juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dyslexia

**Dyslexia**, or **word blindness**, is a learning disability that affects reading. Different people are affected to different degrees. This condition makes it difficult to learn and understand things in the same way others do. It is a very common problem.

Dyslexia affects the way the brain understands words. The most common signs of dyslexia are reading and writing problems.

Estimates are that in the United States between 5 and 9% of school children have dyslexia. Another source says it affects 3–7% of the population. Up to 20% of the general population may have some degree of symptoms.  While dyslexia is more often diagnosed in boys, this is partly explained by a self-fulfilling referral bias among teachers and professionals.

## Characteristics

A person can have dyslexia even if they are intelligent. Their education might be affected by their dyslexia or not. Recent studies show there are some small business owners that have dyslexia. Researchers think many dyslexic entrepreneurs are successful because they can delegate responsibilities (of writing letters) and still be good at speaking.

At the end of the 19th century, scientists did a lot of research about dyslexia and found some of the reasons that people are dyslexic.

## Therapy

Children with dyslexia can be helped. One way teachers help dyslexic students is to break words into different sounds. The student must learn how to write the different sounds and create words. This helps with reading and writing.

## Origins

Speech is a newcomer in evolutionary terms. Like the large heads of babies, human speech evolved very recently.

Newer biological functions tend to be less reliable than older functions.

## Related pages

- Dysgraphia
- Neurodiversity
1763

## Events

- February 10 – French and Indian War: The 1763 Treaty of Paris ends the war and France cedes Canada to Great Britain.
- 15 February – the Treaty of Hubertusburg puts an end to the Seven Years' War between Prussia and Austria and their allies
- March 1 – Charles Townshend becomes President of the Board of Trade in the British government
- May 7 – Chief Pontiac begins the "Conspiracy of Pontiac" by attacking British forces at Fort Detroit.
- June 2 – Pontiac's Rebellion: At what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort.
- June 28 – earthquake in Komarom, Hungary
- August 5 – Pontiac's War – Battle of Bushy Run – British forces led by Henry Bouquet defeat Chief Pontiac's Native Americans at Bushy Run in the Pennsylvania backcountry.

- The Treaty of Paris signed by Great Britain, France and Spain brings an end to the Seven Years' War (also called the French and Indian War in the United States)
- First publication of Bayes' theorem
- Proclamation of 1763

nv:1751 – 1800
1637

## Events

- February 3 – Tulip mania collapses in the United Provinces (now the Netherlands) by government order
- February 15 – Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor
- December 17 – Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan
- Pierre de Fermat makes a marginal claim to have proof of what would become known as Fermat's last theorem.
- France places a few missionaries in the Côte d'Ivoire, a country it would come to rule more than 200 years later.
- England wages war against the Mashantucket Pequots
- First opera house, _Teatro San Cassiona_, opens in Venice
- René Descartes – _Discours de la Methode_
- Elizabeth Poole becomes the first woman to have founded a town (Taunton, Massachusetts) in the Americas.
1451

## Events

- February 3 – Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II.
- April 11 – Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from the Celje count Frederic II.
- June 30 – French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture Bordeaux
- August 20 – The French capture Bayonne, the last English stronghold in Guyenne
- Foundation of the University of Glasgow
- Nicholas of Cusa invents concave lens spectacles to treat myopia
- Roger van der Weyden paints his _Last Judgement_
- Lodi dynasty succeeded the Sayyid dynasty in India

## Births

- Christopher Columbus
- April 22 – Isabella of Castile
146

## Events

- Change of era name from _Yongxi_ (1st year) to _Benchu_ era of the Chinese Han Dynasty
- Change of emperor from Han Zhidi to Han Huandi of the Chinese Han Dynasty
Colima

**Colima** is a state in southwest Mexico.  About 760,000 people live there. Its capital is also called Colima.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: State of Colima
- **image flag**: Flag of Colima.svg
- **flag size**: 140px
- **shield size**: 80px
- **image map**: Mexico map, MX-COL.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Mexico
- **image map1**: CL-Municipalities.svg
- **mapsize1**: 180px
- **map caption1**: Municipalities of Colima
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Colima, Colima, Colima
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Mexico, Municipalities
- **subdivision name2**: #Municipalities, 10
- **subdivision type3**: List of cities in Mexico, Largest City
- **subdivision name3**: Manzanillo, Colima, Manzanillo
- **leader title**: List of Mexican state governors, Governor
- **leader name**: Jesus Silverio Cavazos Ceballos (PRI)
- **leader title1**: Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, Federal Deputies
- **leader name1**: National Action Party (Mexico), PAN: 2
- **leader title2**: Senate of Mexico, Federal Senators
- **leader name2**: PAN: 2
Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI: 1
- **area footnotes**:
 List of Mexican states by area, Ranked 29th
- **area total km2**: 5191
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 567,996(List of Mexican states by population, Ranked 31st)
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **blank name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2004)
- **blank info**: 0.8001 - <span style="color:#090">high</span>
List of Mexican states by HDI, Ranked 14th
- **blank1 name**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 info**: MX-COL
- **blank2 name**: Postal abbr.
- **blank2 info**: Col.
- **website**: [http://www.colima-estado.gob.mx/ Colima state government]
Peter Jackson

**Sir** **Peter Robert Jackson** <small>ONZ KNZM</small> (born 31 October 1961, Wellington, New Zealand) is a New Zealand film director. He is most widely known for directing _The Lord of the Rings_ film trilogy. He also directed the 2005 film, _King Kong_.

In 2003, Jackson won three Academy Awards for _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_: Academy Award for Directing, Academy Award for Best Picture and Academy Award for Writing Adapted Screenplay.

Jackson directed the music video for "Now and Then", the "last" single of The Beatles.

## Filmography

- _Bad Taste_ (1987)
- _Meet the Feebles_ (1989)
- _Valley of the Stereos_ (1992) (short film)
- _Braindead_ (a.k.a. _Dead Alive_) (1992)
- _Heavenly Creatures_ (1994)
- _Forgotten Silver_ (1995) - mockumentary
- _The Frighteners_ (1996)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring_ (2001)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers_ (2002)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_ (2003)
- _King Kong_ (2005)
- _The Lovely Bones_ (2007)
- _Halo_ (2008) - executive producer
- _The Adventures of Tintin_ - executive producer
- _The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey_ (2012)
- _The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug_ (2013)
- _The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies_ (2014)
Valencia

**Valencia** is a city in Spain, on the Mediterranean coast. It is the capital of the Community of Valencia. It has 807,396 people, making it the third-largest city in Spain and the fifteenth in the European Union.

Valencia has a borderline hot semi-arid climate (_BSh_ in the Köppen climate classification) and a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (_Csa_ in the Köppen climate classification).

## Other websites

Valencia Tourism Official Site

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Valencia
- **settlement type**: Municipalities in Spain, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Collage de la ciudad de Valencia, capital de la Comunidad Valenciana, España.png
- **image flag**: Bandera de la Comunidad Valenciana (2x3).svg
- **flag size**: 150px
- **image shield**: Escut de València.svg
- **shield size**: 90px
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Spain##Location within Valencian Community
- **pushpin map**: Spain#Spain Valencian Community
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin mapsize**: 280
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous Community
- **subdivision name1**: Valencian Community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Province of Valencia, Valencia
- **subdivision type3**: Comarcas of the Valencian Community, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: Horta of Valencia
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 138 BC
- **parts type**: Districts
- **parts style**: coll
- **p1**: Ciutat Vella
- **government type**: Ayuntamiento (Spain), Ayuntamiento
- **governing body**: Ajuntament de València
- **leader party**: Compromís
- **leader title**: Alcalde, Mayor
- **leader name**: Joan Ribó i Canut, Joan Ribó (since 2015)
- **area total km2**: 134.65
- **area urban km2**: 628.81
- **elevation m**: 15
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 801,456
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population urban**: 1,595,000
- **population metro**: 2,522,383
- **population demonym**: Valencian people, Valencian
_valencià_, _-ana_ (Valencian, va)
_valenciano_, _-na_ (Spanish language, es)
- **timezone1**: CET (GMT)
- **utc offset1**: +01:00
- **timezone1 dst**: CEST (GMT)
- **utc offset1 dst**: +02:00
- **postal code type**: Postcode
- **postal code**: 46000-46080
- **blank name sec1**: ISO 3166-2:ES, ISO 3166-2
- **blank info sec1**: ES-V
- **website**: [http://www.valencia.es www.valencia.es]
- **p2**: Eixample
- **p3**: Extramurs
- **p4**: Campanar
- **p5**: Saïdia
- **p6**: Pla del Real
- **p7**: Olivereta
- **p8**: Patraix
- **p9**: Jesús
- **p10**: Quatre Carreres
- **p11**: Poblats Marítims
- **p12**: Camins al Grau
- **p13**: Algirós
- **p14**: Benimaclet
- **p15**: Pobles del Nord
- **p16**: Pobles de l'Oest
- **p17**: Pobles del Sud
Murcia

**Murcia** is the capital of the autonomous community of Murcia, in Spain, and its biggest city, with a population of 459,778 in the city. The municipality is the seventh largest in Spain.

The city is in the Segura Valley, in an area called la _Huerta de Murcia_, which is a very important agricultural center with oranges, lemons, tomatoes, onions, etc.; the varied fruits and vegetables typical of the Mediterranean lands. It has a hot semi-arid climate (_BSh_ in the Koeppen climate classification). The city has a Baroque cathedral and a university.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Murcia
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Flag of Murcia.svg
- **image seal**: Escudo de Murcia.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: José Francisco Ballesta
- **area total km2**: 886.0
- **population total**: 459,778
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 518.9
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 30001–30012, 30100,
30107–30110, 30120, 30139, 30150–30158, 30160–30169, 30179, 30331, 30570, 30579, 30580, 30588–30592,
30830–30837
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 30030
Zaragoza

**Zaragoza** (sometimes called **Saragossa** in English) is the capital of Aragon, in the Ebro Valley, in the crossroad from Barcelona, Valencia, Madrid, and Bilbao. The population is 643,000. The most important monument is the Nuestra Señora del Pilar (_Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar_).

Zaragoza has a cold semi-arid climate (_BSk_ in the Köppen climate classification) with hot summers and cool winters.

## Infobox (mapframe)

- **zoom**: 5


## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Zaragoza
- **nickname**: The Florence of Spain
- **other name**: Saragossa
- **settlement type**: Municipalities in Spain, Municipality
- **image caption**: **From top to bottom:** Cathedral-Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, Cathedral of the Savior of Zaragoza, La Seo, La Seo exterior, La Aljafería Palace, Building, Torre del agua, Centro Comercial Gran Casa y WTCZ
- **image flag**: Zaragoza (ciudad).svg
- **flag size**: 120px
- **image shield**: Escudo de Zaragoza.svg
- **shield size**: 110px
- **pushpin map**: Spain#Spain Aragon#Europe
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin mapsize**: 280
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Zaragoza within Aragon
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision name1**: Aragon
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Zaragoza (province), Zaragoza
- **subdivision type3**: Comarcas of Spain, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: Zaragoza (comarca), Zaragoza
- **parts type**: Districts
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Centro
- **p2**: Casco Histórico
- **p3**: Delicias (Zaragoza), Delicias
- **p4**: Universidad
- **p5**: San José
- **p6**: Las Fuentes
- **p7**: La Almozara
- **p8**: Oliver-Valdefierro
- **p9**: Torrero-La Paz
- **p10**: Actur-Rey Fernando
- **p11**: El Rabal
- **p12**: Casablanca
- **p13**: Santa Isabel
- **p14**: Miralbueno
- **p15**: Sur
- **p16**: Distrito Rural
- **government type**: Ayuntamiento (Spain), Ayuntamiento
- **leader party**: People's Party (Spain), People's Party
- **leader title**: Alcalde, Mayor
- **leader name**: Jorge Azcón
- **area total km2**: 973.78
- **elevation m**: 243
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 675,301
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Zaragozan
(Zaragozano) (male)(Zaragozana) (female)
- **timezone1**: CET (GMT +1)
- **timezone1 dst**: CEST (GMT +2)
- **postal code type**: Postal codes
- **postal code**: 50001–50022
- **blank name sec1**: ISO 3166-2:ES, ISO 3166-2
- **blank info sec1**: ES-Z
- **footnotes**: Click on the map for a fullscreen view
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria

> La Palma is another island of the Canary Islands

**Las Palmas de Gran Canaria** is the biggest city of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic Ocean. The city, with a population of 383,308 in 2010, is the eighth-largest in Spain.

Together with Santa Cruz de Tenerife, it is the capital of the Comunidad Autónoma de
Canarias (Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands). It is also the capital of the island of Gran Canaria and of the province of Las Palmas. The islands of this province are Gran Canaria, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.

The city was founded in 1478. The town has a beautiful old area. This area (Vegueta) has a lot of houses from the 16th to the 19th Centuries. There is still a house where Christopher Columbus stayed in 1492. He stayed there before he went to the Americas. The interesting cathedral was begun in the year 1500.

Its port is one of the busiest in Spain and the biggest between Europe and Cape Town, in South Africa.

Las Palmas (for short) is famous for its very nice and dry weather all year round. It is also famous for its Las Canteras Beach. This beach is more than 3 kilometers long. The beach brings a lot of tourists to the city.

Main industries: trade, tourism, canned food, fishing, shipbuilding.

**Places to visit**: _Vegueta_ (old area);_ Triana_ (traditional commercial area); _Playa de Las Canteras_ (Las Canteras Beach); cathedral; _Casa de Colón_ (Columbus House); _Museo Canario_ (archaeology museum); _CAAM - Centro Atlántico de Arte Moderno_ (Modern Art Centre); _Museo Élder de la Ciencia_ (science museum); _Museo Néstor_ (museum with paintings); _Teatro Pérez Galdós_ (theatre); _Auditorio Alfredo Kraus_ (concert hall); _Jardín Canario_ (Canary Garden, mostly with plants from the Canary Islands); Doramas Park.
Palma de Mallorca

**Palma de Mallorca** is the capital of the Balearic Islands and the Mallorca island, in the Mediterranean Sea, in front of the Iberian Peninsula. The city, with a population of 410,000, is the ninth-largest of Spain. It is a very important tourist center in the world, and is famous for its historic architecture. It has one university, a subway, and the international airport lies just southwest of the city.
Córdoba, Andalusia

**Córdoba** is a city in Andalusia, Spain. It is the capital of Córdoba province. It had a population of about 326,000 in 2017.

Córdoba was the capital of the Caliphate of Cordoba, an Islamic empire in the Middle Ages, when the city was the biggest in Europe, with 250,000 people.

Córdoba is 138 kilometers (86 miles) northeast of the city of Seville and is on the Guadalquivir river. Córdoba has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification) with the hottest summers of all European cities.

## History

The Romans occupied Córdoba in 206 B.C. The city was very important in the 900s CE as a famous center of Moorish art and culture.  The Mezquita de Córdoba is the city's chief landmark. It was built as a mosque (Muslim house of worship) in the 700s and was made into a Roman Catholic cathedral in 1238.  More than 1,000 pillars of stone including granite, onyx, marble and jasper support its arches.

## Economy

A soft, fine-grained leather called _cordovan_ is made in Córdoba. Córdoba is the center of an agricultural region. The farms there produce grain, grapes, olives, and vegetables.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Córdoba
- **image skyline**: Collage de la ciudad de Córdoba, Andalucía, España.png
- **image flag**: Flag of Córdoba, Spain.svg
- **image shield**: Escudo oficial de Córdoba (España).svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
Alicante

**Alacant** or **Alicante** (, Valencian: ) is a city in Spain. It is the capital of the province of Alicante. It is in the southern part of the Valencian Community. It is also a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city of Alicante proper is about 332,067, as of 2014, ranking as the second-largest Valencian city.  Including nearby municipalities, Alicante was populated by 458,843 residents. Population of the metropolitan area (including Elche and satellite towns) was 795,034 as of 2009. Based on population it is the eighth-largest metropolitan area of Spain.

The city is a sea port and a tourist centre. It has a hot semi-arid climate (_BSh_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

The avenue Maisonnave is the principal commercial street in the city of Alicante. In fact, Maisonnave is the sixth most expensive avenue in the whole of Spain, which gives an idea of the importance that this  street has. The Corte inglés has in this central street both branches that it possesses in Alicant, one at each end of the avenue.

Santa Barbara's Castle is 166 metres up the Benacantil mountain. It's very strong with great strategic value. It's called Santa Barbara's Castle because the 4th of December is Santa Barbara's day and the 4th of December in 1248 is when it was taken from the Arabs by Alfonso of Castilla.

## Other websites

- Alicante Information
- Interactive map

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Alacant
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Bandera d'Alacant.svg
- **image seal**: Escut d'Alacant 02.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Province of Alicante, Alacant
- **subdivision type3**: Comarques of Catalonia, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: Alacantí
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Luis José Barcala
- **area total km2**: 201.3
- **population total**: 338,768
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 1,683
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 03000–03016
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: 03014
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:ES, ISO 3166 code
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Phonology

**Phonology** is part of linguistics. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. Phonology is the science that studies the way that sound<nowiki/>s (phones) carry meaning in language. Sounds (phones) that carry meaning in language are called phonemes. Sounds that do not carry meaning in the language are called allophones.

Phonology focuses on the study of phonemes, "units of sound (speech) that distinguish one word from another in a particular language." Phonology also includes studies of how words are articulated, or spoken.

## Terminology

Phonology refers to the sound patterns of a language and is different from phonetics. Phonology studies how sounds form meaning in language. Phonetics studies how those sounds are formed. Studies of phonology and phonetics are sometimes combined, which results in more specific areas of study.

## History

In 300 BC, Panini was the first person to study phonology. He created a grammar (a set of language rules) for Sanskrit (an ancient Indian language). He also created a list of the phonemes in Sanskrit. He assigned a symbol to represent each phoneme. The symbols are still used today in phonology.

The first person to use the word "phoneme" was the French linguist (one who studies language) Antoni Dufriche-Desgenettes. In the 1800s, Jan Baudoin de Courtenay gave the definition of phoneme that is used today and soon began the study of phonology.and worked on the theory of phonetic alternations, which predicts changes in the sounds of a language.

One of the best schools of phonology was the Prague School. In 1939, a student of that school, Prince Nikolai Trubetzkoy, published one of the most important studies on phonology, titled _Principles of Phonology_. Another important person in the Prague School was Roman Jakobson, who was the most well-known linguist in the 1900s.

In 1968, Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published _The Sound Pattern of English_ (SPE). This book described generative phonology, which studies how grammar changes how people use language.
Region of Murcia

The **Region of Murcia** is an autonomous community in the south-east of Spain. The region has 1,350,000 people. The capital is Murcia, with 410,000 people. Other important cities are Cartagena, Lorca, Molina de Segura, and Cieza.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Region of Murcia
- **settlement type**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **image flag**: Flag of the Region of Murcia.svg
- **image seal**: Coat of Arms of the Spanish Region of Murcia.svg
- **image map**: Region de Murcia in Spain (including Canarias).svg
- **mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: Region de Murcia in Spain
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Murcia
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Fernando López Miras
- **area total km2**: 11,313
- **population total**: 1,518,279
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 134.2
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **area code type**: Area code
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank info sec2**: ES-MC
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
1636

## Events

- March 26 – Utrecht University is founded in the Netherlands.
- Harvard University founded.
- In the American colonies, Roger Williams (theologian) founds Rhode Island.
- The first American ancestor of John Adams, Henry Adams, emigrates to Massachusetts.
711

## Events

- The Arabs begin to control Spain.
- The Arabs begin to control Southern Pakistan.
Segura

**Segura** is a Spanish river that is 325 kilometers (200 miles) long. It flows through the provinces of Jaen, Albacete, Murcia, and Alicante, and the cities of Cieza, Molina de Segura, Murcia, Orihuela, Rojales, and Guardamar. It then flows into the Mediterranean Sea.
Orihuela

**Orihuela** is a municipality in the Province of Alacant, in the Valencian Community, Spain.

It has an area of 365.4 km² and a population of 78,486 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Orihuela
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Bandera d'Oriola (anvers).png
- **image seal**: Escut d'Oriola.svg
- **pushpin map**: Spain#Spain Valencia
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: José Vegara
- **area total km2**: 365.4
- **population total**: 78,486
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 214.8
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 03189, 03300, 03311–03319, 03321, 03322, 03325, 03369, 03380, 03689
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, MCN
- **blank info sec2**: 03099
Province of Alicante

**Alacant** () province is the fifth largest Spanish province by population with 1,750,000, and the second largest in the Valencian Community. It is on the south-east Mediterranean coast and the capital is the city of Alicante, a sea- port with a university. It is a commercial city with monuments like Sainte Barbra Castle. Other important cities are Elche, 215,000 with palms trees and its important shoe industry; Torrevieja, 100,000, tourist center with the world-famous Habaneras contest; Orihuela, 75,000, agricultural important center; Benidorm, 67,000, the Mediterranean Manhattan; Alcoi, 60,000; textile center, and Elda, 55,000, shoes industry.

The most important river is the Segura, in the south, which provides water to Alicante, Elche, Torrevieja, Orihuela and other cities. There are others like Vinalopo, Serpis, Amadorio, Ravine of the Sheeps and Monnegre.

The biggest mountain is Aitana, and other mountains are Mariola, Puig Bell, Maigmo and Gold Head, near Alicante. In the coast there are islands, the most important is Tabarca, and other is the Benidorm island. An important coast success is the Penon of Ifach, in Calpe.

The activities in Alicante province are tourism, industry (shoes, carpets, plays, dolls, textiles) and modern agriculture of regadium (oranges, lemons, tomatoes, almonds, wine). There are two universities: University of Alicante and University of Michael Hernandez.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Alicante
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image seal**: Escut de la Província d'Alacant.svg
- **image map**: Alicante in Spain.svg
- **mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: Province of Alicante within Spain
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Alicante
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: César Sánchez
- **area total km2**: 7,728
- **population total**: 5,702,262
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 737.9
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 03xxx
- **area code type**: Area code
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:ES, ISO 3166-2
- **blank info sec2**: ES-A
- **blank1 name sec2**: Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, NUTS code
- **blank1 info sec2**: ES521
Caesium

**Caesium** (or **cesium**) is the chemical element with the atomic number 55 on the periodic table. Its symbol is **Cs**.

Caesium is an alkali metal. Its melting point is low (28 °C). It is extremely reactive. Because of its high reactivity, it is a dangerous chemical. It may set itself on fire (ignite) in air. It explodes on contact with water. It reacts more violently than the other alkali metals with water. Because of this, caesium is stored in mineral oil.

Caesium is a rare element. Since there is little caesium on the Earth, it is rather expensive. The human body does not need caesium. In large amounts, its chemical compounds are mildly poisonous because it is close to potassium, which the body does need.

## History

Caesium was first described in 1860, by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. They were testing mineral water, from Bad Dürkheim in Rhineland-Palatinate. After they separated calcium, strontium, magnesium and lithium, they saw two lines in the "blue" range of the spectrum. Because of these lines, they concluded that in addition to the elements already found, there must be another unknown substance in the mineral water. They named this substance caesium, after the color blue.

## Isotopes and compounds

Caesium has at least 39 known isotopes ranging in atomic mass from 112 to 151. Only one of these, Cs, is stable. Therefore, the naturally-occurring isotope of caesium is Cs, which is not radioactive. Cs is used in atomic clocks, its vibration frequency used to define the length of the second. Another isotope, Cs is not made naturally but is made after nuclear fission has been done. It is very radioactive and used as an industrial gamma ray source.

Caesium forms compounds with many other chemical elements. Caesium formate is used in oil drilling because of its high density.

## Reactivity

Caesium is extremely reactive in air and water. Caesium rapidly oxidizes in air and can spontaneously combust (randomly catch on fire) at any moment. For this reason, it must be stored in kerosene or a mineral oil, like other group one elements (lithium, sodium, rubidium, and francium.) In water, caesium violently reacts to make caesium hydroxide (2CsOH).  The Caesium sinks for about one second, then explodes. The explosion is over 50 times the size of the element dropped in the water, and the explosion is enough to break a common Pyrex beaker, flask, or test tube.

## Infobox (caesium)
Rubidium

**Rubidium** is chemical element 37 on the periodic table. Its symbol is **Rb**. Its atomic mass is 85.47. It has 37 protons and 37 electrons. It is a soft silver colored metal. It was first discovered in 1861 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchoff in Heidelberg, Germany.

### Physical properties

Rubidium melts at a very low temperature, for example it could melt in a person's hand. Rubidium is an alkali metal. It can make an amalgam with mercury.

### Chemical properties

Rubidium is very reactive. It will ignite in air because it reacts with many other elements in the air like oxygen and nitrogen. Rubidium reacts very violently with water to make hydrogen and rubidium hydroxide, a strong corrosive base. The reaction is normally very hot so the hydrogen ignites.

### Chemical compounds

Rubidium forms chemical compounds in only one oxidation state: +1. Some rubidium compounds have a mixed oxidation state, though. Rubidium chloride is the most common rubidium compound. Rubidium hydroxide and rubidium carbonate are also used commonly. Rubidium compounds makes a red-violet color in a flame. Most rubidium compounds are colorless. Rubidium compounds are not as common as other alkali metal compounds, such get sodium compounds. Otherwise, they are similar.

- Rubidium chloride, similar to sodium chloride
- Rubidium hydride, strong reducing agent
- Rubidium hydroxide, powerful base
- Rubidium nitrate, strong oxidizing agent
- Rubidiumoxide, yellow, strong base when dissolved in water

## Occurrence and preparation

Rubidium is about as common as zinc. It is the 23rd most common element in the Earth's crust. Most minerals only have a small amount of rubidium in them. It normally comes in small quantities in other minerals. It is made by reduction of rubidium ores with calcium. It is expensive because calcium is difficult to make and the rubidium needs to be kept in argon and away from water or air.

## Uses

There are not many common uses for rubidium. Rubidium compounds are sometimes used in purple fireworks. It and its compounds are used mainly in science research though. It is also used to make superoxide ions. It is used in some special types of glass.

## Safety

Rubidium compounds are not very dangerous in the human body; however, if a person gets too much from eating, they could get sick because it acts like other alkali metal ions such as sodium ions in sodium chloride. Rats can live with up to half of their potassium replaced with rubidium, though it is not likely for that to happen.

Rubidium metal is very dangerous. It reacts with air and water and makes the corrosive substance rubidium hydroxide.
Scandium

**Scandium** is chemical element. Its symbol is **Sc**. It has an atomic number of 21 on the periodic table.

Scandium is a metal in a group known as the transition metals.  It is also a rare earth metal.  What this means is that there is not very much scandium found in the earth.  Because of this, the pure metal can be expensive.  The pure metal is very reactive, and will react with other elements like oxygen.  The metal turns from shiny to gray.

Scandium is not very dangerous because there is not much of it on Earth, so there is not enough of it to harm us.  It does not have many uses. Its main use is perhaps as a component in Mercury-vapor lamps. These lamps are used to light stadiums.

## Related pages

- Periodic table
- List of common elements

## Other websites

- Scandium at _The Periodic Table of Videos_ (University of Nottingham)
- WebElements.com – Scandium

## Infobox (scandium)
Vanadium

**Vanadium** is chemical element 23 on the periodic table. Its symbol is **V**. It is a metal and is part of the group known as the transition metals. It is gray-blue colored. It is mostly used in steel where it helps strengthen the steel metal. It is named after Vanadis, another name of Freyja.

Vanadium is often found in aquatic forms of life. The human body may need a little bit of vanadium, but scientists are not sure.

Vanadium can react with many other elements, and the chemical compounds it forms often have beautiful colors.

## History

Vanadium was found for the first time in 1801 in Mexico by the Spanish mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río in an ore called "brown lead". He named it _panchromium_ because of the beautiful colors in its chemical compounds. He was told by other people that it was chromium and so he stopped researching it.

In 1831 Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström found the element in iron ores. The German chemist Friedrich Wöhler said it was the same element that del Río found in 1801. The element was then named _vanadium_.

## Occurrence

The amount of vanadium in the Universe is 0.0001%, making the element almost as common as copper or zinc. Vanadium is detected by spectroscopy in light from the Sun, and sometimes in light from other stars.

Vanadium is the 22nd most common element in the Earth's crust. Metallic vanadium is rare in nature. Vanadium compounds occur naturally in about 65 different minerals. Most of the world's vanadium production comes from vanadium-bearing magnetite found in ultramafic gabbro rocks. Vanadium is mined mostly in South Africa, north-western China, and Eastern Russia. In 2013 these three countries mined more than 97% of the 79,000 tonnes of produced vanadium.

Vanadium is also in bauxite and in deposits of crude oil, coal, oil shale and tar sands.

## Properties

Vanadium is soft compared to other metals. It is a good conductor of electricity and heat. It can be pulled out into wires (ductile). Pure vanadium will form a layer of vanadium oxide corrosion very fast.

## Uses

A lot of vanadium (85%) is used to make different types of steel. Steel made with vanadium is stronger. It is also mixed with titanium to make metal alloys that are used in jet engines and tooth implants.

Vanadium is also used to make batteries.

### In nature

Vanadium is used by several marine organisms. Some algae and bacteria (like _Azotobacter_) use it for nitrogen fixation.
844

## Events

- Rhodri the Great becomes King of Gwynedd.
- Louis II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.

## Births

- Judith Martel

## Deaths

- January 25 – Pope Gregory IV
Gallium

**Gallium** (chemical symbol: **Ga**) is element 31 on the periodic table. It is a soft, gray metal that is rare on Earth. It can easily be melted just by holding it in your hand, as its melting point is very low 29.76 Celsius (85.58 Fahrenheit), however it also sticks to your hand a lot, unlike mercury. Gallium is a semiconductor, and as the compound Gallium arsenide it is used in electronics and LEDs. Then, Gallium is also used in mirrors. Gallium can also be alloyed with indium and tin to create galinstan. Gallium is similar to the elements aluminium, indium, and mercury. Gallium is also used to make alloys that are liquid at room temperature. These can be used as a thermal paste for computers, and as a substitute for mercury in some applications.

Gallium's existence was predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev in 1871. Four years later, it was discovered by Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran.

## Infobox (gallium)
Rambla de las Ovejas

The **Rambla de las Ovejas** (which translates to **Ravine of the Sheeps**) is a water course of the province of Alicante, in Spain. It originates at the foot of the Maigmo, to 1,100 meters of height and gathers the waters of the sides of the Maigmo, Cid and others of minor height across numerous tributary ravines. It ends in the city of Alicante, between the neighborhoods of Babylon and Saint Gabriel.

The tributary ravines are those of Rambuchar, Pepior, Alabaster and Bramble, between the most important. The normally dry riverbed experiences forts grown as consequence of torrents, like the rains in 1982 it came to 400 m³/seg. in Alicante causing serious destruction and human losses. It has since been canalized providing to the riverbed of a potential capacity of 735 m³/seg. In the floods of 1997 it came to 100 m³/seg.
Guadalquivir

**Guadalquivir** is a river in southern Spain. It crosses the autonomous community of Andalusia. The name derives from the Arab _Wadi al-Kabir_ ("big river"), whereas the Romans called it _Betis_.

Guadalquivir starts in the Glen of the Sources in the mountains near Cazorla (Jaen province) and ends in Sanlucar de Barrameda (Cadiz province). It goes through the provinces of Jaen, Cordoba, Seville and Cadiz. The river is  long. The main tributaries are the rivers Genil (which flows through Granada), The Minor Guadiana, Guadalbullon, and Guadajoz on the left side, and Guadalmena, Jandula, and Guadiato on the right.

It is the only river in Spain with shipping traffic. At present, it only is navigable up to Seville. In the Roman epoch it was navigable up to Cordoba.
Ebro

**Ebro** is a Spanish river. It flows through Reinosa, Miranda de Ebro, Logrono, Tudela, Zaragoza, and Tortosa. It empties into the Mediterranean Sea in the province of Tarragona.
Toledo Province

**Province of Toledo** () is one of the provinces of Castile-La Mancha, in the center of Spain, near Madrid. The capital is Toledo and the biggest city is Talavera of the Queen. The population of the province is near 600,000.
Talavera de la Reina

**Talavera of the Queen** (_Talavera de la Reina_ in Spanish) is a city of the interior of Spain. It is the capital of a wide region belonging to the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha. It is in the northwest of the province of Toledo. Talavera of the Queen is the second biggest city of Castile-La Mancha, with a population of 85.172 inhabitants.

The city is well known for its pottery.

Its mistress is _Our Lady of the Meadow_.

Gwyneth Paltrow is an adopted child of this locality.
Castilla–La Mancha

**Castilla–La Mancha** or **Castile-La Mancha** is an autonomous community in Spain with a population over 2,000,000. The capital is Toledo and the biggest cities are Albacete, Talavera of the Queen, Guadalajara, Ciudad Real, Puertollano, and Cuenca.

Provinces of Castile-La Mancha:
- Albacete province
- Cuenca province
- Guadalajara province
- Ciudad Real province
- Toledo province

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Castilla–La Mancha
- **other name**: Castile–La Mancha
- **settlement type**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **image alt**: Flag of Castilla–La Mancha
- **image flag**: Bandera Castilla-La Mancha.svg
- **flag size**: 125px
- **image shield**: Escudo de Castilla-La Mancha.svg
- **shield size**: 100x100px
- **shield alt**: Coat-of-arms of Castilla–La Mancha
- **image map**: Castilla-La Mancha in Spain (plus Canarias).svg
- **map caption**: Location of Castile-La Mancha within Spain
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Capital city, Capital
- **subdivision type2**: Largest city
- **subdivision name1**: Toledo, Spain, Toledo (_de facto_)
- **subdivision name2**: Albacete
Ciudad Real

**Ciudad Real** (this translates to _Royal City_) is a city in Spain. It is the capital of the province with the same name, in the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha.

The city has 69,063 people who live there. It is an average of 628 meters above sea level. The municipal area is 285 km². It is approximately 200 km to the south of Madrid.
Puertollano

**Puertollano** (which translates to **Flatport**, in English) is a city in Spain. It is the second biggest in Ciudad Real province, in the region of Castile-La Mancha. It is an important industrial center, with a population of 50,000.
NOFX

**NOFX** was a popular punk rock band from California that was formed in 1983 by Fat Mike. As of January 20th, 2024, NOFX has released eighteen full-length albums. Their latest one, _Double Album_, came out on December 2, 2022. On October 2, 024, NOFX played their final show ever.

## Studio albums

- Maximum Rocknroll (1985)
- Liberal Animation (1988)
- S&M Airlines (1989)
- Ribbed (1991)
- White Trash, Two Heebs and a Bean (1992)
- Punk In Drublic (1994)
- Heavy Petting Zoo (1996)
- So Long And Thanks For All The Shoes (1997)
- Pump Up The Valuum (2000)
- 45 or 46 Songs that weren't good enough to go on our other records (2002)
- The War on Errorism (2003)
- Wolves in Wolves' Clothing (2006)
- Coaster (2009)
- Self Entitled (2012)
- First Ditch Effort (2016)
- Single Album (2021)
- Double Album (2022)

## Autobiography

**NOFX: The Hepatitis Bathtub and Other Stories **

Published on April 12, 2016, this book is a collaboration effort between the members of the band to chronicle the events that led to themIT entering the punk rock scene in California and how all of it led to them creating one of the most influential punk bands of all time. It recalls events that the band experienced playing and touring together. The book is currently available through many online retailers.

## Other websites

- NOFX official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: NOFX
- **img**: NOFX3.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, United States, USA
- **genre**: Punk rock
Ska punk
Melodic hardcore
Hardcore punk (early)
- **years active**: 1983–2024
- **label**: Mystic Records, Mystic, Epitaph Records, Epitaph, Fat Wreck Chords
- **url**: [http://www.nofxofficialwebsite.com/ www.nofxofficialwebsite.com]
- **current members**: Fat Mike
El Hefe
Eric Melvin
Erik Sandin
- **past members**: Scott Sellers
Scott Aldahl
Dave Allen
Dave Casillas
Steve Kidwiller
Toledo

**Toledo** is the name of several things. The best known cities are:

## Places

- Toledo, Spain
- Toledo, Callaway County, Missouri, USA
- Toledo, Ozark County, Missouri, USA
- Toledo, Ohio, USA

## People

- It is a last name in Spain, England, and Ireland.
- Alejandro Toledo
Methane

**Methane** is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an alkane with one carbon atom. It is often found as the main part of natural gas. Methane is a greenhouse gas 23 times more effective than carbon dioxide. It is also less stable and slowly oxidates by oxygen to carbon dioxide and water.

It is a gas at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere (a specific pressure).

## Uses

Methane is used in gas taps in places such as kitchens, chemistry classrooms, laboratories and more, as it burns very easily because of its simple molecular structure.

## Molecular structure

Methane's molecular structure is very simple. It is a single carbon atom surrounded by four hydrogen atoms.

## Production

Methane can be made by many chemical ways, but usually is found in natural gas and is obtained by fractional distillation, after it has become liquid.
North Country (movie)

***North Country*** is a 2005 American drama movie about a woman being harassed in a mining facility.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: North Country
- **director**: Niki Caro
- **writer**: Clara Bingham,
Laura Leedy,
Michael Seitzman
- **starring**: Charlize Theron
Frances McDormand
Sissy Spacek
Sean Bean
Woody Harrelson
- **producer**: Nana Greenwald
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **budget**: ~ US $35,000,000
- **released**: 21 October 2005 (<small>USA</small>)
- **runtime**: 126 Minute, min
- **language**: English
Dance Dance Revolution

***Dance Dance Revolution*** or ***Dancing Stage*** in Europe is a series of video games made by Konami in which players step on arrows on a large pad or mat to match the arrows on screen.  The arrows are in time with the music. Because players are moving themselves along to the music, they look like they are dancing. There is a large variety of music.

There is a bar at the top of the screen. If players make mistakes, the bar gets smaller. If players do not make mistakes, the bar grows. The game ends if the player makes too many mistakes.

Players can choose between three levels. They are called light, standard, and heavy. Light is easy and heavy is hard. On some of the newer games, there is a beginner mode, which is very easy, and a challenge mode, which is very hard.

Players are graded by their performance in letters (from lowest to highest, E, D, C, B, A, AA and AAA) based on how well they played the song. The better a player does on a song, the higher their grade is.

From _DDR SuperNOVA_ to later versions, the levels are called beginner, basic, difficult, expert, and challenge.

## Music

There is a wide variety of music in _Dance Dance Revolution_. Most of the songs are created by people at Konami, with some other well-known popular songs included as well. From the first _Dance Dance Revolution_ game up until _DDR Extreme_, the games had a partnership with Toshiba EMI, a record company which is now part of Virgin Records. This partnership meant that a lot of popular songs from Toshiba EMI's _Dancemania_ series of dance music albums could appear in the games.

## Extras

If the player gets an "AA" on the last stage in "Expert", "Heavy", or "Challenge", they can play an extra stage. Usually, on the extra stage, the game ends if four mistakes are made. If the player performs well enough on the extra stage, an Encore extra stage is played. In the Encore extra stage, one missed step will cause the game to end.

## Other places

Some educators even believe DDR should be in schools as exercise.

### Main series

1. _Dance Dance Revolution_ (1998)
1. _Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix_ (1999)
1. ***Dance Dance Revolution Best of School Dancers*** (1999)
1. ***Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix with Beatmania IIDX Cluib Version*** (1999)
1. _Dance Dance Revolution 2ndMix Link Version_
1. _Dancing Stage featuring True Kiss Destination_
1. ***Dance Dance Revolution Karaoke Mix***
1. _Dancing Stage Dreams Come True_
1. ***Dance Dance Revolution Karaoke Mix 2nd***
1. _Dance Dance Revolution 4th Mix_
1. _Dance Dance Revolution Disney Mix_
1. _DDRMAX: Dance Dance Revolution_
1. _Dance Dance Revolution_ (2001)
1. ***Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix***
1. ***Dance Dance Revolution 3rdMix 2nd***
1. _DDRMAX 2: Dance Dance Revolution_