juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Arkelstorp

**Arkelstorp** is a town in Sweden.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Arkelstorp
- **pushpin map**: Sweden
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Kristianstad Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Skåne County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Skåne
- **area total km2**: 1.08
- **population as of**: 31 December 2010
- **population total**: 768
- **population density km2**: 714
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Peter Phillips

**Peter Mark Andrew Phillips** (born 15 November 1977)  is a member of the British royal family. He is a businessman and the only son of Princess Anne, and her first husband, Captain Mark Phillips. He is the eldest grandchild of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and nephew of King Charles III. He is 18th in the line of succession to the British throne.

## Early life

Peter Phillips was born in 15 November 1977 at St Mary's Hospital in London, He is the eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He was christened on 22 December 1977 by the Archbishop of Canterbury Donald Coggan in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace, He is godparents were his maternal uncle, the Prince of Wales, Geoffrey Tiarks, Captain Hamish Lochore, Lady Cecil Cameron of Lochiel and Jane Holderness-Roddam.

Phillips has a younger sister, Zara Tindall (née Phillips; born 1981), and two younger half-sisters, Felicity Wade (née Tonkin; born 1985), the daughter of Mark Phillips and his former mistress Heather Tonkin; and Stephanie Phillips (born 1997), the daughter from his father's second marriage to Sandy Pflueger.

Phillips went to Port Regis Prep School in Shaftesbury, Dorset before following some of his family by attending Gordonstoun School in Moray, Scotland. Whilst at Gordonstoun, he was chosen to be head boy. During his gap year, he went to Sydney, Australia and worked for Sports Entertainment Limited (SEL), a company he would later return to; he also worked for Jackie Stewart's Formula One racing team during that time.

Phillips married Autumn Kelly at Windsor Castle, in 2008. They were divorced in 2020.

Philips has two children, Savannah Phillips and Isla Phillips. They were born at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in Gloucester.

Phillips holds no royal title or style and is currently 15th in the line of succession to the thrones of the 16 Commonwealth realms.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peter Phillips
- **birth name**: Peter Mark Andrew Phillips
- **image**: Procession to Lying-in-State of Elizabeth II at Westminster Hall - 85 - Peter Phillips (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Peter Phillips (2022)
- **parents**: Mark Phillips
Anne, Princess Royal
- **birth place**: St Mary's Hospital, London, St Mary's Hospital, London, England
- **spouse**: Autumn Phillips (m. 2008; div. 2021)
- **children**: Savannah Phillips (b. 2010)
Isla Phillips (b. 2012)
- **relatives**: Zara Phillips, Zara Tindall (sister)
Elizabeth II (grandmother)
Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (grandfather)
King Charles III (uncle)
- **alma mater**: University of Exeter
- **occupation**: Manager for the Royal Bank of Scotland
Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh

**Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh**,  (Edward Antony Richard Louis; born 10 March 1964) is the youngest child of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and thus a member of the British Royal Family. He is also a brother of King Charles III. He married Sophie Rhys-Jones (born 20 January 1965) on 19 June 1999, the day he was made Earl of Wessex. On 10 March 2023, he was made the Duke of Edinburgh. They have two children James, Earl of Wessex and Lady Louise Windsor.

## Background

He was born at Buckingham Palace in London, and is the third son and fourth child of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. At the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession to the thrones of ten independent states; however, after additions to the Royal Family, and an evolution of the Commonwealth, Edward is currently eleventh in line to the thrones of 16 countries.

He lives in the United Kingdom. He also helps govern in other countries where his brother is king.

Titles and Styles

10 March 1964-19 June 1999: His Royal Highness The Prince Edward

19 June 1999-10 March 2019: His Royal Highness The Earl of Wessex

10 March 2019-10 March 2023: His Royal Highness The Earl of Wessex and Forfar

10 March 2023:-present His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Prince Edward
- **title**: Duke of Edinburgh
- **image**: Prince Edward February 2015.jpg
- **caption**: The Duke of Edinburgh in 2015
- **full name**: Edward Antony Richard Louis
- **birth name**: Prince Edward
- **birth place**: Buckingham Palace, London
- **issue**: Lady Louise Windsor
James, Earl of Wessex
- **father**: Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
- **mother**: Elizabeth II
- **house**: Windsor
- **religion**: Church of England
Salzach

The **Salzach** is a river in Austria and Germany. It is a right tributary of the Inn and is  in length.
Carlisle, Massachusetts

**Carlisle** is a small town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. As of 2025, Its population was 5,192

## History

Carlisle was first settled in 1651. It became a part of Concord in 1780. It became a town in 1805. When people first starting to live at Carlisle, it belonged to Acton, Billerica, Chelmford and Concord.

## Geography

Carlisle is about eight miles south-southwest of Lowell, and 23 miles northwest of Boston.

## References

- History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, compiled by Samuel Adams Drake, published 1879. Volume 1, page 359 Carlisle by B.F.Heald.

## Other websites

- carlislema.gov, the official Town of Carlisle website
- carlisle.org, a volunteer-run Carlisle community website
- The Carlisle Mosquito, the town newspaper
- Carlisle Conservation Foundation
- Carlisle Public School

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Carlisle, Massachusetts
- **image skyline**: Ferns Country Store.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Carlisle in 2009
- **image seal**: Seal of Carlisle, Massachusetts.png
- **image blank emblem**: Logo of Carlisle, Massachusetts.png
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **image map**: Middlesex County Massachusetts incorporated and unincorporated areas Carlisle highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Middlesex County in Massachusetts
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Massachusetts
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Massachusetts, County
- **subdivision name2**: Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Middlesex
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1651
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1805
- **area total km2**: 40.2
- **area total sq mi**: 15.6
- **area land km2**: 39.8
- **area land sq mi**: 15.4
- **area water km2**: 0.4
- **area water sq mi**: 0.2
- **population as of**: 2020
- **settlement type**: New England town, Town
- **population total**: 5,237
- **population density km2**: 131.6
- **population density sq mi**: 340.1
- **elevation m**: 62
- **elevation ft**: 205
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **website**: [http://www.carlislema.gov/ www.carlislema.gov]
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 01741
- **area code**: Area code 351, 351 / Area code 978, 978
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 25-11525
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0619397
Geordi La Forge

**Geordi La Forge** is a character in the series _Star Trek: The Next Generation_. He is played by LeVar Burton.

## Character Story

Geordi was born blind and must wear a VISOR to help him see. Geordi was born on February 16, 2335. His parents were Silva La Forge and Edward M. La Forge. He also had a sister. He went to the Zefram Cochrane High School. He later went to Starfleet Academy from 2353 to 2357. He was assigned as an ensign in the USS _Victory_.
Methanol

**Methanol**, or **methyl alcohol**, is the simplest alcohol: CH<sub>3</sub>OH. It has similarities to ethanol (the alcohol humans drink) but is very toxic. The toxicity takes hours, however, so antidotes can prevent the damage such as permanent blindness or death.

Methanol is used as fuel additive, as a solvent, and in the chemical industry. It is sometimes called "wood alcohol" because it was formerly made from wood. Methanol is a light, volatile, colorless, flammable liquid with a distinctive odor that is very similar to that of ethanol (drinking alcohol).
Power over Ethernet

**Power over Ethernet** is a technology that allows to supply electricity over standard Ethernet cables. This is useful in many ways, as it allows to only have one cable to both provide the computer network and electricity to a device.  It can be used for powering IP phones, wireless LAN access points, network cameras, remote network switches, embedded computers, and other appliances. In many of these cases it is often inconvenient, expensive or infeasible to supply power separately.

The technology is comparable to POTS telephones. These also receive power and data through the same cable. Power over ethernet doesn't require changing the existing Ethernet cabling infrastructure.

There are several general terms used to describe this feature. The terms Power over Ethernet (PoE), Power over LAN (PoL), and inline power are synonymous terms used to describe the powering of attached devices via Ethernet ports.
Waterloo, Belgium

**Waterloo** () (in Walloon: _Waterlô_) is a Walloon municipality in the province of Walloon Brabant, Belgium. On January 1, 2006, Waterloo had a total population of 29,315. The total area is 21.03 km².

## Battle of Waterloo

In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815[5] near Waterloo, Belgium) the French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by the Prussian army and the Anglo-Allied army. The defeat at Waterloo put an end to Napoleon's rule as the French emperor. After the Battle
Napoleon surrendered to the British, and was exiled to Saint Helena, where he died in 1821.

The battlefield is in present-day Belgium, about eight miles (12 km) SSE of Brussels, and about a mile (1.6 km) from the town of Waterloo.

## Further reading

- Barbero, Alessandro (2005). The Battle: A New History of Waterloo. Atlantic Books.

## Infobox (belgium municipality)

- **name**: Waterloo
- **picture**: Braine-L'Alleud_-_Butte_du_Lion_dite_de_Waterloo_(1).jpg
- **picture-legend**: Waterloo: the "Butte du Lion" commemorating the Battle
- **map**: Waterloo Brabant-Wallon Belgium Map.png
- **map-legend**: The municipality of Waterloo in Walloon Brabant
- **arms**: Coat of Arms of Waterloo.svg
- **flag**: Flag of Waterloo.svg
- **arrondissement**: Arrondissement of Nivelles, Nivelles
- **nis**: 25110
- **mayor**: Serge Kubla
- **majority**: Mouvement Réformateur, MR
- **postal-codes**: 1410
- **telephone-area**: 02
- **web**: [http://www.waterloo.be/ www.waterloo.be]
Portuguese Empire

Background

The **Portuguese Empire** (Portuguese: _Império Português_) was the first global empire in history. It spread from South America to Africa, India and South East Asia. It began with the Portuguese exploration of the world during the 15th century and it lasted longer than all the other modern European empires. It lasted 486 years, longer than the Spanish, British, and French Empires.

The Portuguese Empire had trade with the following areas:
- Goa, Malacca and Southeast Asia
- China and Japan
- Spice Islands (Moluccas) and the Treaty of Zaragoza
- South Asia, Persian Gulf and Red Sea
- Sub-Saharan Africa
- Brazil, but it was a colony of Portugal

The 1890 British Ultimatum was an ultimatum by the British government that was delivered on 11 January 1890 to Portugal. The ultimatum forced the retreat o Portuguese military forces from areas in Africa that had been claimed by the Portuguese but were occupied by the British.

## Fall

The Portuguese Empire, like the British, French and German Empires, was heavily influenced by the outcome of the two world wars in the 20th century. This namely includes the first World War because Portugal was participating in the war and suffered many deaths from the war. However, in the second world war, Portugal was mostly neutral and didn't fight. However it helped the Allies get resources such as tungsten for their war efforts. The European powers, including Portugal, were pressured by the Soviet Union and the United States and by independence movements inside the colonial territories. By the end of the 20th century, all of those colonial empires had been history.

The rise of Soviet and communist influence in the working class and the cost of the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974) led to the collapse of the Portuguese Second Republic (Estado Novo) in 1974. The National Salvation Junta (_Junta de Salvação Nacional_) ended the wars and made Portugal leave its African colonies.

Civil wars soon broke out in Angola and Mozambique. That was a cause for thousands of Portuguese refugees living there to come from the former African colonies.

Portugal gave Macau, its last colony, back to China in 1999, the same year the British did to Hong Kong/

## Legacy

The seven former colonies of Portugal have Portuguese as their official language and are members of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries with Portugal. Portuguese is now one of the world's major languages. It is the language of Brazil, which is the largest country in South America, and arguably the most powerful.
Hundred Days

Hundred Days, Or the war of the Seventh Coalition, Was a period between March 20, 1815, the date on which Napoleon arrived in Paris after escaping from exile on Elba, and July 8, 1815, the date of the return of Louis XVIII to Paris.

## References

- Baines, Edward, _History of the Wars of the French Revolution, from the breaking out of the wars in 1792, to, the restoration of general peace in 1815_, volume II (of II), Longman, Rees, Orme and Brown, 1818

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Hundred Days
- **partof**: the Napoleonic Wars
- **image**: Sadler, Battle of Waterloo.jpg
- **caption**: _The Battle of Waterloo_, by William Sadler II
- **date**: 10 March to 8 July 1815
- **place**: France, present-day Belgium, present-day Italy
- **result**: Coalition victory, Treaty of Paris (1815), Treaty of Paris, end of the Napoleonic Wars
- **combatant1**: **Seventh Coalition**

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom
  Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia
 Kingdom of Hanover, Hanover
 German Confederation, Other German states

United Kingdom of the Netherlands
 Spain
 Kingdom of Portugal, Portugal
 Kingdom of Sardinia, Sardinia
 Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, Sicily
 Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Tuscany
 House of Bourbon, French Royalists
- **combatant2**: First French Empire, France
* Kingdom of Naples#Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples, Naples
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation

The  **of Islamic Conference**  an international group. It has over 56/7* member states. The organisation tries to be the voice of the Muslim world. They try to safeguard the interests and the progress and well-being of Muslims. The OIC has a permanent delegation to the United Nations. It is the largest international organisation outside of the United Nations. The official languages of the OIC are: Arabic; English; French; and Turkish.

It was founded in 1969 and originally had 25 members and changed its original name on 28 June 2011 from the **Organisation of the Islamic Conference** to its current name with out good confirmations from it’s  major Founders.::.!’!

## Infobox (geopolitical organization)

- **conventional long name**: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
- **common name**: OIC
- **linking name**: the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
- **image flag**: OIC Logo since 2011.svg
- **alt coat**: Logo of the OIC
- **image map**: OIC map.png
- **map width**: 225px
- **map caption**: <div style="padding-left:9.0em;text-align:left;font-size:100%;"></div>
- **org type**: Religious
- **membership type**: Membership
- **membership**: Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, 53 member states*
- **admin center type**: Administrative center
- **languages type**: Official languages
- **leader name1**: Yousef Al-Othaimeen
- **established event1**: Charter signed
- **established date1**: 25 September 1969
- **official website**: http://www.oic-oci.org/
- **population estimate**: 2.1 billion
- **population estimate year**: 2019
Germán Burgos

**Germán Burgos** (born 16 April 1969) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

### Club

|-
|1989–90||rowspan="5"|Ferro Carril Oeste||rowspan="5"|Primera División||22||0
|-
|1990–91||4||0
|-
|1991–92||3||0
|-
|1992–93||37||0
|-
|1993–94||38||0
|-
|1994–95||rowspan="5"|River Plate||rowspan="5"|Primera División||23||0
|-
|1995–96||21||0
|-
|1996–97||18||0
|-
|1997–98||20||0
|-
|1998–99||12||0

|-
|1999–00||rowspan="2"|Mallorca||rowspan="2"|La Liga||10||0
|-
|2000–01||2||0
|-
|2001–02||rowspan="3"|Atlético Madrid||Segunda División||35||0
|-
|2002–03||rowspan="2"|La Liga||14||0
|-
|2003–04||14||0
75||0
198||0
273||0
|}

### International

|-
|1995||4||0
|-
|1996||2||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||8||0
|-
|1999||10||0
|-
|2000||3||0
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
!Total||35||0
|}

### Managerial

|rowspan="2"|Team|rowspan="2"|Nat|rowspan="2"|From|rowspan="2"|To|colspan="8"|Record|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|Atlético Madrid (caretaker)||align=left|3 May 2018|align=left|15 August 2018||||
|align=left|Newell's Old Boys||align=left|14 March 2021|align=left|8 June 2021||||
|align=left|Aris||align=left|17 February 2022|align=left|29 August 2022||||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Germán Burgos
- **image**: Germán Burgos - 01.jpg
- **caption**: Burgos with Atlético Madrid in 2013
- **fullname**: Germán Adrián Ramón Burgos
- **birth place**: Mar del Plata, Argentina
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthyears2**: 1985–1989
- **youthclubs1**: Almagro de Florida
- **youthclubs2**: Ferro Carril Oeste
- **years1**: 1989–1994
- **years2**: 1994–1999
- **years3**: 1999–2001
- **years4**: 2001–2004
- **clubs1**: Ferro Carril Oeste
- **clubs2**: Club Atlético River Plate, River Plate
- **clubs3**: RCD Mallorca, Mallorca
- **clubs4**: Atlético Madrid
- **caps1**: 104
- **caps2**: 94
- **caps3**: 12
- **caps4**: 63
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 0
- **goals3**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 273
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1995–2002
- **nationalteam1**: Argentina national football team, Argentina
- **nationalcaps1**: 35
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 2010
- **manageryears2**: 2011
- **manageryears3**: 2011
- **manageryears4**: 2011–2020
- **manageryears5**: 2018
- **manageryears6**: 2021
- **manageryears7**: 2022
- **managerclubs1**: RCD Carabanchel, Carabanchel
- **managerclubs2**: Catania FC, Catania (assistant)
- **managerclubs3**: Racing Club de Avellaneda, Racing Club (assistant)
- **managerclubs4**: Atlético Madrid (assistant)
- **managerclubs5**: Atlético Madrid (caretaker)
- **managerclubs6**: Newell's Old Boys
- **managerclubs7**: Aris Thessaloniki F.C., Aris
Pablo Cavallero

**Pablo Cavallero** (born 13 April 1974) is a former Argentine football player. He played for Argentina national team.

### Club

|-
|1995–96||rowspan="3"|Vélez Sársfield||rowspan="3"|Primera División||0||0
|-
|1996–97||13||0
|-
|1997–98||1||0
|-
|1998–99||Unión||Primera División||34||0

|-
|1999–00||Espanyol Barcelona||La Liga||26||0
|-
|2000–01||rowspan="4"|Celta Vigo||rowspan="4"|La Liga||21||0
|-
|2001–02||32||0
|-
|2002–03||36||0
|-
|2003–04||32||0
|-
|2004–05||rowspan="4"|Levante||La Liga||0||0
|-
|2005–06||Segunda División||38||0
|-
|2006–07||rowspan="2"|La Liga||5||0
|-
|2007–08||0||0

|-
|2008–09||Peñarol||Primera División||15||0
14||0
190||0
15||0
219||0
|}

### International

|-
|1996||2||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||2||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||9||0
|-
|2004||5||0
|-
!Total||26||0
|}

## Honours

**Vélez**
- Argentine Primera División: 1996 Clausura, 1998 Clausura
- Supercopa Sudamericana: 1996
- Recopa Sudamericana: 1997

**Espanyol**
- Copa del Rey: 1999–2000

**Argentina**
- Summer Olympic Games: Silver medal 1996

**Individual**
- Ricardo Zamora Trophy: 2002–03

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Pablo Cavallero
- **fullname**: Pablo Oscar Cavallero
- **birth place**: Lomas de Zamora, Argentina
- **height**: 1.83 m
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthclubs1**: Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield, Vélez Sarsfield
- **years1**: 1995–1998
- **clubs1**: Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield, Vélez Sarsfield
- **caps1**: 15
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1998–1999
- **clubs2**: → Unión de Santa Fe, Unión Santa Fe (loan)
- **caps2**: 34
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 1999–2000
- **clubs3**: RCD Espanyol, Espanyol
- **caps3**: 26
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2000–2004
- **clubs4**: RC Celta de Vigo, Celta
- **caps4**: 121
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2005–2008
- **clubs5**: Levante UD, Levante
- **caps5**: 43
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2008–2009
- **clubs6**: Peñarol
- **caps6**: 15
- **goals6**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 254
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1996
- **nationalteam1**: Argentina national under-23 football team, Argentina Olympic
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 1996–2004
- **nationalteam2**: Argentina national football team, Argentina
- **nationalcaps2**: 26
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
Diego Placente

**Diego Placente** (born 24 April 1977) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

### Club

|-
|1995–96||rowspan="3"|Argentinos Juniors||Primera División||8||0
|-
|1996–97||Primera B Nacional||26||0
|-
|1997–98||Primera División||2||0
|-
|1997–98||rowspan="4"|River Plate||rowspan="4"|Primera División||30||0
|-
|1998–99||29||1
|-
|1999–00||33||2
|-
|2000–01||18||2

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="5"|Bayer Leverkusen||rowspan="5"|Bundesliga||12||0
|-
|2001–02||32||1
|-
|2002–03||23||1
|-
|2003–04||27||1
|-
|2004–05||29||0

|-
|2005–06||rowspan="2"|Celta Vigo||Segunda División||25||0
|-
|2006–07||La Liga||34||0

|-
|2007–08||San Lorenzo Almagro||Primera División||14||0

|-
|2008–09||rowspan="2"|Girondins Bordeaux||rowspan="2"|Ligue 1||6||0
|-
|2009–10||||
160||5
123||3
59||0
6||0
348||8

### International

|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||5||0
|-
|2003||6||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
!Total||22||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Diego Placente
- **image**: Diego Placente 13.jpg
- **fullname**: Diego Rodolfo Placente
- **birth place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **height**: 1.76 m
- **position**: Defender (association football)#Full-back, Left-back
- **years1**: 1995–1997
- **clubs1**: Argentinos Juniors
- **caps1**: 36
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1997–2001
- **clubs2**: Club Atlético River Plate, River Plate
- **caps2**: 110
- **goals2**: 5
- **years3**: 2001–2005
- **clubs3**: Bayer 04 Leverkusen, Bayer Leverkusen
- **caps3**: 123
- **goals3**: 3
- **years4**: 2005–2007
- **clubs4**: Celta de Vigo, Celta Vigo
- **caps4**: 59
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2008
- **clubs5**: San Lorenzo de Almagro, San Lorenzo
- **caps5**: 14
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2008–2010
- **clubs6**: Girondins de Bordeaux, Bordeaux
- **caps6**: 9
- **goals6**: 0
- **years7**: 2010–2011
- **clubs7**: San Lorenzo de Almagro, San Lorenzo
- **caps7**: 16
- **goals7**: 0
- **years8**: 2011–2012
- **clubs8**: Club Nacional de Football, Nacional
- **caps8**: 11
- **goals8**: 0
- **years9**: 2012–2013
- **clubs9**: Argentinos Juniors
- **caps9**: 16
- **goals9**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 394
- **totalgoals**: 9
- **nationalyears1**: 1997
- **nationalteam1**: Argentina national under-20 football team, Argentina U20
- **nationalcaps1**: 7
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
- **nationalyears2**: 2000–2005
- **nationalteam2**: Argentina national football team, Argentina
- **nationalcaps2**: 22
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 2021–Present
- **managerclubs1**: Argentina national under-17 football team, Argentina (U17)
Gustavo Adrián López

**Gustavo Adrián López** (born 13 April 1973) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for the Argentinian national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1991–92||rowspan="5"|Independiente||rowspan="5"|Primera División||18||2
|-
|1992–93||30||4
|-
|1993–94||10||1
|-
|1994–95||7||1
|-
|1995–96||9||1

|-
|1995–96||rowspan="4"|Real Zaragoza||rowspan="4"|La Liga||18||2
|-
|1996–97||33||5
|-
|1997–98||22||1
|-
|1998–99||32||5
|-
|1999–00||rowspan="8"|Celta Vigo||rowspan="5"|La Liga||31||6
|-
|2000–01||34||5
|-
|2001–02||29||3
|-
|2002–03||33||1
|-
|2003–04||30||2
|-
|2004–05||Segunda División||33||1
|-
|2005–06||rowspan="2"|La Liga||16||2
|-
|2006–07||31||3
|-
|2007–08||Cádiz||Segunda División||33||3
74||9
375||39
449||48
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1994||2||0
|-
|1995||4||2
|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||8||1
|-
|2000||9||1
|-
|2001||3||0
|-
|2002||1||0
|-
|2003||1||0
|-
!Total||32||4
|}

## Honours

**Independiente**
- Argentine Primera División: Clausura 1994
- Supercopa Sudamericana: 1994, 1995
- Recopa Sudamericana: 1995

**Celta**
- UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2000
- Copa del Rey: Runner-up 2000–01

**Argentina**
- Summer Olympic Games: Silver medal 1996

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Gustavo López
- **full name**: Gustavo Adrián López Pablo
- **birth place**: Valentín Alsina, Buenos Aires, Valentín Alsina, Argentina
- **height**: 1.74 m
- **position**: Midfielder#Winger, Winger
- **currentclub**: Atlético Madrid (assistant manager)
- **years1**: 1991–1995
- **clubs1**: Club Atlético Independiente, Independiente
- **caps1**: 74
- **goals1**: 9
- **years2**: 1996–1999
- **clubs2**: Real Zaragoza, Zaragoza
- **caps2**: 105
- **goals2**: 12
- **years3**: 1999–2007
- **clubs3**: Celta de Vigo, Celta
- **caps3**: 238
- **goals3**: 22
- **years4**: 2007–2008
- **clubs4**: Cádiz CF, Cádiz
- **caps4**: 33
- **goals4**: 2
- **totalcaps**: 450
- **totalgoals**: 45
- **nationalyears1**: 1994–2003
- **nationalteam1**: Argentina national football team, Argentina
- **nationalcaps1**: 32
- **nationalgoals1**: 4
- **manageryears1**: 2022–
- **managerclubs1**: Atlético Madrid (assistant)
Claudio Caniggia

**Claudio Caniggia** (born 9 January 1967) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

## Club career statistics

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|National Cup|colspan="2"|Continental|colspan="2"|Other<sup>1</sup>|colspan="2"|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="4"|River Plate|1985–86|rowspan="3"|Primera División|1|0|–|–|–|1|0||||
|1986–87|24|3|–|–|–|24|3||||||||
|1987–88|28|5|–|–|–|28|5||||||||
|rowspan="1"|Verona|1988–89|rowspan="1"|Serie A|21|3|9|3|–|–|30|6|||
|rowspan="4"|Atalanta|1989–90|rowspan="3"|Serie A|31|8|3|2|2|0|–|36|10||
|1990–91|23|10|–|5|0|–|28|10|||||||
|1991–92|31|8|4|1|–|–|35|9|||||||
|rowspan="3"|Roma|1992–93|rowspan="2"|Serie A|15|4|6|2|4|3|–|25|9||
|1993–94|–|–|–|–|–||||||||||
|rowspan="1"|Benfica|1994–95|rowspan="1"|Primeira Divisão|24|8|3|5|7|3|–|34|16||
|rowspan="5"|Boca Juniors|1995–96|rowspan="4"|Primera División|29|12|–|–|–|29|12||||
|1996–97|–|–|–|–|–||||||||||
|1997–98|17|5|–|–|–|17|5||||||||
|1998–99|12|5|–|–|–|12|5||||||||
|rowspan="1"|Atalanta|1999–2000|rowspan="1"|Serie B|17|1|3|1|–|–|20|2|||
|rowspan="1"|Dundee|2000–01|rowspan="1"|Scottish Premier League|21|7|–|–|–|21|7||||
|rowspan="3"|Rangers|2001–02|rowspan="2"|Scottish Premier League|24|5|3|0|11|2|4|2|42|9|
|2002–03|26|8|4|1|2|0|4|3|36|12|||||
|rowspan="1"|Qatar SC|2003–04|rowspan="1"|Qatar Stars League|15|5|–|–|–|15|5||||
- <sup>1</sup> Including appearances in Scottish League Cup.
José Chamot

**José Chamot** (born 17 May 1969) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

### Club

|-
|1988–89||rowspan="3"|Rosario Central||rowspan="3"|Primera División||19||0
|-
|1989–90||29||2
|-
|1990–91||11||0

|-
|1990–91||rowspan="3"|Pisa||Serie A||20||0
|-
|1991–92||rowspan="2"|Serie B||33||1
|-
|1992–93||34||0
|-
|1993–94||Foggia||Serie A||30||0
|-
|1994–95||rowspan="4"|Lazio||rowspan="4"|Serie A||28||1
|-
|1995–96||32||0
|-
|1996–97||29||0
|-
|1997–98||11||0

|-
|1998–99||rowspan="2"|Atlético Madrid||rowspan="2"|La Liga||33||1
|-
|1999–00||12||0

|-
|1999–00||rowspan="4"|Milan||rowspan="4"|Serie A||13||0
|-
|2000–01||14||0
|-
|2001–02||22||0
|-
|2002–03||2||0

|-
|2003–04||Leganés||Segunda División||1||0

|-
|2004–05||rowspan="2"|Rosario Central||rowspan="2"|Primera División||1||0
|-
|2005–06||3||0
63||2
268||2
46||1
377||5
|}

### International

|-
|1993||2||0
|-
|1994||10||1
|-
|1995||10||1
|-
|1996||5||0
|-
|1997||5||0
|-
|1998||7||0
|-
|1999||0||0
|-
|2000||1||0
|-
|2001||0||0
|-
|2002||3||0
|-
!Total||43||2
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: José Chamot
- **image**: José Chamot.JPG
- **caption**: José Chamot in 1989
- **fullname**: José Antonio Chamot
- **height**: 1.85 m
- **birth place**: Concepción del Uruguay, Argentina
- **position**: Defender (association football)#Full-back, Left-back
- **years1**: 1988–1991
- **clubs1**: Rosario Central
- **caps1**: 48
- **goals1**: 2
- **years2**: 1991–1993
- **clubs2**: Pisa Calcio, Pisa
- **caps2**: 87
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 1993–1994
- **clubs3**: U.S. Foggia, Foggia
- **caps3**: 30
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 1994–1998
- **clubs4**: S.S. Lazio, Lazio
- **caps4**: 100
- **goals4**: 1
- **years5**: 1998–2000
- **clubs5**: Atlético Madrid
- **caps5**: 45
- **goals5**: 1
- **years6**: 2000–2003
- **clubs6**: A.C. Milan, Milan
- **caps6**: 49
- **goals6**: 0
- **years7**: 2003–2004
- **clubs7**: CD Leganés, Leganés
- **caps7**: 1
- **goals7**: 0
- **years8**: 2004–2006
- **clubs8**: Rosario Central
- **caps8**: 4
- **goals8**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 364
- **totalgoals**: 5
- **nationalyears1**: 1996
- **nationalteam1**: Argentina national under-23 football team, Argentina Olympic (List of overage players in Olympic football, O.P.)
- **nationalcaps1**: 5
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 1993–2002
- **nationalteam2**: Argentina national football team, Argentina
- **nationalcaps2**: 43
- **nationalgoals2**: 2
- **manageryears1**: 2009–2010
- **managerclubs1**: Rosario Central (assistant)
- **manageryears2**: 2011–2012
- **managerclubs2**: Club Atlético River Plate, River Plate (assistant)
- **manageryears3**: 2017–2019
- **managerclubs3**: Rosario Central, Rosario Central B
- **manageryears4**: 2019
- **managerclubs4**: Club Libertad, Libertad
Roberto Bonano

**Roberto Bonano** (born 24 January 1970) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.

### Club career statistics

|-
|1990–91||rowspan="6"|Rosario Central||rowspan="6"|Primera División||0||0
|-
|1991–92||19||0
|-
|1992–93||38||0
|-
|1993–94||36||0
|-
|1994–95||17||0
|-
|1995–96||0||0
|-
|1996–97||rowspan="5"|River Plate||rowspan="5"|Primera División||21||0
|-
|1997–98||18||0
|-
|1998–99||29||0
|-
|1999–00||36||0
|-
|2000–01||19||0

|-
|2001–02||rowspan="2"|Barcelona||rowspan="2"|La Liga||27||0
|-
|2002–03||24||0
|-
|2003–04||Real Murcia||La Liga||10||0
|-
|2004–05||rowspan="4"|Deportivo Alavés||Segunda División||36||0
|-
|2005–06||La Liga||7||0
|-
|2006–07||rowspan="2"|Segunda División||14||0
|-
|2007–08||0||0
233||0
118||0
351||0
|}

### International career statistics

|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||0||0
|-
|1998||0||0
|-
|1999||3||0
|-
|2000||9||0
|-
!Total||13||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Roberto Bonano
- **fullname**: Roberto Oscar Bonano
- **birth place**: Rosario, Santa Fe, Rosario, Argentina
- **height**: 1.86m
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthclubs1**: Rosario Central
- **years1**: 1991–1996
- **years2**: 1996–2001
- **years3**: 2001–2003
- **years4**: 2003–2004
- **years5**: 2004–2008
- **clubs1**: Rosario Central
- **clubs2**: Club Atlético River Plate, River Plate
- **clubs3**: FC Barcelona, Barcelona
- **clubs4**: Real Murcia, Murcia
- **clubs5**: Deportivo Alavés, Alavés
- **caps1**: 110
- **caps2**: 104
- **caps3**: 51
- **caps4**: 11
- **caps5**: 56
- **totalcaps**: 332
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 1
- **goals3**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **goals5**: 0
- **totalgoals**: 1
- **nationalyears1**: 1989
- **nationalyears2**: 1996–2002
- **nationalteam1**: Argentina national under-20 football team, Argentina U20
- **nationalteam2**: Argentina national football team, Argentina
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalcaps2**: 13
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
Hyakunin Isshu

is list of wakas written by 100 famous waka poets.  They are cards that have writing on them. There are 200 cards divided into two groups – 100 _Yomifuda_ cards and 100 _Torifuda_ cards.

## Hyakunin Isshu as a game

Hyakunin isshu is a popular game in Japan. It is played often during the New Year season. A few games are possible using these cards.

Karuta is the most popular game. A reader reads Kaminoku (the upper words) and Shimonoku (the lower words), and the players compete to see how fast they can pick the matching card. The Kaminoku is not written on the cards, so the players who memorize the Kaminoku have an advantage. The player who can get the most cards wins.

The beginning words are _5,7,5_ (about 17 characters), called Kaminoku. The second part are _7,7_, called Shimonoku.
Japanese railways

**Japanese railways** are used in Japan for mass and high-speed travel between major cities and for commuter transport in metropolian areas.

## Management System of Japanese railways

There are two types of Japanese trains:
- Japan Railways Group (Japan Railway companies)
    - JR is made up of seven companies in following areas: Hokkaido, Higashi-Nihon, Tokai, Nishi-Nihon, Shikoku, Kyushu and freight
- Private railway (私鉄 Shitetsu)
    - Private railway can be classified as Shitetsu for narrow gauge railways (私鉄), and Koei (公営) for public railways, such as the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Bureau of Transportation.

## Classification of Japanese railways by structure

- Shinkansen（新幹線, meaning "New main line"）(width of rail track  is Standard Gauge (1,435mm); speeds of up to 300km/h)
- Zairaisen（在来線, meaning "Older railway line"） (width of rail track is usually Cape gauge (1,067mm); slower speeds)
    - Subway（地下鉄）
    - Tram（路面電車）
    - Monorail（モノレール）
    - Trolley bus（トロリーバス)
    - Funicular（ケーブルカー）
    - Others

## History of Japanese trains

- 1872 - October, 14: The first Japanese train was started between Shinbashi and Yokohama.
- 1874 - Osaka-Kobe was opened.
- 1877 - Kyoto-Osaka was opened.
- 1880 - Temiya-Sapporo was opened.
- 1889 - Tōkaidō line is completed (Shinbashi-Kobe)
- 1927 - Subway (Ueno-Asakusa) was opened.
- 1964 - The Shinkansen was opened.
- 1975 - Tōkaidō-San'yō Shinkansen completed.
- 1976 - All steam locomotives were retired.
- 1982 - Tōhoku, Joetsu shinkansen opened.
- 1987 - Japan national railway was dissolved, when JR was created.
Usability

**Usability** or **User-friendly** is a term meaning _easy-to-use_. It is used when talking about simple user interfaces.
Electro-optic modulator

An **Electro-optic modulator** is an optical device. It is made of a material that has a so-called _electro-optical effect_. This means that the material changes its optical properties when there is an electric field. One example is then when there is no electricity, light can pass through, and when there is, it cannot, and is reflected.
Liquid crystal

**Liquid crystals** are special substances that are usually liquid, but that show certain properties of a solid crystal. A liquid crystal (LC) may flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be rotated in a crystal-like way. There are many different types of liquid crystal phases. Different phases are different because their optical properties are different. Using a microscope and a polarized light source, different liquid crystal phases will have different textures. This is also shown in the image.

The contrasting areas in the texture each correspond to a domain where the LC molecules are rotated in a different direction. Within a domain, however, the molecules are well ordered. LC materials may not always be in an LC phase (just as water is not always in the liquid phase: it may also be found in the solid and gaseous phase).

Liquid crystal display<nowiki/>s use the optical properties of liquid crystals to control light.
Turing complete

**Turing complete** is a term used in computability theory to describe abstract machines. These are usually called automata. An automaton is Turing complete if it can be used to emulate any Turing machine. It is also called **computationally universal.**

Most modern programming languages are Turing-complete.

There are languages that are used to classify and describe the contents of documents<nowiki/>. An example is HTML. HTML is not Turing complete, because it cannot actively change the state of the system. HTML can be combined with a technology such as JavaScript. Using HTML and JavaScript together can make a Turing complete system.

The standard regular expressions, which most programming languages use, are not Turing complete. This is because regular expression engines have been adapted to include back-references, and a finite automaton cannot handle back references.

A Turing complete system may run into infinite loops due to its properties.
Some examples of modern day Turing complete languages are Python, C++ and JavaScript.
River Trent

The **River Trent** is one of the major rivers of England. It is the third longest river in the United Kingdom. It starts in Staffordshire. It flows through the centre of England until it joins the River Ouse to form the River Humber (estuary) which empties into the North Sea.

The name "Trent" comes from a Celtic word possibly meaning "strongly flooding". More specifically, the name may be a contraction of two Celtic words, _tros_ ("over") and _hynt_ ("way").

It is unusual amongst English rivers in that it flows north (for the second half of its route), and is also unusual in exhibiting a tidal bore, the "Aegir". The area drained by the river includes most of the northern Midlands.

## Navigation

The river is legally navigable for some  below Burton upon Trent.  However, for practical purposes, navigation above the southern terminus of the Trent and Mersey Canal (at Shardlow) is conducted on the canal, rather than on the river itself.

## Trent Aegir

At certain times of the year, the lower tidal reaches of the Trent experience a tidal bore which can be up to  high.

## Other websites

- Photographs along the Trent in Nottingham from Nottingham21

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: River Trent
- **image**: RiverTrentNottingham.jpg
- **image size**: 270px
- **image caption**: Trent Bridge, with Nottingham in the background
- **map**: River Trent.png
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: United Kingdom
- **subdivision type2**: Country within the UK
- **subdivision name2**: England
- **subdivision type3**: Counties
- **subdivision name3**: Staffordshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, East Riding of Yorkshire, Yorkshire
- **subdivision type4**: Cities
- **subdivision name4**: Stoke-on-Trent, Nottingham
- **subdivision type5**: Towns
- **subdivision name5**: Stone, Staffordshire, Stone, Rugeley, Burton upon Trent, Newark-on-Trent, Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, Gainsborough
- **discharge1 location**: Colwick
- **discharge2 location**: North Muskham
- **source1 location**: Biddulph Moor, Staffordshire, England
- **mouth location**: Trent Falls, Humber Estuary, Lincolnshire, England
- **tributaries left**: River Blithe, Blithe, River Swarbourn, Swarbourn, River Dove, Derbyshire, Dove, River Derwent, Derbyshire, Derwent, River Erewash, Erewash, River Leen, Leen, River Greet, Greet, River Idle, Idle, River Torne, Torne
- **tributaries right**: River Sow, Sow, River Tame, West Midlands, Tame, River Mease, Mease, River Soar, Soar, River Devon, Nottinghamshire, Devon, River Eau, Eau
- **extra**: Progression : River Trent — Humber — North Sea
Kirkcudbrightshire

**Kirkcudbrightshire** is a Scottish county on the Solway Firth in the south-west of Scotland.

Its county town is Kirkcudbright.

Kirkcudbrightshire was known by other names in the past: **East Galloway** because it is the eastern part of the old Kingdom of Galloway, and **the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright**, because it was once governed by a steward employed by the Lord of Galloway and not a sheriff appointed by the king.

Kirkcudbrightshire is named after the town of Kirkcudbright, which means "Cuthbert's church".

## Towns

- Kirkcudbright, _county_ _town_
- Castle Douglas
- Dalbeattie
- Gatehouse of Fleet
- Maxwelltown
- Minnigaff
- New Galloway
- St John's Town of Dalry

## Villages

- Auchencairn
- Balmaclellan
- Carsphairn
- Carsethorn
- Creetown
- Crocketford
- Kirkbean
- Kirkgunzeon
- Laurieston
- New Abbey
- Ringford
- Springholm
- Twynholm

For local government, the county is in the Dumfries and Galloway council area.
Kirkcudbright

**Kirkcudbright** is the county town of Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland.
Ayrshire

**Ayrshire** is a county on the west coast of Scotland. The county town is Ayr but the biggest towns are  Kilmarnock and Irvine.

There used to be three districts called "bailieries" which were later put together to make up the shire of Ayrshire. The three districts were:

- Cunninghame in the north (which included the royal burgh of Irvine)
- Kyle in the middle (which included the royal burgh of Ayr)
- Carrick in the south.

For local government, the county is divided into three council areas:

- North Ayrshire
- East Ayrshire
- South Ayrshire

## Towns and villages in Ayrshire

The towns in Ayrshire are:

<div  style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
- Ardrossan
- Auchentiber
- Auchinleck
- Ayr
- Beith
- Catrine
- Cumnock
- Dalry
- Darvel
- Drongan
- Drybridge
- Dunlop
- Dunure
- Fairlie
- Fenwick
- Galston
- Gatehead, Ayrshire
- Girvan
- Glengarnock
- Hurlford
- Irvine
- Kilbirnie
- Kilmarnock
- Kilmaurs
- Kilwinning
- Knockentiber
- Largs
- Logan
- Lugton
- Lugar
- Mauchline
- Maybole
- Muirkirk
- Newmilns
- Ochiltree
- Prestwick
- Saltcoats
- Seamill
- Skelmorlie
- Sorn
- Springside
- Stevenston
- Stewarton
- Turnberry
- Troon
- West Kilbride
</div>
Photographic filter

A **photographic filter** is a lens that is used in photography to filter the light. There are different kinds of filters:
- _Clear filters_, commonly known as _window glass_ are put in front of a lens to protect the camera lens.
- _UV filters_ are used to reduce the _haziness_, strong UV filters can be used for _warming up_ certain types of color photos in the shade. They can also correct some of the purple haze on certain digital cameras
- Filters are used for _color correction_; the main use there is to be able to use daylight-type film indoors, or indoor-type film outdoors.
- Filters are used to enhance contrast. Examples for this are color filters (red, orange, green,..) in black and white photography or polarizing filters in color photography.
- Polarizing filters remove light with a certain polarity to reduce or increase glare, particularly from window reflections or water.
- Neutral Density filters reduce light without changing the color.
- Color filters remove light of a particular color.
- There are special filters that must be used with film that is sensible to infrared light.
- So called _diopters_ or _close-up lenses_ make the image bigger. They are a cheaper way to do macro photography
- A _diffusion filter_ shows a subject softer, by adding some 'fuzziness'; this can be wanted in some cases, usually portraits of a person.

Filters can be cheap or expensive. Glass (or plastic) that is treated or coated in different ways usually costs more. Some filters can be screwed in front of a lens that is made for this. Others can be placed in the back of the lens, or in special filter holders screwed in at the front.
Nadia Comăneci

**Nadia Elena Comăneci** (born November 12, 1961) is a Romanian former gymnast.

She is famous for scoring the first ever perfect 10 in Olympic gymnastics history in the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Comăneci scored six perfect scores in Canada. She was coached by Béla Károlyi. She is married to former American gymnast Bart Conner, who is a commentator for the sport.

## Infobox (gymnast)

- **gymnastname**: Nadia Comăneci
- **image**: Nadia Comăneci at the 2012 BRD Năstase Țiriac Trophy.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Nadia Comăneci at the 2012 BRD Năstase Țiriac Trophy
- **fullname**: Nadia Elena Comăneci
- **nickname**: Nana
- **birthplace**: Oneşti, Romania
- **height**: 161 cm
- **discipline**: WAG
- **level**: Senior international
- **gym**: National Training Center
- **formercoach**: Béla Károlyi; Marta Károlyi
- **choreographer**: Geza Pozar
- **eponymousskills**: Comăneci salto (uneven bars)
- **retired**: 1981
History of post-Soviet Russia

Because of the end of the Soviet Union, Russia went through a large change politically, economically, and militarily. First off the Soviet Union became the Russian Federation. People now consider that the Federation is a follow up of the Soviet Union. However, Post-Soviet Russia lacked the military and political power of the former USSR. Now that communism died, Russia could elect a President. In June 1991, Boris Yeltsin was elected as the first president of Russia.

## Change in Economy

Boris Yeltsin told his people that he would help the economy. One thing he did was help improve trade with other countries. However, not all his ideas would be good. When Yeltsin lifted price controls, a sudden increase in prices occurred (hyperinflation). Because the military was hit hard during the fall of the Soviet Union, many plants laid off workers because the Government was not sending the plants any new orders. This led to large unemployment.

In August 1998 the Russian government devalued the ruble and defaulted on their debt. This was called the 1998 Russian financial crisis. This was due in part to the Asian financial crisis and the war in Chechnya. Many banks were forced to close down. The government stopped making payment of wages, pensions and when workers were paid, it was often with goods rather than rubles. Despite this, Russia came back from the August 1998 financial crash with speed. This was because the price of oil went up. Having the prices of oil go up, the exportation of the oil form Russia would cost more. This would bring in lots of money for the economy.

A series of privatizations occurred.

## Relationships with Countries

Unlike in the Cold war, Russia now said that the West was considered an ally. In June 1998 they joined the NATO peace-keeping forces. The Russians also have begun relationships with China. In 1997 the Russians made a treaty with Belarus.

## Today

Russia in the 21st century has gone through many changes. In 2000 Vladimir Putin was made President of Russia. Through his term he had good and bad approval ratings. In 2001-2002 Putin took over several media stations. Issues like this have also occurred with print media. However Putin has done good things for Russia. Real GDP grew on average 6.7% a year, average income increased 11% annually, and a positive balance of the federal budget now let the government to cut 70% of its debt during his term.