juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Advisor

An **advisor** (or **adviser**) is someone who gives advice. (Someone who _advises_.) The job of an advisor is to give good advice that helps the person that he or she is advising. Usually, only certain people, like businessmen or politicians, have advisors. This is because these kinds of people are usually very busy, and they do not have the time to make decisions alone.

In the United States, the President's advisors are called his "Cabinet." Some well-known cabinet members, current and former, from the Bush Administration are:

- Donald Rumsfeld
- Condoleezza Rice
- Colin Powell
Rendsburg

**Rendsburg** () is a town in Schleswig-Holstein with 30,000 people.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Town
- **wappen**: Wappen Rendsburg.png
- **lageplan**: Rendsburg in RD.png
- **bundesland**: Schleswig-Holstein
- **kreis**: Rendsburg-Eckernförde
- **höhe**: 6
- **fläche**: 23.72
- **einwohner**: 28476
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 24768
- **vorwahl**: 04331
- **kfz**: RD
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 01 0 58 135
- **bürgermeister**: Andreas Breitner
- **partei**: SPD
- **image photo**: Rendsburgerhochbruecke.jpg
- **image caption**: Railway bridge with transporter bridge
Mario Jeckle

**Mario Jeckle** (25 August 1974 – 11 June 2004) was a German computer scientist.

From 1997 to 2003, Jeckle attended the University of Applied Science in Augsburg.  In 1998, he received his computer science degree for his thesis (paper) "Prozeßkettenmodellierung am Beispiel der Gießwerkzeugentwicklung und prototypische Implementierung auf Basis des EDM/PDM - Systems Metaphase" (An example of process chain modelling in casting tool development and prototype implementation on basis of the EDM/PDM - Systems Metaphase). At Augsburg, he taught Java, Java Threads, XML and software engineering.

In 2003, Jeckle became a professor at the University of Applied Sciences in Furtwangen. He taught about XML, databases, software engineering, and "eBusiness" (electronic business).

Jeckle was also a W3C and OMG representative of DaimlerChrysler Research and developed technical standards for XML, UML 2.0, and others. At the beginning of 2004, he was a member of the Technical Architecture Group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Jeckle was also an writer of books and a well-known speaker at conferences and seminars (information groups).

Jeckle was a member of the International Red Cross. On 11 June 2004, he died while giving aid to others who had a car accident on a German highway. While helping, another driver lost control and hit Jeckle and another man.

## Memberships

- Associate Editor of International Journal of Web Services Research
- Associate Editor of International Journal on Web Services
- Chairman of the mailinglist of GOOAL.net
- Editor of W3C-Dokuments Composite Capability/Preference Profiles (CC/PP): Processing and Protocol Requirements 1.0
- Executive Committee Member of the IEEE Technical Community for Services Computing
- DaimlerChrysler Research member of the Advisory Committee des World Wide Web Consortiums (W3C)
- Headleader of the Masters of System Architekture in Furtwangen.
- Member of the Device Independence Working Group (W3C)
- Member of the Technical Architecture Group (W3C)
- Member of the Web Service Architecture Working Group (W3C)
- Member of the Editorial Boards des International Journal of Grid and Utility Computing
- Member of the Advisory Board des International Journal on Cases on Electronic Commerce
- Member of the Editorial Board des International Journal for Infonomics
- Member of the Editorial Board des International Journal of IT Standards & Standardization Research
- Member of the Fachbeirat the lecture "Java Spektrum"
- Member of the German Architect Board of ASQF
- Member of the IBM Developer Works Research Panel
- Member of the Java Community Process
- Member of the Technical Advisory Board der Gentleware AG

## Other websites

- private Homepage of Mario Jeckle  (in German)
- Informatikpreis 1998  (in German)
- Tim Berners-Lee to the death of Mario Jeckle (W3C)
- In Memoriam: Mario Jeckle (W3C)
Eighty Years' War

The **Eighty Years' War**, also called **Dutch Revolt**, was a war between the Netherlands and Spain. The former Burgundian Netherlands wanted to be Protestant and separate from Spain and the Austrian Empire. The war lasted from 1568 to 1648 but was interrupted by a truce between 1609 and 1621. The Peace of Westphalia ended the war. The Netherlands achieved independence in the Eighty Years' War.
MacGyver

***MacGyver*** is an American television series was first shown in September 1985 on the television network, ABC. The main character, Angus MacGyver (played by Richard Dean Anderson), often prevented inevitable defeats, saved lives, distracted enemies, made weapons, and even performed everyday tasks usually using very few objects that seemed irrelevant or abnormal to use in such situations. His use of duct tape has led some parts of the world to call it "MacGyver tape."

The term "MacGyver" now means someone who is able to perform amazing feats with the use of very few and often irrelevant objects.
Quark

A **quark** is an elementary particle which makes up hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons. Atoms are made of protons, neutrons and electrons. It was once thought that all three of those were fundamental particles, which cannot be broken up into anything smaller, but after the invention of the particle accelerator, it was discovered that electrons are fundamental particles, but neutrons and protons are not. Neutrons and protons are made up of quarks, which are held together by gluons.

There are six types of quarks. The types are called **flavours**. The flavours are up (u), down (d), strange (s), charm (c), top (t), and bottom (b). Up, charm and top quarks have a charge of +, while down, strange and bottom quarks have a charge of -. Each quark has a matching **antiquark**. Antiquarks have a charge opposite to that of their quarks; meaning that up, charm and top antiquarks have a charge of - and down, strange and bottom antiquarks have a charge of +.

Only up and down quarks are found inside of atoms of normal matter. Two up quarks and one down make a proton ( +  -  = +1 charge) while two down quarks and one up make a neutron ( -  -  = 0 charge). The other four flavours are not seen naturally on Earth, but they can be made in particle accelerators. Some of them may also exist inside of stars.

When two or more quarks are held together by the strong nuclear force, the particle formed is called a hadron. Quarks that make the quantum number of hadrons are named 'valence quarks'. The two families of hadrons are baryons (made of three valence quarks) and mesons (which are made from a quark and an antiquark). Some examples of baryons are protons and neutrons, and examples of mesons are pions and kaons.

When quarks are stretched farther and farther, the force that holds them together becomes bigger. When it comes to the point when quarks are separated, they form two sets of quarks, because the energy that is put into trying to separate them is enough to form two new quarks. So scientists think it is not possible to have one quark by itself.

Quarks also have color charge and react via the weak force. For baryons, each quark is green, red or blue. One can be one color at one time. For mesons, the quark is red, green or blue and the antiquark is antired (cyan), antiblue (yellow) or antigreen (pink). Quarks can change color by emitting a W boson. For example, if a green color-charged quark emits a red-antigreen W boson to a red quark, the green quark will become red and the red quark will become green. Therefore, W and Z bosons (which mediate the weak force for neutrinos) help particles react via the weak interaction.

This also causes the beta and beta-plus decay of atoms where a neutron decays into a proton, electron and electron antineutrino, and makes a proton turn into a neutron, positron and electron neutrino.

The idea (or model) for quarks was proposed by physicists Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964. Other scientists began searching for evidence of quarks, and succeeded in 1968 through the use of deep inelastic scattering; a process used to probe the inside of hadrons.

## Other websites

- Basic quark site
Northern Hemisphere

The **Northern Hemisphere** is the part of the planet that is north of the equator. It has about 90 percent of the world's population and most of the world's land. All of North America and Europe are in the Northern Hemisphere. Most of Asia, two-thirds of Africa and 10 percent of South America are also in this hemisphere. The three largest countries by population; India, China, and the United States, are in the Northern Hemisphere.

## Related pages

- Southern hemisphere
- Eastern hemisphere
- Western hemisphere
- Seasons
- Solstice and equinox
- Equator
- Tropic of Cancer
- Tropic of Capricorn
- Arctic Circle
- Antarctic Circle
Yesterday

**Yesterday** might mean:

- The day before today
- "Yesterday" (Beatles song), a popular song by The Beatles from their album _Help!_
- "Yesterday", a movie named after the song about a man who becomes the only person in the world to remember The Beatles after ending up in a freak accident.
Messiah

The **Messiah** or **Anointed One** is the figure who God promised to the Jews in order to save the world, according to Judeo-Christian beliefs.

Sometimes real or fictional people are called _messianic_ if they have the qualities of a messiah, or if people think they will bring about a better world.

## Biblical views

Jews believe god inspired biblical prophets to tell people that he was coming. The idea of the messiah became very important in Jewish teaching and thought during Roman rule in the 1st century BC. According to the scriptures, the messiah would rescue people from the Romans and restore the country.

There are many views about how the messiah will come: as a judge, warrior, beggar, academic, philosopher, healer, or a common person.

### Jesus as the Messiah

Christianity, which began in Israel with Jewish followers of Jesus (), says that the Messiah foretold by the Jewish Scriptures is Jesus. Christians believe that, fulfilling a prophecy, Jesus died for the sins of the world, rose from the dead and remains seated at God's right hand until his return.

Most Jews do not hold these beliefs; those who do are sometimes called Messianic Jews.  According to some Messianic Jews and other Christians, most Jews' denial that Jesus was the Messiah is, itself, the fulfillment of prophecy. (see Epistle to the Romans chapter 10)

Muslims believe that Jesus was the son of Mary, a mighty prophet of God, the Messiah. (However, in Islam, the Messiah has a different role than he does in Christianity or Judaism.) Muslims believe that Jesus will someday return in his Second Coming to fight besides the Mahdi against the _Dajjal_ ("false messiah").
César Chávez

**Cesar Chavez** (born **César Estrada Chávez** (March 31, 1927April 23, 1993) was a Mexican-American farmworker, labor leader and civil rights activist. Chávez started the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) along with Dolores Huerta. He wanted equal rights for Native Hispanic/Latin-Americans working in the United States.  This union became the United Farm Workers.

## Early life

Chávez was born near Yuma, Arizona and went to over 37 schools.  He graduated from the eighth grade. He did most of his organizing in California, especially near Bakersfield. Fred Ross taught him to lead unions. Fred Ross was a student of Saul Alinsky.

## Activism

In 1965, Chávez and the NFWA started a strike for grape-pickers in California. At the same time, he asked Americans to boycott grapes from California. In 1970, the migrant workers won their fight for better pay.

He kept working against unfair labor rules. He stopped eating in protests three times because of low pay and bad working conditions. When he died, he was leading another grape boycott to stop the use of pesticides.

## Legacy

Chávez is respected in California and other states. In 2000, California's state legislature started a holiday to honor him. The holiday is on March 31, Chávez's birthday. This is the first time that a US public holiday honored a Native Hispanic/Latino-American or a union leader. Many cities have streets or places named for him. These cities include San Francisco, Los Angeles, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Austin, Texas, Chicago, Illinois, Milwaukee, and Salt Lake City. In 1998 he was inducted into the Hall of Honor by the United States Department of Labor.

## Other websites

- "The Story of Cesar Chavez" , United Farmworker's official biography of Chavez.
- César E. Chávez Chronology , County of Los Angeles Public Library.
- Five Part Series on Cesar Chavez , _Los Angeles Times_, Kids' Reading Room Classic, October 2000.
- "The study of history demands nuanced thinking", Miriam Pawel  from the _Austin American-Statesman_, 2009/7/17. A caution that histories of Chavez and the UFW should not be hagiography, nor be suppressed, but taught "wiktionary:warts and all"
- The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworker's Struggle , _PBS_ Documentary.
- Farmworker Movement Documentation Project
- _New York Times_ obituary, April 24, 1993
- Walter P. Reuther Library – _President Clinton presents Helen Chavez with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1994_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Cesar Chavez
- **nationality**: Mexican-American
- **birthname**: César Estrada Chávez
- **image**: Cesar chavez crop2.jpg
- **caption**: Chavez in 1974
- **birth place**: Yuma, Arizona, Yuma, Arizona, U.S.
- **death place**: San Luis, Arizona, San Luis, Arizona, U.S.
Shape

A **shape** is a geometric figure that can be made with mathematics. Shapes are sorted into kinds based on how the shape looks, and what the shape is made of. For example, shapes can be classified by how many dimensions they use.

Two-dimensional shapes will fit into a flat plane. Three-dimensional objects will not fit inside a plane, because they are not flat. Shapes made from other shapes of any dimension are called polytopes.

Two shapes are said to be equal, if one can be changed into the other by turning, moving, growing, shrinking, or more than one of these at once. Geometry is a section of mathematics which involves many shapes and sizes of different figures and their properties.

## 2D shapes

These are two-dimensional shapes or flat plane geometry shapes. Their sides are made of straight or curved lines. They can have any number of sides. Plane figures made of lines are called polygons. Triangles and squares are examples of polygons.

- circle
- polygon
    - triangle
    - quadrilateral
        - square
        - rectangle

## 3D shapes

These are three-dimensional shapes. Their sides are made of flat or curved surfaces. 3D shapes are often made of polygon faces. These 3D shapes are called polyhedra.

- sphere
- tetrahedron
- cube
- cone
- pyramid
- hemisphere
- cuboid
- cylinder
- prism

## 4D shapes

Four-dimensional shapes made of polyhedra are called polychorons. These shapes cannot be fully shown in the real world, but they are important ideas in geometry.
Quechua

**Quechua**, sometimes written **Quichua** or **Ketchua**, is a language spoken by 8 million people in the South American nations of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Argentina, and Colombia. It was also the language of the ancient Inca Empire. It is a member of the Quechuan language family.

It is the most-spoken Native American language in South America and is also the most widely-spoken indigenous language. A quarter of the people in Peru speak Quechua. People who speak Quechua as their first language are called Quechua Indians by Spanish-speakers. However, the Quechua refer to themselves as _Runa_ ("the people") and call their language _Runa Simi_.

Quechua has only three vowel sounds: _a_, _i_, and _u_.

Quechua has given names to many places in Peru, including the Ancash Region. __ is the Quechua word for _blue_, and the name is thought to refer to the region's blue skies.

## Other websites

- A website that teaches Quechua
Drinking water

**Drinking water**, also known as **potable water**, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation.

Water in rivers, stream, lakes and underground may contain organisms that cause disease. It may also contain chemicals that might cause illness.

'Water treatment'  involves filtering the water through sand beds and then adding a chemical to kill any remaining organisms.

The amount of drinking water needed for good health varies. Americans, on average, drink one litre of water per day and 95% drink less than three litres per day. For those who work in a hot climate, up to 16 litres a day may be required. Liquid water is essential for life.

In developed countries, tap water meets drinking water quality standards. Other uses include washing, toilets, and irrigation. Greywater (wastewater) may be used for toilets or irrigation. Using greywater for irrigation may have risks. Water may be unacceptable if it has high levels of toxins or suspended solids.

## Related pages

- Joseph Bazalgette for the story of how modern water systems got free of dangerous bacteria.
Pen

A **pen** (Latin: _pinna_, feather) is a tool used for writing or drawing. The ink of the pen is pressed onto paper and dries very fast.

_Reed pens_ are the oldest known type of pen. They were made from reeds growing in the delta of the Nile. The ancient Egyptians invented them, and also invented black ink, using soot and gum arabic. Their pens had split nibs to regulated the flow of ink to the writing tip. This simple design is still used in calligraphy today.

_Quill pens_ are one of the oldest type of pens.  A quill pen is the feather of a bird, usually a goose.  The end of the feather (the quill) was kept very sharp and had to be dipped into ink after every few words.

Reed and quill pens are _dip pens_ because they have to be dipped in ink many times during writing or drawing. Modern dip pens have nibs made of metal.

_Fountain pens_ are like dip pens, but can hold enough ink inside to write several pages before being refilled. Inside, the ink is held in a sac or cartridge.

A _ballpoint pen_ is generally cylindrical plastic shaft that holds ink and is smaller than a fountain pen. It has a small hard ball on the writing end that rolls the ink onto the paper.

A _stylus_ is a pen that cannot write on paper, but can write on clay or wax. Styli of wood or metal have been used for thousands of years, for example in cuneiform writing. A modern computer stylus is usually made of plastic and may have electronics inside. It is used with a touchscreen.

The coming of the personal computer much reduced the need to write on paper. All the same, a personally written letter  suggests "I think so much of you that I took the effort to write a _real_ letter."

## Related pages

- Pencil
- Ink
- Paper
Waterfall

A **waterfall** is a place where water rushes down a steep ledge. The water flows from higher land, then it falls down a big step of rock to lower land of softer rock where it will continue on its journey. The lower land is usually in a gorge. Waterfalls are often made when a river is young, in places where softer rock is underneath harder rock in the waterfalls.

Many people like to visit waterfalls. The roar from a big waterfall is very loud. Some people think it is beautiful music and that a waterfall is one of the most beautiful things in nature.

The highest waterfall in the world is Angel Falls in Venezuela where the water falls .

## Related pages

- Cataracts of the Nile
Great Zimbabwe

**Great Zimbabwe** is a ruined city in the southeastern hills of Zimbabwe. It was a royal city for the Zimbabwean monarch. It was also the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe during the country’s later Iron Age.

The site is not far from the country's border with Mozambique, which is in the southeast of the African continent.

## History

The earliest known written mention of the ruins was in 1531 by Vicente Pegado, Captain of the Portuguese garrison of Sofala, who recorded it as _Symbaoe_.

After visiting the area for the first time in the late 19th century, Europeans began Investigations of the site in 1871.

The modern country of Zimbabwe is named after Great Zimbabwe.

## Features

Construction on the monument began in the 11th century, and work continued until the 14th century.

Once built, the city covered an area of 722 hectares (1,780 acres) which might have housed up to 18,000 people. Its walls were one of its most prominent features; these were constructed without mortar, and some were over five metres high. Eventually the city was abandoned and fell into ruin.

The Kingdom of Zimbabwe included the River Zambezi in the north, the Transvaal in the south and Botswana in the east. The people who lived at Great Zimbabwe controlled trade between the coast and inland Africa.

## Artifacts

Archaeologists have found goods from as far as China that were used by the Great Zimbabwean people. This shows that they bought and sold things over great distances.

The city had stopped growing when traders from Portugal came to southern Africa 500 years ago, but nobody is sure why this happened. Europeans at first thought that Great Zimbabwe had been built by foreigners. Now we know it was built by the local people.

People who have studied the site have learned much about old Africa.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **official name**: Great Zimbabwe National Monument
- **id**: 364
- **year**: 1986
- **criteria**: Cultural: i, iii, vi


## Infobox (ancient site)

- **name**: Great Zimbabwe
- **image**: Great-Zimbabwe-2.jpg
- **caption**: Great Zimbabwe: Tower in the Great Enclosure.
- **map type**: Zimbabwe
- **location**: Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe
- **type**: Settlement
- **part of**: Kingdom of Zimbabwe
- **built**: 11th century
- **abandoned**: 15th century
- **epochs**: Late Iron Age
- **cultures**: Kingdom of Zimbabwe
Journal

- a written medium, for instance:
    - an academic journal
    - a diary
    - a literary magazine, a periodical devoted to literature
    - a daily newspaper
    - a scientific journal
- Journal (mechanical device), the section of a rotating shaft that contacts and turns in a plain bearing
- Mining journal, a record systematically describing the strata through which a mine shaft passes (see _shaft mining_)
- Journal entry, an accounting transaction in the double-entry bookkeeping system
Organic

The word **organic** is used for different things:
- Something of, or relating to, an organism
- Organic chemistry, chemistry that is based on carbon, which is the basis for all living things.
- Organic matter in soil is material that is, or once was, a plant or animal.
- Organic farming, agriculture conducted according to certain standards, especially the use of only naturally produced fertilizers and non-chemical means of pest control.
3D

**3D** (or **3-D**) means three-dimensional, or having three dimensions. For example, a box is three-dimensional; it is solid, and not thin like a piece of paper. It has volume, a top and bottom, left and right (sides), as well as a front and back. You can turn the box around to view it from another side (called a face, surface or simply side).

A dimension can be measured in meters, inches, microns, miles, or any other unit of length.

The three dimensions are often called length (or depth), width (or breadth), and height. Some purposes use other words.

3D graphics are used to make video games or animated movies.  Many calculations are needed to make pictures seem three-dimensional on a screen. Modern computers usually have a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) to handle these calculations.

Binocular vision helps people to see the third dimension easily.

## In mathematics

In the Cartesian coordinate system, length, width, and height are given in letters           (variables) to make them easier to write, or if a value is not known. Often X is width, Y is height, and Z is length. Other 3D coordinate systems such as spherical coordinates use both linear and angular measurements.

The mathematical study of 3D shapes and dimensions is called solid geometry.

### Space-time theory

Some people think of time as if it were a fourth dimension. This is called space-time theory. In this idea, there are three dimensions of space, along with the dimension of time. However, this time dimension acts differently: rotations with it require lorentz transforms, which looks like stretching and squishing diagonally. This is to keep the speed of light the same.

## Related pages

- 3D printing
- Holography
- Perspective (graphical)
Humidity

**Humidity** means water vapor in the air, but excludes liquid droplets in fog, clouds, or rain.  Deserts usually have low humidity, and tropical regions have high humidity. The word "humid" often means that the humidity is high, which gives the feeling of being very damp (wet air), stuffy, or even sweltering when the temperature is also high. When the humidity is low, the air can be said to be "not humid" or "dry."

Higher humidity reduces the effectiveness of sweating in cooling the body by reducing the rate of evaporation of moisture from the skin.

The term "relative humidity" is used to note the amount of humidity as a percent, from 0-100%. Meteorologists use  hygrometers to measure the humidity in the air.

Humidity affects the rate of evaporation. With a higher humidity, a substance's rate of evaporation is less.

## Related pages

- Dew point
- Relative humidity
Calabi-Yau manifold

It is said that there are 10 dimensions in String Theory, out of which 4 are our ordinary Length, Width, Height and Time. The other 6 dimensions are said to be closely packed together in a manifold called the Calabi-Yau manifold.

A **Calabi–Yau manifold**, or 'Calabi–Yau space', is a special type of manifold. It is described in certain branches of mathematics such as algebraic geometry.

The Calabi–Yau manifold's properties, such as Ricci flatness(condition when the average curvature of every point on a space cancels out to be **zero**), have applications in theoretical physics. Particularly in superstring theory, the extra dimensions of spacetime might take the form of a 6-dimensional Calabi–Yau manifold. This led to the idea of string theory mirror symmetry.

The Calabi-Yau manifolds are complex manifolds are extensions or broader forms of K3 Surfaces in any number of complex dimensions (1 complex dimension = 2 real dimensions). K3 surfaces is a 4-dimensional (4D) complex surface which is smooth, compact, and Ricci Flat (look at the former paragraph).

There are different types of such manifolds, depending on the number of complex dimensions they have. For example, Calabi-Yau 2-fold has 2 complex dimensions, Calabi-Yau 3-fold has 3, and so on.

## Use in String Theory

The various properties of the Calabi-Yau manifold, like ricci-flatness, supersymmetry make it very useful in string theory.

1. **The Ricci Flatness property** of the Calabi-Yau manifold makes it useful in String Theory. String Theory requires the background spacetime to be flat at _large scales_ Compactifying extra dimensions on the Ricci Flat space ensures that the overall 4-D shape of the Universe remains constant.
1. **Supersymmetry** is a symmetry that relates bosons (particles with integer spin) and fermions (particles with half-integer spin). Supersymmetry is a key part of string theory because it helps explain various phenomena, such as particle masses and forces.Calabi-Yau manifolds preserve a special kind of supersymmetry, making them the ideal candidate for compactifying extra dimensions while maintaining the consistency of supersymmetric string theories.
1. **The complex geometry** of Calabi-Yau manifolds provides a lot of flexibility in how the extra dimensions are compactified, which impacts the types of particles and forces in the low-energy world we observe. The Hodge Numbers and other topographical properties of this manifolds influence things like the number of groups of particles, the types of interactions, and more.
Duisburg

**Duisburg** (; , Ripuarian: _Duisburch_, Low Franconian: _Duusbörg_) is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is where the Rhine and the Ruhr rivers meet. About 500,000 people live in Duisburg.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Duisburg
- **art**: City
- **image photo**: Duisburg - Schwanentorbrücke 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Schwanentor Bridge
- **wappen**: Duisburg Wappen.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge der Stadt Duisburg mit Wappen.svg
- **bundesland**: NRW
- **regierungsbezirk**: Düsseldorf Government Region, Düsseldorf
- **landkreis**: urban
- **höhe**: 31
- **fläche**: 232.82
- **einwohner**: 499111
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 47001–47279
- **vorwahl**: 0203
- **kfz**: DU
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 1 12 000
- **gliederung**: 7 boroughs, 46 suburbs
- **bürgermeister**: Sören Link
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: SPD
- **ruling party1**: SPD
- **ruling party2**: CDU
Kuopio

**Kuopio** is a city in Northern Savonia, Finland. It is the biggest city and cultural center of Eastern Finland. In November 2015 the population was about 112.000. It is the 8th biggest city in Finland.

The city is surrounded by lake Kallavesi. Many parts of the city are built on islands. Kuopio has always been a city of education. Two important schools are the University of Eastern Finland and the Savonia University of Applied Sciences.

Culture: The art museum is in the city.

## History

In 2011 the town of Karttula merged with Kuopio. In 2013 Nilsiä merged as well. In 2015, Maaninka merged with the city. In 2017 Juankoski merged with the city.

## Twin towns — Sister cities

Kuopio is twinned with:
Hammer

A **hammer** is a tool for putting nails into objects such as wood. It has a long handle, and a tip with a flat end for hitting nails. The most common type of hammer (sometimes called a _claw hammer_) has a curved end (on the other side of the hitting end) for pulling nails out.

A **sledgehammer** is a hammer that has a longer shaft, and a more massive head. The user can swing it with two hands and apply more force.

## History

Hammers were used around 3.3 million years ago. The first hammers were made without handles. Stones attached to sticks with strips of leather or animal sinew were being used. Hammers with handles were made in 30,000 BCE during the middle of the Paleolithic Stone Age. The hammer was used for building, food and protection.

## Classification of hammers

Hammers can be classified into two. They are:

### Hand-powered hammers

Hand-powered hammers are hammers that are used with the hand. Examples include:

- Ball-peen hammer
- Boiler scaling hammer
- Brass hammer
- Bricklayer's hammer
- Carpenter's hammer
- Cow hammer
- Cross-peen hammer
- Dead blow hammer
- Demolition hammer
- Drilling hammer
- Electrician's hammer
- Engineer's hammer
- Gavel
- Geologist's hammer
- Knife-edged hammer
- Lathe hammer
- Lump hammer
- Magnetic double-head hammer
- Magnetic tack hammer
- Mallet
- Railway track keying hammer
- Rock climbing hammer
- Rounding hammer
- Shingler's hammer
- Sledgehammer
- Soft-faced hammer
- Splitting maul
- Strike Tack hammer
- Stonemason's hammer
- Tinner
- Upholstery hammer
- Warrington hammer
- Welder's chipping hammer

### Mechanically-powered hammer

Mechanically powered hammers are hammers that are used with a machine. Examples include:

- Hammer drill
- High Frequency Impact Treatment hammer
- Jackhammer
- Steam hammer
- Trip hammer

## Hammers as weapons

Big hammers were sometimes used as weapons. A tiny hammer is also used inside most small arms.

## In pop culture

Hammer Bro from the _Mario_ series is said to throw hammers at Mario.
Feces

**Feces** (or **faeces**), also called **poo**, **poop,** or **stool** is the body's solid waste left over from eating food. Human feces leave the intestinal tract and are removed from the body through the anus. Feces are known for their unpleasant odor. The color, which can range from dark green through brown (the most common color) to bright yellow, depends on a lot of different things; for example, different foods can change the color of feces, so can some illnesses, like diarrhea. The consistency of feces changes too. In humans it is measured using the Bristol stool scale, a system for separating feces into seven different types. It is used for medical diagnosis.

Although feces are generally thought to be waste, they actually have many uses. Feces are used by some scientists to follow animal populations. Feces from animals and humans can be used to create fertilizers for plant crops. Some feces are also used as a fuel for fires.

Animals can also poop. In informal language, there are many words for feces. These are often offensive or even vulgar.

In popular culture, there are a few books about feces. Most of these books are for children. One is called _Everyone Poops_. It was written by Tarō Gomi, who is from Japan.

## Related pages

- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Coprophagia
- Urine
- Sanitation
Nail

A **nail** is a metal object with a flat head and a long, sharp tip. A hammer or nail gun is used to put it into another object. It is often used to join two objects together.

The history of the nail came in three periods:
1. Hand-wrought (forged) nail (pre-history until 19th century)
1. Cut nail (roughly 1800 to 1914)
1. Wire nail (roughly 1860 to the present)

Nails date back at least to Ancient Egypt – bronze nails found in Egypt have been dated 3400 BC. The Bible has references to nails. King David gave iron to make nails for what would become Solomon's Temple.

The Romans made extensive use of nails. The Roman army left behind seven tons of nails when it evacuated the fortress of Inchtuthil in Perthshire, Scotland, in 86 or 87 AD.
Anesthetic

An **anaesthetic** (**anesthetic**) is a substance that either stops pain, or causes the user to sleep.
There are two types: general anaesthesia causes a reversible loss of consciousness. Local anaesthetic cause a loss of sensitivity (and pain) on a local area.

Anaesthetics can be rubbed onto the skin, given by injection ("shot"), or given as a gas to breathe.  Anaesthesia blocks pain during operations. This lets patients undergo surgery and other procedures without the distress and pain they would normally feel. It comes from the Greek roots an-, "without" and aesthetos, "perceptible, able to feel".

The most famous anaesthetic, ether, may have been made as early as the 8th century, but it took many centuries for its anaesthetic importance to be appreciated.

The history of modern anaesthetic began with Joseph Lister. Before it, people sometimes used cocaine, alcohol, and other drugs to get the same effects. Modern anaesthesia is complex, with a combination of anesthesia, analgesia and muscle relaxation. These three are known as the "triad of anesthesia".

## Related pages

- Anesthesiologist
- Nitrous oxide
- Sedative
KDE

**KDE** is a community that produces free software, including a desktop environment called KDE Plasma for operating systems based on Linux or UNIX. This replaces the console, which is simply a black screen with text on it. KDE Plasma is a popular piece of software for users of Linux and UNIX.

Plasma runs on top of the X Window System, which runs on top of any UNIX-like operating systems like Linux and Mac OS X.
Since KDE SC 4.0, many KDE programs also run on Microsoft Windows.

## KDE releases

The following table lists when each version of KDE was released.

|colspan="2"|Timeline of when KDE was released.||
| --- | --- | --- |
||**14 October 1996**|Project announced by Matthias Ettrich|
|KDE 1.0 released|||
|KDE 1.1 released|||
|KDE 2.0 released|||
|KDE 2.1 released|||
|KDE 2.2 released|||
|KDE 3.0 released|||
|KDE 3.1 released|||
|KDE 3.2 released|||
|KDE 3.3 released|||
|KDE 3.4 released|||
|KDE 3.5 released|||
|KDE 4.0 released|||
|KDE 4.1 released|||
|KDE 4.2 released|||
|KDE 4.3 released|||
|KDE 4.4 released|||

## Applications

There are several major applications for KDE. These include:

- Amarok - Music player
- K3b - CD burner
- Kate - Text editor
- KDevelop - A program for making software
- Konsole - Terminal emulator
- Kontact - Personal information manager that has an e-mail client, a news client, a feed aggregator, To-do lists and more.
- Kopete - Instant messaging client
- Konqueror - File manager and web browser
- KOffice - Office suite
- Dolphin - File manager

## Other websites

- Official KDE website

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: K Desktop Environment
- **logo**: KDE logo.svg
- **screenshot**: KDE Plasma 5.16.png
- **caption**: A screenshot of KDE Plasma 5.16, showing the default desktop, with KDE System Settings and Kickoff Menu.
- **developer**: The KDE Team
- **latest release version**: 5.16
- **latest release date**: 6 June 2019
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **genre**: Desktop environment
- **license**: GNU General Public License and others
- **website**: [http://www.kde.org www.kde.org]
David Bowie (1969 album)

***David Bowie*** (also known as _Space Oddity_) is the second studio album by David Bowie. Philips Records released the album on 14 November 1969. RCA Records released it again when Bowie became popular in 1972. Bowie released "Space Oddity" as a single in July 1969. The single was number five on the UK Singles Chart.

## Track listing

1. "Space Oddity"
1. "Unwashed And Somewhat Slightly Dazed"
1. "Letter To Hermione"
1. "Cygnet Committee"
1. "Janine"
1. "An Occasional Dream"
1. "Wild Eyed Boy From Freecloud"
1. "God Knows I'm Good"
1. "Memory Of A Free Festival"

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: David Bowie
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: David Bowie
- **caption**: 1969 UK release
- **recorded**: 20 June, 16 July – 6 October 1969
- **studio**: Trident Studios, Trident (London)
- **label**: Philips Records, Philips
- **prev title**: David Bowie (1967 album), David Bowie
- **prev year**: 1967
- **next title**: The Man Who Sold the World (album), The Man Who Sold the World
- **next year**: 1970
Saxophone

A **saxophone** is a type of musical instrument in the woodwind family. The saxophone uses a piece of wood, called a reed, to make sound. The player blows air into the mouthpiece, which vibrates the reed. The saxophone also uses keys to change pitch, and the player closes or opens holes to choose the note. Commonly, saxophones have about 22 keys.

The saxophone is most commonly found in four voices: soprano, alto, tenor, and baritone saxophones. However, uncommon saxophones include the bass and contrabass saxophones (lower than a baritone saxophone), the C-melody saxophone (between the tenor and alto saxophones), and the sopranino saxophone (higher than a soprano saxophone).

It was invented in 1840 by Adolphe Sax and is used in classical, jazz, and occasionally in rock, pop, and other styles. The saxophone was originally created for military bands, but was commonly used in jazz big bands in the 1940s and 1950s. Famous saxophone players include Marcel Mule (classical music), Bernie McGann (jazz music), and Charlie Parker (jazz music).
Bryophyte

**Bryophytes** are simple plants. They are the simplest plants that grow on land. There are three forms of bryophyte. These are mosses, liverworts and hornworts.

**Bryophyta** is the formal term for this division of plants who do not have tissues to move water. In some modern classifications the word bryophyta only includes mosses. However, the term is still useful because mosses, liverworts, and hornworts share important traits.

Scientists think that liverworts evolved from green algae. Then other plants, including moss and hornworts, evolved from liverworts.

A person who studies bryophytes is called a bryologist. The study of bryophytes is named bryology.

## Life cycle

Like all land plants (embryophytes), bryophytes have life cycle<nowiki/>s with alternation of generations. A bryophyte has two forms that have different numbers of chromosomes. The haploid form has unpaired chromosomes. It is called a gametophyte. People often write "1n" for haploid. The other form is diploid and has paired chromosomes. It is called a sporophyte. People often write "2n" for diploid.

A bryophyte begins when its parent plant makes haploid spores that land on the ground. Each spore grows into a leafy gametophyte. This gametophyte is either male or female. Male gametophytes make haploid sperm. Female gametophytes make haploid eggs. Water moves the sperm to the egg. An embryo is made when they join. This embryo is diploid. It grows a tall stalk from the gametophyte. This stalk is often brown. A structure called the sporangium is at the top of the stalk. The sporangium is diploid too. It makes spores that are haploid in a process called meiosis. When the spores land on the ground, the cycle begins again.

Bryophytes are "gametophyte dominant." This phrase means when you look at a bryophyte, you are more likely to see the gametophyte. The sporophyte is less common.  Sporophytes are always attached to the gametophyte. They must get food from the gametophyte. Bryophyte sporophytes do not have branches. They make only one sporangium.

## Other websites

- The British Bryological Society http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/bbs/bbs.htm
Gavrilo Princip

**Gavrilo Princip,** (25 July 1894 – 28 April 1918), was the Serb nationalist who shot Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the wife of the Archduke, Archduchess Sophie Chotek.

Princip was born in Obljaj a poor area of Bosnia. As a young man he joined a small group who wanted the Slavs in the south of Austria-Hungary to join with Serbia in a new country. They called themselves "Young Bosnia". A group of powerful people in Serbia decided to help them. Those powerful people were called the Black Hand. They gave 'Young Bosnia' guns and small bombs.

When they heard that Franz Ferdinand was coming to Sarajevo, six of them took the bombs and guns and waited for Ferdinand to drive past. They were going to kill Ferdinand when he drove past. Every one of them failed. After they all failed, Princip went to a cafe to buy a sandwich.

When Princip came out of the cafe, he saw Ferdinand in his car. The driver of the car had driven his car the wrong way and he stalled the car while trying to turn. Princip walked up and shot Ferdinand. He wanted to shoot the general who was also sitting in the car, but Ferdinand's wife Sophie threw her arms around Ferdinand. She was in the way, and Princip shot her instead of the general.

At his trial, Princip said he did it because he loved his people. The Austrians thought it was a very bad crime, but they could not kill him because he was only 19 years old. The law in Austria-Hungary said only people older than 20 could be killed, even when the crime was as bad as killing royalty like Ferdinand. They said Princip must stay in prison for 20 years. During his time in the prison, one of his arms was amputated. He died in prison of tuberculosis and blood loss in 1918.

Because this crime happened, Austria-Hungary gave Serbia a list of things that Serbia had to do, later called the "July Ultimatum", to stop things like this from happening any more.  Serbia could not do all the things on the list fast enough, because the Austrians really wanted war with Serbia.  Their German allies also wanted a big war. This led to many of the European countries to start fighting.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gavrilo Princip
- **image**: Gavrilo Princip, outside court.jpg
- **birth date**: 25 July 1894
- **birth place**: Obljaj, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **death date**: 28 April 1918 (aged 23)
- **death place**: Terezin Fortress
- **death cause**: Tuberculosis
Formula

In mathematics and science, a **formula** is a formal rule or statement that is usually written in mathematical notation. The plural of formula can be written in two ways: formulae (the Latin convention) or formulas (the English convention). Both plurals are used, and it is normally up to personal or editorial preference.

## In mathematics

Formally, a mathematical formula is a generalized version of the idea of an equation. A formula combines expressions and relations to make some statement about the mathematical objects involved.

The most important type of formula is a mathematical theorem. Theorems are formulae that relate expressions and other formulae by using logical operators like if and only if. Some key formulas under this category include the Pythagorean theorem, binomial theorem, Euler's formula and De Moivre's formula.

Many familiar mathematical statements are types of formula defined by a specific relation. An equation is a formula that uses the relation , equality. An inequality instead uses one of the relations . Other equivalence classes have formulae similar to equations, like similarity and congruence in geometry, or congruence in modular arithmetic. Order theory looks at formulae that generalise inequalities similarly to how equivalence classes generalise equalities.

## Physical sciences

In the physical sciences, the term "formula" is generally used for an equation that gives some quantity in terms of other quantities.

The expression , gives the volume  of a rectangular prism to its length , width , and height . This would then be called a formula for the volume of the prism.

In science, one of the most well known formulas is Albert Einstein's formula for rest energy, . Here,  is the mass of an object, which is a variable, and  is a physical constant, the speed of light in a vacuum. Einstein's equation shows that the rest energy of a massive particle depends only on its mass.

## Chemistry

In chemistry, "formula" usually refers to a chemical formula: a short expression showing what a chemical is made of, and maybe part of its structure.

## Related pages

- Inequality
- Scientific law
Independence and Democracy

**Independence and Democracy** is a group in the European Parliament. It used to be called the Group of Europe of Democracies and Diversities. It has about 37 members in it. The members of this group either want their country to leave the European Union, or want to change it.

## Members

1. Vladimir Železný (Czech Republic)
1. Junibevaegelsen (June Movement) (Denmark)
1. Mouvement pour la France (Movement for France) (France)
1. Popular Orthodox Rally (Greece)
1. Lega Nord (Northern League) (Italy)
1. ChristenUnie-SGP (Netherlands)
1. League of Polish Families (Poland)
1. Kathy Sinnott (Republic of Ireland)
1. Junilistan (June List) (Sweden)
1. United Kingdom Independence Party (United Kingdom)
Musician

A **musician** is a person who plays a musical instrument like a guitar or a piano or a person that sings.

A musician is also someone who writes music, even if they write it for other people to play. People who write music are called composers.

Musicians can also make a group together to play songs.

## Lists of musicians

- Some famous composers and musicians:
- Ronnie James Dio _(singer)_
- Ludwig van Beethoven _(Composer)_
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart _(Composer)_
- George Michael _(singer)_
- Bob Marley _(Plays the electric guitar, also sings)_
- Paul McCartney _(Singer, plays the bass and the guitar)_
- Michael Jackson _(Singer)_
- Jimi Hendrix _(Plays the electric guitar, also sings)_
- Cat Stevens _(Singer)_

- Some country musicians:
- Gretchen Wilson
- Miranda Lambert
- Carrie Underwood
- Kellie Pickler
- Aaron Tippin

- Some famous bands:
- The Beatles
- Jefferson Airplane
- U2
- Led Zeppelin

- Some famous orchestras:
- The London Symphony Orchestra, The United Kingdom
- The New York Philharmonic Orchestra, USA
- The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, Germany
- The Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra, Serbia
- The Cleveland Orchestra, USA
Carrot

The **carrot** (pronounced CARE-ot) is a type of plant. Many different types exist. The Latin name of the plant is usually given as _Daucus carota_. The plant has an edible, orange root, and usually white flowers. Wild carrots grow naturally in Eurasia. Domesticated carrots are grown for food in many parts of the world.

Carrots are grown in the ground, and carrots roots are a common edible vegetable. After cleaning, the roots may be eaten raw or cooked. They are served as part of many dishes. In Portugal, carrot jam is a speciality.

## Nutrition

Carrots are a moderate source of beta carotene, biotin, vitamin K1, vitamin B6, and potassium. Along with beta-carotene, carrots also have carotenoids another antioxidant helpful to enhance immunity functions and decreased risk of cardiovascular diseases, degenerative diseases and different types of cancers.