juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Marie Joséphine of Savoy

**Marie Joséphine of Savoy** (Maria Giuseppina Luigia; 2 September 1753 – 13 November 1810) was the wife of the future Louis XVIII of France. She was a princess of Savoy by birth, became the titular Queen consort, and was known by her title: Her Royal Highness, Countess of Provence (_comtesse de Provence_).

## Family

She was born at the Royal Palace of Turin on 2 September 1753 and was the third child and second daughter of Victor Amadeus and his wife the Spanish Infanta Maria Antonia of Spain. At the time of her birth her grandfather, Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia, was the King of Sardinia.

## Marriage

Maria Giuseppina was engaged to the French Prince Louis Stanislas of France. He was known as the Count of Provence. They were married on 16 April 1771 _by proxy_ in the Turin. They were married in person on 14 May 1771 at the Palace of Versailles. A luxurious ball followed the wedding on 20 May. She was considered to be ugly. Louis Stanislas hated his wife. We know today that these rumors were created by those who supported Marie Antoinette as a rivalry soon emerged after the youngest brother 'comte d'Artois', married the Comtesse's sister, thereby bringing yet another Savoyard princess to Versailles and creating an Italian party at court.

In France she was known as **Marie Joséphine de Savoie**. She had a high rank at court as her husband was a grandson of the reiging king. She was a cousin of the ill-fated _Princess of Lamballe_ who was instrumental in the arrangement of the marriage. At the death of her husband’s grandfather Louis XV in 1774, her brother-in-law succeeded as Louis XVI. She became pregnant in 1774 and 1781, but both pregnancies ended in miscarriage. In 1791 Marie Joséphine went to Germany. During the period of exile, the Count and Countess fought constantly. Some historians have suggested Marie Joséphine's possible lesbian relationship with a lady-in-waiting as the primary cause for discord between the couple.

Marie Joséphine died of an edema at Hartwell House, English residence of the exiled French royal family. Marie Joséphine was laid to rest in the Lady Chapel of Westminster Abbey. Her body was removed a year later on Louis's orders and buried in the Kingdom of Sardinia; today in Cagliari Cathedral.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **full name**: Italian language, Italian: _Maria Giuseppina Luigia_
- **title**: List of consorts of Provence, Countess of Provence
- **image**: Marie Josephine de Savoie comtesse de Provence.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait by Jean-Martial Frédou
- **birth place**: Royal Palace of Turin, Turin
- **death place**: Hartwell House, Buckinghamshire, England
- **house**: House of Savoy, Savoy
- **father**: Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia
- **mother**: Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain
- **place of burial**: Cagliari Cathedral, Cagliari
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **signature**: Signature of the Countess of Provence at the baptism of her nephew the Duke of Berry.jpg
Islam in Palestine

**Islam** is the religion of the majority of the Palestinian population residing in the Palestinian territories, with Muslims comprising 75% of the population of the West Bank, and 99% of the population of the Gaza Strip.

Jerusalem is Islam's third holiest city after Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia. The _Haram al Sharif_ (Temple Mount) of Jerusalem is believed by Muslims to be the location from which Muhammad ascended to Jannah (paradise); there is no mention of Jerusalem in the Koran, however.

This widely accepted Islamic belief raises the religious and spiritual importance to them of the Dome of the Rock and the adjacent al-Aqsa Mosque. Muslims are sensitive to and mindful of the circumstance that two mosques along with the rest of East Jerusalem are claimed and illegally occupied by the state of Israel.
Crossfade (band)

**Crossfade** is an American rock band from Columbia, South Carolina. Crossfade has three members in the band; the current band members are Ed Sloan, Les Hall, and Mitch James. Their best known song is "Cold" which was released on May 25, 2004 and reached #2 on Billboard's Alternative Songs chart and #3 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks.

## Band members

- Current
- Ed Sloan – vocals, guitar
- Mitch James – bass guitar, vocals
- Les Hall – guitar, keyboard, backing vocals

- Former
- Brian Geiger - drums
- Tony Byroads - vocals, turntables/sampling
- James Branham - drums
- Will Hunt - drums, percussion
- Mark Castillo – drums, goomba

## Discography

So far as of 2011, Crossfade has released 3 studio albums:

### Albums

- _Crossfade_ (2004)
- _Falling Away_ (2006)
- _We All Bleed_ (2011)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Crossfade
- **img capt**: Crossfade
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Columbia, South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina,
United States
- **genre**: Hard rock, alternative metal, post-grunge, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **years active**: 1999-_present_
- **label**: Eleven Seven Music
- **url**: [http://www.crossfadeband.com/ Crossfade Website]
- **current members**: Ed Sloan
Les Hall
Mitch James
Mark Castillo
- **past members**: Brian Geiger
Tony Byroads
James Branham
Yabasic

**Yabasic** (**Yet Another BASIC**) is an interpreter program for a version of BASIC. BASIC is a programming language. BASIC was designed by John George Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz, in 1964. Yabasic was born in 1995, 32 years later. Pedro Sá and Thomas Larsen are now developing version 3 of Yabasic. Yasbic is very compact at about 250 kilobytes total length.

## How it works

To write something on the monitor, like Hello World, type **print** then
 Print "Hello World"

Study this bit of code:
 10 beep
 20 wait 1
 30 goto 10
The result of this code is:

An audible beep is generated

The program waits for 1 second before going onto the next instruction

It then goes back to the start of the program creating an infinite loop.

This programming language can also be used to create rather complex programs such as one that calculates prime numbers

print "This program will calculate the prime numbers below the limit"
 input "limit: " limit
 n=2
 do
   for i=2 to sqrt(n)
     if (frac(n/i)=0) then
       notprime=1
       break
     endif
   next i
   if notprime<>1 then
     print n
   endif
   notprime=0
   n=n+1
   if n>limit break
 loop

The "input" command asks the user to input a value which in this case is number that tells the program what number to stop finding prime numbers at.

The
 do
...
loop
commands create a loop that can be repeated infinitely.

The
 for
...
next
commands hold instructions as to what the program is to do while in the loop.

The
 if
...
endif
commands tell the program to look for something and if the thing it is looking for is there then it reports back that it is there.

## Related pages

- List of programming languages

## Other websites

- Official Yabasic website — downloads and documentation for Yabasic 2.763.
- Yabasic 3 website  - downloads and documentation for the Version 3 interpreter.
- Yabasic manual — documentation for the interpreter.
- YAB interpreter — BeOS/Haiku version of Yabasic.
- Yabsic PS2  — site about the PS2 version.
- Small collection of Yabasic programs .
- Official website of flyab.
Shaun Marsh

**Shaun Edward Marsh** (born 9 July 1983, in Narrogin, Western Australia) is an Australian cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman with a first-class batting average of 40.

On 8 September 2011, Marsh made his Test debut for Australia in the 2nd Test against Sri Lanka at Pallekele in place of the unavailable Ricky Ponting. Thus far in the Australian innings, Marsh has scored 87* batting with Michael Hussey in a 148 run partnership.
Isolobal principle

The **isolobal principle** (also known as **isolobal analogy**) is way to predict bonding properties of organometallic compounds. In organometallic chemistry, it relates the structure of organic ligands that can bind to inorganic molecular fragments. Roald Hoffmann described molecular fragments as isolobal "if the number, symmetry properties, approximate energy and shape of the frontier orbitals and the number of electrons in them are similar – not identical, but similar." One can predict the bonding and reactivity of a lesser-known pieces from that of a better-known pieces if the two molecular fragments have similar frontier orbitals, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). Isolobal compounds are analogs to isoelectronic compounds that share the same number of valence electrons and structure. A graphic representation of isolobal structures, with the isolobal pairs connected through a double-headed arrow with half an orbital below, is found in Figure 1.

For his work on the isolobal analogy, Hoffmann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1981, which he shared with Kenichi Fukui. In his Nobel Prize lecture, Hoffmann stressed that the isolobal analogy is a useful, yet simple, model. It does fail in certain instances.
Alcibiades

**Alcibiades**, son of Clinias, (c_.e._450–404 BC), was a prominent Athenian statesman, orator, and general. He was the last famous member of his mother's aristocratic family, which fell from power after the Peloponnesian War. He played a major role later in that conflict as a strategic advisor, military commander, and politician.

During the course of the Peloponnesian War, Alcibiades changed sides on several occasions. In his native Athens in the early 410s BC, he advocated an aggressive foreign policy, and spoke in favor of an invasion of Sicily. He fled to Sparta after his political enemies brought charges of sacrilege against him.

In Sparta, he served as a strategic adviser, proposing or supervising several major campaigns against Athens. In Sparta too, however, Alcibiades soon made powerful enemies and was forced to defect to Persia. There he served as an adviser to the satrap Tissaphernes until his Athenian political allies brought about his recall. He then served as an Athenian general for several years, but his enemies eventually succeeded in exiling him a second time.

The Sicilian Expedition to Magna Graecia was Alcibiades' idea but his enemies prevented him from commanding. His rival Nicias took command, and the expedition failed disastrously. In the years that he served Sparta, Alcibiades played a role in Athens' undoing; the capture of Decelea and the revolts of several critical Athenian subjects occurred either at his suggestion or under his supervision.

Once restored to his native city, however, he played a crucial role in a string of Athenian victories that eventually brought Sparta to seek a peace with Athens. He favored unconventional tactics, frequently winning cities over by treachery or negotiation rather than by siege.<sup>p151</sup> Alcibiades' military and political talents frequently proved valuable to whichever state he worked for. His talent for making powerful enemies ensured that he never remained in one place for long. By the end of the war (which he had helped rekindle in the early 410s) his days of political power were a bygone memory.

In his youth Alcibiades had been a pupil of Socrates. This was something which told against Socrates at his trial.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Alcibiades
 Ἀλκιβιάδης   _Alkibiádēs_
- **image**: Bust Alcibiades Musei Capitolini MC1160.jpg
- **caption**: So-called “Alcibiades”, ideal male portrait
- **allegiance**: Athens
(415–412 BC Sparta)
(412–411 BC Persia)
- **rank**: General officer, General (Strategos)
- **birth date**: _c._ 450 BC
- **death date**: 404 BC
- **birth place**: Athens, Greece
- **death place**: Phrygia
- **battles**: Battle of Abydos (410 BC)
Battle of Cyzicus (410 BC)
Siege of Byzantium (408 BC)
Cold cathode

A **cold cathode** is a cathode (a type of electrode) that is not heated directly by a filament or element, although a cold cathode can heat up during use as a side effect of normal current flow. The term cold cathode is often used to refer to cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs), which are often used where a long life is needed. Applications for cold cathode lamps include general lighting, backlights for LCD TVs and computer monitors, and artistic lighting such as computer case mods and automotive customization.

tl:Agapito Flores
Freestyle music

**Freestyle music** or Latin freestyle is a type of electronic dance music. It became popular during the mid and late 1980s. However, this kind of music started falling in fame during the 1990s. Freestyle music continues to be created and played on radio stations that are still of interest to the Latin and Italian communities.

Notable artists that performed freestyle include Stevie B, Shannon, Cynthia, Collage, Johnny O, Sa-Fire, George Lamond, Lil Suzy, Judy Torres, Exposé, Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam, La India, TKA, Corina, Nocera, Company B, The Cover Girls, Noel, Pajama Party, Shana, Will to Power, Sweet Sensation, Seduction, Linear, Lisette Melendez, Angelina, Laissez Faire, Coro, and Rockell.

## Regional scenes

- New York City
- Philadelphia
- Miami
- Los Angeles
- Detroit
- Chicago
Furia Musical

***Furia Musical*** was a Mexican music magazine. The magazine was published by Editorial Televisa, who also produces TVyNovelas. _Furia Musical_ was published in Mexico and southern United States. Its editors wrote articles about Mexican music, Chicano rock, Tejano music and Norteno. Their awards show, _Premios Furia Musical_, was broadcast by Televisa, Galavisión and Univision. The December 2006 issue was the final issue of the magazine.

## Other websites

- Profile  at Televisa.
- Profile at Amazon.com.
- _Premios Furia Musical_ .
TVyNovelas

***TVyNovelas*** is a Mexican music and gossip magazine. The magazine is published by Editorial Televisa. The magazine is available in the United States (and Puerto Rico), Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Colombia. _TVyNovelas_ is one of the most-widely read magazine for Spanish-language soap opera fans. Their awards show, _Premios TVyNovelas_, is broadcast on Televisa and Univision.

## Other websites

- _TVyNovelas_  at the Televisa website.
- TVyNovelas Chile .
- TVyNovelas  website and forum in Poland.
- _Premios TVyNovelas_  at the Univision website.
- Photos of _Premios TVyNovelas México_ .
- _Premios TVyNovelas Colombia_ .
Fugues (magazine)

***Fugues*** is a French/English gay magazine. The monthly magazine has been published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada since April 1984. The magazine focuses on LGBT culture, nightlife, music, health, fashion, travel and local festivals.
Maginot Line

The **Maginot Line** (, ) was a long line of walls, forts, and armed defenses that the French built after the First World War. It is named after André Maginot, who was the French Minister of war when it was built. The Maginot Line was made of a number of fortifications and bunkers, close to the French border to Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and Italy. Today, the fortifications towards Italy are commonly called Alpin Line. The Maginot Line was built between 1930 and 1940.

During the First World War, the German Army had built the Hindenburg Line, which is similar.

The plan was that the French army would have time to get ready and go north to Belgium and win any battle with the German army there. In the Second World War the German army and French army met in the Ardennes (forest) in Belgium.  The French army lost, opening the way to German victory in the Battle of France.  France fell under the control of the Germans.
Alpha cleavage

**Alpha cleavage**, **(α-cleavage)** in organic chemistry, refers to the act of breaking the carbon-carbon bond, next to the carbon bearing a specified functional group.

## Mass spectrometry

In mass spectrometry, an α-cleavage occurs when molecules break apart within a mass spectrometer. A mass spectrum tells the size and elements found in each molecule fragment.  Chemists use their understanding of how molecules break apart to guess the structure of the original molecule.  Many different molecules break apart with α-cleavage inside the mass spectrometer. Many times, α-cleavage explains the resulting mass spectra.

As an example of a mechanism of alpha cleavage, an electron is knocked off an atom (usually by electron collision) to form a radical cation. Electrons are most likely to be removed in the following order:  1) lone pair electrons, 2) pi bond electrons, 3) sigma bond electrons.

One of the lone pair electrons moves down to form a pi bond with an electron from an adjacent (alpha) bond.  The other electron from the bond moves to an adjacent atom (not one adjacent to the lone pair atom) creating a radical. This creates a double bond adjacent to the lone pair atom (oxygen is a good example) and breaks (cleaves) the bond that lost the two electrons that were removed.

In molecules containing carbonyl groups, alpha cleavage often competes with a McLafferty rearrangement.

## Photochemistry

In photochemistry, it is the homolytic cleavage of a bond close to a specified group.
Thornicroft's giraffe

The **Thornicroft's giraffe** (_giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti_), also known as Thornicroft giraffe or Rhodesian giraffe, is a subspecies of giraffe. Thornicroft giraffes do not have any captive populations. Fewer than 1,500 remain in the wild. Rhodesian giraffes have star or leafy shaped spots that extend to their leg. These girrafes are restricted to eastern Zambia and the Luangwa Valley.The Luangwa national parks were declared game reserves because conservationist wanted to conserve the Thorncroft Giraffe,uniqui to the Luangwa valley of Zambia,Like all giraffes, Rhodesian giraffes share the same ancestors with deer and bovids.
Antiknock agent

An **antiknock agent** is added to gasoline. It reduces engine knocking and increase the fuel's octane rating.

Gasoline is a fuel mixture. High compression internal combustion engines place gasoline under great pressure. The pressure can cause the gasoline to ignite early (_pre-ignition_ or _detonation_) causing a damaging knocking sound, also called "pinging" or "pinking".

Originally, organic compounds with lead were added to petrol to prevent knocking: _tetraethyllead_ (TEL). This is now banned because the lead affects people's health. Various alternatives have been tried. 2,2,4-_trimethylpentane_, an isomer of octane, is one example.
Fat Lip

"**Fat Lip**" is a 2001 punk rock song by the Canadian pop punk band Sum 41 and is the first single from their debut studio album _All Killer, No Filler_, which was released in 2001. The song was written by Raine Maida and was produced by both Arnold Lanni and Raine Maida.  Fat Lip has been featured in several movies and video games, such as EA Sports' NHL 2002, American Pie 2, Guitar Hero, GuitarFreaks V4, DrumMania V4 and Guitar Hero 5 (downloadable track) and Smallville. The band has also performed Fat Lip on _Saturday Night Live_. The music video was ranked as #75 on "MuchMusic's 100 Best Videos".

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Fat Lip
- **artist**: Sum 41
- **album**: All Killer, No Filler
- **released**: July 3, 2001 (CAN/USA)
October 1, 2001 (UK)
- **genre**: Punk rock, skate punk, rapcore
- **length**: 2:58
- **writer**: Deryck Whibley,
Steve Jocz
In Too Deep (Sum 41 song)

"**In Too Deep**" is a 2001 pop punk song by the rock band Sum 41. It is the second single from their debut studio album _All Killer, No Filler_, which was released in 2001. The music video for "In Too Deep" is a parody of the diving scene from the movie _Back to School_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: In Too Deep
- **artist**: Sum 41
- **album**: All Killer, No Filler
- **released**: December 3, 2001 (UK)
- **genre**: Pop punk
- **length**: 3:27
Liberal Animation

***Liberal Animation*** is the debut studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX.

It was self-released in 1988 and was later re-released in 1991 under their record label, Epitaph. The producers of the album were Brett Gurewitz and NOFX. The title of the album is a play on the phrase "animal liberation".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Liberal Animation
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: NOFX
- **released**: April 22, 1988
- **recorded**: January 9–11, 1988 at Westbeach Recorders
- **genre**: Hardcore punk
- **length**: 30:22
- **label**: Wassail, Epitaph Records, Epitaph
- **producer**: Brett Gurewitz, NOFX
- **prev title**: The P.M.R.C. Can Suck on This
- **prev year**: 1987
- **next title**: S&M Airlines
- **next year**: 1989
Río Alseseca

The **Alseseca River** is a short river in the interior part of Mexico. It is in the state of Tlaxcala. The Alseseca runs through the city of Puebla de Zaragoza. It is one of the many rivers that come from the dormant volcano La Malinche. The Alseseca river runs south-east until it enters the lake of Valsequillo.

Between 1960 and 1980, several companies set up factories in Puebla. With no protection of the river and the increasing urban growth, many companies and people threw waste into the river, which gradually became a stream of sewage. Today the pollution in the river has decreased considerably, and using it as a "garbage dump" is illegal.

Due to illegal logging in the area, deforestation has caused the river to flood in the rainy season. Since 2000, about 100 families have been affected by the overflowing of the river in villages like Aleseca and Lopez Portillo. In addition to the floods, the existing pollution in the water has caused cases of cholera and salmonella in some of the houses closest to river. Since 1995, the city government has taken action to reduce the flooding of the river. It has built barriers and dikes.

## Alseseca Race

Every year on the 2nd Saturday in January, Aventurec and Its collaborators host an Extreme Whitewater Kayak Race, On the Section Known as Roadside. The Race attracts competitors from all over world and is slowly encouraging more and more locals to get involved in the sport.

This year in its 10th edition saw over 60 competitors from 14 different countries battling it out for number one, you can check out full race results here

The Race was created in an attempt to raise awareness to keep rivers and the environment clean and free of trash and deposits.
North Arlington, New Jersey

**North Arlington** is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough population was 16,457. As the site of Holy Cross Cemetery, which has interred over 250,000 individuals since its establishment in 1915, North Arlington has over 15 times more dead people than living.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: North Arlington, New Jersey
- **settlement type**: Borough (New Jersey), Borough
- **image skyline**: Belleville Turnpike lift bridge SW cloudy jeh.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250x200px
- **image caption**: Belleville Turnpike Bridge
- **image map**: Bergen_County_New_Jersey_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_North_Arlington_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of North Arlington in Bergen County, New Jersey, Bergen County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Bergen County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (right).
- **image map1**: Census_Bureau_map_of_North_Arlington,_New_Jersey.png
- **mapsize1**: 250x200px
- **map caption1**: Census Bureau map of North Arlington, New Jersey
- **pushpin map**: USA New Jersey Bergen County#USA New Jersey#USA
- **pushpin label**: North Arlington
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Bergen County, New Jersey, Bergen County##Location in New Jersey##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Jersey, County
- **subdivision name2**: Bergen County, New Jersey, Bergen
- **government type**: Borough (New Jersey), Borough
- **governing body**: Borough Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager, Administrator
- **leader title2**: Municipal clerk
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: March 9, 1896
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 6.55
- **area land km2**: 6.43
- **area water km2**: 0.12
- **area total sq mi**: 2.53
- **area land sq mi**: 2.48
- **area water sq mi**: 0.04
- **area water percent**: 1.78
- **area rank**: 372th of 565 in state
38th of 70 in county
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 16457
- **population rank**: 161st of 565 in state
20th of 70 in county
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: 6625.2
- **population density rank**: 75th of 565 in state
23rd of 70 in county
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, Eastern (EDT)
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **elevation ft**: 85
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 07031
- **area code**: Area codes 201 and 551, 201
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 3400352320
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0885323
Holy Cross Cemetery, North Arlington

**Holy Cross Cemetery** is a cemetery in North Arlington, New Jersey, United States. Since its establishment in 1915, it has buried over 250,000 people. The cemetery operates under the supervision of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark.

## Infobox (_cemetery)

- **name**: Holy Cross Cemetery
- **country**: USA
- **location**: North Arlington, New Jersey
- **type**: Catholic
- **owner**: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark
- **graves**: 254,000 in 2002
- **website**: [http://www.rcan.org/cemeteries Holy Cross Cemetery]
EMI Latin

**EMI Televisa Music** or _EMI Latin_ and **EMI International** is a record company that specializes in Latin music. EMI Latin was founded in 1989, and Selena became the first artist to sign. Jose Behar was the former head of EMI Latin.

## Artists signed to this label

- J Balvin
- A.B. Quintanilla III
- Alejandra Guzman
- Aleks Syntek
- Anahí
- Bebe
- Belinda
- Enrique Bunbury
- Christian Chavez
- Diana Reyes

- Eiza González
- Flex
- Grupo Bryndis
- Jaguares
- Joey Montana
- Jotdog
- Juan Luis Guerra
- Los Claxons
- Macaco

- Moderatto
- PXNDX
- Paty Cantu
- Ricardo Montaner
- Selena
- Shaila Durcal
- Vicente Garcia
- Vico C
- Zoé

## Related pages

- List of record labels

## Infobox (record label)

- **parent**: EMI
- **genre**: Latin music
- **country**: United States
- **url**: [http://capitollatin.ning.com/ Capital Latin]
Harry Von der Horst

**Harry Von der Horst** (1850 or 1851, Baltimore, Maryland  - 1905) was an American businessman. He was an executive in Major League Baseball and a former owner of the Baltimore Orioles and Brooklyn Superbas. He was one of the principal founders and owners of the old 19th century Baltimore Orioles. He eventually sold the team, but remained as the club secretary until his death in 1905.

## Other websites

- Obituary
- Ned Hanlon biography mentioning Von der Horst
- Dodgers historical essay
Center field

A **center fielder**, abbreviated _CF_, is the outfielder in baseball who plays defense in **center field** – the baseball fielding position between left field and right field. In the numbering system used to record defensive plays, the center fielder is assigned the number 8.
Tom Daly (infielder)

**Thomas Peter Daly** (February 7, 1866, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania - October 29, 1938, in Brooklyn, New York) was a catcher and second baseman who played in the Major Leagues from 1887 to 1903. He played for the Chicago Cubs, Washington Nationals, Brooklyn Dodgers, Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Tom Daly
- **position**: Catcher/Second Baseman
- **bats**: Switch
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **death place**: Brooklyn, New York
- **debutdate**: April 30
- **debutyear**: 1887
- **debutteam**: Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Stockings
- **finaldate**: September 27
- **finalyear**: 1903
- **finalteam**: Cincinnati Reds
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .278
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 49
- **stat3label**: Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 811
- **stat4label**: Stolen bases
- **stat4value**: 385
- **teams**: * Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Stockings (1887-1888)
* Washington Nationals (1886-89), Washington Nationals (1889)
* Los Angeles Dodgers, Brooklyn Bridegrooms/Grooms/Superbas (1891-1901)
* Chicago White Sox (1902-1903)
* Cincinnati Reds (1903)
- **highlights**: * 1890, 1899, 1900 National League championship
LP record

An **LP record** (or **long-play record**) is a type of gramophone record. It is a 33⅓ rpm vinyl disc with little lines called grooves that go around the center. It is generally either 10- or 12-inches in diameter. They are played by a turntable. A turntable spins the record while a lever with a small needle on the bottom. The needle goes in between the little grooves.  When this happens, music is played.

The LP record was introduced by Colombia Records in 1948. It then became the new way the music industry released recordings. In the 1960s, cassettes were introduced. This was a cheaper way to record music and not hear the noise that came from the LP record. However, the LP record continued to be more popular until the 1970s when the compact disc was introduced.

The long-playing record is an analog recording format. The digital recording of sound was only made practical by the technical advances in microprocessors and computing which occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. LP's sound quality, it contains more distortion than many other modern music formats.

## Infobox (media)

- **name**: Long-play record
- **image**:
- **caption**: A 12-inch LP vinyl record
- **type**: Audio playback
- **encoding**: Analog grooves
- **capacity**: Typical 22-26 minutes per side;
2 sides
- **read**: Stylus
- **use**: Audio storage
- **dimensions**: 12 in (30 cm); 10 in (25 cm)
- **weight**: 90-200 grams
- **extended from**: 1948
Canadian Hot 100

The **Canadian Hot 100** is a music chart that ranks popular music. It is published on _Billboard_ magazine weekly. The Canadian Hot 100 ranks songs that have gained popularity in radio airplay in Canada. The Canadian Hot 100 is similar to the US Hot 100 chart. The Canadian Hot 100 ranks rock, country, adult contemporary and Top 40 genres.
Texas Monthly

**Texas Monthly** is a monthly magazine that is published in Texas. Texas Monthly was founded in 1973 by Michael R. Levy. Texas Monthly talks about life, music, politics, environment, industry and education in Texas. The magazine has over 300,000 subscribers and is read by 2,500,000 people monthly. The magazine also won ten "National Magazine Awards".

## References

- . Retrieved Apr. 13, 2005.
- _Texas Monthly_ Awards . Retrieved Apr. 13, 2005.

## Other websites

- TexasMonthly.com—Official site
- Texas Monthly Mobile
- Texas Monthly Archives at The Wittliff Collections of Southwestern Writers, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX
Dulce Amor (song)

"**Dulce Amor**" () is a song by the American singer Selena. The song was nominated "Song of the Year" at the 1989 Tejano Music Awards. Selena's brother, A.B. Quintanilla III had written the song. It was the lead single from _the album of the same name_ (1988). The songs lyrics are about a girl expressing her emotions about a guy she really loves. The song was mixed with Cumbia music and Jazz fusion.
Costumbres

"**Costumbres**" is a song by American singer Selena. The song was written by Juan Gabriel, a Mexican songwriter, who gave the rights to Selena to record. The song first appeared on _Dulce Amor_ (1988). It became a single off of _Siempre Selena_ (1996). The remix version is included in _Siempre Selena_.

## Chart performance

|Chart (1996)|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Latin Tracks|align="center"|15|
|U.S. _Billboard_ Latin Regional Mexican Airplay|align="center"|13|

## La India version

"**Costumbres**" is a song by Puerto Rican singer La India. She recorded the song as a tribute for Selena. It was included as a cover version on her album _Sobre el Fuego_. It peaked on the Hot Latin Tracks chart at number eight. La India also performed the song during the Selena ¡VIVE! tribute concert in 2005.

### Chart performance

|Chart (1998)|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Latin Tracks|align="center"|8|
|U.S. _Billboard_ Latin Tropical/Salsa Airplay|align="center"|4|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Costumbres
- **artist**: Selena
- **album**: Siempre Selena/Dulce Amor
- **released**: March 9, 1996
- **recorded**: September 1989
- **genre**: Latin music, Latin
- **label**: EMI Latin
- **writer**: Juan Gabriel
- **producer**: A.B. Quintanilla III
- **prev title**: No Quiero Saber
- **prev year**: 1996
- **next title**: A Boy Like That
- **next year**: 1997


## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Costumbres
- **artist**: La India
- **album**: Sobre el Fuego
- **released**: 1998
- **genre**: Latin music, Latin
- **label**: RMM
- **writer**: Juan Gabriel
- **prev title**: Mi Mayor Venganza
- **prev year**: 1997
- **next title**: The Power of Love (Jennifer Rush song), Si Tu Eres Mi Nombre
- **next year**: 1998
Sony Music Latin

**Sony Music Latin** is a record company that specializes in Latin music. It is owned by Sony Music Entertainment.

## List of artists on Sony Music Latin

- Alexis & Fido
- Ana Gabriel
- Banda Machos
- Calle 13
- Camila
- Chayanne
- Cumbre Norteña
- Da' Zoo
- Daddy Yankee
- Draco Rosa
- Dyland & Lenny
- Ednita Nazario
- El Canto Del Loco
- El Compa Chuy
- El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico
- Fito Paez
- Fey

- Franco De Vita
- Gerardo Ortiz
- Gilberto Santa Rosa
- Gustavo Cerati
- Ha*Ash
- Ian Tresidder
- Intocable
- Julieta Venegas
- Kalimba
- Kany Garcia
- La Quinta Estacion
- Lila Downs
- Los Originales De San Juan
- Los Pikadientes de Caborca
- Los Reyes De Arranque
- Marc Anthony
- Mennores
- NG2
- NOTA

- Noel Schajris
- Oscar D'León
- Pedro Capo
- Pitbull
- Playa Limbo
- Raphael
- Reik
- Ricky Martin
- Rocio Durcal
- Shakira
- Thalía
- Toby Love
- Vicente Fernandez
- Vicentico
- Voltio
- Yanni
- Yuridia

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official Facebook Page
- Official twitter

## Infobox (record label)

- **parent**: Sony Music Entertainment
- **founded**: 1980
- **distributor**: Self-Distributed
(In the US)
Sony Music Distribution
(Outside the US)
- **genre**: Latin music
- **country**: United States
- **location**: Miami, Florida
- **url**: http://www.sonymusiclatin.com/
Ranchera music

**Ranchera** is a Latin music genre. Ranchera is usually sung by one or more people with a guitar. It is popularized in Mexico. This type of music can be traced back to the Mexican Revolution. It is also similar to Mariachi music.

## Ranchera singers

- Miguel Aceves Mejía
- Antonio Aguilar
- Pepe Aguilar
- Lola Beltrán
- Rocío Dúrcal
- Alejandro Fernández
- Pedro Fernández
- Vicente Fernández
- Pedro Infante
- José Alfredo Jiménez

- Lorenzo de Monteclaro
- Jorge Negrete
- Lucha Reyes
- Cuco Sánchez
- Javier Solís
- Chavela Vargas
- Lucha Villa
- Yolanda Del Rio
- Aida Cuevas
- Selena

## References

- Brenner, H. (1996). _Música ranchera. Das mexikanische Äquivalent zur Country and Western Music aus historischer, musikalischer und kommerzieller Sicht_ (_Música ranchera: El equivalente mexicano de la música country y la música del Oeste_) (Musikethnologische Sammelbände 14). Foreword by Thomas Stanford. Tutzing: Verlag Hans Schneider, 1996 [].den suger balle

## Other websites

- Rancheras  - music
- Musical analysis
- Northern ranchera lyrics

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Ranchera
- **bgcolor**: darksalmon
- **color**: black
- **stylistic origins**: Mariachi
- **cultural origins**: México
- **instruments**: Guitar, Mexican vihuela, Vihuela, Trumpet, Violin, Guitarrón
- **popularity**: 1930–present
- **subgenres**: bolero ranchero, corrido, Narcocorrido
- **other topics**: Charro - Jarabe tapatío (also the name of a song) - Zapateado - Son Huasteco - Huapango - Mexican pop
Mariachi

**Mariachi** is a Latin music genre. It is popularized in Mexico and its culture. This type of music includes instruments such as the violin, trumpet, guitar, vihuela, guitarrón and sometimes a harp. Mariachi is sung and performed mostly in bands. However, some solo artists such as Selena and Alejandro Fernández have recorded and performed Mariachi songs.

## Mariachis and artists

- José Alfredo Jiménez
- Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán
- Jorge Negrete
- Pedro Infante
- Vicente Fernández
- Antonio Aguilar
- Pepe Aguilar
- Pedro Fernández
- Alejandro Fernández
- Ana Gabriel
- Chayito Valdez
- Miguel Aceves Mejía
- Tito Guízar
- Shaila Dúrcal
- Los Caballeros
- Selena
- Mariachi Mi Mexico

## Other websites

- _A Brief History on the Mariachi Tradition_
- _Mariachimusic.com Online_
- _Tucson's Ronstadt Family_
- "Mariachi Women"
- "Mariachi Directory"

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Mariachi
- **bgcolor**: darksalmon
- **color**: black
- **stylistic origins**: Son Jaliscience
- **cultural origins**: 18th century, Cocula, Jalisco
- **instruments**: Violin, Guitarrón mexicano, guitarrón, guitarra de golpe, Mexican vihuela, vihuela, guitar, trumpet, and occasionally a harp
- **subgenrelist**: List of Mariachi genres
- **subgenres**: Ranchera, Mariachi tradicional, Traditional
- regional_scenes
- **other topics**: Charro – Jarabe tapatío (also the name of a song)
Joseph Serchuk

**Joseph Serchuk** (1919 in Chełm - 6 November 1993) was the commander of the Jewish partisan unit in the Lublin area in Poland during the Holocaust. After the war, he testified at trials of Nazis and he received special recognition from the State of Israel.

## Biography

After his parents and other family members were killed in the ghetto in 1941, Joseph and his brother David were taken to Sobibor extermination camp.  After one day in the camp, he fled with his brother to the nearest forest and together with others fleeing he founded the core of the partisan group.  During the war, the group led by Jews who had escaped from the ghettos caught nearby and from Sobibor. The group also included the writer Dov Freiberg.

After the war, Joseph took part in locating fleeing Nazi war criminals in Europe, and served as a witness in the Nuremberg Trials. Then he returned to Poland and applied to emigrate to Israel, but was declined.

In 1950, Serchuk obtained a passport and went to Israel.  Immediately upon arrival in Israel, he was drafted as a soldier in the army. After service, he married, settled in Yad Eliyahu in Tel Aviv and began business industry and entrepreneurship.

Over the years, Serchuk went to Europe several times to testify in the trials of Nazi war criminals. In one, the trial of Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer, he was the only prosecution witness.  After Raschendorfer was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, Serchuk was awarded a special award from Nazi Crimes Investigation Department of the Israel Police.

In 1967, Levi Eshkol, the Israeli Prime Minister, gave him the Fighters against Nazis Medal, and in 1968 he received in addition the State Fighters Medal.

He saw the establishment and strengthening of the Israel Defense Forces and the State of Israel and the Jewish birthrate - his revenge against the Nazis who slaughtered all of his extended family.

Joseph Serchuk died in 1993 in Tel Aviv at age 74.  He was married, and left behind nine children and more than one hundred grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

## Further reading

- Dov Freiberg, To Survive Sobibor, New York, 2007.
- Dov Freiberg, A Journey To The Past With Dekel Shibolim, Ramla, 1993.
- Dov Freiberg, A Man as Any Other, Ramla, 1996.
- Mark Paul: _Polish-Jewish Relations in Wartime Northeastern Poland and the Aftermath_  PEFINA Press, Toronto 2008

## Other websites

- About Oberscharführer Hugo Raschendorfer and his sentence
- Joseph Serchuk at Organization of Partisans Underground Fighters and Ghetto Rebels  (Hebrew)
Fishmonger

A **fishmonger** is someone who sells fish and seafood. Fishmongers can be wholesalers or retailers. In many places there are fewer fishmongers than there used to be. Supermarkets have often replaced independent seafood sellers. Female fishmongers used to have a separate name, **fishwife**.

__TOC__

## Worshipful Company of Fishmongers

The fishmongers guild was started in the City of London by a Royal Charter from Edward I soon after he became king in 1272. Guild members could not have foreign partners. Selling fish was tightly controlled to make sure it was fresh and to keep profits low. However, the guild grew rich. After Edward's victory over the Scots, they put on a great show, including one thousand mounted knights.

While Edward II was king, the fishmongers lost political power. Parliament made a rule that a fishmonger could not become mayor of the city.  This rule was soon canceled, though. The fishmongers guild became richer so that while Edward III was king the guild could give £40 to the war against the French. This was a large amount of money at that time.

The guild was then reformed as the _Mystery of the Fishmongers of London_.  They were the only ones allowed to advertise or sell fish. They also regulated catching fish in the Thames. The river had many fish such as salmon at that time. The guild still continues today as one of the Great Twelve City Livery Companies.

## Fishmongers in culture

Some believe that the word fishmonger in Shakespeare's _Hamlet_ was  a euphemism for a "fleshmonger," or pimp.

In the English translation of the Asterix series, the village fishmonger is called Unhygienix.
In the film _The Beach_, the island's chef has only fish for meat, and is named Unhygienix after to the Asterix character.

Charles Fort included the story of the Mad Fishmonger or "St. Fishmonger" in his book _Lo!_ According to the story St. Fishmonger made crabs and periwinkles fall from the sky. The story later appears in the _Schrödinger's Cat Trilogy_ by Robert Anton Wilson.

Dr. Ahmed Fishmonger is a writer and artist active in the Church of the Subgenius.

In many countries, the fishwife had a reputation for speaking boldly. In Medieval France, fishwives in Paris were allowed to speak honestly and directly to the King himself when he went into the marketplace. They could be critical without fear of punishment.

## Historic fishmongers

- Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian Anarchist executed in 1927 following a controversial American trial
- Dolly Peel
- Dolly Pentreath the last native speaker of Cornish
- Marretje Arents
- Molly Malone
Deep frying

**Deep frying** is a way of cooking food by putting it in hot oil or fat. Deep frying cooks food very quickly. Deep frying is popular in the United Kingdom - one dish popular in the United Kingdom is fish and chips.

## Technique

If done well, deep-frying does not make food too greasy, because the moisture in the food repels the oil. The hot oil heats the water in the food, steaming it from the inside out. The water vapor pushes the bubbles toward the surface of the oil. As long as the oil is hot enough and the food is not in the oil for too long, oil will only enter the surface of the food. However, if the food is cooked in the oil for too long, much of the water will be lost and the oil will begin to penetrate the food. The correct frying temperature depends on the thickness and type of food, but is usually between 175 and 190 °C (345–375 °F).

Some fried foods are given a coating of batter or breading prior to frying. This makes the outside of the food crispy and browned, while the inside becomes tender, moist, and steamed. Some foods – such as potatoes or whole, skin-on poultry – have a natural coating and do not require breading or battering.

## Disadvantages

Deep frying makes large amounts of waste oil. Getting rid of the oil properly may be a problem. Waste oil is increasingly being recycled into biodiesel.

Some deep fry shortenings have trans fat.

Cooking oil can burn well  and may catch fire if it is used at too high a temperature. Trying to put out an oil fire with water makes the fire worse. Instead, oil fires must be put out with a fire extinguisher or by smothering.

## Related pages

- French fried potatoes
Corruption Perceptions Index

The **Corruption Perceptions Index** is an list that ranks how corrupt certain countries are, using a score. The 2024 index lists Denmark as the least corrupt country with a score of 90, while South Sudan is listed as the most corrupt country with a score of 8. All the information on this page is from Transparency International.

## 2010 (Top 30)

|Rank|Nation|2013|2012|2011|2010|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Denmark|9.1|9.0|9.4|9.3|
|2|New Zealand|9.1|9.0|9.5|9.3|
|3|Finland|8.9|9.0|9.4|9.2|
|4|Sweden|8.9|8.8|9.3|9.2|
|5|Singapore|8.6|8.7|9.2|9.3|
|6|Norway|8.6|8.5|9.0|8.6|
|7|Netherlands|8.3|8.4|8.9|8.8|
|8|Switzerland|8.5|8.6|8.8|8.7|
|8|Australia|8.1|8.5|8.8|8.7|
|10|Canada|8.1|8.4|8.7|8.9|
|11|Iceland|7.8|8.2|8.3|8.5|
|12|Luxembourg|8.0|8.0|8.5|8.5|
|13|Hong Kong||8.4|||
|14|Ireland||8.0|||
|15|Austria||7.9|||
|16|Germany|7.8|7.9|8.0|7.9|
|17|Barbados|7.5|7.5|7.6|7.8|
|18|Japan||7.8|||
|19|Qatar||7.7|||
|20|United Kingdom||7.6|||
|21|Chile||7.2|||
|22|Belgium||7.1|||
|23|United States||7.1|||
|24|Uruguay||6.9|||
|25|France||6.8|||
|26|Estonia||6.5|||
|27|Slovenia||6.4|||
|28|Cyprus||6.3|||
|29|United Arab Emirates||6.3|||
|30|Israel||6.1|||

### The Least Corrupt Country by Year

|Year|Nation|
| --- | --- |
|2013|Denmark New Zealand|
|2012|Denmark **Finland** New Zealand|
|2011|New Zealand|
|2010|Denmark|
|2009|New Zealand|
|2008|Denmark|
|2007|Denmark|
|2006|**Finland**|
|2005|Iceland|
|2004|**Finland**|
|2003|**Finland**|
|2002|**Finland**|
|2001|**Finland**|
|2000|**Finland**|
|1999|Denmark|
|1998|Denmark|

<small>_* The nation in bold is the nation with the most titles._</small>

### The Most Corrupt Country by Year

|Year|Nation|
| --- | --- |
|2013|Afghanistan North Korea **Somalia**|
|2012|Afghanistan North Korea **Somalia**|
|2011|**Somalia**|
|2010|**Somalia**|
|2009|**Somalia**|
|2008|**Somalia**|
|2007|**Democratic Republic of the Congo**|
|2006|Haiti|
|2005|Chad|
|2004|Haiti|
|2003|Bangladesh|
|2002|Bangladesh|
|2001|Bangladesh|
|2000|Nigeria|
|1999|Cameroon|
|1998|Cameroon|
<small>_* The nation in bold is the nation with the most titles._</small>
Newhall, California

**Newhall** is the southernmost district  of Santa Clarita, California. It is the oldest district of Santa Clarita. Before 1987, Newhall was an independent but unincorporated town.  It was the first permanent Anglo settlement in the valley.

It is named after businessman Henry Newhall. Newhall is home to the William S. Hart County Park. It has tours of the famous silent movie maker's mansion. Over the years, Newhall has been the location for many movies, including _Suddenly_ (1954) and Disney's _The World's Greatest Athlete_ (1973).

## Other websites

- Santa Clarita Guide - An Official Guide to the Santa Clarita Valley
- (Photos, text, TV shows)
Superacid

A **superacid** is an acid with an acidity greater than that of 100% pure sulfuric acid. According to the modern definition, a superacid has a chemical potential of the proton higher than that of pure sulfuric acid.

Chemists use strong acids to break down other molecules. Some molecules are so strong (held together with strong chemical bonds) that they resist attack by common acids. Superacids can break down molecules that stand up to most other acids.

Commercially available superacids include trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF<sub>3</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>H), also known as triflic acid, and fluorosulfonic acid (FSO<sub>3</sub>H). Both superacids are about a thousand times stronger (that is, have more negative _H_<sub>0</sub> values) than sulfuric acid. The strongest superacids are prepared by the combination of two components, a strong Lewis acid and a strong Brønsted acid. The strongest known superacid is fluoroantimonic acid.

## Related pages

- Superbase
Andrea Libman

**Andrea Eva Libman** (born July 19, 1984 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian voice actress, television writer and singer who is best known for voicing Chi-Chi in _Dragon Ball_, Emmy in _Dragon Tales_, Pinkie Pie and Fluttershy in _My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic_, and Peppermint in _Kate's Place_. She also made on-screen appearances in the television shows _Highlander: The Series_, _Susie Q_, _The Lotus Eaters_, and _Lyddie_.

## Other websites

- Andrea Libman at the Internet Movie Database