juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mir-Hossein Mousavi

**Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh** (; born 29 September 1941) is an Iranian  politician, painter and architect. He belongs to the Iranian reform movement.
He was the fifth Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1981 to 1989. After his term, the constitution was changed, and the post of prime minister was abolished. Mousavi was the president of the Iranian Academy of Arts. He was a candidate in the 2009 presidential election. After the protests that followed the election, he was removed from his position at the Academy.

Mousavi was Minister of Foreign Affairs for a short time before he became Prime Minister of Iran from 1981 to 1989. The office of Prime Minister was later abolished.

He was president of the Iranian Academy of Arts until 2009, when the Academy removed him following the post-election protests.

In the early years after the 1979 Revolution, Mousavi was editor-in-chief of Jomhouri-e Eslami, the newspaper of the Islamic Republican Party.

After 1989, Mousavi had been appointed to high-level councils such as the Expediency Discernment Council and the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution. However, he stopped attending their meetings after many years, and he was effectively removed from active participation following the 2009 election events.

In the 2009 presidential election, Mousavi ran as a reformist candidate. He chose green as his campaign colour, which later became a symbol of the protests that followed the election.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Mir-Hossein Mousavi Khameneh
<small>میرحسین موسوی خامنه</small>
- **image**: Mir-Hossein Mousavi.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of Iran
- **term start**: 31 October 1981
- **term end**: 3 August 1989
- **leader**: Ruhollah Khomeini
Ali Khamenei
- **president**: Ali Khamenei
- **predecessor**: Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani <small>(Acting)</small>
- **successor**: Position abolished
- **order2**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start2**: August 15, 1981
- **term end2**: December 15, 1981
- **president2**: Mohammad-Ali Rajai
Ali Khamenei
- **primeminister2**: Mohammad-Javad Bahonar
Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani (acting)
Himself
- **leader2**: Ruhollah Khomeini
- **predecessor2**: Mohammad-Ali Rajai
- **successor2**: Ali Akbar Velayati
- **birth place**: Khameneh, Iran
- **alma mater**: Shahid Beheshti University
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **spouse**: Zahra Rahnavard
René Lévesque

**René Lévesque** (August 24, 1922 – November 1, 1987) was a Minister of the Provincial Government of Quebec from 1960-1966. He was born in New Brunswick and raised in Quebec. He was the founder of the Parti Québécois. The Parti Québécois have twice tried to get Quebec to leave Canada and become a separate country.

## Politics

Lévesque was a member of the Liberal Party of Canada from 1960 until 1967. He had the position of Minister of Natural Resources.

## Parti Québécois

The goal of the Parti was to give Quebec its own Sovereignty, or to make it a separate country outside of Canada. The Parti Québécois won the 1976 Quebec provincial election. Soon after coming to power, Bill 101 was made a law. This law says that French is the only official language of Quebec. At this time, Canada had two official languages; English and French. In 1980 a vote was held. This vote was a referendum where the citizens of Quebec were asked if they wish to leave Canada and become a new country. 60% of the voters wanted to stay in Canada.

## Death

For most of his life, René smoked cigarettes. On November 1, 1987 he started having chest pains. He died of a heart attack later that day while in hospital in Quebec.
Dead Space (2008 video game)

***Dead Space*** is a third-person survival horror video game, made by Visceral Games for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. The player plays as an engineer named Isaac Clarke. He fights against an alien infestation which turns humans into monsters called "Necromorphs" on a mining ship in space named the USG Ishimura.

## Characters

**Issac Clarke**

He is the main character. He has a job as an engineer. The Concordance Extraction Corporation sent him to the USG Ishimura to repair it.

**Kendra Daniels**

She is an engineer, too. She is good at network technology such as hacking. Her opinion often clashes with Hammond's.

**Zach Hammond**

He is Issac and Kendra's colleague. He is a black man and a senior guard.

**Nicole Brennan**

She is Issac's former lover. She is a member of the USG Ishimura's crew. She sent the video asking for help to Issac.

## Legacy and sequels

_Dead Space_ is part of 3 games. It has 2 sequels.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Dead space
- **developer**: Visceral Games
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
- **engine**: Godfather game engine
- **released**: October 14, 2008
- **genre**: horror, third-person shooter
- **modes**: Singleplayer
- **platforms**: PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows
Ty Cobb

**Tyrus Raymond "Ty" Cobb** (December 18, 1886 – July 17, 1961), also known as "**The Georgia Peach**," was a Major League Baseball player. He is known as the best player of the dead-ball era (before 1920) and as one of the best baseball players of all time.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Ty Cobb Museum

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Ty Cobb
- **image**: Ty-Cobb-1913-NPC-detail-1.jpeg
- **image size**: 275px
- **position**: Outfielder
- **bats**: Left
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Narrows, Georgia, Narrows, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **death place**: Atlanta, Georgia, Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **debutdate**: August 30
- **debutyear**: 1905
- **debutteam**: Detroit Tigers
- **finaldate**: September 11
- **finalyear**: 1928
- **finalteam**: Philadelphia Athletics
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .367
- **stat2label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat2value**: 4,191
- **stat3label**: Home runs
- **stat3value**: 117
- **stat4label**: Run batted in, RBIs
- **stat4value**: 1,938
- **teams**: **As player**
*Detroit Tigers (1905–1926)
*Oakland Athletics, Philadelphia Athletics (1927–1928)
**As manager**
*Detroit Tigers (1921–1926)
- **highlights**: * 1911 Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award, AL MVP
* .367 career batting average (highest ever)
* 54 career steals of home (most all time)
* Won 12 batting titles, including 9 in a row from 1907 to 1915. (most all time)
* Third all time in stolen bases with 892.
* Second in runs scored with 2,245.
* Second in career hits with 4,191.
* Batted under .320 only once in his career.
* Batted over .400 three times.
* Major League Baseball All-Century Team
* Lead AL with a .350 average at age 20 (youngest in MLB history)
- **hofvote**: 98.2%
Fulham Broadway tube station

**Fulham Broadway** is a London Underground station on the Wimbledon branch of the District Line. It is famous station being nearest to Stamford Bridge stadium. The stadium is the home of Chelsea Football Club.

The station was opened as **Walham Green** on 1 March 1880.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Fulham Broadway
- **image name**: FulhamBroadway1.jpg
- **manager**: London Underground
- **fare zone**: 2
- **locale**: Walham Green#Fulham Broadway, Walham Green
- **borough**: Hammersmith and Fulham
- **platforms**: 2
- **tubeexits05**: 8.715
- **tubeexits07**: 10.291
- **symbol**: underground
- **access**: yes
- **original**: Metropolitan District Railway
- **years1**: 1 March 1880
- **years2**: 2 March 1952
- **events1**: Opened as _Walham Green_
- **events2**: Renamed _Fulham Broadway_
- **tubeexits09**: 9.67
Tottenham

**Tottenham** () is an urban area of North London, England in the London Borough of Haringey. It is situated  north-east of Charing Cross.

Stations are: Seven Sisters station, Tottenham Hale station, Bruce Grove station and White Hart Lane station. Despite Northumberland Park station is situated in North Tottenham, it is 300 yards north.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Tottenham
- **london borough**: Haringey
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode district**: N15, N17
- **postcode area**: N
- **dial code**: 020
- **constituency westminster**: Tottenham (UK Parliament constituency), Tottenham
- **os grid reference**: TQ344914
- **static image name**: Tottenham,Bruce Castle, Tower.jpg
- **static image caption**: Grade I listed tower near Bruce Castle
- **charingx distance mi**: 8.2
- **charingx direction**: SSW
- **population**: 129,237
- **population ref**: (United Kingdom Census 2011, 2011 census)
Manor House, London

**Manor House** is a district of North London.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Manor House
- **london borough**: Hackney
- **london borough1**: Haringey
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: N
- **postcode district**: N4
- **os grid reference**: TQ320876
Barbara Castle

**Barbara Castle, Baroness Castle of Blackburn** PC, GCOT (6 October 1910 – 3 May 2002) was a British politician. She was born as **Barbara Anne Betts** in Chesterfield, Derbyshire. She grew up in Pontefract and Bradford, Yorkshire.

She graduated from St Hugh's College, Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. She adopted her family's politics, which were left wing. Castle joined the Labour Party. She was Member for Blackburn from 1945 to 1979. She was Minister of Transport from 23 December 1965 – 6 April 1968. She died in Chiltern, Buckinghamshire.
Richard Marsh, Baron Marsh

**Richard William Marsh, Baron Marsh** PC (14 March 1928 – 29 July 2011) was an English politician and business executive.
Weak interaction

**Weak interaction**,  the **weak force** or **weak nuclear force**, is one of the four fundamental forces in the universe.

It is carried by particles known as the W and Z bosons, which are gauge bosons. The weak force causes beta decay, a form of radioactivity. At extremely high energy levels, the force of weak interaction and electromagnetism begin to act the same, and this is called **electroweak interaction**.

## Beta decay

Beta decay is what scientists call a neutron breaking down, in contrast with alpha decay where an atom breaks down. These types of breaking down are more commonly known as radioactive decay. In a beta decay a neutron breaks into a proton,  an electron and a neutrino. However, this is not a complete picture; there is an intermediary step. Notice that this process preserves the total charge. Conservation laws are very important when calculating the possible outcomes of these interactions.

With more detail, beta decay begins with a neutron, which is made of one up quark and two down quarks. Since up quarks have a charge of +2/3, and each down quark has a charge of -1/3 this results as giving 2/3 -1/3 -1/3 = 0 charge. Due to weak force, if there are too many neutrons in an atom nucleus, one of the down quarks in one of the neutrons turns into an up quark. This would change the charge of the neutron from 0 to (2/3 +2/3 -1/3) = 1. From this, the neutron is no longer a neutron, but actually a proton ( a particle with a charge of +1).

In a strange quantum effect, this transformation releases a particle called a W boson. This is the gauge boson (force-carrying particle) of weak force. Oddly, the W boson has a mass about 80 times as much as a neutron. This sort of thing actually happens very often in quantum mechanics, but it follows the conservation of energy because it happens so quickly. After 3x10<sup>–25</sup> seconds, the W boson breaks into an electron and an electron antineutrino. (The electron antineutrino doesn't really do much). This releases the electron and basically creates a proton from a neutron.

## Other websites

- Weak force -Citizendium
Cognition

**Cognition** is the scientific word for the mental processes including perception, memory, and thought. Cognition is the gaining of knowledge and understanding. The word comes from the Latin word _cognoscere_, which means "to know" or "to recognize".

How knowledge is gained is a major part of philosophy called epistemology.

Cognitive psychology studies mental processes to explain human behavior.

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary study of the mind that combines psychology, brain sciences, and other fields of study.

Cognitive linguistics studies how language influences thought.

## Early studies

Some of the work of Aristotle (d. 322 BC) had focus on memory, perception, and mental imagery (or imagery created by the mind).

John Locke and Dugald Stewart tried to develop a model of the mind; In that model, ideas were acquired (or gotten), remembered and (later changed or) manipulated.

In Britain, further work was done by scholars such as James Sully, and some of that work was used by lawmakers in 1870.

Early theorists were
- Wilhelm Wundt (d. 1920), known for work about _introspection_

- Hermann Ebbinghaus (d. 1909)

Mary Whiton Calkins (d. 1930)

William James (d. 1910)

René Descartes (d. 1650)

## Later

Ulrik Neisser did work regarding  cognitive psychology.

## Jean Piaget

Cognition learning theory is the idea of processing information and memory from your surroundings. This was founded by Jean Piaget. Jean Piaget was a psychologist who focused on child development. Human cognitive development is what he developed. He was interested in biology and species in their environment. Cognitive learning theory focuses on processing information in your mind and is one of the most flexible theories out of the five other theories.

Cognition is psychology that is the process of thinking. It is the mental action of knowledge and understanding through experience, senses, and how we think. Reasoning, problem solving, and decision making is linked with cognitive. Human cognition involves outside of our control and from our own control. It is the process of knowledge and new knowledge.
Medic Droid

**The Medic Droid** is an American electronic pop band. They are most notable for their fans making their own comedic music videos and posting them on YouTube as well as their song _Fer Sure_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Medic Droid
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Phoenix, Arizona
- **genre**: Synthpop
Electropop
- **years active**: 20072008
- **label**: Modern Art Records
Epic Records
- **current members**: Chris Donathon Smith
Hector Bagnod Riviera
Johnny Droid Chavez
Wood Street railway station

**Wood Street** is a railway station in Walthamstow. It is located a part of the London Borough of Waltham Forest in north east London. It is in Travelcard Zone 4. It was opened in 1873.

In the future, the Victoria line was being planned, and will go to be the end of the line instead of Walthamstow Central station. A decision was made in 1961 which meant that this did not happen. If this station had become the end of the Victoria line the building would have been on the surface, next to the British Railways station. The future line is attended to replace the former Bowes Park to Seven Sisters, Queens Road and Leytonstone line.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Wood Street
- **image name**: Wood Street stn entrance.JPG
- **railcode**: WST
- **manager**: London Overground
- **fare zone**: 4
- **locale**: Walthamstow
- **borough**: London Borough of Waltham Forest
- **events1**: Opened
- **years1**: 1873
- **platforms**: 2
- **symbol**: overground
- **railexits1314**: 0.862
- **railexits1415**: 0.972
- **railexits1516**: 1.140
- **railexits1617**: 1.317
- **dft category**: D
Chuck Yeager

**Charles Elwood "Chuck" Yeager** (February 13, 1923 – December 7, 2020) was a brigadier general of the United States Air Force. He was the first person to break the sound barrier. This was accomplished on 14 October 1947 in a Bell X-1 aircraft. Yeager also served in World War II.

Yeager turned 97 on February 13, 2020. He died on December 7, 2020 at a Los Angeles hospital at the age of 97.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Chuck Yeager
- **image**: ChuckYeager.jpg
- **birth name**: Charles Elwood Yeager
- **nickname**: "Chuck"
- **birth place**: Myra, West Virginia, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **branch**:  United States Army Air Forces

- **serviceyears**: 1941–1975
- **rank**:  Brigadier general (United States), Brigadier general
- **children**: 4
- **relations**: Steve Yeager (cousin)
- **laterwork**: Flight instructor and test pilot
- **signature**: Chuck Yeager signature.SVG
- **website**: http://www.chuckyeager.com/
Deep-level tube lines

**Deep-level tube lines** were built by tunnelling shields and are tunnels that are deep underground that allow trains to run through them. They are commonly found on the London Underground. An example is the Victoria line. The depth creates ventilation problems. Powerful fans must push clean air very far underground. In the event of an emergency the people trapped on-board cannot get off due to the insufficient space inside the tunnel compared to the subsurface line.
Bolsover

**Bolsover** is a town near Chesterfield in England. It is <span style="white-space:nowrap">145 miles (233 km)</span> from London, <span style="white-space:nowrap">18 miles (29 km)</span> from Sheffield and <span style="white-space:nowrap">54 miles (87 km)</span> from Manchester.

Its population in 2001 was 11,291.

## History

Bolsover is mentioned in Domesday Book, where it is described as the property of William Peverel (or "Peveril"). The description refers to the villans (villains), the ploughs, 8 acres of meadow, and woodland pasture, which is given as two leagues by a league.

The present castle was erected in 1613.

The district of Bolsover is notable for four sites of historical importance: Bolsover Castle, the cave art at Creswell Crags, the houses of Creswell Model Village. The major work of the area used to be coal mining.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **static image**:
- **static image caption**: Bolsover Castle.
- **map type**: Derbyshire
- **official name**: Bolsover
- **population**: 11,673
- **shire district**: Bolsover (district), Bolsover
- **shire county**: Derbyshire
- **region**: East Midlands
- **constituency westminster**: Bolsover
- **post town**: CHESTERFIELD
- **postcode district**: S44
- **postcode area**: S
- **dial code**: 01246/ 01623/ 01773/ 01909
- **os grid reference**: SK475706
- **hide services**: yes
Sympathetic nervous system

The **Sympathetic nervous system** is part of the autonomic nervous system. It becomes more active when you are stressed.  It is a part of the "fight or flight" response.  The sympathetic nervous system can increase heart rate; make bronchial passages wider; decrease motility (movement) of the large intestine; make blood vessels narrower; increase peristalsis in the esophagus; cause pupil dilation, piloerection (goose bumps) and perspiration (sweating); and raise blood pressure.

## Related pages

- Parasympathetic nervous system
- Enteric nervous system
Pierre Monteux

**Pierre Monteux** (born Paris, 4 April 1875; – Hancock, Maine, 14 July 1964) was a French-born conductor who later became an American citizen.  He was one of the great conductors of his time.

## Life

Monteux was born in Paris and started to learn the violin when he was six.  When he was nine he learned at the Paris Conservatoire.  When he was twelve he conducted an orchestra in Paris with the pianist Alfred Cortot as soloist.  He played in orchestras, and was the principal of the viola section in the first performance of Debussy’s opera _Pelléas et Mélisande_.  He started to conduct some of the concerts in the series Concerts Colonne.

Monteux also played his viola in chamber music.  He played a string quartet by Brahms with the composer in the audience.

Monteux soon became famous as a conductor.  He conducted the orchestra for Diaghilev’s Ballet Russes, conducting the first performances of Stravinskys _Petrouchka_, _Rite of Spring_ as well as Ravel’s _Daphnis et Chloé_ and Debussy’s _Jeux_.  These were some of the greatest ballets of the 20th century.

In 1916, Monteux went to the USA and conducted the French operas at the Metropolitan Opera.  In 1920, he moved to Boston, conducting many new works by Debussy, Chausson, Darius Milhaud and others.  In 1924, he became assistant conductor at the Concertgebouw Orchestra, Amsterdam.  He started the Orchestre Symphonique de Paris in 1929, and also a school for conducting, the École Monteux, in Paris. Later he continued this teaching in his American home in Maine. Neville Marriner and André Previn were two of his pupils.

In 1936, he became conductor of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra.  He stayed with this orchestra until 1952.  He made this orchestra internationally famous.  In 1942, he became an American citizen.  In the 1950s, he often conducted the Boston Symphony Orchestra.

Monteux continued to conduct until shortly before his death at the age of 89.    In 1961, he was appointed chief conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra for 25 years, although he did not live long enough to fulfil this.   He conducted this orchestra in 1963 in a performance of the _Rite of Spring_, fifty years after he had conducted the first performance.

## Monteux’s conducting

Monteux always prepared his work very carefully.  He was not a conductor who liked to show off.  He rehearsed his orchestras thoroughly, and conducted with small gestures.  Although he made gramophone recordings, he did not like recordings.  He preferred concerts with a live audience.  He received many honours, including the Légion d’honneur and the Knight of the Order of Oranje Nassau.

## References

- New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;
Milhaud

**Milhaud** is a commune in the Gard department in France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Milhaud
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Milhaud (30).svg
- **arrondissement**: Nîmes
- **canton**: La Vistrenque
- **insee**: 30169
- **postal code**: 30540
- **mayor**: Jean-Michel Avellaneda
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Nîmes Métropole
- **elevation m**: 32
- **elevation min m**: 15
- **elevation max m**: 122
- **area km2**: 18.25
- **population**: 5611
- **population date**: 2008
Willem Mengelberg

**Willem Mengelberg** (born Utrecht, 28 March 1871 – Zuort, Switzerland, 22 March 1951) was a Dutch conductor.  He is famous for conducting the Concertgebouw Orchestra in Amsterdam for fifty years, making them one of the world’s finest orchestras.

## Life

Willem Mengelberg studied music in Utrecht, Netherlands and at Cologne Conservatory.  He had four years of experience conducting an orchestra in Lucerne.  Then, in 1895, he was given the job which was to last him the rest of his working life: conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra.  He took over this job from Willem Kes who had started the orchestra five years earlier.  At Kes’s farewell concert on 25 October 1895, Mengelberg performed as solo pianist.

Mengelberg soon made it into a great orchestra.  He was particularly good at conducting the music of Richard Strauss and Mahler.  He took the orchestra on tours to many countries, including Norway, Belgium, France, Germany, England and Switzerland.  He celebrated his 25th year of conductor of the orchestra by performing all the orchestral works of Mahler.

He also conducted other orchestras abroad, including the Royal Philharmonic Society in London and, in the 1920s, the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

Mengelberg also conducted other groups in the Netherlands, including Maatschappij Caecilia and the Amsterdam Toonkunst Choir.

Mengelberg worked hard to get good discipline in his orchestra.  He worked to introduce his audiences to good music and to make them listen quietly to the music.  He did a lot to help the musicians get better working conditions and he conducted a lot of music by Dutch composers, helping them to become better known.

During World War II he accepted invitations by the Nazis to conduct in Germany.  After the war people in Holland were very cross that he had done this, and he was forbidden to conduct in Holland for six years.  He said that he had only conducted in Germany for the sake of the musicians.

Mengelberg was very sad and went to live in Switzerland.  He died just before his six year ban would have come to an end.

## References

- New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;
- Encyclopedie van de Muziek; Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957
Willem Kes

**Willem Kes** (16 February 1856 in Dordrecht - 22 February 1934 in Munich) was a Dutch conductor. He was the first conductor of the Concertgebouw Orchestra (now called the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra).

Kes learned the violin, studying with the famous Joseph Joachim in Berlin. From 1876 he started his career as a conductor. When the Concertgebouw Orchestra was started in Amsterdam in 1888 Kes was its conductor. He made it into a good orchestra. He had this job until 1895 when Willem Mengelberg took over. Kes went to Glasgow to conduct the Scottish Orchestra. In 1898, he took a conducting job in Moscow. From 1905 to 1926, Kes was director of a music conservatory (college) in Koblenz. He also worked in Dresden.

## References

- Encyclopedie van de Muziek, pub Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1957.
Cathay Dragon

**Cathay Dragon**, known as **Dragonair** before, was an airline based in Hong Kong International Airport. It had a fleet of 46 airplanes, including Airbus A320s, A321s and A330s. It flew to 44 destinations in China and Asia. It was named the "World’s Best Regional Airline" by Skytrax World Airline Awards four times. On 21 October 2020, Cathay Pacific announced to stop the operation of Cathay Dragon due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Hong Kong International Airport

**Hong Kong International Airport** (IATA airport code: **HKG**; ICAO airport code: **VHHH**), also known as **Chek Lap Kok Airport** is the airport of Hong Kong that was built at Chek Lap Kok on Lantau Island. It opened in 1998. It is one of the leading airports in the world, and has won "World Airport of the Year" from Skytrax for 7 times in 10 years. It is the hub for Cathay Pacific, Hong Kong Airlines, Hong Kong Express and Air Hong Kong. It is the third busiest airport in terms of international passenger traffic in the world, and the busiest in the world in terms of cargo traffic. Until the 2020s when Hong Kong missed feeling like it was in the 18th Century.

The airport has an advanced highway and railway system linking it to the city centre of Hong Kong. The building project was one of the largest in the world, and featured in Discovery Channel's "Ten Greatest Modern Projects of the World". It was designed by the famous architect, Norman Foster. The aim of the airport was to increase traffic and capacity which the old Kai Tak Airport could not handle. It remains one of the best airport in the world, along with Singapore's Changi Airport and Seoul's Incheon International Airport.
Parasympathetic nervous system

The **parasympathetic nervous system** (**PNS** or **PSNS**) is part of the autonomic nervous system. It does the opposite things of the sympathetic nervous system, the other part of the autonomic nervous system. This way, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems balance each other's effects. The sympathetic nervous system helps a person "fight or flight" when they are in danger. When the danger is gone, the parasympathetic nervous system lets the person "rest and digest," "feed and breed."

## Effects

The parasympathetic nervous system has many different effects. It affects every part of the body, including:
- The heart: The heart relaxes and beats slower. This makes the heart rate and blood pressure lower.
- The lungs: Breathing slows down. The bronchi (the tubes that bring air to the lungs) also get narrower.
- The eyes: The pupils get smaller.
- The digestive system: Extra blood is sent to the stomach and intestines. The stomach and intestines also work faster. This helps the person digest the food in their stomach.
- The blood vessels: The blood vessels in the parts of the body that are far away from the heart, lungs, and brain get wider. (This is called vasodilation.) This helps make the blood pressure lower. It also makes the skin warmer, and can cause a man to have an erection.

Because of these effects, the parasympathetic nervous system always has to balance with the sympathetic nervous system. For example, if only the parasympathetic nervous system was working, a person's heart rate and breathing would keep getting lower and lower. Eventually the person would stop breathing or their heart would stop beating.

However, in a healthy person, the brain realizes when the parasympathetic nervous system's effects are getting too strong. For example, the brain may realize that the person is breathing too slowly, or that their heart rate is too low. The brain reacts by making the sympathetic nervous system kick in. Because the sympathetic nervous system has the opposite effects, it will make the person breathe faster and raise their heart rate. These two systems have to balance each other constantly for a person to stay healthy.

## Control

The parasympathetic nervous system is controlled mostly by the vagus nerve. This is an important nerve that comes from the brain and goes all the way down to the bottom of the spinal cord. The vagus nerve sends out chemical messengers called neurotransmitters - mostly one called acetylcholine. This chemical causes changes in many different parts of the body.

## Related pages

- Autonomic nervous system and Sympathetic nervous system
- Enteric nervous system
- Atropine

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Parasympathetic nervous system
- **image**: 1503 Connections of the Parasympathetic Nervous System.jpg
- **caption**: Nerves of the autonomic nervous system.  Parasympathetic nerves, and the body parts they affect, are shown in blue.
Heart rate

|width="80"|Age|width="120"|Normal resting heart rate (beats per minute)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Newborn|120|||
|Older Child|90-110|||
|Adult|50-100 60-100|||
**Heart rate** (HR) is how many times a heart beats per minute (bpm). The average bpm for a man or women who does not exercise is 70 bpm. Heart rate varies between people because of fitness, age and genetics.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide

**Vasoactive intestinal peptide** (**VIP**, also **polypeptide**) is a kind of hormone that has 28 amino acid residues in it and is made in many areas of the human body including the gut, pancreas, and suprachiasmatic nuclei (which is a small part of the brain's midline) of the hypothalamus in the brain. In humans, the vasoactive intestinal peptide is encoded, or transforming information from one format into another, by the VIP gene.

VIP has a half-life in the blood of about two minutes.

VIP is made more than it should in a VIPoma.

## Related pages

- Peptide hormone

Increase intestinal secretion, relaxes sphincters and smooth muscles. Released from nerve cells in mucosa and smooth muscle.
PEGI

**Pan European Game Information** (**PEGI**) is a European self-regulatory organization that assigns age and content ratings to consumer video games. The PEGI system is used in more than thirty countries. PEGI has rated more than 15,000 video games from 2003 to 2010.

## Ratings

|Mark|Rating|
| --- | --- |
||3 years old|
||7 years old|
||12 years old|
||16 years old|
||18 years old|

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Pan European Game Information
- **image**: PEGI logo.svg
- **caption**: PEGI logo (since 2003)
- **abbreviation**: PEGI
- **formation**: April 2003
- **purpose**: Video game classification
- **parent organization**: Interactive Software Federation of Europe
- **website**: http://www.pegi.info
Psychiatrist

A **psychiatrist** is a medical doctor who specializes in psychiatry.  They treat people with mental illness. Psychiatrists can prescribe psychiatric medication.

## Education

In the United States, psychiatrists train by  going to university first, then medical school for 4 years. After medical school, they must complete a residency. When they graduate, they get to use the initials M.D. or D.O. after their names.  Next, these doctors specialize by training for 3 or 4 years in Psychiatry. In other countries psychiatrists train in similar ways but may not have to go to a separate university and medical school.

## Other websites

- American Psychiatric Association
- Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
Monifieth

**Monifieth** () is a town and former police burgh in the council area of Angus, Scotland.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Scotland
- **official name**: Monifieth
- **gaelic name**: Monadh Feith
- **population ref**: est.8,220 (2008)
- **os grid reference**: NO496323
- **map type**: Scotland
- **unitary scotland**: Angus
- **lieutenancy scotland**: Angus
- **constituency westminster**: Dundee East (UK Parliament constituency), Dundee East
- **constituency scottish parliament**: Angus South (Scottish Parliament constituency), Angus South
- **post town**: DUNDEE
- **postcode district**: DD5
- **postcode area**: DD
- **dial code**: 01382
- **static image**: Monifieth.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Monifieth High Street</small>
- **london distance**: Boxing the compass, SSE
- **edinburgh distance**: SSW
Eugen Jochum

**Eugen Jochum** (; 1 November 1902 – 26 March 1987) is an German conductor.

Jochum was born in Babenhausen, near Augsburg, in the south of Germany. He soon showed musical talent and was playing the organ for church services when he was eight. He studied at the Augsburg Conservatory and then the Munich National Theatre and at Mönchen-Gladbach. He became conductor of the Kiel Opera where, during three years, he conducted more than 50 operas in several German cities. Then, in 1934, he followed Karl Böhm and Karl Muck as the conductor of the Hamburg Staatsoper. He stayed there until 1949. He also was guest conductor in Amsterdam with the Concertgebouw Orchestra and later he became chief conductor.

After World War II, Jochum became the first chief conductor of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra in 1949. He often conducted in London with the London Philharmonic Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra. In 1975, the LSO gave him the title of conductor laureate.

He appeared regularly at Salzburg and, from 1953, Bayreuth. The first opera he conducted there was Wagner's _Tristan und Isolde._

Jochum is remembered especially for his warm, romantic performances of Anton Bruckner's symphonies. He often conducted the passions of Bach and music by composers such as Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, Haydn, Schumann, Wagner and Carl Orff.

Jochum died in Munich, Germany at the age of 84.

### Studio albums

|Year|Album details|
| --- | --- |
|1995|***Haydn: The Creation; Missa Bervis Sti; Missa Sti Nicolai*** * Release date: April 11, 1995 * Label: Philips Classics Records|
|1997|***Wagner: Overtures and Preludes*** * Release date: October 1, 1997 * Label: Deutsche Grammophon|
|2001|***Beethoven: Piano Concertos Nos. 2 & 5*** * Release date: December 21, 2001 * Label: Deutsche Grammophon|
|2005|***Bach: Mass in B minor*** * Release date: May 24, 2005 * Label: EMI Classics|
|2009|***Beethoven, Mozart: Piano Concertos*** * Release date: November 17, 2009 * Label: BR Klassik|
QI

***QI*** (***Quite Interesting***) is a British comedy television quiz show. It is now hosted by Sandi Toksvig who took over from Stephen Fry. There are four contestants in each show, of whom one is always Alan Davies. The shows' series are lettered (not numbered as most television shows are), for example the first series is Series A. To begin with, _QI_ was shown on BBC Two but was moved to BBC One for Series F.

## Infobox (television)

- **producer**: John Lloyd
Piers Fletcher
- **runtime**: 30 minutes
_QI XL: 45 minutes_
- **genre**: Comedy
 panel show
- **creator**: John Lloyd
- **director**: Ian Lorimer
- **presenter**: Stephen Fry
- **theme music composer**: Howard Goodall
- **starring**: Sandi Toksvig
Alan Davies
Guest panelists
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **network**: BBC One <small>(Series F-)</small>
BBC Two <small>(Series A-E; QI XL)</small>
- **last aired**: present
- **num series**: 22
- **num episodes**: 322
21st Century Breakdown

***21st Century Breakdown*** is the eighth studio album by the punk rock band Green Day. It is the band's second rock opera, following _American Idiot_, and its first record to be produced by Butch Vig. The band started work on the record in January 2006. 45 songs were written by vocalist and guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong by October 2007, but the band members did not start studio work with the producer, Butch Vig until January 2008. The writing and recording process was three years long. The band used four recording studios and was finished in April 2009.

## Songs on the album

1. "Song of the Century"
1. "21st Century Breakdown"
1. "Know Your Enemy"
1. "Viva la Gloria!"
1. "Before The Lobotomy"
1. "Christian's Inferno"
1. "Last Night on Earth"
1. "East Jesus Nowhere"
1. "Peacemaker"
1. "Last of the American Girls"
1. "Murder City"
1. "Viva la Gloria? (Little Girl)"
1. "Restless Heart Syndrome"
1. "Horseshoes and Handgrenades"
1. "The Static Age"
1. "21 Guns"
1. "American Eulogy"
1. "See the Light"

Japanese Edition
1. 19 "Lights Out"

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: 21st Century Breakdown
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Green Day
- **recorded**: January 2008 – April 2009
- **studio**: Ocean Way Recording, Hollywood; Studio 880, Oakland, California; Jel Studios, Newport Beach, California; Costa Mesa Studios, Costa Mesa, California
- **length**: 69:16
- **label**: Reprise Records, Reprise
- **prev title**: Bullet in a Bible
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: Last Night on Earth: Live in Tokyo
- **next year**: 2009
Glossop North End A.F.C.

**Glossop North End A.F.C.** is a football club which plays in England.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Glossop North End A.F.C.
- **fullname**: Glossop North End
Association Football Club
- **founded**: 1886
- **ground**: Surrey Street, Glossop
- **capacity**: 2,374
- **chairman**: David Atkinson
Bradford (Park Avenue) A.F.C.

**Bradford Park Avenue A.F.C.** is a football club which plays in England.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Northern Premier League|Champions / Division One|
|2001/02|Northern Premier League|10th / Premier Division|
|2002/03|Northern Premier League|7th / Premier Division|
|2003/04|Northern Premier League|17th / Premier Division|
|2004/05|Conference|22nd / North|
|2005/06|Northern Premier League|21st / Premier Division|
|2006/07|Northern Premier League|4th / Division One North|
|2007/08|Northern Premier League|Champions / Division One North|
|2008/09|Northern Premier League|7th / Premier Division|

#### Leagues

- **Football League Second Division/Championship**
    - Runners-up (1): 1913-14
- **Football League Third Division/League One**
    - **Champions (1)**: 1927-28
    - Runners-up (2): 1922-23, 1925–26
- **Northern Premier League Premier Division**
    - Playoff Winner (1): 2012
- **Northern Premier League First Division**
    - **Champions (1)**: 2000–01
- **Northern Premier League Division One North**
    - **Champions (1)**: 2007–08
- **North West Counties League Division One**
    - **Champions (1)**: 1994–95
- **Bradford Amateur Sunday League Division Four**
    - **Champions (2)**: 1974–75, 1984–85
- Football League Division One (Best)
    - 9th Place 1914–15

#### Cups

- **FA Cup**
    - Quarterfinals (3): 1912–13, 1919–20, 1945–46

## Other websites

- Official website
- Ground profile
- Early history of club 1895–99
- Bradford Park Avenue History

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Bradford (Park Avenue)
- **fullname**: Bradford (Park Avenue) Association Football Club
- **nickname**: The Avenue, BPA
- **founded**:
 (refounded)
- **ground**: Horsfall Stadium
Bradford, Yorkshire
- **capacity**: 3,500 (1,800 seated)
- **chairman**: Dr John Dean
- **manager**: Mark Bower
- **league**: National League North
- **season**: 2020/21 National League North, 2020/21
- **position**: National League North, 17th
- **pattern la1**: 009E60
- **pattern b1**: 009E60
- **pattern ra1**: 009E60
- **pattern sh1**: 009E60
- **pattern so1**: 009E60
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- **socks1**: 009E60
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- **body2**: FFDF00
- **rightarm2**: FFDF00
- **shorts2**: 000000
- **socks2**: FFDF00
- **website**: http://www.bpafc.com/
Nelson F.C.

**Nelson F.C.** is a football club which plays in England.

## Former position

- 1921/22: Third Division - 16th / North
- 1922/23: Third Division - Champions / North
- 1923/24: Second Division - 21st
- 1924/25: Third Division - 2nd / North
- 1925/26: Third Division - 8th / North
- 1926/27: Third Division - 5th / North
- 1927/28: Third Division - 22nd / North
- 1928/29: Third Division - 15th / North
- 1929/30: Third Division - 19th / North
- 1930/31: Third Division - 22nd / North

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Nelson F.C.
- **fullname**: Nelson Football Club
- **founded**: 1881
- **ground**: Victoria Park, Lomeshaye Way
Nelson, Lancashire, Nelson
- **capacity**: 2,000
- **chairman**: Alan Pickering
Darlington F.C.

**Darlington F.C.** is a football club which plays in England.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Third Division|20th|
|2001/02|Third Division|15th|
|2002/03|Third Division|14th|
|2003/04|Third Division|18th|
|2004/05|League Two|8th|
|2005/06|League Two|8th|
|2006/07|League Two|11th|
|2007/08|League Two|6th|
|2008/09|League Two|12th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Darlington F.C.
- **fullname**: Darlington Football Club
- **founded**: 1883
- **ground**: Darlington Arena, Darlington
- **capacity**: 25,500
- **chairman**: Raj Singh
- **manager**: Craig Liddle
- **league**: Football League Two, League Two
- **season**: The Football League 2008–09, 2008/09
- **position**: Football League Two, League Two, 12th
Newport County A.F.C.

**Newport County A.F.C.** is a football club located in Wales that plays in the English league system.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2004/05|Conference|18th / South|
|2005/06|Conference|18th / South|
|2006/07|Conference|6th / South|
|2007/08|Conference|9th / South|
|2008/09|Conference|10th / South|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Newport County A.F.C.
- **fullname**: Newport County Association Football Club
- **founded**: 1912
- **ground**: Newport Stadium, Newport
- **capacity**: 4,300
- **chairman**: Chris Blight
- **manager**: Dean Holdsworth
- **league**: Football Conference, Conference
- **season**: 2008/09
- **position**: Football Conference, Conference, 10th / South
Rotherham United F.C.

**Rotherham United F.C.** is a football club which is  based in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. It was formed as a merger between Rotherham County and Rotherham Town in 1925.  It is in the EFL Championship, the second level of the English football league system.

They have played home matches at the New York Stadium since 2012, having briefly moved to the Don Valley Stadium from their original home at Millmoor in 2008.

## Name

- 1877-1905 **Thornhill United F.C.**
- 1905-1925 **Rotherham County F.C.**
- 1925-present **Rotherham United F.C.**

## Infobox (football club)

- **nickname**: The Millers
- **ground**: New York Stadium
- **capacity**: 12,021
- **current**: 2021–22 Rotherham United F.C. season
- **clubname**: Rotherham United F.C.
- **image size**: 150px
- **fullname**: Rotherham United Football Club
- **chairman**: Tony Stewart
- **mgrtitle**: Manager
- **manager**: Paul Warne
- **website**: https://www.themillers.co.uk/
- **pattern la1**: _rotherham2122h
- **pattern b1**: _rotherham2122h
- **pattern ra1**: _rotherham2122h
- **pattern so1**: _rotherham2122hl
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FF0000
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: FF0000
- **pattern la2**: _rotherham2122a
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- **pattern ra2**: _rotherham2122a
- **leftarm2**: CCCCCC
- **body2**: CCCCCC
- **rightarm2**: CCCCCC
- **shorts2**: CCCCCC
- **socks2**: CCCCCC
Bristol Rovers F.C.

**Bristol Rovers F.C.** is a football club which plays in Bristol, People who live in North Bristol traditionally support Bristol Rovers, however people you live in South Bristol support their fierce rivals Bristol City F.C.

## Name

- 1883-1884 **Black Arabs F.C.**
- 1884-1897 **Eastville Rovers F.C.**
- 1897-1898 **Bristol Eastville Rovers F.C.**
- 1898-present Bristol Rovers

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|League One|22nd|
|2011/12|League Two|13th|
|2012/13|League Two|14th|
|2013/14|League Two|23rd|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Bristol Rovers F.C.
- **fullname**: Bristol Rovers Football Club
- **nickname**: The Gas
- **founded**: 1883
- **ground**: Memorial Stadium (Bristol), Memorial Stadium
Horfield, Bristol
- **capacity**: 12,011
- **owner**: Wael Al Qadi
- **manager**: Darrell Clarke
- **league**: Football League One
- **season**: 2014/15
- **position**: Football League Two, League Two, 3rd (promoted)
- **pattern b1**: _whitequarters
- **leftarm1**: 0000FF
- **body1**: 0000FF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: 0000FF
Scunthorpe United F.C.

**Scunthorpe United F.C.** is a football club which plays in England.

## Name

- 1899-1958 **Scunthorpe & Lindsey United F.C.**
- 1958-present **Scunthorpe United F.C.**

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Third Division|10th|
|2001/02|Third Division|8th|
|2002/03|Third Division|5th|
|2003/04|Third Division|22nd|
|2004/05|League Two|2nd|
|2005/06|League One|12th|
|2006/07|League One|Champions|
|2007/08|League Championship|23rd|
|2008/09|League One|6th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Scunthorpe United F.C.
- **fullname**: Scunthorpe United Football Club
- **founded**: 1899
- **ground**: Glanford Park
Scunthorpe
- **capacity**: 9,183
- **chairman**: J. Steven Wharton
- **manager**: Nigel Adkins
- **league**: Football League Championship, League Championship
- **season**: The Football League 2008–09, 2008/09
- **position**: Football League One, League One, 6th
Oxford United F.C.

**Oxford United F.C.** is a football club in England.

## Name

- 1893-1960 **Headington United F.C.**
- 1960-present **Oxford United F.C.**

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Second Division|24th|
|2001/02|Third Division|21th|
|2002/03|Third Division|8th|
|2003/04|Third Division|9th|
|2004/05|League Two|15th|
|2005/06|League Two|23rd (Relegated)|
|2006/07|Conference|2nd / National|
|2007/08|Conference|9th / National|
|2008/09|Conference|7th / National|
|2009/10|Conference|3rd / National (Promoted through Play-Offs)|
|2010/11|League Two|12th|
|2011/12|League Two|9th|
|2012/13|League Two|9th|
|2013/14|League Two|8th|
|2014/15|League Two|13th|
|2015/16|League Two|2nd (Promoted)|
|2016/17|League One|8th|
|2017/18|League One|16th|
|2018/19|League One|12th|
|2019/20|League One|4th|
|2020/21|League One|6th|
|2021/22|League One|8th|
|2022/23|League One|19th|
|2023/24|League One|5th (Promoted through Play-Offs)|
|2024/25|Championship|17th === Former position ===|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Oxford United F.C.
- **fullname**: Oxford United Football Club
- **founded**: 1893
- **ground**: Kassam Stadium
Oxford
- **capacity**: 12,500
- **owner**: Anindya Bakrie
Erick Thohir
- **chairman**: Kelvin Thomas
- **manager**: Chris Wilder
- **league**: Football League Championship, Championship
- **season**: 2024/25
- **position**: Football League Championship, Championship, 17th of 24
Hereford United F.C.

**Hereford United F.C.** was a football club which plays in England.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Conference|11th|
|2001/02|Conference|17th|
|2002/03|Conference|6th|
|2003/04|Conference|2nd|
|2004/05|Conference|2nd / National|
|2005/06|Conference|2nd / National|
|2006/07|League Two|16th|
|2007/08|League Two|3rd|
|2008/09|League One|24th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Hereford United F.C.
- **fullname**: Hereford United Football Club
- **ground**: Edgar Street, Hereford
- **capacity**: 7,100
- **chairman**: Graham Turner
- **manager**: John Trewick
- **league**: Football League Two, League Two
- **season**: The Football League 2008–09, 2008/09
- **position**: Football League One, League One, 24th