juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Criticism of Christianity

Since its beginning, Christianity has been criticized by people in all professions and by people of all other religions. The reason for the criticism varies: many Christians have followed the Bible in criticising homosexuality, abortion and many other hot button issues. Also, Christianity may be rejected because of lack of interest (due to abuse of Christianity) or some just prefer to not convert into it.

## Criticism of writings

Beginning with the Enlightenment, in the 18th century, people began to apply methods of text criticism they had also applied to other documents, and philosophical writings.  This form of criticism uses reason, rather than revelations to study texts. There are four primary types of Biblical criticism: form, traditional, higher and lower criticism.
- _Form criticism_ tries to find the earlier oral traditions on which the texts were based.
- _Tradition criticism_  studies the Bible and looks at how traditions have changed over time.
- _Higher criticism:_ the study of the sources and literary methods employed by the biblical authors.
- _Lower criticism:_ the discipline and study of the actual wording of the Bible; a quest for textual purity and understanding.

Conservative Christians, as well as much of Orthodox Judaism  and Karaite Judaism,  support the idea that the Bible is historically accurate. Moderate and liberal Christians generally think the Bible texts are historical, and reliable. They do however think that certain passages should not be read literally, but metaphorically.
Kōka

was a  after _Tenpō_ and before _Kaei._  This period started in December of 1844 and ended in February of 1848.  During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the _Kōka_ era

- **1844** (_Kōka 1_): Takashima Tomonosuke was born.

- **1846** (_Kōka 3_): Two U.S. Navy ships were driven away from Uraga at the mouth of Tokyo Bay.

- **21 February 1846** (_Kōka 3, 26th day of the 1st month_): Ninkō died; and the succession passed to his son (_senso_).  Soon after, Emperor Kōmei's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).

- **March 1846** (_Kōka 3_): Earthquake in Sanriku (Latitude: 39.500/Longitude:  142.000), 6.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale

- **9 May 1847** (_Kōka 4_): Earthquake in Nagano (Latitude: 37.000/Longitude:  138.000), 7.4 on Richter Scale

- **1848** (_Kōka 5_): The last subscription Noh performance of the pre-modern era.

During the Koka era, Hiroshige began making prints of women in the context of famous places.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kōka|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1844|1845|1846|1847|1848|
Hoxne treasure

The **Hoxne treasure**  is the largest find of late Roman silver and gold in Britain, and the largest collection of gold and silver coins of the fourth and fifth century found anywhere in the Roman Empire.

The treasure was found by metal detector in the village of Hoxne in Suffolk, England, on  1992. The hoard consists of 14,865 Roman gold, silver and bronze coins from the late fourth and early fifth centuries, and about 200 items of silver tableware and gold jewellery.

The objects are now in the British Museum in London, where the most important pieces and a selection of the rest are on permanent display. In 1993, the Treasure Valuation Committee valued the hoard at £1.75 million (today £).

The hoard was buried as an oak box or small chest filled with items in precious metal, with some in smaller wooden boxes and others in bags or wrapped in fabric. Remnants of the chest, and of fittings such as hinges and locks, were recovered in the dig. The coins date the hoard to after AD 407, about the end of Britain as a Roman province.

The owners and reasons for burial of the hoard are unknown, but it was carefully packed and the contents seem what a very rich family might have owned. The lack of large silver serving vessels and of some of the most common types of jewellery, suggest that the hoard is only part of the wealth of its owner.

The Hoxne treasure contains several rare and important objects, including a gold body-chain and silver-gilt pepper-pots. The hoard was excavated by archaeologists with the items largely undisturbed and intact. The find has helped to improve the relationship between people using metal detectors and archaeologists. It has influenced a change in English law on finds of treasure.<sup>p173</sup>

## Related pages

- Thetford Hoard
Tōhoku region

The  is one of Japan's traditional regions. The Japanese conventions of geography and history divide the nation into eight regions, including the Tōhoku region.  These have been used since 1905 as basic units for description and comparison and as cultural markers.

The regions of Japan are a fusion of historical divisions and modern administrative needs.    The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.

## History

In the late 7th century, the _Tōsandō_ region were identified as one of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system (_ritsuryo seido_).

_Gokishichidō_ is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including _Tōsandō_.  _Tōhoku_ covers the northern area of the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional _Tōsandō_.

In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree.  Japan was divided into regions (_chihō _), including the Tōhoku region. A regional council  (_chihō gyōsei kyōgisai_) was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional grouping.  The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.

Over time, Tōhoku has developed its own regional dialects, customs and unique traditional culture. Tōhoku is famous for farming. Now a lot of kinds of vegetable are grown.

The Tohoku University was built in 1907.

In 2011, Tōhoku was struck with a very strong earthquake and tsunami. It caused a lot of damage. Now, people in Japan do their best for the complete revival of Tōhoku.

## Geography

The region occupies the northeastern part of Honshu, which is the largest Japanese island.

### Tōhoku Prefectures

The region has six prefectures. From north to south, they are:
- Aomori Prefecture
- Iwate Prefecture
- Akita Prefecture
- Miyagi Prefecture
- Yamagata Prefecture
- Fukushima Prefecture

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
- Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Sri Lanka Railways S11

Sri Lanka Railways **Class S11** is a diesel multiple-unit (DMU) train, built for Sri Lanka Railways by RITES Ltd, an Indian state infrastructure corporation. The DMUs are currently being imported in phases, with the last batch arriving in Sri Lanka in March 2012. They were built to replace locomotive-hauled passenger trains. Twenty S11 DMUs were ordered to strengthen long distance travel on the Coastal railway line from Colombo to Matara.
Communes of the Guadeloupe department

The following is a list of the 32 **communes of the Guadeloupe overseas department** of France.

|INSEE Code|Postal Code|Commune name|Mayor|Population (1999)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|97101|97139|Les Abymes|Eric Jalton*|63054|
|97102|97121|Anse-Bertrand|Alfred Dona-Erie|5028|
|97103|97122|Baie-Mahault|Ary Chalus|29980|
|97104|97123|Baillif|Marie-Lucile Breslau|6315|
|97105|97100|Basse-Terre|Lucette Michaux-Chevry*|12410|
|97106|97125|Bouillante|Jean-Claude Malo*|7336|
|97107|97130|Capesterre-Belle-Eau|Joël Beaugendre|19599|
|97108|97140|Capesterre-de-Marie-Galante|Marlène Bourgeois-Miraculeux|3563|
|97111|97126|Deshaies|Jeanny Marc|4043|
|97110|97127|La Désirade|René Noël|1621|
|97113|97190|Le Gosier|Jean-Pierre Dupont|25308|
|97109|97113|Gourbeyre|Luc Adémar|7632|
|97114|97128|Goyave|Ferdy Louisy*|5040|
|97112|97112|Grand-Bourg|Patrice Tirolien|5893|
|97115|97129|Lamentin|José Toribio*|13414|
|97116|97111|Morne-à-l'Eau|Jean-Claude Lombion|17136|
|97117|97160|Le Moule|Gabrielle Louis-Carabin|22913|
|97118|97170|Petit-Bourg|Guy Losbar*|20510|
|97119|97131|Petit-Canal|Florent Mitel|7746|
|97120|97110|Pointe-à-Pitre|Jacques Bangou*|20931|
|97121|97116|Pointe-Noire|Félix Desplan|7689|
|97122|97117|Port-Louis|Jean Barfleur|5573|
|97124|97120|Saint-Claude|Élie Califer|10191|
|97125|97118|Saint-François|Laurent Bernier*|10674|
|97126|97134|Saint-Louis|Jacques Cornano|2997|
|97128|97180|Sainte-Anne|Blaise Aldo|20385|
|97129|97115|Sainte-Rose|Richard Yacou|17605|
|97130|97136|Terre-de-Bas|Fred Beaujour|1267|
|97131|97137|Terre-de-Haut|Louis Molinié|1729|
|97132|97114|Trois-Rivières|Hélène Christophe-Vainqueur*|8732|
|97133|97141|Vieux-Fort|Nérée Bourgeois|1603|
|97134|97119|Vieux-Habitants|Georges Clairy|7611|

Former communes detached from Guadeloupe on February 22, 2007:

|INSEE code|Postal code|Commune name|
| --- | --- | --- |
|97123|97133|Saint-Barthélemy|
|97127|97150|Saint-Martin|
Line Islands

The **Line Islands** are an island chain in the central Pacific Ocean near the equator. Three of the islands are territories of the United States of America. These islands are Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, and Palmyra Island. The rest of the islands are part of Kiribati, an island nation in the Pacific ocean. The Islands that are part of Kiribati are Washington Island, Tabuaeran, Kiritimati, Malden Island, Starbuck Island, Caroline Island, Flint Island, and Vostok Island. The islands are sometimes grouped into the southern line islands (Caroline, Vostok, and Flint islands), central line islands (Jarvis Island, Malden Island, and Starbuck islands), and northern line islands (Kingman Reef, Kiritimati, and Palmyra, Washington, and Fanning islands).
Kaei

was a  after _Kōka_ and before _Ansei_.  This period started in February 1848 and ended in November 1854. During this time, the emperor was .

The _nengō_ _Kaei_ means "Celebration of Eternity" or "Eternal Felicity"

## Events of the _Kaei_ Era

- **1849** (_Kaei 2_): Medical practice of vaccination first used by Dutch physician at Dejima.

- **July 1853** (_Kaei 6_): Commodore Matthew Perry and the United States Navy anchor off Uraga at the mouth of Tokyo Bay.

- **1854** (_Kaei 7_): Commodore Perry returns to Edo Bay to force Japanese agreement to the Treaty of Kanagawa.  The chief Japanese negotiator was Hayashi Akira.

- **2 May 1854** (_Kaei 7, the 6th day of the 4th month_): Fire destroyed the Imperial Palace in Kyoto.

During the _Kaei_ era, the shogunate bought guns and encouraged the manufacture of guns.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kaei|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1848|1849|1850|1851|1852|1853|1854|
Fenius Farsaid

**Fenius Farsaid** was a King in Irish mythology. He was King of Scythia when the Tower of Babel was being built, and one of 72 chieftains working for King Nimrod to build it. He managed to keep his language alive even after Babel confused languages and this eventually became Irish according to the myth. His son Nel married Scota, the daughter of King Cingris of Egypt. From his son the Gaels supposedly descended. He is mentioned in _Lebor Gabala Erenn_ and _Auraicept na en-Eces_.
Weston, Illinois (McLean County)

**Weston, Illinois** is an unincorporated community in McLean County, Illinois. It is on U.S. Route 24.

## History

On 26 August 1867, W. F. Bryan laid out Weston. The Original Town included 288 small lots, five blocks that were not subdivided and a Public Park. The depot and town hall were on the south side of the tracks. The station was for the Toledo Peoria and Western Railroad. In 1895 there were four churches. Just east of town, Western Cemetery has an area of natural tall grass prairie.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Weston
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated community
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Illinois
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: McLean County, Illinois, McLean
- **subdivision type3**: Township
- **pushpin map**: Illinois
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Weston within Illinois
- **elevation ft**: 702
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 61726
- **area code**: Area codes 815 and 779, 815, 779
Ansei

was a  after _Kaei_ and before _Man'en_.  This period started in November 1854 and ended in March 1860.  During this time, the emperor was .

The _nengō_ _Ansei_ means "tranquil government".

## Events of the _Ansei_ era

- **1854** (_Ansei 1_): The Ansei-Tōkai Quake (安政東海地震, _Ansei Tōkai Jishin_) was an 8.4 magnitude earthquake which struck on December 23, 1854. The epicenter ranged from Suruga Bay to the deep ocean, and struck primarily in the Tōkai region, but destroyed houses as far away as in Edo. The accompanying tsunami caused damage along the entire coast from the Bōsō Peninsula in modern-day Chiba prefecture to Tosa province (modern-day Kōchi prefecture)

- **1854** (_Ansei 1_): The Ansei-Nankai Quake (安政南海地震, _Ansei Nankai Jishin_) was an 8.4 magnitude earthquake which struck on December 24, 1854. Over 10,000 people from the Tōkai region down to Kyushu were killed.

- **1855** (_Ansei 2_): After the Imperial Palace was destroyed by fire in 1854 (_Kaei 7_), it was re-built in nine months.

- **1855** (_Ansei 2, 21st day of the 11th month_): The emperor moved in a grand procession from the Katsura Palace to the newly completed palace in Kyoto.

- **11 November 1855** (_Ansei 2_): Great Ansei Earthquake in Edo.  Epicenter -- (Latitude: 36.000/Longitude: 140.000), 6.9 magnitude on the Richter Scale.

- **15 November 1857** (_Ansei 4_): Nagasaki Medical School was opened.  Dr. Pompe van Meerdevoort gave the first formal public lecture at the new school.

- **1858-1860** (_Ansei 4-Ansei 6_): Cholera killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people in Edo.

- **1858** (_Ansei 5_): Establishment of Keio University.

- **29 July 1959** (_Ansei 5_):  Ii Naosuke signs Japanese-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce (also known as the "Harris Treaty").

- **1858** (_Ansei 5_): Beginning of Ansei Purge which was ordered by Ii Naosuke.

- **March 24, 1860** (_Ansei 7_):  Ii Naosuke was assassinated, also known as the "Sakurada-mon Incident"

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- National Diet Library, Photograph of Sakurada-mon (1909)

|Ansei|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1854|1855|1856|1857|1858|1859|1860|
Man'en

was a  after _Ansei_ and before _Bunkyū_.  This period started in March 1860 and ended in February 1861.  During this time, the emperor was .

The _nengō_ _Tenpō_ means "Ten Thousand Years Prolonged"

## Events of the _Man'en_ era

- **1860** (_Man'en 1_): First Western professional photographer to live in Japan was Orrin Freeman in Yokohama.

- **1860** (_Man'en 1_): First diplomatic mission from modern Japan to the United States.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" Link to historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Keichō|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1860|1861|
Euro disco

**Euro disco** is a form of disco-based dance music which originated in the late-1970s in Europe, as a more European variant of disco music. Euro disco was based on disco music, yet it was a more encompassing genre which borrowed influences from pop, rock and New Wave music. In such a way, it was more pop-friendly and less "gritty" than regular disco music. It often included synthesizers within its composition.

Euro disco, as the term suggests, was popular in Europe. Nevertheless, it also achieved popularity in the United States through artists such as Donna Summer. Some regard Kraftwerk as the first Euro disco group. Furthermore,  Giorgio Moroder was also a major force within the Euro disco scene.

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Euro disco
- **color**: gold
- **bgcolor**: blue
- **stylistic origins**: Disco
Pop music, Pop
Rock music, Rock
New Wave music, New Wave
Dance music, Dance
Europop
- **instruments**: Electric guitar, synthesizer, drums, Keyboard instrument, keyboard, piano, bass guitar
- **popularity**: 1970s onwards, mainly Europe
- **derivatives**: Eurodance
- **other topics**: Disco, post-disco
Wilson's bird-of-paradise

The **Wilson's bird-of-paradise** is a small bird of the Paradisaeidae family.

## Description

The male is a red and black bird-of-paradise with a yellow mantle on its neck, a light-green mouth, blue feet and two curved violet tail feathers. The head is naked blue with a black double cross pattern on it.

As so often with birds in general, and paradise birds in particular, the female is not showy. It is a brownish bird, though it does have a bare blue crown.

## Diet

Wilson's bird-of-paradise eat usually fruit or small insects.
Woodpecker finch

The **Woodpecker Finch** is a species of birds in the family Fringillidae. They live in the Galapagos Islands and are named for their habit of eating grubs that live in the woods. But the woodpecker finch, unlike woodpeckers, does not have a long tongue or a bill that is suitable for getting hold of the grubs. Instead, it uses a cactus spine or twig that is the right shape to dig grubs out.
Secretarybird

The **secretarybird** (_Sagittarius serpentarius_) is a large terrestrial bird of prey. It is usually found in African savannas and open grasslands.

Unlike most birds of prey, the secretarybird hunts its prey on foot. Adults hunt in pairs and sometimes as family flocks. They stalk through the grass with long strides. Prey includes insects, mammals from mice to hares and mongoose, crabs, lizards, snakes, tortoises, young birds, bird eggs, and sometimes dead animals killed in grass or bushfires.

The bird is famous for hunting snakes. It even hunts venomous cobras and other reptiles. Its claws are weak and blunt, so to make a kill, it stomps on its victim, breaking its back.

It is put in its own family on the basis of molecular sequence analysis.

## Size

Standing up, the secretarybird is nearly 4.5 feet (1.3 m) tall.
Taishō era

The , also known as the **Taishō era**, was a  after _Meiji_ and before _Shōwa._  This period started on July 30, 1912 and it ended on December 25, 1926. During this time, the emperor was .

The _nengō_ _Taishō_ means "Great Justice" or "Great Righteousness".

## Events of the Taishō period

The years in which Taishō was the Japanese monarch comprise this period or era.
- **1920** (_Taishō 9_): First census of Japan, population 77 million
- **1921** (_Taishō 10_): Prince Hirohito was made regent (_sesshō_)
- **1923** (_Taishō 12_): Great Kantō earthquake;
- **1925** (_Taishō 14_): The Emperor accepts the principle of the right to vote for everyone

### Politics

- **1912** (_Taishō 1_): Emperor Meiji died; and Saionji Kinmochi was the Prime Minister during the time of transition.
- **1912** (_Taishō 1_): Katsura Tarō became 15th Prime Minister of Japan
- **1913** (_Taishō 2_): Yamamoto Gonbee became 16th Prime Minister
- **1914** (_Taishō 3_): Ōkuma Shigenobu became 17th Prime Minister
- **1916** (_Taishō 5_): Terauchi Masatake became 18th Prime Minister
- **1918** (_Taishō 7_): Hara Takashi became 19th Prime Minister
- **1921** (_Taishō 10_): Takahashi Korekiyo became 20th Prime Minister
- **1922** (_Taishō 11_): Katō Tomosaburō became 21st Prime Minister
- **1923** (_Taishō 12_): Yamamoto became 22nd Prime Minister
- **1924** (_Taishō 13_): Kiyoura Keigo became 23rd Prime Minister
- **1924** (_Taishō 13_): Katō Takaaki became 24th Prime Minister
- **1926** (_Taishō 15_):Wakatsuki Reijirō became 25th Prime Minister

## Related pages

- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese era name

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Taishō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1912|1913|1914|1915|1916|1917|1918|1919|1920|1921|1922|1923|1924|1925|1926|
Lanarkshire derby

The **Lanarkshire Derby** is a football rivalry in Lanarkshire, Scotland, and matches are played between two of Motherwell, Hamilton Academical, Airdrie United and Albion Rovers.

## Motherwell vs Airdrie

This game is the biggest Lanarkshire derby, and big crowds usually come to watch this match, at either Fir Park or Excelsior Stadium. For a very long time, Motherwell and Airdrieonians were the two biggest teams in Lanarkshire, up until Airdrie went out of business in 2002. There has only been one game between these two teams since Airdrie re-formed as Airdrie United, in the 2007 Scottish Cup. A Richie Foran goal won it for Motherwell that day, in front of a crowd of 5,924, the highest ever for an Airdrie United match. Also, this match had often been the final of the Lanarkshire Cup, a competition where teams from all-over Lanarkshire played in. This competition stopped in 1996.

## Motherwell vs Hamilton Academical

This game is the second-biggest Lanarkshire derby, and the most Southern of all the derbies. Up until 2008, both teams were mostly in different divisions. Then Hamilton got promoted to the SPL and both teams were to play each other a lot. This ended when Hamilton got relegated in 2011, meaning that Motherwell are now the only SPL team in Lanarkshire.

## Hamilton Academical vs Airdrie

This game is between the two middle-rated teams in Lanarkshire, and is not as big as when one of the teams play Motherwell. Both teams have usually been in a league lower than the SPL, this has became fiercely contested in recent years between both fanbases with both clubs playing in and around a similar tier of football.

## Airdrie vs Albion Rovers

This game is big for both teams, as they were both in the Monklands area, until Airdrie moved to a new stadium in the Petersburn area in 1998. The first match between Albion and Airdrie (as United), was in 2010, when Airdrie beat Albion Rovers 1-0 at Cliftonhill. Since that game, both teams are in the same division in the 2011-12 season.

## Albion Rovers vs Hamilton Academical

This is not a big derby match, as both teams have been in different divisions for most of their existence. They were in the same league in 2001, but have not met each other since, making this derby the smallest. Coatbridge and Hamilton are 6 miles apart.

## Albion Rovers vs Motherwell

This is the least remembered of the derbies, as Albion have been in the lower divisions for most of their existence, whilst Motherwell have been in the top division. There is also no bad feeling between the two, as a few young Motherwell players have gone out on loan to Albion Rovers over the years.
Camposaurus

- _Not to be confused with Camptosaurus._

***Camposaurus*** is a dinosaur from the Late Triassic of North America. It is a relative of _Coelophysis_. This relationship was upheld by a recent phylogenetic anlysis.

With fossils dating back to 205–210 million years ago (mya), it is the oldest known neotheropod. It is known from partial lower leg bones and other fragmentary material.

A study of _Camposaurus arizoniensis_ by Ezcurra and Brusatte discovered two unique features. This meant the specimen was a valid genus and species. _Camposaurus_ is definitely a neotheropod. Based on phylogenetic analysis, its closest known relative is _Megapnosaurus rhodensis_, because they share similarities in the tibia, and ankle. Spielman et al. (2007) put _Camposaurus_ in the family Coelophysidae.
Staurikosaurus

***Staurikosaurus*** is a genus of Upper Triassic theropod dinosaurs found in Brazil. It was a small, lightly built carnivore.

The rarity of _Staurikosaurus_ remains may be a result of it being uncommon while alive, or because it lived in an environment such as a forest, where fossils rarely form.

## Description

At just , 80 centimetres tall (31 in), and weighing just 30 kilograms (66 lb), _Staurikosaurus_ was small in comparison to later theropods like _Megalosaurus_. _Staurikosaurus_ and the related _Herrerasaurus_ are definitely theropods and evolved after the sauropod line had split from the theropods.

The fossil record of _Staurikosaurus_ is poor, but the skeletal structure of the legs is known. _Staurikosaurus_ was a quick runner for its size. It also had just two vertebrae joining the pelvis to the spine, a distinctly primitive arrangement.

The available teeth for Staurikosaurus strongly suggest a carnivorous diet.

### Tail

The tail of _Staurikosaurus_ was relatively long (with more than 40 vertebrae) compared to the rest of its body and was held straight and off the ground as it ran.  The rear part of _Staurikosaurus_'s tail is stiffened by features of the tail vertebrae.  Ostrom thought this was a dynamic stabilizer to help balance while leaping and running.

## Other websites

- Dinosaurs of Rio grande do Sul.
Ostend manifesto

The **Ostend Manifesto** was an 1854 document describing the reasons for the United States to buy Cuba. Cuba was to be added as a slave state of the United States.
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator

**Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator** (**EDSAC**) was an early British computer. It was made by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory in England.  EDSAC was the first stored-program electronic computer. It was also the first to run a computer game.

Later the project was supported by J. Lyons & Co. Ltd., a British company. They were rewarded with the first commercial computer, LEO I. LEO I was based on the EDSAC design.  EDSAC ran its first programs on 6 May 1949, when it calculated a table of square numbers and a list of prime numbers.
Voting age

**Voting age** is the age when a person is allowed to vote in political elections by governments.

Most countries set it at 18. Ages ranging from 16 to 21 exist. Iran is the only sovereignty to ever have a voting age below 16 in recent history. They set it at 15 until it was raised to 18 recently.

When the voting age was first established it was usually set at 21. In the later twentieth century most countries, including the United States, lowered it to 18. A few jurisdictions today, such as Austria and the Isle of Man, have lowered it to 16.

This topic connects up with various other age-related permissions, such as age limit on purchasing alcohol, and age of possible marriage. Use of terms such as "teenager" needs to be clear as to what the term covers.
Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas

***Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas*** is a television Christmas special that was first shown on the American television network ABC on Thursday, November 24, 2011. It is based on characters from the movie _Ice Age_. The entire cast from the movies all play the same characters; Ciara Bravo is the voice of Peaches, who is now a young kid. There are new characters voiced by Billy Gardell, T. J. Miller, and Judah Friedlander.

## Premieres

|Country|Premiere|
| --- | --- |
||24 November 2011|
||26 November 2011|
||21 December 2011|
||24 December 2011|
||25 December 2011|

## Plot

In the middle of decorating for the holiday season, Sid the _Megatherium_ accidentally destroys Manny the Mammoth's favorite decoration, the traditional Christmas rock by accident. Sid, convinced by Manny that he's now on Santa's naughty list, takes off with Crash, Eddie, and Peaches — who's still a young child — for the North Pole to get him off the naughty list. On their journey, they befriend one of Santa's _Megaloceroses_ named Prancer.

When they arrive at the North Pole, Sid and his crew accidentally destroy Santa's workshop. When Manny, Ellie, and Diego (worried over Peaches' safety) arrive at the North Pole, they reunite to save Christmas. With the help of an army of mini-sized _Paramylodons_, the Sub-Zero Heroes make enough new toys for every child on Earth. Santa is then able to distribute presents on a worldwide basis after Prancer and his whole family volunteer to pull his sleigh. Santa has also left Scrat a present: A small acorn, which he then loses again.

## Voice cast

- Ray Romano as Manny, a helpful mammoth.
- John Leguizamo as Sid, a megathere.
- Denis Leary as Diego, a smilodont.
- Queen Latifah as Ellie, another friendly mammoth.
- Seann William Scott as Crash
- Josh Peck as Eddie
- Ciara Bravo as Peaches
- Chris Wedge as Scrat
- Billy Gardell as Santa Claus
- T. J. Miller as Prancer, a Megaloceros.
- Judah Friedlander as Head Mini-Paramylodon
- Frank Welker as Animals' vocal effects (uncredited)

## Welcoming

_Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas_ was positively welcomed from audience.

## Infobox (television film)

- **name**: Ice Age: A Mammoth Christmas
- **starring**: Ray Romano
John Leguizamo
Denis Leary
Queen Latifah
Seann William Scott
Josh Peck
Ciara Bravo
Chris Wedge
Billy Gardell
- **music**: John Powell
- **distributor**: American Broadcasting Company, ABC
Blue Sky Studios
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Mick Wingert

**Michael "Mick" Wingert** (born July 4, 1974) is an American stand-up comedian, voice actor, comedian, and actor. He is best known as the new voice of Master Po in _Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness_. He took over from Po's original voice actor Jack Black.

And he's also the Theme song singer of: _Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness_.

## Early life

Wingert was born **Michael Wingert** in Lemoore, California.

## Filmography

|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Year|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Title|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Role|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2010|_Kung Fu Panda Holiday_|Various voices|Made for television|||||
|2011-present|_Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness_|Po and the Theme song singer|Television series|||||
|2017|_Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory_|Mr. Slugworth / Mr. Wilkinson|Direct-to-video|||||

## Video games

|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Year|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Title|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Role|style="background: #B0C4DE;"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2008|_Kung Fu Panda_|Po|Replacing Jack Black|||||
|2011|_Kung Fu Panda 2_|Po|Replacing Jack Black|||||

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Mick Wingert
- **image**: Mick Wingert 2023.png
- **caption**: Wingert in 2023
- **birth name**: Michael Wingert
- **birth place**: Lemoore, California, United States, U.S.A.
2016 United States presidential election

The **2016 United States presidential election** was the 58th presidential election that was held on November 8, 2016. Businessman Donald Trump and Indiana Governor Mike Pence defeated former U.S. secretary of State Hillary Clinton and U.S. senator Tim Kaine on the Republican Party ticket.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: 2016 United States presidential election
- **country**: United States
- **flag year**: 1960
- **type**: presidential
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: 2012 United States presidential election
- **previous year**: 2012
- **election date**: November 8, 2016
- **next election**: 2020 United States presidential election
- **next year**: 2020
- **votes for election**: 538 members of the United States Electoral College, Electoral College
- **needed votes**: 270 electoral
- **turnout**: 60.1%  1.5 percentage point, pp
- **image size**: 200x200px
- **image1**: Donald Trump official portrait (3x4a).jpg
- **nominee1**: **Donald Trump**
- **party1**: Republican Party (United States)
- **home state1**: New York (state), New York
- **running mate1**: **Mike Pence**
- **electoral vote1**: **304**
- **states carried1**: **30 + Maine's 2nd congressional district, ME-02**
- **popular vote1**: 62,984,828
- **image2**: Hillary Clinton by Gage Skidmore 3x4.jpg
- **nominee2**: Hillary Clinton
- **party2**: Democratic Party (United States)
- **home state2**: New York (state), New York
- **running mate2**: Tim Kaine
- **electoral vote2**: 227
- **states carried2**: 20 + Washington, D.C., DC
- **popular vote2**: **65,853,514**
- **percentage2**: ****
- **map size**: 350px
- **map caption**: Presidential election results map. <span style="color:darkred;">Red</span> denotes states won by Trump/Pence and <span style="color:darkblue;">blue</span> denotes those won by Clinton/Kaine. Numbers indicate United States Electoral College, electoral votes cast by each state and the District of Columbia. On election night, Trump won 306 electors and Clinton 232. However, because of seven faithless electors (five Democratic and two Republican), Trump received 304 votes and Clinton 227.
- **title**: President
- **before election**: Barack Obama
- **before party**: Democratic Party (United States)
- **after election**: Donald Trump
- **after party**: Republican Party (United States)
Christina Crawford (wrestler)

**Christina Crawford** (born October 17, 1988) is an American dancer and professional wrestler. She is best known for working for WWE where she wrestled in their developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling and NXT, under the ring name **Caylee Turner**.

Crawford first became well known on WWE's _Tough Enough_. It is a reality television series. The winner of _Tough Enough_ would get WWE contract. She did not win, but did well enough that WWE gave her a job.

#### Florida Championship Wrestling (2010–2011)

In June 2010, Crawford signed a contract with WWE. She was later sent to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). She first appeared on July 8, 2010 in a bikini contest. On November 20 that she made her first wrestling appearance using the new ring name Caylee Turner. It was a 6 diva tag team match with Rosa Mendes and Aksana. Her team lost the match to AJ Lee, Kaitlyn and Naomi Knight. In February 2011, Crawford was let go from her WWE contract.

#### Tough Enough (2011)

In March 2011, Crawford was listed as one of the fourteen people on the new version of  _Tough Enough_. On the May 16th edition of _Tough Enough_, Christina was in a match with A.J. Kirsch where she hurt her ankle. She was taken to the emergency room. On the May 23rd edition of _Tough Enough_, Christina was cut from the competition as was with A.J. Kirsch.

#### Return to Florida Championship Wrestling and release (2011–2012)

After leaving _Tough Enough_, Crawford went back to work for FCW. On June 22, 2011, she teamed up with Leah West to face Audrey Marie and Sonia in a tag team match but lost. On the August 7, 2011 episode of FCW television, she teamed up with A.J. and Kaitlyn. They beat the team of Sonia, Audrey Marie, and Raquel Diaz. On August 14 edition of FCW, Caylee teamed up with Naomi to defeat the team of Kaitlyn & Audrey Marie. On August 14, 2012, WWE released Crawford from her contract.

## Personal life

Crawford is of  African American descent. She graduated from the University of Central Florida in 2011. She studied interpersonal communications. She has an older sister named Victoria, who is a professional wrestler for WWE, under the ring name Alicia Fox.

## Other websites

- FCW profile
- Online World of Wrestling profile

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Christina Crawford
- **names**: **Caylee Turner**
Caylee Fox
Christina Crawford
Christina
- **birth place**: Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida
- **billed**: Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida
- **trainer**: Florida Championship Wrestling, FCW Staff
Steve Keirn
- **debut**: July 8, 2010
Bohemia at the Olympics

**Kingdom of Bohemia**, took part in some of the early modern **Olympic Games**.  It was an autonomous part of Austria-Hungary until 1918. The team began taking part in the Olympics at the 1900 Summer Olympics.  After World War I, Bohemia became part of Czechoslovakia. Bohemian athletes competed for Czechoslovakia at the Olympics.  After Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, Bohemian athletes competed for the Czech Republic at the Olympics.  Bohemian athletes have missed only three Olympics: the first in 1896, the 1904 Summer Olympics (the first not to take place in Europe)  and the boycotted 1984 Summer Olympics.

## List of medalists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:14em"|Name|style="width:8em"|Games|style="width:7em"|Sport|style="width:10em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||František Janda-Suk|1900 Paris|Athletics|Men's discus throw||||||
||Hedwiga Rosenbaumová|1900 Paris|Tennis|Women's singles||||||
||Vilém Goppold von Lobsdorf|1908 London|Fencing|Men's sabre||||||
||Vlastimil Lada-Sázavský Vilém Goppold von Lobsdorf Bedřich Schejbal Jaroslav Šourek-Tuček || 1908 London || Fencing || Men's team sabre|||||||||
Hedwiga Rosenbaumová also won a bronze medal with Archibald Warden of Great Britain (GBR) in the mixed doubles event in tennis at the 1900 Summer Olympics.  This medal is listed as being won by a mixed team instead of split between Bohemia and Great Britain.

## Medals by Games

|Total|0|1|3|4|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1900 Paris|0|1|1|2|
|1904 St. Louis|_did not participate_||||
|1908 London|0|0|2|2|
|1912 Stockholm|0|0|0|0|

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: BOH
- **nocname**: Czech Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 3
- **seealso**: Bohemia at the 1906 Intercalated Games, 1906 Intercalated Games
 (1920–1992)
 (1994–)
Basal

**'Basal**' is a term in biology for 'primitive' or 'ancestral'. Basal is preferred because it is neutral and non-judgmental. This terminology came into use with cladistics. The term is used in evolution and classification to mean the group which gave rise to later forms. It is a term which works at any level: a basal species gives rise to **derived** species, and a basal group gives rise to derived groups.

**'Derived**' is the correct term in biology for _specialised_ or _advanced_. It is used for groups which have evolved from a more basal group. A **derived trait** is a trait that is present in an organism, but was not in the last common ancestor of the group being considered. Simplicity is often secondarily derived. For example, no mitochondria in the anaerobic protist _Entamoeba histolytica_ is a result of their secondary loss.

- General view –
- Basal group
    - Derived group
    - Derived group
    - Derived group

- Example –
- Early primates
    - Monkeys
        - Apes
            - _Homo_

In the last example, note that apes are _derived_ from monkeys but _basal_ with respect to our own genus. The status of being basal or derived is relative, though living species can only be derived. In any basal-derived pair, the basal member must have evolved before the derived member, with evidence that some of its species gave rise to (evolved into) the derived member.

## Other terms

See also Wiley _et al._ 1991.
- Ancestral taxon = basal group
- Characters or attributes:
    - Plesiomorphy = ancestral trait inherited from earlier forms.
    - Apomorphy =  trait or innovation derived from a plesiomorphic character. It may define a clade.
    - Synapomorphy = a trait or character of a whole clade.
E pluribus unum

"**E pluribus unum**" is a traditional motto of the United States and of Mongaguá. It means "out of many, one" in Latin. It has been placed on the U.S. dollar bill, and other related items.

The motto was suggested by the first Great Seal committee in 1776. Consultant and artist Pierre Du Simitière chose the Latin motto, and his design expresses this theme.

This motto was well known to literate Americans of the 18th century. It had appeared in the Gentleman's Magazine, published monthly in London since 1731, with copies reaching the colonies. The legend "E pluribus unum" was used on the title pages of the magazine's annual compilation volumes.

In Thomson's 1782 sketch, for the final design, Charles Thomson put this motto on a scroll held in the bald eagle's beak.

"E pluribus unum" is a clear reference to the Thirteen Colonies united into one nation – symbolized by the shield on the eagle's breast. As explained in the official description of the Great Seal, the thirteen vertical stripes "represent the several states all joined in one solid compact entire, supporting a Chief, which unites the whole & represents Congress. The Motto alludes to this union."
An Outcast of the Islands

***An Outcast of the Islands*** is the second novel by Joseph Conrad. It was published in 1896. It was based on Conrad's experience working on a steamer (ship), the _Vigar_.

The novel tells about the fall of Peter Willems. He is a bad man, and has a bad reputation. On the run from a scandal in Makassar, he finds a place to hide in a hidden native village. However, he betrays the people who are helping him, because of lust for the tribal chief's daughter. The story features the character Tom Lingard, who Conrad uses lots, and also appears in _Almayer's Folly_ (1895) and _The Rescue_ (1920). It shares other characters with those novels.

This novel was made into a movie in 1952 by director Carol Reed, starring Trevor Howard as Willems, Ralph Richardson as Lingard, Robert Morley, and Wendy Hiller.

The work was quoted in T. S. Eliot's _The Hollow Men_: "Life is very long.".
Scipionyx

***Scipionyx samniticus*** is one of the most important recent dinosaur finds. It is a tiny theropod (meat-eater) fossil found in Cretaceous limestone in southern Italy near Naples. Although it was unearthed thirty years ago in 1981, its true importance was not realized until 1994. It is a very important specimen in that it has fossilized remains of many of its internal organs and muscles. This type of detail is rare in fossils since the soft tissues from an animal do not usually fossilize; they almost always rot before mineral replacement can take place. This new fossil will yield a lot of information about dinosaurs' anatomy and physiology as it is studied.

The fossil is a theropod, perhaps a compsognathid (related to _Compsognathus_). It is a hatchling 9.5 inches (24 cm) long. It is from 113 million years ago (during the Cretaceous period) and has been named _Scipionyx samniticus_. During the Cretaceous period it lived near a shallow lagoon.
Battle of Messines

The **Battle of Messines** was a battle which happened in the Western front of the First World War. It began on 7 June 1917 when the British Second Army, which was commanded by General Herbert Plumer, attacked near the village of Mesen (Messines) in West Flanders, Belgium. The attack was meant to capture a ridge which ran north from Messines village, past Wytschaete village. This ridge was a natural place where  you could keep safe southeast of Ypres. One thing which happened during the battle which was unusual was that 19 mines were set off just before the infantry attack. This was a tactic which made German defences disorganised. This allowed the troops to do what they were supposed to do very quickly. The attack also came before the much larger battle, the Third Battle of Ypres, usually known as Passchendaele, which began on 31 July 1917.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Messines
- **partof**: the Western Front (World War I), Western Front of the First World War
- **image**: Battle of Messines - Map.jpg
- **caption**: Map of the battle. This shows the front on 7 June and all action until 14 June.
- **date**: 7 – 14 June 1917
- **place**: Flanders, Belgium
- **result**: Allied victory
- **combatant1**: United Kingdom

Australia

Dominion of New Zealand, New Zealand
- **commander1**: Herbert Plumer, 1st Viscount Plumer, Herbert Plumer
 Alexander Godley
 Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (British Army lieutenant-general), Alexander Hamilton-Gordon
 Thomas Morland
- **commander2**: Friedrich Bertram Sixt von Armin, Sixt von Armin
- **strength1**: 12 divisions
216,000 men total
- **strength2**: 5 divisions
126,000 men total
- **casualties1**: 17,000
- **casualties2**: 25,000
Döbereiner's lamp

**Döbereiner's lamp** is one of the first lighters. It was developed in 1823 by the German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner. The lighter was produced until around 1880. The Heidelberg Castle and also the Deutsches Museum (_German Museum_) still have original Döbereiner lamps to show.

The lighter works based on a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. In the glass cylinder (_a_ in the picture on the right) is sulfuric acid. In the open bottle (_b_) is zinc and at the top is a valve. With the lever (_f_), the bottle will be opened. Then, the sulfuric acid flows into the bottle. When it reaches the Zinc, a reaction starts. It produces hydrogen.

The hydrogen can go out of the bottle at the top. Next to the valve, there is platinum. The hydrogen gas has to bypass the platinum. The hydrogen and the oxygen from the air react because of the catalytic effect of platinum. The gas mixture (called oxyhydrogen) then burns, because the reaction is exothermic, and produces water.

To stop this reaction, the bottle only needs to be closed, that means the lever needs to be released. The hydrogen can no longer go out of the bottle and pushes the sulfuric acid back into the glass cylinder.
Shōwa (Kamakura period)

was a  after _Ōchō_ and before _Bunpō._  This period spanned the years from March 1312 through February 1317. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Shōwa_ era

- **1313** (_Shōwa 2, 10th month_): Former Emperor Fushimi shaved his head and became a Buddhist monk.

- **1314** (_Shōwa 3, 11th month_): Hōjō Sadaaki returned from Kyoto to Kamakura.

- **1315** (_Shōwa 4, 7th month_): Hōjō Hirotoki died in Kamakura; and  Hōjō Sadaaki and Hōjō Mototoki share power.

- **1315** (_Shōwa 4, 10th month_): Hōjō Tokiatsu became _Rokuhara Tandai_ in Kyoto.

- **1316** (_Shōwa 5, 7th month_): Hōjō Tokiatsu, who is the son of Hōjō Sadaaki, became Shikken.

## Related pages

- Kamakura period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Shōwa|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1311|1312|1313|1314|1315|1316|1317|
Taisho

**Taisho** may neab
- Taishō period, a Japanese era name (1912-1926)
- Emperor Taishō, the 123rd Emperor of Japan, known posthumously as Emperor Taishō
Shotoku

**Shotoku** or **Shōtoku** may mean

- Prince Shōtoku, a Japanese political leader of the 6th-century Asuka period

- Empress Shōtoku, the 48th monarch of Japan, known posthumously as Empress Shōtoku

- Shōtoku (era), a Japanese era name (1711-1716)
Macron

A **macron** ( ¯ ), from the Greek  (_makrón_), meaning "long", is a diacritic mark commonly placed above a single character or symbol (particularly vowels).

## Usage

In the romanization of Japanese, a letter with macron represents a long vowel.
- For example, in the Hepburn romanization system
    - _kōtsū_ () means "traffic"
    - _kotsu_ () means "bone" or "knack"

In the written Hawaiian language, the _kahakō_ is shown by a macron.

In mathematics, a macron (or overline) is often placed above a symbol to refer to a complex conjugate, a sample mean and a logical negation.

## Related pages

- Tilde
- Vinculum (symbol)