juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Epistle to the Colossians

**Colossians** is the fifty-first book in the Christian Bible, and the twelfth in the New Testament.

## Author

This book has been long thought to have been written by the Apostle Paul to the Christians in Colossae, a small Phrygian city in modern day Turkey. Some modern scholars think it was written by a follower of Paul based on how it describes Jesus.  They believe those ideas took some time to be thought out. It is not as certain that Paul wrote this letter as it is with his other letters.

## Date

The letter may have been written by Paul at Rome when he was in jail the first time. Other scholars have suggested that it was written from Caesarea or Ephesus. This could have been about 62 A.D.,but it could have been later.

## Content

The letter to the Colossians says that Jesus Christ is over the entire created universe and tells Christians to lead godly lives. The letter consists of two parts: first a teaching section, then a second section about how to live. Some believe that the letter was needed to warn about growing heresy in the church. In both parts of the letter are warnings about false teachers who have been teaching wrong things to the people. Others see both sections of the letter as mainly about encouraging and teaching a growing church.

In the first two chapters the letter strongly says that Christ is over all that has been created. All things were created through him and for him, and the universe is kept by him. God had chosen to fully live in Christ. The "cosmic powers" honored by the false teachers had been defeated at Christ's death. Christ is the master of all angels and the head of the church. Christ is the only one who can be a go between with God and humans. It is the Father (God) in Colossians who is said to have saved us from darkness and put us in the kingdom of His well loved Son, Jesus also in some way restores all of the created world as well ("all things, whether things on earth or things in heaven").

The second part of the letter, chapters 3 and 4, tells the Christians how to live based on what they know about Jesus.  They are told to think about things that are above, to kill the bad desires of their old nature, and to put on the new (Christian) person. Many special duties of the Christian life are also taught.  These show that we are true Christians. The letter ends with prayer, instruction, and greetings.

## Other websites

- Colossians (KJV)
- Colossians (NIV)
Bernhard Rensch

**Bernhard Rensch** (21 January 1900 – 4 April 1990) was a German evolutionary biologist, and ornithologist who did field work in Indonesia and India. He is probably best known as one of the architects of the modern evolutionary synthesis, which he popularised in Germany. His work on the evolution of geographically isolated populations, and on evolution above the species level, contributed to the modern synthesis. He also worked extensively on animal behavior (ethology).

Rensch's education and scientific work was interrupted by service in the German military during both World War I and World War II. His autobiography, published later in life, translates as 'Life of a biologist in a turbulent century'.

## Works

This is a select list of books alone and includes English translations.
- (1930) _Eine biologische Reise nach den kleinen Sunda-Inseln_. Berlin: Bornträger
- (1947)
- (1947) _Evolution above the Species Level_. London: Methuen. (German original 1947; 3rd enlarged ed. 1972.)
- (1971) _Biophilosophy_. New York: Columbia University Press. (German original 1968.)
- (1972) _Homo sapiens: From Man to Demigod_. London: Methuen. (German original 1959.)
- (1973) _Gedächtnis, Begriffsbildung und Planhandlungen bei Tieren_. Berlin: Parey.
- (1979) _Lebensweg eines Biologen in einem turbulenten Jahrhundert_. Stuttgart: Fischer.
- (1979) _Gesetzlichkeit, psychophysischer Zusammenhang, Willensfreiheit und Ethik_. Berlin: Duncker and Humblot.
- (1984) _Psychologische Grundlagen der Wertung bildender Kunst_. Essen: Die blaue Eule.
- (1985) _Biophilosophical Implications of Inorganic and Organismic Evolution_. Essen: Die blaue Eule.
Kinect

**Kinect** is a device that was made by Microsoft for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One. Kinect uses cameras and a special microphone to see and hear Xbox 360/One users. The device also uses equations to know what is a person and what is not. It was first shown at E3 in Los Angeles in May of 2009. It has won many awards. Kinect allows a user to move his or her body to control games, movies, and more. People can move their hand to go through menus, or they can use their whole body to control a body in a game. Kinect is special because it is the first way to play games that does not use a controller.

Kinect was released to retail stores in late 2010. The retail price is $149.99 and the Kinect is also optionally bundled with a new Xbox 360 S model that includes a game called Kinect Adventures!. Microsoft has said they will advertise it almost like a new video game console. They want Kinect to increase the time that people make games for Xbox 360 before a new video game console is made. In the future, Microsoft hopes Kinect starts a new idea of people using televisions, computers, and games with their hands and voices. PlayStation Move, which is for the PlayStation 3 console, is Kinect's main competitor.

The Kinect was named the "Fastest selling consumer electronics device" by the Guinness World Records, selling an average of 133,333 kinects per day with a total of 8 million units in its first 60 days.

A new version of the Kinect sensor was released with the Xbox One, which was released on November 22, 2013.

However, on October 2017, Microsoft stopped making Xbox One Kinect devices and the Xbox One Kinect doesn't want to work for Xbox One dashboard anymore, but only works for games.

Following the discontinuation of the Xbox line of Kinect sensors, Microsoft released a non-gaming version as the Azure Kinect, which uses Microsoft Azure cloud computing applications.

## References

- USPAT 20100225746 REFERENCE IMAGE TECHNIQUES FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SENSING
- USPAT 20100118123 DEPTH MAPPING USING PROJECTED PATTERNS

## Other websites

- the Kinect on Xbox.com
Lille (disambiguation)

- Lille French city sometimes called the capital of South Flanders.
- Lille, Belgium, a smaller town in Belgium
- Lille, previous name of town Grand Isle, Maine, US
- Lille OSC, football club
Rusty Wallace

**Russell William Wallace, Jr.** (born August 14, 1956 in Fenton, Missoui) is a retired American race car driver. Wallace won the 1989 NASCAR Cup Series. In 2013 Wallace was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame.

He is known for driving the number 2 Miller Lite/Miller Genuine Draft car for Team Penske in NASCAR. He raced from 1980 to 2005. He won 55 races from 1986 to 2004. Wallace won many races on short tracks such as Bristol Motor Speedway and Richmond Raceway.

In 2006, he became a broadcaster for ESPN and ABC. He covered many auto racing events, such as the Indianapolis 500.
Typography

**Typography** is the practical art of arranging how the printed word appears on the page. Typography was born when print was born. Early types were based on the letterforms of scribes, and the letters cut into Trajan's Column ("monumental inscriptions"). Later, gradually, type designs were based on the special needs of books, pamphlets, newspapers and advertisements.

Typography  includes not only letters, but all the set of symbols in a font, and it includes the overall design of a page or document. It applies to any medium which may be read; therefore it includes text on computer screens. A **typographer** may design type, select fonts, and design the layout of pages and books. The term does not cover the act of printing itself, though many of the early printers were themselves typographers.

Typography in the 20th century was greatly influenced by three things:
1. Modernism and the modern art movement.
1. Information about the effectiveness of typography and design. Some of this comes from formal 'scientific' experiments, but most comes from commercial sources. Naturally, sales results before and after a book or magazine redesign are compared. A redesign of the typography on the jacket of a book (_Roget's Thesaurus_) "nearly doubled the sales". Typographers themselves carry out mini-experiments to test alternatives. This is an extension of scientific method to what is, at heart, an artistic process.
1. The development of modern computer technology, which affected type design, and changed printing methods.

A traditional aim of the typographer would be to produce a page which is, above all, _legible_ and _attractive_ to read, without its being obtrusive. For display typography, such as advertising, the display must be _noticed_ before it is read. This had led to the development of many display typefaces which are highly visible, and which are available in large sizes.

## Related pages

- Printing
- Typeface
- Writing
- Calligraphy
Cape

A **cape** can mean any outer piece of clothing that has no sleeves. However, it usually it is long and covers only the back half of the wearer, It fastens around the neck. Capes were common in medieval Europe, especially when combined with a hood. Capes have had periodic returns to fashion. Roman Catholic clergy wear a type of cape known as a ferraiolo, which is worn for formal events. Capes are often used as rain wear in various military units and police forces. In modern times, comic-book super-heroes, such as Superman and Batman, are often shown wearing capes.
Cab Calloway

**Cabell "Cab" Calloway III** (December 25, 1907 – November 18, 1994) was an American jazz musician, singer, conductor and actor. He was famous for his "scat" style singing. He was the leader of one of the most famous big bands in the 1930s and 1940s. Calloway's band featured many famous musicians including Dizzy Gillespie.

In 1931, he recorded his most famous single, '"Minnie the Moocher."'

In his later career Calloway became a popular actor in movies and stage shows. In 1980 he acted and sang in the movie _"The Blues Brothers."_ In the movie he sang "Minnie the Moocher." He sang the song "The Jumpin' Jive" on the famous children's TV show _Sesame Street_.

In May 1994, Calloway suffered a stroke. He died six months later on November 18, 1994.

## Other websites

- The Official Cab Calloway website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Cab Calloway
- **img**: Cab Calloway Gottlieb.jpg
- **img capt**: Cab Calloway, 1947
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Cabell Calloway III
- **birth place**: Rochester, New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Hockessin, Delaware, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: Singing, Voice
- **genre**: Jazz
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, actor
- **url**: http://www.cabcallowayllc.com
The Stranger (novel)

***The Stranger*** (sometimes known as ***The Outsider***) is an existentialist novel written by French writer Albert Camus. It was written in 1942.

The title is "_L'Etranger_" in French. It discusses philosophical ideas of absurdity.

## Related pages

- _Le Monde_'s 100 Books of the Century

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Outsider
- **image**: L'Étranger - Albert Camus.jpg
- **caption**: Gallimard cover
- **author**: Albert Camus
- **cover artist**: Jack Walser
- **country**: France
- **language**: French
- **genre**: Philosophical novel
- **publisher**: Éditions Gallimard, Libraire Gallimard
- **release date**: 1943, French 1942
Toei Asakusa Line

The **Toei Asakusa Line** (都営浅草線, とえいあさくさせん) is a metro line of Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation in Tokyo, Japan.

## Station

Explanation of marks:
- ●: Train stops at this station
- |: Train does not stop at this station
- No mark: Train bypasses station

|style=" border-bottom:3px solid #e85298;"|Station No.|style=" border-bottom:3px solid #e85298;"|Station Name|style=" border-bottom:3px solid #e85298;"|Ward|style=" border-bottom:3px solid #e85298;"|Airport Limited Express Station Stops|style=" border-bottom:3px solid #e85298;"|Connections|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|A-01|Nishi-magome|Ota|Keikyū Main Line Keikyū Airport Line|||||||
|A-02|Magome|Ota||||||||
|A-03|Nakanobu|Shinagawa|Tōkyū Ōimachi Line|||||||
|A-04|Togoshi|Shinagawa||||||||
|A-05|Gotanda|Shinagawa|Yamanote Line, Tokyu Ikegami Line|||||||
|A-06|Takanawadai|Minato||||||||
|A-07|Sengakuji|Minato|●|Keikyū Main Line (Through service)||||||
|A-08|Mita|Minato|●|Toei Mita Line, Keihin-Tōhoku Line, Yamanote Line (Tamachi Sta.)||||||
|A-09|Daimon|Minato|●|Toei Ōedo Line, Keihin-Tōhoku Line, Yamanote Line, Tokyo Monorail (Hamamatsuchō Sta.)||||||
|A-10|Shimbashi|Minato|●|Tōkaidō Main Line, Yokosuka Line, Keihin Tohoku Line, Yamanote Line, Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, Shin Kotsu Yurikamome||||||
|A-11|Higashi-Ginza|Chūō|｜|Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line||||||
|A-12|Takarachō|Chūō|｜|||||||
|A-13|Nihombashi|Chūō|●|Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line||||||
|A-14|Ningyōchō|Chūō|｜|Tokyo Metro Hibiya Line||||||
|A-15|Higashi-nihombashi|Chūō|●|Sōbu Rapid Line (Bakurocho Station), Toei Shinjuku Line (Bakuroyokoyama Sta.)||||||
|A-16|Asakusabashi|Taitō|｜|Chūō-Sōbu Line||||||
|A-17|Kuramae|Taitō|｜|Toei Oedo Line||||||
|A-18|Asakusa|Taitō|●|Tobu Isesaki Line, Tokyo Metro Ginza Line||||||
|A-19|Honjo-azumabashi|Sumida|｜|||||||
|A-20|Oshiage|Sumida|●|Keisei Oshiage Line (Through service) Tokyo Metro Hanzōmon Line, Tobu Isesaki Line||||||

## Related pages

- Tokyo
1080p

**1080p** refers to the full high definition resolution. The number 1080 means there are 1080 lines of color going from left to right in each picture on the screen. The p means progressive scan (every picture has all the lines every time). 1080p is mostly a 1920x1080p (16:9) widescreen image, but a  1440x1080p (4:3) narrow image is also a full high definition resolution.
Teriyaki

**Teriyaki** is an Asian cuisine dish usually made from pork, chicken, or beef on a stick or separately on plates. It is mostly found in Thailand, China, and Japan and other Asian countries. The taste is something of sweet, or sour, or spicy usually.

## Related pages

- Asado
- Barbecue
Dance hall

A **dance hall** is a place where people go to dance and talk to each other. It also usually has drinks and lounging, with music and disco lights or lighting of some sort.
Whip (instrument)

In music, a **whip** or **slapstick** is a percussion instrument.  It consists of two pieces of wood joined by a hinge.  The pieces of wood are slapped together. This makes a noise like a whip.   There is a handle on each of the pieces of wood so that the player can hold it and slap them together without trapping his fingers.

The whip is often heard in modern orchestras, bands and percussion groups.  Examples of a whip in classical music can be heard at the beginning of Ravel's _Piano Concerto in G Major_ (1st movement), and in Britten's _Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra_.

There is another type of whip, in which one plank is longer than the other.  It can be played with one hand.  The player shakes the instrument quickly and the small plank moves away from the large one, then slaps back onto it.  It makes a different kind of sound from the whip, and is properly called a **slapstick**.   It has been used by several composers including Mahler, Richard Strauss, Ravel, Mussorgsky and Hindemith. The first whip was designed in the 14th century.

## References

- The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments published by Konemann,
First Epistle to the Thessalonians

The **First Epistle to the Thessalonians** is the fifty-second book in the Christian Bible, and the thirteenth in the New Testament.

This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to a church in Thessalonica in modern-day Greece. It is likely the first of Paul's letters, probably written by the end of AD 52 (however, some scholars believe the Epistle to Galatians may have been written at an earlier date: AD 48).

## Composition

Most New Testament scholars believe Paul wrote this letter from Corinth, most of the letter has personal information, with only the last two chapters teaching things about what Christians are to believe. Paul's main goal is to encourage and reassure the Christians there. Paul tells them to go on working quietly while waiting in hope for the return of Christ.  Paul also teaches that the dead will be resurrected prior to those still living, and both groups will greet the Lord (Jesus) in the air. These verses are often read at funerals of Christians to comfort their families.

Unlike later Pauline epistles, 1 Thessalonians does not focus on faith or questions of Jewish–Gentile relations, things that are covered in all his other letters. Many scholars see this as an indication that this letter was written before the Epistle to the Galatians, where Paul's teaching on these matters were given.

## Other websites

- I Thessalonians (NIV)
- I Thessalonians (KJV)
Second Epistle to the Thessalonians

The **Second Epistle to the Thessalonians** is the fifty-third book in the Christian Bible, and the fourteenth in the New Testament.

## Why it was written

This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to a church in Thessalonica a part of ancient Greece.  Thessalonica was the second city in Europe where Paul taught and left a Christian church. After the first letter was sent, probably soon, some of the Thessalonians were not sure that those who had died would share in the Second Coming of Jesus. This letter was written to answer this concern.

## When it was written

Many believe it was written around 51–52 AD, shortly after the First Epistle. Others think a date of around 80–115 AD is more likely. These are scholars who say that the second letter is quite different from the First Epistle to the Thessalonians and may have been written by someone else.  Those who believe Paul wrote _Second Thessalonians_ also note how Paul signed it himself: "I, Paul, write this greeting with my own hand, which is how I write in every letter.".

## What was written in the letter

The first part of the letter praises this church for keeping their faith even though others were against them.

The letter has a whole chapter mainly about the Second Coming of Christ. Someone had told the Thessalonians that Christ had already returned. Paul says this is not true. (chapter 2, verses 1 to 12),  He tells the Thessalonians that a great tribulation (time of trouble) must occur before Christ's return. Since this  has not yet happened, Christ cannot have returned yet. He then gives thanks that his readers were chosen by God for salvation and saved by His grace through faith, and so would not be deceived by false teachings. (Chapter 2, verses 13 and14)

The letter then tells the Thessalonian church to stand firm in their faith, and to "keep away from every brother who leads an unruly(evil) life and not according to the tradition which you received from us... do not associate (stay) with him, so that he will be put to shame. Yet do not regard him as an enemy, but admonish him as a brother" (Chapter 3, verses 6,7, 14 and 15).

## How people have used the teachings of this letter

A passage from this book reading "For even when we were with you, this we commanded you, that if any would not work, neither should he eat", (Chapter 3, verse 10), was later adapted by Vladimir Lenin as an rule of the Soviet Union, "He who does not work, neither shall he eat" .

Christian groups who work with poor people sometimes also use the verse to help people to help themselves instead of just taking help from others. They try to help them find a job instead of just giving them food.

## Other websites

- II Thessalonians (NIV)
- II Thessalonians (KJV)
First Epistle to Timothy

The **First Epistle to the Timothy** is the fifty-fourth book in the Christian Bible, and the fifteenth in the New Testament.

This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to Timothy. It  is one of three letters in the New Testament of the Bible that are called the Pastoral Epistles, along with Second Timothy and Titus. These letters are called "pastoral", because the are sent to persons who are pastors of Christian churches.Timothy was a pastor in Ephesus (Chapter 1, verse 3). The letter gives advice on the organization of the Church and how the leaders in it should act. They are also told to be faithful to the truth even though all around them were false ideas.

## Background

For many years Paul was a mentor to Timothy. Timothy is first mentioned in chapter 16 of the Book of Acts. His mother Eunice, and his grandmother, Lois, are mentioned in 2 Timothy Chapter 1, verse 5. All that we know of his father is that he was a Greek, not a Jew.

Paul's second visit to Lystra, a city in Asia Minor is when Timothy first met Paul; (). Paul not only brought Timothy into the faith but he was Timothy’s main mentor in Christian leadership (). They preached and started churches together. Timothy would have received his authority to preach in churches directly from Paul who of course was the greater known and accepted of the two and an apostle.

## Content of the letter

The most important things in the letter are the use of The Law (), warnings against false teachings, instructions for prayer (), roles of women in the church, qualifications for leaders of the church (), and the treatment of widows, elders, masters, youth, and church members in general. The verse about women teaching, Chapter 2,verse 12 is much talked about in churches that do or do not allow women to be pastors.  There are many different ideas about what this verse means.

## Other websites

- I Timothy (NIV)
- I Timothy (KJV)
Second Epistle to Timothy

The **Second Epistle to the Timothy** is the fifty-fifth book in the Christian Bible, and the sixteenth in the New Testament.

This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to Timothy. It is thought to be the last letter Paul wrote before his death although some think is was written by one of Paul's followers some time after his death.

## Content

In the letter, Paul tells Timothy not to have a "spirit of fear" and not to "be ashamed to talk openly about our Lord (Jesus)" (Chapter 1, verses 7 and 8). He also tells Timothy to come to visit him before winter, and to bring Mark with him (cf. _Philippians_ Chapter 2, verse 22).  He thought that "the time of his death was at hand" (Chapter 4 ,verse 6), and he tells his "son Timothy" to work hard and be strong in the face of false teachings, and to be faithful in all the duties of his office of pastor (Chapter 4, verses 1 to 5), knowing that he would someday stand before the Judge of the living and the dead (God).

Paul thinks he will soon be killed and talks about that. In Chapter 4, verses 6 to 8 he writes "For I am now ready to be offered, and the time of my departure is at hand.  I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course(race), I have kept the faith: in the future there is laid up for me a crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the righteous judge, shall give me at that day: and not to me only, but unto all them also that love his appearing."

## Other websites

- II Timothy (NIV)
- II Timothy (KJV)
Frederick Soddy

**Frederick Soddy** was a Nobel Prize winning English chemist and physicist.

He graduated from Merton College, Oxford with a degree in chemistry. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921.

His work on the theory of how atoms worked was very important. He proved, amongst other things, the existence of isotopes and how radioactivity causes changes in atoms. Throughout his career he worked closely with another important atomic physicist, Ernest Rutherford.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Frederick Soddy
- **image**: Frederick Soddy.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: Eastbourne, Sussex, England
- **death place**: Brighton, England
- **occupation**: Chemistry, chemist
- **nationality**: British
- **known for**: Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921
Epistle to Titus

The **Epistle to Titus** is the fifty-sixth book in the Christian Bible, and the seventeenth in the New Testament. This book is believed to a letter from the Apostle Paul to Titus. Titus was a pastor and church leader.  The letter tells what church leaders should be like and lists their duties.  These leaders are called elders and bishops. This letter is one of three "Pastoral epistles"  since it was sent to a pastor and is mainly about pastors.

## Who was Titus?

Titus was mentioned in Galatians (Chapter 2, verses 1 and 3) where Paul wrote of going to Jerusalem with Barnabas, along with Titus. He was then sent to Corinth, Greece, where he helped the Christians there to follow Paul's teachings. Titus was later left on the island of Crete to help organize the Church, and later met back with the Apostle Paul in Nicopolis. He soon went to Dalmatia (now Croatia). Then he served as the first bishop of Crete.

### False teachers

In Chapter 1, verse 9, Paul says that some among the Jewish Christians are false teachers. Paul says the false teachers are rebellious, empty talkers who claim to teach the law "without understanding" They cause the Christians to believe false things. Calvin wrote that vain (empty) talking (Greek: mataiologia) is not the same as useful doctrine. The false teachings don't help people to show piety and fear of God.

### How different groups should act

In Chapter 2, Paul tells how the people in the church should act. He talks about older men, older women, younger women, young men, and slaves.  Each group is given their proper way to live. All are told to live for God while they wait for the return of Jesus who died to buy us back from evil living and make us into good people.

### More about right living

Chapter 3 tells the Christians to obey the government leaders and to live a good life and be gentle.  The adds that Jesus has saved us not because of the good things we had done, but through his grace and mercy and now wants to make us into people always who do good things. The letter ends with a final warning against those who stir up fights and some personal greetings.

## Epimenides paradox

In the Epistle to Titus it says in chapter 1 verse 12 and 13 "One of the Cretans, a prophet of their own, said, 'Cretans are always liars'". This is called a logical paradox since if a member of a group says that all members of the group are liars we can't know if what he says is true since he must also be a liar. Students of logic think about this and try to find an answer. The one who said this was Epimenides, so it is named for him.

## Other websites

- Titus (NIV)
- Titus (KJV)
Epistle to Philemon

The **Epistle to Philemon** is the fifty-seventh book in the Christian Bible, and the eighteenth in the New Testament. Almost everyone agrees that letter was written by the Saint Paul to Philemon. It is the shortest of Paul's letters, consisting of only 335 words in the Greek text.

## Why Paul wrote the letter

Paul wrote this letter on behalf of Onesimus, who may have been a runaway slave who had wronged his owner Philemon. We don't know what Onesimus had done, but perhaps he ran away after stealing money. Paul says in verse 18 that if Onesimus owes anything, Philemon should charge it to Paul's account. It is thought that Philemon lived in Colossae; in the letter to the Colossians, Onesimus (the slave who fled from Philemon) and Archippus (whom Paul greets in the letter to Philemon) are said to be members of the church there.

Paul says that Onesimus has been very helpful to him while he was in prison in Rome.  He would like for Philemon to free him and send him back to Rome.  Paul says that Philemon should receive him not as a slave but as a brother. Paul did not seem to think that Onesimus should be punished, even though Roman law allowed the owner of a runaway slave to punish or even kill them.

## Importance

Some see this letter as a step towards thinking of slaves as fully human. Before Paul, Ruden argues, a slave was considered subhuman, and entitled to no more consideration than an animal.  Others think that Paul and the early Christians should have done more to combat the evil of slavery. In history, some Christians used the book to justify slavery. Pope Benedict XVI refers to this letter in the Encyclic, _Spe salvi_, to tell of the power of Christianity to improve society. He says that Christianity was very important to the large decrease of slavery during the Middle Ages and after.
First Epistle of Peter

The **First Epistle of Peter** is the sixtieth book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-first in the New Testament.  This book is believed to be a letter from Peter to fellow Christians. The traditional Roman Catholic belief is that was written during his time as Bishop of Rome or Bishop of Antioch but that is not said in the letter, which says that it was written from Babylon. In the Book of Revelation Babylon is used as a code word for Rome. The letter was sent to Christian churches in Asia Minor that were being persecuted for their faith.

## Who sent the letter

many students of the book believe that Peter was not the author of the letter because it seems been written by someone who had learned rhetoric and philosophy, and had studied the Greek language, none of which would be usual for a Galilean fisherman. Others believe that Peter used an educated secretary to help him write the letter or that he studied relevant subjects in the decades-long period between Jesus' death and Peter's writing of the letter.

## To whom it was sent

1 Peter was sent to the “elect resident aliens” living in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia. These were Roman provinces in Asia Minor. In Chapter 1, verse 17, they are told to “live in reverent fear during the time of your exile". Peter calls them "strangers", in the first verse of the letter.  This could mean Christians wishing for their home in heaven, or people in a different place from where they were born. While local people may have been unkind to the Christians, Peter tells them to stay loyal to both their religion and the Roman Empire (Chapter 2, verse 17).

## What Peter tells the Christians

- (1) to keep faithful even when other treat them badly. (Chapters 1 and 2)
- (2) to live a holy life in every day ways. (Chapter 2 and 3)
- (3) He uses the example of Jesus Christ and other reasons to be patient and holy in Chapters 3 and 4.
- (4)  He concludes with advice to pastors and people (Chapter 5).

## Other websites

- I Peter (NIV)
- I Peter (KJV)
Second Epistle of Peter

The **Second Epistle of Peter** is the 61st book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-second in the New Testament. This book is believed to be a letter from Peter, who was a disciple of Jesus.

## When it was written

Since Peter was killed in about 69 A.D. by Nero, the emperor of Rome, if Peter is the author it was written about 65 to 69 A.D.  In the letter the writer says,  ("since I know that the putting off of my body will be soon, as our Lord Jesus Christ made clear to me").  Chapter 1, verse 14  Some think that the book was written by a later unnamed follower of Peter, and it could have been any time between 60 and 160 A.D. In both ancient and modern times, people have disagreed about this but the letter was finally accepted as part of the Bible by most Christians.

## The content of the letter

In both content and style this letter is very different from 1 Peter.

The epistle mentions many verses in the Old Testament. In Chapter 3, verses 15 and 16 one of Paul's letters is mentioned. This is probably 1 Thessalonians chapters 4 and 5. Peter calls Paul's writings scripture and mentions that they are hard to understand so that some people try to change their meaning.

The letter begins with a greeting. Next the writer tells the Christians to live a good life of faith, knowledge, self control, and love. In Chapter 2, there are warnings about false teachers.  In Chapter 3 are teachings about the Second Coming of Jesus. The letter ends by saying again that the Christians should live properly. Then there is a final blessing.

## Other websites

- II Peter (NIV)
- II Peter (KJV)
First Epistle of John

The **First Epistle of John** is the sixty-second book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-third in the New Testament.

This book is believed to a letter from John.

There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote The Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.

This letter was probably written in Ephesus in AD 95–110. It was written to show that Jesus really came "in the flesh", and not only as a spirit, as some false teachers were saying. John says they are "anti-Christ", meaning against Christ. This false teaching is known as docetism. It says that Jesus only seemed to be a human person with a real body. John's letter says that Christians can tell if teachers are true. True teachers will say that say that Jesus came in the flesh. True teachers are also known by their ethics, and by their love.

John wrote the letter so that the joy of his readers would "be full" (Chapter 1, verse 4).
Also he says that as true Christians they would "not practice sin" (keep sinning) (Chapter 2, verse 1); that "we should love one another" (Chapter 3, verse 11); and that "you who believe in the name of the Son of God... may know that you have eternal life." (Chapter 5, verse 13). So we see that the aim of the letter was to make the Christians more full of joy, and also to help readers to know if they are really saved.

## Other websites

- I John (NIV)
- I John (KJV)
Second Epistle of John

The **Second Epistle of John** is the sixty-third book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-fourth in the New Testament. This book is believed to a short letter from John. In number of verses, it is the shortest book in the bible.

There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote The Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.

## To whom it is written

The letter is sent to "the elect lady and her children" (some bibles translate this phrase as "elder lady and her children"), and closes with the words, "The children of your chosen sister greet you."

The lady has often been seen as a picture of the church, the church being the body of Christians as a whole and as local congregations. It is also possible the letter was sent to a real lady who John knew, and the children are real children, not members of the church.

## What is written

What this letter says is similar to the Third Epistle of John.  The traditional view is that all the letters are by the hand of John the Apostle, and the language and words used and arguments made all seem to support this idea.

The letter also warns against people who say that Jesus was not a flesh-and-blood figure: "For many deceivers are entered into the world, who say that Jesus Christ has not come in the flesh." This shows that, from the time the epistle was first written, there were those who had docetic ideas about Jesus, believing that the human person of Jesus was really a pure spirit or did not come at all. John says that these people are deceivers and even calls them Antichrist that is against Christ. He says Christians should not receive such people.

## Other websites

- II John (NIV)
- I John (KJV)
Third Epistle of John

The **Third Epistle of John** is the sixty-fourth book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-fifth in the New Testament. This book is believed to a short letter from John. In number of verses, it is the shortest book in the bible, except for Second John.

There is some disagreement over whether the John who wrote the letters of John, the John who wrote The Gospel of John, and the John who wrote the Book of Revelation are the same person.

## To whom it is written

This book is believed to a letter from John to his friend Gaius.

## What is written

What this letter says is similar to the Second Epistle of John.  The traditional view is that all the letters are by the hand of John the Apostle, and the language and words used and arguments made all seem to support this idea.

The letter commends Gaius for keeping strong in his faith in Jesus.  It tells Gaius to help people who are working along with him to spread the gospel message.  It says that Diotrephes doesn't like John's message and John hopes to come to visit and to tell others that Diotrephes is wrong when he doesn't accept the Christian message and people who are telling that message.  John also says that Demetrius is living properly.  We don't know much about either of these men.

## Other websites

- III John (NIV)
- III John (KJV)
Epistle of Jude

The **Epistle of Jude** is the sixty-fifth book in the Christian Bible, and the twenty-sixth in the New Testament. It is one of the shortest books in the Bible, at only 25 verses long.

## Who wrote it

The writer calls himself Jude.  This may not be the same person as Jude the Apostle. This Jude calls himself a brother of James, who was a leader in the church at Jerusalem.  Both Jude and James were probably half brothers of Jesus. They did not believe that he was the Christ, until after the Resurrection. (John chapter 7, verse 5)  The book may have been written between 60 and 80 A.D. and was sent to many places.  This is called a "General" epistle.

## The content of the letter

The writer of this book seems to have a good knowledge of the Old Testament books and also of some of the other books that were known as Jewish writings, but which are not in the bible.

He warns of "people who change the message about the grace of God in order to excuse their immoral ways" (verse 4).  He says this is not the faith "once delivered to the saints". He warns that we have stories in the bible of people who turned from trusting God to evil.  He lists the fallen angels, those saved from slavery in Eqypt and the people of Sodom and Gomorrah.  He also mentions individuals such as Cain who killed his brother, Balaam, and Korah.

He tells everyone to keep their faith, keep praying, love others, and wait for the second coming of Jesus.  The letter closes with a blessing that is sometimes used to end church meetings.  "Now to the one who is able to keep you from falling, and to cause you to stand, rejoicing, without blemish before his glorious presence, to the only God our Savior through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, power, and authority, before all time, and now, and for all eternity. Amen." ( Verses 24 and 25)

## Other websites

- Jude (NIV)
- Jude (KJV)
General Epistles

**General Epistles** or “Epistles General” (called ‘’Catholic Epistles by Catholics”) are books in the New Testament in the form of letters.  The letters attributed to Paul are not included.  Paul's letters are named for the church or person addressed. The General Epistles are named for their author instead of the church or person to whom they were written.   Most of the General Epistles are written to all Christians.  The second Epistle of John was written to an unnamed “elect” lady and her children (vs.1)(the word “elect” is a reference to Tribulation Jews, Matt. 24:21-22) the Third Epistle of John was written to his friend and elder Gaius.

Listed in order of their appearance in the New Testament, the General Epistles are

- Epistle of James
- First Epistle of Peter
- Second Epistle of Peter
- First Epistle of John
- Second Epistle of John
- Third Epistle of John
- Epistle of Jude

## Related pages

- Epistle

## Other websites

- Catholic Encyclopedia: Catholic Epistles
Augustine Volcano

**Augustine Volcano** is a  high volcano located in southwestern Cook Inlet, approximately  southwest of Anchorage, Alaska. Over half of Alaska's population lives within about  of the volcano. It has erupted six times since the 1812 eruption: in 1883, 1935, 1964-65, 1976, 1986, and 2006.

The 1976 and 1986 eruptions began with a series of vent-clearing explosions, followed by volcanic ash clouds rising into the sky. These were succeeded by eruptions of rocks and mudslides down the sides of the volcano. Unlike some prehistoric eruptions, the top of the volcano did not collapse during the eruptions in 1812, 1935, 1964-65, 1976, or 1986. However, in the 1883 eruption, a part of the mountain's summit broke off, triggering an avalanche that flowed down to the sea. This avalanche caused a small tsunami, which reached the Kenai Peninsula at English Bay, about  east of the volcano.

Clouds of volcanic ash pose a significant threat to jet aircraft operating at Anchorage International and other local airports. Ashfall from future eruptions could also disrupt oil and gas operations as well as shipping activities in Cook Inlet. Given its historical and prehistoric activity, similar eruptions are likely in Augustine's future.
Ace Frehley

**Paul Daniel "Ace" Frehley** (April 27, 1951 – October 16, 2025) was an American guitarist best known as one of the first members of the rock band Kiss. He was the lead guitar player in the band. When the band started wearing costumes and face paint onstage Frehley chose paint that made him look like he was from outer space. Frehley played with the group from 1973 until 1982.

When he left Kiss he started making his own music as a solo musician. In 1996 he went back to playing with Kiss. His second time playing with Kiss stopped in 2002 when he left the band at the end of their world tour.

He went back to his solo career. His last album was finished in September, 2009.

## Death

On September 25, 2025, Frehley fell in his home studio twice. On October 16, 2025, TMZ reported that Frehley had been on life support and a ventilator due to brain bleeding caused by his fall. Frehley died several hours later in Morristown, New Jersey, at the age of 74.

## Other websites

- Ace Frehley Official Website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ace Frehley
- **img**: KISS lead guitarist Ace Frehley performing with KISS during their Farewell Tour in Bakersfield, CA.jpg
- **img capt**: Ace Frehley, 2000
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Paul David Frehley
- **alias**: Space-Ace
- **birth place**: The Bronx, New York City, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Morristown, New Jersey, U.S.
- **instrument**: Guitar, singer, vocals
- **genre**: Hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1965–2025
- **associated acts**: Kiss (band), Kiss
- **website**: [http://www.acefrehley.com/home/ www.acefrehley.com]
2009 Pacific hurricane season

|align=center colspan="2"||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**First storm started:**|June 18, 2009|||
|**Last storm ended:**|October 28, 2009|||
|**Strongest storm:**|Hurricane Rick - 906 mbar, 180 mph winds|||
|**Number of storms:**|20 named storms + 3 depressions|||
|**Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+)**|5|||
|**Cost of damage:**|$59.8 million (2009 USD)|||
|**People killed:**|9 people|||
|**Nearest seasons:**|2007, 2008, **2009**, 2010|align=center colspan="2" style="white-space: nowrap;"||

The **2009 Pacific hurricane season** started on May 15, 2009 and ended November 30, 2009. In this season there were 12 tropical storms, 3 hurricanes, and 5 major hurricanes. This season featured Hurricane Rick, which was the second strongest hurricane recorded in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Another storm to remember was Hurricane Jimena, which caused over $50 million in damage when it made landfall in Baja California.

## Storms

- Tropical Depression One-E
- Hurricane Andres
- Tropical Storm Blanca
- Hurricane Carlos
- Tropical Storm Dolores
- Tropical Storm Lana
- Tropical Storm Enrique
- Hurricane Felicia
- Tropical Depression Nine-E
- Tropical Storm Maka
- Hurricane Guillermo
- Tropical Storm Hilda
- Tropical Storm Ignacio
- Hurricane Jimena
- Tropical Depression Two-C
- Tropical Storm Kevin
- Hurricane Linda
- Tropical Storm Marty
- Tropical Storm Nora
- Tropical Storm Olaf
- Tropical Storm Patricia
- Hurricane Rick
- Hurricane Neki

## Storm names

This are the names that were set aside for the 2009 Pacific hurricane season. Names that did not get used are marked in .

These are the name that were set aside for the Central Pacific, which is close to Hawaii. Again, names that did not get used are marked in .

## Related pages

- 2009 Atlantic hurricane season
The Bourne Identity (2002 movie)

***The Bourne Identity*** is an action-thriller movie released in 2002. It is based on the novel by Robert Ludlum, _The Bourne Identity_, which was published in 1980. The movie is directed by Doug Liman. It stars Matt Damon as the main character, Jason Bourne.

In the movie, as Jason Bourne recovers from his gunshot wound, he finds that he has lost his memory. As he recovered his memory, he learns he was involved with an international spy agency. The movie is set in Europe, in places such as Prague, Paris, and Italy. It shows thrilling gunfight<nowiki/>s, car chases, and action scenes. After release, the box-office profit was successful. Two sequels, _The Bourne Supremacy_ and _The Bourne Ultimatum_ were released in 2004 and 2007.

## Plot

An unidentified man is rescued from the sea by fishermen. Because of amnesia, he cannot remember who he is. He cannot remember why he was drowning in the sea, how the gunshot wound on his back was made, how he can speak many languages or how he has martial arts skills. He only knows the number to his Swiss bank safe which was hidden in his skin.

In the safe, he finds a huge amount of cash, and passports for each country. He saw the name "Jason Bourne" on his U.S. passport and he believes that is his name. After he has some trouble at the U.S. embassy in Zurich, he moves to Paris with the help of a woman named Marie Kreutz. Wherever he moves, the police and assassins chase him and Marie. In continuous chasing between Bourne and the killers, he notices that some unknown big power threatens his existence. To find his identity and the reason why they are trying to kill him, Bourne gradually gains access to the unknown agency.

## Cast

- Matt Damon as Jason Bourne
- Franka Potente as Marie Kreutz
- Chris Cooper as Alexander Conklin
- Clive Owen as The Professor
- Brian Cox as Ward Abbott
- Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as Nykwana Wombosi
- Gabriel Mann as Danny Zorn
- Walton Goggins as Research tech
- Josh Hamilton as Research tech

## Critics

After the movie was released in the U.S., the movie got generally good reviews from several critics", especially for the acting of Matt Damon and the direction of Doug Liman. Peter Howell of the _Toronto Star_ said, "An entertaining thriller that eschews most of the usual spy gimmicks in favour of old-fashioned sleuthing." Eric Harrison of the _Houston Chronicle_ praised the direction of Liman: "The Bourne Identity shouldn't be half as entertaining as it is, but director Doug Liman and his colleagues have managed to pack it with enough action to satisfy the boom-bam crowd without a huge sacrifice of character and mood." Matt Damon also got praise from Stephen Hunter of the _Washington Post_: "Great fights. You wouldn't think of Damon as a tough guy, but he's worked really hard on the physical stuff here and it shows."

## Other websites

- Official website
- The Bourne Identity on Khatrimaza
Antarctic

The **Antarctic** is the area around the Earth's South Pole. Its opposite is the Arctic region which is around the North Pole.  The Antarctic includes the continent of Antarctica and the ices, waters and islands in the Southern Ocean.
Defenceman

**Defence** (**defense** in the U.S.) in ice hockey is a player position whose main job is to stop the other team from scoring. They are often called **defencemen**, **defensemen**, **D**, or "blueliners" (a reference to the blue line in ice hockey which is boundary of the offensive zone; defencemen generally stay along the line to keep the puck in the zone).

In regular play, two defencemen play with three forwards and a goaltender on the ice. Exceptions include overtime and when a team is shorthanded (i.e. has been assessed a penalty), in which two defencemen are typically joined by only two forwards and a goaltender.