juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Boys Like Girls (album)

***Boys Like Girls*** is the debut hit album released in 2006 by rock band Boys Like Girls. The album was recorded in 2005-2006. The album has 4 singles.

## Singles

- 2006 - _The Great Escape_
- 2007 - _Hero / Heroine_
- 2007 - _Five Minutes to Midnight_
- 2008 - _Thunder_

## Track listing

1. "The Great Escape" (Martin Johnson, Sam Hollander, Dave Katz) – 3:28
1. "Five Minutes to Midnight" (Johnson, Hollander, Katz) – 3:47
1. "Hero/Heroine" (Johnson) – 3:52
1. "On Top of the World" (Johnson) – 3:36
1. "Thunder" (Johnson, Paul DiGiovanni) – 3:56
1. "Me, You and My Medication" (Johnson, Bleu) – 4:28
1. "Up Against the Wall" (Johnson, Hollander, Katz) – 3:39
1. "Dance Hall Drug" (Johnson) – 3:29
1. "Learning to Fall" (Johnson, Hollander, Katz) – 3:04
1. "Heels Over Head" (Johnson) – 3:08
1. "Broken Man" (Johnson) – 3:31
1. "Holiday" (Johnson) – 5:08

The album was re-released on November 13, 2007 which contains an acoustic version of "Hero/Heroine" plus live performance videos and photo galleries as part of the enhanced portion of the disc.

### Albums

- 2006 - _Boys girl's album_
- 2009 - _Untitled Second Studio Album_

### Singles

- 2006 - "The Great Escape"
- 2007 - "Hero / Herione"
- 2008 - "Thunder"

## Performers

- Paul DiGiovanni – lead guitar
- Bryan Donahue – bass
- Martin Johnson – vocals, rhythm guitar
- John Keefe – drums

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Boys Like Girls
- **type**: Studio Album
- **artist**: Boys Like Girls
- **released**: August 22, 2006
- **recorded**: 2006
- **genre**: Alternative rock, pop rock
- **length**: 45:14
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia, RED Distribution, Red Ink
- **producer**: Matt Squire
This Love (Maroon 5 song)

"**This Love**" is the second single from rock band Maroon 5's first album _Songs About Jane_. A music video for the song was created and is included on the CD version of the single. The single was released 2004.

## Charts

|align=center"|Chart||Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Finland, Israel, UWC|1|||
|Austria, Italy, Latin America, Netherlands, Norway, United Kingdom|3|||
|New Zealand, Switzerland|4|||
|Germany, United States|5|||
|France, Ireland|6|||
|Australia|8|||
|Spain|15|||

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: This Love
- **artist**: Maroon 5
- **album**: Songs About Jane
- **released**: June 25, 2002 (album)
January 27, 2004 (single)
- **recorded**: Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California, 2002
- **genre**: Pop rock, Funk-rock
- **length**: 3:26
- **label**: Octone Records
- **writer**: Adam Levine, Jesse Carmichael
- **producer**: Matt Vallace, Mark Endert
- **prev title**: Harder to Breathe
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: She Will Be Loved
- **next year**: 2004
Cedrus deodara

**Cedrus deodara** (; Hindi, Sanskrit:  devadāru;  xue song) is a species of cedar trees. It is also known as: Deodar cedar, Himalayan cedar, or Himalayan deodar.

It is common in the western Himalayas, eastern Afghanistan, northern Pakistan, north-central India (states such as Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand. It is also local to Kashmir, southwesternmost Tibet and western Nepal.

It grows in places that are 1500–3200 m above sea level. It is a large evergreen coniferous tree reaching 40–50 m tall, exceptionally 60 m, with a trunk up to 3m thick. It has a cone-shaped crown with level branches and drooping branchlets.

## Appearance

The leaves are needle-like, mostly 2.5–5 cm long. It occasionally grows up to 7 cm long. It can be very thin (1 mm thick), borne singly on long shoots, and in dense clusters of 20-30 on short shoots. Its colours range from bright green to glaucous blue-green.

The female cones are barrel-shaped, 7–13 cm long and 5–9 cm broad, and break up when mature (in 12 months) to release the winged seeds. The male cones are 4–6 cm long, and shed their pollen in autumn.

The Himalayan deodar is the state tree of Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and National tree of Pakistan..
Personal space

**Personal space** is a concept on psychology and sociology. The concept talks about two people (the "actors"). They have space around them. The closer they are to each other emotionally, the closer an actor will be able to stand to the other, without being intrusive. The concept was introduced by Edward T. Hall in 1966.

Discomfort results if one actor steps into the personal space of the other, without this being desired. The amount of space a being needs can be classified in two categories:
- Immediate individual physical space (determined by imagined limits)
- A space an individual considers theirs to live in; this is often called territory or habitat. Its size is dependent on many things, such as growth needs, habits, courtships, etc.

Hall's spacing models were based on Heini Hediger's 1955 psychological studies of zoo animals.
The London Gazette

The ***London Gazette*** is one of the official records of the British government, and one of the most important in the UK. The _London Gazette_ claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper. It was first published on 7 November 1665. It is not a normal newspaper with typical news stories. The _London Gazette_ is still published each weekday, except for Bank Holidays. The Gazette is being put online and records between the years 1752–1998 are online.

## History

The _London Gazette_ was first published as the _Oxford Gazette_ on 7 November 1665.  Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London, and courtiers were unwilling to touch, let alone read, London newspapers for fear of becoming ill.  When the King returned to London after the end of the plague the _Gazette_ moved too. The first issue of the _London Gazette_ (labelled No. 24) was published on 5 February 1666.  The _Gazette_ was not a newspaper in the modern sense: it was sent in manuscript by post to subscribers. It was not printed for sale to the general public.

## Traditions

In time of war, dispatches from the various conflicts are published in the _London Gazette_. People referred to are said to have been mentioned in despatches. When members of the armed forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here, the person is said to have been “gazetted”.

Being "gazetted" (or "in the gazette") sometimes also meant becoming bankrupt. Notices of engagement and marriage also used to be published in the _Gazette_.

## Other websites

- London, Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes
- TSO (The Stationery Office)
Fabales

**Fabales** is an order of flowering plants. It is included in the rosid group of the eudicots in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II classification system. Under the Cronquist system and some other plant classification systems, the order Fabales contains only the family Fabaceae. The other families treated in the Fabales by the APG II classification were placed in separate orders by Cronquist, the Polygalaceae within its own order, the Polygalales, and the Quillajaceae and Surianaceae within the Rosales.
Polish Academy of Sciences

The **Polish Academy of Sciences** (Polish: _Polska Akademia Nauk_, in short: _PAN_) with seat in Warsaw, is one of the two Polish institutions which have the nature of an academy of sciences.

## History

The Polish Academy of Sciences is an institution of studies of the Polish state, with seat in Warsaw. It had been established in 1952 by the partnership of previous societies of studies, including Polish Academy of Abilities (_Polska Akademia Umiejętności_, in short _PAU_), with its seat in Cracow, and the Scientific Society of Warsaw (_Towarzystwo Naukowe Warszawskie_) which had been established in the 18th century as Society of Warsaw of the Friends of Sciences (_Warszawskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk_).

In 1989, the Polish Academy of Abilities, in Cracow, assume again its independent existence, out of the Polish Academy of Sciences, in Warsaw.

## Polish Academy of Sciences at Present

The Polish Academy of Sciences funciona as docta society which acts through a chosen corporation of distinguished scholars and of institutions of research. The academy also acts through its committees, creating an important scientific consulting body.

## Remarkable members

- Tomasz Dietl physicist;
- Bohdan Paczynski astrophysicist;
- Adam Schaff (Marxist philosopher who had been a member of the academy);
- Aleksander Wolszczan astronomer.

## Foreign members

- Aage Niels Bohr physicist;
- Karl Alexander Müller physicist;
- Roger Penrose mathematician;
- Carlo Rubbia physicist;
- Chen Ning Yang physicist.

## Related pages

- Royal Society

## Other websites

- Website of PAN
Chinese remainder theorem

The  chinese **remainder theorem** is a theorem from number theory. It is about congruence. The original form was:
- _How many soldiers are there in Han Xin's army? – If you let them parade in rows of 3 soldiers, two soldiers will be left. If you let them parade in rows of 5, 3 will be left, and in rows of 7, 2 will be left._

The theorem says that there will be a solution to this question if there's no common factor between the row sizes. Using the original example, that is that no number divides both 3 and 7, both 3 and 5, nor both 5 and 7 (except, of course, 1). They're all coprime.

The Chinese remainder theorem is used in cryptography. For example, for the RSA algorithm.

## Other websites

- Chinese remainder theorem at cut-the-knot
- "Chinese Remainder Theorem" by Ed Pegg, Jr., The Wolfram Demonstrations Project, 2007
Shorinji kenpo

**Shorinji kenpo** is the style of kenpo (a kind of martial art). It was created by Nakano Michiomi.

## History

A Japanese with the name Nakano Michiomi - he later changed his name to So Doshin - incorporates his martial art school into his Buddhist teachings. So Doshin said, that he taught martial arts mostly in order to attract young people to Buddhism. Religious societies didn't pay the taxes, and So Doshin probably considered it, too. Until 1972, So Doshin said that he was the 21st grand master of an esoteric northern Shaolin system called Iher Man Thuen. In 1972 he changed his mind because the Japanese court gave an official decision that his style was not Chinese, but a mixture of karate (perhaps Wado-ryu) and jujutsu (perhaps Hakko-ryu). Consequently, the style's name was changed from "Shorinji Kempo," meaning "kung fu of Shaolin Temple," to "Nippon Shorinji Kempo," meaning "Japanese Way of Fist of Shaolin." The students of Nippon Shorinji Kempo have signs of manji on their kimonos, but it is not treated as the symbol of fascism, it signifies happiness in Buddhism.
Riff

In music, a **riff** is an ostinato; a repeated set of notes, pattern, or melody, often played by rhythmic instruments. The riff is the base of the musical composition. They are most common in rock music, funk, and jazz.

Some of famous riffs in rock music can be found in the following songs:

- Deep Purple – "Smoke On The Water"
- AC/DC – "Highway to Hell"
- Nirvana – "Smells Like Teen Spirit"
- Metallica – "Enter Sandman"
- Michael Jackson – "Beat It"
- Chuck Berry – "Johnny B. Goode"
- The White Stripes – "Seven Nation Army"
- Black Sabbath – "Iron Man"
- Jimi Hendrix – "Purple Haze"
- The Rolling Stones – "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction"
- Guns n Roses – "Sweet Child O'Mine"
- Queen – "Bohemian Rhapsody"
Stop error screen

A **Stop error screen**, also called as a **Blue screen of death** (**BSoD**) or a b**ugcheck**, is a screen that a device shows when it has an error it cannot fix and has to stop. These screens are usually called **screens of death** because the device cannot recover from the error and the operating system or firmware has to close.

The screens are usually color-coded such as a Microsoft Windows computer showing a **Black Screen of Death** (**BSoD**) or an Xbox showing a **green screen of death** when they have errors.

## History

If its settings tell it to, the computer will do a "**core dump**" and save data to a disk file, or "dump file", for later, to help an expert fix the problem.

These screens are usually caused by problems in device drivers. They can also be caused by hardware errors, such as bad RAM or power supplies, overheating of the inside of the system, or hardware which is run at higher rates than the limits. This is called overclocking.

These errors were in all the Windows operating systems since Windows 3.1.

### Windows 1.0 and 2.0

The first BSODs were seen when starting Windows 1.0 and Windows 2.0, and had random data, mess, shown with a blue screen, hence the name.

### Windows 3.x, 95, 98, and ME

The first BSOD that looked like an error was in Windows 3.1. BSODs like that appeared in Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows ME. These showed an error message with an all-blue screen. The error screen was shown when there was a startup error, or when there was some other error such as an error occurring in a hardware driver file.

When Bill Gates was showing Windows 98 to the public, a BSOD happened. The computer crashed when his assistant, Chris Capossela, connected a scanner to show that Windows 98 could support Plug and Play. Bill Gates responded: "That must be... er... that must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet!"

### Windows NT family

Beginning with Windows 2000, the BSOD remained an all-blue color, but changed to show more detailed technical information, and also listed a few steps that the user could do to fix the problem causing the BSOD to appear. The same screen was used in Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7.

### Windows 8

Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 uses a lighter blue color for the BSOD, and made the message easier to read. It even added an emoticon of a frowning face. The technical details was replaced with a simple line of text showing the name of the crash error so that the user could look it up on the Internet. Beginning with Windows 10's later builds, they made the blue background lighter and added a QR code. Windows Server 2012, Windows Server 2016 and Windows Server 2019 remove the sad emoticon.

### Windows 11

Windows 11 has a black screen of death instead of blue for early builds. They later changed the color of the background from black to a different shade of blue, similar for Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7.

## Related pages

- Red Ring of Death
- Kill screen
- Computer virus
- Computer hardware
- Data loss

## Other websites

- Microsoft Website
Portland Bill

**Portland Bill** is a peninsula off the south coast of England. It has strong tidal currents. The nearby town of Weymouth was a sailing venue for London 2012.

The Bill is a narrow promontory at the southern end of the Isle of Portland. It is the southernmost point of Dorset, England. One of Portland's most popular destinations is the Portland Bill Lighthouse.
CERN

**CERN** is a research institute near Geneva, Switzerland.  The full name is ***Organisation Européene pour la Recherche Nucléaire*** (**European Organization for Nuclear Research**). The letters "CERN" are left over from the older _Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire_ (European Council for Nuclear Research). CERN was founded in 1954. Today 22 nations are members of the organisation. It is the world's biggest laboratory for particle physics. About 2600 people work there full-time, and over 7800 scientists from about 500 universities and research institutes work there in total. The Large Hadron Collider, the largest particle accelerator in the world, is at CERN.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: European Organization
for Nuclear Research
<small>Organisation européenne
pour la recherche nucléaire</small>
- **image**: CERN member states.svg
- **logo**: CERN logo badge.svg
- **mcaption**: Member states
- **headquarters**: Geneva, Switzerland
- **membership**: 22 member states, 7 associate member states and 6 observers
- **leader title**: List of Directors General of CERN, Director General
- **leader name**: Fabiola Gianotti
- **formation**: 29 September 1954
- **website**: [http://www.cern.ch/ cern.ch]
Onager

The **Onager** (_Equus hemionus_) is a large mammal belonging to the Equidae family. It is native to the deserts of Syria, Iran, Pakistan, Kashmir, Israel and Palestine, and western China. It is sometimes known as the **Asian Wild Ass**.
Pantropical spotted dolphin

The **pantropical spotted dolphin** (_Stenella attenuata_) is an oceanic dolphin. It is found in all the world's temperate and tropical oceans. The species was beginning to come under threat due to the killing of millions of individuals in tuna purse seines (fishing). The 1980s saw the rise of "dolphin-friendly" tuna capture methods in order to save millions of the species in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Pilot whale

**Pilot whales** are two species of oceanic dolphins, whose scientific name is ***Globicephala***. The two types of pilot whales are the long-finned pilot whale and the short-finned pilot whale. Their behaviour resembles that of the larger whales more than that of dolphins.

The two look similar at sea and are usually just known simply as pilot whales or _calderón_ in Spanish. They and other large dolphins are also known as **blackfish**.

Pilot whales can be found nearly worldwide. The long-finned variety prefers colder waters, for example near Antarctica. The short-finned ones can also be found in tropical waters. Pilot whales are highly social animals, they live in groups of 20-30 animals, called _pods_. Larger groups of over 100 pilot whales have been observed. Studies suggest that the young remain in the same pod as their parents, which is unusual for mammals. Female short-finned pilot whales go through menopause. Females that no longer reproduce contribute to the survival of the young.

For reasons which are unknown, pilot whales seem to end up stranded on a beach fairly often.
Pygmy killer whale

The **Pygmy Killer Whale** (_Feresa attenuata_) is a mammal of the oceanic dolphin family. It is small, and rarely seen.  Its name is because it shares some features with the Killer Whale.  They are not closely related.

## Description

The pygmy killer is an average-sized dolphin. It may easily be confused at sea with other species, in particular the melon-headed whale. The body is large and dark-colored. The head is rounded without a beak. The sides are lighter and the belly is often white. Several individuals have been seen with a white lining around the mouth and chin. The dorsal fin is tall.

The pygmy avoids human contact. These dolphins always move in groups.  The groups are usually of 10 to 30, but sometimes much larger.

They have been seen attacking, killing and eating other cetacean species such as the Common Dolphin.
Persian Jird

The **Persian jird** (_Meriones persicus_) is a species of rodent in the Muridae family. It is found in Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan.

The Persian jird is about 6 inches long.  It has a brush-tipped tail that is slightly longer than the body.  They are wild brown with white bellies.

They live in dry rocky hillsides with little plant life and semi-desert areas.  The eat dry plant material and grains, and sometimes small insects.

Persian jirds usually have two litters a year.  Each litter has around seven pups.

Some people keep them as a pet.  They can live to be six or seven years old.  They need large cages that let them climb and leap.
Don LaFontaine

**Donald LaFontaine** (August 26, 1940 – September 1, 2008) was an American voice actor. He had a deep voice. He recorded many movie trailers and television advertisements. He used the well known phrase "in a world...", which has been used in movie trailers many times.

## Other websites

- Official site
- 2008 Interview on World Talk LIVE with host Brett Cohen
- The Age (Australia), November 29, 2003: Trailer talk Article about Don LaFontaine by Alan Gelder.
- SWINDLE Magazine Interview
- Don LaFontaine - Obituary 

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Don LaFontaine
- **birth place**: Duluth, Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, United States, USA
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California, United States, USA
- **occupation**: Voice actor
- **spouse**: Joan Studva (1967-1988)
Nita Whitaker (1989–2008)
- **children**: Christine LaFontaine, Skye Donielle LaFontaine
Elyse Kathlyn LaFontaine
- **website**: http://www.donlafontaine.com/
Bungie Studios

**Bungie Studios** is an American video game developer. They are most famous for developing the award winning Halo series of video games. They also made Destiny. The studio was founded in May 1991 under the name Bungie Software Products Corporation by two students of the University of Chicago, Alex Seropian (Eng.) rus. and Jason Jones (Eng.) rus.. Originally based in Chicago, the company focused mainly on developing games for Macintosh computers and in the first 9 years of its existence created two successful series of games - Marathon and Myth, while Bungie West - a division of Bungie on the West Coast of the United States - was developing Oni games for PC and consoles.

In 2000, Bungie was acquired by Microsoft, and the Halo: Combat Evolved project, which was in development at that time, was reoriented to the upcoming Microsoft console — Xbox. The game was included in the console's starter game package, and subsequently became the so-called "killer application" of the Xbox platform, selling millions of copies and bringing billions of dollars in profits. Bungie has been releasing Halo series games for several years, but on October 5, 2007, it announced its independence from Microsoft, becoming a private company of Bungie (LLC); at the same time, the rights to Halo remained with Microsoft. In return, Bungie signed a contract with another game publishing company, Activision, in 2010, developing and releasing the multiplayer games Destiny (2014) and Destiny 2 (2017). In 2019, Bungie announced the end of the contract with Activision, expressing its intention to release further Destiny series games independently.
Flamethrower

A **flamethrower** is a device used to shoot fire. They have been used by the military since the days of Greek fire. Most modern military flamethrowers project flaming liquids.

## History

Flamethrowers became rare in the 19th century, due to improvements in other weapons. Trench warfare made them more useful again, and the German army began using them in 1915.  Flamethrowers were used during WWII as a bunker clearing device. Many Axis troops used pillboxes and other small fortifications in Northern France, Germany, and on Pacific Ocean islands.

## Usage

Small fire squads used these weapons to draw them out. Although flamethrowers project flames, burning was not the most common form of death associated with these weapons. Rather, smoke released as a by-product of combustion presented soldiers with the grim ultimatum between death by smoke inhalation or leaving the trench and facing enemy gunfire.

### Decline

Due to advancements in ballistic technologies and modern warfare tactics, flamethrowers are much less common in modern theatres.

### Civilian use

Presently, these weapons have been converted for civilian use for clearing old crops, domestic defense and even landscaping. In 2018, the Boring Company headed by Elon Musk developed a civilian flamethrower in a limited production of 20,000 units. With the prominence of Musk in contemporary culture, these flamethrowers were sold quickly yielding 10 million dollars for the Boring Company in gross revenue.
Holster

A **holster** is a type of clothing. It is like an extra pocket worn to hold something where it can quickly be taken out for use. Holsters have long been used to hold a firearm, especially a pistol. At the end of the 20th century many people started carrying a mobile phone in a holster.
Confetti

**Confetti** are small pieces of paper or other material that is thrown into the air at a celebration such as party or a wedding. Confetti comes in a variety of colors and shapes.

In some places including Europe, the use of confetti is banned due to health problems of people, animals or the earth, or due to the work needed to clean up the confetti afterward. Foil and plastic confetti are not biodegradable. Some cans are illegal due to banned items in them.

The first known use of confetti was in 1815, as the Italian word "confetto" meaning "sweetmeat".
Alanis Morissette: The Collection

***Alanis Morissette: The Collection*** is the greatest hits compilation album by Alanis Morissette, released in the United States on 15 November 2005.

## Track listing

1. "Thank You" (Alanis Morissette, Glen Ballard)
1. "Head over Feet" (Ballard, Morissette)
1. "8 Easy Steps" (Morissette)
1. "Everything" (Morissette)
1. "Crazy" (Seal, Guy Sigsworth)
1. "Ironic" (Ballard, Morissette)
1. "Princes Familiar" (Nick Lashley, Morissette) <small>(_MTV Unplugged_)</small>
1. "You Learn" (Ballard, Morissette)
1. "Simple Together" (Morissette)
1. "You Oughta Know" (Ballard, Morissette)
1. "That I Would Be Good" (Morissette, Ballard)
1. "Sister Blister" (Morissette)
1. "Hands Clean" (Morissette)
1. "Mercy" (Jonathan Elias, Morissette) <small>(from _The Prayer Cycle_)</small>
1. "Still" (Morissette) <small>(from the _Dogma_ soundtrack)</small>
1. "Uninvited" (Morissette) <small>(from the _City of Angels_ soundtrack)</small>
1. "Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love)" (Cole Porter) <small>(from the _De-Lovely_ soundtrack)</small>
1. "Hand in My Pocket" (Ballard, Morissette)
    - iTunes bonus tracks
1. "So Unsexy" (Morissette) <small>(acoustic/Vancouver sessions)</small> - also available for free download at Alanis' official website.
1. "Crazy" <small>(Tony Kanal extended mix)</small>

## _The Collection_ Info

Morissette's singles that are not on the album include "All I Really Want", "Joining You", "Unsent", "So Pure", the live track "King of Pain" (a cover of The Police song), "Precious Illusions" and the European single "Out Is Through". Additionally, none of her eight dance pop single releases under MCA Records's Canada imprint are present.

## References

- "Alanis Morissette". Mariah-charts.com. Retrieved December 1, 2006.

## Other websites

- The Collection site at Alanis.com

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Alanis Morissette: The Collection
- **type**: greatest
- **artist**: Alanis Morissette
- **released**: November 15, 2005 <small>(United States, U.S.)</small>
- **recorded**: 1994–2005
- **length**: 75:45
- **producer**: Various
- **prev title**: Jagged Little Pill Acoustic
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: Flavors of Entanglement
- **next year**: 2008
Poales

**Poales** is a taxonomic order of flowering plants in the monocotyledons. The order includes families of plants such as the grasses, bromeliads, and sedges.

Most Poales are wind-pollinated, and so lack the colour and scents of most flowering plants. The bromeliads, however, produce large fruits which are eaten by animals and so act as seed-spreaders.

The earliest fossils of Poales date to the late Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago. Some suggest the origin of the group may be 115 million years ago in South America. The earliest known fossils include pollen and fruits.

The flowers are typically small, enclosed by bracts, and arranged in inflorescences (except in the  genus _Mayaca_, with solitary terminal flowers). The flowers of most species are wind pollinated. The seeds usually contain starch.

Among monocots, the Poales come second to the orchids in number of species. But in economic terms, they are far more important. In fact, the true grasses (Poaceae) produce by far the most important grains eaten by humans and other animals.

One recent classification lists these families:
- order Poales
    - family Anarthriaceae
    - family Bromeliaceae
    - family Centrolepidaceae
    - family Cyperaceae
    - family Ecdeiocoleaceae
    - family Eriocaulaceae
    - family Flagellariaceae
    - family Joinvilleaceae
    - family Juncaceae
    - family Mayacaceae
    - family Poaceae
    - family Rapateaceae
    - family Restionaceae
    - family Thurniaceae
    - family Typhaceae
    - family Xyridaceae

## Diversity and uses

The Poales are the most economically important order of monocots and possibly the most important order of plants in general. Within the order, by far the most important family economically is the family of grasses (Poaceae, syn. Gramineae), which includes barley, maize, millet, rice, and wheat. It is also the largest family in the order, far outnumbering the other families:
- Poaceae: 12,070 species
- Cyperaceae: 5,500 species
- Bromeliaceae: 3,170 species
- Eriocaulaceae: 1,150 species
Poaceae

The **Poaceae** or **Gramineae** are the "true" grasses. They are a large family of monocot flowering plants. There are about 12,000 species and 780 genera.
They are one of most ecologically and economically important of all plant families. Rushes and sedges fall outside this family, but they are related.

Grasslands are about 20% of the vegetation cover of the Earth. Poaceae also live in many other habitats, including wetlands, forests, and tundra. Bamboos are part of this huge family of plants.

Domesticated poaceous cereal crops (maize (corn), wheat, millets, and rice) are eaten around the world. The Poaceae are the most economically important plant family in modern times. They are used for forage, building materials (bamboo, thatch) and fuel (ethanol), as well as food.

Grasses include some of the most useful plant life-forms. They became widespread towards the end of the Cretaceous period. Fossilized dinosaur dung (coprolites) have been found with phytoliths of grasses which are related to rice and bamboo. Grasses have adapted to conditions in lush rain forests, dry deserts, cold mountains and even intertidal habitats. They are at present the most widespread plant type. Grass is a valuable source of food and energy for wildlife as well as humans.
Michelle McCool

**Michelle Leigh Calaway** (née **McCool**; born January 25, 1980) is an American former professional wrestler. She is best known for working with WWE. She is a former two-time WWE Divas Champion and a two-time WWE Women's Champion.

McCool originally worked as a middle school teacher in Palatka, Florida. She joined WWE in 2004 after being a part of the WWE Diva Search. In her first on-screen appearances, she used the gimmick of a personal trainer. She later changed it to that of a teacher. At The Great American Bash in 2008, McCool became the first WWE Divas Champion. She was champion for about five months. She won the WWE Women's Championship at The Bash in 2009. She was the first wrestler to have held both titles. At Night of Champions in 2010, she combined both titles and became the first and only WWE Unified Divas Champion. McCool held both titles twice. This makes her a four-time champion overall. In November 2010, she was ranked number one in _Pro Wrestling Illustrated_'s Female 50, She retired the next year.

## Career

McCool was in the 2005 Diva Search but she lost to Christy Hemme. She still got a contract with the company.

McCool defeated Natalya Neidhart at The Great American Bash to become the first ever Diva's Champion. She lost the title to Maryse on Smackdown with María as a referee, after the match, McCool attacked María, turning heel, later, she apologized, but attacked Eve, turning definitely heel.

## Personal life

McCool was married to Jeremy Louis Alexander. They began dating in high school. The couple divorced in 2006. She married wrestler Mark Calaway (The Undertaker) on June 26, 2010, in Houston, Texas. In August 2012, she gave birth to their first child, their daughter Kaia.  and in 2019, she adopted her son Kolt.

McCool is a devout Christian. She used Christian crosses on her wrestling attire.

In 2016 she was learned that she had skin cancer. The treatment she got was successful. In April 2019, she said that she hade problems with infertility and had had several miscarriages.

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: Michelle McCool
- **image**: Michelle McCool WrestleMania 32 Axxess crop.jpg
- **caption**: McCool in April 2016
- **birth name**: Michelle Leigh McCool
- **names**: **Michelle McCool**
- **alma mater**: Florida State University
- **height**: 5 ft 10 in
- **weight**: 127 lb
- **birth place**: Palatka, Florida, United States
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
- **billed**: Palatka, Florida
- **trainer**: Deep South Wrestling
Ohio Valley Wrestling
- **debut**: November 18, 2004
- **retired**: May 1, 2011
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

The **International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry** (**IUPAC**) is an international organisation that represents chemists in individual countries. It governs everything to do with chemicals, elements and new discoveries. Every chemical known has a common name and a IUPAC name. This is also true for the Periodic Table of the Elements. Every element's name has been approved by IUPAC. This rule does not apply to those elements still given temporary names. The organisation was founded in 1919.
Medes

The **Medes** were an ancient Iranian people and the ancestors of modern Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. This area was known in Greek as **Media** or **Medea** They entered this region with the first wave of nomadic Iranian tribes, in the late second millennium BC (at the end of the Bronze Age).

By the 6th century BC, the Medes were able to make their own empire. It stretched from southern shore of the Black Sea and Aran province (in modern Azerbaijan) to north and central Asia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.

The Medes are credited with the foundation of the first Iranian empire, the largest of its day until Cyrus the Great established a unified Iranian empire of the Medes and Persians, often referred to as the Achaemenid Empire.

## Controversy

Modern scholars question whether a Median empire even existed. It is argued that even if it existed, it must have been just a _political alliance_ among highland neighbors of the Assyrians. The alliance might include Armenia in southeastern Anatolia, Sagartians in modern northern Iraq, and the actual Medians in the area between what is today Hamadan-Kirmanshah in cental Zagros. Neither cuneiform sources, archaeological evidence, or biblical accounts, support Herodotus, who claimed there really was a Median empire.

## Median language

Strabo mentions the affinity of Median with other Iranian languages  in his "Geography":

Herodotus, mentions the word "Spaga" ("Dog", still present in current Iranian languages such  as Tat and Talysh, and different from Persian). Much like these languages and Kurdish, the Median language belonged to the Northwestern branch of the Iranic languages.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Median Empire
- **common name**: Media
- **region**: Ancient Near East
- **era**: Iron Age
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **year start**: c. 625 BCE
- **year end**: 549 BCE
- **event start**: Cyaxares united Median tribes
- **event end**: Cyrus the Great
- **p1**: Neo-Assyrian Empire
- **s1**: Achaemenid Empire
- **image map**: Median-empire-600BCE.png
- **image map caption**: Median Empire, ca. 600 BC
- **capital**: Ecbatana
- **religion**: Ancient Iranic religion
Zoroastrianism
possibly also Proto-Iranian religions such as Yazidis, Yazidism
- **title leader**: King
- **noautocat**: yes
Headshot

A **headshot** (or **head shot**) is a photograph of a person's face. It is a form of portraiture. The purpose of a headshot is to show the subject's personality, or character. Headshots are used in the modelling and acting businesses and is vital to the careers of many business and sales executives who use them on business cards, company web sites and social media sites like LinkedIn. Most actors have a headshot that they will provide to employers.

Headshots are a separate specialty career path branch for several photographers who make or have made careers in this kind of photography.  Examples include Yousuf Karsh (1908-2002), Yucel Yalim (1958), Cindy Quinn (1960) and Peter Hurley.

## Related pages

- Mugshot
Gymnasium Alpenstrasse Biel

**Gymnasium Alpenstrasse Biel** / **Gymnase de la Rue des Alpes de Bienne** is a high school in Biel in Switzerland. There are three local high schools and the Gymnasium Alpenstrasse / Gymnase de la Rue des Alpes is one of them. It is the only bilingual (Swiss-German and French) high school in the Canton of Berne. There are about 550 students and about 90 teachers at this school. This school specializes in three  subjects: Economy, Spanish and Applied Mathematics. The students usually attend the Gymnasium for three years and take the final examination at the end of their studies. The diploma, which is called Maturité in French or Matura in German, is the entrance ticket for all universities and colleges in Switzerland.

There is also a Commercial Highschool in the same building which is part of the Gymnasium Alpenstrasse Biel / Gymnase de la Rue des Alpe de Bienne. It is more oriented for the business world

At the beginning, the Gymnasium Alpenstrasse was a Progymnasium.
A Progymnasuim is like the today’s secondary school. But the school was just attended by boys.
Today it’s a High School for boys and girls. This school is a Swiss Olympic Partner School.
This means, those athletes from various sports can go their training, also during school.
There are many different athletes. Some play hockey, volleyball, tennis or they swim or dance etc. It’s not just for sports it’s also for music.

## Other websites

- Website of the high school
Mede, Lombardy

**Mede** is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy. It is located about 50 km southwest of Milan and about 35 km southwest of Pavia. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 6,993 and an area of 33.2 km².

Mede borders the following municipalities: Frascarolo, Gambarana, Lomello, Pieve del Cairo, Sartirana Lomellina, Semiana, Torre Beretti e Castellaro, Villa Biscossi.

## Population

Here is how the population of the town has changed over the last 140 years.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **image shield**: Mede-Stemma.svg
- **image skyline**: Mede municipio.jpg
- **official name**: Comune di Mede
- **name**: Mede
- **region**: Lombardy
- **province**: Province of Pavia (PV)
- **area total km2**: 33.2
- **population as of**: Dec. 2004
- **population total**: 6993
- **area code**: 0384
- **postal code**: 27035
- **mayor**: Lorenzo Demartini
Ploidy

**Ploidy** is a term from genetics and cell biology. It is used to indicate the number of chromosome sets in a cell. Most eukaryotes have either one set (called haploid) or two sets (called **diploid**). Some other organisms are polyploid, they have more than two sets of chromosomes. Some amphibians are **triploid**, with three sets. The endosperm cells in the seeds of many plants are also triploid. Some kinds of trout or salmon have four sets (_tetraploid_). Other examples:
- wheat: 6 sets (_hectaploid_)
- certain sturgeons: 8 sets (_octoploid_)
- strawberries: 8 sets (_octoploid_)
- plumed cockscomb (a plant, _Celosia argentea_): 12 sets (_dodecaploid_)
- Bryophytes: body has one set; sporophyte has two sets.

Sex cells (gametes) are almost always haploid. If the reproductive stage (adult) is polyploid, then the gametes will have half the ploidy number of chromosomes.

There are some variations of ploidy which are not discussed here. Some plant species with certain types of polyploidy do not use sexual reproduction, but survive with asexual methods.

## Polyploidy

**Polyploidy** occurs in cells and organisms when there are more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes.

Most organisms are normally **diploid**, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes — one set inherited from each parent. Polyploidy may occur due to abnormal cell division. It is most commonly found in plants, but it does sometimes happen in animals. Some estimates suggest that 30-80% of living plant species are polyploid, and many lineages show evidence of ancient polyploidy (paleopolyploidy) in their genomes. Huge increases in angiosperm (flowering plants) diversity have coincided with the timing of ancient genome duplications shared by many species. 15% of angiosperm and 31% of fern speciation events are accompanied by ploidy increase.

Polyploid plants arise spontaneously in nature. Many polyploids are fitter than their parental species, and may display novel variation or morphologies that contribute to speciation and eco-niche exploitation.

Polyploidy may occur in one generation, and is an exception to the principle that evolution occurs gradually. There may, however, be many genetic changes in the species after polyploidy has taken place.

## Gametes

The gametes of polyploids are unusual, because they may carry several sets of chromosomes. For example, common wheat is a polyploid with six sets of chromosomes, two sets coming originally from each of three different species. So there are six sets of chromosomes in most cells, and three sets of chromosomes in the gametes.

## Related pages

- Aneuploidy, one or a few chromosomes more or less than the usual number in the species.

## Related pages

- Karyotype
- Haplodiploidy
Rhesus macaque

The **rhesus macaque** (_Macaca mulatta_), often called the **Rhesus monkey** and **Indian monkey**, is one of the best known species of Old World monkeys.

It lives in a wide area, and has an unknown but quite large population. It lives in a broad range of habitats. Native to South, Central and Southeast Asia, troops of _Macaca mulatta_ inhabit a great variety of habitats from grasslands to arid and forested areas, but also close to human settlements.

Rhesus macaques are native to northern India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Burma, Thailand, Afghanistan, Vietnam, southern China, and some neighboring areas. They have the widest geographic ranges of any nonhuman primate.

They are regular swimmers. Babies as young as a few days old can swim, and adults are known to swim over a half mile between islands. Rhesus macaques are noted for their tendency to move from rural to urban areas, where they rely on handouts or refuse from humans.
Risso's dolphin

The **Risso's dolphin** (***Grampus griseus***) is a species of dolphin, and the only species of dolphin in the genus ***Grampus***. He is related to the Pygmy killer whales. Large specimens measures 3 meters (10 ft) in lenght. This species dives to a depth of 600 meters (2,000 ft).
Foreplay

**Foreplay** is the name for a number of things people do before they have sex. These things do not need to be directly related to having sex. Rather, they are done to sexually arouse people, to make them want each other more, Examples of things that can be used in foreplay differ among people, Most people prefer simple things that make them feel nice such as a person talking softly, a compliment, a Hug, or by being Tickled by a person they like, or even sharing similar hobbies, such as white water rafting, rocky mountain climbing or even how flexible you both are at Yoga,
Not all of these acts are physical, some can also be psychological. Common things done in foreplay include kissing, touching each other, hugging, and stimulating the others erogenous zones.

Foreplay has a well-defined function - it lowers inhibitions and makes people feel better at ease.

Foreplay has been mentioned in historic works.  The Ancient Indian work _Kama Sutra_ mentions different types of embracing, kissing, and marking with nails and teeth. It also mentions BDSM activities such as slapping and moaning as "play."

Based on age, religious and political background, what people do as foreplay can be quite different. Many people think that women demand more foreplay and require more time to become aroused. Recent scientific research has show that this is false, though.  Scientists from McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Canada used the method of thermal imaging to record baseline temperature change in the genital area as the definition of the time necessary for sexual arousal. Researchers studied the time required for an individual to reach the peak of sexual arousal and concluded that, on average, women and men spend almost the same time for sexual arousal — around 10 minutes.
Army (1996 movie)

***Army*** is a 1996 Hindi movie. It was directed by Raam Shetty. The movie stars Shahrukh Khan and Sridevi in the lead role.

## Plot

Arjun and Geeta are a young couple, who are deeply in love with each other. They get married, and soon have a child. Arjun gets in trouble with a well known gangster named Nagraj, and is killed. When Geeta finds out she decides to avenge Arjun's death. When Nagraj finds out that Geeta is out for vengeance, he does not believe that a lone defenseless widow can do him any harm. But Nagraj is in for a surprise when he comes face to face with Geeta and a group of young men who are dedicated to bring him down - even if they die trying.

## Soundtrack

The music for the soundtrack was written by Anand-Milind. Sameer wrote all the lyrics for the songs.

|Song||Sung by|
| --- | --- | --- |
|"De Taali"|Vinod Rathod||
|"Main To Hoon Ek Pagal Munda, Tu Hai Meri Soni Kudi"|Abhijeet and Alka Yagnik||
|"Dil Mein Kuch Hone Laga, Hone De Na"|Kumar Sanu and Sadhana Sargam||
|"Aachiku Bachiku Kachiku, Sabse Pyara Hai Munna Tu"|Anuradha Paudwal and Udit Narayan||
|"Ho Gayi Tayar, Hamari Army"|Deepa Narayan and Abhijeet||
|"Ek Biti Hui Kahani Hai, Teri Meri Dushmani Purani Hai"|Anuradha Paudwal||
BBC Radio 5 Live

**BBC Radio 5 Live** (formerly **BBC Radio Five Live**) is the BBC's radio station that gives live BBC News, phone-ins, and sports news. It is the main radio station for sport in the United Kingdom, covering nearly all big sports events in the UK or with British competitors in, including the Olympics and the football World Cup

It is transmitted via analogue radio on 693 and 909 kHz AM in the medium wave band. These frequencies belonged to BBC Radio 2 from November 23, 1978 to August 26, 1990. Before that they were used in some regions of the UK by the BBC Home Service and BBC Radio 4. The radio is also available on digital radio in the United Kingdom via DAB, digital satellite, IPTV, Freeview, and is also streamed online. However, because of rights restrictions, coverage of some events (especially live sporting events) is not available online. Also, some of the content available online is only for UK users.

## Other websites

Note that Radio 5 Live operates International and UK feeds. International feeds aren't allowed to cover certain sports events because of local radio rights to those events.
- , from BBC iPlayer.

## Infobox (radio station)

- **name**: BBC Radio 5 Live
- **image**:
- **slogan**: _Live news, live sport - this is Five Live_
_On DAB digital radio, digital TV, downloads and online, this is 5 Live_
_The Olympic station_
- **city**: London
- **area**: United Kingdom - National
- **airdate**: 28 March 1994
- **frequency**: Mediumwave, MW: 693 kHz, 909 kHz, and on selected BBC Local Radio stations' frequencies overnight.
Digital Audio Broadcasting, DAB: 12B
Freeview (United Kingdom), Freeview: 705
Sky Digital (UK & Ireland), Sky Digital: 0105
 Tiscali TV: 606
Virgin Media: 905
UPC Ireland: 911
 [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/aod/fivelive.shtml?listen Live Stream] Real/WM
Freesat: 706
- **share**: 4.6%
- **share as of**: March 2010
- **format**: News and sport
- **owner**: BBC
BBC Radio
- **website**: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/fivelive BBC Radio 5 Live]
Cattenom power plant

**Cattenom Power Plant** is a nuclear power plant. It is near Metz, Grand Est, France. It has four pressurized water reactors. Each has a capacity of 1300 megawatts. In 2006, it produced the third most electrictity of all power plants in France, behind that of Gravelines Nuclear Power Plant (near Calais) and Plaluel (near Dieppe).
Rough-toothed dolphin

The **Rough-toothed dolphin** (_Steno bredanensis_) is a fairly large oceanic dolphin. It can be found in deep warm and tropical waters around the world.

eo:Steno
Spinner dolphin

The **spinner dolphin** (_Stenella longirostris_) is a small oceanic dolphin. It is found in off-shore tropical waters around the world. It is famous for its acrobatic displays in which they will spin longitudinally along their axis as they leap through the air.
Striped dolphin

The **striped dolphin** (_Stenella coeruleoalba_) is an oceanic dolphin. They live in temperate and tropical waters of all the world's oceans.
Gimli

**Gimli** can mean:

- Gimli, Manitoba, Canada, a rural municipality in Manitoba
    - Gimli (electoral district), a provincial riding (or electoral district) in Manitoba, Canada
    - Gimli Glider, nickname of an aircraft involved in a fuel exhaustion incident
- Gimli son of Glóin, a dwarf in J. R. R. Tolkien's _The Lord of the Rings_