juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
French Resistance

The **French Resistance** was a group of French resistance movements that fought against the Nazi German military occupation in France during World War II (1939–1945).  Resistance cells were small groups of armed men and women who killed German soldiers, published secret newspapers, collected information about the German army, and helped Allied soldiers and pilots who were trapped in France to get back to the United Kingdom. The men and women of the Resistance came from all levels of society and different religion<nowiki/>s.

The Allied armies helped the French Resistance by giving them guns and explosives. It was very dangerous to be a member of the French Resistance. Members who were caught by the Germans were often tortured and killed. When the Resistance killed a German officer, sometimes the Nazi army would kill large numbers of innocent civilians as retaliation.

The French Resistance helped the Allied armies to advance through France in 1944. After the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944, and the invasion of Provence on 15 August, they gave the Allies information about the German defenses. The Resistance also sabotaged the electrical power grid, transportation methods, and telecommunications networks. During the Nazi occupation of France, the resistance was an inspiring example of patriotic behavior and bravery.

When the war was over, the Resistance executed about 9,000 French people who were working to help the Nazis. This included many members of the Milices, a fascist organization that helped Nazi Germany.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: French Resistance
- **place**: Nazi Germany, German occupied French Third Republic, France and Vichy France
- **partof**: Resistance during World War II
- **image**: FFI Fighter.jpg
- **caption**: A French Resistance Fighter
- **date**: June 1940 - October 1944
- **result**: Resistance and Allies of World War II, Allied victory
- **combatant1**: *
- **combatant2**: Resistance Groups (formalised as French Forces of the Interior after June 1944)
*  Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action, BCRA
*  National Council of the Resistance, CNR
*  Francs-Tireurs et Partisans, FTPF
*  Brutus Network
*  Dutch-Paris line, Dutch-Paris
*  Maquis (World War II), Maquis
<hr>
**Support:**

(Allies of World War II, and others)
Juraj Dobrila University of Pula

The **Juraj Dobrila University of Pula** () is a university in the city of Pula, Croatia. It was created in 2006. As of 2011, the university had about 2,465 students.

## Faculties and Departments

The Juraj Dobrila University of Pula is an entirely integrated university, consisting of five departments:
- Faculty of Economics and Tourism "Dr. Mijo Mirković"
- Department of Humanities
- Department of Information Technology
- Department of Music
- Department for Studies in the Italian Language
- Teacher training department

## Other websites

- University of Pula website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Juraj Dobrila University of Pula
- **native name**: Sveučilište Jurja Dobrile u Puli
- **latin name**: Universitas studiorum Polensis Georgii Dobrila
- **image**: Pula_University.JPG
- **established**: 2006
- **type**: public university, public
- **endowment**: 41.156.863 Croatian kuna, HRK (2012)
- **rector**: Alfio Barbieri
- **city**: Pula
- **country**: Croatia
- **students**: 2.465
- **affiliations**: Euromed Permanent University Forum, EPUF
- **website**: [http://www.unipu.hr/ www.unipu.hr]
Paul Baum

**Paul Baum** (22 September 1859 – 15 May 1932) was a German painter. At first he was an Impressionist painter, but later developed to be a Post-Impressionist. He was one of the main post-impressionist German artists. He worked as a teacher at different art schools. Today, he is mostly known for his landscape paintings. Most of the landscapes were from Flanders or the Netherlands.
Rhythm section

A **rhythm section** is the group of musicians in a rock music, jazz, or country music group who play their instruments to set out the pulse or beat of the music. This is played in accompaniment to the rest of the band. Some of the rhythm section instruments, such as the guitar and the piano, also play the chord progression (sequence of chords) that a song is based upon. Some rhythm section instruments, such as the drums and percussion, are just used to set out the beat. Most rhythm sections include a bass instrument, such as the bass guitar or the double bass, which plays the deep, low notes of the chord progression.
Middle Angles

The **Middle Angles** were an important ethnic group in the kingdom of Mercia during the Anglo-Saxon period. It is probable that Angles moved into the Midlands from East Anglia early in the 6th century. The area they occupied is now centred around modern Leicestershire and Northamptonshire. They were in place before the reign of Penda (c.626-655). He made his eldest son, Peada, King of the Middle Angles in 653. For some time they kept their own identity in Mercia. The Middle Angles had their own bishop based in Leicester.

## Other websites

- The Middle Angles, Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, _The History Files_
Lap dance

A **lap dance** is a type of sex work performed in some strip clubs (clubs in which women or men take off their clothes as they dance to music). In this, a dancer performs an erotic dance either contacting their body (contact dancing) with a seated patron or within a very short distance of a seated patron.

The dancer may be naked, topless or wearing a bikini top and bottom, depending on the laws in the jurisdiction of the strip club and the club's policies. With full-contact lap dances, the stripper may engage in contact with the patron, such as pressing his or her body against the patron. Different types include a _couch dance_, which is a lap dance where the customer is seated on a couch, and bed dance where the customer lies down on a bed.

In some clubs, a "block session" of lap dance (usually half an hour to an hour) can be booked in a "champagne room", which is a private room in the back of a club. In many clubs, the duration of a lap dance is measured by the length of the song being played by the club's DJ. Charges for lap dances vary.

Depending on the local jurisdiction and community standards, lap dances can involve touching of the dancer by the patron, touching the patron by the dancer, neither, or both. In some clubs, any touching by the patron is forbidden. On the other hand, if a club does not enforce its rules, levels of contact may be negotiable between the participants. Clubs vary widely with regard to whether they enforce their rules or ignore any violations.

Critics of lapdancing say that some club owners, by installing dark private booths and charging dancers high stage fees to work at the club, are encouraging the sale of sexual acts between customers and dancers.  According to the UK paper The Guardian, "Research shows that the majority of women become lap-dancers through poverty and lack of other jobs".
Ludeca of Mercia

**Ludeca** (died 827) was a Mercian nobleman and ealdorman. At the death of Beornwulf in 826 he became the King of Mercia. He ruled what was left of Mercia after Beornwulf's defeat by Egbert of Wessex at the Battle of Ellandun. He ruled Mercia until his own death, barely a year later.

## King of Mercia

In 824 two charters of King Beornwulf are witnessed by Ludeca, then a member of his court. His title on those charters is . Nothing else is known of Ludeca. At Beornwulf's death he became king. But the kingdom Ludeca now ruled was just Mercia, Lindsey, Middle Anglia and the Mercian provinces of the Hwicce and Magonsæte. All of southern England was in disorder. Egbert of Wessex now had control of Essex and Kent. He had instigated the revolt by the East Anglians that resulted in Beornwulf's death. The East Anglians saw this as a chance for their independence from Mercia. A few months later Ludeca led his army against them but he was killed. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for 825 (actual year 827) recorded: "In this year Ludecan, king of the Mercians, was slain, and his five aldormen [ealdormen] with him, and Wiglaf succeeded to the kingdom."

## Other websites

- The Kings of Mercia
Chamberlain, South Dakota

**Chamberlain** is a city in the central part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Brule County, and it is located along the Missouri River, across from Oacoma. It became a city in 1881, and 2,473 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Chamberlain website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Chamberlain, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "One day just isn't enough..."
- **image skyline**: AktaLakotaMuseum.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: The Akta Lakota Museum in Chamberlain
- **image map**: Brule_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Chamberlain_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Brule County, South Dakota, Brule County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Brule County, South Dakota, Brule
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1881
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 14.70
- **area land km2**: 11.60
- **area water km2**: 3.10
- **area total sq mi**: 5.67
- **area land sq mi**: 4.48
- **area water sq mi**: 1.20
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2473
- **population density km2**: 213.16
- **population density sq mi**: 552.13
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation m**: 428
- **elevation ft**: 1404
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 57325-57326
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-11220
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1265153
Strip club

A **strip club** is a type of club that has performers who dance while removing their clothes and have security protect strip club. Most strip clubs are also bars which serve alcohol. Many communities have rules on strip clubs, such as rules on how many strip clubs are allowed to exist in the community, rules on the minimum distance that must be kept between dancers and customers, or rules on what clothing cannot be taken off (e.g. panties).

Some strip clubs offer lap dancing, which is a type of sex work that typically involves a female dancer pressing her body against a male customer for a fee.

Strip clubs can be a source of debates in a community. Iceland banned strip clubs for feminist reasons while in Britain there is still discussion about whether they are positive for women.
Paul Mantee

**Paul Mantee** (January 9, 1931 – November 7, 2013) was an American movie and television actor. He was known for his roles in _Cagney & Lacey_, _Simon & Simon_, _Barnaby Jones_, and in _Quincy, M.E._.

## Early life and career

Mantee was born **Paul Marianetti** in San Francisco, California on January 9, 1931. He studied at San Mateo Junior College. Mantee enlisted in the U.S. Navy for four years during the Korean War that made him decide on acting as a career.

## Personal life

He was married to Suzy Davis Mantee. He was formerly married to actress Ann Newman. Mantee died on November 7, 2013 in his Los Angeles, California home from prostate cancer, aged 82.

## Other websites

- Paul Mantee at Allmovie
- Notice of death

## Infobox (person)

- **imagesize**: 150px
- **birth name**: Paul Marianetti
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California
United States
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1958–1998
- **spouse**: Suzy Davis Mantee
Scott Carpenter

**Malcolm Scott Carpenter** (May 1, 1925 – October 10, 2013) was an American test pilot, astronaut, and aquanaut.  He was one of the original seven astronauts selected for NASA's Project Mercury in April 1959. Carpenter was the second American to orbit the Earth and the fourth American in space, following Alan Shepard, Gus Grissom, and John Glenn.

He was married to feminist columnist Rene Carpenter.

Carpenter had a stroke and entered The Denver Hospice Inpatient Care Center at Lowry, Denver, Colorado where he died on October 10, 2013. He was 88 years old.

## Other websites

- NASA Biography
- Spacefacts biography of Scott Carpenter
- Personal Web Site
- NYTimes obituary

## Infobox (astronaut)

- **name**: Scott Carpenter
- **image**: MalcolmScottCarpenter.jpg
- **type**: NASA Astronaut
- **status**: Deceased
- **rank**: Commander (United States), Commander (United States Navy, USN, Ret.)
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **birth place**: Boulder, Colorado
- **death place**: Denver, Colorado
- **occupation**: Test pilot, aquanaut (SEALAB (United States Navy), SEALAB II)
- **selection**: List of astronauts by selection#1959, Group 1 (1959)
- **time**: 4 hours, 56 minutes
- **mission**: Mercury-Atlas 7
- **insignia**:
Luciano Vincenzoni

**Luciano Vincenzoni** (7 March 1926 – 22 September 2013) was an Italian screenwriter, known as the "script doctor". He wrote for some 65 movies between 1954 and 2000. He is known for his works in _For a Few Dollars More_ (1965) and _The Good, the Bad and the Ugly_ in 1966, but he also wrote for a number of other Spaghetti westerns.

## Other websites

- Official web site about the documentary based on the Vincenzoni's life

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Luciano Vincenzoni
- **birth place**: Treviso, Veneto, Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **occupation**: Screenwriter
Poseur

**Poseur** (or **poser**) is a negative term used by some subcultures. It describes a person who copies the style or mannerisms of a subculture, but who is not considered to belong to it. It implies that the person is fake, and is considered not to share or understand the values or philosophy of that culture.

A person may copy the style of a particular subculture to be accepted within that group or for popularity among various other groups.

The term is often used in the punk, heavy metal, hip hop, and goth subcultures, or the skateboarding and surfing communities. For example, in the hardcore punk scene, older punks may view a young punk with an "anarchy" symbol on their shirt as a poseur if the older punks think the young punk does not understand what the symbol means.
Merton College, Oxford

**Merton College** is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1264 by Walter de Merton, who was the Chancellor to Henry III and Edward I.  It claims to be the oldest college in Oxford, although Balliol College and University College also claim to be the oldest.

Construction of the college at its present location began in the 1270s. Its buildings are among the oldest in Oxford.  Mob Quad at Merton College was built in the 14th Century. It is often said to be the oldest quadrangle at Oxford or Cambridge. Other quadrangles at Oxford and Cambridge, however, may be older.

J.R.R. Tolkien was a professor of English Language and Literature at Merton College.
Blunt trauma

**Blunt trauma** is a kind of trauma that usually results from being hit by something dull and firm (like a car, a fist, or the ground). It is also called **blunt force trauma**. This is different from penetrating trauma (also called an insult) where an object, such as a bullet or knife enters the body.

Common types of blunt force trauma include:
- Being in a car accident (this is the most common cause of blunt force trauma)
- Being hit by another person with a fist or with something that is not sharp, like a bat
- Falling and hitting the ground (like falling down the stairs)
- Jumping or falling from a high place

## What kinds of problems can blunt force trauma cause?

If blunt force trauma is not too severe, it may cause only cuts (lacerations), bruises (contusions), and scrapes (abrasions). However, bad blunt force trauma can cause many serious problems, like:
- Head and brain injuries
- Spinal cord injuries
- Crushing of the airways, making it difficult or impossible to breath
- Damage to organs (for example, collapsed lungs)
- Broken bones
- Severe bleeding, which can be internal (inside the body)
Christopher Koch

**Christopher John Koch** AO (16 July 1932 – 23 September 2013) was an Australian novelist. He is best known for his 1978 novel _The Year of Living Dangerously_, which was made into an award-winning movie.

He won the Miles Franklin Award twice; _The Doubleman_ in 1985, and _Highways to a War_ in 1996. In 1995 he was made an Officer of the Order of Australia for contribution to Australian literature.

Koch was born in Hobart, Tasmania in 16 July 1932. He was educated at Clemes College, St Virgil's College, Hobart High School and the University of Tasmania.

Koch died at his home in Hobart on 23 September 2013, aged 81. He had been diagnosed with prostate cancer twelve months earlier.

## Other websites

- Christopher Koch at Random House Australia
- Podcast of Christopher Koch discussing “Crossing the Gap: Asia and the Australian Imagination” at the Shanghai International Literary Festival

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Christopher Koch <small>Order of Australia, AO</small>
- **birth place**: Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- **death place**: Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **language**: English
- **nationality**: Australian
- **education**: St Virgil's College
- **alma mater**: University of Tasmania
- **notableworks**: _The Year of Living Dangerously (novel), The Year of Living Dangerously_
- **spouse**: (Divorced)
Robin Whyte-Butler
- **children**: Gareth Koch
- **awards**: Miles Franklin Award (1985, 1996)
Stein Grieg Halvorsen

**Halvor Bernt Stein Grieg Halvorsen** (19 October 1909 – 11 November 2013) was a Norwegian stage actor.

Halvorsen was born in Oslo, Norway on 19 October 1909. He was married to Elizabeth Thaulow from 1940 until her death in 1968. Then he was married to Vibeke Falk from 1971 until his death in 2013.

His son, Stein Johan Grieg Halvorsen, is half of the comedy duo _Erlend & SteinJo_, who rose to fame in the 1990s.

Halvorsen died of natural causes on 11 November 2013 in his Oslo, Norway home. He died three weeks after his 104th birthday.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stein Grieg Halvorsen
- **image**: Stein Grieg Halvorsen (1935).jpg
- **birth name**: Halvor Bernt Stein Grieg Halvorsen
- **birth place**: Oslo, Norway
- **death place**: Oslo, Norway
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1920s-1990s
- **spouse**: (her death),
 (his death)
- **children**: Stein Johan Grieg Halvorsen
Shirley Mitchell

**Shirley Mitchell** (November 4, 1919 – November 11, 2013) was an American radio, movie, and television actress. She was known for her role as Marion Strong in _I Love Lucy_ in which she appeared in only three episodes.

Mitchell was born in Toledo, Ohio on November 4, 1919. She studied at the University of Toledo and at the University of Michigan. Mitchell was married to Julian Frieden from 1946 until they divorced in 1974. Then she was married to Jay Livingston from 1992 until his death in 2001. She had two children with Frieden. Mitchell died on November 11, 2013 in Westwood, California from natural causes, aged 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Shirley Mitchell.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Shirley Mitchell in 2008
- **name**: Shirley Mitchell
- **birth place**: Toledo, Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Westwood, California, Westwood, California, U.S.
- **alma mater**: University of Toledo
University of Michigan
- **height**: 5'3"
- **nationality**: American
- **credits**: * "Marion Strong" in _I Love Lucy_
* "Janet Colton" in _Pete and Gladys_
- **occupation**: Actress
- **spouse**: Julian Frieden (1946 – 1974),
Jay Livingston (1992-2001; his death)
- **children**: Brooke Frieden,
Scott Frieden
University College, Oxford

**University College** is one of the colleges of Oxford University. The full name of University College is "The Masters and Fellows of the Great Hall of the University of Oxford". It is commonly called simply "The Univ".

According to legend, the college was founded by Alfred the Great in 872. Most historians agree, however, that the college originated in 1249 from a bequest by William of Durham. The college claims to be the oldest at Oxford. Balliol College and Merton College also claim to be the oldest college in Oxford.

The current buildings of the college were begun in the 17th Century.

Famous former students include British Prime Ministers Clement Attlee and Harold Wilson, American President Bill Clinton, Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke, authors Percy Bysshe Shelley, C.S. Lewis, and V. S. Naipaul, and physicist Stephen Hawking.

In 1979 The Univ started letting female undergraduate students study there.

## Other websites

- Official website
Al Ruscio

**Alfred Ruscio** (June 2, 1924 – November 12, 2013) was an American actor who appeared in many television series and movies. He was known for his roles in _Showgirls_, _The Godfather Part III_, _MacGyver_, _The A-Team_, and in _Seinfeld_.

Ruscio was born on June 2, 1924 in Salem, Massachusetts to Italian parents. He studied at Salem High School and at the Neighborhood Playhouse. Ruscio was married to Kate Williamson from 1954 until his death in 2013. They had four children. Ruscio died on November 12, 2013 in Los Angeles, California from renal failure, aged 89.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Al Ruscio
- **birth place**: Salem, Massachusetts
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1950–2007
- **spouse**: Kate Williamson <small>(1954–2013; his death)</small>
Karla Álvarez

**Karla Mercedes Álvarez Báez ** (15 October 1972 – 15 November 2013) was a Mexican actress. She was best known for her roles including _Maria Mercedes_ and _Alma Rebelde_ and as a contestant for _Big Brother VIP_ in 2003.

Álvarez was born on 15 October 1972 in Mexico City, Mexico. She was married to Alexis Ayala until they divorced. On 15 November 2013, Álvarez was found dead at her apartment in Mexico City due to respiratory failure. She was rumored to have suffered from alcoholism and allegedly had an eating disorder.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Karla  Álvarez
- **birth place**: Mexico City, Mexico
- **death place**: Mexico City, Mexico
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1992-2013
Harrisburg, South Dakota

**Harrisburg** is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is in Lincoln County, about three miles south of Sioux Falls. It became a city in 1873, and 6,732 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Harrisburg website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Harrisburg, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: Great Things Are Happening
- **image map**: Lincoln_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Harrisburg_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Lincoln County, South Dakota, Lincoln County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Lincoln County, South Dakota, Lincoln
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: August 1, 1879
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 12.16
- **area land km2**: 12.16
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 4.69
- **area land sq mi**: 4.69
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 6732
- **population density km2**: 553.78
- **population density sq mi**: 1434.17
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1424
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57032
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-27260
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267411
John Y. McCollister

**John Yetter McCollister** (June 10, 1921 – November 1, 2013) was an American politician. He was a Nebraska Republican politician. He served two terms from 1965 to 1970 as the Douglas County Commissioner.

He was a delegate to the Nebraska State Republican conventions from 1960 to 1970, and delegate to the 1968 Republican National Convention. In 1976, he decided to run instead for U.S. Senate but was unsuccessful, losing to Omaha Mayor Edward Zorinsky by a 53% to 47% margin. He was a presidential elector for Nebraska in 2000.

McCollister was born in Iowa City, Iowa on June 10, 1921. In 1939 he graduated from Washington High School in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and in 1943 he graduated from the University of Iowa in Iowa City.

McCollister was married to Nanette Stokes from 1943 until his death in 2013. He died on November 1, 2013 in Omaha, Nebraska from prostate cancer, aged 92.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Y. McCollister
- **image name**: John Y. McCollister.jpg
- **state**: Nebraska
- **district**: Nebraska's 2nd congressional district, 2nd
- **term start**: January 3, 1971
- **term end**: January 3, 1977
- **preceded**: Glenn Cunningham (Nebraska), Glenn Cunningham
- **succeeded**: John Joseph Cavanaugh III
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth name**: John Yetter McCollister
- **birth place**: Iowa City, Iowa
- **death place**: Omaha, Nebraska
- **alma mater**: University of Iowa
William J. Coyne

**William Joseph Coyne** (August 24, 1936 – November 3, 2013) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.

Coyne was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He graduated from Central Catholic High School in 1954, and received a B.S. in accounting from Robert Morris College.

Coyne was elected to Congress in 1980, succeeding 24-year incumbent William S. Moorhead in a district taking in most of Pittsburgh. He was reelected ten times, never facing serious opposition. He was a longtime member of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means

In 2002, Coyne's district was combined with the district of Mike Doyle, a somewhat more moderate Democrat. Although the new district contained more of Coyne's territory than Doyle's, Coyne retired to avoid the possibility of two Democratic incumbents facing each other in the primary elections.

Coyne died at the age of 77 on November 3, 2013, two months after falling and sustaining head injuries in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

## Other websites

- Voting record  at the _Washington Post_
- Congressman William J. Coyne's Webpage **archived**

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: William J Coyne.jpg
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **state**: Pennsylvania
- **district**: Pennsylvania's 14th congressional district, 14th
- **term start**: January 3, 1981
- **term end**: January 3, 2003
- **predecessor**: William S. Moorhead
- **successor**: Michael F. Doyle
- **state house2**: Pennsylvania
- **district2**: Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 22, 22nd
- **term start2**: January 5, 1971
- **term end2**: November 30, 1972
- **predecessor2**: Frank W. O'Brien
- **successor2**: James A. Romanelli
- **birth name**: William Joseph Coyne
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- **death place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **alma mater**: Robert Morris College
- **signature**: William J Coyne sig.svg
Tea, South Dakota

**Tea** is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is in Lincoln County, about two miles southwest of Sioux Falls. It became a city in 1894, and 5,598 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Tea website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Tea, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "Tea...A Growing Tradition"
- **image map**: Lincoln_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Tea_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Lincoln County, South Dakota, Lincoln County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Lincoln County, South Dakota, Lincoln
- **government type**: Mayor-council government
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City Administrator
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1894
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 3.96
- **area land km2**: 3.96
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.53
- **area land sq mi**: 1.53
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 5598
- **population density km2**: 1413.64
- **population density sq mi**: 3658.82
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1490
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57064
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-63100
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267599
Winner, South Dakota

**Winner** is a city in the southern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Tripp County, and it also administrates nearby Todd County, which does not have a county seat. It became a city in 1911, and 2,921 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Winner website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Winner, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Tripp County, SD courthouse from S 1.JPG
- **image caption**: Tripp County courthouse in Winner
- **image map**: Tripp_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Winner_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Tripp County, South Dakota, Tripp County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Tripp County, South Dakota, Tripp
- **established title3**: Incorporated
- **established date3**: 1911
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 5.94
- **area land km2**: 5.94
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 2.29
- **area land sq mi**: 2.29
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2921
- **population density km2**: 492.05
- **population density sq mi**: 1274.43
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1969
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57580
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-72180
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267659
Bar

**Bar** or **BAR** can refer to several things:

- Bar (business), a place that serves alcohol
- Bar (law), the division of a courtroom between working and public areas
    - Bar association, a body of barristers or lawyers
- Bar (music), a segment in musical notation
- Bar (unit), a unit of pressure
- Shoal, or sand bar, a landform made of sand in the sea
- Bavarian language, ISO 639-3 code BAR
- British American Racing, a Formula One constructor
- Bar-le-Duc, a town in France
- M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, a design of rifles and guns
- A type of gatehouse
- A type of diacritic
Hartford, South Dakota

**Hartford** is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Minnehaha County, about ten miles west of Sioux Falls. It became a city in 1878, and 3,354 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Hartford website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Hartford, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "On The Edge Of Everything"
- **image skyline**: Mundt block 1902.jpg
- **image caption**: Mundt Block in Hartford
- **image map**: Minnehaha_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Hartford_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Minnehaha County, South Dakota, Minnehaha County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Minnehaha County, South Dakota, Minnehaha
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1878
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 7.91
- **area land km2**: 7.90
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 3.05
- **area land sq mi**: 3.05
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 3354
- **population density km2**: 424.49
- **population density sq mi**: 1099.31
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation ft**: 1552
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57033
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-27540
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267413
- **website**: [http://www.hartfordsd.us/ City of Hartford]
Saloon

**Saloon** can mean several things:

- Another name for a bar, where alcohol is served
    - Western saloon, a historical style of bar in the United States
    - One of the bars in a public house (pub)
- Another name for a barber's shop
- The centre room of a suite of state rooms
- Sedan (car), a car design
Flandreau, South Dakota

**Flandreau** is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Moody County. It became a city in 1902, and 2,372 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Flandreau website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Flandreau, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "The Heart Of South Dakota"
- **image map**: Moody_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Flandreau_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Moody County, South Dakota, Moody County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Moody County, South Dakota, Moody
- **leader title1**: Mayor
- **established title3**: Incorporated
- **established date3**: 1902
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.99
- **area land km2**: 4.81
- **area water km2**: 0.17
- **area total sq mi**: 1.93
- **area land sq mi**: 1.86
- **area water sq mi**: 0.07
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2372
- **population density km2**: 492.72
- **population density sq mi**: 1275.95
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation ft**: 1565
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57028
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-21540
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267391
Extreme Championship Wrestling

**Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)** was a professional wrestling company that ran from April 25, 1992 to April 4, 2001. The company was known for its hardcore style of wrestling as well as Mexican (lucha libre) and Japanese (puroresu) styles of wrestling.

The company was originally known as **Eastern Championship Wrestling** and was owned by Tod Gordon. It was then renamed Extreme Championship Wrestling and Paul Heyman was brought in as the new owner after Tod Gordon sold ECW to him in 1995. The World Wrestling Federation (now known as WWE) purchased Extreme Championship Wrestling after Heyman filed for bankruptcy on April 4, 2001.

WWE made a pay-per-view called ECW One Night Stand on June 12, 2005 which featured former ECW wrestlers. They made another ECW One Night Stand on June 11, 2006 which helped introduce the restart of the ECW franchise as a WWE brand like Raw and SmackDown. Paul Heyman was also brought back to be the new figurehead for the ECW brand and he reintroduced the ECW World Heavyweight Championship as the brand's world title. He gave it to Rob Van Dam after Van Dam won the WWE Championship at the 2006 One Night Stand. The brand existed until February 16, 2010.

## Last champions

|Championship||Last champion(s)|
| --- | --- | --- |
|ECW World Heavyweight Championship|Rhino (Original) Ezekiel Jackson (WWE)||
|ECW World Tag Team Championship|Danny Doring and Roadkill||
|ECW World Television Championship|Rhino||
|ECW FTW Heavyweight Championship|Taz||
|ECW Maryland Championship|J.T. Smith||
|ECW Pennsylvania Championship|Tony Stetson||

## Other websites

- ECW on WWE.com

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Extreme Championship Wrestling
- **image**: Paul (E) Heyman Addressing Crowd.jpg
- **image caption**: Paul Heyman, Paul E. Dangerously addressing the ECW crowd on December 23, 1999
- **foundation**: April 25, 1992
- **defunct**: April 4, 2001
- **fate**: Bankrupt; assets purchased by the WWE
- **location**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America, USA
- **founder**: Tod Gordon (Eastern)
Paul Heyman (Extreme)
- **owner**: Tod Gordon (1992–1996)
Paul Heyman (1996–2001)
Vince McMahon (2003-_present_)
- **industry**: Professional wrestling, Hardcore wrestling, Lucha libre, Puroresu, Shoot (professional wrestling), Shoot
Trinomen

In zoology, the name that designates a subspecies is called **Trinomen**. It has three parts: It contains the name of the species and adds a qualifying name.
New Centre-Right

**New Centre-Right** (, NCD) is a political party in Italy.

## History

It was created on 15 November 2013 by Angelino Alfano. It split from Silvio Berlusconi's The People of Freedom party.
Pawn shop

A **pawn shop** (also called a **pawnshop** or **pawnbroker**) is a shop or business that loans money to people who bring in valuable items which they leave with the pawnbroker. Common examples of items left by customers are jewelry, cameras, musical instruments, or gadgets like computers and smartphones.

The valuables that people leave are called the "collateral". The person can get their valuable item back from the pawnbroker if they pay back the money they were loaned and pay interest on the loan. Interest is a fee for getting to use someone else's money for a set time period. If the person who has borrowed money from the pawnbroker does not repay the loan and interest within an agreed-upon time limit, the pawnbroker can sell the valuable item to another customer to get back the money they loaned.

To prevent thieves from using pawnshops as a way to get money from stolen goods, many communities have laws requiring that people who bring in valuable items to the pawnshop have to show identification, such as a driver's licence.
Tipping

A **tip** (also called a **gratuity**) is an amount of money given as gratitude to somebody who has provided a service. It is normally in addition to any fee that is charged. It is a custom in many societies. For example, after people finish eating dinner at a restaurant, even after they have paid the bill for the food, they leave some extra money on the table to thank the server.

Tipping and the amount of money that people give as tips varies between countries. In some locations tipping is discouraged and considered insulting. In other locations tipping is expected from customers. The tip can be a specific range of money or a percentage of the bill, such as 15 percent or 20 percent. In some circumstances, such as with government workers in some areas, giving tips is against the law. Some restaurants charge a service charge and add it onto the bill. In this case, you do not have to leave a tip. For many service workers, like servers, bartenders, and taxi drivers, tips are an important part of their income.
Bass amplifier

**Bass instrument amplification** is an amplifier used for bass guitars, double bass and similar instruments. It makes the sound they make louder. It is different from other types of amplification systems because it is difficult to reproduce low-frequency sounds (bass). Bass amps need strong loudspeakers, and a relatively larger speaker cabinet. Speaker cabinets for bass instrument amplification usually have larger (or more) loudspeakers than those used for the amplification of other instruments. The loudspeakers themselves must also be sturdier to handle the higher power levels.
Norwegian resistance movement

During World War II, Norway was occupied by Nazi Germany. The **Norwegian Resistance** rebelled against the invasion and occupation by the Nazis. It lasted from 1940 to 1945. It supported the Norwegian government-in-exile that was formed outside of the country as the true government of Norway. They discouraged Norwegians from following the pro-Nazi Norwegian government formed by Vidkun Quisling.

The Norwegian Resistance helped the original members of the Norwegian government to escape from Norway. They were lucky that they escaped alive, because the Germans tried to kill them. They managed to get to the coast where a British warship picked them up.

The Norwegian Resistance also carried out armed resistance against the Nazi soldiers. This included sabotage (breaking or destroying things), assassinations, and exploding German ships with bombs. The Norwegian Resistance also did unarmed civil disobedience actions, like protests.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Norwegian resistance
- **place**: Nazi Germany, German occupied Norway
- **partof**: The European theatre of World War II
- **image**: Frigjøringen av Finnmark (16768601503).jpg
- **caption**: Soviet soldiers meet Norwegians sheltering in a mine
- **date**: 10 June 1940 - 8 May 1945
- **result**: Resistance and Allies of World War II, Allied victory
- **combatant1**: *  Reichskommissariat Norwegen
*  Quisling Regime (from 1942)
- **combatant2**: Resistance Groups
**Support:**
Lennox, South Dakota

**Lennox** is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Lincoln County. It became a city in 1889, and 2,423 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of Lennox website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Lennox, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Lennox, South Dakota 5.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Lennox
- **image map**: Lincoln_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Lennox_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Lincoln County, South Dakota, Lincoln County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Lincoln County, South Dakota, Lincoln
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1889
- **established title1**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date1**: May 19, 1889
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.52
- **area land km2**: 4.52
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.75
- **area land sq mi**: 1.75
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 2423
- **population density km2**: 535.83
- **population density sq mi**: 1387.74
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: –6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: –5
- **elevation m**: 409
- **elevation ft**: 1342
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57039
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-36380
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267459
Vidkun Quisling

**Vidkun Quisling** (18 July 1887 – 24 October 1945) was a Norwegian politician. He was involved in the German invasion of Norway during World War II. On 9 April 1940, with the invasion in progress, he seized power of the country. In 1942 with the help of the Nazis he became Prime Minister.

His government helped the Nazi German government to find Jews, who were then killed. In 1945, when Germany lost the war, Vidkun was put on trial for high treason. He was found guilty, and then executed by firing squad. Today, the name "quisling" is still used as a way of calling someone a traitor.
North Sioux City, South Dakota

**North Sioux City** is a city in the far southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Union County, near the junction of the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River. North Sioux City is near the borders of Iowa and Nebraska, and it is a suburb of Sioux City, Iowa. It became a city in 1951, and 3,042 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- City of North Sioux City website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: North Sioux City, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: City hall, North Sioux City, SD.jpg
- **image caption**: North Sioux City city hall
- **image map**: Union_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_North_Sioux_City_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Union County, South Dakota, Union County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Union County, South Dakota, Union
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1951
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 7.02
- **area land km2**: 6.94
- **area water km2**: 0.07
- **area total sq mi**: 2.71
- **area land sq mi**: 2.68
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 3042
- **population density km2**: 438.08
- **population density sq mi**: 1134.65
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 338
- **elevation ft**: 1109
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57049
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-45700
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1267510