juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Treasury

A **Treasury** is either:

1. Originally, a place where money, gold and other treasure is kept.
1. Today, a government department which deals with money supply, taxation and financial policy.

## History

The treasury as a place to keep the king's (or city's) gold and valuables has a long history. The winners in a war would take back whatever they wanted, and slaves and booty were top of the list. The first recorded booty in history is a stele taken during 1160 BC.

The earliest found artefacts made of silver and gold are from Lake Varna in Bulgaria dated 4250–4000 BC, the earliest made of copper are dated 9000–7000 BC.

- "...And there was also silver weighing many thousands of talents and all the royal treasure amounting to a very great sum..." Procopius of Caesarea.

The term _treasury_ was first used in classical antiquity to describe the places built for gifts to the gods. An example is the Siphnian Treasury in Delphi. Many similar buildings were put up in Olympia, Greece by city-states hoping to impress others during the ancient Olympic Games. In Ancient Greece treasuries were almost always inside religious buildings such as temples. This made state funds sacrosanct, and adding moral constraints to the punishment for thieves.

The sovereigns' treasury in the palace in ancient Jerusalem,was similar in nature to the temple treasury. Those treasuries had officials, and worked rather like a bank.

- "...in fact, practically in every city there are banking places for the holy money..." Philo.

In excavations of Persopolis a text about to the activities of a treasury were discovered. It dates to the fifth century BC. The texts were written in the Elamite language.

The ancient Roman word _aerarium_ signified the treasury of the Senate, _fiscus_ was used to indicate the imperial treasury used by Caesar.
 They had, as we do, the distinction between a treasury as a store of valuables, and the treasury as an office of finance.

### H.M. Treasury

In the United Kingdom, Her Majesty's Treasury is overseen by the Chancellor of the Exchequer.  The traditional honorary title of First Lord of the Treasury is held by the Prime Minister. Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs administers the taxation system.

In the United States, the Treasurer reports to an executive-appointed Secretary of the Treasury. The IRS is the revenue agency of the US Department of the Treasury.

### Ministry of Finance

In many other countries, the treasury is called the Ministry of Finance. Its head is known as the Finance Minister. Examples include New Zealand, Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan,  and Japan.

### Both

In some other countries, a Treasury will co-exist with a separate Ministry of Finance, with divided functions.

The government of Poland includes the Ministry of Finance as well as the Ministry of State Treasury, as does the government of Ukraine. It was the same in Italy before the creation of the united Ministry of Economy. In the Australian federal government a treasurer and a finance minister co-exist.
St. Nicholas Magazine

***St. Nicholas Magazine*** was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published between 1873 and 1943 by Scribner's & Co. It was directed for 32 years by Mary Mapes Dodge. Writers published in the magazine include Louisa May Alcott, Frances Hodgson Burnett, and Rudyard Kipling. It folded in 1943.
Mary Mapes Dodge

**Mary Mapes Dodge**  (January 26, 1831 – August 21, 1905) was an American writer.  She wrote _Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates_. She also edited _St. Nicholas Magazine_.
Lance

A **lance** is a pole weapon or spear used by a mounted warrior. The lance is longer, thicker and heavier than an infantry spear, and is not intended for throwing, or for quick thrusting. Lances did not have tips meant to break off or bend, unlike many throwing weapons of the spear and javelin family. They often had a vamplate, a small circular plate to prevent the hand sliding up the shaft upon impact.

The lance was longer than a spear, about 9–10 feet long. When charging the lance was carried under the arm (couched) using the weight of the horse and rider to push the lance tip into its intended target. It was a medieval shock and awe weapon (caused great fear) to have a number of mounted knights with lances charging towards you. In many cases it caused panic and the enemy fled the battle.

They were used by European knights, but the use of lances was spread over the Old World wherever horses were available. The use of the lance was made possible by the use of the stirrup added to saddles. It allowed the knight to control the horse and stand in the saddle. As a backup weapon, lancers (one who used a lance) of that period also carried swords, maces (a type of club) or something else suited to hand-to-hand (or close) combat, since the lance was often used only once during an event. It could not be used once the combatants were close to each other.

## Related pages

- Spear
Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates

***Hans Brinker, or The Silver Skates*** (1865) is a book by Mary Mapes Dodge. It is about a Dutch boy who enters an ice skating race.
The Slave's Friend

***The Slave's Friend*** was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published in New York City, New York by the American Anti-Slavery Society beginning in 1835 and ending some time before 1839.

Thirty-eight issues were published. Single copies cost 1 cent, but the magazine was made available in public places for free. The 16-page, tiny magazine (4.5" h x 2.75") was considered dangerous reading by anti-abolitionists. Copies were destroyed in Charleston, South Carolina and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: The Slave's Friend
- **image file**: Slave's Friend.jpg
- **category**: Children's magazine
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **publisher**: American Anti-Slavery Society
- **firstdate**: 1835
- **lastdate**: 1839?
- **country**: United States
- **based**: New York City, New York
- **language**: English
True (magazine)

***True*** was an American men's magazine. It was published monthly by Fawcett Publications between 1937 and 1974. Articles were of interest to men such as sports, adventure, technology, etc.
Squire

A **squire** was the shield bearer or armour bearer of a knight, and at times was a knight's servant.

Use of the term has changed over time. In the Middle Ages, a squire was the apprentice of a knight. Later, it meant a leader in an English village or Lord of the manor might be called a squire. Later still it was used for key public figures such as Justice of the Peace or Member of Parliament. In modern American usage, a squire is the title given to a Justice of the Peace or similar local official. _Squire_ is a shortened version of the word _Esquire_.
Arunachalam Mahadeva

Sir **Arunachalam Mahadeva** (5 October 1885 – 8 June 1969) was a Sri Lankan diplomat and legislator. He was a minister of the Home Affairs of the State Council. He later served as Ceylon's High Commissioner to India from 1948 to 1950.

Mahadeva is the son of Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam. Like his father,  Mahadeva was educated at the Royal College Colombo.

Arunachalam Mahadeva was elected as a member of both the Legislative and State Councils of Ceylon. He became the Home Minister in 1942, when D. S. Senanayake became Leader of the House of the State Council.

## Other websites & references

- http://www.newdelhi.mission.gov.lk/envoys.htm Sri Lanka's Envoys to India
- Anyone can buy property in Jaffna
- Conspiracy charge: no evidence

## Infobox (mp)

- **name**: Sir Arunachalam Mahadeva
- **honorific-suffix**: KCMG
- **nationality**: Ceylonesen
- **order1**: Minister of Home Affairs of the State Council of Ceylon, State Council
- **term start1**: 1942
- **term end1**: 1946
- **order2**: Ceylon's High Commissioner to India
- **term start2**: 1949
- **term end2**: 1950
- **birth date**: 5 October 1885
- **birth place**: Colombo, Ceylon
- **death date**: 8 June 1969 (age 84)
- **death place**: Colombo, Ceylon
- **alma mater**: Royal College, Colombo
- **occupation**: diplomat, legislator
PZL 102 Kos

The **PZL 102 Kos** is a Polish training and sport light aircraft. Built in wood and metal, it is a twin-seats single-engine. Engine is an American-built Continental C90-12F. Only ten examples were built between 1959 and 1962.
Lockheed L-100

The **Lockheed L-100** is the civilian variant of the famous military cargo aircraft C-130 Hercules. It is also used like cargo but generally by airliners. **L-100** are sometimes also named _Hercules_. Some are used in Algeria, Canada, France, and the United States. More the 110 examples were built. Some are used by air forces in addition of militaries variants. Few L-100 are used like water bomber, like in the U.S.
Ponnambalam Arunachalam

Sir **Ponnambalam Arunachchalam** (14 September 1853 – 9 January 1924) was a Ceylonese statesman. He was a member of the Executive Council and the Legislative Council.

## Early life

His father was Gate Mudaliyar Arunachalam Ponnambalam. His mother was Sellachchi Ammaiyar. He was the third son of their parents and the younger brother of Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan who was another famous Ceylon Tamil leader. He was educated at the Colombo Academy (Royal College Colombo), Colombo, and at Christ's College, Cambridge.

He married Swarnambal Namasivayam and had three sons, Sir Arunachalam Mahadeva, KCMG; Sivananthan Arunachalam and Arunachalam Ramanathan.

## Career

He was one of the first Ceylonese to enter the Ceylon Civil Service in 1875. He was appointed General in 1887. He showed his positive work in all the positions he held. On his retirement from the Public Service in 1913, he was honored in recognition of his service to the country. He was also nominated by the Governor to a seat in the Executive Council.

## Infobox (mp)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honorable Sir
- **name**: Ponnambalam Arunachalam
- **order**: Member of the Executive Council (Commonwealth countries), Executive Council and the Legislative Council of Ceylon
- **birth date**: September 14, 1853
- **nationality**: British Ceylon, Ceylonese
- **spouse**: Swarnambal Namasivayam
- **relations**: Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan
- **children**: Sir Arunachalam Mahadeva, Sivananthan Arunachalam and Arunachalam Ramanathan
- **alma mater**: Christ's College, Cambridge,
Royal College, Colombo
- **profession**: Civil servant
Mercure (hotel)

**Mercure Hotels** is a chain of hotels run by French corporation Accor. Most Mercure hotels are positioned between Ibis and Novotel in the Accor estate.
RIU Hotels

**RIU Hotels & Resorts** is a Spanish hotel chain. It was founded by the Riu family as a small holiday hotel. The first hotel was Riu San Francisco in Mallorca. The RIU Hotels & Resorts chain is owned by the Riu family's third generation. The RIU Hotels chain now expanded in most Spanish-speaking countries, but also others. It has more than 90 hotels in the main tourist destinations such as Europe, America, Africa and Asia.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: RIU Hotels
- **company type**: Hospitality
- **foundation**: 1953
- **location**: Mallorca, Spain
- **key people**: Carmen Riu, Luis Riu
- **num employees**: 25,150 (2012)
- **logo**: Riu Hotels & Resorts.jpg
- **products**: Riu Hotel, Riu ClubHotel, Riu Palace, Riu Plaza
- **revenue**: U.S. dollar, $1.63 1,000,000,000 (number), billion (Dec 2008)
- **homepage**: [http://www.riu.com/ www.riu.com]
Novotel

**Novotel** is a hotel chain in the Accor group. Novotel has almost 400 hotels and resorts in 60 countries, in the business districts and tourist destinations of international cities.
Godey's Lady's Book

***Godey's Lady's Book*** was a 19th-century American monthly women's magazine. It began publication in 1830 as _The Lady's Book_. "Godey's" was added to the title about 1840. It was also known as _Godey's Magazine_. It was published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Louis Antoine Godey.

In 1836, Godey bought the Boston-based _American Ladies' Magazine_, and merged it with his own magazine. Sarah Josepha Hale became the literary editor. Contents included recipes, etiquette, health advice, fiction, poetry, fashions, household tips, exercises, moral instruction, etc. The monthly fashion plates were hand-colored by 150 women. Unusual for the times, the magazine's contents were copyrighted.

Subscriptions dropped off during the American Civil War, though the magazine was careful not to mention politics, war, or other divisive or controversial topics. Public interest in the magazine declined after Godey and Hale retired.  The magazine was absorbed by _Puritan_ in 1898.

## References

- Godey's Lady's Book: Publication History
- Encyclopaedia Britannica: Godey's Lady's Book

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: Godey's Lady's Book
- **editor**: Sarah Josepha Hale
- **category**: Women's magazine
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **circulation**: 150,000 (in 1860)
- **publisher**: Louis Antoine Godey
- **founder**: Louis Antoine Godey
- **founded**: 1830
- **firstdate**: July 1830 (as _The Lady's Book_)
- **lastdate**: August 1898
- **country**: United States
- **based**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **language**: English
Michal Grošek

**Michal Grošek** (born June 1, 1975 in Vyškov, Czechoslovakia) is a retired Czech professional ice hockey player that played a combined 11 seasons in the NHL.

Grošek was drafted 145th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Winnipeg Jets. He played 3 years with the Jets and became the first Czech born player to play for the team. He then went to the Buffalo Sabres and played 5 seasons with them. He played 14 games with the Chicago Blackhawks and the played for the New York Rangers. He played for both the New York Rangers for 2 seasons and their AHL farm team, the Hartford Wolf Pack. He last played in the NHL for the Boston Bruins for 2 seasons.

He left the NHL and went to play in the National League A with Geneve Servette. He played 2 seasons with them and decided to play for SKA Saint Petersburg of Russian Superleague. He only played 13 games with them and returned to the NLA to play for EV Zug. He last played for the Leksands IF of the Swedish Hockey League.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: **National Hockey League, NHL:**
Winnipeg Jets (1972–96), Winnipeg Jets
Buffalo Sabres
Chicago Blackhawks
New York Rangers
Boston Bruins
**National League A, NLA:**
Genève-Servette Hockey Club, Genève-Servette HC
EV Zug
**Russian Superleague, RSL:**
SKA Saint Petersburg
**Hockeyallsvenskan:**
Leksands IF
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 216
- **birth place**: Vyškov, Czechoslovakia, TCH
- **draft**: 145th overall
- **draft year**: 1993
- **draft team**: Winnipeg Jets (1972–96), Winnipeg Jets
- **career start**: 1992
- **career end**: 2008
Women's magazine

A **women's magazine** is a magazine that is mostly for women. These magazines were started because big newsapers sometimes had parts that were for women. Sometimes tabloid journalism is also for women. Unlike tabloids, which are published daily, women's magazines are usually published weekly or monthly.
Margarita Henríquez

**Margarita Esther Henríquez Rodríguez** (born April 17, 1991, Panama) is the winner of the third season of _Latin American Idol_, which she won on October 9, 2008.

## Biography

Henríquez became the youngest contestant to win and the third one since Carlos Peña. Henríquez beat the runner up María José Castillo for the title. She released her first album under the Sony BMG label on December 1, 2008. It has been very successful in Panama. It contains six songs that she performed during the TV Show. Her song "Vuela" has been successful on Panamanian radio stations.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Margarita Henríquez
- **image**: Margarita H.jpeg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Margarita Esther Henríquez Rodríguez
- **origin**: Panama
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Latin music, Latin
- **occupation**: Professional Singer
- **years active**: 2008-Present
- **label**: Sony BMG
Louis Antoine Godey

**Louis Antoine Godey** (June 6, 1804 – November 29, 1878) was founder and publisher of the 19th-century women's magazine, _Godey's Lady's Book_.

He was born in poverty in New York City, New York. His parents were survivors of the French Revolution. He was mostly self-educated. Godey went to work as a paperboy at age 15, moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and went to work for the _Daily Chronicle_.

Within a few years, he began publishing his own magazine, _The Lady's Book_. Contributors included Harriet Beecher Stowe, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Godey also published _The Young People’s Book_ in 1841, and the _Lady’s Musical Library_ in 1842.

On August 31, 1833, Godey married Maria Duke. They had five children. He  retired to St. Augustine, Florida. He died after a short illness in Philadelphia in 1878.

## References

- Godey, Louis Antoine

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Louis Antoine Godey
- **image**: Louis A GodeyNYPL.jpg
- **birth date**: June 6, 1804
- **birth place**: New York City, New York
- **death date**: November 29, 1878
- **death place**: St. Augustine, Florida
- **occupation**: Publisher, _Godey's Lady's Book_
- **spouse**: Maria Duke
Gumby (TV series)

***Gumby*** is an American cartoon character from the claymation animated television series that originally aired on NBC after syndication from September 2, 1953 (first appeared from the movie _Gumbasia_) to December 31, 1988.

## Related pages

- List of Gumby episodes
Retro Studios

**Retro Studios** is a video game developer and a part of Nintendo. The company was started in 1998. They are most famous for the _Metroid Prime_ and _Donkey Kong Country_ series.

## Other websites

- Retro Studios' website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Retro Studios, Inc.
- **type**: Division (business), Division of Nintendo
- **foundation**: October 1998
- **founder**: Jeff Spangenberg
- **location**: Austin, Texas, United States
- **key people**: Michael Kelbaugh
Bryan Walker
Tim Little
Vince Joly
- **industry**: Interactive entertainment
Video game industry
- **products**: _Metroid Prime_
_Metroid Prime 2: Echoes_
_Metroid Prime 3: Corruption_
_Metroid Prime: Trilogy_
_Donkey Kong Country Returns_
_Mario Kart 7 _
_ Donkey Kong Country: Tropical Freeze_
- **owner**: Nintendo
- **num employees**: around 110 <small>(as of March 2013)</small>
- **parent**: Nintendo
Missile Command

***Missile Command*** is an arcade video game released by Atari in 1981. In this game, the player has to defend six cities from falling missiles. The player does so by hitting the missiles with their own counter-missiles. The player moves a crosshair to launch missiles. When a missile hits the crosshair, it creates a fireball that stays for a few seconds and destroys any missiles that hit it. The player has three batteries with ten missiles each. When a battery has no more missiles left or it is destroyed, the player can no longer use it. The game is played as a series of levels, each having a higher difficulty. A level ends if all of the player's cities are destroyed, or all of the falling missiles are destroyed. If a player runs out of missiles, they no longer have control in the level they are playing on. At the end of a level, the player gets extra points for cities that have not been destroyed and missiles they did not use.

The game has been released on many home video game consoles, including the Atari 2600, the Game Boy, and the Xbox 360.

## Other websites

- _Missile Command_ at the Killer List of Video Games
- _Missile Command_ at the Arcade History database
Grand Forks, British Columbia

**Grand Forks** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Grand Forks is in Boundary Country near the Canada–United States border.

The population of Grand Forks was 4,112 in 2021. The mayor of Grand Forks is Everett Baker. The city started in the late 19th century when copper mining was popular in both the Boundary and Kootenay regions of British Columbia. It officially became a city on April 15, 1897. In both 1908 and 1911, fires destroyed the downtown core because of the large number of wood frame buildings and stores. Grand Forks has an ice hockey team, the Grand Forks Border Bruins which play in the Kootenay International Junior Hockey League.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Grand Forks
- **settlement type**: List of cities in British Columbia, City
- **image skyline**: Grand forks bc (cropped).jpg
- **motto**: Divitiae ex solo
Latin: Riches from the soil
- **pushpin map**: Canada British Columbia#Canada
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Grand Forks in British Columbia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of Canada#British Columbia, Region
- **subdivision type3**: Regional districts of British Columbia, Regional district
- **subdivision name1**: British Columbia
- **subdivision name2**: Boundary Country
- **subdivision name3**: Regional District of Kootenay Boundary, British Columbia, Kootenay Boundary
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 4 March 1897
- **government type**: Mayor–council government
- **leader title**: Governing body
- **leader name**: Grand Forks City Council
- **leader title1**: Mayor
- **leader name1**: Everett Baker
- **area land km2**: 10.37
- **elevation m**: 520
- **population total**: 4,112
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population density km2**: 396.4
- **postal code type**: Postal codes
- **postal code**: V0H 1H0 & V0H 3H0
- **area code**: Area code 250, 250, Area code 778, 778, Area code 236, 236, Area code 672, 672
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, PST
- **utc offset**: −08:00
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −07:00
Business jet

A **business jet** is an aircraft designed and built for transporting a small group of passengers, between four and twenty people. Generally it is a twin-turbojet aircraft, but some are tri-jet (such as Falcon 50), or four-engine (like the Jetstar). In some cases it is even airliners that have been turned into this kind of aircraft, like Airbus A320CJ or Boeing 737BJ.

Some business jets are used by air forces for priority and VIP transport.  Some are owned by the companies that use them, and some by other companies who provide service for business or private trips.

### Twin-engine aircraft

- Bombardier Challenger 300
- Cessna CJ-1
- Dassault Falcon 20
- Embraer Phenom
- Hawker-Siddeley HS-125
- IAI Astra
- Embraer Legacy 600

### Tri-jet aircraft

- Dassault Falcon 50
- Dassault Falcon 900
- Dassault Falcon 7X

### Four-engine aircraft

- Lockheed Jetstar

## Bibliography

- Stewart Wilson, Airliners of the world, Aerospace Publications Australia, 1999.

## Related pages

- Business class
Water bomber

A **water bomber** is an aircraft dedicated to firefighting, and in particular for forest fires. It can be a helicopter or a sea plane. Generally it is a conversion of a former military or cargo aircraft, but some were designed and built at the beginning like water bombers. It is the case of Canadian Canadair CL-215. Water bombers are used both by air forces, administrations, and private societies.
Sarah Josepha Hale

**Sarah Josepha Hale** (October 24, 1788 – April 30, 1879) was a 19th century American writer and magazine editor. She wrote the poem "Mary Had a Little Lamb". She campaigned to make Thanksgiving a national holiday, to make Mount Vernon a national shrine, and raised funds to complete the Bunker Hill monument.

## Life

Hale was born in Newport, New Hampshire to Gordon Buell, a Revolutionary War captain, and his wife, Martha (Whittlesay) Buell. Sarah married lawyer David Hale in 1813, and had five children with him.

Widowed in 1822, Hale entered the literary field in order to support her children. In 1827, she published _Northwood: A Tale of New England_. It was one of the first novels to be published by an American woman.

She edited _Ladies' Magazine_ in Boston, Massachusetts, then moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1837 to edit _Godey's Lady's Book_, the premiere woman's magazine in America. She edited the magazine until 1877. She died in 1879.

Hale raised funds for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument. She urged the Federal government to make Mount Vernon a national shrine, and to declare Thanksgiving a national holiday.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Sarah Josepha Hale
- **image**: Sarah Hale portrait.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **birth name**: Sarah Josepha Buell
- **birth date**: October 24, 1788
- **death date**: April 30, 1879
- **occupation**: Writer
Magazine editor
- **notableworks**: "Mary Had a Little Lamb"
- **nationality**: American
- **spouse**: David Hale
City of Joy

***City of Joy*** is a 1985 book by French author and journalist Dominique Lapierre. It was made into a 1991 movie by Roland Joffe. It is based on the lives of people in a slum in Kolkata. The slum is called "City of Joy". A Polish Catholic priest and a rickshaw driver are two of the main characters.

## Other websites

- City of Joy Aid
Mary Had a Little Lamb

<div style="margin-right: -1em"></div>

"**Mary Had a Little Lamb**" (originally, "**Mary's Lamb**") is a poem by Sarah Josepha Hale. It was published in her _Poetry for Children_ in 1823. It tells of a lamb who follows his little mistress to school. In the 1830s, Lowell Mason set the poem to music. In 1877, Thomas Edison recited "Mary Had a Little Lamb" for the first recording of the human voice.
Codell, Kansas

**Codell** is an unincorporated community in Rooks County, Kansas, United States.  It is south of the city of Stockton (the county seat of Rooks County). It is near the southeastern corner of Rooks County.  The nearest city, Plainville, is about  northwest by road.

On May 20 in 1916, 1917, and 1918, Codell was hit by tornadoes.  The 1918 tornado was the worst. It killed ten people and did a lot of damage.

## Other websites

- Pictures of Codell
- Codell history
- Newspaper article about the 1918 tornado
Shakespeare's Sonnets

**Shakespeare's Sonnets** is the title of a collection of 154 sonnets written by William Shakespeare. The collection was first published in 1609 by Thomas Thorpe. In general, each sonnet is  in iambic pentameter, and consists of three quatrains followed by a concluding couplet. The sonnets are about love, death, jealousy, procreation, beauty, etc.
Death Be Not Proud

"**Death Be Not Proud**" is a poem written by John Donne about 1610. It was published in 1663, after his death.

## Poem

<poem>
Death, be not proud, though some have called thee
Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;
For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow
Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me.
From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,
Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,
And soonest our best men with thee do go,
Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.
Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,
And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,
And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well
And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then?
One short sleep past, we wake eternally,
And death shall be no more, death, thou shalt die.
</poem>
Shakespeare's Birthplace

**Shakespeare's Birthplace** is a house in Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. It is the birthplace of William Shakespeare, and one of several sites in Stratford associated with him.
New Place

**New Place** is a site in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England where a house once stood belonging to William Shakespeare. He retired to the house following his career in the London theatres. Many years after his death in 1623, the house became a tourist attraction. A neighbor, weary of constant visitors, bought the house and tore it down.
Holy Trinity Church

**Holy Trinity Church** is a church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. William Shakespeare is buried beneath the stones of the floor. It is one of several sites in Stratford associated with the poet. These sites include his birthplace in Henley Street and New Place, the site of his house.

## Infobox (church)

- **name**: Holy Trinity Church, Stratford-upon-Avon
- **image**: Stratford upon Avon church SW.jpg
- **caption**: The church from the South West
- **dedication**: Holy Trinity
- **denomination**: Church of England
- **churchmanship**: Broad Church
- **parish**: Stratford-upon-Avon
- **diocese**: Diocese of Coventry, Coventry
- **province**: Province of Canterbury, Canterbury
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **vicar**: Patrick Taylor
- **curate**: Kay Dyer
- **director**: Douglas Keilitz
- **organist**: Stephen Dodsworth
- **website**: [http://www.stratford-upon-avon.org/index.html www.stratford-upon-avon.org/index.html]
Venus and Adonis

***Venus and Adonis*** is a long poem by William Shakespeare. It was published in 1593. It tells of Venus' love for Adonis, a mortal man.
Aubrey Plaza

**Aubrey Plaza** (born June 26, 1984, Wilmington, Delaware) is an American actress and comedian. She performs in movies and television. She starred as April Ludgate in the NBC television show _Parks and Recreation_. She acted as Claire in _Monsters University_ and as Darius in _Safety not Guaranteed_.

Plaza played Karen Barclay in the 2019 horror movie _Child's Play_.

Plaza acts the speaking voice of Grumpy Cat in the Lifetime TV network movie _Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever_. It was first shown on November 29, 2014.

Plaza was married to director Jeff Baena from 2021 until his death in 2025.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Aubrey Plaza
- **image**: Aubrey Plaza 2012 Shankbone.JPG
- **caption**: Plaza at WonderCon 2019
- **birth name**: Aubrey Christina Plaza
- **birth place**: Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
- **alma mater**: New York University
- **years active**: 2006–present
The Rape of Lucrece

***The Rape of Lucrece*** is a long poem by William Shakespeare. It was first published in 1594. It tells of the rape of Lucretia by Tarquin and her suicide.
To Helen

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"**To Helen**" is a poem written by Edgar Allan Poe. The poem was first published in 1831 in _Poems of Edgar Allan Poe_. It was republished in 1836 in the _Southern Literary Messenger_. Poe's inspiration was Jane Stith Stanard, the mother of his childhood friend Robert Stanard.

The poem consists of three stanzas of five lines each. The rhyme scheme is irregular: the first stanza is ABABB, the second is ABABA, and the third is ABBAB. The poem includes the well known lines, "... the glory that was Greece / And the grandeur that was Rome".

## More reading

- Analysis: "To Helen"
Surcoat

A **surcoat**, or **surcote**, was an outer garment commonly worn in the Middle Ages by men. About 100 years later, women started to wear surcoats. It can either mean a coat worn over other garments or the outer garment commonly worn over armour. The name comes from the French meaning "over the cotta", a long, wide coat reaching down to the feet without sleeves.

Starting about the 12th century, knights wore long and flowing surcoats over their armour. They would often show the coat of arms of the wearer. A knight's surcoat reached almost to the ankles. It had slits (cuts) in the bottom front and back so a wearer could sit. It also had no sleeves. One purpose for the surcoat was to protect armour from the rain. Another use was during the Crusades to keep the armour cooler in the sun.

By the middle of the 14th century the long surcoat was replaced with the "Jupon" (or "Gipon"). This was a much shorter garment, which was often padded for extra protection. Once suits of plate (solid) armour became common, the surcoat was no longer used.

## Related pages

- Tabard
The Gold-Bug

"**The Gold-Bug**" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in June 1843. It tells the story of William Legrand, who becomes obsessed with a strange gold-colored bug he finds. His servant, Jupiter, worries that Legrand is going crazy and asks Legrand’s friend (the story’s narrator) to help. Legrand then involves them both in a treasure hunt after solving a secret message.

The story takes place on Sullivan’s Island in South Carolina and is often seen as an early example of detective fiction. Poe was interested in cryptography, which was popular at the time, and used this interest while writing "The Gold-Bug." A secret code plays a big part in the story’s plot. Modern critics think the way Poe wrote Jupiter’s character is racist, especially because of how he speaks.

Poe entered "The Gold-Bug" into a writing contest held by the _Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper_, and it won the top prize. It was published in three parts starting in June 1843. Poe received $100 for it, which was a lot of money at the time (equivalent to $3,375 in 2024) and probably the most he ever earned from a single work. The story was a big hit and became Poe’s most popular prose piece while he was alive. It also helped make secret codes more popular with readers.

## Infobox (short story)

- **name**: The Gold-Bug
- **image**: Poe gold-bug byam shaw.JPG
- **caption**: Illustration by Byam Shaw, 1909
- **author**: Edgar Allan Poe
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Mystery
- **published in**: _Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper_
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: June 1843
Alexey Pajitnov

**Alexéy Leonídovich Pájitnov** (born April 16, 1955) is a Russian computer engineer who lives in the United States. He is best known for creating the popular video game _Tetris_. He was born in Moscow, USSR.

Pajitnov created _Tetris_ in 1985. The game was first sold in the Soviet Union. In 1986, the game began being sold in the West. Since then, it has become a very successful series. In 1996, he started The Tetris Company, which owns the trademark to _Tetris_.

In 1996, GameSpot named him the fourth most influential computer game developer of all time.

## Other websites

- Alexey Pajitnov  profile at MobyGames
- _Tetris - From Russia with Love_ , BBC documentary

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alexey Pajitnov
- **image**: Alexey Pajitnov - 2575833305 (crop).jpg
- **caption**: Alexey Pajitnov in Barcelona, Spain, 14 June 2008
- **birth name**: Alexey Leonidovich Pajitnov
- **birth place**: Moscow, Soviet Union, USSR
- **nationality**: Russian
- **occupation**: Computer engineer
- **known for**: Creator of _Tetris_
Bertha von Suttner

Baroness **Bertha Sophie Felicitas Freifrau von Suttner** (; ; 9 June 184321 June 1914) was an Austrian novelist.  She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.  Suttner wrote a novel called _Die Waffen nieder!_.  This means "Lay Down Your Arms!" in English.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bertha von Suttner
- **image**: Bertha von Suttner nobel.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Bertha von Suttner c. 1906
- **birth place**: Prague, Austrian Empire
- **death place**: Vienna, Austria-Hungary
- **occupation**: novelist
- **awards**: Nobel Peace Prize, 1905
The Gift of the Magi

"**The Gift of the Magi**" is a short story by O. Henry. It was published in _The New York Sunday World_ on December 10, 1905.

## Infobox (short story)

- **name**: The Gift of the Magi
- **author**: O. Henry
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Short story
- **published in**: _The New York Sunday World_
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: December 10, 1905
Pole Position (video game)

***Pole Position*** is an arcade racing video game released by Namco in 1982 and designed by Toru Iwatani. In this game, the player controls a Formula One race car. The player completes a time trial lap to be able to compete in an F1 race at the Fuji Racetrack. After completing the time trial race, the player races against other cars in a championship race. The player has to complete the race in the time allowed. They have to avoid crashing into the other cars and objects along the side of the track.

The game was the highest selling arcade game of 1983 in North America. It sold over 21,000 machines for $61 million. It has been released for many video game consoles as part of Namco game collections, including the PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Nintendo GameCube, and Xbox.

In 1983, a sequel called _Pole Position II_ was released. It features three new tracks in addition to the one from the first game.

## Other websites

- _Pole Position_ at the Killer List of Videogames
- _Pole Position_ at the Arcade History database
The Open Boat

"**The Open Boat**" is a short story by Stephen Crane. It was first published in the June 1897 issue of _Scribner's Magazine_.

## Infobox (short story)

- **name**: The Open Boat
- **image**: TheOpenBoat.jpg
- **author**: Stephen Crane
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Short story
- **published in**: _Scribner's Magazine_
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: June 1897
Young Goodman Brown

"**Young Goodman Brown**" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in the April 1835 issue of _New England Magazine_.

## Infobox (short story)

- **name**: Young Goodman Brown
- **author**: Nathaniel Hawthorne
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Short story
- **published in**: _New England Magazine_
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: April 1835
Rappaccini's Daughter

"**Rappaccini's Daughter**" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in _United States Democratic Review_ in December 1844. It was reprinted in Hawthorne's collection of short stories and sketches, _Mosses From an Old Manse_ in 1846. The story has been adapted to many media including opera and movies.

## Infobox (short story)

- **name**: Rappaccini's Daughter
- **author**: Nathaniel Hawthorne
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Short story
- **published in**: _United States Democratic Review_
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: December 1844
Henry Dunant

**Jean Henri Dunant** was a Swiss businessman and social activist.  A book he wrote influenced the International Committee of the Red Cross to be formed in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's ideas. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric Passy.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Henri Dunant
- **image**: Jean Henri Dunant.jpg
- **caption**: Henri Dunant
- **birth name**: Jean Henri Dunant
- **birth place**: Geneva, Switzerland
- **death place**: Heiden, Switzerland, Heiden, Switzerland
- **resting place**: Switzerland
- **citizenship**: Switzerland, Swiss
- **known for**: Founder of the Red Cross
- **occupation**: Social activist,
 Businessman,
 Writer
- **children**: Daughter
- **parents**: Jean-Jacques Dunant
 Antoinette Dunant-Colladon
- **awards**: Nobel Peace Prize (1901)
Maggie: A Girl of the Streets

***Maggie: A Girl of the Streets*** is a novella (short novel) by Stephen Crane. It was published in 1893. The story is about a young  prostitute in New York City.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets
- **author**: Stephen Crane
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Novella
- **release date**: 1893
- **media type**: Print
Frédéric Passy

**Frédéric Passy** (May 20, 1822 – June 12, 1912) was a French economist. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Henry Dunant.

Passy wrote and talked to others about free trade.  He followed the ideas of Richard Cobden.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Frédéric Passy
- **image**: Frederic Passy.jpg
- **birth name**: Frédéric Passy
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **occupation**: Economist
- **awards**: Nobel Peace Prize (1901)
Irenaeus

**Saint Irenaeus **(130 AD - 202) was a Roman Catholic Bishop of Lyon, France. He is a Church Father. He is known for his Christian writings. He is remembered on the 28 June.

## Other websites

- Against Heresies
- St. Irenaeus at the Catholic Encyclopedia
Church Father

The **Church Fathers** are ancient and influential Christian theologians, some of whom were great teachers or bishops. Only early teachers of Christianity are seen as Fathers by the Western Church. However, the Orthodox Church honors many more recent saints as "Fathers".

- Western Church: Ambrose (340–397 AD), Jerome (347–420 AD), Augustine (354–430 AD) and Saint Gregory the Great (540–604 AD)
- Eastern Church: Athanasius (c. 296–373 AD), Basil the Great (c. 329–379 AD), Gregory of Nazianzus (329–c. 389 AD) and John Chrysostom (347–407 AD)

## Related pages

- Five solas
- Christianity
    - Catholicism
    - Anglicanism
    - Protestantism
        - Church of England
        - Reformed churches
        - Free Church of Scotland
    - Eastern Christianity
        - Oriental Orthodoxy
        - Eastern Orthodox Church
- Byzantine Empire
- Classical antiquity
- Nondenominational Christianity
Brenda Holloway

**Brenda Holloway** (born 21 June 1946, California) is an American singer-songwriter. Her genre is R&B. She covered the songs _When I'm Gone_, _You've Made Me so Very Happy_ and many others. She worked for Motown Records in the 1960s.
Cessna Citation X

The **Cessna Citation X** is a twin-turbojet business jet designed and built in the United States. It can carry between eight and twelve passengers. It is a swept-wing aircraft built entirely of metal. Its first flight was in 1996.
Vought F7U Cutlass

The **Vought F7U Cutlass** is a navalized fighter aircraft that served in the U.S. Navy. It was used for the Cold War, from American aircraft carriers. None were sold to other countries. Some Vought F7U Cutlass were modified for aerial reconnaissance as _F7U-3P_. It was used by the Blue Angels in 1953.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Vought F7U Cutlass
- **image**: File:F7U-3_Cutlass_VA-212_on_USS_Bon_Homme_Richard_(CVA-31)_c1956.jpg
- **caption**: **Vought F7U Cutlass**.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Fighter aircraft
- **national origin**: USA.
- **manufacturer**: Vought
- **first flight**: 1948
- **introduction**: 1951
- **status**: Out of service
- **primary user**: US Navy
- **number built**: 320
UTVA Model 75

The **UTVA Model 75** is a training single-engine aircraft that was designed and built in Yugoslavia. It is also used as civilian sport light aircraft. Apart from former Yugoslavian countries, this aircraft was sold to Sudan.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: UTVA Model 75
- **image**: File:Utva75.jpg
- **caption**: **UTVA Model 75** from the Serbia, Serbian Air Force academy.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Training aircraft
- **national origin**: Yugoslavia.
- **manufacturer**: UTVA
- **first flight**: 1976
- **introduction**: 1979
- **status**: Active
- **primary user**: Yugoslavia, Yugoslavian Air Force.
- **number built**: 128
Madylin Sweeten

**Madylin Sweeten** (June 27, 1991, Brownwood, Texas) is an American actress who performs on television. She played Ally Barone in the 1996-2005 television series _Everybody Loves Raymond_.
Andrea Barber

**Andrea Laura Barber** (born July 3, 1976) is an American former child actress who acts mainly in TV. She played Kimmy Gibbler in the sitcom _Full House_. Before that, she played Carrie Brady in the soap opera _Days of our Lives_. Barber was born in Los Angeles.
Bridgette Andersen

**Bridgette Andersen** (July 11, 1975 - May 18, 1997) was an American actress. She acted mostly on television. She acted in _Family Ties_ and _Remington Steele_. She also did Pepsi commercials.

Andersen was born in Los Angeles.
Kary Mullis

**Kary Banks Mullis** (December 28, 1944 – August 7, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 1993, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith for his role in discovering the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

## Career

The process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana. It allows specific DNA sequences to be amplified (multiplied). Mullis greatly improved the technique, and it became a standard tool in DNA research.

In 1983, Mullis was working for Cetus Corp. as a chemist. That spring, according to Mullis, he was driving his vehicle late one night, when he had the idea to use a pair of primers to bracket the desired DNA sequence and to copy it using DNA polymerase. This would allow a small strand of DNA to be copied almost an infinite number of times. Cetus took Mullis off his usual projects to concentrate on PCR full-time. Mullis succeeded in demonstrating PCR on December 16, 1983.

Cetus paid him a mere $10,000 for the discovery but later sold it to Hoffmann-La Roche, owned by Roche Holding Ltd., for $300 million.

## Death

Mullis died on August 7, 2019 from pneumonia in Newport Beach, California at the age of 74.

## Related pages

- List of biologists

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Kary Banks Mullis
- **image**: Kary Mullis.jpg
- **birth place**: Lenoir, North Carolina, Lenoir, North Carolina, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Newport Beach, California, Newport Beach, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **field**: Biochemist
- **known for**: development of Polymerase chain reaction
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1993)
Ricardian model

The **Ricardian model** is a model used in economics, named after David Ricardo. It is an easy way to explain trade between two countries, and the resulting gains. The model only uses workforce productivity to explain differences in international trade. Comparative advantages result from the difference of a single economic factor, that is labor. Workforces in different countries have different levels of productivity, and the resulting opportunity costs are different. In this regard, Ricardo used the ideas of Adam Smith regarding Absolute advantage, and developed them further. The model is described in Ricardo's main work, On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, published in 1817.
Dealey Plaza

**Dealey Plaza** is a district in the West End of downtown Dallas, Texas.

It is known for being the location where the assassination of John F. Kennedy took place on November 22, 1963. The plaza was named as a National Historic Landmark in 1993.

The former Texas School Book Depository building where both the Warren Commission and the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald shot and killed President John F. Kennedy with a rifle. The plaza also contains a grassy knoll on the northwest side where the House Select Committee on Assassinations determined that there was "...a high probability” that there was a second assassin that also fired at the President, but missed him.
2001 (Dr. Dre album)

***2001*** is the second studio album by American rapper Dr. Dre. It was released on November 16, 1999 by Interscope Records. _2001_ is the follow-up to Dr. Dre's first album _The Chronic_ (1991). The album features several guest rappers such as Hittman, Snoop Dogg, Kurupt, Xzibit, Nate Dogg, and Eminem. _2001_ has been certified sextuple platinum in sales by the RIAA after sales of six million copies in the United States.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: 2001
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Dr. Dre
- **prev title**: Dr. Dre Presents the Aftermath
- **prev year**: 1996
- **next title**: Compton (album), Compton
- **next year**: 2015
Lake Havasu City

**Lake Havasu City** is a city in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2020 census, the population of the city was 57,144. It is served by Lake Havasu City Airport. Lake Havasu City is geographically isolated from other cities in Mohave County.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area 46.39 square miles. Of that, 46.34 square miles is land and 0.05 square miles is water.

## Climate

Lake Havasu City has an arid desert climate. In the winter months daytime highs usually hit the 63°F (17.2°C) to the 82°F (27.8°C) range. Lows in the winter are usually between 42°F (5.6°C) to 60°F (15.6°C) lows do sometimes hit below 40°F and one night below 32°F. The city has extremely hot summers with the high temperature remaining between 108°F (42.2°C) to 124°F (51.1°C) with the average July high temperature of 112°F (44.4°C). Overnight lows are between 80°F (26.7°C) to 96°F (35.6°C). The highest temperature in Lake Havasu City was 128°F (53.3°C) in June 26, 1994 and the lowest temperature was 25°F (-3.9°C) in December 24, 1990.