juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Fábio Pereira da Silva

**Fábio Pereira da Silva** (born 9 July 1990) is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Manchester United.
He's the twin brother of Rafael Pereira da Saliva
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty

An **Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty** (**AONB**) is an area of countryside considered to have significant landscape value in England, Wales or Northern Ireland. Natural England designates them on behalf of the United Kingdom government. Natural Resources Wales designates them on behalf of the Welsh Government. The Northern Ireland Environment Agency designates them on behalf of the Northern Ireland Executive.

The chief purpose of the AONB designation is to conserve and enhance the natural beauty of the landscape, with two secondary aims: meeting the need for quiet enjoyment of the countryside and having regard for the interests of those who live and work there. To achieve these aims, AONBs rely on planning controls and practical countryside management.

As they have the same landscape quality, AONBs may be compared to the national parks of England and Wales. AONBs are created under the same legislation as the national parks, the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. Unlike AONBs, national parks have their own authorities, have special legal powers to prevent unsympathetic development, and are well known to many inhabitants of England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

There are 35 AONBs in England, four in Wales, one (Wye Valley) that is in both England and Wales and nine in Northern Ireland. The first AONB was awarded in 1956 to the Gower Peninsula, south Wales. The most recently confirmed is the Tamar Valley AONB in 1994. The smallest AONB is the Isles of Scilly (1976), , and the largest AONB is the Cotswolds (1966), . The AONBs of England and Wales together cover around 18% of the countryside in the two countries.

## Other websites

- National Association for AONBs
- Interactive map of AONBs
Chaturanga

**Chaturanga** is the earliest known form of chess, from the 6th century AD.

This precursor of modern chess originated in the northern Indian subcontinent during the Gupta empire. 'Chaturanga' translates as 'the four divisions', meaning infantry, cavalry, elephantry, and chariotry. They were the four divisions of an Indian army at the time, and no doubt the game was thought of as a war-game. At that time the game had no female piece: what we now call the queen was called _Mantri_, meaning a minister or advisor.

The game eventually spread to the rest of the world after the Muslim conquest of Persia. It was then called Shatranj.

From the beginning until the end of the 15th century the pieces we call bishops and queens had limited movement, and it took longer to get the pieces into action. In modern chess, the original pieces evolved into the modern pawn, knight, bishop, rook, queen, king, respectively.<sup>p173; p74</sup>
Shatranj

**Chatrang**, or **Shatranj**, was the name given to the early game of chess when it travelled to Persia and then to the Arab world.

In Sassanid Persia around 600 the name became **Chatrang** and the rules were developed further, and players started calling _Shāh!_ (Persian for 'King') when threatening the opponent's king, and _Shāh māt!_ (Persian for 'the king is finished') when the king could not escape from attack. These exclamations persisted in chess as it traveled to other lands.

The game was taken up by the Muslim world after the Islamic conquest of Persia, with the pieces largely retaining their Persian names; in Arabic "māt" or "māta" مَاتَ means "died", "is dead". In Arabic, the game became **Shatranj**. In all other languages, the name of the game is derived either from _shatranj_ or from _shah_.

One interesting fact is that the Arabs divided their game into the same three stages which we do today: opening, middlegame and endgame.<sup>p234</sup>

## Tabiyat

At the start of a game, the Arabic masters took a number of moves before the pieces were in contact with the other side.
- "The result of this was that... the final position of the opening was the important one to memorise. Hence in almost all older Muslim chess-works we find... a collection of type-positions, each with its own distinctive name. [These] are recommended to the player as models for his imitation. Diagrams of these type-positions were a regular feature of Arabic chess-works down to the 17th century. These positions were called ta'biya (plural: ta'biyat or ta'abi)... which may be translated as _battle-array_".<sup>p234-5</sup>

The following table provides a glimpse of the changes in the names and character of chess pieces, as they passed from one culture to another, from India through Persia to Europe:<sup>p221</sup>

|Sanskrit||Persian||Arabic||English||Spanish||French|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Raja (King)|Shah|Shah|King|Rey|Roi||||||
|Mantri (Minister)|Vazir/Vizir|Wazir/Firzān|Queen|Reina|Reine||||||
|Hasty/Gajah (elephant)|Pil|Al-Fil|Bishop|Alfil|Fou||||||
|Ashva (horse)|Asp|Fars/Hisan|Knight|Caballo|Cavalier||||||
|Ratha (chariot)|Rukh|Rukh|Rook|Torre|Tour||||||
|Padati (footsoldier)|Piadeh|Baidaq|Pawn|Peón|Pion||||||
Ice cap

An ** ice cap** is a large mass of ice.

Ice caps have a land area less than 50 000 km². Sheets of ice covering more than that are ice sheets.

Ice caps are usually in high areas but can occur elsewhere.
Egyptian literature

**Egyptian literature** is some of the earliest known literature. The Egyptians were the first culture to develop the book.

## Ancient Egyptian literature

The ancient Egyptians wrote on papyrus. They also wrote on walls, tombs, pyramids, obelisks, and more. A well-known example of ancient Egyptian literature is the Story of Sinuhe;

## Christian Egyptian literature

Alexandria became an important center of early Christianity from around the 1st to 4th century CE. Writing by Coptic Christians was important to Christian literature at that time.The Nag Hammadi library protected some books from being lost or destroyed.

## Islamic Egyptian literature

Muslim Arabs controlled Egypt by the eighth century. Libraries and literature were important in Arab Egypt. Several important changes for writers happened at this time. Cloth paper replaced papyrus. Writers began using calligraphy. Also, writers began to write mostly about Islam. The earliest novel written in Egypt was Ibn al-Nafis' _Theologus Autodidactus_. It was an early science fiction and religious novel.

## Modern Egyptian literature

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Arab world experienced a cultural change like the Renaissance. This was called al-Nahda movement. It touched nearly all areas of life, including literature. One of the most important people from this time was Naguib Mahfouz. He was first Egyptian to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. Another important modern writer was Muhammad Husayn Haykal. He wrote _Zaynab_ in 1914. It is an Islamic novel and is called the first modern Egyptian novel.

## Notable Egyptian writers

- Taha Husayn
- Yūsuf Idrīs
- Sonallah Ibrahim
- Tawfiq al-Hakim
- Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Naguib Mahfouz
- Nawal El Saadawi
- Bahaa Taher
- Alaa Al Aswany
- Abdel Hakim Qasem
- Miral al-Tahawy

## Related pages

- Wisdom literature
- Culture of Egypt
- Music of Egypt
- Cairo Geniza

## Other websites

- Literature in Ancient Egypt
Phormium tenax

***Phormium tenax*** (_harakeke_ in Māori, New Zealand flax) is an evergreen perennial plant from New Zealand and Norfolk Island. It is an important fibre plant and also a popular garden plant.

The plant grows as a clump of long, straplike leaves up to two meters long. It grows a much taller flowering shoot, with dramatic yellow or red flowers.

The fibre from the plant was used by the Māori of New Zealand to make baskets. It was also used in rope and sail making. after the arrival of **European**s up until at least WWII

In other countries _Phormium tenax_ is an invasive species. On Saint Helena it is taking over the land from the critically endangered species _Elaphoglossum dimorphum_.

## Ecology

The jumping spider _Trite planiceps_ lives in the rolled-up leaves of this species. _Phormium tenax_ grows on the coast where it is important in the breeding habitat for the endangered Yellow-eyed Penguin.

## Cultivars

Several forms of this species have been selected for cultivation as decorative garden plants including: The Royal Horticultural Society in England gave an Award of Garden Merit to the plant.

- 'Bronze Baby' - arching bronze leaves,  plant.
- 'Dazzler' - arching leaves that are bronze-maroon with red and pink stripes, plant reaches 3 feet in height.
- 'Sundowner' -  plant, leaves are striped with bronze, green and rose-pink.

## Further reading

- James Hector 1889. _Phormium tenax as a fibrous plant_. 2nd ed,  Geological Survey Dept, New Zealand. G. Didsbury, Government Printer, 95 pages.
Extensive reading

**Extensive reading** is a way of learning a language, especially a second or foreign language, by reading large mount of texts.

## First language and second language

_Free voluntary reading_ is one name for extensive reading in first language education. Learners can choose a book that they like and to read it quickly or slowly. A free voluntary reading program is to help students to enjoy reading, so there are often no grades. In some schools this approach is also called _Drop Everything and Read_ (DEAR).

In 1988, Day and Bamford described extensive reading for learning a second or foreign language. Students read as much as possible. Reading materials should use simple grammar and vocabulary so learners feel comfortable. Learners should read many different kinds of writing about different subjects.

## Graded Readers

Many extensive reading programs use special series of books. These books use simplified grammar and vocabulary. They may be original stories, but many are shorter, easier versions of classic books.

## Effectiveness

Many teachers and some learners believe that extensive reading alone is enough to improve vocabulary. McQuillan and Krashen also believe this.However, other researchers say that extensive reading alone is not enough. Cobb and Parry have done research to show that there is a limit. Extensive reading may not improve vocabulary as much as people thought, especially for less common words.
30 Minutes or Less

***30 Minutes or Less*** is a 2011 action-comedy-crime movie that was produced by Stuart Cornfeld, Ben Stiller and Jeremy Kramer and was directed by Ruben Fleischer. _30 Minutes or Less_ was released on August 12, 2011 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 45% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 51 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast

- Jesse Eisenberg as Nick
- Danny McBride as Dwayne
- Aziz Ansari as Chet
- Nick Swardson as Travis
- Michael Peña as Chongo
- Fred Ward as The Major
- Dilshad Vadsaria as Katie
- Mya Rajah as Amelia
- Bianca Kajlich as Juici
- Brett Gelman as Nick's Boss

## Other websites

- _30 Minutes or Less_ Official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: 30 Minutes or Less
- **director**: Ruben Fleischer
- **producer**: Stuart Cornfeld
Ben Stiller
Jeremy Kramer
- **writer**: **screenplay**:
Michael Diliberti
**story**:
Michael Diliberti
Matthew Sullivan
- **starring**: Jesse Eisenberg
Danny McBride (actor), Danny McBride
Aziz Ansari
Nick Swardson
Michael Peña
Fred Ward
- **music**: Nathan Barr
- **cinematography**: Jess Hall
- **editing**: Alan Baumgarten
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
- **released**: April 3, 2009
- **runtime**: 83 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
Spanish language, Spanish
German language, German
- **budget**: $28 million
- **gross**: $77,053,924
Chemistry education

**Chemistry education** is the study of the teaching and learning of chemistry. Topics in chemistry education include understanding how students learn chemistry and how best to teach chemistry. Researchers in chemistry education try to improve learning results by improving teaching methods and training chemistry teachers. Researchers study many teaching modes, including: classroom lecture, demonstrations, and laboratory activities.

There is a world-wide shortage of chemistry teachers. This is because people with science training can get jobs that pay more outside of teaching. It is hard to keep science teachers. More than 45,000 math and science teachers left teaching in the United States just after the 1999–2000 school year.

## Overview

There are several different ways of thinking about chemistry education. One is a _practitioner’s perspective_. The people who teach chemistry define chemistry education by their actions.

Another is defined by a self-identified group of _chemical educators_ (faculty members and instructors who focus on teaching rather than focus on chemical research). Dr. Robert L. Lichter, then-Executive Director of the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation, speaking in a plenary session at the 16th Biennial Conference on Chemical Education (recent BCCE meetings: http://www.chem.iastate.edu/bcce/ ,http://www.chem.purdue.edu/bcce), posed the question “why do terms like ‘chemical educator’ even exist in higher education, when there is a perfectly respectable term for this activity, namely, ‘chemistry professor.’"  One criticism of this view is that few professors bring any formal preparation in education or background about education to their jobs. Most chemistry professors do not have a professional perspective on teaching and learning efforts. They may not know about effective teaching methods and how students learn.

A third perspective is _chemical education research_ (CER).  Following the example of physics education research (PER), CER tends to take the theories and methods developed in pre-college science education research and applies them to understanding comparable problems in post-secondary settings. (CER also tries to improve pre-college chemistry instruction). Like science education researchers, CER practitioners tend to study the teaching practices of others as opposed to focusing on their own classroom practices. Chemical education research is typically carried out _in situ_ using human subjects from secondary and post-secondary schools. Chemical education research collects both quantitative and qualitative data. Quantitative methods typically involve collecting data that can then be analyzed using various statistical methods. Qualitative methods include interviews, observations, journaling, and other methods common to social science research.

## Other websites

- Welcome to ChemConnections
Hurricane Irene

**Hurricane Irene** was a 2011 Atlantic hurricane, which reached Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, that struck the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola and the Bahamas, resulting in very serious damage. It also struck the East Coast of the United States and Canada. It formed on August 20 and dissolved on August 29. In summer/autumn 2011, the name Irene was retired from future use. It was replaced by Irma for 2017.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Irene
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 2011
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Irene 2011-08-24 1810Z.jpg
- **image name**: Hurricane Irene at peak intensity over the southern Bahamas on August 24
- **formed**: August 21, 2011
- **dissipated**: August 30, 2011
- **extratropical**: August 28
- **1-min winds**: 105
- **pressure**: 942
- **damages**: 14200
- **fatalities**: 49 direct, 9 indirect
- **areas**: Hispaniola, Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles, Turks and Caicos, Bahamas, East Coast of the United States, Vermont <small>(Landfalls in North Carolina, New Jersey, New York (state), New York</small>, Atlantic Canada)
- **hurricane season**: 2011 Atlantic hurricane season
Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse

**Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse** (1741—1788) was a French navigator who explored the Pacific Ocean. He died when his ship was wrecked in the New Hebrides during 1788. He met the English when they arrived in Australia with the First Fleet in January 1788. After a short stay in Botany Bay, he sailed away into the Pacific.
Simone Weil

**Simone Weil** (3 February 1909 in Paris, France – 24 August 1943 in Ashford, Kent, England), was a French philosopher, gnostic, Christian mystic, and activist for social justice and soteriology of Jewish descent.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Simone Weil
- **image**: Simone Weil 1943.jpg
- **birth name**: Simone Adolphine Weil
- **birth date**: 3 February 1909
- **birth place**: Paris, French Third Republic, France
- **death place**: Ashford, Kent, Ashford, Kent, England, United Kingdom
- **occupation**: Philosopher, gnostic, mystic, activist
- **notable works**: _Gravity and grace_, _Rootedness_, _Waiting for God_
BBC Knowledge Magazine

***BBC Knowledge Magazine*** was a magazine made by the BBC. It had articles about science, nature and history. The magazine was launched in North America, in 2008. It closed in November 2012. It reprinted articles from _BBC Focus Magazine_, _BBC History Magazine_ and _BBC Wildlife Magazine_. It was available in many countries and was edited by different people. A digital version of _BBC Knowledge Magazine_ was available.

The magazine was chosen as one of the top ten magazines of 2008 by Library Journal.

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: BBC Knowledge Magazine
- **editor**: Sally Palmer (UK edition)
- **frequency**: Bi-monthly (every two months)
- **category**: Science, nature, history
- **company**: British Broadcasting Corporation, BBC
- **firstdate**: 2008
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English language, English
- **website**: [http://www.bbcknowledgemagazine.com/ www.bbcknowledgemagazine.com]
Norman Manley International Airport

**Norman Manley International Airport** , formerly **Palisadoes Airport**, is an airport in Kingston in Jamaica. It is operated by NMIA Airports Limited. It is one of Air Jamaica's hubs, Sangster International Airport being the other. It is also one of Caribbean Airline's hubs, and is the hub for Skylan Airways. It was named in honour of Norman Washington Manley, one of Jamaica's national heroes. More than 130 international flights leave Norman Manley International Airport each week. The airport is on the Palisadoes tombolo in outer Kingston Harbour; it fronts the city on one side and the Caribbean Sea on the other.

## Other websites

- The official website

## Infobox (airport)

- **location**: Palisadoes
- **hub**: Caribbean Airlines
- **pushpin label**: MKJP
- **r1-length-f**: 8,911
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt
- **name**: Norman Manley
International Airport
- **image**: Norman Manley International Airport.jpg
- **image-width**: 250
- **iata**: KIN
- **icao**: MKJP
- **type**: Public
- **operator**: NMIA Airports Limited
- **city-served**: Kingston, Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica
- **elevation-f**: 10
- **website**: [http://www.nmia.aero/ nmia.aero]
- **pushpin map**: Jamaica
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Jamaica
- **r1-number**: 12/30
- **stat-year**: 2016
- **stat1-header**: Passengers
- **stat1-data**: 1,594,096
- **stat2-header**: Aircraft operations
- **stat2-data**: –
- **footnotes**: Source: DAFIF
Song Jin-woo

**Song Jin-woo** ( Hanja 宋鎭禹, May 8 1889-December 30 1945), the Republic of Korean (대한민국; 大韓民國) politician, educationist, journalist, and founder of Korean Democratic party (한국민주당; 韓國民主黨), the Dong-A Ilbo(동아일보; 東亞日報). He is also known by his pen name Goha (고하; 古下).

when 1945, He was assassinated Provisional Government of Republic of Koreas(대한민국 임시정부; 大韓民國임시정부) Guard a terrorist organizations Baekuisa(백의사; 白衣社), aged 56. After he died he was given the Order of Merit for National Foundation(건국훈장; 建國勳章) in 1962.

## Related pages

- Kim Seong-su
- Dong-A Ilbo
- Jungang high School
- Korean Democratic Party
- Rhee Syng-man
- Kim Gu
- Kim Kyusik
- Shin Ik-hye
- Chang Myon
- Yun Chi-Young
- Yun Chi-Ho
- Yun Posun

## Other websites

- 송진우 (Song Jin-woo on Doopedia
- Goha Song Jin-woo Memorial Conference
- http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=5449
- Song Jin-woo
Mohammed bin Hammam

**Mohammed bin Hammam** (Arabic: محمد بن همّام; born 8 May 1949) is a Qatari who used to be a football administrator and the AFC President (1 August 2002 to 14 June 2011).

During the 2022 FIFA World Cup bidding, Mohammed bin Hammam was rumored to have bribed officials, so that Qatar can host.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mohammed bin Hammam
- **native name**: محمد بن همّام
- **native name lang**: ar
- **image**: Bin Hamam 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Bin Hammam, 2010
- **office**: List of Presidents of AFC, 9th List of Presidents of AFC, President of AFC
- **vicepresident**: Zhang Jilong
- **term start**: 1 August 2002
- **term end**: 1 August 2011
- **predecessor**: Ahmad Shah of Pahang, Ahmad Shah
- **successor**: Zhang Jilong
- **office2**: Qatar Football Association, Chairman of Qatar Football Association
- **president2**: Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Hamad Al Thani
- **term start2**: 1 February 1992
- **term end2**: 1 February 1996
- **predecessor2**: Rahman Ridzha
- **successor2**: Mohammed Hashem
- **birth name**: Mohammed bin Hammam
- **birth place**: Doha, Qatar
- **nationality**: Qatari
- **spouse**: Fatima bin Hammam
- **occupation**: Football administrator
Norfolk Broads

**The Broads** are a network of mostly navigable rivers and lakes in the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk. The Broads, and some nearby land were made into a special protected area (like a national park) by _The Norfolk and Suffolk Broads Act_ of 1988. The Broads Authority has managed the area since 1989.

The total area is , mostly in Norfolk, with over  of navigable waterways. There are seven rivers and 63 broads, mostly less than  deep.  Thirteen broads are generally open to navigation, with a further three having navigable channels.

Although the terms **Norfolk Broads** and **Suffolk Broads** are used to identify specific areas within the two counties respectively, the whole area is frequently referred to as the "Norfolk Broads".
Boko Haram

**Boko Haram** (Arabic: بُوكُو حَرَامٌ) is an Independent Jihadist Group, The name of the group means "Western" or "non-Islamic" education is a sin. The group is centred in Borno State in northeastern Nigeria. It wants to make Islamic law the only law in Nigeria. It also wants to outlaw education that is not based on Islam. The group sees itself as similar to the Taliban, which are active in Afghanistan. Locally, the group is known as the "Taliban". The official name of the group is _Jama'atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda'awah wal-Jihad_, which in Arabic means "People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet's Teachings and Jihad."  It used to be part of the Islamic State But split off, resulting in the Islamic state to create ISWAP.

The group was formed in Maiduguri, Borno State, in 2002. Its insurgency began in 2009. They follow an extreme version of Sunni Islam. Local residents of the area soon called the group Boko Haram. Loosely translated from the local Hausa language, this means Western education is forbidden. Residents gave it the name because of its strong opposition to Western education, which it sees as corrupting Muslims.  The term "Boko Haram" comes from the Hausa word 'boko' meaning "Animist, western or otherwise non-Islamic education" and the Arabic word 'haram' figuratively meaning "sin" (literally, "forbidden").

Boko Haram opposes not only Western education, but Western culture and science as well. The group also forbids the wearing of shirts and trousers and the act of voting in elections.  In its view, the Nigerian state is run by non-believers.

In a 2009 BBC interview, Mohammed Yusuf, the group's leader at the time, said he rejects the fact that the earth is a sphere and views it as contrary to Islam, along with Darwinism and the fact that rain comes from water evaporated by the sun.

Boko Haram often carry out bombings, kidnappings and shootings, as well as arson and looting. They have killed thousands of people in Africa, attacking civilian and military targets. There are many terrorist activities for which Boko Haram have claimed responsibility:
- In December 2010, the group stormed and released hundreds of inmates from Bauchi prison.
- In the same month, there was a bombing in Jos (Plateau state) that saw 80 people dead followed by an attack on Abuja barracks.
- 2010-2011 was a year in which dozens of civilians were killed in various shootings that took place in Maiduguri and in addition, the Abuja Police Headquarters and the United Nations Headquarters.

Boko Haram is not associated with the group Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta which fights against the oil industry in the Niger Delta, since 2006.

On 14 April 2014, Boko Haram kidnapped 276 teenagers from a secondary school in Chibok, Borno. Boko Haram killed at least 100 people in Baga, Borno, in January 2015. About 620 buildings were damaged or destroyed by fire.

In the mid-2010s, Boko Haram extended its activities into Cameroon, Chad and Niger. It became part of Islamic State in March 2015.
Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta

The **Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta** is one of the largest militant groups in the Niger delta. Many people in the delta are poor. The Nigerian government has contracts that allow international companies to extract crude oil in the delta. This extraction causes very big damage to the environment. According to the magazine _The Economist_, the organization wants more of the profit of the oil extraction to go to the poor region, where the oil is extracted. According to the magazine, the organization is used by several armed groups; these groups are sometimes paid to launch attacks. The payment is done either with weapons or with money. It has been linked to attacks on petroleum operations in Nigeria as part of the Conflict in the Niger Delta, engaging in actions including sabotage, theft, property destruction, guerrilla warfare, and kidnapping.

Its stated goals are to localize control of Nigeria's oil and to secure reparations from the federal government for pollution caused by the oil industry. In an interview with one of the group's leaders, who used the alias Major-General Godswill Tamuno, the BBC reported that it was fighting for "total control" of the Niger Delta's oil wealth, saying local people had not gained from the oil under the ground and the region's creeks and swamps."

In a January 2006 email, it warned the oil industry, "It must be clear that the Nigerian government cannot protect your workers or assets. Leave our land while you can or die in it....  Our aim is to totally destroy the capacity of the Nigerian government to export oil." It has called upon President Olusegun Obasanjo to free two jailed Ijaw leaders — Mujahid Dokubo-Asari, who is jailed and charged with treason, and Diepreye Alamieyeseigha, a former governor of Bayelsa State convicted of corruption. Obasanjo's successor, President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua authorized the release of Dokubo-Asari and Alamieyeseigha in 2007.

## Related pages

- Niger Delta Avengers
Urbanization

**Urbanization** (or **urbanization**) is a term from geography. The base of the word is the Latin _urbs_, which means city. The term urbanization refers to the process of a rural area turning into an urban area. This can happen in two different ways:
1. Through the growth of cities; called _physical urbanization_
1. Through the change of behavior of people living in rural areas; called _functional urbanization_
Physical urbanization has been observed for centuries. In developing countries this is the main form of urbanization. In developed countries, functional urbanization is the main form of urbanization. With functional urbanization, people living in the city center move to the countryside, next to the city; this is known as suburbanization.

## Environmental effects

Environmenta<nowiki/>l scientists are studying the urban heat island. The urban heat island is made when industrial and urban areas are developed and heat becomes plentiful. Environmental impacts also include reducing soil moisture and more carbon dioxide emissions.

Stewart Brand's book _Whole Earth Discipline_ argues that urbanization helps the environment overall. First, the birth rate of new urban dwellers falls and keeps falling. This can prevent overpopulation in the future. Secondly, it puts a stop to destructive subsistence farming methods, like slash and burn agriculture. Finally, it reduces land use by humans, leaving more for nature.

## Related pages

- Industrialisation
- Urban planning
Moliniana

**Moliniana** was a botanical journal issued between 1955 and 1966 in Santiago, Chile. Its contents were botany, phytochemistry and related topics. Gunckel, Looser and Navas were writers.
You Suffer

"**You Suffer**" is a song by the British grindcore band Napalm Death. It is from their first album, _Scum_. The _Guinness Book of Records_ has mentioned the song as the shortest recorded song ever.  It is precisely 1.316 seconds long.

The song was written by band members Nicholas Bullen and Justin Broadrick. This was during the sessions for the _From Enslavement to Obliteration_ demo recording in March 1986. The song is featured on the album _Scum_, released in 1987.

According to Broadrick, "You Suffer" was meant as a joke. He called it "retarded", "ridiculous" but "hilarious". He added that they played the song "in front of 30 local kids, like, every weekend." for about thirty times.

Nic Bullen said that the short length of the song was inspired by Wehrmacht's 1985 song "E!"

Zak Smith quotes the lyrics to the song, which he describes as the "_shortest_ punk song on the subject of suffering (or any subject)" at the conclusion of his memoir _We Did Porn_.

## Video

A music video produced by Earache Records was released for the song in March 2007. This was on the same day that the _Scum_ dualdisc was released.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: You Suffer
- **artist**: Napalm Death
- **album**: Scum (Napalm Death album), Scum
- **a-side**: "You Suffer"
- **b-side**: "Mega-Armageddon Death Pt. 3" by Electro Hippies
- **released**: 1989
- **recorded**: August 1986 and May 1987 at Rich Bitch Studio, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
- **genre**: Grindcore
- **length**: 0:01.316
- **label**: Earache Records, Earache
- **writer**: Justin Broadrick and Nicholas Bullen
- **producer**: Digby Pearson
Frankie Fredericks

**Frank _Frankie_ Fredericks** (born 2 October, 1967) is a Namibian runner.

## Biography

Fredericks was born in Windhoek. He went to college at Brigham Young University in the United States.

Fredericks won silver medals in the 100m and 200m in the 1992 and 1996 Olympics.  He won gold medals at the World Championships and World Indoor Championships.  He used to be the 200m world record holder, and is still the 200m indoor record holder.  He finished 4th at the 2004 Olympics, even though he was 36 years old.

After the 2004 Olympics, he retired and became a member of the International Olympic Committee.  He is the only person from Namibia to medal at the Olympics.  He has also ran the 200m in less than 20 seconds more times than anyone else.
Jack Layton

**John Gilbert "Jack" Layton**  (July 18, 1950 – August 22, 2011) was a Canadian politician and the Leader of the Official Opposition. He was the leader of the New Democratic Party from 2003 to 2011, and previously sat on Toronto City Council. He was the Member of Parliament for the riding of Toronto—Danforth from 2004 until his death.

He was a son of Progressive Conservative cabinet minister Robert Layton (1925-2002). He was born in Montreal and raised in Hudson, Quebec. He rose to prominence in Toronto municipal politics where he campaigned tirelessly for the needs of ordinary citizens and for environmental issues. Eventually, he became head of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. In 2003, he was elected leader of the NDP on the first ballot of the convention, and the NDP almost doubled its popular vote in the 2004 election.

Thirty seven NDP MPs were elected under Layton in the 2008 election. In the 2011 federal election, he led the NDP to a historic total of 103 seats and formed the Official Opposition. Although recovering from illness, Layton campaigned tirelessly, and inspired many people. Importantly, the NDP had increased its number of Quebec MPs from one to fifty-nine seats, almost eliminating the previous Bloc Québécois MPs.

Layton died at his home in Toronto on August 22, 2011, aged 61, after suffering from cancer of unknown primary origin. Layton's body had a lying-in-state before a state funeral was held in Toronto. He was married to fellow MP Olivia Chow.
Green politics

**Green politics** is a kind of politics that has been on the rise since the 1970s. The parties and movements that follow these ideas are usually called _green_:
- The most important idea is that whatever is done has an impact on ecology. The environment needs to be protected; technologies and means of production should therefore be sustainable and protect the environment.
- Environment politics must take into account the needs of the people. The ideas about social politics are mostly left-wing and support social justice.
- Many of these movements advocate greater democracy, oppose centralism and advocate grassroots democracy. If action is taken, it needs the support of most of the people.
- Advocacy for non-violence.

## Related pages

- Eco-socialism
- Environmentalism
Green Party

A **green party** is a political party based on green politics.

**Green Party** or **Greens Party** may also refer to:
- Australia: Australian Greens
- Austria: The Greens – The Green Alternative
- Canada: Green Party of Canada
    - Ontario: Green Party of Ontario
- Germany: Green Party (Germany)
- Ireland: Green Party - An Comhaontas Glas
- Israel: The Greens (Israel) and Green Party (Israel)
- New Zealand: Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
- Norway: Green Party (Norway)
- Pakistan: Green Party of Pakistan
- Sweden: Green Party (Sweden)
- Switzerland: Green Liberal Party of Switzerland, Green Party of Switzerland
- United Kingdom: Raving Loony Green Giant Party, 1989–93
- United Kingdom: Green Party (UK), 1973–90
    - England and Wales: Green Party of England and Wales
    - Northern Ireland: Green Party Northern Ireland
    - Scotland: Scottish Greens
- United States: Green Party of the United States

## Related pages

- Greens
QRpedia

**QRpedia** is a web system for mobile devices, like mobile phones. It uses QR codes to show  Wikipedia articles to people. The articles are shown in the user's own language.

## Process

A user uses their mobile device to scan a QRpedia QR code. The device decodes the QR code into a web address. The address has the domain name "qrwp.org". The last part of the web address is the title of a Wikipedia article.

The device sends a request for the article to the QRpedia web server. It also transmits the name of the language used by the device.

The QRpedia server then uses Wikipedia's API to find out if there is a version of the specified Wikipedia article in the language used by the device. If there is, it sends back the article in a mobile-friendly format. If there is no translation of the requested article, then the QRpedia server offers a choice of the available languages. It also offers a Google translation.

In this way, a single QRcode can be used to find the same article, in many languages. QRpedia also records usage statistics.

## Origins

QRpedia was invented by Roger Bamkin, then chairman of Wikimedia UK, and Terence Eden. who is a mobile web consultant. It was unveiled on 9 April 2011 It was unveiled at Derby Museum's _Backstage Pass_ event. The event was part of the GLAM/Derby collaboration between Derby Museum and Art Gallery and Wikipedia. During the collaboration, over 500 Wikipedia articles were also created. The articles were in several languages. The project's name is a made-up word, using the initials "QR" from "QR (**Q**uick **R**esponse) code" and "pedia" from "Wiki**pedia**".

The project's source code is has a MIT License. This means that anyone can use it, free.

## Uses

QRpedia is used at:
- The Children's Museum of Indianapolis
- Derby Museum and Art Gallery
- Fundació Joan Miró,  including a travelling exhibit shown at The Tate
- The National Archives, United Kingdom
- The National Museum of Computing (UK)
- Sofia Zoo, Bulgaria
- The Welsh town of Monmouth, as part of Wikipedia's MonmouthpediA project.
- The New Art Gallery Walsall
QRpedia is also used in other kinds of places. For example, the Occupy movement uses it on their posters.

## Other websites

- QRpedia - this site makes QR codes which convert to QRpedia URLs
Gun Hägglund

**Karin Gunvor Sjöblom Hägglund** (2 March 1932–19 August 2011) was Swedish television star. She is better known as **Gun Hägglund**. Hägglund is the first female in Sweden who presented news on television. She was the news presenter of Aktuellt in 1958.

Hägglund was born in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden and died in Visby. She was married to the Swedish news editor Karl-Axel Sjöblom. Both hosted and moderated the popular Swedish TV show _Halv sju_. Her husband died in 1982. Hägglund died in 2011 after a short illness.

Her career started in 1955 when she started working for the Swedish radio. She was a secretary and program announcer. In 1958, she moved to television shows and became the first female in Sweden to present the news. Hägglund presented the national news show Aktuellt. Furthermore, she worked as a translator. She translated movies and TV shows.

For 30 years, until 1997, Hägglund was involved in the _Swedish National Association of Promotion of Cycling_. First she was Secretary-General and later Executive Chairman. In that position, she published some books about cycling.
Conrotatory and disrotatory

These terms describe two classes of an electrocyclic reaction (a type of organic chemical reactions). In a **conrotatory** mode, the substituents located at the ends of a conjugated double bond system move in the same (clockwise or counterclockwise) direction during ring opening or ring closure.  In a **disrotatory** mode, they move in opposite directions.

An example is the conversion of trans-cis-trans-2,4,6-octatriene to cis-dimethylcyclohexadiene (top of figure).  The orbital mechanics of the reaction needs a disrotatory mode.  The orbital symmetry of the octatriene's highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) requires for the end pi orbitals to move in opposite directions to form the correct symmetry found in the sigma bond.

Thermal rearrangements of all conjugated systems containing 4n + 2 pi electron are stereospecific. This is based on preservation of orbital symmetry in the highest occupied molecular orbital. Systems containing 4n pi electrons show the opposite conrotatory mode. This is also true for rearrangements of 4n + 2 pi (where n is a whole number) electrons driven by light (photoinduced).  Photoinduced rearrangements of 4n pi electron systems (where the number of electrons is divisible by 4) follow the disrotatory rule.

The Woodward–Hoffmann rules summarize the above different reactions.

The following picture also shows the difference between conrotatory and disrotatory reactions:

## References

- Carey, Francis A.; Sundberg, Richard J.; (1984). Advanced Organic Chemistry Part A Structure and Mechanisms (2nd ed.). New York N.Y.: Plenum Press. .
- March Jerry; (1985). Advanced Organic Chemistry reactions, mechanisms and structure (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons, inc.
Catherine Deneuve

**Catherine Deneuve** (born 22 October 1943) is a French actress. She is the daughter of two well-known actors. She has two sisters; Françoise Dorléac (1942-1967) and Sylvie (born 1946), also both actresses, the former was killed in a car accident. She has a maternal half-sister, Danielle (born 1937).

She began acting on movies as a teenager. Her first major role is in Jacques Demy's 1964 movie _Les Parapluies de Cherbourg_. She has since then worked with some of the greatest movie directors, notably Roman Polanski's in _Repulsion_ (1965), and Luis Buñuel's in _Belle de Jour_ (1967) and _Tristana_ (1970) and François Truffaut's in _Le Dernier Métro_ (1982). She made a commercial for the perfume _Chanel No 5_. She is a close friend of fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent.

She married British photographer David Bailey from 1965 to 1972. She has had relationships with movie director Roger Vadim (1928-2000), with whom she had a son, Christian Vadim (born 1963), and Italian actor Marcello Mastroianni (1924-1996), with whom she had a daughter, Chiara Mastroianni (born 1972). Both her children are actors.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Catherine Deneuve
- **image**: Catherine Deneuve Berlinale 2017.jpg
- **caption**: Deneuve in Berlin (2017)
- **birth name**: Catherine Fabienne Dorléac
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **occupation**: Actress, film producer
- **years active**: 1957–present
- **parents**: Maurice Dorléac
Renée Simonot
- **relations**: Françoise Dorléac (sister)
Sylvie Dorléac (sister)
- **spouse**: David Bailey (photographer), David Bailey (1965–72)
- **partner**: Roger Vadim (1961–63)
 Marcello Mastroianni (1970s–75)
- **children**: Christian Vadim
Chiara Mastroianni
Odontoceti

The **Odontoceti** is a suborder of the cetaceans. They are the **toothed whales**.

The Odontoceti includes  all the whales which eat prey larger than plankton. Examples are: sperm whales, beaked whales, dolphins, and others. As the name suggests, the suborder has teeth rather than the baleen of Mysticeti whales. This means they are predators of small to large sized prey.

The Sperm Whale _Physeter_, the Killer Whale _Orca_ and the Pilot Whale _Globicephala_ all take large prey. By means of co-operation, Killer Whales can take prey larger than themselves, up to and including Blue Whale calves. Sperm Whales are specialist feeders on giant squid.

There are about 73 species.

## Taxonomy

- Superfamily Delphinoidea; Porpoises, Dolphins, Pilot Whales, Killer Whales, Narwhal
- Superfamily Inioidea: some South American river dolphins
- Superfamily Lipotoidea: Chinese River Dolphin
- Superfamily Physeteroidea: Sperm Whales
- Superfamily Platanistoidea: River Dolphins proper
- Superfamily Ziphioidea: Bottlenose Whales, Beaked Whales
Allen Telescope Array

The **Allen Telescope Array** (**ATA**) was developed by the SETI Institute and the Radio Astronomy Laboratory (RAL) at the University of California, Berkeley to construct a radio interferometer that is dedicated to radio astronomy observations. At the same time, it is also used for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

The ATA is at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory,  northeast of San Francisco, California. The goal is to have 350 antennas. To start, 42 antennas (ATA-42) were put to work on 11 October 2007. However, a lack of money stopped operations in April 2011. In August 2011, ATA got short-term funding. In 2012 UC Berkeley quit the project.

It is named after Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft. Its old name was the **One Hectare Telescope** (**1hT**).

## Other websites

- Official site at seti.org
- Radio Astronomy Laboratory's ATA site
- The Search Continues with the Allen Telescope Array. Mountain View, CA: _SETI Institute_. March 25, 2004.
- Radio Astronomy Laboratory, Univ of Cal, Berkeley: NSF proposal, June 15, 2005.

## Infobox (telescope)
Herring gull

The **herring gull** (_Larus argentatus_ or European herring gull) is a large gull (up to 26 inches or 66 cm long). It is the most abundant and best known of all gulls along the shores of western Europe. It breeds across Northern Europe, Western Europe, Scandinavia and the Baltic states.

Some herring gulls, especially those resident in colder areas, migrate further south in winter, but many are permanent residents, e.g. in the British Isles, Iceland, or on the North Sea shores. European herring gulls are also abundant around inland garbage dumps, and some have even adapted to life in inland cities.

## Taxonomy

The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull group is very complicated, with different authorities recognising between two and eight species.

This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species.
Lesser black-backed gull

The **lesser black-backed gull** (_Larus fuscus_) is a large gull that breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe. It is migratory, wintering from the British Isles south to West Africa. It is a regular winter visitor to the east coast of North America, probably from the breeding population in Iceland.

This species breeds in colonies on coasts and lakes. It makes a lined nest on the ground or a cliff. Normally, three eggs are laid. In some cities the species nests in towns and cities, often with herring gulls.

They are similar in size but slightly smaller than the herring gull. The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull group is very complicated. Different authorities recognise between two and eight species. This group has a ring distribution around the northern hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species.

The only species it might be confused with in Europe is the great black-backed gull. Lesser is a smaller bird, with slimmer build, yellow rather than pinkish legs, and smaller white "mirrors" at the wing tips.

The bill is yellow with a red spot. When the young peck the red spot, The adults feed them by regurgitation. This is an inherited behaviour called a fixed action pattern or releaser.
Alien hand syndrome

**Alien Hand Syndrome** (also known as **anarchic hand**, **AHS** or **Doctor Strangelove Syndrome**) is a condition that seems to cause a person's hand to move on its own.
My Kind of Christmas

***My Kind of Christmas*** is a Christmas collection by Christina Aguilera, released on October 24, 2000.

## Track listing

- Bonus Track

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: My Kind of Christmas
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Christina Aguilera
- **recorded**: 1999-2000
- **label**: RCA Records
- **producer**: Ron Fair
- **prev title**: Mi Reflejo
- **prev year**: 2000
- **next title**: Just Be Free
- **next year**: 2001
Stripped

***Stripped*** is the fourth studio album by American singer Christina Aguilera. She wanted to move away from the teen pop style of her first album and have more control over her music and lyrics. She also changed her image, creating a new identity called “Xtina.” The album includes pop and R&B songs, with influences from soul, rock, hip hop, and Latin music. Many songs talk about self-respect, while others discuss love, sex, and women’s rights. Aguilera worked with many new people to make the album.

_Stripped_ got mixed reviews. Some people liked it, while others thought it was not focused. Some compared it to Mariah Carey and Janet Jackson’s music.

The album was very successful. It reached number two on the US music charts and sold 330,000 copies in its first week. In the US, it sold over five million copies. It was also a top-five album in countries like Canada, the UK, and New Zealand. In the UK, it was Aguilera’s best-selling album, selling two million copies. Over time, more people started to appreciate _Stripped_, and it was won one Grammy Award. It has sold over 12 million copies worldwide.

The album had five big songs. The first, “Dirrty,” was not well-received because of its music video, but it became popular worldwide. The second, “Beautiful,” was praised and became a hit. The other three songs, “Fighter,” “Can’t Hold Us Down,” and “The Voice Within,” also did well. Aguilera performed songs from _Stripped_ at big music award shows and went on two tours in 2003—one with Justin Timberlake and one on her own.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Stripped
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Christina Aguilera
- **recorded**: 2001-2002
- **genre**: * Pop-soul
* Hip hop music, hip hop
* Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **label**: RCA Records
- **producer**: Christina Aguilera, Ron Fair, Alicia Keys, Glen Ballard, Heather Holley, Linda Perry, Rob Hoffman, Rockwilder, Scott Storch, Steve Morales
- **prev title**: My Kind of Christmas
- **prev year**: 2000
- **next title**: Back to Basics
- **next year**: 2006