juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Seismology

**Seismology** is the study of what is under the surface of the Earth by measuring vibrations on the Earth's surface. A person who does this is called a seismologist.

It is part of the science of geophysics, which studies the physics of the processes that formed the Earth and other planets.

Seismology is done by seismologists and geophysicists using devices to pick up the vibrations called geophones, hydrophones or seismometers.

Seismology can either be passive, just listening to vibrations caused by earthquakes and volcanic activity, or active, using small explosive charges to send vibrations into the ground.

Seismic detectors come in two types, one which measures up and down vibrations, and one which measures side to side vibrations. Both types use and arrangement of a magnet and a coil of wire which will convert the vibrations into an electrical signal which can be stored in a computer for analysis. The earliest seismometer was developed by the Chinese.

Seismologists can find the location of earthquakes by plotting received vibrations on a map. They can also pick up underground nuclear tests, and this is what many of the seismic recording stations were set up for.

They can also examine the crust in a seismic survey to try and find information about layers of rock, locate oil or gas fields and to get information about the internal structure of volcanos.

## Related pages

- Earth science
- Seismic analysis
Godparent

A **godparent** is an adult who sponsors a child during a formal religious ceremony or rite. Many religions have godparents or other adults who do something almost the same. These religions include Christianity & Judaism. Usually a godparent must be a member of the religion of the child. The role of a god parent is to also give the god child a gift, small or big, money, toys, etc. Mainly on Sundays.

Originally a godparent was someone who agreed to help raise the child and help them to become a good member of the religion. They may also have taken over as parent to the child if both its real parents died. Today, the role of godparent is not often a formal one, and has no real responsibility to the child. A female child of a godparent is a goddaughter. A male child of a godparent is a godson.
Nystagmus

**Nystagmus**, often called "dancing eyes", is an eye condition which causes uncontrolled, rapid, jerky, movement of the eyes, usually from side to side, but sometimes up and down or in a circular motion. Most people with nystagmus have poor vision. It causes problems in education, employment and many social situations. Nystagmus cannot be fixed by spectacles or contact lenses, although many people with nystagmus wear glasses or contact lenses to correct other eye problems.

## Causes of Nystagmus

There are two types of Nystagmus. The first is Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS) which some people have at birth. The second type is known as acquired nystagmus which has a number of causes including:
- Alcohol
- Drugs, especially sedatives
- Head injury
- Inner ear problems like labyrinthitis or Meniere's disease
- Thiamine deficiency
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Diseases that can affect the brain's control of the eyes such as a tumor, or multiple sclerosis.

## Features of nystagmus

- People with nystagmus do not normally see the world as moving, but they do occasionally.
- They have poor distance vision, but most have good close vision.
- Nystagmus is not painful.
- Between 1 in 1000 and 1 in 2000 people have nystagmus.
- Nystagmus can be hereditary, but it can also be a result of something else.
- Most people with nystagmus can see well enough to drive an automobile
- Nystagmus does not get worse with age.

## Treatments and research

There are currently no cures for nystagmus, but UK Nystagmus Network supports and encourages medical and other research into this complex condition. Research is ongoing with a number of universities leading the way.

## Other websites

- http://www.nystagmus.co.uk  nystagms.co.uk
- http://www.nystagmusnet.org nystagmusnet.org
Susanna (Book of Daniel)

The story of **Susanna and the Elders** is found in some Bibles inside a chapter of the Book of Daniel. These sections are sometimes called Additions to Daniel. Modern Jewish and Protestant Bibles do not have this story but Catholic and Orthodox ones have it. This story is found before Daniel 1:1 as a prologue in very old Greek texts. It is found as chapter 13 in the Vulgate and modern Catholic Bibles.

In the story, two bad judges secretly want to have sexual intercourse with Susanna, a beautiful and virtuous wife. A judge in ancient Israel was an important person who could make decisions about the life of other people. A bad judge was someone who used their power to help themself instead of to support Justice.

One hot day, she takes a bath inside her walled garden but she does not know that the judges are hiding inside the garden. The judges tell her to have sex with them but she doesn't want to. When she refuses, they tell the people of the village that they saw her having sex with a man who was not her husband. This is called adultery, which was against the law at that time. The people of the village believe the judges and want to kill Susanna. A boy named Daniel does not believe the judges, so he asks one of the judges to go away and the other one to say what he saw. Daniel does this again with the other judge. The judges tell different stories, showing that they lied. The people get mad and kill the judges instead.
El Bierzo

**El Bierzo** is a shire in the province of León, Spain. The capital is the town of Ponferrada. Other major towns are Bembibre and Villafranca del Bierzo.

## Related pages

- Province of Llión
- Leonese language

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: El Bierzo
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: Comarcas of Spain, Comarca
- **image flag**: Bandera de El Bierzo.svg
- **image shield**: Escudo de El Bierzo.svg
- **image map**: León-loc-El Bierzo.svg
- **map caption**: Location of El Bierzo within the province of León
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision name1**: Castile and León
- **subdivision type2**: Province
- **subdivision name2**: León (province), León
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Ponferrada
- **parts type**: Municipalities
- **parts style**: list
- **area total km2**: 2828
- **population total**: 134729
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: List of municipalities of Spain, Largest municipality
- **blank info sec1**: Ponferrada
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Spain, Postal code
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Spain, Dialing code
Lime kiln

A **lime kiln** is a kiln used to produce quicklime by the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate). The chemical equation for this reaction is:

- CaCO<sub>3</sub> + heat → CaO + CO<sub>2</sub>

Limestone is poured into one side of the kiln, it is then heated up with hot air and quicklime [Calcium Oxide] comes out the other end.
Waste Gases come out of the top of the kiln.
Grant (money)

A **grant** is money given by a government, company, foundation, or trust to a group, school, business, or person. Unlike a loan, a grant does not need to be paid back. Grants help with a specific project or goal and often have rules about how the money can be used.

People may need to write applications or proposals to get a grant. They might also have to follow rules and report on how they use the money.

## Types of grants

Grants can be categorized into types based on their source, purpose, and requirements. Grants are divided into, among others:

1. Government grants
1. Foundation grants
1. Corporate grants
1. Research grants
1. Educational grants
Say It Again (Natasha Bedingfield song)

***Say It Again*** is a single by Natasha Bedingfield originally released in 2007, off the studio album _N.B._. The song also appears on the 3rd studio album by Bedingfield called _Pocketful of Sunshine_.
Wild Horses

***Wild Horses*** is a song by The Rolling Stones from their 1971 album _Sticky Fingers_. It has been covered by many other artists. Alicia Keys' recording, for her album _Alicia Keys: Unplugged_, featured the frontman of Maroon 5, Adam Levine.
Light Rail Transit Association

The **Light Rail Transit Association** (LRTA) is an association. Its purpose is to help and encourage research to keep and develop of light rail and tramway/streetcar systems. The LRTA publishes the monthly magazine _Tramways and Urban Transit_ (formerly _Modern Tramway_). It is based in the United Kingdom but it has an international membership and remit.

## History

The LRTA was formed in 1937. It was called Light Railway Transport League (LRTL) until 1979.

The opening of the Tyne and Wear Metro in 1980, followed by the Manchester Metrolink in 1991 and other new tram systems in Sheffield, Birmingham, Croydon and Nottingham, are very much in line with the aims of the Association.

## Related pages

- National Tramway Museum
- Scottish Tramway and Transport Society
- Transport 2000

## Other websites

- LRTA official website
- The official publication of the LRTA
St. Catharines

**St. Catharines** is the biggest city in the Niagara Region of Canada.  Around 137,000 people live in St. Catharines as of 2021.

## Sister cities

- Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago

## Other websites

- City of St. Catharines' Official Website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: St. Catharines
- **official name**: City of St. Catharines
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Ontario, City (List of municipalities in Ontario#Lower-tier municipalities, lower-tier)
- **nickname**: The Garden City, St. Kitts
- **motto**: Industry and Liberality
- **image skyline**: File:St. Catharines Downtown Centre-ville de St. Catharines (23904737637).jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown St. Catharines
- **image blank emblem**: Logo of St. Catharines, Ontario.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **blank emblem size**: 75px
- **image map**: StCatsNiagaraOn.png
- **map caption**: Location of St. Catharines and its census metropolitan area in Ontario
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision type2**: List of Ontario census divisions, Region
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision name1**: Ontario
- **subdivision name2**: Regional Municipality of Niagara, Niagara
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: Governing body
- **leader title2**: House of Commons of Canada, MPs
- **leader title3**: Legislative Assembly of Ontario, MPPs
- **leader name**: Mat Siscoe
- **leader name1**: St. Catharines City Council
- **leader name2**: Chris Bittle, Vance Badawey, Dean Allison
- **leader name3**: Jennie Stevens, Jeff Burch, Sam Oosterhoff
- **established title**: Settled
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated (town)
- **established title3**: Incorporated (city)
- **area land km2**: 96.20
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 136,803 (List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, 42nd)
- **population metro**: 433,604 (List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada, 13th)
- **timezone**: Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 97.80
- **postal code type**: Forward Sortation Area
- **postal code**: List of L postal codes of Canada, L2M to L2W
- **area code**: Area codes 905, 289, and 365, 905, 289, 365, and 742
Oshawa

**Oshawa** is a city of Ontario in Canada.  It can be found on the shores of Lake Ontario. Around 175,000 people were living in Oshawa as of 2021.

## List of radio stations

- CKDO 1580

- CKGE 94.9

## Other websites

- City of Oshawa website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Oshawa
- **official name**: City of Oshawa
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Ontario, City (List of municipalities in Ontario#Lower-tier municipalities, lower-tier)
- **nickname**: List of city nicknames in Canada#Ontario, "Canada's Motor City"
- **image caption**: From top, left to right: Downtown Oshawa, Oshawa City Hall, GO Transit platform, Lakeridge Health, GM Canada Headquarters, Parkwood Estate and Durham College
- **image flag**: Flag of Oshawa, Ontario.gif
- **image blank emblem**: City of Oshawa logo.jpg
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **blank emblem size**: 120x80px
- **pushpin map**: CAN ON Durham#Canada Southern Ontario
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Regional Municipality, Region
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision name1**: Ontario
- **subdivision name2**: Regional Municipality of Durham, Durham Region
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: Governing Body
- **leader title2**: Member of Parliament (Canada), MPs
- **leader title3**: Member of Provincial Parliament (Ontario), MPPs
- **leader name**: Dan Carter (Canadian politician), Dan Carter
- **leader name1**: Oshawa City Council
- **leader name2**: Colin Carrie
Jamil Jivani
- **leader name3**: Jennifer French (politician), Jennifer French
Todd McCarthy (politician), Todd McCarthy
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: Village: 1850
Town: 1879
City: March 8, 1924
- **area land km2**: 145.72
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 175,383
- **population metro**: 415,311
- **population density km2**: 1203.6
- **demographics type2**: Gross Metropolitan Product
- **demographics2 title1**: Oshawa
- **demographics2 info1**: Canadian dollar, CA$13.8billion (2020)
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **postal code type**: Forward Sortation Area
- **postal code**: List of L postal codes of Canada, L1G to L1L
- **area code**: Area codes 905, 289, and 365, 905, 289, 365, and 742
- **elevation m**: 106
Grimsby, Ontario

**Grimsby** (population 28 883) is a town on Lake Ontario in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada. Grimsby is a part of the Hamilton Census Metropolitan Area.  Most of its population lives in the area surrounded Lake Ontario and the Niagara escarpment.  The escarpment is home to a section of the Bruce Trail. There are many famous people from Grimsby, including NHL player Kevin Bieksa, and The Three Stooges director Del Lord. Grimsby is known as "the gateway between Hamilton and Niagara". In the early 1900's, Grimsby was known as an amusement park, with a roller coaster, a movie theater, and cabins on the lake. One of Grimsby's elementary schools, Grand Avenue Public School, used to be the fairgrounds for the amusement park.
Camellia sinensis

***Camellia sinensis***, the **tea plant**, is the species of plant whose leaves and leaf buds are used to make tea. It is in the genus _Camellia_.

White tea, green tea, oolong, pu-erh tea and black tea all come from this species. They are processed differently, so they have different levels of oxidation. Kukicha (twig tea) is also harvested from _Camellia sinensis_, but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves.
2008 California Proposition 8

**Proposition 8** is an initiative passed in California on November 4, 2008 that banned same-sex marriage.  The measure passed by 52% to 48%. It changed California's Constitution by adding a section that says, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."  The law was in response to a judge's ruling that gay marriage was legal under the California state Constitution.  The campaign to pass Proposition 8 was mostly paid for by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

Proposition 8 is controversial and is being debated in court. On August 4, 2010, Judge Vaughn Walker in the United States District Court made a ruling that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional and should be overturned. This would make same-sex marriage legal again in California, however, Judge Walker issued a stay of execution, so that those in favor of Proposition 8 could legal appeal.

The appeal of the case went to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. On February 7, 2012, the judges in this court agreed with Judge Walker that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional. However they also issued a stay of execution, so that their ruling could be appealed to the United States Supreme Court.

Those in favor of Proposition 8 appealed to the Supreme Court on July 30, 2012. On December 7, 2012, the Supreme Court agreed to judge the case. The Supreme Court will issue a final ruling on the case in 2013.

There are several possible outcomes:
- The Supreme Court could agree with the lower courts, which would force Proposition 8 to be cancelled and would allow same-sex marriage to resume in California.
- The Court could also disagree with the lower courts, in which case Proposition 8 would remain law.
- The Court could rule that the supporters of Proposition 8 didn't have the right to bring the case to the Supreme Court, in which case the lower court ruling would stand, and Proposition 8 would also be overturned.

Depending on exactly how the Supreme Court rules, Proposition 8 could be overturned in California only, or all other laws against same-sex marriage in the United States could be overturned as well.
Digsby

**Digsby** was an instant messaging piece of software. It was for Microsoft Windows, with plans to support Mac and Linux. It supported Google Mail, Yahoo messenger, MSN Messenger, Facebook chat and others. Currently no longer operational.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Digsby
- **genre**: Instant messaging
- **website**: No longer in service
Palacios del Sil

**Palacios del Sil** is a municipality in the province of León, Spain.

Several Leonese language writers were born there.

## Related pages

- Cuentos del Sil
- Leonese language
David Archuleta

**David James Archuleta** (born December 28, 1990) is an American pop vocal artist. He was the runner-up of season 7 of _American Idol_. He had the singles "Crush", "A Little Too Not Over You", "Angels", and "Touch My Hand". He released the album _David Archuleta_ in November 2008.

### Albums

- 2008 - _David Archuleta_
- 2009 - _Christmas from the Heart_
- 2010 - 'The Other Side of Down_
- 2012 - _Forevermore_
- 2012 - _Begin_
- 2017 - _Postcards in the Sky_
- 2018 - _Winter in the Air_
- 2020 - _Therapy Sessions''

### Singles

- 2008 - "Crush"
- 2008 - "Angels" (Robbie Williams)
- 2009 - "A Little Too Not Over You"
- 2009 - "Touch My Hand"
- 2009 - "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"
- 2010 - "Something 'Bout Love"
- 2010 - "Elevator"
- 2010 - "Falling Stars"
- 2011 - "Wait"
- 2012 - "Forevermore"
- 2012 - "I'll Never Go"
- 2012 - "Broken"
- 2012 - "Everybody Hurts"
- 2013 - "Rainbow (Remix)"
- 2013 - "Don't Run Away"
- 2014 - "Glorious"
- 2015 - "The Prayer" (with Nathan Pacheco)
- 2016 - "Numb"
- 2016 - "My Little Prayer"
- 2016 - "Mi Pequeña Oración (My Little Prayer)"
- 2017 - "Up All Night"
- 2017 - "Invincible"
- 2018 - "Seasons" (featuring Madilyn Paige)
- 2018 - "Christmas Every Day"
- 2018 - "Winter in the Air"
- 2019 - "Postcards in the Sky"
- 2019 - "Paralyzed"
- 2019 - "Merry Christmas, Happy Holidays"
- 2020 - "OK, All Right"

### Other Songs

- 2008 - "Imagine" (John Lennon)
- 2008 - "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me" (Elton John)
Scott Raynor

**Scott Raynor** (May 23, 1978) is an American drummer. He was Blink-182's drummer from 1992 to 1998, when he was told to leave the band. Now Raynor is a drummer for the bands _Isinglass_ and _One Track Mind_.

When asked about being removed from Blink-182 in an interview, this is what Raynor said:

### Blink-182

- _Flyswatter_ (1993)
- _Demo #2_ (1993)
- _Short Bus_ (1994)
- _Cheshire Cat_ (1994)
- _Buddha Promo_ (1994)
- _They Came to Conquer... Uranus_ (1995)
- _Dude Ranch_ (1997)
- Buddha (1998)

### ISINGLASS

- ISINGLASS(1999)
- New Millennium (2000)

### One Track Mind

- _Music for Dummies_ (2003)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Scott Raynor
- **image**: Scott Raynor.jpg
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **origin**: California, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Punk rock
Skate punk
Pop punk
- **occupation**: Musician, Drummer
- **years active**: 1992–Present
- **instrument**: Drum kit, Drums
Guitar
- **associated acts**: Blink-182
ISINGLASS
One Track Mind (band), One Track Mind
David Archuleta (album)

***David Archuleta*** is the first album released by runner-up of Season 8 of American Idol, David Archuleta. The studio album includes the songs "Crush", and "A Little Too Not Over You".

## Original Track Listing

1. "Crush"
1. "Touch My Hand"
1. "Barriers"
1. "My Hands"
1. "A Little Too Not Over You"
1. "You Can"
1. "Running"
1. "Desperate"
1. "To Be With You"
1. "Don't Let Go"
1. "Your Eyes Don't Lie"
1. "Angels"

### iTunes Deluxe Edition Tracks

1. "Waiting for Yesterday"
1. "Falling"
1. "Let Me Go"
1. "Somebody Out There"

### Wal-Mart Bonus Tracks

1. "Works For Me!"
Crush (David Archuleta song)

"**Crush**" is a #1 hit single by David Archuleta. The single came off the album _David Archuleta_. "Crush" was released on August 2, 2008. The single was recorded during the final episodes of Season 8 of _American Idol_.
A Little Too Not Over You

***A Little Too Not Over You*** is a 2009 song. It was released in early January 2009 by David Archuleta. The hit single came off the album _David Archuleta_. The song was on airplay since late-December. _A LIttle Too Not Over You_ is the 4th track off the album by Archuleta.
Czechoslovak government-in-exile

The **Czechoslovak government-in-exile** (sometimes also officially called the **provisional government of Czechoslovakia**) was an informal name given to the Czechoslovak National Liberation Committee, first by British diplomatic recognition. The name was used by other World War II Allies as they followed the British in recognizing it. The Committee was originally created by the former Czechoslovak President, Edvard Beneš in Paris in October 1939. Unsuccessful negotiations with France for diplomatic status, as well as the impending Nazi occupation of France, forced the Committee to move to London in 1940. From there, it moved to Aston Abbots, Buckinghamshire in 1941, where it sought relative safety from the London Blitz.

It was the true government for Czechoslovakia throughout the Second World War. A specifically anti-Fascist government, it sought to reverse the Munich Agreement and the following German occupation of Czechoslovakia, and to return the Republic to its 1937 boundaries. Due to this, it was considered by those countries that recognized it, the legal continuation of the First Republic of Czechoslovakia.
Nellis Solar Power Plant

The **Nellis Solar Power Plant** was the largest solar power plant in North America when it was built in 2007. It is in Nellis Air Force Base in Clark County, Nevada.
Richard Keys

**Richard Keys**, (born 23 April 1957, Coventry, England) is an English broadcaster who is famous for presenting live football matches on Sky Sports since the early 1990s. He was a presenter on TV-am before joining Sky.
Energetics

**Energetics** is the scientific study of energy movement and storages under change. Energetics is a wide field of study. This study includes topics such as thermodynamics, chemistry and biochemistry. Scientists often debate where each topic begins and ends.
Wally Gator

***Wally Gator*** is a cartoon made by Hanna-Barbera.  It was first shown on television on September 3, 1962. The main character is an alligator named Wally. Wally lives in a zoo. He tends to run away from the zoo because he misses the swamp. However, Mr. Twiddle (the zookeeper) often captures Wally and brings him back to the zoo.
Elie Wiesel

**Elie Wiesel** (; born **Eliezer Wiesel** on September 30, 1928 – July 2, 2016) was a Romanian-American Jewish writer, teacher, political activist, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize and Holocaust survivor.  His most well-known book is _Night_ which is about his life in several concentration camps during the Holocaust. He was a humanitarian.

Wiesel won the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize.  The Norwegian Nobel Committee praised his message "of peace, atonement and human dignity".

Wiesel died on July 2, 2016 at his home in Manhattan, aged 87.

## Works

- _The Gates of the Forest_
- _Night_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Elie Wiesel
- **awards**: Nobel Peace Prize,
Presidential Medal of Freedom,
Congressional Gold Medal
- **image**: Elie Wiesel.jpg
- **caption**: Wiesel speaking at the World Economic Forum in 2003
- **birth place**: Sighetul Marmatiei, Sighet, Maramureş County, Romania
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
- **occupation**: Political activist, teacher, writer
Leaked in London

***Leaked in London*** is a live EP that was recorded by Fall Out Boy in 2007. The EP was made in response to their fourth album, _Infinity on High_, being leaked onto the internet three weeks before its actual release date. Those who bought _Infinity On High_ could download _Leaked In London_ from Fall Out Boy's website by using the CDPass software and inserting the _Infinity On High_ CD into their computer.

## Track listing

All songs written by Fall Out Boy, except when noted.
1. "Thriller" – 3:29
1. ""The Take Over, the Breaks Over"" – 3:33
1. "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" – 3:32
1. "I'm Like a Lawyer with the Way I'm Always Trying to Get You off (Me & You)" – 3:31
1. "Hum Hallelujah" – 3:50 (Fall Out Boy, Cohen)
1. "Golden" – 2:32
1. "Thnks fr th Mmrs" – 3:23
1. "Don't You Know Who I Think I Am?" – 2:51
1. "The (After) Life of the Party" – 3:21
1. "The Carpal Tunnel of Love" – 3:23 (Fall Out Boy, Eisold)
1. "Bang the Doldrums" – 3:31
1. "Fame < Infamy" – 3:06
1. "You're Crashing, But You're No Wave" – 3:42
1. "I've Got All This Ringing in My Ears and None on My Fingers" – 4:06

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Leaked in London
- **type**: EP
- **longtype**: (live)
- **artist**: Fall Out Boy
- **released**: February 6, 2007
- **recorded**: Hammersmith Palais
London, England
- **label**: Island Records, Island
- **producer**: Fall Out Boy
- **prev title**: Infinity on High
- **prev year**: 2007
- **next title**: Live in Phoenix
- **next year**: 2008
Pictorella mannikin

The **pictorella mannikin** (_Heteromunia pectoralis_) (also known as the **pictorella munia** or **pictorella finch**) is a species of bird in the family Estrildidae. They live in northern Australia, from the Fitzroy River in Western Australia, across the "Top End" of the Northern Territory, over to the Cape York Peninsula.

## References

- (2007a):  [2006-2007 Red List status changes  ]. Retrieved 2007-AUG-26.
- (2007b): Pictorella Munia - BirdLife Species Factsheet. Retrieved 2007-AUG-28.
RPG-26

The **RPG-26** _Aglen_ is a disposable anti-tank rocket launcher that was made by the Soviet Union. It entered service in 1985. It can shoot to about 250 meters.

## Information about the gun

- **Calibre:** 72.5 mm
- **Length:** 770 mm
- **Weight:** 2.9 kg
- **Range**: effective combat, 250 m
- **Operating temperature:** -50 to +50°C
Fright Night (album)

***Fright Night*** is the first album by the Finnish power metal band Stratovarius.

## Track listing

1. "Future Shock" – 4:36
1. "False Messiah" – 5:20
1. "Black Night" – 3:43
1. "Witch-Hunt" – 3:22
1. "Fire Dance" – 2:20
1. "Fright Night" – 8:13
1. "Night Screamer" – 4:48
1. "Darkness" – 6:57
1. "Goodbye" – 1:14

## Band members

- Timo Tolkki - Guitar, Vocals
- Jyrki Lentonen - Bass
- Antti Ikonen - Keyboards
- Tuomo Lassila - Drums

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Fright Night
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Stratovarius
- **released**: May 1989
- **recorded**: Finnvox Studios
- **genre**: Power metal
- **length**: 40:33
- **label**: CBS Finland
- **producer**: Stratovarius
- **next title**: Twilight Time (album), II
(1991)
Auerbach (Vogtland)

**Auerbach** () is a town in the rural district Vogtlandkreis, in Saxony, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Schlossturm-Auerbach.jpg
- **image coa**: Auerbach coat of arms.svg
- **state**: Sachsen
- **district**: Vogtlandkreis
- **elevation**: 555
- **area**: 55.38
- **postal code**: 08209
- **area code**: 03744
- **licence**: V, AE
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 14523020
- **divisions**: 5
- **mayor**: Manfred Deckert
Borna, Leipzig

**Borna** () is a town in the rural district Leipzig, in Saxony, Germany. It is also the capital of this district. It is located about  southeast of Leipzig.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Borna
- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Rathaus mit Alter Wache Borna.jpg
- **image coa**: Wappen Borna.svg
- **image plan**: Borna in L.svg
- **state**: Sachsen
- **district**: Leipzig
- **elevation**: 159
- **area**: 62.35
- **population**: 22561
- **stand**: 2007-01-01
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 14729050
- **postal code**: 04552
- **area code**: 0 34 33
- **licence**: L, BNA, GHA, GRM, MTL, WUR
- **bürgermeister**: Simone Luedtke
- **party**: The Left
Hartenstein, Saxony

**Hartenstein** is a town in the rural district Zwickau, in Saxony, Germany. It is located on the river Zwickauer Mulde, 14 km southeast of Zwickau. Hartenstein has about 5,000 Inhabitants.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Hartenstein
- **image photo**: KLG 4658 Hartenstein.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Hartenstein
- **image coa**: Hartenstein coa.png
- **image plan**: Hartenstein in Z.svg
- **state**: Sachsen
- **district**: Zwickau
- **elevation**: 360
- **area**: 36.72
- **population**: 4975
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 08118
- **area code**: 037605
- **licence**: Z
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 14524090
- **divisions**: 3
- **mayor**: Andreas Steiner
Deaths in 2009

The following is a list of notable **deaths in 2009**.

## January

- January 1 - Johannes Mario Simmel, 84, Austrian writer.
- January 1 - Helen Suzman, 91, South African politician and activist.
- January 1 - Aarne Arvonen, 111, Finnish supercentenarian and Finnish Civil War veteran.
- January 1 - Nizar Rayan, 49, Palestinian military commander, airstrike.
- January 2 - Ryuzo Hiraki, 77, Japanese footballer.
- January 2 - Maria de Jesus, 115, Portuguese supercentenarian and oldest-living person, septic shock.
- January 3 - Pat Hingle, 84, American actor (_Splendor in the Grass_, _Hang 'Em High_, _Batman_), blood cancer.
- January 3 - Olga San Juan, 81, American actress, kidney failure.
- January 5 - Adolf Merckle, 74, German industrialist, suicide.
- January 6 - Ron Asheton, 60, American rock guitarist.
- January 9 - Rene Herms, 26, German athlete.
- January 9 - Dave Dee, 67, British musician, prostate cancer.
- January 10 - Bill Stone, 108, British World War I veteran.
- January 10 - Rob Gauntlett, 21, British mountaineer, climbing accident.
- January 11 - Pio Laghi, 86, Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
- January 12 - Claude Berri, 74, French movie director.
- January 12 - Arne Naess, 96, Norwegian philosopher.
- January 12 - Friaca, 84, Brazilian footballer, multiple organ failure.
- January 13 - Patrick McGoohan, 80, American-Irish actor, short illness.
- January 14 - Ricardo Montalban, 88, Mexican-American actor, heart failure.
- January 15 - Said Seyam, 50, Palestinian government official, airstrike.
- January 16 - Andrew Wyeth, 91, American painter, short illness.
- January 18 - Tony Hart, 83, British artist and television presenter.
- January 18 - Zenonas Petrauskas, 58, Lithuanian lawyer and politician.
- January 19 - Beatrice Farve, 113, American supercentenarian.
- January 20 - Stephanos II Ghattas, 89, Patriarch of Egyptian Coptic Church.
- January 24 - Kay Yow, 66, American basketball coach, breast cancer.
- January 25 - Mamadou Dia, 98, 1st Prime Minister of Senegal.
- January 27 - Mino Reitano, 64, Italian singer, after long illness.
- January 27 - John Updike, 76, American writer, lung cancer.
- January 27 - R. Venkataraman, 98, 8th President of India, multiple organ failure.
- January 28 - Billy Powell, 56, American musician (Lynyrd Skynyrd).
- January 29 - John Martyn, 60, British singer and songwriter, pneumonia.
- January 30 - Ingemar Johansson, 76, Swedish boxer.
- January 30 - Sune Jonsson, 78, Swedish photographer and writer.
Natasha Richardson

**Natasha Jane Richardson** (11 May 1963 – 18 March 2009) was a Tony Award-winning English stage and movie actress.

## Life and career

Richardson was the daughter of actress Vanessa Redgrave and movie director and producer Tony Richardson. She was the granddaughter of Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson. In 1994, she married Liam Neeson. Together, they had two children, Micheal (born 1995) and Daniel (born 1996).

Early in her career she portrayed Mary Shelley and Patty Hearst in movies. She received critical acclaim and a Theatre World Award for her Broadway debut in the 1993 revival of _Anna Christie_. She won the Tony Award for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical", the Drama Desk Award for "Outstanding Actress in a Musical", and the Outer Critics Circle Award for her performance as Sally Bowles in the 1998 Broadway revival of _Cabaret_.

Some of her best known movies included _Nell_ (1994), _The Parent Trap_ (1998 remake) and
_Maid in Manhattan_ (2002).

## Death

Richardson died in  a hospital in New York City on March 18, 2009. She did not recover from brain damage that happened in a skiing accident in Quebec, Canada. She was on vacation with her two sons.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Natasha Richardson
- **image**: NatashaRichardson.jpg
- **caption**: Richardson at the UK premiere of _The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian_ in June 2008
- **birth name**: Natasha Jane Richardson
- **birth place**: Marylebone, London, England, United Kingdom, UK
- **death place**: New York City, United States, U.S.
- **death cause**: Brain damage from injuries in skiing accident
- **nationality**: English people, English
- **education**: St Paul's Girls' School
- **occupation**: Actress
- **relatives**: Joely Richardson (sister)
Carlo Gabriel Nero (half-brother)
- **citizenship**: British and American
- **spouse**: Robert Fox (producer), Robert Fox
(1990–1992)
Liam Neeson
(1994–2009; her death)
- **children**: 2
- **parents**: Tony Richardson
Vanessa Redgrave
- **years active**: 1968–2009
Beetlejuice (movie)

***Beetlejuice*** is a 1988 American fantasy-comedy-horror movie directed by Tim Burton. The movie stars Alec Baldwin, Geena Davis, Jeffrey Jones, Catherine O'Hara, Winona Ryder and Michael Keaton as Beetlejuice. A sequel, _Beetlejuice Beetlejuice_, was released in 2024.

## Plot

Barbara (Geena Davis) and Adam (Alec Baldwin) Maitland decide to spend their holiday decorating their New England country home. Driving back from a trip to town, they crash the car and are killed. The story carries on with the couple going home as ghosts but they at first do not know that they are dead.

The couple's house is then sold and in move the new owners from New York City. The Deetzes, who are Charles (Jeffrey Jones) and his wife Delia (Catherine O'Hara), her friend Otho (Glenn Shadix) and Charles' goth daughter Lydia (Winona Ryder) from his first marriage. The new couple then start to make changes to the house which upsets the ghosts. The Maitlands then try to scare the new owners out of the house but they are not good at scaring people.

The ghosts can't be seen by anyone in the house other than by the daughter Lydia, with whom they become friends. They try to get a bad ghost to scare the new family out of the house and ask Beetlejuice to do it for them. But all he wants to do is marry Lydia so that he can come back to life.

## Cast

- Alec Baldwin and Geena Davis as Adam and Barbara Maitland: A young, married couple who are killed in a car accident.
- Winona Ryder as Lydia Deetz: Daughter of Charles Deetz and stepdaughter of Delia Deetz, a goth adolescent. She is the only one of the family who can see the Maitlands and quickly befriends them.
- Catherine O'Hara as Delia Deetz: Wife of Charles and stepmother to Lydia and a sculptor.
- Jeffrey Jones as Charles Deetz: A successful builder
- Glenn Shadix as Otho: Delia's friend and ghost expert
- Sylvia Sidney as Juno: Social worker for the dead.
- Michael Keaton as Beetlejuice: The bad ghost in the movie.

## Infobox (movie)

- **caption**: United States theatrical poster
- **director**: Tim Burton
- **producer**: Frank Oz
David Geffen
Larry Wilson (writer), Larry Wilson
Michael Bender
Richard Hashimoto
- **writer**: **Story:**
Karey Kirkpatrick
Warren Skaaren
Larry Wilson
**Screenplay:**
Michael McDowell
- **starring**: Michael Keaton
Alec Baldwin
Geena Davis
Winona Ryder
Catherine O'Hara
Jeffrey Jones
Glenn Shadix
Sylvia Sidney
- **music**: Danny Elfman
- **cinematography**: Thomas E. Ackerman
- **editing**: Jane Kurson
- **studio**: The Geffen Film Company, The Geffen Company
- **distributor**: Warner Bros. Pictures
- **runtime**: 92 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $13 million
- **gross**: $73.33 million
Crawford County, Arkansas

**Crawford County** is a county found in the state of Arkansas.  At the 2020 census, 60133 people lived in Crawford County.

## Cities and towns

These are the cities and towns of Crawford County:

## Other websites

- Crawford County government's website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Crawford County
- **state**: Arkansas
- **seat wl**: Van Buren
- **largest city wl**: Van Buren
- **area total sq mi**: 604
- **area land sq mi**: 593
- **area water sq mi**: 11
- **area percentage**: 1.8
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 60133
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: http://www.crawford-county.org/
- **time zone**: Central
- **named for**: William H. Crawford
Medical abortion

A **medical abortion** is an abortion where drugs are used to induce the abortion. In the 1970s, such abortions became an option to end the pregnancy during its first trimester.  The drugs most often used in 2009 were mifepristone and methotrexate, either alone or in combination with a prostaglandin.prostaglandin

Medical abortion is both safe and effective in many situations. In the United States, the mortality rate for medical abortion is 14 times lower than the mortality rate for childbirth. In the first trimester, the patient can the drugs used for medical abortion can take the drugs safely at home, without assistance.  Starting with the second trimester, it is recommended to take the second drug in a clinic or provider's office.

## Related pages

- Birth control
Durand Line

The **Durand Line** is the international  land border between Afghanistan and Pakistan in South-Central Asia. It was established after an 1897 memorandum of understanding (MoU) between Mortimer Durand of British India and Afghan Amir Abdur Rahman Khan.  Referred to as a frontier line, it is named after Mortimer Durand, who was the Foreign Secretary of colonial British India at the time. Later, Abdur Rahman Khan's successor, Amir Habibullah Khan signed a new agreement with Britain which again confirmed the legality of the Durand Line. King Amanullah Khan also accepted Durand line as international border between Afghanistan and British India after signing the Anglo-Afghan treaty of 1919. Article 5 of this treaty, on the basis of which Afghanistan reclaimed its independence, says that Afghanistan accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India.  Hence, Afghanistan as an independent country recognized Durand line as an international border.

The Durand Line cuts through the Afghan tribal areas, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns and Baloch people who live on both sides.  The line is internationally recognized by most countries as the western border of Pakistan, but Afghan governments after 1947 never recognized it.

Afghan Pashtun leaders claim Pakistani territories and say that the Durand Line is "an issue of historical importance for Afghanistan. The Afghan people, not the government, can take a final decision on it." However, non-Pashtuns Afghans have always recognized durand line as international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Similarly, Pakistani Pashtuns have also recognized Durand line as international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 2017 President Hamid Karzai said Afghanistan "will never accept" the Durand Line.

## Related pages

- Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts

## Further reading

- History and arguments on the Durand Line

## Other websites

- Pak-Afghan Relations: The Durand Line Issue  Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad
Mazandarani language

**Mazandarani is a language with 20.43 native speakers and 17.51 native Mazandarani speakers as of 2025, it is also known as Mazani, Mazeruni, Tabaristani, Tabarei, Goleshi, Geleki, Mazandaruani, Mazandaruni, Tabari, aka combonation of Hyecen/Gorgani/Varkani&Tapuri/Tapori/Tapouri (in Mazandarani: ماٚٓزنی).** It is spoken in Caspie region of Iran. Areas that use it are: Mazandaran &  Golestan, & Tehran all mainly & Semnan & Qazvin & Alborz & Gilan & Qum partly.  Mazandarni is the 2nd oldest language in the world after Gilaki, their difference is 100 years or so.https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mzn/

## Script and alphabet

Mazandarani language was written in the Pahlavi alphabet in the early centuries of Islam. The language uses the Mazani alphabet.

## Literature

Mazandarni language has the oldest literature among local languages in Iran. Among books written in this language are:
- Translation of Anything almost
- Marzbananme
- Nikiname

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Mazanderani
- **nativename**: _Mazäni_ مازنی
 _Tabäri_ طبری
- **states**: Iran, province of Mazandaran and parts of the provinces of Gilan, Alborz, Tehran, Semnan and Golestan and North Khorasan  and Qom and Qazvin
- **region**: South coast of the Caspian Sea
- **speakers**: 17.51 Mazani speakers that are Mazani themself & 20.43 million in total counting the Mazanized people who are mostly Mazanized Fars & Turkmen people.
- **date**: 2023
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Iranian languages, Iranian
- **fam4**: Western Iranian languages, Western Iranian
- **fam5**: Northwestern Iranian languages, Northwestern Iranian
- **fam6**: Caspian languages, Caspian
- **dia1**: Meiani
- **dia2**: Shahmirzadi
- **dia3**: Gorgani
- **script**: Mazandarani alphabet
- **agency**: Linguistic faculty of Mazani Universities officially gathers materials and resources about it.
- **lc1**: mzn
- **ld1**: Mazanderani
- **lc2**: srz
- **ld2**: Shahmirzadi
- **map**: Mazandarani Language Map.PNG
- **mapcaption**: Areas where Mazanderani is spoken as mother tongue
La Nuestra Tierra

***La Nuestra Tierra*** (_Our land_) was a weekly newspaper edited by the IDEL (Leonese Studies Institute) between 2000 and 2004. Its content was mainly about Leonese territory and a 30% of it was written in Leonese language, from opinion articles to information in Leonese language.

This publication edited 162 numbers, and was supported by the European Union and the Leonese public administrations.
East Punjab

**East Punjab** used to be a region of India because it was separated from West Punjab, which became a part of Pakistan by the Radcliffe Line after India was divided in 1947. It is now known as **Indian Punjab**. It existed between 1947 and 1966, comprising the present-day states of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Chandigarh. It had an area of 200,037 km² and today it would have had an combined population of 70,913,826.

## Infobox (former subdivision)

- **conventional long name**: Province of East Panjab
- **common name**: East Panjab
- **nation**: India
- **status text**: Former States and union territories of India, State of India
- **year start**: 1947
- **year end**: 1966
- **capital**: Shimla (1947–1953)
 Chandigarh (1953–1966)
- **p1**: Punjab Province (British India)
- **flag p1**: British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg
- **s1**: Chandigarh
- **flag s1**: Flag of India.svg
- **s2**: Haryana
- **flag s2**: Flag of India.svg
- **s3**: Himachal Pradesh
- **flag s3**: Flag of India.svg
- **s4**: Punjab, India
- **flag s4**: Flag of India.svg
- **image map**: Punjab,_India_(1956-1966).png
- **image map caption**: The Panjab state in India
- **native name**: ਚੜਦਾ ਪੰਜਾਬ
- **demonym**: Panjabis
Caraway

**Caraway** (_Carum carvi_) (Ar. كراويه), also known as **meridian fennel** and **Persian cumin**, is a biennial plant with spicy-tasting seed in the family Apiaceae, native to Europe and western Asia.

Caraway was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages.
Jonathan Ross

**Jonathan Stephen Ross** OBE (born 17 November 1960) is a British television and radio presenter.  He is currently a judge on the musical competition show _The Masked Singer_ (2020–present) and its spin-off series _The Masked Dancer_ (2021–present).

Ross was born in St Pancras, London and raised in Leytonstone, London. His mother is Martha Ross. Paul Ross, Simon Ross and Miles Ross are his brothers.

Ross has worked a lot on the BBC. On the BBC One television channel, Ross presented _The Film Programme_ from 1997 and his own talk show, _Friday Night with Jonathan Ross_ from 2001. He presented a radio show on BBC Radio 2 beginning in 1999. Ross decided to stop presenting all three shows and leave the BBC in 2010. He began presenting a new talk show, _The Jonathan Ross Show_ on ITV1 on 3 September 2011.

Ross is known for his difficulty in pronouncing the letter "r", which sounds more like the sound of a "w" in his speech. Ross was first on television in 1970 in an advert for Kellogg's Rice Krispies.

## Personal life

Ross married Jane Goldman in 1988. The couple have two daughters and a son.
Ef (Cyrillic)

**Ef** (**Ф**, **ф**) is the nineteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [f].

It comes from the Greek letter phi, and is equal to the number 500.

## Related pages

- Phi (letter)
Kha (Cyrillic)

**Kha** (**Х**, **х**) is the twentieth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [x].

It comes from the Greek letter chi and stands as the Roman letters H and X.

## Related pages

- Χ, χ - Chi (Greek)
- H, h (Roman)
- X, x (Roman)
Tse (Cyrillic)

**Tse** (**Ц**, **ц**) is the twenty-first letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [ts]. Its lowercase italic form is _ц_.

It stands for the Roman letter C.

## Related pages

- C, c (Roman)
- Џ, џ - Dzhe (Cyrillic)
Che (Cyrillic)

**Che** (**Ч**, **ч**) is the twenty-second letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [tʃ]. It is transliterated into the Roman alphabet as _ch_ in English and _tch_ in French.

It is read as "č" for words like "swi**tch**" or "**ch**ange" The letter also is used for the "tch" sound.

## History

The name for the letter "Che" appears to come from the word for "worm" or "чрьвь (_črĭvĭ_)"

In the Cyrillic numeral system, Che has a value of 90.

### Slavic Languages

In every Cyrillic Slavic language except Russian, che represents the voiceless postalveolar affricate /tʃ/.

In Russian, the che is more similar to the Mandarin Chinese Pinyin sound for "J" making the "/t͡ɕ/" sound.

In Serbian, the che makes more of a "tʂ" sound with the letter "Ћ" making a " /t͡ɕ/" sound.

## Related Characters

- 4 is a numeral that is similar in shape to Che.
- C is a Roman and Latin letter similar to pronunciation of che.
- Č is a Latin letter and sound identical to Che.
- Ҷ is a Cyrillic letter almost identical to Che.
- Ӵ is a Cyrillic letter almost identical to che.
- Ҹ is a Cyrillic letter almost identical to Che.
- Ꚇ or "double che" is a Cyrillic and Old Abkhaz letter similar to Che.

## Notes

Ч used to have a role for 60 instead of Ѯ.

Ҁ used to have a role as 90.
Sha (Cyrillic)

**Sha** (**Ш**, **ш**) is the twenty-third letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [ʃ]. Its lowercase italic form is _ш_.

It comes from the Hebrew letter shin. It is transliterated into the Roman alphabet as _sh_ in English, _sch_ in German, _ch_ in French, _ş_ in Turkish, _sz_ in Polish and _š_ in most Slavic languages (Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Slovene, Croatian) using Gaj's latin aphabet.

## Related pages

- Shin (letter)
- Щ, щ - Shcha (Cyrillic)