juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Last call bell

The **last call bell** is a bell found in bars.

The last call bell is rung to:
- Tell people that the bar is getting ready to stop selling drinks
- Tell people that the bar is no longer selling drinks
- Tell people the bar is closed.

Last call bells are related to bells used on ships.

## Other websites

- The National Pist article
TGV

The **TGV** (Train à Grande Vitesse, French for "high-speed train"), is a category of high speed trains. They are used in France. They are also used for some travel between France and England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Spain. The trains normally travel at speeds between 270 km/h and 320 km/h. They were the fastest normal trains in the world, their average travel speed is at 279,4 km/h.

In 2007, a special TGV set the speed record for rail vehicles, reaching 574,8 km/h.

Inside France, there are the following high speed lines
- Paris to Lyon, later to Valence, Avignon and Marseille.
- Paris to Tours and Le Mans. Also used to run trains to Poitiers and Bordeaux.
- Paris to Lille, later Brussels (known as Thalys) and Calais, Dover, London (known as Eurostar).
- Paris to Strasbourg, sometimes to Frankfurt am Main, Basel and Zürich. The first part of this line has been built. The high-speed track ends at a station, about half-way between Nancy and Metz. Strasbourg is currently reachable from Paris is about two and a half hours, Basel takes 3.20, and Zürich about 4.30. The extension of the line to Strasbourg has been started,

Lines to Spain and Italy are being planned. A High speed line to Germany is being built.

The building of the network has made travel times much shorter. Paris to Marseille (750 km) can now be done in 3 hours. Two thirds of the traffic volume is done by the TGV, only one third is done by airplanes.

## TGVs for other uses

Since the beginning of the high-speed rail network, the French Poste uses TGVs to transport mail, mostly  between Paris, Mâcon and Cavaillon, but the train was retired in 2015. These use the high-speed lines (LGV Sud-Est) during the night.

In the north of France, the high-speed lines are also used to run regional trains over longer distances. There are currently train  from Lille to Dunkerque. This takes half an hour.  Other lines run to Calais, in forty minutes, or to Boulogne-sur-Mer in 55. In 2007, a line to Arras was opened, which is also very successful. Unfortunately, there are some problems with this approach. First, only high-speed lines can be used that are not saturated, because these trains run slower than regular TGVs. Secondly, using a TGV line costs more to the client, they have to pay extra. This makes these services more expensive.
Slur

**Slur** might mean:

- A **slur** is a type of offensive word that can cause hatred. (See Pejorative)
- To **slur** also means to talk very fast and mix words together in doing so.
- A **slur** might also refer to a symbol in music which tells the musician to play legato.
Caregiver

A **caregiver**, or **carer**, is someone who has the job of caring for people. They usually care for people who are unable to care for themselves, for example, children, disabled people, or the elderly. When a caregiver is assigned to look after a baby or a child they are sometimes called a babysitter.

## Related pages

- Parent
- Infant attachment
Binoculars

**Binoculars** are a kind of tool that lets people see far-away things more clearly. The technology is called optics. Binoculars are made of a pair of matched telescopes which are held in front of the user's eyes.

The two telescopes of the pair have lenses that focus light and magnify the image.  When someone looks through the binoculars at a far-away object, they can see details.

Early binoculars had two Galilean telescopes without prisms. Today most have prisms inside, which fold the light path to shorten the length of the tubes. That is why a binocular is shorter than standard telescopes of similar power.

Binoculars were invented in the 17th century. They allow a telescope user to use both eyes.  The Royal Navy used single telescopes, but now all ships have heavy binoculars.  Heavy ones can be mounted on swivels to scan the horizon.  Binoculars are also standard issue in all armies. Night vision binoculars use photocathode electronics to intensify the image.

Binoculars are also used for theatre (opera glasses), birdwatching  amateur astronomy, and generally watching the scenery.

## Features

These features are present in some or all binoculars:
1. Focussing is usually by turning knobs.
    1. Large binoculars have independent focussing for each 'telescope' (each side).
1. Eye relief: Eye relief is the distance from the rear eyepiece lens to the exit pupil or eye point. It is the distance the observer must position his or her eye behind the eyepiece in order to see the image. The longer the focal length of the eyepiece, the greater the eye relief. Binoculars may have eye relief ranging from a few millimeters to 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) or more. Eye relief can be particularly important for eyeglass wearers.
1. Range finding. Many binoculars have range finding reticle (scale) superimposed on the view. This scale allows the distance to the object to be estimated if the object height is known.
1. Image stabilisation. On top-range models, by electronics.
1. Optical coatings
    1. Anti-reflective: not just relections off the front lens, but every lens and prism. Anti-reflective coatings reduce light lost at every optical surface through reflection at each surface. Reducing reflection via anti-reflective coatings also reduces the amount of "lost" light bouncing around inside the binocular which can making the image appear hazy (low contrast).
    1. Metallic mirror coating for its prisms.

- Warships  in World War II used very large binocular naval rangefinders (up to 15 metres separation of the two objective lenses, weight 10 tons) for ranging gun targets 25 km away. Late-20th century technology made this application redundant (radar; laser sights; guided missiles &c).

- Modern military binoculars have filters that block laser weapons used against them. Some are specialised for night vision.
Odd number

An **odd number** is an integer when divided by two, either leaves a remainder or the result is a fraction. One is the first odd positive number. Some examples of odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.

An integer that is not an odd number is an even number. If an even number is divided by two, the result is another integer. On the other hand, an odd number, when divided by two, will result in a fraction.

Since odd numbers are integers, negative numbers can be odd.

## Related pages

- Parity (mathematics)
- Even number

ffffe
1343

## Events

- Magnus II of Sweden is no longer king of Norway, and his son Haakon VI of Norway becomes king. However Haakon is still very young, so Magnus makes most of his decisions.
- January 27, Pope Clement VI creates his Bull _Unigenitus_.
- The personal union between Sweden and Norway ends.
- Edward, the Black Prince becomes the Prince of Wales.

## Births

- Alexander Stewart, 1st Earl of Buchan (died 1394)
- Geoffrey Chaucer, English poet (about this time) (died 1400)
- Emperor Chōkei of Japan (died 1394)
- Thomas Percy, 1st Earl of Worcester, English rebel (died 1403)

## Deaths

- December 15 – Hasan Kucek, Chobanid prince
- Sir Ulick Burke, Irish nobleman
- Aimone of Savoy
1342

## Events

- May – Pope Clement VI becomes pope
- John III Comnenus becomes emperor of Trebizond
- Louis becomes king of Sicily and duke of Athens
- Constantine IV becomes king of Armenia
- Patriarch of Antioch moved to Damascus while Ignatius II is king
- Kitzbühel becomes part of Tyrol
- Louis I becomes king of Hungary
- The Vijayanagara Empire is created in South India

## Births

- January 15 – Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (died 1404)
- November 10 – Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland (died 1408)
- Leo VI of Armenia
- Avignon Pope Clement VII (died 1394)
- Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford (died 1373)
- Julian of Norwich, English mystic (died 1413)

## Deaths

- January 29 – Louis I, Duke of Bourbon (born 1279)
- April 24 – Pope Benedict XII
- July 16 – King Charles I of Hungary
- November 29 – Michael of Cesena, Italian Franciscan leader (born 1270)
- Al-Jaldaki, Persian physician and alchemist
- William de Ros, 3rd Baron de Ros
- Marsilius of Padua, Italian scholar (born 1270)
1344

## Events

- English king Edward III creates three new gold coins, the florin. leopard, and helm. Unfortunately the amount of gold in the coins is different from their worth of six shillings, three shillings, one shilling, and sixpence. Because of this, they had to be taken back and many were melted down by August.

## Births

- Meinhard III, Count of Tyrol
- Parameswara, Malay Srivijayan prince (died 1424)

## Deaths

- Constantine IV of Armenia
- Gersonides, French rabbi and mathematician (born 1288)
- Jaghmini, Persian physician
- Simone Martini, Sienese painter (born 1284)
- William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury (born 1301)
Tent

A **tent** is a movable, lightweight shelter which uses fabric to protect people from wind, rain and from the cold. The fabric walls of a tent are supported by wood or metal poles and thin ropes (called "guy lines"), and the tent or the ropes are usually attached to the ground with plastic or metal pointed stakes, or lattice frames and internal posts in the cases of yurts and marquees. Tent camping exploded in popularity in the 1960s. Manufacturers introduced poles made of fiberglass or aluminum alloys, allowing for a greater range of shapes and a lighter weight tent to transport. Zippered tent doors replaced the traditional flap opening.

## Uses

Tents are usually used as shelter during camping, hiking, and other outdoor recreational activities. Large tents are also used to provide temporary shelter for events such as outdoor weddings or circuses. Tents are also used to provide temporary sleeping quarters for military personnel or homeless, or for people who have been displaced by a disaster (such as refugees).
Cottage

A **cottage** is a term often used for a small house. This word comes from England where it is used to mean a house that has one main storey, with a second, lower storey of bedrooms which fit under the roof upstairs. In many places the word cottage is used to mean a small old-fashioned house. In the United States the word cottage is often used to mean a small holiday home.

Cottages are usually found in villages or in the countryside, rather than in the town. They are nearly always built from material that can be found nearby. A cottage may be built of stone, of brick or of timber. It may have a roof of tiles, slates, shingles, shakes or thatch.
Bullseye

Bullseye might mean:

- Bullseye (sports), the centre of a target and the name given to any shot that hits the bullseye
- Any design or pattern featuring concentric circles, like an archery target, may be referred to as a "bullseye"
- _Bullseye_ (American game show)
- _Bullseye_ (CNBC), U.S. TV program
- _Bullseye_ (UK game show)
- Bullseye (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe (comics and film), primarily an enemy of Daredevil.
- _Bullseye!_, a 1990 comedy motion picture starring Michael Caine and Roger Moore
- Bullseye (shooting competition), also known as _Conventional Pistol_
- Bullseye (mascot), mascot of Target Corporation
Alaska plaice

**Alaska plaice** (_Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus_) are salt water fish that live in the north Pacific Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 600 metres deep. Their geographical range is from the Gulf of Alaska in the east, to the Chukchi Sea in the north, to the Sea of Japan in the west. Alaska plaice feed mostly on polychaetes, but also eat amphipods and echiurans.

Most commercial fisheries do not want to catch Alaska plaice; but many are caught by trawlers trying to catch other bottom fish. So many Alaska plaice get caught anyway that, for example, the 2005 total allowable catch in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area (BSAI) was reached before the end of May of that year.

Alaska plaice can live for up to 30 years, and grow to 60 centimetres (24 inches) long, but most that get caught are only seven or eight years old, and about 30 cm (12 in).

## Related pages

- American plaice
- European Plaice

## References

- 1998 Marine Fisheries Review article
- Bulletin announcing reaching the total allowable catch of Alaska plaice for 2005 (National Marine Fisheries Service)
Sleep paralysis

When people are dreaming, their muscles do not move, even if in their dream they are moving.  This is a natural process that prevents people from actually performing the movements they make in their sleep.

In general, people are not aware of this inability to move, as it usually stops as soon as they wake up. People suffering from **sleep paralysis** wake up and find that they are unable to move. This is because the paralysis has not stopped. Usually it lasts for only a few minutes, and people have said they feel a "presence" or "ghost" during it.

## Possible causes

Little is known about the physiology of sleep paralysis. However, some have suggested that it may be linked to post-synaptic (neurons sending signals to other neurons) inhibition (restraint) of nerves in the pons (back) region of the brain. In particular, low levels of melatonin may stop the depolarization current in the nerves, which stops stimulation of the muscles.

Hallucinations of ghosts, demons and Out of Body Experiences during sleep paralysis may be caused by a part of the brain called the parietal lobe (top-middle part of the brain), and by neurons known as mirror neurons.

Studies suggest that many people get sleep paralysis at least once in their lives. People who have narcolepsy often get it much more. Many people try to induce sleep paralysis, to have an Out of Body Experience.

Some report that various factors make paralysis and hallucinations happen more. These include:
- Sleeping on your back
- Irregular sleeping schedules; naps, sleeping in, sleep deprivation
- Increased stress
- Sudden changes of lifestyle or environment
- A lucid dream just before it
- Medium to long-term imagining of involuntary movements with your eyes closed before sleep.

## Treatment

There are few treatments available for sleep paralysis. One treatment is called Meditation-Relaxation Therapy. The treatment includes four steps: (1) one should close their eyes and remind themself that the experience is not dangerous in any way, and it is common around the world; (2) and that since it is not dangerous, they should not be afraid as that will only make the experience worse. (3) They should then focus very strongly on a positive thought or mental image (meditate); (4) and also relax their muscles and avoid movement.

## Other websites

- The Guardian - The waking nightmare of sleep paralysis
- On the Neuroscience of Sleep Paralysis
American plaice

**American plaice** (_Hippoglossoides platessoides_) are salt water fish that live in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 700 metres deep, but spend most of the time at 90 to 200 meters. Their geographical range is from the coast of Labrador, south to the coast of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The most are found off the eastern tip of Newfoundland. American plaice feed on sand dollars, brittle stars, crustaceans, polychaetes, and fish such as capelin and launce.

Like many flatfish, American plaice are sometimes said to be a flounder or dab, even though both are names for other fish species.

The U.K.-based Marine Conservation Society rates American plaice as 5, the most threatened category of over-harvested animals.

## Related pages

- Alaska plaice
- European Plaice

## References

- American plaice information (Northeast Fisheries Science Center (U.S.))
- American plaice information (National Marine Fisheries Service (Canada))
- FishBase article
- Ecological status of American plaice  (Marine Conservation Society)
Spider web

A **spider web** is a sticky net that spiders make from silk to trap their prey. When insects fly or crawl into the web, they get stuck and the spider eats them. Most spider webs are very thin, but are also very strong. Different kinds of spiders make different types of webs. Spiders make different webs in different places to trap many kinds of prey.
World Series

The **World Series** in Major League Baseball, is when the best team from the American League (the winner of the American League Championship Series) and the best team from the National League (the winner of the National League Championship Series) keep playing games of baseball until one of the two teams wins four games total and win the Commissioner's Trophy. The winners of the most recent World Series in 2024 were the Los Angeles Dodgers. They defeated the New York Yankees.

The New York Yankees have 27 World Series championships, the most of any team.  The Cleveland Indians currently hold the longest active drought, having last won the Series before expansion teams were formed.  Recently, the three longest championship droughts were ended by the Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and the Chicago Cubs.
Melissa Joan Hart

**Melissa Joan Catherine Hart** (born April 18, 1976) is an American actress. She was born and raised in Long Island, New York.

She played the title roles in the television series _Clarissa Explains It All_ and _Sabrina, the Teenage Witch_. In 1999 she played the lead role in the movie _Drive Me Crazy_. From 2010 to 2015, she starred as Mel Burke in the ABC Family show _Melissa & Joey_.

## Personal life

Since July 19, 2003, Hart has been married to musician Mark Wilkerson (born 1976). They have three sons together: Mason Walter Wilkerson (born January 11, 2006), Braydon Hart Wilkerson (born March 12, 2008) and Tucker McFadden Wilkerson (born September 18, 2012).

## Other websites

- Melissa Joan Hart at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
- Melissa Joan Hart News and Video
Colleen Fitzpatrick

**Colleen Ann Fitzpatrick** (born July 20, 1972 in Old Bridge, New Jersey) is an American singer and actor. Her stage name is **Vitamin C**. Before she started her solo career, she was the lead singer of the band Eve's Plum.

### Albums

- _More_ (2001)
- _Vitamin C_ (1999)

### Singles

- "Last Nite" (2003)
- "As Long As You're Loving Me" (2000)
- "The Itch" (2000)
- "Graduation (Friends Forever)" (2000)
- "Me, Myself, & I" (1999)
- "Smile" (1999)

## Movies

- _Happy Is Not Hard to Be_ (2005)
- _My X-Girlfriend's Wedding Reception_ (2001)
- _Rock Star_ (2001)
- _Scary Movie 2_ (2001) (voice only)
- _Get Over It_ (2001)
- _Dracula 2000_ (2000)
- _Da Hip Hop Witch_ (2000)
- _The Haven_ (2000)
- _Liar Liar_ (1997)
- _St. Patrick's Day_ (1997)
- _High School High_ (1996)
- _Just Cause_ (1995)
- _Higher Learning_ (1995)
- _Crinoline Head_ (1995)
- _The Mambo Kings_ (1992)
- _The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear_ (1991)
- _Hairspray_ (1988)
Opel

**Opel**, full name **Adam Opel AG**, is an automobile maker from Germany, founded in 1862. From 1929 to 2017, Opel is the German brand of the American automaker General Motors. Opel has about 35,000 workers. The company headquarters are in Rüsselsheim, Germany. Other German plants are in Eisenach and Kaiserslautern. In Great Britain, Opel cars are called Vauxhall. Opel would later engineer cars for GMDAT and GM Korea until the Opel brand was bought by PSA. From 2007 to 2009 three Opel models (the Antara, the Astra and the Vectra) were sold in the United States under the Saturn marque. Upon the discontinuation of the Saturn marque, Buick became responsible for importing the Opel models. The only Buick cars to not be Opels are the Enclave CUV and the full sized LaCrosse sedan. In March 2017, Opel and its parent brand Vauxhall were bought by PSA, the company who owns Peugeot and Citroën. 1862

## Car models

**Passenger cars:**
Rocks-e | Astra | Corsa | Mokka  | Crossland   | Grandland | Zafira

**Commercial cars:**
Combo | Vivaro | Movano

**Concept cars:**
Antara GTC | Astra OPC X-Treme | Eco Speedster | Flextreme | Flextreme GT/E | Frogster | GTC Concept | GT Concept | Insignia Concept | Monza Concept | Manta GSe Electromod | RAK e | Snowtrekker | Trixx

**Historic cars:**
Adam | Antara | Ampera | Agila | Admiral | Ascona | Blitz | Calibra | Cascada | Commodore | Diplomat | Frontera | GT  | Insignia | Karl | Meriva | Kadett | Kapitän | Manta | Monterey | Monza | Olympia | Omega | Rekord | Senator | Signum | Sintra | Speedster | Tigra | Vectra | Zafira Tourer

## Other websites

- Opel's Corporate Website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Opel Automobile GmbH
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Automotive industry, Automotive
- **founder**: Adam Opel
- **area served**: Europe (Vauxhall Motors in the UK), Latin America, Africa, Middle East and Asia-Pacific
- **products**: Automobiles
Electric vehicles
Commercial vehicles
- **production**: 1.2 million vehicles (2016)
- **revenue**: $18.7 billion (2016)
- **num employees**: 37,000 (2017)
- **parent**: General Motors (1929–2017)
PSA Group (2017–2021)
Stellantis (2021–present)
- **divisions**: Opel Performance Center
- **location city**: Rüsselsheim am Main, Hesse
- **location country**: Germany
- **locations**: 10 manufacturing facilities
JAG (TV series)

***JAG*** (the American military acronym for Judge Advocate General) is an American legal, crime drama television show created by Donald P. Bellisario. It was on air between 1995 and 2005. The series is about the JAG officers Harmon "Harm" Rabb, Jr. (David James Elliott) and Sarah "Mac" MacKenzie (Catherine Bell) in Washington, D.C. In 2003, the series spawned the spin-off _NCIS_, which had the spin-offs called _NCIS: Los Angeles_ and _NCIS: New Orleans_.

## Actors

- David James Elliott as Capt. Harmon Harm Rabb Jr.
- John M. Jackson as Rear Admiral (upper half) A. J. Chegwidden (1996–2004)
- Tracey Needham as Lieutenant. j.G. (junior Grade) Meg Austin (1995–1996)
- Catherine Bell as Lt. Colonel Sarah Mac MacKenzie (1997–2005)
- Patrick Labyorteaux as Lt. Commander. Bud Roberts Jr. (1997–2005)
- Karri Turner as Lieutenant Harriet Sims (1997–2005)
- Steven Culp as Clayton Webb
- Sibel Galindez as Lieutenant Elizabeth 'Skates' Hawkes
Burn (disambiguation)

**Burning** is the process of combustion, a reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer).

**Burn**, **burning** or **burned** can mean:
- Burn, injury to the skin caused by heat, electricity, chemicals, or radiation
- Burn (stream), in Scotland and north-eastern England, a type of stream which is smaller than a river
- _Burn_ (computer game), a first-person shooter computer game released in 2007
- Burn, a village in North Yorkshire, England
- Burn and Burn Sugar Free, energy drinks by Coca-Cola
- Burn in, to exercise components (such as electronics) before putting them into service
- Burning, a self-sustaining thermonuclear (nuclear fusion) reaction
- Burning, the recording process for various technologies based on compact discs or DVDs
- Burning-in, a manipulation during photographic enlargement to darken selected areas of the final print
- Burned (image), an image with highlights or shadows considerably outside the medium's gamut
- Execution by burning, an execution by fire, usually by being burnt to death on a pyre
- Indian burn, common school prank also called a Chinese burn
- Burn notice, an official statement issued between intelligence agencies stating that an individual or a group is or has become unreliable.

## In music

**Bands:**
- Burn (UK band), a heavy rock band from Loughborough, England
- Burn (U.S. band), a New York hardcore band

**Albums:**
- _Burn_ (album), a 1974 album by Deep Purple
- _Burn_, a 1995 album by Sister Machine Gun
- _Burn_, a 2000 album by Jo Dee Messina
- _Burnin**, a 1970 album by The Wailers
- _Burning_, a 1999 EP by house DJ/producer Pépé Bradock
- _Burned_, a 1995 album by Electrafixion

**Songs:_'
- "Burn" (Usher song), a song from Usher's 2004 album _Confessions_
- "Burn" (Nine Inch Nails song), a song by Nine Inch Nails found on the _Natural Born Killers_ Soundtrack
- "Burn", a song by Rancid on the album _Let's Go_
- "Burn", a song The Cure featured on _The Crow Soundtrack_
- "Burn", a song by Shannon Noll on his 2004 album _That's What I'm Talking About_
- "Burn", a song by Mushroomhead on their 2006 album _Savior Sorrow_
- "Burn", a song by Alkaline Trio on their 2005 album _Crimson_
- "Burn", a song by Collective Soul found on their album _Home_
- "Burn", a song by Three Days Grace on their album _Three Days Grace_
- "Burn", a song by Year Of The Rabbit on their EP _Hunted_
- "Burn", a song by Against Me! which first appeared on their 2001 EP _Crime As Forgiven By_
- "Burn", a song by King Diamond on the 1990 album _The Eye_
- "Burn", a song by Michael Angelo Batio on his 2005 album _Hands Without Shadows_
- "Burn", a song by Deep Purple on their 1974 album _Burn_
- "Burnnn!", a song by Pantera on their 1988 album _Power Metal_
- "The Burn", a song by Matchbox Twenty on their 2000 album _Mad Season_

## In media

- _Burn!_, a 1969 film
- _Burn_, a 1998 film directed by Scott Storm
- _Burn_, a 2005 novel by James Patrick Kelly
- _Burned_, a 2005 novel by Ellen Hopkins
- _Burn Notice_ (TV series), a 2007 television drama
Adobe Photoshop

**Photoshop** is a popular image changing software package. It is widely used by photographers for photo editing (fixing colors, reducing noise, adding effects, fixing brightness/contrast) and by graphic designers and Web designers to create and change images for web pages. The first version was introduced in 1990. Version Photoshop CC 2018 was launched on October 18 2017.

Photoshop works on computer systems like Windows and Mac. The software is made by the company Adobe Systems. A simpler version named Photoshop Elements is made for home users who do not want to buy the more powerful, more expensive full version. Photoshop Express, a free version, is even more limited. There are different pricing plans for the application.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Adobe Photoshop
- **logo**: Adobe Photoshop CC 2026 icon.svg
- **developer**: Adobe Systems
- **latest release version**: CC 2024 26.0
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, mobile version for Android (operating system), Android and iPad
Finger

A **finger** is a type of digit attached to the hand. Our type of fingers are similar to those of other primates. They are used for doing things and feeling things.

Humans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges. The first digit is the thumb, followed by the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or 'pinky'. According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not. The four fingers have three phalanges each; the thumb has two.
Bronze

**Bronze** is a metal alloy. Bronze is mostly copper, with some tin added (usually between 5% and 20% tin) to make it stronger. The most common alloy is just made of copper and tin. Some bronzes add other metals.

Other bronzes are:
- Aluminum bronze, which uses aluminum instead of tin.
- Leaded bronze
- Silicon bronze
- Phosphor bronze, which has both tin and phosphorus added to the copper.

Bronze should not be confused with brass which is a different alloy of copper and zinc.

## History

Bronze was the first alloy that was used by humans. The first nation that used bronze was Egypt about 3500 years B.C. This gave the name for the Bronze Age.

Bronze is stronger than copper or tin alone. Bronze lasts longer than copper. Pure copper can be oxidized by air and also by water. When copper is oxidized by air or water, it turns green (the color of "copper oxide"), and falls apart.

When people learned how to make and work iron, the Bronze Age ended, and the Iron Age started. Iron can be made harder than bronze, but is susceptible to corrosion (see rust). Iron also wears away faster than bronze, when different pieces are moving against each other. Iron is very common, and easy to make. For this reason, iron costs less than bronze. This is the reason why iron is now used where bronze used to be used.

## Current use

Bronze is still used to make many parts of machines. We use bronze when the part must last for a long time around water and air, or must not wear away.  The main things that are made out of it are pump parts, bearings, bells, electrical components, gears, valves, and other things.

Bronze parts are usually cast in a foundry. After they are cast, bronze parts can also be worked in a lathe or milling machine, or drilled. Bronze is not normally worked with a hammer as iron is.
Flight

**Flight** or **flying** is a process of movement of an object in a gaseous environment or a vacuum. In practice this means it moves through the air.

## Animals

Best adapted for long controlled powered flight are flying birds and insects, bats (Chiroptera), and the extinct pterosaurs.

All of these animals use (or used) the aerodynamic principles of flight, using the load-bearing properties of the wing for active flight. There are also many animals that glide and parachute flight, such as some spiders' webs, aeroplankton, flying clams, flying fish, and various forest-dwelling mammals and reptiles.

The fastest flying animal is the peregrine falcon. The speed of its dive is over .

## Floating flight

An aerostat is a system that remains in the air by the use of floating. Man-made aerostats include balloons and airships. An aerostat's main structural component is its envelope, a lightweight skin containing a lifting gas to provide floating, to which other parts are attached. By contrast, aerodynes use aerodynamic lift, which requires the movement of the aircraft through the surrounding air mass.

There are a huge number of plants which distribute their spores or seeds by air. Many bacteria and viruses do so as well. With these very small objects, the surface area is great in proportion to its weight. That is why they lift off.
Pound

**Pound** or **Pounds** may refer to:

## Units

- Pound (currency), various units of currency
- Pound sterling, the official currency of the United Kingdom
- Pound (mass), a unit of mass
- Pound (force), a unit of force
- Rail pound, in rail profile

## Symbols

- Pound sign, the symbol for the pound sterling, £
- Number sign (also pound sign), the symbol #

## Places in the United States

- Pound, Virginia, a town
- Pound, Wisconsin, a village
- Pound (town), Wisconsin, a town
- Pound Ridge, New York, a town

## Entertainment

- Pound (band), an American rock band
- _Pound_ (film), a 1970 film directed and written by Robert Downey, Sr.

## Other uses

- Pound (surname), a list of people
- Animal shelter (also a "pound"), a facility that houses homeless, lost, or abandoned animals
- Animal pound, a similar structure
- Canal pound, the stretch of level water impounded between two canal locks
- Fist bump (also a "pound" or a "fist pound"), a gesture similar in meaning to a handshake or high five
- Buffalo pound, a hunting structure used by indigenous North Americans to trap bison (buffalo)
- Pound (networking), a lightweight open source reverse proxy program and application firewall
- _Pound_ (magazine), a Toronto-based hip hop magazine
- Pounds, shillings and pence or £sd, British and other European pre-decimal currency
- Vehicle impoundment
Congo

**Congo** can refer to several things:
- The Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly known as _Belgian Congo_ which became independent in 1965. Also formerly known as _Zaire_
- The Republic of the Congo, formerly part of _French Congo_; independent since 1960
- The Congo River, which separates the two countries
- Congo Free State, a former area in central Africa
Dalton (unit)

The **dalton** or **unified atomic mass unit** (symbol: **Da**, **amu** or **u**) is a unit of measurement for measuring the mass of atoms, equalling ¹⁄₁₂ of the mass of the carbon-12 isotope, the most abundant form of carbon atoms in nature.

## History

The unit is named after English chemist and physicist John Dalton<nowiki/> (1766 – 1844). 1 atomic mass unit is approximately 1.66 × 10<sup>-27</sup> kg, or 1.66 × 10<sup>-24</sup> g.

## Atomic physics

In atomic physics, 1 amu can be expressed as roughly 931 MeV (M = 10<sup>6</sup>, 1 eV ≈ 1.60 × 10<sup>-19</sup> J) due to mass-energy equivalence, illustrated by _ΔE = Δmc<sup>2</sup>_.

## Related pages

- Nuclear physics
- Quantum physics
- Electromagnetism
- Radioactive decay
- Nuclear binding energy
Anion

**Anions** are atoms or groups of atoms that have a negative electric charge. An anion has more electrons in its atomic orbitals than it has protons in its atomic nucleus. The opposite of an anion is a cation, which has a positive charge.

The name "anion" comes from the words anode and ion. In an electrochemical cell, anions are attracted to the positively charged anode.

Anions can be monatomic, made of only one atom, or polyatomic, made of multiple atoms. Anions can exist on their own only as gases: to make a solid, ionic liquid, or solution the total electrical charge must be zero, meaning  a mix of anions and cations.

## Properties

In many crystals the anions are bigger; the little cations fit into the spaces between them.

All anions are Brønsted bases: they can make a chemical bond with a proton, , to form a conjugate acid.

## Examples

Oxide is the most common anion on Earth. It is made from an oxygen atom with two extra electrons. The formula for oxide is written . The oxide ion reacts with water, so it cannot be dissolved to make a solution.

Chloride is a monatomic anion made from an atom of chlorine with an extra electron. The chemical formula is written . Chloride is the most common anion in seawater.

Sulfate is the second most common anion in seawater after chloride. It is made of a sulfur atom, four oxygen atoms, and two extra electrons. The formula for sulfate is written . Sulfate is a special type of anion called an oxyanion, which are made of a central element (like sulfur) surrounded by oxygen atoms.

Hydroxide is a polyatomic anion made of one oxygen atom, one hydrogen atom, and one extra electron. It has the formula . Hydroxide is the conjugate base of water, so it is the strongest base that can be mixed with water. Other strong bases, including the oxide anion, react with water to make hydroxide.
David (Michelangelo)

***David*** is a statue by Michelangelo, begun in 1501 and completed in 1504. It is made of marble and is 17 feet tall. It is a statue of a shepherd, David, whose story is told in the Bible. David fought a battle with a giant soldier called Goliath. He beat Goliath by knocking him down with a small stone from his slingshot. David later became King of Israel.

Michelangelo has carved the figure naked, in the way that Ancient Roman statues of Classical Gods were often made. He shows David before the fight, just as he is looking at Goliath and planning what to do.

The statue was paid for by the wool-workers of Florence. To the people of the Republic of Florence, David, the teenage boy who fought a giant, was a symbol of how a small fierce town could battle off powerful invaders. David was a particularly important symbol to the wool-workers as well, because as a boy, he took care of his father’s sheep, and as a king, he was like a shepherd to his people.

The statue of David is a symbol of the City of Florence, Italy,  and is Michelangelo's most famous work of sculpture.  It is often called _The David_.

## Making the statue

From about 1464 the members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament of the Bible carved for the Florence Cathedral.  These statues were to go on the buttresses all around the outside walls, high up near the roof. Two statues had already been made by Donatello and his assistant, Agostino di Duccio.  Duccio was asked to carve a statue of David. He began carving the  statue's feet, chest and a hole between the legs. He stopped making the statue when his master, Donatello, died in 1466.  Antonio Rossellino then worked on the statue for two years.  The block of stone was untouched for 33 years and was left in the cathedral workshop where it was getting damaged by the weather.  Michelangelo began working on David on September 13, 1501.  It was finished on September 8, 1504.

## Where the statue was placed

When it was finished, the statue was placed in front of the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio.  During 1873 it was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence to protect it from damage.  The statue currently attracts many visitors to the Accademia Gallery.

## Damage to the statue

In 1991, the statue of David was attacked by a person with a hammer. Before the person with the hammer could be stopped, damage was done to the toes of the left foot.

## Related pages

Other statues by Michelangelo:
- Moses
- Pietà
Moses (Michelangelo)

***Moses*** is a statue that was made by Michelangelo.  It is a statue of Moses from the Bible.  The statue is unusual because Moses has horns on his head.  This was one of Michelangelo's last projects.

## Related pages

The following are other statues by Michelangelo:
- David
- Pietà

## Other websites

- http://www.romaviva.com/Santa-Maria-Maggiore/moses.htm  Website with more information on Moses.
The Birth of Venus

***The Birth of Venus*** is a painting by Sandro Botticelli (1445 – May 17, 1510). It is of a Roman goddess who was called Venus. He pictured her standing on a shell because Venus was said to have been born from foam on the sea in _Stanze per la giostra_, a poem written by Angelo Poliziano. The painting shows Zephyr, god of the winds holding the gentle breeze Aura, blowing her toward the shore where Horae, goddess of the seasons, is awaiting her with a cloak. She is pictured naked to show her innocence and divinity.
Primavera (Botticelli)

The **Primavera** is a painting by Sandro Botticelli, which was painted in about 1482.

## What is the painting of?

The painting is set in the garden of Venus, who is in the middle of the painting.  Above her head is Cupid, who is aiming a bow and arrow at _The Three Graces_.  The Three Graces are dancing a rondel.  Mercury is on the left of the painting.  He is wearing a helmet and is carrying a sword.  This means that he is the guard of Venus's garden.  On the right of the picture is Zephyr.  Zephyr is the god of the wind.  He is chasing a nymph called Cloris.  Next to Cloris is Flora, the goddess of Spring, scattering flowers. She was originally Cloris but was turned into Flora by Zephyr.

## Where is the painting?

The Primavera is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.
Cupid

**Cupid**, also called **Amor** (Latin for _love_), is the god of sexual desire in Roman mythology. He fired golden arrows at people to make them fall in love, and lead arrows to make people fall out of love. He was mainly drawn as a cherub, but he might have looked like a normal teenager. He had large feathery wings which he used to fly around in the sky and mainly shot people with his love arrows by flying above them. He secretly did this. And many people asked him for help.

## Related pages

- Eros – Greek mythology version of Cupid.
Eros (disambiguation)

**Eros** is the Greek god of love.

**Eros** can also mean:

- Eros (concept), the Greek word for romantic or sexual love
- 433 Eros, an asteroid
- Eros, Secretary of Roman Emperor Aurelian, whose assassination he planned
- EROS (microkernel), an operating system
- Eros Ramazzotti (born 1963), Italian singer-songwriter
The Creation of Adam

***The Creation of Adam*** is part of a painting by Michelangelo which can be seen on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican City. It is of Adam and God touching hands so that God can give the spark of life to Adam.
Newbury, Berkshire

**Newbury** is a small historical market town in Berkshire, England, with many buildings from the 16th century, the world famous Newbury racecourse, and the Lambourn horse training stables.

Newbury is home to many kinds of people from different cultures. It is easy to get there from the M4 motorway and has airport and train links.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Newbury
- **static image name**: Newbury market place.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Newbury Town Hall and the Market Place</small>
- **population**: 28,339
- **population ref**: _(2001)_
- **civil parish**: Newbury
- **unitary england**: West Berkshire
- **region**: South East England
- **lieutenancy england**: Berkshire
- **constituency westminster**: Newbury (UK Parliament constituency), Newbury
- **post town**: NEWBURY
- **postcode district**: RG14
- **postcode area**: RG
- **dial code**: 01635
- **os grid reference**: SU470671
- **local name**: Ol' Burian's town of cheeselogs
Dvorak Simplified Keyboard

The **Dvorak Simplified Keyboard **( ) is an alternative way of putting letters on an English keyboard. Most English keyboards have the keys lined up in a "QWERTY layout." The point of QWERTY was to prevent typewriter keys from sticking, but it is not the most "ergonomic", or comfortable, keyboard to type on. August Dvorak invented the Dvorak keyboard, where letters are arranged based on how often they are used. For instance, the most common letters (like "e") are in the center row of keys, so less hand movement is needed when a person is typing.

Proponents of the Dvorak keyboard feel that with the use of computers rather than typewriters, there is no reason to keep the QWERTY keyboard. Many Dvorak keyboard users think that more people should use the Dvorak keyboard, as it aims to prevent typing injuries (like repetitive strain injury and carpal tunnel syndrome). But most users are used to the QWERTY keyboard, and do not want to switch.

## Other websites

- Dvorak keyboard online  – by My keyboard
Microsoft FrontPage

**Microsoft FrontPage** (Full name: Microsoft Office FrontPage) is a program made by Microsoft to help people make webpages and full websites. It was one of Microsoft Office programs until 2003.

Microsoft FrontPage was commercially available in four versions:
FrontPage 98, FrontPage 2000, FrontPage 2002 & FrontPage 2003.

A freeware version was also included in earlier releases of Internet Explorer.  It was called FrontPage Express.  It was a useful web editor without costing as much as professional software.  FrontPage express is compatible with Windows XP and some other versions of Windows.  FrontPage Express downloads are still available online from third-party hosts, such as stormthecastle.com.

FrontPage is a WYSIWYG, "What You See Is What You Get", Web Editor. All versions of FrontPage are still in use by web developers all over the globe.

The 2003 version is the last installment to the series. It was discontinued in 2006, being replaced by Microsoft Expression Web and Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer.

The first version of the app was made by Vermeer Technologies in 2005, before its acquisition by Microsoft.
Soda

What is soda made of Sodas and other carbonated soft fizzy drinks usually contain **carbonated water (water with dissolved carbon dioxide), some kind of sweetener, and natural or artificial flavoring**.
- Some chemical compounds containing sodium
    - Sodium carbonate, washing soda or soda ash
    - Sodium bicarbonate, baking soda
    - Sodium hydroxide, caustic soda
    - Sodium oxide, an alkali metal oxide

- Also, products made by or containing one of these chemicals:
    - Soda glass

- Food and drink
    - Soda water, a natural potable mineral water with high concentration of sodium bicarbonate, often carbonated
    - Soft drink, a sodium bicarbonate beverage; typically carbonated
    - Soda cracker, or saltine cracker
    - Soda bread, a variety of quick bread
    - Ice cream soda, a dessert dish
Gonad

A **gonad** is a gland that makes gametes and sex hormones. The male gonad is the testicle. Testicles make sperm cells. The female gonad is the ovary. Ovaries make egg cells. Some animals have different gonads because they are hermaphroditic. They may have gonads such as the ovotestis. This is a gland that is similar to testicles and ovaries.
Emma

**Emma** can refer to
- Emma (given name)
- Emma (novel)
Watercolour

**Watercolour** (UK), also called **watercolor** (US) or ***aquarelle*** (French), are paintings whose colours are water-based pigments.

Watercolours were first created in China, appearing shortly after paper was invented. Watercolours soon became popular in Japan as well. Pigment is mixed first with a binder which is most of the time, gum arabic, then add water and then using a brush add the pigment to material like paper. When the water dries, the pigment is stuck to the material from the binder.
Expert system

An **expert system** is a program running on a computer. Like a human expert, it knows a lot about a subject. People can ask the expert system a question. The expert system will then use a set of rules and give answers to the question. This method of automated reasoning belongs to a field of computer science called artificial intelligence.

Different groups of people can have different kinds of access to an expert system. The people managing the network of computers have different needs than the office worker or secretary.

## How expert systems work

Expert systems are made of
- A set of facts, rules and principles
- A set of data that is solved using its expertise
- A user interface

When they are asked a question, they will filter the data with the rules they have. They might give back a result, or ask an additional question.

## Categories of expert systems

- Case-based expert systems have a number of cases; each case describes the problem in context, and  the solution of the problem, in the specific case. The current problem is matched as closely as possible to a case. The solution of the case found is then applied to the current problem. The main problem of such systems is to define how cases relate to each other, or are similar. An example of where such a system may be used is that of a patient: This patient shows a given number of symptoms, and the expert system could diagnose the patient.
- Rule-based systems do not rely on cases; instead, there are a number of rules. These are expressed in the form _IF A THEN B_.  In most systems, human experts have to write the rules.
- A third approach is to construct systems that are based on decision trees. Such systems are capable of learning, or of extending their knowledge base, using inductive reasoning. When the classification is done, the system uses a path through the tree. At the end, it arrives at a leaf, which indicates the class of solution to the problem.  Each bifurcation in the tree is based on an attribute, that is checked. The value of the attribute determines how to continue the path. Ideally, good results are obtained using small trees. The problem is finding good attributes to base the decisions on.
Hermann Hesse

**Hermann Hesse** (2 July 1877 – 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. His best known works include _Steppenwolf_, _Siddhartha_, and _The Glass Bead Game_ (also known as _Magister Ludi_).

## Other websites

- Hermann Hesse Page  - in German and English, maintained by Professor Gunther Gottschalk
- Hermann Hesse Portal
- Community of the Journeyer to the Easy  - in German and English
- Concise Biography  - originally published by the Germanic American Institute, by Paul A. Schons
- Article  at 'Books and Writers'
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

The **Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol**, is a protocol related to computers and networks of computers. It is referred to as **DHCP** for short. It was made so that computers could connect to other computers (on a network) automatically.

To be able to access the Internet (or any computer network), an IP address is needed. DHCP allows for this IP address to be obtained automatically by a router. If DHCP was not used, a user would have to manually give an available IP address to their device. This is also known as giving a device a static IP.

Other data, like a DNS Nameserver, or a time server can also be obtained that way. Computers that support network booting can get a disk image that they can boot from through the network.

The address can be dynamic (it can change), or it can be static (it stays the same). After a certain time, the address lease has to be renewed.

DHCP is one of the most complicated IP protocols in networks of computers.