juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Solvent extraction

**Solvent extraction**, also known as **Liquid–liquid extraction** or **partitioning**, is a method to separate a compound based on the solubility of its parts. This is done using two liquids that don't mix, for example water and an organic solvent.

Solvent extraction is used in the processing of perfumes, vegetable oil, or biodiesel. It is also used to recover plutonium from irradiated nuclear fuel, a process which is usually called nuclear reprocessing. The recovered plutonium can then be re-used as nuclear fuel.

In this process one of the components of a mixture dissolves in a particular liquid and the other component is separated as a residue by filtration.

Solvent extraction involves crushing of oil seeds and oil seed cakes. From ancient time, vegetable oils were obtained by crushing oil seeds in village ghanis / kolhus / chekkus in India. At the beginning of the 20th century the vegetable oils industry was based on some 500,00 bullock-driven ghanis producing about 800,000 tonnes of oils. Slowly, in addition to these ghanis, power-driven ghanis (rotary ghanis made indigenously) imported expeller and imported hydraulic press plants started crushing oilseeds.

Around this time many European countries and United States of America had established huge solvent extraction plants for recovering directly almost all the available oil in the oilseeds like Cottonseed and Soybean.
Juho Kusti Paasikivi

**Juho Kusti Paasikivi** (27 November 1870–14 December 1956 Helsinki). He was the seventh president of Finland, from 1946 to 1956. He was first person to have his picture printed on Finnish money. First wife was Anna Matilda Forsman (1897–1931).

Paasikivi studied history and law in  Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki. He was especially interested in history of Russia. He became a doctor in law in 1901, and associate professor in 1902. In 1913 he became director of KOP bank.

Paasikivi was elected in parliament in 1907, and second time 1910. This was time when Finland was still part of Russian empire. At the time when Finland became independent, Paasikivi was among those who supported monarchy.

During the second world war Paasikivi was negotiating with Soviet Union. In 1946, when President Mannerheim resigned, parliament selected Paasikivi as his successor. In 1950 he won an election wand was selected for second term. In 1956 he was not an official candidate, but he got some votes as "Black horse".

The foreign policy doctrine established by Paasikivi and continued by his successor Urho Kekkonen,  The "Paasikivi-Kekkonen line", aimed at Finland's survival as an independent sovereign, democratic, and capitalist country in the immediate proximity of the Soviet Union.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Juho Kusti Paasikivi
- **order**: 7th President of Finland
- **nationality**: Finnish
- **image**: Juho Kusti Paasikivi, 1940s.jpg
- **term start**: 11 March 1946
- **term end**: 1 March 1956
- **predecessor**: Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
- **successor**: Urho Kekkonen
- **order2**: Prime Minister of Finland
- **term start2**: 27 May 1918
- **term end2**: 27 November 1918
- **predecessor2**: P. E. Svinhufvud
- **successor2**: Urho Castrén
- **term start3**: 17 November 1944
- **term end3**: 26 March 1946
- **predecessor3**: Lauri Ingman
- **successor3**: Mauno Pekkala
- **birth place**: Koski, Finland
- **death place**: Helsinki, Finland
- **party**: Kokoomus
- **signature**: J. K. Paasikivi's signature.png
- **spouse**: Anna Forsman
Alli Valve
Fiscal policy

When a state uses taxes and government spending to influence the economy, this is known as **fiscal policy** in economics and political science. Idea from John Maynard Keynes. The state can influence the following parameters:
- Aggregate demand and the level of economic activity
- How resources are allocated
- How wealth is distributed
There are two basic kinds of taxes: those on revenue, and those on economic activity, usually called excise taxes. Lowering the excise taxation will lead to increased economic activity, for example. Changes in welfare also have an impact on economic activity.

In general, fiscal policy is cyclic: Effects which result from changes in fiscal policy need some time until they can be observed.

Certain schools of thought think that fiscal policy should not be used to influence the economy. This is the case for Monetarism, which demands that keeping money at its value is the most important goal.
Intensity of preference

**Intensity of preference**, also known as **intensity preference**, is a term used to identify and describe what happens in a process which leads to consensus agreement or consensus ranking.  The phrase recognizes that decisions and decision-making involve intensity of feeling about a choice and the choice preference itself.

The concept of preference intensity has been criticized over the past sixty years because of the problems in measuring it. The term is used in economics, politics, marketing and other areas.

## History

Ranking and consensus have been the subject of research for 200+ years.
In the 20th century, the term intensity of preference was coined by the work of the economist Kenneth Arrow, who was a recipient of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Economics.

## Analysis

Intensity of preference is a factor in an analysis of how individual choices develop into social choices.  Standard election procedures notoriously ignore differences in intensity of preferences.

For example, the intensity of preference is a one of many factors which are important in voting.  The term is a measure of an individual voter's (or group of voters') willingness to do something.  Intensity of preference focuses on the inconveniences involved in the act of officially registering a choice at a specific time and place, not the vote itself.  For example, the lines for voting in South Africa's 1994 election were very long.  The "intensity of preference" and the inconvenience of voting were factors in the election of Nelson Mandela.

## Related pages

- Consensus
- Majority rule
- False consensus
- Plural ignorance

## Other websites

- Intensity Measures of Consumer Preferences
Bedchamber crisis

**Bedchamber crisis** is the name given to a number of events that happened in 1839, when the Whigs lost the election, and only had a minority rule. As a consequence of the defeat, Lord Melbourne stepped down, and Robert Peel was given the task to form a new government. The Bedchamber crisis relates to the behaviour of Queen Victoria, who was twenty years old, at the time. The queen had a close relationship with the prime minister, and also listened to him, when it came to choosing Ladies-in-waiting. As a result, most ladies in waiting were the wives or relatives of leading Whig politicians. Peel, who was a Tory, asked the queen to re-elect the ladies, so that their allegiance to parties would be more neutral. This would have meant that some of the ladies would have to be replaced. Victoria saw the ladies as friends, and therefore refused. In addition, the queen had little sympathy for Peel. Given the circumstances, Peel refused the task to form a new government. Lord Ashley, who was to become  Lord Shaftsbury was offered the post of prime minister, but he also refused. As a result, the Whigs and Lord Melbourne stayed in power. The refusal of the queen to replace some of the ladies in waiting was met with criticism.
Lauri Kristian Relander

**Lauri Kristian Relander** (May 1883 - February 1942) was the second president of Finland, from 1925 to 1931. He travelled to other countries a lot compared to other presidents. Relander's education was Doctor of Philosophy and agronomist.

Relander was born in Kurkijoki. His wife was Signe Östermanin (1886–1962). They had two children. He died in Helsinki.
Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg

**Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg** (28 January 1865 – 22 September 1952) was Finland's first president, from 1919 to 1925. He was born in Suomussalmi and was third from five children in the family. His first wife was Hedvig Wåhlberg. In 1920 he married Ester Elfving.

President Juho Kusti Paasikivi gave great value to Ståhlberg. He said: "Ståhlberg was a man who never made mistakes".

Ståhlberg died in Helsinki.
Vicki Escarra

**Vicki Escarra** is an American director of welfare organizations. She was the CEO of Feeding America and is leading Opportunity International since 2012.

## Life

Escarra was born around 1955 in Decatur in Georgia. She obtained a bachelor degree in psychology at Georgia State University. Furthermore, she completed the _Executive Management Program_ at Columbia University and the _Executive Leadership Program_ at Harvard University.

Since 1973 she worked for Delta Air Lines. Here her career rose, and finally she became the director of the customer service. At that moment she directed over 52,000 employees. In 2002 she was honored with the YWCA Women of Achievement Award.

Since 2003 she was a member of the board of the banking firm A. G. Edwards, and also of several other boards like for the Association of Professional Women and the Committee of 200. From 2004 to 2006 she worked as a chairman of the Atlanta Convention & Visitors Bureau.

From 2006 to 2012 she was director of Feeding America, an organization behind two hundred food banks in the United States and Puerto Rico with programs like soup kitchens and shelters. The organization feeds tens of millions of Americans that do not have enough food to buy themselves. For her work for Feeding America she was honored in 2009 with a Four Freedoms Award in the category _Freedom from want_.

Since 2012 Escarra leads Opportunity International, an international organization that works in the field of micro finance, insurance and training of small companies in twenty countries in the Third World.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Vicki Escarra
- **image**: File:Vicki Escarra Profile Picture.png
- **birthname**: Vicki B. Escarra
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **occupation**: Director of Feeding America and Opportunity International
- **awards**: Four Freedoms Award in the category _Freedom from want_
Wingate Institute

The **Wingate Institute** () is a sports training academy in Israel. It was established in 1957. The institute is named after Orde Wingate, who was a British general in the Mandate of Palestine. The Wingate Campus includes schools and local organizations of sport. The Wingate Institute is located in Netanya and has a supplementary compound in Tel Aviv, the National Sport Center, that includes many headquarters of Israeli sport organizations.

## Other websites

- Official website
Finnish markka

The **Finnish markka**, also known as the **Suomen markka**, or simply **markka**, was the currency in Finland before Finland started to use Euro. Markka's abbreviation was mk and internationally FIM. There were 100 pennies,  _(penni, p)_, to each markka. There were also coupons.

## Infobox (currency)

- **currency name in local**:

- **image 1**: Finland 1 markka.jpg
- **image title 1**: 1983 1 markka
- **iso code**: FIM
- **using countries**: None, previously:

- **erm since**: 14 October 1996
- **erm fixed rate since**: 31 December 1998
- **euro replace non cash**: 1 January 1999
- **euro replace cash**: 1 January 2002
- **erm fixed rate**: 5.94573 mk
- **subunit name 1**: penni
- **symbol**: mk
- **symbol subunit 1**: p
- **plural**: markkaa (Finnish language, Finnish partitive case, partitive sg.)
 mark (Swedish language, Swedish)
- **plural subunit 1**: penniä (Finnish language, Finnish partitive case, partitive sg.)
 penni (Swedish language, Swedish)
- **frequently used coins**: 10 p, 50 p, 1 mk, 5 mk, 10 mk
- **rarely used coins**: 1 p (until 1979), 5 p and 20 p (until 1990)
- **frequently used banknotes**: 10 mk, 20 mk, 50 mk, 100 mk, 500 mk
- **rarely used banknotes**: 1000 mk
- **issuing authority**: Bank of Finland
- **issuing authority website**: www.bof.fi
- **obsolete notice**: Y
National Sport Center Tel Aviv

The **National Sport Center** is a complex of sports venues and sport administration buildings in Tel Aviv, Israel. It includes the Olympic Committee of Israel building. The center is located in the Western edge of the Yarkon Park near to the Ramat Gan Stadium. It is a supplementary compound to the Wingate Institute in Netanya.

The National Sport Center was established in 1978 when a several tennis courts were built close to Yarkon Park. In 1980, the building of the Olympic Committee of Israel and the national athletics stadium were built nearby.

## Other websites

- National Sport Center – Tel Aviv (Hebrew)
- the Olympic Committee of Israel
Närpes

**Närpes** () is a town in western Finland. There were 9,399 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Kaskinen, Korsnäs, Kristinestad, Kurikka, Malax and Teuva. About 85% of the people speak Swedish.

## Other websites

- Homepage
Lappeenranta

**Lappeenranta** is a city in southeastern Finland. There were 73,394 people living there on 30 September 2025. It is next to the municipalities of Imatra, Lemi, Luumäki, Miehikkälä, Ruokolahti and Taipalsaari.

The former municipality of Joutseno was merged with Lappeenranta in 2009. The former municipality of Ylämaa was merged with Lappeenranta in 2010.

There is a wolf pack which also has some dogs in it; The pack sometimes stays in Lappeenranta before going back to Russia, according to media (in 2024).

## Some villages

Hanhijärvi (Lappeenranta), Hiivaniemi, Kansola, Konnunsuo, Kontu (Lappeenranta), Korvenkylä, Louko, Moisio(Lappeenranta), Raippo, Ruokola (Lappeenranta), Simola (Lappeenranta), Sirkjärvi, Vainikkala, Vilkjärvi.

## Other websites

- Lappeenrannan kaupunki
Shinyei Nakamine

**Shinyei Nakamine** (January 21, 1920-June 2, 1944) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

## Early life

Nakamine was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a _Nisei_, which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

## Soldier

One month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nakamine joined the US Army in November 1941.

Nakamine volunteered to be part of the all-_Nisei_ 100th Infantry Battalion.  This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

For his actions in June 1944, Nakamine  was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC).  In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II.  Nakamine's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

## Medal of Honor citation

Nakamine's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in central Italy in 1944. Without help from others, he destroyed a machine gun nest and led attacks on two other machine gun nests.

The words of Nakamine's citation explain:
> Private Shinyei Nakamine distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June 1944, near La Torreto, Italy. During an attack, Private Nakamine’s platoon became pinned down by intense machine gun crossfire from a small knoll 200 yards to the front. On his own initiative, Private Nakamine crawled toward one of the hostile weapons. Reaching a point 25 yards from the enemy, he charged the machine gun nest, firing his submachine gun, and killed three enemy soldiers and captured two. Later that afternoon, Private Nakamine discovered an enemy soldier on the right flank of his platoon’s position. Crawling 25 yards from his position, Private Nakamine opened fire and killed the soldier. Then, seeing a machine gun nest to his front approximately 75 yards away, he returned to his platoon and led an automatic rifle team toward the enemy. Under covering fire from his team, Private Nakamine crawled to a point 25 yards from the nest and threw hand grenades at the enemy soldiers, wounding one and capturing four. Spotting another machine gun nest 100 yards to his right flank, he led the automatic rifle team toward the hostile position but was killed by a burst of machine gun fire. Private Nakamine’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II
- List of Asian American Medal of Honor recipients
- Posthumous recognition

## Other websites

- "Army Secretary Lionizes 22 World War II Heroes" at Defense.gov
National Building Museum

The **National Building Museum** is a museum in Washington D.C. dedicated to architecture, landscaping, urban design, urban planning, industrial design, and the history of buildings in the United States. The museum host exhibitions of architectural styles and organizes tours for visitors and activities for children and families. The museum was established in 1969 by architect Beverly Willis and moved to an old building that was the Interior of the Pension Office in 1980.

## Other websites

- Official website
- National Park Service - National Historic Landmarks Program - Pension Building listing
- General Services Administration page on the Pension Building (National Building Museum)
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge

**Gonville and Caius College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often called **Caius** (said _keys_) by the students. It was created in 1348 by Edmund Gonville who gave money to build it. In 1557 John Caius, a doctor, left some more money after studying at the college. The modern name comes from these two people. It now has about 700 students.

Being old, the college has kept many traditions. For example, there is a formal dinner every night. Also, when students go home for holiday they need to get an official permission from a Fellow (teacher) to leave.

## Famous members

Some very famous people have studied at this College. Twelve of them have won a Nobel Prize:
- 1932 Sir Charles Sherrington – neurophysiologist (student and fellow)
- 1935 Sir James Chadwick – physicist, discovery of the neutron (student, fellow, and master)
- 1945 Sir Howard Florey – co-discovery of penicillin (fellow)
- 1954 Max Born – physicist
- 1962 Francis Crick – discovery of the structure of DNA (PhD student and honorary fellow)
- 1972 Sir John Hicks – economist (fellow)
- 1974 Antony Hewish – astronomer (student and fellow)
- 1976 Milton Friedman – economist (visiting fellow)
- 1977 Sir Nevill Mott – theoretical physicist (fellow and Master)
- 1984 Sir Richard Stone – economist
- 2001 Joseph Stiglitz – economist (fellow)
- 2008 Roger Tsien – chemist (fellow)

Stephen Hawking is also a Fellow at Gonville and Caius.

## Other websites

- Official website
Imatra

**Imatra** is a town in southeast Finland. There were 28,363 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Lappeenranta and Ruokolahti.

## Other websites

- Imatra's website
Iisalmi

**Iisalmi** is a town in southeast Finland. There were 22,153 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Kiuruvesi, Lapinlahti, Maaninka, Pielavesi, Sonkajärvi and Vieremä.

## Books

- Tauno Räisänen: Iisalmen kauppalan ja kaupungin historia 1860–1930, Kuopio 1959.
- Anja Tsokkinen: Iisalmen kaupungin historia 1930–1969, 1996, .
- Matti Klinge: Iisalmen ruhtinaskunta, 2006, .

## Other websites

- Homepage
Homerton College, Cambridge

**Homerton College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. Its name comes from the area of Homerton in London. It was first formed there in 1850 from a group of students who wanted to change the way pedagogy (how people teach) was studied. They moved to Cambridge in 1894, but the college only became part of the University in 1976. Only in 2010 it was given the full status.

Homerton College is the biggest in Cambridge: it has 1200 students. Many of them study Education because the department is there. The college is not in the city centre of Cambridge but on Hills Road.

## Other websites

- Official website
Hughes Hall, Cambridge

**Hughes Hall** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It only takes students who are more than 21 years old (_mature_ students). They can be undergraduates or postgraduates. It opened in 1885 and was only for women at the start. The first men came in 1973. It takes its name from the first _Principal_ (head of the college), Elizabeth Phillips Hughes.

Today, Hughes Hall has about 400 students. It has the tradition of trying to mix students and Fellows (teachers) at social events, such as dinners where there is no separate table for Fellows.

## Other websites

- Official website
Pepsi Music 2004: Britney Exclusive

***Pepsi Music 2004: Britney Exclusive*** (also known as: _Pepsi Music 2004_ or _Pepsi: Dare for More Music 2004_) is an EP . The CD included a special version of "We Will Rock You", which has been used in Pepsi TV advert. This version was performed by Britney Spears, P!nk and Beyoncé. Enrique Iglesias played a part an evil emperor.

## Track listing

|#|Title|Duration|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1.|We Will Rock You - Pepsi "Gladiator" Sound Track Remix 2004|3:10|
|2.|Britney Spears - "Me Against the Music" Remix|3:46|
|3.|JC Chasez - "Everything You Want"|4:30|
|4.|TV advert, interviews, behind the scenes, wallpaper, screen saver and photos||

## Cover

Front cover
Back cover
 Cd

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Pepsi Music 2004: Britney Exclusive
- **type**: ep
- **artist**: Various Artists
- **released**: May 31 2004
August 2004
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, Pop music, pop
- **label**: Sony Music Entertainment
- **language**: English language, English
Summerside, Prince Edward Island

**Summerside** is a city in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island.

The population of Summerside was 16,001 in 2021. The mayor of Summerside is Dan Kutcher.

Summerside was incorporated as a town on April 1, 1877, and as a city on April 1, 1995. The largest employer in the city is the Canada Revenue Agency. The city was home to CFB Summerside, an air force base located in the city, but that has since closed. The city is the only municipality in North America that owns its own electric utility and provides its residents with 46% of their energy consumption through green wind energy. The city is home to the Summerside Storm which play in the National Basketball League of Canada. The former post office that is located on Summer Street is a National Historic Site of Canada.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Summerside
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: Small city. Big opportunity.
- **image skyline**: Summerside central.JPG
- **image caption**: The waterfront development of Summerside
- **pushpin map**: Canada Prince Edward Island
- **pushpin mapsize**: 220
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Canada, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Prince Edward Island
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Prince County
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Dan Kutcher
- **leader title1**: Governing body
- **leader name1**: Summerside City Council
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1800s
- **established title1**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date1**: April 1, 1877 (town)
- **established title2**:  
- **established date2**: April 1, 1995 (city)
- **area total km2**: 28.21
- **area metro km2**: 125.12
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 16,001
- **population metro**: 18,157
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density metro km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, Atlantic (AST)
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: ADT
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **elevation m**: Sea level to 29
- **elevation ft**: 0 to 95.1
- **postal code type**: Canadian Postal code
- **postal code**: List of C Postal Codes of Canada, C1N
- **blank name**: List of North American Numbering Plan area codes, Area code
Peter Travers

**Peter Travers** (born June 27, 1943) is an American movie critic. He works for _Rolling Stone_ and _People_. He is known for listing movies or directors in the "Top Ten List" which includes Martin Scorsese, David Lynch, Paul Thomas Anderson, Clint Eastwood, Christopher Nolan, Joel and Ethan Coen, and Ang Lee.

## Other websites

- The Travers Take  at _Rolling Stone_
- Movie Reviews  at _Rolling Stone_
- Peter Travers  at Rotten Tomatoes
- Popcorn with Peter Travers on ABC News
A. O. Scott

**Anthony Oliver Scott** (born July 10, 1966) is an American journalist and movie critic. He is the manager of all movie critics for _The New York Times_. His great-uncle is American actor Eli Wallach.

Scott was born on July 10, 1966 in Northampton, Massachusetts. He is Jewish. Scott studied at the Classical High School, at Johns Hopkins University, and at Harvard University. He is married. They have two children. He now lives in Brooklyn, New York.

## Other websites

- A. O. Scott: New York Times articles
- A. O. Scott: New York Times movie reviews

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: A. O. Scott
- **image**: A. O. Scott (29424113753) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Scott in 2016
- **birth name**: Anthony Oliver Scott
- **birth place**: Northampton, Massachusetts, Northampton, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Journalist, movie critic
- **employer**: _The New York Times_
- **education**: Classical High School
- **alma mater**: Harvard University,
Johns Hopkins University
- **children**: 2
- **relations**: Eli Wallach (great-uncle)
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud

**Pehr Evind Svinhufvud**, usually known as **P. E. Svinhufvud**, (1861 - 1944) was Finland's third president. He married Ellen Timgren and they had six children. His nickname was Ukko-Pekka. That's why name Pekka became more popular.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: P. E. Svinhufvud
- **nationality**: Finn
- **smallimage**: P. E. Svinhufvud.png
- **order**: 3rd President of Finland
- **term start**: March 1, 1931
- **term end**: March 1, 1937
- **predecessor**: Lauri Kristian Relander
- **successor**: Kyösti Kallio
- **birth place**: Sääksmäki, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Luumäki, Republic of Finland
- **spouse**: Ellen Timgren
- **children**: 6 children
Karachi South District

**Karachi South District** () is in the Karachi Division of the Sindh province of Pakistan.
11th century BC

The **11th century BC** started the first day of 1100 BC and ended the last day of 1001 BC. The events below may have happened in this century.

## Events

- 1089 BC: Melanthus, legendary King of Athens, dies after a reign of 37 years.
- 1069 BC: Ramses XI dies, ending the Twentieth Dynasty.
- 1068 BC: Codrus, legendary King of Athens, dies in battle against Dorian invaders.
- 1050 BC: Philistines capture the Ark of the Covenant from Israel in battle. (Approximate date)
- 1048 BC: Medon, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 20 years.
- 1046 BC: King Wu of Zhou becomes first king of the Zhou Dynasty.
- 1042 BC: King Cheng of Zhou succeeds King Wu as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in China,
- 1039 BC: Neferkare Amenemnisu, king of Egypt, dies.
- c. 1020 BC: Destruction of Troy VIIb<sub>2</sub>.
- 1026 BC: Saul becomes the first king of the Israelites.
- 1020 BC: King Kang of Zhou succeeds King Cheng as ruler of the Zhou Dynasty in China.
- 1012 BC: Acastus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 36 years.
- 1003 BC: David succeeds Saul.
- 1000s BC: Earliest evidence of farming in the Kenya highlands.
- c. 1000 BC: Latins come to Italy from the Danube region.
- 1000s BC: Phoenician alphabet invented.
2nd millennium BC

The **2nd millennium BC** took place in between the years of 2000 BC and 1001 BC. This is the time between the Middle and the late Bronze Age.

The first half of the millennium saw a lot of activity by the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Babylonia. The alphabet develops. Indo-Iranian migration onto the Iranian plateau and onto the Indian subcontinent saw the creation and use of the chariot.  Chariot warfare and population movements lead to violent changes at the center of the millennium.  New order emerges with Greek control of the Aegean and the rise of the Hittite Empire. The end of the millennium sees the start of the Iron Age. World population begins to rise steadily. By 1000 BC, the population of the world reached nearly 50 million.
3rd millennium BC

The **3rd millennium BC** spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age.

This was a period of time in which the desire to conquer was common. Expansion occurred throughout the Middle East and throughout Eurasia, with Indo-European expansion to Anatolia, Europe and Central Asia. The civilization of Ancient Egypt rose to a peak with the Old Kingdom. World population is estimated to have doubled in the course of the millennium to 30 million people.
Scottish highland dance

**Highland dancing** is a traditional dance which comes from Scotland. Highland dancers need a lot of stamina and strength as they need a good sense of aesthetics.  They execute the traditional dance in solo to the sound of the great highland bagpipe. The highland dances are very precise and need a lot of coordination. There are many competitions for highland dancing organized around the world, mainly in Scotland, United States, Canada and Australia.

## Competition judging

Dancers are judged on three elements:
- **Timing:** First, dancers have to follow the rhythm of the music.
- **Technique:** Secondly, they have to execute the step correctly; the position of the feet, arms and head have to be done precisely.
- **Posture:** Finally, they are evaluating on their interpretation of the dance. They have to get a good appearance and have to smile like the dance is very easy and natural.
If a dancer does all these three elements perfectly, they have a great advantage over the others.

## Highland dances

Here are the main traditional highland dances:
- The **Highland fling** is traditionally a four or six steps dance performed after a victory in a battle.
- The **sword dance** is performed around a crossed sword on the bagpipes song Ghillie Calum. It starts with two or more slow steps and ends with one or two quick steps. The aim of the dance is not to displace the sword.
- The **Sean Triubhas** is a dance that represents a person who lost his pants. In fact, at one time, Scottish could not wear the kilt and was only allowed to wear pants. In 1747, the British law abolished this old law and gave back to Scottish the right to wear their kilt. So in the first part, the dancers mimic a Scottish trying to put on his pants and in the last part, they mimic one who is getting back his right to wear the kilt and his customs.
- The **Irish jig** is a parody of Irish dancing and is performed with red, black or green hard shoes. An angry house wife, because her husband has taken some money to go to the pub, is waiting him at the halt.

## Costumes

Women wear a kilt, a kilt jacket (with or without sleeves), a blouse, ghilies and kilt socks. Men wear a kilt with a sporran, a white shirt with a thin tie, a dark jacket, green or black hose and ghilies shoes. These are only for certain dances (fling, sean triubhas, barracks johnnies, tulloch/half tulloch and highland laddie) There is seperate costumes for other dances, for the flora, scotch measure, lilt and a few others the outfit is called and aboyne. The hornpipe and jig have separate outfits too.
Paulina Porizkova

**Paulina Porizkova** (born 9 April 1965 in the Czech Republic) is a Czech-American model and actress. At age eighteen, became the first female from Central Europe to be shown on the cover of the _Sports Illustrated_ swimsuit issue. She was the second female (following Christie Brinkley) to be shown on the cover of the _Sports Illustrated_ multiple times. She has acted in movies and in television shows, including _Desperate Housewives_.
Rich Girl

**"Rich Girl"** is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, _Love. Angel. Music. Baby._ (2004). Produced by Dr. Dre, the track features American rapper Eve. It is the second time that both Stefani and Eve had done a song together, "Rich Girl" also samples both "Rich Girl" reggae girl group Louchie Lou & Michie One and "If I Were a Rich Man" a song from Fiddler on the Roof.

## Track list

- European CD single
1. "Rich Girl" (album version featuring Eve) – 3:56
1. "What You Waiting For?" (live) – 3:52
    - UK and European CD maxi single
1. "Rich Girl" (album version featuring Eve) – 3:56
1. "What You Waiting For?" (live) – 3:52
1. "Harajuku Girls" (live) – 4:36
1. "Rich Girl" (video) – 4:03

- US 12" single
- A1. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Mix) – 4:07
- A2. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Instrumental) – 4:07
- B1. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Quick Mix) – 3:47
- B2. "Rich Girl" (Get Rich Quick Instrumental) – 4:07
- B3. "Rich Girl" (Acappella) – 3:57

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from the liner notes of _Love. Angel. Music. Baby._

- Gwen Stefani – lead vocals, songwriting
- Mark Batson – keyboard bass, keyboards, songwriting
- Greg Collins – recording
- Kara DioGuardi – songwriting
- Dr. Dre – mixing, production, songwriting
- Mike Elizondo – guitar, keyboards, songwriting
- Eve – rap, songwriting

- Francis Forde – assistant engineering
- Brian "Big Bass" Gardner – mastering
- Mauricio "Veto" Iragorri – recording
- Rouble Kapoor – assistant engineering
- Chantal Kreviazuk – songwriting
- Jaime Sickora – assistant engineering
- Brad Winslow – assistant engineering

## Infobox (single)

- **name**: Rich Girl
- **artist**: Gwen Stefani featuring Eve (rapper), Eve
- **album**: Love. Angel. Music. Baby.
- **b-side**: "What You Waiting For? (Live)"
- **recorded**: 2004
- **label**: Interscope Records, Interscope
- **producer**: Dr. Dre
- **chronology**: Gwen Stefani singles
- **prev title**: What You Waiting For?
- **prev year**: 2004
- **title**: Rich Girl
- **year**: 2004
- **next title**: Hollaback Girl
- **next year**: 2005
The Jerry Springer Show

The ***Jerry Springer Show*** was a unscripted American tabloid talk show. It was hosted by Jerry Springer. It is broadcast around the world. It was taped in Stamford, Connecticut. The show focuses on family dysfunction, secrecy and infidelity. It began on September 30, 1991 and ended on July 26, 2018. It has been controversial for certain subjects.
Merostomata

**Merostomata** is a name given to the now extinct sea scorpions (Eurypterida) and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). There are four known species of horsehoe crabs still alive. James Dwight Dana introduced the name to refer to the horseshoe crabs only. Henry Woodward later extended it to refer to both taxa.
Jack (tool)

A **jack** is a tool for lifting heavy items. There are many kinds of jacks.

- **Car jack** or **automotive jack** - For lifting vehicles.
- **Scissor jack** - The lifting mechanism is shaped similar to a pair of scissors.
- **House jack** - A jack which can lift small buildings that are made of wood or similar lightweight material.
- **Hydraulic jack** - Uses a liquid that is forced into a cylinder by a pump plunger.
- **Inflatable jack** - An airbag-like jack that lifts its load when filled with compressed air.
- **Bottle jack** - A jack with a cylindrical body and a bottle-like neck.
Pielinen

**Pielinen** is the fourth biggest lake in Finland.

## Islands

Eteissaari, Hattusaari, Honkasaari (Juuka), Honkasaari (Nurmes), Iso Ristisaari, Kaitasaari, Karhusaari, Kaunissaari, Kertonsaari, Kelvänsaari, Kinahmonsaaret, Kolmassaari, Korppisaari, Koveronsaari, Kuivasaari, Kulkulsaari, Kuusisaari, Kynsisaari, Larinsaari, Laukkalansaari, Lehtosaari, Liklamo, Lokkisaari, Lörsänsaari, Läpsy, Mantina, Mustasaari, Palosaari, Paalasmaa, Patvisaaret, Pieni Ristisaari, Porosaari, Pyysaari, Pääsaari, Rekisaari, Retusaari, Romonsaaret, Rääkky, Satjanko, Sipolansaari, Toinensaari, Turakka, Uramonsaari, Varpo.

## Pielinen in art

- _Syysmaisema Pielisjärveltä_ (1899) is one of Eero Järnefelt's best known paintings, and was also used on a postage stamp.
Karachi East District

**Karachi East District** () is in the Karachi Division of Sindh province of Pakistan.
Lake Inari

**Lake Inari** ( or _Inari_) is the third largest lake in Finland's Lapland. It covers . The deepest point is . There are over 3,000 islands in the lake. The biggest islands are Kaamassaari, Mahlatti, Viimassaari and Roiro.

Inari's is located to north from Arctic Circle, still, water is not very cold.
Oulujärvi

**Oulujärvi** ("Kainuun meri") is the fifth biggest lake in Finland. Its biggest island is Manamansalo. Other islands are Hevossaari, Iso-Kaattari, Honkinen, Kaarresalo, Karhusaari, Koljolansaari, Kuostonsaari, Käkisaari (toiseksi suurin), Manamansalo, Mulkkusaaret, Reimiluoto, Tevä, Toukka, Uupunut, and Ykspisto ja Ärjä.
Kemijoki

**Kemijoki** is the longest river in Finland. It is  long. It flows to the Gulf of Bothnia.
Kymijoki

**Kymijoki** is a river in Finland. It is  long. It flows through the regions Päijänne Tavastia, Kymenlaakso and Uusimaa.

There are many hydroelectric power plants on the river. In the past, the river was an important way to transport wood.

The river starts from Päijänne and it flows to the Gulf of Finland.
Siikajoki (river)

**Siikajoki (river)** is a river in Finland. It is  long. It flows to Bothnian Bay.
Päijänne

**Päijänne** is the second largest lake in Finland. It is between the regions of Central Finland and Päijänne Tavastia. It covers . Päijänne flows into the Gulf of Finland through the river Kymijoki.

The quality of the water is good. It improves south of Jämsä.

Päijänne is next to the municipalities of Kuhmoinen, Jämsä, Joutsa, Luhanka, Muurame, Toivakka and Jyväskylä in Central Finland, and Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä in Päijänne Tavastia.

## Islands

The lake has 1,886 islands.

Some of the largest islands are Virmailansaari, Salonsaari, Judinsalo, Onkisalo, Paatsalo, Muuratsalo, Haukkasalo and Vuoritsalo.

## National Park

In the southern part of Päijänne is Päijänne National Park. This was established in 1993. The park covers about 50 islands. The park is next to the municipalities of Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä. It covers Kelvenne island, which is 8 km long and 50-800 meters wide. The bays in the national park are popular places for boating.

## Other websites

- Päijänne National Park page, _Finnish_
Näsijärvi

**Näsijärvi** is a lake in Finland. It covers . The deepest point is . Near Näsijärvi are Tampere, Ylöjärvi and Kuru.
Höytiäinen

**Höytiäinen** is a lake in Finland. It covers an area of . Its deepest point is . The biggest island is Teerisaari. In 1950, there were 118 people living at the lake. Near Näsijärvi are Juuka, Kontiolahti and Polvijärvi.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: __
- **image lake**: Hoytiainen.jpg
- **caption lake**: Lake Höytiäinen frozen over
- **location**: North Karelia
- **outflow**: Puntarikoski
- **basin countries**: Finland
- **cities**: Kontiolahti
Kallavesi

**Kallavesi** is a lake in Finland. It covers . The average depth is . The deepest point is . Kallavesi is close to the city of Kuopio.

## Infobox (_lake)

- **lake name**: Kallavesi
- **image lake**: Koski-laiva.JPG
- **caption lake**: _Koski_ ship on Kallavesi.
- **image bathymetry**: Kallavesi.png
- **location**: Northern Savonia
- **basin countries**: Finland
- **max-depth**: >
- **cities**: Kuopio, Vehmersalmi
Lake Keitele

**Lake Keitele** is a lake in Finland. It covers almost . The average depth is . The deepest point is . The quality of the water is very good. Lake Keitele is close to Äänekoski, Viitasaari and municipalities Konnevesi and Vesanto.
Jääsjärvi

**Jääsjärvi** is a large lake in Finland. It covers . It has many islands. The largest ones are Vehkasalo, Hirtesalo, Kotisalo, Ohrasaari, Urrionsaari and Nautsalo.

Municipalities near Jääsjärvi are Joutsa and Hartola. Jääsjärvi flows from the southwestern part via Tainionvirta and into several smaller lakes to Päijänne.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Jääsjärvi
- **image lake**: Mouth of river Tainionvirta.jpg
- **alt lake**: From the edge of Jääsjärvi starts the Tainionvirta River
- **location**: Hartola (Finland), Hartola and Joutsa
- **type**: Lake
- **catchment**: Kymijoki
- **basin countries**: Finland
- **frozen**: December–April
- **islands**: Vehkasalo, Hirtesalo, Kotisalo, Ohrasaari, Urrionsaari, Nautsalo
Keiko (killer whale)

**Keiko** (c. 1976 – December 12, 2003) was a killer whale who played "Willy" in the movie _Free Willy_ in 1993. He was a world-famous whale. He died of pneumonia in 2003.
Karelian pasty

A **Karelian pasty**, also called a **Karelian pie** or **Karelian pirog**, known in Finnish as _karjalanpiirakka_, is a traditional Finnish cookie, where inside a thin rye layer is rice pudding, pearl barley pudding, or mashed potatoes. It is often served with a spread made of butter and hard boiled eggs. There are annual baking competitions such as the one at Rääkkylä's Kihaus.

## Other websites

- Juttuverkko-lehti: Karjalanpiirakka - suomalainen herkku (mm. historiaa ja resepti)  (history and receipe _Finnish_)
Pasquale J. D'Amuro

**Pasquale J. "Pat" D'Amuro** is an American television analyst  and former intelligence agent. He is an expert on terrorism. D'Amuro is a former Director of FBI in New York. He worked for the FBI for 26 years. After the FBI, he went to work for Giuliani Security & Safety, a New York security consulting company.

## Life

D'Amuro grew up in upstate New York. He earned his Bachelor's degree in Business at the Niagara University.

He bagan working for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in May 1979. While working for the FBI, D'Amuro learn much about bank robberies, fraud, organized crime, drug trafficing and similar crimes.

After the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, he focused his research on terrorist attacks. After this,  he was involved with the research of the 1998 United States embassy bombings in Tanzania and Kenya, the 2000 USS _Cole_ bombing in Aden, Yemen, and the attacks on September 11, 2001, on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon. Over time, he became a leading expert on al-Qaeda.

After the attacks of September 11, D'Amuro became the assistant director of the counterterrorism division of the FBI. He made changes  that led to better exchange of information between the FBI, CIA, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense. He is also responsible for the creation of the _Terrorism Watch List_. It is a combination of the information of many different agencies.

In August 2003, he became director of the FBI office in New York. It is the largest FBI office. At this time, he held the third highest position in the FBI. At this time, he began giving public lectures often on the changes that had been made at the FBI since September 11. In March 2005, he left the FBI after a service of 26 years.

After leaving the FBI, he became director of Nine Thirty Capital Management and chairman of the board of Giuliani Security & Safety. In March 2006 he became a commissary of Mercy College. In April 2008, he became the director of American Defense Systems.

D'Amuro is often on the television network CNN as a senior analyst.

## Honors

D'Amuro has been given several awards. These include the Presidential Rank Award of the FBI. In 2004, he was given an honorary doctorate in law from Mercy College in Dobbs Ferry, New York. In 2009, D'Amuro got a Four Freedoms Award in the category _Freedom from fear_.

## References

- Bloomberg Businessweek (November 17, 2012) biography
- Government Executive (April 15, 2003) biography

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Pat D'Amuro
- **office**: Director of FBI New York
- **term start**: 2003
- **term end**: 2005
- **birthname**: Pasquale J. D'Amuro
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **alma mater**: Niagara University
- **occupation**: FBI director
Businessman
- **awards**: Four Freedoms Award in the category _Freedom from fear_
Karachi Central District

**Karachi Central District** () is in the Karachi Division of the Sindh province of Pakistan.
Karachi West District

**Karachi West District** () is in the Karachi Division of the Sindh province of Pakistan.
Goa liberation movement

The **Goa liberation movement** was a political struggle for the independence of Goa during the 20th century. The city had been under the colonial rule of the Portuguese for over 450 years. In 1960, India invaded and annexed the territory.
Sunamganj District

**Sunamganj** (, ) is a district in north-eastern Bangladesh. It is part of the Sylhet Division.
Maulvibazar District

**Moulvibazar** (, _Moulvibazar Zila_) is a district of the Sylhet Division in Bangladesh.
Habiganj District

**Habiganj** ( __) is a district in northeastern Bangladesh. It is part of the Sylhet Division.
Rotuma

**Rotuma** is a volcanic island about  south of Fiji. It covers an area of about . It has been a part of Fiji since 1881. While the Fijian Islands are Melanesian, Rotuma is isolated far to the north. Its people and culture are more closely related to Polynesia.
Virmajärvi

**Virmajärvi** is a small lake in eastern Finland's Ilomantsi region and Russia. An island on lake is the most eastern tectonic part of Finland and the European Union. The nearest village is Hattuvaara.
Shonan Gold

is a variety of Japanese citrus. Its name comes from its "golden" or bright yellow color. The color is inherited from its mother tree, a variety called Ōgonkan or "Golden Orange," which is also bright yellow but smaller. It was hybridized with a variety of Satsuma mandarin orange to obtain an improved variety which was larger (about 77 grams or 2. 7 ounces on average) and easier to peel. The variety was developed at the agricultural experiment station run by Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan.

## Other websites

- http://www.agri-kanagawa.jp/nosoken/bulletin/nosoken/145/145-6.pdf
Luirojärvi

**Luirojärvi** is a lake in Finland's Lapland. Luirojoki (a river) flows first to Lokan tekojärvi (reservoir) and continues from that to Kemijoki. At the east side of lake is Sokosti mountain, which is over 700 meters high. Luirojärvi belongs to Urho Kekkonen National Park.
Lake Ruovesi

**Lake Ruovesi** is a lake in Finland. It covers . It collects water from Keuruun reitti, Pihlajaveden reitti and Ähtärin reitti. Lake Ruovesi flows to Palovesi.
Lake Lappajärvi

**Lake Lappajärvi** is a lake in Finland. It is in an impact crater. The biggest island is Kärnänsaari. The lake covers an area of . The deepest point is .
Adrian Smith (architect)

**Adrian Devaun Smith** (born August 19, 1944) is an American architect. He has designed skyscrapers including the Burj Khalifa, the Jin Mao Tower, the AT&T Corporate Center, and the Trump International Hotel and Tower, Chicago. He is now building the world's tallest building that is planned to be taller than the Burj Khalifa, the Jeddah Tower.

Smith was born on August 19, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Smith studied at the University of Illinois at Chicago and at the Texas A&M University.

## Other websites

- Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture - official website
- Burj Dubai website
- Chicago Tribune Article 'Sweet new start for architect Adrian Smith' Feb 24, 2008
Luc Besson

**Luc Paul Maurice Besson** (born 18 March 1955) is a French movie director, screenwriter, and producer who is known for his movies such as _Léon: The Professional_, _The Fifth Element_, _Taken_, _The Lady_, and the entire _Arthur and the Invisibles trilogy_. He has won an BAFTA Award.

Besson was born on 18 March 1955 in Paris, France. He was married to Anne Parillaud until they divorced. Then he was married to Maïwenn Le Besco from 1992 until they divorced in 1997. Then he was married to Milla Jovovich from 1997 until they divorced in 1999. He has been married to Virginie Silla since 2004. He has five children.

## Other websites

- Luc Besson Official Homepage at Luc-Besson.com
- Luc Besson Interview, Angel-A
- JewReview.net video interview with Luc Besson and Rie Rasmussen about Angel-A
- In-depth interview with Luc Besson
Blushing

**Blushing** is involuntary reddening of the human face. This happens if a person feels embarrassed, uncomfortable in certain situations, or lovestruck. The affected area feels very hot when blushing takes place.