juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rick Rescorla

**Cyril Richard Rescorla** (May 27, 1939 – September 11, 2001) was a United States Army officer and private security officer of British origin. He was a commissioned officer in the Vietnam War, where he was a second lieutenant in the United States Army.

As the director of security for the financial services firm Morgan Stanley at the World Trade Center, Rescorla knew of a future attack on the towers following the 1993 bombings and created evacuation procedures which many believed he helped saved many lives. He died during the attacks of September 11, 2001, while leading evacuees from the South Tower.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Rick Rescorla
- **birth place**: Hayle, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- **death place**: World Trade Center (1973–2001), South Tower, Manhattan, New York, U.S.
- **image**: Rick_Rescorla.jpg
- **birth name**: Cyril Richard Rescorla
- **allegiance**:

- **branch**:

- **serviceyears**: 1963–90 (U.S.)
1956–60 (United Kingdom)
- **rank**: Colonel (United States), Colonel
- **unit**: 1st Cavalry Division (United States), 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile)
Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom), Parachute Regiment (UK)
- **battles**: Battle of Ia Drang
- **awards**: Silver Star
Bronze Star Medal, Bronze Star (Oak leaf cluster, OLC)
Purple Heart
Vietnam Gallantry Cross
Combat Infantryman Badge
- **laterwork**: World Trade Center (1973–2001), World Trade Center Security Chief for Morgan Stanley
Semiaquatic

**Semi-aquatic animals** spend part of their life on land, and part in the water. Such animals include:
- Some insects, for example dragonflies spend part of their life in the water
    - Whirlygig beetles live on top of the water.
- Amphibious fish spend some of their life on dry land.
- Many tetrapods spend extended periods of time in the water
    - Amphibians (toads, salamanders, newts) need a wet skin for the life stages they spend outside the water
- Many crustaceans live on the seashore, and at lakesides, and have adapted to being submerged.
- Some spiders.
Some plants have also adapted to being both in the water and on land.
London Docklands

thumb|280px|Skyline of Canary Wharf, viewed from the west

**London Docklands** is the name for the riverfront and former docks in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. It is in east and southeast London and it is part of the boroughs of Southwark, Tower Hamlets, Lewisham, Newham and Greenwich. The docks used to be part of the Port of London.

After the docks closed, the area became derelict and poverty-stricken. The Docklands' regeneration began in the 1980s. The area has been redeveloped for commercial and residential use. The name **London Docklands** was used for the first time in a government report on redevelopment plans in 1971. The redevelopment created wealth but also led to conflict between the new and old communities in the area.

The docks served the Port of London, once one of the largest ports in the world. The docks and associated buildings (such as warehouses) were largely destroyed by bombing in the early part of the Second World War. Although they were working again by the late 1950s, as cargo ships got larger, that the port began to lose trade. A government decision was taken to build a new large container port on the east coast of England was carried out. That container port is at Felixstowe, and is served mostly by road transport motorways. Finally, the value of property in London made it possible to rebuild the old port areas into high-value property. Canary Wharf is the best-known redevelopment.
Isle of Dogs

The **Isle of Dogs**, is a large peninsula of London situated downstream of the River Thames east of the City of London. It is locally called the **island**,  It is in the East London and is bounded on three sides (east, south and west) by a large meander in the River Thames. The northern boundary has never been clearly defined but many people accept it to be the (former) line of the West India South Dock. The name Isle of Dogs had no official status until 1987, when Tower Hamlets London Borough Council created the _Isle of Dogs Neighbourhood_.
Alain Fauré

**Alain Fauré** (1 October 1962 – 12 July 2018) was a French politician. He was born in Pamiers, France.

He served as a Deputy from 2012 to 2017 and as Mayor of Les Pujols from 2001 to 2014.

On 12 July 2018, Fauré died at his home in Les Pujols, France, aged 55.
Julius Maada Bio

**Julius Maada Wonie Bio** (born May 12, 1964) is a Sierra Leonean politician. He is the 5th and current President of Sierra Leone since April 4, 2018.

Bio is a retired Brigadier General in the Sierra Leone Army and was the military Head of State of Sierra Leone from January 16, 1996 to March 29, 1996 under the National Provisional Ruling Council (NPRC) military Junta government. On June 22, 2025, Julius Maada Bio was elected president of the West African Economic Community (ECOWAS), during an ordinary summit of heads of state, held in Abuja, Nigeria.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Julius Maada Bio - 2023 (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 165px
- **caption**: Bio in 2023
- **name**: Julius Maada Bio
- **office**: 5th President of Sierra Leone
- **vicepresident**: Mohamed Juldeh Jalloh
- **1blankname**: Chief Minister
- **1namedata**: David J. Francis (politician), David J. Francis
- **term start**: 4 April 2018
- **predecessor**: Ernest Bai Koroma
- **office1**: Military Head of State of Sierra Leone
- **deputy1**: Komba Mondeh
- **term start1**: 16 January 1996
- **term end1**: 29 March 1996
- **predecessor1**: Valentine Strasser
- **successor1**: Ahmad Tejan Kabbah as president
- **birth place**: Tihun, Bonthe District, Sierra Leone
- **party**: Sierra Leone People's Party
- **spouse**: Fatima Jabbie Bio (2013 – present)[http://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/sierra-leones-presidential-hopeful-maada-bio-weds-in-london/]
- **children**: 4
- **residence**: State House (Sierra Leone), State House
- **alma mater**: Benguema Military Academy
American University; University of Bradford
- **branch**: Sierra Leone Army
- **serviceyears**: 1985–1996
- **rank**: Brigadier
- **commands**: Chief of the Defence Staff of the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces, Armed Forces
Chairman of the National Provisional Ruling Council
- **battles**: First Liberian Civil War
Sierra Leone Civil War
Magnavox Odyssey

The **Magnavox Odyssey** is a home video game console made by Magnavox in 1972. It is one of the first video game consoles ever made. It is part of the Magnavox Odyssey series.
The console could only display three square dots on the screen, and they could be moved with two controllers. To get a different game, you had to put a sheet of plastic on the TV screen and insert a card into the console that matches the number. It has no switch. The games start automatically if the console is powered.
Poplar, London

**Poplar** is an area of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in East London. It is about 5.5 miles (8.9 km) east of Charing Cross. Poplar gets its name from the black poplar tree, a large and locally rare species.

## History

Mordern Poplar is some distance from the City of London and was originally known as the Metropolitan Borough of Poplar in 1900, composed of the former Poplar, Bow and Bromley-by-Bow parishes. In 1965, it merged with the Metropolitan Boroughs of Stepney and Bethnal Green to form the new London Borough of Tower Hamlets.

## Transport

Poplar is served by Poplar DLR station on the Docklands Light Railway.

- For the tree, see _Populus_.
2018 Japan floods

The **2018 Japan floods** were a major natural disaster in western Japan. Heavy rain began on 28 June 2018 when a Meiyu front became stationary over Japan. The front extended west from a non-tropical low near Hokkaidō.

Deadly flooding began on 5 July, mostly in the Kansai region. Several areas saw their greatest one-hour and three-day rainfall totals on record.

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) issued heavy rain warnings for areas of western Japan. Hiroshima, Okayama, Ehime, Fukuoka, Nagasaki and Kyoto were among the areas included in the heavy rain warnings.

Over 200 people were killed due to the flooding. Rescuers raced to look for survivors of the floods. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad has shared his deepest condolences with Japan.

## Related pages

- 2020 Kyushu floods
D-Generation X

**D-Generation X** (also known as **DX**) is a stable formed in the WWE by Triple H, Shawn Michaels and Chyna etc. D-Generation X was a key part of the WWE's Attitude Era.

## History

D-Generation X was formed in 1997 by members of the Clique (Shawn Michaels, Triple H) and Triple H's bodyguard Chyna. Their 'insurance policy' ie bodyguard, Rick Rude also joined soon after. Michaels and Triple H were friends in real life.

## Key events

D-Generation X feuded with the Hart Foundation stable through most of 1997, culminating with Bret Hart's controversial 'Montreal Screwjob' loss to Shawn Michaels at Survivor Series 1997. They reformed in 1998, dropping Michaels and adding Road Dogg, Billy Gunn and X-Pac. The newly formed group would 'take over' a WCW event in 1998 by interviewing fans at a taping of WCW Monday Nitro (after they drove in army style).

## Reformation

D-Generation X eventually reformed in 1999 and had many incarnations since (mostly one offs), but have never have been as they were during their first two incarnations.
Somerset County, Maine

**Somerset County** is a county in the state of Maine, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 50,477. The county seat is Skowhegan.
St. Landry Parish, Louisiana

**St. Landry Parish** () is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 82,540. The parish seat is Opelousas. The parish was founded in 1807.
Vojtěch Mynář

**Vojtěch Mynář** (4 May 1944 – 11 July 2018) was a Czech politician. From 2012 until 2014, he was a Member of the European Parliament, representing the Czech Republic. He was a member of the Social Democratic Party. Mynář was born in Petřvald, Czechoslovakia.

Mynář died on 11 July 2018 in Prague at the age of 74.
Pat Swindall

**Patrick Lynn Swindall** (October 18, 1950 – July 11, 2018) was an American politician, attorney, and businessman. He served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's 4th congressional district from 1985 to 1989.

Swindall lied to a federal grand jury about his knowledge that the funds were from a drug trafficking operation, which was refuted by the undercover tapes. While one of the perjury charges was dismissed by District Judge Richard C. Freeman, the jury convicted Swindall on nine counts and sentenced to one year in prison and a fine of $30,450.

Swindall died in his sleep on July 11, 2018 at his home in Johns Creek, Georgia, aged 67.

## Infobox (congressman)

- **name**: Pat Swindall
- **image name**: Pswindall.jpg
- **state**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **district**: Georgia's 4th congressional district, 4th
- **term start**: January 3, 1985
- **term end**: January 3, 1989
- **preceded**: Elliott H. Levitas
- **succeeded**: Ben Jones (American actor and politician), Ben L. Jones
- **birth name**: Patrick Lynn Swindall
- **birth place**: Gadsden, Alabama, U.S.
- **death place**: Johns Creek, Georgia, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Kimberly Swindall
- **children**: 7
- **alma mater**: University of Georgia (B.A.)
University of Georgia School of Law (J.D)
- **profession**: Lawyer, Attorney, Businessperson, Businessman
Ro Khanna

**Rohit Khanna** (; born September 13, 1976) is an American academic, lawyer and politician. He is the U.S. Representative for California's 17th congressional district since 2017. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He beat then-current Representative Mike Honda in the general election on November 8, 2016, after first running for the same seat in 2014.

## Career

Khanna also served as the Deputy Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of Commerce under President Barack Obama from August 8, 2009 to August 2011.

Khanna only accepts donations from individuals and is one of only six members of the U.S. House of Representatives, and ten total members of Congress, who do not take campaign contributions from Political Action Committees (PACs) or corporations.

Khanna was one of the few Representatives to endorse Bernie Sanders for President of the United States.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ro Khanna
- **image**: Ro Khanna, official portrait, 115th Congress.jpg
- **state**: California
- **term start**: January 3, 2017
- **predecessor**: Mike Honda
- **birth name**: Rohit Khanna
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **relatives**: Amarnath Vidyalankar (Grandfather)
- **education**: University of Chicago (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Yale University (Juris Doctor, JD)
Walnut Grove, California

**Walnut Grove** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is near Sacramento, California. The population was 1,452 at the 2020 census.

Walnut Grove is located at  (38.243490, −121.512100).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Walnut Grove
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **image skyline**: Japanese-American_Historic_District.jpg
- **image caption**: Walnut Grove Japanese-American Historic Commercial District
- **image map**: Sacramento_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Walnut_Grove_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in Sacramento County, California, Sacramento County and the state of California
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Sacramento County, California, Sacramento
- **unit pref**: US
- **area total sq mi**: 10.928
- **area land sq mi**: 10.201
- **area water sq mi**: 0.727
- **area water percent**: 6.65
- **elevation ft**: 10
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 1452
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, PST
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 95690
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area codes 916 and 279, 916, 279
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
Gerardo Fernández Albor

**Xerardo Fernández Albor** (7 September 1917 – 12 July 2018) was a Spanish physician. He serves as President of the autonomous community of Galicia from 1982 to 1987. He lost a motion of no confidence in 1987. He was a member of the People's Party.

Albor died in Santiago de Compostela on 12 July 2018, at the age of 100.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **office**: President of Galicia
- **term start**: 1982
- **term end**: 1987
- **predecessor**: Xosé Quiroga Suárez
- **successor**: Fernando González Laxe
- **image**: (Gerardo Fernández Arbor) Mariano Rajoy impone la Gran Cruz de Isabel la Católica a Gerardo Fernández Albor. Pool Moncloa. 4 de enero de 2013 (cropped).jpg
- **death place**: Santiago de Compostela, Galicia
- **party**: People's Party (Spain), People's Party
Dada Vaswani

**Dada J.P. Vaswani** (2 August 1918 – 12 July 2018) was an Indian non-sectarian spiritual leader. He was born in Hyderabad, Sindh. He promoted vegetarianism and animal rights. He was the Spiritual Head at the Sadhu Vaswani Mission founded by his Guru, Sadhu T. L. Vaswani.

Vaswani died on 12 July 2018 in Pune, Maharashtra from complications of a broken hip, aged 99.
Joe E. Kernan

**Joseph Eugene Kernan** (April 8, 1946 – July 29, 2020) was an American businessman and former politician. He served as the 48th Governor of Indiana from 2003 to 2005.  He is a member of the Democratic Party. Kernan served as Mayor of South Bend, Indiana, and then as the 47th Lieutenant Governor of Indiana from 1997 to 2003. He lost an election to serve a full term as governor to Mitch Daniels on November 2, 2004.

Kernan died on July 29, 2020, from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease at a care facility in South Bend. He was 74.

## Infobox (governor)

- **image**: Joe Kernan.jpg
- **order**: 48th
- **office**: Governor of Indiana
- **term start**: September 13, 2003
- **term end**: January 10, 2005
- **lieutenant**: Kathy Davis
- **predecessor**: Frank O'Bannon
- **successor**: Mitch Daniels
- **office2**: 47th Lieutenant Governor of Indiana
- **term start2**: January 13, 1997
- **term end2**: September 13, 2003
<small>Acting governor, Acting Governor: Sept. 10, 2003 – Sept. 13, 2003</small>
- **governor2**: Frank O'Bannon
- **predecessor2**: Frank O'Bannon
- **successor2**: Kathy Davis
- **office3**: 30th Mayor of South Bend, Indiana, South Bend
- **term start3**: January 3, 1988
- **term end3**: January 3, 1997
- **predecessor3**: Roger Parent
- **successor3**: Steve Luecke
- **birth name**: Joseph Eugene Kernan
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: South Bend, Indiana, U.S.
- **spouse**: Maggie Kernan
- **profession**: Businessman
- **alma mater**: University of Notre Dame
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democrat
- **branch**: United States Navy
- **serviceyears**: 1969–1974 (active duty)
 1974-1982 (naval reserve)
- **battles**: Vietnam War, Cold War
- **residence**: South Bend, Indiana
Governor of Indiana

The **Governor of Indiana** is the chief executive of the state of Indiana. The governor is elected to a four-year term. They are responsible for overseeing the day-to-day management of the functions of many agencies of the Indiana state government.

The governor works out of the Indiana Statehouse and holds official functions at the Indiana Governor's Residence in the state capital of Indianapolis.

The 52nd, and current, governor is Republican Mike Braun.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Governor
- **body**: Indiana
- **insignia**: Indiana-StateSeal.svg
- **insigniasize**: 110px
- **insigniacaption**: Seal of Indiana, Seal of the State of Indiana
- **flag**: Flag of Indiana.svg
- **flagsize**: 145px
- **flagcaption**: Flag of Indiana, State flag
- **incumbent**: Mike Braun
- **incumbentsince**: January 13, 2025
- **department**: Government of Indiana
- **termlength**: Four years, renewable once in a 12-year period
- **residence**: Indiana Governor's Residence
- **inaugural**: Jonathan Jennings
- **formation**: November 7, 1816
- **deputy**: Lieutenant Governor of Indiana
- **salary**: $221,024 (2025)
- **website**: [http://www.in.gov/gov/ in.gov/gov]
Frank O'Bannon

**Frank Lewis O'Bannon** (January 30, 1930 – September 13, 2003) was an American politician. He served as the 47th Governor of Indiana from 1997 until his death in 2003.

In 2003, O'Bannon suffered a massive stroke in Chicago, Illinois, while attending a trade conference. He died days later and was succeeded by his Lieutenant Governor Joe E. Kernan.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Frank O'Bannon
- **image**: File:Frank O'Bannon 1990.jpg
- **order**: 47th Governor of Indiana
- **lieutenant**: Joe Kernan
- **term start**: January 13, 1997
- **term end**: September 13, 2003
- **predecessor**: Evan Bayh
- **successor**: Joe E. Kernan, Joe Kernan
- **office1**: 46th Lieutenant Governor of Indiana
- **governor1**: Evan Bayh
- **term start1**: January 9, 1989
- **term end1**: January 13, 1997
- **predecessor1**: John Mutz
- **successor1**: Joe E. Kernan
- **state senate2**: Indiana
- **district2**: 47th
- **term start2**: November 3, 1982
- **term end2**: December 1, 1988
- **predecessor2**: Michael Charles Kendall
- **successor2**: Richard D. Young
- **state senate3**: Indiana
- **district3**: 46th
- **term start3**: November 8, 1972
- **term end3**: November 3, 1982
- **predecessor3**: _Constituency established_
- **successor3**: Clay Patterson Baird
- **state senate4**: Indiana
- **district4**: 29th
- **term start4**: November 4, 1970
- **term end4**: November 8, 1972
- **predecessor4**: Robert O'Bannon
- **successor4**: Leslie Duvall
- **birth name**: Frank Lewis O'Bannon
- **birth place**: Louisville, Kentucky, Louisville, Kentucky, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Judy O'Bannon, Judy Asmus
- **education**: Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana University, Bloomington
- **serviceyears**: 1952–1954
- **battles**: Korean War
California State University, Fresno

**California State University, Fresno** (commonly referred to as **Fresno State**)  is a public research university in Fresno, California.  It is one of 23 campuses within the California State University system. The university had a Fall 2016 enrollment of 24,405 students.  It offers bachelor's degrees in 60 areas of study, 45 master's degrees, 3 doctoral degrees, 12 certificates of advanced study, and 2 different teaching credentials.
Mountbatten-Windsor

**Mountbatten-Windsor** is the personal surname of the descendants of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. Their descendants belong to the House of Glucksburg through Prince Philip. They belong to the House of Windsor through Queen Elizabeth.
Whirligig beetle

The **whirligig beetles** are a family (**Gyrinidae**) of water beetles that swim on the surface of fresh water.

They usually swim on the surface of the water if undisturbed, though they go underwater when threatened. They  swim rapidly in circles when alarmed. They have divided eyes which may allow them to see above and below water at the same time.

The family includes some 700 living species worldwide, in 15 genera, plus a few fossil species. Most species are very similar in appearance, though they vary in size from 3 mm to 18 mm in length. They tend to be flattened and rounded. Their shape is a good approximation to an ellipsoid, with legs and other appendages fitting closely into a streamlined surface.

Both larvae and adults are active predators. The adults carry an air bubble under their elytra, and can submerge for long periods if they want to. Mostly they move around on the surface in groups.

They are also very versatile in water moving at a staggering 100 body lengths per second.
Michelle Fischbach

**Michelle L. Fischbach** (born November 3, 1965) is an American politician. She is a member of the U.S. House of Representative from Minnesota since 2021.

On January 3, 2018, she became the 49th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota. Fischbach previously served as the President of the Minnesota Senate. She is a member of the Republican Party.

Fischbachis is a former member of the Paynesville City Council.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Michelle Fischbach
- **image**: Michelle Fischbach, official portrait, 117th Congress.jpg
- **state**: Minnesota
- **term start**: January 3, 2021
- **predecessor**: Collin Peterson
- **office1**: 49th List of lieutenant governors of Minnesota, Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota
- **governor1**: Mark Dayton
- **term start1**: January 2, 2018
- **term end1**: January 7, 2019
- **predecessor1**: Tina Smith
- **successor1**: Peggy Flanagan
- **office2**: 10th and 12th List of presidents of the Minnesota Senate, President of the Minnesota Senate
- **term start2**: January 3, 2017
- **term end2**: May 25, 2018
- **predecessor2**: Sandy Pappas
- **successor2**: Warren Limmer (Acting)
- **term start3**: January 4, 2011
- **term end3**: January 7, 2013
- **predecessor3**: Jim Metzen
- **successor3**: Sandy Pappas
- **office4**: Member of the Minnesota Senate
- **term start4**: February 12, 1996
- **term end4**: May 25, 2018
- **predecessor4**: Joe Bertram (Minnesota politician), Joe Bertram
- **successor4**: Jeff Howe
- **constituency4**: 14th district (1996–2013)
13th district (2013–2018)
- **birth name**: Michelle Louise Helene St. Martin
- **birth place**: Woodbury, Minnesota, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Scott Fischbach
- **children**: 2
- **education**: St. Cloud State University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
William Mitchell College of Law (Juris Doctor, JD)
NatWest

**National Westminster Bank**, commonly known as **NatWest**, is a major retail and commercial bank in the United Kingdom. The Westminster Bank was established in 1834 as 'London County and Westminster Bank'.

Since 2000, it has been part of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group. After "ringfencing" of the Group's core domestic business, the bank became a subsidiary of NatWest Holdings.

NatWest is one of the Big Four clearing banks in the UK, It has a large network of over 960 branches.

In 2017, NatWest was awarded Best Banking App in the British Bank Awards.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: National Westminster Bank Plc
- **location**: 135 Bishopsgate,
 London, EC2M 3UR
- **key people**: Sir Howard Davies (economist), Howard Davies, Chairman
 Ross McEwan, Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
- **industry**: Financial Services
- **products**: Banking and Insurance
- **num employees**: 33,300
- **parent**: Royal Bank of Scotland Group
- **owner**: NatWest Holdings
Test data

**Test data** is the data that is used in tests of a software system.

In order to test a software application you need to enter some data for testing most of the features. Any such specifically identified data which is used in tests is known as test data.

Some test data is used to confirm the expected result, i.e. when test data is entered the expected result should come and some test data is used to verify the software behaviour to invalid input data.
Battle of Jutland

The **Battle of Jutland** was the most important naval battle during World War I.

The German fleet was under blockade by the larger Royal Navy of Britain and, for the most part, was kept in its base at Wilhelmshaven. The Battle of Jutland happened when the German Navy, led by Admiral Reinhard Scheer, tried to break out into the open sea. The German High Seas Fleet consisted of 22 battleships, five battlecruisers, 11 cruisers and 61 torpedo boats. Scheer also had submarines with torpedos, which he arranged outside the main British bases.

The main British bases were in Scotland: the Orkney and Shetland Islands had a huge base at Scapa Flow, and bases on the main island were at Cromarty, on the Moray Firth, and at Rosyth, on the north bank of the Firth of Forth.

The British Grand Fleet steamed south-east from their bases and met the German Navy, which was steaming due north. The battle was fought over a wide area at Jutland Bank, west of the Skagerrak, between Norway and Denmark.

## Codebooks

Scapa Flow is a long way from the Skagerrak, but the British fleet still knew about of the German ship movements. The British had cracked the German cipher, and when Scheer gave the order to sail, the Admiralty in London gave the Grand Fleet orders to sail from Orkney.<sup>p124</sup>

That was because the British had taken three codebooks from wrecked ships. One code, for smaller vessels, was from a German freighter. Another, for diplomatic messages, was taken from a wreck on the bottom of the North Sea. The code for the German High Seas Fleet was from a cruiser that was wrecked in the Baltic. The British did not make the best use of these sources, but they had in their hands a priceless advantage.

### First skirmish

The first group of British ships to make contact were those from the Firth of Forth, commanded by Vice-Admiral David Beatty. He had six battlecruisers and four fast battleships, which got through the submarine cordon outside the Firth of Forth with no casualties.

Beatty's battlecruiser group met the German battlecruiser force, led by Rear-Admiral Franz Hipper. The German advantage in range-finding, with better optics, was important, but the British cruisers were saved by the arrival of the four battleships. Since the battleships were better in both armor and firepower, Hipper was forced to turn away from the east and the main German force of battleships.

### Main forces

Finally, late in the day. the Grand Fleet from Scapa Flow, led by Admiral John Jellicoe, met the main German force of battleships, led by Scheer: "To Scheer's range-takers... the entire arc stretching from the north to the east was a sea of fire".<sup>p128</sup> After ten minutes, Scheer signaled a simultaneous turnaway.

Also, 21 torpedos caused Jellico to turn away, and Scheer put 10 miles between the British battleships and himself. As darkness grew, there were a few more encounters until the German fleet managed to make it home. The Germans had sunk more ships, but the balance of power had not changed since since the British still controlled the seas..
Clearing bank

A **clearing bank** is one which moves money between accounts, and issues money to customers. At one time this meant taking in and giving out actual money. Now it means any kind of financial transaction.

In banking and finance, clearing means all activities from the time a commitment is made for a transaction until it is settled. This process turns the promise of payment (for example, in the form of a cheque or electronic payment request) into the actual movement of money from one account to another.

In the UK they are officially called a **Cheque and Credit Clearing Company**. In the United States the Federal Reserve performs an intermediary role, clearing and settling international bank payments.
Big Four (banking)

The **Big Four** banks in the United Kingdom are:

- Barclays
- HSBC
- Lloyds Bank
- The Royal Bank of Scotland Group, including NatWest
Royal Bank of Scotland Group

The **Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc** (also known as **RBS Group**) is a British banking and insurance holding company, based in Edinburgh, Scotland. The group operates a wide variety of banking brands. It offers personal and business banking, private banking, insurance and corporate finance. It has offices in Europe, North America and Asia. In the United Kingdom, its main subsidiary companies are The Royal Bank of Scotland, NatWest, Ulster Bank and Coutts.
Significant other

**Significant other** (**SO**) is way of saying a person has a close relationship. Deliberately, it does not say what the relationship is.

It refers to a person's partner, but says nothing about marital status, relationship status, or sexual orientation. Similar terms, but more specific, are: sweetheart, better half, spouse, domestic partner, lover, soulmate, or life partner.

The term is now often used in invitations, such as to weddings and office parties. In correspondence from hospitals, for example, "you may be accompanied for your appointment by a significant other". "Relevant other" is another ways of saying the same thing. "Significant others" is sometimes used.

Also, in psychology, psychiatry and sociology, it may mean someone who has a big influence on the person.

The first known use of the term was in the U.S.
Bermondsey

**Bermondsey** () is an area in the London Borough of Southwark, England. It is  southeast of Charing Cross. To the west of Bermondsey is Southwark, to the east is Rotherhithe and Deptford, to the south is Walworth and Peckham, and to the north is Wapping. Bermondsey tube station and Canada Water station]] both serve, whilst Rotherhithe railway station and Surrey Quays railway station serves Rotherhithe directly.
Deptford

**Deptford** ( ) is a district of south-east London, England, within the London Borough of Lewisham. From the middle of the 16th century to the late 19th century, Deptford was home to Deptford Dockyard which was the first Royal Navy dockyard. The area declined as the Royal Navy moved out and commercial docks closed. The last dock, Convoys Wharf, closed in the year 2000.
Limehouse

**Limehouse** is an area of East London, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is  east of Charing Cross. It is on the northern bank of the River Thames. The two London Overground stations are Shadwell railway station and Wapping railway station (both on the Windrush line), whilst Rotherhithe railway station is situated to the south, in the London Borough of Southwark. Two DLR stations: Shadwell DLR station and Limehouse station (also operated by c2c) serve this area.
Stepney

**Stepney** is a district of London, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. The modern district is in the East End of London which grew out of a medieval village around St Dunstan's church and the 15th century Mile End Road.

The area built up rapidly in the 19th century. It was mainly for immigrant workers and displaced poor people. It had a reputation for poverty, overcrowding, violence and political dissent. It was severely damaged during the Blitz in World War II. Over one third of the housing was totally destroyed. In the 1960s, slum clearance and development replaced most old residential streets with tower blocks and modern housing estates. Some Georgian architecture and Victorian era terraced housing survive. Examples include Arbour Square, the eastern side of Stepney Green, and the streets around Matlock Street.
High-rise building

A **high-rise building** is a tall building. It is used as an apartment building,  office building or other functions, such as hotel or retail. Sometimes, multiple purposes are combined. A residential high-rise building is also called a **tower block** or an "MDU", standing for "Multi Dwelling Unit". A very tall high-rise building is called a skyscraper.

High-rise buildings became possible with the invention of the elevator (lift) and cheaper and more abundant building materials. The materials used for high-rise buildings are reinforced concrete and steel. Most North American style skyscrapers have a steel frame, while residential blocks are usually constructed of concrete.  There is no clear difference between a tower block and a skyscraper but a building with fifty or more stories is generally considered a skyscraper. The opposite of high-rise is a low-rise building and in the middle are mid-rise buildings.
Mile End

**Mile End** is an area in London, England. It is in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is  east-northeast of Charing Cross. Mile End had a population of 28,544 in 2011.

## Transport

Mile End has a London Underground station of the same name. Three railway lines, the District, Hammersmith & City and Central lines serve this station.
West India Docks

The **West India Docks** were a series of three docks on the Isle of Dogs in London, England. The first dock opened in 1802. The docks closed to commercial traffic in 1980 and the Canary Wharf development was built on the site.
Blackwall, London

**Blackwall** is a district of London, England, located in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is part of the London Docklands. Blackwall can be broadly described today as the area close to the River Thames from the edge of the Isle of Dogs and as far east as the East India Docks on the Leanouth peninsula. The area takes its name from a historic stretch of riverside wall built along an outside curve of the River Thames, to protect the area from flooding. Blackwall today is mostly residential but Blackwall Yard provides moorings for boats.
East India Docks

The **East India Docks** were a group of docks in Blackwall, East London, England, north-east of the Isle of Dogs. Today only the entrance basin and the perimeter wall are still visible. The dock Basin was gradually extended and new locks built, but the 20th century saw the decline of the London docklands and the East India Docks closed in 1967. The Basin was turned into a nature reserve by the London Docklands Development Corporation and has been in the ownership of Lee Valley Regional Park Authority since 1998.

## History

Following the successful creation of the West India Docks, which opened in 1802, an Act of Parliament in 1803 set up The East India Dock Company, promoted by the British East India Company.
Peseux, Switzerland

**Peseux** was a municipality in Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Corcelles-Cormondrèche, Peseux and Valangin merged to form the municipality of Neuchâtel.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Peseux
- **municipality name**: Peseux
- **municipality type**: former
- **image photo**: Lake under clouds.jpg
- **image caption**: Peseux and Lake Neuchatel
- **imagepath coa**: Peseux, Neuchâtel-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Peseux 2013.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Neuchâtel
- **iso-code-region**: CH-NE
- **district**: Boudry (district), Boudry
- **postal code**: 2034
- **municipality code**: 6412
- **area**: 3.43
- **elevation**: 543
- **population**: 5,926
- **populationof**: December 2016
- **popofyear**: 2016
- **website**: www.peseux.ch
- **mayor**: Thierry Daenzer
- **neighboring municipalities**: Auvernier, Coffrane, Corcelles-Cormondrèche, Neuchâtel, Valangin
Valangin

**Valangin** was a municipality in Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. The Valanginian Age of the Cretaceous Period of geological time is named for Valangin. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Corcelles-Cormondrèche, Peseux and Valangin merged to form the municipality of Neuchâtel.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Valangin
- **municipality name**: Valangin
- **municipality type**: former
- **image photo**: Valangin vieux bourg.jpg
- **image caption**: Valangin old city
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Valangin.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Valangin 2013.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Neuchâtel
- **iso-code-region**: CH-NE
- **district**: Val-de-Ruz (district), Val-de-Ruz
- **postal code**: 2042
- **municipality code**: 6485
- **area**: 3.77
- **elevation**: 651
- **population**: 506
- **populationof**: December 2016
- **popofyear**: 2016
- **website**: www.valangin.ch
- **mayor**: Etienne de Tribolet
- **mayor asof**: 2018
- **neighboring municipalities**: Boudevilliers, Coffrane, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontaines, Switzerland, Fontaines, Neuchâtel, Peseux, Switzerland, Peseux
Peseux

**Peseux** may refer to:
- Peseux, Switzerland, a municipality in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel
- Péseux, a commune in the French department of Doubs
- Peseux, Jura, a commune in the French department of Jura
Doubs (disambiguation)

**Doubs** can mean:
- Doubs (river) , a river in France and Switzerland
- Doubs (department) , a department of France
- Doubs, Doubs , a municipality in this department
Yonne (disambiguation)

**Yonne** can mean:
- Yonne (river), a river in France
- Yonne, a department of France
Aube (disambiguation)

**Aube** is a department in the northeastern part of France.

Aube may also refer to:
- Aube, Moselle, a French municipality in the Moselle department
- Aube, Orne, a French municipality in the Orne department
- Aube (river), a river in France
- Théophile Aube (1826–1890), French admiral
Meuse (disambiguation)

**Meuse** can mean:
- Meuse (department), a department in France
- Meuse, a river in western Europe.
Allier (disambiguation)

**Allier** is a department in south-central France named after the Allier River.

**Allier** may also refer to:
- Allier, Hautes-Pyrénées, a commune of the Hautes-Pyrénées department, in southwestern France
Milvignes

**Milvignes** is a municipality of the district of Boudry in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.

It was created on 1 January 2013, when the municipalities of Auvernier, Bôle and Colombier combined to become Milvignes.
Val-de-Ruz

**Val-de-Ruz** is a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.

It was created on 1 January 2013, when fifteen municipalities combined to become one. They were: Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers merged to form Val-de-Ruz. The administrative services are in the village of Cernier.
Val-de-Travers

**Val-de-Travers** is a municipality of the district of Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.

It was created on 1 January 2009, when the former municipalities of Boveresse, Buttes, Couvet, Fleurier, Les Bayards, Môtiers, Noiraigue, Saint-Sulpice and Travers merged to form Val-de-Travers.

The region is known for its production of absinthe.

It is the largest municipality of the canton of Neuchâtel.
Sophie Lowe

**Sophie Lowe** (born 5 June 1990) is an English-born Australian actress and singer-songwriter. She starred in _Beautiful Kate_, _After the Dark_, _Adore_, and _Road Kill_, and starred in the television series _The Slap_, _Once Upon a Time in Wonderland_, _The Returned_ and _The Beautiful Lie_.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Sophie Lowe 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Lowe attending the Logie Awards of 2016, 2016 TV Week Logie Awards, May 2016
- **name**: Sophie Lowe
- **birth place**: Sheffield, Yorkshire, England, UK
- **occupation**: Actress, singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 2005–present
Industrial waste

**Industrial waste** is the waste produced by industrial activity, such as that of factories, mills and mines. It is often dangerous to the environment. There are many types of industrial waste, such as gravel, scrap metal, oils, solvents, and scrap lumber. Industrial wastes are classified in many different ways, and each type of waste has to be discarded in a certain way.

## Types of industrial waste

There are two primary types of industrial waste. _Hazardous_ waste, which is dangerous to people, animals, or the environment, and _non-hazardous_ waste, which does not pose a direct danger to people, animals, or the environment. Hazardous industrial waste requires special treatment, as it can pose a great danger to living organisms. These wastes can be further classified by their state, as some waste is in solid form, but other waste is dissolved or in liquid form. These types of waste need to be treated differently.

## Impact of industrial waste

Many large factories are near bodies of water, because they need a lot of water for cooling equipment or manufacturing. In many areas, polluted water is released back into these bodies of water, resulting in ecological damage (damage to the environment). Toxins from wastewater can kill plants and animals, and chemicals in wastewater can effect ecosystems a lot.

Solid waste typically refers to _non-hazardous_ material, but some solid wastes are more harmful to the environment than others. Solid wastes are often stored in landfills, which can have a negative impact on the ecosystem, even if the waste isn't toxic.
Greenwich station

**Greenwich station** is about 400 metres south-west of Greenwich town centre, in London, England. It is an interchange between National Rail and the Docklands Light Railway.  It is in Travelcard Zones 2 and 3.
TfL Rail

**TfL Rail** was a metro service operated by MTR Corporation under contract to Transport for London (TfL).

Upon the opening of the Crossrail central section in May 2022, it merged the Elizabeth line, and the name was discontinued.

## Existing routes

- East London
In May 2015, TfL Rail took control of the commuter service between  in central London and  in Essex. This branch comprises the first 14 stations on the Great Eastern Main Line. There is an interchange at Shenfield for medium- and long-distance services to East Anglia.

- West London
On 20 May 2018 TfL Rail took over operation of the Heathrow Connect service between  in central London and Heathrow Airport to the west. This route has nine stations.
Crossrail

**Crossrail** is a  railway line under development in the London  area. It goes to the counties of Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Essex, England.

The central section between  in central London and  in the south-east, is open. It will later join with two existing routes operated by TfL Rail to become the **Elizabeth Line**, named after Queen Elizabeth II.

TfL Rail's Shenfield branch is connected to Paddington and the branches west of Paddington are connected to Crossrail's central core. This completes a new east–west route across London. It will provide a new high-frequency commuter and suburban passenger service.

Basically, it is an additional NE to SW connection, ending up in Heathrow. Previously, it has been difficult to get to and fro between N.E. London and Heathrow, so this will help that journey.

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Crossrail
- **other name**: Elizabeth line
- **image**: Crossrail platform at Farringdon.jpg
- **image width**: 300px
- **caption**: Crossrail platform at Farringdon
- **logo**: File:Crossrail seal only.svg
- **logo width**: 150px
- **system**: National Rail
- **start**: West:
- **end**: East:  and
- **stations**: 10
- **open**: 24 May 2022: Paddington–Abbey Wood
- **owner**: Transport for London
- **stock**: British Rail Class 345, Class 345 (9 carriages per train)
- **tracks**: 2
- **electrification**: 25 kV AC railway electrification,   AC (overhead lines)
- **map state**: collapsed
- **map name**: Transport for London
Elizabeth line

The **Elizabeth line** is a high-frequency hybrid commuter rail and rapid transit service in London and its suburbs. The service is named after Queen Elizabeth II, who officially opened the line on 17 May 2022 during her Platinum Jubilee year; passenger services started on 24 May 2022.

Under the project name of Crossrail, the system was approved in 2007, and construction began in 2009. Originally planned to open in 2018, the project was repeatedly delayed, including for several months as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

The Elizabeth line uses a modern tube tunnel cut through the North London chalk especially for the North-east to South-west London commuters. That direction was favoured because it was especially difficult to get to Heathrow from the North-west of London. The tunnelling is relatively new, but the line links up with older tube stations en-route.

## Infobox (rail service)

- **name**: Elizabeth line
- **color**: purple
- **image**: 345001 ABW.jpg
- **image width**: 300px
- **caption**: An Elizabeth line train at Abbey Wood in May 2022
- **logo**: Elizabeth line roundel.svg
- **logo width**: 150px
- **system**: National Rail
- **first**: 24 May 2022
- **start**: West: ,  and
- **end**: East:  and
- **stops**: 41
- **operator**: MTR Corporation#United Kingdom, MTR Corporation (Crossrail) Ltd
- **stock**: British Rail Class 315, Class 315, British Rail Class 345, Class 345
- **electrification**: 25 kV AC railway electrification,   AC (overhead lines)
- **map state**: collapsed
- **map name**: Transport for London
Great Eastern Main Line

The **Great Eastern Main Line** (also called the East Anglia Main Line) is a  main railway line in England. It connects Liverpool Street station in central London with destinations in East London and the East of England. These include Shenfield, Chelmsford, Colchester, , and Norwich. Branch lines connect the main line to Southminster, Braintree, , Harwich, and a number of coastal towns including Southend-on-Sea, Clacton-on-Sea, Walton-on-the-Naze and .

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Great Eastern Main Line
- **image**: Greater Anglia 745010 Colchester.jpg
- **image width**: 300px
- **caption**: Class 745 at Colchester in 2020
- **type**: Inter-city rail, Inter-city, commuter rail, regional rail
- **system**: National Rail
- **status**: Operational
- **locale**: Greater London
East of England
- **start**: Liverpool Street station, London Liverpool Street

- **end**:

- **stations**: 27
- **open**: 1862
- **owner**: Network Rail
- **operator**: Greater Anglia (train operating company), Greater Anglia
Elizabeth line
East Midlands Railway
c2c (limited services)
- **depot**: Norwich Crown Point
Clacton-on-Sea
Ilford
Colchester
- **tracks**: 1–6
- **old gauge**: until 1844
- **electrification**: Mk1 and GEFF 25 kV AC railway electrification, 25 kV 50 Hz AC Overhead line, OHLE
- **map**:
- **map state**: uncollapsed
Shenfield

**Shenfield** is part of the conurbation of Brentwood, Essex, England. The original town centre is located one mile (1.6 km) north-east of the centre of Brentwood. There are some small industrial areas and a modest, but busy, shopping area. Shenfield serves predominantly as a dormitory town for commuters to London and surrounding towns such as Romford and Basildon. This is facilitated by easy access to the A12 Road, the M25 motorway and rail services on the Great Eastern Main Line.