juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Capitol Records

**Capitol Records** is an American major record label based in Hollywood, California. It was founded on March 27, 1942 by musician Johnny Mercer, with partners Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs. The company was later bought by EMI, a company based in England. The buyout gave Capitol's American recording artists an outlet for their records in England and Europe, while EMI's artists could sell their works in America.

Capitol's biggest-selling "imported" artist is The Beatles. When the Beatles had their first hits in England and Europe, Capitol Records did not want to market their recordings. Record producer George Martin turned instead to other American labels, trying to give the Beatles a hit record in America. Their records did not sell well in America at first, but "I Want to Hold Your Hand" became a hit through radio airplay of a British copy. Capitol Records changed their minds, released "I Want to Hold Your Hand", and it became a best-seller. Capitol then became the exclusive record label for the Beatles in America. When Universal Music sold Parlophone (the Beatles' British label) to Warner Music Group, Universal moved the Beatles' music to Capitol Records worldwide.

Capitol's Hollywood headquarters is in a building called the Capitol Tower. It is round, and built to resemble a stack of records. The building houses offices, and also Capitol's own recording studio, with large echo chambers under the building.

Today Capitol Records supervises many smaller record labels. Capitol and UMG are part of a larger company, named Vivendi.

## Notable Capitol recording artists

- Nat "King" Cole
- Mary J. Blige
- George Clinton
- Lou Rawls
- The Beach Boys
- Glen Campbell
- Peggy Lee
- Dean Martin
- Anne Murray
- Helen Reddy
- Linda Ronstadt
- Bob Seger
- Frank Sinatra
- Katy Perry
- Jon Bellion

## "Imported" artists appearing on Capitol Records

- The Beatles
- Kate Bush (on EMI America)
- Sheena Easton (on EMI America)
- Little River Band
- Pink Floyd

## Labels supervised by Capitol Records

- Apple Records
- EMI Records
- EMI America Records
- Grand Royal Records
- Harvest Records
- Liberty Records

## Infobox (record label)

- **name**: Capitol Records
- **parent**: Universal Music Group
- **founder**: Johnny Mercer
Buddy DeSylva
- **status**: Active
- **distributor**: Capitol Music Group (United States)
- **genre**: Various
- **country**: United States
- **location**: New York City
Los Angeles, California
- **url**: http://www.capitolrecords.com/
Recording studio

A **recording studio** is a place prepared for the recording of music, or other sound media. Some studios are independent, but many are part of a larger business, like a record label. Independent studios may only record one band or set of performers, but may also lease time to outsiders. Some studios charge an hourly rate, while others charge by the project.

Recording studios are usually divided into three areas: a "live area" (with natural ) for recording groups, a "dead area" (with  to prevent reverb and echoes) for vocals and soloists, and a control booth, to house the recording equipment. Studios are usually soundproofed, to keep outside noises from getting into recordings.  and other objects are used inside studios, to isolate sound sources.  room shapes are also used, to prevent "standing waves" and sound interference.

Early recording studios were not much different from radio studios, and the techniques used were , but this changed over the years. Recordings could present sounds in ways radio could not carry, and radio did not play only recordings, so the shift was natural. When  recording was developed in the 1950s, radio stations did not need multitrack equipment, for example. (Today some radio stations have such equipment, but use it to pre-record material.)

After effects  were developed, the natural sound of a recording space was ignored by many new studios. The people who operated them depended on effects to create the sound they wanted. Today the trend is back toward good natural sounds, with less processing.
Hamilton Parish, Bermuda

**Hamilton Parish** (originally Bedford Parish) is one of the nine parishes of Bermuda. It was renamed for Scottish aristocrat James Hamilton, 2nd Marquess of Hamilton (1589-1625) when he purchased the shares originally held in the Virginia Company by Lucy, Countess of Bedford.

## Other websites

- Bermuda Online
The Causeway, Bermuda

**The Causeway** is a narrow strip of reclaimed land and bridges in the north of Bermuda linking Hamilton Parish on the mainland in the southwest and Bermuda International Airport on St. David's Island in St. George's Parish in the northeast, which are otherwise divided by Castle Harbour.

## Other websites

- http://www.newcrossing.gov.bm/  New Crossing, government website on the future of the Causeway
Southampton Parish, Bermuda

**Southampton Parish** is one of the nine parishes of Bermuda. It is named for Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (1573-1624).

## Other websites

- Bermuda Online
Joaquín Rodrigo

**Joaquín Rodrigo Vidre, 1st Marquess of the Gardens of Aranjuez** (; 22 November 1901 – 6 July 1999) was a Spanish composer of classical music and a virtuoso pianist. Although he was blind from an early age, he became one of the most important Spanish composers of the 20th century. He wrote a lot of music for guitar, which helped classical guitar music worldwide to become more popular. His most famous work is a guitar concerto called _Concierto de Aranjuez_.

### Early life

Rodrigo became blind at the age of three after becoming ill with diphtheria. When he was eight he began to learn piano and violin. He also learned the guitar, but never became very good at it, although he was to compose some wonderful music for the instrument.

After studying music in Valencia he went to Paris where he studied with Paul Dukas in Paris. After a short time back in Spain, he returned to Paris to study musicology, first under Maurice Emmanuel and then under André Pirro. In 1947 Rodrigo became a professor of music history in Madrid, a job that was made especially for him.

### His famous concertos

Rodrigo’s most famous work, _de Aranjuez_, was composed in 1939 in Paris. It is a concerto for solo classical guitar and orchestra. There are three movements. The middle movement is a slow movement with a tune which is played on the cor anglais. It has become one of classical music’s best-loved tunes.

After the success of this piece several other musicians asked him to write concertos for them, e.g. the flautist James Galway, the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber and the guitarist Andrés Segovia, for whom he composed _Fantasía para un gentilhombre_ in 1954. Another of his works is called _Concierto Andaluz,_ for four guitars and orchestra.

### Honours

In 1991, Rodrigo was raised to the nobility by King Juan Carlos; he was given the title _Marqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez_ (Marquis of the Gardens of Aranjuez). He was given the Prince of Asturias Award in 1996, the highest honour a Spanish civilian can get. He was made Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 1998.

### Personal life

He married Victoria Kamhi, a Turkish-born pianist, in 1933. They had a daughter called Cecilia. Rodrigo died in 1999 in Madrid at the age of 97. Joaquín Rodrigo and his wife Victoria are buried at the cemetery at Aranjuez.

## His music

Rodrigo composed about 170 works. These include 11 concertos, lots of pieces for choir, songs, piano music and guitar music. Like Manuel de Falla in the early 20th century, Rodrigo became the leading figure in Spanish music in the later part of the century. His music is not like most of the music that was being written in Europe at the time. At first his music was influenced by that of Stravinsky, Ravel and Granados, but later his personality gave it a special Spanish character. He had a lot of knowledge and wrote articles about lots of different arts subjects.

## References

- Music Online

## Other websites

- Joaquín Rodrigo website
St. George's Parish, Bermuda

**St. George's Parish** is one of the nine parishes of Bermuda. It is named in honour of the patron saint of England, though it is indirectly regarded as being named for the founder of the Bermuda colony, Englishman Admiral Sir George Somers.

## Other websites

- Bermuda Online
Cape Breton Island

**Cape Breton Island** (French: _île du Cap-Breton_ - formerly _île Royale_, Scottish Gaelic: _Eilean Cheap Breatuinn_, Míkmaq: _Únamakika_, simply: _Cape Breton_) is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. It likely corresponds to the European word "Breton", referring to Brittany.

## Other websites

- Cape Breton Wireless Heritage Society
- Movement for a Free and Independent Province of Cape Breton
- Cape Breton Island's 4 Men In A Tub
- Cape Breton Island Directory
- Caper Canada
- Flags of Cape Breton Island, on Flags of the World.net website
- Visit Victoria County
- Hike the Highlands Festival
Focke-Wulf Fw 190

The **Fw 190** was a German fighter aircraft made by Focke-Wulf during World War II. It first flew in 1939 and was introduced in 1941. Even though it was not sleek, it could still go 408 miles per hour (653 kilometers per hour). It was also called the **Shrike** and the **Butcher Bird**.

In 1942, Luftwaffe pilot Armin Faber landed by accident at a British airfield. They were then able to find out things about the aircraft.

The Focke-Wulf Fw-190 was a **multirole fighter/bomber** German aircraft. It could **take down large bombers** itself, and ambush enemy squadrons. It fought its way through **British crowds of aircraft**, and supported its allies. It was also able to attack and **destroy ground targets**, as it has a handy bomb, found under the fuselage.

The FW 190 was 29 feet (8.84 meters) long, had a wingspan of 34 feet 5.5 inches (10.49 meters), was 13 feet (3.96 meters) high, weighed 7,055 pounds (3,200 kilograms) empty and 10,800 pounds (4,900 kilograms) operational. It could go 408 miles per hour (653 kilometers per hour), could fly up to 37,400 feet (11,410 meters), and could go 560 miles (900 kilometers) without refueling.

FW 109 was 1500 kg heavier than Bf 109. It was also faster (FW 190 A-8 was 16 km/h faster than Bf 109 G-6) but it didn't climb as fast as Bf 109 (at 15 m/s compared to 17 m/s of Bf 109). FW 190 was much better armed than Bf 109 - it had 2 machine guns above the engine and four cannons in the wings. Bf 109 had only one cannon and two machine guns.

## Related pages

- Bf 109
- P-47 Thunderbolt

## Other websites

- Luftwaffe Resource Center
- Technical dates of 190D (via Internet Archive)
- Fw 190 Infos

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Fw 190
- **image**: File:Fw 190A-3 JG 2 in Britain 1942.jpg
- **caption**: Fw 190A-3 of Stab. 7./JG2, June 1942.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Fighter
- **manufacturer**: Primarily Focke-Wulf Flugzeugbau AG, but also AGO Flugzeugwerke, AGO, Arado Flugzeugwerke, Arado, Fieseler, Mimetall, Norddeutsche Dornier Flugzeugwerke, Dornier and others
- **designer**: Kurt Tank
- **first flight**: 1 June 1939
- **introduced**: August 1941
- **retired**: 9 May 1945 (Luftwaffe)
1949 (Turkey)
- **primary user**: Luftwaffe
- **more users**: Hungarian Air Force
Turkish Air Force
- **produced**: 1941–45; 1996: 16 reproductions
- **number built**: Over 20,000
- **variants with their own articles**: Focke-Wulf Ta 152, Ta 152
Tsar Bomba

**Tsar Bomba**, the nickname for the AN602 H-bomb, was the largest, most powerful nuclear weapon ever used. It was originally tested by the Soviet Union on October 30, 1961. It was a three stage H-bomb.

This bomb is also called the _Father of Bombs_.

The explosion had a power of 56,000,000 tonns of TNT (56 Megatons). The Tsar Bomb was actually designed as a 100 Megatonn-Bomb. But as there were problems to detonate a bomb as strong as 100,000,000 tons of TNT, so the Soviet Union technicians reduced its power to 56 Megatonns.

The testing site of the nuclear bomb was Novaya Zemlya. There was not much fallout because the bomb was detonated at  height.

The bomb was dropped by a Soviet bomber, the Tupolev Tu-95. This was the only plane in the world which could carry the bomb. When the bomb exploded, the bomber fell one Kilometer in height from the huge blast wave.
Bironico

**Bironico** was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010 the  municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino joined together to become a new municipality, Monteceneri.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bironico
- **municipality name**: Bironico
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Bironico-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bironico.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6804
- **municipality code**: 5153
- **area**: 4.2
- **elevation**: 465
- **population**: 515
- **populationof**: December 2002
- **website**: www.bironico.ch
- **mayor**: Luca Cattaneo
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cadenazzo, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera, Switzerland, Rivera
Bissone

**Bissone** is a municipality of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bissone
- **municipality name**: Bissone
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bissone COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bissone 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6816
- **municipality code**: 5154
- **area**: 4.27
- **elevation**: 273
- **population**: 781
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **website**: www.bissone.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arogno, Brusino Arsizio, Campione d'Italia (IT-CO), Maroggia, Melide, Switzerland, Melide, Riva San Vitale
Bodio

**Bodio** is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bodio
- **municipality name**: Bodio
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Bodio-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bodio 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Leventina (district), Leventina
- **postal code**: 6743
- **municipality code**: 5064
- **area**: 6.4
- **elevation**: 321
- **population**: 1081
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **website**: www.bodio.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Giornico, Personico, Pollegio, Semione, Sobrio
Bogno

**Bogno** was a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bogno
- **image photo**: Gana 26.04.08 031.jpg
- **image caption**: The Cima di Fojorina peak with the Bogno below in Val Colla
- **municipality name**: Bogno
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Bogno-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bogno.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6951
- **municipality code**: 5155
- **area**: 4.2
- **elevation**: 960
- **population**: 144
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cavargna (IT-CO), Certara, Valcolla, Val Rezzo (IT-CO)
Borgnone

**Borgnone** was a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009, the former municipalities of Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged into the new municipality of Centovalli.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Borgnone
- **municipality name**: Borgnone
- **municipality type**: former
- **image photo**: Borgnone.jpg
- **image caption**: Borgnone
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Borgnone COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Borgnone.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6658
- **municipality code**: 5094
- **area**: 10.6
- **elevation**: 708
- **population**: 126
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Intragna, Switzerland, Intragna, Mosogno, Onsernone, Palagnedra, Re (VB), Re (IT-VB)
Principality of Khachen

The **Principality of Khachen** () was a medieval Armenian principality, in part of historical Artsakh (present-day Nagorno-Karabakh). The regions of Artsakh and Utik were provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia in Antiquity. From the twelfth century the Khachen principality dominated the region. The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII addressed his letters to the prince of Khachen with the inscription "To Prince of Khachen, Armenia." Today the region is recognised to be part of Azerbaijan.

## Related pages

- Nagorno-Karabakh

## Other websites

- http://www.cilicia.com/History.htm
Therapy

**Therapy**, in the medical field also called **treatment**, is what people do to try to solve or care for a health problem, physical or mental. When a person is ill or injured, a doctor may make a medical diagnosis and then recommend a therapy to try to make the person well.  The therapy can be, for example, medications (drugs), surgery or a change of diet.  Therapy may be offered at work to help people with stress.

A person who does therapy as a job is called a **therapist.** There are many kinds of therapists. for example:
- Group therapist
- Hypnotherapist
- Occupational therapist
- Physiotherapist
- Psychotherapist
- Speech therapist

## Therapeutic effects

Medical treatments may have four results:
- No effect at all.
- A _therapeutic effect_ is a good result.
- An _adverse effect_ is a bad result.
- A _side-effect_ is an unwanted effect from therapy. For example, taking medications as tablets or injections may cause many sorts of side-effects. Examples are headaches, nausea, rash, constipation, blurred vision and others. Radiotherapy can also cause side effects of nausea, rash on the skin, and vomiting, for example.

## Related pages

- Chemotherapy
- Pharmacotheraphy
- Radiotherapy

## Other websites

- "Chapter Nine of the Book of Medicine Dedicated to Mansur, with the Commentary of Sillanus de Nigris" is an old book written in Latin. It was written in 1483. It has parts about therapy in it.
Yōkai

**Yōkai**, also known as **ghost-and-monsters** or **god-and-demons** or simply **ghost-monsters** or **god-demons**, are undead creatures in old Japanese stories, such as oni, kappa or tengu. They have mysterious supernatural powers. There are thousands of yōkai. In the Edo period, yōkai were characters in story books. Recently, many new yōkai have been made. There is even a yōkai dictionary. The yōkai are ghost/monster or deity/demon hybrids in Japanese tradition. In the past people believed they caused disease, accidents and natural disasters. People were often scared of them.

## Famous yōkai

The most famous yōkai are Tengu, Oni (Japanese ogre), and Kyubi no Kitsune (a fox with nine tails). When some people and animals are filled with hate, they became yōkai. For example, Sutoku. Sutoku (Japanese ancient emperor) died filled with hate. Then, he became a Tengu and caused a disaster. Also, a cat which lived too long time became Nekomata.

## Yōkai as subculture

Recently, yōkai are familiar with people as subculture in Japan.

## Yōkai in popular culture

In recent decades, the yōkai have been frequently depicted in Japanese fiction and media, particularly in horror or fantasy-themed works, such as in manga, anime and films, as well as in videogames, a notable example of this is the manga _GeGeGe no Kitarō_, written by mangaka Shigeru Mizuki, of which is entirely based on the _yōkai_ myth. Other examples includes the manga series _Death Note_, _Pet Shop of Horrors_, _Good Luck Girl!_, light novel _Ghost Hunt_, the 2011 animated film _A Letter to Momo_ and RPG videogame franchise _Yo-kai Watch_.
Stamp album

A **stamp album** is a book, often loose-leafed (with its papers not attached to the book, but hanging loose inside), in which a collection of postage stamps may be stored and displayed. There are also stamp albums in the form of binders.

Many collectors buy preprinted (already printed) albums and pages, which are made and sold. The usual format is to print a black-and-white picture of the stamp in each space.  Album pages are almost always one-sided pages.

Stamp hinges are used by stamp collectors to put postage stamps onto the pages of  the stamp album.

## Other websites

- http://stamp-paradise.com/
- http://www.thestampweb.com/
- Postage stamp album, and catalogue of British and foreign postage stamps, 1863
- A.Golden _Unique Handmade Books_, see Stock Book
Stamp collector

A **stamp collector** or **philatelist** collects postage stamps as a hobby. Stamp collectors normally keep the stamps in books called stamp albums. A philatelist can study various aspects of definitive stamps and other types of stamps, cancellations, and other philatelic materials.

## Some philatelic terms

- Backstamp
- Bisects and splits
- Cancellation
- Gutter
- Kiloware
- Label
- Philatelic expertisation
- Postage stamp block
- Revenue stamp
- Semi-postal
- War tax due stamp

## Stamp collecting clubs

There are many stamp collecting clubs around the world. Belonging to a stamp club or philatelic society has many advantages. For example, Royal Philatelic Society of Canada members receive magazines, can get help with questions through phone support, and purchase insurance for their collections at a discounted group rate.

## Related pages

- Philatelic materials
- Stamp album
- Soviet Philatelist
- Coin collecting
Pansexuality

**Pansexual** people are people attracted to people regardless of their sex or gender. This is similar to some bisexual people. The word _pansexual_ comes from the Greek word 'pan-', meaning "all".

Although the sexuality overlaps with bisexuality, both labels are accepted as long as the person is comfortable and respects the other equally.

Originally, Sigmund Freud invented the word "pansexual", regarding the hypothesis "that regards all desire and interest as derived from [the] sex instinct".

Pansexuality is often described as ‘attraction to people regardless of gender (including those who may not identify as boys or girls or as men or women, or to those who are intersex, genderfluid, etc.) pansexuality can also be described as "gender blind".

Some may describe it as "gender blind" because those who identify as pansexual do not consider gender important when they are attracted to others. However, pansexuals are not necessarily sexually attracted to everyone they meet, nor do they necessarily have strong sex drives.

The pansexual colors from the pride flag all have different meanings, pink meaning attraction to feminine presenting people, blue attraction to masculine presenting people, and yellow for people (for an example) of a non-binary gender, such as agender, bigender or genderfluid.

## Related pages

- Bisexuality
- Pansexual flag
- Panromanticism
Adverse effect (medicine)

In medicine, an **adverse effect** is a harmful and undesired effect that results from a therapy like medication, chemotherapy, surgery or other intervention. An adverse effect may be called a "side-effect" (when it is less important than the therapeutic effect).

It may result from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or procedure (which could be caused by medical error). Some adverse effects happen only at the beginning or a change of a treatment.  Medical error was the third most common cause of death in the United States in 2019.

## Reporting systems

In many countries, adverse effects have to be reported and researched in clinical trials and included into the patient information accompanying medical devices and drugs for sale to the public.  This is called pharmacovigilance.

## Related pages

- Toxicology

## Other websites

- Patient Safety Network. An extremely useful site, with a glossary and articles on all kinds of threats to patient safety, including adverse effects, drug reactions, medical error, iatrogenesis, etc.
- Australian Adverse Drug Reactions Bulletin  - published bimonthly by ADRAC
- Drugs of Concern  DrugIntel.com site for tort lawyers with up-to-date information on drugs that cause severe adverse effects)
- Medication Errors a FDA site.
- Medical Product Safety Information. MedWatch, a useful page from Food and Drug Administration, listing safety alerts for drugs, biologics, devices and dietary supplements, recalls, market withdrawals, public health advisories, links to the VAERS and MAUDE databases, etc.)
- Medical Devices Safety National Library of Medicine (Medline Plus, useful lists of conventional drug and medical device articles and websites)
- When Medicine Hurts Instead of Helps  - A special report by the Alliance for Aging Research on ADRs.
Technosexuality

**Technosexuality** is a word used to mean two things:

1. Having a strong love of gadgets.  This is a joining of the two words "technophile" and "metrosexuality".  It was first used by Ricky Montalvo to describe someone who was in love with himself and his urban lifestyle, as well as gadgets such as mobile phones, PDAs, computers, software, and the web."
1. A different word for robosexuality. This meaning of technosexuality is a join of "technophile" and "sexual". Sometimes, _technosexual_ is an insult implying that someone would prefer a sex toy to an actual sexual partner.

The Calvin Klein company trademarked the term _technosexual_ in 2005. Technosexualism has been featured in such films as “The Terminator” in 1984 creating an entire fandom of Arnold Schwarzenegger Techonosexuals dubbed “Termi-sexuals” - These individuals report being “Erotically Aroused” when seeing the “Cyborg Assassin” at work.

## _i-wear_

_i-wear_ (or _e-wear_) is _intelligent_ clothing that joins fashion with technology. i-wear was born out of the collaboration between European fashion designers and computer technicians. i-wear is a step made towards technologizing a person's fashion, and in this sense, a person can be more as a part of technosexuality.

## Related pages

- Robot
- Robosexuality
Antisexuality

**Antisexualism**, **sex-negativity** or **antisexuality** is opposition or hostility towards sexual behavior and sexuality.

## Religious

Some forms of early ascetic Gnosticism held all matter to be evil, and that unnecessary gratifications of the physical senses were to be avoided.  Married couples were encouraged to be celibate. The Skoptsys were a radical sect of the Russian Orthodox Church that practiced castration and amputation of sexual organs.  The Skoptsy believed that Christ had been castrated during his crucifixion, and it was this castration that brought about salvation.

The Shakers was a radical Protestant sect that opposed procreation and all sexual activity. The Shakers were more opposed to pregnancy than anything else.
John Harvey Kellogg, the inventor of corn flakes breakfast cereal, was opposed to all forms of sexual activity, especially masturbation. _The Road to Wellville_ satirized his life and practices. Father Divine, founder of the International Peace Mission Movement, advocated religious abstinence from sex and marriage and taught that sexual objectification is a root cause of undesirable social and political conditions.

## Non-religious

The Anti-Flirt Club, set up in the United States during the interwar period, was set up in order to protect women from unwanted advances from men.

A popular venue of antisexuals is the Antisex.info (Antisexual Stronghold) website founded by Yuri Nesterenko. He launched a FidoNet-based antisexual community in 1995.   While putting forward the slogan "Say No to sex", the spokesmen said that no sexual urges are so violent that they may not be deterred through mental reason, or else transformed through abstinence. Some members of the IAM say they have successfully overcome the desire for sex.

## Fictional

- The Junior Anti-Sex League, in George Orwell's dystopian novel _Nineteen Eighty-Four,_ was a group of young adult Party members devoted to banning all sexual intercourse.
- The film _Demolition Man_ takes place in a future in which sexual intercourse is banned by the high-ranking "Evil Mr. Rogers" character, Dr. Cocteau. Reproduction is achieved clinically and the experience itself is simulated through virtual reality.

## Related pages

- Sexual intercourse
Ned Flanders

**Nedward "Ned" Flanders Jr.** is a character in the animated television series _The Simpsons_.

### Creation

Ned Flanders and his son Todd first appeared in the season one episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", which was the series first episode. The first episode in which Flanders and his family were seen is season two's "Dead Putting Society", which also showed the first appearance of Maude and Rod Flanders. He is a fan of The Beatles and the television drama series _Bergerac_.

### Name

Flanders was named after Flanders St. in Portland, Oregon, the hometown of _Simpsons_ creator Matt Groening.  Groening wanted Flanders as "just a guy who was truly nice, that Homer had no justifiable reason to loathe, but then did." It was not until after the first few episodes that it was decided Flanders would be a faithful Christian.  Mike Scully said that Flanders is "everything Homer would love to be, although he'll never admit it."  Flanders had originally been meant to just be a neighbor that Homer was jealous of, but Harry Shearer used "such a sweet voice" and Flanders was planned to become a Christian and a sweet guy that someone would choose to live next to over Homer.

## How he was received

Ned's "unbearable niceness" has been described as "_The Simpsons_ worst comment about religion". Although Flanders was meant to be only a character making fun of the Christian right, he has since become a favorite of many Christian viewers.  He has been described as "[The United States]' most well-known evangelical." Dr. Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, declared himself as a _Simpsons_ fan, and said he likes Flanders.

## Other websites

- Ned Flanders at TheSimpsons.com

de:Figuren aus Die Simpsons#Ned Flanders
pl:Postacie w serialu Simpsonowie#Ned Flanders

## Infobox (simpsons character)

- **image**:  File:Ned Flanders Crossing Plaque.jpg , 350px|thumb| In 2021
- **name**: Ned Flanders
- **gender**: Male
- **job**: Owner of The Leftorium
- **family**: **Sons:** Rod Flanders, Rod and Todd Flanders, Todd
 **Wife:** Maude Flanders, Maude (deceased)
 **Parents:** Mona Flanders and Nedward Flanders Sr.
- **appearance**: "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire"
- **voiceactor**: Harry Shearer
Mike Scully

**Mike Scully** (born October 2, 1956 in West Springfield, Massachusetts) is an Emmy Award-winning American television writer best known for his work as show runner of the Fox series _The Simpsons_ from 1997 - 2001 (Seasons 9-12).

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Mike Scully
- **image**: Mike Scully by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **image size**: 160px
- **birth place**: West Springfield, Massachusetts, West Springfield, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **spouse**: Julie Thacker
- **occupation**: Television writer
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **period**: 1986 - Present
- **genre**: Humour
George Meyer

**George Meyer** is an American producer and screenwriter for the television series _The Simpsons_. He is arguably the writer who has done the most to the series over the many years it has been made. In 2000, Meyer was called "the funniest man behind the funniest show on TV" by _The New Yorker_.

## Other websites

- Studio 360 episode "Cosmos, Spheres, Voyager" from January 12, 2002 featuring an original piece by Meyer on space collecting
- New Yorker Magazine article profiling George Meyer

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: George Meyer
- **image**: Georgemeyer.jpg
- **birth date**: 1956 or 1957
- **birth place**: Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Television writer
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **period**: 1982 - Present
- **genre**: Humour
Tress MacNeille

**Tress MacNeille** (born June 20, 1951) is an American voice actress best known for doing voices on the animated television series _The Simpsons_, _Futurama_, and _Animaniacs_, _The Powerpuff Girls_.  Her most famous characters on _The Simpsons_ include Agnes Skinner, Brandine Spuckler and Lindsey Naegle, while her performance as Mom is her most notable _Futurama_ role.
She also been the voice of the penguins in the Disney TV Series Club Penguin, and the voice of Daisy Duck.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tress MacNeille
- **image**: Tressmacneille.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **caption**: Tress MacNeille
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **alias**: Tress McNeil, Tress Mac Neille
- **occupation**: Voice actress
- **yearsactive**: 1979–present
Karl Wiedergott

**Karl Wiedergott** (born February 8, 1969) is a German-born American actor. He has regularly played various voice roles in the television program _The Simpsons_, beginning in 1998 and quitting the show in 2010. He has also worked on The Simpsons Movie which was released July 27, 2007.

## Other websites

- Karl Wiedergott's Official Website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Karl Wiedergott
- **birth name**: Karl Aloysious Treaton
- **birth place**: Berlin, West Germany
- **occupation**: Actor
- **known for**: _The Simpsons_
- **years active**: 1986-2010
Bill Oakley

**Bill Oakley** (born in 1966) is an American television writer, best known for his work on _The Simpsons_. Along with his writing partner Josh Weinstein, Oakley was the executive producer and showrunner during the seventh and eighth seasons. Before serving as the show's executive producers, the pair were hired onto the writing staff during the fourth season. Together, the two wrote episodes such as "Who Shot Mr. Burns?". After leaving _The Simpsons_, Oakley and Weinstein created _Mission Hill_, _The Mullets_, and served as consulting producers on _Futurama_.

## Other websites

- Interview with Bill and Josh at TVDads.com
- Interview with Bill and Josh at Morphizm.com
- Interview with Bill and Josh on NPR's _On the Media_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Bill Oakley
- **image**: Bill Oakley2.jpg
- **birth date**: 1966
- **birth place**: Maryland, United States
- **occupation**: Television writer
- **nationality**: United States, American
David X. Cohen

**David X. Cohen** (born July 13, 1966), born **David Samuel Cohen**, is an American television writer. He has written for _The Simpsons_. He also runs and is the main writer for _Futurama_.

## Other websites

- IGN Interview With David X. Cohen
- Interview with David X. Cohen about the return of _Futurama_
- An Interview About Math in _Futurama_ with David X. Cohen, by Dr. Sarah Greenwald

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: David Samuel Cohen
- **image**: David X. Cohen by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Cohen at ComicCon 2009.
- **pseudonym**: _David X. Cohen_
- **birth date**: July 13, 1966
- **birth place**: Englewood, New Jersey, Englewood, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Television writer
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **genre**: Humour, Humor
Bosco Gurin

**Bosco Gurin** or **Bosco/Gurin** (Walser German: _Gurin_ / _Guryn_, Lombard: _Bosch_ / _Gürin_) is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It is the only municipality in Ticino where German is a co-official language.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bosco Gurin
- **municipality name**: Bosco/Gurin
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bosco-Gurin COA.svg
- **map**: Karte_Gemeinde_Bosco_Gurin_2008.png
- **languages**: German, Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Vallemaggia (district), Vallemaggia
- **postal code**: 6685
- **municipality code**: 5304
- **area**: 22.1
- **elevation**: 1506
- **population**: 79
- **populationof**: December 2002
- **website**: www.bosco-gurin.ch
- **mayor**: Alberto Tomamichel
- **neighboring municipalities**: Campo (Vallemaggia), Cerentino, Cevio, Formazza (IT-VB), Premia (IT-VB)
Brione (Verzasca)

**Brione** is a former municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 17 October 2020 the former municipalities of Brione (Verzasca), Corippo, Frasco, Sonogno and Vogorno merged to form the new municipality of Verzasca.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Brione
- **municipality name**: Brione
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Brione (Verzasca) COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Brione (Verzasca) 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6634
- **municipality code**: 5095
- **area**: 48.5
- **elevation**: 756
- **population**: 210
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cevio, Gerra (Verzasca), Gordevio, Lavertezzo, Lavizzara, Sonogno
Brione sopra Minusio

**Brione sopra Minusio** is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Brione sopra Minusio
- **municipality name**: Brione sopra Minusio
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Brione sopra Minusio COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Brione sopra Minusio 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6645
- **municipality code**: 5096
- **area**: 3.8
- **elevation**: 486
- **population**: 536
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Avegno, Switzerland, Avegno, Mergoscia, Minusio, Tenero-Contra
Brissago

**Brissago** is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Comune di Brissago

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Brissago
- **municipality name**: Brissago
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Brissago-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Map Gemeinde Brissago 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6614
- **municipality code**: 5097
- **area**: 17.8
- **elevation**: 197
- **population**: 1877
- **populationof**: 2004
- **website**: www.brissago.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ascona, Cannobio (IT-VB), Cavaglio-Spoccia (IT-VB), Caviano, Gerra (Gambarogno), Intragna, Switzerland, Intragna, Palagnedra, Pino sulla Sponda del Lago Maggiore (IT-VA), Ronco sopra Ascona, San Nazzaro, Switzerland, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio, Switzerland, Sant'Abbondio, Tronzano Lago Maggiore (IT-VA)
Brusino Arsizio

**Brusino Arsizio** is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Brusino Arsizio
- **municipality name**: Brusino Arsizio
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: BrusinoArsizio-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Brusino Arsizio 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6827
- **municipality code**: 5160
- **area**: 5.78
- **elevation**: 277
- **population**: 481
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **website**: www.brusinoarsizio.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bissone, Melide, Meride, Morcote, Porto Ceresio (IT-VA), Riva San Vitale, Vico Morcote
Bruzella

**Bruzella** was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bruzella
- **image photo**: Bruzella.jpg
- **municipality name**: Bruzella
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Bruzella-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bruzella.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Mendrisio (district), Mendrisio
- **postal code**: 6837
- **municipality code**: 5244
- **area**: 3.40
- **elevation**: 593
- **population**: 185
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **mayor**: Luca Cavadini
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cabbio, Caneggio, Castel San Pietro, Switzerland, Castel San Pietro, Moltrasio (IT-CO), Schignano (IT-CO)
Second-in-command

The **Second-in-Command** (**2i/c** or **2IC**) is the second commander, the person that is in charge after the commander, of any British Army or British Royal Marines unit/group. He or she is the same as an Executive Officer in the United States Army. This term or word is also used in many other Commonwealth militaries.

The Second-in-Command of a group is usually a Major. The Second-in-Command of a smaller group is usually a Captain (although infantry groups' Second-in-Command's were usually Lieutenants until after the Second World War), the Second-in-Command of an even smaller group is the Sergeant of the group, and the Second-in-Command of a section is usually a Lance Corporal.

In the Royal Navy the second-in-command of a vessel or ship is known as the First Lieutenant or Executive Officer.

## Other meanings/uses

"Second-in-command" is a term/word used, usually as a joke, for any deputy or person that is right below the commander. Its basic meaning is "someone that relieves a commander".
Cademario

**Cademario** is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the Swiss canton of Ticino.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Cademario
- **municipality name**: Cademario
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Cademario SAmbrogio 20100616 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Parish church of Sant'Ambrogio in Cademario
- **imagepath coa**: Cademario-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Cademario 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6936
- **municipality code**: 5161
- **area**: 3.96
- **elevation**: 792
- **population**: 616
- **populationof**: December 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **website**: www.cademario.ch
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alto Malcantone, Aranno, Bioggio, Iseo, Switzerland, Iseo
Cadempino

**Cadempino** is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Cadempino
- **municipality name**: Cadempino
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: 2011-03-27-Tichino (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 066.JPG
- **image caption**: Lamone-Cadempino train station
- **imagepath coa**: Cadempino-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Cadempino 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6814
- **municipality code**: 5162
- **area**: 0.76
- **elevation**: 315
- **population**: 1388
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.cadempino.ch
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cureglia, Lamone, Manno, Vezia
Cadenazzo

**Cadenazzo** is a municipality of the district of Bellinzona, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Cadenazzo
- **municipality name**: Cadenazzo
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Cadenazzo-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Cadenazzo 2010.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Bellinzona (district), Bellinzona
- **postal code**: 6593
- **municipality code**: 5003
- **area**: 5.7
- **elevation**: 215
- **population**: 2047
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **website**: www.cadenazzo.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bironico, Camorino, Contone, Cugnasco, Gudo, Isone, Locarno, Medeglia, Pianezzo, Ponte Capriasca, Rivera, Switzerland, Rivera, Sant'Antonino, Sant'Antonio
Cadro

**Cadro** was a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Cadro
- **image photo**: Cadro01.jpg
- **image caption**: Cadro
- **municipality name**: Cadro
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Cadro-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Cadro.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6965
- **municipality code**: 5163
- **area**: 4.5
- **elevation**: 473
- **population**: 1799
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Canobbio, Lugaggia, Lugano, Sonvico, Valsolda (IT-CO), Villa Luganese
Calpiogna

**Calpiogna** is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012, the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Calpiogna
- **municipality name**: Calpiogna
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Calpiogna-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Calpiogna.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Leventina (district), Leventina
- **postal code**: 6760
- **municipality code**: 5066
- **area**: 3.3
- **elevation**: 1149
- **population**: 39
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Blenio, Campello, Switzerland, Campello, Faido, Mairengo
Camignolo

**Camignolo** was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010 the former municipalities  Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino joined together to become one new municipality called Monteceneri.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Camignolo
- **municipality name**: Camignolo
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Camignolo-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Camignolo.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6803
- **municipality code**: 5165
- **area**: 4.5
- **elevation**: 449
- **population**: 664
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bironico, Capriasca, Lugaggia, Medeglia, Mezzovico-Vira, Rivera, Switzerland, Rivera
Camorino

**Camorino** was a municipality, in the municipality of Bellinzona and the district of Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Camorino
- **municipality name**: Camorino
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Camorino-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Camorino 2010.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Bellinzona (district), Bellinzona
- **postal code**: 6528
- **municipality code**: 5004
- **area**: 8.27
- **elevation**: 223
- **population**: 2346
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.camorino.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cadenazzo, Giubiasco, Isone, Medeglia, Pianezzo, Sant'Antonino
Campello, Switzerland

**Campello** is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Campello
- **image photo**: Campello.JPG
- **municipality name**: Campello
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Campello-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Campello.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Leventina (district), Leventina
- **postal code**: 6760
- **municipality code**: 5067
- **area**: 4.0
- **elevation**: 1367
- **population**: 58
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Blenio, Calpiogna, Faido