juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Children's literature

**Children's literature** refers to books written for children and young people.  Many famous authors wrote for children including Hans Christian Andersen, Beatrix Potter, Dr. Seuss, A.A. Milne, J. M. Barrie, Edith Nesbit, Enid Blyton, Lewis Carroll, Astrid Lindgren, JRR Tolkien, C. S. Lewis and JK Rowling.

There are awards for good books written for children, including the Newbery Medal,  Waterstones Award and Caldecott Award.

## Classification

Children's literature can be divided into several categories, but it is most easily categorised by genre or the intended age of the reader.  An example of a classification based on age is young-adult fiction, which is written for children between the ages of 12 and 18.

A literary genre is the style of the book. It also refers to the technique, tone, content, or length.
- Picture books, including books that teach the alphabet or counting for example. They either have very few words or none at all.
- Traditional literature, including folktales, which convey the legends, customs, superstitions, and beliefs of people in previous civilizations. This genre can be further broken into subgenres: myths, fables, legends, and fairy tales
- Fiction, including fantasy, realistic fiction, and historical fiction
- Non-fiction
- Biography and autobiography
- Poetry

Many children's books are meant to teach children the consequences of engaging in "bad" behaviour, such as running away, stealing and lying.  _Tom Sawyer_ and _Toby Tyler_ are two notable examples of the genre.
Deborah Jeane Palfrey

**Deborah Jeane Palfrey** (March 18, 1956 – May 1, 2008) was an American businesswoman and criminal. She was best known by the name she was given by the media, the **D.C. Madam**. Palfrey operated an escort agency, Pamela Martin and Associates, in Washington D.C.. She was convicted on April 15, 2008 of racketeering, using the mail for illegal purposes, and money laundering. Two weeks later, at age 52, she was found hanged in a garage. Autopsy results and the police said her death was a suicide.

Palfrey was born in the Pittsburgh suburb of Charleroi, Pennsylvania. She grew up in Orlando, Florida.
Fumihiko Maki

was a Japanese architect.

In 1993, he won the Pritzker Architecture Prize.

Maki died on 6 June 2024 at the age of 95.

## More reading

- Maki, Fumihiko, "Investigations in Collective Form" , A Special Publication Number 2, The School of Architecture, Washington University : St. Louis : June 1964

## Other websites

- Maki and Associates website

## Infobox (architect)

- **name**: Fumihiko Maki
- **image**: Fumihiko Maki 2010 alt.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Maki at the MIT Media Lab in March 2010
- **nationality**: Japanese
- **birth place**: Tokyo, Japan
- **alma mater**: University of Tokyo (Bachelor of Architecture, 1952)
Cranbrook Academy of Art (Master of Architecture, 1953)
Graduate School of Design, Harvard University (Master of Architecture, 1954)
- **practice**: Maki and Associates
- **significant buildings**: Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, 4 World Trade Center
- **significant projects**: Expansion of the headquarters of the United Nations in Manhattan.
- **awards**: Pritzker Prize
AIA Gold Medal
Division of Yarra

The **Division of Yarra** was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It was located in inner eastern suburban Melbourne, and was named after the Yarra River. It originally covered the suburbs of Abbotsford, Collingwood, Richmond and part of Fitzroy. By 1969, it no longer covered Abbotsford or Fitzroy, but included Burnley and Hawthorn. Yarra was one of the original 75 divisions set up for the first Federal election in 1901. It was abolished in 1969.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Frank Tudor|Labor|1901–1922||
|||James Scullin|Labor|1922–1949||
|||rowspan="2"|Stan Keon|Labor|1949–1955|
|||Labor (Anti-Communist)|1955–1955|||
|||Jim Cairns|Labor|1955–1969||

It was a very safe Labor seat. It was held by only four people: Frank Tudor, a leader of the Australian Labor Party; James Scullin, the 13th Prime Minister of Australia; Stan Keon, an important figure in the ALP–DLP Split; and Jim Cairns, who later became Deputy Prime Minister of Australia.

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Yarra
- **state**: vic
- **created**: 1901
- **abolished**: 1969
- **namesake**: Yarra River
Betty Mars

**Betty Mars** (30 July 1944 – 20 February 1989) was a French actress. She acted mostly in foreign movies. Mars was also a singer. She jumped out an apartment window and died three weeks later on 20 February 1989. Her death was declared a suicide.
Daequan Cook

**Daequan Cook** (born April 28, 1987) is an American professional basketball player who currently plays for the Chicago Bulls of the NBA since 2013. He played for the Oklahoma City Thunder from 2010 through 2012. Then he played for the Houston Rockets from 2012 through 2013.

Cook was born on April 28, 1987 in Dayton, Ohio. He studied at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School.

## Other websites

- Daequan Cook Fan Forum
Jimmy Butler

**Jimmy Butler III** (born September 14, 1989) is an American professional basketball player who got drafted 30th overall in 2011 to the Chicago Bulls. Butler played for the Bulls from 2011–2017. He later played for the Minnesota Timberwolves and Philadelphia 76ers. He is currently playing for the Miami Heat, and later, the  Golden State Warriors of the NBA.

Butler was born on September 14, 1989 in Houston, Texas. He studied at Tomball High School. Then went to Tyler Junior College from 2007–2008. After that, he went to Marquette University from 2008–2011. Butler is among few NBA players of his era to play four years in college.

## Other websites

- Big East for Jimmy Butler
- Jimmy Butler bio-GoMarquette.com
Alan Kalter

**Alan Robert Kalter** (March 21, 1943 – October 4, 2021) was an American television announcer. He was best known as the announcer for the _Late Show with David Letterman_, starting in 1995 until his retirement in 2015.

Kalter was born on March 21, 1943 in New York City, New York. He was raised in Brooklyn, New York. Kalter studied at Hobart College. He was married to Carol Cepler until they divorced. He married Peggy Masterson in 2003.

Kalter died at a hospital in Stamford, Connecticut on October 4, 2021, at age 78.
Andrea Feldman

**Andrea Feldman** (April 1, 1948 - August 8, 1972) was an American actress. She acted in several notable movies. She was born in New York City. She committed suicide by jumping from a fourteen floor building.
Bill Wendell

**Bill Wendell** (**William Joseph Wenzel, Jr.**; March 22, 1924 – April 14, 1999) was an American NBC television announcer. He was the announcer for the _Late Show with David Letterman_ from 1993 until he retired in 1995.

Wendell was born on March 22, 1924 in New York City, New York. He studied at Fordham University. Wendell died on April 14, 1999 in Boca Raton, Florida from cancer, aged 75.

## Other websites

- Obituary in The New York Times, April 15, 1999.
- Obituary in Variety, May 25, 1999.
Roland Burris

**Roland Wallace Burris** (born August 3, 1937) is an American politician. He was a United States Senator from the state of Illinois. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

In 1978, Burris was the first African-American elected to statewide office in Illinois, when he was elected Illinois Comptroller. He was in that office until his election as Illinois Attorney General in 1990. Since then, he has unsuccessfully run for office four more times.

Burris was born on August 3, 1937 in Centralia, Illinois. He studied at Centralia High School, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, at the University of Hamburg in Germany, and at Howard University School of Law.

Burris is married to Berlean Miller. They have two children. He has lived in Chatham, Chicago, Illinois since the 1980s. He built his own tomb at the Oak Woods Cemetery in Chicago.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Roland W. Burris
- **nationality**: American
- **image**: Sen Roland Burris.jpg
- **caption**: Burris in January 2009
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Illinois
- **term start**: December 31, 2008
- **term end**: November 29, 2010
- **appointed**: Rod Blagojevich
- **preceded**: Barack Obama
- **succeeded**: Mark Kirk
- **order2**: 39th
- **office2**: Illinois Attorney General
- **term start2**: January 14, 1991
- **term end2**: January 9, 1995
- **governor2**: Jim Edgar
- **predecessor2**: Neil Hartigan
- **successor2**: Jim Ryan (politician), Jim Ryan
- **order3**: 3rd
- **office3**: Illinois Comptroller
- **term start3**: January 8, 1979
- **term end3**: January 14, 1991
- **governor3**: James R. Thompson
- **predecessor3**: Michael Bakalis
- **successor3**: Dawn Clark Netsch
- **birth place**: Centralia, Illinois
- **alma mater**: Howard University School of Law <small>(Juris Doctor, J.D.)</small>
Southern Illinois University Carbondale <small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Berlean M. Burris
- **children**: Rolanda S. Burris
Roland W. Burris II
- **residence**: Chatham, Chicago, Illinois
- **profession**: Attorney, former financial executive
Libby Holman

**Elizabeth Lloyd** "**Libby**" **Holman** (née **Holzman**; May 23, 1904 – June 18, 1971) was an American stage actress and singer. She also acted in a few movies. She was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. On June 18, 1971 near Stamford, Connecticut, Holman committed suicide using carbon monoxide. Holman was 67 when she died.
Natural killer T cell

**Natural killer T cells** (NKT) are cells formed from small lymphocytes. They are a type of T cell, and are different from natural killer cells (NK). NKT cells are important, but make up only 0.1% of all peripheral blood T cells.

NKT cells are a subset of T cells which also have molecular markers normally associated with NK cells. They are important in recognizing glycolipids from organisms such as mycobacterium, which cause tuberculosis.

NKT cells seem to be essential for several aspects of immunity because their dysfunction or deficiency leads to the development of autoimmune diseases (such as diabetes and atherosclerosis) and cancer. NKT cells have recently been implicated in the disease progression of human asthma.

The clinical potential of NKT cells lies in the rapid release of cytokines that promote or suppress different immune responses.
Tell Me Something I Don't Know

"**Tell Me Something I Don't Know**" is a song by Selena Gomez. It was released as a single on August 5, 2008 on iTunes. A Radio Disney version (which removes the Hurricane Katrina reference) was released on September 9, 2008, on iTunes. The song is on the Kidz Bop 15 CD. A new version of the song is on Selena Gomez & the Scene's debut album, _Kiss & Tell_.

## Chart performance

The song peaked at number 58 on the US _Billboard_ Hot 100 chart at 13 on the Australian Hitseekers Singles chart and at 1 on the Malaysia Muzik Singles Chart.

## Music video

The music video starts with scenes reminiscent of (but not from) the film; Gomez cleaning a house and the maid yelling at her. Gomez then leaves the house and does a dance routine with her backup dancers, while the maid watches from the house window. The video also features Gomez in front of a black background with lyrics from the song (such as "I'm ready for it" and "One in a million") flying around her.

## Charts

|align="left"|Chart (2008-09)|style="text-align:center;"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Australian Hitseekers Singles|style="text-align:center;"|13||
|Malaysia Muzik Official Chart|style="text-align:center;"|1||
|US _Billboard_ Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|58||

## Release history

|Country|Date|Format|Label||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|United States|rowspan="2"|August 5, 2008|rowspan="10"|Digital download|rowspan="2"|Razor & Tie|
|Australia|||||||
|Malaysia|October 10, 2008|rowspan="3"|Sony Music Entertainment||||
|Taiwan|Nopember 2, 2008||||||
|Indonesia|January 2, 2009||||||

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Tell Me Something I Don't Know
- **cover size**: 200
- **border**: Yes
- **artist**: Selena Gomez
- **album**: Another Cinderella Story
- **genre**: Pop rock, Pop music, teen pop, hip hop
- **length**: 3:21 <small>(Album Version) </small>
3:20 <small>(Radio Edit) </small>
- **label**: Razor & Tie
- **writer**: Antonina Armato, Ralph Churchwell, Michael Nielsen
- **producer**: Armato
- **prev title**: Cruella de Vil
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: New Classic
- **next year**: 2009
Melody Anderson

**Melody Anderson** (born December 3, 1955) is a Canadian singer, actress and public speaker. Her roles in movies happened mostly in the 1960s and 1970s, though she continued acting until around the mid 1990s. Anderson was born in Edmonton, Alberta.
Atherosclerosis

**Atherosclerosis** is a type of arteriosclerosis in which the wall of the artery has lesions. These lesions may lead to narrowing due to the buildup of atheromatous plaque. There are usually no symptoms.

When severe, it can cause coronary artery disease, stroke, peripheral artery disease, or kidney failure.
June Allyson

**June Allyson** (October 7, 1917 – July 8, 2006) was an American movie, television, and stage actress. She was born in the Bronx, New York City. She died from bronchitis and respiratory failure.

## Other websites

- Joe Daurril's Allyson Without Tears
- Obituary in the _Los Angeles Daily News_
- Obituary in _The New York Times_ (July 11, 2006)
- Photographs and literature
Interferon

**Interferons** (**IFN**s) are proteins released by body cells in response to pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or to tumor cells. They allow cells to trigger the defenses of the immune system.

IFNs belong to the large class of glycoproteins known as cytokines.  Interferons are named after their ability to "interfere" with virus replication inside host cells.

IFNs also have other functions:
1. they activate immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages;
1. they increase recognition of infection or tumor cells by up-regulating antigen presentation to T lymphocytes;
1. they increase the ability of uninfected host cells to resist new infection by virus.  Certain symptoms, such as aching muscles and fever, are related to the production of IFNs during infection.

About ten distinct IFNs have been identified in mammals; seven of these have been described for humans. All IFNs are very important for fighting viral infections.
Meta Platforms

**Meta Platforms, Inc.**, known before 2021 as **Facebook, Inc.**, is an American multinational Internet corporation which owns Facebook. It was owned by Mark Zuckerberg, other founders and the shared ownership given to its employees but it went public on February 1, 2012, and was headquartered in Menlo Park, California. Meta, Inc. started to be publicly negotiated on May 18, 2012.

Meta owns and operates several prominent social media platforms and communication services, including Facebook, Instagram, Threads, Messenger and WhatsApp. The company also operates an advertising network for its own sites and third parties; as of 2023, advertising accounted for 97.8 percent of its total revenue.

Meta's executive team is led by Mark Zuckerberg, who serves as the Founder, Chairman, and CEO.  key executives include Javier Olivan as COO, Susan Li as CFO, Andrew Bosworth as CTO, Chris Cox as CPO.

Meta is considered one of the Big Five American technology companies, alongside Alphabet(Google), Amazon, Apple, and Microsoft. In 2023, it was ranked 31st on the _Forbes_ Global 2000 list of the world's largest public companies. As of 2022, it was the world's third-largest spender on research and development, with R&D expenses totaling US$35.3 billion.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Meta Platforms
- **former name**: Facebook, Inc.
- **trade name**: Meta
- **logo**: Meta Platforms Inc. logo.svg
- **logo caption**: Logo since 2021
- **image**: Meta Headquarters Sign.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **image caption**: Entrance sign at Meta's headquarters complex in Menlo Park, California
- **type**: Public company
- **founded**: in California, United States
- **hq location city**: Menlo Park, California
- **hq location country**: U.S.
- **area served**: Worldwide (except Censorship of Facebook, blocked countries)
- **key people**: * Mark Zuckerberg (Chief executive officer, CEO)
* Javier Olivan (Chief operating officer, COO)
* Susan Li (Chief financial officer, CFO)
* Andrew Bosworth (Chief technology officer, CTO)
* Chris Cox (Facebook), Chris Cox (Chief product officer, CPO)
- **revenue year**: 2024
- **operating income**: US$69.4 billion
- **income year**: 2024
- **net income**: US$62.4 billion
- **net income year**: 2024
- **assets**: US$276.1 billion
- **assets year**: 2024
- **equity**: US$182.6 billion
- **equity year**: 2024
- **num employees**: 75,945
- **num employees year**: June 2025
- **owner**: Mark Zuckerberg (Controlling interest, controlling shareholder)
- **divisions**: Facebook Reality Labs
- **subsid**: Novi Financial
Replication

**Replication** may refer to:

In **science**:
- Replication (scientific method), one of the main principles of the scientific method
    - Replication (statistics), the repetition of a test or complete experiment
- Self-replication, the process in which something (a cell, virus, program) makes a copy of itself
    - DNA replication, the process of copying a double-stranded DNA molecule
    - Semiconservative replication, mechanism of DNA replication
- Replication (metallography), the use of thin plastic films to duplicate the microstructure of a component

In **computing**:
- Replication (computing), the use of redundant resources to improve reliability or performance
Angela Bettis

**Angela Bettis** (born January 9, 1973) is an American movie, television, and stage actress.  She was born in Austin, Texas. In the 2002 telefilm Carrie, Angela, Jodelle Ferland and the baby replaced Sissy Spacek for being Carrie.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Angela Bettis
- **image**: Angela Bettis MMKK.1.jpg
- **caption**: Bettis on the set of the music video for Califone's _Movie Music Kills A Kiss_ (2013)
- **birth name**: Angela Marie Bettis
- **birth place**: Austin, Texas, United States
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1993–present
Culver's

**Culver's** is an American fast food franchise. The company was founded in 1984. It operates primarily in the Midwest, though the company has plans to expand beyond there. Culver's sells frozen custard, burgers, fried chicken and salad.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Culver Franchising System, Inc.
- **logo**: Culver's logo.svg
- **logo size**: 130px
- **type**: Private company, Private
- **foundation**: Sauk City, Wisconsin, U.S. (1984)
- **location**: Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin, Prairie du Sac, Wisconsin
- **key people**: Craig Culver, CEO
Lea Culver, Co-Founder
Phil Keiser, President and COO
Joe Koss, CFO
- **industry**: Fast casual restaurants
- **products**: Frozen custard, Butterburgers
M.U.G.E.N.

***M.U.G.E.N.*** (or simply known as ***MUGEN***) is a modifiable 2D fighting game engine that was created by Elecbyte and initially released in 1999. It was programmed in C, which was originally used in Allegro library, and it compared to 5 versions: DOS MUGEN, Winmugen, Linux Mugen, Mugen 1.0  and Mugen 1.1 as the latest release.

The Japanese term _mugen_ means dream, fantasy or infinite.

## History

In 1999, Elecbyte had a plan to create a customizable original fighting game engine, DOS-MUGEN. Then later, they created the first original MUGEN character called Kung Fu Man, among with 2 non-playable characters according to the intro and ending storyboards. Aside from it, the engine was released on July 17, 2001. It works platforms such as DOS Mugen, Winmugen and Linux Mugen which is allowed the users to customize before they distribute their website. DOS Mugen was ceased when Elecbyte switched into Linux platform in November 2001. Elecbyte had a request for donations in their site to legally obtain a Windows compiler to create a Windows version of M.U.G.E.N. However, the developers discontinued the project in 2003 and their website was shut off afterwards. Later, they speculated leaks to make public of a private Windows-based beta that was provided to donators. The public beta of Winmugen was released with "no limit" hack after their development.

In January 2011, they decided to create the latest release of previous versions, Mugen 1.0. It has more game features like victory screen to show the win quote of a character.

## Gameplay

It is a 7-button (A,B, C, X, Y, Z and Start) game which includes Joystick, arrow keys, letters, number keys, number lock keys and function keys (for debugging). The main mode in menu screen is Arcade Mode, where you can choose only 1 character if you want to play it and fight random characters like other fighting games, especially Team Arcade and Team Co-op modes. VS mode is a 2-player challenge where you can play against your friend. In Team Arcade and Team VS modes, you can play with 1 non-playable character to beat opponents, excluding Team Co-op and Survival Co-op modes. In Survival mode, it is the endless stream of opponents where you can fight them. In Watch mode, you can see the characters with AI during the fight but you can't play as the character unless you press function that turn into playable character if the option of debugging keys is on.

## Other websites

- Official Elecbyte Website
- Mugen Files
The Shirelles

**The Shirelles** were a popular American girl group. They were very active from 1957 to 1982. Some of their songs were "I Met Him on a Sunday" and "Tonight's the Night". This group had four African American female singers. They had many hit records. The group broke apart in the very early 1980s.

The group was formed by Shirley Owens (later Shirley Alston Reeves) who was the lead singer. At one time they had six songs in the Top Ten.

Two of their songs, "Will You Love Me Tomorrow" (written by Carole King) and "Tonight's the Night", were selected by Rolling Stone on its list of the greatest songs of all time. Their song "soldier Boy" sold over five million copies.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Shirelles
- **image**: The Shirelles 1962.jpg
- **caption**: The Shirelles in 1962. Clockwise from top: Addie "Micki" Harris, Shirley Owens, Beverly Lee, and Doris Coley.
- **image size**: 250px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Poquellos, Shirley & the Shirelles
- **origin**: Passaic, New Jersey, Passaic, New Jersey, United States, USA
- **genre**: Rhythm and blues, R&B, rock and roll, doo-wop, Pop music, pop, Soul music, soul
- **years active**: 1957–82
- **label**: Tiara Records, Decca Records, Scepter Records, Bell Records, RCA Records
- **current members**: Beverly Lee
- **past members**: Shirley Owens
Doris Coley
Addie Harris McPherson
The Blossoms

**The Blossoms** were a popular girl group from California. It rose to fame during the 1960s. They sang R&B, pop and rock. The group had many hit songs and records. Darlene Love often sang with them. The prominent members of the group were Fanita James, Gloria Jones, Darlene Love, Jean King  and Annette Williams.

The Blossoms broke up in 1990.
Dulwich

**Dulwich** ( ) is a wealthy area in the London Borough of Southwark in south London.

## Related pages

- Dulwich College

## Other websites

- Dulwich community website including history

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Dulwich
- **country**: England
- **region**: London
- **static image name**: Finger Signpost dulwich.jpg
- **static image caption**: Sign at Dulwich Village crossroads
- **os grid reference**: TQ345725
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: SE
- **postcode district**: SE21,SE22,SE23, SE24, SE26
- **dial code**: 020
- **constituency westminster**: Dulwich and West Norwood (UK Parliament constituency), Dulwich and West Norwood
- **london borough**: Southwark
Barnes, London

**Barnes** is an area in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames in southwest London.
Justin Martyr

**Justin Martyr** ( AD 100  AD 165), also known as **Saint Justin**, was an early Christian from Nablus on the West Bank, who was martyred with some of his students, and is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, Lutheran Churches, and in Anglicanism. He is known for his writings defending Christianity, Most of his writings were lost but three main ones are left. His first apology, a writing in defense and explanation of Christianity, wrote to convince the  Roman emperor Antoninus Pius to stop persecuting the church.
Streatham

**Streatham** is a very green area, with a large common. There are formal Victorian Gardens hidden at the top of Streatham Common called The Rookery. There is also a free children's paddling pool which is filled only in the summer months. It is in the London Borough of Lambeth in South London.

Streatham has the longest high street in Europe with many great shops and restaurants along it as well as streatham odeon, streatham leisure centre, and trio pizzeria.
Field Museum of Natural History

The **Field Museum of Natural History** (or **Field Museum**) is in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.. It is on Lake Shore Drive next to Lake Michigan. The museum has more than 21 million exhibits.

## History

The museum was founded in 1893 and had used old exhibitions that were shown from the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, including exhibits about trains.

The Field Museum has a large collection of dinosaur skeletons in the Evolving Planet exhibit. The human cultural anthropology exhibits have things from ancient Egypt, the Pacific Northwest, the Pacific Islands, and Tibet. The taxidermy collection has many large animals, including two African elephants and the Lions of Tsavo featured in the 1996 movie _The Ghost and the Darkness_.

The Ancient Americas exhibit has Native American artifacts. The museum also has Sue, the largest and most complete Tyrannosaurus skeleton  in the world.

## Other websites

- The Field Museum
Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)

The **Museum of Science and Industry** (or **MSI**) is in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.. It is in Jackson Park, in the Hyde Park neighborhood between Lake Michigan and The University of Chicago. The museum was sponsored by Julius Rosenwald, the Sears, Roebuck and Company president and philanthropist. It was supported by the Commercial Club of Chicago. It opened in 1933 during the Century of Progress Exposition.

MSI is the largest science museum in the Western Hemisphere. It has a full-size replica coal mine, a German submarine (U-505) captured during World War II, a 3,500-square-foot (330 m2) model railroad, the first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel passenger train (Pioneer Zephyr), and the Apollo 8 spacecraft that carried the first humans to the Moon.

## Other websites

- Museum website
- Commercials and news clips  at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television
Shedd Aquarium

**Shedd Aquarium** (formally the **John G. Shedd Aquarium**) is an indoor public aquarium in Chicago, Illinois in the U.S.. It opened on May 30, 1930. The aquarium has more than 25,000 fish. It was the largest indoor aquarium in the world until the Georgia Aquarium opened in 2005. The aquarium holds 5,000,000 US gallons (19,000,000 l; 4,200,000 imp gal) of water. The Shedd Aquarium was the first inland aquarium with a permanent saltwater fish collection. It is surrounded by Museum Campus Chicago, which includes the Adler Planetarium and the Field Museum of Natural History. It is named after businessman John G. Shedd.

The aquarium has 2 million annual visitors. It was the most visited aquarium in the U.S. in 2005. In 2007, it was the most popular cultural attraction in Chicago. It contains 1,500 species including fish, marine mammals, birds, snakes, amphibians, and insects. The aquarium received awards for best exhibit from the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) for Seahorse Symphony in 1999, Amazon Rising in 2001, and Wild Reef in 2004.

## Other websites

- Commercials  at The Museum of Classic Chicago Television
Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum

The **Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum** is a planetarium in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.. It was the first planetarium built in the Western Hemisphere and is the oldest in existence. The planetarium was founded and built in 1930 by the philanthropist Max Adler, with the assistance of the first director of the planetarium, Philip Fox. The Adler Planetarium opened to the public on May 12, 1930.

The planetarium is on Northerly Island. It is part of Chicago's Museum Campus, along with the John G. Shedd Aquarium and the Field Museum of Natural History. For its design, architect Ernest A. Grunsfeld, Jr. was awarded the gold medal of the Chicago chapter of the American Institute of Architects in 1931. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1987.

## Other websites

- Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum
- Adler Planetarium Collections & Archives
- History of the Adler
- 3D Google Earth Model
Central Bank of Russia

The **Central Bank of Russia** () is the central bank of Russia in Moscow. The bank began in 1860. It was closed in the Soviet period. It opened again in 1990 after the USSR fell apart.

## Other websites

- Bank of Russia
- Federal law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)"
- Interview to CIO magazine: Bank of Russia's deputy chairman Mihail Senatorov
- Historical Scandals from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives
Malakunanja II

**Malakunanja II** or **Madjedbebe** is a rock shelter in Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is about 50 kilometres from the coast. Madjedbebe was first occupied by humans around 65 thousand (at least 59.3 thousand) years ago. This is the oldest site showing the presence of humans in Australia.  More than 1500 items have been found in the shelter, including stone tools and grinding stones, ochre, and charcoal. Some of these were buried more than 2.5 metres below the surface. The shelter also includes faded paintings on the walls. The paintings are drawn with ochre.
Harrowing of Hell

The **Harrowing of Hell**, in Christianity, is when Christ went down to Hell after his death on Good Friday, and helped many souls escape. It is mentioned in 1 Peter 3:18-22. It was a story used in the first of the English religious dramas written during the Middle Ages. The Bible does not say for sure if Christ really went to Hell or not. People understand this differently.
Mary Jane Girls

The **Mary Jane Girls** were an American R&B, disco and funk music group. They were popular in the 1980s. Their hit songs included "All Night Long" and "In My House". The group were associated with Rick James. They disbanded in 1987.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mary Jane Girls
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, United States
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B, Soul music, Soul, Funk
- **years active**: 1983 - 1987
- **label**: Motown, Gordy
- **associated acts**: Rick James
- **past members**: Joanne "Jojo" McDuffie
Cheryl Ann "Cheri" Bailey
Candice "Candi" Ghant
Kimberly "Maxi" Wuletich
Yvette "Corvette" Marine
Manuel García Ferré

**Manuel García Ferré** (October 8, 1929 – March 28, 2013) was a Spanish-Argentine animation director and cartoonist. He was known for his animated series _Hijitus_.

Ferré was born on October 8, 1929 in Almería, Spain. He was raised in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ferré became an official Buenos Aires citizen in 2009. He was never married. Ferré died on March 28, 2013 in Buenos Aires after going through heart surgery, aged 83.

## Other websites

- García Ferré's Comics
Hjalmar Andersen

**Hjalmar Johan "Hjallis" Andersen** (March 12, 1923 – March 27, 2013) was a Norwegian speed skater. He won three gold medals at the 1952 Winter Olympic Games in Oslo, Norway. He was the only triple gold medalist at the 1952 Winter Olympics, the most successful athlete there.

Andersen was born on March 12, 1923 in Rødøy, Norway. He was married to Gerd Andersen until her death in 2003. They had three children. Andersen fell in his home on March 25, 2013. He was unconscious until he died two days later on March 27, 2013, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Hjalmar Andersen at SpeedSkatingStats.com
Clara Blandick

**Clara Blandick** (June 4, 1876 - April 15, 1962) was an American actress. She acted in stage plays and movies. She played Auntie Em in the movie _The Wizard of Oz_. She also did many other movies. She was raised in Boston. She moved to New York City for her acting career. Blandick committed suicide at age 85 using sleeping pills.
Mario Party 4

***Mario Party 4*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube. It is the fourth game in the _Mario Party_ series. It is the first _Mario Party_ game for the Nintendo GameCube. It was developed by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on October 21, 2002 in North America, on November 8, 2002 in Japan, and on November 29, 2002 in Europe.

## Gameplay

_Mario Party 4_ plays the same as the first three _Mario Party_ games. Players go around on boards collecting coins and stars. Along the way, they may use items to help them. Items can be bought in an item shop. After all four players go, they play a mini-game. Whoever wins the mini-game wins coins. The player who has the most stars at the end of the game wins. One new feature in this game is the Warp Space. If a player lands on this space, they must switch spaces with another player. Who the player has to switch spaces with is chosen by a wheel.

Six boards are available to play on. One of the boards must be unlocked in Story Mode. Eight characters are playable, including Mario, Luigi, and Princess Peach.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Mario Party 4
- **caption**: North American box art
- **developer**: Hudson Soft
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Kenji Kikuchi
- **producer**: Shinji Hatano
Shinichi Nakamoto
- **designer**: Fumihisa Sato
- **composer**: Ichiro Shimakura
- **series**: _Mario Party_
- **genre**: Party video game, Party
- **modes**: Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: GameCube
Hey You, Pikachu!

***Hey You, Pikachu!*** is a life simulation video game for the Nintendo 64 game console. It is a spin-off game in the _Pokémon_ series. It was released on December 12, 1998 in Japan and November 6, 2000 in North America.

The game involves talking to Pikachu, the game's main character, with the Nintendo 64's _Voice Recognition Unit_. The _Voice Recognition Unit_ is an add-on microphone for the Nintendo 64 controller. It allows the Nintendo 64 to recognize and understand the human voice. The player talks to Pikachu in order to complete tasks given by the game. The player can also pick up and use items.

The player's goal is to befriend a wild Pikachu using a device made by Professor Oak to befriend wild Pokémon. Through earning the Pikachu's trust, the Pikachu will eventually live in the player's house. There are three different activity days, each with a different goal. The player keeps the Pikachu for 365 days. If the player reaches the 365th day, the Pikachu is released back into the wild.

## References

1. <small>"N64 Games of November". _IGN_. November 3, 2000. Retrieved May 22, 2023.</small>

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Hey You, Pikachu!
- **developer**: Ambrella (Marigul), Ambrella
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: Pokémon (video game series), _Pokémon_
- **genre**: Life simulation game
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Nintendo 64
Ramón José Velásquez

**Ramón José Velásquez Mujica** (28 November 1916 – 24 June 2014) was an Venezuelan politician. He served as Acting president of Venezuela between 1993 and 1994. He was known as a historian, journalist, lawyer, politician and entertainer of companies for his knowledge of the "national life".

In 1993, when president Carlos Andrés Pérez was impeached, Congress made Velásquez acting president. He served from June 5, 1993 through February 2, 1994.

Velásquez was born on November 28, 1916 in San Juan de Colón, Táchira, Venezuela. He studied at Central University of Venezuela. He married Ligia Betancourt Mariño. He moved to Caracas, Venezuela in 1993.

Velásquez died at the age of 97.

## Related pages

- List of historians by continent

## Other websites

- Biography (in Spanish) by CIDOB Foundation
- "La Paz Ramónica" (Velasquez´s government) by Edgar C. Otálvora
- "RJV La Red de Liberales y Socialdemócratas". (Velasquez´s biography by Edgar C. Otálvora)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ramón José Velásquez
- **image**: Ramón J. Velásquez, 2009.jpg
- **caption**: Ramón J. Velásquez during his 93rd birthday, 28 November 2009
- **order**: President of Venezuela (acting)
- **term start**: 5 June 1993
- **term end**: 2 February 1994
- **predecessor**: Octavio Lepage
- **successor**: Rafael Caldera
- **order2**: Minister of Communications of Venezuela
- **term start2**: 1969
- **term end2**: 1971
- **order3**: Secretary of the Presidency of Venezuela
- **term start3**: 1959
- **term end3**: 1963
- **successor3**: Manuel Mantilla
- **birth date**: 28 November 1916
- **birth place**: Táchira (state), San Juan de Colón, Táchira, Venezuela
- **death place**: Caracas, Venezuela
- **signature**: Ramón José Velásquez Signature.svg
- **spouse**: Ligia Betancourt Mariño
- **alma mater**: Central University of Venezuela
Martha Gellhorn

**Martha Gellhorn** (November 8, 1908 - February 15, 1998) was an American novelist and journalist. She wrote many novels. She also wrote news stories for the _Atlantic Monthly_.

Gellhorn was born in St. Louis, Missouri. She died by suicide with an overdose of drugs. She was 89 when she died.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Martha Gellhorn
- **image**: Martha Gellhorn (1941).jpg
- **caption**: Gellhorn, 1941
- **birth name**: Martha Ellis Gellhorn
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, US
- **death place**: London, England
- **occupation**: Author, war correspondent
- **nationality**: American
- **period**: 1934–1989
- **genre**: War, travel
- **spouse**:
Octavio Lepage

**Octavio Lepage Barreto**, (November 24, 1923 – January 6, 2017)  was Acting President of Venezuela from May 21, 1993 through June 5, 1993.

Lepage was born on November 24, 1923 in Santa Rosa, Anzoátegui, Venezuela. He studied at Central University of Venezuela. Lepage married Verónica Peñalver. In 1993, he moved to Caracas, Venezuela. Lepage died in Caracas, Venezuela on January 6, 2017, aged 93.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Octavio Lepage
- **image**: Octavio Lepage 2.jpg
- **order**: President of Venezuela
<small>Acting</small>
- **term start**: 21 May 1993
- **term end**: 5 June 1993
- **predecessor**: Carlos Andrés Pérez
- **successor**: Ramón José Velásquez
- **title2**: Minister of Interior and Justice (Venezuela), Minister of Home Affairs
- **term start2**: 1984
- **term end2**: 1986
- **president2**: Jaime Lusinchi
- **predecessor2**: Luciano Valero
- **successor2**: José Ángel Ciliberto
- **title3**: Minister of Interior and Justice (Venezuela), Minister of Home Affairs
- **term start3**: 1975
- **term end3**: 1978
- **president3**: Carlos Andrés Pérez
- **predecessor3**: Luis Piñerúa Ordaz
- **successor3**: Manuel Mantilla
- **birth place**: Anzoátegui, Santa Rosa, Anzoátegui, Venezuela
- **death place**: Caracas, Venezuela
- **spouse**: Verónica Peñalver (until his death)
- **alma mater**: Central University of Venezuela
- **residence**: Caracas, Venezuela
- **signature**: Octavio Lepage signature.jpg
- **party**: Acción Democrática
Hyperbola

A **hyperbola** is a type of conic section. Like the other three types of conic sections - parabolas, ellipses, and circles - it is a curve formed by the intersection of a cone and a plane. A hyperbola is created when the plane intersects both halves of a double cone, creating two curves that look exactly like each other, but open in opposite directions. This occurs when the angle between the axis of the cone and the plane is less than the angle between a line on the side of the cone and the plane.

Hyperbolas can be found in many places in nature. For example, an object in open orbit around another object - where it never returns - can move in the shape of a hyperbola. On a sundial, the path followed by the tip of the shadow over time is a hyperbola.

One of the most well-known hyperbolas is the graph of the equation .

## Definitions and equations

The two disconnected curves that make up a hyperbola are called **arms** or **branches**.

The two points where the branches are closest together are called the vertices. The line between these two points is called the _transverse axis_ or _major axis_. The midpoint of the transverse axis is the _center_ of the hyperbola.

At large distances from the center, the branches of the hyperbola approach two straight lines. These two lines are called the asymptotes. As the distance from the center increases, the hyperbola gets closer and closer to the asymptotes, but never intersects them.

The _conjugate axis_ or _minor axis_ is perpendicular, or at a right angle to, the transverse axis. The endpoints of the conjugate axis are at the height where a segment that intersects the vertex and is perpendicular to the transverse axis intersects the asymptotes.

A hyperbola that has a center at the origin of the Cartesian coordinate system, which is the point (0,0), and has a transverse axis on the x-axis can be written as the equation
_a_ is the distance between the center and a vertex. The length of the transverse axis is equal to _2a_. _b_ is the length of a perpendicular line segment from a vertex to an asymptote. The length of the conjugate axis is equal to _2b_.

The two branches of the above type of hyperbola open to the left and the right. If the branches open up and down and the transverse axis is on the y-axis, then the hyperbola can be written as the equation

## Hyperbolic trajectory

A **hyperbolic trajectory** is the trajectory followed by an object when its velocity is more than the escape velocity of a planet, satellite, or star. That means its orbital eccentricity is greater than 1. For example, meteors approach on a hyperbolic trajectory, and interplanetary space probes leave on one.

## Related pages

- Hyperbolic functions
Eleanor Marx

**Eleanor Marx** (16 January 1855 – 31 March 1898) was an English socialist activist and writer. She was also a literary translator. She was the youngest daughter of Karl Marx. She committed suicide using poison, aged 43.
Eta Carinae

**Eta Carinae** (η Carinae or η Car) is a superbright hypergiant star in the constellation Carina, about 7,500 to 8,000 light-years from the Sun.

The system contains at least two stars, of which the primary is a luminous blue variable (LBV) that initially had around 150 solar masses, of which it has lost at least 30. A hot supergiant of about 30 solar masses is in orbit around the primary. An enormous thick red nebula surrounding Eta Carinae makes it impossible to see this companion optically, but the dumbell-shaped gas cloud is formed by two stars.

The Eta Carinae system is inside the Homunculus nebula, itself part of the much larger Carina nebula. Together they have a combined luminosity of over five million times the Sun's. It is not visible north of latitude 30°N and is seen moving round the pole south of latitude 30°S. Due to its mass and the stage of its life, it is expected to explode as a supernova in the future.

## History

Eta Carinae was first recorded as a 4th magnitude star. It brightened from 1837 to 1856 in an event known as "the Great Eruption". Eta Carinae became the second brightest star in the sky between 11 and 14 March 1843 before fading well below naked eye visibility.

It has brightened since about 1940, peaking above magnitude 4.5 in 2014. Eta Carinae is circumpolar south of latitude 30°S, so it is never seen north of latitude 30°N.

## System and properties

This stellar system is currently one of the most massive that can be studied in detail. Until recently, Eta Carinae was thought to be the most massive single star, but in 2005 it was proved to be a binary system. The most massive star in the Eta Carinae multiple star system probably has more than 100 times the mass of the Sun. There are other massive stars which are known to be more luminous and are more massive.

Stars like Eta Carinae produce over a million times as much light as the Sun. They are quite rare — only a few dozen are present in a galaxy the size of the Milky Way. They are assumed to be near or over the Eddington limit. That means the outward pressure of their radiation is almost strong enough to counteract gravity. Stars over 120 solar masses exceed the Eddington limit, and their gravity is barely strong enough to hold in their radiation and gas.

Eta Carinae's chief significance for astrophysics is its giant eruption, which was observed around 1843. In a few years, Eta Carinae produced almost as much visible light as a supernova explosion, but it survived. It was a  'supernova impostor' or 'failed supernova'. Eta Carinae's giant eruption was the prototype for this phenomenon.

One remarkable aspect of Eta Carinae is its changing brightness. It is currently classified as a luminous blue variable (LBV) binary star due to peculiarities in its pattern of brightening and dimming.

The ionizing radiation emitted by the secondary star in Eta Carinae is the major radiation source of the system. Much of this radiation is absorbed by the primary stellar wind.

## Related pages

- S Doradus
Anne Sexton

**Anne Sexton** (November 9, 1928 - October 4, 1974) was an American novelist, poetry and children's book writer. She wrote primarily about topics like mental illness and severe depression. She was born near Boston, Massachusetts. She later committed suicide by way of carbon monoxide poisoning. She was 45.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Anne Sexton
- **image**: Anne Sexton, Boston University.jpg
- **birth place**: Newton, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **death place**: Weston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **occupation**: Poet
- **nationality**: American
- **children**: Linda Gray Sexton, Joyce Ladd Sexton
- **genre**: Confessional poetry
Leerdam

**Leerdam** is a city in the Netherlands, in the province of Utrecht. It has about 21,000 inhabitants (2016). Since 2019, it has been part of the new municipality of Vijfheerenlanden. Until 2019, Leerdam was a municipality in the province of South Holland.
Khmer

**Khmer** might mean:

- Anything to do with the Khmer people, an ethnic group in Cambodia
- Khmer language
- Khmer Rouge
Helen Twelvetrees

**Helen Twelvetrees** (December 25, 1908 - February 13, 1958) was an American movie and stage actress. She acted in many stage plays from the 1920s to the early 1950s. Twelvetrees was born in Brooklyn, New York. She killed herself by using sedative drugs.
Tribadism

**Tribadism** is a lesbian sexual act in which a woman rubs her vulva against her partner's vulva or another part of her partner's body for sexual stimulation. It is also known as **scissoring**, a sex position in which the women intertwine their legs and rub their vulvas together, or as **tribading** or **tribbing**.
Federal monarchy

A **federal monarchy** is a federation of states with a single monarch as overall head of the federation, but also having lesser monarchs, or a republican system of government, in the various states joined to the federation. An example is Malaysia.
Geniocracy

**Geniocracy** is a kind of government.  In this system, very smart people, geniuses, control the country. Supporters of this kind of government believe that if the smartest people are in charge, it will be good for all people.

## Related pages

- Meritocracy
Democratic republic

A **democratic republic** is the idea which combines both republicanism and democracy . This means that people can take part in the decisions that affect the way their community is run. There is no monarch. The country could be a presidential, semi-presidential or parliamentary.

Many countries consider themselves democratic republics. Many of these countries  are dictatorships where elections are rigged in various ways. For example, in Eastern Europe, countries had Soviet troops stationed after WWII. Elections were organized so that the electorate had no real choice.