juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gran Vía

The **Gran Vía** (The Great Way) is one of the most important shopping areas in Madrid, Spain.  It also has hotels and large movie theaters.

Many of the buildings on the Gran Vía are decorated with fancy sculptures.  One of the more impressive buildings on the Gran Vía is the Edificio Metropolis.  It was built in 1907 by Jules and Raymond Février.  It has a statue of the winged Roman goddess, Victoria, on the top.  Madrid's first skyscraper, Telefonica's Head Office, is also on the Gran Vía.

The Gran Vía was planned in the 1850s.  They did not start building the road until 1904 and finished it in 1929.  People laughed at the plan because it took so long to get started.  As a joke, they called it the 'gran vía' or 'great road'.

## Other websites

- A View On Cities - Gran Via, Madrid
Fountain of Cibeles

**Cibeles** is the name given to the marble fountain found in the Plaza de Cibeles (Cybele's Square) in Madrid, Spain. It is on a very busy road crossing. The statue was made by Ventura Rodriguez. King Carlos III asked to have it made in 1716. It has changed several times. It was moved to the central position in 1895.

The lady is the Goddess of Fertility. She sits on a chariot pulled by lions. The lions' names are Hippomenes and Atalanta. They were people that the goddess turned into lions because they ruined her temple. The lions were made by Robert Michel.
Puerta del Sol

The **Puerta del Sol** (_Sun Gate_) is known as 'Spain's belly button'. In the 1400s, it was the gate or entrance of the east side of the city. Since the sun rises in the east, it got the name Puerta del Sol. It is now the center of 'kilometer 0' of Madrid. All roads are measured from this point.

It was rebuilt in 1854. The statue of King Carlos III is in the middle of the square. The red brick building there is the former post office. The famous Oso y el Madroño (bear eating madroños) statue can also be found here. The Puerta del Sol is also famous for its New Year's celebration which has been broadcast on television since December 31, 1962.
Royal Palace of Madrid

The **Palacio Real de Madrid** (**Royal Palace of Madrid**) is the official home of the King of Spain. It is located in Madrid, Spain. It is one of the largest palaces in western Europe.

King Felipe V had the palace built to replace the Alcazar that was burned down. It is made of limestone and granite. It was supposed to look a little like the Palace of Versailles in France. Juan Bautista Sachetti was in charge of building the palace. They started to build it in 1738. Carlos III moved into the palace in 1764. It took a hundred years to decorate all the rooms.

Spanish kings lived there until 1931 when King Alfonso XIII was forced to leave Spain. The Royal Palace is still used for special ceremonies. Letizia was supposed to walk on a red carpet from the Royal Palace to the cathedral for the wedding with Prince Felipe but it rained so she was taken in car.

Fifty of the rooms in the palace are open for public visits. Visitors enter the palace from the Plaza de la Armería. Some of the rooms that can be seen are: the 'porcelain' room, 'throne' room and 'clock' room. There is a royal army museum in the palace.

## Location

The Almudena Cathedral is nearby the palace.

The Royal Alcazar of Madrid was originally on the site.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Royal Palace of Madrid
- **native name**: _Palacio Real de Madrid_
- **native name lang**: Spanish
- **image**: Palacio Real, Madrid, España, 2014-12-27, DD 15-17 PAN.JPG
- **caption**: Royal Palace of Madrid
- **style**: Baroque architecture, Baroque, Classicism
- **location town**: Madrid
- **location country**: Spain
- **map type**: Spain Madrid
- **map caption**: Location within Madrid
- **architect**: Filippo Juvarra <small>(first of many)</small>
- **client**: Felipe V of Spain, King Felipe V of Spain
- **construction start date**: April 7, 1735
Puerta de Alcalá

The **Puerta de Alcalá** (Alcalá Gate) is a monument in the Plaza de la Independencia ("Independence Square") in Madrid, Spain. Francisco Sabatini created the monument in 1778 for Carlos III when he arrived in Madrid.  It is the gateway to the Court.  It is built of granite and limestone.  It has three big arches that have lion's heads on top made by Robert Michel.  There are two smaller arches on the sides.  At the very top of the monument, there are angels, trophies and the coat of arms which were all made by Francisco Gutiérrez.

## Other websites

- A site with some more information about the monument
- Puerta de Alcalá at Google Maps
- High resolution photos
Plaza

**Plaza** is a Spanish word related to "field" which describes an open public space in a city, such as a city square. In Spanish America, the **plaza mayor** of each city had three things: the cathedral, the _cabildo_ or administrative center, and the _audiencia_ or law court. The plaza might be large enough to serve as a military parade ground. At times of crisis or fiesta, it was a space where many people could be together at once. Similar to Italian piazzas, plazas are still a center of community life, like the market-place.

Most colonial cities in Spanish America were planned around a square _plaza de armas_, where troops could gather.

A _plaza de toros_ is a bullring.

## Shopping center

The first shopping center in the United States, opened in Kansas City, Missouri in 1922, was called "Country Club Plaza" and had Spanish-style architectural details. More recently, _plaza_ has been used to describe a shopping center, similar to a shopping mall. Calling a shopping center a _plaza_ is to give the idea of a center of cultural life.

## Related pages

- Plaza Mayor of Madrid
Transduction (physiology)

In physiology, **transduction** is the change of a stimulus from one form to another.

Transduction in the nervous system means synaptic events where an electrical signal is converted into a chemical one by the release of neurotransmitters.

In sensory transduction a chemical or physical stimulus is transduced by sensory receptors into an electrical signal.

For example, in the visual system, sensory cells called rod  and cone cells in the retina change the physical energy of light signals into electrical impulses that travel to the brain. The light causes a change in a protein called rhodopsin.

In mammals, more light hitting the receptor results in the transduction of a signal into fewer electrical impulses. In invertebrates, more rhodopsin activation results in increased frequency of neuron firing.

## Related pages

- Signal transduction
Resource

A **Resource** is something that can be used for a purpose. For example, tools and materials are resources. There are many kinds of resource:
- Resources
- Resource (Types and Developments), any natural or human wealth that can be used for satisfying human needs
- Resource (economics), properties and opportunities which are used in the process of producing goods, including:
    - Natural resource, something that is valuable in its relatively natural form
    - Human resources (HR) or human capital, valuable human work power
    - Resource (project management), economic resources used in planning of tasks
- Resource (computer science), files which contain data (like icons or images) to be used by a computer program, including
    - Resource (Web)
        - Uniform Resource Identifier
        - Uniform Resource Locator
    - Resource (Macintosh), data associated with a Mac OS file
    - Resource (Windows), data embedded in EXE and DLL files
    - Resource (Java), application data
Royal Palace

**Royal Palace** can mean:

- The Royal Palace of Madrid
- The Royal Palace of Aranjuez
- The Royal Palace of Turin
- The Royal Palace in Oslo
Lyrics

**Lyrics** are the words to a song. A person who writes lyrics is called a lyricist.

The lyrics of a song will usually have a meaning. Some times the meaning is easy to find but other times it can be very difficult to know what the lyrics mean. Some lyrics are so strange that it is nearly impossible to understand them. In such cases, people tend to look more at the form, articulation, meter, and symmetries of the lyrics instead of looking at their meaning.

There are many websites that have the lyrics to songs. This may be a bad thing since many web sites include copyrighted lyrics without permission from the copyright holder. The United States Music Publishers' Association (MPA), which represents sheet music companies, created a campaign against such sites in December 2005. MPA president Lauren Keiser said that the sites are "completely illegal" and that he wanted to see some site operators put in prison.

## Etymology and usage

"Lyric" is from the Greek; a **lyric** was originally a song sung with a lyre.

A **lyric poem** is one that expresses a subjective, personal point of view.
    - _I would be the Lyric_
    - _Ever on the lip,_
    - _Rather than the Epic_
    - _Memory lets die._
        - –Thomas Bailey Aldrich

The word _lyric_ was used for the "words of a popular song" about 1876 http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=lyric for the first time. The plural _lyrics_ was used only in referring to the words of several songs. That it is used for the words of a single song as its _lyrics_ became increasingly common (probably because of the association between _lyrics_ and the plural form _words_), and is common in modern usage of today's society. Use of the singular form _lyric_ is still grammatically acceptable.
Judicial review

**Judicial review** is the power of a court to decide whether a law or decision by the government is constitutional. This power was established in the United States in the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison.

Countries that have judicial review are: India, Ireland, Malaysia, the Philippines, England, Scotland, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
Torrance

**Torrance** is the name of several places:
- Torrance, California, United States
- Torrance, Pennsylvania, United States
- Torrance, Ontario, Canada
- Torrance, East Dunbartonshire, Scotland
- Torrance, South Lanarkshire, Scotland

People:
- Chris Torrance, poet
- Ellis Paul Torrance (1915-2003), American psychologist
- Jack Torrance, fictional writer in Stephen King's _The Shining_
- Jared Sidney Torrance (1852-1921), real estate developer
- Marco Torrance, musician
- Robert Torrance, Professor Emeritus at University_of_California, Davis
- Sam Torrance, golfer
Asian Dust

**Asian Dust** (also **yellow dust**, **yellow sand**, **yellow wind**, or **China dust storms**) is a weather occurrence that happens each year. It affects much of East Asia during the spring. The dust comes from deserts in Mongolia, northern China, and Kazakhstan. The dust comes from surface winds and dust storms in the desert. The wind carries the clouds eastward to China, Japan, Eastern Siberia, and the Koreas. Smaller particles in the clouds can travel much farther to places like the United States. In the last ten years, these dust storms have become a serious problem because they have picked up industrial pollutants.

## Other websites

- Asian Dust in Korea
- Ostapuk, Paul Asian Dust Clouds
- Szykman, Jim et al.Impact of April 2001 Asian Dust Event on Particulate Matter Concentrations in the United States
- Kwon Ho-Jang et al.Effects of the Asian Dust Events on Daily Mortality in Seoul, Korea
- Carbon Monoxide Measurements in the Mongolian Desert Dust Cloud at Boulder
- The Bibliography of Aeolian Research
Aden Adde

**Aden Abdulle Osman Daar** (**Aaden Cabdulle Cusmaan Daar**) (9 December 1908 – 8 June 2007), was a Somali politician.

In February 1944, he joined the Somali Youth Club (later called the Somali Youth League). The group was a nationalist party that wanted independence for Somalia. Daar became a member of the party's steering board. In 1946, he was appointed as the secretary of one section of the party. He was chairman of the Somali Youth League from 1954 to 1956, and again from 1958 to 1959. In 1956, he was elected chairman of the Legislative Assembly.

When Somalia gained its independence on July 1, 1960, Daar was elected as the first president of Somalia. He was beaten in the 1967 presidential election against Abdirashid Ali Shermarke. He finished his term as president on June 10, 1967.

Daar died in hospital on 8 June 2007 at a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya at the age of 98.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Aden Adde
- **nationality**: Somalis, Somali
- **image**: Aden Abdulle Osman Daar.jpg
- **caption**: Adde in the 1950s
- **honorific-prefix**: The Honourable
- **order**: 1st President of Somalia
- **term start**: 1 July 1960
- **term end**: 6 July 1967
- **predecessor**: Post established
- **successor**: Abdirashid Ali Shermarke
- **primeminister**: Abdullahi Issa Mohamud, Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, Abdirizak Haji Hussein
- **office1**: Chairman of the List of Speakers of the Parliament of Somalia, National Legislative Assembly
- **term start1**: 29 February 1956
- **term end1**: 1 July 1960
- **predecessor1**: Office established
- **successor1**: Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden (1st Deputy), Hagi Bashir Ismail (2nd Deputy)
- **birth place**: Beledweyne, Italian Somalia
- **death place**: Nairobi, Kenya
- **party**: Somali Youth League (SYL)
- **native name lang**: ar
Service of worship

A **service of worship** is a religious meeting where people of a church come together, in order to worship God. They often meet in a church building made for the purpose, but may do it in some other building or outdoors. The meeting may also be called a **church service** or **prayer service** or just **service**. It is the usual term used in the Christian religion for such a meeting. The term is also used sometimes in Judaism, although _prayer service_ or just _service_ are more common.

## Christianity

In the Christian churches services are normally held on Sundays, although there may be services on other days as well, especially in large churches or cathedral<nowiki/>s.

In the Protestant church services are usually led by a pastor, although sometimes they may be led by laymen (people who are not priests). In Catholic churches and some others, they are called "Mass".

Services often include Holy Communion or Eucharist.  Matins is a morning service which does not include communion.  An evening service is called Evensong.

Church services are also held for weddings, funerals, or other special occasions.

Services may include prayers, singing, sermons (preaching) and readings from the Bible.

## Judaism

In Judaism, each prayer service is built around two main elements:  **Shema** and **Amida**. Three prayers are required for each day.

The three daily prayers in Judaism are **Shaharit** (Shacharit) for morning prayer, **Minha** (Mincha) for afternoon prayer and **Arvit or Maariv** for evening prayer.  The basics of each prayer consist of the **Shema** (although the afternoon prayer does not require Shema), and the **Amida** (standing prayer) which is the definitive prayer of each service.  Fundamentally, when a Jew says "prayer", he or she means Amida.  Everything else (which is largely _Psalms_) is just detail.
1. **The _Shema.*** The _Shema_ includes three paragraphs from the Torah:  , , and .  These three paragraphs include the most basic ideas about Judaism, God, and God's relationship with the Jewish people.
    - The text of the _Shema_ says it should be said "when you go to bed" and "when you wake up".  Because of this, _Shema_ is said at the morning and evening prayer services, but not the afternoon service.
1. **The _Amidah.*** The _Amidah_ ("standing prayer") is a group of blessings about everything in the relationship between God and Jews.  After the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, prayer became a substitute for sacrifices.   Because of this, _Amidah_ is said at the same time of day as sacrifices:
    - Morning and afternoon every day, at the time of the daily _burnt-offering_
    - Evening every day, at the time when remaining pieces of the day's sacrifices were burned
    - ***Musaf.*** Late morning on Shabbat, Rosh Chodesh (day of new Jewish month) and major Jewish holidays, because additional sacrifices were offered then
    - ***Ne'ilah.*** Late afternoon at the end of Yom Kippur
Jewish prayer services are held whenever the _Amidah_ prayer is said.  In the morning and evening, they also include _Shema._

## References

lt:Apeigos
Bandidos

**Bandidos** is a motorcycle club with a worldwide membership. The club was formed in 1966 by Don Chambers in Texas. Its slogan is _"We are the people our parents warned us about"_. Bandidos is estimated to have 2 400 members in 195 chapters, located in 14 countries.

## Other websites

- Bandidos MC
Hells Angels

**Hells Angels** is a motorcycle club with a worldwide membership. The club was formed in 1948 in Fontana, California. One of the best known members is Ralph 'Sonny' Barger, the _"Godfather of the Hells Angels"_.

## Other websites

- Hells Angels MC
- Ralph 'Sonny' Barger homepage
- Hells Angels World Links
Outlaws Motorcycle Club

The **Outlaws Motorcycle Club** is an American motorcycle club. It was formed in Mc Cook, Illinois in 1935. The club has chapters in USA, Canada, Australia, Asia and Europe.

## Other websites

- Outlaws MC
Blood and Honour

**Blood and Honour** is a Neo-Nazi music promotion network. The group organises concerts and distributes records by Rock Against Communism bands. Ian Stuart Donaldson, singer of the band Skrewdriver, was the founder of Blood and Honour. The name Blood and Honour is taken from the motto of the Hitler Youth, _Blut und Ehre_.

## Other websites

- Blood & Honour International
- Blood & Honour UK
- Blood & Honour UK - Central Division
- Blood & Honour Radio
- Blood & Honour USA
- Blood & Honour Australia
- Blood & Honour Croatia
- Blood & Honour Finland
- Blood & Honour Greece
- Blood & Honour Netherlands
- Blood & Honour Hungary
- Blood & Honour Vlaanderen
- Blood & Honour Ukraine
Perry Rhodan

***Perry Rhodan*** is a German science fiction series, published since 1961.

_Perry Rhodan_ picks up nearly every theme that has ever appeared in science fiction. People from outside have criticised the series, but its commercial success during several decades has become a literary phenomenon in itself.  If nothing else, _Perry Rhodan_ provides a mirror of the 1960s Cold War, 1970s New Age, and 1980s peace movement in its story line.  The series has an important influence on German writers in the field. The writing of the series still goes on.

## History

Written by an ever-changing team of authors, _Perry Rhodan_ is issued in weekly  in the traditional German _Heftchen_ (pulp booklet) format.  The series was created in 1961 by K. H. Scheer and Clark Darlton.  Initially, it should have thirty volumes, but it became an long lasting success and passed 3100 installments in January 2021.

## Story

Perry Rhodan is one of four fictional astronauts of the USA. In 1971, they fly to the moon, where they meet an extraterrestrial space-ship. From its owners they get technology, which they use to end the cold war and to unite the people of the Earth. Then "Terra", the Earth, becomes a power in intergalactical politics.

## Other websites

- Perry Rhodan Official Homepage (German)
- Perrypedia German Wiki-project about Perry Rhodan's Universe
- Cedric Beust's Issue Summaries (1-2500)  (English)
- Series summary (1-1799)  (English)
- _Mission Stardust_ (aka _…4…3…2…1…morte_) at the Internet Movie Database
- VPM's English-language Perry Rhodan site
- Technology of the Perry Rhodan Universe
- Official French Homepage
- French Fan Homepage
Wieluń

**Wieluń** is a city in the central part of Poland in Łódź Voivodeship. Around 27,000 people live here. The city was started in 1283.

## Twin towns

Wieluń is twinned with:
- Adelebsen, Germany
- Osterburg, Germany
- Ochtrup, Germany
- Letterkenny, Ireland

## Other websites

- Official city webpage

## Infobox (city)

- **official name**: Wieluń
- **image skyline**: Wieluń Collage.JPG
- **image caption**: Wieluń
- **image flag**: POL Wieluń flag.svg
- **image seal**: POL_Wieluń_COA.svg
- **image map**: POL Wieluń map.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Poland
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodship
- **subdivision name1**: Łódź
- **subdivision type2**: County, Powiat
- **subdivision name2**: Wieluń County, Wieluń
- **subdivision type3**: Gmina
- **subdivision name3**: Wieluń
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Janusz Walenty Antczak
- **established title**: City Rights
- **established date**: 1283
- **area total km2**: 16.9
- **area total sq mi**: 6.5
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 24,453
- **population density km2**: 1446.9
- **population density sq mi**: 3762
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 98-300
- **area code**: +48 43
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **website**: [http://www.wielun.eu// www.wielun.eu]
Nasjonal Samling

**Nasjonal Samling** (Norwegian for "National Gathering" or "National Unity") was a fascist party in Norway, active in the period 1933–1945. The party was founded by Vidkun Quisling and a group of sympathisers. The party's paramilitary wing was called _Hirden_ (the Hird) and the party's youth wing was the Nasjonal Samling Ungdomsfylking.
Style guide

- _For the Wikipedia style guide, see Wikipedia:Manual of Style._
A **style guide** (also known as **style manual**) is a set of rules for language usage and design of documents (records). Some style guides are about things related to graphic design, such as arranging words and white space on a page. Website style guides often help with visual or technical things. Literary style guides help with choosing the best words, common errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling; and help for how to express ideas in a precise, fair and forceful way.

Some modern style guides are for use by all people. These are usually more about language than about how it should look.

Style guides do not stop a writer from using his own unique style, but some writers believe style guides are too restrictive.

Like language itself, many style guides change as time passes. For example, the Associated Press stylebook is updated every year.

## Online style guides

- The ABC Style Guide, about.abc.net.au
- BBC News Style Guide, bbc.co.uk
- English English Style Guide | European Commission, ec.europa.eu
- Grammar and Style Guide, agu.org
- Interinstitutional Style Guide, publications.europa.eu
- NCBI Style Guide, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- New Zealand Style Guide, styleguide.nz
- OECD Style Guide, oecd-ilibrary.org
- Style Manual, stylemanual.gov.au
- University of Oxford Style Guide , ox.ac.uk
Parque del Buen Retiro

The **Retiro Park** is the best known park in Madrid.  It was planned in 1632 as palace gardens by King Felipe IV.  'Retiro' means retreat or a place to rest.

When it was first built, it was a little way from the city.  Now, the city has become so big that it is in the city center.  It was opened to the public in 1868.

Places in the park include a famous rose garden, a museum, a boating lake and the Crystal Palace. Many shows and street theaters can be seen at the park on weekends.
Crystal Palace (Madrid)

The **Palacio de Cristal** or **Crystal Palace** is a large glass building in Madrid, Spain. It is located in the Retiro Park on the Paseo Duque de Fernán Nuñez.  The palace was built in 1887 to keep exotic plants from the Philippines.  It is made of glass and steel. Later in 1924 plastic and rubber were added to it.
Las Ventas

The **Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas** is a building in Madrid, Spain used mainly for bullfighting. Sometimes it is just called **Las Ventas**.  It is made of red brick and ceramic tiles.  It was built in 1929 by José Espelious and Muñoz Monasterio.  The first bullfight was June 17, 1931. It is also used for concerts.

Most fights start at 7 p.m. when the sun is not too hot.  Tickets are sold for 'sol' or 'sombra'.  The 'sombra' tickets for seats not in the sunlight cost more.
Yellow spot

**The yellow spot**, scientifically known as the **macula**, is a small but vital part of the eye that plays a crucial role in our ability to see clearly. Situated at the center of the retina, the yellow spot is responsible for sharp, detailed vision and is essential for activities such as reading, recognizing faces, and driving.

## Structure

The macula is a tiny, circular area, about the size of a pinhead, located at the back of the eye. It contains a high concentration of light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors, particularly cone cells, which are responsible for color vision and detailed visual acuity.

## Function

The primary function of the yellow spot is to provide central vision, allowing us to focus on objects directly in front of us. When we look at something, light from that object enters the eye and reaches the macula. The photoreceptor cells in the yellow spot then convert this light into electrical signals, which are sent to the brain via the optic nerve. The brain interprets these signals, enabling us to see fine details and vibrant colors.

## Importance

The yellow spot's significance becomes apparent when we engage in activities that require sharp, clear vision, such as reading or driving. Without a healthy macula, these tasks would become challenging or even impossible. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a condition affecting the macula, is one of the leading causes of vision loss in older adults.

## Protecting the Yellow Spot

Maintaining the health of the yellow spot is crucial for preserving good vision. Eating a balanced diet rich in nutrients like vitamins A, C, and E, as well as minerals like zinc, can contribute to eye health. Additionally, protecting the eyes from excessive sunlight by wearing sunglasses with UV protection can help prevent damage to the macula.

## Common issues

As mentioned earlier, AMD is a common condition that affects the macula, leading to a gradual loss of central vision. Regular eye check-ups with an eye care professional can help detect any early signs of AMD, allowing for prompt intervention and management.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, the yellow spot, or macula, is a small but critical part of the eye responsible for central vision. Understanding its structure, function, and the importance of maintaining its health can empower individuals to take proactive steps in preserving their vision. Regular eye examinations and healthy lifestyle choices contribute to overall eye health, ensuring the yellow spot continues to play its crucial role in our ability to see the world around us.
Retina

The **retina** is the thin neural tissue that contains light sensitive neurons called photoreceptors (rods and cones) that interact with secondary and tertiary neurons inside the eyeball in humans and in many animals. Its  role is to sense the light which gets into the eye and send information about it to the brain.

Most information about light images that leaves the retina travels through the optic nerve, and is used by the brain to create visual sensations.  Information about light which travels through the _retino-hypothamalic tract_ is for adjusting circadian rhythms to the 24-hour day.

The center of the human retina, called the _fovea centralis_, or just _fovea_, has the most [cone cells] for sensing bright colors and fine detail of a viewed object. Even though the fovea takes up only 1.5 square millimeters, it plays the most important role in vision.  It is only around 1% of the human retina, but the fovea sends about as much information to the visual cortex as the rest of the retina combined.
The Exploited

**The Exploited** is a Scottish punk metal band. The band was formed in 1979 in Edinburgh, Scotland.

## Current lineup

- Wattie Buchan - Vocals
- Irish Rob - Bass
- Willie Buchan - Drums
- Matt McGuire - Guitar

### Studio albums

- _Punks Not Dead_ - 1981
- _Troops of Tomorrow_ - 1982
- _Let's Start a War (Said Maggie One Day)_ - 1983
- _Horror Epics_ - 1985
- _Death Before Dishonour_ - 1987
- _The Massacre_ - 1990
- _Beat the Bastards_ - 1996
- _Fuck the System_ - 2003

### Singles

- "Army Life" - 1980  (EP)
- "Exploited Barmy Army" - 1980 (EP)
- "Dogs of War" - 1981
- "Dead Cities" - 1981 (EP)
- "Attack/Alternative" - 1982
- "Computers Don't Blunder" - 1982
- "Troops of Tomorrow" - 1982
- "Rival Leaders" - 1983 (EP)

### Split albums

- _Don't Let 'Em Grind You Down_ (W/Anti-Pasti) - 1981
- _Britannia Waives The Rules_ (W/Chron Gen & Infa Riot) - 1982
- _Apocalypse Punk Tour 1981_ (W/The Anti-Nowhere League, Chron Gen, Anti Pasti & Discharge) - 1992

### Live albums

- _On Stage_ - 1981
- _Apocalypse Tour_ (Limited Edition) - 1981
- _Live At The Whitehouse_ - 1985
- _Live And Loud_ - 1987
- _Live Lewd Lust_ - 1989
- _Don't Forget The Chaos_ - 1992
- _Live In Japan_ - 1994
- _Live at the White House_-1996
- _25 Years of Anarchy and Chaos_-2005

### EPs

- Jesus Is Dead - 1986 (12")
- _War Now_ - 1988 (12")

### Videography

- Live At The Palm Cove - 1983
- Sexual Favours - 1987
- The Exploited: 83-87 (1993)
- Live In Japan - 1993
- Alive At Leeds - 1995
- Rock and Roll Outlaws - 1995
- Buenos Aires 93 (1996)
- Beat 'Em All - 2004

### _Best of_ collections

- Totally Exploited - 1984
- Castle Masters Collection - 1990
- Apocalypse '77 - 1992
- Singles Collection - 1993
- Dead Cities - 2000
- Punk Singles & Rarities 1980-83 (2001)
- The Best Of The Exploited - Twenty Five Years Of Anarchy And Chaos (2004)
- Complete Punk Singles Collection - 2005

### Compilation albums

- "Oi! - The Album" - 1980
- "Lords Of Oi!" - 1997

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Exploited
- **img**: The Exploited onstage 2014 (cropped).jpg
- **img capt**: The Exploited performing in 2014
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Edinburgh, Scotland
- **genre**: Hardcore punk
Crossover thrash
Street punk (early)
- **years active**: 1979/78–present
- **label**: Nuclear Blast Records
- **url**: [http://www.the-exploited.net Official Band Homepage]
- **current members**: Wattie Buchan
 Irish Rob
 Wullie Buchan
Matt McGuire
- **past members**: Big John Duncan
Dru Stix
Gary McCormack
Terry Buchan
Cubism

**Cubism** was one of the most significant art movements of the 20th century. It began in France about 1907, and flourished from 1910 through the 1920s. It was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.

Pablo Picasso's 1907 painting _Les Demoiselles d'Avignon_ was an early Cubist work. Georges Braque's 1908 _Houses at L’Estaque_ (and related works) prompted the critic Louis Vauxcelles to refer to "bizarreries cubiques" (cubic oddities).

The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the _Salon des Indépendants_ in Paris in the spring of 1911. It included works by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, but no works by Picasso and Braque were exhibited.

According to one art historian, there were three phases of Cubism. There was "Early Cubism", (from 1906 to 1908) when the movement was initially developed by Picasso and Braque. In the second phase, "High Cubism", (from 1909 to 1914), Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent after 1911. Finally "Late Cubism" (from 1914 to 1921) was the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement. Douglas Cooper's emphasis on the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris (from 1911) and Léger (to a lesser extent) was an intentional value judgement.

## Its methods

Cubism is a style of art which aims to show all of the possible viewpoints of a person or an object all at once. It is called Cubism because the items represented in the artworks look like they are made out of cubes and other geometrical shapes. Cubism was first started by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Analytical Cubism is the first type of cubism. Most analytical Cubists painted and drew in monochrome (only one colour) so that the person who was looking at the painting did not pay attention to colour, but only to the shapes and the forms that were being shown.

This was changed in 1912 when Picasso first started painting with colours and using collages. Collage is when you glue together different cut-up pieces of paper to make an artwork. This new form of Cubism was called Synthetic Cubism. Picasso invented collage because he was tired of the way he was making his art, and wanted to try out something new.
Pablo Picasso created over 20,000 pictures. From 1912 to 1919 was Picasso's Synthetic Cubism Period.

## References

**Types of Cubism**

There were two main types of Cubism:

- **Analytical Cubism** - The first stage of the Cubism movement was called Analytical Cubism. In this style, artists would study (or analyze) the subject and break it up into different blocks. They would look at the blocks from different angles. Then they would reconstruct the subject, painting the blocks from various viewpoints.

- **Synthetic Cubism** - The second stage of Cubism introduced the idea of adding in other materials in a collage. Artists would use colored paper, newspapers, and other materials to represent the different blocks of the subject. This stage also introduced brighter colors and a lighter mood to the art.
Sham 69

**Sham 69** is a punk rock band from England. The band was formed in Hersham in 1975.

## Albums

- 1978: _Tell Us the Truth_
- 1978: _That’s Life_
- 1979: _The Adventures of Hersham Boys_
- 1980: _The Game_
- 1988: _Volunteer_
- 1991: _Information Libre_
- 1993: _Kings & Queens_
- 1993: _BBC1 – Live in Concert_
- 1995: _Soapy Water & Mr. Marmalade_
- 1997: _A Files CD_
- 2001: _Direct Action: Day 21_
- 2007: _Western Culture_
- 2010: _Who Killed Joe Public_

## Other websites

- The Original 1977 line up Website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sham 69
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Hersham, Surrey, England
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **years active**: 1975–1983, 1986–present
- **url**: http://www.sham69.org    http://www.sham69.com
- **current members**: Pursey/Parsons line-up
Jimmy Pursey
Dave Parsons
Dave Tregunna
Mark Cain

Tim V line-up
Tim V
Neil Harris
Ian Whitewood
Tony Feedback
Al Campbell
- **past members**: Mat Sargent
Billy Bostick
Alby Maskell
Ricky Goldstein
Andy Prince
Visual acuity

**Visual acuity** (VA) is acuteness or clearness of vision, especially form vision, which depends on the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye, the sensitivity of the nervous elements, and the interpretative faculty of the brain.

VA is a quantitative measure of the ability to identify black symbols on a white background at a standardized distance when the size of the symbols is varied. The VA represents the smallest size that can be reliably identified. VA is the most common clinical measurement of visual function.

Some people may suffer from other visual problems, such as color blindness, reduced contrast, or inability to track fast-moving objects and still have normal visual acuity. Thus, normal visual acuity does not mean normal vision. The reason visual acuity is very widely used is that it is a test that corresponds very well with the normal daily activities a person can handle, and evaluate their impairment to do them.

## References

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## Other websites

- 20/20 Eyesight is Not Necessarily Perfect  Catalog of Stories by Parents of Children Who Tested 20/20, Optometrists Network
- Visual acuity measurement  The Ophthalmology Teaching Website, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto
- Visual Acuity of the Human Eye
- Golovin-Sivtsev Table for testing visual acuity  - used in the USSR and post-Soviet states
- Visual Acuity  Chapter from the Webvision reference, University of Utah
- Blur simulator (for eyeglass prescriptions)
Robert Baker

**Robert "The Grinder" Baker** (October 26, 1926 - April 23, 2002) also known as **Bob Baker**, was an American boxer. He was one of the world's leading heavyweight boxers in the 1950s. Bob Baker was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He started fighting out of Pittsburgh. One of his most notable accomplishments was winning the 1949 Pennsylvania Intercity Golden Gloves championship in the heavyweight division.

Baker died on April 23, 2002, in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

## Professional career

Baker started his professional career with twenty-six straight victories before drawing against Kid Riviera and losing the next fight to another leading boxer, Clarence Henry.

From April 1955 until February 1956, Baker and Archie Moore were both ranked as the leading challengers to Rocky Marciano's heavyweight title. On Wednesday, December 7th, 1955, Baker beat Nino Valdez.

After 13 wins, Baker lost to Tommy Hurricane Jackson on February 3, 1956, in New York's Madison Square Garden. It was a split-decision win for Jackson. Baker lost another split decision rematch with Jackson on September 26, 1956. Opinions on both Baker-Jackson fights were divided in many publications with most of them giving the fight to Baker. The September match was given to Baker by The United Press. It scored the fight 7-5 for Baker. A poll of 13 ringside writers favored Baker 9-4 and it reported that many fans were very surprised with the split decision.

After 1956, Baker's success was limited. His most notable victory was a sound defeat of Canadian George Chuvalo, the future Canadian heavyweight champion, by unanimous decision on September 9, 1957.

## Other websites

- Baker's Boxing Record
- Ring Magazine's 1950s heavyweight ratings
Michaëlle Jean

Her Excellency the Rt. Hon. **Michaëlle Jean** (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince, Haiti) is a Haitian-born Canadian politician and journalist. She was the Governor General of Canada, replacing Adrienne Clarkson on 27 September 2005, until 1 October 2010 when David Lloyd Johnston took over. She is the Secretary General of _Organisation internationale de la Francophonie_ since 2015 and multilingual who speaks English, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Haitian Creole.

Jean was formally appointed Special Envoy for Haiti for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on November 8, 2010, for a four-year term.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: Michaëlle Jean
- **image**: Michaëlle Jean 2010-05-11 (060) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Jean in 2010
- **order**: 27th
- **office**: Governor General of Canada
- **term start**: September 27, 2005
- **term end**: October 1, 2010
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **primeminister**: Paul Martin
Stephen Harper
- **predecessor**: Adrienne Clarkson
- **successor**: David Johnston
- **office1**: 3rd Secretary-General of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
- **term start1**: January 5, 2015
- **term end1**: January 2, 2019
- **predecessor1**: Abdou Diouf
- **successor1**: Louise Mushikiwabo
- **birth place**: Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- **spouse**: Jean-Daniel Lafond
- **education**: Université de Montréal (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Master of Arts, MA)
- **signature**: Michaëlle Jean Signature.svg
Pascal Duquenne

**Pascal Duquenne** is a Belgian actor. He was born in Vilvoorde, Flanders, Belgium on 8 August 1970. He was diagnosed with Down syndrome.

It was Jaco van Dormael who noticed him (as Ducquenne was playing theatre). Dormael offered him his first roles in movies.

In 1996 Pascal Duquenne and Daniel Auteuil were awarded a prize (for best male interpretation) at the Cannes Film Festival. Duquenne received the prize for the role of a boy who has Down syndrome. The movie was called _Le Huitième Jour_ (_The Eighth Day_).

He also has acted in other movies. Currently he lives in Brussels.

## Films he acted in

- _Toto le hèros_ (Toto the Hero), by Jaco van Dormael (1991)
- _Le Huitième Jour_ (The Eight Day), also by van Dormael (1995)
- _Lumière et compagnie_ (Light & Co.); a documentary made by about 40 authors (1996)
- _The Room_, by Giles Daoust (2006)
- _Un Noël pas comme les autres _ (A Christmas not like the others), by Nancy Franck (1997, Television)
- An episode of the Series _Commissaire Moulin_ (2004, Television)
Catherine Emmerich

Sister **Anne Catherine Emmerich** (September 8, 1774 - February 9, 1824) was a German Augustinian nun. She is remembered for her mystical visions of Jesus' and Mary's lives. What she saw was written in books, for example, _The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord, Jesus Christ_. The book later had an important part as a main source of information for Mel Gibson's movie _The Passion of the Christ_.

## Stigmata

She was stuck in bed when marks of stigmata showed up she had doctors and physicians examine her markings, and it was found to be a genuine stigmatic case.

## Other websites

Sister Emmerich and Gibson
New Year

The **New Year** is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next year. Cultures that measure yearly calendars all have New Year celebrations. On January 1, 1600 Scotland was the first country to adopt January 1 as the first day of the New Year. Now, many countries celebrate the New Year on the 31st of December and the 1st of January. Celebrations often include parties and fireworks.

## Related pages

- New Year's Eve
- New Year's Day
Polyethylene

**Polyethylene** (also called **polyethene**, usually shortened to **PE**) is a thermoplastic. It is used in consumer goods, typical examples are transport wraps, and garbage bags. Other uses include pre-fabricated plastic parts, plastic tubes, and insulation of electric cables.

Polyethylene plastic wrap is usually less adhesive than Polyvinyl chloride, but this can be helped by adding linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), which also increases the film's tensile strength. The world makes over 80 million tonnes of polyethylene per year.

## Products

- Amphibian Fencing
- Bespoke Polythene Bags Made To Order
- Clinical Waste Bags
- Coloured Polythene Bags
- Food Waste Polythene Bags
- Low Melt EVA Bags
- Printed Polythene Bags
- Scented Polythene Bags, Sacks & Sheeting
Polyvinyl chloride

|Elongation at break|
| --- |
|20–40%|
|2–5 kJ/m<sup>2</sup>|
|82 °C|
|100–260 °C|
|17.95 MJ/kg|
|0.9 kJ/(kg·K)|
|0.04–0.4|

**Polyvinyl chloride**, also called **Polychloroethene** or **PVC**, is a thermoplastic. It turns soft when heated and hard when cooled. Polyvinyl chloride is made by polymerization of the monomer vinyl chloride (chloroethene) CH<sub>2</sub>=CHCl. PVC can be made softer and more flexible by adding plasticizers. Phthalates are often used to soften PVC in this way.

Vinyl polymers are the most common type of plastic. "Vinyl" is actually Ethylene, a gas that is used to make those plastics including PVC. In popular usage, "vinyl" is often short for PVC, but there are two other vinyl polymers which are more common. The most common is polyethylene, the second-most common is polypropylene. Another, less used, is polystyrene.

## Uses

Softened PVC is used in clothing, upholstery, electrical cable insulation, and other products instead of rubber. In the 1950s PVC became the usual material of phonograph record<nowiki/>s. Some audiophile<nowiki/>s use the word "vinyl" to mean records made of PVC.

About half of the polyvinyl chloride resin manufactured each year is used to make pipes. PVC pipes are 66% of the newer water pipes in the US.  PVC pipes are 75% of new sewer pipes. PVC is useful because of its light weight, high strength, and low reactivity. Also, PVC pipes can be glued together, or they can be connected by heating (similar to joining HDPE pipe). Both kinds of connections make permanent joints that do not leak.

PVC plastics can be recycled.  Their recycling code is "3".
Polyamide

A **polyamide** is a polymer made of amides which are joined by peptide bonds. Examples for polyamides that occur naturally are proteins, such as wool and silk. It is also possible to artificially produce polyamides, one growth-step at a time. Examples for artificially-made polyamides are nylons, aramids and Sodium poly(aspartate).
Clarence Henry

**Clarence Henry** (March 27, 1926 – February 28, 1999) was an American heavyweight boxer. Contender for Rocky Marciano's title.

He was a leading boxer in the heavyweight division in the early to mid-1950s. Henry was 1948 _Los Angeles Times_ Golden Gloves Heavyweight Champion.

He was elected into the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1998.

## Other websites

- Boxing record

## Infobox (boxer)

- **name**: Clarence Henry
- **image**: Clarence Henry 1950.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Clarence Henry around 1950
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **birth place**: San Antonio, Texas
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California
- **style**: Orthodox stance, Orthodox
- **total**: 41
- **wins**: 34
- **ko**: 19
- **losses**: 6
- **draws**: 1
- **url**: http://boxrec.com/list_bouts.php?human_id=12469&cat=boxer
Supreme Leader of Iran

The **supreme leader of Iran**, also called the **supreme leadership authority**, is the head of state and the highest political and religious authority of Iran above the president. The armed forces, judiciary, state radio and television, and other key government organizations such as the Guardian Council and Expediency Discernment Council are subject to the supreme leader. as supreme leader, Khamenei has issued decrees and made the final decisions on the economy, the environment, foreign policy, education, national planning, and other aspects of governance in Iran.

The office was established by the Constitution of Iran in 1979 by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's concept of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, and is a lifetime appointment.

In its history, the Islamic Republic of Iran has had only two supreme leaders: Khomeini, who held the position from 1979 until his death in 1989 and Ali Khamenei, who has held the position for more than 30 years since Khomeini's death.

## Related pages

- President of Iran

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Supreme Leadership Authority
- **body**: the Islamic Republic of Iran
- **insignia**: Emblem of Iran.svgclass=skin-invert
- **insigniacaption**: Emblem of Iran
- **flag**: Flag of Iran.svg
- **flagsize**: 144
- **flagborder**: yes
- **department**: Office of the Supreme Leader of Iran, Office of the Supreme Leader
- **style**: His Eminence
- **type**: Head of state
Commander-in-chief
Provisional head of the three branches of the state (the Judiciary, the Legislature, and the Executive (government), Executive)
- **residence**: Jamaran Hussainiya (_former_)
Office of the Supreme Leader of Iran, House of Leadership (_present_)
- **seat**: Tehran
- **appointer**: Assembly of Experts
- **termlength**: Life tenure
- **constituting instrument**: Constitution of Iran
- **precursor**: Shah of Iran
- **formation**: 5 February 1979 as Revolutionary Leader
3 December 1979 as Supreme Leader
- **first**: Ruhollah Khomeini
- **unofficial names**: Revolutionary Leader from 5 February 1979 until 3 December 1979
- **deputy**: _Office was not established until 15 July 1985_
Grand Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri (15 July 1985 – 25 April 1989)
_Office abolished since 25 April 1989_