juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Free software movement

The **free software movement** is a software movement which aims to improve the user's rights on software and reducing proprietary (non-free) software through the use of operating systems such as Ubuntu. The movement is generally signified through open source software such as Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, FileZilla and open source operating systems such as Linux and ReactOS. The movement is against non-free software that restricts the user's rights. Examples of non-free software include Microsoft Windows, Adobe Acrobat and UltraEdit.

The word 'free' is ambiguous in English. Here, it means 'free as in freedom', not 'free as a gift'. _It does not mean that the software is available at no cost_. An example is, "think of free speech, not free beer."

## Related pages

- Free Software Foundation
- GNU General Public License
- Linux
- Mozilla Firefox
How to Save a Life

***How to Save a Life*** is a studio album by The Fray. The album was released in September of 2005. Singles include "How to Save a Life", "Over My Head (Cable Car)", "All at Once", and "Look After You". It was recorded in Bloomington, Indiana, a small city around 50 miles outside of Indianapolis.

## Singles Discography

- 2005 - "Over My Head (Cable Car)"
- 2006 - "How to Save a Life"
- 2007 - "Look After You"
- 2007 - "All at Once"

## Other Albums

<small>Other albums related to _How to Save a Life_ include:</small>
- 2002 - _Movement EP_
- 2003 - _Reason EP_

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: _How to Save a Life_
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: The Fray
- **released**: September 13, 2005 <small>(US)</small>
April 20, 2007 <small>(Europe)</small>
April 21, 2007 <small>(Australia)</small>
April 23, 2007 <small>(UK)</small>
- **recorded**: Echo Park Studios: 2004 - 2005
- **genre**: Piano rock, pop rock
- **length**: 45:49
- **label**: Epic Records
- **producer**: Aaron Johnson (musician), Aaron Johnson, Mike Flynn
- **prev title**: Reason EP
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: Live at the Electric Factory: Bootleg No. 1
- **next year**: 2006
How to Save a Life (song)

"**How to Save a Life**" is an alternative rock song off the album by The Fray called _How to Save a Life_. The single contains various music videos. "How to Save a Life" was written by Isaac Slade and Joe King.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: How to Save a Life
- **artist**: The Fray
- **album**: How to Save a Life
- **released**: July 4, 2006
- **recorded**: 2004
- **genre**: Alternative rock, piano rock, ballad (music), ballad
- **length**: 4:23 (album version) 3:58 (single hit version)
- **label**: Epic Records
- **writer**: Isaac Slade, Joe King (guitarist), Joe King
- **producer**: Mike Flynn, Aaron Johnson
- **prev title**: Over My Head (Cable Car)
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: Look After You
- **next year**: 2007
Mount Chimborazo

**Mount Chimborazo** is a mountain and an extinct volcano in Ecuador. It is located in the Chimborazo Province. Its last eruption is thought to have been over a thousand years ago. It is the tallest mountain in Ecuador, measuring at 6263 meters above sea level.

The top of Mount Chimborazo is the farthest away from the centre of the Earth as is possible to get on land. Although Mount Everest is higher, Chimborazo is farther from Earth's center because the earth bulges at the equator.
OpenOffice Draw

**OpenOffice Draw** is a vector graphics editor and is part of the OpenOffice office suite. It has "connectors" between shapes, that are available in many types of line styles and allow people to build drawings such as flowchart. It also includes many features found in desktop publishing software.

OpenOffice users can also install the Open Clip Art Library, which adds a lot of flags, logos, icons and banners for general presentation and drawing projects. Linux distributions Debian and Ubuntu also have ready-to-use _openclipart_ packages for easy download and install from their online software repositories.

Released under the terms of the Apache License, Draw is free software.

## Related pages

- LibreOffice
- Microsoft Publisher
- Scribus
- Scalable Vector Graphics
- Open Clip Art Library
- OpenOffice.org

## Other websites

- Draw information page
    - Graphics Applications Project
    - Draw FAQ
- User resources at OOo Wiki

### How to use Draw

- OOo2.0 Draw Guide (6.5MB PDF)
- How-to: Get to Grips with OpenOffice.org Draw (PDF, free download from official How-tos)
- Sample Reference Card  for OpenOffice.org Draw 2.0 made by cluesheets.com
- OpenOffice.org Draw Templates for designing and drawing labels
- OpenOffice Custom Shapes, a repository of custom shapes you can use with OpenOffice Draw
- Clker online clipart, offers public domain images in ODG & SVG format, directly usable by openoffice

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Apache OpenOffice Draw
- **logo**: AOO 4.1.6 Draw.png
- **screenshot**: Aoo draw 3.4.png
- Screenshot of OpenOffice.org Draw
- **caption**: OpenOffice.org Draw 3.4
- **developer**: **StarOffice**
StarDivision (1984–1999)
**OpenOffice.org**
Sun Microsystems (1999–2010)
Oracle Corporation (2010–2011)
**Apache OpenOffice**
Apache Software Foundation (2011—)
- **status**: Active
- **latest release version**: 4.1.16
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows
 Mac OS X
 Linux
 Berkeley Software Distribution, BSD
 Unix
- **platform**: Cross-platform
- **genre**: Drawing
- **license**: GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL version 3 (OpenOffice.org 2 Beta 2 and earlier are dual-licensing, dual-licensed under the Sun Industry Standards Source License, SISSL and LGPL)
Apache License 2.0 (Apache OpenOffice 3.4 and later)
- **website**: [http://www.openoffice.org/product/draw.html www.openoffice.org]
OpenOffice Math

**OpenOffice Math** is a tool for creating and editing mathematical formulas, similar to  Microsoft Equation Editor and is part of the OpenOffice office suite. The created formulas can then be put into other OpenOffice.org documents, for example, those created by Writer. It allows multiple fonts and can export to PDF.

Released under the terms of the Apache License, Math is free software.

## Related pages

- OpenOffice.org
- LibreOffice
- Microsoft Equation Editor

## Other websites

- Product information page from the OpenOffice.org website
- Official FAQ from the OpenOffice.org website
- Formula Reference and How-to from the official How-to documentation
- - includes lots of examples of how to use OOMath

### Related Applications

- Dmaths is a Math enhancement package for OpenOffice.org licensed under GPL.
- OOoLateX is a set of OpenOffice.org macros designed to integrate LaTeX equations (OOoForum discussion )

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Apache OpenOffice Math
- **logo**: OOoMath.png
- **screenshot**: Aoo math 3.4.png
- **caption**: OpenOffice.org Math 3.4
- **developer**: **StarOffice**
StarDivision (1984–1999)
**OpenOffice.org**
Sun Microsystems (1999–2010)
Oracle Corporation (2010–2011)
**Apache OpenOffice**
Apache Software Foundation (2011—)
- **status**: Active
- **latest release version**: 3.4.1
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux
- **genre**: Formula editor
- **license**: GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL version 3 (OpenOffice.org 2 Beta 2 and earlier are dual-licensing, dual-licensed under the Sun Industry Standards Source License, SISSL and LGPL)
Apache License 2.0 (Apache OpenOffice 3.4 and later)
- **website**: [http://www.openoffice.org/product/math.html www.openoffice.org]
Tony Lazzeri

**Anthony Michael Lazzeri** (December 6, 1903 – August 6, 1946) was a Major League Baseball player, mostly for the New York Yankees. He is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame. He won the World Series with the Yankees in 1927, 1928, 1932, 1936, and 1937.
Revolution Studios

**Revolution Studios** is a Los Angeles-based independent movie and television production company. It was founded on January 12, 2000 by Joe Roth. The company closed in 2007. In 2017, the company returned to production of movies with their release _XXX: Return of Xander Cage_.
Nose-picking

**Nose-picking** is the act of sticking a finger into the nose and digging inside. It is a taboo subject in most countries. It is considered to be very gross and disgusting despite being a very common habit. Nose-picking can also cause nose bleeds. Some people also eat boogers, which can be even more disgusting. If someone is seen picking their nose, it can be very embarrassing.

## Other websites

- BBC home: The Truth About Nose-picking
- Toddlers and Nose Picking
- (In fact) Nose-picking favorite occupation of the Dutch  (March 2007)  Translated version
- Another article on same topic  (August 2008)  Translated version
- For an elaborate spoof, see "Nose-picking in the Pongidae and Its Implication for Human Evolution", said to be from the _American Journal of Nasal Anatomy_, (1987)

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Nose-picking
- **image**: Nose picking in progress.jpg
- **caption**: A man picking his nose
Adiabatic process

An **adiabatic process** is a thermodynamic process where a fluid becomes warmer or cooler without getting heat from, or giving it to, something else. Usually the temperature instead changes because of changes in pressure.

Adiabatic cooling is the usual cause of cloud<nowiki/>s. When warm, humid air rises due to convection or other cause, water condenses to make clouds, and in some cases precipitation.  Convection also causes  cold air to sink. This warms it adiabatically, often destroying a cloud and sometimes causing any precipitation to evaporate before hitting the ground.

## Description

If we take some fluids in an insulated system and expand or compress the system very fast, the system won't be able to gain or loose any heat (from outside of the system). (In reality, you can't get a perfectly insulated system. But in some cases, the heat transfer is so low that we can call them adiabatic process.)

From the first law of thermodynamics, we know that,

Here,  is the change of internal energy;  is the change of heat and  is the change of work.

Since there occurs no heat transfer in adiabatic process, the  becomes 0. So, for adiabatic process, the equation is,

Again, we know that .**(;; ;** so, **)**

Here,  is volume;  is force;  is pressure;  is the area and  is the distance.

So, the equation stands as,

Which means, by doing work (changing volume), one can change the internal energy (and so the temperature) in a adiabatic process.

## Adiabatic process for ideal gas (for reversible adiabatic process)

In the case of Adiabatic process (see the upper section),

Again, in constant volume, the heat capacity of **one mole** gas is,

Here,  is the change of temperature and  is the temperature।

But, in constant volume (as no work is done),

So,

From the first (1) equation,

Now, the Ideal gas law for one mole gas is,

Here,  is the gas constant.

By differentiating the last equation,

Or,

Now from equation (2), we get,

Since,  (Mayer's relation),

Here,  is the heat capacity of gas at constant pressure.

Simplifying the equation (3),

If,
- ,
Then,

By dividing both sides of the equation (4) with  we get,

Integrating (Integration leaves a constant) the equation (5),

If we assume that,
- ,

We get,

Simplifying the equation (6),

This is the relation between pressure and volume in adiabatic process.
Oklahoma Land Run

The **Land Rush of 1889**, also known as the **Oklahoma Land Run**, was the first land run into the Unassigned Lands of Oklahoma.
Five Civilized Tribes

The **Five Civilized Tribes** is the term applied to five Native American nations, the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, considered civilized by white settlers during that time period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.
Anadarko, Oklahoma

**Anadarko** is the county seat of Caddo County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 5,745 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Anadarko, Oklahoma
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "Indian Capital of the Nation"
- **image skyline**: Downtown Anadarko, Oklahoma.JPG
- **image caption**: Downtown Anadarko, Oklahoma
- **image map**: OKMap-doton-Anadarko.PNG
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Anadarko, Oklahoma
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Oklahoma
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Oklahoma, County
- **subdivision name2**: Caddo County, Oklahoma, Caddo
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 18.59
- **area land km2**: 18.40
- **area water km2**: 0.19
- **area total sq mi**: 7.18
- **area land sq mi**: 7.11
- **area water sq mi**: 0.07
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 5745
- **population density km2**: 312.20
- **population density sq mi**: 808.59
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1178
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 73005
- **area codes**: Area codes 405 and 572, 405/572
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 40-02050
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2409703
- **website**: [http://www.cityofanadarko.org/ City Website]
Petroleum industry

The **petroleum industry** includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol).
Cyrus Avery

**Cyrus Stevens Avery** (1871–1963) was known as the "Father of Route 66".  He created the route while a member of the federal board appointed to create the Federal Highway System, then pushed for the establishment of the U.S. Highway 66 Association to pave and promote the highway.
U.S. Route 66

**U.S. Route 66** (also known as **Route 66**, **U.S. Highway 66**, **The Main Street of America**, **The Mother Road** and the **Will Rogers Highway**) was a highway in the U.S. Highway System. One of the original U.S. highways, Route 66 was established on November 11, 1926.  However, road signs did not go up until the following year. The famous highway originally ran from Chicago, Illinois, through the U.S. states of Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California, before ending at Los Angeles, running a total of . It was replaced by freeways starting in the 1950s and stopped being a highway in 1985.

## Other websites

- Official Website of Historic Route 66 (National Scenic Byway) in Illinois
- Route 66 : From Chicago to California

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: USA
- **header type**: historic
- **type**: US
- **route**: 66
- **alternate name**: Will Rogers Memorial Highway
- **map custom**: yes
- **length mi**: 2448
- **tourist**:  Historic Route 66
- **direction a**: West
- **direction b**: East
- **section0**: Major intersections (in 1947)
- **terminus a**: in Santa Monica, California, Santa Monica, Cal.
- **terminus b**: in Chicago, Chicago, Ill.
- **states**: California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois
Kata

**Kata** (型, 形 means: "the form") is a Japanese word which is used in some martial arts and theatre (as kabuki). In karate, this word describes a simulation of combat—the sequence of movements—which is given in detail and is trained individually or in group. Before learning it, the martial artist has to try the training of basic technique called _kihon_.

Such simulation represents a sequence of movements, the attack and the defence in an imagined combat. Every attack must be made as if there were an opponent in front of the karateka (the karate fighter) in order to reach him, and every defence must be made as if the opponent attacked in a real situation of danger. Every movement has an interpretation. The karateka has to show the consideration for its timing and ability to use it.

The goal of the _kata_ is help in the development of the qualities and the abilities both psychological and of the body. These abilities are necessary for the real combat.
Punch

**Punch** might mean:
- Punch (strike), to strike with the fist
- Punch (drink), a beverage made with fruit juice
VM (disambiguation)

**VM** is an abbreviation that may stand for:

- VM Corporation, a manufacturer of audio equipment
- VM Motori, a manufacturer of engines
- VM (operating system), IBM's virtual machine operating system
- VM (nerve agent) (NATO designation), a chemical weapon agent
- _Veronica Mars_, a TV series
- Viaggio Air (IATA airline designator VG)
- Vietnam (FIPS 10-4 and NATO obsolete country code VM)
- Virgin Media, a major cable provider in the United Kingdom.
- Virgin Mobile, a mobile phone service, a division of Virgin Media
- Virtual machine
- Virtual memory
- Virtuti Militari
- Voicemail
- Voynich manuscript
- When used in an aircraft squadron callsign it denotes fixed wing aircraft in the United States Marine Corp.
- It is also the extension for Apache Velocity files.
- Variola major, smallpox
- Vasthy Mompoint, a Broadway actress
- Väike-Maarja, Estonia
- Virgin Media
- Vermont
Virtual machine

A **virtual machine** is a program on a computer that works like a separate computer inside the main computer.  The program that controls virtual machines is called a hypervisor, and the computer that is running the virtual machine is called the host.  The hypervisor controls how the virtual machine can access memory, hard drive space, and other resources on the host computer.  Virtual machines can be created through software known as virtualization software (such as VMware Workstation and VirtualBox).

There are many reasons to run a virtual machine:
- It is a simple way to run more than one operating system on the same computer.
- A very powerful server can be split into several smaller virtual machines to use its resources better.
- It can help with security.  If the virtual machine is affected by a virus, the host operating system is unaffected.
- A virtual machine can be completely emulated, as with Java. This lets a program run on different types of computer without having to be converted into a code specific for it. They can communicate even though the programming languages are not the same.

## Related pages

- Grid computing: many computers work together to work like a "virtual supercomputer"
GNewSense

**gNewSense** is a free software-only Debian based distro. The project aims to contain only free software in their distribution.

## Related pages

- Ubuntu

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: gNewSense
- **screenshot**: File:GNewSense screenshot.png
- **caption**: gNewSense 2.1 Live CD
- **family**: Unix-like
- **working state**: Discontinued
- **website**: [http://www.gnewsense.org www.gnewsense.org]
- **first release date**: October 25 2001
- **first release url**: http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/gnewsense-users/2008-08/msg00069.html
- **release version**: 3.0
- **release date**: Tue, 6 Aug 2013
- **release url**: http://lists.nongnu.org/archive/html/gnewsense-users/2013-08/msg00004.html
- **source model**: Open source
- **license**: Exclusively free software licenses
- **kernel type**: Monolithic kernel, Monolithic (Linux-libre)
Melon-headed whale

The **Melon-headed Whale** (_Peponocephala electra_) is a mammal of the oceanic dolphin family.

It is closely related to the Pygmy Killer Whale and the Pilot Whale. These dolphin species are known by the common name "Blackfish". The Melon-headed Whale is widespread throughout the world's tropical waters, although it is not often seen by humans because it prefers to live in deep water.
Nilgai

The **Nilgai** (_Boselaphus tragocamelus_) is an antelope found in Asia. It commonly seen in India, Bangladesh, Nepal and eastern Pakistan. The mature males appear ox-like and are also known as **blue bulls**. The nilgai is the biggest Asian antelope.

The species was described in 1766.
Boys Like Girls

**Boys Like Girls** is an American alternative-pop rock band formed in Boston. In 2006 Boys Like Girls's self-titled first album was released. They are mostly famous for the songs "Thunder", "Hero/Heroine", "Five Minutes to Midnight", and "The Great Escape".

## Members of _Boys Like Girls_

**Current members**
- Martin Johnson – lead vocals, rhythm guitar <small>(2005–present)</small>
- Paul DiGiovanni – lead guitar, backing vocals <small>(2005–present)</small>
- Morgan Dorr – bass guitar, backing vocals <small> (2011–present)</small>
- John Keefe –  drums, percussion <small>(2005–present)</small>
**Former members**
- Bryan Donahue – bass guitar, backing vocals <small>(2005–2011)</small>

### Albums

- 2006 - _Boys Like Girls_
- 2009 - _Love Drunk_
- 2012: _Crazy World_

### Singles

- 2006 - _The Great Escape_
- 2007 - _Hero/Herione_
- 2008 - _Thunder_
- 2009 - _Love Drunk_
- 2009 - _Two Is Better Than One_ (featuring Taylor Swift)
- 2010 - _Heart Heart Heartbreak_
- 2012 - _Be Your Everything_
- 2012 - _Life of the Party_
- 2013 - _Red Cup, Hands Up, Long Brown Hair_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Boys Like Girls
- **image**: Boys like girls 2009.jpg
- **caption**: Boys Like Girls performing at Mount Snow in 2009
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Andover, Massachusetts, United States
- **genre**: Pop punk, alternative rock, power pop
- **years active**: 2005 – present
- **associated acts**: Fake ID/The Drive, The Bends, Lancaster, All Time Low, Hey Monday, Highlight Of The Night, Stuperfly, Stereo Skyline, We the Kings, Taylor Swift, Good Charlotte, The Ready Set, VersaEmerge, Hedley (band), Hedley, Stereos, Early Morning Blues
- **label**: Sony Music/Columbia Records, Columbia, RED Distribution, Red Ink
- **website**: [http://www.boyslikegirls.com/ www.boyslikegirls.com]
- **current members**: Martin Johnson (musician), Martin Johnson
Paul DiGiovanni
Morgan Dorr
John Keefe
- **past members**: Bryan Donahue
Helenus

**Helenus** is a person in Greek mythology.

Helenus was the son of King Priam and Queen Hecuba of Troy. His twin sister was Cassandra.
Kikones

The **Kikones** or **Cicones** were a tribe of Thracians. They lived in the area which is now in Greece and Turkey.

At the time of Odysseus their stronghold was the city of Ismara (or _Ismarus_), near Mount Ismara, on the south coast of Thrace.
Novell

**Novell Inc.** () is a global software corporation based in the United States specializing in enterprise operating systems such as SUSE Linux Enterprise and Novell NetWare; identity, security and systems management solutions; and collaboration solutions. Together with WordPerfect, Novell was instrumental in making the Utah Valley a focus for high-technology software development. Today this area has many small companies whose employees have previously worked at Novell.

## Related pages

- Red Hat Linux
- openSUSE

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Novell Inc.
- **company logo**: Novell.svg
- **company type**: Public ()
- **foundation**: Provo, Utah (1983)
- **location city**: Waltham, Massachusetts, Waltham, Massachusetts, MA
- **location country**: USA
- **key people**: Ron Hovsepian, CEO and President
 John Dragoon, Senior Vice President, CMO
Dana Russell, Senior Vice President, CFO
- **num employees**: 4,100 (2008)
- **industry**: Software
- **products**: Novell eDirectory
Novell Open Enterprise Server
SUSE Linux Enterprise Server
Novell NetWare
SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop
Novell GroupWise
Novell ZENworks
Novell Identity Manager
Novell Access Manager
Novell exteNd
 Novell BorderManager
 PlateSpin Forge, PowerConvert and PowerRecon
- **revenue**: United States dollar, US$932.5 10000000 (number), million (Fiscal year, 2007)
- **operating income**: US$55.8 million (2007)
 (-6.0% operating margin)
- **net income**: US$44.5 million (2007)
 (-4.7% profit margin)
Continental climate

**Continental climate** is a climate that is characterized by winter temperatures cold enough to support a fixed period of snow cover each year, and is not arid or semi-arid. Summers are hot or warm.

In the Köppen climate classification, this climate is split into _Dfa_ (hot summer, no dry season), _Dfb_ (warm summer, no dry season), _Dwa_ (hot summer, dry winter), _Dwb_ (warm summer, dry winter), _Dsa_ (hot dry summer) and _Dsb_ (warm dry summer).

## Cities with a continental climate

Dfa cities include Chicago, Volgograd or Toronto.

Dfb cities include Warsaw, Moscow or Montreal.

Dsa cities include Salt Lake City or Bishkek.

Dsb cities include Helsinki or Spokane.

Dwa cities include Beijing or Seoul.

Dwb cities include Vladivostok or Calgary.
American Indoor Soccer League

The **American Indoor Soccer League** or **AISL** originally considered itself a minor indoor soccer league. In the 2005-06 season, they recognized themselves as a major soccer league.

## Infobox (sports league)

- **current season**: 2007-08 AISL season
- **sport**: Indoor Soccer
- **pixels**: 92px
- **founded**: 2003
- **teams**: 3
- **champion**: Rockford Rampage
U.S. Highway 66 Association

The **U.S. Highway 66 Association** was organized in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1927.  Its purpose was to get U.S. Highway 66 paved from end to end and to promote tourism on the highway.
Cultural heritage

**Cultural heritage**, often called "national heritage" or just "heritage", is the legacy of tangible artifacts and intangible attributes, activities or events of a group or society that are left by past generations.

## Related pages

- Archaeological site
- Architecture
- Conservation (art)
Storm Prediction Center

The **Storm Prediction Center** (SPC), in Norman, Oklahoma, is part of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. The Storm Prediction Center issues outlooks daily to notify citizens of severe weather.
Tribal chief

A traditional **tribal chief** is the leader of a tribe, or the head of a tribal form of government. A tribal chief is also called a **Chieftain**.
Dust Bowl

The **"Dust Bowl"** is a phrase that is used to describe prairie regions of the United States and Canada in the 1930s. The Dust Bowl spread from Saskatchewan and Manitoba, in the north, all the way to Oklahoma and parts of Texas and New Mexico, in the south. In those areas, there were many serious dust storms and droughts, which caused major damage to the local economies, ecology, and agriculture.

The Dust Bowl was the worst artificial disaster in US history. Many dust storms happened for years. It was also suffered by many Canadians and probably by many Mexicans.

## Causes

The people who lived in the Dust Bowl area were mostly farmers. Many years of intensive farming without rain had left the soil dry. When strong winds blew, they covered cities, towns, and farms in dried, dusty soil and ruined the farmland.

## Effects

One famous storm on April 14, 1935, called "Black Sunday," was so strong that it covered dozens of cities in black clouds of dust and made it impossible to see the sky or even a few feet ahead.  The writer Timothy Egan stated that the Black Sunday storm "carried away twice as much dirt as was dug out of the earth to create the Panama Canal."

The Dust Bowl is still considered one of the worst environmental disasters in US history. Many thousands of people died from breathing in the dust or from starvation. Many of those who survived lost everything they had and left the Dust Bowl to look for work in other parts of the country; they were called "Dust Bowl refugees."

In the days of the bison, grass was anchored into the ground, and its leaves were eaten. With farming, the plants were dug up wholescale.

The seriousness of the disaster later led to greater use of crop rotation, reforesting and other techniques to preserve the quality and quantity of topsoil in American and Canadian farms. Many songs, books, and works of art were created to tell stories of the people affected by the dust storms. Some of the most famous works are the novels _The Grapes of Wrath_ and _Of Mice and Men_ by John Steinbeck; the songs of the folk music singer Woody Guthrie; and the photography of Dorothea Lange, who took pictures of many Dust Bowl refugees and their families.
Passionfruit

The **Passionfruit** (also spelled **passion fruit**) is a small, spherical fruit. It is purple when ripe, and green when not ripe.  The fruit contains many small, black seeds covered with the fruit's flesh. It is tart and sweet. The seeds can be eaten on their own or used for various cooking recipes. Passion fruit is not a very common fruit in England. In Venezuela, the juice of passionfruits are common drinks.
Mosasaur

**Mosasaurs** were large, predatory marine reptiles of the Late Cretaceous. The first fossil mosasaur, _Mosasaurus hoffmanni_, was found in the Netherlands in 1776.<sup>p7</sup> It was named in 1822 by W.D. Conybeare.

For the last 20 million years of the Cretaceous period after the extinction of the ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs, mosasaurs became the dominant marine predators. They became extinct at the K-Pg event at the end of the Cretaceous period, about 66 million years ago.

## Discovery and interpretation

The first specimen was found in a chalk quarry in Maastricht, Holland. It was found by a German army surgeon, Johann Hoffmann, who collected fossils for the Haarlem Museum.  During a struggle for ownership, the skeletal parts went to the museum, whilst the skull stayed with the owner of the land, who refused to let anyone see it.

The true identity of the monster was explained by Georges Cuvier. In 1795 French troops were outside Maastricht, and Cuvier arranged for the large skull to be saved when they stormed the town.

## Habitat

Thousands of fossils have been found, from every continent. There are about 40 known species. Most skeletons have been found in North America in chalk laid down in the Western Interior Seaway.

An interesting fact is that ichthyosaurs had died out by the middle of the Upper Cretaceous, and plesiosaurs and sea-going crocodiles were in decline. The reasons for this are not known. It is this large marine predator niche that mosasaurs occupied.  They flourished in the later Cretaceous, only to become extinct at the K/T extinction event.

## Size

The type species was estimated to be 33' (10m) long. The famous _Mosasaurus_ had four paddle-like limbs on a long, streamlined body and a long, powerful tail. The large head had huge jaws, up to 4 ft (1.2 m long) with many teeth. The jaws could open about 3 feet (1 m). The lower jaw is loosely hinged to the skull with a moveable joint on each side (behind the teeth). This loose joint let it swallow huge prey. They would have hunted fish, turtles, molluscs, and shellfish. Ammonites have been found bearing mosasaur teeth marks.

The smallest-known mosasaur was _Carinodens_, which was about  to  long and probably lived in shallow waters near shore, cracking molluscs and sea urchins with its bulbous teeth. Larger mosasaurs were more typical: mosasaurs ranged in size up to . A _Hainosaurus_ holds the record for longest mosasaur, at .

The large size of mosasaurs, like whales, meant they were more likely to be warm-blooded than cold-blooded.

## Other genera

Many other genera of mosasaur have since been found, for example, _Tylosaurus_. _Mosasaurus maximus_ was found at Onion Creek, Texas. All have the same general body style and pattern of life, though some, like _Prognathodon_, had crushing teeth for dealing with shellfish. Present thought is that their closest living relatives are the monitors.

## Popular mosasaurs

Some of the most famous mosasaurs are _Tylosaurus_, _Prognathodon_ and _Mosasaurus_.

## References

kk:Мозазаврлар
Nevermind

***Nevermind*** is the second studio album by the American rock band, Nirvana. It was released on September 24, 1991 by DGC Records. It was produced by Butch Vig and was the first release by the band on the record label. It was also the first release with drummer Dave Grohl.

Even though it wasn't thought to have been very popular before its release, _Nevermind_ was a very big success. On January 11, 1992, it had reached number one on the US _Billboard_ 200.  The main single, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" was very successful and reached number six on the _Billboard_ Hot 100. The three other singles were: "Come as You Are", "Lithium", and "In Bloom". _Nevermind_ was selling up to 300,000 copies a week between 1991 and 1992.

_Nevermind_ has sold over 30 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums ever. _Nevermind_ helped to make both grunge music and alternative rock popular. It has been known as one of the greatest albums of all time.

## Background

Nirvana was a rock band from Aberdeen, Washington, formed by Kurt Cobain (vocals and guitar) and Krist Novoselic (bass guitar) in 1987. They first signed to the Seattle record label Sub Pop. The band released their first album on this label called _Bleach_ in 1989 with Chad Channing on drums. Channing left Nirvana after this album in 1990, and the band needed a drummer. After seeing punk band Scream, Cobain and Novoselic liked the drumming by Dave Grohl. When Scream broke up after this, Grohl joined Nirvana as the drummer.

During the start of the 1990s, Sub Pop was having a difficult time with money. Because of this, Nirvana looked for a new record label. They ended up signing with DGC Records

## Title and cover

The first name for the album before its release was _Sheep_. This came from the kind of people Cobain thought were going to buy the album (sheep is a word meaning someone who does what other people do). The title was later changed to _Nevermind_ as it was what Cobain thought about bad things in his life.

The album cover of _Nevermind_ shows a naked baby (Spencer Elden) swimming underwater with a U.S. dollar bill on a fishhook. This is just out of the baby's reach. Cobain wanted to have a photo of a water birth on the cover but the record label wouldn't let him.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Nevermind
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Nirvana (band), Nirvana
- **recorded**: May 2–28, 1991
June 1-9, 1991 (mixing)
April 1990
- **length**: 42:36 (59:15 w/ hidden track)
- **label**: DGC Records, DGC
- **producer**: * Butch Vig
* Nirvana
- **prev title**: Blew
- **prev year**: 1989
- **next title**: Nevermind It's an Interview
- **next year**: 1992
Timothy McVeigh

**Timothy James McVeigh** (April 23, 1968 – June 11, 2001) was a United States Army veteran and security guard who bombed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City. He was convicted of 11 United States federal offenses, and was sentenced to death and executed for his role in the April 19, 1995 bombing.  Immediately prior to his execution, McVeigh observed the Last Rites with a Catholic priest.

## Infobox (mass murderer)

- **name**: Timothy McVeigh
- **image**: McVeigh mugshot.jpg
- **image size**: 155px
- **caption**: FBI mugshot of McVeigh in 1995.
- **birth name**: Timothy James McVeigh
- **birth place**: Lockport (city), New York, Lockport, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Federal Correctional Complex, Terre Haute, USP Terre Haute in Terre Haute, Indiana, U.S.
- **death cause**: lethal injection, Execution by lethal injection
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **conviction status**: Capital punishment, Executed
- **partners**: Terry Nichols
Michael and Lori Fortier, Michael Fortier
- **date**: April 19, 1995
- **time**: 9:02 a.m. (Central Time Zone (North America)#Central Daylight Time, CDT)
- **targets**: Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, housing Federal government
- **fatalities**: 168
- **injuries**: 680+
- **weapon**: Ammonium nitrate and nitromethane truck bomb
- **alias**: Tim Tuttle
Darel Bridges
Robert Kling
- **motive**: Anti-government sentiment
Retaliation for the Ruby Ridge, Waco siege, other government raids and Foreign policy of the United States, U.S. foreign policy
- **conviction**: Use of a weapon of mass destruction
Conspiracy (crime), Conspiracy use of a weapon of mass destruction
 Destructive use of explosives or incendiary devices
 8 counts of first-degree murder of 8 federal law enforcement officers
- **penalty**: Capital punishment, Death (August 1997 1997)
- **occupation**: United States Army, U.S. Army veteran, security guard
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building

The **Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building** was a United States Federal Government complex at 200 N.W. 5th Street in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Murrah building was opened in 1977. It was the target of the Oklahoma City bombing on April 19, 1995 which damaged the building very badly. It was later imploded and turned into a Memorial.
Conviction

In law, a **conviction** is the verdict that results when a court of law finds a defendant guilty of a crime. The opposite of a conviction is an acquittal (i.e. "not guilty"). A **minor conviction** is a warning conviction, and it does not affect the defendant but does serve as a warning. In Scotland there can also be a verdict of "not proven", which counts as an acquittal. A convicted person is also called a convict.

## Related pages

- Convicted (disambiguation)
Oklahoma City bombing

The **Oklahoma City bombing** was a terrorist attack on April 19, 1995 on the U.S. government. The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States, was attacked by Timothy McVeigh. The truck bombing destroyed much of the building. As a result, it had to be torn down. McVeigh and Terry Nichols exploded a truck bomb, killing 168 people and hurting 850 people. It was the most deadly terrorist attack in the US until the September 11 attacks six years later. The bombing caused $652 million in damage to the building and the nearby area.

A memorial was built in the place where the building used to stand; trees were planted, and there is a reflecting pool, too. The area is open to the public. People agree that the Memorial Complex should include a special place for children.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Oklahoma City bombing
- **image**: Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg
- **alt**: Several fire-damaged cars located in front of a partially destroyed multi-story building.
- **caption**: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building two days after the Bombing
- **location**: Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
- **date**: April 19, 1995
- **time**: 9:02 a.m. CST
- **timezone**: UTC–5
- **type**: Terrorist attack, Lone Wolf Terrorism
- **fatalities**: 168
- **injuries**: 680+
- **perps**: Timothy McVeigh, Terry Nichols, Michael Fortier, Lori Fortier
- **motive**: Retaliation for the Waco Siege and Ruby Ridge
- **weapons**: Truck bomb
- **target**: Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building
Reservoir

A **reservoir** is a lake that is usually man-made (meaning it was made by people). Reservoirs are used to store water for various uses like drinking or making electricity. There are also natural reservoirs, which means they were made by nature.

## Examples

- Lake Powell
- Lake Volta
- Carsington Water
Terry Nichols

**Terry Lynn Nichols** (born April 1, 1955) is a U.S. Army veteran who was convicted of being an accomplice of Timothy McVeigh, the man convicted of murder in the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, April 19, 1995), which killed 168 people.

## Infobox (criminal)

- **name**: Terry Nichols
- **birth name**: Terry Lynn Nichols
- **birth place**: Lapeer, Michigan, United States, U.S.
- **alias**: Ted Parker, Joe Rivers, Shawn Rivers, Joe Havens, Terry Havens, Mike Havens, Joe Kyle, Daryl Bridges
- **conviction**: **Federal court**:
Conspiracy (crime), Conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction
 Manslaughter#Involuntary manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter of 8 law enforcement officers
**State court**: Guilty on 161 counts of Murder (United States law)#Degrees of murder in the United States, first degree murder, first degree Arson#United States, arson and conspiracy.
- **motive**: Anti federal government
- **conviction penalty**: Life imprisonment with no possibility of parole
- **conviction status**: Incarcerated at ADX Florence supermax prison
- **occupation**: Various short term and temporary jobs including farmer, real estate salesman, carpenter, ranch hand. Ten months of service in the Army.
- **spouse**: Lana Walsh (divorced)
Marife Torres (divorced)
- **children**: Three
Cimarron County, Oklahoma

**Cimarron County** is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma.  The 2020 census shows it has the least people of any county in Oklahoma.  As of 2020, 2,296 people lived there.  Its county seat is Boise City.

## History

Cimarron County was made in 1907.

## Geography

The county has a total area of 1,841 square miles.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Cimarron County
- **state**: Oklahoma
- **founded**: 1907
- **seat wl**: Boise City
- **largest city wl**: Boise City
- **area total sq mi**: 1841
- **area land sq mi**: 1835
- **area water sq mi**: 6.1
- **area percentage**: 0.3%
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 2296
- **density sq mi**: 1.2
- **time zone 1**: Central
- **tz note 1**: entire county (legally)
- **time zone 2**: Mountain
- **tz note 2**: Kenton, Oklahoma, Kenton (unofficially)
- **ex image**: Cimarron County Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Cimarron County Courthouse in Boise City (2009)
Lethal injection

**Lethal injection** is a method of execution. It involves killing a person by injecting them with poison or poisons.

In the United States, lethal injections generally use a series of three drugs in fatal doses. Lethal injection is the most common method of execution in the United States.

## History

The idea of lethal injection was first suggested in New York in 1888. In 1977, Oklahoma became the first state to pass a law saying they could use lethal injection.

Texas was the first state to use lethal injection for an execution. This first happened when Charlie Brooks was executed in 1982. Thirty-four US states now use it as a form of capital punishment. Other countries to use it are China, Taiwan, and Guatemala.

Seventeen prisoners were executed in the United States in 2020. Five states and the Federal Government carried out executions.

## Method

Lethal injection generally uses three chemicals. These chemicals are usually sodium thiopental (an anesthetic), pancuronium bromide (used to paralyze the person being injected), and potassium chloride (to stop the heart so that the person being injected dies).

In the United States, a chemical shortage has made some states have to wait to carry out executions. Other states have changed the chemicals they use in the lethal injection process. Executioners have experimented with injectable forms or potassium or fentanyl. These executions caused complications and some were cancelled, because potassium for example caused a lot of needless pain when injected in large doses (which it was known to do).

## Related pages

- Hanging (death)
- Animal euthanasia
- Veterinarian

## Other websites

- Time.com: A Brief History of Lethal Injection
Jim Inhofe

**James Mountain "Jim" Inhofe** (November 17, 1934 – July 9, 2024) was an American politician from Oklahoma. He was a U.S. senator of Oklahoma from 1994 to 2023. In February 2022, Inhofe said he would retire in January 2023.

Inhofe died of problems caused by a stroke at a hospital in Tulsa, Oklahoma on July 9, 2024, at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- Official U.S. Senate Site

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jim Inhofe
- **image**: Jim Inhofe official portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2018
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Oklahoma
- **term start**: November 17, 1994
- **term end**: January 3, 2023
- **predecessor**: David Boren
- **successor**: Markwayne Mullin
- **office1**: Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services, Senate Armed Services Committee
- **term start1**: September 6, 2018
- **term end1**: February 3, 2021
- **predecessor1**: John McCain
- **successor1**: Jack Reed (Rhode Island politician), Jack Reed
- **office2**: Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Senate Environment Committee
- **term start2**: January 3, 2015
- **term end2**: January 3, 2017
- **predecessor2**: Barbara Boxer
- **successor2**: John Barrasso
- **term start3**: January 3, 2003
- **term end3**: January 3, 2007
- **predecessor3**: Jim Jeffords
- **successor3**: Barbara Boxer
- **state4**: Oklahoma
- **term start4**: January 3, 1987
- **term end4**: November 15, 1994
- **predecessor4**: James R. Jones
- **successor4**: Steve Largent
- **office5**: 32nd List of mayors of Tulsa, Oklahoma, Mayor of Tulsa
- **term start5**: May 2, 1978
- **term end5**: May 8, 1984
- **predecessor5**: Robert J. LaFortune, Robert LaFortune
- **successor5**: Terry Young (American politician), Terry Young
- **office6**: Minority Leader of the Oklahoma Senate
- **term start6**: January 1975
- **term end6**: February 1976
- **predecessor6**: Donald Ferrell
- **successor6**: Stephen Wolfe
- **state senate7**: Oklahoma
- **district7**: 35th
- **term start7**: January 7, 1969
- **term end7**: January 4, 1977
- **preceded7**: Beauchamp Selman
- **succeeded7**: Warren Green
- **state house8**: Oklahoma
- **district8**: 70th
- **term start8**: December 29, 1966
- **term end8**: January 7, 1969
- **preceded8**: Joseph McGraw
- **succeeded8**: Richard Hancock
- **birth name**: James Mountain Inhofe
- **birth place**: Des Moines, Iowa, U.S.
- **death place**: Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 4, including Molly Rapert
- **education**: University of Tulsa (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **allegiance**: United States
- **branch**: United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1957–1958
- **rank**: Specialist (rank), Specialist 4
Tom Coburn

**Thomas Allen Coburn** (March 14, 1948 – March 28, 2020) was an American politician and medical doctor. A member of the Republican Party, he served as a U.S. Senator of Oklahoma from 2005 to 2015. He was nicknamed **Dr. No** because of he blocked many spending bills many times.

He announced in January 2014 that he would leave the senate at the end of the 113th United States Congress and submitted his resignation letter to Governor of Oklahoma  Mary Fallin.

Coburn died on March 28, 2020 in Tulsa, Oklahoma from prostate cancer, aged 72.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Tom Coburn
- **image name**: Tom Coburn official portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Junior Senator
- **state**: Oklahoma
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **term start**: January 3, 2005
- **term end**: January 3, 2015
- **preceded**: Don Nickles
- **succeeded**: James Lankford
- **birth place**: Casper, Wyoming, Casper, Wyoming, U.S.
- **death place**: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
- **occupation**: physician
- **residence**: Muskogee, Oklahoma
- **spouse**: Carolyn Coburn
- **alma mater**: Oklahoma State University
- **state2**: Oklahoma
- **term start2**: January 4, 1995
- **term end2**: January 3, 2001
- **preceded2**: Mike Synar
- **succeeded2**: Brad Carson