juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
2018 Ontario general election

The **2018 Ontario general election** was held on June 7, 2018. Doug Ford's Progressive Conservative Party won a majority of seats, and Andrea Horwath's New Democratic Party formed the opposition.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 2018 Ontario general election
- **country**: Ontario
- **type**: parliamentary
- **ongoing**: no
- **party colour**: no
- **party name**: no
- **previous election**: 2014 Ontario general election
- **previous year**: 2014
- **outgoing members**: 41st Legislative Assembly of Ontario
- **elected members**: 42nd Legislative Assembly of Ontario
- **next election**: 2022 Ontario general election
- **next year**: _2022_
- **seats for election**: 124 seats of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario
- **majority seats**: 63
- **opinion polls**: #Opinion polls
- **turnout**: 56.67% (5.38Percentage point, pp)
- **image1**: Douglas_Robert_Ford_2018.jpg
- **image1 size**: 175x175px
- **leader1**: Doug Ford
- **leader since1**: March 10, 2018
- **leaders seat1**: Etobicoke North
- **last election1**: 28 seats, 31.25%
- **seats before1**: 27
- **seats1**: 76
- **seat change1**: 49
- **popular vote1**: 2,326,632
- **percentage1**: 40.50%
- **swing1**: 9.25Percentage point, pp
- **image2**: Horwath infobox.PNG
- **image2 size**: 175x175px
- **leader2**: Andrea Horwath
- **leader since2**: March 7, 2009
- **leaders seat2**: Hamilton Centre
- **last election2**: 21 seats, 23.75%
- **seats before2**: 18
- **seats2**: 40
- **seat change2**: 22
- **popular vote2**: 1,929,649
- **percentage2**: 33.59%
- **swing2**: 9.84Percentage point, pp
- **image4**: Hon Kathleen Wynne MPP Premier of Ontario (cropped2).jpg
- **image4 size**: 175x175px
- **leader4**: Kathleen Wynne
- **leader since4**: January 26, 2013
- **leaders seat4**: Don Valley West
- **last election4**: 58 seats, 38.65%
- **seats before4**: 55
- **seats4**: 7
- **seat change4**: 48
- **popular vote4**: 1,124,218
- **percentage4**: 19.57%
- **swing4**: 19.08Percentage point, pp
- **image5**: Mike Schreiner 4431 (37439753570) (cropped2).jpg
- **image5 size**: 175x175px
- **leader5**: Mike Schreiner
- **leader since5**: May 16, 2009
- **leaders seat5**: Guelph
- **last election5**: 0 seats, 4.84%
- **seats before5**: 0
- **seats5**: 1
- **seat change5**: 1
- **popular vote5**: 264,487
- **percentage5**: 4.60%
- **swing5**: 0.24Percentage point, pp
- **map image**: Ontario_general_election_2018_-_Results_by_Riding.svg
- **map size**: 350px
- **map caption**: Popular vote by riding. As this is an FPTP election, seat totals are not determined by popular vote, but instead by the result in each riding. Riding names are listed at the bottom.
- **title**: Premier
- **posttitle**: Premier after election
- **before election**: Kathleen Wynne
- **after election**: Doug Ford
Jorge Álvares

**Jorge Álvares** (died 8 July 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He is known for being the first European to have reached China by sea during the Age of Discovery.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jorge Álvares
- **image**: Monumento a Jorge Álvares - Freixo de Espada à Cinta - Portugal (3388617936).jpg
- **caption**: Jorge Álvares statue in Freixo de Espada à Cinta, Portugal
- **birth date**: Late 15th century
- **birth place**: Freixo de Espada à Cinta, Kingdom of Portugal
- **death date**: 8 July 1521
- **death place**: Tamão (present day Guangdong)
- **nationality**: Portuguese people, Portuguese
- **occupation**: Explorer
- **known for**: First European explorer to reach China by sea during the Age of Discovery
Freixo de Espada à Cinta

**Freixo de Espada à Cinta** (), is a municipality in the northeastern region of Portugal, it is near the border with Spain, near the Douro River Valley. The population in 2011 was 3,780, in an area of 244.14 km<sup>2</sup>.

## Infobox (portuguese subdivision)

- **image shield**: FEC.png
- **image flag**: Pt-fec1.png
- **image location**: LocalFreixoDeEspadaACinta.svg
- **region**: Norte Region, Portugal, Norte
- **cim**: Douro (intermunicipal community), Douro
- **district**: Bragança District, Bragança
- **parishes**: #Human geography, 4
- **leader party**: Socialist Party (Portugal), PS
- **leader name**: José Manuel Caldeira Santos
- **area total**: 244.14
- **population total**: 2188
- **population as of**: 2011
- **postal code**: 5180
- **area code**: 279
- **website**: http://www.cm-freixoespadacinta.pt/
- **type**: municipality
- **flag border**: no
David Ngodiga

**David Ngodiga** (born 23 October 1962) is a Nigerian footballer. He took part in the men's tournament at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: David Ngodiga
- **nationalteam1**: Nigeria national football team, Nigeria
Area code 314

**Area code 314** is an area code for Missouri. It was one of the primary area codes created in 1947. It initially covered the eastern portion of the state but after it was split by 573 in 1996 and 636 in 1999. It now covers the St. Louis territory. It was overlaid by 557 on August 12, 2022.
Jhumka (earring style)

Jhumka is a type of earrings worn by women in the Indian subcontinent.

During the Mughal Empire, Kharanpul Jhumka evolved as a unique piece of jewelry. Its clock shape is still the same as before. Jhumka is also known as _Jhumki_ in some areas. The jewelry has maintained its status as an earring throughout the history of Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. People wear these earrings for the Indian traditional dance Bharatanatyam.

### Origin

The source of this popular earring style is probably the ancient temple statues of the Chola dynasty (they may be as old as 300 BC). According to a second-generation jeweler Fleur van Gelder, the temple was decorated with ornaments to pay homage to the gods. As a result, traditional temple dancers began to wear similar ornaments adorned with idols of the gods and goddesses of the temple.

### Evolution in Mughal Period

Originating in South India, _Jhumka_ gained nationwide acceptance as earrings, especially from the royal family. But everyone adapted to the shape of the bell to create their own style. The jhumka were lighter than the other jewelry because they were hollow inside.

## Popular Culture

The Hindi film _Mera Saya_ (1986) a song named "Barelike Bazar Mein" about the loss of the lead actress's _Jhumka_.

Also, in 2020, a jhumka weighing 262 kg was placed on a 14-foot-high pole next to the Lucknow-Delhi highway in Bareilly. The Jhumka was made with the famous lacework of the area.

### Jhumka Designs

Here is the most popular Jhumka Designs

- Traditional Jhumka Design
- Temple Jhumkas Design
- Kundan Jhumkas Design
- Meenakari Jhumkas Design

These are heavy gold jhumka designs, mainly used in special events like Wedding. These lovely pieces of jewellery are a must-have for any bride who wants to add a touch of tradition and glamour to her bridal ensemble. Read more
Josep Maria Mauri

**Josep Maria Mauri Prior** (born 21 October 1941) is a Spanish Catholic priest from Catalonia and the personal representative of the episcopal co-prince of Andorra, Archbishop Joan Enric Vives Sicília.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Josep Maria Mauri
- **office**: Co-Princes of Andorra, Representative of the Episcopal Co-Prince of Andorra
- **monarch**: Joan Enric Vives Sicília
- **primeminister**: Antoni Martí
Gilbert Saboya Sunyé
Antoni Martí
Xavier Espot Zamora, Xavier Espot
- **term start**: 20 July 2012
- **predecessor**: Nemesi Marqués Oste
- **birth place**: Pallars Jussà, Alzina de Moror, Catalonia, Spain
Nivetha Thomas

**Nivetha Thomas** is an Indian actress, model and television personality who appears mainly in the South Indian films. She has worked in films across Telugu, Malayalam and Tamil language. Nivetha began her career debut as a child artist with the Malayalam film _Veruthe Oru Bharya_ (2008) and for which she won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Child Artist. Further, she went on to star as a main character in many successful movies including _Gentleman_ (2016), _Ninnu Kori_ (2017), _118_ (2019), _V_ (2020) and _Vakeel Saab_ (2021) etc.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nivetha Thomas
- **image**: File:Nivetha Thomas.png
- **birth place**: Kannur, Kerala, India
- **years active**: 2002–present
Akhil Akkineni

**Akhil Akkineni** is an Indian-descent American actor who primarily appears in South Indian film industry. Although he started act in the front of camera as a child artist in a Telugu movie _Sisindri_ (1995), but as an actor he made his career debut in 2015 with the movie _Akhil: The Power of Jua_. He is a son of Indian actor Akkineni Nagarjuna and Amala Akkineni and half-brother of actor Naga Chaitanya.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Akhil Akkineni
- **image**: Crop picture of Akhil Akkineni.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.1
- **caption**: Akhil Akkineni in 2017
- **birth place**: San Jose, California, U.S.
- **citizenship**: India
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2014–present
- **mother**: Amala Akkineni
- **father**: Akkineni Nagarjuna
Naga Chaitanya

**Akkineni Naga Chaitanya** is an Indian actor who mainly appears in Telugu-language films. He made his career debut with _Josh_ (2009), and his breakthrough came with _Maaya Chesave_ (2010). He has established himself as one of the leading actors in Telugu cinema. He is son of actor Akkineni Nagarjuna and Lakshmi Daggubati and a paternal half-brother of actor Akhil Akkineni. He has received critical acclaim and success for his leading role in _Premam_ (2016), _Rarandoi Veduka Chudham_ (2017), _Majili_ (2019), _Venky Mama_ (2019) and _Love Story_ (2021).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Naga Chaitanya
- **other names**: Chay
- **birth name**: Akkineni Naga Chaitanya
- **birth place**: Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2009–present
- **parents**: * Nagarjuna (actor), Nagarjuna (father)
* Lakshmi Daggubati (mother)
* Amala Akkineni (step-mother)
Pragya Jaiswal

**Pragya Jaiswal** is an Indian actress and model who mainly works in Telugu movies and also in Hindi and Tamil films. She debuted his career with the Hindi film _Titoo MBA_ (2014) and in the same year has appeared in the Tamil film _Virattu_ and _Kanche_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pragya Jaiswal
- **image**: Pragya Jaiswal at Filmfare Awards 2025.jpg
- **birth date**: (age 30–31)
- **birth place**: Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
- **years active**: 2014–present
Hank Snow

**Clarence Eugene** "**Hank**" **Snow** (May 9, 1914 – December 20, 1999) was a Canadian-American country music artist. He was very popular in the 1950s. His career lasted for more than 50 years. He recorded 140 albums and 85 singles.

## Bibliography

- Wolfe, Charles. (1998). "Hank Snow". In _The Encyclopedia of Country Music_. Paul Kingsbury, Editor. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 494–5.

## Other websites

- Hank Snow at the Country Music Hall of Fame
- Hank Snow discography at Discogs.com
- Hank Snow Tribute Song
- Rev. Jimmie Rodgers Snow Ministries

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **associated acts**: Carl Smith (country musician), Carl Smith, Anita Carter, Chet Atkins, Stephen H. Sholes, Ernest Tubb, Eddy Arnold, Hank Williams
- **label**: RCA records, RCA Victor
- **years active**: 1936–1996
- **genre**: Country music, Country, honky tonk
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar
- **death place**: Madison, Tennessee, Madison, Tennessee, United States
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, Queens County, Nova Scotia, Brooklyn, Nova Scotia, Canada
- **name**: Hank Snow
- **alias**: Hank, The Yodeling Ranger
Hank Snow, The Singing Ranger
- **birth name**: Clarence Eugene Snow
- **background**: solo_singer
- **landscape**: yes
- **caption**: Snow in 1963
- **image**: Hanksnowpromoimage.jpg
Beal conjecture

The Beal Conjecture is the USD $1,000,000 prize conjecture created by Andrew Beal in 1993, which has come to be worth 7 figures over nearly 30 years; a 2-year wait is lifted by the Beal bank on winnings, according to the conjecture's website. It is a generalization conjecture of FLT, the last conjecture of Pierre de Fermat. So in terms of valuation of the prize, it's worth less than a million; due to the time value of money or TVM.

The conjecture asks why common factors always exist for equations of the form a^x+b^y=c^z. If the equations are made equivalent to batteries, cells are always a real number; an RCF- real common factor.
FLT

FLT may refer to:
- Fermat's Last Theorem
- Fermat's little theorem
The Glove

**The Glove** was a 1983 English musical collaboration and recording project by the Cure's Robert Smith and Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias and The Smirks' Ian Morris ("Mog"). They released one studio album, _Blue Sunshine_, in 1983 as part of Morris' solo deal with Polydor. The latter came up with the band name, the album title and the blue/yellow sleeve concept, as Smith had to leave the project before completion due to prior commitments with the Cure.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Glove
- **years active**: 1983
- **associated acts**: Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias
The Smirks
The Cure
- **label**: Wonderland Records
Polydor Records
Rhino Records
- **past members**: Robert Smith (musician), Robert Smith
Ian Morris (musician), Ian Morris
Andy Anderson (drummer), Andy Anderson
Jeanette Landray
Pasanda

**Pasanda** () is a popular Shahi Moghlai meat dish in the Indian subcontinent. It is especially famous in North India, Rampur, Hyderabad and Pakistan. It originated from the food served at the court of the Mughal emperors. The word is an alternative from of the Urdu word "pasande" which means "favorite". The main part of the meat traditionally used in cooking is called pasanda.

## Ingredients and preparation

Pasanda is usually made with leg of lamb or goat. These are cut into thin long pieces, flattened, marinated and fried with spices. Pasandas in Pakistan are usually made by cutting a slice of beef into thin, long pieces and flattening them. At present, pasanda is also made using chicken and shrimp. However, although the type of meat is different, the cooking process and the rest of the ingredients are usually the same in each case.

After the meat is cut and flattened, it is placed in a jar containing yogurt, chilli powder, and many spices and fries. The spices usually include cumin, chilli powder, cardamom and garlic. After a few hours of marination, the meat is put together in a cooking pot with a few other ingredients to make pasanda. Ingredients are onion, coriander, pepper, and sometimes cinnamon or bell pepper. Then it is slowly fried for 30 minutes to an hour. The food is then garnished with tomatoes or nuts. It is often served with white rice or naan.

## History

Although the dish was invented by the Mughal court, its cuisine is probably inspired or developed from a pre-existing cooking technique. This is because a similar method of preparation for mansollas was described in the 12th century AD.

## Variants: Kebabs

Although pasanda is usually served as a meat dish, it can also be prepared in the form of kebabs. Pasanda also refers to a light soup made with cream, coconut milk or yogurt and nuts, for its flavor and connection with nuts.

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Pasanda (Pasande)
- **image**: Pasanda Curry.JPG
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Pasanda Curry
- **country**: Mughal India
- **region**: Indian Subcontinent
- **national cuisine**: Indian cuisine, India, Bangladeshi cuisine, Bangladesh, Pakistani cuisine, Pakistan
- **course**: Main course
- **main ingredient**: Meat (Lamb, Goat or Beef), (Poultry or Seafood)
- **variations**: Poultry or Prawns
Hans Bethe

**Hans Albrecht Bethe** (; July 2, 1906 – March 6, 2005) was a German-American nuclear physicist.

Bethe made important contributions to astrophysics, quantum electrodynamics, and solid-state physics. He who won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis.

For most of his career, Bethe was a professor at Cornell University. The notes of his classes are on nuclear physics and applications of quantum mechanics.

During World War II, he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret Los Alamos laboratory that developed the first atomic bombs. There he played a key role in calculating the critical mass of the weapons. He and others developed the theory behind the implosion method used in the Trinity test and the "Fat Man" weapon dropped on Nagasaki in August 1945.

After the war, Bethe also played an important role in the development of the hydrogen bomb, although he had originally joined the project with the hope of proving it could not be made. Bethe later campaigned with Albert Einstein and others against nuclear testing and the nuclear arms race. He helped persuade the Kennedy and Nixon administrations to sign treaties limiting nuclear tests.

His scientific research never stopped. He published papers well into his nineties. He published at least one major paper in his field during every decade of his career, which in Bethe's case spanned nearly seventy years. Freeman Dyson, once his doctoral student, called him the "supreme problem-solver of the 20th century".

## Infobox (scientist)

- **birth name**: Hans Albrecht Bethe
- **image**: Hans Bethe.jpg
- **birth place**: Strasbourg, German Empire, Germany
- **nationality**: German
American
- **death place**: Ithaca, New York, Ithaca, New York, United States
- **field**: Nuclear physics
- **alma mater**: Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, University of Frankfurt
University of Munich
- **doctoral advisor**: Arnold Sommerfeld
- **notable students**: Freeman Dyson
- **signature**: Hans Bethe (signature).png
Jeera rice

**Jeera rice** or **cumin rice** is an Indian dish made from a rice and cumin seeds. This is the kind of food people can eat every day.  It is a popular food in North India and Pakistan. It is easy to make, and it does not take as much time as making biryani. To make it, the cook needs rice, cumin, vegetable oil, onion and coriander leaves. Jeera rice is the name given to this dish when it is made from whole jeera (cumin) used as the main ingredient with rice.

## Preparation

Jeera rice is a very common food and it can be prepared with very few ingredients. Cumin seeds are fried in hot oil. Long grain Basmati rice and salt are added to it. Rice and water are boiled with a lid by placing it on a high flame with water about twice the size of rice. The rice is then boiled over low heat until all the water is absorbed.

Jeera rice is usually garnished with chopped fresh coriander leaves, but in some Indian hotels and restaurants it is also garnished with round chopped onion.

It can be eaten without another item or served with raita, curry. In Indian cuisine, it tastes best with rajma curry, chhole, mutton curry as well as pulses of different cooking styles.

## History

The cooking method of Jeera rice is not found in very ancient books or writings of Indian cuisine. Writings about this cuisine have been found in books and travelogues of the ancient Mughal Empire. The Mughals preferred rice dishes, and so the chefs invented new recipes for rice and experimented with traditional old recipes. This is how Jeera rice was invented. Later, it was adopted in Indian cuisine and became so popular that the cuisine has now become very common.

## Other websites

- Jeera Rice Recipe
- Jeera Rice Recipe Video

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Zeera rice
- **image**:
- **caption**: Zeera rice
- **alternate name**: Zeera rice
- **region**: Indian subcontinent
- **course**: Main Course
- **served**: Hot
- **main ingredient**: Rice, cumin seeds, onions
Alghoza

**Alghoza** is a combination of musical wind instruments. The Baloch, Saraiki, Sindhi, Kutchi, Punjabi and Rajasthani folk music artists play these instruments. It is also called Alghoze, Jōrhi, Pāwā Jōrhī, Do Nālī, Donāl, Girāw, Satārā or Nagōze.

## Origin

This musical grouping first happened around 7500 BC in Mesopotamia. Then it reached Iran and eventually Pakistan. It had some changes on the way. Some old Mesopotamian paintings show a musical instrument very similar to Alghoza.

In Mesopotamia, this instrument was called "Al-Joza", which literally means, "the twin". As it reached Pakistan, the "J" in "Al-Joza" became "gh" and eventually the modified form of this instrument which reached Pakistan came to be known as Alghoza.

The Alghoza (Sindhi: الغوزو) is a paired woodwind instrument. It is traditionally used by Baloch, Saraiki, Sindhi, Kutchi, Punjabi and Rajasthani folk musicians. It consists of two joined beak flutes, one for melody, the second for drone. The flutes are either tied together or may be held together loosely with the hands.

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Alghoza
- **names**: Alghoze, Jōrhi, Pāwā Jōrhī, Do Nālī, Donāl, Girāw, Satārā or Nagōze
- **image**: Cultural Music.jpg
- **caption**: Pakistani musician playing Alghoza
- **background**: Woodwind
- **classification**: Woodwind instrument
- **developed**: around 7500 BC in Mesopotamia
- **hornbostel sachs**: 421.112
Silambu

**Silambu** (;  /cil’əmpɨ̆/), or **Gaggara** (Tulu: ಗಗ್ಗರ), is an anklet worn and used in many different ways on the Indian subcontinent.

## Etymology

According to Jeyaraj, the word 'silambu' is derived from the verb 'silambal', meaning 'to make sound'.

## Description

The silambu is filled with beads or small balls that make noise when the wearer moves or dances. It may be worn on the ankle or the leg. When worn on the leg, it is called _kālchilambu_ in Tamil.

Some silambu are made of copper and use iron balls to make sound. Others are made of silver.

## In dance

In Tamil Nadu, a traditional dance called Kai Silambu Attam is danced at the temple during the Amman festival or Navratri festival. During this dance, the dancers wear silambu on their ankles and also hold them in their hands. They have different styles of jumping in their dance. This vibration produces sound in the silambu.
Nautch and Kandyan dancers may wear silambu.

## In literature

The main character of the epic Silappatikaram (a story of Silambu) is based on Kannagita's attempt to sell her anklet Silambu. The title comes from the name of the anklet.

## In festivals

Silambu are sometimes placed on cows' legs during the Pongal festival.
Emilio Bonelli

_Don_ **Emilio Bonelli y Hernando** (7 November 1854 in Zaragoza, Aragon – 28 November 1926 in Madrid) was a Spanish military officer, author, explorer, colonialist and Africanist. He was the first colonial governor of Spanish Sahara.

## Infobox (military person)

- **honorific prefix**: Don (honorific), Don
- **image**: Emilio Bonelli y Hernando, La Ilustración Española y Americana.jpg
- **caption**: Bonelli depicted in _La Ilustración Española y Americana_, 8 April 1885.
- **allegiance**: Restoration (Spain), Kingdom of Spain
- **name**: Emilio Bonelli y Hernando
- **birth place**: Zaragoza, Aragon
- **death place**: Madrid
- **branch**: Spanish Army
- **serviceyears**: 1875–1882
AWAL

**AWAL**,  also known as "Artists Without A Label", is a British music distribution company owned by Kobalt Music Group but was acquired by Sony Music Entertainment in a $430 million deal in May 2021

## Artists

- Aly & AJ
- Bruno Major
- Claudia Alende
- Dayglow
- Daði Freyr
- De La Soul
- Die Antwoord
- Everything Everything
- The Aubreys
- Frank Carter & The Rattlesnakes
- Gabrielle Aplin
- girl in red
- Greyson Chance
- Gus Dapperton
- Jae Jin
- Jesse McCartney
- Katelyn Tarver
- Kira Kosarin
- Laura Marling
- Lauren Jauregui
- Lauv
- Lil Peep
- Lisa Heller
- Little Simz
- Lizzy McAlpine
- Madison Beer
- Moby
- Naked Eyes
- Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
- Now United
- Pouya
- Quadeca
- R3HAB
- Rex Orange County
- Rickie Lee Jones
- Spacey Jane
- Speaker Boy
- The Kooks
- The Night Café
- The Wombats
- Thom Yorke
- Todd Terje
- Tom Misch
- VÉRITÉ
- You Me At Six
- Yung Bans
- Zolita

## Record labels

- Glassnote Records
- mau5trap
- D Flat Records
- EEM Records
- Good Soldier Songs
- Dance Cloud Records
- NFFA Records
- B-Unique Records
- SideOneDummy Records

## Infobox (record label)

- **name**: AWAL
- **image**:
- **parent**: Sony Music, Sony Music Entertainment
- **founder**: Denzyl Feigelson
Kevin Bacon (producer), Kevin Bacon
Jonathan Quarmby
- **status**: Active
- **distributor**: Self distributed (digital)
 AMPED Distribution (physical, USA)
 Proper Music Distribution (physical, ROW)
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **location**: London
Restoration (Spain)

The **Restoration** (), or **Bourbon Restoration** (Spanish: _Restauración borbónica_), is the time that began on 29 December 1874—after a coup by Martínez Campos that ended the First Spanish Republic and restored the monarchy under Alfonso XII. This period ended on 14 April 1931 with the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of Spain
- **common name**: Spain
- **native name**: _Reino de España_
- **image flag**: Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg
- **image coat**: Coat of Arms of Spain (1874-1931) Golden Fleece and Mantle Variant.svg
- **national motto**: _Plus ultra (motto), Plus Ultra_
<small>"Further Beyond"</small>
- **national anthem**: _Marcha Real_
<small>"Royal March"</small>

- **image map**: Spain in 1898.png
- **capital**: Madrid
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism (state religion)
- **legislature**: Cortes Generales
- **currency**: Spanish peseta
- **year end**: 1931
- **year start**: 1874
- **image map caption**: The Kingdom of Spain and its colonies in 1898
- **common languages**: Spanish language, Spanish
- **title leader**: List of Spanish monarchs, King
- **year leader1**: 1874–1885
- **leader1**: Alfonso XII
- **year leader2**: 1886–1931
- **leader2**: Alfonso XIII
- **title representative**: List of Spanish regents, Regent
- **year representative1**: 1885–1902
- **representative1**: Maria Christina of Austria, Maria Christina
- **title deputy**: List of Prime Ministers of Spain, Prime Minister
- **year deputy1**: 1874–1875 <small>(first)</small>
- **deputy1**: Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio Cánovas
- **year deputy2**: 1931 <small>(last)</small>
- **deputy2**: Juan Bautista Aznar Cabañas, Juan B. Aznar
- **house1**: Senate of Spain, Senate
- **house2**: Congress of Deputies of Spain, Congress of Deputies
- **event start**: Pronunciamiento
- **date start**: 29 December
- **event1**: Spanish Constitution of 1876, Constitution adopted
- **date event1**: 30 June 1876
- **event2**: Spanish–American War
- **date event2**: 25 Apr–12 Aug 1898
- **event3**: Second Melillan campaign, Melilla War
- **date event3**: 1909–1910
- **event4**: Pact of San Sebastián
- **date event4**: 17 August 1930
- **event end**: Second Spanish Republic, Republic proclaimed
- **date end**: 14 April
- **p1**: First Spanish Republic
- **s1**: Second Spanish Republic
- **flag p1**: Flag of the First Spanish Republic.svg
- **flag s1**: Flag of Spain 1931 1939.svg
- **flag**: Flag of Spain
Bourbon Restoration

**Bourbon Restoration** may refer to:

France - House of Bourbon:
- Bourbon Restoration in France (1814 until 1830, after French revolution and Napoleonic era; interrupted by Hundred Days in 1815)

Kingdom of the Two Sicilies - House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies:
- Restoration of Bourbons (1815 until 1861, after Napoleonic wars)

Spain - Spanish Bourbons:
- Absolutist Restoration (1814 until 1868, after Napoleonic wars)
- Restoration (Spain) (1874 until 1931, after Glorious Revolution and First Spanish Republic)
- Spanish transition to democracy, which included Bourbons’ return to power
Egholm

**Egholm** is a Danish island in the Limfjord close to Aalborg. In 2013, 55 people lived there.

## Other websites

- https://web.archive.org/web/20070205043000/http://www.oeturisme.dk/Egholm.htm
Sarinda

The **sarinda** is an Indian folk musical instrument. It is like lutes and fiddles. It is played with a bow. It has between ten and thirty strings. The bottom part of the front of its hollow wooden soundbox is covered with animal skin. It is played while sitting on the ground. The musician holds the sarinda straight up.

## Origin

The tribal fiddle instrument "Dhodro Banam" is the origin of the stringed instrument "Sarinda". Dhodro Banam was found throughout in central, north-western and eastern India. It is an important instrument in the culture and religion of the tribal Santhals of West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha.

The Sarangi and Nepali sarangi are similar to the Sarinda. The Sarinda was introduced to and popularized in Sikh devotional music by Sikh Guru Arjan Dev.

## In popular culture

Many ethnic communities in South Asia use the sarinda in their traditional music and dance. For example, the Bauls of Bengal, Punjabi people, the folk artists of Rajasthan, Assam and Tripura. It is the sole accompaniment for a soloist or group folk singers.

## In literature

- John Baily: _Music of Afghanistan: Professional Musicians in the City of Herat._ Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1988, S. 19, 34, 82f, 166
- Joep Bor: _The Voice of the Sarangi. An illustrated history of bowing in India._ National Centre for the Performing Arts, Quarterly Journal, Bd. 15 & 16, Nr. 3, 4 & 1, September–Dezember 1986, März 1987, S. 13–17
- Ludwig Finscher (Hrsg.): _Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart._ Sachband 8, 1998, Sp. 1003f
- Bengt Fosshag: _Die Sārindā und ihre Verwandten. Formen und Verbreitung einer Familie von Streichinstrumenten in den Ländern des Islam und benachbarten Regionen._ (PDF; 5,9 MB) Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, Frankfurt/Main 1997, S. 281–306
- Stanley Sadie (Hrsg.): _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians._ Macmillan Press, London 1984, Bd. 3, S. 297f

## Other websites

- Website of Delhi based Tripuris
- Article about dhodro banam a relative of the sarinda
- Sarinda entry in an instrument encyclopedia.htm)
- Brief description of the sarinda
- Article on Sikhnet

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Sarinda
- **image**: Sarinda1.gif
- **classification**: *Bowed string instrument
- **related**: * Sarangi
Ransingha

**Ransingha** is a type of ancient primitive trumpet or horn. Its made of copper or copper alloy. It is used in both India and Nepal. The instrument is made up of two curved metal parts, which join together to form an "S" shape. It can also be made in a crescent shape.

## Other names

The instrument has different spellings and names. For example, **narsinga**, **ransingha**, **ramsinga**, **srnga**.

Sringa is a Sanskrit word for horn and it is used in North India and Nepal. The modern words are "_Sig_", "_Siga,_", and "_Singha_". The word was historically used for horns of many different shapes and sizes, for example straight horns and horns made from water buffalo horns with mouthpieces made from ox horns.

### Ramsingha

The ramsinga is a pronunciation specific to India. It uses four pipes of very thin metal which fit one within the other. It is mentioned in Emilio Salgari's works such as _The Mystery of the Black Jungle_ (1895). In the book ransingha is associated with the thugee cult.

In Chapter 62 of _Foucault's Pendulum_ (1988) the _Ramsinga_ is also mentioned that a ransingha was played by a devotee of a druidic sect .

### Narsinga

Played historically in C shape in Nepa by Damai caste musicians in groups such as the _damai baja_. This form used in Nepal, Himachal Pradesh and southern Bihar.

## Other websites

- History of the ransingha or narsinga with photos.
- Ancient musical instruments of India (circa 18th Century) as depicted by Balthazar Solvyns in Les Hindoûs (Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, IGNCA)
Alfonso XII

**Alfonso XII** (Alfonso Francisco de Asís Fernando Pío Juan María de la Concepción Gregorio Pelayo; 28 November 185725 November 1885), was King of Spain from 29 December 1874 to his death in 1885. After a revolution that ended Isabella’s rule of Spain in 1868, Alfonso studied in Austria and France and returned to Spain as king in 1874 after a coup. Alfonso died aged 27 in 1885, and was succeeded by his son, Alfonso XIII.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **succession**: King of Spain
- **father**: Infante Francis, Duke of Cádiz
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **place of burial**: El Escorial
- **death place**: Royal Palace of El Pardo, Madrid, Spain
- **birth place**: Royal Palace of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- **mother**: Isabella II of Spain
- **house**: House of Bourbon, Bourbon
- **image**: Retrato del rey Alfonso XII (Museo del Prado).jpg
- **issue-link**: #Second marriage and rule
- **successor**: Alfonso XIII
- **predecessor**: Amadeo I of Spain, Amadeo I (1873)
- **reign**: 29 December 1874
- **moretext**: (List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown, more...)
- **caption**: Portrait by Federico de Madrazo, c. 1886
- **signature**: Alfonso XII of Spain signature.svg
French franc

The **franc** (; ; sign: **F** or **Fr**), also commonly known as the  (**FF**), was a currency of France. It is no longer in used after the introduction of the euro (for coins and banknotes) in 2002.

## Infobox (currency)

- **erm fixed rate**: 6.55957 F
- **mint website**: http://www.monnaiedeparis.com
- **mint**: Monnaie de Paris
- **issuing authority website**: http://www.banque-france.fr
- **issuing authority**: Banque de France
- **frequently used banknotes**: 20 F, 50 F, 100 F, 200 F, 500 F
- **rarely used coins**: 1 centime, 20 F
- **frequently used coins**: 5, 10, 20 centimes,  F, 1 F, 2 F, 5 F, 10 F
- **symbol**: F or Fr (briefly also NF during the 1960s; also unofficially FF and ₣)
- **nickname**: balles (1 F); sacs (10 F); bâton, brique, patate, plaque (10,000 F)
- **subunit name 1**: centime
- **euro replace cash**: 17 February 2002
- **image 1**: 50_ve_100_fransiz_frangi.PNG
- **euro replace non cash**: 1 January 1999
- **erm fixed rate since**: 31 December 1998
- **erm since**: 13 March 1979
- **pegged by**: Comorian franc, KMF, CFA franc, XAF & XOF, CFP franc, XPF, ADF, Monegasque franc, MCF
- **using countries**: None; previously:
France, Monaco, Andorra (until 2002); Saar, Saarland (until 1959)
- **iso exponent**: 2
- **iso number**: 250
- **iso code**: FRF (1960–2002)
- **image title 2**: 200 and 500 francs
- **image 2**: 200_ve_500_fransiz_frangi.PNG
- **image title 1**: 50 and 100 francs
- **obsolete notice**: Y
Isthmohyla calypsa

***Isthmohyla calypsa*** is a frog that lives in Costa Rica and Panama. Scientists have seen it in between 1500 and 2100 meters above sea level.

## Appearance

Unlike other frogs, _I. calypsa_ has spiky spines coming out of its head and back.  It is bright green with some brown marks.  Male and female frogs have different kinds of dark marks.  This frog's throat and stomach are white.  It does not have bars on its legs.  It has large eyes and a short nose.

The adult male frog is 26 to 36 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 31 to 41 mm long.  This frog has more webbing on its back feet than on its front feet.

Unlike other tadpoles, _I. calypsa_ tadpoles do not have disks on their mouths.

## Actions

This frog hides during the day and moves around night.

When it is time for the females to lay eggs, adult male frogs, adult female frogs, and young frogs will come to streams in the forest.  Frogs usually come back to the same one every year.  Scientists watching the frogs could not find the young frogs after a few days, but the adult frogs stayed.

Male frogs are territorial.  They will choose one place to sit and sing and return to the same one for many years.  Usually, they choose a plant hanging over a flowing stream.  Male frogs are usually at least 1.9 meters apart.

The female frog lays eggs on the undersides of leaves, the side facing the ground.  Then she goes away from the stream.  When the tadpoles hatch, they fall into the water.  Scientists only saw eggs on the tops of the leaves a few times.  They take 270 days to grow into young frogs.

The female frog lays only one clutch (group of eggs) per visit to the stream, but sometimes she comes back and lays a second or third clutch.

## Predators

Some insects, for example crickets, eat this frog's eggs.  Parasite flies also lay their own eggs in with the frog's egg.  When the fly larva hatch, they eat all the frog eggs nearby.  Between 1991 and 1996, one team of scientists watched 615 clutches (groups) of frog eggs.  65% of them did not have even one egg that hatched.  About a third of these were because of flies.  Frog eggs can also die if they dry out.

## Threats

This frog is in danger of dying out because human beings change the places where it lives.  It is also in danger from disease.  A fungus causes the disease chytridiomycosis in this frog.

## Names

This frog is named after Calypso from Greek mythology.  This frog has camoflage on its skin, and Calypso is good at hiding.

Scientists used to think this was the same frog as _Isthmohyla lancasteri_ but now they know they are two different species.
Fire temple

A **fire temple**, **Agiary, Atashkadeh** (), **Atashgah** () or **Dar-e Mehr** () is the place of worship. It is for followers of Zoroastrianism, the ancient religion of Iran (Persia).

, there are 167 fire temples. 45 of them are in Mumbai. 105 is in other places in India. 17 are in other countries.

## Other websites

- Zoroastrian Places of Worship
- Photos of the remains of a fire temple

## Infobox (religious building)

- **name**: Fire temple
- **native name lang**: ar
- **religious affiliation**: Zoroastrianism
- **image**: Zoroastrian Fire Temple, Yazd (2).jpg
- **caption**: Burning fire in the Yazd Atash Behram, Zoroastrian temple of Yazd, Iran.
G. Kendall Sharp

**George Kendall Sharp** (December 30, 1934 – March 24, 2022) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida from 1983 until 2000. From 2000 until his death, he was the senior judge of that court. Sharp was nominated to the court by President Ronald Reagan. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

Sharp died on March 24, 2022 in Orlando, Florida at the age of 87.
Teej

**Teej** is a common name for a group of Hindu festivals. These festivals are mainly celebrated by girls and women. They involve songs, dances and prayers. The rainy season festivals of Teej are mainly about the reunion of Parvati and Shiva.
Women often fast during Teej celebrations.

## Description

Teej means the monsoon festival. It is celebrated in the western and northern states of India and Nepal. Generally, women celebrated the festivals. The monsoon season is welcomed with _hariyali teej_and _hartalika teej_. According to the Hindu calendar in the month of Shravan and Bhadra, women traditionally celebrate Teej Utsav to celebrate the monsoon. Women often pray to Parvati and Shiva during Teej.

Hariyali Teej (Green Teej) is celebrated on the third day after the new moon in the month of Sravan (in Hindu calendar). Since the month of Shravan means rainy season and around this time it becomes green, so Shravan Teej is also called Hariyali Teej.

The Hariyali Tij festival is also celebrated to commemorate the reunion of Shiva and Parvati. In this day Shiva adopted Parvati as his wife. Parvati fasted and practiced severe austerities for many years. At the 108th rebirth of Parvati, Shiva took her as his wife. Parvati is also known as Teej Mata (Teej Mother).

Hartalika teej is observed in all parts of Nepal and in most parts of northern India (Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Rajasthan).
The festival celebrates the generosity of nature, the arrival of clouds and rain, green nature and birds and with it social activities, rituals and customs. The women's festivals include dancing, singing, gathering with friends and telling stories, designing henna on the hands and feet, wearing red, green or orange, sharing festive food, and playing under the green rocking trees. The monsoon festival of Rajasthan is dedicated to Parvati.

## Infobox (holiday)

- **holiday name**: Teej
तीज
- **type**: Monsoon festivals
- **image**: teej.jpg
- **caption**: Women celebrating Teej
- **observedby**: Women
- **date**: July–September
Rayman Origins

**Rayman Origins** is a platform video game developed by Ubisoft for PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo 3DS, PlayStation Vita and Microsoft Windows, is considered the continuation of _Rayman 3: Hoodlum Havoc_, the sequel _Rayman Legends_ was launched on 2013.

## Development

The game was originally planned to be downloaded in format of chapters and released on ends of 2010, but the game was delayed by undefined time, on April of 2011 the project was declared by Ubisoft as "Not Dead"

In May on an interview with Michel Ancel was announced that the game will be released at ends of 2011, finally the game was released on physical format.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Rayman Origins
- **series**: Rayman
Rayman Legends

***Rayman Legends*** is a platform video game developed by Ubisoft. It was released in 2013 for PlayStation 3, Wii U, Xbox 360, PlayStation Vita and Microsoft Windows, and in 2014 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. In 2017, the game was released for Nintendo Switch as a version called **Rayman Legends Definitive Edition**. The game is a sequel to _Rayman Origins_.

## Development

In 2012, Ubisoft registered the domains "RaymanLegends.com" and "Rayman-Legends.com", implying that a game was in development. Later, the company confirmed the develop of the game with a video-trailer.

The game was originally planned to be release only for the Wii U, but the low sales of _ZombiU_ was the reason for releasing the game on other platforms.

Originally, the game was planned for release on November 30, 2012, but on October 8, that date was delayed to February 26, 2013. The game was then delayed again to September 2013 for a release simultaneously with the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Rayman Legends
Trachycephalus macrotis

The **Amazonian milk frog** (_Trachycephalus macrotis_) is a frog that lives in Peru and Ecuador.  Scientists have seen it between 225 and 925 meters above sea level.

## Body

The adult male frog is 6.98 to 91.5 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 93.9 to 118.7 mm long.  It has bronze-colored skin with coffee-colored marks.  It has small disks on all its toes for climbing.

## Other frogs

Scientists used to think this was the same frog as _T. typhonius_, but they changed their minds.

## Home

This frog is awake at night. It lives in forests that are not too high up in the hills. It lives in forests that have never been cut down, near streams. But it can also live near farms, roads, and towns.  People have seen this frog between 225 and 925 meters above sea level.

## Young

This frog has many young at once after it rains.  Scientists call it an "explosive breeder" because of this.  The male sits in a large body of water that dries up part of the year. He calls to the female frogs. The female frog lays eggs that float on the water. When the eggs hatch, the tadpoles swim and grow in the water.

## Danger

Scientists believe this frog is not danger of dying out because it lives in a large place and because it is good at living in places that human beings have changed. But it is in some danger because people cut down trees to make farms and get wood to build with. People also catch _T. typhonius_ to sell as a pet.

Some of the places this frog lives are protected parks: Parque Nacional Yasuní, Reserva de Producción de Fauna Cuyabeno, Reserva Ecológica Manglares Churute, Reserva Biológica Jatun Sacha, and Estación de Biodiversidad Tiputini.
King of Kings

**King of Kings** is a title given to rulers. It is used by monarchs from the Middle East. The title was used a lot in Iran and the Achaemenid and Sasanian Empires. The title was originally from the Middle Assyrian Empire by king Tukulti-Ninurta I(reigned 1233–1197 BC). After he was given that title, the title was used was used in many different kingdom and empires. It was used in other kingdoms. This includes Persia, Armenia, Georgia, and Ethiopia.
Rayman (video game)

**Rayman** is a 2D platform video game developed by Ubisoft for Atari Jaguar, PlayStation, Nintendo 64 and Sega Saturn on 1995, PC (MS-DOS) on 1996, Game Boy Color on 2000, Game Boy Advance on 2001, Nintendo DSi on 2009, Nintendo 3DS for virtual console on 2012, and finally iOS and Android on 2016 with the name of **Rayman Classic,** on October of 2018 the game appears on the 20 games of PlayStation Classic.

## Development

The game was created by a french designer called Michel Ancel with the programmer Frédéric Houde and the artist Alexandra Steible, the first designs was produced in the 1980's  on there teenage.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Rayman
- **image**: Rayman logo.png
Geʽez

**Geʽez** (; , __ ) is an ancient Ethiopian Semitic language. The language came from what is now Ethiopia and Eritrea.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Geʽez
- **nativename**: __
- **states**: Ethiopia, Eritrea
- **extinct**: before 10th century to 14th century
- **speakers2**: Remains in use as a liturgical language.
- **familycolor**: Afro-Asiatic
- **fam2**: Semitic languages, Semitic
- **fam3**: West Semitic languages, West Semitic
- **fam4**: South Semitic languages, South Semitic
- **fam5**: Ethiopian Semitic languages, Ethiopic
- **fam6**: North Ethiopic
- **script**: Geʽez script
- **nation**: Liturgical language of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Eritrean Catholic Church, Ethiopian Catholic Church and Beta Israel
- **iso2**: gez
- **iso3**: gez
- **image**: Ge'ez.svg
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: geez1241
- **glottorefname**: Geez
Area codes 516 and 363

**Area codes 516 and 363** are area codes for New York. It was created in 1951 as a split to 914. It initially covered the Long Island area of New York, but after it was split by 631 in 1999. It now covers the Nassau county area of New York. It was overlaid by 363 on January 20, 2023.
Andre Marriner

**Andre Marriner** (born 1 January 1971) is an English professional football referee based in Solihull, West Midlands. He is a member of the Birmingham County Football Association.

In 2005, Marriner was promoted to the list of Select Group Referees who officiate primarily in the Premier League. He also refereed for FIFA between 2009 & 2017. In May 2013 he took charge of the FA Cup final, the highest domestic honour for a referee in England.

## Infobox (football official)

- **name**: Andre Marriner
- **fullname**: Andre Marriner
- **image**: Andre Marriner 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Marriner in 2013
- **birth place**: Birmingham, England
- **years1**: 1990s
- **league1**: Birmingham Amateur Football Association, Birmingham Amateur Football League
- **role1**: Referee (association football), Referee
- **years2**: 1990s
- **league2**: Southern Football League
- **role2**: Referee
- **years3**: 2000–2003
- **league3**: The Football League
- **role3**: Assistant referee (association football), Assistant referee
- **years4**: 2003–2005
- **league4**: The Football League
- **role4**: Referee
- **years5**: 2005–
- **league5**: Premier League
- **role5**: Referee
- **internationalyears1**: 2009–2017
- **confederation1**: FIFA International Referees List, FIFA listed
- **internationalrole1**: Referee (Category 1)
Area code 315 and 680

**Area codes 315 and 680** are area codes for New York. It was one of the primary area codes created in 1947. It initially covered the entire central part of Upstate New York, but after it was split by 607 in 1954, it now covers the upper central portion of the state. It consists of towns such as Syracuse, Utica, Cortland, Oneida, Ontario, Cayuga, Oswego, Auburn, Seneca, and Hamilton. It was overlaid by 680 in 2017.
Stuart Attwell

**Stuart Steven Attwell** (born 6 October 1982) is an English football referee from Nuneaton, Warwickshire. He is the youngest person to be a referee in the Premier League.

## Infobox (football official)

- **fullname**: Stuart Steven Attwell
- **image**: Stuart Attwell (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Attwell in 2022
- **birth place**: Nuneaton, England
- **years1**: 2007–2016
- **league1**: The Football League
- **role1**: Referee (association football), Referee
- **years2**: 2008–2012; 2016–
- **league2**: Premier League
- **role2**: Referee
- **internationalyears1**: 2009–
- **confederation1**: UEFA Elite Referees, UEFA Elite
- **internationalrole1**: Referee