juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Containment building

A **containment building** is a building with a nuclear reactor in it. It is built around the reactor to keep the radiation from getting out, if something happens to the reactor. The containment building is the last barrier to the radiation getting into the environment. Containment systems for nuclear power reactors are distinguished by size, shape, materials used, and suppression systems. The kind of containment used is determined by the type of reactor, generation of the reactor, and the specific plant needs.

The Chernobyl accident was very bad partly because the Soviet RBMK reactors used at the Chernobyl power plant had no containment buildings. The explosion, however, was so powerful that it is unlikely a containment building would have completely prevented the release of radiation.

## Layers of nuclear defense

The diagram shows the order of defense layers for a nuclear reactor. The first layer of defense is the inert, ceramic quality of the uranium oxide itself. The second layer is the air tight zirconium alloy of the fuel rod. The third layer is the reactor pressure vessel made of steel more than a dozen centimeters thick. The fourth layer is the pressure resistant, air tight _containment building_. The fifth layer is the exclusion zone around the reactor.
Chernobyl

**Chernobyl** or **Chornobyl** () is a city in northern Ukraine, near the border with Belarus.

It was an important center of trade and commerce, especially in the 19th century. The city is 14.5 kilometers (9 miles) south of the Chornobyl nuclear power plant, which became known for the Chornobyl disaster. The plant exploded on 26 April 1986. Clouds of dangerous radioactive particles were released.  The power plant started leaking dangerous radioactive matter. More than 100,000  people were evacuated from the city and other affected areas.

Despite the fact that radiation is still being emitted from the nuclear disaster site, the 800-year-old city of Chornobyl survives. As of 2025, the government still restrict access to the zone from the public. They try to clean up radioactive material. Hundreds of people — mostly  the elderly — have decided to live with the dangers and have returned to their homes in the zone's towns and villages.  Their population was highest in 1987, when there were more than 1200 people.  In 2003, there were about 300. There are currently 704 people living in Chornobyl, the houses that have people inside have a sign on the outside saying, Owner of this house lives here.

In 2022, as part of Russia's invasion into Ukraine, Chernobyl has since been under Russian military control.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Chernobyl
- **other name**: Chornobyl
- **settlement type**: City of district significance
- **image skyline**: Administrative center, Radiation Control (11383715816).jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Chornobyl's Old City Hall building
- **image shield**: Herb Chornobyl.gif
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Oblasts of Ukraine, Oblast
- **subdivision name1**: Kiev Oblast, Kyiv Oblast
- **subdivision type2**: Raions of Ukraine, Raion
- **subdivision name2**: Chernobyl Raion
Ivankiv Raion
Vyshhorod Raion
Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (_de facto_)
- **leader title**: Administration
- **leader name**: Chernobyl Exclusion Zone#Administration, State Agency of Ukraine on the Exclusion Zone Management
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1193
- **established title1**: City status
- **established date1**: 1941
- **population as of**: 2019
- **population total**: 1,054 Samosely, inhabitants
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 07270
- **area total km2**: 25
- **area code**: +380 4493
Klaus Wowereit

**Klaus Wowereit** (born 1 October 1953) is a German politician. He was born in Berlin. He was the SPD Governing Mayor of Berlin from 2001 to 2014. He and his party won 31.4% of the votes in the 2001 state elections, and he started a coalition government with Linkspartei.PDS. He was President of the Bundesrat in 2001/02. He was re-elected as Governing Mayor in 2006, and has carried on the coalition.

He supports Kurt Beck as "Kanzlerkandidat", the SPDs nominee for the Chancellorship of Germany. Many people wanted Wowereit to be the candidate, not so many after he decided to stay in coalition with Die Linke after the 2006 elections.

He is openly gay.

## Background

Klaus Wowereit attended the Ulrich-von-Hutten-Oberschule in Berlin until 1973. He went on to study law at the Free University Berlin, passing his first State Exams in 1981 and the second set in 1984.

## Political career

After university Wowereit spent three years as a civil servant in the Senate Office (that is, Ministry) of the Interior. At the age of 30, he was became the youngest councillor in the city of Berlin when he was elected a councillor of Tempelhof Borough. After eleven years he stood for the Berlin House of Deputies Abgeordnetenhaus which is City's Landtag or state legislature in 1995. In December 1999, he was elected chairman of the SPD parliamentary group in the Abgeordnetenhaus. From June 2001 to December 2014 he served as Governing Mayor, _Regierender Bürgermeister_, of Berlin.

## Sexual orientation

Wowereit is one of the most famous German politicians who has openly declared himself homosexual. He came out at a convention of the Berlin SPD just before the 2001 mayoral elections, when he said "" ("I am gay, and it's good that way".) This is now a famous quotation in Germany. He probably came out so that the tabloid newspapers could not publish what they thought were embarrassing stories about him.

Wowereit is not the only gay mayor of a large European city. Bertrand Delanoë, the mayor of Paris, is openly gay, and Ole von Beust, the former mayor of Hamburg, is also gay.

In September 2007, Wowereit published an autobiography called "_...und das ist auch gut so._", after his famous coming out phrase.

## Other websites

- Konsequent Berlin (Personal website for British and French readers)
- CityMayors.com profile
Sino-Soviet split

The **Sino-Soviet split** (1956-1966) was a time when the relations between the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union weakened during the Cold War. Eventually, China's leader, Mao Zedong, decided to break the alliance with the Soviet Union.

The Soviet leader, Stalin, wanted to help spread communism in the world, including China. In the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Soviets gave weapons and supplies to the Kuomintang (KMT), and advised the Communists to ally with them against the Japanese Empire. The Chinese Civil War continued, however. After World War II, Stalin and the Soviet Union helped the Communists. Chinese leaders disliked the Soviet leaders for not helping Mao and the Communists from the start.

## The Split

Suddenly, in 1953, Stalin died.  Mao saw Stalin as the leader of Communism, but also had a bad relationship with the Soviet Union throughout his time as leader.   The new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, was not like Stalin.  He did not want capitalism to collapse like Stalin did.  Mao got angry about this, and he wanted Nikita Khrushchev to help him fight the imperialists.  Khrushchev said no, and then Mao decided that if Khrushchev was not going to cooperate, they would not work with each other anymore.

Later, there was peace between the USSR and China, but they were suspicious of each other.  They were no longer allies, and Mao's supporters said that it had been a victory.
Awake

Being **awake** is a daily brain state. It is being in a state of consciousness where one is conscious about the surroundings. The person (or animal) can respond to these surroundings by communicating, walking, eating, and more.

Being awake is the opposite of being asleep. When you are asleep most responses to your surroundings are turned off, and you are unconscious of what is happening around you.

Animals are **awake** for some hours each day or night. Animals which are awake during the day are called diurnal. Animals which are awake during the night are called nocturnal.

Diurnal animals include humans. Most wake up in the morning and are awake during the day. When they are awake they can eat and move.
Liu Bei

**Liu Bei** (; 161-223) was the founder of the Chinese Shu Han dynasty and its first Emperor.

## Early life

He went into battle against the Yellow Turban Rebellion  in 184, along with his best friends Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. Later (in 190) he joined Gongsun Zan against the evil Dong Zhuo who had seized the Han emperor Xian.

After Dong lost, the emperor was in the clutches of his followers—until Cao Cao saved him and seized control over him. Cao Cao tried to conquer all   of China for the emperor but in fact wanted to conquer it for himself. He defeated Liu Bei once at the Battle of Changban in 207 but was not able to win the Battle of Red Cliffs against the united forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, a warlord in the South.

Sun Quan granted Liu Bei some land in the West of his domain, and the two agreed to fight Cao Cao again if necessary.

## Old age

From 211 to 214, Liu Bei conquered the country Ba Shu in the West. Because he had now an empire of his own, Sun Quan demanded his western regions back but Liu Bei declined. This made Sun Quan quite angry.

After several useless battles against Liu Bei's general Guan Yu, Cao Cao chose to make a union with Sun Quan. They attacked Guan Yu with their allied forces and overthrew him in 219. Liu Bei was mad and swore revenge for the death of his brother and the loss of an important part of his empire.

When Cao Cao died in 220, his son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian of Han to give up his power. Cao Pi declared himself Emperor of the Wei Dynasty. Liu Bei found that offensive, for he was a member of the royal family of Han and considered himself the righteous Emperor of China. That's why he declared himself emperor of the Shu Han in 221. The next year, Sun Quan claimed the title _Emperor of Wu_ for himself.

Liu Bei was really mad at Sun Quan's arrogance. In 222 he opposed him in the Battle of Yiling but failed due to Lu Xun's great tactics. After his defeat Liu Bei got ill and died a year later. His son Liu Shan followed him as emperor.
Cao Cao

**Cao Cao** ( 155-220) was a Chinese general. He managed to control the last Han Emperor Xian and conquered the whole northern China.

Cao Cao gathered an army in 184 to fight against the Yellow Scarves rebellion. After the Dong Zhuo had seized the Emperor Liu Bian in 189 and deposed him in favour of his brother Liu Xie (Emperor Xian), a coalition of local warlords all over the country arose against Dong. It was called by Cao Cao and led by Yuan Shao, and many powerful warriors joined it.
After Dong Zhuo's death through the hands of his foster son Lü Bu, Emperor Xian was controlled by Dong's associates. He fled to Chang'an (the old capital) in 195 but almost starved to death. Cao Cao saved him in 196 and brought him to his own place at Xuchang.

With the emperor under his control, Cao Cao managed to kill most of the minor warlords in Northern China and was even able to defeat Lü Bu and the powerful Yuan Shao at Guandu in 200. He tried to conquer the south, too, but Liu Bei and Sun Quan opposed him and defeated his forces in the _Battle at Red Cliffs_. Cao Cao led several campaigns against the south, but with fairly low success. Also, he managed to get the famous general Guan Yu killed by Sun Quan's general Lü Meng.

Cao Cao died in 220, and his son Cao Pi followed him in control of the emperor. He eventually deposed him the same year and became Emperor Wen of Wei, making his father posthumously _Emperor Wu of Wei_.
Zhang Fei

**Zhang Fei** ()(?–221) was a warrior in ancient China. He fought along with his best friends Liu Bei and Guan Yu for the restoration of the Han Dynasty.

In the battles he still brave like Guan Yu, during the Battle of Changban, he broke the bridge and made a battlecry to protect Liu Bei, and was greatly rewarded by his then-ally Cao Cao and Cheng Yu.

Although Zhang Fei respect scholar, but he always caning his soldiers, he didn't accept Liu Bei’s advise, and cause killed by his own officers Fan Qiang and Zhang Da.
Dong Zhuo

**Dong Zhuo** (; 139 – 192) was a general in ancient China. He took control over the imperial court of Han in 189. He was later killed by his own foster son, Lu Bu.

Dong Zhuo had been a successful warrior and general since his youth. However, he was defeated by Yellow Turban rebels in 184 and was demoted. After the death of Emperor Ling, the eunuchs kidnapped the young follower Liu Bian and his brother Liu Xie. Dong Zhuo freed them and intimidated the kidnappers so they committed suicide by drowning in the Yellow River. Dong then brought the emperor and his brother back to the capital Luoyang and seized control over the court. Because Liu Bian seemed too stupid to him, Dong deposed him and made his brother Liu Xie emperor instead (Emperor Xian). In 190 he poisoned Liu Bian.

Dong Zhuo became arrogant and violent. He even forced the emperor to move to the city Chang'an as capital instead and burned Luoyang. Because of that, many warlords and Han generals all over the country formed an alliance to destroy Dong's reign. After some fierce battles, Lü Bu knew that his position was lost, and killed his foster father Dong in 192.

Dong's associates Guo Si and Li Jue continued to control the emperor, but they started struggles and the emperor escaped. He was rescued by Cao Cao in 196.
Sun Quan

**Sun Quan** (; 182-252) was an ancient Chinese warlord and founder of Eastern Wu in 222.

## As a warlord

His brother Sun Ce conquered Southeastern China from 197 until his death in 200. Sun Quan was in charge at the age of 18. He continued to expand his empire and drew back the forces of Cao Cao in the _Battle at Red Cliffs_ (along with Liu Bei). To have better opportunities against the north, he gave his Jing Province to Liu Bei so that he could create an empire on his own. Liu Bei conquered the other western territories from 211 to 214 and set his brother Guan Yu in charge of defending Jing.

Now that Liu Bei had his own empire, Sun quan demanded his western province back from him, but Liu Bei declined. In alliance with Cao Cao, Sun Quan's general Lü Meng captured Guan Yu in 219 and slayed him along with his son, Guan Ping.

After Cao Cao's son Cao Pi started the Wei Dynasty in 220, Liu Bei also wanted to be an emperor and declared himself Emperor of Shu Han in 221. He considered himself the righteous heir of the abdicated Han emperor Xian. Sun Quan declared himself _King of Wu_ in 222. Liu Bei found that offensive, and launched a great attack against Sun Quan but failed—due to Lu Xun's great tactics. He died a year later.

Under the regency of the Shu prime minister Zhuge Liang, the alliance between Shu and Wu was renewed. Both empires did not have to worry about their defense in the west/east after that.

## As Emperor

In 229, Sun Quan declared himself _Emperor of Wu_. His attacks on Wei were all in vain but he managed to develop his country very well. After his son Crown Prince Sun Deng died in 241, he made his now-oldest son Sun He Crown Prince. All along the next nine years, He would have trouble with his brother Sun Ba who wanted to be Crown Prince instead. Their fight even caused the honorable general Lu Xun to die of anger in 245.

In 250, Sun Quan was sick of his sons' struggles and deposed them both as princes. Instead he made his youngest son Sun Liang Crown Prince. Two years later, Sun Quan died at the age of 70. For his follower was too young to rule on his own, the official Zhuge Ke became regent.
Conference

A **conference** is an event where people get together to discuss things.  For example, scientists usually present their findings at conferences.  Many other types of people other than scientists attend conferences also. Business people sometimes come together to talk about things. International business conferences are very common because it allows individuals to showcase their knowledge to the world. Using modern media, like the Internet, or the telephone people can talk to each other that are not in the same place. This is then called a **conference call**. Very often, digital video cameras can be used to transmit images, as well as sound.
Pasture

A **pasture** is a piece of land. Usually, specific grasses and herbs are grown on it. Then livestock is put on for grazing. Rangeland is similarly used, but less controlled.
Hectare

The **hectare** (symbol: **ha**) is a unit of measurement of area. It is equal to 10,000 square metres, or a square with sides of 100 by 100 metres. 100 hectares is 1 square kilometre. Therefore, a farm with 200 hectares of fields has 2 square kilometres of fields.

The word _hectare_ means 100 ares. _Hecto_ is the metric prefix of 100. The _are_ is a metric unit of area, equal to 100 square metres.
Zhuge Liang

**Zhuge Liang** (;181-234) was a Chinese politician and general of the ancient Shu Han Dynasty.

He helped his lord Liu Bei conquer the country _Ba Shu_ from 211 to 214, along with Pang Tong. After Liu Bei's death in 223, Zhuge Liang was a regent for the new emperor Liu Shan. Zhuge Liang attempted to conquer the Southern Wei territories five times but had no success. He died in 234, and Jiang Wan succeed his power.
Wavelength

A **wavelength** is the length of the shortest repeating part of a "sine wave". All waves can be formed by adding up sine waves. That is, every wave is a total of sine waves, which may be identified by Fourier analysis. It is also known as the distance between a crest and another crest of a wave (highest point above equilibrium) or the distance between a trough and another trough of a wave (lowest point below the equilibrium of a wave).

## Examples of waves

Waves are everywhere.  Examples of waves include:
- sound
- electromagnetic spectrum including
    - radio wave
    - light
- water waves such as ocean surface waves
- earthquake waves

## "Length" of a sine wave

The sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too.  As the frequency of a wave increases, the wavelength decreases Thus, the frequency and wavelength are in inverse proportionality.

There are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.

A symbol used for wavelength most often is the Greek letter _lambda_ (λ).
Francis Scott Key

**Francis Scott Key** (August 1, 1779 - January 11, 1843) was an American lawyer and poet. He is best known for writing a poem which later became the words of "The Star-Spangled Banner", the national anthem of the United States of America. Key was inspired to write it after he saw the British bombardment of Baltimore in 1814. During the war he was jailed by the British in Washington.

His mother was Ann Phoebe Penn Dagworthy (Charlton) and his father was Captain John Ross Key. He graduated from St. John's College in Annapolis, Maryland in 1796.

Key became a leader of the American Colonization Society that created Liberia and freed a few if his own slaves. In the administration of Andrew Jackson he was the United States Attorney in Washington, D.C.He resigned as District Attorney in 1840. He kept his belief in the system of African colonization (slavery) and a strongly disagreed with it being taken apart (abolition) movement until his death.

Crandall died shortly after his acquittal, at the age of 63. At the Washington jail he developed pneumonia. He died of pleurisy at his daughters home.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America
- List of poets from the United States
Latex

Latex, also known as rubber, is a natural polymer. It is taken from the milky sap of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), native to the tropical forests of Central and South America.

Today, much of the natural latex comes from Southeast Asia, such as Malaysia and Indonesia. Polymers made from artificial latex are called "synthetic rubber."

**Properties**
- Elasticity
- High mechanical resistance
- Non-adherent
- Electrical insulator
- Chemical resistance
- Insoluble in organic solvents

Vulcanization makes rubber useful in many products:
- Tires
- Shoe soles
- Flexible tubes
- Gloves
- Raincoats
- Bed mattresses
Drum

A **drum** is a musical instrument. It is played with the hands, sometimes using a drum stick (a stick for hitting a drum). A collection of drums and cymbals is called a drum kit, or drum set.

## Overview

Drums are used to keep a steady beat in a song. They give music of many kinds a sense of feeling. For example, to make a song to be slow or fast, the drums play slower or faster. A drum is a percussion instrument, which means it makes a noise by being hit.  There are many types such as cymbals and bells; even a simple piece of wood can be used as a percussion instrument. The drum kit is a group of drums and cymbals to make beats for music. Drum kits are used in most types of popular music, including rock, jazz, country, blues, and many others.

## Acoustic Drums

Acoustic drum kit is a set of drums and cymbals designed to be played as one instrument. A standard drum kit is made from a bass drum, snare drum, set of tom toms, hi hat cymbals, a ride cymbal and a crash cymbal. The sound is produced by striking the drums or cymbals with a drum stick or mallet.

## Electric Drums

An electric drum kit is essentially a collection of sample pads set up in the same way as an acoustic drum kit. The pads themselves are designed to produce little acoustic sound, other than the dead sound of the wooden drum sticks hitting rubber. The drum kit sends electrical signals to an amplifier, speaker, or pair of headphones to be heard.  This makes them ideal for practicing quietly.  Recording electronic drums is very easy.  They may be connected using a USB cable or an audio interface.

## Related pages

- Cymbal
- Pop music
- Rock music
- Classical music
Galician

**Galician** might mean:

- Something related to the autonomous community of Galicia (Spain)
- Galician language
Pashupatinath Temple

**Pashupatinath** is one of the most sacred temples of Hinduism. It is in Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. It is the temple of the Hindu god Shiva.
Invasion

**Invasion** is a word that comes from Latin. Originally, it meant that something _goes in_ (as in military occupation) of a foreign territory. So far, the following uses are known:

- _Military_: Getting troops to take control of enemy territory. Often a state invades another to start a war, but invasions can happen anytime during war. An invasion differs from a raid, in which the attacker does not intend to remain.
- _Others_: Sometimes, biologists speak about an invasive species. There might be locust swarms invading, or that some algae spread far more rapidly in new territory.
Hello

**Hello** is a greeting in the English language. It is common between two people in a non-formal (informal) setting, but can also be used in a formal setting. There are also many other ways of saying "hello", for example, a wave of the hand, a salute or a bow (both very formal), a handshake (a little formal), or a high five (very informal). Saying "hello" is a sign of politeness, especially when it is said in a friendly way. "Hello" was first used in writing in about 1833.

Many people say "Hello" when they answer a phone call.

Other greetings like "hello" include; Hi, Hallo, Hiya, Howdy, Hey, Howya, 'Sup, Yo, 'Yello, Herro, Greetings, Good day, What's poppin', G'day mate, Top of the mornin' to you, Ay-up, what's up mate, what's good, and great weather we're having. There are also many more.

"Goodbye" is a shortened version of the religious farewell expression "God be with ye", which indicates the user's religious belief, usually in a single god. Similar expressions exist in other languages such as: adieu, adieus, adieux, adios. These terms also possess religious undertones as they are derived from the Latin word "Deus", meaning "god". This of course does not always mean they are religious.
Annexation

**Annexation** (Latin: _ad_ "to" and _nexus_ "joining") is the one-sided forceful takeover, such as military occupation, of one state's territory by another.

## Related pages

- Anschluss (World War II, Austria merged to Nazi Germany)
- Republic of Texas annexed to United States
- Colonization
Manchuria

**Manchuria** (**Northeast China**) is the homeland of the Manchu people on the outer edges of East Asia. To the Chinese, the region is simply known as the Northeast (Chinese: 东北, Dōngbĕi). Manchuria is made up of China's three northeastern most provinces: Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. Parts of Manchuria were annexed by the Russian Empire in the past, and they are now ruled by Russia.

The name “Manchuria” comes from a Japanese version of the Chinese word Manzhou ().

## History

In the early history, Manchuria was under the control of many Chinese kingdoms. Later, the Manchu people formed their own empire called Jurchen. They eventually invaded China and founded the Manchu Qing Dynasty.

Although the Manchus, who at the time ruled China, signed a treaty with Russia, the Russians took advantage of the weak Qing government and annexed the part that touches the Pacific Ocean, where the modern Chinese city of Dalian stands today. In 1904 Japan took this land in the Russo-Japanese War. Later, Japan invaded the Chinese part of Manchuria too (see Manchukuo). This eventually led to World War II.

After the war, Manchuria was handed over to China by the Soviet Union.

## Geography

Manchuria is in north-east China and the Russian Far East. The land has rocks, grasslands, mountains, and deserts. The weather is very extreme. It is very hot and humid in the summer, and is very cold and dry in the winter.
Senkaku Islands

**Senkaku Islands**, also called , **Diaoyu Dao Islands** (), and **Tiaoyutai Islands** (), are uninhabited islands in the East China Sea.

The group of islands, islets, and rocks is east of Mainland China, northeast of Taiwan, west of Okinawa, and north of the southwestern end of the Ryukyu Islands. The islands are about 200 km from Taiwan, and about 300 km from Okinawa.

## Dispute

The United States occupied thesislands from 1945 to 1972, when they reverted to Japan. The official US position is neutral in a dispute among Japan, China and Taiwan. Control over the islands and rocks is disputed. The issues are complex. The Japanese government describes the islands as part of Japan.

The islands are also described as part of China. There are conflicts in the positions of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Noth Chinas have a shared history.

From March 2025 onwards, China Coast Guard (中国海警) ships from China approached the islands.

## Related pages

- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Political problems of China
- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan

## Other websites

- Japan, "The Basic view on the Sovereignty over the Senkaku Islands", Japan Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- China, "China's Diaoyu Islands Sovereignty is Undeniable", _People's Daily_
- Taiwan, "ROC (Taiwan) Government Reaffirms Sovereignty over Diaoyutai Islands", Republic of China Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Sino-Japanese War

There were two wars known as the **Sino-Japanese War** (between China and Japan):

- The **First Sino-Japanese War** happened from 1894 to 1895, about control of Korea.
- The **Second Sino-Japanese War** happened from 1931 (more strongly starting in 1937) to 1945. After 1941, it was part of World War II.
World Youth Day

***World Youth Day (WYD)*** is a gathering (meeting) of young Catholic people. It was created by Pope John Paul II in 1984 "to consolidate the ordinary youth ministry by offering new encouragement for commitment, objectives which foster ever greater involvement and participation"<sup>[1]</sup>. In other words, the Pope wanted young Catholics to come together, and work together.

The day is celebrated around the world every year, and every two or three years, a gathering is held at a different place. Thousands of people (including young people) from many countries go to this celebration. Because of World Youth Day, many young people are more likely to work together around the world.

The last World Youth Day celebration was held in 2005, in Cologne, Germany, the country in which Pope Benedict XVI was born in. About 1,200,000 attended the event. In 2008, World Youth Day was held in Sydney, Australia and in 2011 in Madrid, Spain and in 2013 in Rio, Brazil.
Age of Empires III

***Age of Empires III*** is a 2005 computer game made by the company Ensemble Studios. It is published by Microsoft. It is the third game of the Age of Empires games, and has better graphics than the ones before it. The plot is from 1500 to 1860. An expansion pack, _Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs_, was released for the game in 2006. The second expansion, _Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties_, was released in 2007. The _Definitive Edition_ (2020) also came with new content including the Incas civilization.

The game is compatible with Microsoft Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10. The game is available on Steam.

## 2005 requirements

- CPU: should be above 1.4 GHz
- Memory: 256 MB RAM
- Graphics: 64 MB video card
- 2 GB free space on the harddisk. The expansions require additional free space.
Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)

The **Bank of China Tower** (BOC Tower, 中銀大廈) is one of the most well-known skyscrapers in the central parts of Hong Kong. In the tower, the Bank of China has their offices.

The tower was designed by the architect I. M. Pei and is 315 meters high. At the top of the tower there are two masts that are 369 meters (1209 feet) high.

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in the world

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - Bank of China Tower
- SkycraperPage.com – Bank of China Tower

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Bank of China Tower
中銀大廈
- **image**: HK Bank of China Tower View.jpg
- **location**: Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- **floor count**: 70
- **completion date**: 1990
- **antenna spire**: 367 m (1205 ft)
Pyongyang

**Pyongyang** (평양 직할시 in hangul, 平壤直轄市 in hanja) is the capital and biggest city in North Korea. The government does not want people from outside the country to know anything about North Korea, so Pyongyang is one of the few places in North Korea that people from other countries can travel to.

## Entry

Pyongyang is a closed city meaning that North Koreans can't just go there. They must apply for a permit or be high up in the military. It is the most advanced city in the country which allows tourists to go there. Pyongyang does not really show what North Korea is really like, because the government uses it to pretend to tourists that the country is not poor. The city is kept very clean and littering is strictly not allowed. The city is home to the DPRK's only fast food restaurant which only the most privileged North Koreans go to (a meal would be worth around a weeks wages for the average person there). Many shops there have plastic food on display in the windows to make tourists think that there is lots of food in the country when in fact, food is scarce.

## Attractions

The city has lots of nice attractions like the statues of Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-Il at Mansudae hill. The Juche tower is one of the most recognisable landmarks in the country, towering over the Taedong River across from Kim Il-Sung square. It also has the world's deepest subway system, the Pyongyang Metro. Pyongyang has many large parks and wide avenues as well as the largest sports stadium in the world, the Rungrado May Day Stadium. The city is also the location of the embalmed bodies of the two leaders, Il-Sung and Jong-Il in the Kumsusan Palace of the sun.

Pyongyang is home to the 105-story hotel, Ryugyong Hotel. The construction started in 1987 and the exterior was completed twenty-four years later in 2011. It was originally intended as a propaganda device to make North Korea look wealthy when a South Korean recently built the world's then-tallest building. The hotel to this day remains empty and unopened.

The population of Pyongyang is 3,255,388.
IBM

**International Business Machines Corporation** (**IBM**) is a multinational technology company from the United States that makes and sells software, computer hardware, infrastructure services, artificial intelligence, and consulting services. IBM is one of the biggest Information Technology companies in the world. IBM has had the most patents of any technology company for many years, and has made many important inventions and discoveries that have improved computers.

IBM began in 1911, it was called the "Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company". It was set up by a man named Charles Flint. There were no computers at that time, so IBM made other machines, such as typewriters. In 1924, the company changed its name to International Business Machines (IBM). In 1937, the company's Tabulating Machines were used by the United States government to record information about Americans, so they could make a new law called the Social Security Act.

During World War II, IBM made guns for the American army. During the 1960s and 1970s IBM dominated the mainframe computer market. IBM computers were used for American space exploration. From the 1980s starting in 1981 until 2005, IBM made personal computers. In 2005, IBM sold their personal computer manufacturing to a Chinese company called Lenovo. Today, IBM mostly makes software, and some powerful supercomputers.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: International Business Machines Corporate
- **logo**: IBM logo.svg
- **logo caption**: Logo as of 1972
- **image**: IBM Watson.PNG
- **image size**: 200px
- **image caption**: Watson (computer), IBM Watson system in 2011
- **type**: Public company
- **isin**: US4592001014
- **founder**: Charles Ranlett Flint
- **area served**: 177 countries
- **key people**: Ginni Rometty
()
- **revenue**: (2024)
- **operating income**: (2024)
- **net income**: (2024)
- **equity**: (2024)
- **num employees**: 270,300 (2024)
- **foundation**: (as Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company)
Endicott, New York, Endicott, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **location city**: Armonk, New York
- **location country**: United States, U.S.
Kunya

A **kunya** (Arabic:**كنية**) is a name which is honorably given to an Arab mother or father. Kunya is pronounced koon-ya. Parents are called by their kunyas, which consists of _abu_ (father) or _umm_ (mother) followed by the name of their first son or daughter.  Their whole name is their name plus their kunya.  For example, _Umm Ja'far Aminah_ means "the mother of Ja'far, Aminah." The kunya precedes the personal name.
Wake

**Wake** could mean several things:

- Funeral, a gathering for a person who has died
- Wake is another name for a wave in water
- Wake can mean changing from being asleep to awake
Zen

**Zen** (**禅**, **禪**, **जेन्**) is a Chinese school of Mahayana Buddhism. Buddhism was first brought to China from India, by Bodhidharma. It developed in China, into Zen, in the 6th century. From China it spread to Vietnam, Korea and Japan.

Zen is a Japanese word translated from the Chinese word Chán, which means "meditation".

Zen uses meditation to help practitioners go beyond simply thinking about Zen. The goal in Zen is to attain _satori_. This Japanese word translates as "enlightenment". The practice also includes using riddles, called Koans. Koans are also designed to help the practitioner not just engage in rational thought. The traditional Japanese place to learn Zen is a Zen monastery.

Japanese Zen scholars such as D.T. Suzuki became well known in the West. Suzuki spent over fifty years teaching Zen to the world with a series of books in English. In the 1960s in California, Aldous Huxley, Alan Watts, and others promoted the philosophy. From there it spread to many parts of the western world. Zen is now well established outside of Japan and China. Many Zen centers exist in the US and Europe.

Zen is now associated with some design styles, like Minimalism. The Japanese garden<nowiki/>s found at Zen monasteries in Japan are an example of this style. They are called Zen rock gardens. They are not directly part of the teachings of Zen.

## Related pages

- Criticism of Buddhism
- _Zen at War_
Mathematical analysis

**Mathematical analysis** is a part of mathematics. It is often shortened to **analysis**. It looks at functions, sequences and series. These have useful properties and characteristics that can be used in engineering. Mathematical analysis provides a rigorous logical foundation to calculus, which studies continuous functions, differentiation and integration.

## Overview

Mathematical analysis is a short version of its old name "infinitesimal analysis", with some of its key subfields including real analysis, complex analysis, differentiation equation and functional analysis.

## Origin

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Isaac Newton developed most of the basis of mathematical analysis.

### Limits

A foundational concept in mathematical analysis is the concept of limit. Limits are used to see what happens very close to things. Limits can also be used to see what happens when things get very big. For example,  is never zero, but as  gets bigger,  gets closer and closer to zero. The limit of  as  gets bigger is _exactly_ zero. This is described by "The limit of  as  goes to infinity is zero", and written as .

The counterpart would be . When the  gets bigger, the limit goes to infinity. It is written as .

The fundamental theorem of algebra can be proven from some basic results in complex analysis. It says that every polynomial  with real or complex coefficients has a complex root (where a root is a number  satisfying the equation , and some of these roots may be the same).

### Differentiation

The function  is a line. The  shows the slope of the function and the  shows the position of the function on the ordinate. With two points on the line, it is possible to calculate the slope  with:

.

A function of the form , which is not linear, cannot be calculated like above. It is only possible to calculate the slope by using tangents and secants. The secant passes through two points and when the two points get closer, it turns into a tangent.

The new formula is .

This is called difference quotient. The  now gets closer to . This can be expressed with the following formula:

.

The result is called derivative or slope of f at the point .

### Integration

The integration is about the calculation of areas.

The symbol

is read as "the integral of  with respect to  from  to ", and refers to the area between the x-axis, the graph of function , and the lines  and . The  is the point where the area should start, and the  where the area should end.

### Concepts

- Series
- Integral
- Algebra
- Sequence
- Derivative

### Topics

- Calculus
- Complex analysis
- Numerical analysis
- Functional analysis
- Multivariable calculus
Locust

**Locust** are the swarming phase of certain species of short-horned grasshoppers in the family Acrididae. Such swarms are usually made of a great number of locusts. They do a lot of damage to the places where they pass, by eating the crops.

These are species which breed rapidly under suitable conditions. The migratory locust is the best-known example. They become gregarious and migratory when their populations become dense enough. They form bands as nymphs and swarms as adults. Both the bands and the swarms are nomadic and rapidly strip fields and greatly damage crops. The adults are powerful fliers; they can travel great distances, consuming practically all green material wherever the swarm settles.

The origin and apparent extinction of certain species of locust—some of which grew to  in length—are unclear.

Locusts are edible insects, and are considered a delicacy in some countries. There have been references to their consumption as food throughout history.

In the Book of Joel in the Old Testament locust swarms are described as a plague.

## Related pages

- Collective animal behavior
- Orthoptera

## Other websites

More detailed information on locusts can be found at the pages of the Australian Plague Locust Commission .
Grasshopper

**Grasshoppers** are insects with long, powerful back legs which they use for jumping. They generally live in dry habitats, such as fields, gardens and meadows, with lots of grass. They are in the suborder **Caelifera**, which includes locusts. There are 11,000 species, of which 10,000 are in the family Acrididae.

To distinguish grasshoppers from bush-crickets or katydids, they are sometimes referred to as the _short-horned grasshopper_. Species which change colour and behaviour at high population densities are called locusts.

Grasshoppers prefer to eat grasses, leaves and cereal crops, but many grasshoppers are omnivorous. Many grasshoppers eat from several host plants in one day, while others stay on one host plant. One of the 8000 species of grasshopper eats only a single species of plant.

## As food

Grasshoppers make good food for some. As an example, in southern Mexico, _chapulines_ (grasshoppers of the genus _Sphenarium_) are often eaten. They are high in protein, minerals and vitamins.

They are usually collected at dusk, using lamps or electric lighting, in sweep nets. Sometimes they are placed in water for 24 hours, after which they can be boiled or eaten raw, sun-dried, fried, flavoured with spices, such as garlic, onions, chilli, drenched in lime, and used in soup or as a filling for various dishes. They are abundant in Central and Southern Mexican food and street markets.

## Related pages

- Orthoptera
- Tetrigidae
- Cricket
- Katydid
- Aularches miliaris
Olive oil

**Olive oil** is a vegetable oil. It is made by getting the juice of the fruits of the olive tree. These are called olives. The oil is used in cooking, as well as cosmetics, traditional medicine, and as a fuel for oil lamps. Refined olive oil uses heat and chemicals to get the fat out of the olives.

Olive oil quality is defined by some parameters that are measured by chemical analysis. One of the most important is acidity. The highest quality olive oil (Extra-Virgin) must feature an acidity lower than 0.8%.

People see it as a healthy addition to their diet because of the high level of monounsaturated fats (mainly oleic acid) and polyphenols. Olive oil is popular in Mediterranean countries. It is a big part of the Mediterranean diet as a main fat source.

## Producers

Greece has more than a third of the world's olive trees, and is the top producer of olive oil in the world.
Oil lamp

An **oil lamp** is a lamp used for lighting by burning oil. Usually, it produces a flame by burning olive oil, or another vegetable oil, or whale oil during the 1700s and 1800s. They burned cleaner, with less smoke, than candles and other sources of light before electricity.

The lamps were usually made of pottery or metal or glass. An old story in the 1001 Nights has Aladdin cleaning (rubbing the lamp) and making a Genie appear.

Late in the 19th century, those lamps were mostly replaced by kerosene lamps.

## Other websites

- Ancient Lamps
Conjugation

**Conjugations** are forms of verbs that are changed to agree with the subject that is doing the action described by the verb. Usually most of the word stays the same, but the endings change. Most conjugation systems follow some sort of pattern within the language.

Example: French verb for 'to eat'- "manger" (stem: mang)
("manger" is the infinitive of the verb. The infinitive is the un-conjugated form of the verb, literally the "to do" something form such as _to_ walk, _to_ play, _to_ eat. In English one does not say "I like eat" one must say "I like _to_ eat". In both English and French ("J'aime _manger_") the infinitive form of the verb would be used in this case.

|**English**|**French**|
| --- | --- |
|I eat|je mange  (mang + e)|
|You(informal) eat|tu manges  (mang + es)|
|He/She eats|il/elle mange  (mang + e)|
|You(formal) eat|vous mangez  (mang + ez)|
|We eat|nous mangeons  (mang + eons)|
|They eat|ils/elles mangent  (mang + ent)|
The pattern here is that the "er" is removed from the verb and replaced with a different ending depending on the subject(who's doing the eating). This pattern is good for many French conjugations, but not all, and in other languages, conjugation patterns are going to be very different.

## Related pages

- Declension

## Other websites

- conjugation.com All English verbs conjugated in any tense, any form, any voice
- conjugator.reverso.net Verbs conjugated in any tense for any pronoun in En, Fr, Es, De, It, Pt, He, Ru, Ar and Ja
- Conjugation of over 7,000 English verbs.
- Online Conjugator for 85 different languages
Tomáš Masaryk

**Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk** (7 March 1850 - 14 September 1937) was the first President of Czechoslovakia. He led the country between years 1918 and 1935.
He was a scientist, philosopher, pedagog, politician, and journalist.
He studied in Brno, Vienna, and Leipzig, and he spoke many languages (Latin, French, Polish, German and English).
He worked as a teacher at a university in Prague and Vienna.

Some looked at him as having charisma.

Edvard Beneš was the next president after him.

## Related pages

- List of sociologists from Europe
Arachne

**Arachne** is a character from Greek mythology.

She was the daughter of Idmon of Colophon, in Lydia (Greece). Her father earned his living with dyeing (coloring) cloth. She learned to be a weaver. A weaver makes cloth, or textiles, from single strands. She was good at what she did, and she claimed that her skill was greater than that of Athena. Athena was the young Greek goddess of weaving (amongst other things).

Athena appeared to the girl as an old woman, and warned her not to offend the gods. Arachne did not take the advice, she wanted a weaving contest to prove her skill.

Athena revealed herself, and let the contest begin. Athena wove her scene where she won over Poseidon, the god of the sea. Arachne wove scenes about Zeus being unfaithful, with different women: Leda, Europa, and Danae.

Athena saw Arachne's work was without error, but she did not like the subject of Arachne's weaving. Athena lost her temper, and destroyed what Arachne had created. She also hit Arachne on the head. Arachne then realized what she had done. She ran away and hanged herself. Athena however had pity with Arachne, so before Arachne was dead, she changed the rope into a cobweb, and Arachne into a spider.

Ovid tells the story in _Metamorphoses_. Book 6, 5-54, 129–145. The story is typical of tragedy in Ancient Greek theatre, where pride in thinking oneself better than the gods – _ὕβρις_ (hubris) – brings punishment from the gods.

The Greek word for spider is _arachne_ (αραχνη), from which derive the mythological woman's name, the class name Arachnida in biology, and the name for fear of spiders, arachnophobia.

## Appearances in Modern Day Entertainment

Arachne has made appearances in recent years in books such as The Heroes of Olympus series by Rick Riordan.

## Other websites

- Arache E-Text at Project Gutenberg
Arachnophobia

**Arachnophobia** is a fear of spiders. It is a very common phobia - many people suffer from it. People who have it often feel uncomfortable in areas where there may be spiders. The usual way of treating this is using behaviour therapy. People will be confronted with spiders; they may be required to touch spiders as big as a tarantula.