juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Puerto Rican poetry

**Puerto Rican poetry** refers to poems written by Puerto Rican writers.

Puerto Ricans are American citizens. Because of this, Puerto Rican poetry is a part of American poetry. Puerto Rican poetry is also considered part of Caribbean poetry and Latin American poetry. This is because the island is in the Caribbean. It is also because of the cultural and linguistic connection  to the region.

Puerto Rican poetry is often written in Spanish. However, Puerto Rican poets often use both English and Spanish  in the same poem. Sometimes, poets mix Spanish and English words into Spanglish expressions.

Themes include: personal identity, cultural heritage, oppression, discrimination, racism, sexism, and Puerto Rican politics. Poems about the island often use images of oceans, rivers, beaches, local foods, and family traditions. However, Puerto Ricans poets who move to the mainland USA write about city streets, crowds, and the pressures of urban life.

## Poems about Puerto Rico

- "Río Grande de Loíza" by Julia de Burgos explores the island's history of slavery and American imperialism. The poem expresses the pain and violence suffered by native islanders and African slaves along the river.
- "Soy boricua" by Giannina Braschi expresses the philosophical dilemma of Puerto Rico's political status a colony of the United States.
- “I, Too, Am Black” is a spoken word poem  by Caridad de la Luz “La Bruja” on Puerto Rican identity and race. The poem was inspired by Langston Hughes
- "Puerto Rico" is a poem written in Spanish and English by Victor Hernández Cruz. It deals with the landscape, the traditions, and the politics of being a United States territory.
- "Puerto Rican Obituary" by Pedro Pietri expresses the sorrow and suffering of Puerto Rican immigrants who move to big cities such as New York.

## Puerto Rican poets

- Giannina Braschi
- Julia de Burgos
- Victor Hernández Cruz
- La Bruja
- Tato Laviera
- Luis Pales Matos
- Pedro Pietri

## Further reading

- _Breaking Ground: Anthology of Puerto Rican Women Writers in New York 1980- 2012 (Abriendo caminos: antología de escritoras puertorriqueñas en Nueva York 1980- 2012),_ edited by Myrna Nieves.
- _Defending Their Own in the Cold: The Cultural Turns of U.S_. by Marc Zimmerman.
Epiphanius I of Ukraine

**Metropolitan Epiphanius** **of Kyiv and All Ukraine** was born with the name **Serhii Dumenko**. He was born on February 3, 1979. He is the head of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine (OCU). He is Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine.

Metropolitan Epiphanius was the Metropolitan bishop of Pereyaslav and Bila Tserkva from 2013 to 2018.

## Biography

Serhii Dumenko was born on February 3, 1979 in Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. He lived in Chernivtsi Oblast when he was young.

In 1999, he graduated from the Kyiv Theological Seminary. Then he entered the Kyiv Theological Academy. He graduated with a doctor of theology degree in 2003.
Ali Fazal

**Ali Fazal** (pronounced ; born 15 October 1986) is an Indian actor and model. He made his acting debut with a small role in the English language movie _The Other End of the Line_ (2008). He then acted in the American television miniseries _Bollywood Hero_ (2009).

Fazal made his Bollywood debut with a special appearance in _3 Idiots_ (2009). He then acted in _Always Kabhi Kabhi_ (2011). His first success was in _Fukrey_ (2013). He then acted in supporting roles in movies like _Baat Ban Gayi_ (2013), _Bobby Jasoos_ (2014) and _Sonali Cable_ (2014).

He played the main role in the horror movie _Khamoshiyan_ (2015). He then acted in his first American movie _Furious 7_ (2015). He also played a role in _Happy Bhag Jayegi_ with _Diana Penty_ in 2016.

Fazal acted in the British-American movie _Victoria & Abdul_. The movie portrays the relationship of Queen Victoria (Judi Dench) and her confidant, Indian servant Abdul Karim (Fazal). The movie premiered at the Venice Film Festival in 2017. The costumes worn by the main actors in the film have been added as part of the official display at Osborne House.

In 2018, he played Guddu Pandit in _Mirzapur_. In 2020 he continued his role of Guddu Pandit in _Mirzapur_ season 2.

## Early life

Fazal was born in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Fazal's family is from Allahbad. His father worked in a firm in the Middle East. His parents separated when he was a child. From then on, he grew up in his maternal grandparents' home with his grandparents and his mother. The couple divorced when Fazal was 18. He studied at La Martiniere College in Lucknow and The Doon School in Dehradun.

In 2004, he participated in school plays and engaged in debates. He was selected for the role of Trinculo, the jester in the play  _The Tempest_ by William Shakespeare. It was a memorable role for him. Fazal went to Mumbai and graduated in economics from St. Xavier's College.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ali Fazal
- **image**: Ali Fazal graces the World Premiere of ‘Victoria and Abdul’.jpg
- **alt**: Ali Fazal looking away from camera
- **caption**: Fazal at the premiere of _Victoria & Abdul_, September 2017
- **birth place**: Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
- **nationality**: Indian people, Indian
- **alma mater**: La Martiniere College
The Doon School
St. Xavier's College
- **occupation**: Actor, model
- **years active**: 2008–present
Victor Hernández Cruz

**Victor Hernández Cruz** is a Puerto Rican poet. He was born in Aguas Buenas, Puerto Rico. He moved to New York City with his family when he was five years old. He lives in Morocco and Puerto Rico.

## Career

Cruz is a member of the Nuyorican poetry movement of Puerto Rican poets who moved to New York City.  Nuyorican poets, such as Pedro Pietri, Miguel Algarin, Miguel Pinero, and Giannina Braschi, write about immigrant life and hybrid latino culture. They multilingual literature. They write in Spanish, English, and Spanglish.

Cruz has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment for the Arts. He was the first Puerto Rican poet to be a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.

He writes about New York City, traveling, the Caribbean, Puerto Rican history, and the immigrant experience.  > Cruz said in a television interview with Bill Moyers, “I write about myself as a Caribbean man, a man within a larger tapestry, and I try to see the connections between everything. Between myself and history, myself a racially mixed person, and all these things that make me up. I explore them in my poetry.”

## Poetry books

Cruz published his first book, _Papo Got His Gun! And Other Poems_, on a copying machine called the mimeograph. His later books were published by tradition publishing houses.  His titles include: _Beneath the Spanish_ (2017); _In the Shadow of Al-Andalus_ (2011); _The Mountain in the Sea_ (2006); _Red Beans_ (1991); _Rhythm, Content, and Flavor: New and Selected Poems_ (1989); _By Lingual Wholes_ (1982); and _Snaps_ (1969).

## Related pages

- Puerto Rican poetry
- Caribbean poetry
- Giannina Braschi
- Julia de Burgos
Julia de Burgos

**Julia de Burgos** (February 17, 1914 – July 6, 1953) was a Puerto Rican poet, journalist and teacher. She was a Puerto Rican Nationalist. She advocated for civil rights for women, African Americans, and Afro-Caribbean people.

## Poetry career

In 1938, at the age of twenty-four, Julia de Burgos published her first book of poems titled _Poema en veinte surcos_ (Poem in Twenty Furrows) by herself. She traveled around Puerto Rico selling copies. She was raising money to help cover the cost of her mother’s cancer treatments. Her poems discuss themes of feminism, social justice, slavery, and Puerto Rican independence.

She famously wrote, "I Am the Life, the Strength, the Woman."

She influenced the poets of the Nuyorican movement, including Victor Hernández Cruz, Giannina Braschi, and Pedro Pietri.

She died of alcoholism in an East Harlem hospital in New York City.

Today she is called a Puerto Rican icon. She is one of Puerto Rican greatest figures in Puerto Rican poetry.

## Poems

De Burgos wrote _Poemas exactos a mi misma_ (1937) which she never published. She published _Poema en veinte surcos_ (1938), and _Canción de la verdad sencilla_ (1939).  Her final poetry collection _El mar y tú: otros poemas_ (1954) was published after her death.

## Honors and legacy

Her honors include awards from the Institute of Puerto Rican Literature. She has an honorary doctorate from the University of Puerto Rico. Many schools, public parks, and cultural centers are named after her, including: the Julia de Burgos Cultural Arts Center in Cleveland, the Julia de Burgos Latino Cultural Center in New York, and Julia de Burgos Park in Chicago.

The Julia de Burgos postage stamp was issued on September 14, 2010, in San Juan, Puerto Rico. It is the 26th stamp in the United States Literary Arts series.

## Related pages

- Puerto Rican poetry
- Caribbean poetry
- Victor Hernández Cruz
- Giannina Braschi

## Further Reading

- Rosario, Vanessa Pérez. _Becoming Julia de Burgos: The Making of a Puerto Rican Icon_. University of Illinois Press, 2014.
- Stavans, Ilan, ed.  The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature. WW Norton, 2011.
- Nieves, Myrna. "Breaking Ground: Anthology of Puerto Rican Women Writers in New York 1980–2012." Editorial Campana, 2012.
Spanglish (language)

**Spanglish** is a hybrid American language that mixes words and other ways of saying things from Spanish and English. It is mostly spoken in the United States.

## Speech

Spanglish is spoken in American towns and cities that have large numbers of Latino people, for example Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, Houston, Santa Fe, Newark, and New York.  Spanglish is spoken by Spanish-speaking people who have moved to the United States from other countries and immigrants who are still learning English. Many people born in the United States whose parents came from Spanish-speaking countries also speak Spanglish. An estimated that 40 million people in the United States speak Spanglish.

Spanglish is a source of pride in Latino identity. In _Living in Spanglish_, Ed Morales wrote, "Spanglish is what we speak, but it is also who we Latinos are, and how we act, and how we perceive the world."

## Spanglish literature

Latino literature in the United States has things written in Spanglish. Chicano, Nuyorican, and Puerto Rican poets, playwrights, and novelists use Spanglish. Here are some of them:

- Puerto Rican poet Giannina Braschi wrote the first Spanglish novel_Yo-Yo Boing! (_1998).
- Chicana author Sandra Cisneros uses Spanglish in her poetry, fairy tales, and novels.
- Dominican-American novelist Junot Díaz's _The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao_ also uses Spanglish phrases.
- Nuyorican poet Pedro Pietri wrote the lyric poem _El Spanglish National Anthem._ (1993)

## Spanglish music

Many Latino and Latin American musicians use Spanglish in the words to their songs.

- Reik released a song titled "Spanglish" that is sung half in English and half in Spanish.
- Ricky Martin, a Puerto Rican pop singer uses Spanglish in the songs "Come with Me" and "Maria."
- Pitbull, a Latin Grammy Award-winning artist from Miami, sings rap songs in Spanglish.
- Enrique Iglesias, a Spanish reggaeton singer uses Spanglish in his lyrics.

### Spanglish duets

Spanglish duets are songs with Spanish and English lyrics. They are a growing trend in the American and Latin American music industry.  These duets are sung by a native Spanish speaker and a native English speaker. Shakira and Beyonce, Romeo Santos and Usher, Justin Bieber and Daddy Yankee (in Luis Fonsi’<nowiki/>s “Despacito”) have made the Billboard Hot 100 charts with Spanglish duets.

## Related pages

- Code-switching
- Chicano
- Nuyorican

## Further reading

Stavans, Ilan, _Spanglish: The Making of a New American Language._ (2004)
Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga

***Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga*** is a 2007 action-adventure LEGO video game based on the _Star Wars_ original and prequel trilogies. In the game, you can play the first six Star Wars movies. It is released on Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 and Wii. It has later been released on the PC and can also be found on the App Store.

## Reception

The game is considered better than the original two due to merged characters and gameplay.

## Developers

The game was developed by Traveller's Tales and published by LucasArts.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Lego Star Wars: The Complete Saga
- **developer**: Traveller's Tales
- **publisher**: LucasArts
- **director**: Jon Burton
- **programmer**: John Hodskinson
- **artist**: James Cunliffe
- **composer**: Adam Hay
David Whittaker
- **series**: _Lego Star Wars_
- **platform**: Microsoft Windows
Nintendo DS
PlayStation 3
Wii
Xbox 360
Mac OS X
iOS
Android
- **release**: 6 November 2007
- **genre**: Action-adventure
Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

***Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time*** is a 2003 action-adventure video game made by Ubisoft.

## Gameplay

The Prince can reverse or slow down time with the Dagger of Time after he collects sand.

## Plot

The Prince has opened the Sands of Time thanks to the Vizier.

## Reception

The game was well-liked and an influential game of 2003.
Spider-Man (2000 video game)

***Spider-Man*** is an action-adventure video game made by Neversoft. It can be played on the PlayStation, Sega Dreamcast and Nintendo 64. The game is based on the Marvel Comics superhero Spider-Man. there is another game _Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro_ that came out in 2001.

## Gameplay

Spider-Man can attack enemies with his webs or punches. Once you beat the game, a What-If mode narrated by the Watcher (voiced by Laurence Fishburne) has funnier things in the walkthrough.

## Development

The game was made with the engine for Tony Hawk's Pro Skater.

## Reception

The game is considered one of the best Spider-Man games of all time, rivalling Spider-Man 2.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Spider-Man
- **developer**: Neversoft
- **publisher**: Activision
- **series**: _Spider-Man_
- **platforms**: PlayStation
- **genre**: Action adventure game, Action-adventure
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
Gernot Roll

**Gernot Roll** (9 April 1939 – 12 November 2020) was a German cinematographer and movie director. He was born in Dresden, Germany. He worked with Edgar Reitz and Sönke Wortmann.

His best known works were _The Last Escape_, _Zero Hour_, _The Buddenbrooks_, _Heimat_, _Der bewegte Mann_, _Beyond Silence_ and _Nowhere in Africa_.

Roll died on 12 November 2020 in Munich at the age of 81.

## Other websites

- Biography at www.filmportal.de (German)
Edgar Reitz

**Edgar Reitz** (born 1 November 1932) is a German movie director, screenwriter and movie producer.

He is a Professor of Film at the Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung (State University of Design) in Karlsruhe.

## Some of his movies

- _Lust for Love_ (_Mahlzeiten_) (1967)
- _Cardillac_ (1970)
- _Trip to Vienna_ (_Die Reise nach Wien_) (1973)
- _In Danger and Deep Distress, the Middleway Spells Certain Death_ (_In Gefahr und größter Not bringt der Mittelweg den Tod_) (1974) (co-director: Alexander Kluge)
- _Zero Hour_ (_Stunde Null_) (1977)
- "Grenzstation" in _Germany in Autumn_ (_Deutschland im Herbst_) (1978)
- _The Tailor from Ulm_ (_Der Schneider von Ulm_) (1978)
- _Heimat_ (1984, TV series)
- _Home from Home_ (_Die andere Heimat_) (2013)

## Other websites

- Edgar Reitz's official website
- Edgar Reitz Bibliography  (via UC Berkeley)
- Interview with Edgar Reitz from The Guardian

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Edgar Reitz 6336.jpg
- **caption**: Reitz in 2015
- **name**: Edgar Reitz
- **birth place**: Morbach, Rhine Province, Free State of Prussia, Prussia, German Reich, Germany
- **occupation**: Film director
- **yearsactive**: 1953–present
Alan Glazier

**Alan John Glazier** (21 January 1939 – 12 November 2020) was an English professional darts player. He used the nickname "The Ton Machine" and was known for his all-black outfits. He was born in London.

Glazier managed to reach the final of the News of the World Darts Championship in 1979 and won the Swedish Open in 1978.

Glazier quit the BDO in 1997.

Glazier died on 12 November 2020 at the age of 81.
Waqar Ahmed Seth

**Waqar Ahmed Seth** (16 March 1961 – 12 November 2020) was a Pakistani politician and lawyer. He was the Chief Justice of Peshawar High Court from 28 June 2018 until his death. On 2 August 2011, he became a Justice Peshawar High Court.

He was in charge over the special court which heard the high treason case against Pervez Musharraf and one of the two judges on a three judge panel who convicted Musharraf of this crime and sentenced him to death. This was the first time in Pakistan's history that a military dictator was convicted of high treason.

Seth died on 12 November 2020 in Islamabad from COVID-19, aged 69.
The F Word (South Park)

**The F Word** is a 2009 episode of South Park season 13.

## Plot

Eric Cartman is not happy that the Harley Davidson drivers are around. He calls them faggots.

## Reception

The episode got mixed reviews.
Łask

**Łask** (; ) is a town in central Poland. 17,604 people have lived here as of 2016.  It is the capital of Łask County. It is in the Łódź Voivodeship.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Łask
- **image skyline**: Łask, ul. Warszawska 15, kościół NMP i św. Michała Archanioła, 1525, XVIII -e.JPG
- **image caption**: Collegiate Church of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Archangel Michael
- **image shield**: POL Łask COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Łódź Voivodeship, Łódź
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: Łask County
- **subdivision type3**: Gmina
- **subdivision name3**: Gmina Łask
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Gabriel Szkudlarek
- **area total km2**: 15.33
- **population as of**: 31.12.2016
- **population total**: 17604
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 98-100
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: ELA
Three-Fifths Compromise

In 1787, the US Constitutional Convention looked at the problem of counting its population. The population of a state determines the influence a state can take in a presidential election. The convention also looked at the problem of counting slaves: If they were counted, the state would have more power in the election, and the taxes the state would have to pay to the government would also be higher. The **Three-Fifths Compromise** was that three out of every five slaves would be counted. In other words, black slaves were counted as three fifths of a human being. The compromise of counting "all other persons" as only three-fifths of their actual numbers reduced the representation of the slave states relative to the original proposals, but improved it over the Northern position. An inducement for slave states to accept the Compromise was its tie to taxation in the same ratio, so that the burden of taxation on the slave states was also reduced.

A contentious issue at the 1787 Constitutional Convention was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress or would instead be considered property and, as such, not be considered for purposes of representation. Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation, but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population. Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation, but not in determining representation.

The proposed ratio was, however, a ready solution to the problem that arose during the Constitutional Convention. In amending the Articles, the North wanted slaves to count for more than the South did because the objective was to determine taxes paid by the states to the federal government. In the Constitutional Convention, the more important issue was representation in Congress, so the South wanted slaves to count for more than the North did.
911 (Lady Gaga song)

"**911**" is a song by American recording artist Lady Gaga, from her sixth studio album, _Chromatica_ (2020).  It was released as the album's third single on September 18, 2020. The song is a Euro disco, synth-pop and electropop song. "911" is about the antipsychotic medication Gaga takes. It was written by Gaga with Madeon, BloodPop, and Justin Tranter, while Madeon, BloodPop, and Benjamin Rice produced it.

The music video shows Gaga surviving a near-deadly car accident and the thoughts that follow. It contains references to the movies _The Color of Pomegranates_ and _8½._

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: 911
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Lady Gaga
- **album**: Chromatica
- **released**: September 18, 2020
- **length**: 2:53
- **label**: Interscope
- **prev title**: Rain on Me (Lady Gaga and Ariana Grande song), Rain on Me
- **prev year**: 2020
- **next title**: I Get a Kick Out of You
- **next year**: 2021
Masatoshi Koshiba

was a Japanese physicist. He was known as one of the founders of Neutrino astronomy. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Raymond Davis, Jr. in 2002.

He was Senior Counselor of International Center for Elementary Particle Physics (ICEPP) and Emeritus Professor of University of Tokyo.

Koshiba died on November 12, 2020 in Tokyo at the age of 94.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Masatoshi Koshiba
- **image**: Masatoshi Koshiba 2002.jpg
- **caption**: _Koizumi Cabinet E-mail Magazine_, No.74, December 12, 2002
- **birth place**: Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan
- **death place**: Tokyo, Japan
- **nationality**: Japan
- **alma mater**: University of Tokyo
University of Rochester
- **doctoral advisor**: Morton F. Kaplon
- **academic advisors**: Shin'ichirō Tomonaga
 Takahiko Yamanouchi
- **doctoral students**: Yoji Totsuka
Atsuto Suzuki
- **notable students**: Takaaki Kajita
- **known for**: Astrophysics, neutrinos
- **field**: Physics
- **work institution**: University of Chicago
University of Tokyo
Tokai University
- **prizes**: Humboldt Prize (1997)
Wolf Prize in Physics (2000)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2002)
Justin Cronin (politician)

**Justin R. Cronin** (October 9, 1980 – November 11, 2020) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the South Dakota House of Representatives from January 2009 until his resignation in August 2019. He was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota.

Cronin died on November 11, 2020 in Gettysburg, South Dakota at the age of 40.
Gettysburg, South Dakota

**Gettysburg** is a city and county seat of Potter County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 1,104 at the 2020 census.
Lucille Soong

**Lucille Soong** (born August 15, 1938) is a Chinese-American actress. She is best known for her main role as Grandma Huang in the television series _Fresh Off the Boat_ (2015–2020). She was born in Beijing.
Freaky Friday (2003 movie)

***Freaky Friday*** is a 2003 American fantasy comedy movie directed by Mark Waters and written by Heather Hach and Leslie Dixon.

It is based on Mary Rodgers' 1972 novel of the same name. It stars Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan.

The movie was released in theaters on August 6, 2003, by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Pictures.

The movie also earned Curtis a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actress in a Motion Picture Musical or Comedy .
Mary Rodgers

**Mary Rodgers** (January 11, 1931 – June 26, 2014) was an American composer, author, and screenwriter. She was known for her novel _Freaky Friday_. Her best-known musicals were _Once Upon a Mattress_ and _The Mad Show_.

Rodgers died from heart failure at her home in Manhattan on June 26, 2014 at the age of 83.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mary Rodgers
- **birth place**: New York City, US
- **death place**: New York City, US
- **occupation**: Composer, screenwriter, children's fiction writer
- **years active**: 1959–2014
- **parents**: Richard Rodgers
 Dorothy Feiner
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 6, including Adam Guettel
- **education**: Wellesley College
Colombia at the Youth Olympics

**Colombia** first participated at the Youth Olympic Games at the inaugural 2010 Games in Singapore. Colombia has sent a team to each Summer Youth Olympic Games and participated for the first time at the Winter Youth Olympic Games in the 2016 edition in  Lillehammer. Colombian city of Medellín submitted a bid to host the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics, but in a voting process in 2013 lost the games to the argentine capital Buenos Aires.

### Medals by Summer Youth Games

|Games|Athletes||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:gold; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Gold|style="background:silver; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Silver|style="background:#cc9966; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Bronze||
|2010 Singapore|23|2|**3**|0|5|22|
|2014 Nanjing|34|1|0|2|3|46|
|2018 Buenos Aires|**54**|**4**|**3**|**3**|**10**|**14**|
|2026 Dakar|_future event_||||||

### Medals by Winter Youth Games

|Games|Athletes||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:gold; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Gold|style="background:silver; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Silver|style="background:#cc9966; width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Bronze||
|2012 Innsbruck|Did not participate||||||
|2016 Lillehammer|1|0|0|0|0|–|
|2020 Lausanne|**2**|0|1|0|0|27|

## Related pages

- Colombia at the Olympics
- Colombia at the Paralympics

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: COL
- **nocname**: Colombian Olympic Committee
- **games**: Youth Olympics
- **website**:  
- **rank**: 28
- **gold**: 7
- **silver**: 7
- **bronze**: 5
Egoism

<div>

**Egoism** is a philosophy about people serving their own needs or wants. Some kinds of egoism say that everything people do is , meaning it is done to serve their own desires. Other kinds of egoism instead say that people should do whatever they want or whatever benefits themselves.

Egoism is often seen as the opposite of altruism, meaning the concern for others. "Altruism" is a word invented by a French thinker named Auguste Comte. He said that people should only serve each other and never be egoistic. But the German thinker Friedrich Nietzsche says that altruism is not the opposite of egoism. He says that even though people  altruism is good, they do not treat each other well very much at all. Many egoists also defend against people getting judged just for doing what benefits themselves. But Nietzsche says that people should eventually leave both altruism and egoism behind.

The American researcher James Scanlan says that when people do whatever benefits themselves it is only a fake kind of egoism. And that real egoism is when people do whatever they want. Both are often seen as dangerous beliefs. Some egoists such as Max Stirner, Nikolay Chernyshevsky, and Dmitry Pisarev, are also thought of as nihilists. And Aleister Crowley was a British egoist who made the phrase "Do what thou will" popular.

## Theories

There are many different kinds of egoism:

- Ethical egoism is the belief that it is  for people to do whatever benefits themselves.
- Default egoism is the belief that people  try to benefit themselves.
- Psychological egoism is the belief that people  try to benefit themselves, even when they don't know it.
- Rational egoism is the belief that it  for people to do whatever benefits themselves.

## Moral psychology

Some ideas of egoism can be studied in moral psychology. For example, Friedrich Nietzsche says that many people wrongly think that being "good" is related to not being egoistic. He says that this idea only appeared because priestly values took over from noble values . Nietzsche says that the idea that actions are egoistic or altruistic is pseudo-<nowiki/>psychology. He says the truth is that "there are no such things as egoistic and altruistic actions". Morality tries to damage psychology with these false ideas, he says. He also says that this kind of morality always serves the needs and wants of some people over others. A British researcher named Alexander Moseley instead says that egoists don't believe psychology can understand people's motivations.****

## References

</div>
National sports team

**National sports team** (commonly known as a **national team** or a **national side**) is a team that represents a nation, rather than a particular club or region, in an international sport. National teams, like other sporting teams, are often grouped by sex, age or other criteria. The most prestigious national teams are often the senior men's and women's teams. However, they may not be the most popular or successful.
Mass Effect 2: Arrival

***Mass Effect 2: Arrival*** is an expansion pack for the 2010 game _Mass Effect 2_. It is about Commander Shepard rescuing Amanda Kensington.

## Gameplay

Shepard can attack enemies with their abilities and weapons.

## Reception

The pack had mixed to positive reviews.
Black Palestinians

**Black Palestinians** are black people who live in or have family from Palestine. They are also called **Afro-Palestinians** because many have ancestors from Africa. In history, many black people were forced to go to Palestine as slaves by the Ottoman Empire. Some of them were also enslaved by Palestinian Bedouins. There are also Black Palestinians who came as immigrants from Africa. They had to face discrimination because of their race; one former neighborhood in Gaza with many Black Palestinians was known by an insulting name for slaves. A minority of African Palestinians which number around 350-450 reside in an African enclave (Hai al-Afaarika) around the Bab al-Majlis, the northern gate, contiguous to the Haram al-Sharif, in the Muslim Quarter of Jerusalem, which also contains several micro-communities composed of Indians, Domari Gypsies, Afghans, and Moroccans.

## More websites

- Black, Proud and Palestinian- Interview with Reem Mohamed Amer,
Mass Effect 3: Citadel

***Mass Effect 3: Citadel*** is an expansion pack for the 2012 game _Mass Effect 3_. It is about Commander Shepard having a shore leave with the crew.

## Gameplay

The first half is a series of missions before Shepard starts a party for the crew.

## Reception

The pack was critically acclaimed and considered one of the best Mass Effect expansion packs of all time.
Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled

***Crash Team Racing Nitro-Fueled*** is a racing video game that was published by Activision. It serves as a remaster and remake of _Crash Team Racing_ with additional content from _Crash Nitro Kart_, _Crash Tag Team Racing_ and Spyro characters.

## Other websites

- Crash Bandicoot's Official website

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Beenox
- **publisher**: Activision
- **released**: June 30, 2019
- **modes**: Single-player
- **platforms**: Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One
Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee

***Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee*** is a 2001 platform video game developed by _Oddworld Inhabitants_. It was first released for the Xbox as a launch title and was a flop but got great reviews.

## Gameplay

The player can switch between Abe and Munch for playable characters and can guide Mudokons and Fuzzles to their path.

## Plot

Munch, the last Gabbit has been taken by the Vykkers to be a test subject. He teams up with Abe to help him collect the last can of Gabbiar, the remaining Gabbit eggs.

## Reception

The game was liked but didn't do well.
Mohand Chérif Hannachi

**Mohand Chérif Hannachi** (2 April 1950 – 13 November 2020) was an Algerian footballer. He was the chairman of JS Kabylie from 1993 until his death.

Hannachi died on 13 November 2020 in Algiers at the age of 70.

### As Player

- JS Kabylie
- Algerian League: 1973, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1982, 1983
- Algerian Cup: 1977
- African Cup of Champions Clubs: 1981
- CAF Super Cup: 1982

### As Club President

- JS Kabylie
- African Cup Winners Cup: 1995
- CAF Cup: 2000, 2001 and 2002
- Algerian League: 1995, 2004, 2006, 2008
- Algerian Cup: 1994, 2011

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Mohand Chérif Hannachi
- **fullname**: Mohand Chérif Hannachi
- **birth place**: Tizi Ouzou, Algeria, French Algeria
- **death place**: Algiers, Algeria
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthyears1**: –1969
- **youthclubs1**: JS Kabylie, JS Kawkabi
- **years1**: 1969–1983
- **clubs1**: JS Kabylie, JS Kawkabi / JE Tizi Ouzou
- **nationalyears1**: 1972–1978
- **nationalteam1**: Algeria national football team, Algeria
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
The Smiling Lieutenant

***The Smiling Lieutenant*** is a 1931 American musical comedy movie directed by Ernst Lubitsch and was based on the 1905 novel _Nux, der Prinzgemahl_ by Hans Müller-Einigen and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1932. Actors include Maurice Chevalier, Claudette Colbert, Miriam Hopkins, Charles Ruggles, George Barbier, Hugh O'Connell and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee

***Oddworld: Abe's Oddysee*** is a 1997 platform video game. It was created by _Oddworld Inhabitants_. It was first released for the PlayStation. The game is the first game of the Oddworld series.

## Gameplay

The player can help Mudokons leave slavery from RuptureFa
rms.

## Plot

Abe, a worker for RuptureFarms decided to leave the area and saw a moon with his handprint on it.

## Reception

The game was liked and helped create a sequel.
Star Wars sequel trilogy

The **Star Wars** sequel trilogy is a series of movies released between December 2015 and December 2019. The first and last movies were directed by J. J. Abrams, with Rian Johnson directing the second movie.

## Production

Disney started production of the trilogy once they bought the rights to the Star Wars franchise.

## Reception

The Force Awakens got $2 billion at the box office, with the last two movies getting an additional $1 billion each.
Litoria corbeni

***Litoria corbeni*** is a frog from Australia.  Scientists saw it on the Atherton Tableland and Bellenden-Ker Range in northeastern Queensland.

Scientists say this frog is related to the black-dotted tree frog.
Barthood

"**Barthood**" is the 9th episode of the 27th season of _The Simpsons_. It was first shown on television on December 13, 2015. The episode is a parody of the movie _Boyhood_.

## Infobox (simpsons episode)

- **season**: 27
- **episode**: 9
- **director**: Rob Oliver
- **writer**: Dan Greaney
- **production**: VABF02
- **couch gag**: The couch gag is animation, animated using rotoscoping. Lisa tries telling the Simpson family this.
- **prev**: Paths of Glory (The Simpsons), Paths of Glory
- **next**: The Girl Code
Wachtmeister af Johannishus

**Wachtmeister** is a Swedish noble family that comes from Dagö, Estonia.

## Members

- Ian Wachtmeister (1932–2017), Businessman and politician
- Alice Trolle-Wachtmeister (1926–2017), Chief Court Mistress
Von Düben

**von Düben** <nowiki/>[fɔn dy:ʹbən] is a Swedish noble family that comes from Germany. The family is famous for its musical contributions.

Most of the members of the von Düben family lives in Mexico as of today.

## Notable people

- Gustaf Düben (1628–1690), composer and organist
- Emerentia von Düben (1669–1743), lady-in-waiting, the favourite of Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden
Caribbean poetry

**Caribbean poetry** is a vast and vibrant field of poetry.  It spans the poetry of many countries, including Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominica, Haiti, Trinidad, Jamaica, and Martinique.

Caribbean poets often write poetry in English, French, or Spanish. However, Caribbean poetry is also written in Dutch, Hindustani, or any number of creole languages. Many poets in this region celebrate their hybrid culture writing in a hybrid or creole language.

Popular themes include: exile and return to the homeland, self-determination, migration, love, and liberty.

## Caribbean poets

- Giannina Braschi
- Kamau Brathwaite
- Julia de Burgos
- Aimé Césaire
- Victor Hernández Cruz
- Kwame Dawes
- David Dabydeen
- Edwidge Danticat
- Edouard Glissant
- Lorna Goodison
- José Martí
- Nancy Morejon
- Claudia Rankine
- Derek Walcott

## Related pages

- Caribbean literature
- Latin American poetry
- Puerto Rican poetry
- Latina poetry

## Further reading

_The New Oxford Book of Caribbean Verse_, edited by Stewart Brown and Mark McWatt.

_They Came on Ships: an Anthology of Indo-Guyanese Writing_ by Ian McDonald, Joel Benjamin, and Lakshmi Kallicharan.

_Coolie Odyssey_ by David Dabydeen.
Claudia Rankine

**Claudia Rankine** (born in 1963 in Kingston, Jamaica) is a Jamaican poet and experimental playwright. Her work deals with racism, discrimination, and social justice.

She is the author of _Just Us: An American Conversation,_ _Citizen: An American Lyric_, and _Nothing in Nature is Private_.

## Honors

Rankine has won fellowships from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, the Academy of American Poets, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Lannan Foundation, and the Guggenheim Foundation. In 2013, she was elected as a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets. In 2014 she received a Lannan Literary Award.

## Related pages

- American poetry
- Caribbean poetry
- List of poets from North America
    - List of poets from the United States
Kwame Dawes

**Kwame Dawes** is a poet born in Ghana in 1962.

Dawes was raised in Jamaica. He now lives in Nebraska where he is the editor of _Prairie Schooner._

His poetry relates to the Reggae music. He wrote a book called _Bob Marley: Lyrical Genius_ (2007).

His poetry books include: _Wisteria: Poems From the Swamp Country_ (2006), _Impossible Flying_ (2006), _Back of Mount Peace_ (2009), _Hope’s Hospice_ (2009), _Wheels_ (2011), _Duppy Conqueror: New and Selected Poems_ (2013), and _City of Bones: A Testament_ (2017).

Dawes also reported on  HIV/AIDS in Jamaica and Haiti after the earthquake (2012).

## Related pages

- American poetry
- Caribbean poetry
Omeros

***Omeros*** (1990) is the epic work of poetry by Derek Walcott. This epic poem helped Walcott win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1992. The title refers to the Greek myths about Homer.  The poem refers to characters in the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_. But the poem is set on the Caribbean island of St. Lucia where Walcott was born.

The three-hundred-page epic describes modern Caribbean life. Walcott's heroes are ordinary men and women who live in the modern world.

## Related pages

- Caribbean poetry
- Epic poetry
Mr. Potato Head

**Mr. Potato Head** is an American toy. It is a plastic model of a potato, that can be decorated with several plastic parts that attach to the toy's body. Some examples include ears, eyes, shoes, hats, noses, and a mouth. The toy was invented and designed by George Lerner in 1949 and manufactured and distributed by Hasbro in 1952.

Hasbro Canadian site: https://shop.hasbro.com/en-ca
Dasani

**Dasani** is a bottled water brand created by The Coca-Cola Company. It was launched in the year 1999, the product is filtered tap water with added sodium.
Series 80 (software platform)

**Series 80** (formerly _Crystal_) is a mobile software platform introduced in 2000 that uses Symbian. It was made by Nokia for their enterprise and professional level smartphones. All devices that use it have a screen resolution of 640×200 pixels and a full QWERTY keyboard. The large size of the screens are used to good effect, but software has to be developed specifically for it and the market for it was relatively small.

The last Series 80 device is the Nokia 9300i, announced in 2005 and shipped in 2006. The last Communicator, the Nokia E90 Communicator, released in 2007, uses S60 3rd Edition instead of Series 80.

## Features

- Support for editing popular office documents
- Full QWERTY keyboard
- Integrated mouse for navigation
- SSL/TLS support
- Full web browser based on Opera
- VPN support

## Devices

S80 v1.0:
- June 2001 — Nokia 9210 Communicator
- June 2001 — Nokia 9290 Communicator (American variant of Nokia 9210 Communicator)
- May 2002 — Nokia 9210i Communicator (improved version of Nokia 9210 Communicator)

S80 v2.0:
- February 2005 — Nokia 9500 Communicator
- July 2005 — Nokia 9300 (not branded as "Communicator")
- March 2006 — Nokia 9300i (improved version of Nokia 9300; not branded as "Communicator")

## Games

- Doom port for S80
- SCUMM emulator for S80 (allows you to play games like Monkey Island, etc.)
Wild Company

***Wild Company*** is a 1930 American drama movie directed by Leo McCarey and starring Frank Albertson, Joyce Compton, Sharon Lynn, H. B. Warner, Bela Lugosi, Claire McDowell, Kenneth Thomson.
Homer at the Bat

"**Homer at the Bat**" is the 17th episode of the 3rd season of ***The Simpsons***. It was first shown on television on February 20, 1992.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 17
- **director**: Jim Reardon
- **writer**: John Swartzwelder
- **production**: 8F13
- **prev**: Bart the Lover
- **next**: Separate Vocations
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 3)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Life at the Top

***Life at the Top*** is a 1965 British drama movie directed by Ted Kotcheff and was based on the novel of the same name by John Braine and is the sequel to the 1959 movie _Room at the Top_. It stars Laurence Harvey, Jean Simmons, Nigel Davenport, Honor Blackman, Michael Craig, Robert Morley, Allan Cuthbertson, Harry Fowler, Geoffrey Bayldon, David Oxley, Denis Quilley and was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
Aar Dheel

**Aar Dheel** was the seventeenth _garaad guud_ of the reer darawiish tribe. This means he was the 17th  supreme chieftain of the reer darawiish tribe. Aar dheel was the immediate successor to Diiriye Guure, the 16th Dhulbahante king. Similar to Diiriye Guure, Aar Dheel was not in the line of Dhulbahante succession of hereditary kings. Rather, he was made successor Dhulbahante king after Diiriye Guure because he was a regent and the closest living relative to the royal families. Although the predecessor Dhulbahante chieftain Diiriye Guure was called a Sultan, Aar Dheel went back to being called garaad.
Garad Ali IV

**Garaad Ali IV** was the fifteenth _garaad guud_ of the reer darawiish tribe. This means he was the 15th  supreme chieftain of the reer darawiish tribe. He was the only Somali tribal leader not to have signed a treaty with a colonial power. After his disagreements with the Sayid, Garaad Ali IV was replaced as the Dhulbahante king with Diiriye Guure in 1897. Because of disagreements, the Diiriye Guure the Dervish & Dhulbahante Sultan became garad rather than Garaad Ali IV, and Diiriye Guure afterwards became Dhulbahante Sultan and Darawiish Sultan at the same time.
Loser Love

***Loser Lover*** is a 1999 erotic thriller movie. It was directed by Jean-Marc Vallée.

## Cast

- Laurel Holloman as Lily Delacroix
- Andy Davoli as Tim
- Rachel Robinson as Kilo
- Burt Young as Sydney Delacroix
- Lauren Hutton as Annie Delacroix

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Loser Lover
- **director**: Jean-Marc Vallée
- **released**: 1999
- **runtime**: 82 minutes
- **country**: Canada
- **language**: English
Grande Arche

The **Grande Arche** is a monument that was constructed in La Défense, near Paris, in the 1980s. It is at one end of what is known as axe historique (the other is the Musée du Louvre). It looks like the 3D projection of a tesseract. The Grande Arche was built when François Mitterrand was president. It was opened on 14 July 1989, 200 years after the French Revolution. The Grande Arche houses different offices of the government. There is a terrace at the top, and a space for exhibitions.
Victory Day (9 May)

**Victory Day** in Russia is the anniversary of their Victory in the Great Patriotic War. The Soviet government announced the victory early on 9 May after the signing ceremony in Berlin. Victory Day is one of the most significant holiday in Russia.

## Victory Day Parades

In many countries of the former Soviet Union, large-scale mass events are planned. Victory Day parades are military parades that are held on 9 May. They are mostly celebrated in various post-soviet nations such as Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and until 2015, Ukraine. The first victory day parade was on Red Square. Red Army and a small detachment from the First Polish Army participated in the Parade on 24 June 1945.

## Other websites

- The importance of Victory Day
- Official website of the Organizing Committee for the preparation and holding of the celebration of the 75th anniversary of Victory
- Official site of the Russian Ministry of Defense "Memory of the People"
- The official website of the Russian Ministry of Defense "People's feat"

## Infobox (holiday)

- **holiday name**: Victory Day
- **type**: national
- **image**: Victory Day Parade 2005-36.jpg
- **caption**: Victory Day celebrations in Moscow, 9 May 2005
- **official name**: etc.
- **observedby**: Russia and some former states of Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact; Serbia, Israel
- **duration**: 1 day
- **frequency**: Annual
- **date**: 9 May
- **scheduling**: same day each year
- **relatedto**: Victory in Europe Day
Josette (1938 movie)

***Josette*** is a 1938 American romantic comedy movie directed by Allan Dwan and starring Simone Simon, Don Ameche, Robert Young, Joan Davis, Paul Hurst, Bert Lahr, Lynn Bari, William Demarest, William Collier Sr., Lon Chaney Jr.. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Captain Qwark

**Captain Qwark** is a main character of the _Ratchet & Clank_ franchise. He is an intergalactic superhero who begins as an enemy to Ratchet and Clank in the games _Ratchet & Clank_ and _Ratchet & Clank: Going Commando_. He reformed in _Ratchet & Clank: Up Your Arsenal_ and became a cowardly hero since then.

## Biography

Copernicus Leslie Qwark has been known for being a savior of the Solana Galaxy. He has defeated Dr. Nefarious and other galactic villains. He was hired by Ultimate Supreme Executive Chairman Alonzo Drek to help him build the Deplanetizer, and to destroy Ratchet and Clank. He occasionally works for the Gadgetron company under the alias "Steve".

## Actors

Jim Ward has voiced Qwark since his first appearance.

## Reception

People loved Qwark as a villain in the first two games but didn't like him as a cowardly hero since the third game.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Captain Qwark
- **caption**: Captain Qwark as he appears in _Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction, Tools of Destruction_
- **series**: Ratchet & Clank
- **first**: _Ratchet & Clank (2002 video game), Ratchet & Clank_ (2002)
- **creator**: Insomniac Games
- **voice**: Jim Ward (voice actor), Jim Ward
(2002–2021)
Scott Whyte
(2021–present)
- **full name**: Copernicus Leslie Qwark
- **species**: Unknown humanoid
- **gender**: Male
Proposition Infinity

**"Proposition Infinity"** is the fourth episode of the sixth season of Futurama. It aired on Comedy Central in the USA on July 8, 2010. In the episode Amy Wong and Bender fall in love and begin a bad culturally taboo with the term Robosexual. The title is a parody of Proposition 8. This episode is known for LGBT content. The title is also known is **"Proposition ∞"**. This episode was written by Michael Rowe and directed by Crystal Chesney-Thompson. The theme of the episode revisits the social taboo of robosexual relationships whitch was presented in earlier episodes such as "Space Pilot 3000" and "I Dated a Robot". The opening caption for this one is dictated but not read.

## Plot

Kif Kroker became unhappy that Amy Wong likes dating bad boys. He broke up with her. She started dating and having sex with Bender. The Planet Express crew is unhappy of the two's robosexual relationship. Amy was brought to Mars by her parents and Bender was brought to the Church of Robotology where they try to stop being robosexuals. Bender decides to marry Amy, to Farnsworth's frustration given that robosexual marriage is illegal with the exception of Space Massachusetts. The two decide to create Proposition Infinity to legalize robosexual marriage. Professor Farnsworth opposed the proposition and he and Bender started a debate. Farnsworth remembered dating a scientist named Eunice and saw her sleeping with a robot. He revealed that Eunice was actually a robot named Unit 47. As a result, Farnsworth gave up the debate and robosexual marriage became legal.

## Reception

It is one of Executive producer David X. Cohen's favorite episodes.