juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Order of the Bath

**The Most Honourable Order of the Bath** is a British order of chivalry. It was founded by George I, on 18 May 1725. The name comes from an old ceremony, first mentioned in 1128. In the ceremony, men participated in a vigil of fasting, prayer, and taking a bath. They did this on the day before they were made a knight. The ceremony was abolished in 1815.

The Order is made up of the Sovereign (the British Sovereign), the Great Master (The Prince of Wales since 2024), and three classes of members: (Highest to lowest)

- _Knight_ or _Dame Grand Cross_ (GCB)
- Knight or _Dame Commander_ (KCB or DCB)
- _Companion_ (CB)

Because the Order was originally founded as a military order of chivalry, its star (referred to in this use as a "pip") is worn as army officers' rank insignia. Members of the order now belong to either the Civil or the Military Division. The Order's motto is _Tria juncta in uno_ (Latin for "Three joined in one"). This is a reference to either the union of England, Scotland and Ireland, or to the Holy Trinity. A symbol of the Order that is seen over and over has three crowns in it. Another motto, _Ich dien_ (German for "I serve") is used occasionally, but only by members of the military division of the Order.

The Order is the third oldest of the British Orders of Chivalry, after The Most Noble Order of the Garter, The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, and before The Most Illustrious Order of St Patrick. The last of those Orders–which relates to Ireland, no longer a part of the United Kingdom–still exists, but is no longer active; no appointments have been made to it since 1934.
Guerrilla warfare

**Guerrilla warfare** is a war tactic in which small groups of people () fight against an organized army. Guerrilla warfare is sometimes practiced in places in which a regular army would have difficulty, such as forests and mountains. Usually, the army is invading a territory. In open fields, the organized army, which is better armed and larger, has the advantage. However, in forests and mountains, the guerillas can gain an advantage over larger and better-armed armies. In some wars such as the American Revolutionary War or the Vietnam War, guerilla warfare tactics have been successful and were one of the main reasons for the final result.

Guerrilla, is a word of Spanish origin, and means "little war". It was first used in 1808, when Spain was invaded by Napoleon, which resulted in the Peninsular War with Spanish guerilla forces resisting the French Army. Guerilla warfare was used for thousands of years before this.

This war tactic was used in British America by the Native Americans. In various wars, they fought guerilla wars for the French or the British or against them or other enemies. During the American Revolutionary War, the Patriots and the Loyalists used guerilla warfare against enemy regular forces. Continuing the pre-war fighting of Bleeding Kansas, guerilla warfare was common in the border states during the American Civil War.  It was used also during the First Indochina War by the Vietnamese rebels against the French and during the Vietnam War by the North Vietnamese against the Americans and South Vietnamese.

## Related pages

- Terrorism
- Unconventional warfare
Sacrament

In Christianity, a **sacrament** is a special rite. It is a visible token of the reality of God.

## Sacraments in the Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church knows seven such sacraments. These are
- Baptism – usually given shortly after birth, it is meant to forgive original sin.
- Confirmation – done when reaching maturity
- Holy Eucharist – The body and blood of Jesus Christ is eaten to remember the Last Supper.
- Marriage
- Holy orders – the deacon, the priest and bishop.
- Penance and remission of sins
- Anointing of the Sick – used to be known as Last Rites, given shortly before death

## Protestant views

Following Martin Luther's tradition, many Protestant churches see only Baptism and Lord's Supper as Sacraments. They also have most of the other rites, but do not consider them to be sacraments.

## Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox views

Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches have similar views as the Roman Catholic Church. They say, however, that many things the church does can be seen as sacraments, in some way.
St. Petersburg, Florida

- _For the city in Russia, see Saint Petersburg_

**St. Petersburg** (shortened to **St. Pete** by the area residents) is a city in the U.S. state of Florida. It is in Pinellas County. It is home to the MLB team Tampa Bay Rays.
20 (number)

**20** (**twenty**) is the number that is after **nineteen** and before **twenty-one**.

The prime factors of twenty are 2 and 5. (2 * 2 * 5 = 20)

Its factors are: 1, 2, 4, 5, 30, and 20.  As the sum of its factors is more than itself (i.e. 22), it can be referred to as an abundant number.

20 can been used as a number base. Remnants of this system remain in some European languages, for example in the English “score” (20) and the French “quatre-vingts” (80, just means four groups of twenty). The old (pre-decimal) English monetary system had twenty shillings in a pound. The ancient Mayan numerical system – counting on fingers and toes – was a base 20 or "vigesimal" system.

A polyhedron of 20 faces is an icosahedron, one of the five Platonic solids. It is a convex regular polyhedron composed of twenty triangular faces, with five meeting at each of the twelve vertices. It has 30 edges and 12 vertices. Its dual polyhedron is the dodecahedron.

In Japanese tradition, adulthood is established at the age of 20. See seijin not hi (the celebration of adulthood in Japan).

It is the number of milk teeth in an infant’s mouth.

In Roman numerals, 20 is written as **XX**.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 20
- **divisor**: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20
40 (number)

**40** (**forty**) is the number that is after **thirty-nine** and before **forty-one**.

The prime factors of forty are 2 and 5. (2 * 2 * 2 * 5 = 40)

Forty is also the only number in the English language which is spelt in alphabetical order.

## The Bible

In the Judeo-Christian Bible, the number forty has special meaning. The Jews wandered in a desert for forty years, there was a forty-day and forty-night rainstorm, and other instances.

## Factors of 40

The factors of 40 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 20 and 40.

## Infobox (number)
70 (number)

**Seventy** is the number that is after **sixty-nine** and before **seventy-one**.

The prime factors of seventy are 2, 5, and 7. (2 * 5 * 7 = 70)

## Infobox (number)
Gas giant

A **gas giant** is a giant planet that has a solid core, but a very thick atmosphere. This means that most of the planet is made up of gas. These planets are very large. The main components are hydrogen and helium.

## Solar System

In our Solar System, there are formally four gas giants: Jupiter and Saturn are mainly composed of hydrogen, helium, and neon, however Uranus, and Neptune are formally or not included here,  they are also called ice giants of formal form.

### Jupiter and Saturn

Jupiter and Saturn are similar as they are made up of mostly hydrogen and helium. They both contain massive, rocky cores that are bigger than Earth. Neptune and Uranus are similar as they are mainly made up of ice and rock, a mixture of one or several minerals. Gas giants have also been found around other stars than the sun. Most of those giant extrasolar planets are "hot giants" orbiting close to their star.
North Vietnam

The **Democratic Republic of Vietnam**, () also known as **North Vietnam** was a country in Asia. It existed from 1954 to 1976 and its capital was Hanoi. It was led by the Communist Party of Vietnam. It was proclaimed by President Ho Chi Minh on September 2, 1945.

## Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a war in Vietnam. It lasted from 1955 to 1975. North Vietnam fought against South Vietnam. The United States helped South Vietnam, while China and the Soviet Union helped North Vietnam. The war caused a lot of damage. In the end, North Vietnam won, and the country became one again. Many people suffered because of the war.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa_
- **common name**: North Vietnam
- **p1**: Empire of Vietnam
- **flag p1**: Flag of the Empire of Vietnam (1945).svg
- **p2**: Empire of Japan
- **flag p2**: Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg
- **s1**: Vietnam
- **flag s1**: Flag of Vietnam.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Vietnam.svg
- **flag type**: Flag of Vietnam, Flag
(1955–1976)
- **image coat**: Emblem of North Vietnam.svg
- **symbol**: Emblem of Vietnam
- **symbol type**: Emblem
(1955–1976)
- **image map**: North Vietnam in its region.svg
- **image map size**: 250px
- **image map caption**: Territory of the DRV in Southeast Asia, 1954
- **capital**: Hanoi
- **largest city**: capital
- **official languages**: Vietnamese language, Vietnamese
- **demonym**: Vietnamese people, North Vietnamese
- **government type**: Unitary Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist One-party state, one-party socialist republic
- **title leader**:

- **leader1**: Trường Chinh
- **year leader1**: 1945–1956
- **leader2**: Hồ Chí Minh
- **year leader2**: 1956–1960
- **leader3**: Lê Duẩn
- **year leader3**: 1960–1976
- **title representative**: President of Vietnam, President
- **representative1**: Hồ Chí Minh
- **representative2**: Tôn Đức Thắng
- **year representative1**: 1945–1969
- **year representative2**: 1969–1976
- **title deputy**: Prime Minister of Vietnam, Prime Minister
- **deputy1**: Hồ Chí Minh
- **deputy2**: Phạm Văn Đồng
- **year deputy1**: 1945–1955
- **year deputy2**: 1955–1976
- **legislature**: National Assembly (Vietnam), National Assembly
- **era**: Cold War
- **event pre**: August Revolution
- **date pre**: 16 August 1945
- **event start**: Proclamation of the DRV
- **date start**: 2 September 1945
- **date event1**: 6 January 1946
- **event2**: Start of the First Indochina War, Indochina War
- **event3**: 1954 Geneva Conference
- **date event3**: 21 July 1954
- **event4**: Start of the Vietnam War
- **date event4**: 1 November 1955
- **date end**: 2 July 1976
- **currency**: North Vietnamese đồng, đồng
Vietnamese cash, cash (until 1948)
Set theory

**Set theory** is the study of sets in mathematics. Sets are collections of objects. We refer to these objects as "elements" or "members" of the set. To write a set, one wraps the numbers in {curly brackets}, and separates them with commas. For example. the set  holds 1, 2, and 3. Sets are also often referred to using capital roman letters such as , , .

There are three methods one can use to describe a set: Description method, Roster method (tabular form) and Rule method (set builder form).

## History

Set theory was created around 1874 by Georg Cantor. It had to be made better because collections of objects can cause problems if we work with them without explaining them better. Russell's paradox was one of the problems. Think about the set of all sets that are not members of themselves. If it were inside itself, then the rule which defines it would mean that it is _not_ inside itself. But, if it were not inside itself, then the rule which defines it would mean that it _is_ inside itself. This was a serious problem, and it meant that the old set theory was broken.
It was improved by people including Zermelo and Bertrand Russell.

## Theory

Set theory begins by giving some examples of things that are sets. Then it gives rules in which you can make other sets from the already known sets. Collections of objects that are not sets are called (proper) classes. It is possible to do mathematics using only sets, rather than classes, so that the problems that classes cause in mathematics do not occur.

- Example: An object  and a set . If  is a _member_ (or _element_) of , we write . Since sets are objects, the membership relation can relate sets as well.

A binary relation between two sets is the subset relation, also called _set inclusion_. If all the members of set  are also members of set , then  is a _subset_ of , marking . For example,  is a subset of , but  is not. From this example, it is clear that a set is a subset of itself. In cases where one wishes not to have this, the term _proper subset_ is meant not to have this possibility.

The self-considering objects in set theory was considered too, with some example numbers being 1={1}, 2={1, 2}, 3={1, 2, 3} and so on.

## Related pages

- Cantor set
- Cantor's theorem
- Cardinality
- Continuum (mathematics)
- Mathematical logic
- Naive set theory
- Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory

## Further reading

- Chechulin V. L., Theory of sets with self-considering (foundations and some applications), Publishing by Perm State University (Russia), Perm, 2010, 100 p.  (In this non-predicative theory overcoming the limitations of  predicative formal systems, i.e. Godel's theorems, the text is accessible from the page http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=15267103 )
Bangor

**Bangor** is a city name found in several countries.

## Australia

- Bangor, New South Wales
- Bangor, South Australia
- Bangor, Tasmania

## Canada

- Bangor, Nova Scotia
- Bangor, Ontario
- Bangor, Prince Edward Island
- Bangor (city), Saskatchewan
- Bangor (town), Saskatchewan

- Bangor Lodge, Saskatchewan
- Bangor Road, Prince Edward Island

## France

- Bangor, Morbihan

## United Kingdom

- Bangor, County Down
- Bangor, Gwynedd (Wales)

- Bangor-on-Dee, in Wales; also known as **Bangor Is-Coed** or **Bangor-Is-y-Coed**

## United States

- Bangor, Alabama
- Bangor, California
- Bangor, Maine
- Bangor, Michigan _(see also Bangor Township, Michigan, below)_
- Bangor, New York
- Bangor, Pennsylvania
- Bangor, Washington
- Bangor, Wisconsin (village)
- Bangor (town), Wisconsin

- Bangor Township, Iowa
- Bangor Township, Minnesota
- Bangor Township, Bay County, Michigan _(see also Bangor, Michigan, above)_
- Bangor Township, South Dakota
- East Bangor, Pennsylvania
Demo (music)

A **demo**, in music, is the first version of a song or album.

It can also refer to an album made by the band as a "sample" in hopes of getting a contract with a record label.
Breton language

**Breton** (**' in Breton) is a Celtic language that is spoken in Brittany, in the north-west of France. Breton is closely related to Welsh, which is spoken in Wales, and to Cornish, which is spoken in Cornwall, in south-western Great Britain. All of them are Brythonic languages.

Breton is less closely related to the Goidelic languages of Scottish Gaeli<nowiki/>c, which is spoken in Scotland; Irish, which is spoken in Ireland; and Manx, which is spoken on the Isle of Man.

Breton has about 240,000 speakers,<sup>111</sup> but that number is falling very quickly because the French government has a policy of using French. As such, Breton is considered to be an endangered language.

## Example

**Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights'''

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Breton
- **states**: France
- **region**: Brittany
- **speakers**: 206,000
- **date**: 2007
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Celtic languages, Celtic
- **fam3**: Insular Celtic languages, Insular
- **fam4**: Briton languages, Briton
- **fam5**: Old Breton
- **script**: Latin script
- **ancestor**: Old Celtish
- **ancestor2**: Old Briton
- **ancestor3**: Old Breton
- **iso1**: br
- **iso2**: bre
- **lc1**: bre
- **ld1**: Modern Breton
- **lc2**: xbm
- **ld2**: Middle Breton
- **lc3**: obt
- **ld3**: Old Breton
- **linglist**: xbm
- **lingname**: Middle Breton
- **linglist2**: obt
- **lingname2**: Old Breton
- **lingua**: 50-ABB-b (varieties:
50-ABB-ba to -be)
Celtic languages

The **Celtic languages** are a language family of the Indo-European languages.  They were once more widespread among the Celts.  Six Celtic languages are still spoken today in north-western Europe.  They are divided into two groups: the Goidelic (or Gaelic) languages and the Brythonic (or British) languages.

The three Goidelic languages that are still spoken are Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx. Scottish Gaelic is the main language spoken in parts of north-eastern Scotland.  Irish is the main language spoken in the Gaeltacht, in Ireland.  Manx is spoken mainly by people interested in the language but used to be spoken on the Isle of Man.

The three Brythonic languages that are still spoken are Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. Cornish became extinct in the 18th century, but some people have started to speak it again in Cornwall, in north-western Great Britain. Welsh is spoken everywhere throughout Wales, but it is the first language for people mainly in the north and the west of Wales, in the area that some people call the _Bro Gymraeg._ Breton is spoken mainly in western Brittany and is the only Celtic language that is not spoken mainly on the British Isles. Because Brittany is part of France, the language is in danger of becoming extinct, just like Cornish, and efforts are ongoing to prevent that from happening.

Scottish Gaelic also has a native community of speakers in Canada, where it was once widely spoken, especially in Nova Scotia, and there are Welsh-speakers in Patagonia, Argentina.

### Goidelic languages

- Scottish Gaelic
- Irish
- Manx

### Brythonic languages

- Welsh
- Breton
- Cornish

## Related pages

- Celtic League

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Celtic
- **region**: Formerly widespread in Europe; today British Isles, Brittany, Patagonia and Nova Scotia
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **protoname**: Proto-Celtic language, Proto-Celtic
- **child1**: Continental Celtic languages, Continental Celtic
- **child2**: Insular Celtic languages, Insular Celtic
- **iso2**: cel
- **iso5**: cel
- **lingua**: 50- (phylozone)
Salem, Tamil Nadu

**Salem** is a district capital and major city in Tamil Nadu, in India. It is known for its steel plants, factories which make steel.

Salem online yellow pages Directory
Hunger strike

A **hunger strike** is a way that people protest by not eating.  Many people have done this to get people's attention, especially the attention of leaders.

Sometimes, hunger strikes are done by people who are in prison. In this case, the hunger strikes are sometimes ended by force feeding, when the prisoners are fed against their will through a feeding tube.

## Related pages

- Strike action
Hermitage Museum

The **Hermitage Museum** (Эрмитаж) in St. Petersburg, Russia is one of the largest and oldest art galleries and museums of human history and culture in the world. The vast Hermitage collections are displayed in six buildings, founded by Catherine II of Russia in 1764 and opened in public since 1852. The main building is the Winter Palace. This was the official residence of the Russian Tsars.

## Collections

Strong points of the Hermitage collection of Western art include Michelangelo, Giambattista Pittoni, Leonardo da Vinci, Rubens, Van Dyck, Rembrandt, Poussin, Claude Lorraine, Watteau, Tiepolo, Canaletto, Canova, Rodin, Monet, Pissarro, Renoir, Cézanne, Van Gogh, Gauguin, Picasso, and Matisse. There are several more collections. Among the collections are the Russian imperial regalia, an assortment of Faberge jewellery, and the largest existing collection of ancient gold from Eastern Europe and Western Asia.

## Cats

Some cats lives on the museum grounds. They are named the Hermitage cats. They are an added attraction for tourists.

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: The State Hermitage Museum
- **logo**: Hermitage logo.svg
- **image**: 5174-3. St. Petersburg. Greater Hermitage.jpg
- **caption**: View of (from left) the Hermitage Theatre, Old Hermitage, and Small Hermitage
- **collection size**: 3 million
- **location**: 34 Palace Embankment, Dvortsovy Municipal Okrug, Tsentralny District, Saint Petersburg, Central District, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- **visitors**: 1,649,443 visitors (2021)
- **director**: Mikhail Piotrovsky
- **publictransit**: Admiralteyskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro), Admiralteyskaya station
Dirt

**Dirt** may refer to:
- Soil, on the ground (usually used in North America)
- Waste material, an unwanted mixture of dust, soil, and other solids.
Boeing 747

The **Boeing 747** is a jet airliner developed by Boeing in 1969. It was made by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, and production ended in 2022.

The Boeing 747 has more than one aisle, which means it is a wide-body aircraft. It is often called the _Jumbo Jet_ or _Queen of the Skies_. The Boeing 747 is one of the easiest planes in the world to recognize. It was the first wide-body aircraft ever made. The first type of 747 was two and a half times the size of the Boeing 707. The Boeing 747 made its first flight for an airline in 1970. The 747 could carry more people than any other aircraft for 37 years, until the Airbus A380 was made.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Boeing 747
- **image**: Boeing 747-230BM, Lufthansa AN0201737.jpg
- **caption**: A Boeing 747-200


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Wide-body aircraft, Wide-body, long-range jet airliner
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: Boeing Commercial Airplanes
- **first flight**: February 9, 1969
- **introduced**: January 22, 1970 with Pan American World Airways, Pan Am
- **status**: No longer produced but used by airlines
- **more users**: United Airlines
Lufthansa
KLM
- **produced**: 1968–2022
- **number built**: 1,458
- **unit cost**: 747-100: US $24 million (1967)
747-200: US $39 million (1976)
747-300: US $83 million (1982)
747-400: US $228–260 million (2007)
747-8I: US $351 million
747-8F: US $352 million
- **variants with their own articles**: Boeing 747SP
Boeing 747-400
Boeing 747-8
Boeing VC-25
Boeing E-4
- **developed into**: Boeing YAL-1
Boeing Dreamlifter
1081

## Events

- Corfu taken from Byzantine Empire by Robert Guiscard, Norman King of Southern Italy
- Byzantine emperor Nicephorus III is overthrown by Alexius I Comnenus, ending the Middle Byzantine period and beginning the Comnenan dynasty
- Alexius I helps defend Albania from the Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated at the Battle of Dyrrhachium.
- Beginning of the construction of Saint Canute's Cathedral in Odense.
- May 8 – Alfonso VI of Castile marries Constance of Burgundy.

## Births

- December 1 – King Louis VI of France, French royal (died 1137)
Richard Trevithick

**Richard Trevithick** (13 April 1771 - 22 April 1833) was a Cornish inventor and engineer. He is best known for making the first working steam locomotive. However, it was designed to be a road vehicle, not a railroad one.

Trevithick was from the heart of a big mining area in Cornwall, U.K. His parents were Richard Trevithick (1735-1797) and Ann Teague (d. 1810.) In 1797, Trevithick married Jane Harvey. He died of pneumonia in 1833.
Wasilla, Alaska

**Wasilla** is a small city in the U.S. state of Alaska, about 43 miles from Anchorage.  It is one of the ten largest cities in Alaska.  Sarah Palin was once mayor and owns a house with her family there.

The city's population was 9,054 at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- Official City of Wasilla website
Rantoul, Illinois

**Rantoul** is a village in Champaign County, Illinois, United States. Almost 12,000 people were living in Rantoul as of 2020.  Rantoul has an area of 8.6 square miles.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Rantoul
- **official name**: The Corporate Village of Rantoul
- **settlement type**: List of towns and villages in Illinois, Village
- **image skyline**: Rantoul, IL.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Rantoul
- **pushpin map**: USA Illinois Champaign County#USA Illinois
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Champaign County
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Illinois
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Champaign County, Illinois, Champaign
- **subdivision type3**: Townships
- **subdivision name3**: Rantoul Township, Champaign County, Illinois, Rantoul and Ludlow Township, Champaign County, Illinois, Ludlow
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: March 4, 1854
- **area total sq mi**: 8.59
- **area land sq mi**: 8.49
- **area water sq mi**: 0.10
- **elevation ft**: 745
- **population total**: 12371
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 1457.13
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 61866
- **area code**: Area codes 217 and 447, 217, 447
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area codes
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 17-62783
- **area total km2**: 22.26
- **area land km2**: 21.99
- **area water km2**: 0.27
- **population density km2**: 562.58
- **image map**: File:Champaign County Illinois Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Rantoul Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Rantoul in Champaign County, Illinois.
Winter Springs, Florida

**Winter Springs** is a city in Florida. It is sometimes considered a suburb of Orlando.

## Geography

Winter Springs has a total area of 15 square miles.
Clearwater, Florida

**Clearwater** is a city in Florida, it is in the Tampa Bay area.  It is the county seat of Pinellas County.

The first Hooters restaurant opened here in 1984. The Church of Scientology's international headquarters is also in the city.
Jordanhill railway station

**Jordanhill railway station** is in a suburb of Glasgow, Scotland. It is a station where passenger trains stop on the First ScotRail railway line. The station opened on August 1, 1887 as part of a different railway line.

On March 2, 2006, a new article on the Jordanhill railway station became English Wikipedia's one-millionth article.
Googolplex

A **googolplex** is the number 10<sup>googol</sup>, equivalent to 10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup>  or 10<small><sup>Ten duotrigintillion</sup></small> or <small>10<sup>10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000</sup>.</small>

Like the number _googol_, _googolplex_ was thought of by Milton Sirotta, the nephew of mathematician Edward Kasner.

The company Google named their headquarters, the Googleplex, after the number.

A **googolplexplex / goggolplexian / goggolduplex / goggolplexsquared** is a 1 followed by a Googolplex amount of zeros which is 10<sup>googolplex</sup> (10<sup><sup>10<sup>10<sup>100</sup></sup></sup></sup> ).

A **goggolplexianth** is represented as 10^googolplexian

## Related pages

- Exponent
- Graham's number
- Googol

## Infobox (number)
Flint

**Flint**, or **flintstone**, is a kind of sedimentary rock, made of silica.

Bands of flint are found embedded in chalk and other kinds  of soft limestone.

When the chalk is eroded, the hard flint nodules survive as pebbles on a shingle beach. It may happen that the pebbles later get cemented into another rock, such as a puddingstone. In this way, they make up a sedimentary rock for the second time.

## Technical description

Flint is a cryptocrystalline (means you can't see the crystals) form of the mineral quartz. It is a variety of chert. It occurs as a line of knobbly masses in  chalk and some limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is usually translucent, and can be various colours. A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture.

## Uses

Flintstones often have a rough lumpy surface but when they are broken, they look like dark glass. It has been one of the most useful types of stone to humankind.

Flint was used by hominins for over three million years. Stone tools found at Lake Turkana in Kenya, are dated as 3.3 million years old. This predates the genus _Homo_ by half a million years. The oldest known _Homo_ fossil is 2.8 million years old compared to the 3.3 million year old stone tools.

When flintstones are broken, they have a sharp edge which could be used as a knife, or a scraper.  When flint and an iron-containing material such as pyrite or steel are hit together, they can make a spark. For many centuries, flint was one of the main ways for people in many countries to make fire. People would carry a little box called a "tinder box" which had some tinder along with flint and pyrite or steel. The tinder was used to catch the spark and start a fire. Tinder could be sawdust, cloth, grass or bark. Flints were later used to make a spark to fire a gun. A gun that used flint was called a "flintlock" gun.

Flintstones are used in some countries for building. In England the flintstones used for building were often "knapped" which means they were broken to show the inside, like the stones used for the tower of Long Melford Church (below). This gave a better finish to the building that the dull knobbly stones would have made.

## Related pages

- Chalk
- Palaeolithic
Valley Center, California

**Valley Center** is a census-designated place in San Diego County, California. It has a population of 10,087 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Valley Center
- **settlement type**: census-designated place
- **image skyline**: Valley Center.jpg
- **image caption**: A scene in Valley Center
- **image map**: San_Diego_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Valley_Center_Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in San Diego County, California, San Diego County and the state of California
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: San Diego County, California, San Diego
- **unit pref**: US
- **area total sq mi**: 27.445
- **area land sq mi**: 27.445
- **area water sq mi**: 0
- **area total km2**: 71.083
- **area land km2**: 71.083
- **area water km2**: 0
- **area water percent**: 0
- **elevation ft**: 1312
- **elevation m**: 400
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 10087
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, PST
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 92082
- **area codes**: Area codes 442 and 760, 442/760
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
Newbridge, County Kildare

**Newbridge** (**Droichead Nua** in Gaelic) is a town in County Kildare, Republic of Ireland. It is the second largest town in Kildare.
Anaheim, California

**Anaheim** is a city in the United States. It was founded by German immigrants in 1857. It is the home of Disneyland, and two professional sports teams, The Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (baseball) and the Anaheim Ducks (ice hockey).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Anaheim, California
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in California, City
- **image flag**: Flag of Anaheim, California (1967–2018, 2019–present).svg
- **image seal**: Seal of Anaheim, California.svg
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: California
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Orange County, California, Orange
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1857
- **named for**: "Ana", after the Santa Ana River, and "Heim", the German word for "home".
- **total type**: Total
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 50.88
- **area total km2**: 131.78
- **area land sq mi**: 50.27
- **area land km2**: 130.20
- **area water sq mi**: 0.61
- **area water km2**: 1.58
- **elevation m**: 48
- **elevation ft**: 157
- **population total**: 346824
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population rank**:
List of largest cities in California by population, 10th in California
- **population density sq mi**: 6899.22
- **population density km2**: 2663.78
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 92801–92809, 92812, 92814–92817, 92825, 92850, 92899
- **area code**: Area codes 657 and 714, 657/714
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area codes
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, PST
- **utc offset**: −08:00
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −07:00
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
- **established title1**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date1**: March 18, 1876
Chair

A **Chair** is a piece of furniture that is usually made out of wood or plastic. It can also be made out of fabric, metal, wool, and stone. There can be different variants of chairs like stools, rocking chairs, gaming chairs, folding chairs, and armchairs. There are also wide variety of chairs, those with fabric are often called sofas, or couches, while those many without fabric are often referred to as benches. There are also less conventional chairs such as bean bag chairs and swinging chairs. Some of these chairs can be made out of many materials, not just fabric, metal, or wood. They can also be made out of leather, usually found in cars.
1163

## Events

- Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales.
- Silesian duchies accept suzerainty of Holy Roman Empire.
- Law of Succession is introduced in Norway.
- Council of Tours is held, names and condemns Albigensians.
- Abbey of Lokkum in Hanover is founded as a Cistercian house by Cornwall
- Egyptian empire re– resurrected for 10 days
Hercules (1997 movie)

***Hercules*** is a 1997 American animated musical fantasy comedy movie produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures. It is loosely based on the legendary hero Heracles (known in the film by his Roman name, Hercules), a son of Zeus in Greek mythology. The film was created and co animated directed by John Musker and Ralph Farquhar, both of whom also produced the film with Alice Dewey. The animation screenplay was written by Irene Mecchi & Donald McEnery, and Shirley Pierce, Featuring the voices of Tate Donovan, Danny DeVito, James Woods, and Susan Egan, the film follows the titular Hercules, a demigod with super-strength raised among mortals, who must learn to become a true hero in order to earn back his godhood and place in Mount Olympus, while his evil uncle Hades plots his downfall.

Development of _Hercules_ began in 1991 following a pitch adaptation of the Heracles mythological stories by animator Joe Haidar. Meanwhile, Farquhar and Musker re-developed their idea for _Treasure Planet_ (2002) following the critical and commercial success of _The Little Mermaid_ (1992). Their project was removed from development in 1993, and Musker and Clements joined _Hercules_ later that same year. Following an unused treatment by Haidar, Farquhar and Musker studied multiple interpretations of Greek mythology before abandoning Zeus's adulterous affair with Alcmene. The project underwent multiple story treatments and a first script draft was inspired by the [[epic] films of the [[Classical Hollywood cinema|classic Hollywood era]] and popular culture of the 1990s. During production, McEnery, Pierce, and Allers, Tyree, Mecchi were brought on board to revise Musker and Clements' script. British cartoonist [[Gerald Scarfe]] was recruited as production designer and produced over seven hundred visualization designs of the characters. Research trips to [[Greece]] and [[Turkey]] provided inspiration for the background designs. Animation for the film was done in California and Paris. [[Computer animation]] was used in several scenes, predominantly in the Hydra battle sequence. The production budget was $85 million.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Hercules
- **creator**: John Musker

- **director**: John Musker
Ron Clements
- **screenplay**: Ron Clements
John Musker
Donald McEnery
Bob Shaw
Irene Mecchi
- **story**: Kaan Kalyon
Kelly Wightman
Randy Cartwright
John Ramirez
Jeff Snow
Vance Gerry
Kirk Hanson
Francis Glebas
Mark Kennedy
Bruce M. Morris
Don Dougherty
Thom Enriquez
- **based on**: Heracles
- **starring**: Tate Donovan
Danny DeVito
Susan Egan
James Woods
- **music**: Alan Menken
- **editing**: Tom Finan
- **production companies**: Walt Disney Feature Animation
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution
- **runtime**: 92 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $85 million
- **gross**: $252.7 million
The Karate Kid

***The Karate Kid*** is a 1984 American drama movie starring Ralph Macchio and Pat Morita. It tells the story of a boy named Daniel LaRusso who moves with his mother from New Jersey to Los Angeles, California. Daniel has trouble adjusting and is bullied by a teenager named Johnny Lawrence and his friends at his school. Mr. Miyagi (Morita), the mechanic from the apartment building Daniel lives in, teaches Daniel martial arts, so he can fight the bullies in a tournament. The movie was very successful and was compared to the boxing movie _Rocky_. It was followed by three sequels: _The Karate Kid Part II_, _The Karate Kid Part III_, _The Next Karate Kid_ and a remake in 2010.

## Cast

- Ralph Macchio as Daniel LaRusso
- Noriyuki "Pat" Morita as Mr. Miyagi
- Elisabeth Shue as Ali Mills
- Billy Zabka as Johnny Lawrence
- Martin Kove as John Kreese
- Randee Heller as Lucille LaRusso
- Ron Thomas as Bobby Brown
- Rob Garrison as Tommy
- Chad McQueen as Dutch
- Tony O'Dell as Jimmy

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Karate Kid
- **image**: TheKarateKidLogo.png
- **director**: John G. Avildsen
- **producer**: Jerry Weintraub
- **writer**: Robert Mark Kamen
- **music**: Bill Conti
- **cinematography**: James Crabe
- **editing**: John G. Avildsen
 Walt Mulconery
 Bud S. Smith
- **studio**: Delphi II Productions
 Jerry Weintraub Productions
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
- **runtime**: 126 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $8 million
- **gross**: $91,1 million
533

## Events

- January 2 – John II becomes Pope, succeeding Pope Boniface II, who had died in 532.
- Belisarius, a general in the service of Justinian I, lands in North Africa and attacks the Vandals.
- September 13 – Battle of Ad Decimium: Belisarius defeats the Vandals under Gelimer. Gelimer, forced to flee, leaves Carthage unprotected.
- December 15 – The Battle of Ticameron begins.
- December – Battle of Ticameron: Belisarius defeats a new Vandal force under Gelimer and Tzazo. Tzazo is killed in an all-cavalry fight, and Gelimer flees to the mountains of Numidia.
- December 16 – The _Digesta_ or _Pandectae_, a collection of jurist writings and other sources, is completed (see Corpus Juris Civilis).
- Theodebert I becomes king of Austrasia.
Crazy Horse

**Crazy Horse** (born about 1838 – died September 5, 1877) was an Oglala Sioux Native American chief. There is a huge sculpture being carved of him in South Dakota, United States.

When Crazy Horse was first born he was given the name 'Curly'. When he was young, he had a vision when he was not supposed to and his family did not know where he was. His father found him and was very unhappy at what young Curly had done.
As Crazy Horse grew into a man, he was given his father's name Crazy Horse. His father then changed his own name to Worm.

Crazy Horse had good medicine, so he was never killed when he went into battle. He led his people to the Little Bighorn river in northern Montana to join forces with other Sioux bands like the Hunkpapa and Miniconjou, and with other tribes like the Cheyennes and Arapahos. There they fought General George Armstrong Custer, killing and defeating him and his many horsemen.

Eventually Crazy Horse made a tough decision to lead his people, the Oglalas, to a reservation because they were starving. Game was scarce and the bison (buffalo) were nearly gone. He had no choice but to leave the Black Hills. When he arrived at Fort Robinson, he was forced to give up his weapons and horses. This made him very unhappy. One day, even though he was granted time to go on a hunt, he was lied to and, trying to get away, he was stabbed in his liver and died later that night, thus ending the Great Sioux War.

"Once I moved about like the wind. Now I surrender to you and that is all"
Quote by Geronimo, Chief of the Apaches  .

The Sioux Royal Family, the House of Thasunke Witko, are descendants of Crazy Horse. A queen, Queen Wakiyan, was elected Queen of the Kingdom of Lakota (in Sioux, "Oglala Oyanke") and of the Oglala Sioux, and tried to improve the economy at the Pine Ridge Reservation with creativity and imagination, and to bring the Sioux forward into modern times;however, a conspiracy of jealous chieftains who were both male chauvinists opposed to having a female leader and also a corrupt group of men jealous of their own power and who prefer to preside over the poverty of the Sioux People, ruthlessly trumped up false allegations in order to depose this good queen.

According to Frederick Hoxie's 'Encyclopedia of North American Indians' Crazy Horse was the third in his male line of descent to bear the name of Crazy Horse, which in Oglala is Tasunke Witko. Tasunke Witko III was the son of Rattling Blanket Woman and Tasunke Witko II. He married three times: 1st to Black Buffalo Woman, 2nd to Black Shawl, and 3rd to Nellie Larrabee (Laravie). Only his second wife, Black Shawl, bore him any children: a daughter named They Are Afraid of Her, who died aged three.

## Infobox (biography)

- **name**: Crazy Horse
- **image**: CrazyHorse.jpeg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Could be photograph of either Crazy Horse or his brother.
- **birth date**: 1838
- **birth place**: Bear Butte, South Dakota
- **death date**: September 5, 1877
- **death place**: Fort Robinson, Nebraska
1185

## Events

- April 25 – Genpei War – Naval battle of Dan-no-ura leads to Minamoto victory in Japan
- Templars settle in London and begin the building of New Temple Church
- End of the Heian Period and beginning of the Kamakura period in Japan.
- Founding of Katedralskolan in Lund, Sweden. The school is the oldest in northern Europe, and one of the oldest in Europe.
- Peter and Asen led a revolt of the Vlachs and Bulgars against the Byzantine Empire, eventually establishing the Second Bulgarian Kingdom.
- August 15 – The cave city of Vardzia was consecrated by Queen Tamar of Georgia

## Births

- April 23 – King Afonso II of Portugal (died 1223)
- Inge II of Norway (died 1217)
- Gertrude of Merania, queen of Andrew II of Hungary (died 1213)

## Deaths

- April 25 – Emperor Antoku, 81st emperor of Japan (b. 1178)
- June 16 – Richeza of Poland, daughter of Wladislaus II the Exile of Poland
- July 18 – Stefan, first Archbishop of Uppsala
- July 25 – King Afonso I of Portugal (born 1109)
- September 12 – Andronicus I Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor
- November 25 – Pope Lucius III
- December 6 – King Afonso I of Portugal (born 1109)
- Baldwin IV of Jerusalem (born 1161)
- Taira no Munemori, Japanese soldier (born 1147)
- Taira no Noritsune, Japanese soldier (born 1160)
- Taira no Shigehira, Japanese soldier (born 1158)
- Taira no Tomomori, Japanese soldier (born 1152)
- Ibn Tufail, Arab philosopher, physician, and courtier
1377

## Events

- January 17 – Gregory XI enters Rome.
- January 27 – The Bad Parliament begins sitting.
- February 23 – The Bad Parliament dissolved.
- May – Continuous riots in Rome induce Gregory XI to remove temporarily to Anagui.
- May 22 – Gregory XI issues five Bulls in which the opinions of John Wyclif are condemned.
- June 21 – Edward III dies at age 65.
- July 16 – Coronation of 10-year-old Richard II.
- October 13 – Richard II's first parliament meets.
- October 18 – Andronicus IV Palaeologus crowned emperor in Constantinople.
- Informed that khan Urus of the White Horde has died, Timur Lenk sends Tokhtamish to take the Horde throne, but the successor of Urus defeats him.
- Mamluk sultan Sha'ban II is succeeded by 'Ali II.
- Muhammad al-Mutawakkil I is briefly deposed this year as Abbasid puppet caliph of the Mamluks, Zakariyya' al-Mu'tasim taking the throne for that period.
- A sermon by a German monk states "the game of cards has come to us this year" and prohibitions against cards are issued by John of Castile and the cities of Florence and Basel.
- Papal legate to northern Italy Robert of Geneva (the future Clement VII) pillages Cesena and 4,000 antipapal rebels are massacred.
He-Man and the Masters of the Universe

***He-Man and the Masters of the Universe*** is a cartoon series, that first came out in 1983 and ended in 1985. It aired in first run syndication. It was based on a popular toy line and was the first series in the _Masters of the Universe_ franchise.

## Story

The series told the story of He-Man, a superhero wielding a magical sword, and his battle to protect the planet Eternia from the evil demon called Skeletor.

## Cast

- John Erwin as **He-Man**, **Ram-Man**, **Beast Man** and others
- Alan Oppenheimer as **Skeletor**, **Cringer**, **Man-At-Arms** and others
- Lou Scheimer as **Orko**, **King Randor** and others
- Linda Gary as **Teela**, **Evil-Lyn**, **Queen Marlena**, **Sorceress** and others

## Other websites

- He-Man and the Masters of the Universe on YouTube
- Masters of the Universe  on Hulu

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: He-Man and the Masters of the Universe.jpg
- **caption**: Logo
- **genre**: Science fantasy
- **creator**: Mattel
- **director**: Gwen Wetzler
- **voices**: *John Erwin
*Alan Oppenheimer
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 130
- **executive producer**: Lou Scheimer
- **runtime**: 23 minutes
- **company**: Filmation
- **network**: Syndication
Fantasia Barrino

**Fantasia Barrino** (born June 30, 1984), known mononymously as   **Fantasia**, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, model and actress. She was the winner of the third season of _American Idol_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Fantasia
- **image**: Fantasia Barrino.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Fantasia Monique Barrino
- **origin**: High Point, North Carolina, United States, USA
- **genre**: Rhythm and blues, R&B, Soul music, Soul
- **occupation**: Singer, Actor, actress, model, author
- **years active**: 2004-present
- **label**: J Records, RCA Records
- **associated acts**: Aretha Franklin, Beyonce, Ruben Studdard, Latoya London, Jennifer Hudson
- **url**: [http://www.fantasiabarrinoofficial.com FantasiaBarrinoOfficial.com]
Cabrillo Beach

**Cabrillo Beach** is a historic beach in San Pedro, California.
Cabrillo has two separate beach areas.

## Lifeguards

Los Angeles City  and Los Angeles County Lifeguards are responsible for the beach and ocean safety in and around the Cabrillo Beach area.

## Geography

Cabrillo Beach is next to the Los Angeles Harbor and is only a short boat ride away from Catalina Island.

## Water Sports

Cabrillo Beach is a popular destination for those interested in water sports, such as windsurfing, kayaking and SCUBA diving.
Cabrillo Beach is known by windsurfers as "Hurricane Gulch" because of its predictably strong winds.

## Landmarks

It is also home to a few famous landmarks, namely the 1.75 mile Los Angeles Breakwater which ends at the Angeles Gate Lighthouse, the recently restored Cabrillo Beach Bathhouse, and the Cabrillo Marine Aquarium. The Angels Gate Lighthouse is home to the annual Angel's Gate Lighthouse Swim competition, held by Lifeguards and San Pedro residents each summer.