juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John Putnam Chapin

**John Putnam Chapin** (April 21, 1810 – July 27, 1864) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1846–1847). He was a member of the Whig Party.

Chapin was born on April 21, 1810 in Bradford, Vermont. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Chapin died on July 27, 1864 in Chicago from a heart attack, aged 54.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Putnam Chapin
- **image**: Johnchapin.jpeg
- **birth place**: Bradford, Vermont
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 10th
- **term start**: March 3, 1846
- **term end**: March 9, 1847
- **predecessor**: Augustus Garrett
- **successor**: James Curtiss
- **party**: United States Whig Party, Whig
Signs and symptoms

**Signs and symptoms** are two words that doctors use to describe how a medical problem causes changes in a person's body.

## Signs

A sign is a change in the body that can be heard, seen, felt, or smelled by a doctor. A sign may also be shown on medical tests like X-rays or urine blood tests. For example:
- A doctor can hear changes in breathing sounds when he listens to a person's lungs with a stethoscope. These changes can be a sign of different breathing problems.
- A doctor can see that a person has a bruise or swelling. These are signs of an injury to the body.
- A doctor can feel that a bone seems crooked or broken. This may be a sign of a bone fracture.
- A doctor can smell that a person's breath smells like fruit. This can be a sign of very high blood sugar.
- A doctor can see on an X-ray that a bone is broken. This is a sign of a bone fracture.

## Symptoms

A symptom is a change in the body that cannot be seen, heard, felt, or smelled by a doctor. It also cannot be shown on medical tests. A symptom is something that only the person having the symptom can see, hear, feel, or smell. For example:
- Before a migraine headache, a person may see flashing lights that are not really there. Nobody but that person can see the lights, and they will not show up on any medical tests. This is called an aura, and it is a symptom of a migraine
- Sometimes, people will hear a ringing sound, like a phone ringing, in their ears. This can be a symptom of ear problems or hearing problems
- Pain is a common symptom. A doctor cannot see, hear, or feel pain, or see it on tests. Only the person having the pain can feel it
 If a person is having pain, like a headache or a stomach ache, there is no way for the doctor to know unless the person tells the doctor.
- Sometimes, before a person has a seizure, they may smell something that is not really there. Nobody but that person can smell it. This can be a symptom of an aura, warning that a seizure is going to happen

## Signs and symptoms often happen together

Often, medical problems cause both signs and symptoms. For example:

|This Medical Problem...|Can Cause These Signs...|And Can Cause These Symptoms|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Flu|* Cough (can be heard) * Vomiting (can be seen) * Fever (can be shown on a thermometer)|* Pain all over the body * Nausea * Feeling very tired|
|Low blood sugar|* Cold sweating (can be felt) * Pale skin (can be seen) * Low blood sugar on a blood sugar test|* Headache * Feeling dizzy * Feeling very tired|
|Asthma attack|* Wheezing when the lungs are listened to with a stethoscope (can be heard)|* Feeling tightness in the chest * Having chest pain|
James Machon

**James Machon** (born 1848) was a Boy in the United States Navy and a Medal of Honor recipient for his role in the Union Navy during the American Civil War.

## Medal of Honor citation

**Citation:**

> On board the U.S.S. Brooklyn during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram Tennessee in Mobile Bay, on 5 August 1864. Stationed in the immediate vicinity of the shell whips which were twice cleared of men by bursting shells, Machon remained steadfast at his post and performed his duties in the powder division throughout the furious action which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram Tennessee and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: James Machon
- **birth date**: 1848
- **birth place**: England
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
Union (American Civil War), Union
- **branch**: United States Navy
Union Navy
- **rank**: Boy
- **unit**: USS _Brooklyn_
- **battles**: American Civil War
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
Samul nori

**Samul nori** is a Korean traditional musical performance, which is performed with four percussion instruments: Jing, Janggu, Buk (the drum in Korean), Kkwaenggwari. The performance includes dancing. Specifically, in _Samul_, _sa_ means "four", and _mul_ means "object" in Korean, and _nori_ means "to play". Considering the meaning of _Samul nori_, this is one kind of playful and casual art performance done in public. In the past, Korean people usually play _Samul nori_ when they work in agricultural area to relax after working.

Nowadays, some Korean people who play Korean traditional music try to boost Samul nori. Famous samul-nori performances are _Kim duk soo Samul nori_ and _Namsadang nori_. Namsadang Nori was chosen as a UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. In addition, some Koreans are trying to transform Samul nori to modern styles by mixing this with other modern performances. For example, there were TV shows where Samul nori performers were dancing with pop singers or DJs.

Furthermore, other than mixing Samul nori with modern performances, some Korean people try to create new performance inspired by Samul nori. For example, _Nanta_, a performance of sounds made by hitting everyday objects, is inspired by Samul nori. Also, there is _Nori dan_, social enterprise in Korea, which play recycled garbage as musical instruments by hitting them.

## Infobox (korean name)

- **img**: Bigthumb DSC 1101.jpg
- **caption**: A _samul nori_ performance in Bremen, Germany
- **hangul**: 사물놀이
- **hanja**: wikt:四, 四wikt:物, 物놀이
- **rr**: Samullori _or_ Samul nori
- **mr**: Samullori _or_ Samul nori
63 Building

**63 Building** is a skyscraper on Yeouido (island) in Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul in South Korea. Despite its name, it actually has 66 floors – 63 floors above ground and 3 floors underground. Construction started in February 1980, and was completed in May 1985. At that time, the name of the building was “Daehanlife 63 Building”, but the name of this has changed to “63 City.” It was the highest building in Asia at the moment of being built. It is now the 5th highest building in even Korea – the highest building in Korea is Northeast Asia Trade Tower in Incheon. But from now on, 63 Building is known as the most famous landmark in Korea.

Before it was built, South Korea was in the period of development. Therefore, it was decided to build the highest building in Asia to beat Sunshine 60 in Tokyo, Japan. There were also no buildings which were higher than 31 floors in South Korea. The process of building was chosen very fast.

63 building is actually a building for the Hanhwa Group but it also has some cultural areas for visitors. Except for the top 3 floors, visitors can enjoy all of the building. There is an aquarium named “63 Sea World”, IMAX theater, and observatory with museum named “63 Sky-art.” There are also many areas like food courts and restaurants.

63 Sea World was opened at July 27th, 1985, and has over 400 species and 20,000 marine lives in there. It also has a coelcanth and oarfish. The theater in 63 Building is the first IMAX theater in Korea. The “63 Buffet Pavilion” is known as one of the greatest restaurants in Seoul.

There are six elevators which were made by Mitsubishi in 63 Building, and their speed is about 540 meters per minute. It is the fastest elevator in Korea. For subway, there are two stations, Noryangjin station in Line 1 and Line 9.

## Other websites

- Official English-language website

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: 63 Building(63 City)
- **location**: Yeongdeungpo-gu
- **location town**: Seoul
- **location country**: South Korea
- **architectural**: 274 m
- **top floor**: 249 m
- **floor count**: 66
- **other designers**: Harry D Som and Helen W Som, principals, Som & Associates, San Francisco, CA
- **start date**: Feb, 1980
- **completion date**: May, 1985
Busker Busker

**Busker Busker** () is a Korean indie band which got their popularity in _Superstar K_, one of the most famous audition programs in South Korea. The band is composed of three members now: Jang Bum-jun (guitarist and vocalist), Kim Hyung-tae (bassist), and Bradely Ray Moore (drummer). They won the second prize in _Superstar K_ season 3, and then they officially released their own debut album on 29 March 2012.

## History

The three members were in the same university; Jang and Kim were students of Animation Art and Brad was an English professor in Sang-myung University located in Cheonan. They named the band as Busker Busker because they performed on the street to the public in Cheonan. They went to Seoul in order to share their music talents with more people, especially in Hong-dae which is a favorite place for many indie musicians in Korea. As they got popular among people, they participated in _Superstar K_ of M-net on April, 2011. Actually there were more members in the band but composition was somewhat unsettled. As the three of them could adjust their schedules and started to be aired on TV, Busker Busker has been fixed as trio band.

They could pass the preliminary stage as performing their own song "Ideal Type". In Super-week, they performed K-pop song "Coming-of-age ceremony" but they failed to pass the rival mission with 2-Month () singing "Juliet". However, one of the Top 10 band, Yeri-Band left the lodging without permission during training period. As there happened to be a vacancy in Top 10, Busker Busker was newly selected as one of the top 11, with Haze. As they sang several songs on the live stages including "Tokyo girl", "People in Seoul" and "Makgerlina", they got extremely popular and most of their songs were ranked highest in music charts. Although Ulala Session got the title of the competition, they kept their popularity after the Audition.

Busker Busker has released their first regular album, _Busker Busker 1st album_, on March 29th, 2012. The songs in the album, which were all written by their own, hit all kinds of K-pop chart including "Cherry Blossom Ending", "First Love", and "Yeosu Night Sea". The album sold over a million, and the next album _Busker Busker 1st Finale_ has also been loved since it was released on June 21st. They ended their first promotional activities for the albums after finishing their first concert, _Youth Bus_, on June 22nd and 23rd.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Busker Busker
- **image**: Busker Busker from acrofan - cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Busker Busker in February 2012
- **background**: group_or_band
- **genre**: pop rock, soft rock, indie rock, folk rock
- **origin**: Cheonan, South Korea
- **label**: [http://www.chungchunmusic.com/ Chungchun Music], CJ E&M Music and Live
- **years active**: 2011–present
- **current members**: Jang Beom-Jun
Kim Hyung-Tae
Brad Moore
Menorah (Hanukkah)

The **Hanukkah menorah**, also known as ***Hanukiah*** or ***Chanukiah*** (), is a nine-branched lamp or candleholder used on the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. It is used to celebrate, remember, and honor the historical miracle of Hanukkah. Its shape is an upright stand with eight equal branches to hold a candle or oil with a wick. A ninth branch, at the center or to one side and usually taller, is the _shamash_ (). The _shamash_ is lit first, then used to light the others, while a prayer is recited. One of the branches is lit on the first night, two on the second, etc., which lasts eight nights. The Hanukkah menorah commemorates, but is distinct from, the seven-branched menorah used in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem. Along with the seven-branched menorah and the Star of David, it is among the most widely produced articles of Jewish ceremonial art.

## Construction

To be kosher, the _shamash_ must be offset on a higher or lower plane than the main eight candles or oil lamps, but there are differing opinions as to whether all the lights must be arranged in a straight line, or if the hanukkiah can be arranged in a curve.
Menorah

**Menorah** may refer to:

- Menorah (Temple) – the ancient seven-branch lamp that traveled with the Israelites through the desert and later sat in the Temple in Jerusalem.
- Menorah (Hanukkah) – the nine-branch lamp used during Hanukkah.
Suspension of disbelief

**Suspension of disbelief** is the willingness for a person to accept fantasy as it is presented to them in any form of media.

## Reality and fantasy

Reality is the world around us. Fantasy is a world that only is in our minds, or recorded in some way onto or into something that can be passed along from one form to another. Fantasy cannot exist as something real, something that we can touch or see as it is.

An example of something from fantasy is the White Rabbit from Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland". Because of our experience, that is, how we have lived our lives, it has not been proven that it can possibly be real. The White Rabbit is an animal which stands on two legs (in some stories), wears human clothing, and acts and speaks like a human. For us as humans, a normal rabbit does not speak, nor does it act or speak like a human. Because of that, we think of the White Rabbit as fantasy, it only can be living in a not-real world.

Suspension of disbelief is a way to enjoy a story. If one were to completely disregard a story as false, the entertainment value, what makes us like a story, would be lost. On the other hand, if one accepts a story as real for as long as the story goes on, then a connection to living in reality can be made, however big or small.
James Hutchinson Woodworth

**James Hutchinson Woodworth** (December 4, 1804 – March 26, 1869) was an American politician. He was in the Illinois State Senate and in the Illinois State House of Representatives. He was a Chicago Alderman. He was elected to consecutive terms as Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1848–1850) as an Independent Democrat. He was in the US House of Representatives for one term as a member of the Republican Party.

Woodworth was born on December 4, 1804 in Greenwhich, New York. He was married to Almrya Booth from 1842 until his death in 1869. They had two children. Woodoworth died on March 26, 1869 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 64.

## Other websites

- First Inaugural Address
- Second Inaugural Address

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: James H. Woodworth
- **image**: Jameswoodworth.jpeg
- **state**: Illinois
- **district**: Illinois's 2nd congressional district, 2nd
- **term start**: 1855
- **term end**: 1857
- **predecessor**: John Wentworth
- **successor**: John F. Farnsworth
- **birth place**: Greenwich, New York, Greenwich, Washington County New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **office2**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order2**: 12th
- **term start2**: 1848
- **term end2**: 1850
- **predecessor2**: James Curtiss
- **successor2**: James Curtiss
- **office3**: Chicago City Council
- **term start3**: 1845
- **term end3**: 1848
- **office4**: Illinois House of Representatives
- **term start4**: 1842
- **term end4**: 1847
- **office5**: Illinois State Senate
- **term start5**: 1839
- **term end5**: 1842
- **party**: Independent Democrat Republican
- **children**: Virginia W Van Wyck, Julia M, Lucius B
Isaac Lawrence Milliken

**Isaac Lawrence Milliken** (August 29, 1815 – December 2, 1885) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1854 to 1855. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Milliken was born on August 29, 1815 in Saco, Maine. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Milliken died on December 2, 1885 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 70.

## Other websites

- Inaugural Address

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Isaac Milliken
- **image**: Isaacmilliken.jpeg
- **birth place**: Saco, Maine, Saco, Maine
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 16th
- **term start**: 1854
- **term end**: 1855
- **predecessor**: Charles McNeill Gray, Charles Gray
- **successor**: Levi Day Boone
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democratic
Charles McNeill Gray

**Charles McNeill Gray** (March 7, 1807 – October 17, 1885) was an American politician who was Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1853–1854) for the Democratic Party.

Gray was born on March 7, 1807 in Sherburne, New York. He came and lived in Chicago since July 1834. Gray died on October 17, 1885 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 78.

## Other websites

- Inaugural Address 
- Charles McNeill Gray at Chicago public library 

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Charles Gray
- **image**: Charlesgray.jpeg
- **birth place**: Sherburne, New York, Sherburne, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 15th
- **term start**: 1853
- **term end**: 1854
- **predecessor**: Walter S. Gurnee
- **successor**: Isaac Lawrence Milliken
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democratic
Thomas Dyer

**Thomas Dyer** (January 13, 1805 – June 6, 1862) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1856–1857) for the Democratic Party.

Dyer was born on January 13, 1805 in Canton, Connecticut. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Dyer died on June 6, 1862 in Middletown, Connecticut from a heart attack, aged 57.

## Other websites

- Inaugural Address

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Thomas Dyer
- **image**: Thomasdyer.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **birth place**: Canton, Connecticut, United States
- **death place**: Middletown, Connecticut, Middletown, Connecticut, United States
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 18th
- **term start**: 1856
- **term end**: 1857
- **predecessor**: Levi Day Boone
- **successor**: John Wentworth
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democratic
John Blake Rice

**John Blake Rice** (May 28, 1809 – December 17, 1874) was an American actor, theatrical producer and politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1865–1869). He was a Republican.

Rice was born in Easton, Maryland on May 28, 1809. He was raised in Annapolis, Maryland and in Chicago, Illinois. Rice died on December 17, 1874 in Norfolk, Virginia from liver cancer, aged 65.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Blake Rice
- **image**: JBrice.jpg
- **birth place**: Easton, Maryland, Easton, Maryland
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **state**: Illinois
- **district**: Illinois's 1st congressional district, 1st
- **term start**: 1873
- **term end**: 1874
- **predecessor**: Charles B. Farwell
- **successor**: Bernard G. Caulfield
- **office2**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order2**: 24th
- **term start2**: 1865
- **term end2**: 1869
- **predecessor2**: Francis Cornwall Sherman
- **successor2**: Roswell B. Mason
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
Harvey Doolittle Colvin

**Harvey Doolittle Colvin** (December 18, 1815 – April 16, 1892) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1873 to 1875. He was a member of the People's Party.

Colvin was born on December 18, 1815. He was never married and had no children. Colvin died on April 16, 1892 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 76.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Harvey Doolittle Colvin
- **image**: HarveyColvin(ChicagoMayor).jpg
- **birth place**: Herkimer County, New York, Herkimer County, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Jacksonville, Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **resting place**: Rosehill Cemetery, Lincoln Square, Chicago, U.S.
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 27th
- **term start**: 1873
- **term end**: 1875
- **predecessor**: Joseph Medill, (Lester L. Bond)
- **successor**: (Thomas Hoyne), Monroe Heath
- **party**: United States People's Party, People's Party
Monroe Heath

**Monroe Heath** (March 27, 1827 – October 21, 1894) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1876 to 1879. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Heath was born on March 27, 1827 in Grafton, New Hampshire. Heath died on October 21, 1894 in Asheville, North Carolina from a stroke, aged 67.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Monroe Heath
- **image**: Monroeheath.jpg
- **birth date**: March 27, 1827
- **birth place**: Grafton, New Hampshire, Grafton, New Hampshire, U.S.
- **death place**: Asheville, North Carolina, Asheville, North Carolina, U.S.
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 28th
- **term start**: 1876
- **term end**: 1879
- **predecessor**: Harvey Doolittle Colvin, Harvey Colvin (Thomas Hoyne)
- **successor**: Carter Harrison, Sr.
- **party**: United States Republican Party, Republican
- **spouse**: Julia Dickerman
- **children**: 4
Menelik II

**Menelik II** (17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1889 until he died in 1913.

## Other websites

- Imperial Ethiopia Homepages – Emperor Menelik II the Early Years
- Imperial Ethiopia Homepages – Emperor Menelik II the Later Years
- Ethiopian Treasures – Emperor Menelik II
Rogers Arena

**Rogers Arena** is a sports arena in Vancouver, British Columbia. The arena opened on September 21, 1995, and is the current home to the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League.

## History

The arena was first known as **General Motors Place** from 1995 to 2010. It was renamed **Canada Hockey Place** for a short time and held ice hockey events during the 2010 Winter Olympics. The arena used to be the home of the Vancouver Grizzlies from 1995 to 2001 before they moved to Memphis, Tennessee to become the Memphis Grizzlies.

Rogers Communications has naming rights for the arena right now. The arena has hosted the WWF's PPV In Your House 9 and surviver series wargames 2023 : International Incident in 1996, ice hockey events during the 2010 Winter Olympics and UFC's 115 and 131.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Rogers Arena
- **image**:
- **location**: 800
Griffiths Way, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6B 6G1
- **broke ground**: July 13, 1993
- **opened**: September 21, 1995
- **owner**: Canucks Sports & Entertainment
- **operator**: Canucks Sports & Entertainment
- **construction cost**: Canadian dollar, C$160 million
- **architect**: Brisbin, Brook and Beynon
- **structural engineer**: Stuart Olson Dominion
- **services engineer**: The Mitchell Partnership Inc.
- **general contractor**: Huber, Hunt & Nichols/Dominion Construction Joint Venture
- **former names**: General Motors Place (1995–2010)
Canada Hockey Place (February 2010)
- **tenants**: Vancouver Canucks (National Hockey League, NHL) (1995–present)
Vancouver Grizzlies (National Basketball Association, NBA) (1995–2001)
Vancouver Ravens (National Lacrosse League, NLL) (2001–2004)
Vancouver Voodoo (Roller Hockey International, RHI) (1996)
48th National Hockey League All-Star Game, 1998 NHL All-Star Game
1998 NBA Draft
2006 NHL Entry Draft
Ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics, 2010 Winter Olympics (ice hockey venue)
- **seating capacity**: Ice hockey:
18,422 (1995–2002)
18,514 (2002–2003)
18,630 (2003–2009)
18,810 (2009–2010)
18,860 (2010–2011)
18,890 (2011–2012)
18,910 (2012-present)
Basketball:
19,193 (1995–2003)
19,700 (2003–present)
Concert: 19,000
- **parking**: more than 7,000 spaces
University of Bristol

The **University of Bristol** is a red brick university in Bristol, southwest England. Some studies rate it as one of the top 30 universities in the world. It has about 14 applicants for every undergraduate place.
DIN connector

A **DIN connector** is a type of round electronic connector. It is named for the Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German national standards regulator. DIN plugs can be used in audio systems and MIDI connections.The Mini-DIN connector is similar but smaller. Before USB connectors, keyboards and mice used mini-DIN connectors.
XLR connector

**XLR connector** is a type of electronic connector that is mostly used with audio technology. Balanced and unbalanced circuits are possible with XLR when using monosignal per one XLR connection. Sound quality improves with a balanced circuit because noise is reduced, especially with microphones where the signal is often weak.
Jayne Meadows

**Jayne Meadows** (who was born as Jane Cotter; September 27, 1919 – April 27, 2015) was an American movie and stage actress. She was the older sister for the deceased actress Audrey Meadows. She was married to Steve Allen. Meadows was nominated for three Emmy Awards. Meadows was born  in Wu-ch'ang, Heilongjiang, China  to an American family.

Meadows died of natural causes at her home in Encino, California, aged 95.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Jayne Meadows.JPG
- **caption**: Press photo 1960
- **birthname**: Jane Meadows Cotter
- **birth place**: Wuchang, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China, China
- **death place**: Encino, California, U.S.
- **party**: Republican
- **occupation**: Actress, author
- **yearsactive**: 1946–2009
- **spouse**: Milton Krims (m. 1949; div. 1952)
Steve Allen (m. 1954; died 2000)
- **children**: William "Bill" Allen
Line level

**Line level** is the strength of an audio signal. An audio signal transfers sound, for example to CD players and cassette players. It is much higher than microphone level, which can be only a couple of millivolts. A line level signal can be connected to an amplifier which sends the signal to loudspeakers with much higher power.

A preamplifier is a device that can make the line level higher. It can boost a microphone's weak audio signal.
Objectification

**Objectification** refers to the treating of an abstract concept as a real thing.

Objectification may also refer to sexual objectification.
Kim Campbell

**Avril Phædra Douglas "Kim" Campbell**  (known as **Kim Campbell**) (born March 10, 1947), is a Canadian politician, lawyer, diplomat, and writer who was the twenty-fourth Prime Minister of Canada from June 25, 1993 to November 4, 1993.

## Biography

Kim Campbell was born on March 10, 1947, in Port Alberni, British Columbia. Her Parents were George Thomas Campbell and Phyllis "Lisa" Cook.

She entered the PC Party leadership race after Prime Minister Brian Mulroney announced his retirement from politics. She defeated Jean Charest at the Progressive Conservative leadership convention and was appointed Prime Minister on June 25, 1993 by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn. She served as Prime Minister from June 25, 1993 to November 4, 1993. She was the first and only to date female Prime Minister of Canada, the first Prime Minister to have been born in British Columbia and the first Prime Minister to be a baby boomer.

When Campbell became Prime Minister, there had to be a general election. This is because elections in Canada have to take place at least every five years. During the 1993 federal election campaign, she became very unpopular after the writ was dropped. Because of this, on the day of the election, the Progressive Conservatives won only two seats in Parliament. Campbell lost her own seat.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **honorific-prefix**: <small>The Right Honourable</small>
- **name**: Kim Campbell
- **honorific-suffix**: <small>PC, CC, OBC, QC</small>
- **image**: Kim Campbell.jpg
- **order**: 24th
- **office**: Prime Minister of Canada
- **term start**: June 25, 1993
- **term end**: November 4, 1993
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II
- **predecessor**: Brian Mulroney
- **successor**: Jean Chrétien
- **birth place**: Port Alberni, British Columbia
- **occupation**: Lawyer
Academic
- **alma mater**: University of British Columbia
London School of Economics
- **party**: Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, Progressive Conservative
- **spouse**: Nathan Divinsky (1972–1983)
Howard Eddy (1986–1993)
Hershey Felder (1997–_present_)
- **residence**: Paris, France
- **signature**: Kim Campbell Signature.svg
Joy Davidman

**Joy Davidman** (born **Helen Joy Davidman**; 18 April 1915 – 13 July 1960) was an American poet and writer. She was Jewish and of Polish and Ukrainian descent. She won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition in 1938 and the Russell Loines Award for Poetry in 1939 for her book of poems, _Letter to a Comrade_. She was the author of several books, including two novels. She was also the wife of C. S. Lewis. She died of bone cancer four years after the marriage.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Infobox (person)

- **birthname**: Helen Joy Davidman
- **alt**: Joy Davidman
- **birth place**: New York City, United States
- **death place**: Oxford, England
- **death cause**: bone tumor, Bone cancer
- **spouse**:

- **nationality**: American
- **citizenship**: American
- **occupation**: Poet, author
Girma Wolde-Giorgis

**Girma Wolde-Giorgis** (December 28, 1924 – December 15, 2018) was an Ethiopian politician and was the President of Ethiopia from 2001 to 2013.

## Biography

Girma Wolde-Giorgis was born in December 28, 1924, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

He went to school at the Ethiopian Orthodox Church school and he later joined the Teferi Mekonnen School in Addis Ababa until the Italian invasion of Ethiopia. He was elected the President of Ethiopia as a surprise choice on 8 October 2001 by a unanimous vote of the Ethiopian Parliament. On 9 October 2007, he was re-elected as president.

Mulatu Teshome was elected the President of Ethiopia by a unanimous parliamentary vote on 7 October 2013.

Wolde-Giorgis died on December 15, 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia at the age of 93.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Girma Wolde-Giorgis
- **image**: Girma Wolde-Giorgis (3589637123).jpg
- **office**: President of Ethiopia
- **primeminister**: Hailemariam Desalegn
- **predecessor**: Negasso Gidada
- **successor**: Mulatu Teshome
- **death place**: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- **birth place**: Addis Ababa, Ethiopian Empire, Ethiopia
- **birthname**: Girma Wolde-Giorgis
- **nationality**: Ethiopian
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **profession**: Parliamentary speaker, Air force personnel
Hydrometer

A **hydrometer** is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water it is used as water

A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float upright. The liquid to be tested is poured into a tall container, often a graduated cylinder, and the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer is noted. Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside the stem, so that the specific gravity can be read directly. A variety of scales exist, and are used depending on the context.

Hydrometers may be calibrated for different uses, such as a lactometer for measuring the density (creaminess) of milk, a saccharometer for measuring the density of sugars in a liquid, or an alcoholometer for measuring higher levels of alcohol in spirits.
Hygrometer

A **hygrometer** is a meteorological instrument that is used to measure the humidity of the air. A common way these devices work is by using a material that attracts moisture. This material changes depending on how hydrated it is.

A hygrometer has two bulbs: one wet and one dry. Both bulbs are like thermometers, though one is covered with a wet or dry towel. After a period of time, the water on the bulb evaporates and at that time, the temperature is measured on each bulb. The difference between the temperatures is noted. Then each of the temperatures are used on a chart to find the relative humidity of that temperature and area. Relative humidity is a ratio, so it has no unit. A small difference between the temperature of the bulbs shows a high relative humidity coming from a low evaporation rate. In dry air, evaporation takes place faster showing a large difference in temperature thus giving a low relative humidity.

## Sling psychrometer

A sling psychrometer works when the scientist spins two thermometers through the air, one plain and one with a wet cloth around it. The dry thermometer measures the air temperature. The wet thermometer measures the dew point, because the wet cloth is cooled as the thermometer spins. Since the water on the cloth evaporates, due to latent heat, which is the loss of heat energy when matter goes through a phase change, the cloth cools. Then, the thermometer measures the temperature of the cloth. Eventually the cloth will match the amount of water absorbed in it with the amount of water absorbed in the air, or the humidity. When the matching happens, the temperature will stabilize. Then, the scientist looks on a table to find the dew point according to the air temperature and humidity measured by the wet bulb.
Gondola lift

A **gondola lift** is a type of public transport. It consists of cabins fixed to a cable that travels between two stations. The cable is moved around by motors at the stations and is lifted from the ground by towers. A gondola lift is similar to a cable car, and sometimes it is called like that. However, unlike a cable car a gondola lift contains many cabins that go around at the same time. Usually the cabins slow down at the stations to allow passengers to get in or out.

Gondola lifts are mainly used in skiing resorts to transport tourists up and down the mountains.

## List of incidents

The National Ski Areas Association reports 0.138 deaths per 100 million miles transported compared to 1.23 for cars.

- October 22, 1979: One person was killed and 17 other injured when two gondolas fell from the "Swiss Sky Ride" at the Texas State Fair. Winds gusting to  caused three cars to collide and two fell on midway games below the cable.
- January 29, 1983: The Singapore Cable Car disaster, which saw seven people killed when two cabins plunged into the sea after the cableway was hit by a Panamanian-registered oil rig being towed.
- September 5, 2005: Nine people died and ten were injured when a  concrete block was accidentally dropped by a construction helicopter in Sölden, Austria. Hundreds had to be evacuated from the lift.
- July 13, 2006: Five people, including a three-year-old girl, were injured after two cable cars collided and one crashed to the ground. The accident took place at the Nevis Range, near Fort William in northwest Scotland. There were no fatalities and the gondola was deemed safe for operation shortly after the accident.
- 2006:  Two gondolas collide During a trial run of the Ngong Ping 360, leaving 200 volunteers stranded high above Hong Kong for several hours.
- February 18, 2007: A gondola car derailed from the cable at Ski Apache in New Mexico and rolled backwards hitting another car. Eight people were involved in the crash but only two suffered minor injuries.
- March 2, 2008: A man fell out of a gondola in Chamonix and died, perhaps after he and one of his friends leaned on and broke the plexiglass window.
- December 16, 2008: Ten people were injured (none seriously), and others left stranded after a tower supporting the Excalibur gondola lift on Blackcomb mountain collapsed, at the Whistler Blackcomb ski resort in Whistler, Canada.
- January 31, 2011: A ten-year-old boy fell  from a gondola in Hafjell, Norway. He suffered minor injuries.
- Cologne Cable Car closed in July 2017 due to an accident.
- August 2019: Someone cut the cable of the Sea to Sky Gondola in Squamish, British Columbia. No one was hurt but the gondola’s cars were destroyed when they crashed to the ground. The tourist attraction was closed for repairs.

## Related pages

- Cable car
- Chairlift
John A. Roche

**John A. Roche** (August 12, 1844 – February 10, 1904) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1887–1889). He was a Republican.

Roche was born on August 12, 1844 in Utica, New York. Roche died on February 10, 1904 in Chicago from a type of poisoning, aged 59.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John A. Roche
- **image**: John Roche.jpg
- **birth place**: Utica, New York, United States
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 30th
- **term start**: 1887
- **term end**: 1889
- **predecessor**: Carter Harrison, Sr.
- **successor**: DeWitt Clinton Cregier
- **party**: United States Republican Party, Republican
DeWitt Clinton Cregier

**DeWitt Clinton Cregier** (June 1, 1829 – November 9, 1898) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1889 to 1891. He was a Democrat.

Cregier was born on June 1, 1829 in New York City, New York. He was married to Mary Sophia Foggin. They had ten children. Cregier died on November 9, 1898 in Chicago, Illinois from pneumonia, aged 69. He is buried in Rosehill Cemetery in Lincoln Square, Chicago.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: DeWitt Clinton Cregier
- **image**: DeWitt Clinton Cregier old portrait.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **height**: 5 ft. 7 in.
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **residence**: Chicago and St. Charles, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 31st
- **term start**: 1889
- **term end**: 1891
- **predecessor**: John A. Roche
- **successor**: Hempstead Washburne
- **party**: Democrat
- **spouse**: Mary Sophia Foggin
- **children**: Ten (2 daughters, 8 sons)
Hempstead Washburne

**Hempstead Washburne** (November 11, 1852 – April 13, 1919) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1891 to 1893. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Washburne was born on November 11, 1852 in Galena, Illinois. Washburne died on April 13, 1919 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 66.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Hempstead Washburne
- **image**: Hempstead Washburne.jpg
- **birth place**: Galena, Illinois, Galena, Illinois, United States
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 32nd
- **term start**: 1891
- **term end**: 1893
- **predecessor**: DeWitt Clinton Cregier
- **successor**: Carter Harrison, Sr.
- **party**: United States Republican Party, Republican
John Patrick Hopkins

**John Patrick Hopkins** (October 29, 1858 – October 13, 1918) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1893–1895). He was a Democrat.

Hopkins was born on October 29, 1858, in Buffalo, New York. He was never married. Hopkins died on October 13, 1918, in Chicago, Illinois from a flu, aged 59.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Patrick Hopkins
- **image**: John Patrick Hopkins.jpg
- **birth place**: Buffalo, New York, Buffalo, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 35th
- **term start**: 1893
- **term end**: 1895
- **predecessor**: George Bell Swift
- **successor**: George Bell Swift
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
Jeonju

**The city of Jeonju** was the political, economic and cultural center in the Honam Plain, Korea’s most fertile farmland that encompasses today’s South and North Jeolla Provinces. The first historic records about the city come from the Unified Silla Period. Back then, the city was called Wansanju. After the Unified Silla was divided, Jeonju served as the capital of the late Baekje, one of the kingdoms set up after the breakup of the Unified Silla. Coming to the Joseon period, Jeonju became even more important as the city was the birthplace of the first ancestor of Lee Sung-gae, the first king of the Joseon Dynasty.

Known as a city with 1000-year history, Jeonju is also promoted as a gateway to traditional Korean culture and gastronomy. The Hanok Village in Jeonju is one of the most famous tourist attractions that many Koreans and foreigners visit every year. The Hanok Village, where traditional Korean houses from the Joseon Period are preserved, offers traditional Korean cuisine, hanji, or traditional Korean paper, and oriental medicine. Tourists can get a hands-on experience at various tourist facilities and historic sites in the city.

UNESCO has officially designated Jeonju as a City of Gastronomy. The flavorful foods Jeonju offers are widely known among Koreans as well, and there are many restaurants in Korea that claim that they have originated from Jeonju. Two most famous foods from Jeonju are bibimbap and a bean sprout soup called kongnamulgukbap. Bibimbap is a dish that mixes rice with sautéed vegetables, meat, eggs, and hot red-pepper paste and offered in a bowl. Different ingredients blend in well to create a harmonious taste. Kongnamulgukbap is a bean sprout soup offered with rice in it. It seems a simple dish to make. But it has a very special taste that also comes from a mix of different ingredients put it to make the soup broth.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: Cities of South Korea, Specific city
- **translit lang1**: Korean
- **translit lang1 type1**: Hangul
- **translit lang1 type2**: Hanja
- **translit lang1 info3**: Jeonju-si
- **translit lang1 info4**: Chŏnju-si
- **image map**: North Jeolla-Jeonju.svg
- **map caption**: Location in South Korea
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Korea, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Honam
- **parts type**: Administrative divisions of South Korea, Administrative divisions
- **parts**: 2 _Gu_, 40 _dong_
- **government type**: City Government
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Kim Seung-soo
- **leader title1**: Council
- **leader name1**: Jeonju City Council
- **area total km2**: 206.22
- **population total**: 652,392
- **population as of**: 2017
- **population density km2**: 3163.6
- **population blank1 title**: Dialect
- **population blank1**: Jeolla dialect, Jeolla
- **utc offset1**: +9
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 560011-561870
- **area code type**: Area Code
- **area code**: +82 63
Frank J. Corr

**Frank J. Corr** (January 12, 1877 – June 3, 1934) was an American politician. He was the acting mayor of Chicago, Illinois in 1933 after the assassination of Anton Cermak. Corr was a Democrat.

Corr was born on January 12, 1877 in Brooklyn, New York. His family moved to Chicago in 1890. Corr was married to Mary Corr. They had no children. Corr died on June 3, 1934 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 57.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Frank J. Corr
- **image**: Frank J. Corr (Chicago Mayor) (1).jpg
- **caption**: Frank J. Corr (Chicago Mayor), 1933
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 45th
- **term start**: March 15, 1933
- **term end**: April 8, 1933
- **predecessor**: Anton Cermak
- **successor**: Edward Joseph Kelly, Edward J. Kelly
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Mary Corr (1902-1934)
Edward Joseph Kelly

**Edward Joseph Kelly** (May 1, 1876 – October 20, 1950) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1933–1947) for the Demoratic Party.

Kelly was born on May 1, 1876 in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Mary Edmond Roche from 1910 until her death in 1918. They had one child. Then he was married to Margaret Ellen Kirk from 1922 until his death in 1950. They had three children. Kelly died on October 20, 1950 in Chicago, Illinois from heart failure, aged 74.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Edward Joseph Kelly
- **image**: EdwardJKelly.jpg
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **residence**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 46th
- **term start**: April 8, 1933
- **term end**: April 15, 1947
- **predecessor**: Frank J. Corr
- **successor**: Martin H. Kennelly
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democratic
Backpacking (travel)

**Backpacking** is a form of low-cost and basically independent travel. Backpacker is the term for those who travel by carrying a light backpack for a relatively long period of time.

The cost of backpacking depends on the duration of traveling.  No matter how long they are planning to travel, backpackers also need to spend money on eating, sleeping and moving. Backpacking travel type minimizes the cost by choosing cheap accommodation, such as youth hostels. One of the popular ones is Youth Hostels Association (YHA). Many hostels are registered with YHA, and they have common standards. Depending on room types and season, the cost varies from $10 to $60 per night. Sometimes backpackers book accommodations at low rate and stay as a paying guest while on a long journey. Portals like airbnb.com, isearchrentals.com accumulates such kind of paying guest accommodations

Backpackers are highly connected to each other. They get information not only from the internet, but also from a bulletin board of their accommodation, Backpackers. They share their information how to get to the destination wisely and about shops or restaurants on the bulletin board. Some backpackers depend on couch surfing, not spending money on accommodation, visiting local people's houses. There are Backpackers Group in reach region, who plan their trip on regular intervals year around.
Martin H. Kennelly

**Martin H. Kennelly** (August 11, 1887 – November 29, 1961) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1947–1955). He was a member of the Democratic Party.

Kennelly was born on August 11, 1887 in Chicago, Illinois. He was never married and had no children. Kennelly died on November 29, 1961 from heart failure, aged 74.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Martin H. Kennelly
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **office**: Mayor of Chicago
- **order**: 47th
- **term start**: April 15, 1947
- **term end**: April 20, 1955
- **predecessor**: Edward Joseph Kelly
- **successor**: Richard J. Daley
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democratic
Starship Troopers

***Starship Troopers*** is a 1997 American science fiction action adventure thriller movie. It was released on November 7, 1997. The gross amount of money the movie made was $65,000,000 (worldwide). The companies that helped make the movie TriStar Pictures, Touchstone Pictures and Big Bug Pictures. _Starship Troopers_ was directed by Paul Verhoeven.

## Story

Starship Troopers is about an interplanetary war between the Humans (Mobile Infantry) and large insect-like aliens in the 23rd century. It is about the experience of Johnny Rico, one of 3 close friends who join up to fight the bugs before his hometown of Buenos Aires is destroyed by the aliens.