juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Menes

**Menes** was a pharaoh of the first dynasty of ancient Egypt. He lived ca. 3100-3000 BC. He brought together Upper and Lower Egypt to make an empire. He wore the Pschent or double crown: the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower Egypt. He built the city of Memphis and made it the capital.

There is a lot of archeological evidence that there was a pharaoh named Narmer, but little evidence for a pharaoh named Menes.  It is now believed that Menes was either Narmer, the pharaoh before Narmer, or Hor-Aha, who ruled after him.

More than 2000 years later Manetho, an Egyptian historian, wrote that Menes ruled for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus.

An image of Menes holding an ankh is on the frieze on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building.

## References

- Kinnaer, Jacques. _What is Really Known About the Narmer Palette?_, KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt, Spring 2004.
- Toby A. H. Wilkinson, _Early Dynastic Egypt_, Routledge, London/New York 1999, , 70-71

## Other websites

- Narmer: Titulary
Ra

_This article is about the Egyptian Sun god Ra or Re. For the chemical element, see Radium_

In Egyptian mythology, **Ra** was the god of the sun, light, day, creation, life, ressurection, truth, prophecy, sight, sky, heaven, order and kings . He was the most important god in Ancient Egypt.

He had many names, such as Amun-Ra. It was said he was born each morning in the East, and died each night in the West. In the night he travelled through the underworld. This is why the west side of the Nile was known as the land of the dead. He had the head of a Falcon, the body of a man, and was the king of the Egyptian gods.

## Name

Ra was thought to be the god of the sun and creation. Ra’s name came from Re and Amun. The name Re was from Upper Egypt and the name Amun came from Lower Egypt. When Upper and Lower Egypt came together they changed the name to Amun-Re. Over thousands of years the name Amun-Re evolved into Amun-Ra and then just to Ra. From then on people called him Re or Ra. Ra used to mean “mouth” in the Egyptian language. Some names are: Re, the Creator, Khepry, etc.

## Looks

Ra has many forms. His best-known form is the man with the head of a falcon and the sun disk above him. He may also be depicted as a scarab beetle or a man. One is Amun-Ra, which is a ram and the other, Ra-Hakorthaty which is a sky sun god.

## References

1. Remler, Pat, _Egyptian Mythology from A-Z_ 180-181
1. Watterson, Barbara, _Gods of ancient Egypt_
1. Wilkinson, Richard, _The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt_
1. John, Banes and Jaromir, Malek, _The Cultural Atlas of the World: Ancient Egypt_ 173

## Other websites

- http://www.fruitofthenile.com/Ra.htm
- http://www.egyptartsite.com/Ra.html
- http://ancient-egypt-online.com/egypt-god-amon-re.html
- http://www.ancient-mythology.com./egyptian/ra.php
Ian Thorpe

**Ian Thorpe** (born 13 October 1982 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian swimmer. He won five gold medals at Olympic Games. He was the only swimmer who has won six gold medals in one World Championships (which he did in 2001) until Michael Phelps won seven in 2007.  He is known for having large feet. At the age of 14, he became the youngest male ever to represent Australia,

A large baby, Thorpe weighed 4.1 kg (9.02 lb) and measured 0.59 m (1 ft 11 in) in length at birth.

On 12 July 2014, Thorpe revealed he is gay.
Cathy Freeman

**Cathy Freeman**, OAM (born 16 February 1973) is a retired Australian sprinter. She ran mostly in the 400 metres event. She became the Olympic champion for the women's 400 metres at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She lit the Olympic Flame at the beginning of the 2000 games. She has won several medals at the Commonwealth Games, the Olympics, and the IAAF World Championships. She retired from athletics in 2003.

Freeman was born in Slade Point, Mackay, Queensland. She is Aboriginal. Her mother was born in the Manbarra community on Palm Island. Freeman was raised as a Bahá'í.

In 1998, she was awarded Australian of the Year. In 2001, she was given both the World Sportswoman of the Year and the Medal of the Order of Australia.
Amun

In Egyptian mythology, **Amun** was worshipped as a very powerful god, often being combined with Ra to form the god **Amun-Ra**. At one point in Egyptian history, he was known as, "King of the Gods."

**Amun** (also spelled **Ammon**) became one of the most important deities in Ancient Egypt, and in later years, combined with Horus into one god.

He began as a Theban wind and fertility god, before being recognized as the supreme deity, with most of Egypt's vast wealth dedicated to his temple.

Around the second millennium B.C.E., Thebes' worship of Amun grew so powerful that it threatened worship of then-primary sun god, Ra, which eventually resulted in these two deities also being recognized as one god.

Amun-Ra was hailed as a national god, the creator of the universe, the pharaoh's personal protector, and the god of war.

## Origin of name

Amun's name is first recorded as _Imn_, meaning, "The hidden (one)." Vowels were not written in Egyptian hieroglyphics, but Egyptologists believe the name survives into the Coptic language as _Amoun._

## Inception and historical influence

Worshippers of Amun recorded in their texts that he had created himself, then created everything else, while remaining distant from the rest of the world. Amun may potentially be one of the original creator gods in human religion.

Amun was depicted in human form, seated on a throne, wearing a plain, deep circlet with two straight parallel plumes above it, which may serve as symbolism of being without a father, and were almost certainly representative of his former status as a wind god.

When Amun had become more culturally significant than Menthu, the latter became known as the son of Amun. However, as Mut was infertile, it was believed that she and Amun had adopted Menthu rather than conceiving him.

Ammon creator worship was introduced to Greece at an early period, probably through the medium of the Greek colony in Cyrene, which must have formed a connection with the great oracle of Ammon in the Oasis soon after its establishment.

When Alexander the Great invaded Egypt in 332 B.C.E., he was pronounced the metaphorical son of Amun, thus conquering Egypt without a fight, and currency began depicting Alexander as being adorned with the horns of Ammon.

This tradition continued for centuries, with Alexander being referred to in the Qur'an as, "Dhu al-Qarnayn (The Two-Horned One)," a reference to his depiction on Middle Eastern coins.

## References

- David Klotz, _Adoration of the Ram: five hymns to Amun-Re from Hibis Temple_ (New Haven, 2006therwebAnint gypt: th Myth Clasical Dictionary:
Aten

**Aten** is the disk of the Sun in ancient Egyptian mythology, and an aspect of the Sun-god Ra. Aten was pictured as a sun with rays that ended in hands.

The deified Aten is the focus of the  monotheistic religion of Atenism established by Amenhotep IV, who later took the name Akhenaten in worship and recognition of the Aten. In his poem _Great Hymn to the Aten_, Akhenaten praises Aten as the creator, and giver of life. Akhenaten was the first person to attempt to make a monotheistic religion.

The worship of Aten was eradicated by Horemheb.

## References

- Collier, Mark and Manley, Bill.  _How to read Egyptian hieroglyphs_. 2nd ed, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
Clam

A **clam** is a type of shellfish. Clams can be found in saltwater and freshwater. This is a common usage term, and so includes quite a variety of shellfish. Clams are a fairly common form of bivalve, therefore making it part of the phylum Mollusc. There are many clams in the ocean, but some can also be found in some lakes, streams, and rivers.

The word 'clam' is often applied to those that are edible and live most of their lives halfway buried in the seafloor. Clams have two shells of equal size connected by two aductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing foot.

Clams for cooking do not live attached to rocks (whereas oysters and mussels do). Clams are often got by digging and cooked and served as clam chowder. They may be found on menus in restaurants that serve seafood.

Clams eat plankton, and are eaten by small sharks and squid.
Clams have a burrowing foot that they use to dig down into the sand or mud to hide.

The shell has three layers. The top one is called mother-of-pearl because it is a coating of pearl material.

A living freshwater clam can work like a filter in fish tanks to keep the water clean.

## Life span

Some clams have life cycles of only one year, while at least one may be over 500 years old. All clams have two calcareous shells or valves joined near a hinge with a flexible ligament, and all are filter feeders.
Hokkaido Wolf

The **Hokkaido wolf** _(Canis lupus hattai)_ is a subspecies of Gray Wolf. Scientists believe it became extinct in 1889. There are people who said to have seen some Hokkaido wolves after that year, but there is no proof that they actually did.

In the Meiji Restoration in Japan, Japanese farmers wanted to have American-style ranches for raising livestock. A US farmer named Edwin Dun started to import livestock to Japan. When the wolves began attacking the livestock, the farmers started to kill them, by using poison.

## Related pages

- Werewolf
Sting (disambiguation)

A **sting** is an injury which a person receives from a stinger. Animals such as bees have them. They tend to hurt a lot and have several different cures.

Sting may also refer to:
- Sting, English singer
- Sting (wrestler), American professional wrestler
Doom metal

**Doom metal** is a form of heavy metal. The music sounds heavy and it is slower than other metal genres. Lyrics play a very important part in this genre. They are normally about sad subjects like pain, death and pessimism.

## Doom metal bands

- Candlemass
- My Dying Bride
- Type O Negative
- The 3rd and the Mortal
- Saint Vitus
- Trouble
- Pentagram
- The Obsessed
- Solitude Aeturnus
Candlemass

**Candlemass** is a doom metal band from Sweden. The band was formed in 1984 in Stockholm.

## Other websites

- Candlemass Official Website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Candlemass
- **img**: Candlemass-Live-Wacken 2010.jpg
- **img capt**: Candlemass performing live at Wacken Open Air in August 2010
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **genre**: Doom metal
- **years active**: 19841994
19972002
2004present
- **label**: Capitol Records, Capitol, Metal Blade Records, Metal Blade, Restless Records, Restless, Nuclear Blast, Napalm Records
- **associated acts**: Solitude Aeturnus, Krux, Abstrakt Algebra, Therion (band), Therion, Memento Mori (band), Memento Mori
- **url**: [http://www.candlemass.se/ www.candlemass.se]
- **current members**: Robert Lowe (musician), Robert Lowe
Mats Björkman
Lars Johansson
Leif Edling
Jan Lindh
- **past members**: Johan Längqvist
Mats Ekström
Thomas Vikström
Bjorn Flödkvist
Jejo Perkovic
Mats Ståhl
Carl Westholm
Michael Amott
Ian Haugland
Klas Bergwall
Mike Wead
Messiah Marcolin
Ulf Edelund
Patrik Instedt
Split album

A **split album** is a music album which includes tracks by two or three separate artists.

## History

Split albums were once made on vinyl records. One artist would record music on one side, and the other artist would record music on the other side. Vinyls would then become out of date, and CDs came around. A CD isn't really turned over the same way a vinyl record is, but the term "sides" is still used. Since the 1980's, the format was used by many record labels and artists in punk, hardcore punk, grindcore, black metal, noise, and indie rock.
Dividend

**Dividends** are payments made by a company to its shareholders. When a company earns more money than it spends, the extra money can either be spent on making the company better or it can be given to the people who own a participating interest in the company as a **dividend**.
Camille Dalmais

**Camille Dalmais** (born 1978, Paris, France) is a French singer. She is famous in France. Her first album was made in 2002.
Age of Mythology: The Titans

***Age of Mythology: The Titans*** is a 2003 computer game made by Ensemble Studios. It is an expansion pack to _Age of Mythology_.

pl:Age of Mythology#Age of Mythology: The Titans
Germanicus

**Germanicus Caesar** (24 May 15 BC – 10 October 19 AD) was a Roman general. He was the son of the general Nero Claudius Drusus, and nephew of Emperor Tiberius. He was the father of Caligula.

Germanicus commanded the Roman forces in their campaign of 14/16 AD against the Germanic tribes. Three whole Roman legions had been wiped out in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD. It was the greatest disaster in Roman military history.

Plans for the revenge were started by the Emperor Augustus, and put into effect by his successor Tiberius. Germanicus had command of eight legions, one-third of the Roman Army. He destroyed the opposing German tribes, and recovered two of the three symbolic legionary eagles which had been lost. He was called back by Tiberius after he crossed the Rhine. The reasons for the recall are not agreed, but Augustus had set the Rhine as the limit of Rome's ambitions in Germany.

Germanicus was given an official triumph. A contemporary calendar gives 26 May as the day in which "Germanicus Caesar was borne into the city in triumph". Coins issued under his son Gaius (Caligula) depicted him on a triumphal chariot, with the reverse reading "Standards Recovered. Germans Defeated".

In AD 18 he was given charge of the eastern part of the empire and fought in Asia and Egypt. Germanicus died in Syria of unknown causes.
PS10 solar power plant

The **PS10 Solar Power Plant** () is a solar power plant in Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain.

The plant is made up of a tower in the center of a large field covered in many mirrors. Each of the 624 moveable mirrors has an area of 120 m<sup>2</sup> (1290 ft<sup>2</sup>). The mirrors reflect the light from the Sun to the top of the tower. The heat warms water within pipes in the central tower turning it into steam. The steam drives turbines which, at their peak, put out 11 MW of electricity.

The planet is good for providing electricity during the hottest parts of the day when air conditioning demand is the highest.

## Related pages

- Solar power
- Power station
- Electricity

## Infobox (power station)

- **name**: PS10 Solar Power Plant
- **name official**: _Planta Solar 10_
- **image**: PS10 solar power tower.jpg
- **country**: Spain
- **location**: Sanlúcar la Mayor, Seville Province, Andalusia
- **status**: Operational
- **construction began**: 2004
- **commissioned**: 30 March 2007
- **cost**: Euro, €35 million
- **owner**: Abengoa Solar
- **solar type**: CSP
- **solar csp technology**: T
- **solar collectors**: 624
- **solar site resource**: 2,012 kWh/m<sup>2</sup>/yr
- **ps electrical capacity**: 11 Megawatt, MW
- **ps electrical cap fac**: 24%
- **ps annual generation**: 23.4 GWh
Feyenoord

**Feyenoord Rotterdam** is a Dutch football team from Rotterdam. They play their home matches in the Feijenoord Stadium, also called De Kuip.  Feyenoord is created on July 19,1908. Their home uniform is a red and white shirt with black shorts and black socks. Their away colours for the 2007/2008 season are a black, red and white shirt with black shorts and black socks. They play in the Eredivisie, which is the highest football competition in The Netherlands. Everytime Feyenoord scores at home, the song _I Will Survive_ by The Hermes House band is played.

## Other websites

- Feyenoord.com - Official website
- Official Feyenoord YouTube website
- Official Feyenoord Live.com website
- Official website on the club's 100th anniversary

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Feyenoord
- **fullname**: Feyenoord Rotterdam
- **founded**: 1908
- **ground**: Feijenoord Stadion
Rotterdam
- **capacity**: 51,137
- **chairman**: Dick van Well
- **manager**: Arne Slot
- **league**: Eredivisie
- **season**: 2024/2025
- **position**: Eredivisie, 3rd
Headquarters

The term "**headquarters**" refers to the main building or location of an organization where a majority of its functions are made. Large corporations typically have headquarters that oversee and control their business operations. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also have headquarter buildings where their activities are managed.

In the context of law enforcement, headquarters for agencies can be found in large buildings located within cities, towns, counties, or states, serving as the central hub for their operations.

For example, some fire departments may have their headquarters situated within a fire station to accommodate administrative staff and operational units. Alternatively, many fire departments have separate headquarter buildings dedicated to administrative functions.

In military contexts, the term is applied similarly.

In the United States Military, all units within the Army and Marine Corps have buildings for their headquarters staff, which handle administrative responsibilities for companies, battalions, regiments, and other military units.
Estates Theatre

The **Estates Theatre** or **Stavovské divadlo** in Prague is one of the oldest and most beautiful opera houses in Europe.

The Estates Theatre became part of the National Theatre in 1948. People from three different groups perform opera, ballet, and drama there. The same people also perform at the National Theatre (Národní divadlo), and the Theatre Kolowrat (Divadlo Kolowrat).

## History

The Estates Theatre was built during the late 18th century. At first it was known as Count Nostitz’s Theatre. The theatre opened in 1783 with a performance of the tragedy _Emilia Galotti_ by the German playwright Gotthold Lessing. It was built in the Neoclassical style. On 29 October 1787, _Don Giovanni_ by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was first performed. Today it is one of the very few theatres that have hardly changed since it was built.

Although the building is almost the same it always was, the organisation of the Estates Theatre has changed several times in its history. In 1798 it was called the Estates Theatre when it was bought by the Czech Estates. When the Provisional Theatre opened in 1862 the Estates Theatre started to put on German plays and the name was changed to the Royal Provincial German Theatre. From 1920 and 1948 it got its name (Estates Theatre) back again. In 1948 the organization became part of the National Theatre and was called Tyl Theatre (after dramatist J.K. Tyl). In 1990, after some restoration, it became known again as the Estates Theatre.

## Productions and artistes

Many of the greatest artists worked or had their music or plays performed in the Estates Theatre. In 1787 the first performance took place of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera _Don Giovanni_. Mozart's opera _La Clemenza di Tito_ was also staged there for the first time in celebration of the coronation of Emperor Leopold II. Other famous people who conducted there were Carl Maria von Weber and Gustav Mahler.

Czech plays were often performed there. This made people interested in performing in Czech and so, in 1848, the National Theatre was built.

Today the Estates Theatre is still famous for dramas, ballets and operas. The opera company especially perform the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The movie about Mozart which was called Amadeus was filmed in the Estates Theatre.

## Other websites

- Estates Theatre web site
National Theatre (Prague)

The ***Národní Divadlo*** or the **National Theatre** in Prague is a very famous building which has been very important for more than 150 years for the culture of Czech history.

In the middle of the 19th century there were a lot of political changes in Europe.  Prague had been part of the Austrian Empire.  The official language was German.  Bohemia (which included Prague) and Moravia now form the area of the Czech Republic.  In the 19th century the Czechs in these areas wanted to be able to put on plays and operas in the Czech language.  The National Theatre was built at a time when this was starting to become possible.

The National Theatre was built because the Czech people wanted their own national identity. The first stone was laid on May 16, 1868.  It was opened  on June 11 1881 to honour the visit of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria. Another 11 performances were given after that. Then the theatre was closed down to finish the building.  While people were working to finish it  a fire broke out on August 12 1881 which destroyed most of it.  However, a lot of money was found and it was built again and opened on November 18 1883 with a performance of Smetana’s opera _Libuše_ which he had composed for this occasion.  The story of the opera is based on a mythological story about how Prague began.

It was an excellent theatre, and it was not until 1977 that any more re-building was necessary.  Then it was closed for six years, and opened again in time for the 100th anniversary of its opening: on November 18 1983. On that day again there was a performance of Smetana’s _Libuše_.

Today the National Theatre has three ensembles (groups of people): opera, ballet and drama.  These ensembles all perform in the National Theatre, the Estates Theatre and the Theatre Kolowrat. They put on a lot of Czech plays and operas, but also productions from other parts of the world.

## Other websites

- Prague National Theatre
Drone (disambiguation)

**Drone** can mean:

In **nature**:
- Drone (bee), a male bee
- A male wasp
- A male ant

As _aircraft_, **vehicles** and boats:
- A **drone (aircraft)** or unmanned aerial vehicle
    - Combat drone
        - Suicide drone or kamikaze drone
- Observation drone, used by police and the military
- A remotely operated vehicle (ROV), used for mine clearing or underwater exploration
- An unmanned ground vehicle (UGV), a robotic land vehicle often used to replace humans in hazardous situations
- Sea drones and Land drones, used by the military

In **fiction**:
- Drone (2017 film)
- A member of the Drones Club in P. G. Wodehouse's novels
- A humanoid that has been assimilated by the Borg in the fictional _Star Trek_ universe
- "Drone" (_Voyager_ episode), an episode of _Star Trek: Voyager_
- Drone Weapon, similar to a guided missile, in the Stargate universe
- Three robotic helpers in the movie _Silent Running_, named Huey, Dewey and Louie
- In the novel _The Traveller_, the term _drones_ describes a class of citizens that have become exhausted
- Detective Drone, the hero of Victorian crime stories
- A Zerg worker unit in Starcraft

In **music**:
- Drone (music), a continuous note or chord
- The part of various musical instruments (such as the bagpipe) that produce the drone sound
- A bumbass, a folk instrument sometimes called a _drone_
- Drone music, a music style or genre related to background music and ambient music
- Drone Records, a record label
- "Drones," a song by Rise Against
- The Drones, a rock group from Melbourne, Australia
Drone (music)

In music, a **drone** is a  note which sounds all the time while a piece of music is played.  Some folk instruments always make a drone when they are played: bagpipes and hurdy gurdies in European culture, sitars in Indian music, and many other instruments in Asian and African music.  Sometimes more than one drone is heard (often two notes which are a fifth apart).

Music with drones has to have simple harmonies because it is not possible to modulate to different keys.  Other things can make up for this, for example, Scottish bagpipe music has lots of little ornamental notes to make it interesting.

Some Western Composers  liked to use a drone (especially one in fifths) to make it sound like bagpipes or other folk instruments.  Bach, François Couperin and other Baroque composers often called such pieces "Musette" (the French for "bagpipes").  Sometimes they did this in orchestral music: Haydn used a drone in the last part of his Symphony No. 104 to accompany a folk tune.

## Related pages

- Pedal point
Pedal point

A **pedal point** (or **pedal note**) is a note which keeps sounding for several bars, usually in the bass (the lowest notes).  They are often used towards the end of a piece of music to help to drive the music to a climax.  They are called "pedal" notes because they are often heard in organ music where the player puts one of his feet on a pedal note and holds it there.

Pedal points are usually on either the tonic (main key note) (tonic pedal) or the dominant (5th note of the scale) (dominant pedal) tones.

A good example of a dominant pedal can be seen in the _Prelude in C major_ from Book I of the _Well-Tempered Clavier_ by Bach.

An example of a tonic pedal can be seen in the third movement of Brahms's _German Requiem_, where the double basses play continuous D's in the last section.  Because this lasts for the whole section some people might prefer to call this a drone.

A **double pedal** is two pedal tones played at the same time.

An **inverted pedal** is a pedal that is not in the bass.  It is often in the highest part.

## Related pages

- Ostinato
- Drone (music)
- Pedal (music)
Euclidean geometry

**Euclidean geometry** is a system in mathematics. People think Euclid was the first person who described it; therefore, it bears his name. He first described it in his textbook _Elements_. The book was the first systematic discussion of geometry as it was known at the time. In the book, Euclid first assumes a few axioms. These form the base for later work. They are intuitively clear. Starting from those axioms, other theorems can be proven.

In the 19th century, other forms of geometry were discovered. These are usually dubbed non-Euclidean geometries. Carl Friedrich Gauss, János Bolyai, and Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky were a few people that (independently of eachother) developed such geometries. Very often, these do not use the parallel postulate, but the other four axioms.

## The axioms

Euclid makes the following assumptions. These are axioms, and need not be proved.
1. Any two points can be joined by a straight line.
1. Any straight line segment can be made longer (extended) to infinity, so it becomes a straight line.
1. With a straight line segment it is possible to draw a circle, so that one endpoint of the segment is the center of the circle, and the other endpoint lies on the circle. The line segment becomes the radius of the circle.
1. All right angles are congruent.
1. Parallel postulate. If two lines intersect a third in such a way that the sum of the inner angles on one side is less than two right angles, then the two lines inevitably must intersect each other on that side if extended far enough.

## Status

Euclidean geometry is a first-order theory. With it, statements like _For all triangles..._ can be made, and be proven. Statements like _For all sets of triangles..._ are outside the scope of the theory.
János Bolyai

**János Bolyai** (December 15, 1802 – January 27, 1860) was a Hungarian mathematician, known for his work in non-Euclidean geometry.

## References

<div class="references-small">

- M. J. Greenberg, _Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries: Development and History_, 3rd edition, W. H. Freeman, 1994
- Elemér Kiss: _Mathematical gems from the Bolyai chests. János Bolyai's discoveries in number theory and algebra as recently deciphered from his manuscripts_. Translated by Anikó Csirmaz and Gábor Oláh. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest; TypoTeX, Budapest, 1999. 200 pp. .
</div>
Diana (mythology)

**Diana** was the goddess of hunting (and in later times, the moon and chastity) in Roman mythology. Cypress trees were sacred to her. She was the daughter of Jupiter and the Titan Latona (or Leto). In Greek mythology, Diana was called Artemis. She is also associated with fertility and nature. Artemis is her Greek equivalent.

According to mythology Diana was born with her twin brother Apollo on the island of Delos. Apollo was her only real brother but she had many half brothers and sisters from her father. Her half-siblings were Vulcan, Minerva, Mercury, Bacchus, Mars, and Proserpine. Diana made a group of three with two other Roman deities: Egeria the water nymph, her servant and midwife helper; and Virbius, the god of the woods. Diana is a maiden goddess which means she can not marry.

## Other websites

- _Landscape with Diana and Callisto_ painting
- _Diana and her Nymphs_ painting
Dennis Kearney

**Dennis Kearney** (1847–1907) was an American politician who was himself an immigrant from Ireland. He is known for being racist towards Chinese people. His  fame comes from his strong support of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.
Cross of Gold speech

The **Cross of Gold** speech was a famous speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois by William Jennings Bryan. He wanted silver and not gold to be America's bullion standard. It was his goal to create inflation to help those in debt. The end of the speech gives it its name when he says;

- _Having behind us the producing masses of this nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests and the toilers everywhere, we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon **a cross of gold**._
Fallen Leaves

"**Fallen Leaves**" is a song by the Canadian music group Billy Talent. It is the sixth track on the album _Billy Talent II_ and is their third single to be released.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Fallen Leaves
- **artist**: Billy Talent
- **album**: Billy Talent II
- **released**: November 19, 2006
- **genre**: Alternative rock
Punk rock
- **length**: 3:19
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **writer**: Billy Talent
- **producer**: Gavin Brown (musician), Gavin Brown
- **prev title**: Red Flag (song), Red Flag
- **prev year**: 2006
- **next title**: Surrender (Billy Talent song), Surrender
- **next year**: 2007
Sumer Is Icumen In

"**Sumer Is Icumen In**" is a very old English song that can be sung as a round.  It is the oldest known example of a round. Its composer is unknown. It was written down around the mid-13th century by a monk in Reading Abbey, but we do not know whether that monk composed it or whether it was older.

The title means "Summer has arrived". The round can be sung in six parts. There are also two parts that can be repeated again and again (an ostinato) throughout the piece. The language is Middle English and is based on the dialect spoken in Wessex, England. at the time.

## Music

This is the manuscript that the monk wrote:

To sing as a round, one singer (or group of singers) would begin at the beginning, a second singer would start at the beginning as the first got to the point marked with the red cross, the third would join in when the second singer got to the red cross, and so on until all six were singing. The repeated pattern is marked "Pes". The instructions are written in Latin.

Here is the song in modern notation:

## English lyrics (secular)

Here are the words with a Modern English translation:

<div align="center">
|Middle (Medieval) English words||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_Sumer is icumen in,_ _Lhude sing cuccu!_ _Groweþ sed and bloweþ med_ _And springþ þe wde nu,_ _Sing cuccu!_ _Awe bleteþ after lomb,_ _Lhouþ after calue cu._ _Bulluc sterteþ, bucke uerteþ,_ _Murie sing cuccu!_ _Cuccu, cuccu, wel singes þu, cuccu;_ _Ne swik þu nauer nu._|width=25m||_Summer has arrived,_ _Loudly sing, Cuckoo!_ _Seeds grow and meadows bloom_ _And the forest springs now,_ _Sing, Cuckoo!_ _The ewe bleats after the lamb,_ _The cow lows after the calf. _ _The bullock jumps, the stag cavorts,_ _Merrily sing, Cuckoo!_ _Cuckoo, cuckoo, well you sing, cuckoo;_ _Nor will you ever stop now._|
</div>
Kumquat

The **kumquats** or **cumquats** in Australian are a group of small fruit-bearing trees. The edible fruit (which is also called "kumquat") is similar to other _Citrus_ but is smaller.

Kumquats are slow-growing, evergreen shrubs or small trees, from 2.5 to 4.5 m tall, with dense branches. Sometimes they have small thorns. The leaves are dark glossy green, and the flowers pure white, similar to citrus flowers.

Kumquats came from China (they are known in literature of the 12th century), and have long been cultivated there and in Japan. They were introduced to Europe in 1846 by Robert Fortune, who was collector for the _London Horticultural Society_, and a short time later into North America.

They are much hardier than citrus plants as oranges. The 'Nagami' kumquat needs a hot summer, ranging from 25 °C(77°F) to 38 °C(100.4 °F), but can withstand frost down to about -10 °C(14 °F). It grows in the tea regions of China where the climate is too cold for other citrus fruits, even the Mikan (also known as the Satsuma) orange.

## Etymology

The English name "kumquat" derives from the Cantonese pronunciation _gam1 gwat1_ (given in Jyutping romanization). The alternate name 柑橘, also pronounced _gam gwat_ in Cantonese (_gān jú_ in Mandarin, literally "large tangerine orange") is now more commonly written by Cantonese speakers.

Names in other Asian languages include:
- Japanese: _kinkan_ (金柑)
- Korean: _geumgyul_ (금귤)
- Mandarin: _jīnjú_ (金橘)
- Thai: _somchíd_ (ส้มจี๊ด)
- Vietnamese: _cam quất_ (from the Cantonese) or, less commonly, _(quả) kim quất_ (if transliterated from the characters 金橘 into Sino-Vietnamese; "quả" (果) is the Sino-Vietnamese prefix for "fruit")

## References and other websites

- Fruits of warm climates
- Burkill, I. H. (1931). An enumeration of the species of Paramignya, Atalantia and Citrus, found in Malaya. _Gard. Bull. Straits Settlem_. 5: 212–220.
- Mabberley, D. J. (1998). Australian Citreae with notes on other Aurantioideae (Rutaceae). _Telopea_ 7 (4): 333-344. Available online  (pdf).
Teton Mountains

The **Teton Mountains** are mountains on the border between Wyoming and Idaho in the United States of America. They are in a park called Grand Teton National Park. It is south of Yellowstone National Park, a park known for its hot springs.
Baunach

**Baunach** is a town in the German state (bundesland) of Bavaria. It is in the district of Bamberg in Upper Franconia. About 3,950 people lived there in 2005.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Baunach Marktplatz.JPG
- **image caption**: Market square
- **image coa**: DEU Baunach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Baunach in BA.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberfranken
- **district**: Bamberg
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Baunach
- **elevation**: 238
- **area**: 30.91
- **population**: 3933
- **stand**: 2007-06-30
- **postal code**: 96148
- **area code**: 09544
- **licence**: BA
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 4 71 115
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701084818/http://www.vg-baunach.bnv-bamberg.de/1b-index.html www.vg-baunach.bnv-bamberg.de/1b-index.html]
- **mayor**: Ekkehard Hojer
- **party**: CBB
Burgebrach

**Burgebrach** is a municipality in the district of Bamberg in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. About 6,500 people live in Burgebrach. There are 27 villages in the municipality.
Ostinato

In music, an **ostinato** is a short pattern of notes which is repeated several times throughout a song or piece of music.  The word "ostinato" is related to the word _obstinate_.  It is like a musical idea which is being obstinate and will not go away.  The plural can be either "ostinati" or "ostinatos".

An ostinato can last for a section of a piece or it might last for the whole piece of music.

An ostinato can be a repeated group of notes or just a rhythm.  It is similar to a riff in jazz.  Many kinds of music use ostinati, e.g. classical music, jazz, boogie-woogie and African music.

A ground bass, or _basso ostinato_, is an ostinato pattern in the lowest notes, which keeps playing while the melodies in the higher notes change.  This was often used in baroque musical works. An example is the famous _Canon in D_ by Pachelbel.

An example of a rhythmic ostinato is the first movement from the _Planets Suite_ by Gustav Holst.  This is the movement in 5/4 time which describes Mars.  _Boléro_ by Maurice Ravel also uses a repeated rhythm all the way through the piece.

An example from popular music is Pink Floyd's  _Money_.

## Related pages

- Pedal point
- Riff
- Tubular bells
Coffee system

A **coffee system** or **hot beverage system** is a special coffeemaker. Instead of using coffee beans or ground coffee, it uses special capsules. Each capsule has one serving of coffee, tea, milk, and other ingredients in it. This makes it easy to make coffee, espresso, etc. The process is very clean. The capsules with the coffee cost more money compared to normal coffee. There is also the problem that there is more waste because of the capsule.
1492 Pictures

**1492 Pictures** is an American movie production company founded by director Chris Columbus in 1995. The name is a play on Columbus's more famous  namesake, Christopher Columbus.

In addition to various Columbus movies, 1492 Pictures has produced movies by other directors including Brian Levant (_Jingle All the Way_), Henry Selick (_Monkeybone_), Alfonso Cuarón (_Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban_), Joe Roth (_Christmas with the Kranks_), Tim Story (the _Fantastic Four_ films), and Shawn Levy (the _Night at the Museum_ films). The logo music was composed by Academy award winner Hans Zimmer.

## Movies

- _Nine Months_ (1995)
- _Jingle All the Way_ (1996)
- _Stepmom_ (1998)
- _Bicentennial Man_ (1999)
- _Monkeybone_ (2001)
- _Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone_ (2001)
- _Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets_ (2002)
- _Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban_ (2004)
- _Christmas with the Kranks_ (2004)
- _Rent_ (2005)
- _Fantastic Four_ (2005)
- _Night at the Museum_ (2006)
- _Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer_ (2007)
- _Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian_ (2009)
- _I Love You, Beth Cooper_ (2009)
- _Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief_ (2010)

### Upcoming movies

- _Fantastic Four_ (TBA)
- _Night at the Museum 3_ (TBA)
- _Dilbert_ (2012)

## Other websites

- 1492 Pictures at the Internet Movie Database
Life in Hell

**Life in Hell** is a comic strip made by Matt Groening. Its characters are human-like rabbits and a pair of gay lovers named Akbar and Jeff. The comic was released in April 1980. The last comic ended in 2012.

## Infobox (comic strip)

- **title**: Life in Hell
- **author**: Matt Groening
- **status**: Ended
- **syndicate**: Acme Features Syndicate
- **first**: 1977
- **last**: 2012
- **genre**: Dark comedy, satire
Feijoa

The **feijoa** is the fruit of ***Acca sellowiana***, an evergreen shrub or small tree, 1–7 m in height. It comes from the highlands of southern Brazil, parts of Colombia, Uruguay, Paraguay and northern Argentina. They are also grown throughout Azerbaijan, Iran (Ramsar), Georgia, Russia (Sochi), New Zealand and, (Tasmania) Australia.

The fruit is also called the 'pineapple guava' or 'guavasteen'.

## Description of fruit and plant

The fruit matures in autumn and is green, and about the size and shape of an egg. It has a sweet, aromatic flavour. The flesh is juicy. The fruit drops when ripe, but can be picked from the tree before to prevent bruising. Feijoa fruit have a distinctive smell. The chemical methyl benzoate smells strongly of feijoas and the aroma of the fruit is caused mostly by this and other closely related chemicals.

## Growing conditions

It is a warm-temperate to subtropical plant that will also grow in the tropics but requires some winter chilling to fruit. In the northern hemisphere it has been cultivated as far north as western Scotland but does not fruit every year, as winter temperatures below about -11 °C will kill the flower buds. A lot of feijoa are grown in New Zealand, where the fruit is a popular garden tree and the fruit is commonly available in season.

## Eating

The fruit is usually eaten by cutting it in half, then scooping out the pulp with a spoon. It is popular in New Zealand to stew them in a pot with sugar and serve hot with vanilla ice cream in the wintertime . The fruits have a juicy sweet seed pulp, and slightly gritty flesh nearer the skin. The flavor is aromatic and sweet. The skin itself is tart and sour but also edible. If the utensils needed to eat it this way are not available, the feijoa can be torn or bitten in half, and the contents squeezed out and consumed.

Fruit maturity is not always apparent from the outside as the fruits remain green until they are over mature or rotting. When the fruits are immature the seed pulp is white and opaque, becoming clear and jelly-like when ripe. Fruits are at their optimum maturity when the seed pulp has turned into a clear jelly with no hint of browning. Once the seed pulp and surrounding flesh start to brown, the fruit is over mature and should not be eaten.

## Other websites

- Fruits of Warm Climates: Feijoa
- California Rare Fruit Growers: Feijoa Fruit Facts
- New Zealand Feijoa Growers Association Inc.
Wessex

**Wessex** was an old Anglo-Saxon kingdom before England became one country. It was one of seven kingdoms in England. It was named after the West Saxons. It was in the south and southwest of England. Wessex was a kingdom from the 6th century until the English state was made in the 9th century. It was an earldom between 1016 and 1066. Then "Wessex" was not an official place name. The 19th century novelist Thomas Hardy wrote about Wessex in his books which tell stories set in that area.

His Royal Highness The Prince Edward was given the title "Earl of Wessex" when he married Sophie who became the Countess of Wessex. The title Earl of Wessex had not been used since the last earl, King Harold Godwinson, was killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of the West Saxons
- **common name**: Wessex
- **era**: Heptarchy
- **government type**: Absolute Monarchy
- **year start**: 519
- **year end**: 927
- **p1**: Sub-Roman Britain
- **flag p1**: Labarum.svg
- **border p1**: no
- **s1**: Kingdom of England
- **flag s1**: Flag of England.svg
- **border s1**: no
- **image flag**: FlagOfWessex.svg
- **flag type**: Flag of Wessex
- **image map**: Map of Wessex in 900.png
- **image map caption**: The Kingdom of Wessex in 900 AD
- **capital**: Winchester
- **largest city**: Winchester
- **official languages**: Old English language, Old English
- **common languages**: Old English (official), Latin language, Latin
- **currency**: Penny
- **title leader**: List of monarchs of Wessex, King
- **leader1**: Cerdic of Wessex, Cerdic
- **leader2**: Athelstan
- **year leader1**: 519–534 (first)
- **year leader2**: 924–927 (last)
- **legislature**: Witenagemot
Barrel racing

**Barrel racing** is an event often seen in rodeos. It involves a rider and horse going around 3 barrels in a cloverleaf pattern, started on either the right or the left side, but more often than not, the right side. Riders go from one barrel to the next making a square pattern around each and then running back past the timer in want of the fastest time.
Clover

**Clover** (***Trifolium***) is a genus of about 300 species of plants in the pea family. It grows worldwide, mainly in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics.

They are small herbaceous plants. It has three sections to each leave, which looks like three leaves. This is called trifoliate.

Clover is often associated with Ireland.
Clover (disambiguation)

**Clover** could mean:

## Plants

- Clover, a genus of plants

## Places

- Clover, South Carolina, a town in York County
- Clover, Virginia, a place in Halifax County

## Companies

- Clover Studio, the now defunct Capcom funded game developer
- Clover (toy company), a Japanese toy company
- Clover (dairy), a South African dairy company
- Clover (basses), a German company manufacturing bass guitars
- Clover Records, a record label
- Clover G Records, a record label

**Clover** was also the name of a defunct discount department store owned by Strawbridge and Clothier department stores in Pennsylvania.

## Rivers

- Clover Creek (Pennsylvania), a tributary of the Frankstown Branch Juniata River
- Clover Creek (Washington)

## Other things

- Clover (telescope), an astronomical telescope
- Clover (detector), a gamma ray detector
- Clover (manga), a manga by CLAMP
- Clover may also refer to the symbol on the Command key for official Apple Computer keyboards (⌘, U+2318)
- The Clovers, an American R&B band
- Clover (software tool), a Java code coverage tool
- Clover, one of the three spies in the cartoon Totally Spies!.
- CLOVER, a family of modulation techniques, mainly used for data communication over HF radio links.
- Clover (Cloverfield), a fictional giant monster from the 2008 film Cloverfield
Discus throw

The **discus throw** is an event in athletics, where a heavy disc is thrown for distance. It was invented in 708 BC in Ancient Greece. The goal is to throw the discus farther than your opponents.

The discus throw is the subject of a number of well-known ancient Greek statues and Roman copies of them. US thrower Al Oerter is one of only two athletes to win the same individual event at four consecutive Olympic Games.

## Related pages

- Hammer throw
- Javelin throw
- Shot put
Athletics

**Athletics** may mean:
- Track and field athletics, a group of sport events that involves either running, walking, throwing or jumping on a running track or the field inside a running track
- Sport in general
- Oakland Athletics, Major League Baseball team based in Oakland, California
- Philadelphia Athletics (1860–1876), a former baseball team
- Philadelphia Athletics (American Association), a former baseball team from 1882 through 1890
- Philadelphia Athletics (1890–1891), a former baseball team
- Philadelphia Athletics (American football), a former American football team
William Baillie

Captain **William Baillie** (5 June 1723 – 22 December 1810) was an Irish military man and artist.

Baillie went to London at age of 18 to study law, but liked art more. Shortly after getting to London, he joined the army. He served at the Battle of Culloden the Battle of Minden and retired with the rank of Captain. Baillie was later made the Commissioner of Stamps, which he was until 1795.

While he continued as an artist, what he is most famous for was his skill repairing and printing etching plates. He worked on plates by many artists, including Gerard Dou, Nicolas Poussin, and most notably Rembrandt. Apparently he got a number of Rembrandt's worn-out plates. The three best known:

- The Goldweigher: He did a really fine job on this. The prints from it are at least as good as those done personally by Rembrandt.
- The Hundred Guilder Print (Christ Preaching): He changed it in a rather bad way. He then cut it up, and sold the pieces separately.
- The Three Trees: The lower portion of this had been destroyed. Baillie redid that part of the plate by copying an old print. It is not bad, but does not have the feeling that was in the original Rembrandt.

A book of prints, after the above artists, was published in 1792, in two volumes, with subsequent editions.

## Other websites

- Artist profile on Artoftheprint.com
Rusty Anderson

**Rusty Anderson** (born January 20, 1959) is an American guitarist from La Habra, California. He has played lead guitar for Paul McCartney since 2001. He has played for many famous musicians, for example, Elton John, The Bangles, Courtney Love and Belinda Carlisle. He also has a band called Rusty Anderson Afternoon whose first single "Effortless" hit Number One on American radio  and whose first full-length record _RAA_ debuted in the Top Ten Alt Chart on iTunes.

## Discography

- 2004 CD _Undressing Underwater_
- 2009 CD _Born On Earth_
- 2014 _EP II_
- 2016 _RAA_

## Other websites

- Official site
- maccareport page of Rusty
- facebook
- twitter
- instagram
HLS

**HLS** has a number of meanings:
- Harvard Law School
- Homeland Security
- _Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz_, a Swiss encyclopedia
- Hue, Saturation, Lightness color space (can be referred to as either HLS or HSL)
- Huntingdon Life Sciences, a contract animal-testing company based in Huntingdon, England, and New Jersey.