juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Louise de Coligny

**Louise de Coligny** (Châtillon-sur-Loing, 23 September 1555 – Fontainebleau, 9 November 1620) was the fourth wife of Prince William the Silent. She was the daughter of an important French Protestant leader, Gaspard de Coligny.

## Marriage

She married Charles de Téligny when she was 16 years old in 1571. He was a Protestant diplomat who was also friendly with the French king Charles IX. Both her father and her husband were killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572.

In 1583 she (27) married William the Silent in Antwerp. She became the Princess of Orange. Their son Frederik Hendrik was born on 29 January 1584. On the 10th of July that year, William was shot by catholic Balthasar Gerards and died.

## Later years

She stayed in the Netherlands with her 6 stepdaughters. In 1619, she asked her stepson Maurits to stop the execution of high-placed Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, but he did not listen. She then left Holland and went to France where she (65) died in 1620. On 24 May 1621, she was buried in the crypt of the House of Orange-Nassau in the New Church in Delft.
Tarafa Baghajati

**Tarafa Baghajati** (, (born September 1st 1961) in Damascus, Syria) is a human right activist and writer, he is also the chairman of the Austrian Muslim Initiative (AMI).
He lives in Vienna, Austria since 1986.

## Life

Tarafa Baghajati was born in Damascus, to parents Adnan Baghajati,an author and former Syrian Education minister, and Amal Homsi, an economic journalist.

In 1984 the Syrian regime detained Baghajati for more than 8 months, he spent three of them in Tadmor Prison due to his political views.

Since he moved to Austria in 1986, Baghajati is active on the topics of immigration, anti-racism, human right and political issues which also involve the Middle East especially his home country Syria, he is also very active on the topics of Islam and _Muslim in Austria and Europe_, and opposition what is known as Islamophobia, and the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), in Africa and Europe.

In 1999, he found the initiative of Muslim Austrians ( IMOE ) with his wife Carla Amina Baghajati , Omar Al-Rawi, Mouddar Khouja and Andrea Saleh, who are members of the Islamic Religion Community in Austria .

Baghajati is a former board member . (2001 - 2007, 2004-2007 Vice- President ) and member of the Honorary Advisory Board of European Network Against Racism (ENAR)
He is also a board member of the Platform for Intercultural Europe (PIE).

In March 2009, Rüdiger Nehberg and Tarafa Baghajati met Sheikh Prof.Dr Yusuf al-Qaradawi in Qatar, one of the most best known Islamic contemporary authority scholar. They obtained a fatwa issued by the recognized legal scholars, stating the genital mutilation of girls is referred to and forbidden as "devil's work" because it is directed against the ethics of Islam. Speaking at the Hamburg Museum of Ethnology, 6 February 2011 Baghajati ventured to predict to celebrate the end of this practice as early as 2020.

in February 2011,Rüdiger Nehberg and Tarafa Baghajati met this time Sheikh Prof.Dr Mohamed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti and obtained a similar fatwa against female genital mutilation.

Baghajati is one of the finders and a board member of European Muslim Initiative for Social Cohesion (EMISCO).

## Education

Baghajati graduated as civil engineer from Polytechnic University of Timișoara in 1986

## Awards

Initiative of Muslim Austrians (IMOE) won democracy award by Margaretha Lupac Stiftung in 2008.

## Personal life

He is married to Carla Amina Baghajati since 1990,has four children.
Micronation

**Micronations** are countries started by one or a group of people which are not seen as actual countries by the United Nations. Some of these countries are mostly on the internet or exist in a physical location but are not serious states with legitimate reason to exist. Some are taken seriously and even exist for legitimate reasons but are not recognized as independent countries for various political and diplomatic reasons. It is important to note that micronations are different from partially-recognised countries and separatist territories, which often have full autonomy over their territories.

People make micronations for lots of reasons. Some are to show they do not like their main country (for example the United Kingdom), or if they want to make money, or to use it as a place for themselves. Some want a different kind of government than their country currently has, such as a micronationalist declaring independence from USA to build a tiny communist or socialist state. Micronations create their own rules, but because they are not recognised as actual countries, they have to keep within the laws of their home country.

Some of the more famous micronations include the Republic of Molossia, the Islamic Sultanate of Qarsherskiy, Sealand, the Aerican Empire, Eternia and Khilafat e Isakhelistan.

## List

Here is a list of some Micronations;

|Name|Flag|Made on|Description|Website|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Verdis||10 May 2019|Made by British-Australian activist Daniel Jackson along Pocket-3 of the Croatia-Serbia border dispute.|Website|
|Conch Republic||23 April 1982|Made by people from the city of Key West because they did not like the USA stopping them from getting stuff from other places.|Website|
|Lovely||1 January 2005|Made for a TV special about creating micronations by Danny Wallace.|Website|
|Sealand||2 September 1967|Made by Paddy Roy Bates on an old RAF fort named Roughs Tower.|Website|
|Molossia||3 September 1999|An old nation run by Kevin Baugh. It was made in 1977.|Website|
|Talossa||26 December 1979|One of oldest still existing micro nations, has its own language.|http://talossa.net(http://talossa.net)|

## Competitions

Some micronations play in competitions.

### Football

The biggest football organisation for micronations is known as the **MFA** _(Micronational Football Association)_, founded by Joe Foxon in 2009. It has 13 micronations from 7 countries as members. It makes a competition every 4 years called the MFA World Cup for all the micronations in the world to play in. The first World Cup will be in Southern England in 2013.

### Chess

Every year there is a chess competition for micronations to play in. It is played on the computer and in the first year, 3 micronations took part.

### Singing

Every year there is a singing competition called the **MicroVision Song Contest**. Micronations make a song and put it on the internet, and then other micronations vote for the best song. The winner then makes the next one.

## Other websites

- Wiki of Micronations
Ilene Woods

**Jacqueline Ruth "Ilene" Woods** (May 5, 1929 – July 1, 2010) was an American singer and actress who voiced Cinderella in the 1950 Disney movie.

## Early life

Woods was born on May 5, 1929 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. As a child Woods was led into singing by her mother. By the age of 11, Woods had her own radio show.

## Career

In 1948, at the age of 18, Woods recorded several songs for friends Mack David and Jerry Livingston. The songs ("Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo", "So This is Love", and "A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes") were then played for Walt Disney. He chose Woods out of 300 other girls to play the part of Cinderella for the Disney movie _Cinderella_. Recording the part took about 2 years, working off and on.

## Later years

Woods was first married to Stephen Steck Jr. They had one child, a daughter named Stephanie. After a divorce, in 1963 she married Ed Shaughnessy. They had two sons, James and Daniel.  In 2003 she was recognized as a Disney Legend for her work in _Cinderella_.

## Death

Woods died on July 1, 2010 from causes related to Alzheimer's disease in Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California. She was 81.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Ilene Woods.png
- **birth name**: Jacqueline Ruth Woods
- **birth place**: Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Portsmouth, New Hampshire
- **death place**: Canoga Park, Los Angeles, Canoga Park, Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California
- **death cause**: Alzheimer's disease
- **occupation**: Actress, singer
- **yearsactive**: 1944–2004
- **spouse**: Ed Shaughnessy (1963–2010; her death)
- **awards**: Disney Legends, Disney Legend (2003)
Zygophyllaceae

The **Zygophyllaceae** is a family of flowering plants that contains the bean-caper and caltrop. It includes around 285 species in 22 genera.

In the APG III system of classification, the families Zygophyllaceae and Krameriaceae compose the order Zygophyllales.
Hendrik Lorentz

**Hendrik Antoon Lorentz** (18 July 1853 – 4 February 1928) was a Dutch physicist. In 1902, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics together with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations that were later used by Albert Einstein to describe space and time.

### Early life

Hendrik Lorentz was born in Arnhem, Gelderland (The Netherlands), the son of Gerrit Frederik Lorentz (1822–1893). In 1862, after his mother's death, his father married Luberta Hupkes.

#### Lorentz and special relativity

In 1905, Einstein would use many of the concepts to write his paper entitled "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", known today as the theory of special relativity. Because Lorentz laid the fundamentals for the work by Einstein, this theory was originally called the _Lorentz-Einstein theory_.

#### Lorentz and general relativity

Lorentz was one of few scientists who supported Einstein's search for general relativity from the beginning – he wrote several research papers and discussed with Einstein personally and by letter. For instance, he attempted to combine Einstein's formalism with Hamilton's principle (1915).

### Death

In January 1928, Lorentz became seriously ill, and died shortly after on February 4.

## Related pages

- Lorentz force

## Other websites

- in the Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Science, Amsterdam

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
- **image**: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth place**: Arnhem, Netherlands
- **death place**: Haarlem, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Netherlands
- **field**: Physics
- **alma mater**: University of Leiden
- **doctoral advisor**: Pieter Rijke
- **doctoral students**: Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz, Geertruida L. de Haas-Lorentz
Adriaan Fokker
Leonard Ornstein
Hendrika Johanna van Leeuwen
- **known for**: Lorentz transformation
EM radiation, Theory of EM radiation
Lorentz force
Lorentz contraction
Galileo (spacecraft)

**Galileo** was an unmanned NASA spacecraft. It explored the planet Jupiter and its moons. Galileo was launched in 1989 and it arrived at Jupiter in 1995.

Galileo was made up of two parts: an orbiter and a probe. The probe was released from the orbiter on July 13, 1995 and it went towards Jupiter. It reached Jupiter on December 7, 1995 and went down into the atmosphere. The probe gathered data for 57 minutes until the great atmospheric heat and pressure destroyed it.

The orbiter went into orbit around the planet on December 8, 1995 and went down into Jupiter's atmosphere and was crushed on September 21, 2003. This was done intentionally to prevent potential contamination of Europa.

## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: orbiter
- **object**: Jupiter
- **component**: Orbiter
- **arrival date**: December 8, 1995, 01:16 UTC SCET


## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: atmospheric
- **object**: Jupiter
- **component**: Galileo Probe, Probe
- **arrival date**: December 7, 1995, 22:04 UTC SCET
- **location**:
 <small>at entry interface</small>


## Infobox (spaceflight/instruments)

- **acronym1**: SSI
- **name1**: Solid-State Imager
- **acronym2**: NIMS
- **name2**: Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer
- **acronym3**: UVS
- **name3**: Ultraviolet Spectrometer
- **acronym4**: PPR
- **name4**: Photopolarimeter-Radiometer
- **acronym5**: DDS
- **name5**: Dust Detector Subsystem
- **acronym6**: EPD
- **name6**: Energetic Particles Detector
- **acronym7**: HIC
- **name7**: Heavy Ion Counter
- **acronym8**: MAG
- **name8**: Magnetometer
- **acronym9**: PLS
- **name9**: Plasma Subsystem
- **acronym10**: PWS
- **name10**: Plasma Wave Subsystem


## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **auto**: all
- **name**: _Galileo_
- **names list**: Jupiter Orbiter Probe
- **image**: Artwork Galileo-Io-Jupiter.JPG
- **image caption**: Artist's drawing of _Galileo_ at Io with Jupiter in the background; the high-gain antenna is fully deployed
- **image size**: 300px
- **mission type**: Jupiter orbiter
- **operator**: NASA
- **cospar id**: 1989-084B
- **satcat**: 20298
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**:
 STS-34Inertial Upper Stage, IUS
- **launch site**: Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, LC-39B
- **entered service**: December 8, 1995, 01:16 UTC Spacecraft Event Time, SCET
- **disposal type**: Controlled entry into Jupiter
- **decay date**: GMT SCET;
 GMT ERT
- **programme**: NASA Flagship Program
- **previous mission**: Voyager program, _Voyager_ program
- **next mission**: _Cassini–Huygens_
- **insignia**: Galileo mission patch.png
- **insignia size**: 140px
Henderson's Boys

***Henderson's Boys*** is a series of young adult spy books. It was written by English author Robert Muchamore. The series follows Charles Henderson, the creator of a fictional espionage organisation CHERUB and is set in the 1940s, during World War II. Henderson goes on various adventures, helped by children. Henderson's Boys is a spin-off of the popular _CHERUB_ series, which is about the same organisation in modern times. There are seven books in the series. These are _The Escape_, _Eagle Day_, _Secret Army_, _Grey Wolves_, _The Prisoner_, _One Shot Kill_ and _Scorched Earth_.

## Infobox (novel series)

- **name**: Henderson's Boys
- **image caption**: Henderson's Boys logo
- **author**: Robert Muchamore
- **country**: Great Britain
- **language**: English
- **books**: 1. The Escape
2. Eagle Day
3. Secret Army
4. Grey Wolves
5. The Prisoner
6. One Shot Kill
7. Scorched Earth
- **genre**: Spy fiction
- **publisher**: Hodder Children's Books
- **media type**: Print (Paperback)
MOX fuel

**Mixed-oxide fuel** (or **MOX fuel**) is nuclear fuel that contains an oxide of more than one element. Most nuclear fuel that is not of the MOX type only contains uranium dioxide. In most cases, the additional oxide will be plutonium dioxide, sometimes thorium dioxide. Any reactor that uses uranium-based fuel will produce plutonium dioxide. Mox fuel consists of about 93% uranium, and about 7% of thorium or plutonium dioxide.

One of the benefits of using MOX-type fuel is that the plutonium dioxide that is produced, can be re-used for energy generation. Certain types of nuclear power plants need plutonium to work properly.
The Bush (Alaska)

**The Bush** is a term for the portions of Alaska that are not connected to North America's road network.  Most of Alaska's native populations live in the Bush. They live off the land as their ancestors did.

Places in the Bush include Bethel, Dillingham, King Salmon, Nome, Barrow, Katmai National Park, Kodiak Island, Kotzebue, and Unalaska-Dutch Harbor.

Most parts of Alaska that are off the road system can only be reached by small airplane. Travel from place to place is usually by  snowmobile or snow machine, boat, or sometimes dog sled.
Arctic Alaska

**Arctic Alaska**, or **Far North Alaska** is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the northern area between the Arctic Circle and the Arctic Ocean.

Some of the places in Arctic Alaska are the _North Slope Borough, the Northwest Arctic Borough, and the Nome Census Area_. Some towns there are Prudhoe Bay, Barrow, Kotzebue, and Nome.

Most of these places have no highways and can only be reached by aircraft or snowmobile, or by boat if they are on the coast or near a river when they are not frozen. Long ago there were only Inuits living here, who make up the majority of the population. They mostly ate salmon, which there are lots of there, and also whales and other marine mammals. More people came to Arctic Alaska when gold was discovered there. Still more people and industry came when petroleum was discovered in the area. Above the Arctic Circle, the sun rises in May and sets in August.

Arctic Alaska is mostly tundra covering mountain ranges and coastal plains. Some of the animals there are bears, wolves, sheep, reindeer, and lots of birds.

## Other websites

- Regions of Alaska, including description of Far North Alaska
Andrew Fire

**Andrew Zachary Fire** (born April 27, 1959 in Palo Alto, California) is an American biologist. He is a professor of pathology and genetics at Stanford University School of Medicine. Fire was given the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of RNA interference. The research was conducted at Carnegie Institution for Science and published in 1998.

## Education

Fire completed high school at age 15. He wanted to study at Stanford University, where he would later work, but was not accepted. He studied at the University of Californiaat Berkeley. Fire graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics at 19,  and earned a PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1983.

## Nobel prize

In 2006, Fire and Craig Mello shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for work first published in 1998 in the journal _Nature_. The paper reports that tiny snippets of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) effectively shut down specific genes, and so caused the destruction of messenger RNA (mRNA) with sequences matching the dsRNA. As a result, the mRNA cannot be translated into protein.

Fire and Mello found that dsRNA was much more effective in gene silencing than the previously described method of RNA interference with single-stranded RNA. Because only small numbers of dsRNA molecules were required for the observed effect, Fire and Mello proposed that a catalytic process was involved. This hypothesis was confirmed by later research.

The Nobel Prize citation, issued by Sweden's Karolinska Institute, said: "This year's Nobel Laureates have discovered a fundamental mechanism for controlling the flow of genetic information". The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) quoted Nick Hastie, director of the Medical Research Council's Human Genetics Unit, on the scope and implications of the research:

- "It is very unusual for a piece of work to completely revolutionise the whole way we think about biological processes and regulation, but this has opened up a whole new field in biology".
Stanley Cohen

**Stanley Cohen** (November 17, 1922 – February 5, 2020) was an American biochemist of Jewish descent. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1986. His research helped people understand how cancer starts and how to design anti-cancer drugs.

He was also, with Herbert Boyer, one of the first to do any kind of genetic engineering.

## Biography

Cohen majored in chemistry and biology at Brooklyn College. He received a bachelor's degree in 1943, and worked as a bacteriologist at a plant that processes milk. Later in 1945, he received an M.A. in zoology from Oberlin College. He also received a Ph.D. from the department of biochemistry at the University of Michigan in 1948.

In the 1950s, Cohen worked with Rita Levi-Montalcini at Washington University in St. Louis. He isolated the nerve growth factor and then discovered the epidermal growth factor. In 1959, he began teaching biochemistry at Vanderbilt University.

Cohen also received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in 1983 and the National Medal of Science in 1986.

Cohen died on February 5, 2020 in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 97.

## Other websites

- Autobiography at Nobel Prize website

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Stanley Cohen
- **image**: Stanley Cohen Nobel.webp
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Stanley Cohen (biochemist)
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **field**: Biochemistry
- **work institutions**: Washington University in St. Louis
- **alma mater**: University of Michigan
- **known for**: Nerve growth factor
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1986)
The Franklin Institute Awards, The Franklin Medal (1987)
Nephron

**Nephrons** are tiny tubules (miniature tubes) which are the smallest working part of the kidney. This is where the kidney removes waste, excess salt, and excess water.

Each nephron starts in the cortex of the kidney, then goes into the medulla of the kidney, before coming back to the cortex, then goes through the medulla into the pelvis of the kidney. In the pelvis, the nephrons join up with the ureter.

In humans, a normal kidney has between 800,000 and 1.5 million nephrons.

Each nephron consists of a cup-shaped structure at one end called Bowman's capsule. It extends into a long urinary tubule, that is surrounded by a network of renal capillaries. The urinary tubules of nephrons in each kidney join to form a common tube called the ureter.

Inside Bowman's capsule is a network of blood capillaries, the _glomerulus_. Bowman's capsule and glomerulus together form the Malphigian capsule or Malphigian body.

Liquid passes through the segments of the nephron in this order:
1. Bowman's capsule (including glomerulus)
1. Proximal convoluted tubule
1. Descending loop of Henle
1. Ascending loop of Henle
1. Distal convoluted tubule
1. Collecting duct

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Nephron
- **latin**: Nephroneum
- **image**: Kidney Nephron.png
- **caption**: Diagram (left) of a long _juxtamedullary nephron_ and (right) of a short _cortical nephron_. The left nephron is labelled with six named nephron segments. Also labelled is the collecting duct, mislabelled the "collection duct"; it is the last part of the nephron.
- **width**: 240
- **precursor**: Metanephric blastema (intermediate mesoderm)
- **system**: Urinary system
Parliament of Canada

The **Parliament of Canada ** () is the highest legislative branch of Canada, seated at Parliament Hill in the national capital, Ottawa.

## Parts

The parliament has three parts.
1. King Charles lll as Canadian monarch, represented by his governor general
1. The Senate, or "upper house" and
1. The House of Commons often called the "lower house"

## Members

The governor general summons and appoints each of the 105 members of the upper house on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada, while the 308 members of the lower house are directly elected by Canadian voters, with each Member of Parliament representing a single electoral district.
Rhynie chert

The **Rhynie chert** is a Lower Devonian sedimentary rock, part of the Old Red Sandstone. It has extraordinary fossils, and is a Lagerstätte.

The chert is exposed near the village of Rhynie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. A second unit, the **Windyfield chert**, is some 700 m away.

The Rhynie chert is exceptionally preserved material covered by an overlying volcanic deposit. Most of the fossil bed has primitive plants (which had water-conducting cells and sporangia, but no true leaves). There are also arthropods, lichens, algae and fungi.

### Date

This fossil bed is remarkable for two reasons. First, the age of the site, formed about 410 million years ago. This places it at an early stage in the colonisation of land. Second, the sheer quantity and variety of lifeforms throws a vivid light on the whole ecosystem near the hot springs.

### Quantity

Seven land plant taxa have been found in the Rhynie and Windyfield cherts:
- _Aglaophyton_
- _Asteroxylon_
- _Horneophyton_
- _Nothia_
- _Rhynia_
- _Trichopherophyton_
- _Ventarura_

Also, the cherts have crustacea, primitive insects and other arthropods, fungi, lichen, and cyanobacteria. Even mycorrhizas are found in the Rhynie chert.

### Quality

Second, these cherts are famous for their exceptional state of preservation. Individual cell walls are easy to see in polished specimens. Stomata have been counted and lignin remnants detected in the plant material. The "book lungs" of early spiders can be seen in cross-sections. Fungal hyphae can be seen entering plant material, acting as decomposers and mycorrhizal symbionts.

The oldest known insect (_Rhyniognatha hirsti_), which is rather like the modern springtails, was found in the Rhynie chert. This pushes dates for the origin of insects back to the Silurian period.

## History of research

The chert was discovered by William Mackie while mapping the western margin of the Rhynie basin in 1910–1913.

Since 1980, the chert has been examined by the Münster group, and from 1987 by Aberdeen University. They showed the chert was indeed produced by a hot spring setting.

## Conditions of formation

The chert was formed when silica-rich water from volcanic springs rose and rapidly petrified the early terrestrial ecosystem _in situ_. Organisms are petrified that way by hot springs today, although that quality of preservation has not been found in recent deposits. Hot springs, with temperatures between , were active; the water had probably cooled to under  before it reached the fossilised organisms. The deposits are interbedded with sands, shales and tuffs, which speaks of local volcanic activity. Deposition was very rapid.

The texture of the silica formed is like that found today in freshwater streams at Yellowstone National Park. They are typically alkaline (pH 8.7) and tepid .

Living vegetation covered around 55% of the land area, with litter covering 30% and the remaining 15% of the ground being bare.
Fuckin' Perfect

**Fuckin' Perfect** (also known as "Perfect") is a song by American singer-songwriter Pink. It was released as the second single from her album, _Greatest Hits... So Far!!!_ on December 14, 2010. The song was written by Pink with Max Martin and Shellback. They also produced the song.

The song is similar to Pink's previous single, "Raise Your Glass". This is because it tells people to accept each other for who they are.

The video has been debated, as it contains topics such as depression, self-harm, and suicide.

"Fuckin' Perfect" rose to number two in _Billboard_ Hot 100. In this way, it became Pink's eleventh top-ten song in the United States. The song became a top 10 hit in Australia, Canada, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. It went up to the top 40 in Belgium, Denmark, Hungary, Sweden, and Switzerland.
Adobe Acrobat

**Adobe Acrobat** is a family of software made by Adobe Systems. Software in the family can read and display Portable Document Format (PDF) files. Acrobat software can convert PDFs to other formats, PDF to Microsoft Word or Excel for example. It can also combine multiple file types into a single PDF file. Acrobat can serve as a standalone app on desktop and mobile, or in a browser.

## Infobox (software)

- **logo**: Adobe Acrobat DC logo 2020.svg
- **logo size**: 100px
- **developer**: Adobe
- **released**: June 15, 1993
- **operating system**: Windows, macOS, Android (operating system), Android, iOS
Intransitive verb

In English, an **intransitive verb** is an action that involves the object or person doing the action by itself. For example: "The door opened." (by itself) This contrasts with a transitive verb, where the action is done by someone or something else, i.e.: "The person opened the door."
Randolph Scott

**Randolph Scott** (January 23, 1898 – March 2, 1987) was an American actor.

## Career

Randolph Scott made his film debut in the silent film _Sharp Shooters_ (1928). And in 1929 has a small role in the western starring Gary Cooper _The Virginian_. Scott was one of the leading film actors in starring western, and one of the best interpreters of the genre. Its first western classics were _The Last of the Mohicans_ (1936) and _Western Union_ (1941) directed by Fritz Lang.

In 1943 he starred with Glenn Ford in the western _The Desperadoes_, directed by Charles Vidor.
Some of his classic 1940 was _Belle of the Yukon_ (1944), as Gentleman Jack, and  _Badman's Territory_ (1946), as Sheriff Mark Rowley.

Scott also co-starred with John Wayne in _Pittsburgh_ (1942), and with Charles Laughton in _Captain Kidd_ (1945), two films from the 1940s.

## 1950s

The 1950 was one of the best for Scott stars in dozens of western. Among his films are _7th Cavalry_ (1956), he plays the role of Capt. Tom Benson. a Capt accused of cowardice, _The Tall T_ (1957), as Pat Brennan, a cowboy who is kidnapped with a woman, the villain is Frank Usher, played by Richard Boone, and _Ride Lonesome_ (1959), with Pernell Roberts.

In _Comanche Station_ (1960), Scott is Jefferson Cody, A cowboy saves a woman who had been kidnapped by Indians Comanches, then struggles to get both of them home alive. This western was directed by Budd Boetticher, and written by Burt Kennedy. And his last western was _Ride the High Country_ (1962), with Joel McCrea. Scott played role of Gil Westrum, an old gunslinger who with McCrea help a young woman escape from the bandits who pursue.

## References

- _Last Of The Cowboy Heroes: The Westerns Of Randolph Scott_, Joel Mccrea, by Robert Nott
- _Silent Stars_, by Jeanine Basinger

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Randolph Scott
- **image**: Randolph Scott in Follow the Fleet trailer.jpg
- **birth name**: George Randolph Scott
- **birth place**: Orange County, Virginia, Orange County, Virginia, U.S.
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Actor
Nichiren

**Nichiren** (16 February 1222 - 13 October 1282) was a Buddhist priest who lived in Japan. He is often called _Nichiren_, "Nichi" means "sun" and "ren" means "lotus". The type of Buddhism he founded is known as Nichiren Buddhism. Nichiren's actions and writings are the basis of the modern Buddhist organization Soka Gakkai International (SGI). According to SGI's interpretation of Buddhism, it is through faith, practice and study that people can tap into their Buddha nature, become truly happy, and build a peaceful society. Faith refers to the belief in the concept known as "the mystic law of the universe." Practice means to chant every day the phrase "Nam-myo-ho-renge-kyo" and sections from the Lotus Sutra while sitting in front of the Gohonzon, a sacred scroll that hangs in the butsudan (an altar). Practice also entails telling other people about Nichiren Buddhism. Study means reading the writings of Nichren and discussing the readings with other people.
Bass Reeves

**Bass Reeves** (16 July 1838 - 12 January 1910) was an African American sheriff in Arkansas, who brought in hundreds of convicts. He was born as a slave, but then escaped his abusive master. He was one of the first African Americans to work in law enforcement west of the Mississippi River.
Stereotypic movement disorder

Those with stereotypic movement disorder often hurt themselves. Some of them engage in certain behavior, such as keeping their hands in their pockets, to prevent these movements.

## Causes

Causes of stereotypic movement disorder involve certain physical conditions, head injuries and use of some drugs, including cocaine.

## Impact

Childhood habits can result in negative social interactions and avoidance by peers and family members. Some repetitive behavior can cause damage.

## Treatment

The most common treatment approaches used for children with such condition are therapies aimed at reducing stress that may trigger the movements and changing behavior. Some medications may also help reduce stereotypic behavior. Naltrexone has been used with some success in reducing stereotypic self-injurious behavior. In some cases, antidepressants such as Prozac, Zoloft and Luvox (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), or Anafranil (a tricyclic antidepressant) may be helpful.
Gannet

**Gannets** are seabirds in the genus ***Morus***. They are related to boobies. They are large white and black with yellow heads. They have long, pointed wings and long bills.
Gannets only lay one blue egg.

Gannets can dive from a height of , and hit the water with great speed. This can carry them to a depth of . The bird can then keep going deeper using its wings and feet. Some have been known to dive deeper than .
Mazon Creek

**Mazon Creek** is a lagerstätte in northeast Illinois. It is a site of exceptional fossil preservation. It is from the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the Carboniferous, about 309 million years ago.

The area was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1997.

The site's greatest find is the oldest-known beetle.

## Palaeoecology

The sediments were laid in a gigantic tropical estuary, a river delta with shifting channels and mud and sand bars. Much of the continent was then covered by a great internal epeiric sea, which sometimes swept over the area, and then withdrew.

Coal measures are formed like this. A low-lying tropical swamp or rain forest forms a peat swamp which is short of oxygen. Dead plant material builds up, and does not decompose entirely. The plant material gets buried as a peat bog. From time to time rivers bring down a load of sediment from nearby mountains, covering the swamp. Eventually layers of coal alternate with layers of sandy deposit. Pressure turns it all into hard rock. Later on, the rocks are uncovered by erosion, and fossils can be found by people.

The huge growth of vegetation at this time produced coal measures, and the fossils were found in concretions (hard balls) in the spoil heaps of coal mines. The concretions are caused by iron carbonate, FeCO<sub>3</sub>, which makes the parcel of mud and organic material into hard balls.

## Flora and fauna

Fossil specimens have been found which belong to these groups of plants and animals:
- 140 species of insects and other arthropods.
- Freshwater aquatic faunas include fish, amphibia, bivalves, crustacea & horseshoe crabs.
- Fauna from brackish water include ostracodes, lungfish scales, xenacanth sharks, polychaetes, crustacea, cephalopods with soft tissues, hydrozoa, siphonophores, chitons, sea cucumbers, eurypterids, echinoderms.
- One unique species cannot be placed in a taxon: the 'Tully Monster', _Tullimonstrum gregarium_, a soft-bodied marine invertebrate. It is the Illinois state fossil.

- 400 species of plants: _Lepidodendron_, horsetails, ferns, pteridosperms and primitive conifers and ginkgoes.
Diocese of Truro

The **Diocese of Truro** is a Church of England diocese in the Province of Canterbury.
The area included in the diocese is that of the county of Cornwall including the Isles of Scilly. It was formed in 1876 from the western parts of the Diocese of Exeter and the first bishop was appointed in 1877. The Christian faith has been alive in the region since at least the 4th century AD. Many of the communities in the diocese, as well as the parish churches, bear a Celtic saint's name, which is a reminder of the links with other Celtic lands. The head of the diocese is the bishop of Truro, Tim Thornton, and the cathedral is in Truro.
There are 225 parishes with a little more than 300 church buildings in the diocese.

## Further information

- truro.anglican.org Diocese of Truro
Makaton

**Makaton** is a set of simple sign language and black-and-white symbols (pictures) which are used alongside simple talk. Makaton is a sign language that is free to teach other people but it is also sold, taught, guarded and checked up on by the business which started it. Makaton started with simple ordinary English and British Sign Language hand-signs; the pictures were added later. It is now used all over the world and changed for the country it is used in. It uses the same hand-signs as the sign language of the country it is used in but not in the same way. For example, in Britain, Makaton hand-signing is mostly made from BSL (British Sign Language), but the signs are used in a different order alongside the simple spoken words.

Makaton is mainly taught to children and adults with special needs in speech and language, with or without hearing problems, by teachers, teaching assistants and childcare practitioners, carers or caregivers such as parents, grandparents, foster carers, other friends and family, and  specialist clinicians such as speech and language therapists.  Makaton is also popular to use with babies - "baby signing".

In British television, Justin Fletcher uses Makaton signing in _Something Special_, a series of television programmes aimed at children with special needs shown on CBeebies. It was also used by Dave Benson Phillips while telling nursery rhymes on BBC children's television years earlier than this.

In schools and nursery schools and childcare as well as at home Makaton signs and symbols are often used alongside other ways of talking and showing like photographs and "PECS", which are drawn colour pictures of parts of a routine, like washing hands, eating a snack, or using the toilet. This way of using different ways of showing routines and making requests for people with communication problems is sometimes called "total communication".
Cladocera

**Cladocera** is an order of small crustaceans commonly called **water fleas**. Around 620 species have been recognised so far, with many more undescribed.

They are everywhere in inland aquatic habitats, but rare in the oceans. Most are  long, with a down-turned head, and a carapace covering the thorax and abdomen. There is a single median compound eye. They swim with jerking flea-like movements.

Most species show cyclical parthenogenesis, where asexual reproduction is occasionally supplemented by sexual reproduction. The sexual reproduction produces resting eggs that allow the species to survive harsh conditions and disperse to distant habitats.
Old Red Sandstone

The **Old Red Sandstone** is a dark red sandstone laid down mainly in the Devonian period over a large part of the continent of Laurussia. The base of the ORS is now known to be in the Silurian and the top in the Carboniferous.

Laurussia is often called the **Old Red Continent**, or Euramerica. It included what is now much of northern Europe, Greenland and North America. It was, at the time, between 0<sup>o</sup> and 30<sup>o</sup> south of the equator.

## History

The Old Red Sandstone (ORS) was first discovered in Great Britain, and it played a big part in early geology. The term 'Old Red Sandstone' was first used in 1821 by Scottish naturalist and mineralogist Robert Jameson.

In 1787 James Hutton saw what is now known as Hutton's Unconformity at Jedburgh in the Scottish Borders.

Later, on the Berwickshire coast, he found Siccar Point. There was "a beautiful picture of this junction washed bare by the sea", where 345 million year old Devonian Old Red Sandstone overlies 425 million year old Silurian greywacke.

## The sequence of events

The unconformity represents a gap in the record of geological time. During this time the rocks were raised above sea level, and erosion took place. Folding and faulting occurred. The mountains  were formed when a section of northwestern Europe collided with a continental plate made up of parts of present-day North America and Greenland. The lower strata tilted almost vertical.

The ORS rocks were deposited in a series of low-lying terrestrial basins, with lakes and rivers. These basins were between ranges of the Caledonian mountains. The ORS was laid down in this non-marine terrestrial environment. Thick deposits of sand and mud, 11,000 metres (36,000 feet) deep, often stained red by oxidized iron minerals, collected as the basins sank down.

The ORS was laid down over a long period of time from the latest Silurian to the earliest Carboniferous (Mississippian), 418–355 million years ago.

## Variations

The ORS is a rock formation which varies from place to place as the circumstances at the time must have varied.

The dark red colour of these rocks comes from iron oxide. However, not all the Old Red Sandstone is red or sandstone — the sequence also includes conglomerates, mudstones, siltstones and thin limestones and colours can range from grey and green through red to purple.

These deposits got sediment from the erosion of the Caledonian Mountain chain. This was built by the collision of the former continents to make the Old Red Sandstone Continent. This sequence is known as the Caledonian orogeny.

## Related pages

- Laurasia
- Laurentia
- Laurussia
Joe Flanigan

**Joe Flanigan** (born January 5, 1967) is an American television actor. He is best known for playing the character Major/Lt. Colonel John Sheppard in _Stargate Atlantis_. He shares his birthday with _Stargate Atlantis_ co-star Paul McGillion.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Joe Flanigan
- **image**: Joeflanigan.jpg
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **yearsactive**: 1994 - present
- **spouse**: Katherine Kousi (1996- present)
Craftsman architecture

**Craftsman** was a style of architecture in the United States in the early 20th century.  It is called that because Gustav Stickley, a craftsman furniture maker, had a magazine called _The Craftsman_.  The movement was part of the Arts and Crafts movement that started in England in the late 19th century.  It wanted a "simpler way of life" that was not like American and English industrialized society.  Architects such as Greene and Greene designed Craftsman homes such as the Gamble House.  These houses were well-made, but did not have a lot of ornamentation.  Often they played off of natural themes.  A smaller version of the craftsman home was the bungalow.  By the 1910s, Craftsman bungalows were being built in large numbers in and around American cities.  Besides America and England, there was a lot of Craftsman architecture in Japan.
Eugène Dubois

**Marie Eugène François Thomas Dubois** (28 January 1858 – 16 December 1940) was a Dutch paleoanthropologist. He earned worldwide fame for his discovery of _Pithecanthropus erectus_ (later redesignated _Homo erectus_), or 'Java Man'. Although hominid fossils had been found and studied before, Dubois was the first anthropologist to embark upon a purposeful search for them.

## Hominid discoveries

Between 1887 and 1895, Dubois searched at potential sites near rivers and in caves, first on the island of Sumatra, then on the island of Java.

In 1891, Dubois discovered remains of what he described as "a species in between humans and apes". He called his finds _Pithecanthropus erectus_ ("ape-human that stands upright") or Java Man. Today, they are classified as _Homo erectus_ ("human that stands upright"). These were the first specimens of early hominid remains to be found outside of Africa or Europe.

In 1895, Dubois returned to Europe and toured the continent to convince his colleagues that he had indeed found a missing link.  Although most anthropologists were intrigued, they did not always agree with Dubois' interpretations. After that, Dubois refused others access to his fossils, until he was forced to do so in 1923.

## Related pages

- Raymond Dart
- Robert Broom
- Louis Leakey
- Human evolution
Torri Higginson

**Sarah Victoria "Torri" Higginson** (born Burlington, Ontario, December 6, 1969) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her roles in the _TekWar_ movies and series, _The English Patient_, _Bliss_,  and _Stargate Atlantis_.

## Career

Higginson took over the role of Dr. Elizabeth Weir from Jessica Steen in a guest spot on the season eight opener of _Stargate SG-1_. She was then carried over as the leader of the Atlantis expedition on _Stargate Atlantis_ and played that role until the end of the show's third season. She was reduced from a main cast member to a recurring role in the fourth season. She did not play the role for the show's fifth season.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Torri Higginson
- **birthname**: Sarah Victoria Higginson
- **birth place**: Burlington, Ontario, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
- **image**: Torri Higginson collectormania 2007.jpg
- **caption**: Torri Higginson at Collectormania Manchester in 2007
- **occupation**: Film/television actress
- **yearsactive**: 1991–present
Rachel Luttrell

**Rachel Luttrell** (born 19 January 1971) is an actress. She is best known for her roles as Veronica Beck in the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV series _Street Legal_ and Teyla Emmagan, an Athosian warrior leader on _Stargate Atlantis_.

## Filmography

|colspan="4" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Actress||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1986|_Courage_|Bobby's Daughter|||
|rowspan="3"|1992|_Street Legal_|Veronica Beck|(Television 1991–1992)|
|_Forever Knight_|Norma Alves||||
|_Personal Effects_|||||
|1993|_Maniac Mansion_|Lorrie|||
|1996|_Joe's So Mean to Josephine_|Girl in Bar|||
|rowspan="2"|1997|_Sleepwalkers_|Cassandra|(Television series)|
|_In the House_|Daphne||||
|1998|_Damon_|Brenda|(Television series 1 season)||
|rowspan="3"|2001|Anne Rice's _The Feast of All Saints_|Lisette||
|_Charmed_|Janna, Second Witch||||
|_ER_|Paramedic||||
|rowspan="2"|2002|_Touched by an Angel_|Marla||
|_Impostor_|Scan Room Nurse||||
|2003|_Everyday Use_|Dee|||
|rowspan="4"|2004|_Preview to Atlantis_|as Herself/Teyla Emmagan||
|_From Stargate to Atlantis: Sci Fi Lowdown_|as Herself/Teyla Emmagan||||
|_Stargate Atlantis_|Teyla Emmagan|(Television 2004–2009)|||
|_Stop Thief!_|Nicky||||
|2005|_The Aviary_|Portia|||
|2006|_A Dog's Breakfast_|Ratcha|||
|2011|_NCIS_|LCDR Stephanie Mosner|One episode: "Sins of the Father"||

## Other websites

- Official Rachel Luttrell web site

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rachel Luttrell
- **image**: Rachel-luttrell-400.png
- **caption**: Rachel Luttrell at Bridge Studios in Vancouver, BC
- **birthname**: Rachel Zawadi Luttrell
- **birth place**: Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1986–present
- **spouse**: Loyd Bateman
- **website**: http://www.rachelluttrell.com
Sun angle

**Sun angle** is the angle of incidence at which sunlight strikes the Earth at a particular time and place. In most places the Sun rises in the morning, is highest at noon, and sets in the evening. In different season<nowiki/>s the Sun is farther north or south. The angle controls the amount of heat energy received at this place, so summer days are usually warmer than winter nights.

Seasonal change in the angle of sunlight, caused by the tilt of the Earth's axis, is the basic mechanism that results both in warmth of the weather and in length of the day.

## Related pages

- Sundial
- Temperature
Einstein field equations

The **Einstein field equations**, or **Einstein-Hilbert equations**, or simply **Einstein equations** are equations that describe gravity. They are named after Albert Einstein and David Hilbert. The basic idea is to use geometry to model the effects of gravity. The usual form of the equations is that of nonlinear partial differential equations. Such equations are usually solved by approximation. An exact solution can be obtained in special cases, where certain assumptions are dropped, or simplified.

## Mathematical Interpretation

Einstein used mathematical objects called _tensors_ to describe the curvature of spacetime to define gravity. The equation below is the general form of the EFE  :

Where R<sub>μv</sub> is known as the _Ricci curvature tensor_, g<sub>μv</sub> is the _metric tensor_, _R_ is the scalar curvature, Λ is the _cosmological constant_, _G_ is the gravitational constant, π is pi, c is the speed of light, and T<sub>μv</sub> is called the _stress-energy tensor_.

A simpler way for non-math people to understand this is to place a large lead<nowiki/>en ball on a rubber sheet suspended between four poles. The rubber sheet will sag from the weight of the lead ball, and if you spin a marble on the sheet it will circle the lead ball, just as the earth circles the sun. The reason is not that there is any attraction between the sun and the earth but that the earth follows the straightest path it can follow in curved space-time.
Mie scattering

**Mie scattering** is the way that light scatters when it hits an object.  It is  named after the German physicist, Gustav Mie.  This theory is good for all wavelengths of light, and all object sizes.  If the object is much smaller than the wavelength of light, Rayleigh scattering theory is also quite good.

When the object is big, the light can hit many places on the object.  A quite good formula for the scattering is:
Hope, British Columbia

**Hope** is a district municipality in British Columbia, Canada. Hope is in the confluence of both of the Fraser and Coquihalla rivers. As of 2021, 6,686 people lived there. The current mayor of Hope is Victor Smith. During World War II there was a internment camp in Hope for the Canadians of Japanese extraction.

## Other websites

- City of Hope's Official website