juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Observable universe

In Big Bang cosmology, the **observable universe** is what, in theory, can be seen from Earth. That is light, or other signals, which has had time to reach the Earth since the beginning of the cosmological expansion. The observable universe is a spherical volume (a ball) centered on the observer, regardless of the shape of the universe as a whole. Every place in the universe has its own observable universe, which may or may not overlap with the one centered on Earth.

The word _observable_ does not depend on whether modern technology actually allows detection of radiation from an object in this region. It simply means that it is possible _in principle_ for light or other signals from the object to reach an observer on Earth. In practice, there is much that we cannot see. We can see light only from as far back as when particles were first able to emit photons that were not quickly re-absorbed by other particles. Before then, the universe was filled with a plasma that was opaque to photons.

Sometimes astrophysicists distinguish between the _visible_ universe, which includes only signals emitted since recombination—and the _observable_ universe, which includes signals since the beginning of the cosmological expansion (that is, the end of the inflationary epoch in modern cosmology). The radius of the visible universe, is about 14.0 billion parsecs (about 45.7 billion light years), while the comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.3 billion parsecs (about 46.6 billion light years), about 2% larger.

The best estimate of the age of the universe as of 2013 is 13.798 ± 0.037 billion years. Due to the expansion of the universe humans are observing objects that were originally much closer but are now considerably farther away (as defined in terms of cosmological proper distance, which is equal to the comoving distance at the present time) than a static 13.8 billion light-years distance. The diameter of the observable universe is estimated at about 28 billion parsecs (93 billion light-years), putting the edge of the observable universe at about 46–47 billion light-years away.
Brezhnev Doctrine

The **Brezhnev Doctrine** was a policy promoted in 1968 by Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev.  It said that the Soviet Union had the right to use military force to maintain the strict rule of the Communist Party in nearby socialist countries.  The Brezhnev Doctrine was used to justify the invasion of Czechoslovakia, earlier in 1968 after Alexander Dubček introduced political reforms there.  The principles of the doctrine were so broad that the Soviets used it to justify intervention in the non-Warsaw Pact nation of Afghanistan in 1979, starting the Soviet war in Afghanistan.  The Brezhnev Doctrine stayed in effect until it was ended with the Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981.
Comédie-Française

The **Comédie-Française** or **Théâtre-Français** is one of the few state theatres in France. It is the only state theatre to have its own company of actors. The company's primary venue is the Salle Richelieu. The theatre is part of the Palais-Royal complex at 2 rue de Richelieu on the Place André-Malraux in the 1st arrondissement of Paris.

The theatre has also been known as the _Théâtre de la République_ and _La maison de Molière_ (English: House of Molière). It inherited the latter name from the troupe of the best-known playwright associated with the Comédie-Française, Molière. He was considered the patron of French actors. He died seven years before “La maison de Molière” was rechristened the “Comédie-Française,” and the company continued to be known popularly by the former name long after the official change of name.

The Comédie-Française today has a repertoire of 3,000 works and three theatre locations in Paris (salle Richelieu;  théâtre du Vieux-Colombier; Studio-Théâtre)
Jim Thornton

**Jim Thornton** (born March 8, 1965) is an American radio and television personality. He is currently an afternoon anchor on all-news radio station KNX 1070 in Los Angeles, California.  He is also the announcer on television game show _Wheel of Fortune_. He was born in Huntington, West Virginia, United States.

Thornton became announcer of _Wheel of Fortune_ in September 2011. He auditioned for the role in December 2010 after previous announcer Charlie O'Donnell's death. He was confirmed as the show's new announcer on June 13, 2011. He was also a guest announcer on _The Price is Right_ after previous announcer Rod Roddy's death in 2003.
Hōmyō dōji

**Hōmyō dōji** () is a story from Japanese folklore. It is about a man who has a son. The son has to be a human sacrifice to a snake. He does not get sacrificed. Another boy named Hōmyō offers to sacrifice himself instead. Hōmyō's father is dead. Hōmyō is a Buddhist. A Bodhisattva saves him from dying. Hōmyō meets the king. The king does not like Buddhism, the religion that Hōmyō believes in. Hōmyō tells the king his story. The king becomes a Buddhist and quits his job as king.

## Other websites

- Digitised scans of the _Hōmyō dōji e-hon_, Library of Congress, North American Coordinating Council on Japanese Library Resources: Vol. 1, Vol. 2, Vol. 3.
Codex Huamantla

**Codex Huamantla**, which is also called the **Codex of Huamantla** and **Códice de Huamantla** is a book about the Otomi people. It was made by two people. People think it was finished in the year 1592. The first story is about the Otomi people migrating from a place called Chiapas to another place called Huamantla, Tlaxcala, which are both in the country of Mexico today. The other story is about how the Otomi people were involved in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire.
Toshio Irie

**Toshio Irie** (, Irie Toshiō, January 10, 1901 – July 18, 1972) was a Japanese politician and bureaucrat. He was born in Tokyo. He went to college at Tokyo University. After he graduated from college he joined Japan's Ministry of Home Affairs. He then worked for the Cabinet Legislation Bureau as Counselor in the year 1927. He worked under Shigeru Yoshida. In 1946, Toshio earned a new job and became Director-General of the Bureau. As Director-General he worked on writing the Constitution of Japan after World War II. Toshio was added to the House of Peers. Two years later he had a new job as Commissioner General for the House of Representatives. From the year 1952 until 1970 he was a Justice for the Supreme Court of Japan. He worked as a Justice longer than any other Justice in Japanese Supreme Court history.

He retired from working in politics in 1971. He then became a teacher at Komazawa University. He died in 1972.
Aphrodite (album)

***Aphrodite*** is the eleventh studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. It was released worldwide in July 2010 by Parlophone Records. The album contains four singles, "All the Lovers", "Get Outta My Way", "Better Than Today" and "Put Your Hands Up (If You Feel Love)". The four singles have all reached number one on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs chart.

## Other websites

- Official website of Kylie Minogue

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Aphrodite
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Kylie Minogue
- **border**: yes
- **recorded**: 2009–10
- **genre**: Dance-pop, electropop, synth-pop, Europop, Disco, disco-pop, House music, house
- **label**: Parlophone Records, Parlophone
- **producer**: Andy Chatterley, Cutfather, Daniel Davidsen, Jim Eliot, Børge Fjordheim, Pascal Gabriel, Calvin Harris, Sebastian Ingrosso, Magnus Lidehäll, Nerina Pallot, Stuart Price, Lucas Secon, Damon Sharpe, Fraser T Smith, Starsmith, Peter Wallevik, Xenomania
- **prev title**: X (Kylie Minogue album), X
- **prev year**: 2007
- **next title**: Kiss Me Once
- **next year**: 2014
Seokbosangjeol

**Seokbosangjeol** (釋譜詳節) is the biography of Gautama Buddha written in Korean. It was made by Sejo of Joseon when he was still a prince.

Sejo of Joseon used Chinese books as source text for the book. It features books like Lotus Sutra, Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva Pūrvapraṇidhāna Sūtra, and Amitabha Sutra. It was the first time that someone had translated Buddhist sutras into Korean language from Chinese language. The book was made after Sejo of Joseon's mother died. People from around Korea were able to buy the book. It was published in 1447. It came in 24 volumes. Many of the volumes have been lost. The National Library of Korea owns a copy.

The book is one of the first times that the _hangul_ alphabet was ever printed in a book.
Marc Chagall

**Marc Chagall** (6 July  1887  28 March 1985) was a Jewish Belarusian-French artist. He is famous for his fauvist, cubist and expressionist paintings.

## Other websites

- 2013 show at Tate Liverpool
- Marc Chagall's official website
Vincenzo Sangermano

**Vincenzo Sangermano** (1758-1819) was a Roman Catholic priest from Italy. He was a Barnabite. He was a missionary in Burma from 1783-1806.

## Further reading

- Sangermano, Vincenzo and Nicholas Patrick Wiseman. _The Burmese Empire a Hundred Years Ago_. Westminister: A. Constable and Company (1893).
- Sangermano, Vincenzo. _A Description of the Burmese Empire_. London: Oriental Translation Fund of Geat Britain and Ireland (1833).
Goofy

**Goofy** is a Disney character. He is a friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck. He is a tall, anthropomorphic dog. He typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora.

He has been voiced by Bill Farmer since 1987.

## Filmography

**Selected short films**
- _Polar Trappers_ (1938) (With Donald Duck)
- _The Fox Hunt_ (1938) (With Donald Duck)
- _Goofy and Wilbur_ (1939)
- _Billposters_ (1940) (With Donald Duck)
- _Goofy's Glider_ (1940)
- _Baggage Buster_ (1941)
- _How to Ride a Horse_ (1941)
- _The Art of Skiing_ (1941)
- _The Art of Self Defense_ (1941)
- _How to Play Baseball_ (1942)
- _The Olympic Champ_ (1942)
- _How to Swim_ (1942)
- _How to Fish_ (1942)
- _Victory Vehicles_ (1943)
- _How to Be a Sailor_ (1944)
- _How to Play Golf_ (1944)
- _How to Play Football_ (1944)
- _Tiger Trouble_ (1945)
- _African Diary_ (1945)
- _Californy 'er Bust_ (1945)
- _No Sail_ (1945) (With Donald Duck)
- _Hockey Homicide_ (1945)
- _A Knight for a Day_ (1946)
- _Frank Duck Brings 'Em Back Alive_ (1946) (With Donald Duck)
- _Double Dribble_ (1946)
- _Crazy with the Heat_ (1947) (With Donald Duck)
- _Foul Hunting_ (1947)
- _They're Off_ (1948)
- _The Big Wash_ (1948)
- _Tennis Racquet_ (1949)
- _Goofy Gymnastics_ (1949)
- _Motor Mania_ (1950)
- _Hold That Pose_ (1950)
- _Lion Down_ (1951)
- _Home Made Home_ (1951)
- _Cold War_ (1951)
- _Tomorrow We Diet!_ (1951)
- _Get Rich Quick_ (1951)
- _Fathers Are People_ (1951)
- _No Smoking_ (1951)
- _Father's Lion_ (1952)
- _Hello Aloha_ (1952)
- _Teachers Are People_ (1952)
- _Two-Gun Goofy_ (1952)
- _Man's Best Friend_ (1952)
- _Two Weeks Vacation_ (1952)
- _How to Be a Detective_ (1952)
- _Father's Day Off_ (1953)
- _For Whom the Bulls Toil_ (1953)
- _Father's Week-end_ (1953)
- _How to Dance_ (1953)
- _How to Sleep_ (1953)
- _Aquamania_ (1961)
- _Freewayphobia_ (1965)
- _Goofy's Freeway Troubles_ (1965)
- _How to Hook Up Your Home Theater_ (2007)

**Movies**
- _A Goofy Movie_ (1995)
- _An Extremely Goofy Movie_ (2000)

## TV Series

- Goof Troop (1992)

## References

arz:Goofy

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Goofy
- **colour**: Green
- **image**:
- **first**: _Mickey's Revue_ (1932)
- **creator**: Walt Disney, Frank Webb
- **voice**: Pinto Colvig (1932–1965)
George Johnson (1939–1943)
Bob Jackman (1951)
Jimmy MacDonald (1960)
Jack Bailey
Hal Smith (actor), Hal Smith (1983)
Will Ryan (1986–1987)
Tony Pope (1987–1988)
Bill Farmer (1987–)
- **lbl1**: Developed by
- **data1**: Art Babbit, Jack Kinney
- **nickname**: Dippy Dawg
George G. Geef
Goofus D. Dawg
Goofy G. Goof
- **alias**: Super Goof
- **species**: Anthropomorphism, Anthropomorphic dog
- **spouse**: Mrs. Geef / Mrs. Goof (1950s)
- **gender**: Male
- **significantother**: Clarabelle Cow
Zenobia (1980s comics)
Glory-Bee (1960s comics)
Sylvia Marpole (An Extremely Goofy Movie)
- **children**: Max Goof (son)
- **relatives**: Goofy, Sr. (father)
Gramma Goof (mother)
Gilbert Goof (nephew)
Debbie (niece)
Huey, Dewey and Louie

**Huey, Dewey, and Louie Duck** are
Disney characters. They are Donald Duck's nephews and triplets.

The trio first appeared in a newspaper comic strip on October 17, 1937. Their first animated appearance was in the short film _Donald's Nephews_, released April 15, 1938.

They starred in the 1987 television series DuckTales.  In the DuckTales stories they appeared in adventures with their great-uncle, Scrooge McDuck.  In the 1990s series _Quack Pack_ the boys were shown as teenagers.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Huey, Dewey, and Louie
- **image**: File:U-Bahnhof Oriente - Tick Trick und Track mit Robben.jpg
Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage

**Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture & Heritage** (**ADACH**) is a government agency of the United Arab Emirates, that takes care of the cultural heritage of the country. It was founded in 1981. It is based in Abu Dhabi. It has a collection of photographs by Edward "Tug" Wilson.
Hjúki and Bil

In Norse mythology, **Hjúki** and **Bil** are a brother and sister who follow Máni (the moon personified) across the sky. They are described in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. Theories claim that the two gods' roles in mythology are the moon's phases. It is said that the two children were carrying a pail of water from a sacred well and that Máni swooped down and took the pail. The two children chase after Máni to attempt to take back their pail.
Sigyn

**Sigyn** is a goddess in Norse mythology. She is the wife of Loki. Sigyn is described in the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda. She is said to be a very loyal wife. She is the goddess of fidelity and bonds who stays with Loki even during his final punishment. Her name means victorious and she is often depicted holding a bowl over Loki to catch the venom of a serpent to prevent it from burning him.
William Hedges (Australian politician)

**William Noah Hedges** (16 July 1856 – 21 November 1935) was an Australian politician. Born in Hertfordshire in England, he moved to Australia in 1878. He ran a stone quarry in Queensland, and then moved to South Australia where he was contracted to repair bridges and buildings at Mount Barker. He worked in Adelaide for several years building wharves and railways.

He moved to Western Australia in 1893, where he bought and managed a timber and firewood company. He owned farms in Western Australia and South Australia. In 1906, he was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the member for Fremantle. He was the only representative of the Western Australian Party. Although John Forrest was the leader of the party, Forrest took no part in the Western Australian Party. Hedges joined the newly formed Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909. He held the seat until he was defeated in 1913. He was also unsuccessful in elections in 1918, 1919 and 1922.

He wrote several small books, "A practical scheme for land settlement in Western Australia" (1922), "Proposals for agricultural railways in Western Australia" (1924), and "Wheat growing in Western Australia" (1930).

In 1929, he became President of the Western Australian Employers Federation. He remained in this position until his death in 1935.

## Infobox (mp)

- **name**: William Hedges
- **image**: William Hedges.jpg
- **constituency**: Division of Fremantle, Fremantle (Western Australia)
- **parliament**: Australian
- **predecessor**: William Carpenter (Australian politician), William Carpenter
- **successor**: Reginald Burchell
- **term start**: 12 December 1906
- **term end**: 31 May 1913
- **birth place**: Hertfordshire, England
- **death place**: Perth, Western Australia
- **nationality**: English Australian
- **party**: Western Australian Party, WAP (1906–09)
 Commonwealth Liberal Party, Liberal (1909–13)
- **occupation**: Contractor, company director
My So-Called Life

***My So-Called Life*** is an American teen drama television series. It takes place at the fictional Liberty High School, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The main character is Angela Chase. She is played by Claire Danes. The last show was a cliffhanger. The people who made the program thought it would be on television for another season. It was canceled on May 15, 1995.

Many people enjoyed the program because the characters seemed like real teens. In 2007, it was listed as one of _Time_ magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All-_TIME_". _TV Guide_ ranked the series number 16 on its 25 Top Cult Shows Ever list.

## Soundtrack

Atlantic Records released a soundtrack of the show, which originally released on August 25, 1994, then re-released on January 24, 1995.

1. "Make It Home" by Juliana Hatfield – 4:44
1. "Soda Jerk" by  Buffalo Tom – 4:26
1. "Genetic" by  Sonic Youth – 3:46
1. "Petty Core" by Further – 3:46
1. "Drop a Bomb" by Madder Rose – 2:11
1. "Fountain and Fairfax" by Afghan Whigs – 4:21
1. "South Carolina" by Archers of Loaf – 3:30
1. "Dawn Can't Decide" by The Lemonheads – 2:19
1. "The Book Song" by Frente! – 2:40
1. "Come See Me Tonight" by Daniel Johnston – 1:59
1. "_My So-Called Life_ Theme"; words and music by W.G. Snuffy Walden – 1:12

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Teen drama
- **creator**: Winnie Holzman
- **starring**: Bess Armstrong
Wilson Cruz
Claire Danes
Devon Gummersall
A. J. Langer
Jared Leto
Devon Odessa
Lisa Wilhoit
Tom Irwin (actor), Tom Irwin
- **theme music composer**: W. G. Snuffy Walden
- **opentheme**: "_My So-Called Life_ Theme" by W. G. Snuffy Walden
- **country**: United States
- **num seasons**: 1
- **num episodes**: 19
- **list episodes**: #Episodes
- **producer**: Alan Poul
Monica Wyatt (co-producer)
- **executive producer**: Marshall Herskovitz
Edward Zwick
Winnie Holzman (co-executive producer)
Scott Winant (co-executive producer)
- **runtime**: 47-48 minutes
- **company**: Bedford Falls Productions, The Bedford Falls Company
List of production companies owned by the American Broadcasting Company#ABC Productions, ABC Productions
- **network**: American Broadcasting Company, ABC
- **related**: _Mein Leben & Ich_


## Infobox (album)

- **name**: My So-Called Life (Music from the Television Series)
- **type**: soundtrack
- **artist**: Various artists
- **released**: August 25, 1994
January 24, 1995 (re-release)
- **length**: 34:54
- **label**: Atlantic Records
Lee Strasberg

**Lee Strasberg** (born **Israel Lee Strassberg**; November 17, 1901 – February 17, 1982) was a Polish-born American actor, director and acting teacher. Strasberg was known for teaching Anne Bancroft, Dustin Hoffman, Montgomery Clift, James Dean, Marilyn Monroe, Julie Harris, Paul Newman, Al Pacino, Robert De Niro and director Elia Kazan.

Strasberg was born on November 17, 1901 in Budzanów, Austrian Poland (now in Ukraine). He was married to Nora Krecaun from 1926 until her death in 1929. Then he was married to Paula Miller from 1934 until her death in 1966. He was married to Anna Mizrahi from 1967 until his death in 1982. They had four children. Strasberg died on February 17, 1982 in New York City from a heart attack, aged 80.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Strasberg video lectures
- The Lee Strasberg Theatre & Film Institute
- John Strasberg Studios
- Photo & Gravesite
- Audio Interview with Lee Strasberg on WGBH
Bill Pertwee

**William Desmond Anthony Pertwee**, MBE (21 July 1926 – 27 May 2013) was an English comedy actor best known for playing the part of antagonist ARP Warden Hodges in the popular sitcom _Dad's Army_.

Pertwee was born on 21 July 1926 in Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England. He was the second cousin once removed of Michael Pertwee and Jon Pertwee, being the second cousin of their father, screenwriter and actor Roland Pertwee.

Pertwee was married to Jean Pertwee from 1960 until they divorced a few months later. Then he was married to Marion Pertwee from 1965 until her death in 2005. He had a son, James Pertwee. Pertwee died on 27 May 2013 in Truro, Cornwall, England from natural causes, aged 86.

## Other websites

- Bill Pertwee recalls his appearance on This Is Your Life

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific suffix**: Order of the British Empire, MBE
- **name**: Bill Pertwee
- **image size**: 170px
- **birth place**: Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England
- **death place**: Truro, Cornwall, England
- **spouse**: Marion Rose (m. 1960–2005; her death)
- **children**: Jonathan (b. 1966)
- **years active**: 1959–1997
Zee Cine Awards

The **Zee Cine Award** is an awards ceremony for the Hindi movie industry.  They are called **"ZCA"** for short.  The awards started in 1998.  Some awards were selected by public votes.  Other awards were selected by an industry jury.

The ceremony was in Mumbai until 2004. After 2004 the place changed several times.  Places include Dubai, London, Mauritius, Malaysia, and Singapore.

## Infobox (award)

- **name**: Zee Cine Award
- **description**: Excellence in movies by members of the Bollywood, Bollywood movie industry
- **country**: India
- **year**: 1998
- **website**: [http://www.zeecineawards.com/ Zee Cine Awards]
Arthur Lowe

**Arthur Lowe** (22 September 1915 – 15 April 1982) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Captain George Mainwaring in the popular British sitcom _Dad's Army_ from 1968 until 1977.

Lowe was born on 22 September 1915 in Hayfield, Derbyshire, England. He studied at Chapel Street Junior School. Lowe was married to Joan Cooper from 1948 until his death in 1982. They had a son, Stephen Lowe. Lowe died on 15 April 1982 from a stroke in Birmingham, England, aged 66.

## Other websites

- Performances in the Theatre Archive University of Bristol
Peri Gilpin

**Peri Kay Oldham** (also known as **Peri Gilpin**; born May 27, 1961) is an American actress. She acts mostly television. She played Roz Doyle in the sitcom _Frasier_ beginning in 1993 - ending in 2004. Gilpin was born in Waco, Texas.
NRK1

**NRK1** is a television channel in Norway. It is the main channel of the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK). Test broadcasts started on 12 January 1954 and regular test broadcasts started on 13 April 1958. Regular broadcasts started on 20 August 1960. It is Norway's oldest and largest television channel.  It was previously known as simply as "NRK". The channel now known as "NRK1", to distinguish itself from sister channel "NRK2", which started broadcasting in 1996.

## Infobox (tv channel)

- **name**: NRK1
- **logo size**: 200px
- **logo**: NRK1-Logo.svg
- **launch date**: 1954 <small>(experimental)</small>;
1958 <small>(first programme)</small>;
20 August 1960 <small>(official)</small>
- **picture format**: 16:9 / HD 720p
- **owner**: NRK
- **former names**: NRK <small>(until 1996)</small>
- **web**: [http://www.nrk.no Official website]
- **sister channels**: NRK2, NRK3, NRK Super
- **terr serv 2**: RiksTV
- **sat serv 1**: Canal Digital
- **sat chan 1**: Channel 01 (200-209 local news)
- **area**: Nationwide in Norway
~~Norwegian districts of Spain~~
NML Cygni

**NML Cygni** or **V1489 Cygni** is a red hypergiant star. It is one of the brightest supergiant stars. It was discovered in 1965, by Gerry Neugebauer, D.M. Martz and Robert Leighton. The name 'NML' comes from the names of the three discoverers.

NML Cygni's distance from Earth is about 5,250 light-years. This star has dust surrounding it. It has a bean-shaped asymmetric nebula with water vapour. It is a semiregular variable star. This means its brightness changes over 940 days. Considering its distance and an upper limit on the star's angular size, its physical radius must be less than 1,350 times that of the Sun.

This star is a part of the Cygnus OB2 association, which is 1.74 ± 0.2 kpc away. This is one of the nearest massive star groups to the Sun. This group includes some of the most massive and brightest stars known, including the suspected luminous blue variable Cyg OB2 #12. NML Cygni has lots of oxygen. Molecules like H<sub>2</sub>O, Silicon monoxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monosulfide, sulfur monoxide, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are also in the star.

NML Cygni has two dense outer layers of dust and molecules. The star is also losing mass by slowly throwing gas into space.  The dust envelopes are formed by this process.
Off-by-one error

An **Off-by-one error** is a logic error that often occurs in Computer programming and that often involves the checking of boundary conditions.

A fencepost error (occasionally called a **telegraph pole** or **lamp-post error**) is a specific type of off-by-one error. The following problem illustrates the error:

The intuitive answer 10 is wrong. The fence has 10 sections, but 11 posts.

The reverse error occurs when the number of posts is known and the number of sections is assumed to be the same. The actual number of sections is one less than the number of posts.

More generally, the problem can be stated as follows:

The correct answer may be _n_ − 1, _n_, or _n_ + 1, depending on the conditions. The precise problem definition must be carefully considered, as the setup for one situation may give the wrong answer for other situations.  Fencepost errors come from counting things rather than the spaces between them, or vice versa, or by neglecting to consider whether one should count one or both ends of a row.

Off by one errors often occur with loops. If there are a number of fields, eg. in an array, and there is a loop over the array, an off-by-one error means that either there is one iteration too few to cover all elements, or one too many. In the first case, one element of the array is left out, in the second the index of the array will be outside its dimensions. The second error usually leads to an runtime error, because the program checks the size of the data structure, and sees that there are too few elements for the iteration. The first error is more problematic, because it usually is not detected. All that may point to the error is that one element is not initialized or does not have the expected value.
Logic error

In Computer programming a **logic error** is a bug in a program, which causes it to work incorrectly. A logic error produces unintended behaviour or output. In many cases, the syntax of the program is correct. This means that the environment used to make the program will not show an error. This makes logic errors difficult to find.

## Examples

This example function in C to calculate the average of two numbers contains a logic error. It is missing brackets in the calculation, so it compiles and runs but does not give the right answer.
Brandon, South Dakota

**Brandon** is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is in Minnehaha County, which is in the eastern part of the state. The city is about five miles east of Sioux Falls, and 11,048 people lived there at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

Brandon city website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Brandon, South Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "Building a Better Life"
- **image flag**: Flag of Brandon, South Dakota.svg
- **image map**: Minnehaha_County_South_Dakota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Brandon_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Minnehaha County, South Dakota, Minnehaha County and the state of South Dakota
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Minnehaha County, South Dakota, Minnehaha
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title3**: Incorporated
- **established date3**: 1973
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 14.93
- **area land km2**: 14.82
- **area water km2**: 0.11
- **area total sq mi**: 5.77
- **area land sq mi**: 5.72
- **area water sq mi**: 0.04
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 11048
- **population density km2**: 745.48
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, Central
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation ft**: 1352
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 57005
- **area code**: Area code 605, 605
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 46-06840
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1254042
- **website**: [https://cityofbrandon.org/ City of Brandon]
- **population density sq mi**: 1930.79
Frankenstein (1931 movie)

***Frankenstein*** is a 1931 horror movie. It was directed by James Whale. It is based on the book _Frankenstein_ by Mary Shelley. The movie stars Colin Clive, Mae Clarke, John Boles, and Boris Karloff. The movie was a great success with both audiences and critics. It was followed by multiple sequels, including _The Bride of Frankenstein_ and _The Son of Frankenstein_.

## Other websites

- _Frankenstein (1931)_  at DBCult Film Institute
- _More Than the Sum of Its Parts_: The Making of _Frankenstein_  by Stephen Jacobs at Creativescreenwriting.com

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Frankenstein
- **image**: Frankenstein poster 1931.jpg
- **caption**: Boris Karloff as The Monster
- **director**: Jack Marsh
- **producer**: Carl Laemmle, Jr.
- **writer**: Francis Edward Faragoh
Garrett Fort
- **starring**: Colin Clive
Mae Clarke
John Boles (actor), John Boles
Boris Karloff
- **music**: Bernhard Kaun
- **cinematography**: Arthur Edeson
- **editing**: Clarence Kolster
Maurice Pivar
- **distributor**: Universal Studios, Universal Pictures
- **runtime**: 71 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $262,0007
- **gross**: $12,000,000
The Mummy (1932 movie)

***The Mummy*** is a 1932 horror movie. It was directed by Karl Freund. It stars Boris Karloff as The Mummy, Zita Johann, David Manners, and Edward Van Sloan. The movie is about an Egyptian mummy that returns to life to stalk a woman who is the reincarnation of his lost love.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Mummy
- **image**: The Mummy 1932 film poster.jpg
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Karl Freund
- **producer**: Carl Laemmle Jr.
- **writer**: John L. Balderston
- **starring**: Boris Karloff
Zita Johann
David Manners
Edward van Sloan
- **distributor**: Universal Studios
- **runtime**: 73 min.
- **language**: English
- **country**: United States
Woolwich

**Woolwich** is an area of the Royal Borough of Greenwich in south-east London.
Sodium monofluoroacetate

**Sodium fluoroacetate** is a chemical compound that is a poison for many organisms. Pesticides used kill rodents sometimes contain Sodium monofluoroacetate. Sometimes the chemical substance is used as a marker for cancer cells in Positron emission tomography. TO act as a marker, only very small quantities of a substance are needed. For this reason, the toxicity of Sodium fluoroacetate is not a problem.

Fluoroacetate occurs naturally in at least 40 plants in Australia, Brazil, and Africa. It was first identified in the poison leaf (gifblaar) _Dichapetalum cymosum_ by Marais in 1944. As early as 1904, colonists in Sierra Leone used extracts of _Chailletia toxicaria_ which also contains fluoroacetic acid or its salts to poison rats. Several native Australian plant genera contain the toxin, including: _Gastrolobium_, _Gompholobium_, _Oxylobium_, _Nemcia_ and _Acacia_.
Marking knife

A **marking knife** is a knife used in woodworking. It is used to mark a line that is to be followed by a saw or chisel when cutting the wood.
Starburst galaxy

A **starburst galaxy** is a galaxy with a very high rate of star formation. The rate of star formation is so large that the galaxy will quickly use all of its gas reservoir (from which the stars are made).

The starburst nature of a galaxy is a short phase in a galaxy's evolution, about tens of millions of years. Most starburst galaxies are in the midst of a galaxy merger or at least in a close encounter with another galaxy.

Studying nearby starburst galaxies can help us explore the history of galaxy formation and evolution. Many distant galaxies seen are known to be starbursts, but they are too far away to be studied in any detail.

Starburst galaxies seem to be quite rare in our local universe, and are more common further away. This suggests there were more of them billions of years ago. All galaxies were closer together then, and therefore more likely to be influenced by each other's gravity. More frequent encounters produced more starbursts as galactic forms evolved with the expanding universe.

## Notable and well-known starburst galaxies

These include:
- M82- The prototype of this class of galaxy and is interacting with Messier 81.Also know as the Cigar Galaxy.
- Antennae galaxies (NGC 4038/NGC 4039) This is actually 2 galaxies, interacting and merging.
- IC 10- The only starburst galaxy in the Local Group and just a mild one.
- Centaurus A- The only case of an elliptical starburst galaxy.
- Messier 100- A so-called Grand design spiral galaxy in Virgo.
- Cartwheel galaxy- A famous ring galaxy.
Messier 82

**Messier 82** (also known as **NGC 3034**, **Cigar galaxy** or **M82**) is the nearby starburst galaxy about 12 million light years away in the constellation Ursa Major. It is five times brighter than the whole Milky Way and one hundred times brighter than our galaxy's center.

In 2005, the Hubble Space Telescope revealed 197 young massive clusters in the starburst core.  The average mass of these clusters is around 2 _M_<sub>⊙</sub>, hence the starburst core is a very energetic and high-density environment. Throughout the galaxy's center, young stars are being born 10 times faster than they are inside our entire Milky Way Galaxy.

## Messier 81 triggering starburst

M82 is being physically affected by its larger neighbor, nearby spiral M81. Tidal forces caused by gravity have deformed M82, a process that started about 100 million years ago. This interaction has caused star formation to increase tenfold compared to "normal" galaxies.

Recently, M82 has undergone at least one tidal encounter with M81. This resulted in a large amount of gas being funnelled into the galaxy's core over the last 200 million years (myr).  The most recent such encounter is thought to have happened around 2–5 years ago and resulted in a concentrated starburst together with a marked peak in the cluster age distribution.  This starburst ran for up to ~50 myr at a rate of ~10 _M_<sub>⊙</sub> per year. Two subsequent starbursts followed, the last  of which (~4–6 myr ago) may have formed the core star clusters.

## Unknown object

In April 2010, radio astronomers at the Jodrell Bank Observatory of the University of Manchester reported an unknown object in M82. The object started sending out radio waves, and the emission did not look like anything seen anywhere in the universe before.
There have been several theories about the nature of this unknown object, but currently no theory entirely fits the observed data. The object is several arcseconds from the center of M82. It has an apparent motion of four times the speed of light relative to the galaxy centre.
Baby boom galaxy

The **Baby boom galaxy**  is a starburst galaxy 12.2 billion light years away.

It was discovered by NASA's Spitzer Science Center at the California Institute of Technology. The galaxy is the new record holder for the brightest starburst galaxy in the very distant universe, its brightness being a measure of its extreme star-formation rate.

The Baby boom galaxy has been called "the extreme stellar machine" because it is seen producing stars at a surprising rate of up to 4,000 per year. Our Milky Way galaxy turns out an average of just 10 stars per year.

At its rate, the galaxy needs only 50 million years to grow into an equivalent of the most massive galaxy ever observed.

The discovery challenges the accepted model for galaxy formation. This has most galaxies slowly bulking up by absorbing pieces of other galaxies, rather than growing internally. Another unusual aspect is the fact that scientists are observing this galaxy at a time when the universe was only a little over 1.4 billion years old. Evidently, the galaxy was doing this when the universe was still in its infancy.

"This galaxy is undergoing a major baby boom, producing most of its stars all at once", said Peter Capak of NASA's Spitzer Science Center. To that, the principal investigator of the Cosmic Evolution Surveyor, Nick Scoville of Caltech responded:
"We may be witnessing, for the first time, the formation of one of the most massive elliptical galaxies in the universe".

## Multi-wavelength

The different colors in the figure of the Baby boom galaxy refers to different wavelengths. The red color refers to new born stars in the galaxy. Interfered lights are giving off as the warm dust is heated by the stars.
|The Color|Information the color indicates|
| --- | --- |
|Blue|not producing many stars|
|Yellow/orange|stars light from the outer portion of the galaxy|
|Red|New born star|
Passion Fish

***Passion Fish*** is a 1992 American drama movie written and directed by John Sayles. The movie stars Mary McDonnell, Alfre Woodard, Vondie Curtis-Hall, David Strathairn, Leo Burmester, and Angela Bassett. It tells the story of a soap opera star (Mary McDonnell), who after getting paralyzed in a car accident, is forced to return to her family home and rely upon a series of nurses, forcing each of them to leave her employment until one nurse (Alfre Woodard) shows up guaranteed to stay.

The movie is set and was filmed in the Acadiana region of Louisiana in May 1992.

The movie premiered in cinemas in the United States on December 9, 1992. The reviews from movie critics were very positive. Mary McDonnell received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress and Alfre Woodard won an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Passion Fish
- **director**: John Sayles
- **producer**: Sarah Green
Maggie Renzi
- **screenplay**: John Sayles
- **music**: Mason Daring
- **cinematography**: Roger Deakins
- **editing**: John Sayles
- **distributor**: Miramax, Miramax Films
- **runtime**: 135 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $5 million
- **gross**: $4 million
Poolesville High School

**Poolesville High School** is a public high school in Poolesville, Maryland. In 2013, _Newsweek_ ranked it as the number one school in the state of Maryland.

## Other websites

- Poolesville High School
- Global Ecology Studies Program
- Humanities House
- Science, Math, and Computer Science House
- Maryland High School Sports and Projected Enrollment
- Poolesville High School Athletic Booster Club
- Follow Poolesville Athletics on Twitter

## Infobox (school)

- **name**: Poolesville High School
- **image**: Poolesville High School.jpg
- **city**: Poolesville, Maryland, Poolesville
- **state**: Maryland
- **country**: U.S.
- **type**: Public school (government funded), Public (Magnet school, magnet) Secondary school, secondary
- **established**: 1911
- **principal**: Mark Carothers
- **students**: 1,235
- **colors**: Black and Gold (color)#Vegas gold, Vegas gold
- **homepage**: [http://www.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/schools/poolesvillehs/index.aspx Poolesville High School]
Kamoya Kimeu

**Kamoya Kimeu** (born c. 1940), a Kamba tribesman, is one of the world's most successful fossil collectors. With paleontologists Meave Leakey and Richard Leakey, he found some of the most significant paleoanthropological discoveries. Kimeu found a _Homo habilis_ skull known as KNM ER 1813, and an almost complete _Homo erectus_ skeleton  known as Turkana Boy or Nariokotome boy. He has two fossil primates named after him: _Kamoyapithecus hamiltoni_ and _Cercopithecoides kimeui_.

Kimeu began to work in paleoanthropology as a labourer for Louis Leakey and Mary Leakey in the 1950s. He was recruited for Mary Leakey's team when she took over as head of excavations at Olduvai. She preferred to hire Kamba men rather than Kikuyu, whom Louis preferred. In 1963 he joined with Richard Leakey's expeditions, accompanying him to the Omo River and Lake Rudolf (now Lake Turkana) in 1967.

He quickly became Richard  Leakey's right-hand man, controlling field operations in Leakey's absence. In 1977 he became the National Museums of Kenya's curator for all prehistoric sites in Kenya. Kimeu was awarded the National Geographic Society's LaGorce Medal by the US President Ronald Reagan in a ceremony at the White House.

## Related pages

- List of Kenyan scientists

## Other websites

- A list of fossils found at Lake Turkana
- Footsteps through time - San Diego Museum of Man
John Turner (Mayflower passenger)

**John Turner** (c.1590 – winter of 1620/21) was a passenger on the historic _Mayflower_ voyage with his two sons. Turner was also one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact.

## English Origins

Turner probably came from Great Yarmouth in the county Norfolk, where there were several Turner families at that time.

## Life in Leiden

Turner was a member of the Separatist church.  That was a religion that was not allowed in England.

Turner was one the original group who moved to Leiden Holland in 1610 to escape religious persecution with William Bradford and William Brewster. Turner was a merchant and a (political official) of Leiden.

Many of these people lived in Middelburg, Holland. This is located in Zeeland. Turner also delivered mail to the Separatists from their family and friends in England. Turner also brought cargoes of English pewter from London to Holland.  He also carried letters between people in Leiden and London. On June 10, 1620, Turner carried information to the congregation on the progress of their planned trip to the New World.

## On the _Mayflower_

According to William Bradford, John Turner traveled on the _Mayflower_ with his two sons.
Turner left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the _Mayflower_ reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.  John Turner signed the Mayflower Compact. The _Mayflower_ was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

## In Plymouth

After they landed, Turner was part of the group who went out on exploratory trips to look for permanent places to live. Turner was one of the _Mayflower_ passengers who would make first contact with the Indians.

Turner also had a daughter Elizabeth, who stayed in Leiden. She would have been one year old. Elizabeth Turner married and travelled to New England before October 1635.  She joined the Salen Church.

## Death and burial

Turner and his sons died sometime in the winter of 1620/21. Turner was buried in Cole's Hill Burial Ground in Plymouth, presumably in an unmarked grave as with most _Mayflower_ passengers who died in that first winter. Their names are all on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb on Coles Hill as “John Turner and two sons.”
Monogram Pictures

**Monogram Pictures Corporation** is a Hollywood movie studio. It made low budget action and adventure movies between 1931 and 1953. In 1953, it changed its name to Allied Artists Pictures Corporation. Monogram was a leader among the small studios known as Poverty Row. It is now a division of Allied Artists International.
Christopher Martin

**Christopher Martin** (15821621) was a merchant by trade. He along with his family traveled on the _Mayflower_ in 1620.

Martin, wife Mary, son Nathaniel and step-son Solomon all came from Billericay in Essex England.

The family did not believe in the Church of England.  In 1612, Martin and his wife would not take Holy Communion. Another time, Nathaniel and Solomon made the Church Vicar angry with during a service. Martin got into trouble because he would not give church officials the financial accounts he kept.

Martin and his family joined a Separatist church. They all wanted to go to the New World.  Martin sold his property and bought passage on the ship.

The people asked Martin to help them by buying supplies.  He did not spent the money wisely.  He purchased things like beer, wine, salted beef and pork, dried peas, fishing supplies, muskets, armor, clothing, tools, and other things to trade with the Native Americans.  One thing he purchased, the screw-jack, would be very useful to keep the _Mayflower_ from sinking.

## Voyage

There were two ships going to Virginia Colony, the _Speedwell_ and the _Mayflower_.  Martin was assigned to be the leader of the passengers on the _Speedwell_ but the ship needed repairs.  A fellow passenger and official of the trip, Robert Cushman said, that Martin will not listen to them, nor allow them to go ashore in case they should run away.  Some of the passengers quit the voyage to return to London and lost much or all of their money.  Others boarded the _Mayflower_ which became very crowded.

Christopher Martin left on _Mayflower_ in company with his wife Mary, his servant John Langmore and his stepson Solomon Prower. Nathaniel Martin stayed in England.

The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the _Mayflower_ spotted land. The _Mayflower_ was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor. They landed on 21 November. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.  Christopher Martin signed the Mayflower Compact.  His step-son and his servant were too young to sign.

## In Plymouth Colony

When the _Mayflower_ was docked in the Harbor, Martin and other men went to land to find a place where they all could live.

In the winter of 1621 Martin, his wife, son and servant became ill and died.

Martin and his wife Mary were buried in the Cole's Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth.

There is a plaque in the United Reform Church in England to honor the _Mayflower_ passengers.  The plaque names Christopher Martin, Marie (Mary) Martin, Solomon Prower and John Langerman.

## Further reading

- Robert C. Anderson. _The Great Migration Begins._ Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1995.
- Robert C. Anderson. _The Pilgrim Migration._ Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 2004.
- R. J. Carpenter. _Christopher Martin, Great Burstead and The Mayflower._ Chelmsford, Essex, 1982.
Ægir

In Norse mythology, **Aegir** is the god of the seas. He is the king of all the oceans. Aegir was feared by sailors, for this god would sink ships and take cargo. Aegir was worshiped by sailors who were afraid of him and sailors who were not. He has a wife named Ran and with her, they had nine daughters called the "waves". They had a son with Odin, Heimdall.
Andhrímnir

**Andhrímnir** is the chef of the gods in Norse mythology. He is the god that killed the mighty boar Sæhrímnir. He cooks Sæhrímnir in his cauldron named Eldhrímnir. The cooked beast is then fed to the gods and fallen warriors in Valhalla. At night, the boar comes back to life so Andhrímnir can kill him and cook him again. This way, the gods and fallen warriors eat well until Ragnarok.
Smoki Whitfield

**Robert "Smoki" Whitfield** (August 3, 1918 - November 11, 1967) was an African American television and movie actor. He played porters, servants, and African chieftains and witch doctors. He appeared in the 12 Bomba, the Jungle Boy movies starring Johnny Sheffield from 1949 to 1955 as Eli, a friendly native guide. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and died in Los Angeles, California. He is buried in Pierce Brothers Valhalla Memorial Park, Hollywood, California.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert "Smoki" Whitfield
- **birth date**: August 3, 1918
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death date**: November 11, 1967
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Movie & television actor
- **years active**: 1948–1955