juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Washington Capitals

The **Washington Capitals** are an American ice hockey team in Washington, DC. They are a part of the National Hockey League (NHL). They won the Stanley Cup in 2018.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: Washington Capitals
- **logo image**: Washington Capitals.svg
- **current**: 2022–23 Washington Capitals season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#CF0A2C 5px solid; border-bottom:#041E41 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Eastern Conference (NHL), Eastern
- **division**: Metropolitan Division, Metropolitan
- **history**: **Washington Capitals**
1974–75 NHL season, 1974–present
- **arena**: **Capital One Arena**
- **city**: Washington, D.C.
- **team colors**: Red, white, blue

- **owner**: Monumental Sports & Entertainment
(Ted Leonsis, chairman)
- **general manager**: Brian MacLellan
- **head coach**: Peter Laviolette
- **captain**: Alexander Ovechkin
- **altcaptain**: Nicklas Bäckström, Nicklas Backstrom
Brooks Oprik
- **stanley cups**: **1** (2017–18 NHL season, 2017–18)
- **conf titles**: **2** (1997–98 NHL season, 1997–98, 2017–18 NHL season, 2017–18)
- **presidents' trophies**: **3** (2009–10 NHL season, 2009–10, 2015–16 NHL season, 2015–16, 2016–17 NHL season, 2016–17)
- **division titles**: **13** (1988–89 NHL season, 1988–89, 1999–2000 NHL season, 1999–00, 2000–01 NHL season, 2000–01, 2007–08 NHL season, 2007–08, 2008–09 NHL season, 2008–09, 2009–10 NHL season, 2009–10, 2010–11 NHL season, 2010–11, 2012–13 NHL season, 2012–13, 2015–16 NHL season, 2015–16, 2016–17 NHL season, 2016–17, 2017–18 NHL season, 2017–18, 2018–19 NHL season, 2018–19, 2019–20)
Rhea Silvia

**Rhea Silvia** is a woman from Roman mythology.  In the legend about the founding of Rome, is the mother of the twin brothers Romulus and Remus. She was the daughter of Numitor Silvius, king of the city Alba Longa.

According to Plutarch, there are many versions of Rhea Silvia's story, and it is not clear which one is real.  But this is one of the best known and most widely accepted: When Numitor's brother Amulius became king by force, he made Rhea Silvia become a Vestal Virgin, so she would not have children who could be kings instead of him. But the god Mars seduced Rhea Silvia and she had the twins Romulus and Remus. For Vestals, the punishment for having sex was death.  So when people found out she was pregnant, Rhea Silvia was buried alive, which was the punishment for a Vestal Virgin who did not remain a virgin. Her sons were thrown into the Tiber by a servant, but were saved by the river god Tiberinus, who also saved Rhea Silvia and later married her.

The Tiber River that flows through Rome gets its name from Tiberinus.  He married Rhea Silvia while the twins, Romulus and Remus, were raised by a she-wolf. When the babies were a few months old, a cowherd found them and raised them. When they were adults, they decided to build a city together.  But they realized only one of them could be its king.  The two men waited on opposite hills for an omen while their followers watched.  At first, six vultures landed on the hill where Remus was waiting.  The followers believed this would mean the city would last for six hundred years.   But then twelve vultures landed on Romulus' hill and they named the city after him instead.  Shortly afterword, Remus made fun of the city wall Romulus was building.  Either one of Romulus' friends or Romulus himself hit Remus, and he died. The city was named after Romulus, Rome.

## Related pages

- 87 Sylvia

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Roman
- **name**: Rhea Silvia
- **image**: Rhea Silvia by Jacopo della Quercia - Santa Maria della Scalla (from Fonte Gaia) - Siena 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Statue in the Fonte Gaia
- **abode**: Tiber
- **consort**: Mars (mythology), Mars, Tiberinus (god)
- **parents**: Numitor (in Livy's account)
- **children**: Romulus and Remus
Virginity

**Virginity** means a state of purity or inexperience. Traditionally a **virgin** is a person that has not had sexual intercourse. Virginity has different meanings and importance in different religions and cultures.

The idea that Virgin women have an unbroken hymen is false. The hymen partially blocks the opening of the vagina about two inches deep. When a man inserts his penis into the vagina, this can tear or break the hymen which may result in bleeding. This blood is important in many cultures, as it is a sign that the woman is a virgin. There are other actions that can result in the hymen being worn away. These include riding a horse, playing sports, or other recreational activities. It can also heal over time just like torn human tissue can.

It is possible for a virgin to have a sexually transmitted disease, which was acquired by some other means: such as drug use, blood or plasma transfusions, close skin contact in the pubic area with infected people, oral sex, and other means.

In several polytheistic religions, priestesses of certain gods have to be virgins. In many cultures it is said that women should be virgins until marriage. In some cultures, women who are not virgins until marriage are ostracized or murdered.

## Related pages

- Chastity
Oceanus

**Oceanus** is a Titan in Greek mythology. His parents are Gaia and Uranus. With his sister Tethys, his children are the river gods, the sea and spring nymphs, the Okeanids.
Tethys (mythology)

- _Tethys is not to be confused with / is different from Thetis, the mother of Achilles._

**Tethys** is a Titan in Greek mythology. She is the titan of fresh water. Her parents are Gaia and Uranos. With her brother Okeanos her children are the river gods, the sea and spring nymphs, the Okeanids.
Iapetos

**Iapetos**, father of man kind and mountains, also known as Iaepetus or Japetus, is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Uranos and Gaia. With the Oceanid Klymene his children are Atlas, Prometheus, Epimetheus and Menoitios.

After the war against the Olympians he was banned to the Tartarus with his brother, Kronos and all of the other Titans.
Kronos

**Kronos** (, _Krónos_; , _Cronus_), is the leader of the Titans in Greek mythology.

The son of Gaia (Mother Earth) and Ouranos (Father Sky), he was the youngest of his brothers. At the urging of Gaia, Kronos castrated his father with a sickle and overthrew him, ruling the cosmos as king during the so-called Golden Age. Kronos married his sister Rhea, and sired the first generation of the Olympian gods: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus.

In fear of a prophecy that told of him being overthrown by his own children, Kronos swallowed each of them as soon they were born. Only the youngest, Zeus, managed to escape this fate and, after freeing his siblings, waged war against Kronos and the other Titans. During this Titanomachy, the Olympians emerged victorious, and Kronos himself was cast into Tartarus. In some versions, Kronos was later freed by Zeus and became ruler of the Elysian Islands.

## In popular culture

Kronos appears as the main antagonist in Rick Riordan's _Percy Jackson and the Olympians_ series and in some episodes of Stargate SG-1.
Oceanid

The **Oceanids** are the daughters of the Titans Oceanus and Tethys in Greek mythology. They are water and ocean nymphs. Also Oceanids can mean all the children of Oceanus and Tethys, which includes the other water and river gods. Among them are:
- Klymene
- Metis
- Pleione
- Styx
Okeanos

**Okeanos** (Latin: **Oceanus**) is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is titan of the earth-encircling river Okeanos. His parents are Gaia and Uranos. With his sister Tethys his children are the river gods, the sea and spring nymphs, the Okeanids.
Okeanid

The **Okeanids** or **Okeanides** () are  the daughters of the Titans Okeanos and Tethys in Greek mythology. They were nymphs of the ocean, said to be three thousand in number. Many people also know these goddesses as lovers.

Among them are:
- Doris - Wife of Nereus and mother of the Nereids
- Klymene - Wife of Iapetus and mother of Atlas and Prometheus
- Metis - Mother of Athena, she was Zeus' first consort
- Pleione - Mother of the Pleiades
- Styx - The goddess of the dreaded river upon which the gods swore. She was the wife of Pallas and the mother of Nike, goddess of victory.
Kreios

**Crius** or **Krios** (Ancient Greek: Κρεῖος or Κριός) is one of the Twelve Titans, the son of Gaia and Ouranos. The Titan god of the constellations, Krios ruled over the southern corner of the world, which he received as a reward for his part in Ouranos’ castration (he held down one of Ouranos’ arms). Like his brothers, Krios was cast into Tartarus at the end of the Titanomachy. His wife was the minor goddess Eurybia, daughter of Pontus and Gaia, with whom he sired Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses.
Koios

**Coeus** is the Titan of intelligence in Greek mythology. With his sister Phoebe his children are Leto, and Asteria.

After the war against the Olympians he was banned to the Tartarus.
Uranos

**Uranos** is the sky in Greek mythology. It is also spelt **Ouranos**, and in Ancient Greek: Οὐρανός - "sky" or "heaven".

## Overview

Uranos is the son and husband of the primordial goddess Gaia and father of the Titans, Hekatonkheires, and Elder Cyclopes. Uranos was killed by the youngest son (out of the Titans), Kronos with help of four of his brothers: Koios, Krios, Iapetus, and Hyperion.

## Equivalents

His Roman equivalent was Caelus, the husband of Terra, as Gaia was known to the Romans.

### Planet

The planet Uranus in our Solar System is named after Uranos, so is the radioactive chemical element uranium.

## Related pages

- Hesiod
- Theogony
- _The Odyssey_
- Ancient Greece
- Classical antiquity
- Roman mythology
Gaia

**Gaia** (), also spelled **Gaea**, is the personification of the Earth in Greek mythology. She was a primordial being, one of the first to have sprung forth from the void of Chaos. She is the mother and wife of Ouranos (Father Sky), with whom she sired the Titans, the Hekatonkheires, and the Elder Cyclopes. Other children of Gaia include Pontus (the sea), and the storm giant Typhon. Her Roman equivalent is Terra.

## Family tree

Gaia is the goddess of the Earth and these are her offspring as related in various myths. Some are related consistently, some are mentioned only in minor variants of myths, and others are related in variants that are considered to reflect a confusion of the subject or association.
<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
- Through Parthenogenesis
    - Ouranos
    - Pontus
    - Ourea
- With Elara
    - Tityas
- With Oceanus
    - Creusa
    - Spercheus
- With Pontus
    - Ceto
    - Eurybia
    - Phorcys
    - Nereus
    - Thaumas
- With Aether
    - Aergia
- With Poseidon
    - Antaeus
    - Charybdis
- With Tartarus
    - Echidna
    - Typhon
- With Ouranos
    - Elder Cyclopes
        - Arges
        - Brontes
        - Steropes
    - Hecatonchires
        - Briareus
        - Cottus
        - Gyes
    - Elder Muses
        - Mneme
        - Melete
        - Aoide
    - Titans
        - Coeus
        - Crius
        - Kronos
        - Hyperion
        - Iapetus
        - Mnemosyne
        - Oceanus
        - Phoebe
        - Rhea
        - Tethys
        - Theia
        - Themis
- With Hephaestus
    - Erichthonius of Athens
- With Zeus
    - Manes father of Atys
- Unknown father or through parthenogenesis
    - Mimas
    - Cranaus
    - Pheme
    - Kekrops
    - Amphictyon
    - Python
</div>

## Related pages

- Gaia hypothesis
- Pangaea

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Greek
- **name**: Gaia
- **deity of**: Earth Mother, Primordial Deity of the Earth
- **member of**: the Protogenoi
- **image**: Feuerbach Gaea.jpg
- **caption**: _Gaea_, by Anselm Feuerbach (1875)
- **abode**: Earth
- **consort**: Uranus (mythology), Uranus, pontus (mythology), Pontus, Aether (mythology), Aether and Tartarus
- **parents**: None, or Aether (mythology), Aether and Hemera (Gaius Julius Hyginus, Hyginus)
- **siblings**: None, or Nyx, Erebus, Tartarus, Eros, or Uranus (mythology), Uranus, Thalassa (mythology), Thalassa
- **offspring**: Uranus (mythology), Uranus, Pontus (mythology), Pontus, the Ourea, Hecatonchires, Cyclops, Cyclopes, Titan (mythology), Titans, Gigantes, The Gigantes, Nereus, Thaumus, Phorcys, Ceto, Eurybia (mythology), Eurybia, Aergia, Typhon, and Python (mythology), Python
- **roman equivalent**: Terra (mythology), Terra, Tellus (mythology), Tellus
Erebos

**Erebus** is the god of darkness in Greek mythology. He came out of Chaos. He was also known to be the god fire; and he was that until Hephaestus took his place along with the ability of metal works. He is the twin of Nyx, the Goddess of Night.

Mount Erebus and a small crater on Mars are named after the Greek God.
Kallisto

**Kallisto** or **Callisto** was a nymph in Greek mythology, a companion of Artemis. Zeus came to her looking like Artemis, and with him she was the mother of Arkas. Hera in her jealousy made Kallisto a bear. Then her son was looked after by Maia, a nymph.

## Related pages

- Callisto (moon)
Semele

**Semele** is a person in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia. She has a child called Dionysus. Her child grows up and becomes a god.

## Story

Semele was a priestess of Zeus. On one day, Zeus saw her as she killed a bull at his altar. She swam in the river Asopus to wash the blood off her body. Zeus turned himself into an eagle and flew over the place where she was bathing. Zeus saw Semele and fell in love with her. He visited her many times, in secret.
Zeus' wife, Hera got jealous of the girls Zeus loved. She found out of his love with Semele. Semele became pregnant. Hera turned herself into an old woman. Hera became friends with Semele. Semele told her that her lover was Zeus. Hera pretended not to believe her. She made Semele wonder if her lover was lying about being Zeus. Semele asked Zeus to grant her a wish. Zeus promised on the River Styx to give her anything she wanted. She then told Zeus to come to her in his truest form. Zeus asked her not to ask this. But she did not change her choice. Zeus tried to spare her by showing her the smallest of his thunderbolts. Humans cannot look upon the gods without being burned, so Semele died, getting burned in a lightning fire.

Zeus rescued Semele's unborn child, Dionysus. He sewed the fetal Dionysus into his thigh. Dionysus grew there until he was ready to be born. This is why Greeks called Dionysus "the twice-born."

When he grew up, Dionysus rescued his mother from underworld. Later, she became a goddess on Mount Olympus. She got a new name Thyone. She lived being inspired by her son Dionysus. At a later point in the epic poem _Dionysiaca_ that tells the story, Semele, now reborn, boasts about her son to her sister Ino.

## Music

- Élisabeth Jacquet de la Guerre, _Sémélé_, cantata (1715) EJG 37
- Nikolaus Strungk, _Semele,_ opera (1681)
- John Eccles, _Semele,_ opera (1706)
- Marin Marais, _Sémélé_, tragédie en musique (1709)
- Francesco Mancini, _Sémélé,_ opera (1711)
- Antonio de Literes, _Jupiter et_ _Sémélé,_ opera (1718)
- André Cardinal Destouches, _Sémélé,_ cantata (1719)
- Georg Friedrich Haendel, _Semele_, oratorio (1743)
- Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon, _Sémélé,_ opera
- Paul Dukas, _Sémélé,_ cantata (1889)
Hyperion (Titan)

**Hyperion** (, _Hyperíōn_ - "The High-One") is the Titan god of light, son of Gaia and Ouranos. The eldest of his brothers next to Okeanos, Hyperion ruled over the eastern corner of the world, which was given to him as a reward for his part in Ouranos’ castration (he held Ouranos by his left foot). By his sister, the Titaness Theia, he is the father of Helios (Sun), Selene (Moon), and Eos (Dawn). He also married a nymph and gave birth to children who could do pharmica one of which was Circe. Hyperion fought against the Olympians in the Titanomachy, after which he was cast into Tartarus alongside his brothers.

John Keats used the story for his epic poem _Hyperion_.
Bharata

**Bharata** has several meanings. Some of the meanings are given below:

- A king of Ancient India named Bharat. Ancient name of India was **Bharatavarsh**, the country of Bharata.
- Bharata was the name of one of the brothers of Rama, a god of the Hindus.
- A writer named Bharata wrote a book long back. The book is named _Natyashastra_, that is, the book of dramas.
- Bharata is another name for Republic of India. This has been noted in the constitution of India.
Theia

***Theia*** is a Titan in Greek mythology. She is the titan of sight and of the light-filled sky.Her parents are Gaia and Uranos. With her brother Hyperion her children are Helios, Selene, and Eos. She was also considered the moons eyes because Selene was her daughter, and Selene was the titan of the moon.
Themis

**Themis** is a Titan in Greek mythology. She is the titan of law and order. Her parents are Gaia and Uranos. She is also featured in the game Golden Sun 2 as the famous and one of the weakest weapons around the game called the Themis Axe.

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Greek
- **name**: Themis
- **deity of**: List of Greek mythological figures#Immortals, Goddess of divine law and order
- **member of**: the Titans
- **image**: 0029MAN-Themis.jpg
- **caption**: Themis of Rhamnous, Attica, by the sculptor Chairestratos, c. 280 BCE
- **script name**: Ancient Greek
- **script**: Θέμις
- **abode**: Mount Olympus
- **symbol**: Scales of Justice (symbol), Scales of justice, bronze sword
- **consort**: Zeus
- **parents**: Uranus (mythology), Uranus and Gaia (mythology), Gaia
- **siblings**: Crius, Cronus, Coeus, Dione (Titaness), Dione, Hyperion (Titan), Hyperion, Iapetus (mythology), Iapetus, Oceanus, Mnemosyne, Phoebe (Titaness), Phoebe, Rhea (mythology), Rhea, Tethys (mythology), Tethys, Theia
Lake Garda

**Lake Garda** is the largest lake in Italy. In Italian its name is **Lago di Garda**.

It lies in the north of Italy between Venice and Milan, in the regions of Veneto, Lombardy and Trentino.

The lake is 51.6 kilometres long and 17.2 kilometres wide. It covers an area of 369.98 square kilometres.

## Other websites

- Lake Garda - Tourist Guide
- Webcams at Lake Garda
- Lake Garda - Travel Guide
Award

An **award** is something given to a person or group of people to recognize that they have done something very good. Usual awards are medal, trophy, ribbon, certificate, or plaque for example. Sometimes awards are called prizes, such as the Nobel Prize.

Awards can be given by any person or institution. Governments and militaries often give awards to their citizens for contributions they have made to the nation. This recognition can be given during the person's lifetime or even after they have died. In the United States if a military member receives a posthumous award it is generally presented to their family members or next of kin. This can include medals like the Medal of Honor; promotions to the next higher grade or naming a building or ship after them.

Some entertainment awards are:
- Academy Awards
- Emmy Awards
- Grammy Awards
- Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award
- Juno Awards
Thetis

In Greek mythology, **Thetis** () is a sea nymph. She is one of the fifty Nereids, the daughters of Nereus and Doris. Like other sea figures, Thetis bore the gift of prophecy as well as the ability to change her shape at will. She was married to the mortal hero Peleus. Their son is Achilles.
Domestic worker

A **domestic worker** or **domestic servant** is a person who works within the scope of a residence. A domestic worker is a paid employee. They are free to leave their employment if they wish. Many domestic workers are required by their employer to wear a uniform when in their employer's home.

In the Victorian era, Britain had many domestic workers. The butler was the most important one.  At meal times he would be like a head waiter.  Other male domestic workers were often called "valets".  A valet (sometimes said with a silent "t") usually looked after his master’s clothes and comforts, and possibly looked after money matters as well.  Female domestic worker were usually maids who cleaned, cooks who prepared the meals, and nannies who looked after the children.  Gardeners did the gardening.

In the early 18th century, even some musicians were servants and had to wear livery (uniform).  In 1717, when composer Johann Sebastian Bach said he wanted to leave his job, the duke he worked for put him in prison.  In the 19th century, there were many domestic workers in Europe and the United States, as well as in other countries.  In the early 20th century, new laws were made in Britain to protect domestic workers, and give them more rights.

Today in many parts of the world domestic workers from poorer countries are often employed by people in the richer countries.

To ensure the right of decent work for all kind of domestic workers including migrant workers, International Labour Organization has made Convention No. 189 on domestic workers.

## Related pages

- Au pair
- Butler
- Chauffeur
- Cook (profession)
- Indentured servant
- Nanny
- Maid
Cassandra

**Cassandra** or **Kassandra** (, also 'Alexandra is pretty') was a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Priam of Troy and Hecuba, and twin sister of Helenus. She was famous for her prophesies of bad events.

The god Apollo gave her the gift of prophecy so that she would love him, but Kassandra did not want him. This made Apollo angry, but he could only change his gift and not take it away. So he made it that Kassandra could only foresee bad things, and that no one would ever believe her.

In the Trojan War Kassandra knew of the trick with the Trojan Horse, but no one believed her, and so Troy was destroyed. After the Trojan War she became a slave of Agamemnon. She warned him that his wife Klytaimnestra would kill him. But he would not believe her, and so Agamemnon was killed, and Kassandra shortly after him.

There is a work called _Alexandra_ by Lykrophon. The poet is only known through this work which was done between 196 and 190 BC. The work has 1474 lines, which are done in jambic trimeters. This is what most Greek tragedies were written in.
Leda

**Leda** is a person in Greek mythology.  She was the daughter of a king, and the wife of King Tyndareos of Sparta.

Zeus seduced her as a swan, and Leda laid two eggs.  When they hatched, her children Helen,  Klytaimnestra, Castor and Pollux) came out.  Helen was a child of Zeus, and the myths vary on who was the father of the others.
Tyndareus

**Tyndareos** (or Latin **Tyndareus**) was a character in Greek mythology. He was the king of Sparta, and husband of Leda.

He was the father of Klytaimnestra and Kastor. His wife Leda also had Helen and Polydeukes by the god Zeus.

Menelaos, husband of Helen, became the next king of Sparta after Tyndareos.
Telemachus

**Telemachos** (or Latin **Telemachus**) is a character in Greek mythology. He is the son of Odysseus of Ithaca and Penelope. He is the prince of Ithaca. While Odysseus was trying return home, many believed him to be dead. Suitors surrounded his home, trying to claim Penelope as their wife. Athena came to Telemachus in disguise as a prince named Minch and gave him advice. She told him to search for evidence that his father was still alive. If he was alive he could force the suitors away. However, if he believed his father to be dead, he would let one of the suitors claim her. He gathered a search party and set out to question many of the people Odysseus served with in the war. He decided that his father was dead. Telemachos held a competition for the suitors to claim Penelope. Odysseus showed up in secret, won the competition and rejoined his family.
Agamemnon

**Agamemnon** () was a legendary king of Mycenae, as told in _The Iliad_. The son of Atreus and Aerope, he was the brother of Menelaus, and the commander of the unified Greek forces in the Trojan War. His wife was Clytemnestra, with whom he sired Iphigenia, Electra or Laodike, Orestes and Chrysothemis. Homer's _Iliad_ tells the story of his quarrel with Achilles, the greatest of the Greek warriors, in the final year of the war. Upon his return home from Troy, Agamemnon is murdered by Aegisthus, the lover of Clytemnestra. The story of his return home and subsequent murder is featured in the _Odyssey_ (5.266).
Menelaus

**Menelaus** (, _Menelaos_ - "wrath of the people") is one of the central figures in Homer's _Iliad_ and a hero of the Trojan War. He was the son of King Atreus and Queen Aerope of Mycenae, and the brother of Agamemnon. He was the king of Sparta. His wife was Helen of Troy, said to be the most beautiful woman in the world. She was kidnapped by Prince Paris of Troy. That caused the Trojan War, as Menelaus sought to get Helen back. Prior to the war, Menelaus had one child with Helen, a daughter named Hermione.
Clytemnestra

**Clytemnestra** (or **Klytaimnestra**) was a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Tyndareos of Sparta and his wife Leda. She was married to Agamemnon, King of Mycenae. With him she had children  Iphigenia, Elektra, Orestes and Chrysothemis.

After the Trojan War, Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthos killed Agamemnon. Agamemnon had sacrificed their daughter, Iphigenia, to the Gods to have wind to set sail for war. Clytemnestra and Aegisthos are later killed by her son Orestes.
Percussion instrument

**Percussion instruments** are musical instruments which are played by shaking or hitting. There are many different kinds of percussion instruments. A person who plays a percussion instrument is a percussionist. Percussionists are usually able to play lots of different percussion instruments, because the basic skills required are similar.

Some percussion instruments can play tunes. These are called “tuned percussion”. Tuned percussion instruments include: xylophone, glockenspiel, vibraphone, tubular bells and timpani.

Untuned percussion instruments include: bass drum, side drum (snare drum), maracas, castanets, cymbals, tambourine, claves and many more.

In an orchestra there can be more different kind of percussion instruments than in the other families: string, woodwind and brass instruments.  However, older music does not often use lots of percussion. Most music for orchestra by composers like Mozart, Gustav Mahler and Beethoven only use the timpani. In the 19th century, more percussion is added: cymbals, tambourine, triangle etc. In the 20th century, some composers may use very many percussion instruments.

Whenever any unusual instrument is used that does not fit into the category of string, woodwind, brass or keyboard, it is usually played by a percussionist. Sometimes composers have used things like typewriters, milk bottles or vacuum cleaners in their pieces.

## Class of Percussion

There are many different class of percussion instruments. There are for example:

- Latin percussion instruments
- Classic percussion instruments
- Modern percussion instruments

Latin percussion instruments are used in American-Latin Music. The instruments are  Maracas, Congas, Timbales...

Classic percussion instruments are used in the Harmony Orchestras. The instruments are Tampani, Bass Drum, Xylophone...

Drum kits can include bass drum, side drum, tom-toms, cowbells, cymbals (suspended and hi-hat) etc. Together with a string bass (double bass) they will form the “rhythm section” of a jazz group. A percussion player has to have a very good sense of rhythm. The other players rely on him or her to keep a steady beat and not to play so loudly that the others cannot hear the tune.

Modern percussion instruments are used in the Rock, Pop and Jazz music. There is just the drum set, but this is a percussion instrument with many possibilities. One can take for example a cowbell on the drum set or an tambourine. We have with the drum set uncountable possibilities.
Hurrians

The **Hurrians** or **Khurrites** were people who lived in and around northern Mesopotamia from about 2500 BC. They were a large ethnic group, and had some cities and kingdoms, but they also lived in small groups among other ethnic people. The first known piece of music to be written down was Hurrian.
Oneiroi

The **Oneroi** (Greek: _dreams_) were the sons of Hypnos, the god of sleep in Greek mythology. They were the personification of dreams. They were **Morpheus**, **Phobetor** (or Ikelos) and **Phantasos**.

They lived in caves in the far west, near the gates of the Underworld. They were sent through one of two gates there. One gate was made of horn, from there the true or prophetic dreams come from. The other gate was made of ivory, from there the false and meaningless dreams come from.

They were shown as black-winged daemons.

The most powerful of the Oneiroi was Morpheus. His brothers Phobetor and Phantasos shape parts of dreams, while Morpheus shapes the dream in general. Morpheus shapes human figures, Phobetor shapes animal figures and Phantasos shapes inanimate objects. Morpheus is still depicted in popular fiction today.

## Related pages

- Morphine
Malcolm X

**El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz** (Arabic: ٱلْحَاجّ مَالِك ٱلشَّبَازّ, romanized: al-Ḥājj Mālik ash-Shabāzz, May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965) also known as **Malcolm X** was an African American nationalist  and civil rights activist. Before he became Malcolm X, his original name was **Malcolm Little.** Malcolm X's father was a Baptist minister whose skin was very dark, whilst his mother's skin was of a much lighter tone. His parents taught him to be proud of being black in an openly anti-black society. Malcolm X's father died when Malcolm was only six years old, leaving his mother in poverty.

In 1946, Malcolm was arrested at the age of 20 for armed robbery, but was released from jail 8 years later. He was introduced to the Nation of Islam and Islam while he was in jail, joining the Nation after he was released.

## Actions

At first, Malcolm X's actions and speeches were mostly inspired by the beliefs and teachings of the Nation of Islam. He taught that all white people were bad. Once he learned that the leader of the Nation of Islam was in relationships with many women, he quit the group and changed his religion to Sunni Islam. He went on a pilgrimage to see the Islamic holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia. At this point, his opinions of white people got better, and he began to believe that white people could be good people, too. Malcolm X believed that black people should fight for their civil rights in any way they could, even if they had to become violent. He also thought that black people should support one another by shopping in stores owned by black people. He was critical of the civil rights movement.

## Personal life

Malcolm X had six children with Betty Shabazz. He had six grandchildren. Malcolm Shabazz was killed in May 2013. He also has two great-grandchildren.

## Death

On February 21, 1965, Malcolm X was shot multiple times in New York City after preaching about black rights. Three members of the Nation of Islam had a part in his murder.

## Further reading

- Malcolm X Collections: speeches, interviews and books

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: MalcolmX
- **image**: Malcolm X NYWTS 2a.jpg
- **alt**: A 38-year-old man in a suit and tie smiles broadly. He wears glasses and has a microphone around his neck.
- **caption**: Malcolm X in March 1964
- **birth name**: Malcolm Little
- **death cause**: Gunshot wounds
- **resting place**: Ferncliff Cemetery
- **occupation**: Minister, activist
- **other names**: el-Hajj Malik el-Shabazz (الحاجّ مالك الشباز)
- **movement**: Black nationalism,
Pan-Africanism
- **organization**: Nation of Islam, Muslim Mosque, Inc., Organization of Afro-American Unity
- **height**: 6 ft 4 in
- **spouse**: Betty Shabazz (m. 1958)
- **children**: Attallah Shabazz
Qubilah Shabazz
Ilyasah Shabazz
Gamilah Lumumba Shabazz
Malikah Shabazz
Malaak Shabazz
- **parents**: Earl Little,
Louise Helen Norton Little
- **signature**: Malcolm X Signature.svg
Nereus

**Nereus** (Νηρεύς) is a sea god in Greek mythology. His parents are Gaia and Pontos. With the Okeanid Doris his fifty daughters are the Nereids, sea nymphs of the Mediterranean Sea.
James MacMillan

**James MacMillan** (born July 16, 1959) is a composer and conductor.

MacMillan was born at Kilwinning, North Ayrshire, Scotland.  He studied music at the universities of Edinburgh and Durham.  He writes a lot of music for the Scottish Chamber Orchestra. They play music at schools so that children can listen and join in with his music.

## Important music

_The Confession of Isobel Gowdie_ (1990)  about a woman who lived in the 1600s. Many people believed in witches then.  In 1662 Isobel Gowdie was accused and tried for witchcraft. It was an unusual trial. She confessed without torture, There is no record of an execution. She walked away after confessing.

_Veni, veni, Emmanuel_ (1992) is like a percussion concerto.  It is a piece for one percussion player who plays lots of percussion instruments, and an orchestra.  The main tune is the medieval hymn tune _Veni, veni, Emmanuel_ (also sung as _O come, O come Emmanuel_).  Scottish percussionist Evelyn Glennie played it at a BBC Prom in 1992.

_Quickening_ is music for a counter-tenor, two tenors, and baritone soloists; children’s choir, mixed choir, and large orchestra.  It is about birth and new life.  The children’s choir sing the words of the unborn baby.  They stand on a balcony or somewhere far away from the other choir and the orchestra.  Some of the words are “Glossalalia” (nonsense words).  It was performed at a BBC Prom in 1999.

## Other websites

- James MacMillan at Boosey & Hawkes
Polyphemos

**Polyphemos** (or **Polyphemus**) is a Cyclops in Greek mythology. He is the son of the god Poseidon and Thoosa. Polyphemus is a creature of strength and immense stupidity who broke the cardinal rule of hospitality in Ancient Greece. He lived in a cave on an island, and he had sheep. On the island also lived several other Cyclopes.

Polyphemus appears in Homer's _Odyssey_. On his journey home to Ithaca after the Trojan War, Odysseus lands on the island of Polyphemus. They come to the cave where Polyphemus lives.  Polyphemus comes back and he traps them in his cave placing a boulder in front of the entrance, also eating some of Odysseus' men. Odysseus then thinks of a plan to get away. He tells Polyphemus that his name is "Nobody", and gives him wine to drink. When he is sleeping, Odysseus and his men take a log from the fire and shape the end of it to a point and drive it into the Cyclops', Polyphemus, only eye, so he could not see them anymore.  In agony he cries out to the other Cyclopes for help.  When they ask what has happened, he says that "Nobody" hurt him, so the Cyclopes leave him.  The next morning Polyphemus lets his sheep out of the cave, but touches their backs so no one of the men could ride out on them. But Odysseus and his men hold themselves on the underside of the sheep, and so they get out. When Polyphemus realizes that Odysseus got away, he cries out to the other Cyclopes again. They asked him what happened, and he said "Nobody hurt me.", and so the other Cyclopes went away again. When Odysseus was on his ship again, he called out in rage to Polyphemus saying that he, Odysseus was the one who had destroyed his eye. As Odysseus went away he mocked Polyphemus. This is hubris. Polyphemus was very angry and threw a rock at them, but it missed the ship. Then he pled with his father, Poseidon, for revenge that all of Odysseus' men should die and that Odysseus should only come home to Ithaca after ten years. All of it comes true, as is told in the _Odyssey_.
Pär Lagerkvist

**Pär Lagerkvist** (1891 May 23 – 1974 July 11) was a man from Sweden who wrote many books. In 1940, he was elected as a member of Swedish Academy. And in 1951, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature.
Thanatos

**Thanatos** is the god of death in Greek mythology.  He is the son of Nyx and the twin brother of Hypnos, the god of sleep.

Sigmund Freud, a famous psychologist, used the word in one of his theories. THANATOS was the god or personified spirit (_daimon_) of non-violent death. His touch was gentle, likened to that of his twin brother Hypnos(Sleep). Violent death was the domain of Thanatos' blood-craving sisters, the Keres, spirits of slaughter and disease. He is often confused with Hades, who is the god of the dead and underworld, not death itself.

Once when he was sent to fetch Alkestis (Alcestis) to the underworld, he was driven off by Herakles in a fight. Another time he was captured by the criminal Sisyphos (Sisyphus) who trapped him in a sack so as to avoid death.

Thanatos is also a reference to Thanos in the Marvel movie "End Game".

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Greek
- **name**: Thanatos
- **image**: Column temple Artemis Ephesos BM Sc1206 n3.jpg
- **caption**: Thanatos as a winged and sword-girt youth. Sculptured marble column drum from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Ephesos, .
- **god of**: Personification of death
- **abode**: Greek Underworld, Underworld
- **symbol**: Theta, Poppy (flower), Poppy, Butterfly, Xiphos, Sword, Torch, Inverted Torch
- **parents**: Nyx, Erebus
- **siblings**: Hypnos, Nemesis (mythology), Nemesis, Eris (mythology), Eris, Keres (mythology), Keres, Oneiroi, and many others
- **roman equivalent**: Mors (mythology), Mors
Ahimsa

**Ahimsa** (also ahiṃsā, ahinsa, Sanskrit:अहिम्स) is a Sanskrit word which means "non-violence” or "non-injury". The practice of ahimsa is an important aspect of religions like Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. A person who practices ahimsa generally eats vegetarian foods. A religious person who practices ahimsa does not take part in animal sacrifice.

In twentieth century, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Martin Luther King each followed a path of Ahimsa, though in different ways. They struggled without fighting, while asking for the rights of their followers.

## Buddhism

The concept of ahiṃsā forms the base of Buddhism. In Buddhism, the first of the five basic vows (_precepts_) that are undertaken voluntarily by those who practice, is "I undertake the training rule to abstain from killing". In Buddhism, killing any living being out of passion is considered 'hiṃsā' (injury) and abstaining from such act is 'ahiṃsā' (non-injury or nonviolence).
Kabir

***Sant Kabir Saheb*** also known as ***Kabir Das*** and ***Kabir Saheb*** was born in 1398, in Varanasi and brought up in a Muslim weavers family by Niru and Nima. He was a mystic poet and a musician. He was one of the important saints of Hinduism and also considered a Sufi by Muslims. He is respected by Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs.  He was a disciple of saint Swami Ramananda. He was never formally educated and was almost completely illiterate. According to legend, the only word that he ever learned how to write was "ala". Kabir Sahib ji also told information about the Supreme God through his couplets and poems.

## Poetry of Kabir Das

It is because of poetry that Kabir is held in high esteem all over the world. Another beauty of Kabir's poetry is that he picks up situations that surround our daily lives. Thus even today, his poetry is relevant and helpful in both social and spiritual context. Following him means understanding one's inner self, realizing oneself, accepting oneself as is, and becoming harmonious with one's surroundings.
Kabir das has written many poetries and songs. All of his recorded verses are in Hindi. His lyrics are characterised by a free use of the vernacular, and is unfettered by the grammatical bonds of his day. It is this quality which has made his philosophy accessible to generations of Indians. He always helped others.

## Dohe

Saint Kabir's Dohe (दोहे) is full of meaning and teachings. He believed God is one and people just worship him with different names and nicknames. Kabir has written the famous Dohe in Hindi. Kabir's poems were in vernacular Hindi, borrowing from various dialects including Awadhi, Braj, Bhojpuri as well as in Hindi.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kabir Saheb Ji
- **image**: Kabir004.jpg
- **birth date**: 1398
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Kabir Saheb Ji with a disciple
- **birth place**: Varanasi, India
- **death date**: 1518 (aged 120–121)
- **death place**: Maghar, India
- **known**: influencing the Bhakti movement
- **occupation**: weaver (occupation)
Jagannath

**Jagannath** is a form of the God Shri Krishna. The biggest temple of Jagannath is in Puri, Odisha, India. He is worshipped in Odisha, Jharkhand, Bihar and rest parts of the Indian Subcontinent.
Patanjali

**Patañjali** (fl. 150 BC or 2nd century BC) lived in the 2nd century. He was an Indian. He wrote the first grammar of Sanskrit language. He also wrote books about yoga.
He is also the author of the Mahabhyasa, a commentary on Katyayana's varttikas on Panini's Astadhyayi as well as an unspecified work of medicine (Ayurveda).
Calypso

**Kalypso** or **Calypso** is a nymph in Greek mythology, who lives on the island Ogygia. Calypso is the daughter of Atlas.

In the _Odyssey_, the hero Odysseus comes to her island after escaping from the sea, and the death of his men. Odysseus was forced to stay with her for seven years. Calypso did not treat him well. Then later, the god Hermes came and told her that the gods said that she had to let Odysseus go. Calypso promised Odysseus immortality (that he would live forever) if he stayed, but he wanted to go back to his wife Penelope, and so he left her. She can be seductive at times.
Music theory

**Theory of Music** is all about trying to understand how existing music works and how new music could or should be organized. Someone who makes a special study of music theory is a **music theorist**.

People who make their own music are composers. People who play or sing music are “performers”. It is important for both composers and performers to understand what makes the music sound the way it does. In the times of the Ancient Greeks the famous philosopher Pythagoras tried to explain how instruments are tuned. He understood the science of the good vibrations that the instruments make and explained how and why the octave is divided into twelve parts(in some cultures).

In the Middle Ages there were several famous music theorists who wrote books about music theory. Their ideas are interesting for us because they tell us what people thought about music at that time.

In the 18th century some composers wrote books on music theory. Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (son of the famous Johann Sebastian Bach) wrote a book called: “An Essay on the true art of playing the Keyboard”. Leopold Mozart (the father of the famous Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) wrote a book called _The Art of Playing the Violin_. Both these books were extremely well known in their day. In spite of their titles the first halves of these two books are both about a branch of music theory called "performance practice": They tell us a lot about how music was played in those days, how some rhythms were played quite freely and how ornaments in the music were played.

Today people who want to compose will study music theory, perhaps at college or university school of music.  In a conservatory program, they study harmony and counterpoint as well as form; in other programs, they spend less time on the theories of the past. They will be taught “rules”. These rules are not laws, they simply mean: the way that most great composers wrote music in the past. These rules describe what composers of the past did, rather than telling composers of today what to do -- in fact, music composed today can have completely different rules than the music of the past.

Music theory is important for people who perform music because all these things help people to understand the music they are playing.

## Related pages

- Musicology
Ravana

According to Hindu epic, **Ravana (IAST : Rāvaṇa; / ˈrɑːvənə)** was a demon king of the island of Lanka.

In the Ramayana, Ravana is described as a symbol of evil, though a learned scholar well versed in the Vedas. He appears as the primary antagonist, and is said to be the most revered devotee of Shiva, with his image being associated with him at some places. He also appears in several Buddhist and Jain texts.

## Pedigree

- Grandfather(maternal) - King Sumaali
- Mother - Princess Kaykasee
- Grandfather(paternal) - Saint of Pulasthi
- Father - Saint of Waishrawa
- Wife - Princess Mandhodharee
- Son - Meganaadha (Indrajith)
- Brothers - Kuweara, Kumbhakarna, Vibheeshana
- Sister - Suparnakaa
- Father in law - Saint of Kaalaneam

## Kindom

Capitol - Lankapura

Alakamandhaawa, Thapo wanaya, Gokannaka

## Written Books

- Arka prakaasha
- Kumaara thanthraya
- Rasarathnaakaraya
- Watikaa Prakaranaya

## References

1. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ravana-is-a-hero-for-Sinhala-nationalists/Article1-249335.aspx
1. https://wiralfeed.wordpress.com/2015/11/08/facts-about-ravana/
Devaki

**Devaki** was a woman mentioned in the Mahabharata. Her father’s name was Devaka, and she was the younger sister of Kansha, a cruel king of Mathura of Ancient India. Devaki was married to Vasudeva, a son of Sureshana. Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu (a god of Hindus)  was son of Devaki and Vasudeva.She was Krishna's real mother.

She had 8 sons in total including Krishna. The first six of her children were killed by her brother Kansa. The seventh time there was a miscarriage and Balaram got carried to Mother Rohini's womb. All the time she was in prison by Kansa till he released them out of pity. You can find more at the book Krishna by His divine Grace A.C Bhaktivedanta Swami Srila Prabhupada.
Ayurveda

**Ayurveda** () is an alternative medicine system from the Indian subcontinent. The word "ayurveda" is from the , , and means knowledge of life and longevity.

Ayurveda is pseudoscientific. Ayurvedic texts say: _the gods of Hindu mythology gave medical knowledge to legendary Hindu philosophers, who then gave the knowledge to human physician_s. However, the Indian Medical Association (IMA) says the practice of modern medicine by Ayurveda is quackery.

## History

According to Ayurveda, Dhanvantari (the Hindu god of Ayurveda), made himself into a human king by incarnation. He was king of Varanasi, and taught Ayurvedic medicine to a group of physicians. One of these physicians, named Sushruta, wrote the _Sushruta Samhita_ (_Sushruta's Compendium_), an Ayurvedic text that includes this story. People have used many different Ayurvedic therapies through the history of India.

Some people say Ayurveda existed in prehistoric times. Some ideas in Ayurveda may have existed when the Indus Valley civilization did, during the Bronze Age in India.

During the Vedic period, Ayurveda went through many developments. Outside the tradition of the Vedas, Buddhism and Jainism also shared some ideas with the Ayurvedic texts from ancient India. By around two thousand years ago, Ayurveda had developed some of its ideas for surgery and drugs.

In the 1970s and 1980s, Ayurveda also changed for consumption in the Western world.

## Therapies

Ayurveda therapies have varied and evolved over more than two millennia. These therapies have included herbal medicines, special diets, meditation, yoga, massage, laxatives, enemas, and medical oils.

In ancient India, Ayurvedic texts gave explanations for surgeries and for the stitching of wounds to help wound healing. The ancient Indians knew how to take out kidney stones and how to do rhinoplasty (plastic surgery for the nose).

Medicines are typically based on chemical compounds taken from plants, minerals, and metal substances (perhaps because of the influence of early Indian alchemy or _rasa shastra_).

## Effectiveness

There is no good evidence that Ayurveda works or helps for any disease.

Some Ayurvedic products are dangerous and contain lead, mercury, and arsenic. In 2008, nearly 21% of Ayurvedic products sold on the internet and made in India and the United States contained lead, mercury, and arsenic (heavy metals) in quantities that are toxic. There may be public health dangers that result from this, but that is not known.

### Cited references

- (Republished by National Informatics Centre, Government of India.)
Arges

**Arges**, **Argeş**, or **Argeș** might mean:

- Arges (Cyclops), a Cyclops in Greek mythology

## Places in Romania

- Argeș County, a county
- Argeș River, a river in the south of the country
- Curtea de Argeş, a city along the banks of the Argeş River
- Ţinutul Argeş, a former administrative division