juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Oceanic dolphin

**Oceanic dolphins** are the members of the _Delphinidae_ family, of the order Cetacea. They are aquatic mammals. They are found worldwide, mostly in the shallower seas of the continental shelves. These dolphins usually live in the open seas, unlike the river dolphins.

## Taxonomy

- Family **Delphinidae**
    - Genus _Peponocephala_
        - Melon-headed whale, _Peponocephala electra_
    - Genus _Orcinus_
        - Orca (Killer whale), _Orcinus orca_
    - Genus _Feresa_
        - Pygmy killer whale, _Feresa attenuata_
    - Genus _Pseudorca_
        - False killer whale, _Pseudorca crassidens_
    - Genus _Globicephala_: Pilot whales
        - Long-finned pilot whale, _Globicephala melas_
        - Short-finned pilot whale, _Globicephala macrorhynchus_
    - Genus _Delphinus_
        - Long-beaked common dolphin, _Delphinus capensis_
        - Short-beaked common dolphin, _Delphinus delphis_
    - Genus _Lissodelphis_
        - Northern rightwhale dolphin, _Lissodelphis borealis_
        - Southern rightwhale dolphin, _Lissodelphis peronii_
    - Genus _Sotalia_
        - Tucuxi, _Sotalia fluviatilis_
    - Genus _Sousa_
        - Pacific humpback dolphin, _Sousa chinensis_
        - Indian humpback dolphin, _Sousa plumbea_
        - Atlantic humpback dolphin, _Sousa teuszii_
    - Genus _Stenella_
        - Atlantic spotted dolphin, _Stenella frontalis_
        - Clymene dolphin, _Stenella clymene_
        - Pantropical spotted dolphin, _Stenella attenuata_
        - Spinner dolphin, _Stenella longirostris_
        - Striped dolphin, _Stenella coeruleoalba_
    - Genus _Steno_
        - Rough-toothed dolphin, _Steno bredanensis_
    - Genus _Tursiops_: Bottlenose dolphins
        - Common bottlenose dolphin, _Tursiops truncatus_
        - Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin
    - Genus _Cephalorhynchus_
        - Chilean dolphin, _Cephalorhynchus eutropia_
        - Commerson's dolphin, _Cephalorhynchus commersonii_
        - Heaviside's dolphin, _Cephalorhynchus heavisidii_
        - Hector's dolphin, _Cephalorhynchus hectori_
    - Genus _Grampus_
        - Risso's dolphin, _Grampus griseus_
    - Genus _Lagenodelphis_
        - Fraser's dolphin, _Lagenodelphis hosei_
    - Genus _Lagenorhynchus_
        - Atlantic white-sided dolphin, _Lagenorhynchus acutus_
        - Dusky dolphin, _Lagenorhynchus obscurus_
        - Hourglass dolphin, _Lagenorhynchus cruciger_
        - Pacific white-sided dolphin, _Lagenorhynchus obliquidens_
        - Peale's dolphin, _Lagenorhynchus australis_
        - White-beaked dolphin, _Lagenorhynchus albirostris_
    - Genus _Orcaella_
        - Irrawaddy dolphin, _Orcaella brevirostris_
        - Australian snubfin dolphin, _Orcaella heinsohni_
Horatio Spafford

**Horatio Gates Spafford** (October 20, 1828, Troy, New York – October 16, 1888, Jerusalem) was a prominent American lawyer and Presbyterian church elder.  He is best known for penning the Christian hymn "It Is Well With My Soul". Horatio was a lawyer in Chicago. He lost all of his possessions in the great Chicago fire. After that, he lost his only son to a disease at the age of four. He then planned a family holiday and was held up for business reasons. His family went ahead any way, on the ship all four of his daughters died and his wife survived.

## Other websites

- Photos of Horatio Spafford and a MIDI file of the hymn
- Many details on life of Spafford
- The Spafford family tragedy
Online schools

A **Online school** (or cyber high school) is a high school on the internet. It teaches students over the Internet. It means that a high school student has the option of receiving their education at home.

## Locations

In the United States, 38 states have some form of Online school, according to CBS News. These schools often include giving a computer, internet connection, textbooks and Online school software.

## Teachers

Online school teachers are sometimes able to work from home, depending upon the state's cyber curriculum. If the state is against the idea, then the tutor has to go at a special location to be able to teach.

## Purpose

Online school appeals to all students but works especially well for those students with needs that cannot be met in a traditional classroom, such as students who are ill, homebound students, students who travel, or special education students.
Always Coming Home

***Always Coming Home*** is a book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1985. This book is a novel about a group of humans called the Kesh, living in the future in California.

## Translations

- , Eksmo, 2005
- , Prószyński, 1996

## Other websites

- Official author book site

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Always Coming Home
- **image caption**: Cover of 1985 1st edition
- **author**: Ursula K. Le Guin
- **illustrator**: Margaret Chodos
- **language**: English
- **subject**: California -- Fiction
- **genre**: Science Fiction
- **publisher**: Harper and Row
- **pub date**: 1985
- **media type**: book
- **pages**: 523 pp
- **isbn**: 0060155450
- **oclc**: 11728313
Hainish Cycle

The **Hainish Cycle** is the setting for a number of science fiction books and stories that were written by Ursula K. Le Guin.

## List of books

- _The Dispossessed_ (1974) - Urras-Anarres (Tau Ceti)
- _The Word for World is Forest_ (1976) - Athshe/New Tahiti
- _Rocannon's World_ (1964) - Rokanan (Fomalhaut II)
- _Planet of Exile_ (1966) - Werel (Gamma Draconis III)
- _City of Illusions_ (1967) - Terra
- _The Left Hand of Darkness_ (1969) - Gethen
- _Four Ways to Forgiveness_ (1995) - Yeowe-Werel
- _The Telling_ (2000) - Aka
Fanny Crosby

**Frances Jane Crosby** (usually known as **Fanny Crosby**) (March 24, 1820 – February 12, 1915) was an American poet and lyricist. She wrote Protestant hymns. She was a lifelong Methodist. She wrote over 8,000 hymns in her life, even though she became blind shortly after she was born. She was also known for her preaching and speaking.

Crosby is one of the most famous hymn writers in history. Some of her most well-known and best-loved songs are "Blessed Assurance", "Pass Me Not, O Gentle Saviour", and "To God Be the Glory".

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Other websites

- The New York Institute for Special Education page on Fanny Crosby
- Fanny Crosby page at Cyberhymnal  Words and MIDI music for over 400 hymns.
- Biographies at Wholesome Words
Melville Island (Canada)

**Melville Island** is a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Canada with an area of . No one lives on Melville Island. It is the 33rd biggest island in the world and Canada's 8th biggest island. Melville Island is shared by the Northwest Territories, which has the western half of the island, and Nunavut, which has the eastern half. The mountains on Melville Island are some of the biggest in the western Canadian Arctic. Some of them reach heights of one kilometre.

Melville Island was first visited by the British explorer Sir William Parry in 1819. Not only did he find the island, but he had to spend the winter at what is now called "Winter Harbour", until August 1, 1820. The island is named for Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville who was First Sea Lord at the time.
Southampton Island

**Southampton Island** is one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is a big island at the entrance to Hudson Bay, Canada. It is part of the Kivalliq Region of the Nunavut Territory. The area of the island is 41,214 km². It is the 34th biggest island in the world and Canada's 9th biggest island. The only settlement on Southampton Island is Coral Harbour (pop. 712, Canada 2001 Census), called in Inuit _Salliq_.
Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)

**Prince of Wales Island** one of the bigger members of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is an Arctic island in Nunavut, Canada, between Victoria Island and Somerset Island and south of the Queen Elizabeth Islands.

It is a low tundra-covered island with an irregular coastline deeply indented by Ommanney Bay in the west and Browne Bay in the east. Its area has been thought to be around 33 339 km². Prince of Wales Island is the world's 40th biggest island and the 10th biggest in Canada. Its highest known point, found at 73°49'N; 97°50'W – and 320 m high – is an unnamed spot in the island's far northeastern end http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=681 overlooking the Baring Channel, which separates the island from nearby Russell Island.
Somerset Island

**Somerset Island** is a member of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is a big island across the 2 km wide Bellot Strait from the Boothia Peninsula in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada.  It has an area of 9,570 square miles (24,786 km²), making it the 45th biggest island in the world and Canada's twelfth biggest island. No one lives on **Somerset Island**
Provinces of Ireland

|colspan=2 style="background: white; text-align: center; font-size: 85%;"||
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2" class= style="text-align: center; background:#E0E0E0; "|<big class="fn org">**The Four Provinces of Ireland**</big> __|
|colspan="2" style="background: #E0E0E0; text-align: center;"|**Location**|
|colspan=2  style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;"||
|colspan=2|1. Leinster, 2. Munster, 3. Connacht, 4. Ulster|
|colspan="2" style="background: #E0E0E0; text-align: center;"|**Statistics**|

The **Provinces of Ireland** were the main divisions of Ireland prior to 1922 when it was partitioned as a result of the majority of it becoming independent.  Ireland was divided into four different provinces, or territorial divisions.

The four provinces are:

|Province|Population (2006)|Area (km²)|Number of Counties†|Chief city|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Leinster|2,292,939|19,774|12|Dublin|
|Munster|1,172,170|24,608|6|Cork|
|Connacht|503,083|17,713|5|Galway|
|Ulster|1,993,918‡|24,481|9|Belfast|
|colspan="5"|† <small>"Number of Counties" is traditional counties, not administrative ones.</small>||||

## Related pages

- Counties of Ireland
- Counties of Northern Ireland
Mission statement

A **mission statement** tells the purpose of a company or organization.  Basically, it says in a very short way WHO the organization does something for, WHAT is the kind of thing it does, and WHICH WAY it does it (that is, instead of other ways one could do that same thing). It can be used to tell quickly what the organization does. It can also help to give members of the organization a common idea of what they're here to do.

A mission statement basically sums up everything that something is about. Put very simply, for performance it would sum up what the purpose of the performance is. That might be to entertain.

Examples:

McDonald's - **Mission statement**: "To provide the fast food customer food prepared in the same high-quality manner world-wide that is tasty, reasonably-priced & delivered consistently in a low-key décor and friendly atmosphere."
- WHO: People who want fast food, all over the world
- WHAT: Good food that tastes good and doesn't cost too much (well...)
- WHICH WAY: The same way anywhere, no bells and whistles in the shop, but friendly employees there.

World Vision - Mission statement (well, part of it): "...working with the poor and oppressed to promote human transformation, seek justice and bear witness to the good news of the Kingdom of God"

- WHO: Poor and oppressed people around the world
- WHAT: Help them get a better chance of being better off and be a good person, too
- WHICH WAY: Work for fair conditions of life and let people know what God has always wanted to give them and how to get it
Mission

A **mission** can be any of the following:

## Religion

- Missionary

## Politics and government

- Diplomatic mission, a diplomatic outpost in a foreign territory
- Space mission, the launch of craft into outer space.
    - List of human spaceflights, a list of manned space missions.
- Combat mission, a military action.

## Geography

In the **United States**:
- Mission, Kansas
- Mission, Oregon
- Mission, South Dakota
- Mission, Texas
- Mission Ridge Ski Area, Washington
In **Canada**:
- Mission, British Columbia, a district municipality in British Columbia
- Mission, Calgary, a neighbourhood in Calgary, Alberta
- Okanagan Mission, a neighbourhood of Kelowna, British Columbia, is locally known as "the Mission"
Non-English-language equivalents:

In **Argentina**:
- Misiones Province

In **Brazil**:
- Missões, Brazil, a region of Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil that roughly occupies the same area previously dominated by the colonial missions founded by Padre Roque Gonzales.
    - São Miguel das Missões, one of the best-preserved of the old colonial missions
    - Guarani das Missões
    - São Paulo das Missões
    - Campina das Missões

In **Paraguay**:
- Misiones Department

## Other uses

- Mission statement, a brief statement of the purpose of an organization
- Mission (grape), a variety of grape
Philip Bliss

**Philip Paul Bliss** (July 9, 1838 – December 29, 1876) was an American writer of hymns. He was also a Gospel music singer. He wrote many well-known hymns in his lifetime. He also wrote the tune for Horatio Spafford's "It Is Well with My Soul".

## Other websites

- Christian Biography Resources
- The Memoirs of PP Bliss
- The Music of Philip Paul Bliss
Graphical projection

A **graphical projection** is a protocol by which an image of a three-dimensional object is projected onto a planar surface without the help of math.
William Wilberforce

**William Wilberforce** (24 August 1759–29 July 1833) was a British evangelical politician and philanthropist. He was a leader of the movement to end the Atlantic slave trade.

## Other websites

- BBC historic figures: William Wilberforce

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: William Wilberforce
- **image**: Sir Thomas Lawrence02.jpg
- **caption**: <big>William Wilberforce</big>by<big> Sir Thomas Lawrence, 1828 </big>
- **office**: Member of Parliament
for Kingston upon Hull (UK Parliament constituency), Kingston upon Hull
- **term start**: 1780
- **term end**: 1784
- **office2**: Member of Parliament
for Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency), Yorkshire
- **term start2**: 1784
- **term end2**: United Kingdom general election, 1812, 1812
- **office3**: Member of Parliament
for Bramber
- **term start3**: United Kingdom general election, 1812, 1812
- **term end3**: 1825
- **birth place**: Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, England
- **death date**: , aged
- **death place**: London, England
- **party**: Independent
- **spouse**: Barbara Spooner Wilberforce, Barbara Spooner
- **children**: William, Barbara, Elizabeth, Robert Isaac Wilberforce, Robert, Samuel Wilberforce, Samuel and Henry William Wilberforce, Henry
Flag of Romania

The **flag of Romania** is a vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red. The colours stand for the three historical provinces of Romania. The current design was made official in 1994, but the flag has been used since 1989. The first design of the flag was in 1834, but the three colours date from the sixth century. It is very similar to the Flag of Chad, except that this flag is very slightly lighter in color.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Romania
- **image**: Flag of Romania.svg
- **use**: 111111
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**: July 16, 1994
- **design**: A vertical tricolour of blue, yellow, and red
- **type**: National
Coat of arms of Romania

The **Coat of arms of Romania** is the coat of arms that has been adopted by the Romanian Parliament on 10 September 1992.  The design for it came from the coat of arms that the Kingdom of Romania created back in 1922. It displays a golden aquila that is holding a cross in its beak.  It also shows a mace and a sword in its claws.  It contains the three colors of the Flag of Romania: red, yellow, and blue.

## Infobox (coat of arms)

- **name**: Coat of arms of Romania
- **image**: Coat of arms of Romania.svg
- **image width**: 150
- **lesser**: Coat of arms of Romania Eagle.svg
- **lesser width**: 75
- **lesser caption**: The version used for the seals of the Ministers, and on the Carte de identitate, identity cards
- **armiger**: Romania
- **year adopted**: 1992
- **shield**: golden eagle (heraldry), aquila; aurochs; dolphins; a black Eagle (heraldry), eagle, seven castles, a sun and a moon; Lion (heraldry), lion and a bridge
- **crest**: None
- **supporters**: None
- **other elements**: in the eagle (heraldry), aquila's claws: a mace and a sword
in the eagle (heraldry), aquila's beak: an Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox cross
- **earlier versions**: 1922-1947, the Kingdom of Romania
- **use**: on the Romanian Leu, national currency, in school classes, in the Parliament of Romania, Parliament, on the official buildings, on Romanian passport, Passports, on Carte de identitate, ID cards, in the header of the official documents (including diplomas)
Sighişoara

**Sighişoara** is a city and municipality in Mureş County, Romania. It is on the Târnava Mare River.  Sighişoara had a population of 28.102 people as of 2011.

## Twin towns

- Dinkelsbühl (Germany)
- Kiskunfélegyháza (Hungary)
- Baden (Switzerland)
- Blois (France)
- Città di Castello (Italy)

## Other websites

- Town hall of Sighişoara City

## Infobox (settlement)

- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **map caption**: Location of Sighişoara
- **official name**: Sighişoara
- **image shield**: ROU MS Sighisoara CoA1.jpg
- **image map**: Sighisoara in Romania.png
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: Mureş County
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Romania, Status
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Iulian Sîrbu
- **leader party**: Uniunea Independenta Pentru Sighisoara(Romania) , Uniunea Independenta Pentru Sighisoara
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 28102
- **website**: http://www.sighisoara.org.ro/
Treaty of Berlin

The name **Treaty of Berlin** can be any of the following treaties:

- Treaty of Berlin (1742)
- Treaty of Berlin (1878)
- Treaty of Berlin (1885)
- Treaty of Berlin (1889)
- Treaty of Berlin (1899)
- Treaty of Berlin (1921)
- Treaty of Berlin (1926)
Quechuas

**Quechuas** is the term used for several ethnic groups in South America that use a Quechua language (mainly Southern Quechua). They belong to several ethnic groups in South America, above all in Peru, Bolivia and Argentina.

The Quechuas of Ecuador call themselves and their language _Kichwa_, _Kichwas_ or _Quichuas_. The Kichwa-speaking group of Colombia are the Ingas.

Here are some (historic) Quechua peoples:
- Inca
- Chancas (in Huancavelica, Ayacucho y Apurímac)
- Huancas (in Junín; spoke Quechua before the Incas did)
- Cañaris (in Ecuador; adopted the Quechua language from the Incas)

## Related pages

- Q'ero (an Andean Quechua community)
Members Church of God International

## Description

The **Members Church of God International** is an international Christian religious organization widely known for their program named _Ang Dating Daan_ (English: The Old Path) by its longest-running religious program in the Philippines. Currently, the church's presiding minister is Daniel S. Razon, and the former presiding minister Eliseo Soriano has passed away in February 10, 2021. The church reject the Roman Catholic belief about Trinity.
The church follows government law/s, and thus Eliseo Soriano signed in with the **Securities and Exchange Commission** (SEC) with the name _Ang Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus, Haligi at Saligan ng Katotohanan, sa Bansang Pilipinas_ (English: Members of the Church of God in Christ Jesus, Pillar and Ground of Truth in the Philippines) following the name in 1 Timothy 3:15 of the Ang Dating Biblia (Tagalog) version. In around the year 2004, another name was signed and changed to Members Church of God International (Tagalog: _Ang Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios Internasyonal_) by the followed of the church's expansion across the country. The church is known in different Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries as _Miembros de la Iglesia de Dios Internacional_ and _Membros da Igreja de Deus Internacional_ in the order given, shortened as MIDI.

## History

> _Please input sources upon the history simplified in this page. Thank you for the contribution given._The church is connected from a similar denomination, named _Iglesia ng Dios kay Cristo Jesus, Haligi at Suhay ng Katotohanan_ (English: Church of God in Christ Jesus, the Pillar and Support of the Truth) first led by Nicolas Antiporda Perez in 1928. It started as a small group with less than a hundred members.
Vilcabamba, Peru

**Vilcabamba**  was founded by Manco Inca in 1539 and was the last city of the Inca Empire until it fell to the Spaniards in 1572. That meant the end of Inca resistance to Spanish rule.

## History

After the Incan empire fell, the city was burned and the area swiftly became a remote, not very populated or connected part of Peru. The location of Vilcabamba was forgotten.

The ruins of the city were rediscovered by Hiram Bingham in 1909 in a remote forest site 130 km west of Cuzco, but he failed to realize its significance, because he believed that Machu Picchu, which he also rediscovered, was the fabled "Lost City of the Incas".  It was not until explorations and discoveries in the 1960s, that many came to see this site at Espíritu Pampa as the real Vilcabamba of legend.

## Sources

- MacQuarrie, Kim: The Last Days of the Incas. Simon & Schuster, 2007. .
Vere Gordon Childe

**Vere Gordon Childe** (Usually known as **Gordon Childe**) (Sydney, New South Wales, 14 April 1892 – Mount Victoria, New South Wales, 19 October 1957) was an Australian archaeologist. He was best known for his excavation of the unique Neolithic site of Skara Brae in Orkney. He is also credited with coining the terms 'Neolithic Revolution' and 'Urban Revolution'. He attempted to place his discoveries inside a theory of prehistoric development on a wider European and world scale.

## References

- Neil Faulkner 2007. Gordon Childe and Marxist Archaeology. _International Socialism_ **116**. http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=367&issue=116
Eric Bogosian

**Eric Bogosian** (born April 24, 1953) is an American actor, playwright, monologist, and novelist.

## Personal life

Bogosian met Jo Bonney in 1980. Six weeks later he married her.
He has two children with her.

## Other websites

- Bogosian's home website

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Eric Bogosian
- **image**: Eric Bogosian by David Shankbone.jpg
- **caption**: Eric Bogosian at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, Playwright, Monologist, and novelist
- **yearsactive**: 1983-present
- **spouse**: Jo Anne Bonney
- **website**: http://www.ericbogosian.com/
Jōmon period

The  is the time in Japanese prehistory which started in roughly 14,000 BC to 10,000 BC.

The period ended in roughly 500 BC or 400 BC to 300 BC.

"_Jōmon_" means "patterns of plaited cord" or "cord-patterned"  from the way they decorated their pottery. The Jōmon people were closely related to the ancestors of other East Asians, but became isolated on the Japanese archipelago in 15,000BCE and recived some geneflow from an European-related population from Siberia along a North to South cline. It is suggested that the Jōmon, like other East Asians and Native Americans, ultimately originated in Southeast Asia. Cultural similarities exist with Native Americans.

## Related pages

- Ainu people

## Other websites

- University of Tokyo, Memory of the Jomon Period
- Niigata Prefectural Museum of History, The Prehistoric Archaeology of Japan
Hominid

- _For a full account of the biological family, see Hominidae_
    - _For the novel by Klaus Ebner see Hominid (novel)_

A **hominid** is any member of the biological family **Hominidae**. These are the "great apes", living and extinct. At present there are humans, chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans.

The word "hominid" has been used in various ways. The classification of the great apes has been revised several times in the last few decades. These revisions led to different uses of the word "hominid". The original meaning of the taxon Hominidae meant only humans and their closest relatives. Now this group is called the Hominina.

## Terms

The primatological term **hominid** is easily confused with a number of similar words:
- A **hominoid** or ape is a member of the superfamily _Hominoidea_: existing members are the lesser apes (gibbons) and great apes.
- A **hominid** is a member of the family _Hominidae_: all of the great apes.
- A **hominine** is a member of the subfamily _Homininae_: gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans (excludes orangutans).
- A **hominin** is a member of the tribe _Hominini_: including chimpanzees and humans.
- A **hominan** is a little used term for a sub-tribe.
- A **human** is a member of _Homo sapiens_. The word is sometimes also used to refer to any extinct member of the genus _Homo_ or members from other hominan genera.
- A **humanoid** is a vaguely human-shaped entity; the term is typically used in science fiction.

## Taxonomy

The dispute is really about whether humans and Australopithecines are sufficiently different from chimpanzees to rank as a separate family. In morphology and life style they are, in genetics they are not.

A move from rainforest to savannah and woodland led first to bipedalism (walking on two feet). Later, hunting and social needs led to larger brains and the making and use of tools. These differences between human beings and the other great apes are certainly important.

However, a genetically based taxonomic classification shows the genetic differences are not enough to divide us into separate families. Genetics, rather than morphology, is generally more widely accepted as the critical standard. However, many scientists, including anthropologists, use the term "hominid" to mean humans and their direct and near-direct ancestors.
Treaty of Berlin (1878)

The **Treaty of Berlin** was a part of the Congress of Berlin (June 13-July 13, 1878). In it, the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman Empire wrote the Treaty of San Stefano.

### Bulgaria

The most important problem in the treaty was deciding what would happen to Bulgaria. However, Russia insisted that Bulgaria should not be mentioned in the treaty. The Treaty of San Stefano had created a huge Bulgarian state, but the United Kingdom and Austria-Hungary strongly opposed that since Russia would become too powerful.

### Independence

The treaty stated that Romania, Serbia and Montenegro were to become independent. The Ottoman province of Bosnia-Herzegovina was to be occupied by Austria-Hungary.

The three newly-independent states soon declared themselves to be kingdoms (Romania in 1881, Serbia in 1882 and Montenegro in 1910). Austria-Hungary officially took over Bosnia in 1908, which caused the major Bosnian Crisis.
2007 enlargement of the European Union

The **2007 enlargement of the European Union** joined Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union. It happened on 1 January 2007. The Treaty of Accession was signed on April 25, 2005 at Luxembourg, Neumünster Abbey. It was the seventh time the Union accepted new members.

## Membership

Since 1989, Bulgaria and Romania wanted to be a part of the European Union (EU) and put forward to become members in 1995.

During the 2000s, Bulgaria and Romania made changes, such as improving their democratic system, human rights acts, freedom of speech acts, economy and laws.

## Other websites

- Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania
- Government of Romania
- Ministry of European Integration
- Gateway to the European Union
- Infoeuropa Centre
National Bank of Romania

The **National Bank of Romania** (, BNR) is the central bank of Romania. It started in April 1880. It is in the capital city, Bucharest. The bank's first governor was Eugeniu Carada.

### Scandal

In 1916, the Central Powers invaded Romania. All valuable objects of the National Bank of Romania and the Romanian Treasure were sent to Moscow for safekeeping. They were never returned.

### Robbery

On July 28, 1959, an armed group of six members of the Romanian Communist Party stole from an armored car of the National Bank of Romania 1,600,000 lei (about US$250,000  at 1959 prices).

## Responsibilities

The main tasks of the National Bank of Romania are:

1. to control the supply of money and its exchange with other currencies
1. to control banks and make sure the economy is stable
1. to make money
1. to control how much money goes in and out of Romania
Treaty of Berlin (1742)

The **Treaty of Berlin** was signed on July 28, 1742 between Austrian archduchess Maria Theresa and Frederick II of Prussia.

## Terms

Based on the treaty, Maria Theresa gave most of Silesia to Frederick. This treaty, along with the Treaty of Breslau, officially ended the First Silesian War.

## Other websites

- The Columbia Encyclopedia: War of the Austrian Succession
- Encyclopedia Britannica: The War of the Austrian Succession 1740-1748
Treaty of Berlin (1889)

The **Treaty of Berlin** was signed on June 14, 1889 between the United States, the British Empire, and the German Empire.

## Terms

Based on the treaty, Samoa became independent and was allowed to choose its own king to rule it. However, the king would be advised by the United States, Great Britain, and Germany. In 1899, the treaty was replaced by the Treaty of Berlin (1899).

## Other websites

- WHKMLA: History of Samoa, 1830-1899
Treaty of Berlin (1899)

The **Treaty of Berlin** was signed on 14 November 1899 between the United States, Germany, and the British.

Before the treaty was signed, the three countries had wanted to trade with Samoa. Based on the treaty, Samoa was divided between Germany and the United States. Western Samoa went to Germany, and Eastern Samoa went to the United States.

## References

- Gray, J. (1960). Amerika Samoa: A History of American Samoa and Its United States Naval Administration Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute.
- Townsend, M. E. (1921). Origins of Modern German Colonialism: 1871 - 1885 Vol. 98 No. 1. Columbia University, New York: Howard Fertig, Inc. Edition 1974.

## Other websites

- Annexation of Samoa
- WHKMLA: Samoa, 1830-1899
- History of Samoa - R.M. Watson
Treaty of Berlin (1921)

The **Treaty of Berlin (1921)** was between the United States and Germany. The US did not agree with parts of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles and wanted to sign a different treaty.

## Other websites

- Text of the Treaty
Treaty of Berlin (1926)

The **Treaty of Berlin** was signed on 24 April 1926 between Germany and the Soviet Union. Each promised to stay neutral if  the other was attacked by another country within five years.

## Other websites

- The Text of the Agreement
Nome, Alaska

**Nome** is a city on the southern Seward Peninsula coast on Norton Sound of the Bering Sea. It is in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska.

The city of Nome claims to be home to the world's largest gold pan.  But the Canadian city of Quesnel, British Columbia also says they do.

In the winter of 1925, there was a diphtheria epidemic among Inuit in the Nome area. Blizzard conditions made delivery of a life-saving serum by airplane from Anchorage impossible. A serum run to Nome by dog sled teams delivered the serum. The sled driver of the final leg of the relay was the Norwegian-born Gunnar Kaasen; his lead sled dog was Balto. The annual Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race commemorates this historic event.

Nome is home to Alaska's oldest newspaper, the _Nome Nugget_.

The reality television series Bering Sea Gold is set and filmed in Nome.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Nome
- **native name**: Sitŋasuaq
- **native name lang**: ik
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Nome Alaska (1).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Steadman Street in Nome, looking north from King Place, in May 2002
- **image seal**: Seal of Nome, Alaska.svg
- **image map**: Map of Alaska highlighting Nome.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Nome, Alaska
- **pushpin map**: Alaska
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Alaska
- **subdivision type2**: List of boroughs and census areas in Alaska, Census Area
- **subdivision name2**: Nome Census Area, Alaska, Nome
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: April 12, 1901
- **government type**: Council–manager government, Council-Manager
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 21.49
- **area land sq mi**: 12.80
- **area water sq mi**: 8.69
- **elevation ft**: 20
- **population total**: 3699
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 289.01
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Nomeite, Noman
- **population blank2 title**: Nome Census Area, Alaska, Census Area
- **population blank2**: 9,492
- **timezone**: Alaska Time Zone, Alaska (AKST)
- **utc offset**: −9
- **timezone dst**: AKDT
- **utc offset dst**: −8
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 99762
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 907, 907
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
- **founder**: Jafet Lindeberg, Erik Lindblom, and John Brynteson
Miaphysitism

**Miaphysitism** (or **henophysitism**) is an idea about the nature of Christ. The idea says that Jesus Christ had two different aspects, one godly, and one human. It says these two aspects are united in one nature. They are indistinguishable, and they co-exist.  This is very close to the idea of dualism which says that the mind and the body are separate things that combine to make one unit, the person. In the case of miaphysitism, the separate things are Jesus' divine and human traits.

Miaphysitism has often been considered by Chalcedonian Christians to be a form of monophysitism, but the Oriental Orthodox Churches themselves reject this characterization, Recently, the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches have begun to take this position more seriously.
Monophysitism

**Monophysitism** (from Greek: _Μόνος_ "Monos" (Solitary) and _Φύσις_ _Physis_ (Nature)) is the theology that Jesus Christ either had only one nature – either human or divine, or it approaches the Miaphysitic view and theology and teaches that his humanity and divinity was united in one nature. It thus stands in contrast to Dyophysitism, the theology that Jesus has two distinct and inseparable natures. The denominations, branches, and churches that profess Monophysitism are called the Anti-Chalcedonian Orthodox Churches (Oriental Orthodoxy comprises virtually all of these churches), and stands in contrast to those of the Chalcedonian Creed, which upholds and believes in the Dyophysitic theology of Jesus.

There are two main doctrine<nowiki/>s that can be called **Monophysite** ():

## Eutychianism

**Eutychianism** says that the human and divine natures of Christ were combined into one new single nature, and his human nature was "dissolved like a drop of honey in the sea".

## Apollinarism

**Apollinarism**, or **Apollinarianism**, says that Christ had a human body and human "living principle" but that the Divine Logos had taken the place of the _nous_, or "thinking principle". That is analogous but not identical to what might be called a mind today.

## Opposition

After Nestorianism, which was taught by Nestorius, Archbishop of Constantinople, was refused at the First Council of Ephesus, Eutyches, an archimandrite at Constantinople came up with new ideas. Monophysitism and Eutycheism were also refused at the Council of Chalcedon in 451.

Later, Monothelitism was developed as an attempt to bridge the gap between the Monophysite and the Chalcedonian position, but it was also rejected by the members of the Chalcedonian synod though it had at times the support of the Byzantine emperors and one of the Popes of Rome, Honorius I. Some thought that Monothelitism was at one time held by the Maronite Church, but the Maronite community, for the most part, dispute that by stating that it has never been out of communion with the Catholic Church.

Miaphysitism, the christology of the Oriental Orthodox churches, is sometimes considered a variant of Monophysitism, but those churches view their theology as distinct from Monophysitism and anathematize Eutyches.
Nestorius

**Nestorius** (; ) was Archbishop of Constantinople from 10 April 428 to 22 June 431. His views, which are now called Nestorianism, were popular in the East.

## History

Nestorius objected to the popular custom of calling the Mary, the mother of Jesus, _"Theotokos_", meaning the "mother of God". Nestorius believed that Jesus has two natures: one human and one divine. That belief, now called Nestorianism, was different from that of Cyril of Alexandria, who considered Jesus to be both human and divine at once. Nestorius called Cyril a heretic.

At the Council of Ephesus, Nestorius wanted Cyril charged with heresy. Most of the bishops who agreed with Nestorius came from the East and did not arrive at the meeting before the decision was made. Most of the bishops at the meeting agreed with Cyril. Nestorius was removed from his position as archbishop and sent into exile in Egypt.

In the East, the churches still supported Nestorius and did not accept his removal. As a result, they set up their own group of churches, known as the Assyrian Church of the East, in Persia.

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Nestorius
- **feast day**: October 25
- **venerated in**: Assyrian Church of the East
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth place**: Germanicia, Syria (now Kahramanmaraş, Turkey)
- **death place**: Great Oasis of Hibis (Kharga Oasis, al-Khargah), Egypt
- **titles**: Archbishop of Constantinople
- **issues**: Stigmatization as a heretic
Bistrița-Năsăud County

**Bistriţa-Năsăud** (; Hungarian: _Beszterce-Naszód_) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Transylvania.  The capital of Bistriţa-Năsăud County is Bistriţa.

## Geography

Bistriţa-Năsăud County has an area of 5,355 km².  The main river that flows through Bistriţa-Năsăud County is the Someşul Mare River.

## Divisions

Bistriţa-Năsăud County has 1 municipality, 3 towns and 56 communes.

### Municipalities

- Bistriţa

### Towns

- Beclean
- Năsăud
- Sângeorz-Băi

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bistriţa-Năsăud
- **settlement type**: County (_Judeţ_)
- **image shield**: Stema Bistrita-Nasaud.svg
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Development region<sup>1</sup>
- **subdivision name1**: Nord-Vest (development region), Nord-Vest
- **subdivision type2**: Historic region
- **subdivision name2**: Transylvania
- **subdivision type3**: Capital city (_Resedinţă de judeţ_)
- **subdivision name3**: Bistriţa
- **government type**: County Board
- **leader title**: President of the County Board
- **leader name**: Gheorghe MArinescu
- **leader title1**: Prefect<sup>2</sup>
- **leader name1**: Ioan Szilagyi
- **area total km2**: 5355
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population total**: 311657
- **population density km2**: 58
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Romania, Postal Code
- **postal code**: 42wxyz<sup>3</sup>
- **area code**: Romania telephone area codes, +40 x63<sup>4</sup>
- **blank name**: Romanian car number plates, Car Plates
- **blank info**: BN<sup>5</sup>
- **website**: [http://www.cjbn.ro County Board]
[http://www.prefecturabn.ro County Prefecture]
Botoșani County

**Botoşani** () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia.  The capital of Botoşani County is Botoşani.

## Geography

Botoşani County has an area of 4,986 km².

## Divisions

Botoşani County has 2 municipalities, 5 towns and 67 communes.

### Municipalities

- Botoşani
- Dorohoi

### Towns

- Darabani
- Săveni
- Flămânzi
- Bucecea
- Ştefăneşti

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Botoşani
- **settlement type**: County (_Judeţ_)
- **image shield**: Stema judetului Botosani.svg
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Romania
- **subdivision type1**: Development region<sup>1</sup>
- **subdivision name1**: Nord-Est (development region), Nord-Est
- **subdivision type2**: Historic region
- **subdivision name2**: Moldavia
- **subdivision type3**: Capital city (_Resedinţă de judeţ_)
- **subdivision name3**: Botoşani
- **government type**: County Board
- **leader title**: President of the County Board
- **leader name**: Constantin Conţac
- **leader title1**: Prefect<sup>2</sup>
- **leader name1**: Gheorghe Sorescu
- **area total km2**: 4986
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population total**: 452834
- **population density km2**: 91
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Romania, Postal Code
- **postal code**: 71wxyz<sup>3</sup>
- **area code**: Romania telephone area codes, +40 x31<sup>4</sup>
- **blank name**: Romanian car number plates, Car Plates
- **blank info**: BT<sup>5</sup>
- **website**: [http://www.cjbotosani.ro County Board]
[http://www.prefecturabotosani.ro County Prefecture]
Arad

**Arad** or **ARAD** may refer to:

## People

- Arad (given name)
- Arad (surname)

### Bahrain

- Arad, Bahrain, a village in Al Muharraq Governorate
- Arad Fort, located on Arad shore
- Arad Island, a former member of the Bahrain Islands, now joined Muharraq

### Iran

- Arad, Iran, a city in Fars Province, Iran
    - Arad District, an administrative subdivision of Fars Province
    - Arad Rural District, an administrative subdivision of Fars Province
- Arad General Hospital in Tehran, Iran
- Arad, Tehran, a village in Tehran Province, Iran

### Israel

- Arad, Israel, a city in Israel
- Tel Arad, the remains of the ancient city of Arad

### Jordan

- Arad (see), an Ancient city and bishopric in (Trans)Jordan, near Tell 'Arad, now a Latin Catholic titular see

### Romania

- Arad, Romania, the main city of Arad County
- Arad County, at the western edge of Transylvania (Crişana-Banat), Romania
- Arad County (former), a historical county, first Kingdom of Hungary, Austro-Hungarian Empire, later in Romania
- Arad Region, an administrative division of the People's Republic of Romania 1950–1956
- Archdiocese of Arad, an episcopal see of the Romanian Orthodox Church
Perito Moreno Glacier

The **Perito Moreno Glacier** () is a glacier in the southwest of Santa Cruz province, Argentina and the Magallanes Region of Chile. It is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Argentine Patagonia.

The 250 km² ice formation, of 30 km in length, is one of 48 glaciers fed by the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in the Andes system shared with Chile. This icefield is the world's third largest reserve of fresh water.

The Perito Moreno Glacier is one of only three Patagonian glaciers that are not retreating. Periodically the glacier advances over the L-shaped _"Lago Argentino"_ ("Argentine Lake").  when it reaches the opposite shore, it forms a natural dam which separates the two halves of the lake. With no escape route, the water-level on the _Brazo Rico_ side of the lake can rise by up to 30 meters above the level of the main lake. The enormous pressure produced by this mass of waters finally breaks the ice barrier holding it back, in a spectacular rupture event. This dam/rupture cycle is not regular and it naturally recurs at any frequency between once a year to less than once a decade.

The Perito Moreno glacier,  from El Calafate, was named after the explorer Francisco Moreno, a pioneer who studied the region in the 19th century and played a major role in defending the territory of Argentina in the conflict surrounding the international border dispute with Chile.

## Other websites

- Glacier Perito Moreno LIVE '08  (Español, English, Français, Portugues)
- Associated Press on the March 2006 breach
- Santa Cruz Sub Secretary Of Tourism
- Panoramic virtual tour of Perito Moreno
Uhland, Texas

**Uhland** is a city in Caldwell and Hays counties in the U.S. state of Texas. There were 1588 people living in Uhland as of the year 2020.

The United States Census Bureau says that the city has an area of 2.8 square miles (7.2 km²), all of it land.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Uhland, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: TXMap-doton-Uhland.PNG
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Uhland, Texas
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Texas##Location in the United States
- **pushpin label**: Uhland
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Hays County, Texas, Hays, Caldwell County, Texas, Caldwell
- **government type**: General Law City
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City Admin
- **leader title2**: Mayor Pro Tem
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 7.23
- **area land km2**: 7.21
- **area water km2**: 0.02
- **area total sq mi**: 2.79
- **area land sq mi**: 2.79
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 1588
- **population density km2**: 179.37
- **population density sq mi**: 464.63
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 166
- **elevation ft**: 545
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 78640
- **area code**: Area code 512, 512
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-74216
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1349016
Catania

**Catania** is a city in the region of Sicily in Italy. It is on the east coast of Sicily, between Messina and Syracuse. It is the capital of the Province of Catania. 313.110 people live in and over 800,000 around Catania. This makes it the second largest city in Sicily. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (_Csa_ in the Köppen climate classification).

## Demographics

As of December 2007, 298,957 people were living in Catania. 47,2% are male and 52,8% are female. 20,5% are younger than 18 years and 18,9% are pensioners. Between 2002 and 2007 3,35% of the people left the city. Nearly everyone is Catholic.

## Twin towns - sister cities

Catania is twinned with:

- Phoenix, Arizona, USA
- Grenoble, France (1961)
- Ottawa, Canada

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **part of**: Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily)
- **criteria**: (i)(ii)(iv)(v)
- **id**: 1024rev-002
- **year**: 2002


## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Catania
- **official name**: Comune di Catania
- **image skyline**: Catania-Etna-Sicilia-Italy-Castielli CC0 HQ1.JPG
- **image caption**: Catania skyline
- **image shield**: Catania-Stemma.svg
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Catania, Catania (CT)
- **frazioni**: Bicocca, Codavolpe, Junghetto, Pantano d'Arci, Paradiso degli Aranci, Passo Cavaliere, Passo del Fico, Passo Martino, Primosole, Reitano, Vaccarizzo, Villaggio Delfino
- **mayor**: Salvo Pogliese
- **mayor party**: Forza Italia (2013), FI
- **elevation m**: 7
- **area total km2**: 182.90
- **population as of**: 30 May 2018
- **population total**: 312505
- **population demonym**: Catanese
- **istat**: 087015
- **saint**: Agatha of Sicily, St. Agatha
- **day**: February 5
- **image flag**: Catania-Bandiera (senza stemma).svg
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **pushpin map**: Sicily#Italy
- **postal code**: 95100
- **area code**: 095