juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Government shutdowns in the United States

In the United States, a **government shutdown** is a partial shutdown of some government services. It is not complete anarchy - essential services such as police remain active. The most recent shutdown started on October 1, 2025 caused by a lack of agreement on an appropriations bill for the 2026 fiscal year.

## List of shutdowns

|rowspan="2" width="10%"|Year|rowspan="2" width="8%"|Days|rowspan="2" width="10%"|Agencies affected|rowspan="2" width="10%"|Employees furloughed|data-sort-type="currency" rowspan="2" width="10%"|Cost to government|rowspan="2" width="15%"|President|rowspan="2" width="10%"|Congress|colspan="2" width="25%"|Majority|rowspan="2" class="unsortable"||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1980|1|FTC|1,600|||Jimmy Carter|96th||Democratic <small>(58 –  41 – 1)</small>||Democratic <small>(277 – 157 – 1)</small>|align="center"||||||
|1981|4|All <small>(except Legislative Branch)</small>|241,000||rowspan="3"|Ronald Reagan|97th||Democratic <small>(53 – 46 – 1)</small>||Democratic <small>(242 – 192 – 1)</small>|align="center"||||||
|1984|1|Some|500,000||98th||Republican <small>(55 – 45)</small>||Democratic <small>(269 – 165 – 1)</small>|align="center"||||||||
|1986|1|All|500,000||99th||Republican <small>(53 – 47)</small>||Democratic <small>(253 – 181 – 1)</small>|align="center"||||||||
|1990|3|All|2,800|||George H. W. Bush|101st||Democratic <small>(55 – 45)</small>||Democratic <small>(267 – 167 – 1)</small>|align="center"||||||
|1995 (Nov)|6|Some|800,000|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|Bill Clinton|rowspan="2"|104th||Republican <small>(53 – 47)</small>||Republican <small>(232 – 202 – 1)</small>|align="center" rowspan="2"||||
|1995–1996 United States federal government shutdowns|21|Some|284,000||Republican <small>(53 – 47)</small>||Republican <small>(232 – 202 – 1)</small>|||||||||||
|2013|16|All|800,000|||Barack Obama|113th||Democratic <small>(53 – 45 – 2)</small>||Republican <small>(234 – 201)</small>|align="center"||||||
|2018 (Jan)|3|All|692,900||rowspan="5"|Donald Trump|rowspan="3"|115th||Republican <small>(51 – 47 – 2)</small>||Republican <small>(241 – 194)</small>|align="center"|||||
|rowspan="3"|2018–2019 United States federal government shutdown|rowspan="3"|35|rowspan="3"|Some|rowspan="3"|380,000|rowspan="3"|||Republican <small>(51 – 47 – 2)</small>|rowspan="2"|Republican <small>(241 – 194)</small>|align="center" rowspan="3"||||
||Republican <small>(50 – 47 – 2)</small>|||||||||||||||||
|116th||Republican <small>(53 – 45 – 2)</small>||Democratic <small>(235 – 199)</small>||||||||||||||
|2025|_  (ongoing)_|All|900,000||119th||Republican <small>(53 – 45 – 2)</small>||Republican <small>(219 – 213)</small>|align="center"||||||||
Stingy Jack

**Stingy Jack** is a character in Irish folklore. He was a poor, dirty man who was often drunk. He outsmarted the devil at least three times.

He invited the devil to have a drink with him. Jack did not want to pay for the drink. He persuaded the devil to change himself into a coin. The devil did so, and Jack put the coin in his pocket. There was a silver cross in his pocket that made it impossible for the devil to return to his original shape. Jack eventually allowed the devil to resume his shape, but only after he promised not to bother Jack for a whole year and to not try to claim his soul when he died.

On another occasion, Jack persuaded the devil to climb an apple tree to gather apples. Jack quickly carved crosses into the trunk of the tree, making it impossible for the devil to come down. Jack allowed the devil to come down, but only after he promised not to bother Jack for ten years and not to claim his soul when he died.

On the third occasion, Jack died before the ten-year time limit. God did not want Jack in Heaven, so he was sent to Hell. The devil could not claim his soul, so Jack was sent back into the world. The devil gave him a glowing coal to light his way in the darkness. Jack put the coal into a hollowed-out turnip. He is said to still walk the earth with his lantern, and can be seen around All Saints Day November 1.

Jack became known as "Jack of the lantern". This name was shortened to "Jack-o'-lantern". In the United States, his lantern became a pumpkin rather than a turnip. Pumpkins were common in the U.S. and easier to carve. The story of Jack is little known, perhaps because he was an unsuitable role model for entertaining children.
Foreign relations of Bangladesh

The **foreign relations of Bangladesh** are the Bangladeshi government's policies with other countries. Since independence in 1971, Bangladesh has officially followed a principle of being friendly with all nations and not being enemies with any. As a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, Bangladesh has tended to not take sides with major powers. Since the end of the Cold War, the country has pursued better relations with its neighbours. It has strong relations with other Muslim countries. It does not recognise Israel.

## United Nations

Bangladesh joined the United Nations in 1974 and was elected to the Security Council in 1978–1980 and again in 2000–02. Foreign Minister Mr. Humayun Rasheed Choudhury was president of the 41st UN General Assembly in 1986.

Bangladesh has played a significant role in international peacekeeping activities. Nearly 10,000 Bangladeshi military personnel are overseas with UN peacekeeping forces. Bangladeshi troops have served or are serving in Somalia, Rwanda, Mozambique, Kuwait, Bosnia and Herzegovina,  Haiti, and East Timor.  In December 2021, Bangladesh was the largest provider of UN peacekeeping troops with 6608 people followed by Rwanda with 6335.

### Myanmar

Myanmar is Bangladesh's eastern neighbour. A great amount of tension exists between the two countries. This is due to border disputes and the presence of over 270,000 Rohingya Muslim refugees in Bangladesh from mainly-Buddhist Myanmar. As a result of bilateral discussions, and with the cooperation and assistance of the UNHCR, most of the Rohingya refugees returned to Burma. As of 2000, about 22,000 refugees remain in camps in southern Bangladesh.

At the 2008 ASEAN Regional forum summit in Singapore, Bangladesh and Myanmar said they would solve their Maritime boundary disputes as quickly as possible especially that a UN deadline in claiming maritime territories would expire in three years time. Both countries discussed the possibility of linking the two countries together in an attempt to boost their trade and commerce relations. The estimate to complete the 25 km highway is three years and at the cost of $20 million. Another aspect of this plan is to connect the highway to the Asian Superhighway which would connect the two countries to China. Although these have not been solved, and tensions are worsening.

### United Kingdom

The relations between the two are historical, because the British started their conquest of British India from present-day Bengal region of Bangladesh. Bangladesh has been in the Commonwealth since 1972. There are many Bengalis within the community of Great Britain

## Related pages

- Indo-Bangladeshi barrier
- Foreign relations of Pakistan

## Other websites

- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Edin Osmanović

**Edin Osmanović** (born 20 May 1964) is a Slovenian UEFA Pro football coach. Since 2013, he has been the head coach of the Slovenian First Football League club Aluminij from Kidričevo. He previously coached that club from 2004 to 2006. He started his coaching career in Rudar Trbovlje. He later coached many clubs in the First League, including Publikum Celje, HIT Gorica, Rudar Velenje, Korotan Prevalje, Dravograd, Aluminij and Mura 05.

With Gorica, Osmanović finished second in the 1999–2000 season of the First League, entered the semi-finals of the 1999–2000 Slovenian Football Cup and played four matches on the UEFA Cup. That made it one of the club's most successful seasons. With Korotan, he won the Slovenian Indoor Soccer All-Stars Competition. With Dravograd, he became the runner-up of the 2003–04 Slovenian Football Cup. He also worked with other coaches like Stanko Poklepović; he was his assistant coach at Celje before taking over the position of head coach.

## List of clubs

|Club|From|To|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Rudar Trbovlje|1995|1997|Head coach|
|Publikum Celje|1997|1998|Assistant coach (of Stanko Poklepović)|
|Publikum Celje|1998|1999|Head coach|
|HIT Gorica|1999|2001|Head coach|
|Rudar Velenje|2001|2002|Head coach|
|Korotan Prevalje|2002|2003|Head coach|
|Dravograd|2003|2004|Head coach|
|Aluminij|2004|2006|Head coach|
|Mura 05|2007|2010|Head coach|
|Aluminij|2013||Head coach|

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Edin Osmanović
- **image**: EdinOsmanovic.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **birth place**: Srebrenik, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **position**: Manager (association football), Manager
- **manageryears1**: 1995–1997
- **managerclubs1**: NK Rudar Trbovlje, Rudar Trbovlje
- **manageryears2**: 1997–1998
- **managerclubs2**: NK Celje, Celje (Assistant manager)
- **manageryears3**: 1998–1999
- **managerclubs3**: Celje
- **manageryears4**: 1999–2001
- **managerclubs4**: ND Gorica, Gorica
- **manageryears5**: 2001–2002
- **managerclubs5**: NK Rudar Velenje, Rudar Velenje
- **manageryears6**: 2002–2003
- **managerclubs6**: NK Korotan Prevalje, Korotan Prevalje
- **manageryears7**: 2003–2004
- **managerclubs7**: NK Dravograd, Dravograd
- **manageryears8**: 2004–2006
- **managerclubs8**: NK Aluminij, Aluminij
- **manageryears9**: 2007–2010
- **managerclubs9**: ND Mura 05, Mura 05
- **manageryears10**: 2013–
- **managerclubs10**: NK Aluminij, Aluminij
Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket

The **Mk4 Folding-Fin Aerial Rocket** (FFAR) is a  rocket. It is also called **Mighty mouse**. United States military aircraft use this rocket. Military aircraft can not guide it after launch. It was made originally as an air-to-air rocket for shooting down enemy bombers from a further distance rather than machine guns and cannons. It is more effective on target rather than machine guns and cannons.
Purple bacteria

**Purple bacteria** are bacteria that are phototrophic, meaning that they are able to make energy from light. They change the energy from the Sun into chemical energy that they can use to function. They do this through photosynthesis. Purple bacteria belong to the group called proteobacteria. They are called purple bacteria because they are often purple in colour. They can also be red, brown and orange.
Jet fuel

**Jet fuel** is fuel used in certain types of aircraft. It is separated from crude oil in a fractionating tower.
Stedman Graham

**Stedman Graham** (born March 6, 1951) is an American businessperson, author, speaker and an educator. He is an African American who was born in Whitesboro, New Jersey. He is best known as Oprah Winfrey's partner.

cnhfdiahjcnvafel

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stedman Graham
- **image**: Stedman Graham and Grant Schreiber during an interview in Cape Town, 2014 (cropped).jpg
- **birth place**: Whitesboro, New Jersey, U.S.
- **occupation**: businessperson, educator, author, speaker
- **education**: Middle Township High School
Hardin-Simmons University (B.S.W.)
Ball State University (MEd)
- **partner**: Oprah Winfrey (1986 – present)
- **spouse**: Glenda Graham (divorced)
Juliet (Shakespeare)

**Juliet Capulet** is a character in Shakespeare's _Romeo and Juliet_. She is barely a young adult when she meets and falls in love with a family enemy, Romeo Montague. The two marry secretly. When Juliet's parents arrange a marriage with Count Paris for her, she takes a potion that will make her appear to be dead. Her body is taken to a crypt. She later comes back to life. When she discovers Romeo has killed himself, she kills herself.

There have been countless adaptations. Norma Shearer and Olivia Hussey have played Juliet in the movies. The play was adapted to opera and ballet. Rudolph Nureyev and Margot Fonteyn have danced the "star-crossed lovers" in the ballet adaptation.
Mercutio

**Mercutio** is a character in Shakespeare's _Romeo and Juliet_. He is a young man and friend to Romeo. When Romeo declines to participate in a duel with a family enemy, Mercutio takes Romeo's place and is killed as Romeo tries to end the duel. Mercutio is a talkative young man. His most famous speech is the Queen Mab speech.
Southwell, Nottinghamshire

**Southwell** is a town in Nottinghamshire, England. It has a large church called Southwell Minster.

## Other websites

- Southwell
Nepal Bhasa Wikipedia

The **Nepal Bhasa Wikipedia** is the Nepal Bhasa-language edition of Wikipedia. As of October 2013, it has over 70,000 articles.

## Other websites

- Nepal Bhasa Wikipedia main page

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Nepal Bhasa Wikipedia
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-new.svg
- **url**: [http://new.wikipedia.org/ new.wikipedia.org]
- **commercial**: No
- **location**: Miami, Florida
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Nepal Bhasa language, Nepal Bhasa
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia

The **Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia** is the Egyptian Arabic-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in November 2008. As of October 2013, it has over 10,000 articles. It was the first Wikipedia written in a dialect of Arabic.

## Other websites

- Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia main page

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-arz.svg
- **url**: [//arz.wikipedia.org/ arz.wikipedia.org]
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Egyptian Arabic (Articles are written mainly using the Arabic alphabet but a few are written using the Latin alphabet)
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Oriya Wikipedia

The **Odia Wikipedia** is the Odia-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in June 2002. As of April 2015, it has over 8,728 articles.

## Other websites

- Odia Wikipedia main page

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Odia Wikipedia
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-or.svg
- **logo size**: 220px
- **logocaption**: Odia Wikipedia logo
- **screenshot**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-or.svg
- **screenshot size**: 140px
- **collapsible**: yes
- **commercial**: Charitable
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **registration**: Optional
- **language**: Odia
- **content license**: (most text also dual-licensed under GFDL)
Media licensing varies
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: Odia wiki community
- **current status**: Online
Gewisse

The **Gewisse** Latin: _Gewissæ_) were a political group or band of Anglo-Saxons. They originally settled in the upper Thames river valley area. The Gewisse were the most powerful group in what would become the kingdom of Wessex.

## Name

The name 'Gewisse' comes from an Old English word for "reliable" or "sure", In the genealogy of King Alfred of Wessex, is a supposed ancestor of Cerdic named Gewis. (also spelled Gwis). The true origin of the name cannot be determined accurately. the name was old in Bede's time. Bede stated the original name for the West Saxons was the Gewisse. The change in name from the Gewisse to the West Saxons seems to have taken place in the latter part of the 7th century. The Gewisse, like the 'Cantwara' (Kent-men) and the 'Meonwara' of Hampshire were political units, not tribes.

## History

In 577 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle claims the kings of the Gewisse captured Cirencester, Bath and Gloucester. The date is questionable but the Gewisse did hold those territories. The Gewisse found themselves limited in their ability to expand into new territories by the growing power of Mercia. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 628 says that Cyngils and Cwichelm his son 'fought with Penda at Cirencester and came to an agreement with him there'. The 'agreement' meant giving Cirencester to Penda. It was a permanent loss of Cirencester. By the second half of the 7th century Gewisse was expanding towards the Southwest and Devon. At about the same time they lost territory in the Thames valley to Mercia. The change in name to Wessex may have reflected more a change in their territory.

Bishop Birinus began converting the Gewisse to Christianity in 634, In 635 he baptized their king Cynegils who established Birinus at Dorchester. But the Dorchester bishopric was never considered West Saxon by Bede. He considered it to be Gewisse. In 660 Cenwalh created a new diocese at Winchester and made Wine the first bishop. Bede referred to the Winchester diocese as West Saxon. At the time he was writing in the early 8th century, Bede treated the two names as interchangeable. But when writing of the reign of Cynegils he referred to them as "anciently known as the Gewissae."
How Wikipedia Works

***How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It*** is a 2008 book by Phoebe Ayers, Charles Matthews, and Ben Yates. It is a how to book for using and contributing to the Wikipedia internet encyclopedia. It is made for "students, professors, and everyday experts and fans". It has sections for teachers, reusers, and researchers. It was published by No Starch Press as part of their series of how-to books about technology. It was published under the GNU Free Documentation License.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Reviews of the book  at No Starch Press
- How Wikipedia Works (pdf) at the Internet Archive

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: How Wikipedia Works
- **image**: hww-cover.jpg
- **author**: (three Wikipedians) Phoebe Ayers, Charles Matthews, Ben Yates
- **country**: United States of America, United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **subject**: Wikipedia
- **genre**: Reference
- **publisher**: No Starch Press
- **pub date**: 2008
- **media type**: paperback
- **isbn**: 1-59327-176-X
- **dewey**: 030 22
- **congress**: AE1.5 .A98 2008
- **oclc**: 185698411
Tituba

**Tituba** was an enslaved woman in Salem Village during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. She was the first to be accused of witchcraft. She was a central part of the Trials, which were an important moment in American colonial history.

Tituba is a character in Arthur Miller's play _The Crucible_.

### Journey to Salem

Historians do not know much about Tituba's background or personal life. There are no historical records about her early life, where she was born, or how she became enslaved.

According to one source:> [A]ll [that] historians know for sure about Tituba comes from the court testimony she gave during the infamous trials. What is certain is that Tituba was a woman of color, and likely an Indigenous Central American, who was an enslaved worker in the house of Reverend Samuel Parris, Salem’s Puritan minister. [He] bought Tituba in Barbados, where she had been enslaved since her capture during childhood. He brought her to Massachusetts in 1680, when she was a teenager.

### Heritage

Tituba was called an "Indian Woman, servant" in all court documents relating to the Trials. However, later texts referred to her using a variety of terms, including "Negro," "half-breed," "colored," or "half-Indian, half-Negro."

Because of this, not all historians agree on where Tituba was born. Some say Barbados; others say she was born in Africa or near Venezuela, where she was captured and sold into slavery.

### Background

In the past, Tituba had practiced incantations and songs to conjure spirits. In Salem, a woman named Ann Putnam asked Tituba to conjure up the spirits of her dead children. She had lost these children to miscarriage, but believed they had actually been murdered.

When people found out that Tituba had done folk magic and fortune-telling, they accused her of practicing witchcraft on four girls.

### Confession

Years after the trials, Tituba said Rev. Parris beat her for weeks until she confessed to being a witch. She claimed she had practiced witchcraft - and that two other women had too. Her testimony was used as proof of a conspiracy of witches in Salem. This ignited the witch hunt.

### After the trials

As a confessed witch, Tituba was sent to jail, but she was later released. She was never tried or executed as a witch. It is unknown what happened to her after her release.
Caddo Parish, Louisiana

**Caddo** is one of the sixty-four parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The parish seat and most populous municipality is Shreveport. As of the 2020 count, 237,848 people lived there. It is the largest parish in the North Louisiana region and the fourth-largest in the state.
Edward Moss

**Edward Moss** (born July 11, 1977) is an American impersonator, actor, comedian. He is best known for impersonating Michael Jackson.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Edward Moss
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, US
- **alias**: Eddie Moss
- **occupation**: Impersonator, actor, comedian
- **years active**: 1983–present
Friar Laurence

**Friar Laurence** is a character in Shakespeare's _Romeo and Juliet_. He is an old man who secretly marries the two. Juliet's fake death is his idea. He is unable to prevent Romeo from killing himself.
Titania (Shakespeare)

**Titania** is a character in Shakespeare's _A Midsummer Night's Dream_. She is Queen of the Fairies. She is married to Oberon, King of the Fairies. She will not give a little Indian boy she has in her keeping to Oberon. This angers him. When she is asleep, he tells his servant Puck to put a love potion in her eyes. This potion will make her love the first thing she sees when she wakes. What she sees is a weaver named Bottom.  Puck has put a donkey's head on Bottom. All ends well, with Titania once again in love with Oberon this ends straight away as they both find out they are lying to each other.
James H. Billington

**James Hadley Billington** (June 1, 1929 – November 20, 2018) was an American academic. He was the 13th Librarian of the Library of Congress. He was appointed by President Ronald Reagan. Billington served as librarian from September 14, 1987 until his resignation on September 30, 2015.

## Early life

Billington born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania on June 1, 1929. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Billington studied at Princeton University and at Balliol College, Oxford.

### Early career

Billington first began as a professor in Harvard University. From 1973 to 1987, Billington was director of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the nation’s official memorial in Washington, D.C. to America’s 28th president. As director, he founded the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies at the Center and seven other new programs as well as the _Wilson Quarterly_.

### Librarian of Congress (1987-2015)

Billington was sworn in as the Librarian of Congress on September 14, 1987. He is the 13th person to hold the position since the Library of Congress was established in 1800. His appointment was unanimously confirmed by the Senate.

Billington has championed the Library’s American Memory National Digital Library (NDL) Program, which makes freely available on-line over 24 million American historical items from the collections of the Library and other research institutions. These unique American Memory materials and the Library’s other Internet services, which include the congressional database, THOMAS, the on-line card catalog, exhibitions, information from the U.S. Copyright Office and a web site for children and families called America’s Library, handled more than 2.6 billion transactions last year.

Billington resigned in early September 2015 because of his age. His resignation became effective on September 30, 2015.

## Personal life

Billington was married to the former Marjorie Anne Brennan. They had four children: Dr. Susan Billington Harper, Anne Billington Fischer, the Rev. James Hadley Billington Jr., and Thomas Keator Billington, as well as 12 grandchildren.  Dr. Billington and his daughter Susan are the first father and daughter to both be awarded Rhodes Scholarships and use them to earn DPhils (at Oxford University).

Billington died at a hospital in Washington, D.C. on November 20, 2018 from pneumonia at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- _Booknotes_ interview with Billington on _Russia Transformed_, September 13, 1992.
- C-SPAN _Q&A_ interview with Billington, July 1, 2007

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: James H. Billington
- **image**: James H. Billington 8971.JPG
- **caption**: Billington at the 2013 National Bookfest, September 2013
- **office**: 13th Librarian of Congress
- **president**: Ronald Reagan
George H. W. Bush
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
- **term start**: September 14, 1987
- **term end**: September 30, 2015
- **predecessor**: Daniel J. Boorstin, Daniel Boorstin
- **successor**: Carla Hayden
- **birth place**: Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **alma mater**: Princeton University
Balliol College, Oxford
George Soros

**George Soros** ( or ; ; born August 12, 1930, as **Schwartz György**) is a Hungarian-American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is the chairman of Soros Fund Management. He is known as "The Man Who Broke the Bank of England" because of his US$1 billion in investment profits during the 1992 Black Wednesday UK currency crisis.

## Early life

Soros was born on August 12, 1930 in Budapest, Hungary, where he was raised. He emigrated to London by himself at 17, and later to New York. He survived the Nazi occupation of Budapest, before moving to London and studying at the London School of Economics.

## Career

Soros is a well-known supporter of progressive-liberal political causes. Between 1979 and 2011, Soros gave away over $8 billion to causes related to human rights, public health, and education. He played a significant role in the peaceful transition from communism to capitalism in Hungary (1984–89) and founded Europe's Central European University in Budapest, providing the initial endowment to open the first campus. Soros is also the chairman of the Open Society Foundations.

## Personal life

Soros was married to Annaliese Witschak from 1960 until they divorced in 1983. They had three children. Then, Soros was married to Susan Weber Soros from 1983 until they divorced in 2005. They had two children. Soros is now married to Tamiko Bolton since 2013. Soros is a supporter of the Democratic Party.
Soros is a donates annual high sums for FC Bayern Munich.

## Other websites

- Open Society Foundations
- Institute for New Economic Thinking
- Column archives  at Project Syndicate
- Column archives at _The New York Review of Books_
- Forbes.com: George Soros
- The Money Man – _New Yorker_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: George Soros
- **image**: George Soros - Festival Economia 2012 01 (cropped).JPG
- **caption**: George Soros in 2012
- **birth name**: Schwartz György
- **birth place**: Budapest, Hungary
- **alma mater**: London School of Economics (BSc)
Columbia University (MSc, PhD)
- **occupation**: Chairman of Soros Fund Management
Chairman of the Open Society Foundations
Founder and adviser of the Quantum Fund
- **employer**: Soros Fund Management
Open Society Foundations
- **networth**: US$20 billion <small>(March 2012)</small>
- **spouse**: Annaliese Witschak (1960–1983; divorced; 3 children)
Susan Weber Soros (1983–2005; divorced; 2 children)
Tamiko Bolton (2013–present)
- **children**: Robert, Andrea, Jonathan, Alexander Soros, Alexander, Gregory
- **citizenship**: United States
Chaim Topol

**Chaim Topol** (; September 9, 1935 – March 8, 2023), sometimes known as **Topol**, was an Israeli theatrical and movie performer, actor, writer, singer and producer. Topol was born in Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel).  Topol is known for his role as Tevye the milkman in the 1971 movie _Fiddler on the Roof_. He has been nominated for an Oscar and a Tony Award. He has won two Golden Globes Awards.

Some of Topol's other notable movie appearances were the title role in  _Galileo_ (1975), Dr. Hans Zarkov in  _Flash Gordon_ (1980), and as Milos Columbo in the James Bond movie _For Your Eyes Only_ (1981).

Topol was married to Galia Topol until his death. He retired from movie acting in 1998 and only did stage acting until his full retirement in 2015.

When Topol died, his family revealed that Topol was part of several secret missions for Mossad during the 1960s and 1970s.

## Death

In June 2022, Topol's son, Omer, said that his father was suffering from Alzheimer's disease since 2015.

Topol died in the early hours of March 9, 2023 in Tel Aviv at the age of 87. The previous day, his family released a statement in preparation of "what seem to be his last hours", at his home surrounded by his children and grandchildren. Before his burial at Kvutzat Shiller on March 10, a memorial was held at Cameri Theater in Tel Aviv on March 9.

President Isaac Herzog, Prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu and former prime minister Yair Lapid praised Topol after his death was announced.
Headquarters of the United Nations

The **headquarters of the United Nations** is a group of buildings in New York City. The complex has served as the official headquarters of the United Nations since its completion in 1952. It is located in the Turtle Bay neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan, on spacious grounds overlooking the East River.

Its borders are First Avenue on the west, East 42nd Street to the south, East 48th Street on the north and the East River to the east. Turtle Bay is occasionally used as a metonym for the U.N. headquarters or for the U.N. as a whole. The building was designed by many architects across the world including Brazilian Oscar Niemeyer.

## Other websites

- UN Visitors Centre
- UN: Building an International Headquarters in New York – _historical overview, on the UN 60th Anniversary webpage_
- Agreement Establishing the UN headquarters  – _with information on legal status_
Sings the Ballads of the True West

***Sings the Ballads of the True West*** is a concept album by country singer Johnny Cash. It was his 22nd album. It was released on Columbia Records in 1965. It contains 20 individual songs, including ballads and other songs on topics related to the history of the American Old West.

The only single from the album was "Mr. Garfield". This song is about the shock of the American people after the assassination of President James Garfield.

Other songs on the album include "The Ballad of Boot Hill", written by Carl Perkins; and "Streets of Laredo", a traditional folk song. One of the songs, "25 Minutes to Go" was later be performed at Folsom Prison and appeared on Cash's famous _At Folsom Prison_ recording in 1968.

### Bonus songs

_Sings the Ballads of the True West_ was re-released in 2002 with two extra tracks. The second of these is an instrumental version of the song "Stampede" as recorded on the original version.

1. "Rodeo Hand" (Peter La Farge) – 2:27
1. "Stampede" (Peter La Farge) – 1:07

## Charts

**Singles** - Billboard (North America)
|Year|Single|Chart|Position||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1965|"Mr. Garfield"|Country Singles|style="text-align:center;"|15|

## Other websites

- Luma Electronic album information for _Sings the Ballads of the True West_

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Sings the Ballads of the True West
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Johnny Cash
- **released**: Original: September 1965
Re-issued: August 27, 2002
- **recorded**: August 14, 1959 - April 26, 1965
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **length**: Original: 64:50
Re-issue: 68:25
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **producer**: Don Law, Frank Jones
- **prev title**: Orange Blossom Special (album), Orange Blossom Special
(1965)
- **next title**: Everybody Loves a Nut
(1966)
Coming Soon (1999 movie)

***Coming Soon*** is a 1999 romance-comedy movie. It is about three rich high school seniors. Yasmine Bleeth plays Mimi, Mia Farrow is Jody, Ashton Kutcher is Louie and Ellen Pompeo is the Upset Girl.

This movie was released on April 17, 1999 in the United States. _Coming Soon_ was controversial because officials of the MPAA marked it with an NC-17. The movie, however, was trimmed and re-rated R.
Carlos Mencia

**Ned Arnel Mencía** (born October 22, 1967) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, singer, and voice artist.

Mencia lives with his wife Amy, whom he married in 2003, in Los Angeles, California. They have two children: Lucas Pablo Mencia (born December 14, 2006) and Nicholas Mencia.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Carlos Mencia
- **image**: Carlos Mencia USO 2011 Defense.gov photo essay 111006-A-AO884-333.jpg
- **caption**: Mencia hosting the 2011 USO Gala in Washington, D.C. on October 6, 2011
- **birth name**: Ned Arnel Mencía
- **birth place**: San Pedro Sula, Honduras
- **other names**: Ned Arnel Mencía
Ned Holness
- **occupation**: Stand-up comedian, actor, singer, voice artist, comedian
- **years active**: 1997–2011
- **children**: 2
The Man Comes Around (song)

"**The Man Comes Around**" is a song from Johnny Cash's _American IV: The Man Comes Around_ album, released in 2002. It was actually written a few years earlier, but Cash updated it for the album. It is one of the last songs Cash wrote before his death. Both sung and spoken, the song makes Biblical references, especially to the Book of Revelation.

## Other websites

- .

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Man Comes Around
- **artist**: Johnny Cash
- **album**: American IV: The Man Comes Around
- **released**: 2002
- **recorded**: 4:26
- **genre**: Country music, Country, Americana music, Americana, Folk (music), folk
- **label**: American Recordings (US), American Recordings / Universal Records, Universal
- **writer**: Johnny Cash
Ceolwulf of Wessex

**Ceolwulf** (29 May 561 – 26 March 611) was the King of Wessex from 567 to his death. The second son of Cutha, the son of Cynric, Ceolwulf succeeded his older brother Ceol in October 597. As Ceol's son, Cynegils, was too young to rule when he became king, Ceolwulf took the throne to maintain stability and security in the kingdom, as young kings were then considered very weak.

When Ceolwulf ascended to the throne, the majority of the kingdom, mainly Middlesex, was very decentralised. Although he contimued to have little power in Middlesex, he implemented policies that centralised power and made the kingdom more powerful than before.

He also fought the Britons, the Celts and the Picts, but there is a lack of evidence that the Saxon Army went up north as far as modern-day Scotland. However, there was allegedly a conflict in Chester when it was not yet under Anglo-Saxon control. In 607, Ceolwulf lost Middlesex to Mercia after a year-long conflict and also fought a battle against Sussex with an unknown outcome.

In March 611, Ceolwulf died of dysentery and was succeeded by his nephew, Cynegils. He was buried at Winchester Cathedral three days later. His reign was largely successfulm as he re-established hegemony in the kingdom and saved it from the brink. He was also seen as a powerful warrior and fought huge battles.

## Birth and early life

Ceolwulf was born on 5 March 561 in Winchester, Wessex. He was the son of Cutha, the son of Cynric, the grandson of Cerdic and the younger brother of Ceawlin. Ceolwulf was also the younger brother of his predecessor, Ceol. Not much was known in Ceolwulf's early life, but it is known that he grew up in Winchester and lived in the castle since he was then part of the royal family.

## King of Wessex

On 5 June 597, Ceol died from poisoning. Since his son, Cynegils, was too young to rule, Ceolwulf became king instead. He was crowned five days later.

## Death and burial

On 15 April 611, Ceolwulf travelled to Wales for a nine-day trip. On the third day of his trip, Ceolwulf was assassinated. The rest of the trip was cancelled. Ceolwulf returned to Wessex, where he died just four days later since the wound had become increasingly infected. He was succeeded by Cynegils, the son of his older brother, Ceol. Ceolwulf was buried three days later in a secret and private valut under the castle.

## Other websites

Britannia: Kings of Wessex

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Ceolwulf
- **succession**: List of monarchs of Wessex, King of the West Saxons
- **reign**: 16 October 597 – 26 March 611
- **coronation**: 26 October 597
- **predecessor**: Ceol of Wessex, Ceol
- **successor**: Cynegils of Wessex, Cynegils
- **house**: House of Wessex, Wessex
- **birth place**: Winchester, Wessex
- **death place**: Winchester, Wessex
- **burial date**: 29 March 611
- **burial place**: Winchester Cathedral
- **father**: Cutha of Wessex, Cutha
Bridget Sloan

**Bridget Elizabeth Sloan** (born June 23, 1992) is an American gymnast. She is the 2009 All-Around World Champion and the 2009 All-Around U.S. National Champion. Bridget was a member of the silver medal U.S. women's gymnastics team at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. As at 2013, Sloan is a member of the NCAA University of Florida team, and the NCAA All-Around and Beam Champion.
Titration

**Titration** is a type of quantitative chemical analysis. It is used to work out the unknown concentration of a known compound.

## Procedure

It makes the use of two main chemical apparatus namely, pipette and burette. External indicators, such as phenolphthalein, methyl orange, and internal indicators like potassium permanganate (KMnO4) are used to mark the end point of titration.

A known concentration and volume of a reagent, called the _titrant_ or _titrator_, is added to a known volume of another reagent, the _analyte_ or _titrand_. This is done slowly from a burette until the end point is reached. The volume added before the end point is reached is noted. Because one of the solutions, the titrant, has a known concentration, that of the other, the titrand, can be calculated.

### pH testing

Professionals now use a pH meter, which is potentiometer with an electrode whose potential depends on the amount of H+ ions in the solution. The pH of the solution is measured throughout the titration, more accurately than with an indicator. At the endpoint there is a sudden change in the measured pH. Since volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is known as _volumetric analysis_ as well as _quantitative analysis_.
The Wikipedia Revolution

***The Wikipedia Revolution: How A Bunch of Nobodies Created The World's Greatest Encyclopedia*** is a 2008 book by Andrew Lih. It is a book about the history of the internet encyclopedia Wikipedia. It covers the period from the start of Wikipedia in early 2000 to early 2008. It has biographies of Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger, and Ward Cunningham. Wales and Sanger started Wikipedia, while Cunningham started the first online wiki. It also talks about events in Wikipedia's history such as the Essjay controversy.

The book has a foreword (a short piece of writing found at the beginning of a book) by Wales, and an afterword (a short piece of writing found at the end of a book) by volunteers of an online wiki who talk about the problems and opportunities in Wikipedia's future.

## Other websites

- , official website
- "Wikipedia: Exploring Fact City", Noam Cohen, _New York Times_, March 28, 2009
- "Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution", L. Gordon Crovitz, _The Wall Street Journal_, April 6, 2009
- "Like Boiling a Frog" , review by David Runciman in _The London Review of Books_, May 28, 2009

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Wikipedia Revolution: How A Bunch of Nobodies Created The World's Greatest Encyclopedia
- **author**: Andrew Lih
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **subject**: Internet
- **genre**: Nonfiction
- **publisher**: Hyperion (publisher), Hyperion (US Version)
 Aurum Press (UK Version)
- **release date**: March 17, 2009
- **isbn**: 978-1-4013-0371-6
- **dewey**: 031 22
- **congress**: ZA4482 .L54 2009
- **oclc**: 232977686
Diderot effect

The **Diderot effect** is a phenomenon from sociology, which was named after Denis Diderot, who first described it in an essay. In the essay, Diderot talked about a robe he used to wear in the bathroom: The old robe was a little shabby, but useful. When he was given a new robe, the new robe was more shiny, and nicer, but it did not fit well with the other clothes.

_Regrets on Parting with My Old Dressing Gown_: I was absolute master of my old dressing gown,” Diderot writes, “but I have become a slave to my new one … Beware of the contamination of sudden wealth. The poor man may take his ease without thinking of appearances, but the rich man is always under a strain.

Instead of feeling grateful for his new robe, Diderot descended into a cycle of dissatisfaction. He lamented the absence of coordination and beauty in his life, as the new robe clashed with his modest belongings. This prompted him to acquire more, leading to an overwhelming excess, luxury, debt, and ultimately, deeper dissatisfaction.

So, the Diderot effect describes that people often show a tendency to buy more goods after they bought one item. It is said that they do this to restore the general perception they had about their belongings.
Game Freak

**Game Freak, Inc.** is a Japanese video game company that makes video games for Nintendo game consoles. It is most well known for developing the _Pokémon_ series of role-playing video games.

_Game Freak_ was originally a gaming magazine created by Satoshi Tajiri and Ken Sugimori in the 1980s.  On April 26, 1989, Tajiri and Sugimori started a video game company with the same name.

## Other websites

- Official Game Freak website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Game Freak, Inc.
- **type**: Private
- **foundation**: April 26, 1989
- **location**: 〒 154-00044, No. 1 chome, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo Taishido Carrot Tower 22F Japan
- **key people**: Satoshi Tajiri (founder)

Ken Sugimori (Pokémon art director)

Junichi Masuda (Pokémon game director)
- **industry**: Video game
- **products**: Games for Nintendo video game consoles
- **num employees**: 85 (as of April 2013)
- **homepage**: [http://www.gamefreak.co.jp/ gamefreak.co.jp]
Christina Rossetti

**Christina Georgina Rossetti** (5 December 1830 – 29 December 1894) was born in Charlotte Street (now 105 Hallam Street), in London. She was an English Victorian poet. She wrote a variety of romantic, devotional, religous, and children's poems.

She also oppose slavery, prostitution and cruelty to animals for humanitarian thought.

## Works

She is known for her poem "Goblin Market", the "Remember" and her sonnets. She also wrote the words of two Christmas carols well known in the British Isles: "In the Bleak Midwinter", later set to music by Gustav Holst and by Harold Darke, and "Love Came Down at Christmas", also set by Harold Darke and by other composers.

Her father Gabriele Rossetti was also a poet and a political exile from Vasto, Abruzzo, since 1824 and her mother Frances Polidori was the sister of Lord Byron's friend and physician, John William Polidori.

She had two brothers and a sister: Dante Gabriel became an influential artist and poet, and William Michael and Maria both became writers.

Christina was the youngest child in the family, she was a lively child and she dictated her first story to her mother before she had learned to write.

## Other websites

- Biography at poets.org

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Christina Rossetti
- **image**: Christina Rossetti 3.jpg
- **caption**: Christina Georgina Rossetti
- **birth name**: Christina Georgina Rossetti
- **death place**: London, England
- **movement**: Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, Pre-Raphaelite
- **relatives**: Dante Gabriel, brother
- **occupation**: Author, Poet
Thanet

**Thanet** is the most northeastern part of Kent, South East England. About 135,000 people live in Thanet. It was originally an island and was created as a local council area on 1 April 1974. It includes the towns of Broadstairs and Ramsgate and Margate, where its headquarters are.

## Other websites

- Visit Thanet
Ocean gyre

A **gyre** is a large system of ocean currents moving in a circle. Gyres are caused by the Coriolis effect. Because the Earth is rotating, ocean currents in the northern hemisphere tend to move in a clockwise direction and currents in the southern hemisphere move in an anti-clockwise direction.

The Coriolis force acts most strongly on the wind, and the atmospheric circulation then creates a torque that tends to spin the surface ocean currents.

The Earth rotates from the west towards the east, and the Coriolis effect becomes more intense toward the poles. Because of this, gyres form strong currents on the western side of oceans, so they are pushed against the eastern coast of continents. The vorticity (the strength of the torque force) is balanced out by frictional surface currents, which normally act against the spin of the water. However, in the middle of the ocean, the effects of friction are very weak.

The term _gyre_ can be used to mean any type of vortex in the air or the sea, but it is most used in oceanography for the major ocean current systems.

## Major gyres

These are the five largest gyres:
- Indian Ocean Gyre
- North Atlantic Gyre
- North Pacific Gyre
- South Atlantic Gyre
- South Pacific Gyre

### Tropical gyres

Tropical gyres tend to be mostly east-west with minor north-south extent.
- Atlantic Equatorial Current System
- Pacific Equatorial Current System
- Indian Monsoon Gyres

### Subtropical gyres

The centre of a subtropical gyre is a high pressure area, which the ocean moves around. The high pressure in the centre is due to the westerly winds on the northern side of the gyre and easterly winds on the southern side of the gyre. These cause frictional surface currents towards the latitude at the centre of the gyre.

### Subpolar gyres

Subpolar gyres form at high latitudes (around 60°). The ocean moves around a low pressure area. Surface currents generally move outward from the centre of the system.

## Related pages

- Cyclone and Anticyclone
- Fluid dynamics
- Great Pacific Garbage Patch
- Whirlpool

## Other websites

- Wind-driven surface currents: Gyres
- Physical Geography - Surface and subsurface ocean currents
Striptease (movie)

***Striptease*** is a 1996 comedy-drama movie. _Striptease_ is based on a novel by the same name, which was released three years prior to the movie. The stories in this movie are about an exotic dancer who gets involved in serious child custody matters and corrupt politics. Demi Moore is exotic dancer Erin Grant, who was earlier a Federal Bureau of Investigation secretary. Also in the movie is Burt Reynolds as Congressman David Dildeck and Rumer Willis (Moore's real-life daughter) as Erin's daughter Angela. _Striptease_ got negative reviews similar to _Showgirls_ the previous year. Unlike _Striptease_, however, _Showgirls_ became a strong cult favorite within one decade after its release.