Encyclopædia Britannica

The **** (Latin for "British Encyclopædia"), previously published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a popular encyclopædia which since 2011 is published as an online encyclopædia.

## Overview

The **Encyclopædia Britannica** was originally only printed on paper, but late in the 20th century it expanded to have digital, or computer versions as well. Since 2010, it's out of print in paper versions. The encyclopædia is split into many books. The articles in the books are arranged in alphabetical order. There have been versions of it that are for children as well. It is the largest printed encyclopædia in English, and the second largest encyclopædia. The largest is Wikipedia.

### The Macropædia

The encyclopædia was once very small, the first edition in 1768 only had 3 books. Slowly it became bigger. The last edition, the 15th, started in 1974, has 29 books, plus two indexes. It includes an extra book called Propædia, to classify knowledge. The 29 books and made up of a Macropædia and a Micropædia.

The Macropædia is a larger one, with more detailed articles that can be as long as 300 pages, made up of 17 books, while the Micropædia is the smaller one with many much shorter articles that are usually less than 750 words.

The Micropædia is used for fast-checking, but for more detailed information, people have to use the Macropædia. Each book is very big, more than 1,000 pages per book. Every year, an update book was published. The last yearbook was for 2018, published in 2017.

### Transition to electronic publishing

In March 2012, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced it would no longer publish printed editions, and would focus instead on the online version, _Encyclopædia Britannica Online_.

### Audience

The articles in the Britannica are for educated adults, not for children, and written by about 100 full-time editors and over 4,000 expert contributors. The Britannica is the oldest English-language encyclopædia now. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland and grew very popular, with its third edition in 1801 comprising of 21 books.

### Size

The size of the Britannica is almost the same since the 1930s, with about 40 million words on half a million topics. The encyclopædia was once owned by British people. In the 20th century it was American-owned, but it is still written in British English. Over time, the encyclopædia has had difficulties trying to earn money, which almost every encyclopædia is facing.

## History

Many different people have owned the Britannica. They include Scottish publisher A & C Black, Horace Everett Hooper, Sears Roebuck and William Benton. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is owned by Jacqui Safra, a Swiss billionaire and actor.

Information technology has become better and more electronic encyclopædias such as _Microsoft Encarta_ and Wikipedia have made people not want to buy encyclopædias in print anymore.

So that it still can survive, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has kept on telling people that the _Britannica_ is good and accurate, made the encyclopædia cheaper, and made electronic versions on CD-ROM, DVD and the World Wide Web (WWW). Since the early 1930s, the company has also promoted spin-off reference works.

#### Introduction

There are 15 official editions of the encyclopædia, with some extensions to the 3rd and 5th editions (see the Table below). Actually, one can say that the 10th edition was only an extension to the 9th edition, and the 12th and 13th editions were extensions to the 11th edition. The 15th edition was reorganised in 1985, and the updated, current version is the 15th edition.

Throughout history, the _Britannica_ sought to be an excellent reference book to provide learning materials. In 1974, the 15th edition had a third wish: to put together all that everyone knows. The history of the _Britannica_ can be divided into five main eras, or lengths of time.

#### First era

In its first years (1st–6th editions, 1768–1826), the _Britannica_ was controlled by the people who first wrote it, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, and by their friends and relations, such as Thomas Bonar, George Gleig and Archibald Constable.

The _Britannica_ was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, a city in Scotland, called the _Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A dictionary of arts and sciences, compiled upon a new plan_. It was written to replace the French _Encyclopédie_. Its logo, which is the floral emblem of Scotland, shows that the _Britannica_ was a Scottish business.

The encyclopædia being created is one of the most famous events that happened in the time when Scotland started inventing many things, or the Age of Enlightenment.

The _Britannica_ started as three-book set ( in the 1st edition) written by one young editor — William Smellie. Many said that the first edition of the encyclopædia lack accuracy, and had many problems in it. Slowly, the _Britannica_ changed, in the first era, to a 20-book set written by many people.

Although a few other encyclopædias had been fighting with the _Britannica_, such as _Rees's Cyclopædia_ and Samuel Taylor Coleridge's _Encyclopædia Metropolitana_, these encyclopedias either went bankrupt or were not finished because the people writing them argued.

When the first era was almost over, the _Britannica_ had many people helping to write it, all having different types of skills. The encyclopædia managed to get so many people by inviting their friends to help.

#### Second era

In the second era (7th–9th editions, 1827–1901), the _Britannica_ was owned by the Edinburgh company, A & C Black. Although some of the people who helped write the _Britannica_ helped because they were friends of the most important editors, many other people wanted to help the _Britannica_ because it was becoming very successful.

These people came from many other countries, and some of them were very famous for the things they wrote about. An index of all the articles was written to add to the 7th edition of the encyclopædia, and they continued to make an index until 1974.

The first English chief editor was Thomas Spencer Baynes, who led the making of the famous 9th edition, which is also called the "Scholar's Edition". The 9th edition is considered to be the _Britannica_ most meant for students ever written. However, at the end of the 19th century, the 9th edition was already too old and the _Britannica_ had many financial problems.

#### Third era

In the third era (10th–14th editions, 1901–1973), the _Britannica_ was owned by American people, who started to advertise a lot to earn more money. The American owners also slowly made the _Britannica's_ articles simpler, so it could serve more people.

The 11th edition is said by many people to be the best edition of the encyclopedia. Its owner, Horace Hooper, worked extremely hard to make the 11th edition perfect.  When Hooper had financial problems, the _Britannica_ was managed by Sears Roebuck for about 18 years (1920–1923, 1928–1943). In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, owned the _Britannica_.

In 1936, he started to continuously revise the encyclopædia often (still done so today), in which every article is checked at least two times every ten years. This was a big difference from before, when the articles were not changed until they wrote a new edition, about every 25 years, with some articles used again without revising them.

He also quickly made some educational products which made the encyclopedia even more well known by everyone. In 1943, William Benton managed the _Britannica_ until his death in 1973. Benton also set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the _Britannica_ until 1996. In 1968, near the end of this era, the _Britannica_ celebrated its 200-year anniversary, and in 2014 published the last printed edition.

### 2007 print version

Since 1985, the _Britannica_ has had four parts: the _Micropædia,_ the _Macropædia,_ the _Propædia,_ and a two-book index. The _Britannica**s articles are found in the _Micropædia_ and _Macropædia,_ which contain 12 and 17 books, respectively, each book having about one thousand pages. The 2007 _Macropædia_ has 699 detailed articles, which can be as short as 2 pages and as long as 310 pages, and having references and named writers.

The 2007 _Micropædia_ has about 65,000 articles, and about 97% contain less than 750 words, no references, and no named contributors. The _Micropædia_ articles are supposed to be for quick fact-checking and to help in finding more information in the _Macropædia_. The _Macropædia_ articles are supposed to be well-written articles on their subjects and articles of information where you cannot find anywhere else. The longest article (310 pages) is on the United States, and came from putting the articles on the individual states together.

Information can be found in the _Britannica_ by following the notes telling where people can find more information in the _Micropædia_ and _Macropædia_; but there are very little of this, with about only one of this every page. So, readers are asked to try to use the indexes or the _Propædia_, which organises what is in the _Britannica_ volumes by topic.

The use of the _Propædia_ is its "Outline of Knowledge," which wants to organise all of everything people know. The Outline is thought through by the _Britannica**s editors to decide which articles should be included in the _Micropædia_ and _Macropædia_. The Outline is also intended to be a study guide, and to tell a student who wants to learn a topic in depth what articles to use. However, libraries say that very few people use it, and reviewers recommend the encyclopedias to not print it anymore. The _Propædia_ also has diagrams printed on transparent paper of big topics and a section which lists the people working together to make the encyclopædia.

Altogether, the _Micropædia_ and _Macropædia_ have about 40 million words and 24,000 pictures. The index has 2,350 pages, which lists all the 228,274 topics written about in the _Britannica,_. The _Britannica_ uses the British spellings and not American spellings. For example, it uses _colour_ (not _color_), _centre_ (not _center_), and _encyclopædia_ (not _encyclopedia_). However, this rule is not always followed, for example _defense_ and not _defence_. The other spellings of the word is sometimes shown with a link, for example "Color: _see_ Colour."

Since 1936, the articles of the _Britannica_ have been revised often, with about 10% of the articles brought to be re-written each year. One Britannica website said in 2007 that 46% of the articles were revised in the past three years; but another Britannica web-site says only 35% of the articles were revised.

The way the articles are arranged (in alphabet order) in the _Micropædia_ and _Macropædia_ is very accurate. Non-English letters are ignored and articles with numbers such as "War of 1812" are arranged as if the number had been written out ("War of Eighteen-twelve"). If the articles have the same names, articles about persons go first, then by places, then by things. People with the same names are arranged first alphabetically by country and then by their time. Similarly, places that have the same names are arranged by alphabet by the country they are in.

#### Printed

There are a few smaller versions of the _Britannica_ encyclopedias. The _Britannica Concise Encyclopædia_, written in one book, has 28,000 shorter articles. _Compton's by Britannica,_ published in 2007, with the old _Compton's Encyclopedia,_ in it is written for teenagers who are 10–17 years old and has 26 books and 11,000 pages in it.

A _Children's Britannica_ was published by the company in 1960; this was edited by John Armitage and written for His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales; the writers were almost all British.   Other books are _My First Britannica_, written for children who are six to twelve years old, and the _Britannica Discovery Library_, written for children who are three to six years old (issued in 1974 to 1991). Since 1938, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has published a _Book of the Year_ every year, with information about the past year's events, which is written online since the 1994 edition (with the events of 1993). The company also publishes a few books on special topics, such as _Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard_ (Wiley, 2006).

#### Electronic

The _Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 2006 DVD_ contains over 55 million words and over 100,000 articles. It includes 73,645 _Britannica_ articles, with the other articles from the _Britannica Student Encyclopædia,_ the _Britannica Elementary Encyclopædia_ and the _Britannica Book of the Year_s (1993–2004), plus a few old articles from old editions of the encyclopædia. The whole DVD also includes other bonus tools including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also has study tools and a dictionary and thesaurus from Merriam-Webster.

_Encyclopædia Britannica Online_ is a web site with more than 120,000 articles and is updated often. It has features, updates and links to news reports from _The New York Times_ and the BBC every day. People need to pay to use the website. Special discounts are given to schools, colleges and libraries since these big groups of people are important in Britannica's business. Articles can be read online for free, but only the first few sentences can be seen. Beginning in early 2007, the _Britannica_ let people read the articles for free if they are linked to another website, since these links let the articles appear more often and easily in search engines.

On 20 February 2007, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. said that it was working with mobile phone search company AskMeNow to make an encyclopædia in phones. Users can send a question by text message, and AskMeNow will search _Britannica_'s 28,000-article encyclopædia to answer the user. An idea to use a wiki-Britannica was announced on the June 3, 2008. A lot of people will be involved, with the Britannica staff editing important parts.

## Related pages

- Propædia
- Micropædia
- Macropædia
- Jewish Virtual Library
- _Encyclopaedia Metallum_
- _Encyclopaedia Hebraica_
- Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

## Further reading

- Lee, Timothy. _Techdirt Interviews Britannica President Jorge Cauz_, Techdirt.com, June 2, 2008

## Other websites

- _Encyclopædia Britannica_ Online. The official website.

- Historical articles:
- "Encyclopaedia Britannica". In _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ Online.
- 1768–2005:l'aventure Britannica . History of the _Britannica_, from the French Britannica site.
- Vintage Britannica or "Evolving Knowledge" . Excerpts on various topics drawn from various _Britannica_ editions.

- Earlier editions (in the public domain in the U.S.A.):
- Preface to the 1st edition of the _Britannica_, by William Smellie.
- The article "History" in the 3rd edition of the _Britannica_.
- Articles and illustrations  from the 9th and 10th editions of the _Britannica_.
- Scanned version of the 11th edition of the _Britannica_.
- Text version of the 11th edition of the _Britannica_. (Partial)
- James Mill's essay on "Government" , from the Supplement to the 5th edition of the _Britannica_ (1820).

- Recent events:
- Technical aspects of the _Britannica's_ online and CD/DVD-ROM editions.
- Britannica disagrees with Wikipedia comparison study.
- To wire or not to wire? Encyclopædia Britannica vs. Microsoft Encarta
- A comparison of the two encyclopedias by Panagiota Alevizou, published in the _Educational Technology & Society_ journal.
- Encyclopaedia Britannica To Follow Modified Wikipedia Model | Epicenter from Wired.com

- Business history:
- "Dusting off the Britannica". Article from _BusinessWeek_ magazine (1997).
- "Death of a salesforce" . Article from Salon (1996).
- "The Work of the Encyclopedia in the Age of Electronic Reproduction" . Article by Alex Soojung-Kim Pang in _First Monday_.
- The Crisis at Encyclopædia Britannica  Kellogg School of Management.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Encyclopædia Britannica
- **author**: , 4,411 named contributors
- **language**: British English
- **genre**: wikt:reference, Reference, encyclopædia
- **publisher**: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
- **isbn**: 978-1-59339-292-5
- **image**: Encyclopaedia Britannica 15 with 2002.jpg
- **caption**: 15th edition of the _Britannica_. The initial volume with the green spine is the _Propædia_; the red-spined and black-spined volumes are the _Micropædia_ and the _Macropædia_, respectively. The last three volumes are the 2002 Book of the Year (black spine) and the two-volume index (cyan spine).
- **illustrator**: Several; initial engravings by Andrew Bell (engraver), Andrew Bell
- **subject**: General
- **release date**: 1768–2010 (printed version)
- **media type**: 32 volumes, hardbound (15th edition, 2010); after 2012 unavailable in print
- **pages**: 32,640 (15th edition, 2010)
- **dewey**: 031
- **congress**: AE5 .E363 2007
- **wikisource**: Encyclopædia Britannica