disambiguation)

**Shiraz** may refer to:

- Shiraz, a city in Iran
- Vosketap, Armenia, formerly called _Shiraz_

**People**:
- Hovhannes Shiraz, Armenian poet
- Shiraz Ali, former Bermudian cricketer
- Shiraz Minwalla, Indian string theorist
- Shiraz Shariff, politician from Alberta, Canada
- Shiraz Shivji, computer designer
- Shiraz Sumar, East African cricketer
- Shiraz Tal, Israeli model and actor
- Ghalib Shiraz Dhalla, Los Angeles-based writer

**Other**:
- Shiraz (grape), a synonym for the grape variety Syrah, used for wine, and once thought to originate from the city of Shiraz, Iran
- Shiraz (band), a South African group from the 1980s
- _Shiraz_ (ship), a FPSO vessel formerly named HMAS _Westralia_ (O 195)
- Shiraz University
Carlsberg

**Carlsberg** is a brewery in Denmark. Its headquarters are in Valby. The first beer was manufactured on November 10, 1847. In 1968, Carlsberg opened its first brewery in Malawi, Blantyre.
English Football Hall of Fame

The **English Football Hall of Fame** is in the National Football Museum in Preston, England.
Email headers

On the Internet, a **header** is extra information about a group of data. When someone sends an email, this information might contain when the email was sent, or some data about who sent the email (such as their IP address). You can think of email headers like the address and postage stamp on the outside of an envelope sent through regular mail.

Sometimes, this happens with other data (which is not an email) too. Computers often communicate with each other to transmit other kinds of data, like how to display a webpage, or the contents of an image. When this happens, other **headers** also come along with it.

## Examples

- In an email, the following headers are sent: The sender's email address and name, the recipient's email address and name, the time the email was sent, the subject of the email, and the time the email was received by each computer between the sender and the recipient.
- When transferring an image, some other headers are sent: The image type, the image size, the image resolution, and the number of colors used.
Isfahan

**Isfahan** or **Esfahān** (historically also rendered as _Ispahan_ or _Hispahan_, , ,  _Esfahān_) is the capital of Esfahan Province in Iran.  It is about 340 km south of Tehran. It has a population of 1,583,609.  It is Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad.

Isfahan was once one of the largest cities in the world. It was strong from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty.  During this time it was the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city keeps much of its past glory. It is famous for the Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevard<nowiki/>s, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets.

The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world.  It is an outstanding example of Iranian and Islamic architecture. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city also has a many historic monument<nowiki/>s.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Isfahan
- **official name**: Ancient names: Spahān, Aspadana
- **nickname**: Nesf-e Jahān (Half of the world)
- **settlement type**: city
- **image map**: Isfahan city map.svg
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **map caption**: Isfahan
- **pushpin map**: Iran
- **pushpin map caption**: Isfahan in Iran
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Iran
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Iran, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Isfahan Province, Isfahan
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Iran, County
- **subdivision name2**: Isfahan County, Isfahan
- **subdivision type3**: Bakhsh, District
- **subdivision name3**: Central District (Isfahan County), Central
- **leader title1**: Mayor
- **leader name1**: Ghodratollah Norouzi
- **leader title2**: Islamic City Council of Isfahan, City Council
- **leader name2**: **** Fathollah Moein
- **area urban km2**: 551
- **population as of**: 2016 census
- **population note**: Population Data from 2016 Census
- **population total**: 1,961,260
- **population blank1 title**: Population Rank in Iran
- **population blank1**: List of Iran cities by population, 3rd
- **translit lang1**: persian Language, Persian
- **timezone**: Iran Standard Time, IRST
- **utc offset**: +3:30
- **timezone dst**: Iran Standard Time, IRDT 21 March – 20 September
- **utc offset dst**: +4:30
- **elevation m**: 1574
- **elevation ft**: 5217
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Desert climate#Cold desert climates, BWk
- **website**: [http://www.isfahan.ir/ www.isfahan.ir]
- **area code**: 031
Al-Azhar University

**Al-Azhar University** is a university and mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It is the main centre of Arabic literature and Sunni Islamic learning in the world. It is also the world's second-oldest surviving university. It was founded in 975 by the Fatimids of the Shia tradition.

## Notes

Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah is the "Fatwa"  department of Al Azhar university headed by Grand Imam of Al Azhar.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Al-Azhar University
- **native name**: __
- **image**: Al Azhar1.jpg
- **caption**: Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, Egypt
- **established**: 975 AD
- **type**: Public university, Public, Islamic education, Islamic
- **affiliation**: Shia Islam (975 - 1171)
Sunni Islam (1172 - present)
- **head label**: Sheikh (chief)
- **head**: Ahmad El-Tayeb
- **city**: Cairo
- **country**: Egypt
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
- **logo**: Al-Azhar University logo.svg
- **logo size**: 100px
Imam Ali Mosque

The **Imām ‘Alī Holy Shrine** (), also known as  **Masjid Ali** or the **Mosque of ‘Alī**, is a mosque in Najaf, Iraq.

## Infobox (religious building)

- **building name**: Sanctuary of Imam Ali
- **native name lang**: ara
- **image**: Imam Ali Mosque by tasnimnews.com09.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.4
- **caption**: Imam Ali Mosque, where the first Imamah (Shia), Shi'ite Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib is buried
- **map type**: Iraq
- **map relief**: 1
- **map caption**: Location in Iraq
- **location**: Najaf, Iraq
- **religious affiliation**: Islam
- **rite**: Shia Islam, Shi'ite
- **status**: Mosque and Shrine
- **functional status**: Built
- **year completed**: 977 CE
- **dome quantity**: 1
- **minaret quantity**: 2
- **shrine quantity**: 1
Imam Reza shrine

**Imām Rezā shrine** () is a complex in Mashhad, Iran. It contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also in the complex are the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, seminaries, a cemetery, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.

This complex is the center of tourism in Iran. It is visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.
Qibla

**Qiblah** (****, also transliterated as **Kiblah**) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Salah. Most mosques contain a niche in a wall that indicates the qiblah.

**First Qibla**;Unlike the biography stories that are composed of traditional rumor compilations, based on text and archaeological research, :en:Patricia Crone and Michael Cook hypothesized that the "Masjid al-Haram" was not located in Mecca, but in Almasjid AlAqsa in Jerusalem not Alpetra.

.

Canadian archeology and Islamic history researcher Dan Gibson discovered that the oldest mosque,palace and cemetery positionings point to Petra. He found that it was the place where Muhammad and the first Muslims lived, and that the first direction of qibla for the Muslims was facing Petra. No, it wasn't facing Petra but Almasjid AlAqsa as mentioned in Quran.
Terracotta Army

The **Terracotta Army** is the buried army of Qin Shi Huang, an ancient Chinese emperor. These ancient sculptures were built and buried over two thousand years ago near the city of Xi'an.  They were discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well, trying to find underground water. Over a thousand terracotta warriors and horses have been uncovered since then. At least 6,000 more are thought to remain buried still.

According to the Chinese historian Sima Qian, Qin Shi Huang ordered this army to be built long before he became the first Emperor of all China in 221 BC. Work started when he was King of Qin in 247 BC. They were constructed to protect him in the afterlife.  He died in 210 BC. Over 700,000 workers were needed to build the underground city where he was buried. It is thought to be filled with riches and decorated beautifully. The Chinese government has no plans to uncover the underground palace.

Each terracotta warrior is made of clay. They are around 2 meters tall, with commanders in the army being the tallest. The sculptures are so detailed that it is possible to guess the age, rank and personality of each one. None of the soldiers are the same. Some carry weapons such as daggers, bows and arrows, swords, spears or axes.

## Assembly line

The terracotta army figures were made in workshops. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features. Once put together, features such as facial expressions were added.

It is thought their legs were made the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were made at the time. This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times, each workshop had to write its name on items produced. Once they were completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.

## Other websites

- UNESCO World Heritage Site page of the Terracotta Army and the Mausouleum of the Qin Emperor
Iftar

**Iftar** () also **Afur** in (Somali language) refers to the evening meal for breaking  (fasting) during the Islamic month of Ramadan.
Muslims  fast in the holy month of Ramadan.
At the time of Maghrib (just after sunset) they eat and drink.

Dua for iftar is

ذَهَبَ الظَّمَأُ وَابْتَلَّتِ الْعُرُوقُ وَثَبَتَ الأَجْرُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ .
"Thirst has gone, the arteries are moist, and the reward is sure, if Allah wills." [1]

## Related pages

- Suhoor

## References

1. Sunan Abu Dawud - Hadith #2350.
Potluck

A **potluck** is a gathering of people. Every person is expected to bring a dish of food to share with the other people.
Khatib

**Khatib** or **khateeb** ( _khaṭīb_) is an Arabic term used to describe a person who delivers the sermon (_khuṭbah_), during the Friday prayer or Eid prayers.
Khutbah

**Khutbah** () is the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition. A khutbah usually starts with the following dua:
Gymnasium

A **gymnasium** (often called a **gym**) is a place used for physical activity. The word _γυμνάσιον_ (gymnasion) was used in Ancient Greece. It meant a place for both physical and intellectual education of young men (see gymnasium (ancient Greece)).

The intellectual education meaning persisted in German and other languages to mean a certain type of school providing secondary education, the Gymnasium, whereas in English the meaning of physical education was pertained in the word **gym**. However, the word "gymnasium" is not used very often in English nowadays. The term favoured in English is  "sports centre", which perhaps seems more natural.

Some gyms offer memberships where people can train to improve their physical appearance and health. Commercial gyms offer sometimes help from qualified trainer. Again, another term is more used today: "fitness centre".

Sports such as basketball and volleyball are often played in gymnasiam.
Sulayman Pasha Mosque

The **Sulayman Pasha Mosque** is a mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It was built in 1528.
Nasir al-Mulk Mosque

**Nasir al-Mulk Mosque** (Nasir ol molk) is a traditional mosque in Shiraz, Iran.
Vault (architecture)

A **vault** (French. _voute,_ Italian. _volta,_ German. _Gewölbe,_ Polish. _sklepienie_, Spanish. _bóveda_) is an  architectural term for  an arched form  used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.

## Vault in ancient time

Long ago, in places like Mesopotamia and Egypt, they used simple vaults made of stones to build things like tombs and ziggurats. Then, the Romans got really good at making vaults. They built big things like the Colosseum using them, showing how clever they were at engineering. The Byzantine Empire, in places like Constantinople, also used vaults with fancy designs, like the Hagia Sophia with its pretty mosaics.

In India, Islamic builders made vaults with big domes and detailed patterns, influenced by Persian and Byzantine styles, as seen in the Taj Mahal. Later in Europe, during the Gothic time, people started using pointed arches and ribbed vaults in cathedrals, like Notre-Dame in Paris. In Italy, during the Renaissance, Filippo Brunelleschi made a famous dome for Florence Cathedral with a vaulted ceiling. Then, in the Baroque and Rococo times, fancy vaulted ceilings became popular again in Europe's palaces and churches.

## Types of Vaults

The vaults can be classified on the basis of its structureː

- **Barrel Vaultsː** Barrel vaults are a type of architectural feature known for their long, curved shape that looks like a barrel or a tunnel. They stretch across a large area, offering both support and a distinctive look. Barrel vaults are good at spreading out weight and keeping structures stable over a big space.
- **Dome Vaultsː** Dome vaults are unique architectural features using rounded or hemispherical structures to cover spaces.  These ceilings, often found in religious buildings and palaces, serve as central focal points in interiors.
- **Groin Vaultsː** A groin vault forms where two barrel vaults intersect at right angles, creating an X-shaped pattern called the groin. This design offers structural strength and has been used in many architectural styles over time. Inspired by various historical styles like Gothic and Renaissance, they're now popular in large interior spaces like grand halls or churches, creating dramatic, open areas.
- **Ribbed Vaultsː** Ribbed vaults are architectural vaults with ribs or arches extending across their surface, adding both decoration and structural support. These ribs distribute weight and allow for intricate designs. From medieval cathedrals to modern buildings, ribbed vaults impress with their beauty and engineering.
- **Fan Vaultsː** Fan vaults are unique architectural features with concave ribs spreading out from a central point, forming a fan-like pattern. They're typical in English Gothic architecture, popular during the late Gothic period in England, especially in the 15th and early 16th centuries.
- **Cloister Vaultsː** The cloister vault is made up of intersecting barrel vaults, creating a grid pattern over the cloister's open galleries. The ribs provide structural support and visual appeal, seen in Renaissance buildings and European cathedrals and monasteries.
Jannah

**Jannah** () or **Jannat** () is the concept of paradise in Islam. The Arabic word _Jannah_ is a short version of the word "Garden"

Muslim belief is that **Jannah** is pure happiness that lasts forever. Jannah is described as a garden with beautiful features and different levels. It is believed that anything disallowed (haram) on Earth becomes allowed (halal) in Jannah due to everything in Jannah being halal.

## References

</references>
Salat al-Janazah

**Salat al-Janazah** () or **Namaz-e-Janaza** () is the funeral prayer in Islam held by Muslims before the burial but after the shrouding of the body.
Muslims do this so their soul can rise to Allah. The people praying ask for forgiveness from Allah to let the person go to heaven.
Sunnah salat

**Sunnah salat** () are optional prayers that can be performed by Muslims at almost any time of the day. These prayers are performed in addition to the five daily prayers, which are compulsory for all Muslims.
Eid al-Adha

**Eid al-Adha** ( _‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā_) "Festival of Sacrifice" is a religious festival celebrated by Muslims all over the world. It is when Muslims sacrifice a goat, sheep, cow, camel, and bull sending part of the meat to poor people as a donation. It marks the end of the pilgrimage hajj for the millions of Muslims who make the trip to Mecca each year and pray 5 times a day. They like to tell Allah what they are thinking and hope for him to help them, and remember Ibrahim and Isma’il’s courage and devotion to God.

## Origin

The festival is to celebrate Ibrahim's (Abraham) willingness to sacrifice his son, Isma’il, because Allah told him to do so in a dream. Showing that he loved Allah more than his own son. And at the final moment, after taking his son's consent, as he was swinging his axe to kill his son God told an angel  to switch a lamb instead of his son, and this act of sacrificing a lamb is copied by Muslims all over the world on Eid.

Ibrahim was tempted by Satan not to listen to God, and Ibrahim drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him. This is also still commemorated by Muslims during Hajj.

### Eid prayer

The Eid prayer must be offered in congregation.  It consists of two Rakaah (units) with seven Takbirs in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah.

### Sacrifice

The sacrifice of an animal, usually a cow, sheep or a goat, is a very important part of Eid. The act repeats what Ibrahim did, and also shows Muslims' devotion to God (Allah).

### Celebrations

Muslims celebrate by having a feast, and giving gifts to the poor. In some Muslim traditions gifts are also given to children. In Muslim countries the day is given as a national holiday.

## Infobox (holiday)

- **holiday name**: Eid al-Adha (‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā)
- **official name**: _‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā_
- **nickname**: Festival of Sacrifice
 Sacrifice Feast
 Greater Eid
- **image**: Jiangwan Mosque - Eid Al-Adha.JPG
- **caption**: Eid al-Adha in Shanghai, China
- **begins**: 10 Dhu al-Hijjah
- **ends**: 13 Dhu al-Hijjah
- **observances**: Salah, Prayer, sacrificing a goat, sheep, cow or a camel, sending to poor people as a donation
- **type**: Islamic
- **significance**: Commemoration of Ibrahim's (Abraham's) willingness to sacrifice his son for Allah.
- **relatedto**: Eid ul-Fitr, the other Islamic festival, which occurs on the first day of Shawal
- **date2006**: January 10 to January 13 and December 30 to January 2, 2007
- **date2007**: December 19 to December 22
- **date2008**: December 8 to December 11 (calculated)
- **date2009**: November 27 to November 30 (calculated)
- **date2010**: November 16 to November 19 (calculated)
- **date2011**: November 6 to November 9
- **date2012**: October 26 to October 29
- **date2013**: October 15 to October 18 (calculated)
Salat al Eid

**Salat al Eid** () also known as **Salat al Eidain** () is the special prayer offered to commemorate two Islamic festivals. Both the Eids are collectively known as Eidain (عيدين) in Arabic language. The two Islamic festivals are:

- Eid Al Fitr, () is celebrated on the 1st day of Shawwal, the 10th month of Islamic calendar.
- Eid Al Adha, () is celebrated on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the 12th month of Islamic calendar.
Convention center

A **convention center**, in American English, is an exhibition hall, or conference center. It is designed to hold a convention. In British English very large venues suitable for major trade shows are known as **exhibition centres**. The term "convention centre" is sometimes used for intermediate venues between exhibitions centres and "conference centres", which are much smaller and contain lecture halls and meeting rooms.
Al Abbas Mosque

The **Al-‘Abbās Mosque** or **Masjid al-‘Abbās** () is the mausoleum of ‘Abbās ibn ‘Alī. It is across from the Imām Husayn Mosque in Karbalā, Iraq.

## Infobox (religious building)

- **name**: Al-‘Abbās Mosque
- **native name lang**: ara
- **image**: Al Abbas Mosque, Shrine Karbala.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.4
- **map type**: Iraq
- **map size**: 240
- **map relief**: 1
- **map caption**: Location in Iraq
- **religious affiliation**: Islam
- **location**: Karbala, Karbalā, Iraq
- **rite**: Shia Islam, Shi'ite
- **organisational status**: Mosque and shrine
- **functional status**: Active
- **architecture type**: Islamic architecture
- **dome quantity**: 1
- **minaret quantity**: 2
Suhoor

**Suhoor** () is also called **Sehri**, **Sahari**, "'suhoor"', "'pisht lamae"' and "'pishmaney"' in other languages. It is an Islamic term referring to the meal had early in the morning by Muslims before fasting. It is recommended for Muslims to eat Complex carbohydrates.

## Related pages

- Iftar
Fajr

The **Fajr** () prayer is the first of the five daily prayers (_salat_) recited by practising Muslims.
Muslims believe that "He who performs the dawn prayer (fajr) will be under the protection of Allah." (Sahih Muslim, Hadith# 657
Isha'a

The **Isha** () prayer is the night-time daily prayer recited by practising Muslims. It is the fifth of the five daily prayers (_salah_).

Isha'a is one of the Muslim prayers. This prayer is used at nightfall before they go to sleep.
Qadr Night

]

**Laylat al-Qadr** () (also known as **Shab-e-Qadr**), basically  the **Night of Decree** or **Night of Measures**, is the anniversary of two very important dates in Islam. They occurred in the month of Ramadan. It is the anniversary of the night Muslims believe the first verses of the Qur'an were revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

## Other websites

- An old book from 1683 that talks about the Night of Destiny
Itikaf

**Itikaf** or **Etikaf** or **E'tikaf** is a practice in the Islamic faith. It consists of a period of retreat in a mosque, for a certain number of days in accordance with the believer's own wish.That number of days is 10 days. Ramadan is a perfect opportunity to do this. During Itikaf the people spend the last set of Ramadan in the mosque worshipping Allah. They spend their nights in worship by reciting verses from the Qur'an and praying _thahajjud_. During Itikaf, the believers  stay at the mosque. E'tikaf is performed during the last set of Ramadan because "laylatul qadr" (the night when the Quran was revealed) is most probably expected in it.The Muslims also worship ALLAH more and reflect about what they have done in the past. Itikaaf is a spiritual practice in Islam where a person secludes themselves in a mosque for a certain period, typically during the last ten days of Ramadan. During this time, the person focuses on prayer, recitation of the Quran, and seeking closeness to Allah. It's considered a time of intense devotion and reflection.