juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dead reckoning

**Dead Reckoning** (or **DR**) is a method of estimating a position. It is an important part of navigation. It uses the last known point (a **fix**), and speed and direction the vehicle or person has moved since it was at the fix, to make a good guess where the current position is.

It is used to track where a ship or airplane or sometimes where a vehicle on land is at.  Now, Global Positioning System (GPS) is used and dead reckoning is not as important.  But it is still used in areas where GPS is not available or for short periods of time if a GPS update is missed.  It is also good to know in case the GPS satellites are damaged by a solar flare, or equipment is lost or broken, so it is still taught to sailors and pilots.

Dead Reckoning is how the sailors mapped the world after Christopher Columbus came to the New World. Using the stars, they could find their latitude (distance between the equator and the poles). But before accurate clocks were created, they could not tell their longitude (how far east or west they were) unless they saw land that they knew.  So to cross the oceans they used dead reckoning.  This is also how Richard Byrd became the first person to fly to the North Pole in 1926. He was able to fly for 16 hours and come back to the place he had left, with only ice fields beneath him.

## Method

Dead reckoning starts from a known point (the fix).  Then the speed of the vehicle needs to be known.  In old times, ships would throw a log over the side (tied to a rope) and count how long it took to pass this log (or to pull a rope with knots and count how many knots get pulled out in a certain amount of time).  This would give the speed of the ship.  Knowing the direction from a compass would give the direction.  From these two numbers an estimate (a good guess) could be made about the current location of the vehicle.  However, a wind pushes the vehicle to one side (called _drift_) so this needs to be measured as well.  Also there are currents in the water, even in the middle of the ocean.  Over time this could make errors as well, so charts were made to correct for currents.

Airplanes can measure their windspeed easily (how fast they are going through the air), but not how fast they are moving over the land (called _ground speed_).  A head wind, tail wind, or cross wind changes the ground speed.  If the altitude of the plane is known, then the ground speed can be found by timing how fast the plane goes past an object on the ground.  (The higher you are, the slower the ground seems to move).  A window on the floor of the airplane can be used to find the ground speed and the drift of the airplane.

A vehicle on ground can also use dead reckoning.  Usually they do not need to worry about drift from the wind, and there are no currents on land, so this reckoning is easier.
Yum! Brands

**Yum! Brands, Inc.**, or **Yum**, are an American based corporation which licenses KFC, Pizza Hut and the Taco Bell restaurants. Before 2011, they also owned the Long John Silver's franchise. The company is based in Louisville, Kentucky. It started on October 7, 1997 as the Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc., which in turn was an independent company and spinoff of PepsiCo. Because of its previous relationship with PepsiCo, this company has a lifetime contract to Pepsi.
Iltur, South Australia

**Iltur** is the name of a remote Pitjantjatjara homeland in the Great Victoria Desert of South Australia. It is also known as **Ilturnga** or **Coffin Hill** after the rocky outcrop where it is located. It is located at the southern end of the Birksgate Range, and is one of the most southerly locations on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. It was visited by the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition in 1981, led by the explorer David Lindsay.

Many of the families who had lived in this region historically were forced to leave the area due to nuclear weapons tests at Maralinga. They were moved to Fregon in the north and to Yalata, very far to the south. Not all of them left, however, and some still living around Iltur reported that they were affected by the fallout of the tests. In 1976, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs offered AU$10,000 for the establishment of an outstation community at Iltur. An outstation was built, but is not always occupied.
Honeypot ant

**Honeypot ants**, or **repletes**, are sterile worker ants which are used as food stores. They develop swelled abdomens,  filled with food by other worker ants. They are living storage containers. There are five genera of honeypot ants.

Ant species often have polymorphs: different forms of the same type. The soldier ants which defend colonies are genetically the same as the normal workers. The way they develop is different. This is done by changes in food, or by pheromones.

Young honeypot ants are more or less force-fed until their gasters (=stomachs) are swelled up. Then they act as living food storage vessels. These food storage workers are called _repletes_.

These replete workers develop in the North American honeypot ant _Myrmecocystus mexicanus_. Rissing found that usually the largest workers in the colony develop into repletes; and, if repletes are removed from the colony, other workers become repletes. This shows the flexibility of this polymorphism.

Honey ants use their own bodies as living storage, but they have more function than just storing food. Some store liquids, body fat, and water brought to them by worker ants. They can later serve as a food source for their fellow ants when food is otherwise scarce. When the liquid stored inside a honeypot ant is needed, the worker ants stroke the antennae of the honeypot ant, causing the honeypot ant to regurgitate the stored liquid.

In certain places, such as the Australian outback, honeypot ants are eaten by people as sweets and are considered a delicacy.
Makiri, South Australia

**Makiri** is a place in the northwest of South Australia, where a rock hole and an Aboriginal outstation are located. It is in the Great Victoria Desert, between Kaltjiti and Watarru. It is an important sacred site for the __ (honey ant) Dreaming, a women's law. Much of the site was desecrated by a surveying team in 1969. It was officially declared a Prohibited Area by the South Australian government in 1973, as an "important Aboriginal mythological and cultural site".

Makiri is located in a region of shrubland and sand dunes. The outstation here was established in the early 1980s. Since 1984, it has been governed and supported by the Irintata Homelands group from Kaltjiti. There is one house with solar power. Water is supplied from a rainwater tank and a bore. It is often used as a research base by scientists, as the area supports several endangered species.
Ambrose Rogers

**Ambrose Rodgers** is a Gaelic footballer who plays for Down. He is the current captain and was also the captain of the Down Under-21 team in 2005 when they won the Ulster Under-21 Football Championship.
Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model (series 8)

***Britain and Ireland's next Top Model, Cycle 8*** is the eighth cycle of _Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model_. This cycle contains 14 contestants. The host is still Elle MacPherson. The winner was 18-year-old Letitia Herod.

## Prizes

- A modeling contract with Models 1
- A spread in _Company_ magazine
- A contract with Revlon cosmetics
- A trip to Dubai
- An apartment 51 Buckingham Gate
- A respected brand as Miss Selfridge

## Contestants

(In alphabetical order)
- Kellie Forde
- Tasmin "Tas" Golding
- Emma Grattidge
- Letitia Herod
- Jennifer Joint
- Anita Kaushik
- Lisa Madden
- Roxanne "Roxy" O'Connor
- Risikat "Pussycat" Oyebade
- Amelia Raven
- Emma Sharratt
- Madeleine "Maddy" Taga
- Penelope Williamson
- Anne Winterburn

## Episodes

Episode 1 & 2 Casting episodes

Episode 3
- Quit: Amelia Raven
- Best: Anne Winterburn
- Worst: Emma Sharratt & Tasmin Golding
- Eliminated: Emma Sharratt
Episode 4
- Best: Roxanne O'Connor
- Worst: Tasmin Golding & Penelope Williamson
- Eliminated: Penelope Williamson
Episode 5
- Best: Roxanne O'Connor & Emma Grattidge
- Worst: Tasmin Golding & Anne Winterburn
- Eliminated: Tasmin Golding
Episode 6
- Best: Anita Kaushik
- Worst: Emma Grattidge & Anne Winterburn
- Eliminated: Anne Winterburn
Episode 7
- Best: Lisa Madden
- Worst: Madeleine Taga & Kellie Forde
- Eliminated: Kellie Forde
Episode 8
- Best: Emma Grattidge
- Worst: Jennifer Joint & Madeleine Taga
- Eliminated: Jennifer Joint
Episode 9
- Best: Risikat Oyebade
- Worst: Roxanne O'Connor & Madeleine Taga
- Eliminated: Madeleine Taga
Episode 10
- Best: Lisa Madden
- Worst: Letitia Herod & Roxanne O'Connor
- Eliminated: Roxanne O'Connor
Episode 11
- Best: Anita Kaushik
- Worst: Lisa Madden & Risikat Oyebade
- Eliminated: Risikat Oyebade
Episode 12
- Best: Anita Kaushik
- Worst: Letitia Herod & Lisa Madden
- Eliminated: Lisa Madden
Episode 13
- Best: Emma Grattidge
- Worst: Letitia Herod & Anita Kaushik
- Eliminated: Anita Kaushik

- Final Two: Emma Grattidge & Letitia Herod
- Winner: Letitia Herod
River mouth

The **river mouth** is the point where a stream flows into a body of water such as a river or an ocean.

## Related pages

- Confluence
- Reservoir
- River delta
- Estuary
Storm Thorgerson

**Storm Elvin Thorgerson** (28 February 1944 – 18 April 2013) was an English graphic designer who worked with music bands such as Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd. Thorgerson was born on 28 February 1944 in Potters Bar, Middlesex, England. He died from cancer in England on 18 April 2013 at age 69.

## Other websites

- Radio interview transcript
- BBC Feature and audio interview
- BBC Article on Thorgerson's work: Audio slideshow: Storm's sleeves
- TateShots: Storm Thorgerson on Magritte The artist talks about the influence of Magritte on his work. 21 July 2011

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Storm Thorgerson
- **birth name**: Storm Elvin Thorgerson
- **image**: Storm Thorgerson, gallery-at-oxo, July 2010.JPG
- **caption**: Thorgerson in 2010
- **birth place**: Potters Bar, Middlesex, England
- **death place**: England
- **death cause**: Cancer
- **nationality**: English
Hogna

Spiders of the genus ***Hogna*** are large and powerful wolf spiders. They belong to the Family called _Lycosidae._ They will readily catch and eat crickets and other large insects. They do not try to hurt humans unless they are getting hurt themselves. Usually their colors are dull, mostly they are brown, dark brown, or black.

_Hogna carolinensis_ is the largest spider in the United States and can have a body length (head to tail) of up to almost 1.5 inches or 35mm. They scare people, but it is hard to get them even to try to bite. Instead of showing their fangs, they will run away. They can run very fast. They are about 16 times larger than the smallest species of wolf spiders. For instance, the smallest of the wolf spiders of the genus _Trabeops_ are only 4 mm. long.

_Hogna carolinensis_ often digs burrows to live in.

Other species in this genus include:
- H. antelucana
- H. baltimoriana
- H. coloradensis
- H. frondicola
- H. lenta

In Europe there is a slightly smaller spider called _Lycosa tarantula,_ a kind of wolf spider that people once believed could kill people. It gets its name from the city of Taranto in Italy. There are other wolf spiders that get a little larger than _Hogna carolinensis_, one of which is found in the Canary Islands, _Allohogna singoriensis,_ which reaches a full 40mm.
A&W Restaurants

**A&W Restaurants** is a chain of fast food restaurants known for its draft root beer and root beer floats.

A&W was the first successful franchise company: the franchises began in the 1920s in California. The company's name was taken from the surnames of partners Roy W. Allen and Frank Wright. Yum! Brands purchased the company in 2002. In 2011 the company was sold back to a group of franchise owners. Kevin Bazner returned as the CEO.

The menu of A&W includes hamburgers, french fries, hot dogs and other fast food style meals. A&W has restaurants across the United States. A&W exists in Canada, but it has been owned by a different company since 1972. As of 2017 there were 634 restaurants in the United States and 328 international restaurants.

A&W is known for "frosty mugs". This is when the mug is kept in the freezer. It is removed, filled with A&W Root Beer, and then served to the customer. A number of A&W's are drive-in restaurants with carhops.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: A&W Restaurants, Inc.
- **image**: File:A&W restaurant in Page, Arizona.jpeg
- **company logo**: All American Food Logo.svg
- **type**: Wholly owned subsidiary
- **foundation**: Lodi, California, United States ()
- **founder**: Roy W. Allen
 Frank Wright
- **location city**: Lexington, Kentucky
- **location country**: United States
- **locations**: about 1,000
- **industry**: Fast food
- **products**: Hot dogs, root beer, cheese curds, hamburgers, chicken (food), chicken
- **area served**: 16 countries and territories
- **parent**: A Great American Brand LLC
Tigrosa

Spiders in the genus **Tigrosa** were formerly included in the genus _Hogna_, and before that to the genus _Lycosa_. As people who study spiders make more progress they divide things in new ways.

Among the species included in this genus are:
- T. annexa
- T. aspersa
- T. grandis
- T. helluo
- T. georgicola

## References

- Brady, A.R. 2012: Nearctic species of the new genus _Tigrosa_ (Araneae: Lycosidae). _Journal of arachnology_, **40**(2): 182-208.  ISSN 0161-8202
Tigrosa helluo

***Tigrosa helluo*** is a large species of American wolf spider. It used to be classified as a member of the genus _Hogna_, and was called ***Hogna helluo***. Before that it was classified as _Lycosa helluo_. Female _Tigrosa helluo_ spiders can have body lengths as great as 21 mm, and males can get up to 12 mm. Sometimes the females are found in holes under rocks. They dig a shallow hole and line it with silk. When they lay eggs they put them in silk sacs that they make.  Then they carry them along with them by attaching the egg sac to their spinnerets. They may lay from 150 to 500 eggs at a time. All mother wolf spiders let their babies ride on top of their abdomens for several days after they hatch.
Leandra Leal

**Leandra Rodrigues Leal Braz e Silva** (born 8 September 1982 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian actress.

## Biography

Leal is the granddaughter of the cultural producer Américo Leal and daughter of actress Ângela Leal. She started acting at the age of seven. When she was eight years old, she started on television, in the last episode of the soap opera _Pantanal_, in which her mother also worked. Leal is an only child. She seems to have been influenced by her mother in her career choice, because since she was a little girl she has been living among the artistic and was fascinated by the art of interpretation.

In 2000, she co-starred in the miniseries _A Muralha_ and then the sopa opera _O Cravo e a Rosa_. Both of these contributed to her fame. In 2002 she participated in the _Pastores da Noite_ miniseries, and in 2003, she was present in a season of children's series _Sítio do Picapau Amarelo_. She also came to participate in some episodes of _A Grande Família_, as Viviane, one of Tuco's girlfriends.

In 2004 she acted in the soap opera _Senhora do Destino_, getting the sympathy of the audience by clashing with the villain Nazaré, played by Renata Sorrah. Later that year, she also served in the movie _Cazuza - O Tempo Não Pára_, as Bebel Gilberto, singer's best friend.

In 2008 she co-starred in the remake of _Ciranda de Pedra_ as Elzinha. At the end of the year, she debuted as a director in the _Mercadorias e Futuro_ goods and theatrical spectacle, with José Paes de Lira.

In 2011, she was part of the cast of the movie _Estamos Juntos_, and participated in the last episode of the soap opera _Insensato Coração_. She also participated in a framework called the Fantástico, _A História do Amor_, in which she played 64 different characters next to the actor Daniel de Oliveira.

In 2012, Leal was in the episode "A Sexóloga de Floripa" in series _As Brasileiras_. And the soap opera is _Cheias de Charme_, playing Maria do Rosário.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Leandra Leal
- **image**: Leandra 26 PMB cropped.jpg
- **alt**: 200px
- **birth name**: Leandra Rodrigues Leal Braz e Silva
- **birth place**: Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **spouse**: José Paes de Lira (2003-2010)
- **occupation**: Actress
Stoker (movie)

***Stoker*** is a 2013 British-American drama thriller movie. It was directed by Park Chan-wook. The movie stars Mia Wasikowska, Nicole Kidman and Matthew Goode.

## Plot

After India's father dies in an auto accident, her Uncle Charlie, who she never knew existed, comes to live with her and her emotionally unstable mother. Soon after his arrival, she comes to suspect this mysterious, charming man has ulterior motives, but instead of feeling outrage or horror, this friendless girl becomes increasingly infatuated with him.

## Cast

- Mia Wasikowska as India Stoker
- Matthew Goode as Charlie Stoker
- Nicole Kidman as Evelyn Stoker
- Dermot Mulroney as Richard Stoker
- Jacki Weaver as Aunt Gwendolyn "Gin" Stoker
- Lucas Till as Chris Pitts
- Alden Ehrenreich as Whip Taylor
- Phyllis Somerville as Mrs. McGarrick
- Ralph Brown as Sheriff Howard
- Judith Godrèche as Doctor Jacquin

## Other websites

- http://www.foxsearchlight.com/stoker/
Kaḻayapiṯi

**Kaḻayapiṯi** (also written **Kaḻaya Piṯi** and **Kaḻaiapiṯi**) is a rock hole in the Birksgate Range in northwestern South Australia. It is an important location in the early history of the Pitjantjatjara people. The name comes from the words **' (emu) and **' (referring to a place from which the ancestral being is believed to originate; __ is a waterhole). It is a major sacred site for the  (Emu Dreaming), and has been used for ceremonies by the Pitjantjatjara since long before colonisation of Australia.

Kaḻayapiṯi forms the southern heartland of the traditional Pitjantjatjara territory. According to the anthropologist Norman Tindale, the Pitjantjatjara people originally migrated from the southern coast. Kaḻayapiṯi served as their main home as they moved further north and northeast into the Tomkinson, Mann and Petermann Ranges. The rock hole here was very important during droughts, as there were few sources of water so reliable and permanent in the Great Victoria Desert to the south. However, during a long and severe drought between 1914 and 1916, the Pitjantjatjara were forced to move further east into the Musgrave Ranges, traditionally Yankunytjatjara territory.
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5

***America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5*** was the fifth season of _America's Next Top Model_. There were 13 contestants. The winner was 18-year-old Nicole Linkletter.

## Prizes

- A modeling contract with Ford Models
- A spread in Elle
- A $100,000 contract with _CoverGirl_

## Contestants

(In alphabetical order)
- Ashley Black
- Lisa D'Amato
- Diane Hernández
- Cassandra Jean
- Kyle Kavanagh
- Nicole Linkletter
- Erika "Nik" Pace
- Sarah Rhoades
- Jayla Rubinelli
- Brittany "Bre" Scullark
- Kimberly "Kim" Stolz
- Ebony Taylor
- Coryn Woitel

## Episodes

1.
_casting episode_

2.
- Best: Nik Pace
- Worst: Sarah Rhoades & Ashley Black
- Eliminated: Ashley Black

3.
- Best: Cassandra Jean
- Worst: Diane Hernández & Ebony Taylor
- Eliminated: Ebony Taylor

4.
- Quit: Cassandra Jean
- Best: Jayla Rubinelli
- Worst: Sarah Rhoades & Kim Stolz
- Eliminated: Sarah Rhoades

5.
- Best: Kyle Kavanagh
- Worst: Bre Scullark & Diane Hernández
- Eliminated: Diane Hernández

6.
- Best: Lisa D'Amato
- Worst: Nik Pace & Coryn Woitel
- Eliminated: Coryn Woitel

7.
- Best: Kim Stolz
- Worst: Kyle Kavanagh & Bre Scullark
- Eliminated: Kyle Kavanagh

8.
- Best: Bre Scullark
- Worst: Jayla Rubinelli & Nicole Linkletter
- Eliminated: None

9.
- Best: Kim Stolz
- Worst: Lisa D'Amato & Jayla Rubinelli
- Eliminated: Lisa D'Amato

10.
- Best: Nik Pace
- Worst: Bre Scullark & Kim Stolz
- Eliminated: Kim Stolz

11.
- Best: Nicole Linkletter
- Worst: Bre Scullark & Jayla Rubinelli
- Eliminated: Jayla Rubinelli

12.
- Best: Nik Pace
- Worst: Nicole Linkletter & Bre Scullark
- Eliminated: Bre Scullark

- Final Two: Nik Pace & Nicole Linkletter
- Winner: Nicole Linkletter
Petra Mede

**Petra Maria Mede** (born 7 March 1970, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish comedian, dancer and television host. She grew up in Gothenburg.

She is known worldwide for presenting the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 and the Eurovision Song Contest in 2016, this time along with Måns Zelmerlöw. She also hosted Melodifestivalen in 2009 and 2016.
Political geography

**Political geography** is the study of the spaces of politics and the politics of space.  It is the field of geography which is concerned with the relationships between people, the state, and territory.

Political geography is organized or studied in three scaled groups.
- international
- national
- within nations

## History

The British academic Halford Mackinder created the study of "political geography".

## Related pages

- Geopolitics

## Other websites

- _Political Geography_ at Elsevier.com
- Royal Society of Geographers (RGS)
- Political Geography Research Group (PolGRG)
Conflation

**Conflation** is what happens when two or more individuals, concepts, or places seem to be a single identity.  Although they may share one or more characteristics, the differences somehow seem to be lost.

In logic, conflation is the practice of treating two distinct concepts as if they were one.  This produces errors or misunderstandings.  The fusion or merge of distinct subjects tends to obscure analysis of relationships which are emphasized by contrasts.

## Other websites

- Conflations
Tjayanka Woods

**Tjayanka Woods** is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She was one of the pioneers of the art movement across the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara lands, which began in 2000. She is best known for her paintings, but also a craftswoman who makes baskets and other woven artworks. Her paintings are held in the Art Gallery of Western Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, and the National Gallery of Australia.

Woods was born about 1935. She was born close to Kaḻayapiṯi, a rock hole in the Great Victoria Desert of South Australia. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the bush with her family, before any contact with Euro-Australian society. They often camped at Kaḻayapiṯi, where Woods and the other girls would gather bushfood together. She learned to carve basic tools and decorative objects, and to burn traditional patterns into the wood (this is called __). She also learned to spin hair string on a hand-spun spindle and weave head rings and ceremonial belts from hair and feathers.

Woods began painting in 2000, after moving to Irrunytju. The women there opened an art centre as an community-owned economic project, called Irrunytju Arts. From the beginning of her career, Brown often painted with her friend Anmanari Brown. When Brown's husband died in 2007, the two women left Irrunytju and went to live at Papulankutja, on Ngaanyatjarra lands. Here, they paint for Papulankutja Artists. In April 2010, the two women held their first solo exhibition together at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne. Woods has had two of her paintings chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award, in 2006 and 2008.

Woods' paintings are mostly about the  (Two Sisters Dreaming), which is her personal Dreaming. They are structured like maps drawn in the sand, tracing the journey of the two sisters around the edge of the canvas. She paints in earthy colours, and uses solid and dotted lines in concentric circles to depict the journeys and activities of figures in the story.

## Other websites

- Tjayanka Woods at _Prints and Printmaking_
- Resources at the National Library of Australia
- News items at the Aboriginal Art Directory

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tjayanka Woods
- **birth date**: Circa, c. 1935
- **birth place**: Kaḻayapiṯi, South Australia
- **nationality**: Australians, Australian
- **occupation**: Painter, Weaving, weaver
- **years active**: 2000 – present
- **organization**: Irrunytju Arts
Papulankutja Artists
- **style**: Aboriginal art, Western Desert art
Benin City

**Benin City** is one of the large cities in Nigeria. It is the capital of Edo State in southern Nigeria. It is a located about  north of the Benin River, and  by road east of Lagos. Benin is the centre of Nigeria's rubber industry, but processing palm nuts for oil is also an important traditional industry.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Benin City
- **official name**: Benin
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Areal view of the ancient city of Benin.jpg
- **imagesize**: 225px
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Benin City
- **pushpin map**: Nigeria
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Nigeria
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Nigeria
- **subdivision type1**: States of Nigeria, State
- **subdivision name1**: Edo State
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1,204
- **population as of**: 2015
- **population total**: 1495800
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
Karl Benz

**Karl Friedrich Benz** (November 25, 1844 – April 4, 1929) was a German engine designer and car engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the internal combustion engine and petrol-powered automobile, and together with his wife Bertha Benz pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.

## Infobox (engineer)

- **name**: Karl Benz
- **image**: Carl-Benz coloriert.jpg
- **nationality**: Germany, German
- **birth place**: Mühlburg (Karlsruhe), Germany
- **death place**: Ladenburg, Germany
- **education**: University of Karlsruhe
- **spouse**: Bertha Benz, Bertha Ringer
- **parents**: Johann George Benz (father), Josephine Vaillant (mother)
- **children**: 5, Eugen, Richard, Clara, Ellen, Thilde
- **significant projects**: founded Mercedes-Benz
- **significant design**: Benz Patent Motorwagen
- **significant advance**: gasoline-powered automobile
- **signature**: Carl Benz signature.png
Kunytjanu, South Australia

**Kunytjanu** (commonly written **Kuntjanu**) is an Aboriginal outstation and waterhole in northwestern South Australia. It is serviced from the community of Pipalyatjara to the north. It is located on the road between Pipalyatjara and Watarru. The outstation was established in 1975, along with Iltur, Walytjatjata, Kunamata and several others that used Pipalyatjara as a base. It received a grant for development from the government in 1978.

The area around Kunytjanu is connected with several Dreamings. The waterhole itself is associated with the , the Dreaming of the water-snake or Rainbow Serpent.
AirTran Airways

**AirTran** was a low-cost American airline formerly known as ValuJet. It's hub was in Atlanta, Georgia and it operated routes throughout the Americas.

## History

ValuJet's first flight was in 1993. In 1996, ValuJet Flight 592, a DC-9 aircraft, crashed into the Everglades shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport, after a fire on board. 110 people died in the crash. The NTSB blamed Valujet's maintenance contractor, SabreTech for improper maintenance.

After the large amount of negative publicity surrounding this tragedy, ValuJet suffered serious financial problems and nearly went bankrupt. It merged with a smaller airline called AirTran and assumed its name in 1997.

After management turnover and some replacement of older airplanes, AirTran appears to have turned around financially and has become profitable, even in the very difficult business environment encountered by all U.S. airlines since the September 11 Attacks.

In 2011, AirTran merged with Southwest Airlines. The merger was completed in 2014 and the _AirTran_ name was no longer used.
DualShock

The **DualShock** is a video game controller made by Sony for the PlayStation line of game consoles. It was first released in Japan in 1997, and was later released in North America in 1998. It is a vibration-feedback controller, meaning that it shakes in appropriate situations during a game. The name comes from the fact that it has two vibration motors. The motors are in the handles of the controller.

## Infobox (information appliance)

- **logo**: DualShock Wordmark.png
- **image**: PSX-DualShock-Controller.jpg
- **caption**: Original grey version of the DualShock controller
- **developer**: Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Computer Entertainment
- **manufacturer**: Sony, Sony Corporation
- **type**: Gamepad, Video game controller
- **generation**: Fifth generation of video game consoles, Fifth generation
- **lifespan**: November 20, 1997
- **input**: Controller Port
* 2× Analog sticks (8-bit precision)
* 13× Digital buttons
<small>(, , , , L1, R1, L2, R2, L3, R3, Start, Select, Analog) </small>
* Digital D-pad, directional buttons
- **connectivity**: PlayStation (2) controller port
- **dimensions**: **Body**
* 157 mm × 95 mm × 55 mm
* 6.18 in × 3.74 in × 2.16 in
**Cable**
* 2 m
* 6.56 ft
- **predecessor**: Dual Analog Controller, Dual Analog
- **successor**: #DualShock 2, DualShock 2
- **title**: DualShock
Emmelie de Forest

**Emmelie Charlotte-Victoria de Forest** (born 28 February 1993; née **Emmelie Engström**) is a Danish singer and songwriter. She won the Eurovision Song Contest 2013, representing Denmark with the song "Only Teardrops".

Emmelie de Forest claimed she is the great granddaughter of King Edward VII. Researchers said this was not true.
My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)

"**My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)**" is a song composed by American pop punk group Fall out Boy released on February 4, 2013, in the United States. The single marks the band's comeback four years of being on an indefinite hiatus in 2009. The band announced that "Light 'Em Up" is the lead single from the fifth studio album _Save Rock and Roll_, which was released on April 12, 2013.

Commercially, "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" debuted on charts worldwide with modest success, debuting in the top five in the United Kingdom and at No. 36 on the Australian ARIA Chart, charts the band have previously received success from with singles like "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" and "Thnks fr th Mmrs". On the Billboard Hot 100, the song debuted at No. 26 and No. 8 on US Rock Songs; it reached No. 2 on iTunes upon its release. Fall Out Boy performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live! for their first post-hiatus TV performance on February 13.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)
- **artist**: Fall Out Boy
- **album**: Save Rock and Roll
- **released**: February 4, 2013 <small>(United States)</small>
- **genre**: Alternative rock, Rock and roll, electronic rock
- **length**: 3:08
- **label**: Island Records
- **writer**: Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Joe Trohman, Andy Hurley, Butch Walker, John Hill
- **producer**: Butch Walker
- **prev title**: Alpha Dog
- **prev year**: 2009
- **next title**: The Phoenix
- **next year**: 2013
The Phoenix (Fall Out Boy song)

"**The Phoenix**" is a promotional single by American pop rock band Fall Out Boy. The single was released on March 24, 2013 in the United States. It was accompanied by a music video, released on the same day. It peaked and debuted at number-eighty on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 singles chart and at number-fourteen on the _Billboard_ Rock Songs chart. The music video's plot follows the story line of Fall Out Boy's capture in the video for "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)", which was released on February 4, 2013.

The song was succeeded by the second promotional single from _Save Rock and Roll_ titled "Young Volcanoes", released on April 8, 2013 on SoundCloud. The music video for the song was released on April 18 on YouTube.

## Sound

The song sampled a various amount of genres and sounds. The introduction to the track samples an orchestral like symphonic build up leading to the song's high-NRG sound. Overall, it is an alternative dance pop, punk rock song composed by producer Butch Walker.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Phoenix
- **type**: Promotional single
- **artist**: Fall Out Boy
- **album**: Save Rock and Roll
- **released**: March 24, 2013
- **recorded**: August 2012; Los Angeles, California
- **genre**: Alternative rock, symphonic rock, synthrock
- **length**: 4:04
- **label**: Island Records
- **writer**: Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Joe Trohman, Andy Hurley, Butch Walker
- **producer**: Butch Walker
Araneomorphae

The **Araneomorphae** are the kinds of spiders that humans most often see around their homes and gardens. They are different from the _Mygalomorphae_, the group of spiders that includes the tarantulas (also called "bird-eating spider"). There is a third group of spiders that is extremely ancient and now has few species remaining. It is called the _Mesothelae_.
The Tinderbox

"**The Tinderbox**" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.  It was originally published in Copenhagen, Denmark in May 1835 in the first booklet of _Fairy Tales Told for Children_. The three other stories in the booklet were "Big Claus and Little Claus", "The Princess and the Pea", and "Little Ida's Flowers". The critics did not like these stories. They thought the stories  immoral. "The Tinderbox" is Andersen's retelling of "The Spirit in the Candle", a traditional Danish story he knew as a child. It is also similar to "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp", another Andersen childhood favorite. The tale has been adapted to various media including the first Danish animated movie.

## Story

A soldier steals a magic tinderbox from an old witch. The tinderbox can summon three magic dogs that will do what the soldier wants them to do. He orders one dog to bring him a sleeping princess from her parents' castle. When the king and queen learn where their daughter is, the soldier is arrested and sentenced to death. At the last moment, he summons the dogs. They save his life and he marries the princess.

## Other websites

- "Fyrtøiet" . Original Danish text
- "The Tinder Box". English translation by Jean Hersholt

## References

- Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. _The Classic Fairy Tales_. Oxford University Press.

## Infobox (fairy tale)

- **name**: The Tinderbox
- **image**:
- **caption**: Illustration by Vilhelm Pedersen,
Andersen's  first and favorite illustrator
- **translator**: Charles Boner
- **author**: Hans Christian Andersen
- **country**: Denmark
- **language**: Danish
- **characters**: Soldier
Old Witch
The Princess
The Queen
The King
Three Dogs
- **genre**: Literary fairy tale
- **published in**: _Fairy Tales Told for Children_ (first booklet)
- **publication type**: Fairy tale collection
- **publisher**: C. A. Reitzel
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: May 1835
- **english pub date**: 1846 in _A Danish Story-Book_
- **followed by**: Big Claus and Little Claus
- **notable adaptations**: First Danish animated movie
The Princess and the Pea

"**The Princess and the Pea**" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen.  It was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1835. It appeared as the third tale in the first book of Andersen's _Fairy Tales Told for Children_. The other tales in the little book were "The Tinderbox", "Big Claus and Little Claus", and "Little Ida's Flowers".

The story tells of a maiden whose royalty is established by her sensitivity to a pea placed under her matresses. Stories of super-sensitivity are rare. They are not unknown however in world literature and lore. Andersen heard the tale of the pea as a child, but it is unknown in Danish folk tradition. He probably heard a Swedish version of the tale.

The critics did not like these four stories. They did not like their informal, chatty style. They thought the stories immoral. The stories did not promote good behaviour and the mores of the times. "Little Claus and Big Claus", for instance, featured unpunished lying, hoodwinking, theft, and adulterous conduct.

The story has been adapted to various media including a television program on Shelley Duval's _Fairy Tale Theatre_. A popular musical play of the 1960s was based on the story  called _Once Upon a Mattress_. It starred comedienne Carol Burnett.

## Story

A prince decides to marry. He wants a real princess as his bride. He searches the world, but does not find one. He returns home disappointed.

One stormy night, a rain-soaked maiden comes to the castle door. She is seeking shelter. She says she is a real princess.

The Queen uses a test to determine if the maiden is really a princess. She puts a pea upon a bed. She then puts 20 mattresses and 20 feather beds upon the bed. Here the princess must pass the night.

In the morning, the maiden says that she could not sleep. She says there was something hard in the bed that kept her tossing and turning all night. Everyone now realizes she is a real princess! Only a real princess is so sensitive that she can feel a pea beneath a huge pile of bedding!

## References

- Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. _The Classic Fairy Tales_. Oxford University Press. pp. 216-218

## Other websites

- "Prinsessen på ærten"  Original Danish text
- "The Princess and the Pea" English translation by Jean Hersholt
- Archived audio version of the story

## Infobox (fairy tale)

- **name**: The Princess and the Pea
- **image**:
- **caption**: Illustration by Bertall
- **translator**: Charles Boner
- **author**: Hans Christian Andersen
- **country**: Denmark
- **language**: Danish
- **characters**: The Princess
The Prince
The Queen
The King
- **genre**: Literary fairy tale
- **published in**: _Fairy Tales Told for Children_ (first booklet)
- **publication type**: Fairy tale collection
- **publisher**: C. A. Reitzel
- **media type**: Print
- **pub date**: 1835
- **english pub date**: 1846, in _A Danish Story-Book_
- **preceded by**: Big Claus and Little Claus
- **followed by**: Little Ida's Flowers
- **notable adaptations**: _Once Upon a Mattress_ (musical play)
The Rev

**James** "**Jimmy**" **Owen Sullivan** (February 9, 1981 – December 28, 2009), also known by his stage name **The Rev**, was an American musician best known as a co-founder and drummer of heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold.

Sullivan was also the lead vocalist and pianist in the side-project Pinkly Smooth along with Synyster Gates.

He was born in Huntington Beach, California and started playing the drums when he was 10 years old. Before he joined Avenged Sevenfold, he was a member of the third wave ska band Suburban Legends. The last album that Sullivan was featured on was _Nightmare_ which was released on July 27, 2010.

On the morning of December 28, 2009, Sullivan was found dead in his Huntington Beach home. Toxicology results later revealed that his death was from an overdose of Oxycodone, oxymorphone, diazepam, nordiazepam and alcohol. The coroner also said that an enlarged heart may have played a role in his death.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jimmy 'The Rev' Sullivan
- **img**: James Owen Sulivan.jpg
- **landscape**: 200px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: James Owen Sullivan
- **birth place**: Huntington Beach, California, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Huntington Beach, California, U.S.
- **instrument**: Drum kit, Drums, guitar, Bass guitar, bass, piano, Singing, vocals, Keyboard instrument, keyboards
- **genre**: Hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal, progressive metal,  metalcore, avant-garde metal
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1998-2009
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., Good Life Recordings, Good Life, Hopeless Records, Hopeless, Bucktan
- **associated acts**: Avenged Sevenfold, Pinkly Smooth, Suburban Legends
Loftus Road

**Loftus Road** is a football stadium in Shepherd's Bush, West London. It is the home of Queens Park Rangers F.C., it was formed in 1904. One of its notable distinctions lies in being the pioneer among British professional football stadiums to embrace an artificial pitch, a feature it proudly showcased from 1981 to 1988. Loftus Road's significance extends beyond its association solely with Queens Park Rangers. London Wasps, the Rugby Union team, called it home from 1996 to 2002, and during the reconstruction of Craven Cottage, Fulham, a Premier League side at the time, graced its grounds from 2002 to 2004.
|colspan="2"|Loft Road Stats|
| --- | --- |
|Year|1904|
|Capacity|18439|
|Average Attendance|14973|
|Record Attendance|35353 (QPR v Leeds United (1974))|
|Pitch Size|102 x 66 (6732)|
|Owner|Queens Park Rangers Football & Athletic Club Ltd|
Chrissy Amphlett

**Christine Joy "Chrissy" Amphlett** (25 October 1959 – 21 April 2013) was an Australian singer who was the lead singer of the rock band Divinyls. She had many hits with the group and in solo.

Amphlett was born in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. She died from breast cancer. She also had multiple sclerosis. She died in New York City at age 53.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Chrissy Amphlett
- **image**: Chrissie Amphlett (cropped).jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Christine Joy Amphlett
- **birth place**: Geelong, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia
- **death place**: New York City, United States
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, New Wave music, New Wave
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, actress
- **years active**: 1982–2013
- **label**: Chrysalis Records, Virgin Records, RCA Records
- **associated acts**: Divinyls
Father Divine

**Father Divine** (c. 1876September 10, 1965), also known as **Reverend M. J. Divine**, was an African American spiritual leader from about 1907 until his death. His full self-given name was **Reverend Major Jealous Divine**, and he was also known as "the Messenger" early in his life. He founded the International Peace Mission movement, formulated its doctrine, and oversaw its growth from a small and predominantly black congregation into a multiracial and international church.

Father Divine claimed to be God. Some people who lived at the same time claimed he was a charlatan; others say he was one of the first modern cult leaders. Father Divine made numerous contributions toward his followers' economic independence and racial equality. Father Divine was a contemporary of other religious leaders at that time such as Daddy Grace, Charles Harrison Mason, Noble Drew Ali and James F. Jones, also known as Prophet Jones. Another minister by the name of Jones would play an important part in a brief struggle to gain control of the Peace Mission following Divine's death - Jim Jones, of the 'apostolic socialist'  movement Peoples Temple.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Father Divine (George Baker Jr)
- **image**: Father Divine.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **birth date**: c. 1876
- **birth place**: Hutchinson Island, Georgia or Rockville, Maryland
- **death date**: September 10, 1965
- **death place**: Philadelphia, PA
- **occupation**: Preacher
- **spouse**: Peninniah Divine, Edna Rose Ritchings
- **parents**: George Baker Sr, Nancy (Smith) Baker
Defiance (2008 movie)

***Defiance*** is a 2008 American war-drama movie. The movie directed by Edward Zwick. The movie stars Daniel Craig, Liev Schreiber, Jamie Bell and Mia Wasikowska.

## Plot

Inspired by a true story, director Edward Zwick's epic World War II drama Defiance tells the tale of three Jewish Eastern European brothers (Daniel Craig, Liev Schreiber, and Jamie Bell) who narrowly escape certain death at the hands of the Nazis, subsequently vowing to avenge the deaths of their loves ones by launching a desperate battle against the forces that seek to exterminate their entire race. The year is 1941, and the setting is Nazi-occupied Belarus. The Final Solution is in full effect, and the Jews of Eastern Europe are being slaughtered wholesale. Tuvia, Zus and Asael have miraculously managed to escape into the dense surrounding forest. Having played in these woods since childhood, the brothers have a distinct advantage over their adversaries, and soon decide that simply surviving is not enough. In order to make a difference, they must take action, but in order to take action they will need support. As whispers of their bravery take wind, others like them appear determined to lay their lives on the line for the cause of freedom. Tuvia has become the de facto leader of the group, but he's still somewhat reluctant to take on such a heavy responsibility and his brother Zus expresses concern that his idealistic plan will ultimately bring about the group's downfall. With winter setting in, everyone works to create a functioning community that will help them endure the frigid months that lie ahead, and Asael reluctantly finds himself caught in the crossfire of his older siblings' rivalry. Is it possible to keep faith alive in a time when the world seems devoid of humanity and survival becomes a way of life?
Ruby (disambiguation)

A **ruby** is a red gemstone.

**Ruby** may also refer to:

- Ruby, Alaska, a city in the U.S. state of Alaska
- Ruby (programming language)

## People

- Ruby Tjangawa Williamson, Australian artist
- Sam Ruby, software developer
Ruby (programming language)

**Ruby** is the name of a programming language that was created in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. Like other programming languages, such as Python, its structure (the way it works) is very similar to the English language. It has these qualities:

- Terse. Short, but still easy to understand.
- Dynamic. Easy to change, anytime and anywhere.
- Duck typing. If you think you understand it, you probably understand it.

Many programmers like it because the creator tried to make it easy and nice to use.

Ruby on Rails (RoR) is a web application framework that is implemented using the Ruby language.

## Example

An example Hello World program in Ruby:

An example program in Ruby that asks for your name and then says it:

A function in Ruby that joins the 2 strings (or arrays/integers) into one, removes all numbers from it, capitalizes the string and then repeats it 5 times:

Output:

## Other websites

- Ruby documentation site
- Ruby Draft Specification- Sep 2010
- Wiki: Ruby language and implementation specification

## Infobox (programming language)

- **name**: Ruby
- **logo**: Ruby logo.svg
- **paradigm**: Multi-paradigm programming language, multi-paradigm: Object-oriented programming, object-oriented, Imperative programming, imperative, Functional programming, functional, Reflective programming, reflective
- **scope**: lexical, sometimes dynamic
- **year**: 1995
- **designer**: Yukihiro Matsumoto
- **developer**: Yukihiro Matsumoto, et al.
- **typing**: Duck typing, duck, Dynamic typing, dynamic
- **implementations**: Ruby MRI, YARV, Rubinius, MagLev (software), MagLev, JRuby, MacRuby, RubyMotion, HotRuby, IronRuby, [https://github.com/mruby/mruby mruby]
- **influenced by**: Ada (programming language), Ada, C++, CLU (programming language), CLU, Dylan (programming language), Dylan, Eiffel (programming language), Eiffel, Lisp (programming language), Lisp, Perl, Python (programming language), Python, Smalltalk
- **influenced**: D (programming language), D, Elixir (programming language), Elixir, Falcon (programming language), Falcon, Fancy (programming language), Fancy, Groovy (programming language), Groovy, Ioke (programming language), Ioke, Mirah (programming language), Mirah, Nu (programming language), Nu, Reia (programming language), Reia, Crystal (programming language), Crystal
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **license**: Ruby License or BSD licenses, BSD License
- **file ext**: .rb, .rbw
- **wikibooks**: Ruby Programming
Hurricane Earl (2010)

**Hurricane Earl** was an intense and long-lived hurricane that was also the first such storm to threaten New England since Hurricane Bob nineteen years earlier. The storm's center passed eighty six miles east of North Carolina on September 3, 2010. The storm then moved northeast, eventually being downgraded to tropical storm status and then becoming a hurricane again shortly before the storm made landfall in Nova Scotia. Before lashing the eastern United States, the hurricane passed extremely close to the Leeward Islands; the damage there totaled $40 million (2010 USD).