juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Emile Francis

**Emile Percival Francis** (September 13, 1926 – February 19, 2022), nicknamed "The Cat", was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender, coach and general manager. He was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan.

## Playing career

In the NHL, Francis played 2 seasons with the Chicago Black Hawks and 22 games for the New York Rangers. He served as a back-up goaltender during his time with the Rangers. He was also the first goaltender to use a first baseman’s glove with a cuff added to protect his hand and wrist while previous goaltenders would were the same padded gloves as their teammates.

He mainly played in the AHL and WHL which he played for a number of different teams including the Vancouver Canucks, Saskatoon Quakers and Seattle Americans. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1960.

After he retired, he became the head coach of the OHA's Guelph Royals and then became the head coach of the New York Rangers from 1965 to 1975. He then became the head coach of the St. Louis Blues 1976 to 77 and in 1982. After coaching, Francis became the General Manager of the New York Rangers from 1964 to 1976, the General Manager of the St. Louis Blues from 1976 to 1983 and the General Manager of the Hartford Whalers from 1983 to 1989. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1982 as a builder.

His son Bobby Francis also played in the NHL for the Detroit Red Wings. He also coached the Phoenix Coyotes from 1999 to 2004.

Francis died on February 19, 2022, at the age of 95.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Emile Francis New York Rangers 1973.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Emile Francis with the New York Rangers, 1973
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 7
- **weight lb**: 155
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
New York Rangers
- **birth place**: North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada
- **career start**: 1943
- **career end**: 1960
- **halloffame**: 1982
Peggy Stewart

**Peggy Stewart** (born **Margaret O'Rourke**; June 5, 1923 – May 29, 2019) was an American movie actress. She starred mostly in B-movies during the 1930s and 1940s. Her sister, Patricia O'Rourke, was an Olympic swimmer and was married to World War II hero and B-movie actor Wayne Morris.

Stewart was born on June 5, 1923 in West Palm Beach, Florida. She was married to Don Barry from 1940 until they divorced in 1944. Then she was married to Buck Young from 1953 until his death 2000. Stewart died on May 29, 2019 at the age of 95.

Stewart appeared in the 2012 Adam Sandler movie _That's My Boy_.

Stewart played Pam Beesly's grandmother, Mee-Maw, in a 2009 episode of _The Office_ and reprised the role in a 2010 episode.

## Other websites

- B-western ladies, Peggy Stewart

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peggy Stewart
- **image**: Peggy Stewart.jpg
- **birth name**: Margaret O'Rourke
- **birth place**: West Palm Beach, Florida, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Santa Clarita, California, Santa Clarita, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1937–2019
- **spouse**: (divorce)
 (his death)
The Last Station

***The Last Station*** is an American 2009 biographical-drama movie about last months of Leo Tolstoy's life. It was directed by Michael Hoffman. It stars Christopher Plummer, Helen Mirren, and Paul Giamatti. It was released to positive reviews on December 23, 2009. It was nominated for many awards.
Beginners

***Beginners*** is a 2010 American romantic-comedy-drama movie directed by Mike Mills and released by Focus Features. It is about the story of Oliver, a man remembering the life and death from cancer of his widowed gay father, Hal, while trying to work a new romantic relationship with a Frenchwoman, Anna.

It stars Christopher Plummer and Ewan McGregor. It was released to positive reviews on June 3, 2011. This movie lead to Plummer's first Academy Award win.
9 (2009 movie)

***#9***, also spelled "***No. 9***", "***No. Nine***", "***Number 9***" or "***Number Nine***" and known as simply ***9*** or ***Nine***, is a 2009 adult animated science fiction movie directed by Shane Acker and produced by Tim Burton. It stars Elijah Wood, John C. Reilly, Jennifer Connelly, Christopher Plummer, Crispin Glover, and Martin Landau. It was released on September 9, 2009 to mixed reviews.
Norman Tindale

**Norman Barnett Tindale** AO (12 October 1900 – 19 November 1993) was an Australian anthropologist, archaeologist and ethnologist. He worked for the South Australian Museum for almost 50 years. He is best known for his work mapping the various cultural groupings of Indigenous Australians.

He was born in Perth, Western Australia. His family moved to Tokyo in 1907, when he was a young boy. Norman was educated at the American School in Japan. The family returned to Perth in 1915, and then moved to Adelaide in 1917. Tindale got a job at the Adelaide Public Library. In January 1919, he got a job at the South Australian Museum as entomologist's assistant to Arthur Mills Lea. He had already published thirty-one papers on entomological, ornithological and anthropological subjects before receiving his Bachelor of Science degree at the University of Adelaide in March 1933.

Tindale began mapping the cultural groupings of Indigenous Australians early in his career. His interest in this began during a research trip to Groote Eylandt in 1921–1922. On the island, an Anindilyakwa man gave Tindale detailed descriptions of which land belonged to his family and which land did not. This led Tindale to question the widely held belief among European Australians at the time, which was that Aboriginal people were nomadic and had no connection to any specific area. Tindale's maps have been superseded by more accurate ones.

After his retirement from the South Australian Museum, Tindale began teaching at the University of Colorado. He lived in the United States until his death, aged 93, in Palo Alto, California.

## Awards

- 1956: Verco Medal of the Royal Society of South Australia
- 1967: Honorary doctorate from the University of Colorado
- 1968: Australian Natural History Society Medallion
- 1980: John Lewis Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia
- 1980: Honorary doctorate from the Australian National University.

Tindale was made an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) in 1994, shortly after his death.

## Other websites

- Norman Tindale website at Australian National University
- Norman Tindale  at the South Australia Museum
    - Tribal Boundaries in Aboriginal Australia , the map of Aboriginal language-group boundaries by Norman Tindale
- Tindale Genealogical Collection  at the State Library of Queensland

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Norman Tindale
- **image**: Tindale.jpg
- **caption**: Tindale holding a child from Monamona Mission in Queensland, 1938
- **birth date**: 12 October 1900
- **birth place**: Perth, Western Australia
- **death place**: Palo Alto, California
- **citizenship**: Australian
- **nationality**: Australian
- **fields**: Anthropology, archaeology, ethnology
- **alma mater**: University of Adelaide
Savoy Hotel

The **Savoy Hotel** is a luxury hotel on the Strand in central London. It was built by impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte with profits from his Gilbert and Sullivan operas, and opened in 1889. It was the first in the Savoy group of hotels and restaurants, which were owned by his family for over a century.

The Savoy was the first luxury hotel in Britain. It had electric lights throughout the building, electric lifts, bathrooms in most of the lavishly furnished rooms, constant hot and cold running water, and many other innovations. D'Oyly Carte hired manager César Ritz and French chef Auguste Escoffier, who established the highest quality in service, entertainment and dining. The hotel attracted royalty and other rich guests and diners. Winston Churchill frequently took his cabinet to lunch at the hotel.

The hotel became Carte's most successful venture. Its bands, Savoy Orpheans and the Savoy Havana Band, became famous, and other entertainers (who were also often guests) included George Gershwin, Frank Sinatra, Lena Horne and Noël Coward. Famous guests have included Edward VII, Enrico Caruso, Charlie Chaplin, Otto Hahn, Harry Truman, Joan Crawford, Judy Garland, Babe Ruth, Laurence Olivier, Marilyn Monroe, John Wayne, Humphrey Bogart, Elizabeth Taylor, Barbra Streisand, Bob Dylan, The Beatles and numerous others.

The hotel is now managed by Fairmont Hotels and Resorts. It has been called "London's most famous hotel". It is still one of London's most prestigious and opulent hotels, with 268 rooms and panoramic views of the River Thames across Savoy Place and the Thames Embankment. The hotel closed in December 2007 for extensive renovations and reopened in October 2010.

## Infobox (hotel)

- **hotel name**: The Savoy
- **image**: Savoy Hotel, London.jpg
- **caption**: The Savoy hotel's front entrance
- **address**: Strand, London, United Kingdom, WC2R 0EZ
- **pushpin map**: United Kingdom Central London
- **opened date**: 1889
- **architect**: Thomas Edward Collcutt
- **owner**: 50%: Kingdom Holding Company, Kingdom Holding
 50%: FRHI Hotels & Resorts, FRHI and Katara Hospitality, Katara
- **operator**: Fairmont Hotels and Resorts, Fairmont Hotels
- **number of rooms**: 267 (including suites)
- **number of restaurants**: 7 (including bars)
- **website**: [https://thesavoyhotelinlondon.com/ www.thesavoyhotelinlondon.com]
Dorothy Kilner

**Dorothy Kilner** (17 February 1755 – 5 February 1836) was an English writer of children's books during the late 18th century.

Dorothy published her first books anonymously. She then published under the pseudonyms **M. P.** and **Mary Pelham**. This was common practice among female authors in that period.

Dorothy's most famous book was _The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse_. This was published in 1784. Some other books of hers are _Anecdotes of a Boarding School, or an antidote to the vices of those Establishments_ (1790), _Little Stories for Little Folks_ (about 1785), and _The Village School_ (1795). Most of her stories had moral lessons.

## Life

Dorothy was probably born in Woodford, which was part of Essex at the time. Her father was Thomas Kilner (1719–1804), a public servant and landowner. Her mother was Frances Kilner (née Ayscough; 1718–1768). Dorothy was the youngest of five children. The family lived in Maryland Point.

Dorothy was inspired to write through her friendship with Mary Ann Maze (Mary Ann Kilner, 1753–1831). The two became friends when they were children. They wrote many letters to each other on religious and personal matters. The letters were usually written in verse. Maze later married Dorothy's brother, Thomas Kilner (1750–1812) in 1774. Dorothy moved into their house in Spitalfields, and helped to raise their five children.

Both Dorothy and Mary Ann became writers, and wrote many books for children. Their books were published by John Marshall. Copies of their books were found long after their deaths in a trunk in their home in Maryland Point. Several titles continued to be reprinted for many years.

## References

- Life and Perambulation of a Mouse

## Other websites

- Complete text of _The Life and Perambulation of a Mouse_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Dorothy Kilner
- **image**: Dorothy Kilner 1755 - 1836.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth date**: 17 February 1755
- **birth place**: England
- **occupation**: Writer
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **subject**: education
- **movement**: Children's literature
Jessica Barth

**Jessica Barth** is an American writer and actress. Jessica Barth studied acting and creative writing at the West Chester University.

## Career

Jessica Barth started working at three different restaurants in Los Angeles, California. She began her acting career with theater plays. She later began a professional acting career with her appearances in films and television series. Jessica Barth earned worldwide recognition with her first bigger appearance in _Ted_ as Tami-Lynn, the main character's love interest.

### Films

- _Neo Ned_ (2005)
- _Next_ (2007)
- _Mr. Blue Sky_ (2007)
- _Get Smart_ (2008)
- _The Waterhole_ (2009)
- _Ted_ (2012)
- _Ted 2_ (2015)

### Television

- _The District_
- _The Catch_ (2005)
- _One on One_
- _South of Nowhere_
- _How I Met Your Mother_
- _Family Guy_ (Voice)
- _Days of Our Lives_
- _CSI: Crime Scene Investigation_
- _Cougar Town_
- _Parks and Recreation_

## Other websites

- Jessica Barth on Instagram

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jessica Barth
- **image**: Jessica Barth poolside.jpg
- **alt**: Jessica Barth
- **caption**: Jessica Barth (2015)
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **education**: West Chester University (Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: Early 2000s–present
- **website**: [http://fifteenminutesuntilfame.wordpress.com/ Official website]
Giovanni Ribisi

**Antonino Giovanni Ribisi** (; born December 17, 1974) is an American actor. He is best known for his starring roles in the television series _Sneaky Pete_ and the movies _Avatar_ (2009), _Lost in Translation_ (2003), _Ted_ (2012) and its sequel _Ted 2_ (2015), _Contraband_ (2012), _Gardener of Eden_ (2007), _Selma_ (2014) and _A Million Ways to Die in the West_ (2014). He also had roles in television series such as _The Wonder Years_, _My Name Is Earl_ and _Friends_.

Ribisi is a Scientologist.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Giovanni Ribisi
- **image**: GiovanniRibisiDec09.jpg
- **caption**: Ribisi in December 2009
- **birth name**: Antonino Giovanni Ribisi
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **other names**: Vonni Ribisi
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **children**: 3
- **relatives**: Marissa Ribisi (twin sister)
Lawrence Kohlberg

**Lawrence Kohlberg** (25 October 1927 – 19 January 1987) was an American psychologist. Today, he is mostly known for his theory, that the development of a sense of what is morally right or wrong occurs in different stages. There are three main stages, which are subdivided:
- (Pre-Conventional)
    1. Avoiding punishment
    1. Self-interest orientation
- (Conventional)
    1. Interpersonal accord and conformity  / Social norms
    1. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation
- (Post-Conventional)
    1. Social contract orientation
    1. Universal ethical principles
Ventriloquism

**Ventriloquism** is a form of stage theater in which a person changes his or her voice so that it sounds like the voice is coming from somewhere else (usually a puppet or a dummy). A **ventriloquist** is one who performs this art.

## Origins

Originally, it was practiced in religion. Now, it is used in comedy.

## History of modern-day ventriloquism

Today's modern ventriloquism started in nightclubs.

## Notable ventriloquists

- Jeff Dunham
Psychrolutes marcidus

The **blobfish** (_Psychrolutes marcidus_) is three species of a fish of the family Psychrolutidae. They live in deep waters off the coasts of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.

Blobfish are typically shorter than 30 cm. They live at depths between  where the pressure is several dozen times higher than at sea level.

Blobfish are often caught accidentally in bottom trawling nets. Scientists now fear the blobfish could become an endangered species because of deep-ocean trawling.

As often happens with common names, there is another fish which may also be called "blobfish". It is Macquarie blobfish, a species of _Ebinania_.
Chac

**Chac** (also spelled **Chaac**) is the rain god of the Maya. He has a lightning axe. He uses it to hit the clouds and make thunder and rain.
Shelby Foote

**Shelby Dade Foote, Jr.** (November 17, 1916 – June 27, 2005) was an American historian and writer. He was an important person for Civil War documentaries. He wrote many books about the war and Abraham Lincoln. His most famous book about the war was _The Civil War: A Narrative_.  Foote was born on in Greenville, Mississippi and died in Memphis, Tennessee.

## Early life

Shelby Dade Foote, Jr. studied at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Foote is of Jewish descent, but he was raised as an Episcopalian.

## Career

Foote began writing a three volume, 3000-page history, together called _The Civil War: A Narrative_. The separate volumes are _Fort Sumter to Perryville_ (1958), _Fredericksburg to Meridian_ (1963), and _Red River to Appomattox_ (1974).

When _The Civil War_ by Ken Burns was first broadcast, his telephone number was publicly listed. and He received many phone calls from people who had seen him on television. Foote never unlisted his number, and the volume of calls increased each time the series re-aired.

## Personal life

He was married to Tess Lavery from 1944 until they divorced in 1946. Then he was married to Marguerite "Peggy" Desommes from 1948 until they divorced in 1952. They had one child. Then he was married to Gwyn Rainer from 1956 until his death in 2005. They had one child.

## Death

Foote died on June 27, 2005 at a hospital in Memphis, Tennessee from heart failure caused by a heart attack and pulmonary embolism. He was 88 years old. Foote is buried at Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis, Tennessee.

## Other websites

- Shelby Foote Grave
- Shelby Foote Papers Inventory, in the Southern Historical Collection, UNC-Chapel Hill
- _Write TV_ Public Television Interview with Shelby Foote
- PBS Civil War
- American Enterprise interview with Bill Kauffman
- "Shelby Foote's War Story: How a Memphis novelist’s history of the Civil War made history itself" from _Garden & Gun_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Shelby Foote
- **birth name**: Shelby Dade Foote, Jr.
- **birth place**: Greenville, Mississippi, Greenville, Mississippi, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Memphis, Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: novelist, historian
- **genre**: Non-fiction, documentaries
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- **notableworks**: _The Civil War: A Narrative_
- **spouse**: Tess Lavery (1944-1946)
Marguerite "Peggy" Desommes (1948-1952; 1 child)
Gwyn Rainer (1956-2005; 1 child)
Ken Burns

**Kenneth Lauren Burns**  (born July 29, 1953) is an American director and producer of documentary movies. He is known for his style of using archive footage and photographs. Burns is also a historian and writer.

His most widely known documentaries include _The Civil War_ (1990), _Baseball_ (1994), _Jazz_ (2001), _The War_ (2007), _The National Parks: America's Best Idea_ (2009), _Prohibition_ (2011) and _The Central Park Five_ (2012). His movies have been nominated for two Academy Awards, and have won Emmy Awards, among other honors.

Burns was born on July 29, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York City, New York  His ancestors owned slaves, and one was a Confederate soldier. He is also related to one of his heroes, Abraham Lincoln.  He studied at Hampshire College. Burns was married to Amy Stechler from 1982 until they divorced in 1993. He married Julie Deborah Brown in 2003, and  in 2017 they were still married.  Burns said that he is influenced by Shelby Foote and Errol Morris.

## Other websites

- Florentine Films—Ken Burns's production company
- Ken Burns on PBS
- Ken Burns bibliography
- Ken Burns at Library of Congress Authorities — with 54 catalog records

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: 2025 - Ken Burns (cropped).jpg
- **name**: Ken Burns
- **caption**: Burns in 2025
- **birth name**: Kenneth Lauren Burns
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **spouse**:

- **alma mater**: Hampshire College
- **years active**: 1981–present
Bruce Hubbard

**Bruce Hubbard** (1952–1991) was an American operatic baritone singer. He is known for appearing in several productions of _Show Boat_ and _Porgy and Bess_.

Hubbard was born in Indianapolis, Indiana in 1951.
Tadeusz Mazowiecki

**Tadeusz Mazowiecki** (18 April 1927 – 28 October 2013) was a Polish author, journalist, philanthropist and Christian-democratic politician. Mazowiecki was the first Prime Minister of Poland. His term began in 1989 and ended in 1991.

## Early life

Mazowiecki was born on 18 April 1927 in Płock, Second Republic of Poland. He was married two times (became a widower twice). He had three children, Wojciech, Adam, and Michal.

## Career

He was formerly one of the leaders of the Solidarity movement. Mazowiecki was the first non-communist prime minister in the Eastern Bloc after World War II. He became Prime Minister on 24 August 1989. His term lasted for nearly 2 years when he left office on 12 January 1991.

In 2003, he was elected to the board of directors of the International Criminal Court's Trust Fund for Victims.

## Awards

Mazowiecki received numerous awards. An honorary degree from the universities in: Leuven, Genoa, Giessen, Poitiers, Exeter, Warsaw University and University of Economics in Katowice.

He also received the Order of White Eagle (1995), Golden Order of Bosnia (1996), Légion d'honneur (1997), Srebrnica Award (2005), the Giant award (1995) awarded by _Gazeta Wyborcza_ (_Election Gazette_) in Poznań and Jan Nowak-Jezioranski Award (2004).

## Death

Mazowiecki died on 28 October 2013 in Warsaw, Poland from complications from a fever caused by pneumonia. He was 86 years old.

## Other websites

- Periodic Reports on the situation in Bosnia

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Tadeusz Mazowiecki
- **image**: Tadeusz Mazowiecki - Europeana 1989 - TV Interview.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland, 1st Prime Minister of Poland
- **term start**: 24 August 1989
- **term end**: 12 January 1991
- **deputy**: Leszek Balcerowicz
Czesław Janicki
Jan Janowski
Czesław Kiszczak
- **president**: Wojciech Jaruzelski
 Lech Wałęsa
- **predecessor**: Czesław Kiszczak
- **successor**: Jan Krzysztof Bielecki
- **order2**: Freedom Union (Poland), Chairman of the Freedom Union
- **term start2**: 1994
- **term end2**: 1995
- **predecessor2**: (_Party formed_)
- **successor2**: Leszek Balcerowicz
- **order3**: Democratic Union (Poland), Chairman of the Democratic Union
- **term start3**: 1991
- **term end3**: 1994
- **predecessor3**: (_Party formed_)
- **successor3**: (_became a chairman of the Freedom Union_)
- **order4**: Member of Sejm of the People's Republic of Poland
- **term start4**: 1961
- **term end4**: 1972
- **order5**: Member of Sejm of the Republic of Poland
- **term start5**: 1991
- **term end5**: 2001
- **constituency5**: Poznań (1991–97)
Kraków (1997–2001)
- **birth place**: Płock, Second Republic of Poland
- **death place**: Warsaw, Poland
- **party**: PAX Association (1949–55)
Znak (association), Znak (1961–72)
Solidarity Citizens' Committee, Solidarity (1980–91)
Democratic Union (Poland), Democratic Union (1991–94)
Freedom Union (Poland), Freedom Union (1994–2005)
Democratic Party – demokraci.pl (2005–06)
- **spouse**: Krystyna
Ewa
- **children**: Wojciech, Adam, Michal
- **profession**: Author, journalist, social worker
Heat lightning

**Heat lightning** is the name for lightning from thunderstorms that are far away that is not followed by thunder. This happens because the lightning is far away and the sound of the thunder stops before it reaches the person watching the thunderstorm. Although it is named heat lightning, it does not have anything to do with the heat of the lightning itself. At night, lightning can be seen from up to  away, but the thunder usually does not go farther than  miles.

Heat lightning is often seen during the summer months. In Florida, heat lightning can often been seen over the water at night from thunderstorms that formed during the day.

## Other websites

- The Weather Doctor: Weather Whys
- Heat Lightning Facts
Stansfield Turner

**Stansfield M. Turner** (December 1, 1923 – January 18, 2018) was a United States Navy admiral and former Director of Central Intelligence and President of the Naval War College. He was a senior research scholar at the University of Maryland, College Park School of Public Policy.

Turner was born on December 1, 1923 in Highland Park, Illinois. He studied at Amherst College, at the United States Naval Academy, and at Exeter College, Oxford. He was a Christian Scientist. Turner died in Seattle, Washington on January 18, 2018 at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Prepared Statement before Congress on MKULTRA
- Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 1
- Testimony before Congress on MKULTRA, Part 2
- Interview on the Iranian Arms Scandal from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Stansfield Turner
- **image**: Admiral Stansfield Turner, official Navy photo, 1983.JPEGborder
- **office**: 12th Director of Central Intelligence
- **president**: Jimmy Carter
- **deputy**: E. Henry Knoche
John Francis Blake, John F. Blake
Frank Carlucci
- **term start**: March 9, 1977
- **term end**: January 20, 1981
- **predecessor**: George H. W. Bush
- **successor**: William J. Casey
- **office1**: 37th President of the Naval War College
- **term start1**: June 30, 1972
- **term end1**: August 9, 1974
- **predecessor1**: Benedict J. Semmes Jr.
- **successor1**: Julien J. LeBourgeois, Julien LeBourgeois
- **death place**: Seattle, Washington (state), Washington, United States, U.S.
- **resting place**: United States Naval Academy Cemetery
- **education**: Amherst College
United States Naval Academy
Exeter College, Oxford
- **serviceyears**: 1946–1978
- **rank**: Admiral (United States), Admiral
- **commands**: USS Conquest (AM-488), USS _Conquest_
USS Rowan (DD-782), USS _Rowan_

United States Second Fleet, U.S. Second Fleet

- **battles**: Korean War
Vietnam War
Bronisław Geremek

Professor **Bronisław Geremek** (**Benjamin Lewertow**; March 6, 1932 - July 13, 2008) was a Polish social historian and politician. Geremek served as Poland's Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1997 through 2000.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1990.

Geremek was born on March 6, 1932 in Warsaw, Poland. He studied at Warsaw University. Geremek was married to Hanna Geremek until his death in 2008.

Geremek died on July 13, 2008 after a car crash in Lubień, Poland. The cause of the crash was because Geremek fell asleep behind the wheel. He was 76 years old. A state funeral was granted for Geremek.

## Other websites

- On the Side of Geremek Adam Michnik eulogizes Geremek in _The New York Review of Books_
- Bronislaw Geremek's  opinion editorial commentaries for Project Syndicate

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bronisław Geremek
- **image**: 2004.05.09. Bronislaw Geremek 02.jpg
- **caption**: Bronisław Geremek in May 2004.
- **order**: Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland
<small>5th Third Polish Republic, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Third Republic of Poland</small>
- **term start**: October 31, 1997
- **term end**: June 30, 2000
- **president**: Aleksander Kwaśniewski
- **primeminister**: Jerzy Buzek
- **predecessor**: Dariusz Rosati
- **successor**: Władysław Bartoszewski
- **order2**: Freedom Union (Poland), Chairman of the Freedom Union
- **term start2**: December 18, 2000
- **term end2**: October 14, 2001
- **predecessor2**: Leszek Balcerowicz
- **successor2**: Władysław Frasyniuk
- **birth place**: Warsaw, Poland
- **death place**: Lubień, Greater Poland Voivodeship, Lubień, Poland
- **party**: Freedom Union (Poland), Freedom Union, Partia Demokratyczna – demokraci.pl.  (Democratic Party)
- **spouse**: Hanna Geremek
- **profession**: Historian
Philip Baker Hall

**Philip Baker Hall** (September 10, 1931 – June 12, 2022) was an American actor. He starred in Paul Thomas Anderson's movies, _Hard Eight_, _Boogie Nights_ and _Magnolia_. Other movies included _Air Force One_, _The Truman Show_, _Bruce Almighty_, _Rush Hour_ and _The Amityville Horror_.

Hall was born in Toledo, Ohio. He studied at the University of Toledo. He was married three times, but two ended in divorce. Hall had four children. Hall died on June 12, 2022 of emphysema at his home in Glendale, California at the age of 90.
Dry thunderstorm

A **dry thunderstorm** is a type of thunderstorm where there is lightning and thunder, but most or all of the precipitation does not reach the ground. They usually happen in deserts or areas with low water vapor. Because dry air usually absorbs liquid water, the rain is absorbed before it reaches the ground. They happen a lot during the summer months in western North America.

Dry thunderstorms are dangerous because they can cause dust storms and wildfires. Dust storms can happen because the dry soil and sand are picked up by strong winds. Wildfires can happen because the lightning can hit trees and there is no rain to put out the fires.
Menu

A **menu** is a list of dishes to be served at a meal. Menus have been around in Europe since the 18th century. There is a special need for them in Chinese cuisine because of the wide range of dishes on offer. Menus have been discovered from the Song Dynasty in China. In the larger cities of the time, the variety of cuisine from different regions led caterers to create a list for their patrons.

In restaurants, the modern menu, with dishes in a set order of courses, was invented by the great French chef Escoffier. Usually there are two types of menu at a good restaurant:

- _table d'hôte_: a set menu at a fixed price (_prix fixée_).
- _à la carte_: a wider choice of items, each with its own price.

Lesser establishments might offer a chalkboard, with the advantage that items can be rubbed out or added on at short notice. Fish restaurants in particular depend on daily catches being supplied or bought in the early morning. They usually list fish freshly bought (as opposed to frozen).

In American restaurant management, "menu engineering" has become a branch of marketing.
Cinderella Castle

**Cinderella Castle** (or **Cinderella Palace**) is the fairy tale castle at the center of two Disney theme parks: the Magic Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort, and Tokyo Disneyland at the Tokyo Disney Resort. Both castles are recognized all over the world. They are the main attraction for each of the theme parks.

## Infobox (attraction)

- **name**: Cinderella Castle
- **image**: Cinderella Castle.jpg
- **imagedimensions**: 250px
- **caption**: Cinderella Castle at Magic Kingdom
- **location**: Magic Kingdom
- **section**: Fantasyland
- **status**: Open
- **opened**: October 1, 1971
- **location2**: Tokyo Disneyland
- **section2**: Fantasyland
- **status2**: Open
- **cost2**: -
- **opened2**: April 15, 1983
- **manufacturer**: The Walt Disney Company
- **designer**: Walt Disney Imagineering
- **theme**: Cinderella (Disney character), Cinderella
Clay Aiken

**Clay Aiken** (born November 30, 1978) is an American singer-songwriter, author and activist.

Aiken was born and raised in Raleigh, North Carolina. He was a contestant on the second season of _American Idol_ in 2003. He is openly gay.

In 2014, Aiken announced his intentions to run for congress in North Carolina's 2nd congressional district against Republican incumbent Renee Ellmers. He officially filed to run on February 27, 2014.

### Studio albums

- _Measure of a Man_ (2003)
- _Merry Christmas with Love_ (2004)
- _A Thousand Different Ways_ (2006)
- _On My Way Here_ (2008)
- _Tried and True_ (2010)
- _Steadfast_ (2012)

### EPs

- _All Is Well_ (2006)

### Compilations

- _The Very Best of Clay Aiken_ (2009)
- _A Thousand Different Ways/Measure of a Man_ (2010)

### DVDs

- _A Clay Aiken Christmas_ (2004)
- _Tried and True Live_ (2010)

## Related pages

- List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Clay Aiken
- **image**: file:Clay_Aiken_Merrillville_05-08-23.jpg
- **caption**: Clay Aiken performing in Merrillville, Indiana, in 2005
- **birth name**: Clayton Holmes Grissom
- **birth place**: Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.
- **years active**: 2003–present
- **signature**: Clay Aiken signature.png
Tokyo Disneyland

is a theme park at the Tokyo Disney Resort in Urayasu, Chiba, near Tokyo. It is  large.
Tokyo Disney Resort is one of five Disney Resorts in the world. It is one of the most famous theme parks in Japan. Maihama Station is the nearest station. There are many kinds of tickets for visitors to choose from. The "After 6 passport" for admission after 6 p.m. is popular with high-school students and couples.
Tokyo DisneySea is nearby.

## Parks

Tokyo Disneyland is divided into seven theme parks.
- World Bazaar
- Adventureland
- Westernland
- Critter Country
- Fantasyland
- Toontown
- Tomorrowland

## Characters

- Main characters
- Mickey Mouse
- Minnie Mouse
- Donald Duck
- Goofy
- Pluto
They are called the "FAB 5". They always appear on stages and parades. They are mostly found at Toontown. Other characters at Toontown are Chip 'n Dale and Daisy Duck.

At Fantasyland, there are Winnie the Pooh, Peter Pan, Snow White, Cinderella, Pinocchio, Dumbo, Alice, and Jack Skellington from _The Nightmare Before Christmas_.

At Tomorrowland, there is Buzz Lightyear and the monsters from _Monsters, Inc._. There is also the Aristocats and Lilo & Stitch.

## Attractions

- Star Tours
- Haunted Mansion
- Big Thunder Mountain
- Space Mountain
- Splash Mountain

## Infobox (amusement park)

- **image**:
- **caption**: Cinderella Castle is the icon of Tokyo Disneyland
- **name**: Tokyo Disneyland
- **opening date**: April 15, 1983
- **resort**: Tokyo Disney Resort
- **location**: Urayasu, Chiba
- **location2**: Chiba Prefecture
- **location3**: Japan
- **theme**: Magic Kingdom
- **homepage**: [http://www.tokyodisneyresort.co.jp Tokyo Disney Resort Homepage]
- **operator**: The Oriental Land Company
Virga

In meteorology, **virga** is precipitation that falls from a cloud but evaporates or sublimes before reaching the ground. It is seen a lot in deserts and temperate climates. These areas have low humidity and high temperatures which cause the rain to evaporate before reaching the ground. In North America, it is seen a lot in the Western United States and the Canadian Prairies. It is also seen a lot in the Middle East and North Africa.

## Other websites

- National Science Digital Library - Virga
- "Viewing the Vagaries and Verities of Virga" Alistair B. Fraser and Craig F. Bohren, Department of Meteorology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 2 November 1992 and 25 January 1993.
Snow angel

A **snow angel** is a design made in snow that looks like an angel. It is made by lying on one's back and moving one's arms up and down, and one's legs from side to side, to make the shape of an angel. Snow angels are often made by children.
Menrva

**Menrva** is the Etruscan goddess of war, art, wisdom and health. She was often associated with the Greek goddess Athena. She was the precursor of the Roman Minerva.
Koreans in Japan

**Koreans** are one of the largest ethnic minority groups in Japan. Many Koreans immigrated from the 1920s to the 1950s.

## Other websites

- Han
Commission

**Commission** or **commissioning** may refer to:

## Business and contracting

- Commission (remuneration), a form of payment to an agent for services rendered
    - Commission (art), the purchase or the creation of a piece of art most often on behalf of another
- A contract for performance or creation of a specific work
- Commissioning, a process or service provided to validate the completeness and accuracy of a project or venture:
    - Building commissioning, a quality assurance process during and following building construction
    - Project commissioning, a process of assuring that all components of a facility are designed, installed, tested, operated, and maintained according to the requirements of the owner or client

### Civil

- A government agency, regulatory agency or statutory authority which operates under the authority of a board of commissioners, including:
    - Independent agencies of the United States government
- An executive branch of government, often with characteristics of other branches of government:
    - Town commissioners, elected local government bodies established in urban areas in Ireland in the 19th century
    - City Commission, a form of local government (common in the United States)
    - The European Commission, a body incorporating features of an executive branch of government and a civil service
- Presidential Commission (United States), a type of high level research group
- Royal Commission, a form of public inquiry
- Commissioning, the process of identifying an area's need for public services and then designing and securing the services to meet the need
    - Clinical commissioning groups, 135 NHS organisations in England responsible for commissioning healthcare
    - Commissioning support units, which provide regional support for Clinical commissioning groups

### Military

- Commission (document), a document given to commissioned officers
    - Commissioned officer, who derives authority directly from a sovereign power; contrast with warrant officer and non-commissioned officer
    - Purchase of commissions in the British Army
- Ship commissioning, placing a warship in active military duty

## Other uses

- Great Commission, a tenet of Christian theology given by Jesus to spread his teachings
- The Commission (American Mafia), the governing body of the mafia in the United States
- Commissioned (gospel group)
- Commission of a crime, in law

## Related pages

- Commissioner
- Decommission (disambiguation)
- The Commission (disambiguation)
- Letters patent, an open letter issued by a government granting an office or other status to someone or some entity
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela

**Winnie Madikizela–Mandela** (born **Nomzamo Winfreda Zanyiwe Madikizela**; 26 September 1936 – 2 April 2018) was a South African politician. She held several government positions and headed the African National Congress Women's League. She was a member of the ANC's National Executive Committee. Madikizela-Mandela was married to President of South Africa Nelson Mandela.

Madikizela-Mandela was born on 26 September 1936 in Bizana, Pondoland, Transkei, South Africa. She studied at the University of South Africa. She was married to Nelson Mandela from 1958 until they divorced in 1996. They had two children. Madikizela-Mandela died of complications from diabetes on 2 April 2018 in Johannesburg at the age of 81.

## Other websites

- Winnie Mandela Trailer HD Video
- "Fall of Winnie Mandela Began Nearly 2 Years Ago; Erratic Behavior Preceded Recent Violence" , Washington Post, 18 February 1989

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Winnie Mandela
- **image**: Winnie Mandela.jpg
- **order**: Parliament of South Africa, Member of the South-African Parliament
- **term start**: 9 May 2009
- **term end**: 2 April 2018
- **order2**: 1st First Lady of South Africa
- **term start2**: 10 May 1994
- **term end2**: 20 March 1996
- **predecessor2**: Marike de Klerk
- **successor2**: Graça Machel
- **order3**: Deputy Minister of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology
- **term start3**: 1994
- **term end3**: 1996
- **predecessor3**: _none (position established)_
- **successor3**: Pallo Jordan (Arts and Culture), Derek Hanekom (Science and Technology)
- **birth name**: Nomzamo Winfreda Zanyiwe Madikizela
- **birth place**: Bizana, South Africa, Bizana, Pondoland, Transkei, Union of South Africa, South Africa
- **death place**: Johannesburg, South Africa
- **spouse**: Nelson Mandela (1958–1996; divorced; 2 children)
- **children**: Zenani (b. 1959)
 Zindziwa (b. 1960)
- **profession**: Social worker, politician
- **alma mater**: University of South Africa
Harry Frederick Oppenheimer

**Harry Frederick Oppenheimer** (28 October 1908 – 19 August 2000) was a famous South African businessman of Jewish descent. Oppenheimer was the chairman of Anglo American Corporation for a quarter of a century. He was also the chairman of De Beers Consolidated Mines for 27 years until he retired from those positions in 1982 and 1984. He was close friends with President of South Africa Nelson Mandela.

Oppenheimer was born in Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa. He studied at Charterhouse School and at Christ Church, Oxford University. Oppenheimer was raised in Johannesburg.

The Harry Oppenheimer Fellowship Award Africa's premier research prize, is awarded every year by the Oppenheimer Memorial Trust, in memory of Harry Oppenheimer's commitment to an ideal of "unambiguous excellence."

Oppenheimer was married to Bridget Oppenheimer until his death in 2000. They had two children. Bridget died in October 2013.

Oppenheimer died in Johannesburg, South Africa from cancer, aged 92.

## Other websites

- Hart, R. 2010. Mr H.F. Oppenheimer receives the Freedom of the City of Kimberley. _Now and Then: Newsletter of the Historical Society of Kimberley and the Northern Cape_ 18(3):1-2
Shock site

A shock site is a website that intends to be offensive and shock people containing hate speech that presents material with a high shock value and is intended to be harmful, unpleasant, and disturbing to its visitors, containing very strong, tasteless, or crude material, and is generally pornographic, scatological, extremely violent, insulting, painful, obscene, surreal, or otherwise provocative in nature.[1] Some shock sites display a simple image, animation, or video clip, or a small gallery, and are often transmitted in email chains or disguised in discussion site posts as hoaxes intended to lure followers to the main links of these sites—a kind of bait-and-switch, where the user is tricked with a mild, deceptively attractive advertisement that actually hides a link to a shock site. Many shock sites are simply websites that openly display shocking material such as disturbing pornography, repulsive fetishism, and so on.

## Common shock sites

- Goatse (shock site in 1997)
- Meatspin (shock site from March 10, 2005)
- Tubgirl
- Lemon Party (image from October 3, 2002)
- 2 Girls 1 Cup (A Brazilian film released on January 5 but it's a shock video from August 12, 2007)
- Mr. Hands (actual case occurred on Enumclaw, Washington on July 2, 2005)
- 2 Kids 1 Sandbox
- 2 Girls 1 Finger
- 3 Guys 1 Hammer (actual case occurred on Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine from June 25 to July 16, 2007)
- 2 Guys 1 Hole
- 2 Girls 1 Cracker
- 8 Girls No Cup
- Sourmath
- Waifu Basics
- Worm Gush
- Pain Olympics
- 1 Guy 1 Screwdriver
- 1 Man 2 Needles
- 1 Lunatic 1 Icepick (actual case occurred on Montreal, Quebec, Canada on May 25, 2012)
- Face Split Diving Accident (Incident occurred on June 2009)
- LOLShock (Full of shock sites created in 2008, closed down in 2022)
- 2 Guys 1 Horse
- Jar Squatter (1 Man 1 Jar)
- Deadhouse.org
- Mrs. Hands (Lost media)
- Rotten (The first shock site created in 1996, But it was closed down on 2012 or 2021)
- the gauntlet (a collection of shock videos played in order from least hard to watch to most)
Armillaria gallica

***Armillaria gallica*** (or _A. bulbosa_ or _A. lutea_) is a species of honey mushroom in the order Agaricales.

The species is common and ecologically important. It decays wood. It can live as a saprophyte, or as an opportunistic parasite. In weakened trees it causes root rot.

It is found in temperate regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The species forms the above-ground fruiting bodies "(mushrooms") in soil or rotting wood. The fungus has been accidentally introduced to South Africa.

_Armillaria gallica_ is a largely underground fungus. The fungus develops underground root-like structures, called rhizomorphs. These help it to decompose dead wood in temperate broadleaf and mixed forests. Its ability to bioluminesce and to form large and long-lived colonies are especially interesting.

## Humongous fungus

_Armillaria gallica_ was found in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan in the early 1990s. In one forest, _Armillaria_-infected oak trees were harvested, and their stumps left to rot in the field. Later, when red pines were planted in the same location, the seedlings were killed by the fungus.

Using sequence analysis, the underground mycelia of one individual fungal colony covered , weighing over , with an estimated age of 1,500 years.

The authors noted: "This is the first report estimating the minimum size, mass, and age of an unambiguously defined fungal individual. Although the number of observations for plants and animals is much greater, members of the fungal kingdom should now be recognized as among the oldest and largest organisms on Earth".

After the _Nature_ paper was published, media outlets from around the world visited the site where the specimens were found. As a result of this publicity, the individual acquired the common name "humongous fungus". There was afterward some scholarly debate as to whether the fungus qualified to be considered in the same category as other large organisms such as the blue whale or the giant redwood.
Affirmative action

**Affirmative action** (known as **positive discrimination** in the United Kingdom) is a policy where members of minority groups are given preference over members of more common or bigger groups. This is usually done to try to obtain some equality or balance. Positive discrimination is illegal in many countries, and is sometimes considered racial profiling.

It is most often found in education, employment and welfare.
Robinson Crusoe

***Robinson Crusoe*** is a novel written by Daniel Defoe. It was first published on 25 April 1719 by William Taylor.

The novel's full title is _The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, Of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the Coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates_.

The book is a fictional autobiography of the title character, Robinson Crusoe. Crusoe leaves the safety of his comfortable middle-class home in England and goes to sea. He is shipwrecked and becomes a castaway who spends years on a remote tropical island near Trinidad. He meets cannibals, captives and mutineers, and is eventually rescued.

For the first edition, Defoe pretended that the novel was a true story. He said the fictional protagonist Robinson Crusoe was the author and he pretended to be the editor of Crusoe's autobiography. This led many readers to believe that Crusoe was a real person and the book a true account of his life.

Many people think the story was influenced by the life of Alexander Selkirk. Selkirk was a Scottish castaway who lived for over four years on a Pacific island belonging to Chile called Más a Tierra. (In 1966, the island was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island.) However, there are other possible sources. For example, Ibn Tufail's earlier novel _Hayy ibn Yaqdhan_, also set on a desert island, may have inspired Defoe.

Critical response to _Robinson Crusoe_ has been diverse and argumentative. There has been widespread disagreement about the novel's nature and origin, values, structure, and meaning. Literary historians have not agreed on Defoe's sincerity, exact intentions, and achievement in the book.

_Robinson Crusoe_ was very popular as soon as it was published. Before the end of 1719, it had already run through four editions. The novel's popularity has continued and it has become one of the most widely published books in history. It has prompted many imitations and adaptations for stage, film, and television.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Robinson Crusoe
- **image**: Robinson Crusoe 1719 1st edition.jpg
- **caption**: Title page from the first edition
- **author**: Daniel Defoe
- **illustrator**: Single engraving by John Clark and John Pine after design by unknown artist
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **genre**: adventure, historical fiction
- **publisher**: W. Taylor
- **followed by**: :en:The_Farther_Adventures_of_Robinson_Crusoe, The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe