juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Secularism

**Secularism**, also called **Secularity,** is the idea of something being not religious or not connected to a church or other religious organization. An example of this is the government, which is independent of any religion in many states. In some countries, such as Pakistan, England (though not the rest of the UK), Greece, Iran or Saudi Arabia, there is a state religion. In that case, the government follows the state religion. In contrast, India, South Africa or the United States have laws that religion and government should stay separate.

In a theocracy like the Vatican City and Iran, the priests of religion are the rulers of the country.

## Related pages

- Secular humanism
- Secular state
- Separation of church and state
- State religion
- Theocracy
- Freedom of religion
Walgreens

**Walgreens** is a pharmacy chain in the United States. It was founded in 1901 in Chicago. Its  headquarters are in Deerfield, Illinois.

In the 1980s, Walgreens owned and operated a chain of casual family restaurants/pancake houses called Wag's. It was very similar to Denny's, IHOP and Golden Bear. In 1988, Walgreens sold most of Wag's to Marriott Corporation and by 1991 the chain was out of business.

On October 27, 2015, Walgreens announced that it would acquire another pharmacy chain, Rite Aid.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Walgreens
- **logo**: Walgreens 2020 primary logo.svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **foundation**:
Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **founder**: Charles Rudolph Walgreen
- **hq location**: 200 Wilmot Road
- **hq location city**: Deerfield, Illinois
- **hq location country**: United States
- **locations**: 9,021
- **area served**: United States
- **key people**: James A. Skinner <small>(Executive Chairman)</small>

- **industry**: Retail
- **parent**: Walgreens Boots Alliance
Cascade Volcanic Arc

The **Cascade Volcanic Arc** (also known as the **Cascades** or the **Cascade Range**) is a major range of volcanoes in southwestern British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California.

The arc is central to the Cascade Range, a mountain range in the Pacific Northwest. It includes about 20 major volcanoes, among over 4,000 separate volcanic vents.

Twelve volcanoes in the arc are over 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in height, and the two highest, Mount Rainier and Mount Shasta, are over 14,000 ft (4,300 m). By volume, the two largest Cascade volcanoes are the broad shields of Medicine Lake Volcano and Newberry Volcano, which are about 145 mi³ (600 km³) and 108 mi³ (450 km³) respectively.

The volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago, but most of the present-day Cascade volcanoes are less than 2 million years old. The most recent major catastrophic eruption in the arc was at Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980.

The major volcanoes in the arc include Mount Silverthrone, Mount Meager, Mount Cayley, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, Mount Adams, Mount Hood, Mount Jefferson, Three Sisters, Broken Top, Mount Bachelor, Newberry Volcano, Mount Thielsen, Mount Mazama (Crater Lake), Mount McLoughlin, Medicine Lake Volcano, Mount Shasta, Mount Tehama and Lassen Peak.

## References

- Harris, Stephen L. 2005. _Fire mountains of the West: the Cascade and Mono Lake volcanoes_. 3rd ed, Mountain Press Publishing Company.

## Other websites

- Living with volcanic risk in the Cascades
Lint (material)

**Lint** is a collection of clothing fibers and other materials usually on or around clothing.

### Pocket lint

Pocket lint is lint in the bottom of pockets. Pocket lint is usually made up of, but not limited to detached fabric, dust and paper scraps. In some contexts, pocket lint may also refer to random items in one's pocket.

### Navel lint

**Navel lint**, also called **belly button lint**, **belly button fluff** or **navel fluff**, is an collection of fluffy fibres in one's navel.

Many people find that, at the beginning and end of the day, a small lump of fluff has appeared in the navel cavity. People have wondered why this happens for many years. In 2001, Dr. Karl Kruszelnicki of the University of Sydney, Australia, did a survey to find out why this happens. This is what he found out:

- Navel lint is mostly stray fibers from one's clothing, mixed with some dead skin cells and body hair.
- Unlike what most people think, navel lint comes from a person's underwear and not from their shirts or tops. The fibres move there from friction of body hair on underwear.
- Women have less navel lint because of their finer and shorter body hairs. Older men have it more because of they have more hair and it is thicker.
- Navel lint's color is usually blue-gray.  The color is most likely an average of all clothing colors worn.
- Navel lint is entirely harmless and does not need to be corrected.

Dr. Kruszelnicki was awarded the Ig Nobel Prize for Interdisciplinary Research in 2002. The Ig Nobel Prize is given for "achievements that cannot or should not be repeated".

Austrian scientist Georg Steinhauser has also done research on the navel lint.

## Other websites

- A tree grows in a man's navel lint
- World record navel lint collection by Graham Barker
Lint

**Lint** could mean:
- Fibrous coat of thick hairs covering the seeds of the cotton plant
- Fuzzy fluff that accumulates on various fabrics
- Fibers that become trapped in the _lint filter_ of a clothes dryer
- Navel lint, an accumulation of fluffy fibers in one's navel
- Pocket lint, an accumulation of fibers found in pockets.

**Lint** could also mean:
- Tim Armstrong, a punk rock musician, known from Operation Ivy, Rancid, and Transplants
- Lint (Belgium), a municipality located in Belgium
- Lint programming tool, a tool that helps people to write better C code.
- Alstom LHB Coradia LINT, light rail vehicle built by Alstom
- LINT0 and LINT1, LINTX etc. the interrupt lines on x86 microprocessors.
Force field (technology)

A **force field** is a field of energy that usually blocks something. The force field is common in science fiction and fantasy stories. The ideal of a force field may be from the vector field, thought it resembled the _warding spells_, the protective magic that was claimed to be used by shamans from long ago.

## Research and development

The plasma window is a real-live object that resembles the force field, it provides a separation between vacuum and gas. There is only one true ideal of creating a 'force shield': using an electric field to change the way metallic items move, although no power is known to be powerful enough to do this.

## Other websites

- Electrostatic "invisible wall" encountered in a plastic film factory Report from an electrostatics industry symposium.
Shaman

A **shaman** is a kind of medicine man who practices shamanism. Shamans were believed to be able to talk to the spirit world, usually animal spirits. Shamans "are ... thought to have the ability to heal the sick, [and] to (talk with or) communicate with the otherworld, and often to (travel with, or) escort the souls of the dead to [another world where our spirit can go, or] that otherworld", according to media.

In some tribes shamanism is important such as the Yanomamis (a Venezuelan tribe in the Venezuelan forest).

A shaman was a person who had a special connection to the spiritual world.

## Related pages

- Spiritism
- Medicine man
- Ainu
Plasma window

A **Plasma window** is a field of plasma that fills an area of space. It is similar to a force field. The area is created by using magnetism to hold the plasma in place. With current technology, this area of space is quite small. It is in the shape of a flat planes inside a cylinder.

As plasma increases in temperature, it becomes thicker. At a high enough temperature, plasma is thick enough to separate a vacuum from normal atmosphere. Plasma does not stop radiation, such as lasers, from moving through it. Because of this, scientists can use a plasma window to create an area of vacuum while still letting radiation to move through it. This is needed because certain types of radiation can only be created in a vacuum, but scientists need to use the radiation on things that are found in a normal atmosphere.

## History

The Plasma Window was created at Brookhaven National Laboratory by Ady Hershcovitch. It was patented in 1995. Other creations using the same idea as the plasma window include the Plasma Valve.

## Plasma Valve

The Plasma Valve is related to a plasma window. It was created a year after the plasma window. The plasma Valve is a layer of gas inside a special shell. A ring around the shell holds a vacuum. A breach in the ring can be very bad but technology lets scientists shut off the machine in time before anything happens.

## Properties

A plasma window is usually created at temperatures of 15,000 kelvin. The only limit to the window's size is the amount of energy needed to create it. A window needs 20 kW of energy for every inch in size.

Plasma windows will glow in different colors depending on the gas used to create the plasma.

## Other websites

- Official article by Ady Hershcovitch  - Inventor of the Plasma Window.
- BROOKHAVEN LAB WINS R&D 100 AWARD FOR THE "PLASMA WINDOW"
- Brookhaven National Laboratory - Where the Plasma Window was invented
- News on the Plasma Window
- Plasma Valve Patent
Advance

**Advance** can also mean:

- Advance, an offensive push in sports, games, or military combat
- Advance payment for goods or services
- USS _Advance_ was the name of several ships in the United States Navy.
- Advance magazine, the magazine published by the Church of Scientology's Advanced Organization of Los Angeles
- Game Boy Advance, one generation of Nintendo's Game Boy

## Places in the United States

- Advance, Arkansas
- Advance, California
- Advance, Illinois
- Advance, Indiana
- Advance, Michigan
- Advance, Missouri
- Advance, North Carolina
- Advance, Ohio
- Advance, Oregon
- Advance, Pennsylvania
- Advance, Wisconsin
- Advance Township, North Dakota
Bari

**Bari** (; Bari dialect: ***Bare***; ; ) is a city in southern Italy. Bari is the capital of Bari Provence and of the Apulia Region. The city itself has a population of about 320,475, as of 2011, over 116 km<sup>2</sup>, while the fast-growing urban area counts 653,028 inhabitants over 203 km<sup>2</sup>. The metropolitan area has a million inhabitants. It is the second biggest city in southern Italy (after Naples).

During World War II there was an air raid on Bari. It was called the "Little Pearl Harbor".

### Municipalities

Bari is divided into 5 municipalities (_Municipi_), constituted in 2014. The municipality is also divided into 17 official neighbourhoods ("quartieri").

|width="10%"|Codice|width="50%"|Nome|width="15%"|Area|width="15%"|Abitanti|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="text-align:center"|**1**|Municipio 1|style="text-align:right"|km²|style="text-align:right"|||
|style="text-align:center"|**2**|Municipio 2|style="text-align:right"|km²|style="text-align:right"|||
|style="text-align:center"|**3**|Municipio 3|style="text-align:right"|km²|style="text-align:right"|||
|style="text-align:center"|**4**|Municipio 4|style="text-align:right"|km²|style="text-align:right"|||
|style="text-align:center"|**5**|Municipio 5|style="text-align:right"|km²|style="text-align:right"|||

### Climate

Bari has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (_Csa_ in the Koeppen climate classification) with mild winters and hot, dry summers. Snowfall is rare.
During the summer of 2008 temperatures reached as high as .

### Twin towns—Sister cities

Bari is twinned with:

## Other websites

- Site of AQP S.p.A. - Acquedotto Pugliese S.p.A.
- City of Bari
- Province of Bari

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Bari
- **official name**: Comune di Bari
- **image skyline**: Collage Bari.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: A collage of Bari, Top left: Swabian Castle, Top right: Night in Pane e Pomodoro Beach, Bottom left: Ferrarese Square, Bottom upper right: Bari University in Andrea da Bari street, Bottom lower right: View of Punta Perotti seaside area
- **image flag**: Flag of Bari.svg
- **image shield**: Bari-Stemma.png
- **pushpin map**: Italy#Apulia#Europe
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Bari, Bari (BA)
- **mayor party**: Democratic Party (Italy), PD
- **mayor**: Antonio Decaro
- **area total km2**: 117
- **population total**: 326799
- **population as of**: 31 December 2015
- **population demonym**: Barese
- **elevation m**: 5
- **istat**: 072006
- **saint**: Saint Nicholas
- **day**: December 6
- **postal code**: 70121-70132
- **area code**: 080
Mount Edziza

**Mount Edziza** is a dormant volcano in British Columbia, Canada. The volcano is 38 km southeast of Telegraph Creek in an area of potentially active volcanos in the Stikine Volcanic Belt. It is a shield volcano that began erupting about 10 million years ago with continued activity until about 1,340 years ago.

Edziza is made up of a lot of cinder cones and blocky lava flows that still keep their first forms. This is the second biggest area of volcanic activity in the northern Stikine Volcanic Belt as well as in Canada. The complex includes the Mount Edziza Plateau, a big volcanic plateau (65 kilometers long and 20 kilometers wide) made of mostly basaltic lava flows with four big stratovolcanoes built on top of the plateau.

A lot of eruptions have happened in the last 10,000 years including: Desolation, Mess Lake, Snowshoe Lava Fields, Kana Cone, Eve Cone, Cinder Cliff, Icefall Cone, Ridge Cone, Williams Cone, and Walkout Creek. Many of the volcanic features in the volcanic complex are protected as part of Mount Edziza Provincal Park one of the bigger provincial parks in British Columbia.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mount Edziza
- **photo**: Mount_Edziza, British Columbia.jpg
- **photo caption**: Mount Edziza as seen from the Stewart-Cassiar Highway
- **location**: British ColumbiaBritish Columbia, Canada
- **range**: Tahltan Highland
- **topo**: National Topographic System, NTS 104G/10
- **type**: Shield volcano, Stratovolcanoes
- **volcanic arc/belt**: Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
- **age**: Miocene-to-Holocene
- **last eruption**: 1340 Before Present, BP
- **listing**: List of volcanoes in Canada
Omar Khayyam

**Omar Khayyām** () or **Omar Khayyam** (18 May 1048 Nishapur, (Iran) – 4 December 1131) was a Persian, mathematician, astronomer and poet.

In mathematics he contributed to the theory of equations, to the understanding of the parallel axiom, and possibly to the generalization of the binomial theorem. As an astronomer he contributed to a calendar reform when Sultan Malik-Shah decided that the calendar needed some adjusting. He is best known for his agnostic and sceptic poetry, largely because of the publication in 1859 of _Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam_ by the translator Edward Fitzgerald.

## References

- E.G. Browne. _Literary History of Persia_. (Four volumes, 2,256 pages, and 25 years in the writing). 1998.
- Jan Rypka, _History of Iranian Literature_. Reidel Publishing Company. 1968.

## Related pages

- List of Persian poets and authors

## Other websites

- The Persian Poet (http://www.omar-khayyam.org ) - Contains the translations by Edward FitzGerald and a biography.
- The Rubaiyat
- On Omar's solutions to cubic equations
- Khayyam, Umar. A biography by Professor Iraj Bashiri, University of Minnesota.
- The Quatrains of Omar Khayyam

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **caption**: Statue of Omar Khayyam in Nishapur
- **region**: List of Iranian scientists and scholars, Persian scholar
- **era**: Islamic Golden Age
- **color**: #B0C4DE
- **name**: **Omar Khayyám**
- **birth**: 1048 in poetry, 1048
- **death**: 1131 in poetry, 1131
- **school tradition**: Persian mathematics, Persian language, Persian poetry, Persian people, Persian philosophy
- **main interests**: Persian literature, Poetry, Islamic mathematics, Mathematics, Islamic philosophy, Islamic astronomy, Astronomy
- **influences**: Avicenna, Euclid, Apollonius of Perga
Deomyinae

The subfamily **Deomyinae** consists of four genera of mouse-like rodents. These were placed in the subfamilies Murinae and Dendromurinae until very recently.  They are sometimes called **Acomyinae**, particularly in references that predate the discovery that the link rat, _Deomys ferugineus_, is part of the clade.  Deomyinae is the older and more appropriate name.

Deomyines share no morphological characteristics that can be used to separate them from other muroids. Subtle aspects of the third upper molar have been suggested, though.  This subfamily is united solely on the basis of shared genetic mutations.  These conclusions have demonstrated good statistical support using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization.

Because of the lack of physical characteristics that supportthis group, it is very possible that the subfamily as it is currently recognized could grow bigger.  Many of the genera currently placed in Murinae or Dendromurinae have never been included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis.  There are potential surprises awaiting when they are.

All genera are found in Africa, suggesting the deomyines may have originated there.  The spiny mice, _Acomys_ spp. are also found in Asia.

There are currently 4 genera and 36 species included in the Deomyinae.

## List of Genera

- Subfamily Deomyinae
    - Genus _Acomys_ - spiny mice
    - Genus _Deomys_ - link rat
    - Genus _Lophuromys_ - brush-furred mice
    - Genus _Uranomys_ - Rudd's mouse

## References

- Chevret, P., C. Denys, J.-J. Jaeger, J. Michaux, AND F. M. Catzeflis. 1993. Molecular evidence that the spiny mouse (_Acomys_) is more closely related to gerbils (Gerbillinae) than to the true mice (Murinae). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 90:3433-3436.

- Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.

- Michaux, J., A. Reyes, and F. Catzeflis. 2001. Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17:280-293.

- Steppan, S. J., R. A. Adkins, and J. Anderson. 2004. Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes. Systematic Biology, 53:533-553.
Spiny mouse

The term **spiny mouse** refers to any species of rodent within the genus ***Acomys***. They are usually called spiny mice in English.  They look like mice of the genus _Mus_. Spiny mice are small mammals with bare, scaled tails.  Their coats have unusually stiff guard hairs that work the same way as the spines of a hedgehog. These stiff hairs are why they are called the _spiny mouse_.

Even though they look like members of the genus _Mus_, scientists thhink that the African spiny mice may be more closely related to gerbils than to common mice.

## Spiny mice as exotic pets

African spiny mice originated in the deserts of Africa. They are often kept as exotic pets in other parts of the world, particularly Western nations such as the United States. In the pet trade, they are commonly called Egyptian spiny mice or, more simply, spiny mice.  Though these animals are like pet mice and rats, the tail of a spiny mouse is much more delicate.  The spiny mouse should never be picked up by its tail and should be handled with care to avoid a degloving injury.

## Housing

Because of their desert origin, spiny mice need warm temperatures and should be kept around 80 degrees Fahrenheit.  These animals are very social and should always be housed in groups when possible.  As spiny mice are prone to obesity (getting too fat), it is important to provide a big space and a complex environment to encourage exercise. They need constant attention and should NEVER be housed in a cage smaller than 4X4 ft.

## Reproduction

Gestation length is between 38 and 42 days.  Litters are normally 2 to 3 pups, but females may have up to 6 pups in a single litter.  Other females within the social group may help in the birthing process and look after the pups.  Pups are born with their eyes open and covered in fur. They will begin to leave the nesting area at about 3 days of age.  Pups are weaned around 5 to 6 weeks and reach sexual maturity at about 6 to 9 weeks.  A female can become pregnant at any time in the year and may have up to 12 litters in a year.  Spiny mice can live for 4 to 5 years.

## Other websites

- List of Rodent/Lagomorph Scientific Names  - Includes several species of African spiny mouse
Khayyam

**Khayyam** could mean:

- Khayyam, Iran
- Mohammed Zahur Khayyam (20th century), Indian music composer
- Kerry Thornley (1938-1998), co-founder of Discordianism, who wrote as Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst
- Omar Khayyám (1048-1131), Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer
- Omar Khayam (born 1983),British protester who dressed as a Suicide bomber
The Cumshots

**The Cumshots** is a heavy metal band from Norway. The band was formed in 1999 by Kristopher Schau and Ole Petter Andreassen.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Cumshots
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Norway
- **genre**: heavy metal music, Heavy metal, Death 'n' roll, Stoner rock
- **years active**: 1999 - present
- **label**: Big Dipper Records
- **associated acts**: Grimfist (band), Grimfist
- **url**: [http://www.thecumshots.org// Official Website]
Pocket gopher

The **pocket gophers** are burrowing rodents of the family **Geomyidae**.  These are the "true" gophers. Several ground squirrels of the family Sciuridae are often called gophers as well. They are not true gophers,though.  The name "pocket gopher" on its own is used for a number of subspecies of the family. Pocket gophers, despite being largely a pest, are a symbol of the U.S. state of Minnesota, sometimes called "the Gopher State". They are a pest and are killed with dry ice.

## Distribution

Pocket gophers are widely distributed in North America, extending into Central America.

## Appearance

Gophers are heavily built, and most are moderately large. They usually  weigh a few hundred grams.  A few species reach weights approaching 1 kg.  Most gophers have brown fur which often closely matches the color of the soil in which they live.  Their most characteristic feature is their large cheek pouches. The _pocket_ in their name comes from these pouches. These pouches are fur-lined, and can be turned inside out.  They extend from the side of the mouth well back onto the shoulders. They have small eyes and a short, hairy tail which they use to feel around tunnels when they walk backwards.

## Behavior

All pocket gophers are burrowers. They are larder hoarders, and their cheek pouches are used for transporting food back to their burrows.  Gophers can collect large hoards. Their presence is unambiguously announced by the appearance of mounds of fresh dirt about 20 cm in diameter.  These mounds will often appear in vegetable gardens, lawns, or farms, as gophers like moist soil.  They also enjoy feeding on vegetables.  For this reason, some species are considered agricultural pests. They may also damage trees in forests.  Although they will attempt to flee when threatened, they may attack other animals, including cats and humans, and can inflict serious bites with their long, sharp teeth.

## Classification

There has been much debate among taxonomists about which races of pocket gopher should be recognised as full species. There are about 37 species in six genera.

## Other websites

- Article on the Animal Diversity Web site
- eNature flashcard with image (southeastern pocket gopher)
- eNature flashcard with image (western pocket gopher)
Geomyoidea

**Geomyoidea** is a superfamily of rodents that contains the pocket gophers (Geomyidae), the kangaroo rats and mice (Heteromyidae), and their fossil relatives.

## Characteristics

Although they do not look similar, gophers are joined with kangaroo rats into a common superfamily. This is widely agreed. Overall morphology, the fossil record, sequence analysis, and biogeography all support this relationship.

Modern geomyoids are mostly restricted to North America, but some have extended their range into South America since the Great American Interchange. Fossil taxa are known from throughout Laurasia.

## Relation to other rodents

Some authorities consider the geomyoids related to squirrels, beavers, and mountain beavers.

Other authorities consider geomyoids may be related to mice, jerboas, and perhaps dormice.

## References

- McKenna, Malcolm C. and Bell, Susan K. 1997. _Classification of Mammals above the species level._ Columbia University Press, New York.
Heteromyidae

The family of rodents that include kangaroo rats, kangaroo mice and rock pocket mice is the **Heteromyidae** family. Most **heteromyids** live in complex burrows in the deserts and grasslands of western North America. Some species within the _Heteromys_ and _Liomys_ genera are also found in forests and can be found down as far as northern South America. They feed mostly on seeds and other plant parts, which they carry in their cheek pouches to their burrows.

Although they are very different in physical appearance, the closest relatives of the heteromyids are pocket gophers in the Geomyidae family.

## Taxonomy

- **Family Heteromyidae**
    - Subfamily Heteromyinae
        - Genus _Heteromys_
        - Genus _Liomys_
    - Subfamily Dipodomyinae - _Kangaroo rats and mice_
        - Genus _Dipodomys_ - _Kangaroo rat_
        - Genus _Microdipodops_ - _Kangaroo mouse_
    - Subfamily Perognathinae - _Pocket mice_
        - Genus _Perognathus_ - _Silky pocket mouse_
        - Genus _Chaetodipus_ - _Pocket mouse_ (uncertain where to put it)

## References

- Alexander, L. F. and B. R. Riddle. 2005. Phylogenetics of the New World rodent family Heteromyidae. Journal of Mammalogy, 86:399-379.

## Other websites

- http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heteromyidae.html
Kangaroo mouse

A **kangaroo mouse** is either one of the two species of jumping mouse (genus ***Microdipodops***) native to the deserts of the Southwestern United States. Most of them can be found in the state of Nevada.  The name "kangaroo mouse" refers to the species' extraordinary jumping ability, as well as its habit of bipedal locomotion.  The two species are:
- Pale Kangaroo Mouse - _Microdipodops pallidus_
- Dark Kangaroo Mouse - _Microdipodops megacephalus_

Both species of kangaroo mouse live in sandy desert ecosystems. They forage for seeds and vegetation amongst the scrub brush of their native habitat.  The Dark Kangaroo Mouse is also known to feed occasionally on insects and carrion.  Interestingly, the mouse never drinks water, instead deriving it metabolically from the foods it eats.  The kangaroo mouse collects food and maintains large stocks in their burrows. These burrows are excavated to a length of between 3 and 8 feet (1 to 2.5 meters).  The burrow, the entrance to which the mouse covers during daylight hours, is also used to raise litters of between 2 and 7 young.  The Pale Kangaroo Mouse burrows only in fine sand, while the Dark Kangaroo Mouse prefers fine, gravelly soils but may also burrow in sand or sandy soil.  Kangaroo mice are nocturnal, and are most active in the two hours following sunset.  They are believed to hibernate during cold weather.

The kangaroo mice are closely related to the kangaroo rats, which belong to the same subfamily, Dipodomyinae.

## Kangaroo mice in pop culture

- In Frank Herbert's classic science fiction series Dune, the protagonist Paul Atreides acquires the name Muad'Dib. In the Fremen language of Chakobsa, the name means kangaroo mouse. On the planet Arrakis, kangaroo mice are known as "instructor-of-boys,"  due to their great survival abilities.

## References

- Brylski, P. "Pale Kangaroo Mouse" . California Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved July 9, 2005.
- Brylski, P. "Dark Kangaroo Mouse" . California Department of Fish and Game. Retrieved July 9, 2005.
- "Microdipodops" (TSN 180251). Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
Silky pocket mouse

The **silky pocket mouse** (_Perognathus flavus_) is a species of rodent in the family Heteromyidae.  Like other members of the heteromyid family, they are more closely related to pocket gophers than to true mice.

## Characteristics

The silky pocket mice are small animals with soft fur, long tails, and small feet compared to other heteromyids.  They have long claws which they use for digging burrows and sifting sandy substrates for seeds.  They have also been found to steal seeds from kangaroo rats' dens.http://www.livescience.com/animalworld/060811_desert_thieves.html   They store these seeds in large hairy external cheek pouches.  They are nocturnal and are found in arid habitats.  They are not true hibernators, but will go into torpor and stay in their burrows for extended periods of time.

## Further reading

1. Duff, A. and A. Lawson. 2004. Mammals of the World A Checklist. New Haven, Yale University Press.
1. Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. _Walker's Mammals of the World_, 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp.
Chaetodipus

***Chaetodipus*** is a genus of pocket mouse. Like other members of their family such as pocket mice in the genus _Perognathus_, they are more closely related to pocket gophers than to true mice.

## Characteristics

Members of this genus range in size from 80 to 125 mm (head and body) and weigh 15-47 grams (Nowak, 1999). Unlike the silky pocket mice (genus _Perognathus_), most species of the genus _Chaetodipus_ have harsh pelage with some bordering on spiny hair. They tend to be found in arid habitats where they feed on seeds, vegetation, and insects (Nowak, 1999). Females give birth to a litter of 2-9 young after a gestation period of just under a month. The longest recorded lifespan is 8 years and 4 months (Nowak, 1999).

Sometimes members of the genus _Chaetodipus_ are placed in the genus _Perognathus_.

## References

- Nowak, Ronald M. 1999. _Walker's Mammals of the World_, 6th edition. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1936 pp.
- Patton, J. L. 2005. Family Heteromyidae. pp. 844–858 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Dodoria

**Dodoria** (ドドリア, _Dodoria_) is a character in _Dragonball Z_.

## Appearance

Dodoria is a large, round alien warrior and appears be overweight by human standards. He has protruding spikes on his arms and head. He also wears the same armor as most of Lord Frieza's men, including the shoulder pads and a green scouter.

## Storyline

Before the events of Dragon Ball Z, Dodoria was always by Frieza's side along with Zarbon. He witnessed the killing of King Vegeta and the destruction of Planet Vegeta. Before the destruction, he and a group of his elites were sent to eradicate Bardock and his team of fighters. He was successful in killing most of the team, but he left Bardock alive after using a powerful mouth blast on him. Both Frieza and Zarbon looked down upon him for carelessly leaving him alive.

Dodoria accompanied his master, Frieza, and his comrade in battle, Zarbon, to the green Planet Namek in search of the Namek Dragonballs. While searching in a village for a Dragonball, Dodoria killed a few villagers, but before he could kill Dende, he was attacked by Krillin and Gohan. He pursued them, but they escaped after Krillin used a blinding attack called Solar Flare. Dodoria then launched an attack over a large area, which led him to believe that he had killed them.

On his way back, he was ambushed by Vegeta, who easily overpowered him. Dodoria tried to bargain with him  by telling him the secret of the destruction of Planet Vegeta, but Vegeta did not care. Vegeta killed him during his attempted escape. He has cameos afterward during the movie _Fusion Reborn_ and in the Super Android 17 Saga when people from Hell are able to escape. He is killed again both times. In addition, he also loses his scouter while he searches for Vegeta.

## Abilities

Dodoria uses his brute force to overwhelm his opponents. He has the generic powers that many other Dragon Ball characters share, including the ability to throw numerous exceptionally-powerful rapid blasts. He can also emit blasts from his mouth as well, which are most commonly known as mouth blasts. Dodoria's most noticeable trait is his ability to throw his weight around. He is extremely fast in spite of his weight. He can perform multiple spins and aerial strikes regardless of his size.

## Video game appearances

Dodoria has appeared as a playable character in many video games, some of which include _Dragon Ball Z: Budokai_, _Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi_, and _Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi 2_. He is also in _Dragon Ball Z: Super Sonic Warriors 2_ but only as a support-type character.

## References

- Everything here comes exactly from the English dubs, not the manga
Perognathinae

**Perognathinae** is a subfamiliy of rodents. It contains the silky pocket mouse and the pocket mouse
Myrmecophile

A **myrmecophile** is an animal that lives with ants. A myrmecophile may help the ants, or it may be a parasite of the ants by eating them or their food.

Many myrmecophiles eat waste in ant nests, such as dead ants or fungi growing in the nest. Some myrmecophiles make food that the ants can eat. Aphids do this when they make honeydew. Ants may even farm or tend some insects, such as aphids, that make food for them. Other myrmecophiles eat the food supplies of ants, and a few eat ant eggs, larvae, or pupae.

One family (group) of butterflies lives with ants and sometimes makes food for the ants. The ants help the butterfly caterpillars by keeping away other animals that want to eat or hurt the caterpillars.

Other animals that live with ants include some beetles, flies, mites, and spiders. Flies in the genus (group) called _Microdon_ live in ant nests and eat waste or eat larval ants.
Argemone

An **argemone** or **prickly poppy** is a plant used for decoration. It is related to the poppy. The plant is common in the Americas.
Grist

**Grist** is grain that has been separated from its chaff and is ready for grinding. It can also mean grain that has already been ground at a grist mill. The word _grist_ is related to the verb "to grind".
Banjul

**Banjul** (formerly **Bathurst**) is the capital city of the Gambia. About 31,000 people live in the city. But the total urban area is many times larger with 413,397 people.  The city is on St Mary's Island (or _Banjul Island_) where the Gambia River enters the Atlantic Ocean.  The island is connected to the rest of Gambia by ferries to the north and bridges to the south. Banjul is the main urban area of The Gambia. It is the country's economic and administrative center.

Peanut processing is the main industry of the country. bee's wax, palm wood, palm oil, and animal skins are also transported from its port.

Things to see in the city include the Gambian National Museum, the Albert Market, Banjul State House, Banjul Court House, two cathedrals and several major mosques. The city is served by the Banjul International Airport.

## History

In 1816, the British founded Banjul as a trading post. Banjul was also used to help stop the slave trade.  It was first named _Bathurst_ after Henry Bathurst. The name was changed to Banjul in 1973.

## Climate

Banjul has a very warm climate year round.  Under the Köppen climate classification, Banjul features a tropical wet and dry climate.  The city features a lengthy dry season, spanning from November to June and a relatively short wet season covering the remaining four months. However, during those four months, Banjul tends to see heavy precipitation.  August is usually the rainiest month, with on average more than 300 mm of precipitation falling.  Temperatures are somewhat constant, though it tends to be slightly cooler during the wet season than the dry season.

According to a Gambian government minister, Banjul is at risk of submerging under water by a metre rise in sea levels as a result of climate change and global warming.

The highest temperature recorded since records began in Banjul was 47.0 °C (116.6 °F) on 31 July 1980 and the lowest was 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) on 1 May 1976. The coldest day on record in Banjul was 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) on 4 March 1988 and the warmest night on record was 31.0 °C (87.8 °F) on 13 April 1988.

## Other websites

- Banjul Photos, Hotels, Maps & Links
- Gambia Site with history of Banjul

## Infobox (city)

- **official name**: Banjul
- **image map**: Ga-map.png
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Gambia
- **subdivision type1**: District
- **subdivision name1**: Banjul
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1816
- **population as of**: 2013
- **population total**: 31,301
- **population metro**: 413,397
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT
- **utc offset**: +0
Medieval Latin

**Medieval Latin** was the form of Latin that was used in the Middle Ages. It was used mostly by scholars and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but it was used also as a language of science, literature and administration.

Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors, Medieval Latin should not be confused with Ecclesiastical Latin. There is no consensus on exactly when Late Latin ends, and Medieval Latin begins. Some scholars have their surveys of it begin with the rise of early Christian Latin in the mid-4th century, but others have around the year 500.

### 4th-5th centuries

- Aetheria (fl. 385)
- St Jerome (c. 347-420)

### 6th-8th centuries

- Gildas (d. c. 570)
- Venantius Fortunatus (c. 530-c. 600)
- Gregory of Tours (c. 538-594)
- Isidore of Seville (c. 560-636)
- Bede (c. 672-735)

### 9th-10th centuries

- Ratherius (890-974)
- Thietmar of Merseburg (975-1018)

## References

- K. P. Harrington, J. Pucci, and A. G. Elliott, _Medieval Latin_ (2nd ed.), (Univ. Chicago Pres, 1997)

## Other websites

- _    Wright, Thomas, ed.  A Selection of Latin Stories, from Manuscripts of the Thirteenth and Founteenth Centuries: A Contribution to the History of Fiction During the Middle Ages._  (London: The Percy Society. 1842.)
- Mental furniture from the philosophers, article on the influence of medieval Latin on modern technical vocabulary.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Medieval Latin
- **region**: Most of Europe
- **states**: Many small states
- **nation**: _De facto_ in most Christian states during the Middle Ages
- **script**: Latin alphabet 
- **era**: Developed from Late Latin between 4th and 10th centuries; replaced by Renaissance Latin from the 14th century
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **image**: Carmina Cantabrigiensia Manuscr-C-fol436v.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **imagecaption**: Carmina Cantabrigiensia, Medieval Latin manuscript
- **map**: Europe 1000.jpg
- **mapcaption**: Europe, 1000 AD
- **fam3**: Latino-Faliscan languages, Latino-Faliscan
- **fam4**: Latin
- **ancestor**: Old Latin
- **ancestor2**: Classical Latin
- **ancestor3**: Late Latin
- **isoexception**: historical
- **linglist**: lat-med
- **glotto**: none
Armen Grigoryan

**Armen Grigoryan** () is the front man (and main songwriter) of "Crematorium" (Krematorij) Russian rock-band.

Grigoryan was born on November 24, 1960 in Moscow. His parents were Armenian. In 1983, he formed "Crematorium" which gained a reputation throughout the former Soviet Union and began to perform at concerts all over the country. Armen Grigoryan helped the development of Russian rock music. He composes lyrics that frequently deal with the themes of life and death in various religious contexts.

## Discography (solo)

- Armen Grigoryan and "3' Angel" - "Kitayskij Tank" (Chinese Tank) (2006)

## Other websites

- Official site of Crematorium
- 3' Angel
Krematorij

**Krematorij** (Russian: Крематорий) is a Russian rock band. The lead singer of the group is Armen Grigoryan (Армен Григорян). He is also the main songwriter for the band.

The band was formed in 1983 in Moscow. After the release of their _Illusionary World_ album in 1985, the group was well known throughout the former Soviet Union. They began to perform at concerts all over the country. The band uses a violin in their music to give Krematorij a sound that is different from other bands. This has been important to the group's continued popularity.

## Other websites

- Official website.
- RussMus.Net:   Krematorij lyrics and English translations

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Krematorij (Крематорий)
- **img**: Armen_Grigoryan,_Crematorium_DSC_3779_(487017525).jpg
- **img capt**: Armen Grigoryan at concert
- **img size**: 200px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: USSR, Russia
- **genre**: Rock (music), Rock, Hard rock, Rock 'n' roll
- **years active**: 1983present
- **label**: Melodia, Moroz, Soyuz etc.
- **url**: www.crematorium.ru
- **current members**: Armen Grigoryan (vocal, guitar), Alexander Luchkov (violin, keyboards), Andrey Yermola (drums), Vladimir Burkhel (guitar), Nikolay Korshunov (bass)
Kristopher Schau

**Kristopher Hugh Martin Schau** (born 12 August 1970 in Oslo) is a Norwegian musician, presenter, comedian and songwriter. He was a singer in heavy metal band The Cumshots. Now he is the singer in the Norwegian rock band The Dogs.
Ole Petter Andreassen

**Ole Petter Andreassen** (born September 22, 1975) is a Norwegian musician and producer. He plays guitar in heavy metal band The Cumshots.
Intercity Express

The **Intercity-Express** (abbreviated: **ICE**; sometimes stylized as _InterCityExpress_), is a category of high speed trains, which are operated by DB Fernverkehr since 1991. It is the highest service and fare category (Class A) of rail in Germany and the flagship train of the German state railway, Deutsche Bahn. There are currently 259 trainsets in use.

The trains have an operating speed of up to 300 km/h. They are one of fastest trains in the world. Some of the high-speed lines in Germany are:
- Cologne to Frankfurt am Main (up to 300 km/h)
- Nuremberg over Ingolstadt to Munich (up to 300 km/h)
- Hanover over Kassel to Würzburg (up to 250 km/h)
- Mannheim to Stuttgart (up to 250 km/h)
- Cologne to Düren (up to 250 km/h)
- Hannover to Berlin (up to 250 km/h)
- Hamburg to Berlin (up to 230 km/h)

There are other (upgraded) lines where the trains can reach 200 km/h. Some new high-speed lines are under construction, some are in planning.

ICE trains are also travelling to Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, The Netherlands and Switzerland. Some of the destinations in other countries are: Aarhus, Brussels, Utrecht, Liege, Arnhem, Basel, Bern, Salzburg, Linz, Metz, Innsbruck, Amsterdam, Paris, Zürich and Vienna.

## Infobox (rail)

- **railroad name**: Intercity Express
- **logo filename**: ICE-Logo.svg
- **logo size**: 100
- **image**: DB_AG_406_001-8.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **image caption**: A German ICE 3 trainset
- **locale**: **Germany**, Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland and France. Formerly Denmark.
- **start year**: 1985
- **end year**: present
- **predecessor line**: See #History, History
- **gauge**: 1,435mm Standard-gauge railway, Standard gauge
Honeydew

**Honeydew** is a liquid sugar that aphids and some scale insects make when they eat plant sap. Honeydew is very sticky.

To eat plant sap, the aphid or scale insect pushes its mouth parts into the plant. Plant sap is under pressure inside the plant. The pressure inside the plant pushes the sap into the insect. Sometimes the pressure is so great that the sap is forced out of the rear of the insect. This is how honeydew is made. The honeydew then drops from the insect and makes a sticky layer on the plant.

Honeydew on plants can cause sooty mould, which is white and appears as powder on the plant.

Honeydew is collected by some insects, such as some wasps and bees. Some honey bees make honeydew into a dark, strong honey, called honeydew honey. Honeydew honey is valuable in parts of Europe and Asia because people think it can be used as a medicine.

Ants collect honeydew from aphids. Many ants even harvest the honeydew directly from the aphids. This helps the aphids, because the ants chase predators, such as lady beetles, away from the aphids.
Ecclesiastical Latin

The term **Ecclesiastical Latin** (sometimes called **Church Latin** or **Italian Latin**) is the Latin that is used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies. It is not a distinct language but a form of Latin used for ecclesiastical purposes because it can be used also for commercial or other purposes.

The Church issued the dogmatic definitions of the first seven General Councils in Greek, and even in Rome, Greek remained at first the language of the liturgy and the language in which the first popes wrote. The Holy See is not obliged to use Latin as its official language, and in theory, it could change its practice.

However, Latin has the advantage that the meaning of its words is less likely to change radically over the centuries. That helps to ensure theological precision and orthodoxy. Accordingly, recent Popes have reaffirmed the importance of Latin for the Church, particularly for those in ecclesiastical studies.

## Related pages

- Latin alphabet
- Medieval Latin

## Other websites

- Ecclesiastical Latin (article in _Catholic Encyclopedia_ (1913))
- _Veterum Sapientia_  by Pope John XXIII, 1962
- What the Church says on the Latin Language
- The Necessity of Latin (a collection of quotes from Popes, councils, and saints)
- The Bible in Latin - official text of the Roman Catholic Church
- Latin Bible (Vulgate text) in parallel with the English Douay-Rheims and King James Bibles
- Catechism of the Catholic Church in Latin
- _Ordo Missae_ of the 1970 Roman Missal , Latin and English texts, rubrics in English only
- Latin-English pre-Vatican-II Breviary

## References

- _The New Missal Latin_ by Edmund J. Baumeister, S.M., Ph.D. Published by St. Mary's Publishing Company, P.O. Box 134, St. Mary's, KS 66536-0134, USA
- _A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin_ by John F. Collins, (Catholic University of America Press, 1985) .  A learner's first textbook, comparable in style, layout, and coverage to _Wheelock's Latin_, but with text selections from the liturgy and the Vulgate. It also contains translation and composition exercises.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Ecclesiastical Latin
- **altname**: Church Latin, Liturgical Latin
- **states**: Never spoken as a native language; other uses vary widely by period and location
- **nation**: Holy See
- **script**: Latin alphabet
- **extinct**: Still used for many purposes, mostly as a sacred language, liturgical language of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church, as well as in the Anglicanism, Anglican Churches, Lutheranism, Lutheran Churches, and Methodism, Methodist Churches. Also used in the Western Rite Orthodoxy, Western Orthodox Rite of the Eastern Orthodox Church.
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **map**: Spread of Christianity to AD 600 - Atlas of World History.png
- **mapcaption**: The spread of Christianity to AD 600 — the dark pockets represent initial enclaves
- **fam3**: Latino-Faliscan languages, Latino-Faliscan
- **fam4**: Latin
- **isoexception**: historical
- **glotto**: none
- **notice**: IPA
Bear (disambiguation)

**Bears** are a group of large mammals. They form the family _Ursidae_, in the order _Carnivora_.

The word **bear** could also mean:
- Bear (gay slang), a hairy, heavy-set gay man
- _Bear_ (novel), 1976 novel by Canadian author Marian Engel
- The ''Tu-95 Bear, a Russian bomber

## Related pages

- Bear Mountain, a disambiguation page