juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Micropædia

The 12-book ***Micropædia*** is one of the three parts of the 15th edition of _Encyclopædia Britannica_, and the other two being the one-book _Propædia_ and the 17-book _Macropædia_. The name comes from the word "micro" and "encyclopaedia". Micro means small and so, the Micropaedia is a small encyclopedia. The Micropaedia has articles that are very short, the articles are found in small strips. It is the opposite of the Macropaedia, which has articles that are very long.

The _Micropædia_ was introduced in 1974 with 10 books having 102,214 short articles, all of them are less than 750 words. In the 15th edition, many articles were put together, with about only 65,000 articles in 12 volumes. In general, the 750-word limit is still used and most articles are only 1-2 paragraphs; however, a few longer articles can be found in the 2007 _Micropædia_, such as the Internet ones, which takes up a full page.

With some exceptions, the 65,000 articles of the _Micropædia_ have no bibliographies and no named contributors. It is supposed to be for fast-checking to find out the main things about the topic, and as a guide to the 700 longer articles of the _Macropædia_. People use it to know just a little, but the Macropaedia is used to know in detail.

he:המהדורה החמש-עשרה של האנציקלופדיה בריטניקה
Mantle (vesture)

A **mantle** (, ***mandyas***; , ***mantiya***) is an ecclesiastical garment in the form  of a very full cape which extends to the floor, joined at the neck, that is worn over the outer garments.

In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic churches, the mantle  is a monastic garment worn by bishops, hegumens, archimandrites, and other monastics in processions and while attending various church services, such as Vespers or Matins; but not when dressed to celebrate the Divine Liturgy. Unlike the Western cope, the mantle is worn only by monastics. The klobuk is worn over the mantle.
The Courier-Mail

***The Courier-Mail*** is a newspaper made by an Australian company called News Limited. _The Courier-Mail_ is published during the week in Brisbane. The first issue was published 1933.

## Other websites

- _The Courier-Mail_ homepage
Işın Karaca

**Işın Karaca** (born in London, United Kingdom, on March 7, 1973) is a Turkish-Cypriot pop singer.

She has released four music albums. These are: _Anadilim Aşk_, _İçinde Aşk Var_, _Başka 33/3_ and _Uyanış_. Her fourth album  means _Awakening_ in English language. She also has been an actress for the film _Sen Ne Dilersen_.

## Other websites

- Official web site of Işın Karaca
- Işın Karaca
A Game of Thrones

***A Game of Thrones*** is the first of seven planned books in _A Song of Ice and Fire_, a fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was released on 6 August 1996. The book was put up for the 1998 Nebula Award and the 1997 World Fantasy Award, and won the 1997 Locus Award. The first season of the HBO TV series Game of Thrones is based on the book.

## Chapters

The chapters are titled by the name of the person you will read about through their perspective. These are listed in no order and the Prologue is not included for it is not part of the main chapters: Eddard (Stark), Catelyn (Stark), Sansa (Stark), Arya (Stark), Bran (Stark), Jon (Snow), Tyrion (Lannister), Daenerys (Targaryen).

## Awards and nominations

- Locus Award – Best Novel (Fantasy) (Won) – (1997)
- World Fantasy Award – Best Novel (Nominated) – (1997)
- Nebula Award – Best Novel (Nominated) – (1997)
- Ignotus Award – Best Novel (Foreign) (Won) – (2003)

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: A Game of Thrones
- **author**: George R. R. Martin
- **audio read by**: Roy Dotrice
- **cover artist**: Tom Hallman
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: _A Song of Ice and Fire_
- **genre**: Political fiction, Political novel, epic fantasy
- **published**: August 1, 1996
- **publisher**: Bantam Spectra (US)
 Voyager Books (UK)
- **isbn**: 0-553-10354-7
- **isbn note**: (US hardback)
 (UK hardback)
- **pages**: 694
- **awards**: Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel (1997)
- **dewey**: 813/.54
- **congress**: [http://lccn.loc.gov/95043936 PS3563.A7239 G36 1996]
- **oclc**: 654895986
- **followed by**: A Clash of Kings
Fritz Wunderlich

**Fritz Wunderlich** (born Kusel, Rhineland-Palatinate, 26 September 1930; died Heidelberg,  17 September 1966) was a German tenor.  He was one of the great singers of his time, famous both as an opera singer and as a recitalist singing Lieder.

Wunderlich came from a musical family.  His mother was a violinist and his father was a choir-master. The family did not find it easy to make a living, especially after Fritz's father committed suicide when Fritz was five years old.  As a young man Wunderlich worked in a bakery.  People heard him singing while he worked, and he was persuaded to study music.  He got a scholarship to study at the Freiburg College of Music where he studied French horn and singing.

Wunderlich soon became known as a brilliant young tenor.  He sang several roles in Mozart's operas, and gradually learned roles in many other operas, including Verdi's _Rigoletto_ and _Don Carlo_.  There is an excellent recording of Mozart's _Magic Flute_ in which Wunderlich sings the part of the Prince Tamino and the famous baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau sings the part of Papageno, the birdcatcher.

Wunderlich had a lovely, clear voice which was excellent for German Lieder.  He sang the great songs of Schubert and Schumann, especially Schumann's _Dichterliebe_ song cycle.

Wunderlich was becoming world famous when he died from an accident: he fell down the stairs of a friend's hunting house and died just before his 36th birthday.

## Other website

- Website of the Fritz Wunderlich Gesellschaft
Half of a Yellow Sun

***Half of a Yellow Sun*** is a book that was written by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie in 2006, and was published by Knopf/Anchor.  The book tells the story of two sisters Olanna and Kainene during the Biafran War.

## Awards

_Half of a Yellow Sun_ won the 2007 Orange Prize for Fiction in the women-only section.  The award is given annually for the best original full-length book; Adichie gained £30,000 as a reward for winning the prize. _Purple Hibiscus_, her first novel, made the Orange Prize shortlist in 2004, and because of the success of _Half a Yellow Sun_, critics have said that Adichie may have even more success in the future.

## Reviews

The book got good reviews from critics, and it was included in _The New York Times_' 100 Most Notable Books of the Year, as well as winning the Orange Prize. In a review for _The Seattle Times_, Mary Brennan talks about the book as "A sweeping story that provides both a harrowing history lesson and an engagingly human narrative". _The Guardian's_ Kate Kellaway said "An immense achievement, _Half of a Yellow Sun_ has a ramshackle freedom and exuberant ambition," after reading the book. _The New York Times_ did a review of the book, saying some good and some bad things about the book.

## Political importance

The Nigerian Civil War began on July 6, 1967 and lasted until January 15, 1970.  The war began because of political struggles caused by the numerous attempts to secede from the southeastern provinces of Nigeria and create the Republic of Biafra.  Political conflict between the Igbo’s, Yoruba’s, and the Hausa-Fulani ended up with two military coups.  The Igbo tried to leave Nigeria to become the Republic of Biafra, but did not have very much support.  From 1968 onward, the war was mostly a tie, with Nigerian forces unable to get an advantage over the Republic of Biafra. Many people died in the war, and even today there is still anger between the different ethnic and religious groups of Nigeria.

The story in _Half of a Yellow Sun_ is centered around the war. The author has stated that many of the issues that caused the war remain today.  She also said that the war is very talked about "in uninformed and unimaginative ways," and that the war is as important to the people today as it was in her book. Because none of the major political events were changed in the book, Adichie said that the book had "emotional truth," and that the book showed the war had a large impact on the people of Nigeria.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Half of a Yellow Sun
- **author**: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
- **language**: English literature, English
- **publisher**: Knopf/Anchor
- **pub date**: January 15, 2007
- **release date**: 2006
- **media type**: Novel/Book
- **pages**: 448
- **isbn**: 978-0-00-720028-3
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

**Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie** (born September 15, 1977) is an award-winning Nigerian writer. She comes from Abba in Anambra State, southeast Nigeria.  Her book Half of a Yellow Sun won the 2007 Orange Prize for fiction (later named Women's Prize for Fiction).

Adichie was born in Enugu into an Igbo family. She married Ivara Alistair Esege, a Nigerian doctor.

## Sampling on a Beyoncé song

In December 2013 Beyoncé released her fifth album _BEYONCÉ_. The eleventh song on the album "Flawless" has a sample from Adichie's TED Talk "Why We Should All Be Feminists". Adichie's sample on the album caused her novel _Americanah_ go up around 600 places in the Amazon chart.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Chimamanda N. Adichie
- **image**: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 9374.JPG
- **caption**: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie in 2013
- **birth name**: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
- **birth place**: Enugwu, Enugwu State, Nigeria
- **nationality**: Nigeria
- **period**: 2003-present
- **notableworks**: _Purple Hibiscus Half of a Yellow Sun_
Sind River

The **Sind Stream** originates from the slopes of Zojila Pass and flowing to south west is joined by another stream coming from Dachhen-Para. Flowing southward and crossing Sind Valley, it empties into Jhelum River near Shadipura.
Banihal Pass

**Banihal Pass** is at an altitude of 9,200 feet above sea level, in the eastern region of Pir Panjal range, at 75.16 longitude and 33.31 latitude. The pass connects the Valley of Kashmir with Jammu. Banihal cart road enters Kashmir valley through this pass. In 16th century, Sheikh Yaqoob Serfi and two other religious leaders had travelled through this pass to invite India's (Hindustani) Mughal Emperor Akhbar to invade Kashmir.
Parker Brothers

**Parker Brothers** is a toy and game manufacturer and brand. Over almost 115 years, the company has created more than 1800 games; some of them are _Monopoly_, _Cluedo_ (known as _Clue_ in North America), _Risk_, Trivial Pursuit, Ouija, Aggravation and Probe.

## Other websites

- The Game Makers, a book by Philip Orbanes, chronicles the history of Parker Brothers.
- Parker Brothers  on the History Channel
- The story of Parker's early games

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Parker Brothers
- **type**: Subsidiary, Wholly Owned Subsidiary
- **logo**: Parker-Brothers-Logo.svg
- **foundation**: 1883
- **location**: USA
- **industry**: Games
- **products**: Monopoly (game), Monopoly
Cluedo, Cluedo/Clue
Bop It
Sorry! (game), Sorry!
Aggravation (board game), Aggravation
- **parent**: Hasbro
Kariwood

Cinema in Karachi or **Kariwood** () had its golden days in the 1960s when some of the prominent movie studios were in Karachi, making movies for the viewership of a large and growing working-class population.

With a metropolitan area hosting the world's second most populated city, the movie viewership is still popular in Karachi. However, the interest has shifted more towards the Hollywood and other international productions. One of the reasons for the shifting trends is attributed to the moving of film-making industry to Lahore, locally termed as Lollywood

## Related pages

- Bollywood
- Lollywood
- Hollywood

## Other websites

- Official web site of Lollywood
- Official web site of karachi film industry
- News about Lollywood
- Watch lollywood movies online
- Lollywood Forums
Gijsbert Haan

**Gijsbert Haan** (or **Gysbert Haan**) (January 3, 1801 - July 27, 1874) was the leader of the 1857 Secession of Dutch-Americans from the Reformed Church in America. He was the creator of the Christian Reformed Church in the United States and Canada. Haan was born in Hilversum, North Holland, the Netherlands and died of liver disease in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Country (disambiguation)

A **country** is a political division of a geographical region.

**Country** could also mean:

- Country music, a genre of music
- Countryside, a rural settled place outside towns and cities
- Country (movie), a 1984 movie starring Jessica Lange and Sam Shepard
- COUNTRY Insurance & Financial Services, a group of U.S. insurance and financial services companies based in Bloomington, Illinois
Zojila La

**Zoji La** () is a high mountain pass  in India. This pass is  above sea level, at 74.50 longitude and 34.17 latitude. The pass connects a valley of Kashmir with Ladakh. Different trade routes lad to Tibet, China and Central Asia. Renchen Shah of Leh entered Kashmir through this pass and became the monarch of the land in the 14th century. Mirza Haider Doughlat also advanced through this pass to invade Kashmir. The old historical name of the pass was _Shurji La_ meaning lord Shiva's mountain.

## Infobox (mountain pass)

- **name**: Zoji La
- **photo**: A view from Zoji La.jpg
- **photo caption**: View from Zoji La
- **elevation m**: 3528
- **traversed**: National Highway 1 (India), Srinagar–Leh Highway
- **location**: Ladakh, India
- **range**: Himalaya
- **map**: India Ladakh#India
- **map caption**: Location in Ladakh
Babusar Pass

**Babusar Pass** is  above sea level. It connects Gilgit with Kaghan via Chilas. Prior to construction of Karakoram highway, this route was very important, because this was the only route leading to Gilgit and Baltistan from Pakistan.

Presently a road by the name of Mansehra-Naran-Jalkhad-Chilas MNJCroad is being constructed through Babusar Pass that will shorten the distance between Mansehra and Chilas by around . Work on the route is expected to conclude sometime in mid 2011.
Khunjerab Pass

**Khunjerab Pass** is a mountain pass located on the border of Pakistan and China. It is at an altitude of  above sea level. Karakoram Highway (Silk Route) crosses into China through this pass. Trade between China and Pakistan is carried through Khunjerab.

The name Khunjerab is derived from two Wakhi words; "Khun" meaning blood and "Jerab" means a creek coming from a spring or waterfall.
Karakoram Pass

**Karakoram Pass** is a mountain pass between India and China in the Karakoram Range. It is at a height of  above sea level. It is the highest altitude pass connecting Indian Kashmir with  Sinkiang (China).
Shandur Pass

The height of this pass is 3738 m above sea level, it connects Gupis, Gilgit with Chitral. The top is flat, a plateau and can be crossed between late April and early November. The grade is very gradual, and the area is crossed by small streams of trout. Grazing in summer is plentiful.

Every year there is a Polo match played on Shandur Top between a team from Chitral and a team from Gilgit.

Shandur Top is one of the four major mountain passes to enter Chitral. The others are Dorah Pass from Badakshan in Afghanistan, Lowari Pass from Dir, and Broghol Pass from the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan.

The people who live on both sides of Shandur Top speak the Khowar language.
Debian Free Software Guidelines

The **Debian Free Software Guidelines** (**DFSG**) is a set of guidelines (rules) that the Debian Project uses to decide whether a software license is a free software license, which is used to decide whether a piece of software can be included in Debian. The DFSG is part of the Debian Social Contract.

## The guidelines

1. Free redistribution.
1. Inclusion of source code.
1. Allowing for modifications and derived works.
1. Integrity of the author's source code
1. No discrimination against persons or groups.
1. No discrimination against fields of endeavor, like commercial use.
1. The license needs to apply to all to whom the program is redistributed.
1. License must not be specific to Debian.
1. License must not contaminate other software.
1. The GPL, BSD, and Artistic licenses are examples of licenses thought of as free.

## History

The DFSG was first published together with the first version of the Debian Social Contract in July 1997. The primary authors were Bruce Perens and several other Debian developers at the time.

### Software

Most discussions about the DFSG happen on the _debian-legal_ mailing list. When a Debian Developer first uploads a package to be included in Debian, the _ftpmaster_ team checks the software licenses and decides whether they follow the DFSG's rules. The team sometimes discusses with the debian-legal list in difficult cases.

### Non-software content

The DFSG is focused on software, but in June 2004 the Debian project decided to use the same rules on software documentation, multimedia data and other content. The non-software content of Debian began to follow the DFSG more strictly in Debian 4.0 (released in April 2007) and following releases.

### GFDL

Much documentation written by the GNU Project, the Linux Documentation Project and others licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License contain invariant sections, which do not comply with the DFSG. This assertion is the end result of a long discussion and the General Resolution 2006-001

## Related pages

- The Free Software Definition
- History of free software

## Other websites

- Debian Social Contract and Free Software Guidelines
- debian-legal list, with archives from previous discussions
- Draft DFSG FAQ(down?)
- DFSG FAQ
- Section A.1.3 of _Why OSS/FS? Look at the Numbers!_  identifies some of the major issues discussed by debian-legal.
- List of software licenses currently found in Debian
Madden NFL 09

***Madden NFL 09*** is a video game about the National Football League (NFL) for the Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, and Nintendo DS. It was the last game to be released on the original Xbox. A GameCube version was also planned, but it was canceled due to the system's discontinuation in early 2007. It was published by EA Sports and developed by EA Tiburon.

Former New York Jets quarterback Brett Favre is on the cover.

## Presentation

On the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Nintendo DS versions, play-by-play and color commentary is provided by Tom Hammond and Cris Collinsworth, respectively, replacing Al Michaels and John Madden. However, Michaels and Madden still appear on the Wii, PlayStation 2, and PSP versions. Madden still has a part in _Madden 09_ as the person describing instructions to the Madden IQ. Madden guides you on advice and other things to help you understand how to raise your Madden IQ. Madden also appears in Mii form in the Wii version of the game, suggesting plays to run in the game's "Madden's Pick" feature.

EA's relationship with ESPN also enables tie-ins with different ESPN shows.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Madden NFL 09
- **developer**: EA Tiburon
- **publisher**: EA Sports
- **engine**: Proprietary
- **genre**: American football simulation
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Xbox (console), Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable, Wii, Nintendo DS
- **series**: _Madden NFL_
Eleanor of Provence

**Eleanore of Provence** (c. 1223 – 26 June 1291) was the Queen Consort of King Henry III of England.
Jam session

A **jam session** is an informal gathering of musicians to improvise freely on various themes.  They began with jazz musicians. Musicians sometimes use jam sessions to work on new material, and some songs are made by the band during the session. A jam session will often feature improvisation.
Compilation

In music, a **compilation** is a record, usually an album, which contains songs from more than one source. For instance, it could contain songs from studio albums, live albums, EPs, and other places. The songs often have something in common, for instance a "Greatest Hits" compilation will contain the most popular songs by a band or musician.
Necrophagist

**Necrophagist** is a technical death metal band from Germany.  They have released two albums. The band is currently signed with Relapse Records.  They are known for their fast songs that require a large amount of skill to play.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official MySpace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Necrophagist
- **img**: Necrophagist.png
- **img capt**: Necrophagist performing in 2010. Shown from left to right: Stephan Fimmers, Muhammed Suiçmez, Romain Goulon (behind), and Sami Raatikainen.
- **img size**: 260
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
- **genre**: Technical death metal
- **years active**: 1992–present
- **label**: Relapse Records, Relapse, Willowtip Records, Willowtip
- **associated acts**: Obscura (band), Obscura, Disavowed, Codeon, Radiance
- **url**: [http://www.necrophagist.de/ www.necrophagist.de]
- **current members**: Muhammed Suiçmez
Sami Raatikainen
Stephan Fimmers
Romain Goulon
- **past members**: (Necrophagist#Members, See below)
Page 44

**Page 44** is an indie-rock band from England. They have released 3 EPs and 1 demo album and have appeared on television in the United Kingdom. BBC said the band might become "tomorrow's superstars".

## Other websites

- Page 44's MySpace
- Page 44 on Facebook

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Page 44
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Birmingham, England
- **genre**: Powerpop
Indie rock
- **years active**: 2004–present
- **label**: Unsigned
- **url**: [http://www.myspace.com/page44 Page 44 On Myspace]
[http://www.facebook.com/pages/Page-44/23255509656 Page 44 on Facebook]
- **current members**: Adam Vygus
Adam Stanford
Zach Phelps
Jay Brown
- **past members**: Paul Bugden
Elliot Vaughan
Laurent Gillgrass
Samuel Wilson
Mark Rabone
Logroño

**Logroño** () is a city in northern Spain. It is the capital of La Rioja. Logroño is in the Ebro valley. The population of the city is 150.000.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Logroño
- **website**: http://www.logro-o.org
- **image skyline**: View of Paseo del Príncipe de Vergara (El Espolón) in Logroño.jpg
- **image flag**: Bandera de Logroño.png
- **flag size**: 150px
- **image seal**: Escudo de Logroño.png
- **shield size**: 80px
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **map caption**: Location in Spain.
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision type2**: Comarca
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision name1**: La Rioja (autonomous community), La Rioja
- **subdivision name2**: Rioja Media
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Concepción Gamarra (Spanish Popular Party, PP)
- **area total km2**: 79.57
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population urban**: 153736
- **population metro**: 197000
- **population density km2**: 1821
- **timezone**: CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: CET
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 384
- **footnotes**: to Madrid; Fuero given in 1095
- **population demonym**: Logroñés
Brain damage

**Brain damage** is damage to the brain from either illnesses or injuries. Brain cells are damaged, which often affects one's brain in a way that stops the brain from thinking or reacting the same way as it did before the brain was damaged.

Physical damage to the brain is called **traumatic brain injury** (TBI). It has occurred since ancient times, and old medical records exist.

## History

Head injuries and their effects were known in ancient times.

Ancient Mesopotamians knew of head injury and some of its effects, including seizures, paralysis, and loss of sight, hearing or speech. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written around 1650–1550 BC, describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability. Ancient Greek physicians including Hippocrates understood the brain to be the center of thought, probably due to their experience with head trauma.

Perhaps the first reported case of personality change after brain injury is that of Phineas Gage. He survived an accident in 1848 when a large iron rod was driven through his head, destroying at least his left frontal lobe.

He recovered with no apparent sensory, movement, or big cognitive damage. However, his behaviour so altered that friends described him as "no longer being Gage". This suggested that the damaged areas are involved in "higher functions" such as personality. Many cases of personality change after brain injury have been reported since.

In the 1970s, awareness of TBI as a public health problem grew. A great deal of progress has been made since then in brain trauma research, such as the discovery of primary and secondary brain injury. The 1990s saw the development and dissemination of standardized guidelines for treatment of TBI, with protocols for a range of issues such as drugs and management of intracranial pressure. Research since the early 1990s has improved TBI survival. That decade was called the "Decade of the Brain" for advances made in brain research.

## Other websites

- Head and Brain Injuries from MedlinePlus
- Dr.Diane.com  Information on brain injury and related rehabilitation services.
- Fact sheets on brain damage, its effects, and strategies for survivors and their families
- Brain Damage Research from ScienceDaily
Toffee

**Toffee** is a candy which is made by boiling sugar with butter, and then cooling the mixture so that it becomes hard. Sometimes it is made with treacle.

## Related pages

- Fudge
Chop, Ukraine

**Chop** (, , ) is a city found in the Zakarpattia Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, near the borders of Slovakia and Hungary. It is separated from the Hungarian town of Záhony by the river Tisza.

## Demography

According to the Ukrainian national census, Chop had a population in 2001 of 8,919, of whom 40% were Ukrainians, 39.2% ethnic Hungarians and 20.8% Gypsies, Russians, Slovaks, Belarusians, Jews .

## Features

Chop is an important railway junction in Ukraine where the Lviv-Stryi-Budapest railway line meets the Lviv-Uzhgorod-Košice line. Near Chop, there are also international railway and highway border crossings to Hungary and Slovakia and also to the westernmost point of Ukraine.

## Other websites

- Chop in the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
- Chop (Чоп) of Ukraine 1:100,000 topographic maps
- Discovering The Everyday Life in Chop

## Infobox (city)

- **official name**: Chop
- **native name**: Чоп
- **image caption**: Railway station in Chop
- **image flag**: Flag of Chop.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Chop2.png
- **shield size**: 75px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Ukraine
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Ukraine, Oblast
- **subdivision name1**: Chop City Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Raion
- **subdivision name2**: Administrative divisions of Ukraine#Municipalities, Municipality
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Galina Car
- **population as of**: 2022
- **population total**: 8626
- **timezone**: EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **elevation m**: 101-108
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 89502
- **area code**: +380 22
- **blank name**: License plate
- **blank1 name**: Town twinning, Sister cities
- **blank1 info**: <small> Milove (Ukraine)
Sokołów Małopolski, (Poland)
Záhony (Hungaria) </small>
- **website**: http://chop.org.ua/
United States metropolitan area

**Metropolitan Statistical Areas** (**MSA**) are large metropolitan areas of the United States as defined by the Office of Management and Budget. These areas are urban areas with a lot of people. An earlier version of the MSA was the "Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area" (SMSA). MSAs are used for official purposes. They are made up of counties and for some, county equivalents.

MSAs are created around a central urban area —an area with high population density.  The counties within the urbanized area are known as the **central counties** of the MSA.  Other nearby counties (known as **outlying counties**) can be a part of the MSA if these counties have strong social and economic connections to the central counties.  Some areas within these outlying counties may actually be rural areas.
Jenks, Oklahoma

**Jenks** is a city in Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, and a suburb of Tulsa, in the northeastern part of the state. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 25,949.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Jenks, Oklahoma
- **settlement type**: City
- **image flag**: Flag of Jenks, Oklahoma.svg
- **image map**: Tulsa County Oklahoma incorporated and unincorporated areas Jenks highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location within Tulsa County, OK, Tulsa County, and the state of Oklahoma
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Oklahoma
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Oklahoma, County
- **subdivision name2**: Tulsa County, Oklahoma, Tulsa
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 46.49
- **area land km2**: 44.32
- **area water km2**: 2.17
- **area total sq mi**: 17.95
- **area land sq mi**: 17.11
- **area water sq mi**: 0.84
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 25949
- **population density km2**: 585.54
- **population density sq mi**: 1516.51
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 188
- **elevation ft**: 617
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 74037
- **area code**: area codes 539 and 918, 539/918
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 40-37800
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1094209
Owasso, Oklahoma

**Owasso** is a city in Rogers and Tulsa counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and a northern suburb of Tulsa. The population was 38,240 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Owasso, Oklahoma
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: The City Without Limits
- **image map**: Tulsa County Oklahoma incorporated and unincorporated areas Owasso highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **map caption**: Location of within Tulsa County, Oklahoma, Tulsa County, and the state of Oklahoma
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Oklahoma
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Oklahoma, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Tulsa County, Oklahoma, Tulsa, Rogers County, Oklahoma, Rogers
- **government type**: Mayor–council government
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Municipal government, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1904 (town in Indian Territory); 1972 (city chartered in Oklahoma)
- **area total sq mi**: 16.95
- **area total km2**: 43.89
- **area land sq mi**: 16.92
- **area land km2**: 43.83
- **area water sq mi**: 0.02
- **area water km2**: 0.05
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 38240
- **population density km2**: 872.40
- **population density sq mi**: 2259.51
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 709
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 74055
- **area codes**: Area codes 918 and 539, 918/539
- **website**: [http://www.cityofowasso.com/ www.cityofowasso.com]
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **timezone1**: Central Standard Time
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 40-56650
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2411345
Broken Arrow, Oklahoma

**Broken Arrow** is a city in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Most of it is in Tulsa County, but part of it is in western Wagoner County.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Broken Arrow, Oklahoma
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Building in Broken Arrow Oklahoma.jpg
- **imagesize**: 280px
- **image caption**: Downtown Broken Arrow
- **image map**: Tulsa County Oklahoma incorporated and unincorporated areas Broken Arrow highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location within Tulsa County, Oklahoma, Tulsa County and the state of Oklahoma
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Oklahoma, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Tulsa County, Oklahoma, Tulsa, Wagoner County, Oklahoma, Wagoner
- **established title**: Municipal government, Founded
- **established date**: 1902
- **established title2**: Municipal government, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1903
- **government type**: Council-Manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City Manager
- **area total km2**: 164.58
- **area total sq mi**: 63.54
- **area land km2**: 163.07
- **area land sq mi**: 62.96
- **area water km2**: 1.51
- **area water sq mi**: 0.58
- **elevation m**: 230
- **elevation ft**: 755
- **population total**: 113540
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 696.28
- **population density sq mi**: 1803.34
- **population rank**: US: List of United States cities by population, 267th
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 74011-74014
- **area code**: area codes 539 and 918, 539/918
- **website**: [http://www.brokenarrowok.gov City of Broken Arrow]
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 40-09050
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1090512
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Inuvik, Northwest Territories

**Inuvik** is a town in the Northwest Territories of Canada.  It is also where the local government of the Inuvik Region is based.

## History

Inuvik was created as a replacement in 1953 for the earlier administrative center, Aklavik because that area was often flooded.  At first, it was called "New Aklavik" but was renamed Inuvik in 1958 because there was confusion between the names of Aklavik and New Akalavik.  Inuvik means "Place of Man" in Inuvialuktun, the local Inuit language.
Edmond, Oklahoma

**Edmond** is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the  Oklahoma City metropolitan area in the central part of the state. It was founded on April 22, 1889.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Edmond, Oklahoma
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: OKMap-doton-Edmond.PNG
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Edmond, Oklahoma
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Oklahoma
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Oklahoma, County
- **subdivision name2**: Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, Oklahoma
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 227.8
- **area land km2**: 220.5
- **area water km2**: 7.3
- **area total sq mi**: 87.9
- **area land sq mi**: 85.1
- **area water sq mi**: 2.8
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2020, 2020
- **population total**: 94428
- **population density km2**: 430.3
- **population density sq mi**: 1114
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 367
- **elevation ft**: 1204
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 73000-73099
- **area code**: Area code 405, 405
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 40-23200
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1092492
QuikTrip

**QuikTrip** (abbreviated **QT**)  is a Tulsa-based chain of convenience stores mainly found in the Midwestern and Southern United States (not to be confused with Kwik Trip convenience stores).

The first QuikTrip opened in 1958 in Tulsa, Oklahoma by Chester Cadieux and Burt B. Holmes.  QuikTrip promotes its gasoline as "high-quality" and offers a money-back guarantee.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: QuikTrip Corporation
- **company logo**: QuikTrip new logo.svg
- **company type**: Private company, Private
- **foundation**: 1958 in Tulsa, Oklahoma
- **location**: Tulsa, Oklahoma
- **key people**: Chet Cadieux, CEO
Terry Carter, CFO
- **revenue**: $9.2 billion (2021)
- **num employees**: 24,000
- **num locations**: 1101 (Oct. 2024)
- **industry**: Retailer, Retail (Convenience store)
Oklahoma City Thunder

The **Oklahoma City Thunder** (abbreviated **OKC**) are an American professional basketball franchise based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Seattle SuperSonics franchise had moved to Oklahoma, which meant that there was a new team name (Oklahoma City Thunder). Because of this, the Thunder replaced Seattle in the Western Conference's Northwest Division and began play at Oklahoma City's Ford Center, now known as Paycom Center, during the 2008–09 NBA season.

## Infobox (basketball club)

- **name**: Oklahoma City Thunder
- **current**: 2022–23 Oklahoma City Thunder season
- **logo**: Okc wordmark.gif
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **conference**: Western Conference (NBA), Western
- **division**: Northwest Division (NBA), Northwest
- **founded**: 1967
- **history**: **Seattle SuperSonics**
1967–2008
**Oklahoma City Thunder**
2008–present
- **arena**: Paycom Center
- **location**: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- **colors**: Thunder blue, sunset, yellow, navy blue

- **sponsor**: Love's Travel Stops & Country Stores
- **gm**: Sam Presti
- **coach**: Mark Daigneault
- **owner**: Professional Basketball Club, Professional Basketball Club LLC (Clay Bennett (businessman), Clay Bennett, Chairman)
- **affiliation**: Oklahoma City Blue
- **league champs**: **2** (1979 NBA Finals, 1979, 2025 NBA Finals, 2025)
- **conf champs**: **4** (1978 NBA Playoffs, 1978, 1979 NBA Playoffs, 1979, 1996 NBA Playoffs, 1996, 2012 NBA Playoffs, 2012)
- **div champs**: **11** (1978–79 NBA season, 1979, 1993–94 NBA season, 1994, 1995–96 NBA season, 1996, 1996–97 NBA season, 1997, 1997–98 NBA season, 1998, 2004–05 NBA season, 2005, 2010–11 NBA season, 2011, 2011–12 NBA season, 2012, 2012–13 NBA season, 2013, 2013–14 NBA season, 2014, 2015–16 NBA season, 2016)
- **ret nums**: **7** (Gus Williams (basketball), 1, Nick Collison, 4, Bill Russell, 6, Nate McMillan, 10, Lenny Wilkens, 19, Spencer Haywood, 24, Fred Brown (basketball), 32, Jack Sikma, 43)
- **1 title**: Association
- **1 pattern b**: _2018-19_OKC_association
- **1 pattern s**: _2018-19_OKC_association
- **2 title**: Icon
- **2 pattern b**: _2018-19_OKC_icon
- **2 pattern s**: _2018-19_OKC_icon
- **3 title**: Statement
- **3 pattern b**: _2018-19_OKC_statement
- **3 pattern s**: _2018-19_OKC_statement
Nadsat

**Nadsat** is a slang language. It was invented by Anthony Burgess when he wrote a book called _A Clockwork Orange_. The book is about a teenager called Alex. Alex speaks Nadsat in the book. Stanley Kubrick turned the book into a film, also called _A Clockwork Orange_.

The name of the slang language _Nadsat_ comes from Russian. So do many words in the language itself. In Russian, numbers between ten and twenty end with -_nadsat_. This is like the way the same numbers end with -_teen_ in English. So _Nadsat_ means 'teen'.

Although there is 1950s Russian slang in Nadsat, there are other languages too. However, most words in Nadsat are English or variations of English. One type of English variation used is rhyming slang.

- Examples
- **viddy**: to see (from Russian slang)
- **appy polly logy**: apology (rhyming slang)

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Nadsat
- **fam1**: Constructed languages
- **fam2**: Artistic languages
- **fam3**: Fictional languages
- **creator**: Anthony Burgess
- **created**: 1962
- **setting**: _A Clockwork Orange_ (novel and film)
- **script**: Latin script
- **iso3**: none
- **glotto**: none
- **ietf**: [https://www.kreativekorp.com/clcr/ art-x-nadsat]
Seattle SuperSonics

The **Seattle SuperSonics** (also called the **Seattle Sonics**) were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle, Washington that played in the Pacific and Northwest Divisions of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1967 until its final season in 2007–2008. The team moved to Oklahoma City in 2008, changing its name to the **Oklahoma City Thunder**. The SuperSonics have been looking into getting back into the NBA as an expansion team in the coming years, the fans have really wanted a Seattle NBA team for a while since they disbanded in 2008.

## Infobox (basketball club)

- **name**: Seattle SuperSonics
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **conference**: Western Conference (NBA), Western
- **division**: Western (1967–1970)
Pacific Division (NBA), Pacific (1970–2004)
Northwest Division (NBA), Northwest (2004–2008)
- **founded**: 1967
- **history**: **Seattle SuperSonics**
1967–2008
**Oklahoma City Thunder**
2008–present
- **arena**: **KeyArena, Seattle Center Coliseum/KeyArena at Seattle Center** (1967–1978, 1985–1994, 1995–2008)
**Kingdome** (1978–1985)
**Tacoma Dome** (1994–1995)
- **location**: Seattle, Seattle, Washington
- **colors**: Green, gold, white

- **owner**: Sam Schulman (1967–1983)
Barry Ackerley (1983–2001)
Basketball Club of Seattle (Howard Schultz, Chairman) (2001–2006)
Professional Basketball Club LLC (Clay Bennett (businessman), Clay Bennett, Chairman) (2006–2008)
- **manager**: Seattle SuperSonics#General Managers, Full list
- **coach**: Seattle SuperSonics#Coaches, Full list
- **league champs**: **1** (1979 NBA Finals, 1979)
- **conf champs**: **3** (1978 NBA Playoffs, 1978, 1979 NBA Playoffs, 1979, 1996 NBA Playoffs, 1996)
- **div champs**: **6** (1978–79 NBA season, 1979, 1993–94 NBA season, 1994, 1995–96 NBA season, 1996, 1996–97 NBA season, 1997, 1997–98 NBA season, 1998, 2004–05 NBA season, 2005)
- **ret nums**: **6** (Gus Williams (basketball), 1, Nate McMillan, 10, Lenny Wilkens, 19, Spencer Haywood, 24, Fred Brown (basketball), 32, Jack Sikma, 43)
- **1 title**: Home
- **1 pattern b**: _sonics_home
- **1 pattern s**: _sonics_home
- **2 title**: Road
- **2 pattern b**: _sonics_road
- **2 pattern s**: _sonics_road
- **3 title**: Alternate
- **3 pattern b**: _sonics_altRoad
- **3 pattern s**: _sonics_altRoad
Jørn Utzon

**Jørn Utzon** (April 9, 1918 – November 29, 2008) was a Danish architect. He was born in Copenhagen and grew up in Aalborg. He is most well known for designing the Sydney Opera House in Australia. He won a contest for designing the Sydney Opera House in 1957. However, he left Australia in 1966 and never returned and saw his completed work. He thought of his design of the Sydney Opera House to be like peeling an orange, as he said putting the shells of the building together would make a perfect sphere. In 2001, he was invited back to restore the building and change it back toward his original designs, but he did not return.

In 2003, Utzon won the Pritzker Prize.

Utzon died of a heart attack in Copenhagen.

## Other websites

- Utzon Center
- The Kingohouses website
- The Sydney Opera House history
- The Edge of the Possible, 58 minute documentary, 1998, Dir: Daryl Dellora, Film Art Doco Pty Ltd
- Design by Deception: The Politics of Megaproject Approval  (PDF)
Psycholinguistics

**Psycholinguistics** or **psychology of language** is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that allows humans to get, use, and understand language. It studies how our minds allow us to understand language and produce language. One part of psycholinguistics, developmental psycholinguistics studies how children learn to talk.

## Other websites

- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics official website
Livid

**Livid** is an alternative live music festival from Australia. It went every year from 1989 to 2003. The first festival was at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, it was later held in Melbourne and Sydney.
Meherabad

**Meherabad** ("abad" means a flourishing colony) is the main center where Meher Baba lived and worked from 1923. It is about nine kilometers (6 miles) south of Ahmednagar, India. It is now the site of Meher Baba's tomb as well as places for visitors to stay. A large number of buildings associated with the earlier days of Baba’s work as well as places of charity are also there. Many Baba lovers work or live in the Meherabad area. Meherabad is a popular place of pilgrimage. Around 30,000 pilgrims come each year to Amartithi (the anniversary of Meher Baba's death). In 1944 Meher Baba moved his residence 15 miles north to Meherazad located on the other side of Ahmedagar. It also is a place of pilgrimage.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Meherabad
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **elevation m**: 672
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 414001
- **pushpin map**: India Maharashtra#India
- **settlement type**: town
- **image skyline**: Meher Baba samadhi 2.jpg
- **image caption**: Faredoon Driver shows the grounds of Upper Meherabad.
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Maharashtra
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name2**: Ahmednagar district, Ahmednagar
Sakori

**Sakori** is a village in Ahmednagar District of Maharashtra State, India that is most famous as the place where Upasni Maharaj lived and worked.
Bashkardi language

**Bashkardi** is a southwestern Iranian language spoken in the southeast of Iran in the provinces of Kerman, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Hormozgan. Bashkardi has numerous dialects and these dialects form a transition from Larestani to Balochi.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Bashkardi
- **nativename**: Bashagerdi, Bashaka
- **states**: Iran
- **speakers**: 7,000
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Iranian languages, Iranian
- **fam4**: Western Iranian languages, Western Iranian
- **fam5**: Northwestern Iranian languages, Northwestern Iranian
- **fam6**: Balochi language, Balochi
- **iso3**: bsg
Jhangochi

**Jhangochi**, also referred to as **Jhangvi**, **Jhangli**, **Rachnavi** or **Jatki**,  is a Punjabi dialect spoken in the central regions of the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is, sometimes, regarded as the oldest and most conservative dialect of the Punjabi language. It is spoken throughout a widespread area, at both ends of the Jhelum, Ravi and Chenab rivers, in parts of Jhang, Khanewal, Vehari, Chiniot, Khushab, Sargodha and Chakwal districts of Punjab. It is also spoken in few areas of Muzaffargarh and Lodhran districts of Pakistani Punjab and Fazilka district of Indian Punjab and Sri Ganganagar of Rajasthan.

Jhangochi is transitional with the Majhi dialect, but has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi varieties. This area has a great culture and heritage, especially literary heritage, as it is credited with the creation of the famous epic romance stories of Heer Ranjha and Mirza Sahiban. It is spoken in the Bar areas of Punjab, i.e. areas whose names are often suffixed with 'Bar', for example Sandal Bar, Kirana Bar, Neeli Bar and Ganji Bar.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Jhangochi
- **nativename**: جھنگوچی
- **states**: Pakistan
- **region**: Central Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Indo-Aryan languages#North-Western Zone, Northwestern
- **fam5**: Punjabi dialects, Punjabi
- **fam6**: Lahnda
- **script**: Shahmukhi
- **notice**: Indic
- **map**: Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg
- **mapcaption**: Map of the Punjabi dialects, Jhangochi is highlighted by a few names