juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
London General

**London General** is a bus company operating services in Greater London. It is a part of the Go-Ahead Group and operates buses under for Transport for London. The company was named in honour of the London General Omnibus Company, the principal operator of buses in London between 1855 and 1933.

## Infobox (bus transit)

- **logo**: London General logo.png
- **logo size**: 160
- **image**: London General bus E73 (LX57 CKA) 2007 Alexander Dennis Enviro400 integral, Trafalgar Square, route 24, 13 June 2011 (1).jpg
- **image caption**: Alexander Dennis Enviro400 on London Buses route 24, route 24 at Trafalgar Square in June 2011
- **parent**: Go-Ahead Group
- **founded**: December 1988
- **headquarters**: London Borough of Merton, Merton
- **service area**: Greater London
- **service type**: Bus services
- **fleet**: Alexander Dennis Enviro200Dart
Alexander Dennis Enviro400
VDL SB120, DAF SB120
Dennis Dart SLF
Dennis Trident 2
Mercedes-Benz O530 Citaro
New Bus for London
Scania OmniTown
Volvo B5L
Volvo B7TL
Volvo B9TL
Volvo Olympian
Wright Gemini 2 DL
Wright StreetLite
- **operator**: Go-Ahead London
- **website**: [http://www.londongeneral.co.uk/ www.londongeneral.co.uk]
Docklands Buses

**Docklands Buses** is a bus company operating in East London. It is part of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services for Transport for London.

## Infobox (bus transit)

- **name**: Docklands Buses
- **logo size**: 150px
- **image**: 425 bus at Stratford Scania Omnidekka N94UD BV55 UCY - Flickr - sludgegulper.jpg
- **image caption**: East Lancashire Coachbuilders bodied Scania OmniDekka
on London Buses route 425, route 425 at Stratford, London, Stratford in February 2012
- **parent**: Go-Ahead Group
- **routes**: 10
- **founded**: 1988
- **headquarters**: London Borough of Merton, Merton
- **service area**: East London
- **service type**: Bus services
- **operator**: Go-Ahead London
Blue Triangle

**Blue Triangle** is a bus company operating services in East London. It is a part of the Go-Ahead Group and operates services for  Transport for London. It is the operator of the East London Transit service.

## Infobox (bus transit)

- **name**: Blue Triangle
- **logo**: Blue Triangle logo.PNG
- **image**: East-London-Transit-Demonstration-Bus1.jpg
- **image caption**: Wright Eclipse Gemini 2 bodied Volvo B9TL
with East London Transit branding
- **parent**: Go-Ahead Group
- **headquarters**: Rainham, London, Rainham
- **service area**: East London
- **service type**: Bus operator
- **routes**: 15
2 non-London Bus routes
- **fleet**: Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Dart
Alexander Dennis Enviro400
Dennis Dart SLF
VDL SB180
Volvo B7TL
Volvo B9TL
Wright StreetLite
- **operator**: Go-Ahead London
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20120722032049/http://www.btbuses.com/bluetriangle/ www.btbuses.com/bluetriangle]
USC Landhaus Wien

**USC Landhaus** is an Austrian women soccer club from Vienna. USC Landhaus is one of the oldest and most successful women clubs in Austrias football history.

## History

USC Landhaus was founded in 1968 by Gerhard Traxler. The same year the team became a section of Union Landhaus. 1972 the first championship was organized by the Vienna Football Association and Landhaus played there. 2015 they started a cooperation with FK Austria Wien. From 2021 on the club plays under the Name of Austria Wien in the Frauenbundesliga. The 3rd team played in the Wiener Frauenliga and was promoted to the Second league as Union Landhaus.

Very important for the club are the young players. The club has a second squad in the second division of women football in Austria. There young players can practise their skills. 2010 the club has also 3 teams for U11, U13 and U15 which plays in regional tournaments

### Coaching staff

- Gerd Gonda Headcoach
- Markus Vinkovits Assistant coach
- Michael Straka Goalkeeper coach

## Honours

- 12x Championship winner: 1974, 1976, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1988, 1989, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001
- 11x Cup winner: 1973, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002
- 1x Supercup: 2002
UEFA Women's Cup:
- 2001/02 Group stage

## Other websites

- Club's website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: USC Landhaus
- **fullname**: Union Sportclub Landhaus
- **founded**: 1968
- **ground**: Sportplatz Jochbergengasse
- **manager**: Andreas Janota
- **league**: ÖFB-Frauenliga
- **season**: 2009/10
- **position**: 5th
- **pattern b1**: _blueshoulders
- **leftarm1**: 0000FF
- **body1**: 0000FF
- **rightarm1**: 0000FF
- **shorts1**: 0000FF
- **socks1**: 0000FF
- **pattern la2**: _redshoulders
- **pattern b2**: _redshoulders
- **pattern ra2**: _redshoulders
- **leftarm2**: FF0000
- **body2**: FF0000
- **rightarm2**: FF0000
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: FF0000
Wulguru, Queensland

**Wulguru** is a small town about 11 km east of Townsville, Queensland. The word _Wulguru_ comes from the Indigenous Australian tribe, Wulgurukaba, who lived in the area that is now Wulguru. During WW2 the Royal Australian Air Force built No. 3 Fighter Sector RAAF close to the Flinders Highway. This base comprised of the main rectangular bunker which was built into the hill. This building still remains today. The base had 62 buildings on the site with its own barracks, powerhouse, kitchen, showers and toilet blocks.
Jamote Qaumi Movement

The **Jamote Qaumi Movement** is a political party in the Balochistan province of Pakistan.

The Jamot Qomi movememt was founded by Mir Gul Hassan Manjhoo Let to provide a political platform for the Jamot people of Balochistan in 1996 in Dera Murad Jamali.  The party was created on the basis of the political philosophy of Mir Abdul Malik Shaheed and Mir Murtaza Abro Shaheed (the pioneers of the anti-feudal movement in Kachhi Balochistan)

The manifesto of the party is:
- Struggle for the Jamot people in Balochistan
- struggle against the Feudalism or the feudalism system based in Pakistan.
- the party believes the Islamic system of social justice should be implemented in country.
Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party

**Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party** (JKPP) is a political party in Azad Kashmir in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. The main center of politics of JKPP is Azad Kashmir (including Gilgit Baltistan). Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party was formed on 19 July 1990, after observing the changes in political situation of Azad Kashmir, by politicians of same school of thought, under the supervision of the founder of Azad Kashmir, Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan. The purpose of JKPP's formation was to provide a platform to the people, through which they can struggle for the Independence and betterment of the society. The First Convention of Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party was held in Islamabad on 9 December, 1992. Keeping the Democratic principles in mind, The Central Council of 200 members elected the first President of the party. Since then, the party officially started its working.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party
- **abbr**: JKPP
- **colorcode**: #193813
- **leader1 title**: President
- **leader1 name**: Sardar Hassan Ibrahim Khan
- **leader2 title**: Secretary General
- **leader2 name**: Sheikh Javed Iftar
- **leader3 title**: Chief Organizer
- **leader3 name**: Sardar Tasleem Baghi
- **slogan**: _Nothing But Truth_
- **founder**: Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan
- **headquarters**: Islamabad
- **student wing**: Jammu Kashmir Peoples Student Organization (JKPSO)
- **youth wing**: Jammu Kashmir Peoples Youth Council (JKPYC)
- **ideology**: Pakistani nationalism
Kashmiriyat, Kashmiri nationalism
Islamic democracy
Regionalism (politics), Regionalism
- **colors**: Green, white and red
- **seats4 title**: Azad Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly, AJK Assembly
- **symbol**: Sword
- **flag**: Flag of the Jammu Kashmir Peoples Party.png
- **regional**: All Parties Hurriyat Conference
- **state**: Pakistan
Alex Kaleta

**Alexander "Killer" Kaleta** (November 29, 1919 – July 9, 1987) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played 7 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers organizations. Kaleta is known for creating the hat trick tradition in hockey when he went into a Toronto shop to buy a hat but when he found one he liked he could not afford it. The shop owner made a deal with Kaleta and said that if he scored 3 goals in the next game he played he would just give him the hat free of charge. Kaleta not only scored three goals but four against the Toronto Maple Leafs.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
New York Rangers
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 160
- **birth place**: Canmore, Alberta, Canmore, Alberta, AB, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1941
- **career end**: 1955
Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir

The **Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir** is the Indian-administered Kashmir unit of the Islamist group, the Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan. Its organisation is distinct and separate from the Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, the Indian branch of the Jamaat to claim the organisation's stance that Jammu and Kashmir is not a part of the Republic of India.
Four Asian Tigers

The **Four Asian Tigers** or **Asian Dragons** are the highly developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan.  These regions were the first newly industrialized countries.  They are known because they had very high growth rates (they became rich very fast) and fast industrialization between the early 1960s and 1990s. Four economies are currently well rich economies (developed countries).

All four Asian Tigers have a highly educated and productive work force compared to others in the region.

The economic success of South Korea and Taiwan were known as the "Miracle on the Han River" and the "Taiwan Miracle" respectively.

The four tigers has accomplished rapid economical growth in a short period of time.

All the Asian Tigers tried to export (sell) products to rich industrialized nations. They grew rich very quickly (they had double-digit economic growth) for decades. Each nation was not a democracy, and people were not very free in the early years.  All of these countries later became freer, and people now think Taiwan and Korea are liberal democracies.

## Things you can read

- Ezra F. Vogel, _The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia_ (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991).

## Other websites

- BBC report on the Asian Tigers in the aftermath of the 1997 Financial Crisis (includes map of the Asian Tigers)
- ASEAN tigers
- The Elephant at the Gate in _China Economic Review_

## Infobox (chinese)

- **pic**: Four Asian Tigers.svg
- **piccap**: A map showing the Four Asian Tigers

- **t**: 亞洲四小龍
- **s**: 亚洲四小龙
- **p**: Yǎzhōu sì xiǎo lóng
- **j**: aa3 zau1 sei3 siu2 long4
- **l**: _Asia's Four Little Chinese dragon, Dragons_
- **hangul**: 아시아의 네 마리 용
- **rr**: asia ui ne mari yong
- **lk**: _Asia's four dragons_
Shih Tzu

The **Shih Tzu** is a breed of dog weighing  with long silky hair. The breed originated in China and is among the earliest breeds. Shih Tzu were officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1969

## Appearance

The Shih Tzu has a short muzzle and big, brown dark eyes. They have a silky, very long double coat. Some other Shih Tzu have shorter, more curly hair. ([Wikipedia Shih Tzus] Their fur comes in many colors.

## Temperament

These dogs are tiny, but they have a big personality. They are known for being affectionate, playful, and happy. They want to be your best friend. This tiny pup loves attention and is a perfect companion dog. If you are feeling sad, or need a hug, the Shih Tzu will always fluff you down with puppy hugs and kisses. [akc.org Shih Tzu] This dog requires a lot of attention, due to their connections to royalty.

## Coat Colors and Quality

The Shih Tzu is a good quality dog because of the shiny, welll groomed, silky coat and the Chinese valued Shih Tzu the most. [Wikipedia Shih Tzus] The coat colors come in light brown, black, white, black and white, black and gold, white and gold, dark brown, gold, red and black, and brown and white.

## Etymology

The Shih Tzu gets their name from the Chinese word for “little lion.” They are to be respected. [History of Shih Tzu - Shih Tzu club]

## History

Back then, only royalty could be seen with a Shih Tzu. The Shih Tzu was related to the Chinese Pug, who was respected. A powerful woman from the palace in China adored dogs, and she was interested in them. She had the staff breed some palace dogs and she watched every time. [www.theshihtzuclub.co.uk] This is why the Shih Tzu became known as the royal dogs.

## Health

Shih Tzus are usually healthy and live from 10 to 16 years, [www.akc.org] but they have a few problems Shih Tzus usually have. Eye problems, Brachycephalic Syndrome (A pathological condition which leads to severe respiratory distress), dental problems, ar

## Infobox (dog breed)

- **image**: Shihtzu (cropped).jpg
- **image caption**: A Shih Tzu in full show coat
- **name**: Shih Tzu
- **altname**: Chrysanthemum Dog
- **country**: Tibet
- **coat**: See #Coat colors and quality, Coats section below
- **colour**: All are permissible
Often multiple color coats
Gold
Dark/Light Brown
White
Black
White
Grey
Liver/White
- **litter size**: 2–9
- **life span**: 10–18 years, average is 12 years old
- **kc name**: China Kennel Union
- **kc std**: http://www.cku.org.cn/breed/dog/208
- **fcistd**: http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/208g09-en.pdf
Non-Aligned Movement

The **Non-Aligned Movement** (**NAM**) is an international organization (group of countries) who do not want to be officially **aligned** with or against any major power bloc (group of countries).  In 2024, the movement had 121 members and 27 observers.

## Infobox (geopolitical organization)

- **name**: Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
- **symbol type**: parth
- **image map**: NAM Members.svg
- **alt map**: Map of the world indicating members and observers of the Non-Aligned Movement
- **map width**: 250px
- **map caption**: <div style="text-align:left;margin-left:7.5em;"></div>
- **membership type**: Membership
- **admin center type**: Coordinating Bureau
- **admin center**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **leader name1**: Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries
- **leader title2**: Chairperson
- **leader name2**: Yoweri Museveni
- **established**: 1961 in Belgrade
as the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries
Economic development

**Economic** **development** it is the growth of standard of living of nations from a poor economy  to a _high-income economy. When the local _quality of life_ is improved, there is more economic  development. Adam Smith theory of Economic development created a basic framework for understanding.

When social scientists study economic development, they look at a lot of things.  They want to know about the way  economic development is discussed by historians.  They also want to know how development is happening today.  They may  want to know why people _invest_ more money in some places than in others.  They also want to know why people are better at making things to sell in some countries rather than others.

## Measuring Economic Development

Economists usually measure economic development by GDP, Gross domestic product.

**Same map** for people with color blindness.

One way to measure economic development is _human development.
_Human development_ is very important, and includes the health of the people and their education.  This usually goes together with _economic growth._ As people in a country become healthier and get better education, they also usually get richer, because healthy, educated workers are more _productive_ (better at making things), and richer workers can afford health and education.
The Human Development Index looks at how long people live, how well people read, how many people go to school, and how much money people make.

Economists also look at the _rate of growth_, which is how fast a country gets richer.

## Related pages

- Developed country
- Developing country
- Development economics
- Economic sector
- Human Development Index
- Newly industrialized country
- Least developed country
- OECD
- BRICS
- Next Eleven
- Four Asian Tigers
- Standard of living
Newly industrialized country

The term **newly industrialized country** (**NIC**) is a socioeconomic classification used by political scientists and economists to talk about several countries around the world.

NICs are countries who still are not developed countries but are doing better than other developing countries.   NICs have fast growing economies, and export a lot. In NICs many things in the country change quickly as people from the country move to the cities to take jobs in factories.

NICs usually share some other common features, including:
- Increased social freedoms and civil rights.
- Strong political leaders.
- A switch from agricultural to industrial economies, especially in the manufacturing sector.
- An increasingly open-market economy, allowing free trade with other nations in the world.
- Large national corporations operating in several continents.
- A lot of investment from foreign countries.
- Political leadership in the part of the word they are in.
- Fewer poor people

NICs often receive support from international organizations such as the WTO and other international support bodies. However, as environmental, labor and social standards tend to be significantly weaker in NICs, many fair trade supporters have advocated standards for importing their products and criticized the outsourcing of jobs to NICs.

## Related pages

- Emerging markets
- Flying Geese Paradigm

**Groupings:**
- G8+5
- G20 industrial nations
- G20 developing nations
- BRICS
- Next Eleven
SV Neulengbach

**USV Neulengbach** is a football club from Neulengbach, Lower Austria. The club was founded in 1923. The men's team playes in Lower Austrian's 2. class. The women's team was founded in 1996 and plays in the ÖFB-Frauenliga, the top level of Austrian women's football.

## History

The history goes back to 1992. In this year women formed a team in Altlengbach and after the first matches they wanted to play on. They had sucess but after problems with officials of SV Altlengbach the team went to SV Neulengbach. 1996 the women's section of SV Neulengbach was founded. In the 1996/97 season they took over the place of SV Altlengbach in the 2nd League East where they became champion and were promoted to the Frauenliga. In their first year they reached the 5th place, the next season they were runners-up. The following years they became the dominant club in the Bundesliga. They won 12 titels in the league and 10 times the Cup. This dominant role ended in 2015.

In the sucessful years the team was formed almost totally of players of the Austrian women's football national team. But the most known playyer came from Brazil. Rosana played for Neulengbach from 2005 till 2008. She had won the Silver medal with Brazil in 2004 Olympic games in Athens. Another famous player is Nina Burger who played 109 matches for the national team of Austria.

### Coaching staff

- Andreas Ogris Headcoach
- Felizitas Schneider Assistant coach
- Maria Wolf Assistant coach
- Andreas Höller Goalkeeper coach
- Wolfgang Knaller Goalkeeper coach

## Honours

- 12 × Austrian Champion: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
- 10 × Austrian Cup: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012
- 2 × Supercupsieger: 2003, 2004

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: SV Neulengbach
- **fullname**: Union Sportverein Neulengbach
- **founded**: 1923
Women's section founded 1996
- **ground**: Wienerwaldstadion, Neulengbach
- **capacity**: 3,000
- **coach**: Maria Gstöttner/Katja Gürtler
- **league**: ÖFB-Frauenliga
- **season**: 2021-22
- **position**: ÖFB-Frauenliga, 5th
- **pattern la1**: _neulengbach14h
- **pattern b1**: _neulengbach14h
- **pattern ra1**: _neulengbach14h
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: 000000
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _neulengbach14a
- **pattern b2**: _neulengbach14a
- **pattern ra2**: _neulengbach14a
- **leftarm2**: FF0000
- **body2**: FF0000
- **rightarm2**: FF0000
- **shorts2**: FF2222
- **socks2**: FF2222
- **website**: http://www.neulengbach.at/
C2c (1996–2025)

**Trenitalia c2c Limited**, trading as **c2c**, was a British train operating company that operated commuter services from the London terminus at  to parts of East London and south Essex along the London, Tilbury and Southend line. It was the operator of the Essex Thameside railway franchise, and later rail contract, from 26 May 1996 to 20 July 2025.

## Route

The normal off-peak service are of eight trains per hour (tph) coming and leaving Fenchurch Street:
- 4 tph to Shoeburyness going past Basildon
    - _of which 2 trains do not stop at Limehouse, West Horndon and Pitsea
    - _2 trains stop at all stations
- 2tph to Grays via Rainham
- 2tph to Southend Central via Ockendon
Additional night services operate between Shoeburyness / Pitsea / Grays-Barking.

Additional morning peak services operate between Shoeburyness / Pitsea / Stanford-le-Hope - Grays.

## Other websites

- Official Web site
- Unofficial c2c user site
- Google Maps showing stations, route and alternative diversion to Liverpool Street & Stratford

## Infobox (rail company)

- **name**: c2c
- **logo size**: 150px
- **image**: 357043 and 357042 at Fenchurch Street (15909578974).jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: British Rail Class 357, Class 357 _Electrostars_ at  in 2014
- **franchise**: London, Tilbury & Southend:
26 May 1996 – 8 November 2014
Essex Thameside:
9 November 2014 – 10 November 2029
- **nameforarea**: route
- **abbr**: CC
- **regions**: to
- **secregions**: to  via Rainham (Essex) railway station, Rainham
to  via
to  via
- **fleet**: 74 British Rail Class 357, Class 357 _Electrostar_ sets
6 British Rail Class 387, Class 387 _Electrostar_ sets
- **stations**: 28
- **stationsop**: 25
- **routekm**: 128.7
- **parent company**: Trenitalia
- **website**: www.c2c-online.co.uk
- **map**:
Hatton Cross station

**Hatton Cross station** is a underground station on the Piccadilly Line on the London Underground system. It is next to Hounslow West and Heathrow T4 & 123.
Turnham Green station

**Turnham Green Station** is a underground station on the Piccadilly Line and District Line  on the London Underground system. It is next to Chiswick Park, Gunnersbury and Stamford Brook.
Piccadilly Line services operate to this station Early Mornings and Late Evenings. If the District line is closed Piccadilly trains will stop here.
Fenchurch Street railway station

**Fenchurch Street Station** is a main London Terminal. It is operated by c2c. All c2c services arrive and depart from the station. It is the main London Terminus for c2c. Limehouse railway station is the following station to the east.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Fenchurch Street
- **alt name**: London Fenchurch Street
- **symbol**: rail
- **manager**: C2c
- **owner**: Network rail
- **owner1**: Transport for London
- **locale**: Tower (ward), Tower
- **borough**: City of London
- **image name**: File:357043 and 357042 at Fenchurch Street (15909578974).jpg
- **caption**: Two British Rail Class 357, class 357 trains at Fenchurch Street railway station
- **platforms**: 4
- **fare zone**: 1
- **railcode**: FST
- **map type**: Central London
- **years1**: 1841
- **events1**: Fenchurch street station opened
- **interchange**: Aldgate tube station, Aldgate
- **interchange1**: Bank–Monument station, Bank-Monument
- **interchange2**: Liverpool Street station, Liverpool Street
- **interchange3**: Tower Gateway DLR station, Tower Gateway
- **interchange4**: Tower Hill tube station, Tower Hill
Fraternities and sororities

**Fraternities and sororities** are social groups for college students, though sometimes high schools have them too. They exist mostly in the United States and Europe. The words _frater_ and _soror_ are Latin for "brother" and "sister" and used to show closeness between members. They also denote whether the group is for men or women. Sororities are only for women. Fraternities are only for men. But there are some fraternities for women.

Fraternities and sororities often have groups at many different schools. Each fraternity or sorority is given two or three Greek letters to call themselves, for example, ΑΦ (Alpha Phi) or ΑΧΩ (Alpha Chi Omega). To tell the difference between groups at different schools, called chapters, each chapter is given another set of Greek letters. For example, a man in the Kappa Sigma fraternity who goes to the University of Louisiana at Lafayette is part of the fraternity's EX (Epsilon Chi) chapter. Chapters sometimes have houses on or near the campus of the college the members attend that members can live in.

Fraternities and sororities often participate in community service.

## Joining

Fraternities and sororities are often exclusive, meaning people who want to join need to be invited to do so. This is done during a process called "rushing". During a rush, people who want to join a chapter will talk to current members. If the member think the person rushing is a good fit for the group, they will get an invitation, called a "bid", to join the chapter. If the person rushing accepts, they become a "pledge".

The pledging period is a time when the pledge is not yet a full member, and may leave or be refused membership at any time. Sometimes, members of the chapter will put the pledge through trials. Sometimes they are tests on the history of the fraternity they are trying to join, wearing a badge with the fraternity's letters on it at all times, or performing public service. Sometimes the trials are cruel, dangerous or humiliating. If the trials are cruel, it is called "hazing". Hazing is illegal in 44 states.

After the pledging period, the pledge becomes a full member of the chapter and fraternity or sorority.
Bernese mountain dog

The **Bernese mountain dog** is a breed of dog from Switzerland.

These dogs are _tricolour_, which means their coat of fur is made up of three colors: black, white, and tan. They are gentle, loyal, and good with children. Bernese Mountain Dogs are very large dogs, weighing from 70 to 120 pounds (32 to 54 kilograms) as adults. They were first used to pull carts and worked as all-around farm dogs.
Fire ecology

**Fire ecology** is about the effects of fire on the ecosystems where it occurs. The results of fire are studied, and also what causes the fires.

In many ecosystems, fire helps keep the habitat healthy. Examples of such habitats are the North American prairie and chaparral ecosystems, and the South African savanna. In these ecosystems, fire helps renew the habitat. In theses places, many plants and trees have adapted and need fire to grow well, or for their seeds to germinate and start ecological succession.

If the fires are stopped, dry wood and dead plants accumulate. Bushes and trees that catch fire easily will start growing. When this area finally does catch fire, it will make the wildfire larger and more damaging, and be harder to control.

In the United States, campaigns have made people believe that wildfires are always bad for nature. This comes from the old belief that ecosystems grow towards a stable system, and disturbances like fires stop that, and destroy the harmony of nature.  But we have since learned that in some areas, fire is needed to make the system work properly; fire also helps biodiversity of many habitats. The plants and animals in these habitats have adapted to protect themselves from fire, and sometimes must have fire to survive.

Still, fire can kill people or burn down buildings.  Now, controlled burns are sometimes done to have fire where it is needed, but don't let it go where it can cause damage to people or their property.

## Related pages

- Wildfire
- Bushfire
Goldman Sachs

**The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.**, or just **Goldman Sachs** is an investment banking and securities firm. They are involved with global investment banking, securities, investment management, and other financial services mainly with institutional clients. They are also known to be a primary dealer in the United States Treasury security market.

2017-Four have Goldman Sachs **USD 7.830.000.000** ("deutsch 7,83 Milliarden Dollar").

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.
- **logo**: Goldman Sachs.svg
- **logo size**: 125px
- **image**: GoldmanSachsHeadquarters.JPG
- **image size**: 200px
- **company type**: Public company, Public ()
- **foundation**: 1869
- **location**: New York City, United States of America, USA
- **key people**: Lloyd Blankfein, Chairman, CEO
Gary Cohn, President, Chief operating officer, COO
- **industry**: Banking
Financial Services
- **revenue**: ▼$28,811 billion United States dollar, USD (2011)
- **operating income**: ▼$6,169 billion USD (2011)
- **net income**: ▼$4,442 billion (2011)
- **num employees**: 33.300 (2011)
- **homepage**: [http://www.gs.com/ GS.com]
The Province

***The Province*** is a newspaper that serves the British Columbia province in Canada. The Province was founded in 1898. The paper was bought in 1923 by a Southam family. The newspaper runs daily and is the most read newspaper in the province of British Columbia with The Vancouver Sun coming in second place. The newspaper also had a radio station named CFCB and it relinquished its licence in February of 1940 after the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation told it to.

_The Province_ and  _Vancouver Sun_ are both owned by Postmedia Network Inc.

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: The Province
- **logo**: The Province (2019-10-31).svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **format**: Tabloid
- **foundation**: 1898
- **owners**: Postmedia Network
- **editor**: Nancy Conway
- **circulation**: 128,186 Daily
149,320 Sunday
- **headquarters**: 200 Granville Street
Suite #1
Vancouver, British Columbia, BC, Canada
Vancouver Sun

The ***Vancouver Sun*** is a newspaper that serves the British Columbia province in Canada. The _Vancouver Sun_ was founded in 1912. The newspaper runs daily and is the second most read newspaper in the province of British Columbia, with The Province coming in first place. The newspaper has the largest newsroom in Vancouver although its staff of reporters has reduced in recent years. The Vancouver Sun is not a part of the Sun Media chain which has newspapers in Toronto, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton.

The _Vancouver Sun_ is owned by Postmedia.

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: The Vancouver Sun
- **logo**: Vancouver Sun logo 2016.jpg
- **logo size**: 150px
- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **format**: Broadsheet
- **owners**: Postmedia Network Inc.
- **headquarters**: 2985 Virtual Way #400, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5M 4X7
- **chiefeditor**: Harold Munro
- **issn**: 0832-1299
Rustavi

**Rustavi** () is a city in Georgia. It was founded in the 4th century by Trdat of Iberia. In the 13th century, it became empty. Rustavi was rebuilt in the 20th century. Rustavi has the Rustavi Metallurgical Plant. As of 2014, the city had 125,103 people.

## Other websites

- Official Site of City

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Rustavi
- **image skyline**: Rustavi_Square.JPG
- **imagesize**: 280px
- **image flag**: Flag of Rustavi.svg
- **image seal**: Coat of Arms of Rustavi.svg
- **mapsize**: 230px
- **pushpin map**: Georgia Kvemo Kartli#Georgia
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **map caption**: Location of Rustavi in Georgia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Mkhare
- **subdivision name1**: Kvemo Kartli
- **area total km2**: 60.6
- **population as of**: 2018
- **population total**: 127800
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Georgian Time
- **utc offset**: +4
- **elevation m**: 350
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 3700
- **area code**: (+995) 341
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Humid subtropical climate, Cfa
Gaur

The **gaur** is a bovine species, similar to the bison. ***Bos gaurus*** (or **Indian bison**) is the largest living bovine. It is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia.

The height up to the shoulder of the male is 175 to 195 cm. When the female is 165 to 185 cm. Has the same height. Length from head to body is 240 to 300 cm. And length 70 to 105 cm. Have. The flowering of horns, which are relatively short cylindrical and have a small roundness on the inside, is about 85 to 100 cm. Mating at any time of the year. New calves are found especially during the months of November to March. Its gestation period is about 270 days.

The pregnant female is separated from her herd.  She gives birth to a baby and keeps the baby moving around.  The female takes constant care of him.  Babies start walking a few minutes after birth.  Mother and calf rejoin their herd after being separated for a few days.

The species is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1986. Population trends are stable in well-protected areas, and are building up in a few areas which had been neglected.

The gaur is the tallest species of wild cattle.  The Malayan gaur is called _seladang_, and the Burmese gaur is called _pyoung_.  The domesticated form of the gaur _Bos frontalis_ is called 'gayal' or 'mithun'.
Seed fern

The term **seed ferns** (**Pteridospermatophyta**) are several groups of extinct seed plants (spermatophytes).

The oldest fossil evidence of plants of this type is from Upper Devonian strata. They flourished during the Carboniferous and Permian periods.

Pteridosperms declined during the Mesozoic Era and had mostly disappeared by the end of the Cretaceous. Some fossil pteridosperm-like plants seem to have survived into Eocene times in Tasmania.

## History of the term

The concept of the pteridosperms goes back to the late 19th century. Palaeobotanists saw that many Carboniferous fossils which looked like ferns had anatomical features like cycads.

British palaeobotanists made the discovery that some of these fronds were associated with seeds, and concluded that the fronds and seeds belonged to the same plants.

Initially it was still thought that they were intermediate between the ferns and cycads. In the English-speaking world they were referred to as "seed ferns" or "pteridosperms". Today, most palaeobotanists regard them as being only distantly related to ferns and that these names are misleading. The names have nevertheless stuck.

Later during the 20th century, the concept of pteridosperms was expanded to include various Mesozoic groups of seed plants with fern-like fronds. Some palaeobotanists also included seed plant groups with entire leaves such as _Glossopteris_ and its relatives, which was clearly stretching the concept.

The seed ferns were by far the earliest seed plants, and must have included the ancestors of the later plants. They are spread across a number of clades, so many palaeobotanists today regard pteridosperms as little more than a paraphyletic 'grade-group'.

Does the concept of pteridosperms have any value today?  Many palaeobotanists still use the term in an informal sense for the seed plants that are not angiosperms, coniferoids (conifers or cordaites), ginkgophytes or cycadophytes (cycads or bennettites).

This is useful for extinct seed plant groups, whose relationships are unknown. We can call them" pteridosperms" with no suggestion of their being a clade. Also, for curators or collectors, the term 'pteridosperm' is a useful shorthand for describing fern-like fronds probably produced by seed plants, which are often found in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossil floras.
John Riggins

**Robert John Riggins** (born August 4, 1949 in Seneca, Kansas) is a retired American football running back who used to play for the New York Jets and Washington Redskins of the NFL. He was nicknamed "**The Diesel**". He won Super Bowl XVII with the Washington Redskins where he was also the MVP and is a member of the Redskins Ring of Fame. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1992.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **image**: John Riggins.jpg
- **image size**: 275px
- **position**: Running back
- **number**: 44
- **birth place**: Seneca, Kansas
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lbs**: 230
- **draftyear**: 1971
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 6
- **high school**: Centralia High School (Kansas), Centralia (KS)
- **college**: Kansas Jayhawks football, Kansas
- **teams**: * New York Jets (–)
* Washington Redskins (–)
- **highlights**: * Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl XVII, XVII)
* Super Bowl MVP (Super Bowl XVII, XVII)
* Pro Bowl (1976 Pro Bowl, 1975)
* First-team All-Pro (1983 All-Pro Team, 1983)
* Bert Bell Award (1983)
* NFL Comeback Player of the Year (1978)
* 2× List of NFL season rushing touchdowns leaders, NFL rushing touchdowns leader (1983, 1984)
* NFL 1980s All-Decade Team
* Washington Redskins#Redskins Ring of Fame, Washington Redskins Ring of Fame
- **statlabel1**: Rushing yards
- **statvalue1**: 11,352
- **statlabel2**: Rushing average
- **statvalue2**: 3.9
- **statlabel3**: Rushing touchdowns
- **statvalue3**: 104
- **nfl**: RIG207644
- **hof**: john-riggins
Glossopteris

***Glossopteris***  is the largest and best-known genus of the extinct seed ferns. They were typical plants of the coal forests or coal swamps which lasted from the Pennsylvanian (later Carboniferous) to the end of the Permian.

The coal swamps were world-wide because, for that long time, the continents were close together in Gondwana. Therefore they had similar wet, tropical climates.

## History

The Glossopteridales arose in the Southern Hemisphere around the beginning of the Permian (~300 million years ago). Their distribution across several continents led Eduard Suess to suggest the southern continents were once together in a single supercontinent – Gondwana.

These plants went on to become the dominant elements of the southern flora through the rest of the Permian but disappeared in almost all places at the end of the Permian (~250mya).

The only convincing Triassic records are very earliest Triassic leaves from Nidpur, India. Even these records are somewhat questionable owing to faulting and complex juxtapositioning of Permian and Triassic strata at Nidpur.

Some textbooks cite the continuation of glossopterids into later parts of the Triassic and, in some cases into the Jurassic. These are mistakes based on misidentification of similar leaves, such as those of _Gontriglossa_, _Sagenopteris_, or _Mexiglossa_.

Glossopterids were, thus, one of the major casualties of the end-Permian mass-extinction event.
Gnetophyta

The **Gnetophytes** are a group of seed plants with three genera. Their evolutionary relationships are unclear, but it is now clear that they are related to each other.

The three genera are:
- _Gnetum_
- _Welwitschia_
- _Ephedra_

By looking at the structure of these organisms (morphology) and the DNA (molecular taxonomy), scientists have found that _Gnetum_ and _Welwitschia_ are more closely related to each other than to _Ephedra_.
Pulitzer

**Pulitzer** may refer to:

- Pulitzer Prize, an annual U.S. journalism, literary, and music award

## People

- Joseph Pulitzer (1847–1911), a newspaper publisher and journalist
- Lilly Pulitzer (1931–2013), a socialite and prominent fashion designer
Andy & Lucas

**Andy & Lucas** are a Spanish flamenco band formed by Andrés Morales and Lucas González. They introduced their first CD in 2003.

## Biography

Andrés was born on April 4, 1982 and Lucas González on September 28, 1982. They lived in Cádiz (La Laguna) and they went to the same school. On May 26, 2003 they edited their first album which had 13 songs. The single "Son de amores" became the summer song in Spain. They sold more than 500,000 copies around the world.

Their second album was called _Desde mi barrio_ and it was edited on 2004. Their third album was _Ganas de vivir_. It had 12 songs. Andy wrote seven of the songs, and Lucas wrote five.
Papa John's Pizza

**Papa John's** is the third largest pizza company based in the United States. Its headquarters are in Louisville, Kentucky, U.S. It was founded by John Schnatter in 1984.

## Other websites

- Official website
Shrew opossum

The order **Paucituberculata** contains the six surviving species of **shrew opossum**. _Caenolestes_ is the main genus, and the group as a whole may be called 'caenolestids'.

They are small, shrew-like marsupials of the Andes mountains of South America.

20 million years ago, there were at least seven genera in South America. Today, just three genera remain. They live in inaccessible forest and grassland regions of the high Andes.

Insectivores were absent from South America until the Great American Interchange three million years ago, and are present now only in the northwestern part of the continent. Shrew opossums have lost ground to  the these and other placental invaders that fill the same ecological niches. Nevertheless, the ranges of shrew opossums and insectivores overlap broadly.

Shrew opossums are about the size of a small rat (9–14 cm long), with thin limbs, a long, pointed snout and a slender, hairy tail. They are largely carnivorous, being active hunters of insects, earthworms and small vertebrates. They have small eyes and poor sight, and hunt in the early evening and at night, using their hearing and long, sensitive whiskers to locate prey. They seem to spend much of their lives in underground burrows and on surface runways.

Largely because of their rugged, inaccessible habitat, they are very poorly known. Recent studies suggest that they may be more common than had been thought.
Australidelphia

The **Australidelphia** is a superorder of Australasian marsupial mammals.

It consists in five extant (living) orders, which contain most of the world's marsupials.

- Superorder **Australodelphia**
    - Order Microbiotheria
    - Order Dasyuromorphia
    - Order Peramelemorphia
    - Order Notoryctemorphia
    - Order Diprotodontia
    - Order Yalkaparidontia (extinct)
Lepidodendron

***Lepidodendron*** is an extinct genus of primitive (tree-like) plant. They were the first large land plants, and a major part of the coal forest tropical flora.

They were huge, over , and the trunks were often over  in diameter.

Sometimes called 'giant club mosses', they are actually closer to the quillworts _Isoetes_ than to clubmosses.

## Ecology

They thrived during the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the Carboniferous 315–300 million years years ago.

The conditions were tropical swamps and rain forests of a huge river system much larger that the Amazon basin.

The river plain which was the heart of the wetland stretched across Pangaea 5000 km from eastern Canada to Ukraine, and was 700 km wide.<sup>p6</sup> This would make the Pennsylvanian basin larger than any wetlands on Earth today.

### Change of climate

The rainforest system collapsed about halfway through the Pennsylvanian, and was replaced by a cooler, drier climate.

The wetland forests ended when the land level was raised by the pressure of the Gondwana continent against Laurussia, causing the zone of contact to be raised. The end of the Coal Measures marks the end of the Carboniferous period. China was too far away to be affected, and there the wetland forests continued for another 50 million years, into the early Permian.<sup>p30</sup>

## Structure

_Lepidodendron_ had tall, thick trunks that rarely branched and were topped with a crown of bifurcating branches bearing clusters of leaves. These leaves were long and narrow, similar to large blades of grass, and were spirally-arranged.

The closely packed diamond-shaped leaf scars left on the trunk and stems as the plant grew provide some of the most interesting and common fossils in Carboniferous shales and accompanying coal deposits. These fossils look much like tire tracks or alligator skin.

The scars, or leaf cushions, were composed of green photosynthetic tissue, evidenced by the cuticle covering and being dotted with stomata, microscopic pores through which carbon dioxide from the air diffuses into plants. Likewise, the trunks of _Lepidodendron_ would have been green, unlike modern trees which have scaly, non-photosynthetic brown or gray bark.

_Lepidodendron_ has been likened to a giant herb. The trunks produced very little, if any, wood. Most structural support came from a thick, bark-like region. This region remained around the trunk as a rigid layer that did not flake off like that of most modern trees. As the tree grew, the leaf cushions expanded to accommodate the increasing width of the trunk.

The branches of this plant ended in cone-like structures. _Lepidodendron_ did not produce seeds like many modern plants. Instead, it reproduced by means of spores.

## Stigmaria

***Stigmaria*** are a type of branching tree root fossil found in Carboniferous rocks. They were the roots of coal forest lycopsid trees such as _Sigillaria_ and _Lepidodendron_. Each trunk had four of those roots. _Stigmaria_ is a "form taxon", as the genus and species of the plant bearing the root cannot be identified.
DuPont

**E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company** (often **DuPont**) is an American chemical company. Eleuthère Irénée du Pont founded it in July 1802 as a gunpowder mill. DuPont was the world's third largest chemical company based on market capitalization and ninth based on revenue in 2009. Its stock price is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

In the 20th century, DuPont developed many polymers such as Vespel, neoprene, nylon, Corian, Teflon, Mylar, Kevlar, Zemdrain, M5 fiber, Nomex, Tyvek, Sorona and Lycra. DuPont developed  Freon (chlorofluorocarbons) for the cooling industry and later, more environmentally friendly refrigerants. It developed synthetic pigments and paints including ChromaFlair.

Some of DuPont's trademarked brands have become genericized. For instance, “neoprene” was originally intended to be a trademark, but quickly came into common usage.
Melendi

**Ramón Melendi Espinosa** (born 21 January 1979 in Oviedo, Asturias) is a Spanish pop and rumba singer. He studied in the school, Leopoldo Alas "Clarín" with the Formula 1 pilot Fernando Alonso. He wrote a song for him called _Magic Alonso_.

## Career

In 2003, Melendi made his first album _Sin noticias de Holanda_ which had 12 songs. In December of the same year, he wrote two new songs, _Asturias_ and _Moratalá_, which were very successful. In 2004, one of his songs, _Con la luna llena_, was chosen as the official song of a Spanish bicycling event called _La vuelta ciclista España_. One year later, he made his second single album _Que el cielo espere sentao_. He sold more than 200,000 copies of it. Some years later he made three more albums.

Melendi sings in concerts around Spain and South America.