juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Phoenix Suns

The **Phoenix Suns** are an American professional basketball team that plays in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They play in the Pacific Division of the Western Conference. The Suns play at Footprint Center, originally known as America West Arena and later as US Airways Center, Talking Stick Resort Arena, briefly as PHX Arena, and Phoenix Suns Arena in Downtown Phoenix, Arizona.

## Other websites

- Official _Phoenix Suns_ website
- BasketballBoards.net - Phoenix Suns Forum
- Phoenix Suns at Yahoo! Sports

## Infobox (basketball club)

- **name**: Phoenix Suns
- **current**: 2024–25 Phoenix Suns season
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **conference**: Western Conference (NBA), Western
- **division**: Pacific Division (NBA), Pacific
- **founded**: 1968
- **history**: **Phoenix Suns**
1968–present
- **arena**: PHX Arena
- **location**: Phoenix, Arizona
- **colors**: Purple, orange, black, gray, yellow

- **sponsor**: PayPal
- **president**: Jason Rowley
- **gm**: James Jones (basketball player), James Jones
- **coach**: Jordan Ott
- **owner**: Robert Sarver
- **affiliation**: Valley Suns
- **league champs**: **0**
- **conf champs**: **3** (1976 NBA Playoffs, 1976, 1993 NBA Playoffs, 1993, 2021 NBA Playoffs, 2021)
- **div champs**: **7** (1980–81 NBA season, 1981, 1992–93 NBA season, 1993, 1994–95 NBA season, 1995, 2004–05 NBA season, 2005, 2005–06 NBA season, 2006, 2006–07 NBA season, 2007, 2020–21 NBA season, 2021)
- **ret nums**: **12** (Dick Van Arsdale, 5, Bill Russell, 6, Walter Davis (basketball), 6, Kevin Johnson (basketball), 7, Dan Majerle, 9, Steve Nash, 13, Tom Chambers (basketball), 24, Shawn Marion, 31, Alvan Adams, 33, Charles Barkley, 34, Connie Hawkins, 42, Paul Westphal, 44)
- **1 title**: Association
- **1 pattern b**: _2018-19_PHO_association
- **1 pattern s**: _2018-19_PHO_association
- **2 title**: Icon
- **2 pattern b**: _2018-19_PHO_icon
- **2 pattern s**: _2018-19_PHO_icon
- **3 title**: Statement
- **3 pattern b**: _2018-19_PHO_statement
- **3 pattern s**: _2018-19_PHO_statement
Debris

**Debris** in a general sense means man-made garbage. Debris is the scattered remains of something that is discarded or destroyed. There are many types of debris, depending on the context. When natural disasters happen, debris is the remains of destroyed buildings and land. In the context of geology, debris is the remains of geological activity such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, avalanches, and so on.

The average American produces garbage, also called trash, at the rate of four pounds per day per person, which translates to 600,000 tons per day, or about 220 million tons per year. This is almost twice the rate of trash generation per person as most other major countries. Trash levels can be reduced primarily by recycling, re-use, and reduced consumption.

## Other websites

Miller, 1989, Potential Hazards from Future Volcanic Eruptions in California : USGS Bulletin 1847
Trash

**Trash** could mean:

- Waste, unwanted or undesired material left over after the completion of a process
- A dustbin where such material is stored
- An offensive word, primarily told to someone when they are not doing a good job
- Bagasse, the leftover waste of sugarcane after extraction of the juice
- A slur describing a negative attitude toward a person or group of people, as in white trash
- Trash (computing), in computing, a user interface metaphor that serves as a holding place for files to be deleted, used in KDE, Mac OS X and others

- In entertainment
- _Trash_ (computer game), a computer game developed by Inhuman Games
- _Trash_ (movie) or _Andy Warhol's Trash_, a 1970 movie by Paul Morrisey
- Trash (poet), a UK poet, famous for cutting-edge performance and comedy poetry, also thought to be the first poet to write techno and orchestral poetry
- _Trash_ (Manga), a comedy/drama manga by Sanami Matoh
- "Trash" (_Firefly_), the 11th episode of the TV series _Firefly_

- In music
- White Trash (band) or Trash, a music group who recorded on The Beatles' Apple Records label
- Trash (band), a German punk band
- A song from the album _Issues_, by nu-metal act KoRn
- _Trash_ (The Stalin), a 1981 The Stalin album
- _Trash_ (album), a 1989 Alice Cooper album
- "Trash" (Suede song), a single by Suede from the album _Coming Up_

**TRASH** refers to:
- Testing Recall About Strange Happenings, a quizbowl format devoted to pop culture and sports questions
Waste heat

**Waste heat** is the by-product heat of machines and technical processes for which no useful application is found.

A fraction of input energy is always converted to heat by friction between machine parts and other processes such as liquid friction (see: viscosity).

Mechanical drives can be designed to run smoothly, with little loss of energy to heat. Machines for conversion of energy contained in fuels to mechanical work or electric energy produce large amounts of waste heat (see: Second law of thermodynamics).

This waste heat can be re-used if a cogeneration system is used. It is hard to use waste heat because it is difficult to transport the heat to another place, and it is difficult to store the heat for use at another time.
In electrification of waste heat, organic matter can be used as a working medium to produce electricity on much lower temperatures compared to the water steam cycle.
Vulnerability

**Vulnerability** means the extent to which changes can hurt or harm a person or a system.

In context with natural hazards and natural disasters, _vulnerability_ is a concept that looks at the relationship that people have with their environment and at social aspects.

So it links environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. “The concept of vulnerability expresses the multidimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster” (Bankoff et al. 2004: 11).

Complex definition: **Vulnerability** is the susceptibility to physical or emotional injury or attack. It also means to have one's guard down, open to censure or criticism; assailable. Vulnerability refers to a person's state of being liable to succumb, as to persuasion or temptation (see Thywissen 2006 for a comparison of vulnerability definitions).

## Related pages

- Vulnerability index

## Other websites

- Modelling Society’s Capacity to Manage Extraordinary Events *From the Swedish Morphological Society
- United Nations University Institute of Environment and Human Security
- MunichRe Foundation
Harm

**Harm** is physical or psychological or emotional damage or injury to a person, animal or other legal entity.

It is generally believed that humans, in addition to other sentient animal species, possess an aversion to causing harm to others.

Many religions consider any harm to another person a sin.
Plagiarism

**Plagiarism** is the act of copying another person's ideas, words or writing and pretending that they are one's own work. It can involve violating copyright laws. College students who are caught plagiarizing can be expelled from school. It can permanently damage a student's reputation. Writers who plagiarize commit serious legal and ethical violations.

## Types of plagiarism

- Direct Plagiarism – copying and pasting someone else's work, or making minor changes to someone else's work to pass it off as their own.
- Self-Plagiarism – Happens when a student submits all or part of their own previous work without getting permission from all involved professors.
- Mosaic Plagiarism – Or "patch writing," is when parts of other works are copied without using quotation marks. It can also be when a student keeps the same structure and meaning of an original passage and only uses synonyms.
- Accidental Plagiarism – This can happen when a student does not cite their sources. It can also happen when a student paraphrases information without giving attribution (credit to the original author or authors).
- Mash-up – Two or more data sources that have been turned into one. They may be graphics, texts, songs, and video from various media.

## Legal issues

Many cases of plagiarism, especially in schools, can lead to internal punishment. Certain people have been punished in a legal court for plagiarism, mostly due to copyright claims. Court cases include:
- _Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp. (1936)_
- _Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp. (1930)_
- _Steinberg v. Columbia Pictures (1987)_

Any work created in the US after 1st. Mar 1989 is automatically protected by copyright, even if there is no copyright notice attached to the work. The defendant could sue for any copying of this kind of intellectual property.

## Avoiding plagiarism

It is usually not enough to know what plagiarism is, students must also know how to avoid plagiarism. Writers are as responsible for intentional plagiarism as they are for accidental plagiarism. It is important to cite sources while doing research. Putting this off until later can cause some sources to be forgotten or incorrectly cited.

When using a source, make sure the content is in the same context as the paper. Try to avoid using biased sources. Always take the time to find the correct information about a source. For example, some web pages may be part of a larger website. While a web page article may seem fair and balanced, it can be affected by the overall bias or reputation of the publisher. Using something out of context can also lead to charges of plagiarism. Taking the time to properly cite all sources in a paper or work is paying respect to the original ideas of others. This is all part of doing good work.

## Related pages

- Copyright
- Copyright infringement
- Academic dishonesty
- Fair use
- Wikipedia:Citing sources (Wikipedia guideline)
- Ghostwriter
- Pastiche

## Other websites

- Avoiding Plagiarism: Writing With Integrity; YouTube
- What is plagiarism and how to avoid it: YouTube
- Avoiding plagiarism: Purdue University
Rickshaw

A **riksha** or **rickshaw** is a kind of vehicle that has two wheels. They are usually pulled by a human but there are types that have been changed to be pulled by a bicycle or have their own motor, Rickshaws are popular vehicles in Bangal Pradesh  (Bangladesh) and Japan.

## Other websites

- Rickshaw! A blog collecting the inscriptions on the back of rickshaws, cycle rickshaws and auto rickshaws
- Rickshaw : dekh magar pyar se  A blog entry glancing past, present and future of rickshaw
Saturation

**Saturation** or **saturated** generally means "thoroughly full", while **unsaturated** means less than full. These words can be related to:

- Dew point, which is a temperature that occurs when atmospheric humidity reaches 100% and the air can hold no more moisture
- Market saturation, in economics, a situation in which a product has become diffused (distributed) within a market
- Saturated model, a concept in mathematical logic
- _Saturation_ (album), an album by the alternative rock band Urge Overkill
- Saturation, in mutation studies, the observed number of mutations relative to the maximum amount possible (usually undefined).
- Saturation
- Saturation (color), the intensity of a specific hue
- Saturation, the state when the material cannot absorb a stronger magnetic field
- Oxygen saturation, a clinical measure of the amount of oxygen in a patient's blood
- Saturation, a number of meanings
- Saturation arithmetic, in arithmetic, a version of arithmetic in which all operations are limited to fixed range
- In the earth sciences, saturation generally refers to the water content in the soil, where the _unsaturated zone_ is above the water table and the _saturated zone_ is below.
- A **saturated liquid** or **saturated vapor** contains as much thermal energy as it can without boiling or condensing.
- A **saturated transistor** is a BJT transistor that is fully turned on.
Water content

**Water content** means the amount of water present in a porous substance, such as soil. This term is used in hydrogeology, soil science and soil mechanics. In saturated groundwater aquifers, all available spaces are filled with water. Above a capillary fringe, pore spaces have air in them too.

Gaps between soil particles are called _pore spaces_ or _voids_. These voids contain various amounts of either water or air. Soil moisture content can be expressed in different basis:
- Gravimetric: the mass of water/mass of solid material
- Volumetric: the volume of soil/total porosity

The amount of void space within a soil depends on the distribution of particle sizes, and is quantified by soil porosity.

Soil moisture is the water stored in soil from after rain or melted snow soak into the ground.  This water can be used by plants in a process called evapotranspiration or it can continue to move deeper into the ground to become part of the groundwater in a process called groundwater recharge.

## Related pages

- Humidity
Milo Ventimiglia

**Milo Anthony Ventimiglia** (born July 8, 1977) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the hero, Peter Petrelli, on the television series, _Heroes_. He played Jess Mariano on the television series Gilmore Girls.  He was born in Anaheim, California.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Milo Ventimiglia 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg
- **caption**: Milo Ventimiglia in Hollywood California on August 1, 2019
- **birthname**: Milo Anthony Ventimiglia
- **birth place**: Anaheim, California, Anaheim, California, U.S.
- **yearsactive**: 1995–present
- **alma mater**: University of California, Los Angeles
Black metal

**Black metal** is an extreme style of Heavy metal music that started in the early 1980s. Unlike other metal subgenres, black metal vocalists shriek instead of growling. Many black metal bands promote satanism in their lyrics and outlook. Some bands promote Paganism instead of satanism. Black metal musicians often wear corpse paint for performances.

Black metal is split into two waves. The first wave began in the early 1980s with bands like Venom, Bathory, Hellhammer, Celtic Frost and Mercyful Fate. Venom's first albums, Welcome to Hell and Black Metal are usually said to be the first black metal records. The second wave is the most popular wave of black metal and it started in the early 1990s. It started from Norway and has bands like Darkthrone, Enslaved, Burzum, Satyricon, Mayhem, Gorgoroth, Immortal, and Emperor.

Black metal is also very controversial, especially in Norway. During the early 1990s, certain black metal musicians burned old churches in Norway. One of the people who was found guilty for burning churches, Varg Vikernes, was also found guilty for murdering Øystein Aarseth, a fellow black metal musician.

## Subgenres

- **Ambient black metal** (also **atmospheric black metal**) uses synthesizers to create a dark atmosphere.
- **Symphonic black metal** uses orchestras.
- **Viking metal** talks about Norse mythology instead of satanism and the occult. Bands in this subgenre often use some folk instruments as well. Bathory is usually given credit for creating the subgenre with their album, Blood Fire Death.
- **National Socialist black metal** (also known as **Nazi black metal** or **NSBM**) has Nazi themes. Nazi black metal artists are a small minority.
- Deppresive Suicidal black metal (also known as **DSBM**) talks a lot about depression, suicide, self-harm, misanthropy, and death. DSBM is often made by one-man bands.
Darkness

**Darkness** is when there is absence of  light. In practice, out in the open air, there is always almost some light, however slight. The darkness of the night sky is estimated by a nine-point scale known as the Bortle scale.

Darkness is made by blocking light from the sun or some other source of light, which makes shadow. At night the Earth blocks the sun, and casts a shadow over one entire side of the world. There is heat radiation even in the dark.

In mythology, darkness is often connected with evil. Many people are uncomfortable or afraid when in the dark, especially children.

In religion, darkness is considered as beginning of the world, before the light appeared.

## Darkness in art

Many artists used and still use darkness to fill the void spaces on the canvas. Also it used for chiaroscuro. To create darkness, all colored paints are mixed. Every color absorbs light frequencies.
Des O'Connor

**Desmond "Des" Bernard O'Connor** (12 January 1932 - 14 November 2020) was an English television presenter and singer. He was born in Stepney, London. O'Connor presented the long running game show Countdown on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, from January 2007 to December 2008.

O'Connor died on 14 November 2020 from problems caused by a fall, aged 88.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dorris O'Connor
<small></small>
- **image**: Des O'Connor, Christchurch NZ (1974) 1.jpg
- **birth name**: Desmond Bernard O'Connor
- **birth place**: Stepney, London, England
- **death place**: Buckinghamshire, England
- **occupation**: Broadcaster, musician, comedian
- **years active**: 1954–2017
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 5
Tony Romo

**Antonio "Tony" Ramiro Romo** (born April 22, 1980 in San Diego, California) is an American football former professional quarterback. He played parts of thirteen seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played his whole career with the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Eastern Illinois. He is viewed by many as the top quarterback in the NFL.

Romo was signed by the Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2003. He has had success with Dallas, and is well known by the media. As of 2025, he has the 11th highest passer rating in NFL history. Romo finished his career with 34,183 passing yards, 248 touchdowns and 117 interceptions.

On April 4, 2017, Romo announced that he was retiring from playing professional football and was released by the Cowboys. After retiring, Romo became a broadcaster and the lead commentator for NFL on CBS. He also became an entrepreneur.

## Infobox (nfl player)

- **name**: Tony Romo
- **image**: Tony Romo 2015.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Romo with Cowboys in 2015
- **number**: 9
- **position**: Quarterback
- **birth place**: San Diego, California
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lbs**: 230
- **high school**: Burlington High School (Wisconsin), Burlington (WI)
- **college**: Eastern Illinois Panthers football, Eastern Illinois
- **undraftedyear**: 2003
- **pastteams**: * Dallas Cowboys (–)
- **highlights**: * 2× First-team All-Pro (2008 All-Pro Team, 2008, 2010 All- Pro Team, 2010)
* Second-team All-Pro (2014 All-Pro Team, 2014)
* 7× Pro Bowl (2007 Pro Bowl, 2006, 2008 Pro Bowl, 2007, 2010 Pro Bowl, 2009-2012 Pro Bowl, 2011, 2013 Pro Bowl, 2012, 2015 Pro Bowl, 2014),
* 4× NFL Top 100 (2011, 2012, 2014, 2015)
* List of NFL season passer rating leaders, NFL passer rating leader (2014)
* Walter Payton Award (2002)
*2× List of Ohio Valley Conference football champions, OVC champion (2001, 2002)
*3× Ohio Valley Conference, OVC Player of the Year (2000–2002)
*3× First-team All-Ohio Valley Conference, OVC (2000–2002)
* Eastern Illinois Panthers football, Eastern Illinois No. 17 retired
- **statlabel1**: Pass attempts
- **statvalue1**: 4,335
- **statlabel2**: Completion (American football), Pass completions
- **statvalue2**: 2,829
- **statlabel3**: Completion percentage
- **statvalue3**: 65.3
- **statlabel4**: Touchdowns, TD–Interception, INT
- **statvalue4**: 248–117
- **statlabel5**: Passing yards
- **statvalue5**: 34,183
- **statlabel6**: Passer rating
- **statvalue6**: 97.1
- **nfl**: 2505354
- **pfr**: RomoTo00
- **collegehof**: 2471
Carmelo Anthony

**Carmelo Kyam Anthony** (born May 29, 1984 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American former professional basketball small forward. He played a total of nineteen seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Denver Nuggets, New York Knicks, Oklahoma City Thunder, Houston Rockets, Portland Trail Blazers, and Los Angeles Lakers.

Anthony also represented the United States at the Olympic Games. He won a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympic Games.

On May 22, 2023, Anthony announced his retirement from playing professional basketball. He is currently a studio analyst for NBA on NBC.

## Other websites

- Carmelo Anthony's Official website

## Infobox (basketball biography)

- **name**: Carmelo Anthony
- **image**: Carmelo Anthony at 2025 NBA All Star Weekend (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Anthony at the 2025 NBA All Star Weekend
- **league**: National Basketball Association, NBA
- **number**: 7
- **position**: Small forward / Power forward (basketball), Power forward
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 8
- **weight lb**: 240
- **nationality**: American
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York
- **high school**: Towson Catholic High School, Towson Catholic
(Towson, Maryland)
Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia), Oak Hill Academy
(Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)
- **college**: Syracuse Orange men's basketball, Syracuse (2002–2003)
- **draft year**: 2003
- **draft round**: 1
- **draft pick**: 3
- **draft team**: Denver Nuggets
- **career start**: 2003
- **years1**: –
- **team1**: Denver Nuggets
- **years2**: –
- **team2**: New York Knicks
- **team3**: Oklahoma City Thunder
- **team4**: Houston Rockets
- **years5**: –
- **team5**: Portland Trail Blazers
- **team6**: Los Angeles Lakers
- **highlights**: * 10× NBA All-Star (2007 NBA All-Star Game, 2007, 2008 NBA All-Star Game, 2008, 2010 NBA All-Star Game, 2010–2017 NBA All-Star Game, 2017)
* 2× All-NBA Second Team (, )
* 4× All-NBA Third Team (, , , )
* NBA annual scoring champion, NBA scoring champion ()
* NBA All-Rookie First Team ()
* List of NCAA Men's Division I Basketball champions, NCAA champion (2003 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, 2003)
* NCAA Final Four Most Outstanding Player (2003)
* Consensus second-team NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans, All-American (2003 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans, 2003)
* USBWA National Freshman of the Year (2003)
* No. 15 Syracuse Orange men's basketball#Retired jerseys, retired by Syracuse Orange
* 2× USA Basketball Male Athlete of the Year (2006, 2016)
* First-team Parade All-America Boys Basketball Team, _Parade_ All-American (2002)
- **profile**: carmelo_anthony
- **bbr**: anthoca01
Dallas Mavericks

The **Dallas Mavericks** are an American professional basketball team from Dallas, Texas. They play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They were founded in 1980. They play their home games at the American Airlines Center. The team's main owners are casino magnates Miriam Adelson and her son-in-law Patrick Dumont, who bought a majority stake in the team from Mark Cuban in December 2023. Cuban still has a minority interest and controls basketball operations.

Although the franchise was competitive for most of the 2000s, the Mavericks have only made the NBA Finals three times. The first time was in 2006, when they lost to the Miami Heat 4-2. They won their first NBA Championship in 2011 when they beat the Miami Heat in a 4-2 series in a rematch from 2006. After the championship, the Mavericks did not make it past the second round of the playoffs until 2022. They faced the Boston Celtics in the 2024 NBA Finals, losing in five games.

Notable Mavericks players include Dirk Nowitzki, Jason Kidd, Steve Nash,  Mark Aguirre, Michael Finley,  Jerry Stackhouse,  Peja Stojaković, Jason Terry, Shawn Marion, Tyson Chandler, Brendan Haywood, Caron Butler, Sam Perkins, Derek Harper, Rolando Blackman, Luka Dončić,  Kyrie Irving and Cooper Flagg.

## Infobox (basketball club)

- **name**: Dallas Mavericks
- **current**: 2025–26 Dallas Mavericks season
- **logo**: Dallas mavericks wordmark.gif
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **conference**: Western Conference (NBA), Western
- **division**: Southwest Division (NBA), Southwest
- **founded**: 1980
- **history**: **Dallas Mavericks**
1980–present
- **arena**: American Airlines Center
- **location**: Dallas, Dallas, Texas
- **colors**: Royal blue, navy blue, silver, black

- **sponsor**: 5Miles
- **gm**: Michael Finley
- **coach**: Jason Kidd
- **owner**: Miriam Adelson and Patrick Dumont (69%)
Mark Cuban (27%, oversight of basketball operations)
Mary Stanton (4%)
- **affiliation**: Texas Legends
- **league champs**: **1** (2011 NBA Finals, 2011)
- **conf champs**: **3** (2006 NBA Playoffs, 2006, 2011 NBA Playoffs, 2011, 2024 NBA Playoffs, 2024)
- **div champs**: **4** (1986–87 Dallas Mavericks season, 1987, 2006–07 Dallas Mavericks season, 2007, 2009–10 Dallas Mavericks season, 2010, 2020–21 Dallas Mavericks season, 2021, 2023–24 Dallas Mavericks season, 2024)
- **ret nums**: **5** (Bill Russell, 6, Derek Harper, 12, Brad Davis (basketball), 15, Rolando Blackman, 22, Dirk Nowitzki, 41)
- **1 title**: Association
- **1 pattern b**: _2018-19_DAL_association
- **1 pattern s**: _2018-19_DAL_association
- **2 title**: Icon
- **2 pattern b**: _2018-19_DAL_icon
- **2 pattern s**: _2018-19_DAL_icon
- **3 title**: Statement
- **3 pattern b**: _2018-19_DAL_statement
- **3 pattern s**: _2018-19_DAL_statement
Walter Payton

**Walter Payton** (July 25, 1954 – November 1, 1999) was an American football player. He was born in Columbia, Mississippi. Payton played for the Chicago Bears from 1975 to 1987. The Bears won Super Bowl XX in 1985. Payton was made a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993. He died of cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) in 1999.

## Other websites

- Payton34.com  - Walter and Connie Payton Foundation
- Walter Payton's Roundhouse.com
- Walter Payton Cancer Fund.org - official site
Christopher Benfey

**Christopher Benfey** (born October 28, 1954) is an American writer. He is a Professor of English language at Mount Holyoke College. He has written several books that people liked a lot. He was born in Marion, Pennsylvania. He later moved to Richmond, Indiana where he grew up. He has attended many colleges including the Putney school, Guilford College, Earlham College, and Harvard University.
Harthacanute

**Harthacanute** (Canute the Hardy, sometimes _Hardicanute, Hardecanute_; Danish: _Hardeknud_) (1018 – 8 June 1042) was King of Denmark from 1035 to 1042 and England from 1040 to 1042. He was the only son of Canute the Great and Emma of Normandy.

He followed his father as King of Denmark in 1035, becoming **Canute III**. Fighting with Magnus I of Norway stopped him from sailing to England to take up his throne. His older, illegitimate half-brother, Harold Harefoot, became regent of England.

Harold took the English crown for himself in 1037. After Harthacanute had settled the situation in Scandinavia he prepared an invasion of England to take over his kingdom. Harold died, and Harthacanute was able to take back his throne peacefully.

Harthacanute was a harsh and unpopular ruler. To pay for his ships, he greatly increased the rate of taxation. In 1041, the people of Worcester killed two of Harthacanute's men who had been collecting the tax. Harthacanute burned the city. The story of Lady Godiva riding naked through the streets of Coventry to persuade the local earl to lower taxes, may come from the reign of Harthacanute. The _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_ says of him: "He never accomplished anything kingly for as long as he ruled".

In 1041, Harthacanute asked his half-brother Edward the Confessor (his mother Emma's son by Ethelred the Unready) back from exile in Normandy to become a member of his household, and probably made Edward his heir. Harthacanute was unmarried and had no children. On 8 June 1042, he died at Lambeth— he "died as he stood at his drink, and he suddenly fell to the earth". He was buried at Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire. Edward became the new king.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Harthacanute
- **title**: King of Denmark and England
- **image**: British.Library.MS.Add.33241.jpg
- **succession**: King of Denmark
- **reign**: 1035 – 8 June 1042
- **predecessor**: Cnut the Great
- **successor**: Magnus the Good
- **succession1**: List of English monarchs, King of the English
- **reign1**: 17 March 1040 – 8 June 1042
- **predecessor1**: Harold Harefoot, Harold I
- **successor1**: Edward the Confessor
- **birth date**: 1018
- **death date**: 8 June 1042
- **death place**: Lambeth, England
- **burial place**: Winchester Cathedral, Winchester, England
- **father**: Canute the Great
- **mother**: Emma of Normandy
Harold Harefoot

**Harold Harefoot**, or **Harold I** (_c_. 1015 – 17 March 1040), was King of England from 1035 to 1040. He was son of Canute the Great, King of England, Denmark, Norway, and some of Sweden, by his wife, Aelgifu of Northampton. There was scepticism about his being Canute's son.

Upon Canute's death on 12 November 1035, Harold's younger half-brother Harthacanute, the son of Canute and his queen, Emma of Normandy, was the legitimate heir to the thrones of both Denmark and England. He was unable to travel to his coronation because Denmark was threatend from an invasion by King Magnus I of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden. Therefore, he was installed temporarily as regent though Godwin, the Earl of Wessex and the Queen was against the idea.

Harold died at Oxford on 17 March 1040, just as Harthacanute was preparing a Danish invasion force. He was buried at the abbey of Westminster.

## Other websites

- Harold Harefoot At Find A Grave

## Infobox (monarch)

- **title**: King of England
- **name**: Harold Harefoot
- **image**: HAROLD I HAREFOOT.JPG
- **succession**: List of English monarchs, King of the English
- **reign**: 12 November 1035 – 17 March 1040
- **predecessor**: Canute the Great
- **successor**: Harthacanute
- **birth date**: 1015
- **death date**: March 17, 1040
- **death place**: England
- **burial place**: St Clement Danes, Westminster, England
- **father**: Canute the Great
- **mother**: Aelgifu of Northampton, Ælgifu
English Interregnum

The **English Interregnum** was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. It began with the execution of Charles I in 1649 and ended when Charles II became king in 1660. Oliver Cromwell had died in 1658.

This era in English history can be divided into four periods:
1. The first period of the Commonwealth of England from 1649 to 1653
1. The Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell from 1653 to 1658
1. The Protectorate under Richard Cromwell from 1658 to 1659
1. The second period of the Commonwealth of England from 1659 to 1660
Oliver Cromwell was a Puritan, and during the Interregnum, he imposed a very strict form of Christianity upon the country.  Although a main cause of the English Civil War had been oppression under Charles I, England during the Interregnum became oppressive in its own way.  Cromwell granted religious freedom that had  otherwise been unknown in England, but other forms of expression were suddenly limited.  (For instance, theatre, which had thrived under the Stuart kings and Elizabeth I, was banned.)  Cromwell also made sure that his own personal vision of Christianity was enforced upon the masses.  Many of Cromwell's actions were called "harsh, unwise, and tyrannical" by some commentators.

After Cromwell's death, his son Richard Cromwell quit his position as Lord Protector with little hesitation.  He resigned, or "abdicated", after a demand by the Rump Parliament.  That began a short period of restoration of the Commonwealth of England.

The English Restoration soon happened, when Charles II came to power.

## Related pages

- Richard Cromwell
- Oliver Cromwell
- Commonwealth of England
- The Protectorate
Interregnum

An **interregnum** is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, Papal States, and Vatican City, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, Polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic. It can also refer any gap in the continuity of a government, organization, or social order. The period of interregnum may be peaceful, or it may collapse into chaos and anarchy.

In some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an _interregnum_ is usually avoided due to a rule described as "the king is dead, long live the King". This rule says that the heir to the throne becomes a new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death or abdication. This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty. This is not so in other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event.

## Pope's _interregnum_ (or _sede vacante_)

An _interregnum_ occurs also upon the death of the Roman Catholic Pope. This is generally called _sede vacante_ (vacant seat).  The interregnum ends immediately upon election of the new Pope by the College of Cardinals.

## Related pages

- English Interregnum
- Sede vacante
Interregnum (disambiguation)

**Interregnum** could mean:

- Interregnum, a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, or between consuls of the Roman Republic
- Interregnum (solitaire), a solitaire card game
- _Interregnum_ (documentary) a documentary with and about the drawings of George Grosz
- Interregnum (fiction), the period between the first and the second Galactic Empires, in the fictitious future world of Isaac Asimov's Foundation Series
Restoration

**Restoration** may refer to:

- In art, returning something to a better state, see art conservation
- In history, a restoration is a historical episode under which a previous government of an area is reinstated
    - The Restoration: a period in the history of the British Isles when the House of Stuart returned to power in England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1660.
    - A period in the History of France, the Bourbon Restoration after 1814
    - The Spanish Restoration
    - The Swiss Restoration known as the Restauration (Switzerland) after the fall of Napoleon in 1814
    - The Restoration period in Germany after the failed revolution of 1848
    - Meiji Restoration, a period in Japanese history after 1866
- In literature and media:_'
    - _Restoration (Tremain novel)_, a 1989 novel by Rose Tremain set during the English Revolution
    - _Restoration (novel)_, a 2002 novel by Carol Berg
    - _The Restoration (movie)_, a 1909 movie by D.W. Griffith, based on the novel by Fyodor Dostoevsky
    - _Restoration (movie)_, a 1995 movie set after the English Revolution starring Robert Downey Jr
    - _Restoration (TV series)_, a BBC TV show in the UK highlighting buildings at risk
    - _Restoration (newspaper)'', a Catholic newspaper published by the Madonna House Apostolate
- In Christianity:
    - Restoration of a person. An example of this can be found in John 21:15-19 where Peter is restored by Christ
    - Restorationism was a religious movement in 19th century eastern United States and Canada
- In architecture, building restoration consists of work performed on a building in order to return it to a previous state of conservation, from which...
- In ecology, restoration represents the return of a landscape, ecosystem, or other ecological entity to a predefined historical state. See Restoration Ecology
- In criminal justice, restoration is another term for restorative justice
- In telecommunications, circuit restoration,  action taken to repair and return to service one or more telecommunications services
- In dentistry Dental restoration, the shaped replacement material for lost tooth structure
- Restoration of vehicles, furniture, appliances, equipment, etc.
- Restoration Branches, independent organizations that have left the Community of Christ
The Restoration

**The** **Restoration** was a time in the history of the British Isles that started in 1660, when the House of Stuart was restored to power after the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Restoration came after the Protectorate, when Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard Cromwell had led the government. The kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland started to have a monarchy again. "The Restoration" means both the events at the start of Charles II's reign and the period of time after they happened.

Charles II came back to England after his exile and became king of England, Scotland and Ireland. Earlier, the monarchy had stopped after Charles I's execution. The three kingdoms became a republic, without a monarchy: the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.

Literature and culture of the Restoration period can also have the name "Restoration". (For example, Restoration drama is the theatre and plays of the Restoration period.)

## Other websites

- http://www.debretts.co.uk/royal_connections/sovereigns_england_17_century.html
- Review of 'Revolution and Counter-Revolution in England, Ireland and Scotland 1658-60', by Brian Manning
- Chapter V. The Stewart Restoration  By Sir Charles Harding Firth
Commonwealth of England

The **Commonwealth of England** was the republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. After the execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649, the Commonwealth was declared (_An Act declaring England to be a Commonwealth_) by the Rump Parliament on May 19, 1649.

The government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called the Protectorate and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard Cromwell, as Lord Protector. The term "Commonwealth is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum. The son of King Charles returned in The Restoration.

## Other websites

- British flags of the period
- Commonwealth of England: Heads of State: 1649-1660

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Commonwealth of England
- **image flag**: Flag of The Commonwealth.svg
- **flag caption**: Top: Flag of the Commonwealth

Bottom: The banner of the republic in the style of the flag of James VI and I, King James I
- **image flag2**: Flag of the Commonwealth (1658–1660).svg
- **image coat**: Coat of Arms of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.svg
- **image map**: UK of Britain & Ireland in Europe.png
- **capital**: London
- **demonym**: English people, English
- **government type**: Republic (1649–1653; 1659–1660)

Dictatorship (1653–1659)
- **leader title1**: first Lord Protector
- **leader name1**: Oliver Cromwell
- **leader title2**: last Lord Protector
- **leader name2**: Richard Cromwell
- **established event1**: Execution of Charles I of England, Charles I
- **established date1**: 30 January 1649
- **established event2**: Election of Charles II as king
- **established date2**: 1660
- **area km2**: 315093
- **life span**: 1649–1660
- **p1**: Kingdom of England
- **s1**: Kingdom of England
- **flag p1**: Flag of England.svg
- **flag p2**: Flag of Scotland (1542-2003).svg
- **p2**: Kingdom of Scotland
- **flag p3**: Saint Patrick's Saltire.svg
- **p3**: Kingdom of Ireland
- **flag s1**: Flag of England.svg
- **flag s2**: Flag of Scotland (1542-2003).svg
- **s2**: Kingdom of Scotland
- **flag s3**: Saint Patrick's Saltire.svg
- **s3**: Kingdom of Ireland
- **today**: United Kingdom, Ireland
Declaration

** Declaration** can mean:
- Declaration of independence, a proclamation of the independence of an aspiring state
- Declaration of war, a formal declaration saying that two nations are at war
- A type of sentence (linguistics)
- Declaration (law), a type of relief that may be ordered by a court or tribunal
    - Declaration of trust, the act of settling property on trust
    - Open Declaration, the act of notification in a public forum by formal documentation
- Declaration and forfeiture, a captain stating his inning's closed in the sport of cricket
- Declaration (computer science), the specification of a variable's type in computer science
- Declarative programming, a computer programming methodology
- Declaration (poker), a formal expression of intent to take some action in the card game poker
- Declarative memory, an aspect of human memory
Declaration of independence

A **declaration of independence** is a claim of independence of an aspiring state or states. States like these are usually formed from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the parent state.

Declarations of independence are typically made without the consent of the parent state, and hence are sometimes called **unilateral declarations of independence** (UDI), particularly by those who question the validity of the declarations.
Presbyterianism

**Presbyterianism** is a kind of Protestantism. The form of Christianity was started in Scotland by John Knox during the 16th century. It became powerful in England during the Civil War. Today, there are Presbyterian churches across the world. "Presbyter" comes from a Greek word meaning "elder".

Presbyterians, its followers, believe that the Bible is the most important thing in their church because it has been given to humans by God and has no errors in it. They believe that God has control over everything and has chosen to make some people follow Jesus Christ but not others. Like Calvinists, they also believe that only followers of Jesus can get into Heaven.

Presbyterian churches may be led by men called ministers, rectors or elders, who rule in committees. Some Presbyterian churches have women as elders.

There is no overall leader, and there are no bishops in the Presbyterian tradition. On Sundays, the Bible, which Presbyterians consider to be the Word of God, is read, and a sermon preached by the minister is at the heart of a morning worship service, which also includes group singings of some worship songs.

## Around the world

There are Presbyterian churches on every continent except Antarctica, but they do not always agree with one another. There have been many splits, or schisms, caused by various disagreements about what they believe or how they should be organised. Some schisms have been healed, but many have not.

In Scotland, where Presbyterianism started, there are at least seven different groups, or denominations. There are also three main groups in England, one in Wales and five in Northern Ireland.

There are dozens of different denominations in North America, almost all in the United States. They arrived during the 17th century, mostly from Scotland, but already disagreed with one another. Most countries in South America have had Presbyterian churches since the 19th century.

At least 23 countries in Africa have Presbyterian churches, also since the 19th century.

In Asia, the Presbyterian Church of Korea was started through the Christian mission of the Presbyterian Church (USA). After Korean independence, the division was formed afresh, as Presbyterian Church in Korea (KoRyuPa) supports the views of Dutch Reformed churches. In 2012, a new General Assembly of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church of Korea declared itself the authentic historical succession of John Knox.

## Related pages

- Wee Frees
- Ian Paisley
Declaration of war

A **declaration of war** is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation, and one or more others.

Declarations of war have been used in diplomacy since the Renaissance, when the first formal declarations of war were issued.

In an effort to force nations to resolve issues without warfare, the United Nations Charter attempted to commit member nations to using warfare only under limited circumstances, such as to defend when attacked. Wars continued to begin and end, but powerful states no longer declared them.

## Related pages

- Casus belli

## Other websites

- Declarations of war during World War II
Cyrillic script

The **Cyrillic script**, sometimes called the **Slavonic script** or **Slavic script**, is a writing system. It is used to write Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Rusyn, Bulgarian, Macedonian and most South Slavic languages. It was developed in the Bulgarian empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I. The Soviet Union made many non-Slavic languages in the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia and in northern Russia to be written in Cyrillic.

## History

Old Church Slavonic was the original language of the Slavic people, and it was used for Russian Orthodox Church. In the 9th century, two monks, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, were missionaries in Eastern Europe. When they preached to the Slavic peoples, they invented the Glagolitic alphabet, an early form of Cyrillic.

During the 18th century, Nikolay Karamzin added Э, Й and Ё.

In 1708, Peter the Great added lowercase forms to the letters.

After the October Revolution, the Communist Party changed the Cyrillic alphabet for the Russian language so it would be easier for Soviet citizens to learn how to read and write. The letters I/i, Ѣ/ѣ, Ѳ/ѳ, and Ѵ/ѵ were all removed from Russian.https://www.rbth.com/education/332502-bolsheviks-russian-language-reform

In 1991, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan decided to drop the Cyrillic script and adopt the Latin script.

## Related pages

- Roman alphabet
Silent Spring

***Silent Spring*** is the name of a book by Rachel Carson. It was published in 1962. It tells of the damage done to the environment by the use of chemicals to kill pests. The book is widely credited with helping launch the modern American environmental movement.

The book documented detrimental effects of pesticides such as DDT on wildlife, particularly birds. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically.

## Other websites

- _Silent spring_ studyguide: summary, analysis, historical context, retrieved April 26, 2006
- _New York Times_ report of chemical industry's campaign  July 22, 1962
- Jim Norton, "Silencing _Silent Spring_
- Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC): The Story of Silent Spring

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Silent Spring
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: First edition cover art
- **author**: Rachel Carson
- **country**: United States of America
- **language**: English
- **subject**: Pesticides, Ecology, Environmentalism
- **publisher**: Houghton Mifflin
- **release date**: September 27, 1962
- **media type**: Hardcover/paperback
Nymph (biology)

In zoology, a **nymph** is the young stage of some kinds of invertebrates, especially insects.

Insects grow by metamorphosis. In incomplete metamorphosis, an insect egg hatches, and a small nymph comes out. The nymph usually looks just like the adult insect but is much smaller. Nymphs do not become pupae before becoming adults. They just grow larger. They moult through various stages called instars.

Some insects have nymphs that are aquatic, which means they live in water. These nymphs look very different from the adults. Dragonflies have nymphs that live in water, such as in lakes and rivers. Nymphs that live in water are sometimes called **naiads**.

The other way insects grow is by complete metamorphosis. This way has no nymphs. The adult form is prepared in the pupa, and comes out perfect.

Some insects that are nymphs when they are young are grasshoppers, cockroaches, true bugs and dragonflies.