juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Green Light

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Green Light|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"|Cover|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|July 30 2007r. <small>(UK)</small>|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B, funk|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia Records|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé Knowles, Pharrell Williams, Sean Garrett|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé Knowles, The Neptunes|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Amor Gitano (2007r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Green Light </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Until the End of Time (2007r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Freakum Dress (7)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Green Light (8)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Irreplaceable (9)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Irreplaceable (2)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Green Light (3)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Kitty Kat (4)</small>|
***Green Light*** is an R&B/funk song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Sean Garrett, and Pharrell Williams for Knowles' second solo studio album, _B'Day_ (2006). Co-produced by Pharrell and Beyoncé, it was released as fifth UK single on July 30 2007. The Freemasons remix of "Green Light" was on the BBC Radio 1 A-list by July 18 2007.

## Chart performance

With the album version of the song being available digitally as soon as the album was released, it debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 152 after the video aired in July 2007. The album version peaked at number seventy-seven one week before the Freemasons remix became available. Because of heavy radio airplay of the Freemasons remix, as soon as it was available, the song climbed sixty places to number seventeen the following week, and then to number twelve, giving Knowles her eleventh top twenty hit in the UK. "Green Light" became Knowles's highest charting single on downloads alone on the UK Singles Chart without a prominent featured artist. The UK commercial CD single was cancelled at the last minute.

The album version was released in the Netherlands where it debuted on the Dutch Singles Chart at number 30.

|align="left"|Chart (2007)|align="center"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Chile Top 100 Singles Chart|align="center"|86|
|align="left"|Euro 200|align="center"|35|
|align="left"|Irish Singles Chart|align="center"|46|
|align="left"|Netherlands Mega Top 50|align="center"|11|
|align="left"|Lithuania Airplay Chart|align="center"|21|
|align="left"|Netherlands FMC Urban Top 50|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Poland Airplay Chart|align="center"|2|
|align="left"|Romania Airplay Chart|align="center"|69|
|align="left"|Russian Airplay Chart|align="center"|8|
|align="left"|Singapore Airplay Chart|align="center"|7|
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart|align="center"|12|
Suga Mama

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Suga Mama|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan="2" valign="top"|April 2007 <small>(UK)</small>|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|3:25|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia Records|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé Knowles, Rich Harrison, Makeba, Chuck Middleton|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Rich Harrison, Beyoncé|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Beautiful Liar (2007r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Suga mama </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Get Me Bodied (2007r.)</small>|
***Suga Mama*** is a song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Rich Harrison, and Makeba, and produced by Knowles and Harrison for Knowles' second solo album, _B'Day_ (2006). It features a sample of Jake Wade and the Soul Searchers' song "Searching for Soul", which was written by Chuck Middleton. The music video for the song was released on television in the United Kingdom in April 2007.

## Music video and other promotion

The "Suga Mama" music video was released to UK music channels in April 2007. It is black-and-white and was co-directed by Melina and Knowles for the _B'Day Anthology Video Album_, which was released the same month; it was one of eight videos shot in two weeks for the album. It begins with Knowles sitting in a chair, wearing men's clothing and smoking a cigar. She gets up and begins to pole dance. The remainder of the video presents Knowles dancing on top of a sugar cube, dancing with backing dancers whose faces are partially concealed, lying in a circle of light and riding a mechanical bull. Knowles said she is meant to "slowly become a woman" during the video, adding "Well, a sexier woman — I'm always a woman."

Knowles rehearsed the pole dancing using two ballet bars, which was when it was decided to add a pole above her head to form an arc. Though Knowles is from Texas, she had never previously been on mechanical bull. There were no problems during warm-ups, but the man operating the bull during the video shoot programmed it to go faster, causing Knowles to fall off when she tried to perform tricks such as lifting up her foot, leaning back and turning around. To minimise the time Knowles spent on the bull, the director shot the sequence at twelve frames per second (see frame rate) and Knowles sang twice as quickly, but it was not until 4:00 a.m. that they completed work.

"Suga Mama" was included on the set list of Knowles's 2007 tour, The Beyoncé Experience, and _The Tennessean_ wrote that the song "was even sexier and more gutbucket than on record". A remix of the song features rapper Consequence.
I Got That

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|I Got That|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"|Cover|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|July 4 2000r.|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|3:21|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Roc-A-Fella/Columbia|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>4 Da Fam (2000r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>I Got That </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Hey Papi (2000r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small> </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>I Got That </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Work It Out (2002r.)</small>|
"**I Got That**" is a single by rapper Amil featuring Beyoncé Knowles of Destiny's Child. It was the first single by Beyoncé and also it is currently the last solo single by Amil. Eve makes a cameo appearance in the video.

## CD single

1. "I Got That (Radio Edit)" <small>(Whitehead, A./Barnes, Samuel/Lewis, LeShan/Smith, Tamy/Carter, Shawn/Olivier, Jean Claude "Poke"/Davis, Makeda)</small> – 3:21
1. "I Got That (Instrumental)" – 3:19
Jumpin' Jumpin'

"**Jumpin', Jumpin**'" is a song recorded by Destiny's Child. It was the fourth and final single from the group's second album, _The Writing's on the Wall_. The single achieved success in various charts.

Byron Rittenhouse's voice is on the song saying "Uh huh, I ain't worried 'bout my girl a'ight" in response to Beyonce's line "I ain't thinking 'bout my man tonight".

## Formats and remixes

Two official urban remixes for this song exist. One, known as the Nitro remix features rapper Nitro, while the other is known as the So So Def Remix with Lil' Bow Wow, Da Brat and Jermaine Dupri. A video was filmed for the So So Def Remix later. Also, appearing as a second half of the So So Def Remix on the This Is the Remix (Destiny's Child album), Azza's Remix of Jumpin', Jumpin'. This version was a newly recorded version with slower singing and Kelly doing lead on chorus and high notes during break, and one of few remix songs from Writing's On The Wall that Farrah Franklin and Michelle are singing; the other being the WMBA version of the song.

- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (A Capella)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Instrumental)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Azza's Remix)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Digital Black 'N Groove Club Mix)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Hammerhouse Remix)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Radio Mix)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Maurice's Jumpin' Retro Mix)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Mike Moore Remix)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Nitro Remix) (feat Mr Nitro)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Disney Party Remix) (feat Solange)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Def Remix) (feat Lil' Bow Wow, Jermaine Dupri & Da Brat)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So Far So Def Remix)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (So So Dub)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (Jameson Drum & Bass Mix)
- "Jumpin', Jumpin'" (WNBA Version)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Jumpin', Jumpin
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Destiny's Child
- **album**: The Writing's on the Wall
- **b-side**: * "Upside Down (Diana Ross song), Upside Down"
* "Say My Name"
* "Bills, Bills, Bills"
- **studio**: * 353 (New York City)
* 24/7 (Houston, Texas)
- **genre**: * Pop music, Pop
* Dance music, dance
* Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 3:50
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **writer**: * Rufus Blaq, Rufus Moore
* Chad Elliott
* Beyoncé, Beyoncé Knowles
- **producer**: * Beyoncé Knowles
* Chad Elliott
* Jovonn Alexander
- **prev title**: Say My Name
- **prev year**: 1999
- **next title**: Independent Women Part I
- **next year**: 2000
Beyoncé The Ultimate Performer

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Beyoncé The Ultimate Performer|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"|Cover|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|November 24 2006r.|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>B'Day (2006r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Beyoncé The Ultimate Performer </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>B'Day Deluxe Edition (2007r.)</small>|
***Beyoncé The Ultimate Performer*** is a DVD by R&B artist Beyoncé Knowles. It was released in the US on November 24, 2006. It features some of her exclusive footages in France, Japan, United Kingdom, New York among other places during her worldwide tour, the makings and music video.

## Tracklisting

- Footage
- Making of Ring the Alarm
- Ring the Alarm – Music Video
Fighting Temptation

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Fighting temptations|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"|Cover|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|September 2003|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|3:51|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Sony BMG|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Jonathan Burks, Missy Elliott, Karriem Mack, Lana Moorer, Walter Murphy, Lashaun Owens, Gene Pistilli, Marie Wright|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Missy Elliott|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Baby Boy (2003r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I (2003r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Back in the Day (2003r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Pass That Dutch (2003r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>I Can't Make a Mistake (1998r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small> </small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>? </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting temptations </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>? </small>|
***Fighting Temptation*** is a single released by R&B singer Beyoncé and female rappers Missy Elliott, MC Lyte, and Free in 2003 to promote the film _The Fighting Temptations_, in which Beyoncé has a part. The song is part of the official soundtrack.

As it was released just one month after the second single from Beyoncé's _Dangerously in Love_, "Baby Boy", the song did not become a big hit and failed to enter the _Billboard_ Hot 100 and other important U.S. charts. However, the single received some attention from European countries, eventually peaking at number thirteen in the Netherlands. The film was also an instant success, mainly due to Beyoncé's success in Europe at that time.

## Track listing

1. "Fighting Temptation" (Album Version)
1. Destiny's Child – "I Know" (Album Version)

## Other versions

- "Fighting Temptation" (Acapella)
- "Fighting Temptation" (Instrumental)
- "Fighting Temptation" (Radio Edit)
Slaithwaite

**Slaithwaite** is a large village in the Colne Valley in Kirklees, West Yorkshire, England. It is placed alongside the Colne River.

## Age Distribution

Slaithwaite has a younger mean population than the rest of England, with a mean age of 38.4, compared to a mean of 39.3 in the rest of England.
Five Pillars of Islam

The **Five Pillars of Islam** are five basic rules in Islam that all Muslims must follow.

The Five Pillars consist of :
1. Shahadah - The shahadah means there is no other god except Allah (one God) and Prophet Muhammad is the messenger/prophet of Allah. The shahadah can be recited when a person chooses to revert to Islam as the words in the shahadah are the key fundamental beliefs in Islam. Shahada is the fundamental declaration of faith in Islam, and according to Islamic theology, it is a prerequisite for the acceptance of deeds.http://islamlegacy.com/five-pillars-of-islam/
1. Prayer (Salat) - Praying five times a day, kneeling towards Mecca (a desert city in Asia).  There are specific religious movements and prayers that are said.
1. Charity or alms-giving (zakat) - Each year a Muslim must give money to charity (Usually 2.5% of their savings). If a person does not have much money, they can give services to others instead.
1. Fasting during the month of Ramadan (Sawm) - Islamic Fasting is not eating or drinking beverages when the sun is out, only when the moon is out
1. Hajj - Pilgrimage (journey) to Mecca
EUX.TV

**EUX.TV**, or **the Europe channel**, is an independent digital television station from Brussels that talks about European matters.

## Other websites

http://eux.tv/
Awadhi language

**Awadhi** is an Indo-Aryan language. This language was spoken in a wide area of Awadh including Lucknow and Ayoudhya (Awadh) earlier. Goswami Tulasidas wrote Ramcharitmanas, Geetavali, Kavitavali, and all his Shri Ram poems in this language.

Hindi is a much newer language derived on Awadhi.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Awadhi
- **states**: India, Nepal, Fiji
- **region**: India: Awadh and Doab, Lower Doab regions of Uttar Pradesh, as well as Madhya Pradesh and Delhi Nepal: Lumbini Zone, Kapilbastu District; Bheri Zone, Banke District, Bardiya District and most part of the Uttar Pradesh
- **speakers**: 70 million
- **date**: 2021
- **ref**: e16
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Ardhmagadhi prakit
- **dia1**: Fiji Hindi,Eastern Awadhi
- **dia2**: Gangapari
- **dia3**: Mirzapuri
- **dia4**: Pardesi
- **dia5**: Uttari
- **dia6**: Tharu
- **dia7**: Degauri Tharu
- **dia8**: Pratapgarhi
- **script**: Kaithi (official)
- **nation**: Awadh, Fiji
- **iso2**: awa
- **iso3**: awa
- **notice**: Indic
- **standards**: Figi Hindi, Fijian and Awadhi
Westdeutscher Rundfunk

The **Westdeutscher Rundfunk** (WDR, official "Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln") is a German public-broadcasting institution based in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia with its main office in Cologne. WDR is a  member of  the consortium of German public-broadcasting institutions, ARD. The WDR produces the regional television service WDR Fernsehen (formerly known as WDF and West3) and six regional radio channels.

## Other websites

- Official website
Deutsche Welle

The **DW** (Deutsche Welle) (until 5 February 2012: **Deutsche Welle**) is Germany's international broadcaster. It broadcasts news and information on shortwave, Internet and satellite radio in 29 languages (DW (RADIO)).

It has a satellite television service (DW (TV)) that is available in four languages, and there is also DW.DE, a 30-language online news site. _DW_, which in English means "German Wave", is similar to international broadcasters such as the BBC World Service, Radio Canada International, Voice of America, and Radio France Internationale.

On 6 February 2012 Deutsche Welle was completely relaunched and now operates only as **DW**.

## Censorship

Since October 28, 2021, the site of Deutsche Welle can't be opened in Belarus.

In March 2022, a Belarusian court recognized the Telegram channel “DW Belarus” and the Deutsche Welle logo as extremist materials. In April 2024, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus labeled DW Belarus as an extremist group.

## Journalism Academy

DW Academy has been active in Libya since 2011, promoting traditional and non-traditional media and journalists.

## Other websites

- Official site
- DW Livestream
- The Bobs DW International Weblog Award
- DW on Satellite TV in the United States

## Infobox (network)

- **network name**: DW
- **name**: DW
- **image**: Deutsche Welle Logo.svg
- **network type**: International public broadcaster
- **founded**: 3 May 1953
- **broadcast area**: National and International
- **owner**: ARD (broadcaster), DW
- **website**: [http://www.dw.de/ www.dw.de]
Guildford Dudley

**Guildford Dudley** (1536 – February 12, 1554) was the husband of Lady Jane Grey. He was executed along with Jane on February 12, 1554.

## Pre-Marriage

Guildford (also spelled as Guilford) was the son of John Dudley, the Earl of Warwick and later Duke of Northumberland and Jane Guildford (that was how he got his unusual name). He was very handsome, but arrogant and selfish because his mother spoiled him ever since he was a child.

## Marriage

In 1553, Guildford was told by his father that he was to marry Lady Jane Grey. Like many other people in the sixteenth century, Guildford complied. However, Jane did not want to marry Guildford because she thought he was rude. Jane only agreed after her parents had beaten and whipped her.
When Jane became queen, in July 1553, they got into an argument about Guildford becoming king. Guildford claimed than he should be king, but Jane did not believe that Guildford had the qualities to become king. She said she would make him duke, but Guildford was unhappy. Guildford and his mother attempted to leave the Tower of London, but Jane had him brought back. Jane lost the throne on July 19, 1553.

## Inprisonment and Death

At first, Guildford and Jane were allowed to visit each other, but only in the garden. However, for the last few months of their lives, they were not allowed to visit each other anymore.
A few days before their execution, Guildford asked Jane if they could visit one last time, but Jane refused.
On February 12, 1554, Guildford was executed and, unlike his wife, he was not very calm when he went to his death. Days before his death, he cried endlessly. However, on the day he was executed, he was calm. At the sight of the block, however, he lost his courage and cried again. He is said to have cried “Pray for me!” many times.

## Other websites

- More on Guildford Dudley  Guildford's biography
Medical papyri

The **medical papyri** (or **medical papyruses**) are a set of ancient Egyptian texts that give background info on medical practices from ancient Egypt. The papyri give details on disease, diagnostics, and remedies of disease, as well as traditional methods and by using magical spells.

It is thought there were more medical papyri, but many have been lost due to grave robbing. The largest study of the medical papyri to date was undertaken by Berlin University and was titled "Medizin der alten Agypter" (Medicine of ancient Egypt).

Early Egyptian medicine was based on a mixture of magic and religious spells. Most commonly "cured" by use of amulets or magical spells, the illnesses were thought to be caused by spiteful acts or actions. Afterwards, doctors did various medical treatments if needed. The instructions for these medical rituals were later inscribed on papyrus scrolls by the priests performing the actions.

## Related pages

- Medicine
- Ancient Egypt
- Papyrus

## Other websites

- The History and Treatment of the Papyrus Collection at The Brooklyn Museum
Tibetan Book of the Dead

The ***Tibetan Book of the Dead*** is a religious text from Tibet, written as a guide for persons attending someone who is dying or recently dead, to bring comfort and " ". It includes prayers, instructions for both dying persons and their attendants, and descriptions of the afterlife. (Roman Catholicism has comparable rituals, called  or Last Rites.) The book has been translated into many languages, including English.

## Adaptations

In the 1960s, professors Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert (later known as Baba Ram Dass) collaborated on a book titled _The Psychedelic Experience_, which adapted portions of the _Book of the Dead_ as a guide for use in LSD experiences. They hoped to give users of LSD a simulation of death and , to "liberate" them from past problems or mistakes in their lives. Many persons did have positive results from their book. Others pursued it like a , and were not helped or changed for the better.

John Lennon of The Beatles adapted the adaptation in turn, using many of the book's ideas for his song "Tomorrow Never Knows". He later  _The Psychedelic Experience_, calling it "that stupid book of Leary's," but his song spread its influence. This book has real life experiences between life and death situations.

## Related pages

- Book of the Dead
Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor

The **F-22 Raptor** is a fighter aircraft made by Lockheed Martin.  It first flew on September 7th, 1997 and entered service in the United States Air Force in 2005.  Because it is very expensive and dogfighting isn't common today, there aren't as many of them as other fighter planes.  It is a stealth aircraft meaning it is very hard to see on radar.  It can hold six radar-guided medium-range AIM-120 AMRAAM missiles and two heat-seeking, short-range AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles, but it can hold other payloads. While its top speed is uncertain, it's known to exceed Mach 2.25 or 1,500 mph. It can also efficiently cruise at supersonic speeds without afterburner. It features thrust vectoring, whereby the plane's thrust nozzles turn to help turn it faster. Thrust vectoring is very useful in dogfights.

The F-22 Raptor is a 5th generation fighter and is a very expensive plane to produce.  In order to protect the F-22 Raptor's stealth technology and other secrets, the U.S. has not sold the F-22 Raptor to other countries, even to its closest allies.  Export versions not as powerful as the ones used by the U.S. might be sold in future.

## Similar airplanes

- **Su-57** - Russian counterpart of the F-22.
- F-35 - A similar American 5th generation plane, except it is a multirole jet instead of a fighter.
- Palne - A cheap redesign built by a group of aerospace aspirants in Republika Srpska. It was a bomber variant in which the aspirants quoted "Dropped cluster bombs upon ground impact".
Edom

**Edom** is a name given to Esau, the brother of Jacob, in the Hebrew Bible. It also means the nation that came from him.  The nation's name in Assyrian was **Udumi**. In Syriac it was ***'. In Greek, it was ***' (Idoumaía). In Latin, it was ***' or ***'.

The Edomite people were a Semitic-speaking tribal people. They lived in the Negev Desert and the Arabah valley. The Arabah valley is now the south of Dead Sea and next to the Jordan. The area has much red sandstone. This may have made the name "Edom".  The nation of Edom is known to have existed back to the 8th or 9th century BC. The Bible dates it back several centuries further. Recent archaeological proof may show an Edomite nation as long ago as the 11th century BC. However, people are not completely sure. Others argue that the 8th or 9th century dates are right.  The nation stopped being a settled state after the Jewish-Roman Wars.
Hollywood (song)

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Hollywood|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|March 26 2007r.|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|4:17|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Def Jam Recordings|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Jay-Z, Ne-Yo, R. Perry|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Scyience|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Minority Report (2007r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Hollywood </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Umbrella (2007r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Listen (2006r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Hollywood </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Beautiful Liar (2007r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Anything (9)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Hollywood (10)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Trouble (11)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Kitty Kat (4)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Welcome to Hollywood (5)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Upgrade U (6)</small>|
***Hollywood*** is the fourth single from Jay-Z's ninth studio album _Kingdom Come_ (2007). The song features Jay-Z's longtime girlfriend, singer Beyoncé. The song is also featured on Beyoncé's B'Day Deluxe Edition with more of Beyoncé's vocals and less of Jay-Z's under the title "Welcome To Hollywood".

## Music video

A video for Jay-Z's album version does not exist but an official video was created for "Welcome to Hollywood" using clips of different Beyoncé videos (much like the "Lose My Breath" megamix on the Destiny's Child Fan Pack II). The video is played as an interlude on Beyoncé's B'Day Tour, The Beyoncé Experience.

## Charts

|align="left"|Chart (2007r.)|align="center"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|align="center"|56|
|align="left"|Hot Rap Tracks|align="center"|21|
Summertime (song)

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Summertime|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"|Cover|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|October 28 2003|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|3:54|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Sony|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé Knowles, Angela Beyincé, Sean Combs, Steven "Steven J." Jordan, Adonis Shropshire, Varick "Smitty" Smith, Mario Winans|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Mario Winans, P. Diddy|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I (2003r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Summertime </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Dangerously in Love 2 (2004r.)</small>|
***Summertime*** is a single released by R&B singer Beyoncé featuring rapper P. Diddy in 2003. The song was the second and final single released to promote the movie _The Fighting Temptations_, in which Knowles plays the leading lady. The song is not featured in the movie but is part of the official soundtrack. It first appeared as a B-side to Knowles' 2003 smash hit "Crazy in love".

As it was released just seven days after the third single from Knowles' _Dangerously in Love_, "Me, Myself and I", the song did not become a big hit and an official music video was never shot for it. The song however was part of the set list on Knowles' Dangerously in Love World Tour.

## Official versions

- Summertime (A Cappella featuring Diddy)
- Summertime (featuring Diddy)
- Summertime (movie Version)
- Summertime (Instrumental)
- Summertime (Remix - A Cappella featuring  Ghostface Killah)
- Summertime (Remix featuring Ghostface Killah)
- Summertime (Without Rap)

## Charts

|align="center"|Chart (2003)|align="center"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|align="center"|35|
Fabaceae

**Fabaceae** is the systematic name of the plant family that is commonly known as the Pea family. It consists of three subgroups: Caesalpinioideae, Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae (or better Faboideae). In modern systems like APG II this family Fabaceae is closely related to Quillajaceae, Polygalaceae or milkworts (including the families Diclidantheraceae, Moutabeaceae, and Xanthophyllaceae), and Surianaceae.

## Description

The leaves are usually alternate and compound, in the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae commonly bipinnate (e.g. _Acacia_, _Mimosa_). In many species the leaves have structures evolved to attract ants, that, being predatory, protect the plant from herbivore insects. Extrafloral nectaries -a gland secreting nectar -are common among the Mimosoideae and the Caesalpinioideae and are also found in some Faboideae (e.g. vetches _Vicia sativa_). Fabaceae are typically entomophilous plants (i.e. they are pollinated by insects) and the flower are usually showy to attract the pollinators.

In the Mimosoideae the flowers are radial symmetric or actinomorphic. In the Caesalpinioideae and Faboideae (see diagram) are most often zygomorphic or bilateral in simmetry.

## Related pages

- Senna (herb)
- Broom (shrub)
- Lupin
- Sophora

## Other websites

- List of genera
Federal Convention (Germany)

The **Bundesversammlung**, or _Federal Convention_, is a special federal body in Germany.

It is made up of all of the members of the Bundestag, plus an equal number of delegates elected by the parliaments of the Länder. Those delegates don't have to be memebers of the Länder parliaments; sometimes celebrities are chosen.

The convention usually has for about 1200 members. The only task of the Bundesversammlung is to elect the Federal President.

## Meeting

The Bundesversammlung is called to meet by the President of the Bundestag, and the President of the Bundestag acts as Chairman of the Bundesversammlung.

The Bundesversammlung meets at least thirty days before the end of the Federal President's term of office ends, in order to elect the next president.  If the Federal President dies or is impeached, the Bundesversammlung meets within 30 days.

## Electing the President

The Bundesversammlung does not hold debates or question any of the candidates for president.
It chooses the next Federal President by an absolute majority vote.  If no-one has an absolute majority on the first and second ballot, then they hold a third ballot, and the winner is the person who has the highest number of votes.
Friedrich Ebert

- _This article is about Friedrich Ebert Senior. For his son, who helped to found the GDR see Friedrich Ebert Jr._

**Friedrich Ebert** (4 February 1871 in Heidelberg – 28 February 1925 in Berlin) was a German politician. He was a part of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). He was Chancellor of Germany and its first president during the Weimar period.

Ebert was a social democrat. He became leader of the SPD in 1913, when the last leader August Bebel died. He was an important part of the German Revolution of 1918–19, and when Germany became a republic he became the first Chancellor. His goal was to make Germany more peaceful. He did this by putting down the Left-wing and Right-wing revolutions, working with the right-wing Freikorps and the left-wing Trade unions.

He was Chancellor until he died on 28 February 1925 from Septic Shock. He is praised for helping the Weimar Republic when it had only just been made, but people also say he was wrong for working with the right-wing, and that it helped Adolf Hitler come to power.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Friedrich Ebert
- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00015, Friedrich Ebert.jpg
- **caption**: Ebert in 1925
- **order**: 1st Reich President, President of Germany
- **term start**: 11 February 1919
- **term end**: 28 February 1925
- **successor**: Hans Luther (acting)
- **order2**: Chancellor of Germany
- **term start2**: 9 November 1918
- **term end2**: 11 February 1919
- **predecessor2**: Prince Maximilian of Baden
- **successor2**: Philipp Scheidemann
- **party**: SPD
Walter Simons

**Walter Simons** (24 September 1861 in Elberfeld - 14 July 1937 in Nowawes) was a German politician. He was president of the German Supreme Court from 1922 to 1929. After the death of Friedrich Ebert in February 1925 he was the second acting president of the Weimar Republic from 12 March 1925 to 12 May 1925 (the first acting president was Hans Luther) when the next president, Paul von Hindenburg, was elected and assumed office.
Full Moon (album)

***Full Moon*** is the third studio album by R&B singer Brandy Norwood. It contains the hit songs like "What About Us", "Another Day In Paradise" and "Full Moon".
U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To)

***U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To) – The Remix EP*** is the first EP by American R&B singer Brandy Norwood, released in 1999. It was released for promotional use only.

## Release

During 1999, her record company, Atlantic Records, released a 9-track remix EP entitled _U Don't Know Me... Like U Used To – The Remix EP_. The album contains remix versions with Da Brat, Ma$e, Fat Joe, Big Pun, Darkchild, DJ Premier and many other artists and producers. The album is seen as a maxi-single so the peak positions are the same as the peak positions of the single. The songs on _U Don't Know Me_ did not have much success with a peak position of #79 on the U.S. Hot 100, 50 in Canada and 25 in the UK. The album's lead single was "U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To) [Remix]".

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To)
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Brandy Norwood, Brandy
- **album**: Never Say Never (Brandy album), Never Say Never
- **released**: September 28, 1999
- **recorded**: 1998July 12, 1999
- **length**: 4:29 <small>(album version)</small>
 4:00 <small>(radio remix)</small>
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **writer**: Brandy Norwood, Rodney Jerkins, Isaac Phillips, Paris Davis, Sean Bryant
- **producer**: Rodney Jerkins
The Boy Is Mine

***The Boy Is Mine*** is an R&B duet song by singers Brandy and Monica. It was written by LaShawn Daniels, Fred Jerkins III, Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins and Brandy Norwood for Norwood's second studio album _Never Say Never_ (1998) but eventually released as the lead single off of both singers' second albums during the second quarter of 1998 (see 1998 in music). Co-produced by Darkchild, Brandy and Dallas Austin, "The Boy Is Mine" has become one of the most successful R&B singles of all time. The song's lyrics tell a story about two women disputing the love of a man and were inspired by Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson's 1982 duet "The Girl Is Mine."

The song was number one on the US _Billboard_ Hot 100 for 13 weeks in a row.  It finished as the second-best performing song of 1998 on that chart.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Boy Is Mine
- **border**: yes
- **artist**: Brandy Norwood, Brandy and Monica (singer), Monica
- **album**: Never Say Never (Brandy album), Never Say Never_ and _The Boy Is Mine (album), The Boy Is Mine
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B
Czech

**Czech** might mean:

- Anything related to the Czech Republic
- The Czech language
- Czechs, a Slavic people
Totalitarianism

**Totalitarianism** is a political system where a government has unlimited control.  In some totalitarian regimes, a dictator holds all of the power; in others, a single political party does. In all cases, the government tries to control every part of its citizens' lives, and individuals have few rights.

Totalitarianism is a type of autocracy, and an extreme form of authoritarianism.

## Description

In a totalitarian government, there are no free and fair elections. If elections are held at all, every candidate must be approved by the government.

Totalitarian regimes do not allow people to criticize the government. They use censorship, physical force, and/or arrests against people who protest.

Events like parades and rallies are common in totalitarian governments. These suggest to the people that the ruling group is in complete control.

Totalitarian governments are like police states, except that their police do not have to follow laws or regulations.

## History

In some places, totalitarianism is as old as history. The Mauryan dynasty of India (c. 321–c. 185 BCE) and the Qin dynasty of China (221–207 BCE) are two early examples. The Zulu Kingdom under chief Shaka (c. 1816–28) is a more recent example.

### Modern examples

During World War II, totalitarian governments existed in Nazi Germany (led by Adolf Hitler); Fascist Italy (led by Benito Mussolini); Spain (under General Francisco Franco); and the Empire of Japan.

Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin led totalitarian regimes in the former Soviet Union. So did Mao Zedong in The People's Republic of China.

In modern times, North Korea (under Kim Jong-Un) is a totalitarian regime. So is Eritrea; Isaias Afwerki has been its only president since 1993.

As of 2023, fifty-nine countries had authoritarian governments. These countries contain 40% of the world's population - two out of every five people on Earth.

### Partial totalitarianism

Other countries have had dictatorships which never reached full totalitarianism. At various times, many Latin American countries have had dictatorships with some aspects of totalitarianism.  Some African countries (like Zimbabwe) have been dictatorships for long periods.

The satire _Nineteen Eighty-Four_ by George Orwell was about a totalitarian society taken to extremes.

## Purpose

Some historians say that authoritarianism "does not attempt to change the world and human nature". Instead, a totalitarian regime attempts to control all aspects of people's lives, including the economy, education, art, science, private life, and its citizens' morals.

## Related pages

- Syria
- Nazism
- Fascism
- Stalinism
- Theocracy
- Adolf Hitler
- Ante Pavelić
- Dictatorship
- Antisemitism
- Communism
- Joseph Stalin
- Khmer Rouge
- Ion Antonescu
- The Holocaust
- Authoritarianism
- Bosnian Genocide
- Cambodian Genocide
Gothic metal

**Gothic metal** is a heavy metal genre. It is fusion of gothic rock, doom metal and death metal.

## Notable bands

- We Are the Fallen
- Evanescence
- Type O Negative
- Moonspell
- Tristania
- Tiamat
- Paradise Lost
- Within Temptation
Lüneburg

**Lüneburg** is a city in Lower Saxony in north Germany.  It is about 50 km southeast of Hamburg. It is the capital of the District of Lüneburg.  About 102,660 people live there.

The Ilmenau River, a tributary of the Elbe, flows through Lüneburg.

In the Middle Ages, it was Principality and the town was very rich due to the salt trade.  Salt used to be transported along the Old Salt Route to the Baltic Sea from where it was sent by ship to other countries.   There were salt mines near the town for a thousand years.  Salt mining stopped in 1980.  The salt mining caused a lot of deforestation.  The countryside changed into heathland which is called the Lüneburger Heide (Lüneburg Heath).

On May 23, 1945, the Nazi war criminal Heinrich Himmler committed suicide in Lüneburg after he had been captured by the British Army. He swallowed a potassium cyanide capsule before his interrogation could begin.

Lüneburg is twinned with Scunthorpe, England.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Lüneburg
- **image photo**: Rathaus2.jpg
- **image caption**: Lüneburg Town Hall
- **image coa**: DEU Lüneburg COA.svg
- **image plan**: Lüneburg in LG.svg
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Lüneburg
- **elevation**: 17
- **area**: 70.34
- **population**: 72057
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 21335–21337–21339
- **area code**: 04131
- **licence**: LG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 3 55 022
- **divisions**: 14 districts
- **mayor**: Ulrich Mädge
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: SPD
Sharon Osbourne

**Sharon Rachel Osbourne** ( **Arden**; born 9 October 1952) is a British music manager, television personality, and talent show judge. Osbourne first became famous on _The Osbournes_ which was a reality show that showed Osbourne and her family in their daily lives.

Sharon was born at Westminster Hospital in London, She is youngest child of Don Arden and Hope Shaw, She have a one brother David.

She has also been a judge on the talent shows _The X Factor_ and _America's Got Talent_. Her autobiography, _Extreme_, which Osbourne wrote about her life, was very successful and has sold 2 million copies.

She has recovered from colorectal cancer. She was married to the rock singer Ozzy Osbourne untill his death, and she has three children with him named Kelly Osbourne, Jack Osbourne and Aimee Osbourne.

## Other websites

- Sharon Osbourne  at itv.com/xfactor
- Sharon Osbourne Website
- Sharon Osbourne biography  at mtv.com
- The Osbournes at mtv.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sharon Osbourne
- **image**: Sharon Osbourne 2, 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Osbourne in 2012
- **birth name**: Sharon Rachel Arden
- **birth place**: Westminster, London, England
- **nationality**: British people, British
- **years active**: 1979–present
- **occupation**: Media personality, music manager, businesswoman,
talk show host, author
- **website**: [http://www.sharonosbourne.com/ SharonOsbourne.com]
- **children**: 3, including Kelly Osbourne, Kelly
- **parents**: Don Arden
Full Moon

**Full Moon** may refer to:

- Full moon, the phase of the moon
- Full Moon (band), a late '70s/early '80s hard rock band
- Full Moon (album), a 2002 album by Brandy Norwood which also includes a song of the same name:
    - Full Moon (song)
- FullMoon, the 4th Sonata Arctica demo under the name Tricky Means.
- _Full Moon_ (manga), (also known as _Full Moon o Sagashite_), a manga and anime series by Arina Tanemura
- A Full Moon Consort, a band from St. Louis
- _Full Moon, Dirty Hearts_, an album by INXS
- Full Moon and Empty Arms, a popular song from 1945
- Full Moon Features, a movie company best known for the _Puppet Master_ series
- Full Moon Fever
- _Full Moon High_, a 1981 horror comedy film
- _Full Moon (Kris Kristofferson album)_
- _Full Moon (Charlie Daniels album)_
- Fullmoon Maple
- _Full Moon (novel)_, a 1947 novel about Blandings Castle by P. G. Wodehouse
- Full Moon Party, a party in Thailand
- _Full Moon (play)_, a play by Reynolds Price
- Full Moon Productions, a black/death metal record label
- Full Moon Records, an American record label
- "Full Moon (short story)", a 1948 story by Georgette Heyer
- Mekhong Full Moon Party, a 2002 movie from Thailand
- Paschal Full Moon
- Until the Full Moon, a manga featuring a half-werewolf/half-vampire
Summertime

**Summertime** means a time in Summer, one of the temperate seasons, and it could also mean:

In **music**:
- "Summertime" (Beyoncé song), a popular song by George Gershwin from the 1935 opera _Porgy and Bess_
- "Summertime" (song)
- "Summertime" (DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince song)
- "Summertime" (Kenny Chesney song)
- "Summertime", a song by Diana Ross from her 1987 album _Red Hot Rhythm & Blues_
- "Summertime", a 1998 single by SKAMP
- "Summer Time", a song by The Pretty Things from the 2000 reissue of their 1970 album _Parachute_
- "Summertime", a song by Bon Jovi from their 2007 album _Lost Highway_
- _Summertime_ EP, an EP by The Subways
- _Summertime_ (Joe Locke & Geoffrey Keezer Quartet album)
- _Summertime_ (Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass album), a 1971 album by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass

In **movie, television, and theatre**:
- _Summertime_ (movie), a 1955 movie starring Katharine Hepburn
- _L'Heure D'été_ (movie) (English: _Summertime_), a 2007 French movie starring Juliette Binoche
- _Summertime_ (TV), a 1997 Irish television movie short
- _Summertime_ (cartoon), a 1934 cartoon by Ub Iwerks, featured on an episode of _Pee-wee's Playhouse_
- _Summertime_, a play by Ugo Betti

In **timekeeping**:
- Summer Time, advancing the clock one hour during summer, in American English known as daylight saving time
Listen

**Listen** could mean:
- Listen Media Player
- A **listen server**, a type of game server
- Project LISTEN, developing speech recognition reading tutorial software

### Albums

- Listen (album) - by A Flock of Seagulls, 1983
- Listen (Jordan Rudess album) - by Jordan Rudess, 1993
- Listen  - by Michelle Tumes, 1998
- Listen: The Very Best Of - by Herbs, 2002
- Listen (TQ album) - by Terrance Quaites, 2004
- Listen (C21 album) - by C21, 2004
- Listen... - by Monkey Gone Mad, 2005

### Songs

- Listen (song) - by Beyoncé, 2006
- Listen!!! - by Talib Kweli, 2006
Brandenburg Gate

The **Brandenburg Gate** is the only remaining town gate in Berlin, Germany. It was built between 1788 and 1791.

## Location

The Brandenburg Gate is located between the Platz des 18. März and the Pariser Platz. To the north is the Reichstag building. During the Cold War, the Reichstag was located in West Berlin, while the Brandenburger Tor in East Berlin.

## Structure

The Brandenburg Gate has twelve columns: six on the entrance side and six on the exit. The columns form five roadways. Citizens were originally allowed to use only the outer two, while the central roadway was reserved for royal officials. Admiralty Arch in London is similar.

### The Quadriga

In 1793, Johann Gottfried Schadow placed a bronze sculpture called the Quadriga on top of the gate. It depicts Victoria, the Roman goddess of victory, carrying a peace symbol and driving a horse-drawn chariot (called a quadriga). The sculpture was meant to symbolize peace entering the city.

### Napoleon's era

In 1806, during the First French Empire, Napoleon's army defeated Prussia at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt. After the victory, Napoleon stole the Quadriga and took it to Paris. When Prussian forces defeated Napoleon in 1814, Prussian General Ernst von Pfuel occupied Paris and took the Quadriga back to Berlin. The sculpture's olive wreath was changed to an Iron Cross, and the Goddess Viktoria became Nike, the goddess of victory.

### World War II

When the Nazis came to power, they used the Brandenburg Gate as a symbol. They included the symbol in a lot of their propaganda. Allied bombings targeted the Brandenburg Gate because it was a highly visible and important symbol of Nazi power. It was badly damaged, but not destroyed.  After the war, it was restored by the governments of East Berlin and West Berlin.

### Berlin Wall

When the Berlin Wall was built in 1961, the Brandenburg Gate was closed because it was in the middle of the death strip. In 1963, when U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited it, the Soviets hung large banners across the gate to prevent him from seeing into East Germany. In the 1980s West Berlin mayor Richard von Weizsäcker said:

In 1987, U.S. President Ronald Reagan gave his famous speech "Tear down this wall!" outside of the gate.

#### Fall of Berlin Wall

In 1989, the Berlin Wall was torn down. West and East Germany were reunified the following year under President Richard von Weizsäcker. On the 22nd of December 1989, West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl walked to the Brandenburg Gate to be greeted by East German Prime Minister Hans Modrow, officially reopening the gate and the pathway between East and West Germany. After that, the Brandenburg Gate symbolized the freedom to unite the City of Berlin.

## Post-Cold War

Between 2000 and 2002, the Brandenburg Gate was privately refurbished.
Languages of the Caucasus

The **languages of the Caucasus** are languages spoken by more than ten million people in the Caucasus region of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.

Some of those language families have no known members outside the Caucasus area. The term **Caucasian languages** may mean either only those families or all languages that are historically spoken in that area.

## Other websites

- Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European  by V. V. Ivanov
- An overview of languages of the Caucasus
Giuseppe Piazzi

**Giuseppe Piazzi** (July 7, 1746 – July 22, 1826) was an Italian astronomer who was famous for discovering the asteroid, now dwarf planet _Ceres_.