juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gisikon

**Gisikon** is a small town municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Homepage of Gisikon

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Gisikon
- **municipality name**: Gisikon
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Gisikon COA.svg
- **imagepath flag**: CHE Gisikon Flag.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Gisikon.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne-Land (district), Lucerne-Land
- **postal code**: 6038
- **municipality code**: 1055
- **area**: 1.08
- **elevation**: 418
- **population**: 1189
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.gisikon.ch
- **mayor**: Alois Muri
- **neighboring municipalities**: Honau, Switzerland, Honau, Inwil, Switzerland, Inwil, Root, Switzerland, Root
Greppen

**Greppen** is a municipality in the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

It is at the base of Mount Rigi. The exclave is separated by Lake Lucerne from the rest of the district.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Greppen
- **municipality name**: Greppen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Greppen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Greppen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne-Land (district), Lucerne-Land
- **postal code**: 6404
- **municipality code**: 1056
- **area**: 5.25
- **elevation**: 447
- **population**: 1036
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.greppen.ch
- **mayor**: Claudia Bernasconi
- **neighboring municipalities**: Küssnacht (SZ), Meggen, Switzerland, Meggen, Weggis
Honau, Switzerland

**Honau** is a municipality of the district of Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Honau
- **municipality name**: Honau
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Honau LU.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Honau.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne-Land (district), Lucerne-Land
- **postal code**: 6038
- **municipality code**: 1057
- **area**: 1.25
- **elevation**: 445
- **population**: 357
- **populationof**: Dec 2007
- **website**: www.honau.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Dietwil (AG), Gisikon, Inwil, Switzerland, Inwil, Risch-Rotkreuz, Risch (ZG), Root, Switzerland, Root (AG)
Arrondissements of the Hautes-Alpes department

There are 2 **arrondissements in the Hautes-Alpes department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Hautes-Alpes are:

|INSEE code !! Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! width="50px" | Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(Inh./km²)</small> !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|051|Briançon|Briançon|35,752|2,138.1||37|
|052|Gap|Gap|104,131|3,410.5||130|

## History

Since its creation, the Hautes-Alpes department has had few changes:
- 1790 : creation of the department with four districts: Briançon, Embrun, Gap and Serres; the capital was Chorges but in the same year it was moved to Gap.
- 1800 : creation of three arrondissements: Gap, Briançon and Embrun.
- 1926 : the arrondissement of Embrun was eliminated.

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Briançon
- Arrondissement of Gap
- List of arrondissements of France
Connecticut Compromise

The **Connecticut Compromise** (also known as the **Great Compromise of 1787** or **Sherman's Compromise**) was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that  established a two-house legislature under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation in the lower house. It required the upper house, United States Senate, to have two members from each state. The lower house, or House of Representatives, would have representation based on the population of a state.

The Virginia Plan would have created 3 branches of government and 2 houses in the legislative branch with the amount of representatives depending on the population of the state. The New Jersey Plan would have created 3 branches of government and 1 house in the legislative branch with a representative for each state. The Great Compromise (kind of a combination of the NJ Plan and VA Plan) has 2 representatives for each state, the Senate (upper house), and the House of Representatives, which depends on the population of each state.
Prerogative

A **prerogative** is an exclusive power or privilege possessed by an official of a government or state as a part of his or her office. Under English law it is right of a sovereign, which in theory, has no restrictions. For example, the British monarch holds Royal prerogatives which have never been fully listed. In practice, they are usually used by ministers on behalf of the monarch. In the United States, the  Constitution is written in such a way to allow executive prerogatives. Presidents use these powers to manage crises or to resolve disputes. Although nothing in the Constitution specifically gave him the power to do it, George Washington used executive prerogative to declare neutrality in the 1790s dispute between Great Britain and France. Thomas Jefferson used it to make the Louisiana Purchase. Abraham Lincoln used it many times during the American Civil War.
Cosgrove Hall Films

**Cosgrove Hall Films** (also known as Cosgrove Hall Productions) was a Manchester, UK production company begun by Brian Cosgrove. Cosgrove Hall Films produced various series and productions to 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s. The company was formed in 1976. They stopped creating shows in 2012.

### 1970s

- Sally And Jake (Thames for ITV 1974 to 1978)
- Noddy (1975 TV series)
- Chorlton and the Wheelies (Thames for ITV 1976 to 1979)
- Jamie and the Magic Torch (Thames for ITV 1976 to 1980)
- Grandma Bricks of Swallow Street (Thames for ITV 1977 to 1978)
- Captain Kremmen (1978–1980)
- The Talking Parcel (ITV 1978)
- Cinderella (1979)

### 1980s

- Cockleshell Bay (1980–1986)
- The Pied Piper of Hamelin (Thames for ITV 1981)
- Danger Mouse (Thames for ITV 1981 to 1992) (Repeated on BBC2 2007 to 2009)
- The Wind in the Willows (Thames for ITV 1983 to 1988)
- Alias the Jester (Thames for ITV 1985 to 1986)
- The Reluctant Dragon (Thames for ITV 1987)
- Creepy Crawlies (ITV, 1987 to 1989)
- Count Duckula (Thames for ITV 1988 to 1992, Central for ITV 1993)
- A Tale of Two Toads (Thames for ITV 1989)
- The BFG (1989)

### 1990s

- Oh, Mr. Toad (Thames for ITV 1990)
- The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship (Thames for ITV 1990)
- The Sandman (Partnered with MacKinnon Productions, Channel 4 Television Corporation 1991)
- Victor and Hugo (Thames for ITV 1991 - 1992)
- Terry Pratchett's Truckers (Thames for ITV 1992)
- Noddy's Toyland Adventures (BBC Worldwide 1992 to 2001)
- Sooty & Co. (Granada for ITV 1993 to 1998) (Opening sequence only)
- Avenger Penguins (1993–1994)
- Oakie Doke (BBC 1995 to 1996)
- Fantomcat (1995 to 1996)
- Sooty's Amazing Adventures (Meridian for ITV 1996 to 1997)
- Brambly Hedge (1996 to 1997)
- Enid Blyton's Enchanted Lands (1997)
- The Animal Shelf (1997–2000)
- Father Christmas and the Missing Reindeer (1998)
- Mimi & Scruff (as part of Jamboree, 1998)
- Rocky and the Dodos (Central for ITV 1998)
- Rotten Ralph (Nickelodeon 1999 to 2001)
- The Foxbusters (1999 to 2000)

### 2000s

- A Miss Mallard Mystery (2000)
- Fetch the Vet (ITV 2000 to 2001)
- Vampires, Pirates & Aliens (2000)
- Bill and Ben (CBBC/Cbeebies remake - 2001-2003)
- Andy Pandy (CBeebies remake - 2002-2009)
- Engie Benjy (ITV 2002 to 2005)
- Little Robots (Create TV and Film Limited, 2003-2005)
- Adventurers Masters of Time (2003)
- The Koala Brothers (Spellbound Entertainment, 2003-2006)
- Postman Pat (2003–2008)
- 100% People' (2004)
- Fifi and the Flowertots (Chapman Entertainment, HiT Entertainment 2005-2009)
- Albie (Channel 5 )
- Kid Clones (2005)
- Doctor Who (Scream of the Shalka webcast, an animated reconstruction of The Invasion and The Infinite Quest.)
- The Likeaballs (2006)
- Rupert Bear: Follow the Magic (Entertainment Rights, 2006)
- Roary the Racing Car (Chapman Entertainment, HiT Entertainment 2007-2010)
- Eddie Retractorhead (Nickelodeon 2008)
- Pocoyo (Season 1 only, partnered with Zinkia Entertainment)
- Danger Mouse (CBBC, 1981 - 1992) (not to be confused with the 2008-ongoing remake)
T2 phage

**T2 phage** is more properly called ***Enterobacteria phage T2***. It is a virulent bacteriophage which infects _Escherichia coli_ bacteria.
It contains linear double-stranded DNA, and is covered by a protective protein coat. T2 is a 'tailed phage', one of a group known as the 'T4-like viruses'.

The DNA of the phage is injected into _E. coli_ cells. It quickly turns the _E. coli_ cell into a T2-producing factory. New phages are released when the cell ruptures.

The Hershey–Chase experiments, done by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, showed how the DNA of viruses is injected into the bacterial cells, while most of the viral proteins stay outside. The injected DNA molecules cause the bacterial cells to produce more viral DNA and proteins. These discoveries showed that DNA, rather than proteins, is the hereditary material.
Rhyme royal

**Rhyme royal** is a seven-line stanza with rhyme scheme a-b-a-b-b-c-c. It is also spelled **Rime royal**.

----**--**

It is unknown who invented this scheme. Geoffrey Chaucer introduced the stanza into English poetry in 14th century. It may have been borrowed from Italian or French poetry, but the form became typically English. Chaucer used the form in _Troilus and Criseyde_. Rhyme royal was popular in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Many English and Scottish poets used rhyme royal. It is suitable for long poems. In English literature rhyme royal is almost always composed of ten-syllable lines with five beats. Outside England rhyme royal is not as popular. In the United States Emma Lazarus wrote some poems using ababbcc rhyme-scheme. This stanza comes form her poem _Sympathy_ (included in _Epochs_).

- _It comes not in such wise as she had deemed,_
- _Else might she still have clung to her despair._
- _More tender, grateful than she could have dreamed,_
- _Fond hands passed pitying over brows and hair,_
- _And gentle words borne softly through the air,_
- _Calming her weary sense and wildered mind,_
- _By welcome, dear communion with her kind._

Poets who wrote rhyme royal frequently were William Morris and John Masefield. In 20th century the stanza went out of use.

## Bibliography

- Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, _Art of Versification_. Revised edition. Springfield: 1920.
Ottava rima

**Ottava rima** is a stanza of eight lines with the rhyme-scheme a-b-a-b-a-b-c-c.

---

Ottava rima is of Italian origin. It was used by many poets in Italy, Spain and Portugal in 15th and 16th centuries. Some of the poets to use this form were Ludovico Ariosto, Torquato Tasso, Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga and Luís Vaz de Camões. In England it was not so popular at that time. Later Lord Byron wrote _Don Juan_ in ottava rima. An example can be found in Emma Lazarus's poetry:

- _Master and Sage, greetings and health to thee,_
- _From thy most meek disciple! Deign once more_
- _Endure me at thy feet, enlighten me,_
- _As when upon my boyish head of yore,_
- _Midst the rapt circle gathered round thy knee_
- _Thy sacred vials of learning thou didst pour._
- _By the large lustre of thy wisdom orbed_
- _Be my black doubts illumined and absorbed._

## Bibliography

- Joseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, _Art of Versification_. Revised edition. Springfield: 1920.
Buëch

The **Buëch** () is a river in southeastern France, a right tributary of the Durance. It is also called the **Grand Buëch** in its upper course just to the confluence with the _Petit Buëch_ river.

## Geography

The Buëch river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Laragne-Montéglin in the Hautes-Alpes department, for a period of 15 years.

**Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Laragne-Montéglin**

### Course

The Buëch starts several kilometres to the east of _col de la Croix-Haute_, a mountain pass in the western side of the _Massif du Dévoluy_ mountains, in the _commune_ of Lus-la-Croix-Haute, Drôme department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the southwest and gets into the Hautes-Alpes department and then flows to the south.

Finally, the river flows into the Durance river, as a right tributary, near Sisteron, in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department.

The Buëch flows through 3 departments and 23 _communes_, in 2 regions:
- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes región
    - Drôme: Lus-la-Croix-Haute
- Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region
    - Hautes-Alpes: La Faurie, Aspres-sur-Buëch, Serres, Saint-Julien-en-Beauchêne, Laragne-Montéglin
    - Alpes-de-Haute-Provence: Mison, Sisteron

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Buëch river are:

**Left tributaries**:
- Petit Buëch - 44.5 km

**Right tributaries**:
- Blaisance - 19.1 km
- Céans -  22.4 km
- Méouge - 39.6 km

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Buëch
- **image**: Buech 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Buëch River
- **map**: Buëch.png
- **source1 location**: Dauphiné Alps
- **mouth location**: Durance
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
Agnes Nixon

**Agnes Nixon** (December 10, 1922 - September 28, 2016) was an American actress, writer and producer. She was best known as the creator of soap operas, such as _All My Children_, _One Life to Live_ and _Loving_. Nixon was also writer for _As the World Turns_. She was the head-writer for _Guiding Light_ and _Another World_. Nixon was a pioneer in including subjects that were socially relevant into daytime television. She introduced subjects such as abortion, drug addiction and the Vietnam War into her stories.

Nixon was born in Chicago. She died at age 93 in Haverford, Pennsylvania. However, some sources claim Nixon was born in 1927.
Cultured meat

**Cultured meat**, also called **cultivated meat**, is meat grown in cell culture instead of inside animals. It is a form of cellular agriculture.  Cultured meat is produced using many of the same tissue engineering techniques used in regenerative medicine. Until now, the cost to produce cultured meat has been extremely high. The first cultured burger patty, created by Dr. Mark Post at Maastricht University, was eaten in August 2013, at a demonstration for the press in London.

Cultured meat is believed to be something that can help solve concerns about the environment, animal welfare, food security, and human health.
Uranium trioxide

**Uranium trioxide (UO<sub>3</sub>)**, also called **uranyl oxide**, **uranium(VI) oxide**, and **uranic oxide**, is an oxide of uranium. UO<sub>3</sub> is a hexavalent oxide, which means that the uranium in the compound has an oxidation state of +6. It can be formed by heating uranyl nitrate to 400 °C.

UO<sub>3</sub> is a poisonous and slightly radioactive substance. It can be harmful if it is breathed in, ingested, or makes contact with skin.
Umutsuz Ev Kadınları

**Umutsuz Ev Kadınları**, is a Turkish comedy drama TV series, based on the American comedy drama TV series Desperate Housewives.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Comedy-drama
Mystery
- **creator**: Marc Cherry
- **starring**: Bennu Yıldırımlar
Songül Öden
Deniz Ugur
Ceyda Düvenci
Özge Özder
Serhat Tutumluer
- **country**: Turkey
- **language**: Turkish language, Turkish
- **num seasons**: 3
- **num episodes**: 154
- **location**: İstanbul, Turkey
- **runtime**: 90 min. (1-54)
45 min. (55-80)
60/70 min. (81-)
- **company**: Med Yapım
ABC Studios
- **channel**: Kanal D (2011-2013) <br/ > Fox (Turkey), FOX (2013-2014)
Richard Aldington

**Richard Aldington** (8 July 1892 – 27 July 1962), born **Edward Godfree Aldington**, was an English writer and poet.

Aldington was known best for his World War I poetry and the 1929 novel, _Death of a Hero_. He was met with controversy from his 1955 _Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry_. His 1946 biography, _Wellington_, was awarded the James Tait Black Memorial Prize.

He met the poet Hilda Doolittle in 1911 and they married two years later. They divorced in 1938.

Aldington joined the British Army in 1916. He served in the Royal Sussex Regiment. He was wounded on the Western Front.
Edwin Atherstone

**Edwin Atherstone** (1788-1872) was an English writer, poet and playwright.

## Biography

Edwin Atherstone was born in Nottingham on 17 April 1788. He was one of fifteenth children of Hugh Atherstone and Ann Green. He learned in Yorkshire at Fulneck Moravian School. He lived with Mary Wainwright Pearson. They were never married, but had four children, three daughters and a son. Atherstone taught music at school in Taunton. He also collected paintings. The poet died in Bath on 29 January.

## Literary Works

Edwin Atherstone wrote a lot. He published his first poem, named _Last Days of Herculaneum_ in 1821. His best known work is the poem _The Fall of Nineveh_. The poem was written for many years. First edition was published in 1828, and the last one in 1868. It is written in blank verse. It is over twenty thousand lines long. It consists of a prelude and thirty books. It tells about a war between Medes and Assyrians. The war took place some centuries before Christ. Main heroes are Arbaces, prince of Medes, Belesis, a priest and friend of Arbaces and Sardanapalus, a cruel king of Assyria. After many battles Medes got Nineveh, which was the capital city of Assyria. Sardanapalus put fire to his own palace and died inside. Sardanapalus is really a criminal. He ordered execution of one hundred war prisoners. He locked all his concubines in his palace so that they died in the fire. The other poems by Atherstone are _Israel in Egypt_, about Moses and freeing Jews form slavery in Egypt, _Abradates and Panthea_ and _A Midsummer Day's Dream_. He also wrote two novels: _The Sea-Kings in England_ (1830) and _The Handwriting on the Wall_ (1858).

## Inspired painting

He was a close friend and associate of the painter John Martin, whose well-known painting "The Fall of Nineveh" was produced in conjunction with Atherstone's poem.

## References

- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. Wikisource

## Bibliography

- Herbert F. Tucker, _Epic. Britain's Heroic Muse 1790-1910_, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2008.

## Other websites

- Poems by Edwin Atherstone at PoemHunter.
Yuzu

The ***yuzu*** is a citrus fruit and plant. It originated in East Asia. The fruit looks like a rough small and yellow grapefruit, and changes colour from green to yellow when it becomes more ripe.

The yuzu is often used in Japanese and Korean cuisine. It appears much like a lemon but tastes more like a floral lime.
Horw

**Horw** (Swiss German: _Horb_) is a municipality in Lucerne-Land in the Swiss canton of Lucerne.

## Other websites

- Official website of Horw

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Horw
- **municipality name**: Horw
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Pic Horw.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Horw.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne-Land (district), Lucerne-Land
- **postal code**: 6048
- **municipality code**: 1058
- **area**: 10.43
- **elevation**: 441
- **population**: 13'784
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.horw.ch
- **mayor**: Markus Hool
- **mayor party**: FDP
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **executive name**: Gemeinderat
- **executive number of members**: 5
- **parliament name**: Einwohnerrat
- **parliament number of members**: 30
- **places**: St. Niklausen, Kastanienbaum
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hergiswil (NW), Kriens, Lucerne (_Luzern_), Meggen, Switzerland, Meggen, Stansstad (NW)
- **twintowns**: Bratsch (Switzerland)
Kriens

**Kriens** is a municipality in Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Kriens

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Kriens
- **municipality name**: Kriens
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Kriens COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Kriens.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne-Land (district), Lucerne-Land
- **postal code**: 6010-6012
- **municipality code**: 1059
- **area**: 27.31
- **elevation**: 490
- **population**: 27'045
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.kriens.ch
- **mayor**: Cyrill Wiget
- **mayor asof**: Feb 2016
- **mayor party**: Green Party
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **executive name**: Gemeinderat
- **executive number of members**: 5
- **parliament name**: Einwohnerrat
- **parliament number of members**: 36
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hergiswil (NW), Horw, Littau, Lucerne (_Luzern_), Malters, Schwarzenberg, Switzerland, Schwarzenberg
- **twintowns**: San Damiano d'Asti (Italy)
Barre des Écrins

The **Barre des Écrins** is a mountain in the French Alps. It is the highest peak of the _Massif des Écrins_ and of the Dauphiné Alps mountain range. It is in the Écrins National Park (), one of the ten French national parks.

It is the only mountain  or higher in France that is outside the Mont Blanc Massif. Before the annexation of Savoy, that was part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, in 1860, it was the highest mountain in France.

## Geography

Barre des Écrins is in the northeast of the Hautes-Alpes department (commune of Pelvoux), Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in southeast France.

The south side of the mountain is rocky while the soil of the north side is covered with ice because here starts a glacier, the _Glacier Blanc_.

Barre des Écrins is surrounded by four glaciers:
1. _Glacier Blanc_, on the north side. It is  long.
1. _Glacier Noir_; its northern part is on the southwestern side of the mountain. It is  long.
1. _Glacier de la Pilatte_, or _Glacier du Vallon de la Pillate_, on the western side. It is short,  long, and divided now in three parts.
1. _Glacier de Bonne Pierre_, to the northwest of the mountain. It is  long.

## History

The first recorded ascension of the peak was made on 25 June 1864 by the Englishmen Adolphus Warburton Moore, Horace Walker and Edward Whymper, guided by Michel Croz from Chamonix and Christian Almer from Switzerland.

William Auguste Coolidge, a mountain climber from United States made the first direct climb up the north side of the Barre des Ecrins in July 1870.

## Other websites

- Barre des Écrins at Altituderando.com

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Barre des Écrins
- **photo**: Barre des Écrins & Glacier Blanc.JPG
- **photo alt**: The Barre des Écrins and the _Glacier Blanc_
- **photo caption**: The Barre des Écrins and the Glacier Blanc
- **elevation m**: 4102
- **prominence m**: 2044
- **location**: Hautes-Alpes, France
- **range**: Dauphiné Alps
- **first ascent**: 25 June 1864
- **easiest route**: snow/rock climb
- **map**: France
- **label position**: left
- **map alt**: France
- **map caption**: Location in the Alps
Rubble

**Rubble** is broken stone, of irregular size, shape and texture. Unfinished stone from a quarry is called rubble. Rubble naturally found in the soil is known also as **'brash**'. Where present, it becomes more noticeable when the land is ploughed or worked.

## Building

"Rubble-work" is a name applied to several types of masonry. One kind, where the stones are loosely thrown together in a wall between boards and grouted with mortar almost like concrete, is called in Italian "muraglia di getto" and in French "bocage". In Pakistan, walls made of rubble and concrete, cast in a formwork, are called 'situ', which probably derives from Sanskrit (similar to the Latin 'in situ' meaning 'made on the spot').

Walls that use large stones put together without any attempt at courses is called rubble walling. They are laid at random and are held together with mortar. Where similar work is laid in courses, it is known as coursed rubble. Dry-stone walling is somewhat similar work done without the use of mortar. It is bound together by the fit of the stones and the regular placement of stones which extend through the thickness of the wall. A rubble wall built with mortar will be stronger if assembled in this way. Building foundations made of rubble almost always leak water and are damp.

### Rubble walls in Malta

Rubble walls () are found all over the island of Malta. Similar walls are also frequently found in Sicily and the Arab countries. The various shapes and sizes of the stones used to build these walls look like stones that were found in the area lying on the ground or in the soil.  It is most probable that the practice of building these walls around the field was inspired by the Arabs during their rule in Malta, as in Sicily who were also ruled by the Arabs around the same period. The Maltese farmer found that the technique of these walls was very useful especially during an era where resources were limited. Rubble walls are used to serve as borders between the property of one farm from the other. A great advantage that  rubble walls offered is that when heavy rain falls, their structure would allow excessive water to pass through and therefore, excess water will not ruin the products. Soil erosion is minimised as the wall structure allows the water to pass through but it traps the soil and prevents it from being carried away from the field. One can see many rubble walls on the side of the hills and in valleys where the land slopes down and consequently the soil is in greater danger of being carried away.

## Other websites

- Example of a coursed rubble wall in Malta
- Reusing construction rubble - Low cost alternative building materials; YouTube
- Few Things to Think About Before Building a Rock Wall; YouTube
Francisco de Sá de Miranda

**Francisco de Sá de Miranda** (28 August 1481 – 17 May 1558) was a Portuguese poet.

Sá de Miranda was the first author of Renaissance in Portugal. He was born in Coimbra. His parents were Gonçalo Mendes de Sá and Inês de Melo. He learned Greek, Latin and philosophy at Santa Cruz Monastery. Then he went to Lisbon to study law at the university. He travelled to Italy, where he met many poets including Vittoria Colonna. When he returned to Portugal, he worked for the king.

His main merit for Portuguese literature is that he introduced Italian verse forms. Sá de Miranda was the first author to write sonnets in Portugal. His best known poem is the sonnet _O sol é grande, caem co'a calma as aves_. It was translated into English by John Adamson in _Lusitania illustrata_.

## Bibliography

- Aubrey F.G. Bell, Studies in Portuguese literature, B.H. Blackwell, Oxford 1914.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Francisco de Sá de Miranda
- **image**: Sá de Miranda.png
- **birth date**: 28 August 1481
- **birth place**: Coimbra, Kingdom of Portugal
- **death place**: Amares, Portugal, Amares, Kingdom of Portugal
- **nationality**: Portuguese people, Portuguese
- **occupation**: Poet
- **known for**: Sonnets
Alicia Machado

**Alicia Machado** (born December 6, 1976) is a Venezuelan-born American beauty pageant winner, singer and actress. She was Miss Universe 1996. She was the fourth woman from Venezuela to win the Miss Universe.

Before she was Miss Universe 1996, she was Miss Venezuela 1995.

In 2016, Machado became a United States citizen. Also in 2016, Machado spoke out against Donald Trump. She said that he had called her "Miss Piggy" because of her weight during her year as Miss Universe. She said that Trump also called her "Miss Housekeeping" because she was Latina.
Religious order

A **religious order** is a group of people who live in some way set apart from others, in accordance with their specific religious devotion. Their principles are usually created from their founder's religious practice.  The order may comprise initiates (laity) and, in some traditions, ordained clergy. Religious orders exist in many of the world's religions. Many orders operate monasteries.
Gregorio Honasan

**Gregorio Ballesteros Honasan II**, better known as **Gringo Honasan**, is a retired Philippine Army officer. He led an unsuccessful coups d'état against President Corazon Aquino. He played a key role in the 1986 People Power Revolution that ended the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos.

President Fidel Ramos granted Honasan amnesty in 1992 for his actions against President Aquino. He entered politics and became a senator. In 2016 he ran unsuccessfully for vice president of the Philippines as Jejomar Binay's running-mate.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable, The Honorable
- **name**: Gringo Honasan
- **image**: Gregorio Honasan.jpg
- **office**: Senate of the Philippines, Senator of the Philippines
- **term start**: June 30, 2007
- **term end**: June 30, 2019
- **term start2**: June 30, 1995
- **term end2**: June 30, 2004
- **birth place**: Baguio, Philippines
- **otherparty**: Independent (politician), Independent (1990–2012)
- **party**: United Nationalist Alliance, UNA (2012–present)
- **residence**: Manila
- **alma mater**: Philippine Military Academy <small>(Bachelor of Arts, BA)</small>
- **profession**: Soldier
- **branch**: Armed Forces of the Philippines, Philippine Army
- **serviceyears**: 1971–1989
- **rank**: Colonel
- **battles**: Insurgency in the Philippines
- **awards**: Presidential Government Medal
 Distinguished Conduct Star
Nur Misuari

**Nur Misuari**, born **Nurallaji Pinang Misuari**, is a Moro revolutionary and politician. He is the founder and leader of the Moro National Liberation Front.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nur Misuari
- **birth place**: Tapul, Sulu, Tapul, Sulu province, Sulu, Commonwealth of the Philippines
- **image**: Nur misuari.jpg
- **caption**: Nur Misuari in 2009
- **office**: Chairman of the Central Committee of the Moro National Liberation Front
- **office2**: President of the Bangsamoro Republik (Unrecognized)
- **term start2**: August 12, 2013
- **term end2**: September 28, 2013
- **office3**: 3rd Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, Governor of Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao
- **term start3**: 1996
- **term end3**: 2001
- **predecessor3**: Lininding Pangandaman
- **successor3**: Alvarez Isnaji
- **president3**: Fidel Ramos (1992-1998)
 Joseph Estrada (1998-2001)
 Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2010)
- **alma mater**: University of the Philippines
- **allegiance**: Moro National Liberation Front, MNLF
- **serviceyears**: 1970s –
Ryder Cup

The **Ryder Cup** is a golf tournament. It is held between the United States and Europe every 2 years.

The tournament was first held in 1927. The current venue is Hazeltine National Golf Club in Minnesota, USA.

## Other websites

- Official page
Hazeltine National Golf Club

The **Hazeltine National Golf Club** is a golf club in Minnesota, USA. Guests are not allowed in unless accompanied by a member and it is a Championship Golf Club. It is named after Lake Hazeltine.  It is a championship golf club.
Gali

**Gali** can refer to:

- Gali, a Georgia town
- a Toa of Bionicle storyline
Indie game

An **indie game**, short for **independent video game** generally refers to a video game made by a single developer or small team without the support from a large video game company. Some indie games have become very successful like Minecraft.

## Overview

Indie game has no true definition, but has certain features, they are often made by one person or a small team, often smaller than mainstream titles, often not getting money from a publisher. But being without a publisher means that they have no-one telling them what they can and can't do, giving them much more freedom to make a game they want to make. But making a Indie game does not mean they have no publisher. Indie game developers often go to crowd-funding sites to help fund the game, but often make very little profit.

## History

Indie games started on PCs where it currently remains. Indie games become popular as shareware. But as better technologies came out people began to expect more from these small teams, indie games have seen a huge rise in the later half of the 2000s.

## Other websites

- The Creativity of Indie Video Games
Oscar Stanton De Priest

**Oscar Stanton De Priest** was an American Republican politician and civil rights advocate. He served as a U.S. Representative from the state of Illinois. During his three terms, he was the only African American serving in Congress.

De Priest proposed a law barring discrimination in the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The CCC was program of the New Deal to employ people across the country in building infrastructure. His proposal was made a law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

In 1929, De Priest made national news. First Lady Lou Hoover invited his wife, Jessie, to a traditional tea for congressional wives at the White House. In reaction several newspapers published a racist poem called _Niggers in the White House_. The poem was first published when Booker T. Washington dined with President Theodore Roosevelt.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Oscar Stanton De Priest
- **image name**: Oscar Stanton De Priest.jpg
- **state**: Illinois
- **district**: Illinois's 1st congressional district, 1st
- **term start**: March 4, 1929
- **term end**: January 3, 1935
- **preceded**: Martin B. Madden
- **succeeded**: Arthur W. Mitchell
- **birth place**: Florence, Alabama
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **resting place**: Graceland Cemetery, Uptown, Chicago
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Jessie De Priest
- **children**: Laurence W. De Priest
Oscar Stanton De Priest, Jr.
Pinus pinaster

***Pinus pinaster***, also known as the **maritime pine**, **cluster pine**, or **pinaster pine**, is a pine native to the Mediterranean region.

## Names

Common names in some other languages are:
- , _Pin des landes_, _Pinastre_
- , _Pino resinero_

## Description

The maritime pine is a large tree tree, that grows up to  tall with an average trunk diameter of up to . The bark is orange-red and thick, but thinner in the upper parts of the tree.

The leaves ('needles') are in pairs, broad and  long, and bluish-green to yellowish-green.

The maritime pine is monoecious with separate male an female flowers but on the same plant, in cones. The seeds are  long, with a  wing. Seeds are spread by the wind.

## Taxonomy

_Pinus pinaster_ was described by William Aiton, a Botanist from Scotland, in 1789.

There are three subspecies of _Pinus pinaster_ Aiton:
1. _P. pinaster_ subsp. _pinaster_, the typical subspecies, is found in France, Spain and Portugal.
1. _Pinus pinaster_ subsp. _escarena_ (Risso) K. Richt found on the western Mediterranean coast, mainly in Spain.
1. _P. pinaster_ subsp. _renoui_ (Villar) Maire is found on the African Mediterranean coast, mainly in Morocco, in the Atlas Mountains.

## Where it grows

The maritime pine is native to the southwest and southern Europe, North Africa in Morocco, and along the border between Algeria and Tunisia. It is mainly a pine of low, coastal plains, usually on sandy soils of sea shore dunes; however, in Morocco this species can grow in mountains to an elevation of near .

It has been introduced into regions with a similar Mediterranean climate.

The species is regarded as a highly invasive species. A large production of seeds that are spread by the wind and rapid growth rate all contribute to its ability to invade native habitats, which suffer a loss of species diversity. The maritime pine is reported to be an aggressive colonizer in Chile, Uruguay, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa

## Uses

The maritime pine is widely planted for timber in its native area. It is one of the most important trees in forestry in France, Spain and Portugal. The pine forest in Landes in southwest France is the largest man-made maritime pine forest in Europe. The resin is also a source of turpentine and rosin.

As well as industrial uses, maritime pine is also a popular ornamental tree, planted in parks and gardens in areas with warm temperate climates.

It is also used as a source of flavonoids, catechins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids.
Littau

**Littau** was a municipality in Lucerne in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010, the former municipality of Littau merged into the city of Lucerne.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Littau
- **municipality name**: Littau
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Littau COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne (district), Lucerne
- **postal code**: 6014
- **municipality code**: 1060
- **area**: 13.25
- **elevation**: 511
- **population**: 17224
- **populationof**: Dec 2009
- **popofyear**: 2009
- **neighboring municipalities**: Emmen, Switzerland, Emmen, Kriens, Lucerne (_Luzern_), Malters, Neuenkirch
Malters

**Malters** is a municipality in the district of Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Malters
- **municipality name**: Malters
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Malters LU.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne-Land (district), Lucerne-Land
- **postal code**: 6102
- **municipality code**: 1062
- **area**: 28.57
- **elevation**: 512
- **population**: 6985
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.malters.ch
- **mayor**: Ruedi Amrein
- **neighboring municipalities**: Entlebuch, Kriens, Lucerne (_Luzern_), Neuenkirch, Ruswil, Schwarzenberg, Switzerland, Schwarzenberg, Werthenstein
Nevinnomyssk

**Nevinnomyssk** () is a city in Stavropol Krai, Russia. It is occupies both bank (geography)s of the Kuban River at its confluence with the Bolshoy Zelenchuk River,  south of Stavropol. Population: 113,112 (2025); 132,141 (2002 Census); 92,000 (1973); 40,000 (1959).
Giuseppe Natoli

**Giuseppe Natoli Gongora di Scaliti** (9 June 1815 – 25 September 1867) was an Italian lawyer and politician from the Mediterranean island of Sicily. He was Minister of Agriculture under Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, in the first government of the Kingdom of Italy after unification in 1861.
Startup company

A **startup company** (**startup** or **start-up**) is a new and fast-growing company. They try to meet a marketplace need, offering an innovative product, process or service.

A start-up is usually a small business, a partnership or an organization. Rapid growth is what they aim for. Often, startup companies use the internet, e-commerce, computers, and telecommunications.

The term became fashionable in the dot-com bubble of the late 1990s, when a great number of internet-based companies were formed.
Meggen, Switzerland

**Meggen** is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Meggen

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Meggen
- **municipality name**: Meggen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Pic Meggen.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Meggen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne-Land (district), Lucerne-Land
- **postal code**: 6045
- **municipality code**: 1063
- **area**: 13.93
- **elevation**: 479
- **population**: 6853
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.meggen.ch
- **mayor**: Urs Brücker
- **mayor asof**: 2016
- **mayor party**: GLP
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **neighboring municipalities**: Adligenswil, Greppen, Horw, Küssnacht (SZ), Lucerne (_Luzern_), Stansstad (NW), Weggis
Meierskappel

**Meierskappel** is a municipality of the district of Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Meierskappel
- **municipality name**: Meierskappel
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Meierskappel LU.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne-Land (district), Lucerne-Land
- **postal code**: 6344
- **municipality code**: 1064
- **area**: 9.23
- **elevation**: 497
- **population**: 1351
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.meierskappel.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Küssnacht (SZ), Risch-Rotkreuz, Risch (ZG), Root, Switzerland, Root, Udligenswil, Walchwil (ZG), Zug (ZG)
Root, Switzerland

**Root** is a municipality of the district of Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Root
- **municipality name**: Root
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Pic Root.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Root.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne-Land (district), Lucerne-Land
- **postal code**: 6037
- **municipality code**: 1065
- **area**: 8.65
- **elevation**: 422
- **highest**: Rooterberg
- **highest m**: 891
- **lowest**: Reuss (river), Reuss
- **lowest m**: 409
- **population**: 3949
- **populationof**: Dec 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.gemeinde-root.ch
- **mayor**: Heinz Schumacher
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buchrain, Switzerland, Buchrain, Dierikon, Gisikon, Honau, Switzerland, Honau, Inwil, Switzerland, Inwil, Meierskappel, Risch-Rotkreuz, Risch (ZG), Udligenswil
Schwarzenberg, Switzerland

**Schwarzenberg** is a municipality in the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schwarzenberg
- **municipality name**: Schwarzenberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Schwarzenberg LU.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Schwarzenberg.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne-Land (district), Lucerne-Land
- **postal code**: 6103
- **municipality code**: 1066
- **area**: 39.31
- **elevation**: 823
- **population**: 1602
- **populationof**: Dec 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.schwarzenberg.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alpnach (OW), Entlebuch, Hergiswil (NW), Kriens, Malters, Werthenstein
Udligenswil

**Udligenswil** is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Udligenswil

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Udligenswil
- **municipality name**: Udligenswil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Pic Udligenswil.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Udligenswil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Lucerne
- **iso-code-region**: CH-LU
- **district**: Lucerne-Land (district), Lucerne-Land
- **postal code**: 6044
- **municipality code**: 1067
- **area**: 6.25
- **elevation**: 621
- **population**: 2278
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **popofyear**: 2015
- **website**: www.udligenswil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Adligenswil, Dierikon, Küssnacht (SZ), Meierskappel, Root, Switzerland, Root
Mount & Blade II: Bannerlord

***Mount & Blade II: Bannerlord*** is an upcoming medieval action role-playing game made by TaleWorlds Entertainment. The game was announced in 2012. It is a sequel to Mount & Blade: Warband.

### Setting

The game is set 200 years before _Mount & Blade: Warband._ It takes place during the decline of the Calradian Empire and the making of the kingdoms in _Mount & Blade: Warband._ The look of the armour, Weapons and buildings will draw from 600 to 1100 A.D.

### Factions

Bannerlord will have six main factions, each with they own clans who have different goals, as well as smaller factions.

## Development

In September 2012, Taleworlds announced the game was in the making and released the trailer.

The game's graphics have been heavily upgraded, the animations have also been upgraded. There are also some new Gameplay features like better inventory system and better artificial intelligence. The current game and features were shown during 2015 Gamescom. In March 2016 40 minutes of gameplay was shown to PC gamer.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: **Mount & Blade II: Bannerlord**
- **image**: Mount & Blade II Bannerlord logo.png
- **developer**: TaleWorlds Entertainment
- **platforms**: Microsoft Windows
- **genre**: Action role-playing game
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
Jose Maria Sison

**José María Canlás Sison**  (February 8, 1939 – December 16, 2022) is a writer and activist. He founded the Communist Party of the Philippines.

Sison was arrested during the Ferdinand Marcos presidency. He was imprisoned for almost 9 years. Corazón Aquino released him from prison. Sison went into exile in the Netherlands.

His experience in prison was described in _Prison & Beyond_, a book of poetry released in 1986. It won the Southeast Asia WRITE award for the Philippines.
On December 16, 2022, the Communist Party of the Philippines alongside its news organ _Ang Bayan_ announced the death of Jose Maria Sison after two weeks of confinement in a hospital in Utrecht, Netherlands.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jose Maria Sison aka Avatar Joma
- **image**: Jose_Maria_Sison_portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Sison in 2020
- **office**: Chairman of the Communist Party of the Philippines
- **predecessor**: Rodolfo Salas
- **successor**: Position Vacant
- **term start**: 1986
- **term end**: December 16, 2022
- **predecessor2**: _Position established_
- **successor2**: Rodolfo Salas
- **term start2**: December 26, 1968
- **term end2**: 1977
- **birth place**: Cabugao, Ilocos Sur, Commonwealth of the Philippines, Philippine Commonwealth
- **death date**: (aged 83)
- **death place**: Utrecht, Netherlands
- **spouse**: Julie DL. Sison
- **alma mater**: University of the Philippines Diliman (Bachelor of English Literature)
- **party**: Communist Party of the Philippines (1968–2022)
- **otherparty**: National Democratic Front (Philippines), National Democratic Front (1973–2022)
Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930, PKP-1930 (1962–1968)
- **allegiance**: New People's Army #DiMatalotalo
- **website**: [http://www.josemariasison.org/ www.josemariasison.org]