juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Score

**Score** or **scorer** may refer to:

- Test score, the result of an exam or test

## Business

- Score Digital, now part of Bauer Radio
- Score Entertainment, a former American trading card design and manufacturing company
- Score Media, a former Canadian media company

## Mathematics

- Score (statistics), a quantity in statistics
- Score, the number twenty (20); see also vigesimal
- Raw score, an original datum that has not been transformed
- Score test, a statistical test
- Scorer's function, solutions to differential equations
- Standard score, a quantity derived from the raw score

## Science and technology

- Single colour reflectometry, an optical technique for monitoring biomolecular interactions

## Arts, entertainment, and media

- Event score, written or printed instructions for a visual art performance
- Musical score

### Movies

- _Score_ (1974 movie), an American adult movie
- _Score_ (2016 movie), a documentary movie
- _Score: A Hockey Musical_, a 2010 Canadian musical movie

### Music

- Movie score, original music written specifically to accompany a movie.

#### Albums

- _Score_ (Randy Brecker album), 1969
- _Score_ (Paul Haslinger album), 1999
- _Score_ (Carol Lloyd album), 1979
- _Score_ (Dream Theater album), 2006
- _Score_ (2Cellos album), 2017

### Periodicals

- _Score_, a football comic which became _Scorcher_ in 1971
- _Score_, a pornographic magazine by The Score Group

## Sports and games

- Score (game), a number of points achieved in a game
- Score (sport), a number of points achieved in a sporting event
- Scoring (cricket)
- Score bug, a graphic displayed on a screen during sports game broadcasts to display the current score and other statistics
- Herb Score (1933–2008), baseball player
Radian

The **radian** (symbol: **rad**) is a unit of measuring angles. It is shown by the symbol "rad" or, less often, <sup>c</sup> (for circular measure). The radian was once an SI supplementary unit, but was changed to a derived unit in 1995. In a circular sector with a central angle of one radian, the arc length is equal to the length of the radius of the circle it is part of.

## Usage

Most people who do mathematics or physics use radians, rather than degrees, because some kinds of calculations, mostly in trigonometry and calculus, are simpler when using radians rather than degrees. Thus, most calculations related to angular frequency (such as angular velocity) use radians per second.

People who look through a telescope or sniper scope often use milliradians to describe distances as seen through it.

## Conversion

1 radian is equal to about 57.3°. There are 2π radians (about 6.28 radians) in a full revolution. The formula for converting radians to degrees and vice versa is:

or:

we can also say that:

- .

## Related pages

- Steradian
- Tau, the measure of a full circle in radian
- Unit circle
Taoyuan City

**Taoyuan City** () is a special municipality of Taiwan, Republic of China, in the northwestern part of the island, next to New Taipei City. Taoyuan District is in this municipality and serves as the seat of Taoyuan City.

"Taoyuan" means "peach garden," since the area used to have many peach blossoms. Taoyuan is the native home to the Pingpu tribe of Aborigines. It is now an important industrial region of Taiwan. Taipei Taoyuan International Airport, which serves Taipei, is inside this county.

## Administrative divisions

Taoyuan City controls 13 districts.

|Tongyong Pinyin|Hanzi|Wade–Giles|Hanyu Pinyin|Taiwanese|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Taoyuan District|桃園|T'ao-yüan|Táoyuán|Thô-hn̂g|
|Zhongli District|中壢|Chung-li|Zhōnglì|Tiong-le̍k|
|Pingzhen District|平鎮|P'ing-chen|Píngzhèn|Pêng-tìn|
|Bade District|八德|Pa-teh|Bādé|Pat-tek|
|Daxi District|大溪|Ta-hsi|Dàxī|Tāi-khe|
|Yangmei District|楊梅|Yang-mei|Yángméi|Iûⁿ-mûi|
|Luzhu District|蘆竹|Lu-chu|Lúzhú|Lô·-tek|
|Dayuan District|大園|Ta-yüan|Dàyúan|Toā-Hn̂g|
|Guishan District|龜山|Kuei-shan|Guīshān|Ku-soaⁿ|
|Longtan District|龍潭|Lung-t'an|Lóngtán|Liông-thâm|
|Xinwu District|新屋|Hsin-wu|Xīnwū|Sin-ok|
|Guanyin District|觀音|Kuan-yin|Guānyīn|Koan-im|
|Fuxing District|復興|Fu-hsing|Fùxīng|Hok-heng|

## Education

- Chien Hsin University

## Related pages

- List of counties of Republic of China

## Other websites

- Official website
Tainan County

**Tainan County** (Chinese:台南縣; Taiwanese: Tâi-lâm-koān) is a county in Southern Taiwan .  The name "Tainan" means simply "Southern Taiwan".

## Townships

|Tongyong Pinyin|Hanzi|
| --- | --- |
|Baihe Township|白河鎮|
|Jiali Township|佳里鎮|
|Madou Township|麻豆鎮|
|Shanhua Township|善化鎮|
|Sinhua Township|新化鎮|
|Syuejia Township|學甲鎮|
|Yanshuei Township|鹽水鎮|
|Anding Township|安定鄉|
|Beimen Township|北門鄉|
|Cigu Township|七股鄉|
|Danei Township|大內鄉|
|Dongshan Township|東山鄉|
|Guantian Township|官田鄉|
|Gueiren Township|歸仁鄉|
|Houbi Township|後壁鄉|
|Jiangjyun Township|將軍鄉|
|Lioujia Township|六甲鄉|
|Liouying Township|柳營鄉|
|Nanhua Township|南化鄉|
|Nansi Township|楠西鄉|
|Rende Township|仁德鄉|
|Shanshang Township|山上鄉|
|Siaying Township|下營鄉|
|Sigang Township|西港鄉|
|Sinshih Township|新市鄉|
|Sinying City|新營市|
|Yongkang City|永康市|
|Yujing Township|玉井鄉|
|Zuojhen Township|左鎮鄉|

## Related pages

- List of counties of Republic of China

## Other websites

- Government website  | (English)
Hsinchu County

**Hsinchu County** (Chinese:新竹縣; POJ: Sin-tek-kōan) is a county in northwestern Taiwan. The population is mainly Hakka; there is a Taiwanese aboriginal minority in the southeastern part of the county.

## Management

Hsinchu County controls one township-level city (縣轄市), three city-townships (鎮), and nine rural townships (鄉).

|bgcolor="lightgreen"|Tongyong Pinyin|bgcolor="lightgreen"|Hanzi|bgcolor="lightgreen"|Wade–Giles|bgcolor="lightgreen"|Hanyu Pinyin|bgcolor="lightgreen"|Taiwanese|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Jhubei City|竹北|Chu2-pei3|Zhúbeǐ|||||||
|Guansi|關西|Kuan1-hsi1|Guānxī|||||||
|Sinpu|新埔|Hsin1-p'u3|Xīnpǔ|||||||
|Jhudong|竹東|Chu2-tung1|Zhúdōng|||||||
|Hukou|湖口|Hu2-k'ou3|Húkǒu|||||||
|Hengshan|橫山|Heng2-shan1|Héngshān|||||||
|Sinfong|新豐|Hsin1-feng1|Xīnfēng|||||||
|Cyonglin|芎林|Ch'iung2-lin2|Qiónglín|||||||
|Baoshan|寶山|Pao3-shan1|Baǒshān|||||||
|Beipu|北埔|Pei3-p'u3|Běipǔ|||||||
|Emei|峨眉|E2(or O2)-mei2|Éméi|||||||
|Jianshih|尖石|Chien1-shih2|Jiānshí|||||||
|Wufong|五峰|Wu3-feng1|Wǔfēng|||||||

## Related pages

- List of counties of Republic of China

## Other websites

- Government website  | (English)
Xindian District

**Xindian District** (Chinese: 新店區; POJ: Sin-tiàm-khu) is a district in the southern part of New Taipei City of the Republic of China. It has been historically spelt as _Sindian_ (Tongyong Pinyin) or _Hsintien_ (Wade-Giles) and _Xindian_ (Hanyu Pinyin) on road signs in Taipei City. _Sindian_ is the Tongyong Pinyin spelling of the city's name.

## Geography

- Location: Latitude 24.57°N, Longitude 121.32°E
- Area :
- Population: 300,283 people ()
- Households: 107,878

## Attractions

- Bitan (碧潭)
- Bitan Bridge {碧潭橋)
- Chung-yiang villages (中央新村)
- Feitsui reservoir(翡翠水庫)
- Wulai (烏來)

## Other websites

- Household registration office
Apia

**Apia,** is the capital of Samoa. In 2001, it had 380,800 people. It is part of the Tuamasaga district. The city is on the northern coast of Upolu Island. It is the nation's major port and only city. Fish and copra are the country's major exports, and cotton goods, motor vehicles, meats, and sugar are the major imports.

## Location

Apia () is on a natural dock at the mouth of the Vaisigano River. It is on a narrow coastal plain with Mount Vaea (height 472 m) directly to its south. Two main ridges run south on either side of the Vaisigano River, with roads on each sides. The more western of these is Cross Island Road, the fewer roads crossing to the south coast of Upolu.

## Other city

Mulinu'u, the old capital, is the location of the Parliament House (_Fale Fono_) and the historic observatory, which is now the meteorology office. In 1983, the Apia Samoa Temple was built here by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Funafuti

**Funafuti** is the capital of the small island nation of Tuvalu. It has a population of 4,492 (2002), making it the most populated atoll in this country. It is a narrow sweep of land between 20 and 400 meters wide. There is an airstrip, hotel (Vaiaku Langi Hotel), and administrative buildings, as well as homes, constructed both in the traditional manner, out of palm fronds, and more recently out of cement blocks. The most prominent building on Funafuti atoll is the Church of Tuvalu. Other sites of interest are the remains of American aircraft that crashed on Funafuti during World War II, when the airstrip was used by the American forces to defend the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati). The United States claimed Funafuti until a treaty of friendship was concluded in the late 70's or early 80's.

The largest island is Fongafale. On this island, there are four villages, of which one is Vaiaku, where the government is. The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes given as Fongafale or Vaiaku, but the entire atoll of Funafuti is actually the capital.

## Islands in Funafuti

There are at least 33 islands in the atoll. The biggest is Fongafale, followed by Funafala. At least three islands are inhabited, which are Fongafale, Funafala and Motuloa.

- Amatuku
- Avalau
- Falaoigo
- Fale Fatu (or _Falefatu_)
- Fatato
- Fongafale
- Fuafatu
- Fuagea
- Fualefeke (or _Fualifeke_)
- Fualopa
- Funafala
- Funamanu
- Luamotu
- Mateika
- Motugie
- Motuloa
- Mulitefala
- Nukvalevale
- Papa Elise (or _Funangongo_)
- Pukasavilivili
- Te Afuafou
- Te Afualiku
- Tefala
- Telele
- Tengako (peninsula of the island of Fongafale)
- Tengasu
- Tepuka
- Tepuka Vili Vili
- Tutanga
- Vasafua
- And at least 5 other islands

## Bays and streets in Funafuti

- Te Ava Pua Pua
- Te Ava Tepuka Vili

## TeNamo Lagoon

The lagoon surrounded by the atoll is TeNamo. It has a vertical length of more than 20 km.
Kaohsiung County

**Kaohsiung County** (Chinese:高雄縣; POJ: Ko-hiông-kōan) was a county in southern Taiwan administered as part of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. It was combined with the former Kaohsiung City in 2010 to create a new Kaohsiung City.

### City

|Tongyong Pinyin|Chinese|
| --- | --- |
|Fongshan City|鳳山市|

### Township

|Tongyong Pinyin|Chinese|
| --- | --- |
|Cishan Township|旗山鎮|
|Gangshan Township|岡山鎮|
|Meinong Township|美濃鎮|
|Alian Township|阿蓮鄉|
|Ciaotou Township|橋頭鄉|
|Daliao Township|大寮鄉|
|Dashe Township|大社鄉|
|Dashu Township|大樹鄉|
|Hunei Township|湖內鄉|
|Jiading Township|茄萣鄉|
|Jiasian Township|甲仙鄉|
|Linyuan Township|林園鄉|
|Liouguei Township|六龜鄉|
|Lujhu Township|路竹鄉|
|Maolin Township|茂林鄉|
|Mituo Township|彌陀鄉|
|Neimen Township|內門鄉|
|Niaosong Township|鳥松鄉|
|Renwu Township|仁武鄉|
|Sanmin Township|三民鄉|
|Shanlin Township|杉林鄉|
|Taoyuan Township|桃源鄉|
|Tianliao Township|田寮鄉|
|Yanchao Township|燕巢鄉|
|Yong-an Township|永安鄉|
|Zihguan Township|梓官鄉|

## Related pages

- List of counties of Republic of China

## Other websites

- Government website  | (English)
Red blood cell

**Red blood cells** (also known as **RBCs**, **red blood corpuscles** or **erythrocytes**) are cells in the blood which transport oxygen. In women, there are about 4.8 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. In men, there are 5.4 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. Red blood cells are red because they have hemoglobin in them. Quantity of Red Blood Cells in the Human Body. The average male adult has about **5 million red blood cells per cubic millimeter** of blood, while the average female adult has about **4.5 million red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood**. This may vary by about 300,000 to 500,000 red blood cells.

## Function

The most important function of red blood cells is the transport of oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) to the tissues. The hemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the lungs. Then it travels through blood vessels and brings oxygen to all other cells via the heart. The blood cells go through the lungs (to collect oxygen), through the heart (to give all cells oxygen). They go back to the heart to be re-pumped to the lungs (to again collect oxygen), so the blood in your body travels in a double circuit, going through your heart twice before it completes one full circulation of the body.

Red blood cells are doughnut-shaped, but without the hole. This shape is called a bi-concave disc. However, hereditary diseases such as sickle-cell disease can cause them to change shapes and stop blood flow in capillaries and veins. Plasma is got from whole blood. To prevent clotting, an anticoagulant (such as citrate) is added to the blood immediately after it is taken.

## Discovery

Jan Swammerdam a scientist from the Netherlands was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, another scientist from the Netherlands, was the first to draw an illustration of "Red Blood Cells".

## Discussion

Mammalian RBCs are unique in that they have no cell nucleus in their mature form. These cells have nuclei during development, but push them out as they mature. This gives more space for haemoglobin. Mammalian RBCs also lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. All other vertebrate<nowiki/>s have nucleated red blood cells.

As a result of not having mitochondria, the cells use none of the oxygen they carry. Instead they produce the energy carrier ATP. Because they lack nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA. They cannot divide, and have limited repair capabilities. This also makes sure no virus can target mammalian red blood cells.

## Transport of CO2 in the blood

Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) is carried in blood in three different ways. The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood.
- Most of it (about 68% to 83%) is converted to bicarbonate ions  by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells. by the reaction CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> → H<sup>+</sup> + .
- 5% – 10% is dissolved in the blood plasma.
- 5% – 10% is bound to haemoglobin as carbamino compounds.
Jöns Jakob Berzelius

**Jöns Jakob Berzelius** (20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. He invented the modern chemical notation. Berzelius, John Dalton and Antoine Lavoisier are said to be the fathers of modern chemistry.

Berzelius was born in Linköping in Östergötland in Sweden. He graduated from Uppsala University as a physician. He became a professor in medicine and surgery at the Stockholm School of Surgery in 1807. In 1810, this became part of Medico-Chirurgiska Institutet (later the Karolinska Institute) and Berzelius became a professor of chemistry and pharmacy.

Not long after going to Stockholm, Berzelius wrote a chemistry textbook for his medical students. While doing experiments for the textbook, he found that inorganic compounds are made of different elements in proportion by weight. Based on this, in 1828, he created a table of relative atomic weights. On this table, oxygen was set to 100. The table had all of the elements known at the time. This work gave evidence of the atomic hypothesis that
chemical compounds are made of atoms combined in whole number amounts.

In order to help his experiments, Berzelius created a system of chemical notation. In this notation, the elements were given simple written labels, for example, O for oxygen, or Fe for iron. The proportions of the elements was shown by numbers. This is the same basic system used today. The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today (for example, H<sub>2</sub>O), Berzelius used a superscript.

Berzelius found the chemical elements silicon, selenium, thorium, and cerium. Students working in Berzelius laboratory also found lithium and vanadium.

Berzelius was the first person to show the difference between organic compounds (those made with carbon), and inorganic compounds. He helped Gerhardus Johannes Mulder in his analysis of organic compounds such as coffee, tea and many proteins. The term "protein" itself was created by Berzelius, after Mulder noticed that all proteins seemed to have the same formula and might be made of a single type of a (very large) molecule.

Berzelius wrote a great deal. He helped many leading scientists (such as Mulder, Claude Louis Berthollet, Humphry Davy, Friedrich Wöhler and Eilhard Mitscherlich), and many less-notable scientists.

## Summary of achievements

- Law of definte proportions
- Chemical formula
- Discovered chemical elements
- Recognised organic compounds; named proteins.

## Sources

- Crosland M.P. 1962. _Historical studies in the language of chemistry_.  Chapter 4: The symbols of Berzelius. London: Heinemann.
- von Meyer, Ernst 1906. _A history of chemistry from the earliest times to the present day_. p212 et seq: Berzelius: a survey of his work. London: Macmillan.
- Partington J.R. 1964 _History of chemistry_, vol 4. London: Macmillan; pp. 142–77.
- Leicester, Henry 1970–80. Berzelius, Jöns Jacob. In _Dictionary of scientific biography_, vol 2, p90–97. New York: Scribners. ISBN 978-0-684-10114-9
Noel Edmonds

**Noel Ernest Edmonds** (born 22 December 1948) is an English television presenter. He is best known for hosting the television programmes _Multi-Coloured Swap Shop_, _Noel's House Party, Noel's Knocking Shop_ and _Deal or No Deal?_. Edmonds is host of a TV game show called _Are You Smarter Than A Ten-Year-Old?_ (the British version of _Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?_).

He was a DJ on BBC Radio 1 during the 1970s.

## Personal life

Edmonds was married to Gillian Slater in 1971. The marriage ended in divorce after eleven years. In July 1986, he married Helen Soby.  They have four daughters: Charlotte, Lorna, Olivia and Alice. The couple bought an  estate at Jacobstowe, near Okehampton, Devon, as a family home. In 2004, he and Soby divorced.  There was much tabloid publicity because of her extramarital affair.

It was reported Edmonds was involved with English teacher and former Miss England Pauline Bull.

On July 23, 2009 Edmonds married his third wife, Liz Davies.  She was a make-up artist on the programme Deal or No Deal?.

As a result of his success on _Deal or No Deal?_, Edmonds purchased a new home in Devon, a £1.7 million Grade-II manor house.

Edmonds was one of the trio Brown Sauce, along with Maggie Philbin and Keith Chegwin.  They released the single "I Wanna Be a Winner" in 1981.  It reached number 15 in the UK singles chart.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Noel Edmonds
- **image**: Noel Edmonds 2006.jpg
- **caption**: Noel Edmonds in 2006
- **birth name**: Noel Ernest Edmonds
- **birth place**: Ilford, Essex, England
- **occupation**: Presenter, Broadcaster
- **years active**: 1969–present
- **spouse**: Gillian Slater
(m. 1971–1982, divorced)
Helen Soby
(m. 1986–2004, divorced)
Liz Davies (m. 2009-present)
- **children**: 4 daughters
- **website**: http://www.NoelEdmonds.tv/
Quizmania

***Quizmania*** was a quiz television show on ITV Play. Viewers at home phoned in to guess answers to questions to win money.

_Quizmania_ was on ITV from 2005 to 2007. It has been online since 2008.

## Presenters

- Debbie King
- Greg Scott
- Lee Baldry
- Nigel Mitchell
- Chuck Thomas
- Lottie Mayor
- Tim Lichfield
- Stuart Headlam
- Kirsty Duffy
- Lee Clark
Davina McCall

**Davina Lucy Pascale McCall** (born 16 October 1967) is an English-French television presenter. She is best known for having presented the early seasons of  _Big Brother UK_ through its time on Channel 4.

She was born in London to a French mother and British father. She is the presenter of quiz show _The Million Pound Drop Live._ She is also currently a judge on the UK _Masked Singer_.

## References

- The real mcCall
- Profile Davina McCall
Artiodactyl

The **Artiodactyla** are **even-toed ungulates**, an order of mammals. They have an even number of toes: two or four. For example, camelids or animals of the Giraffidae family have two toes, but hippopotami have four toes.

Cetartiodactyla is a proposed superorder of mammals Containing the orders Artiodactyla and Cetacea. Right now, Cetartiodactyla is just a synonym.

## Digestion

Some artiodactyls are ruminants (Ruminantia and Tylopoda). They ruminate their food—they regurgitate and re-chew it. This is a very important evolutionary advance.  Their stomachs are divided into three to four sections.

After eating, the food re-enters the mouth, where it is chewed again.  The food passes to the "fermentation chamber" (rumen and reticulum), where microbes (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi) help to break down the cellulose found in plant material.

This form of digestion has two advantages: ruminants can digest plants that are indigestible to other species, and they can take less time in eating.  The animal spends only a short time out in the open with his head to the ground—rumination can happen later, in a sheltered area.

## Taxonomy

- Order **Artiodactyla**
    - Suborder Suina
        - Family Suidae
        - Family Tayassuidae
        - Family Hippopotamidae
            - Subfamily Maiaboarinae
    - Suborder Tylopoda
        - Family Camelidae
    - Suborder Ruminantia
        - Family Tragulidae
        - Family Moschidae
        - Family Cervidae
        - Family Giraffidae
        - Family Antilocapridae
        - Family Bovidae

## Related pages

- Odd-toed ungulate
Odd-toed ungulate

**Odd-toed ungulates** are the **Perissodactyla**, an order of mammals.

Odd-toed ungulates have an uneven number of toes: Horses have only one toe, rhinoceros have three toes, and tapirs have four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet.

Their digestive system is more basic than the even-toed ungulates. A key difference between the two is that odd-toed ungulates digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers as the even-toed ungulates do.

Horses, for example, get much less nutrition out of grass than bovines do. This has the consequence that horses have to stop and feed more often, which in turn makes them more liable to predators. However, horses are very well-adapted for running, more so than many oxen or other Artiodactyls.

The living ungulates are a much-reduced group: the horses (including zebras), the tapirs and the rhinoceros.

## Taxonomy

- Order **Perissodactyla**
    - Family Rhinocerotidae
    - Family Tapiridae
    - Family Equidae
Condor

**Condor** is the name for two species of New World vultures. Each is the only species in its genus. They are the largest flying land birds in the Western Hemisphere. They are:

- The Andean Condor (_Vultur gryphus_), which lives over the Andes.
- The California Condor (_Gymnogyps californianus_), now found only on the western coastal mountains of the United States and Mexico.

Condors are part of the family Cathartidae, whereas the 15 species of Old World vultures are in the family Accipitridae, that also includes falcons, hawks, and eagles. The New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors.

Condors are scavengers. They feed on carrion (dead animals). Their distinctive bare heads are an adaptation to their feeding method. It helps to keep them clean as they feed inside a carcass.

The Andean Condor has a wingspan of between 274 and 310 cm, and weights around 11–15 kg. The California Condor is smaller.

## Fossil record

Fossils from the Pleistocene era have been found in various parts of North America, including New York and Florida. California Condors or their ancestors once lived on the west coast of North America as well as all the way to the eastern coast. An ancient relative of the condor, _Argentavis magnificens_ from South America, may have been the largest flying bird ever with a wingspan of .

## Other websites

- Andean Condor postage stamps
- Californian Condor stamps

bpy:কোনডোর্
Carrion

**Carrion** is the carcass of a dead animal. There are several kinds of animal that feed on such meat, such as vultures, hyenas, condors, or Tasmanian Devils. Carrion is an important source of food for several kinds of carnivores and omnivores.

The Carrion beetles also feed on it. Some plants fake the smell of carrion (they smell like carrion), so that they will attract insects they eat. Predators do not normally feed on carrion- they hunt and kill the animals they eat.
Bologna

**Bologna** (Emilian and Romagnol: _Bulåggna_) is the capital and largest city of Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. It has about 400,000 inhabitants.

## History

Bologna was founded by the Etruscans with the name _Felsina_ (c. 534 BC) and became a Roman colony in 189 BC.

In the 11th century Bologna began to grow again as a free commune, joining the Lombard League against Frederick Barbarossa in 1164.

The University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest existing university in Europe.

After being crushed in the Battle of Zappolino by the Modenese in 1325, Bologna began to decay and asked the protection of the Pope at the beginning of the 14th century.

In 1980, 85 people were killed in a bombing at Bologna Centrale railway station. This was the most deadly terrorist attack in the history of Italy.

## Weather

Bologna has a humid subtropical climate (_Cfa_ in the Koeppen climate classification).
1088

## Events

- Succession of Pope Urban II (1088-1099)
- Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny
- Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England lead by Odo of Bayeux.
- Mansur ibn Nasir succeeds Nasir ibn Alnas as ruler of the Hammadid dynasty
- University of Bologna was founded.

## Deaths

- January 6 – Berengar of Tours, French theologian
- July 3 – Robert of Rhuddlan, Norman ruler of most of North Wales
- Naser Khosrow, Persian theologian
- William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, Norman aristocrat
Pieve Ligure

**Pieve Ligure** is an Italian town in the region of Liguria in the province of Genoa. The population in _Pieve Ligure_ is 2,458.

Pieve has a sea and hill environment. There are no beaches on the coast, but only rocks which people swim and free divew forom. The wildlife there is very varied from young catfish to octopus. The highest place of the town is S. Croce (516 m). The economy is based on agriculture and tourism.
Stork

**Storks** are a family of birds (***Ciconiidae***). They usually live near shallow bodies of water where they wade through the water, and catch small animals, like frogs, crabs, or small fish. Many species of stork are migratory, they spend the summer and the winter in different places. There are 19 different species of stork, in six genera. The marabou stork is the largest species of stork. The Abdim's stork is the smallest species of stork

Probably the best known stork is the white stork. It is known to build large nests in high places. Stork nests are often very large. They may be used for many years. Beforehand, people believed storks were monogamous, that they only had one partner in life. More recent research has shown  that they may change partners. They are attached to a nest almost as much as to a partner.

The marabou stork, which lives in Africa, has a wingspan of up to 320 cm. This makes it the largest bird still alive, together with the Andean condor.

## Species

There are nineteen species of stork. They include:
- Abdim's stork
- African openbill
- Asian openbill
- Asian woollyneck
- Black stork
- Black-backed stork
- Greater adjutant
- Jabiru
- Lesser adjutant
- Maguari stork
- Marabou stork
- Milky stork
- Oriental stork
- Painted stork
- Saddle-billed stork
- Storm's stork
- White stork
- Wood stork
- Yellow-billed stork

## In fiction

The stork has many legends (stories) about it, as in the Ancient Greek storyteller's Aesop's (6th century BC) _The Farmer and the Stork_ and _The Fox and the Stork_. The first fable (short story) begins with a farmer plowing his fields, planting his seeds and spreading his nets. These nets caught a few cranes who hopped behind him eating the seed. Along with the cranes in his net the farmer discovered a stork with a broken leg. The stork begged the farmer to spare his life, saying that he was not a crane, but a stork. He pointed to his feathers and told the farmer that they didn’t resemble a crane’s feathers at all. The farmer laughed at the stork and said, “I have taken you with these robbers (thieves), the cranes, and you must die in their company.” Another common legend is that storks deliver babies  instead of the mothers giving birth.
Wharf

A **wharf** is a permanent structure at a lake, a river, or the sea. It is made so that ships can be loaded and unloaded more easily.
Public house

**Public houses** (better known as **pubs**) are businesses that serve alcoholic drinks such as beer, cider and ale and usually also non-alcoholic drinks such as lemonade, cola, tea and tap water to be consumed within the limits of the business. They are subject to the licensing laws of the country and may be closed down if not properly conducted. Many pubs also sell food such as fish and chips and meat pies.

Pubs are found in various places like England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Austria, Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia and Germany. In villages and small towns in many parts of England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, pubs are the centre of community life. Some pubs hire bands or singers to entertain customers. If the pub has rooms in which people can sleep at night, it is usually called an inn.

## Ownership and staffing

Public houses may be owned and operated in different ways. Breweries may own a number of pubs themselves. Pubs may be run as franchises by large catering companies. Regardles of how they are owned, a pub will be managed by a "landlord" or "landlady". Employees do different jobs to provide good service. Bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") serve drinks at the bar.

In most pubs, the customer orders the drinks at the bar and waits for them to be prepared and then carries the drinks back to the tables or area of seating. In some types of pubs, may sit at the bar or remain standing with their drinks. Some pubs hire servers, called waiters or waitresses, to bring drinks to people who are sitting at tables or in chairs. Some pubs also hire people to take away empty bottles and glasses, but the bartenders often do that as well.

Pubs that serve food have cooks, dishwashers, and servers to prepare, cook, and serve the food. Bands and singers entertain customers during the evening but are not usually employees of the pub. Instead, the pub signs a contract with the entertainers in which the entertainer promises to come to the pub on a specified day or night in return for a sum of money.

## Comparison with nightclubs

Another type of business that serves alcohol is the nightclub. Like pubs, some nightclubs also serve food and have bands or singers as entertainers. Most people go to nightclubs because they enjoy the music and dancing. However, nightclubs often have a much wider selection of alcoholic drinks than pubs. Most nightclubs sell a number of different brands of spirits, liqueurs, wine, sherry, and aperitifs.

The bartenders (also called "barmen" or "barmaids") at nightclubs often make a much larger variety of mixed drinks, or cocktails, than those who work in pubs.
Squaring the circle

**Squaring the circle** is a problem of geometry. The problem is to construct a square that has the same area as the unit circle, only by using a compass and straightedge construction method. Some people also call this problem the quadrature of the circle.

This is _not_ about a circle with corners like a square.  It is a problem like squaring a triangle. It is easy to construct a square with the same area as a triangle. Squaring the circle is related to the other ancient problems which have been proved impossible, doubling the cube and trisecting the angle.

In 1882, Ferdinand von Lindenmann proved that this cannot be done because it is impossible to calculate √π exactly, because it is a transcendental number.
Tampa Bay Lightning

The **Tampa Bay Lightning** is an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They play their home games at Benchmark International Arena in Tampa, Florida. They were formed in 1991, and began playing in 1992-93 NHL season.

The Lightning has won the Stanley Cup championship three times and won the Division title 4 times (2002-03, 2003-04, 2017-18, and 2018-19).

Before the Lightning's Stanley Cup championship, the team was regarded as one of the worst team in the league. It made the play-offs once (1995-96) before winning the Southeast Division in 2002-03.

It won the Stanley Cup championship in 2003-04, the year before the NHL Lock-Out. Under the leadership of captain Dave Andreychuk, and the strong goaltending performance of goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin, the Lightning earned its first Stanley Cup over the Calgary Flames in 7 games.

During the Lightning's Stanley Cup winning year, Martin St. Louis won the Hart Trophy, the league's most valuable player. After game 7 against the Calgary Flames, Brad Richards was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy, the play-offs most valuable player. Also, coach John Tortorella was awarded the Jack Adams Trophy for coach of the year.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Tampa Bay Lightning
- **current**: 2022–23 Tampa Bay Lightning season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#002368 5px solid; border-bottom:#002368 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **logo image**: Tampa Bay Lightning 2011.svg
- **conference**: Eastern Conference (NHL), Eastern
- **division**: Atlantic Division (NHL), Atlantic
- **founded**: 1992
- **history**: **Tampa Bay Lightning**
1992–93 NHL season, 1992–present
- **arena**: Benchmark International Arena
- **city**: Tampa, Florida
- **uniform image size**: 240px
- **team colors**: Tampa Bay blue, white, black

- **media affiliates**: Bally Sports Sun
WFLA (AM), 970 AM
- **owner**: Vinik Sports Group, LLC
(Jeffrey Vinik, chairman)
- **general manager**: Julien BriseBois
- **head coach**: Jon Cooper (ice hockey), Jon Cooper
- **captain**: Steven Stamkos
- **minor league affiliates**: Syracuse Crunch (American Hockey League, AHL)
Orlando Solar Bears (ECHL), Orlando Solar Bears (ECHL)
- **stanley cups**: **3** (2004 Stanley Cup Finals, 2003–04, 2020 Stanley Cup Finals, 2019–20, 2021 Stanley Cup Finals, 2020–21)
- **conf titles**: **4** (2003–04 NHL season, 2003–04, 2014–15 NHL season, 2014–15, 2019–20 NHL season, 2019–20, 2021–22 NHL season, 2021–22)
- **presidents' trophies**: **1** (2018–19 NHL season, 2018–19)
- **division titles**: **4** (2002–03 NHL season, 2002–03, 2003–04 NHL season, 2003–04, 2017–18 NHL season, 2017–18, 2018–19 NHL season, 2018–19)
Syd Barrett

**Roger Keith "Syd" Barrett** (6 January 1946 – 7 July 2006) was an English musician. Barrett is most famous for founding the rock band Pink Floyd. He started the band in 1965 under several different names and wrote the band's first album, _The Piper at the Gates of Dawn_. During this time he experimented with psychedelic (mind-altering) drugs and eventually exited the band in 1968. Following his departure from Pink Floyd, he released two records, _The Madcap Laughs_ and _Barrett_, to little commercial success, due to the unusual lyrics and unsteady beats. He later suffered from mental health issues, possibly related to his history of drug use. Some of his most successful solo songs are "Dark Globe" and "Octopus".

Barrett was born in Cambridge and died there, of pancreatic cancer and type 2 diabetes

## Other websites

- Official website

https://www.deviantart.com/syddygurl/art/Sydger-Nuptuals-450319403<nowiki/>
Occupation

**Occupation** could mean:

In **business**:
- Employment, a person's job or work in service of an employer
- Profession, an occupation that requires special education and training.  For example, law, medicine, or theology.
- Vocation, an occupation pursued more for altruistic benefit than for income
- Career, a person's occupational history
- Day job, an occupation solely for income, while pursuing another preferred career track
- Standard Occupational Classification System, developed and used by the U.S. government

In a **military context:**
- Military occupation, control of a territory by a military force
    - Occupied territory
    - Law of occupation, the laws of war which relate to military occupation
- List of military occupations, notable historical instances of military occupation

**Elsewhere:**
- Occupation (protest), the temporary forceful occupation of a building, space or symbolic site
- Occupancy, use of a building for shelter or support of persons, animals, or property
- _Occupation 101_, 2006 documentary movie about the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
- _Occupation: Dreamland_, documentary movie about 82nd Airborne in Iraq
- _Occupation Double_, a Canadian reality television show
- "Occupation" (_Battlestar Galactica_), an episode in the third season
- _Occupation: Foole_, comedy album by George Carlin
- "The Beautiful Occupation", song by the band, Travis
Tapir

**Tapirs** are odd-toed ungulates form the family **Tapiridae**. The only living genus is ***Tapirus***. The first tapirids appeared in the Eocene epoch, and by the Oligocene they looked similar to the present-day species. For much of their history, tapirs were spread across the Northern Hemisphere extinct as recently as 10,000 years ago.

## Taxonomy

- Family **Tapiridae**
    - Brazilian tapir or Lowland tapir (_Tapirus terrestris_)
    - Mountain Tapir (_Tapirus pinchaque_)
    - Baird's tapir (_Tapirus bairdii_)

- Malayan tapir (_Tapirus indicus_)
    - Kabomani tapir (_Tapirus kabomani_)

## Appearance

Tapirs are about 2 m / 7 ft long and about 1 meter / 3 ft high. They weigh between 150 - 300 kg / 330 - 700 lb. They have a rounded body and very short stubby tails. Tapirs have hoofed toes, with four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet. The Tapir's upper lip and nose have formed a short trunk, and they have a long tongue.

Tapirs have a short fur, with colors that are reddish-brown to grey to nearly black. Exceptions are the Mountain Tapir and the Asian Tapir. The Mountain Tapir has longer wooly fur. The Asian Tapir has a black front part and legs, and a white middle part and back. All baby tapirs have brown fur, with lighter stripes and dots for camouflage.

Tapirs cannot see very well, but they have good hearing and a very good sense of smell. Tapirs also swim very well.

## Habitat

Tapirs live in of South America and Central America, except the Asian Tapir which lives in Southeast Asia.
Tapirs live in dense forests, and close to water. They can also live in savannah biomes, or in dry tropical deciduous forests near a permanent water source.

## Life

Tapirs are active at night. They eat leaves, fruit, berries, vegetables and nuts.

Tapirs live alone. After a pregnancy of about 13 months, the female gives birth to a single baby. After half a year the baby starts to lose the baby-coloring of its fur. When the young tapir is one year old it looks like an adult tapir, and it leaves its mother. Tapirs become mature when they are 4 years old. Tapirs can become 25 – 30 years old.

## Other websites

- IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group
- The Tapir Gallery at The Tapir Preservation Fund website
- World Tapir Day website
- Baird's Tapir Project of Costa Rica
Bovid

**Bovids** are a family of even-toed ungulate mammals. The word "Bovidae" is comes from Latin _bos_, "ox". Even-toed ungulates are said to have "cloven hooves": that means their hooves are formed from two toes. They evolved early in the Miocene period.

There 143 living species in this family. They include cattle, goats, sheep, antelopes, saolas, and okapis. The family is widespread, living in all continents except the southern continents South America, Australia and Antarctica.

They are all ruminants, with the double stomach system of digesting vegetation, which is most efficient. The family originated in the Miocene, and is now very successful. Their success is probably helped by their digestive system. The group includes the three domestic animals cows, sheep and goats.

## Taxonomy

- Family **Bovidae**
    - Subfamily Aepycerotinae (one genus: the impala)
    - Subfamily Alcelaphinae (one tribe and four genera: wildebeest and relatives)
    - Subfamily Antilopinae (three tribes and 15 genera: gazelles and relatives)
    - Subfamily Bovinae (three tribes and ten genera: cattle, bisons etc.)
    - Subfamily Caprinae (three tribes and 13 genera: goats and sheep)
    - Subfamily Cephalophinae (three genera: duikers)
    - Subfamily Hippotraginae (three genera: antelopes)
    - Subfamily Panthelopinae (the Tibetan antelope)
    - Subfamily Peleinae (the grey rhebok)
    - Subfamily Reduncinae (two genera: more antelopes)
Cromwell current

The **Cromwell current** is the name of a submarine river. It was discovered in 1952 by the scientist Townsend Cromwell. It is 250 miles (400 km) wide. It flows to the east. The current appears about 300 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean at the equator.

The _Cromwell current_ carries a lot of oxygen and nutrients. It is very rich in marine life.
Subduction

**Subduction** is when two tectonic plates meet. One of the plates is pushed under the other into the Earth's mantle. Subduction causes the most powerful earthquakes in the world. Earthquakes caused by subduction can lead to tsunamis.

Areas where subduction occurs are called subduction zones. Subduction zones are all around the world in places like Indonesia, Seattle, Washington and in the Himalaya mountain range in Nepal.
Icebreaker

An **icebreaker** is a special type of ship. Its special features include extra powerful motors and a very strong hull designed to cut through thick sheets of ice floating on oceans and lakes.
Constructed language

An **artificial** or **constructed language** (sometimes called a **conlang**) is a language that has been made by a person or small group, instead of being formed naturally as part of a culture. Some constructed languages are designed for use in human communication (like the common Esperanto). Others are created for use in fiction, linguistic experiments, secret codes, or simply because the maker likes to play language games.

## Categories

Constructed languages can be split into groups by purpose. These groups are:
- **Engineered languages** (_engelangs_), which are split into philosophical languages and logical languages (loglangs) - designed for experiments in logic or philosophy
- **Auxiliary languages** (_auxlangs_) - designed to be a lingua franca (common language between people with different native languages) for international communication (also called International Auxiliary Language, (IAL))
- **Artistic languages** (_artlangs_) - designed to look or sound pretty, to make a fictional world more believable, or just for fun.
Constructed languages can also be split into _a priori languages_, which are made from scratch, and _a posteriori languages_, which borrow words and grammar from existing languages.

Some constructed languages also have constructed scripts to write them.

## Some examples of constructed languages

- Atlantean
- Basic English
- Brithenig
- Dothraki
- Dutton's Speedwords
- Esperantido
- Esperanto
- Folkspraak
- Glosa
- Ido
- Interlingua
- Interlingue (in the past: Occidental)
- Interslavic
- Ithkuil
- Klingon
- Láadan
- Latino moderne
- Lingwa de planeta
- Lojban
- Middle-earth languages (Quenya, Sindarin)
- Na'vi language
- Newspeak
- Talossan
- Toki Pona
- Volapük
- Wenedyk

## Other websites

- ENIONI Site dedicated to some constructed languages, mainly **E**speranto, Idiom **N**eutral, **I**do, **O**ccidental/Interlingue, **N**ovial, and **I**nterlingua. It contains the magazines Posta Mundi, Vok Neutral, and IE Munde.
- The Language Construction Kit
- LingoJam - a tool for creating conlang translators
Joel Engel

**Joel S. Engel** is an American scientist. He was the Head of Research at Bell Laboratories (Belltel) in 1973. He was born on February 4, 1936 in New York City, New York. In 1973, Martin Cooper made the first mobile phone call to him whilst walking the streets of New York City.
Engineered languages

An **Engineered language** is a constructed language used to help experiment in logic, philosophy, and linguistics.

There are three types of Engineered language:
- _Philosophical languages_ are made to follow philosophical principles. They are often oligosynthetic, an more extreme kind of polysynthesis. This means that they make all their words from only a few really simple words. aUI is a famous philosophical language.
- _Logical languages_ are made to be unambiguous. Lojban is a famous logical language.
- _Experimental languages_ are made for test hypotheses in linguistics. They are usually made to test the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Toki Pona, Lojban, and Láadan are famous experimental languages.
Graphical user interfaces and consoles

Computers can display information and let the user give commands to it using two methods: a command line interface (CLI) or a **graphical user interface** (GUI).

In a command line interface, the user types commands using the keyboard to tell the computer to take an action. For example, the **more** command available in most operating systems will display the contents of a file.

In many graphical user interfaces, the user can use the computer mouse to click on buttons. For example, one's web browser may have a **Print** icon to print this page. Some use a touch screen or other method.

Graphical user interfaces are generally thought more easy to use than command lines. Command lines are faster than graphical user interfaces and can be used to give special commands to the computer.

List of operating systems with graphical user interfaces and command-line interfaces:

- Microsoft Windows
- Mac OS
- Linux
Water deer

The **water deer** (_Hydropotes inermis_) is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family. It is the only member of the subfamily Hydropotinae. There are two subspecies: the **Chinese water deer** (_Hydropotes inermis inermis_) and the **Korean water deer** (_Hydropotes inermis argyropus_).

## Appearance

Water deer are small deer: they are about 90 cm long and about 50 cm high. They weigh about 13 kg. The water deer has yellowish-brown fur, with a white chin and throat. Both males and females do not have antlers. Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 5 cm long.

## Habitat

The water deer originally lived in China and Korea. Today there are also small wild populations in England and France. Water deer live close to water: in swamps and on the shores of rivers and lakes.

## Life

Water deer eat grasses and reeds. They also eat grains and vegetables from fields.

Water deer live alone, but sometimes they form small groups.

After a pregnancy of 200 days the female gives birth to 2-4 babies. A water deer baby has white dots and stripes on its fur, which disappear after 8 weeks. They drink milk for 3 months. When the young water deer are 6 months old they are independent and leave their mothers. They become mature when they are 1 year old.