juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
James Morrison

**James Morrison**, born November 11, 1962, is famous Australian jazz musician. He has played with people such as B. B. King and Ray Charles.

He was born Boorowa, New South Wales. He started playing trumpet at the age seven. He also plays trombone, euphonium, flugel horn, tuba, saxophones, and piano. In 1979, aged 16, he performed at the Monterey Jazz Festival, and graduated from the New South Wales Conservatorium of Music the next year. He was given the Mo Award, for the Australian Performer of the Year in 1990. In 2000 he played the opening fanfare for the Sydney Olympic Games.

## Other websites

- James Morrison's official website
Crossing over

**Crossing over** is a basic concept of genetics and cell biology, often called **recombination**. It occurs during meiosis.

Crossing over is the exchange of chromosome segments between non-sister chromatids during the production of gametes. The effect is to assort (shuffle) the alleles on parental chromosomes, so that the gametes carry _combinations_ of genes different from either parent. This has the overall effect of increasing the variety of phenotypes present in a population.

The process can be seen directly in stained cells, and indirectly if there are genetic markers or not on the chromosomes. The visible **crossovers** are called **chiasma** (plural: **chiasmata**), which is Greek for a cross. F. A. Janssens was the first to suggest what chiasmata meant.

The large-scale effect of crossing over is to spread variation through a population. This is the main result of sexual reproduction compared to non-sexual modes of reproduction.

The main advantage to the parents is the greater variety in their offspring. This, it is thought, increases the chance that some of the offspring will survive and reproduce. This has been the subject of much investigation and discussion.
Chromatid

**Chromatids** are the daughter strands of a duplicated chromosome which are joined by a single centromere. When the centromere divides, the chromatids become separate chromosomes.

Each of the two daughter chromatids contains the same DNA and chromatin protein as its original chromosome. But in meiosis, crossing over (exchanges) take place between two of the non-sister chromatids. This has profound consequences: it produces genetic recombination, and increases the variability of gametes.
Wat Pho

**Wat Pho** (more fully **Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram**) is the "Temple of the Reclining Buddha". It is the one of the  pagodas in Thailand. It is the largest atemple in Bangkok, and home of Thailand's largest Buddha. It is the temple where the art of Thai massage was developed.

The important pagodas are the pagodas of King Rama I, King Rama II and King Rama IV. This temple was rebuilt from the old Wat Photaram from the Ayudhaya period by King Rama I in 1788. It took seven years and five months and 18 days to finish. King Rama I changed the name from “Photaram” to “Phracheatupon Vimonmungkrawat”. King Rama III (1824—1851) did a lot of repairs to the building. King Rama IV renamed this temple "Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram". Wat Phracheatupon Vimonmungkraram is a popular place for tourists.

The "Reclining Buddha" (Phra Buddhasaiyas) is  long and  high. It was made during Rama III's work on the temple. His body is covered in gold, his eyes and feet have mother-of-pearl decorations. The bottom of his feet have 108 scenes made from the shells on them in both Chinese and Indian style.
Habbo

**Habbo**, or Habbo Hotel, is a virtual game on the Internet which is for teenagers. It is played by lots of people at once so is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game. The chain of websites is owned by the Sulake Corporation and has been online since 2000. Habbo has services in many countries and have over 10 million unique visitors every month.

## About

Habbo is a popular online community for teens to chat with each other, and establish their own creative world. This site was founded and launched in Finland, the main location in the gaming system is known as a hotel lobby.

Habbo money is known as a “credit” which was be purchased in numerous ways, and in different currencies from other countries and can be paid for using a credit card, or registering with a mobile phone.

This gaming site became popular in a few international countries, not online including the United States but also in the UK, Finland, Japan, Switzerland, Spain, Italy and Sweden.

## Other websites

- http://www.mmook.com/habbo/news/information_about_habbo_hotel.html

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Habbo
- **logo**: Habbo.gif
- **caption**: A public guest room on Habbo UK.
- **url**: Habbo#Sites, See list of websites
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: Social networking service
- **language**: Multilingual
- **registration**: Yes
- **owner**: Sulake, Sulake Corporation
- **authors**: Sampo Karjalainen
Aapo Kyrölä
Andrew Malinowski
- **current status**: Active
- **num users**: 278 million (as of August 2012)
Kay Jewelers

**Kay** is an American jewelry company that is all around the world. Its slogan is, "Every kiss begins with Kay". The tag line was written in 1997 by a Senior Art Director named Randall Herrera working for an agency called Stern Advertising in Pepperpike Ohio. It was one of several lines offered up to Kay Jewelers and is still going strong to this day.

Its headquarters are in Akron, Ohio.
Danaus (genus)

***Danaus*** is a genus of butterflies.  _Danaus_ is in the family Nymphalidae.  Species in this genus are commonly known as **Tigers** or **Monarchs**.

## Species

- _Danaus affinis_ <small>Fabricius, 1775</small> - Malay Tiger
- _Danaus chrysippus_ <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> Plain Tiger
- _Danaus cleophile_ <small>Godart, 1819</small> - Jamaican Monarch
- _Danaus eresimus_ <small>Cramer, 1777</small> - Soldier
- _Danaus erippus_ <small>Cramer, 1775</small> - Southern Monarch
- _Danaus genutia_ <small>Cramer, 1779</small> - Common Tiger
- _Danaus gilippus_ <small>Cramer, 1775</small> - Queen
- _Danaus ismare_ <small>Cramer, 1780</small> - Ismare Tiger
- _Danaus melanippus_ <small>Cramer, 1777</small> - White Tiger
- _Danaus plexippus_ <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> - Monarch.

## Other websites

_Danaus_ at www.funet.fi
Harold Lloyd

**Harold Clayton Lloyd, Sr.** (April 20, 1893 – March 8, 1971) was an American actor, comedian, and stunt performer. He was in many silent comedy movies. Lloyd made over 200 comedy movies from 1914 to 1947. These movies were both without and with sound. He usually played as a zeitgeist 1920s-era character.

His movies usually had "thrill" sections where Lloyd would be in fast chases and performed his own stunts. Lloyd did these dangerous stunts himself even though a movie accident had caused the loss of his right thumb and index finger. After that accident, he used a prosthetic glove. This glove was not noticeable in his movies.

Although Lloyd's movies were not as commercially successful as Chaplin's, Lloyd made a lot more money than Chaplin during their movie years. ($15.7 million to Chaplin's $10.5 million).

In 1971, Lloyd died of prostate cancer.

## Death

In March 8, 1971, Lloyd died of prostate cancer. He died in his Greenacres home in Beverly Hills, California. His co-star Bebe Daniels died eight days after him. His son Harold Lloyd Jr. died three months after him.

## Other websites

- Harold Lloyd .us by Annette D'Agostino Lloyd
- Harold Lloyd Photographs and bibliography
- Index of Lloyd Comedy Classics
- Interviews
- BBC Radio Interview with Suzanne Lloyd (2002)
- 1922 magazine interview
- Media
- Harold Lloyd in The Sin Of Harold Diddlebock at Internet Archive
- Old Gold Comedy Theater Episodes at Internet Archive
- Harold Lloyd Photos at Silent Ladies & Gents
- Data
- AFI|Catalog
- Harold Lloyd
- Harold Lloyd | Biography, Movie Highlights and Photos

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Harold Lloyd
- **image**: Harold Lloyd - A Pictorial History of the Silent Screen.jpg
- **caption**: Lloyd in 1924
- **birth name**: Harold Clayton Lloyd
- **birth place**: Burchard, Nebraska, United States
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, United States
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale), Forest Lawn Memorial Park
- **years active**: 1913–1963
- **party**: Republican
- **children**: 3, including Gloria Lloyd, Marjorie Elisabeth Lloyd, Peggy Lloyd and Harold Lloyd Jr.
Marc-Antoine Charpentier

**Marc-Antoine Charpentier** (born near Paris, 1643; died  Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 24 February 1704) was a French composer. He lived in the period known as the Baroque period.  His most famous music is his _Te Deum_.  This work begins with a prelude which today is extremely popular. It was the signature tune for the European Broadcasting Union where it was used to introduce programmes such as the Vienna New Year's Concert and the Eurovision Song Contest.  It is often used as a voluntary for weddings.

## Life

We do not know much for certain about his early life.  He went to Italy where he learned a lot by studying the music of Italian composers.  He studied with the composer Giacomo Carissimi for several years.

When he returned to France he got a job as musician to the Duchess of Guise who was a rich lady who employed several musicians.  He worked for her for many years, both as a singer  (he had a high tenor voice known in French as an “haute-contre”), and as a composer.  When the great playwright Molière stopped working with Lully he asked Charpentier to work with him.  He wrote music for several plays by Molière including _Le malade imaginaire_. After Molière's died in 1673, Charpentier continued to write for other playwrights such as Thomas Corneille and Jean Donneau de Visé.  He often used more musicians than he was allowed (only Lully, the king’s composer, was allowed to use lots of musicians for his performances).  In the end Charpentier stopped writing music for plays.

In 1679, Charpentier was invited to compose for the king’s son, the Dauphin.  The Dauphin had a private chapel and Charpentier wrote religious music for him.  In 1683 he was given a royal pension.  In April of that year he became very ill and could not work for a time.

From late 1687 to early 1698, Charpentier was _maître de musique_ to the Jesuits, Soon he stopped composing big works such as oratorios and concentrated on smaller works for church worship which were sometimes played by a large number of players.  He also was music teacher to the Duke of Chartres.

In 1698 he was made maître de musique at the  Sainte-Chapelle in Paris.  This was one of the top musical jobs in France (the only better job in sacred music in France was director of the royal chapel at Versailles).  He kept this job until his death in 1704.  After his death nearly all the works he wrote for the Chapel were destroyed.  This was the usual procedure when a maître de musique died.   His famous Mass _Assumpta Est Maria_ has survived.  Perhaps that is because it was not composed for the Chapel.

## His music

Charpentier’s compositions include oratorios, masses, operas, and many smaller works.  He also wrote a lot of music for plays.   Many of his smaller works for one or two voices and instruments he called _air sérieux_ or _air à boire_ if they are in French, but _cantata_ if they are in Italian.

## Bibliography

The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;
Andris Nelsons

**Andris Nelsons** (born November 18, 1978) is a Latvian conductor.  He is particularly known as the conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and music director of Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra (since 2017).

## Life

Nelsons was born in Riga, Latvia. His parents were both musicians.  His mother started the first early music group in Latvia.  His father plays the cello and conducts choirs.

Nelsons learned to play the trumpet.  He played the trumpet with the Latvian National Opera. He had always wanted to be a conductor.  The conductor Mariss Jansons taught him to become a good conductor.  In 2003 Nelsons became principal conductor of the Latvian National Opera.  He stayed with them for five years.  In 2006, he became chief conductor of the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie of Herford, Germany, for three years.
FourCC

**FourCC** (Four Character Code, 4CC) is identifier of length of four bytes used to identify type of data format (e.g. video codec used in AVI multimedia container).

The same video format can be (in dependency to used codec) denoted by several different FourCC codes. Even there is no exception to the rule to use more FourCC codes for that format by same codec. For example, some different DivX codec versions denote MPEG-4 ASP format by `DIVX` and `DX50` codes. Therefore, selection of this code depends on used codec and thus on used multimedia framework.

## Other websites

- FourCC.org – FourCC codes for video codecs and uncompressed formats
Fred Penner

**Frederick Ralph Cornelius Penner**, CM  (born November 6, 1946) is a Canadian TV host who is famous as a children's entertainer. Penner does concerts and lectures across North America. From 1985 to 1997 he had his own television show called _"Fred Penner's Place."_ It was shown on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation television network. It was co-produced and shown on Nickelodeon in 1989 and 1990.

Fred Penner was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He began writing songs when he was only four years old. He taught himself how to play guitar. He learned that he could use his music to communicate and educate his sister who had Down syndrome.

After he graduated from university he worked with mentally and physically challenged children by using music to comfort and entertain them. Penner recorded an album of the music he used to educate his mentally challenged students. The album was called _"The Cat Came Back."_ He also recorded a song of the same name which became a very famous children's song.

He sang _The Cat Came back_ on the popular children's TV show _"Sharon, Lois & Bram's Elephant Show"_ in 1984. The following year the CBC network gave Penner his own TV show.

In 1991 he was made a Member of the Order of Canada . He was given this honour for his years of "using music and song to entertain and educate his young audience".

## Other websites

- Fred Penner's Official Site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Fred Penner
- **img**: FredPenner2012.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Frederick Ralph Cornelius Penner
- **birth place**: Winnipeg, Manitoba
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **genre**: Folk music, Folk
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, actor
- **associated acts**: Sharon, Lois and Bram
- **url**: [http://www.fredpenner.com Official Website]
Frasin

**Frasin** is a town in Suceava County, Romania.  The Suceava River is 2 nautical miles to the northwest of Frasin, and Vama is 3.5 nautical miles west of Frasin.
Frasin (disambiguation)

**Frasin** can be any one of several places in Romania:

- Frasin, a town in Suceava County
- Frasin, a village in the Pleşoi commune in Dolj County
- Frasin, a village in the Vladimir commune in Gorj County
MyWikiBiz

**MyWikiBiz** is a wiki directory that lets people write about themselves. It began as a service creating Wikipedia articles for paying corporations. The site was founded by Gregory Kohs, a market researcher.

Gregory Kohs and his sister started the MyWikiBiz venture in Pennsylvania in July 2006, first as a paid editing service, writing content for Wikipedia and other  sites.  The legitimacy of the idea was supported by the English Wikipedia’s Reward Board, where interested parties would offer cash rewards or gifts to create or improve Wikipedia articles.

## Other websites

- MyWikiBiz
Topiary

**Topiary** is the art of creating sculptures by clipping trees and bushes (shrubs). The shrubs used in topiary are evergreen, have small leaves, and produce dense foliage. Common plants used in topiary include bay laurel, holly bushes, myrtle and privet hedges. Shaped wire cages are sometimes used in modern topiary but traditional topiary depends on using special scissors with patience and a steady hand. Notably, the Samban-Lei Sekpil is the tallest topiary plant in the world.

## History

The word derives from the Latin word for an ornamental landscape gardener. A friend of Julius Caesar introduced Rome to the topiary. In Japan and China they have “cloud pruning” where they cut bushes into the shapes of clouds and “Karikomi”, where they cut large shrubs into curved shapes and objects. Bonsai is a form of topiary. During the 16th century in Europe, typical traditional topiary included geometric shapes: balls, pyramids, cones, and spirals. In the 20th century, Walt Disney used topiaries in the form of his cartoon characters to decorate his theme parks.
Aldwych tramway station

**Aldwych tramway station** was a tram stop that was underneath Kingsway. The tramway station should not to be confused with Aldwych tube station. The stop is part of the Kingsway tramway subway.

Services running from Angel Islington to Aldwych started on 24 February 1906. Services from Highbury & Islington station to Tower Bridge and Kennington Gate started on 10 April 1908.

The station closed on 6 April 1952.

The Strand Underpass, which opened in 1964, comes to surface level part way through the former location of the Aldwych tramway station. No sign of the former station is visible on the surface or from the road tunnel however.

## Other websites

- Includes an illustrated account of a visit to the site in November 2003
- LCC Tramways 1914 Map showing routes south of Aldwych station
Alexander Selkirk

**Alexander Selkirk**, (1676 - 13th December 1721) also known as **Alexander Selcraig**, was a Scottish sailor. He became famous for his amazing story of survival and is likely to have inspired Daniel Defoe to write the book _Robinson Crusoe_.

He was on an expedition when the captain of the ship, Captain Stradling, left him on an island off the coast of Chile. Selkirk's job on board was the navigator. He controlled where the ship needed to go and where it was then. He had an important job. He tried to warn the captain about necessary repairs, but the captain ignored Selkirk and continued sailing. Selkirk knew the ship was to drown at any given moment and tried to demand the repairs were taken care of but nobody listened. They had stopped at an island to restock fresh water and supplies. Selkirk said he would rather stay on the island than continue to ride on a dangerous, leaky ship. So, there he was left. He had last-minute second thoughts and tried to get back onto the ship, but Stradling refused. Selkirk was marooned on that island for about four years and had to rely on himself and his skills for survival.

At the time of his rescue, he had been gone for about four years. He was very familiar with crafting things himself out of resources on the islands and having to use his survival skills. He heard noises and when he went to find out what it was, he saw ships on the horizon. He didn't know if they were on his side or enemies, but he knew he had to try. He got their attention and so they sailed over to his island. Once they had beached on the shore, Selkirk came out from the bushes with his hands up. It turned out they were English and on his side. They let him aboard their ship, and they were at sea for another year, stopping off at a few places, before returning to England.

When he returned, his story was written down by a person in his town and has been made into a slightly different version by Daniel Defoe who named it Robinson Crusoe. 'Robinson Crusoe' has been rewritten many times by lots of different people. There were some differences like how Crusoe was stranded for over twenty years and Selkirk, four. Even though this story was based on Selkirk, the island he deserted was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island after being called Juan Fernández Island.
Robert Gould Shaw

**Robert Gould Shaw** (October 10, 1837 in Boston, Massachusetts – July 18, 1863 in Morris Island, South Carolina) was a colonel during the American Civil War. He led the all African American 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment.

Shaw died leading his troops attacking Fort Wagner in 1863, aged 25.
Robinson Crusoe Island

**Robinson Crusoe Island**  is the largest of three islands in the Juan Fernández archipelago, belonging to Chile. The island is also known as **Isla Más a Tierra** or **Aguas Buenas**. More than 800 people live on the island, which is  from the coast of South America. In 1966, Chile renamed it Robinson Crusoe Island, because Alexander Selkirk had spent about four years alone there. Selkirk may have been the person who inspired Daniel Defoe to write the book _Robinson Crusoe_.
Buster Keaton

**Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton VI** (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966) was an American actor, comedian and movie director. He is most famous for his silent films which showed his skill at physical comedy.

The magazine _Entertainment Weekly_ listed Keaton at number seven on their list of _"The Greatest Directors of All Time."_ And in 1999 the American Film Institute placed Keaton at 21 on their list of _"The Greatest Male Actors of All Time."_ The General (1926 movie)

Famous movie critic Roger Ebert wrote that Keaton's _"extraordinary period from 1920 to 1929, he worked without interruption on a series of movies that make him, arguably, the greatest actor-director in the history of the movies."_

In a 2002 worldwide poll by _"Sight & Sound"_ Keaton's 1927 movie titled _"The General"_ was number 15 on their _"Best movies of All Time"_ list. Three other Keaton movies were also added to the magazine's survey.

## Other websites

- Buster Keaton Museum
- Buster Keaton in Five Easy Clips

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Buster Keaton
- **image**: Busterkeaton edit.jpg
- **caption**: Keaton in 1925
- **birth name**: Joseph Frank Keaton
- **birth place**: Piqua, Kansas, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills), Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills, California
- **years active**: 1899–1966
- **works**: Buster Keaton filmography, Full list
- **children**: 2
- **father**: Joe Keaton
- **mother**: Myra Keaton, Myra Cutler
Russian roulette

**Russian roulette** is a deadly game played with a revolver. In the game, there is only one bullet in one of the six cylinder slots of the revolver. The person then closes the cylinder, spins it, places it against their head or sometimes inside their mouth and pulls the trigger, in hopes that the loaded cylinder slot hasn't aligned with the barrel and will therefore fire. The person therefore has a one-in-six chance of killing themselves.

It is done either for bravado, boredom, suicide or other reasons. It sometimes used in fiction as part of interrogations, where the interrogator asks the suspect if he wants to play a game of Russian roulette and palms the bullet.

## Related pages

- Roulette
Nude beach

A **nude beach** is a beach where people can swim (or do other activitiers) without having clothes on. These beaches usully come in different varietires:

- Beaches that require people to be nude, if the weather permits it. People that are not nude, will not be tolerated. Usually, these beaches are part of a holiday resort, or a club.
- Beaches where people have the choice of going nude, or partly clothed. In Europe, this will apply to most beaches which are part of a commune, which designated the beach as a nude beach.

Young children running around naked are often tolerated, on most beaches in Europe.This applies to children aged to about 5 years old.

In many parts of Europe, nudity on the beach is often tolerated. The beaches where it is forbidden, and the ban is enacted are rare.

## Situation in the United States

For example, there is a public nude beach called Haulover Beach near Miami, Florida. There is a public nude park usually called Hippie Hollow Park (but officially called McGregor Park) on a lake near Austin, Texas. There is an admission charge and children are not allowed. There are several nude beaches in California. People are nude at one end of a public nude beach called Crystal Crescent Beach near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. There is a public nude beach called Hanlan's Point Beach on an island near downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada. There is a public nude beach called Wreck Beach in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.  There is a public nude beach close to New York City called Gunnison in Sandy Hook, New Jersey.

There are many nude beaches in Europe and Australia
Undercroft

An **undercroft** is traditionally a cellar or storage room, often brick-lined and vaulted, and used for storage in buildings since medieval times.
Buddha Bar

**Buddha Bar** is a Parisian bar and restaurant. It is in Boissy-d'Anglas street, in the 8th district of Paris, famous for its atmosphere. The franchise has expanded with similarly themed Buddha Bar venues in Prague, Kyiv and London, among others.

October 2012 saw the launch of Buddha-Bar London and Parisians,  Tarja Visan has brought her expertise across the channel and into the heart of Knightsbridge.

Buddha-Bar London aims to push culinary boundaries and the menu blends Far Eastern cuisine with Western tastes and influences. Chinese, Japanese, Thai and other Eastern flavours are stylishly entwined to spearhead a new-wave Pacific Rim cuisine. Dishes created especially for London include Venison Tataki, Smoked Duck and Foie Gras Gyoza, Dragon Scallop and Pan-fried Seabass with Shiso Butter.

## Other websites

- Buddha Bar website
Edwards syndrome

**Edwards syndrome** (**Trisomy 18**) is a trisomy. It is a genetic disorder. People with trisomy 18 have three copies of chromosome 18. Usually people have two copies of the chromosome. It is named after John H. Edwards, who first described the syndrome in 1960. It is the second most common autosomal trisomy, after Down Syndrome, that carries to term.

It is estimated that about  one in 3,000 live births are affected.  The incidence increases as the mother's age increases.  The syndrome has a very low rate of survival. People with Edwards syndrome often have heart abnormalities, kidney malformations, and other internal organ disorders.

About 95% of the babies with Edwards syndrome die before they are born. About half of all babies born with the condition will reach two months of age, and only 5-10% will survive for a year.  The median life span is five to fifteen days. One percent of children born with this syndrome live to age ten, typically in cases of the less severe mosaic Edwards syndrome.
Thames Embankment

The **Thames Embankment** is a major feat of 19th century civil engineering. It reclaimed marshy land next to the River Thames in central London.

## Overview

The Embankment now runs on the northern side of the river from Parliament in Westminster to the City of London. It is a continuous four-lane road (mostly a double carriageway). It connects with all the bridges along the route from Westminster Bridge to Blackfriars Bridge.

It was built in two parts, the Victoria and the Chelsea Embankment, but it is now unified. Londoners regard it as a single road, the Embankment. There is a much smaller road on the south side of the river, called the Albert Embankment.
London Transport Executive

The **London Transport Executive** (LTE) was the organisation responsible for public transport in the Greater London area, England, United Kingdom, between 1948-1963. In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and operational brand of the organization was **London Transport**.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: London Transport Executive
- **formation**: 1948 (Transport Act 1947)
- **extinction**: 1962 (Transport Act 1962)
- **type**: Public body
- **purpose**: Transport authority
- **headquarters**: 55 Broadway, Westminster, London
- **region served**: County of London, London and within  of Charing Cross
- **main organ**: London Transport (brand), London Transport
- **parent organization**: British Transport Commission
Strand, London

The **Strand** is a street in the City of Westminster, London. It runs parallel with the Thames on the northern side. It links the City of London with the centre of London at Charing Cross and Trafalgar Square. The Strand is the southern boundary of the Covent Garden district. Covent Garden is the space once occupied by a famous fruit and vegetable market, and is now a huge pedestrian-only plaza with many commercial outlets.

The Strand passes Aldwych, and joins directly with Fleet Street at Temple Bar. The street is just over three-quarters of a mile long. It includes many commercial premises, two theatres, and hotels. The most notable hotel is the Savoy Hotel, one of the grand London hotels.

The road's name comes from the Old English _strond_, meaning the edge of a river. The street was much identified with the British upper classes between the 12th and 17th centuries, with many historically important mansions being built between the Strand and the river. These included Essex House, Arundel House, Somerset House, Savoy Palace, Durham House and Cecil House. The aristocracy moved to the West End during the 17th century, and the Strand became known for its coffee shops, restaurants and taverns.

The street was a centre point for theatre and music hall during the 19th century, and several venues remain on the Strand. At the east end of the street are two historic churches: St Mary le Strand and St Clement Danes. This easternmost stretch of the Strand is also home to King's College, one of the two founding colleges of the University of London.  In addition to the current Somerset House, other important structures include the Royal Courts of Justice and Australia House.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Strand
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **country**: England
- **london borough**: Westminster
- **constituency westminster**: Cities of London and Westminster (UK Parliament constituency), Cities of London and Westminster
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: WC
- **postcode district**: WC2
- **dial code**: 020
- **os grid reference**: TQ3052280893
Parnassiinae

**Parnassiinae** is a subfamily of butterflies.  It belongs in the family Papilionidae.  They are commonly known as **Apollos** and **Parnassians**.  The butterflies in this subfamily are only found in the Holarctic Region (the Holarctic Region is the northern part of North America and Eurasia).

The caterpillars and adults are poisonous to vertebrates.  The caterpillars are thought to be Müllerian mimics with millipedes.  The adult butterflies are thought to be Müllerian mimics with adult Whites.

After mating, the male glues a structure to the end of the female's abdomen.  This keeps the female from mating again.  This structure is called a sphragis.

## Tribes and genera

- Parnassiini <small>Duponchel, 1835</small>
    - _Hypermnestra_ <small>Ménétriés, 1846</small>
    - _Parnassius_ <small>Latreille, 1804</small>
- Luehdorfiini <small>Chapman, 1895</small>
    - _Archon_ <small>Hübner, 1819</small>
    - _Luehdorfia_ <small>Crüger, 1878</small>
- Zerythiini
    - _Sericinus_ <small>Westwood, 1851</small>
    - _Bhutanitis_ <small>Atkinson, 1873</small>
    - _Zerynthia_ <small>Ochsenheimer, 1816</small>
    - _Allancastria_ <small>Bryk, 1934</small>

## Extinct species

The two species listed here are extinct.  They are also of uncertain placement.

- _Doritites bosniackii_ <small>Rebel, 1898†</small>
- _Thaites ruminiana_ <small>Scudder, 1875†</small>

## Other websites

- Parnassiinae at Tree of Life
Milot

**Milot**, (Kréyòl: _Milo_) is a town in northern Haiti, in the  _arrondissement_ (part of a Haitian department) Acul-du-Nord, Nord department; the town is on the northern foothills of the _Massif du Nord_ mountain range.

The most important economic activity in Milot is farming. Some crops are sugar cane, cacao, tobacco and citrus fruits like orange.

After the Haitian independence, the country was divided in two parts and the northern part was made a kingdom by Henri Christophe and he made Milot the capital of his kingdom.

Christophe built a palace in Milot where he and his family lived; the palace was named _Sans-Souci_. He also built a fort,  _Citadelle Laferrière_, high in the mountains at about 8 km from Milot, and some smaller forts in Ramiens, on the road to the _Citadelle_. These buildings are now part of the **Natural History Park - Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers**, a World Heritage Site designated by the UNESCO in 1982.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Milot
- **native name**: (Kréyòl): _Milo_
- **image skyline**: Milot Haiti 7.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Milot from the road to the Citadelle
- **pushpin map**: Haiti
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Milot in Haiti
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Haiti
- **subdivision type1**: Province, Département
- **subdivision name1**: Nord Department, Nord
- **subdivision type2**: Arrondisement
- **subdivision name2**: Acul-du-Nord
- **population as of**: 2003
- **population total**: 25149
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone (North America), Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Time Zone (North America), Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 105
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: HT 1230 - 1231
- **blank name**: Distance to
 – Cap-Haïtien
- **blank info**:
15 km
Islam in Austria

Islam is a minority religion in Austria with 4.22% of the population in the 2001 census. Most Muslims came to Austria after 1960. They were migrant workers from Turkey and Ex-Yugoslavia. There are also communities of Arab and Pakistani origin.
__NOTOC__
The westernmost Bundesland Vorarlberg has the highest share of Muslims in the country with 8.36%. There is a lot of industry there. It is followed by the capital Vienna with 7.82%. The central Bundesländer Salzburg, Upper Austria, Tyrol and Lower Austria have an average Muslim population. The south-eastern states of Styria, Carinthia as well as Burgenland in the east have fewer Muslims than the average.

Austria is unique among Western European countries. It is until now the only country that has granted Muslims the status of a recognized religious community. They were first recognised after Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878. Austria has regulated the religious freedoms of the Muslim community with the so called "Anerkennungsgesetz" ("Act of Recognition"). This law was reactivated in 1979 when the Community of Muslim Believers in Austria (_Islamische Glaubensgemeinschaft in Österreich _) was founded. This organization has the right to give lessons of religious education in state schools. It could also collect "church tax", but so far it has not exercised this privilege. It does not build, finance or administer mosques in Austria.

Parallel structures exist within the Islamic religious group. The religious life takes place in mosques belonging to organisations. These organisations represent one of the currents of Turkish, Bosnian and Arab Muslims. Among the Turkish organisations, the "Federation of Turkish-Islamic Associations" is controlled by the Directorate for Religious Affairs, whereas the other groups, such as the _Süleymancı_s and _Milli Görüş_ can be seen as branches of the pan-European organisation centered in Germany.

## Muslims in Austria according to their ethnic groups

|Nationality|Population|Year|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Turks|400,000||
|Bosniaks|120,000||
|Arabs|100,000||
|Afghans|50,720||
|Kurds|26,770||
|Chechens|25,000||
|Pakistanis|14,000||
|Iranians|12,452||

## Further reading

- Study for Bundesministerium des Innern: Perspektiven und Herausforderungen in der Integration muslimischer MitbürgerInnen in Österreich, Mathias Rohe, Universität Erlangen. May 2006 (summary by MilitantIslamMonitor.Org: Radical Islam in Europe: Austrian government study concludes 45% of Muslims unwilling to integrate)
- Anna Strobel: Unique Legal Status – Muslims in Austria  From: Herder Korrespondenz, 2006/4, pp. 200–204
- [ftp://www.statistik.at/pub/neuerscheinungen/vzaustriaweb.pdf Census 2001: Population 2001 according to religious affiliation, languages, origin and nationality] (PDF)(German), Statistik Austria.
Rick Mercer

**Richard Vincent "Rick" Mercer** (born October 17, 1969) is a Canadian comedian who has been on shows like _This Hour Has 22 Minutes_ and his own show _The Rick Mercer Report_.

Rick Mercer is openly gay.
London Passenger Transport Board

The **London Passenger Transport Board** (LPTB) was the organisation responsible for public transport in London, England, United Kingdom, and its environs from 1933 to 1948. In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and operational brand of the organisation was **London Transport**.

## London bus route historic numbering

Historically, bus routes run by London Transport were grouped by the type of service that they provided.

The 1924 London Traffic Act imposed a numbering scheme known as the Bassom Scheme, named after Chief Constable A.E. Bassom of the Metropolitan Police who made it. Changing and short lines used letter suffixes. The numbers were grouped also by the company that operated the route.

The numbering was revised in 1934 after London Passenger Transport Board was formed:

## Other websites

- The Railway Archive - London Passenger Transport Act, 1933 (25 MB)

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: London Passenger Transport Board
- **map**: LPTA map.png
- **mcaption**: London Passenger Transport Area
- **formation**: 1933 (London Passenger Transport Act 1933)
- **extinction**: 1948 (Transport Act 1947)
- **type**: Public body
- **purpose**: Transport authority
- **headquarters**: 55 Broadway, Westminster, London
- **region served**: County of London, London and within  of Charing Cross
County of London

The **County of London** was a historic county of England from 1889 to 1965, corresponding much of London. It was created as part of the general introduction of elected county government in England, by way of the Local Government Act 1888.

## Other websites

- County of London boundary map

## Infobox (historic subdivision)

- **name**: London
- **origin**: Metropolitan Board of Works, The Metropolis
- **hq**: County Hall, London, County Hall, Lambeth
- **status**: Administrative counties of England, Administrative and (smaller) Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county
- **start**: 1889
- **end**: 1965
- **replace**: Greater London
- **map**:
_County of London shown within England_
- **arms**:
_Arms of London County Council_
- **divisions**: Metropolitan boroughs of the County of London, Metropolitan boroughs (from 1900)
- **government**: London County Council
- **areafirstyear**: 1911
- **arealastyear**: 1961
- **densityfirst**: 60/acre
- **densitylast**: 42/acre
- **densityfirstyear**: 1911
- **densitylastyear**: 1961
- **populationfirst**: 4,521,685
- **populationlast**: 3,200,484
- **populationfirstyear**: 1911
- **populationlastyear**: 1961
- **divisionsmap**:
_Boroughs numbered 2-29 (1 is the City)_
Brockley

**Brockley** is an area and electoral ward of the London Borough of Lewisham in England. It is about  south east of Charing Cross, it is covered by the London postcode district SE4.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Brockley
- **os grid reference**: TQ365745
- **london borough**: Lewisham
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: SE
- **postcode district**: SE4
- **dial code**: 020
- **constituency westminster**: Lewisham Deptford (UK Parliament constituency), Lewisham Deptford
Downham

**Downham** is a district occupying much of the boundary between the London Borough of Lewisham and the London Borough of Bromley; it is the name of an electoral ward covering much of the area on the Lewisham side. Downham was named in honour of Lord Downham, who was chairman of the London County Council between 1919-20.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Downham
- **london borough**: Bromley
- **london borough1**: Lewisham
- **constituency westminster**: Lewisham East
- **post town**: BROMLEY
- **postcode district**: BR1
- **postcode area**: BR
- **dial code**: 020
- **os grid reference**: TQ395715
Archway, London

**Archway** is an area of north London in the London Borough of Islington.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Archway
- **os grid reference**: TQ285875
- **london borough**: Islington
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: N
- **postcode district**: N19
- **dial code**: 020
- **constituency westminster**: Islington North (UK Parliament constituency), Islington North
Norbury

**Norbury** is a town in the London Borough of Croydon, on the border with the London Borough of Lambeth and the London Borough of Merton. It shares the postcode London SW16 with nearby Streatham. Norbury is  south of Charing Cross.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Norbury
- **london borough**: Croydon
- **constituency westminster**: Streatham and Croydon North (UK Parliament constituency), Croydon North
Croydon West (UK Parliament constituency), Croydon West
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: SW
- **postcode district**: SW16
- **dial code**: 020
- **os grid reference**: TQ315695
Waterloo station

**Waterloo station**, also known as 'London Waterloo', is a major railway terminus in London. The station is owned and operated by Network Rail. It is near the South Bank in the London Borough of Lambeth, and in Travelcard Zone 1.

## Other websites

- Station information for Waterloo from Network Rail
- Waterloo photo gallery on Flickr
- London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
- Waterloo Station Central Telephone Enquiry Bureau (CTEB) History
- http://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/view/3164

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Waterloo
- **alt name**: London Waterloo
- **image name**: Waterloo station main entrance.JPG
- **caption**: The Victory Arch - the main entrance to Waterloo station
- **manager**: Network Rail
- **locale**: South Bank
- **borough**: London Borough of Lambeth
- **platforms**: 20
- **railexits0607**: 83.993
- **railexits0708**: 100.307
- **railint0607**: 4.227
- **railcode**: WAT
Highbury

**Highbury** is an area in the London Borough of Islington.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Highbury
- **os grid reference**: TQ319854
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: N
- **postcode district**: N5
- **london borough**: Islington
- **dial code**: 020
- **constituency westminster**: Islington North
Leyton

**Leyton** is an area of East London and part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest,  northeast of Charing Cross. It borders Walthamstow and Leytonstone; Stratford in Newham; and  Homerton and Lower Clapton in the London Borough of Hackney.

There is a professional football team based in Leyton called Leyton Orient F.C.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Leyton
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **country**: England
- **london borough**: Waltham Forest
- **constituency westminster**: Leyton and Wanstead (UK Parliament constituency), Leyton & Wanstead
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: E
- **postcode district**: E10 E15 E20
- **dial code**: 020
- **os grid reference**: TQ375865
Tooting

**Tooting** is a suburb in the London Borough of Wandsworth in south London. It is  south south-west of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Tooting
- **london borough**: Wandsworth
- **constituency westminster**: Tooting (UK Parliament constituency), Tooting
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: SW
- **postcode district**: SW17
- **dial code**: 020
- **os grid reference**: TQ275715
Atomic radius

The **atomic radius** of an element is the distance between the nucleus and the edge of the electron cloud.

The atomic radius is rather hard to define, because it is impossible to know where all of the electrons are at a given time. What is known is that if a electron is gained, the radius increases, but if a electron is lost, the radius decreases.

In the periodic table of the elements, the atomic radius tends to increase as you move down a group because the number of electrons is greater, and so the radius of the circle of electrons in the element is bigger. As you move to the right across a period, the atomic radius tends to decrease due to the shielding effect.
Dale Davis

**Dale Davis** (born March 25, 1969) is a retired NBA basketball player who played the positions of center and power forward. When he played in the NBA, he played with the Indiana Pacers, the Portland Trail Blazers, the Golden State Warriors, and the Detroit Pistons. He played college basketball at Clemson University.
Underpinning

In construction, **underpinning** is the process of strengthening and stabilizing the foundation of an existing building or other structure. Underpinning may be needed for a many of reasons:

- The original foundation is not strong or stable enough.
- The usage of the building has changed.
- The type of soil supporting the foundation may have changed (possibly through subsidence) or were misjudged during planning.
- The construction of nearby structures causes the excavation of soil supporting existing foundations.
- It is more economical, due to land price or otherwise, to work on the current structure's foundation than to build a new one.
Epistasis

**Epistasis** is the interaction between genes at different loci. It was a term invented by William Bateson in 1909.

When Gregor Mendel did his experiments on the sweet pea, he chose seven traits, such as round vs wrinkled peas, and tall vs short plants. He found the plants had pairs of 'factors' (genes) which controlled their appearance (phenotype). However, one pair of factors _never affected the other pairs_. But with epistasis, the action of one gene does affect another gene, even one on a different chromosome.

Use of the term has varied somewhat. Its original meaning was quite narrow: for instance, a gene for _no wings_ in _Drosophila_ will obviously mask genes for any other aspect of the wings. In general, however, epistasis denotes any departure from independence of the effects of different genetic loci.
Holborn tramway station

**Holborn tramway station** (not to be confused with Holborn tube station) was a tram stop underneath Kingsway in central London. It was part of the Kingsway tramway subway route. When the station opened opened it was named _Great Queen Street_.

Services from Angel Islington to Aldwych started on 24 February 1906. Services rom Highbury station to Tower Bridge and from Highbury station to Kennington Gate started on 10 April 1908.

The station closed just after 12.30am on 6 April 1952. Much of the station remains in the disused tunnel but there is no public access.

## Other websites

- Holborn Tram Station in 1933
- Underground-History.co.uk  Includes illustrated account of a visit to the site in November 2003