juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Insult

An **insult** is a description of someone that will offend them. It may or may not be true. It is called _derogatory_ language. Terms like foolish, stupid, idiot and moron are insults, because they say that a person's mind is not quick or smart.

Insulting someone's mother directly is a serious insult in many cultures.

Ritual insults are part of many cultures. For example, they can be found in sports and military training. They are also very common in jargons. For example, the word _newbie_ is a part of net jargon. Calling someone a newbie is usually insulting.

One should be very careful when using new words to describe others.

## Reason

Usually, someone insults others because they want to feel like they are better or have more power (influence) than the people they insult. They may want this because they are actually afraid that they are worse or less powerful than the people they are insulting.

## Effects

When someone is insulted, their pride is hurt. They may want to fight back by insulting the person who insulted them, or by telling someone who is older.
Jargon

**Jargon** is a special way to use words that are shared only by a certain group of people.  They may not mean what the dictionary says they mean.  They have different meanings to the people using them than their everyday meaning.

For example, the ordinary words _boot_, _net_, and _web_ also have special meanings for users of computers, the Internet, and the World Wide Web.  These, and to flame, to ping and many acronyms are part of net jargon.

An _acronym_ means that only some of the letters in the word or phrase are used.  Often this is the first letter of each word. Other acronyms found online are simply common shorthand.

Usually, more jargon is created over time.

Jargon is common in the military and other complex organisations. It includes phrases like SNAFU.

Jargon can be used by a clique to prevent others from joining or understanding, but it also is often just used because it is shorter.
Jupiter

**Jupiter** is the largest planet in the Solar System. It is the fifth planet from the Sun. Jupiter is a gas giant because it is large and made mostly of gas. Gas giants are a subtype of giant planets. The other gas  giant planets in the Solar System are Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Jupiter
- **symbol**:
- **image**: Jupiter and its shrunken Great Red Spot.jpg
- **image alt**: An image of Jupiter taken by the Hubble Space Telescope
- **caption**: Full-disc view in natural color in April 2014
- **background**: #f8f9fa
- **named after**: Jupiter (mythology), Jupiter
- **epoch**: J2000
- **time periastron**: January 21, 2023
- **asc node**: 100.464°
- **arg peri**: 273.867°
- **mean anomaly**: 20.020°
- **satellites**: moons of Jupiter, 95 ()
- **mean radius**:

- **surface grav**:
2.528 g-force, g
- **rotation**: (9 h 55 m 33 s)
- **sidereal day**: 9.925 hours (9 h 55 m 30 s)
- **axial tilt**: 3.13° (to orbit)
- **right asc north pole**: 268.057°;
- **declination**: 64.495°
- **albedo**: 0.503 (Bond albedo, Bond)
0.538 (Geometric albedo, geometric)
- **magnitude**: −2.94 to −1.66
- **angular size**: 29.8" to 50.1"
- **adjectives**: wikt:Jovian, Jovian
- **temp name1**: 1 bar (unit), bar
- **mean temp 1**: 165 Kelvin, K
- **temp name2**: 0.1 bar
- **min temp 2**: 78 K
- **mean temp 2**: 128 K
- **max temp 2**: 1000 k
- **atmosphere**: yes
King

A **king** is usually a male monarch who rules a country or territory which is a monarchy. The person usually inherits the title and position. A king comes to power when the previous monarch dies, who is usually a family member of his, most likely a parent. Sometimes a person may become king due to the previous monarch's abdication, for example George VI (who became King of Britain after his brother decided to abdicate).

If a country has a king or a queen, that means it is a monarchy. A country which a king or queen rules is called a kingdom.

For most of history, most countries were ruled in this way, especially in Europe. However, most countries, such as France, decided to become republics. Some, such as the United Kingdom, still have a royal family. In some countries, people chose a new king from other people to decide from.

The wife of a king is called a queen. A woman who becomes a ruler because of inheritance is also called a queen.

If there is a queen without a husband she might be inducted as the king in certain monarchies in Africa and Europe. Her Royal Majesty Queen Diambi is the current female king of the Bakwa Luntu People of Central Kasaï, in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

In historic Ireland there were clans and dynasties. Niall of the nine hostages was a famous king of Ireland.

Shah (Persian: شاه) is a Persian word which means the king or ruler of a country. The term "Shah" often means Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran from 1949 to 1979.

Some modern kings today include Charles III of the United Kingdom and Felipe VI of Spain.

## Related pages

- Shah
- Emperor
- Prince
- Queen
- Princess
- Sultan
- Duke
Kauai

**Kauai** (**Kaua'i** in Hawaiian) is the second oldest (after Ni'ihau) and fourth largest of the main Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. Known also as the "Garden Isle", Kaua'i lies 73 miles (117 kilometers) across the Kauai Channel, northwest of Honolulu on Oahu. It is of volcanic origin. The highest point on the island is Kawaikini. It is located  above sea level. The wettest spot on Earth, with average rainfall of  a year, is just east of Mount Waialeale. The high yearly rainfall has eroded deep valleys and canyons in the central mountain. The waterfalls that have been created by erosion in canyons are now popular tourist spots.

The city of Lihue, on the island's southeast side, is the seat of Kauai County. It has a population of around 6,500, and is the main city on the island. Waimea, which is located on the island's southwest side and the first capital of Kauai, was the first place visited by English<nowiki/>explorer Captain James Cook in 1778. It was also the first capital of Kauai. The city is at the head of one of the most beautiful canyons in the world, Waimea Canyon, whose gorge is 900 meters (3,000 feet) deep.

The island of Kauai was featured in Disney's 2002 animated movie _Lilo & Stitch_.

Lihue Airport is the only commercial airport on the island. There are two other general aviation airports on the island: Port Allen Airport, and Princeville Airport.
Kahoʻolawe

**Kahoolawe** is the smallest of the eight main volcanic islands of Hawaii.  It is west of Maui and south of Lanai.  It is roughly 11 miles long by  across (). The highest point, Lua Makika, is  above sea level. The island is dry because its low elevation does not cause much rain  to fall from the northeastern trade winds.

Kahoolawe was used as a gunfire and bombing target by the United States military during World War II.  It was a defense training area for the United States Navy from around 1941 until May 1994.  Popular opinion in the state against this practice brought the end to this use. The Navy has since been trying to cleanup unexploded bombs and explosive shells from the island.  Explosives are still buried or lying on the ground. Other items have washed down gullies and still other unexploded ordnance is underwater offshore. In 1981, the entire island was included on the National Register of Historic Places.

The island is planned to be given back to the Hawaiian people.  In 1993, the U.S. Congress passed a law that "recognized the cultural importance of the island, required the Navy to return the island to the State, and directed the Navy to do an unexploded ordnance  cleanup and environmental restoration" The turnover officially occurred on November 11, 2003, but the cleanup has not yet been completed. The U.S. Navy was given $400 million and 10 years to complete the large cleanup task, but this work has gone much slower than planned.

After the cleanup is finished, the restoration of Kahoolawe will need ways to control erosion, restore the plant life, recharge the water table, and slowly replace alien plants with native ones. Plans will include methods for damming gullies and reducing rainwater runoff. Non-natives will temporarily stabilize some areas before the permanent planting of native plants.

## Other websites

- http://www.state.hi.us/kirc/main/home.htm
Killing

**Killing** a living thing is when someone or something ends that life and makes the living thing die. It means causing a death. When a human being kills another human being, it is called murder or homicide, such as manslaughter.

Pesticide<nowiki/>s and herbicide<nowiki/>s are poisons for killing bad wild small animals or plants, respectively.

When a soldier kills another in war, it is called "combat".  When the state kills a convict sentenced to capital punishment, it is called execution. When someone kills a  powerful person it is called assassination. When a person who wants to die kills themself it is suicide, or euthanasia if killed by another. When people kill other people to eat them, it is called cannibalism.

## Related pages

- Death
- Murder
- Suicide
- Manslaughter
Kilometre

The **kilometre** is a common unit used for longer distances on Earth. The international unit for measuring distances is the metre and a kilometre is 1000 metres. It is used in most countries for measuring road and sea distances. In the UK and the USA, the statute mile is used more than kilometres for road distances and the nautical mile for sea distances.

It is often used to measure the speed of cars, planes and boats by saying how many kilometres it can travel in an hour. This is shown as km/h.

It is also spelled **kilometer**. This spelling is used in American English.

One kilometre is 0.6214 miles (1093 yards or 3280.84 feet). This means that one mile is 1.6093 kilometres.

One kilometre is the approximate distance a healthy adult human being can walk in ten minute

A kilometer is sometimes called a **klick**

## Related pages

- Yard (unit of length)

## Infobox (unit)

- **symbol**: km
- **standard**: metric system, metric
- **quantity**: length
- **units1**: SI units
- **units2**: imperial units, imperial/US customary units, US units
- **inunits2**:

- **units3**: nautical units
Leisure

**Leisure** (or **free time**) is when a person can choose what to do. During a person's leisure time, they do not have an obligation to be at school or work at a job. During leisure time, people can do fun activities, family activities, or other non-work activities, such as hobbies.

Common forms of recreation or leisure are:

- Playing sports, such as football or hockey
- Playing games, such as chess or cards
- Exercising (e.g. running or lifting weights)
- Watching television and movies
- Listening to music
- Hobbies, such as playing piano or guitar, knitting, or sewing
- Travelling
- Reading
- Drawing
- Painting
- Meditating

A vacation or holiday is one example of a setting that is specifically for leisure. During vacation, some people travel to a different region or country and stay at a hotel so that they can do things they could not do near home. Other people prefer to spend their vacation time at home in their own community.

In rich industrialized countries such as the US and Canada as well as in most European countries, workers are allowed to stay home on the weekend (usually Saturday and Sunday) and use it as leisure time. People in underdeveloped countries usually have less leisure time, as they have to work longer hours and more days per year.
Live

**Live** can be a verb. It rhymes with "give". "To live" means "to be alive" (and it is not dead). If you live, then you have life.

It can be used in a general way:
- "I live in London".
- "I live in a house".
- "A person can always live in fear".

**Live** can be an adjective. It rhymes with "five".
- In television, a "live" program is one where what is happening can be seen at the same time as it is happening. Sports program are usually "live".
- In music, If a CD is a "live recording" it means a recording which was made at a concert with an audience present. If it is not a live recording it may be a recording made in a studio.
    - Live album
- "Live" can also mean "full of energy" or simply "happening now". Something that is being talked about in the newspapers at the moment can be a "live issue".
Provinces and territories of Canada

Canada is a country and sovereign state in the northern area of North America. It is made up of thirteen administrative divisions: ten provinces and three territories.

The different levels of government in Canada are based on the principles of a federation: the governments of each province and territory share power with the federal government. The territories' governments have a more limited set of powers than the federal government.

The provinces are in the south of Canada, near the border with the United States. They go from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. The territories are to the north, where fewer people live, close to the Arctic Circle and Arctic Ocean.

Here is a list of the provinces and territories, and their standard abbreviations, with their capitals (the cities where their governments are based) and largest cities. Canada's national capital, where the federal government meets, is Ottawa.

|bgcolor=#00000|Province name|bgcolor=#efefef|Abbreviation|bgcolor=#efefef|Capital city|bgcolor=#efefef|Largest city (if not the capital)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Alberta|AB|Edmonton|Calgary|||||
|British Columbia|BC|Victoria|Vancouver|||||
|Manitoba|MB|Winnipeg||||||
|New Brunswick|NB|Fredericton|Moncton|||||
|Newfoundland and Labrador|NL|St. John's||||||
|Nova Scotia|NS|Halifax||||||
|Ontario|ON|Toronto||||||
|Prince Edward Island|PE|Charlottetown||||||
|Quebec|QC|Quebec City|Montreal|||||
|Saskatchewan|SK|Regina|Saskatoon|||||
|Yukon|YT|Whitehorse||||||
|Nunavut|NU|Iqaluit||||||
|Northwest Territories|NT|Yellowknife||||||
Lanai

**Lanai** (or **Lānaʻi**) is sixth largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States. It is also known as the "Pineapple Island". The island is almost a circle in shape and is 18 miles wide in the longest direction. The land area is 140 sq. miles (367 km<sup>2</sup>). It is separated from the island of Moloka'i by the Kalohi Channel to the north. To the east, the Au'au Channel separates Lanai from Maui. Billionaire businessman Larry Ellison, founder of Oracle Corporation, owns 98 percent of the island of Lanai. The remaining 2 percent is owned by the state of Hawaii or private smaller landowners.

## History

Lana'i was first seen by Europeans on 25 February 1779 by Captain Clerke, with _HMS Resolution_ on the James Cook Pacific Ocean trip. Clerke took command of the ship after Capt. Cook was killed at Kealakekua Bay on February 14, and was leaving the islands for the North Pacific.

In 1922, Jim Dole, the president of Dole Pineapple Company, bought the island of Lana'i. He made a large part of it into the world's largest pineapple plantation.

## Tourism

Tourism on Lana'i started not long ago. That was when the growing of pineapple was slowly coming to an end in the Islands. On Lana'i, you can be with nature and feel the mood of the Hawaiian countryside. Not like nearby O'ahu, the only town (Lana'i City) is small. It has no traffic or shopping centers. Tourists come mainly to relax.

There are three hotels on Lana'i and several golf courses.
Leap year

A **leap year** is a calendar year in which an extra day is added to the Gregorian calendar, which is used by most of the world. A common year has 365 days, but a leap year has 366 days. The extra day, February 29, is added to the month of February. In a common year, February has 28 days, but in a leap year it has 29 days. The extra day, called a leap day, occurs on the same day of the week as the first day of the month, February 1.

The term "leap year" comes from the fact that while a specific date of the year advances one day of the week in a common year, in a leap year from March 1 until February 28 of the following year the date will advance 2 days due to the extra day in February, thereby "leaping" over one of the days of the week. For example, Christmas Day (December 25) fell on a Wednesday in 2024, Thursday in 2025, falls on a Friday in 2026 and a Saturday in 2027, but then will leap over Sunday to fall on a Monday in 2028.

Because of this extra day, a leap year of 366 days has 52 weeks and two days. Therefore, a leap year does not begin and end on the same day of the week, as a common year does (for example, in 2024, January 1 fell on a Monday, but December 31 fell on a Tuesday). Thus, the year following a leap year starts two days of the week later instead of one. Additionally, with the exception of leap years after century years not divisible by 400, each leap year starts two days of the week earlier than the previous one. For example, since 2024 began on a Monday, the next leap year, 2028, will begin on a Saturday.

Leap years are evenly divisible by 4. The last leap year was 2024, and the next will be 2028.  However, any year that is evenly divided by 100 is not a leap year unless it is also evenly divided by 400. This is why 1600, 2000, and 2400 are leap years, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, and 2300 are common years, even though they are all divisible by 4.

We have leap years because instead of 365 days, the Earth really takes a few minutes less than 365–1/4 days (365.24219) to go completely around the Sun. Without leap years, the seasons would start one day earlier on the calendar every four years. After 360 years, spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere would begin on December 21 (which is when winter in the Northern Hemisphere and summer in the Southern Hemisphere presently begins).

A number of countries use a lunar calendar (based on the Moon, instead of the Sun, like our solar calendar is). They have leap years when they add an extra lunar month. Different calendars add the extra month in different ways. So a year which has 366 days instead of 365 days where the month of February has 29 days is called a leap year.

In a leap year, the corresponding months are January, April, and July; February and August; March and November; as well as September and December. No month corresponds to May, June, nor October.

In the Gregorian calendar, 97 out of every 400 years are leap years. In the outdated Julian calendar, 100 years out of every 400 are leap years.

## Related pages

- February 29
- Common year
- Century leap year
Leather

**Leather** is the skin of an animal made into a durable material by tanning. The skins of cows, pigs, and goats are often used to make leather. Skins of snakes, alligators or crocodiles, and ostriches are sometimes used to make fancier leather. Shoes, bags, clothes, and balls are often made of leather.  Sometimes people make leather out of whales, ducks, giraffes, and African elephants.  All of these ways of making leather are very simple but some are rare.

## How leather is made

The way leather is made is divided into three processes. They are preparing the leather, tanning it, and crusting.

In preparing the leather, many things are done to make it ready for tanning. They include soaking it, removing the hair, liming, deliming, bating, bleaching, and pickling.

Tanning is a process that makes the proteins, especially collagen, in the raw hide stable. It increases the thermal and chemical stability of the animal skins. The difference between fresh and tanned animal skin is that fresh animal skin dries to make it hard and stiff. When water is added to it, it becomes bad. But, animal skin that is tanned dries to make it flexible. It does not become bad when water is added to it.

Crusting is a process that makes the leather thin and lubricates it. Chemicals added when crusting must be set in place. Crusting ends with drying and making the leather soft. It may include splitting, shaving, dyeing, whitening or other methods.

## From other animals

Today, most leather is made from the skin of cattle, which makes up about 67% of all the leather made. Other animals that are used include sheep (about 12%), pigs (about 11%), and goats (about 10%).

Horse skin is used to make strong leather. Lamb and deerskin are used for soft leather. It is used in work gloves and indoor shoes.

Kangaroo leather is used to make things that must be strong and flexible. It is used in bullwhips.

In Thailand, stingray leather is used in wallets and belts. Stingray leather is tough and durable.
License

A **license** (in American English) or **licence** (in British English) allows someone to do something that they otherwise are not allowed to do. A person usually has to pay some money, and maybe pass a test to get a license. A license is usually written but it does not have to be. Most kinds of licenses can only be used by the person they were given to. Licenses may be temporary or permanent. Some licenses can not be taken away once they are given. A person with a license is called a **licensee**.

In many countries, if a person tries to do something without the correct license to do it, they might have to pay a fine or go to prison.

## Examples of licenses

There are many different types of licenses.

### Driver's license

The laws of most countries say that people are only allowed to drive cars if they have a driver's license.  If a person does not have a license, they may have to pay a fine if they are caught by the police.  In many countries, a person must take a test and pay money to get a license. The test would check that they know the road rules, and have the skill to drive a car.

### Hunting license

Other licenses give permission to shoot animals (often called a hunting license). The hunting license usually says when a person may hunt. A hunter may have to pass a test to show that they understand the rules about hunting.

### Television licence

In the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, if someone has a television set, they must buy a "television licence" every year.

### Copyright licenses

Copyright is a law that gives the owner of a creative work the right to decide what other people can do with it. A person or a company can give a license to a copyright that they own. So in order for another person to use an owner's copyright they need permission from the owner. For example, when someone buys computer software, they also need a license from the creator of the software (a copyright owner) allowing the buyer to use the software.

## Difference between license and licence

"License" is a verb and "licence" is a noun. "Licensing sessions" were the meetings of magistrates which decided about giving licences to sell alcohol.

In American English there is no difference in spelling between the verb "to license"  meaning to give permission, and the noun "a license" meaning the permission to do something.

## Distinction between a licence and a qualification

A degree in medicine is a qualification showing a person has successfully studied medicine. It is awarded for life. A licence to practice medicine is a legal permission to do so within the territory covered by the licensing authority. The licence may be taken away ('revoked') in certain situations.

## Related pages

- Copyright
- Patent
- Trademark
Link

A **link**, also **hyperlink** in computing, is a part of a chain. A chain is made of many pieces of metal; each piece is a link.

Today, people also use the word link in a new way. The World Wide Web on the Internet is made of many different Web pages. The computer software that people use to make these pages (HTML) lets us go to other pages in a very fast and easy way.

The person who makes the web page can tell the computer to show a word or a picture on the Web page as a **link**. This means that when we click on the link with our computer mouse, the computer will show us the new page we want to see. Most links are blue, but they can be any color.

The color of the link will change to dark blue when clicked as the web browser recognises it in the browser's cache. Unless the cache is cleared, the link will always stay dark blue.

## Ways of making links

There are many ways in making a link on a web page. The process is different for different internet software.

### Plain HTML

In `.htm` and `.html` files, a link can be created using this code:

``

### Wiki syntax

Wiki syntax like MediaWiki uses a simpler way of making links. To create a link to another page of the same website:

`` or just ``.

To link to an external website:

``, ``, or just ``.

### BB code

BB code is used in forum software. To create a link:

``, or ``
Like

**Like** has different meanings:

1. We can use **to like** to say that we find a thing is good:
    - _I like my house._ = I think my house is good.
    - _I like Jenny_ = I think Jenny is an OK person.

2. We can use **like** for "the same as" or "nearly the same as":

- _This cheese sandwich feels like rubber_ = the sandwich is difficult to eat, nearly the same as rubber.
    - _Jenny is like her mother_ = Jenny has brown hair, and her mother also has brown hair (for example).
    - _Your pen is like my pen_ = Your pen and my pen are the same sort.

3. We can also use **like** for "the same way as":
    - _She runs like the wind_ - she and the wind are both fast.
    - _She talks like a child_ - she and children speak slowly or with a high voice.

4. In a question, we can use **like** to ask people to talk about a thing, or to say if they find it good or not:
    - _What's your house like?_ (Answer: "It has two bedrooms and a big kitchen...")
    - _What was the film like?_ (Answer: "It was very good!")

5. We can also use **like** as "for example":
    - _I often go to other countries, like France or Germany_ = I go to other countries, for example France and Germany.

6. In British and American English young people, when talking, have recently started using **like** as an extra word in the middle of sentences. Sometimes they use it to report what someone said, especially when mimicking the way they said it. This should never be used in writing:
    - _The teacher was **like**: "Don't do that!"_

As works in the same way as example 2 - comparing two things using either the word "like" or the word "as" is called making a **simile** (_As big as an elephant_). It may be better to use the word "as" for this to stop confusion with example 1.
Political divisions of China

There are twenty-three provinces, four municipalities, five autonomous regions and two special administrative regions in the **People's Republic of China**. Provinces are pronounced _Shěng_ in Chinese Pinyin. Provinces and autonomous regions are subdivided into prefectures and sub-provincial cities.

The island of **Taiwan** is claimed as a province by the People's Republic of China (PRC), but is not under their control.  Taiwan is an island known as **Republic of China (Taiwan)**.

## Provinces

There are 23 provinces in the People's Republic of China.
- Anhui
- Fujian
- Gansu
- Guangdong
- Guizhou
- Hainan
- Hebei
- Heilongjiang
- Henan
- Hubei
- Hunan
- Jiangsu
- Jiangxi
- Jilin
- Liaoning
- Qinghai
- Shaanxi
- Shandong
- Shanxi
- Sichuan
- Taiwan*
- Yunnan
- Zhejiang

The island of **Taiwan** is claimed as a province by the People's Republic of China (PRC), but it is not under their control. Taiwan is an island known as **Republic of China (Taiwan)**.

## Municipalities

There are 4 municipalities in the People's Republic of China. "Municipality" is the common English name for the Chinese _zhíxiáshì_, meaning a city directly controlled by the national government.
- Beijing, formerly part of Hebei
- Tianjin, formerly part of Hebei
- Shanghai, formerly part of Jiangsu
- Chongqing, formerly part of Sichuan

## Autonomous Regions

There are 5 autonomous regions in the People's Republic of China. "Autonomous region" is the common English name for the Chinese _zìzhìqū_, meaning an area with greater levels of self-government to accommodate minority groups.
- Xinjiang, for the Uygurs and other Turkic peoples
- Tibet, for Tibetans
- Inner Mongolia, for Mongolians
- Guangxi, for the Zhuang
- Ningxia, for the Hui

## Special Administrative Regions

There are 2 special administrative regions in the People's Republic of China. "Special administrative region" is the common English name for the Chinese _tèbié xíngzhèng qū_, meaning an area under special administration as a result of treaties that returned former European colonies to Chinese control.
- Hong Kong, formerly a British colony
- Macau, formerly a Portuguese colony
Legislature

**Legislature** is a word that comes from the Latin language, meaning "those who write the laws." A legislature is therefore a group of people who introduce, debate and vote for and on new laws, for example in a state or country.

Each person in the legislature is usually either elected or appointed. The constitution of that state or country usually tells how a legislature is supposed to work.

In many countries, the legislature is called a Parliament, Congress, or National Assembly. Sometimes there are two groups of members in the legislature. This is called a "_bicameral_" legislature. A unicameral legislature has only one group of members.

A country, district, city, or other small area may also have something like a legislature. These are often called councils, and they make smaller laws for their areas.

### National

- Parliament
- Congress
- Diet
- National Assembly
- Althing — Iceland
- Assembleia da República — Portugal
- Bundestag — Germany
- Riksdag — Sweden
- Cortes Generales — Spain
- Eduskunta — Finland
- Federal Assembly — Russia, Switzerland
- Folketing — Denmark
- Stortinget — Norway
- Knesset — Israel
- Assembly of Albania — Albania
- Legislative Yuan — Republic of China/Taiwan
- Islamic Consultative Assembly — Iran

### Sub-National

- List of state legislatures of the United States — United States
    - General Assembly / Assembly
    - Great and General Court / General Court
    - House of Delegates
- Landtag — Germany, Austria
- Canada
    - Legislative Assembly — All provinces and territories except:
    - National Assembly — Quebec
    - House of Assembly — Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador
- Australia
    - Legislative Assembly - All States and Territories except:
    - House of Assembly - South Australia and Tasmania
    - Legislative Council - All States except Queensland
- United Kingdom
    - Scottish Parliament — Scotland
    - Northern Ireland Assembly — Northern Ireland
    - National Assembly for Wales — Wales
    - Houses of Parliament — United Kingdom overall.

## Related pages

- Separation of powers
Linear algebra

**Linear algebra** is a branch of mathematics. It came from mathematicians trying to solve systems of linear equations. Vectors and matrices are used to solve these systems. The main objects of study currently are vector spaces and linear mappings between vector spaces. Linear algebra is useful in other branches of mathematics (e.g. differential equations and analytic geometry). It can also be applied to the real world in areas such as engineering, physics and economics.

Linear algebra describes ways to solve and manipulate (rearrange) systems of linear equations.

For example, consider the following equations:

These two equations form a system of linear equations.
It is linear because none of the variables are raised to a power.
The graph of a **linear** equation in two variables is a straight line.
The solution to this system is:

This is because it makes all of the original equations valid, that is, the value on the left side of the equals sign is exactly the same as the value on the right side for both equations.

Linear algebra uses a system of notation for describing system behavior, called a matrix. For the previous example, the coefficients of the equations can be stored in a coefficient matrix.

## Related pages

- Abstract algebra
- Matrix analysis
- Matrix function
- Numerical linear algebra
- System of linear equations

## Further reading

- Israel Gelfand (1998), Lectures on linear algebra, Courier Dover Publications.
Lime

**Lime** is a green fruit, and the tree fruit itself. They are citrus fruits similar to lemons. Citrus fruits like limes are rich in vitamin C. Sailors from Britain were given lemon or lime juice to stop them falling ill with scurvy. This is how they got the nickname _Limey_. There are several citrus trees whose fruits are called limes. They include the key lime _Citrus aurantiifolia_, the Persian lime, the kaffir lime, and the desert lime _Citrus glauca_.

Limes are small, round and bright green. If they stay on the tree for a long time they turn yellow. Then they look like small round lemons.

Lime juice is used in cooking and in drinks. Lime oils are often used in perfumes, used for cleaning, and used for aromatherapy.

Lime tastes acidic and bitter. Lime juice is also made from limes.

## Different kinds of limes

- Persian lime – This lime is most often sold in supermarkets as lime.
- Key lime – Smaller than the Persian lime, used to mix Cocktails and make pies.
- Kaffir lime – Very small fruits, vegetable oil from the leaves is used for perfumes, leaves are used for cooking.

## Other websites

- http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/limes.htm
Macadamia nut

The **macadamia nut** is the fruit of a tree that first came from the east coast of Australia. There is
more than one kind of Macadamia tree. Only two kinds are grown for food.

The tree is an evergreen (stays green all year long). It grows up to  high. It has groups of small white flowers. It grows best in subtropical (wet and always warm) climates. It needs well-drained soil (water can flow away easily) and  of rain a year.

The nutmeat (the soft part inside the shell that can be eaten) is mostly a creamy white color. Sometimes it looks a bit yellow. It has a flavor that many people like. Macadamias are eaten roasted (cooked) by themselves. They are used in cookies, cakes, pastries, and candies. People use them like almonds and cashews as part of cooked meals. This is an Oriental style of cooking.

The first commercial orchard was started in Australia in the late 1880s. Commercial production started in Hawaii during the 1920s. Production later spread to California, Mexico, and other places with warm climate.

Macadamias are poisonous to dogs. A dog usually needs 24 to 48 hours to recover fully after eating macadamias.The plant is in the Proteaceae family of flowering plants.
Maui

**Maui** is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands, in the United States.
It has a population of just over 150,000 and is 727 square miles (1883 km²) in size. Maui is part of Maui County, Hawaii. The larger (or better known) towns include Kahului, Wailuku, Lahaina, Hana, and Wailea. Main industries are agriculture and tourism.

Maui was named for the demi-god Maui. In Hawaiian legend, he raised all the islands from the sea. Maui is also known as the "Valley Isle" for the large fertile isthmus (narrow land connection) between two volcanoes.

## Geography

Maui is a volcanic doublet: an island formed from two volcanic mountains that are joined. The older volcano, Mauna Kahalawai, is much older and has undergone significant erosion due to regular heavy rainfall.   In common talk it is called the West Maui Mountain. The larger volcano, Haleakala, rises above 10,000 feet (3,050 m). The last eruption of Haleakala happened over 200 years ago, and this lava flow can be seen between Ahihi Bay and La Perouse Bay on the southeast shore.

## Places

Other places on Maui popular with visitors include:
- Ī'ao Valley.
- Haleakala crater
- Road to Hāna
- Wai'ānapanapa

Golf courses on Maui include:
- Grand Waikapu Country Club
- Ka'anapali Golf Course
- Kapalua Golf Club
- Makena Golf Club
- Maui Country Club
- Pukalani Country Club
- Sandalwood Country Club
- Silversword Golf Course
- Wai'ehu Municipal Golf Course
- Wailea Golf Club
Moloka'i

**Molokaʻi** (sometimes mistakenly called **Molokai**) is the fifth largest island in the U.S. Hawaiian Islands.  The island is 38 miles long and 10 miles across. Its land area is 261 square miles.  The highest mountain is named Kamakou, and it is 4,970 feet (1,514 meters) high.

Molokaʻi has many local indigenous names including Molokaʻi 'Aina Momona (land of abundance), Molokaʻi Pule O'o (land of powerful prayer), and Molokaʻi Nui A Hina (of the goddess Hina). It is one of the least developed of the Hawaiian islands.

The only big town is named Kaunakakai, which is also the main or chief port on the island.  The airport is in Central Molokai. Also on the island is Kalaupapa, which is a place for people who have a disease called leprosy.

Molokai has many Hawaiian fish ponds along its south shore. Many of these have been cleaned and fixed.
Multiverse

A **multiverse** is the theory of a conjectured set of multiple possible universes, including ours, which make up reality. These universes are sometimes called **parallel universes**. A number of different versions have been considered.

The word "multiverse" was created in 1895 by psychologist William James as a philosophical concept.

## The cosmological multiverse

The cosmological multiverse tries to explain why the universe we can see sometimes called  is one that life can exist in. Even small changes to the way physics works would make life impossible. In a multiverse a large number of universes are randomly created and some happen to favour life emerging there. Many inhospitable universes would also have been created, but there would be no life there to observe their existence.

## The quantum multiverse

The quantum multiverse is another version in which our universe splits into alternative futures with every quantum event. This is called Many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.

## Related pages

- Quantum immortality
First language

A **first language** (also **mother language**, **mother tongue**, **native language**, **arterial language**, or **L1**) often means the language that a person learns first. It helps one understand words and concepts in the style of that language. Sometimes, but not often, _first language_ means the language that a person speaks best (the second language is then spoken less well than the first language, etc.). In that sense, a person could have more than one first or second language. The first languages of the national majority usually are to be recognized as national languages of the nation.

## Related pages

- Second language
Mustache

The hair that grows on the upper lip of some men is called a **mustache**. The hair that grows on the sides of the face and the chin of some men is called a beard. Some men have a lot of hair and a big mustache, and some have very little. In the modern world, many men shave part or all of their mustaches, or cut their mustache so it does not get very long. A chin beard with no mustache is called a goatee, whilst a chin beard with a mustache is known as a Van Dyke.

The earliest facial hair above the lip, as a style, is credited to the Iron Age Celts. Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian, wrote this about the Celtic people:

Mustache in United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations is spelled moustache.

Some animals such as walruses also have hair like this, and people sometimes also call this hair a mustache.
Mile

The **mile** (symbol: **mi**) is a unit of length. There are many different kinds of mile but _mile_ on its own usually means the **statute mile**.

## Statute mile

In the US and the UK the word _mile_ usually means the statute mile.

|Feet|Yard|Chain|Furlong|Mile|Kilometres|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|5,280|1,760|80|8|1|1.609344|

## Nautical mile

The nautical mile is used for sea or air travel.

The nautical mile was originally defined as one minute of arc along a line of longitude of the Earth.  There are 60 minutes of arc in one degree or arc (60' = 1°). So there were 10,800 nautical miles from the North Pole to the South Pole.

Now the nautical mile is defined as 1,852 metres.

- {|
|-
|1 nautical mile||= 1,852 metres (by definition)
|-
|||≈  feet
|-
|||≈  statute miles
|}
The speed of a ship that travels one nautical mile in one hour is called one knot.

The similar geographical mile is 1855.3 km. It was also one minute of arc, but along a line of latitude rather than longitude.

## Roman mile

The mile was first used by the Romans.  It comes from the Latin phrase _mille passus_ (plural: _milia passuum_).  This means "one thousand paces". A pace is the distance each foot moves when taking one step.

“the **Roman pace**, measured from the heel of one foot to the heel of the same foot in the next stride”

- {|
|-
|1 Roman mile||= 1,000 Roman paces (by definition)
|-
|||≈ 1,479 metres
|-
|||≈ 4,852 feet
|}

## Other miles

Different miles have been used throughout history in various parts of the world. In Norway and Sweden, for example, a mil is a unit of length which is equal to 10 kilometres.

## Idioms

Even in English-speaking countries that use the metric system (for example, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand), the mile is still used in many idioms. These include:
- A _country mile_ is used colloquially to mean a very long distance.
- _"A miss is as good as a mile"_ (failure by a narrow margin is no better than any other failure)
- _"Give him an inch and he'll take a mile"_ – a corruption of _"Give him an inch and he'll take an ell"_ (the person in question will become greedy if shown generosity)
- _"Missed by a mile"_ (missed by a wide margin)
- _"Go a mile a minute"_ (move very fast)
- _"Talk a mile a minute"_ (speak very fast)
- _"To go the extra mile"_ (to put in extra effort)
- _"Miles away"_ (lost in thought, or daydreaming)
- _"Milestone"_ (an event showing a lot of progress)

## Infobox (unit)

- **name**: Mile
- **image**: Milestone, Knightsbridge, London - geograph.org.uk - 1590514.jpg
- **caption**: The distance between Westminster and London is 1 mile
- **standard**: English units of measurement, English unit
- **quantity**: length
- **symbol**: mi
- **symbol2**: m
- **units1**: SI units
- **units2**: imperial units, imperial/US customary units, US units
- **units3**: nautical units
Margarine

**Margarine** is an artificial butter. It can be made from vegetable oil, or animal fat. It may also contain skimmed milk, salt and emulsifiers. Margarine is used in many baked products. It contains less fat than butter, so is often chosen instead of it. There are also "low fat" margarines, which contain even less fat. However, many types of margarine are made with hydrogenated oils. Products with hydrogenated oil have trans fats, which are unhealthy and can cause heart disease. Other fats, like olive oil, and butter, are a better choice for cooking.
Metabolism

**Metabolism** is the chemical reactions which keep us alive. It happens in the cells of living organisms.

The chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. Metabolism allows organisms to grow, reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word ‘metabolism’ can also refer to digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells.

Metabolism is usually divided into two categories:
- Catabolism breaks down organic matter and harvests energy by way of cellular respiration.
- Anabolism uses energy to build molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, or cycles, like the Krebs cycle. One chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical by a series of enzymes.

The metabolic system of an organism decides which substances it finds nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, called the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will need, and how it is able to get that food.

A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium _Escherichia coli_ and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in the evolution of life, and kept because of their efficiency.

## Related pages

- Catabolism
- Anabolism
- Metabolic rate
- Metabolic syndrome
Microscope

A **microscope** is a scientific instrument. It makes small objects look larger. This lets people see the small things. People who use microscopes frequently  in their jobs include doctors and scientists. Student<nowiki/>s in science classes such as biology also use microscopes to study small things.
The earliest microscopes had only one lens and are called _simple microscopes_. _Compound microscopes_ have at least two lenses. In a compound microscope, the lens closer to the eye is called the _eyepiece_. The lens at the other end is called the _objective_. The lenses multiply up, so a 10x eyepiece and a 40x objective together give 400x magnification.

Microscopes make things seem larger than they are, to about 1000 times larger. This is much stronger than a magnifying glass which works as a simple microscope.

## Types of microscopes

There are many types of microscopes. The most common kind of microscope is the compound light microscope. In a compound light microscope, the object is illuminated: light is thrown on it. The user looks at the image formed by the object. Light passes through two lenses and makes the image bigger.

The second most common kind are a few kinds of electron microscopes. Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) fire cathode ray<nowiki/>s into the object being looked at. This carries information about how the object looks into a magnetic "lens". The image is then magnified onto a television screen. Scanning electron microscopes also fire electrons at the object, but in a single beam. These lose their power when they strike the object, and the loss of power results in something else being generated—usually an X-ray. This is sensed and magnified onto a screen. Scanning tunneling microscopes were invented in 1984.

A fluorescence microscope is a special kind of light microscope. In 2014, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Eric Betzig, William Moerner, and Stefan Hell for "the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy". The citation says it brings "optical microscopy into the nanodimension".

## Other websites

- Microscopy Information Information relating to optics, techniques and specimen preparation for teachers, students, amateur scientists.
- Scanning electron microscope
Mars

**Mars** is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, nicknamed ** The Red Planet**.

Mars is a terrestrial planet with caps of water and carbon dioxide. It has the largest volcano in the Solar System, and some very large impact craters.

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Mars
- **image**: OSIRIS Mars true color.jpg
- **image alt**: Mars appears as a red-orange globe with darker blotches and white icecaps visible on both of its poles. If you’re using wiki for school, stop it, -your teacher.
- **caption**: Pictured in natural color in 2007
- **background**: #f8f9fa
- **symbol**:
- **adjectives**: Martian
- **epoch**: J2000
- **satellites**: Moons of Mars, 2
- **allsatellites**: yes
- **volume**:
<small>(0.151 Earths)</small>
- **mass**:
<small>(0.107 Earths)</small>
- **sidereal day**:

- **axial tilt**: to its orbital plane
- **right asc north pole**:

- **temp name1**: Kelvin
- **min temp 1**: 130 K
- **mean temp 1**: 210 K
- **max temp 1**: 308 K
- **temp name2**: Celsius
- **min temp 2**: −143 °C
- **mean temp 2**: −63 °C
- **max temp 2**: 35 °C
- **temp name3**: Fahrenheit
- **min temp 3**: −226 °F
- **mean temp 3**: −82 °F
- **max temp 3**: 95 °F
- **magnitude**: −2.94 to +1.86
- **angular size**: 3.5–25.1″
- **surface pressure**: 0.636 (0.4–0.87) pascal (unit), kPa
Classic Mac OS

**Mac OS** is an operating system for Macintosh computers. Mac OS was first made by Apple Inc. in 1984. In those days Mac OS was called **Macintosh System Software** – which was shortened to **System** or **SSW** (**S**ystem **S**oft**w**are). The term "Mac OS" first appeared in the splash screen for System 7.5.1, but was not adopted as the new name until the release of Mac OS 7.6.

## Related pages

- Apple Macintosh