juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bernd Franke

**Bernd Franke** (born 12 February 1948) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1971–72||rowspan="14"|Eintracht Braunschweig||rowspan="2"|Bundesliga||26||0
|-
|1972–73||34||0
|-
|1973-74||Regionalliga||0||0
|-
|1974–75||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||34||0
|-
|1975–76||30||0
|-
|1976–77||34||0
|-
|1977–78||32||0
|-
|1978–79||19||0
|-
|1979–80||21||0
|-
|1980–81||2. Bundesliga||42||0
|-
|1981–82||rowspan="4"|Bundesliga||33||0
|-
|1982–83||31||0
|-
|1983–84||31||0
|-
|1984–85||20||0
387||0
387||0
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1973||2||0
|-
|1974||0||0
|-
|1975||0||0
|-
|1976||0||0
|-
|1977||3||0
|-
|1978||0||0
|-
|1979||0||0
|-
|1980||0||0
|-
|1981||0||0
|-
|1982||2||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Bernd Franke
- **birth place**: Sankt Wendel, Bliesen, Saar Protectorate
- **height**: 1.83 m
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthclubs1**: SV Bliesen
- **youthclubs2**: SV Urexweiler
- **years1**: –1969
- **clubs1**: Saar 05 Saarbrücken
- **caps1**: 35
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1969–1971
- **clubs2**: Fortuna Düsseldorf
- **caps2**: 29
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 1971–1985
- **clubs3**: Eintracht Braunschweig
- **caps3**: 387
- **goals3**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 451
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1972–1977
- **nationalteam1**: Germany national football B team, West Germany B
- **nationalcaps1**: 6
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 1973–1982
- **nationalteam2**: Germany national football team, West Germany
- **nationalcaps2**: 7
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalyears3**: 1982–1984
- **nationalteam3**: Germany Olympic football team, West Germany Olympic
- **nationalcaps3**: 12
- **nationalgoals3**: 0
Jupp Derwall

**Josef** "**Jupp**" **Derwall** (10 March 1927 – 26 June 2007) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1948–49||Rhenania Würselen||Oberliga||23||10
|-
|1949–50||rowspan="5"|Alemannia Aachen||rowspan="5"|Oberliga||30||14
|-
|1950–51||29||12
|-
|1951–52||22||5
|-
|1952–53||28||10
|-
|1953–54||0||0
|-
|1954–55||rowspan="5"|Fortuna Düsseldorf||rowspan="5"|Oberliga||23||9
|-
|1955–56||29||8
|-
|1956–57||15||4
|-
|1957–58||16||7
|-
|1958–59||27||17

|-
|1959–60||rowspan="2"|Biel-Bienne||rowspan="2"|Super League||25||10
|-
|1960–61||0||0
|-
|1961–62||Schaffhausen||Super League||0||0
242||96
25||10
267||106
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1954||2||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Jupp Derwall
- **image**: Derwall1.jpg
- **caption**: Derwall in 2007
- **fullname**: Josef Derwall
- **birth date**: 10 March 1927
- **birth place**: Würselen, Weimar Republic
- **death place**: Sankt Ingbert, Germany
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1938–1943
- **youthclubs1**: Rhenania Würselen
- **years1**: 1943–1945
- **clubs1**: Rhenania Würselen
- **years2**: 1945–1946
- **clubs2**: BV Cloppenburg
- **years3**: 1946–1949
- **clubs3**: Rhenania Würselen
- **years4**: 1949–1953
- **clubs4**: Alemannia Aachen
- **caps4**: 109
- **goals4**: 41
- **years5**: 1953–1959
- **clubs5**: Fortuna Düsseldorf
- **caps5**: 110
- **goals5**: 47
- **years6**: 1959–1961
- **clubs6**: FC Biel-Bienne, Biel-Bienne
- **caps6**: 40
- **goals6**: 26
- **years7**: 1961–1962
- **clubs7**: FC Schaffhausen, Schaffhausen
- **caps7**: 24
- **goals7**: 8
- **nationalyears1**: 1954
- **nationalteam1**: Germany national football team, West Germany
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1959–1961
- **managerclubs1**: FC Biel-Bienne, Biel-Bienne
- **manageryears2**: 1961–1962
- **managerclubs2**: FC Schaffhausen, Schaffhausen
- **manageryears3**: 1962–1963
- **managerclubs3**: Fortuna Düsseldorf
- **manageryears4**: 1965
- **managerclubs4**: 1. FC Saarbrücken
- **manageryears5**: 1970–1978
- **managerclubs5**: Germany national football team, West Germany (assistant manager)
- **manageryears6**: 1978–1984
- **managerclubs6**: Germany national football team, West Germany
- **manageryears7**: 1984–1987
- **managerclubs7**: Galatasaray S.K. (football team), Galatasaray
Helmeted honeyeater

The **helmeted honeyeater** (_Lichenostomus melanops cassidix_) is an endangered species of bird. There is only a tiny population in the Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve, in Victoria, Australia. The helmeted honeyeater became the state of Victoria's official bird emblem in 1971.

Famous ornithologist, John Gould first described the bird as being a separate species, which he named _Ptilotis cassidix_ in 1867. It now one of the three sub-species of the yellow-tufted honeyeater, _Lichenostomus melanops_. The other sub-species are not endangered.

## Where the bird lives

This bird is only found in a five km long patch of forest along two streams in the Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve, 50 km east of Melbourne. A reserve was set up in the Bunyip State Park for releasing birds raised in captivity. In 2003 there were 103 individuals in the wild with 20 breeding pairs known as well as a further 34 birds in captivity at the Healesville Sanctuary. The 2009 Victorian bushfires burnt to within 200 metres of bird colony at Bunyip State Park. Captive birds had to be moved to the Melbourne Zoo when the fires also came close to the Healesville Sanctuary. However, on April 28, 2009, 13 birds bred in captivity were released back into the wild. The number of wild birds is now believed to be 113.

Before the captive breeding program was started there were only about 5060 birds left in the wild. The birds have been bred at Healesville and at Sydney's Taronga Park Zoo.

## Description

The Helmeted honeyeater is about 20 centimetres (8 inches) long. Their colour can be anywhere from black to olive green. They have a yellow patch on the heads.

## What they eat

Helmeted honeyeaters eat manna, which is like a sap from some eucalyptus trees. They also eat nectar from the eucalypt flowers as well as small insects and spiders.

## Saving the helmeted honeyeater

Several things are being done to save this bird from becoming extinct. One is a captive breeding program, where the birds are bred at Healesville and Toronga Park. When they become old enough, between 6—8 months, the are put into the wild where they will hopefully begin breeding. Forest areas are being planted with the right sort of trees and plants to provide the birds with food and shelter. This is being done on private land as well as in the State parks. There is also planting to join the small patches of bush with corridors so the birds are not trapped in one small area.

## Other websites

- Friends of the Helmeted honeyeater
- A plan to save the Helmeted honeyeater
Arch Resources

**Arch Resources**, Inc. , previously known as **Arch Coal**, is the second-largest coal producer in the United States, claiming to hold 12% of America’s coal supply (140 million tons in 2005). The company's mines are in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Virginia. The corporate headquarters are in St. Louis, Missouri.

The company claims a large reserve of coal that has not been mined yet. It is a total of 3.1 billion tons of mostly low-sulfur coal.

Arch Coal shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ACI.

## History

Arch Mineral Corporation began in 1969, as a partnership between Ashland Oil (now Ashland, Inc.) and the Hunt family of Dallas. Arch Coal was formed in July 1997 when the privately held Arch Mineral merged with the publicly traded Ashland Coal, Inc., which had been formed in 1975 as a subsidiary of Ashland Oil.

In June 1998, Arch Coal purchased the coal fields and mines of the Atlantic Richfield company, which were mostly in the central Rocky Mountains.

## Other websites

- Arch Coal, Inc. , official website
- Company profile at Google Finance

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Arch Resources, Inc.
- **company type**: Public (NYSE: [https://www.nyse.com/about/listed/lcddata.html?ticker=ACI ACI])
- **foundation**: Merger of publicly traded Ashland Coal, Inc. and privately held Arch Mineral Corporation in July 1997
- **location**: St. Louis, Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri
- **key people**: Steven F. Leer, Chairman/CEO
John W. Eaves, President/COO
- **num employees**: 3,600 (2006)
- **industry**: Coal mining
- **products**: Coal
- **revenue**: $2.51 billion U.S dollars (2005)
- **homepage**: reference      =
Canton, Ohio

**Canton** is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Stark County.  Canton became a city in 1822. It was the home of president William McKinley, The Pro Football Hall of Fame is in Canton.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Canton, Ohio
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Ohio, City
- **image flag**: Canton Ohio 1805 Flag.png
- **nickname**: Hall of Fame City
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Canton
- **pushpin map**: Ohio#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Canton
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, County
- **subdivision name2**: Stark County, Ohio, Stark
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1805
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1822 (village)
- **established title3**: –
- **established date3**: 1838 (city)
- **named for**: Guangzhou, Canton, China
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City Council
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 68.41
- **area total sq mi**: 26.41
- **area land km2**: 68.25
- **area land sq mi**: 26.35
- **area water km2**: 0.16
- **area water sq mi**: 0.06
- **elevation ft**: 1066
- **population total**: 70872
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 1038.41
- **population density sq mi**: 2689.44
- **population urban**: 295,319 (US: List of United States urban areas, 137th)
- **population density urban km2**: 632.8
- **population density urban sq mi**: 1,638.9
- **population metro**: 401,574 (US: List of United States metropolitan statistical areas, 135th)
- **population blank1 title**: Combined statistical area, CSA
- **population blank1**: 3,769,834 (US: List of Combined Statistical Areas, 17th)
- **population demonym**: Cantonian
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 44701-44711, 44714, 44718, 44720-44721, 44730, 44735, 44750, 44767, 44799
- **area code**: Area codes 330 and 234, 330 & 234
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code/Area code
- **website**: [https://www.cantonohio.gov/ www.cantonohio.gov]
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39-12000
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1086974
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge

**Princess Mary Adelaide Wilhelmina Elizabeth of Cambridge** (27 November 1833 - 27 October 1897) was a granddaughter of George III of the United Kingdom. She later married the Duke of Teck. She was also the mother of Mary of Teck, and therefore mother-in-law of George V of the United Kingdom. She was grandmother to Edward VIII later Duke of Windsor  George VI and great grandmother to Queen Elizabeth II, and great great grandmother to the current Charles III of the United Kingdom.

## Issue

The Duke and Duchess of Teck had four children:
|Name|Birth|Death|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Princess Victoria Mary of Teck|26 May 1867|24 March 1953|married 1893, Prince George, Duke of York (later George V); had issue|
|Prince Adolphus of Teck|13 August 1868|23 October 1927|later Duke of Teck and Marquess of Cambridge married 1894, Lady Margaret Evelyn Grosvenor; had issue|
|Prince Francis of Teck|9 January 1870|22 October 1910|No issue.|
|Prince Alexander of Teck|14 April 1874|16 January 1957|later Earl of Athlone married 1904, Princess Alice of Albany; had issue|
Isomorphism

In mathematics (particularly in abstract algebra), two mathematical structures are isomorphic when they are the same in some sense. More specifically, an **isomorphism** is a function between two structures that preserves the relationships between the parts. To indicate isomorphism between two structures   and , one often writes .

Using the language of category theory, this means that morphisms map to morphisms without breaking composition. An isomorphism is also a homomorphism that is one-to-one.

As an example, one can consider the operation of adding integers **Z**. The doubling function φ(x) = 2x maps elements of **Z** to elements of the even integers **2Z**. Since φ(a+b) = 2(a+b) = 2a+2b = φ(a)+φ(b), adding in **Z** is structurally identical as adding in **2Z** (which makes this an example of isomorphism).

## Related pages

- Automorphism
Automorphism

In abstract algebra an **automorphism** is an isomorphism from a group, or set of elements onto itself.
Group center

In abstract algebra the center of a group G denoted by Z(G) is the set of elements which commute with every element of G, meaning that for any element x of a group G, and an element y of Z(G), xy = yx.  The center is equal to the intersection of the centralizers of the group elements.

The notation Z(G) comes from the fact that in German the word for center is _Zentrum_.
Coset

If G is a group and H a subgroup of G, x is an element in G, and h is an element in H the **cosets** of H in G are defined as follows:

- Left coset: xH is the set of all the elements h of H multiplied by x on the left.
- Right coset: Hx is the set of all the elements h of H multiplied by x on the right.

When xH = Hx we say that H is normal in G.
Lagrange's theorem (group theory)

**Lagrange's theorem** in group theory states if G is a finite group and H is a subgroup of G, then |H| (how many elements are in H, called the order of H) divides |G|.   Moreover, the number of distinct left (right) cosets of H in G is |G|/|H|.  This theorem is named after mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange.

**Applications**
- For any g in a group G,  for some k that divides the |G|
- Any group of prime order cyclic (Any element in G can be created by a single element) and simple (no normal subgroups that aren't trivial)
Label (philately)

**Label** or **coupon** or **tab** in philately is a part of sheet of stamps separated from them with perforation (or narrow white margin in imperforate stamps). It cannot be used for postage because it does not have face value and any indication of a postal administration that issued such stamps with labels. The notion of label should not be messed up with the term "gutter" or with a margin of a stamp sheet.

Sometimes, label is also a stamp-like adhesive of no postal value, often used for promotional purposes.

## Related pages

- Gutter (philately)
- Operation Cornflakes
Liz Cohen

**Liz Cohen** (born 1973) is a performance artist.  Her best known project is called _Bodywork_. She changed an old East German small car (a Trabant), so that it can transform into a larger American car (a Chevrolet).  She hired a personal trainer and dieted so she could appear in a bikini to be the model for the car.

She currently teaches at Cranbrook Academy of Art and lives in Detroit, Michigan.

## References

- Creative Capital listing
- Wired magazine
- Fast Company magazine
Rainbow flag (LGBT)

**The Rainbow flag** has been the symbol of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community since its creation in 1978. It is also called the 'Pride Flag.' The flag was created by Gilbert Baker of San Francisco, California in 1978.

## History

The flag was first used at a LGBT pride parade in San Francisco in 1978, at that time it had eight colors. The next year it was changed to six colors, so it could be easier to make.

The flag was first made by Gilbert Baker, to be used instead of the pink triangle symbol used before. The pink triangle was used by Nazis to show who was homosexual. Homosexual people were sent to concentration camps in Nazi Germany, where they made homosexual men wear a pink triangle. This was like the yellow Star of David that Jews had to wear to show who was Jewish. LGBT people were not ashamed of the pink triangle, but they wanted a more positive, happier symbol.

## Meaning

In the LGBT version of the rainbow flag, each color has a different meaning
- Pink = Sexuality
- Red = Life
- Orange = Healing
- Yellow = Sunlight
- Green = Nature
- Turquoise = Magic/Art
- Royal Blue = Serenity/Harmony
- Violet = Spirit
It used to have a pink stripe, which meant _sexuality_, but was removed because the pink cloth was unable to be mass produced. It also had a Turquoise stripe as well, but it was removed.

## Related pages

- Bisexual flag
- International Bear Brotherhood Flag
- Pansexual flag
- Pride flag
- Rainbow flag
- Transgender flag

## Other websites

- Unsung Heroes of the Gay World: Vexillographer Gilbert Baker
- How Did Gay Pride Flag Originate?  KPIX-TV (CBS 5), December 1, 2006
- Gilbert Baker speaks about the Pride flag
Program specification

In computer science, a **program specification** is the definition of what a computer program is expected to do. It can be informal, in which case it can be considered as a blueprint or user manual from a developer point of view, or formal, in which case it has a definite meaning defined in mathematical or programmatic terms. In practice, most successful specifications are written to understand and fine-tune applications that were already well-developed, although safety-critical software systems are often carefully specified prior to application development. Specifications are most important for external interfaces that must remain stable.

## Overview

In systems engineering a specification is a document that clearly and accurately describes the essential technical requirements for items, materials, or services including the procedures by which it can be determined that the requirements have been met. Specifications help avoid duplication and inconsistencies, allow for accurate estimates of necessary work and resources, act as a negotiation and reference document for engineering changes, provide documentation of configuration, and allow for consistent communication among those responsible for the eight primary functions of Systems Engineering. They provide a precise idea of the problem to be solved so that they can efficiently design the system and estimate the cost of design alternatives. They provide guidance to testers for verification (qualification) of each technical requirement.
Debugging

In computer science, **debugging** is the process of finding (and correcting) errors in a computer program.  When programmers think that the program may have an error, they **debug** the program.  They look for an error, and when they find it, they try to correct it so the program will work correctly.  This improves the quality of the product.
Hubble's law

**Hubble's law**,  or the **HubbleLemaître law**, is the name for an astronomical observation. The observation is that:
1. All objects observed in deep space have a doppler shift-measured velocity relative to Earth, and to each other;
1. That velocity is proportional to their distance from the Earth and all other interstellar bodies.
The space-time volume of the observable universe is expanding.  Hubble's law is the direct physical observation of this.  This is why we believe the Universe is expanding.  The evidence supports the Big Bang model.

Although widely attributed to Edwin Hubble, the law was first derived from the General Relativity equations by Georges Lemaître in a 1927 article.  There he proposed that the Universe is expanding, and suggested a value for the rate of expansion, now called the **Hubble constant**.  Two years later Edwin Hubble confirmed the existence of that law and got a more accurate value for the constant that now bears his name.  The recession velocity of the objects was inferred from their redshifts, as measured earlier by Vesto Slipher in 1917 and related to velocity by him.

## Expression

The law is often expressed by the equation , with _H_<sub>0</sub> the constant of proportionality (the **Hubble constant**) between the "proper distance" _D_ to a galaxy and its velocity _v_ (see _Uses of the proper distance_). _H_<sub>0</sub> is usually quoted in (km/s)/Mpc, which gives the speed in km/s of a galaxy  away. The reciprocal of _H_<sub>0</sub> is the Hubble time.

## Estimation

A recent 2011 estimate of the Hubble constant, which used a new infrared camera on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to measure the distance and redshift for a collection of astronomical objects, gives a value of . An alternate approach using data from galactic clusters gave a value of .

A number of other methods have been used, giving figures between 70 and 72 (km/s)/Mpc. A recent (2016) method using the oldest light in the universe  suggests the Hubble Constant value was 66.53km/s per megaparsec soon after the expansion began. This implies that the rate of expansion has been increasing.

## Rate of expansion

The expansion of the Universe is accelerating. The accelerated expansion of the universe was discovered during 1998 by two independent projects. These were the Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team. They both used distant type 1a supernovae to measure the acceleration.

## More recent accounts

According to an article in _New Scientist_, there are two main ways of measuring this, and they do not agree. The two methods used are:
- Quasar flicker time delay
- Cepheids ("standard candles")

## Related pages

- Nature timeline
Carol Ann Duffy

**Dame Carol Ann Duffy** <small>DBE</small> (born 23 December 1955) is a Scottish poet and playwright. She was born in the Gorbals, Glasgow and moved to Stafford when she was six. On 1 May 2009 she was appointed Britain's poet laureate. She is the first female British poet laureate, as well as being the first Scottish and first openly LGBT one. She was awarded an OBE in 1995, a CBE in 2002, and was made a dame (DBE) in 2015.
East Turkestan

**East Turkistan**, **Uyghuristan**, and **Uyghurstan** (Uyghur: Sherqiy Türkistan; Uyghuriye), refers to the eastern part of the greater Turkestan region of Central Asia. It has an area of 1,664,900 km2 and a population of 21,813,334 (2010 est).
1977 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1977 Atlantic hurricane season** started on June 1, 1977 and ended on November 30, 1977. Sometimes storms form outside these dates but that did not happen in 1977. The first storm formed on August 29, a very late start. This season was inactive, with only six storm forming. The only memorable storm is Hurricane Anita, because of its strength.

## Storms

- Hurricane Anita
- Hurricane Babe
- Hurricane Clara
- Hurricane Dorothy
- Hurricane Evelyn
- Tropical Storm Frieda

## Storm names

The names below were used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the 1977 Atlantic hurricane season. In this season the names Anita, Babe, Clara and Evelyn for the first time. Names that did not get used are marked in .

### Retirement

The name Anita was retired in spring of 1980. Because the list changed in 1979 due to adding male names, Anita wasn't replaced with a particular name.

## Related pages

- List of Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Atlantic hurricane seasons
- 1977 Pacific hurricane season
- 1977 Pacific typhoon season
- 1977 North Indian Ocean cyclone season
- Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone seasons: 1976–77, 1977–78

## Other websites

- HPC rainfall page for 1977 tropical cyclones
- Monthly Weather Review

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: Atl
- **year**: 1977
- **track**: 1977 Atlantic hurricane season map.png
- **first storm formed**: August 29, 1977
- **last storm dissipated**: October 19, 1977
- **strongest storm name**: Hurricane Anita, Anita
- **strongest storm winds**: 150
- **strongest storm pressure**: 926
- **average wind speed**: 1
- **total storms**: 6
- **total hurricanes**: 5
- **total intense**: 1
- **fatalities**: 10
- **damages**: 10
- **inflated**: 1
- **five seasons**: 1975 Atlantic hurricane season, 1975, 1976 Atlantic hurricane season, 1976, **1977**, 1978 Atlantic hurricane season, 1978, 1979 Atlantic hurricane season, 1979
Ahmad Shah Durrani

**Ahmad Shah Durrani** (c.1723-1773) (Pashto: احمد شاه دراني), also known as **Ahmad Shah Abdali** (Pashto: احمد شاه ابدالي) and born as **Ahmed Khan**, was the founder of the Durrani Empire in 1747.

He united the different Afghan tribes and conquered what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran and The Punjab in north western India. He is recognized as the **Founding Father** of the modern state of Afghanistan.

Ahmad Shah Durrani is credited with the formation of a "Proto-Afghanistan", which was initially based primarily on Pashtun tribal authority through a conquest state based on tribute exaction (plunder and the redistribution of said loot). Power over Pashtun tribes was negotiated through benefits like these. Durrani had a cavalry of roughly 6,000 core soldiers who had free land and titles.

His mausoleum is located in the southern Afghan city of Kandahar, adjacent to the mosque where Muhammad the Prophet's sacred cloak is kept as memorabilia. It is not worshiped.

Ahmad Shah Abdali had 8 sons
1, Prince Sulaiman,
2 Amir Taimur Shah,
3 Prince Shahab,
4 Prince Sanger,
5 Prince Yazdan Baksh,
6 Prince Sikandar,
7, Prince Daraab,
8 Prince Pervaiz .

Government:
Ahmad Shah Abdali 1747 to 1772
Timur Shah 1772 to 1793
Zaman Shah 1793 to 1801
Mahmoud Shah 1801 to 1803 and 1809 to 1818
Shah Shuja 1803 to 1809
Ali Shah 1818 to 1819
Ayub Shah in 1819 to 1823.
Amir Ayub Shah deposed and killed his brother Ali Shah Durrani from the throne and ascended the throne himself.
His Son Sardar Allah Yar was transferred/Shifted to North of Afghanistan now known as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Province of Pakistan and with it, the battles for the throne between the grandsons of Ahmad Shah Abdali or Durrani deprived the Durrani family of the throne and crown of Afghanistan.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Ahmad Shah Durrani
- **title**: Shah
_Durr-i-Durrani_ ("pearl of pearls")
- **image**: Periodo mogul, ritratto di ahmad shah abdali, delhi, 1750 ca. 02.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **reign**: 1747–1772
- **coronation**: October 1747
- **predecessor**: Hussain Hotak
- **successor**: Timur Shah Durrani
- **house**: Durrani
- **house-type**: Dynasty
- **father**: Muhammad Zaman Khan Abdali
- **mother**: Zarghuna Alakozai
- **birth date**: c. 1722
- **birth place**: Herat, Afghanistan
- **death place**: Kandahar Province, Afghanistan
- **burial place**: Kandahar, Afghanistan

- **religion**: Sunni Islam
- **spouse**: Hazrat Begum
- **full name**: Ahmad Shah Abdali Dur-e-Durran
Nemrut (volcano)

- _Turkey also has a mountain called Nemrut

**Nemrut** (Turkish: _Nemrut Dağı_; Armenian: Սարակն, transliteration: _Sarakn_, meaning «Mountain spring»; Kurdish _Çiyayê Nemrud'') is a  dormant volcano in Eastern Turkey, close to Lake Van, at .

The caldera of Nemrut volcano has an oval shape, its diameter is 27×18 km. The caldera of Nemrut is the largest in Turkey, the fourth-largest in Europe and the sixteenth-largest in the world. The caldera has three volcanic crater lakes, the largest of which is Lake Nemrut with a surface area of 2.36 km<sup>2</sup>

The volcano is named after King Nimrod who is said to have ruled this area in about 2100 BC.

## Other websites

- Photos from Nemrut
- Nemrut - map

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Nemrut Dağı
- **photo**: Nemrut Vulcano.jpg
- **photo caption**: Satellite view from 2001
- **elevation**: 2,948 metres (9,672 feet)
- **location**: Turkey
- **type**: Caldera
Stratovolcano
- **last eruption**: 1692
Mulhacén

**Mulhacén** is the highest mountain in continental Spain and in the Iberian Peninsula. It is part of the Sierra Nevada range in the Cordillera Penibética. It is named after Abu l-Hasan Ali, or _Muley Hacén_ as he is known in Spanish, the last-but-one Muslim King of Granada in the 15th century, who according to legend was buried on the summit of the mountain.

## Other websites

- Route to climb Mulhacén
- Mulhacén - map

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mulhacén
- **photo**: Alpujarras Uitzicht.jpg
- **location**: Granada (province), Granada, Spain
- **range**: Sierra Nevada (Spain), Sierra Nevada
- **prominence**: <small>List of peaks by prominence, Ranked 64th</small>
- **label position**: top
- **first ascent**: unknown (before 1500)
- **easiest route**: hike
Fedora Project

**Fedora Project** is an organization which develops the Linux distribution, Fedora. It is sponsored by Red Hat. It consists of Red Hat employees. However, it works independently.
The project is not a separate legal organization. So, Red Hat has responsibility for its actions.

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **name**: Fedora Project
- **image**: Fedora logo (2021).svg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Fedora Project logo
- **founder**: Warren Togami, Red Hat et al.
- **type**: Community
- **leader name**: Matthew Miller
- **products**: Fedora Linux, 389 Directory Server
- **focus**: Free software
- **method**: Artwork, development, documentation, promotion, and translation.
- **motto**: Freedom, Friends, Features, First.
Maaloula

**Maaloula** (, _Ma‘lūlā_, from the Aramaic word **ܡܥܠܐ**, _ma‘lā_, meaning 'entrance') is a town in Syria. Most people in the town speak Western Neo-Aramaic. It is one of only three places where the Western branch of the Aramaic languages is still spoken along with two other nearby towns Bakh'a and Jubb'adin, Maaloula 56 km northeast of Damascus, and built into the rugged mountainside, at an altitude of more than 1500 meters. The distance and geography helped protect the town and its language for over one and half thousand years. However, modern roads and transportation, as well as accessibility to Arabic-language television and print media - and for some time until recently, also state policy - have eroded that linguistic heritage. As of 2005, the town has a population of 2,000.

Religiously, the population are both Christians and Muslims. For the Muslim inhabitants, the legacy is all the more remarkable given that they were not Arabized, unlike most other Syrians who like them were Islamized over the centuries but also adopted Arabic and shifted to an "Arab" ethnic identity.

## Identity of these Arameans

Most people go on to assume that people in the Middle-East are Arab. While Arabic is the official language there are groups in "Arab" countries that have a clearly distinct culture. These Arameans are not Arab but have actually dwelled in Syria thousands of years before the Arabs came along. While a lot of them have turned to speak Arabic they retain the identity and the language which they use in church fellowship.
Juliana of the Netherlands

**Juliana** (Juliana Luise Emma Marie Wilhelmina van Oranje-Nassau; 30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004) was Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, from her mother's abdication in 1948, to her own in 1980. She died of pneumonia caused by dementia on 20 March 2004, aged 94.

## Other websites

- Queen Juliana (1909-2004) at the Dutch Royal House website
- Netherlands Coronation (1948), newsreel on the British Pathé YouTube Channel

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Juliana
- **title**: Queen of the Netherlands
- **image**: Prinses Juliana 1981.jpg
- **caption**: Juliana in 1981
- **reign**: 6 September 1948 – 30 April 1980 ( years)
- **full name**: Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina
- **predecessor**: Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Wilhelmina
- **successor**: Beatrix of the Netherlands, Beatrix
- **house**: House of Orange-Nassau, Orange-Nassau
- **father**: Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- **mother**: Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
- **birth place**: The Hague, Netherlands
- **death place**: Soestdijk Palace, Baarn, Netherlands
- **burial date**: 30 March 2004
- **burial place**: Nieuwe Kerk (Delft), Nieuwe Kerk, Delft
Duncan Forbes of Culloden

**Duncan Forbes** (1644 - 1704) was a Scottish politician, and supporter of the House of Hanover.

He was born and educated in Inverness. His son (1685–1747) was also named _Duncan Forbes_.
Coláiste an Phiarsaigh

**Coláiste an Phiarsaigh** is a secondary school in Glanmire, County Cork for boys and girls. It has pupils who arrive each day and those who sleep there. The school uses the Irish language and expects teachers and pupils to also use this language.

## Other websites

- colaisteanphiarsaigh.ie School website
Annapurna I

**Annapurna I Main** is an  mountain in the Himalayas, in Nepal. It is part of Annapurna Massif. Annapurna I is the 10th highest mountain in the world. In the native language, the word _Annapurna_ means "full of food" or "goddess of the harvests". The first people to climb Annapurna were Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, in 1950.In October 2014   43 people died in an avalanche. First winter ascent by jerzy kukuczko.
History of Vietnam

The **history of Vietnam** begins around 2,700 years ago. Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 207 BC until 938, when Vietnam regained its independence. Vietnam remained a tributary state to its larger neighbor China for much of its history but repelled invasions by the Chinese as well as three invasions by the Mongols between 1255 and 1285. Emperor Trần Nhân Tông later diplomatically submitted Vietnam to a tributary of the Yuan to avoid further conflicts. The independent period temporarily ended in the middle to late 19th century, when the country was colonized by France (see French Indochina). During World War II, Imperial Japan expelled the French to occupy Vietnam, though they retained French administrators during their occupation. After the war, France attempted to re-establish its colonial rule but failed in the First Indochina War. The Geneva Accords partitioned the country in two with a promise of democratic election to reunite the country.

However, rather than peaceful reunification, partition led to the Vietnam War. During this time, the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union supported the North while the United States supported the South. After millions of Vietnamese deaths, the war ended with the fall of Saigon to the North in April 1975. The reunified Vietnam suffered further internal repression and was isolated internationally due to the continuing Cold War and the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia. In 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam changed its economic policy and began reforms of the private sector similar to those in China. Since the mid-1980s, Vietnam has enjoyed substantial economic growth and some reduction in political repression, though reports of corruption have also risen.

## Early kingdoms

Evidence of the earliest established society other than the prehistoric Iron Age Đông Sơn culture in Northern Vietnam was found in Cổ Loa, an ancient city near present-day Hà Nội.

According to myth, the first Vietnamese people were descended from the Dragon Lord Lạc Long Quân and the Immortal Fairy Âu Cơ. Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ had 100 sons before deciding to part ways. 50 of the children went with their mother to the mountains, and the other 50 went with their father to the sea. The eldest son became the first in a line of early Vietnamese kings, collectively known as the Hùng kings (Hùng Vương or the Hồng Bàng Dynasty). The Hùng kings called their country, located on the Red River delta in present-day northern Vietnam, Văn Lang. The people of Văn Lang were known as the Lạc Việt.

## Other websites

- Ancient Vietnam
- Vietnam: History, Geography, Government, and Culture
- Viet Nam - Early History & Legends
- Các sách sử
- _Lịch sử Việt Nam_
- _Cội nguồn Việt tộc_ của Phạm Trần Anh
- _Đồ đồng cổ Đông Sơn _
- _Tiếng trống đồng Mê Linh_ và _Thử viết lại cổ sử Việt Nam_
- _Lời cáo chung cho thuyết Aurousseau về nguồn gốc người Việt _
- Thiền sư Lê Mạnh Thát và những phát hiện lịch sử chấn động
Operation Cornflakes

The **Operation Cornflakes** occurred in February – March 1945 during World War II. It was a military propaganda provocation operation of the American intelligence in the enemy territory. Fake stamps similar to real issues of German postage stamps were produced and spread in the hostile territory. In philatelic terms, they are illegal and have status of forgeries, falsification (fakes) or cinderellas. The specific case of passage by mail was an interesting operation of Intelligence; otherwise, stamps in the circulation would be identified and destroyed by post employees and/or intelligence agencies of victim state.

## Related pages

- Label (philately)

## Other websites

- Cinderella, _AskPhil_
Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

**Wilhelmina** (Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948. Loved by the Dutch people, she was the mother of Queen Juliana and the grandmother of Queen Beatrix.

During World War II, she went to London and spoke to the Dutch people on radio from England.

## Other websites

- Queen Wilhelmina Of The Netherlands Broadcasts In Britain (1940), royal broadcast in English, on the British Pathé YouTube Channel
- Tribute To Queen Wilhelmina (1962), Dutch newsreel on British Pathé YouTube Channel
- Post-war rehabilitation of the 1st Independent Polish Parachute Brigade
- Queen Wilhelmina State Park near Mena, Arkansas

|-

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Wilhelmina
- **full name**: Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria
- **title**: Queen of the Netherlands
- **image**: Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.jpg
- **caption**: Queen Wilhelmina  1942
- **reign**: 23 November 1890 – 4 September 1948 ( years)
- **predecessor**: William III of the Netherlands, William III
- **successor**: Juliana of the Netherlands, Juliana
- **spouse**: Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- **issue**: Juliana of the Netherlands
- **house**: House of Orange-Nassau, Orange-Nassau
- **father**: William III of the Netherlands
- **mother**: Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont
- **place of burial**: Nieuwe Kerk (Delft), Nieuwe Kerk, Delft, Netherlands
Umaga (wrestler)

**Edward "Eddie" S. Fatu** (March 28, 1973 - December 4 2009) was a Samoan professional wrestler best known for working with the WWF/WWE under the ring names **Jamal**, **Ekmo**, and **Umaga**.

He worked closely with Matt Anoaʻi of the Anoa'i wrestling family which he was also a part of. With Anoaʻi, they formed the tag teams The Island Boyz, the Samoan Gangstas, and 3-Minute Warning. He also wrestled for All Japan Pro Wrestling and wrestled a short time in TNA Wrestling from 2003 to 2004.

Eddie Fatu died on December 4, 2009 of a heart attack. The official cause of his death was from acute toxicity from the combined effects of hydrocodone, carisoprodol, and diazepam.

## Championships and accomplishments

- '''World Wrestling Entertainment
    - WWE Intercontinental Championship (2 times)

## Other websites

- Eddie Fatu (Umaga) at Online World of Wrestling
William III of the Netherlands

**William III of the Netherlands** (_Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk_, anglicised: _William Alexander Paul Frederick Louis of Orange-Nassau_; 19 February 1817 – 23 November 1890) was from 1849 King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg until his death. He was married to Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont. He was the father of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and the grandfather of Juliana of the Netherlands. He is also the great-grandfather of Beatrix of the Netherlands, who is the mother of the current king of The Netherlands, Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: William III
- **full name**: Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk
- **image**: Portret koning Willem III door Maria Hille HGA001008802 (uitsnede).jpg
- **caption**: Photograph by Maria Hille,  1887
- **succession**: King of the Netherlands
- **reign**: 17 March 1849 –
- **coronation**: 12 May 1849
- **cor-type**: Inauguration of the Dutch monarch, Inauguration
- **predecessor**: William II of the Netherlands, William II
- **successor**: Wilhelmina of the Netherlands, Wilhelmina
- **succession1**: Grand Duke of Luxembourg
- **reign1**: 17 March 1849 –
- **predecessor1**: William II
- **successor1**: Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Adolphe
- **succession2**: Duke of Limburg
- **predecessor2**: William II
- **issue-link**: #Family and issue
- **issue-pipe**: among others...
- **house**: House of Orange-Nassau, Orange-Nassau
- **father**: William II of the Netherlands
- **mother**: Anna Pavlovna of Russia
- **birth place**: Palace of the Nation, Brussels, United Kingdom of the Netherlands
- **death place**: Het Loo Palace, Apeldoorn, Netherlands
- **burial date**: 4 December 1890
- **burial place**: Nieuwe Kerk (Delft), Nieuwe Kerk, Delft, Netherlands
- **religion**: Dutch Reformed Church
Susan B. Anthony

**Susan Brownell Anthony**  (February 15, 1820 - March 13, 1906) was an American women's rights leader. At 17, she became a schoolteacher, but soon became involved in activism regarding slavery and drinking. By the 1850s, she was working closely with Elizabeth Cady Stanton for women's rights, including the vote. She edited a newspaper called _The Revolution_ for several years. In 1872, she was arrested for trying to vote. For many years, she was the leader of the National Women's Suffrage Association, which wanted women to have the right to vote. The 19th Amendment (change to the U.S. Constitution) was passed in 1920, 14 years after Anthony's death on March 13, 1906. Anthony later became the first woman on a U.S. coin. This coin was a dollar coin. She died on March 13th, 1906 due to a heart failure, not before coining the phrase "Failure is Impossible!"

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: Susan B. Anthony
- **image**: Susan B Anthony c1898.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Susan B Anthony ca. 1900
- **birth name**: Susan Brownell Anthony
- **birth date**: February 15, 1820
- **birth place**: Adams, Massachusetts, United States
- **death place**: Rochester, New York, United States
- **death cause**: Heart failure, pneumonia
- **known**: Organizing the Seneca Falls convention
- **occupation**: Women's rights actvist
William II of the Netherlands

**William II of the Netherlands** (Willem Frederik George Lodewijk van Oranje-Nassau; 6 December 1792 – 7 March/17 March 1849) was King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Duke of Limburg from 7 October 1840 until his death.

He was the father of William III of the Netherlands and grandfather of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **embed**: yes
- **battles**: (incomplete)
* Napoleonic Wars
** Peninsular War
*** Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812), Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo
*** Second Siege of Badajoz (1811), 2nd Siege of Badajoz
*** Siege of Badajoz (1812), 3rd Siege of Badajoz
*** Battle of Salamanca
*** Battle of San Millan-Osma
*** Battle of Vitoria
*** Siege of Pamplona (1813), Siege of Pamplona
*** Siege of San Sebastián
*** Battle of the Pyrenees
** War of the Sixth Coalition
** Hundred Days
*** Battle of Quatre Bras
*** Battle of Waterloo
* Belgian Revolution
** Assault on Brussels
** Ten Days Campaign
*** Battle of Ravels
*** Battle of Turnhout (1831), Battle of Turnhout
*** Battle of Houthalen
*** Battle of Hasselt
*** Battle of Leuven (1831), Battle of Leuven


## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: William II
- **image**: SA_1771-Willem_II_(1792-1849),_Koning_der_Nederlanden.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait by Jan Adam Kruseman
- **predecessor**: William I of the Netherlands, William I
- **successor**: William III of the Netherlands, William III
- **coronation**: 28 November 1840
- **cor-type**: Inauguration of the Dutch monarch, Inauguration
- **house**: House of Orange-Nassau, Orange-Nassau
- **father**: William I of the Netherlands
- **mother**: Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands, Wilhelmine of Prussia
- **birth place**: Noordeinde Palace, The Hague, Dutch Republic
- **death place**: Tilburg, Netherlands
- **religion**: Dutch Reformed Church
- **signature**: Signature of William II of the Netherlands (1848).svg
Anna Pavlovna of Russia

**Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia** (; St. Petersburg, 18 January 1795 - The Hague, 1 March 1865) was Queen of the Netherlands. She was the mother of William III of the Netherlands. She was the grandmother of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. Her father was Paul I of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, because of his Paternal Grandfather, Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Anna was also the Great-grandniece of Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden. A year later, her father became Emperor of Russia, in 1796, November 17—1801, March 23. Her lifespan and Paul's lifespan are totally different, Anna had a long life and Paul I only have 46 years life.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia
- **image**: Hulst - Portrait of Queen Paulowna.jpg
- **birth date**: 18 January 1795
- **birth place**: Saint Petersburg, Russia
- **death date**: 1 March 1865 (aged 70)
- **death place**: The Hague
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands

**Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands** (29 June 1911 – 1 December 2004) was the prince consort of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands. He was the father of Beatrix of the Netherlands. He was born in Jena, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, German Empire.

He died of lung cancer in Utrecht, Netherlands at the age of 93.

## Titles

- **29 June 1911 – 1916:** Count Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld
- **1916 – 7 January 1937:** _His Serene Highness_ Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld
- **7 January 1937 – 6 September 1948:** _His Royal Highness_ Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld
- **6 September 1948 – 30 April 1980:** _His Royal Highness_ The Prince of the Netherlands
- **30 April 1980 – 1 December 2004:** _His Royal Highness_ Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands, Prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld

## Infobox (person)

- **embed**: yes
- **party**: Nazi Party (1933–1937)


## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld
- **image**: Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld 1976.jpg
- **alt**: Bernhard of the Netherlands
- **caption**: Prince Bernhard in 1976
- **succession**: Prince consort of the Netherlands
- **reign**: 6 September 1948 – 30 April 1980
- **issue-link**: #Marriage and children
- **issue-pipe**: among others…
- **full name**:

- **house**: Lippe-Biesterfeld
- **father**: Prince Bernhard of Lippe (1872–1934), Prince Bernhard of Lippe
- **mother**: Armgard von Cramm
- **birth name**: Count Bernhard of Biesterfeld
- **birth place**: Jena, Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, German Empire
- **death place**: University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Kingdom of the Netherlands
- **burial date**: 11 December 2004
- **burial place**: Nieuwe Kerk (Delft), Nieuwe Kerk, Delft, Netherlands
- **occupation**: Officer (armed forces), Military officer, aviator, Conservation movement, conservationist, Board of directors, nonprofit director
- **signature**: Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld Signature.jpg
George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

**George Victor** (14 January 1831 - 12 May 1893) was the 3rd sovereign Prince of the German state of Waldeck and Pyrmont. He was the father of Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, the consort of William III of the Netherlands. George Victor is the great-great grandfather of Beatrix of the Netherlands.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: George Victor
- **image**: Georg Victor Waldeck Pyrmont.jpeg
- **succession**: Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont
- **reign**: 15 May 1845 – 12 May 1893
- **predecessor**: George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, George II
- **successor**: Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Friedrich
- **house**: Waldeck (state), Waldeck and Pyrmont
- **father**: George II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont
- **mother**: Princess Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym
- **birth place**: Bad Arolsen, Arolsen, Waldeck (state), Waldeck and Pyrmont
- **death place**: Mariánské Lázně, Marienbad, Kingdom of Bohemia
- **burial date**: 23 May 1893
- **burial place**: Fuerstliches Erbbegraebnis,
Rhoden