juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Satyendra Nath Bose

Professor **Satyendra Nath Bose**  laid down the basics for the Bose–Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose–Einstein condensate. The boson, a kind of particle of matter, is named in his honor. He was a member of the Royal Society and was awarded India's second highest civilian award (called the Padma Vibhushan) in 1954.

Bose’s works helped statistical mechanics, the electromagnetic properties of the ionosphere, the theories of X-ray crystallography, and unified field theory. This work also led Einstein to work with him.

Bose was interested in many subjects including physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, mineralogy, philosophy, arts, literature and music. He worked on many research and development projects for India and England. He mostly spent his life in London.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Satyendra Nath Bose
সত্যেন্দ্র নাথ বসু
<small>Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS</small>
- **image**: SatyenBose1925.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Satyendra Nath Bose in London 1925
- **birth place**: Kolkata, Calcutta, British India, India
- **nationality**: Indian
- **death place**: London, England, United Kingdom
- **field**: Physics and Mathematics
- **work institution**: University of Calcutta
 The Royal Society
 University of London
 Cambridge University
- **alma mater**: University of Calcutta
- **known for**: Bose–Einstein condensate
Bose–Einstein statistics
Bose gas
- **awards**: Padma Vibhushan
Fellow of the Royal Society
 Nobel Prize for Physics
- **citizenship**: England
Richard Dawson

**Richard Dawson** (**born Colin Lionel Emm;** 20 November 1932 – 2 June 2012) was an English-American actor and television presenter.

Dawson was born Colin Lionel Emm in Gosport, Hampshire to an American father and English mother. Dawson married Diana Dors in 1959; they lived in California. The couple had two sons, entertainment manager Mark (born 1960) and Gary (born 1962). She left him and in 1967 the couple divorced. His second marriage lasted from 1991 until his death from esophageal cancer in Los Angeles, California.

Dawson played a prisoner of war in _Hogan's Heroes_ and hosted _Family Feud_.
Chelsea Bridge

**Chelsea Bridge** is a bridge over the River Thames in west London. It connects Chelsea on the north bank to Battersea on the south bank.

## History

There have been two Chelsea Bridges, on the site of what was an ancient crossing.

The first Chelsea Bridge was called Victoria Bridge. It opened in 1857.

The old bridge was replaced by the current one in 1937.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

## Related pages

- List of crossings of the River Thames
Swindon

**Swindon** is a large town in the Borough of Swindon in the county of Wiltshire, South West England. It is the largest settlement in Wiltshire. About 234,000 people live there. It is 81 miles west of London, 40 miles west of Reading, Berkshire, and 40 miles east of Bristol.

## Other websites

- Borough Council site

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **static image name**: Swindon town centre, taken from Radnor Street Cemetery, Spring 2012.jpg
- **static image caption**: Swindon town centre from Radnor Street Cemetery
- **official name**: Swindon
- **population**: 233,400
- **population ref**: (Borough, 2021 census)
- **unitary england**: Swindon Borough Council
- **lieutenancy england**: Wiltshire
- **region**: South West England
- **constituency westminster**: North Swindon (UK Parliament constituency), North Swindon
- **constituency westminster1**: South Swindon (UK Parliament constituency), South Swindon
- **post town**: SWINDON
- **postcode district**: SN1-6, SN25, SN26
- **postcode area**: SN
- **dial code**: 01793
- **os grid reference**: SU152842
Strusta Lake

**Strusta Lake** is a lake of Vitebsk Province, Belarus. It is part of the Braslau Lakes national park.
Vitebsk Region

**Vitebsk Region**, **Vitsebsk Voblast**, or **Vitebsk Oblast**  is a region (voblast) of Belarus.  The administrative center is Vitebsk (Viciebsk). As of a 2009, the region had a population of 1,230,800.

Important cities within the region include Vitebsk, Orsha, and Navapolatsk.

The Vitsebsk Voblast is divided into 21 raions, 5 cities of oblast subordinance, 19 additional cities, 249 selsovets, and 26 urban-type settlements.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Vitsebsk Voblast
- **other name**: Vitebsk Oblast
- **image flag**: Flag of Vitsebsk Voblasts.png
- **flag link**: Flag of Vitsebsk Voblast
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Vitsebsk Voblasts.svg
- **shield link**: Coat of arms of Vitsebsk Voblast
- **image map**: Vitsebsk Voblast in Belarus.svg
- **subdivision type1**: Capital (political), Administrative center
- **subdivision name1**: Vitebsk, Vitsebsk
- **subdivision type2**: List of cities in Belarus, Largest cities
- **subdivision name2**: Vitebsk, Vitsebsk - 342,400
Orsha - 125,300
Navapolatsk - 101,300
- **subdivision type3**: Raions
- **subdivision name3**: 21
 Cities - 19
 Urban localities - 26
- **subdivision type4**: City raions
- **subdivision name4**: 5
- **area total km2**: 40100
- **population total**: 1,230,800
- **population density km2**: 30.6
- **website**: [http://www.vitebsk-region.gov.by www.vitebsk-region.gov.by]
Vitebsk

**Vitebsk**, also known as **Viciebsk** or **Vitsyebsk** is a city in Belarus, near the border with Russia. It is the capital of the Vitebsk Oblast. In 2004 it had 342,381 people. This makes it the country's fourth largest city. It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk air base.

The main universities of Vitebsk are Vitebsk State Technological University, Vitebsk State Medical University and Vitebsk State University named in honor of Pyotr Masherov.

In 1919, Vitebsk was made a part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia. Then it was transferred to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later to the short-lived Litbel. In 1924, it was returned to Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

## History

According to a legend, the city was founded by the Kyiv princess Olga in 974. The first mention of Vitebsk is dated 1021 AD, where it is said that Yaroslav the Wise handed over two cities ("Vosvyach and Vidbesk") to Prince Bryachislav Izyaslavych.

In 1165-1167, due to feudal strife, the Vitebsk principality gradually began to lose importance and fell under the rule of the Smolensk princes.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Vitebsk
- **image skyline**: Viciebsk_collage.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Viciebsk%2C_Belarus.png
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Viciebsk, Belarus.svg
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
Subdivisions of Belarus, Subdivision
- **subdivision name**: Belarus
Vitebsk
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 947
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 342,381
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code**: 210000
- **area code**: +375-21
- **blank name**: License plate
- **blank info**: 2
- **website**: [http://w3.vitebsk.by/ www.vitebsk.by]
Armed Forces of Belarus

The **Armed Forces of Belarus** are the Ground Forces and the Belarusian Air Force. All are under the command of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Belarus. Lieutenant general Yurij Viktorovich Zhadobin is the Minister of Defense since December 4, 2009. Being a landlocked country, Belarus has no navy.

The **Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Belarus** is the government group that has the duties of raising and maintaining the Armed Forces of Belarus. The formation of the ministry began in 1992.  This was a year after the end of the Soviet Union and Belarus becoming an independent state.

## References

- Belarusian Army: Capacity And Its Role In The Region

## Infobox (national military)

- **country**: Belarus
- **name**: Armed Forces of Belarus
- **image**:
- **caption**: Symbol of the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Belarus
- **commander-in-chief**: President Alexander Lukashenko
- **minister**: LtGen Yurij Zhadobin
- **minister title**: Minister of Defence
- **active**: 48 000 (and 12 000 civilian in 2012)
- **reserve**: 289,500
- **deployed**: 4,560 (Around the borders)
- **budget**: $1.3078 million (2010)
- **percent gdp**: 1.4% (FY2010 est.)
- **current form**: 1992
- **branches**: Army
Belarusian Air Force
- **manpower age**: 18 years
- **foreign suppliers**:
Sumida River

The  is a Japanese river which flows through Tokyo.  It crosses the north part of Tokyo and drains into Tokyo Bay.

## Sumida bridges

The Sumida runs through Tokyo for 27 kilometers.  There are 26 bridges across the river, including

- Ryōgoku Bridge (_Ryōgoku-bashi_)

- Nihon bridge (_Nihon-bashi_)

- Eitai Bridge

- Senju Bridge

- Sakura Bridge

- Kototoi Bridge

- Azuma Bridge

- Komagata Bridge

- Umaya Bridge

- Shin Ohashi Bridge

- Kiyosu Bridge

- Chuo Bridge

- Tsukuda Bridge

- Kachidoki Bridge (_Kachidoki-bashi_)

## Other websites

- New York Public Library Digital Gallery _Pleasure boating on the Sumida River_, woodblock print, c. 1788-1790
Brest Region

**Brest Voblast (Province)** or **Brest Oblast** is a province (voblast) of Belarus. The administrative center is Brest. Important cities in the voblast include: Baranovichi, Brest, and Pinsk.

The region was formed in 1939 after Western Belarus rejoined the Byelorussian SSR. Today it has 16 districts (raions), 225 selsovets, 20 cities, 5 city municipalities, 9 urban-type settlements, and 2178 villages.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Brest Voblast (Brest Oblast)
- **image flag**: Flag of Brest Voblast, Belarus.svg
- **flag link**: Flag of Brest Voblast
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Brest Region.svg
- **shield link**: Coat of arms of Brest Voblast
- **subdivision type1**: Capital (political), Administrative center
- **subdivision name1**: Brest, Belarus, Brest
- **subdivision type2**: Largest cities
- **subdivision name2**: Brest, Belarus, Brest - 298,300
Baranovichi - 168,600
Pinsk - 130,500
- **subdivision type3**: Raions
- **subdivision name3**: 16
 Cities: 20
 Urban-type settlement, Urban localities: 9
Villages: 2,178
- **area total km2**: 32700
- **population total**: 1,308,569
- **population density km2**: 44
- **image map**: Brest Voblast in Belarus.svg
- **leader title**: Chairman
- **leader name**: Piotr Parkhomchik
- **iso code**: BY-BR
- **website**: [http://www.brest-region.by www.brest-region.by]
Rectifier

A **rectifier** is a device that can convert Alternating current (AC) to Direct current (DC). This is a process called rectification. Many rectifiers in the 20th century were made of metals like copper, iron, and silver. Nowadays most are semiconductor<nowiki/>s.

_Half-wave rectifiers_ only have one side of a waveform, while the _full-wave rectifiers_ use both sides of a waveform. The left-hand side of the full-wave rectifier circuit consists of four diodes: a diode bridge. Half-wave current is a current that can only flow  in alternate current, a full-wave current can flow both alternating current and direct current.

**Diode bridge** is electrical circuit that consists of four diodes. It acts as a full wave rectifier to convert alternating current to direct current.
Gomel Region

**Homiel Voblast**, **Homyel Oblast** or **Gomel Oblast** is a province (voblast) of Belarus. Its administrative center is Gomel.

Important cities in the voblast include: Gomel, Mazyr, Zhlobin, Svetlahorsk, Rechytsia, Kalinkavichy, Rahachow, Dobrush

Homiel Province and Mahilyow Voblast were hurt severely after the Chernobyl nuclear reactor catastrophe. The Gomel Province borders the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone in places. Part of it is a mandatory or voluntary resettlement areas as a result of the radioactive contamination.

The Homiel Voblast has 21 districts (raions), 278 selsovets, 17 cities, and 8 city municipalities.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Homiel Voblast
- **other name**: Gomel Oblast
- **image flag**: Flag of Homyel Voblast.svg
- **flag link**: Flag of Homiel Voblast
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Homyel Voblast.svg
- **shield link**: Coat of arms of Homiel Voblast
- **image map**: Homiel Voblast in Belarus.svg
- **subdivision type1**: Capital (political), Administrative center
- **subdivision name1**: Gomel
- **subdivision type2**: List of cities in Belarus, Largest cities
- **subdivision name2**: Gomel - 481,200
 Mazyr - 111,800
 Zhlobin - 72,800
- **subdivision type3**: Raions
- **subdivision name3**: 21
 Cities - 17
 Urban localities - 278
 Villages - 2,608
- **subdivision type4**: City raions
- **subdivision name4**: 4
- **area total km2**: 40400
- **population total**: 1,495,100
- **population density km2**: 37
- **leader title**: Chairman
- **leader name**: Ivan Krupko
- **website**: [http://www.gomel-region.by www.gomel-region.by]
Gomel

**Gomel** (also **Homiel**, **Homel**) is the administrative center of Gomel Voblast.  It is the second-largest city in Belarus. It has a population of 482,652 (2009 census). Gomel is in the southeastern part of the country, on the right bank of Sozh river.  It is  to the South-East from Minsk,  to the East from Brest,  to the South from Mogilev,  to the West from Bryansk and  to the North from Chernihiv. The city's area is 121 km<sup>2</sup>.

## Other websites

- Homel Region: Epicentre Of Troubles That Bore Celebrities

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gomel
- **native name**: Гомель
- **image skyline**: Homieĺ Montage (2017).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image flag**: Flag of Gomel.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Homiel, Belarus.svg
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Belarus
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Belarus, Subdivision
- **subdivision name**: Belarus
- **subdivision name1**: Homiel
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Viktor Pilipets
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1142
- **area total km2**: 121
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 481197
- **population metro**: 527886
- **population density km2**: 4258.4
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code**: 246xx, 247xxx
- **area code**: +375 232(2)
- **blank name**: License plate
- **blank info**: 3
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071212233132/http://www.gorod.gomel.by/page.aspx?module=text§ion_id=204 www.gorod.gomel.by]
Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II

The **Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II** was an event to celebrate the reign of Queen Elizabeth II for 60 years since 1952.

## River pageant

A royal pageant on the Thames was one of several events which marked the special anniversary.  The Queen and members of her family were on board the _Spirit of Chartwell_ royal barge.  The barge was joined by a 1,000-boat parade down the river Thames.

## Other websites

- Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant

## Infobox (recurring event)

- **name**: Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II
- **image**: RHS Chelsea Flower Show 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Display at the Chelsea Flower Show celebrating the Diamond Jubilee
- **genre**: List of Jubilees of British monarchs, Jubilee of British monarch
- **prev**: Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II
- **next**: Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II
George W. Snyder

**George W. Snyder** (1780-1841) was an American watchmaker and inventor. Snyder invented the fishing reel in the 1820s.
The Long Good Friday

***The Long Good Friday*** is a 1980 British crime movie. It is set in London. It was directed by John Mackenzie and written by Barrie Keeffe. It stars Bob Hoskins as gangster Harold Shand and Helen Mirren as Victoria.
Grodno Region

**Grodno/Hrodna Region** is a voblast (province) in northwestern Belarus.

The capital Grodno is the biggest city of the province. It is on the Neman River. Two castles from the 14th - 18th centuries are on the steep right bank of the Nemen. Many say this city is one of the most beautiful in Belarus. The Orthodox _St Boris & St Gleb (Kalozhskaya) Church_ dating back to the 12th century, is the second oldest in Belarus.

The Mir Castle Complex, a 16th-century historical landmark as well as part of the Belovezhskaya Pushcha nature reserve, both UNESCO World Heritage sites are in this region.

The Grodno Region is divided into 17 districts (raions), 194 selsovets, 12 cities, 6 city municipalities, and 21 urban-type settlements.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Grodno Region
- **native name**: (belarussian, be)
 (russian language, ru)
- **image flag**: Flag of Grodno region.gif
- **flag link**: Flag of Hrodna Voblast
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Hrodna Voblasts.svg
- **shield link**: Coat of arms of Hrodna Voblast
- **subdivision type1**: Capital (political), Administrative center
- **subdivision name1**: Hrodna
- **subdivision type2**: List of cities in Belarus, Largest cities
- **subdivision name2**: Hrodna - 332,300
Lida - 98,200
Slonim - 51,600
- **subdivision type3**: Raions
- **subdivision name3**: 17
 Cities: 12
 Urban-type settlement, Urban localities: 21
- **subdivision type4**: City raions
- **subdivision name4**: 6
- **area total km2**: 25000
- **population total**: 995,000
- **population density km2**: 45
- **elevation max m**: 323
- **elevation min m**: 80
- **image map**: Hrodna Voblast in Belarus.svg
- **website**: region.grodno.by
Mogilev Region

**Mogilev Region**, also **Mahilyow Voblasts (Province)** or **Mogilyov Oblast** is a province (voblast) of Belarus.  The administrative center is Mogilyov (Mahilyow).

Mogilev and Homyel Voblasts suffered severely after the Chernobyl nuclear radioactive reactor catastrophe in April 1986.

Important cities in the voblast are: Mogilyov, Asipovichy, and Babruysk.

Many rivers flow through the Mahilyow Voblast. They include the: Dnieper River (Dniapro), Berezina, Sozh, Druts, Pronya and Ptsich rivers.

There are 21 districts (raions), 195 selsovets, 14 towns, 3 city municipalities, and 12 urban-type settlements.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Mahilyow Voblasts
- **other name**: Mogilev Oblast
- **native name**:

- **image flag**: Flag of Mahilyow Voblast.png
- **flag link**: Flag of Mahilyow Voblast
- **image shield**: Escut Oblast Mohilev.png
- **shield link**: Coat of arms of Mahilyow Voblast
- **image skyline**: Sviato-Nikolskij monastir v Mogileve. Vid s ulici Botkina zimoj.jpg
- **image caption**: The Saint Nicholas Monastery, Mogilev
- **image map**: Mahilou Voblast in Belarus.svg
- **subdivision type1**: Capital (political), Administrative center
- **subdivision name1**: Mogilev
- **subdivision type2**: List of cities in Belarus, Largest cities
- **subdivision name2**: Mogilev - 365,100
Babruysk - 220,800
Asipovičy, Asipovichy - 34,700
- **subdivision type3**: Raions
- **subdivision name3**: 21
 Towns - 14
 Urban localities - 12
- **subdivision type4**: City raions
- **subdivision name4**: 3
- **area total km2**: 29000
- **population total**: 1,099,374
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population density km2**: 40
- **elevation max m**: 239
- **elevation min m**: 126
- **leader title**: Chairman
- **leader name**: Anatoly Isachenko
- **website**: [http://www.region.mogilev.by region.mogilev.by]
Mogilev

**Mogilev** (also spelled **Mogilyov** or **Mahilyow**) is a city in eastern Belarus.  It is about  from the border with Russia's Smolensk Oblast and  from the border with Russia's Bryansk Oblast. As of 2011, 360,918 people lived there.  It is the administrative centre of Mahilyow Voblast.  It is the third largest city in Belarus.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Mogilyov
Mahiloŭ
- **native name**: Магілёў
Могилёв
- **image skyline**: Mahilioŭ Montage (2017).jpg
- **image flag**: Flag of Mahiloŭ.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Mahiloŭ, Belarus.png
- **map caption**: Location of Mahilyow, shown within the Mahilyow Voblast
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
Subdivisions of Belarus, Subdivision
- **subdivision name**: Belarus
Mahilyow Voblast
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Stanisłaŭ Baradaŭka
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1267
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population total**: 360,918
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code**: 212000
- **blank name**: License plate
- **blank info**: 6
Have I Got News for You

***Have I Got News for You*** is a British comedy television panel game shown on the BBC. It began on 28 September 1990. During each episode, two teams compete to win points by answering questions on recent news events. Each team has a captain and two celebrity guests. One captain is Ian Hislop, the other is Paul Merton. The host was Angus Deayton until he was sacked in October 2002. Since then, there have been many guest presenters.

As of 2025, it produced 69 series.

## Guest appearance tallies

Many guests have appeared on the programme multiple times.
One More Night

**One More Night** is a song performed by American pop rock group Maroon 5 from their fourth studio album _Overexposed._ The single was released for digital download and contemporary radio on June 26, 2012. The song was written by frontman Adam Levine, producer Shellback, executive Max Martin and Savan Kotecha and was produced by Ryan Tedder. The song debuted live at Revel in Atlantic City, New Jersey on the evening of May 18, 2012 and was viraly uploaded by several other people on YouTube the next day. The pop-reggae fused song was announced on May 22nd on the band's official site that it would serve as the second single for their fourth album.

## Development

The song was recorded live in Los Angeles, California earlier in 2012. The band said in an interview with Rolling Stone that it the band's first attempt at trying a reggae song and fusing it with a simple pop melody.

## Release

The song was released on the same day as their fourth studio album _Overexposed_ on June 26, 2012.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: One More Night
- **artist**: Maroon 5
- **album**: Overexposed (album), Overexposed
- **released**: June 25, 2012 <small>(radio, contemporary radio)</small>
 June 26, 2012 <small>(CDQ)</small>
- **recorded**: 2012; Los Angeles, California
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, reggae
- **length**: 3:52
- **label**: A&M/Octone Records
- **writer**: Adam Levine, Shellback, Max Martin, Savan Kotecha
- **producer**: Ryan Tedder
- **prev title**: Payphone (song), Payphone
- **prev year**: 2011
- **next title**: Daylight
- **next year**: 2012
Terrell, Texas

**Terrell** is a city in Kaufman County, Texas, United States.  It is a southeastern suburb of Dallas. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 17,465. Terrell is  east of Dallas.

Terrell is the home of the Terrell State Hospital, a psychiatric inpatient hospital with 316 beds operated under the direction of the Texas Department of State Health Services.

Jamie Foxx, an actor, grew up in Terrell and graduated in 1986 from Terrell High School, along with Cynthea Rhodes, a member of the USA Track & Field team in the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. Joe Doucet a notable American designer graduated in 1988. Terrell High School has also graduated four NFL players which are: Brice McCain, who was drafted in the NFL by the Houston Texans; C.J. Wilson, who played for the Los Angeles Angels; and Kenoy Kennedy, who played for the Denver Broncos and Detroit Lions; and Darius Johnson who played for the Denver Broncos.

Current U.S. Congressman Lance Gooden is a native of Terrell.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Terrell, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "Building a Better Community"
- **image skyline**: Downtown Terrell 2 Wiki (1 of 1).jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Terrell, Texas (2021)
- **image map**: Kaufman County Texas Incorporated Areas Terrell highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Terrell in Kaufman County, Texas, Kaufman County, Texas
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Kaufman County, Texas, Kaufman
- **government type**: Council-manager government, Council-Manager
- **leader title**: City Council
- **leader title1**: City Manager
- **established title**: Incorporated (city)
- **established date**: 1874
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 70.78
- **area land km2**: 69.80
- **area water km2**: 0.98
- **area total sq mi**: 27.33
- **area land sq mi**: 26.95
- **area water sq mi**: 0.38
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 17465
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 155
- **elevation ft**: 509
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 75160-75161
- **area code**: Area code 214, 214, Area code 469, 469, Area code 972, 972
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-72284
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1348380
Minsk Region

**Minsk Voblasc (Province)** or **Minsk Oblast** is a province (voblast) of Belarus.  The administrative center is Minsk. As of 2019, the voblast's population is 1,503,000, which has 15.3% of the national total.

In the northern part of the oblast is the Lake Narach, the largest lake of the country.

There are 22 districts (raions), 307 selsovets, 22 cities, 8 city municipalities, and 20 urban-type settlements.

Minsk Region covers 39,900 km², which stands about 19.44% of the total area of Belarus Republic. There is the largest lake in the country called Narach in the Minsk Region.

## Other websites

- Minsk Region – The Heart Of Belarus

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Minsk Voblasc
- **other name**: Minsk Oblast
- **image flag**: Flag_of_minsk_province.jpg
- **flag link**: Flag of Minsk Voblast
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Minsk province.svg
- **shield link**: Coat of arms of Minsk Voblast
- **image map**: Minsk Voblast in Belarus.svg
- **subdivision type1**: Capital (political), Administrative center
- **subdivision name1**: Minsk
- **subdivision type2**: List of cities in Belarus, Largest cities
- **subdivision name2**: Minsk - 1,780,000
 Barysaw - 150,400
 Salihorsk - 101,400
 Maładečna, Maladzechna - 98,514
- **subdivision type3**: Raions
- **subdivision name3**: 22
 Cities - 22
 Urban localities - 20
- **subdivision type4**: City raions
- **subdivision name4**: 8
- **area total km2**: 40200
- **population total**: 1,474,100
- **population density km2**: 37
- **elevation max m**: 345
- **website**: [http://www.minsk-region.gov.by minsk-region.gov.by]
Belarusian ruble

The **ruble** is the currency of Belarus. The symbol for the ruble is _Br_ and the ISO 4217 code is _BYN_.

In 2000, notes were introduced in amounts of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000 and 5,000 rublei. In 2001 and 2002, higher amounts of 10,000, 20,000 and 50,000 rublei were introduced, followed by 100,000 rublei in 2005.

## Other websites

- National bank of the Republic of Belarus - Official Exchange Rates (English)
- Information about Belarusian commemorative coins (English)
- Catalog of Belarus Banknotes
- LIVE Belarus Ruble eXchange Rates : BYR (English)
Further-eastern European Time

**Further-eastern European Time** (**FET**) also called **Moscow Time (MSK)** and **Turkey Time (TRT)** is since September 2011 three hours ahead of UTC (UTC+03:00). It was started as the official time for the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast and then followed by Belarus, Northern Cyprus, and Turkey.

Until 2011, Further-eastern European Time was the same as Eastern European Time (UTC+2).  on 27 March 2011, Russia moved to the so called "year-round daylight saving time".  Belarus followed Russia on September 15, 2011. Both Turkey and Northern Cyprus also cancelled DST on September 7, 2016, and has switched to FET permanently.On October 29, 2017, Northern Cyprus returned to EET.
UTC+03:00

**UTC+03:00** makes clocks 3 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). These are the countries in the time zone UTC+03:00.

## As standard time (all year round)

- Bahrain
- Belarus
- Comoros
- Djibouti
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Georgia
- Iraq
- Kenya
- Kuwait
- Madagascar
- Qatar
- Russia – Moscow Time
- Saudi Arabia
- Somalia
- South Africa – Prince Edward Islands
- South Sudan
- Tanzania
- Turkey – Turkey Time
- Uganda
- Ukraine
    - Crimea, part of Donetsk and Luhansk regions
- Yemen

## As daylight saving time (Northern Hemisphere summer)

- Bulgaria
- Cyprus
- Estonia
- Finland
- Greece
- Israel – Israel Standard Time
- Jordan
- Latvia
- Lebanon
- Lithuania
- Moldova
- Palestine
- Romania
- Syria
- Ukraine
    - Except Crimea, part of Donetsk and Luhansk regions
- United Kingdom
    - Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Telephone numbers in Belarus

**Country Code: +375**

**International Call Prefix: 00** (was 8~10)

**Trunk Prefix:** 8

Belarus began using its own country code +375 in 1995. Before that it was part of the +7 international country code. The local numbering plan came from USSR.  It has changed little.

Geographic area codes were made based on previous 3-digit USSR area codes by removing the lead _0_. Calling across areas still requires dialing trunk prefix **8** and waiting for dialtone after that.
Francysk Skaryna

**Francysk Skaryna**  was a Belarusian famous as one of the first publishers in Eastern Europe.  He helped develop the Belarusian language.

He was born in the historical Belarusian city of Polotsk into the family of a rich merchant. The exact dates of birth and death are unknown.  It was about 1485–1540 or 1490–1551.

Skaryna graduated from the arts faculty at the University of Kraków in 1504. In 1512 he received doctorate in medicine at the University of Padua in Italy. In 1517 he made a printing press in Prague. He published his first book called _The Psalter_, in the Old Belarusian language on 6 August 1517. The most important part of his life's work was printing a translation of the Bible in 22 books during 1517 to 1519.

Around 1522 he moved to Vilnius.  He made the first printing house in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The first book published there was _The Little Travel Guide_. The printing house closed down. Skaryna spent his last years working as a doctor for Ferdinand I of Germany.

## Other websites

- Francysk Skaryna, the Martin Luther of Belarus // The Economist
2011–12 Chicago Blackhawks season

The **2011–12 Chicago Blackhawks season** was the team's 86th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Blackhawks signed goaltender Corey Crawford to a 3-year, 8 million dollar contract. They clinched the playoffs on March 31, 2012 when they defeated the Nashville Predators 5-4. Their win marked the 4th consecutive season in which the Blackhawks made the playoffs. They were defeated by the Phoenix Coyotes in the first round of the 2012 Stanley Cup Playoffs.

## Playoffs

|colspan=10 style="background:#BF2F38"|<span style="color:#231f20;">2012 Stanley Cup playoffs</span>||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan=10|{| class="toccolours collapsible collapsed"  style="width:100%; margin:auto;"||||||||||
|**Game**|**Date**|**Opponent**|**Score**|**OT**|**Decision**|**Arena**|**Attendance**|**Series**|**Recap**||
|1|April 12|@ Phoenix Coyotes|3–2|9:29 OT|Crawford|Jobing.com Arena|17,138|0–1|L1||
|2|April 14|@ Phoenix Coyotes|4–3|10:36 OT|Crawford|Jobing.com Arena|17,539|1–1|W1||
|3|April 17|Phoenix Coyotes|3–2|13:15 OT|Crawford|United Center|21,627|1–2|L1||
|4|April 19|Phoenix Coyotes|3–2|2:15 OT|Crawford|United Center|22,111|1–3|L2||
|5|April 21|@ Phoenix Coyotes|2–1|2:44 OT|Crawford|Jobing.com Arena|17,746|2–3|W1||
|6|April 23|Phoenix Coyotes|4–0||Crawford|United Center|21,636|2–4|L1|} ***Legend***:|
Yanka Kupala

**Yanka Kupala** ( – June 28, 1942) was the pen name of **Ivan Daminikavich Lutsevich**.  He was a Belarusian poet and writer. Kupala is said to be one of the greatest Belarusian-language writers of the 20th century.

### Early life

Kupala was born on July 7, 1882 in Viazynka. His family was of Szlachta origins. Both of his parents were tenant farmers. Kupala received a traditional Belarusian education.  He finished his studies in 1898. After the death of his father in 1902, Kupala worked several short-term jobs.  These included being a tutor, a shop assistant, and a record keeper.

Kupala's first serious try at writing was _Ziarno_.  It was a Polish-language sentimental poem which he completed around 1903–1904. His first Belarusian-language work ("Мая доля") was dated July 15, 1904. Kupala's first published poem, "Мужык" ("Peasant"), was published about a year later.  It was in the newspaper on May 11, 1905. Several more poems by Kupala were in the Belarusian-language newspaper _Nasha Niva_ from 1906 to 1907.

### In Vilnius and St. Petersburg

Kupala moved from Belarus to Vilnius in 1908.  He continued with his career as a poet. The first published collection of his poems, _Жалейка_ (_The Little Flute_) made the czarist government mad. The order for Kupala's arrest was ended in 1909.

Kupala left for St. Petersburg in 1909. In 1910 he published several works.  He left St. Petersburg and returned to Vilnius in 1913. Among those influencing Kupala in the 1910s was Maxim Gorky.

### During the Soviet period

Kupala's writing changed to an optimistic tone after the Great October Revolution of 1917.

Kupala was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1941 for the poetry collection _Ад сэрца_ (_From the Heart_).

In 1941 he moved to Moscow and then to Tatarstan. But even from there he wrote poems supporting Belarus fighting against Nazi Germany. He died mysteriously in 1942 in Moscow.  He fell down the stairwell in Hotel Moskva. The death was said to be accidental.  Some people think it was suicide or murder.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Yanka Kupala
Я́нка Купа́ла
- **image**: Yanka Kupala.jpg
- **birth place**: Maladzyechna Raion, Viazynka, near Minsk, Belarus
- **death date**: June 28, 1942 (aged 59)
- **death place**: Moscow, Russia
- **occupation**: Poet and writer
- **nationality**: Belarusian
- **period**: 1903–1942
Ryan Sypek

**Ryan Sypek** (born August 6, 1982) is an American actor.

## Filmography

- _Wildfire_ (2005–2008) - Junior Davis
- _Private Valentine: Blonde & Dangerous_ (2008) - Sgt. Mills Evans
- _Greek_ (2008), episode: A Tale of Two Parties - Ryan Prince
- _How I Met Your Mother_ (2009), episode: Mosbius Designs - PJ
- _Christmas Cupid_ (2010) - Jason
- _Squatters_ (2010), 3 episodes - Robert
- _Happy Endings_ (2011) - Todd
- _The Nine Lives of Chloe King_ (2011) - Jesse

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Ryan Sypek
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts
- **occupation**: Actor
Las Vegas (TV series)

***Las Vegas*** is an American television series broadcast by NBC from September 22, 2003 to February 15, 2008.

## Cast

- James Caan as Edward Melvin Deline
- Josh Duhamel as Danny McCoy
- James Lesure as Mike Cannon
- Vanessa Marcil as Samantha Jane "Sam" Marquez
- Molly Sims as Delinda Deline
- Nikki Cox as Mary Connell
- Marsha Thomason as Nessa Holt
- Tom Selleck as A.J. Cooper

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 44 minutes
- **starring**: James Caan
Josh Duhamel
Nikki Cox
James Lesure
Vanessa Marcil
Molly Sims
Marsha Thomason
Tom Selleck
- **country**: United States
- **network**: NBC
- **num seasons**: 5
- **num episodes**: 106
Nikki Cox

**Nicole Avery "Nikki" Cox** (born June 2, 1978) is an American actress. She is famous for her roles on television series Unhappily Ever After, Las Vegas and Nikki.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Nikki Cox
- **image**: Nikki Cox.jpg
- **birthname**: Nicole Avery Cox
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1982–present
James Lesure

**James Lesure** (born September 21, 1970) is an American actor. He acted in the television series _Las Vegas_.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: James Lesure
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California
- **occupation**: Actor
Molly Sims

**Molly Sims** (born May 25, 1973 ) is an American actress. She acted on the television series _Las Vegas_.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Molly Sims
- **image**: Molly Sims at Met Opera.jpg
- **birth place**: Murray, Kentucky
- **occupation**: Actor, model
- **yearsactive**: 1998–present
Vanessa Marcil

**Vanessa Marcil** (born October 15, 1968) is an American actress. She acted on the television series _Las Vegas_.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Vanessa Marcil
- **birthname**: Sally Vanessa Ortiz
- **birth place**: Indio, California, Indio, California
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1992–present
Marsha Thomason

**Marsha Thomason** (born January 19, 1976 ) is an English actress. She acted on the television series _Las Vegas_.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Marsha Thomason
- **image**: Marsha Thomason - White Collar panel crop.jpg
- **birthname**: Marsha Lisa Thomason
- **birth place**: Manchester, England
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1993–present
Madame Tussauds

**Madame Tussauds** is a wax museum in London with branches in a number of major cities. It was founded by wax sculptor Marie Tussaud. It used to be called "Madame Tussaud's", but the apostrophe is no longer used. Madame Tussauds is a major tourist attraction in London. It has waxwork displays of historical and royal figures, film stars, sports stars and infamous murderers.
Caste (biology)

In some eusocial species, individuals of one species live together in colonies. These groups are often called nests or hives. Often there is a division of labour. In Hymenoptera, for example, a hive may have several kinds of females, which by Polyphenism carry out different tasks, and whose bodies are different.

Such specialized types in one species are known as **castes**. Castes that are not involved in producing offspring are usually sterile. The term originally comes from the caste-system in Hinduism.

## Related pages

- Eusociality
Corps of Bridges and Roads (France)

The **Corps of Bridges** (_Corps des Ponts_) is a French civil service corps.

People entering the Corps are trained at the **'. Most of them are from the **'. The rest come from the __.

In 2002, the corps of the engineers of Bridges and Roads (_Ponts et Chaussées_), the engineers of civil aviation, the engineers-geographs and the meteorological engineers merged. Students who choose the corps of engineers of civil aviation are trained at the French Civil Aviation University.

## Former or current members

- Paul-Louis Arslanian
- Henri Becquerel
- Michel Bernard
- Jules Dupuit
- Gérard Mestrallet
- Jean Peyrelevade
- Marie François Sadi Carnot (former president of the French Republic)
- Jacques Villiers

## Further reading

- Official site of the Corps
Motherwell railway station

**Motherwell railway station** is a train station in Motherwell, Scotland. It is a big station, with four platforms, making it the biggest station in North Lanarkshire. The station can get you to big places such as London and Glasgow. There is a train every 10 minutes going to Glasgow Central station. It is managed by ScotRail.

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Motherwell
- **native name**: Tobar na Màthar
- **symbol**: rail
- **symbol location**: gb
- **image**: Motherwell railway station - geograph.org.uk - 7936452.jpg
- **caption**: Motherwell railway station.
- **borough**: Motherwell, North Lanarkshire
- **country**: Scotland
- **owned**: Network Rail
- **platforms**: 4
- **code**: MTH
Hammersmith

**Hammersmith** is an urban centre in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham in west London. It is about five miles west of Charing Cross.

## Other websites

- Hammersmith & Fulham Council website
Danny Boyle

**Daniel Boyle** (born 20 October 1956) is a British movie director and producer. He was born in Radcliffe, Lancashire into a working-class Irish Catholic family.

His movies include _Shallow Grave_, _Trainspotting_, _A Life Less Ordinary_, _The Beach_, _28 Days Later_, _Millions_, _28 Weeks Later_, _Sunshine_, _Slumdog Millionaire_ and _127 Hours_. Boyle was nominated for five BAFTA Awards and three Academy Awards. He directed the 2018 television series _Trust_ based on the kidnapping of John Paul Getty III, the grandson of J. Paul Getty.
Vasil Bykaŭ

**Vasil Uładzimiravič Bykaŭ** (June 19, 1924 – June 22, 2003) was an author of many novels and novellas about World War II. He is a big figure in Belarusian literature and civic thought. The writer's talent earned him endorsements for the Nobel Prize nomination from, among others, Nobel Prize laureates Joseph Brodsky and Czesław Miłosz.

## Life and career

Vasil Bykaŭ was born in the village Byčki, not far from Viciebsk in 1924. In 1941 he was in Ukraine when Germany attacked the USSR. He volunteered for the Red Army. For years after the war he continued to serve.  He returned to the USSR only in the mid-1950s. There he started to work as a journalist for the Hrodna Pravda newspaper. In that same decade his first novellas were published.

Bykaŭ was one of the most admired writers in the Soviet Union. In 1980 he was awarded the title of People's Writer of the Belarusian SSR. Vasil Bykaŭ is the most widely read Belarusian writer outside of Belarus.

## Bibliography

- 1960 - "Crane's Cry" ("Жураўліны крык")
- 1960 - "Knight move" ("Ход канём")
- 1962 - "Third Rocket" ("Трэцяя ракета")
- 1964 - "The Alpine Ballad" ("Альпійская балада")
- 1965 - "One Night" ("Адна ноч")
- 1970 - "The Ordeal" ("Сотнікаў")
- 1971 - "The Obelisk" ("Абеліск")
- 1973 - "To Live till Sunrise" ("Дажыць да світання")
- 1974 - "Wolf Pack" ("Воўчая зграя")
- 1975 - "His Battalion" ("Яго батальён")
- 1978 - "To Go and not Return" ("Пайсці і не вярнуцца")
- 1983 - "Sign of Misfortune" ("Знак бяды")
- 1989 - "In the Fog" ("У тумане")
- 1997 - "The Wall" ("Сьцяна")
- 2003 - "The Long Road Home" ("Доўгая дарога да дому")
Uladzimir Karatkievich

**Uladzimir Karatkievich** or **Vladimir Korotkevich** (26 November 1930 – 25 July 1984) was a Belarusian romantic writer.

Karatkievich was born in 1930 in Orsha, Viciebsk region. In 1954 he graduated from Kiev University. Later, he completed advanced literature courses (1960), and then cinematography (1962), both in Moscow. Literature then became his main job.

His first published work was a poem that appeared in 1951.  He published a large number of short stories, in collections entitled _Chazenia_, _The Eye of the Typhoon_, _From Past Ages_, and others. He also wrote the novels _Unforgettable_ and _The Dark Castle Olshansky_. Karatkievich's most popular work is the novel _The Wild Hunt of King Stakh._

Karatkievič also wrote a number of plays, essays, articles, screenplays for short and feature movies.  He also wrote some detective and adventure stories.
Supervolcano

A **supervolcano** is a volcano that can make a volcanic eruption where the things being thrown out of the volcano have a volume bigger than , which is a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 8. If the definition is expanded, supervolcanoes also include volcanoes that have volcanic eruptions with a volume bigger than , which is a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. This is thousands of times bigger than most volcanic eruptions which happened a long time. Supervolcanoes can occur when magma in the Earth rises into the crust from a hotspot, but can not break through the crust. More and more pressure builds up in a large and growing magma pool until the crust can no longer take the pressure.

Although there are not many Quaternary supervolcanoes, supervolcanic eruptions usually cover very big areas with lava and volcanic ash. They can also cause a long-lasting change to weather (such as causing a volcanic winter which can trigger a small ice age), enough to possibly make species extinct.

## Terminology

The term "supervolcano" was first used in the BBC popular science television program _Horizon_ in 2000 to mean eruptions of this type.

Volcanologists (who study with volcanoes) and geologists do not say "supervolcanoes" in their scientific work. This is because the word can mean many different geothermal conditions.  Since 2003, however, the term has been used by professionals when showing things to the public.  The term _megacaldera_ is sometimes used for calderas which are quite similar to supervolcanoes, such as the Blake River Megacaldera Complex in the Abitibi greenstone belt of Ontario and Quebec, Canada.

## Super Eruptions

VEI 8 eruptions are considered super-eruptions due to their large scale. The Earth's most recent supereruption is the Oruanui eruption, occurring 26,500 years ago.

## Related pages

- Toba catastrophe theory

## Other websites

- Information on the original BBC program
- Yellowstone Supervolcano and Map of Supervolcanoes Around The World
- USGS Fact Sheet – Steam Explosions, Earthquakes, and Volcanic Eruptions – What's in Yellowstone's Future?
- Discovery Channel's site on "Supervolcano"
- Scientific American's The Secrets of Supervolcanoes
Prix Benois de la Danse

The **Benois de la Danse** is one of the most prestigious ballet competitions. It was started by the International Dance Association in Moscow in 1991.  It takes place each year on or around April 29 and is jury-based in its judging. The members of this jury change every year and have only top ballet personages.

Statuettes are given to the winners in the categories of lifelong achievement, ballerina, danseur, choreographer, composer and designer.

## History

The idea for the Benois de la Danse was started in Moscow.  The founders got support of UNESCO in the autumn of 1992.  Its scheduling at the end of April is to match with the birthday of Alexandre Benois (1870–1960).

French sculptor Igor Ustinov designed the statuette of the Benois de la Danse award in 1992. He is the son of the famous actor Peter Ustinov, a great-nephew of Alexandre Benois.

## Goals of competition

- To give the Benois audience the best performances of the works that have been entered, regardless of whom they were made by.
- To bring the best representatives of different dance styles and schools together.
- To support veterans of ballet financially, with funds from the gala concerts
Bread and salt

**Bread and salt** is a Slavic welcome greeting ceremony and also a type of food.

When important, respected, or admired guests arrive, they are given a loaf of bread placed on a _rushnik_ (embroidered towel). A salt holder or a salt cellar is placed on top of the bread loaf or secured in a hole on the top of the loaf.
In modern Russia, on official occasions, the "bread and salt" is presented by young women dressed in national costumes (e.g., sarafan and kokoshnik).

When this tradition is observed in spaceflight, small packages of bread and salt are used.
Kvass

**Kvass** is a fermented beverage made from black or regular rye bread. The colour of the bread used helps to make the colour of the drink. It is a non-alcoholic drink by Russian standards.  This is because the alcohol content from fermentation is less than 1.2%. Overall, the alcohol content is low (0.05% - 1.0%). It is often flavoured with fruits or herbs such as strawberries, raisins or mint. Kvass is also used for preparing a cold summertime soup called _okroshka_.

It is popular in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Estonia, and other Eastern and Central European countries,  It is also popular in countries that used to be part of the USSR (former Soviet states), such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, where one can see many kvass vendors in the streets. Kvass is also popular in Harbin and Xinjiang, areas within China that are influenced by Russian culture.