Luxembourg

**Luxembourg** (officially called the **Grand Duchy of Luxembourg** (, , ) is a landlocked country in Western Europe.

It is a small country by land area. In 2025, its population was 681,973, making it one of Europe's most densely populated countries.

It was one of the first countries in the European Union. It is also a member of the Benelux. The countries next to Luxembourg are Belgium, Germany, and France. The main language is Luxembourgish but French and German is also spoken there.

## History

In 963, Luxembourg was founded. Sigefroid, Count of Ardennes, came to own the ruins of an old Roman fort called "Castellum Lucilinburhuc" ("Little Castle") from the monks of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier. In 1354, the emperor Charles IV made Luxembourg a duchy. In 1443, Luxembourg was captured by Philip of Burgundy.

In, 1795, after the French revolution Luxembourg was taken over by France. It became a département of France. In 1815, Luxembourg became a grand duchy. It was ruled by the king of the Netherlands. From 1815 to 1866, Luxembourg became a member of the German Confederation. In 1890, after the death of William III, Luxembourg passed to the House of Nassau-Weilburg.

Between 1914 to 1918, Luxembourg was conquered by Germany during World War I. In 1940, the Germans returned during World War II, and in 1942 Luxembourg became part of the Third Reich. In 1944, Luxembourg became independent in September because the United States Army arrived. In 1945, Luxembourg joined the United Nations.

In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the first six members of the European Economic Community. In 2020, Luxembourg became the first country in the world to make all public transport free to use.

## Politics

Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy lead by a constitutional monarch. Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is in the hands of the Governor and the cabinet, which consists of several other ministers.

## Climate

Luxembourg has a continental climate.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was , on 25 July 2019 in Steinsel.

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was  on 2 February 1956 in Wiltz.

### Top 5 warmest days

|Rank|Temperature|Date|Location|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1.||25 July 2019|Steinsel|
|2.||12 August 2003|Schengen|
|3.||19 July 2022|Esch-sur-Alzette|
|4.||8 August 2003|Remich|
|5.||9 August 2020|Esch-sur-Alzette|

## Districts, cantons, and communes

Luxembourg is divided into twelve cantons. These twelve cantons are divided into 102 communes (towns or cities), which have local governments.

### Districts

Until 2015, Luxembourg's cantons were sorted into three districts. These are not to be confused with the electoral districts of Luxembourg, which are used to elect members of the parliament.

The districts were:
1. Diekirch
1. Grevenmacher
1. Luxembourg

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Luxembourg
- Luxembourg at the Olympics
- Luxembourg national football team

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- **common name**: Luxembourg.
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg
- **image coat**: Coat of arms of Luxembourg.svg
- **national motto**: _"Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn"_<small>(Luxembourgish language, Luxembourgish)
"We want to remain what we are"</small>
- **national anthem**: _Ons Heemecht_<small>
"Our Homeland"</small>
[http://www.luxembourg.public.lu/fr/politique/symboles/hymne/multimedia/Instrumental.mp3]
- **royal anthem**: _De Wilhelmus_ 
- **image map**: EU-Luxembourg.svg
- **capital**: Luxembourg (city), Luxembourg
- **largest city**: capital
- **official languages**: Luxembourgish language, Luxembourgish
French language, French
German language, German
- **demonym**: Luxembourgers
- **government type**: Unitary state, Unitary Parliamentary system, parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy
- **leader title1**: Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Grand Duke
- **leader title2**: Prime Minister of Luxembourg, Prime Minister
- **leader name1**: Guillaume V, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Guillaume V <small>(List of Grand Dukes of Luxembourg, List)</small>
- **leader name2**: Luc Frieden <small>(List of Prime Ministers of Luxembourg, List)</small>
- **legislature**: Chamber of Deputies of Luxembourg, Chamber of Deputies
- **sovereignty type**: Independence
- **established event1**: From First French Empire, French empire _(Treaty of Paris (1815), Treaty of Paris)_
- **established date1**: 9 June 1815
- **established event2**: Treaty of London (1839), 1st Treaty of London
- **established date2**: 19 April 1839
- **established event3**: Treaty of London (1867), 2nd Treaty of London
- **established date3**: 11 May 1867
- **established event4**: End of personal union
- **established date4**: 23 November 1890
- **accessioneudate**: 21 April 1872
- **area km2**: 2,586.4
- **area sq mi**: 998.6
- **area rank**: 175th
- **percent water**: 0.60%
- **population estimate**: 681,973
- **population estimate year**: 2025
- **population census**: 643,941
- **population census year**: 2021
- **population estimate rank**: 163rd
- **population density km2**: 255
- **population density sq mi**: 501.3
- **population density rank**: 67th
- **gdp ppp year**: 2025
- **gdp ppp**: $106.505 billion
- **gdp ppp rank**: 100th
- **gdp ppp per capita**: $154,914
- **gdp ppp per capita rank**: 1st
- **gdp nominal**: $96.993 billion
- **gdp nominal rank**: 73rd
- **gdp nominal year**: 2025
- **gdp nominal per capita**: $141,709
- **gdp nominal per capita rank**: 1st
- **hdi**: 0.922
- **hdi year**: 2023
- **hdi change**: decrease
- **hdi rank**: 25th
- **currency**: Euro (Euro sign, €)
- **currency code**: EUR
- **country code**: LUX
- **time zone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **time zone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **date format**: //
- **drives on**: right
- **cctld**: .lu
- **calling code**: Telephone numbers in Luxembourg, 352
- **footnote1**: Not the same as the _Het Wilhelmus_ of the Netherlands.
- **footnote2**: Before 1999: Luxembourg franc.
- **footnote3**: The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.