juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mark Twain Prize for American Humor

The **Mark Twain Prize for American Humor** is a prize for comedians.   The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts awards this prize every year.  They first gave this prize in 1998. It is named after  Mark Twain.  Mark Twain was an American author.  The Mark Twain Prize is America’s foremost award for humor.

## Mark Twain Prize winners

- 1998 - Richard Pryor
- 1999 - Jonathan Winters
- 2000 - Carl Reiner
- 2001 - Whoopi Goldberg
- 2002 - Bob Newhart
- 2003 - Lily Tomlin
- 2004 - Lorne Michaels
- 2005 - Steve Martin
- 2006 - Neil Simon
- 2007 - Billy Crystal
- 2008 - George Carlin
- 2009 - Bill Cosby
- 2010 - Tina Fey
- 2011 - Will Ferrell
- 2012 - Ellen DeGeneres
- 2013 - Carol Burnett
- 2014 - Jay Leno
- 2015 - Eddie Murphy
- 2016 - Bill Murray
- 2017 - David Letterman
- 2018 - Julia Louis-Dreyfus
- 2019 - Dave Chappelle
- 2020–2021 - _Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic_
- 2022 - Jon Stewart
- 2023 - Adam Sandler

## Other websites

- Mark Twain Prize from the Kennedy Center website
- Mark Twain Prize from the PBS website
New Mexico State University

**New Mexico State University** is a four-year public university in the United States. It has five campuses, but its main campus is in Las Cruces, New Mexico. In 2010, it had about 18,000 undergraduate students.

## History

The school started in 1888. It was first called the Las Cruces College. Soon after, it changed its name to New Mexico College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts. In 1960, its name was changed to New Mexico State University.

## Sports

New Mexico State University's sports teams, called the Aggies, mainly play in Conference USA.

## Other websites

- New Mexico State University
Henryk Gorecki

**Henryk Mikolaj Gorecki** (6 December 1933—12 November 2010) was a Polish composer. His most famous work was his _Symphony No. 3_, the _Symphony of Sorrowful Songs_, written in 1992. More than one million recordings have been sold which makes it the most popular recording by a contemporary composer, getting to number 6 on the British album charts.

In 2010 Gorecki was given The Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest honour.
Beaumaris

**Beaumaris** (, Literal translation: _beautiful marsh_) is a small town on the island of Anglesey of the Menai Strait.

## History

The town itself began  in 1295 when Edward I of England started to build Beaumaris Castle. This was one of several castle along  the North Wales coast  - others include Conwy, Caernarfon and Harlech . Many of the builders of the castle were from France.

The castle was built on a marsh by the village of Llanfaes. The French builders called the marsh _beaux marais_ which means "beautiful marsh". This is how the town got its name.  The people who lived village in Llanfaes were removed  to a new village in the west of Anglesey to make way for the castle. This village was called Newborough and it still exists today.

## Architecture

Notable buildings in the town include the castle, a courthouse built in 1614, St Mary's parish church, and the town gaol.

Beaumaris has a pier which was opened in 1846. The pier was  enlarged to 570 feet after storm damage in 1872.  Beaumaris Pier is still a busy base for yachts and other boats.

## Other websites

- Beaumaris Photo Gallery
- Beaumaris Official Website
- Beaumaris Gaol
- photos of Beaumaris and surrounding area on geograph
- Beaumaris Lifeboat station

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Wales
- **official name**: Beaumaris
- **label position**: left
- **welsh name**: Biwmares
- **population ref**: < 2,040
- **unitary wales**: Anglesey
- **lieutenancy wales**: Gwynedd
- **constituency westminster**: Ynys Môn (UK Parliament constituency), Ynys Môn
- **constituency welsh assembly**: Ynys Môn (National Assembly for Wales constituency), Ynys Môn
- **post town**: BEAUMARIS
- **postcode district**: LL58
- **postcode area**: LL
- **dial code**: +01248
- **os grid reference**: SH605765
Lotte Giants

**Lotte Giants** is a South Korean professional baseball team. It was started in 1982. The company Lotte supports the team. Lotte Giants are based in Busan, South Korea. They are one of the first teams in the Korea Baseball Organization league. They play in the Sajik Baseball Stadium and the Ulsan Munsu Baseball Stadium. Lotte Giants won the Korean Series in 1984 and 1992. In 2008, 2009 and 2010, Lotte Giants had about 4 million people watch them play. This is the most people to watch a team in the league.  The symbol of the team is a gull. It represents the harbors of Busan.

## Other websites

- Homepage
Halomonadaceae

The **Halomonadaceae** are a family of halophilic proteobacteria. The family was originally created in 1988 to contain the genera _Halomonas_ and _Deleya_. Many of its members were only recently discovered, and research is discovering new facts about them.

## GFAG-1

**GFAJ-1** is a strain of rod-shaped extremophile bacteria in the **Halomonadaceae**. It was claimed that, when it did not have phosphorus, it took the usually poisonous element arsenic as a substitute.

Geomicrobiologist Felisa Wolfe-Simon collected lake-bottom sediments in the shallow waters of Mono Lake in California. Wolfe-Simon cultured the organisms from this hypersaline (very salty) and highly alkaline environment. They grew in an arsenic-containing medium.

Unfortunately, the conclusions taken from this research have been disproved. A group of researchers analyzed the DNA of GFAJ-1, and could not detect any arsenic. The phosphorus in its DNA cannot be, and is not, replaced with arsenic.

## Background

Life is mostly composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. Although these six elements make up nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids and thus the bulk of living matter, it is possible in theory that some other elements in the periodic table might serve the same functions.

It is believed that all life needs phosphorus as a basic piece of the ‘backbone’ that holds DNA together. Likewise ATP (adenosine triphosphate), a key molecule in the cells' energy cycle.
Sewage treatment

**Sewage treatment** is the process of dealing with sewage so that it does not cause harm to people or to rivers. Sewage flows in sewer pipes from houses and factories. When it arrives at a sewage treatment plant it passes through many stages. Larger treatment plants often have more stages than smaller ones. A house that doesn't have access to a city's sewage treatment will have its own septic system.

Large objects and rags are removed using screens. The sewage then flows through a tank so sand and grit can fall out.  This protects the machines in later stages. Fats and solids are removed in the first treatment stage.  Sewage enters a tank where solids fall to the bottom and fat floats to the top. This is called primary treatment.  Fats and solids stay in the tank as sludge, and the water continues to the next stage.

Modern sewage treatment started in London in about 1850. The first treatment plants for sewage were designed by Sir Joseph Bazalgette.

## Oxygen

Bacteria and amoebae in the gut and bowels are totally anaerobic. Oxygen kills them. A key aspect of the treatment is not just to remove solids, but to  _run the sewage through oxygenated water_.  It is this which is the most important part of treatment after solids are removed. The use of chemicals is only done exceptionally. Dumping sewage into the sea is disgusting, but has been done at times when the treatment plants are not adequate.

Small treatment plants may use a small pond, called a lagoon, to hold the sewage while oxygen destroys the bacteria.  Larger treatment plants use machines to help process the sewage. Some treatment works have rocks or pieces of plastic for the bacteria to grow on.  Water is pumped over the rocks or plastic.

Solids from the first and second treatment tanks can be used to make methane gas and fertilizer for farmers' fields or may be dried and sent to a landfill.
Vladimir Arnold

**Vladimir Arnold** (12 June 1937 — 3 June 2010) was a Russian mathematician of Jewish descent, said to be one of the greatest mathematicians of the 20th century. He worked in many areas of mathematics including dynamical systems, differential equations, hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, classical and celestial mechanics, geometry, topology, algebraic geometry, symplectic geometry, and singularity theory.

Arnold was born in Odesa, Ukraine. He worked at the Steklov Mathematical Institute in Moscow and later at the Moscow State University. Arnold died in Paris after going there to seek medical treatment.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1990.

## Awards

He would have be given the Fields Medal in Mathematics in 1974, but this was opposed by the Soviet government. His other awards include:
- Lenin Prize (1965)
- Crafoord Prize (1982)
- Lobachevsky Prize (1992)
- Harvey Prize (1994)
- World Prize in Mathematics (2001)
- Prize of the American Institute of Physics (2001)
- Wolf Prize (2001)
Sewage

**Sewage** or domestic wastewater is the liquid waste produced by people when using the toilet, having a bath or shower or washing clothes and dishes.  In some places, it also includes rain-water falling on houses and roads.  It can also have liquid waste from factories in it.  It flows in pipes called sewers to be cleaned up at a sewage treatment works.

Sewage is mostly water but it also has many microbes some of which can be harmful.  It can have many chemicals in it which can also cause harm to animals and humans.  Most sewage in poor counties is not treated and may spread disease.  Sewage spills sometimes damage health and wildlife.

## Appearance

Sewage tends to be slightly warmer than in drinking water but it is more stable than the ambient temperature. The color of fresh sewage is slightly grey, whereas older sewage (also called "septic sewage") is dark grey or black.  The odor of fresh sewage is "oily" and unpleasant.  Older sewage has an unpleasant foul odor due to hydrogen sulfide gas and other decomposition by-products.  Sewage can have high turbidity from suspended solids.
Gwynedd

|Ethnicity||
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: white;"||
|99.0% White||
|colspan="2" style="background: #f0f0f0; font-weight: bolder;"|Politics|
|* Guto Bebb * Elfyn Llwyd * Hywel Williams||
|* Dafydd Elis-Thomas * Gareth Jones * Alun Ffred Jones * North Wales * Mid and West Wales||
|* Wales||

**Gwynedd** is a large area in North West Wales. It has a long coast-line with many cliffs and beaches. It also has many mountains including Snowdon, the highest mountain in England and Wales. Large towns include Bangor and Caernarfon.

The county was divided into five districts: Aberconwy, Arfon, Dwyfor, Meirionnydd and Anglesey.
Superstar K

***Superstar K*** () is a South Korean television talent show series which is held every year. The concept is the same as the _Pop Idol_ franchise. It involves finding the next "superstar". The winner each week is worked out through scores given by judges and votes from viewers. First held in 2009, _Superstar K_ has become more and more popular.

As the slogan of this program is “Sing the miracle”, plenty of people who volunteered “Season 2” to become a singer were about 1,430,000. Furthermore, the audition was held by Seoul, Busan, Daejeon, Daegu, Incheon, Jeju, Gwangju, Chuncheon, and even LA.

This audition has lots of stages. First, participants should take the first local preliminary round, and after passing it, they face the second, and then the third. After the third round, all participants from all areas gather to Seoul, and semi round, called “Super Week”, is began. From this stage, all stages become survival formats, and keen. After the round, 11 people are chosen as last members, and they stay at the same house, take the vocal training, and compete each other every week. Finally, the one who survive from the competition win the audition. In this audition, famous judges appear. The judges are Korean popular singers, Seungchul Lee, Jongsin Yoon, and Junghwa Um. These singers judge each participant. As this is TV show, viewers can join the judgment. When last 11 people compete each other, viewers can vote who they want, and it accounts for 60%. The singers’ judgment forms 30%, and the rest is up to internet survey.

The winner of each season gets huge rewards. In Season 2, the winner, named Gak Heo, got ₩200 million, a car worth about ₩25 million. In addition, a famous music producer made his album and a music video. He also performed at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album of Ingook Seo, the winner of the Season 1, ranked at the top of the charts for several weeks.

## Infobox (television)

- **company**: Mnet Media
CJ E&M
- **runtime**: 80–90 minutes (regular)
48–169 minutes
- **judges**: Lee Seung Chul
Tasha Reid, Yoon Mi-Rae (2010-present)
:ko:윤종신, Yoon Jong-Shin
Park Jin-Young (2010)
Uhm Jung-hwa (2010)
Lee Hyori (2009)
- **theme music composer**: Hajak
- **location**: Initial auditions: Various locations in Korea, China and USA
- **country**: South Korea
- **language**: Korean
- **network**: M.net
- **num seasons**: 8
- **num episodes**: 110


## Infobox (korean name)

- **title**: Korean name
- **hangul**: 슈퍼스타 K
- **rr**: Syupeoseuta K
- **mr**: Syup‘ŏsŭt‘a K
- **color**: lavender
Ceredigion

**Ceredigion** (Welsh: **Sir Ceredigion**) is a principal area of Wales, corresponding to the historic county of **Cardiganshire**. The largest town in Ceredigion is Aberystwyth.

It has been administered as a county since 1282.

Welsh is spoken by more than half of the area's population.

It is considered to be a centre of Welsh culture.

The county is mainly rural with over 50 miles (80 km) of coastline and mountainous terrain.
Fred Page

**Frederick Page** (September 29, 1915 - December 23, 1997) was a Canadian executive for several ice hockey leagues and organizations. Page was born in Port Arthur, Ontario.

As president of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA), he helped bring amateur hockey teams to Europe for tours.  Later, he helped facilitate negotiations between the CAHA and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF).  This would lead to Page being an executive vice president of the IIHF from 1969 to 1972.  Next, he helped start the Pacific Coast Junior Hockey League, which later merged with the British Columbia Junior Hockey League in 1997. Page was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1993.
Bismuthine

**Bismuthine**, also known as **bismuthane**, **bismuth hydride**, and **hydrogen bismuthide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiH<sub>3</sub>. It has bismuth and hydride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Bismuthine is very unstable. It is only found below -60°C. Above that temperature it breaks down into bismuth and hydrogen.

## Preparation

It is made by a complex process that involves organic chemistry.

## Uses

It is part of a test for bismuth. This is similar to the Marsh test for arsenic.

## Related pages

- Bismuth(III) oxide
- Bismuth(III) chloride
Bismuth(V) oxide

**Bismuth(V) oxide** is a chemical compound made of bismuth and oxygen. It has the chemical formula . It is a scarlet red solid. It decomposes to bismuth(III) oxide and oxygen easily. It is made by electrolysis of bismuth(III) oxide in a hot concentrated alkali like sodium hydroxide.
John Schella

**John Edward Schella** (May 9, 1947 – August 3, 2018) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Schella made his NHL debut in 1970 with the Vancouver Canucks, spending parts of two seasons with the team before moving to the Houston Aeros, where he spent six seasons. Schella played one final year in the minor leagues before retiring in 1979.

### Regular season and playoffs

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="100" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="100" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1963–64|Fort William Canadiens|TBJHL|24|2|0|2|34|11|1|3|4|57|
|1964–65|Fort William Canadiens|TBJHL|24|6|16|22|131|—|—|—|—|—|
|1964–65|Fort William Beavers|TBSHL|2|0|0|0|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|1965–66|Fort William Canadiens|TBJHL|30|8|29|37|136|—|—|—|—|—|
|1966–67|Peterborough Petes|OHA|47|11|11|22|182|6|2|3|5|12|
|1967–68|Houston Apollos|CHL|39|5|2|7|110|—|—|—|—|—|
|1968–69|Denver Spurs|WHL|69|4|22|26|152|—|—|—|—|—|
|1969–70|Denver Spurs|WHL|67|7|30|37|198|—|—|—|—|—|
|1970–71|Rochester Americans|AHL|33|3|14|17|118|—|—|—|—|—|
|1970–71|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|38|0|5|5|58|—|—|—|—|—|
|1971–72|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|77|2|13|15|166|—|—|—|—|—|
|1972–73|Houston Aeros|WHA|77|2|24|26|239|10|0|2|2|12|
|1973–74|Houston Aeros|WHA|73|12|19|31|170|14|2|6|8|42|
|1974–75|Houston Aeros|WHA|78|10|42|52|176|13|0|8|8|12|
|1975–76|Houston Aeros|WHA|74|6|32|38|106|17|1|6|7|38|
|1976–77|Houston Aeros|WHA|20|0|6|6|28|6|1|2|3|6|
|1977–78|Houston Aeros|WHA|63|9|20|29|125|6|0|1|1|33|
|1978–79|Binghamton Dusters|AHL|2|1|1|2|0|10|0|0|0|12|
|1978–79|San Diego Hawks|PHL|58|6|21|27|145|—|—|—|—|—|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 180
- **played for**: Vancouver Canucks
Houston Aeros (WHA), Houston Aeros
- **birth place**: Port Arthur, Ontario, Port Arthur, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Westlock, Alberta, Canada
- **career start**: 1966
- **career end**: 1979
River Teifi

The **River Teifi** is a river in west Wales. It starts in the hills above the town of Tregaron and then flows into a large marsh called Tregaron bog. This bog helps to stop flow in the river being too extreme. It stores up flood water when it is raining hard and it lets water go during dry weather.

The water in the River Teifi is very good quality. The river supports lots of wild-life including Salmon and Trout. The wildlife is so special that the whole river has been given special protection by scientists to stop it being damaged.

The river passes through small towns such as Lampeter and Newcastle Emlyn before it reaches the sea at Cardigan. For the last few miles before it reaches Cardigan, the river runs through a deep gorge called Cigerran Gorge. Some people still fish for Salmon here using a very ancient boat called a Coracle.
River Ystwyth

The **River Ystwyth** (; ) is a river in west Wales. It starts  in the hills between Rhayader and Ysbyty Ystwyth and flow into the sea at Aberystwyth. Although the river looks very clean, it has high levels of some metals such as lead, zinc and silver. These metals poison a lot of the wildlife so that only a few things live in some of the river. These metals get into the river from old lead mines. Nobody uses the mines any more but the waste material left behind still has lots of metal in it and this dissolves in rain and gets into the river.

## Other Reading

- Green, John (2006), _Afon Ystwyth: The Story of a River_, Artery Publications 2006.
David Warren

**David Warren** (3 March 1925, Groote Eylandt, Australia— 19 July 2010, Brighton, Victoria, Australia) was an Australian scientist. He became famous for inventing the black box flight recorder which could give information about the causes of aircraft crashes.
Ryūe Nishizawa

is a Japanese architect and university professor at Yokohama National University. Nishizawa won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2010.

## Career

In 1995, he started a partnership with Kazuyo Sejima in Tokyo.  It was called SANAA.

In 1997, he started the independent Office of Ryūe Nishizawa.

## Projects

- _This table is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._

|Name||City||State/Country||Completed||Other Information||Image|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Weekend House|Usui|Gunma, Japan|1998||||||||
|House in Kamakura|Kamakura|Kanagawa, Japan|2001||||||||
|Takeo Head Office Store|Tokyo|Tokyo, Japan|2001||||||||
|Ichikawa Apartments|Ichkawa|Chiba, Japan|2001||||||||
|Funabashi Apartment Building|Funabashi|Chiba, Japan|2004||||||||
|Love Planet Museum||Okayama, Japan|2003||||||||
|Benesse Art Site Naoshima Office|Naoshima|Kagawa, Japan|2004||||||||
|House A|Tokyo|Tokyo, Japan|2004||||||||
|Moriyama House|Tokyo|Tokyo, Japan|2005||||||||
|Naoshima Museum|Naoshima|Kagawa, Japan|2005||||||||
|Towada Art Centre|Towada|Aomori, Japan|2005||||||||
|Teshima Art Museum|Toshima|Kagawa, Japan|2010||||||||

### Unbuilt

- Video Pavilion, Kagawa, Japan, 2003

## Honors

- Venice Biennale Golden Lion, 2004.
- Pritzker Prize, 2010.
- Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal, 2019

## Other websites

- SANAA website
- Office of Ryue Nishizawa website
- Vernissage.tv, "SANAA: Works 1998-2008 New Museum of Contemporary Art, New York"

## Infobox (architect)

- **name**: Ryue Nishizawa
- **nationality**: Japanese people, Japanese
- **birth place**: Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
- **alma mater**: Yokohama National University
- **awards**: Pritzker Prize 2010
Incubator (egg)

An **incubator** is a machine used mostly for hatching eggs without the help of a hen or mother.
Thomas Dörflein

**Thomas Dörflein** (13 October 1963 – 22 September 2008) was a German zookeeper at the Berlin Zoo for 26 years. He became a celebrity after he took care of the polar bear cub Knut, who had been abandoned by his mother shortly after his birth in 2006. In 2007, Dörflein was awarded the Medal of Merit by the city of Berlin for helping to raise Knut.
Bismuth(V) fluoride

**Bismuth(V) fluoride**, also known as **bismuth pentafluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiF<sub>5</sub>. It has five bismuth-fluorine bonds in it. The bismuth is in its +5 oxidation state.

## Properties

Bismuth(V) fluoride is a white crystalline solid. It is an extremely strong oxidizing agent and fluorinating agent, something that adds fluoride ions to other chemicals. It reacts with water to make ozone and oxygen difluoride. It also reacts with iodine and sulfur at room temperature. Above 50°C, it reacts with hydrocarbons like paraffin to make fluorocarbons. At 180°C, it reacts with chlorine to make chlorine monofluoride and with bromine to make bromine trifluoride.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with fluorine at a high temperature. It is also made by reacting bismuth(III) fluoride with chlorine trifluoride.

## Uses

It is used as a fluorinating agent.

## Related pages

- Bismuth(V) oxide
- Bismuth(III) chloride
- Bismuth(III) oxide
Chlorine monofluoride

**Chlorine monofluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is ClF. It has chlorine and fluoride ions in it. The chlorine is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Chlorine monofluoride is a colorless gas. It can be cooled to a pale yellow liquid at low temperatures. Many of its properties are between the properties of chlorine and fluorine. It reacts with tungsten to make tungsten hexafluoride and with selenium to make selenium tetrafluoride. It reacts with carbon monoxide to add chloride and fluoride to it.

## Related pages

- Chlorine trifluoride
- Chlorine dioxide
- Bromine monochloride
Neumünster Zoo

The **Neumünster Zoo** (German: **Tierpark Neumünster**) is a zoo in the north part of Germany. It was well known for suing the Berlin Zoo for the profits from Knut's publicity.
Terunobu Fujimori

is a Japanese architect and historian of architecture. He was born 21 November 1946 in Miyakawa-mura, Suwa-gun, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. That place is now part of Chino-shi. He has taught at several Japanese universities including: Tohoku University, Tokyo University, and Kogakuin University. He was a visiting scholar at Tōhoku University of Art and Design. He is professor emeritus at Tokyo University. Fujimori is especially interested in the history of modern Japanese architecture and natural design. He is known for using shapes from nature for his designs.

## Biography

He graduated from the architecture department at the faculty of engineering of Tōhoku University in 1971. Then he went for graduate study at Tokyo University. In 1979, he finished his dissertation "Historical Research on City Planning in the Meiji Era" and got his PhD.

In 1986 he won the Suntory Arts Prize for his book "Adventures of an Architectural Detective-Tokyo Edition" (建築探偵の冒険・東京篇 in Japanese). That year, he also one of the first members of the "Roadside Observation" art group (路上観察学会 in Japanese) with the artist  Genpei Akasegawa and the illustrator and manga artist Shinpo Minami.

In 2001, he finished a dormitory for the Kumamoto Prefectural University of Agriculture. That dormitory won an architecture prize. Fujimori was a commissioner for the 10th Venice Biennale in 2006. He also directed a TV series  for Fuji TV.

In 2010, Fujimori retired from the University of Tokyo and joined Kogakuin University.

## Books

Fujimori has written many books about architecture. Some describe his projects. Others are books of architectural history. He has published more than 25 books of his own. He has edited or written more than a dozen books with other writers.

## Projects

Fujimori often works with Shoushi Uchida or Nobumichi Oshima. Some of his projects are listed below.
- Jinchokan Moriya Historical Museum - 1991 - Chino, Nagano http://www.city.chino.lg.jp/kbn/07190000/07190000.html http://arc-no.com/arc/nagano/nagano-jichokan.htm
- Dandelion House - 1995 - Kokubunji, Tokyo
- Nira House (Genpei Akasegawa House) - 1997 - Machida, Tokyo
- Lone Pine House - 1998 - Fukuoka City
- The Forum - Niigata Prefecture Myoukou City
- Niwase Family Tomb - 2003 - Kamakura, Kanagawa (with Nobumichi Oshima)
- Teahouse Tetsu - 2006 - Hokuto City, Yamanashi Prefecture
- Chocolate House - 2009 - Kokubunji, Tokyo
- Roof House - 2009 - Shiga Prefecture
Kansas State University

**Kansas State University** (often called **K-State**) is a public university in Manhattan, Kansas, in the United States, although there is also a branch in Salina, Kansas and Olathe, Kansas. It was started in 1863. In fall 2010, 23,588 students were enrolled there.
Cultural identity

**Cultural identity** is the identity of a group, culture, or something similar, or a person's association to a group or culture.  Basically, the cultural identity makes a group/culture what it is. Each culture has its own things that make it different from others.
Cottage pie

**Cottage pie** or **shepherd's pie** is a type of savory pie. It is made with meat minced into small pieces, with mashed potato on top. It comes from the United Kingdom and Ireland. The dish is now popular worldwide.

The name "cottage pie" was first used at the end of the 18th century. It was around that time that the poorer people of Britain, people who lived in cottages in the country, started using potatoes as an everyday food. Originally, a pie made with any kind of meat and sliced potato was called a "cottage pie" due to it's resemblance to the tiled roofs.

In modern British English, the dish is usually called "cottage pie" if it is made with beef. If it is made with lamb it is usually called "shepherd's pie" (because a shepherd looks after sheep).

According to the _Oxford Companion to Food_, once upon a time, Scotland made its shepherd’s pies with pastry instead of mashed potatoes.

## References

- John Ayato and Jenna (1990) _The Glutton's Glossary: A Dictionary of Food and Drink Terms_, Routledge, London.

## Other websites

- Cottage pie recipe
- Shepherd's pie recipe
SOS (song)

"**SOS**" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It is a dance-pop and R&B song that samples the 1981 song "Tainted Love" by Soft Cell.  It was released on February 14, 2006 off of the album _A Girl like Me_ and went to number one on the _Billboard_ Hot 100, her first song to do so. The song was originally written for Christina Milian.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: SOS
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Rihanna
- **album**: A Girl like Me (Rihanna album), A Girl like Me
- **prev title**: If It's Lovin' that You Want
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: Unfaithful (song), Unfaithful
- **next year**: 2006
Bismuth(III) bromide

**Bismuth(III) bromide**, also known as **bismuth tribromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiBr<sub>3</sub>. It has bismuth and bromide ions. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Bismuth(III) bromide is a white to pale yellow solid. It reacts with water to make bismuth oxybromide, BiOBr, which is a solid. It can only dissolve in acidic solutions.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydrobromic acid. It can also be made by reacting powdered bismuth with bromine.

## Related pages

- Bismuth(III) chloride
- Bismuth(III) fluoride
- Bismuth(III) iodide
Bismuth(III) fluoride

**Bismuth(III) fluoride**, also known as **bismuth trifluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiF<sub>3</sub>. It has bismuth and fluoride ions in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Preparation and properties

Bismuth(III) fluoride is a gray-white powder. It does not dissolve in water. It is made by reacting bismuth(III) oxide with hydrofluoric acid or by reacting a large amount of bismuth with fluorine.

## Related pages

- Bismuth(III) iodide
- Bismuth(III) bromide
- Bismuth(V) fluoride
Freshwater Biological Association

The **Freshwater Biological Association**, often shortened to the **FBA**, is a British charity started in 1929. It  aims are  to promote freshwater biology. It publishes identification keys to freshwater plants and animals throughout the world, and also maintains a  library of freshwater science.

Membership is open to anyone who is interested in freshwater science. The Association's main offices are in Far Sawrey, on the banks of Windermere in Cumbria.

## Other websites

- The FBA web-site
- FBA web-cam at Far Sawrey ferry landing stage
Freshwater biology

**Freshwater biology** is the study of plants and animals that live in fresh water. This includes rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes and other bodies of water. It is part of the branch of science called Limnology.

Much freshwater biology takes place in man-made places such as sewage treatment works and water treatment works. In these places water is purified using plants and animals. Keeping them working as hard as possible helps to make the water as cleaner.

In recent times freshwater biologists have been looking at how plants and animals change in the autumn and spring. This is helping us to understand more about the effects of climate change.
Tincture of iodine

**Tincture of iodine** is a disinfectant. It has iodine and potassium iodide dissolved in ethanol and water. Normally, iodine does not dissolve in water. But when _potassium iodide_
is added, the iodine can dissolve. Also, ethanol helps iodine dissolve. Tincture of iodine has about equal amounts of iodide and iodine. It is not suitable for consumption. There are two types of tincture of iodine:

**USP Tincture of Iodine**: for every 100 mL, it has 1.8 to 2.2 grams of iodine, 2.1 to 2.6 grams of sodium iodide, and 50mL ethanol. The rest is water.

**USP Strong Iodine Tincture**: for every 100 mL, it has 6.8 to 7.5 grams of iodine, 4.7 to 5.5 grams of potassium iodide, and 50 mL ethanol. The rest is water.

It can be used as a skin disinfectant and as a water disinfectant. It is used to disinfect minor cuts, burn and scratches. Because it has iodine in it, it is toxic in large amounts. Lugol's iodine is an alcohol-free version. It is commonly used in experiments in middle school science labs. It is an alcoholic solution of iodine.
Stavropoleos Monastery

**Stavropoleos Monastery** or the **Stavropoleos Church** ( or __), is an Eastern Orthodox monastery for nuns in central Bucharest, Romania that was built in the year 1724. The monastery was named after the Romanian version of a Greek word, _Stauropolis_, which means "The city of the Cross".
Annie Besant

**Annie Besant** (1 October 1847, London – 20 September 1933, India) was a British woman who became one of the leaders of the Indian freedom struggle. In 1885, Annie Besant joined the Fabian Society and later became a member of 'Marxist Social Democratic Federation'. She joined the Theosophical Society, a religious movement founded in 1875, based on ideas of karma and reincarnation. As a leader of the Society, Besant helped to spread Theosophical beliefs around the world. She established the 'Olkot Panjama School' in 1894. She was the founder of Central Hindu College. Later this college developed as the Hindu University of Benarus. Annie Besant started the India Home Rule movement in 1916 and became its president. In 1917 she became a leading member of the Indian National Congress.
Owens Lake

**Owens Lake** is a mostly dry lake in the eastern Sierra Nevada of Inyo County, California, located about  south of Lone Pine, California. Unlike most dry lakes in the Basin and Range Province that have been dry for thousands of years, Owens held water until 1924. Today, some of the flow of the river has been restored, and the lake now has some water.

## Infobox (_lake)

- **lake name**: Owens Lake
- **image lake**: owens.lake.arp.750pix.jpg
- **caption lake**: Image of the Owens Valley from the International Space Station -- oriented top = true west.
- **location**: Sierra Nevada (U.S.), Sierra Nevada
Inyo County, California, Inyo County, California, California, USA
- **type**: dry lake, Flat
- **inflow**: Owens River
artesian well, Natural springs and wells
- **basin countries**: United States
Dunaliella salina

***Dunaliella salina*** is a type of halophile pink micro-algae found in sea salt fields. _Dunaliella salina_ is used in cosmetics and dietary supplements. Few organisms can survive in such highly saline conditions as salt evaporation ponds. To survive, these organisms have high concentrations of beta-carotene to protect against light, and high concentrations of glycerol to provide protection against osmotic pressure. This offers an opportunity for commercial biological production of these substances.
Scarification

**Scarification** or **cicatrization** is a form of body modification, where a design or pattern is cut, etched or scratched into human skin to make a permanent scar. Like with most body modification, there are many reasons why people choose to be scarified. The act of scarifying has been compared to tattooing due to the fact that it permanently changes the skin. It has also been identified with self harm because people have used it to cover self-inflicted wounds.

Scarification began as cultural identification in some places, especially in Maori and African societies. Other cultures may use it for religious reasons, and nearly all cultures use it for aesthetics. Some people also use scarification for pleasure, as the process of being scarified creates endorphins.

## Related pages

- Body modification
- Tattoo
- Self harm
Haloarchaea

**Haloarchaea** are halophiles. They need high salt concentrations to grow. They are a distinct evolutionary branch of the Archaea, and are extremophiles.

The term _halobacteria_ is a misnomer (mistaken name), because we now know the archaea are a different group from bacteria.

In taxonomy, the Haloarchaea are a class of the Euryarchaeota, found in water with salt. They are common in most environments where large amounts of salt, moisture, and organic material are available.
Cowbird

**Cowbirds** are birds of the genus _Molothrus_. They are brood parasites, similar in life-style to the Cuckoo. The entire family Icteridae is limited to the New World.

They lay their eggs in the nests of other birds. The birds whose nest is used by the cowbird is tricked into raising the young cowbirds.

These birds feed on insects, including those stirred up by cattle. They lay their eggs in other birds' nests. This means that the birds can more easily stay with the herd.

The Brown-headed Cowbird has over 220 hosts. The other cowbird species have fewer known hosts, but all the species are generalists when it comes to choosing a host. This means that the eggs may look very different from the hosts' eggs.

## Mafia-type behaviour

It seems that Brown-headed Cowbirds periodically check on their eggs and young after they have deposited them. Removal of the parasitic egg may trigger a retaliatory reaction termed 'mafia behaviour'. Cowbirds may penalise hosts which remove the cowbird egg: they often destroy the eggs or nestlings of those hosts.
- "Central to the persistence of mafia-type behavior in brood parasites and acceptance in hosts is the fact that hosts produce significantly more offspring by accepting parasitism rather than ejecting parasitic eggs".
Maebashi

is a Japanese city in the Kantō region on the island of Honshu.  It is the capital city of Gunma Prefecture.

It has been recognized as a core city since 2009.

## Architecture

Rinkokaku is a wooden building which was built in 1884. It is an important cultural property.

## Food

"Misopan", meaning “Bread with Miso paste” originates from Yakimanju. Friand, Numata, is famous for Misopan. The buns are made from Gunma Prefecture’s high quality wheat. Azuki bean paste is not used, but rather, a spread of miso with sugar, which is then grilled until brown.

## Sightseeing

The prefectural office building was formed from Maebashi castle. It was renovated in 1999, and became the tallest building in Maebashi.

## Education

Maebashi has 56 elementary schools, 23 middle schools, 15 high schools, around seven colleges or universities and one private school that is both a middle school and a high school. Maebashi also has an international school named the .

## Other websites

- Maebashi city website
Firmicutes

The **Firmicutes** are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have the Gram-positive type of cell walls.

## Classes

The group is typically divided into the Clostridia, which are anaerobic, the Bacilli, which are aerobic, and the Mollicutes, a class of bacteria which do not have cell walls.

On phylogenetic trees, the first two groups show up as paraphyletic or polyphyletic, as do their main genera, _Clostridium_ and _Bacillus_.

## Health

Firmicutes make up the largest portion of the mouse and human gut microbiome. The division _Firmicutes_ as part of the gut flora has been shown to be involved in energy resorption and obesity.
Proteobacteria

The **Proteobacteria** are a major phylum of bacteria.

They are gram-negative bacteria. This means they do not retain the violet dye in the Gram staining protocol.

In a Gram stain test, a counterstain (commonly safranin) is added after the crystal violet, colouring all gram-negative bacteria with a pink colour.

The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their cell walls.

Proteobacteria include a wide variety of pathogens, such as _Escherichia coli_, _Salmonella_, _Vibrio_, _Helicobacter_, and many other notable genera.

Others are free-living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation. The group is defined primarily in terms of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences.

Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophic, but there are numerous exceptions.

There are alphaproteobacteria in this phylum which are widely found in marine plankton. They may constitute over 10% of the open ocean microbial community.

## Classification

- **Proteobacteria**: Purple bacteria and their relatives
    - alpha subdivision (purple non-sulfur bacteria, rhizobacteria, _Agrobacterium_, _Rickettsiae_, _Nitrobacter_)
    - beta subdivision (_Rhodocyclus_, (some) _Thiobacillus_, _Alcaligenes_, _Spirillum_, _Nitrosovibrio_)
    - gamma subdivision (enterics, fluorescent pseudomonads, purple sulfur bacteria, _Legionella_, (some) _Beggiatoa_)
    - delta subdivision (Sulfur and sulfate reducers (_Desulfovibrio_), Myxobacteria, _Bdellovibrio_)
Necrosis

**Necrosis** is a medical condition in which parts of a person's body die, turn black, and fall off. This happens when the there is not enough blood reaching the tissues. This can happen for many reasons including injury, poisons, bacteria or radiation damage. The dead tissue will not grow back.
André Kim

**André Kim** (August 24, 1935 – August 12, 2010) was a South Korean fashion designer based in Seoul, South Korea. He is known mainly for his evening and wedding gown collections.

## Career

Kim, whose real name is Kim Bong Nam, is one of fashion designers in South Korea. He has achievements in Korean fashion, and International fashion. New York Times and Herald Tribune in London described him as 'A pioneer in Korean fashion' and 'Alive fashion hero'.

Kim became the Korea’s first male fashion designer as he opened his fashion shop in 1962 and since that time he attracted public attention by designing a wedding dress of Um Aeng Ran, who was a top star at that time, and designing many clothes like uniforms of the Korean athletes for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. Furthermore, not only did he hold a fashion show in Paris as the first South Korean in 1966 but also he held a lot of fashion shows in many places such as New York, Washington DC, Beijing and Sydney. Also, he was in the spotlight of the world because he became the world's first fashion designer to hold a fashion show in front of pyramids and Angkor Wat temple.

Since 2002 Kim has expanded his business into not only design fields such as children's wear and golf coat but also various fields like cosmetics and jewelry. He was active in his work even before he died on August 12, 2010, because of the pneumonia and colorectal cancer at age 74.

## Fashion Styles

There are many characteristics that André Kim has in his fashion shows and styles. One of them is wedding finale, which is representative symbol as a bride and groom wearing wedding gowns confront each other. Kim sticks to a design that emphasizes woman's elegance and tries to apply Korean traditional pattern. Moreover, he always emphasizes white color. To be specific, the clothes that he designed are white as well as the things that he uses, such as furniture and cars, are also white. Moreover, he wears only white clothes regardless of the situation, even when he sleeps and takes a rest.

## References

- http://www.andrekim.co.kr/
- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=927752
- http://cafe.naver.com/pantheonhouse.cafe?iframe_url=/ArticleRead.nhn%3Farticleid=30
- http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2010/08/12/0200000000AKR20100812218500005.HTML?did=1179m

## Infobox (korean name)

- **color**: khaki
- **title**: Birth name
- **hangul**: 김봉남
- **rr**: Gim Bong-nam
- **mr**: Kim Pongnam
- **hangulstage**: 앙드레 김
- **hanjastage**: 앙드레
- **rrstage**: Angdeure Gim
- **mrstage**: Angdŭre Kim
Wensleydale

**Wensleydale** is the valley (dale) of the River Ure on the east side of the Pennines in North Yorkshire, England. Wensleydale is in the Yorkshire Dales National Park. It is named after the small village of Wensley. The village name 'Wensley' comes from the words _Woden's ley_, or meadow of the pagan god Woden. It is famous for its cheese.

## Cheese

Wensleydale cheese is made from cow's milk. It is produced in a village in the county of North Yorkshire in England. It is usually shaped into a flat disc known as a truckle. The history of the cheese began in Wensleydale in 1150 when monks started making cheese. This became a farmhouse industry until the first commercial cheese was made in Hawes in 1897. Cheese making continued until May 1992 when the cheese factory closed. Six months later a group of local businessmen, ex-factory workers and cheesemakers, were able to reopen the business and promote Real Yorkshire Wensleydale Cheese. This business has become very successful making specialty cheese and now employs more than 200 people.

## Wensleydale in popular culture

In the 1990s, sales of the cheese had fallen very low. However, in the popular Wallace and Gromit animated cartoons, _A Grand Day Out_ and _A Close Shave_ the main character Wallace, a cheese lover, mention Wensleydale as a particularly favourite cheese, which boosted sales of the cheese.
Park Tae-hwan

**Park Tae-hwan** (nicknamed "Marine boy") is a famous swimmer from South Korea. He was born in Seoul on September 27, 1989. He is the first South Korean swimmer to win a world title. He won a gold medal in the men's 400 meters freestyle final at the World Swimming Championships in Melbourne, 2007. Recently, he won a medal in all seven events in which he has competed in 2010 Asian Games (three gold medals, two silver medals and two bronze medals).

|Gold|Silver|Bronze|
| --- | --- | --- |
|100m freestyle|1500m freestyle|4 × 100 m freestyle relay|
|200m freestyle|4 × 100 m medley relay|4 × 200 m freestyle relay|
|400m freestyle|-|-|
Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve

**Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve** is one of the world's greatest fossil sites. It is part of Newfoundland and Labrador, in Canada.

Mistaken Point was so named because sailors found it a navigational hazard on the foggy tip of Newfoundland's Avalon Peninsula. The site is on Canada's Tentative List for proposed UNESCO World Heritage Sites. No-one can visit the fossil site without an official guide; collecting actual fossils may not be done.

## The fossils

The fossils are in Mistaken Point's tilted and faulted mudstone and sandstone. They are exposed, visible on the surface. They are part of the Ediacaran biota, the oldest complex (multicellular) life forms. The Ediacaran is the last period in the Proterozoic eon. They date to 579 to 542 million years ago, when all life was in the sea.

The Reserve is the only place in the world where you can see a 565-million-year-old sea floor which preserves the ecology of these ancient deep sea communities.

This lagerstätte includes over 30 types of ancient creatures, most of them extinct groups unknown in our modern world.

## The palaeoecology

The creatures lived on the bottom of a deep ocean, below the depths that light could reach. What is now Newfoundland was then between latitudes 40°–65° South.

The imprints of the soft-bodied animals were preserved in place on the muddy sea floor when they were suddenly buried by repeated volcanic ash-falls. The ash (tuff) layers contain zircon, which makes it possible for geologists to accurately date the fossil layers by radiometric dating. Fossils of similar age are found in Russia and Australia, but the variety found at Mistaken Point make the site unique.

## Related pages

- Fortune Head
- Ediacaran biota
- Lagerstätten
Period (geology)

A **period** in geologic time scale is a main subunit of an era.

Thus the Mesozoic era is divided into three periods: the Triassic, the Jurassic and the Cretaceous. These periods are then further subdivided into epochs.
Bismuth(III) chloride

**Bismuth(III) chloride**, also known as **bismuth trichloride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is BiCl<sub>3</sub>. It has bismuth and chlorine atoms in it. The bismuth is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

Bismuth(III) chloride is a pale yellow solid. It reacts with water to make bismuth oxychloride and hydrochloric acid. It dissolves in acids like hydrochloric acid. It reacts with reducing agents to make bismuth metal.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting bismuth with chlorine. It can also be made by dissolving bismuth(III) oxide in hydrochloric acid. Bismuth can be dissolved in nitric acid to make bismuth(III) nitrate, which reacts with sodium chloride to make bismuth(III) chloride.

## Uses

It is used as a catalyst in organic chemistry. It is a good source of bismuth and is used to make other bismuth compounds.

## Safety

Bismuth(III) chloride can cause burns on skin because it makes hydrochloric acid when it reacts with water. It irritates the gastrointestinal tract.

## Related pages

- Bismuth(III) bromide
- Bismuthine