juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Staten Island Zoo

The **Staten Island Zoo** is a zoo in Staten Island, New York. It has over 443 animals of over 206 species. It opened on June 10, 1936. At the time of its opening, it was considered the first "educational zoo" in the United States.

The zoo is known for its large collection of rattlesnakes. The zoo's collection is one of the largest rattlesnake collections in North America. It is the home of Staten Island Chuck, a groundhog who is New York City's official Groundhog Day forecaster.

## Other websites

- Staten Island Zoo website

## Infobox (zoo)

- **zoo name**: Staten Island Zoo
- **logo width**: 200px
- **logo caption**: Logo of Zoo
- **image**: SI Zoo Martling jeh.JPG
- **image caption**: South (back) gate of the Staten Island Zoo.
- **location**: Staten Island, New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, USA
- **date opened**: June 10, 1936
- **members**: Association of Zoos and Aquariums
- **num animals**: 443
- **num species**: 206
Bobby Bland

**Robert Calvin "Bobby" Bland** (January 27, 1930 – June 23, 2013), also known as **Bobby "Blue" Bland**, was an American singer of blues and soul. He was an original member of the Beale Streeters, and was sometimes referred to as the "Lion of the Blues". Along with such artists as Sam Cooke, Ray Charles, and Junior Parker, Bland developed a sound that mixed gospel with the blues and R&B.

Bland was an African-American who was born on January 27, 1930 in Rosemark, Tennessee. He was raised in Memphis, Tennessee. Bland died on June 23, 2013 in Germantown, Tennessee from an illness. He was 83 years old. After his death, his son told news media that Bland had recently discovered that musician James Cotton was his half-brother.

## Other websites

- Bobby Bland discography
- Bobby Bland  at Wenig-Lamonica Associates
- Bobby Blue Bland  at AuthenticBlues.com
Vanesa Capo Perez

**Vanesa Capo Perez** (born October 3, 1982 in Balearic Islands) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a disability: she has cerebral palsy and is an S6 type swimmer.  She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the 4 x 50 meter Relay 20pts race.
Tania Cerda Meseguer

**Tania Cerda Meseguer** (born September 30, 1977 in Badalona) is a swimmer from Spain.  She has a physical disability: she is an S9 type swimmer.  She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the 4 x 100 meter Relay 34 Points race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.
Richard Riley

**Richard Wilson Riley** (born January 2, 1933) is an American politician. He was United States Secretary of Education under President Bill Clinton. He was the 111th Governor of South Carolina. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Riley was born on January 2, 1933 in Greenville, South Carolina. He studied at Furman University and at the University of South Carolina. Riley is currently married to Ann Yarborough. They had four children.

## Other websites

- SCIway Biography of Richard Wilson Riley
- NGA Biography of Richard Wilson Riley
- U.S. Department of Education Bio
- The Political Graveyard
- CNN AllPolitics – Players – Richard Riley
- Nelson, Mullins, Riley, and Scarborough Biography
- Richard W. Riley College of Education and Leadership
- The Riley Institute
- Furman University

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Richard Riley Official Department of Education Photo.jpg
- **office**: 6th United States Secretary of Education
- **president**: Bill Clinton
- **term start**: January 21, 1993
- **term end**: January 20, 2001
- **predecessor**: Lamar Alexander
- **successor**: Rod Paige
- **order1**: 111th Governor of South Carolina
- **lieutenant1**: Nancy Stevenson
Michael R. Daniel
- **term start1**: January 10, 1979
- **term end1**: January 14, 1987
- **predecessor1**: James B. Edwards
- **successor1**: Carroll A. Campbell Jr.
- **office2**: Member of the South Carolina Senate
- **constituency2**: 3rd district (1967–1973)
2nd district (1973–1977)
- **term start2**: January 10, 1967
- **term end2**: January 11, 1977
- **predecessor2**: Constituency established
- **successor2**: Carroll A. Campbell Jr.
- **birth name**: Richard Wilson Riley
- **birth place**: Greenville, South Carolina, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Ann Yarborough
- **children**: 4
- **education**: Furman University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of South Carolina (Bachelor of Laws, LLB)
- **allegiance**: United States
- **branch**: United States Navy
- **serviceyears**: 1954–1955
Pablo Cimadevila Alvarez

**Pablo Cimadevila Alvarez** (born December 12, 1978 in Pontevedra) is a swimmer from Spain.  In 1982, when Pablo was 4, he faced a severe car accident. His injuries caused him to be paraplegic. Later, Cimadevila took swimming classes and decided to pursue a career as a swimmer. He is an S6 type swimmer.

Cimadevila won his first Bronze Medal in Men's 200 meter freestyle in 1991. Similarly, in 1998 he won a Gold Medal in _Men's 4x50 m_ freestyle relay. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 200 meter individual medley.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.  He finished third in the 4×50 meter medley relay 20 pts race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 200 meter individual medley race and third in the 4×50 m medley 20 points race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.

In 2014 Pablo established a jewelry company named _Cimadevila Designs_. He has a jewelry brand named _Kamikaze Jewels_.
Jesús Collado Alarcon

**Jesus Collado Alarcon** (born September 13, 1979 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability; he is an S9 type swimmer.  He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 100 meter butterfly race. He finished third in the 100 meter backstroke race and in the 200 meter individual medley SM9 race.  He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 100 meter butterfly race. He finished third in the 100 meter backstroke race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 400 meter freestyle race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics.

In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open.
Pablo Corral Embade

**Pablo Corral Embade** (born January 25, 1972 in A Coruña) is a swimmer from Spain.  He has a disability: he is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer.  He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics.  He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle.
Fresh Kills Landfill

The **Fresh Kills Landfill** was a landfill located in Staten Island, New York City. It was opened in 1947 as a temporary landfill. The area used to be a swamp. It became New York City's main landfill in the second half of the 20th century. At one time, it was the largest man-made structure in the world. It was closed in 2001.

At the height of its service in the 1960s, the contents of 20 barges, each having 650 tons of garbage, were added to the landfill every day. By 2001, the landfill was larger than the Statue of Liberty.

After the September 11 attacks, the landfill was used to sort one third of the debris from the World Trade Center site. Around two million tons of debris from the site was taken to the landfill for sorting.

The site of the landfill will become the Freshkills Park. Construction on the park began in 2008. It will be larger than Central Park. Construction on the park will last 30 years.

## Other websites

- Freshkills Park Blog
- Staten Island Landfill: Fresh Kills
Rupert's Land

**Rupert's Land** is a historical territory. Most of it is in Canada today, but some is in the United States. Originally, the Hudson's Bay Company owned it. It is named after Prince Rupert of the Rhine. Who was the first head of the company. Charles II of England issued the lease, which gave the company a monoply over all fur trading along the rivers of the territory. In 1821, the company united with the North West Company from Montreal. North-Western Territory was added to the sphere of influence of the company. In 1869, the company sold its rights to both territories to the Canadian Dominion, which was the predecessor of modern-day Canada. In 1870, the Manitoba Act created the Canadian province Manitoba. Rupert's land was split: Parts of it were added to Saskatchewan, Alberta, Ontario and Quebec. In 1818, the border between Canada and the US was defined along the 49th latitude.  This means that part  of Rupert's land today make up the states Minnesota, North Dakota, Montana and South Dakota. In addition, _Rupert's land_ is an ecclesiastical province of the Anglican Church of Canada. It is also the name of an Anglican diocese in Manitoba.slay
Carcharhinus

***Carcharhinus*** is one of the 12 genera of the requiem shark family, Carcharhinidae.

Like all members of the family, they have round eyes, and the pectoral fins are completely behind the five gill slits. Most species are viviparous: the young are born fully developed.

## Species

There are currently 34 known species of the _Carcharhinus_ genus:
- Blacknose shark, _Carcharhinus acronotus_
- Silvertip shark, _Carcharhinus albimarginatus_
- Bignose shark, _Carcharhinus altimus_
- Graceful shark, _Carcharhinus amblyrhynchoides_
- Grey reef shark, _Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos_
- Pigeye shark, _Carcharhinus amboinensis_
- Borneo shark, _Carcharhinus borneensis_
- Copper shark, _Carcharhinus brachyurus_
- Spinner shark, _Carcharhinus brevipinna_
- Pacific smalltail shark, _Carcharhinus cerdale_
- Nervous shark, _Carcharhinus cautus_
- Coates' shark, _Carcharhinus coatesi_
- Whitecheek shark, _Carcharhinus dussumieri_
- Silky shark, _Carcharhinus falciformis_
- Creek whaler, _Carcharhinus fitzroyensis_
- Galapagos shark, _Carcharhinus galapagensis_
- Pondicherry shark, _Carcharhinus hemiodon_
- Finetooth shark, _Carcharhinus isodon_
- Smooth tooth blacktip shark, _Carcharhinus leiodon_
- Bull shark, _Carcharhinus leucas_
- Blacktip shark, _Carcharhinus limbatus_
- Oceanic whitetip shark, _Carcharhinus longimanus_
- Hardnose shark, _Carcharhinus macloti_
- _Carcharhinus macrops_
- Blacktip reef shark, _Carcharhinus melanopterus_
- Dusky shark, _Carcharhinus obscurus_
- Caribbean reef shark, _Carcharhinus perezii_
- Sandbar shark, _Carcharhinus plumbeus_
- Smalltail shark, _Carcharhinus porosus_
- Blackspot shark, _Carcharhinus sealei_
- Night shark, _Carcharhinus signatus_
- Spot-tail shark, _Carcharhinus sorrah_
- Australian blacktip shark, _Carcharhinus tilstoni_
- _Carcharhinus tjutjot_
Kawasaki T-4

The **Kawasaki T-4** is a Japanese military training plane built in all-metal. It is used only by the Japanese Air Force, and in particularly by the _Blue Impulse_ aerobatic team. The **Kawasaki T-4** is a twin-turbojets two seats aircraft.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Kawasaki T-4
- **image**: File:Kawasaki T-4 in flight (5142771930).jpg
- **caption**: **Kawasaki T-4**.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Training aircraft
- **national origin**: Japan.
- **manufacturer**: Kawasaki
- **first flight**: 1985
- **introduction**: 1988
- **status**: Active
- **primary user**: Japan Air Force.
Melissa Rauch

**Melissa Ivy Rauch** (born June 23, 1980) is an American actress and comedian. She works mainly on television. She plays Bernadette on the television sitcom _The Big Bang Theory_. Rauch was born in Marlboro Township, New Jersey.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Melissa Rauch
- **image**: Melissa Rauch at PaleyFest 2013 (edited).jpg
- **caption**: Rauch at PaleyFest 2013 for _The Big Bang Theory_
- **birth name**: Melissa Ivy Rauch
- **birth place**: Marlboro Township, New Jersey, United States
- **occupation**: Actress, comedian
- **television**: _The Big Bang Theory_
- **parents**: David Rauch (father)
 Susan Rauch (mother)
- **relatives**: Ben Rauch (brother)
- **spouse**: Winston Rauch (né Beigel)
- **years active**: 2006–present
Holomorphic function

In mathematics a **holomorphic function** is a function that is defined on the complex numbers plane, and that can be differentiated everywhere where it is defined. Differentiating the function again leads to a function defined on the complex numbers. In older literature, these functions are sometimes called _regular_.

Holomorphic functions show a number of properties function defined on real numbers do not have.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program

**Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program** (which is known as SNAP) is a food assistance program in the United States. It supplies food for no-income or low-income people. Hot foods, medicines, and alcoholic drinks are not included. The program was originally called **Food Stamp Program**. It was renamed in 2008 through farm bills. The term EBT is often used.

During fiscal year 2012, close to $75 billion for assistance in food was distributed. As of September 2012, almost 48 million people received benefits. The average amount was less than $135 per month. Some states get more food assistance than other states.
Ilyushin Il-14

**Ilyushin Il-14** (; NATO reporting name: **Crate**) was a Soviet twin-engine airliner for small and medium-haul air routes and a military transport, produced by Ilyushin. The airplane was also produced in East Germany with the name **VEB 14** and in Czechoslovakia as the **Avia 14**. The Antonov An-24 and Yakovlev Yak-40 later replaced the Il-14.

## Development and design

Ilyushin developed the Il-14 to replace the Lisunov Li-2, which was a common airplane at the time. The Il-14 was a further development of the earlier Ilyushin Il-12. The result was an improvement over the Il-12. Two  Shvetsov ASh-82T engines powered the Il-14.

## Variants

- **Il-14**: Twin-engine passenger and cargo transport aircraft
- **Il-14G**: Cargo aircraft
- **Il-14P**: Airliner aircraft
- **Il-14M**: Il-14P with a lengthened fuselage
- **Il-14T**: Military transport aircraft

## Infobox (aircraft)

- **name**: Il-14
- **image**: Aeroflot Il-14 CCCP-93921 UUWM 1994-7-5.png
- **caption**: Former Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-14
- **national origin**: Soviet Union
- **aircraft type**: Airliner, military transport aircraft, transport aircraft
- **manufacturer**: Ilyushin
- **primary user**: Aeroflot (former)
- **number built**: 1,348
- **first flight**: 1 October 1950
- **introduction**: 1954 (Aeroflot)
- **developed from**: Ilyushin Il-12
- **status**: Retired
Antonov An-2

The **Antonov An-2** is a Sovie<nowiki/>t airliner & cargo aircraft. It was designed and built after World War II. It is a biplane. It can carry between nine and eleven passengers. NATO calls it _Colt_. It was built under licence in China as **Y-5**. It is a single-engine aircraft.

## Variants

- Antonov An-3

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Antonov An-2
- **image**: File:Albanian_Air_Force_Nanchang_Y-5_Lofting-1.jpg
- **caption**: Albania, Albanian Air Force **Antonov An-2**.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Airliner & cargo aircraft
- **national origin**: Soviet Union, USSR
- **manufacturer**: Antonov
- **first flight**: 1947
- **introduction**: 1948
- **primary user**: Aeroflot
- **number built**: More than 18000 examples.
Robin DR400

The **Robin DR400** is a French light aircraft. It is made of wood and metal. It is used for training and sport. It is designed and built by Avions Robin in Côte-d'Or.
Papaoutai

"**Papaoutai**" is a song by Stromae, a singer from Belgium. It was released digitally in Belgium on May 13, 2013. It peaked at number 2 in Belgium and at number 15 in France.

## Music Video

The video was released on June 6 on Youtube, with a length of three minutes and fifty three seconds.

### Weekly Charts

|align="left"|Chart (2013/2014)|style="text-align:center;"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders)|style="text-align:center;"|3|
|align="left"|Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia)|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|France (SNEP)|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|align="left"|Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)|style="text-align:center;"|4|
|align="left"|Israel (Media Forest)|style="text-align:center;"|8|
|align="left"|Netherlands (Mega Single Top 100)|style="text-align:center;"|2|
|align="left"|Netherlands (Dutch Top 40)|style="text-align:center;"|2|
|align="left"|Euro Digital Songs (Billboard)|style="text-align:center;"|18|
|align="left"|Luxembourg Digital Songs (Billboard)|style="text-align:center;"|2|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Papaoutai
- **artist**: Stromae
- **recorded**: 2013
- **genre**: Pop music, pop
- **length**: 3:51 <small></small>
- **label**: Mosaert
- **writer**: Stromae
- **prev title**: Je cours
- **prev year**: 2010
- **next title**: Formidable
- **next year**: 2013
Peugeot J7

The **Peugeot J7** is a van designed and built in France between 1965 and 1980. Some were built as ambulances, light fire-trucks, police vans, minibuses, or recreational vehicles.
Paris-Saint-Lazare railway station

The **Paris-Saint-Lazare railway station** is a railway station in Paris. It is in the eighth arrondissement of Paris. It was built between 1842 and 1853. It serves Normandy, and the western suburbs and northwest of Paris.

It is served by metro lines 3, 9, 12, 13, and 14.
Le Tréport

**Le Tréport** is a commune of Seine-Maritime near Dieppe. Situated on the coast of the Channel, it marks the border with Picardie. It's an important fishing harbor. Pebble beaches of **Le Tréport** are famous. It was the theatre of a famous battle of World War II, the Operation Jubilee.
Exchange rate

**Exchange rate**, also known as the **foreign exchange rate**, is how much one currency is worth compared to a different one.

It is the rate at which one currency can be exchanged for another. Exchanges rates can change for many different reasons. For example, inflation rates may differ for different countries. For much of the 20th century, the Bretton Woods system fixed exchange rates.
Vasantha Vallabharaya Temple

**Vasantha Vallabharaya Temple** is a temple dedicated to the deity Vasantha Vallabharaya (the Hindu god Vishnu). It is in Vasantapura in Bangalore. It dates back to the Chola period.
Labrador duck

The **Labrador duck** (_Camptorhynchus labradorius_) is an extinct duck that lived in North America.

## Habitat

The Labrador duck lived along the sandy coasts and bays of New Jersey and New England. Audubon's son reported seeing a nest belonging to the species. Some believe that it may have laid its eggs on the islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It was a rare bird before European settlement, and the increase in humans probably finished it off.

## Extinction

The duck became extinct after settlers became common along the eastern coast of North America. The reasons are not clear. The duck was eaten, although its flesh tasted bad. its eggs were probably harvested. It depended considerably on shellfish, which humans may have eaten in large quantities.

## Sources

- Cokinos, Christopher 2000. _Hope is the thing with feathers_. New York: Putnam, pp. 281–304.
- Forbush, Edward Howe 1912. _A history of the game birds, wild-fowl and shore birds of Massachusetts and adjacent states_. Boston: Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, pp. 411–416.
- Fuller, Errol 2001. ''Extinct birds. Comstock Publishing, pp. 85–87.
Tahiti rail

The **Tahiti rail** (_Gallirallus pacificus_), also known as the  **Tahiti red-billed rail**, or **Pacific red-billed rail**, is an extinct species of rail. It once lived on Tahiti. The second voyage of James Cook in 1773 got one. It was described by Johann Reinhold Forster and painted by his son, Georg. The Tahitian name was ***ebōnā*** or ***ōmnā***.

## Name

Due to confusion about the name, the name _Rallus ecaudatus_ was commonly used in the mid-late 20th century to refer to this bird. This is, however, in error, as the name is a subspecies of the buff-banded rail. Today it is known as _Gallirallus philippensis ecaudatus_. Also, at least once, the Tahitian bird has been referred to by the scientific name of the Samoan wood rail, _Gallinula pacifica_, in a major scientific work.

## Extinction

Not much is known about the bird's extinction. One idea is that the bird might have been prey to other species. The bird's habitat had active volcanos.

## Sources

- Database entry of the bird includes justification for why this species is extinct.
- Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1879): [Description of _Gallirallus pacificus_]. _In: Systema Naturae (13th edition)_ **1**, part 2: 717.
Frank Kelso

**Frank Benton Kelso II** (July 11, 1933 – June 23, 2013) was an admiral of the United States Navy. He served as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) in the early 1990s.

Kelso was born on July 11, 1933 in Fayetteville, Tennessee. He studied at University of the South. Kelso was married Landess McCown until his death in 2013. They had four children. Kelso died on June 23, 2013 in Fayetteville, Tennessee from a fall, aged 79.
Hypoactive sexual desire disorder

**Hypoactive sexual desire disorder** (**HSDD**) is a sexual condition. People with this disorder have little or no desire for sexual activity. They also have few to no sexual fantasies.

HSDD can affect men or women. Some people with HSDD previously had sexual desire; others never did.

The condition was discovered around the late 1960s or early 1970s. A 2017 study estimated that 10% of adult women have HSDD.

## Diagnosis

For some people, this lack of interest in sex is normal, and it does not cause them any distress. These people do not have HSDD. For HSDD to be diagnosed, the lack of sex drive has to cause strong distress or interpersonal troubles.

If low sex drive is mostly due to physical illness, a mental disorder, or drug abuse, it does not qualify as HSDD. Medical causes of HSDD include hormone changes, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, hypothyroidism, medication side effects, and certain other health conditions.
Percival

** Sir Percival** was one of King Arthur's knights and a member of the Round Table. He proved himself to be one of Arthur's most loyal knights. Percival is most commonly known for retrieving Excalibur from a clan of mischievous faery creatures, whose only distinguishing characteristics were their brightly colored headwear and small stature. This eventually led to the present day Anglo-Saxon folklore of garden gnomes.

Percival is the Grail knight or one of the Grail knights in numerous medieval and modern stories of the Grail quest. Percival first appears in Chrétien de Troyes's unfinished _Percivale or Conte del Graal_ (c. 1190). The incomplete story prompted a series of "continuations," in the third of which (c. 1230), by an author named Manessier, Percival achieves the Grail. (A similar story to Chrétien's tale is found in the thirteenth-century Welsh romance Peredur.)

## In popular culture

The main character in the book _Ready Player One_ has a virtual avatar named after Percival, but with a different spelling (Parzival).
Roger Johansson

**Roger Johansson** (born April 17, 1967, in Ljungby, Sweden) is a retired Swedish ice hockey defenceman that played a total of 4 seasons in the NHL.

Johansson started his playing career with the Färjestads BK of the Swedish Hockey League. He played 3 seasons with them and signed with the Calgary Flames of the NHL. He played 2 seasons with the Flames and went back to the SEL to join the Leksands IF for 1 season. After the season ended, Johansson rejoined the Flames. After his season with the Flames was over, he rejoined Leksands IF again for 1 season. He played 38 games with them and then signed with the Chicago Blackhawks after the 1994–95 NHL lockout was over and played 11 games with them before once again returning to the SEL to play with Leksands IF. He played 6 seasons with Farjestads BK Karlstad and was forced to retire because of an injury.

He also played with the Sweden men's national ice hockey team at the 1994 Winter Olympics when they won the gold medal.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: Calgary Flames
Chicago Blackhawks
Färjestads BK (Swedish Hockey League, Elitserien)
Leksands IF (Swedish Hockey League, Elitserien)
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **position**: Defenceman
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 194
- **ntl team**: Sweden
- **birth place**: Ljungby, Sweden, SWE
- **draft**: 80th overall
- **draft team**: Calgary Flames
- **draft year**: 1985
- **career start**: 1983
- **career end**: 2001
Oliver Optic's Magazine: Our Boys and Girls

***Oliver Optic's Magazine: Our Boys and Girls*** (sometimes, ***Oliver Optic's Magazine***) was a 19th-century American weekly children's magazine. It was edited by boys' book writer, William Taylor Adams. Adams used the pen name "Oliver Optic". At its demise in December 1875, it was being published monthly. It became the most popular children's monthly in the United States.

The magazine was published in Boston, Massachusetts by Lee & Shepard. Publication began in January 1867. It had a nine year run, folding in December 1875. A 16-page single copy cost 6 cents; a yearly subscription was $2.50. Issues were reprinted in 1872 as ***Our Boys and Girls Mirror***.

Contents included puzzles, rebuses, exercises in declamation with illustrations of appropriate gestures, dialogues, etc. Adams' serial story, _Our Starry Flag_, brought forth at least 100 letters from the magazine's readers. Adams felt compelled to write another story featuring the same characters  in order not to "disappoint his young friends". The magazine was hugely popular.

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: Oliver Optic's Magazine:
Our Boys and Girls
- **image file**: 1935 oliver optic magazine.jpg
- **image caption**: June 1870
- **editor**: William Taylor Adams ("Oliver Optic")
- **category**: Children's magazine
- **frequency**: Weekly (January 1867-1870)
Monthly (1871-December  1875)
- **circulation**: 100,000 (in 1870)
- **publisher**: Lee & Shepard
- **firstdate**: January 5, 1867
- **lastdate**: December 1875 (as _Oliver Optic's Magazine_)
- **country**: United States
- **based**: Boston, Massachusetts
- **language**: English
Outerbridge Crossing

The **Outerbridge Crossing**, also known as the **Outerbridge**, is a cantilever bridge that connects Perth Amboy, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York. It was designed by John Alexander Low Waddell and built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey). It opened on June 29, 1928, the same day that the Goethals Bridge to Elizabeth, New Jersey opened. It was named after Eugenius Harvey Outerbridge, the first chairman of the Port of New York Authority. The bridge is of one of three bridges for cars that connect Staten Island with New Jersey. The other bridges are the Goethals Bridge and the Bayonne Bridge to Bayonne, New Jersey.

## Infobox (bridge)

- **name**: Outerbridge Crossing
- **image**: Outerbridge Crossing.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Outerbridge Crossing looking southwest towards New Jersey.
- **carries**: 4 lanes of /
- **crosses**: Arthur Kill
- **locale**: Perth Amboy, New Jersey and southwestern Staten Island, New York City, New York City, New York
- **maint**: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
- **design**: Steel cantilever bridge
- **traffic**: 77,107 (2016)
Goethals Bridge

The **Goethals Bridge** is a cantilever bridge that connects Elizabeth, New Jersey and Staten Island, New York. It was designed by John Alexander Low Waddell, who also designed the Outerbridge Crossing. It was built by the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey). It opened on June 29, 1928, the same day that the Outerbridge Crossing opened. It was named after George Washington Goethals, who was the first consulting engineer of the Port Authority.

The bridge of one of three bridges that connect Staten Island with New Jersey. The other bridges are the Outerbridge Crossing and the Bayonne Bridge in Bayonne, New Jersey.

The bridge was replaced in 2018 with a pair of cable-stayed bridges. The old bridge was demolished soon after. The new bridge has pedestrian and bicycle access, which the old one didn't have.

## Infobox (bridge)

- **name**: Goethals Bridge
- **image**: New Goethals Bridge from airplane cropped.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.3
- **caption**: Aerial view of the Goethals Bridge (top left) with the Arthur Kill Vertical Lift Bridge at bottom right
- **carries**: 6 lanes of  (3 in each direction), pedestrians, and cyclists
- **crosses**: Arthur Kill
- **locale**: Elizabeth, New Jersey and Howland Hook, Staten Island, Howland Hook, Staten Island, New York (state), New York, United States
- **maint**: Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
- **id**: 3800072
- **design**: Cantilever bridge (Original)
dual-span cable-stayed bridge, cable-stayed twin bridges, twin bridge (New span)
- **traffic**: 82,852 (2016)
- **open**: (original span)
 (new eastbound span)
 (new westbound span)
- **closed**: (original span)
Robert Merry's Museum

***Robert Merry's Museum*** was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was founded in 1841 by Samuel Griswold Goodrich in Boston, Massachusetts. The original Boston publisher was Bradbury & Soden. The monthly began publication as a 12.5 cent, 32 page magazine in February 1841. The number of pages had grown to 48 by November 1872, at which time the magazine was absorbed by _The Youthful Companion_.

The magazine was edited in the beginning by Goodrich. A number of editors followed him. Children's writer Louisa May Alcott edited between 1867 and 1869. She edited under her own name though other editors of the magazine used fictional names like "Aunt Sue", "Uncle Miles", "Hiram Hatchet", etc. Goodrich edited under "Robert Merry" and "Peter Parley".

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: Robert Merry's Museum
- **image file**: Robert Merry's Museum 1.jpg
- **image caption**: February 1841
- **editor**: Samuel Griswold Goodrich
Louisa May Alcott (1867-1869)
- **category**: Children's magazine
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **circulation**: 7,000 (in May 1841)
- **publisher**: Bradbury & Soden
- **founder**: Samuel Griswold Goodrich
- **founded**: 1841
- **firstdate**: 1841
- **lastdate**: 1872
- **country**: United States
- **based**: Boston, Massachusetts
- **language**: English
Emilio Colombo

**Emilio Colombo** (11 April 1920 – 24 June 2013) was an Italian politician who was Prime Minister of Italy from 1970 to 1972. In 2003 he was appointed to be an Italian senator-for-life, a seat which he held until his death. In the first five years as senator, he was an independent. During the 16th term of the Senate in 2008-2013, he opted to join the parliamentary group UDC-independence.

Colombo was born on 11 April 1920 in Potenza, Basilicata, Italy. In November 2003, he admitted to have used cocaine (for "therapeutic purposes") over a 12- to 18-month period, and to be a homosexual. Colombo died on 24 June 2013 from natural causes in Rome, Italy, aged 93.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Italian honorifics, Senator
- **name**: Emilio Colombo
- **image**: Emilio Colombo crop.jpg
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Italy, 40th
 Prime Minister of Italy
- **president**: Giuseppe Saragat
 Giovanni Leone
- **term start**: 6 August 1970
- **term end**: 17 February 1972
- **predecessor**: Mariano Rumor
- **successor**: Giulio Andreotti
- **order2**: Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start2**: 1 August 1992
- **term end2**: 28 April 1993
- **predecessor2**: Vincenzo Scotti
- **successor2**: Beniamino Andreatta
- **primeminister2**: Giuliano Amato
- **term start3**: 4 April 1980
- **term end3**: 4 August 1983
- **predecessor3**: Attilio Ruffini
- **successor3**: Giulio Andreotti
- **primeminister3**: Arnaldo Forlani
 Giovanni Spadolini
 Amintore Fanfani
- **order4**: Italian Senate, Lifetime Senator
- **term start4**: 4 February 2003
- **term end4**: 24 June 2013
- **constituency4**: _Appointment
 by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President Ciampi_
- **birth place**: Potenza, Basilicata, Italy             
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **party**: Christian Democracy (Italy), Christian Democracy
independent (politician), independent<small> (2003-2008)</small>
Union of the Centre (2008), UDC-independence<small> (2008-current)</small>
The Little Pilgrim

***The Little Pilgrim*** was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published between October 1853 and December 1868 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Leander K. Lippincott. It was edited by his wife, Sara Jane Lippincott, under the pen name, "Grace Greenwood".

_The Little Pilgrim_ was intended to replace the discontinued children's  magazine, _Friend of Youth_. F. O. C. Darley drew the picture of the boy pilgrim on the cover. In January 1857, the page size was reduced to about a third of its original height because "it was found that our paper was too long to fit on the book-shelves". The number of pages increased from 8 to 12 with the height reduction. _The Little Pilgrim_ was absorbed by _The Little Corporal_ in 1869.

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: The Little Pilgrim
- **image file**: Little Pilgrim Masthead1866.jpg
- **image caption**: 1866
- **editor**: Sara Jane Lippincott (as "Grace Greenwood")
- **category**: Children's magazine
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **publisher**: Leander K. Lippincott
- **founder**: Leander K. Lippincott
- **firstdate**: October 1853
- **lastdate**: December 1868
- **country**: United States
- **based**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **language**: English
I Am Legend (novel)

***I Am Legend*** is a 1954 horror novel by American writer Richard Matheson. It helped the development of the zombie genre and in popularizing the idea of a worldwide apocalypse due to disease.

The novel was a success. It was adapted to a movie as _The Last Man on Earth_ in 1964, as _The Omega Man_ in 1971, and as _I Am Legend_ in 2007. It also came with a direct-to-video 2007 production capitalizing on that movie, _I Am Omega_. The novel was also the inspiration behind the 1968 movie _Night of the Living Dead_.
Tod Browning

**Tod Browning** (born **Charles Albert Browning, Jr.**; July 12, 1880 – October 6, 1962) was an American motion picture actor, director and screenwriter. Browning's career spanned the silent and talkie eras. Best known as the director of _Dracula_ (1931), the cult classic _Freaks_ (1932), and classic silent movies with Lon Chaney. Browning directed many movies in a wide range of genres.

## Other websites

- Tod Browning bibliography  via UC Berkeley Media Resources Center
- Tod Browning at Virtual History

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tod Browning
- **image**: Tod Browning 1921.jpg
- **birth name**: Charles Albert Browning, Jr.
- **birth place**: Louisville, Kentucky, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Malibu, California, United States, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cancer
- **years active**: 1915–1946
William Hathaway

**William Dodd Hathaway** (February 21, 1924 – June 24, 2013) was an American Democratic Party politician from Maine.

## Early life

Hathaway was born on February 21, 1924 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard University and at Harvard Law School.

## Career

A Maine Democratic Party, in 1964 he was elected to the U.S. House, and he served from 1965 until 1973. This was a time of resurgence for Democrats in Maine, at that time a traditionally Maine Republican Party state. This same period saw the growth of the political careers of Edmund S. Muskie and Kenneth M. Curtis.

In 1972 Hathaway was the successful Democratic nominee for the U.S. Senate seat held by Margaret Chase Smith. In 1973, Hathaway was one of the three senators who opposed the nomination of Gerald Ford to be Vice President. (The other two were Thomas Eagleton and Gaylord Nelson.) Hathaway served from 1973 to 1979. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1978, losing to William Cohen.

## Personal life

Hathaway resided in the Washington, D.C. area after leaving the Senate. In 1990 he was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to the Federal Maritime Commission, and he served as chairman from 1993 to 1996.

### Death

Hathaway died on June 24, 2013 in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 89.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: William Hathaway
- **image**: William Dodd Hathaway.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Maine
- **term start**: January 3, 1973
- **term end**: January 3, 1979
- **predecessor**: Margaret Chase Smith, Margaret Smith
- **successor**: William Cohen
- **state1**: Maine
- **term start1**: January 3, 1965
- **term end1**: January 3, 1973
- **predecessor1**: Clifford McIntire
- **successor1**: William Cohen
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
Harvard Law School
- **branch**:  United States Army Air Corps
- **serviceyears**: 1942–1946
- **battles**: World War II
Lewiston, Maine

**Lewiston** is a city in Androscoggin County, Maine. It is the second-largest city in the state. The population was 37,121 at the 2020 census. That was up from 36,592 at the 2010 census.

Lewiston is one of two principal cities of and included within the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area and the Lewiston-Auburn Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, this has a combined population of 111,139. It is also part of the extended Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, Maine combined statistical area, which has a combined population of 662,879 as of 2020.

The city has the only basilica in Maine, Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul. It has 5 colleges and universities, 44 listings on the National Register of Historic Places, the Androscoggin Bank Colisée, the Stephens Observatory, the Olin Arts Center, the Bates College Museum of Art, and two important hospitals: Central Maine Medical Center, and Saint Mary's Regional Medical Center.

While the most common language spoken in the city is English, it is home to a large Somali population. It also has the largest French-speaking population in the United States. But it is second to St. Martin Parish, Louisiana, in percentage of speakers.

The Farmers' Almanac is printed in Lewiston.

On October 25, 2023, 18 people were killed and 13 hurt by multiple mass shootings at two places in Lewiston done by Robert Card. This was the most deadly shooting in Maine history, and the tenth deadliest in U.S. history.

## Newspapers

- The Sun Journal prints a daily newspaper in four different versions statewide. The Sun Journal was the winner of the 2008 New England Daily Newspaper of the Year and the 2009 Maine Press Association Newspaper of the Year.
- The Twin City Times is a free weekly newspaper printed in Auburn. It is publicly available in Lewiston as well. It features local news and short articles.

## Public schools

Lewiston Public Schools is in charge of public schools.

- Lewiston High School (9–12)
- Lewiston Middle School (7–8)
- Farwell Elementary School (K–6)
- Raymond A Geiger Elementary School (K–6)
- Robert V. Connors Elementary School (K–6)
- Montello School (K–6)
- Thomas J McMahon Elementary School (K–6)

## Other websites

- City of Lewiston, Maine
- Lewiston Public Library
- _Lewiston Sun-Journal Online_
- L/A Arts
- Lewiston, Maine detailed profile
- The Public Theatre
Bijou Theater

The **Bijou Theater** is a gay adult theater and sex club in Chicago, Illinois. It was established in 1970, and is the oldest such theater and club in the United States of America.  It is located at 1349 N. Wells St. in Chicago's Old Town neighborhood.

In January 1970, the Bijou opened on the first floor of a four story Victorian. The first movie shown was Richard Nixon's Checkers speech, named after Nixon's dog Checkers. The movie that followed was a gay porn movie.

In 1980, the Bijou expanded to the second floor, where a sexual playground was established. On this floor are booths, glory holes, a dungeon with slings, and a Saint Andrew's cross. The same year, the back yard was overhauled for summer frolicking. The Bijou was opened 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In 1984, the Bijou expanded to the third floor.
BC Place

**BC Place** is a sports stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia. The arena opened on June 19, 1983, and is the current home to the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League and the Vancouver Whitecaps FC of Major League Soccer.

It will host matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

## History

The stadium was originally built for the Expo 86 which was held in Vancouver. Until May 4, 2010, the stadium was the world's largest air-supported domed stadium. It was deflated and replaced with a retractable roof. The Vancouver Whitecaps of the North American Soccer League played in the arena from 1983 to 1984. There have been 8 Grey Cup championship games held in BC Place in 1983, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1999, 2005, and 2011. The Vancouver Nighthawks of the World Basketball League played in the stadium for their 1988 season.

The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the XXI Olympic Winter Games and the opening ceremonies of the X Paralympic Winter Games. The stadium also hosted the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final game.

On September 2, 2023, an Ed Sheeran concert broke the attendance record with 65,061 people. The last record was held by U2 in 2009.

## Other websites

- Official website
Anxiety disorder

The term **anxiety disorder**  is a term for a number of psychiatric disorders. These disorders can be classified into two very broad groups:

1. Disorders that are marked by extreme worry about the past, present or future.
1. Disorders that are marked by fear of a given object or situation.

Anxiety conditions include phobia, social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Other anxiety disorders include agoraphobia and panic disorder. Stress from life events, including past abuse, being intimidated or health worries, can trigger anxiety problems for many people. Symptoms include headache, spasms in the muscle, trembling, fatigue and exhaustion. There are various manners for treating anxiety disorders. These include medication and therapy. There is some recent research.

When people talk about feeling, they use the words anxiety and fear without making much of a difference. When professionals talk about them, there is a difference, though: Fear always has a cause, people are afraid of something or of something happening. So fear is the emotional response to an external threat. Anxiety is more general, the cause is either not known, or not controllable easily.

Both fear and anxiety are normal reactions, to protect against a threat. Someone feeling fear or anxiety now and then does not have an anxiety disorder. Only when they occur so often that they impact people's lives do they become a disorder.
Steve Dubinsky

**Steven Dubinsky** (born July 9, 1970 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played a total of 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Calgary Flames, Nashville Predators, and St. Louis Blues

## Career

Before he played in the NHL, Dubinsky played 4 seasons at Clarkson University.

He was drafted 226th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. From 1993 to 1998, Dubinsky would play for both the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League and the Chicago Blackhawks. He was traded to the Calgary Flames and played 2 seasons with them. He rejoined the Blackhawks in the 2000-01 NHL season and played 2 seasons with them before being traded by the Blackhawks to the Nashville Predators. He played 1 season with the Predators and signed with the St. Louis Blues. He only played half of the season with the Blues because of a head injury. He would retire from playing professional hockey the next season.

## Personal life

Dubinsky is Jewish. He has 3 sons and his middle son plays for the Junior Blackhawks.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks
Calgary Flames
Nashville Predators
St. Louis Blues
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shot**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 190
- **birth place**: Montreal, Quebec, QC, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 226th overall
- **draft year**: 1990
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **career start**: 1993
- **career end**: 2003
Chicken fingers

**Chicken fingers** (also known as **chicken tenders**,** chicken tendies**, **chicken strips,** or **chicken goujons**) are chicken meat dipped in breading and then deep-fried, grilled or baked. In the Northeastern United States or the Midwest, chicken strips are often made by way of egg batter and have smooth texture. Elsewhere, however, chicken strips may lack egg batter and the texture can be rather coarse. Chicken strips are provided to customers in certain restaurants, including the KFC, McDonald's and Wendy's fast food networks.
Maclyn McCarty

**Maclyn McCarty** (June 9, 1911 – January 2, 2005) was an American geneticist. He was best known for proving that DNA, not protein, was the chemical basis of the gene.

McCarty devoted his life to studying infectious disease organisms. Studies of  bacteria led the way to studying heredity through genetics and biochemistry. This started the age of molecular biology.

McCarty was the youngest and longest surviving member of the research team responsible for the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment. He won the Wolf Prize in Medicine for 1990. MacCarty died on January 2, 2005, from congestive heart failure.

## The work

The phenomenon was first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928, which suggested DNA was the material of heredity. In this early experiment dead _Streptococcus pneumoniae_ of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci. This meant the non-virulent strain had been transformed (changed) by something in the dead bacteria.

Work to prove DNA was responsible took many years, starting in 1928. Griffith's work was suggestive, but not sufficient. In their paper of 1944, Avery and his colleagues decided that DNA, rather than protein was the hereditary material of bacteria, and was analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.

This was epoch-making work, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. McCarty later explained the work for the general reader.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **known for**: Role in the discovery that DNA is the carrier of genes
- **name**: Maclyn McCarty
- **image**: Maclyn McCarty with Francis Crick and James D Watson - 10.1371 journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg
- **caption**: Maclyn McCarty with Francis Crick and James Watson
- **birth place**: South Bend, Indiana
Propene

**Propene** is an organic compound. The substance is also known as **propylene** and has the formula C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>. It is the second-simplest alkene. Since it is only made of hydrogen and carbon atoms, it is a hydrocarbon. At room temperature and normal pressure it is a gas.

## Uses

Propene is produced from fossil fuels, and from coal. Propene is the second most important product used in the petrochemical industry, after ethene. About two thirds are used to produce polypropylene. Propene and benzene are converted to acetone and phenol via the cumene process. Propene is also used to produce isopropanol (propan-2-ol), acrylonitrile, propylene oxide (epoxypropane) and epichlorohydrin.