juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Convertible

A **convertible** is a car with a roof that can be removed or folded down, but is often seen without a roof. A convertible usually has two doors, but convertibles with four doors can also be found. Some examples are Mazda MX-5, BMW Z4, Ferrari 458 Spyder, Mercedes-Benz SLK Class, etc. A convertible is a type of automobile of various automobile body styles that can convert from open-air (top-down or topless) mode to a provisionally enclosed (roofed or top-up) mode. Convertibles evolved from the earlier Phaeton, a similar vehicle without glass side windows that may or may not have had removable panels of fabric or other material instead to protect passengers from rain and cold, etc. A semi-convertible or cabrio coach is similar to a convertible and also has a retractable or removable top, but has fully framed windows on its side doors as opposed to a convertible's roll-down frameless windows that provide an even more open car driving experience, However, a left-hand drive convertible car are relatively less than a left-hand drive open cab truck or a left-hand drive open-top bus and a right-hand drive convertible car are relatively less than a right-hand drive open cab truck or a right-hand drive open-top bus.

Roof designs have varied widely and have evolved from the earliest models, where roofs were demountable and/or detachable. Contemporary roofs are often hinged to fold away, either into a recess behind the rear seats or into the boot or trunk of the vehicle. The roof may operate either manually or automatically via hydraulic or electrical actuators, and the roof itself may be constructed of soft or rigid material. Soft-tops are made of vinyl, canvas or other textile material, while hard-tops are made of steel, aluminum, plastic, or other rigid materials.

The majority of convertible cars are two door models, with markedly fewer four-door models.

Convertibles may also be referred to as cabriolet, roadster, tourer or drophead coupé and the colloquial terms drop top and rag top are also used. Hard-top convertibles may be called coupé cabriolet, coupé convertible, retractable hardtop or, when equipped with two seats, coupé roadster/roadster coupé.
Macy Gray

**Macy Gray** (born **Natalie Renee McIntyre** on September 9, 1967) is an American singer and actress. She started her career after moving to Los Angeles in 2000. Gray is best known for her 1999 single, "I Try", which came off of her first album, _On How Life Is_.

### Albums

- 1999: _On How Life Is_
- 2001: _The Id_
- 2003: _The Trouble with Being Myself_
- 2004: _The Very Best of Macy Gray_
- 2005: _Live in Las Vegas_
- 2007: _Big_
- 2010: _The Sellout_
- 2012: _Covered_
- 2012: _Talking Book_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Macy Gray
- **img**: Macy gray.jpg
- **img capt**: Gray in 1995.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Natalie Renee McIntyre
- **birth place**: Canton, Ohio, Canton, Ohio, United States
- **genre**: rhythm and blues, R&B, soul music, soul, neo soul, pop music, pop, rock music, rock
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, record producer, actor, actress
- **years active**: 1998–present
- **associated acts**: Sunshine Anderson
- **website**: [http://www.macygray.com/ www.macygray.com]
Citizen Kane

***Citizen Kane*** is a 1941 American drama movie starring Orson Welles in his first full-length movie. There are rumors that its story is based on the life of the famous businessmen William Randolph Hearst, Howard Hughes, and Samuel Insull. Welles said that his character, Kane, was based on more than one famous person. In _F for Fake_ (1974), he said that Kane was going to be based on Hughes but that Welles became inspired by Hearst.

Welles worked closely with his cinematographer, Gregg Toland, who was in charge of the camera and the lights. Together, they worked on a new style, "deep focus." Usually, if something close to the camera is in focus, everything that is far away is out of focus. In deep focus, every object is in focus at the same time.

Its working title, before the movie was finished, was _RKO 281_.

Many have called _Citizen Kane_ the best movie of all time. In 1998, it was number one on the American Film Institute's list of 100 Years... 100 Movies.

It is in some ways is like _The Power and the Glory_ (1933).

The last living crew member was director Robert Wise. Also known for making _The Sound of Music_ (1965), he died on September 14, 2005.

## Other websites

- The American Film Institute's "100 Greatest Movies" list
- Original Trailer
- Greatest Films: _Citizen Kane_
- Essay  on the use of mise-en-scene and cinematography
- RaveCentral: _Citizen Kane_

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Citizen Kane
- **image**: Citizen Kane Logo.png
- **caption**: Original 1941 logo
- **director**: Orson Welles
- **producer**: Orson Welles
Richard Baer (associate - uncredited)
- **writer**: Orson Welles
Herman J. Mankiewicz
- **starring**: Orson Welles
Joseph Cotten
Ruth Warrick
Everett Sloane
George Coulouris
Ray Collins
Agnes Moorehead
- **studio**: Mercury Productions
RKO Radio Pictures
- **distributor**: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (theatrical)
Paramount Pictures (1991 re-release)
Warner Bros. (DVD)
- **released**: May 1, 1941
- **country**: United States
- **runtime**: 119
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $686,033 (estimated)
Sedan

**Sedan** can mean any of a few things:
- A sedan is a car body style
- The much older form of transport, the sedan chair, from which the name of the car body style is borrowed.
- Sedan, Ardennes, a _sous-préfecture_ of the Ardennes département in France, where the Battle of Sedan occurred in 1870
- Sedan, Kansas, a community in the United States
- Sedan, Minnesota, a community in the United States
- Sedan (nuclear test), an Operation Plowshare nuclear test conducted by the United States at its Nevada Test Site in 1962, which resulted in a massive crater.
Dynamite

**Dynamite** is an explosive invented by Alfred Nobel, the creator of the Nobel Prize. Its main explosive component is nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin is very sensitive to movement. It explodes very easily when it is moved. For this reason, it is absorbed into diatomaceous earth to make it less sensitive. Diatomaceous earth is a soft, sedimentary rock made of fossil diatoms. About one-quarter of dynamite is diatomaceous earth, the other three-quarters are nitroglycerin. A little sodium carbonate is added to stabilize the mixture.

Even though the diatomaceous earth takes away some dangers of nitroglycerin, there are still problems because the mixture is not stable in damp environments. Water causes the nitroglycerin to leak away. The nitroglycerin can build up, and explode unexpectedly.

For this reason, the formulation was changed. Instead of diatomaceous earth, gelignite was used to hold the nitroglycerin. Gelignite holds the nitroglycerin so that it cannot dissolve in water.

Today, dynamite is not used often. It has been replaced by explosives that cost less to make and are easier to handle than dynamite. However, works of fiction still show people using dynamite.
Vince Lombardi

**Vincent Thomas Lombardi** (June 11, 1913, in Brooklyn, New York, USA — September 3, 1970) was an American football coach that never had a losing season.  Lombardi was named **NFL Man of the Decade** in the 1960s, and won five NFL championships, including winning the first two Super Bowls.

The yearly trophy given to the Super Bowl champion was renamed the _Vince Lombardi Trophy_ (_right_) in 1971, the same year Lombardi was named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was head coach of the Green Bay Packers and the Washington Redskins.

## Other websites

- Official Vince Lombardi website
- Vince Lombardi information from the Pro Football Hall of Fame website
Guano

**Guano** is the excrement of bats and birds. This excrement is exceptionally high in nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium, three nutrients which are essential for plant growth. Therefore, it is often used as fertilizer, to make plants grow more quickly.

## Related pages

- Uric acid
1790s

The **1790s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1790 and ended on 31 December 1799. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1791 and ended on December 31, 1800.

## Events

- French Revolution
- Supreme Court of the United States meets for first time.
- Whiskey Rebellion in the United States.
- First State of the Union Address

## World leaders

- King Louis XVI (France)
- Maximilien Robespierre (France)
- King George III (Great Britain)
- Emperor Leopold II (Holy Roman Empire)
- Emperor Francis II (Holy Roman Empire)
- Frederick William II of Prussia, King of Prussia
- Emperor Kangxi (China)
- Pope Pius VI
- Empress Catherine II (Russia)
- Emperor Paul (Russia)
- King Charles IV (Spain)
- President George Washington (United States)
- President John Adams (United States)
- Shahs of Persia (Zand dynasty and Qajar dynasty)
1. Lotf Ali Khan, 1789–1794
1. Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, 1796–1797
1. Fath Ali Shah, 1797–1834

## Births

- Jean-François Champollion, French Egyptologist (1790)
- Samuel Morse, American inventor (1791)
- Antonio López de Santa Anna, Mexican general and President of Mexico (1794)

## Deaths

- Benjamin Franklin, American scientist and statesman (1790)
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer (1791)
- George Washington, first President of the United States (1799)
Triple point

The **triple point** of any substance is the combination of temperature and pressure at which it exists in its solid, liquid, and gaseous state all at once, in equilibrium.

The temperature of the triple point of water is a commonly used physical constant which is used to define temperature scales and calibrate temperature-measuring systems.

_By definition_, the temperature of the triple point of water is 273.16 Kelvin, 0.01°C, or 32.018°F at a pressure of 611.5 Pa (less than 1% of atmospheric pressure). One degree Celsius is defined as 1/273.16<sup>th</sup> part of the triple point of water. This fixes the temperature scale as defined in the ITS 90, which is the international temperature scale of 1990. This scale is developed as a practical approximation of the thermodynamical temperature scale.
Frequency

**Frequency** is how often an event repeats itself over a set amount of time.

In physics, the **frequency** of a wave is the number of wave crests that pass a point in one second (a wave crest is the peak of the wave).

**Hertz** (symbol Hz) is the unit of frequency.

The relationship between **frequency** and **wavelength** is expressed by the formula:

where v is speed and  (lambda) is wavelength. The formula for the frequency of light waves is **** where the c is the speed of light.

All electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light in a vacuum **but** they travel at slower speeds when they travel through a medium that is not a vacuum. Other waves, such as sound waves, travel at much much lower speeds and can not travel through a vacuum.

Examples of electromagnetic waves are: light waves, radio waves, infrared radiation, microwaves, and gamma waves.

## Visualizing electromagnetic waves

Different types of electromagnetic waves have different frequencies.

### Example

One way to visualize this is if there were two trains traveling at the same speed, but the size of the train cars was smaller on one train than the other. If someone picked something that was not moving, like a signpost, and then counted how many train cars passed the sign post in one second for each train, they would know the frequency of cars passing in each train. The number and frequency of train cars passing the sign post would be different, because the train with smaller train cars would have more train cars passing the sign post in a second than the train with larger train cars. Knowing how many cars passed the sign post in one second, and knowing the speed of the train, one could figure out mathematically the size of each train car for each train.

For example, if the train was moving at 10 miles per second, and 10 train cars passed in one second, then each train car would be 1 mile long. If the other train was also moving at 10 miles per second and 20 train cars passed in one second, then one would know that each train car was 1/2 of a mile long for that train. This example shows that knowing the frequency of an electromagnetic wave gives you the wavelength, since all electromagnetic waves travel at the speed of light so that c = v (lambda) where v is frequency and lambda is wavelength, and c is the speed of light. Therefore, another way of expressing frequency is to say _frequency is c over lambda._
Hockey stick

A **hockey stick** is a long, wooden pole used to push, pass, or shoot in the sports of ice hockey and field hockey. The art of developing ice hockey sticks is a complex science and has become big business. Ice hockey sticks are mostly made of composite materials and they have different "flexes", meaning some sticks are more flexible than others.
In ice hockey, the end or _blade_ of the stick is normally curved, to help the player get better control of the puck and better shots at the goaltender.  The goaltender has a bigger blade, to make it easier to stop shots.  Players sometimes use hockey sticks to hold back the bodies of other players, or to trip or hit them; sometimes players who do this get penalties. In field hockey, sticks are shorter, but the blade is thicker, than in ice hockey.  It is used to move a ball instead of a puck. More research has gone into studying how hockey sticks perform. The main difference between the two sticks is how they are used in the games.

All the players in both ice and field hockey use hockey sticks.
Malayan tiger

The **Malayan tiger** (_Panthera tigris jacksoni_) is a subspecies of the tiger that was discovered in 2004. People used to think they were Indo-Chinese tigers, But now they have their own subspecies. They have the same length and weight as the Indo-Chinese tiger. They live in southern Malaysia and they are an endangered species.

## Related pages

- Bali tiger
- Bengal tiger
- Caspian tiger
- Indochinese tiger
- Javan tiger
- Ngandong tiger
- Siberian tiger
- Sumatran tiger
- South China tiger
- Trinil tiger
- Wanhsien tiger
Caspian tiger

The **Caspian tiger** (_Panthera tigris virgata_) is an extinct sub subspecies of the tiger. It was the most western subspecies of the tiger, very close to Europe. They became extinct in the 1970s. They were found in Turkey, Armenia, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Iran, Mongolia, and  Georgia.

Recent research by scientists looking at the tiger's DNA, have found that it is almost identical to the Siberian tiger. They now believe that the two species of tiger may not have become separate until the 1900s.

## Description

The Caspian tiger was the third largest of the tiger species with male specimens weighing between 204-249 kgs (450-550 lbs) and was 1.4 meters tall (4'6 ft) and was 2.4 meters (8 ft). It had small, short ears. The color was different from other tiger subspecies, with yellow to gold fur with light to dark brown stripes. The chest and stomach area are white with yellow stripes. In winter it grew longer fur. It was the furriest of all the tiger subspecies.
String instrument

A **string instrument** is a musical instrument that makes sound by vibrating the strings on it. The strings are plucked or bowed to produce sounds. Each string has a different frequency. The desired frequency can be obtained by adjusting the tension on the string. The strings on these instruments usually come in many shapes and forms. There are many types of stringed instruments, the most common of these appearing in the Violin family.

The Violin is a small, stringed instrument played with a bow, usually made of horse's hair. When the bow is drawn across the strings it creates vibrations which in turn create sound.  You can alter the pitch by pressing your fingers  on the fingerboard. A Violin is commonly tuned to G, D, A and E. The Viola is a very similar instrument aside from some small differences. It's slightly larger, and is tuned to C, G, D, and A. The Cello is another stringed instrument that is played in the bass clef. It's much bigger than the Violin, and is also played much differently.

There are also plucked strings, the most famous of which would probably be the guitar. The guitar uses a fret board and a pick to pluck the strings while holding down on the fret board. It was made famous by rock groups like Led Zeppelin and artists like Eric Clapton. You play by strumming with one hand while choosing notes on the fret-board (string board) with the other. Banjos are also very similar. You can also pluck a violin, this is called Pizzicato.

Here is a very basic list of some of the most common stringed instruments:

- **Banjo**
- **Banjobass**
- **Banjocello**
- **Banjola**
- **Banjolin**
- **Banjotar**
- **Dobro**
- **Dobrobass**
- **Dobrocello**
- **Dobrola**
- **Dobrolin**
- **Dobronjo**
- **Guitandobass**
- **Guitandocello**
- **Guitandola**
- **Guitandolin**
- **Guitanjo**
- **Guitar**
- **Guitarla**
- **Guitarlin**
- **Mandobass**
- **Mandocello**
- **Mandola**
- **Mandolin**
- **Mandotar**
- **Ukela**
- **Ukelalin**
- **Ukelin**
- **Ukulele**
- **Violin**
- **Viola**
- **Violalin**
- **Cello**
- **Double bass**
- **String bass**
- **Harp**

## Related pages

- Musical instrument
Yankee Doodle Dandy

***Yankee Doodle Dandy*** is a 1942 biographical musical movie. It starred James Cagney as George M. Cohan.
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner

***Guess Who's Coming to Dinner*** is a 1967 American comedy-drama movie, starring Spencer Tracy (in his final film role), Katharine Hepburn, Sidney Poitier and Katharine Houghton. It centers around what happens between a young white woman and her parents, after she falls in love with a black man in San Francisco.
Bringing Up Baby

***Bringing Up Baby*** is a 1938 American comedy movie starring Cary Grant and Katharine Hepburn and directed by Howard Hawks. It is set in Connecticut.
The Searchers

***The Searchers*** is a 1956 epic western movie set in Texas in the 1860s. it is directed by John Ford and starring John Wayne, about a man looking for his niece who was taken by Native Americans. It is also one of the movies that influenced _Star Wars_.
Soldier

A **soldier** is a person who is a part of an army. A soldier can be forced to join the army or volunteer to join.

## Names and types

There are many different types of soldiers: troopers, tankers, commandos, dragoons, infantrymen, guardians, artillerymen, paratroopers, grenadiers, rangers, snipers, engineers, sappers, craftsmen, signallers, medics, and gunners.

In many countries there are soldiers that have special names for other reasons. For example, military police personnel in the British Army are called "red berets" because their berets are red.

## Related pages

- Military
- Militia
- Marine
- Sailor
- Military ranks

## Infobox (occupation)

- **name**: Soldier
- **image**: Exercise Wessex Storm 2020 MOD 45167356.jpg
- **caption**: French army soldiers at Salisbury Plain, England, Exercise Wessex Storm 2020.
- **type**: Profession
- **activity sector**: Military
- **employment field**: Armies
Yellowstone River

The **Yellowstone River** is a river in the northwestern part of the United States.  It is a tributary of the Missouri River and flows through the states of Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota. It also flows through Yellowstone National Park and feeds Yellowstone Lake.

The Yellowstone River was first explored in 1806 by William Clark during the return trip of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

## Other websites

- Fish and Wildlife Service: Upper Missouri River and Yellowstone
- USGS Site: Lewis and Clark Expedition
- State of Montana: Yellowstone River Physical Features Inventory
- State of Montana: Lower Yellowstone Corridor Physical Features Inventory
Toy

A **toy** is something to play with. Toys are for children, adults, and animals. Before 1970, most toys were made of metal and wood. Now, they are mostly made of plastic. Sometimes they are made of electronic material. Some people also consider video games toys. Toys include balls, plastic cars, and dolls. They also can be sex related products.

Toys originated many years ago. Dolls of infants, animals, and soldiers and toy tools are found in archaeological places. The origin of the word "toy" is not known. However, it is thought that it was first used in the 14th century.

The earliest toys were made from rocks, sticks or clay. In Ancient Egypt, children played with dolls made of clay and sticks. In Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, children played with dolls made of wax or terracotta, sticks, bows and arrows, and yo-yos. Later these developmental games were used in creation of indoor playsets for homes. When Greek children, especially girls became adults, it was required to sacrifice the toys to the gods. On the eve of their wedding, young girls around fourteen would offer their dolls in a temple as a rite of passage into adulthood.
Unicorn

A **unicorn** is a legendary and mythical creature. It looks like a pony with one long, single white horn on its head. In some pictures unicorns also have horses' feet or a lion's tail. In most myths, a unicorn's blood and horn have mystical powers.

The word _unicorn_ means "one-horned". It comes from the Latin word _ūnus_, which means _one_, and _cornu_ which means _horn_, which term is in itself borrowed from the earlier Greek word _monokerōs_ (also 'one horned').

The term "unicorn" is also used in business to refer to a business startup valued at a billion dollars or more.

## Around the world

Unicorns are found in many stories and myths from around the world, especially China and India. In _On the Nature of Animals_ (_Περὶ Ζῴων Ἰδιότητος_, _De natura animalium_), Aelian, quoting Ctesias, says that India has a one-horned horse (iii. 41; iv. 52). He writes (xvi. 20) that the _monoceros_ () was sometimes called _cartazonos_ (), which may be a kind of the Arabic word _karkadann_, meaning "rhinoceros".

In mythology and heraldry, the unicorn symbolizes innocence, purity and feminine power. It is often seen as the counterpart of the lion, which symbolizes the masculine virtues.

In Western culture, a unicorn's horn is said to have power to heal wounds and sickness, and to neutralize poison. This power was often called _alicorn_ in medieval times, when stories of unicorns became more popular. People purchased expensive "unicorn horns" that were usually Narwhal horns or walrus tusks.

Christian legends say the unicorn is as small as a normal-sized goat. According to these legends, unicorns are so fearful that no hunter can catch them; only a maiden that goes into the forest alone can catch a unicorn. The unicorn will come and fall asleep in the maiden’s lap.

The unicorn is the official animal of Scotland.

## Sources

- Lindahl, Carl. "Unicorn." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2012. Web.  29 Nov. 2012.
- SuperScience: Mythical Creatures Revealed. Scholastic, May 2006. Web. 29 Nov. 2012. <http://www.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=11851 >.
Radium

**Radium** is a chemical element. The symbol for radium is **Ra**, and its atomic number is 88. It was discovered by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie in the form of radium chloride in 1898. It is a slivery-white alkaline earth metal, but it turns black quickly when it is exposed to nitrogen in the air. All isotopes of radium are radioactive. The radioactivity of radium causes it to glow in the dark.

Radium is used in many things, such as glowing watches, which are now banned because they can cause radiation poisoning. Some of the things radium was used for are now made using less dangerous radioactive elements, such as promethium. It can be used in treating cancer.

In nature, radium is found in tiny amounts in uranium and thorium ores. It does not exist naturally inside of people or other living things; it is dangerous when taken in because it takes the same place as calcium.

## History

Radium was discovered by Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie on 21 December 1898. They found that some radioactive minerals had unknown compounds left over after removing uranium and barium. The unknown compounds were polonium and radium; the discovery was announced to the French Academy of Sciences on 26 December 1898.

The original unit of measurement for radioactivity was called the curie. The unit was equal to the radioactivity of one gram of radium-226, but later it was changed to 3.7×10<sup>10</sup> disintegrations per second.

## Properties

Radium is the heaviest alkaline earth metal and the only radioactive element in the group. It has a silvery-white color, but turns black when it is exposed to air. It is more similar to barium than it is to any other element. It is also similar to barium in the ways it reacts with other things.

Radium has 33 isotopes. All of these isotopes are radioactive. The isotope which lasts the longest is radium-226: it has a half-life of 1,600 years.

## Uses

Radium used to be used in glowing paints for watches and other instruments that are used in the dark. Radium stopped being used in the mid-1920s after a lawsuit by five people who were called "Radium Girls". The Radium Girls were told to lick the brushes used to paint with radium, which caused them to ingest radium. This was very dangerous to their health. Ingesting radium in paint caused sores, anemia, and bone cancer in the Radium Girls. The lawsuit caused the dangers of radioactivity to be known by many more people. After the 1960s, radium paint was replaced by less dangerous radioactive paint made from promethium-147 or tritium.

Radium was also used in different things such as toothpaste and food. These products were made illegal after people found out about the dangers of radioactivity.

Radium is not used now in anything except for nuclear reactors. There are safer elements that can be used in all of the same ways radium was used.

## Toxicity

Radium is the most toxic radioactive element. It collects in bones when ingested, which causes cancer.  However, even just being around radium can cause cancer. Radium creates radon when it decays. This is even more dangerous, because radon is a gas.

Marie Curie's death was most likely caused by radium.
Darwin, Northern Territory

**Darwin** () is the territorial capital of the Northern Territory in Australia. The city has about 147,000 people living there. The city is named after Charles Darwin. A member of the crew of the ship that started a port there in 1839 named it Port Darwin in honour of Darwin, who had sailed on that same ship earlier.

Most of Darwin has been built since 1974, when Cyclone Tracy ripped through and destroyed the city. Since then, the city has recovered. It is a very important port, because it is on the coast closest to Indonesia and the rest of Asia. Darwin also has a large military base.

Darwin also has many Indigenous Australians living in the city, about 9.7% of the people. This is more than any other state capital in Australia.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: City
- **name**: Darwin
- **native name**: _Garramilla_
- **state**: nt
- **image**: City landscape of Darwin, Northern Territory.jpg
- **image2**:
- **caption**: The Darwin skyline seen from Bayview, Northern Territory, Bayview in 2015
- **caption2**: Coat of arms
- **force national map**: yes
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 9
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Australia
- **pop**: 139902
- **pop year**: Australian census 2021, 2021
- **poprank**: 17th
- **est**: 1869
- **area**: 3163.8
- **area footnotes**: (2011 urban)
- **timezone**: ACST
- **utc**: +9:30
- **lga**: City of Darwin, Darwin, City of Palmerston, Palmerston, Shire of Litchfield, Litchfield
- **stategov**: Electoral division of Port Darwin, Port Darwin (and 14 others)
- **fedgov**: Division of Solomon, Solomon, Division of Lingiari, Lingiari
- **county**: Palmerston County, Northern Territory, Palmerston County
- **dist1**: 2616
- **location1**: Adelaide
- **dist2**: 2652
- **location2**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **dist3**: 2846
- **location3**: Brisbane
- **dist4**: 3127
- **location4**: Canberra
- **dist5**: 1679
- **location5**: Cairns
- **mintemp**: 23.4
- **maxtemp**: 32.2
- **rainfall**: 1811.7
- **mayor**: Kon Vatskalis
Northern Territory

The **Northern Territory** is a territory of Australia. The capital city is Darwin. Other large towns in the Territory include Alice Springs, Katherine and Tennant Creek.

The Northern Territory has large areas of desert. It has many important places such as _Uluru_, or _Ayers Rock_. The rock is sacred to the native people.

Kakadu National Park is a World Heritage area. It has been lived in for more than 40,000 years. There are cave paintings, rock carvings and archaeological sites. These show the skills and way of life of the people who have lived there. The park has different ecosystems, including tidal flats, floodplains, lowlands and rocky gorges. It provides a place to live for a wide range of rare types of plants and animals.

## Floral Emblem

The floral emblem of the Northern Territory is Sturt's Desert Rose, Gossypium sturtianum. The flower is also featured on the Territory's flag. It was named after explorer Charles Sturt who found the plant in creeks near the site of Broken Hill, New South Wales in 1844.
The Fauna emblem is the Red Kangaroo.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Northern Territory
- **settlement type**: States and territories of Australia, Territory
- **image flag**: Flag of the Northern Territory.svg
- **image seal**: Northern Territory Coat of Arms.svg
- **image map**: Northern_Territory_in_Australia.svg
- **map caption**: Northern Territory in Australia
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Darwin, Australia, Darwin
Whiskey Rebellion

The **Whiskey Rebellion** was a rebellion against the federal government of the United States. Some farmers in western Pennsylvania rebelled against the United States government in 1794 because they believed that a new tax on whiskey was not fair. Selling whiskey was how people traded in western Pennsylvania, but farmers elsewhere did not need to sell whiskey.

The United States had borrowed a large amount of money for the American Revolutionary War, and Alexander Hamilton offered the idea to try to pay the war debt. The government under George Washington, with advice from Alexander Hamilton, quickly stopped the rebellion. Washington and Hamilton wanted to ensure that no one would question the power of the federal government and so Washington himself led almost 13,000 troops to stop the rebellion of a few hundred farmers. The rebels went home before the army arrived.

The new federal government became more solid and the president more powerful. Numerous examples of resistance are recorded in court documents and newspaper accounts.

That is the only time in American history that a president has led the army by himself.
Saginaw, Michigan

**Saginaw** is a city in mid-Michigan, United States. It had about 44,000 people in the city as of the 2020 census.  It is very cold there in the winter.  It is near Bay City, Michigan.
Orgy (band)

**Orgy** is an American alternative metal band. They formed in 1997 in Los Angeles, California. The band's first hit was Blue Monday, which was a remake of a song by 1980s band New Order. The members of the band are:
- Jay Gordon - singer
- Bobby Hewitt - drummer
- Ryan Shuck - guitarist
- Amir Derakh - guitar, synthesizer player
- Paige Haley - bass player

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Orgy
- **img**: Orgy American band.jpg
- **img capt**: Orgy performing in 2015
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **genre**: Electronic rock, industrial rock, industrial metal, alternative metal
- **years active**: 19962004, 2010present
- **label**: Elementree Records, Elementree, Reprise Records, Reprise, D1 Music
- **associated acts**: Sexart, Julien-K, Drug for Joy, Trick Factory, Machine Gun Orchestra, Rough Cutt, Electric Love Hogs, Dead by Sunrise, Deadsy, Kill-O-Watt, theSTART
- **url**: , ,
- **current members**: Jay Gordon
Deadsy, Carlton Bost
Ashburn Miller
Run Run Run (band), Nic Speck
Jamie Miller
- **past members**: Bobby Hewitt
Ryan Shuck
Amir Derakh
Paige Haley
Magazine

A **magazine** is a type of book people read. Magazines differ from book<nowiki/>s because a new issue of the magazine is printed many times each year with new contents. Magazines are a type of periodical. They are called periodicals because editions are published at a fixed frequency. Magazines are similar to newspapers, but usually the time between new issues is longer. Each copy of a magazine costs more money than a newspaper, and many are in color on every page. Sometimes magazines come with little gifts to reward the readers who buy it.

Magazines are printed on paper. Many people subscribe to them so every issue will be delivered. Others buy them at a newsstand or elsewhere. An example of a magazine is _Time_. There are magazines about many things. Magazines often feature articles, advertisements, and photographs that focus on specific topics like fashion, technology, or entertainment.
Orgy

- _There is also the alternative metal band Orgy (band)._

In common use, an **orgy** is when more than two people have sex together, sometimes also called **group sex**.
This dates back to prehistoric ages, recorded in many ancient civilizations.

_Orgy_ could also mean any activity done without limits.

Originally, the word comes from Latin. There it referred to a feast (or a banquet) of a rich citizen. When the Romans ate they were almost lying down, and the food was brought to them by slaves. These slaves would also provide the entertainment which usually consisted of music and dancing slaves and sometimes sex slave<nowiki/>s.
Heilongjiang

**Heilongjiang** is the northeastern-most province in China. It is considered to part of the region known as Manchuria. It is bordered by Russia on the north and east. To the south is Jilin province, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region lies to the west.

The capital and largest city is Harbin. There had been a considerable foreign population in the region, particularly in Harbin, first by the Russians in the late 19th century, and then by the Japanese in the 20th century.

The land is largely of plains and rolling hills, with relatively few low mountainous areas. The climate is fairly dry with quite cold winters. There are some famous winter "ice festivals" with elaborate snow and ice sculptures.

## Political divisions

Heilongjiang Province is divided into 12 municipalities and 1 prefecture.

1. Harbin Municipality
1. Daqing Municipality
1. Hegang Municipality
1. Heihe Municipality
1. Jiamusi Municipality
1. Jixi Municipality
1. Mudanjiang Municipality
1. Qiqihar Municipality
1. Qitaihe Municipality
1. Shuangyashan Municipality
1. Suihua Municipality
1. Yichun Municipality
1. Daxing'anling Prefecture
Jilin

**Jilin** is one of 3 provinces in the far northeastern part of China, also known as Manchuria. The capital city of Jilin is Changchun (meaning "long spring" in Chinese). It is bordered on the north by Heilongjiang province, to the west by the "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region", and to the southwest by Liaoning province. To the southeast lies North Korea.

The terrain and climate are much like that of neighboring Heilongjiang province.  Also like its neighboring provinces, one of the main agricultural products is corn, as the climate is too cold (and dry) for satisfactory rice cultivation.

Old was Yemaek, Buyeo, Sushen land. Tang Dynasty was Balhae. Liao Dynasty was circuit. Jin Dynasty split Liang Lu. Yuan Dynasty was Liaoyang Province of Central Secretariat. Ming Dynasty set up Jianzhou as Jurchen land. It was named after Jilin city in territory.
Liaoning

**Liaoning** is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. The capital city of Liaoning province is Shenyang. From 1931 to 1945 Japan ruled Liaoning as part of Manchukuo. It is the southernmost province of Manchuria (the three northeastern most provinces of China), which together, along with the "Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region", form the entire northeastern part of China.

Liaoning is bordered on the northeast by Jilin province, and has a coastline along the Yellow Sea to the southeast. Hebei province and Beijing lie to the southwest. The Yalu River marks the border with North Korea. Dalian is a major port city at the southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula which juts about 100km south into the Yellow Sea.

## Other websites

- How to (say or) pronounce, Liaoning. Wikimedia.org
Basin

**Basin** might mean:
- Wash basin, a bowl-shaped container used for washing hands or food
- Drainage basin, the area drained by a river
- Oceanic basin, a low place in the Earth that holds an ocean
- Sedimentary basin , like the Amazon Basin
- Basin (geology)
- An open, round container shaped like a bowl with sloping sides, used for holding food or liquid
Blade

A **blade** is the flat, sharp part of a tool or weapon used to cut or stab, such as a knife or sword. Most blades have handles. Blades can be used to stab, cut, or separate things. It can also be the top part of grass or the leaf of a plant. Blades come in all different sizes and shapes, sharpness and materials.
Key

A **key** is an object used to open and close locks. Many things have locks, for example, doors. Keys are also used to turn on cars, machines and other things.

A key is used by placing the key into the slot of the thing you want to unlock.

A key that can open more than one lock (if each lock also has its own key) is called a master key or skeleton key. The key can open doors and lock doors.

## History

The earliest known lock and key device was discovered in the ruins of Nineveh, the capital of ancient Assyria. Locks such as this were later developed into the Egyptian wooden pin lock, which consisted of a bolt, door fixture or attachment, and key. When the key was inserted, pins within the fixture were lifted out of drilled holes within the bolt, allowing it to move. When the key was removed, the pins fell part-way into the bolt, preventing movement.

The warded lock was also present from antiquity and remains the most recognizable lock and key design in the Western world. The first all-metal locks appeared between the years 870 and 900, and are attributed to the English craftsmen. It is also said that the key was invented by Theodorus of Samos in the 6th century BC.

Affluent Romans often kept their valuables in secure locked boxes within their households, and wore the keys as rings on their fingers. The practice had two benefits: It kept the key handy at all times, while signaling that the wearer was wealthy and important enough to have money and jewelry worth securing.

## Further reading

- Phillips, Bill. (2005). _The Complete Book of Locks and Locksmithing._ McGraw-Hill. .
- Alth, Max (1972). _All About Locks and Locksmithing._ Penguin.
- Robinson, Robert L. (1973). _Complete Course in Professional Locksmithing_ Nelson-Hall.

## Other websites

- Historical locks by Raine Borg and ASSA ABLOY
- Picking Locks _Popular Mechanics_
Branch

A **branch** is the part of a tree that grows out from the trunk of a tree. The size of a branch may vary depending on the type of tree, the location of the branch relative to the tree, and how healthy the tree is. The term twig usually refers to a terminus, while bough refers only to branches coming directly from the trunk.
Spoon

A **spoon** is a tool for eating. It is usually used for eating foods that are like liquids (like soup and yogurt), and it can also be used for stirring. Humans use spoons every day. Some solids (like cereal and ice cream) are also usually eaten with spoons. A ladle is a bigger type of serving spoon used for soup, stew, or other foods.

There are many different types of spoons. There are dessert spoons, soup spoons, baby spoons, teaspoons, tablespoons and others. There are also spoons that are collector items and are worth a lot of money. Some musicians even use two spoons as a musical instrument like a castanet.

Spoons have been used as tools for eating since Paleolithic times. Prehistoric peoples probably used shells, or small pieces of wood as spoons. Both the Greek and Latin words for spoon come from the word _cochlea_, which is a spiral-shaped  snail shell. The Anglo-Saxon word _spoon_, means a chip or splinter of wood.
Cutlery

**Cutlery** refers to tools used for preparing, serving and eating food. The most common types of cutlery are knives, spoons and forks. Other words for cutlery are silverware, tableware, utensils and flatware.

The best quality cutlery may be made of silver, but more often silver plating. Stainless steel is used for most good quality household cutlery. Pewter was often used in the past for cheap cutlery. Nickel silver, sometimes called German silver, is another alloy, with copper, nickel, and zinc in it. Plastic cutlery is used for eating fast food, because it is very cheap, and may be thrown away afterwards.

Serving practice and use of cutlery varies somewhat between cultures. Formal dinners have cutlery set out in a traditional manner. There will be two sets of knives and forks, an outer smaller set for the first course and a larger inner set for the main course. Cutlery for later courses will usually be delivered with those courses. In an informal restaurant, cutlery may come wrapped in a cloth napkin (serviette).

Chinese and Japanese food is eaten with chopsticks, and food pre-cut to a size suitable for that method. Some other oriental cuisines are eaten by fork and spoon, with no knife.
Vase

A **vase** is a container, often used for flowers. They can be made from a number of materials, including glass and ceramics. Many vases are decorated or painted but some are left plain. It sometimes is used for decorations in American and Chinese homes. It can be a big part of culture in many countries.
Sensory system

The **sensory system** is the way animals find out about their nearby environment and their bodies. To do this they have special devices for collecting data called sense organs. The sense organs act as transducers: they turn energy from the outside or inside of the body into nerve signals. The signals are then very rapidly processed by the brain. The whole arrangement is the sensory system.

It is usual to say the sensory system has five senses:
1. Hearing is the sense of sound. Ears hear sounds.
1. Sight is the sense of seeing. Eyes see.
1. Touch is the sense of feeling. Sense organs feel.
1. Taste is the sense of the flavor. Tongues taste.
1. Smell is the sense of scent or odor. Noses smell.

There are other senses. For example, we have a sense of equilibrioception which checks our balance, and proprioception which is the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement. Fishes have a sense system which no land animal has. It is called the lateral line system. This senses movement and vibration in the water pressure and other functions. Some fish can sense patterns of electrical current in the water.

## Handling the data

A huge amount of data comes in from the sensory system. About 11 million pieces of information _per second_ is one estimation, of which ten million comes from our eyes. Of this huge number we only handle about 40 in our conscious mind. The rest is handled non-consciously.
Scene

**Scene** can mean:
- A certain place in a movie or play where a part of the story takes place.
- A part of a culture made up of people who have a common interest, usually in a certain type of music. ("Dark clothes are a part of the emo scene.")
- A style based upon "emo", where individuals dye the hair with many bright colours, and wear neon pieces of clothing in general. This is similar to a raver.
- Scene (British TV series)
Inspector Gadget

***Inspector Gadget*** is an  animated children's television series that ran from 1983 to 1986. It was the first show produced by DiC Entertainment.

On the show, Inspector Gadget is a cyborg detective and secret agent, who must stop an evil organization called "MAD", lead by Dr. Claw. He is usually helped by his niece, Penny, and his dog, Brain. Gadget has many gadgets and special devices inside his body, hence his name. He uses these when searching in a case, but he is not very smart. Yet with the help of Penny and Brain, he ends up saving the day.

Elements of the franchise pay homage to the 1960s series _Get Smart._ Gadget's voice was even provided by Don Adams who was the star of Get Smart. Other elements are homages to things like Inspector Clouseau from the _Pink Panther_ movie series.

In 1999, Matthew Broderick played the title character in Disney's live-action adaptation.
Syndicated

**Syndicated** means a television program being shown on a different television network than the one that first showed the program. A syndicated program can also be a program that was not made for a television network. These types of programs are made and then sold to many different television stations to be shown.

There are different types of syndication:
- **First run syndication**: First run syndicated programs are programs that are shown for the first time as syndicated programs. These programs were not made to be shown by a network. Programs that are made in one country and then are shown in other countries are often first run syndicated program.
- **Off network syndication**: Off network syndicated programs are programs that were first shown on a television network. Later, that network sold the program to other networks or stations so that they can also show it. These programs are also called re-runs.
- **Public broadcasting syndication**: PBS makes only some of its programs. Many of the shows are bought from people who make syndicated programs.

## Popular examples of syndicated series

- First run series
- Andromeda
- Baywatch
- Mutant X
- Hercules: The Legendary Journeys
- Star Trek: The Next Generation
- Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
- Xena: Warrior Princess
- Xuxa

- Off network series
- Cheers
- CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
- Everybody Loves Raymond
- Seinfeld
- The X-Files
- The Simpsons
- The Big Bang Theory
Square root

In mathematics, a **square root** of a number _x_ is another number that, when multiplied by itself (squared), becomes _x_. When it is not negative, it is represented by the symbol , and called the principal square root of _x_. For example, 3 is the square root of 9, because 3×3=9. Only numbers bigger than or equal to zero have real square roots. The square root of zero is zero.

An important number is the square root of 2, which is an irrational number. Its value is around 1.41421. It is the length of a diagonal in a square whose side is 1.

Square roots of negative numbers are called imaginary numbers - they are not real numbers. Every complex number, except 0, has two square roots that are imaginary numbers. For example, −1 has two square roots. We call them  and . We also consider the number  as the principal square root of −1, and call it the imaginary unit.

The sign for a square root is made by putting a bent line over a number. For example: . This is read as "the square root of 4".

A whole number with a square root that is also a whole number is called a perfect square. The first few perfect squares are: 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961, 1024, 1089, 1156, 1225.

Below is a table of square roots (rounded to 3 decimal places).
|Number|Square root of number|
| --- | --- |
|1|1.000|
|2|1.414|
|3|1.732|
|4|2.000|
|5|2.236|
|6|2.449|
|7|2.646|
|8|2.828|
|9|3.000|
|10|3.162|
|11|3.317|
|12|3.464|
|13|3.606|
|14|3.742|
|15|3.873|
|16|4.000|
|17|4.123|
|18|4.243|
|19|4.359|
|20|4.472|

## Origin of the symbol

It is not really known where the square root symbol  comes from, but some people believe that it was from the letter _r_, which is the first letter of the Latin word _radix_ (used in many languages). Radix means the root or base. Thus, radix quadratum from Latin refers most likely to the base of a square. Since the sides of a square are all equal, the word "radix" may be thought to mean a side of a square.

## Related pages

- Methods of computing square roots
- nth root

## Other websites

- Table of square and square roots, 1-100  -The Math Forum