juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Multan District

**Multan District**  () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan it had a population of 3.117 million (1.315 million or 42.2% in urban areas). Its capital is the city of Multan.

## Tehsils of Multan

- Mumtazabad Tehsil
- Sher Shah Tehsil
- Sujaabad Tehsil
- Jalapur Pirwala Tehsil
- Bosan Tehsil
- Shah Rukn-e-alam Tehsil

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Multan District
- **settlement type**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **image map**: Pakistan - Punjab - Multan.svg
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Multan District is located in southern-Punjab.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab
- **subdivision type2**: Capital
- **subdivision name2**: Multan
- **area total km2**: 3721
- **population as of**: 1998
- **population total**: 3.12 million
- **timezone1**: Time in Pakistan, PST
- **utc offset1**: +5
- **established title**: Established
- **leader title**: Commissioner Multan Division
- **leader name**: Muhammad Agha Khurram
- **leader title1**: District Coordination Officer
- **leader name1**: Naseem Sadiq
- **blank name sec1**: District Council
- **blank1 name sec1**: Number of Tehsils
- **blank1 info sec1**: 1
- **demographics1 title1**: Main language(s)
- **demographics1 info1**: Urdu, Pakistani English, English,Multani, Majhi & Haryanvi Dialects of Punjabi
Muzaffargarh District

**Muzaffargarh District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Muzaffargarh is the capital.

## Tehsils

The district Muzaffargarh is divided in to five administrative tehsils.
- Alipur Tehsil
- Jatoi Tehsil
- Kot Addu Tehsil
- Muzaffargarh
- Chowk Sarwar Shaheed Tehsil

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Muzaffargarh District
- **settlement type**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **image map**: Pakistan - Punjab - Muzaffargarh.svg
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Map of Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab with Muzaffargarh District highlighted
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab
- **subdivision type2**: Capital
- **subdivision name2**: Muzaffargarh
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population total**: 3,826,000
- **timezone1**: Time in Pakistan, PST
- **utc offset1**: +5
- **established title**: Established
- **leader title**: District Coordination Officer
- **leader name**: Ibrar Ahmed
- **leader title1**: District Police Officer
- **leader name1**: Zeeshan Asghar
- **blank name sec1**: District Council
- **blank1 name sec1**: Number of Tehsils
- **blank1 info sec1**: 4
- **demographics1 title1**: Main language(s)
- **demographics1 info1**: Saraiki language, Saraiki, and Urdu
Nankana Sahib District

**Nankana Sahib District** or **Khairpur Bhattian** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Nankana Sahib is the capital.

## Administration

Nankana Sahib District is administratively subdivided into four tehsils:

- Nankana Sahib Tehsil
- Safdarabad Tehsil
- Sangla Hill Tehsil
- Shahkot Tehsil
Narowal District

**Narowal District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Narowal is the capital. The Darhab dialect of the Punjabi language is spoken in this very district and the surrounding areas.

## Administration

- Narowal Tehsil
- Shakargarh Tehsil
- Zafarwal Tehsil

## Boundaries

The district is bounded on the northwest by Sialkot District, on the north by Indian Kashmir, on the east by Gurdaspur District (Republic of India) which contains the Pathankot Tehsil contiguous to Pakistan; and internationalised on the south by Amritsar District (Republic of India) and Sheikhupura District to the south-west.
Okara District

**Okara District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Okara is the capital.

## Tehsils

- Depalpur Tehsil
- Renala Khurd Tehsil
- Okara Tehsil town
Taito

The **Taito Corporation** is an innovator of coin operated video games. Taito was founded in 1953 to import peanuts and vodka to Japan. They also made vending machines for the vodka and peanuts. The next year (1954), Taito began making jukeboxes and other amusement machines. These machines were designed by other companies but in 1956 Taito designed and produced Japans first jukebox. Taito started to buy, sell, and lease pinball machines in 1956. Taito became the manufacturer of Seeburg corporation (USA) jukeboxes in 1962. Taito produced Japans first crane-type coin operated machine in 1965. The Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry gave Taito a commendation prize for enterprise in 1970. In 1973 Taito made Pro Hockey and Soccer video games as well as Elepong. Elepong was the first Japanese designed coin operated game. Taito are most famous for making Space Invaders in 1978. Taito says "Space Invaders was a worldwide phenomenon".  Taito has been one of the leading makers of coin operated video games in the world for more than thirty years.

## Famous video games created by the Taito Corporation

- Elepong 1973
- Davis Cup 1973
- Pro Hockey 1973
- Soccer 1973
- Speed Race 1974
- Gun Fight 1975
- Space Invaders 1978
- Space Invaders part 2 1979
- Asteroids 1980
- Missile Command 1980
- Arkanoid 1986
- Bubble Bobble 1986
- Rainbow Islands 1987
- Operation Wolf 1987
- Chase HQ 1988
- The New Zealand Story 1988
- Puzzle Bobble 1995

## Other websites

- The Taito Corporation website

## References

- Taito Legends, 2005
- Taito Legends 2, 2006

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Taito Corporation
- **logo**: Taito logo.svg
- **logo size**: 175px
Pakpattan District

**Pakpattan District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Pakpattan is the capital.

## Tehsils

- Arifwala Tehsil
- Pakpattan Tehsil
- Malka Hans Tehsil
Rahim Yar Khan District

**Rahimyar Khan District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Rahimyar Khan is the capital.

## Tehsils

- Khanpur Tehsil
- Liaquatpur Tehsil
- Rahim Yar Khan Tehsil
- Sadiqabad Tehsil
Space Invaders

***Space Invaders*** is a video game made by the Taito Corporation. _Space Invaders_ is one of the most famous early video games. The game is about defending the Earth from Space Invaders (aliens) by shooting them down before they can land. There have been seven versions of _Space Invaders_ made by the Taito Corporation. _Space Invaders_ was designed by the Taito Corporations man in charge of the game making department, Toshihiro Nishikado. Nishikado was inspired to make the game after watching _Star Wars_ and _War of the Worlds_. At first _Space Invaders_ was a coin-operated machine but has been made available for almost every games console and home computer. Before making _Space Invaders_, Nishikado worked on games called _Soccer_ and _Interceptor_. He says the hardest part of making a video game is designing the computer inside it. Taito describes _Space Invaders_ as "an international phenomenon".

## _Space Invaders_ versions

- _Space Invaders_, 1978
- _Space Invaders Part 2_, 1979
- _The Return of the Space Invaders_, 1985
- _Space Invaders '91_, 1991
- _Space Invaders DX_, 1995
- _Space Invaders '95_, 1995
- _Space Invaders 3D_

## References

- Taito Legends, 2005
- Taito Legends 2, 2006
Rajanpur District

**Rajanpur District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Rajanpur is the capital.

## Tehsils

- Jampur Tehsil
- Rajanpur Tehsil
- Rojhan Tehsil
Rawalpindi District

**Rawalpindi District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Rawalpindi is the capital. The district is divided into seven tehsils, these are:
- Gujar Khan Tehsil
- Kahuta Tehsil
- Kallar Syedan Tehsil
- Kotli Sattian Tehsil
- Murree Tehsil
- Rawalpindi Tehsil
- Taxila Tehsil

In 1901 Punjab Census, the Sikhs numbered 26,363, Hindus 57,325, and the Muslims being 466,918 83%. But between 1901 and 1931, there was a large number of Hindus converting to Sikhism. By 1947, there would have been more than 100,000 Sikhs In this district, and also the population growing.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Rawalpindi District
- **settlement type**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **image map**: Pakistan - Punjab - Rawalpindi.svg
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Map of Punjab with Rawalpindi District highlighted
Rawalpindi is located in the north of Punjab.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab
- **subdivision type2**: Capital
- **subdivision name2**: Rawalpindi
- **area total km2**: 5286
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 4500000
- **timezone1**: Time in Pakistan, PST
- **utc offset1**: +5
- **established title**: Established
- **blank name sec1**: District Council
- **blank1 name sec1**: Number of Tehsils
- **blank1 info sec1**: 7
- **demographics1 title1**: Main language(s)
- **demographics1 info1**: Potahari / Punjabi / Pashto and Urdu
- **website**: http://www.rawalpindi.gov.pk
Sahiwal District

**Sahiwal District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sahiwal is the capital.

Sahiwal is on GT Road. It is 167 km from Lahore.

## Tehsils

- Sahiwal Tehsil
- Chichawatni Tehsil
Sargodha District

**Sargodha District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sargodha is the capital.

## Tehsils

- Bhalwal Tehsil
- Sahiwal Tehsil
- Sargodha Tehsil
- Shahpur Tehsil
- Sillanwali Tehsil
- Kot Momin Tehsil
Sialkot District

**Sialkot District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Sialkot is the

It is recorded that Masses of Jatts of Sialkot district, converted to Islam, under Daud Bandagi Kirmani (1513-1575), of Shergarh during the reign of Emperor Akbar between, 1556-1605. The Clans that converted included Sandhu, Ghumman, Bajwa, Virk, Maan, Cheema, Basra, Kahlon, Goraya, Sahi, Hanjra, Dehothar.

## Tehsils

- Daska Tehsil
- Pasrur Tehsil
- Sambrial Tehsil
- Sialkot Tehsil
Toba Tek Singh District

**Toba Tek Singh District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Toba Tek Singh is the capital.

## Tehsils

- Gojra Tehsil
- Kamalia Tehsil
- Toba Tek Singh Tehsil
Vehari District

**Vehari District** () is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan. The city of Vehari is the capital.

## Tehsils

- Burewala Tehsil
- Mailsi Tehsil
- Vehari Tehsil
Attock

**Attock** is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Attock District. The city was founded during the British period and it was originally named Campbellpur after its British governor Sir Colin Campbell however the name was changed to Attock after the independence of Pakistan from British rule in 1947.

## Infobox (city)

- **official name**: City of Attock
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab
- **leader title1**: Named after
- **leader name1**: Sir Colin Campbell
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1904
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1978
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 6857
- **elevation m**: 266
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 1,274,935
- **population urban**: 260,724
- **population metro**: 1,014,211
- **timezone**: Pakistan Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset**: +5
- **postal code type**: Postal code span
- **postal code**: List of Postal Codes of Pakistan, 43600
- **area code**: 0597
- **website**: http://www.attocknews.com
Bahawalnagar

**Bahawalnagar** is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province. It is the capital of Bahawalnagar District. It is located near the India–Pakistan border.
Bahawalpur

**Bahawalpur** is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Bahawalpur District.
Bhakkar

**Bhakkar** (, Seraiki: بھکر) is the capital city of Bhakkar District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located at 31°37'60N 71°4'0E at an elevation of 159 metres and lies on the left bank of the Indus river. It has a population of almost 300,000 people and was given district status in 1981. It is also the capital of the tehsil of the same name (Bhakkar Tehsil).
Chakwal

**Chakwal** is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Chakwal District.
Dera Ghazi Khan

**Dera Ghazi Khan** is a city in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Dera Ghazi Khan District.
Faisalabad

**Faisalabad**, formerly known as **Lyallpur**, is the third largest metropolis in Pakistan. It is in the Punjab province and is the capital of Faisalabad District. The city is an important centre of trade and industry.

## Other websites

- Airport website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Faisalabad
- **other name**: فیصل آباد
- **settlement type**: City District
- **image skyline**: Clocktower Faisalabad, Panorama.jpg
- **image caption**: Faisalabad
- **pushpin map**: Pakistan
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Pakistan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Faisalabad District
- **subdivision type3**: Autonomous towns
- **subdivision name3**: 8
- **subdivision type4**: Union councils
- **subdivision name4**: 289
- **government type**: city District
- **leader title**: Nazim
- **leader name**: Awais Asghar
- **leader title1**: Naib nazim
- **established date**: 1998
- **area total km2**: 1280
- **area metro km2**: 5856
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 4177246
- **timezone**: Pakistan Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset**: +5
- **timezone dst**: Pakistan Standard Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: +6
- **area code**: 041
Union councils of Pakistan

A **Union Council** or Village Council in Pakistan is an elected local government body that has 21 councillors. They are elected by the people. Each Union Council is headed by a Nazim, which is similar to a mayor, and a Naib Nazim (similar to a deputy mayor).

## Administration

Union Councils are the fifth level (the lowest level) of government in Pakistan. Union Councils are often known as **Village Councils** in rural areas, esp. in KP during the PTI Government provincial reforms.
The area represented by a Village Council usually comprises a large village and surrounding areas, often including nearby smaller villages. The term "Union Council" may be used for areas that are part of cities.

Each Union Council is governed by a Union Nazim (similar to a mayor), each union council has 13 elected members known as councillors. As well as four male and two female members elected directly, there are two male and two female representatives of the labour, a minority member, a Nazim and his deputy known as Naib Nazim.

Also as well as the elected members, there are several government employees and functionaries in every union council, who report to the Secretary of the Union Council. The last one is a civil servant appointed by the state.

The territory of a Union Council or Village Council is usually part of a tehsil, (a tehsil is a district subdivision). Less commonly, a Union Council may be part of a City District.

## Structure of local Government

Shown below is a simplified structure of the political hierarchy.
1. the federal government governs the provinces (allocation of resources and policy decisions.
1. the provinces govern the districts etc.
1. the union councils are involved directly in local government administration.
Seer Gharbi

**Seer Gharbi** is one of the 51 Union Councils of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of the country of Pakistan. It is in the southeastern part of the province, bordering the Rawalpindi District of Punjab province.

## Meaning

Seer Gharbi means _Western Seer_. This is because there are two towns called _Seer_ and are very near to each other. The other Seer is known as _Seer Sharqi_, which means _Eastern Seer_.

## 2005 earthquake

On October 8, 2005, Seer Gharbi, like much of Abbottabad District, was affected by an earthquake. However the number of people killed or injured was low, the damage was largely to buildings and damage to water supplies.

## Subdivisions

The Union Council of Seer Gharbi is subdivided into three areas: Basbher, Malmola and Seer Gharbi.
Tranmere Rovers F.C.

**Tranmere Rovers Football Club** is an English football club. They were a member of The Football League until 2015, when they were relegated to the Football Conference. They returned to the football league in 2018. Their main rivals are Chester, Wrexham, and Bolton Wanderers.

## Name

- 1884–1885 **Belmont F.C.**
- 1885–present **Tranmere Rovers F.C.**

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|First Division|24th|
|2001/02|Second Division|12th|
|2002/03|Second Division|7th|
|2003/04|Second Division|8th|
|2004/05|League One|3rd|
|2005/06|League One|18th|
|2006/07|League One|9th|
|2007/08|League One|11th|
|2008/09|League One|7th|
|2009/10|League One|19th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Tranmere Rovers F.C.
- **fullname**: Tranmere Rovers Football Club
- **nickname**: The Rovers
- **founded**: 1884
- **ground**: Prenton Park, Tranmere, Merseyside, Tranmere
Birkenhead, Wirral Peninsula, Wirral
- **capacity**: 16,567
- **owner**: Mark and Nicola Palios
- **chairman**: Mark Palios
- **manager**: Andy Crosby
- **league**: EFL League Two, League Two
Corumbá

**Corumbá** is a Brazilian city of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. It has about 120,000 inhabitants and an area of 64.960,86 km².
Dourados

**Dourados** is a Brazilian city of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. It has about 200,000 inhabitants and an area of .
Nanny (disambiguation)

- Nanny - a person that is hired to take care of children.
- The Nanny - a 1993 television comedy.
- A grandmother (see grandmother, grandparent)
- A female goat

**The Nanny** may mean:
- _The Nanny_, a 1993–99 American television program starring Fran Drescher
- _The Nanny_, a 1964 novel by Merriam Modell
- _The Nanny_, a 1965 British movie starring Bette Davis
- _The Nanny_, a 1999 Italian movie
- Nanny (comics), a Marvel Comics super villain
AdventureQuest

***AdventureQuest*** is an RPG (role-playing game) made by Artix Entertainment.

## Related pages

- DragonFable
- MechQuest
- AdventureQuest Worlds
- ArchKnight
- ZardWars

## Other websites

- _AdventureQuest_
Conflict

A **conflict** is a struggle between people which may be physical, or between very different ideas. The word comes from the Latin verb , which means _to come together for a battle_. Conflicts can either be within one person, or they can involve several people or groups. Conflicts arise because there are needs, values or ideas that are seen to be different, and there is no means to reconcile the dispute.

Very often, conflicts lead to fights or even wars (in the case where conflicts are solved with weapons). Conflict between ideas is usually fought with propaganda.

## Related pages

- Conflict resolution
- Dispute
Constructed script

A **constructed script** (also **artificial script**, **neography**, and **conscript** for short) is a kind of writing system. It is a writing system that is specifically created by an individual or group, and is not like an evolved natural script. In contrast, natural scripts evolve and grow as part of a natural language or culture.

Some constructed scripts are made to be used for constructed languages. Other constructed scripts are used in linguistic experimentation or for other more practical uses in existing languages.
An Inspector Calls

***An Inspector Calls*** is a play written in 1945 by the British playwright J. B. Priestley, but set in 1912. Its socialist views ran against the capitalist views of many theatres visitors. It was first performed in 1945 in two Moscow theatres.  It was then first produced in London at the New Theatre on 1 October 1946.

The play shows the way in which people are all connected, and reflects Priestley's socialist views while outlining the problems he saw with capitalism. The main themes in the play are an equitable (fair) society, responsibility<nowiki/> and love.

## Dramatic presentation

- The play is set in the town of Brumley. It is about a police inspector, Inspector Goole, who questions a family about the suicide of a young woman whom the family knew. Many events which happen after the play are contradicted by Arthur Birling, such as the Titanic being unsinkable and that war with Germany would never happen. These are examples of dramatic irony.
- The play takes place in one set (the dining room of the Birlings' house), in real time. This is a dramatic device which keeps the audience's attention on the dialogue as well as the timing of the entrances and exits. Foreshadowing is used throughout the play.
- Another dramatic technique or device used is how Priestley ends his acts. Each time, near the end of the act, the inspector drops a bombshell of information that we are  to think about. He makes us ponder over all that happened in that act.

## Dramatic devices

J. B. Priestley uses dramatic devices and dramatic irony to signal characters and introduce the inspector. For example, the house is pink and intimate while they are celebrating the engagement, but when the sharp ring of a door bell is heard, the lighting changes to a brighter and harder colour. Some believe that it represents an interrogation room due to the bright lights that are shining on the Birlings as the inspector comes in and picks the story out of them bit by bit. Dramatic irony is used throughout the play to create prejudice between Mr. Birling and the audience.

## Awards

- Olivier Award PlayRevival 1991–2000
- Tony Award PlayRevival 1994–2000

## Infobox (play)

- **name**: An Inspector Calls
- **image**: In English Homes Vol 1 Saltram Plympton the dining room 31295001575223 0212.jpg
- **image size**: 350px
- **caption**: A dining room
- **writer**: J. B. Priestley
- **characters**: Mr. Arthur Birling
Mrs. Sybil Birling
Gerald Croft
Sheila Birling
Eric Birling
Inspector Goole
Edna
Eva Smith (Only mentioned and heard, never seen)
- **setting**: The dining-room of the Birlings' house in Brumley (spring, 1912).
- **date of premiere**: 1 October 1946
- **original language**: English language, English
- **subject**: Industry, Wealth, Relationships & Morality
- **genre**: Drama
Justice and Equality Movement

The **Justice and Equality Movement** (JEM) is a rebel group involved in the Darfur conflict of Sudan.  It is led by Khalil Ibrahim.  Together with other rebel groups such as the Sudan Liberation Army, they are fighting against the government-supported Janjaweed militia.  The JEM is also a member of the Eastern Front, a rebel coalition.  After the Eastern Front signed a peace deal with the central government, the JEM lost access to its funding from Eritrea.

The JEM traces its foundation to the writers of the _Black Book_, a manuscript published in 2000 that shows some problems.  JEM has an Islamist ideology, and the government links the group to Hassan al-Turabi, although leaders of the group and Turabi himself deny the claim. However, al-Turabi blames the government for making the situation worse".

On January 20, 2006, the group merged with the Sudan Liberation Movement, along with other rebel groups, to form the Alliance of Revolutionary Forces of West Sudan.  However, the JEM and SLM negotiated as separate groups with peace talks with the government in May 2006.

In October of 2007, the JEM attacked an oilfield in the Kordofan region of Sudan. This olified is controlled by a Chinese consortium.  The next month, a group of 135 Chinese engineers arrived in Darfur to work on this field. Ibrahim told reporters, "We oppose them coming because the Chinese are not interested in human rights. It is just interested in Sudan's resources." The JEM claims that the revenue from oil sold to China funds the Sudanese government and the Janjaweed militia.

On the morning of December 11th, 2007, Khalil Ibrahim claimed that JEM forces fought and defeated Sudanese government troops guarding a Chinese-run oilfield in the Kordofan region.  Khartoum officials, however, denied that any oil fields had come under attack.  Ibrahim said that the attack was part of a JEM campaign to rid Sudan of Chinese-run oilfields and stated that "[The JEM] want all Chinese companies to leave. They have been warned many times. They should not be there."

## Other websites

- Justice and Equality Movement
- Upcoming Peace Talks Will Not Solve the Complex Darfur Problem , The Power and Interest News Report
- Darfur conflict
- BBC background on the SLA and JEM: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3702242.stm
- BBC Darfur on the brink of new conflict as the SLA now joins the government fighting against rebel groups including the JEM: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5311998.stm
- Justice and Equality Movement The JEM's homepage
- Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company's website
Holden (disambiguation)

**Holden** is the name of an Australian brand of automobile. **Holden** can also mean:

### In Canada

- Holden, Alberta

### In Norway

- Holden, Lierne, a lake in Nord-Trøndelag
- Holden, Verran, a lake in Nord-Trøndelag

### In the United States

- Holden, Louisiana
- Holden, Maine
- Holden, Massachusetts
- Holden, Missouri
- Holden, Utah
- Holden, West Virginia
- Holden Township, Minnesota
- Holden, Vermont

There are also:
- Holden Beach, North Carolina
- Holden Heights, Florida
- Holden Village, Washington

## People and fictional characters

- Holden (surname), including a list of people and fictional characters
- Holden (given name), including a list of people and fictional characters
- Holden Scott, a pen name of American author Ben Mezrich (born 1969)

## Other

- Holden (lunar crater), a lunar crater attached to the much larger Vendelinus crater
- Holden (Martian crater), a wide crater on Mars.
- Holden (band), a French pop-rock band

## Related pages

- Holder
- Holding
Lope de Vega

**Lope de Vega** (also **Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio** or **Lope Félix de Vega Carpio**) (25 November 1562 – 27 August 1635) was a Spanish Baroque playwright and poet. His reputation in the world of Spanish letters is second only to that of Cervantes, while the sheer volume of his literary output is unequalled:
he is estimated to have written between 1,500 and 2,500 fully-fledged plays – of which some 425 have survived until the modern day – together with a plethora of shorter dramatic and poetic works.

He was _"The Phoenix of Wits"_ and _"Monster of Nature"_ by Miguel de Cervantes because he did so much work. Lope de Vega renewed the Spanish theatre when people were becoming interested in it. Along with Calderón de la Barca and Tirso de Molina, he improved Spanish theater. He is considered a great dramatist and his plays are often performed. He is also one of the famous Spanish poets and authors.

## Life

Lope de Vega was born in Madrid to a non-notable family, who came to the capital from Valle de Carriedo in Cantabria recently. Félix de Vega, the bread winner of the family, was an embroiderer.
Pedro Calderòn de la Barca

**Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Henao** (17 January 1600 – 25 May 1681), was a dramatist of the Spanish Golden Age.

Calderón was born in Madrid. His mother, who was of Flemish descent, died in 1610; his father, who was secretary to the treasury, died in 1615. Calderón was educated at the Jesuit College in Madrid, the Colegio Imperial, with a view to taking orders; but instead, he studied law at Salamanca.

## Selected Works

- El médico de su honra (The Surgeon of his Honour)
- La vida es sueño (Life is a Dream)
- El Alcalde de Zalamea (The Mayor of Zalamea)
- La Dama duende (The Phantom Lady)
- Casa con dos puertas (The House with Two Doors)
- El Mágico prodigioso (The Mighty Magician)
- La Devoción de la Cruz (Devotion to the Cross)
- El Gran Teatro del mundo (The Great Theatre of the World)
- El Gran Mercado del mundo (The World is a Fair)
- El Pintor de su deshonra (The Painter of His Dishonour)
- El Prodigio de Alemania (The Prodigy of Germany) (in collaboration with Antonio Coello)
Chemical vapor deposition

**Chemical vapor deposition** is a method of putting a thin layer of materials on to a surface using very low heat. It is specially useful for coating thin glass with metal without damaging the glass, using such a thin layer of metal that the glass can be seen through. This technology was invented by the Head of the Chemistry Department of Harvard University, Professor Roy Gordon, in the 1970s and perfected by his team during the 1980s. Chemical vapor deposition has a vast range of uses. Hip replacement joints are coated using chemical vapor deposition to make them lighter, stronger, and longer lasting. TFT displays (flat screen televisions and computer monitors) are made using chemical vapor deposition. This technology is also used to prevent double glazing windows and supermarket freezers from steaming up. Chemical vapor deposition can be used to create synthetic diamonds.

## Types of CVD

CVD techniques vary by chemical reaction mechanisms and process conditions.

**Classification by Pressure:**

- Atmospheric Pressure CVD (APCVD): Performed at atmospheric pressure.
- Low-Pressure CVD (LPCVD): Operates under reduced pressure to improve film uniformity and reduce unwanted reactions. Common in current processes.
- Ultrahigh Vacuum CVD (UHVCVD): Conducted at extremely low pressures (~10⁻⁶ Pa or lower).

**Classification by Vapor Characteristics:**

- Aerosol Assisted CVD (AACVD): Uses aerosolized liquid or gas precursors for fast growth, suitable for low-volatility precursors.
- Direct Liquid Injection CVD (DLICVD): Injects liquid precursors which vaporize and deposit onto substrates. Applicable to both liquid and dissolved solid precursors.

**Plasma-Enhanced Techniques:**

- Microwave Plasma-Assisted CVD (MPCVD)
- Plasma-Enhanced CVD (PECVD): Increases reaction rates using plasma, enabling low-temperature deposition widely used in semiconductor manufacturing.
- Remote PECVD (RPECVD): Similar to PECVD but wafer is outside plasma region, allowing room temperature processing.

**Others:**

- Atomic Layer CVD (ALCVD): Sequential atomic-scale deposition for precise thin films.
- Hot Wire CVD (HWCVD): Uses heated filaments to decompose source gases catalytically.
- Metalorganic CVD (MOCVD): Uses metalorganic precursors.
- Hybrid Physical-Chemical Vapor Deposition (HPCVD): Combines chemical decomposition and evaporation from solid sources.
- Rapid Thermal CVD (RTCVD): Quickly heats wafer without heating gases or chamber, reducing unwanted reactions.
- Vapor Phase Epitaxy (VPE)

## Other websites

- Roy Gordons Glass  in the Harvard Gazette
WrestleMania XXIV

**WrestleMania XXIV** was the twenty-fourth yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on March 30, 2008 at the Citrus Bowl in Orlando, Florida. It was the first WrestleMania to be held in the state of Florida, and the second WrestleMania to be held outdoors the whole time, the other being WrestleMania IX. The official theme songs were _"Light It Up"_ by Rev Theory and _"Snow ((Hey Oh))"_ by the Red Hot Chili Peppers. The tagline was "_The Biggest WrestleMania Under the Sun_."

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: WrestleMania XXIV
- **image**: WMXXIVlive.jpg
- **caption**: _74,635 went to the Citrus Bowl for WrestleMania XXIV._
- **tagline**: The Biggest WrestleMania under The Sun.
- **theme**: _"Light It Up (Rev Theory song), Light It Up"_ by Rev Theory
_"Snow ((Hey Oh))"_ by Red Hot Chili Peppers
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **brand**: WWE Raw, Raw
WWE Friday Night SmackDown!, SmackDown
Extreme Championship Wrestling (WWE), ECW
- **date**: March 30, 2008
- **city**: Orlando, Florida
- **venue**: Citrus Bowl
- **attendance**: 74,635
- **lastevent**: No Way Out (2008), No Way Out 2008
- **nextevent**: Backlash (2008), Backlash 2008
- **event**: WrestleMania
- **lastevent2**: WrestleMania 23
- **nextevent2**: WrestleMania XXV
Nazim

A **Nazim** is a person who is responsible for administration of cities, districts and the Union Councils of Pakistan. The job of a Nazim is similar to that of a mayor.
Dogon people

The **Dogon** are a group of people who live in Mali in West Africa. They live south of the River Niger near the city of Bandiagara. They are famous for their types of stories, dancing, buildings and art. They make wooden statues.

They are well known for their mythology and metalworking

## Other websites

- Dogon
Ipswich

**Ipswich** is a large town in the East Anglian county of Suffolk England. It is the county town of Suffolk. It is near the estuary of the River Orwell. 117,069 people live there. In the Tudor period Ipswich was famous for the Wool Trade and there are still a lot of Tudor buildings which survive to this day. Thomas Wolsey, who was a famous adviser to Henry VIII was born in Ipswich. In modern times Ipswich became infamous as in 2006 a serial killer murdered five sex workers over a short space of time.

The town is home to Ipswich Town F.C., an association football team.  They play in the town at a stadium called Portman Road.

Ipswich is one of the oldest towns in England.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ipswich
- **other name**: Borough of Ipswich
- **image skyline**: Ipswich Montage 3.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top left: Christchurch Mansion, St Lawrence Church, Ipswich, St Lawrence Church, Ipswich Waterfront, Orwell Bridge, Ipswich Town Centre
- **shield size**: 120px
- **image map**: Ipswich UK locator map.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Suffolk
- **pushpin map**: England#UK
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within England##Location within the United Kingdom
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Sovereign state
- **subdivision name**: United Kingdom
- **subdivision type1**: Country#United Kingdom, Constituent Country
- **subdivision name1**: England
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of England, Region
- **subdivision name2**: East Anglia
- **subdivision type3**: Ceremonial County, County
- **subdivision name3**: Suffolk
- **subdivision type4**: Districts of England, Borough
- **subdivision name4**: Ipswich
- **government type**: Local government in England#Councillors and mayors, Leader and Cabinet
- **leader title**: List of MPs elected in the 2015 United Kingdom general election, MPs
- **leader name**: Sandy Martin (politician), Sandy Martin
Daniel Poulter, Dan Poulter
- **established title2**: Never
- **area footnotes**: – List of English districts by area, Ranked
- **area total km2**: 39.42
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: List of English districts by population, Ranked
133,384
- **population urban**: 180,000 (approx.)
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicity
- **population blank1**: 90.5% White
3.9% S. Asian
2.1% Black
1.1% Chinese or Other
2.4% Mixed Race
- **postal code type**: Postcode
- **postal code**: IP postcode area, IP
- **area code**: 01473
- **blank info**: AV, AW, AX, AY
- **blank name**: Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom, Vehicle registration area code
- **blank1 name**: ONS coding system, ONS code
- **blank1 info**: 42UD
- **settlement type**: Town and Borough
Self-esteem

**Self-esteem** is the way people think about themselves and how worthwhile they feel. Psychologists use the word self-esteem to describe whether someone likes themselves or not. Someone with high self-esteem might think that they are good at things, worthwhile, and may be confident in the things that they do. Someone with low self-esteem might think that they are bad at things and/or worthless. Different psychologists have different ways of measuring self-esteem, and many people do not agree on what it means. Some people may think that self-esteem is linked to anxiety, depression, eating disorders and bullying. Some people may also injure themselves if they suffer from a low self-esteem.

Self-esteem also considered by the international law on human rights, such as Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Yogyakarta Principles, affirm that each person's self-esteem must be protected against any kind of abuse or violence out of social prejudices and discriminations.

The World Health Organization also thinks building strong self-esteem is important to prevent the suicide of students as well as prevent bullying by tolerance.
I'm Not There

***I'm Not There*** is a Golden Globe Award-winning and Academy Award-nominated 2007 American biographical drama movie that is inspired by the life of musician Bob Dylan. Dylan is played by seven different actors in the movie: Marcus Carl Franklin, Ben Whishaw, Heath Ledger, Christian Bale, Richard Gere, and Cate Blanchett, who play people like Dylan but with different names.

The movie won and was nominated for several awards, including eight wins in "Best Supporting Actress" categories for Cate Blanchett, and Independent Spirit Award nomination for "Best Film".

## Cast

- Christian Bale as Jack Rollins/Pastor John
- Cate Blanchett as Jude Quinn
- Marcus Carl Franklin as "Woody Guthrie"
- Richard Gere as Billy the Kid
- Heath Ledger as Robbie Clark
- Ben Whishaw as "Arthur Rimbaud"
- Charlotte Gainsbourg as Claire (= Sara Dylan) and/or Suze Rotolo
- David Cross as Allen Ginsberg
- Bruce Greenwood as Keenan Jones/Pat Garrett
- Julianne Moore as Alice Fabian (= Joan Baez)
- Michelle Williams as Coco Rivington (=Edie Sedgwick)
- Kim Gordon as Carla Hendricks
- Alison Folland as Grace
- Mark Camacho as Norman
- Benz Antoine as Bobby Seale/Rabbit Brown
- Craig Thomas as Huey Newton
- Eugene Brotto as Peter Orlovsky
- Richie Havens as Old Man Arvin
- Kim Roberts as Mrs. Arvin
- Tyrone Bensin as Mr. Arvin
- Yolonda Ross as Angela
- Peter Friedman as Barker/Morris Bernstein
- Joe Cobden as Sonny
- Kristen Hager as Mona
- Fanny La Croix as Actress playing Alice Fabian
- Dennis St John as Captain Henry/The Admiral
- Kris Kristofferson as The Narrator

## Other websites

- Official website
- HD Trailer
- Trailer on YouTube
- _I'm Not There_ Trailer  on IGN
- _I'm Not There_ on Yahoo! Movies
- Photo of Cate Blanchett in costume and article
- toddhaynes.net  - _I'm Not There_ information and discussion
- DVD Talk talks about Cate Blanchett in _I'm Not There._
- Director Todd Haynes talks about _I'm Not There_ at the 2007 New York Film Festival
- Essay on _I'm Not There_

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: I'm Not There
- **caption**: _I'm Not There_ one sheet.
- **director**: Todd Haynes
- **producer**: Christine Vachon
Jeff Rosen
- **writer**: Todd Haynes
Oren Moverman
- **starring**: Christian Bale
Cate Blanchett
Ben Whishaw
Marcus Carl Franklin
Charlotte Gainsbourg
Richard Gere
Heath Ledger
Julianne Moore
Peter Friedman
- **music**: Bob Dylan
- **cinematography**: Edward Lachman
- **distributor**: **United States:**
The Weinstein Company
**United Kingdom:**
Paramount Pictures
- **runtime**: 135 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States, $20 million
Lanthanide

|Atomic No.|Name|Symbol|Picture|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|57|Lanthanum|La||
|58|Cerium|Ce||
|59|Praseodymium|Pr||
|60|Neodymium|Nd||
|61|Promethium|Pm|−|
|62|Samarium|Sm||
|63|Europium|Eu||
|64|Gadolinium|Gd||
|65|Terbium|Tb||
|66|Dysprosium|Dy||
|67|Holmium|Ho||
|68|Erbium|Er||
|69|Thulium|Tm||
|70|Ytterbium|Yb||
|71|Lutetium|Lu||
A **lanthanide** is one of a group of 15 elements that have atomic numbers 57 to 71. This is also known as the **lanthanide series** or **lanthanoid series**. This group starts at lanthanum and it ends at lutetium.

All lanthanoids are f-block elements, meaning that electrons fill the 4f electron shell, except for lutetium which is a d-block lanthanoid. The lanthanoid series (**Ln**) is named after lanthanum.

Lanthanides are metals that are related to each other in how they behave. Most of them slowly turn into their hydroxides when they are placed into water, like the alkali metals. They usually form a coating of oxide when placed in the air, like most metals. Lanthanides, with Scandium and Yttrium, are called rare earth elements.
All the lanthanoids are silvery white soft metals and tarnish rapidly in air. The hardness increases with increasing atomic number.

Lanthanides are not abundant, and only small amounts are mined. Some have various uses in magnet<nowiki/>s, superconductor<nowiki/>s, chemical catalyst<nowiki/>s, and optical equipment such as laser<nowiki/>s.
The New Zealand Story

***The New Zealand Story*** is a video game released by the Taito Corporation in 1988. This game was released for coin operated machines, home computers and game consoles.
Naib

The word _naib_ (نائب) is an Arabic word meaning someone who is second in command.

It may also mean:

## In history

- **Naib**, the name given to the rulers of Massawa, Africa who served the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth century.
- **Naib**, a local leader in Dagestan.

## Fiction

- **Naib**, the title given to the leader of Fremen (freemen)  on the planet Arrakis in the science fiction Dune universe written by Frank Herbert. In the story the word "Naib" means servant.
Bagh Union Council

**Bagh** is a Union Council of Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It has two high schools GHS Bagh and GHS Kehal.

## Location

It is in the centre of the district, in the southern part of Abbottabad Tehsil, it is surrounded by the following Union Councils, to the north and east by Dhamtour, to the north by Sarbhana, to the east by Bagnotar, Namli Maira and Nagri Bala - and to the south by Dewal Manal.

## Subdivisions

The Union Council is divided into three areas:
Bagh, Kehial and Jaggian Kohalian.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: Union councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **name**: Jadoon Bagh
- **image skyline**: Abbottabad_Thumb.png
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Bagh Union Council is located in Abbottabad District,jadoon bagh
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Abbottabad District, Abbottabad
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Abbottabad Tehsil, Abbottabad
- **population total**: 25,000
- **leader title**: District Councillor
- **leader name**: jadoons
- **leader title1**: Teshil Councillor
Tehsil

A **tehsil** (also known as a **mandal**, **taluka**, **taluk**) is a unit of government in Pakistan and in the Republic of India - it is similar to a county. It usually consists of a town (possibly more towns) and the villages around the towns.

In Pakistan, Tehsils are the second administrative division. They are further subdivided into Union Councils. Many Tehsils are grouped together into a _district_ (Zillah). In Sindh the name _taluka_ is generally used instead of tehsil.

In India, some states use _taluk_ or _taluka_, others use _tehsil_. The _TK_ often found in Indian addresses stands for Taluk.
Paektu Mountain

**Paektu Mountain** (also called **Baekdu Mountain**) or **Changbai Mountain** is a volcano on the border between North Korea and China. This mountain is 54.5% in North Korean territory, 45.5% in China. The Korean name is Paektu-san or Baekdu-san, which means "white head mountain". The Chinese name is Changbai-shan, which means "snow that piles up on the large mountain".

Paektu has a large caldera (crater lake). It is called **Heaven Lake**. Koreans call it "Cheon-ji" lake, Chinese call it "Tiandi" lake. It is 2,744 metres above sea level and is the highest mountain of all Korea. The Beijing Olympic torch was lit on Paektu/Changbai Mountain. Heaven Lake is a caldera made by a gigantic volcanic eruption in 969 AD (± 20 years) which had a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 7. The 969 eruption, which is called the "Millennium" or "Tianchi" eruption, was one of the most violent eruptions in the last 5,000 years, comparable to the 180 AD "Hatepe eruption" of Lake Taupo and the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Paektu/Baekdu/Changbai Mountain
- **photo**: Paektu-san.jpg
- **photo caption**: Paektu/Baekdu/Changbai Mountain volcano, April 2003
- **location**: Ryanggang, (North Korea)
Jilin, (China)
- **type**: Stratovolcano
- **last eruption**: 1903
Pakistan Standard Time

PKT is the time zone used in Pakistan. It is 5 hours ahead of GMT/UTC.

## Daylight Saving Time

In 2002, the government of Pakistan decided to use the Daylight Saving Time system. This meant that every year, clocks would be put forward by one hour on the night between the first Saturday and Sunday of April until 15 October when the clocks were put back. The experiment was not repeated again under the Musharraf Regime.

This was reused in 2008 by Raja Parvez Ashraf from 1 June 2008 to 31 October 2008 and again in 2009 from 15 April 2009 to 31 October 2009. The system has not been used since.

## References

- Pakistan Standard Time

## Other websites

- Find cities currently in UTC+5
Dhamtour

**Dhamtour** or **Dhamtor**(, )  is a small rural suburb of Abbottabad Hazara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is about 6 kilometers from Abbottabad city. It is known as the largest village of Abbottabad area. It is also a Union Council in Abbottabad District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The local language is Hindko, which is the main language of Hazara division. The area are has some rich cultural traditions. Dhamtour village is the gate way to many natural beauty places like Murree, Nathia Gali, Dungagali and Harnoi.

## Location

Dhamtour is at 34°7'60N 73°16'0E at a height of 1110 metres (3645 feet). It is to the west of Abbottabad city, and borders Sheikh-ul-Bandi to the north and Nagri Bala to the south.

## History

Dhamtour is an old settlement and there used to be regular cattle and vegetable markets here before British rule.

## Tribes

Most of the people in this area are from the Jadoon tribe. Other tribes include Mughals, Gujjars ,Kashmiri, Syeds, and Awans.

## Subdivisions

The Union Council of Dhamtour is divided into the following areas: Banda Bazdar, Bandi Shoalian, Dhamtour, Guldhok, Jaswal, Nagaki, and Ukhreela.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dhamtour
- **settlement type**: Union Councils of Pakistan, Union Council
- **image map**: Abbottabad_Thumb.png
- **map caption**: Dhamtore is in Abbottabad District
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Abbottabad District, Abbottabad
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **subdivision name3**: Abbottabad Tehsil, Abbottabad
- **leader title1**: Naib Nazim
- **population total**: 26107
Chechen

**Chechen** might mean:

- Anything related to Chechnya
- Chechen language
Balochistan

**Baluchistan** () may refer to:

- Baluchistan region), a region of Iran
- Balochistan (Pakistan), a province of Pakistan since 1970
    - Baluchistan (Chief commissioners province), a former province of British India
- Balochistan (Afghanistan), a part of Afghanistan
- Baluchestan Province, a province of Iran