juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ron Paul

**Ronald Ernest "Ron" Paul** (born August 20, 1935) is an American Libertarian. He was formerly a Congressman from the state of Texas. He is retired but still travels around giving speeches about his beliefs.

## Career

He ran for President of the United States in 1988, 2008, and 2012 but he was defeated all three times. He has called himself a lifetime member of the Libertarian Party.

He is for reducing or removing most taxes and removing many government rules about how people may live and spend their money. He does not want the United States military going into or attacking other countries, but instead wants it to only stop others from attacking the United States. He also believes that the United States currency should not be controlled by the Federal Reserve, which is the central bank of the United States. He wants people to be allowed to use any currency they want when buying and selling.

## Family

His son Rand Paul is a U.S. Senator from Kentucky and 2016 presidential candidate.

## Health

In September 2020, Paul was hospitalized after having a minor stroke while livestreaming online in Texas.

## Other websites

- Presidential Campaign Website
- U.S. House of Representatives Office of Ron Paul

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ron Paul
- **image name**: Ron Paul, official Congressional photo portrait, 2007.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- **state**: Texas
- **district**: Texas's 14th congressional district, 14th
- **term start**: January 3, 1997
- **term end**: January 3, 2013
- **preceded**: Greg Laughlin
- **succeeded**: Randy Webber
- **state2**: Texas
- **district2**: Texas's 22nd congressional district, 22nd
- **term start2**: January 3, 1979
- **term end2**: January 3, 1985
- **preceded2**: Robert Gammage
- **succeeded2**: Tom DeLay
- **term start3**: April 3, 1976
- **term end3**: January 3, 1977
- **preceded3**: Robert R. Casey
- **succeeded3**: Robert Gammage
- **party**: Republican (1976–1988, 2012-2013)
Libertarian (1988 Presidential Election, 2015-present)
- **spouse**: Carolyn "Carol" Paul
- **children**: Ronald "Ronnie" Paul, Jr.
Lori Paul Pyeatt
Rand Paul, Randal "Rand" Paul
Robert Paul
Joy Paul-LeBlanc
- **alma mater**: Gettysburg College (Bachelor of Science, B.S.)
Duke University (Doctor of Medicine, M.D.)
- **profession**: Physician, Politician
- **residence**: Lake Jackson, Texas, Lake Jackson, Texas
- **website**: [http://www.house.gov/paul/ U.S. House of Representatives Office of Ron Paul]
- **signature**: Ron Paul signature.svg
- **birthname**: Ronald Ernest Paul
- **branch**: United States Air Force
United States Air National Guard
- **serviceyears**: 1963–1965
1965–1968
Djibouti (city)

The city of **Djibouti** is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Djibouti. It lies on a peninsula between the Gulf of Aden and the Gulf of Tadjoura. Djibouti is home to about  400,000 people.

Features of Djibouti include beaches, a large Central Market, the national stadium Stade du Ville, the Presidential Palace and Hamouli Mosque. The Djibouti-Addis Ababa Railway runs from the city to Addis Ababa. Djubouti is also home to the Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport.

## History

Djibouti was founded as a seaport in 1888. The city became the capital of French Somaliland in 1891. It replaced Tadjourah as the capital.

The peninsula was chosen because it is a natural port. It was attacked during WW2 by the Italians and later by the British.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: City of Djibouti
- **native name**: Ville de Djibouti
- **image skyline**: Djibouti City.jpg
- **image map**: Djibouti-carte.png
- **map caption**: Location of Djibouti
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1888
- **population total**: 400,000 <small>(est)</small>
Jamestown, Saint Helena

**Jamestown** is a harbour and the capital of the British island of Saint Helena. It was founded in 1659 by the East India Company. It's also famous for being the place where the famous French emperor, Napoleon lived when he was exiled to St. Helena. The town has a population of about 1,000 people.

The town's most known feature is Jacob's Ladder. It is a walkway up the mountains with 699 steps. The ladder was built in 1829 to connect Jamestown to the military base on Ladder Hill. The ladder is very popular with tourists. It is beautifully lit at night. Each year, people come from all over the world to take part in a timed run up the ladder.

Many buildings in the city are built out of volcanic rock from the local area. The town is has a church, and port for unloading items delivered to the island.

## Other websites

- St Helena - Jamestown
- Pictures of Jamestown

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Jamestown
- **image skyline**: 02 Last view of Jamestown St Helena June1970.jpg
- **image caption**: View of the harbor of Jamestown (1970)
- **image map**: Saint helena sm98.png
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Saint Helena
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1659
- **population total**: 1000 <small>(est)</small>
Markus Näslund

**Markus Näslund** (born July 30, 1973) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey left winger. He played sixteen seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Vancouver Canucks, and New York Rangers. He was born in Ornskoldsvik, Sweden. He was considered very skilled and valuable and he was given the Lester B. Pearson award for the Most Outstanding Player in 2004.

## Playing career

Naslund began his career in Sweden, playing for Team Modo Hockey. Naslund was still quite young at that time. He played very well and was drafted by the NHL. In 1994, after being drafted by the NHL, he was taken in by the Pittsburgh Penguins. He started his rookie NHL years here. He did not play many games as he was not seen to be a great player at that time. Finally, the manager of the Penguins traded him to the Vancouver Canucks.

After being traded to the Canucks, Naslund was not used in games. The Vancouver coach thought that he was not very good, so Naslund asked to be traded. But he was not.
Suddenly, he was put in the lineup and did quite well compared to the rest of the team, which were struggling. In 2000, he was put with Todd Bertuzzi and they scored many goals together. Naslund was now a superstar and in 2004 he reached career highs and the NHL gave him the Lester B. Pearson award.
But in the 2006-2007 season, he struggled because Bertuzzi was traded away and it was much harder for him to score. But in the playoffs that year, he scored many goals in a short period of time. Naslund promised he would be much better next year. In the 2008 offseason, the Rangers signed Naslund to a two-year, $8 million contract. Naslund has spent most of his time with the Rangers playing on the team's first line with Scott Gomez as his center. On May 4, 2009 he announced his retirement from professional hockey.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Markus_Naslund.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Näslund with the Canucks in 2007
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **shot**: Left
- **birth place**: Örnsköldsvik, Sweden
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 191
- **played for**: ***Swedish Hockey League, Elitserien***:
Modo Hockey
***National Hockey League, NHL***:
Pittsburgh Penguins
Vancouver Canucks
New York Rangers
- **ntl team**: Sweden
- **draft**: 16th overall
- **draft year**: 1991
- **draft team**: Pittsburgh Penguins
- **career start**: 1990
- **career end**: 2010
Pier Gerlofs Donia

**Pier Gerlofs Donia** (1480 - 1520) fought for the independence of Friesland (which is now part of the Netherlands). He also was a pirate. During his lifetime, he fought against people from Holland, Germany, and the Duchy of Burgundy.

Pier was a very big man. Some sources say he was 213 cm tall (almost seven feet). He was known as "Big Lad Pier" in the Frisian language (**Grutte Pier)** and in Dutch **(Grote Pier)**. He was also nicknamed _The Giant of Kimswerd_. One legend says he was strong enough to bend a coin between his forefinger and thumb.

Pier was the uncle of the warrior Wijerd Jelckama.

## Military successes

Pier was strong enough to behead several people with a single blow. This meant he could kill many enemies at the same time during battle, and gave him an excellent advantage over his opponents.

According to legend, Pier forced his prisoners to repeat a special phrase which was hard for non-Frisians to pronounce:

- _Bûter, brea en griene tsiis: wa't dat net sizze kin, is gjin oprjochte Fries._

In English, this means:

- _Butter, rye-bread, and young cheese: whoever cannot say that is not a true Frisian._

This allowed Pier to distinguish Frisians from Dutch and Low Germans. Prisoners who could not pronounce the phrase in proper Frisian had their heads cut off by Donia himself.

## Retirement & death

Despite his many successes, Pier could not defeat the Burgundian/Hapsburg armies. He retired disillusioned in 1519.

Pier died peacefully in bed in the Frisian town of Sneek on October 28, 1520. His last words were spoken to his lifetime enemy, the count of Nychlenborch. The count asked Pier where he wanted to go after he died, and Pier replied "_Nea myn Heer ta_" ("_To my Lord_"). He then died.

After Pier's death, Friesland never again earned its freedom. It remains a province of the Netherlands.
Erasmus

**Erasmus**, full name **Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus**, (28 October, probably 1466 in Rotterdam – 12 July 1536 in Basel) was a Dutch humanist, theologian and philosopher.

Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a "pure" Latin style. Although he was a Catholic, he was critical of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church and wrote satires of them. He stood at the beginning of the reformation.

The following information from * to * is sourced from 'Oxford AQA History A LEVEL, The Tudors: England 1485-1603:

He visited England four times, his most important visit being from 1509 to 1514 when he was appointed to a professorship at Cambridge University. During this visit, he also became a well known figure around the court of King Henry VIII.

In 1516, he published a Greek New Testament complete with a new Latin translation.

Some of his works include Julius Excluded from Heaven, On Civility in Children, The Praise of Folly, Discourse on Free Will, Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style and a Handbook of a Christian Knight.

Although he was an important humanist figure who inspired who had some influence on the younger generations of English Humanists, the scope of Erasmian humanism is quite limited and much of the change that took place in England at this time stemmed from the influence of new religious thinking rather than simply scholarly Renaissance humanism.

The term Erasmianism is defined as the body of ideas that is associated with Erasmus and his followers. *

## Related pages

- ERASMUS programme

## Other websites

- Works by Erasmus at Internet Archive
- Catholic Encyclopedia
- Metropolitan Museum of Art
- In Defense of Erasmus and the Textus Receptus
- Luther and Erasmus: The Debate on the Freedom of the Will by Charles L. Cortright
- La herencia Erasmus: Presente y futuro
- The Erasmus Text Project
- Erasmus University Rotterdam
- A set of essays on Erasmus
Elfstedentocht

The **Elfstedentocht**, Dutch for "_Eleven cities tour_" is a race for people on ice skates. The race takes place on canals in Friesland in the north of the Netherlands. The route of the race goes through eleven towns and is nearly 200 kilometers long. It can only be held in winters when it has been cold enough to freeze the canals to enough depth to make it safe for skating on.

The race starts and finishes in Leeuwarden, the capital city of Friesland. The route goes through all eleven places in Friesland which are officially called "towns". The race has been held 15 times. The first year it took place was 1909. The most recent race was on 4 January 1997. The ice on the canals has to be at least 15 cm thick for the race to take place. It is a very tough race, although some years the race has been tougher than others, depending on the weather conditions. 1963 was an extremely cold winter. That year only one in 100 people who took part managed to finish the race.

Medals are given to the first 11 men and the first 5 women.
Sneek

**Sneek** (**Frisian**: _Snits_) is a city in Friesland, in the Netherlands. In history, it is well known. The legendary warrior Pier Gerlofs Donia, fought a battle there. He is buried in the town in the Grote of Martinikerk. Since 2011, it has been part of the new municipality of Súdwest-Fryslân.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Sneek
- **native name**: _Snits_
- **settlement type**: City and former municipality
- **image skyline**: Sneek-waterpoort-1.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image alt**: Gate _Waterpoort_
- **image caption**: Gate _Waterpoort_
- **image flag**: Flag of Sneek.svg
- **flag size**: 120x100px
- **flag alt**: Flag of Sneek
- **image shield**: Sneek wapen.svg
- **shield size**: 120x100px
- **shield alt**: Coat of arms of Sneek
- **image map**: LocatieSneek.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Netherlands
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: Friesland
- **subdivision type2**: Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Súdwest-Fryslân
- **area footnotes**: (2006)
- **area total km2**: 34.04
- **area land km2**: 30.18
- **area water km2**: 3.85
- **population as of**: 1 January 2007
- **population note**: Source: Statistics Netherlands, CBS, [http://statline.cbs.nl/ Statline].
- **population total**: 33115
- **population density km2**: 1097
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Huelva

**Huelva** is a city in Andalusia, Spain and the capital of the province of Huelva. According to the Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), 149,310 people live in Huelva. Huelva is the center of a metropolitan area that has 490,000 inhabitants.
Stalactite

A **stalactite** is a form that can be found on the ceiling of a cave. When a drop of water flows down the stalactite, the water evaporates and leaves a mineral deposit of calcite. This slowly increases the length and thickness of the stalactite.

The corresponding formation on the floor underneath a stalactite is known as a stalagmite. Given enough time, these formations can meet. The results are known as columns.
Slayer (disambiguation)

A **slayer** is someone who kills animals or people. The past tense of the verb "slay" is "slew" or "slain".

**Slayer** could also mean:
- _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_ is the name of a movie and a television show where the main character, Buffy, kills vampires.
- _Slayers_, an anime where Lina uses her magical powers to slay bad demons.
- A skill in Runescape.
- Slayer the heavy metal band.
Ranma ½

**Ranma ½** is an anime based on a manga by Rumiko Takahashi. It is 36 volumes long.

## Story

Ranma Saotome is the main character, who is 16 and good at martial arts. He learned from his father, a martial artist. Ranma was training with his father, Genma Saotome, when he falls into a spring which turns him into a girl from then on whenever cold water is poured on him. Genma fell into the spring of the panda, so he turns into a panda. Hot water makes them turn back.

After this both visit Soun Tendo, Genma's friend from a long time ago and his fighting partner. Soun teaches at his martial arts school. Soun tells Genma that he needs a grandchild to carry on the school, so he needs his daughter, Akane Tendo, to marry to get a child, who would receive an inheritance from him. Genma then says that Akane could marry Ranma, and so they become engaged.

Ranma and Akane don't get along at first but they become more friendly.

## Characters

**Ryoga Hibiki**
One of Ranma's enemies. He and Ranma went to same school when they were children, but never got
along.

## Infobox (animanga/header)

- **name**: Ranma ½
- **ja kanji**: らんま 1/2
- **ja romaji**: Ranma Nibun-no-Ichi
- **genre**: Adventure fiction, Adventure, Martial arts (genre), martial arts, romantic comedy


## Infobox (animanga/footer)
Engagement

An **engagement** is an agreement or promise to marry, and also refers to the time between proposal and marriage. During this time, a couple is said to be affianced, engaged to be married, or simply engaged. An engagement can be seen by witnesses to confirm their marriage.

A fiancé is the man who is engaged. A fiancee is the woman who is engaged.

Traditionally, a ring is presented during the engagement ceremony.
Enrique Gaspar y Rimbau

**Enrique Lucio Eugenio Gaspar y Rimbau** (Madrid, March 2, 1842 – Olorón, September 7, 1902) was a Spanish diplomat and writer. Gaspar y Rimbau wrote plays, _zarzuelas_ (light operas), and novels.
Laksa

**Laksa** is a popular spicy noodle soup from Peranakan culture. **Curry laksa** (sometimes called just _laksa_) is a coconut soup made with prawns, beef, bean sprouts and chili. It is very spicy but can be made milder by leaving out some of the chilis.

Laksa is a popular food in Malaysia. A well-known **Asam Laksa** can be found in Air Itam, Penang.
Scarface (1983 movie)

***Scarface*** is a 1983 American crime action thriller movie. It was directed by Brian De Palma, written by Oliver Stone, produced by Martin Bregman and stars Al Pacino. The story is about Tony Montana, a Cuban criminal who moves to Miami, Florida and creates his own cocaine business. It is a loose remake of the 1932 movie _Scarface_. The movie made $85 million.

## Story

Tony Montana is a prisoner from Cuba who is coming to the United States on a boat to escape the oppressive Communist government. Once there, he works for Frank Lopez, a Miami drug lord.

Soon, Tony kills Frank and takes over his business. He also marries Elvira, Frank's girlfriend who at first refused to go out with Tony because of Frank. Soon, Tony becomes very rich and powerful because of his growing cocaine empire. He meets Alejandro Sosa, a powerful Bolivian drug lord. Elvira later leaves Tony because she feels that despite all of their money and power, Tony's criminal lifestyle and drug problems make them losers.

Tony is eventually arrested for not paying taxes and even though he would be able to bribe some of the judges, he will still have to go to jail for three years. Sosa offers to have one of his contacts in the Justice Department write off Tony's charges if Tony helps kill a journalist who is going to make a speech against Sosa to the United Nations. One of Soza's men plants a bomb on the target's car, but when Tony sees the journalist's family inside it, he prevents the explosion of the bomb. Tony later visits his best friend, Manny, but when he sees his sister, Gina, with him, he kills him. Gina reveals that she and Manny got married a few days earlier and wanted to surprise Tony. Tony, feeling extreme guilt for killing his friend and ruining his sister's life, withdraws to his mansion and begins to snort large amounts of cocaine. Sosa gets angry and sends many men to Miami to kill Tony. When the men enter Tony's mansion, they kill Gina and most of his men. Angry and sad at the death of his sister, Tony singlehandedly kills many of Sosa's men in a major shootout. Tony is then shot in the back by an assassin with a shotgun, and falls into his fountain below, dead.

## References

- Scarface wallpapers
Contract killing

**Contract killing** is murder where a person or group is paid (usually money) to murder someone else. Someone who does this is known as a _hit man_ (also _hitman_), or _assassin_. Contract killing is illegal, and is punishable, sometimes by death. Contract killing is often used by the mafia and drug cartels.
Eastern Catholic churches

The **Eastern Catholic Churches** are autocephalous (autonomous) Christian churches that recognise the Bishop of Rome as their spiritual leader like other Catholics. They differ on ideas as how the Mass should be organised or the prayers that are more important than the others. Most of them have much in common with Eastern Othodoxy.

In total, there are 23 such churches. Probably, the best known are listed below:

- Coptic Catholic Church
- Maronite Church
- Armenian Catholic Church
- Chaldean Catholic Church
- Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
- Syro-Malankara Catholic Church

## Related pages

- Eastern Christianity

### General

- _Orientale Lumen_ - Apostolic Letter of Pope John Paul II on the Eastern Churches
- Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium - original text of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, with concordance
- Code of canons of the Oriental Churchs - defective English translation, with concordance
- Instruction for Applying the Liturgical Prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches  - Instruction by Congregation for the Eastern Churches
- What All Catholics Should Know About Eastern Catholic Churches
- Eastern Catholics in the United States of America - adapted from a similar publication by the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference

### Individual Churches

- Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchate —Official Website
- Maronite Patriarchate —Official Website
- Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church —Official Website
- Syro Malankara Catholic Church International Homepage —Official Website
- Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
- Byzantine Catholic Church in America—Information and Messageboards
- Byzantine Catholic Archeparchy of Pittsburgh—Official Website
Sanjaya Malakar

**Sanjaya Joseph Malakar** (; ; born September 10, 1989) is an American singer. He is best known for being on the sixth season of _American Idol_. He was not well liked by the program's judges, mainly Simon Cowell. He was voted off after the top 7 participants.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sanjaya Malakar
- **img**: Sanjaya_at_Seattle_Center.JPG
- **img capt**: Sanjaya Malakar at the Mural Amphitheater, Seattle Center, Seattle, WA on May 12, 2007.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Sanjaya Joseph Malakar
- **origin**: Federal Way, Washington, United States
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar, Electronic keyboard, keyboard
- **genre**: Pop
- **occupation**: Singer, reality celebrity, television personality, writer
- **years active**: 2006–present
Pangolin

**Pangolins** (or **scaly anteaters**) are mammals which live in Africa and Asia. They have scales on their skin. They are the only mammals which have this adaptation.

There are three genera of pangolin, all of which eat ants and termites. They catch their food using their tongues, and they do not eat anything else. These scaled mammals are one of the most threatened groups of mammals.
Unfortunately we know very little of their distribution in West African countries. Evidence of the white bellied pangolin (Phataginus tricuspis) has been found. No evidence of the giant pangolin (Smutsia gigantic) was found. Perhaps the giant pangolin no longer appears in West Africa.

Pangolins have features of armadillos (long, ant eating tongue and broad tail) and sloths (claws), but the pangolin is in a completely different order. The pangolin belongs to the order **Pholidota**.

Pangolins have large, hardened, overlapping plate-like scales. The pangolin scales are made of keratin. and are attached to muscles under the skin. and can be moved to point towards predators. Hair grows between the scales and near the rear of the animal.

The pangolin's scaled body is a bit like a pine cone or globe artichoke. It can curl up into a ball when threatened, with its overlapping scales acting like armour while it tucks its face under its tail. The scales are sharp, providing extra defence from predators.

A pangolin's main predators are wild cats, hyenas and humans.
A mother pangolin's gestation period is between 120 and 180 days. Young pangolin are born with scales, and they harden by the second day the pangopup is out of the womb.

When walking on a level surface the pangolin is bipedal. It walks on the back legs. Its body is held horizontal, and is balanced by its heavy tail at the back.

Sometimes pangolins are smuggled into China on the black market. Their scales are used as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.

Pangolins are a critically endangered species and have been hunted and trafficked all across Asia and Africa. They are usually sought for their scales, meat and medical properties. This creature is a host for SARS-CoV-2 and similar viruses.

The effects of glacial climate changes and recent anthropogenic activities driven by illegal trade are inferred to have caused its population decline with the genomic signatures showing low genetic diversity, a high level of inbreeding, and high genetic load. as a result conservation efforts are crucial to protect pangolins and their environments, and raising awareness about their plight is essential for fostering support and change. Organizations and governments are working on strategies to combat illegal trade and promote sustainable practices that benefit both pangolins and local communities.

## Other websites

- Pangolin: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation
- A photograph of a pangolin
- Paul Kuniholm Pangolin Mural
Antananarivo

**Antananarivo** is the capital city of Madagascar. It is the largest city in the country. The city is the administrative, communications and economic center of Madagascar.

Antananarivo has a population of over 1.4 million people. Including an Anglican cathedral and a Roman Catholic cathedral, there are about fifty churches in the city and its suburbs. There is also a Muslim mosque. Antananarivo is home of the University of Madagascar and the Collège Rural d'Ambatobe.

## History

Antananarivo was founded in about 1625 by King Andrianjaka. The name, Antananarivo, means _the City of the Thousand_. It comes from the number of soldiers Andrianjaka used to guard the city.

Until 1869 all buildings in the city were of wood or rushes. Since the introduction of stone and brick, the whole city has been rebuilt. It now has many notable structures. For example, the royal palaces, the Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals, several stone and brick churches, colleges, schools, hospitals, courts of justice and other government buildings.

The city was captured by the French in 1895. Since then, good roads have been built in the city.

## Other websites

Antananarivo Renivohitra website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Antananarivo
- **other name**: Tananarive
- **image skyline**: Lake Anosy, Central Antananarivo, Capital of Madagascar, Photo by Sascha Grabow.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **image caption**: Central Antananarivo, including Lake Anosy
- **image shield**: Antananarivo.png
- **shield size**: 100px
- **nickname**: Tana
- **map caption**: Location of Antananarivo in Madagascar
- **pushpin map**: Madagascar#Africa
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Madagascar & Africa
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Madagascar
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of Madagascar, Region
- **subdivision name2**: Analamanga
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1610 or 1625
- **leader title**: Mayor of Antananarivo
- **leader name**: Lalao Ravalomanana
- **area total km2**: 88
- **elevation m**: 1276
- **population total**: 2,610,000
- **population as of**: 2015
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population note**: 710,236
- **area code**: (+261) 023
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20111119094734/http://www.mairie-antananarivo.mg/ www.mairie-antananarivo.mg]
- **timezone**: East Africa Time
- **utc offset**: +3
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cwb), Cwb
Alex (parrot)

**Alex** (1976–2007) was an African grey parrot.

## Purpose

He was part of a study under animal psychologist Irene Pepperberg since 1977 at two different universities: Brandeis University in Massachusetts and before that, University of Arizona. He died on Sept 7, 2007, of yet unknown causes. He knew about 100 words as of 2000, and was not ordinary because he appeared to understand what he said. For example, when Alex was shown an object and was asked about its shape, color, or material, he could label it correctly. If he was asked the difference between two things, he would also answer that, but if there was no difference between the things, he would say “none.”

Alex's name is an acronym. ALEX is short for **A**vian **L**earning **EX**periment.

## Other websites

- Alex Foundation
Lobamba

**Lobamba** is the legislative capital of Eswatini (which used to be called Swaziland). The Parliament of Eswatini and home of the Queen Mother are in this city. It is located in the west of the country, in the district of Hhohho. Its population is about 10,000 people.

Lobamba is famous for two ceremonies. The Reed Dance is in August and September. This celebration is in honour of the Queen Mother. The Incwala Kingship, in December and January, is in honour of the King. These ceremonies include dancing, singing, and celebrations with traditional clothing.

The Embo State Palace, the Royal Kraal, Swazi National Museum, Swazi Parliament and a museum about Sobhuza II of Eswatini are in the town. The Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary and Matsapha Airport lie nearby.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lobamba
- **settlement type**: City
- **pushpin map**: Swaziland
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: District
- **subdivision name1**: Hhohho District, Hhohho
- **seat type**: capital
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **elevation m**: 694
- **population total**: 11,000
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: South African Standard Time, SAST
- **utc offset1**: +2
- **postal code**: H107
- **area code**: 416 (country code +268)
- **iso code**: SZ/SWZ
Bobby Lashley

**Franklin Roberto "Bobby" Lashley**  (born July 16, 1976) is an American professional wrestler and mixed martial artist. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he is the co-leader of the stable The Hurt Syndicate and one-half of the AEW World Tag Team Champions along with Shelton Benjamin. He is best known for his time in WWE, where he performed from 2005–2008 and from 2018–2024, and for his time in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he competed under the ring name **Lashley**. He is an eight-time world champion, having been a two-time WWE Champion, two-time ECW World Champion, and four-time TNA World Heavyweight Champion. He also won the WWE United States Championship three times and the WWE Intercontinental Championship twice.

He is also an MMA fighter, where he was considered a top draw for Bellator. He has not fought professionally since 2016.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **embed title**: Military service
- **branch**:  United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1999–2002
- **rank**:  Sergeant#United States, Sergeant


## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: Bobby Lashley
- **birth place**: Junction City, Kansas, U.S.
- **birth name**: Franklin Roberto Lashley
- **image**: Bobby Lashley 042025 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Lashley on April 20, 2025
- **partner**: Kristal Marshall
- **children**: 3
- **names**: Blaster Lashley
**Bobby Lashley**
Lashley
- **height**: 6 ft 3 in
- **weight**: 273 lb
- **billed**: Denver, Colorado, U.S.
- **trainer**: Ohio Valley Wrestling
- **debut**: January 2005
- **alma mater**: Missouri Valley College (BA)
Newry

**Newry** (pronounced /njɚɹi/; ) is a city in Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom. It is partly in County Armagh and partly in County Down. It is the eighth largest city in Ireland. 27,430 people live in the city. A picture of a local bridge is on some British pound coins.
Shizuka Arakawa

**Shizuka Arakawa** () is a figure skater from Japan. She went to the Olympics in 1998 for the first time at age 16. They were held in Nagano, Japan. She won the gold medal in single skating at the Olympics in 2006. That was the only medal for Japan at the 2006 Olympics. She also won the World Championships in 2004.

## Other websites

- Shizuka-Arakawa.com
- International Skating Union page
Ellipsis

**Ellipsis** is a term of punctuation marks with a row of three points (…). Its name comes from the ancient Greek word _ἔλλειψις_ (omission/falling short). Notice that the three dots are not spaced as full points: they are a separate special typographic sign.

Depending on context and place in a sentence, ellipses can indicate an unfinished thought, a leading statement, a slight pause, a mysterious or echoing voice, or a nervous or awkward silence. An ellipsis can be used to trail off into silence—for example: _But I thought he was…_

- _So much more could be said…_

When text is quoted from a book or a newspaper, it stands for words that have been cut out to save space in a page. For example:
- "_…one day all Americans will live peacefully throughout the world…they will be at peace with all other world inhabitants…_"

When speaking, it can be referred to as "dot-dot-dot".

In mathematics, different symbols for ellipsis are used to a similar effect. These include the horizontal ellipsis symbols  and , along with vertical ellipsis symbols such as  and  .

## Related pages

- Punctuation

## References

- Bringhurst, Robert 2002. _The elements of typographic style_ (version 2.5), pp 82–83. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks Publishers.
- Morris, William 1980. _The Houghton Mifflin Canadian dictionary of the English language_, page 424. Markham, Ontario: Houghton Mifflin Canada.
Mamoudzou

**Mamoudzou** is the capital of the French department of Mayotte. It is off the coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean. Mamoudzou is largest commune (municipality) of Mayotte. It has a population of 45,485.

Mamoudzou is a part of France on Grande-Terre (or Mahoré), the main island of Mayotte.

## History

The former capital of Mayotte was Dzaoudzi, on the small island of Petite-Terre (or Pamanzi). Mamoudzou was chosen as the capital in 1977.

In December 2024, Cyclone Chido hit Mayotte, destroying hundreds of homes, and some administrative buildings and part of the town hall in the capital Mamoudzou.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Mamoudzou
- **commune status**: Capital, Prefectures of France, prefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Mamoudzou_(10029936275).jpg
- **caption**: View of the port of Mamoudzou
- **map**: Mamoudzou.png
- **map caption**: Location of the commune (in red) within Mayotte
- **canton**: Cantons of Mamoudzou, 3 cantons
- **insee**: 97611
- **postal code**: 97600
- **mayor**: Mohamed Majani
- **term**: 2014–_present_
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 572
- **area km2**: 41.94
- **population**: 57281
- **population date**: 2012
Moroni, Comoros

**Moroni** (Arabic: **موروني**) is the capital of the Comoros. It is the largest city in the country. Moroni replaced Dzaoudzi as the capital in 1962.  The city has a population of about 60,200 people.

The city is located on the western coast of Grande Comore island.  Moroni is served by the _Prince Said Ibrahim International Airport_.  There is also a harbour which has ship which go between the African mainland and the islands in the Comoros archipelago, as well as Madagascar and other Indian ocean islands.

## History

Moroni became the capital of Comoros in 1958.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Moroni
- **image skyline**: Moroni, Comoros.jpg
- **image map**: KM-Grande Comore-Moroni.png
- **map caption**: Location of Moroni on the island of Grand Comore
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Comoros
- **population as of**: 2003
- **population total**: 60,200 <small>(est)</small>
- **timezone**: Eastern Africa Time
- **utc offset**: +3
Porto-Novo

**Porto-Novo** (also known as **Hogbonou** and **Adjacé**) is the capital of the West African country of Benin. The city has a population of 223,552 people  Porto-Nova is a port on an inlet of the Gulf of Guinea, in the southeastern part of the country. Porto-Novo is Benin's second largest city. The city of Cotonou is larger and more important, culturally and politically. The region around Porto-Novo produces palm oil, cotton and kapok. Petroleum was found off the coast of the city in the 1990s. It has become an important export of the city.

## Things to see

- The Porto Novo Museum of Ethnography has a large collection of Yoruba masks. It also has items on the history of the city and of Benin.
- King Toffa's palace (also known as the _Musée Honmé_ and the Royal Palace) is now a museum that shows what life was like for African royalty.
- _Jardin Place Jean Bayol_ is a large plaza which has a statue of the first King of Porto-Novo.
- The da Silva Museum is a museum of Benin history.
- The _palais de Gouverneur_ (Governor's palace) is the home of the national legislature.

Another place of interest is a Brazilian-style church which is now a mosque. _Stade Municipale_ and _Stade Charles de Gaulle_, or Charles de Gaulle Stadium, are the largest football stadiums in the city.

## Other websites

- Official Republic of Benin tourism site for Porto-Novo
- Images of the Central Mosque of Porto-Novo

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Porto-Novo
- **native name**: Hogbonou and Adjacé
- **image map**: Benin-CIA WFB Map.png
- **mapsize**: 225px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Benin
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population total**: 223,552
- **utc offset**: +1
Praia

**Praia** is the capital of the island nation of Cape Verde.  It lies on Santiago island in the Sotavento archipelago. The city has, in 2010, a population of 127,832. Praia is Cape Verde's largest city. It is also the commercial center of the country. The name Praia means "beach" in Portuguese.

Praia has a port that transports coffee, sugar cane, and tropical fruits.  Praia also has a fishing industry. The city is home to one of the nation's two international airports. There are resort beaches nearby.

## Things to see

Some of the interesting things to see in Praia include:
- Albuquerque Square
- The old city hall
- The Presidential Palace - built in the end of the 19th century, it was used for the Portuguese governor

### Other things

Praia has many schools,  churches, beaches, ports, and a university named after Jean Piaget.

## Other websites

- Praia official website
- Jean Piaget University of Cape Verde

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Praia
- **image skyline**: Praia aerial.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Praia
- **image map**: Cape Verde-Praia.png
- **map caption**: Map showing, in red, Praia in the Santiago island.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Cape Verde
- **subdivision type1**: Municipality
- **subdivision name1**: Praia, Cape Verde (municipality), Praia (seat)
- **area total km2**: 94
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 127832
- **population density km2**: auto
- **elevation m**: 1
- **area code**: +238
- **website**: [http://www.cmp.cv/ Official website]
Coptic Catholic Church

The **Coptic Catholic Church** is a church in full communion with the Pope in Rome instead of the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. The church has about 187,000 members (as of 2017). Most of the members are in Egypt. Coptic Catholics are seen as a schism from the Coptic Orthodox Church. They left that church in order to come into full communion with the Catholic Church. The current Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria is Archbishop Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak.

In 1990, Coptic Catholic sources estimated that there were about 10,000 followers in countries other than Egypt. These followers are under the care of local Latin Rite bishops. There are Coptic Catholic parishes in: Paris, Montréal, New York City, Los Angeles, Sydney, and Melbourne.

## History

In 1741, a Coptic bishop in Jerusalem named Anba Athanasius became a Catholic. Pope Benedict XIV appointed him Vicar Apostolic of the small community (approximately 2,000 people) who also became Catholics. Although Athanasius returned to the Coptic Orthodox Church later, a line of Catholic Vicars Apostolic continued after him.

## Other websites

- Coptic Catholic Church
- http://www.coptcatholic.com (Arabic)
- Article on "Life in a Coptic Catholic Village"

## Infobox (religion)

- **icon width**: 35px
- **name**: Coptic Catholic Church
- **image**: Cathedral of Our Lady of Egypt.jpg
- **caption**: Cathedral of Our Lady of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- **main classification**: Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern Catholic
- **polity**: Episcopal polity, Episcopal
- **structure**: Patriarchate
- **leader title**: Pope
- **leader title1**: Coptic Catholic Patriarch of Alexandria, Patriarch
- **leader name1**: Ibrahim Isaac Sidrak
- **associations**: Dicastery for the Eastern Churches
- **area**: Egypt, with communities in Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America
- **language**: Coptic language, Coptic, Arabic language, Arabic
- **liturgy**: Coptic Rite
- **headquarters**: Cathedral of Our Lady of Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
- **congregations**: 166 (2016)
- **members**: 187,320 (2017)
- **ministers**: 243
- **website**: [https://catholic-eg.com// catholic-eg.com]
Roberto Luongo

**Roberto Luongo** (born April 4, 1979) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played in the National Hockey League (NHL). Luongo retired from the NHL in 2019 after playing for 19 seasons.

## Playing career

Roberto Luongo started playing in the NHL with the Florida Panthers. During the summer of 2006, Luongo was planning to stay in Florida. Instead, the general manager of the Panthers, Mike Keenan, sent him to the Vancouver Canucks, along with Lukas Krajicek, in return for Todd Bertuzzi, Alex Auld, and Bryan Allen. Luongo first said that he was sad because he was leaving so suddenly and Vancouver was very far away.

In the 2007 season, Luongo was in Vancouver.  He was voted into the All-Star Game as the starting goaltender. The Canucks went to the playoffs. It was Luongo's first time to reach the playoffs. In one game, against the Dallas Stars, he made around 70 saves, which is very close to breaking records.

On March 4, 2014, a day before the NHL trade deadline, the Canucks traded Luongo along with prospect Steven Anthony to the Florida Panthers for goaltender Jacob Markström and centre Shawn Matthias. Luongo's salary will still be retained by the Canucks.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Roberto Luongo
- **image**: Roberto Luongo 2009 training camp 2.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **alt**: An ice hockey goaltender with his mask pulled off of his face looking forwards. He wears a green jersey with a logo of a stylized orca in the shape of a "C".
- **caption**: Luongo with the Vancouver Canucks in 2009
- **birth place**: Montreal, Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 217
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **played for**: New York Islanders
Florida Panthers
Vancouver Canucks
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **draft**: 4th overall
- **draft year**: 1997
- **draft team**: New York Islanders
- **career start**: 1999
- **career end**: 2019
Erasmus (disambiguation)

**Erasmus** can refer to:

- ERASMUS programme, the higher education part of the European Union's Socrates programme for student exchange

People:
- Erasmus of Arcadia, Greek Orthodox Bishop
- Erasmus, the humanist scholar, also known as Erasmus of Rotterdam or Disiderius Erasmus
- Saint Erasmus of Formiae alias Saint Elmo
- Erasmus Grasser, leading sculptor in Munich during the early 16th century.
- Erasmus Darwin

In Rotterdam:
- Erasmus University
- Gymnasium Erasmianum (Erasmus Gymnasium school)
- Erasmus Bridge

Other:
- Erasmushogeschool in Brussels
- Erasmus the wizard, one of the major characters in the Quest for Glory adventure games
- Erasmus (Dune), a fictional intelligent robot in the Legends of Dune series by Kevin J. Anderson and Brian Herbert
- Erasmus (shōgun), Protagonist Blackthorne's ship (Dutch)
Archive

An **archive** is a collection of records. The term is also used for the location in which these records are kept.  Archives are made up of records which have been created during the course of an individual or organization's life. In general, an archive consists of records which have been selected for permanent or long-term preservation. Records, which may be in any media, are normally unpublished, unlike books and other publications. Archives may also be generated by large organisations such as corporations and governments.  Archives are different from libraries in that archives hold records which are unique. Archives can be described as holding information "by-products" of activities, while libraries hold specifically authored information "products".  The word 'archives' is the correct terminology, whereas 'archive' as a noun or a verb is related to computer science.

A person who works in archives is called an archivist. The study and practice of organizing, preserving, and providing access to information and materials in archives is called archival science.

## Related pages

- Bibliography
- Internet Archive

## Other websites

- UNESCO Archives Portal  - over 8000 links worldwide
- International Council on Archives
- Archives Hub — gateway to descriptions of archives held in UK universities and colleges, part of the National Archives Network
- InterPares Project  — international project on electronic records
- Access to Archives (A2A) — the English strand of the UK archives network
- Online-Guide to Archives around the globe
Confirmation (Christianity)

In Christianity, babies might be baptised when they were young. When that baby grows to an adult, **confirmation** is used to make sure that the adult agrees with the promise to be a Christian, made when they were baptised. Usually in an Anglican church, people can only take their first Holy Communion if they do the **confirmation** before.
Difference

**Difference** can mean more than one thing.

- A difference is something that two or more things do not have in common.  That is, it is something that is not the same about two things.
- In mathematics, the difference between two numbers is how much bigger one is than the other. Difference is the result of subtraction.
Personality (disambiguation)

**Personality** might mean:

- Personality psychology - a type of psychology which studies personality.
- Cult of personality - used in politics for when a leader uses the praises of the media to make all the people think they are the best.
- Personality Crisis (band) - a Canadian band.
Royalty

**Royalty** could mean:
- A royal family
- Royalties, the payment made to the owner of a copyright, patent, trademark or know-how for its use.
- A type of country subdivision used on Prince Edward Island in Canada.
- Royalty Records, a record label
- "Royalty (song)", a 2019 song by XXXTentacion from _Bad Vibes Forever_.
Osprey

An **osprey** is a type of fish-eating bird. They are also known as 'fish hawk', 'sea hawk', and 'fish eagle'.  It is a large bird measuring up to 60 cm (24 in) long from beak to tail. It has dark brown wings.

## Description

The osprey weighs 1.4–2 kg (3.0–4.4 lb) and is 52–60 cm (20–24 in) long with a 150–180 cm (5–6 ft) wingspan (the distance between the right wingtip and left wingtip when they are spread out). The back of the bird is brown and the belly is white. The head is white with a dark stripe across the eyes. The eyes are golden to brown and the beak (the mouth of a bird) is black. The legs and feet are white with black talons (nails of a bird).

The osprey has a short tail and long, narrow wings. Males and females look similar, but males are often paler. In flight, the osprey raises its wings in an arch shape, making it look like a gull.

### Scotland

Scotland is typical osprey habitat with lots of trees and lakes (called 'lochs'). Because of egg thieves and hunting, only two pairs of ospreys were left there in 1967. The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds began to protect the nests. Ospreys have returned every year to the protected nest at Loch Garten. More than 1.5 million people have been to see them.

The number of ospreys in Scotland has increased a lot, but the population has been slow to spread. This is because ospreys often return to breed near to the place where they hatched.  This has been shown in studies in the USA and Sweden.