juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Asatru

**Asatru** (Icelandic: **Ásatrú**, Norwegian: **Åsatru**, Swedish: **Asatro**) is a religion which involves the worship of ancient Germanic and Scandinavian Viking spirits and gods. It received official legal establishment in 1970s in Iceland through the efforts of Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson and other Icelanders. The current recognized national organization of Asatru in Iceland is Ásatrúarfélagið. The name is derived from two Old Norse words. It means "faith in the Æsir," the Old Norse gods.

A person who practices Asatru is called an _Asatruar_, and is sometimes referred to as a Heathen. Asatru is also called Wodanism, Wotanism or Germanic paganism.

Common books that describe the knowledge in depth include the Sagas and the Eddas.

## Gods and Goddesses

Asatru is a polytheistic religion in which various goddesses and gods are worshiped. The most prominent are Thor, Odin, Freyja, Frigg, Freyr, Tyr, Loki, and Heimdall.
Otherkin

**Otherkin** is a subculture of people who identify as a non-human thing. Some otherkin believe their identity comes from a non-human spirit, ancestry, or symbolism. People also believe that Otherkin get their identity from neurodivergence.
The term has since been widespread, and it usually refers to many non-human identities, including therians.

Otherkin originally came from Online Communities in the 1990s when people started identifying as elves or other fantasy creatures.
Pedro Romeiras

**Pedro Romeiras** was a Portuguese principal ballet dancer born 3 July 1961, in Lisbon. He was the gold medal winner of the II Prix Français de la Danse 1982.
Bonfire

A **bonfire** or **balefire** is a large controlled outdoor fire made from bales of straw or wood. The word is believed to come from "bone fire". In the time of the Celts, there were midsummer festivals where animal bones were burnt to ward off evil spirits.

## What it means in Great Britain

In Great Britain, bonfires are particularly associated with _Guy Fawkes Night_. This night is  also known as _fireworks night_ or _bonfire night_. On this night, people celebrate that the Gunpowder Plot  was discovered. This discovery took place on 5 November 1605. They do this celebration each year. (It is called an _annual celebration_.)

In Northern Ireland, _bonfires_ are associated with celebrations on the anniversary of the Battle of the Boyne.

## What it means in Japan

In Japan, large fires called bon-bi are set to welcome the return of the spirits of the ancestors.  Though the two terms are not etymologically or historically related, they serve similar purposes and indicate the universal importance of large fires.

## Use of bonfires for rituals

Bonfires were also used for rituals. The idea was that the fire would purify. It was used to consecrate things, or people, that is to make them sacred, in some way. In ancient times, cattle were important symbols of wealth and status. Such cattle were led through the smoke of a bonfire. Couples who were to be wed on May Day would leap through the flames of the bonfire to seal their vows. Coals from a bonfire would be taken home to light the fires in family hearths.  This practice was thought to bring good fortune. People also believed that the residents of the Faery realm were incapable of producing fire themselves; embers of bonfires would be carried to the underworld and tended there.

## Neopagan and Wiccan beliefs

Along with the Maypole, the bonfire is an important component of the Wiccan and Neopagan celebration of Beltaine, also known as May Day.

Nine woods are placed into a traditional Wiccan balefire.  These woods are rowan, dogwood, elder, poplar, oak, juniper, holly, cedar, and apple.  Occasionally, pine is also used instead of holly or elder, as are a handful of other woods.  In some regions, superstition, religious belief, or tradition prohibits the cutting of certain trees.

## Pictures

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|Wiccan bonfires or balefires||

## Related pages

- Walpurgis Night
- Pyre

## Other websites

- Dancing May Day Through History
Bic Runga

**Bic Runga** (born January 13, 1976) is a singer from New Zealand. She was born in Christchurch. She has sold lots of albums in New Zealand.

The names of her albums are:
- _Drive_
- _Beautiful Collision_
- _Live in Concert (With the Christchurch Symphony)_
- _Birds_
Sputnik programme

The **Sputnik programme** was a Soviet Union spacecraft programme. Sputnik 1, the first satellite in the programme, was launched on October 4, 1957. This was the first man-made satellite ever to enter orbit.

The United States was very surprised when the Soviet Union sent Sputnik 1 into space. It did not want to fall behind. So, it began spending more money on science and education. This was when the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States began.

## Etymology

The word _Sputnik_ comes from the ,
 or , not .

## Other websites

- Sputnik, Citizendium
Fasting

**Fasting** is a kind of abstinence. It is when someone does not eat or drink for some specified period of time. It is only the case if the person does so of his or her own will. Fasting is usually done for one of three reasons:

- Some people use fasting to lose weight, improve heart health, and boost thinking and memory
- In some cases, people use fasting as a religious ritual
- In some cases, people use fasting as a way of protest. This is usually called hunger strike

When it is done for religious reasons, certain groups of people are usually excluded:

- People who are ill, or who are recovering from a disease
- Pregnant women, or women with small children (who need to be breastfed)
- Children
- Old people

It may also be that the person only eats and drinks certain kinds of food. Most often, fasting is done for religious reasons. Depending on the tradition, fasting practices may forbid sexual intercourse, (or any sexual desire), masturbation, as well as refraining from eating certain types or groups of food (e.g. meat).

Fasting for religious and spiritual reasons has been a part of human custom since pre-history. It is mentioned in the Qur'an, in the Mahabharata, in the Upanishads, and in the Bible, in both the Old and New Testament. In Buddhism it is also taught as a way to getting Nirvana.

## Dry fasting

This is a form of fasting when a person totally abstains from eating any food or drinking water.

In 2019, a Zambian pastor Brighton Samajomba died from malnutrition 10 days before completing a 30-day dry fasting.

Early in 2023, the BBC reported that a Mozambican pastor Francisco Barajah also lost his life in a similar way after he did a 25-day dry fasting, but his initial plan was to complete a 40-day dry fasting just like Jesus Christ.
Later in 2023, a Nigerian pastor Victor Great was reported to have done a 21-day dry fasting; at the end of which he could not walk and several church workers assisted him from his car to the altar.

## Politics

Fasting as a form of protest is called a hunger strike.

## Intermittent fasting

Timed fasting is known as Intermittent fasting. According to The New York Times, it is sometimes used for weight loss.

There are different ways to time your fast. You can:

- Not eat for 16 hours
- Not eat for 20 hours
- Not eat for one day and feast on the next day and repeat
- Eat one meal a day
Walpurgis Night

**Walpurgis Night** (_Valborgsmässoafton_ in Swedish, _Vappu_ in Finnish, _Volbriöö_ in Estonian, _Valpurģu nakts_ or _Valpurģi_ in Latvian, _Walpurgisnacht_ in German, _Čarodějnice_ in Czech) is a holiday celebrated on April 30 or May 1, in Finland, Sweden, Bohemia (Czech Republic), Estonia, Latvia and Germany.

## Origins

The festival is named after Saint Walburga (known in Scandinavia as "Valborg"; alternative forms are "Walpurgis", "Wealdburg", or "Valderburger"), born in Wessex in 710 a niece of Saint Boniface. According to legend, she was a daughter to the Saxon prince St. Richard. Together with her brothers she travelled to Württemberg, Germany where she became a nun and lived in the convent of Heidenheim, which was founded by her brother Wunibald. Walburga died on 25 February 779 and that day still carries her name in the Catholic calendar. However she was not made a saint until 1 May in the same year, and that day carries her name in the Swedish calendar.

Historically the Walpurgisnacht is derived from Germanic Pagan spring customs, where the arrival of spring was celebrated with bonfires at night. Their fertility celebrations took place around April 30 and due to Walburga being declared a saint at that time of year, her name became associated with the celebrations. Walburga was worshipped in the same way that the Germanic Pagans had celebrated spring, and as it spread throughout Europe, the two dates became mixed together and created the Walpurgis Night celebration.

## Germany

In Germany, **Walpurgisnacht**, the night from April 30 to May 1, is the night when allegedly the witches hold a large celebration on the Blocksberg and await the arrival of Spring. When the travel to that mountain is too far, they may also chose another hill in the region they live.
> _"Walpurgis Night (in German folklore) the night of April 30 (May Day's eve), when witches meet on the Brocken mountain and hold revels with their Gods..."_
> _"Brocken the highest of the Harz Mountains of north central Germany. It is noted for the phenomenon of the Brocken spectre and for witches' revels which reputably took place there on Walpurgis night.
> The Brocken Spectre is a magnified shadow of an observer, typically surrounded by rainbow-like bands, thrown onto a bank of cloud in high mountain areas when the sun is low. The phenomenon was first reported on the Brocken."_
> —Taken from Oxford Phrase & Fable.
Avian influenza

**Avian influenza** (**bird flu**,  or **avian flu**), is an illness caused by a virus. The virus, called _influenza A_ or _type A_, usually lives in birds. Sometimes it infects mammals, like humans.

There are many types of influenza A. It was first found in a bird in Italy in 1878. Most types have weak symptoms like conjunctivitis and afluenza-like symptoms. Also breathing problems, like the common cold. It often mutates.

But some types kill birds, and a few kill humans and other mammals. One type of bird flu, called _Spanish flu_, killed 50 to 100 million people  in 1918/1920. Another type, called _Asian Flu_ killed one million in 1957. Another, called _Hong Kong Flu_, killed one million people in 1968.

A subtype, called _H5N1_, killed six people in Hong Kong in 1997, but did not kill again until 2003, this time in China. Until the middle of 2005, it was primarily found in southeast Asia but since then has spread to parts of Africa and Europe. It has killed tens of millions of birds and resulted in the slaughter of hundreds of millions of other birds to limit its spread. So far it is mostly a bird disease and rarely infects humans. The concern about H5N1 is that it is constantly evolving at a very fast rate. It might create a human flu pandemic. Governments around the world are spending money to deal with this problem: studying H5N1, creating vaccines, conducting pandemic practice exercises, stockpiling useful flu medication, and many other activities.

### United States

The CDC says farm workers wear personal protective equipment, like N95s, when with sick farm animals. The sick farm animals could have H5N1, which could spread the virus. Yet, workers keep getting sick. This may be due to workers' fear of losing their job. This may also be due to employers and state officials not letting CDC inspectors into dairy farms.

As of July 2024, 11 humans sick with H5N1 were found in the USA. All of the sick humans found were dairy farm workers.
Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy

The **_Jyllands-Posten_ Muhammad cartoons controversy** is a controversy about a series of cartoons. They were first published in a Danish newspaper. The publication led to an outcry, and sparked violent protests in the Islamic world, with many people dying. The cartoons were drawn and created by Kurt Westergaard.

The crisis began after cartoons depicting the Islamic prophet Muhammad were published in the Danish newspaper _Jyllands-Posten_ on September 30, 2005. Danish Muslim organizations staged protests in response. As the controversy has grown, some or all of the cartoons have been reprinted in newspapers in more than fifty other countries. The protests got worse when fake cartoons were released.

One of the cartoons showed Muhammad with a bomb in his turban. Some people thought this was saying that all Muslims are terrorists. But other cartoons made fun of the Jyllands-Posten newspaper. One insulted the editors of the newspaper, by using the language Farsi.

Critics claims that the cartoons are culturally insulting, Islamophobic, blasphemous, and intended to humiliate a "marginalized" minority. However, supporters of the cartoons claim they illustrate an important issue and their publication exercises the right of free speech. They have also claimed that similar cartoons are made relative to other religions, arguing that Islam and its followers have not been targeted in a discriminatory way.

## Related pages

- Jesus with erection

## Other websites

- The page that contains Muhammad cartoons
Blasphemy

**Blasphemy** is a word that means _speaking badly about a religion_, or _insulting a god_. Some religions see blasphemy as a religious crime. Many countries with a state religion have laws that make blasphemy a crime. For example, blasphemy can be punished with the death penalty in Saudi Arabia or Pakistan. In other countries, the punishment for the crime is a fine, or imprisonment.

Some countries do not have laws against blasphemy. For example, after the French Revolution, France made blasphemy legal to make sure people would have freedom of religion and the freedom of the press.

The United States, Canada, and many European countries, have laws to protect people who speak badly about religion. Sometimes people do this in a satirical way, like with a movie that makes fun of a religion. In these countries, profanity is often protected by freedom of speech as well.

## Related pages

- Heresy
- Profanity
- Sacrilege

## References

- _Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression_  (ISSN US 0363-3659)
- Levy, L. _Blasphemy_. Chapel Hill, 1993.
- Dartevelle, P., S Borg, Denis, Ph., Robyn, J. (eds.). _Blasphèmes et libertés._ Paris: CERF, 1993
- Plate, S. Brent _Blasphemy: Art that Offends_ (London: Black Dog Publishing, 2006) []

## Other websites

- Catholic Encyclopedia: Blasphemy
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Blasphemy
- Comprehensive academic study comparing global legal approaches to blasphemy in light of the Jyllands-Posten controversy
- The Rational Response Squad: The Blasphemy Challenge
- A More4 news film report on how insulting the prophet Mohammed in Pakistan is a capital offence, and defiling the Koran carries life imprisonment.
1180s

The **1180s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1180 and ended on 31 December 1189. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***119th decade*** which began on January 1, 1181 and ended on December 31, 1190.

## Events and trends

- September 1, 1181 - Pope Lucius III becomes 171st pope
- June 25, 1183 - Frederick I and the Lombard League sign the Peace of Constance
- 1183 - Saladin takes over Syria and becomes sultan
- November 25, 1185 - Pope Urban III becomes 172nd pope
- October 21, 1187 - Pope Gregory VIII becomes 173rd pope
Brie

**Brie** is a type of soft cheese with a yellowish interior and a white layer (the "rind") on the outside of the cheese.

The rind is eaten as well as the inside of this cheese. Like other cheeses, Brie is a dairy product made from cows' milk. Brie cheese may be served with fruit as a dessert at the end of a meal, or with a relish.

The cheese is sometimes served slightly melted or baked, in a round, lidded ceramic dish, and topped with nuts or fruit, or both.

## How it is made

Brie is a French cheese, and protected by AOC (_Appellation d'origine contrôlée_). This means only this cheese from this region (near Paris) can properly call itself "brie". This is ignored by some countries outside Europe, but the system of AOC is used in the wine business, so many parts of the world do honour it, and have similar arrangements.

The milk of soft cheeses (_à pate molle_ in French) is not heated during the production of the cheese. Talleyrand said about this kind of cheese that it was the _king of cheeses_. He said that in the 19th century. This kind of cheese has been made for at least 1000 years.

In Europe this cheese is usually not treated chemically, so it might change in consistency or color. It will go bad if it is not kept cool. If that means it is kept in a refrigerator, note that it should not be eaten that cold. It is best eaten when it is somewhat below normal room temperature. In most countries, brie-style cheeses are made with Pasteurized milk.

Brie can be aged, that is, carefully treated for up to a year. Then it has a darker colour and a stronger taste. This is rarely seen outside of France.

## Types of Brie

The following kinds of Brie exist:

- Brie de Meaux, from Champagne (region), AOC since 1986. The 1998 production was 7683 tonnes.
- Brie de Melun, from Ile-de-France, AOC since 1980. 264 tonnes produced in 1998.

Other French _Bries_ are:

- Brie fermier, Île-de-France
- Brie de Melun bleu
- Brie petit moulé
- Brie laitier
- Brie de Coulommiers

Bries from outside France:

- Somerset Brie, England
- Brie Manoir, Québec
- Bleubrie, Québec

## Brie de Meaux

Cheeses are made into round loaves, of about 36 cm in diameter. The cheeses then weight about 2.5 kilograms. It is best tasted from April to October, after a ripening period of 8 to 10 weeks. About 2% of the production occurs on farms.

## Brie de Melun

The Brie de Melun is smaller than the Brie de Meaux, but more salt is added to it. The ripening period is 10 weeks. It is best consumed April to September, but it can be found March to November, in some locations. About 5% of production occurs on farms.

## What Brie should look like

When people buy Brie, they should make sure that it has the following traits:
- It is soft.
- Brie is covered in a white layer. There may be reddish patches in the layer.
- The interior of the cheese should be yellowish.
- The cheese has a distinct smell which is often considered to be good.
- It should taste slightly nutty.
Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

**Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord** (2 February 1754 – 17 May 1838) was a French diplomat.

He was a bishop and worked successfully for Louis XVI. He changed sides and served the French Revolution and Napoleon I. When Napoleon started losing his wars, Talleyrand changed sides again and served  Louis XVIII. He represented France at the Congress of Vienna. He changed sides once more and served Louis Philippe I. Since the beginning of the 19th century he was known simply as _Talleyrand_. He is widely seen as one of the most pragmatic and influential diplomats in European history. He was known to accept bribes from other European powers, especially while he served under Napoleon.

## Related pages

- A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
- Mary Wollstonecraft

## Other websites

- Charles Maurice de Talleyrand Perigord 1754-1838
- Society of friends of Talleyrand
- Career of Mme Grand, Talleyrand's wife
Soft cheese

**Soft cheese** (in French: _Fromage à pate molle_) is any kind of cheese that does not get heated during production.

An example of soft cheese would be Brie.
The Cult

**The Cult** are a English rock band. They formed in 1981 under the name **Southern Death Cult,** later renamed to **Death Cult** in 1983, then were again renamed to their current name **The Cult** in 1984.

## Studio albums

- Dreamtime (1984)
- Love (1985)
- Electric (1987)
- Sonic Temple (1989)
- Ceremony (1991)
- The Cult (1994)
- Beyond Good and Evil (2001)
- Born into This (2007)
- Choice of Weapon (2012)
- Hidden City (2016)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Cult
- **img**: The Cult.jpg
- **img capt**: The Cult in 2010
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Death Cult
- **origin**: Bradford, Yorkshire, England
- **years active**: –1995, 1999–present
- **label**: Beggars Banquet Records, Beggars Banquet, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner, Sire Records, Sire, Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., Aderra Inc., Aderra, Cooking Vinyl
- **associated acts**: Southern Death Cult, Manzarek–Krieger, Holy Barbarians (band), Holy Barbarians, Theatre of Hate, Circus Diablo
- **current members**: Ian Astbury
Billy Duffy
John Tempesta
Chris Wyse
- **past members**: See: #Members, Members
1028

## Events

- November 12 – Dying Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire marries his daughter Zoe of Byzantium to his chosen heir Romanus Argyrus.
- November 15 – Romanus Argyrus becomes Eastern Roman Emperor as Romanus III.
1056

## Events

- Anselm of Canterbury leaves Italy.
- Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Germany.
- Ottokar, Count of Steyr, becomes Margrave of the Karantanian March, later known as Styria
James A. Michener

**James Albert Michener** ( or ; February 3, 1907 – October 16, 1997) was an American writer. His books include _Tales of the South Pacific_, _Hawaii_, _The Drifters_, _Texas_, and _Poland_. Most of his 40 books are very large sagas. They are about the lives of many generations in a particular place. His non-fiction writings include the 1992 book _The World is My Home_ and _Sports in America_.

Michener wrote that he did not know who his parents were or exactly when and where he was born. He was raised by an adoptive mother, Mabel Michener, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania. Some have argued that Mabel was his birth mother. He graduated from Swarthmore College, where he played basketball, in 1929. He later studied at the Colorado State Teachers College. He taught there for several years. He also taught at Harvard University.

His writing career began during World War II. He was assigned to the South Pacific Ocean as a naval historian. He used his time there as the basis for _Tales of the South Pacific_, his first book. This book was the basis for the musical _South Pacific_.

Michener met his wife Mari while in Japan. His novel _Sayonara_ is autobiographical.

On January 10, 1977, he was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Gerald R. Ford.

In his final years, he lived in Austin, Texas, where he died of kidney failure on October 16, 1997 at the age of 90.

## Books by James A. Michener

- _Alaska_
- _The Bridge at Andau_
- _The Bridges at Toko-Ri_
- _Caravans_
- _Caribbean_
- _Centennial_
- _A Century of Sonnets_
- _Chesapeake_
- _Collectors, Forgers - And A Writer: A Memoir_
- _The Covenant_
- _Creatures of the Kingdom_
- _The Drifters_
- _The Eagle and The Raven_
- _The Fires of Spring_
- _The Floating World_
- _Hawaii_
- _Iberia_
- _Japanese Prints_
- _Journey_
- _Kent State: What Happened and Why_
- _Legacy_
- _Literary Reflections_
- _Mexico_
- _Miracle in Seville_
- _The Novel_
- _Pilgrimage: A Memoir of Poland and Rome_
- _Poland_
- _Presidential Lottery_
- _The Quality of Life_
- _Rascals in Paradise_
- _Recessional_
- _Return to Paradise_
- _Sayonara_
- _Six Days in Havana_
- _The Source_
- _Space_
- _Sports in America_
- _Tales of the South Pacific_
- _Texas_
- _The World is My Home_
- _This Noble Land_
- _Ventures in Editing_
- _The Voice of Asia_
- _Years of Infamy_
1150s

The **1150s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1150, and ended on 31 December 1159. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***116th decade*** which began on January 1, 1151 and ended on December 31, 1160.

## Events

- King Sverker I of Sweden is killed and succeeded by Eric IX of Sweden.
- Eric IX of Sweden tries to conquer Finland
- The first fire insurance policy is issued. It is in Iceland.
- Church of Ireland starts obeying the Pope.
- Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry II of England and brings the province of Aquitaine to English control.

## Births

- Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Alfonso II of Aragon

## Deaths

- Suryavarman II, Khmer king, builder of Angkor Wat
- King David I of Scotland
Chandigarh

**Chandigarh**, also called "The City of Beauty", is a city in India. It is a union territory, because it is the capital of two Indian states: Punjab and Haryana. As a territory it does not belong to either state. Before 1 November 1966 it was the capital of East Punjab, but after formation of Haryana on 1 November 1966 it become a union territory. There are many tourism places in Chandigarh like Rock garden, Rose garden and Sukhna lake.

Chandigarh came into existence in 1952 when its first stone was laid. It is one of the modern cities of India, designed by a French architect Le Corbusier. It was the dream city of India's first Prime Minister, Sh. Jawahar Lal Nehru.

It is well known for its mixed cultural background and its fast development in the field of Information Technology. It has outlets of many famous multinational companies established here and is emerging as a hub for business development. The territory covers an area of 44 mi² or 114 km², it is bigger than Montserrat but smaller than Jersey.

_Chandi_ means 'good', and _ghar_ means 'home', so the literal meaning of the city's name can mean "Good Home".
Convection

**Convection** is the movement of heat because of the movement of warm matter. Convection is defined as the method of heat transfer through a fluid from places of higher temperature to lower temperature by the movement of the molecules due to their different densities.

For example, atmospheric circulation moves warm air to cool places, causing wind. Wind, in turn, can enter and cool a room if the window is open. The movement of the clouds, the ocean currents and many types of heaters are examples of convection.

## Forced convection and natural convection

Convection can happen naturally ("**natural convection**") or because of a moving device ("**forced convection**").

The fan is a device that moves air artificially. The air in this case is moving because of the rotation of the fan. This is an example of "forced convection".

Natural convection happens because a fluid is lighter when hot and heavier when cold. Thus, if a fluid has a hot part and a cold part, the hot part naturally moves upward and the cold part naturally moves downward. For example, if the water in a pot is hotter near the bottom because of the fire, it rises from the bottom to the surface. At the same time the water near the surface is colder so it sinks to the bottom.

## Convection currents

Convection currents occur when there are significant differences in temperature between two parts of a fluid. When this happens, hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink. This causes movements or currents in the fluid. Atmospheric circulation, for example, is made by convection currents.

## Related pages

- Heat transfer
- Heat conduction
- Thermal radiation
Chipmunk

A **chipmunk** is a small squirrel-like rodent. It is in the Sciuridae family. About twenty-three species fall under this title, with one species in North America.

The name may have originally been spelled "chitmunk" (perhaps from a Native American word meaning "red squirrel", or different Native American word meaning "one who descends trees headlong"). However, the earliest form comes from the Oxford English Dictionary (in 1842) as "chipmonk". Other early forms include "chipmuck" and "chipminck".

Chipmunks are hoarders, meaning they store food for winter.

## Popular culture

Chip 'n Dale, two Disney cartoon characters, are famous chipmunks in pop culture. Another such trio is Alvin, Simon and Theodore (created by Ross Bagdasarian).

## Diet

Chipmunks eat seeds, nuts, fruit, grass, shoots, and lots of other plants.They also mushrooms, insects, small frogs, worms, and bird eggs. They will also some times eat newly hatched baby birds. When near where humans live, chipmunks can eat grains and vegetables, and plants from their farms and gardens, so they are sometimes considered pests. Chipmunks mostly look for food on the ground, but they climb trees to obtain nuts like acorns. At the beginning of autumn, many chipmunks begin to hoard foods that wont go bad for winter. They mostly put their foods in a special room their burrows and stay in their nests until spring. Cheek pouches allow chipmunks to carry food items to their burrows to store or to eat.
Vicente Mondéjar Piccio

Major General **Vicente Mondéjar Piccio** (1 March 1927 – 28 April 2015) was a Filipino soldier. He was Chief of the Philippine Air Force during the last years of the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, notably during the 1986 People Power Revolution.

## Other websites

- Biography from the Philippine Air Force website

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Vicente Mondéjar Piccio
- **lived**: March 1, 1927
- **placeofbirth**: Iloilo, Philippines
- **allegiance**: Philippines
- **branch**: Philippine Air Force
- **rank**: Major General
Piccio

The **Piccio family** is a family of Portuguese Jewish origin. The family's name is an Italianisation of the original Portuguese **Figo**.

## People

- Efrem Piccio, Venetian rabbi
- Lazzaro Piccio, Venetian rabbi
- Vicente Mondéjar Piccio, a general in the Philippine air force
1143

## Events

- Portugal established

## Births

- Pope Gregory IX

## Deaths

- Pope Innocent II
1717

## Events

- January 4 — The Netherlands, Britain & France sign the Triple Alliance.
- February 26-March 6 What is now the northeastern United States was paralyzed by a series of blizzards that buried the region.
- March 2 — Dancer John Weaver performs in the first ballet in Britain shown in Drury Lane  _The Loves of Mars and Venus_.
- March 31 – Bishop Benjamin Hoadly, acting on the advice of King George begins the Bangorian Controversy by saying that God favors churches with no government.
- June 24 — The Premier Grand Lodge of England (UGLE), a branch of Freemasonry, is started in London.
- September: The first known Druid revival ceremony is held by John Toland at Primrose Hill, in London, at the Autumnal Equinox, to found the Mother Grove, what is later to become the Ancient Order of Druids (AOD).
- December 24/25 A disastrous storm flood hits the North Sea coast between the Netherlands and Denmark. Thousands die or lose their houses.
- Voltaire is sentenced to Bastille for a year because of his satirical writings.
- Spain unites its South American colonies as New Grenada.
- Montevideo, Uruguay, founded by Portuguese.
- A rift between George I of Great Britain and his son the Prince of Wales leads to the latter being thrown out of the royal household.

## Births

- December 25 – Pope Pius VI, Roman Catholic pope during the French revolution. (d. 1799)
Montevideo

**Montevideo** is the capital and the largest city in Uruguay. It was founded by the Portuguese in 1717. Its best neighbourhood is called Carrasco. This neighbourhood is very exclusive due to its architectural styles.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Montevideo
- **other name**: Former colonial name:
City of San Felipe y Santiago de Montevideo
- **settlement type**: Capital city
- **motto**: Con libertad ni ofendo ni temo
<small>With liberty I offend not, I fear not.</small>
- **image skyline**: Montevideo collage.JPG
- **image shield**: Montevideo Department Coat of Arms.svg
- **pushpin map**: Uruguay
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Departments of Uruguay, Department
- **subdivision name1**: Montevideo Department, Montevideo
- **government type**: Mayor-council government, Strong mayor
- **leader title**: Municipal Intendant of Montevideo, Intendant
- **leader name**: Daniel Martínez (politician), Daniel Martínez
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1724
- **founder**: Bruno Mauricio de Zabala
- **unit pref**: UY
- **area total sq mi**: 77.5
- **area note**: The Montevideo Department, department area is  and the conurbated built-up area .
- **area metro sq mi**: 633
- **population as of**: 2011 Census
- **population density sq mi**: 17,421
- **population blank1 title**: Departments of Uruguay, Department
- **population blank1**: 1319108
- **population metro**: 1947604
- **population urban**: 1719453
- **population demonym**: _montevideano_ (m)
_montevideana_ (f)  _Montevidean_ (English)
- **timezone1**: Uruguay Time, UYT
- **utc offset1**: −3
- **elevation m**: 43
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 11#00 & 12#00
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Uruguay, Dial plan
- **area code**: (+598) 2XXX XXXX
- **blank name**: **Human Development Index, HDI** (2015)
- **blank info**: <span style="color:#095">very high</span>
Mercer Quality of Living Survey#Top cities by region, _1st_ city in Latin America
Clay

**Clay** is a fine-grained silicate mineral made when rocks break down. Wet clay is soft and can be shaped to make pottery, bricks and other things. When it is shaped and then fired in a kiln to make it hard, it becomes pottery.

Clay often contains some water because the water molecules stick to the tiny grains. There may also be some organic materials in the clay.

There are 35 recognized clay mineral species on Earth, they make muds stick together ('cohesive'), or able to flow ('plastic'). The thixotropy of clay sometimes causes landslides.

Quartz, feldspars, iron oxides, and carbonates can weather to sizes of a typical clay mineral. The formation of clay is well understood.  It can come from soil, volcanic ash, and glaciation.  Ancient mudrocks are another source, because they weather and disintegrate easily.

Clay is by far the smallest particles recognized in mudrocks. A clay particle is about 1/1000th the width of a sand grain. This means a clay particle will travel 1000 times further at constant water velocity, thus requiring quieter conditions for settlement. Where the grains are more than a few millimeters wide, the material is called silt, not clay.
Rifle

The **rifle** is a gun with a stock to brace against the shoulder and a barrel with twisting grooves.  The grooves are called rifling and make bullets spin as they fly through the air. Rifles are made to shoot many different sizes of bullets using different amounts of gunpowder.  Rifles are usually made to be able to hit targets at long ranges. Modern rifles are made for many different purposes. Some are made for hunting animals. Some are made for soldiers to use in war. Others are made for police to have in case they need them. Some rifles are made for target shooting.

## Types

Rifles can work in different ways. Some rifles have what is called a bolt action. A small handle is used to move a part of the rifle called a "bolt". By moving the bolt backward, then forward, allows the shooter put a bullet in the chamber ready for firing. It also ejects any spent shells still in the chamber from any previously fired rounds. The rifle in the picture above is a bolt action. Some rifles are semi-automatics, where a bullet is loaded (automatically) and fired each time the trigger is pulled. Some are fully automatic, which work like semi-automatics but allow the shooter to fire more than one bullet at a time by holding down the trigger. The automatic rifle stops firing when the trigger is released or it runs out of ammunition.

## Related pages

- Assault rifle
- Battle rifle
- CornerShot

## Other websites

- Quick Guide to Olympic Shooting
- Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Bolt Action Rifles
- Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide on Automatic Rifles
- UK Air Rifles
- Israeli Special Forces Rifles at isayeret.com
- On the AK-47's social and military effect on history
- WW2-era Small Arms
- ShootingWiki.org Competition Arms Database
1748

**1748** (MDCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- July 25 - A Solar eclipse happened.  It was one of the reasons Charles Messier became an astrologer.

- February 15 – Jeremy Bentham
Deuterocanonical books

**Deuterocanonical books** means "second canon" in Greek. It usually means the parts of the Bible that are only used by some Christian churches (mostly Roman Catholic and Orthodox). The books only exist in Greek language manuscripts that were written by the Jewish people living in Greek speaking areas of the Mediterranean Sea between 250 and 50 BC, as were all of the books of the Old Testament.

The books are not part of the Jewish Tanakh (also called the _Hebrew Bible_), although they were quoted as Scripture well into the Middle Ages as is found in the Jewish Mishna and later Rabbinical writings, even into the 6th century AD. The current Jewish canon was closed by the time of the Masoretic Text in the 10th century AD.

Some books considered deuterocanonical by Catholics are:

- The _Book of Tobit_
- The _Book of Judith_
- The _First Book of Maccabees_, also called _1 Maccabees_
- The _Second Book of Maccabees_, also called _2 Maccabees_
- The _Wisdom of Solomon_, also called The _Book of Wisdom_
- The _Book of Sirach_, also called _Ecclesiasticus_
- The _Book of Baruch_, with the _Letter of Jeremiah_ as its last chapter

The _Book of Daniel_ and the _Book of Esther_ are longer in Catholic Bibles than in Protestant Bibles because they have more stories.

Many, but not all Protestant churches do not accept these books as inspired by God and use the derogatory term for them: Apocrypha. Martin Luther considered these books good to read while John Calvin read and studied them but did not think they should be part of the Bible.(except Baruch which Calvin accepted) The Church of England says that "The other Books the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine.
1247

1247 was a Year starting on a Tuesday of the Julian Calendar

## Births

- Angelo da Clareno, Italian priest and religious leader (d. 1337)
- Isabelle of Luxembourg, countess of Flanders (d. 1298)
- John II Avesnes, count of Hainaut and Holland (d. 1304)
- John of Montecorvino, Italian diplomat and bishop (d. 1328)
- Philippe de Rémi, French official and seneschal (d. 1296)
- Rashid al-Din, Persian statesman and historian (d. 1318)
- Robert FitzWalter, English nobleman and knight (d. 1326)
- Todros ben Judah Halevi Abulafia, Castilian Jewish poet
- Yishan Yining, Chinese monk and calligrapher (d. 1317)
- Yolande II of Nevers, French noblewoman (d. 1280)

## Deaths

- February 12 – Ermesinde, countess of Luxembourg (b. 1186)
- February 16 – Henry Raspe, landgrave of Thuringia (b. 1204)
- February 25 – Henry IV, duke of Limburg (House of Limburg)
- May 9 – Richard de Bures, French knight and Grand Master
- June 10 – Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, Spanish bishop (b. 1170)
- July 8 – Mōri Suemitsu, Japanese nobleman and samurai (b. 1202)
- August 31 – Konrad I of Masovia, Polish nobleman (House of Piast)
- November 5 – Ogasawara Nagatsune, Japanese samurai (b. 1179)
- December 21 – Roger of Salisbury, bishop of Bath and Wells
- December 24 – Shōkū, Japanese Buddhist disciple (b. 1177)
- Helen of Sweden (or **Helena**), Swedish princess and abbess
- Śārṅgadeva, Indian scholar, musicologist and writer (b. 1175)
- Tomoe Gozen, Japanese female samurai warrior (b. 1157)
- William de Ferrers, English nobleman and knight (b. 1168)
Sidekick

A **sidekick** is someone who regularly travels with, and helps, another person. In fiction, the other person is often a crimefighter or superhero, such as Batman and his sidekick Robin. Some people consider Sancho Panza, Don Quixote's ever-faithful companion, to be a type of sidekick, even though the book was written long before the word sidekick was invented. Annabeth Chase is Percy Jackson’s sidekick.
Jurist

A **jurist** (from medieval Latin) is someone who researches and studies jurisprudence (theory of law).
Nicobar Islands

The **Nicobar Islands** are an island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are part of India.

The Nicobar islands include 22 islands of different sizes. The largest one is Great Nicobar. The total land area of the chain is 1841 km². The highest point on the **Nicobars** is Mount Thullier at 642 m. The population of the islands was 42,026 in 2001, roughly 65% of whom are indigenous peoples (the Nicobarese and Shompen peoples, listed among the Scheduled Tribes of India), and 35% migrants from India and Sri Lanka.

The Nicobars are located southeast of the Indian subcontinent. They are separated form the subcontinent by the Bay of Bengal by about 1,300 km and are separated from the Andaman Islands to the north by the 150 km wide Ten Degree Channel and are 189 km from the Indonesian island of Sumatra to the southeast. The Andaman and Nicobar islands separate the Bay of Bengal from the Andaman Sea. Until the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Indira Point, south of Great Nicobar, was the southernmost point in India.

The islands cluster into three groups. The northern group includes Car Nicobar (127 km²) and uninhabited Batti Malv (2 km²). The central group includes Chowra (8 km²), Teressa (101 km²), Poahat (13.3 km²), Katchal (174 km²), Camorta (188 km²), Nancowry (67 km²), and Trinket (86 km²); the Isle of Man and Tillangchong (17 km²) are uninhabited. Tillangchong is a wildlife sanctuary. The southern group includes Great Nicobar (1045 km²), Little Nicobar (157 km²), Kondul (4 km²) and Pulomilo (1 km²); the islets of Meroe, Trak, Treis, Menchal, Cubra, Pigeon, and Megapod are uninhabited. Megapod is a wildlife sanctuary.

Administratively the Islands are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union territory of India. The capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands territory is Port Blair on South Andaman. The Union Territory is divided into two districts, Andaman district and Nicobar district (the latter encompassing all of the Nicobars). The Indian Government presently restricts access to the Nicobars by special permit, and in general non-Indian citizens are forbidden from visiting the Nicobar Islands.
Kazan

**Kazan** (; ) is the capital city of Tatarstan and one of Russia's largest cities. It is a major industrial, commercial and cultural center, and remains the most important center of Tatar culture. Kazan lies at the meeting of the Volga (İdel) and Kazanka (Qazansu) rivers in central European Russia.

## Name

The origin of the name is unclear. The literal translation of Tatar **qazan** is **a boiler** or **cauldron**. Or, it may have come from **qazğan**, Tatar for _dug [ditch]_.

"Qazan" is originally a name for a special cooking pan, a kind of a wok, but heavier. It was believed that the city of Kazan is named after this object because of its geographical similarity with a "qazan"-pan; namely the city is in a U - shape lowland.

Another, more romantic legend tells a story of a Tatar princess Söyembikä, who dropped a golden dish (golden qazan) into the river on which the city is located while washing it.

Nevertheless, Chuvash legends refer to Bulgarian prince _Khusan_ (Chuvash rendering of Muslim name Hassan) and Chuvashes call this city Хусан after the name of this prince.

## History

In 2021, nine people were killed in a mass shooting.

## Infobox (russian inhabited locality)

- **en name**: Kazan
- **ru name**: Казань
- **loc lang1**: Tatar
- **image skyline**: KAZ Collage 2015.png
- **image caption**: Left to right, top to bottom: Spasskaya Tower, Söyembikä Tower, Qolşärif Mosque, Qol Sharif Mosque, Farmers' Palace, Epiphany Cathedral, view of Kazan
- **image flag**: Flag of Kazan.svg
- **image coa**: Coat of Arms of Kazan (Tatarstan).svg
- **holiday**: 30 August
- **federal subject**: Tatarstan
- **adm inhabloc jur**: city of federal subject significance, city of republic significance of Kazan
- **capital of**: Republic of Tatarstan
- **adm ctr of1**: city of republic significance of Kazan
- **inhabloc cat**: City
- **inhabloc type**: City
- **urban okrug jur**: Kazan Urban Okrug
- **mun admctr of1**: Kazan Urban Okrug
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Ilsur Metshin
- **representative body**: Kazan City Duma, City Duma
- **area km2**: 425.3
- **pop 2010census**: 1143535
- **pop 2010census rank**: 8th
- **pop latest**: 1243500
- **pop latest date**: 2018
- **established date**: 1101
- **established date ref**: (see text)
- **postal codes**: 420xxx
- **dialing codes**: 843
- **website**: http://www.kzn.ru/
- **date**: December 2018
By-product

A **by-product** is something that is made or produced while a product is manufactured in a factory. Usually, the by-product is not used, and it becomes waste that is put in a landfill or garbage dump. Sometimes by-products are toxic materials which are dangerous to humans, animals, and plants.

Some companies are trying to find ways to reuse or recycle the by-products, instead of putting them into landfill or garbage dumps as waste.

Animal _by-products_ are produced by slaughterhouses (places designed to kill animals for food). Animal by-products are the parts of the animals that cannot be eaten by humans. Animal by-products are sometimes included in non-human foods, such as pet food or animal feed (for farm animals).

## In chemistry

In the chemical industry, a byproduct is usually any product other than the main reason for performing a chemical reaction. Chemists often use "byproduct" only to mean those chemicals that directly come from making the main product, and "side product" for products from alternative side reactions.

For example, a chemist might want to make chloromethane. The reaction for producing this is
The hydrogen chloride is a byproduct, because it comes directly from the reaction that makes the main product. However, it's hard to make this reaction stop at just chloromethane, and some of that product will react with extra chlorine gas:
This dichloromethane would be called a side product, because in theory this second reaction doesn't need to happen to make chloromethane.
Toxic waste

**Toxic waste** is any sort of waste that is harmful to people, plants, or animals, but usually it is said about waste that hurts people. Toxic wastes are usually liquid chemicals. These poisons are made as by-products of making other things, usually by manufacturing but sometimes they are chemicals used for farming. Another type of toxic waste is radioactive materials.
Space Runaway Ideon

***Space Runaway Ideon*** was an animated television series from May 8, 1980 to January 30, 1981. It lasted for 39 episodes before being canceled. It was originally aired in Japan, where it was well known. It also had two movies called _A Contact_ and _Be Invoked_.
Comic book

**Comic books** are books with comics, with pictures that make a story.

### 19th century

Comics were started in the 19th century after the development of modern colour printing and many other inventions. Woodcut engraving was a cheaper type of illustration widely used in the 19th century.

These are important because they created an understanding that illustrations are sometimes just as important as words. The first comic strip appeared in France in 1889, and in the U.S.A. in 1897.

### 20th century

Since the middle 20th century DC Comics and Marvel Comics have introduced superheroes such as Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman, Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk and the X-Men. Very often, characters in books, video games, movies and television appear in comics, and sometimes comic book characters are used in movies, TV shows or video games.

Comic books are published in three different forms.
- Single issues that are usually 32 pages long are called comic books. These are printed and bound like a magazine, with the pages folded and stapled together through the centerfold.
- Several comics may be put together in a trade paperback. These have spines like a book and are glued together.
- A bigger comic book that is bound like a trade paperback but is all new, instead of collecting older comics, is called a graphic novel.

## American comics

American comics are usually about superheroes. The first American comic book was made in 1933.

### Japanese manga

Japanese comics are called manga () and they are read from right to left.

### Korean manhwa

Manhwa () are comic books or graphic novels originating from Korea.

## Examples

The list of famous superhero comics are:
- Superman
- Batman
- Spider-Man
- Wonder Woman
- Supergirl
- Batgirl
- Hulk
- Thor
- Captain America
- Green Lantern
- Aquaman
- Fantastic Four
- X-Men
- The Flash
- Captain Marvel
- Iron Man

Some famous manga are:
- Naruto
- Dragon Ball
- Sailor Moon
- Death Note