juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pepsi Twist

**Pepsi Max Twist** is a type of Pepsi Max made since 2001. It is lemon flavored. In the United Kingdom, Pepsi Twist is no longer sold. A "lemon and lime" kind also was made, under the Pepsi Max brand.
Epicureanism

**Epicureanism** is a philosophy based on the teachings of Epicurus. It started about 307 <small>BC</small>. Epicurus was a materialist who believed that material was made of atoms. The teaching about atoms was first started by Democritus.

Epicurus forcefully attacked superstition. According to Epicurus, the gods are passive: They do not intervene in the world.  Epicurus believed that the greatest good was to have certain pleasures, and to reach a state of mind where there is no fear and no pain. Epicureanism is a form of hedonism, which declares that pleasure is the only good there is. Epicureanism says that the absence of pain is the greatest pleasure; it also advocates a simple life. These ideas make it sufficiently different from "hedonism" as it is usually defined.

Epicurus spoke favorably about the enjoyment of simple pleasures; he also meant abstaining from bodily desires, such as sex and appetites, almost like asceticism.

He argued that when eating, one should not eat too richly, for it could lead to dissatisfaction later, such as the grim realization that one could not afford such delicacies in the future. Likewise, sex could lead to increased lust and dissatisfaction with the sexual partner. Epicurus did not articulate a broad system of social morality that has survived.

Epicureanism was originally a challenge to Platonism, though later it became the main opponent of Stoicism. Epicurus and his followers shunned politics. Many Epicurean societies flourished in the late Hellenistic period and during the Roman era (such as those in Antiochia, Alexandria, Rhodes and Ercolano).

The poet Lucretius was its best-known Roman proponent. By the end of the Roman Empire, having undergone Christian attack and repression, Epicureanism had all but died out, but was resurrected in the 17th century by the atomist Pierre Gassendi, who adapted it to the Christian doctrine.

Some writings by Epicurus have survived. Some scholars consider the epic poem _On the Nature of Things_ by Lucretius presents in one work the core arguments and theories of Epicureanism. Many of the papyrus scrolls unearthed at the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum are Epicurean texts. At least some are thought to have belonged to the Epicurean Philodemus.
Tilopa

**Tilopa** (Prakrit; Sanskrit: **Talika** or _Tilopada_, 988–1069) was a tantric practitioner and mahasiddha. He was born in either Chativavo (Chittagong), Bengal or Jagora, Bengal into the Brahmin (priestly) caste. He had several teachers and meditated a lot under their guidance: Saryapa, Lawapa, Indrabhuti, Matanga, Nagarjuna . Finaly he reached Mahamudra or state of complete enlightement. Tilopa is regarded as founder of Kagyu lineage of Vajrayana Buddhism. His main student is Naropa.
Christmas Day (song)

"**Christmas Day**" is a song by the British musician Dido.

## Track listing

1. "Christmas Day" (3:50)
1. "Going Crazy" (2:25)

## Other websites

- Squeeze discography at Squeezenet

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Christmas Day
- **artist**: Squeeze (musical group), Squeeze
- **released**: 23 November 1979 (UK)
- **recorded**: 1979
- **genre**: New wave music, New wave, Christmas music, holiday
- **length**: 3:50
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M
- **writer**: Glenn Tilbrook and Chris Difford
- **producer**: John Wood (producer), John Wood & Squeeze
- **prev title**: Slap and Tickle
- **prev year**: 1979
- **next title**: Another Nail in My Heart
- **next year**: 1980
This Is the New Shit

"**This Is the New Shit**" is a 2003 industrial metal song by Marilyn Manson off their fifth album _The Golden Age of Grotesque_. The bassist, Tim Sköld added some industrial beats to the song when he joined the band in 2002.

Many movies, TV shows and video games have used the song including:

- CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode "_Suckers_"
- Hatchet
- Unreal Tournament 2004
- ECW Wrestling (radio edit)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: This Is the New Shit
- **artist**: Marilyn Manson (band), Marilyn Manson
- **album**: The Golden Age of Grotesque
- **released**: September 1, 2003 (United Kingdom, UK)
- **recorded**: Late 2000-early 2003
- **genre**: Industrial metal, nu metal
- **length**: 4:20
- **label**: Nothing Records, Nothing, Interscope
- **prev title**: mOBSCENE
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: (s)AINT
- **next year**: 2004
Ground Combat Vehicle

The **Ground Combat Vehicle** (**GCV**) is the U.S. Army's replacement program for heavy tracked and wheeled armored fighting vehicles. The GCV is part of the _Follow On Incremental Capabilities Package_ of the BCT Modernization program. The vehicle of the vehicle family is to be built by 2015 and given out by 2017. It replaced the canceled Future Combat Systems, manned ground vehicles program.

## Design

The GCV family will be built around one or more common vehicle bodies.

The GCV would have a very advanced communications system.

The vehicle will be heavy and large but it must be moved by aircraft, rail and ship. The GCV will have good off-road mobility while remaining fuel efficient.

The type and caliber of the weapons are still secret. The Army has only said that there will be lethal and non-lethal means to help with missions in both civilian and non-civilian places.

The Army would like the GCV to have good bomb protection and would like it to be able to destroy enemy missiles.

## Variants

The U.S. Army wants a troop carrier and a "secondary vehicle". The Army will ask for more variants later.

### Infantry Fighting Vehicle

The IFV will replace the M113 APC by 2018, the M2 Bradley and the Stryker ICV later. The IFV will hold a crew of three and a squad of nine people.

### Secondary vehicle

The "secondary vehicle" is listed on the "Work Breakdown Structure" document. So far, no details have been released about the use of this vehicle.

## Other websites

- _Official U.S. Army Ground Combat Vehicle page_
- TACOM page

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Ground Combat Vehicle
- **image**: New GCV logo.png
- **caption**: Ground Combat Vehicle logo
- **type**: Tracked and/or wheeled armored fighting vehicles
- **is vehicle**: yes
- **designer**: U.S. Army
Hayley Wickenheiser

**Hayley Wickenheiser**, OC, (born August 12, 1978 in Shaunavon, Saskatchewan) is a Canadian women's ice hockey forward. She is the first woman to play full-time pro hockey in a position other than goaltender.

She plays for the Canada women's national ice hockey team. She has represented Canada at 5 Winter Olympic Games, winning the gold medal four times and the silver medal once. She was named tournament MVP twice. She has also played softball for Canada at the 2000 Summer Olympics. Wickenheiser has the most gold medals of any Canadian Olympian. She is considered to be the greatest female ice hockey player in the world.

On February 20, 2014, She was chosen to be a part of the International Olympic Committee's athlete commission.

## Other websites

- Hayley Wickenheiser's official website

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Hayley Wickenheiser 140302.png
- **caption**: Wickenheiser at the 2014 Heritage Classic
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Forward (ice hockey), Forward
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 180
- **sex**: f
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **birth place**: Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, Shaunavon, Saskatchewan, SK, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1993
- **website**: [http://www.hayleywickenheiser.com Official site]
Novaya Zemlya

**Novaya Zemlya** () is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean in the north of Russia and the extreme northeast of Europe. The archipelago is made of a north island and a south island; it separates the Barents Sea from the Kara Sea. There is a narrow channel, called Matochkin Strait that separates the two islands. Both islands together are about 900 km long; they are between 470 and 1150 km north of the Arctic Circle. Today, 2716 people live on the islands. 2622 of them live in the capital _Belushya Guba_ (on the south island)

The Russians knew of Novaya Zemlya from the 11th century, when hunters from Novgorod visited the area.

Novaya Zemlya is the northern part of the Ural Mountains and the interior is mountainous throughout. The northern island contains many glaciers, while the southern one has a tundra landscape.

In July 1954, Novaya Zemlya was designated the Novaya Zemlya Test Site.  It was used as a test site throughout the cold war. In 1961 Tsar Bomba was dropped on the archipelago. The Tsar Bomb was the largest nuclear bomb ever made at 50 Mt. By contrast, the largest weapon ever produced by the United States, the now-decommissioned B41, had a predicted maximum yield of 25 Mt.

## Other websites

- Selected satellite views of nuclear test site Novaya Zemlya (global security).
- Environment, climate change, and history of exploration (Barents' wintering).
- Rozenberg Publishers - Climate and glacial history of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Russian Arctic
- Nuclear tests in Novaya Zemlya, International Atomic Energy Agency Department of Nuclear Safety and Security.
Trailer Park Boys

***Trailer Park Boys*** is a Canadian mockumentary created by Mike Clattenburg. It is produced by Mike Clattenburg, Barrie Dunn and Michael Volpe. In Canada, it was shown on the Showcase Television. The series had thirteen seasons and ran from April 22, 2001 to December 7, 2008. It then restarted by on the streaming service SwearNet and released through Netflix from September 5, 2014 until March 30, 2018.

The series mainly follows three men Ricky, Julian, and Bubbles and their life inside the fictional Sunnyvale Trailer Park in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia.

The television programme has spawned four movies: _Trailer Park Boys: The Movie_ on October 6, 2006, _Trailer Park Boys: Countdown to Liquor Day_ on September 25, 2009, _Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It_ on April 18, 2014, and _Standing on the Shoulders of Kitties: The Bubbles and the Shitrockers Story_ on December 6, 2024.

TV.com rated the series a 10.

An animated show called _Trailer Park Boys: The Animated Series_ started showing on Netflix on March 31, 2019. A spin-off called _Trailer Park Boys: Jail_ started on January 1, 2021. There was also a Christmas special released. It was the last show John Dunsworth was featured in before he died.

## Other websites

- Trailer Park Boys' Official website

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Trailer Park Boys logo.png
- **creator**: Mike Clattenburg
- **voices**: Michael Smith
- **theme music composer**: Blake Morris
- **country**: Canada
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 12
- **num episodes**: 105 (10 specials)
- **camera**: Multiple-camera setup, Multiple-camera
- **runtime**: 1,800–2,700 s
Chocolate chip cookie

A **chocolate chip cookie** is a drop cookie from the United States. Small portions of the dough are "dropped" from a spoon onto a baking sheet, then baked 10-15 minutes in a medium oven until done. Main ingredients in the original recipe are flour, butter, eggs, salt, vanilla extract, both brown and white sugar, and chocolate chips. Variants feature nuts, oatmeal, etc. Chocolate chip cookies can be made at home or purchased at bakeries and in stores.

The chocolate chip cookie was the accidental invention of Ruth Graves Wakefield. She and her husband owned and operated the Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts in the mid-1930s. Wakefield prepared meals and desserts. One day she was without Baker's Chocolate for a butter drop cookie recipe. She cut a Nestlé's semi-sweet chocolate bar into bits and added the bits to the dough, thinking the pieces would melt as the cookie baked. The bits did not melt completely, but they did soften. The result was called the Toll House Cookie. Nestlé printed the recipe on its packages of chocolate. Wakefield received a lifetime supply of Nestlé semi-sweet chocolate for her permission to print the recipe.

## Preparation

Chocolate chip cookies are made by using white sugar, brown sugar, flour, salt, eggs, baking soda, butter or shortening, and chocolate chips. Some cookies optionally add vanilla, milk, or nuts for more flavor.

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Chocolate Chip Cookie
- **image**: Chocolate chip cookies.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: 5 chocolate chip cookies on a plate.
- **alternate name**: Toll House Cookie
- **country**: United States
- **region**: Whitman, Massachusetts
- **creator**: Ruth Graves Wakefield
- **course**: Dessert
- **main ingredient**: Chocolate chips
- **variations**: Multiple
- **calories**: 200 per unit
Theo Waigel

**Theo Waigel** is (* 22 April 1939 in Oberrohr, Bavaria) a German Politician (CSU). He was the Finance Minister between 1988 and 1999 and the Chairman of the CSU, respectively.

## Personal life and work

Theo Waigel obtained his High School Degree at the Simpert-Kraemer-High School, in Swabian Krumbach Waigel immatriculated at the Facultys of Law and political Science in Munich, later in Wurzburg. He successfully earned his Bachelor of Law in 1963, in 1967 he obtained the Master of Law and finished with a PhD with his essay about the Constitutional system of the German especially the Bavarian Agriculture. The first job of Mr. Waigel was an Assessor for the Attorney General at the Regional Court in Munich I, in 1969 he took over a new assignment as a Personal Secretary for the State Secretary in The Finance Ministry, Bavaria.
In 1970 he took over the same job in the Ministry of Transport.

After his political career, he worked for German Investment Counselling Inc. as well as the Electrical Company ENBW as a Member of the Board of Directors.

Theodor Waigel, married again. Irene Epple, his second wife, gave birth to three children.

In a short TV-serial, _The Affair Semmeling_ from Dieter Wedel, he had a small guest role in his previous position as a Finance Minister.
Rei Ayanami

is a main character in _Neon Genesis Evangelion_. In 1996 and 1997, she was listed as the best female anime character by the journal _Animage_. She was born in the underground laboratory, but lost her memories. It is known that she has many "spare bodies", which are used for her reincarnation, if she dies.
In the Italian dub she is voiced by Valentina Mari.

## Infobox (character)

- **colour**: blue
- **name**: Rei Ayanami
- **series**: Neon Genesis Evangelion
- **image**: IMG 1708 - Desucon 2013 - matiast1.jpg
- **gender**: Female
- **family**: * Shinji Ikari (related)
- **nationality**: Japanese
Powerbomb

This page explains different types of **powerbombs** in professional wrestling.

## Gutwrench powerbomb

This maneuver has a wrestler tuck an opponent's head in-between their legs, hook their arms lift them up, turning them in mid-air, and slam them down to the mat (ring).
Facebuster

This page explains different types of **facebusters** in professional wrestling.

## Chickenwing facebuster

This maneuver has a wrestler hook both their opponent's arms standing up stomach to back, lift them in the air, and then push them forwards so to make them move towards the ring face down with force.

## Turkeyleg facebuster

This maneuver involves one opponent forcefully pushing the other until they are facing away from them. They then constrict the opponent's torso with their arms and kick the back of their knees, causing them to falter and fall forward, face first - with the opponent on top of them.
Professional wrestling attacks

This page describes the different types of attacks in professional wrestling.

## Bell clap

A bell clap is a move where a wrestler slaps both of the ears of an opponent at the same time with the palms of their hands, mess up their balance. A bell clap is usually used to escape a bear hug.
Powerslam

This page describes the different types of **powerslams** in professional wrestling.

## Fireman's carry powerslam

This maneuver has a wrestler lift their opponent on their back in a fireman's carry position. Grab their opponent's leg lift that side up and over turning to face their opponent in the process and then slam them to the mat.
Rana Mohammad Hanif Khan

**Rana Mohammad Hanif Khan** (died 2005) simply known as **Rana Hanif**, was the Finance Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977.
Alexine Tinne

**Alexandrine Pieternella Françoise Tinne**, called **Alexine Tinne** (October 17, 1835 – August 1, 1869) was a Dutch explorer. She used her money to satisfy her curiosity about Africa. Her father died when she was ten, and she became one of the richest people in the Netherlands. Tinne is said to have been beautiful, and she was very clever. She knew several languages and was good at riding horses. She was also brave and firm.

With her mother and several scientists, Tinne first travelled down the Nile in 1863. Because of the trip, she gathered lots of scientific information, but  Tinne's mother and two of the scientists died. Later, she prepared another trip across the Sahara. She took two big iron tanks of water. The Muslim people, thinking that the tanks had gold inside, attacked Tinne. They cut her with their swords, cutting off her hand so she could not use her gun. The attackers then ran away, leaving her to bleed to death. She died alone in the desert.

The church built in her memory in her hometown, The Hague, was destroyed by bombs in World War II.

## Other websites

- Saudi Aramco: 'Alexine and the Nile'
- Tinne, Alexandrine
Super Mario Galaxy 2

***Super Mario Galaxy 2*** is a video game for the Wii. It is the sequel to the 2007 game _Super Mario Galaxy_. It was first announced at E3 2009, and was released in the second quarter of 2010 in Japan, on May 23, 2010 in North America, on June 11, 2010 in Europe, and in June-August, 2010 in Australia. Unlike its predecessor, _Super Mario Galaxy 2_ allows the player to ride on Yoshi. _Super Mario Galaxy 2_ introduces two new power-ups: the Cloud Flower and the Rock Mushroom.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Super Mario Galaxy 2
- **developer**: Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development, Nintendo EAD Tokyo
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **designer**: Kenta Motokura
- **series**: _Mario (series), Mario_
- **released**: **Original release:**
**Wii (Nintendo Selects):**
**Wii U (digital download):**

- **genre**: Platform game, Platform
- **modes**: Single player, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Wii, Wii U
- **display**: 480p and 16:9 Widescreen support
Credit default swap

A **credit default swap** (or **CDS** for short) is a kind of investment where you pay someone so they will pay you if a certain company gives up on paying its bonds, or **defaults**. A credit default swap is like insurance on bonds, but different from insurance in important ways:
- Insurance companies make sure you own the thing you're insuring, but you can buy credit default swaps for bonds you don't own.
- The government makes rules (called **regulations**) for insurance, but they don't make any yet for credit default swaps.
- Insurance companies have to have enough money in case lots of people need to collect insurance at the same time. Because there aren't many rules for CDS sellers, they don't have to be as careful.
Because nobody makes sure you have the bonds you get credit default swaps for, people can speculate on them by buying credit default swaps on companies they think will get in trouble.

## Role in Financial Crisis of 2008

When Lehman Brothers went bankrupt on September 15, 2008, it defaulted on its bonds. The insurance company AIG had sold lots of credit default swaps for Lehman, but they didn't have enough money to pay all the people they had sold them to.

This is because the way lots of companies speculated was by hedging on credit default swaps. They bought credit default swaps for a company, and then sold credit default swaps for the same company when the CDSes got more expensive. For example, if you bought some Lehman Brothers CDSes from AIG where you had to pay $500,000, and you sold the same number of CDSes on Lehman a year later for $600,000, you made $100,000 profit. If Lehman defaulted, you're supposed to pay the people you sold the CDSes to, but that should be OK because now AIG is supposed to pay you for the CDSes you bought.

So many companies bought and subsequently sold CDSes that when Lehman collapsed, no one had enough money to pay the people they sold the CDSes to. They tried getting it from the companies they'd bought CDSes from, but they didn't have enough money either. Those companies tried collecting from the companies that owed them money, but they didn't have enough either, and so on. Since AIG had sold so many of these, people were afraid that AIG would just give up on trying to pay them all. If they had done that, there would be a domino effect where everybody would go out of business. Because so many companies would've gone out of business, the government decided to help AIG pay so the economy wouldn't collapse.

## Role in the Greek Financial Crisis

When people found out that the Greek government owed more money than everybody thought it did, people who didn't own any Greek government bonds started buying credit default swaps on Greek bonds. They did that because they thought Greece would give up on trying to pay, so the bonds would become worthless and the people who sold the credit default swaps would pay them. Unfortunately, this makes people who have Greek bonds nervous, so they want to sell them and not buy any more. That makes it hard for Greece to borrow money to fix its money problems.
Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients

The following tables compare general and technical information between a number of IRC client programs. Please see the individual products pages for more information. This page is does not include everything and may not be current.

## General

Basic general information about the notableclients: creator/company, license, etc. Clients listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development.

|Client|Primary developers|Distribution model|Software license|User interface|Programming language||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||AdiIRC|Per Amundsen|Freeware||GUI|.NET Framework/C#|
||Adium|Thijs Alkemade|Free software||GUI|Objective-C and C|
||Ambassador|Isengrim|Free software||GUI|JavaScript, XUL|
||AmIRC|Oliver Wagner, Nicolas Sallin, Costel Mincea|Free software||GUI|?|
||AndroIRC|Madalynn|Freeware||GUI|?|
||Bersirc|Jamie Frater, Nicholas Copeland|Free software||GUI|C (Delphi originally)|
||BitchX|Colten Edwards|Free software||TUI, GUI|C|
||ChatZilla|James Ross, Robert Ginda, Samuel Sieb, Gijs Kruitbosch|Free software||GUI|JavaScript, XUL|
||Colloquy|Timothy Hatcher, Kiji Roshi|Free software||GUI|Objective-C|
||ERC|Alexander L. Belikoff, Sergey Berezin|Free software||TUI, GUI|Emacs Lisp|
||GrumpyChat|Petr Bena|Free software||GUI|C++|
||HexChat|Berke Viktor|Free software||TUI, GUI|C|
||IceChat|Paul Vanderzee|Free software||GUI|C# (Visual Basic until 2004)|
||Igloo|Jordan Koch|Commercial||GUI|Swift|
||Instantbird|Florian Quèze|Free software||GUI|C++, JavaScript, CSS, XUL|
||Irccloud|IRCCloud Ltd.|Freemium||Web|JavaScript frontend, Erlang backend|
||ircII|Michael Sandrof|Free software||TUI|C|
||Ircle|Onno Tijdgat|Commercial, 30-day trial||GUI|C|
||Irssi|Timo Sirainen|Free software||TUI|C|
||Kiwi|Darren Whitlen|Free software||Web|JavaScript frontend, Node.js backend|
||KVIrc|Szymon Stefanek|Free software||GUI|C++|
||Konversation|KDE|Free software||GUI|C++|
||LeafChat|Samuel Marshall|Free software||GUI|Java|
||LimeChat|Satoshi Nakagawa|Free software||GUI|RubyCocoa (2007–2010) Objective-C (2010–)|
||Linkinus|Conceited Software|Commercial, 15-day trial||GUI|Objective-C|
||Mibbit|Jimmy Moore|Textual Adbar||Web|JavaScript frontend, Java backend|
||mIRC|Khaled Mardam-Bey|Shareware, 30-day trial||GUI|C/C++|
||Monochrome|Peter Pawlowski|Free software||GUI|C#|
||Nettalk|Nicolas Kruse|Free software||GUI|Visual Basic|
||Pidgin||Free software||GUI|C|
||PIRCH|Northwest Computer Services|Shareware||GUI|Delphi|
||PJIRC|Philippe Detournay|Free software||GUI|Java|
||Quassel|Manuel Nickschas, Marcus Eggenberger, Alexander von Renteln|Free software||TUI, GUI|C++|
||rcirc|Ryan Yeske|Free software||TUI|Emacs Lisp|
||Smuxi|Mirco Bauer|Free software||GUI, TUI, server|C#|
||Snak|Kent Sorensen|Commercial||GUI|?|
||Thunderbird|Mozilla Foundation|Free software||GUI|C, C++, JavaScript|
||Tiny|Ömer Sinan Ağacan|Free software||TUI|Rust|
||Visual IRC|Jesse McGrew|Free software||GUI|Delphi|
||WeeChat|Sebastien Helleu|Free software||TUI, GUI|C|
||XiRCON|Mark Hanson|Free software||GUI|Borland C++, scripted with Tcl|
{{reflist|group=Note|refs=
Mask fetishism

**Mask fetishism** is a sexual interest in seeing another person wearing a mask or taking off a mask. The mask may be, but is not limited to being, a Halloween mask, a surgical mask, ski mask, ninja mask, gas mask, a latex mask, or any other kind of mask.
Lazarus taxon

In paleontology, a **Lazarus taxon** (plural _taxa_) is a taxon that disappears from one or more periods of the fossil record, only to appear again later. The term refers to the Gospel of John, in which Jesus is claimed to have raised Lazarus from the dead. Lazarus taxa occur either because of (local) extinction, later resupplied, or as a sampling artifact. The fossil record is imperfect (only a very small fraction of organisms become fossilized) and contains gaps not necessarily caused by extinction, particularly when the number of individuals in a taxon becomes very low.

The concept was developed in palaeontology where, after a major extinction event, some groups reappear after millions of years. The usual explanation is that numbers were driven so low that their chance of fossilisation were extremely low. Then, gradually, their numbers revived.

## History of the idea

In 1974 Batten pointed out that the Lower Triassic record lacked genera and species which had been present in the Permian, but which reappeared 20 million years later in the Middle Triassic. Jablonski later coined the term 'Lazarus taxon' for species and genera which disappear from the fossil record, only to reappear later when conditions return to normal.

## Living examples

There are some well-known examples of it happening to present-day species.

Some well-known examples:

- A complete clade of lobe-finned fish, the sub-class Coelacanthimorpha, was thought to have gone extinct 80 million years ago. Then a Coelacanth (_Latimeria_), was found in 1938.
- The Monoplacophora, a class of molluscs were believed to have gone extinct in the middle Devonian (~380 million years ago) until living members were discovered in deep water off Costa Rica in 1952.
- Dawn Redwood or _Metasequoia_, a genus of conifer, was first described as a fossil from the Mesozoic era by Shigeru Miki in 1941, but in 1944 a small stand was discovered in Modaoxi, China.
- Mountain Pygmy Possum (_Burramys parvus_), Australia's only truly hibernating marsupial, known originally from the fossil record, was discovered in 1966.
Central Australia

Australia is a continent, Central Australia is the center of it. There is huge deserts present there.
Joe Louis Arena

**Joe Louis Arena**, nicknamed **The Joe** and **JLA** was a hockey arena in Detroit, Michigan. It was the home of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League.

Joe Louis Arena also hosted the 2009 Royal Rumble.

The arena closed at the end of the 2016–17 NHL season, with the Red Wings opening the new Little Caesars Arena a few blocks away. After the Wings moved, the arena was torn down and will be replaced by a combined hotel and retail development.

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Joe Louis Arena
- **nickname**: _The Joe, JLA_
- **image**:
- **location**: 600 Civic Center Drive, Detroit, Detroit, Michigan 48226
- **broke ground**: 1977
- **opened**: December 12, 1979
- **closed**: July 29, 2017
- **owner**: Detroit, City of Detroit
- **operator**: Olympia Entertainment
- **construction cost**: United States dollar, $57 million
- **architect**: Smith, Hinchmen and Grylls Associates
- **tenants**: Detroit Red Wings (National Hockey League, NHL) (1979–2017)
Massachusetts Marauders, Detroit Drive (Arena Football League, AFL) (1988–1993)
Detroit Compuware Ambassadors (Ontario Hockey League, OHL) (1991–1992)
Detroit Junior Red Wings (OHL) (1992–1995)
Detroit Rockers (National Professional Soccer League II, NPSL) (1996–2001)
Detroit Turbos (Major Indoor Lacrosse League, MILL) (1989–1994)
Royal Rumble (2009), Royal Rumble (World Wrestling Entertainment, WWE) (2009)
- **seating capacity**: Ice hockey: 20,066
Basketball: 21,800
Professional wrestling: 16,685
Ed McMahon

**Edward Leo Peter "Ed" McMahon, Jr.** (March 6, 1923 – June 23, 2009) was an American announcer, game show host, comedian, actor, singer, and combat aviator. He was the announcer and co-host of _The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson_ with host Johnny Carson. Ed McMahon has also been on _Star Search_. He was best known for being on television.

McMahon was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Lowell, Massachusetts and in Mexico, Maine. McMahon studied at Boston College and at The Catholic University of America. His career began in 1957 while broadcasting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

McMahon was married to Alyce Ferrill from 1945 until they divorced in 1974. Later, he married Victoria Valentine from 1976 until they divorced in 1989. Lastly, he married Pam Hurn from 1992 until his death in 2009.

McMahon died at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from pneumonia, aged, 86.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **branch**:
United States Marine Corps Reserve, USMC Reserve
- **serviceyears**: 1941–1966
- **rank**: Colonel
- **battles**: World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ed McMahon
- **years active**: 1957–2009
- **image**: Missing Links.JPG
- **caption**: McMahon in a 1960s publicity photo
- **birth name**: Edward Leo Peter McMahon Jr.
- **birth place**: Detroit, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **children**: 5
- **education**: Catholic University of America (B. A., BA)
- **notable works**: _The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, The Tonight Show_, _Star Search_, _TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes_
- **signature**: EdMcMahon.png
Carnegie library

A **Carnegie library** is a library that was built with the help of money from Andrew Carnegie. Over 2,500 Carnegie libraries were built across the world. Between 1883 and 1919, Carnegie would give money to cities and towns to build a library. The cities or towns would have to give a place to build the library, and promise to give 10% of the cost of the library's construction each year for the library's costs. Many Carnegie library buildings still stand. Some are used for other purposes now. Most are made of brick. They often have a staircase leading up to the front door.
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona

The **California State Polytechnic University, Pomona** (also known as **Cal Poly Pomona**) is a public university in Pomona, California, United States. It is one of 23 campuses in the California State University system. It was founded in 1938. Cal Poly Pomona offers 72 degree programs in disciplines like engineering, science, architecture, and many others. The university covers 1,147 acres. It is near the city of Los Angeles.

Cal Poly Pomona student-athletes play sports against other universities using the name _Cal Poly Pomona Broncos_. The university is a member of the California Collegiate Athletic Association and the NCAA. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are green and gold.
First Time

"**First Time**" is the first single from Lifehouse's fourth studio album _Who We Are_.

On April 24, 2007, the band released the single to be played on the radio. At the beginning, the song was played every hour on Star 98.7 in Los Angeles that day and was later released to general radio. The song's first ranking on the Billboard Hot 100 was number 48 in May, and it rose all the way to number 26. It was #74 on _MTV Asia**s list of Top 100 Hits of 2007.

## Track listing

**US radio promo single**
1. "First Time" - 3:25

**Australian commercial single_'
1. "First Time"
1. "You and Me" (Live In Portland)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: First Time
- **artist**: Lifehouse (band), Lifehouse
- **album**: Who We Are (Lifehouse album), Who We Are
- **released**: May 8, 2007
- **recorded**: 2006 - 2007
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **length**: 3:22
- **label**: Geffen Records, Geffen
- **writer**: Jason Wade, Jude Cole
- **prev title**: Blind (Lifehouse song), Blind
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: Whatever It Takes (Lifehouse song), Whatever It Takes
- **next year**: 2007
Crown Prince Sado

**Crown Prince Sado** () or **Crown Prince Jangheon** (), January 1735 - May 1762) was a Crown Prince of Joseon. He was the second son of King Yeongjo, and the father of King Jeongjo of Joseon.

After the death of his half brother Prince Hyojang, he became heir to the throne. Because of his mental illness and strange behaviour, his father had him locked in a rice chest and starved to death.

## References

- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=133415
Gloucestershire men's cricket team

County cricket in the traditional English county of Gloucestershire is organised by the Gloucestershire County Cricket Club, which was formed in 1871. The county team began playing first-class matches in 1870, when its captain was W. G. Grace. Gloucestershire were unofficially recognised as county champions four times (once shared) between 1873 and 1877. They have not won the official County Championship, which began in 1890, and have been runners-up six times. Their usual home venue is the County Ground in Bristol.

Beginning with Grace, and his brothers E. M. and Fred, many great players have represented Gloucestershire. They include Walter Hammond, Tom Graveney, Mike Procter, Courtney Walsh, and Muttiah Muralitharan. The team had a second period of success from 1999 to 2006, when they won seven limited overs trophies.
2010 Chile earthquake

The **2010 Cauquenes earthquake ** was an earthquake that happened off the coast of Maule region of Chile, near Cauquenes, on February 27, 2010, at 03:34:12 local time (06:34:12 UTC). It is said to have lasted between ten and thirty seconds. At first, its magnitude was reported to be between 8.3 and 8.5 on the Moment magnitude scale, but this was later corrected upwards, to be at 8.8 of that scale. It was the strongest earthquake in Chile since the magnitude 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake, and the strongest earthquake worldwide since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.

The epicenter of the earthquake was offshore from the Maule Region, approximately 8 km west of Curanipe and 115 km north-northeast of Chile's second largest city, Concepción. Also, the epicenter is less than 20 km due east from that of the 1960 Valdivia earthquake. Other cities exposed to Mercalli intensity scale intensity VIII (Destructive) shaking were Arauco, Lota and Constitución.

The earthquake was also felt in the Chilean capital Santiago as well as in some Argentinean cities. Tsunami warnings were issued in 53 countries. Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile, declared a "state of catastrophe". She also confirmed the deaths of at least 795 people.

Chile was hit by another earthquake in March 11, 2010, with epicenter in the coastern town of Pichilemu, Province of Cardenal Caro, almost 200 kilometers from Santiago de Chile. It was MW 6,9 in the Richter scale.

## Related page

- Great Chilean Earthquake

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **title**: 2010 Chile earthquake
- **image**: 2010 Chile earthquake - Building destroyed in Concepción.jpg
- **image alt**: Collapsed building in Concepción, Chile, Concepción.
- **caption**: Damaged sustained by a building in Concepción, Chile, Concepción, located around 100 kilometres south of the epicenter.
- **map2**:
- **timestamp**: 2010-02-27 06:34:12
- **isc-event**: 14340585
- **anss-url**: official20100227063411530_30
- **local-time**: 03:34:12 Time in Chile, CST (UTC-03:00)
- **magnitude**: 8.8
- **intensity**: Mercalli intensity scale, IX (_Violent_)
- **pga**: 0.65 _peak ground acceleration, g_
- **depth**:

- **location**:

- **type**: Megathrust earthquake, Megathrust
- **countries affected**: Chile
- **tsunami**: 24.1 m (79 ft)
- **casualties**: 525 dead, 25 missing
- **duration**: 3 minutes
Pat Verbeek

**Patrick "The Little Ball of Hate" Verbeek** (born May 24, 1964 in Sarnia, Ontario) is a former Canadian NHL ice hockey right winger who played 21 seasons in the NHL.

He was given the nickname "The Little Ball of Hate" by Glenn Healy because teammate Ray Ferraro was nicknamed "Big Ball of Hate".

## Statistics

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1981–82|Sudbury Wolves|OHL|66|37|51|88|180|—|—|—|—|—|
|1982–83|Sudbury Wolves|OHL|61|40|67|107|184|—|—|—|—|—|
|1982–83|New Jersey Devils|NHL|6|3|2|5|8|—|—|—|—|—|
|1983–84|New Jersey Devils|NHL|79|20|27|47|158|—|—|—|—|—|
|1984–85|New Jersey Devils|NHL|78|15|18|33|162|—|—|—|—|—|
|1985–86|New Jersey Devils|NHL|76|25|28|53|79|—|—|—|—|—|
|1986–87|New Jersey Devils|NHL|74|35|24|59|120|—|—|—|—|—|
|1987–88|New Jersey Devils|NHL|73|46|31|77|227|20|4|8|12|51|
|1988–89|New Jersey Devils|NHL|77|26|21|47|189|—|—|—|—|—|
|1989–90|Hartford Whalers|NHL|80|44|45|89|228|7|2|2|4|26|
|1990–91|Hartford Whalers|NHL|80|43|39|82|246|6|3|2|5|40|
|1991–92|Hartford Whalers|NHL|76|22|35|57|243|7|0|2|2|12|
|1992–93|Hartford Whalers|NHL|84|39|43|82|197|—|—|—|—|—|
|1993–94|Hartford Whalers|NHL|84|37|38|75|177|—|—|—|—|—|
|1994–95|Hartford Whalers|NHL|29|7|11|18|53|—|—|—|—|—|
|1994–95|New York Rangers|NHL|19|10|5|15|18|10|4|6|10|20|
|1995–96|New York Rangers|NHL|69|41|41|82|129|11|3|6|9|12|
|1996–97|Dallas Stars|NHL|81|17|36|53|128|7|1|3|4|16|
|1997–98|Dallas Stars|NHL|82|31|26|57|170|17|3|2|5|26|
|1998–99|Dallas Stars|NHL|78|17|17|34|133|18|3|4|7|14|
|1999–00|Detroit Red Wings|NHL|68|22|26|48|95|9|1|1|2|2|
|2000–01|Detroit Red Wings|NHL|67|15|15|30|73|5|2|0|2|6|
|2001–02|Dallas Stars|NHL|64|7|13|20|72|—|—|—|—|—|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Pat Verbeek 2014.jpg
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right winger
- **played for**: Dallas Stars
Detroit Red Wings
Hartford Whalers
New Jersey Devils
New York Rangers
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 9
- **weight lb**: 190
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **birth place**: Sarnia, Ontario, ON, Canada, CA
- **draft**: 43rd overall
- **draft year**: 1982
- **draft team**: New Jersey Devils
- **career start**: 1982
- **career end**: 2002
Opcode

An **opcode** identifies which basic computer operation in the instruction set is to be performed. It is used when writing machine code. It tells the computer to do something. Each machine language instruction typically has both an opcode and operands.  The opcode is like a verb in a sentence, and the operands are like the subject in a sentence.
Operands are typically memory or registry addresses.

Opcodes are used in machine code for a number of functions, including Float Addition of registers, Two's compliment addition of registers, Shifting register values to memory, or to a hard drive, stopping a program, etc. There are quite literally hundreds of common opcodes employed in modern computers.

Due to the nature of a computer's architecture, opcodes take the form of binary numbers. Alternatively, opcodes can be represented by hexadecimal digits, (for example, 10100101 = A5) for ease of reading and coding when designing or emulating a machine-code program. These values are then transformed into their binary equivalents to be saved. Modern opcodes are at least two hex characters in length which take up 1 byte of storage space.

Opcodes will vary in capability and 'value' depending on the computer to which they belong, as they are hardware dependent. For instance, the opcode for STORE as expressed in Hex could be FA for one machine and 02 for another. Some opcodes will not be available on some computers. In general, there are two approaches toward building instruction sets. A reduced instruction set computer (RISC) offers less possible opcodes in favor of increasing speed for simple processes. Complex instruction set Computing (CISC) offers more opcodes in favor of increasing speed for complex processes.

Opcodes are seldom used by programmers directly. Whenever they are directly programmed into memory, they are only ever guaranteed to work on the computer they were designed for. When programmers write in assembly language, a translator program converts program statements, one-for-one, into machine language commands.  The programmer must only remember a mnemonic for each opcode instead of its binary value.  Alternatively, a high level-programming language can be used, say 4th generation, which gets converted to 3rd generation and so on until it reaches 1st generation. From here, an individual computer will convert the program to machine code whenever the program file is read. This way, a program can work on a much larger variety of computers.
Eazy-Duz-It

***Eazy-Duz-It*** is the first studio album by American rapper Eazy-E. It was released on September 16, 1988. The producers on the album were Dr. Dre & DJ Yella.

## Track listing

- All songs produced by Dr. Dre and DJ Yella

## Notes

- The original cassette & LP excluded "Ruthless Villain".
- The 2002 re-release includes the 1992 EP _5150: Home 4 tha Sick_.

## Personnel

The following personnel can be verified by the album's notes.
- Eazy-E - Executive producer and performer
- Dr. Dre - Producer and performer
- Yella - Producer
- MC Ren - Writer and performer
- The D.O.C. - Writer and performer
- Ice Cube - Writer and performer
- Stan the Guitarman - Guitar/bass
- Big Bass Brian - Mastering
- Eric Poppleton - Photography
- Donovan "The Dirt Biker" Smith - Sound engineer

### Chart positions

|Chart (1988–1989)|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|US _Billboard_ 200|style="text-align:center;"|41|
|US _Billboard_ Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|style="text-align:center;"|12|

### Year-end charts

|scope="col"|Chart (1989)|scope="col"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|US _Billboard_ 200|style="text-align:center;"|45||
|US _Billboard_ Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|style="text-align:center;"|14||

### Chart positions

|Chart (2015)|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|US _Billboard_ 200|style="text-align:center;"|20|

## Release history

|style="text-align:center;"|Year|style="text-align:center;"|Type|style="text-align:center;"|Edition|style="text-align:center;"|Label|style="text-align:center;"|Catalog|style="text-align:center;"|Ref|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1988|CD|—|Ruthless|57100||||||||
|1988|CD|Clean|Ruthless|57111||||||||
|1988|CS|Clean|Ruthless|571114||||||||
|1988|LP|—|Priority|571001||||||||
|1988|CS|—|Priority|57100||||||||
|1991|CD|—|Universal Music Distribution|?||||||||
|1993|CD|—|BCM Records|555612||||||||
|2002|CD|—|EMI|5410412||||||||
|2002|CS|Bonus|Priority Records|41041||||||||
|2002|LP|Priority Records|41041|||||||||
|2002|DI|Bonus Clean|Priority Records|42067||||||||
|2003|DI|—|EMI Digital|0049925710052||||||||
|2003|DI|—|EMI Digital|0049925711158||||||||
|2010|DI|"Uncut Snoop Dogg Approved"|Priority Records|26868||||||||
|colspan="6" style="text-align:center; font-size:8pt;"|"—" denotes that it was a standard release.|||||||||||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Eazy-Duz-It
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Eazy-E
- **recorded**: 1988
- **studio**: Audio Achievements (Torrance, California)
- **length**: 50:00
- **producer**: * Dr. Dre
* DJ Yella
- **next title**: 5150: Home 4 tha Sick
- **next year**: 1992
Adamson University

**Adamson University** is a private Roman Catholic university in Manila, Philippines.
Wet boxer contest

The **wet boxer-short contest** is a beauty contest between men in their underwear. It is a lot like a wet t-shirt contest that shows women.  However, unlike a wet T-shirt contest, the water used in a wet boxer-short contest is warm instead of cold. The contests are often considered degrading for women due to sexism; however, they are not considered degrading for men and are instead considered comical.
Wet boxer contests are also held in gay bars.
Viral culture

A **Viral culture** is a laboratory test in which the virus samples are placed with a cell medium that the virus being tested for is able to infect. If the cells show changes, known as cytopathic effects, then a culture is positive, meaning the test indicates infection.

The older way of viral culture has been replaced by shell vial culture, in which the sample is spun onto a single layer of cells and viral growth is measured by antigen detection ways. This shortens the time to detection for slow growing viruses such as cytomegalovirus, for which the method was developed.

## Related pages

- Cell culture
- Instruments used in microbiology
- Laboratory diagnosis of viral infections
- Viral plaque
Viral life cycle

Viruses are near the same to living organisms, however there are differences.  One of the ways a virus can be seen as living is that a virus needs to make more of themselves. A virus cannot survive on its own. It is only active when reproducing within a host, using a hosts' resources and food. Once inside a host, a virus's main purpose is to make as many copies of itself, and infect other host cells; everything it does is to benefit its fitness and increase the number of its offspring.

## Overview

The viral life cycle is dependent on a host cell. A virus is not able to replicate on its own or use "raw" materials on which to survive. A virus will remain dormant until it is able to infect the next host, activate and replicate. Some viruses can live in an open place for a short time, in some cases, only a few hours. Viruses use the most efficient method to locate a host, create copies, and spread to other hosts.

## Exposure of host

Usually viral infections occur when a virus enters the host:

- through a physical breach (a cut in the skin)
- direct inoculation (e.g.mosquito bite moves the virus from the mosquito mouth into the human, or animal host.) )
- direct infection of the surface itself (the animal or human breathes (inhales) of the virus into trachea)
It is usually only after a virus enters a host that it can gain access to cells in order to invade.

## Viral Entry

In order for the virus to make copies and infect, it must enter cells of the host animal and use those cells' materials. In order to enter the cells, proteins found on the surface of the virus interact with proteins of the cell. Attachment, or adsorption, occurs between the viral part and the host cell membrane. A hole forms in the cell membrane, then the virus particle or its genetic contents are released into the host cell, where viral reproduction may start.

## Viral replication

Next, a virus must take control of the host cell's replication mechanisms. It is at this stage a distinction between susceptibility and permissibility of a host cell is made. Permissibility determines how the infection will progress. After control is taken by the virus and the environment is set for the virus to begin making copies of itself, replication occurs quickly.

## Viral shedding

After a virus has made many copies of itself, it usually has used up the cell's resources. The cell is now no longer useful to the virus, therefore it must find a new host. The process by viral copies are released to find new hosts, is called shedding. This is the final stage in the viral life cycle.

## Viral latency

Some viruses can "hide" inside another cell, either to defend itself against the host cell defenses or immune system, or because it is not in the best interest of the virus to make more copies at the time.  This hiding is called latency. During this time, the virus will not produce any copies, it will remain inactive until external stimuli (such as light or stress) prompts it into activation, or the restart of the life cycle.
Colias palaeno

The **Colias palaeno** (also known as **Moorland Clouded Yellow**, **Palaeno Sulphur**, or **Pale Arctic Clouded Yellow**) is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. As most Colias-species, it can fly very fast.