juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Monasteries of San Millán de la Cogolla

The monasteries of **San Millán de Suso** (6th century) and **San Millán de Yuso** (11th century) are two monasteries in the village of San Millán de la Cogolla, La Rioja, Spain.  They were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in December 1997.
The first written text in spanish and euskera was found there in the book called “glosas Emilianenses”.This treasure is the reason why this place is part of the human patrimony.

The monasteries were one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## Other websites

- http://www.monasteriodeyuso.org

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries
- **image**: Monasterio de Suso (2).jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: San Millán de Suso
- **location**: San Millán de la Cogolla, La Rioja (Spain), La Rioja, Spain
- **criteria**: (ii), (iv), (vi)
- **id**: 805
- **year**: 1997
- **locmapin**: Spain La Rioja#Spain
Latin cross

A **Latin cross** or ***Crux immissa*** is a type of Christian cross in which the vertical beam sticks above the crossbeam. This is the main representation of the cross by which Jesus Christ was crucified. The Latin cross began as a Roman Catholic emblem but later became a universal symbol of Christianity. If displayed upside down it is called St. Peter's Cross because he was reputedly executed on this type of cross. When displayed sideways it is called St. Philip's cross for the same reason.

A **Latin cross plan** is a floor plan found in many cathedrals and churches. When looked at from above or in plan view it takes the shape of a Latin cross (_crux immissa_). The Latin cross plans have a nave with aisles or chapels, or both and a transept that forms the arms of the cross. It also has at least one apse that traditionally faces east. Many also have a narthex at the entry.

## Other uses

The non-Christian religion of Scientology, also uses the Latin cross (but with a star in the middle) as its symbol.

## Related pages

- Christian symbolism
- Christian cross
- Greek cross
- Celtic cross
Ambulatory

The **ambulatory** (Medieval Latin _ambulatorium_) is the covered passage around a cloister.  The term is sometimes applied to the procession way around the east end of a cathedral or large church. This is usually behind the high altar.
Barrel vault

A **barrel vault**, also known as a **tunnel vault** or a **wagon vault**, is a type of ceiling. It is an architectural element formed by the extension of a simple arch. It forms the shape of a semicircle over parallel walls.
Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais

**Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais** (**Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais**, short **PUC-MG**) is an university of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. It was established in 1958. It is one of the five largest universities in Brazil. In 2010 it was nominated the best private university in Brazil by Best Universities.

## Related pages

- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais
- Minas Gerais
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais

## Other websites

- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais
Walls of Ávila

The **Walls of Ávila** in central Spain were completed between the 11th and 12th centuries. They are the city's principal historic feature.

## About

The work was started in 1090 by Raymond of Burgundy. Most of the walls appear to have been rebuilt in the 12th century. The enclosed area is a rectangle of  with a perimeter of some , including 90 semicircular crenellated towers. The walls have an average width of . They have an average height of . The wall has nine fortified gates. The Puerta de San Vicente (Gate of St Vincent) and Puerta del Alcazar (Gate of the Fortress) are flanked by twin towers,  high, linked by a semicircular arch. The apse of the cathedral also forms one of the towers. The fortifications are the most complete in Spain.

It is possible to walk on the walls for about half their circumference. Some of the walls will never be able to be walked on because they are connected to other buildings. There is a large section of the walls that have not been made safe for people.

The site was registered as a National Monument in 1884. In 1985, the old city of Ávila and its extramural churches were declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO.

The walls were one of finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## Sources

- _The information in this article is based on that in its Spanish equivalent_.

## Other websites

- Walls of Ávila in Artegias.com 
- http://muralladeavila.com/en/ - Muralla de
Intersection (movie)

***Intersection*** is a 1994 drama movie. The movie is about an architect who has flashbacks when his Mercedes crashes. Lolita Davidovich plays Olivia Marshak. Sharon Stone plays Sally Eastman. Jennifer Morrison also stars in the movie.

The reviews of the movie were negative. It did poorly in the box office.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Intersection
- **director**: Mark Rydell
- **producer**: Mark Rydell
Bud Yorkin
- **writer**: David Rayfiel
Marshall Brickman
- **music**: James Newton Howard
- **cinematography**: Vilmos Zsigmond
- **editing**: Mark Warner (film editor), Mark Warner
- **distributor**: Paramount Pictures
- **runtime**: 98 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **budget**: $45 million
- **gross**: $21,355,893
Hanging Houses of Cuenca

The ***Casas Colgadas*** (**Hanging Houses**), also known as ***Casas Voladas***, ***Casas del Rey*** is a complex of houses located in Cuenca, Spain. Houses of this kind were frequent along the eastern border of the ancient city in the past. They hang on the cliffs over the Huécar River gorge. Today there are only a few of the houses still there. The most well known is a group of three with wooden balconies. The houses date to the 14th century. Through the years they have been refurbished a few times. The most recent took place during the 1920s. They have been used as individual homes. They have also been used as council houses. Now they are the host to a _mesón_, a type of restaurant, and the Museo de Arte Abstracto Español (Spanish Abstract Art Museum), in Cuenca.

The Casas Colgadas were one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## Other websites

- Cuenca Spain: A Visit to the Hanging Houses
- The Hanging Houses of Cuenca
Blink (movie)

***Blink*** is a 1994 American neo noir crime drama mystery movie. It is set in Chicago. The movie is about a young blind musician. She has surgery that makes her see again. Madeleine Stowe plays Emma Brody. Laurie Metcalf plays Candice.

This movie got mixed to positive reviews.
David Chavchavadze

**Prince David Chavchavadze** (20 May 1924 – 5 October 2014) was an British-born American author and civil servant. He was a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer for the United States. He is of Georgian-Russian origin. He was born in London, England.

Chavchavadze died in his sleep on 5 October 2014 in Washington, D.C., after a long illness, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Vladimir F. Wertsman, Georgian Americans. Multicultural America. _Every Culture_.
- “Chavchavadze, David”. _NameBase_. (Archive )
- Genealogy of David Prince Chavchavadze on Genealogics.org.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Prince David Chavchavadze.JPG
- **caption**: David Chavchavadze in 2012
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., USA
- **father**: Paul Chavchavadze
- **mother**: Princess Nina Georgievna of Russia
Serhiy Zakarlyuka

**Serhiy Volodymyrovych Zakarlyuka** (17 August 1976 – 6 October 2014) was a Ukrainian footballer and football manager.

Zakarlyuka has played for a number of clubs in Ukraine and played for the Ukraine national team on 9 occasions between 2002 and 2004.

On 6 October 2014, Zakarlyuka was killed in the traffic accident just outside of Poltava.

## Other websites

- Information and foto by Serhiy Zakarlyuka at arsenal-kiev.com.ua

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Serhiy Zakarlyuka
- **image**: Serhiy Zakarlyuka.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **fullname**: Serhiy Volodymyrovych Zakarlyuka
- **birth place**: Nikopol, Ukraine, Nikopol, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
- **death place**: near Poltava, Ukraine
- **position**: Attacking midfielder
- **years1**: 1993–1994
- **years2**: 1994–1996
- **years3**: 1996–2001
- **years4**: 2002–2003
- **years5**: 2003
- **years6**: 2004–2005
- **years7**: 2006
- **years8**: 2006–2011
- **years9**: 2011
- **years10**: 2012
- **clubs1**: FC Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk, Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk
- **clubs2**: FC Metalurh Nikopol, Metalurh Nikopol
- **clubs3**: FC Arsenal Kyiv, Arsenal Kyiv
- **clubs4**: FC Metalurh Donetsk, Metalurh Donetsk
- **clubs5**: FC Shakhtar Donetsk, Shakhtar Donetsk
- **clubs6**: FC Illichivets Mariupol, Illichivets Mariupol
- **clubs7**: FC Metalurh Donetsk, Metalurh Donetsk
- **clubs8**: FC Arsenal Kyiv, Arsenal Kyiv
- **clubs9**: Vorskla Poltava
- **clubs10**: FC Poltava
- **caps1**: 3
- **caps2**: 41
- **caps3**: 135
- **caps4**: 40
- **caps5**: 4
- **caps6**: 40
- **caps7**: 22
- **caps8**: 101
- **caps9**: 9
- **caps10**: 6
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 6
- **goals3**: 30
- **goals4**: 11
- **goals5**: 0
- **goals6**: 14
- **goals7**: 2
- **goals8**: 17
- **goals9**: 0
- **goals10**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 401
- **totalgoals**: 80
- **nationalyears1**: 2002–2004
- **nationalteam1**: Ukraine national football team, Ukraine
- **nationalcaps1**: 9
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 2013
- **managerclubs1**: FC Arsenal Kyiv (caretaker)
- **manageryears2**: 2013–2014
- **managerclubs2**: FC Naftovyk-Ukrnafta Okhtyrka (assistant)
Palma Cathedral

The **Cathedral of Santa Maria of Palma** is a Gothic Roman Catholic cathedral located in Palma, Majorca, Spain. It was built on the site of a pre-existing Arab mosque. It is 121 metres long and 55 metres wide. Its nave is 44 metres tall.

The cathedral was styled in the Catalan Gothic style. It has Northern European influences. The building was it was started by King James I of Aragon in 1229. It was finished building in 1601. It sits within the old city of Palma. It is on top of the former citadel of the Roman city. It is between the Royal Palace of La Almudaina and the episcopal palace. It overlooks the _Parc de la Mar_ and the Mediterranean Sea.

Fifty years after a restoration of the cathedral had started in 1901 Antoni Gaudí was invited to take over the project. Some of his ideas were adopted. He moved the choir stalls from the middle nave to be closer to the altar. He also made a large canopy. Gaudí abandoned his work in 1914 after an argument with the contractor. The planned changes were cosmetic rather than structural. The project was cancelled soon after.

The Cathedral of Santa Maria of Palma was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## Other websites

- "Cathedral of Palma: La Seu", Video in english, 3:33 min., Mallorca TV Teleweb+
- La Seu Cathedral History
- La Seu Cathedral in www.mallorcawebsite.com
- Almudaina Palace

## Infobox (religious building)

- **building name**: Palma Cathedral
 Catedral de Santa María de Palma de Mallorca
- **image**: Mallorca - Kathedrale von Palma1.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: "La Seu" Cathedral of Palma
- **location**: Palma, Spain
- **religious affiliation**: Roman Catholic
- **architecture type**: church (building), church
- **architecture style**: Gothic architecture, Gothic
Zzyzx, California

**Zzyzx** , formerly **Camp Soda** and **Soda Springs**, is an unincorporated community in San Bernardino County, California, United States. It is within the boundaries of Mojave National Preserve.

## Other websites

- Ecological sites along U.S. Interstate 15 Small photo of road sign
- Zzyzx photos and historical information
- Center for Land Use Interpretation site page with directions, details, photos, and map link

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Zzyzx, California
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated area, unincorporated community
- **image skyline**: Soda Lake 030913 cropped to Zzyzx.JPG
- **image caption**: Zzyzx, showing Lake Tuendae (left) and the now-Desert Studies Center
- **pushpin map**: California
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **map caption**: Location of Zzyzx in California
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: California
- **subdivision name2**: San Bernardino County, California, San Bernardino
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 92309
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area codes
- **area code**: Area codes 442 and 760, 442/760
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 1662336
Anna Maria Gherardi

**Anna Maria Gherardi** (21 March 1939 – 5 October 2014) was an Italian actress and voice actress. She was known for her roles in _Lost Love_ and in _Petomaniac_. She was born in Bologna, Italy.

Gherardi died in Rome, Italy, aged 75.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anna Maria Gherardi
- **image**: Anna Maria Gherardi Eneide.jpg
- **caption**: Anna Maria Gherardi (1971)
- **birth place**: Bologna, Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **occupation**: Actress
Peer Augustinski

**Peer Augustinski** (June 25, 1940 – October 3, 2014) was a German actor and voice actor. He was born in Berlin. He was the official German dub-over artist of Robin Williams. Augustinski voice dubbed nearly all of Williams' work such as _Awakenings_, _Toys_, _Good Will Hunting_, _Aladdin_, and _Dead Poets Society_.

Augustinski died in Cologne, aged 74.
Time Warner Cable News NY1

**NY1** (also known as **Time Warner Cable News NY1** and spoken as **"New York One"**) is an American cable news television channel. It is owned by Time Warner Cable. The channel provides 24-hour news coverage, with a focus on the five boroughs of New York City. Its programming primarily features news and weather forecasts. NY1 also features specialty programs such as _Inside City Hall_ (which is renamed _Road to City Hall_ during New York City mayoral elections).
Winter Solstice (band)

**Winter Solstice** is an American metalcore band formed in 2000. The group split up in 2006.

### Studio albums

|Year|Album details|
| --- | --- |
|2005|_The Fall of Rome_ * Release date: March 8, 2005 * Label: Metal Blade Records|

### Music videos

|Year|Title|Director|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2005|"Following Caligula"|Jonathan Covert|

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Winter Solstice
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Lynchburg, Virginia, United States, USA
- **genre**: Metalcore, Christian metal
- **years active**: 2000–2006
- **label**: Metal Blade Records, Metal Blade
- **past members**: Roger Turner
Duke Cuneo
JT Turner
Jason Woodson
Steve Carlson
Nathan Smith
Matt Tarpey
Caleb Goins
Peter Walters
David Clark
Corey Snyder
Palmeral of Elche

The **Palmeral** or **Palm Grove of Elche** (Spanish: _Palmeral de Elche_, Valencian: _Palmerar d'Elx_) is the generic name for the date palm orchards in the city of Elche (Spain).

In the urban area of Elche there are a total of 97 different orchards. They contain about 70,000 date palms. Most of them are in the east bank of the Vinalopó. This number does not include other large plantations located around the city. The total may be near 200,000 palms. The Palm Grove covers over , including  in the city of Elche.

It is the only palm grove of its type anywhere in Europe. It is the largest in the world. The Palm Grove of Elche was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## Other websites

- Elche Spain - City overview with detailed map
- Information on the _picudo rojo_ (red palm weevil)
- Palmeral of Elche from UNESCO
- El Palmeral de Elche - A Cultural Landscape Inherited from Al-Andalus

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: Arcoiris en el Palmeral de Elche.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **location**: Elche, Province of Alicante, Valencian Community, Spain
- **criteria**: (ii), (v)
- **id**: 930
- **year**: 2000
- **locmapin**: Spain Valencia#Spain
Rolling coal

**Rolling coal** is a term used to describe the result of intentionally removing the pollution controls on diesel trucks or cars. This causes the vehicle to produce black, sooty exhaust. Participants often "roll coal" on pedestrians, bicyclists and drivers of hybrid vehicles.

## Vehicle modifications

Pollution controls such as exhaust filters are removed. Additionally, the vehicle may be modified to deliver more fuel to the engine than usual. The turbocharger may also be disabled, although this is uncommon because it can reduce performance and cause engine problems.

## Legality

In most countries, rolling coal is prohibited by anti-pollution laws, for example, in the United States it is prohibited by the Clean Air Act.
Park Güell

The **Park Güell** (Catalan: _Parc Güell_) is a public park system of gardens and architectonic elements. It is located on Carmelo Hill, in Barcelona (Spain). Carmelo Hill belongs to the mountain range of Sierra de Collserola — the Parque del Carmelo (Catalan: _Parc del Carmel_) is located on the northern face. Park Güell is located in La Salut, a neighborhood in the Gràcia district of Barcelona. With urbanization in mind, Eusebi Güell gave the design of the park to architect Antoni Gaudí. He designed the park in the Catalonian modernism style. The park was built between 1900 and 1914. It opened as a public park in 1926.

In 1984, UNESCO declared the park a World Heritage Site under “Works of Antoni Gaudí”.
Park Güell was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## Other websites

- Park Güell at Google Maps
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites Works of Antoni Gaudí
- Park Güell Barcelona - Gardens Guide
- Park Güell Photo Gallery
- Park Güell at Great Buildings
- Interactive Panorama: Park Güell
- Photographic walk through the Gaudí Park
Edward Albee

**Edward Franklin Albee III** ( ; March 12, 1928 – September 16, 2016) was an American playwright. He was known for works such as _The Zoo Story_ (1958), _The Sandbox_ (1959), _Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?_ (1962), and a rewrite of the book for the unsuccessful musical _Breakfast at Tiffany's_ (1966), an adaptation of Truman Capote's 1958 novella of the same name.

In 1963, _Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?_ won the Tony Award for Best Play. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1967 for _A Delicate Balance_, in 1975 for _Seascape_, and in 1994 for _Three Tall Women_.

Albee was openly gay and stated that he first knew he was gay at age 12 and a half.

Albee died on September 16, 2016 at his home in Montauck, New York from complications of diabetes, aged 88.

### Plays

Works written or adapted by Albee:

### Opera libretti

- _Bartleby_ (adapted from the short story by Herman Melville) (1961)
- _The Ice Age_ (1963, uncompleted)

### Essays

- _Stretching My Mind: Essays 1960–2005_ (2005).

## Other websites

- Edward F. Albee Foundation
- The Edward Albee Society

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Edward Albee
- **image**: EdwardAlbee.jpg
- **caption**: Edward Albee in the 1980s
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C., United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Montauck, New York, Montauck, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Dramatist
- **nationality**: American
- **period**: 1958–2016
- **awards**:
Tony Award <small>(1963 and 2002)</small>
National Medal of Arts <small>(1996)</small>
Special Tony Award <small>(2005)</small>
Why, Arizona

**Why** (O'odham: **Ban Hi:nk**) is a tiny unincorporated rural community in Pima County, Arizona, United States.

Why is near the western border of the Tohono O'Odham Indian Reservation. It is due north of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in Southern Arizona.

Why is about thirty miles north of the Mexican border where Lukeville, Arizona, and Sonoita, Sonora, Mexico, border each other. It is ten miles south of Ajo, Arizona.

## Other websites

- Mapquest Map
- Google Maps
- Aerial Photos Google Earth
- www.wunderground.com Weather
Logic programming

**Logic programming** is using mathematical logic to write computer programs. There are specialized programming languages where the user can directly enter logical statements. Probably the best-known of these languages is called Prolog. Alonzo Church used a form of logic programming in what is known as lambda calculus today. Logic programming has also been used in LISP.

Programs consist of a set of rules and facts. In most cases, logic programming uses what is called negation as failure or _weak negation:_ This means that if it is not possible to derive some clause  from the facts and rules, the system will assume that its negation is true.
Besmilr Brigham

**Besmilr Brigham** (born **Bess Miller Moore**; September 28, 1913 – September 30, 2000) was an American poet.  She also wrote short stories.

Brigham was born Bess Miller Moore in Pace, Mississippi. She graduated from Mary Hardin-Baylor College (now University of Mary Hardin–Baylor) in Belton, Texas. After that, she studied at the New School for Social Research in New York. In New York she met Roy Brigham. Then she married him.

According to the _Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture_, "She came to prominence during the women’s movement of the 1960s, and her work is noted for its innovative structure, sound, and rhythm."

Brigham is also known as Besmilr Moore Brigham.  The Besmilr Women Writers Award is named after her.

## Works

- 1969. _Agony dance: death of the dancing dolls_ (poetry)
- 2000. _Run through rock: selected short poems of Besmilr Brigham_ (C. D. Wright, ed.)
- 1971. _Heaved from the earth._ (poetry)

## For further reading

- Kenyon Review

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America
Rule of inference

A **rule of inference**, **inference rule**, or  **transformation rule** is a tool used in logic. A rule of inference can take one or more statements, called premises, and return some other statement, called a conclusion. For example, the rule of inference called _modus ponens_ takes two premises, one in the form "If p then q" and another in the form "p", and returns the conclusion "q". The rule is valid with respect to the semantics of classical logic, in the sense that if the premises are true, then so is the conclusion.

Typically, a rule of inference preserves truth, a semantic property. In many-valued logic, it preserves a general designation. But a rule of inference's action is purely syntactic, and does not need to preserve any semantic property: any function from sets of formulae to formulae counts as a rule of inference. Usually only rules that are recursive are important; i.e. rules such that there is an effective procedure for determining whether any given formula is the conclusion of a given set of formulae according to the rule.

Popular rules of inference in propositional logic include _modus ponens_, _modus tollens_, and contraposition. First-order predicate logic uses rules of inference to deal with logical quantifiers.
Universal quantifier

In mathematics and logic, the **universal quantifier** is a quantifier used to state that a proposition applies to all elements in the universe of discourse. An example that uses this quantifier would be the proposition "All men are mortal".  Usually, a turned A (∀) is used to denote the universal quantifier, "for all x" is written as either "∀x", "∀(x)".

Predicate logic and syllogisms look at the properties of universal quantification.

Propositions can be falsified. To falsify a proposition which contains a universal quantifier, it is sufficient to find one element of the universe of discourse where the proposition is false. This element is known as a counterexample.

## Related pages

- Existence quantifier
Existence quantifier

In mathematics and logic, the **existence quantifier** is a quantifier used to state that a proposition is true for at least one element in the universe of discourse. The existence quantifier is commonly written as  (a mirrored E), and is read as "there exists". An example involving an existence quantifier is the statement "some natural number is equal to 3+5", which can be written as .

In general, a statement of the form  is true if there is an _x_ in the universe of discourse satisfying the predicate , and is false otherwise. An existence quantifier is different from a universal quantifier, which is used to state that a proposition is true for _all_ elements in the universe of discourse.

## Related pages

- Predicate logic
Universe of discourse

In mathematics, the **universe of discourse** or **domain of discourse** is a set of all elements to which a function applies. A variable can take any of the values in its universe of discourse.

The term is also used informally.
- "In every discourse, whether of the mind conversing with its own thoughts, or of the individual in his intercourse with others, there is an assumed or expressed limit within which the subjects of its operation are confined. The most unfettered discourse is that in which the words we use are understood in the widest possible application, and for them the limits of discourse are co-extensive with those of the universe itself. But more usually we confine ourselves to a less spacious field. Sometimes, in discoursing of men we imply (without expressing the limitation) that it is of men only under certain circumstances and conditions that we speak, as of civilized men, or of men in the vigour of life, or of men under some other condition or relation. Now, whatever may be the extent of the field within which all the objects of our discourse are found, that field may properly be termed the universe of discourse. Furthermore, this universe of discourse is in the strictest sense the ultimate subject of the discourse".
The Banger Sisters

***The Banger Sisters*** is a 2002 American comedy drama movie. The film is about two middle-aged women who were best friends and groupies when they were younger. Goldie Hawn plays Suzette. Susan Sarandon plays Vinnie.

This movie was released in September of 2002. It made quite a bit of money at the box office.
Maid in Manhattan

***Maid in Manhattan*** is a 2002 romantic comedy-drama movie. It is about a hotel maid and a politician who fall in love with each other. Jennifer Lopez plays Marisa. Ralph Fiennes plays Christopher. Natasha Richardson plays Caroline.

This movie got negative reviews from critics. It made lots of money anyway. This movie was released in December 2002.
Jean-Yves Leroux

**Jean-Yves Leroux** (born June 24, 1976) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played a career total of 220 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career with the Chicago Blackhawks.

## Career

Before playing in the NHL, Leroux played 4 seasons with the Beauport Harfangs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL).

He was drafted with the 40th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. Before he played with the Blackhawks, he played a seasons with the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League (IHL). During his time with the Blackhawks, he recorded an overall total of 16 goals, 22 assists, 38 points, 146 penalty minutes. On October 01, 2001, the Blackhawks sent Leroux down to their AHL-affiliate Norfolk Admirals. Leroux left the NHL after the 2000–01 NHL season.

He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2010.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left winger
- **birth place**: Montreal, Quebec, QC
- **shot**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 211
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **draft**: 40th overall
- **draft year**: 1994
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **career start**: 1996
- **career end**: 2010
Maspalomas Dunes

The **Maspalomas Dunes** are sand dunes located on the south coast of the island of Gran Canaria, Province of Las Palmas in the Canary Islands. A 404 hectare area of the municipality of San Bartolomé de Tirajana, they have been protected as a nature reserve. They are one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
Timanfaya National Park

**Timanfaya National Park** () is a Spanish national park in the southwestern part of the island of Lanzarote, Canary Islands. It covers parts of the municipalities Tinajo and Yaiza. The area is . The parkland is entirely made up of volcanic soil.

Timanfaya National Park is one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## Volcanic activity

The greatest recorded eruptions occurred between 1730 and 1736.

## Other websites

- Parque Nacional de Timanfaya

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Timanfaya National Park
- **alt name**: Parque Nacional de Timanfaya
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: 2008-12-19 Lanzarote Timanfaya.jpg
- **location**: Lanzarote, Spain
- **established**: 1974
León Cathedral

**Santa María de León Cathedral**, also called _The House of Light_ or the _Pulchra Leonina_ is in the city of León in north-western Spain. It is the third Roman Catholic cathedral to be built on the site of what was originally a Roman bath. The first cathedral was built by King Ordoño II of León. It was probably built in the Mozarabic style but was damaged in the 990s. The second cathedral was consecrated in 1073. It was built in the Romanesque style of architecture. The present Gothic style cathedral was started in 1255. It was completed about 50 years later. The cathedral has some of the finest examples of stained glass windows in all of Europe.

## Other websites

- InFocus: León Cathedral (León, Spain) at HitchHikers Handbook
- Official Site of León Cathedral
- Webcam of León Cathedral

## Infobox (church)

- **name**: León Cathedral
- **image**: Fachada de la Catedral de León.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250
- **country**: Spain
- **denomination**: Roman Catholic
- **website**: [http://www.catedraldeleon.org/ www.catedraldeleon.org/]
Las Médulas

**Las Médulas** (As Médulas or As Meduas in Galician language) is a historical site  near the town of Ponferrada, Spain. It used to be the most important gold mine in the Roman Empire. In order to remove the gold, the Romans washed away an entire mountain. From the 2nd to the 4th century AD the Romans used slaves to mine about 900 tons of gold. It left a series of rock pinnacles, gullies, caves and tunnels. Las Médulas is listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites.

## Further reading

- Lewis, P. R. and G. D. B. Jones, _Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain_, Journal of Roman Studies 60 (1970): 169-85
- Jones, R. F. J. and Bird, D. G., _Roman gold-mining in north-west Spain, II: Workings on the Rio Duerna_, Journal of Roman Studies 62 (1972): 59-74.
- Domergue, C. and Hérail, G., _Conditions de gisement et exploitation antique à Las Médulas (León, Espagne)_ in L'or dans l'antiquité: de la mine à l'objet, B. Cauuet, ed., Aquitania Supplement, 9 (Bordeaux 1999): 93-116.
- _Journeys Through European Landscapes/Voyages dans les Paysages Européens_. COST-ESF, Ponferrada: 101-104.

## Other websites

- Webpage of Fundación Las Médulas, with itineraries, virtual visit and practical information
- UNESCO official website
- Photo gallery and explanation of the explotaition system
- "Las Médulas, the Roman El Dorado".   **and**  _Article by the Leonese writer Julio Llamazares._
- Spanish site dedicated to Roman technology, especially aqueducts and mines
- Social Structure and Territory-Landscape Archaeology research group

- Action COST A27: Understanding pre-industrial rural and mining landscapes (LANDMARKS) European research project, a platform for scientific dissemination of Las Médulas

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: Panorámica de Las Médulas.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: Panoramic view of Las Médulas
- **location**: Province of León, Castile and León, Spain
- **criteria**: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
- **id**: 803
- **year**: 1997
- **locmapin**: Spain Castile and León#Spain
Roman Walls of Lugo

The **Roman Walls of Lugo** (Spanish, Galician: _Muralla Romana de Lugo_) were constructed in the 3rd century AD. The walls were created as late Roman Empire fortifications. They are still largely intact today. They stretch over  around the historic centre of Lugo in Galicia (Spain). Located on a hilltop the walls have a wide ditch directly in front of them. The walls average about  in height and are up to  thick. At the front of the wall there are a series of semicircular towers up to  in diameter. The walls are constructed of schist from the local area. The walls have been declared a World Heritage site.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: Muralla romana de Lugo.JPG
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **location**: Lugo, Galicia (Spain), Galicia, Spain
- **criteria**: (iv)
- **id**: 987
- **year**: 2000
- **locmapin**: Spain Galicia#Spain
La Seu Vella, Lleida

The **La Seu Vella** (also called **Cathedral of St. Mary of La Seu Vella**; Catalan and Spanish: _Catedral de Santa Maria de la Seu Vella_, ) is the Roman catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Lleida. It is in Lleida, Catalonia, Spain, on top of Lleida hill.

## Sources

- Consorci Del Turó De La Seu Vella De Lleida - Official website
Reichssicherheitshauptamt

The **RSHA**, or ***Reichssicherheitshauptamt*** (Reich Main Security Office or Reich Security Main Office or Reich Security Head Office) was an organization headed by Heinrich Himmler. This was in his dual capacities as _Chef der Deutschen Polizei_ (Chief of German Police) and _Reichsführer-SS_. The organization's stated duty was to fight all "enemies of the Reich" inside and outside the borders of Nazi Germany.
Cathedral of Murcia

The **Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia** (), commonly called the **Cathedral of Murcia**, is a church in Murcia, Spain. It is the only cathedral in use in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Cartagena in Spain.

The Cathedral Church of Saint Mary in Murcia was one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.
Roman Theatre

The **Roman Theatre** is an ancient Roman theatre in Cartagena, Spain. The theatre was built between 5 BC and 1 BC.
Jaén Cathedral

The **Assumption of the Virgin Cathedral** is a Spanish Renaissance cathedral located in Santa María Square in Jaén, Spain. It is across from the Town Hall and the Episcopal Palace (Archbishop's palace). The Santa María Square is one of the historical sites in Jaén. The cathedral stands on the same ground that was once occupied by an early mosque.

Construction of the cathedral began in 1249. It was built on the ruins of an early Spanish mosque. It was damaged and rebuilt on numerous occasions during the following two centuries. In the sixteenth century Andrés de Vandelvira built the biggest part of the Cathedral. It was consecrated in 1724.

The more representative architectural element is its façade. It was designed by Eufrasio López de Rojas. It was sculpted by Pedro Roldán. It houses the Veil of Veronica. In 1545 the young Francisco Guerrero was the _maestro de capilla_.

Jaén Cathedral is one of 100 finalists for the 12 Treasures of Spain in 2007.

## Other websites

- JAÉN CATHEDRAL

## Infobox (religious building)

- **building name**: Jaén Cathedral
_Catedral de la Asunción de Jaén_
- **image**: Jaén Cathedral.png
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Jaén Cathedral
- **location**: Jaén, Spain, Jaén, Spain
- **religious affiliation**: Catholic Church
- **architecture type**: church (building), church
- **architecture style**: Renaissance architecture, Renaissance
- **general contractor**: (1249-1724)
Tim Salmon

**Timothy James Salmon** (born August 24, 1968), is a former Major League Baseball player. He played for the California Angels from 1992 to 2004 and again, with the renamed Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in 2006. He won the World Series with the Angels in 2002. He hit 299 home runs in his career.
Sergio Balanzino

**Sergio Silvio Balanzino** (20 June 1934 – 25 February 2018) was an Italian diplomat. Balanzino was born in Bologna, Italy.

He served as the Italian ambassador to Canada from May 1990 to January 1994. He then became the Deputy Secretary General of NATO before briefly becoming acting Secretary General twice. Firstly by replacing Manfred Wörner on August 13, 1994 after the latter resigned in the last stages of cancer. He was then replaced by Willy Claes on October 17, 1994 who resigned on alleged corruption charges on October 20, 1995.

Balanzino, who had gone back to being Deputy, again took over the reins until he was replaced on December 5, 1995 by Javier Solana. He died in Rome in February 2018.
Heat transfer

**Heat transfer** is the way the heat moves from one physical system (or body) to another. Heat transfer requires a difference in temperature. Heat moves from the hotter body (higher temperature) to the colder one (lower temperature). The bodies in question may be in a solid state, a liquid state or a gaseous state. There are three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection and radiation.
Martin Walser

**Martin Walser** (24 March 1927 – 26 July 2023) was a German writer. He became famous for talking about the troubles for anti-heroes he had in his novels and stories. In 1998 he was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in Frankfurt. Walser was born in Wasserburg am Bodensee, Germany.

At the age of 17, Walser became a member of the Nazi Party on 20 April 1944, though Walser denied that he entered the party.

Walser died on 26 July 2023 in Überlingen, Germany at the age of 96.

He was among the important German authors after the Second World War.

Most of his works are about the protagonists, and the inner conflicts they have to overcome. This is similar to the world of other German-language writers of the time, such as Heinrich Böll, Peter Handke or Siegfried Lenz.

## Other websites

- Audio clip from the novel "Ein liebender Mann" (2008), read out on Literaturport.de by Martin Walser himself (in German)
- Audio clip from the novel "Angstblüte" (2006) on Literaturport.de (in German)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Martin Walser
- **image**: Martin_walser_03.jpg
- **caption**: Walser at a book presentation in Aachen, Germany, in 2008
- **birth place**: Wasserburg am Bodensee, Germany
- **death place**: Überlingen, Germany
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **nationality**: Germany, German
- **period**: 1955–2023
- **notableworks**: Runaway Horse
Hans Magnus Enzensberger

**Hans Magnus Enzensberger** (11 November 1929 – 24 November 2022) was a German author, poet, translator and editor. He wrote under the pseudonym **Andreas Thalmayr**. He was born in Kaufbeuren, Bavaria. He moved to Nuremberg in 1931. Enzensberger has a sarcastic, ironic tone in many of his poems.

He died in Munich on 24 November 2022.

## Other websites

- In conversation with Charles Simic  December 11, 2002
- The radical loser: English translation of an article originally appearing in Der Spiegel on November 7, 2005.
- Enzensberger at PEN American Center  Participated in the 2006 PEN _World Voices Conference_ in NYC
- Poesieautomat  (Poetry-Machine) realized by Christian Bauer, 2006
- Griffin Poetry Prize Lifetime Recognition Award profile (including audio and video of tribute and acceptance speech)
- Interview: A life in writing Talking with Enzensberger at The Guardian; appeared online May 15, 2010
Ōfunato

is a city in southeastern Iwate, Japan.

The city of Ōfunato was originally part of the ancient Mutsu Province. It has been settled since the Jōmon period. The modern village of Ōfunato was made within Kesen District, Iwate on April 1, 1889. In 1896, the Meiji-Sanriku earthquake caused a 25-meter tsunami that killed 27,000 people in Sanriku. Ōfunato was promoted officially promoted to town status on April 1, 1932. In 1933, a 8.4 magnitude earthquake stuck the town and caused a 28-meter tsunami that killed 1522 people. On April 1, 1952, the town of Sakari, and villages of Akasaki, Takkon, Massaki, Ikawa and Hikoroichi all merged with Ōfunato to form the city. On November 15, 2001, the town of Sanriku (from Kesen District) also merged into Ōfunato.

## 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Ōfunato was very badly damaged by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The wave that hit the city was estimated to have reached 23.6 meters in height.

It was listed that 3,498 out of 15,138 houses in the town were destroyed by the tsunami and 305 people were confirmed dead. At least six of Ōfunato's 58 designated evacuation sites were flooded by the tsunami.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (city japan)

- **name**: Ōfunato
- **japanesename**: 大船渡市
- **imageskyline**: OfunatoCityHall cropped.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **imagecaption**: The Ōfunato City Hall on 9 June 2010
- **mapimage**: Ofunato in Iwate Prefecture ja.svg
- **region**: Tōhoku region, Tōhoku
- **prefecture**: Iwate Prefecture, Iwate
- **area km2**: 323.30
- **popdate**: February 2014
- **population**: 38,616
- **density km2**: 119
- **tree**: Pine
- **flower**: Camellia
- **bird**: Black-tailed Gull
- **image flag**: Flag of Ofunato, Iwate.svg
- **symbolimage**: Emblem of Ofunato, Iwate.svg
- **symboldescription**: Emblem
- **cityhalladdress**: 15, Sakarichō Aza Utsunosawa, Ōfunato-shi, Iwate-ken 022-8501
- **cityhalllink**: [http://www.city.ofunato.iwate.jp/ City of Ōfunato]
El Escorial, Madrid

**El Escorial** is a municipality in the administrative district of Madrid. It is located  northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid. Its population in 2013 was 15,197.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: El Escorial
- **image skyline**: Iglesia de San Bernabé.jpg
- **image caption**: Church of San Bernabé.
- **image flag**: Bandera El Escorial.svg
- **image shield**: Emblem of El Escorial.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Spain
- **leader title**: Alcalde, Mayor
- **leader name**: Antonio Vicente Rubio
- **leader party**: People's Party (Spain), PP
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision name1**: Community of Madrid
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Province of Madrid, Madrid
- **subdivision type3**: Comarcas of Spain, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: Vegas de Coria
- **established title**: Founded
- **area land km2**: 607
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population total**: 14979
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 909
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 10840
Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija

**Heritage of Mercury. Almadén and Idrija** is a joint UNESCO World Heritage site in Almadén, Spain, and Idrija, Slovenia. The property includes two mercury mining sites. In Almadén mercury has been extracted since antiquity, while in Idrija it was first found in 1490 AD. The Almadén site includes buildings relating to its mining history. These include Retamar Castle, religious buildings and traditional houses. The site in Idrija notably features mercury storage and infrastructure. It also includes miners’ living quarters, and a miners’ theatre. The sites shows how trade in mercury generated important exchanges between Europe and America over the centuries. The two sites represent the two largest mercury mines in the world and were working mines until recent times.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: AntonijevRov-Idrija.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: Antonijev rov, mine entrance in Idrija
- **criteria**: (ii), (iv)
- **id**: 1313rev
- **year**: 2012
Bardenas Reales

The **Bardenas Reales** is a semi-desert natural region, or badlands. It is about  and is located in southeast Navarre (Spain). The soils are made up of clay, chalk and sandstone. They have been eroded by water and wind. This has created a number of shapes, canyons, plateaus, tabular structures and isolated hills, called seamounts. Bardenas lacks urban areas and vegetation is scarce.

## Location

The Bardenas is in the southeast of Navarra, bordering Aragon. It is located in the middle of the depression of the Ebro valley at the foot of the mountains of the Yugo and the Zaragoza region of Cinco Villas. It is  from north to south and  east-west and at an altitude ranging between . Its area is . Limited to sixteen municipalities, of which thirteen are in Navarre and three in the province of Zaragoza.

## Other websites

- The landscape of Bardenas Reales
- Las Bardenas Reales
- Las Bardenas Reales
Ryan VandenBussche

**Ryan VandenBussche** (born February 28, 1973) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 9 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the New York Rangers, Chicago Blackhawks, and Pittsburgh Penguins. He was known for his pugilistic skills.

## Career

Before playing in the NHL, VandenBussche played 2 seasons with the Cornwall Royals of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL).

He was drafted with the 173rd overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. He spent most of his first seasons between the OHL and the American Hockey League (AHL) with the St. John's Maple Leafs, Springfield Indians, and Binghamton Rangers.

On August 22, 1995, he signed a contract with the New York Rangers after he became an unrestricted free agent. After he spent two seasons in the AHL with the Rangers AHL-affiliate team, the Binghamton Rangers, VandenBussche made his NHL debut on December 13, 1996 in a 3-0 win against the Buffalo Sabres.

After 27 games with the Rangers over 2 seasons, the Rangers traded VandenBussche to the Chicago Blackhawks for Ryan Risidore on March 24, 1998. With the Blackhawks, VandenBussche played 263 games over 7 years with them.

On July 12, 2004, he signed a contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins as an unrestricted free agent.

He only played 20 games with the Penguins before he was signed for a try-out by Jokerit of the SM-liiga on September 25, 2006.

He signed with the New Mexico Scorpions of the Central Hockey League (CHL) as a player/coach on November 5, 2006. On January 17, 2007, he announced that he was retiring from playing professional hockey because of medical reasons.

During his career, VandenBussche was mainly known as an enforcer. He is known for ending the career of Nick Kypreos during a fight in a pre-season game in September 1997.

After retiring, he decided to sell real estate with his wife Lisa, and under the direction of his father Ron, in Norfolk County.

On July 3, 2006, VandenBussche was charged with three counts of assaulting police and one count of uttering a death threat after a fight at a bar in Turkey Point. He was later cleared of the charges.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **birth place**: Simcoe, Ontario, Simcoe, Ontario, ON
- **shot**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 205
- **played for**: New York Rangers
Chicago Blackhawks
Pittsburgh Penguins
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **draft**: 173rd overall
- **draft year**: 1992
- **draft team**: Toronto Maple Leafs
- **career start**: 1993
- **career end**: 2006
Inverse-square law

In physics, an **inverse-square law** is a physical law that states that the farther away an object is from an effect, or a physical quantity causing an effect, the less change can be observed in the object.

The following are examples of when this law applies:
- Gravitation
- Electrostatics
- Light and other electromagnetic radiation
- Acoustics
Sant Feliu de Llobregat Cathedral

**Sant Feliu de Llobregat Cathedral** or the **Cathedral of Saint Lawrence** (, ) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain. It is the seat of the Diocese of Sant Feliu de Llobregat.