July 25

### Up to 1900

- 285 – Diocletian appoints Maximian as his Roman co–ruler.
- 306 – Constantine I is elected Emperor by his troops.
- 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome.
- 864 – The Edict of Pistres of Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings
- 1261 – The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, re–establishing the Byzantine Empire.
- 1278 – The Battle of Algeciras results in a victory for the Emirate of Granada.
- 1467 – Battle of Molinella: First battle in Italy in which guns are used extensively.
- 1536 – Sebastian de Belalcazar founds the city of Santiago de Cali in Colombia in his search for El Dorado.
- 1538 – The city of Guayaquil in present–day Ecuador is founded.
- 1547 – King Henry II of France is crowned.
- 1554 – Mary I of England marries Philip II of Spain.
- 1567 – Caracas is founded.
- 1593 – Henry IV of France publicly converts from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism.
- 1603 – James VI of Scotland is crowned joint king of Scotland and England.
- 1668 – The magnitude 8.5 Shandong earthquake causes 43,000 to 50,000 deaths in Shandong during the Qing Dynasty, making it the largest historical earthquake in Eastern China.
- 1797 – Horatio Nelson loses over 300 men  and his right arm during the failed conquest attempt of Tenerife.
- 1814 – War of 1812: Battle of Lundy's Lane.
- 1824 – Costa Rica annexes Guanacaste from Nicaragua.
- 1868 – Wyoming becomes a United States Territory.
- 1869 – The daimyo begin returning their land holdings to the Emperor of Japan as part of the Meiji Restoration.
- 1893 – The Corinth Canal in Greece is used for the first time.
- 1898 – Spanish-American War: The US invades Puerto Rico.

### 1901 – 2000

- 1909 – Louis Blériot flies across the English Channel.
- 1917 – Robert Borden introduces the first income tax in Canada.
- 1920 – France captures Damascus.
- 1925 – The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.
- 1934 – The Nazis assassinate Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in a failed coup attempt.
- 1935 – A flooding disaster in China kills around 200,000 people.
- 1940 – World War II: General Henri Guisan orders the Swiss army to resist German invasion and makes surrender illegal.
- 1942 – World War II: The Norwegian Manifesto calls for non–violent resistance against the Nazis.
- 1943 – Benito Mussolini is removed from office by his own Italian Grand Council. He is replaced by Pietro Badoglio.
- 1944 – World War II: Operation Spring – Canada's military suffers its deadliest day of the war, as 500 soldiers are killed, with around 1,000 injured.
- 1951 – The legacy of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk is protected under Turkish law.
- 1952 – Puerto Rico introduces a constitution.
- 1956 – Near Nantucket Island, Italian Ocean liner _Andrea Doria_ collides with the _MS Stockholm_ in heavy fog and sinks the next day, killing 51 people.
- 1957 – Tunisia becomes a Republic, with Habib Bourguiba as President.
- 1961 – John F. Kennedy says that any attack on Berlin is an attack on NATO.
- 1965 – Bob Dylan goes electric as he plugs in at the Newport Folk Festival.
- 1969 – An earthquake in China kills around 3,000 people.
- 1973 – Soviet Mars 5 space probe is launched.
- 1976 – The Viking 1 space probe takes the famous "Face on Mars" photograph.
- 1978 – Louise Brown, the first test tube baby, is born in Oldham, England.
- 1984 – Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to go on a space walk.
- 1992 – The 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona begin.
- 1993 – Saint James Church massacre in Kenilworth, Cape Town.
- 1994 – Israel and Jordan end their state of war, which had existed since 1948.
- 1995 – A gas bottle explodes at Saint Michel station of Line B on Paris' regional rail network, killing 8 people.
- 1996 – In a military coup in Burundi, Pierre Buyoya deposes Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.
- 1997 – K. R. Narayanan becomes President of India.
- 1999 – Lance Armstrong wins the first the seven consecutive Tour de France titles that have been struck from the record in 2012 following doping revelations.
- 2000 – Air France Flight 4590, a concorde supersonic jet, crashes shortly after take–off near Paris, killing all 109 people on board, and 4 on the ground.

### From 2001

- 2002 – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam becomes President of India.
- 2007 – Pratibha Patil becomes the first female President of India.
- 2010 – WikiLeaks releases 90,000 internal reports on the US involvement in the War in Afghanistan.
- 2012 – Pranab Mukherjee becomes President of India.
- 2013 – Tunisian opposition leader Mohamed Brahmi is shot dead, leading to many protests in the country.
- 2017 – Ram Nath Kovind becomes President of India.
- 2018 – A bomb attack occurs in the city of Quetta, Pakistan, killing 31 people, on the country's election day. Former cricketer Imran Khan's party declares victory in the vote.
- 2018 – The discovery of a lake of liquid water under Mars' southern polar ice cap is announced.
- 2019 – Beji Cad Essebsi, President of Tunisia, dies aged 92 while still in office; Mohamed Ennaceur becomes Interim President until elections can be held.
- 2019 – Several Western European countries and cities record their hottest–ever temperatures.
- 2019 – Over 150 people die when their boat sinks off Libya.

### Up to 1900

- 975 – Thietmar of Merseburg, bishop, historian and writer (d. 1018)
- 1016 – Casimir I the Restorer, Duke of Poland (d. 1058)
- 1109 – King Afonso I of Portugal (d. 1185)
- 1261 – Arthur II, Duke of Brittany (d. 1312)
- 1336 – Albert, Count of Holland (d. 1404)
- 1404 – Philip I, Duke of Brabant (d. 1430)
- 1421 – Henry Percy, 3rd Earl of Northumberland, English politician (d. 1461)
- 1562 – Kato Kiyomasa, Japanese daimyo and samurai (d. 1611)
- 1654 – Agostino Steffani, Italian diplomat and composer (d. 1728)
- 1657 – Philipp Heinrich Erlebach, German composer (d. 1714)
- 1658 – Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll (d. 1703)
- 1683 – Pieter Langendijk, Dutch dramatist and poet (d. 1756)
- 1704 – August Gottlieb Spangenberg, theologian (d. 1792)
- 1711 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German physician, mathematician and writer (d. 1778)
- 1746 – Infanta Benedita of Portugal (d. 1829)
- 1750 – Henry Knox, American general (d. 1806)
- 1753 – Santiago de Liniers, 1st Count of Buenos Aires, 10th Spanish Viceroy of River Plate (d. 1810)
- 1775 – Anna Harrison, shortest–serving First Lady of the United States (d. 1864)
- 1797 – Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1889)
- 1799 – David Douglas, botanist, plant collector, explorer (d. 1834)
- 1839 – Francis Garnier, French captain and explorer (d. 1873)
- 1844 – Thomas Eakins, artist (d. 1916)
- 1848 – Arthur Balfour, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1930)
- 1848 – Ottokar Kernstock, poet (d. 1928)
- 1860 – Princess Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught (d. 1917)
- 1867 – Max Dauthendey, German writer (d. 1918)
- 1870 – Maxfield Parrish, illustrator (d. 1966)
- 1876 – Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium (d. 1965)
- 1878 – Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese philosopher and specialist in religious studies (d. 1949)
- 1882 – George S. Rentz, American captain (d. 1942)
- 1883 – Alfredo Casella, Italian composer (d. 1947)
- 1884 – Martin L. Davey, 53rd Governor of Ohio (d. 1946)
- 1884 – Davidson Black, anthropologist (d. 1934)
- 1886 – Bror von Blixen-Finecke, Swedish big–game hunter (d. 1946)
- 1886 – Hans von Blixen-Finecke, Swedish horse rider (d. 1917)
- 1894 – Walter Brennan, Academy Award–winning actor (d. 1974)
- 1894 – Gavrilo Princip, assassin of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria (d. 1918)
- 1895 – Yvonne Printemps, French actress and singer (d. 1977)
- 1896 – Jack Perrin, American actor and stuntman (d. 1967)

### 1901 – 1950

- 1902 – Eric Hoffer, philosopher (d. 1983)
- 1905 – Elias Canetti, Bulgarian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1994)
- 1905 – Masazo Nonaka, Japanese supercentenarian (d. 2019)
- 1906 – Johnny Hodges, saxophonist (d. 1970)
- 1907 – Karl Höller, composer (d. 1987)
- 1908 – Bill Bowes, English cricketer (d. 1987)
- 1915 – Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., older brother of John F. Kennedy (d. 1944)
- 1917 – Fritz Honegger, Swiss politician (d. 1999)
- 1918 – Nan Grey, American actress (d. 1993)
- 1920 – Rosalind Franklin, British scientist (d. 1958)
- 1921 – Paul Watzlawick, American psychologist (d. 2007)
- 1921 – Adolph Herseth, American trumpeter (d. 2013)
- 1923 – Maria Gripe, Swedish writer (d. 2007)
- 1923 – Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008)
- 1924 – Frank Church, American politician (d. 1984)
- 1925 – Richard Kadison, American mathematician (d. 2018)
- 1926 – Beatriz Segall, Brazilian actress (d. 2018)
- 1927 – Jimmy Binning, Scottish footballer
- 1927 – Daniel Ceccaldi, French actor, director and screenwriter (d. 2003)
- 1927 – Sadiq Hussein Qureshi, Pakistani politician, 10th Governor of Punjab (d. 2000)
- 1929 – Somnath Chatterjee, Indian politician (d. 2018)
- 1929 – Eddie Mazur, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1995)
- 1929 – Manuel Olivencia, Spanish lawyer and economist (d. 2018)
- 1930 – Maureen Forrester, Canadian contralto (d. 2010)
- 1930 – Herbert Scarf, American economist and academic (d. 2015)
- 1932 – Paul J. Weitz, American astronaut (d. 2016)
- 1933 – Jukka Virtanen, Finnish television presenter, film director, screenwriter and songwriter (d. 2019)
- 1934 – Don Ellis, American trumpeter and composer (d. 1978)
- 1934 – Claude Zidi, French director and screenwriter
- 1935 – Barbara Harris, American actress (d. 2018)
- 1935 – Adnan Khashoggi, Saudi businessman (d. 2017)
- 1935 – Gilbert Parent, Canadian politician
- 1935 – Lars Werner, Swedish politician (d. 2013)
- 1937 – Colin Renfrew, archeology professor
- 1941 – Marco Lucioni, Italian painter
- 1941 – Raul Ruiz, Chilean movie director (d. 2011)
- 1941 – Emmett Till, American teenager, murder victim (d. 1955)
- 1941 – Nate Thurmond, American basketball player (d. 2016)
- 1941 – Manny Charlton, Spanish–Scottish guitarist
- 1943 – Erika Steinbach, German politician
- 1943 – Jim McCarty, English singer and musician
- 1946 – Nicole Farhi, French fashion designer and sculptor
- 1946 – Rita Marley, Jamaican–Cuban singer
- 1947 – Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, Argentine politician and former President
- 1948 – Peggy Fleming, American figure skater

### 1951 – 1975

- 1951 – Verdine White, American bass player and producer (Earth, Wind & Fire)
- 1953 – Robert Zoellick, former World Bank President
- 1954 – Paul Hegarty, Scottish footballer and manager
- 1954 – Jürgen Trittin, German politician
- 1954 – Walter Payton, American football player (d. 1999)
- 1954 – Sheena McDonald, Scottish broadcaster
- 1955 – Iman Abdulmajid, Somali–born model
- 1957 – Mark Hunter, English politician
- 1958 – Thurston Moore, American musician (Sonic Youth)
- 1958 – Alexei Filippenko, American astrophysicist
- 1959 – Fyodor Cherenkov, Russian footballer (d. 2014)
- 1959 – Anatoly Onoprienko, Ukrainian serial killer (d. 2013)
- 1960 – Alain Robidoux, Canadian snooker player
- 1963 – Denis Coderre, Canadian politician, 44th Mayor of Montreal
- 1963 – Julian Hodgson, Welsh–English chess player
- 1964 – Anne Applebaum, American writer and journalist
- 1964 – Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, former President of Somalia
- 1965 – Marty Brown, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
- 1965 – Ileana Douglas, American actress, director, screenwriter and producer
- 1967 – Magdalena Forsberg, Swedish biathlete
- 1967 – Matt LeBlanc, American actor
- 1967 – Chuck Paugh, American record company owner
- 1969 – Annastacia Palaszczuk, Australian politician, 39th Premier of Queensland
- 1970 – Ernesto Alterio, Argentine–Spanish actor
- 1970 – Eric Jacobson, American puppeteer
- 1973 – Hu Jia, Chinese activist
- 1973 – Dani Davey, American singer
- 1973 – Kevin Phillips, English footballer
- 1975 – Jean-Claude Darcheville, French footballer
- 1975 – Jody Craddock, English footballer

### From 1976

- 1976 – Tera Patrick, American pornographic actress
- 1977 – Kenny Thomas, American basketball player
- 1978 – Louise Brown, first baby conceived through IVF
- 1978 – Gerard Warren, American football player
- 1979 – Amy Adams, American singer, American Idol 3 contestant
- 1979 – Ali Carter, English snooker player
- 1979 – Ariane Hingst, German footballer
- 1979 – Stefanie Hertel, German yodeler
- 1980 – Cha Du-Ri, South Korean footballer
- 1981 – Yuichi Komano, Japanese footballer
- 1982 – Brad Renfro, American actor (d. 2008)
- 1983 – Nenad Krstic, Serbian basketball player
- 1985 – Nelson Piquet, Jr., Brazilian racing driver
- 1985 – James Lafferty, American actor
- 1985 – Hugo Rodallega, Colombian footballer
- 1986 – Hulk, Brazilian footballer
- 1986 – Barbara Meier, German model
- 1986 – Robert Dietrich, German ice hockey player (d. 2011)
- 1987 – Michael Welch, American actor
- 1988 – Anthony Stokes, Irish footballer
- 1988 – Paulinho, Brazilian footballer
- 1988 – Heather Marks, Canadian model
- 1990 – Wakaso Mubarak, Ghanaian footballer
- 1991 – Toni Duggan, English footballer
- 2000 – Preston Bailey, American actor
- 2000 – Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (d. 2018)

### Up to 1900

- 306 – Constantius Chlorus, Roman Emperor (b. 250)
- 1034 – Constance of Arles, Queen of France (b. 986)
- 1195 – Herrad of Landsberg, German abbess and writer
- 1409 – King Martin I of Sicily (b. 1374)
- 1471 – Thomas a Kempis, choir master and mystic (b. 1380)
- 1492 – Pope Innocent VIII (b. 1432)
- 1564 – Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1503)
- 1572 – Isaac Luria, Ottoman rabbi and mystic (b. 1534)
- 1608 – Pomporio Nenna, Italian composer (b. 1556)
- 1790 – Johann Bernhard Basedow, German theologian, writer and philanthropist (b. 1724)
- 1790 – William Livingston, American politician, 1st Governor of New Jersey (b. 1723)
- 1794 – André Chénier, Greek–French poet (b. 1762)
- 1794 – Jean-Antoine Roucher, French poet (b. 1745)
- 1794 – Friedrich von der Trenck, Prussian aristocrat and adventurer (b. 1726)
- 1826 – Kondraty Ryleyev, Russian poet and revolutionary (b. 1795)
- 1831 – Maria Agati Szymanowska, Polish composer and pianist (b. 1789)
- 1834 – Samuel Taylor Coleridge, English poet (b. 1772)
- 1843 – Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor (b. 1766)
- 1846 – Louis Bonaparte, King of the Netherlands (b. 1778)
- 1861 – Jonas Furrer, Swiss politician (b. 1805)
- 1863 – El Pipila, Mexican national hero (b. 1782)
- 1866 – Floride Calhoun, 4th Second Lady of the United States (b. 1792)
- 1887 – Henry Mayhew, English writer and journalist (b. 1812)
- 1899 – Niklaus Riggenbach, Swiss engineer (b. 1817)

### 1901 – 2000

- 1934 – Engelbert Dollfuss, Chancellor of Austria (b. 1892)
- 1934 – Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary (b. 1888)
- 1938 – Franz I, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1853)
- 1942 – Fred Englehart, American triple jumper (b. 1879)
- 1945 – Malin Craig, American general (b. 1875)
- 1945 – Kurt Gerstein, German military officer (b. 1905)
- 1962 – Nelle Wilson Reagan, mother of Ronald Reagan (b. 1883)
- 1963 – Ugo Cerletti, Italian neurologist (b. 1877)
- 1969 – Otto Dix, German artist (b. 1891)
- 1973 – Louis Stephen St. Laurent, Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1882)
- 1976 – John C. Slater, American physicist and chemist (b. 1900)
- 1980 – Vladimir Vysotsky, Russian singer-songwriter (b. 1938)
- 1983 – Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (b. 1916)
- 1984 – Big Mama Thornton, American singer (b. 1926)
- 1986 – Vincente Minnelli, American movie director (b. 1903)
- 1988 – Judith Barsi, American child actress (b. 1978)
- 1991 – Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician (b. 1893)
- 1992 – Alfred Drake, American actor and singer (b. 1914)
- 1993 – Nan Grey, American actress (b. 1918)
- 1995 – Charlie Rich, American singer and musician (b. 1932)
- 1996 – Howard Vernon, Swiss actor (b. 1914)
- 1997 – Ben Hogan, American golfer (b. 1912)
- 2000 – Rudi Fassnacht, German football manager (b. 1934)

### From 2001

- 2002 – Abdur Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (b. 1917)
- 2002 – Johannes Joachim Degenhardt, German cardinal (b. 1926)
- 2003 – Erik Brann, American singer and guitarist (Iron Butterfly) (b. 1950)
- 2003 – John Schlesinger, English–American actor, director, producer and screenwriter (b. 1926)
- 2005 – Albert Mangelsdorff, German trombonist (b. 1928)
- 2007 – Bernd Jakubowski, German footballer (b. 1952)
- 2008 – Randy Pausch, American professor of Computer Science (b. 1960)
- 2009 – Harry Patch, British supercentenarian and World War I veteran (b. 1898)
- 2011 – Michael Cacoyannis, Cypriot movie director and producer (b. 1922)
- 2011 – Jeret Peterson, American skier (b. 1981)
- 2013 – Mohamed Brahmi, Tunisian political activist (b. 1955)
- 2013 – Bernadette Lafont, French actress (b. 1938)
- 2013 – Walter De Maria, American sculptor (b. 1935)
- 2014 – Bel Kaufman, German–born American teacher and writer (b. 1911)
- 2014 – Carlo Bergonzi, Italian tenor (b. 1924)
- 2015 – R. S. Gavai, Indian politician, Governor of Bihar and Kerala (b. 1929)
- 2016 – Tim LaHaye, American Christian minister and writer (b. 1926)
- 2016 – Halil Inalcik, Turkish historian (b. 1916)
- 2016 – Jerzy Bahr, Polish diplomat (b. 1944)
- 2016 – Artur Correia, Portuguese footballer (b. 1950)
- 2016 – Bülent Eken, Turkish footballer (b. 1923)
- 2016 – Arundhati Ghose, Indian diplomat (b. 1939)
- 2016 – Tom Peterson, American television personality (b. 1930)
- 2017 – Gretel Bergmann, German–American high jumper (b. 1914)
- 2017 – Michael Johnson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1944)
- 2017 – Barbara Sinatra, American fashion model (b. 1927)
- 2017 – Billy Joe Walker Jr., American musician, record producer and songwriter (b. 1952)
- 2017 – Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu, Australian musician (b. 1971)
- 2017 – Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor (b. 1944)
- 2018 – Vakhtang Balavadze, Georgian freestyle wrestler (b. 1927)
- 2018 – Sergio Marchionne, Italian executive (b. 1952)
- 2018 – Guy Molinari, American politician (b. 1928)
- 2018 – György Szepesi, Hungarian radio presenter, journalist and sports executive (b. 1922)
- 2018 – Ellie Soutter, English snowboarder (b. 2000)
- 2019 – Beji Caid Essebsi, President of Tunisia (b. 1926)
- 2019 – Jesper Juul, Danish writer and therapist (b. 1948)
- 2019 – Jorma Kinnunen, Finnish javelin thrower (b. 1941)
- 2019 – Pierre Péan, French journalist and writer (b. 1938)

## Observances

- Feast of Saint James (Christianity)
- National Day of Galicia, Spain
- Republic Day (Tunisia)
- Commonwealth Constitution Day (Puerto Rico)