juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Xiphactinus

***Xiphactinus*** (from Latin and Greek for "sword-ray") was a large, 4.5 to 5 m (15 to 20 feet) long predatory bony fish that lived in the Western Interior Sea, over what is now the middle of North America, during the Late Cretaceous. Skeletal remains of _Xiphactinus_ have come from Kansas, Alabama, and Georgia in the United States, as well as Europe anοd Australia. This monster grew up to 5–6 metres (16–20 ft) in length, and resembled a giant, fanged tarpon.

### Physical appearance

Above all else, _Xiphactinus_ was a great swimmer, able to speed towards or away from virtually anything else in the seas of the time. It may have been able to leap above the waves at times to help dislodge parasites from its skin. It was not however immune from attack. If injured, its large size meant it was easy to spot and could become prey for sharks, mosasaurs, and other Xiphactinuses.

One fossil described from the Puskwaskau Formation has large, thecodont teeth that are circular in cross section and lack any carinae, and are highly variable in their overall size. This fossil is the first diagnostic material of _X_. a_udax_ from Alberta, and extends the range of the species by over a thousand kilometres.

### Fish-within-a-Fish

One iconic fossil called the "**Fish-Within-A-Fish**" specimen was collected by George F. Sternberg with another, nearly perfectly preserved 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) long ichthyodectid _Gillicus arcuatus_ inside of it. This fossil is on display at the Sternberg Museum of Natural History in Hays, Kansas.

In this fossil, a _Gillicus_ is inside a _Xiphactinus_. The head of the _Xiphactinus_ faces left and the skeleton and fins are visible. The _Gillicus_ is underneath the bones in the center, hence the name.

## Species

- †_Xiphactinus audax_ <small>Leidy, 1870</small> (type)
- †_Xiphactinus vetus_ <small>Leidy, 1856</small>

### State fossil

In October 2010, Kansas House Rep. Tom Sloan announced that he would introduce legislation to make _Xiphactinus audax_, or "**X-fish**", the state fossil of Kansas. Ultimately, _Tylosaurus_ was chosen instead.

## Related pages

- Ichthyodectiformes
- Ichthyodectidae
- Gillicus
- Leptolepis
- Ichthyodectes

## Further reading

- "Kansas Rep. Tom Sloan agrees to back X-fish as state's official fossil / LJWorld.com". .ljworld.com. Associated Press. 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2011-10-12.

## Other websites

- Carnegie Museum Archived 2004-11-14 at the Wayback Machine
Emperor Kenzō

was the 23rd  emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Kenzō to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Kenzō_-tennō_ was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history

Kenzō was a grandson of Emperor Richū; and he was adopted as heir by the childless Emperor Seinei.

## Events of Kenzō's life

Very little is known about the events of Kenzō's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

### After his death

This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Kenzō.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, Kenzō final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (_kofun_). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (_misasagi_) which is associated with the burial mound.

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree
- Kofun period

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Kenzō
- **succession**: Emperor of Japan
- **image**: Emperor Kenzō.jpg
- **reign**: 485–487 (traditional)
- **predecessor**: Emperor Seinei, Seinei
- **successor**: Emperor Ninken, Ninken
- **royal house**: Yamato dynasty, Yamato
- **father**: Ichinobe-no Oshiwa
- **birth date**: 450
- **place of burial**: _Kataoka no Iwatsuki no oka no kita no misasagi_  (Nara)
Kofun

are earthen tombs or tumuli in Japan.  They were constructed between the early 3rd century and early 7th century.

These burial mounds give their name to the Kofun period (middle 3rd century - early-middle 6th century).

Many of the kofun have a keyhole-shaped mound () which is unique to ancient Japan.

There are many types of Kofun including Zenpō-kōen-fun and Zenpō-kōhō-fun and Round Kofun and Square Kofun, and Octagonal Kofun and Joenkahofun and .

## Related pages

- William Gowland, English engineer made the first survey for Saki kofun group
- Ernest Satow, English diplomat wrote about kofun in Kozuke for the Asiatic Society of Japan
- Mozu Tombs

## References

- _飛鳥高松塚_ (_Takamatsuzuka, Asuka_), 橿原考古学研究所編, 明日香村, 1972.
- _前方後円墳_ (_Keyhole-shaped kofun_), 上田宏範,  学生社, 東京, 1969.
- _前方後円墳と古代日朝関係_ (_Keyhole-shaped kofun and diplomatic relations between ancient Japan and Korea_), 朝鮮学会編, 東京, 同成社, 2002.

## Other websites

- Japanese Archaeology: Kofun Culture
- Kofun Period
- Prehistoric Archaeology of Japan
Lee Jong-min (footballer, born 1987)

**Lee Jong-Min** (born 21 May 1987) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2006||Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="3"|J. League 2|| || || || || ||
|-
|2009||Tochigi || || || || || ||
|-
|2010||rowspan="2"|Avispa Fukuoka|| || || || || ||
|-
|2011||J. League 1|| || || || || ||
|-
|2012||Matsumoto Yamaga||J. League 2|| || || || || ||
 || || || || ||
 || || || || ||
|}

## Other websites

- Lee Jong-Min at Guardian.co.uk
Sin Byung-ho

**Sin Byung-Ho** (born 26 April 1975) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||28||11||3||2||0||0||31||13

|-
|2002||Ulsan Hyundai||K-League||0||0||||||7||1||7||1
|-
|2002||rowspan="4"|Chunnam Dragons||rowspan="4"|K-League||26||8||||||0||0||26||8
|-
|2003||42||16||5||4||colspan="2"|-||47||20
|-
|2004||12||2||0||0||9||1||21||3
|-
|2005||8||0||0||0||0||0||8||0
|-
|2006||Gyeongnam||K-League||16||2||2||1||10||3||28||6
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Jeju United||rowspan="2"|K-League||8||0||1||0||6||0||15||0
|-
|2008||2||2||1||0||4||0||7||2
28||11||3||2||0||0||31||13
114||30||9||5||36||5||159||40
142||41||12||7||36||5||190||53
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}
Fernando (footballer, born 1978)

**Fernando Almeida de Oliveira** (born 18 June 1978) is a Brazilian football player.

## Career statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Continental|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1996|Vitória|Série A|2|0|||||||2|0|
|1997|1|0|||||||1|0|||
|1998|1|0|||||||1|0|||
|1999|21|3|||||||21|3|||
|2000|11|0|||||||11|0|||
|2001|18|4|||||||18|4|||
|2002|21|5|||||||21|5|||
|2003|Kashima Antlers|J1 League|27|5|4|0|4|1|3|2|38|8|
|2004|26|5|3|0|7|1|-|36|6||||
|2005|30|2|2|1|2|2|-|34|5||||
|2006|19|7|0|0|3|1|-|22|8||||
|2007|Cruzeiro|Série A|2|0|||||||2|0|

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Fernando
- **fullname**: Fernando Almeida de Oliveira
- **birth place**: Bahia, Brazil
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1996–2002
- **years2**: 2003–2006
- **years3**: 2007
- **years4**: 2008
- **years5**: 2008
- **years6**: 2009
- **years7**: 2010
- **clubs1**: Esporte Clube Vitória, Vitória
- **clubs2**: Kashima Antlers
- **clubs3**: Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, Cruzeiro
- **clubs4**: Al-Shabab Riyadh
- **clubs5**: Clube Atlético Paranaense, Atlético Paranaense
- **clubs6**: Al-Ahly Doha
- **clubs7**: Esporte Clube Vitória, Vitória
Derlis Florentín

**Derlis Florentín** (9 January 1984 - 28 March 2010) was a former Paraguayan football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2005||Mito Hollyhock||J. League 2||17||8||0||0||17||8
|-
|2005||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 2||19||1||0||0||19||1
36||9||0||0||36||9
36||9||0||0||36||9
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Derlis Florentín
- **fullname**: Derlis Javier Florentín Noguera
- **birth place**: Caacupé, Paraguay
- **death place**: Eusebio Ayala, Paraguay, Eusebio Ayala, Paraguay
- **position**: Forward (association football)#Striker, Striker
- **years1**: 2001–2002
- **years2**: 2003
- **years3**: 2004
- **years4**: 2005
- **years5**: 2005
- **years6**: 2006
- **years7**: 2006
- **years8**: 2007
- **years9**: 2007
- **years10**: 2008
- **years11**: 2008
- **years12**: 2009
- **years13**: 2009
- **years14**: 2010
- **clubs1**: Deportivo Humaitá
- **clubs2**: Gimnasia y Esgrima de La Plata, Gimnasia
- **clubs3**: Sportivo Luqueño
- **clubs4**: Mito HollyHock
- **clubs5**: Consadole Sapporo
- **clubs6**: Sportivo Luqueño
- **clubs7**: Barcelona Sporting Club, Barcelona
- **clubs8**: Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, Palmeiras
- **clubs9**: Club Nacional de Football, Nacional
- **clubs10**: Danubio F.C., Danubio
- **clubs11**: Alianza Lima
- **clubs12**: Barcelona Sporting Club, Barcelona
- **clubs13**: Club Nacional de Football, Nacional
- **clubs14**: Atenas de San Carlos, Atenas
- **caps2**: 3
- **caps4**: 17
- **caps5**: 19
- **caps11**: 8
- **caps12**: ?
- **caps13**: 2
- **caps14**: 2
- **goals2**: 0
- **goals4**: 8
- **goals5**: 1
- **goals11**: 1
- **goals12**: 1
- **goals13**: 0
- **goals14**: 1
- **nationalyears1**: 2001
- **nationalyears2**: 2003
- **nationalteam1**: Paraguay U–17
- **nationalteam2**: Paraguay national under-20 football team, Paraguay U–20
An Sun-jin

**An Sun-Jin** (born 19 September 1975) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2001|Mito HollyHock|J2 League|22|0|||0|0|22|0|
|2002|28|0|||-|28|0||||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: An Sun-Jin
- **fullname**: An Sun-Jin
- **birth place**: South Korea
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthclubs1**: Korea University
- **years1**: 2001–2002
- **years2**: 2003
- **clubs1**: Mito HollyHock
- **clubs2**: Pohang Steelers
Joseph-Désiré Job

**Joseph-Désiré Job** (born 1 December 1977) is a former professional footballer who played as a forward. Born in France, he played for the Cameroon national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1996–97||rowspan="3"|Olympique Lyonnais||rowspan="3"|Division 1||0||0
|-
|1997–98||22||5
|-
|1998–99||19||6
|-
|1999–2000||Lens||Division 1||24||4

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="2"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="2"|Premier League||13||3
|-
|2001–02||4||0

|-
|2001–02||Metz||Division 1||13||2

|-
|2002–03||rowspan="4"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="4"|Premier League||28||4
|-
|2003–04||24||6
|-
|2004–05||23||4
|-
|2005–06||1||0

|-
|2005–06||Al-Ittihad Jeddah||Professional League||28||9

|-
|2006–07||rowspan="2"|Sedan Ardennes||Ligue 1||25||9
|-
|2007–08||Ligue 2||3||0
|-
|2007–08||Nice||Ligue 1||9||0

|-
|2008–09||Al-Kharitiyath||Stars League||23||7

|-
|2009–10||Diyarbakırspor||Süper Lig||8||0

|-
|2009–10||Lierse||Second Division||||
115||26
93||17
28||9
23||7
8||0
0||0
267||59
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1997||2||0
|-
|1998||11||1
|-
|1999||3||2
|-
|2000||6||0
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||6||1
|-
|2004||3||1
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||3||0
|-
|2008||3||2
|-
|2009||1||0
|-
!Total||49||7
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Joseph-Désiré Job
- **image**: Joseph-Désiré Job (2015).JPG
- **caption**: Job in 2015
- **birth place**: Vénissieux, France
- **height**: 1.80 m
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1992–1993
- **youthclubs1**: ASM Vénissieux, Vénissieux
- **youthyears2**: 1993–1996
- **youthclubs2**: Olympique Lyonnais Reserves and Academy, Lyon
- **years1**: 1996–1999
- **clubs1**: Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon
- **caps1**: 41
- **goals1**: 11
- **years2**: 1999–2000
- **clubs2**: RC Lens, Lens
- **caps2**: 24
- **goals2**: 4
- **years3**: 2000–2006
- **clubs3**: Middlesbrough F.C., Middlesbrough
- **caps3**: 94
- **goals3**: 19
- **years4**: 2002
- **clubs4**: → FC Metz, Metz (loan)
- **caps4**: 13
- **goals4**: 2
- **years5**: 2005–2006
- **clubs5**: → Ittihad FC, Al-Ittihad (loan)
- **caps5**: 28
- **goals5**: 9
- **years6**: 2006–2007
- **clubs6**: CS Sedan Ardennes, Sedan
- **caps6**: 28
- **goals6**: 10
- **years7**: 2007–2008
- **clubs7**: OGC Nice, Nice
- **caps7**: 12
- **goals7**: 3
- **years8**: 2008–2009
- **clubs8**: Al Kharaitiyat SC, Al-Kharitiyath
- **caps8**: 23
- **goals8**: 10
- **years9**: 2009
- **clubs9**: Diyarbakırspor
- **caps9**: 8
- **goals9**: 0
- **years10**: 2010–2011
- **clubs10**: Lierse S.K., Lierse
- **caps10**: 10
- **goals10**: 3
- **totalcaps**: 281
- **totalgoals**: 71
- **nationalyears1**: 1997–2008
- **nationalteam1**: Cameroon national football team, Cameroon
- **nationalcaps1**: 51
- **nationalgoals1**: 9
Shingo Hyodo

**Shingo Hyodo** (born 29 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2008||rowspan="3"|Yokohama F. Marinos||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||28||2||4||1||7||0||39||3
|-
|2009||30||1||2||0||10||1||42||2
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
58||3||6||1||17||1||81||5
58||3||6||1||17||1||81||5
|}

## References

- Yokohama F. Marinos
Takayuki Nishigaya

**Takayuki Nishigaya** (born 12 May 1973) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="2"|Nagoya Grampus Eight||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||13||0||1||0||7||0||21||0
|-
|1997||22||0||1||0||7||0||30||0
|-
|1998||Avispa Fukuoka||J. League 1||25||0||3||1||3||1||31||2
|-
|1999||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||3||0||0||0||0||0||3||0
|-
|2000||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2001||Albirex Niigata||J. League 2||37||0||0||0||2||0||39||0
100||0||21||1||5||1||126||2
100||0||21||1||5||1||126||2
|}
Kia Venga

The **Kia Venga** is a car produced by Kia from 2009 to the year 2019, basically a decade. It is based on the Hyundai i20 and Kia Soul's platform.

The Venga is available with 1.4 and 1.6 litre petrol engines with 66 kW/90 hp and 92 kW/125 hp respectively, a 1.4 litre turbo diesel engine in 55 kW/75 hp and 66 kW/90 hp versions, and a 1.6 litre turbo diesel engine in 85 kW/115 hp and 94 kW/128 hp versions.
Reception history of Jane Austen

The **reception history of Jane Austen** shows how Austen's works, at first having modest fame, became wildly popular. Her books are both the subject of great study and the center of various fan culture. Jane Austen, the writer of such works as _Pride and Prejudice_ (1813) and _Emma_ (1815), has become one of the most famous novelists in the English language.

During her lifetime, Austen's books did not make her very famous. Like a great number of women writers at that time, she chose to publish her books secretly. Only among people in the aristocracy, her writing was an open secret. At the time they were published, Austen's works were thought fashionable by members of high society. However, they received only a few good reviews. By the mid-nineteenth century, her works were respected by people who were learned in literature. They thought that liking her works was a sign that they were clever. In 1870, her nephew published _Memoir of Jane Austen_. This showed her to a wider public as "dear, quiet aunt Jane". After this, her works were published again in popular editions. By the twentieth century, lots of groups had formed. Some praised her and some defended her from the "teeming masses". However, they all claimed to be true Janeites, or people who really appreciated Austen.
Emperor Ninken

was the 24th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Ninken to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Ninken_-tennō_ was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history

Ninken was a grandson of Emperor Richū; and he was adopted  by the childless Emperor Seinei.

## Events of Ninken's life

Very little is known about the events of Ninken's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

### After his death

This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Ninken.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (_kofun_).  Ninken is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (_misasagi_) which is associated with the burial mound.

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree
- Kofun period

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Ninken
- **succession**: Emperor of Japan
- **image**: Emperor Ninken.jpg
- **reign**: 488–498 (traditional)
- **predecessor**: Emperor Kenzō, Kenzō
- **successor**: Emperor Buretsu, Buretsu
- **spouse**: Kasuga no Ōiratsume
- **issue**: Emperor Buretsu
Princess Kasuga no Yamada no Himemiko
Princess Tashiraka no Himemiko
- **royal house**: Yamato dynasty, Yamato
- **father**: Ichinobe-no Oshiwa
- **birth date**: 449
- **place of burial**: _Hanyū no Sakamoto no misasagi_ (Osaka)
Emperor Buretsu

was the 25th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Buretsu to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Buretsu_-tennō_ was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history

Buretsu was a son of Emperor Ninken.   Buretsu was childless; and he became been the last monarch of the first Imperial dynasty of Japan.

## Events of Buretsu's life

Very little is known about the events of Buretsu's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

As emperor, Buretsu is described as wicked in the _Nihonshoki,_ but this assessment is not mirrored in the text of the _Kojiki._

### After his death

This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Buretsu.

The _kami_ of Emperor Buretsu was venerated at a Shinto shrine in Takaichi, Yamato province.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (_kofun_).  Buretsu  is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (_misasagi_) which is associated with the burial mound.

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree
- Kofun period

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Buretsu
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **reign**: legendary
- **predecessor**: Emperor Ninken, Ninken
- **successor**: Emperor Keitai, Keitai
- **birth date**: legendary
- **death date**: legendary
- **burial place**: _Kataoka no Iwatsuki no oka no kita no misasagi_  (Nara)
Gilberto Kassab

**Gilberto Kassab** ( or ; born 12 August 1960 in São Paulo) was the mayor of São Paulo, the biggest city in Brazil. He is a member of the right-wing Democrat party. Kassab became famous when he brought in laws to stop billboard advertising, which he said were "visual pollution".

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Gilberto Kassab
- **image**: CMMC - Comissão Mista Permanente sobre Mudanças Climáticas (16993439704).jpg
- **office**: Ministry of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications (Brazil), Minister of Science, Technology, Innovation and Communications
- **term start**: 12 May 2016
- **president**: Michel Temer
- **predecessor**: Celso Pansera
- **office1**: Ministry of Cities, Minister of Cities
- **term start1**: 1 January 2015
- **term end1**: 15 April 2016
- **president1**: Dilma Rousseff
- **predecessor1**: Gilberto Occhi
- **successor1**: Inês Magalhães
- **office2**: 60th List of mayors of São Paulo, Mayor of São Paulo
- **term start2**: 31 March 2006
- **term end2**: 1 January 2013
- **predecessor2**: José Serra
- **successor2**: Fernando Haddad
- **office4**: Chamber of Deputies (Brazil), Federal Deputy for São Paulo (state), São Paulo
- **term start4**: 1 February 1999
- **term end4**: 1 January 2005
- **office5**: Legislative Assembly of São Paulo, State Deputy of São Paulo
- **term start5**: 1 February 1995
- **term end5**: 1 February 1999
- **office6**: Municipal Chamber of São Paulo, Alderman of São Paulo
- **term start6**: 1 January 1993
- **term end6**: 1 February 1995
- **birth name**: Gilberto Kassab
- **birth place**: São Paulo, São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Brazil
- **party**: Liberal Party (Brazil), PL
 Liberal Front Party (Brazil), PFL
 Democrats (Brazil), DEM
 Social Democratic Party (Brazil, 2011), PSD
- **alma mater**: University of São Paulo
University of Brasília
Terra nullius

In international law, ***terra nullius*** or **unclaimed territory** is land which does not (at present) belong to any state.   The term comes from the Latin, meaning _nobody's land_; but in current usage it is distinct from _no man's land_, which does not have a formal legal meaning.

Rule over _terra nullius_ can be obtained by occupying the territory. There are various legal problems relating to this concept, but in practice it is often the business of neighboring states to decide by negotiation. Diplomacy may sometimes be replaced by warfare.

Two territories that are currently _terra nullius_ are Bir Tawil between Egypt and Sudan, and Marie Byrd Land, in Antarctica.
Free State (province)

The **Free State** (Afrikaans: Vrystaat, Sotho: Foreistata; before 1995, the **Orange Free State**) is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bloemfontein, which is also South Africa's judicial capital, because the Supreme Court is there. The current borders of the province date from 1994 when the Bantustans were dissolved and were merged into the provinces of South Africa. It is also the only one of the older provinces of South Africa not to undergo border changes, not counting the incorporation of the Bantustans. It borders on six other provinces, and on Lesotho.
Orange Free State

The **Orange Free State** () was a country in southern Africa. It was ruled by the Afrikaners. It was defeated by the British Empire and its colonies, the British Cape Colony and the Natal Colony, in the Second Boer War. It became the Orange River Colony and later joined with other colonies to make the Union of South Africa.

It existed from 1852 to 1902, and was one of the 2 Boer Republics, the other being Transvaal. It is one of the three historical precursors to the present-day Free State province.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Oranje-Vrijstaat_
- **conventional long name**: Orange Free State
- **common name**: Orange Free State
- **continent**: Africa
- **region**: Southern Africa
- **country**: South Africa
- **era**: 19th century
- **government type**: Republic
- **event start**: Republic founded
- **year start**: 1854
- **date start**: 17 February
- **event end**: Treaty of Vereeniging
- **year end**: 1902
- **date end**: 31 May
- **event1**: Battle of Blood River
- **date event1**: 16 December 1838
- **event2**: Start of Second Boer War, 2nd Boer War
- **date event2**: 11 October 1899
- **p1**: Orange River Sovereignty
- **flag p1**: Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg
- **s1**: Orange River Colony
- **flag s1**: Flag_of_Orange_River_Colony.svg
- **image flag**: Flag_of_the_Orange_Free_State.svg
- **image coat**: Coat of Arms of the Orange Free State.svg
- **image map**: LocationOrangeFreeStateca1890.svg
- **image map caption**: Location of the Orange Free State c. 1890
- **capital**: Bloemfontein
- **national anthem**: Vrystaatse Volkslied<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"></div>
- **common languages**: Dutch language, Dutch (official)
 English language, English
 Sotho language, Sesotho
 Zulu language, Zulu
- **religion**: Dutch Reformed Church, Dutch Reformed
 African religions
- **currency**: Orange Free State pound
- **leader1**: Josias Hoffman, J. P. Hoffman
- **leader2**: Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff, J. N. Boshoff
- **leader3**: Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, M. W. Pretorius<sup>1</sup>
- **leader4**: Jan Brand, J. H. Brand
- **leader5**: Francis William Reitz, F. W. Reitz
- **leader6**: Marthinus Theunis Steyn, M. T. Steyn
- **year leader1**: 1854 – 1855
- **year leader2**: 1855 – 1859
- **year leader3**: 1860 – 1863
- **year leader4**: 1864 – 1888
- **year leader5**: 1889 – 1895
- **year leader6**: 1896 – 1902
- **title leader**: State President of the Orange Free State, State President
- **legislature**: Parliament
- **house1**: Volksraad
- **type house1**: house of representatives
- **stat year1**: 1875
- **stat area1**: 181299
- **stat pop1**: 100000
- **footnotes**: <sup>1</sup> Also State President of the South African Republic, Transvaal Republic
Hebe Camargo

**Hebe Maria Camargo** (March, 8 1929 – September 29, 2012) was a Brazilian television host, actress and singer.

## Other websites

- Site program of Hebe  at the SBT

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hebe Camargo
- **image**: Hebe Camargo 3.jpg
- **birth name**: Hebe Maria Monteiro de Camargo
- **birth place**: Taubaté, São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Brazil
- **nationality**: Brazilian people, Brazilian
- **death place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **othername**: *
*'Loiruda'
- **occupation**: Presenter, humorist, actress, singer
- **yearsactive**: 1943–2012
- **spouse**: (divorced) 1 child
(his death)
Sam Bradford

**Samuel Jacob Bradford** (born November 8, 1987, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is an American football quarterback for the Arizona Cardinals. He played for the Oklahoma Sooners college football team. He was drafted by the St. Louis Rams with the first overall pick in the 2010 National Football League (NFL) Draft. Bradford was the 2011 NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year.

## Family background

Bradford is a Cherokee. (The Cherokee Nation is a Native American tribe.)

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Sam Bradford
- **image**: Sam Bradford 2014.jpg
- **currentteam**: Free Agent
- **position**: Quarterback
- **birth place**: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lbs**: 224
- **high school**: Putnam City North High School, Oklahoma City (OK) Putnam City North
- **college**: Oklahoma Sooners football, Oklahoma
- **draftyear**: 2010
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 1
- **pastteams**: * History of the St. Louis Rams, St. Louis Rams (–)
* Philadelphia Eagles ()
* Minnesota Vikings (–)
* Arizona Cardinals ()
- **highlights**: * NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year (2010)
* List of National Football League annual pass completion percentage leaders, NFL completion percentage leader (2016)
* Heisman Trophy (2008)
* Davey O'Brien Award (2008)
* Associated Press College Football Player of the Year, Associated Press Player of the Year (2008)
* Sporting News College Football Player of the Year, _Sporting News_ Player of the Year (2008)
* Consensus College Football All-America Team, All-American (2008 College Football All-America Team, 2008)
* First-team All-Big 12 Conference, Big 12 (2008 All-Big 12 Conference football team, 2008)
- **statseason**: 2018
- **statlabel1**: Passing attempts
- **statvalue1**: 2,967
- **statlabel2**: Passing completions
- **statvalue2**: 1,855
- **statlabel3**: Percentage
- **statvalue3**: 62.5
- **statlabel4**: Touchdowns, TD–Interceptions, INT
- **statvalue4**: 103–61
- **statlabel5**: Passing yards
- **statvalue5**: 19,449
- **statlabel6**: Passer rating
- **statvalue6**: 84.5
- **nflnew**: sambradford/497095
Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park

The **Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park** in Olmedilla de Alarcón, Spain, is the world’s largest photovoltaic plant.  Built in 2008, the plant uses more than 160,000 solar photovoltaic panels to generate 60 megawatts (peak). It produces enough electricity to power more than 40,000 homes.

## Related pages

- Photovoltaics
Strasskirchen Solar Park

The **Strasskirchen Solar Park** is a power station in Straßkirchen, Germany. It is the second-largest photovoltaic power station in the world, with an installed capacity of 54 MW.
Hiroshi Noguchi

**Hiroshi Noguchi** (born 25 February 1972) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="9"|Kyoto Purple Sanga||rowspan="2"|Football League||25||9||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||9
|-
|1995||27||5||0||0||colspan="2"|-||27||5
|-
|1996||rowspan="5"|J. League 1||29||2||3||0||8||0||40||2
|-
|1997||29||4||1||0||3||0||33||4
|-
|1998||25||1||2||0||3||0||30||1
|-
|1999||22||1||2||1||4||0||28||2
|-
|2000||30||1||1||0||6||0||37||1
|-
|2001||J. League 2||40||4||4||1||1||0||45||4
|-
|2002||J. League 1||1||0||0||0||1||0||2||0
|-
|2003||Omiya Ardija||J. League 2||24||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||24||1
252||28||13||2||26||0||291||30
252||28||13||2||26||0||291||30
|}
Siegbert Tarrasch

**Siegbert Tarrasch** (Breslau, now Wrocław, 5 March 1862 – Munich, 17 February 1934) was a German doctor, and one of the strongest chess grandmasters of the day.

Tarrasch was born in Breslau, in Prussian Silesia. He left in 1880 to study medicine, and qualified as a physician. He lived most of his life in Nuremberg, Bavaria, and later in Munich. Tarrasch was born Jewish, and converted to Christianity in 1909. He was a patriotic German, who lost a son in World War I, but he faced antisemitism in the early stages of Nazism.

Tarrasch won more strong tournaments in the 1890s than any other player, and drew a 22-game match against Mikhail Chigorin, the leading Russian player. Tarrasch was also an influential chess writer, who summarised the chess ideas of the 1890s. It was his ideas against which the hypermoderns reacted in the early 1920s.<sup>p411</sup>

Occupied with his profession, Tarrasch did not challenge Steinitz, and turned down the young Emanuel Lasker's request for a match. This turned out to be a mistake, for Lasker then challended Steinitz, and won the world chess championship. Later Tarrasch unsuccessfully challenged Lasker for the world championship, in 1908. He was by then past his best, though he continued to play in tournaments for many years. His best result in later years was to reach the final pool in the strong St. Petersburg 1914 tournament. He came fourth, behind Lasker, Capablanca and Alekhine.

## Chess author

Tarrasch was a highly esteemed chess writer. His _Dreihundert Schachpartien_ (1895; 300 chess games) was a landmark; it was the first 'best game collection' with in-depth annotations. The notes were readable and could be understood by ordinary players. This led to his being described as the _praeceptor mundi_, which is Latin for 'teacher of the world'. The book was called by the American grandmaster Reuben Fine "One of the monuments of our game".<sup>f/w</sup>

Tarrasch regularly wrote tournament reports and notes for games in the _Deutsch Schachzeitung_, the German-language chess magazine. These annotations were read throughout the world, since that was the leading chess magazine of the day.

In his later elementary textbook _The game of chess_ (1931) he wrote
- "Chess, like love, like music, has the power to make men happy".

## Other websites

- Capablanca on Tarrasch and other players

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Siegbert Tarrasch
- **image**: Tarrasch, Siegbert-2 - DPLA - 224f35dc323734bf355cc7c94d0ded68 (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Siegbert Tarrasch
- **placebirth**: Wrocław, Breslau (Wrocław), Prussian Silesia
- **placedeath**: Munich
Tetsuya Takada

**Tetsuya Takada** (born 31 July 1969) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1993||Fujita||Football League||||||||||||||||
|-
|1994||rowspan="6"|Bellmare Hiratsuka||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||15||0||0||0||1||0||16||0
|-
|1995||27||4||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||4
|-
|1996||12||1||3||0||0||0||15||1
|-
|1997||28||1||3||0||1||1||32||2
|-
|1998||18||0||0||0||3||0||21||0
|-
|1999||23||0||1||0||1||1||25||1
|-
|2000||Shonan Bellmare||J. League 2||11||0||1||0||0||0||12||0
134||6||9||0||6||2||149||8
134||6||9||0||6||2||149||8
|}
Tadamichi Machida

**Tadamichi Machida** (born 23 May 1981) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000||rowspan="3"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2001||7||2||1||0||0||0||8||2
|-
|2002||3||0||0||0||6||0||9||0
|-
|2003||Kyoto Purple Sanga||J. League 1||14||4||0||0||2||0||16||4
|-
|2004||Kawasaki Frontale||J. League 2||16||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||16||2
|-
|2005||Tokyo Verdy||J. League 1||11||2||0||0||1||0||12||2
51||10||1||0||9||0||61||10
51||10||1||0||9||0||61||10
|}
Branko Hucika

**Branko Hucika** (born 10 July 1977) is a former Croatian football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000|Shonan Bellmare|J2 League|18|1|0|0|0|0|18|1|

## Honours

**Tampines Rovers**
- Singapore Premier League: 2005

## Other websites

- Profile  at footballjapan.jp
- Profile at odn.ne.jp

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Branko Hucika
- **fullname**: Branko Hucika
- **birth place**: Zagreb, SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **years1**: 1994–1997
- **clubs1**: GNK Dinamo Zagreb, Croatia Zagreb
- **caps1**: 0
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1997–1999
- **clubs2**: NK Hrvatski Dragovoljac, Hrvatski Dragovoljac
- **caps2**: 44
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 1999–2000
- **clubs3**: Ulsan Hyundai FC, Ulsan Hyundai
- **caps3**: 0
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2000
- **clubs4**: → Shonan Bellmare (loan)
- **caps4**: 18
- **goals4**: 1
- **years5**: 2001–2002
- **clubs5**: NK Čakovec, Čakovec
- **caps5**: 23
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2002
- **clubs6**: Győri ETO FC, Győri ETO
- **caps6**: 15
- **goals6**: 3
- **years7**: 2003–2004
- **clubs7**: NK Zagreb
- **caps7**: 18
- **goals7**: 0
- **years8**: 2004–2005
- **clubs8**: Tampines Rovers FC, Tampines Rovers
- **caps8**: 25
- **goals8**: 6
- **years9**: 2006
- **clubs9**: Polonia Warsaw
- **caps9**: 23
- **goals9**: 2
- **years10**: 2007
- **clubs10**: NK HAŠK, HAŠK
Goran Vasilijević

**Goran Vasilijević** (born August 27, 1965) is a former Serbian football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1995||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||32||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||32||4
|-
|1996||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
32||4||0||0||0||0||32||4
32||4||0||0||0||0||32||4

## Honours

- Red Star Belgrade
- Yugoslav First League: 1990–91, 1991–92
- FR Yugoslavia Cup: 1992–93
- European Cup: 1990–91
- Intercontinental Cup: 1991

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Goran Vasilijević
- **fullname**: Goran Vasilijević
- **birth place**: Zemun, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFR Yugoslavia
- **height**: 1.80 m
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **years1**: 1984–1986
- **clubs1**: FK Zemun, Zemun
- **caps1**: 49
- **goals1**: 2
- **years2**: 1986–1988
- **clubs2**: FK Radnički Niš, Radnički Niš
- **caps2**: 61
- **goals2**: 9
- **years3**: 1988–1994
- **clubs3**: Red Star Belgrade
- **caps3**: 87
- **goals3**: 4
- **years4**: 1994
- **clubs4**: FC Lokomotiv 1929 Sofia, Lokomotiv Sofia
- **caps4**: 8
- **goals4**: 1
- **years5**: 1995–1996
- **clubs5**: JEF United Chiba, JEF United Ichihara
- **caps5**: 32
- **goals5**: 4
- **years6**: 1996–1997
- **clubs6**: FC Lokomotiv 1929 Sofia, Lokomotiv Sofia
- **caps6**: 6
- **goals6**: 1
- **years7**: 1997
- **clubs7**: FK Napredak Kruševac, Napredak Kruševac
- **years8**: 1998
- **clubs8**: FK Borac Čačak, Borac Čačak
- **totalcaps**: 243
- **totalgoals**: 21
- **nationalyears1**: 1986
- **nationalteam1**: Yugoslavia national under-21 football team, Yugoslavia U21
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 1987
- **nationalteam2**: Yugoslavia Olympic football team, Yugoslavia Olympic
- **nationalcaps2**: 1
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 2002
- **managerclubs1**: FK Obilić, Obilić
Owusu Benson

**Owusu Benson** (born 22 March 1977) is a Ghanaian football player. He has played for Ghana national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1994/95||Sportul Studenţesc Bucureşti||Divizia A||18||0

|-
|1995/96||Solothurn||Nationalliga B||0||0
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Yverdon-Sport||rowspan="2"|Nationalliga B||12||5
|-
|1996/97||31||7
|-
|1997/98||Kriens||Nationalliga A||24||4
|-
|1998/99||Sion||Nationalliga A||33||3

|-
|2000||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||23||2

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Wil||rowspan="2"|Nationalliga B||10||0
|-
|2001/02||30||1
|-
|2002/03||Delémont||Nationalliga A||33||2
|-
|2004/05||rowspan="5"|Kriens||rowspan="4"|Challenge League||31||1
|-
|2005/06||25||5
|-
|2006/07||33||5
|-
|2007/08||25||7
|-
|2008/09||1. Liga||||
|-
|2009/10||Buochs||2. Liga Interregional||||
18||0
287||40
23||2
328||42
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1999||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}
Massimo Taibi

**Massimo Taibi** (born 18 February 1970) is a former Italian football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1987/88||rowspan="2"|Licata||Serie C1||0||0
|-
|1988/89||Serie B||1||0
|-
|1989/90||Trento||Serie C1||23||0
|-
|1990/91||Milan||Serie A||0||0
|-
|1991/92||Como||Serie C1||34||0
|-
|1992/93||rowspan="5"|Piacenza||Serie B||38||0
|-
|1993/94||Serie A||34||0
|-
|1994/95||Serie B||38||0
|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Serie A||33||0
|-
|1996/97||34||0
|-
|1997/98||Milan||Serie A||17||0
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Venezia||rowspan="2"|Serie A||33||0
|-
|1999/00||1||0

|-
|1999/00||Manchester United||Premier League||4||0

|-
|1999/00||rowspan="2"|Reggina||rowspan="2"|Serie A||18||0
|-
|2000/01||34||1
|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Atalanta||rowspan="2"|Serie A||30||0
|-
|2002/03||33||0
|-
|2003/04||Serie B||46||0
|-
|2004/05||Serie A||22||0
|-
|2005/06||Serie B||42||0
|-
|2006/07||Torino||Serie A||3||0
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Ascoli||rowspan="2"|Serie B||34||0
|-
|2008/09||13||0
561||1
4||0
565||1
|}
Noureddine Naybet

**Noureddine Naybet** (born 10 February 1970) is a former Moroccan football player. He has played for Morocco national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1993–94||Nantes Atlantique||Division 1||34||1

|-
|1994–95||rowspan="2"|Sporting Portugal||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||26||2
|-
|1995–96||28||3

|-
|1996–97||rowspan="8"|Deportivo La Coruña||rowspan="8"|La Liga||34||1
|-
|1997–98||31||4
|-
|1998–99||30||0
|-
|1999–00||25||0
|-
|2000–01||26||1
|-
|2001–02||24||2
|-
|2002–03||25||1
|-
|2003–04||16||1

|-
|2004–05||rowspan="2"|Tottenham Hotspur||rowspan="2"|Premier League||27||1
|-
|2005–06||3||0
34||1
54||5
211||10
30||1
39||17
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1990||4||0
|-
|1991||4||0
|-
|1992||7||0
|-
|1993||8||0
|-
|1994||7||0
|-
|1995||3||0
|-
|1996||6||0
|-
|1997||7||2
|-
|1998||12||0
|-
|1999||7||0
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
|2001||9||0
|-
|2002||8||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||6||0
|-
!Total||115||2
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Noureddine Naybet
- **image**: نور الدين النيبت (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Naybet in 2019
- **birth place**: Casablanca, Morocco
- **height**: 1.86 m
- **position**: Centre back
- **years1**: 1989–1993
- **clubs1**: Wydad Casablanca
- **caps1**: 85
- **goals1**: 4
- **years2**: 1993–1994
- **clubs2**: FC Nantes, Nantes
- **caps2**: 34
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 1994–1996
- **clubs3**: Sporting CP
- **caps3**: 64
- **goals3**: 5
- **years4**: 1996–2004
- **clubs4**: Deportivo de La Coruña, Deportivo La Coruña
- **caps4**: 211
- **goals4**: 11
- **years5**: 2004–2006
- **clubs5**: Tottenham Hotspur F.C., Tottenham Hotspur
- **caps5**: 30
- **goals5**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 424
- **totalgoals**: 22
- **nationalyears1**: 1992
- **nationalteam1**: Morocco national under-23 football team, Morocco U23
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
- **nationalyears2**: 1990–2006
- **nationalteam2**: Morocco national football team, Morocco
- **nationalcaps2**: 115
- **nationalgoals2**: 4
Kim Hyun-seok (footballer)

**Kim Hyun-Seok** (born 5 May 1967) is a South Korean professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Verdy Kawasaki||J. League 1||25||16||0||0||4||1||29||17
25||16||0||0||4||1||29||17

|-
|2000||rowspan="4"|Ulsan Hyundai||||||||||||||||
|-
|2001||||||||||||||||||
|-
|2002||||||||||||||||||
|-
|2003||||||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||
25||16||0||0||4||1||29||17
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1990||2||0
|-
|1991||4||0
|-
|1992||2||0
|-
|1993||5||1
|-
|1994||3||1
|-
|1995||3||0
|-
|1996||4||3
|-
!Total||23||5
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Kim Hyun-seok
<small>김현석</small>
- **fullname**: Kim Hyun-seok
- **birth place**: Samcheok, Gangwon-do (South Korea), Gangwon, South Korea
- **height**: 1.78 m
- **position**: Midfielder#Attacking midfielder, Attacking midfielder, Striker (association football), Striker)
- **currentclub**: Ulsan Hyundai FC
- **youthyears1**: 1986–1989
- **youthclubs1**: Yonsei University
- **years1**: 1990–1999
- **years2**: 1993–1994
- **years3**: 2000
- **years4**: 2001–2003
- **clubs1**: Ulsan Hyundai FC, Ulsan Hyundai Horangi
- **clubs2**: → Sangju Sangmu Phoenix, Sangmu (Military service)
- **clubs3**: Tokyo Verdy, Verdy Kawasaki
- **clubs4**: Ulsan Hyundai FC, Ulsan Hyundai Horangi
- **caps1**: 222
- **goals1**: 70
- **caps3**: 25
- **goals3**: 16
- **caps4**: 70
- **goals4**: 9
- **nationalyears1**: 1989
- **nationalteam1**: South Korea national football B team, South Korea B
- **nationalyears2**: 1990–1999
- **nationalteam2**: South Korea national football team, South Korea
- **nationalcaps1**: ?
- **nationalgoals1**: ?
- **nationalcaps2**: 23
- **nationalgoals2**: 5
- **manageryears1**: 2003–2012
- **managerclubs1**: Ulsan Hyundai FC, Ulsan Hyundai (assistant)
- **manageryears2**: 2013
- **managerclubs2**: Ulsan WFC
- **manageryears3**: 2014–
- **managerclubs3**: Gangnung Jeil High School
- **pcupdate**: 18 July 2007
- **ntupdate**: 18 July 2007
Interventional radiology

**Interventional radiology** is defined as the branch of medicine that diagnoses and treats a wide range of diseases using actions that are performed through the skin (for example an injection) or carried out with the least damage by x-rays, sonography, and so on.

Some of these procedures are done only for diagnostic purposes, while others are done for treatment purposes. Images are used to direct these procedures, which are usually done with needles or other tiny instruments like small tubes called catheters. The images provide road maps that allow the Interventional Radiologist to guide these instruments through the body to the areas containing diseases.
Cassandra Austen

**Cassandra Elizabeth Austen** (9 January 1773 – 22 March 1845) was the older sister of Jane Austen. She was Jane's best friend and a beauty. Her fiancé died; she never married.

## Childhood

Austen was born in 1773 in Steventon, Hampshire. Her father was the Rev. George Austen (1731–1805), and her mother was Cassandra, _née_ Leigh (1739–1827). There were 8 Austen children. As Cassandra and Jane were the only girls they kept up an especially close friendship through their entire lives. Over 100 letters addressed to Cassandra from Jane are still kept. These letters have helped historians to find out more details about the life of Jane Austen. When Cassandra went to school, Jane followed her. At first it was arranged that Jane was not to go, as she was considered to be too young for schooling. However, she ended up going with Cassandra. In their mother's words, "if Cassandra's head had been going to be cut off, Jane would have hers cut off too".

When Jane died in 1817, Austen is reported to have destroyed many of her letters, most of them dated after 1795. Austen herself lived alone until her death on 22 March 1845, aged 72. She was buried at St. Nicholas' Church in Chawton, Hampshire.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Cassandra Austen
- **image**: CassandraAustenSilhouette.png
- **caption**: Silhouette of Cassandra Austen
Lord Mayor

The **Lord Mayor** is the title of the Mayor of a major city, with special recognition.

### Australia

In Australia, the title of Lord Mayor is a political position, which means people vote for people to take the position. There are 10 Australian cities that have a Lord Mayor: Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Newcastle, Parramatta, Perth, Sydney and Wollongong.

### Canada

In Canada, the only town with a Lord Mayor is Niagara-on-the-Lake, which has a Lord Mayor as recognition of its role as the first Capital of Upper Canada.

### Fiji

Before the 2006 Fijian coup d'état, Fiji had several municipal councils, which were local government bodies. However, they were all dismissed after the coup and not restored. During the period that Fiji had municipal councils, the city of Suva had a Lord Mayor.

### Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, the title of Lord Mayor is a symbolic title, as in the United Kingdom. Cork and Dublin both have Lord Mayors.

### Malaysia

Kuala Lumpur has a Lord Mayor.

### United Kingdom

In England, Wales and Northern Ireland it is a ceremonial position. This means the person is not in charge of the day to day work of the city, but represents the city at important events. These positions are given to a person by letters patent, which are a special letter from the monarch.

## Other countries

- In Denmark, _Overborgmester_, is the title of the highest mayor of Denmark's capital city, Copenhagen.
- In Germany, _Oberbürgermeister_, is the title of the mayors of county-free, often large cities. As in Australia, Germany's mayors are the working leaders of their cities. The mayor in the three German city-states also has the function of a Ministerpräsident (head of government of one of Germany's constitutive States). These mayors are called _Regierender Bürgermeister_ (Governing Mayor) in Berlin, and _Erster Bürgermeister_ (First Mayor) in Hamburg.
- In Finland, the head city manager of the capital, Helsinki, is given the title _ylipormestari_ meaning "high mayor". This title is used more than the official title of the office, _kaupunginjohtaja_. This tradition is almost the same as the Lord Mayors in other countries.
- In Romania and Moldova, the mayors of the capitals (Bucharest and Chişinău, are named Primar General which means General Mayor. The name is ceremonial and it has no higher powers than mayors of other cities.

## Related pages

- Mayor