juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Graeme Pollock

**Robert Graeme Pollock**, known as **Graeme**, (born 27 February 1944 in Durban, Natal, South Africa) was a national cricketer for South Africa. He played in 23 test matches for his country.

He comes from a famous cricketing family, Pollock is widely seen as South Africa's greatest cricketer, and as one of the best left-handed batsmen to have played Test cricket.

He won many awards, including:
- South Africa's _Cricketer of the 20th Century_  (chosen in 1999)
- One of Wisden's Cricketers of the Year  (chosen in 1966)
- Wisden Leading Cricketer in the World for 1967 and 1969 (chosen in 2007).

Donald Bradman said that Pollock and Sir Garfield Sobers were the best left-handers Bradman had ever seen play cricket.
Gary Sobers

Sir **Garfield St Aubrun Sobers** (born 28 July 1936 in St Michael, Barbados), generally known as **Gary Sobers**, is a former West Indian cricketer. He is widely regarded as cricket's greatest-ever all-rounder, having been a brilliant left-handed batter, an outstanding fielder, and a highly effective bowler who could bowl all varieties of left-arm bowling from spin to fast.

Sobers played for Barbados for over twenty years from 1952 to 1974. He also had three seasons in Australia with South Australia (1961–62 to 1963–64), and seven seasons in England with Nottinghamshire (1968 to 1974). In international cricket, he represented the West Indies in 93 Test matches between 1953 and 1974. His highest score in a Test match was 365* against Pakistan in 1958. This was the world record in Test cricket for many years, until it was overtaken by Brian Lara. One of Sobers' most remarkable feats was hitting six sixes in one over, at Swansea in 1968, the first time this had been done in a first-class match.
Uttoxeter

**Uttoxeter** is a small market town and civil parish in East Staffordshire, Staffordshire, England. In 2001, 12,023 people lived there. This number was expected to grow when new developments in the town finished. Uttoxeter is close to the River Dove. It is near the cities of Stoke-on-Trent, Derby and Lichfield. It is twinned with Raisdorf in Germany (with whom close links are still maintained), and Fumel in France.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Uttoxeter
- **static image name**: Uttoxeter 534277.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>St Mary's Church</small>
- **population**: 12,023
- **population ref**: _(2001)_
- **civil parish**: Uttoxeter
- **shire district**: East Staffordshire
- **shire county**: Staffordshire
- **region**: West Midlands
- **constituency westminster**: Burton (UK Parliament constituency), Burton
- **post town**: UTTOXETER
- **postcode district**: ST14
- **postcode area**: ST
- **dial code**: 01889
- **os grid reference**: SK0933
Terry Nation

**Terry Nation** (8 August 1930 – 9 March 1997) was a Welsh television screenwriter.

He is best known for creating the Daleks in 1963 in the long-running science fiction television series _Doctor Who_. Nation also created two science-fiction shows - Survivors and ''Blake's 7.
Inauguration

**Inauguration** is a ceremony marking the beginning of a politician taking office or the opening of, for example, a bridge.

When a politician, for example a President, takes office, he may make an oath of office in front of an audience as part of the inauguration ceremony.

The Inauguration of the President of the United States takes place on January 20 in the year after an election.

## Related pages

- Coronation
- Enthronement
- Incumbent
Fahmida Mirza

**Dr. Fahmida Mirza** (), sometimes also spelled as **Fehmida Mirza** (born December 20, 1956), is a medical doctor, agriculturist and businesswoman from Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. She was elected as the first female Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan on March 19, 2008. She is also the first female parliamentary speaker in the Muslim world.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Fahmida Zulfikar Ali Mirza
- **image**: Fehmida_Mizra_2.png
- **office**: Ministry of Inter Provincial Coordination, Minister for Inter Provincial Coordination
- **term start**: 20 August 2018
- **president**: Mamnoon Hussain
Arif Alvi
- **primeminister**: Imran Khan
- **predecessor**: Muhammad Azam Khan (caretaker)
- **office1**: 18th Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan
- **deputy1**: Faisal Karim Kundi
- **term start1**: 19 March 2008
- **term end1**: 3 June 2013
- **predecessor1**: Chaudhry Amir Hussain
- **successor1**: Sardar Ayaz Sadiq
- **office2**: Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan
- **term start2**: 13 August 2018
- **constituency2**: NA-230 (Badin-II)
- **term start3**: 1 June 2013
- **term end3**: 31 May 2018
- **constituency3**: Constituency NA-225, NA-225 (Badin-II)
- **term start4**: 17 March 2008
- **term end4**: 16 March 2013
- **constituency4**: Constituency NA-225, NA-225 (Badin-II)
- **term start5**: 16 November 2002
- **term end5**: 15 November 2007
- **constituency5**: Constituency NA-225, NA-225 (Badin-II)
- **term start6**: 14 February 1997
- **term end6**: 12 October 1999
- **constituency6**: NA-173 (Badin-II)
- **birth place**: Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- **alma mater**: Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Liaquat University
- **spouse**: Zulfiqar Mirza
- **father**: Qazi Abdul Majeed Abid
- **children**: Hasnain Mirza (son)
- **relations**: Zafar Hussain Mirza (father-in-law)
Dominion of Pakistan

The **Dominion of Pakistan** was an independent federal dominion within the British Empire that was created in 1947 by the partition of British India into two sovereign dominions (the other being the Union of India). The Dominion of Pakistan was under the autonomy of the British Empire. It existed between 14 August 1947 and 23 March 1956 when the dominion was dissolved and Pakistan officially gained full independence from the British Empire and became an independent republic.

The dominion included modern-day Pakistan (called West Pakistan) and Bangladesh (East Pakistan). It was supposed to be a homeland for the Muslims of the Indian sub-continent and of the former British India. It became the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956. The eastern part of the country became independent as the People's Republic of Bangladesh in 1971.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Pakistan
- **common name**: Pakistan
- **era**: Cold War
- **empire**: United Kingdom
- **government type**: Constitutional monarchy
- **event start**: Indian Independence Act 1947, Independence
- **date start**: 14 August
- **year start**: 1947
- **event end**: Constitution of Pakistan, Constitution
- **year end**: 1956
- **event1**: Indo-Pakistani War
- **date event1**: 1947–48
- **p1**: British India
- **flag p1**: British Raj Red Ensign.svg
- **s1**: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
- **flag s1**: Flag of Pakistan.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Pakistan.svg
- **image coat**: Emblem of Pakistan (1947-1954).svg
- **symbol type**: Emblem (1947–1955)
- **image map**: Dominion of Pakistan & Indian Controlled Kashmir (orthographic projection).svg
- **capital**: Karachi
- **national anthem**:

- **common languages**: Urdu language, Urdu, Bengali language, Bengali, English language, English
- **currency**: Pakistani rupee
- **leader1**: George VI of the United Kingdom, George VI
- **year leader1**: 1947–52
- **leader2**: Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II
- **year leader2**: 1952–56
- **title leader**: Monarchy of Pakistan, King/Queen of Pakistan
- **representative1**: Muhammad Ali Jinnah
- **year representative1**: 1947–48
- **representative2**: Khawaja Nazimuddin
- **year representative2**: 1948–51
- **representative3**: Malik Ghulam Muhammad
- **year representative3**: 1951–55
- **representative4**: Iskander Mirza
- **year representative4**: 1955–56
- **title representative**: Governor-General of Pakistan, Governor-General
- **deputy1**: Liaquat Ali Khan
- **year deputy1**: 1947–51
- **deputy2**: Khawaja Nazimuddin
- **year deputy2**: 1951–53
- **deputy3**: Muhammad Ali Bogra
- **year deputy3**: 1953–55
- **deputy4**: Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
- **year deputy4**: 1955–56
- **title deputy**: Prime Minister of Pakistan, Prime Minister
Digital signal processor

A **digital signal processor** (**DSP** or **DSP micro**) is a specialized microprocessor designed specifically for digital signal processing, generally used in real-time computing.

Digital signal processing algorithms require a large number of mathematical operations to be performed quickly on a set of data.  Signals are converted from analog to digital, manipulated digitally, and then converted again to form digital to analog, as shown in the diagram.  Many digital signal processing applications have real-time constraints; that is, for the system to work, the DSP operation must be completed within some time limit.

The microarchitecture of a digital signal processor is optimized specifically for digital signal processing applications.

## Related pages

- Digital Signal Controller
Lies for the Liars

***Lies for the Liars*** is a full-length album released in 2007 by The Used.

## Track listing

- All songs written by The Used.
1. "The Ripper" – 2:56
1. "Pretty Handsome Awkward" – 3:32
1. "The Bird and the Worm" – 3:46
1. "Earthquake" – 3:29
1. "Hospital" – 2:57
1. "Paralyzed" – 3:13
1. "With Me Tonight" – 3:06
1. "Wake the Dead" – 4:14
1. "Find a Way" – 3:23
1. "Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)" – 2:52
1. "Smother Me" – 4:20

### Hidden track

"Smother Me" ends at 4:20 but runs to 6:17 due to the addition of a hidden track titled "Queso". "Queso" is a 30 second song that is about a quesadilla. Though it was first released on The Used's MySpace in late 2006, most fans talked about it on message boards and thought of it as a joke - it was not expected to actually be on the album.

## The music

_Lies for the Liars_ contains emotive, heartfelt and sometimes sarcastic or Gothic lyrics. It has more swearing than previous The Used albums, but this is used on fewer songs. For example, "Liar Liar (Burn in Hell)" swears 10 times.

The first song "The Ripper" has an ending that makes the CD appear to be stuck, but its only part of the song.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Lies for the Liars
- **type**: studio
- **longtype**: (Special edition includes DVD)
- **artist**: The Used
- **released**: May 22, 2007
- **recorded**: 2006 – 2007
- **genre**: Emo, alternative rock, post-hardcore
- **length**: CD: 39:50
DVD: 19:23
- **label**: Reprise Records, Reprise
- **producer**: John Feldmann
- **prev title**: Berth (album), Berth
(2007)
- **next title**: Shallow Believer
(2008)
If Only You Were Lonely

***If Only You Were Lonely*** is the second studio album by Hawthorne Heights. Many listeners consider the album more on the dark side, than the first Hawthorne Heights album.

The album includes a few songs where death growls are absent, and others where it is only used in a small part of the song, to make it fit better. Previously, they would use these harsh vocals a lot more.

It had three singles: "Saying Sorry", "This is Who We Are" and "Pens and Needles".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: If Only You Were Lonely
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Hawthorne Heights
- **released**: February 28, 2006
- **recorded**: September – October 2005
- **genre**: Emo, post-hardcore, screamo, pop punk
- **length**: 43:40
- **label**: Victory
- **prev title**: The Silence in Black and White
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: Fragile Future
- **next year**: 2008
Estádio da Ressacada

The **Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva**, usually called **Estádio da Ressacada** or just **Ressacada**, is a football stadium inaugurated on November 15, 1983 in Carianos neighborhood, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil, with a maximum capacity of approximately 19,000 people. The stadium is owned by Avaí. Its formal name honors Aderbal Ramos da Silva, who was president of the Santa Catarina Football Federation and was also governor of the state.

Several matches of the Brazilian football team, as well as the Brazilian Olympic team were played at Ressacada Stadium.

This stadium should not be confused with Blumenau's stadium, which is also called Estádio Aderbal Ramos da Silva, however it is nicknamed DEBA, and has a maximum capacity of 4,000 people.

## History

In 1982, to replace the old Estádio Adolfo Konder, Avaí bought a groundplot close to the city's airport (Hercílio Luz International Airport). The construction works were led by Cairo Bueno, and the stadium was designed by the architect Davi Ferreira Lima.

The inaugural match was played on November 15, 1983, when Vasco da Gama beat Avaí 6-1. The first goal of the stadium was scored by Vasco da Gama's Wilson Tadei.

On May 31, 1986, the stadium lights were inaugurated.

The stadium's attendance record currently stands at 19,000, set on July 17, 1988 when Avaí beat Blumenau 2-0, for the Campeonato Catarinense final.

## References

- _Enciclopédia do Futebol Brasileiro_, Volume 2 - Lance, Rio de Janeiro: Aretê Editorial S/A, 2001.

## Other websites

- Templos do Futebol
- Avaí's Official website

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Ressacada
- **nickname**: "_Ressacada_"
"_Ressacada's Monumental_"
"_Blue Temple_"
- **fullname**: Aderbal Ramos da Silva Stadium
- **location**: Florianópolis, Brazil
- **broke ground**: 1983
- **built**: 1982/83
- **opened**: November 15, 1983
- **renovated**: 2006
- **record attendance**: 25,735
- **owner**: Avaí F.C.
- **surface**: Grass
- **architect**: Davi Ferreira Lima
- **tenants**: Avaí Futebol Clube
- **seating capacity**: 19,000
- **dimensions**: 110 x 75 m
Ford Anglia

The **Ford Anglia** was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1939 through 1967.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Ford Anglia
- **manufacturer**: Ford of Britain, Ford UK
- **production**: 1939–67
- **assembly**: Ford Dagenham assembly plant, Dagenham, England
Halewood Body & Assembly, Halewood, England from 1963
 Heidelberg, Victoria, Heidelburg, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia
- **class**: (C-segment)
- **layout**: FR layout, Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive
- **predecessor**: Ford 7Y
- **successor**: Ford Escort (Europe), Ford Escort
Flag of France

The **Flag of France** is called the "Tricolour" (). It was adopted 15 February 1794. It is blue, white and red. 1976 Valéry Giscard d'Estaing chose the light colors.

## History

There were a lot of flags in the history of France.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: France
- **nickname**: _Tricolour_
- **image**: Flag of France.svg
- **use**: 111000
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**: 5 March 1848
<small>(First time adopted 15 February 1794)</small>
- **design**: A vertical tricolour (flag), tricolour of blue, white, and red
- **designer**: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, Lafayette, Jacques-Louis David
- **image2**: Flag of France (2024–present).svg
- **image size**: 250px
- **use2**: 111000
- **proportion2**: 2:3
- **adoption2**: June 1976 <small>(Dark version first adopted on 15 February 1794)</small>
- **design2**: As above, but with the light shades
- **type**: National
- **image3**: Civil and Naval Ensign of France.svg
- **use3**: 000111
- **proportion3**: 2:3
- **adoption3**: 17 May 1853 <small>(Previously the same as the national flag)</small>
Used in the Flag of France#Design, darker shade
- **design3**: As above, but with bars in proportion 30:33:37. (See French ensigns.)
Coat of arms of France

The **national emblem** of France has been a symbol of the country since 1953. It is not officially the coat of Arms but it appears on French passports.

On it you can see:
- A wide shield with the head of a lion and two letters, "RF". This means _République Française_ (French Republic in _french_).
- A laurel branch that symbolises victory of the Republic.
- An oak branch that symbolises perenity or wisdom.
- The fasces is a symbol associated with justice (from Roman axes.
Democratic socialism

**Democratic socialism** is a variant of socialism where the government is organised by democracy with elements of socialism. In short, it believes that social and economic decisions should be made by those whom they most affect whilst also achieving a mandate.

The combination of the two ideologies of democracy and socialism make democratic socialism. Democratic socialists believe that both the economy and society should be run democratically—to meet public needs, not to make profits for a few. To achieve a more just society, many structures of the government and economy must be radically transformed through greater economic and social democracy so that ordinary citizens can participate in the many decisions that affect their lives. Democratic socialists do not want to create an all-powerful government bureaucracy, but at the same time do not want big corporate bureaucracies to control our society either.

Examples of democratic socialists include Salvador Allende, the democratically elected President of Chile who was overthrown by a US-backed coup; Evo Morales, Mayor of New York City Zohran Mamdani, U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders, English author and journalist George Orwell, the former president of Bolivia; and the United Kingdom Parliament's former Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn.

Democratic socialism is different from Marxism-Leninism, which believes in single party rule, contrasted to the democratic policies of democratic socialism. It is also different than social democracy, which calls for keynesian capitalism, where a competitive, capitalist economy exists, but with the government stepping in to protect consumers, as well as state-controlled programs like welfare and universal healthcare.

## Related pages

- socialism
- social democracy (do not confuse with democratic socialism)
Opel Sintra

**The Opel Sintra** is a large MPV produced by the German automaker Opel from 1996 to 1999. The Sintra is branded as Opel in Europe and Vauxhall in Great Britain. It was a European version of GM’s U-Body minivans and built on the same production line in Doraville, Georgia.

The reason the Sintra was not a success was because EuroNCAP tested a 1998 model and found it only scored 2.5 Stars, forcing Opel and Vauxhall to drop the model in early 1999. The model was criticised for its dull styling and poor build quality as well as being unsatisfying to own. Because the Astra-Based Zafira MPV debuted when the Sintra finished production in 1999, sometimes it is said that the Zafira replaced the Sintra, but actually Opel never had another Large MPV after the Sintra and then eventually Opel abandoned the Large MPV market in Europe.
Opel Zafira

**Opel Zafira** is a car produced by the German carmaker Opel since 1999, and is branded as Vauxhall Zafira in Great Britain.

## Replacement of the Sintra

The Zafira is sometimes said to be the replacement of the Sintra, because it was introduced roughly around the same time it was discontinued. Also, they were both minivans. However, the Zafira was in a different segment, and Opel had not intended this.
Opel Vectra

**Opel Vectra** was a car produced by the German carmaker Opel from 1988 to 2008 and branded as Opel in Europe (except for the United Kingdom), Vauxhall in the United Kingdom and The Republic of Ireland, Holden in Australia and in New Zealand, and Chevrolet in Latin America.

It was produced from August 1988 to September 2008, when it was replaced by the European Car of the Year award-winning Insignia.

## First Generation (1988–1995)

The first generation was made between October 1988 and October 1995, it was sold In the UK as the third and last generation Vauxhall Cavalier. There was no estate/wagon version of it and was facelifted in 1992.

##### Carburetted

- _1.4 S_ 55 kW (75 hp)
- _1.6 S_ 60 kW (82 hp)
- _1.8 S_ 65 kW (88 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)

##### Fuel-injected

- _1.6 i_ 52 kW (71 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
- _1.8 i_ 66 kW (90 hp)
- _2.0 i_ 85 kW (115 hp)
- _2.0 i 16V_ 100 kW (136 hp) and 110 kW (150 hp)
- _2.0 i 16V Turbo_ 150 kW (204 hp)
- _2.5 i V6_ 125 kW (170 hp)

#### Diesel

- _1.7 D_ 42 kW (57 hp) and 44 kW (60 hp)
- _1.7 TD_ 60 kW (82 hp)

## Second generation (1995–2002)

The second generation was made between October 1995 and May 2002 and was sold as a Vauxhall in the UK. An estate/wagon version was added in October 1996 and was facelifted in April 1999. In the UK, the car was heavily criticised by well known motoring journalist and TV presenter Jeremy Clarkson, but that didn't stop it from being popular there.

#### Petrol

- _1.6 i_ 55 kW (75 hp)
- _1.6 i 16V_ 74 kW (100 hp)
- _1.8 i 16V_ 85 kW (115 hp) and 92 kW (125 hp)
- _2.0 i 16V_ 100 kW (136 hp)
- _2.2 i 16V_ 108 kW (147 hp)
- _2.5 i V6_ 125 kW (170 hp)
- _2.6 i V6_ 125 kW (170 hp)

#### Diesel

- _1.7 TD_ 60 kW (82 hp)
- _2.0 DI 16V_ 60 kW (82 hp)
- _2.0 DTI 16V_ 74 kW (100 hp)
- _2.2 DTI 16V_ 92 kW (125 hp)

## Third generation (2002–2008)

The third and final generation launched in June 2002 with hatchback and saloon/sedan models while the related Signum hatchback appeared in June 2003 with an estate/wagon launching that October, as usual, it was sold as a Vauxhall in the UK and as a Saturn in the United States. It was facelifted in October 2005 and was replaced by the Insignia in late 2008.

#### Petrol

- _1.6 i 16V_ 74 kW (100 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
- _1.8 i 16V_ 81 kW (110 hp), 90 kW (122 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
- _2.0 i 16V Turbo_ 129 kW (175 hp)
- _2.2 i 16V_ 108 kW (147 hp)
- _2.2 i 16V Direct_ 114 kW (155 hp)
- _2.8 i V6 Turbo_ 169 kW (230 hp) and 184 kW (250 hp)
- _2.8 i V6 Turbo OPC_ 188 kW (255 hp) and 206 kW (280 hp)
- _3.2 i V6_ 155 kW (211 hp)

#### Diesel

- _1.9 CDTI_ 74 kW (100 hp) and 88 kW (120 hp)
- _1.9 CDTI 16V_ 110 kW (150 hp)
- _2.0 DTI 16V_ 74 kW (100 hp)
- _2.2 DTI 16V_ 92 kW (125 hp)
- _3.0 CDTI V6_ 130 kW (177 hp) and 135 kW (184 hp)
A (disambiguation)

**A** is the first letter of the alphabet. It may also refer to:

- In English, it is one of the two indefinite articles, the other being _an_.
- In measurement, A is a symbol for area.
- In medicine, A is one of the human blood types.
- In music, A is a note.
- In the International System of Units, A is the symbol for the ampere (which is also shortened to _amp_).
- In school, an A+ is the highest grade you can get, with an A being the grade below.
- In transport, A is the international license plate code for Austria.
- In the New York Stock Exchange, A is the symbol for Agilent Technologies.
- In the Cyrillic Script, А is the first letter.
- Ampere, a unit of electric current
Poison dart frog

**Poison dart frog** is the common name of a group of frogs in the family **Dendrobatidae**. They are native to Central and South America.

Unlike many frogs, poison dart frogs are active during the day. They often have brightly-coloured bodies, which act as warning colouration. All dendrobatids are at least somewhat toxic. In the wild, frogs of different species and in different places may have very different levels of toxicity. Many species are critically endangered.

Poison dart frogs are poisonous because they eat ants and other small insects that have toxins in their bodies. If an animal eats the frog, it will become very sick.

## Toxicity

Many poison dart frogs secrete alkaloid toxins through their skin. Alkaloids in the skin glands of poison frogs serve as a chemical defense against predation. This lets them be active alongside potential predators during the day. About 28 structural classes of alkaloids are known in poison frogs. The most toxic species of poison dart frog is _Phyllobates terribilis_.

Poison dart frogs do not make their own poisons, but keep (sequester) the chemicals from arthropod prey, such as ants, centipedes and mites. This is the diet-toxicity hypothesis. Because of this, captive-bred animals do not have significant levels of toxins: they are reared on diets that do not have the alkaloids used by wild populations. Nonetheless, the captive-bred frogs can store up alkaloids if their diet has alkaloids.

Most wild species are not lethal to their predators, but rather taste foul enough that the predators release the frogs. Despite this, some predators can withstand the toxins used by some poison dart frogs. One is the snake _Leimadophis epinephelus_, which has developed immunity to the poison.

## Taxonomy

Dart frogs are the focus of many studies. Their scientific names may sometimes change. Family Dendrobatidae was revised in 2006 and now has 12 genera, with about 170 species.

### Color morphs

Some poison dart frog species include a number of color morphs that evolved as recently as 6,000 years ago.

Predation does affect the evolution of polymorphism, for example, in _O. granulifera_. Sexual selection has contributed to differentiation among the Bocas del Toro populations of _Oophaga pumilio_.

## References

- Grant, Taran. "Poison dart frog." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013.Web. 10 Jan. 2013.

## Other websites

Dyeing Poison Frog. ARKive, n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://www.arkive.org/ >.
Golden dart frog

The **golden dart frog** (_Phyllobates terribilis_) is a poison dart frog. It lives in the Pacific coast of Colombia.

In captivity, poison dart frogs are not poisonous. It is in the wild where they are poisonous because of what they eat. This amphibian of the Dendrobatidae family is considered the most poisonous vertebrate in the world.  The optimal habitat of _P. terribilis_ is the rainforest with high rain rates (5 m. or more), altitude between 100-200 m, temperature of 26 °C, and relative humidity of 80-90%.

- "In a 20-gram white mouse, the minimal lethal dose of batrachotoxin/homobatrachotoxin is about 0.05 µg, when injected subcutaneously. Thus, one frog,_ P. terribilis_, with typical 1100 µg of these compounds, contains enough poison to kill more than 20,000 mice. Although extrapolating toxicity parameters from mouse to man has errors, if we suppose that man is at least as susceptible as mice to these compounds, the lethal dose is about 180 µg for a person. Larger animals are often more susceptible to toxins that smaller organisms, so that the lethal dose for man may be even less. Myers et al. [1] anticipated a lethal dose of batrachotoxin for man of only 2.0 to 7.5 µg, when administered by injection.
- "The oral potency of batrachotoxin is much lower; therefore, Indians can eat animals captured by their darts without of risk of intoxication. In additions, the small amount of poison used is metabolized and the metabolites are not poisonous; most importantly, cooking may also destroy the toxins, although not all toxins are heat labile".

The high toxicity of _P. terribilis_ may be due to eating small insects or other arthropods, and one of these may truly be the most poisonous creature on Earth. Scientists have suggested the crucial insect may be a small beetle from the family Melyridae. At least one species of these beetles produces the same toxin found in _P. terribilis_. Their relatives in Colombian rainforests could be the source of the batrachotoxins found in the highly toxic _Phyllobates_ frogs of that region.
Mercedes-Benz R-Class

**Mercedes-Benz R-Class** is a car made by Mercedes-Benz introduced in 2005. The model wasn't a strong seller for Mecedes-Benz and was discontinued in 2012 without a replacement.
Mercedes-Benz C-Class

**Mercedes-Benz C-Class** is a luxury car made by Mercedes-Benz since 1993. It is currently in its fourth generation. The C-Class is the most popular Mercedes-Benz. It is the main competitor of the BMW 3 Series and Audi A4. The interior is made up of soft-touch leather and aluminium. It is priced in between the A-Class and the E–Class. To be more specific, a base model C-Class can be priced at around 41,000 dollars.
Ford F-Series

The **Ford F-Series** is a series of pickup trucks produced by Ford Motor Company since 1948. It is currently in its fourteenth generation. The most popular variant of the F-Series is the **F-150**. It was the best-selling vehicle of its time, the most popular pickup truck for 23 years and the most popular truck for 33 years. This does not include combined sales of General Motors pickup trucks. Millions of the F-Series trucks were sold in the United States and other parts of the world, including Europe, Asia and Australia. For the 2010 model year, the **SVT Raptor** high-performance truck was introduced. Unlike its Lightning predecessor, it was a vehicle meant for off-road driving.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Ford F-Series
- **image**: 2010 Ford F-150 Platinum -- 07-10-2010.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Ford Motor Company
- **production**: 1948–present
- **successor**: Ford Super Duty (F-250, F-350, F-450, F-550, F-650, F-750)
- **class**: Full-size pickup truck
- **layout**: Front-engine design, Front engine, rear-wheel drive / four-wheel drive
- **predecessor**: 1941 Ford, 1942-1947 Ford pick-up trucks
European Council

The **European Council** (referred to as a **European Summit**) is the highest political body of the European Union. It is made of all the heads of state or government of the Union's member states and with the President of the European Commission. The country which holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union also leads its assemblies.

The Council has no formal executive or legislative powers. It is an institution that deals with very important issues and any decisions made are "a major impetus in defining the general political guidelines of the European Union". The Council meets at least twice a year; usually in the Justus Lipsius building, the quarters of the Council of the European Union (Consilium) of Brussels.
Nick Jonas

**Nicholas Jerry Jonas** (born September 16, 1992) is an American singer-songwriter and actor.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nick Jonas
- **image**: Nick Jonas in 2017.jpg
- **caption**: Jonas in 2017
- **birth name**: Nicholas Jerry Jonas
- **birth place**: Dallas, Texas, U.S.
- **years active**: 2000–present
- **family**: :Category:Jonas family, Jonas
- **children**: 1
- **signature**: Nick Jonas signature, Billboard Open Letter 2016.png
Joe Jonas

**Joseph Adam Jonas** (born August 15, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter, and actor. He became known as a member of the pop rock band the Jonas Brothers, alongside his brothers Kevin and Nick.

He starred in _Camp Rock_ (2008) and its sequel _Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam_ (2010) as well as two television series, _Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream_ (2008–2010) and _Jonas_ (2009–2010).

After the Jonas Brothers officially split-up, Jonas formed the funk-pop band DNCE in 2015. The group became well known for their debut single "Cake by the Ocean", which peaked at number 9 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 chart in the United States.

In 2019, he married English actress Sophie Turner and they have two daughters together. On September 5, 2023, Jonas filed for divorce from Turner.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joe Jonas
- **image**: Joe Jonas 2012 (Straighten Crop).jpg
- **caption**: Jonas in 2012
- **birth name**: Joseph Adam Jonas
- **birth place**: Casa Grande, Arizona, U.S.
- **years active**: 2004–present
INSEE

**INSEE** () is the French national institute for Statistics and Economic studies. The INSEE was created in 1946. It replaced the National Statistics Service (SNS) which was created under the _Vichy government_ during World War II.

## INSEE Code

**INSEE codes** (or **COG**) are given to Communes in France. They consist of 8 digits (numbers) but there is a simple version with 5 digits. The first two digits (3 for Overseas France) are the number of the department. The other 2 (or 3) numbers are the number of the commune. The INSEE code is not the same as the postcode.
Anhedonia

In psychology, **anhedonia** (< Greek **αν-** an-, _without_ + **ηδονή** hēdonē, _pleasure_ ) is not being able to feel pleasure. This may include not enjoying things like eating, exercise, watching movies, meeting friends, social activities, or sexual interaction and activity.

In most cases, anhedonia is caused by mental disorders. It happens in some severe cases of depression and is a common symptom of schizophrenia, schizoid personality disorder and major depressive disorder.

## Other websites

- No Pleasure, No Reward
- Discussion of male orgasmic dysfunction (ejaculation without orgasm) on the Sexual Health Forums of HisandHerHealth.com
CFP franc

The **CFP franc** (usually just called _franc_) is the currency used in some of France's overseas colonies (French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Wallis and Futuna). It was created in December 1945. The initials _CFP_ originally stood for _Colonies françaises du Pacifique_ ("French colonies of the Pacific") but now officially stand for _Change Franc Pacifique_ ("Pacific Franc Exchange"). There are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 CFP franc coins and 500, 1000, 5000 and 10 000 CFP franc banknotes. An ordinance of September 15, 2021, which entered into force on February 26, 2022, defines the name CFP franc as the "franc of the French communities of the Pacific".https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000044060532.
Pierre Corneille

**Pierre Corneille** (6 June 1606 – 1 October 1684) was a French playwright. He is one of the most famous 17th century French dramatists. Some others are Molière and Racine. He has been called “the founder of French tragedy” and produced plays for nearly forty years.

## Works

- _Mélite_ (1629)
- _Clitandre_ (1630–31)
- _la Veuve_ (1631)
- _la Galerie du Palais_ (1631–32)
- _La Place royale_ (1633–34)
- _l'Illusion comique_ (1636)
- _Médée_ (1635)
- _le Cid_ (1637)
- _Horace_ (1640)
- _Cinna_ (1641)
- _Polyeucte_ (1642)
- _La Mort de Pompée_ (1643)
- _Le Menteur_ (1643)
- _Rodogune_ (1644)
- _Héraclius_ (1647)
- _Don Sanche d'Aragon_ (1650)
- _Andromède_, (1650)
- _Nicomède_, (1651)
- _Pertharite_, (1651)
- _l'Imitation de Jésus-Christ_ (1656)
- _Oedipe_ (1659)
- _Trois Discours sur le poème dramatique_ (1660)
- _La Toison d'or_ (1660)
- _Sertorius_ (1662)
- _Othon_ (1664)
- _Agésilas_ (1666)
- _Attila_ (1667)
- _Tite et Bérénice_ (1670)
- _Psyché_ (w/ Molière and Philippe Quinault,1671)
- _Suréna_ (1674)
Jean Racine

**Jean Racine** (22 December 1639 – 21 April 1699) was a French playwright. He was one of the most famous of the 17th century in France (with Molière and Corneille). Racine was mostly a tragedian, even though he did write one comedy.

## Works

- La Thébaïde (1664)
- Alexandre le Grand (1665)
- Andromaque (1667)
- Les Plaideurs (1668)
- Britannicus (1669)
- Bérénice (1670)
- Bajazet (1672)
- Mithridate (1673)
- Iphigénie (1674)
- Phèdre (1677)
- Esther (drama) (1689)
- Athalie (1691)
Cinderella

"**Cinderella, or The Little Glass Slipper**"  is a fairy tale by Charles Perrault. It was first published anonymously in Paris in 1697  in _Histoires ou contes du temps passé_ (), a collection of eight fairy tales by Perrault.

The story is about a girl who was treated badly. Her fairy godmother helps her travel to a dancing party in a pumpkin coach.  She leaves the ball at midnight and loses her glass slipper. A prince, who has fallen in love with her, finds her lost slipper and uses it later to find her.

Similar European tales are found in Bonaventure des Periers's _New Recreations and Joyous Games_ (1558) and Giambattista Basile's _Pentamerone_ (1634-6). The Brothers Grimm included their version, "Aschenputtel", in _Children's and Household Tales_ (1812). Tales similar to "Cinderella" exist in Chinese, Indian, African, Javanese, Australian, and Japanese literature and folklore. The tale has been adapted to the stage, movies, television, and other media.

## Story

A widower marries a very proud woman. She already has two daughters. They despise the man's daughter by his first marriage, but she is gentle and beautiful, They treat her meanly. She is told to do all the housework and sleeps in the attic. Cinderella's step-mother gave her that name because she sits in the chimney corner.

A prince gives a ball and all the high-status ladies are invited. Cinderella's stepsisters go to the ball. Cinderella stays at home crying. Her fairy godmother appears and changes a pumpkin into a golden coach to take Cinderella to the ball. The fairy turns mice, lizards, and a rat into horses and coachmen by waving her wand. She gives Cinderella a gown of gold and silver and slippers made of glass. She orders Cinderella to return home by midnight because that's when the charm ends. Cinderella goes to the ball. Everyone is amazed. The prince gives her special attention. Her stepsisters do not recognize her. She leaves at midnight and returns home. The next evening she goes again to the prince's ball. She forgets the time and leaves just at midnight, but loses one of her glass slippers. At home, Cinderella's gown turns to rags, but the other glass slipper continues to be a glass slipper.

The stepsisters tell her that the prince is in love with an unknown beautiful lady. The prince orders the slipper to be tried on all the ladies in the land. He will marry only the girl whose foot will fit the slipper. The stepsisters try it on but it does not fit. Cinderella tries it on and it fits. She pulls the other slipper from her pocket and puts it on. The Godmother appears and touches Cinderella's clothes with her wand. They change into a gown more beautiful than the one she wore to the ball.  A few days later, the prince marries her. She forgives her stepsisters for their past meanness and finds husbands for them at the court.

## References

- Betts, Christopher. 2009. _The Complete Fairy Tales_. Oxford UP.
- Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. _The Classic Fairy Tales_. Oxford UP. .
- Zipes, Jack (Ed.) 2000. _The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales_. Oxford UP.
Iranian

**Iranian** may refer to:
- Something of, from, or related to Iran, a country in West Asia.
- One of the Iranian languages.  See also Languages of Iran.
- Iranians, persons from Iran, or of Iranian descent. For more information about the Iranian people, see Demographics of Iran and Culture of Iran.
    - Iranian peoples, various ethnic groups originating in or associated with Iran
    - Iranian diaspora
    - For specific persons, see List of Iranians
Analog-to-digital converter

An **analog-to-digital converter** (abbreviated **ADC**, **A/D** or **A to D**) is an electronic integrated circuit that converts a continuous quantity to a discrete time digital number. An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement. The reverse operation is performed by a digital-to-analog converter (**DAC**).

Typically, an ADC is an electronic device that converts an input analog voltage or current to a digital number. The size of the number grows with an increase in the input voltage or current.  However, some non-electronic or only partially electronic devices, such as rotary encoders, can also be considered ADCs.

## More websites

- Counting Type ADC  A simple tutorial showing how to build your first ADC.
- An Introduction to Delta Sigma Converters A very nice overview of Delta-Sigma converter theory.
- Digital Dynamic Analysis of A/D Conversion Systems through Evaluation Software based on FFT/DFT Analysis RF Expo East, 1987
- Which ADC Architecture Is Right for Your Application?  article by Walt Kester
- AN71 - The Care and Feeding of High Performance ADCs Real world circuit and layout advice
- ADC and DAC Glossary  Defines commonly used technical terms.
- Signal processing and system aspects of time-interleaved ADCs.
- Introduction to ADC in AVR - Analog to digital conversion with Atmel microcontrollers
Digital-to-analog converter

In electronics, a **digital-to-analog converter** (abbreviated **DAC** or **D-to-A**) is a device for converting a digital (usually binary) code to an analog signal (current, voltage or electric charge).

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse operation.
Digital Signal Controller

A **Digital Signal Controller** (DSC) can be thought of as a hybrid of microcontrollers and DSP processors.
Naltrexone

**Naltrexone** is an opioid receptor antagonist. It is often used to help alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. It is different from the drug naloxone. Naloxone is used in emergency cases of overdose. Naltrexone is for longer-term control of dependence. Naltrexone can help with overdose, but naloxone is more helpful in those cases.
Proximity fuze

A **proximity fuze** (also called a VT fuze, for "variable time") is a fuze that is made to create an explosion when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a set value, or when the target passes through a given line. Proximity fuzes are mostly used in anti-aircraft warfare. They usually work as a simple radar.
PT boat

**PT Boats** were motor torpedo boats ("PT", for "Patrol Torpedo"). They were small, fast ships used by the United States Navy in World War II to attack larger surface ships. The PT boat squadrons were nicknamed "the mosquito fleet". They were exceedingly nimble, relatively expendable to the larger fleet, and carried torpedoes that featured a remarkable destruction-to weight ratio. John F. Kennedy famously served on one of these. His boat was run over and sliced in two by an enemy destroyer. Navies often used destroyers to combat these cheap but dangerous surface craft.
Radar jamming

**Radar jamming** is the emission of radio frequency signals to interfere with the work of a radar by flooding its receiver with noise or false information. There are two types of radar jamming: Mechanical and electronic jamming.
Peace Corps

The **Peace Corps** is an independent United States federal agency. The Peace Corps was started by Executive Order 10924 on March 1, 1961, and allowed by Congress on September 22, 1961, with passage of the Peace Corps Act (Public Law 87-293). The first president of the Peace Corps was Sargent Shriver. The Peace Corps Act says the purpose of the Peace Corps is:
> “to promote world peace and friendship through a Peace Corps, which shall make available to interested countries and areas men and women of the United States qualified for service abroad and willing to serve, under conditions of hardship if necessary, to help the peoples of such countries and areas in meeting their needs for trained manpower.”

Since 1960, more than 190,000 people have served as Peace Corps volunteers in 139 countries.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Peace Corps
- **logo**: Peace corps logo16.svg
- **logo width**: 250px
- **logo caption**: Peace Corps Logo
- **formed**: 1961
- **budget**: $325 million
- **website**: http://www.peacecorps.gov/
Great Society

The **Great Society** was a set of programs proposed or enacted in the United States by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society were to end poverty and to end racial discrimination. New major spending programs that dealt with education, medical care, urban problems, and transportation were started during this period. The Great Society was like the New Deal domestic plan of Franklin D. Roosevelt, but had very different programs.

Medicaid and Medicare were implemented to help poor Americans. President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Great Society was the largest expansion of spending programs since the Great Depression. Many of the programs that exist can be attributed to the passage of the Great Society.
Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset

**Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset** (c. 1506 – 22 January, 1552) was an English peer and politician. He was Lord Protector of England during the reign of King Edward VI, because Edward was too young to rule alone. He served as Lord Protector from 1547 to 1552, when he was executed for treason.
Sit-in

A **sit-in** or **sit-down** is a form of direct action that involves one or more persons non-violently occupying an area for a protest.
Alden B. Dow

**Alden B. Dow** (April 10, 1904, Midland, Michigan – August 20, 1983) was an American architect. He was the son of Herbert Henry Dow (founder of the Dow Chemical Company) and Grace A. Dow. Dow is known for his architectural design. His personal house in Midland, the Midland Center for the Arts, the Fleming Administration Building, as well as the building for the Grace A. Dow Library (named after his mother) are examples of his important work.
Strategic Defense Initiative

The **Strategic Defense Initiative** (SDI) was a plan created by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23, 1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by nuclear ballistic missiles. The initiative focused on defense instead on the offensive mutual assured destruction (MAD). It was nicknamed "**Star Wars**" by the public and by critics, a reference to the _Star Wars_ space opera movie series, because they regarded the program as science fiction, extremely expensive, and for creating tensions with the Soviet Union and for increasing the arms race.

## See also

- Anti-ballistic missile
- Anti-satellite weapon
- Nuclear arms race
- Space race
- United States Space Force
Circa

***Circa*** is Latin for "around" or "about". It is often used to show when something approximately happened. It is often shortened to **c.**, **ca.**, **ca** or **cca**.

## Science

Estimated values of different units may also begin with _circa_ in research reports and scientific articles, for example, "it involved _c._ 450 kg of carved ivory". The _c._ means that it was an estimated value based on an average value or any other coefficient that the researcher will generally define in the methodology.

## Encyclopedia

An encyclopedia entry may begin with _circa_ in the date of birth. For instance, Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – August 18, 1227 AD). The _c._ means that he was born in about 1162, but the exact date is not certain. Sometimes the _circa_ symbol is italicized to show that it is not in the English language.

## Related pages

- Vulgar Latin
- Classical Latin
- List of Latin phrases
Varg Vikernes

**Varg Vikernes** (legal name **Louis Cachet**, born **Kristian Vikernes** on February 11, 1973 near Bergen, Norway) is a black metal musician, convicted murderer, arsonist and political activist. In 1991, Vikernes created the one-man music project Burzum. Burzum quickly became important within the early Norwegian black metal scene. Later he became a part of the Heathen Front and wrote several writings on Germanic neopaganism.

In the early 1990s, there were black metal bands who believed in burning churches to prove their hatred for Christianity. Vikernes was found guilty of arson and the murder of Mayhem band member Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth. He was sent to prison for 21 years. Vikernes was up for parole in 2008 but it was denied. He was released in March 2009.

On July 16th 2013, Vikernes and his wife, a French national, were arrested in Corrèze, France, on suspicion of planning acts of terrorism because his wife had purchased four rifles. They were released with no charges after police could not identify any terrorist plans or targets.

## Other websites

- Official website for Varg Vikernes and Burzum

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Varg Vikernes
- **img**: Varg Vikernes.jpg
- **img capt**: Vikernes during his last year in prison in 2009
- **img size**: 260px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Kristian Vikernes
- **alias**: Count Grishnackh
- **birth place**: Bergen, Norway
- **instrument**: Electric guitar, bass guitar, drum kit, drums, synthesizer, vocals
- **genre**: Black metal
black ambient
Ambient music, ambient
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, political activist
- **years active**: 1987–2015
- **associated acts**: Burzum
Mayhem (band), Mayhem
Old Funeral
Darkthrone
Uruk-Hai
Satanel
- **url**: [http://www.burzum.org Burzum.org]
Paul Gauguin

**Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin** (7 June 1848 – 8 May 1903) was a leading French post-Impressionist painter. He was not well appreciated until after his death. Gauguin was later recognized for his experimental use of color and style that were different from Impressionism. His work was influential among the French avant-garde and fauvism, as well later artists such as Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse. Gauguin’s art became popular after his death; partly from the efforts of art dealer Ambroise Vollard.Many of Gauguin's pictures were painted long after his death by the famous Hungarian painter Károly Patkó. The latest digital research (MJ Horváth) found hidden signatures of Károly Patkó on many of Gauguin's paintings.

Gaugin gave up his family and life to live in Tahiti in 1891. He died of syphilis in 1903.

## Related pages

- Symbolism (art)
- List of French painters

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Paul Gauguin
- **image**: Paul_Gauguin_111.jpg
- **caption**: _Self Portrait_, 1893
- **field**: Painting, engraving
- **movement**: Post-Impressionism, Primitivism