juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Annie

***Annie*** (1976  present) is a musical. The book was written by Thomas Meehan. The lyrics were written by Martin Charnin. The music was written by Charles Strouse. _Annie_ is based on characters and concepts created by Harold Gray for the comic strip _Little Orphan Annie_.

The musical premiered on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre in 1977. It ran for about six years. A West End production opened in 1978. _Annie_ won three Tony Awards, including the Tony Award for Best Musical.

## Roles

- Annie, an 11-year-old orphan
- Oliver "Daddy" Warbucks, a billionaire
- Grace, his assistant
- Miss Hannigan, the matron of an orphanage
- Rooster, Miss Hannigan's brother
- Lily St. Regis, Rooster's girlfriend

## Story

Annie lives in an orphanage run by Miss Hannigan. She is chosen from the orphans to spend two weeks with Oliver Warbucks. He grows to love her. When he learns that she wants to find her parents, he offers a large reward. Miss Hannigan, Rooster, and Lily scheme to kidnap Annie, but their plot fails, and they are sent to prison.

## Adaptations

_Annie_ was made into a movie in 1982 starring Albert Finney, Aileen Quinn, Bernadette Peters, and Carol Burnett.

## Infobox (musical)

- **name**: Annie
- **image**: Andrea McArdle Reid Shelton Annie 1977.JPG
- **caption**: Photo from the 1977 Broadway production
- **music**: Charles Strouse
- **lyrics**: Martin Charnin
- **book**: Thomas Meehan
- **basis**: _Little Orphan Annie_ (1924-2010) by Harold Gray
- **productions**: Godspeed Opera House (1976)
Broadway (1977 and 2012)
West End theatre, West End (1978, 1983 and 1998)
Movie, Movies (1982, 1999 and 2014)
- **awards**: Tony Award for Best Musical
James Taylor

**James Taylor** (born March 12, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter. He is popular for his songs "Fire and Rain", "You've Got a Friend", and "How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved By You)". Taylor is a Democrat. He attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election. Taylor performed during Obama's second inauguration.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: James Taylor
- **image**: JamesTaylorApr2011.jpg
- **caption**: Taylor in April 2011
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: James Vernon Taylor
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **origin**: Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar, harmonica
- **genre**: Folk rock, Rock music, rock, Pop music, pop, soft rock, Country music, country
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician
- **years active**: 1966–present
- **label**: Apple Records, Apple, Capitol Records, Capitol, EMI Records, EMI, Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., Columbia Records, Columbia, Sony Music Entertainment, SME, Hear Music
- **associated acts**: Carole King, Carly Simon, Eric Clapton, Joe Walsh, Joni Mitchell, J.D. Souther, Stevie Wonder, Art Garfunkel, Linda Ronstadt, Bonnie Raitt, David Crosby, Don Henley
Truro

**Truro** is the capital of Cornwall in South West England. It is the only city in Cornwall, and it is the most southerly city in the British Isles. The River Truro flows though Truro and boats can travel to Truro along the river.

## History

Truro became a large town in the 19th century because of the tin mining industry of west Cornwall. When a new Church of England diocese for Cornwall was set up in 1876 Truro became the seat of the bishop. Truro Cathedral took many years to build but was finished in 1910. It is built in the Early English Gothic revival style. Truro also became the county town of Cornwall when a county council was set up in 1888. The Royal Cornwall Museum is Cornwall's county museum and is owned by the Royal Institution of Cornwall (founded 1818).

## Facilities

The Royal Cornwall Hospital is a major NHS hospital.
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## Events

- March 12 –  New Jersey becomes a colony of Britain.
Pelops

**Pelops** is a person from Greek mythology.  He was the son of Tantalus and Dione and the father of Pittheus, Plisthenes, Atreus, Thyestes, Chrysippus and Copreus.
According to the mythology, the Peloponesus was named after Pelops.

Tantaus cut Pelops into pieces and served him to the gods in a stew. He was later put back together.
Job

A **job** is any legal activity that allows an individual to perform a service and in return earn credits they can use to buy things.

A job can mean "some work that has to be done", for example: there are jobs to be done in the house: washing up, mending things that are broken, etc.

A job can also mean: work that a person does to earn money.  The word "job" may be used when a person works for someone else "an employer" who pays them for the work. For example, a teacher's job is to teach children or adults. A taxi driver's job is to drive people in a taxi. A firefighter rescues people from burning buildings and puts out fires.   A dermatologist's job is to diagnose and treat skin diseases.  Some jobs pay very little.

The International Labour Organization was established to make people's job conditions better. It became an organization of the United Nations in 1946.

## Related pages

- International Labour Organization
- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
- Full employment
- Job satisfaction
- Recruitment
- Unemployment
Organ

**Organ** may be:
- Organ (anatomy), a part of the body
- Organ (music), a family of keyboard instruments which is usually played with both the hands and the feet.
Crop

**Crops** are living plants grown by farmers. Most crops are foods such as grain, vegetables, or fruit. Some crops are for drugs, such as quinine, or fibers such as cotton, or other materials such as rubber or wood. Farms are usually made to grow just one kind of crop. Crops are domesticated plants, most of which have been selected to improve their size, taste and other qualities. Many crops are farmed in monoculture. Growing crops is a part of agriculture.

The following crops are very important as food to humans.

- Rice
- Wheat
- Sugarcane and other sugar crops
- Maize (corn)
- Soybean oil
- Other vegetables
- Potatoes
- Palm oil
- Cassava
- Legumes
- Sunflower oil
- Rapeseed and mustard oil
- Other fruits
- Sorghum
- Millet
- Groundnuts
- Beans
- Sweet potatoes
- Bananas
- Various nuts
- Soybeans
- Cotton oil
- Groundnut oil
- Yams
Proletariat

The **proletariat** is a term used by communists and socialists for the working class. It describes the people in society that sell their labor/work in exchange for a wage or salary. Someone who is part of the proletariat class is called a **proletarian**.

The political way of thinking of communism states that the proletariat should have a revolution and take control of the means of production away from the bourgeoisie.

The proletariat is the laboring bulk of society that does most of the useful, necessary work, and pays most of the taxes. It is also perceived by capitalists as being necessary for those reasons: labor and taxes, plus being available to exploit to produce profits.

## History

The word proletariat comes from the Latin word _proletarius_, which means "maker of offspring". In Ancient Rome, the _proletarii_ were the people who were so poor that the only form of property that they had were their children, who could be used as soldiers.

## Modern use

Karl Marx used the word _proletariat_ to describe people who did not own the means of productions (such as factories and land) and had to work for others for a wage. He thought the proletariat class will eventually overthrow the Bourgeoisie class. He was the creator of historical materialism and scientific Communism. In Marxist theory, the lumpenproletariat ("rag-proletariat" in German) were a class of people who were not interested in revolution.

Marx believed that the bourgeoisie exploited the proletariat.

## Related pages

- Bourgeoisie
- Class struggle
- Exploitation
- Marxism
- Lumpenproletariat
- The Communist Manifesto
Ohio River

The **Ohio River** is one of the most important tributaries to the Mississippi River. It is 981 miles long and it forms boundaries for the states of Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and West Virginia before finally going to its headwaters in Pennsylvania. It is its widest a little to the West of downtown Louisville, where it is one mile wide. Cities on the Ohio River include Evansville, Indiana, Paducah, Kentucky, Cincinnati, Ohio, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The river begins in Pittsburgh.  The Wabash, Kentucky and the Tennessee Rivers flow into the Ohio.

## Other websites

- **Historic Ohio, the magazine**
- **Ohio Historical Preservation Group**
- Ohio River Valley Families Online Searchable Database, a genealogy resource
- Image at the confluence with the Mississippi River
- Watershed information
- Ohio River Forecast Center, which issues official river forecasts for the Ohio River and its tributaries.
El Alamein

**El Alamein** is a town in Egypt. It is most famous for being the place where the British-led Allies won the Second Battle of El Alamein against the Nazis during World War II. The town has a railroad station, which was important to all of the battles that have happened there.
Otis Redding

**Otis Ray Redding Jr.** (September 9, 1941 - December 10, 1967) was an American singer and songwriter. He was an African American who was born in Dawson, Georgia. He wrote and sang many popular songs. He was killed in a plane crash at the age of 26 in Madison, Wisconsin. Shortly after his death, his song "(Sittin' On) The Dock of The Bay", went to #1 on the charts. He is well known as a very influential and talented artist in soul music.

He wrote the song, "Respect", which became a big hit for Aretha Franklin.
Black Forest

The **Black Forest** (German: Schwarzwald) is a world famous forest in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

Important towns are (from north to south): Pforzheim, Calw, Baden-Baden, Offenburg, Freudenstadt, Horb, Villingen-Schwenningen, Titisee-Neustadt and Waldshut-Tiengen. The highest mountain is the Feldberg (1492m).

The Black Forest is quite popular for hiking, skiing and Nordic walking. In Triberg, at the lake **Titisee** and in other places you can buy the famous cuckoo clocks.  A good way to get known to the Black Forest is to travel on the _Deutsche Uhrenstraße,_ a "National Scenic Byway."

## Other websites

- Official website
- Black Forest image galleries
- Information about Black Forest, Hotels, Wellness and more
Frankie Avalon

**Frankie Avalon** (born **Francis Thomas Avallone**, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 18, 1939) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his starring roles in a series of beach movies in the 1960s. He was known as a teen idol.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Frankie Avalon
- **image**: Frankie Avalon - publicity.JPG
- **birthname**: Francis Thomas Avallone
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **yearsactive**: 1952-present
- **spouse**: Kathryn Diebel (1963-present)
Celebrity chef

A **celebrity chef** is a chef who is well known for their cooking, kinds of food, and style of preparation. Many celebrity chefs become famous through television appearances, publishing cookbooks, or having their own restaurant.

Some "celebrity chefs" are:

- Francesco Bellissimo
- Gino D'Acampo
- Rocco Despirito
- Lisa Faulkner
- Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall
- The Frugal Gourmet (Jeff Smith)
- Ken Hom
- Graham Kerr (The Galloping Gourmet)
- Nigella Lawson
- Emeril Legasse
- Jamie Oliver
- Paul Prudhomme
- Wolfgang Puck
- Gordon Ramsay
- Rachael Ray
- Alfons Schuhbeck
- Delia Smith
- Rick Stein
- Phil Vickery
- Marco Pierre White
- Martin Yan

## Historical celebrity chefs

- Eliza Acton
- Carême
- Julia Child
- Fanny Cradock
- Escoffier
- Mrs Beeton
- The Two Fat Ladies (Jennifer Paterson and Clarissa Dickson Wright)
- La Varenne
Huntz Hall

**Henry "Huntz" Hall** (August 15, 1919 - January 30, 1999) was a well-known American actor. He was best known as Dippy in the Dead End Kids series. He made 78 movies.

## Trivia

- He is one of the famous people who appeared on the cover of The Beatles, Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.
Robert Peel

**Sir Robert Peel, 2nd Baronet** (5 February 1788 – 2 July 1850) was a British politician. He made many well-known laws in Britain. He created the modern British police force. He was also Prime Minister.

In  1834, he founded the Conservative Party out of the old Tory party which was founded in 1678. Peel went against his party in 1846 by getting rid of the Corn Laws. After this the party split and the Conservatives were not in power for the next 28 years.

In 1835 he published the Tamworth Manifesto, which told people how he wanted the government to be run. He came to power in 1841, defeating the Whig government of Lord Melbourne, and ruled the country until 1846. During this time, Peel's popularity with other party members became lower because many of them thought he was too proud, and disliked the way he changed his mind over some important issues, often without telling them first. The defeat of his Conservative Party in 1846 was followed by a brief period in the House of Commons until his death in 1850, in a horse riding accident.

Peel is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of The Beatles Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

## Main Achievements

Sir Robert Peel is most famous for creating the British Police Force. Early police men were sometimes called "Peelers" because he created them. He was born in Bury, 1788 - the town he was born in is so proud of him they built him a tower on Holcombe hill.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable Sir
- **name**: Robert Peel
- **image**: Robert Peel Portrait.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 30 August 1841
- **term end**: 29 June 1846
- **monarch**: Queen Victoria, Victoria
- **predecessor**: William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, The Viscount Melbourne
- **successor**: John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, The Earl Russell
- **term start1**: 10 December 1834
- **term end1**: 8 April 1835
- **monarch1**: Victoria
- **predecessor1**: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, The Duke of Wellington
- **successor1**: The Viscount Melbourne
- **office2**: Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom), Leader of the Opposition
- **term start2**: 18 April 1835
- **term end2**: 30 August 1840
- **monarch2**: Victoria
- **primeminister2**: The Viscount Melbourne
- **predecessor2**: The Viscount Melbourne
- **successor2**: The Viscount Melbourne
- **birth place**: Bury, Lancashire
- **death place**: Westminster
- **party**: Conservative Party (UK), Conservative
- **order3**: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- **term start3**: 2 December 1834
- **term end3**: 8 April 1835
- **predecessor3**: Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman, Thomas Denman
- **successor3**: Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle, Thomas Spring Rice
Herodotus

**Herodotus** ( ; , ;  ) was an Ancient Greek historian. He was born in Halicarnassus, a town in south-west Asia Minor (now Bodrum, Turkey)

Herodotus was called the "Father of History" by Cicero. He wrote about the ancient empires of Babylon, Egypt, and Persia, and about the Ancient Greeks.

During his life, Herodotus probably told his stories in front of large numbers of people in Greek cities. Some men at the time did this for pay. He is now most famous for his writings about the wars between the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states. He told the story from the Greek side, although the war was mostly finished when he was still a child.

In his books, Herodotus tells us that he travelled a lot. He says that he went to what is now Italy (including Sicily), Ukraine, Egypt and Pakistan. He may also have travelled to Babylon in today's Iraq. He often used stories from people he met to write about other places and happenings.

Some people think that Herodotus wrote about things that were not true. That is possible, because he would have relied on information from various sources. His work is important because there is very little writing on these subjects before his works.

The works of Herodotus are available today in translations.

## Other websites

- Herodotus Citizendium
Chinook

A **chinook** is a warm westerly wind that sometimes flows over Canada's Rocky Mountains in the winter. It can raise temperatures in southern Alberta by twenty or thirty degrees in an hour. A chinook is caused when air flowing off the Pacific Ocean is raised by the mountains and heated as the water vapor in the air condenses. Then it is warmed more as it flows down the other side of the mountains and is compressed. It flows out over the prairie, and may travel as far as the eastern border of Alberta if it is especially strong. The chinook is also called "snow eater", because it can melt snow so quickly.

ml:കാറ്റ്#ചിനൂക്ക്
Etoumbi

**Etoumbi** is a town in a part of the Republic of the Congo called Cuvette-Ouest.

Recently, there were four outbreaks of the Ebola virus in Etoumbi. Some people think this is because the people that live there ate some dead animals from the forest. In 2003, 120 people died in an outbreak. Because of an outbreak in May, 2005 nobody was allowed in or out of the town.

## Other websites

- Multimap: Map of Etoumbi
Anal sex

**Anal sex** is a sex act performed on the anus. Anal sex can involve a penis inserted in the anus, oral stimulation, of the anus, using fingers for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.

## Overview

The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. Lubrication is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.

For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the prostate that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the clitoral legs/G-Spot or the cervix. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the anus has many nerve endings.
1248

## Events

- Cologne Cathedral built.
- King Louis IX of France starts the Seventh Crusade. He leaves with an army of 20,000 toward Egypt.
- Roger Bacon publishes the formula for black powder in Europe.
Honor Blackman

**Honor Blackman** (22 August 1925 – 5 April 2020) was an English actress. She was born in Plaistow, Essex. She is best known for her roles in the movie _Goldfinger_ and on the television programmes, _The Avengers_ and _The Upper Hand_ (the British version of _Who's the Boss_).

Blackman died at her home in Lewes on 5 April 2020. She was 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Honor Blackman
- **image**: Honor Blackman 2000.jpg
- **caption**: Blackman in 2000
- **birth place**: Plaistow, Newham, Plaistow, Essex, England
- **death place**: Lewes, Sussex, England
- **years active**: 1947–2015
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
Director

A **director** is someone who is in charge of something. It can mean slightly different things in different places.

- Art director, a position in theatre, movies, television, and related areas
- Board of directors, the people in charge of a company
- Movie director, the person who controls how a movie is made
- Television director, the person who directs different types of television programs.
- Theatre director, the person in charge of deciding how a stage play should be performed.
1605

## Events

- _Don Quixote_, part 1, is written by Miguel De Cervantes
Bias

**Bias** means that a person prefers an idea and possibly does not give equal chance to a different idea. Bias can be influenced by a number of factors, such as popularity.

For instance, a newspaper might be biased towards a particular political party because their owner or employees share that party's political beliefs. Because of this bias, the newspaper might print more positive stories about that party and more negative articles about other parties.

### Publishing

Bias in writing can also involve using slang or bad words to refer to groups of people or things. For example, an article that uses the word "murder-cycles" instead of "motorcycles" is showing a bias against motorcycles.

Another form of bias is using words or phrasing that make wide assumptions about races or groups of people. This is true even when the assumptions are positive (like "All Chinese people are good at math").

### Media

Bias in an article or editorial would show one point of view, using selected facts and quotes to support that point of view.  Facts or opinions that do not support the point of view in a biased article would be excluded.  For example, an article biased toward riding a motorcycle would show facts about their good gas mileage, fun, and agility. An article biased against motorcycle riding would show facts about risk of injury and noise, and ignore positive facts about motorcycles.

An article biased against guns would show only facts and information that support the author's position. It might list suicides, school shootings, accidental shootings, and other facts showing guns in a negative way. An article biased for guns should show only information that supports the author's position. It might discuss "lives saved by guns", numbers about crimes prevented by civilian gun use, and other facts and data that put gun ownership and guns in a good light.

### Measurement

Bias also means mistakes in measurement. For example, a person may measure the height of another person wearing shoes.  The shoes make the height more than the same person without shoes. If the extra height of the shoes (extra bias) was not explained, someone might think that the person had been measured without shoes on. Data with extra parts not explained is called biased data.

## Related pages

- Racism
- Antisemitism
- Antiziganism
- Cognitive bias
- Discrimination
- Disinformation
- Conspiracy theory
- Statistical significance

## Other websites

- Examples of Bias in Writing
- Influence of Bias in Statistics
1701

**1701** (MDCCI) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.  It was the first year of the 18th century.

## Births

- September 7 – Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French naturalist (d. 1788)
Harpsichord

**Harpsichords** are keyboard instruments that make sound by having the strings plucked with a plectrum. They are thought to have originated when a keyboard was attached to a psaltery. This makes them different from a clavichord where the strings are hit. The piano is therefore closer to a clavichord than a harpsichord. On a piano it is possible to play louder or quieter by playing the keys with more or less force. On a harpsichord the volume (playing louder or softer) cannot be controlled by the way it is played. However, some large harpsichords have several "stops", each one giving a different kind of sound. The largest harpsichords have two manuals (keyboards) which gives more variety. It makes it possible for the right hand to play the tune on one manual while the left hand plays an accompaniment more quietly on the other.

Some small harpsichords were called "virginals", perhaps because they were played by young girls. There are also spinets which were very small and sometimes wing-shaped. They could be picked up and put on a table.

Harpsichords were very important in music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods. They were used as solo instruments as well as to accompany an orchestra. Some of the most famous composers of harpsichord music are William Byrd (1543-1623), François Couperin (1668-1733), Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) and Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750). The last of these composers wrote _The Well-Tempered Clavier_, which has a prelude and fugue in every major and minor key. It is said that Bach wrote this collection of music to show how keyboard instruments like the harpsichord can be tuned in a way to make playing in any key possible.

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Harpsichord
- **image**: Clavecin flamand.png
- **image capt**: Harpsichord in the Flemish style
- **classification**: Keyboard instrument
- **related**: Spinet
The Kingston Trio

**The Kingston Trio** was a folk music group from Palo Alto, California who were popular in the 1950s and 1960s.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Kingston Trio
- **img**: Kingston_Trio.jpg
- **img capt**: The Kingston Trio's original lineup: Dave Guard, Bob Shane and Nick Reynolds
- **image size**: 250px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Palo Alto, California, Palo Alto, California
- **genre**: Folk music, Folk
- **years active**: 1957–67 (original lineup; continues to the present with different members)
- **label**: Capitol Records, Capitol, Decca Records, Decca
- **associated acts**: Whiskeyhill Singers
The New Kingston Trio
- **website**: [http://www.kingstontrio.com/ www.kingstontrio.com]
- **current members**: George Grove
Bill Zorn
Rick Dougherty
- **past members**: Dave Guard
Bob Shane
Nick Reynolds
John Stewart (folk musician), John Stewart
Roger Gambill
Bob Haworth
The Passion of the Christ

***The Passion of the Christ*** is the title of a movie that was produced and directed by Mel Gibson based on sister Catherine Emmerich's visions. It was released in 2004. The movie shows the last 24 hours in the life of Jesus of Nazareth (called by his followers Jesus Christ) as told in the Gospel accounts contained in the New Testament that Christians regard as a part of the Holy Bible.

_The Passion of the Christ_ was unusual and controversial for many reasons. All of the speech was in three languages that were spoken at the time of Jesus: Latin, Greek and Hebrew. The movie spent a lot of time showing details of the suffering and death of Jesus, with lots of violent scenes. Mel Gibson said that this was a realistic showing of what happened, though others thought it showed too much violence.

Jewish groups and Christians objected to the movie because it showed the Jewish leaders arranging to have Jesus killed. There were also other depictions in the film of Jews that many Jews and Christians felt was controversial. They said that this would cause people to think that modern-day Jews were guilty because of this and increase antisemitism and inaccurate beliefs of Jews. The movie makers said that this was not their intention, however criticism from both sides continued and still persists to this day.

Mel Gibson was unable to get support from movie studios for this movie, and so supplied the money for it (around $25 million) mostly himself. The movie made much more money than expected -around $370 million.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: The Passion of the Christ
- **director**: Mel Gibson
- **based on**: The Passion of Jesus, Passion in the New Testament of the Bible and _The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ_ by Anne Catherine Emmerich
- **music**: John Debney
- **cinematography**: Caleb Deschanel
- **studio**: Newmarket Films
- **distributors**: Icon Productions
- **runtime**: 127 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **budget**: $30 million
- **gross**: $612 million
Depression

**Depression** might mean:

- Depression (mood), when a person is very sad
- Depression (mental illness), a type of mood disorder
- Depression (economics), when the economy is shrinking instead of growing
    - Great Depression, a major economic depression in the 1930s
Cavalry

Historically, **cavalry** have been soldiers who fought while riding horses. In modern times, "cavalry" means the branch of the military that fight in armored vehicles such as tank<nowiki/>s. They differ from the infantry in that the Infantry fight on foot.

Soldiers have fought on horses ever since people have ridden horses. Before that, they fought in chariot<nowiki/>s pulled by horses. Because horses are strong, cavalry troops can wear more armor than infantry and carry heavier weapons. Because horses are fast, cavalry can ride into battle more quickly than infantry.
Zachary Taylor

** Zachary Taylor** (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850) was the 12th president of the United States from 1849 to his 1850. He was a second cousin to James Madison and was a general during the Mexican-American War. He was the first person elected to the presidency without any political experience.

## General years

Taylor was a general in the United States Army. He led an army during the Mexican-American War. He was selected by the Whigs to be their candidate because he was a famous general. He was the last president to own slaves while in office.

## Presidency

During his term, slavery was a big issue because the North wanted no expansion of slavery in the United States and wanted to stop newly-formed states from allowing slavery. The South believed that people in territories had the right to own slaves and threatened to leave the country, which eventually happened in 1860.

Taylor strongly opposed like the idea of the South leaving the United States. He threatened to use military force if that happened.

Taylor never voted until he was 62 years old since he had never been a resident of a particular location in the country long enough to register to vote.

Only 16 months into his presidency, Taylor died of cholera and his vice president, Millard Fillmore, became president and took his place.

The Compromise of 1850, a proposal of several laws to calm down the slavery issue by pleasing both the North and the South, was voted on in Congress shortly after his death. It was negotiated by Kentucky Senator Henry Clay, who was a distant cousin of both Taylor and Abraham Lincoln.

## Other websites

- Taylor's White House biography

## Infobox (_officeholder)

- **name**: Zachary Taylor
- **nationality**: American
- **image**: Zachary Taylor restored and cropped (3.5x4.5 cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Taylor,
- **order**: 12th President of the United States
- **term start**: March 4, 1849
- **term end**: July 9, 1850
- **predecessor**: James K. Polk
- **successor**: Millard Fillmore
- **birth place**: Barboursville, Virginia
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **spouse**: Margaret Taylor, Margaret Smith Taylor
- **party**: United States Whig Party, Whig
- **vicepresident**: Millard Fillmore
Gianni Rodari

**Gianni Rodari** (23 October 1920 in Omegna (Novara) - 14 April 1980 in Rome) was an Italian writer. He was famous for his books for children.
Toledo, Spain

**Toledo** is a city in Spain with a population of 85,000. It is a historical city with a lot of monuments. The city was important from the Roman period to the 18th century. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Castile-La Mancha and the Toledo province. Many famous people and artists were born or lived in this city, including Garcilaso de la Vega, Alfonso X and El Greco. A city in Ohio was named after this.

## Other websites

- Municipality
- Exhibit on Toledo, Ohio Sister City Agreement
- Photography of Toledo by Antony Marsh
- http://lahistoriadefermosa.com  "La Historia de Fermosa" Abraham S. Marrache, Hebraica Ediciones 2009, a historical novel in Spanish about the love affair in 1179 between King Alfonso VIII of Castile and the young Toledan Jewess, Fermosa.
- Sunset in Toledo , Eretz Acheret  Magazine
- Legends of Toledo
- Free Audio Guide of Toledo ES/EN
- Spain's official website - Info about Toledo

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Toledo
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: _La ciudad Imperial_  (The Imperial City)
- **image skyline**: Toledo Skyline Panorama, Spain - Dec 2006.jpg
- **image caption**: Toledo at sunrise — The Alcázar of Toledo, Alcázar on the left and Cathedral of Toledo, Cathedral on the right dominate the skyline
- **image flag**: Bandera de Toledo.svg
- **image shield**: Escudo de la Ciudad de Toledo.png
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous Community
- **subdivision name1**: Castile–La Mancha
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Province of Toledo, Toledo
- **subdivision type3**: Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: Toledo
- **subdivision type4**: Partido judicial
- **subdivision name4**: Toledo
- **leader party**: Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, PSOE
- **leader title**: Alcalde, Mayor
- **leader name**: Emiliano García-Page Sánchez
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: Carpetani, Pre-Roman
- **area land km2**: 232.1
- **elevation m**: 529
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population footnotes**: Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain), INE
- **population total**: 84,019
- **population density km2**: auto
- **postal code type**: Postcode
- **postal code**: 45001-45009
- **area code**: +34
- **website**: http://www.ayto-toledo.org/
Tommy Tutone

**Tommy Tutone** is an American rock band. They are known for their 1981 hit "867-5309/Jenny", which peaked at #4 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100. Some people consider the band to be a one-hit wonder. This is despite "Angel Say No" reaching the Top 40 the year before.

The band's lead singer, rhythm guitarist, and occasional keyboardist is Thomas Allen Heath. He was born in 1947 and is also known as Tommy Heath. He is the only active original member currently touring as Tonmy Tutone. Heath grew up in Philadelphia, Texas, and Montana. He moved to San Francisco during the Summer of Love to become a hippie. There, he formed the band with Jim Keller and Terry Nails in 1978. He named it after his nickname. The band's first single, "Angel Say No", was released in 1980 and reached the top 40. They even opened for Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers on tour for _Damn the Torpedoes_.

The band's second album, _Tommy Tutone 2_, was released in 1981 and featured "867-5309/Jenny". The song became so popular that people in the United States still prank call the number and ask for Jenny today. In 2006, VH1 named it the 36th-greatest song of the 1980s.

As of January 2024, Heath is living in Portland, Oregon. He's back touring as Tommy Tutone. A new studio album is set to release the fall of 2024.

## Discography

- Tommy Tutone (1980)
- Tommy Tutone 2 (1981)
- National Emotion (1983)
- Nervous Love (1996)
- Tutone.rtf (1998)
- Beautiful Ending (2019)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tommy Tutone
- **image**: Greenv1.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: California, U.S.
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia/Sony Music Entertainment, CBS Records
Spectra Records
- **current members**: Tommy Heath
Jimmy James (musician), Jimmy James
Steve Fister
Kerry Movassagh
Palo Alto, California

**Palo Alto** is a city in the American state of California in Santa Clara County that has a population of about 65,000 people. It is the birthplace of the region called Silicon Valley and includes Stanford University. It is the home of many innovators and entrepreneurs. "Palo Alto" means "tall stick" in Spanish after a famous redwood, El Palo Alto, along the banks of San Francisquito Creek. The tree was struck by lightning in 1955 but much of it remains standing. The tree is over 1,080 years old. A diverse population thrives in a city known for its schools, parks, libraries, restaurants and mild climate.

Palo Alto is where Apple CEO, Steve Jobs died on October 5, 2011.
Everly Brothers

**Phil** and **Don** **Everly** (**Phil** January 19, 1939 – January 3, 2014 and **Don** February 1, 1937 – August 21, 2021) were two brothers from the U.S. state of Iowa. They started performing in the 1950s and had a lot of famous songs in the 1950s and 1960s. They are considered very influential in rock and roll.

Don was born in Muhlenberg County, Kentucky. He died on August 21, 2021 in Nashville, Tennessee of heart attack at the age of 84.

Phil was born in Chicago, Illinois. He died at age 74 on January 3, 2014 in Burbank, California from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

## Related pages

- List of country musicians from Iowa my

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Everly Brothers
- **img**: Everly Brothers - Cropped.jpg
- **img capt**: The Everly Brothers, Phil (left) and Don (right)
- **img size**: 200px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **birth date**: **Phil:**
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
**Don:**

- **origin**: Shenandoah, Iowa, United States, U.S.
- **death date**: **Phil:**
Burbank, California, U.S.
**Don:**
Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
- **genre**: Country music, Country, rockabilly, rock and roll
- **years active**: 1957–1973, 1983–2005
- **label**: Cadence Records, Cadence, Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., RCA Records, RCA, Razor & Tie, Mercury Records, Mercury
1896

## Events

- The first modern Olympic Games takes place in Athens.
- Alden J. Blethen buys _The Seattle Times_.
- On January 4, Utah became a state in the United States.

## Births

- February 9 – Alberto Vargas – Pin-up artist
- May 30 - Howard Hawks, American director (d. 1977)
- August 27 – Miyazawa Kenji Japanese poet, writer of children's literature
- September 21- Walter Breuning, among the oldest people
42

**42** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Piso**.

### Roman Empire

- Romans take control of Ceuta.
- Lands now known as Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province.
- The Dalmatian legate Furius Camillus Scribonianus revolts. His troops do not support him and the rebellion quickly ends.
- Claudius starts building the Port of Ostia.

### Asia

- Suro becomes the first king of Geumgwan Gaya in the Korean peninsula.
- Chinese General My Yuan puts down the rebellion of the Trung sisters in Tonkin.

### Religion

- 25 January: the apostle Paul becomes a  Christian. The exact date is not known, but the Catholic Church has chosen to celebrate it on this date.

## Births

- Herennius Philo (approximate date) (d. 141)
- Pope Sixtus I (d. 124)

## Deaths

- Arria
- Gaius Appius Junius Silanus
Africa-Eurasia

**Africa-Eurasia** (also called **Afro-Eurasia**, **Eurafrasia**, **Afrasia** and the Old World) is the world's biggest landmass. Around 85% (approximately 5.5 billion) of the world population lives there. It is split between the two continents of Africa and Eurasia, the latter of which has been historically further subdivided into Asia and Europe.

In geopolitics, the mainland of Africa-Eurasia (excluding islands such as the British Isles, Japan, Madagascar, and the Malay Archipelago) has been referred to as **World Island**.

The Old World includes Africa-Eurasia and its surrounding islands:

- Africa
    - Northern Africa
    - Sub-Saharan Africa
        - Eastern Africa
        - Middle Africa
        - Southern Africa
        - Western Africa
- Eurasia
    - Asia
        - Central Asia
        - Eastern Asia
        - Northern Asia
        - South-eastern Asia
        - Southern Asia
        - Western Asia
    - Europe
        - Eastern Europe
        - Northern Europe
        - Southern Europe
        - Western Europe

In geological terms, Africa-Eurasia (or Eurafrasia) may be a supercontinent if Africa collides with Europe. One estimate suggests it will happen in 600,000 years, when the southern tip of Spain reaches Africa. If this happens, the Mediterranean Sea will be isolated from the Atlantic Ocean. Africa is expected to collide with Europe completely in 50 million years, closing the Mediterranean.
Cemetery

A **cemetery** or a **graveyard** is a place, usually surrounded by a fence, where people bury dead bodies and honour the dead. Many of them have gardens and other greenery in them to symbolise life and to honour the dead.

## Related pages

- Burial
- Catacomb
- Necropolis
- Mausoleum
Linda Blair

**Linda Blair** (born January 22, 1959 in St. Louis, Missouri) is an American actress. She is best known for her role in the movie _The Exorcist_ (1973).
David Crosby

**David Van Cortland Crosby** (August 14, 1941 – January 18, 2023) was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. He was most famous as a founding member of the bands The Byrds and Crosby, Stills, and Nash. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

In the 2020 presidential election, Crosby supported Vermont United States Senator Bernie Sanders.

Crosby died suddenly on the night of January 18, 2023 at his home in Santa Ynez, California. He was 81. The cause of death was problems caused by COVID-19.
Paul Harvey

**Paul Harvey Aurandt** (September 4, 1918 – February 28, 2009) was an American radio host.

## Life

Aurandt was best known for his short radio program _The Rest of the Story_, which was broadcast on many radio stations in the United States. He worked in the radio industry for 66 years from 1933 to 2009. He also had news programs twice a day, when he commented on the headlines and told some odd news stories.

## Death

Harvey died on February 28, 2009 at a hospital in Phoenix, Arizona. His son Paul Harvey Jr. said, "millions have lost a friend."
Intermission

An **intermission** or **interval** is a break in a performance of play or opera. An intermission may be twenty minutes or longer: time for people to have a drink and time for the performers to relax.  Plays and operas are usually divided into acts.  The intermission will come where there is a suitable break between the acts.  There are a few operas (e.g. those by Richard Wagner) which are so long that there may be two intermissions.
David Duchovny

**David Duchovny** (born August 7, 1960) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Fox Mulder on the television series, _The X-Files_. On August 13, 2007, his series _Californication_ began airing on the Showtime television network.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: David Duchovny
- **image**: David Duchovny cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Duchovny in 2005
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **spouse**: Téa Leoni (1997 - 2014)
- **birth name**: David William Duchovny
- **known for**: Acting roles:
**Brian Kessler** in _Kalifornia_
**Fox Mulder** in _The X-Files_
 **Hank Moody** in _Californication (TV series), Californication_
- **awards**: Golden Globe:
**List of Golden Globe Awards: Television, Best Actor, Drama, Best Actor in a Television Drama Series**
 1997 _The X-Files_
Laramie, Wyoming

**Laramie** is a city in the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Albany County.

The University of Wyoming is located in Laramie.

## Recent history

In 1998, Matthew Shepard was murdered in this town.

## Other websites

- City of Laramie, official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Laramie, Wyoming
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in Wyoming, City
- **image skyline**: Laramie Downtown Historic District.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Laramie Historic District
- **motto**: Gem City of the Plains
- **image map**: Albany County Wyoming incorporated and unincorporated areas Laramie highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Albany County, Wyoming, Albany County and the state of Wyoming.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Wyoming
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wyoming, County
- **subdivision name2**: Albany County, Wyoming, Albany
- **government type**: Council–manager
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 47.61
- **area total sq mi**: 18.38
- **area land km2**: 47.55
- **area land sq mi**: 18.36
- **area water km2**: 0.06
- **area water sq mi**: 0.02
- **elevation m**: 2184
- **elevation ft**: 7165
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 31407
- **population density sq mi**: 1,710.6
- **population metro**: 37066
- **timezone**: Mountain Time Zone, MST
- **utc offset**: −7
- **timezone dst**: Mountain Time Zone, MDT
- **utc offset dst**: −6
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 82070-82073
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: 307
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 56-45050
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1590526
1166

## Births

- December 24 – John I of England

## Events

- Marko III follows Yoannis V as patriarch of Alexandria.
- Henry the Lion builds the first bronze statue north of the Alps.
- Giraldo Sempavor captures Evora.
Refrigerator

A **refrigerator** is a machine used for keeping things cold.  It is sometimes called a **fridge** or an **icebox**.  It is normally maintained at 4-5  degree Celsius for household use.  People put food and drinks in it, to keep those items cold or good (unspoiled) for a longer time.  A refrigerator has a heat pump which takes heat away from the air inside the fridge.  The heat is moved to the air outside. The heat pump is usually driven by an electric motor.

There are also ice boxes that do not use electricity because they are filled with ice to provide the colder temperature.  The ice can keep things cold until the ice melts.  Ice boxes can be taken on camping trips.  Sometimes they are called coolers.  Refrigerator-sized iceboxes were used before electricity was available.

Most modern refrigerators are available in a variety of colours, although many are white. Refrigerators also come in various styles with a wide range of door styles and compressor locations.  Smaller versions of the popular refrigerator are also used.  They are mainly used in hotels and college dormitory rooms.

## Freezers

A **freezer** is a special type of refrigerator that stores food at freezing temperatures. Inside a freezer, it is normally . Freezers can be found in household refrigerators, as well as in industry and commerce. When stored in a freezer, frozen food can be stored safely for a longer time than storing at room temperatures.

Domestic freezers can be a separate compartment in a refrigerator, or can be a separate appliance. Household refrigerators usually have a separate compartment where the heat pump is used to pump even colder temperatures to the contents. Most household freezers maintain temperatures from . Some freezer-only units can achieve  and lower. Most household refrigerators generally do not achieve a temperature lower than , because it is difficult to control the temperature for two different compartments. This is because both compartments shares the same coolant loop.

Domestic freezers normally stand upright, resembling refrigerators. Sometimes a domestic freezer is laid on its back to look like a chest. Many modern upright freezers come with an ice dispenser built into their door. Many commercial freezers stand upright and have glass doors so shoppers can see the contents.

Home freezers with larger compartments or as separate units were introduced in the US in 1940, making frozen foods common. In 1955, deep freezers that allowed people to freeze their own fresh food went on sale. A walk-in freezer lets people walk inside. Safety rules require an emergency release to prevent anyone from getting trapped, as hypothermia can occur if someone is inside for too long. Employers should check these regularly.
1524

### January–June

- January – Giovanni da Verrazzano, on board _La Dauphine_ in the service of Francis I of France, sets out from Madeira for the New World.
- March 1 _(approximate date)_ – da Verrazzano's expedition makes landfall at Cape Fear.
- April 17 – da Verrazzano's expedition makes the first European entry into New York Bay and sights the island of Manhattan.

### July–December

- Summer – Paracelsus visits Salzburg. He also visits Villach during the year.
- July 8 – da Verrazzano's expedition returns to Dieppe.
- August–September – Marseille is besieged by Imperial forces under the Duke of Bourbon.
- October 28 – A French army invading Italy under King Francis besieges Pavia.

## Births

- Luís de Camões, Portuguese poet (d. 1580)
- Catherine Howard, Fifth Queen of Henry VIII of England, (born in between 1518 and 1524; d. 1542)

## Deaths

- Pietro Perugino – Italian painter
- June 12 – Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Spanish conquistador (b. 1465)
- July 20 – Claude of France, queen of Louis XII of France (b. 1499)
- December 24 – Vasco da Gama, Portuguese explorer (b. c. 1469)