juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
NTV (Turkish TV channel)

**NTV Turkey** is a Turkish nationwide television channel which consists of news, sports programmes and documentaries.

## Other websites

- Official site
- NTV Turkey at LyngSat Address

## Infobox (tv channel)

- **name**: NTV
- **logo**: NTV (Turkey) logo.svg
- **logo size**: 150px
- **launch date**: 10 November 1996
- **picture format**: 16:9 (576i, SDTV)
- **owner**: Nergis Group (1996 - 1999)
Doğuş Media Group (1999 - )
- **country**: Turkey
- **language**: Turkish Language, Turkish
- **area**: Turkey
- **headquarters**: Istanbul
- **sister channels**: CNBC-e
e2 (TV channel), e2
Kral TV
NTV Spor
Star TV (Turkey), Star TV
- **web**: [http://www.ntv.com.tr/ ntv.com.tr]
- **sat serv 1**: Türksat 3A
- **sat chan 1**: 11054 H, SR 30000, FEC 5/6
- **sat serv 2**: Eutelsat W3A
- **sat chan 2**: Digiturk channel 41
Milliyet

**Milliyet** is a major Turkish daily newspaper founded in 1950. Abdi İpekçi, the editor of Milliyet, was murdered in 1979 when coming from the newspaper to his home.

## Other websites

- Milliyet's official website

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: Milliyet
- **logo size**: 200px
- **image size**: 200px
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **format**: Broadsheet
- **owners**: Demirören Holding
- **political**: Historically:
Kemalism,
Secularism,
Center-left
 Currently:
Center-right,
 Turkish nationalism
- **language**: Turkish language, Turkish
- **headquarters**: Bağcılar
- **publishing city**: İstanbul
- **publishing country**: Turkey
- **circulation**: 182,955 (26 January-1 February 2015)
Aphid

**Aphids** are small bugs which feed on plants. Aphids cause more plant damage than any other insects. There are over 4,000 different species of aphid.

About 250 species are serious pests for agriculture and forestry as well as an annoyance for gardeners. They vary in size from 1-10 mm long.

Important natural enemies include the predatory lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), hoverfly larvae, lacewings (Neuroptera),  larvae of the aphid midge _Aphidoletes aphidimyza_, crab spiders, and insect-eating fungi like _Lecanicillium lecanii_.

Aphids are found many places on earth. Aphids are most common in temperate zones.
Aphids can travel far in the air. For example, the lettuce aphid spread from New Zealand to Tasmania.  They have also been spread by human transportation of infested plant materials.
Aigle

**Aigle** is the capital of the district of Aigle in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The town has a population of 8,100 people.

## Other websites

- Official Website of the Commune of Aigle
- Webcam on the Rue de la Gare

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Aigle
- **image photo**: Aigle.jpg
- **municipality name**: Aigle
- **municipality type**: town
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Aigle COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Aigle.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Aigle (district), Aigle
- **postal code**: 1860
- **municipality code**: 5401
- **area**: 16.41
- **elevation**: 405
- **elevation description**: la gare
- **population**: 7712
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.aigle.ch
- **mayor**: Frédéric Borloz
- **mayor asof**: 2016
- **mayor party**: PLR
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **executive name**: Municipalité
- **executive number of members**: 5
- **parliament name**: Conseil communal
- **parliament number of members**: 70
- **places**: Le Cloître, Vers Pousaz, Fontanney
- **neighboring municipalities**: Vaud: Yvorne, Leysin, Ormont-Dessous, Ollon; Valais: Vouvry, Collombey-Muraz
- **twintowns**: L'Aigle (France), Tübingen (Germany), Bassersdorf (Switzerland)
Brabham

**Motor Racing Developments Ltd.**, commonly known as **Brabham** (), was a British company that built racing cars. It also ran a racing team in Formula One. It was founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac. The team won four drivers' and two constructors' world championships in its 30-year Formula One history. As of 2008, Jack Brabham's 1966 drivers' championship remains the only victory by a car bearing the driver's own name.

Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of customer open wheel racing cars in the 1960s, and had built more than 500 cars by 1970. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three and competed in the Indianapolis 500. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brabham introduced innovations such as the controversial but successful 'fan car', in-race refuelling, carbon brakes, and hydropneumatic suspension. The team won two more Formula One drivers' championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet, and became the first to win a drivers' championship with a turbocharged car.

British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, and later become responsible for administering the commercial aspects of Formula One. Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm. Midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the UK Serious Fraud Office.
Afrotheria

The **Afrotheria** is a group of mammals, (a superorder or a clade). It includes the golden moles, elephant shrews, tenrecs, aardvarks, hyraxes, elephants and manatees.

Biologists made this group based on DNA sequence analysis. Afrotheria are one of four major groups in the Eutheria (placental mammals). Afrotheria means "African animals", "afro" for Africa and "theria" for animals.

More recent genomics suggests that Afrotheria and Xenarthra are sister taxa at the base of the placental mammal radiation.

Relations between the various afrotherian orders are still being studied. Elephants and manatees seem to be related, and likewise elephant shrews and aardvarks. These findings are compatible with the work of earlier anatomists.

## Organization

Afrotheria is a clade of placental mammals.
- **Afrotheria**
    - †_Ocepeia_: (basal)
    - †Hyopsodontidae: (possible member of stem group)
    - Clade Afroinsectiphilia
        - Order Macroscelidea: elephant shrews (Africa)
        - Order Afrosoricida: tenrecs and golden moles (Africa)
        - Order Tubulidentata: aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara)
        - Order †Bibymalagasia: (probable member)
        - Order †Ptolemaiida: poorly understood carnivorous mammals (extinct).
        - Order †Afredentata: Pangolin (probable member)
    - Clade Paenungulata
        - Order Hyracoidea: hyraxes or dassies (Africa, Arabia)
        - Order Proboscidea: elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia)
        - Order Sirenia: dugong and manatees (cosmopolitan tropical)
        - Order †Desmostylia
        - Order †Embrithopoda
Kimi Räikkönen

**Kimi-Matias Räikkönen** () (born October 17, 1979 in Espoo, Finland) is a race car driver, currently driving for Alfa Romeo Racing. He is the 2007 Formula One World Drivers' Champion.

Räikkönen entered Formula One as a regular driver for Sauber-Petronas in 2001. Having previously only raced in very junior open-wheel categories, he was given his Super Licence from the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) after a performance delivery promise from his team boss, Peter Sauber. He joined McLaren Mercedes in 2002, and became a title contender by finishing runner-up in the 2003 and 2005 championships to Michael Schumacher and Fernando Alonso, respectively.

## Infobox (wrc driver)

- **embed**: yes
- **years**: 2009–2011
- **teams**: Citroën Junior Team, ICE 1 Racing
- **races**: 21
- **championships**: 0
- **wins**: 0
- **podiums**: 0
- **stagewins**: 1
- **points**: 59
- **first race**: 2009 Rally Finland
- **last race**: 2011 Wales Rally GB


## Infobox (f1 driver)

- **name**: Kimi Räikkönen
- **image**: Kimi raikkonen (52780844274) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Räikkönen in 2023
- **nationality**: Finnish
- **birth name**: Kimi-Matias Räikkönen
- **birth place**: Espoo, Finland
- **2019 team**: Alfa Romeo Racing-Scuderia Ferrari, Ferrari
- **car number**: 7
- **races**: ( starts)
- **championships**: 1 ()
- **first race**: 2001 Australian Grand Prix
- **first win**: 2003 Malaysian Grand Prix
- **last win**: 2018 United States Grand Prix
- **last race**: 2021 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix
- **last season**: 2020
- **last position**: 16th (2pts)
Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

The***Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile*** (**FIA**; ) is a non-profit association. It was first called "Association Internationale des Automobile Clubs Reconnus" (AIACR) and was created on June 20, 1904 to promote car companies. Most people know the FIA for controlling motor racing events such as Formula One. They also try to make driving and racing safer.

Headquartered at 8, Place de la Concorde, Paris, the FIA has 213 national member organisations in 125 countries worldwide. Its current president is Mohammed ben Sulayem since 2021.

The **FIA** is generally known by its French name and acronym, but is sometimes called the _International Automobile Federation_ in English-speaking countries.
Presociality

**Presociality** is a term which applies to animal behaviour. Presocial animals have close family relationships, more than just sexual interactions with members of the same species. However, they do not form the extreme colonies of eusocial insects, such as ants.

Presocial animals can live together and take care of their young. They may have some division of labor, but they do not have all the three essential traits of eusocial animals, which are:
1. There are many generations that are alive at the same time.
1. There is extreme division of labour. Some animals may be specialised for a certain function. Some animals may be sterile.
1. The older animals cooperate to care for the young.

Presocial behavior is much more common in the animal kingdom than complete eusociality. Examples include canines that live in packs, numerous insects, especially hymenoptera, humans, many birds, chimpanzees, and many other animals that display social behavior.

The concept of presociality can be further divided:
- **Subsocial**: parents interact with young. This applies to all mammals without exception, almost all birds, many reptiles and fish, and quite a few insects.
- **Parasocial**: individuals of the same generation live in a single, cooperative dwelling and interact with each other
    - Communal: each individual care exclusively for her or his own young
    - Quasisocial: individuals care cooperatively for all brood; however, all members of the colony are reproductive
    - Semisocial: a few individuals reproduce, yet the arrangement is not quite eusocial. For example, adult generations might not overlap, the reproductive dominance might be temporary.

Among the Vespid wasps, the pressures of predators and parasites selected subsocial behaviour. It is easier to guard the eggs and grubs when the mother wasp stays in her nest to watch over her larva. More so if other adults stay with her. Then the other adults need to collect more food than just for themselves. And so on. It becomes less likely that parasites will be successful in preying on the nest.

## Related pages

- Eusociality
- Collective animal behaviour
Murrumbidgee River

The **Murrumbidgee River** is a big river in New South Wales, Australia, and the Australian Capital Territory.  It joins in with the Murray River. The word _Murrumbidgee_ is from the Wiradjuri language (Indigenous Australian) and means "big water", "track goes down here" or "very good place". There are many large towns built next to the river, Gundagai, Wagga Wagga, Narrandera, Hay and Balranald.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Murrumbidgee
- **image**: MurrumbidgeeAtGundagai.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **image caption**: The Murrumbidgee at Gundagai, New South Wales, Gundagai
- **source1 location**: Australian Alps at

- **mouth**: joins with the Murray River
- **subdivision type1**: Countries
- **length**: 1400 km
- **source1 elevation**: 1600 m
Neotominae

***Neotominae*** is a subfamily of the family Cricetidae. It consists of three tribes, 16 genera, and many species of New World rats and mice. Most of them are found in North America. Among them are the well-known deer mice, white-footed mice, packrats, and grasshopper mice.

Neotomines are related to the other two subfamilies of mice in the New World, Sigmodontinae and Tylomyinae. Many authorities place them all in a single subfamily, **Sigmodontinae**.

## Taxonomy

- Subfamily **Neotominae**
    - Tribe Baiomyini
        - _Baiomys_ - Pygmy Mice
        - _Scotinomys_ - Brown Mice
    - Tribe Neotomini
        - _Neotoma_ - Pack Rats
        - _Xenomys_ - Magdalena Rat
        - _Hodomys_ - Allen's Woodrat
        - _Nelsonia_
    - Tribe Ochrotomyini
        - _Ochrotomys_ - Golden Mouse
    - Tribe Peromyscini
        - _Peromyscus_ - Deer Mice
        - _Reithrodontomys_ - New World Harvest Mice
        - _Onychomys_ - Grasshopper Mouse
        - _Neotomodon_ - Mexican Volcano Mouse
        - _Podomys_ - Florida Mouse
        - _Isthmomys_ - Isthmus Rats
        - _Megadontomys_ - Giant Deer Mice
        - _Habromys_
        - _Osgoodomys_ - Michoacan Deer Mouse

## Related pages

- New World rats and mice

## References

- Reeder, S. A., D. S. Carroll, C. W. Edwards, C. W. Kilpatrick, R. D. Bradley.  2006. Neotomine-peromyscine rodent systematics based on combined analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40:251-258.
- Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Kuşadası

**Kusadasi** (Turkish **Kuşadası**) is a town in the province of Aydın in Turkey. The town is a tourist resort and is near the ancient city of Ephesus. It has a population of about 65,000 people.
Ayvalik

**Ayvalik** (Turkish **Ayvalık**) is a seaside town in the west of Turkey in the province of Balıkesir. The town had an important number of Greek people living there. After the Turkish Independence War the population changes with Turkish and Greek population and Greek population have gotten smaller.
Bregenz

**Bregenz** (Vorarlbergian: _Breagaz_)  is the capital of Vorarlberg, the westernmost federal state of Austria. About 27.000 people live in the city proper, its agglomeration has about 60.000 people. Together with Lindau, the settled area (which reaches into the south of Germany, and into Switzerland) has about 120.000 people. The city has a port on Lake Constance and is a railway hub.

Humans have lived in the area since about 1500 BC. During Roman times, there was an Oppidum. Parts of the city are fortified. Bregenz has the right to hold a market once a week since 1330.

The borders of Switzerland and Germany are less than 10 km away.

The main ethnic groups are Austrians, Turkish, Italians, Serbians, and Germans.
Nazımiye

**Nazimiye** is a district of Tunceli Province in Turkey. Its old name is **Kisle**. The district has a total population of about 2000 people. There is no industrial activity in Nazimiye. Agriculture and state ownership institutions are the only jobs there.
Yalova

**Yalova** is a Turkish city in the northwest, which was affected in the earthquake of 17 August 1999. The city is along the coast of the Marmara Sea. Yalova has a better quality of life from other Turkish cities. It has a population of 77,000.

The first people settled in this region in the Prehistoric Period.

Twin cities of Yalova are Bonn in Germany and Mahachkala in Russia.
Mudanya

**Mudanya** is a town along the Sea of Marmara and also a district of Bursa Province in Turkey. It is located in Gulf of Gemlik.  The town has a road transportation with Bursa and seaway transportation by ferries with Istanbul.

Mudanya has industrial sector and agriculture sector especially oil production. The town also has a seaport.
Gemlik

**Gemlik** is a harbor town in Turkey. It has 70,000 people living there. Gemlik is a district of Bursa Province. It has a free industrial zone. This zone helped the development of industry in Gemlik. Agriculture is mostly olives for eating. Olive oil is important to the economy of Gemlik.

There is a seaport in the town. Gemlik is between Bursa and İstanbul. Because of this location, the town developed rapidly after the 1990s.
Chinchillidae

The family **Chinchillidae** contains the chinchillas, viscachas, and their fossil relatives.  They are restricted to southern and western South America. Often they can be found in the Andes. They are large rodents, weighing from 800 grams to 8 kilograms. They have strong hind legs and large ears. All species have thick, soft fur. Their fur is considered valuable in some species.

## Classification

There are three extant and three fossil genera currently recognized.
- †_Eoviscaccia_ _incertae sedis_
- Subfamily Chinchillinae
    - _Chinchilla_ –  chinchillas
    - _Lagidium_ –  mountain viscachas
- Subfamily Lagostominae
    - _Lagostomus_ –  plains viscachas
    - †_Pliolagostomus_
    - †_Prolagostomus_

## References

- McKenna, Malcolm C., and Bell, Susan K. 1997. _Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level._ Columbia University Press, New York, 631 pp. 
- Woods C. A. and C. W. Kilpatrick.  2005. Hystricognathi pp. 1538–1600 _in_ D. E. Wilson and M. A. Reeder, eds. _Mammal Species of the World_, 3rd edition, p. 1553.
Myomorpha

Suborder **Myomorpha** has 1,137 species of mouse-like rodents, almost a quarter of all mammals. mice, rats, gerbils, hamsters, lemmings and voles are in the group. They are grouped according to how the jaw looks like and how the molar teeth look like. They are very good at biting and chewing. Myomorphs are found all around the world, except Antarctica, in almost all land places. They are usually animals who are more active at night and they are seed-eaters.

Most myomorph species belong to superfamily Muroidea:
- Superfamily Muroidea
    - Family Platacanthomyidae
    - Family Spalacidae
    - Family Calomyscidae
    - Family Nesomyidae
    - Family Cricetidae
    - Family Muridae
- Superfamily Dipodoidea
    - Family Dipodidae
Eumuroida

**Eumuroida** are a group of all muroid rodents, or the true muroids. It was made in 2004. The group is not in the standard taxonomic classification, but it is between superfamily and family. The Eumuroida is the clade including all organisms which evolved from the most recent ancestor of the Calomyscidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, and Muridae.

## Taxonomy

- Family Calomyscidae
    - Subfamily Calomyscinae (mouse-like hamsters)
- Family Nesomyidae
    - Subfamily Cricetomyinae (pouched rats and mice)
    - Subfamily Dendromurinae (African climbing mice, gerbil mice, fat mice and forest mice)
    - Subfamily Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
    - Subfamily Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
    - Subfamily Petromyscinae (rock mice and the climbing swamp mouse)
- Family Cricetidae
    - Subfamily Arvicolinae (voles, lemmings and muskrat)
    - Subfamily Cricetinae (true hamsters)
    - Subfamily Neotominae (North American rats and mice)
    - Subfamily Sigmodontinae (New World rats and mice)
    - Subfamily Tylomyinae
- Family Muridae
    - Subfamily Deomyinae (spiny mice, brush furred mice, link rat)
    - Subfamily Gerbillinae (gerbils, jirds and sand rats)
    - Subfamily Lophiomyinae (crested rat)
    - Subfamily Murinae (Old World rats and mice including vlei rats)

## References

- Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

- McKenna, M. C. and S. K. Bell. 1997. Classification of Mammals above the Species Level. Columbia University Press, New York.

- Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

- Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.

- Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Mouse-like hamsters

**Mouse-like hamsters** are a group of small rodents found in Syria, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.  They are found in rocky and slightly high areas in desert regions.

The mouse-like hamsters are not real hamsters, although they look like hamsters.  They were once thought to be hamsters based on the shape of their teeth, but they do not have the cheek pouches, and short tail of the true hamsters. All animals in this genus were part of the same species before, _Calomyscus bailwardi_, but they are now separate species because they have big differences in chromosome number, skull length and weight, and other differences.

In Europe, species of _Calomyscus_ can be kept as a pet. They are called _Calomyscus bailwardi mystax_ or _Calomyscus bailwardi_. Only special people sell them, not pet shops. And so only people who really like mice will buy them.

Mouse-like hamsters live the longest of all the mouse species.  They have been recorded as living 9 years, 3 months and 18 days in captivity.  They regularly live over 4 years in captivity.  The species which lives the second longest in the muroids lives 7 years, 8 months, which is the Canyon Mouse, _Peromyscus crinitus_.

## Species

- _Calomyscus bailwardi_ - Zagros Mountains mouse-like hamster from Iran
- _Calomyscus baluchi_ - Pakistan mouse-like hamster from Pakistan and Afghanistan
- _Calomyscus elburzensis_ Goodman's mouse-like hamster from northeastern Iran and southern Turkmenistan
    - Subspecies _Calomyscus elburzensis zykovi_ Zykov's mouse-like hamster from southeastern Turkmenistan
- _Calomyscus grandis_ - Noble mouse-like hamster from near Teheran
- _Calomyscus hotsoni_ Hotson's mouse-like hamster from southern Pakistan
- _Calomyscus mystax_ Great Balkhan mouse-like hamster from Turkmenistan
- _Calomyscus tsolovi_ Syrian mouse-like hamster from Syria
- _Calomyscus urartensis_ Urar mouse-like hamster from Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran

## References

- Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
- Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.
- Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894-1531 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
- Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
- Volf, J. 2003. Rekord dlouhovekosti kreckovitych savcu (Cricetidae). Gazella 30:69-72.

## Other websites

- Animal Diversity Web: Detailed description
- Photos of the Turkmen Mouse-like hamster (German page)
Nesomyidae

**Nesomyidae** is a family of African rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea.  It includes many subfamilies, which all live in Africa. Malagasy rats and mice, climbing mice, African rock mice, swamp mice, pouched rats, and the white-tailed rat are in this family.

## Characteristics

Nesomyids are small to medium rodents, and the largest is the size of a rat. They may look like mice, rats, voles, or hamsters, depending on the species and subfamily. They can either eat plant and meat totally, or insects totally. Their habits are also different, with some species climbing trees, and others digging holes in the ground to hide. They can give birth to the most four babies after being in the mother's womb for about six weeks.

## Classification

Many of these animals were once thought to be related to other groups of muroid rodents, but this African-based group has been confirmed to be different from the other muroids based on genetic studies.  Still, all members of the Nesomyidae are placed in the family Muridae along with all other members of the Muroidea.

The Nesomyids are classified in 5 subfamilies, 22 genera and 55 species.

## Subfamilies

- Cricetomyinae (pouched rats)
- Delanymyinae (Delany's Mouse)
- Dendromurinae (climbing mice)
- Mystromyinae (white-tailed rat)
- Nesomyinae (Malagasy rats and mice)
- Petromyscinae (African rock mice)

## References

- Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

- Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

- Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Manisa

**Manisa** is a large city in western Turkey in Asia Minor.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Manisa
- **image skyline**: MountSipylus GeneralView ManisaTurkey.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Mount Sipylus as seen from Manisa plain
- **pushpin map**: Turkey
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Turkey
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Turkey, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Manisa Province, Manisa
- **leader party**: Nationalist Movement Party, MHP
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: Kaymakam
- **population density blank1 km2**: auto
Eskişehir

**Eskişehir** (_eskē'shehēr_, , "Old City") is a city that can be found in the northwestern part of Turkey. It is the capital district of Eskişehir Province.

## Other websites

- Eskişehir Photo Gallery

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: District
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Turkey, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Central Anatolia
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Turkey, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Eskişehir
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **image map**: Eskişehir districts.png
- **map caption**: Location of Eskişehir within Turkey.
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **official name**: Eskişehir
- **population total**: 614247
- **population urban**: 599796
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population density km2**: 194.03
- **area total km2**: 2678
- **elevation m**: 792
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 26xxx
- **area code**: 0222
- **blank info**: 26
- **blank name**: Turkish car number plates, Licence plate
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Yılmaz Büyükerşen
- **website**: [http://www.eskisehir.gov.tr/ www.eskisehir.gov.tr]
Cricetidae

The **Cricetidae** are a family of rodents in the large and complicated superfamily Muroidea. It includes true hamsters, voles, lemmings, and New World rats and mice. With almost 600 species, it is the second largest family of mammals, and has animals in it in the New World, Asia, and Europe.

## Characteristics

The cricetids are small mammals, ranging from just 5 to 8 cm and 7 grams in weight in the New World Pygmy Mouse, up to 41 to 62 cm and 1,100 grams in the Muskrat. How long the tail is depends on how big the body is, and the tails can be either with hair or a little hair. Most species have brown fur, with a white colored underbelly, but there are also many other patterns, especially in the cricetine and arvicoline subfamilies.

Like the Old World Mice, cricetids live in a wide range of habitats, in the high Arctic to tropical rainforests and hot deserts. Some are good at climbing, with long balancing tails and other way to help them to climb, while others can swim, with webbed feet and small external ears. Yet others are burrowing animals, or ground-dwellers, which live in the ground.

Their diet is also variable, with herbivorous, omnivorous, and insectivorous species known. They all have large, biting and chewing, incisors separated from grinding molar teeth by a gap, or diastema.
There can be a lot of these animals in a very short time, because the mother gives birth to them after 15 to 50 days, and they have a lot of babies at one time. The young are usually born blind, hairless, and helpless.

## Taxonomy

The cricetids are thus classified to contain one prehistoric and 5 living subfamilies, around 112 living genera and approximately 580 living species:
- Arvicolinae - voles, lemmings, muskrat
- Cricetinae - hamsters
- Democricetodontinae (fossil)
- Neotominae - North American rats and mice, including deer mice, pack rats, and grasshopper mice
- Sigmodontinae - New World rats and mice, predominantly South American genera such as brucies.
- Tylomyinae - New World climbing rats and relatives

## References

- (1984): Cricetidae. _In:_ : _The Encyclopedia of Mammals_: 640-655, 672-673. Facts on File, New York. <small></small>
- (2004): Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. _Mol. Phyl. Evol._ **31**(1): 256-276. <small></small> PDF fulltext
- (2001): Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. _Mol. Biol. Evol._ **18**(11): 2017-2031. PDF fulltext
- (2004): The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). _Mol. Phyl. Evol._ **31**(3): 972-978. <small></small>
- (1986): _Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide_. Facts on File, New York. <small></small>
- (2004): Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. _Systematic Biology_ **53**(4): 533-553. <small></small> PDF fulltext
Gaziantep

**Gaziantep** is a city in the southeast of Turkey. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (_Csa_ in the Köppen climate classification) but is influenced by the continental climate due to its inland location. Gaziantep is well known for its dessert baklava. Gaziantep is the ninth biggest city in Turkey.

Gazantiep has had terrorist attacks in 2012, May 2016 and August 2016.

The city was badly damaged and many people died in the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.
Baklava

**Baklava** is a traditional Middle Eastern sweet made from pastry and often eaten as a dessert. It is also known in many countries of the Middle East, Western Asia and the Balkan Peninsula. It developed from the cookery of the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire. Baklava is a popular dessert in Greece and Turkey.
Baklava is made of thin pastry layers filled with nuts, pistachios or walnuts. It sweetened with special syrup or honey. Baklava can also be served with ice cream or kaymak (clotted cream).
Radikal

**Radikal** was a nationwide newspaper in Turkey. Radikal was a center-left newspaper. It shares social liberal ideas.
On Sundays it gave an extra called **Radikal2**.

## Other websites

- Radikal's official website

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: Radikal
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **format**: Broadsheet
- **foundation**: 1997
- **owners**: Doğan Media Group
- **headquarters**: Istanbul, Turkey
- **website**: [http://www.radikal.com.tr www.radikal.com.tr]
Ahmet Necdet Sezer

**Ahmet Necdet Sezer** (born September 13, 1941 in Afyonkarahisar) is a Turkish politician who was the tenth President of Turkey. He was president from May 16, 2000 until August 28, 2007. He was a republican and supporter of secularism in Turkey.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Ahmet Necdet Sezer
- **image**: Ahmet Necdet Sezer.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth place**: Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
- **office**: 10th President of Turkey, President of the Republic of Turkey
- **primeminister**: Bülent Ecevit, Abdullah Gül and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
- **term start**: 16 May 2000
- **term end**: 28 August 2007
- **predecessor**: Süleyman Demirel
- **successor**: Abdullah Gül
- **spouse**: Semra Sezer
- **alma mater**: Ankara University
- **signature**: A. Necdet Sezer signature.png
Kamer Genç

**Kamer Genç** (February 23, 1940 – January 22, 2016) was a Turkish politician. He was a member of parliament as a member of the Republican People's Party in the 18th, 19th, and 23rd election cycles, and in the 20th and 21st as a member of the True Path Party. He was born in Nazımiye, Tunceli Province.

Genç died of cancer in Istanbul, Turkey on January 22, 2016 at the age of 75.
Emine Erdoğan

**Emine Erdoğan**, born as _Emine Gülbaran_, (born 16 February 1955 in Üsküdar, Istanbul) is the First Lady of Turkey and the wife of current Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. They were married on 4 July 1978. She is of Arab descent.

Her family is originally from Siirt in southeast Turkey. She went to Istanbul Mithatpaşa Vocational Institute for Girls.

## Infobox (first lady)

- **honorific prefix**: Her Excellency
- **name**: Emine Erdoğan
- **image**: Emine Erdoğan in 2023 (cropped).jpg
- **office**: First Lady of Turkey
- **president**: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
- **term label**: Assumed role
- **term start**: 28 August 2014
- **predecessor**: Hayrünnisa Gül
- **birth place**: Üsküdar, Istanbul, Turkey
- **birth name**: Emine Gülbaran
- **party**: Justice and Development Party (Turkey), Justice and Development Party
- **relatives**: (sons-in-law)
- **residence**: Presidential Complex (Turkey), Presidential Complex (official)
Kenan Evren

**Ahmet Kenan Evren** (17 July 1917 – 9 May 2015), was a Turkish politician who served as the 7th President of Turkey. He was a former Turkish general and the leader of the coup d'état on 12 September 1980.

On 18 June 2014, Evren and General Tahsin Şahinkaya were given life sentences because of their roles in the 1980 coup. Evren and Şahinkaya had both of their military ranks stripped and both were demoted to rank of Private.

Evren died at a military hospital in Ankara of gastrointestinal hemorrhage on 9 May 2015, aged 97.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Kenan Evren
- **nationality**: Turkish
- **image**: Kenan Evren.png
- **caption**: Kenan Evren during the state visit to the United States in June 1988
- **birth place**: Alaşehir, Ottoman Empire
- **death place**: Ankara, Turkey
- **death cause**: Gastrointestinal bleeding induced by bradycardia and proctocolectomy
- **resting place**: Turkish State Cemetery
- **order**: 7th
- **office**: President of Turkey
- **term start**: 12 September 1980
- **term end**: 9 November 1989
- **predecessor**: Fahri Korutürk
- **successor**: Turgut Özal
- **primeminister**: Bülend Ulusu
Turgut Özal
- **office1**: List of Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff, Chief of the General Staff of Turkey
- **term start1**: 7 March 1978
- **term end1**: 1 July 1983
- **predecessor1**: Semih Sancar
- **successor1**: Nurettin Ersin
- **office2**: List of Commanders of the Turkish Land Forces, Commander of the Turkish Army
- **term start2**: 5 September 1977
- **term end2**: 6 March 1978
- **predecessor2**: Semih Sancar
- **successor2**: Nurettin Ersin
- **children**: 3
- **serviceyears**: 1938–1983
- **rank**: General
- **signature**: Kenan Evren imzası.png
- **alt**: 220
Show TV

**Show TV** is a national television channel in Turkey. The channel launched on March 1, 1991. Turkish news presenter Ali Kırca is the one of the important people on Show TV.
Cumhuriyet

***Cumhuriyet*** (English: _The Republic_) is a Turkish nationwide daily newspaper based in Istanbul. It was founded on May 7, 1924 by Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu.

Cumhuriyet newspaper includes columnists that are generally considered to share social democratic, secularist and republican ideas with its readers. Cumhuriyet is sold about 60,000 everyday.

İlhan Selçuk, the editor of Cumhuriyet arrested by police after the conservative-Islamic government party AKP has wanted to closed.

## Related pages

- List of newspapers in Turkey

## Other websites

- Cumhuriyet's official website

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: Cumhuriyet
- **type**: Quality press, Up-market daily
- **format**: Berliner format, Berliner
- **owners**: Cumhuriyet Foundation
- **founder**: Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu
- **chiefeditor**: Aykut Karakaya
- **political**: Centre-left
Left-wing politics
Secularism/Laïcité
Social democracy
- **language**: Turkish language, Turkish
- **headquarters**: Şişli, Istanbul, Turkey
- **circulation**: 43,791
- **circulation date**: May 2018
Bursa Uludağ University

**Uludağ University** is a Turkish university. It is in Turkey's fourth largest city, Bursa. Before 1980 its name was Bursa University, but in 1980 the name changed to Uludağ University. Uludağ is the name of the highest mountain in Bursa. Uludağ University is a public university. The university has a big campus in Görükle village outside of the city.
Eskişehir Osmangazi University

**Osmangazi University** is a university in Eskişehir, Turkey.
ERASMUS programme

The **Erasmus Programme** is a European Union project to help students and university teachers move among EU countries and Turkey, Norway and Switzerland. Its name stands for "_European Community Action Scheme for the Mobility of University Students_". The name is also in honor of the humanist Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus.
National Gallery of Art

The **National Gallery of Art** is an art museum on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. The museum was built in 1938 by the United States Congress. Andrew W. Mellon gave money and art to help the museum. Many lovers of art have given the National Gallery their art collections, like Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel H. Kress, and Joseph E. Widener. This has made the National Gallery one of the best art museums for American art painting and sculpture in the world. c

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: National Gallery of Art
- **image**: National Gallery of Art DC 2007 047.jpg
- **established**: 1937
- **location**: National Mall, Washington D.C.
- **director**: Earl A. Powell III
- **website**: [http://www.nga.gov/ www.nga.gov]
1999 İzmit earthquake

The **1999 İzmit earthquake** was an approximately 7.4 magnitude earthquake that struck northwestern Turkey on August 17, 1999. It happened at around 3:01 am local time. The event lasted for 37 seconds, killing 15,135 people and leaving approximately half a million people homeless. The epicenter was in İzmit, which was heavily damaged and where most of the deaths and injuries occurred.

After the earthquake, international support came to the area including former United States President Bill Clinton who visited the people who had been affected from the quake in Adapazarı. The quake also caused damage and the deaths of hundreds of people in Istanbul.

Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad expressed shock over the tragedy. He told Turkish Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit that Malaysia would help the victims in any way possible.

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **name**: İzmit earthquake
- **timestamp**: 1999-08-17 00:01:38
- **anss-url**: usp0009d4z
- **isc-event**: 1655218
- **image**: Izmit eart6.jpg
- **caption**: Collapsed buildings in İzmit after the 1999 earthquake
- **local-time**: 03:01
- **duration**: 37 seconds
- **magnitude**: 7.6
- **fault**: North Anatolian Fault
- **type**: Fault (geology)#Strike-slip faults, Strike-slip
- **affected**: Turkey
- **damages**: 3–8.5 billion United States dollar, USD
- **intensity**: Mercalli intensity scale, IX (_Violent_)
- **pga**: .3–.4_Peak ground acceleration, g_
- **casualties**: 17,118–17,127 dead
 43,953–50,000 injured
Andrew W. Mellon

**Andrew William Mellon** (March 24, 1855 – August 27, 1937) was an American banker who also owned many industrial businesses. He was the Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932.

## Personal life

Mellon was a lover of art, and had a large collection which he gave to the National Gallery of Art. Mellon was also a philanthropist - someone who gives to charity in order to make the world a better place.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Andrew William Mellon
- **image**: AWMellon.jpg
- **order**: 49th
- **title**: United States Secretary of the Treasury
- **term start**: March 4, 1921
- **term end**: February 12, 1932
- **predecessor**: David F. Houston
- **successor**: Ogden L. Mills
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Southampton, New York, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Nora McMullen Mellon
- **profession**: Banker, politician
Taksim Square

**Taksim Square** is an area in Beyoğlu, Istanbul, Turkey. Sometimes it is called the heart of Istanbul. On 1 May 1977 at a Labour Day celebration, there were more than 500,000 people in the square.

Taksim Square has a Republican Monument which was built in 1928.
Street market

A **street market** is an open-air market. Generally in an open-air market clothing, fruits and vegetables are sold. In Greece and Turkey, as well as in the Netherlands, street markets stands in several days weekly.
Reflecting pool

A **reflecting pool** or **reflection pool** is a pool of water that is in many memorials.  It is usually shallow and calm, so that a visitor can see a reflection of the memorial in the water.  Visitors are also supposed to think about what the memorial means while looking at the pool.  This is also called reflecting.

The most famous reflecting pool is the one leading up to the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Other famous reflecting pools are the Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool, the pool in front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., U.S.A. and the National September 11 Memorial & Museum.
Bozcaada

**Bozcaada** is an island in Aegean Sea. It is the third largest island of Turkey.  Bozcaada is also a district of Çanakkale Province.  Bozcaada has 2,500 inhabitants.  The main economical activities are tourism and fishing.  The island is well known for its grapes and wines. Romanlar live there and works as Coachmen.
Heybeliada

**Heybeliada** is an island in Sea of Marmara in Turkey. It is officially a part of Adalar district of Istanbul. Heybeliada has an old Orthodox Christian Theology School, started in 1844. However this school was closed because of Turkish laws on secularism in 1971. These laws on the separation of church and state have also closed all Muslim Theology schools. Turkey and the European Union are looking at ways to reopen this school again. However to do this, the government must prepare a new laws that do not conflict with secularism.
Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool

The **Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool** is the biggest reflecting pool in Washington, D.C. It is right next to the Lincoln Memorial.  The reflecting pool is long and can be seen in many photographs of the Washington Monument. There are paths and trees on both sides, and many people exercise around it.  It reflects both the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial, which means that you can see both if you look into the water.

It is on the west side of the National Mall, and is about 2,029 feet (618 m) long and 167 feet (51 m) wide. It is about 18 inches (46 cm) deep on the sides and 30 inches (76 cm) deep in the middle. It holds approximately 6,750,000 U.S. gallons (25,500,000 L) of water.

## Events

Because the reflecting pool is right in front of the Lincoln Memorial, many famous events have happened there.

In 1939, singer Marian Anderson was not allowed to sing in the Constitution Hall in Washington, because of her race.  Instead, she sang on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday. Over 75,000 people went to the Reflecting Pool area to listen to her. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, helped make her concert at the Lincoln Memorial possible.

In 1963, the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom held a large Civil Rights rally around the reflecting pool.  This was where Martin Luther King gave his "I Have a Dream" speech to a quarter million people standing around and in the Reflecting Pool.
Gebze

**Gebze** is an industrial town in the provience Kocaeli, Turkey.  It is the largest industrial area of Kocaeli.  There is a project to build the İzmit Bay Bridge to connect Yalova and Gebze.
Alanya

**Alanya** is a seaside resort in the south of Turkey and also a district of Antalya. Alanya has 300,000 permanent inhabitants. In summer, lots of tourists come to town for beach and sun. In summer, the population rises suddenly. Alanya has 10,000 European inhabitants and the number of European inhabitants rises year to year.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Alanya
- **settlement type**: District
- **image skyline**: Alanyafromcastle.JPG
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: Castle and harbour of Alanya
- **pushpin map**: Turkey
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: **Alanya** in Turkey
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: List of provinces of Turkey, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Antalya Province, Antalya
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Adem Murat Yücel
- **area total km2**: 1,817
- **population total**: 350,636
- **population as of**: December 31, 2021
- **population density km2**: 193.0
- **timezone1**: Time in Turkey, TRT
- **utc offset1**: +03:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 07400
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: 242
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:TR, ISO 3166 code
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Sezen Aksu

**Sezen Aksu** (born 13 July 1954) is a Turkish pop singer, songwriter and producer. She is popular in Turkey and outside of the country. She has sold over 40 million albums. She is called **Queen of the Turkish pop**.

She supports other singers with working together or writing songs for them. She has worked with Turkish singer Tarkan.

## Infobox (musician)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **years active**: 1974–present
- **associated acts**: Onno Tunç


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sezen Aksu
- **image**: Sezen Aksu konseri 2012.jpg
- **other names**: Sezen Seley
- **birth name**: Fatma Sezen Yıldırım
- **birth place**: Sarayköy, Denizli Province, Denizli, Turkey
- **education**: İzmir Girls High School
Ege University (left)
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 1
- **signature**: Sezen Aksu signature.png
Imrali

**Imrali** is an island in the Marmara Sea in Turkey. There is only a jail in the island and no other buildings. Abdullah Öcalan is imprisoned there since 1999. Adnan Menderes the former prime minister of Turkey was executed there in 1961.
ATV Turkey

**ATV** is a Turkish television channel that broadcasts nationwide. It was founded in 1993. Avrupa Yakası is one of the popular sitcoms broadcast on ATV.
ATV

**ATV** could mean:

**Television channels and stations:**
- ATV (Aruba), the NBC affiliate of Aruba.
- ATV Turkey
- ATV, student TV at American University
- Associated Television

**Other TV-related:**
- Apple TV, digital media receiver
Bodrum

**Bodrum** is a tourist resort in Turkey. It is in Muğla Province, along the Aegean Sea. Thousands of tourists come every year for sun and beach tourism. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (_Csa_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

Famous singer Zeki Müren died in Bodrum. Herodotus, an Ancient Greek Historian, lived in Bodrum. Turgut Reis was a Bodrumer who was an Ottoman admiral.

## Further reading

_Bodream_, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, Anagramme Ed., 2010, ()