juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
National Security Agency

The **National Security Agency** (**NSA**) is part of the US government and is responsible for the global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for domestic and foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, and specializes in a discipline known as signals intelligence (SIGINT). The agency is also tasked with protecting U.S. communications networks and information systems. NSA was started in 1952, and its main office is in Maryland.

Its stated goal is to protect the US people by
- Worldwide "earsdropping," secretly listening to what people are saying in other countries. It monitors, collects, decodes, translates and analyses information and data. That is known as signals intelligence (SIGINT).
- Protecting the US from eavesdropping and SIGINT spying by foreign governments and agencies, called "penetration and network warfare." The agency does so by clandestine (secret) means, such as bugging electronic systems, and sabotaging their computer networks with viral software.

## Related pages

- Central Intelligence Agency
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Venona project

## References

- Official NSA website
- NSA for kids

## Further reading

- Bamford, James, _The Puzzle Palace_, Penguin Books, .
- Bamford, James, _The Shadow Factory_, Anchor Books, 2009, .
- Church Committee, _Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans: 1976 US Senate Report on Illegal Wiretaps and Domestic Spying by the FBI, CIA and NSA_, Red and Black Publishers (May 1, 2008).
- Aid, Matthew, The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency, 432 pages, , Bloomsbury Press (June 9, 2009).
- Shaker, Richard J. "The Agency That Came in from the Cold." (Archive, Archive #2) _Notices_. American Mathematical Society. May/June 1992 pp. 408–411.
- "National Security Agency Releases History of Cold War Intelligence Activities." George Washington University. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 260. Posted November 14, 2008.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: National Security Agency
- **picture**: National Security Agency headquarters, Fort Meade, Maryland.jpg
- **picture caption**: NSA headquarters building in Fort Meade, Maryland,
- **logo**: Flag of the U.S. National Security Agency.svg
- **logo width**: 200
- **logo caption**: Flag of the National Security Agency
- **seal**: National Security Agency.svg
- **seal width**: 175
- **seal caption**: Seal of the National Security Agency
- **preceding1**: Armed Forces Security Agency
- **parent agency**: United States Department of Defense, Department of Defense
- **headquarters**: Fort George G. Meade, Fort Meade, Maryland, U.S. ()
- **employees**: Classified (est. 30,000–40,000)
- **motto**: "Defending Our Nation. Securing the Future."
- **budget**: Classified (est. $10.8 billion, 2013)
- **chief1 name**: Lieutenant general (United States), LTG William J. Hartman (acting)
- **chief1 position**: Director of the National Security Agency, Director
- **chief2 name**: Sheila Thomas (acting)
- **chief2 position**: Deputy Director of the National Security Agency, Deputy Director
Robert Wadlow

**Robert Pershing Wadlow** (February 22, 1918 – July 15, 1940) was the tallest person who ever lived.

## Early life

Robert Pershing Wadlow was born to Addie Johnson and Harold Wadlow in Alton, Illinois on February 22, 1918, and was the oldest of five children. During elementary school, they had to make a special desk for him because of his size. In 1936, after graduating from Alton High School, he enrolled in Shurtleff College with the intention of studying law.

## Height

Robert Wadlow was normal at birth but started growing abnormally when he was two, after a double hernia operation. He was six feet tall at age six. By the time he was 17, he was eight feet tall. Because he was so tall, he got lots of attention and became very famous, but his bones were very weak and he had to wear leg braces. In 1940, he was walking in a Fourth of July parade, when one of his braces made his ankle become infected; he died on the 15th of that month. When he died he was 8' 11.1".

## Death

Wadlow died at the age of 22 in Michigan from a septic shock . Four days later, at his funeral, 40,000 people attended and it took 18 people to carry his coffin. People remember him as the "Gentle Giant" and there is a statue of him at the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Dental Medicine. People now say Wadlow had something called gigantism, which made him so tall.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert Pershing Wadlow
- **image**: Robert Wadlow postcard (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Robert Wadlow
- **birth place**: Alton, Illinois, USA
- **death place**: Manistee, Michigan, USA
- **education**: Alton High School
- **alma mater**: Shurtleff College
- **death cause**: Problems caused by sepsis
- **nationality**: American
- **known for**: Tallest verified human being
- **parents**: Harold Franklin Wadlow
Addie Johnson
Code

A **code** is a way of changing information into something else.  Sometimes this is done as a way of keeping a message secret. This is called encryption or cryptography.
One source gives this explanation: a code is "a word, number or some other symbol used to represent a word, phrase or syllable in plaintext". It is one of the earliest forms of cryptography. Contrast code with cypher, in which the individual letters are encrypted (changed).

Sometimes it is done as an easier way of sending a message.  For example, when people on two different boats want to send a message, they may be too far away to shout, but they can send messages with a flag code.  Another code that people use is called Morse code, which changes letters to dots and dashes, like this:

SOS:   **···−−−···**

Computers use codes, by changing letters into 1's and 0's. This method was invented for punched tape. Now the usual alphanumeric code is ASCII.

Some people write codes as a kind of game.  They think it is fun to make ciphers, and fun to break them.  Breaking a code means taking it apart to understand how it works, and then you can understand messages that are written in that code. Cryptanalysis is also serious business. Nations and other organizations have been breaking each other's ciphers for many centuries.

The algorithm (code) for making a message secret is called the encryption algorithm.  To change a secret message back a decryption algorithm is needed.

## Related pages

- Character encoding
Goaltender

- _For the similar jobs in other sports, see Goalkeeper._

The **goaltender** (also known colloquially as **goalie**, **tendy**, or **netminder**) in ice hockey is the player who defends his team's goal net by stopping shots of the puck from entering his team's net, thus stopping the other team from scoring. They usually stay close to the net.

At the very end of a game, if a team is losing by one goal, teams may take their goaltender out of the game and replace him with another player (not a goaltender). This makes it more likely that they will score a goal, however, it is also much easier for the other team to score without anybody defending the goal.https://media.nhl.com/site/asset/public/ext/2024-25/2024-25Rules.pdf
Wikispecies

**Wikispecies** is a sister project of Wikipedia, and so it is a wiki supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a free directory of species that wants to make a full catalog of all living things. It tells of how _species_ are classified into groups (taxonomy), and how those groups are similar to one another. It calls itself the "directory of life".

It is designed to be written and used by scientists. The people who write Wikispecies do not need to show their education but need to show their general understanding of the area.

It was started in August 2004, with biologists around the world invited to help. Now, the project has become a good directory listing the Linnaean taxonomy with links to Wikipedia articles on individual species since April 2005. The links are provided in different languages.

The articles in Wikispecies are all written in the Latin names, so that scientists around the world, no matter what language that use, can use the website. There is information in the article telling people what the article's living thing is called in every other language that has a common name for it. Still, Wikispecies is mostly in English; its main page is in English, and it is run in English.

The taxoboxes in Wikipedia come from Wikispecies, where people in Wikipedia can go to refer.

As of July 1, 2014, Wikispecies has over 400,000 articles.

## Other websites

- Official Site
- Simple English version
- WikiSpecies Community Portal
Lopp Lagoon

**Lopp Lagoon** is a tidal lake on Cape Prince of Wales (the westernmost tip of the Seward Peninsula) in the U.S. state of Alaska. Many creeks empty into it, but the most water comes from the Mint River. Some salt water from the Pacific Ocean also enters the lagoon through several channels between it and the Bering Strait.

It was named in 1900 for William Thomas "W.T." Lopp, the civilian leader of the 1897–8 Overland Expedition.

Historically, Lopp Lagoon has been an important source of food (salmon and waterfowl) for people living in the Wales, Alaska area.

## References

- USGS (no permanent link available)
- Smith, Kathleen Lopp, Ed. _Ice Window: Letters from a Bering Strait Village, 1892-1902_. Juneau, Alaska: University of Alaska Press, 2002.
- Northwest Arctic Subarea Contingency Plan from the Alaska Regional Response Team.pdf)  (PDF file)
Welsh people

The **Welsh** are people from Wales, a country in the United Kingdom. Welsh people speak two languages, Welsh and English. They can also speak other languages occasionally.
Audiolingual method

The **Audiolingual Method** is a method for teaching foreign languages.  Linguists at the University of Michigan invented this method in the late 1950s. In the Audiolingual method, students first hear a language. Later, they speak the language, and after that, they read and write in it.  This way of language teaching is similar to the Direct Method.  Like the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method does not use the students’ native language. For example, if you are in an English class in Turkey, the teacher only speaks English, and no Turkish.  However, unlike the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method does not teach vocabulary. Rather, the teacher drills grammar.  In the Audiolingual method, grammar is most important for the student.  In other words, the student must repeat grammar patterns after the teacher. The students do not learn lots of vocabulary. This method also uses psychology.  The students get a reward for speaking correctly. They get punishment if they speak incorrectly; because it is based on habit formation, which is establishesd by stimulus, response and reinforcement. It gives priority to speaking the target language, and using the native language is not allowed.
Kate Fischer

**Kate Fischer** (born November 30, 1973) is an Australian model and actress.  She was a very famous model for a long time.  She had a job working on television on a cartoon program with a puppet called "Agro".  She was in a movie called _Sirens_ with Elle Macpherson and Sam Neill.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Rotten Tomatoes - Kate Fischer
- It Takes Two official website
Alton, Illinois

**Alton** is a city in Madison County, Illinois, in the United States.  About 26,000 people lived in Alton as of the year 2020.

People from the city: Miles Davis (d. 1991), jazz musician, trumpet player

## Other websites

- Official Website for the City of Alton

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Alton
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Illinois, City
- **image skyline**: File:Altonbridge.jpg
- **image caption**: The Clark Bridge, connecting Alton to West Alton, Missouri
- **image map**: File:Madison County Illinois Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Alton Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Alton in Madison County, Illinois
- **image map1**: Illinois in United States (US48).svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Illinois in the United States
- **pushpin map**: Illinois#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Illinois
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Illinois
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Madison County, Illinois, Madison
- **subdivision type3**: City
- **established date**: 1837
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 43.90
- **area total sq mi**: 16.95
- **area land km2**: 40.59
- **area land sq mi**: 15.67
- **area water km2**: 3.31
- **area water sq mi**: 1.28
- **elevation ft**: 535
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 25676
- **population density km2**: 632.62
- **population density sq mi**: 1638.44
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code, ZIP Code(s)
- **postal code**: 62002
- **area code**: Area code 618#United States, 618
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 17-01114
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2393935
- **blank2 name sec2**: Wikimedia Commons
- **blank2 info sec2**: Alton, Illinois
Armenian

**Armenian** may mean:

- Armenia, a country in South Caucasus (Transcaucasus)
- Armenians, the Armenian people
- Armenian language
- Armenian alphabet
- historical **Armenian Kingdom**:
    - Orontid Dynasty, 6th Century BC to 200 BC
    - Kingdom of Armenia (Antiquity) also known as Artaxiad or Arsacid Armenia, 190 BC to AD 387/428.
    - Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages) also known as Bagratid Armenia, AD 885 to 1045.
    - Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 1078 to 1375
- Armenian Apostolic Church
- Armenian Catholic Church
- Armenian Evangelical Church
- Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem
- Armenian Genocide
- Armenian Highland

## Related pages

- Kingdom of Armenia
- Arminianism
Albert Coady Wedemeyer

General **Albert Coady Wedemeyer**  (1897–1989) was an American army officer during World War II.

Wedemeyer was born in Omaha, Nebraska on July 9, 1897. He studied at the United States Military Academy in West Point and graduated in 1919. After the start of World War II, he was made a temporary Lieutenant Colonel in 1941. Between 1941 and 1943, he served as a staff officer in the war-plans division of the U.S. War Department. He was the chief author of the 1941 Victory Program which advocated the defeat of the German armies in Europe. When the U.S. entered the war this plan was adopted and expanded. He helped plan the invasion of Normandy.

In 1943, Wedemeyer was made Chief of Staff to Lord Mountbatten, the supreme Allied commander of the South East Asia Command (SEAC) in the Southeast Asian Theatre.

Between 1944 and 1946, he was Chief of staff to General Chiang Kai-shek and commander of U.S. forces in China under the command SEAC. The China Burma India Theatre assigned to Joseph Stilwell was split in two with command of the Burma–India theatre going to General Daniel Sultan. Wedemeyer had been commander of the U.S. China Theatre (USFCT) in 1944–1945. He had an intimate knowledge of the Allied airlift from India over the Himalayas into China. This airlift was both to supply the Nationalist Chinese Army and the U.S. Twentieth Air Force engaged on Operation Matterhorn.

In 1948, as the Army Chief of Plans and Operations, Wedemeyer supported Lucius D. Clay's intention to create an airbridge during the Berlin Crisis. His expertise in this area was considerable as he had been U.S. Army theater commander in China during World War II and had been supplied by air over the mountains from India by army transport planes. This earlier operation had been commanded by Lieutenant General William H. Tunner, who was later named to head the Berlin Airlift operation.

Wedemeyer retired in 1951. He was promoted to general in 1954.  He died December 17, 1989 in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. His son Albert Dunbar Wedemeyer was a captain in the U.S. army and a Central Intelligence Agency operative.

## Other websites

- Arlington Cemetery biography
- Photo
- Berlin Airlift
- Britannica biography
- Fact Finding Mission to China: Report by Wedemeyer  (September 19, 1947)
William H. Tunner

Lt. General **William H. Tunner** (July 14, 1906 - April 6, 1983) was an American general.

After the Burma Road was cut by the advancing Japanese in early 1942, he organized the Allied logisitical airlift from India in to China over the Hump which was to support Chiang Kai-Shek's Chinese forces and the Flying Tigers until the opening of the Ledo Road. He was the organizer of the Berlin Airlift (1948-49). He was played by Heino Ferch in the film "_Nur der Himmel war frei_" (2005)

## Related pages

- General Albert Coady Wedemeyer
Sarasota, Florida

**Sarasota** is a city on the West coast of Florida, in the United States. It is the place where the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus has its home. In 2020, 54,842 people lived there (US. Census 2020).  Many famous people have lived in the city, such as: Tom Cruise (actor), Brian Johnson (band singer), and Paul Reubens (the actor, "Pee-wee Herman").

## Twin towns

- Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Sarasota, Florida
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Sarasota Skyline.jpeg
- **image caption**: Skyline of Sarasota from Bird Key in 2018
- **image flag**: Flag of Sarasota, Florida.png
- **image seal**: Seal of the City of Sarasota.png
- **nickname**: Paradise, SRQ
- **motto**: "Where Urban Amenities Meet Small-Town Living"
- **image map**: Sarasota map city boundary highlighted.png
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in Sarasota County, Florida, Sarasota County and the U.S. state of Florida
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Florida
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Florida, County
- **subdivision name2**: Sarasota County, Florida, Sarasota
- **established title**: Zarazote
- **established date**: 1539
- **established title2**: Fort Armistead
- **established date2**: 1840
- **established title3**: Sara Sota
- **established date3**: 1842
- **established title4**: Sarasota
- **established date4**: 1902
- **government type**: Council–manager government, Commission–manager government
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 62.38
- **area total sq mi**: 24.08
- **area land km2**: 38.07
- **area land sq mi**: 14.70
- **area water km2**: 24.31
- **area water sq mi**: 9.39
- **area water percent**: 42.58
- **elevation m**: 7
- **elevation ft**: 16
- **population total**: 54842
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 1440.74
- **population density sq mi**: 3731.51
- **population urban**: 779,075 (List of United States urban areas, US: 57th)
- **population density urban km2**: 744.0
- **population density urban sq mi**: 1,927.1
- **population metro**: 833,716 (Metropolitan statistical area, US: 71st)
- **population density metro sq mi**: 542.0
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone (North America), EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 34230–34243, 34249, 34260, 34276-34277
- **area code**: Area code 941, 941
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 12-64175
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0290675
Peekskill, New York

**Peekskill** is a city in the U.S. state of New York. It is the birthplace of New York Governor, George Pataki. Other famous people born there include Paul Reubens and Mel Gibson.
Małkinia Górna

**Małkinia Górna** is a village in Małkinia Dolna Community, Ostrowian County (head town of the county: Ostrów Mazowiecka), Masovian Voivodeship, Poland. There is probably the greatest village in Europe (by population) and one of the greatest places without town status.

- Area: 6,97 km²
- Population (as of 2006): 6000
- Stanisław Tym (a famous Polish actor) birthplace
- Rail tracks Siedlce-Ostrołęka

## Related pages

- Ostrów Mazowiecka
- Brok
John C. Calhoun

**John Caldwell Calhoun** (March 18, 1782 – March 31, 1850) was an American politician who was the vice president of the United States for John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Calhoun was the vice president under two different presidents; the only other to do so was George Clinton. Calhoun's father was an Irish immigrant.

Calhoun was member of the House of Representatives and later the Senate from South Carolina.  Calhoun, a slaveowner, strongly supported slavery and called it "a positive good" in a Senate speech in 1837.

Calhoun is probably best remembered for his strong support for slavery and nullification, which says any state has the right to reject a federal law if it is unconstitutional.  President Jackson opposed nullification, and the disagreement started a feud between them.  Calhoun was the first vice president in American history to resign from office, on December 28, 1832.

From 1844 to 1845, he became Secretary of State. He then returned to the Senate and represented his state until he died.

## Other websites

- John C. Calhoun -Citizendium

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John C. Calhoun
- **image**: George Peter Alexander Healy - John C. Calhoun - Google Art Project.jpg
- **office**: 7th Vice President of the United States
- **term start**: March 4, 1825
- **term end**: December 28, 1832
- **predecessor**: Daniel D. Tompkins
- **successor**: Martin Van Buren
- **jr/sr1**: United States Senator
- **state1**: South Carolina
- **term start1**: November 26, 1845
- **term end1**: March 31, 1850
- **predecessor1**: Daniel Elliott Huger
- **successor1**: Franklin H. Elmore
- **term start2**: December 29, 1832
- **term end2**: March 3, 1843
- **predecessor2**: Robert Y. Hayne
- **successor2**: Daniel Elliott Huger
- **office3**: List of Secretaries of State of the United States, 16th United States Secretary of State
- **president3**: John Tyler
James K. Polk
- **term start3**: April 1, 1844
- **term end3**: March 10, 1845
- **predecessor3**: Abel P. Upshur
- **successor3**: James Buchanan
- **office4**: 10th United States Secretary of War
- **president4**: James Monroe
- **term start4**: December 8, 1817
- **term end4**: March 4, 1825
- **predecessor4**: George Graham (soldier), George Graham
William H. Crawford
- **successor4**: James Barbour
- **state5**: South Carolina
- **term start5**: March 4, 1811
- **term end5**: November 3, 1817
- **predecessor5**: Joseph Calhoun
- **successor5**: Eldred Simkins
- **birth name**: John Caldwell Calhoun
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **resting place**: St. Philip's Episcopal Church (Charleston, South Carolina), St. Philip's Church
- **party**: Democratic-Republican Party, Democratic-Republican (Before 1828)
Nullifier Party, Nullifier (1828–1839)
Democratic Party (United States), Democratic (1839–1850)
- **children**: 10, including Anna Maria Calhoun Clemson
- **parents**: Patrick Calhoun (immigrant), Patrick Calhoun
Martha Caldwell
- **education**: Yale University
Litchfield Law School
- **signature**: John C Calhoun Signature.svg
- **signature alt**: Appletons' Calhoun John Caldwell signature.jpg
Pelvis

The **pelvis** (plural: _pelves_) is the part of the vertebrate body to which the legs attach. It has a very ancient history. This article is only about the human pelvis.

Pelvis can mean the lower part of the trunk of the human body, between the abdomen and the thighs. Or it can mean just the bones in that region.

The pelvis is at the lower end of the spine. The pelvic skeleton is, at the back, the sacrum and the coccyx. At the front and to the left and right sides, there is a pair of hip bones. The legs are attached at the pelvis.

The pelvis protects the organs used for digesting and for reproduction. It has many muscles attached. The muscles are mostly to do with keeping the body upright and with walking and running. Muscles attach to the bones with  tendons. The bones of the pelvis are attached to each other by and to the sacrum by ligaments.

The pelvis bones are symmetrical, the same on both sides.

1. The hip bone made of:
- The top part is the ilium
- The middle part is called the **pubis**
- The lower part is called the ischium
2. The sacrum

3. The coccyx

## Differences between the two sexes

Male and female human pelves are different. The female pelvis is wider and more shallow than the male pelvis. There is not much difference in young children before puberty. After puberty, the female pelvis is significantly larger than in males.

The function of this change is to make the female pelvis able to function in childbirth, when the foetus is born through the pelvis. The space is called the 'birth canal'. There are many variations between one female and another in the structure of the pelvis. These differences have been studied in detail. These days by using ultrasound, the pelvis of pregnant women can be assessed to see if natural birth is likely to go ahead with no problems. The study is part of the medical speciality known as obstetrics.

## Infobox (bone)

- **name**: Pelvis
- **latin**: Pelvis
- **image2**: Gray242.png
- **caption**: Male type pelvis
- **image**: Gray241.png
- **caption2**: Female type pelvis
Cyprus Mail

The ***Cyprus Mail*** is a newspaper written in English based in Cyprus. It is made every day, except Monday. Some of its news can be found on its website.

## Other websites

- Official website
Collision

A **collision** occurs when two objects come in contact with each other. All collisions have the same momentum before and after a collision.  of collisions include car crashes, bouncing a ball, and playing pool. Collisions are made from two smaller sections called elastic and inelastic collisions.

## Elastic Collisions

In the case of playing pool or bouncing a ball, an elastic collision occurs. An elastic collision generally occurs when an elastic or hard object experiences a collision that bounces off another elastic or hard object, where the kinetic energy and momentum are the same before and after the collision. In an experiment, a small amount of energy will still be lost because of the friction between the surface and the objects.

## Inelastic Collisions

In the case of a car crash, an inelastic collision occurs. An inelastic collision generally occurs when a soft object experiences a collision that does not result in a bounce. Kinetic energy is lost during this type of collision because the energy is transformed into other forces. The momentum is the same before and after the collision.

## Two Dimensional Collisions

In the case of a two dimensional collision, the rules in elastic and inelastic collision are still the same, but vectors are used to find the momentum before or after a collision.

## Sources

Duncan, Tom. _Advanced Physics for Hong Kong: Volume 1 Mechanics & Electricity_. John Murray Ltd, 1995.
Wai, Loo Kwok. _Longman A-Level Course in Physics: Volume 1_. Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2003.
Belgrade

**Belgrade** is the capital city of the country of Serbia. Before the wars of the 1990s, it was the capital of Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1992 after the Kingdom of Serbia collapsed in 1918 along with Austria-Hungary after World War 1.

Belgrade is also one of the most popular travel destinations in Southeastern Europe. It is famous for a very busy nightlife and a lot of entertainment activities.

The main tourist attractions in Belgrade are:
- Kalemegdan Fortress
- Knez Mihailova Street
- Belgrade Zoo
- Memorial Complex "Josip Broz Tito"

## History

The first settlements on the city's territory date back to Vinča cutlure. The city itself (under the name Singidunum) was founded by the Celtic Scordis tribe in the 3rd century BC. Then it was owned by the Romans, Byzantines, Avars, Slavs, etc. In 878 it was first mentioned as Belgrade. In 1403 it became the Serbian capital. In 1521, the city was conquered by the troops of the Ottoman Empire. In 1815 it again became the capital of Serbia. From 1918 to 2003 it was the capital of Yugoslavia. In 2003-2006, Belgrade was the unofficial capital of the confederal union of the two states of Serbia and Montenegro.

## Related pages

- Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra

## Other websites

- WorldFlicks in Belgrade: Photos and interesting places on Google Maps

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Belgrade
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Beograd collage.jpg
- **image caption**: From top: Panorama of Belgrade, House of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, House of the National Assembly, Novi Dvor, New Palace, Avala Tower, Ušće Tower, Gardoš Tower, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts' building, Church of Saint Sava, Belgrade Fortress, Monument to the Unknown Hero
- **image flag**: Flag of Belgrade.svg
- **image seal**: Small Coat of Arms Belgrade.svg
- **seal size**: 75px
- **image map**: Belgrade in Serbia and Europe.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Europe and Serbia (dark blue)
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Serbia
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Aleksandar Šapić
- **leader party**: Serbian Progressive Party, SNS
- **established date**: Prior to 279 B.C. (Singidunum)
- **area urban km2**: 1,035
- **area urban sq mi**: 400
- **population as of**: Census 2011.
- **population blank1 title**: City proper
- **population blank1**: 1,166,763
- **population urban**: 1,344,844
- **population metro**: 1,687,132
- **population blank2 title**: Demonym
- **population blank2**: Belgradian
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 117
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 11000
- **area code**: +381(0)11
Puncknowle

**Puncknowle** is a village in Southwest Dorset, England, United Kingdom. In 2001, 491 people lived in it.
Hydrogen economy

A **hydrogen economy** is a hypothetical future economy in which the primary energy used for automobiles and other vehicles as well as creating electricity comes from hydrogen and renewable energy sources, like windmills and solar panel.

## Purpose

The reason to use this is to replace the use of petroleum. It would also stop the use of fossil fuels which causes carbon dioxide along with many other greenhouse gases, such as carbon monoxide and methane, to be created. These float up into the atmosphere, damaging it. This is bad for the ecology.
Brachiosaurus

***Brachiosaurus*** (meaning "_Arm lizard_") was a herbivorous dinosaur genus that lived in the Upper Jurassic period. The name comes from the fact that the Brachiosaur's front legs were longer than its back legs. Most other dinosaurs had back legs that were longer than their front legs or arms. _Brachiosaurus_ was about 25 m (82 feet) long and 13-18 meters (42-60 feet) tall. It was one of the biggest dinosaurs.

Brachiosaurus was a sauropod. Its fossils were found in North America and Asia. At full stretch, Brachiosaurus could reach heights of up to 16 meters (52 feet). The _Brachiosaurus_ skeleton in the Humboldt Museum in Berlin, Germany is both the tallest and largest complete sauropod skeleton. This means that it is also the tallest and largest complete dinosaur skeleton.

## Diet

_Brachiosaurus_ was a strictly herbivorous dinosaur. Its long neck enabled it to browse foliage at heights that were inaccessible to most other herbivorous dinosaurs. Fossil evidence suggests that it fed primarily on conifers, cycads, and other tall plants. Its peg-like teeth were adapted for stripping leaves rather than chewing, indicating a feeding strategy focused on high-browsing.

## Behavior

_Brachiosaurus_ likely exhibited social behavior, potentially moving in loose herds for protection. Its massive size and slow locomotion suggest it relied on height and bulk as defense mechanisms against predators. The structure of its neck and limbs indicates that it could feed efficiently over a wide vertical range without needing to move extensively, reducing energy expenditure while foraging.
Barnacle

A **barnacle** is a **cirripede**, a kind of crustacean. It is covered with hard plates of calcium carbonate, and lives stuck to hard surfaces.

It does not look like a crustacean, and for many centuries it was thought to be a mollusc. In the 1830s, J.V. Thompson found their larvae, and followed their development through to their adult form. They have a nauplius larva, typical of crustaeans. Later Charles Darwin, who spent eight years working on barnacles, found that Thompson had been right.

Barnacles grow on hard surfaces like piers, boats, rocks, and on other animals such as turtles and whales. Barnacles are a different group from crabs and shrimps. They are considered a nuisance to the shipping industry and private boat owners.

## Life-style

Barnacles are suspension feeders, sweeping small food into their mouth with their curved 'feet'. They are cemented to rock (usually), and covered with hard calcareous plates, which they shut firmly when the tide goes out. The barnacles reproduce sexually, and produce little nauplius larvae which disperse in the plankton. Eventually, the larvae change into cypris form, and attach on other hard surfaces to form new barnacles. Their comparative anatomy was worked out in detail by Charles Darwin.

## Reproduction

Barnacles have the largest penis to body size ratio of the animal kingdom. A few forms have become fully parasitic on larger crustacea.

Barnacles are by far the commonest animals on rocky sea shores. Their numbers on a shore in the Isle of Man have been estimated as a thousand million (10<sup>9</sup>), and they produce body material of 12 hundrededweight (~600 kg) of tissue, weighed after drying. Each year they let go a huge number of larvae, estimated as a million million (10<sup>12</sup>).<sup>p110</sup>

## Darwin's work

Darwin set his work out in four parts: There were the barnacles on stalks (pedunculated), and those that sat on hard substrate (the sessile barnacles). Each of these was divided into living and fossil barnacles.
- 1851: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Lepadidae; or, Pedunculated Cirripedes. Living barnacles.
- 1851: A Monograph on the Fossil Lepadidae, or, Pedunculated Cirripedes of Great Britain. Fossil barnacles.
- 1854: A Monograph of the Sub-class Cirripedia, with figures of all the species. The Balanidae (or Sessile Cirripedes); the Verrucidae, etc.
- 1854: A Monograph on the Fossil Balanidæ and Verrucidæ of Great Britain
International organization

An **international organization** is an organization, active in more than one country. These organizations can not command countries and citizens in a way a government can. Many are intergovernmental organizations meaning that rather than having people as members, they have individual countries as members. They make rules that the different governments follow. The United Nations is such an organization.

Some International organizations operate in many countries but do not have governments as members. The Red Cross is that kind of organization.

## Other page

- Cosmopolitan
- International law
- International relations
- Non-governmental organization
Weapon of mass destruction

**Weapons of mass destruction** are weapons that can cause a lot of damage to many people. In general, people see the following as weapons of mass destruction:
- Chemical weapons, like poisonous gases and substances (e.g. nerve agents)
- Biological weapons. Those are usually germs, or other small living things that may cause a disease. Examples are smallpox or anthrax.
- Nuclear weapons

## Related pages

- CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) weapons
Odysseus

In Greek mythology, **Odysseus** was the great-grandson of the Greek god Hermes. He was the king of the island Ithaca. He was married to Penelope. Odysseus and Penelope had a son called Telemachos. Odysseus is a major character in Homer's _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_.

Odysseus fought in the Trojan War. He invented the Trojan Horse, which helped the Greeks win the war. After the war, his adventurous journey home took 10 years. The story of that journey is told in the _Odyssey_. Odysseus angered Poseidon, the god of seas, when he half blinded his cyclops son Polyphemos. In anger, Poseidon stopped him from leaving the island. The Latin name for Odysseus is "Ulysses".

There have been many movies about Odysseus, because of his heroic and intelligent battle strategies.
Cast iron

**Cast iron** is an alloy of iron. The term is usually used for **grey cast iron**. There are two main types of cast iron: _grey cast iron_ and _white cast iron_. The differences between the two are mainly based on the amount of silicon in the alloy. All cast iron has about 95% iron in it. Grey cast iron has 3% silicon and 2% carbon. White cast iron has less silicon.

The silicon in grey cast iron causes the carbon to change into graphite. This causes it to have a dark grey or almost black color. With less silicon, the carbon in white cast iron changes to cementite or _iron carbide_ (Fe<sub>3</sub>C). This causes white fractures to form on the surface and give white cast iron the name.

Grey cast iron is very good at conducting heat. Because of this, it is often used to make cookware.
Adult Swim

**Adult Swim** (stylized as **[adult swim]** since 2003 and is also shortened to **[as]**) is an American adult-oriented nighttime programming block on the basic cable network Cartoon Network that is programmed by its in-house production studio, Williams Street. Marketed as a separate network for ratings purposes, Adult Swim broadcasts from 7 p.m. to 6 a.m. (Mondays-Saturdays) and from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. (Sundays) ET/PT.

Debuting on March 2, 2001, Adult Swim serves as the nighttime identity of Cartoon Network, and it was established as alternative programming during late night hours when Cartoon Network's primary target audience would normally be sleeping. By 2005, Adult Swim would be granted its own separate Nielsen ratings report from Cartoon Network due to it targeting a different audience. The block features stylistically varied animated and live-action shows, including original programming, syndicated series, anime, original video animations, and short films with generally minimal or no editing for content.

Adult Swim has frequently aired adult animation features, mockumentaries, sketch comedy, and pilots. The block's shows are known for their sexual themes, frank sexual discussion, nudity, strong language, and graphic violence. Many of its programs are aesthetically experimental, transgressive, improvised, and surrealist in nature. Adult Swim has contracted with various studios known for their productions in absurd and shock comedy.

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: Adult Swim
- **logo size**: 230px
- **logo**: Adult Swim 2003 logo.svg
- **logo alt**: Logo where the text "adult swim" is in all lower case letters and encased in brackets, followed by the trademark symbol.
- **picture format**: 1080i High-definition television, HDTV
(downscaled to Letterboxing (filming), letterboxed 480i for Standard-definition television, SDTVs)
- **country**: United States
- **area**: Nationwide
- **owner**: The Cartoon Network, Inc.
(Comcast)
- **webcast**: (Available nightly during block's duration as listed above; U.S. pay-TV subscribers only)
- **availability note**:

- **sat serv 1**: Dish Network
- **sat chan 1**: Channel 176 (East)
Channel 177 (West)
- **sat serv 3**: DirecTV
- **sat chan 3**: Channel 296 (East)
Channel 297 (West)
Channel 1886 (Video on demand, VOD)
- **sat serv 4**: C band (IEEE), C band
- **cable serv 1**: Available on most cable providers
- **cable chan 1**: Consult local listings
- **iptv serv 1**: Prism TV, CenturyLink Prism
- **iptv serv 2**: Google Fiber
- **iptv chan 2**: Channel 351
- **iptv serv 3**: Verizon FiOS
- **iptv serv 4**: Peacock
- **online chan 1**: YouTube TV, Hulu + Live TV, Sling TV, Amazon Fire TV, Roku
WESC

**WESC** is a Swedish company. The company makes clothing, like jeans and shirts.  Many people like these clothes, and they can buy them in many countries, for example in the United States, Japan and Germany. Because some famous people use the clothes, other people want to buy them too.
Ozámiz

**Ozámiz** is a city in the Philippines, in the province of Misamis Occidental. There were 141,828  people living there according to the 2015 census.

Ozámiz is named after Senator José F. Ozámiz, a hero of the Philippine resistance against the Japanese during World War 2.

## Other websites

- Official website of the city
Tillage

**Tillage** is the process in which soil is loosened and softened by tillers or harrows pulled by a tractor or by a plough pulled by an animal or human. The plough breaks the upper crust of the soil so that air and sunlight enter into the soil. This makes the soil more fertile but too much or frequent tillage may make it less fertile.
Yarmouth

**Yarmouth** could mean one of the following places.

In Canada:
- Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
- Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia

In England:
- Great Yarmouth, a town in Norfolk in the borough of Great Yarmouth.
- Yarmouth, Isle of Wight
- Yarmouth Castle on the Isle of Wight.

In the United States:
- Yarmouth, Iowa
- Yarmouth, Maine
    - North Yarmouth, Maine
    - Yarmouth (CDP), Maine
- Yarmouth, Massachusetts
    - South Yarmouth, Massachusetts
    - West Yarmouth, Massachusetts
    - Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts

## Steamships

- SS _Yarmouth_
- SS _Yarmouth Castle_
Yarmouth, Nova Scotia

**Yarmouth** is a town in the province of Nova Scotia in the country of Canada. In 2021, the population of Yarmouth was 6,829.

## Other websites

- Yarmouth official town government Website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Yarmouth
- **nickname**: "The Gateway to Nova Scotia"
- **settlement type**: List of towns in Nova Scotia, Town
- **motto**: "Progress"
"On the Edge of Everywhere"
- **image skyline**: IMG 8531 Yarnouth morning.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Main Street in Yarmouth, 2006
- **pushpin map**: Nova Scotia#Canada
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Yarmouth, Nova Scotia
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Nova Scotia
- **subdivision type2**: County#Canada, County
- **subdivision name2**: Yarmouth County, Yarmouth
- **seat type**: Electoral Districts
List of Canadian electoral districts#Nova Scotia – 11 seats, Federal
- **seat**:
West Nova
- **parts type**: List of Nova Scotia provincial electoral districts, Provincial
- **parts**: Yarmouth (provincial electoral district), Yarmouth
- **government type**: Town Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Pam Mood
- **leader title1**: Deputy Mayor
- **leader name1**: Steve Berry
- **leader title2**: Councillors
- **leader title3**: MLA
- **leader name3**: Nick Hilton Progressive Conservative Association of Nova Scotia, PC
- **leader title4**: MP
- **leader name4**: Chris d'Entremont Conservative Party of Canada, C
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: June 9, 1761
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: August 6, 1890
- **area footnotes**:  (2021)
- **area land km2**: 10.57
- **area blank1 title**: Census geographic units of Canada#Population centres, Population Centre
- **area blank1 km2**: 16.81
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 6829
- **population density km2**: 646.3
- **population blank1 title**: Population Centre
- **population blank1**: 7,848
- **population density blank1 km2**: 466.8
- **timezone**: Atlantic Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: −04:00
- **utc offset dst**: −03:00
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 43
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Canada, Postal code(s)
- **postal code**: List of postal codes of Canada: B, B5A
- **area code**: Area codes 902 and 782, 902 & 782
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: List of Nova Scotia provincial highways, Highways
- **blank info**:

- **blank1 name**: Dwellings
- **blank1 info**: 3569
- **blank2 name**: Median Income*
- **blank2 info**: $48,000 Canadian dollar, CDN
- **blank3 name**: National Topographic System, NTS Map
- **blank4 name**: Geographical Names Board of Canada, GNBC Code
- **blank4 info**: CBPIB
Spleen

The **spleen** is an organ in vertebrates. The spleen is part of the lymphatic system. In people, it is on the left side of the body, under the heart. The spleen helps fight infections and keeps the blood cells healthy.

## Tasks

The spleen cleans out old blood cells from the blood and recycles them. It helps save the iron and the amino acids from the old blood cells. The spleen also holds a supply of extra blood, in case the body needs some quickly. The spleen works together with the circulatory system (the system which brings blood to the body).

A study published in 2009 using mice found that the spleen is a reservoir which holds over half the body's monocytes. These monocytes move to injured tissue (such as the heart after myocardial infarction), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages, and promote tissue healing. The spleen is rather like a large lymph node. Its absence makes certain infections more likely.

## Shape

The spleen is shaped like a loose fist. It is tucked under the left side of the diaphragm, close by the heart.The average adult spleen weighs 0.44 lbs.

## Disease

The spleen can get bigger when a person is digesting food or is sick. If a person's spleen gets big enough, it can break open. If this happens, the person needs medical care right away. Emergency surgery might be needed to control the bleeding.

Some of the diseases that cause the spleen to get bigger are:
- malaria,
- rheumatoid arthritis,
- systemic lupus,
- sickle cell anemia,
- leukemia,
- lymphoma, and
- mononucleosis ("mono").

## Culture

In the past, many people believed the spleen helped control emotions. For example, if a person was upset or angry, people would think it was because of a spleen problem.
Acton, Massachusetts

**Acton** is a town in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is 21 miles away from Boston.

## Other websites

- Official Town Website
- Acton Public Schools and Acton-Boxborough Regional School District
- Community Profile
- Acton Water District Website
- Acton Memorial Library
- The Discovery Museums
- Theatre III
- Open Door Theater
- Early Acton History
Urbana, Illinois

**Urbana** is a city in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the twin city of Champaign, Illinois and is separated by a single street.  The main campus of the University of Illinois is in Urbana and Champaign. As of 2020, it has population of 38,336.

## Population

Population (2020) • City 38,336
- Density 3,240.6/sq mi (1,251.2/km<sup>2</sup>)
- Metropolitan area 236,072
Bill Oddie

**William Edgar (Bill) Oddie** OBE (born 7 July 1941) is a British comedian, actor, writer and television personality.

Oddie was born in Rochdale, Lancashire and grew up in Birmingham. He read English Literature at Pembroke College, Cambridge where he gained an MA. He is most famous for his birdwatching and conservation work. In the 1970s, he was a member of the BBC One television comedy series, The Goodies. Doctors found that his mother, Lilian, had schizophrenia. Oddie says that he does not remember her living at home because she spent a lot of her life in mental hospitals.

Oddie has bipolar disorder.

## Other websites

- Official website