juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pacifier

A **pacifier** (called a **dummy** or **soother** in some countries) is an object that a baby sucks to comfort them. Sucking is a natural instinct for babies and it soothes them.

It generally consists of a teat (which is the part designed to be sucked) made from either silicone (a type of plastic) or latex (a form of rubber). Silicone is becoming more popular as it is more durable and easier to keep clean. The teat is mounted on a plastic plate which can vary in shape from circular, oval or butterfly shape. It can come in a variety of different colors with different designs like cartoon characters to make it look more appealing to the baby. The main purpose of the plastic mouth guard is to stop the baby from accidentally swallowing the pacifier. If for some reason the child is able to swallow it, the mouth guard is made to be too large to pass through the throat and if it should get lodged in the throat it also has holes to allow air to pass through so the child can still breathe. Finally there is sometimes a ring attached to allow the parent to remove the pacifier.

There is some concern that the use of pacifiers can affect the child's teeth so many teats now are a special shape to allow the teeth to form properly, these are called orthodontic teats. Non-orthodontic teats are sometimes called cherry teats.
Wilmington Quicksteps

The **Wilmington Quicksteps** were a baseball team in the Union Association. They finished with a 2–16 record and were managed by Joe Simmons. The team played home games in Union Street Park in Wilmington, Delaware.
Games played

**Games played** (abbreviated as **G** or **GP**) is a statistic. It is used in team sports to show the total number of games in which a player has participated in.

## Baseball

In baseball, the statistic also applies to players who are included on a starting lineup card whether they play or not.
Triple (baseball)

In baseball, a **triple** is when a batter reaches third base on a hit without an error occurring in the field. Chief Wilson hit the most triples, recording 36 in 1912.
Mohammad Ali Jauhar

**Muhammed Ali** (/mɔːˈlɑːnə mʊˈhɑːməd ɑːˈliː/; Arabic: محمد علي; 1874 – 13 October 1951) was an Indian writer and leading figure of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam.

## Infobox (religious biography)

- **religion**: Islam
- **name**: Muhammad Ali Jauhar
- **image**: Molana-Muhammad-Ali.jpg
- **birth place**: Rampur State, British India
- **death place**: London, England
- **resting place**: Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine
- **parents**: Abdul Ali Khan (father)
Abadi Bano Begum (mother)
- **occupation**: Journalist, scholar, political activist, poet
- **known for**: Khilafat movement
- **party**: All India Muslim League
 Indian National Congress
- **founder**: Jamia Millia Islamia
Golden, Colorado

**Golden, Colorado** is a city in the US state of Colorado. It is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado. It was founded on June 16, 1859 during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. Golden City was the capital of the Territory of Jefferson from 1860 to 1861, and the capital of Colorado Territory from 1862 to 1867. In 1867, the capital was moved to Denver City.

In 2020, there were 20,399 people living in Golden.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Golden, Colorado
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in Colorado#Home rule municipality, Home rule city
- **motto**: "Where the West Lives"
- **image skyline**: GoldenCO_WashingtonStreet_01Oct2017.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Golden, Colorado
- **image map**: Jefferson County Colorado Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Golden Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location of the City of Golden in
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin label**: Golden
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of the City of Golden in the
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Colorado, County
- **subdivision name2**: Jefferson County, Colorado, Jefferson County seat
- **government type**: List of municipalities in Colorado#Home rule municipality, Home Rule Municipality
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: June 16, 1859,
as Golden City, Kansas Territory
- **established title2**: municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: January 3, 1871,
as Golden City, Colorado Territory
- **named for**: Thomas L. Golden
- **unit pref**: US
- **total type**: Total
- **area total km2**: 25.193
- **area land km2**: 24.953
- **area water km2**: 0.240
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 20,399
- **population density sq mi**: 2,117
- **timezone1**: Mountain Time Zone, MST
- **utc offset1**: −07:00
- **timezone1 dst**: Mountain Time Zone, MDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: −06:00
- **elevation m**: 1729.74
- **elevation ft**: 5675
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 80401-80403, 80419, 80439
- **area codes**: Both Area code 303, 303 and Area code 720, 720
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 08-30835
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0202837
- **blank2 name**: state highways in Colorado, Highways
- **blank2 info**: Interstate 70 (Colorado), I-70, U.S. Highway 6 (Colorado), US 6, U.S. Highway 40 (Colorado), US 40, Colorado State Highway 58, SH 58, Colorado State Highway 93, SH 93
- **blank2 name sec1**: Interstate Highway System, Interstate highway
- **blank2 info sec1**:
- **blank3 name sec1**: List of U.S. Highways in Colorado, U.S. highways
- **blank3 info sec1**:
- **blank4 name sec1**: List of state highways in Colorado, State highways
- **blank4 info sec1**:
Sprawl trilogy

The **_Sprawl_ trilogy** is William Gibson's first set of novels. The three books in the series are: _Neuromancer_ (1984), _Count Zero_ (1986), and _Mona Lisa Overdrive_ (1988). It is also called  the **Neuromancer**, **Cyberspace**, or **Matrix** trilogy. _The Sprawl_ is a name for a very large city in the novels.

The stories all happen in the same fictional future. The books share characters and themes. Some of Gibson's short stories "Johnny Mnemonic," "New Rose Hotel," and "Burning Chrome" also happen in the Sprawl.
Emerald, Victoria

**Emerald** is a small town in Victoria, Australia. It is 44km south-east of Melbourne. In 2006 there were 6,135 people living in Emerald. The large Cardinia Reservoir which supplies water to Melbourne is in Emerald.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: suburb
- **name**: Emerald
- **city**: Melbourne
- **state**: vic
- **caption**: Emerald Lake
- **lga**: Shire of Cardinia
- **lga2**: Shire of Yarra Ranges
- **alternative location map**: Australia Victoria metropolitan Melbourne
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **postcode**: 3782
- **pop**: 5,778
- **pop year**: 2016
- **area**: 20.3
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Gembrook, Gembrook
- **fedgov**: Division of La Trobe, La Trobe
- **dist1**: 42
- **location1**: Melbourne
- **dist2**: 11
- **location2**: Belgrave, Victoria, Belgrave
- **near-nw**: Kallista, Victoria, Kallista
- **near-n**: Monbulk, Victoria, Monbulk
- **near-ne**: Macclesfield, Victoria, Macclesfield
Avonsleigh, Victoria, Avonsleigh
- **near-w**: Menzies Creek, Victoria, Menzies Creek
- **near-e**: Cockatoo, Victoria, Cockatoo
- **near-sw**: Clematis, Victoria, Clematis
- **near-s**: Dewhurst, Victoria, Dewhurst
- **near-se**: Mount Burnett, Victoria, Mount Burnett
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 10
Panzerschreck

A **Panzerschreck** (also known as a _Raketenpanzerbüchse_, abbreviated to RPzB) is an infantry weapon made by Nazi Germany. They fired an 88 mm calibre anti-tank rocket. Unlike the Panzerfaust, they were reusuable.

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Panzerschreck
- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-671-7483-29, Reichsgebiet, Soldat mit Panzerabwehrwaffe.jpg
- **caption**: The improved _Raketenpanzerbüchse 54_ with blast shield.
- **type**: Anti-tank Shoulder-launched missile weapon, rocket launcher
- **is ranged**: yes
- **service**: 1943–1945
- **used by**:

- **number**: 289,151
- **variants**: RPzB 43, RPzB 54, RPzB 54/1
- **weight**: 11 kg empty (RPzB 54)
- **length**: 164 cm
- **caliber**: 88 mm
- **velocity**: 110m/s (360 ft/s)
- **range**: 150 m (RPzB 54)
Markus Persson

**Markus Alexej Persson** (born 1 June 1979), better known as **Notch**, is a Swedish game designer. He is famous for creating the video game _Minecraft_. Persson started the company Mojang AB in 2009. On September 15, 2014, he announced that he would be leaving the company, and soon after he left.

He sold the company to Microsoft for $2.5 billion, making him a billionaire. In 2025, Forbes estimated his net worth at $1.2 billion.
Pyeongchang

**Pyeongchang** is a city in the Republic of Korea. They hosted the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2018 Winter Paralympics.

The town has many mountains, with a lot of snow in the winter. As of 2013, its population was about 44,000.

## Other websites

- Pyeongchang County government website
- Pyeongchang 2018 website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name lang**: ko
- **settlement type**: List of counties in South Korea, County
- **translit lang1**: Korean
- **image caption**: From top left: InterContinental, InterContinental Alpensia Pyrongchang Resort, Ski jumping, Ski Jump Tower Stadium, Chairlift towers, Skiing on the Pyeongchang mountains, Elfpension, and a stream flowing in Pyeongchang
- **image blank emblem**: Pyeongchang.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Emblem of Pyeongchang
- **image map**: Gangwon-Pyeongchang.svg
- **map caption**: Location in South Korea
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: South Korea
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Korea, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Gangwon-do (South Korea), Gangwon
- **parts type**: Administrative divisions of South Korea, Administrative divisions
- **parts**: 1 _eup_, 7 _myeon_
- **area total km2**: 1463.65
- **population total**: 43666
- **population as of**: 2013
- **population density km2**: 30
- **population blank1 title**: Dialect
- **timezone**: utc+9
- **population blank1**: Gangwon dialect, Gangwon
- **translit lang1 type1**: Hangul
- **translit lang1 type2**: Hanja
- **translit lang1 info3**: Pyeongchang-gun
- **translit lang1 info4**: P'yŏngch'ang-gun
Cape Conran Coastal Park

**Cape Conran Coastal Park** is a coastal reserve near Marlo in East Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. It is 420 km east of Melbourne and 530 km south of Sydney. It covers an area of 11,700 hectares, and has 60 kilometres of coast line. Most of the area is covered in banksias and woodland which attracts many nectar feeding birds. Other birds seen in the area include the White-bellied Sea Eagles and Eastern Ground Parrots.
Whales and dolphins can sometimes be seen near the coast at certain times of the year.
Seoul National University

**Seoul National University** is a university in Seoul, South Korea.

A notable former student is Ban Ki-moon.
Margot Fonteyn

**Dame Margaret Evelyn de Arias** DBE (_née_ **Hookham**; 18 May 191921 February 1991), known by the stage name **Margot Fonteyn**, was an English ballerina. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest classical ballet dancers of all time.

She spent her entire career as a dancer with the Royal Ballet, eventually being appointed _Prima Ballerina Assoluta_ of the company by Queen Elizabeth II. This is an honour rarely given to a dancer. The highest rank in the Royal Ballet today is _Principal dancer_. Fonteyn's appointment as a Dame commander of the British Empire is the female equivalent to a knighthood.

Fonteyn danced until 1979, when she was nearly 60. This is unusual for any dancer, male or female. Her career was expected to end round about 1960, but it was reborn by a new partnership with a Russian dancer who had escaped from the Soviet Union. He was Rudolph Nureyev, one of the three greatest male ballet dancers of the twentieth century. Though he was 19 years younger than her, the partnership flourished, and was called "the most famous partnership in ballet history".<sup>p188</sup>

She married a Panamanian politician in 1955. He survived an assassin's bullets ten years later. She continued dancing to raise money for his upkeep. The marriage was not happy; he had a mistress. However, the couple remained married until his death in 1989.

### Film

Several films were made of her performances.
- Various photos and early film clips http://danceinperformanceandrehearsal.blogspot.com/
- 1955 _The Sleeping Beauty_: with Michael Soames (NBC, colour). A black and white version is available on DVD.
- 1958 _The Nutcracker_: with Michael Soames
- 1960 _Swan Lake_: a colour film of her with Rudolf Nureyev as the Prince
- 2005 _Margot_: a documentary with filmed interviews with Nureyev, Frederick Ashton, Roland Petit, Ninette de Valois, Robert Helpmann, Lynn Seymour, and others.
- 2009. _Margot_: BBC 4, dramatised biography with Anne-Marie Duff.

### Books

- 1976 Margot Fonteyn _Autobiography_ New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dame Margot Fonteyn Order of the British Empire, DBE
- **image**: Tamara Karsavina n Fonteyn 'Spectre' 1.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Two prima ballerinas: Tamara Karsavina rehearsing Margot Fonteyn for _Le Spectre de la Rose_
- **birth name**: Margaret Hookham
- **birth place**: Reigate, Surrey, United Kingdom
- **death place**: Panama City, Panama
- **death cause**: Cancer of unknown primary origin
- **resting place**: Panama
- **nationality**: British people, British
- **known for**: dancing
- **employer**: Royal Ballet
- **occupation**: Ballerina
- **title**: Ballerina#Prima ballerina assoluta, Prima ballerina assoluta
- **spouse**: Roberto Arias
(m. 1955-1989, his death)
Hampstead

**Hampstead** is a district of London, England, about  north-west of Charing Cross. It is part of the London Borough of Camden and is in North London. It is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for the large and hilly parkland Hampstead Heath. Some of the most expensive housing in the London area, or indeed anywhere in the world is in Hampstead, with large houses selling for up to £50m (2008). The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any other area of the United Kingdom.

Hampstead has long been known as a residence of writers, composers, ballerinas, intellectuals, actors, artists and architects, many of whom created a bohemian community in the late 19th century. After 1917, and again in the 1930s, it became base to a community of avant garde artists and writers and was host to a number of émigrés and exiles from the Russian Revolution and Nazi Europe.
Cosmic dust

**Cosmic dust** (also known as **star dust** and **space dust**) is a type of dust. It is very small crystals sent out from stars.

It is formed when a star, such as the Sun, sends out atoms. Some of the atoms become ions by gaining or losing electrons and becoming negatively and positively charged. These oppositely charged ions form an ionic bond, sticking together in tiny crystals, a few thousand nanometres across, to form cosmic dust.

Cosmic dust is found in various locations. Intergalactic dust is found between galaxies. Interstellar dust is found between stars. Dust clouds in these places are found by their blocking light from stars behind them, and by their own infrared radiation. Circumplanetary dust is found around planets and in planetary rings. Interplanetary dust can be found between planets, and is seen as gegenschein and zodiacal light.

The coming together of large amounts of dust over time leads to the creation of planets, the Earth, for example.
Sautéing

**Sautéing** is a method of cooking food. It uses a small amount of fat in a shallow pan. The heat must be quite high. Ingredients are often cut into pieces or sliced thinly. This makes the food cook faster.

Sautéed food is browned, but it keeps its texture, moisture and flavor. If meat or fish is sautéed, the pan's remains can be used to make a sauce.

## Differences

Sautéing is different from pan-frying. People sometimes confuse the two. In pan-frying, larger pieces of food (like chops or steaks) are cooked quickly.

Sautéing is also different from searing. Searing only browns the surface of the food.

Olive oil or clarified butter are commonly used for sautéing. Most other fats will work too. Regular butter will produce more flavor, but it burns at a lower temperature and more quickly than other fats. This is because of the milk solids in it. Therefore, clarified butter is better for sautéing.
Li Zehou

**Li Zehou** (13 June 1930 – 2 November 2021) was a Chinese scholar who lives in the United States. He was an important scholar of Chinese history and culture. He criticized the Chinese government's response to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Because of that, his books and articles were banned in China. He was invited to the United States to teach. He was granted permanent resident status. Li had an important role in Chinese culture. Professor Yu Ying-shih of Princeton University wrote that Li's books helped a whole generation of young Chinese students become free from communist ideas.

Li died on 2 November 2021, aged 91.

## Books

- _The Path of Beauty: A Study of Chinese Aesthetics_, Oxford University Press, 1988

## Related pages

- List of Chinese dissidents
- Liu Xiaobo, a Nobel Peace Prize winning scholar who has criticized Li's work as a scholar.

## Other websites

- "Modernization and the Confucian World", Colorado College's 125th Anniversary Symposium on Cultures in the 21st Century: Conflicts and Convergences, address given February 5, 1999
- "Li Zehou And The Marxist Reconstruction Of Confucianism", _High Culture Fever_, UC Press Ebooks

## Infobox (chinese)

- **child**: yes
- **p**: Lǐ Zéhòu


## Infobox (person)

- **other names**: Z.H. Li
- **name**: Li Zehou
- **birth place**: Daolin, Ningxiang, Ningxiang County, Hunan, China
- **alma mater**: Hunan First Normal University
Peking University
- **death place**: Boulder, Colorado, United States
- **occupation**: Historian, writer
- **years active**: 1954–2021
Cynthia DeFelice

**Cynthia DeFelice** (born in 1951 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is an American children's book writer. She has written 16 novels, and 12 picture books for young readers. Her novels are written for children at the reading level of ages nine to twelve.

## Biography

She was born Cynthia Carter in 1951. Her father was a psychiatrist, and her mother was an English teacher, who stopped working to raise DeFelice and her siblings. She credits her mother for her interest in books. She began writing children's books in 1987. She lives in Geneva, New York.

### Children's novels

- _The Strange Night Writing of Jessamine Colter_, Atheneum (1988),
- _Weasel_, Atheneum (1990),
- _Devil’s Bridge_, Gale Group (1992),
- _The Light on Hogback Hill_ Atheneum (1993),
- _Lostman’s River_, Atheneum (1994),
- _The Apprenticeship of Lucas Whitaker_ Farrar, Straus & Giroux (1996),  (ALA Notable Book 1996)
- _The Ghost of Poplar Point_, Farrar Straus (1997),
- _The Ghost of Fossil Glen_, Farrar Straus (1998),
- _Nowhere to Call Home_ Farrar Straus (1999),
- _Death at Devil’s Bridge_ Farrar Straus (2000),
- _The Ghost and Mrs. Hobbs_, Farrar Straus (2001)
- _The Ghost of Cutler Creek_, Farrar Straus (2004),
- _Under the Same Sky_, Farrar Straus (2005),
- _Missing Manatee_, Farrar Straus (2005),
- _Bringing Ezra Back_, Farrar Straus (2006) (sequel to _Weasel_)
- _Signal_, Farrar Straus (2009),

### Select children's picture books

- _Dancing Skeleton_, illustrations by Robert Andrew Parker, Atheneum (1989)  (named a Best Book of the Year by the Library of Congress)
- _Clever Crow_, illustrations by S.D. Schindler, Atheneum (1998),
- _Cold Feet_, illustrations by Robert Andrew Parker, DK Books for Children (2000),  (2001 Boston Globe-Horn Book award for best picture book)

## Other websites

- author website
- DeFelice at Macmillan Books website
- DeFelice at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database website
Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day

***Alexander and the Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day*** is a children's picture book written by Judith Viorst and illustrated by Ray Cruz. It was published in 1972 by Simon and Schuster. It is a humorous story about a boy named Alexander and how one day everything went wrong for him, so he started thinking of moving to Australia. But at the end, he realized that other people have bad days too, even in Australia. In 2011 Century Fox confirmed to make a live-action film based on the book but was later picked by The Walt Disney Company. In 2014, Disney released a film adaption, of the same name loosely based on the book.
Ringstraße

The **Ringstraße** (also known as _Ring_) is a street in Austria's capital Vienna. It goes around the first district in almost the shape of a circle. The street is 5.2 km long and is divided into nine sections. It is one of the main sights in Vienna.

## History

On December 20th, 1857, emperor Franz Joseph I. ordered to destroy the old city walls and to build a street which should show the glory of the Habsburg Empire. The old walls were a traffic block because in 1850, the suburbs became part of the city as districts II. till IX. The order of the emperor outlined the exact size of the boulevard, as well as the geographical positions and functions of the new buildings. The only building which was erected by the city was the Town Hall.

During the following years, a large number of important public and private buildings were erected. Nobility and  bourgeoisie began to build mansions along the street. Most of them were built in the Ringstraßenstyle, which mainly quotes older styles.

## Sections of the Ringstraße

The Ringstraße has several sections. It surrounds the central area of Vienna on all sides, except for the northeast, where its place is taken by the _Franz-Josephs-Kai_, the street going along the _Donaukanal_ (a branch of the Danube). Starting from the _Ringturm_ at the northern end of the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the sections are:
- Schottenring (named after the Schottenstift)
- Dr.-Karl-Lueger-Ring (Karl Lueger)
- Dr.-Karl-Renner-Ring (Karl Renner)
- Burgring (Hofburg)
- Opernring (Vienna State Opera)
- Kärntner Ring (Carinthia)
- Schubertring (Franz Schubert)
- Parkring (Wiener Stadtpark)
- Stubenring (named after the Stubenbastei, part of the viennese citywall since 1156)

### Buildings along the Ringstraße

- The _K.u.K. Hofoper_ (now Vienna State Opera), in neo-romantic style by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Nüll,
- the _Akademie der bildenden Künste_ (Academy of Fine Arts),
- the _Justizpalast_ (now Federal Ministry of Justice),
- the Parliament building, in neo-attic style (a reference to the democracy of ancient Athens) by Theophil Freiherr von Hansen,
- the _Rathaus_ (Town Hall) in Flemish-Gothic style by Friedrich Schmidt,
- the _K.u.K. Hofburgtheater_ (now Burgtheater) by Karl Freiherr von Hasenauer,
- the University Building, in neo-renaissance style (a reference to the beginnings of the university system in northern Italy,
- the _Votivkirche_, in neo-gothic style (a reference to the gothic Cathedrals of France) by Heinrich Freiherr von Ferstel,
- the _Börse_ (Stock Exchange),
- the _Ringturm_, modern 1950s style,
- the Urania observatory,
- the _Kriegsministerium_ (now Regierungsgebäude), in neo-baroque style by Ludwig Baumann,
- the _Postsparkasse_ (Postal Savings Bank), in Jugendstil by Otto Wagner,
- the _Museum für Angewandte Kunst_ (Museum of Applied Arts) in neo-renaissance style by Heinrich Freiherr von Ferstel,
- the _Palais Württemberg_ (now Hotel Imperial),

## Other websites

- suf.at - Vienna Ringstraße
- Die Ringstraße - ein Juwel unter den Straßen der Welt
- viennatouristguide.at - Sights along the Ringstraße
Otto Wagner

**Otto Koloman Wagner** (13 July 1841 – 11 April 1918) was an Austrian architect and urban planner. He influenced the development of his hometown Vienna at the turn from the 19th to the 20th century. He also was the architect of important landmarks.

## Life

Otto Wagner was born in the Penzing district of Vienna. He studied in Berlin and Vienna. After work as brick layer he started as architect. His first buildings were in the  historism style. In the late 1880s he became a proponent of the realism style. In 1890 he designed a city plan for Vienna but only the railway netwerk Wiener Stadtbahn was built. In 1894 he became Professor of Architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna.In 1896 he published a textbook entitled Modern Architecture in which he wrote down his ideas about the role of the architect, it based on his first lecture in the Academy. He called for an architecture based on modern materials and modern construction methods. In 1897, he joined Gustav Klimt, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser shortly after they founded the "Vienna Secession" artistic group. He died in 1918 in Vienna.

## Other websites

- Otto Wagner Museum in Vienna
- Great Buildings Online
- Images of several Wagner buildings
- Otto Wagner at WOKA (de/en)
- Majolica House in Vienna by Otto Wagner  (with drawings and photos)
- AEIOU - Das österreichische Kulturinformationssystem
Digitized books from the architecture collection of AMS Historica, the digital library of the University of Bologna.
- skizzen 1_, Wien, 1905.
- skizzen 2_, Wien, 1905.
- skizzen 3_, Wien, 1905.

## Infobox (architect)

- **name**: Otto Wagner
- **image**: Otto Wagner photo2 retouched.jpg
- **parents**: Suzanne von Helffenstorffer-Hueber, Rudolf Simeon Wagner
- **nationality**: Austria-Hungary, Austria-Hungarian
- **birth place**: Vienna, Austrian Empire
- **death place**: Vienna, Austria-Hungary
- **significant buildings**: Floodgate, Nußdorf, Vienna

Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station

Majolica House
Post Office Savings Bank, Vienna, Postal Office Savings Bank Building

Kirche am Steinhof
Rumbach Street synagogue, Rumbach Synagogue
- **significant projects**: Vienna, Viennese Wiener Stadtbahn
Calibre

A **calibre** (or **caliber** in American English) is the diameter of the barrel of a gun. For example, a rifle with a diameter of 0.22 inch is a .22 cal. Guns that have a particular calibre are designed to fit and use bullets of the same calibre.

## Types of callibre

Callibre is measured in inches, not millimetres. Common callibres include:

|Inch caliber|Metric caliber|Typical bullet diameter|
| --- | --- | --- |
|.172|4 mm|0.172 in|
|.20, .204|5 mm|0.204 in|
|.221|5.45 mm|0.221 in|
|.22|5.6 mm|0.223 in|
|.224|5.7 mm|0.224 in|
|.243|6 mm|0.243 in|
|.25|6.35 mm|0.257 in, 6.35 mm|
|.26|6.5 mm|0.264 in, 6.7 mm|
|.27|6.8 mm|0.277 in, 7.035 mm|
|.284|7 mm|0.284 in, 7.213 mm|
|.308|7.62 mm|0.308 in, 7.82 mm|
|.311|7.9 mm|0.311 in, 7.92 mm|
|.312|7.94 mm|0.312 in, 7.94 mm|
|.323|8 mm|0.323 in, 8.20 mm|
|.327|8 mm|0.327 in, 8.30 mm|
|.338|8.6 mm|0.338 in|
|.355|9 mm|0.355 in|
|.356|9 mm|0.356 in|
|.357|9 mm|0.357 in|
|.363|9 mm|0.363 in|
|.365|9.3 mm|0.365 in|
|.375|9.5 mm|0.375 in, 9.53 mm|
|.40|10 mm|0.400 in|
|.44|10.9 mm|0.429 in|
|.45|11.43 mm|0.451–0.454 in|
|.50|12.7 mm|0.510 in, 12.95 mm|
Sandro Rosell

**Alexandre Rosell i Feli** or **Sandro Rosell** (born March 6, 1964 in Barcelona) is the current chairman of FC Barcelona. He was the vice-president from 2003 to 2005.
Bitterness

**Bitter**, one of the five basic tastes.

Common bitter foods and beverages are coffee, pure chocolate, beer,  citrus peel and escarole. Quinine is also known for its bitter taste and is found in tonic water.

## Related pages

- Gustatory system
- Saltiness, the taste of salt
- Sweet (taste), the taste of sugar
- Sourness, the taste of lemon
Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9

**Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9** was a comet. It broke apart and crashed into Jupiter, in July 1994. The event was special because people could see, for the first time, how objects in the Solar System, outside Earth, collided. It caused a large amount of coverage in the media. The comet was carefully watched by astronomers worldwide. The crash gave new information about Jupiter. It also showed up its role in reducing space debris in the inner Solar System. The name came out of the discovers' last names.

## Discovery of this comet

The comet was discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David Levy on March 24, 1993. It was found in a picture taken by the  Schmidt telescope at the Palomar Observatory, in California. When it was discovered, it was orbiting Jupiter. It was the first comet seen to be orbiting a planet. Scientists think that it had been orbiting the planet for 20 - 30 years before its discovery.

## Crash

Calculations showed that its unusual broken up form was due to a previous closer approach to Jupiter in July 1992. At that time, the orbit of Shoemaker-Levy 9 passed within Jupiter's Roche limit. Jupiter's tidal forces had acted to pull the comet apart. The comet was later observed as a series of pieces up to  in diameter. These fragments collided with Jupiter's southern hemisphere between July 16 and July 22, 1994. The pieces were moving at a speed of approximately 60 km/s. The impact scars were more easily seen than the Great Red Spot and they stayed for many months.
Cigerxwîn

**Cigerxwîn** or **Cegerxwîn** (born **Sheikhmous Hasan**; 1903 – October 22, 1984) was a Kurdish polymath, and nationalist.
Division by two

In mathematics, **division by two** is when a number is divided by two. Some cultures, like the ancient Egyptians, thought this was a different operation than division. Some mathematicians up until the 16th century (1500-1599) thought this too. Today division by two is handled specially in modern computer programming.

Division by two is also called **halving**, **mediation**, and **dimidiation**.

## Binary

In a binary number system, there are only two digits: 0 and 1. All other numbers are represented with those two digits. For example, "one" is 1, "two" is 10, "three" is 11, "four" is 100, and so on. Most of the time people use a number system with ten digits (the numbers 0 through 9.) This is called the decimal number system.

Division by two in binary is very easy. It is done by dropping the last digit on the right of the number. This is called a "bit shift operation." For example, if we performed a bit shift operation on the binary number 100, we'd get 10. Since binary 100 is decimal 4, and binary 10 is decimal 2, this makes sense.

Another example is performing a bit shift operation on 1101. This would leave us with 110, but we dropped a 1 from the end, not a zero. This also makes sense because 1101 in binary is 13 in decimal. If we divide 13 by 2, we get 6 with a remainder of 1 (we have 1 left over.)

### Computers

Computers use the binary number system to store information. Information is broken up into tiny pieces called _bits_. Each bit is either a 0 or a 1. Because of this, the fastest and easiest way for a computer to do division is by a bit shift operations -- division by two. Replacing regular division with bit shifts is a way to do program optimization. (Program optimization is trying to make a program faster and more efficient.)

In computer programming, the symbol `>>` is sometimes used to show a bit shift operation. In Java, we can ask the computer to do the problem  by writing `19 >> 2`. This is the same as writing `19/2`. Both of these versions will give us the answer `9`. There is a problem when trying to do something a problem like . In Java, if we write `-3/2`, the computer will tell us the answer is `-1`. But if we try to do `-3 >> 2`, the computer will say the answer is `-2`. This will happen every time we try to do a bit shift operation with one negative number. The reason for this is complicated, and has to do with the way negative binary numbers are saved by the computer.

Even though it is fastest for computers to do division using bit shift operations, most computer code does not do it this way. This is because programmers want their programs to be _portable_ and _readable_. Portable means that a program can be run on many different kinds of computers and operating systems. Readable means that the source code is easy to read and understand. Most of the time, the compiler (a program that changes source code into 0's and 1's that the computer can understand) will change the division into bit shifts automatically.
Mahmud Bayazidi

**Mahmud Bayazidi** (_Kurdish: Mehmûdê Bazîdî_), 1797–1859, was a Kurdish philosopher and polymath  from Bayazid in the Ottoman Empire. Bayazid is now Doğubeyazıt in Ağrı Province, Turkey.
Imprinting (ethology)

**Imprinting** is a term used in ethology to describe a special type of automatic learning that occurs during an animal's development.

Imprinting is when an early sight, sound, or smell during a short period leaves a long-lasting mark called an _imprint_ on the young animal’s nervous system. It often happens after one or a few experiences and is hard to reverse.

The word _imprinting_ has different meaning in different fields. In genetics it means Genomic imprinting, and in psychology the word is used more broadly to describe learned behaviours (see Imprinting (psychology)).

Imprinting usually occurs early in life, during a _sensitive_ period. That is why textbooks sometimes call it _phase-sensitive learning_. It is learning that happens at a particular age or life stage. The animal fixes on a particular signal (sound, sight, or smell) that creates an _imprint_ of the object it later prefers.

The process involves both instinct and learning. Imprinting makes certain stimuli especially easy to learn about for young animals.

The best-known form is filial imprinting, in which newly hatched or newborn animals imprint on a parent. Its function is to keep the young close to their parent(s) during the early learning period. It is most obvious in birds, such as ducks and geese, whose young often follow a parent in a line on land or water.

Imprinting was first reported in domestic chickens by the 19th-century biologist Douglas Spalding. It was later developed by the early ethologist Oskar Heinroth, and studied extensively and popularised by his student Konrad Lorenz, and by Niko Tinbergen.

Lorenz showed how just-hatched geese would imprint on the first suitable moving stimulus they saw, for example, a person’s boots. The geese would then follow it. Later laboratory work measured the timing of imprints. In ducklings the imprinting process can happen during 12–17 hours after hatching, but not after that.

In child development, some writers use the word _imprinting_ for early experiences that help babies know their caregivers. Newborn humans prefer their mother’s voice, and this recognition might begin before birth.

Filial imprinting of birds was used to make the movie _Winged Migration_. Hand-reared birds imprinted on handlers and learned to fly alongside ultralight aircraft, allowing close-up filming.
De Dion-Bouton

**De Dion-Bouton** is a French motor car company that began making cars in 1882. The company was started by Count Albert De Dion, Georges Bouton and Charles Trepardoux. Their first cars were steam powered and they made their first petrol internal combustion engine car in 1895.

A four-wheeled De Dion-Bouton et Trepardoux "La Marquise", a steam-powered car, said to be the oldest car in the world that still going, sold in 2007. The car had belonged to Count Albert De Dion. Built in 1884, it has a top speed of 35 miles per hour.
Vienna Secession

The** Vienna Secession** (also known as the _Union of Austrian Artists_, or _Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs_) was formed in 1897 by a group of Austrian artists who left the Association of Austrian Artists, housed in the Vienna Künstlerhaus due to its  conservatism. This movement included painters, sculptors, and architects. The first president of the Secession was Gustav Klimt, and Rudolf von Alt was made honorary president.

It was founded on  3 April 1897 by artists Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil, and others. Although the architect Otto Wagner is one of the most important members, he was not a founding member. The first exhibition was held in 1898. In 1898, the group's exhibition house was built near Karlsplatz. It was designed by Joseph Maria Olbrich, the exhibition building soon became known simply as "the Secession" (die Sezession). Their work was also published in a magazin called "Ver sacrum".

1903 Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser founded the Wiener Werkstätten, a union of artists who wanted to reform  the applied arts (arts and crafts). 1905 Klimt and other artists left the group due to different opinions about art.

- Other Secession artists:
    - Julius Exter
    - Richard Gerstl
    - Max Fabiani
    - Oskar Kokoschka
    - Jože Plečnik
    - Carl Moll
    - Koloman Moser
    - Egon Schiele
    - Malva Schalek
    - Othmar Schimkowitz
    - Joseph Maria Olbrich

## Other websites

- Homepage Secession
Curtin University

**Curtin University** (formerly known as **Curtin University of Technology**) is the largest university in Australia. Its main campus is in Bentley, Western Australia.

## History

Curtin University was first called the Western Australian Institute of Technology (WAIT), which opened in 1966. But the name was changed to the Curtin University of Technology. In 2010, 'of Technology' was dropped and it is now known just as Curtin University.

In 2005, both Curtin and Murdoch University considered merging together, but this was later cancelled.

## Facilities

Curtin is split into four _faculties_, the Centre for Aboriginal studies, Curtin Business school, Humanities, and Science and Engineering.

## Transport

Curtin has its own bus port, which has many routes run through it, including services from Canning Bridge railway station.

## Alumni

Melissa Cristina Márquez

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Curtin University
- **former names**: Western Australian Institute of Technology <small>(1966–1986</small>)
Curtin University of Technology <small>(1986–2010)</small>
- **motto**: Make Tomorrow Better
- **established**: 1966
- **type**: Public university, Public
- **chancellor**: Colin Beckett
- **vice chancellor**: Deborah Terry
- **city**: Bentley, Western Australia, Bentley
- **state**: Western Australia
- **country**: Australia
- **undergrad**: 48,536 (2016)
- **postgrad**: 9,680 (2016)
- **academic staff**: 2,975 (2015)
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban; 116 hectares
- **affiliations**: Australian Technology Network, ATN, Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning, ASAIHL, Open Universities Australia, OUA
Midnight

**Midnight** is the opposite of solar midday. On computer clocks, the day changes to the next day the minute(s) after midnight.

## On the clock

Midnight is:
- **12:00 AM** in the 12-hour clock.
- **00:00** in the 24-hour clock.

## Start and end of the day

In the world, midnight is the start of one day and the end of the last day. It is the dividing point between two days. In the United States and Canada, digital clocks and computers usually show 12am. right at midnight. However, people have to remember that any time is actually an instant. The **am** shown on clock displays means the 12-hour period after the instant of midnight. So when a clock says **12am**, midnight has already passed and a new day has started. In other words, 11:59 pm shows until midnight; at the instant of midnight, it changes to 12:00. At the same time, the **pm** changes to **am**, but **am** does not mean the instant of midnight which separates **pm** and **am**.
Rottnest Island

**Rottnest Island** (also known as Rotto or just Rottnest) is 18 kilometres from the mainland of Western Australia. It is called Wadjemup by the Noongar tribe, which means _land across the water_. Rottnest is a popular tourist attaction.

## History

Aboriginal people originally occupied Rottnest around 30,000  years ago. The island was originally connected to the mainland, but it eventually became separated with the Indian Ocean, and so it became an island. As Aboriginal people did not have boats, the island had no one living on it until the Europeans arrived.  Dutch sailor Willem de Vlamingh named the island _Rattenest_, meaning _Rat's nest_. The 'rats' he was referring to was actually a Quokka, a native animal on the island.

After the Swan River Colony was established in 1830, Robert Thomson settled on the island with his family. He made a living selling salt, which is naturally found on the island. Before refrigeration, salt was very important, as it kept food fresh.

The island became a prison for Aboriginals, during the periods of 1838-1849 and 1855-1931. Around 3,700 Aboriginal men and boys were imprisoned for crimes such as spearing livestock, burning the bush and digging vegetables.

Rottnest Island was also used during World War I and II.

## Animals

Rottnest is home to the Quokka, and is one of the few places in the world where they live.

## Tourism

Rottnest Island is now a very popular tourist destination, due to its beaches, wildlife and natural environment. Nearly 500,000 people visit the island each year, mostly by ferry but others by aircraft (Rottnest has its own airport). The island is looked after by the Rottnest Island Authority (RIA). A fee is charged when people enter the island, which goes to help maintain it.
Motor vehicles are prohibited on the island, except for use by the RIA, Police or other emergency services. Additionally, only certain individuals are allowed to permanently live on the island.

## Other websites

- Rottnest Island Website
Southern Professional Hockey League

The **Southern Professional Hockey League** (SPHL) is a low-level professional ice hockey league based in Charlotte, North Carolina, with teams located in the southeastern United States.

## Infobox (sports league)

- **current season**: 2017–18 SPHL season
- **pixels**: 200px
- **sport**: Ice hockey
- **founded**: 2004
- **teams**: 10
- **country**: United States
- **champion**: Huntsville Havoc
(2017–18 SPHL season, 2018)
- **most champs**: Knoxville Ice Bears (4)
- **website**: [http://www.thesphl.com/ www.TheSPHL.com]
Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey

The **Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey**(North American Hockey League) (**LNAH**) was founded in 2004 and is a low-level professional league based in the Canadian province of Quebec.
Federal Hockey League

The **Federal Hockey League (FHL)** is a professional ice hockey league with teams in the Northeastern United States and Ontario.
Canadian Junior Hockey League

The **Canadian Junior Hockey League** (**CJHL**), an association of Canadian Junior A ice hockey leagues and teams, formed in November 1993, emerging from the Canada West Association of Junior 'A' Hockey.
Alberta Junior Hockey League

The **Alberta Junior Hockey League** (**AJHL**) is an Alberta-based Junior A hockey league that belongs to the Canadian Junior Hockey League (CJHL).

## Infobox (sports league)

- **sport**: Ice hockey
- **founded**: 1964
- **teams**: 16
- **champion**: Brooks Bandits
British Columbia Hockey League

The **British Columbia Hockey League** is a Junior "A" ice hockey league from British Columbia under Hockey Canada, a subsection of the Canadian Junior Hockey League.

## Member teams

|Division|Team|City|Arena|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Alberni Valley Bulldogs**|Port Alberni, British Columbia|Weyerhauser Arena||
|**Cowichan Valley Capitals**|Duncan, British Columbia|Island Savings Centre||
|**Nanaimo Clippers**|Nanaimo, British Columbia|Frank Crane Arena||
|**Victoria Grizzlies**|Victoria, British Columbia|The Q Center||
|**Powell River Kings**|Powell River, British Columbia|Hap Parker Arena||
|**Chilliwack Chiefs**|Chilliwack, British Columbia|Prospera Centre||
|**Coquitlam Express**|Coquitlam, British Columbia|Poirier Sport & Leisure Complex||
|**Langley Rivermen**|Langley, British Columbia|Langley Events Centre||
|**Prince George Spruce Kings**|Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George Coliseum||
|**Surrey Eagles**|Surrey, British Columbia|South Surrey Arena||
|**Merritt Centennials**|Merritt, British Columbia|Nicola Valley Memorial Arena||
|**Penticton Vees**|Penticton, British Columbia|South Okanagan Events Centre||
|**Salmon Arm Silverbacks**|Salmon Arm, British Columbia|Shaw Centre||
|**Trail Smoke Eaters**|Trail, British Columbia|Cominco Arena||
|**Vernon Vipers**|Vernon, British Columbia|Kal Tire Place||
|**West Kelowna Warriors**|West Kelowna, British Columbia|Royal LePage Place||

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (sports league)

- **title**: British Columbia Hockey League
- **current season**: 2013–14 BCHL season
- **pixels**: 200px
- **sport**: Ice hockey
- **founded**: 1961
- **teams**: 16
- **country**: (16 teams)
- **champion**: Surrey Eagles
- **most champs**: Vernon Vipers – **10**
- **website**: [http://www.bchl.ca/ www.bchl.ca/]
- **ceo**: John Grisdale
Central Canada Hockey League

The **Central Canada Hockey League** (CCHL) is a Canadian Junior "A" ice hockey league operating in eastern Ontario, Canada.
Quebec Junior Hockey League

The **Ligue de Hockey Junior AAA Quebec** or **Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League** is a Hockey Quebec Junior "AAA" ice hockey league. It is a member of Hockey Canada and the Canadian Junior Hockey League.
Czech Extraliga

The **Czech Extraliga** () is the highest-level ice hockey league in the Czech Republic. As of 2009, it is ranked by the IIHF as the third strongest league in Europe.

## Name

The name of the league is leased a general sponsor and changes frequently.
- In 1999-2000 season – **Staropramen Extraliga**
- In 2001-2002 season – **Český Telecom Extraliga**
- From 2003 to 2006 – **Tipsport Extraliga**
- From 2007 to 2010 – **O2 Extraliga**
- From 2010 – **Tipsport Extraliga**

## 2022-23 teams

Note: The names of most teams are leased to general sponsors and change frequently.

|width=300|Team|2021-22 league position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Bílí Tygři Liberec|7th||
|HC Motor České Budějovice|4th||
|HC Energie Karlovy Vary|12th||
|HC Dynamo Pardubice|5th||
|HC Škoda Plzeň|6th||
|Rytiří Kladno|14th||
|HC Verva Litvínov|13th||
|Mountfield HK|1st||
|HC Olomouc|9th||
|HC Sparta Praha|3rd||
|HC Oceláři Třinec|2nd||
|HC Vítkovice Ridera|8th||
|BK Mladá Boleslav|11th||
|HC Kometa Brno|10th||

### Year By Year

- 1994 HC Olomouc
- 1995 HC Dadák Vsetín
- 1996 HC Petra Vsetín
- 1997 HC Petra Vsetín
- 1998 HC Slovnaft Vsetín
- 1999 HC Slovnaft Vsetín
- 2000 HC Sparta Praha
- 2001 HC Vsetín
- 2002 HC Sparta Praha
- 2003 HC Slavia Praha
- 2004 HC Hamé Zlín
- 2005 HC Moeller Pardubice
- 2006 HC Sparta Praha
- 2007 HC Sparta Praha
- 2008 HC Slavia Praha
- 2009 HC Energie Karlovy Vary
- 2010 HC Pardubice
- 2011 HC Oceláři Třinec
- 2012 HC ČSOB Pojišťovna Pardubice
- 2013 HC Škoda Plzeň
- 2014 PSG Zlín
- 2015 HC Verva Litvínov
- 2016 Bílí Tygři Liberec
- 2017 HC Kometa Brno
- 2018 HC Kometa Brno
- 2019 HC Oceláři Třinec
- 2020 No champions
- 2021 HC Oceláři Třinec
- 2022 Třinec or Sparta

## Other websites

- Hokej.cz
- Hokej iDNES.cz

## Infobox (sports league)

- **title**: Czech Extraliga
- **current season**: 2022–23 Czech Extraliga season
- **pixels**: 300px
- **sport**: Ice hockey
- **founded**: 1993
- **teams**: 14
- **champion**: HC Oceláři Třinec
- **most champs**: HC Vsetín (6)
- **website**: http://www.hokej.cz/
- **tv**: Česká televize