juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Layyah

**Layyah** is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan and is the capital of Layyah District. Layyah gets its name from the wild short shrub commonly known as Layyan. Layyah is located between the rivers Indus and Chenab in central Pakistan.

## Other websites

- Map of Layyah
Leo III

**Leo III** (or the Greek form **Leon III**) refers to:
- Leo III the Isaurian (c. 680), Byzantine emperor (717 - June 18, 741).
- Pope Leo III, 795-816
- King Leo III of Armenia
- Leo III or Leo A a type IBm V irregular galaxy in the constellation Leo
Pope Leo III

**Leo III** (died 12 June 816) was Pope from 795 to 816. He is famous for the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor in 800.

## Early life

Leo was born in Rome.

## Pope

Leo reported his election to Charlemagne, sent him the keys of Saint Peter's tomb and the banner of Rome. Charlemagne replied that it was his function to defend the church and the Pope's to pray for the kingdom and for victory of the army.

Charlemagne went to Rome in November 800, and on December 1 held a council there with representatives of both sides. Leo, on December 23, took an oath of purgation concerning the charges brought against him, and his opponents were exiled. Two days later Leo crowned Charlemagne at St. Peter's tomb. Charlemagne did intervene in church affairs, not always successfully.

The reasons for the coronation, the involvement beforehand of the Frankish court, and the relationship to the Byzantine Empire are all matters of debate among historians.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Translation of Einhard's _Life of Charlemagne_ (c. 817-830, translated in 1880)
Khanda

**Khanda** is a symbol of Sikhism.  It is in the shape of three weapons and a circle.
Arendal

**Arendal** is a city and municipality in the county of Agder, Norway. It is the administrative center of Aust-Agder county, and belongs to the geographical region of Sørlandet. The municipality is bordered in the southwest by Grimstad, in the northwest by Froland, and in the northeast by Tvedestrand municipalities.

## The name

The Norse form of the name was probably "_Arnardalr_". The first element is then the genitive case of "orn" m 'eagle', the last element is "dalr" m 'valley, dale'.

## Administration

The mayor, Robert Cornels Nordli, is elected until late 2027.

## Other websites

- Arendal Kommune official website
- Arendal official tourist information
S.S. Lazio

**S.S. Lazio** is an Italian football club based in Formello (Via di Santa Cornelia 1000, Rome) in Serie A.

They play in light blue shirts, white shorts and socks. The name Lazio was chosen as the original founders wanted to name the club after something which was greater and encompassed more than just the city that they were from - Lazio is the name of the region where Rome is. The sky blue and white team colors were inspired by the Greek flag and more specifically the country which gave birth to Olympic tradition; the eagle as an acknowledgement by its founders.

## League title

- Serie A : 2
    - 1973/74, 1999/00
- Serie B : 1
    - 1968/69
- Coppa Italia : 7
    - 1958, 1998, 2000, 2004, 2009, 2013, 2019
- Supercoppa Italiana : 5
    - 1998, 2000, 2009, 2017, 2019
- Cup Winners' Cup : 1
    - 1999
- UEFA Super Cup : 1
    - 1999
- Coppa delle Alpi : 1
    - 1971

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Serie A|3rd|
|2001/02|Serie A|6th|
|2002/03|Serie A|4th|
|2003/04|Serie A|6th|
|2004/05|Serie A|13th|
|2005/06|Serie A|16th|
|2006/07|Serie A|3rd|
|2007/08|Serie A|12th|
|2008/09|Serie A|10th|
|2009/10|Serie A|12th|
|2010/11|Serie A|5th|

## Other websites

- SS Lazio
- Serie A

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: S.S. Lazio
- **fullname**: Società Sportiva Lazio S.p.A.
- **founded**: 1900
- **ground**: Stadio Olimpico
- **capacity**: 70 634
- **chairman**: Claudio Lotito
- **manager**: Maurizio Sarri
- **league**: Serie A
- **season**: 2021-22
- **position**: Serie A, 5th
- **image**: S.S. Lazio logo.svg
Satire

**Satire** is a form in art or writing which ridicules either a person, government, or an institution, often through the use of humour. Satire can either be in paintings, plays, books, songs, TV or movies. It also is used to stereotype people.

Satire was used long ago. It is a Latin word, though the plays of Aristophanes are often called satirical. Satire was widely known in Elizabethan times. Swift used it in his book _Gulliver's Travels_ to make fun of people’s stupidity. Works like _The Beggar’s Opera_ (1728) used satire to show how silly the politicians of the time were. The German playwright Bertolt Brecht used a lot of satire, as did Peter Cook. Jon Stewart and other comedians use it frequently. A modern example of satire is the American cartoon _South Park_.

Satire often points out ironic or bad things that powerful people are doing. Its adjective is **satirical**.

## Related pages

- Black comedy
- Caricature
- Cartoon
- Humour
- Irony
- Parody

## Other websites

- MAD Magazine
- The Onion
Iron Cross

The **Iron Cross** was a medal given to German soldiers for bravery during wartime. The award was created by King Frederick William III of Prussia. It was first given out on 10 March 1813. The Iron Cross was awarded during the Napoleonic Wars, the Franco-Prussian War, the First World War, and the Second World War. This medal was received by Adolf Hitler after World War I.

The medal is only given in wartime, so no Iron Crosses have been given out since the end of the Second World War in 1945.

## Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

During the Second World War an extra type of Iron Cross medal was given. It was the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and was given for acts of extreme battlefield bravery or successful leadership. The Knight's Cross was divided into five grades:

1. Knight's Cross
1. Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves
1. Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
1. Knight's Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds
1. Knight's Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds
Manowar

**Manowar** is an American heavy metal band from Auburn, New York, which formed in 1980.

## Members

- Eric Adams - vocal
- Joey DeMaio - bass guitar / guitar / keyboard / classical guitar
- Karl Logan - guitar / keyboard / classical guitar
- Scott Columbus - drums and percussion

## Albums

- _Battle Hymns_ (1982)
- _Into Glory Ride_ (1983)
- _Hail To England_ (1984)
- _Sign Of The Hammer_ (1984)
- _Fighting The World_ (1987)
- _Kings Of Metal_ (1988)
- _The Triumph Of Steel_ (1992)
- _Louder Than Hell_ (1996)
- _Hell On Wheels_ (Live, 1997)
- _Hell On Stage_ (Live, 1999)
- _Warriors Of The World_ (2002)
- _Gods Of War_ (2007)
- _Battle Hymns MMXI_ (2010)
- _The Lord of Steel_ (2012)
- _Kings of Metal MMXIV_ (2014)
- _Into Glory Ride Imperial Edition MMXIX_ (2019)
- _Hail To England Imperial Edition MMXIX_ (2019)

## Other websites

- Official Manowar Website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Manowar
- **img**: Manowar 2016.jpg
- **img capt**: Manowar in 2016
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Auburn, New York, US
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, power metal
- **years active**: 1980–present
- **label**: Magic Circle Music, Magic Circle, Atco Records, Atco, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Geffen Records, Geffen
- **associated acts**: HolyHell, Rhapsody of Fire, The Dictators, David Shankle Group, The Rods, Brain Surgeons
- **url**: [http://www.manowar.com/ www.manowar.com]
- **current members**: Joey DeMaio
Eric Adams (singer), Eric Adams
Karl Logan
Donnie Hamzik
- **past members**: Scott Columbus (deceased)
David Shankle
Ross the Boss, Ross "The Boss" Friedman
Kenny Earl, Kenny Earl Edwards
Power series

In mathematics, a **power series** (in one variable) is an infinite series of the form

where _a<sub>n</sub>_ represents the coefficient of the nth term, _c_ is a constant, and _x_ varies around _c_ (for this reason one sometimes speaks of the series as being _centered_ at _c_). This series usually appears as the Taylor series of some known function; the Taylor series article contains many examples.

In many situations _c_ is equal to zero, for example when considering a Maclaurin series.
In those cases, the power series takes the simpler form
These power series appear primarily in analysis, but also appear in combinatorics (under the name of generating functions) and in electrical engineering (under the name of the Z-transform).  The familiar decimal notation for integers can also be viewed as an example of a power series, but with the argument _x_ fixed at 10.  In number theory, the concept of p-adic numbers is also closely related to that of a power series.
Classical guitar

A **classical guitar**, also called a **Spanish guitar**, is a musical instrument from the family of musical instruments called chordophones. This instrument is most commonly used by classical guitarists playing classical music, but it is also used in other music genres. It was first recognized 4 - 5 thousand years ago.
Vålerenga Fotball

**Vålerenga Fotball** is a Norwegian football club from Oslo. It was founded in 1913. During the 2024-season, they are playing at the second level. During the 2025-season, they are scheduled to play at the top level (in Norway), according to media.

They are named after the neighbourhood of Vålerenga. They finished as runners-up in the 2010 Norwegian Premier League, the last time they won was in 2005. Vålerenga's home ground is Ullevaal Stadion, the national stadium for Norway.

## Earlier squad

_As of January 15th 2010_

## Other websites

- Official website
- VPN (Vålerenga På Nett)
- Klanen, the Vålerenga fan club
Volga

The **Volga** is the longest river in Europe. In Russian it is called Волга, in the Tatar language its name is İdel.

Many people see it as the national river of Russia. It flows through the western part of the country. It is Europe's longest river, with a length of 3,530 kilometres, and forms the core of the largest river system in Europe.

It rises in the Valdai Hills of Russia, 225m above sea level north-west of Moscow. The Kama, Oka, Vetluga and the Sura are its main tributaries. The Volga and its tributaries form the Volga river system, which drains an area of about 1.35 million square kilometres in Russia. The Volga Delta has a length of about 160 kilometres. It includes
555 channels and small streams. It is the largest estuary in Europe. It is the only place in Russia where pelicans, flamingoes, and lotuses may be found. The Volga freezes for most of its length for three months each year. Some of the biggest reservoirs in the world can be found along the river. The Volga is in the Volga region.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Volga
- **name etymology**: Proto-Slavic *_vòlga_ "wetness"
- **image**: Yaroslavl. Volga River. Cathedral of the Dormition P5212700 2200.jpg
- **image size**: 300
- **image caption**: The Volga at Yaroslavl
- **map**: volgarivermap.png
- **map size**: 300
- **map caption**: Map of the Volga drainage basin
- **pushpin map size**: 300
- **subdivision type1**: Location
- **subdivision name1**: Eastern Europe
- **subdivision type2**: Country
- **subdivision name2**: Russian Federation
- **subdivision type3**: Cities
- **subdivision name3**: Tver, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Cheboksary, Kazan, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan
- **discharge1 location**: Astrakhan (Basin size:
- **discharge1 avg**: Volga Delta:
- **source1 location**: Valdai Hills, Tver Oblast
- **mouth**: Caspian Sea
- **mouth location**: Astrakhan Oblast
- **tributaries left**: Kama (river), Kama
- **tributaries right**: Oka (river), Oka
- **discharge2 location**: Volgograd (Basin size:
- **discharge3 location**: Samara (Basin size:
- **discharge4 location**: Nizhny Novgorod (Basin size:
- **discharge4 avg**: Yaroslavl (Basin size: :

Rybinsk (Basin size: :
- **discharge5 location**: Tver (Basin size:
Oi!

**Oi!** is a type of punk rock that was started in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s. The people that started it wanted to connect punk with a working class street-level following. Oi! is a mixing of the styles of early punk bands, such as The Clash, Sex Pistols and the Ramones. It is also influenced by early British rock bands (such as The Rolling Stones and The Who), football chants, pub rock and glam rock bands. The music is often very simple, and the lyrics are blunt (brutally honest, without tact).

Punk rock began to become popular in the 1970s. Some perceived that it was becoming more and more commercialised. This was the kind of thing that punks were against. Oi! began partly as a response to this perception. It was also partly a response to stereotyping that others made about punks. One stereotype was that many people in the early punk rock scene were young people using big words and trying to be artistic, but failing.

Early Oi! bands such as Sham 69 were around for years before the word _Oi!_ was used to describe their style of music. The word was first used as a name for the new genre in 1980, by journalist Garry Bushell. He took the name from the way the Cockney Rejects used "Oi!" during live shows to introduce their songs. "Oi! Oi! Oi!" was the title of the third track on their second album. The word is an old Cockney expression, meaning "hey" or "hello". Other bands that were labelled as Oi! bands in the early days of the genre included Angelic Upstarts, The 4-Skins, The Business, Blitz, The Blood, and Combat 84. More recent punk bands such as Rancid and Dropkick Murphys have credited Oi! as a source of inspiration.

## Other websites

- _OiOiMusic_.com Weekly updated site with interviews and reviews
- Punk and Oi! in the UK  includes interviews and news about Oi! bands

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Oi!
- **bgcolor**: crimson
- **color**: white
- **stylistic origins**: Punk rock, glam rock, Pub rock (UK), pub rock, drinking songs, football chants, folk music, ska
- **cultural origins**: Late 1970s United Kingdom (particularly the east end of London) and Australia
- **instruments**: Singing, Vocals, Drum kit, drums, electric guitar, bass guitar, bass
- **popularity**: underground following among punk subculture, punks, skinheads, Herberts and casuals
- **derivatives**: Street punk
Brothers Grimm

The **Brothers Grimm** (German: _Die Brüder Grimm_, also _Gebrüder Grimm_) were the brothers Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm. They were German academics and most famous for their collections of folktales and fairy tales, and for their work in linguistics.

The Grimm brothers both became linguists. They are the inventors of German philology. They also did other language-related work, like publishing one of the first grammar books for the German language.

They also wrote fairy tales, and collected the tales which people told them. They published a collection of fairy tales known as _Grimms' Fairy Tales_ (_Grimms Märchen_).

## Other websites

- The Museum of the Brothers Grimm in Kassel, Germany

### Texts and recordings

- Household Tales by the Brothers Grimm, translated by Margaret Hunt  (This site is the only one to feature all of the Grimms' notes translated in English along with the tales from Hunt's original edition. Andrew Lang's introduction is also included.)
- . Translated by Margaret Hunt.
- Brothers Grimm - Fairy Tales  Audiobooks
- Recording of 63 Fairy Tales by the Brothers Grimm at LibriVox.org
Heavy metal

**Heavy metal** may mean:
- Heavy metals, chemical elements within a particular range of atomic weights
- Heavy metal music, a style of music
- _Heavy Metal_ (magazine), an American fantasy magazine based on the French magazine _Métal Hurlant_
- _Heavy Metal_ (movie), a 1981 animated movie based on the magazine, or its sequel _Heavy Metal 2000_
- _Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.²_, a 2000 computer game for Mac and PC by Gathering of Developers
- "Heavy Metal", a 1978 song by Sammy Hagar, best known for being used for the 1981 movie of the same name
- "Heavy Metal", a song by Judas Priest from _Ram It Down_
- HeavyMetal, software for _BattleTech_
Identity (mathematics)

- _For other senses of this word, see identity._

In mathematics, the term **identity** has several important uses:

- An **identity** is an equality that remains true even if you change all the variables that are used in that equality.

An equality in mathematical sense is only true under more particular conditions. For this, the symbol ≡ is sometimes used (note, however, that the same symbol can also be used for a congruence relation as well.)
- In algebra, an **identity **or **identity element** of a set _S_ with an operation is an element which, when combined with any element _s_ of _S,_ produces _s_ itself. In a group (an algebraic structure), this is often denoted by the symbol .
- The **identity function** (or identity map) from a set _S_ to itself, often denoted  or , such that  for all _x_ in _S_.
- In linear algebra, the **identity matrix** of size n is the n-by-n square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It is often denoted by the symbol .

### Identity relation

A common example of the first meaning is the trigonometric identity
which is true for all real values of  (since the real numbers  are the domain of both sine and cosine), as opposed to
which is only true for certain values of  in a subset of the domain.

### Identity element

The concepts of "additive identity" and "multiplicative identity" are central to the Peano axioms.
The number **0** is the "additive identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all

- and

Similarly, The number **1** is the "multiplicative identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all

- and

### Identity function

A common example of an identity function is the identity permutation, which sends each element of the set  to itself.

## Comparison

These meanings are not mutually exclusive; for instance, the identity permutation is the identity element in the set of permutations of  under composition.

## Related pages

- Identity Property
- One
- Zero

## Other websites

- EquationSolver   - A webpage that can test a suggested identity and return a true/false "verdict".
Equality

**Equality** can mean several things:

In **sciences**:
- Equality (mathematics)
- Equality (objects)

In **humanities**:
- Egalitarianism, the belief that all/some people ought to be treated equally
- Equality of opportunity
- Discrimination
- Racial equality
- Sexual equality
- Social equality

**People and places**:
- Equality, Illinois

## Related pages

- Equals sign (=)
- Social inequality
Identity

**Identity** could mean:

## Philosophy

- Identity (philosophy) is the sameness of two things.
- Identity theory of mind, in the philosophy of mind, holds that the mind is identical to the brain
- Personal identity

## Mathematics

- An identity is an equality that holds regardless of the values of its variables.
- An identity object is an entity that does not change other objects; identity function, identity element and identity matrix

## Social science and psychology

- Identity (social science). In the social sciences, _identity_ has specific meanings, stemming from cognitive theory, sociology, politics, and psychology.
- Cultural identity is a person's self-affiliation (or categorization by others) as a member of a cultural group.
- Gender identity is the gender with which a person identifies (or is identified by others).
- Digital identity is the representation of identity in terms of digital information.
- Online identity is the digital identity established by computer network users.
- Psychological identity is the concept that an individual has a unique identity developed relatively late in history.

## Business

- An accounting identity is a basic accounting formulation that must, by construction, hold; for example, the balance sheet of a company must balance. The term may also be used to apply to formulations in economics that have the same characteristics, for example, the balance of payments must balance.
- Corporate identity is the physical manifestation of a business brand.
- Identity theft is the deliberate appropriation of someone else's identity (without that person's permission) for criminal purposes.

## Computer science

- Identity (object-oriented programming), a property of objects that allows those objects to be distinguished from each other.
- Identity column in SQL Server represents a database field whose values are automatically generated by the server, and uniquely identify a row in the table.

## Religion

- Christian Identity, a controversial religious belief which holds that Europeans and their descendents are the Biblical Israel

## Television, film, music and literature

- _Identity (novel)_, a novel written by Milan Kundera
- _Identity (movie)_, a movie directed by James Mangold, starring, among others, John Cusack
- _Identity (album)_, an album from Zee with Richard Wright and Dave Harris
- Identity (music), a transformation of pitches in music
- _Identity (game show)_, a game show on NBC hosted by Penn Jillette

## Related pages

- Secret identity
- identity card
- Identification
Equality (mathematics)

In mathematics, two things are **equal** if and only if they are exactly the same in every way. That is, they have the same (mathematical) value and the same mathematical properties. Mathematicians use the equals sign (=) to say this. This defines a binary relation, **equality**. The statement "_x_ = _y_" means that _x_ and _y_ are equal.

Equivalence in a more general sense is provided by the construction of an equivalence relation between two mathematical objects, that is, two mathematical objects are equivalent if they are related by this relation. In which case, the equivalence is often represented using the symbols  or .

A statement that two expressions denote equal quantities is an equation (or an equality). Equations are equal. Inequalities are unequal.

An equality is also a transitive relation. This means that if one object is equal to a second object, and the second object is equal to a third object, then the first object is equal to the third object as well.

Since a predicate is a way of describing something that is true, another way to say this is that if one thing that is true about a variable is not true about the other variable, then they are not _equal_ as far as mathematical logic is concerned: two things are only equal if anything that is true about one has to be true about the other.

In geometry, the word congruence is often preferred. Numbers are equal, geometrical objects are congruent. Two shapes are congruent if one can be moved or rotated so that it fits exactly where the other one is. If shrinking or enlarging one of the two objects is needed, then they are not congruent. They are called _similar_ instead. The congruence relation is often represented by the symbol , while the similarity relation is represented by the symbol .

In computer science, usually, the mathematical definition is used. Very often, the comparison is written _==_ (and the assignment, the act of giving a value, is written as _=_, or _:=_). In object-oriented languages, or languages which have pointers, there is an additional problem. Those languages contain references (which are in fact pointers). If two such references do not reference exactly the same object, then they are different and _a == b_ will be false in this case.

For this reason, many such languages have introduced another operator (in Java, this method is called _equals_). This operator compares the actual values of the objects—not where the variables that reference them point to.

In social sciences, two people are equal if many of the same things are true about them. For example. two people who have the same amount of education and money, and who are of the same age usually think of each other as equals. Another name for a person who is equal to another person is a peer.

## Related pages

- Equals sign
- Equation
- Inequality
- Logical equality
- Congruence
Ministry

The term **ministry** could mean:

- Ministry (government department), a department of a government
- Ministry (collective executive) (often _the_ Ministry), the complete body of government ministers (whether or not they are in cabinet) under the leadership of a prime minister
    - The Ministry, also known as the Aireacht, the cabinet of the government established by the revolutionary Irish Republic of 1919-1922
- Religious ministry, a type of activity conducted by members of various faiths
- Ministry (band), an American industrial metal band
- Ministry of Sound, a well known nightclub in London, sometimes referred to as the **Ministry**
- Ministry of Darkness, a professional wrestling faction in the WWE
- _Ministry_ (magazine), a magazine for pastors published by the Seventh-day Adventist Church

## Related pages

- Minister
Religious ministry

**Ministry**, in Christianity, is the activity that is done by members of the church to serve the purposes of the church.

It can mean this activity as a whole, or specific activities, or organizations in a church that perform specific activities.

## Age-specific Ministry

As churches attempt to meet the needs of their congregations, they often separate their members into groups according to age categories. Age-specific groups meet for religious study including Sunday school programs, fellowship, and other activities. These age divisions may include:
- Nursery
- Pre-school
- Children, generally elementary age students
- Youth, generally middle and high school students
- College and career, designed for university-age students
- Adults, which is often broken up into single adults, couples ministry, men's and women's ministries, and senior adults.

Nearly all churches have some form of worship music, whether from a choir, orchestra, or worship band.

## Service and outreach

Many churches sponsor ministries designed to reach out others on a local and global scale, usually grouped under the heading of missions. There are many organizations which perform missions on a fully-funded and organized level, such as North American Mission Board, operated by the Southern Baptist Convention.

## Related pages

- Christianity
- Sermon
Ministry (government department)

- _For other meanings of the term _ministry_, see Ministry._

A **ministry** is a department of a government, led by a political minister.
Ministries are usually subordinate to the cabinet, and prime minister, president or chancellor.  A government will usually have several ministries, each with a specialised field of service.  National ministries vary greatly between countries, but some common ones include Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, and  Ministry of Health.

Some countries such as Switzerland, the Philippines and the United States do not use the term "ministry" for their government departments, and instead simply call them departments.  In Hong Kong the term "bureau" is used.

In Canada, some provincial-level government departments are called "ministries" (such as in Ontario and British Columbia) but most are called "departments."  Their heads are referred to as "ministers" in both levels of government, however.

## Related pages

- Cabinet
Placebo (disambiguation)

**Placebo** may mean:
- Placebo, a treatment without intrinsic therapeutic value, but administered as if it were a therapy
- Placebo (band), an alternative rock band
    - _Placebo_ (album), the band's self-titled debut album
- Placebo (at funeral) (_obsolete usage_), someone who falsely claims a connection to the deceased to get a share of the funeral meal
- Observer bias, particularly in audio circles
- And see Placebo effect (disambiguation).
Placebo effect (disambiguation)

**Placebo effect** may refer to:
- The placebo effect, the tendency of any pain relief medication  or treatment, even an inert or ineffective one, to exhibit results simply because the recipient believes that it will work.
- _Placebo Effect_, an original novel written by Gary Russell and based on the long-running British science fiction television series _Doctor Who_.
Square foot gardening

**Square foot gardening** is a method of gardening made popular by Mel Bartholemew in 1981. It is based on the idea that wide rows, used in traditional gardening, waste time, work, water, seeds and soil. It shows that quality vegetables can be grown in less space with less work. In this method, the garden space is divided into _beds_, separated by paths. Each bed measures 4' × 4' ( × ), therefore covering an area of  (). These beds are further divided into sixteen squares of about one square foot ( per side, ). A different type of plant is grown in each of those squares. A single large plant, like broccoli, will use one of the squares. Smaller plants can be spaced more tightly; for example, four heads of lettuce together in one square, or sixteen carrots. All work (planting, removing weeds, watering and harvesting) is done from the pathways. This stops the soil from being compacted.

## Benefits of square foot gardening

- Less work. In traditional gardening methods, heavy tools are used to loosen the soil. In this method, the soil is never compacted and it remains loose. Weeding takes much less time.
- Water savings. The loose ground holds the water better. This type of garden needs water less often than other methods. Also, water is poured by hand near the plant roots. Less water is wasted.
- Very little weeding. The vegetables form a living mulch and shade out many weeds before they can start to grow.
- Pesticides or herbicides are not needed. Natural ways to keep insects away, like companion planting, work well in a tight space. Growing many different types of plants in a small area also makes it more difficult for plant diseases to spread.

## Other websites

- Website of the _Square Foot Gardening Foundation_, founded to promote the method.
- Journey To Forever, a resource for beginners.
- Square Foot Garden Planting Chart, planting guide for beginners
Blender

- _This article is about the kitchen appliance. For the 3D computer graphics program, see Blender (program)_

A **blender** is an electric kitchen appliance used for making drinks, mixing liquids, and puréeing (chopping up into small bits) fruits and vegetables for sauces and soups.

## Parts of a blender

A blender consists of a glass or plastic container with a mounted blade in the bottom, and a base that has an electric motor and switches to turn on the motor or change its speed.
Blenders are used to make milk shakes (a blend of ice cream and milk) and fruit smoothies (a mix of fruit and ice).

## Food made with blenders

Blenders are also used to make cold alcoholic drinks that include crushed ice or ice cream, such as margaritas and Mississippi Mudslide drinks.
Drinking straw

A **drinking straw** (or "straw") is a utensil used to consume cold drinks such as milk shakes, smoothies, cola, and fruit juice. Drinking straws are usually made from plastic that is formed into a tube. To use a drinking straw, a person places the straw in a glass that contains a liquid and then sucks the straw with their mouth. Straws are mainly plastic, but some straws are paper or cardboard to protect the environment.

The oldest straw found is over 5000 years old. Straws have been found in Sumerian temples made of gold and lapis lazuli. The straws popularity came in the 1800s during the industrial revolution. Those straws were made of paper and turned to mush quickly. An inventor named Joseph Friedman invented a straw made of paper coated in glue so that it did not dissolve.
Whole-tone scale

In music, a **whole tone scale** is a scale in which each note is separated from the next one by an interval of a whole tone.  There is always one note (a semitone) in between each neighbouring pair of notes of the whole-tone scale. Whatever note is started on, the whole tone scale will contain one of the following sets of notes:
- C, D, E, F#, G#, A#
- or

- C#, D#, F, G, A, B

When a whole-tone scale is played on a piano, starting from a low note and moving up to high notes, while at the same time pressing the sustaining pedal (the right pedal), it makes a "dreamy" sound. It does not sound in any particular key, but floats along.  It also sounds very good on a harp.

Debussy uses the whole-tone scale a lot in his music, but he was not the first to do so. Russian composers such as Glinka in his opera _Ruslan and Ludmila_ and Borodin in _Prince Igor_ used the whole-tone scale.

Later composers to use it include Alban Berg in his _Violin Concerto_, and Béla Bartók in
his _String Quartet No. 5_.  It has also been used in jazz.
Pentatonic scale

In music, a **pentatonic scale** is a scale with five notes in each octave. Pentatonic scales are very common and are found in folk music from all over the world.

Any scale using five notes is "pentatonic" ("penta" is Greek for "five"). However, the pentatonic scale which is used in most Western music uses notes which do not have any semitones. A pentatonic scale starting on C will use the notes C,D,E,G,A (the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th notes of a major scale).. An easy way to find such a pentatonic scale is by using all the black notes of a keyboard.

Using the pentatonic scale is a good way for children to make up their own tunes. It does not matter too much which note is used for the start and the finish, because there is no feeling of a clear key. The notes always sound good when played together.

Many folk songs are pentatonic, or nearly pentatonic. Well-known songs such as "Land of the Silver Birch" or "Auld Lang Syne" are pentatonic tunes.

Classical composers have sometimes used pentatonic scales, especially Claude Debussy. His piano piece _La fille aux cheveux de lin_ has a tune which is pentatonic except for one note. Maurice Ravel used it to write music which sounded Chinese, and in his _Mother Goose_ suite (_Ma Mère l'Oye_) which sounds like a fairy tale.

The pentatonic scales used in Indonesian gamelan music are called _slendro_ and _pelog_.

pentatonic song:
sing out your melody
sing out your song
sing a pentatonic scale
starting on lah
lah
doh
ray
meh
soh
lah!

Difficult words: Octave - An **octave** is the distance between two musical notes that have the same letter name.

Folk music - **Folk music** includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century but is often applied to music that is older than that. Some types of folk music are also called world music.

Semitones - A **semitone**, also called a **half step** or a **half tone**, is the smallest musical interval commonly used in Western tonal music, and it is considered the most dissonant when sounded harmonically. It is defined as the interval between two adjacent notes in a 12-tone scale (e.g. from C to C♯). This implies that its size is exactly or approximately equal to 100 cents, a twelfth of an octave.

Major scale - The **major scale** or **Ionian scale** is one of the most commonly used musical scales, especially in Western music. It is one of the diatonic scales. Like many musical scales it is made up of seven notes: the eighth duplicates the first at double its frequency so that it is called a higher octave of the same note (from Latin "octavus", the eighth).
Major scale

In music theory, the **major scale** or Ionian scale is one of the diatonic scales. It is made up of seven separate notes, plus an eighth which is the same as the first an octave higher. In solfege these notes correspond to the syllables "Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti/Si, Do". The simplest major scale to write or play on the piano is C major, the only major scale not to require sharps or flats, using only the white keys on the piano keyboard:

## Shape

A major scale is a set of steps in the order "Whole:Whole:Half:Whole:Whole:Whole:Half" (tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone). Western scales do not skip any line or space on the staff, and they do not repeat any note  with a different accidental. This means that the key signature of the scale will feature just sharps _or_ just flats.

### Names of scale degrees

- 1st – Tonic- key note
- 2nd – Supertonic
- 3rd – Mediant
- 4th – Subdominant
- 5th – Dominant
- 6th – Submediant
- 7th – Leading Tone
- 8th – Tonic ( or Octave)

### The circle of fifths

The Circle of Fifths was first described in 1728 by Johann David Heinichen in his book _Der General-bass_. It has been used ever since as a way to show the relations between scales.

The numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circle depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, which is six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys (Drabkin 2001). Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major and C major) that are more easy to spell with five flats or sharps (as D major or B  major).

## Harmonic properties

The major scale is used more often than the minor scale in Western music because of its unique harmonic properties. For example, the major third is much stronger in the harmonic series (it is the 5th, 10th and 20th harmonic – see below) than the minor third (the 19th harmonic).

## Related pages

- Minor scale
- Enharmonic
- Equal temperament
- Just intonation
- Lydian mode
- Major and minor
- Music theory
- Tetrachord

## References

- Bower, Michael. 2007. "All about Key Signatures ". Modesto, CA: Capistrano School (K–12) website. (Accessed 17 March 2010)
- Drabkin, William. 2001. "Circle of Fifths". _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
- Jones, George Thaddeus. 1974. _Music Theory: The Fundamental Concepts of Tonal Music Including Notation, Terminology, and Harmony_. Barnes & Noble Outline Series 137. New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London: Barnes & Noble.
- Kennedy, Michael. 1994. "Key-Signature". _Oxford Dictionary of Music_, second edition, associate editor, Joyce Bourne. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. .

## Other websites

- Proper fingering of the major and minor scales on the piano
- Listen to and download harmonised Major scale piano MP3s
- The major and pentatonic scales on the guitar  in several positions
- The major scale for guitar  in one position, with derivation

- A-sharp major
Yeast

**Yeast** are microorganisms. They are single-celled  fungi. There are about 1,500 different species of yeast. Most reproduce asexually, by budding. Some use binary fission to reproduce asexually.

A particular species of yeast, ***Saccharomyces cerevisiae***, has been used for thousands of years. It is used for baking bread because the yeast makes carbon dioxide as a by-product of it eating sugar, which helps the bread rise (leaven). Yeast is also used for making beer and other alcoholic drinks by a process known as fermentation. This process produces both ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Ethanol is also used as fuel, and to make other organic chemicals.

Yeast can be used to make electricity.  Yeast is also a model organism for studying cell biology. Some yeasts can cause infections in humans (they are  pathogens).

## Related pages

- Mycorrhiza
- Mould
- Slime mould
- Lichen
- _Candida_
- Fungus
Budding

**Budding** is a method of asexual reproduction. With budding, a new organism grows on another one. It stays attached, while it grows. Only when it is fully grown does it detach from the parent organism. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical to the parent organism. This method (asexual reproduction) is done in favourable conditions

Budding is very common in plants and fungi. For example, in yeast budding, small buds are produced that remain attached initially to the parent cell which eventually gets separated and mature into new yeast organisms. Sometimes it can also be found with animals, for example with hydras or sponges.
Binary fission

**Binary fission** ("division in half") is a kind of asexual reproduction.  It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the _Amoeba_ and the _Paramoecium_. In binary fission DNA replication and segregation occur simultaneously.

In binary fission, the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two pools. After replicating its genetic material, the parent cell divides into two equal sized daughter cells. The genetic material is replicated, then equally split. The daughter cells are genetically identical (unless a mutation occurs during replication).

During binary fission, the DNA molecule divides and forms two DNA molecules. The cell then grows to create room for each molecule to move towards the opposite side of the bacterium. At the same time, the cell membrane divides to form 2 daughter cells. After division, the new cells grow and the process repeats itself.

Binary fission occurs in eukaryotic tissue cells, but the process is more complicated: see mitosis.

Basically, a cell copies its DNA, and then splits down the middle, creating two daughter cells.
Charisma Carpenter

**Charisma Lee Carpenter** (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character Cordelia Chase in the television series _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_ and its spin-off _Angel_.

## Personal life

Carpenter was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. At 15, her family moved to Rosarito B.C., Mexico. Later, they moved to Chula Vista (a suburb of San Diego). After graduating high school, she was a San Diego Chargers cheerleader in 1991 before beginning her Hollywood career. She had also sky-dived. She married Damian Hardy on October 5, 2002. She gave birth to their son Donavan Charles Hardy on March 24, 2003.

## Filmography

- _Josh Kirby... Time Warrior_ (TV series) (1995)
- _Malibu Shores_ (1996) (TV series)
- _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_ (TV series) (1997-1999)
- _Angel_ (TV series) (1999-2003)
- _The Groomsmen_ (2001)
- _See Jane Date_ (TVM) (2003)
- _Miss Match_ (TV series) (2003)
- _Charmed_ (TV series) (2004)
- _Voodoo Moon_ (2005)
- _Veronica Mars_ (TV series) (2005-2006)
- _Flirting with Danger_ (TVM) (2006)
- _Cheaters Club_ (TVM) (2006)
- _Relative Chaos_ (TVM) (2006)
- _Desperate Housewives_ 2009 : "Allison"

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Charisma Carpenter
- **image**: Charisma Carpenter May 2015.jpg
- **caption**: Carpenter at the Phoenix Comicon in May 2015
- **birth name**: Charisma Lee Carpenter
- **birth place**: Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **children**: 1
Paul Watzlawick

**Paul Watzlawick** PhD (July 25, 1921 – March 31, 2007) was a theoretician in communication theory. He also commented in the fields of family therapy and general psychotherapy. He lived and worked in California until his death in 2007 in Palo Alto.

He formulated five axioms. They are:
1. It is not possible to not communicate. Every behavior is some kind of non-verbal communication.
1. Every communication has a content. In addition, there is 'metainformation', which says how the communicator wants to be understood.
1. All parters involved in a communication process also interpret their own behaviour during communication.
1. Human communication involves both verbal and non-verbal communication. In addition to the spoken words, there are is also a non-spoken part (gestures, behavior, intonation..) which is part of the communication.
1. Communication between humans is either symmetric or complementary. This is based on whether the relationship of those communicating is based on differences or parity.

## Works

Watzlawick is author of 18 books (in 85 foreign language editions) and more than 150 book articles and book chapters. Books he has written or on which he has collaborated include:
- _Invented Reality: How do we know what we believe we know? (Contributions to constructivism)_
- _Pragmatics of human communication_
- _The situation is hopeless, but not serious_
- _Ultra-solutions: how to fail most successfully_
- _How real is real?_
- _Change_
- _The language of change_

## Other websites

- http://www.colorado.edu/communication/meta-discourses/Theory/watzlawick/
Neurotransmitter

**Neurotransmitters** are chemical messengers. They send information between neurons by crossing a synapse. Electrical signals are not able to cross the gap between most neurons. They are changed into chemical signals to cross the gap. Neurotransmitters act mostly on chemical synapses. Once they reach the next neuron they are absorbed. The neuron then changes this chemical signal back into an electrical signal called an action potential. The action potential passes across the next neuron and to the next synapse.

Many neurotransmitters are made from amino acids, which are part of your diet and it takes only a few steps to convert them. Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions. Scientists do not yet know exactly how many neurotransmitters exist, but more than 100 chemical messengers have been identified.

Each neurotransmitter has a different function. For example: dopamine is used in reward and pleasure and noradrenaline is used in an animal's "fight or flight" response. Neurotransmitters also regulate the passing of messages. This is because an action potential must be a certain strength before the neurotransmitters are released. The strength required to release the neurotransmitter is called a threshold.

The most common transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. The next most prevalent is called GABA, which inhibits at more than 90% of the synapses that do not use glutamate.

Neurotransmitters are transported within neurons by small "sacks" called vesicles. When these vesciles come into contact with the neuron's cell membrane, it opens. This releases the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.

## Discovery

Until the early 20th century, scientists assumed that the majority of synaptic communication in the brain was electrical. However, through the careful histological examinations by Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934), a 20 to 40 nm gap between neurons, known today as the synaptic cleft, was discovered. The presence of the gap suggested chemical messengers moved across the synaptic cleft. In 1921 German pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873–1961) confirmed that neurons can communicate by releasing chemicals. By experiments involving the vagus nerves of frogs, Loewi was able to slow the heart rate of frogs by controlling the amount of saline solution present around the vagus nerve.

Loewi asserted that sympathetic regulation of cardiac function can be mediated through changes in chemical concentrations. Otto Loewi also discovered acetylcholine (ACh)—the first known neurotransmitter. Some neurons do, however, communicate by electrical synapses through the use of gap junctions, which allow specific ions to pass directly from one cell to another.
Hard rock

**Hard rock** is a variation of rock music with roots in early 1960s garage rock and psychedelic rock. The term "hard rock" may be used several genres such as punk rock and grunge in order to distinguish them from the more radio-friendly pop rock genre.

## Notable Artists

- The Beatles (such as Helter Skelter, I Want You (She’s So Heavy)
- Jimi Hendrix
- Status Quo
- The Who
- AC/DC
- Aerosmith
- We Are the Fallen
- Memento
- Crossfade
- Evanescence
- Sevendust
- System of a Down
- Black Sabbath
- Deep Purple
- Default
- Matchbook Romance
- Creed
- Kutless
- Grand Funk Railroad
- Guns N' Roses
- Kiss
- Led Zeppelin
- Mountain
- Thin Lizzy
- Three Days Grace
- Van Halen

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Hard rock
- **bgcolor**: crimson
- **color**: white
- **cultural origins**: Mid 1960s, United Kingdom and United States
- **popularity**: Mainstream in the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. The maximum peak of popularity was reached in the 1980s.