juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Annonay

**Annonay** is a town and commune in the north part of the
Ardèche _department_ of France. This commune has the most people living in it of the Ardèche département, although it is not the préfecture, which is the smaller town of Privas.

## Geography

Annonay is a few kilometers away from the Rhône River, 75 km south of Lyon and 40 from Saint-Étienne.

## History

The town's name is possibly of Roman beginnings.

On June 4, 1783, Annonay was the place where the Montgolfier brothers made their first public unmanned hot air balloon flight.

### Twin towns

Annonay's twin towns include:

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Other websites

- Town Hall and local information
- Regional Chamber of Commerce
- Industrial data
- Annonay in Google maps

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Annonay
- **image**: Annonay,_vue_générale.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason_ville_fr_Annonay_(Ardèche).svg
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **insee**: 07010
- **postal code**: 07100
- **mayor**: Olivier Dussopt
- **term**: 2014-2020
- **intercommunality**: Bassin d'Annonay
- **elevation m**: 358
- **elevation min m**: 270
- **elevation max m**: 746
- **area km2**: 21.20
- **population**: 15,383
- **population date**: 2012
Antraigues-sur-Volane

**Antraigues-sur-Volane** is a town and a former commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Vallées-d'Antraigues-Asperjoc.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Antraigues-sur-Volane
- **image**: Antraigue, Bise et Volane.JPG
- **caption**: Confluence of the Bise and the Volane
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Antraigues-sur-Volane
- **insee**: 07011
- **postal code**: 07530
- **mayor**: Michel Pesenti
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **elevation m**: 472
- **elevation min m**: 372
- **elevation max m**: 1344
- **area km2**: 13.46
- **population**: 577
- **population date**: 2008
Arcens

**Arcens** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Ardoix

**Ardoix** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Ardoix
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Ardoix village entrée.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Haut-Vivarais
- **insee**: 07013
- **postal code**: 07290
- **mayor**: Sylvie Bonnet
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Annonay Rhône Agglo
- **elevation m**: 360
- **elevation min m**: 147
- **elevation max m**: 397
- **area km2**: 12.15
Arlebosc

**Arlebosc** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Arras-sur-Rhône

**Arras-sur-Rhône** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Arras-sur-Rhône
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mairie Arras-sur-Rhône 2011-08-31-022.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Sarras
- **insee**: 07015
- **postal code**: 07370
- **mayor**: Brigitte Royer
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Porte de DrômArdèche
- **elevation m**: 128
- **elevation min m**: 117
- **elevation max m**: 388
- **area km2**: 5.89
Asperjoc

**Asperjoc** is a town and a former commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Vallées-d'Antraigues-Asperjoc.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Les Assions

**Les Assions** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Les Assions
- **image**: Assions02.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Vans
- **insee**: 07017
- **postal code**: 07140
- **mayor**: Michel Moutet
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **elevation m**: 200
- **elevation min m**: 122
- **elevation max m**: 329
- **area km2**: 14.88
- **population**: 630
- **population date**: 2008
Astet

**Astet** is a commune in the Ardèche _department_ in southern France.

The source of the Ardèche River can be found near Astet.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Aubenas

**Aubenas** is a city and commune in the southern part of the Ardèche _département_.  The Ardèche River flows through the commune.

## Twin towns

Aubenas is twinned with:
- Cesenatico, Italy
- Delfzijl, Netherlands
- Schwarzenbeck, Germany
- Sierre, Switzerland
- Zelzate, Belgium
- Palamos, Spain (friendship agreement)

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Other websites

- Town council website
- Tourism office website
Aubignas

**Aubignas** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Baix

**Baix** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Balazuc

**Balazuc** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Balazuc
- **image**: Balazuc01.jpg
- **caption**: View of Balazuc by the Ardèche River
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Balazuc (Ardèche).svg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Canton of Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Vallon-Pont-d'Arc
- **insee**: 07023
- **postal code**: 07120
- **mayor**: Mme Josiane Delsart
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **elevation m**: 159
- **elevation min m**: 113
- **elevation max m**: 379
- **area km2**: 18.9
- **population**: 337
- **population date**: 1999
Barnas

**Barnas** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Beggars Banquet

***Beggars Banquet*** is a 1968 album by British band The Rolling Stones.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Beggars Banquet
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: The Rolling Stones
- **recorded**: March - July 1968
- **studio**: Olympic Studios
- **genre**: Pop music, Rock music
- **length**: 39:07
- **label**: London Records, Decca
- **producer**: Jimmy Miller
- **prev title**: Their Satanic Majesties Request
- **prev year**: 1967
- **next title**: Let It Bleed
- **next year**: 1969
Hyles-Anderson College

**Hyles-Anderson College** is in Crown Point, Indiana. The unaccredited, fundamental, Christian college was founded in 1972 by Dr. Jack Hyles with much financial help from Russell Anderson.

The college is a ministry of the First Baptist Church of Hammond. The president of the college is Dr. Ray Young, and their chancellor is Dr. Jack Schaap, (pastor of the church). In 2008 they will be starting a program called the _Jericho Plan_ .

## Other websites

- College Website
- Church Website
Simon Fraser University

**Simon Fraser University** (SFU) is a Canadian university.  It has campuses in Burnaby Mountain in Burnaby, Vancouver and Surrey, all in British Columbia. SFU is rated as one of Canada’s top universities. It was started in 1965. SFU currently has 24,000 students. The university is named after Simon Fraser. He was an explorer of the Vancouver area.

## Overview

_Maclean's_ magazine rated SFU as Canada's best comprehensive university in 1993, 1997, 1998 and 2000. It is usually always at or near the top of the magazine's list. Research Infosource named SFU the top comprehensive university in Canada for “publication effectiveness” in 2006.

## Type of university

Like most Canadian universities, SFU is a public university. Fifty-six percent of the money used to run the school comes from taxpayers. Thirty-nine percent comes from tuition fees.

## Studies

The university teaches students in six main groups of topics. Applied Sciences, Arts and Social Sciences, Business Administration, Education, Health Sciences, and Science.

In May 2004, the SFU Senate approved the policy on degree requirements that all its undergraduate students must have. SFU was the first Canadian university to do this. The policy was created to make certain students got a more complete education.

## Websites

- SFU's Official website
Deportivo Saprissa

The **Deportivo Saprissa** is a football team of Costa Rica. The team was founded on July 16, 1935. It became a part of the top league, Primera División de Costa Rica on August 21, 1949.

Saprissa was founded because of a group of players and leaders. Ricardo Saprissa Aymá was a part of this group.  In 1952, the team won its first national championship.
Saprissa

## History

In 1937, the colors purple and white were chosen as the colors of the club.

Juani Saprissa Aymá was the president of the Saprissa. Jose Francisco “Pachico” García was their manager when the team started in the Third Division. The Deportivo Saprissa won the championship of Third Division in 1947. In 1948, they played in the Second Division. They won the championship of Second Division that year, with no games lost.

In March 1959, the team became the first Latin American team to go the around the World. The "Morados", which is the team's nickname, played 25 matches in 22 countries of the world. They won 14, tied 1 and lost 7. The team scored a total of 66 goals and had 46 goals scored against them.

During the 1970s, the Deportivo Saprissa won 6 championships. They won every championship from 1972 to 1977. On October 12, 1966, the construction of their stadium started. It is called "_La Cueva del Monstruo_" or simply _La Cueva_. After 6 years, the opening of Saprissa Stadium was held on Sunday August 27, 1972.

### National Titles

- 26 National Championships:

- 15 national Sub- championships
- 6 championships consecutively from 1972 to 1977

### International Titles

- 3rd place in the FIFA Club World Cup Japan 2005
- 3rd place in the Cup RICARD, Uruguay 2006.
- A  Central American tournament (1970)
- Three tournaments of  Central American Fraternity (1972 and 1973 and 1978).
- A Camel Cup in the United States(1985).
- Two tournaments CONCACAF (1993 and 1995).
- Two sub- championships Inter-American Cup.
- LG Cup (1998).
- The Uncaf Cup 2003.
- CONCACAF Champions 2005.

## References

- Statistics taken from the official website
Chirripó National Park

**Chirripó National Park** is a national park in Costa Rica. It is in Talamanca Mountain,  northeast of San Isidro de El General. This park forms part of La Amistad International Park between Costa Rica and Panama. Chirripó National Park was created on August 19, 1975. It has an area of . The park includes the highest mountain in Costa Rica, Cerro Chirripó. The mountain has an altitude of .

In the indigenous language, "Chirripó" means _Land of Eternal Waters_. The park protects many rivers such as Rio Chirripó Atlántico, Rio Telire, Rio Chirripó Pacífico and the Rio Ceibo.

The weather changes often and depends of the altitude. The lowest temperature recorded in Costa Rica was  in the Mount Chirripó. The warm season goes from December to May. It is recommended to visit the park in those months.

There are many habitats in the Chirripó National Park. This is because of the differences of altitude and climate. There are large trees like oak and sweet cedar. There are also many different types of orchids. The most common animals in this region are coyotes, jaguars, squirrels, frogs, rabbits, and quetzals.

The first person known to climbed Mount Chirripó was the priest Agustin Blessing in 1904. Other expeditions before the park was created were in 1905, 1913, 1915, 1920, 1932 and 1942. The park now has trails leading to the top of the mountain. It also has a ranger station.

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Chirripó National Park
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Chirripo_valley.jpg
- **location**: Costa Rica
- **nearest city**: San Isidro de El General
- **established**: August 19, 1975
- **governing body**: National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC)
National Parks of Costa Rica

|style="background:#9BCB65;" align="center" colspan=2|<span style="font-size:140%;">**National Parks of Costa Rica**</span>|
| --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan=10|Manuel Antonio National Park|
|colspan="2"|<hr>|
|**First Park**|Poás Volcano National Park, 1955|
|**Smallest Park**|Manuel Antonio National Park, 16 km²|
|**Largest Park**|La Amistad International Park, 1991 km²|
|**Governing body**|SINAC|

There are 26 National parks in Costa Rica. These parks are managed by **SINAC** _(Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conservacion)_. SINAC is part of Costa Rica's Ministry of Environment and Energy.

## List of  National Parks of Costa Rica

- Arenal Volcano National Park
- Barbilla National Park
- Barra Honda National Park
- Braulio Carrillo National Park
- Cahuita National Park
- Carara National Park
- Chirripó National Park
- Cocos Island National Park
- Corcovado National Park
- Diria National Park
- Guanacaste National Park
- Irazú Volcano National Park
- Juan Castro Blanco National Park
- La Amistad International Park
- La Cangreja National Park
- Las Baulas National Marine Park
- Manuel Antonio National Park
- Maquenque National Park (proposed)
- Palo Verde National Park
- Piedras Blancas National Park
- Poás Volcano National Park
- Rincón de la Vieja Volcano National Park
- Santa Rosa National Park
- Tapantí National Park
- Tenorio Volcano National Park
- Tortuguero National Park
- Turrialba Volcano National Park

## Santa Rosa

The Santa Rosa National Park in the province of Guanacaste is one of the most important historic areas of the country.

## Manuel Antonio

Manuel Antonio National Park was listed by Forbes as one of the world's 12 most beautiful national parks. This park is located on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica, in the province of Puntarenas. It has an area of 682.7 mm. It is one of Costa Rica's most scenic parks. Manuel Antonio receives a lot of national and international tourism. An important attraction is the tropical rainforest inhabited by species of flora and fauna in danger of extinction, such as the Tití monkey.

## Cocos Island

The island is regarded as a natural laboratory for the study of the evolution of species. Cocos Island is a territory rich landscape and a true laboratory for the study of nature. Many ferns, bromeliads, rivers, creeks and waterfalls, valleys, cliffs and islands frequented by many seabirds and place of nesting gulls.
Blue Flag beach

The **Blue Flag** is a certification given to beaches by the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE). A beach that has been awarded the blue flag means that it meets the organisation's standards of environmental management. These standards are for water quality, safety, and public environmental education. Local governments try to get the Blue Flag for their beaches and marinas, to show people that they have high environmental and quality standards.

The Blue Flag is a trademark owned by FEE which is a non-profit, non-governmental organisation. It is made up of 65 organisations in 60 member countries in Europe, Africa, Oceania, Asia and the Americas.

FEE refers to the Blue Flag certificates as awards. They are issued for one year to beaches and marinas of FEE member countries. The awards are announced every year on 5 June for Europe, Canada, Morocco, Tunisia and other countries in a similar geographic location, and on 1 November for the Caribbean, New Zealand, South Africa and other countries in the Southern Hemisphere.

41 countries are currently part of the Blue Flag Programme: Aruba, Bahamas, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Russia, Romania, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, United Kingdom and United Arab Emirates
Sarchí, Costa Rica

**Sarchi** is a city in Costa Rica. It is famous for its art and hand-crafted furniture. Sarchi is also known for its colorful hand carts that the people there have been making for centuries.

Sarchi has several small communities.  One of the most famous is "Los Bajos del Toro". It is  northeast from the center of Sarchi. Although the road is very old, travelers  will be able to see one of the best views in Costa Rica. "Los Bajos" has a climate that is very humid and rainy.

Sarchi is a community made up of artists and craftsmen. It is well known for its ox carts.  Most of the ox carts in Costa Rica are created in Sarchi and are sold throughout the country and to tourists.  They are usually painted in very bright colors and patterns. In the past, these ox carts were used to carry coffee to the markets.

There are many shops in the town that sell hand-made wooden furniture and souvenirs. Some of the many items that are sold are: tables, rocking chairs, beds, jewelry, sculptures, and paintings.
Jaw

- _For the movie about a shark, see Jaws (movie)._

The **jaw** is the part of an animal's body that it uses to grab and chew food.  In humans, the jaws are two bones in the mouth, the mandible (lower jaw) and maxilla (upper jaw), that let the teeth move up and down in order to chew. The mandible is joined to the skull.

However, in insects, the jaws may open left and right instead, and they are usually outside the mouth instead of inside it. Sea urchins have five jaws with one tooth each. Some animals, even some vertebrate<nowiki/>s, do not have jaws.

A body part is called a jaw based on what it does, not what it is made of or how it grows.  In different animals, it can be made of different kinds of cells and tissue.  In the embryo<nowiki/>s of different animals, it may come from different original places.  Even within arthropods, the group that contains insects and lobsters and trilobites and spiders, the jaws of different animals may grow from different original tissues, even though they look similar in adult animals.  A pair of appendages that become jaws in one species may become antennae in a different species or legs in another. Moray eels and some other fish have two sets of jaws. The outer jaws in their faces grow from the same tissues as the jaws of other fish, and the inner jaws, called pharyngeal jaws, can come from the same tissue that becomes gills or muscles in other fish.

Marsupials and monotremes are born before their jaws have grown enough for them to drink their mothers' milk the way other baby mammals do.  Scientists from Kings' College London found that opossums and other marsupials use tissue from their inner ear to make a temporary jaw so they can feed and grow.  They found that baby echidnas also form a temporary jaw using the bones of their inner ear so they can feed and grow.
Battle of Santa Rosa

The **Battle of Santa Rosa** was a battle between the forces of Costa Rica and those of Nicaragua. It was one of the most important battles in the history of Costa Rica. The battle took place on March 20, 1856 at Santa Rosa, Costa Rica.

## The cause

The fighting was caused by the arrival of William Walker in Nicaragua. Walker was an American soldier who believed slavery was good. He told the people of Nicaragua that he wanted to help the country. What he really wanted was to conquer the five free nations of Central America. The president of Costa Rica, Juan Rafael Mora Porras thought that Walker wanted to conquer them. On February 27, 1856, Mora declared the war against Walker and Nicaragua.

## The fighting

President Mora called all of his forces to fight. On March 4th, Mora led the forces as they started their march towards Nicaragua.  On March 12th, they arrived in Liberia. There they join with Jose Maria Cañas and his battalion. When the filibusters found out what was happening in Costa Rica, they sent troops. Their troops got to Hacienda Santa Rosa on March 19th. On March 20th, the three thousand Costa Ricans walked to Hacienda Santa Rosa where the filibusters had formed their post at La Casona. At four o’clock, the Costa Rican battalions began the attack against the invaders. After fourteen minutes, the Costa Rican forces won the battle. The few filibusters that had escaped went to Nicaragua. William Walker armed a new army. President Mora quickly moved on to Rivas with his 3000 men, and the Battle of Rivas started.
CowParade

**CowParade** is one of the largest public art events of the world. First it began in Chicago and New York. This was in 1999 and 2000. The Cow Parade runs many cities of the United States up to the year 2001. In 2002 it moved to Europe, in London. This Parade has covered a lot of countries through all the five continents. In 2008 they moved to the fourth Latin-American country, Costa Rica. The Cow Parade has been in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, also.

This public art event is about painting cows with some cultural messages. It doesn’t need to be a professional sculpture. You can find urban and crazy sculptures too. This exhibition is taking place on the principal parks and boulevards of San José, Costa Rica.
The principal purpose of this event is to auction each cow and then the proceeds go to charity.

In San José there are a total of one hundred twenty cows, each one with their topic. There is an amazing level of creativity from the national sculptors who painted and sculpted the cows. They are a lot of beautiful cows made of several material including the rice and beans of the traditional breakfast. Some of the cows have the message of doesn’t forget the traditional customs. Also, some cows have a message to make a country with more love, generosity and with more solidarity.

Some cows also encourage people to take care of Costa Rican nature and all the biodiversity that this small country has. The principal message is just to create a better planet for the future.

## Other websites

- The official (US) Cowparade website
- CowParade Rio de Janeiro 2007 - pictures
- Cow Parade Europe
Poás Volcano

The **Poás Volcano** is an active volcano near the town of Poás, Alajuela, Costa Rica. Poas Volcano has two craters. The larger crater is one of the biggest crater in the world. It is  in diameter and  deep. The biggest known eruption was in 1910.

The area around the volcano is a national park. It is a place where many tourists from Costa Rica and other countries visit. At the bottom of the main crater is a lagoon. The lagoon is an acidic lake with boiling sulfuric gases. The temperature of the lake varies between  and . Because of changes in the chemistry of the lake and its temperature, the color of the lake also changes. The second crater has a cold water lake in it. This lake is connected to the nearby river, Rio Angel.
Gandhi (band)

**Gandhi** is a rock band from Costa Rica. They play music using distorted guitars and rhythm. The band members are Abel Guier (bassist), Massimo Hernández (drummer), Federico Miranda (guitarist) and Luis Montalbert-Smith (singer and pianist). The lyrics of Gandhi songs are written mainly by Montalbert-Smith. Some of the bands that influenced their songs are Pink Floyd, The Beatles, Queen and Soda Stereo.

Montalbert-Smith is a very important part of the band's performances because of his charisma and stage presence. These characteristics makes the shows very interesting and full of adrenaline for their fans.

The band began when Miranda and Montalbert-Smith met in high school in the mid 1990s. The complete group of four members started playing at universities and local bars. One of the things that made their shows so well liked was the many different types of art offered. The fans could not only listen to the music, but also see very good scenery design, body painting and their performance.

The band won the Costa Rican award "Album of the Year" in 2004 for the album _Ciclos_. The album “Páginas Pérdidas” got three local awards in 2000. They have played in Costa Rica but also in Central America, Mexico and the United States.

The band was chosen to be part of the Tribute to Soda Stereo (_Tributo a Soda Stereo_). They played a version of "En el sétimo día" ("In the Seventh Day"). They have opened concerts for many international artists.

## Albums

- 1997: _En el jardín del corazón_ (_In the Garden of the Heart_)
- 2000: _Páginas perdidas_ (_Lost Pages_)
- 2002: _BIOS_
- 2004: _Ciclos_ (_Cycles_)
- 2006: _Un ciclo más_ (_One Cycle More_) - double DVD
- 2009: _Arigato NO!_

## Music videos

They have some videos of their songs:

|Year|Song|Translation|Album|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan=2|2000|"El invisible"|"The Invisible|rowspan=2|"Páginas Pérdidas_|
|"Mátame"|"Kill me|||||
|rowspan=3|2002|"Comida de animal"|"Animal Food"|rowspan=3|_Bios|
|"Procesión"|"Procession"|||||
|"Hacia adentro"|"To the Inside"|||||
|rowspan=4|2004|"Una ilusión"|"An Illusion"|rowspan=4|_Ciclos_|
|"Sr. Caballero"|"Mr. Gentleman"|||||
|"Sombras"|"Shadows"|||||
|"Ciclos"|"Cycles"|||||
|2006|"Mientras Tanto"|"Meanwhile"|_Un ciclo más_|||

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Gandhi
- **img**: Gandhi Costa Rica.jpg
- **img capt**: **Gandhi** in Jazz Café, Costa Rica 2006
- **img size**: 200
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: San José, Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
- **genre**: Rock en Español
Alternative rock
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **url**: [http://www.grupogandhi.com Official Website]
- **current members**: Luis Montalbert-Smith
Federico Miranda
Abel Guier
Massimo Hernández
Clodomiro Picado

**Clodomiro Picado Twight** (April 17, 1887 - May 16, 1944) was a Nicaraguan born Costa Rican biologist. Picado may have been the first to have learned about penicillin.

## Early life and education

Picado was born in San Marcos, Nicaragua but moved, with his parents, to Costa Rica in 1890. In 1908, Picado won a scholarship of the Costa Rican Congress to study in Paris, France.

In 1913, he finished his university studies in La Sorbonne, where he earned his BSc in zoology and botany, as well as a doctorate degree. In the same year, he came back to Costa Rica to run the laboratory of San Juan de Dios Hospital. At the same time, he was teaching sciences at San Luis Gónzaga School in Cartago city.

## Discoveries

Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scientist, is commonly said to be the person who learned about the antibacterial attacks of a fungus known as _Penicillium notatum_ in 1928. But in March 2000, Costa Rican doctors showed some notebooks with research belonging to Picado. In these notebooks, he explained his experiments between 1915 and 1927. These experiments had been developed to explain that Penicillium decreased bacterial activity.

Picado had reported his work to the Paris Academy of Sciences in France, but this academy did not patent it, even though Picado had studied the fungus years before Fleming.

Picado studied the creation of various anti-venom serums. This led to the create of the Instituto Clodomiro Picado in 1970. It is a research unit of the University of Costa Rica The unit is works on research in Toxicology, Herpetology and Immunology. It also deals with the production of anti-venom. It was named for him in honor of his life’s work.

## Related pages

- List of scientists from North America

## References

- http://www.rcpe.ac.uk/publications/articles/journal_37_1/T-letters93.pdf
- http://aes.iupui.edu/rwise/NoteofMonth/matthew_patayMarch2006CostaRica.htm
- http://www.micit.go.cr/programas/premio_biografia.htm

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Clodomiro Picado
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Dr. Picardo holding a snake
- **birth name**: Clodomiro Picado Twight
- **birth date**: April 17, 1887
- **birth place**: San Marcos, Nicaragua
- **death date**: May 16, 1944
- **death place**: San José, Costa Rica
- **occupation**: Biologist
From Me to You

"**From Me to You**" is a song by The Beatles, written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Released in 1963 as a single, it was their first big hit, staying on top of the chart for seven straight weeks. "From Me to You" comprises five verses and two bridges. It lasts less than two minutes.
Epistle to the Ephesians

**Ephesians**, is the forty-ninth book in the Christian Bible, and the tenth in the New Testament. This book is thought to have been written by the Apostle Paul to the people of Ephesus while he was imprisoned in Rome, around 62 A.D.  However, the words "in Ephesus" do not appear in the best and earliest hand copies of the letter, leading most textual critics, like Bart Ehrman, to regard the words "in Ephesus" as a later addition. Copies of the letter may have been sent to other churches also, since it contains no personal references to people at Ephesus.

## The Church at Ephesus

Paul's first short visit of three months to Ephesus is recorded in Acts Chapter 18, verses 19–21. The work he began then was continued by Apollos (Acts Chapter 18 verses 24–26) and Aquila  and Priscilla. On his second visit early in the next year, he stayed at Ephesus "three years", and from there visited the western parts of Asia Minor. From Ephesus the gospel spread abroad "almost throughout all Asia Minor."

On his last journey to Jerusalem, the apostle landed at Miletus and, called together the leaders of the church from Ephesus, and said "good bye" to them expecting to see them no more. (Acts Chapter 20, verses 18–35)

## Content of the letter

Frank Charles Thompson,  says that the main theme of Ephesians is to tell the newly converted Jews not to separate themselves from their Gentile fellow Christians. The unity of the church, especially between Jew and Gentile believers, is the main thing in the book. The purpose of the epistle, and to whom it was written, are matters of much speculation. It was regarded by C.H. Dodd as the "crown of Paulinism." meaning the most important part of Paul's teachings.

The author strongly tells the church again and again to have a certain view of salvation, which he then explains. Chapter 2, verse 6, states "By grace you have been saved through faith and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God, not of works so that no one should boast"

In Chapter 6 Paul tells about how families should treat each other.  He says that children should love their parents, fathers should not make their children angry, servants should serve their masters, and masters should not threaten their servants, since God does not favor any group above another.

The ending of the letter mentions truth, peace, salvation and prayer as "armor of God". that will enable the Christians to stand firm.

## Other websites

- Ephesians (KJV)
- Ephesians (NIV)
Endymion

**Endymion** is a human character in Greek mythology.

His story is told by various ancient authors. In most versions he is a shepherd, and a young man of unusual handsomeness – so much so that the Moon goddess Selene falls in love with him. She uses her divine power to keep him asleep forever, preserving his youth and beauty.

The Endymion story has been re-told by poets and playwrights. The English playwright John Lyly wrote one version; and the poet John Keats used the story as the basis for his long poem _Endymion_.

The name also inspired Prince Endymion, the name of Momaru Chiba's (Darien in the English version) past life character and the lover of the reincarnated Princess Serenity, Usagi (Serena) Tsukino from the popular anime and manga Sailor Moon. In the future he becomes King Darien (キング・エンディミオン King Endymion), ruler of Crystal Tokyo, husband of Neo Queen Serenity and father of Rini.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge

**Samuel Taylor Coleridge** (21 October 1772 – 25 July 1834) was an English poet. Together with his friend William Wordsworth, Coleridge is often said to have started the Romantic movement in English literature. He was also a literary critic, philosopher and theologian.

Coleridge was born in Ottery St Mary, Devon. He was the son of a minister, and the youngest of ten children. He attended the University of Cambridge, Jesus College, though he never earned his degree. He met Wordsworth, another young poet, in 1795. They became close friends, and in 1798 they published their poems in a book called _Lyrical Ballads_, which many critics consider a key event in English Romanticism. Most of the poems in the book were written by Wordsworth, though it also contained Coleridge's _The Rime of the Ancient Mariner_, which many people call his masterpiece and one of the great poems in English. (In it, Coleridge used old-fashioned spellings, like "rime" for "rhyme," to give the poem an antique feeling.)

In 1796, Coleridge wrote his poem _Kubla Khan_ — along with the _Ancient Mariner_, it is his best-known work. At about the same time, in the later 1790s, Coleridge became addicted to opium. At that time the drug was legal, and was widely used as a painkiller. Coleridge's addiction to opium marked the rest of his life. His health suffered, and he had trouble supporting his wife and children. He also had a hard time finishing the writing projects he started.

Coleridge had a reputation as a great talker, and people often invited him to their dinner parties to hear him speak. He was a successful lecturer at times in his later life. He gained a reputation as a thinker and philosopher as well as a poet. He died in Highgate, Middlesex.

Scholars and critics of English literature have regarded Coleridge as a major figure. In his 1927 book _The Road to Xanadu_, John Livingston Lowes used Coleridge's poetry, especially _Kubla Khan_, to study the working of the human imagination. Critics have argued about the role that opium addiction played in the poet's life and work. In his 1971 book _Coleridge, the Damaged Archangel_, Norman Furman showed that Coleridge was guilty of plagiarism in many of his later works. His opium addiction may have left Coleridge unable to tell when he was repeating the work of other writers that he had read.
With the Beatles

***With the Beatles*** is The Beatles' second UK album. It was recorded four months after the band's first album, _Please Please Me_ and was released on 22 November, 1963. The album sold so well in England, it qualified to enter the hit singles charts.

Most of the songs were used again in the first American Beatles album issued by Capitol Records, _Meet The Beatles!_ Other songs appeared on _The Beatles' Second Album_. In 2003, the album was ranked number 420 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: With the Beatles
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: the Beatles
- **recorded**: 18 July – 23 October 1963
- **studio**: Abbey Road Studios, EMI, London
- **label**: Parlophone
- **producer**: George Martin
- **prev title**: Please Please Me
- **prev year**: 1963
- **next title**: A Hard Day's Night (album), A Hard Day's Night
- **next year**: 1964
Beatles for Sale

***Beatles for Sale*** is The Beatles' fourth album.  It was released in late 1964. Many of its songs went into an American release, _Beatles '65_, from Capitol Records, while the rest went into _Beatles VI_, a compilation album.

John Lennon and Paul McCartney, who wrote most of the band's songs, had filled their earlier album, _A Hard Day's Night_, with original songs. The band began recording their next album only a week after finishing _A Hard Day's Night_, and they had little time to compose new music. The band filled the album with cover versions, of songs they had performed live in Hamburg, Germany and the Cavern in Liverpool, their hometown, before the Beatles were famous. Press agent Derek Taylor explained in the album's liner notes that all the recordings on _Beatles for Sale_ were how the band played the music onstage.

The original songs on the album were praised, for showing Lennon and McCartney had grown and improved as writers. "I'm A Loser" was compared to Bob Dylan's work. "I'll Follow The Sun" was an early song, that was given a rewrite. "What You're Doing" imitated the musical style of The Byrds, who were just becoming popular.

Several live versions of the album's songs have since appeared, that the Beatles played in Germany, and for BBC Radio.

## Album songs

1. "No Reply" +
1. "I'm a Loser" +
1. "Baby's in Black" +
1. "Rock and Roll Music" (Chuck Berry) +
1. "I'll Follow the Sun" +
1. "Mr. Moonlight" (Roy Lee Johnson) +
1. "Kansas City" (Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller)/"Hey, Hey, Hey, Hey" (Richard Penniman) ++
1. "Eight Days a Week" ++
1. "Words of Love" (Buddy Holly) ++
1. "Honey Don't" (Carl Perkins) +
1. "Every Little Thing" ++
1. "I Don't Want to Spoil the Party" ++
1. "What You're Doing" ++
1. "Everybody's Trying to Be My Baby" (Carl Perkins) +

_All songs by Lennon/McCartney, unless credited differently_

+ _Also appeared on **Beatles '65** in the United States_

++ _Also appeared on **Beatles VI** _

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Beatles for Sale
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: The Beatles
- **released**: 4 December 1964
- **recorded**: 11–14 August and 29 September – 26 October 1964, Abbey Road Studios, London, United Kingdom
- **length**: 34:13
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Parlophone
- **producer**: George Martin
- **prev title**: A Hard Day's Night
(1964)
- **next title**: Help!
(1965)
Rubber Soul

***Rubber Soul*** is the sixth studio album by the English rock band the Beatles. It was released on 3 December 1965 in the United Kingdom, on EMI's Parlophone label. The double A-side single "Day Tripper" / "We Can Work It Out" was released at the same time. The first North American version of the album from Capitol Records had ten of the fourteen songs from the British Parlophone version. _Rubber Soul_ was very popular with critics. It was at the top of sales charts in Britain and the United States for many weeks. The album proves the Beatles were starting to use LSD and marijuana.

The album was recorded in London over four weeks in October–November 1965. Most call it a folk rock album, especially in its Capitol (North American) version. _Rubber Soul_ has a mix of pop, soul and folk musical styles.

The songs show the Beatles' improving as songwriters. They also used brighter guitar tones and new instrumentation such as sitar, harmonium and fuzz bass.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Rubber Soul
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: the Beatles
- **released**: 3 December 1965
- **recorded**: 12 October–11 November 1965 (except 17 June 1965 for "Wait")
- **studio**: Abbey Road Studios, EMI, London
- **length**: 34:55
- **label**: *Parlophone (UK)
*Capitol Records, Capitol (US)
- **producer**: George Martin
Abbey Road

***Abbey Road*** is the eleventh studio album (though counted as the twelfth official album) recorded by The Beatles. It was released in September 1969. Side one consisted of hits, while side two consisted of short songs to make up a story.

## Album songs

- Notes
- "Her Majesty" is a hidden track. Between "The End" and "Her Majesty" is 14 seconds of silence. Later releases of the album included the song on the track listing.
- One cassette tape version in the US had "Come Together" and "Here Comes the Sun" swapped so that Harrison's song starts the album. All other versions (including the CD) have restored the track listing to its original order.
- Tracks 9 through 13 are sometimes noted as one song (medley) called "The Abbey Road Medley".
- Tracks 14 through 16 are sometimes noted as one song called "The Golden Slumbers Medley".

_All songs written by Lennon/McCartney unless credited differently._

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Abbey Road
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: The Beatles
- **cover**: The Beatles Abbey Road album cover.jpg
- **released**: 26 September 1969
- **recorded**: 22 February 1969 – 20 August 1969, at Abbey Road Studios, Olympic Studios, and Trident Studios
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **length**: 47:23
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Apple Records, Apple/Parlophone, Capitol Records, Capitol, and EMI
- **producer**: George Martin
- **prev title**: Yellow Submarine
(1969)
- **next title**: Let It Be
(1970)
Hyperinflation

In economics, **hyperinflation** is inflation that is "out of control," when prices increase very fast as money loses its value.

One example of hyperinflation is in Germany in the 1920s. In 1922, the largest bank note was 50,000 Reichsmark, In 1923 the largest bank note was 100,000,000,000,000 Mark. In December of 1923 the exchange rate was 4,200,000,000,000 Marks to 1 US dollar. These bank notes were so worthless that people would burn them in fires to keep them warm. The notes would burn longer than the amount of wood you could buy with them. Sometimes the rate of inflation was so high that prices _doubled_ every two days. The Rentenmark was introduced to stop this problem. The exchange rate was set at 4.2 Rentenmarks to 1 US Dollar.

In Zimbabwe, the inflation rate was 231,150,888.87% in July 2008.
John Deacon

**John Richard Deacon** (born 19 August 1951) is a retired English musician. He is best known as the bass guitarist of the rock band Queen.

He lives in Putney in Southwest London with his wife Veronica Tetzlaff. They were married on 18 January 1975. He is the father of six children.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: John Deacon
- **image**: Bass player queen.jpg
- **caption**: Deacon performing with Queen at the RDS Arena, Dublin in 1979
- **birth name**: John Richard Deacon
- **birth place**: Leicester, Leicestershire, England
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **instrument**: Bass guitar
- **years active**: 1965–1997
Roger Taylor (Queen drummer)

**Roger Meddows Taylor**  (born 26 July 1949) is an English musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known as the drummer of the rock band Queen.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Roger Taylor
- **image**: QueenLambertO2060622 (32 of 49) (52162868898) (Roger Taylor crop).jpg
- **caption**: Taylor with Queen + Adam Lambert in 2022
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Roger Meddows Taylor
- **birth place**: King's Lynn, Norfolk, England
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **years active**: 1988–present
Le Béage

**Le Béage** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Beauchastel

**Beauchastel** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## History

The name of the village comes from the "Bel Castrum" castle, built in the 12th century by the Lords Retourtour and Briand. It was ruined during the French Wars of Religion, and today only the tower remains.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, Beauchastel was one of the last salt stores (_grenier à sel_) of the country.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Beaulieu, Ardèche

**Beaulieu** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Beaulieu
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Beaulieu01.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Beaulieu (Ardèche).svg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Les Cévennes ardéchoises
- **insee**: 07028
- **postal code**: 07460
- **mayor**: Jean-François Borie
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays des Vans en Cévennes
- **elevation m**: 129
- **elevation min m**: 108
- **elevation max m**: 471
- **area km2**: 25.47
Paul Rodgers

**Paul Rodgers** (born 17 December 1949) is an English rock singer and songwriter.  He is best known for being a member of Free and Bad Company. He has recently toured and recorded with Brian May and Roger Taylor of Queen in a group called Queen + Paul Rodgers.
Beaumont, Ardèche

**Beaumont** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Beaumont
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mmbeaumont.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Les Cévennes ardéchoises
- **insee**: 07029
- **postal code**: 07110
- **mayor**: Agnès Audibert
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays Beaume-Drobie
- **elevation m**: 620
- **elevation min m**: 207
- **elevation max m**: 1000
- **area km2**: 19.16
Beauvène

**Beauvène** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Rouffiac-des-Corbières

**Rouffiac-des-Corbières** is a village in France. It is just below the castle of Peyrepertuse. In 2004, 97 people lived there.
Berrias-et-Casteljau

**Berrias-et-Casteljau** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Berrias-et-Casteljau
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Commanderie de Jalès, vue aérienne du Sud.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Berrias (Ardèche).svg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Les Cévennes ardéchoises
- **insee**: 07031
- **postal code**: 07460
- **mayor**: Robert Balmelle
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Pays des Vans en Cévennes
- **elevation m**: 130
- **elevation min m**: 100
- **elevation max m**: 262
- **area km2**: 26.42
Berzème

**Berzème** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France. In 2015, it had a population of 180 people.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Berzème
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Berzème01.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Berg-Helvie
- **insee**: 07032
- **postal code**: 07580
- **mayor**: Michel Caddet
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Berg et Coiron
- **elevation m**: 730
- **elevation min m**: 516
- **elevation max m**: 839
- **area km2**: 18.36
Bessas

**Bessas** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Bidon

**Bidon** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Boffres

**Boffres** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Bogy

- _For other meanings, see Bogey._

**Bogy** is a commune of the Ardèche _département_ in the southern part of France. Bogy can be found about 10 km from Annonay, and 50 km from Valence.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Bogy
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Canton of Serrières, Serrières
- **insee**: 07036
- **postal code**: 07340
- **mayor**: Mr. Alain Arnaud
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **elevation m**: 372
- **elevation min m**: 239
- **elevation max m**: 403
- **area km2**: 7.02
- **population**: 263
- **population date**: 1999
Borée

**Borée** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France. In 2008, the town had a population of about 167.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Borée
- **image**: Borée.JPG
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Saint-Martin-de-Valamas
- **insee**: 07037
- **postal code**: 07310
- **mayor**: Georges Murillon
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **elevation min m**: 807
- **elevation max m**: 1747
- **area km2**: 27.67
- **population**: 167
- **population date**: 2008
Borne, Ardèche

**Borne** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department
Boucieu-le-Roi

**Boucieu-le-Roi** is a town and commune of the Ardèche _département_, in the southern part of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Boucieu-le-Roi
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Boucieu-le-roi 2010-09-03-19.JPG
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **insee**: 07040
- **postal code**: 07270
- **mayor**: Eric Banc
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Hermitage-Tournonais-Herbasse-Pays de Saint Félicien
- **elevation m**: 276
- **elevation min m**: 242
- **elevation max m**: 623
- **area km2**: 8.94