juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pandora (moon)

**Pandora** is a moon of Saturn. The moon was found in 1980 from Voyager 1’s photo and named after Pandora in Greek mythology. It is the outer shepherd satellite of Saturn's _F ring_, the inner satellite being Prometheus. Pandora has many craters in its surface.

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Pandora
- **image**: PIA21055 - Pandora Up Close.jpg
- **caption**: View of Pandora's western hemisphere.
- **adjective**: Pandoran
- **named after**: Pandora (mythology), Πανδώρα _Pandōra_
- **mpc name**: Saturn XVII
- **discoverer**: Stewart A. Collins
D. Carlson
Voyager 1
- **discovered**: October, 1980
- **epoch**: December 31, 2003 (Julian day, JD )
- **inclination**: to Saturn's equator
- **satellite of**: Saturn
- **dimensions**:  km
(±  km)
- **escape velocity**:  km/s at longest axis
to  km/s at poles
- **rotation**: synchronous rotation, synchronous
- **axial tilt**: zero
- **albedo**: 0.6
- **single temperature**: ≈ 78 K
Daphnis (moon)

**Daphnis** is a moon of Saturn. It is a tiny moon, measuring 6 to 8 km in diameter. It is discovered by the Cassini-Huygens space probe in 2005. It orbits inside the Keeler Gap in Saturn's rings.
Melinda Doolittle

**Melinda Marie Doolittle** (born October 6, 1977) is an American singer. She was a third-place finalist on _American Idol_.

### EPs

|align="left"|Album Cover|align="left"|Album Information|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"||align="left"|***Melinda Doolittle - EP*** *Released: June 12, 2007 (U.S) *RIAA certification: N/A *Peak Chart Position (iTunes Store): 53|

## Other websites

- Biography on American Idol
- Doolittle's credits on All Music Guide
- Doolittle's MySpace site
- Melinda's Backups - her support association
- Melinda's Management Company

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Melinda Doolittle
- **img**: Melinda Doolittle.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Melinda Doolittle
- **origin**: Brentwood, Tennessee, Brentwood, Tennessee
- **occupation**: Singer, Backup singer
- **genre**: gospel music, Gospel
soul music, Soul
rhythm and blues, R&B
jazz music, Jazz
- **years active**: 1999 in music, 1999–present
Epimetheus (moon)

**Epimetheus** is a moon of Saturn. Epimetheus was discovered by Richard Walker in 1966. At first, Epimetheus was thought to be same as Janus, another moon that orbits at the same distance from Saturn. It was confirmed by Voyager 1 in 1980 that they were two separate moons.

**Epimetheus** has an Orbital period of around 3.5 hours.
Janus (moon)

**Janus** is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Audouin Dollfus in 1966. Astronomers were first mistaken that another moon, Epimetheus, was the same as Janus. Voyager 1 confirmed in 1980 that there were two moons that share the same orbit.
Enceladus (moon)

**Enceladus**  is a moon of Saturn. It is the sixth largest of Saturn's moons, and it has a diameter of 500 km. Enceladus is within Saturn's E ring and likely contributes material to it. The moon is made mostly out of water ice, so it reflects light very well. It reflects almost 100% of the sunlight that strikes the moon, making it the most reflective moon.William Herschel discovered Enceladus on August 28, 1789. In 2014, NASA reported that its Cassini spacecraft found evidence for liquid water on Enceladus. Scientists now think that there is a large underground ocean of liquid water, around 10 km thick, near Enceladus' south pole. There are also cryovolcanoes (cold volcanoes) near the south pole. These volcanoes shoot large jets of water vapor, other volatiles, and some solid particles like sodium chloride crystals and ice particles into space. Some of these substances become part of Saturn's E ring.
Tethys (moon)

**Tethys** (pronounced _TEE-this_) is a large moon of the planet Saturn.

## Discovery

It was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1684. It was one of the first Saturnian moons discovered.

### Mass, density and volume

Tethys' mass is 617,551,805,221,061,000,000 kg, its density is 0.973 g/cm<sup>3</sup> and its volume is 634,264,255 km<sup>3</sup>.

### Craters and valleys

It has a very large crater on its surface, called Odysseus. It is named after a Greek warrior king in Homer's two great works, _The Iliad_ and _The Odyssey_. There is also a very long valley called Ithaca Chasma. It is 100 km wide and 2000 km long.

### Orbit and rotation

Tethys takes 45.3 hours to orbit (go around) Saturn and orbits Saturn 294,660 km away. Tethys is tidally locked in phase with its parent planet - one side always faces toward Saturn.
Thread

**Thread** could mean:
- A kind of thin yarn, thin fibers spun together, for sewing
- Screw thread, a ridge running in a spiral down the length of a screw
- Threaded discussion, a group of messages to a newsgroup, mailing list or Internet forum on a single topic
- Thread (computer science), a sequence of instructions which may execute in parallel with other threads
- _Threads_, a 1984 BBC docudrama concerning the after-effects of a nuclear attack on Sheffield
- Thread, a destructive mindless alien spore in the _Dragonriders of Pern_ series of science fiction novels
- "Threads", a Season 8 _Stargate SG-1_ episode
- Thread (unit of measurement), a cotton yarn measurement, equal to 54 inches
- _Thread_, a 1999 album by Wideawake
- Thread, a sugar stage in candy cookery
- Thread (business technology), a connection made to publicly record the quality of a business transaction
- _Threads_, an social media app that is owned by Meta Platforms
Single

**Single** can mean the following:

- Single person, a person who has no mate
- Single (music), a song that is not part of an album
- Single (baseball), a type of baseball hit
Cartridge (electronics)

A **cartridge** means an object that adds different functions or content to an electronic device (like a video game cartridge), or that refills something the device needs (like an ink cartridge for a printer).

Video game cartridges are quite simple to use. You simply slide it into the console and it usually displays a video game that you can now play from that cartridge.

A cartridge is easy to use. For example, an ink cartridge is easier to use than a bottle of ink. This is because all the ink is inside the cartridge.

A cassette is a small cartridge. The words have similar meanings.
The Football Association

**The** **Football Association** (the **FA**) is the organisation that controls English football.

Formed in 1863, it is the oldest football association in the world. It is responsible for overseeing the amateur and professional game in England and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man.

The FA is a member of FIFA and UEFA and has a seat in the International Football Association Board (IFAB), which is responsible for the Laws of the Game. The FA is also a member of the British Olympic Association, which means that they also have control over the Great Britain Olympic football team.

The FA has only a little bit of control of the Premier League and the English Football League. Before the 2024–25 season, it directly operated the two top women's leagues, the Women's Super League and Women's Super League 2. However, all professional teams in England, whether men's or women's, are members of the FA.

## Competitions

Some Competitions the FA runs are:

- FA Cup
- FA Trophy
- FA Vase
- FA Women's Cup
- FA Youth Cup
- FA Community Shield
- FA Futsal Cup

## Related pages

- Premier League
- Scottish Premiership
- FA Cup
- EFL Cup
- FA Community Shield

## Other websites

- The FA web site
Büchner funnel

A **büchner funnel** is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to filter or separate a liquid from a solid. It is named after an industrial chemist called Ernst Büchner.

## Structure

A Büchner funnel can be made out of porcelain, glass or plastic. On the top there is a container with a hole in the bottom. This container is put on top of a Büchner flask with a hole in the top and a hole in the side. In between the container and the Büchner flask there is a piece of filter paper which lets through liquids but not any solids. Attached to the hole in the side there is a vacuum which sucks the air out of the Büchner flask. This means that when any mixture is poured into the top, the liquid is sucked through the filter paper and the solid is left stuck in the filter paper.

## Uses

A Büchner flask is used in chemistry to take unwanted solids out of any liquids. The advantages of using a Büchner flask over just a piece of filter paper held over a beaker is that the solid is dried as more and more liquid is sucked off of it by the vacuum. Most of the time it needs to be dried again in an oven, but sometimes no further drying is needed.

## Related pages

- Büchner flask

## Other websites

- A Büchner funnel manufacturer
- Experiment using Büchner funnels
- More examples of Büchner funnels
Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The **Hanging Gardens of Babylon**, and the walls of Babylon (near present-day Al Hillah in Iraq) were one of the Seven Wonders of the World. They were built by Nebuchadnezzar II around 600 BC. He is said to have built the gardens to please his wife, Amytis of Media. She wanted to see the trees and plants of her homeland. The hanging gardens were destroyed in an earthquake after the 1st century BC.

## Existence

Some people do not believe the Hanging Gardens were real. In ancient writings the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were first described by _Berossus_, a Chaldean priest. He lived in the late 4th century B.C. Greek historians later wrote more about them.

Recent archaeological digs of the palace in Iraq have uncovered evidence of a building with vaults and a well nearby. However, the place of the palace complex is different from where Greek historians said they were, which was on the banks of the Euphrates River. Also recently, there have been digs on the banks of the Euphrates River of some large 25 meter-thick walls.

## Other websites

- Seven Wonders of the World: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
- _Technology and Culture_. **44**, 1, 2003 Dalley, Stephanie. Oleson, John Peter. "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the water screw: the context of invention in the ancient world"
Statue of Zeus at Olympia

The **Statue of Zeus** at Olympia, Greece was designed by Phidias about 432 BC. Phidias built his workshop at Olympia to construct this statue and probably stayed there the rest of his life. The statue was housed in the Temple of Zeus. With the base, it stood seven times larger than life or about 12.40 meters. The face, arms, and feet were made of ivory. The robe, sandals, the beard and hair were made of gold. He wore a silver olive wreath on his head. The throne was made of gold, bronze, ebony, ivory, and gems. It was decorated with scenes from mythology. This Zeus was the kindly Zeus rather than the fierce and powerful Zeus. The Roman emperor Caligula wanted the statue sent to Rome. He planned to take the head off and replace it with an image of his own. The statue does not survive. It was probably shipped to Constantinople about 393 AD and destroyed in a fire there in 475 AD. The statue was one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

## Other websites

- "The Statue of Zeus at Olympia"
- Colin Delaney, "A Wonder to Behold: The Statue of Olympian Zeus"
- Archaeopaedia: Statue of Zeus  With bibliography
- (Ellen Papakyriakou) Olympia: Art: the chryselephantine statue of Zeus
- Michael Lahanas, "The colossal Zeus statue of Pheidias"
Parachute (disambiguation)

**Parachute** could mean:
- Parachute, a fabric device to slow falling through the air
- Parachute, Colorado
- _Parachute_, an album by the band Guster
- _Parachute_, a 1970 album by The Pretty Things
- _Parachutes_, an album by the band Coldplay
- "Parachute", a song by Something Happens
- Parachute (balloon)
- Parachute (drugs), a method of taking psychoactive drugs
- Parachute candidate or carpetbagger
- Parachute flare
- Parachute journalism
- Parachute music festival, a contemporary Christian music festival in New Zealand
- Parachute pants
- Parachute (video game), an Atari Video Computer System game released by Homevision
- Parachute (BDSM), a sex toy
- Parachute (iPod Game)
- _The Parachute_, a book by Sinclair Dumontais
Tense

**Tense** may refer to:
- Grammatical tense, a system of verbs to indicate whether past, present, or future time is intended
- Tenseness, a phonological quality frequently associated with vowels and sometimes with consonants
- A state of muscle contraction

## Related pages

- Tension
Temple of Artemis

The **Temple of Artemis** ( or  Latin: _Artemisium_), was a temple dedicated to the goddess Artemis. It was also known as the Temple of Diana (Diana was a Roman goddess).

It was completed around 350 BC at Ephesus (in present-day Turkey). The area was under the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian Empire, but some of its cities were Greek. Only ruins of the temple remain. It was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

## Location

The Temple of Artemis was near the ancient city of Ephesus, about 50 km south from the modern port city of İzmir, in Turkey.

## Architecture and art

Most of the description of the Temple of Artemis comes from Pliny, though there are different accounts that give different sizes.

Pliny said the temple was 115 meters long and 55 meters wide. He said it was made almost completely of marble. It was about three times as big as the Parthenon by area. The Temple has 127 Ionic-styled columns. Each is 17.5 meters in height.

The Temple of Artemis had many fine artworks. Bronze sculptures by famous Greek sculptors Polyclitus, Pheidias, Cresilas, and Phradmon were in the temple. Paintings and gilded columns of gold and silver were also in it. The sculptors often competed at creating the best sculpture. Many of these sculptures were of Amazons, who are said to have founded the city of Ephesus.

Pliny said that Scopas, who also worked on the Mausoleum of Mausollos, worked carved reliefs into the temple's columns.

Athenagoras of Athens names Endoeus, a student of Daedalus, as the sculptor of the main statue of Artemis in Ephesus.

## Cult and influence

The Temple of Artemis was at a flourishing region. It was used as a religious institute. Merchants and travellers came to it from all over Asia Minor. The temple was influenced by many beliefs. It can be seen as a symbol of faith for many different peoples. The Ephesians worshiped Cybele. They joined many of their beliefs into the worship of Artemis. Artemisian Cybele became very different from the Roman goddess Diana. The cult of Artemis attracted thousands of worshipers from far-off lands. They all gathered at the site and worshipped her.

## References

- Anton Bammer, "A Peripteros" of the Geometric Period in the Artemision of Ephesus" _Anatolian Studies_ _40_ (1990), pp. 137–160.
- Lynn R. LiDonnici, "The Images of Artemis Ephesia and Greco-Roman Worship: A Reconsideration" _The Harvard Theological Review_ _85_.4 (October 1992), pp 389–415.

## Other websites

- UnMuseum's The Temple of Artemis
- Seven Wonders' Temple of Artemis
- Florence Mary Bennett, _Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons:_ (1912): Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (text)
- James Grout: _Temple of Artemis_, part of the Encyclopædia Romana
- Diana's Temple at Ephesus (W. R. Lethaby, 1908)
Büchner flask

A **Büchner flask** (also called a vacuum flask, a filter flask, a side-arm flask or a kitasato flask) is a type of laboratory glassware similar to an Erlenmeyer flask, but made of a thicker glass and with a small protrusion near the top.

## Structure

A Büchner flask has thick walls so that a pressure change will not break it. It has a hole in the top where a Büchner funnel can be put and a small tube in the side where a vacuum can be attached. The small tube has barbs on it so that the vacuum will not weaken.

## Uses

A Büchner flask can be used with a Büchner funnel for separating solids and liquids. Water is poured into the Büchner funnel and the liquid passes through filter paper and is sucked up by a vacuum attached to the side of the Büchner flask, while the solid stays behind in the Büchner funnel.

The Büchner flask can also be used as a vacuum trap in a vacuum line to ensure that no fluids are carried over from the aspirator or vacuum pump (or other vacuum source) to the evacuated apparatus, or vice versa.

## History

It is commonly thought to be named after the Nobel Laureate, Eduard Buchner, but it is actually named after the industrial chemist Ernst Büchner.

## Related pages

- Büchner funnel

## Other websites

- A Büchner funnel manufacturer
- Experiment using Büchner funnels
- More examples of Büchner funnels
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

The **Mausoleum at Halicarnassus**, or **Tomb of Mausolus**, was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC at Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey). It was built   for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and Artemisia II of Caria, who was both his wife and his sister.

The building was designed by the Greek architects Satyros and Pythius of Priene. It was about 45 meters (135 feet) tall. Each one of the four sides was decorated with sculptural reliefs created by one of four Greek sculptors — Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus. It was such an accomplishment that Antipater of Sidon said it was one of the Seven Wonders of the World. The word _mausoleum_ has come to be used generically for any grand tomb.

## Related pages

- Seven wonders of the world

## Further reading

- Kristian Jeppesen, et al. _The Maussolleion at Halikarnassos_, 6 vols.

## Other websites

- penelope.uchicago - The Tomb of Mausolus (W.R. Lethaby's reconstruction of the Mausoleum, 1908)
Colossus of Rhodes

The **Colossus of Rhodes** was a huge statue of the Greek god, Helios built on the Greek island of Rhodes (approximate coordinates 36°27'04"N, 28°13'40"E) by Chares of Lindos (a student of Lysippos)  between 294 and 282 BC.

It was one of the Seven Wonders of the World before being destroyed in an earthquake. The Colossus of Rhodes was 70 cubits tall, (32 meters, 105 feet), making it the tallest statue of the ancient world.

## Construction

Chares of Lindos was commissioned to build the statue after the lifting of Demetrius I Poliorcetes' siege of Rhodes (305BC). It had a bronze core and was reinforced by iron. It stood 70 cubits (105 feet [32 metres]) high and stood beside Mandrákion harbour, perhaps shielding its eyes with one hand, as a representation in a relief suggests. It is technically impossible that the statue could have straddled the harbour entrance, and the popular belief that it did so dates only from the Middle Ages. Construction started in 294 BC and finished 12 years later.

## Destruction

The statue was an intelligent "advertising" of the city that erected it, a tangible proof of its wealth and technology. Unfortunately, in 222 BC, about 60 years after its unveiling, the Colossus collapsed as its knees were wrecked by an earthquake.  Falling wreckage is said to have demolished 30 homes.

Despite its terrible fall, the statue did not cease to belong to the great wonders of the ancient world. Even after a hundred years its destruction, Antipater of Sidon , a writer of Greco-Spanish origin, included the Colossus in his catalog of the seven wonders of the world.

In 654 AD, 900 years after the collapse of the Colossus, the Saracens plundered Rhodes and sold the metallic remains of the colossus. It is said that the buyer used 900 camels to transport the fragments to Syria. Thus the image of the god who once saved the city from the foreign invasion had a fate similar to that of the siege machines of Demetrius, which when sold financed the construction of the Colossus.

## References

- page 75

## Further reading

- Herbert Maryon, "The Colossus of Rhodes" _The Journal of Hellenic Studies_ **76** (1956), pp. 68–86. A sculptor's speculations on the Colossus of Rhodes.
- D. E. L. Haynes, "Philo of Byzantium and the Colossus of Rhodes" _The Journal of Hellenic Studies_ **77**.2 (1957), pp. 311–312. A response to Maryon.
- M. H. Gabriel, _BCH_ **16** (1932), pp 332–42.

## Other websites

- Rhodes Guide
- http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/colossus.html
Lighthouse of Alexandria

The **Lighthouse of Alexandria**, or the ***Pharos***, was a tall tower built between 285 and 247 BCE. It was built on the island of Pharos in Alexandria, Egypt to serve as a lighthouse for sailors. The top of the tower had a mirror that reflected sunlight during the day; a fire was lit at night.

The word for "lighthouse" in some languages is _pharos_ or its  equivalent.

## Construction

Legend holds that Ptolemy I Soter would not allow Sostratus to put his name on the tower, but the architect left the following inscription on the base's walls:
> <small>ΣΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ ΔΕΞΙΦΑΝΟΥ ΚΝΙΔΙΟΣ ΘΕΟΙΣ ΣΩΤΕΡΣΙΝ ΥΠΕΡ ΤΩΝ ΠΛΩΙΖΟΜΕΝΩΝ</small>. (Sostratus of Cnidus, son of Dexiphanes, to the Gods protecting those upon the sea.)
These words were hidden under a layer of plaster, on top of which was chiseled another inscription honoring Ptolemy the king as builder of the Pharos. After centuries the plaster wore away, revealing the name of Sostratus, the son of Dexiphanes.

With a height estimated at between 115 and 145 meters (384 – 469 ft), it was among the tallest man-made structures on Earth for many centuries. It was identified as one of the Seven Wonders of the World by Antipater of Sidon. It was the third tallest building after the two Great Pyramids (of Khufu and Khafra). It was destroyed by earthquakes.

## Recent archaeological research

Divers discovered remains of the lighthouse in fall 1994 on the floor of Alexandria's Eastern Harbour. Some of these remains were brought up and were lying at the harbour on public view at the end of 1995. An episode of the PBS television series _Nova_ chronicled the discovery. Later satellite imaging has revealed further remains. It is possible to go diving and see the ruins.
Telesto (moon)

**Telesto** is a tiny moon of Saturn. It was discovered by a number of astronomers in 1980, based from some observations from the Earth. It was named after Telesto in Greek mythology. Telesto orbits around Saturn together with much larger moon Tethys. Thus, Telesto is also known as a Trojan moon. The moon leads at a point 60 degrees in front of Tethys in its orbit. Another small moon, Calypso, orbits with Telesto.
Calypso (moon)

**Calypso** is a small moon of Saturn. It was discovered by a few astronomers in 1980, based on observations from the Earth. It is named after Calypso in Greek mythology. Calypso is a Trojan moon, as it orbits together with larger moon Tethys. It orbits behind Tethys by 60 degrees in its orbit around Saturn. Telesto is another moon which shares Calypso's orbit. Calypso was named after Calypso, a nymph in Greek mythology.
Pallene (moon)

**Pallene** is a small moon of Saturn. It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team in 2004. It orbits between two larger moons, Mimas and Enceladus. Pallene is about 4 km in diameter.
Methone (moon)

**Methone** is a small moon of Saturn. It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team in 2004, the same time as a close-by moon, Pallene. It is only about 3 km in diameter.
Dione (moon)

**Dione** is the fourth largest moon of Saturn. It has a diameter of 1,123 km (698 miles). It was discovered in 1684 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini. It is named after the titan Dione in Greek mythology. The moon has many craters and ice cliffs. It is tidally locked with Saturn, meaning the same face of Dione always faces Saturn.
Helene (moon)

**Helene** is a moon of Saturn. It shares its orbit with larger moon Dione. It leads in front of Dione in its orbit around Saturn by 60 degrees. It was discovered in 1980 by a couple of astronomers based on observations from the Earth.
Polydeuces (moon)

**Polydeuces** also designated **Saturn XXXIV** is a small moon of Saturn. Its diameter is only around 3 km. It shares its orbit with larger moon Dione. It was discovered by the Cassini Imaging Science Team on October 2004, by using images from the Cassini spacecraft.

## Infobox (planet)

- **image**: Polydeuces.jpg
- **caption**: Polydeuces in 2006
- **named after**: Polydeykēs
- **discovered**: October 2004
- **pronounced**: /ˌpɒlɪˈdjuːsiːz/
- **earliest precovery date**: April 2004
- **avg speed**: 10 km/s
- **satellite of**: Saturn
- **alt names**: S/2004 S 5
- **mean diameter**: 3 km
- **discoverer**: Cassini Imaging Science Team
- **mpc name**: Saturn XXXIV
Boyfriend

A **boyfriend** is a term which usually means the male partner in a romantic non-marital relationship. Partners in a non-marital relationship are sometimes called "significant others". Using the word "boyfriend" to mean "a male partner or lover" was first done in 1906. It became popular in the 1920s, when people started to go out on dates rather than have romantic meetings at home.
It is less common to use the term "boyfriend" to mean a male friend in a platonic relationship.
Boyfriend can also mean a man or boy that somebody has a romantic or sexual relationship with.

## Related pages

- Girlfriend
Aspirator

An **aspirator** is a device that makes vacuum, because of the Venturi effect. In the aspirator, fluid flows through it. The tube gets more thin, making the fluid flow faster, and making the pressure smaller. Then, vacuum is taken from it. The aspirator is also known as an **ejector** or a **filter pump**.

The most common type of aspirator is the **water aspirator**. It is used in laboratories for chemistry and biology. The aspirator has a fitted tee, which is attached to a faucet. It has a hose barb on one side. The flow of water passes through the straight part of the tee, which restricts the water flow at the intersection with the hose barb. The vacuum hose should be connected to this barb.

The strength of the produced vacuum is limited by the vapour pressure of the flowing water. However, the strength of the vacuum is not limited if a gas is used as the working force.
Venturi effect

The **Venturi effect** is a case where fluid flows through a tube that is narrow. The velocity of the fluid increases as it flows through the narrower tube while the pressure decreases, due to conservation of energy. The effect is an example of Bernoulli's principle.

With the B.E. a simple flow of either A. Fluids, or B. Air, will cause pressure. Within an amount of time, this will cause a decrease in pressure and have the potential of creating energy.
Santa Fe, Argentina

**Santa Fe** is the capital city of the province of Santa Fe in Argentina. As of 2001, about 369,000 people lived there. It is situated in north-eastern Argentina, near the junction of the Paraná and Salado rivers.  It lies  from the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel that connects it to the city of Paraná.

The city is also connected by canal with the port of Colastiné on the Paraná River.  Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz has about 391,164 inhabitants per the . The metropolitan area has a population of 653,073, making it the eighth largest in Argentina.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Santa Fe de la Vera Cruz
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Pilares Fundamentales - Joaquín Jesús Mántaras 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Santa Fe, Argentina
- **image shield**: Escudo de la Ciudad de Santa Fe (Argentina).svg
- **image flag**: Bandera_de_la_Provincia_de_Santa_Fe.svg
- **pushpin map**: Argentina
- **pushpin mapsize**: 280
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Santa Fe in Argentina
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Argentina, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Departments of Argentina, Department
- **subdivision name2**: La Capital Department, Santa Fe, La Capital
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Juan Pablo Poletti
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 748
- **elevation m**: 25
- **population urban**: 391,164
- **population metro**: 653,073
- **population as of**: 2010 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Santafesino/a
- **timezone1**: Time in Argentina, ART
- **utc offset1**: −3
- **postal code type**: Argentine postal code, CPA base
- **area code type**: Telephone numbering in Argentina, Dialing code
- **postal code**: S3000
- **area code**: +54 342
- **website**: [http://www.santafeciudad.gov.ar/ Official website]
Asturian language

The **Asturian language** is the native language of Asturias. Between 200,000 and 600,000 people speak it in Asturias. This language is very similar to Leonese Language, spoken in other territories that once made up the Kingdom of León (León, Western Zamora, Salamanca and Northwestern Cáceres where is called extremaduran), and to Mirandes Language, spoken in Miranda do Douro in Portugal. In Asturias, primary and secondary students can choose to study it.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Asturian
- **altname**: Astur-Leonese
- **nativename**: __
- **states**: Spain
- **region**: Autonomous Community of Asturias
- **speakers**: 110,000
- **date**: 2007
- **ref**: e17
- **speakers2**: 450,000 L2 speakers (1994)
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam5**: Gallo-Iberian
- **fam6**: Ibero-Romance languages, Ibero-Romance
- **fam7**: West Iberian languages, West Iberian
- **fam8**: Astur-Leonese linguistic group, Astur-Leonese
- **dia1**: Leonese dialect, Leonese
- **script**: Latin script, Latin
- **agency**: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana, Academy of the Asturian Language (Asturian)
- **iso2**: ast
- **iso3**: ast
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-ca
- **map**: Mapa de la estensión de la llingua asturiana-lleonesa.png
- **mapsize**: 240
- **mapcaption**: Linguistic area of asturian language
Classical mythology

**Classical** or **Greco-Roman mythology** usually means the mythology, and the related polytheistic rituals and practices, of Classical Antiquity.

Roman religion joined with Greek religion over time. This began in the eighth century BC when Greeks colonized Magna Graecia in southern Italy. The two traditions had joined to the point of being almost the same by the first century BC. See

- Greek mythology
- Roman mythology

he:המיתולוגיה הקלאסית
Jun Kazama

**Jun Kazama** is a video game fictional character made for the _Tekken_ series.

## About

Jun Kazama enters the tournament to save Kazuya Mishima and stop his crimes. However, she becomes pregnant by him and has a son, Jin Kazama.

She also appears in the Tekken movie (2009) in which she is portrayed by Tamlyn Tomita.

### Tekken 2

Jun is an officer of the WWWC, a wildlife protection organization. She is called "The Chosen One" by her family. She is psychic and feels a weird power in Kazuya Mishima, which is the Devil Gene turning him into a devil version of himself. At the WWWC's orders, she goes out to put Kazuya into jail, who kills peaceful animals.

When the King of Iron Fist Tournament 2 was about to end, Jun feels an even more powerful Devil Gene inside Kazuya.

### Tekken 3

During the King of Iron Fist Tournament 2, Jun became pregnant by Kazuya. Devil (the devil version of Kazuya/the Devil Gene inside Kazuya) goes into Jin (Jun's unborn baby). One night, Jun gets attacked by Ogre and now is either missing or possibly dead.

### Tekken Tag Tournament

Jun is a playable character in _Tekken Tag Tournament_.

Tekken Tag Tournament has nothing to do with the Tekken storyline.

### Tekken 4

In _Tekken 4_, her figure appeared in the ending of Jin to prevent him from killing his grandfather, Heihachi. Whether it was her soul or Jin's vision is still questionable, since her status is labeled as missing.

### Tekken 5

In the optional _Devil Within_ minigame, Jin finds clues that lead him to believe that Jun is alive, but it turns out to be Ogre, the alien opponent that is responsible for Jun's disappearance.

## Related pages

- Kazuya Mishima
- Jin Kazama
- Ogre
- True Ogre

## Sources

- http://tekkennation.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=34&t=346&start=980

## Infobox (character)

- **caption**: Jun Kazama in _Tekken Tag Tournament 2_
- **color**: black
- **series**: Tekken
- **creator**: Seiichi Ishii
- **first**: _Tekken 2_ (1996)
- **last**: _Tekken Revolution_ (2013)
- **portrayer**: Tamlyn Tomita (live-action film)
- **children**: Jin Kazama
- **origin**: Japan
- **nationality**: Japanese people, Japanese
- **occupation**: Wildlife organization officer
Ink cartridge

- _See cartridge for other meanings_

An **ink cartridge** is a small container that contains ink. The manufacturers of Inkjet printers use special cartidges for their printers. There may be one cartridge per color. Sometimes, there is also just one cartridge for several colors. Cartridge package could be initial. It is not relying upon pipeline.
D.Gray-man

|colspan="2" style="font-size: 140%; background: #ccf; text-align: center;"|_D.Gray-Man_ <tr><td colspan="2" style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;"><span lang="ja">ディー・グレイマン</span> <small>(_D.Gray-man_)</small></td></tr><tr><th style="background: #e6e9ff;">Demographic</th><td>Shōnen</td></tr>|
| --- | --- |
|Action, Comedy, Adventure, Horror, Gothic fiction, Steampunk||
|Katsura Hoshino||
|Jump Comics VIZ Media Glenat Tokyopop Panini Comics TongLi Comics||
|_ Weekly Shōnen Jump _||
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|May 31, 2004 – Ongoing|
|28 (as of October 2022) 27 (as of July 2021) 27 (as of June 2021) 27 (as of March 2021) 27 (as of December 2020) 3 (as of July 2007) 10 (as of April 2007)||
|Osamu Nabeshima||
|TMS Entertainment||
|TV Tokyo||
|style="white-space: nowrap;"|October 3 2006 – Ongoing|
|103||

***D.Gray-man*** (ディー・グレイマン _Dī Gureiman_) is a manga series by Katsura Hoshino. It is a Gothic-fiction manga first serialized in 2004 in _Weekly Shōnen Jump_. It is an ongoing series and is currently up to 126 chapters. There is also a novel series called _Reverse_ that tells the characters' backgrounds. As of May 1, 2007, VIZ Media has released the first five volumes in the United States. An anime version began airing on October 3, 2006 in Japan, but has yet to be seen in North America.

Many characters and their designs were from some of Katsura Hoshino's previous works and drafts, such as _Zone_, _Book-man_, and _Continue_, and her assistants. Earlier titles considered for the manga were _Dolls_, _Chronoa_, and _Zone_.

## Other websites

- <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(Japanese)</span> Weekly Jump Official Website  - The magazine which publishes D.Gray-man
- <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(Japanese)</span> D.Gray-man Official Website  - Contains several links to other official websites.
- <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(Japanese)</span> TV Tokyo - D.Gray-man - TV Tokyo's D.Gray-man anime site
- <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(Japanese)</span> D.Gray-man presents  - Contains D.Gray-man goodies. You can email the Japanese staff.
- <span style="font-size: 0.95em; font-weight: bold; color:#555; position: relative;">(Japanese)</span> Konami's D.Gray-man website - Contains information about D.Gray-man games.
- _D.Gray-man_ (anime) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia
- _D.Gray-man_ (manga) at Anime News Network's Encyclopedia
Kyoto Station

**Kyoto Station**<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span class="t_nihongo_kanji" lang="ja">京都駅</span><span class="t_nihongo_comma" style="display:none">,</span> _<span class="t_nihongo_romaji">Kyōto-eki</span>_<span class="t_nihongo_help"><sup><span class="t_nihongo_icon" style="color:#00e;font:bold 80% sans-serif;text-decoration:none;padding:0 .1em;">?</span></sup></span>)</span> is the most important transportation centers in Kyoto, Japan.  It has Japan's second-largest train station building (after Nagoya Station). It is also one of the country's largest buildings, with a shopping mall, hotel, movie theater, Isetan department store, and several local government facilities under one 15-story roof.  It also housed the Kyoto City Air Terminal until August 31, 2002.

## Other websites

- Official site
<div class="infobox sisterproject">
<div style="margin-left: 60px;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
<div style="margin-left: 10px;"> ***Kyoto Station***</div>
</div></div>
Stefan Kießling

**Stefan Kießling** (born 25 January 1984) is a German former professional football player. He played for Nürnberg, Bayer Leverkusen and the Germany national team.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|DFB-Pokal|colspan="2"|Europe|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="5"|Nürnberg|2002–03|Bundesliga|1|0|0|0|—|—|1|0||||
|2003–04|2. Bundesliga|14|2|0|0|—|—|14|2||||||
|2004–05|rowspan="2"|Bundesliga|27|3|2|1|—|—|29|4|||||
|2005–06|31|10|2|1|—|—|33|11|||||||
|rowspan="13"|Bayer Leverkusen|2006–07|rowspan="12"|Bundesliga|32|8|1|0|10|0|1|0|44|8|
|2007–08|31|9|1|0|12|7|—|44|16||||||
|2008–09|34|12|6|2|—|—|40|14|||||||
|2009–10|33|21|2|0|—|—|35|21|||||||
|2010–11|22|7|1|2|6|0|—|29|9||||||
|2011–12|34|16|1|0|8|1|—|43|17||||||
|2012–13|34|25|3|1|6|1|—|43|27||||||
|2013–14|32|15|4|2|7|2|—|43|19||||||
|2014–15|34|9|4|6|10|4|—|48|19||||||
|2015–16|30|5|4|3|9|0|—|43|7||||||
|2016–17|20|4|1|0|3|0|—|24|4||||||
|2017–18|8|0|0|0|—|—|8|0|||||||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|Germany|2007|1|0|
|2009|2|0|||
|2010|3|0|||

## Honours

**1. FC Nürnberg**
- 2. Bundesliga: 2003–04

**Bayer Leverkusen**
- DFB-Pokal runner-up: 2008–09

**Germany**
- FIFA World Cup third place: 2010

**Individual**
- Bundesliga Player of the Month: August 2009
- Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2009–10
- Bundesliga top scorer: 2012–13 (25 goals)
- DFB-Pokal top scorer: 2014–15 (6 goals)
- _kicker_ Bundesliga Team of the Season: 2012–13

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Stefan Kießling
- **image**: Stefan-Kiessling.jpg
- **fullname**: Stefan Kießling
- **birth place**: Lichtenfels, Bavaria, Lichtenfels, West Germany
- **height**: 1.91 m
- **position**: Forward (association football), Striker
- **youthyears1**: 1988–2001
- **youthclubs1**: 1. FC Eintracht Bamberg
- **youthyears2**: 2001–2003
- **youthclubs2**: 1. FC Nürnberg
- **years1**: 2003–2006
- **clubs1**: 1. FC Nürnberg
- **caps1**: 73
- **goals1**: 15
- **years2**: 2006–2018
- **clubs2**: Bayer 04 Leverkusen, Bayer Leverkusen
- **caps2**: 344
- **goals2**: 131
- **totalcaps**: 417
- **totalgoals**: 146
- **nationalyears1**: 2003
- **nationalteam1**: Germany national under-20 football team, Germany U20
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 2004
- **nationalteam2**: Germany national football B team, Germany Team 2006
- **nationalcaps2**: 1
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalyears3**: 2005–2006
- **nationalteam3**: Germany national under-21 football team, Germany U21
- **nationalcaps3**: 15
- **nationalgoals3**: 4
- **nationalyears4**: 2007–2010
- **nationalteam4**: Germany national football team, Germany
- **nationalcaps4**: 6
- **nationalgoals4**: 0
Sand filter

A **sand filter** or "bacteria bed" is a layer of sand that is used to clean the water of bacteria and other microorganisms. It is a type of filter.

A layer of sand or gravel is used when sewage goes through sewage treatment. Before sewage comes to the bacteria bed, it should already have gone through part of the sewage treatment. At the bacteria bed, sewage gets exposed to (or has contact with) air, while microorganisms make some change to that sewage. The oxygen in the water kills the microbes, which are anaerobic.
Filter

A **filter** is a device used to remove unwanted parts from something.  For example, removing solid particles from a liquid.  Filter can also mean the act of filtering: it can be used as a verb.  The different branches of science and technology often mean a particular kind of device when _filter_ is mentioned.

## In chemistry

The simplest filter is the kind called filter paper.  Liquids can pass through the paper.  Solid particles are stopped.

More advanced filters are possible.  Two that are often used to make water more pure are activated carbon and zeolites.

Filters are used to remove unwanted items and/or impurities in the substance you are filtering.

## In electrical science

The most usual thing meant by filter in electrical science is a wave filter. One common kind lets through some frequencies and stops all others. This is a band pass filter. For instance, in a radio it can select the radio station the listener wants to hear.  The frequency of that station is passed, but all others are rejected.

There are many other uses, including use in telephones and audio, see: audio crossover.

There are digital filters which can be used to filter things besides frequencies.  A common use is to improve the quality of pictures.  For instance, there are filters which can make the edges of objects look more clear.

## In optics and photography

Optical filters act on light. They change it certain ways. This can be used for photographic filters.

## In mechanics

Filters can be made from mechanical components.  They will do very similar things to electric filters.  Most especially, mechanical filters can be wave filters.  That is, they can block some frequencies and pass others.  Because of this, electric filters are sometimes made by first making a mechanical filter.  The electric wave is turned into a mechanical movement, then passed through the filter, then turned back in to an electric wave.  This kind of filter is often made from quartz crystals.

A device which changes electrical signals into mechanical signals is called a transducer.  A device which changes mechanical signals into electrical signals is also a transducer, but one of a different kind.

## In information technology

An internet filter removes certain kinds of information.  For example, certain words can be blocked.

## In computer programming

A filter, is a function used to test each element of a list, to create a new list.
Guwahati

**Guwahati** is the largest city in northeast India.

The capital complex of the Legislative Assembly of Assam is in Guwahati. The first bridge across the Brahmaputra river is at the northwest border of the city. Guwahati is the gateway to the rest of the Seven States of Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura. The largest religion in Guwahati is Hindu at 84.74% followed by Muslim at 12.45% in 2023 year by Census 2023 official survey data. According to census 2021 Muslim population is 40% in Assam but only 12.45% in Guwahati.

## Related pages

- Tezpur
The Catcher in the Rye

***The Catcher in the Rye*** is a novel by author J. D. Salinger.  It was first published in 16 July 1951.

The book is about a young man, Holden Caulfield, who travels home after being expelled from an exclusive preparatory school. Instead of going directly home, Caulfield takes a wandering trip, thinking about what he wants to tell his family, and how best to deal with being kicked out of school. Caulfield narrates the story himself, to a psychoanalyst. (Hints are made as the story moves forward, that he is in a mental hospital. At the end of the book this is revealed.)

The book contains many profanities, and many people do not like the book for that reason. It was banned in many places. Other people see the profanity as Caulfield's way of showing his feelings of frustration and isolation with life. Many young people, boys in particular, relate to the story and its language, and feel that Caulfield would understand them if he knew them. For this reason, many schools require their students to read it.

## Related pages

- Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
Evan Lysacek

**Evan Lysacek** (born June 4, 1985) is an American figure skater. He grew up in Chicago, Illinois. Lysacek has trained all over the world, including in Switzerland and in Moscow. He now trains in El Segundo, California under his trainer Frank Carroll. Carroll at one time trained Michelle Kwan.

Lysacek won the United States Figure Skating Championships in 2007. He has won two bronze medals at the World Figure Skating Championships. He has also won the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships twice. Lysacek has won three silver medals at the World Junior Figure Skating Championships. That, followed immediately by his two bronze medals at the senior World Championships, meant that until 2007, he had won a medal at every World Championship he had ever entered.

## Other websites

- Figureskates Online - Evan Lysacek
- The United States Figure Skating Association page for him
- The International Skating Union page for him
Richard Childress Racing

**Richard Childress Racing** is a NASCAR racing team that is owned by Richard Childress. The team has operated for over 10 years and won over 100 races in the Sprint Cup Series. The team has also won 6 Sprint Cup series Championships.  Notable drivers who have raced for Richard Childress Racing include Dale Earnhardt, and the current drivers are Austin Dillon, Kyle Busch, and Austin Hill. Former drivers included Ryan Newman.
Bobby Darin

**Walden Robert Cassotto** (May 14, 1935 – December 20, 1973), better known as **Bobby Darin**, was an American pop singer, most famous during the 1950s. His hits included "Mack the Knife", "Dream Lover", "If I Were a Carpenter", "Splish Splash", and "Beyond the Sea". He also helped Wayne Newton begin his musical career.

## Career

Allen Klein, an accountant who became an artist manager, first came to public attention when he audited Darin's royalty payments, and discovered Darin had been underpaid. His record company paid up, and Darin split the money with Klein.

Darin was married to actress Sandra Dee from 1960 to 1967. They had a son, named Dodd. Darin died late in 1973 after heart surgery.

In 2004, a movie, _Beyond the Sea_, was made about Darin's life and career. Actor Kevin Spacey, a longtime Darin fan, produced and starred in the movie, with Kate Bosworth as Sandra Dee.

## Other websites

- Hear Bobby Darin on the Pop Chronicles

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bobby Darin
- **image**: Bobby Darin 1959.JPG
- **image size**: 220
- **caption**: Darin in 1959
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Walden Robert Cassotto
- **birth place**: The Bronx, New York City
New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **instrument**: Singer, Vocals, guitar, piano, drum kit, drums, harmonica, xylophone
- **genre**: Jazz, blues, rock music, rock, swing music, swing
- **occupation**: Musician, singer-songwriter, actor
- **years active**: 1956–1973
- **label**: Decca Records, Decca, Atco Records, Atco, Capitol Records, Capitol, Brunswick Records, Brunswick, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Motown
Sasha Cohen

**Alexandra Pauline "Sasha" Cohen** (born October 26, 1984) is an American figure skater. She is the 2006 U.S. National Champion, 2003 Grand Prix Final Champion, and 2006 Olympic silver medalist.

## Other websites

- Sasha Cohen  at icenetwork.com
Justification (theology)

In Christian theology, **justification** is God's act of pardoning someone's sins, because of their belief in Christ.

The idea of justification is found in several books of both the Old Testament, and New Testament. Protestants believe justification is the line that divide the Roman Catholics from the Protestants during the Reformation  Martin Luther and other reformers taught that faith alone made a person right with God, apart from doing good works.  However, they taught that after they were justified by faith, good works would follow.  Catholics tended to stress that the good works were part of what made a Christian acceptable to God.  In recent times these two positions have come closer together.