juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
University of Nottingham

The **University of Nottingham** is a university in the city of Nottingham, in the United Kingdom. It has four different sites in the United Kingdom. It also has a site in China and a site in Malaysia. It was named the 'University of the Year' in 2006 by the London newspaper, The Times.

The University of Nottingham is ranked in the UK's Top 10 and the World's Top 100 universities by the _Academic Ranking of World Universities_ and the _Times Higher Education - Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings_.

## Associations

Nottingham University is the fifth largest university in the UK. It is a member of:
- the Russell Group,
- Universitas 21,
- the Association of Commonwealth Universities,
- and the European University Association.

## Other websites

- University of Nottingham website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: The University of Nottingham
- **image**: Front of  Trent Building, Nottingham University.JPG
- **motto lang**: Latin
- **established**: 1798 (became a London university college 1881, separated from University of London 1948)
- **type**: public university, Public
- **endowment**: Pound sterling, £28.4 million
- **chancellor**: Fujia Yang, Professor Fujia Yang
- **vice chancellor**: Peter Greenaway
- **students**: 33,550
- **undergrad**: 24,355
- **postgrad**: 9,195
- **city**: Nottingham
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **campus**: 330 acres
- **website**: http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/
Metastasis

**Metastasis** is what happens when cancer spreads from its original place to another part of the body.  Cancer cells spread from the original site to other places in the body by traveling through the bloodstream. When the cancer cells stick to a new place in the body, they grow and form another tumor there. Metastasis makes cures more difficult, or in many cases impossible.
Dingo

The **dingo** is a wild dog from Australia. They are not found in Tasmania, where the sea levels cut the island off from mainland Australia about 10,000 years ago.

The earliest known dingo remains were found in Western Australia. It dates to 3,450 years ago. However, the genes show that the dingo reached Australia 8,300 years ago. The humans which brought them are unknown.  Dingo morphology has not changed over the past 3,500 years: this suggests that artificial selection has not been done over this period.

Their scientific name, _Canis lupus_ (wolf) _dingo_, was changed recently from _Canis familiaris_ (dog) _dingo_. This was to show it is related to the white footed wolf which lives in Asia.

## Description

Dingos (or Dingoes) are usually between 117 cm to 124 cm in length. Their tail is about 30 cm in length. They usually weigh between 10 kg and 20 kg. The colour of their fur is usually yellow-ginger, but can sometimes include tan, black, white or sandy colours. They live for about 14 years.

Dingos live in packs of between 3 and 12, but they can be seen alone as well. The leaders are the alpha male and the alpha female and are usually the only pair to breed. Young dingos are called "cubs". The breeding season is in March and April. After a gestation of 63 days, the adult females usually give birth to 4-5 cubs in a litter. Mothers will regurgitate food for the cubs to eat. They become independent of their mother after four to eight months of age.

Dingos do not bark like other dogs, but they do howl.

## Diet

Dingos are carnivores and eat other animals such as kangaroos, wallabies, wallaroos, Emus, rabbits, rodents, lizards, sheep, calves, poultry and carrion. It is believed to have hunted several animal species to extinction including some species of bandicoots and rat kangaroos. They often hunt in packs.

## Managing dingos

While some people keep dingos as pets, they are regarded as a pest by farmers. They are controlled by trapping, shooting, poisoning (with sodium monofluoroacetate), and fences. The dingo fence which runs through South Australia, and then along the New South Wales border through to central Queensland is the world's longest fence. Dingos are protected in national parks and reserves.

It is illegal to have a dingo as a pet in South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania. In Victoria and the Northern Territory, you have to have a special permit to keep a dingo. The dingo can be a dangerous animal: they have attacked people at times. On April 30, 2001, a nine-year-old boy was attacked and killed on Fraser Island by a dingo. A dingo is believed to have killed a baby, Azaria Chamberlain, at Uluru in August, 1980. This became a world famous case when her mother was sent to jail for murdering the baby. She was later found innocent and released. _Evil Angels_, a book about Azaria by John Bryson, was made into a movie starring Meryl Streep.
Osiris

In Egyptian mythology, **Osiris** is the god of life, death, the flooding of the Nile, and the afterlife. He was the brother and husband of Isis. They had a son named Horus. Osiris was murdered by his brother Set because Osiris was the pharaoh, which Set wanted to be. Osiris was killed when Set tricked him into getting into a box, then poured lead onto the box to close it so Osiris could not get out of it. However, Isis brought Osiris back to life for one night. After Horus was old enough, he defeated Set and became the pharaoh. Osiris' mother was the goddess Nut, father Geb, sister Nephthys, and sister as well as wife Isis.

## Osiris and Dionysus

By the Hellenic era, Greek awareness of Osiris had grown, and attempts had been made to merge Greek philosophy, such as Platonism, and the cult of Osiris (especially the myth of his resurrection), resulting in a new mystery religion. Gradually, this became more popular, and was exported to other parts of the Greek sphere of influence. However, these mystery religions valued the change in wisdom, personality, and knowledge of truth, rather than the exact details of the accepted myths on which their teachings were overlayed. Thus in each region that it was exported to, the myth was changed to be about a similar local god, resulting in a series of gods, who had originally been quite distinct, but who were now synonymous with Osiris. These gods became known as Osiris-Dionysus.

## Why Egypt loved Osiris

Egyptian civilization loved Osiris because he was a wise and gentle king. He taught them law and order and led them away from savage practices like cannibalism and human sacrifice. Osiris also taught them the art of agriculture and the appropriate rites for worshipping the gods. When he was done civilizing the people in Egypt, he left the country to his wife Isis and made peace in many other places. When he finished his job he then returned to Egypt.

## Purpose

Osiris was the god of the Underworld. He was also one of the Nine Gods. One of his duties as Lord of the Dead was to do the very last judgment of the Dead, and after that to protect people from the dangers of the Underworld. The transition between life and death must have been a great experience, but still perilous .

## Appearance

Osiris was shown in the form of a mummified pharaoh. He wore a white atef crown with feathers on the side, and held a crook and flail; tools of a pharaoh. Osiris had green skin, symbolizing rebirth to the Egyptians.
ISO 3166-2:BR

**ISO 3166-2:BR** is an ISO standard which defines geocodes: it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to Brazil. It covers 1 Federal District and 26 states.
Patrician

A **patrician** was a member of the upper class in the two social classes in Ancient Rome. They were rich and powerful. The other class was the plebeian class.

## References

- Kurt Raaflaub, ed. Social Struggles in Archaic: New Perspectives on the Conflict of the Orders (Blackwell Publishing, 2005)
- Gary Forsythe, 2005, A Critical History of Early Rome. University of California Press.
- Kenny Zeng, 2007, A History Of Ancient and Early Rome

## Other websites

- www.bartleby.com/65/pa/patricia.html
- https://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/patricians.html
W.A.S.P.

**W.A.S.P.** is an American heavy metal band. The band was formed in 1982 in Los Angeles, California by Blackie Lawless, Rik Fox, Randy Piper and Tony Richards.

## Current members

- Blackie Lawless - Vocals, guitar and bass guitar
- Doug Blair - Guitar
- Mike Duda - Bass guitar
- Mike Dupke - Drums

## Former members

- Glenn Soderling
- Stet Howland
- Rik Fox
- Tony Richards
- Johnny Rod
- Frankie Banali
- Chris Holmes
- Randy Piper
- Steve Riley
- Bob Kulick
- Patrick Johansson
- Darrell Roberts
- Don Costa

## Studio albums

- W.A.S.P.
- The Last Command
- Inside The Electric Circus
- The Headless Children
- The Crimson Idol
- Still Not Black Enough
- Kill Fuck Die
- Helldorado
- Unholy Terror
- Dying For The World
- The Neon God: Part 1 - The Rise
- The Neon God: Part 2 - The Demise
- Dominator
- Babylon

## Live albums

- Live...In The Raw
- Double Live Assassins
- The Sting
- Live...Animal (EP)

## Video

- The Sting

## Other websites

- The Official W.A.S.P. Nation Website
- WASP Arena Of Pleasure Fan Site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: W.A.S.P.
- **img**: W.A.S.P. in performance (Stavanger, 2006).jpg
- **img capt**: W.A.S.P. performing live in Stavanger, Norway.
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, United States, US
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, hard rock, shock rock
- **years active**: 1982–present
- **label**: Demolition, Capitol Records, Capitol, CMC International
- **associated acts**: London (heavy metal band), London, New York Dolls, Circus Circus, Sister (band), Sister, Quiet Riot, Five Finger Death Punch
- **current members**: Blackie Lawless
Doug Blair
Mike Duda
Mike Dupke
- **past members**: See: #Former members, W.A.S.P. former members section
Virginia Tech massacre

The **Virginia Tech massacre** was a school shooting on April 16, 2007, which took place at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, a college in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. Seung-Hui Cho, a senior English major at Virginia Tech, who had been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder and selective mutism killed 32 people before killing himself. The killings occurred in two separate attacks on the campus. The first at around 7:15 a.m., when two students were shot and killed at  West Ambler Johnston Hall, a co-ed residence hall that houses 894 students. More than two and a half hours later, 31 others, including Cho, were shot and killed across Norris Hall, which houses the Engineering Science and Mechanics program among others, where three main doors had been chained. Victims were found in different locations around the building.

Among the victims the most notable was that of Professor and Holocaust survivor Liviu Librescu who died while shielding his students from the gunman. Librescu was killed after being shot five times.

Virginia Tech President Charles W. Steger and U.S. President George W. Bush attended vigils to honor the victims at the institution.

The number of people that died was more than any other mass shooting in modern U.S. history up until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting. Before then, the deadliest campus shooting in United States history was in 1966 at the University of Texas, where Charles Whitman climbed to the 28th-floor observation deck of a clock tower and opened fire, killing 16 people before he was gunned down by police. In the Columbine High attack in 1999, two teenagers killed 12 fellow students and a teacher before killing themselves.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Virginia Tech massacre
- **image**: Virginia Tech massacre candlelight vigil Burruss.jpg
- **caption**: Students gather to mourn after the shooting.
- **location**: Blacksburg, Virginia, Blacksburg, Virginia,
United States
- **date**: April 16, 2007
- **time**: ca. 7:15 a.m. and ca. 9:40 a.m.–9:51 a.m.
- **timezone**: UTC-4, EDT
- **target**: Students, staff and faculty at Virginia Tech
- **type**: Mass shooting, school shooting, massacre, murder-suicide
- **fatalities**: 33 (including the perpetrator)
- **injuries**: 23
- **perp**: Seung Hui Cho
- **weapons**: Glock, Glock 19, Walther P22
Joe Louis

**Joe Louis** (born **Joseph Louis Barrow**, May 13, 1914 - April 12, 1981) was an American boxer. He was the world heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1949. Louis won the title from James Braddock. He made a record twenty-five title defenses before giving up the title in 1949.

## Career

Perhaps his most famous fight was his one-round knockout of Max Schmeling, the German former heavyweight champion, in 1938. Schmeling had given Louis his only loss up to that point, and was widely seen at that time as a representative of Nazi Germany. The buildup to the fight was wrapped up in the politics of the United States versus Nazi Germany.

When World War II began, Louis signed up for the U.S. Army. While in the army, he boxed 100 exhibition bouts.

## Death

Louis died of a heart attack in Paradise, Nevada on April 12, 1981. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

## Legacy

He has an arena named after him, the Joe Louis Arena where the Detroit Red Wings play.

## Other websites

- Brown Bomber, a hero to many

## Infobox (boxer)

- **ko**: 52
- **name**: Joe Louis
- **total**: 69
- **style**: Orthodox stance, Orthodox
- **realname**: Joseph Louis Barrow
- **reach**: 76 in
- **nickname**: Brown Bomber
Joe Louis
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **losses**: 3
- **height**: 6 ft 1 in
- **death place**: Paradise, Nevada, United States
- **caption**: Louis in 1941
- **image**: Joe Louis by van Vechten.jpgborder
- **birth place**: LaFayette, Alabama, United States
- **wins**: 66
Larry Holmes

**Larry Holmes** (born on November 3, 1949) was an American boxer. He held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1978 to 1985. Holmes fought out of Easton, Pennsylvania. He was nicknamed the "Easton Assassin."

Holmes won the vacant World Boxing Council championship from Ken Norton in 1979. He defended that title, and later the International Boxing Federation title, twenty times. Some notable fighters he beat in defense of his championship were Muhammad Ali, Leon Spinks, Gerry Cooney, and Tim Witherspoon. He lost his championship to Michael Spinks in 1985.

Holmes later fought Mike Tyson and then Evander Holyfield to try and win back the championship. Tyson knocked him out in the fourth round and Holyfield beat him by a twelve-round decision.

Holmes continued to fight until 2002.

## Other websites

- Boxing Record
1966 FIFA World Cup

The **1966 FIFA World Cup** was the eighth FIFA World Cup. It was held in England from 11 to 30 July. England was chosen as hosts by FIFA to celebrate 100 years of football in England. England won the final beating West Germany 4-2. This was England's first (and so far only) World Cup win. England also became the first host to win since Italy won it in 1934. Later Germany, Argentina and France won it at their homes. With Bobby Endrick to help win the World Cup

## Participants

The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.

**AFC (1)**
**CAF (0)**
- _None participated_
**OFC (0)**
- _None qualified_

**CONCACAF (1)**
**CONMEBOL (4)**

**UEFA (10)**
-  (hosts)

### Quarter-finals

---

---

---

### Semi-finals

---

## References

- FIFA
- Details at RSSSF

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **tourney name**: FIFA World Cup
- **year**: 1966
- **size**: 200px
- **caption**: 1966 FIFA World Cup official logo
- **country**: England
- **dates**: 11–30 July
- **confederations**: 4
- **num teams**: 16
- **venues**: 8
- **cities**: 7
- **champion**: England
- **count**: 1
- **second**: West Germany
- **third**: Portugal
- **fourth**: Soviet Union
- **fourth-flagvar**: 1955
- **matches**: 32
- **goals**: 89
- **attendance**: 1563135
- **top scorer**: Eusébio (9 goals)
- **young player**: Franz Beckenbauer
- **prevseason**: 1962 FIFA World Cup, 1962
- **nextseason**: 1970 FIFA World Cup, 1970
Princess Taiping

**Princess Taiping** was a princess of Tang dynasty China. She was the daughter of Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu Zetian. She became an important figure during her mother's rule as Empress in the second Zhou dynasty 690-705 AD.

Princess Taiping supported saving the Tang dynasty and the Li family. After the death of Empress Wu Zetian in 705, Princess Taiping joined with her nephew Li Longji (later Emperor Xuanzong) to get power for the Tang dynasty again. In 710, she and Li Longji stopped Empress Wei's plan to gain power.

## Relationship with Li Longji

Princess Taiping was also known for her beauty. In the Chinese history (mishi/秘史), it has been said that, after losing two marriages, Princess Taiping loved Li Longji. Mishi said that Emperor Xuanzong told of his love for his aunt in his autobiography. Li Longji confessed that he had fallen in love with Princess Taiping at first sight. He thought of her as a goddess-like figure. However, the truth is still unknown.

After Emperor Xuanzong became ruler in 712 AD, Princess Taiping's old age and power was seen as a threat to the young emperor, and she was given a death sentence to kill herself in 713 AD.
Set (deity)

In Egyptian mythology, _Set_' (also spelled Sutekh, Setesh, Seteh, Seth) was a god of the desert (including desert storms), thunder, cunning, wit, trickery, evil, pain and suffering.

The word 'Seth' was first said as 'Set'. Because of changes in the Egyptian language over the 3,000 years that Seth was worshiped, the 't' in Set was pronounced so similarly from 'th' that the Greeks wrote it as Seth during the Ptolemaic period. Set was originally responsible for protecting Ra during his journey in the afterlife, personally slaying the great serpent Apep. Late period Set killed his brother Osiris, who had succeeded Ra as pharaoh, out of jealousy. Horus (Osiris and Isis' son) eventually defeated Set and claimed the throne.

Set had three siblings: his brother Osiris and his sisters Isis and Nephthys (who was also his wife). He also had a nephew called Horus. Nephthys married Set and Isis married Osiris. Set and Nephthys had a son named Anubis. His father and mother were Geb and Nut respectively.

His color is red which represented evil in Egypt. He also possessed people when he wanted to. Set's consort was Nephthys. Set also had foreign wives Anat and Astarte. Set was unified with the key of trouble and death towards Ancient Egypt which made him deadly.

## Appearance

Set is often shown as a mysterious and unknown creature called the Set Animal. The Set Animal had a curved snout, square ears, dog-like body, forked tail, red eyes and red hair. Set could control this animal and would use it to destroy his enemies.
Juliusz Słowacki

**Juliusz Slowacki** (September 4, 1809 - April 3, 1849) was a Polish poet. He was born on August 23, 1809, according to the Old Calendar. September 4 is often given as his birthday but the calculation between days was wrong by one day. Slowacki is thought of as being as good a poet as most of the famous Polish writers. These include Mickiewicz, Norwid, Reymont (author of _Chlopi_), Wybicki, Krasinski and Sienkiewicz. He is buried in Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. This is the same crypt as Mickiewicz. He is considred third most important Polish poet.

## Works

His work included romantic poems, plays and sonnets included "Balladyna", "My Testament", "King Ghost", "Fantazy", "Kordian", "Beniowski", "Agamemnon’s Tomb", "Silver Dream of Salomea", "Hymn", "Lilia Weneda" and "Anhelli".

## Burial

Slowacki was first buried on April 5 1849 in Paris's famous Montmartre cemetery. Because he was not popular at the time, only about 30 people went to his funeral. In 1927, General Joseph Pilsudski ordered his body be dug up. It was taken back to Poland and honorably reburied on June 28 1927 in Krakow in the famous Wawel crypt for Polish nobles. He was buried with full military honors as a Polish hero. Pilsudski said: "Time to forget Slowacki is over, as long as there is Polish language, Slowacki will live on forever!"

## Other websites

Prominent Poles
Mistreat

**Mistreat** is a hard rock/Oi!/Rock Against Communism band from Kouvola, Finland. The band was formed in 1988.

## Current line-up

- Muke (quitar, vocals)
- Pete (bass)
- Miika (quitar)
- Jaako (drums)

## Albums

- Mistreat-EP (1990)
- Faith And Fury (1995)
- The Flame From The North (1997)
- Waffenbruder (1997)
- Battle Cry (2000)
- Ultimate Mistreat (2001)
- Beer Bottles & Hockey Sticks (with Bound for Glory, 2001)
- Best Of... (2002)
- Unfinished Business (2003)
- Never Forgive - Never Forget (2005)
- Greatest Hits (2014)
- Heartless Bastards (2018)
- The Rough - The Rare & The Rock-O-Rama Recordings (2019)
- Talk The Talk, Walk The Walk (2022)
- No Need To Apologize (2024)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: group_or_band
- **name**: Mistreat
- **years active**: 1988 - present
- **origin**: Kouvola, Finland
- **genre**: Rock Against Communism, RAC,
Punk rock, punk
Oi!
Metal
- **current members**: Muke
Pete
Miika
Atte
Red dwarf

A **red dwarf** is a kind of star. Red dwarf stars are smaller than half the size of the Sun. They are also cooler than most stars. Red dwarfs burn their fuel slowly, so they shine with less light (absolute magnitude) than hot stars.

Red dwarf stars are the most common in our galaxy, at least near our sun. (We cannot see them if they are in other distant galaxies.) However, since red dwarf stars are cool and small, none can be found with the naked eye. The closest star to the Earth is named Proxima Centauri. The Latin word _proxima_ means "nearest to". Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf.

## Life and death

Red dwarfs can live trillions of years, much longer than brighter stars. A red dwarf dies when it burns all of its fuel. To start with, the fuel is the chemical element hydrogen. At present, no red dwarf star is known which has gone beyond this stage, because the universe is only 14 billion years old..

Red dwarfs are small stars that are around 0.2 solar mass (the sun is equal to 1 solar mass). This is small for a star but is still 60,000 times the mass of the Earth. They are formed in nebulas, as all stars are, and originally they were protostars. They start their nuclear fusion about 100,000 years after being formed. This gives them their red glow. These stars burn at less than 4,000°K.

**Ultracool Dwarfs**

Ultracool dwarfs are the smallest type of red dwarf. Below is a list of the smallest red dwarfs. One example of an ultracool dwarf is TRAPPIST-1.
|Name|Radius (Solar radii)|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- |
|CWISE J124909.08+362116.0|0.08|Most likely a brown dwarf.|
|SSSPM J2356-3426|0.0835||
|EBLM J0555-57 Ab|0.084|Most likely the smallest red dwarf.|
|2MASS J0523-1403|0.086|Possibly a brown dwarf.|
|SSSPM J0829-1309|0.088|Possibly a brown dwarf.|
|RG 0050-2722|0.091||
|SCR 1845-6357|0.0941|Has a brown dwarf companion.|
|HD 114762 B|0.1||
|LHS 2924|0.103|Possibly a brown dwarf.|
|DENIS J1048-3956|0.108||
|2MASS J04285096-2253227|0.1095|At 80 Jupiter masses and is borderline brown dwarf.|
|2MASSI J2356547-155310|0.1095|At 80 Jupiter masses and is borderline brown dwarf.|
Even smaller stars are called brown dwarfs.
Ali Khamenei

**Ali Hosseini Khamenei** (19 April 1939 – 28 February 2026) was an Iranian cleric and politician who served as the second Supreme Leader of Iran from 1989 until 2026 when he was killed during the 2026 US–Israeli strikes. Khamenei held the record for being the longest-serving head of state in the Middle East, as well as the second-longest-serving Iranian leader of the last century, after Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.

## Infobox (religious biography)

- **embed**: yes
- **main interests**: Principles of Islamic jurisprudence, Uṣūl al-Fiqh, Tafsir
- **notable ideas**: Ali Khamenei's fatwa against nuclear weapons, Fatwa against nuclear weapons
- **religion**: Islam
- **denomination**: Twelver Shi'ism, Twelver Shiʿa
- **jurisprudence**: Ja'fari
- **creed**: Usuli


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ali Khamenei
- **native name lang**: fa
- **image**: Ali Khamenei 2024 (3x4 cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Khamenei in 2024
- **order**: 2nd
- **office**: Supreme Leader of Iran
- **term start**: 4 June 1989
- **term end**: 28 February 2026
- **predecessor**: Ruhollah Khomeini
- **order1**: 3rd
- **office1**: President of Iran
- **2blankname1**: Prime Minister
- **2namedata1**: Mir-Hossein Mousavi
- **term start1**: 9 October 1981
- **term end1**: 16 August 1989
- **predecessor1**: Mohammad-Ali Rajai
- **successor1**: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
- **office2**: 1st Expediency Discernment Council#Chairmen, Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council
- **appointed2**: Ruhollah Khomeini
- **predecessor2**: _Office established_
- **successor2**: Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
- **term start2**: 7 February 1988
- **term end2**: 4 June 1989
- **office3**: Member of the Assembly of Experts
- **term start3**: 15 August 1983
- **term end3**: 4 June 1989
- **constituency3**: Tehran Province
- **majority3**: 2,800,353 (87.8%)
- **office4**: Member of the Islamic Consultative Assembly
- **term start4**: 28 May 1980
- **term end4**: 13 October 1981
- **constituency4**: Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr (electoral district), Tehran, Rey and Shemiranat
- **majority4**: 1,405,976 (65.8%)
- **office5**: Tehran's Friday Prayer Imam
- **term start5**: 14 January 1980
- **appointer5**: Ruhollah Khomeini
- **predecessor5**: Hussein-Ali Montazeri
- **birth name**: Ali Hosseini Khameneh
- **birth date**: 19 April 1939
- **birth place**: Mashhad, Mashhad, Khorasan, Iran
- **death date**: 28 February 2026
(aged 86)
- **death place**: Tehran, Iran
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent (1989–present)
- **children**: 6 (including Mostafa Khamenei, Mostafa, Mojtaba Khamenei, Mojtaba, and Masoud Khamenei, Masoud)
- **father**: Javad Khamenei
- **residence**: House of Leadership
- **serviceyears**: 1979–1980, 1980–1981
- **commands**: Revolutionary Guards
- **battles**: * Iran–Iraq War
** Operation Samen-ol-A'emeh
Canon law

**Canon law** is the term used for the internal Ecclesiastical law of many churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion of churches.

## Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the Western World. It is older than the common and European civil law traditions.  What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles themselves at the Council of Jerusalem in the First Century led to a highly complex and original legal system that included norms of the New Testament, of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions with thousands of years of human experience.

## Further reading

- Baker, J.H. (2002) _An Introduction to English Legal History_, 4th ed. London : Butterworths,
- The Episcopal Church (2006) _Constitution and Canons , together with the Rules of Order for the Government of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America, otherwise known as The Episcopal Church_, New York : Church Publishing, Inc.
- Robinson, O.F.,Fergus, T.D. and Gordon, W.M. (2000) _European Legal History_, 3rd ed., London : Butterworths,

### Anglican

- "Canons of the Church of England"
- "Canon Law in the Anglican Communion"

### Catholic

- Code of Canon Law (1983) : non-official but approved IntraText edition with concordance in English (only the Latin version is official), hosted by the Vatican
- gender discrimination attorney
- Code of Canons of Oriental Churches, IntraText Digital Library
- Code of Canon Law, IntraText Digital Library, organized in a Table of Contents outline format for easy search: Does not contain 1998 code updates
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Canon Law : outdated, but useful
- 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica Article
- Canon Law Wiki: Notes, commentary, discussion and bibliography.
New Super Mario Bros.

***New Super Mario Bros.*** is a 2006 platformer video game made and sold by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It is the first _Mario_ platform game in 2D on a handheld console since _Super Mario Land 2: 6 Golden Coins_ in 1992. It was first sold in stores in North America on May 15, 2006, and was later sold in stores in Japan on May 25, 2006, in Australia on June 8, 2006, and in Europe on June 30, 2006. It is the first game in the _New Super Mario Bros._ series. An indirect successor, _New Super Mario Bros. Wii_ for the Wii, was released in November and December 2009.

## Story

Mario and Princess Peach are out for a walk when Bowser Jr. kidnaps Peach. Mario must go through eight worlds to save her from Bowser, and the new antagonist Bowser Jr.

**List of Worlds**
1. Grass Land
1. Desert Land
1. Beach Land
1. Forest Land (Secret World)
1. Snow Land
1. Mountain Land
1. Sky Land (Secret World)
1. Lava Land

## Gameplay

The game uses many old features from the older _Mario_ games. The countdown game clock is back; if Mario does not reach the castle at the end, he will lose a life. Mario also must jump and catch onto a flagpole at the end of the level and go into a castle, just like he did in _Super Mario Bros._ Before and after a level, Mario is on a world map, which was last used in _Super Mario World_.

Mario also has new powers from the 3D games (_Super Mario 64_ and _Sunshine_). He can do a ground-pound and a triple jump in the air. Both of these things first started in the 3D games.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: New Super Mario Bros.
- **image**: New Super Mario Bros. logo.png
- **caption**: Logo
- **developer**: Nintendo Entertainment Analysis and Development, Nintendo EAD
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **designer**: Takashi Tezuka, Shigeyuki Asuke, Masahiro Imaizumi, Taku Matoba, Shigeru Miyamoto
- **series**: _Mario (series), Mario_
- **released**: **Nintendo DS:**
**Virtual Console (Wii U):**

- **genre**: Platform game, Platform
- **modes**: Single player, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS, Virtual Console (Wii U)
Galina Vishnevskaya

**Galina Vishnevskaya** (born Leningrad, October 25, 1926 - December 11, 2012) was a Russian opera singer and recitalist.

## Birth

Vishnevskaya was born in Leningrad, the town which is now called St Petersburg.  In 1952, she won an important  competition singing a song by Rachmaninoff and an aria by Verdi.  She soon became a member of the famous Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.

## Career

In 1960 she sang the part of Aïda in _Aïda_ at the National Theatre in Sarajevo.  In 1961, she made her first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera as Aïda and the next year she sang in the Royal Opera House in the same role. In 1964, she sang Aïda at La Scala.

Vishnevskaya was married to the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich from 1955 until his death in 2007. Her husband, as well as being a great cellist and conductor, was also an excellent pianist and he accompanied her for her recitals.  They were very close friends of Shostakovich and Benjamin Britten and performed a lot of their works.  She made many recordings including the main part in Shostakovich's opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District and in Britten's _War Requiem_.  She had not been allowed to take part in the first performance of the _War Requiem_ because the Soviet politicians would not let her sing together with the baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau because he was German.

## Retirement

In 1974, they left the Soviet Union because they had criticized the Soviet government.  They settled in the United States and Paris. In 1982, she retired from singing in opera.  Her last role was in Paris where she sang Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's _Eugene Onegin_.

After the collapse of communism and the Soviet Union she and her husband were allowed to return from exile and live in Russia again.  In 2002, she opened her own opera theater in Moscow:  The Galina Vishnevskaya Opera Center.

## Other websites

- The Vishnevskaya-Rostropovich Foundation homepage
Voting system

The **voting system** is a set of rules about the way people vote and how the votes are counted. Different countries have different voting systems. There are many different types of voting system. One of the first voting systems to be used is called "first-past-the-post". Under this system each voter writes an "x" next to their chosen candidate. At the end, the votes are counted. The candidate with the most votes wins. Some people think that first-past-the-post is unfair because they believe that many votes are wasted.

### Majoritarian

- Approval voting
- First-past-the-post voting (also known as Plurality voting)
- Instant Runoff Voting
- Schulze method
- Supplementary vote

### Semi-Proportional

- Single non-transferable vote

### Proportional

- Additional member system
- Mixed-member Proportional
- Single Transferable Vote

## Related pages

- Election
Single transferable vote

**Single transferable vote** (STV for short) is a type of voting system that gives proportional representation. It is used to elect more than one person (though it becomes Instant Runoff Voting in one-winner elections), and voters rank the candidates when voting.

## How to vote in an STV election

Write a number "1" next to your favourite candidate, a number "2" next to your second favourite, a number "3" next to your third favourite
and so on

### Example

|colspan="2"|Party|Candidate|Ranking||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background: #C40234";||Red Party|||
|style="background: #0087BD";||Blue Party|||
|colspan="1" style="background: #009F6B";||Green Party|||
|colspan="1" style="background: #FFD300";||Yellow Party|||

## How votes are counted

Each candidate needs a certain number of votes to be elected. This number depends on how many people are voting and on how many people are to be elected.

Then the number "1" votes for each candidate are counted. But it can happen that one candidate or several candidates have more than the needed number of votes. These candidates are elected. But since they have more votes than they needed, they pass on the votes which they do not need to other candidates. Which candidate or candidates get those "surplus" votes depends on the voters' number of "2" votes given on the ballots papers of the candidates that have already been elected. If those number "2" votes make another candidate win and give them too many votes, this new "surplus" is passed on again, using number "3" votes, and so on.

If not enough candidates have been elected so far, the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded. Votes for this candidate are passed on to the candidate given as the next preference of each of his voters (the next higher number in each listing of candidates). This may help to elect another candidate. If not, the next candidate which now has the fewest votes is excluded.

Passing on the "surplus" votes and excluding the weakest candidates goes on until the needed number of candidates has been elected.

## Example

|colspan="2"|Party|Round 1|Round 2|Round 3|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan="1" style="background: #C40234;||Red Party|||||
|colspan="1" style="background: #0087BD";||Blue Party|||||
|colspan="1" style="background: #009F6B";||Green Party|||colspan="1"||
|colspan="1" style="background: #FFD300";||Yellow Party||colspan="3"|||
|colspan="6"|||||||

## Places that use STV

- Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Ireland
- Malta
- New Zealand
- Australia
- Northern Ireland
- Scotland
- India

## Other websites

- STV Action  a website that says STV should be used for all elections
- VoteScotland.com a website about elections in Scotland
Individual savings account

An **individual savings account** is called an **ISA**.  It is a special type of bank account in United Kingdom. It was started on 6 April 1999. Before that, Personal Equity Plans (PEPs) and Tax-Exempt Special Savings Accounts (TESSAs) were used. You can put £3600 or less in an ISA every year. It is special because you do not pay any tax on the  interest you get.
Bound for Glory

**Bound for Glory** is a Neo-Nazi thrash metal/Rock Against Communism band from Minnesota, USA. The band was formed in 1989. They are one of the best known and oldest bands of their genre in the United States.

In October 2016, Bound for Glory planned to play a concert in Falkirk, Scotland. A public outcry by the Scottish people, including anti-racist groups like Hope Not Hate, caused the event to be cancelled.

### Albums

- 1990: _Warriors Glory_
- 1992: _When the Hammer Falls_
- 1993: _Over the Top_
- 1994: _Bound for Attack_ (with Brutal Attack)
- 1994: _The Fight Goes On_
- 1996: _Behold the Iron Cross_
- 1996: _Never Again!_
- 1997: _Glory Awaits_
- 1999: _Hate Train Rolling_
- 1999: _Last Act of Defiance_
- 2002: _Beer Bottles and Hockey Sticks_ (split album with Mistreat)
- 2011: _Feed the Machine_
- 2014: _Death And Defiance_
- 2017: _Ironborn_

### Singles & EPs

- 1990: _100%_
- 1990: _Payback_
- 1991: _Assassination_
- 2002: _Russian Winter_
- 2014: _Stuka Pilot_

### Live-Alben

- 1998: _Requiem_
- 2004: _Rolling Through Europe_
- 2004: _Us against the world (Live in Deutschland)_
- 2005: _Live and Loud_

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Discography On Thiazi

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bound for Glory
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Minnesota, United States, US
- **genre**: Thrash metal, Rock Against Communism, RAC
- **years active**: 1989 - present
- **label**: Rock-O-Rama, PC Records
Neo-Nazism

**Neo-Nazism** means the ideology of some political groups who want to return to the beliefs and practices of Nazism after the end of World War II. Different groups have their own sets of beliefs and practices. Neo-Nazis believe in loyalty to Adolf Hitler, hating Jews (anti-Semitism), racism, belief in a Germanic (Aryan)  master race, xenophobia (hating and fearing people from different countries), extremist nationalism, supremacy, militarism, and hatred of homosexuals (homophobia).

Neo-Nazis often use the symbols of Nazi Germany such as the swastika. Neo-Nazism has been linked to far-right political parties in England such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party as well as being linked to the skinhead sub-culture.
Bengali

**Bengali** might mean:

- Anything related to Bengal, a region in south Asia
- Bengali language
- Bengali people
Gary Graham

**Gary Rand Graham** (June 6, 1950 – January 22, 2024) was an American actor, musician, and author. He was known for his roles as Detective Matthew Sikes in the television series _Alien Nation_ (1989–1990) and as Soval, the Vulcan ambassador to Earth in _Star Trek: Enterprise_.

Graham died from cardiac arrest in Spokane, Washington on January 22, 2024 at the age of 73.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gary Graham
- **image**: Gary Graham cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Gary Graham at San Diego Comic-Con International in 2012
- **birth place**: Long Beach, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Spokane, Washington, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, musician, author
- **years active**: 1975–2024
- **children**: 1
Israeli West Bank barrier

The **Israel West Bank barrier** is a wall built by the State of Israel to separate Palestinian territories from Israel. It is built mostly of fences and in some places it is built of high concrete walls. It is 708 kilometers (439 miles) long.

## Construction

The barrier was built in the Second Intifada that began in September 2000. It is when the Israeli government argued that it necessary to stop the violence and suicide bombing attacks coming from the West Bank.

## Arguments

There are many arguments about the barrier. People who want the barrier say it is needed to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian terrorism. Since the barrier was built, the number of attacks has gone down, especially in areas where the barrier has been fully completed. Israel says that it is necessary for the country's security.

People who are against the barrier say that it is against international law because Israel and the Palestinians have not agreed where the border between them should be and have not reached a consensus. While the Palestinian Authority is in charge for water sources, the economic system, etc. in the West Bank, Palestinians who travel to Israel for medical, educational or work purposes have said that the barrier has negative effects on daily life and gives them less freedom (due to checkpoints).

## Other websites

- Q&A: What is the West Bank barrier? on the _BBC_ website
- The Security Barrier on the _ADL_ website
Joey Maxim

**Joey Maxim** (born **Giuseppe Antonio Berardinelli** March 28, 1922 - June 2, 2001) was an American boxer. He was the light heavyweight boxing champion of the world from 1951 to 1952. Archie Moore beat him by decision over 15 rounds for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. During Maxim's time as champion, he beat Sugar Ray Robinson in a title defense. He also tried to win the heavyweight championship during this time, but Ezzard Charles beat him by a unanimous decision.

In 1954, Maxim gave future world heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson his first pro defeat by unanimous decision in eight rounds.

## Other websites

- Wilder vs Parker
Armed Islamic Group

The **Armed Islamic Group** (GIA, from French _Groupe Islamique Armé_; Arabic الجماعة الإسلامية المسلّحة,  _al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha_) was an Islamist terrorist organization based in Algeria. It wanted to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state. The GIA adopted violent tactics in 1992 after the military government did not recognise the victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in the first round of elections held in December 1991. The Islamic Salvation Front was the largest Islamic opposition party at the time.

Between 1992 and 1998 the GIA led a violent campaign. They killed many civilians. Sometimes they wiped out entire villages in its area of operation (see List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s; notably the Bentalha massacre and Rais massacre, among others). After announcing its campaign against foreigners living in Algeria in 1993, the GIA killed more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country. The group used assassinations and bombings, including car bombs. It is known to have favored kidnapping victims and slitting their throats. The GIA was considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Algeria, France and the United States. Outside of Algeria, the GIA established a presence in France, Belgium, the UK, Italy and the United States.
Takfir wal-Hijra

**Takfir wal-Hijra** ( - _Excommunication and Exodus_) is a Islamist militant group. The group that was founded in Egypt in the 1960s. Today Takfir wal-Hijra has members or supporters in several other countries, allied to Al-Qaeda. In Spain the group is also known as _Martyrs for Morocco_. The group started as a offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1960s.

Members of the group are Islamists. It looks like the members of the group are not bound by the usual Islamic religious constraints. They adopt non-Islamic appearances. They might  shave their beard or wear a tie. They do this to be hard to detect in crowds. Sometimes, even other Muslims have problems detecting them. They can drink alcohol and even eat pork to deceive their enemies. They believe that any means justify the end and, that killing other Muslims can be justified in their cause and that Western society is heathen and it is their duty to destroy it.

Little is known about the current organization or hierarchy of the group. Several groups which adhere to the same ideology have possibly used the name independently of each other.
Irmo, South Carolina

**Irmo** is a town 12 miles outside of Columbia, South Carolina. There were 11,569 people living in Irmo as of the year 2020.

## Geography

Irmo is found at  (34.092629, -81.186073).

The United States Census Bureau says the town has an area of 17.8 km² (6.9 mi²). There is no water in that area.

## Festivals

Irmo is home to the annual Okra Strut .

## Origin

Irmo was chartered on Christmas Eve in 1890 because of the opening of the Columbia, Newberry, and Laurens Railroad. The strange name of Irmo was the result of putting together the names of Captain C.J. **Ir**edell and Henry **Mo**seley, two important figures in the founding of the town. The town of Irmo does not have an actual downtown area. It is only several clusters of suburban neighborhoods.

## Other websites

- Town of Irmo

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Irmo, South Carolina
- **named for**: C.J. Iredell and
H.C. Mosely
- **settlement type**: Town
- **motto**: "Gateway to Lake Murray and Home of the Okra Strut"
- **image skyline**: Irmo, SC.png
- **image map**: Richland County South Carolina incorporated and unincorporated areas Irmo highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Richland County, South Carolina, Richland County and the state of South Carolina.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Carolina, Counties
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: South Carolina
- **subdivision name2**: Lexington County, South Carolina, Lexington, Richland County, South Carolina, Richland
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager, Town Administrator
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: December 24, 1890
- **area total km2**: 17.77
- **area land km2**: 17.77
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 11569
- **population density km2**: 641.10
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 358
- **area total sq mi**: 6.86
- **area land sq mi**: 6.86
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 29063
- **area code**: Area codes 803 and 839, 803, 839
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 45-35890
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1231420
- **blank2 name**: Demonym
- **blank2 info**: Irmite
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population density sq mi**: 1660.54
Mediterranean climate

A ** Mediterranean climate** is a climate that has dry and mild to hot summers and  mild to cool winters with moderate or high rainfall. It occurs in much of the land near the Mediterranean Sea. Outside the Mediterranean, the climate can be found only in rather small areas: in many places that have latitudes between roughly 30° to 45° north and south of the equator.

In the Köppen climate classification, it is split between hot-summer Mediterranean (_Csa_), warm-summer Mediterranean (_Csb_) and cool-summer Mediterranean (_Csc_). Examples of _Csa_ are Rome, Lisbon and Adelaide. Examples of _Csb_ are Porto, Cape Town and San Francisco. _Csc_ occurs only at very high altitudes and very high latitudes.

## Location

Besides the Mediterranean Basin, regions that have a Mediterranean climate include the coastal areas of the Western United States to Los Angeles, the Western Cape in South Africa, central Chile, southern Western Australia and the coastal areas of South Australia.

## Other websites

- Explanation of Mediterranean Climate
Hans Richter

**Hans Richter** (born as **Raab** (now Györ) 4 April 1843; died Bayreuth 5 December 1916) was an Austro-Hungarian conductor.  His name was originally **János Richter**.

Richter came from a musical family and studied violin, horn and music theory at the Vienna Conservatory.  He became famous for his conducting of the music of Richard Wagner, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms  and Béla Bartók.

Richter helped Wagner to prepare the printed musical scores of _Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg_ and the four operas in the cycle _Der Ring des Nibelungen_.  He conducted a lot in Vienna and at the Bayreuth Opera House which Wagner had built for the performance of his own operas.

Later he became very popular in England and lived in Manchester. He was conductor of the Hallé Orchestra and director of the Birmingham Music Festival. He conducted German operas at Covent Garden and in 1909 he conducted Wagner’s Ring cycle which was being performed in English for the first time.

When he retired he lived in Bayreuth until his death.

Richter helped the English audiences to get to know the music of Wagner, Dvořák and Elgar.  Elgar dedicated his _First Symphony_ to Hans Richter, describing him as a “true artist and true friend”.