juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
51 Pegasi

**51 Pegasi** is a star that is like our Sun. It is 15.4 parsecs (50.1 light-years) away from the Earth in the constellation Pegasus.

It was the first Sun-like star, other than the Sun, found to have a planet orbiting it. In 1996 astronomers Baliunas, Sokoloff, and Soon calculated that it takes 51 Pegasi b 37 days to orbit 51 Pegasi.

## Description

51 Pegasi is a yellow dwarf star that is thought to be around 7.5 billion years old, which is somewhat older than our Sun. 51 Pegasi is also 4-6% more massive than our Sun with more metal content. However, it is running low on hydrogen.

The star itself has an apparent brightness of 5.49. Because of this, it can be seen from the Earth with binoculars, or with the naked eye if it is dark outside.

The exoplanet's discovery was made public on October 6, 1995 by Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz.  The discovery was made using the radial velocity method at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, using a tool called the ELODIE spectrograph that is used to find planets that are outside our Solar System.

## Planetary system

After the announcement, on October 12, 1995, more proof that this star did exist came from Dr. Geoffrey Marcy from San Francisco State University and Dr. R. Paul Butler from the University of California, Berkeley using the Hamilton Spectrograph at the Lick Observatory near San Jose in California.

51 Pegasi b is the first discovered planet of its parent star, 51 Pegasi. If any more are discovered they will be named 51 Pegasi c, 51 Pegasi d, and so on. The planet has been informally named Bellerophon. After its discovery, many teams proved its existence and continued to find out more about its properties, including the fact that it orbits very close to the star, has estimated temperatures around 1200 Celsius, and has a minimum mass about half of Jupiter's.

## Other websites

- **Extrasolar Visions**: 51 Pegasi
- 51 Pegasi  at SolStation.com.
- nStars database entry
- David Darling's encyclopedia
Gumbasia

***Gumbasia*** is a very short movie made in 1953 by Art Clokey. _Gumbasia_ was a clay animation movie. Clokey became famous for his two series _Gumby_ and _Davey and Goliath_ which also used clay animation.

Clokey made _Gumbasia_ while he was studying at the University of Southern California and being taught by Slavko Vorkapich. It was Clokey's first clay animation movie and it was only 3 minutes and 45 seconds long. The movie showed moving lumps of clay set to music in a copy of Walt Disney's _Fantasia_. Gumbasia was made in a style Vorkapich taught called Kinesthetic Film Principles. This style, which uses camera movements and stop-motion editing, is used in later Gumby movies. After watching _Gumbasia_, movie producer Sam Engel decided to give Clokey money to make a 15 minute movie that became the first Gumby movie -- _Gumby Goes to the Moon_.

## Other websites

- Gumbyworld.com
- Premavision/Clokey Productions
- ArtClokey: the First 50 Years
- Official 50th Birthday Party Gumby's MySpace
- Bren's Gumbyland - The Ultimate Gumby Memorabilia Collection/Fansite
University of Southern Maine

The **University of Southern Maine** is a university in Maine.

## Other websites

- Official athletics website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Southern Maine
- **image**: Science Building, University of Southern Maine, Portland ME.jpg
- **caption**: Southworth Planetarium
University of Southern Maine
- **former names**: University of Maine at Portland
 Gorham State College
 University of Maine at Portland-Gorham
- **motto**: The University of Everyone
- **established**: 1878
- **type**: Public university, Public
- **faculty**: 15:1
- **president**: Jacqueline Edmondson
- **city**: Gorham, Maine, Gorham, Lewiston, Maine, Lewiston, Portland, Maine, Portland
- **state**: Maine
- **country**: United States, USA
- **students**: 7,855
- **undergrad**: 6,189
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban, Suburban
- **nickname**: Huskies
- **affiliations**: Division III (NCAA), NCAA Division III
- **mascot**: Champ the Husky
- **website**: [http://usm.maine.edu/ usm.maine.edu]
Belmont, New Hampshire

**Belmont** is a small town in New Hampshire, United States.

Originally called **Upper Gilmanton**, Belmont was chartered in 1727 as a parish of Gilmanton.  In 1859 Upper Gilmanton was separated from Gilmanton. Then in 1869 the town was renamed Belmont.  This was to honor August Belmont. The townspeople hoped Mr. Belmont would provide financial support but he did not.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Belmont, New Hampshire
- **image skyline**: Belmont NH Bandstand 2019.jpg
- **image caption**: Village Bandstand and Belmont Mill in 2019
- **image map**: Belknap-Belmont-NH.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Belknap County, New Hampshire
- **settlement type**: Town
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: New Hampshire
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Hampshire, County
- **subdivision name2**: Belknap County, New Hampshire, Belknap
- **parts type**: Villages
- **leader title**: Board of selectmen, Board of Selectmen
- **leader title1**: Town Administrator
- **established title**: Incorporation (municipal government), Incorporated
- **established date**: 1859
- **area total km2**: 82.6
- **area land km2**: 77.6
- **area water km2**: 5.0
- **area water percent**: 6.08
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 7314
- **population density km2**: 94.3
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 161
- **elevation ft**: 528
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 03220
- **area code**: Area code 603, 603
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 33-04740
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0873542
Iceman (Marvel Comics)

**Iceman** is a fictional superhero from the Marvel Comics universe. He is a member of the mutant team, the X-Men. His real name is **Bobby Drake**. Iceman has the power to freeze anything around him. He can also turn his body into ice.
70 Virginis

**70 Virginis** is a yellow dwarf star that is around 58 light-years away from the Earth in the constellation Virgo. 70 Virginis is not as big or hot as Earth's Sun.

In 1996, 70 Virginis was found to have an extrasolar planet in orbit around it. There is also a dust disc that orbits the star. The temperature of the disc is 156 K and it is about 3.4 AU from the star.

## Other websites

- **SIMBAD**: HD 117176 -- High proper-motion Star
- **SolStation**: 70 Virginis
- **Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia**: 70 Virginis
- **Extrasolar Visions**: 70 Virginis
Rhyno

**Terrance "Terry" Gerin** (born October 7, 1975) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. He competes under the ring name **Rhino** (or **Rhyno**).

He is also known for his time in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWE).

During his time in ECW, he was a one-time ECW World Heavyweight Champion and a two-time and final ECW World Television Champion.

In WWE, he was a three-time Hardcore Champion, one-time WCW United States Champion, and one half of the first SmackDown Tag Team Champions with Heath Slater.

Outside of wrestling, Gerin has also been involved in politics. On August 2, 2016, Gerin won the Republican primary for Michigan's 15th District. He ran against Democrat Abdullah Hammoud and lost 21,739 votes to 13,452.

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Rhyno
- **image**: Rhyno At Raw 2017.jpg
- **caption**: Rhyno during the July 3, 2017 episode of _WWE Raw, Raw_
- **names**: Rhino Richards
**Rhino**
Rhyno
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan
- **billed**: **Detroit, Michigan**
- **trainer**: Scott D'Amore
Doug Chevalier
Mickey Doyle
- **debut**: 1994
70 Virginis b

**70 Virginis b** is an extrasolar planet that is around 60 light-years away from the Earth in the constellation of Virgo.  The finding of this planet was announced in 1996 by astronomers Geoffrey Marcy and R. Paul Butler. 70 Virginis was one of the first stars that was known to have planets orbiting it.  When first announced, 70 Virginis b was thought to be inside its star's habitable zone, but proof was later found that the planet has an eccentric orbit, closer to its parent.

## Characteristics

70 Virginis b is a Jupiter-type extrasolar planet that orbits around 70 Virginis every 116 days. It has 7.5 times the mass of Jupiter. Its surface gravity is thought to be about two to three times that of Jupiter's.  At the time that it was found in January 1996, it was thought that the star was only 29 light years away from the Earth. This could explain why the star was less bright based on its apparent magnitude (measure of brightness).  As a result, the planet's orbit was thought to be in the habitable zone and the planet was given the nickname "Goldilocks" (not too cold or too hot). The Hipparcos satellite later showed that the star was farther away from 70 Virginis and therefore its brightness was a result of the planet being too hot to be in the habitable zone.

## Related pages

- Exoplanet 51 Pegasi b

## Other websites

- **SolStation**: 70 Virginis
- 70 Virginis b
Peaks Island

**Peaks Island** is an island near Portland, Maine. Ferries go between Portland Harbour and Peaks Island. There is a small beach on the island along with a store and a library.
Float On

**Float On** is a song by the indie rock band Modest Mouse. Made in 2004, it appears on their album Good News for People Who Love Bad News. It is their most popular single to date.
Blue Hill, Maine

**Blue Hill** is a town located in eastern Maine, in the United States.
15385 Dallolmo

**15385 Dallolmo** (1997 SP4) is a Main-belt Asteroid that was found on September 25, 1997 by the Osservatorio San Vittore at Bologna, Italy

It is named after Umberto Dall'Olmo (1925-1980), who was an amateur astronomer with college degrees in both law and physics; who spent most of his time observing Jupiter and studying flare stars. He was also interested in the history of astronomy and worked as a technician at the University of Bologna's Institute of Astronomy.

## Infobox (planet)

- **minorplanet**: yes
- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: Dallolmo
- **discoverer**: Osservatorio San Vittore
- **discovery site**: Bologna, Italy
- **discovered**: September 25, 1997
- **mp name**: 15385
- **alt names**: 1997 SP4
- **epoch**: May 14, 2008
- **aphelion**: 3.1941169
- **perihelion**: 2.7301881
- **eccentricity**: 0.0783094
- **period**: 1862.1281362
- **inclination**: 11.73796
- **asc node**: 130.68535
- **mean anomaly**: 305.78937
- **arg peri**: 324.55770
- **abs magnitude**: 13.6
Operation Downfall

**Operation Downfall** was a planned military action. This was to be the Allied forces invasion of Japan to end the Second World War. It would have two main parts, Operation Olympic would be the biggest amphibious invasion in history, in Kyūshū. Airplanes based in Kyushu would then be used for an even bigger invasion called Operation Coronet. This would invade Honshū. After the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the Japanese surrendered, so there was no need for an invasion. Operation Downfall was canceled.
FC Martigues

**F.C. Martigues** is a football club which plays in France.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: F.C. Martigues
- **fullname**: Football Club de Martigues
- **founded**: 1921
- **ground**: Stade Francis Turcan, Martigues
- **capacity**: 11,500
- **manager**: Claude Calabuig
- **league**: Championnat de France Amateur, CFA
- **season**: 2008/09
- **position**: Championnat de France Amateur, CFA, 6th / Group B
FC Gueugnon

**F.C. Gueugnon** is a football club which plays in France.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: F.C. Gueugnon
- **fullname**: Football Club de Gueugnon
- **founded**: 1940
- **ground**: Stade Jean Laville, Gueugnon
- **capacity**: 13,800
- **chairman**: Pierr-André Dubreuil
- **manager**: Hubert Fournier & René Le Lamer
- **league**: Championnat National, National
- **season**: Championnat National 2008–09, 2008/09
- **position**: Championnat National, National, 11th
Blade (movie)

***Blade*** is a 1998 American vampire superhero horror movie starring Wesley Snipes. It was followed by _Blade II_ and _Blade: Trinity_.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Blade
- **director**: Stephen Norrington
- **producer**: Peter Frankfurt
Wesley Snipes
Robert Engelman
Andrew J. Horne
Avi Arad
- **writer**: David S. Goyer
- **starring**: Wesley Snipes
Stephen Dorff
Kris Kristofferson
N'Bushe Wright
Donal Logue
- **music**: Mark Isham
- **cinematography**: Theo Van De Sande
- **editing**: Paul Rubell
- **studio**: New Line Cinema
Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Enterprises
Amen Ra Films
Imaginary Forces
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **runtime**: 120 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $45,000,000
- **gross**: $131,183,530
The Bravery

**The Bravery** was an American rock band. They were from New York City. The band is best known for their song "An Honest Mistake".

_The Village Voice_ said the Bravery was "New York's Official Next Big Thing". MTV and Rolling Stone praised them as an artist to watch. The band was chosen in the BBC News website's Sound of... poll as 2005's most promising act.

## Discography

- _The Bravery_ (2005)
- _The Sun and the Moon_ (2007)
- _Stir the Blood_ (2009)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Bravery
- **img**: Bravery1.jpg
- **img capt**: The Bravery at the video shoot for "Believe (The Bravery song), Believe".
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: New York City, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Post-punk revival, dance-punk, indie rock
- **years active**: 2003–2011
- **label**: Island Records, Island
- **past members**: Sam Endicott
John Conway
Anthony Burulcich
Michael Zakarin
Mike Hindert
Scholasticism

**Scholasticism** is a way of thinking and teaching knowledge. It was developed in the Middle Ages. It started when people wanted to bring together what is called _classical philosophy_ with the teachings of
Christian theology. Classical philosophy is the philosophy developed in Ancient Greece.
Scholasticism is not a philosophy or a theology, but rather a way of teaching and learning. Scholasticism emphasises the use of dialectic. The main purpose of dialectic is to find an answer to a question, or to show that a contradiction can be resolved.

Scholasticism was started by people like Saint Ambrose and St. Augustine. They tried to use philosophy to help explain the doctrine and mysteries of the church. Ambrose and Augustine were among the first Church fathers who brought Christian ideas and Greek philosophy together.

The main figures of scholasticism were Peter Abelard, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure and, most importantly, Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologica is an ambitious synthesis of Greek philosophy and Christian doctrine.

In the 13th century, the teachings of Aristotle were considered more important than those of Plato. Scholastic education was very much based on written texts, and with arguments for and against ideas in those texts. In this way it differed greatly from modern science, which is based on observations from nature. In Aristotle the scholastics chose someone who was himself quite an original investigator of the natural world. But the scholastics themselves dealt almost entirely with the world in manuscripts written in two ancient languages. One was in Latin, the language of the Vulgate Bible and the other was Ancient Greek. Greek opened the doors to the writings of the Greek philosophers in their own language, at least so far as their works survived. The motto of Boethius “As far as you are able, join faith to reason” reminds us that all scholastics were mediaeval Christians. Their main concern was to see how the Greek ideas could be fitted into their religious view of the world.

## Other websites

- "Scholasticism". In _Encyclopædia Britannica_ Online.
916 America

**916 America** is a minor planet that is orbiting the Sun in the main belt between Mars and Jupiter.

It was discovered on 7 August 1915 by the Soviet astronomer Grigory Nikolaevich Neujmin at Simeis, Ukraine. It was originally called **916<sup>Σ</sup>I**, but was renamed _916 America_ on 24 February 1923 after the Council of Astronomers at Pulkovo Observatory decided to pay tribute to "the friendly relations of the astronomical observatories and astronomers". Another possible reason for the name was as a mark of thankfulness for the help given during the famine in Crimea by the American Relief Administration under President Herbert Hoover.

In 1986, believing that the asteroid was of S-type and that it had a diameter of 15 km, the length of 916 America's day was thought to be 38 hours. Observations by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite have since shown that it has a diameter of 33.2±1.3 km, with an absolute magnitude of 11.20 and an albedo (the extent to which it reflects light) of 0.053±0.004.

## Infobox (planet)

- **minorplanet**: yes
- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 916 America
- **discoverer**: G. N. Neujmin
- **discovered**: 7 August 1915
- **mp name**: 1915 S1
- **epoch**: 27 October 2007 (Julian day, JDCT 2454400.5)
- **aphelion**: 2.922 Astronomical unit, AU
- **perihelion**: 1.807 Astronomical unit, AU
- **semimajor**: 2.365 Astronomical unit, AU
- **eccentricity**: 0.236
- **period**: 3.64 Julian year (astronomy), a
- **inclination**: 11.097°
- **asc node**: 329.84°
- **arg peri**: 41.538°
Nick

**Nick** is a short form of the given name Nicholas. People named Nick include:

- Nick Carter, a singer
- Nick Jonas, singer and member of the Jonas Brothers
- Nick Cannon, an actor

**Nick** can also be short for "Nickelodeon", and might mean:
- Nickelodeon, a television network which begin in 1977
- Nick Jr., a related TV network
Donald

**Donald** is a masculine given name. It is pronounced [**don**-ld]. The name Donald has its roots in the Gaelic name Domhnall and is typically associated with masculinity. Its meaning, "ruler of the world" or "world mighty", is derived from the Celtic words dumno, meaning "world," and val, meaning "rule." The name gained popularity thanks to the Scottish King Donald II, who was the grandson of King Alpin and became a legendary figure. This name was ranked #592 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

Other common forms are Don, Donny and Donnie.

## Famous Donalds

- Donald II, former King of Scotland
- Don Cheadle, American actor
- Donald Dewar, first First Minister of Scotland
- Don Drysdale, Major League Baseball player
- Donald Duck, fictional duck created by Walt Disney
- Don Edwards, American politician
- Don Ho, Hawaiian musician
- Don LaFontaine, American voice actor
- Don Regan, American politician
- Don Knotts, American comedic actor
- Don McLean, American singer and musician
- Don Meredith, former American NFL quarterback.
- Donald Rumsfeld, United States Secretary of Defense
- Donald Sutherland, American actor
- Donald A. Glaser, American scientist
- Donald Pleasence, British actor
- Donald Trump, President of the United States , businessman
- Donald Tusk, Prime Minister of Poland

## Related pages

- Don, a disambiguation page

## Infobox (given name)

- **name**: Donald
- **gender**: Male
- **nickname**: Don, Donnie, Donny
Johnstone

**Johnstone** (, ) is a town in the council area of Renfrewshire, Scotland.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Scotland
- **official name**: Johnstone
- **gaelic name**: Baile Iain
- **scots name**: Johnstoun
- **os grid reference**: NS434628
- **map type**: Scotland
- **population**: 15,687
- **unitary scotland**: Renfrewshire
- **lieutenancy scotland**: Renfrewshire (historic), Renfrewshire
- **post town**: JOHNSTONE
- **postcode district**: PA5
- **postcode area**: PA
- **dial code**: 01505
- **constituency westminster**: Paisley and Renfrewshire South (UK Parliament constituency), Paisley and Renfrewshire South
- **constituency scottish parliament**: Renfrewshire South (Scottish Parliament constituency), Renfrewshire South
Diamond Dallas Page

**Dallas Page** (born **Page Joseph Falkinburg, Jr.**; April 5, 1956 in Point Pleasant, New Jersey) is an American former professional wrestler, fitness instructor and actor who is probably best known for wrestling with World Championship Wrestling (WCW), World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under the ring name, **"Diamond" Dallas Page** or "**DDP**" for short.

## Championships

- **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
    - PWI Most Improved Wrestler of the Year (2006)
    - PWI ranked him #4 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the year in the PWI 500 in (1997, 1998)
    - PWI Feud of the Year in 1997 (<small>vs. Macho Man Randy Savage</small>)
    - PWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (1999)
    - PWI ranked him #65 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" (2003)
- **Swiss Wrestling Federation**
    - SWF Heavyweight Championship (one time)
- **World Championship Wrestling**
    - WCW World Heavyweight Championship (three times)
    - WCW United States Heavyweight Championship (two times)
    - WCW World Tag Team Championship (four times) (with Kevin Nash (two), Chris Kanyon and Bam Bam Bigelow as the Jersey Triad (two))
    - WCW World Television Championship (one time)
- **World Wrestling Federation**
    - WWF European Championship (one time)
    - WWF World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Kanyon)
- **Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards**
    - Best Wrestling Maneuver (1997) (<small>Diamond Cutter</small>)
    - Most Improved Wrestler (1996)
    - Worst Gimmick (2001)

## Other websites

- Official website
- DDP's WWE Alumni page

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **child**: yes
- **names**: **Diamond Dallas Page (DDP)**
- **height**: 6 ft 5 in
- **weight**: 248 lb}
- **billed**: The Jersey Shore
- **trainer**: Jake Roberts
WCW Power Plant
- **debut**: 1988
- **retired**: January 15, 2020


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Diamond Dallas Page
- **image**: DDP Headshot 1 Landscape.jpg
- **caption**: Page in 2016
- **birth name**: Page Joseph Falkinburg Jr.
- **birth place**: Point Pleasant, New Jersey, U.S.
- **children**: 2
- **years active**: 1988–1991 (wrestling manager)
1989–2020 (wrestler)
1999–present (actor)
2012–present (fitness instructor)
Sunapee, New Hampshire

**Sunapee** is a town in the U.S. state of New Hampshire.
Scarborough, Maine

**Scarborough** is a town in Maine. It has a harness racing event called the Scarborough Downs. Scarborough High School is here.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Scarborough, Maine
- **settlement type**: New England town, Town
- **image map**: Cumberland County Maine incorporated and unincorporated areas Scarborough highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location in Cumberland County, Maine, Cumberland County and the state of Maine.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Maine
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Maine, County
- **subdivision name2**: Cumberland County, Maine, Cumberland
- **parts type**: Villages
- **parts**: Blue Point
Dunstan, Maine, Dunstan
Eight Corners
Grand Beach
Higgins Beach, Higgins Beach
North Scarborough
Oak Hill, Maine, Oak Hill
Pine Point
Pleasant Hill
Prouts Neck, Prouts Neck
Scarborough
- **government type**: Council-Manager
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1635
- **established title1**: Incorporated
- **established date1**: July 14, 1658
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 182.93
- **area land km2**: 123.31
- **area water km2**: 59.62
- **area total sq mi**: 70.63
- **area land sq mi**: 47.61
- **area water sq mi**: 23.02
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 22135
- **population density km2**: 179.5
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 5
- **elevation ft**: 16
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 04070, 04074
- **area code**: Area code 207, 207
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 23-66145
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0582714
Luna (given name)

**Luna**, is a given name meaning "moon".It is a feminine name that is associated with the night sky, the moon, and the stars. Luna is a name that is often associated with mystery, beauty, and femininity. It is a name that is often associated with the goddess of the moon, Selene. This name was ranked #11 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People named _Luna_

- Luna Celeste (born 1963), American voice actress
- Luna Leopold (1915-2006), American scientist
- Luna Vachon (1962–2010), Canadian professional wrestler
- Luna Shamsuddoha, Bangladeshi Women entrepreneur

### Fictional

- Luna Lovegood, in the _Harry Potter_ series
- Luna Inverse, oldest sister of Lina Inverse of the series _Slayers_
- Luna Moody, a minor character in _One Life to Live_
- Luna Platz, a character in _Mega Man Star Force_
- Mrs Luna, in the Henry James book _The Bostonians_
- Princess Luna, a character in _My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic_
- Luna Loud, a character in _The Loud House_
- Luna the Moon, a character in _Let's Go Luna!_
- Luna, a character in _Earth to Luna!_
Susan Boyle

**Susan Magdalane Boyle** (born 1 April 1961) is a Scottish singer who became famous through the television contest _Britain's Got Talent_. She was the runner-up of its third season.

Her version of "I Dreamed a Dream" from _Les Misérables_ has many video views on YouTube. She appeared on America's Got Talent. Boyle's first album _I Dreamed a Dream_ was released on 23 November 2009. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. It sold more copies than any other album in the UK in 2009.

She has had two no. 1 albums in the United States.

## Personal life

Boyle was born at Bangour General Hospital in Blackburn, West Lothian, She is youngest daughter of Patrick Boyle and his wife, She have four brothers and five sisters by her family.

She has lived in the same council house in Blackburn, West Lothian, Scotland all her life. She has a cat named Pebbles. Boyle's autobiography, _The Woman I Was Born to Be: My Story_, was published in 2010. She was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome in 2012. She is a Roman Catholic.
Beat It

**"Beat It"** is a song by American singer Michael Jackson. It was produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones. It is on his sixth album, _Thriller_ (1982). It was released as the album's third single on February 14, 1983. There is also a music video for the song. The song has a guitar solo by Eddie Van Halen. He chose to make the guitar solo without getting paid. It got the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance in 1984.

"Beat It" was number one on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 for three weeks. _Billboard_ said it was one of the top five songs of 1983. The song is certified platinum by the RIAA. Over 11 million copies of the song have been sold. It is one of the best-selling singles ever made. "Beat It" was number one on music charts in many countries, such as Spain, Canada, New Zealand, and the Netherlands.

The song also has a music video. It shows Jackson stopping two gangs from fighting each other, and then dancing with them. The video was very popular. It helped make Jackson a pop icon. Many people say the song and video were important for pop culture.

"Weird Al" Yankovic made a parody of the song called "Eat It". Fall Out Boy covered the song with John Mayer on their 2008 album _Folie à Deux_.

## Production

Jackson made a demo version of the song at his house. Other people that made music helped him make it. The drum sounds for the song were made on a drum machine. The bass guitar sounds for the song were made using a bass guitar and a keyboard. This style of making bass guitar sounds was used in the main song. Jermaine Jackson has said the song was inspired by things that happened when the Jackson family lived in Gary, Indiana.

### Guitar solo

Jackson and Jones asked Eddie Van Halen, the main guitar player for Van Halen, to make a guitar solo for the song. Van Halen recorded the guitar solo for free. He said that he did it "as a favor". The rest of the band thought he should have asked for money, but he did not want to. Van Halen recorded the guitar solo after Jones and Jackson came to his house. Two versions of the guitar solo were made. In 2015, Van Halen said he also changed the song so that his solo was in the key of E.

When Van Halen was recording the solo, a loudspeaker started burning. Because of this, one of the people recording the music said "This must be really good!" Van Halen later said that working with Jackson was one of the best moments in his career.

## Track listing

"Beat It" was released as a single. It was released on 7-inch and 12-inch vinyl records.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Beat It
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Michael Jackson
- **album**: Thriller (Michael Jackson album), Thriller
- **released**: February 14, 1983
- **recorded**: 1982
- **studio**: Westlake Recording Studios, Westlake (Los Angeles, California)
- **length**: 4:18
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic
- **writer**: Michael Jackson
- **chronology**: Michael Jackson
- **prev title**: Billie Jean
- **prev year**: 1983
- **next title**: Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'
- **next year**: 1983
Seiko

**Seiko Holdings Corporation**, Better known as **Seiko** is a Japanese company that makes watches, clocks and electrical components. Seiko is one of the three main companies of the "Seiko Group" which are the Seiko Holdings Corporation (Seiko), Seiko Instruments Inc. (SII) and the Seiko Epson Corporation (Epson).
Gambit (Marvel Comics)

**Gambit** (**Remy Étienne LeBeau**) is a fictional character who appears in comic books published by Marvel Comics, commonly in the _X-Men_ series. His mutant power is the ability to control, change and create kinetic energy (moving energy) which means he can make things move at his command. Many scenes in _X-Men Origins: Wolverine_ can demonstrate this.

## In other media

Gambit made his live-action debut in the 2009 movie _X-Men Origins: Wolverine_, portrayed by Taylor Kitsch. Channing Tatum was attached to star in a solo Gambit movie, which remained in development hell for five years and was cancelled upon the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney. Tatum ultimately portrayed the character in the 2024 Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movie _Deadpool & Wolverine_.
Coblentz (lunar crater)

**Coblentz** is a small crater on the far side of the Moon, to the south of the much larger Bolyai crater.

The crater has a circular edge, but it has been worn away by asteroid hits. This is most noticeable at the southern end where a gap exists in the rim. The interior floor has very few features except for several tiny craterlets.

A ridge arcs from the northwest rim of Coblentz to join the southern rim of Bolyai. There are several patches of dark (low albedo) material just to the south and southwest of Coblentz.
Max Rockatansky

**"Mad" Max Rockatansky** is a fictional character appearing in the _Mad Max_ movies. He is played by Mel Gibson and by Tom Hardy.
Tony Montana

**Tony Montana** is a fictional character in the movie Scarface who is played by actor Al Pacino. Montana is a Cuban immigrant to the United States. He has antisocial and narcissistic personality disorders and is a drug lord who ruthlessly uses violence to gain wealth. He creates many enemies and they come after him at his mansion, eventually shooting him in the back and killing him.
Scarface: The World Is Yours

***Scarface: The World Is Yours*** is a video game based on the events from the movie _Scarface_. It was released for the PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, in 2006, and the Wii in 2007, The game was also planned to be released on the Xbox 360 but it was cancelled. You play as the title character, Tony Montana like in the film, it was developed by Radical Entertainment and published by Vivendi Games.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Scarface: The World Is Yours
- **developer**: Radical Entertainment
- **publisher**: Vivendi Games
- **designer**: Pete Low
- **programmer**: Tom Legal
- **artist**: Michel Bowes
- **writer**: David McKenna (writer), David McKenna
- **composer**: Marc Baril
- **released**: **Microsoft Windows**, **PlayStation 2** & **Xbox****Wii**
- **genre**: Action-adventure game, Action-adventure
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
Diomede Islands

The **Diomede Islands** are two islands in the Bering Strait, about halfway between mainland Alaska and Siberia. They are also called **Gvozdev Islands** in Russian. There are two islands, called _Big Diomede_ and _Little Diomede_ respectively.

Little Diomede is also known as **Krusenstern Island**, but there are also other places with this name. The Eskimos who live there call it _Ignaluk_.

The other island, Big Diomede, is also known as ***Imaqliq**, **Inaliq**, **Nunarbuk*** or **Ratmanov Island**.

Big Diomede belongs to Siberia, Little Diomede is part of Alaska.

The Chukchi Sea is to the north and the Bering Sea to the south of the islands.  to the southeast is Fairway Rock, an islet that is usually not considered part of the Diomede Islands.

The islands are separated by an international border and the International Date Line, which is approximately  from each island. At the closest distance between Little Diomede and Big Diomede, the two islands are only about  apart.

People who live on Little Diomede Island do so in a small village called Diomede, on the west side of the island.

There are plans to build a connection between Siberia and Alaska, either as a bridge or a tunnel (Bering Strait bridge spanning the Bering Strait). In that case, the Diomede Islands would be a halfway point, as they are about the middle of the Bering Strait.

They are sometimes called Tomorrow Island (Big Diomede) and Yesterday Isle (Little Diomede) because the big island is 21 hours ahead of the small one (except when changing daylight saving time, done on different dates).

The people who lived on Big Diomede Island were moved to mainland Russia by the Soviet government. A small Russian military base is currently on the island. Little Diomede has an Inupiat population of 170, mostly in the City of Diomede. This village there has a school, and a local store. Some Eskimos there are famous for their ivory carving. Mail is delivered by helicopter, weather permitting.
Krusenstern Island

**Krusenstern Island** (and similar names) is a place name honoring the Baltic German explorer Adam Johann von Krusenstern (1770 – 1846). It was and sometimes still is used for a number of places in the Pacific Ocean:
- Ailuk in the Marshall Islands
- Little Diomede (_Ignaluk_) in the Diomede Islands
- Tikehau in the Tuamotus
- "Krusenstern Reef" was a phantom reef at ; it was deleted from maps after 1923
- "Krusenstern Islands" or "Krusenstern Reef" also was applied to islands in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

## References

- (1951): Birds collected during the Whitney South Sea Expedition 59: The populations of the Wedge-tailed Shearwater (_Puffinus pacificus_). _American Museum Novitates_ **1512**: 1-21. PDF fulltext
Clay animation

**Clay animation** is one of many ways to make a stop motion animation. Each animated piece, either character or background, can be formed and reformed into different shapes. People making a clay animation usually use soft materials, like Plasticine clay.

Most animation is made the same way, whether it is cel animation or stop motion. Each frame, or still picture, is recorded on film or digital media and then played back quickly. When played back at a frame rate of more than 10–12 frames per second, the human mind sees the series of slightly changing, rapidly playing images as movement. To us it seems as if the object is moving by itself. This way of tricking the mind into seeing "movement" is the way that all moving images work, from zoetrope to movies to video-games. The way CGI animations are made is different from the frame by frame method.

## How it is done

In clay animation, each object is made in clay, usually around a wire skeleton called an armature. The object is put on the set (background) and a still picture (one frame of film) is taken. The object or character is then moved slightly by hand. Another picture is taken, and the object is moved slightly again. This is repeated over and over. To get the best results, special care is taken to make sure that each frame is the same as the one before. For example, the lighting has to be the same and the object has to be put back in exactly the right place. The only thing that should be different is the slight change the animator makes to the object.

Making a stop-motion animation using clay is hard work. Normal movies use 24 frames per second (frame/s). Animation usually uses "doubles" or "twos"; that is using two frames for each shot. This means that 12 changes are made for one second of movie. For a 30-minute movie, there would be about 21,600 stops to change the objects for the next frame. For a full-length (90-minute) movie, there would be about 64,800 stops. IF some of the parts were done with only a single, not double frame, there would be even more stops. Great care must be taken to make sure that the object is not moved by accident. For full-length movies, animators now use rubber silicone and resin-cast objects. One foam-rubber method has been called _Foamation_ by Will Vinton.

## Examples of clay animation

Some famous clay animation movies have been made. Examples include:
- Gumby
- Wallace and Gromit
- Robot Chicken
- Bob the Builder
- Clay Studio of Sviridov Max

## Claymation

The word "**Claymation**" is a registered trademark in the United States. It was registered by Will Vinton in 1978 to describe his clay animation films. The word is often used incorrectly to describe any clay animation movie.
Juninho (footballer, born 1977)

**Carlos Alberto Carvalho dos Anjos Junior "Juninho"** (born September 15, 1977) is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

In 2008, he said his intention to stay in Japan for the rest of his life and become a naturalized Japanese citizen.  However, he gave up on obtaining Japanese nationality since he found it difficult due to a lack of Japanese language ability.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Continental|colspan=2|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2003|Kawasaki Frontale|J2 League|39|28|0|0|-|-|39|28||
|2004|39|37|2|2|-|-|41|39||||
|2005|J1 League|31|16|1|2|6|4|-|38|22||
|2006|29|20|2|2|10|6|-|41|28|||
|2007|31|22|4|2|5|4|7|3|47|31||
|2008|32|12|2|0|6|4|-|40|16|||
|2009|33|17|1|1|5|3|9|4|48|24||
|2010|19|14|2|1|4|1|0|0|25|16||
|2011|32|9|1|0|3|1|-|36|10|||
|2012|Kashima Antlers|27|3|4|2|8|2|1|0|40|7|
|2013|30|3|1|0|5|1|1|0|37|4||

### Individual

- J2 League Top Scorer: 2004
- J1 League Top Scorer: 2007
- J. League Best Eleven: 2007

### Team

- J1 League Runners-up: 2006, 2008, 2009
- J.League Cup Runners-up: 2007, 2009

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Juninho
- **image**: Juninho Kawasaki Frontale.jpg
- **fullname**: Carlos Alberto Carvalho dos Anjos Junior
- **birth place**: Salvador, Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- **currentclub**: Sociedade Desportiva Juazeirense, Juazeirense
- **position**: Striker (association football), Striker
- **years1**: 1996–1998
- **years2**: 1999
- **years3**: 2000
- **years4**: 2000–2002
- **years5**: 2003–2011
- **years6**: 2012–2013
- **years7**: 2015–2017
- **clubs1**: Esporte Clube Bahia, Bahia
- **clubs2**: Vila Nova Futebol Clube, Vila Nova
- **clubs3**: União São João Esporte Clube, União São João
- **clubs4**: Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, Palmeiras
- **clubs5**: Kawasaki Frontale
- **clubs6**: Kashima Antlers
- **clubs7**: Sociedade Desportiva Juazeirense, Juazeirense
- **caps4**: 55
- **goals4**: 6
- **caps5**: 285
- **goals5**: 175
- **caps6**: 57
- **goals6**: 6
- **caps7**: 26
- **goals7**: 5
- **nationalyears1**: 1996
- **nationalteam1**: Brazil national under-20 football team, Brazil U-20
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: ?
- **pcupdate**: 12 March 2017
Space Race

The **Space Race** was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War enemies, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), to achieve better spaceflight capability than the other. It had its origins in the intercontinental ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War II. Both governments saw having better spaceflight technology as necessary for national security. The Space Race enabled the first launches of artificial satellites, uncrewed space probes to the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and ultimately to the Moon.

The competition started on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intention to launch artificial satellites during the "International Geophysical Year" (July 1, 1957 to December 31, 1958), by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union achieved the first successful artificial satellite launch on October 4, 1957 of Sputnik 1, and sent the first human to space with the orbital flight of Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. The USSR demonstrated an early lead in the race with these and other early firsts over the next few years, including flight durations measured in days instead of hours, the first multi-person crewed spaceflight, and the first spacewalk. In 1966 the Soviet Venera became the first probe to land on Venus.

But the USSR lost its early lead after US president John F. Kennedy raised the stakes by setting a goal of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth". American spaceflight capability overtook the Soviets with flights lasting up to two weeks long; two craft meeting in space (rendezvous) and joining (docking); astronauts working outside spacecraft; and using high-energy liquid hydrogen as rocket fuel in the Saturn family of rockets.  Kennedy's Moon landing goal was achieved in July 1969, with the flight of Apollo 11, which sent and returned three men and landed two of them, the only achievement far outweighing any combination of Soviet achievements. The USSR pursued two crewed lunar programs, but failed to develop a launch vehicle powerful enough to land one human on the Moon before the US, and eventually canceled them to focus on Earth orbital space stations, while the US landed five more Apollo crews on the Moon.

A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew and joint development of an international docking standard APAS-75. Apollo–Soyuz began a period of transition from the Space Race to an age of US / Russian space cooperation by December 1991, when the dissolution of the Soviet Union brought the end of the Cold War and enabled the Shuttle-Mir and International Space Station programs between the US and the newly founded Russian Federation.

## Other websites

- The Space Race
- Space Race -Citizendium
Oligotroph

An **oligotroph** is an organism that can survive with relatively few nutrients. Because there are few nutrients, such organisms grow slower. Their metabolism usually runs at a slower rate. The population density is generally low.

Environments where oligotrophs can be found include the deep oceans.
Supersaturation

**Supersaturation** in chemical solutions is when a solution contains more of a solute than can be dissolved in it. This usually makes some of the solute separate itself from the solution.

## Examples

- Rain happens in a supersaturated solution of water in air.
- Carbonated water is a supersaturated solution of carbon dioxide gas in water.  It is stored at very high pressure in a bottle.  This lets the water dissolve more carbon dioxide gas than it can at normal pressure.  When the bottle is opened, the pressure falls to the normal atmospheric pressure, and the carbon dioxide gas escapes slowly.  Certain things such as small bubbles in the bottle can make this process faster.  Such bubbles can be caused by shaking the bottle.  Another solute such as sugar powder or a widget can also trigger precipitation.

- A Diet Coke and Mentos eruption is an extreme example. Some drinks such as ales and stouts rely on this effect to produce the 'head' on the surface of the poured product.
Dyspnea

**Dyspnea** or **dyspnoea** (said _disp-nee-ah_) is shortness of breath. Some research says that about 27% of people suffer it.

## Causes

There are many different causes of dyspnea. Some types and their causes are listed below. There may be duplicates in this list.

### Pulmonary disorders

- **Obstructive lung diseases**
    - Asthma
    - Bronchitis
    - Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease  (COPD)
    - Cystic fibrosis (CF)
    - Emphysema
    - Laryngeal edema due to allergies
    - Hookworm disease
- **Restrictive lung diseases/conditions**
    - Sarcoidosis
    - Pulmonary fibrosis
    - Pneumonias
    - Pneumoconiosis (work/industrial/environment disease)
    - Pleural effusion
    - Connective tissue disease
    - Neuromuscular problems
    - Kyphoscoliosis (a thoracic cage deformity)
- **Diseases of lung parenchyma and pleura**
    - Contagious
        - Anthrax through inhalation of _Bacillus anthracis_
        - Pneumonia
    - Non-contagious
        - Fibrosing alveolitis
        - Atelectasis
        - Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
        - Interstitial lung disease
        - Lung cancer
        - Pleural effusion
        - Pneumoconiosis
        - Pneumothorax
        - Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema or acute respiratory distress syndrome
        - Sarcoidosis
- **Pulmonary vascular diseases**
    - Acute or recurrent pulmonary emboli
    - Pulmonary hypertension, primary or secondary
    - Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease
    - Superior vena cava syndrome

### Other causes of diminished breathing

- **Obstruction of the airway**
    - Cancer of the larynx or pharynx
    - Empty nose syndrome
    - Pulmonary aspiration
    - Epiglottitis
    - Vocal cord dysfunction
- **Immobilization of the diaphragm**
    - Lesion of the phrenic nerve
    - Polycystic liver disease
    - Tumor in the diaphragm
    - Drugs, including those which relax muscles (including the diaphragm)
- **Restriction of the chest volume**
    - Ankylosing spondylitis
    - Broken ribs
    - Kyphosis of the spine
    - Obesity
    - Pregnancy
    - Pectus excavatum
    - Scoliosis
- **Disorders of the cardiovascular system**
    - Aortic dissection
    - Cardiomyopathy
    - Congenital heart disease
    - CREST syndrome
    - Heart failure
    - Ischaemic heart disease
    - Malignant hypertension
    - Pericardium disorders, including:
        - Cardiac tamponade
        - Constrictive pericarditis
        - Pericardial effusion
    - Pulmonary edema
    - Pulmonary embolism
    - Valvular heart disease
- **Disorders of the blood and metabolism**
    - Anemia
    - Hypothyroidism
    - Adrenal insufficiency
    - Metabolic acidosis
    - Sepsis
    - Leukemia
- **Disorders affecting breathing nerves and muscles**
    - Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    - Guillain-Barré syndrome
    - Multiple sclerosis
    - Myasthenia gravis
    - Parsonage Turner syndrome
    - Eaton-Lambert syndrome
    - Chronic fatigue syndrome
- **Psychological conditions**
    - Anxiety disorders and panic attacks
- **Medications**
    - Opioids, such as Fentanyl
- **Other**
    - Carbon monoxide poisoning

## Other websites

- Shortness Of Breath (Dyspnea)
- StatPearls