juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1999 Formula One World Championship

The **1999 Formula One** season was the 50th edition of the championship. The champion was Mika Häkkinen. Ferrari won the constructor's championship. Michael Schumacher was injured on the first lap of the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. His brakes failed, and he broke his leg. He missed 6 races and returned at the Malaysian Grand Prix.

__TOC__

## Drivers and constructors

The following teams and drivers competed in the 1999 FIA Formula One World Championship.
1997 Formula One World Championship

The **1997 Formula One** season was the 48th edition of the championship. The champion was Jacques Villeneuve in a close battle. Williams won the constructor's championship.
1996 Formula One World Championship

The **1996 Formula One** season was the 47th edition of the championship. The champion was Damon Hill in a close battle. Williams won the constructor's championship.
1995 Formula One World Championship

The **1995 Formula One** season was the 46th edition of the championship. The champion was Michael Schumacher in a close battle. Benneton won the constructor's championship.
1994 Formula One World Championship

The **1994 Formula One** season was the 45th edition of the championship. The champion was Michael Schumacher in a close battle. Williams won the constructor's championship.
1993 Formula One World Championship

The **1993 Formula One** season was the 44th edition of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost in a close battle. Williams won the constructor's championship.
1992 Formula One World Championship

The **1992 Formula One** season was the 43rd edition of the championship. The champion was Nigel Mansell in a close battle. Williams won the constructors championship.

## Drivers and constructors

|Entrant|Constructor|Chassis|Engine|No|Driver|Rounds||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|Honda Marlboro McLaren|||||||
|rowspan="2"|MP4/6BMP4/7A|rowspan="2"|Honda RA122E 3.5 V12 Honda RA122E/B 3.5 V12|1|Ayrton Senna|All||
|2|Gerhard Berger|All||||||
|rowspan="2"|Tyrrell Racing Organisation|||||||
|rowspan="2"|020B|rowspan="2"|Ilmor 2175A 3.5 V10|3|Olivier Grouillard|All||
|4|Andrea de Cesaris|All||||||
|rowspan="2"|Canon Williams Team|||||||
|rowspan="2"|FW14B|rowspan="2"|Renault RS3C 3.5 V10 Renault RS4 3.5 V10|5|Nigel Mansell|All||
|6|Riccardo Patrese|All||||||
|rowspan="3"|Motor Racing Developments|||||||
|rowspan="3"|BT60B|rowspan="3"|Judd GV 3.5 V10|7|Eric van de Poele|1–10||
|rowspan="2"|8|Giovanna Amati|1–3|||||
|Damon Hill|4–11|||||||
|rowspan="2"|Footwork Mugen Honda|||||||
|rowspan="2"|FA13|rowspan="2"|Mugen-Honda MF-351H 3.5 V10|9|Michele Alboreto|All||
|10|Aguri Suzuki|All||||||
|rowspan="2"|Team Lotus|||||||
|rowspan="2"|102D107|rowspan="2"|Ford HBA5 3.5 V8|11|Mika Häkkinen|All||
|12|Johnny Herbert|All||||||
|rowspan="3"|Fondmetal|||||||
|rowspan="3"|GR01GR02|rowspan="3"|Ford HBA5 3.5 V8|rowspan="2"|14|Andrea Chiesa|1–10|
|Eric van de Poele|11–13|||||||
|15|Gabriele Tarquini|1–13||||||
|rowspan="4"|March F1|||||||
|rowspan="4"|CG911B|rowspan="4"|Ilmor 2175A 3.5 V10|rowspan="2"|16|Karl Wendlinger|1–14|
|Jan Lammers|15–16|||||||
|rowspan="2"|17|Paul Belmondo|1–11|||||
|Emanuele Naspetti|12–16|||||||
|rowspan="2"|Camel Benetton Ford|||||||
|rowspan="2"|B191BB192|rowspan="2"|Ford HBA5 3.5 V8 Ford HBA7 3.5 V8|19|Michael Schumacher|All||
|20|Martin Brundle|All||||||
|rowspan="2"|Scuderia Italia|||||||
|rowspan="2"|F192|rowspan="2"|Ferrari 037 3.5 V12|21|JJ Lehto|All||
|22|Pierluigi Martini|All||||||
|rowspan="3"|Minardi Team|||||||
|rowspan="3"|M191BM192|rowspan="3"|Lamborghini 3512 3.5 V12|rowspan="2"|23|Christian Fittipaldi|1–8, 12–16|
|Alessandro Zanardi|9–11|||||||
|24|Gianni Morbidelli|All||||||
|rowspan="2"|Ligier Gitanes Blondes|||||||
|rowspan="2"|JS37|rowspan="2"|Renault RS3C 3.5 V10|25|Thierry Boutsen|All||
|26|Érik Comas|All||||||
|rowspan="3"|Scuderia Ferrari|||||||
|rowspan="3"|F92AF92AT|rowspan="3"|Ferrari 038 3.5 V12|27|Jean Alesi|All||
|rowspan="2"|28|Ivan Capelli|1–14|||||
|Nicola Larini|15–16|||||||
|rowspan="2"|Central Park Venturi Larrousse|||||||
|rowspan="2"|LC92|rowspan="2"|Lamborghini 3512 3.5 V12|29|Bertrand Gachot|All||
|30|Ukyo Katayama|All||||||
|rowspan="2"|Sasol Jordan Yamaha|||||||
|rowspan="2"|192|rowspan="2"|Yamaha OX99 3.5 V12|32|Stefano Modena|All||
|33|Maurício Gugelmin|All||||||
|rowspan="4"|Andrea Moda Formula|||||||
|rowspan="4"|C4BS921|rowspan="4"|Judd GV 3.5 V10|rowspan="2"|34|Alex Caffi|1–2|
|Roberto Moreno|3–7, 9–12|||||||
|rowspan="2"|35|Enrico Bertaggia|1–2|||||
|Perry McCarthy|4–6, 9–12|||||||
1990 Formula One World Championship

The **1990 Formula One season** was the 41st season of FIA Formula One motor racing. The season started on 11 March and ended on 4 November after sixteen races. Ayrton Senna was World Champion Driver for the second time, and McLaren won the Constructors' Championship.
1950 Formula One season

The **1950 Formula One** season was the first edition of the championship. The champion was Giussepe Farina in a close battle.

## Teams and drivers

The following teams and drivers competed in the 1950 FIA World Championship of Drivers.
1980 Formula One season

The **1980 Formula One season** was the 31st of the championship. The champion was Alan Jones.

## Related pages

- Formula 1
1983 Formula One World Championship

The **1983 Formula One season** was the 34th of the championship. The champion was Nelson Piquet in a close battle.
1985 Formula One World Championship

The **1985 Formula One season** was the 36th of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost in a close battle.
1986 Formula One World Championship

The **1986 Formula One season** was the 37th of the championship. The champion was Alain Prost, who had won the championship after a very tight title fight between Williams' Nigel Mansell. The 1986 season started on March 23, and ended on October 26 after sixteen races.

This was the first year that turbocharged engines were required. Formula One had banned naturally aspirated (atmospheric) engines. Until the planned engine change in 2014, this was the only year where turbochargers were required. The ban on atmospheric engines was lifted in 1987. In 1989, all forced induction engines (turbochargers or supercharge) were banned.

## Infobox (f1 season)

- **year**: 1986
- **image**:
- **champion**: Alain Prost
- **second**: Nigel Mansell
- **third**: Nelson Piquet
- **constructor**: WilliamsF1, Williams-Honda Racing F1, Honda
- **previous**: 1985
- **next**: 1987
1987 Formula One World Championship

The **1987 Formula One season** was the 38th of the championship. The champion was Nelson Piquet in a close battle.
Lamar, Texas

**Lamar** is a small community in Aransas County, Texas, ten miles north of Rockport and forty miles north of Corpus Christi. Like the (otherwise unconnected) Lamar County it was named for Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second president of the Republic of Texas.
Sukima switch

is a J-pop duo. The groups members are Takuya Ōhashi (May 9, 1978) and Shintarō Tokita (February 25, 1978). Ōhashi is the singer for the group. He also plays the guitar and harmonica. Tokita plays piano and keyboard. Their style is very heavily-jazz influenced.

## Albums

- 2004:
- 2005:
- 2006:
- 2009:
- 2011: _musium_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sukima Switch
- **img**: Sukima switch-live-countdownjapan2011crop.jpg
- **img capt**: Sukima Switch performing live, 2011
- **img size**: 320px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Japan
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, jazz fusion
- **years active**: 2003present
- **label**: Ariola Japan
- **url**: [http://www.office-augusta.com/sukimaswitch Official Website]
- **current members**: Takuya Ōhashi
Shintarō Tokita
Qi Yuwu

**Qi Yuwu** (Chinese: **戚玉武**; pinyin: **Qī Yùwǔ**; born November 28, 1976) is a television and movie actor. Qi was born in Guangzhou, China. He grew up in Singapore.

## Early life

Qi was a Physical Education major graduate. He was the winner the _China Round_ of Asian Star Search 1999, Singapore's regional talent search contest. He also won  "Mr. Personality". Before signing to MediaCorp Studios, he was a model. He had also played the lead part in a Guangzhou television serial.

### Television

In 2004, 2005 and 2006, Qi was selected as one of the "Top 10 Most Popular Male Artists" on the annual Star Awards. He was also nominated for the "Best Actor" award in Star Awards 2004 for the drama series, _Room In My Heart_ and Star Awards 2006 for the drama series, _C.I.D_.

In 2006, he was expected to win the Best Actor award for his acting in _C.I.D_ but he lost out to long-time actor Li Nanxing. After which, Li Nan Xing said that he was he did not think that he would win because he had been watching "C.I.D" and though Qi's acting was better.

A natural actor, Yuwu was cast with regional actors in his first television series, _Master Swordsman Lu Xiao Feng_. This was followed by _Dare To Strike_, another blockbuster co-production with Hong Kong actors.

### Movies

Though being new in the movie industry, he already has many fans and an official fan club. He was the first MediaCorp star to start a successful movie career.

His notable roles were in _My Genie_ as Zhang Tai Ping, _The Champion_ as Lu Kai Wei, _C.I.D_ as Tang Si Wei and _The Peak_ as Chen Tian Jun.

In 2007, Qi starred in the movies _The Leap Years_ (also called _Leap of Love_) with Wong Lilin, Ananda Everingham and Joan Chen; _The Home Song Stories_, again with Joan Chen; and _881_ by Royston Tan, with Yeo Yann Yann. He also made a guest appearance in the movie _Protege_, acting with Louis Khoo and Daniel Wu.

He has said in an interview that he will be doing more movies in 2008 and will take a break from television work.

## Infobox (chinese)

- **child**: yes
- **p**: Qī Yùwǔ


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: temporary
- **origin**: China


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Qi Yuwu
- **birth place**: Guangzhou, China
- **alma mater**: Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou Physical Education Institute
- **nationality**: China, Chinese
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1999-present
- **children**: 1 daughter, 1 son
- **awards**: **Star Search Singapore 1999:
China Male Champion
Mr Personality
14th Asian Television Awards:
Best Drama Performance by an Actor (1st Runner-up)
Star Awards 2011:Star Awards for Best Actor, Best Actor & Star Awards for YES 933 Best Speech
 Star Awards 2014 : Star Awards for Favourite Onscreen Couple (Drama), Favourite Onscreen Couple (Drama)
 Star Awards 2016:Star Awards for Best Actor, Best Actor , Star Awards for All-Time Favourite Artiste, All-Time Favourite Artiste & Star Awards for Favourite Onscreen Couple (Drama), Favourite Onscreen Couple (Drama)**
Nigel Barker

**Nigel Barker** (born April 27, 1972 in London, England) is a fashion photographer most popular for being on America's Next Top Model since Cycle 2. He is still a judge and the 2nd main judge (only after Tyra Banks). Barker is a married man.

## America's Next Top Model

Barker has been a judge on television show America's Next Top Model since Cycle 2, which premiered in 2004. He is a permanent judge. He is memorably known for being offended by several contestants, especially winners.

### Cycle 7

Barker was offended by contestant CariDee English when she made a joke that he had stuck a stick inside his anus. English later apologized to Barker during judging, having written a letter that she read out. Barker forgave her but still made her enter the bottom two to teach her a lesson.

### Cycle 9

Barker was supportive of Saleisha Stowers, a contestant that eventually became the winner. Stowers dated Barker so that he would put in good words for her in front of Tyra. Sometime another week was shown that Barker blinked at Stowers, which also make Stowers having a seducing action.

He was fired after cycle 18
Simpleton

**Simpleton** may refer to:

- Simpleton (folklore), a generic character in folklore
- Simpleton (reggae artist), 1990s Jamaican reggae artist
- _The Simpleton_ (1850), Alexei Pisemsky's debut novel
Comedy drama

**Comedy drama**, also called **dramedy**, is a style of television and movies when there are similar amounts of both humor and seriousness.

### Theatre

Traditional theatre was separated from its earliest days into comedy and tragedy. Authors such as Anton Chekov and George Bernard Shaw famously blurred the line between comedy and drama.

### Early television

In live theatre the difference between comedy and tragedy became less and less significant, in mass media, comedy and drama were clearly separated. Comedies, especially, were meant to only have jokes and not any serious content.

By the early 1960s, television had started to present half-hour long "comedy" series, or one hour long "dramas." Half-hour series were mostly situation comedy or family comedy. One hour dramas could have detective series, westerns and science fiction.

## Recent drama-comedy on television

A drama-comedy today is usually an hour-long dramatic series with funny jokes such as _Moonlighting_, _Northern Exposure_, _Auf Wiedersehen, Pet_, _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_, _Eureka_, _Life on Mars_, _House_, _Desperate Housewives_, _Charmed_, _Popular_, _Skins_, _Monk_, _Psych_, _Gilmore Girls_, _The O.C._, _Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip_, _Ally McBeal_, _Ugly Betty_, _Brothers & Sisters_, _Grey's Anatomy_ or ''Boston Legal".
Petronas Towers

The **Petronas Towers** are two very tall skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The building was officially opened by Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad on August 31, 1999. They were the tallest buildings in the world until 2004, but still remain the tallest twin buildings. Each tower has 88 floors and they are connected by a sky-bridge between the 41st and 42nd floors. It is a commercial office building.

## Infobox (building)

- **mapframe-zoom**: 16
- **name**: Petronas Towers
- **native name**: Menara Berkembar Petronas
- **highest prev**: Willis Tower
- **highest reflabel**: emporis
- **highest next**: Taipei 101
- **highest start**: 1998
- **highest end**: 2004
- **location**: Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- **status**: Completed
- **image**: Petronas_Panorama_II.jpg
- **building type**: Commercial offices and tourist attraction
- **architectural style**: Postmodern architecture, Postmodern
Islamic architecture
- **floor count**: 88 (with 5 being underground)
- **elevator count**: 30 (each tower)
- **architect**: César Pelli
- **structural engineer**: Thornton Tomasetti & Ranhill Bersekutu
- **main contractor**: Tower 1: Hazama Corporation
Tower 2: Samsung Engineering & Construction and Kukdong Engineering & Construction
City Center: B.L. Harbert International
- **developer**: KLCC Holdings Sdn Bhd
- **owner**: KLCC Holdings Sdn Bhd
Ponce, Puerto Rico

**Ponce** is the second largest city in Puerto Rico outside of the San Juan metropolitan area.  It is in the southern part of the island. As of 2020, 137,491 people live there. It is also called _La Perla del Sur_ (The Pearl of the South) and _La Ciudad Señorial de Puerto Rico_ (Majestic city of Puerto Rico).

The city of Ponce was founded in 1692 by Spanish people who lived near the Jacaguas river. The city was named after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza, the grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León.

## Other websites

- Ponce and its barrios, United States Census Bureau
- Places of Interest in Ponce, Puerto Rico (Spanish)
- Ponce Official Site

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ponce
- **official name**: Autonomous Municipality Of Ponce
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **image shield**: Ponce, Puerto Rico Escudo.svg
- **image flag**: Bandera de Ponce, Puerto Rico.svg
- **nickname**: “La Ciudad Señorial”
- **native name**: Municipio Autónomo De Ponce
- **population total**: 137,491
- **unit pref**: metric
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **image skyline**: Ponce cathedral, Ponce, Puerto Rico, after the Puerto Rico 2019-2020 earthquakes.jpg
- **shield size**: 100px
- **flag size**: 150px
- **image map**: Ponce barrios map.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **governing body**: Gobierno De Puerto Rico
- **leader party**: Partido Popular Democrático (PPD)
- **leader name**: Hon. Luis M. Irizarry Pabón
- **leader title**: Mayor (Ponce), Mayor
- **founder**: Juan Ponce De Leon y Loayza
- **elevation max ft**: 4,390
- **elevation max m**: 1,338
Transmitter

In electronics, a **transmitter** is a device which sends signals using radio waves.

The transmitter converts direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC) at the desired frequency. Most transmitters use a quartz crystal to set the frequency of the resulting carrier wave. A modulator modifies the carrier wave, by frequency modulation or amplitude modulation or some other kind, to include the information needed, such as an audio or video signal. The modified waves are sent by an antenna to another antenna at the receiver which extracts the information from the waves.

## Other websites

- International Telecommunication Union
- Jim Hawkins' Radio and Broadcast Technology Page
- WCOV-TV's Transmitter Technical Website
- Major UK television transmitters including change of group information, see Transmitter Planning section.
- Richard Moore's Anorak Zone Photo Gallery of UK TV and Radio transmission sites
Layla

**Layla** () is a feminine given name primarily found in the Middle East, particularly in Arabic speaking countries and other Muslim countries around the world. The word comes from the Arabic word "layla" meaning "night". In the Latin alphabet, the name is commonly spelled in multiple ways, including **Leila**, **Layla**, **Laylah**, **Laila**, **Leyla** and **Leylah**.
Auto

**Auto** is a contraction (the word is made smaller).  It can mean:

- automobile
- automatic
- automated
- automobile racing
Audit

An **audit** is an evaluation or examination of something by a person or group of people. They can be made to a person, to a company, to buildings, to systems, to documents and many other things that are used by people.

Audits are made to check something, like a person is paying their taxes correctly or that a document is correct.

The most common type of audit are the audits performed on companies and their financial statements, a type of document. In business, many companies inform and report their operations, their money, and their income in financial statements to many people for many reasons. They inform people like banks, governments, investors, and the public, for reasons like getting a loan, paying taxes, getting investments, and improving their public image.
Financial statements

In business, a **financial statement** is an organized document that has financial information, like income and transactions, of a person, company, government, or organization. They are used by these people and organizations to make decisions on the subject (the person or organizations who the financial statement is about), like whether or not to invest in a company and at what price.

## Basic financial statements

A financial statement can be written in many forms, but in most countries there are four (4) basic financial statements that are standard. They are:

### Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)

A **Statement of Financial Position (Balance Sheet)** is a financial statement that includes everything the business owns (called assets) and the business owes (called liabilities, which also include debts) as at a particular date.  The amount the business owes to its owner is called equity (also represents the amount of investment of the owner into the business).

For a private individual (a person not in business), an asset may be their house or car, and their liability may be their mortgage and credit cards.

The Statement of Financial Position is a snapshot of the financial health of a business at specific dates.

### Statement of Profit or Loss (Income Statement / Profit or Loss Account)

A **Statement of Profit or Loss** (or Income Statement) shows the profit or loss made during the year by taking into consideration the revenues generated during the year (whether payment is received or not) less any costs incurred during the year (whether such costs have been settled or not).

### Statement of Changes in Equity

A **statement of owner's equity** shows the movement of the owner's investment in the business.  In the case of a company, this separates the investment amount from the amounts included in Capital and Revenue Reserves.

### Statement of Cash Flows

A **Statement of Cash Flows** is a financial statement that shows the transactions involving cash during the year categorized by Operating, Investing and Financing Activities, thus explaining the movement in Cash and Cash Equivalents during the year.
Benson & Hedges

**Benson and Hedges** were a cigarette manufacturer.  The company were bought by the Gallaher Group The name became a brand of the Gallagher.  The brand sponsored Formula One racing teams for many years. Founded in 1873 by Richard Benson and William Hedges in London.

In April 2007 Japan Tobacco bought the Gallaher Group.
Royal warrant

**Royal warrants of appointment**  are given by members of the British Royal Family to companies and other people who supply them with goods.

The warrant does not mean that the things are the best, only that the Royal family has been buying then for at least five years.

Only three members of the Royal Family issue warrants now.  They are
- The Queen
- The Duke of Edinburgh
- Charles, Prince of Wales

The Queen Mother also issued royal warrants.  They were all expired in 2007, five years after her death

Many royal families in Europe issued similar awards, Sweden still does, but they are for supplying the "Royal Swedish Court" , that is the royal palace rather than a named member of the royal family.

## Other websites

- Royal Warrants explained on the royal.gov.uk website
- The Royal Warrant Holders Association*
- Royal Warrant Holders Denmark
Antonio de Cabezón

**Antonio de Cabezón** (born Castrillo de Matajudios, near Burgos, Spain, 1510 – Madrid, 26 March 1566) was a Spanish composer and organist of the Renaissance.  He was blind from early childhood.  He is best known for the music he composed for the organ.

## Life

His parents came from noble families and owned a lot of land.  He probably had his first organ lessons at the local church.  Then he had more music lessons in Palencia.  He probably had organ lessons from the cathedral organist.  He never had an official job at the cathedral, but he must have been an excellent student, and his teachers, who had a lot of influence, recommended him to the royal family.  In 1526, he became organist to Queen Isabella and played at the Spanish chamber concerts of King Charles V of Spain.

About 1538, he married the daughter of a rich family and he went to live in Avila where his wife came from.  They had five children who had important positions at the royal court when they grew up.

After Queen Isabella died he spent all his time working for Prince Philip, who became Philip II.  King Philip thought he was the world’s greatest artist except for the painter Titian.  He often travelled with the king to countries such as Italy, Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.  He influenced many European composers that he met, and they influenced him.  When the king moved to Madrid and made it the capital of Spain, Cabezón went there too.  He stayed there until his death.

## His music

Cabezón was one of the greatest composers of his time.  He was good at writing music which sounded just right for the organ and the clavichord.  He used the techniques of other composers of his time, but added some very special effects.  Instead of just putting in a lot of ornamentation to make the music interesting, he enjoyed creating tension between harmony and melody.

He wrote _diferencias_ (sets of variations) which use Spanish tunes which were often dances such as the folia, pavan and galliard.  Many of his organ compositions are called _ glosas _.  Each one has something very special to say.
Glosa

**Glosa** is a term that was often used by Spanish musicians in the 16th century to mean: a piece of music which was similar to a set of variations.  Composers at that time often wrote collections of **glosas**.  The term is related to the word “gloss”.  They were comparing it to gloss (ornamentation) that a poet might put on his poem.  They were often on religious themes.

Antonio de Cabezón was an important composer of glosas.

**Glosa** was also used by Spanish musicians to mean: musical ornamentation.  This is the meaning in the title of a famous book of music for viola da gamba and harpsichord by Diego Ortiz called _Trattado de glosas_ (1553).
Real property

**Real property** is a type of property that includes land, houses, buildings and infrastructure in land. It is one of two types of property that one can own, and the other is personal property.

Residential real estate may contain either a single family or multifamily structure that is available for occupation or for non-business purposes.

Real estate is different from personal property, which is not permanently attached to the land, such as vehicles, boats, jewelry, furniture, tools rolling stock of a farm and other valuable items.

Non-residential real estate can be classified according to use, such as:

- Commercial (used for business activities)
- !ndustrial (used for manufacturing or storage purposes)
- Agricultural, encompassing land used for farming or livestock

Real estate can also be used for buying and selling land and buildings to try to make a profit.
15 Eunomia

**15 Eunomia** is a big asteroid in the closer part of the main asteroid belt. It is the biggest of the stony (S-type) asteroids, and somewhere between the 8th to 12th biggest Main Belt asteroid overall. It is also the biggest member of the Eunomia family of asteroids.

Eunomia was found by Annibale de Gasparis on July 29, 1851 and named after Eunomia, one of the Horae (Hours), a personification of order and law in Greek mythology.

## Characteristics

As the biggest S-type asteroid (with 3 Juno being a very close second), Eunomia has attracted a moderate amount of scientific attention. It has a bit over one percent of the mass of the entire main belt.

Eunomia appears to be a stretched but fairly round body, with what appear to be four sides of differing curvature and noticeably different average compositions. Its stretched shape led to the suggestion that Eunomia may be a binary object. However, this has been denied. It is a retrograde rotator with its pole pointing towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-65°, 2°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of about 165°.

Like other true members of the family, its surface is made up of silicates and some nickel-iron, and is quite bright. Calcium-rich pyroxenes and olivine, along with nickel-iron metal have been detected on Eunomia's surface. Spectroscopic studies suggest that Eunomia has regions made up differently.

Eunomia has been seen occulting stars three times. It has a mean opposition magnitude of +8.5, about equal to the mean brightness of Titan and can reach +7.9 at a near perihelion opposition.

## Other websites

- shape model deduced from lightcurve, including composition variations across the surface
- Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 15 Eunomia
- **image**:
- **symbol**:
- **discoverer**: Annibale de Gasparis
- **discovered**: July 29, 1851
- **alt names**: _none_
- **mp category**: Main belt, (Eunomia family)
- **epoch**: June 14, 2006 (Julian day, JD 2453900.5)
- **semimajor**: 395.429 Giga, Gmetre, m (2.643 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **perihelion**: 321.429 Gm (2.149 AU)
- **aphelion**: 469.429 Gm (3.138 AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.187
- **period**: 1569.687 day, d (4.30 Julian year (astronomy), a)
- **inclination**: 11.738degree (angle), °
- **asc node**: 293.273°
- **arg peri**: 97.909°
- **mean anomaly**: 286.102°
- **avg speed**: 18.16 km/second, s
- **dimensions**: 330×245×205
- **mass**: 3.26±0.12 kilogram, kg
- **density**: 3.8±0.7 g/cubic centimetre, cm³
- **surface grav**: 0.08 m/s²
- **escape velocity**: 0.16 km/s
- **rotation**: 0.2535 d (6.083 hour, h)
- **spectral type**: S-type asteroid
- **magnitude**: 7.9 to 11.24
- **abs magnitude**: 5.28
- **albedo**: 0.209 (geometric albedo, geometric)
- **angular size**: 0.29"  to 0.085"
- **single temperature**: ~166 kelvin, K
_max:_ 260 K (-13 celsius, °C)
Cancún

**Cancún** (pronounced as ) is a coastal city in Mexico's easternmost state, Quintana Roo, on the Yucatán Peninsula. About 573,000 people live in Cancún, but over 4,000,000 tourists visit Cancún every year on vacation. At present it is, with Acapulco, the Mexican resort best known in the world.

The resort is entirely artificial: few lived here before 1970. The first hotels were funded by the government. February to May is wonderful weather most of the time, and there are stunning white sand beaches. Even the sea is warm. There is now an airport, and bus connections to the rest of the Yucatán. The Yucatán has many Mayan sites, and some villages which are still mostly Mayan.

## Infobox (city)

- **official name**: Cancún
- **settlement type**: City
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Benito Juarez, Quintana Roo.svg
- **image map**: Location Cancun.png
- **map caption**: Location of Cancún
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of Mexico, State
- **subdivision name1**:  Quintana Roo
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Quintana Roo, Municipality
- **subdivision name2**:  Benito Juárez, Quintana Roo, Benito Juárez
- **government type**: Ayuntamiento
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Francisco Antonio Alor Quezada (Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI)
- **established title**: Foundation
- **established date**: April 20, 1970
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 526701
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Cancunense
- **timezone**: Time in Mexico, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **elevation m**: 0-10
- **elevation ft**: 0-33
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 77500
- **area code**: 998
- **website**: [http://www.cancun.gob.mx www.cancun.gob.mx]
Norman, Oklahoma

**Norman**, is the county seat and largest city in Cleveland County in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Statistical Area. Norman is about 20 miles south of Oklahoma City. James Garner and Toby Keith are from Norman. The University of Oklahoma is in Norman. Norman was founded in 1889 by Abner Norman. In 2008, _Money Magazine_ said Norman was a very good place to live. Norman has one small airport and a railroad station.

## Other websites

- Visit Norman
- Official city website
- Jazz in June festival
- SummerBreeze Concert Series

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Norman, Oklahoma
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "Building an Inclusive Community"
- **image skyline**: File:Norman July 2019 15 (E Main Street).jpg
- **image caption**: Main Street
- **image flag**: Flag of Norman, Oklahoma.svg
- **image map**: Cleveland County, Oklahoma Incorporated and Unincorporated areas highlighting Norman.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Norman in Cleveland County and Oklahoma
- **pushpin map**: Oklahoma#USA
- **pushpin label**: Norman
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Oklahoma##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Oklahoma, County
- **subdivision name2**: Cleveland County, Oklahoma, Cleveland
- **government type**: Council-manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 490.00
- **area land km2**: 462.69
- **area water km2**: 27.31
- **area total sq mi**: 189.19
- **area land sq mi**: 178.65
- **area water sq mi**: 10.54
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 128026
- **population rank**: U.S.: List of United States cities by population, 216th
- **population urban**: 120,191 (U.S.: List of United States urban areas, 278th)
- **population density km2**: 276.70
- **population density sq mi**: 716.64
- **population demonym**: Normanite
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation ft**: 1125
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 73019, 73026, 73069, 73070, 73071, 73072
- **area code**: Area codes 405 and 572, 405/572
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 40-52500
- **blank1 name**: GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2411267
Mid-Atlantic States

The **Mid-Atlantic States** (also called _Middle Atlantic States_) is a region in the Northeastern United States and form one of the nine geographic divisions within the United States that are officially recognized by the United States Census Bureau. The states include New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia.

The traditional Mid-Atlantic States comprise the most densely-populated of the nine U.S. regions, and serve as the center of the megalopolis which runs from Boston to Washington, D.C.. The southeastern part of New York State, eastern Pennsylvania, and all of New Jersey combine to form the bulk of the _moral region_ of the Metropolis, according to socio-political geographers James Patterson and Peter Kim, co-authors of the 1991 book _The Day America Told The Truth_. (Their Metropolis begins in the southern Connecticut suburbs of New York City and stretches along the Eastern seaboard to the northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C.). The book classifies the remainder of New York State and Pennsylvania in the Rust Belt.
Landfall (meteorology)

**Landfall** is when a tropical cyclone or waterspout moves from being over water to being over land. When a tornadic waterspout makes landfall it can be called a tornado, and can cause damage to buildings and other things made by people. When a fair weather waterspout makes landfall it quickly spreads out and loses its energy; the water falls as rain.

## Overview

A tropical cyclone is said to make landfall when its center moves over land; in tropical cyclones this can be when the eye moves over land. This is where most of the damage occurs because when the storm is over water there is a little chance of damage, except if the parts of the storm that are raining are over land, which can cause severe flooding especially when the system is moving slowly or not at all. The effects of landfall are:
- Storm surge peaks
- Heavy flooding rains move over land
- Core of strong winds comes on shore

## Impact

Together with the high surf, these can cause a lot of beach erosion. In low lying areas the storm surge can stay inland for a long time and mix with chemicals already in the area to create a toxic mess. When a tropical cyclone makes landfall, the eye "closes", surf gets less, and winds get less as the cyclone spreads out, losing energy. Damage inland may include flooding rains, gusty winds, and severe weather associated with the cyclone's remnant thunderstorms. A landfall should not be confused with a "direct hit", which happens when the core of high winds (or eyewall) comes over the land but the center of the storm stays over water. The effects of this are similar but storm surges can be much less. These effects are:
- high surf
- high winds
- beach erosion
- minor storm surges
- heavy flooding rains
- possibly severe weather
- water building up along the coast
Freeport, Texas

**Freeport** is a city in Brazoria County, Texas within the Houston – Sugar Land – Baytown Metropolitan Area in Southeast Texas. As of the 2020 U.S. census, the city population was 10,696. Freeport is about sixteen miles from Angleton.

Dow Chemical is the major employer in Freeport, as the company operates a large chemical plant complex in Freeport.

## Other websites

- Freeport's Official Homepage
- Brazosport ISD's Official Homepage
- Freeport Offshore Fishing Charter
- Historic materials about Freeport, hosted by the Portal to Texas History
- Handbook of Texas: Freeport
- http://texashistory.unt.edu/search.tkl?type=coverage_place&q=United%20States%20-%20Texas%20-%20Brazoria%20County

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Freeport, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "Where Fun Happens"
- **image map**: Brazoria County Freeport.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Brazoria County, Texas, Brazoria County, Texas
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin label**: Freeport
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision name2**: Brazoria County, Texas, Brazoria
- **government type**: Council-Manager
- **leader title**: City Council
- **leader title1**: City Manager
- **area total sq mi**: 17.70
- **area total km2**: 45.84
- **area land sq mi**: 15.40
- **area land km2**: 39.88
- **area water sq mi**: 2.30
- **area water km2**: 5.96
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 10696
- **population density sq mi**: 788.15
- **population density km2**: 304.31
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 5
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: February 10, 1917
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 77541-77542
- **area code**: Area code 979, 979
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-27420
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1357720
- **unit pref**: Imperial
San Luis Pass

**San Luis Pass** is a strait of water at the south-western end of Galveston Island off the shores of the U.S. state of Texas. It connects the sheltered waters of West Bay to the open Gulf of Mexico.

There are also two mountain passes of the same name in the USA:
- San Luis Pass, Colorado skirting the San Luis Peak in the San Juan Mountains
- San Luis Pass, New Mexico

## Other websites

- San Luis Pass Fishing Pier
- A Sedimentologic Description of a Microtidal, Flood-Tidal Delta, San Luis Pass, Texas
Lincoln

**Lincoln** often refers to **Abraham Lincoln**, the 16th President of the United States. It may also mean:

**People:**
- Mary Todd Lincoln, wife of Abraham
- Lincoln Chafee, a United States Senator
- Lincoln Thompson, a Jamaican reggae musician

**Places:**
- Lincoln, England
- Lincoln, Alabama
- Lincoln, Arkansas
- Lincoln, California, in Placer County
- Lincoln, Madera County, California
- Lincoln, California, former name of Clinton, California
- Lincoln, Delaware
- Lincoln, Illinois
- Lincoln, Indiana
- Lincoln, Iowa
- Lincoln, Maine
- Lincoln, Massachusetts
- Lincoln, Michigan
- Lincoln, Missouri
- Lincoln, Montana
- Lincoln, Nebraska, in the United States
- Lincoln, New Hampshire
- Lincoln, New Mexico
- Lincoln, New York
- Lincoln, North Dakota
- Lincoln, Pennsylvania
- Lincoln, Rhode Island
- Lincoln, Texas
- Lincoln, Utah
- Lincoln, Vermont
- Lincoln, Virginia
- Lincoln, Washington

**Other things**
- The Lincoln Motor Company, acquired by Ford Motor Company in 1925.
- Lincoln's Inn, in London, England, one of four Inns of Court

**Movies**
- 2012 Steven Spielberg's _Lincoln_
19 Fortuna

**19 Fortuna** is one of the biggest main belt asteroids. It is made up of material similar to 1 Ceres: a dark colored surface that is heavily space weathered and made up of primitive organic compounds, including tholins.

Fortuna is 225 km in diameter and has one of the darkest known geometric albedos for an asteroid over 150 km in diameter. The albedo for it has been measured at 0.028 and 0.037.

The Hubble Space Telescope saw Fortuna in 1993. It was resolved with an apparent diameter of 0.20 arcseconds (4.5 pixels in the Planetary Camera) and its shape was found to be nearly spherical. Moons were searched for but none were detected.

Stellar occultations by Fortuna have been seen several times.

It was found by J. R. Hind on August 22, 1852 and named after Fortuna, the Roman goddess of luck.

## Other websites

- Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 19 Fortuna
- **image**:
- **discoverer**: John Russell Hind
- **discovered**: August 22, 1852
- **alt names**: A902 UG
- **mp category**: Main belt
- **epoch**: October 22, 2004 (Julian day, JD 2453300.5)
- **semimajor**: 365.235 Giga, Gmetre, m (2.441 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **perihelion**: 307.028 Gm (2.052 AU)
- **aphelion**: 423.443 Gm (2.831 AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.159
- **period**: 1393.378 day, d (3.81 Julian year (astronomy), a)
- **inclination**: 1.573degree (angle), °
- **asc node**: 211.379°
- **arg peri**: 182.091°
- **mean anomaly**: 268.398°
- **avg speed**: 18.94 km/second, s
- **dimensions**: 225.0 km
- **mass**: ~1.2 kilogram, kg
- **density**: 2.0? g/cubic centimetre, cm³
- **surface grav**: ~0.0629 m/s²
- **escape velocity**: ~0.1190 km/s
- **rotation**: 0.3101 d (7.445 hour, h)
- **spectral type**: G-type asteroid, G
- **magnitude**: 8.88  to 12.95
- **abs magnitude**: 7.13
- **albedo**: 0.037
- **angular size**: 0.25"  to 0.072"
- **single temperature**: ~180 kelvin, K
20 Massalia

**20 Massalia** is a big and fairly bright Main belt asteroid. It is also the biggest member of the Massalia family of asteroids.

## Characteristics

Massalia is an S-type asteroid. It orbits at very low inclination in the intermediate main belt, and is by far the biggest asteroid in the Massalia family. The remaining family members are pieces blown off by a cratering event on Massalia

Massalia has an above-average density for S-type asteroids, similar to the density of silicate rocks. As such, it appears to be a solid un-fractured body, which is rare among asteroids of its size. Apart from the few biggest bodies over 400 km in diameter, such as 1 Ceres and 4 Vesta, most asteroids appear to have been fractured a lot.

Lightcurve analysis indicates that Massalia's pole points towards either ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (45°, 10°) or (β, λ) = (45°, 190°) with a 10° uncertainty. This gives an axial tilt of 45°in both cases. The shape reconstruction from lightcurves has been described as quite spherical with large planar, nonconvex parts of the surface.

## Discovery

Massalia was found by A. de Gasparis on September 19, 1852, and also found independently the next night by J. Chacornac. It was Chacornac's discovery that was announced first.

_Massalia_ is the Greek name for Marseille, where Chacornac made his discovery (de Gasparis was observing from Naples).

## Other websites

- shape model deduced from lightcurve
- Orbital elements for bright asteroids from the Minor Planet Center.
- Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 20 Massalia
- **discoverer**: Annibale de Gasparis
- **discovered**: September 19, 1852
- **alt names**: _none_
- **mp category**: Main belt (Massalia family)
- **epoch**: October 22, 2004 (Julian day, JD 2453300.5)
- **semimajor**: 360.305 Giga, Gmetre, m (2.408 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **perihelion**: 308.699 Gm (2.064 AU)
- **aphelion**: 411.911 Gm (2.753 AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.143
- **period**: 1365.261 day, d (3.74 Julian year (astronomy), a)
- **inclination**: 0.707degree (angle), °
- **asc node**: 206.530°
- **arg peri**: 255.578°
- **mean anomaly**: 161.641°
- **avg speed**: 19.09 km/second, s
- **dimensions**: 160×145×130 km
- **mass**: 5.2 kilogram, kg
- **density**: 3.2 g/cubic centimetre, cm³
- **surface grav**: 0.054 m/s²
- **escape velocity**: 0.093 km/s
- **rotation**: 0.3374 d (8.098 Hour, h)
- **spectral type**: S-type asteroid, S
- **magnitude**: 8.3 to 12.0
- **abs magnitude**: 6.50
- **albedo**: 0.210 (geometric albedo, geometric)
- **angular size**: 0.186"  to 0.058"
- **single temperature**: ~174 kelvin, K
_max:_ 265 K (-8°celsius, C)
22 Kalliope

**22 Kalliope** is a big main belt asteroid of the M-type, found by J. R. Hind on November 16, 1852. It is named after Calliope, the Greek Muse of epic poetry.

## Characteristics

Kalliope is about 180 km in diameter but is not perfectly round, as shown by images from the VLT at the European Southern Observatory

Its spectrum is M-type, but Kalliope does not appear to be metallic. It is similar to other M-types such as 21 Lutetia. Firstly, its density is far too low to be metal. Second, spectroscopic studies have shown evidence of hydrated minerals  and silicates, so the surface is probably stony. Kalliope also has a low radar albedo, unlike most metallic surfaces.

Lightcurve analysis indicates that Kalliope's pole most likely points towards ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-23°, 20°) with a 10° uncertainty, which gives Kalliope an axial tilt of 103°. Kalliope's rotation is then a bit retrograde.

## Moon

Kalliope has one known moon, Linus, or (22) Kalliope I Linus. It is quite big: 30–40 km in diameter. It orbits about 1065 km from Kalliope. This is about 12 times the radius of Kalliope. Linus was found on August 29, 2001 by Jean-Luc Margot and Michael E. Brown, while another team also independently found the moon 3 days later.

## Other websites

- Kalliope and Linus very well resolved with the 8m VLT at ESO. Also includes a Kalliope shape model.
- shape model deduced from lightcurve
- orbit diagram for Linus
- A different VLT image of Kalliope and Linus
- Data sheet at Johnston's Archive, includes some other parameters.

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 22 Kalliope
- **discoverer**: John Russell Hind
- **discovered**: November 16, 1852
- **alt names**: _none_
- **mp category**: Main belt
- **epoch**: November 12, 2005 (Julian day, JD 2453686.5)
- **semimajor**: 435.182 Giga, Gmetre, m (2.909 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **perihelion**: 390.433 Gm (2.610 AU)
- **aphelion**: 479.931 Gm (3.208 AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.103
- **period**: 1812.245 day, d (4.96 Julian year (astronomy), a)
- **inclination**: 13.710degree (angle), °
- **asc node**: 66.240°
- **arg peri**: 356.172°
- **mean anomaly**: 303.545°
- **avg speed**: 17.42 km/second, s
- **dimensions**: 215×180×150 km
- **mass**: 6.3 ± 0.5  kilogram, kg
- **density**: 2.03 ± 0.16 g/cubic centimetre, cm³
- **surface grav**: 0.038 m/s²
- **escape velocity**: 0.09 km/s
- **rotation**: 0.1728 d (4.148 hour, h)
- **spectral type**: M-type asteroid, M
- **abs magnitude**: 6.45
- **albedo**: 0.142
- **single temperature**: ~161 kelvin, K
_max:_ 240 K (-32°celsius, C)
Setting

**Setting** can mean:
- Jewelry:
    - Setting (the noun): Frame or bed into which a diamond or gem is set, see also personal setting
    - Setting (the verb) describes is the art to fasten a diamond or gem into a jewelry item
- A place where something is set
- Set construction in theatrical scenery
- Setting (fiction) in literature
- Campaign setting in role playing games
- **Setting** - a frame - in psychoanalysis and psychotherapy- all the basic rules regulating place, time and behaviors within which therapeutic process and therapeutic alliance evolve
- A Setting is a term used in Irish traditional music to describe a version of a tune that is incompatible when played together with other versions of the same tune.
- Tracking (education), grouping students by ability.
- In computers and electronics, can refer to the configuration of options of the software or device