juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Masafumi Akikawa

**Masafumi Akikawa** is a Japanese tenor singer. He was born October 11, 1967, in Ehime, Japan. His representative work is "Sen no kaze ni natte", this song was sung in annual NHK sponsored year-end men versus women singing contest in 2006.
Artie Shaw

**Artie Shaw** (May 23, 1910 – December 30, 2004) was an American musician. He is considered to be one of the best jazz musicians of his time.  He was a jazz clarinet player, composer, and bandleader. He also wrote both fiction and non-fiction writings.

## Early life

He was born **Arthur Jacob Arshawsky** in New York, New York. He began learning the saxophone when he was 15. By age 16 he began to tour with a band. He returned to New York City and became a session musician. During the Swing Era, his big bands were very popular with hits like "Begin the Beguine" and "Stardust".

## During the War

During World War II he joined the U.S. Navy. He served in the Pacific theater as the leader of a service band (similar to Glenn Miller's wartime band in Europe).

## Political problems

In 1953, Shaw was brought up before the House Un-American Activities Committee for his leftist activities. The committee was investigating a peace activist organization, the World Peace Congress, which it considered a communist front.

## Writing career

Throughout his musical career, Shaw would take time off. He would quit the music business and pursue his writing career. In 1955, Shaw stopped playing the clarinet. After that, he focused on writing, especially semi-biographical fiction.

## Legacy

In 1981, he organized a new **Artie Shaw Band** with clarinetist Dick Johnson as bandleader and soloist. Shaw himself would guest conduct from time to time, ending his self-imposed retirement.

In 1991, Artie Shaw's band library and manuscript collection was donated to the University of Arizona. In 2004, he was presented with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.

## Personal life and death

Shaw was married eight times: Jane Cairns (1932); Margaret Allen (1934-37); Lana Turner (1940); Betty Kern (1941-43), daughter of songwriter Jerome Kern; Ava Gardner (1945-46); _Forever Amber_ author Kathleen Winsor (1946-48); Doris Dowling (1952-56) and Evelyn Keyes (1957-85). He had two sons by Kern and Dowling.

In his later years, Shaw lived and wrote in the Newbury Park section of Thousand Oaks, California. Shaw had adult onset diabetes. In December 2004, he died due to the disease at age 94.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Artie Shaw
- **image**: Artie Shaw in Second Chorus 2.jpg
- **caption**: Artie Shaw in _Second Chorus_ (1940)
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Artie Jacob Arshawsky
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Thousand Oaks, California, U.S.
- **instrument**: Clarinet
- **genre**: Swing music, Swing, Big band music, big band
- **occupation**: Bandleader, composer
- **years active**: 1925–2004
Edward R. Murrow

**Edward R. "Ed" Murrow** (April 25, 1908 – April 27, 1965) was an
American journalist and television and radio figure. He first became known for a series of radio news broadcasts during World War II. These broadcasts were followed by millions of listeners in the United States and Canada. Many historians think he was one of journalism's greatest figures. Murrow hired the best war correspondents. He was known for his honesty and integrity in delivering the news. He was a pioneer of television news broadcasting.

Because he was a chainsmoker, Hurrow was almost never seen without his Camel cigarette. It was reported he smoked 60-65 cigarettes a day (roughly 3 packs). He later developed lung cancer and had a surgical operation to remove his left lung, where he lived for about two years. He later died in his home in Pawling, New York on April 27, 1965.

Murrow produced a series of TV news reports that helped lead to the censure of Senator Joseph McCarthy. He was portrayed by David Strathairn in the 2005 movie _Good Night, and Good Luck._
Good Night, and Good Luck

***Good Night, and Good Luck.*** is an Academy Award-nominated American 2005 movie directed by George Clooney. It was written by Clooney and Grant Heslov and is set in 1953. It portrays the conflict between veteran radio and television journalist Edward R. Murrow and U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, especially relating to the anti-Communist Senator's actions with the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.

The movie, although released in black and white, was filmed on color film stock but on a grayscale set. It was later color corrected to black and white during post-production. It is about media responsibility. It also addresses what occurs when the media offer a voice of dissent against the government. The movie takes its title from the line with which Murrow routinely closed his broadcasts.

**Taglines:** _They took on the government with nothing but the truth_; _We will not walk in fear of one another._

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Good Night, and Good Luck
- **writer**: George Clooney
Grant Heslov
- **starring**: David Strathairn
 George Clooney
Robert Downey, Jr.
Patricia Clarkson
Frank Langella
Jeff Daniels
Tate Donovan
Ray Wise
- **producer**: Grant Heslov
- **director**: George Clooney
- **cinematography**: Robert Elswit
- **distributor**: Warner Independent Pictures
TVA Films
- **released**: October 7, 2005
- **runtime**: 90 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $7,000,000
Modernist literature

**Modernist literature** is the literary form of modernism. It does not mean "modern" in the sense of recent in time.

Literary modernism has its origins in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mainly in Europe and North America. Modernism is characterized by a break with traditional styles of poetry and verse. Modernists experimented with literary form and expression. Ezra Pound's maxim was "Make it new". The horrors of the First World War had an effect. Thinkers such as Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx were influential.

Modernist literature was at its height from 1900 to 1940, and featured such authors as Knut Hamsun, Vladimir Nabokov, T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Franz Kafka, Joseph Conrad, Virginia Woolf, Andrei Bely, W.B. Yeats, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, D.H. Lawrence, Katherine Mansfield, Gertrude Stein, Samuel Beckett, Menno ter Braak, Marcel Proust, Thomas Mann, Mikhail Bulgakov, Robert Frost and Boris Pasternak.

One strand of modernist literature is the concept of _the outsider_. A good survey is the book of this title by Colin Wilson.
Dubliners

***Dubliners*** is a collection of 15 short stories by James Joyce, an Irish writer. It was his first book and was first published in 1914.

The fifteen stories were supposed to describe very well the life of Irish people living in and around Dublin in the early years of the 20th century.

The stories in the collection are first told by children, and as the stories continue they deal with the lives of older people.  The last story, "The Dead", is the longest and the most famous.

The fifteen stories are, in order:
- The Sisters
- An Encounter
- Araby
- Eveline
- After the Race
- Two Gallants
- The Boarding House
- A Little Cloud
- Counterparts
- Clay
- A Painful Case
- Ivy Day in the Committee Room
- A Mother
- Grace
- The Dead
Just

**Just** may refer to:
- Justice
- "Just", a song by Radiohead from the 1995 album _The Bends_
- Jordan University of Science and Technology
- Just Music, a record label
- _Just Ella_, a book written by Margaret Peterson Haddix
- Just (band), a three-piece grunge band from Ireland

## People

- Hazel Just, a writer
- Paul Just, a German-Canadian pole vaulter
- Saint James the Just, an important person in early Christianity
Alle, Switzerland

**Alle** is a municipality of the district Porrentruy of the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Alle
- **municipality name**: Alle
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Alle COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2942
- **municipality code**: 6771
- **area**: 10.66
- **elevation**: 450
- **population**: 1644
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.alle.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cornol, Courgenay, Porrentruy, Coeuve, Vendlincourt, Miécourt.
Electronic component

An **electronic component** is a basic electronic element. Components can be connected together to make circuits. Components can be single items (resistor, transistor) or in more or less complex groups like integrated circuits (logic gate, resistor array).

### Wire

A thin metal conductor

### Cable

A flexible conducting electrical or optical link.
- **cable connector**: connector at either end of a cable.
- **cable matcher**: an impedance matching device that allows non-standard cable to be used with a particular device.
- **cable plant** = all the cables, connectors and patch panels within a building or office.
- **cabling** = cable as a material.
- **co-axial cable** = These cables are usually made of a conducting wire. Then there is some insulation, then there is another layer of conducting material. Finally there is the (insulating) mantle. Such cables are used as a high-frequency transmission line to carry a high-frequency or broadband signal. Because the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists (ideally) only in the space between the inner and outer conductors, it cannot interfere with or suffer interference from external electromagnetic fields.
- **ribbon cable** = A flat, thin cable containing many parallel wires. Because of their shape, ribbon cables are ideal for situations where there isnt much space. They're used in  a computer to connect disk drives to the disk drive controllers.
- **type cable** = a specification for cable defined by IBM.

### Connector

A physical device with a number of metal contacts that allow devices to be easily linked together.
- **connector plug** = a device at the end of a fibre-optic or copper cable that receives and contains something.

### Switch

A mechanical or hard state device that can electrically connect or isolate two or more lines.

### Other

- Resistor
- Capacitor
- Transistor
- Integrated circuit
- Diode
- MOSFET
- LED
- Inductor
- Vacuum tube
- Light Bulb

## Other websites

- http://www.webopedia.com/
- http://whatis.techtarget.com/whome/0,289825,sid9,00.html
- http://www97.intel.com/discover/JourneyInside/TJI_Intro/default.aspx
Asuel

**Asuel** is a municipality, in the new municipality of La Baroche and district Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Asuel
- **municipality name**: Asuel
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Asuel-coat of arms.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2954
- **municipality code**: 6772
- **area**: 10.14
- **elevation**: 569
- **population**: 203
- **populationof**: 2003
- **neighboring municipalities**: Pleujouse, Fregiécourt, Cornol, Montmelon, Saint-Ursanne, Boécourt, Bourrignon
Beurnevésin

**Beurnevésin** was a municipality in Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2024, the former municipalities of Beurnevésin and Bonfol merged to form the new municipality of Basse-Vendline.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Beurnevésin
- **image photo**: Beurnevésin, Eglise Saint-Jacques.jpg
- **image caption**: Village church of Saint Jacques
- **municipality name**: Beurnevésin
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Beurnevésin-blazon.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2935
- **municipality code**: 6773
- **area**: 5.1
- **elevation**: 422
- **population**: 154
- **populationof**: 2003
- **neighboring municipalities**: Lugnez, Damphreux, Bonfol, Pfetterhouse(F), Réchésy(F)
Boncourt, Switzerland

**Boncourt** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Boncourt
- **municipality name**: Boncourt
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Boncourt-blazon.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2826
- **municipality code**: 6774
- **area**: 9.02
- **elevation**: 373
- **population**: 1333
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.boncourt.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buix,Villars-le-Sec(F), Saint-Dizier-l'Évêque(F), Lebetain(F), Delle(F), Florimont(F), Courcelles(F)
Bonfol

**Bonfol** was a municipality in Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2024, the former municipalities of Beurnevésin and Bonfol merged to form the new municipality of Basse-Vendline.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bonfol
- **municipality name**: Bonfol
- **municipality type**: former
- **image photo**: Bonfol, Eglise Saint-Laurent 2.jpg
- **image caption**: The church of Saint-Laurent at Bonfol
- **imagepath coa**: Bonfol-blazon.svg
- **pixel coa**: 90px
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2944
- **municipality code**: 6775
- **area**: 13.59
- **elevation**: 432
- **population**: 668
- **populationof**: 2004
- **website**: www.bonfol.ch
- **mayor**: Jean-Denis Henzelin
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **places**: -
- **demonym**: les Bâts (Crapaud, les Crapauds)
- **neighboring municipalities**: Beurnevésin, Damphreux, Vendlincourt, Courtavon(F), Pfetterhouse(F)
Bressaucourt

**Bressaucourt** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipality of Bressaucourt merged into the municipality of Fontenais.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bressaucourt
- **image photo**: Bressaucourt.jpg
- **municipality name**: Bressaucourt
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Bressaucourt-Blazono.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2904
- **municipality code**: 6776
- **area**: 9.49
- **elevation**: 536
- **population**: 412
- **populationof**: 2003
- **neighboring municipalities**: Chevenez, Courtedoux, Fontenais, Ocourt, Montancy(F)
South Uist

**South Uist** (Scottish Gaelic: _Uibhist-a-Deas_) is an island of the Outer Hebrides in Scotland. In the 2001 census it had a usually resident population of 1,818. There is a nature reserve and a number of sites of archaeological interest, including the only location in Great Britain where prehistoric mummies have been found. The population is about 90% Roman Catholic. The island, in common with the rest of the Hebrides, is one of the last remaining strongholds of the Gaelic language in Scotland. In 2006 South Uist, and neighbouring Benbecula and Eriskay were involved in  Scotland's biggest community land buyout to date. In the north west there is a missile testing range.

## Other websites

- Iochdar.co.uk, a website about outdoor recreation in South Uist
- StorasUibhist.com, the official website of the community-owned South Uist Estate
- southuist.com
- Flags of the world - Hebrides
- An Gàrradh Mòr, Historic walled garden at Cille Bhrìghde
- Rocket launches at South Uist
- Corporal missile inaccuracy revealed, The Guardian Sept 6 2003
- Askernish Golf Club
- Daliburgh School
- Google Maps:Rocket launch site
- Uist Online
- Am Paipear Community Newspaper

## Infobox (scottish island)

- **map**: UK South Uist.PNG
- **gridreference**: NF786343
- **celtic name**: Uibhist-a-Deas
- **meaning of name**: From 'inni-vist', Old Norse for 'dwelling'.
- **area**: 32,026 ha
- **area rank**: 9
- **highest elevation**: Beinn Mhor 620 m
- **population**: 1,818
- **population rank**: 9
- **main settlement**: Lochboisdale
- **island group**: Uists & Barra
- **local authority**: Na h-Eileanan Siar
Outer Hebrides

The **Outer Hebrides**, often called the **Western Isles**, make up an island chain off the west coast of Scotland. It is also a parliamentary constituency. The northern island is Lewis and Harris. South of Lewis and Harris is a series of islands, such as South Uist, Benbecula and North Uist. The Outer Herides includes a number of even smaller islands.

The isles form part of the Hebrides, and are separated from the Scottish mainland and from the Inner Hebrides by the stormy waters of the Minch, the Little Minch and the Sea of the Hebrides.

Formerly the dominant language of the Islands, Scottish Gaelic remains spoken even though it has now been largely supplanted by English in some parts.

Sea transport is crucial and a variety of ferry services operate between the islands and to mainland Britain.

## History

The Western Isles became part of the _Suðreyjar_ kingdom of the Norse, who ruled for over 400 years until sovereignty was transferred to Scotland by the Treaty of Perth in 1266. Control of the islands was then held by clan chiefs.

## Geology & geography

Most of the islands have a bedrock formed from ancient metamorphic rocks and the climate is mild and oceanic. The Gulf Stream runs nearby. The 15 inhabited islands have a total population of about 26,500 and there are more than 50 substantial uninhabited islands.

### Flora and fauna

Much of the archipelago is a protected habitat including both the islands and the surrounding waters. There are 53 Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) of which the largest are Loch an Duin, North Uist  at  and North Harris, which is  in extent.

Loch Druidibeg on South Uist is a National Nature Reserve owned and managed by Scottish Natural Heritage. The reserve covers 1,677 hectares across the whole range of local habitats.

## Other websites

**Historical footnote:** Many websites of the Outer Hebrides derive content from the Eolas Virtual Hebrides, website. Eolas went bankrupt in 2000 and the Eolas TV company became MacTV. The web design team became Reefnet and the content has largely found a home on GlobalGuide.Org.

**Sites deriving partly from the original Virtual Hebrides**
- Hebrides.com Photographic website from ex-Eolas Sam Maynard
- Global Guide Hebrides  Content website from ex-Eolas Scott Hatton
- www.visithebrides.com Western Isles Tourist Board site from Reefnet
- Virtual Hebrides.com Content from the VH which went its own way and became Virtual Scotland.
- hebrides.ca Home of the Quebec-Hebridean Scots who were cleared from Lewis to Quebec 1838-1920's

**Other Outer Hebrides websites**
- Stornoway Port Authority
- Comhairle nan Eilean Siar
- 2001 Census Results for the Outer Hebrides
- Visitor's guide to Stornoway
- Hebridean-Life.com - a Guide to Living in the Outer Hebrides

## Infobox (scottish island)

- **map**: Outer Hebrides UK relief location map.jpg
- **gridreference**: NB426340
- **meaning of name**: Western Isles
- **highest elevation**: Clisham
- **population density**: per km<sup>2</sup>
- **main settlement**: Stornoway
Space Shuttle Atlantis

**Space Shuttle Atlantis** (OV-104) is the fourth space shuttle run by NASA. It was named after a sailing boat used for ocean research by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute.

## Infobox (space shuttle)

- **name**: Atlantis
OV‑104
- **image**: STS122_Atlantis.jpg
- **caption**: _Atlantis_ launching on the STS-122 mission to dock with the International Space Station in February 2008
- **number**: OV-104
- **country**: United States
- **contract**: 29 January 1979
- **named after**: RV Atlantis, RV _Atlantis_
- **first flight**: STS-51-J
- **first date**: 3–7 October 1985
- **last flight**: STS-135
- **last date**: 8–21 July 2011
- **missions**: 33
- **crews**: 207
- **time**: 306 days, 14 hours, 12 minutes, 43 seconds as of STS-135
- **orbits**: 4,848
- **distance**: as of STS-135
- **deployed**: 14
- **dockings mir**: 7
- **dockings iss**: 12
- **status**: Retired. Displayed at Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex in Florida.
Fogo, Cape Verde

**Fogo** (Portuguese for "fire") is a volcanic island in the Sotavento group of Cape Verde. It is the most prominent of the group, rising to nearly 3,000 m (10,000 ft) above sea level at Pico do Fogo.

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Fogo
- **image name**: Bela-vista-net-Fogo-map.jpg
- **image map**: Locator map of Fogo, Cape Verde.png
- **location**: Atlantic Ocean
- **archipelago**: _Ilhas de Sotavento_
- **area km2**: 476
- **highest mount**: Pico do Fogo
- **elevation m**: 2829
- **country**: Cape Verde
- **country admin divisions title**: _Concelhos_ (Municipalities)
- **country admin divisions**: Mosteiros, Santa Catarina do Fogo, São Filipe
- **country largest city**: São Filipe
- **population**: 37,051
- **population as of**: 2010
Baroclinic

In fluid dynamics, **baroclinicity** is a measure of the stratification in a fluid. A baroclinic atmosphere is one for which the density depends on both the temperature and the pressure; contrast this with barotropic atmosphere, for which the density depends only on the pressure. In atmospheric terms, the barotropic zones of the Earth are generally found in the central latitudes, or tropics, whereas the baroclinic areas are generally found in the mid-latitude/polar regions.
Burin Peninsula

The **Burin Peninsula** is a Canadian peninsula found on the south coast of the island of Newfoundland in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Bonavista Peninsula

The **Bonavista Peninsula** is a large peninsula on the east coast of the island of Newfoundland in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Cape Race

**Cape Race** is a point of land at the southeastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula, on the island of Newfoundland, Canada. Its name is thought to come from the original Portuguese name for this cape, "Raso", or "bare". The Cape appeared on early sixteenth century maps as Cape Raso, and may derive from a cape of the same name at the mouth of the Tagus River in Portugal.
Travagliato

**Travagliato** is a city in north of Italy. Travagliato is in the province of Brescia, Lombardy Region. About 12,000 people live in Travagliato.
Nantucket, Massachusetts

**Nantucket** is an island 30 miles (48.3 km) south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the United States. It is both a town and a county (**Nantucket County**).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Nantucket, Massachusetts
- **settlement type**: Consolidated city-county, Consolidated New England town, town and County (United States), county
- **image skyline**: Nantucket-08-2004.jpg
- **image flag**: Flag of Nantucket, Massachusetts.svg
- **flag border**: no
- **image seal**: Seal of Nantucket, Massachusetts.svg
- **image map**: Map of Massachusetts highlighting Nantucket County.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Nantucket in Massachusetts
- **pushpin map**: Massachusetts#USA
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin label**: Nantucket
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Massachusetts
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1641
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1671
- **government type**: Open town meeting
- **area total km2**: 272.6
- **area total sq mi**: 105.3
- **area land km2**: 123.8
- **area land sq mi**: 47.8
- **area water km2**: 148.8
- **area water sq mi**: 57.5
- **elevation m**: 9
- **elevation ft**: 30
- **population total**: 14255
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population density km2**: 115.1
- **population density sq mi**: 308.6
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 02554, 02564, 02584
- **area code**: Area code 508, 508
- **website**: [http://www.nantucket-ma.gov/ www.nantucket-ma.gov]
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 25-43790
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0619376
Cape Hatteras

**Cape Hatteras** is a cape on the coast of North Carolina.  It is the point that protrudes the farthest to the southeast along the northeast-to-southwest line of the Atlantic coast of North America, making it a key point for navigation along the eastern seaboard.  So many ships have been lost around it that the area is known as the "Graveyard of the Atlantic".  The nearby shoals are known as **Diamond Shoals**.

The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse is a well known feature on Cape Hatteras.  It was built in 1870 and it is the tallest brick lighthouse in the United States.

## Other websites

- National Park Service: Cape Hatteras National Seashore
- Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum
Tropical Storm Alberto (1988)

**Tropical Storm Alberto** (also known as Hurricane Alberto) became a tropical storm farther north than any other Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was the first tropical storm of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season. It started from a region of low pressure off of the coast of South Carolina on August 5.

It quickly moved northeast. It became a tropical storm on August 7. It was about 60 miles (95 km) east of the Massachusetts island of Nantucket.

Tropical Storm Alberto continued to move quickly, and struck the western area of Nova Scotia late on August 7. It lost its status as a tropical storm the next day when it reached north of Newfoundland. Alberto produced light rain and wind across its path. No damage came from it.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Tropical Storm Alberto
- **type**: Tropical storm
- **year**: 1988
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Alberto 07 aug 1988 1242Z.jpg
- **image name**: Tropical Storm Alberto shortly after becoming a tropical storm.
- **formed**: August 5, 1988
- **dissipated**: August 8, 1988
- **1-min winds**: 35
- **pressure**: 1002
- **damages**: None
- **deaths**: None reported
- **areas**: Maine, Atlantic Canada
- **hurricane season**: 1988 Atlantic hurricane season
1991 Halloween Nor'easter

The **1991 Halloween Nor’easter**, also known as the **Perfect Storm**, was an atypical nor’easter which was extratropical, absorbed one hurricane, and ultimately evolved into a small hurricane late in its life cycle. The unnamed hurricane of 1991 was the last tropical cyclone of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season, and its  hurricane. By November 2, Atlantic Canada experienced the effects of a landfalling tropical storm. Damage totaled $208 million (1991 USD) and deaths climbed to 12 people. Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical. The hurricane was the second costliest storm of the season, behind only Hurricane Bob.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Halloween Storm
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 1991
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Unnamed Hurricane 01 nov 1991 1906Z.jpg
- **image name**: Halloween Nor'easter on November 1 at peak intensity.
- **formed**: October 28, 1991
- **dissipated**: November 2, 1991
- **1-min winds**: 65
- **pressure**: 980
- **damages**: 208
- **inflated**: 0.00
- **deaths**: 12 direct
- **areas**: eastern United States, Atlantic Canada
- **hurricane season**: 1991 Atlantic hurricane season
Nor'easter

A **nor'easter** (also **northeaster**) is a big storm along the East Coast of the United States. A Nor'easter is called that because the winds in a Nor'easter come from the northeast, especially in the coastal areas of the Northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada. More specifically, it is a low pressure area whose center of rotation is just off the East Coast and whose leading winds in the left forward quadrant rotate onto land from the northeast. The precipitation pattern is similar to other extratropical storms. Nor'easters also can cause coastal flooding, coastal erosion, hurricane force winds, and heavy snow.
Nor'easters are associated with warm fronts, cold fronts, or occluded fronts.
Nor'easters can occur at any time of the year but are mostly known for their presence in the winter.
Nor'easters can be devastating and damaging, especially in the winter months, when most damage and deaths are from the cold. Nor'easters bring very cold air down from the Arctic. Nor'easters thrive on the converging air masses; that is, the polar cold air mass and the warmer ocean water of the Gulf Stream. Nor'easters will usually develop between 30° N. and 35° N.
East Coast of the United States

The **East Coast of the United States**, is the Atlantic coastline of the United States. It is also called the "Eastern Seaboard" or "Atlantic Seaboard".

The coastal states are the farthest eastern states of the United States. These states touch the Atlantic Ocean all the way up to Canada. Sometimes people use it to mean only the Northeastern United States. Other times they mean the thirteen original states plus Maine, Washington, D.C. and Florida.
The East Coast has a long history. It was where the first English settlers arrived in the 1600s. Over time, cities grew, and it became a center for trade and culture. Today, cities like New York, Washington D.C., and Boston are very famous.

The region has many different landscapes. There are sandy beaches, rocky shores, and green forests. The weather can change a lot—summers can be hot, and winters can be cold. People enjoy visiting places like Florida for the warm sun or Maine for the beautiful fall colors.

Many people live and work on the East Coast. It has some of the largest cities in the U.S. and many important businesses. It is also home to famous universities, government buildings, and historical sites.

Overall, the East Coast is a special part of the United States. It has a rich history, diverse nature, and many exciting places to visit. Whether people live there or travel there, they find something interesting to enjoy.
Nags Head, North Carolina

**Nags Head** is a town in Dare County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,168 at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- Official website of Nags Head, NC
- Web cam of Nags Head, NC – East
- Web cam of Nags Head, NC – West
- Nags Head MLS

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Nags Head, North Carolina
- **settlement type**: Town
- **named for**: Tied lanterns around the necks of ponies
- **image skyline**: Nags Head town welcome.png
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image map**: Dare County North Carolina incorporated and unincorporated areas Nags Head highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 270px
- **map caption**: Location in Dare County, North Carolina, Dare County and the U.S. state of North Carolina
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: North Carolina
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in North Carolina, County
- **subdivision name2**: Dare County, North Carolina, Dare
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: 1923 and 1961
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 17.31
- **area water km2**: 0.17
- **area land sq mi**: 6.62
- **area water sq mi**: 0.07
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 3168
- **population density km2**: 184.84
- **population density sq mi**: 478.69
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 1
- **elevation ft**: 3
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 27959
- **area code**: Area code 252, 252
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 37-45880
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1021599
- **area total sq mi**: 6.68
- **area land km2**: 17.14
- **pushpin map**: North Carolina#USA
- **pushpin label**: Nags Head
Cape Lookout (North Carolina)

** Cape Lookout** is southern point of the South Core Banks, one of the natural barrier islands on the Atlantic coast of North Carolina, USA. It delimits Onslow Bay to the west from Raleigh Bay to the east. An area of the banks to either side of it has been designated the Cape Lookout National Seashore.

Cape Lookout stands at 34°36'19"N, 76°32'10"W, and is part of Carteret County, 11 miles southeast of Beaufort, NC.
Martha's Vineyard

**Martha's Vineyard** (and the smaller Chappaquiddick Island nearby) is an island off the southern coast of Cape Cod, both forming a part of the Outer Lands region. It is often called just "the Vineyard".  With a land area of 87.48 square miles (231.75 km²), Martha's Vineyard is the 57th largest island in the United States.  It is located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, in Dukes County, which also includes Cuttyhunk and the other Elizabeth Islands, as well as the island of Nomans Land.
Woods Hole, Massachusetts

**Woods Hole** is a census-designated place and village within the town of Falmouth in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, at the extreme southwest corner of Cape Cod, near Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Woods Hole, Massachusetts
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **image skyline**: Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole by Pam Wilmot.jpg
- **image map**: Barnstable County Massachusetts incorporated and unincorporated areas Woods Hole highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, Barnstable County and the state of Massachusetts.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Massachusetts
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Massachusetts, County
- **subdivision name2**: Barnstable County, Massachusetts, Barnstable
- **subdivision type3**: New England town, Town
- **subdivision name3**: Falmouth, Massachusetts, Falmouth
- **area total km2**: 10.19
- **area land km2**: 5.53
- **area water km2**: 4.66
- **area total sq mi**: 3.93
- **area land sq mi**: 2.13
- **area water sq mi**: 1.80
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 834
- **population density km2**: 150.79
- **population density sq mi**: 390.63
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 6
- **elevation ft**: 20
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 02543
- **area code**: Area code 508, 508
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 25-81245
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0617060
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Carcinogen

**Carcinogens** are substances that cause cancer. Sometimes radiation or radionuclide are also considered carcinogens. A common example of a carcinogen is tobacco smoke.  Carcinogens come from both natural and man-made substances.

## Carcinogens in radiation

Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens. The carcinogens in them are caused by the radiation they release, such as gamma rays or alpha particles.

CERCLA says that all radionuclides are carcinogens. How much of a carcinogen a radiation is depends on the type of radiation, the type of exposure to it and its penetration. For example, alpha radiation has low penetration and is not a danger outside the body. Alpha radiation is a carcinogen when breathed in or eaten.

Thorotrast, previously used in x-rays, is a human carcinogen. Marie Curie, one of the pioneers of radioactivity, died of a cancer that was caused by the radiation she was exposed to during her experiments.

Not all types of electromagnetic radiation are carcinogenic. Radio waves, microwave radiation, infrared radiation, and visible light are examples of this. Higher-energy radiation, including ultraviolet radiation, usually _is_ carcinogenic, if a person is exposed to it long enough.

## Carcinogens in food

Recent research has shown that when food is cooked at high temperatures, carcinogens may be formed in very small amounts. Pre-cooking meats in a microwave oven for 2-3 minutes before broiling shortens the time on the hot pan. This could help stop the carcinogens from being made. Certain kinds of foods, like potato chips and French fries, may have higher levels of carcinogens than others. The charred residue on barbecued meats is a carcinogen, too.

This does not mean eating cooked foods is dangerous. The gastrointestinal tract sheds its outer layer continuously to protect itself from cancer. Because of this, it has a good chance of shedding bad enzymes that could cause cancer.

## Related pages

- Radiation
- Cancer
- Sickness

## Other websites

- U.S. National Toxicology Program's Report on Carcinogens
- Recognized Carcinogens
- American Cancer Society
- Information on Carcinogens
Port Jefferson, New York

**The Incorporated Village of Port Jefferson** is in the town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, New York. It is on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2020 census, 7,962 people lived there. The small town is home to several unique restaurants and shops, and has a growing tourism industry.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Port Jefferson, New York
- **settlement type**: Village (New York), Village
- **nickname**: Port Jeff
- **image skyline**: File:Port_Jefferson_montage.png
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top: a view of shops on Main Street, monument commemorating the village's maritime past, Port Jefferson Village Hall, A ferry passes a local power plant en route to Bridgeport, Connecticut, Port Jefferson Free Library
- **pushpin label**: Port Jefferson
- **pushpin map caption**: Location on Long Island##Location within the state of New York
- **image map**: Port-jefferson-map.gif
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: U.S. Census Map
- **pushpin map**: USA New York Long Island#New York
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New York (state), County
- **subdivision name2**: Suffolk County, New York, Suffolk
- **government type**: Mayor-Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 8.00
- **area land km2**: 7.93
- **area water km2**: 0.07
- **area total sq mi**: 3.09
- **area land sq mi**: 3.06
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 7962
- **population density km2**: 1003.55
- **population density sq mi**: 2599.41
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **elevation ft**: 12
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 11777
- **area code**: Area codes 631 and 934, 631 and 934
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 36-59355
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0960968
Currituck Beach Lighthouse

The **Currituck Beach Light** is a lighthouse in Corolla, North Carolina, on the Outer Banks.

## Other websites

- Currituck Beach Light

## Infobox (lighthouse)

- **name**: Currituck Beach Light
- **image name**: Currituck lighthouse.jpg
- **caption**: Currituck Beach Lighthouse
- **location**: Corolla, North Carolina, Corolla, North Carolina
- **yearlit**: 1875
- **automated**: 1939
- **construction**: brick
- **shape**: cone (geometry), Conical tower
- **lens**: First-order Fresnel lens
- **characteristic**: 20-second flash cycle (on for 3 seconds, off for 17 seconds)
- **admiralty**: J2384
- **arlhs**: USA-212
- **uscg**: 2-0555
Fire Island, New York

**Fire Island** is a barrier island, approximately 31 miles (49.5 km) long and varying between approximately 0.1 mile (0.16 km) to 0.5 mile (0.8 km) wide, in Suffolk County on the southern side of Long Island in the U.S. state of New York, running approximately WSW to ENE. The land area is 48 km² (18.7 sq mi) and a permanent population of 777 persons was reported as of the 2020 census.  (There are many thousands of seasonal residents.)

The Cherry Grove and Fire Island Pines hamlets of Fire Island have been known as a popular gay village.

## Other websites

- Fire Island National Seashore
- Fire Island Travel Guide

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Fire Island, New York
- **image map**: Fire Island-NY-USA-Location Map-01.svg
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: New York (state), New York
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New York, County
- **subdivision name2**: Suffolk County, New York, Suffolk
- **area total km2**: 22.4
- **area land km2**: 22.4
- **area water km2**: 0.0
- **area total sq mi**: 8.7
- **area land sq mi**: 8.7
- **area water sq mi**: 0.0
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 1
- **elevation ft**: 3
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 11770
- **area code**: Area code 631, 631
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 36-25839
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1852899
Plymouth, Massachusetts

**Plymouth** (historically known as **Plimouth** and **Plimoth**) is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the largest municipality in Massachusetts by area. The population was 61,217 at the 2020 census. Plymouth is one of two county seats of Plymouth County, the other being Brockton. It is named after Plymouth, England, which is, in turn, named for the mouth of the river Plym.  Plymouth was first settled by the Pilgrims in 1620.  The first Thanksgiving was held there.  It was the capitol of Plymouth Colony from 1620 until 1691, when it became part of Massachusetts.  Plymouth was an important port in the 18th and 19th centuries.

## Other websites

- Destination: Plymouth tourism site
- Plymouth Town Website
- Wicked Local Plymouth

## Infobox (settlement)

- **nickname**: America's Hometown
- **named for**: Plymouth, Devon
- **image seal**: PlymouthMA-seal.png
- **image flag**: Flag of Plymouth, Massachusetts.jpg
- **image map**: Plymouth County Massachusetts incorporated and unincorporated areas Plymouth highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
- **pushpin map**: Massachusetts#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the United States
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Massachusetts
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Plymouth County, Massachusetts, Plymouth
- **subdivision type3**: List of regions of the United States, Region
- **subdivision name3**: New England
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1620
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1620
- **government type**: Representative town meeting
- **leader title**: Town Manager
- **leader title2**: Chairman of the Board of Selectmen
- **area total km2**: 347.0
- **area total sq mi**: 134.0
- **area land km2**: 249.8
- **area land sq mi**: 96.5
- **area water km2**: 97.2
- **area water sq mi**: 37.5
- **population as of**: 2020
- **settlement type**: Town
- **population total**: 61,217
- **population density km2**: 245.1
- **population density sq mi**: 634.4
- **elevation m**: 57
- **elevation ft**: 187
- **timezone**: Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **website**: [http://www.plymouth-ma.gov/ www.plymouth-ma.gov]
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 02345, 02360–02362, 02381
- **area code**: 508/774
- **blank name**: FIPS code
- **blank info**: 25-54310
- **blank1 name**: GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0618349
- **name**: Plymouth, Massachusetts
Buix

**Buix** is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Buix, Courtemaîche and Montignez merged into the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Buix
- **image photo**: 2016-Buix-Route-Cantonale.jpg
- **municipality name**: Buix
- **municipality type**: former
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2925
- **municipality code**: 6777
- **area**: 8.23
- **elevation**: 383
- **population**: 476
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.buix.ch
- **mayor**: Stéphane Sudan
- **neighboring municipalities**: Montignez, Courtemaîche, Bure, Switzerland, Bure, Boncourt, Switzerland, Boncourt, Villars-le-Sec(F), Courcelles(F)
Bure, Switzerland

**Bure** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bure
- **image photo**: Bure.jpg
- **image caption**: Bure village church
- **municipality name**: Bure
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bure COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2915
- **municipality code**: 6778
- **area**: 13.69
- **elevation**: 587
- **population**: 687
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.bure.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buix, Courtemaîche, Courchavon, Porrentruy, Courtedoux, Chevenez, Fahy, Croix (F), Villars-le-Sec (F)
Charmoille, Switzerland

**Charmoille** was a municipality, in the new municipality of La Baroche and the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Charmoille
- **image photo**: La Baroche Charmoille Eglise 054.jpg
- **image caption**: The church of Charmoille
- **municipality name**: Charmoille
- **municipality type**: former
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2947
- **municipality code**: 6779
- **area**: 9.2
- **elevation**: 515
- **population**: 340
- **populationof**: 2003
- **neighboring municipalities**: Pleigne, Pleujouse, Fregiécourt, Miécourt, Levoncourt(F), Oberlarg(F), Lucelle, Haut-Rhin, Lucelle(F)
Chevenez

**Chevenez** is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Chevenez, Damvant, Réclère and Roche-d'Or merged into the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Chevenez
- **municipality name**: Chevenez
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Chevenez-Blazono.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2906
- **municipality code**: 6780
- **area**: 21.73
- **elevation**: 491
- **population**: 674
- **populationof**: 2003
- **neighboring municipalities**: Roche-d'Or, Rocourt, Fahy, Bure, Switzerland, Bure, Courtedoux, Bressaucourt, Montancy(F), Vernois-le-Fol(F)
Coeuve

**Coeuve** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Coeuve
- **image photo**: Coeuve-Village.jpg
- **image caption**: Coeuve (JU), school, gymnasium, church
- **municipality name**: Coeuve
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coeuve-blazon.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2932
- **municipality code**: 6781
- **area**: 11.59
- **elevation**: 432
- **population**: 649
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.coeuve.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Porrentruy, Courchavon, Courtemaîche, Damphreux, Vendlincourt, Alle, Switzerland, Alle