juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Territory (animal)

In ethology, **territory** is the place or area that an animal or group of animals will fight other animals to keep. Sometimes they fight animals in their same species, and sometimes they fight other animals. Animals that defend territories in this way are referred to as **territorial**.

Most animals are not territorial. Most of the time, a group of animals has an area that they use but do not necessarily defend or fight over. This is called their home range. The home ranges of different groups of animals often overlap, and in the overlap areas, the groups tend to avoid each other.

An animal might want territory because it is a good place to find food, a good place to find mates, or a good place to raise young. For example, male frogs sometimes fight each other for good places to call to female frogs. These places could be near food or could be near good places where the females would want to lay eggs. Some animals are territorial all year. Other animals are only territorial sometimes. For example, male elephant seals fight each other for good stretches of beach where they can mate with females.

Animals do not always fight to make other animals go away. Sometimes, they only tell the other animal that they can fight. The territorial animal might make a noise, dance, or wave its body parts around to show that it is big and strong and would win a fight. They do this to make the other animal give up and go away. Other times, animals put chemicals in the air or on things in their territory. Big cats scratch trees to get scent from their front feet on the bark. Dogs and cats put urine. Hyenas put chemicals from their anal glands on sticks and bushes.

Many animals make sounds to advertise their territory. These are short-term signals given only when the animal is present. The sound can travel long distances and through various habitats. Examples include birds, frogs, and canids.
Similar frog

The **similar frog** (_Papurana attigua_) is a frog from Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.  Scientists saw it between 700 and 1200 meters above sea level.
Hypergamy

**Hypergamy** is the practice of dating or marrying someone of a higher social status than oneself. Hypergamy is usually associated with women. Some sociologists believe that harems formerly existed because of female hypergamy. Some analysts also believe that people have twice as many female ancestors as male ancestors because of female hypergamy.

For the better part of human history, women simply didn’t have the option, access, or legal rights in many places in the world to have agency over their own welfare and to create financial independence. So, they relied on a 'good marriage' to secure their (and their children’s) overall prosperity and prospects.

While many Western societies have progressed to promote gender equality in the past century—attempting to creating equal career, educational, and financial opportunities for women—there's still a large gender pay gap. For example, in the United States, women are paid roughly 82 cents for every dollar a man makes for the same job, and the disparity is even greater for women of color, according to the American Association of University Women.
Eltham

**Eltham** is a district in the south of London in the Royal Borough of Greenwich. The London Plan says Eltham is one of 35 major centres in Greater London. As a residential area (a suburb), the main features, apart from the housing, are the schools and the shops.

It was once an elite area with a palace (Eltham Palace) that dates back to the 13th century. It is now the biggest shopping area in S.E. London.

The Palace was made over in the 1930s. Stephen Courtauld had it made up in art deco style. The Courtauld family was immensely rich at the time. The Palace still has a few parts which date back in time to its former royal use. It is now owned by English Heritage.

The three wards of Eltham North, South and West have a total population of 35,459.

Eltham College is a public school (independent fee-paying school) in Mottingham, southeast London. Eltham and Mottingham were part of the same parish.

Secondary schools in Eltham include Eltham Hill School for Girls, Harris Academy Greenwich, St Thomas More Catholic School and Stationers' Crown Woods Academy (built upon the land of King Henry VIII's hunting grounds).

A campus of the University of Greenwich is in Avery Hill Park, on the borders of Eltham and New Eltham .

Eltham used to be a village and has shops like TK Maxx. The river Quaggy is in Eltham and is 17KM long. Eltham is in the royal borough of Greenwich. There  is  a graveyard.  Haimo primary is in Eltham. There is a Lidl and Poundland. Tesco is next to Eltham . There are lots of houses.  Eltham palace dates back to the Tudor times. The design was inspired by Christopher Wren. There is a swimming pool near the library. A McDonalds here they do hamburgers.
You, the Living

***You, the Living*** is a 2007 Swedish drama movie directed by Roy Andersson and starring Elisabet Helander, Leif Larsson, Björn Englund, Ollie Olson, Jessika Lundberg.
Jesus piece

**Jesus piece** or **Jesus Piece** may refer to:

- Jesus piece (jewelry), a type of jewelry depicting the face of Jesus
- Jesus Piece (album), a 2012 album by hip-hop artist The Game
- Jesus Piece (band), a hardcore/metal band from Philadelphia.
Margaret Mead

**Margaret Mead** (December 16, 1901 – November 15, 1978) was an American cultural anthropologist. She was an author and speaker in the mass media in the 1960s and 1970s. She was President of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences in 1975.

Mead was a communicator of anthropology in modern American and Western culture. As an academic, she was often controversial. Her reports about attitudes toward sex in the South Pacific and Southeast Asian culture traditions influenced the 1960s sexual revolution.

Mead was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She died from pancreatic cancer in New York City.

## Publications by Mead

Note: See also _Margaret Mead: The Complete Bibliography 1925–1975_, Joan Gordan, ed., The Hague: Mouton.

### As a sole author

- _Coming of Age in Samoa_ (1928)
- _Growing Up In New Guinea_ (1930)
- _The Changing Culture of an Indian Tribe_ (1932)
- _Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies_ (1935)
- _And Keep Your Powder Dry: An Anthropologist Looks at America_ (1942)
- _Male and Female_ (1949)
- _New Lives for Old: Cultural Transformation in Manus, 1928–1953_ (1956)
- _People and Places_ (1959; a book for young readers)
- _Continuities in Cultural Evolution_ (1964)
- _Culture and Commitment_ (1970)
- _The Mountain Arapesh: Stream of events in Alitoa_ (1971)
- _Blackberry Winter: My Earlier Years_ (1972; autobiography)

### As editor or coauthor

- _Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis_, with Gregory Bateson, 1942, New York Academy of Sciences.
- _Soviet Attitudes Toward Authority_ (1951)
- _Cultural Patterns and Technical Change_, editor (1953)
- _Primitive Heritage: An Anthropological Anthology_, edited with Nicholas Calas (1953)
- _An Anthropologist at Work_, editor (1959, reprinted 1966; a volume of Ruth Benedict's writings)
- _The Study of Culture at a Distance_, edited with Rhoda Metraux, 1953
- _Themes in French Culture_, with Rhoda Metraux, 1954
- _The Wagon and the Star: A Study of American Community Initiative_ co-authored with Muriel Whitbeck Brown, 1966
- _A Rap on Race_, with James Baldwin, 1971
- _A Way of Seeing_, with Rhoda Metraux, 1975

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Margaret Mead
- **image**: Margaret Mead (1901-1978).jpg
- **caption**: Mead in 1950
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
- **death place**: New York City, US
- **occupation**: Anthropologist
- **awards**: Kalinga Prize (1970)
One Night of Love

***One Night of Love*** is a 1934 American romantic musical movie directed by Victor Schertzinger and was adapted from the novel _Don't Fall in Love_. It stars Grace Moore, Lyle Talbot, Tullio Carminati, Mona Barrie, Jessie Ralph and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for 6 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1935.
Beloved (1934 movie)

***Beloved*** is a 1934 American drama movie directed by Victor Schertzinger and starring John Boles, Gloria Stuart, Morgan Farley, Ruth Hall, Albert Conti, Dorothy Peterson, Edmund Breese, Louise Carter, Walter Brennan, Oscar Apfel, Mickey Rooney, Richard Carle. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Ralph K. Winter Jr.

**Ralph Karl Winter Jr.** (July 30, 1935 – December 8, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was born in Waterbury, Connecticut. He was known as a conservative judge. Winter was the judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1981 until his death. He was nominated to the court by President Ronald Reagan.

Winter Jr. died on December 8, 2020 in North Haven, Connecticut from esophageal cancer, aged 85.
Greg Burdine

**Greg Burdine** (May 1, 1959 – December 13, 2020) was an American politician. He was a member of the Alabama House of Representatives, representing the 1st District from 2010 to 2014. Burdine was a member of the Democratic Party. Burdine was born in Florence, Alabama.

Burdine died on December 13, 2020, in Florence, Alabama at age 61.
Collie

**Collies** form a type of herding dogs, including many similar landraces and standardized breeds. The type began in Scotland and Northern England.  Collies are usually medium-sized, fairly lightly-built dogs, with pointed noses.  Many breeds have a white color over the shoulders.  Collies are very active, and most types of collies are excellent at herding.  Collie breeds have spread through many parts of the world (especially Australia and North America), and have then made many varieties, sometimes mixed with other dog types (cross breeding, for example, the Borador).  Some collie breeds are still used as working dogs for herding cattle, sheep, and other livestock, while others are kept as pets, show dogs or for dog sports, in which they display great agility, stamina and trainability. While the American Kennel Club has a breed they call "collie", in fact _collie dogs_ are a type of herding dog including many related landraces and formal breeds. There are usually major differences between show dogs and those bred for herding trials or dog sports: the herding dogs show good agility, stamina and trainability and behaviour.

Common use of the name "collie" in some areas is limited to certain breeds — the name means Rough Collie in parts of the United States, and Border Collie in many parts of Great Britain.  Most collie dog types do not actually include "collie" in their name (see Welsh Sheepdog at right).
Michael F. Land

**Michael Francis Land** FRS (12 April 1942 – 14 December 2020) was a British neurobiologist. He was a professor of neurobiology in the vision laboratory at the Sussex Centre for Neuroscience, University of Sussex, England. He was known for his visual information of the retinas of mosquitoes.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1998.

Land died on 14 December 2020 at the age of 78.
Frank Christopherson Jr.

**Frank W. Christopherson Jr.** (May 24, 1927 – December 15, 2020) was an American Democratic politician. He was a member of the Wisconsin Senate from 1963 to 1967. He also was in the Wisconsin Assembly from 1959 to 1963. Christopherson Jr. was born in Superior, Wisconsin.

Christopherson Jr. died on December 15, 2020 in Duluth, Minnesota at the age of 93.
Jeff Clayton

**Jeff Clayton** (February 16, 1954 – December 17, 2020) was an American jazz alto saxophonist and flautist. He was born in Los Angeles. He recorded with Gladys Knight, Kenny Rogers, Michael Jackson, Patti Labelle, and Madonna. Clayton founded The Clayton Brothers in 1977, and later formed the Clayton-Hamilton Jazz Orchestra with Jeff Hamilton.

Clayton died on December 17, 2020 from kidney cancer-related problems in Los Angeles at the age of 66.
Hybristophilia

**Hybristophilia** or **scelerophilia** is a paraphilia where someone is romantically attracted to mean people or delinquents. Literature about hybristophilia or scelerophilia is in general use used to describe female attraction to bad boys or to obnoxious guys.
Mekere Morauta

**Sir Mekere Morauta**, KCMG (12 June 1946 – 19 December 2020) was a Papua New Guinean politician and economist. He was the 7th Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea from 1999 to 2002. Morauta was born in Kukipi, Territory of Papua. Morauta was a member of the People's Democratic Movement.

Morauta died on 19 December 2020 in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. He was 74.

## Related pages

- List of scientists from Oceania
Welsh Sheepdog

The **Welsh Sheepdog** (, ) is a herding dog breed from Wales. Some people incorrectly call a Welsh Sheepdog a Welsh Collie - usually 'Welsh Collie' is used for a cross between a Welsh Sheepdog and a Border Collie, which is often a milder dog and easier to manage than the pure breed.

Like other types of working dog, Welsh Sheepdogs are normally bred for their herding abilities rather than appearance, and so they are different in build, colour and size.  Welsh Sheepdogs are the collie type, usually black-and-white, red-and-white or tricolour, and merle markings may occur over any of these combinations.  The coat may be short or fairly long, and the ears are pricked, but usually folded at the tip.  They are longer in leg, broader in chest and wider in muzzle than the Border Collie. They are extremely active and intelligent, and therefore need much exercise and mental stimulation, if they are to be kept as pets.

Over many decades the Welsh Sheepdog has mostly been replaced for working sheep in Wales by the Border Collie, a standardised breed. However, in more recent years, efforts have been made to keep the Welsh Sheepdog as a variety.

Welsh Sheepdogs are usually _loose-eyed_, not scaring the stock with their eyes like the __ Border Collie.  They are able to work freely without being under human control.  Welsh Sheepdogs are most often used for herding sheep, but also work cattle, goats, and even horses and pigs.  They were often in the past used as a droving dog to take cattle and sheep to markets in Britain.

## Health

The Welsh Sheepdog is generally healthy, but can be infected by things most other herding breeds are infected by, such as:

• Atopic Dermatitis, which seems to be more common indoors for this breed. It causes irritation to the dog's skin.

• Collie Eye Anomaly, which is very common with collie breeds. It causes sight loss.

• Epilepsy, a brain disorder which causes seizures.

• Hip dysplasia, which makes the hip go weak. Mostly in growing dogs.

• Diabetes, which is not listed for the dog breed being more likely to get, but there are increasing numbers of this. It causes weight loss, and makes the dog urinate more.

## Food levels

The Welsh Sheepdog needs about three cups of dry food each day, which costs between $1.20 and $1.40. The monthly cost of this is about $35, but this can go to $45.

## Infobox (dogbreed)

- **image**: Welsh Sheepdog.jpg
- **image caption**: Tricolour Welsh Sheepdog
- **name**: Welsh Sheepdog
- **country**: Wales
- **notrecognised**: yes
- **life span**: 12 to 15 years
- **landrace**: yes
- **weight**: 18 - 25kg
- **height**: 50 - 56cm
- **color**: Black and White, Merle, Red and White
- **coat**: Can be from short to moderately long
Xavier Espot Zamora

**Xavier Espot Zamora** (born 30 October 1979) is an Andorran politician. He is the Prime Minister of Andorra since 16 May 2019.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Xavier Espot Zamora
- **image**: Xavier Espot Zamora in 2024 (cropped).jpg
- **office**: List of heads of government of Andorra, Prime Minister of Andorra
- **monarch**:
Joan Enric Vives Sicília

Emmanuel Macron
- **2namedata**:
Josep Maria Mauri

Patrick Strzoda
- **term start**: 16 May 2019
- **predecessor**: Antoni Martí
- **birth place**: Escaldes-Engordany, Andorra
- **party**: Democrats for Andorra
Han Grijzenhout

**Han Grijzenhout** (22 December 1932 – 18 December 2020) was a Dutch football manager. He was born in Amsterdam. He managed Cercle Brugge K.S.V. from 1972 to 1977, 1982 to 1983 and 1988 to 1991. He also managed K.A.A. Gent from 1980 to 1981 and from 1984 to 1987.

Grijzenhout died on 18 December 2020 in Ghent, Belgium, aged 87.
Peter Lamont

**Peter Curtis Lamont** (12 November 1929 – 18 December 2020) was a British set decorator, art director, and production designer. He was known for working on many James Bond movies from _Goldfinger_ (1964) to _Casino Royale_ (2006). He also was the production designer for _Titanic_ (1997), winning him an Academy Award.

Lamont died on 18 December 2020 at the age of 91.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peter Lamont
- **birth name**: Peter Curtis Lamont
- **birth place**: London, United Kingdom
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **occupation**: Art director, Set decorator, Production designer
- **years active**: 1950–2006
Michał Marusik

**Michał Marusik** (26 September 1951 — 18 December 2020) was a Polish politician. He was leader of the Congress of the New Right (KNP) from 2015 to 2017. He was a Member of the European Parliament representing Warsaw from 2014 to 2019. Marusik was born in Skrzynki, Poland.

Marusik died on 18 December 2020 in Warsaw at the age of 69.
Jerry Relph

**Jerry Relph** (September 4, 1944 − December 18, 2020) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. Relph was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Relph was a member of the Minnesota Senate from 2017 until his death.

Relph died on December 18, 2020 in St. Cloud, Minnesota from COVID-19 at the age of 76.
Ray Rogers (politician)

**Nolan Ray Rogers** (July 3, 1931 – December 18, 2020) was an American Republican politician and businessman. He was born in Pearl, Mississippi. Rogers was a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives from 1984 until 2020.

Rogers died on December 18, 2020 at the age of 89.
Pearl, Mississippi

**Pearl** is a city in Rankin County, Mississippi. The population was 27,115 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Pearl, Mississippi
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: "The Pearl of the South"
- **motto**: "The City Creating Its Own Future"
- **image skyline**: Pearl, Mississippi on Riverwind Drive 2014-05-25.jpg
- **image caption**: Riverwind Drive
- **image flag**: Pearl Mississippi Flag.png
- **image map**: Rankin_County_Mississippi_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Pearl_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Pearl in Rankin County, Mississippi
- **image map1**: Map of USA MS.svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Mississippi in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Mississippi, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Mississippi
- **subdivision name2**: Rankin County, Mississippi, Rankin
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1865
- **established title2**: Incorporation
- **established date2**: June 29, 1973
- **government type**: Mayor-council government, Weak Mayor-Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: Alderman, Board of Aldermen
- **area total sq mi**: 25.61
- **area total km2**: 66.33
- **area land sq mi**: 25.49
- **area land km2**: 66.01
- **area water sq mi**: 0.12
- **area water km2**: 0.32
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 27115
- **population density sq mi**: 1063.92
- **population density km2**: 410.78
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **area code**: Area code 601, 601, Area code 769, 769
- **elevation ft**: 276
- **elevation m**: 84.1
- **website**: [http://www.cityofpearl.com http://www.cityofpearl.com]
- **postal code type**: Zip Code(s); physical locations
- **postal code**: 39208
- **postal2 code type**: Zip Code(s); United States Postal Service, U.S. P.O. boxes
- **postal2 code**: 39288
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 28-55760
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0675537
- **footnotes**: For more city data see: [http://www.city-data.com/city/Pearl-Mississippi.html City-Data]
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Tim Severin

**Tim Severin** (25 September 1940 – 18 December 2020) was a British explorer, historian and writer. Severin was awarded both the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society and the Livingstone Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society. He received the Thomas Cook Travel Book Award for his 1982 book _The Sindbad Voyage_.

Severin died on 18 December 2020 in Cork, Ireland at the age of 80.
Valentin Shurchanov

**Valentin Sergeevich Shurchanov** (19 April 1947 – 18 December 2020) was a Russian politician and journalist. He was born in Kanashsky District, Soviet Union. From 1999 to 2003 and again from 2007 until his death, Shurchanov was a member of the State Duma. He was a member of the Communist Party.

Shurchanov died on 18 December 2020 from COVID-19 in Moscow, aged 73.
Yazid Zerhouni

**Noureddine Yazid Zerhouni** () (5 September 1937 – 18 December 2020) was a Tunisian-born Algerian politician. Zerhouni was the Minister of the Interior from 1999 to 2010 and Deputy Prime Minister from 2010 to 2012. He was born in Tunis.

Zerhouni died in Algiers on 18 December 2020 at the age of 83.
Bram van der Vlugt

**Bram van der Vlugt** (28 May 1934 – 19 December 2020) was a Dutch actor. He was born in The Hague. He was known for playing the role of Sinterklaas. He also starred in _Pastorale 1943_, _Tropic of Emerald_ and in _Family_.

Van der Vlugt died on 19 December 2020 from COVID-19 in Utrecht, Netherlands at the age of 86.
Peter Yariyok Jatau

**Peter Yariyok Jatau** (5 August 1931 – 16 December 2020) was a Nigerian Roman Catholic archbishop. Jatau was born in Lagos, Nigeria. He became a priest in 1963. He was coadjutor archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kaduna, Nigeria, from 1972 to 1975 and as archbishop of the archdiocese from 1975 to 2007.

Jatau died on 16 December 2020 at the age of 89.
Joseph Kyeong Kap-ryong

**Joseph Kyeong Kap-ryong** (11 March 1930 – 16 December 2020) was a South Korean Roman Catholic bishop. Kyeong Kap-ryong was born in Seoul, South Korea. He became a priest in 1962. He was titular bishop of _Buffada_ and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seoul from 1977 to 1984 and as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Daejeon, South Korea, from 1984 to 2005.

Kyeong Kap-ryong died on 16 December 2020 in Daejeon, South Korea at the age of 90.
Andean mountain cat

The **Andean cat**, **Andean highland cat** or **Andean mountain cat** (_Leopardus jacobita_) is a small wild cat that lives in the Andes mountain range. They live in Peru, Bolivia, northern Argentina and northern Chile.

The adult Andean cat is 57 to 64 cm long from its nose to the end of its body, and its tail is another 41 to 48 cm long. It is about 36 cm tall and weighs between 4 and 6 kg. Its fur is gray with places that are brown and some stripes. Its hairs can be 5 cm long. Young cats have lighter fur than adult cats. Young Andean cats look like pampas cats, which live in the same places as the Andean cat.

It eats many different kinds of small animals, for example lizards and birds. Its main food is the mountain vizcacha. Its main food used to be the mountain chinchilla, but most of the chinchillas are dead now and the ones that are a live do not live where the Andean cat lives. This cat likes to live in rocky, open places more than it likes forests.

The Andean cat is in danger of dying out because humans are using or want to use the land that it lives on, breaking its living space into small pieces so that it has to cross roads and other human areas to get from place to place. It is endangered because many of the animals it eats are gone. It is endangered because humans like to catch it for its fur. It is also endangered because the Andean cat and its body parts is important to traditional medicine in Peru and in religious ceremonies for some of the indigenous people of the Andes.
Planisphere

In astronomy, a **planisphere** is a projection of the celestial sphere onto a plane. Because of the projection, certain parts of the celestial sphere cannot be shown. Hipparchus discovered that it was possible to do a projection which keeps the angles intact.
Chechen Americans

**Chechen Americans** are Americans of Chechen descent. Chechen people have origins from Chechnya, a federal subject of Russia.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Chechen Americans
_Чеченские Американцы_
_Нохчийн Америкин_
_Noxҫiyn Amerikin_
- **population**: **250-1,000**
- **regions**: New Jersey, New York City, Miami, Boston, Los Angeles
- **langs**: Chechen language, Chechen, American English, Russian language, Russian
- **rels**: Sunni Islam
Sami Americans

**Sami Americans** are Americans of Sámi descent, who originate from Sapmi, the northern regions of Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula of Russia.   _Lapp Americans_ is sometimes used, but _lapp_ is considered derogatory by the Sami.  It has been estimated that there are 30,000 people who are of Sami ancestry living in the United States.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Sami Americans
- **population**: **945**
- **popplace**: AlaskaMidwestern United States, Midwest
- **langs**: English language, EnglishSami languagesNorwegian language, NorwegianSwedish language, SwedishFinnish language, FinnishRussian language, Russian
- **rels**: ChristianitySami shamanism
Group 9 element

**Group 9** is a group of elements in the periodic table.

Group 9 has cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir) and meitnerium (Mt).

Group 9 is in the transition metals section. It is worth noting that meitnerium has unknown chemical properties, but is probably a transition metal.
The Winter of Our Monetized Content

"**The Winter of Our Monetized Content**" is the first episode and season premiere of the thirty-first season of the American animated sitcom ***The Simpsons***, and the 663rd episode overall. It aired in the United States on Fox on September 29, 2019. The director of the episode was Bob Anderson, and the writer was Ryan Koh.

The episode was dedicated to _Rick and Morty_ and former Simpsons producer J. Michael Mendel who died of natural causes on September 24, 2019, five days before the season premiere.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **season**: 31
- **episode**: 1
- **director**: Bob Anderson
- **writer**: Ryan Koh
- **production**: YABF19
- **prev**: Crystal Blue-Haired Persuasion
- **next**: Go Big or Go Homer
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 31)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Turkish Americans

**Turkish Americans** or **American Turks** are Americans who come from families with ethnic Turkish backgrounds, including Romanlar.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Turkish Americans
_Amerikalı Türkler_
- **image**: TurkishAmericans4.jpg
- **caption**: The 27th Annual Turkish Day Parade (2008) in New York
- **pop**: **230,342** <small>(2016 American Community Survey, ACS)</small>
 **More than 1,000,000** (2012 estimate by the former United States Secretary of Commerce, US Commerce Secretary John Bryson)
- **rels**: Predominantly Sunni Islam (including practising and non-practising)
Minority Alevism, other religions, or Irreligion, irreligious
500 Keys

"**500 Keys**" is the 21st episode of the 22nd season of _The Simpsons_. It was first shown on the Fox network on May 15, 2011. It was written by John Frink. Bob Anderson is the director of the episode. The episode is about the Simpson family finding many different keys.

## Infobox (simpsons episode)

- **season**: 22
- **episode**: 21
- **director**: Bob Anderson (director), Bob Anderson
- **writer**: John Frink
- **production**: NABF14
- **guests**: Albert Brooks as Hank Scorpio
- **blackboard**: "It's Kristen Schaal, not Homer Scissorhands, Kristen Schall"
"Guinea pigs should not be used as "Animal testing, guinea pigs""(on Hulu and Disney+ only)
- **couch gag**: Everyone and everything is represented as a word cloud.
- **prev**: Homer Scissorhands
- **next**: The Ned-Liest Catch
Polydipsia

**Polydipsia** is excessive thirst or excess drinking. The word derives from the Greek πολυδίψιος (_poludípsios_) "very thirsty", which is gotten from πολύς (_polús_, "much, many") + δίψα (_dípsa_, "thirst"). Polydipsia is a symptom in many diseases. It also occurs as an abnormal behaviour in some animals, such as in birds.

### Diabetes

Polydipsia can be a symptom of diabetes mellitus. It is seen in cases of poorly controlled diabetes. Diabetes insipidus can also cause polydipsia.

### Other physiological causes

It can also be caused by a change in the osmolality of the extracellular fluids of the body, hypokalemia, decreased blood volume, and other conditions that create water deficiency.

## Diagnosis

Polydipsia is a symptom and not a disease in itself. Polydipsia investigations at diagnosing diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus can be useful.
Gogi Gvakharia

**Giorgi (Gogi) Gvakharia** (born 7 March, 1957) is a Georgian art critic, journalist, publicist and critic, member of the Georgian Cinematographers' Union, winner of the Saba Literary Prize, professor at Ilia State University, Doctor of Arts.

## Other websites

- Biographical Dictionary of Georgia
Bird's Opening

**Bird's Opening** is a chess opening characterised by the move: 1. f4.

Bird's is a flank opening. White's strategic ideas involve control of the e5-square. This offers some attacking chances at the expense of slightly weakening his own centre. The opening is rarely played by expert players. It is named after Henry Bird, a 19th century English player.
Amber Valley (UK Parliament constituency)

**Amber Valley** is a constituency of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Derbyshire, England. Conservative politician Nigel Mills has represented the constituency in the House of Commons since 2010. It was first created in 1983 from three older constituencies.

## Members of Parliament

|Parliament|Years|Member|Party|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|49th|1983–1987|rowspan="3" style="background-color: "||rowspan="3"|Phillip Oppenheim|rowspan="3"||rowspan="3"|Conservative|
|50th|1987–1992|||||||||
|51st|1992–1997|||||||||
|52nd|1997–2001|rowspan="3" style="background-color: "||rowspan="3"|Judy Mallaber|rowspan="3"||rowspan="3"|Labour|
|53rd|2001–2005|||||||||
|54th|2005–2010|||||||||
|55th|2010–2015|rowspan="4" style="background-color: "||rowspan="4"|Nigel Mills|rowspan="4"||rowspan="4"|Conservative|
|56th|2015–2017|||||||||
|57th|2017–2019|||||||||
|58th|2019–<nowiki/>present|||||||||

## Infobox (uk constituency main)

- **name**: Amber Valley
- **parliament**: uk
- **map1**: AmberValley2007
- **map2**: EnglandDerbyshire
- **map entity**: Derbyshire
- **year**: 1983
- **type**: County
- **elects howmany**: One
- **previous**: Belper (UK Parliament constituency), Belper, Derbyshire South East (UK Parliament constituency), Derbyshire South East and Ilkeston (UK Parliament constituency), Ilkeston
- **population**: 87,883 (2011 census)
- **electorate**: 69,538 (December 2010)
- **mp**: Nigel Mills
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK)
- **towns**: Ripley, Derbyshire, Ripley, Alfreton, Ambergate, Langley Mill
- **region**: England
- **county**: Derbyshire
- **european**: East Midlands
Nigel Mills

**Nigel John Mills** (born 28 October 1974) is a British Conservative Party politician and retired accountant. He has been a Member of Parliament (MP) for Amber Valley in Derbyshire since 2010. He is a eurosceptic and supports Brexit.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nigel Mills
- **honorific-suffix**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), MP
- **image**: Official portrait of Nigel Mills MP crop 2.jpg
- **caption**: Mills in 2019
- **office**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
 for Amber Valley (UK Parliament constituency), Amber Valley
- **majority**: 16,886 (37.0%)
- **term start**: 6 May 2010
- **predecessor**: Judy Mallaber
- **birth place**: Jacksdale, England
- **nationality**: British people, British
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative
- **alma mater**: Newcastle University
Montenegrin Americans

**Montenegrin Americans** are Americans of Montenegrin descent.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Montenegrin Americans
<small>Crnogorski Amerikanci
Црногорски Американци</small>
- **pop**: Unknown;
**40,000** (2014 estimate)
- **popplace**: California, Illinois, New York (state), New York, Louisiana, Alaska
- **langs**: American English
Montenegrin language, Montenegrin
- **rels**: Predominantly Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox

- **related**: Montenegrin Canadians, Yugoslav Americans
other Slavic Americans, Slavic and European Americans
Christopher Corey Smith

**Christopher Corey Smith** (born July 17, 1962) is an American voice actor who voices in animated shows and video games.
Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth

**Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth** (c. 1200 – 1 March 1244) was the son of Llywelyn the Great, he was illegitimate, however in Welsh law he was allowed to become Prince, however Llywelyn wanted Dafydd ap Llywelyn to become the next prince, he died in 1244 whilst attempting to escape the Tower of London, after being imprisoned by King John as a hostage.

## Birth

He was probably born around the year 1200, his father Llywelyn the Great is considered one of the greatest Welsh Princes, Gruffudd was illegitimate, and was taken as a hostage, but released in 1215.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Gruffudd ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth
- **image**: Llywelyn the Great (Gruffudd).JPG
- **birth date**: 1200
- **birth place**: Wales
- **death date**: 1 March 1244
- **death place**: Tower of London
Elias I, Count of Maine

**Elias I** (also _Hélie_ or _Élie_; c. 1060 - 11 July 1110), called **de la Flèche** or **de Baugency**, was the Count of Maine. He succeeded his cousin Hugh V, Count of Maine.
The Long Night (1947 movie)

***The Long Night*** is a 1947 American crime drama movie directed by Anatole Litvak and is the remake of the 1939 French movie _Le Jour Se Lève_. It stars Henry Fonda, Barbara Bel Geddes, Vincent Price, Ann Dvorak, Howard Freeman, Moroni Olsen, Queenie Smith and distributed by RKO Pictures.
Bolsover (UK Parliament constituency)

**Bolsover** (,  and commonly ) is a constituency of the Parliament of the United Kingdom in Derbyshire. It has been represented by Labour politician Natalie Fleet in the House of Commons since 2024. It was represented by Labour politician Dennis Skinner for nearly 50 years, from 1970 until he lost in 2019 to Conservative politician Mark Fletcher.

## Boundaries

The constituency was first created in 1950, but has changed shape over time.

**1950–1983**: The Urban District of Bolsover, and the Rural Districts of Blackwell and Clowne.

**1983–2010**: The District of Bolsover, and the District of North East Derbyshire wards of Morton, Pilsley, Shirland, and Sutton.

**2010–present**: The District of Bolsover, and the District of North East Derbyshire wards of Holmewood and Heath, Pilsley and Morton, Shirland, and Sutton.

## Members of Parliament

|Election|Member|Party||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: "||1950|Harold Neal|rowspan="2"|Labour|
|1970|Dennis Skinner|||||
|style="background-color: "||2019|Mark Fletcher|Conservative||
|style="background-color: "||2024|Natalie Fleet|Labour||

## Infobox (uk constituency main)

- **name**: Bolsover
- **parliament**: uk
- **caption**: Boundaries since 2024
- **image2**:
- **caption2**: Boundary of Bolsover in the East Midlands
- **year**: 1950
- **type**: County
- **elects howmany**: One
- **previous**: Clay Cross (UK Parliament constituency), Clay Cross and North East Derbyshire (UK Parliament constituency), North East Derbyshire
- **population**: 94,473 (2011 census)
- **electorate**: 74,680 (2023)
- **mp**: Natalie Fleet
- **party**: Labour Party (UK), Labour
- **region**: England
- **county**: Derbyshire
- **european**: East Midlands
- **towns**: Bolsover, Shirebrook, Clowne, South Normanton
Mark Fletcher (politician)

**Mark Peter Fletcher** (born 29 September 1985) is a British Conservative Party politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Bolsover from 2019 until 2024. He beat Labour MP Dennis Skinner, who had been MP for the constituency for nearly 50 years.

Fletcher is openly gay.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mark Fletcher
- **image**: Official portrait of Mark Fletcher MP crop 2.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2020
- **office**: Whip (politics), Assistant Government Whip
- **primeminister**: Rishi Sunak
- **term start**: 14 November 2023
- **term end**: 5 July 2024
- **office1**: Member of Parliament (United Kingdom), Member of Parliament
for Bolsover (UK Parliament constituency), Bolsover
- **predecessor1**: Dennis Skinner
- **successor1**: Natalie Fleet
- **term start1**: 12 December 2019
- **term end1**: 30 May 2024
- **birth place**: Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England
- **nationality**: British
- **spouse**: Will Knock
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative
- **education**: Ridgewood School
- **alma mater**: Jesus College, Cambridge
Ngwane V

**Ngwane V** (also known as **Mahlokohla**, **Bhunu**, **Hhili**; 11 May 1876 - 10 December 1899) was the King of Swaziland from 1895 until his death on 10 December 1899. His parents were Mbandzeni and Labotsibeni Mdluli. He ascended to the throne after a short regency of Queen Mother Tibati Nkambule. He was only 16 years old when he became king. His royal capital was at Zombodze while the Queen Mother's residence was at Lobamba.

Ngwane became the king after the Swaziland convention of 1894. This had led to the classification of Swaziland as a protected state of the South African Republic which was then led by President Paul Kruger. During this time Swaziland had a partial Dutch administration in parallel to Ngwane's administration. The Dutch or European for European interests and Ngwane as head and authority of the Swazi nation. An annual payment was made to Ngwane and Labotsibeni while they were in office from taxes collected and from contributions from concessionaires and taxes.

Ngwane's rule was short. In 1899 the Anglo-Boer war began. It brought to an end the Dutch or Boer partial administration of Swaziland and hence gave way to independence. However Mahlokohla died on 10 December of that year while dancing incwala. This was hidden from the nation until the ceremony was over.

Ngwane was succeeded by his four-month-old son Nkhotfotjeni and his wife Lomawa Ndwandwe. His mother Labotsibeni who had been very influential during his reign continued as queen regent until Sobhuza was crowned in 1921. Ngwane's reign gave way to a stable territory surrounded by conflicting states. Today Mahlokohla is named for one of the main streets, _Mahlokohla Street_ in Swaziland's capital Mbabane.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **death place**: Zombodze, Swaziland
 (now Eswatini)
- **death date**: 10 December 1899 (aged 23)
- **birth place**: Shiselweni, Swaziland
 (now Eswatini)
- **birth date**: 11 May 1876
- **mother**: Labotsibeni Mdluli
- **father**: Mbandzeni, Dlamini IV
- **royal house**: House of Dlamini
- **issue**: Sobhuza II
- **successor**: Sobhuza II
- **name**: Ngwane V
- **regent**: Tibati Nkambule of Swaziland, Tibati Nkambule
- **predecessor**: Mbandzeni, Dlamini IV
- **coronation**: 1895
- **reign**: 1895 – 10 December 1899
- **spouse**: Lomawa Ndwandwe
- **succession**: King of Swaziland
- **burial place**: Mbilaneni
Mbandzeni

**Mbandzeni** (also known as **Dlamini IV**, **Umbandine**, **Umbandeen**; 1855–1889) was the King of Swaziland from 1875 until 1889. He was the son of Mswati II and Nandzi Nkambule. His mother, the wife of King Mswati, died when he was very young.

Mbandzeni became king because his half brother Ludvonga II died before he could become the king. Ludvonga's death resulted in his mother Inkhosikati Lamgangeni adopting Mbandzeni, who was motherless, as her son. That made him king and her the queen mother of Swaziland.

His royal capital was at Mbekelweni. During his kingship, Mbandzeni granted many mining, farming, trading and administrative concessions to white settlers from Britain and the Transvaal. These concessions granted with the help of Offy Sherpstone eventually led to the conventions of 1884 and 1894. Those reduced the overall borders of Swaziland and later made Swaziland a protectorate of the South African Republic. During a period of concessions preceded by famine around 1877 some of the tindvunas (governors) from within Swaziland like Mshiza Maseko and Ntengu kaGama Mbokane were given permission by King Mbandzeni to relocate to farms towards the Komati River. Mshiza Maseko later settled in a place called eLuvalweni, where he was later buried.

Mbandzeni, still in command of a large Swazi army of more than 15000 men aided the British in defeating Sekhukhune in 1879 and preventing Zulu incursion into the Transvaal during the same year. As a result, he guaranteed his country's independence and international recognition despite the Scramble for Africa which was taking place at the time.

Mbandzeni died after an illness in 1889 and is quoted to have said in his deathbed "the Swazi kingship dies with me". He was buried at the royal cemetery at Mbilaneni alongside his father and grandfather Sobhuza I. Mbandzeni was succeeded by his young son Mahlokohla and his wife Queen Labotsibeni Mdluli after a 5-year regency of Queen Tibati Nkambule.

Today a number of buildings and roads in Swaziland are named after Mbandzeni. Among these are the Mbandzeni house in Mbabane and the Mbandzeni Highway to Siteki.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **issue**: Ngwane V
- **death place**: Mbekelweni
- **death date**: 1889
 (aged 33–34)
- **birth date**: 1855
- **mother**: Nandzi Nkambule
- **father**: Mswati II
- **royal house**: House of Dlamini
- **spouse**: Labotsibeni Mdluli
- **name**: Dlamini IV
- **successor**: Ngwane V
- **regent**: Queen Tsandzile Ndwandwe
- **predecessor**: Ludvonga, Ludvonga II
- **coronation**: 1875
- **reign**: 1875–1889
- **succession**: King of Swaziland
- **burial place**: Mbilaneni
Tarık Solak

**Tarık Solak** (; 1964 – 24 October 2020) was a Turkish-Australian kickboxing promoter.

## Personal life

Solak was born in Ankara to a working class family with 5 children, hailing from Yozgat. His family emigrated to Australia when he was five and Solak grew up in the Northern Melbourne suburb of Brunswick among the Turkish community and in a crowded family. He started his martial arts training in taekwondo under Jemal Hasan and achieved the rank of 4th dan. He later pursued a career in kickboxing and became a gym manager.

After a long fight with cancer, he died in October 2020, in Australia. His funeral took place in Karşıyaka Cemetery, Ankara, on 24 October 2020. Solak was married between 1983 and 2005, and had one son, born 1983, named Arif.

## Other websites

- Tarık Solak at IMDb

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tarık Solak
- **birth name**: Tarık Solak
- **birth date**: 1964
- **birth place**: Ankara, Turkey
- **death place**: Australia
- **resting place**: Karşıyaka Cemetery, Ankara
- **citizenship**: Turkish, Australian
- **children**: 1 (Arif Solak; born 1982)
- **occupation**: Boxing promoter, Kickboxing promoter
- **known for**: A1 World Combat Cup
Myoclonus

**Myoclonus** is a rapid involuntary twitching of muscles. Myocloni are a side effect of many neurological conditions, but they can also happen in healthy people. As an example, twitching muscles when falling asleep are normal. Mycloni are a common symptom of epilepsy. Other less common diseses that provoke myocloni include encephalitis, Tics, and certain types of porphyria.

Certain analgesics can provoke myocloni.
Ferdinand (movie)

***Ferdinand*** is an American adventure comedy movie. It was released on December 10, 2017 to theaters in the United States by 20th Century Fox. It was made by Blue Sky Studios. It cost $111 million to make the movie. The movie made about $296.1 million in the box office. Ferdinand is based on the book by Munro Leaf and Robert Lawson. It was about a bull named Ferdinand who refuses to be in a bullfight but is forced to be involved in it to go face-to-face with a famous bullfighter.

Ferdinand was the final Blue Sky movie released before Disney's acquisition of the studio. It was the only Blue Sky movie co-produced by Davis Entertainment.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Ferdinand
- **editing**: Harry Hitner
- **budget**: $111 million
- **language**: English
- **country**: United States
- **runtime**: 108 minutes
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **cinematography**: Renato Falcão
- **image**: Ferdinand Film Logo.png
- **music**: John Powell (film composer), John Powell
- **director**: Carlos Saldanha
- **gross**: $296.1 million
Imitation of Life (1934 movie)

***Imitation of Life*** is a 1934 American romantic drama movie directed by John M. Stahl and was based on the 1933 novel of the same name by Fannie Hurst. It stars Claudette Colbert, Warren William, Rochelle Hudson, Ned Sparks, Louise Beavers, Alan Hale Sr. and was distributed by Universal Pictures. It was nominated for 3 Academy Awards in 1935.
Media Nusantara Citra

***PT Media Nusantara Citra*** also known as **MNC Media** is the biggest group in Southeast Asia. First being build and founded in 1997.

MNC has a core business, doing together wist RCTI, MNC TV, GTV, and iNews - as well as 18 channels acquired broadcast with MNC Vision (previously as IndoVision), under MNC Channels division. MNC Media also has other media-based, like movies, radio, talent management, and production house.

## History

MNC has started founded in 1997 and has been listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange (IDX), since June 22, 2007.

MNC Media has the biggest free-to-air TV market. The group also had three pay television, such as IndoVision, OkeVision, and Top TV. The company also created online media, like Okezone. And also excepting iNews, Koran Sindo newspaper, and portal sindonews.com

## MNC News

MNC News has first founded in 2006. Wich is a infotainment, sports, and lifestyle news channel. The channel is a part of 24 hours general and has been seen on MNC Vision.

## Current televisions and media

- RCTI
- GTV
- MNC TV
- iNews
- RCTI+
- MeTube
- Tabloid GENIE
- HighEnd Magazine
- Mom & Kiddie
- StarPro Indonesia
- Just for Kids

## Other websites

- MNC Website
- MNC News mucrosite
Viva Villa

***Viva Villa!*** is a 1934 American western movie directed by Jack Conway and Howard Hawks and was based on the 1933 novel of the same name by Edgecumb Pinchon and O. B. Stade. It stars Wallace Beery, Leo Carrillo, Fay Wray, Donald Cook, Stuart Erwin, Ralph Bushman and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. It was nominated for 4 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1935.
The Long Voyage Home

***The Long Voyage Home*** is a 1940 American drama movie directed by John Ford was based on the four plays by Eugene O'Neill. It stars John Wayne, Thomas Mitchell, Ian Hunter, Barry Fitzgerald, Wilfrid Lawson, Ward Bond, John Qualen, Arthur Shields and was distributed by United Artists. It was nominated for 6 Academy Awards in 1941.
A Stolen Life (movie)

***A Stolen Life*** is a 1946 American drama movie directed by Curtis Bernhardt and was the remake of the 1939 movie _Stolen Life_. It stars Bette Davis, Glenn Ford, Dane Clark, Walter Brennan, Peggy Knudsen, Charlie Ruggles, Bruce Bennett, Esther Dale and was distributed by Warner Bros.. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1947.
Peripheral nerve block

A **peripheral nerve block** (or simply **nerve block**) is when the signals travelling along a nerve are blocked. This is usually done deliberately, usually as a form of anesthesia. Such a block can last between a few hours to a few weeks.
Clonus

**Clonus** is the name for involuntary rhythmic contractions of muscles or muscle groups. The term is from the Greek for "violent, confused motion".  Cloni can happen as a sign of certain neurological conditions, such as epilepsy, stroke, and multiple sclerosis. They can also be a sign that the spinal cord was damaged. Cloni can also occur as a reaction to certain drugs.