juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Spencer Perceval

**Spencer Perceval** (1 November 1762 – 11 May 1812) was a British statesman and Prime Minister. He is the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated.

## Life

Perceval was the seventh son of John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont by his second wife. His father, a close friend of Frederick, Prince of Wales and King George III, had served in the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty.

Perceval was an Anglican and considered Anglicanism to be essential to the security of the state. He opposed Catholic emancipation. He is buried at St Luke's Church in Charlton, south-east London.

Perceval was Prime Minister when William Wilberforce passed his Bill (law) ending the slave trade.

The Orders in Council against trade which Perceval had written in 1807 became unpopular. In the winter of 1811 the Luddite riots started. They were also a cause of the War of 1812 with the United States of America. Perceval was forced to have an inquiry by the House of Commons.

## Death

On 11 May 1812, Perceval was on his way to attend the inquiry. In the lobby of the House of Commons, he was shot through the heart by John Bellingham and was pronounced dead at the scene. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately, he was found guilty and hanged a week later for Perceval's murder.

Bellingham had a grievance, but it was not political. Bellingham petitioned the United Kingdom government for compensation over his imprisonment in Russia. This had been caused by his employer, but Bellingham blamed the British government for not getting him compensation.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Rt Hon Spencer Perceval
- **image**: Spencer PercevalCE.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 4 October 1809
- **term end**: 11 May 1812
- **predecessor**: William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, The Duke of Portland
- **successor**: Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool, The Earl of Liverpool
- **birth place**: Audley Square, London, England
- **death place**: Lobby of the British House of Commons, House of Commons
- **party**: Tory
- **order2**: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- **term start2**: 26 March 1807
- **term end2**: 11 May 1812
- **predecessor2**: Henry Petty-FitzMaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne, Lord Henry Petty
- **successor2**: Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley, Nicholas Vansittart
Canon

The word **canon** may mean:
- About the church:
    - Canon law, a rule or law of the church
    - A Canon (church), a member of the Chapter of a cathedral or other large church
    - Canon, a list of all saints
- Canon (music), music in which two or more parts ("voices") imitate one another
- Canon (fiction), in fiction, all the plots and events that are part of the narrative
- Canon (company), a Japanese camera company
- Canon, Georgia, a small city in northeast Georgia (USA)
Carl Linnaeus

**Carl Linnaeus** (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known as **Carolus Linnaeus**, was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist who created the binomial nomenclature. In this system, every kind of animal and plant is given a name consisting of two Latin words, for its genus and species. This became used by biologists all over the world, so he is known as the "father of modern taxonomy". He was a good linguist, and famous in his time. He was made a noble by the Swedish king.

### Early life

Carl was born in Småland in southern Sweden. He was going to be a priest like his father, but did not do well enough in school. Instead, Carl studied at a college for botany because he liked it.  He studied in Lund and tried to improve the garden there.  He later went to another college.

### Travels and research

In 1735, Linnaeus moved to the Netherlands for three years.  There, he earned his degree in medicine. He also published his book on plant classification. His book was called Systema Naturæ. His book explained how to classify living things by putting them into groups. Some of these groups are bigger than others.

Later he moved to Stockholm and practiced as a doctor. In 1739, Linnaeus married Sara Morea in Stockholm. Throughout the 1740s he conducted many field trips to places in Sweden to name plants and animals. When not on travels, Linnaeus worked on his classification, so it would work for plants, animals, and minerals.

The Swedish king Adolf Fredrik made Linnaeus a noble in 1757, and Linnaeus took the last name _von Linné_, later often signing just _Carl Linné_.

### Last years

After he was made a noble, he continued teaching and writing. His reputation had spread over the world, and he talked with many different people. Linnaeus was upset by weak health, and he had gout and tooth aches. A stroke in 1774 weakened him, and two years later he had another, losing the use of his right side. He died on January 1778 and was buried in Uppsala cathedral.

## Mankind

Linnaeus classified man as among the primates, which was already well understood by anthropologists like Blumenbach and natural historians like Buffon. It attracted the criticism of the Swedish church. The Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala accused him of "impiety".

Linnaeus recognised four races in the human species. These were European whites, American reds (Native Americans), Asian browns, and African blacks. Blumenbach's classification was similar, with the addition of a Mongolian (= Chinese) or yellow race. Thus recognition of man's position as a primate and the existence of races was quite widespread before the theory of evolution was formulated.

## Related pages

- List of biologists

### Sources

- Sörlin & Fagerstedt, _Linné och hans lärjungar_, 2004.
- J.L.P.M.Krol, _Linneaus' verblijf op de Hartekamp_ In: Het landgoed de Hartekamp in Heemstede. Heemstede, 1982.
Botanist

A **botanist** is a scientist who studies plants, including flowering plants, and plant-like things such as moss and seaweed. Botany is a scientific study of plants along with their growth, structure, evolution, and uses.

Botanists may specialize in certain areas of botany. Some important areas of study include:
- Plant taxonomy
- Plant ecology
- Chemical biology
    - Photosynthesis, the process that turns carbon dioxide from the air into food using sunlight
    - Apoptosis, what makes a cell "decide" to die. This study area has been important for cancer research.

## Notable botanists

- Julien Reverchon
Modulation (music)

**Modulation**, in music, means that the music changes key.   A piece of music might, for example, be "in the key of C major" (meaning that it uses the notes of a C major scale, and the C sounds like the "home key" or "tonic" as it is called in music theory).  Then it could **modulate** to G major so that the G now feels like the home key and the notes of a G major scale are used (the Fs will be F sharps).

Modulations like the one above are very common, because G is closely related to C (it is the 5th note in a C major scale: the "dominant").  A modulation to the subdominant (4th note of the scale) is also common (e.g. from C major to Fmajor).  Music often modulates to the relative minor (e.g. C major to A minor).

A modulation that goes to a key whose tonic is not part of the original key is called a "chromatic modulation".  Modulating from C major to A flat major would be a chromatic modulation because A flat is not a note in the C major scale.

Most pieces of music will modulate, especially if they are long pieces.  It gives the music variety and helps to give it shape:  the farther away from the tonic it goes the more tension there is.  When the music eventually returns to the original key it feels like a homecoming.

## Related pages

- Tonality
Member of Parliament (United Kingdom and Canada)

A **member of parliament** (usually shortened to **MP**) is a person in the United Kingdom or in Canada who represents the people of an area (called a "constituency") in the House of Commons. They are voted for by the people in a general election. The Prime Minister chooses when to hold a general election, but must have an election at least once every five years. MPs are usually members of a group called a political party.

In the UK, the main political parties are:
- Conservative party
- Labour Party
- Liberal Democrats
- Scottish National Party
- Green Party

In Canada, the main political parties are:
- Liberal Party
- Conservative Party
- New Democratic Party (NDP)
- Bloc Québécois (BQ)
- Green Party

Members of provincial legislatures in Canada are sometimes referred to as **member of provincial parliament** (MPP) and other times **member of legislative assembly** (MLA).
Relative key

When a piece of music is in a major key, the **relative minor** means the minor key which has the same key signature. It can be found by taking the sixth note of the first scale and playing a minor scale starting on that note. For example: in C major the sixth note is an A. Therefore, A minor is the relative minor of C major (C major and A minor share the same key signature: no sharps or flats).
C major is called the **relative major** of A minor.

A complete list of relative minor/major pairs in order of the circle of fifths is:

|Key signature|Major key|Minor key|
| --- | --- | --- |
|B, E, A, D, G, C, F|C flat major|A flat minor|
|B, E, A, D, G, C|G flat major|E flat minor|
|B, E, A, D, G|D flat major|B flat minor|
|B, E, A, D|A flat major|F minor|
|B, E, A|E flat major|C minor|
|B, E|B flat major|G minor|
|B|F major|D minor|
||C major|A minor|
|F|G major|E minor|
|F, C|D major|B minor|
|F, C, G|A major|F sharp minor|
|F, C, G, D|E major|C sharp minor|
|F, C, G, D, A|B major|G sharp minor|
|F, C, G, D, A, E|F sharp major|D sharp minor|
|F, C, G, D, A, E, B|C sharp major|A sharp minor|

## Related pages

- Modulation (music)
- scale (music)
- Circle of fifths
Electrolysis

**Electrolysis** is a scientific way of 'splitting' substances. It means 'electric-splitting'  and involves the separation of substances through an electric current.

Metals above carbon in the reactivity series (potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium) are extracted by electrolysis.

## Uses

Electrolysis is used in the mining industry to split reactive metals from their ores after they are taken from the ground.

Electroplating is also a process that uses electrolysis. It is used to plate (cover) things with metal, because it costs less than using materials like solid gold to make jewellery.

Electrolysis can be used by a trained doctor or esthetician to remove hair. This is called electrology.
The "galvanic" method of electrology uses electrolysis to produce a very small amount of a caustic solution, containing sodium hydroxide and water, by running an electrical current through a metal probe inside of the hair follicle. The method uses the body's tissues as an electrolytic cell, since these contain water and salts (electrolytes). The caustic solution reacts with the cells inside of the follicle, and damages them so that they cannot grow a hair anymore.

In modern practice, the probe is also heated up using electricity (called diathermy), which makes the chemical solution work more effectively, known as the "blend" electrology method. This heat can also be used by itself, and is used by electrologists, but does not involve electrolysis. Instead, this is a form of thermolysis, damaging hair cells using heat energy.

Electrolysis makes the anions (negative ions) go to the anode (positive electrode) and the cations (positive ions) go to the cathode (negative electrode). So, for example, oxygen would go to the anode and iron would go to the cathode.

## Related pages

- Electrolysis of water
- Electrolyte
Chromatic

A **chromatic scale**, also known as a **dodecatonic scale**, is a musical scale which uses every note as it goes up or down i.e. it goes up and down in semitones (half tones). To play a chromatic scale on the piano every note is played: both white and black notes (e.g. C, C sharp, D, D sharp, E, F etc.). A chromatic scale can start on any note.

## Meaning of the word “chromatic”

The word “chromatic” comes from the Greek word “chromos” meaning “color”. Organists in the 16th and 17th centuries such as Sweelinck liked to write “Chromatic Fantasias”. These were pieces based on tunes which were chromatic. In those days, because of the tuning systems used, not all the semitones were exactly the same size. Going up a chromatic scale would have been like walking up a staircase with steps which were slightly larger or smaller in depth. This made chromatic scales very interesting and “colourful” which is why they were called “chromatic”.

## Chromatic harmony

**Chromatic harmony** means harmony (chords) that use notes which do not belong to the key the music is in (they are not in the key signature). Although Bach in the 18th century used chromatic harmony, it was 19th century composers who used it more and more. Wagner wrote music which was very chromatic: there were lots of sharps and flats and it kept modulating to different key areas. The chord at the beginning of his opera _Tristan and Isolde_ is so famous that it is known as the _Tristan chord_. It is very chromatic. The music is full of tension because it leaves us wondering which key the music is in.

<score>
\new PianoStaff {
    \time 6/8
    <<
    \context Staff = "up" {
      \clef treble
        \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"acoustic grand"
1. (set-accidental-style 'modern)
        \partial 8
        \relative c''{
          <<  { s8
          s2.
          \override Slur #'attachment = #'(stem . stem)
          gis4.~( gis4 a8 ais b4~ b8) }
          \\
          { a,8(
          f'4.~ f4 e8
          dis2.)( d4.)~ d8 } >>
            r8 r
        }
    }
    \context Staff = "down" {
      \clef bass
        \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"acoustic grand"
        \partial 8
        \relative c{
          r8
          R2.
          <f b>2.(
          <e gis>4.)~ <e gis>8 r r
        }
    }
    >>
  }
</score>

## Related pages

- Scale (music)
- Tonality
- Serialism
Preservation

**Preservation** may mean:
- The common meaning is: keeping and maintaining to make sure that the object is protected against decay and will be (nearly) the same in future.

Special meanings are:
- Art conservation and restoration, the retention of antiquities for museums or exhibition, also called "Art preservation"
- Case preservation, in computer storage
- Environmental preservation, the active maintenance and advocacy of the protection of the natural environment
- Digital preservation, the management of digital information over time
- Film preservation, rescuing aging film stock and preserving recorded images
    - National Film Preservation Board
- Food preservation
- Historic preservation, the theory and practice of creatively maintaining the historic built environment

- Self preservation, part of an animal's fundamental instinct which demands that the organism survive
Pillar

A **pillar** is another word for a column, which is a vertical support structure in architecture.

**Pillar** may also mean:
- Pillar (band), a rock band
- Pillar (Lake District), a fell in the English Lake District
- A door pillar on a car
- Paul Pillar, retired CIA National Intelligence Officer (publicly criticized Bush administration)
- City Pillars, South African football (soccer) club

## Related pages

- Wikipedia:Five pillars
Bier

A **bier** is a flat frame, traditionally wooden but sometimes made of other materials, used to carry a corpse for burial in a funeral procession.  In antiquity it was often simply a wooden board on which the dead was placed covered with a shroud (cloth used for burial).  In modern times, however, the corpse is almost never carried on the bier without being first placed in a coffin, though the coffin is sometimes kept open.

## Related pages

- Catafalque
Coffin

A **coffin** (also known as a **casket**) is a box used to store dead bodies, either for burial or after cremation. Coffins used after cremation are what is known as an urn, where the ashes of the person are stored.

The word comes ultimately from Greek _kophinos_, a basket. In English, the word was not used in a funeral sense until the 1500s.

Any box used to bury the dead in is a coffin.

The main distinction between a coffin and a casket is the shape. A casket regularly has 6 – 8 sides while coffins have a rectangular shape.

## Material and design

Many coffins are made out of materials such as wood, steel (which would have been used in Ancient Egypt<nowiki/>ian sarcophaguses), and many others. These types of coffins, for example wooden ones can have a rectangular or any other design, whereas a steel or any other metal used in making coffins (or sarcophaguses) could have the exact same but include religious marking added to make it look more appealing.

## Other websites

- Museum of Funeral Customs
- BBC Business News 2001-12-28: Bamboo Coffins "Coffin-maker resurrects tradition"
- Plans For Building A Halloween Coffin
- Difference between a casket and a coffin
Agent Orange

**Agent Orange** is a very powerful herbicide that was used in the Vietnam War. It is a defoliant that destroys forests. It was used by the United States military so their enemies had no place to hide.

## Problems

The problem with Agent Orange is that when it is released, some dioxins are also generated. Dioxins stay a long time in the environment. They are very toxic, and cause genetic modifications and cancer.'

## Related pages

- Chemical warfare

## Other websites

- Operation Ranch Hand: Herbicides In Southeast Asia  History of Operation Ranch Hand
- Air Force Health Study  Study of Operation Ranch Hand veterans
- Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2004 Institute of Medicine analysis of research on dioxin
- Vietnam war orange agent  Collection photos of victim caused by orange agent in Vietnam war and information about the orange agent, disease, effect and symptom
Naruto (manga)

is a Japanese manga and anime series created by Masashi Kishimoto. It follows an orphaned ninja who dreams to become "Hokage". The Hokage is the strongest ninja and the leader for the village, called Konoha (meaning "leaf" in Japanese). As the series progresses, Naruto and his friends begin to solve the ancient history of the ninja world. His friends including Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno. Their teacher is Kakashi Hatake. The manga was first published in 1999 in a Japanese magazine called _Shonen Jump_. It was also translated into English. The anime series premiered in Japan in October 2002. In the United States, it started in September 2005.

## Infobox (animanga/header)

- **ja kanji**: NARUTO -ナルト-
- **genre**: Adventure fiction, Adventure, fantasy, martial arts film, martial arts


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: manga
- **title**: Naruto
- **author**: Masashi Kishimoto
- **publisher**: Shueisha
- **demographic**: _Shōnen manga, Shōnen_
- **magazine**: Akamaru Jump
- **published**: August 18, 1997


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: manga
- **author**: Masashi Kishimoto
- **publisher**: Shueisha
- **demographic**: _Shōnen_
- **magazine**: Weekly Shōnen Jump
- **imprint**: Jump Comics
- **first**: September 21, 1999
- **last**: November 10, 2014
- **volumes**: 72
- **volume list**: List of Naruto volumes


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: tv series
- **director**: Hayato Date
- **studio**: Pierrot (company), Pierrot
- **network**: TX Network, TXN (TV Tokyo)
- **first**: October 3, 2002
- **last**: February 8, 2007
- **episodes**: 220
- **episode list**:  (Naruto season 1)


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: tv series
- **title**: Naruto: Shippuden
- **studio**: Pierrot
- **network**: TXN (TV Tokyo)
- **first**: February 15, 2007
- **last**: March 23, 2017
- **episodes**: 500
- **episode list**: List of Naruto: Shippuden episodes


## Infobox (animanga/other)

- **title**: Manga
- **content**: * _Naruto: The Seventh Hokage and the Scarlet Spring_
* _Boruto: Naruto Next Generations_


## Infobox (animanga/other)

- **title**: Films
- **content**: * _Naruto the Movie: Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow, Ninja Clash in the Land of Snow_
* _Naruto the Movie: Legend of the Stone of Gelel, Legend of the Stone of Gelel_
* _Naruto the Movie: Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom, Guardians of the Crescent Moon Kingdom_
* _Naruto Shippuden the Movie_
* _Naruto Shippuden the Movie: Bonds, Bonds_
* _Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Will of Fire, The Will of Fire_
* _Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Lost Tower, The Lost Tower_
* _Naruto the Movie: Blood Prison, Blood Prison_
* _Road to Ninja: Naruto the Movie, Road to Ninja_
* _The Last: Naruto the Movie, The Last_
* _Boruto: Naruto the Movie, Boruto_


## Infobox (animanga/footer)
Mobster

**"Mobster"** is a slang term for someone who is part of the mafia or a mafia-like group. A mobster is a criminal. The word _"Gangster"_ often means the same thing.

## Related pages

- Outlaw
1307

## Events

- January 18 – German king Albrecht I makes his son Rudolf king of Bohemia.
- July – The Knights Hospitaller begin their conquest of Rhodes.
- September 5 – Pope Clement V confirms the Knights Hospitaller possession of Rhodes, although only Feracle had fallen to their attacks.
- October 13 – All Knights Templar in France are simultaneously arrested by agents of Phillip the Fair, to be later tortured into "admitting" heresy.
- November 18 – (Legendary) – William Tell shoots an apple off his son's head.
- Edward II becomes King of England.
- Per Abad writes the codex of the Cantar de mio Cid.

## Births

- _date unknown_ – William II, Count of Hainaut

## Deaths

- April 7 – Joan of Acre, daughter of King Edward I of England (born 1271)
- July 4 – Rudolph I of Bohemia (born 1281)
- July 7 – King Edward I of England (born 1239)
- Leo IV of Armenia (born 1289)
- Emperor Chengzong of Yuan China
- Guillaume de Gisors, grand master of the Priory of Sion (born 1219)
- Hethum II of Armenia (born 1266)
1272

## Events

- Mamluk sultan Baibars of Egypt invades the weakening kingdom of Makuria to the south.
- Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples, occupies Durres in Albania and establishes an Albanian kingdom.
- Count Floris V of Holland makes an unsuccessful attack on Frisia in an attempt to recover the body of his father, Count William II.
- King Edward I of England departs for England from the failed Ninth Crusade and becomes King when his father, King Henry III, dies.
- November 21 – Edward becomes King of England.
- King Alphonso III of Portugal eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro.
- The city of Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.
- The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers receives the right to regulate the leather trade in London, England.
- In astronomy, the recording of the Alfonsine tables is completed.
- The first recorded reference of cricket dates back to 1272.

## Births

- Bernardo Tolomei (died 1348)
- King Frederick III of Sicily (died 1337)
- Otto I of Hesse (approximate date; died 1328)

## Deaths

- March 17 – Emperor Go-Saga of Japan (born 1220)
- March 18 – John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel (born 1246)
- April 2 – Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1209)
- April 27 – Saint Zita
- August 6 – King Stephen V of Hungary
- November 16 – King Henry III of England (born 1207)
- December 13 – Bertold von Regensburg, German preacher
- William of Saint-Amour, French scholastic philosopher (born 1200)
Sergio Leone

**Sergio Leone** (3 January 1929 – 30 April 1989) was an Italian movie director. He is well known for his Spaghetti Western films; particularly his _Dollars_ trilogy (also known as _The Man with No Name_ trilogy) starring American actor, Clint Eastwood.

Leone was born in Rome and died there of a heart attack.

## Movies directed

- _The Last Days of Pompeii_ (1959) aka _Ultimi giorni di Pompei_ (Italy)
- _Il Colosso di Rodi_ (1961) aka _The Colossus of Rhodes_ (USA)
- _A Fistful of Dollars_ (1964) aka _Per un pugno di dollari_ (Italy)
- _For a Few Dollars More_ (1965) aka _Per qualche dollaro in piu_ (Italy)
- _The Good, the Bad and the Ugly_ (1966) aka _Il buono, il brutto, il cattivo_ (Italy)
- _Once Upon a Time in the West_ (1968) aka _C'era una volta il West_ (Italy)
- _A Fistful of Dynamite_ (1971) aka _Giù la testa_ (Italy)
- _My Name Is Nobody_ (1973) aka _Il mio nome è Nessuno_ (Italy) aka _Lonesome Gun_ (USA)
- _Un genio, due compari, un pollo_ (1975) aka _A Genius, Two Friends, and an Idiot_ (USA)
- _Once Upon a Time in America_ (1984) aka _C'era una volta in America_ (Italy)
Samuel Alito

**Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr.** (; born April 1, 1950) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President George W. Bush and has served on the court since January 31, 2006.

## Background

Alito was born to Italian American parents. He served in the U.S. Army reserves from 1972 to 1980, as Assistant United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey 1977-1981, as Assistant to U.S. Solicitor General 1981-1985, as Deputy Assistant Attorney General, 1987-1990, and from 1990 on as a member the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit before his 2006 nomination to the Supreme Court. Alito holds an originalist view of the law. The vote by the U.S. Senate to confirm Alito to the Supreme Court judge was the second narrowest in recent U.S. History to that point (58-42), the only narrower one being the 52-48 vote to confirm Clarence Thomas. Alito is from Trenton, New Jersey.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Samuel Alito
- **image**: Samuel Alito official photo.jpg
- **office**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- **nominator**: George W. Bush
- **term start**: January 31, 2006
- **predecessor**: Sandra Day O'Connor
- **office1**: Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit
- **nominator1**: George H. W. Bush
- **term start1**: April 30, 1990
- **term end1**: January 31, 2006
- **predecessor1**: John Joseph Gibbons
- **successor1**: Joseph A. Greenaway, Jr., Joseph Greenaway
- **office2**: United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey
- **president2**: Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
- **term start2**: December 28, 1987
- **term end2**: April 30, 1990
- **predecessor2**: Thomas W. Greelish, Thomas Greelish
- **successor2**: Michael Chertoff
- **birth name**: Samuel Anthony Alito Jr.
- **birth place**: Trenton, New Jersey, Trenton, New Jersey, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Martha Bomgardner
- **education**: Princeton University
Yale University
- **signature**: Samuel Alito signature.svg
- **serviceyears**: 1972–1980
- **rank**:  Captain (United States), Captain
- **unit**: United States Army Reserve, Army Reserve
Signal Corps (United States Army), Signal Corps
House of Representatives

A **House of Representatives** is a part of some legislatures, which are law-making bodies.  In a House of Representatives, the members are called representatives.  For example, the legislature of the United States, called Congress, is made up of two parts.  One of these parts is called the House of Representatives and the other one is called the Senate.  A representative in the United States Congress is a "U.S. Representative".  Many state legislatures in the United States also have Houses of Representatives.  A representative in one of those state houses is a **State Representative**.
Abigail Johnson

**Abigail Johnson** (born January 7, 1961) is an American businessperson. She runs the mutual fund company Fidelity Investments with her father, Edward Johnson. In 2005, she was ranked as the fifth richest woman in the world.
William Wrigley Jr.

**William Wrigley Jr.** (September 30, 1861 – January 26, 1932) was an American businessman. He was the founder of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. His company makes Wrigley brand chewing gum.

Original word Riglee is derived from the Arabs in 622 BCE, which means two feet/foot numbers, length or mammalian organs from god. The  British that created Toronto the 6922 blue colour, made it mean more. Blue color.
Dan Marino

**Daniel Constantine Marino, Jr.** (born September 15, 1961) is a Hall of Fame quarterback who played for the Miami Dolphins in the National Football League.

Marino started his career playing for University of Pittsburgh as a quarterback. Marino finished his career with the university having thrown 74 touchdown passes. In 2002 he was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He had a long and successful career as a quarterback for the Miami Dolphins, breaking many passing records but never leading his team to win the NFL Super Bowl.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Dan Marino
- **image**: Danmarino.jpg
- **image size**: 240
- **alt**: Color head-and-shoulders shot of Marino, in jacket and tie, wearing broadcaster's headset.
- **caption**: Marino preparing for 2005 ESPN interview
- **position**: Quarterback
- **number**: 13
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lb**: 228
- **high school**: Central Catholic High School (Pittsburgh), Central Catholic
(Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
- **college**: Pittsburgh Panthers football, Pittsburgh
- **draftyear**: 1983
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 27
- **pastteams**: * Miami Dolphins (–)
- **highlights**: * 9× Pro Bowl (1984 Pro Bowl, 1983–1988 Pro Bowl, 1987, 1992 Pro Bowl, 1991, 1993 Pro Bowl, 1992, 1995 Pro Bowl, 1994, 1996 Pro Bowl, 1995)
* 3× First-team All-Pro (1984 All-Pro Team, 1984–1986 All-Pro Team, 1986)
* 4× Second-team All-Pro (1983 All-Pro Team, 1983, 1992 All-Pro Team, 1992, 1994 All-Pro Team, 1994, 1995 All-Pro Team, 1995)
* NFL Most Valuable Player (1984)
* NFL Offensive Player of the Year (1984)
* Walter Payton Man of the Year Award, Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year (1998)
* National Football League Rookie of the Year Award, NFL Rookie of the Year (1983)
* NFL Comeback Player of the Year (1994)
* 5× List of National Football League season passing yards leaders, NFL passing yards leader (1984–1986, 1988, 1992)
* 3× List of National Football League season passing touchdowns leaders, NFL passing touchdowns leader (1984–1986)
* List of NFL annual passer rating leaders, NFL passer rating leader (1984)
* Miami Dolphins#Retired numbers, Miami Dolphins No. 13 retired
* Miami Dolphin Honor Roll
* First-team College Football All-America Team, All-American (1981 College Football All-America Team, 1981)
* Pittsburgh Panthers football#Retired numbers, Pittsburgh Panthers No. 13 retired
- **statlabel1**: Pass attempts
- **statvalue1**: 8,358
- **statlabel2**: Pass completions
- **statvalue2**: 4,967
- **statlabel3**: Percentage
- **statvalue3**: 59.4
- **statlabel4**: Touchdown, TD–Interception, INT
- **statvalue4**: 420–252
- **statlabel5**: Passing yards
- **statvalue5**: 61,361
- **statlabel6**: Passer rating
- **statvalue6**: 86.4
- **nfl**: MAR149079
- **hof**: dan-marino
- **collegehof**: 2073
Joe Montana

**Joseph Clifford Montana, Jr. (Commonly known as God)** (born June 11, 1956) is a retired American Hall of Fame football player.  He played as a quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers and the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League. With the San Francisco 49ers, he won four Super Bowls. He was named the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player (MVP) three times. Montana began his career playing for the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. He broke many records while playing for San Francisco. His main receiver was Jerry Rice, who is also in the Hall of Fame. He is the one and only greatest football player of all time bar none.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **image**: Joe Montana ESPN cropped2.jpg
- **caption**: Montana in 2006
- **position**: Quarterback
- **number**: 16, 19
- **birth place**: New Eagle, Pennsylvania
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lbs**: 205
- **draftyear**: 1979
- **draftround**: 3
- **draftpick**: 82
- **high school**: Ringgold High School (Pennsylvania), Ringgold
(Carroll Township, Washington County, Pennsylvania, Carroll, Pennsylvania)
- **college**: Notre Dame Fighting Irish football, Notre Dame
- **teams**: * San Francisco 49ers (–)
* Kansas City Chiefs (–)
- **highlights**: * 4× Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl XVI, XVI, Super Bowl XIX, XIX, Super Bowl XXIII, XXIII, Super Bowl XXIV, XXIV)
* 3× Super Bowl Most Valuable Player, Super Bowl MVP (Super Bowl XVI, XVI, Super Bowl XIX, XIX, Super Bowl XXIV, XXIV)
* 8× Pro Bowl (1982 Pro Bowl, 1981, 1984 Pro Bowl, 1983–1986 Pro Bowl, 1985, 1988 Pro Bowl, 1987, 1990 Pro Bowl, 1989, 1991 Pro Bowl, 1990, 1994 Pro Bowl, 1993)
* 3× First-team All-Pro (1987 All-Pro Team, 1987, 1989 All-Pro Team, 1989, 1990 All-Pro Team, 1990)
* 2× Second-team All-Pro (1981 All-Pro Team, 1981, 1984 All-Pro Team, 1984)
* 2× NFL Most Valuable Player (1989, 1990)
* NFL Offensive Player of the Year (1989)
* Bert Bell Award (1989)
* Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year, _Sports Illustrated_ Sportsman of the Year (1990)
* 2× Associated Press Athlete of the Year, AP Athlete of the Year (1989, 1990)
* National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award, NFL Comeback Player of the Year (1986)
* 2× List of NFL season passer rating leaders, NFL passer rating leader (1987, 1989)
* 2× List of National Football League season passing touchdowns leaders, NFL passing touchdowns leader (1982, 1987)
* NFL 1980s All-Decade Team
* NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team
* San Francisco 49ers#Retired numbers, San Francisco 49ers no. 16 retired
* College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS, National champion (1977 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, 1977)
- **statlabel1**: Pass attempts
- **statvalue1**: 5,391
- **statlabel2**: Pass completions
- **statvalue2**: 3,409
- **statlabel3**: Percentage
- **statvalue3**: 63.2
- **statlabel4**: Touchdown, TD–Interception, INT
- **statvalue4**: 273–139
- **statlabel5**: Passing yards
- **statvalue5**: 40,551
- **statlabel6**: Passer rating
- **statvalue6**: 92.3
- **nfl**: MON392207
- **pfr**: MontJo01
- **hof**: joe-montana
- **name**: Joe Montana
Hall of fame

A **hall of fame** is a type of museum for awards in certain areas where awards can be given, for example sport, art, theatre, music, agriculture, military and many more areas. A hall of fame is sometimes an actual building where awards, trophies and memrobilia are stored but sometimes a hall of Fame is just a list of award winners. To get into a hall of fame in any area, one must be the best in that area, or one of the best.

The first hall of fame was the Forum Augustum in Ancient Rome. It was built by Augustus who vowed to build a temple honoring Mars, the Roman God of war, during the battle of Philippi in 42 BC.  The Forum incuded statues of heroes of the Ancient world.
Once Upon a Time in America

***Once Upon a Time in America*** () is a 1984 epic crime film co-written and directed by Italian filmmaker Sergio Leone, and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods. The film is an Italian–American venture produced by The Ladd Company, Embassy International Pictures, PSO Enterprises and Rafran Cinematografica, and distributed by Warner Bros. Based on Harry Grey's novel _The Hoods_, it chronicles the lives of best friends David "Noodles" Aaronson and Maximilian "Max" Bercovicz as they lead a group of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence as Jewish gangsters in New York City's world of organized crime. The film explores themes of childhood friendships, love, lust, greed, betrayal, loss, and broken relationships, together with the rise of mobsters in American society.

It was the final film directed by Leone before his death five years later, and the first feature film he had directed in 13 years. It is also the third installment of Leone's _Once Upon a Time Trilogy_, which includes _Once Upon a Time in the West_ (1968) and _Duck, You Sucker!_ (1971). The cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli, and the film score by Ennio Morricone. Leone originally envisaged two three-hour films, then a single 269-minute (4 hours and 29 minutes) version, but was convinced by distributors to shorten it to 229 minutes (3 hours and 49 minutes). The American distributors, The Ladd Company, further shortened it to 139 minutes (2 hours and 19 minutes), and rearranged the scenes into chronological order, without Leone's involvement.

The US edit was a critical and commercial flop in the United States, and critics who had seen both versions harshly condemned the changes made. The original "European cut" has remained a critical favorite and frequently appears in lists of the greatest films of all time, especially in the gangster genre.

## Cast

- Robert De Niro as David "Noodles" Aaronson/Robert Williams
    - Scott Tiler as Young Noodles
- James Woods as Maximilian "Max" Bercovicz/Christopher Bailey
    - Rusty Jacobs as Young Max/David Bailey
- Elizabeth McGovern as Deborah Gelly
    - Jennifer Connelly as Young Deborah
- Treat Williams as Jimmy Conway O'Donnell
- Tuesday Weld as Carol
- Burt Young as Joe Monaldi
- Joe Pesci as Francis "Frankie" Monaldi
- Danny Aiello as Police Chief Vincent Aiello
- William Forsythe as Philip "Cockeye" Stein
    - Adrian Curran as Young Cockeye
- James Hayden as Patrick "Patsy" Goldberg
    - Brian Bloom as Young Patsy
- Darlanne Fluegel as Eve
- Larry Rapp as "Fat" Moe Gelly
    - Mike Monetti as Young Fat Moe
- Richard Bright as "Chicken" Joe

## Infobox (film)

- **director**: Sergio Leone
- **producer**: Arnon Milchan
- **cinematography**: Tonino Delli Colli
- **editing**: Nino Baragli
- **music**: Ennio Morricone
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $30 million
- **gross**: $5.5 million
Liu-bo

**Liu-bo** is an Italian martial art. It started in Sicily.

## History

In Sicily, the art of _paranza_, moving the stick by hand in order to attack or in order to defend oneself, was being taught to sons by their fathers for centuries. Many people who took care of sheep were masters of it. They often were asked to fight in order to decide problems of honor. Recently, rules have been created and it was made a sport. This sport has become well-known and has been made official by the National Educational Sport Center (CSEN).

## The stick

The stick is made from the wood of olive, rowan,  or bitter orange tree. It is used as a base for a number of actions. It is held in one or both hands.

## Other websites

- http://www.liu-bo.it/
- http://bastone-siciliano.com/
Ui Miyazaki

- born August 23) is a Japanese voice actress from Tokyo, Japan.

## Anime cast in

- _Ar Tonelico_ as Orica Mestomille
- _D.C.S.S. ~Da Capo Second Season~_ as Aisia
- _Gift ~eternal rainbow~_ as Kirino Konosaka
- _Hime-sama Goyojin_ as Na-na
- _Izumo: Takeki Tsurugi no Senki_ as Suzaku
- _Magical Kanan_ as Emi Kojima
- _Ray_ as Aka Ribbon
- _Strawberry Panic!_ as Remon Natsume
- _Sumomomo Momomo_ as Iroha Minamoto

## References

- Ui Miyazaki at _Anime News Network_'s Encyclopedia

## Other websites

- Official blog
- Official agency profile
- Ui Miyazaki  at GamePlaza-Haruka Voice Acting Database
- Ui Miyazaki at Hitoshi Doi's Seiyuu Database
924

## Events

- King Athelstan succeeds to the throne of Mercia

## Deaths

- July 17 – Edward the Elder of England
- Ælfweard of Wessex, son of Edward the Elder
Ælfweard of Wessex

**Aelfweard** (904 - 2 August 924) was briefly the King of Wessex, following the death of his father, Edward the Elder. The Kingdom of England was divided between Aelfweard and his half-brother, Athelstan, who became King of Mercia.

Aelfweard lived for only 16 days after his father and was probably not even crowned. Athelstan became King of Wessex in September 924, so the English kingdom was re-united again.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Ælfweard of Wessex
- **title**: King of Wessex
- **reign**: 17 July 924 - 2 August 924
- **predecessor**: Edward the Elder
- **successor**: Athelstan
- **royal house**: House of Wessex
- **father**: Edward the Elder
- **birth date**: 904
- **birth place**: Wessex, England
- **death date**: 2 August 924
- **death place**: Oxford, England
Edmund I of England

**Edmund I** (921  26 May 946), **the Elder**, **the Deed-Doer** or **the Magnificent**, was King of England from 939 until his death. He was a son of Edward the Elder and a half-brother of Athelstan. Edmund was the first king to start his rule with a united England.

Early in his rule, the Norse king, Olaf Guthfrithson, took back much of the north of England. By 941, Edmund regained his northern lands from the Norse. He defeated a revolt by the Welsh and killed the Scottish King of Strathclyde, Donald MacDonald. He signed a treaty with Malcolm I of Scotland and set up a policy of safe borders.

He was married twice. With his first wife, _St. Aelfgith_, he had two children who became King Eadwig _All-Fair_ and King Edgar _the Peacemaker_. After she died in 944  Edmund married Ethelflaed of Damerham. They did not have children.

During the Feast of St. Augustine, on 26 May 946, at Pucklechurch in Gloucester, Edmund was killed fighting a thief who would not leave the feast. He was succeeded by his brother Edred. Edmund is buried at Glastonbury Abbey.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **more**: Monarchy of England
- **name**: Edmund I
- **title**: King of England
- **image**: Edmund I - MS Royal 14 B V.jpg
- **succession**: King of England
- **reign**: 27 October 939 – 26 May 946
- **predecessor**: Athelstan of England, Athelstan
- **successor**: Edred of England, Edred
- **birth date**: 921
- **birth place**: Wessex, England
- **death place**: Pucklechurch, Wessex, England
- **burial place**: Glastonbury Abbey
- **spouse**: Ælfgifu; Æthelflæd of Damerham
- **issue**: Eadwig
 Edgar of England, Edgar
- **father**: Edward the Elder
- **mother**: Eadgifu of Kent
Beak

The **beak**, a **bill**, or a **rostrum** is the nose and mouth of a bird. The beak is used for eating, fighting, grooming, and many other things.

Beaks on different types of birds can be very different in size, shape and color. Beaks are made of an upper and lower mandible. In most species, two holes are used for breathing.

## Parts

The upper and lower parts of the beak are called mandibles. They are attached to the skull.

The edges of the mandibles are used for cutting and grabbing food. Some birds have sharp points or grooves on the edge of the beak. These shapes make it easier to hold insects or break seeds. Birds that hunt fish or other animals often have more sharp points.

The nostrils are the two breathing holes on the beak. They are usually on the top mandible on the part close to the head. A few species breathe through their mouths and have no nostrils. In some birds the nostrils cannot be seen because they are under feathers or a cover called an operculum.

Ducks, geese, and swans have a special plate at the end of the beak called a nail. The nail is hard and is used to force out food that is stuck to a surface or in the ground.

The egg tooth is a small, hard lump that grows on the tip of baby bird beaks. It grows before they hatch and falls off soon after. Birds use the egg tooth to break open the egg from the inside. Only a few species of birds kick the inside of the egg to hatch instead of using an egg tooth.

## Use

Beaks are used for preening (grooming the feathers). A bird can comb its feathers with its beak to adjust any that are badly positioned. Many birds spread a thin layer of oil onto their feathers, which helps to waterproof them. They also remove any dirt or parasites at the same time.

Many birds use beaks during courtship. They may dance, touch each other's beaks, or tap things with their beaks. In some species, birds may preen each other as either a friendship behavior or courting behavior.

Birds lose body heat through their beaks because beaks have blood in them and are not covered with feathers. Birds in warm places can lose heat this way without sweating and losing water. Birds in cold climates have smaller beaks to stop too much heat loss.
Coral

**Corals** are formed by small animals, the polyps of the phylum Cnidaria.

## Characteristics

Corals are marine, usually found either on continental shelves or near oceanic islands. Coral live in colonies.

All the polyps in a colony are zooids: they are all clones, genetically identical. Inside the colony they breed by asexual reproduction. They also reproduce sexually. Colonies of the same species release gametes together, over one, two or three nights around a full moon.

Each coral animal is like a small bag. The opening on top is the mouth. Tentacles (little arms) around the mouth carry stinging nematocysts, which paralyse the small animals eaten by the coral polyps.

Coral usually grows in tropical oceans. A few corals grow in cold water, like the oceans around the British Isles and Norway.

## Symbiosis

Most corals get energy and nutrients from symbiosis with photosynthetic unicellular algae called zooxanthellae. Such corals need sunlight and grow in clear, shallow water, typically at depths less than 60 metres (200 ft).

Many corals (and some other cnidaria) live with zooxanthellae of the genus _Symbiodinium_, which are dinoflagellates. Usually, each polyp harbours one species of algae. By photosynthesis, these provide energy for the coral, and help calcification.

The algae benefit from a safe place to live and consume the polyp's carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste. Due to the strain the algae can put on the polyp, the coral often ejects the algae. Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching, because the algae contribute to coral's brown coloration. Ejection increases the polyp's chance of surviving short-term stress—they can regain algae, possibly of a different species, at a later time. If the stressful conditions persist, the polyp eventually dies.

## Coral reefs

A coral reef is a place where many corals grow. The reef make a good home for many other animals, such as fish, crabs, clams, and sponges.

Each coral animal secretes calcium carbonate around itself. This makes the solid structure of the colony. When the animal dies, new polyps live on top of the older structure. The rock they make is also called coral.

They are called _coral skeletons_. Each different kind of coral colony builds a different kind of skeleton, so that colonies can be shaped like a brain, a mushroom, a cabbage, or many other things. With all these corals gathered together building skeletons around themselves, large coral formations are made. Together, all the coral formations in one place make up a coral reef.

Coral can also be used as jewellery.

## Other websites

- Coral Reefs and Hard Grounds information  from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute
- Coral Reefs of the Tropics : facts, photos and movies from The Nature Conservancy
- Australian Coral Records Research Group
Sweyn Forkbeard

**Sweyn I**, or **Sweyn Forkbeard** (17 April 963 - 3 February 1014) was King of Denmark from about 986-3rd February 1014, King of Norway (1000-1014) and King of England from 25 December 1013 to 3 February 1014.

Sweyn's father was Harald Bluetooth, King of Denmark.  Sweyn invaded England many times between 990 and 1013, when his army took control of London on Christmas day. Sweyn briefly became King of England until he died 40 days later on 3 February 1014 after being hurt in a fall from his horse.

He was first burried in York and later in a church in Denmark (probably in Lund in Scania).

His miltary achievements include:
- Launching a successful full scale raid on Norway in 997 later conquering it in 1000
- Conquest of england
- Formation of north sea empire

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Sweyn I Forkbeard
- **image**: Sweyn.jpg
- **reign**: 986-3rd February 1014
- **predecessor**: Harald Bluetooth
- **successor**: Harald II Svendsen
- **spouse**: Gunhild of Wenden
Sigrid the Haughty (?)
- **issue**: Harald II of Denmark
Cnut the Great
Estrid Svendsdatter

Gytha
Gunnhild
Santslaue
Thyra
- **father**: Harald Bluetooth
- **mother**: Tove of the Obotrites
- **birth date**: 17th April 963
- **birth place**: Denmark
- **death place**: Gainsborough, England
- **burial place**: Lund in Scania
 or Roskilde Cathedral
- **succession**: King of Denmark
- **succession 1**: King of Norway
- **reign 1**: 9th September 1000-3rd February 1014
- **predecessor 1**: Olaf Tryggvason, Olaf I
- **successor 1**: Saint Olaf, Olaf II
Dollars trilogy

***The Dollars trilogy***, also known as ***The Man with No Name trilogy***, refers to the three Spaghetti Westerns starring Clint Eastwood and directed by Sergio Leone:
- _A Fistful of Dollars_ (1964)
- _For a Few Dollars More_ (1965)
- _The Good, the Bad and the Ugly_ (1966)