juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
St. Louis Blues

The **St. Louis Blues** are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have won the Stanley Cup championship once in 2019, though they made the finals in each of their first three seasons. The Blues won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in the year 2000.

## Origin

The name _Blues_ is a pun (play on words) between the colour blue and Blues music; thus a blue note is the team's logo. There is a song entitled _St. Louis Blues_.

### First years

In their first years, they had a good team because of experienced players such as goaltender Glenn Hall. In 1968 Glenn Hall won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs. But the team did not win in 1968. They had some trouble in the 1970s. In 1980-81 Mike Liut was named best goalie in the NHL. The 1980s were a good decade for the Blues. Mike Liut, Bernie Federko, Doug Gilmour, and Joe Mullen were all important players for the team in the 1980s.

### Later years

The 1990s also were a good decade. Brett Hull led the NHL in goals in 1990, 1991, and 1992, with the help of centre Adam Oates. Hull is the son of Chicago Blackhawks star Bobby Hull. Brett Hull won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1991. Curtis Joseph was a strong goaltender in the 1990s. Al MacInnis (1999) and Chris Pronger (2000) each won the Norris Trophy for best defence; Pronger also won the Hart Trophy in the year 2000. Doug Weight, Pavol Demitra, and Keith Tkachuk were also strong players in the early 21st century. On  June 12, 2019, the Blues won their first after defeating the Boston Bruins in game seven of the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nhl team)

- **team name**: St. Louis Blues
- **current**: 2022–23 St. Louis Blues season
- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#002F87 5px solid; border-bottom:#FCB514 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **conference**: Western Conference (NHL), Western
- **division**: Central Division (NHL), Central
- **founded**: 1967
- **history**: **St. Louis Blues**
1967–68 NHL season, 1967–present
- **arena**: **Enterprise Center**
- **city**: St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
- **team colors**: Royal blue, gold, navy blue, white

- **media affiliates**: Fox Sports Midwest
WXOS, 101 ESPN
- **head coach**: Craig Berube
- **general manager**: Doug Armstrong
- **owner**: SLB Acquisition Holdings LLC
(Tom Stillman, chairman and governor)
- **captain**: Ryan O'Reilly
- **minor league affiliates**: Springfield Thunderbirds (American Hockey League, AHL)
- **stanley cups**: **1** (2019 Stanley Cup Finals, 2018–19)
- **conf titles**: **1** (2018–19 NHL season, 2018–19)
- **presidents' trophies**: **1** (1999–2000 NHL season, 1999–2000)
- **division titles**: **10** (1968–69 NHL season, 1968–69, 1969–70 NHL season, 1969–70, 1976–77 NHL season, 1976–77, 1980–81 NHL season, 1980–81, 1984–85 NHL season, 1984–85, 1986–87 NHL season, 1986–87, 1999–2000 NHL season, 1999–2000, 2011–12 NHL season, 2011–12, 2014–15 NHL season, 2014–15, 2019–20 NHL season, 2019–20)
Ratio

A **ratio** between two or more quantities is a way of measuring their sizes compared to each other. A ratio can be indicated using colon (":") as a separator (as in 1:4:9), or it can be simply expressed as a fraction (as in ).

For example, if a school has 20 teachers and 500 pupils, then the ratio of teachers to students is written as 20:500 (and pronounced as "20 to 500"). As another example, if a cake mix asks for 100 grams of flour, 300 grams of butter and 25 grams of sugar, then the ratio of flour to butter to sugar is written as 100:300:25 (and pronounced as "100 to 300 to 25").

The first term of a ratio is called antecedent, and the second term is called consequent. This type of ratio has no units. If different quantities are compared, this special type of ratio is called a rate and it has units.

Ratios can be simplified. In the school example, there were 20 teachers to 500 students. If we divided the children up into equally sized classes, then each of the 20 teachers' classes would have 25 students. That means that for each teacher there are 25 students, or alternatively, the teacher-to-student ratio is 1:25. Another way to work this out is to divide both sides of the ratio 20:500 by 20. Note that 20:500 is the same as 1:25. Just like there are different ways of writing a fraction (for example ), there are different ways of writing one ratio.

## Related page

- Dimensionless quantity
- Golden ratio
- Scale (ratio)
- Surface area to volume ratio
Fraction

In common usage a **fraction** is any part of a unit.

**Fraction** may also mean:
- Fraction (mathematics), a quotient of numbers, e.g. "¾"; or, more generally, an element of a quotient field
- Fraction (chemistry), a quantity of a substance collected by the separation process known as fractionation
- Fraction (religion), the ceremonial act of breaking the bread during Christian Communion
- Fraction (politics), a parliamentary party
- _Fraction_ (comic), a short-lived comic about the theft of a power suit
Proportionality

A **proportionality relationship** happens when two quantities or numbers _x_ and _y_ are related multiplicatively by a fixed number. This can occur when either their ratio _x_/_y_ is a fixed number (direct proportionality), or their product _xy_ is a fixed number (inverse proportionality). If _x_ is directly proportional to _y_, then we write . The fixed number of a proportionality relationship is called the constant of proportionality.

## Related pages

- Relation (mathematics)
- Function (mathematics)
Menominee, Michigan

**Menominee** is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Around 8500 people live in Menominee. It is part of the twin-city area with Marinette, Wisconsin. It is on the north bank of the Menominee River where the river empties into Lake Michigan. Marinette, Wisconsin is on the south bank of the river.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Menominee, Michigan
- **settlement type**: City
- **pushpin map**: Michigan#USA
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin label**: Menominee
- **image skyline**: 2009-0619-Menominee-1StDist.jpg
- **imagesize**: 275
- **image caption**: The First Street Historic District in Menominee
- **image map**: Menominee, MI location2.png
- **mapsize**: 250
- **map caption**: Location within Menominee County, Michigan, Menominee County
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Michigan, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Michigan
- **subdivision name2**: Menominee County, Michigan, Menominee
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 14.22
- **area land km2**: 13.37
- **area water km2**: 0.85
- **area total sq mi**: 5.49
- **area land sq mi**: 5.16
- **area water sq mi**: 0.33
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 8488
- **population density sq mi**: 1644.01
- **population density km2**: 634.74
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 594
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 49858
- **area code**: Area code 906, 906
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 26-53020
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0632104
Mortar and pestle

A **mortar and pestle** are two tools used together to mill (grind) and mix substances.

The _mortar_ is bowl-shaped, and used to hold the substance to be ground.  Mortars have smooth, rounded bottoms and wide mouths.  The _pestle_ is a stick used for pounding and grinding.

Mortars and pestles are sometimes used in pharmacies to crush various ingredients to make drugs. They can also be used in cooking to grind herbs.

## Related pages

- Glass rod
- Vortex mixer
Mortar

**Mortar** can refer to different things:
- Mortar (weapon), an artillery weapon which fires explosives
- Mortar (masonry), a material used to fill the gaps between blocks and bind them together
- Mortar and pestle, a pair of tools used to crush or grind
1212

## Events

- July 10 – The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground
- Battle of Navas de Tolosa
- Children's crusade
- Crusaders push the Muslims out of northern Spain
- In Japan, Kamo no Chōmei writes the _Hōjōki_, one of the great works of classical Japanese prose

## Births

- March 22 – Emperor Go-Horikawa of Japan (died 1234)
- May 6– Constantia of Austria, Margravine of Meissen (died 1243)
- Yolande of Jerusalem (died 1228)
- Malatesta da Verucchio, Italian condottiero, founder of the Malatesta family (died 1312)
- Zita, patron saint of maids and domestic servants (died 1272)

## Deaths

- March 26 – King Sancho I of Portugal (born 1154)
- April 12 – Vsevolod the Big Nest, Grand Prince of Vladimir (born 1154)
- October 9 – Philip I of Namur, Marquis of Namur (born 1175)
- November 4 – Felix of Valois, French saint (born 1127)
- December 12 – Geoffrey, Archbishop of York (born 1152)
- Dirk van Are, bishop and lord of Utrecht
- William de Brus, 3rd Lord of Annandale,
- Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, 5th Lord of Annandale
- Margaret of Huntingdon, eldest daughter of David of Scotland, 8th Earl of Huntingdon by his wife (born 1180)
- Maria of Montferrat, Queen of Jerusalem (born 1192)
- Peter de Preaux, Norman knight in the service of the Angevin kings of England
- Robert of Auxerre, French chronicler (born 1156)
- Honen Shonin, founder of Jodo Shu, a branch of Pure Land Buddhism (born 1133)
- Robert of Shrewsbury, Bishop of Bangor
1192

## Events

- The Third Crusade ends in disaster. Richard I of England and Saladin negotiate visiting rights for pilgrims to come to the Holy City of Jerusalem.
- Richard I of England taken hostage by Leopold V of Austria.
- Minamoto no Yoritomo granted title of shogun, thereby officially establishing the first shogunate in the history of Japan.
- Enrico Dandolo becomes Doge of Venice.
- Marco Polo Bridge, or Lugouqiao, completed in Beijing.

## Births

- September 17 — Minamoto no Sanetomo, Japanese shogun (d. 1219)
- Giorgi IV Lasha, King of Georgia (d. 1223)
- Stefan Radoslav, King of Serbia (d. 1234)

## Deaths

- April 26 — Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan (b. 1127)
- April 28 — Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem (b. mid-1140s)
- May 5 — Duke Ottokar IV of Styria (b. 1163)
- August 25 — Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy (b. 1142)
- Kilij Arslan II, Sultan of Rüm

## Heads of states

- England — Richard I King of England (reigned 1189–1199)
- France — Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned 1180–1223)
- Germany — Henry VI Holy Roman Emperor (1191–1197) and King of Germany (1190–1197)
- Pope — Celestine III (pope 1191–1198)
- China — Emperor Guangzong of Song, 12th emperor of Song China (宋光宗) (reigned 1189–1194)
Hiram E. McCallum

**Hiram Emerson McCallum** (August 14, 1899 – January 13, 1989) was a mayor of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 1948-1951.
Cursor

A **cursor** is a shape on a computer screen that shows where actions made with the keyboard or mouse will make a change.  Before modern computers, a cursor marked a point on a slide rule.

There are 2 types of cursor that most people will use.

- **The Mouse cursor:**  The pointer on the screen which the person using the computer can move using the computer mouse.  This cursor allows the person to select or "click" items with the mouse.  On most computers, mouse cursors are the shape of an arrow.

- **The Text Cursor:**  Usually seen as a vertical line or rectangle that flashes on and off. The Cursor tells the person using the computer where they are typing things on the screen.  They can type letters, numbers, and symbols where the cursor is. The computer automatically moves the cursor one space to the right when a letter, number, or symbol is typed.  The cursor can be moved to the start of the next line by pressing the Enter Key when in cases like typing on a text document. There are also cases like typing a message where someone would need to hold Shift + Enter to move to another line if Enter would normally send a message.

Most keyboards also have 4 cursor keys to move the text cursor up, down, left or right.
Kurt Gödel

**Kurt Gödel** (28 April 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic – 14 January 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher.

## Impact

Some people believe Gödel was one of the most significant logicians of all time. Gödel's work has had a big impact on scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century. Many people, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead, and David Hilbert, tried to use logic and set theory at that time. They wanted to understand the foundations of mathematics.

## Fame

Gödel is best known for his two incompleteness theorems. The theorems were published in 1931. He was 25 years of age, and had just finished his doctorate at the University of Vienna one year earlier.

The more famous of the two theorems says that if there are consistent axiomatic systems that are powerful enough to describe themselves, there will be things that are true in those systems that can not be proved within the system itself.

## Proof

To prove this theorem, Gödel developed a technique now known as Gödel numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.

He also showed that the continuum hypothesis cannot be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory, if those axioms are consistent. He made important contributions to proof theory. He did this by  clarifying the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic, and modal logic.

## Later life

Later in his life, Gödel probably suffered from paranoia. He thought that some people would come and poison his food. So when his wife Adele was no longer able to prepare his food, he stopped eating. He died of starvation.

## Some writings

- Kurt Gödel: _My philosophical viewpoint_, c. 1960, unpublished.
- Kurt Gödel: _The modern development of the foundations of mathematics in the light of philosophy_ , 1961, unpublished.
Brno

**Brno**  (-Czech, German: _Brünn_) is the second largest city in the Czech Republic. About 400,000 people live there. It is in the center of the historical region Moravia. Brno is the capital of the South Moravian Region.

There are many historical monuments in the city, for example: Špilberk Castle, Villa Tugendhat, or the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral.

Masaryk University, the second largest university in the Czech Republic, is there. Among other universities in the city are Taryho University of Youtube  Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts or Brno University of Technology.

The City technically belongs to the germans as of the 1686 clause of Stuttgard And Brno
Alfred North Whitehead

**Alfred North Whitehead**, OM (15 February 1861 – 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician who became a philosopher. He was born in Ramsgate, Kent, and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. He wrote on algebra, logic, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of science, physics, metaphysics, and education. He is the co-author, with Bertrand Russell, of the important _Principia Mathematica_.
Mask

A **mask** is a type of clothing which covers the face. It is similar to a veil, but more close-fitting.

## Uses

There are different reasons why people use masks.  A person can use a mask so others do not know who they are (as when committing a crime).  Or, a mask may keep someones face safe from harm (like a gas mask so harmful gases do not get into the lungs).

There are many practical uses for masks in everyday life. Mostly, the masks used are _semi-masks_ which cover only the bottom half of the face, the mouth and nose. An example is the use of masks in operating theatres, and
by wood-workers. In surgery, the purpose is to keep bacteria off the patient; in wood-working the purpose is to keep wood fibres out of the lungs.

In Venetian masks only the top half of the face is covered, to prevent recognition. Ice hockey masks, used in the Hannibal Lecter movies, cover the whole face to protect it from the hockey puck moving at high speed.

### The word

The word 'mask' might have come from other languages. The French _masque_, the Italian _maschera_, the Spanish _máscara_, the Latin (not classical) _mascus/masca (meaning "ghost")_ or the Arabic _maskharah (meaning "jester" or "man in masquerade")_ all use the same word.

### History

One of the oldest masks found is the Death Mask. This stone mask is 9000 years old and is probably the oldest mask in the world. It is kept in Musée de la bible et Terre Sainte, Paris.

There are also three masks from the same period, kept in The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.

Masks are used in many magical or shamanistic rituals in non-western societies. The celebration or appeasement of animistic spirits takes place with dance and song in ancient performances in many parts of the world. In these events performers use costumes and masks to mimic the supposed spirits.

From this kind of beginning, the use of masks in ancient Greek theatre may have started. The actors and chorus in this early theatre all used masks.

## Masks in recent times

Masks have been used to protect people against air-borne diseases. They were worn during the plague in the Middle Ages; during the influenza epidemic of 1918, and the COVID-19 epidemic. Gas masks were issued in World War II even though phosgene gas was never used in that war (it had been in WWI).

## Figurative uses

There are some other uses of the word 'mask', which arise by extension. That means using 'mask' as a metaphor. In film a mask is a screen which cuts out part of the image. In social theory, a mask is the behaviour a person takes on in his role or job. Thus policemen, head teachers, army commanders, prime ministers act as they are expected to act (most of the time). The inference is that behind the mask is the 'real' person. Their role is a mask. As a verb, 'to mask' means to cover or hide.

## Related pages

- Veil
- Theatre
- Greek theatre
- Surgical mask
    - Abenomask

## Other websites

- International Mask and Carnival Museum of Binche
Sid Vicious

**Sid Vicious** (10 May 1957 – 2 February 1979) was an English punk musician. His real name was _John Simon Ritchie_ and he was born in Lewisham, London. He was a member of the band The Sex Pistols from February 1977 to January 1978, but played his instrument (the bass guitar) very badly. His bad behaviour was more important to the band than playing his instrument well.

On 22 October 1978, his American girlfriend Nancy Spungen (19581978) was stabbed to death with a knife in New York City. It is not clear if Vicious killed her. He was charged with murder, and released on bail. Before he was due to go to court, he died of an accidental overdose of heroin in New York City.

A movie was made about the lives of Vicious and Spungen. The name of this movie is "Sid and Nancy." Gary Oldman plays Vicious.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sid Vicious
- **img**: Sid Vicious 1978 (cropped).jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: John Simon Ritchie
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, vocals, drums, tambourine, sax
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **occupation**: Bassist, songwriter, composer
- **years active**: 1976 – 1979
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **associated acts**: Sex Pistols
Siouxsie & the Banshees
Joseph Strutt

**Joseph Strutt** was an English engraver in 1749. He put patterns into objects (like words into stone) and collected things from the past. He died in 1802.
Tricia Nixon Cox

**Patricia "Tricia" Nixon Cox** was born on February 21, 1946 in Whittier, California. She is the daughter of former US president Richard Nixon and Pat Nixon. She is the older sister of Julie Nixon Eisenhower.

Unlike her sister, Tricia performed many ceremonial jobs, like going with her father to campaign stops and state visits. She married Edward F. Cox on June 12, 1971. she has 1 son

She tutored inner-city children.
Grocon

**Grocon Pty Ltd** is a big Australian construction company based in Melbourne. It is owned by the Grollo family.

The company was involved in building the Eureka Tower and Rialto Towers.
Głuchołazy

**Głuchołazy** (_Bad Ziegenhals_) is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship, in Nysa County. It had a population of 15,052 in 2004.

## Other websites

- Official town webpage
- Glucholazy Unofficial Website
1652

## Events

- April 6 – Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founded Cape Town.
- May 18 – Rhode Island passes the first law in North America making slavery illegal.
- May 29 – First Anglo-Dutch War opening battle fought off Dover between Lt.-Admiral Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp's 42 Dutch ships and 21 English ships divided into two squadrons, one commanded by Robert Blake and the other by Nehemiah Bourne.

## Births

- March 3 – Thomas Otway, English dramatist (d. 1685)
- March 28 – Samuel Sewall, English-born judge (d. 1730)
- April 7 – Pope Clement XII (d. 1740)
- April 21 – Michel Rolle, French mathematician (d. 1719)
- December 9 – Augustus Quirinus Rivinus, German physician and botanist (d. 1723)
- December 25 – Archibald Pitcairne, Scottish physician (d. 1713)

## Deaths

- February 7 – Gregorio Allegri, Italian composer (born 1582)
- June 21 – Inigo Jones, English architect (born 1573)
- July 30 – Charles Amédée de Savoie, 6th Duc de Nemours, French soldier (born 1624)
- August 22 – Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish soldier and statesman (bborn 1583)
- August 23 – John Byron, 1st Baron Byron, English royalist politician (born 1600)
- October 8 – John Greaves, English mathematician and antiquarian (born 1602)
- October 20 – Antonio Coello, Spanish writer (born 1611)
- November 4 – Jean-Charles de la Faille, Belgian mathematician (born 1597)
- December 11 – Denis Petau, French theologian and historian (born 1583)
- November 21 – Jan Brożek, Polish mathematician, physician, and astronomer (born 1585)
- December 23 – John Cotton, founder of Boston, Massachusetts (born 1585)
1124

## Events

- March 26 – Henry I of England's forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde.
- April 27 – David I succeed to Alexander I as King of Scotland.
- Gaufrid consecrated as the first Abbot of Dunfermline Abbey.
- December 21 – Honorius II is elected pope.
- Tyre falls to Crusaders.
- Dun Beal Gallimhe erected by King of Connacht, Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair.

## Births

- Margrave Ottokar III of Styria

## Deaths

- February 2 — Duke Borivoj II of Bohemia
- March 15 — Ernulf, Bishop of Rochester (b. c. 1040)
- April 23 — King Alexander I of Scotland
- December 13 — Pope Callixtus II
- Guibert of Nogent, French historian and theologian (b. 1053)
Columbia River

The **Columbia River** is a river in British Columbia, Canada, and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. The Columbia River is about 1,243 miles long. It is the fourth-largest river in the United States by volume. The Columbia has the greatest discharge (flow) of any North American river entering the Pacific.

Its largest tributary is the Snake River, which flows west from the state of Idaho. The lower part of the Columbia forms the border between the states Washington and Oregon. The Columbia drains 254,000 square miles (657,857 km<sup>2</sup>) of land, beginning in the Canadian Rockies and flowing west through the Cascade Range, to where it empties into the Pacific Ocean.

There are 14 dams on the Columbia River. Three are in Canada, and the other 11 are in the United States. The dams generate hydroelectricity and provide flood control and water for farms. There are also dams on the Snake River and many other tributaries. These dams have, along with their benefits, caused salmon populations in the river to go down.

## Major tributaries

|Tributary|Average discharge: ft³/s (m³/s)|
| --- | --- |
|Snake River|56,900 (1611)|
|Willamette River|35,660 (1010)|
|Kootenay River (Kootenai)|30,650 (867)|
|Pend Oreille River|27,820 (788)|
|Cowlitz River|9,200 (261)|
|Spokane River|6,700 (190)|
|Deschutes River|6,000 (170)|
|Lewis River|4,800 (136)|
|Yakima River|3,540 (100)|
|Wenatchee River|3,220 (91)|
|Okanogan River|3,050 (86)|
|Kettle River|2,930 (83)|
|Sandy River|2,260 (64)|
1597

## Events

- 17 January – A court case in Guildford recorded evidence that a certain plot of land was used for playing “kreckett” (i.e., cricket) as early as 1550.
- January 24 – Battle of Turnhout.  Maurice of Nassau defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas in the Netherlands
- February 5 – In Nagasaki, Japan, 26 people were martyred. They practiced Catholicism and were taken captive after all forms of Christianity were outlawed the previous year.
- The first opera is considered to have been written.
- Bali discovered by the Dutch explorer Cornelis Houtman
- Abbas I ends the Uzbek raids on his lands.
- Yaqob succeeds his father Sarsa Dengel as Emperor of Ethiopia
- First edition of Francis Bacon's _Essays_ published.
Martyr

A **martyr** is someone who suffers persecution and later assassination or death for advocating, renouncing (giving up), or refusing to renounce (not giving up) a religious belief or other cause, despite another person or group demanding that they do so.

Originally it was applied only to those who suffered for their religious beliefs but now the term has come to be used in connection with people killed for a political or nationalist cause as well.

## Related pages

- Self-denial
- Self-immolation
- Shaheed
Mother (video game)

***Mother*** (マザー Mazā) is a 1989 video game sold only in Japan for the Family Computer (FC). They planned to sell the game in the USA, but Nintendo of America chose not to release it. This is because when they finished making it into English, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System was already being sold. The game was released on the Wii U Virtual Console in the US in 2015.

## Character list

- **Ninten** (ニンテン Ninten) (Also known as "Ken" (ケン Ken) in the MOTHER novel)
- **Ana** (アナ Ana)
- **Loid** (ロイド Roido)
- **Teddy** (テディ Tedi)
- **Queen Mary** (クイーン・マリー Kuīn Marī)
- **Mama**
- **Papa**
- **Minnie**
- **Mimmie**
- **Giygas**

## Other websites

- EarthBound IPM
- Starmen.net: Earthbound Zero
- Mother Party (Mother-jp.net): Mother  _(Japanese)_

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Mother
- **developer**: Nintendo
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: _Earthbound_
- **genre**: Role-playing game
- **modes**: Singe player
- **platforms**: Famicom, Nintendo Entertainment System (cancelled)
Mother 1 + 2

***Mother 1 + 2*** is a video game for the Game Boy Advance which includes _Mother_ and _Mother 2_ (known as _EarthBound_ outside of Japan). Much of the music is different than the console games (_Mother 2_ is mostly the same, but _Mother_ was changed a lot to make it similar to the United States one that was not sold).

## Other websites

- Official _Mother 1 + 2_ website (Japan)
- Mother Party (Japanese)
- Mother 1 + 2 Starmen.Net
- Mother2.net
- EarthBound IPM

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Pax Softonica
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: _EarthBound_
- **genre**: Computer role-playing game, Role-playing game
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Game Boy Advance
1173

## Events

- Canonization of Saint Thomas à Becket, buried at Canterbury
- August 9th – Construction starts on the Leaning tower of Pisa
- Castle at Abergavenny was seized by the Welsh.
- Conversion to Christianity of Peter Waldo and the subsequent founding of the Waldensians.
- End of Qiandao era and start of Chunxi era of the Chinese emperor Xiaozong
- End of reign of Polish ruler Boleslaus IV of Poland and start of reign of Casimir II of Poland
- Eleanor of Aquitaine and her sons rebel against her husband Henry II of England in the Revolt of 1173-1174
- First recorded use of algebraic chess notation
Allies

**Allies** are people or groups that are working together to achieve some common purpose.

**Allies** may also refer to:
- Allies of World War I
- Allies of World War II
- French and British forces in the Crimean War
- Straight allies, people who identify as heterosexual and who support equal civil rights for the LBGTQ community
- Allies (band), a popular 1980s era Contemporary Christian music group featuring Bob Carlisle
- _Allies_ (Crosby, Stills & Nash album), 1983
- _Allies_ (Fred Frith album), 1996
- "Allies" (Stargate Atlantis), a _Stargate Atlantis_ episode
- "Allies" (song), the sixth track on the album _Passionworks_ by Heart
- The Allies (Australian rules football), a representative Australian rules football team
- _Allies_ (film), a 2014 British war film
Sunderland

**Sunderland** is in North East England. It was a county borough, and is now part of the City of Sunderland in Tyne and Wear. It sits at the mouth of the River Wear.

Sunderland started as three small villages:
- Monkwearmouth was created in 674 when Saint Benedict Biscop started a monastery. Monkwearmouth is on the north side of the river.
- Bishopwearmouth was founded in 930. It is on the south side of the river.
- Sunderland, at the mouth of the river was a small fishing village. It was given a _charter_ in 1179. The charter gave the people of the small town some rights which people outside the town did not have.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Sunderland
- **label position**: left
- **population**: 277,962
- **population ref**: (2016 Office for National Statistics)
- **metropolitan borough**: City of Sunderland, Sunderland
- **metropolitan county**: Tyne and Wear
- **region**: North East England
- **constituency westminster**: Sunderland South
- **constituency westminster1**: Sunderland North
- **post town**: SUNDERLAND
- **postcode district**: SR1, SR2, SR3, SR4, SR5, SR6, SR9
- **postcode area**: SR
- **dial code**: 0191
- **os grid reference**: NZ395575
- **static image**: SunderlandMontage.jpg
- **london distance**: 240 mi (387 km) Boxing the compass, SSE
- **static image 2**: Coat of arms of Sunderland City Council.png
- **static image 2 caption**: Coat of arms of Sunderland City Council
Wilhelm Busch

**Wilhelm Busch** (born 14 April 1832 in Wiedensahl, near Hannover; died 9 January 1908 in Mechtshausen) was a German painter and poet who is known for his satirical picture stories.
After studying first mechanical engineering and then art in Düsseldorf, Antwerp, and Munich he started drawing caricatures.

Wilhelm Busch also wrote a number of poems in a style similar to his picture stories. Besides that he produced more than 1,000 oil paintings that were not sold until after his death in 1908.

## Works

(with the year of publication)
- 1859 _Die kleinen Honigdiebe_
- 1864 _Bilderpossen_
- 1865 _Max and Moritz_
- 1866 _Schnaken und Schnurren_
- 1867 _Hans Huckebein der Unglücksrabe_
- 1868 _Schnaken und Schnurren, part II_
- 1869 _Schnurrdiburr oder die Bienen Braun_
- 1870 _ Saint Antonius of Padua_
- 1872 _Schnaken und Schnurren, part III_
- 1872 _Die fromme Helene_
- 1872 _Bilder zur Jobsiade_
- 1872 _Pater Filuzius_
- 1873 _Der Geburtstag oder die Partikularisten_
- 1874 _Dideldum!_
- 1874 _Critique of the Heart_ (orig. _Kritik des Herzens_)
- 1875 _Adventures of a Bachelor_ (orig. _Abenteuer eines Junggesellen_)
- 1876 _Herr und Frau Knopp_
- 1877 _Julchen_
- 1878 _Die Haarbeutel_
- 1879 _Fipps der Affe_
- 1881 _Stippstörchen für Äuglein und Öhrchen_
- 1881 _Der Fuchs. Die Drachen. - Zwei lustige Sachen_
- 1882 _Plisch und Plum_
- 1883 _Balduin Bählamm, der verhinderte Dichter_
- 1884 _Maler Klecksel_
- 1891 _Eduards Traum_
- 1893 _Von mir über mich_ (autobiography)
- 1895 _Der Schmetterling_
- 1904 _Zu guter Letzt_
- 1908 _Hernach_
- 1909 _Schein und Sein_
- 1910 _Ut ôler Welt_ (legends)

## Related pages

- Düsseldorf school of painting
- List of German painters

## Other websites

- Collection of known works (Gutenberg Project Germany)
- Biography and works (in German)
Esports

**Esports** (short for **electronic sports**) is a term for video games that are played competitively. Popular electronic sports games are _Counter-Strike_, _League of Legends_, _Warcraft_, _Starcraft_, _Dota 2_, _Quake_, _Fortnite_ and _Valorant_. Electronic Sports is played over the Internet or via LAN. There are professional leagues and tournaments like the _Cyberathlete Professional League_, _ClanBase_, _Electronic Sports League_ and the _World Cyber Games_ where electronic sports players can earn thousands of US Dollars. One example is _Starcraft_ in Korea where they have many players who are very competitive.
Esports has been around since the dawn of arcades when players would battle it out for number one.

According to TechCrunch, the game maker Epic Games is providing $100 million in prize money in 2019 for participants in esports.
Marklohe

**Marklohe** is a municipality in  Lower Saxony, Germany. It is an amt in the district of Nienburg (Weser) in Lower Saxony. Marklohe has about 4000 inhabitants.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: Wappen Gemeinde Marklohe.png
- **image plan**: Marklohe in NI.svg
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Nienburg/Weser
- **samtgemeinde**: Marklohe
- **elevation**: 25
- **area**: 32.94
- **population**: 4476
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 31608
- **area code**: 05021
- **licence**: NI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 2 56 021
- **mayor**: Horst Reschke
- **party**: CDU
Skunk

A **skunk** is a mammal, usually black with a white stripe on its back and a fluffy tail. Skunks are also able can be brown or gray. Its most special part is that it can shoot out a bad-smelling spray from under its tail; it does this to scare away things that could hurt it.

It can eat both plants and small animals like earthworms, frogs, snakes, birds and eggs. It usually eats berries, leaves, grasses and nuts. In places where humans live, skunks often steal food from garbage or pet bowls.

The striped skunk is the most well-known kind of skunk. It weighs 2.5 to 14 pounds (1.2–6.3 kg) with a body length (without the tail) of 13 to 18 inches (33–46 cm). The tail is 7 to 10 inches long (18–25 cm), and sometimes has a white tip.

Most types of skunk live in the United States and Canada, but there are also types that live in Indonesia and the Philippines.

There are ten living species of skunks in four genera: _Conepatus_ (hog-nosed skunks, four species); _Mephitis_ (the hooded and striped skunks, two species) and _Spilogale_ (spotted skunks, four species). All wild skunks inhabit the Americas, ranging from Canada to central South America.

Some people keep skunks as pets, but not everyone agrees if this is a good idea. Because the skunk’s spray would ruin furniture (the bad smell is almost impossible to remove) and the smell would affect other people, the skunk’s glands (the organs that produce the spray) are removed. However, professionals think that this harms the skunk, so in many places this is illegal. Because of this, in many places it is illegal to keep a skunk as a pet.
Cerebellum

In all vertebrates, including human beings, the **cerebellum** is one of the main divisions of the brain.

The cerebellum works mainly to control balance and coordinate movement. It combines signals from eyes, muscle spindles, and ears with motor commands from the forebrain and helps to coordinate control of the body. More advanced regions of the human cerebellum may be crucial to language and mental dexterity. Bands of axons extend from the cerebellum into the pons.

## Disease

Illnesses or "cerebellar disorders [can come from, or] have numerous causes, including ... ataxias", and birth defects, according to media.

Common tumors, or cerebellar tumors, include
- pilocytic astrocytoma
- ependymoma

## Related pages

- Glioblastoma
Sustainable development

**Sustainable development** means improving things in a way that reduces harm and is mindful of the future. It means building things without harming the natural world.
The Brundtland Commission said it "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".

Everyone wants a good place to live. Some people want better homes, while others might want better schools, good jobs, better shops, green spaces or safer streets. Others may want all these things. Whatever the problems in any neighbourhood, they can usually be grouped into three issues. People need:
- A better environment – Green spaces, play areas, no litter, gardens, fresh air, less noise and pollution. The resources used should be available for future generations.
- A better economy - Good jobs and pay, reasonable prices, no unfair loans, taxes to help governments fund things
- Better social conditions – respect for others, good places to have fun, community groups with sports and arts, friendly neighbours.

Rapid increases in population can increase demands on things like food and nature and make sustainable development challenging.

This is not just a local issue. The same problems are faced at a national level. If the governments of the world are to deal with poverty, they do not just need to provide money and food aid, they need to help local people get educated and get jobs. People also need a safe environment with adequate homes and drinking water. To make these things work, governments also need to make sure that people have an effective voice in deciding what happens where they live and government money to spend on things.

This approach is called "sustainable development". While this phrase can be confusing, it's now used in many government documents and in funding programmes. Sustainable development has three parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability.

Most people in the rich nations have most of these needs, but there are still many people living in poverty and in poor quality homes. Even if these basic needs are met there are still plenty of ways in which their ‘quality of life’ is under threat: from crime, from pollution, or from living in neighbourhoods where no-one in authority seems to care.> "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
> <small>- Our Common Future (Report), World Commission on Environment and Development</small>Many areas have programmes to promote local sustainability: many are called ‘Local Agenda 21’ plans, named after the international Agenda 21 action plan for sustainable development agreed at the United Nations Earth Summit held in 1992.

The UN developed a set of 17 goals aiming at sustainable development. They are:-

## Related pages

- Ecology
- Green economy
- Recycling
- Renewable energy
- Sustainable Development Goals
- Overpopulation

## Other websites

- Appropedia - a Wiki focused on sustainable international development and poverty reduction
- Sustainable Development in Amazonia
Ribose

**Ribose** is a five-carbon sugar. It is found in RNA (ribonucleic acid).

D-Ribose is taken as a herbal supplement. Victims of fibromyalgia often report reduced pain and increased energy with little or no side effects.
Deoxyribose

**Deoxyribose** is the sugar component of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of ribonucleic acid or RNA.Due to its various attributes it has numerous appellations ie d-2-deoxyribose, a five carbon monosaccharide, and pentose sugar.Deoxyribose is most notable for its presence in the DNA which was first track down by a Russian-born-American biochemist Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene (1869 – 1940) who discovered ribose (the sugar that forms the alternating backbone of RNA by binding to phosphate group) in 1909 and Deoxyribose in 1929.
Henry Royce

**Sir Henry Royce** was born 27 March 1863 and died 22 April 1933. He made cars, and with Charles Stewart Rolls started the Rolls-Royce company.

He was born in Alwalton, Huntingdonshire which is near Peterborough as the youngest child of five.
1236

## Events

- January 14 – Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence.
- May 6 – Roger of Wendover, Benedictine monk and chronicler of St Albans Abbey dies. His chronicle is continued by Matthew Paris.
- September 22 – Lithuanians and Semigallians beat Livonian Brothers of the Sword in Battle of Siauliai
- Volga Bulgaria is conquered by Mongol khan Batu.
- Córdoba was retaken for Christianity as part of the Reconquista in 1236, and became a centre of activity against the remaining Islamic population.
- Accession of Razia al-Din to the Sultanate of Delhi.

## Deaths

- Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti,a Sufi Saint.
- Iltutmish
1238

## Events

- Battle of the Sit River was fought in the northern part of the present-day Yaroslavl Oblast of Russia between the Mongol Hordes of Batu Khan and the Russians under Yuri II of Vladimir during the Mongol invasion of Russia.
- In the Iberian peninsula, James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia September 28 from the Moors; the Moors retreat to Granada.
- Mongols seize Moscow, at that time a small town.
- Peterborough Cathedral is consecrated.
- The Khmers are expelled from Luang Phrabang in Laos.
- The Sukhothai kingdom is founded in Thailand.
- The seat of the patriarchate of Aquileia is transferred to Udine.
- Simon de Montfort marries Eleanor, sister of Henry III of England.
- The Battle of Örlygsstaðir takes place – it is the largest armed conflict in the history of Iceland
Profession

The **profession** is a job at which someone works and for which they have had training. It is what they do to get money or a living. People often study for years to do their job. Medieval Europe recognized three professions: divinity, medicine, and law. These were called "learned professions". In modern times other occupations such as teacher or engineer or scholar are often called "learned".

Sometimes "profession" only means learned professions, but the word may also be used for other jobs. Someone who works in a profession is called a professional. Sometimes this is in contrast to amateur which means someone who does similar things but is not paid.
Hafnarfjörður

**Hafnarfjörður** is a city found on the western coast of Iceland.  It is about 10 kilometres south of Reykjavík.  It is the third biggest city in Iceland..  Around 25,400 people were living in Hafnarfjörður as of 2008.

## Other websites

- Town website page on the 'hidden people'

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Hafnarfjörður
- **image skyline**: Hafnarfjardarkirkja.jpg
- **pushpin map**: Iceland
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **map caption**: Location of **Hafnarfjörður**, Iceland (left/center)
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Iceland
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Iceland, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Capital Region (Iceland), Capital Region
- **subdivision type2**: Constituencies of Iceland, Constituency
- **subdivision name2**: Southwest Constituency
- **area total sq mi**: 56.76
- **area total km2**: 143
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population total**: 25434
- **population density km2**: 170
- **website**: http://www.hafnarfjordur.is/
- **footnotes**: Postal Codes: 220-221-222
Level

**Level** might refer to;

- Level (tool), a tool used to see if a surface is flat
- Level (concept), a certain ''degree of knowledge or skill
- Level (coordinate), vertical position
- Level (video games), an area in a video game
Bloomington, Illinois

**Bloomington** is a city in McLean County, Illinois, United States. It is considered a "Twin City" of Normal, Illinois. It is probably best known as the headquarters of State Farm Insurance.
1252

## Events

- May 15– Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull _Ad exstirpanda_, which allows the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition. Torture is soon used widely across Catholic Europe.
- The first European gold coins are minted in the Italian city of Florence, and are known as florins.
- The Polish land of Lebus is made a part of the German state of Brandenburg, beginning Brandenburg's expansion into previously Polish areas (Neumark).
- The Swedish city of Stockholm is founded by Birger Jarl.
- The Lithuanian city of Klaipėda is founded by the Teutonic Knights.
- The town and monastery of Orval in Belgium burns to the ground; rebuilding takes 100 years.
- Thomas Aquinas travels to the University of Paris to begin his studies there for a master's degree.
- In astronomy, work begins on the recording of the Alfonsine tables.
Giverny

**Giverny** is a village in Normandy, France. It was the temporary home of Claude Monet. At Giverny Monet paintings became much more popular. Here he painted the famous "Poppy Field Near Giverny", Grain stacks" and "The Japanese Bridge":
- Painting of Giverny
Fort Collins, Colorado

**Fort Collins** is a city in the U.S. state of Colorado. It is near the Cache la Poudre River and home of Colorado State University.
Silver Spring, Maryland

**Silver Spring** is a community in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is a suburb of Washington, DC. It is the fifth biggest place in Maryland by population. Its population in 2020 was  81,015. Francis Preston Blair founded Silver Spring in 1840.

## Media

- Silver Spring Stations
- Discovery Communications Building, (now Closed in 2019, and Demolition in 2020s)
Neutron star

A **neutron star** is a very small and dense star made almost completely of neutrons. They are small stars with a radius of about 1111.5 kilometres. They have a mass of about twice that of the Sun. They are the smallest and densest stars known to exist in the Universe. They are what is left of a huge star which exploded as a supernova.

The density of the star is like that of the nucleus of an atom. They have strong magnetic fields, between 10<sup>8</sup> and 10<sup>15</sup> times as strong as that of Earth. The gravitational field at the neutron star's surface is about 2×10<sup>11</sup> times stronger than on Earth.

To imagine how dense a neutron star is, take all of the mass of our sun (which has a diameter of ) and push it down into a size that would fit into a ball with a  diameter. Another way to understand the density is this: one teaspoon of matter from the neutron star would weigh 6 billion tons.

Neutron stars spin very fast, from 0.001 second up to 30 seconds to turn. They come in different types. They may emit beams of electromagnetic radiation as pulsars. Other types are magnetars and binary pulsars.

Neutron stars are very hot, usually around  at their surface.

## History

In 1934, Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky proposed the existence of neutron stars, only a year after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick.

Looking for the origin of a supernova, they suggested that in supernova explosions ordinary stars are turned into stars that consist of extremely closely packed neutrons, which they called neutron stars. Baade and Zwicky suggested that the release of the gravitational binding energy of the neutron stars powers the supernova: "In the supernova process, mass in bulk is annihilated".

Neutron stars were thought to be too faint to be detectable. Little work was done on them until November 1967, when Franco Pacini (1939–2012) pointed out that if the neutron stars were spinning and had large magnetic fields, then electromagnetic waves would be emitted. Radio astronomer Antony Hewish and his research assistant Jocelyn Bell at Cambridge soon detected radio pulses from stars that are now  known as pulsars.
Parent

**Parents** are the mother and father or caretaker of their offspring.

In humans, a parent is the mother or the father figure of a child. They are either biologically or legally related to the person. When parents separate and choose who takes care of a child it is called _custody_. Parents who fail in their duty may be guilty of child abuse.

## Related pages

- Family
- Father
- Mother
- Child
- Grandparent
- Infant attachment
- Parental leave