juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
George Grove

**Sir George Grove** (born Clapham in South London, 13 August 1820; died Sydenham on 28 May 1900) was an English engineer and musician.

He wrote books about classical composers and is particularly famous for his big musical dictionary _Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians_. This dictionary continued to be updated and published after his death. It has now gone through seven editions. The latest edition is available online.

## Life

George Grove was born in Clapham in South London. His father sold fish. His mother was into musicals. He learned to be an engineer and was sent out to Jamaica to help to build a lighthouse.

He worked on the building of the Britannia tubular bridge over the Menai Strait. He married the daughter of a clergyman. He became secretary of the Society of Arts and he wrote many articles for a Dictionary of the Bible. He spent seven years doing this. It gave him the idea of doing something similar for music.

Grove went to many concerts. He bought sheet music and studied it. He wrote programme notes for concerts, writing about the music that was being played. He wrote about a lot of music by Beethoven, Schubert, Mendelssohn and Schumann.

## Career

He wrote detailed essays about the symphonies of Beethoven and was a good friend of Clara Schumann. He travelled with the composer Arthur Sullivan to Vienna where he met many great musicians including Brahms and discovered some music by Schubert that had been forgotten. He spent several years writing his _Dictionary of Music_ which was published in four volumes.

Grove worked very hard to get enough money to found the Royal College of Music which was opened in 1883 by the Prince of Wales. Grove got many great musicians to come and teach there, including the world-famous singer Jenny Lind who was already retired, and Hubert Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford and others.

The prime minister William Gladstone gave him a knighthood for what he had done for music. The new students included many who were to become famous.

These include Hamish MacCunn and Charles Wood. He became very fond of the student Edith Oldham and had an emotional attachment to her for the rest of his life. His wife was not interested in his work. He called his students his "children" and persuaded them to have a broad education.

He wanted them to read a lot. He was director of the RCM for eleven years, retiring in 1894, just after the RCM moved into a new building which is situated on the south side of the Royal Albert Hall. The RCM is still there today.

George Grove was a very influential man for English music. Although he was not trained as a musician he became extremely knowledgeable and was an excellent musicologist. The RCM setup a George Grove Memorial Scholarship in his memory.

## References

- The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980;
Thurston Dart

**Thurston Dart** (born 3 September 1921 - died 6 March 1971), was a British musicologist, conductor and keyboard player.  He is particularly remembered for his books in which he wrote about how music from earlier centuries should be performed.

Dart studied keyboard instruments at the Royal College of Music in London from 1938 to 1939, and also studied mathematics at University College, Exeter, graduating in  1942. He became a music lecturer and later professor at the University of Cambridge.  During his time at Cambridge, Dart did a lot of work for the early music revival.  Musicians were becoming interested in playing music from the Baroque, Renaissance and even Middle Ages. He formed such groups as the Early Music Consort of London.  In 1964 he became King Edward Professor of Music in the University of London (King's College).

Thurston Dart played the harpsichord in many concerts and made several gramophone recordings.  He wrote a book _The Interpretation of Music_ (London, 1954), which became very widely read.  He wrote many articles in journals about music.

Dart taught many students, included some who later became famous: the composer Michael Nyman, conductor Sir John Eliot Gardiner and conductor/musicologist Christopher Hogwood.  He was one of the first musicians to make a recording of Bach's _Brandenburg Concertos_ using historical instruments.
Lend-Lease

**Lend-Lease** was a program of the United States government put into place in March 1941, during World War II. The United States was trying to seem neutral in the War, but wanted to give supplies to the Allied Powers (Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union). The U.S. gave the Allies several billion dollars of weapons. The Allies gave the United States rights to air and naval bases around the world. Most of the merchandise was given free, but the Allies still owed billions which were fully paid in 2006.
Huey Long

**Huey Pierce Long Jr.** (August 30, 1893 – September 10, 1935) was an American politician who was a governor and senator of Louisiana during the 1930s. As governor, he presided over various reforms such as free school books; the building of new schools, hospitals, roads; and even a new capitol building. He was a critic of big companies and the rich.

As senator, he came up with the idea of "Share Our Wealth" clubs, which promoted the redistribution of wealth. Long was very popular among the American people.

During Long's lifetime, he visited various places in Europe as part of the Global Reach projects, which he helped. The most prominent of visit in the public eye was to Robertsbridge, East Sussex, England.

According to one historian, Long "expanded and extended programs of social and educational reform instituted by many of his predecessors in the Governor's Mansion."

## Death

On September 10, 1935, Long was shot and killed at age of 42 by Carl Weiss, a physician from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Weiss was then killed by Long's bodyguards.

At the time of his death, Long was saying that U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal did not go far enough. There were rumors that Long would run for President himself.

Long was buried on the grounds of the Louisiana State Capitol. The movie _All the King's Men_ is based on a book of the same name; both are inspired Long.

His son, Russell, later become a senator from Louisiana.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: HueyPLongGesture.jpg
- **caption**: Long in 1935
- **office**: United States Senate, United States Senator from Louisiana
- **predecessor1**: Joseph E. Ransdell
- **order2**: 40th Governor of Louisiana
- **predecessor2**: Oramel H. Simpson
- **successor2**: Alvin Olin King
- **birth name**: Huey Pierce Long
- **death place**: Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.
- **death cause**: Assassination of Huey Long, Assassination (gunshot wound)
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 3; including Russell B. Long, Russell
- **signature**: Huey Long Signature.svg
- **signature alt**: Cursive signature in ink
- **name**: Huey Long
- **successor1**: Rose McConnell Long
- **termstart1**: January 25, 1932
- **termend1**: September 10, 1935
- **termend2**: January 25, 1932
- **termstart2**: May 21, 1928
Teapot Dome

**Teapot Dome** was a political scandal that took place in 1921 to 1922. The name comes from an oil reserve near Teapot Rock, Wyoming. President Warren G. Harding let the reserve and another reserve in California, be under the control of the Department of the Interior. The Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, who had taken $100,000 from oil companies, then let oil companies use the land.  The United States Senate looked into the matter and found Fall had committed conspiracy.  It is thought to be one of the biggest political scandals in American history. The scandal caused a large amount of damage to the legacy of former President Harding.

### 1924 presidential election

In 1924, Democrats tried to use Teapot Dome to their advantage in that year's presidential election by reminding people about it. The tactic failed and Republicans handily won.
Air door

An **air door** or **air curtain** is a machine used for separating two spaces from each other.  The machine is mainly used at doors into buildings.  The most common setup for air curtains is a downward-facing blower fan placed over an opening.  Normally this opening is a door to a building.  The fan stops outside air from entering the building to keep the building warm or cool.  The air curtain also keeps insects out by making turbulence.  The fan must be powerful enough to generate a jet of air that can reach the floor. They can also be heated or cooled as well to provide space heating or space cooling to an area.
Phosphor

- ''The chemical element is called Phosphorus in English

A **phosphor** is a chemical compound that emits light when it is exposed to light of a different wavelength (i.e. color). Phosphors do not contain the chemical element Phosphorus, which can be made to glow a different way. This sometimes causes confusion. Phosphors are used in many types of lighting, including fluorescent bulbs where they change the ultraviolet light produced by excited mercury vapor into visible light.

The chemistry of phosphors varies greatly depending on what the phosphor is to be used for. Phosphors include 'glow in the dark' materials that can be found in novelties, toys, and emergency safety lighting for buildings.  They are used in the screens of older style cathode ray tube televisions to make visible light from an electron beam. They can also be used to visibly detect ionizing radiation. Light-emitting diodes are devices that often use phosphors to obtain a particular color or color temperature.

## Related pages

- Light bulb
- Light
- Neon lamp
Neon lamp

A **neon lamp** is a light bulb that can make many colors when Noble gasses are inside of the bulb. For example, helium would give a light yellow color and neon would make a red or orange color when an electric current is run in the tube. It is normally used to make letters for signs. Different gases make different colors. Neon Lamps are used to make neon signs.

## The different colors neon lamps can make

From left to right: Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon.

A **neon glow lamp** is a little orange light bulb. There is an electric current that flows between the two electrodes.

## Related pages

- Fluorescent lamp
- Mercury-vapor lamp
Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)

**Lee Beon-Seok** (hangul: , October 20 1900 – May 11 1972) was a Korean politician and independence activist. He was South Koreas first National Defense Minister, first Prime Minister, eighth home minister, and Ambassador Embassy of Taiwan.

## References

- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=126195

## Other websites

- Cheulgi Memorial Site
Sanat Naft F.C.

**Sanat Naft Football Club** () is an Iranian football club based in Abadan, Iran. They currently play in the Azadegan League. The team is sponsored by Iran's national petroleum industry and is part of the sports club _Sanat Naft Athletic Club_.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Sanat Naft
 صنعت نفت
- **fullname**: Sanate Naft Abadan Club
- **nickname**: Iran's Brazil ()
- **founded**: 2 October 1972
- **ground**: Takhti Stadium (Abadan), Takhti Stadium
Abadan, Iran, Abadan
Iran
- **capacity**: 25,000
- **chairman**: Ali Eesazade
- **mgrtitle**: Head Coach
- **website**: http://www.sanatenaft.com/
- **pattern la1**: _brazilhomefoot
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Irreducible Mind

***Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century*** is a 2007 parapsychology book. The book talks about ideas proposed by Frederic William Henry Myers. _Irreducible Mind_ says that the mind is separate from the brain or body. The book says that the mind continues on after death.

The authors come from various fields of psychology, science studies, and psychical research. Lead author Edward F. Kelly is Professor of Research in the Division of Perceptual Studies at the University of Virginia.

## Criticism

The book has been criticized for endorsing paranormal claims and pseudoscience. In a review, clinical neurologist Sebastian Dieguez said the book is "painstakingly redundant, astoundingly arrogant in its claims and intents". Dieguez wrote that the authors of _Irreducible Mind_ took reports of paranormal phenomena and wild claims at face value, talked "quantum babble" and formed an ignorant "soul of the gaps" argument.

## Related pages

- Bruce Greyson
- Life After Life
Aluminium Hormozgan F.C.

**Aluminum Hormozgan F.C.**  is an Iranian football club based in Bandar Abbas, Iran. They currently compete in the Azadegan League.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Aluminium Hormozgan F.C.
- **fullname**: Aluminium Hormozgan Football Club
- **founded**: 2006
- **ground**: Tahkti Stadium (Bandar Abbas), Tahkti Stadium
 Bandar Abbas,
 Iran
- **capacity**: 10,000
- **chairman**: Reza Jabarizadeh
- **mgrtitle**: Head Coach
- **manager**: Vinko Begović
- **league**: Azadegan League
- **season**: Azadegan League 2009-10, 2009–10
- **position**: Azadegan League Group 2, 4th
Steel Azin F.C.

**Steel Azin Football Club**  is an Iranian football club based in Tehran, Iran.

#### First team

- _As of 20 July 2010_

## Other websites

- Official club website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Steel Azin
- **current**: Steel Azin F.C. season 2009–10
- **fullname**: Steel Azin Football Club
- **founded**: April 30, 2007
- **ground**: Shahid Dastgerdi Stadium
Tehran
Iran
- **capacity**: 8,250
- **owner**: Hossein Hedayati
- **chairman**: Mostafa Ajorlo
- **manager**: Ljubiša Tumbaković
- **captain**: Mehdi Mahdavikia
- **league**: Persian Gulf Cup
- **season**: Persian Gulf Cup 2009-10, 2009-10
- **position**: Persian Gulf Cup, 5th
- **pattern la1**: _fio0910t
- **pattern b1**: _fio0910t
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Saipa F.C.

**Saipa Karaj Football Club**  is a football team based in Karaj, Iran. The team is owned by SAIPA, an Iranian automobile manufacturer.

## Season-by-season

The table below chronicles the achievements of Saipa in various competitions since 1993.

|Season||Pos.|Hazfi Cup|ACL|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1993-1994|1D*|bgcolor=gold|**1st**|bgcolor=gold|**Cup**|_Did not qualify_|
|1994-1995|1D*|bgcolor=gold|**1st**||Second round||
|1995-1996|1D*|16th||Semifinal|||
|1996-1997|2D|2nd||rowspan=11|_Did not qualify_||
|1997-1998|1D*|7th|_Not held_||||
|1998-1999|1D*|4th|||||
|1999-2000|1D*|3rd|Semifinal||||
|2000-2001|1D*|7th|Semifinal||||
|2001-2002|1D**|11th|||||
|2002-2003|1D**|6th|||||
|2003-2004|1D**|13th|Semifinal||||
|2004-2005|1D**|13th|Quarterfinal||||
|2005-2006|1D**|3rd|1/16 Final||||
|2006-2007|1D**|bgcolor=gold|**1st**|1/8 Final|||
|2007-2008|1D**|11th|1/16 Final|Quarterfinal|||
|2008-2009|1D**|10th|1/16 Final|rowspan=3|_Did not qualify_||
|2009-2010|1D**|8th|Third Round||||
|2010-2011|1D**||||||

***** Azadegan League.

****** Iran Pro League.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Saipa
- **fullname**: Saipa Football Club
- **founded**: 1989
- **ground**: Enghelab Stadium (Karaj), Enghelab Stadium
Karaj
Iran
- **capacity**: 15,000
- **chairman**: Arash Kousha
- **manager**: Mohammad Mayeli Kohan
- **league**: Persian Gulf Cup
- **season**: Persian Gulf Cup 2009-10, 2009-10
- **position**: Persian Gulf Cup, 8th
- **leftarm1**: F1771D
- **body1**: F1771D
- **rightarm1**: F1771D
- **shorts1**: F1771D
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _borderonwhite
- **pattern ra2**: _borderonwhite
- **leftarm2**: F28500
- **rightarm2**: F28500
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: FFFFFF
Persepolis F.C.

**Persepolis Football Club** (, pronounced **Perspolis**) is an Iranian football club based in Tehran, Iran. While the original name of the club is Persepolis, it is also called _Piroozi_ (meaning victory) in Iran.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Persepolis Football Club
- **fullname**: Persepolis Tehran Football Club
- **nickname**: **' (The Red Army)
**' (The Reds)
- **founded**: December 1963
- **ground**: Azadi Stadium
West Tehran
- **capacity**: 100,000
- **owner**: Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (Iran), Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
- **chrtitle**: Persepolis Athletic and Cultural Club#Chairmen.5B1.5D, Chairman
- **chairman**: Mohammad Rouyanian
- **mgrtitle**: List of Persepolis F.C. managers, Manager
- **manager**: Yahya Golmohammadi
- **league**: Iran Pro League
- **season**: 2022-23
- **position**: Champions
- **pattern la1**: _whiteborder
- **pattern b1**: _Perspolis_1404_red
- **pattern ra1**: _whiteborder
- **leftarm1**: E50000
- **body1**: E50000
- **rightarm1**: E50000
- **shorts1**: E50000
- **socks1**: E50000
- **pattern la2**: _Perspolis_1404_black
- **pattern b2**: _Persepolis_black_1404
- **pattern ra2**: _Perspolis_1404_black
- **leftarm2**: 000000
- **body2**: 000000
- **rightarm2**: 000000
- **shorts2**: 000000
- **socks2**: 000000
- **website**: http://fc-perspolis.com/
Disney Mickey's Magix

**Disney Mickey's Magix** was a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg's and Disney. The cereal turned the milk in the bowl the color blue and the box had the theme of the "Sorcerer's Apprentice" segment from the movie _Fantasia_. The cereal had toasted oats with marshmallows.

## Other websites

- Kellogg's
Country Store

**Country Store** is a breakfast cereal made by Kellogg's. Country Store is made in the United Kingdom and was first introduced in 1974.

## Other websites

- Country Store on kelloggs.co.uk
Budweiser

The word **Budweiser** has several uses.

- Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch), an American brand of beer.
- Budweiser Budvar, a Czech brand of beer.
- Budweiser Bier Bürgerbräu, another Czech brand of beer.
- A German adjective that describes something or someone from the city of České Budějovice in the Czech Republic.
Alum

**Alum** is both a specific chemical compound and a class of chemical compounds.

1. It means potassium aluminium sulfate, a chemical compound.
1. It also means a double sulfate salt.

Examples:
- Potash alum is potassium aluminum sulfate
- Sodia alum is sodium aluminum sulfate
- Ammonium alum is ammonium aluminum sulfate

## History

Words like "alum" and "potash" were used before modern chemistry developed. The word 'alumen' occurs in Pliny's _Natural History_ (2379 AD). In the 52nd chapter of his 35th book, he gives a detailed description. Different substances were distinguished by the name of 'alumen', but they were all astringents, and were all used in dyeing and medicine.
Budweiser Budvar

**Budweiser Budvar** (Czech: Budějovický Budvar) is a brand of beer (and a brewery) that is made in the city of České Budějovice in Southern Bohemia, Czech Republic.

In the European Union they sell it under the name **Budweiser Budvar** but in the United States and Canada they sell it under the name **Czechvar**.
Song thrush

The **song thrush** (usually **thrush**, _Turdus philomelos_) is a member of the passerine songbird family Turdidae. It breeds across much of Eurasia. It is also known in English dialects as  **throstle** or **mavis**. The song thrush has brown upperparts and black-spotted cream or buff underparts, and has three recognised subspecies. Its distinctive song, which has repeated musical phrases, has frequently been referred to in poetry.

The song thrush breeds in forests, gardens and parks, and is partially migratory with many birds wintering in southern Europe, North Africa and the Middle East; it has also been introduced into New Zealand and Australia. Although it is not threatened globally, there have been serious population declines in parts of Europe, probably due to changes in farming practices.

The thrush builds a neat mud-lined cup nest in a bush or tree and lays four or five dark-spotted blue eggs. It is omnivorous and has the habit of using a favourite stone as an "anvil" on which to smash snails. Like other perching birds (passerines), it is affected by external and internal parasites and is vulnerable to predation by cats and birds of prey.

## Breeding and survival

The female song thrush builds a neat cup-shaped nest lined with mud and dry grass in a bush, tree or creeper, or, in the case of the Hebridean subspecies, on the ground. She lays four or five bright glossy blue eggs which are lightly spotted with black or purple. Two or three broods in a year is normal, although only one may be raised in the north of the range. On average, 54.6% of British juveniles survive the first year of life, and the adult annual survival rate is 62.2%. The typical lifespan is three years, but the maximum recorded age is 10 years 8 months.

The thrush is occasionally a host of parasitic cuckoos, but this is rare because the thrush usually recognizes the cuckoo's eggs. However, the thrush does not act with the same aggression towards the adult cuckoo as does the blackbird. The introduced birds in New Zealand, where the cuckoo does not occur, still have the ability to recognise and reject non-mimetic eggs.

## Feeding

The song thrush is omnivorous, eating a wide range of invertebrates, especially earthworms and snails, as well as soft fruit and berries. Like its relative, the blackbird, the thrush finds prey by sight, has a run-and-stop hunting technique on open ground, and will rummage through leaf-litter seeking food.

Snails are especially important when drought or hard weather makes it difficult to find other food. The thrush often uses a favourite stone as an "anvil" on which to smash the snail before extracting the soft body and invariably wiping it on the ground before eating it. Young birds initially flick objects and attempt to play with them until they learn to use anvils as tools to smash snails. The nestlings are mainly fed on animal food such as worms, slugs, snails and insect larvae.
Potassium aluminium sulfate

**Potassium aluminium sulfate**, or **potash alum**, or **potassium alum**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KAl(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. It contains potassium, aluminium, and sulfate ions. Crystals of it are transparent, and it is white when made into a powder.

## Properties

It is a acidic solid at room temperature. It does not have a colour; its crystals are transparent, and its powder is white. It reacts with sodium bicarbonate to make carbon dioxide gas. It exists naturally, and can be found as a mineral.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting aluminium sulfate with potassium sulfate.

## Uses

It is used to purify water. It is also used in deodorants. It is an antiseptic. It had several uses in the past, such as in dyeing clothes.
Crystals can be grown from a solution of potassium aluminium sulfate.

## Related pages

- Alum
- Aluminium sulfate
Ray Adduono

**Ray Adduono** (born January 21, 1947 in Fort William, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played 221 games in the World Hockey Association.  He played for the Indianapolis Racers, Cleveland Crusaders, Minnesota Fighting Saints, and San Diego Mariners.
Turmeric

**Turmeric** (_Curcuma longa_) is a spice, widely used in Asian cooking. It is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant, in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae.

## How it grows

Turmeric plants are widely grown in tropical areas of India, where over 70,000 acres are cultivated every year. The plant has long leaves, surrounding spikes where small flowers form. However the root, or ‘rhizome’ of the turmeric plant is harvested, in much the same way as ginger.  The turmeric rhizome takes about 10 months to grow before it can be harvested; it is then boiled, cleaned and dried in the sun. Most of the harvested turmeric is ground up and sold in jars for use in cooking, however the fresh root turmeric can also be used.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) thrives in warm, humid climates with well-drained, fertile soils. It is primarily cultivated in tropical regions, requiring moderate rainfall and temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C. India dominates global turmeric production due to its ideal growing conditions, with states like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra leading the cultivation. Indian turmeric is grown using traditional farming methods that emphasize quality, flavor, and sustainability.

**Why Indian Turmeric is the Best:**

1. **Rich Curcumin Content:** Indian turmeric is prized for its high curcumin levels, the bioactive compound known for its medicinal properties.
1. **Varietal Diversity:** Regions like Erode and Alleppey produce distinct varieties with unique flavors and colors.
1. **Sustainability Practices:** Many Indian farms focus on organic farming, minimizing chemical use for purer produce.
1. **Global Reputation:** Indian turmeric is a staple in global markets, trusted for its quality and compliance with export standards.
1. **Versatility:** Widely used in culinary, medicinal, and cosmetic industries, Indian turmeric offers unmatched versatility.

## How it is used

Turmeric is one of the main ingredients of curry powder, and is used to give it the characteristic yellow color. It is also delicious added to rice dishes, seafood, and mustards and pickles.
Turmeric is also more widely used as a colorant for textiles and food products. It is sometimes substituted for saffron as it is much less expensive, but produces the same yellow color. Turmeric has also been used as an alternative to medicine and can be made into a drink.

Indian turmeric, often called the "Golden Spice," holds a significant position in global markets for its versatile benefits. Its rich curcumin content makes it a natural powerhouse of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, aiding in managing arthritis, improving skin health, and boosting overall immunity. In food products, turmeric enhances flavor, provides vibrant color, and supports digestion. It’s also integral to Ayurvedic medicine and modern wellness practices.

Indian turmeric stands out due to its superior quality, sustainable farming practices, and global trust, making it an essential choice for health, beauty, and culinary industries.
Peter Bakovic

**Peter George "Pete" Bakovic** (born January 31, 1965 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left wing who played briefly in the National Hockey League in the late 1980s for the Vancouver Canucks.

Bakovic played his junior hockey for the Windsor Spitfires of the Ontario Hockey League but was never drafted. After a strong final year of junior, he was signed as a free agent by the Calgary Flames in 1985. A tough player who fought often, Bakovic spent three seasons playing minor pro in the Flames' system without seeing an NHL game. In two years with the Moncton Golden Flames of the AHL, he led the team in penalty minutes both years, but he also posted good offensive totals, notching 54 and 51 points. In his only year with the Salt Lake Golden Eagles, Bakovic posted 43 points in 39 games along with 221 PIM.

Late in the 1987–88 season, he was dealt to the Vancouver Canucks, which immediately promoted him to their NHL team. He played 10 games for the Canucks, recording 2 goals and 48 PIM. However, injuries struck the next year, and he found himself back in the Interbational Hockey League with the Milwaukee Admirals. Bakovic would play three more seasons in Milwaukee without seeing another NHL game before retiring in 1991.

Following his retirement, Bakovic stayed in Milwaukee and remained with the Admirals organization as an assistant coach until 1998. He still live in Milwaukee and coaches high school hockey.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: Vancouver Canucks
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 200
- **birth place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- **draft**: Undrafted
- **career start**: 1985
- **career end**: 1991
Chrome alum

**Chrome alum**, also known as **chromium potassium sulfate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KCr(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. It contains chromium, potassium, and sulfate ions. The chromium is in its +3 oxidation state.

## Properties

It is a dark purple solid. It is normally attached to extra water molecules. It dissolves in water.

## Preparation

It is made by reducing potassium dichromate with sulfur dioxide.

## Uses

It was used in making leather; now chromium(III) sulfate is used instead.

## Related pages

- Alum
- Aluminium sulfate
Chromium(III) sulfate

**Chromium(III) sulfate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cr<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. It is a colored compound. It is made by dissolving chromium or chromium(III) oxide in sulfuric acid. It can also be made by reduction of chromates by sulfur dioxide. It turns green when heated. It is used to make leather. Chrome alum was used in the past. It's an irritant.

## Related pages

- Chromium(III) chloride
- Dichromate
- Chromium
Gustavo Dudamel

**Gustavo Dudamel** (born January 26, 1981 in Barquisimeto, Lara, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan conductor and violinist.  He became famous as the conductor of the Venezuelan youth orchestra Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar.  Today he is the principal conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony in Gothenburg, Sweden, and music director of the Los Angeles Philharmonic in Los Angeles, California. Dudamel is also the artistic director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar in Caracas, Venezuela.

## Life and career

Dudamel was born in Barquisimeto, Venezuela.  His father played the trombone.  He studied music when he was quite young, and learned the violin when he was ten.  He also studied composition. He became involved with El Sistema, an organization in Venezuela to help children from poorer families to learn musical instruments.  He went to the Jacinto Lara Conservatory and then the Latin-American Violin Academy, learning the violin.

He began to study conducting in 1995.  In 1999, he became music director of the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar, the national youth orchestra of Venezuela, and toured several countries.

Dudamel won many prizes for conducting. He soon became well-known and conducted the Philharmonia, the Israel Philharmonic, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic.  He signed a recording contract with Deutsche Grammophon.  He conducted _Don Giovanni_ at La Scala, Milan,  in November 2006. On September 10, 2007, he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra for the first time at the Lucerne Festival. In March 2008, he first conducted the San Francisco Symphony.

In 2005, Gustavo Dudamel conducted at the BBC Proms when Neeme Järvi was ill.  He became Principal Conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony.  He still conducts the Simón Bolívar National Youth Orchestra

Dudamel first conducted in the  U.S. with the Los Angeles Philharmonic  at the Hollywood Bowl in 2005.   In 2009 he became their Musical Director.

On April 16, 2007, Gustavo Dudamel conducted the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra in a concert to celebrate the 80th birthday of Pope Benedict XVI, with Hilary Hahn as solo violinist.  The Pope was at the concert.

A documentary film _Tocar y Luchar_ was made about Dudamel and El Sistema.

### Personal life

Dudamel is married to Eloísa Maturén, a Venezuelan ballet dancer and journalist.

## Other websites

- Gustavo Dudamel official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Gustavo Dudamel
- **img**: GustavoDudamel.jpg
- **img capt**: Dudamel at the European Tour, 2008
- **background**: classical_ensemble
- **birth name**: Gustavo Adolfo Dudamel Ramírez
- **instrument**: Violin
- **genre**: Classical music, Classical
- **occupation**: Composer, Conducting, conductor
- **years active**: 1999-_present_
- **url**: [http://www.gustavodudamel.com www.GustavoDudamel.com]
William James

**William James** (1842–1910) was an American psychologist and philosopher. He was an original thinker in physiology, psychology and philosophy. His major work was a twelve-hundred page book which gave us such ideas as the "stream of thought". William was the brother of the novelist Henry James.

## Epistemology

James was a pragmatist. He defined true beliefs as those that prove useful to the believer.  Truth is verifiable (can be tested) when thoughts and statements correspond with actual things, and also "hang together," or cohere, as pieces of a puzzle might fit together. These 'truths' are confirmed by the observed results putting them into practice.<sup>p427</sup>

- "The most ancient parts of truth... once were plastic. They were called true for human reasons... Purely objective truth..., is nowhere to be found... The reasons why we call things true is the reason why they are true, for 'to be true' means only to perform this marriage-function." he wrote. The "marriage-function" is "marrying previous parts of experience with newer parts".<sup>p83</sup>

James held a world view in line with pragmatism, declaring that the value of any truth depended on its use to the person who held it. The world is a mosaic of diverse experiences that can only be understood through "radical empiricism". Radical empiricism, not related to the everyday scientific empiricism, asserts that the world and experience can never be halted for an entirely objective analysis. The mind of the observer and simple act of observation will affect the outcome of any empirical approach to truth. The mind, its experiences and nature, cannot be separated. James's emphasis on diversity as the default human condition has kept a strong influence in American culture, especially among liberals. James's description of the mind-world connection, which he described as a "stream of consciousness", had a direct and significant effect on avant-garde and modernist literature and art.

In _What pragmatism means_, James writes that the central point of his own doctrine of truth is, in brief, that "Truths emerge from facts, but they dip forward into facts again and add to them; which facts again create or reveal new truth (the word is indifferent) and so on indefinitely. The 'facts' themselves meanwhile are not true. They simply <u/l>_are_</u/l>. Truth is the function of the beliefs that start and terminate among them".
Headlamp

A **headlamp** is a light bulb mounted on the front of a machine. Normally it is mounted on a car. It shines forward. It can be turned on and off. It is used to see ahead of the machine so it wouldn't drive into trees or telephone poles. Incandescent bulbs and a variant known as halogen bulbs are the most common types. They are normally bright.

## Related pages

- Fluorescent bulb
- Mercury-vapor lamp
- Sodium vapor lamp
Shawn Horcoff

**Shawn Horcoff** (born September 17, 1978 in Trail, British Columbia, Canada) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL) and is the captain of the team. He also played for the Dallas Stars and Anaheim Ducks.

Horcoff played college hockey at Michigan State University where he drafted by the Edmonton Oilers in the 1998 NHL Draft.

Brouwer also played in the AHL with the Hamilton Bulldogs and also played in the Swedish Elite League with the _Mora IK_ team.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **team**: Edmonton Oilers
- **former teams**: Anaheim Ducks
Dallas Stars
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image**: Shawn Horcoff 2010.png
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 208
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **birth place**: Trail, British Columbia, Trail, British Columbia, BC, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 99th overall
- **draft year**: 1998
- **draft team**: Edmonton Oilers
- **career start**: 2000
- **career end**: 2016
Dan Hamhuis

**Daniel Hamhuis** (born December 13, 1982 in Smithers, British Columbia, Canada) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Nashville Predators, Vancouver Canucks, and Dallas Stars.

Hamhuis played in the WHL for the Prince George Cougars for 4 seasons and played for the Milwaukee Admirals in the AHL. Hamhuis won a gold medal with Canada at the 2014 Winter Olympics.

On August 13, 2020, Hamhuis announced his retirement from the NHL.

### Regular season and playoffs

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1998–99|Prince George Cougars|WHL|56|1|3|4|45|7|1|2|3|8|
|1999–00|Prince George Cougars|WHL|70|10|23|33|140|13|2|3|5|35|
|2000–01|Prince George Cougars|WHL|62|13|46|59|125|6|2|3|5|15|
|2001–02|Prince George Cougars|WHL|59|10|50|60|135|7|0|5|5|16|
|2002–03|Milwaukee Admirals|AHL|68|6|21|27|81|6|0|3|3|2|
|2003–04|Nashville Predators|NHL|80|7|19|26|57|6|0|2|2|6|
|2004–05|Milwaukee Admirals|AHL|76|13|38|51|85|7|0|2|2|10|
|2005–06|Nashville Predators|NHL|82|7|31|38|70|5|0|2|2|2|
|2006–07|Nashville Predators|NHL|81|6|14|20|66|5|0|1|1|2|
|2007–08|Nashville Predators|NHL|80|4|23|27|66|6|1|1|2|6|
|2008–09|Nashville Predators|NHL|82|3|23|26|67|—|—|—|—|—|
|2009–10|Nashville Predators|NHL|78|5|19|24|49|6|0|2|2|2|
|2010–11|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|64|6|17|23|34|19|1|5|6|6|
|2011–12|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|82|4|33|37|46|5|0|3|3|6|
|2012–13|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|47|4|20|24|12|4|1|1|2|8|
|2013–14|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|79|5|17|22|26|—|—|—|—|—|
|2014–15|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|59|1|22|23|44|6|0|1|1|16|
|2015–16|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|58|3|10|13|28|—|—|—|—|—|
|2016–17|Dallas Stars|NHL|79|1|15|16|23|—|—|—|—|—|
|2017–18|Dallas Stars|NHL|80|3|21|24|33|—|—|—|—|—|
|2018–19|Nashville Predators|NHL|57|0|5|5|28|6|0|0|0|0|
|2019–20|Nashville Predators|NHL|60|0|8|8|35|—|—|—|—|—|

### International

|Year|Team|Event|Result|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||GP|G|A|Pts|PIM|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2001|Canada|WJC||7|0|1|1|8|||
|2002|Canada|WJC||6|0|3|3|8|||
|2006|Canada|WC|4th|9|1|4|5|10|||
|2007|Canada|WC||9|1|2|3|2|||
|2008|Canada|WC||9|1|1|2|8|||
|2009|Canada|WC||9|2|2|4|16|||
|2013|Canada|WC|5th|3|0|1|1|2|||
|2014|Canada|Oly||5|0|0|0|0|||
|2015|Canada|WC||10|0|6|6|8|||

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Dan Hamhuis 2011.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **birth place**: Smithers, British Columbia, Smithers, British Columbia, Canada
- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **played for**: Nashville Predators
Vancouver Canucks
Dallas Stars
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 209
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **draft**: 12th overall
- **draft year**: 2001
- **draft team**: Nashville Predators
- **career start**: 2002
- **career end**: 2020
Valtteri Filppula

**Valtteri Filppula** (born March 20, 1984) is a Finnish professional ice hockey centre and left winger. He currently plays for the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings and for Jokerit of the SM-liiga. His brother Ilari Filppula plays hockey for HC CSKA Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).

## Career

Before playing in the NHL, Filppula played two seasons with Jokerit of the SM-liiga. He was drafted with the 95th overall by the Detroit Red Wings in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. Filppula won the Stanley Cup with the Detroit Red Wings in 2008 when they beat the Pittsburgh Penguins 4 games to 2.

On July 5, 2013, he signed a five-year, $25 million contract with the Tampa Bay Lightning.

Filppula won a bronze medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics with team Finland.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Valtteri Filppula 140103.png
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Filppula with the Lightning in 2014
- **position**: Center (ice hockey), Centre/Winger (ice hockey), Left wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **birth place**: Vantaa, Finland, FIN
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 193
- **team**: Tampa Bay Lightning
- **former teams**: Detroit Red Wings
**Liiga, SM-liiga**:
Jokerit
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **ntl team**: Finland
- **draft**: 95th overall
- **draft year**: 2002
- **draft team**: Detroit Red Wings
- **career start**: 2005
Foolad F.C.

**Foolad Khuzestan Football Club**  is an Iranian football club, based in Ahvaz, Khuzestan.

## Season-by-season

The table below chronicles the achievements of Foolad in various competitions since 1997.

|Season||Pos.|Hazfi Cup|ACL||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1997-1998|1D*|10th|_Not held_|rowspan=8|_Did not qualify_|
|1998-1999|1D*|7th||||
|1999-2000|1D*|10th||||
|2000-2001|1D*|8th||||
|2001-2002|1D**|3rd|Quarterfinal|||
|2002-2003|1D**|7th||||
|2003-2004|1D**|3rd|1/8 Final|||
|2004-2005|1D**|bgcolor=gold|**1st**|||
|2005-2006|1D**|8th|1/16 Final|First round||
|2006-2007|1D**|15th|1/8 Final|rowspan=4|_Did not qualify_|
|2007-2008|2D|Playoff|Semifinal|||
|2008-2009|1D**|7th|Quarterfinal|||
|2009-2010|1D**|10th|1/16 Final|||

***** Azadegan League.

****** Iran Pro League.

## Other websites

- Foolad F.C. Official Website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Foolad
فولاد
- **current**: 2010–11 Foolad F.C. season
- **fullname**: Foolad Khuzestan Football Club
- **nickname**: Foolad Mardaan (Men of Steel)
Leopard of Khuzestan
- **founded**: 1971
- **ground**: :en:Foolad Arena, Foolad Arena
Ahvaz
Iran
- **capacity**: 30,000
- **chairman**: :en:Hamidreza Garshasbi, Hamidreza Garshasbi
- **mgrtitle**: Head Coach
- **manager**: :en:yahya golmohammadi, yahya golmohammadi
- **league**: Iran Pro League
- **season**: 2024/25
- **position**: 4th
- **pattern la1**: _Foolad 1415h
- **pattern b1**: _Foolad 1415 home
- **pattern ra1**: _Foolad 1415h
- **pattern sh1**: _Foolad 1415h
- **pattern so1**: _Foolad 1415h
- **leftarm1**: FF0000
- **body1**: FF0000
- **rightarm1**: FF0000
- **shorts1**: FF0000
- **socks1**: FF0000
- **pattern la2**: _Foolad 1415a
- **pattern b2**: _Foolad 1415 away
- **pattern ra2**: _Foolad 1415a
- **pattern sh2**: _Foolad 1415a
- **pattern so2**: _Foolad 1415a
- **leftarm2**: 000000
- **body2**: 000000
- **rightarm2**: 000000
- **shorts2**: 000000
- **socks2**: 000000
- **pattern la3**: _Foolad 1415h
- **pattern b3**: _Foolad 1415 third
- **pattern ra3**: _Foolad 1415h
- **pattern sh3**: _Foolad 1415t
- **pattern so3**: _Foolad 1415h
- **leftarm3**: FFFFFF
- **body3**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm3**: FFFFFF
- **shorts3**: FFFFFF
- **socks3**: FFFFFF
Rah Ahan F.C.

**Rah Ahan Football Club**  is an Iranian football club based in Shahr-e-Rey. They currently play in the IPL.

## Season-by-season

The table below chronicles the achievements of Rah Ahan every season, from 2002 to the present day.

|Season|League|Position|Hazfi Cup||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2002-2003|Azadegan League|11th|||
|2003-2004|Azadegan League|11th|||
|2004-2005|Azadegan League|?|||
|2005-2006|Iran Pro League|13th|||
|2006-2007|Iran Pro League|16th|1/16 Final||
|2007-2008|Iran Pro League|12th|Quarterfinal||
|2008-2009|Iran Pro League|11th|bgcolor=silver|Final|
|2009-2010|Iran Pro League|15th|1/16 Final||
|2010-2011|Iran Pro League||||

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Rah Ahan
- **fullname**: Rah Ahan Football Club Shahr-e-Rey
- **nickname**: _Locomotive Runners_
- **founded**: 1927
- **ground**: Rah Ahan Stadium, Ekbatan, Tehran
- **capacity**: 15,000
- **chairman**: Mohammad Hassan Ansarifard
- **manager**: Rasoul Korbekandi
- **league**: Iran Pro League, Persian Gulf Cup
- **season**: Persian Gulf Cup 2009-10, 2009-10
- **position**: Persian Gulf Cup, 15th
- **pattern la1**: _green_shoulders
- **pattern ra1**: _green_shoulders
- **leftarm1**: FFFF00
- **body1**: FFFF00
- **rightarm1**: FFFF00
- **shorts1**: FFFF00
- **socks1**: FFFF00
- **pattern la2**: _green_shoulders
- **pattern ra2**: _green_shoulders
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: FFFFFF
Saba Qom F.C.

**Saba Qom F.C** or **Saba Qom Football Club** () is a football team based in Qom, Iran.

## Season-by-season

The table below chronicles the achievements of Saba Battery every season, from 2002 to the present day.

|Season|League|Position|Hazfi Cup|ACL||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2002-2003|Azadegan League|6th||rowspan=3|_Did not qualify_|
|2003-2004|Azadegan League|bgcolor=gold|1st|||
|2004-2005|Iran Pro League|9th|bgcolor=gold|**Cup**||
|2005-2006|Iran Pro League|4th|Semifinal|First Round||
|2006-2007|Iran Pro League|13th|bgcolor=silver|Final|_Did not qualify_|
|2007-2008|Iran Pro League|3rd|1/8 Final|_Did not qualify_||
|2008-2009|Iran Pro League|6th|Semifinal|First Round||
|2009-2010|Iran Pro League|6th|Quarter-Final|_Did not qualify_||

## Other websites

- Official club website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Saba Qom
 صبای قم
- **current**: Saba Qom F.C. season 2008-09
- **fullname**: Saba Qom Football Club
- **founded**: 2002
- **ground**: Yadegar Emam Stadium, Qom
- **capacity**: 15,000
- **chairman**: Gen. Hossein Shahriari
- **mgrtitle**: Head Coach
- **league**: Iran Pro League, Persian Gulf Cup
- **season**: Persian Gulf Cup 2008-09, 2008-09
- **position**: Persian Gulf Cup, 6th
- **pattern la1**: _whitelines
- **pattern b1**: _blackstripes
- **pattern ra1**: _whitelines
- **leftarm1**: 000000
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: 000000
- **shorts1**: 000000
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _black_stripes
- **pattern b2**: _blackstripes
- **pattern ra2**: _black_stripes
- **leftarm2**: 0000FF
- **body2**: 0000FF
- **rightarm2**: 0000FF
- **shorts2**: 000000
- **socks2**: 0000FF
Sepahan S.C.

**Sepahan Esfahan**  is an Iranian football club based in Isfahan, Iran. Sepahan is the last champion of the IPL in 2009-10 season.

## Club honours

- ** Iran Pro League**
- _Winners (2):_ 2002-03, 2009-10
- _Runner Up (1):_ 2007-08

- **Hazfi Cup**
- _Winners (3):_ 2003-04, 2005-06, 2006-07

- **Asian Champions League**
- _Runner Up (1):_ 2007

## Individual Honours

**Top Goal Scorer in the Iranian Premier League**

- 2002-03 :  **Edmond Bezik** - 13 Goals

- 2009-10 :  **Emad Mohammed Ridha** - 19 Goals

## Sister clubs

The following list of clubs are affiliated with Sepahan:
- Internazionale
- Kawasaki Frontale
- Al Arabi Kuwait
- Jonac FC
- Sharjah FC
- Al-Minaa
- Adanaspor
- Fenerbahçe S.K.
- Al Ahed

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Sepahan Esfahan
- **current**: Sepahan F.C. season 2009-10
- **fullname**: Foolad Mobarakeh Sepahan Football Club
- **nickname**: Yellows
- **shortname**: Sepahan
- **founded**: 1953
- **ground**: Naghsh-e-Jahan Stadium
Isfahan
Iran &  Foolad Shahr Stadium
Isfahan
Iran
- **capacity**: 75,000 & 20,000
- **owner**: Mobarakeh Steel Company
- **chairman**: Mohammad Reza Saket
- **league**: Iran Pro League, Persian Gulf Cup
- **season**: 2022-23
- **position**: **2.**
- **pattern b1**: _thinblacksides
- **leftarm1**: FFC900
- **body1**: FFC900
- **rightarm1**: FFC900
- **shorts1**: 000000
- **socks1**: FFC900
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: FFFF00
- **socks2**: FFFFFF
Mes Kerman F.C.

**Sanat Mes Kerman Football Club** () is an Iranian football team based in Kerman, Iran. The team is named after and sponsored by Kerman's copper industries.

## First-team squad

as of August 27, 2010

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Mes
 مس
- **fullname**: Sanat Mes Kerman Football Club
- **founded**: 2 March 1998
- **ground**: Shahid Bahonar Stadium
Kerman
Iran
- **capacity**: 15,000
- **chairman**: Fathollah Nejad Zamani
- **mgrtitle**: Head Coach
- **manager**: Samad Marfavi
- **league**: Iran Pro League, Persian Gulf Cup
- **season**: Persian Gulf Cup 2009-10, 2009-10
- **position**: Persian Gulf Cup, 9th
- **pattern la1**: _uhlsport_mythos_whitelines
- **pattern b1**: _uhlsport_mythos_whitelines
- **pattern ra1**: _uhlsport_mythos_whitelines
- **leftarm1**: F1771D
- **body1**: F1771D
- **rightarm1**: F1771D
- **shorts1**: F1771D
- **socks1**: F1771D
- **pattern la2**: _uhlsport_mythos_whitelines
- **pattern b2**: _uhlsport_mythos_whitelines
- **pattern ra2**: _uhlsport_mythos_whitelines
- **leftarm2**: ddbeff
- **body2**: ddbeff
- **rightarm2**: ddbeff
- **shorts2**: ddbeff
- **socks2**: ddbeff