juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Louis-Eugène Cavaignac

**Louis-Eugène Cavaignac** (; 15 October 1802 in Paris – 28 October 1857) was a French general. He was Chief of the Executive Power between June 1848 to December 1848. He also was Prime Minister of France at the same time.

Cavaignac was notorious for his brutal suppression of a workers’ uprising in 1848, which led to the deaths and executions of thousands of people. Ironically, despite his crushing of the worker insurgents, and his hostility to the socialists, Cavaignac nevertheless understood the plight of the workers. Under his government numerous interventionist economic measures and social reforms were carried out.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
- **image**: Louis Eugène Cavaignac MdesA 2014.jpg
- **office**: President of France, Chief of the Executive Power
- **term start**: 28 June 1848
- **term end**: 20 December 1848
- **predecessor**: François Arago

- **successor**: Napoleon III of France, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte

- **office1**: Prime Minister of France
- **term start1**: 28 June 1848
- **term end1**: 20 December 1848
- **predecessor1**: François Arago
- **successor1**: Odilon Barrot
- **office2**: Minister of Defence (France), Minister of War
- **term start2**: 17 May 1848
- **term end2**: 29 June 1848
- **president2**: French Executive Commission (1848), Executive Commission
- **primeminister2**: François Arago
- **predecessor2**: Jean-Baptiste-Adolphe Charras
- **successor2**: Juchault de Lamoricière
- **term start3**: 20 March 1848
- **term end3**: 5 April 1848
- **president3**: Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques Dupont de l’Eure
- **primeminister3**: Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques Dupont de l’Eure
- **predecessor3**: Jacques Gervais Subervie
- **successor3**: François Arago
- **office4**: List of colonial heads of Algeria, Governor of Algeria
- **term start4**: 24 February 1848
- **term end4**: 29 April 1848
- **president4**: Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques Dupont de l’Eure
- **primeminister4**: Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure, Jacques Dupont de l’Eure
- **predecessor4**: Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale, Henri d'Orléans
- **successor4**: Nicolas Changarnier
- **birth date**: 15 October 1802
- **birth place**: Paris, French First Republic, French Republic
- **death place**: Flée, Sarthe, Ourne, Sarthe (department), Sarthe, French Second Empire, French Empire
- **party**: Moderate Republicans (France), Moderate Republican
- **signature**: Signatur Louis-Eugène Cavaignac.PNG
Louis-Jules Trochu

**Louis-Jules Trochu** (; 12 March 18157 October 1896) was a French military leader and politician. He served as President of the Government of National Defense—France's _de facto_ head of state—from 4 September 1870 until his resignation on 22 January 1871.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Louis-Jules Trochu
- **image**: Louis Jules Trochu.jpg
- **office**: Interim President of the French Republic, French Head of State
<small>List of Prime Ministers of France, 26th Prime Minister of France</small>
- **term start**: 4 September 1870
- **term end**: 13 February 1871
- **predecessor**: Emperor Napoleon III#President of the French Republic, Napoleon III (Head of State)

Charles Cousin-Montauban, Comte de Palikao, Charles Cousin-Montauban (Prime Minister)
- **successor**: Adolphe Thiers (French Third Republic, President of France)
Jules Dufaure (Chief of Government)
- **birth place**: Le Palais, France
- **death place**: Tours, France
- **nationality**: French nationality law, French
Patrice de MacMahon

**Patrice de MacMahon, 6th Marquess of MacMahon, 1st Duke of Magenta** (; born Marie Edme Patrice Maurice; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893), was a French general and politician. He was Chief of State of France from 1873 to 1875 and as President of France, from 1875 to 1879.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Patrice de MacMahon
- **office**: President of France
- **honorific-prefix**: Count – The Duke of Magenta
- **honorific-suffix**: Marshal of France, M.F., Legion of Honour, 5 L.H & Legion of Honour, G.M. , Medaille Militaire, M.M
- **image**:
- **caption**: Official Portrait of Marshal de MacMahon, President of the Republic
- **predecessor**: Adolphe Thiers
- **primeminister**: Albert, 4th duc de Broglie, Albert de Broglie
Ernest Courtot de Cissey
Louis Buffet
Jules Armand Dufaure
Jules Simon
Albert, 4th duc de Broglie, Albert de Broglie
Gaëtan de Rochebouët
Jules Armand Dufaure
- **successor**: Jules Grévy
- **monarch2**: Napoleon III
- **office2**: Senate (France), Member of the French Senate
- **party**: Miscellaneous right (Legitimist)
- **monarch1**: Napoleon III
- **office1**: List of colonial heads of Algeria, Governor General of Algiers
- **predecessor1**: Édmond de Martimprey
- **successor1**: François Louis Alfred Durrieu, Louis Durrieu
- **birth place**: Sully, Saône-et-Loire, Sully, First French Empire, France
- **death place**: Montcresson, French Third Republic, France
- **nationality**: French nationality law, French
- **spouse**: ; his death
- **children**:
(1855–1927)
Eugene de Mac Mahon
(1857–1907)

(1859–1930)
Marie de Mac Mahon
(1863–1954)
Countess de Pinnes
- **profession**: Military officer
- **allegiance**: / Bourbon Restoration
 Second French Republic

- **branch**: French Army
- **serviceyears**: 1827–1873
- **rank**: Ranks in the French Army, Captain
Ranks in the French Army, Commandant
Ranks in the French Army, Lieutenant colonel
General
Ranks in the French Army, Marshal of France
- **unit**:  French Foreign Legion
Lt. colonel
2nd Foreign Infantry Regiment, 2nd Foreign Legion Regiment
Origins of the French Foreign Legion, 2<sup>ème</sup> R.E.L.E/History of the 2nd Foreign Regiment, 2<sup>e</sup> RE
(1843–1845)
Commander Army of the Rhine (1870), I Army Corps
Army of the Rhin (1870)
Commander-in-Chief
Army of Châlons (1870)
- **battles**: **French conquest of Algeria, Conquest of Algeria** (1827–1857)
* Siege of Constantine (1837)
**Crimean War** (1853–1856)
* Battle of Malakoff (1855)
**Second Italian War of Independence, Franco-Austrian War** (1859)
* Battle of Magenta (1859)
**Franco-Prussian War** (1870–1871)
* Battle of Wörth (1870)
* Battle of Sedan (1870)
**Paris Commune** (1871)
- **term start**: 24 May 1873
- **term end**: 30 January 1879
- **term start1**: 1 September 1864
- **term end1**: 27 July 1870
- **term start2**: 24 June 1864
- **term end2**: 4 September 1870
- **education**: École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr, Special Military School of Saint-Cyr
Jules Grévy

**François Judith Paul Grévy** (; 15 August 1807 – 9 September 1891) was President of France from 1879 to 1887, and one of the leaders of the Opportunist Republican faction.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jules Grévy
- **image**: Portrait Jules Grévy.jpg
- **office1**: President of France
- **term start1**: 30 January 1879
- **term end1**: 2 December 1887
- **primeminister1**: Jules Armand Dufaure
William Henry Waddington
Charles de Freycinet
Jules Ferry
Léon Gambetta
Charles de Freycinet
Charles Duclerc
Armand Fallières
Jules Ferry
Henri Brisson
Charles de Freycinet
René Goblet
Maurice Rouvier
- **predecessor1**: Patrice de MacMahon
- **successor1**: Marie François Sadi Carnot
- **birth date**: 15 August 1807
- **birth place**: Mont-sous-Vaudrey, France
- **death date**: 9 September 1891 (aged 84)
- **death place**: Mont-sous-Vaudrey, France
- **party**: Opportunist Republican, Moderate Republican
- **alma mater**: University of Paris
Félix Faure

**Félix François Faure** (30 January 1841 – 16 February 1899) was President of France from 1895 until his death in 1899.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Félix Faure
- **image**: Felix Faure.jpg
- **party**: Opportunist Republicans, Moderate Republicans
- **office1**: President of France
- **predecessor1**: Jean Casimir-Perier
- **primeminister1**: Charles Dupuy
Alexandre Ribot
Léon Bourgeois
Jules Méline
Henri Brisson
Charles Dupuy
- **successor1**: Émile Loubet
- **birth name**: Félix François Faure
- **birth date**: 30 January 1841
- **birth place**: Paris, July Monarchy, France
- **death date**: 16 February 1899 (aged 58)
- **death place**: Paris, French Third Republic, France
- **term start1**: 17 January 1895
- **term end1**: 16 February 1899
Émile Loubet

**Émile François Loubet** (; 30 December 183820 December 1929) was the 45th Prime Minister of France and later President of France. He was involved in the 1899-1901 Boxer Rebellion and was President of France from 1899-1906 .

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Émile Loubet
- **image**: Émile Loubet.jpg
- **caption**: Émile Loubet, c. 1900.
- **office2**: Prime Minister of France
- **predecessor2**: Charles de Freycinet
- **president2**: Marie François Sadi Carnot
- **successor2**: Alexandre Ribot
- **party**: Democratic Republican Alliance
- **office1**: President of France
- **predecessor1**: Félix Faure
- **primeminister1**: Charles Dupuy
Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
Émile Combes
Maurice Rouvier
- **successor1**: Armand Fallières
- **birth place**: Marsanne, Drôme, Marsanne, July Monarchy, France
- **death place**: Montélimar, French Third Republic, France
- **nationality**: French nationality law, French
- **alma mater**: University of Paris
- **spouse**: ; her death
- **term start1**: 18 February 1899
- **term end1**: 18 February 1906
- **term start2**: 27 February 1892
- **term end2**: 6 December 1892
Armand Fallières

**Clément Armand Fallières** (; 6 November 1841 – 22 June 1931) was a French statesman who was President of France from 1906 to 1913.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Armand Fallières
- **image**: Armand Fallières Paris.jpg
- **office2**: Prime Minister of France
- **predecessor2**: Charles Duclerc
- **president2**: Jules Grévy
- **successor2**: Jules Ferry
- **party**: Democratic Republican Alliance
- **office1**: President of France
- **predecessor1**: Émile Loubet
- **primeminister1**: Maurice Rouvier
Ferdinand Sarrien
Georges Clemenceau
Aristide Briand
Ernest Monis
Joseph Caillaux
Raymond Poincaré
Aristide Briand
- **successor1**: Raymond Poincaré
- **birth date**: 6 November 1841
- **birth place**: Mézin, July Monarchy, France
- **death date**: 22 June 1931 (aged 89)
- **death place**: Lannes, French Third Republic, France
- **alma mater**: University of Paris
- **term start1**: 18 February 1906
- **term end1**: 18 February 1913
- **term start2**: 29 January 1883
- **term end2**: 21 February 1883
Paul Deschanel

**Paul Eugène Louis Deschanel** (; 13 February 1855 28 April 1922) was a French statesman. He was President of France from 18 February to 21 September 1920.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Paul Deschanel
- **image**: Portrait officiel P. Deschanel.jpg
- **party**: Democratic Republican Alliance
- **office1**: President of France
- **predecessor1**: Raymond Poincaré
- **primeminister1**: Alexandre Millerand
- **successor1**: Alexandre Millerand
- **birth date**: 13 February 1855
- **birth place**: Schaerbeek, Belgium
- **death date**: 28 April 1922 (aged 67)
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **term start1**: 18 February 1920
- **term end1**: 21 September 1920
- **alma mater**: University of Paris
Alexandre Millerand

**Alexandre Millerand** (;  – ) was a French politician. He was Prime Minister of France from 20 January to 23 September 1920 and President of France from 23 September 1920 to 11 June 1924.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alexandre Millerand
- **image**: Alexandre Millerand (cropped).jpg
- **office1**: President of France
- **term start1**: 23 September 1920
- **term end1**: 11 June 1924
<small>Acting: 21 September 1920 – 23 September 1920</small>
- **primeminister1**: Georges Leygues,
Aristide Briand,
Raymond Poincaré,
Frédéric François-Marsal
- **predecessor1**: Paul Deschanel
- **successor1**: Gaston Doumergue
- **office2**: Prime Minister of France
- **president2**: Raymond Poincaré,
Paul Deschanel
- **term start2**: 20 January 1920
- **term end2**: 24 September 1920
- **predecessor2**: Georges Clemenceau
- **successor2**: Georges Leygues
- **office3**: Minister of Defence (France), Minister of War
- **primeminister3**: René Viviani
- **term start3**: 26 August 1914
- **term end3**: 29 October 1915
- **predecessor3**: Adolphe Messimy
- **successor3**: Joseph Gallieni
- **primeminister4**: Raymond Poincaré
- **term start4**: 14 January 1912
- **term end4**: 12 January 1913
- **predecessor4**: Adolphe Messimy
- **successor4**: Albert Lebrun
- **office5**: Minister of Commerce (France), Minister of Commerce, Industry, Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones, Posts and Telegraphs
- **primeminister5**: Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau
- **term start5**: :fr:Paul Delombre, Paul Delombre
- **term end5**: Georges Trouillot
- **office6**: Senate (France), Member of the Senate
- **term start6**: 5 April 1925
- **term end6**: 10 July 1940
- **constituency6**: Seine (department), Seine
Orne
- **office7**: Chamber of Deputies (France), Member of the Chamber of Deputies
- **term start7**: 4 October 1885
- **term end7**: 23 September 1920
- **constituency7**: Seine (department), Seine
- **birth place**: Paris, Second French Empire, France
- **death place**: Versailles (city), Versailles, German military administration in occupied France during World War II, Occupied France
- **party**: French Socialist Party (1902), French Socialist Party

Republican-Socialist Party

Miscellaneous Right, Independent

- **children**: Jean
Alice
Jacques
Marthe
- **alma mater**: University of Paris
- **profession**: Lawyer, journalist
Gaston Doumergue

**Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue** (; 1 August 1863 18 June 1937) was a French politician. He was the President of France from 1924 to 1931.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Gaston Doumergue
- **image**: Gaston Doumergue 1924.jpg
- **caption**: Doumergue in 1924, as the Grand Master of the Legion of Honour
- **office1**: President of France
- **term start1**: 13 June 1924
- **term end1**: 13 June 1931
- **predecessor1**: Alexandre Millerand
- **successor1**: Paul Doumer
- **office2**: Prime Minister of France
- **term start2**: 9 February 1934
- **term end2**: 8 November 1934
- **president2**: Albert François Lebrun
- **predecessor2**: Édouard Daladier
- **successor2**: Pierre-Étienne Flandin
- **term start3**: 9 December 1913
- **term end3**: 9 June 1914
- **president3**: Raymond Poincaré
- **predecessor3**: Louis Barthou
- **successor3**: Alexandre Ribot
- **birth name**: Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue
- **birth date**: 1 August 1863
- **birth place**: Aigues-Vives, Gard, Aigues-Vives, Second French Empire, France
- **death place**: Aigues-Vives, Gard, Aigues-Vives, French Third Republic, France
- **alma mater**: University of Paris
- **party**: Radical Party (France), Radical Party
Paul Doumer

**Joseph Athanase Doumer**, commonly known as **Paul Doumer** (; 22 March 18577 May 1932), was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination on 7 May 1932. At the age of 74, he is the oldest person elected president.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Paul Doumer
- **image**: Paul-Doumer.jpg
- **caption**: Doumer in 1931
- **office1**: President of France
- **term start1**: 13 June 1931
- **term end1**: 7 May 1932
- **predecessor1**: Gaston Doumergue
- **primeminister1**: Pierre Laval
André Tardieu
- **successor1**: Albert Lebrun
- **office2**: List of Governors-General of French Indochina, Governor-General of French Indochina
- **term start2**: 13 February 1897
- **term end2**: 14 March 1902
- **predecessor2**: Armand Rousseau
- **successor2**: Paul Beau
- **birth date**: 22 March 1857
- **birth place**: Aurillac, Second French Empire, France
- **death place**: Paris, French Third Republic, France
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent
- **alma mater**: University of Paris
Conservatoire national des arts et métiers
Ruth Williams Khama

**Ruth Williams Khama** is the first first lady of the Republic of Botswana since it gained its independence in 1966. She was a British citizen. Her love life with the first president of Botswana, Sir Seretse Khama was filled with controversies. They got kicked out of the country because the bangwato tribe believed Khama broke the laws by marrying a white woman. Controversies spiked because the bangwato had grudges over the whites, claiming they were killers and manipulators.

With many negotiations, the Khamas, Ruth and Seretse were able to return and eventually became the first president and first lady of Botswana.
Albert Lebrun

**Albert François Lebrun** (; 29 August 1871 – 6 March 1950) was a French politician. He was the President of France from 1932 to 1940. He was the last president of the Third Republic.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Albert Lebrun
- **image**: Albert Lebrun 1932 (2).jpg
- **caption**: Lebrun in 1932
- **office2**: List of presidents of the Senate of France, President of the Senate
- **predecessor2**: Paul Doumer
- **successor2**: Jules Jeanneney
- **party**: Democratic Republican Alliance
- **office1**: President of France
- **predecessor1**: Paul Doumer
- **successor1**: Philippe Pétain
- **birth date**: 29 August 2024
- **birth place**: Mercy-le-Haut, French Third Republic, France
- **death date**: 6 March 1950
 (aged 78)
- **death place**: 16th arrondissement of Paris, French Fourth Republic, France
- **death cause**: COVID-19
- **spouse**: Marguerite Lebrun, Marguerite Nivoit
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: École Polytechnique
École des Mines de Paris
- **term start1**: 10 May 2030
- **term end1**: 11 July 1940
- **term start2**: 11 June 2034
- **term end2**: 10 May 2034
Félix Gouin

**Félix Gouin** (; 4 October 1884 – 25 October 1977) was a French Socialist politician who was a member of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO).

## Honours and awards

- Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur
- Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Felix Gouin
- **order**: Chair of the Provisional Government of the French Republic
- **nationality**: French
- **image**: Félix Gouin député SFIO 1936.jpg
- **term start**: 26 January 1946
- **term end**: 24 June 1946
- **predecessor**: Charles de Gaulle
- **successor**: Georges Bidault
- **deputy**: Maurice Thorez
Francisque Gay
- **order2**: List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France, President of the Constituent National Assembly
- **term start2**: 8 November 1945
- **term end2**: 22 January 1946
- **president2**: Charles de Gaulle
- **predecessor2**: Édouard Herriot (1940)
- **successor2**: Vincent Auriol
- **order3**: List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France, President of the Consultative Assembly
- **term start3**: 9 November 1943
- **term end3**: 8 November 1945
- **birth place**: Peypin, French Third Republic, France
- **death place**: Nice, France
- **party**: Socialist Party (France), Socialist
- **otherparty**: French Section of the Workers' International, SFIO
Georges Bidault

**Georges-Augustin Bidault** (; 5 October 189927 January 1983) was a French politician. During World War II, he was active in the French Resistance. From 1949 to 1950, he was the Prime Minister of France.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Georges Bidault
- **image**: Georges Bidault.jpg
- **order**: Chair of the Provisional Government of the French Republic
- **term start**: 24 June 1946
- **term end**: 16 December 1946
- **predecessor**: Félix Gouin
- **office1**: Prime Minister of France
- **term start1**: 28 October 1949
- **term end1**: 2 July 1950
- **president1**: Vincent Auriol
- **predecessor1**: Henri Queuille
- **successor1**: Henri Queuille
- **birth place**: Moulins, Allier, Moulins, French Third Republic, France
- **death place**: Cambo-les-Bains, France
- **nationality**: French people, French
- **occupation**: Teacher, Politician
- **party**: Popular Republican Movement
Vincent Auriol

**Vincent Jules Auriol** (; 27 August 1884 – 1 January 1966) was a French politician. He was President of France from 1947 to 1954.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: _His Excellency_
- **honorific suffix**: _The President of France_
- **name**: Vincent Auriol
- **image**: Portrait officiel Vincent Auriol (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Auriol in 1947
- **office2**: List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France, President of the National Assembly

- **predecessor2**: Félix Gouin
- **successor2**: Édouard Herriot
- **party**: French Section of the Workers' International
- **1namedata1**: Léon Blum
Paul Ramadier
Robert Schuman
André Marie
Henri Queuille
Georges Bidault
René Pleven
Edgar Faure
Antoine Pinay
René Mayer
Joseph Laniel
- **office1**: President of France
- **predecessor1**: Albert Lebrun
- **successor1**: René Coty
- **birth place**: Revel, Haute-Garonne, Revel, French Third Republic, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **alma mater**: Toulouse 1 University Capitole
- **term start1**: 16 January 1947
- **term end1**: 16 January 1954
- **term start2**: 31 January 1946
- **term end2**: 21 January 1947
Léon Blum

**André Léon Blum** (; 9 April 1872 – 30 March 1950) was a French socialist politician and three-time Prime Minister.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Léon Blum
- **image**: Léon Blum.jpg
- **caption**: Blum in 1936
- **birth name**: André Léon Blum
- **birth date**: 9 April 1872
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death date**: 30 March 1950 (aged 77)
- **death place**: Jouy-en-Josas, France
- **office**: Prime Minister of France
- **term start**: 16 December 1946
- **term end**: 22 January 1947
- **president**: Vincent Auriol
- **predecessor**: Georges Bidault
- **successor**: Paul Ramadier
- **term start2**: 13 March 1938
- **term end2**: 10 April 1938
- **deputy2**: Édouard Daladier
- **president2**: Albert Lebrun
- **predecessor2**: Camille Chautemps
- **successor2**: Édouard Daladier
- **term start3**: 4 June 1936
- **term end3**: 22 June 1937
- **deputy3**: Édouard Daladier
- **president3**: Albert Lebrun
- **predecessor3**: Albert Sarraut
- **successor3**: Camille Chautemps
- **order4**: Cabinet of France, Deputy Prime Minister of France
- **term start4**: 28 July 1948
- **term end4**: 5 September 1948
- **president4**: Vincent Auriol
- **primeminister4**: André Marie
- **predecessor4**: Vacant
- **successor4**: André Marie
- **term start5**: 29 June 1937
- **term end5**: 18 January 1938
- **president5**: Albert Lebrun
- **primeminister5**: Camille Chautemps
- **predecessor5**: Édouard Daladier
- **successor5**: Édouard Daladier
- **party**: French Section of the Workers' International
René Coty

**Jules Gustave René Coty** (; 20 March 188222 November 1962) was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president of the Fourth French Republic.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: _His Excellency_
- **honorific suffix**: _The President of France, French President_
- **name**: René Coty
- **image**: René Coty - 1954.jpg
- **caption**: René Coty in 1954
- **party**: Radical Party (France), Radical-Socialist Party

Democratic Republican Alliance, Democratic Alliance

Independent politician, Independent

National Centre of Independents and Peasants

- **office1**: President of France
- **predecessor1**: Vincent Auriol
- **primeminister1**: Joseph Laniel
Pierre Mendes-France
Edgar Faure
Guy Mollet
Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury
Félix Gaillard
Pierre Pflimlin
Charles de Gaulle
- **successor1**: Charles de Gaulle
- **birth name**: Jules Gustave René Coty
- **birth place**: Le Havre, French Third Republic, France
- **death place**: Le Havre, France
- **nationality**: French nationality law, French
- **spouse**: ; her death
- **children**: Geneviève
Anne-Marie
- **alma mater**: University of Caen Normandy
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **allegiance**: French Third Republic, France
- **branch**: French Army
- **serviceyears**: 1914–1918
- **rank**: Soldier
- **unit**: 129th Infantry Regiment
- **battles**: **World War I**:
* Battle of Verdun (1916)
- **awards**: Legion of Honour
- **term start1**: 16 January 1954
- **term end1**: 8 January 1959
- **office2**: Senate (France), Member of the Senate
- **term start2**: 7 November 1948
- **term end2**: 23 December 1953
- **constituency2**: Seine-Maritime
- **term start3**: 14 January 1936
- **term end3**: 1 January 1944
- **constituency3**: Seine-Maritime
- **office4**: Minister of Reconstruction and Urban Development
- **primeminister4**: Robert Schuman
André Marie
- **term start4**: 24 November 1947
- **term end4**: 7 September 1948
- **predecessor4**: Jean Letourneau
- **successor4**: Eugène Claudius-Petit
- **office5**: National Assembly (France), Member of the National Assembly
- **term start5**: 21 October 1945
- **term end5**: 19 November 1948
- **constituency5**: Seine-Maritime
- **term start6**: 10 June 1923
- **term end6**: 31 May 1935
- **constituency6**: Seine-Maritime
Pierre Werner

**Pierre Werner** (29 December 1913 – 24 June 2002) was a Luxembourgian politician in the Christian Social People's Party (CSV) who was the 18th Prime Minister from 1959 to 1974 and from 1979 to 1984.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Pierre Werner
- **image**: Pierre Werner 204g.jpg
- **office1**: 18th List of Prime Ministers of Luxembourg, Prime Minister of Luxembourg
- **term start1**: 16 July 1979
- **term end1**: 20 July 1984
- **monarch1**: Jean, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Jean
- **predecessor1**: Gaston Thorn
- **successor1**: Jacques Santer
- **term start2**: 2 March 1959
- **term end2**: 15 June 1974
- **monarch2**: Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg, Charlotte
 Jean
- **predecessor2**: Pierre Frieden
- **successor2**: Gaston Thorn
- **office3**: List of Ministers for Finances of Luxembourg, Minister of Finances
- **term start3**: 23 December 1953
- **term end3**: 15 June 1974
- **primeminister3**: Joseph Bech
 Pierre Frieden
 _Himself_
- **predecessor3**: Pierre Dupong
- **successor3**: Raymond Vouel
- **office4**: List of Ministers for Justice of Luxembourg, Minister of Justice
- **term start4**: 2 March 1959
- **term end4**: 3 January 1967
- **primeminister4**: _Himself_
- **predecessor4**: Victor Bodson
- **successor4**: Jean Dupong
- **office5**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Luxembourg), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start5**: 15 July 1964
- **term end5**: 3 January 1967
- **primeminister5**: _Himself_
- **predecessor5**: Eugène Schaus
- **successor5**: Pierre Grégoire
- **office6**: List of Ministers for Defence of Luxembourg, Minister of Defence
- **term start6**: 23 December 1953
- **term end6**: 2 March 1959
- **primeminister6**: Joseph Bech
 Pierre Frieden
- **predecessor6**: Joseph Bech
- **successor6**: Eugène Schaus
- **birth place**: Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
- **death place**: Luxembourg (city), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- **party**: Christian Social People's Party, Christian Social People's
Viktor Klima

**Viktor Klima** (born 4 June 1947) is an Austrian Social Democrat politician and businessman. He was chancellor of Austria from 1997 to 2000.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Viktor Klima
- **image**: Viktor Klima (cropped 1).jpg
- **office**: Chancellor of Austria
- **term start**: 28 January 1997
- **term end**: 4 February 2000
- **president**: Thomas Klestil
- **deputy**: Wolfgang Schüssel
- **predecessor**: Franz Vranitzky
- **successor**: Wolfgang Schüssel
- **office1**: List of chairpersons of the SPÖ and SDAPÖ, Chairman of the Social Democratic Party
- **term start1**: January 1997
- **term end1**: January 2005
- **predecessor1**: Franz Vranitzky
- **successor1**: Alfred Gusenbauer
- **birth place**: Schwechat, Allied-occupied Austria, Austria
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Austria, Social Democratic Party
- **signature**: Signature of Viktor Klima.png
Paavo Lipponen

**Paavo Tapio Lipponen** () (born 23 April 1941) is a Finnish politician and former reporter. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 1995 to 2003, and Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Finland from 1993 to 2005.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Paavo Lipponen
- **image**: Paavo Lipponen 2004.jpg
- **caption**: Lipponen in 2004.
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of Finland, 38th Prime Minister of Finland
- **president**: Martti Ahtisaari
Tarja Halonen
- **deputy**: Sauli Niinistö
Ville Itälä
- **term start**: 13 April 1995
- **term end**: 17 April 2003
- **predecessor**: Esko Aho
- **successor**: Anneli Jäätteenmäki
- **office1**: Speaker of the Parliament of Finland, Speaker of the Finnish Parliament
- **term start1**: 22 April 2003
- **term end1**: 20 March 2007
- **predecessor1**: Liisa Jaakonsaari
- **successor1**: Timo Kalli
- **term start2**: 28 March 1995
- **term end2**: 19 April 1995
- **predecessor2**: Riitta Uosukainen
- **successor2**: Riitta Uosukainen
- **birth name**: Paavo Tapio Lipponen
- **birth place**: Pello, Turtola, Finland
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Finland, Social Democratic
- **spouse**: Päivi Lipponen
- **alma mater**: Dartmouth College
University of Helsinki
- **branch**: Finnish Army
- **rank**: Vääpeli, Staff Sergeant
Mirek Topolánek

**Mirek Topolánek** (, born 15 May 1956) is a Czech politician and business manager. He was Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 2006 to 2009 and Leader of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) from 2002 to 2010.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mirek Topolánek
- **image**: Mirek Topolanek.jpg
- **office**: 7th Prime Minister of the Czech Republic
- **president**: Václav Klaus
- **deputy**: Martin Bursík
Vlasta Parkanová
Petr Nečas
Alexandr Vondra
- **term start**: 4 September 2006
- **term end**: 8 May 2009
- **predecessor**: Jiří Paroubek
- **successor**: Jan Fischer (politician), Jan Fischer
- **office1**: Leader of the Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic), Civic Democratic Party
- **term start1**: 15 December 2002
- **term end1**: 13 April 2010
- **predecessor1**: Václav Klaus
- **successor1**: Petr Nečas
- **office2**: Member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic, Chamber of Deputies
- **term start2**: 3 June 2006
- **term end2**: 15 September 2009
- **office3**: Senate of the Czech Republic, Senator from Senate district 70 – Ostrava-City, Ostrava
- **term start3**: 23 November 1996
- **term end3**: 21 November 2004
- **predecessor3**: _Position established_
- **successor3**: Liana Janáčková
- **birth place**: Vsetín, Czechoslovakia

- **party**: Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic), Civic Democratic Party
Independent politician, Independent
- **otherparty**: Civic Forum
- **spouse**: Pavla Topolánková
Lucie Talmanová
- **children**: 4
- **signature**: Mirek Topolánek Signature.svg
Prime Minister of the Czech Republic

The **Chairman of the Government of the Czech Republic** (Czech: _Předseda vlády České republiky_, normally referred to in English as the **Prime Minister**), is the head of the Government of the Czech Republic.

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: Prime Minister
- **body**: the Czech Republic
<small>_Předseda vlády České republiky_</small>
- **insignia**: Emblem of the Government of the Czech Republic.svg
- **insigniasize**: 100px
- **insigniacaption**: Seal of the Government of the Czech Republic
- **image**: Andrej Babiš 2025 (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 165px
- **department**: Government of the Czech Republic
Cabinet of the Czech Republic
- **reports to**: Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic, Chamber of Deputies
- **incumbent**: Andrej Babiš
- **incumbentsince**: 9 December 2025
- **style**: Mr. Prime Minister

Excellency, His Excellency

- **residence**: Kramář's Villa
- **seat**: Straka Academy
- **appointer**: President of the Czech Republic, The President
- **termlength**: 4 years
<small>Renewable indefinitely as long as the incumbent has majority support in the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic, Chamber of Deputies.</small>
- **formation**: 1 January 1993
- **inaugural**: Václav Klaus
- **website**: http://vlada.cz/en/vlada/premier/
Order of the Elephant

The **Order of the Elephant** () is a Danish order of chivalry and is Denmark's highest-ranked honour. It has officially existed since 1693. The honor is usually given to presidents and heads of state.
Order of Isabella the Catholic

The **Order of Isabella the Catholic** () is a Spanish civil order in which membership is given to honor services that benefited the country.

The Order was created on 14 March 1815 by King Ferdinand VII in honor of Queen Isabella I.
Military Order of Saint James of the Sword

The **Military Order of Saint James of the Sword** () is a Portuguese order of chivalry.

## Other websites

- Homepage of the order, with pictures of the badges and explanation of the several grades
- The Cross of Saint James, history of the St James' Cross used by the Order of St James of the Sword
Raymond Barre

**Raymond Octave Joseph Barre** (; 12 April 192425 August 2007) was a French centre-right politician and economist. He was a Vice President of the European Commission and Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs. He was Prime Minister under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing from 1976 until 1981.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Raymond Barre
- **image**: Raymond Barre 1980 (cropped 2).jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of France
- **president**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
- **term start**: 26 August 1976
- **term end**: 22 May 1981
- **predecessor**: Jacques Chirac
- **successor**: Pierre Mauroy
- **office1**: Mayor (France), Mayor of Lyon
- **term start1**: 25 June 1995
- **term end1**: 25 March 2001
- **predecessor1**: Michel Noir
- **successor1**: Gérard Collomb
- **office2**: French Ministry for the Economy and Finance, Minister of the Economy and Finance
- **primeminister2**: _Himself_
- **term start2**: 27 August 1976
- **term end2**: 5 April 1978
- **predecessor2**: Jean-Pierre Fourcade
- **successor2**: René Monory
- **office3**: French Ministry for the Economy and Finance, Minister of External Trade
- **primeminister3**: Jacques Chirac
- **term start3**: 12 January 1976
- **term end3**: 25 August 1976
- **predecessor3**: Norbert Ségard
- **successor3**: André Rossi
- **office4**: European Commissioner for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro, European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs
- **president4**: Jean Rey (politician), Jean Rey
Franco Maria Malfatti
Sicco Mansholt
- **term start4**: 7 February 1967
- **term end4**: 5 January 1973
- **predecessor4**: Robert Marjolin
- **successor4**: Wilhelm Haferkamp
- **birth name**: Raymond Octave Joseph Barre
- **birth place**: Saint-Denis, Réunion, St-Denis, French Third Republic, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent
President of the Regional Council (France)

The following is a list of current presidents of the regional councils of France and the Corsican Assembly.

## List

|Region|colspan="2"|President|Affiliation|In office since|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes|Laurent Wauquiez||The Republicans|4 January 2016|
|Bourgogne-Franche-Comté|Marie-Guite Dufay||Socialist Party|4 January 2016|
|Brittany|Loïg Chesnais-Girard||Socialist Party|22 June 2017|
|Centre-Val de Loire|François Bonneau||Socialist Party|7 September 2007|
|Corsica|Marie-Antoinette Maupertuis||Femu a Corsica|1 July 2021|
|Guadeloupe|Ary Chalus||United Guadeloupe, Solidary and Responsible|18 December 2015|
|French Guiana|Gabriel Serville||Miscellaneous left|1 July 2021|
|Grand Est|Jean Rottner||The Republicans|20 October 2017|
|Île-de-France|Valérie Pécresse||The Republicans|18 December 2015|
|Occitanie|Carole Delga||Socialist Party|4 January 2016|
|Martinique|Claude Lise||Martinican Democratic Rally|18 December 2015|
|Mayotte|Soibahadine Ibrahim Ramadani||The Republicans|2 April 2015|
|Hauts-de-France|Xavier Bertrand||The Republicans|4 January 2016|
|Normandy|Hervé Morin||The Centrists|4 January 2016|
|Nouvelle-Aquitaine|Alain Rousset||Socialist Party|4 January 2016|
|Pays de la Loire|Christelle Morançais||The Republicans|19 October 2017|
|Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur|Renaud Muselier||The Republicans|15 May 2017|
|Réunion|Huguette Bello||Miscellaneous left|1 July 2021|

## Other websites

- _Rulers.org_
- _Worldstatesmen.org_
Jacques Chaban-Delmas

**Jacques Chaban-Delmas** (; 7 March 1915 – 10 November 2000) was a French Gaullist politician. He served as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1969 to 1972.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jacques Chaban-Delmas
- **image**: EEG-conferentie Den Haag Jacques Chaban-Delmas (cropped).jpg
- **order**: 82nd Prime Minister of France
- **term start**: 20 June 1969
- **term end**: 6 July 1972
- **president**: Georges Pompidou
- **predecessor**: Maurice Couve de Murville
- **successor**: Pierre Messmer
- **order2**: List of Presidents of the National Assembly of France, President of the National Assembly (France), National Assembly
- **term start2**: 2 April 1986
- **term end2**: 23 June 1988
- **predecessor2**: Louis Mermaz
- **successor2**: Laurent Fabius
- **term start4**: 9 December 1959
- **term end4**: 24 June 1969
- **predecessor4**: André Le Troquer
- **successor4**: Achille Peretti
- **term start3**: 3 April 1978
- **term end3**: 2 July 1981
- **predecessor3**: Edgar Faure
- **successor3**: Louis Mermaz
- **order5**: Mayor (France), Mayor of Bordeaux
- **term start5**: 19 October 1947
- **term end5**: 19 June 1995
- **predecessor5**: Jean-Fernand Audeguil
- **successor5**: Alain Juppé
- **birth name**: Jacques Michel Pierre Delmas
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **party**: Radical Party (France), Radical Party
<small>(1940–1947)</small>
Rally of the French People
<small>(1947–1955)</small>
National Centre of Social Republicans
<small>(1955–1958)</small>
Union for the New Republic
<small>(1958–1968)</small>
Union of Democrats for the Republic
<small>(1968–1976)</small>
Rally for the Republic
<small>(1976–1995)</small>
- **occupation**: Civil Servant
- **alma mater**: Sciences Po
Pierre Messmer

**Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer** (; 20 March 191629 August 2007) was a French Gaullist politician. He was Minister of Armies under Charles de Gaulle from 1960 to 1969 and then as Prime Minister under Georges Pompidou from 1972 to 1974.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Pierre Messmer
- **image**: Pierre Messmer01 (cropped 2).JPG
- **order**: Prime Minister of France
- **term start**: 6 July 1972
- **term end**: 27 May 1974
- **president**: Georges Pompidou
- **predecessor**: Jacques Chaban-Delmas
- **successor**: Jacques Chirac
- **birth name**: Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer
- **birth date**: 20 March 1916
- **birth place**: Vincennes, Seine (department), Seine (now Val-de-Marne), French Third Republic, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **party**: Union of Democrats for the Republic, UDR
- **occupation**: Civil Servant
- **caption**: Pierre Messmer in 1988
Jean-Pierre Fourcade

**Jean-Pierre Fourcade** (born 18 October 1929) is a French politician. He was a member of the Senate of France. He represented the Hauts-de-Seine and is a member of the Union for a Popular Movement Party.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Jean-Pierre Fourcade
- **image**: Jean-Pierre Fourcade.jpg
- **office**: Minister of the Economy, Finances and Industry (France), French Minister of the Economy
- **term start**: 1974
- **term end**: 1976
- **president**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
- **primeminister**: Raymond Barre
- **predecessor**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
- **successor**: Raymond Barre
- **office2**: Member of the French Senate
for Hauts-de-Seine
- **term start2**: 1977
- **term end2**: 2011
- **office3**: Mayor (France), Mayor of Boulogne-Billancourt
- **term start3**: 1995
- **term end3**: 2007
- **birth place**: Marmande, France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **party**: The Republicans (France), The Republicans
- **alma mater**: Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux, Sciences Po Bordeaux
National Centre of Independents and Peasants

The **National Centre of Independents and Peasants** (_Centre National des Indépendants et Paysans_, **CNIP** or **CNI**) is a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal political party in France, founded in 1949.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: National Centre of Independents and Peasants
- **foundation**: (as CNI)
- **ideology**: Civic nationalism
Ordoliberalism
Traditionalist conservatism, Traditionalism
Agrarianism
- **headquarters**: 6, rue Quentin Bauchart 75008 Paris
- **country**: France
- **native name**: Centre national des indépendants et paysans
- **leader1 title**: President
- **leader1 name**: Gilles Bourdouleix
- **leader2 title**: Founder
- **leader2 name**: René Coty
- **merger**: Democratic Republican Alliance, Democratic Alliance, Republican Party of Liberty
- **youth wing**: Youngs Independents and Peasants
- **position**: Right-wing politics, Right-wing
- **seats1 title**: National Assembly of France, National Assembly
- **seats2 title**: Senate of France, Senate
- **seats3 title**: European Parliament
- **seats4 title**: Regional councils of France, Regional Councils
- **seats5 title**: Departmental councils (France), Departmental Councils
- **colours**: Blue, white, red (color), red (French Tricolour)
Independent Republicans

The **Independent Republicans** (, RI) were a liberal-conservative political group in France founded in 1962. It became a political party in 1966 known as the **National Federation of the Independent Republicans** (_Fédération nationale des républicains et indépendants_, FNRI). Its leader was Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.

In 1977 it became the Republican Party which joined the Union for French Democracy (UDF) the following year.
Republican Party (France)

The **Republican Party** (, PR) was a conservative-liberal political party in France founded in 1977. It replaced the National Federation of the Independent Republicans that was founded in 1966.  It was created by future President of France, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. It was known to be conservative in domestic, social and economic policies, pro-NATO, and pro-European.
Union for French Democracy

The **Union for French Democracy** (, **UDF**) was a centre-right political party in France. It began in 1978 as an alliance to support President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing against Gaullist power over the political right in France.

This name was chosen due to the title of Giscard d'Estaing's 1976 book, _Démocratie française_. The party brought together Christian democrats, liberals and radicals.
Democratic Convention (France)

**Democratic Convention** (_Convention démocrate_, CD) is a centrist-liberal political party in France led by Hervé de Charette. It is the continuation of the **Popular Party for French Democracy**, started in 1995.

The Popular Party for French Democracy (_Parti populaire pour la démocratie française_, PPDF) began in July 1995. It replaced Perspectives and Realities Clubs and supported the Union for French Democracy (UDF).
Liberal Democracy (France)

**Liberal Democracy** (, DL) was a conservative-liberal political party in France from 1997 to 2002.
Croix de Guerre 1939–1945

The ***Croix de guerre 1939–1945*** (War Cross 1939–1945) is a French military decoration, a version of the _Croix de guerre_ created on September 26, 1939. It honors people who fought with the Allies against the Axis forces at any time during World War II.

## Infobox (military award)

- **name**: Croix de guerre 1939–1945
- **image**: Croix de Guerre 1939 France AVERS.jpg
- **image size**: 120px
- **caption**: 1939–1945 War Cross with Mentioned in Despatches, 2 silver-gilt (gold) stars
- **type**: Bravery award
- **awarded for**: Military duty during World War II mentioned in dispatches
- **status**: No longer awarded
- **clasps**: silver-gilt palm
silver palm
bronze palm
silver-gilt star
silver star
bronze star
- **established**: September 26, 1939
- **higher**: Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France), Croix de guerre 1914–1918
- **lower**: Croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures, Croix de guerre des TOE
- **image2**:

- **caption2**: Ribbon bar & streamer of the French Croix de guerre 1939–1945
École nationale d'administration

The **École nationale d'administration** (often called **ENA**; ; ) is a French _grande école_, created in 1945 by French President, Charles de Gaulle.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: École nationale d'administration
- **established**: 1945
- **type**: Public University, Public Graduate School, Grande École
- **budget**: €43,98 Million (of which €31.22 Million from France, public subsidies)
- **founders**: Charles de Gaulle and Michel Debré
- **president**: Jean-Marc Sauvé
- **director**: Patrick Gérard
- **postgrad**: 533 students
- **staff**: 229
- **city**: Strasbourg and Paris
- **country**: France
- **colors**: Blue, white
Henri Giscard d'Estaing

**Henri Marie Edmond Valéry Giscard d'Estaing** (born 17 October 1956) is a French businessman. He was the son of former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Giscard was born in Paris.

Giscard d’Estaing joined the resort company Club Med in 1997 as chief operating officer in charge of finance, development and international relations. He became chief executive officer in 2001 and chairman in 2002.
Louis Giscard d'Estaing

**Louis Joachim Marie François Giscard d'Estaing** (born 20 October 1958) is a French politician. He was a member of the National Assembly of France. He is the son of the late President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (1926-2020) and Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing (née Sauvage de Brantes). He is mayor of Chamalières since 2005.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Louis Giscard d'Estaing
- **image**: Portrait LGE2.jpeg
- **office**: Mayor (France), Mayor of Chamalières
- **term start**: 16 March 2008
- **office2**: Member of the National Assembly (France), National Assembly
for Puy-de-Dôme's 3rd constituency
- **term start2**: 2002
- **term end2**: 2012
- **predecessor2**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
- **successor2**: Danielle Auroi
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **relatives**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing <small>(father)</small>
Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing, Anne-Aymone Sauvage de Brantes <small>(mother)</small>
- **education**: Saint-Jean de Passy, Lycée Saint-Jean de Passy
- **alma mater**: Rouen Business School
Panthéon-Assas University
- **party**: Union of Democrats and Independants, UDI
- **spouse**:

- **children**: Pierre-Louis Giscard d'Estaing
- **birth name**: Louis Joachim Marie François Giscard d'Estaing
1974 French presidential election

**Presidential elections** were held in :France in 1974, following the death of President Georges Pompidou. They went to a second round, and were won by Valéry Giscard d'Estaing by a margin of 1.6%. It is to date the closest presidential election in French history.

## Other websites

- Radio-TV debate Valéry Giscard d'Estaing/François Mitterrand

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 1974 French presidential election
- **country**: France
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 1969 French presidential election
- **previous year**: 1969
- **next election**: 1981 French presidential election
- **next year**: 1981
- **election date**: 5 May 1974 (first round)
19 May 1974 (second round)
- **image1**:
- **candidate1**: **Valéry Giscard d'Estaing**
- **party1**: Independent Republicans
- **popular vote1**: **13,396,203**
- **percentage1**: **50.8%**
- **image2**:
- **candidate2**: François Mitterrand
- **party2**: Socialist Party (France)
- **popular vote2**: 12,971,604
- **percentage2**: 49.2%
- **map image**: French presidential election result map second round 1974.svg
- **map size**: 250px
- **map caption**: Results of the second round: the candidate with the plurality of votes in each administrative division.
- **title**: President
- **before election**: Alain Poher
 <small>(acting President after Georges Pompidou died in April)</small>
- **before party**: Democratic Centre (France)
- **after election**: Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
- **after party**: Independent Republicans
Trente Glorieuses

***Les Trente Glorieuses*** (, 'The Glorious Thirty') was the thirty years from 1945 to 1975 following the end of the Second World War in France.

The name was first used by the French demographer Jean Fourastié. Fourastié created the term in 1979 with the publication of his book _Les Trente Glorieuses, ou la révolution invisible de 1946 à 1975_ ('The Glorious Thirty, or the Invisible Revolution from 1946 to 1975').

The term is comes from _Les Trois Glorieuses_ ('The Glorious Three'), the three days of revolution on 27–29 July 1830 in France.