juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Moselle

The **Moselle River** (German: _Mosel_)  is a river which flows through  France and Luxembourg, then becomes part of the Rhine River after it flows into Germany. It is  long.

Important cities at the Moselle river are Metz, Thionville, Trier, Bernkastel-Kues and Koblenz.

The valley of the Moselle river is famous for the wine of Elbling, Riesling, and Müller-Thurgau - grapes in the wine growing region Moselle-Saar-Ruwer.

## Tributaries

From the left:
Madon,
Terrouin,
Esch,
Rupt de Mad,
Orne,
Fensch,
Gander,
Syre,
Sauer,
Kyll,
Salm,
Lieser,
Alf,
Endert,
Brohlbach,
Elz.

From the right:
Moselotte,
Vologne,
Meurthe,
Seille,
Saar,
Olewiger Bach,
Avelsbach,
Ruwer,
Feller Bach,
Dhron,
Ahringsbach,
Kautenbach,
Lützbach,
Flaumbach,
Altlayer Bach,
Baybach,
Ehrbach.

## Other websites

- German page

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Moselle
- **name native**: La Moselle
- **name native lang**: fr
- **image**: Schweicher Annaberg.jpg
- **image caption**: Typical landscape of Moselle vineyards near Schweich
- **source1 location**: Vosges mountains
- **mouth location**: Rhine
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France, Germany, Luxembourg
Carnivore

A **carnivore** is an animal, or less commonly a plant, which eats only meat.  Predators commonly hunt and kill their own prey. **Scavengers** are carnivores which eat animals they did not kill themselves. Carnivores which eat mainly or only insects are called insectivores. Carnivores which eat mainly or only fish are called **piscivores**.

The word "carnivore" describes more than just the scientific order Carnivora. However, almost all animals in the Carnivora do eat meat, though a few, for example pandas, do not.

## List of living carnivores

- Mammals
- All feliforms, such as domestic cats, big cats, hyenas, mongooses, civets
- Almost all caniforms, such as the dogs, wolves, foxes, ferrets, seals and walruses
- All cetaceans, such as dolphins, whales and porpoises
- All bats except fruitbats
- The carnivorous marsupials, such as the Tasmanian devil

- Birds
- All birds of prey, such as hawks, eagles, falcons and owls
- All vultures, both old world and new
- Most waterfowl, such as gulls, penguins, pelicans, storks, and herons

- Reptiles
- All crocodilians, such as alligators, crocodiles, gharials and caimans
- All snakes, such as cobras, vipers, pythons and boas
- Some lizards, such as most skinks and all monitor lizards
- Some turtles, including the snapping turtle and most sea turtles

- Fish and amphibians
- All frogs and toads
- Almost all sharks, such as tiger, great white, nurse and reef sharks
- Most teleosts, such as tuna, marlin, salmon, and bass

- Invertebrates
- Most crustaceans, such as the coconut crab are mainly omnivorous, but eat some prey and carrion
- Many molluscs, such as octopus and squid, and some gastropods
- All arachnids, such as spiders and scorpions
- Many insects, such as mantises, dragonflies and most wasps
- All jellyfish and sea stars

- Plants
- Venus flytrap
- Pitcher plant

## Related pages

- Theropod
- Insectivore
- Herbivore
- Omnivore
Developmental biology

**Developmental biology** is the study of how organisms grow and develop.

Modern developmental biology studies the genetic control of cell growth, differentiation and morphogenesis. These are the processes which turn a zygote into an adult animal.

## Cell differentiation

Differentiation is the formation of cell types, from what is originally one cell – the zygote or spore. The formation of cell types like nerve cells occurs with a number of intermediary, less differentiated cell types. A cell stays a certain cell type by maintaining a particular pattern of gene expression.<sup>293-5</sup> This depends on regulatory genes.

## Embryonic development

Embryogenesis is the step in the life cycle after fertilisation – the development of the embryo, starting from the zygote (fertilised egg). Organisms can differ drastically in the how embryo develops, especially when they belong to different phyla.

## Growth

Growth is the enlargement of a tissue or organism. Growth continues after the embryonic stage, and occurs through cell division, enlargement of cells or accumulation of extracellular material. In plants, growth results in an adult organism that is strikingly different from the embryo. The dividing cells tend to be distinct from differentiated cells (see stem cell).

In some tissues dividing cells are restricted to special areas, such as the growth plates of bones.<sup>467-482</sup> But some stem cells move to where they are needed, from the bone marrow to form muscle, bone or adipose (fat) tissue.

## Metamorphosis

Many animals have a larval stage, with a body plan different from that of the adult organism. The larva abrubtly develops into an adult in a process called metamorphosis. For example, caterpillars (butterfly larvae) are specialized for feeding whereas adult butterflies (imagos) are specialised for flight and reproduction. When the caterpillar has grown enough, it turns into an immobile pupa. Here, the imago develops from imaginal discs found inside the larva.<sup>575-585</sup>

## Regeneration

Regeneration is the reactivation of development so that a missing body part grows back. This phenomenon has been studied particularly in salamanders, where the adults can reconstruct a whole limb after it has been amputated. Researchers hope to one day be able to induce regeneration in humans. There is little spontaneous regeneration in adult humans, although the liver is a notable exception. Like for salamanders, the regeneration of the liver involves reversing some cells to an earlier state.<sup>592-601</sup>

## Related pages

- Evolutionary developmental biology
Solidarity

**Solidarity** can refer to:
- Solidarity (Polish trade union), a Polish trade union originally led by Lech Wałęsa;
- Solidarity, a United States political party from the fusion of the International Socialists, Socialist Unity, and Workers' Power;
- Solidarity, a newspaper published by the Alliance for Workers Liberty in the UK.

- Solidarity = feeling of unity based on respect, support, equality, common values, welcoming actions, diversity, community, etc.
1920s

The **1920s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1920 and ended on December 31, 1929. It is distinct from the decade known as the 1_93st decade_<nowiki/>', which began on January 1, 1921 and ended on December 31, 1930. This decade was known as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age.

## The most important events

- 1920 –  The League of Nations was founded.
- 1920 – Prohibition began in the United States. Criminal activity associated with alcohol.
- 1922 – The Soviet Union was founded as a dictatorship.
- 1922 – Howard Carter discovered the tomb of Egyptian King Tutankhamun.
- 1922 – Southern Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom.
- 1929 – Black Tuesday, which led to the Great Depression and stimulates the career of Adolf Hitler in Germany.

### World leaders

- Prime Minister Stanley Bruce (Australia)
- Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King (Canada)
- President Sun Yat-sen (Republic of China)
- President Chiang Kai-shek (Republic of China)
- President Friedrich Ebert (Germany)
- President Paul von Hindenburg (Germany), later replaced by Adolf Hitler.
- Ahmad Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia/Iran)
- Reza Shah Pahlavi of Pahlavi Dynasty (Iran)
- King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
- Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (Italy)
- President W.T. Cosgrave (Irish Free State)
- President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk) (Turkey)
- Emperor Hirohito (Japan)
- Pope Pius XI
- Józef Piłsudski (Poland)
- Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union)
- Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
- King Alfonso XIII (Spain)
- King George V (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (United Kingdom)
- President Woodrow Wilson (United States)
- President Warren G. Harding (United States)
- President Calvin Coolidge (United States)
- President Herbert Hoover (United States)
- Albert Einstein (German physicist)
- Paul von Hindenburg (president of Germany)
- King George V (King of the United Kingdom)
- Vladimir Lenin (leader of the USSR)
- Pope Pius XI (Pope in the 1920s)
- Joseph Stalin (leader of the USSR)
- King Victor Emmanuel III (king of Italy)
Centripetal force

**Centripetal acceleration** is a force that acts on a body that revolves around a centre of a circular path. This force keeps the body in circular motion.  Newton's first law is that a moving object will continue in its motion in a straight path unless acted on by an external force.

When you hold a rope with an object attached to it, and spin it in a circular motion around the hand of the person holding the rope, the rope becomes tight and keeps the body from flying away. This force acts towards the center of motion, not away from it.

An object changes direction, but may maintain a constant speed, if acted upon by a centripetal acceleration.  In such a case, we know from its  angular frequency that . From Newton's second law we know that force equals mass times acceleration. Here acceleration is the negative of the radius coming from the centre of the circular motion.

In this formula, think that the centripetal force and the centripetal momentum are the same thing because they are both measured in Newtons.

If, however, the angular frequency is not constant (as might be the case in a roller-coaster ride) then  does vary with respect to time. Here

Thus

as  and  , which we know from the angular frequency.

## Geometric proof for uniform circular motion

In the figure to the right we define the displacement vector  to represent motion in a circle.  The magnitude of  is denoted as  and represents the radius of the particle's orbit.
Treaty

A **treaty** is a written agreement between two or more parties, which may be countries or other important groups, about any subject. Treaties usually settle or avoid disputes.

Countries may agree to end a war or to declare war on a common enemy by promising  to come to the aid of another country if it is attacked. They may allow allow each other's citizens or merchandise to cross borders freely, such as the European Union, which is the result of treaties between most countries in Europe.

In general, treaties are usually used to settle disputes, or to avoid disputes.

## Famous treaties

- 1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas
- 1783 - Treaty of Paris
- 1814 - Congress of Vienna
- 1840 - Treaty of Waitangi
- 1919 - Treaty of Versailles
- 1928 - Kellogg-Briand Pact
- 1935 - Roerich Pact
- 1938 - Munich Agreement
- 1944 - Bretton Woods Agreement
- 1945 - United Nations Charter (not strictly a treaty)
- 1947 - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
- 1949 - North Atlantic Treaty
- 1955 - Warsaw Pact
- 1957 - Treaty of Rome
- 1968 - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
- 1992 - Treaty of Maastricht
- 1993 - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
- 1998 - Good Friday Agreement

## Related pages

- Peace treaty
- Ratification
- Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties
Telescope

A **telescope** (from the Ancient Greek τῆλε, tele "far" and σκοπεῖν, skopein "to look or see"; τηλεσκόπος, teleskopos) makes astronomical objects appear closer to the naked eye. It is an important tool for astronomy that gathers light and directs it to a single point. Some do this with curved mirrors, some with curved lenses, and some with both. Telescopes make distant things look bigger, brighter and closer. Galileo was the first person to use a telescope for astronomy, but he did not invent them. The first telescope was invented in the Netherlands in 1608. Some telescopes, not mainly used for astronomy, are _binoculars,_ _camera lenses_, or _spyglasses_.

When telescopes are used with just your eye, an eyepiece has to be used. These use two or more smaller lenses to magnify an image. Without an eyepiece, an eye cannot focus the image. When a telescope is used with a camera or other special scientific tools, eyepiece lenses are not needed. The bigger the aperture (mirror) the more light the telescope collects. It makes faint objects appear clearer.

Most big telescopes for astronomy are made to study very carefully things that are already known.  A few are made for searching, such as for unknown asteroid<nowiki/>s or extrasolar planet<nowiki/>s.  Most big telescopes are made to be used with a CCD (Charge-Coupled Devices) camera instead of just the eye.  This is called "Astrophotography".  A Go-to telescope is needed to track Deep Sky objects and is placed on an Equatorial Mount for the axis to point towards Polaris, this is called polar alignment.

Telescopes can be used by normal people too, not just scientists.  These are amateur telescopes, and they are usually smaller, and they don't cost too much for an amateur to buy.  Some of the most popular amateur telescopes are Dobsonians, a type of Newtonian telescope.

The word _telescope_ is usually used for light human eyes can see, but there are telescopes for wavelengths we cannot see. Infrared telescopes look like normal telescopes, but have to be kept cold since all warm things give off infrared light. Radio telescopes are like radio antennas, usually shaped like large dishes.

X-ray and Gamma ray telescopes have a problem because the rays go through most metals and glasses.  To solve this problem, the mirrors are shaped as many rings inside each other so the rays strike them at a shallow angle and are reflected.  These telescopes are space telescopes because little of this radiation reaches the Earth.  Other space telescopes are put in orbit so the Earth's atmosphere does not interfere.

Telescopes are mostly used for looking at celestial objects such as, the stars, planets, moons, exoplanets, etc.

## Related pages

- List of telescope types
- Space observatory

## Other websites

- European Southern Observatory - OWL
- The Resolution of a Telescope
- Image of a Telescope
- Telescope -Citizendium
Homonym

A **homonym** is a word that has more than one meaning. For example, _right_ means moral, the opposite of left, and a personal freedom.

Definition: one of a group of words that share the same spelling and/or pronunciation but have different meanings.

The point is that homonyms are either homophones (they sound the same) or homographs (they look the same) or both.

## Related pages

- Synonym
Principal

- _Not to be confused with principle._

A **principal** is a person who is in charge of something.  The person is usually in charge of a school, or a research project, or a business.

- see also headmaster
States of Germany

The **Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) has 16 states** (). The biggest is Bavaria and the smallest is Bremen. Most of them were created after the Second World War. Some states have historical roots from the early Middle Ages.

State creation since 1949:
- 1952: Three small states (Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern, part of Germany since 1949) joined to form Baden-Württemberg.
- 1957: The Saar, which was put under French administration after World War II, joined the Federal Republic of Germany as the Saarland.
- 1990: On German reunification, the reunited city of Berlin and the territory of the former German Democratic Republic joined the Federal Republic as six new states.

Population and area in km² as of November 2014:

|Flag and Bundesland|German name|Capital|Population|Area (km²)|Part of FRG||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Baden-Württemberg|Stuttgart|align=right|10,880,000|align=right|35,751|align=right|1952|
||Bayern|Munich (München)|align=right|12,844,000|align=right|70,550|align=right|1949|
||Berlin|Berlin|align=right|3,520,000|align=right|892|align=right|1990|
||Brandenburg|Potsdam|align=right|2,485,000|align=right|29,654|align=right|1990|
||Bremen|Bremen|align=right|671,000|align=right|420|align=right|1949|
||Hamburg|Hamburg|align=right|1,787,000|align=right|755|align=right|1949|
||Hessen|Wiesbaden|align=right|6,176,000|align=right|21,115|align=right|1949|
||Niedersachsen|Hanover (Hannover)|align=right|7,927,000|align=right|47,593|align=right|1949|
||Mecklenburg-Vorpommern|Schwerin|align=right|1,612,000|align=right|23,212|align=right|1990|
||Nordrhein-Westfalen (NRW)|Düsseldorf|align=right|17,865,000|align=right|34,113|align=right|1949|
||Rheinland-Pfalz|Mainz|align=right|4,053,000|align=right|19,854|align=right|1949|
||Saarland|Saarbrücken|align=right|996,000|align=right|2,567|align=right|1957|
||Sachsen|Dresden|align=right|4,085,000|align=right|18,449|align=right|1990|
||Sachsen-Anhalt|Magdeburg|align=right|2,245,000|align=right|20,452|align=right|1990|
||Schleswig-Holstein|Kiel|align=right|2,859,000|align=right|15,802|align=right|1949|
||Thüringen|Erfurt|align=right|2,171,000|align=right|16,202|align=right|1990|
1930s

The **1930s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1930 and ended on December 31, 1939. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1931 and ended on December 31, 1940.

## Events

- Great Depression
- Dust Bowl in the United States
- 1930-1933 famine in Soviet Union kills millions
- 1930 - Nancy Drew books debut
- 1930 - The first FIFA World Cup held in Uruguay.
- 1933 – Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany
- 1933 – Prohibition ends in the United States
- 1939 – World War II starts in Poland

### Actor

- Actor Cary Grant (United States)
- Actor Charles Boyer (France)
- Actor Fred Astaire (United States)
- Actor Fred MacMurray (United States)
- Actor Gene Reynolds (United States)
- Actor Humphrey Bogart (United States)
- Actor James Stewart (United States)
- Actor Lionel Barrymore (United States)
- Actor Melvyn Douglas (United States)
- Actor Robert Taylor (United States)
- Actor Spencer Tracy (United States)
- Actor William Holden (United States)

### Actress

- Actress Barbara Stanwyck (United States)
- Actress Deborah Kerr (United States)
- Actress Doris Day (United States)
- Actress Fay McKenzie (United States)
- Actress Gene Tierney (United States)
- Actress Ginger Rogers (United States)
- Actress Gloria Swanson (United States)
- Actress Greta Garbo (United States)
- Actress Peggy Stewart (United States)

### World Leaders

- President Paul von Hindenburg (Germany)
- Führer Adolf Hitler (Germany)
- King Faisal I (Iraq)
- President of the Executive Council W. T. Cosgrave (Ireland)
- President of the Executive Council Éamon de Valera (Ireland)
- Taoiseach Éamon de Valera (Ireland)
- King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
- Prime Minister Benito Mussolini (Italy)
- Emperor Hirohito (Japan)
- Sultan Mohammed V (Morocco)
- President Manuel L. Quezon (Philippines)
- Prime Minister António de Oliveira Salazar (Portugal)
- King Ananda Mahidol (Siam)
- General Secretary Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
- President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (Turkey)
- King George V (United Kingdom)
- King Edward VIII (United Kingdom)
- King George VI (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (United Kingdom)
- President Herbert Hoover (United States)
- Vice President Charles Curtis (United States)
- President Franklin D. Roosevelt (United States)
- Vice President John Nance Garner (United States)
- Holy Father Pope Pius XI (Vatican)
- Holy Father Pope Pius XII (Vatican)
Emphysema

**Emphysema** is an obstructive disease of the lungs.

It is one of the diseases that make up chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This is a set of diseases where the flow of air in the lungs is obstructed. Emphysema is most often caused by smoking but can be caused by other diseases or have no known cause at all.

It occurs when the very small air sacs (called the alveoli) at the ends of the airways in the lungs start to break down from many sacs to form much bigger sacs. The alveoli are the areas of the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged into and out of the blood. Emphysema makes it hard for people to blow air out of the lungs because air gets trapped inside the broken alveoli due to the collapse of the walls. The trapped air in the lungs creates the characteristic "barrel chest" of emphysema.

There is no cure for emphysema. Treatment includes stopping smoking and taking medicines ('broncho-dilators' and sometimes corticosteroids). Supplemental oxygen is recommended in those with low oxygen levels at rest. It decreases the risk of heart failure and death if used 15 hours per day, and may improve people's ability to exercise. In those with normal or mildly low oxygen levels, oxygen supplementation may improve shortness of breath. There is a risk of fires and little benefit when those on oxygen continue to smoke.

## Associations

Emphysema is commonly associated with chronic bronchitis. As it is rather difficult to delineate "pure" cases of emphysema or chronic bronchitis they are classed together into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

## Other websites

- Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease
North Rhine-Westphalia

**North Rhine-Westpalia** (, Low Fanconian: _Noordrie-Wesfale_, Low German: _Niggrdrhien-Westfalen_, Kölsch: _Noodrhing-Wäßßfaale_) is the federal state (Bundesland) with the highest population in Germany. It is in the western part of Germany and has 18,033,000 inhabitants. The capital is Düsseldorf, while the city with the most inhabitants is Cologne.

## Districts

North Rhine-Westphalia is divided into five government regions:
- Arnsberg
- Cologne
- Detmold
- Düsseldorf
- Münster

## History

- 1807-1813 — Westphalia is a kingdom.
- 1817 — Westphalia became a province of Prussia.
- 1824 — Jülich, Kleve, Berg and Niederrhein united to Rhine Province.
- 1919 — Belgium took Eupen and Malmedy.
- 1946 — Rhine Province, Westphalia and Lippe-Detmold united to North Rhine-Westphalia.

## Cities

- Aachen
- Bergisch Gladbach
- Bielefeld
- Bocholt
- Bochum
- Bonn
- Bottrop
- Castrop-Rauxel
- Cologne
- Dinslaken
- Dortmund
- Düren
- Düsseldorf
- Duisburg
- Essen
- Geldern
- Gelsenkirchen
- Gütersloh
- Hagen
- Hamm
- Hattingen
- Heinsberg
- Herne
- Iserlohn
- Köln
- Krefeld
- Leverkusen
- Lippstadt
- Lünen
- Marl
- Moers
- Mönchengladbach
- Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Münster
- Neuss
- Oberhausen
- Paderborn
- Ratingen
- Recklinghausen
- Remscheid
- Siegen
- Solingen
- Unna
- Velbert
- Wesel
- Wuppertal
- Witten
- Xanten

## Infobox (german state)

- **name**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **german name**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **map**: Deutschland Lage von Nordrhein-Westfalen.svg
- **map size**: 200
- **flag**: Flag of North Rhine-Westphalia.svg
- **state coa**: Coat of arms of North Rhine-Westfalia.svg
- **capital**: Düsseldorf
- **area**: 34084
- **population**: 18,033,000
- **website**: nrw.de
- **leader party**: CDU
- **ruling party1**: CDU
- **ruling party2**: FDP
- **leader title**: Minister President
- **leader**: Hendrik Wüst
Computer program

A **computer program** is a list of instructions that tell a computer what to do. Everything a computer does is done by the instructions of a program. The first computers were made with only one built-in program, but today's computers have memory, which can be used to store many different programs. John von Neumann, a mathematician born in Hungary, came up with this idea in the late 1940s.

Some common examples of computer programs include:
- Web browsers, like Mozilla Firefox or Chrome
- Word processors, like Microsoft Word or Google Docs
- Video games
- Operating systems, like Microsoft Windows or iOS

A computer program is usually stored as a file on the computer's hard drive. The file contains a list of instructions. When the user runs the program, the computer reads the file does what the instructions tell it to do. These instructions can be very simple, like "add these numbers together" or "save these letters". A computer program is written by a programmer, who combines many of these simple instructions to do complicated things, like talking to the computer's screen and telling it to show a video.

The main part of the computer, the processor, is built to understand instructions written in machine code, meaning very long patterns of ones and zeroes. This is hard for humans to understand, so computer programmers write in a programming language, such as BASIC, C, or Java. Once the program is written, the programmer uses a compiler to turn it into machine code so the computer can read it.

There are also bad programs, called malware, written by people who want to do bad things to a computer. Some are spyware, trying to steal information from the computer. Some try to damage the data stored on the hard drive. Some others send users to web sites that offer to sell them things. Some are computer viruses or ransomware.

## Related pages

- Computer Science
- Software
- Operating system
- Programming language
- Utility software

## Other websites

- Computer program Citizendium
Data

**Data** is a collection of facts, figures, objects, symbols and events gathered from different sources. Organizations collect data to make better decisions. Without data, it would be difficult for organizations to make appropriate decisions, so data is very important.

Data can exist in different forms:

- **Numerical data** - Numbers, statistics, measurements
- **Text data** - Words, descriptions, documents
- **Visual data** - Images, charts, graphs
- **Audio data** - Sounds, music, voice recordings
- **Digital data** - Information stored in computers

Data helps people understand things better. In computer science, data is information that can be processed by computers. Data is often organized in databases to make it easier to find and use.

## Types of Data

There are two main types of data:

**Qualitative data** describes qualities or characteristics. Examples include:

- Colors (red, blue, green)
- Opinions (good, bad, fair)
- Names of places or people

**Quantitative data** can be measured with numbers. Examples include:

- Height and weight
- Temperature
- Number of students in a class
- Money earned

## Data and Information

Data and information are related but different:

- **Data** are raw facts and figures
- **Information** is data that has been processed and organized to be useful

For example, "25, 30, 28, 32" are data (numbers). But "The average temperature this week was 29 degrees" is information because the data has been processed.

## Data in Computing

In computers, data is stored as bits (0s and 1s). Computers can process large amounts of data very quickly. Common ways computers work with data include:

- Storing data in files and databases
- Searching through data
- Analyzing data to find patterns
- Sharing data between different programs

Metadata is "data about data" - it provides information about other data, like when a file was created or who made it.

## Etymology

The word "data" comes from the Latin word _datum_, meaning "something given". _Datum_ is singular and _data_ is plural. However, in everyday English, "data" is often used as if it were singular. Both "data is" and "data are" can be correct depending on the context.

## Related pages

- Data collection
- Data management
- Database
- Information
- Statistics
Stuttgart

**Stuttgart** (; Swabian:  ) is a city in Germany. It is the capital of the state of Baden-Württemberg and of the Administrative District of Stuttgart (_Regierungsbezirk_). Stuttgart is on the river Neckar. In December 2011, 613,392 people lived there. This makes it the most populous city in Baden-Württemberg.

Stuttgart is the sixth-largest city in Germany, and Stuttgart Region is the nation's third-largest region. The city is divided into 23 city districts.

Stuttgart is the home of two car manufacturers: Mercedes Benz and Porsche. Porsche is in Zuffenhausen (North), and Mercedes is in Untertürkheim (Southeast).

Stuttgart has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Population

Stuttgart has 613,392 people within city limits. It is the 6th largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich, Cologne and Frankfurt am Main. According to a 2005 estimate, the Stuttgart urban area had between 1,238,000 and 1,250,000 people. Its metropolitan area has a population of 5.3 million (2008).

## Education

The University of Stuttgart is one of the city's higher education institutions.

## Other websites

- Pictures of the Stuttgart Metropolitan Area

## Infobox (german location)

- **image plan**: Baden-Württemberg S.svg
- **plantext**: Location within Baden-Württemberg
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top left: Staatsoper Stuttgart, Mercedes-Benz Museum, Schloss Solitude, Kunstmuseum Stuttgart, New Palace (Stuttgart), Neues Schloss, Marquardtbau, Königsbau, Stadtbibliothek Stuttgart, Stadtbibliothek
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 1 11 000
- **stand**: October 1990
- **year**: 10th century
- **type**: City
- **image photo**: Stuttgart Downtown Sights Collage.png
- **image flag**: Flagge Stuttgart.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Stuttgart COA.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **elevation**: 245
- **area**: 207.33
- **population**: 100001
- **pop urban**: 2787724
- **pop metro**: 5300000
- **postal code**: 70173–70619
- **area code**: 0711
- **licence**: S
- **divisions**: 23 districts
- **mayor**: Frank Nopper
- **party**: CDU
Schwerin

**Schwerin** (, , ; Mecklenburgian Low German: _Swerin_; (, _Suerinum_) is the capital city of the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. It has a population of 97,000. It is the second biggest city (behind Rostock) in the state. It is the smallest capital of a German state.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Town
- **image coa**: DEU Schwerin COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Schwerin.svg
- **state**: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
- **district**: urban
- **elevation**: 38
- **area**: 130.46
- **population**: 95855
- **stand**: 2007-12-31
- **postal code**: 19053, 19055, 19057, 19059, 19061, 19063
- **area code**: 0385
- **licence**: SN
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 13 0 04 000
- **divisions**: 18 boroughs
- **mayor**: Rico Badenschier
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Germany, SPD


## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Grafschaft Schwerin_
- **conventional long name**: County of Schwerin
- **common name**: Schwerin
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: County
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: County
- **year start**: 1161
- **year end**: 1358
- **image map**: County of Schwerin locator map (1250).svg
- **image map caption**: County of Schwerin during the time of the Hohenstaufen Emperors (circa 1250)
- **image coat**: Schwerin-Grafen-St-Wappen.png
- **event1**: Partitioned to Schwerin-Schwerin, Schwerin
and Schwerin-Wittenburg
- **date event1**:  
1279
- **event2**: Partitioned to create
Schwerin-Boizenburg
- **date event2**:  
1323
- **event3**: Inherited County of Tecklenburg, Tecklenburg
- **date event3**: 1328
- **event4**: Schwerin-Schwerin comital line
extinct
- **date event4**:  
1344
- **event end**: Schwerin-Wittenburg-Boizenburg extinct
- **date end**: 1349
- **event post**: Comital line extinct; sold
to Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- **date post**:  
1358
- **p1**: Duchy of Saxony
- **image p1**:
- **s1**: Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- **flag s1**: Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg
- **capital**: Schwerin


## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Bistum Schwerin_
- **conventional long name**: Bishopric of Schwerin
- **common name**: Schwerin
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Prince-Bishopric
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Prince-Bishopric
- **year start**: 1165
- **year end**: 1648
- **event pre**: Established
- **date pre**: 1062
- **image map**: Bishopric of Schwerin locator map (1250).svg
- **image map caption**: Bishopric of Schwerin during the time of the Hohenstaufen Emperors (circa 1250)
- **event start**: Prince-bishop, Gained territory
- **event end**: Secularisation, Secularised to Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, M-Schwerin
- **p1**: Duchy of Saxony
- **image p1**:
- **s1**: Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- **flag s1**: Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg
- **capital**: Schwerin
Canton of Schwyz

**Schwyz** was one of the first cantons of Swiss canton (_Urkanton_).

The capital is Schwyz and the main language is German (91%). It has an area of 908 km² and 130200 inhabitants. Schwyz is near to Lucerne.

## Districts and Municipalities

The Canton of Schwyz is divided into six districts and 30 municipalities, although the districts Einsiedeln, Küssnacht and Gersau simply contain the municipality of the same name.

- District Schwyz
    - with municipalities Schwyz, Arth, Ingenbohl, Muotathal, Steinen, Sattel, Rothenthurm, Oberiberg, Unteriberg, Lauerz, Steinerberg, Morschach, Alpthal, Illgau, Riemenstalden
- District Einsiedeln with municipality Einsiedeln
- District Gersau with municipality Gersau
- District Höfe
    - with municipalities Wollerau, Freienbach, Feusisberg
- District Küssnacht with municipality Küssnacht am Rigi
- District March
    - with municipalities Lachen, Altendorf, Galgenen, Vorderthal, Innerthal, Schübelbach, Tuggen, Wangen, Reichenburg

## Other websites

- Company formation in Schwyz (English)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kanton Schwyz
- **settlement type**: Cantons of Switzerland, Canton
- **image flag**: Flag of Canton of Schwyz.svg
- **image shield**: Wappen Schwyz matt.svg
- **shield size**: 80x80px
- **map alt**: Map of Switzerland, location of Schwyz highlighted
- **map caption**: Location in Switzerland
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Schwyz
- **seat1 type**: Largest city
- **seat1**: Freienbach
- **parts type**: Subdivisions
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Municipalities of the canton of Schwyz, 30 municipalities
- **p2**: Districts of Switzerland#Schwyz, 6 districts
- **leader title**: List of cantonal executives of Switzerland, Executive
- **leader name**: Regierungsrat (7)
- **leader title1**: List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland, Legislative
- **leader name1**: Kantonsrat (100)
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: CH-SZ
- **blank name sec1**: List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation, Highest point
- **blank info sec1**: : Bös Fulen
- **blank1 name sec1**: List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation, Lowest point
- **blank1 info sec1**: : Lake Zürich
- **blank name sec2**: History of Switzerland#Order of accession of the cantons, Joined
- **blank info sec2**: 1291
- **blank1 name sec2**: Languages
- **blank1 info sec2**: German language, German
Canton of St. Gallen

**St. Gallen** is a canton in Switzerland. St. Gallen is in the north-east corner of Switzerland. North of St. Gallen is the canton Thurgau. West of St. Gallen is Zürich. South of St. Gallen is Schwyz, Glarus, and Graubünden. East of St. Gallen are the countries Austria and Liechtenstein. The cantons Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden are inside the canton St. Gallen (the canton St.Gallen sourrounds them).

St. Gallen has been a Swiss canton since 1803.

St. Gallen is near _Lake Constance_. At the south of St. Gallen there are big mountains over 3000m high. The best known mountain in St. Gallen is the _Säntis_, which is 2503m high. At the east of St. Gallen there is the river _Rhine_. The people in St. Gallen speak German.

There are about 455,000 people (2002) in the canton St. Gallen. It has an area of 2,026 km².

The biggest town in St. Gallen is the town with the same name _St. Gallen_. There are 70,000 people in the town St. Gallen.

## Other websites

- Official website of the government of St. Gallen
Canton

**Canton** can mean many different things.

- A canton is a way to divide the land of a country. It is like dividing the country into different regions or states.
    - Cantons of Costa Rica
    - Cantons of France
    - Cantons of Luxembourg
    - Cantons of Switzerland

- canton (liqueur), a ginger-flavored liqueur that is made in the Guangdong province in China
- Canton (flag), the upper left part of a flag

Places:
- Canton, an old English name for the city of Guangzhou, China
- Canton, an old English name for the province of Guangdong, China
- Canton, Connecticut, USA
- Canton, Georgia, USA
- Canton, Illinois, USA
- Canton, Baltimore neighborhood and park in Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Canton, Massachusetts, USA
- Canton Township, Michigan, United States
- Canton, Mississippi, USA
- Canton, Missouri, USA
- Canton, New York
    - Canton (village), New York, USA
    - Canton (town), New York, USA
- Canton, North Carolina, USA
- Canton, Ohio, USA
- Canton, Oklahoma, USA
- Canton, Pennsylvania, USA
- Canton, South Dakota, USA
- Canton Township, Michigan, USA
- Canton Township, Pennsylvania, USA
- Canton, Texas, USA
- Canton, Cardiff, a district of the Welsh capital
- Kanton Island (used to be "Canton Island"), part of Kiribati
Saarland

**Saarland** (, <small>also</small> , ;  ; Rhine Franconian: _Saarlond_) is a Bundesland (state) of Germany. It has an area of  and 1,014,000 people living in it (2011). Saarland lies in the south-west of Germany, near the French border near Metz. The capital is Saarbrücken.

## History

In 1920, the Treaty of Versailles made Saarland from parts of the Prussian Rhine Province () and the Rhine Palatinate (). The area was put under the control of the League of Nations for 15 years. After a plebiscite (vote) in 1935, Germany got the land back. After World War II the Saarland came under French administration.  The Saar Protectorate was allowed its own government for most things in 1947 but not independence. Germany got the Saarland back in 1957 and it became a Bundesland.

## Geography

In the south is France, in the north-west Luxembourg and in the north and east is Rhineland-Palatinate.

Saarland is divided in 6 districts:
- Merzig-Wadern (the largest district)
- Neunkirchen
- Saarbrücken
- Saarlouis
- Saarpfalz (Saar-Palatinate)
- Sankt Wendel

## City and towns

- Saarbrücken (city)
- Neunkirchen
- Saarlouis
- Homburg
- Merzig

## Related pages

- Saargebiet
- Saar (protectorate)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Saarland
- **native name lang**: de
- **settlement type**: States of Germany, State
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **image flag**: Flag of Saarland.svg
- **flag size**: 120px
- **image shield**: Wappen des Saarlands.svg
- **shield size**: 75px
- **anthem**: "Ich rühm' dich, du freundliches Land an der Saar"

- **mapsize**: 155px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Germany
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Saarbrücken
- **governing body**: Landtag of Saarland
- **leader party**: Social Democratic Party of Germany, SDP
- **leader title**: Minister-President
- **leader name**: Anke Rehlinger
- **leader title1**: Governing parties
- **leader title2**: Bundesrat of Germany, Bundesrat votes
- **leader name2**: 3 (of 69)
- **total type**: Total
- **area total km2**: 2,570
- **population total**: 990,509
- **population as of**: 31 December 2018
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Saarlanders
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **blank name sec1**: Gross regional product, GRP (nominal)
- **blank info sec1**: €36 billion (2019)
- **blank1 name sec1**: GRP per capita
- **blank1 info sec1**: €37,000 (2019)
- **blank2 name sec2**: Human Development Index, HDI (2018)
- **blank2 info sec2**: 0.931
 · List of German states by Human Development Index, 8th of 16
- **iso code**: DE-SL
- **blank name sec2**: First level NUTS of the European Union#Germany, NUTS Region
- **blank info sec2**: DEC
Mars (disambiguation)

**Mars** may mean:

- Mars, the planet
- Mars (mythology), the Roman god
- _Mars_ (TV series), a Taiwanese drama which has had Alan Kuo in it
- Mars, Pennsylvania, United States, a place in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania
- Mars, Ardèche, southern France, a commune in the Ardèche _département_
- Mars, Gard, southern France, one of the Communes of the Gard department
- Mars, Loire, central France, one of the Communes of the Loire department
- Mars, Incorporated, makes M&M's
- Bruno Mars (born 1985), American singer-songwriter and music producer
Jupiter (disambiguation)

**Jupiter** is the fifth planet from the sun.

**Jupiter** may also mean:

- Jupiter (mythology), supreme Roman deity

- Jupiter, Florida, United States

- PGM-19 Jupiter missile, a kind of medium-range ballistic missile removed from Turkey after the Cuban Missile Crisis

- "Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity", the fourth movement in Gustav Holst's _The Planets_ suite

- _Jupiter_, disc 1 of _Stadium Arcadium_ by the Red Hot Chili Peppers

- Jupiter (company), a Japanese games company that made games such as Pokémon Pinball
Venus (disambiguation)

**Venus** is a planet in the Solar System. It may also mean:

- Venus (mythology), the Roman goddess
- Venus, Florida, United States, a town
- Venus, Texas, United States, a town
- Venus, Romania, a resort

## Art

- Venus figurines, figurines that show women
    - Venus of Tan-Tan, a very old venus figurine
    - _Venus de Milo_, an ancient Greek statue
    - Venus of Willendorf, an 11.1 cm (4 3/8 inches) high statuette of a female figure
- Venus (Bananarama song), on the list of "Weird Al" Yankovic polka medleys
- Venus (Frankie Avalon song), on the list of Hot 100 number-one singles during 1958–1969 (U.S.)
- Venus (Shocking Blue song), on the list of Hot 100 number-one singles of the 1980s (U.S.)

## People

- Venus Williams, American tennis player
Saturn (disambiguation)

**Saturn** is a planet in the Solar System. It might also mean:

- Saturn (mythology), the Roman god
- Saturn Corporation, an automobile company owned by General Motors
- Saturn Award, honors the top works in science fiction, fantasy, and horror in movie, television, and home video
- Saturn Moscow Oblast, a Russian football team from the Moscow suburb of Ramenskoye
- Sega Saturn, a 32-bit video game console made by Sega

## People

- Perry Saturn (born 1966), retired American professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with WWF and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW)
Uranus (disambiguation)

**Uranus** is one of the planets in the Solar System. It might also refer to:

- Uranos, a god in Greek mythology
- _Uranus_ (movie) is a film from 1990 starring Gérard Depardieu
Neptune (disambiguation)

**Neptune** is a planet in the Solar System. It might also mean:

- Neptune (god), the Roman god of the sea
- _Neptune_ (ship), a prison ship in the Second Fleet of ships to Australia
- Neptune, New Jersey, United States
- Windows Neptune, a Microsoft Windows computer operating system that didn't get made
Pluto (disambiguation)

**Pluto** is a dwarf planet in Earth's solar system.

**Pluto** can also mean:

- Pluto (mythology), the Roman god
- Pluto (Disney) is the name of the dog of Mickey Mouse
Saarbrücken

<div style="float: right; width: 310px; margin-left: 1em;">

</div>
**Saarbrücken** (;  ; Rhine Franconian: _Saarbrigge_ [zaːˈbʁɪɡə]; ) is a German city and a district in the state of Saarland.

The city is also the capital of the Saarland. Saarbrücken has 180,000 inhabitants. It is on the Saar River.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: City
- **image photo**: SB-Rathaus.jpg
- **image caption**: Saarbrücken in January 2006
- **image coa**: DEU Saarbruecken COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flag City of Saarbrücken (Saarbrücken County, Saar, Germany).png
- **image plan**: SB-Rathaus.jpg
- **state**: Saarland
- **district**: Saarbrücken (district), Saarbrücken
- **elevation**: 230.1
- **area**: 167.07
- **population**: 180623
- **pop urban**: 329593
- **pop metro**: 700000
- **stand**: 2017-06-30
- **postal code**: 66001–66133
- **area code**: 0681, 06893, 06897, 06898, 06805
- **licence**: SB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 10 0 41 100
- **divisions**: 20
- **mayor**: Charlotte Britz
- **party**: SPD


## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Grafschaft Saarbrücken_ <small>(German language, de)</small>
_Comté de Sarrebruck_ <small>(French language, fr)</small>
_Grofschaft Saarbrécken_ <small>(Luxembourgish language, lb)</small>
- **conventional long name**: County of Saarbrücken
- **common name**: Saarbrücken
- **continent**: Europe
- **region**: Rhine basin
- **country**: Germany
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Vassal
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Principality
- **year start**: 12th century
- **year end**: 1797
- **event pre**: Joined Holy Roman Empire
- **date pre**: 925
- **date start**: _ca_ 1120
- **event1**: Passed to House of Nassau-Weilburg, Nassau-Weilburg
- **date event1**: 1353
- **event2**: Occupied by First French Republic, France
- **date event2**: 1793
- **event end**: Treaty of Campo Formio, Annexed by France
- **event post**: Congress of Vienna, Passed to Kingdom of Prussia, Prussian Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, Grd
    Dchy Lwr Rhine
- **date post**:  
June 9 1815
- **p1**: Bishopric of Metz
- **image p1**:
- **s1**: Sarre (department)
- **flag s1**: Flag of France.svg
- **common languages**: Rhine Franconian; _see Saarland#Language, language of the Saarland_
- **capital**: Saarbrücken
Saarlouis

**Saarlouis** is a town in the Saarland, Germany. It has 38,400 inhabitants. It is on the Saar. From 1936 to 1945 it was called **Saarlautern**. Ford Motor Company has a plant there; it produces the Focus, C-Max and Kuga.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: town
- **image photo**: LudwigskircheSaarlouis.jpg
- **image caption**: The _Ludwigskirche_ (Louis IX of France, Saint Louis Church)
- **image coa**: DEU Saarlouis COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Saarlouis.svg
- **image plan**: Saarlouis in SLS.svg
- **state**: Saarland
- **district**: Saarlouis
- **elevation**: 181
- **area**: 43.27
- **population**: 34758
- **stand**: 2017-06-30
- **postal code**: 66740
- **area code**: 06831
- **licence**: SLS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 10 0 44 115
- **divisions**: 8
- **mayor**: Roland Henz
- **party**: SPD
Brandenburg

**Brandenburg** (Low Sorbian: _Bramborska_, Low German: _Brannenborg_) is a state (_Bundesland_) in Germany. It has been a state since 1990. It is 29,480 km² in area. It has about 2.6 million inhabitants.

Until 1945 it was the biggest province in Prussia, with 38,278 km² and 3 million inhabitants. From 1949 to 1952 it was a state in the German Democratic Republic. In 1952 it became divided into three _Bezirke_ (Potsdam, Frankfurt and Cottbus). The capital of Brandenburg is Potsdam.

Berlin is in the middle of Brandenburg. But it is not part of Brandenburg. It is a city state.

## History

- 1373 Karl IV bought Brandenburg for his sons from the Wittelsbacher
- 1539 Protestant Reformation
- 1618 United with Prussia
- 1815 Brandenburg became a province in Prussia
- 1945 Brandenburg lost 32% to Poland
- 1949 State in East Germany
- 1952 Divided into three _Bezirke_ (Districts)
- 1990 State of the reunited Germany

## Administration

Brandenburg is divided into fourteen _Kreise_ (districts):
- Prignitz
- Ostprignitz-Ruppin
- Oberhavel
- Uckermark
- Havelland
- Barnim
- Märkisch-Oderland
- Potsdam-Mittelmark
- Teltow-Fläming
- Oder-Spree
- Dahme-Spreewald
- Elbe-Elster
- Oberspreewald-Lausitz
- Spree-Neiße

Also Brandenburg has four _Kreisfreie Städte_ (district-free city):
- Brandenburg
- Cottbus
- Frankfurt an der Oder
- Potsdam

## List of Minister-Presidents

- 1945 - 1949: Karl Steinhoff
- 1949 - 1952: Rudi Jahn
- 1990 - 2002: Manfred Stolpe (SPD)
- 2002 - 2013: Matthias Platzeck (SPD)
- since 2013: Dietmar Woidke (SPD)

## Cities and counties

Brandenburg is divided into fourteen (rural) counties (_Landkreise_),

and four urban districts (_kreisfreie Städte_),

1. Brandenburg an der Havel
1. Cottbus
1. Frankfurt (Oder)
1. Potsdam

## Infobox (german state)

- **name**: Brandenburg
- **map**: Deutschland Lage von Brandenburg.svg
- **map size**: 200
- **map text**: Location of Brandenburg in Germany
- **flag**: Flag of Brandenburg.svg
- **state coa**: Brandenburg Wappen.svg
- **capital**: Potsdam
- **area**: 29480
- **population**: 2548200
- **website**: brandenburg.de
- **leader party**: SPD
- **ruling party1**: SPD
- **ruling party2**: Die Linke, Linke
- **leader title**: Minister President
- **leader**: Dietmar Woidke
Russian

**Russian** might mean:

- Anything related to the country Russia
- Russians, the people of Russia
- Russian language
- Russian Empire
- Russian dressing, a sauce put on salads
Slope

**Slope** may mean:

- An area of ground that tends evenly upward or downward
- The degree to which a surface tends upward or downward
- The ratio of the vertical and horizontal distances between two points on a line