Iceland

**Iceland** (; ) is an island country between the North Atlantic and Arctic, between Greenland and Norway. It is culturally considered to be part of Europe. Iceland is 301 kilometers east of Greenland and 1001 kilometers west of Norway. There are about 329,100 people who live in Iceland. Iceland has an area of 103,000 km².

Iceland covers its own Arctic island in the Arctic Ocean. It is north of Ireland, east of Greenland, west of Norway, northwest of the United Kingdom, east of Canada, and southwest of Svalbard and Jan Mayen. Unlike Greenland, Iceland is part of Europe and not North America.

## History

The first people who lived on Iceland are thought to have been Irish monks. They came to Iceland around the year 800.

Iceland became a Christian nation in the year 1000 CE, when Christianity became the religion by law.

In the 9th century, Norsemen went to live in Iceland. The first Norseman who lived in Iceland was Flóki Vilgerðarson. He was also the one who gave Iceland its name. Ingólfur Arnarsons was the first permanent settler on the island. This chieftain from Norway went to live in South West Iceland and founded the city of Reykjavík.

In 930, the Icelandic rulers wrote a constitution. They created the Althing, a kind of parliament in a place called Þingvellir. Therefore, Iceland is the oldest existing republic.

In 985, Erik the Red was sent away from the island because he had killed someone. He sailed to the west and discovered Greenland. Eric's son Leif Ericson discovered America in the year 1000. He called it Vinland. The voyages of Eric, Leif and others were written down in the sagas (long stories).

In 1262, Iceland became part of Norway. This lasted for 400 years. In 1662, it became part of Denmark. In the 19th century, many Icelanders wanted to be independent from Denmark. In 1918, Iceland got many powers of its own, but the king of Denmark was still king of Iceland.

When Germany took over Denmark on April 9 1940, the Althing decided that Icelanders should rule the country themselves, but they did not declare independence yet. British and later American soldiers occupied Iceland to prevent it from being attacked by the Germans. In 1944, Iceland finally became fully independent.

After World War II, Iceland became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), but not of the European Union. Between 1958 and 1976, there were three debates between Iceland and the United Kingdom about the rights to catch codfish. They were called the Cod Wars.

In 1980, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir was elected president of Iceland. She was the first woman ever to be elected president of a country.

In 2016, Guðni Th. Jóhannesson become president of Iceland. In 2024, Halla Tómasdóttir was elected as the second female president of the country. That same year, Kristrún Frostadóttir became prime minister.

## Politics

Iceland has a multi-party system. Since the 2013 election, the center-right Independence Party and Progressive Party are the biggest political parties in Iceland. Other powerful parties in Iceland include the center-left Social Democratic Alliance and Left-Green Movement. See also: List of political parties in Iceland.

Iceland is a representative democracy and a parliamentary republic. Iceland has a president (Guðni Th. Jóhannesson) and a prime minister (Katrín Jakobsdóttir). The parliament, Althing, has 63 members and each member can only be in there for four years. The president is elected by Icelanders, and is in government for four years. The president can be elected an unlimited amount of times.

Iceland has no standing army. The United States Air Force had a base near Reykjanesbær, but they left in 2006. Since 2008, NATO nations have occasionally had their air force patrol Iceland. This was requested by the Icelandic government.

### Divisions

Iceland is divided into 8 regions, 6 constituencies and 74 municipalities (since 2013). The regions are mainly used for statistics. The constituencies are used for selecting politicians who will represent them in parliament. Lastly, the municipalities give services to the people that live there. These services include education, waste management, public transportation, and so on.

Before 2003, the constituencies were the same as regions, but this was changed because it meant that a vote in Reykjavik meant less than one in a rural area. Even though this was addressed, the problem still exists.

## Economy

Fishing and fish processing is the main economic activity in Iceland. Despite effort to diversify, particularly into the travel industry, seafood exports continue to account for nearly three-quarters of merchandise exports and approximately half of all foreign exchange earnings.

Geothermal Energy produces the vast majority of Electrical Power consumed on Iceland, due chiefly to the island's position atop the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and exhibits plentiful hot water reservoirs and geysers. This has the effect of drastically reducing the price of electricity in Iceland, and has attracted several energy-intensive industries.

Aluminum Smelting (The reduction of Aluminum ores to Aluminum metal) is the largest energy-intensive manufacturing sector in Iceland, and the country produced over 800,000 Metric Tonnes per Year in 2013, making it the 10th largest producer of Aluminum metal worldwide.

## Geography

Iceland sits on a rift between two tectonic plates. No surprise then that Iceland is very geologically active.

There are large amounts of rain and snow caused by the warm waters of the gulf stream current which flows toward it. Many interesting and unusual geographic features which make it different from any other island are present.

Some of these features are Iceland's numerous mountains, volcanoes, hot springs, rivers, small lakes, waterfalls, glaciers, and geysers. The word geyser is, in fact, derived from Geysir, the name of a particularly famous geyser on the southern side of the island. Glaciers cover about 11% of the island and the largest, Vatnajökull, is up to 1 km thick and, by far, the largest glacier in Europe.

Iceland, though a European country, sits partly in North America since it straddles the Mid-Atlantic Ridge which marks the boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates. The ridge runs right through the populated Reykjavik and Thingvellir historic areas. The tectonic activity of these plates separating is the source of the abundant geothermal energy in the region.

## Towns and cities

Reykjavík is the capital city of Iceland. Reykjavík is also the most important port in Iceland. Other important towns in Iceland are Akureyri, Kópavogur, Hafnarfjörður, Keflavík, Seyðisfjörður and Vestmannaeyjar.

## People

Icelandic people have a distinctive phenotype. This impression is even stronger if you see an age-group of children together. They are indeed genetically more similar than any other group in any other European country. The reason is that they had a small founding population, and a low rate of immigration after that.

This is a problem according to some people, including the government, because it increases the risk that a viral infection could sweep through the whole population. So the country has a very good health service which is entirely funded by the government. There are not a lot of people with Down's syndrome because all pregnant women are tested by using amniocentesis. In Iceland, any fetus with a serious genetic defect is aborted.

The people in Iceland are mostly of Scandinavian origin. The language they speak is Icelandic. The language has not changed much in 1,000 years, so Icelanders are still able to read the sagas about the Vikings without many problems. Most people in Iceland are Christian. Most of them are Lutheran.

Iceland has the highest birth rate in Europe, highest divorce rate and the highest percentage of women working outside their home.

### Names

There are no real surnames on Iceland. Children get the first name of their father (sometimes mother) with -s+son if it's a boy, and -s+dóttir if it's a girl.
For example, a man named Jón Stefánsson has a son named Fjalar. Fjalar's last name will not be Stefánsson like his father's, it will become Fjalar Jónsson.
The same goes for women. Jón Stefánsson's daughter Kata would not have the last name Stefánsson, she would have the name Jónsdóttir.
In most countries people use to call other people by their surname, but in Iceland people call other people by their first name. So when people talk about Halldór Ásgrímsson they do not call him Ásgrímsson, but Halldór.

## Animal life

Mammals in Iceland, includes reindeer.
Reindeer have been in Iceland, since as early as the 18th century.

Some mosquitos have [recently] been found (in nature), in Iceland, according to media (2025).

Over 1,000 years ago settlers brought a small breed of horse to Iceland, now called the Icelandic Horse. Archaeologists have found evidence of these horses having decended from a breed of horse that is now extinct outside of Iceland.

## Other information

Icelandic people are considered to be the happiest people on Earth, according to a study.

In regard to Christianity having become the religion by law: In Icelandic, this event is known as the kristnitaka literally, "the taking of Christianity".

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Iceland
- **common name**: Iceland
- **image flag**: Flag of Iceland.svg
- **image coat**: Coat of arms of Iceland.svg
- **national anthem**: _Lofsöngur_"
 ("Hymn")

- **map width**: 220px
- **capital**: Reykjavík
- **largest city**: capital
- **official languages**: Icelandic language, Icelandic
- **recognized languages**: * English language, English
* Nordic languages
- **ethnic groups year**: 2018
- **demonym**: Demographics of Iceland, Icelander
Icelandic
- **government type**: republic
- **leader title1**: President of Iceland, President
- **leader title2**: Prime Minister of Iceland, Prime Minister
- **leader name2**: Kristrún Frostadóttir
- **leader title3**: List of Speakers of the Parliament of Iceland, President of Parliament
- **leader name3**: Birgir Ármannsson
- **leader name4**: Benedikt Bogason
- **legislature**: Althing
- **sovereignty type**: History of Iceland, Formation
- **established event1**: Settlement of Iceland, Settlement
- **established date1**: 9th century
- **established event2**: Icelandic Commonwealth, Commonwealth

- **established date2**: 930–1262
- **established event3**:

- **established date3**: 1262–1397
- **established event4**: Kalmar Union
- **established date4**: 1397–1523
- **established event5**: Denmark–Norway
- **established date5**: 1523–1814
- **established event6**:

- **established date6**: 14 January 1814
- **established event7**: Constitution of Iceland, Constitution and limited home rule

- **established date7**: 5 January 1874
- **established event8**: Extended home rule
- **established date8**: 1 February 1904
- **established event9**: Sovereignty

- **established date9**: 1 December 1918
- **established event10**: 1944 Icelandic constitutional referendum, Republic
- **established date10**: 17 June 1944
- **established event11**: European Free Trade Association, EFTA accession
- **established date11**: 3 May 1960
- **area km2**: 102,775
- **area rank**: 106th
- **area sq mi**: 39,699
- **percent water**: 2.07 (as of 2015)
- **population estimate**: 364,134
- **population census**: 399,189
- **population estimate year**: 2020
- **population estimate rank**: 179th
- **population census year**: 2024
- **population density km2**: 3.6
- **population density sq mi**: 9.5
- **population density rank**: 240th
- **gdp ppp**: $19.8 billion
- **gdp ppp year**: 2020
- **gdp ppp rank**: 142nd
- **gdp ppp per capita**: $54,482
- **gdp ppp per capita rank**: 16th
- **gdp nominal**: $20.8 billion
- **gdp nominal year**: 2020
- **gdp nominal per capita**: $57,189
- **gdp nominal per capita rank**: 5th
- **gini**: 24.1
- **gini year**: 2016
- **gini change**: decrease
- **gini rank**: 2nd
- **hdi**: 0.949
- **hdi year**: 2019
- **hdi change**: increase
- **hdi rank**: 4th
- **currency**: Icelandic króna
- **currency code**: ISK
- **time zone**: Greenwich Mean Time, GMT/Western European Time, WET
- **date format**: dd/mm/yyyy
- **drives on**: Left- and right-hand traffic, right
- **calling code**: Telephone numbers in Iceland, +354
- **patron saint**: Saint Thorlak
- **cctld**: .is
- **religion**: 75.1% Christianity
—63.5% Church of Iceland
—7.6% Other Protestant
—4.0% Catholic Church, Roman Catholic
21.5% Irreligion, No religion
1.3% Ásatrúarfélagið
2.1% Religion in Iceland, Other
- **religion year**: 2020