juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bering Sea

The **Bering Sea** is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It has a deep water basin, which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the continental shelves.

The Bering Sea is separated from the Gulf of Alaska by the Alaska Peninsula. It covers over two million square kilometers, bordered on the east and northeast by Alaska, on the west by Russia's Siberia and Kamchatka Peninsula, on the south by the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands and on the far north by the Bering Strait.  The Strait connects the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean's Chukchi Sea. Bristol Bay is the part of the Bering Sea which separates the Alaska Peninsula from mainland Alaska.  The Bering Sea is named for Vitus Bering, a Danish navigator in Russian service, who in 1728 was the first European to systematically explore it.

The Bering Sea ecosystem includes resources belonging to the United States and Russia, as well as international waters in the middle of the sea.

## History

Most scientists believe that during the most recent ice age, sea level was low enough to let humans and other animals move on foot from Asia to North America across what is now the Bering Strait.  This is commonly called the "Bering land bridge" and is believed by some—though not all— to be the first point of entry of humans into the Americas.

## Islands

Islands of the Bering Sea include:
- Pribilof Islands
- Komandorski Islands, including Bering Island
- St. Lawrence Island
- Diomede Islands
- King Island
- St. Matthew Island
- Karaginsky Island
- Nunivak Island
- Sledge Island
- Hagemeister Island

## Regions

Regions of the Bering Sea include:
- Bering Strait
- Bristol Bay
- Gulf of Anadyr
- Norton Sound

The Bering Sea has 16 submarine canyons including the largest submarine canyon in the world, Zhemchug Canyon.

## Biodiversity

The Bering Sea is home to some of the world's most interesting wildlife.  This sea supports many endangered whale species including bowhead whale, blue whale, fin whale, sei whale, humpback whale, sperm whale and the rarest in the world, the North Pacific right whale.  Other marine mammals include walrus, Steller sea lion, northern fur seal, beluga, orca and polar bear.

The Bering Sea is very important to the seabirds of the world. Over 30 species of seabirds and about 20 million individuals breed in the Bering Sea region.  Seabird species include tufted puffins, the endangered short-tailed albatross, spectacled eider, and red-legged kittiwakes.

Two Bering Sea species, the Steller's sea cow and spectacled cormorant, are extinct because of overexploitation by man.  In addition, a small subspecies of Canada goose, the Bering Canada goose is extinct due to overhunting and the introduction of rats to their breeding islands.

The Bering Sea supports many species of fish.  At least 419 species of fish have been reported from the Bering Sea. Some species of fish support large and valuable commercial fisheries.  Commercial fish species include six species of Pacific salmon; also Alaska pollock, red king crab, Pacific cod, Pacific halibut, yellowfin sole, Pacific ocean perch and sablefish.
Celebes Sea

The **Celebes Sea** is a sea of the western Pacific Ocean.  It is bordered on the north by the Sulu Archipelago and Sulu Sea and Mindanao Island of the Philippines.  It is bordered on the east by the Sangihe Islands chain, on the south by Sulawesi, and on the west by Kalimantan in Indonesia. It is 420 miles (675 km) north-south by 520 miles (837 km) east-west.  It has a total surface area of . The maximum depth is 20,300 feet (6,200 m). The sea opens southwest through the Makassar Strait into the Java Sea.

## Marine life

The Celebes Sea is home to a wide variety of fish and aquatic creatures. The tropical setting and warm clear waters give it about 580 of the world's 793 species of reef-building corals.  There is a large amount of marine life, including whales and dolphins, sea turtles, manta rays, eagle rays, barracuda, marlin and other reef and pelagic species. Tuna and yellowfin tuna are  also abundant.

## Pirates

The Celebes Sea is known for its pirates.  They prey not only on small time fishermen but also giant container ships. Nowadays, these pirates have high-tech weapons and equipment like radar and GPS navigation devices and ride on high-speed motorboats. It is the second most pirated body of water after the Gulf of Aden near Somalia.

## Commercial significance

The Celebes Sea is an important sea route for regional trade. The sea is also popular for scuba diving and luxury ocean cruising.
Flores Sea

The **Flores Sea** covers 93,000 square miles (240,000 square kilometres) of water in Indonesia.

The seas that border the Flores Sea are the Bali Sea (to the west), Java Sea (to the northwest), and the Banda Sea (to the east and northeast). The Indian Ocean and Savu Sea are to the south,.  They are separated from the Flores Sea by various islands. Islands that border this sea are the Lesser Sunda Islands and Celebes (Sulawesi).
Gulf of Alaska

The **Gulf of Alaska** is an arm of the Pacific Ocean.  The borders are the southern coast of Alaska, stretching from the Alaska Peninsula (Kabuch Point) and Kodiak Island in the west to the Cape Spencer in the east, south of which Glacier Bay and the Inside Passage are found.

The entire shoreline of the Gulf is a combination of forest, mountain, and a number of tidewater glaciers.  Alaska's largest glaciers, the Malaspina Glacier and Bering Glacier go out onto the coastal plain along the Gulf of Alaska. Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound are the two largest connected bodies of water.  There is also Yakutat Bay and Cross Sound.  Lituya Bay is the place of the largest recorded tsunami in history.

## Other websites

- World Atlas
Gulf of Thailand

The **Gulf of Thailand** is a shallow arm of the South China Sea.

## Geography

The Gulf of Thailand is bordered by Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. The northern tip of the gulf is the Bay of Bangkok at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. The gulf is about 320,000 km². The boundary of the gulf is defined by the line from Cape Bai Bung in southern Vietnam to the city Kota Baru on the Malaysian coast.

The Gulf of Thailand is relatively shallow. Its average depth is 45 m, and the maximum depth only 80 m. This makes water exchange slow.  The strong water inflow from the rivers make the Gulf low in salinity (3.05-3.25%) and rich in sediments. The main rivers which empty into the gulf are the Chao Phraya (including its distributary Tha Chin River), Mae Klong and Bang Pakong Rivers at the Bay of Bangkok, and the Tapi River into Bandon Bay in the southwest of the gulf.

## Tourism

The Gulf of Thailand has many coral reefs, and several diving resorts. Due to the tropical warmth of the water, it is popular with tourists. Some of the most important tourist places in the Gulf of Thailand are the islands of Ko Samui and Ko Pha Ngan in Surat Thani province, Pattaya in Chonburi province, Cha-am in Phetchaburi Province,  Hua Hin in  Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Ko Samet in Rayong Province,and Ko Chang in Trat Province
Java Sea

The **Java Sea** is a large shallow sea on the Sunda Shelf. It is 320,000 km². It was formed as sea levels rose at the end of the last ice age. The Java Sea is between the Indonesian islands of Borneo to the north, Java to the south; Sumatra to the west, and Sulawesi to the east. Karimata Strait to its northwest links it to the South China Sea.

Fishing is an important economic activity in the Java Sea. There are over 3,000 species of marine life in the area. A number of national parks are in the area such as Karimunjawa. The Thousand Islands are north of the mainland Jakarta. The area around the Java Sea is a popular tourist destination. Scuba diving lets people explore and photograph underwater caverns, wrecks, coral, sponges, and other marine life.

The Battle of the Java Sea, during February and March 1942, was one of the costliest naval battles of World War II. The naval forces of the Netherlands, Britain, Australia, and the U.S. were nearly completely destroyed trying to defend Java from Japanese attack.
Koro Sea

The **Koro Sea** or **Sea of Koro** is a sea in the Pacific Ocean.  It is  between Viti Levu island, Fiji to the west and the Lau Islands to the east.  It is surrounded by the islands of the Fijian archipelago.

The sea is named after Koro Island.

## References

- _Kontynenty i państwa : Australazja, Antarktyka_, wyd. Fogra, Kraków, 2000, p. 239-240, .
Molucca Sea

The **Molucca Sea** is in the western Pacific Ocean, within the country of Indonesia.  The region is rich in coral and has many diving sites.

## Location

The Molucca Sea borders the Banda Sea to the south and the Celebes Sea to the north.

The islands bordering the Molucca Sea include Halmahera to the north east, Buru and Ceram in the centre, and Sulawesi to the west.  The Talaud Islands to the north are the general limit of the sea. The Molucca Sea Plate, the tectonic plate named after the sea, goes further north.

## Infobox (body of water)

- **name**: Molucca Sea
- **other name**: Laut Maluku
- **image**: File:Locatie_Molukse_Zee.PNG
- **alt**: Molucca Sea is in Southeast Asia
- **caption**: Location of the Molucca Sea within Southeast Asia
- **location**: Southeast Asia
- **type**: Sea
- **part of**: Pacific Ocean
- **basin countries**: Indonesia
- **cities**: Ternate City
Sea of Okhotsk

The **Sea of Okhotsk** is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean. It is between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaidō to the south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a long stretch of eastern Siberian coast (including the Shantar Islands) along the west and north. The northeast corner is Shelikhov Gulf. It is named after Okhotsk, the first Russian town in the Far East.

## Geography

The Sea of Okhotsk covers 611,000 sq.mi. (1,583,000 km<sup>2</sup>).  The average depth is 2,818 feet (859 metres). Its maximum depth is 11,063 feet (3,372 metres). It is connected to the Sea of Japan on the west through the Sakhalin Gulf and the Gulf of Tartary; on the south, through the La Pérouse Strait.

In winter, travelling on the Sea of Okhotsk becomes difficult, or even impossible, due tolarge ice floes.

Except for Hokkaidō, one of the Japanese home islands, the sea is surrounded on all sides by land of the Russian Federation. For this reason, it is generally said to be part of Russia.

## Islands

Some of the Sea of Okhotsk's islands are quite large.  These include Japan's second largest island, Hokkaidō, as well as Russia's largest island, Sakhalin. Iony Island is the only island in open waters.  It belongs to the Khabarovsk Krai of the Russian Federation. Most of the sea's islands are have no people making them ideal breeding grounds for seals, sea lions, seabirds, and other sea island fauna.

## Notable seaports

- Abashiri, Hokkaidō, Japan
- Magadan, Magadan, Russia
- Monbetsu, Hokkaidō, Japan
- Palana, Kamchatka, Russia
- Wakkanai, Hokkaidō, Japan
Solomon Sea

The **Solomon Sea** is a sea in the Pacific Ocean. It is between Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Many major battles were fought there during World War II.

The Solomon Sea includes the New Britain Trench. It reaches its maximum depth at 29,988 feet (9,140 m) below sea level.
Jingū Seamount

is an underwater volcano (seamount) of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean.  Jingū is an extinct volcano.

The seamount is also known as the "Jingū Guyot" because it has a flat top.  This undersea geologic feature is also called a "guyot" or "tablemount".

This seabed mountain is named after Empress Jingū of Japan.

The last eruption from Jingū seamount was 55 million years ago.

## Related pages

- Submarine volcano
- Active volcano
- Dormant volcano

## Other websites

- Seamount Biogeosciences Network, database
African forest elephant

The **African forest elephant** (_Loxodonta cyclotis_) is an elephant which lives in the forests of the Congo Basin.

It is often considered a separate species from the African bush elephant (_Loxodonta africana_); a 2010 study said that the two elephants were two different species. However, since the two groups can interbreed successfully, they may only be separate subspecies of _Loxodonta africana_. They are probably forest elephants whose small size is adapted to  the rainforest conditions.

## Differences

The differences include that the African forest elephant has a long, narrow mandible (the African bush elephant's is short and wide), it has rounded ears (an African bush elephant's ears are more pointed), straighter and downward tusks, smaller size, and more toenails. The male African forest elephant rarely grows more than 2.5 metres (8 ft) in height, while the African bush elephant is usually over 3 metres (just under 10 feet) and sometimes almost 4 metres (13 ft) tall. The African bush elephant normally has 4 toenails on the frontfoot and 3 on the hindfoot, the African forest elephant normally has 5 toenails on the frontfoot and 4 on the hindfoot (like the Asian elephant).

## Diet

The African forest elephant is a herbivore (plant eater) and commonly eats leaves, grass, fruit, and bark, and sometimes visits places where it can lick salt.

## Other websites

- BBC Wildlife Finder - video clips from the BBC archive
- ARKive - Images and movies of the forest elephant (_Loxodonta cyclotis_)
- PBS Nature: Tracking Forest Elephants
- Forest Elephant Program
- Elephant Information Repository  - An in-depth resource on elephants
- The Elephant Listening Project - Information on forest elephants and their vocalizations.
Amundsen Sea

The **Amundsen Sea** is an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica. It is bounded by Cape Flying Fish, the northwestern tip of Thurston Island to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west. East of Cape Flying Fish starts the Bellingshausen Sea. The sea is named for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen.

The sea is mostly ice-covered. The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about  in thickness.  It is roughly the size of the state of Texas.  The area is known as the **Amundsen Sea Embayment** (ASE).  It forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

## Pine Island Bay

**Pine Island Bay** () is a bay about  long and  wide.  The ice of the Pine Island Glacier at the southeast end of the Amundsen Sea flows into it. It was named for USS _Pine Island_.

## Russell Bay

**Russell Bay** () is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea.  It goes along the north sides of Siple Island, Getz Ice Shelf and Carney Island, from Pranke Island to Cape Gates. It is named for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations.
Great Australian Bight

The **Great Australian Bight** is a large bight, or open bay.  It is off the central and western parts of the southern coastline of mainland Australia.

The Bight's boundaries are from Cape Pasley, Western Australia, to Cape Carnot, South Australia.  This is a distance of 1,160 km or 720 miles.

The much more accepted name in Australia for the connected waterbody is the Southern Ocean rather than the Indian Ocean.

The settlements along the coastline with access to the Bight and facilities are Ceduna and Eucla. Some other locations on the Eyre Highway or on the Nullarbor do not have facilities or easy access.

## Natural history

The coast line of the Great Australian Bight has cliff faces (up to 60 m high), surfing beaches and rock platforms, ideal for whale-watching. The Great Australian Bight receives very little of the runoff that fertilises most continental shelves.  It is essentially a marine desert. It is probably best noted for the large number of sharks that frequent its coastal waters, as well as the increasing numbers of Southern Right Whales that migrate in the region.

One location on the bight that is for the understanding of the natural history on its coastline is the Eyre Bird Observatory.
Ross Sea

The **Ross Sea** is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land.

## Description

The Ross Sea was discovered by James Ross in 1841. In the west of the Ross Sea is Ross Island. In the east is Roosevelt Island. The southern part is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf. In the west of the Ross sea, McMurdo Sound is a port which is usually free of ice during the summer. The southernmost part of the Ross Sea is Gould Coast, which is about two hundred miles from the Geographic South Pole.

All land masses in the Ross Sea are claimed by New Zealand.

A 10 metre (32.8 feet) long colossal squid weighing 495 kilograms (1,091 lb) was captured in the Ross Sea on February 22, 2007.

## Ecological importance and conservation

The flora and fauna are similar to other southern Antarctic marine regions. In summer there are a lot of plankton.  They provide food for larger species, such as fish, seals, whales, and sea- and shore-birds.

The coastal parts of the sea have a number of rookeries of Adélie and Emperor penguins.  They have been seen at a number of places around the Ross Sea, both towards the coast and outwards in open sea.

The Ross Sea is one of the last parts of seas on Earth that is mostly unaffected by human activities. Because of this, it is almost totally free from pollution, overfishing and the introduction of invasive species. Some people want to make the area a world marine reserve.
Ōjin Seamount

is an underwater volcano (seamount) of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean.  Ōjin is an extinct volcano.

The seamount is also known as the "Ōjin Guyot" because it has a flat top. This undersea geologic feature is also called a "guyot" or "tablemount".

This seabed mountain is named after Emperor Ōjin of Japan.

The last eruption from Ōjin seamount was 55 million years ago.

## Related pages

- Submarine volcano
- Active volcano
- Dormant volcano

## Other websites

- Seamount Biogeosciences Network, database
Scotia Sea

The **Scotia Sea** is partly in the Southern Ocean and mostly in the South Atlantic Ocean.

## Location and description

Normally stormy and cold, the Scotia Sea is the area of water between Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula.  It is bordered on the west by Drake Passage. These island groups all sit on top of the Scotia Ridge. The Scotia Sea covers an area of about 900,000 km². About half of the sea stands above the continental shelf.

The islands are rocky and partly covered in ice and snow year round.

## Flora and fauna

The islands do have vegetation.  They have been called **Scotia Sea Islands tundra** ecoregion.  These include South Georgia, the volcanic South Sandwich Islands and the South Orkneys in the Scotia Sea as well as the remote South Shetland Islands near the Antarctic Peninsula and the small isolated volcano Bouvet Island. All these islands are in the cold seas below the Antarctic convergence. These areas have tundra vegetation of mosses, lichen and algae. Seabirds, penguins and seals feed in the surrounding waters.

Seabirds include four species of albatross: Black-browed Albatross _(Diomedea melanophris)_, Grey-headed Albatross _(Thalassarche chrysostoma)_, Light-mantled Albatross _(Phoebetria palpebrata)_, and Wandering Albatross _(Diomedea exulans)_. There are only five species of bird that stay on land.  These include two endemic species: a race of the Yellow-billed Pintail duck_(Anas georgica)_ and South Georgia Pipit _(Anthus antarcticus)_.

Penguin species found here include large numbers of King Penguins, as well as Chinstrap Penguin, Macaroni Penguin, Gentoo penguin, Adelie Penguin, and Rockhopper Penguin _(Eudyptes chrysocome)_.

Seals include the Antarctic Fur Seal _(Arctocephalus gazella)_ and Sub-Antarctic Fur Seal _(Arctocephalus tropicalis)_ in large numbers, Leopard Seal _(Hydrurga leptonyx)_, Weddell Seal _(Leptonychotes weddellii)_, the huge Southern Elephant Seal _(Mirounga leonina)_, and Crabeater Seal _(Lobodon carcinophagus)_.

South Georgia, the South Sandwich Islands and Bouvet Island are protected as nature reserves. Bird Island, South Georgia is a site of special scientific interest.
Weddell Sea

The **Weddell Sea** is part of the Southern Ocean and has the Weddell Gyre. The easternmost point is Cape Norvegia at Princess Martha Coast, Queen Maud Land. Much of the southern part of the sea, up to Elephant Island, is permanent ice. The sea is claimed by Argentina and Britain.  There is also a part in the claim of Chile. At its widest the sea is around 2,000 km across. In area it is around 2.8 million km².

The sea is named after the British sailor James Weddell who entered the sea in 1823.

The Weddell Seal is one of the animals that live in the area.

The Weddell Sea has said by scientists to have the clearest water of any sea.
Bab-el-Mandeb

The **Bab-el-Mandeb**, meaning "Gate of Tears" in Arabic, is a strait between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula, Djibouti and Eritrea, north of Somalia, in the Horn of Africa, and connecting the Red Sea to the Guardafui Channel and Gulf of Aden. It is sometimes called the _Mandab Strait_ in the English language.

The strait gets its name from the dangers of traveling on it.  Or, according to an Arab legend, from the numbers who were drowned by the earthquake which separated Asia and Africa.

Bab el-Mandab acts is an important link between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. In 2006, about  of oil passed through the strait per day, out of a world total of about .

The distance across is about 20 miles (30 km) from Ras Menheli in Yemen to Ras Siyan in Djibouti.  The island of Perim divides the strait into two channels. The eastern channel, known as the Bab Iskender (Alexander's Strait), is 2 miles (3 km) wide and 16 fathoms (30 m) deep. The western channel, or Dact-el-Mayun, has a width of about 16 miles (25 km) and a depth of 170 fathoms (310 m).  Near the coast of Djibouti is a group of smaller islands known as the "Seven Brothers".
Bass Strait

**Bass Strait** is a sea strait separating Tasmania from the south of the Australian mainland, specifically the state of Victoria.  The strait was named after George Bass who travelled it in 1798.

It is about 240 km wide at its narrowest point and generally around 50 metres deep. It has many islands, with King Island and Flinders Island home to many towns.

The water is very rough, with many ships lost in the 19th century. A lighthouse was built on Deal Island in 1848 to help ships in the eastern part of the Straits.  On the west, the Cape Otway Lighthouse was first lit in 1848. Another lighthouse was at Cape Wickham at the northern end of King Island in 1861.

## Islands

There are over 50 islands in Bass Strait. Major islands include:

Western section:
- King Island
- Three Hummock Island
- Hunter Island
- Robbins Island

South eastern section:
- Furneaux Group
    - Flinders Island
    - Cape Barren Island
    - Clark Island
    - and several other islands

North eastern section:
- Kent Group
    - Deal Island
    - and 3 smaller islands
- Hogan Island
- Curtis Island
Davis Strait

**Davis Strait** is a northern arm of the Labrador Sea. It is between mid-western Greenland and Nunavut, Canada's Baffin Island. The strait was named for the English explorer John Davis (1550–1605), who explored the area while seeking a Northwest Passage.  It is the world's broadest strait.

The water depth is between one and two thousand meters.  The strait is much shallower than the Labrador Sea to the south or Baffin Bay to the north. It is on the coast line of Canada.
Nine-banded armadillo

The **nine-banded armadillo** (_Dasypus novemcinctus_), or the **nine-banded, long-nosed armadillo**, is a species of armadillo. The nine-banded armadillo is an insectivorous animal. Ants, termites, and other small invertebrates make up most of its diet. The armadillo can jump  in the air when scared.

## Range

The nine-banded armadillo is spreading more far out in both the north and east of the United States. It crossed the Rio Grande from Mexico in the late 19th century. At the same time, it was introduced in Florida by humans. By 1995, the species was found in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, and recently seen as far north as southern Nebraska, Illinois, and Indiana.
The main reason of this fast expansion is because the species have few or no natural predators in the United States. It is also because Americans do not hunt or eat the armadillo. In late 2009, the state of North Carolina considered a hunting season for armadillo to slow them down.
Outside the United States, the nine-banded armadillo is in Central and South America and northern Argentina and Uruguay.

## Diet

Nine-banded armadillos are mostly insectivores. They find their meals by pushing their snouts into soil and digging. They dig up grubs, beetles, ants, termites, and worms. They sometimes also eat amphibians, small reptiles, fungi, and carrion.

## Behavior

Nine-banded armadillos do not live in groups. They are nocturnal, which means that they are lively at night instead of the day.  Through soil excavation, the nine-banded armadillo's ability to burrow underground helps the armadillo protect itself from predators and protect their young. They are purposely positioned in a way, such as on a slope, where they have vegetation around, protective layers around, and easy access to nearby burrows. The burrows they make are about  wide,  deep, and  long.
Armadillos usually mark their territory. The armadillo can jump  in the air when scared. This may be dangerous on roads, because it could get hit by a car. Their top protection mechanism is their rigid, bony, armored shell.

## Reproduction

Mating is usually done from July to August in the Northern Hemisphere and November to January in the Southern Hemisphere. A single egg is fertilized. Then it splits into four identical embryos, each which makes its own placenta. The nine-banded armadillo gives birth to genetically identical quadruplets.

After birth, the quadruplets remain in the burrow, drinking the mother's milk for about three months. Then they begin to hunt for their meals with the mother. After six months to a year, they leave.

A single female can produce up to 56 young over the course of her life.

## References

- Louise H. Emmons and Francois Feer, 1997 - Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide.
- eNature entry
- Nixon, Joshua. Armadillo Expansion , September 14, 2006, retrieved December 3, 2006.
- Trapping the nine-banded armadillo
Redundancy

In information theory, **redundancy** means that a message is encoded and transmitted using more bits that are necessary to encode the message. If a piece of information is redundant, it can be left out, without loss of information.  Redudant information such as checksum<nowiki/>s can be used to detect and correct errors in transmission or storage.

Operations like data compression reduce redundancy. This can be good, as the data can be sent more quickly and take less space.  It can also be bad, if an error can no longer be corrected automatically.

When using databases, redundancies must be avoided, as they can lead to inconsistencies. In this case, the process is called normalisation.
Hiroshima Toyo Carp

The  is a Japanese professional baseball team in the city of Hiroshima and Hiroshima Prefecture.  The Carp play in Japan's Central League or .

The team's  ballpark is Mazda Stadium.

The Carp is a team with the greatest number of perfect games in Japanese professional baseball.

## History

The team joined the Central League as the Hiroshima Carp in 1949.
Carp Won Central League Championship for the first time in 1975.

The team mascot "Slyly" bears resemblance to the Phillie Phanatic of the Philadelphia Phillies. "Carp Boya" is another team mascot.

## League titles

- Japan series titles(3) 1979,1980,1984
- Central League Championship (6) 1975,1979,1980,1984,1986,1991

### MLB players

- Alfonso Guilleard Soriano
- Colby Lewis

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan

## Other websites

- Hiroshima Carp official web site
- japanesebaseball.com Carp page
- Carp train (operated by Hiroden)
Moyashimon

***Moyasimon: Tales of Agriculture***, in Japan also known as **Moyashimon** (もやしもん), is a manga series created by Masayuki Ishikawa. It won the 2008 Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize for Grand Prize and the 2008 Kodansha Manga Award for general manga.

It is said that the setting is based on Tokyo University of Agriculture. However, the author has said that it is just any agricultural college, and is unrelated to a real university.

## Plot

Moyasimon follows the life of Tadayasu Sawaki, a first-year college student at an agricultural university.

He can see and communicate with microorganisms and bacteria.

### Human

- Tadayasu Souemon Sawaki
- Kei Yūki
- Keizō Itsuki
- Haruka Hasegawa
- Kaoru Misato
- Takuma Kawahama
- Aoi Mutō
- Hazuki Oikawa

### Bacteria

- A.Orize (Aspergillus oryzae)
- A.Sōe (Aspergillus sojae)
- C.torikoidesu (Cladosporium trichoides)
- E.Kori (Escherichia coli)
- P.kurisogenumu (Penicillium chrysogenum)
- S.Serebishie (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

## Other websites

- _Moyasimon_ official website
- Telecom Animation Film's official _Moyasimon_ website
- _Moyashimon: Tales of Agriculture_  Funimation Channel on YouTube

## Infobox (animanga/header)

- **name**: Moyasimon: Tales of Agriculture
- **ja kanji**: もやしもん
- **ja romaji**: Moyashimon
- **genre**: Comedy, Educational television, Education


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: manga
- **author**: Masayuki Ishikawa
- **publisher**: Kodansha
- **demographic**: _Seinen manga, Seinen_
- **magazine**: Evening (magazine), Evening, Morning two
- **first**: July 20, 2004
- **last**: January 22, 2014
- **volumes**: 13
- **volume list**: List of Moyashimon chapters


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: TV series
- **director**: Yūichirō Yano
- **writer**: Natsuko Takahashi
- **music**: Naoki Satō
- **studio**: Shirogumi
Telecom Animation Film
- **network**: Fuji TV (Noitamina)
- **first**: October 12, 2007
- **last**: December 21, 2007
- **episodes**: 11
- **episode list**: List of Moyasimon episodes


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: drama
- **network**: Fuji TV (Noitamina)
- **first**: July 8, 2010
- **last**: September 16, 2010
- **episodes**: 11
- **episode list**: List of Moyasimon episodes#Live action series


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: tv series
- **title**: Moyasimon Returns
- **director**: Yūichirō Yano
- **music**: Takefumi Haketa
- **studio**: Shirogumi
Telecom Animation Film
- **network**: Fuji TV (Noitamina)
- **first**: July 5, 2012
- **last**: September 13, 2012
- **episodes**: 11
- **episode list**: List of Moyasimon episodes#Moyasimon Returns


## Infobox (animanga/footer)
Kōkō Seamount

is an underwater volcano (seamount) of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean.  Kōkō is an extinct volcano.

The seamount is also known as the "Kōkō Guyot"' because it has a flat top.  This undersea geologic feature is also called a "guyot" or "tablemount".

This seabed mountain is named after Emperor Kōkō of Japan.

The last eruption from Kōkō seamount was 48 million years ago.  The north side of Kōkō Seamount was formed at least 52.6 million years ago; and the south side of Kōkō is dated at 50.4 million years ago.

## Related pages

- Submarine volcano
- Active volcano
- Dormant volcano

## Other websites

- Seamount Biogeosciences Network, database
Kammu Seamount

is an underwater volcano (seamount) of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean.  Kammu is an extinct volcano.

The seamount is also known as the "Kammu Guyot" because it has a flat top.  This undersea geologic feature is also called a "guyot" or "tablemount".

This seabed mountain is named after Emperor Kammu of Japan.

The last eruption from Kammu seamount is unknown.

## Related pages

- Submarine volcano
- Active volcano
- Dormant volcano

## Other websites

- Seamount Biogeosciences Network, database
Staffordshire Hoard

The **Staffordshire Hoard** is the largest find of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver metalwork in Britain. It was discovered in a field near the village of Hammerwich, Lichfield, in Staffordshire on 5 July 2009. It consists of over 3,500 items.

The objects are nearly all martial (military) in character, and there are no objects which are specifically female. The artefacts are dated as 7th or 8th centuries, at the time of the Kingdom of Mercia.

The hoard has been described by Leslie Webster, former keeper of the department of prehistory at the British Museum, as "absolutely the metalwork equivalent of finding a new Lindisfarne Gospels or Book of Kells", and "this is going to alter our perceptions of Anglo-Saxon England as radically, if not more so, as the Sutton Hoo discoveries".

Dr Roger Bland, Head of the Portable Antiquities Scheme, said: "It is a fantastically important discovery. It is assumed that the items were buried by their owners at a time of danger with the intention of later coming back and recovering them".

The average quality of the workmanship is extremely high.
The hoard was valued at £3.285 million, and has now been purchased by the Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery and the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery.
Dietary supplement

A **dietary supplement** (or **food supplement** or **nutritional supplement**) is anything taken by mouth which helps enhance food that a person or animal eats. It can be in pill, powder, or a liquid form.

The supplement provides nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, or amino acids. People may want to take supplements because they may not have enough nutrients in their body or may want to get more healthier. Some countries define supplements as food. Others define them as drugs or natural health products.

Bodybuilding supplements are dietary supplements for those involved in bodybuilding and athletics. These supplements can help with weight gain or weight loss, or to improve their performance.

## Sources of advice

- Natural Standard Research Collaboration
- Dietary Supplements Labels Database, from the United States National Library of Medicine
- International Bibliographic Information on Dietary Supplements database from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements and USDA National Agricultural Library
- Dietary Supplement Information  from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- What's in the Bottle? An Introduction to Dietary Supplements , from the U.S. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) by the American Public : A report of the Institute of Medicine
- EPC Evidence Reports on Dietary Supplements
- Dietary Supplements: General Resources for Consumers (PDF|131 KB) , Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library. List of resources that provides an overview of herbal and dietary supplements, including use, regulation, research, and cautionary information.
- Questions to Ask Before Taking Vitamin and Mineral Supplements , Nutrition.gov .
- Jym supplementscience supps : A report of the JYM supplement science
Rana (genus)

***Rana*** is a genus of frogs. There are over 90 species of these frogs. These include the pond frogs such as the common frog which lives in Europe. The brown frog, leopard frog, and the American bullfrog are also included. Members of _Rana_ can be found in Eurasia, North American, Africa, Central America, and the northern parts of South America.

Species of _Rana_ are very large in length. They have slim waists and wrinkled skin. Most of _Rana_ frogs do not have warts like many toads. _Rana_ frogs are great jumpers because of their long slender legs. All of the _Rana_ frogs, including most frogs, have webbed feet. This allows them to swim in water. _Rana_ frogs are mostly green and have brown on the top. They have darker and yellowish spots on their bodies.

## Books

- Dubois, A. & Ohler, A. (1995) Frogs of the subgenus _Pelophylax_ (Amphibia, Anura, genus _Rana_): a catalogue of available and valid scientific names, with comments on the name-bearing types, complete synonymies. proposed common names, and maps showing all type localities. _In:_ : II International Symposium on Ecology and Genetics of European water frogs, 18-25 September 1994, Wroclaw, Poland. _Zoologica Poloniae_ **39**(3-4): 139-204
- Frost, Darrel R. (2006): Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 4, 2006-AUG-17.
- Hillis, D. M. & Wilcox, T. P. (2005): Phylogeny of the New World true frogs (_Rana_). _Mol. Phylogenet. Evol._ **34**(2): 299–314. <small></small> PDF fulltext
- Matsui, Masafumi (2007): Unmasking _Rana okinavana_ Boettger, 1895 from the Ryukyus, Japan (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae). _Zool. Sci._ **24**: 199–204. <small></small> (HTML abstract)
- Pauly, Greg B., Hillis, David M. & Cannatella, David C. (2009): Taxonomic freedom and the role of official lists of species names. _Herpetologica_ **65**: 115-128.  PDF fulltext
- Stuart, Bryan L. (2008): The phylogenetic problem of _Huia_ (Amphibia: Ranidae). _Mol. Phylogenet. Evol._ **46**(1): 49-60. <small></small> (HTMl abstract)

## Other websites

- AmphibiaWeb
- Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia
Roar (utterance)

A **roar** is a sound that is made from certain animals. This sound is a deep outburst from an open mouth. Roaring is made by using the hyoid. The hyoid is a small bone that is not completely rigid in adults. Animals roar for a few reasons. These include when animals claim their territory (such as territorial dispute), communication with other members, and when they are angry.

## Other websites

<div class="references-small">
- Ananthakrishnan, Gopal, Robert Eklund, Gustav Peters, Gopal & Evans Mabiza. 2011. An acoustic analysis of lion roars. II: Vocal tract characteristics . In: Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR, Volume 51, 2011. Proceedings from Fonetik 2011. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 8–10 June 2010, pp. 5–8.Download PDF from http://roberteklund.info.
- Eklund, Robert, Gustav Peters, Gopal Ananthakrishnan & Evans Mabiza. 2011. An acoustic analysis of lion roars. I: Data collection and spectrogram and waveform analyses . In: Quarterly Progress and Status Report TMH-QPSR, Volume 51, 2011. Proceedings from Fonetik 2011. Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 8–10 June 2010, pp. 1–4. Download PDF from http://roberteklund.info.
</div>
Daikaku-ji

is a Japanese Buddhist temple in Kyoto.

## History

The earliest structures were built in the early Heian period as a villa of Emperor Saga (785-842). Osawa pond, the artificial lake in the Japanese garden, was created in Saga's lifetime.

After Saga's death, a Buddhist temple complex was established at the site.  Imperial princes were often appointed as abbot of the temple.

In the 14th century, the temple came to be associated with the Kameyama branch of the Imperial family.

### Timeline

- **July 16, 1324** (_Genkō 4, 22nd day of the 6th month_):: Former-Emperor Go-Uda died at the temple.
- **August 38, 1338** (_Ryakuō 1, 13th day of the 7th month_): Ashikaga forces burned the temple.
- **1626** (_Kan'ei 3_): Emperor Go-Mizunoo added an Edo period _shinden_.

## Related pages

- History of Japan
- Daikakuji Seamount

## Other websites

- Daikaku-ji website 
- Japan-guide.com, Daikaku-ji
- Kyoto National Museum -- "Treasures of Daikaku-ji," including portrait of Go-Uda and the former-emperor's will
Auf Wiedersehen, Pet

***Auf Wiedersehen, Pet*** is a British drama television program about English migrant builders. The show was created by Franc Roddam and mostly written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais. It was shown on ITV from 1983-1986 and on BBC One from 2002-2004. It stars Christopher Fairbank, Christopher Holton, Tim Healy, Gary Holton, Jimmy Nail, Pat Roach, Timothy Spall and Kevin Whately.

In the first series, the men work on a building site in Düsseldorf, Germany.

## Other websites

- The Auf Wiedersehen, Pet homepage
Daikakuji Seamount

is an underwater volcano (seamount) of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean.  Daikakuji is an extinct volcano.

The seamount is also known as the "Daikakuji Guyot" because it has a flat top. This undersea geologic feature is also called a "guyot" or "tablemount".

This seabed mountain is named after Daikaku-ji, which is a Buddhist temple long associated with the Imperial family.

The last eruption from Daikakuji seamount was 42 million years ago.

## Related pages

- Submarine volcano
- Active volcano
- Dormant volcano

## Other websites

- Seamount Biogeosciences Network, database
Hakuchi (era)

was a  after the _Taika_ era and before Shuchō in 686.  This period started in February 650 and ended in December 654.  The reigning emperor was .

## History

In 650 (_Taika 6_,  The _daimyo_ of Nagato Province brought a white pheasant to the court as a gift for the emperor.  It was considered to be a good omen, and the emperor caused the _nengō_ to be changed to _Hakuchi_ (meaning "white pheasant").

In Japan, this was the second nengō, which was developed from the Chinese system of eras (_nianhao_).   It became an example of growth in political power.

### Timeline

The system of Japanese era names was not the same as Imperial reign dates.

## Events of the _Hakuchi_ era

- **650** (_Hakuchi 1_):  Kōtoku commanded that all prisoners were to be granted liberty throughout the country.
- **654** (_Hakuchi 5, 1st month_): A great number of rats moved into Yamato Province; and this was construed as a sign that the capital should be moved.
- **654** (_Hakuchi 5_): Kōtoku died at the age of 59 after a reign of 5 years during _Taika_ and 5 years during _Hakuchi_.

## Related pages

- Asuka period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Hakuchi|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Gregorian|650|651|652|653|654|
Tororo

**Tororo** () is a sticky food made from grating a yam. Tororo is mixed with other food that typically includes dashi, wasabi, and green onions, and the amount of these ingredients can be adjusted to suit one's taste. In Japan, tororo is eaten as a side dish, or added to noodles (udon or soba). Tororo has a lot of vitamin B1, vitamin C, calcium, potassium, and other vitamins and minerals.

## Mugitoro

Mugitoro () is a wheat dish made by pouring cold tororo on top of cooked wheat.

## Yamakake

Yamakake () is a dish made from tororo and tuna (maguro). Tuna seasoned with soy sauce and tororo with dashi give a mild taste. Sometimes, it is put on rice as Donburi.

## Tororo udon/soba

Tororo is also eaten with udon or soba. In tororo udon/soba, it is often eaten with a raw egg or a yolk.
Japanese people think it is very healthy to eat tororo, so it is added to many foods.

## Tororo Nattō

The Japanese food nattō is often eaten with tororo, too.
Caustic

**Caustic** is a word that has more than one meaning.

- In general, any corrosive substance
    - More specifically, a base that is corrosive to biological tissue
    - The specific chemical sodium hydroxide, also known as "caustic soda"
- In optics, a pattern of light from reflection or refraction by a curved surface
    - In mathematics, a geometric object based on the optical pattern
Lego Big Morl

**lego big morl** is a Japanese rock band from Osaka, made up of four men: Takehiro Kanata(guitar & vocal), Hiroki Tanaka (guitar), Hiro Asakawa (drum), Shintarou Yamamoto (bass).
It is called merely "lego".

They started the band in Osaka in 2006, and had a tour a year later. After that, their song "Ray" was adopted as the featured song of a drama, "Akai ito". This made them a little famous and they made a major debut next year.

"Ray" was covered by Kou Shibasaki in 2010.

## Members

- Takehiro Kanata (1984.5.24)
- Hiroki Tanaka (1984.10.25)
- Shintarou Yamamoto (1984.10.18)
- Hiro Asakawa (1984.11.10)

## History

2006:

After Asakawa's band split up in March, he asked Kanata to form a band with him. Tanaka, who was in the same band as Kanata joined the new band, followed by Yamamoto, who was a friend of Kanata from high school.
They started to go into action mainly in Osaka.

2007:

They held a first live tour in Tokyo, Yokohama, Ibaraki, and Gunma in March.
They gave out free CDs "テキーラグッバイ(tequila goodbye)" at live studios.

2008:

The year of getting people to know them.
...They released a ¥100 SINGLE"moonwalk for a week", which reached number four on the indies chart.
They also released a first mini album "Tuesday and Thursday".
Starting from here, they attended many big music festivals and events.
In December, they released their first single "Ray", which became one of the soundtracks of the Fuji TV drama, and movie "赤い糸(akai ito)".

### Single CDs

- ワープ(warp) (only sold at TSUTAYA)
- moonwalk for a week (only sold at TOWER RECORDS)
- Ray (1st single)
- 溢れる (afureru) (2nd single)
- ドリルドリル (drill drill) (3rd single)
- バランス (balance) (4th single)
- Flowers(5th single)
- knock to me (6th single)

### Albums

- Tuesday and Thursday (1st mini album)
- Quartette Parade (1st full album)
- Mother Ship (2nd full album)
- for Flowers (studio album; only sold at TOWER RECORDS)
- Re:Union (3rd full album)
Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks

is a Japanese baseball team in Fukuoka, Fukuoka Prefecture.   The Hawks play in Japan's .

## History

The history of the Hawks dates to the 1930s.  The team has had several names, including
- Nankai Hawks (~1947)
- Fukuoka Daiei Hawks (1988~2004)
- Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks (2005~)

SoftBank Hawks won the first prize in the Japan championship in 2011. The owner of the Hawks is SoftBank, an IT company. The Hawks are very popular in Fukuoka. The mascot character is Harry Hawk.

## Home stadium

The Fukuoka Yahoo! Japan Dome in Fukuoka is their home stadium. This stadium is in the central ward of Fukuoka city,  near Tojinmachi subway station.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan

## Other websites

- Fukuoka Softbank Hawks website
- (@Hawks official)on Twitter
Shōten

**Shōten** is a comedy Japanese television series. It is broadcast on Sunday afternoons in Nippon television Network corporation. The show started in 1966.

There are eight members of this TV program: Utamaru, Koyuuza, Kouraku, Kikuō, Rakutarou, Shōta, Taihei and Takao Yamada. They are very　famous comic storytellers except Yamada. Yamada carries Japanese cushion for other broadcaster. Yamada says "I carry not only cushion but also happiness."

## Other websites

- Shōten
Slalom skiing

**Slalom skiing** is a special event in the sport of Alpine skiing.

## History

Slalom was first recognized as part of the Winter Olympic Games in 1936.

## Analysis

Slalom is the most technical event in alpine skiing.

A slalom race involves skiing between and around a series of obstacles made of poles which are placed on the snowy slope.  These poles are called "gates".  There are many gates in a slalom run.

Smaller turns than Super G or Downhill are made because distance between gates is short.

## World Cup

World Cup is the highest international competition of alpine skiing held by International Ski Federation (FIS).

Ingemar Stenmark (Sweden, his career 1973-1989) and Vreni Schneider (Switzerland, her career 1984-1995) are the record holder as the most World Cup titles in Slalom discipline. Stenmark won 8 times and Schneider won 6 times.

## Equipment for competition

These are necessary items for the alpine skiing competitions.
- Racing ski...Its length is different in each event and is fixed by FIS.
In slalom (SL), 165 cm for men, 155 cm for ladies.
In giant slalom (GS), 195 cm for men, 188 cm for ladies.
In Super G (SG), 210 cm for men, 205 cm for ladies.
In Downhill (DH), 218 cm for men, 210 cm for ladies.
(Rules apply to 2012-2013 World Cup and Europe Cup)
- Bindings
- Helmet...All of the racers have a duty of wearing a helmet to protect the head. Especially for SL, racers absolutely need a helmet with a chin guard.
- Goggles
- Poles...In SL, racers go through the course knocking down poles with their own hands, so they need poles with punch guards.
- Shin guards...To protect racers' shins the same as punch guard.