juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ecological niche

An **ecological niche** is the part of the environment into which a species fits, and to which it is adapted. A shorthand definition of **niche** in biology is how an organism makes a living in a place.

However, the term has been used in different ways. It is not only a place but a way of life. For example, grazers, insectivores, scavengers and predators can all live their different lifestyles in the same forest. A niche can be occupied by different species in different places even though they 'earn their living' in roughly the same way. Thus the 'bird of prey eating small mammals' niche would in grasslands include the kestrel, but in an oak wood it would be filled by the tawny owl.

The idea of a niche in natural history is ancient: many writers noticed that animals and plants live in places where they are well adapted to live. The word _niche_ was first used in biology by naturalist Roswell Johnson, but in 1917 Joseph Grinnell was the first to use it in a research program. Later, he described the niches of a variety of species. Grinnell was the first to offer the "exclusion principle" in which only one species could occupy a particular niche at any one time.

Scientists who study the interactions between living things, such as animals and their environment are called ecologists, and their branch of science is called ecology. A niche is a term which describes a position or opportunity into which some organism fits well. Thus, an ecological niche is a place in nature that is filled by an animal or plant because it is well suited to do so.

## Invasions

When a niche is left open, for example by extinction, other organisms may fill that position.

Also, invasive species of plants and animals in a new land often take over all or part of the niches of native organisms.  Sometimes the loss results in the extinction of the natives.

## Niche differentiation

In ecology, **niche differentiation** (also known as **niche segregation**, **niche separation** and **niche partitioning**) is how competing species use the environment differently in a way that helps them to coexist.

## Related pages

- Habitat
Ascension of Jesus

According to the New Testament, the **Ascension of Jesus** happened at the end of Jesus' life on earth.  The Acts of the Apostles says that after Jesus told his apostles to teach the gospel to everyone, he went up to heaven to be with God.The Apostles' Creed says that Jesus "ascended into  heaven and is seated at the right hand of God the Father". There He is praying for those who believe in Him.

Ascension Day is often celebrated on a Thursday, the fortieth day of Easter, although some Christian denominations have moved the observance to the following Sunday.
Degenerate art

**Degenerate art** () was the term used by the Nazi regime in Germany to describe nearly all modern art. The Nazis banned the art because they said it was un-German or was Jewish or Bolshevist in nature. Artists who were labeled as degenerate were punished by the laws. They were not allowed to teach, they could not show or sell their art, and some were even forbidden from creating any art at all.

_Degenerate Art_ was also used as the name for an exhibition put on by the Nazis in Munich in 1937. The exhibition was made up of modern artworks, displayed badly, with text labels making fun of the art. This was meant to make people hate modernism. The show traveled to several other cities in Germany and Austria.

While modern styles of art were not allowed, the Nazis liked paintings and sculptures that were very traditional and old fashioned. They thought art should glorify Nazi ideas of the "blood and soil" values of racial purity, militarism, and obedience. Music was also expected to be tonal and free of any jazz influences; movies and plays were censored.  The censorship was done by the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda.
Paulo Henrique Miranda

**Paulo Henrique Miranda** (born 21 February 1972) is a Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1999||JEF United Ichihara||J. League 1||15||1||0||0||2||1||17||2
|-
|1999||Vegalta Sendai||J. League 2||16||4||2||2||0||0||18||4

|-
|2008/09||rowspan="2"|Fourway Athletics||rowspan="2"|First Division League||5||2||1||1||colspan="2"|-||6||3
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
31||5||2||2||2||1||35||8
5||2||1||1||colspan="2"|-||6||3
36||7||3||3||2||1||41||11
|}
Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink

**Johannes Vennegoor of Hesselink** (; born 7 November 1978) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a striker. He formerly played for the Netherlands national team.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|National Cup|colspan="2"|League Cup|colspan="2"|Europe|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="6"|FC Twente|1996–97|Eredivisie|12|0|1|0|–|–|13|0|||
|1997–98|Eredivisie|28|4|5|0|–|5|1|38|5||||
|1998–99|Eredivisie|34|21|5|3|–|–|39|24|||||
|1999–2000|Eredivisie|34|19|4|5|–|–|37|24|||||
|2000–01|Eredivisie|34|15|8|8|–|–|42|23|||||
|rowspan="7"|PSV|2001–02|Eredivisie|34|22||0|–|8|1|42|23||
|2002–03|Eredivisie|32|8|2|0|–|4|0|38|8||||
|2003–04|Eredivisie|30|12|2|2|–|9|1|41|15||||
|2004–05|Eredivisie|28|19|3|2|–|12|3|43|23||||
|2005–06|Eredivisie|32|11|3|2|–|7|1|42|14||||
|2006–07|Eredivisie|1|1|–|–|–|1|1||||||
|rowspan="4"|Celtic|2006–07|Scottish Premier League|21|13|4|4|1|0|4|1|30|18|
|2007–08|Scottish Premier League|31|15|4|3|2|1|8|1|46|20|||
|2008–09|Scottish Premier League|25|6|3|0|2|0|2|0|32|6|||
|Hull City|2009–10|Premier League|31|3|1|0|1|0|–|33|3|||
|Rapid Wien|2010–11|Austrian Bundesliga|10|2|1|1|–|2|1|13|4|||
|PSV|2011–12|Eredivisie|17|2|1|0|0|0|0|0|18|2||

### International

- _Scores and results list Netherlands goal tally first_
|Goal|Date|Venue|Opponent|Score|Result|Competition|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1**|6 June 2007|Rajamangala National Stadium, Bangkok, Thailand||3–1|3–1|Friendly|
|**2**|6 February 2008|Stadion Maksimir, Zagreb, Croatia||3–0|3–0|Friendly|
|**3**|26 March 2008|Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna, Austria||3–3|4–3|Friendly|

## Honours

**Twente**
- KNVB Cup: 2000–01

**PSV**
- Eredivisie: 2002–03, 2004–05, 2005–06
- KNVB Cup: 2004–05, 2011–12

**Celtic**
- Scottish Premier League: 2006–07, 2007–08
- Scottish Cup: 2006–07
- Scottish League Cup: 2008–09

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Jan Vennegoor of Hesselink
- **image**: Big Jan (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Vennegoor of Hesselink at a Celtic F.C., Celtic event in 2006
- **fullname**: Johannes Vennegoor of Hesselink
- **birth place**: Oldenzaal, Netherlands
- **position**: Forward (association football), Striker
- **years1**: 1996–2001
- **years2**: 2001–2006
- **years3**: 2006–2009
- **years4**: 2009–2010
- **years5**: 2010–2011
- **years6**: 2011–2012
- **clubs1**: FC Twente, Twente
- **clubs2**: PSV Eindhoven, PSV
- **clubs3**: Celtic F.C., Celtic
- **clubs4**: Hull City A.F.C., Hull City
- **clubs5**: SK Rapid Wien, Rapid Wien
- **clubs6**: PSV Eindhoven, PSV
- **caps1**: 142
- **caps2**: 157
- **caps3**: 78
- **caps4**: 31
- **caps5**: 10
- **caps6**: 17
- **goals1**: 59
- **goals2**: 73
- **goals3**: 34
- **goals4**: 3
- **goals5**: 2
- **goals6**: 2
- **totalcaps**: 435
- **totalgoals**: 173
- **nationalyears1**: 2000–2009
- **nationalteam1**: Netherlands national football team, Netherlands
- **nationalcaps1**: 19
- **nationalgoals1**: 3
Kuniya Daini

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. He also former president of Japan Football Association.

## Biography

Daini was born in Kobe on October 12, 1944. After graduating from Keio University, he joined Mitsubishi Motors in 1970. The club won the Japan Soccer League champions in 1973 and 1978. The club also won 1971, 1973, 1978 Emperor's Cup and 1978 JSL Cup. He retired in 1978. He played 119 games and scored 1 goal in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1973.

On July 12, 1972, Daini debuted for the Japan national team against Khmer. In 1974, he was selected Japan for 1974 Asian Games. He also played at 1974 World Cup qualification and 1976 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 44 games for Japan until 1976.

After retirement, Daini became a manager for Mitsubishi Motors as Kenzo Yokoyama successor in 1984. He led the club to won the 3rd place for 2 years in a row (1986-1988). However, in 1989, the club was relegated to Division 2 first time in club history and he resigned.

From 1992, Daini worked at Japan Football Association. He served as vice-president (2006-2012) and president (2012-2016).

## Statistics

|-
|1970||rowspan="9"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="9"|JSL Division 1||14||0
|-
|1971||14||0
|-
|1972||14||0
|-
|1973||18||0
|-
|1974||17||0
|-
|1975||18||1
|-
|1976||18||0
|-
|1977||6||0
|-
|1978||0||0
119||1
119||1
|}

|-
|1972||6||0
|-
|1973||4||0
|-
|1974||7||0
|-
|1975||12||0
|-
|1976||15||0
|-
!Total||44||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Kuniya Daini
- **image**: 20110708 Ceremony of All-Japan Girls' High School Football Championship.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Daini (left) with Eiji Ueda in 2011
- **fullname**: Kuniya Daini
- **birth place**: Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, Hyogo, Japan
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **youthyears1**: 1960–1962
- **youthclubs1**: Kobe High School
- **youthyears2**: 1964–1969
- **youthclubs2**: Keio University
- **years1**: 1970–1978
- **clubs1**: Urawa Reds, Mitsubishi Motors
- **caps1**: 119
- **goals1**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 119
- **totalgoals**: 1
- **nationalyears1**: 1972–1976
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 44
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1984–1989
- **managerclubs1**: Urawa Reds, Mitsubishi Motors
Antonio de la Cruz

**Antonio de la Cruz** (born 7 May 1947) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1969–70||Real Valladolid||Segunda División||0||0
|-
|1969–70||rowspan="3"|Granada||rowspan="3"|La Liga||0||0
|-
|1970–71||30||0
|-
|1971–72||34||0
|-
|1972–73||rowspan="7"|Barcelona||rowspan="7"|La Liga||29||1
|-
|1973–74||34||1
|-
|1974–75||29||2
|-
|1975–76||24||0
|-
|1976–77||11||0
|-
|1977–78||34||2
|-
|1978–79||22||0
247||6
247||6
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1972||3||0
|-
|1973||0||0
|-
|1974||0||0
|-
|1975||0||0
|-
|1976||0||0
|-
|1977||0||0
|-
|1978||3||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Antonio de la Cruz
- **image**: Het elftal van Barcelona, Bestanddeelnr 928-0927.jpg
- **caption**: De la Cruz (standing, third to left) with FC Barcelona, Barcelona in 1975
- **fullname**: Jesús Antonio de la Cruz Gallego
- **birth place**: León, Spain
- **height**: 1.71 m
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **youthclubs1**: Júpiter Leonés
- **youthclubs2**: Real Valladolid, Valladolid
- **years1**: 1966–1970
- **years2**: 1970–1972
- **years3**: 1972–1979
- **clubs1**: Real Valladolid, Valladolid
- **clubs2**: Granada CF, Granada
- **clubs3**: FC Barcelona, Barcelona
- **caps1**: 87
- **caps2**: 64
- **caps3**: 183
- **totalcaps**: 334
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 0
- **goals3**: 6
- **totalgoals**: 6
- **nationalyears1**: 1971
- **nationalyears2**: 1972–1978
- **nationalteam1**: Spain national under-23 football team, Spain U23
- **nationalteam2**: Spain national football team, Spain
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalcaps2**: 6
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1987–1988
- **manageryears2**: 1989–1990
- **manageryears3**: 1991–1996
- **manageryears4**: 1998–1999
- **manageryears5**: 2003
- **managerclubs1**: CE Sabadell FC, Sabadell
- **managerclubs2**: FC Barcelona C, Barcelona C
- **managerclubs3**: FC Barcelona C, Barcelona C
- **managerclubs4**: Yokohama F. Marinos
- **managerclubs5**: FC Barcelona, Barcelona (interim)
Luis Robson

**Luis Robson** (born 21 September 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1997||rowspan="5"|Spartak Moscow||rowspan="5"|Top League||10||1
|-
|1998||20||3
|-
|1999||20||7
|-
|2000||24||10
|-
|2001||28||11

|-
|2002||Consadole Sapporo||J. League 1||5||0

|-
|2002–03||rowspan="3"|Lorient||rowspan="3"|Ligue 2||18||4
|-
|2003–04||28||7
|-
|2004–05||24||5
102||32
5||0
70||16
177||48
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Luis Robson
- **fullname**: Robson Luis Pereira da Silva
- **image**: Robson.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **height**: 1.83 m
- **birth place**: Volta Redonda, Brazil
- **position**: Striker (association football), Striker
- **years1**: 1992–1993
- **years2**: 1993–1994
- **years3**: 1995
- **years4**: 1995–1996
- **years5**: 1996
- **years6**: 1996
- **years7**: 1996–1997
- **years8**: 1997
- **years9**: 1997–2001
- **years10**: 2002
- **years11**: 2003–2005
- **years12**: 2006
- **clubs1**: Sociedade Esportiva Matsubara, Matsubara
- **clubs2**: Sorriso Esporte Clube, Sorriso
- **clubs3**: Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube, Mogi Mirim
- **clubs4**: Esporte Clube Paraguaçuense, Paraguaçuense
- **clubs5**: Goiás Esporte Clube, Goiás
- **clubs6**: Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, Corinthians
- **clubs7**: União Desportiva de Leiria, Leiria
- **clubs8**: Ferroviário Atlético Clube, Ferroviário
- **clubs9**: FC Spartak Moscow, Spartak Moscow
- **clubs10**: Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo, Consadole Sapporo
- **clubs11**: FC Lorient, Lorient
- **clubs12**: Marília Atlético Clube, Marília
- **caps1**: 0
- **caps2**: 0
- **caps3**: 0
- **caps4**: 0
- **caps5**: 0
- **caps6**: 16
- **caps7**: 3
- **caps8**: 0
- **caps9**: 102
- **caps10**: 5
- **caps11**: 70
- **caps12**: 6
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 0
- **goals3**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **goals5**: 0
- **goals6**: 2
- **goals7**: 0
- **goals8**: 0
- **goals9**: 32
- **goals10**: 0
- **goals11**: 16
- **goals12**: 2
Jadílson

**José Jadílson dos Santos Silva** (born 4 December 1977) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Pelotas.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1999|Portuguesa Desportos|Série A|4|0|
|2000|Palmeiras|Série A|0|0|
|2000|Botafogo-SP|Série A|0|0|
|2001|Guarani|Série A|26|0|
|2002|Consadole Sapporo|J1 League|17|0|
|2003|Fluminense|Série A|37|3|
|2004|Goiás|Série A|36|3|
|2005|38|1|||
|2006|30|3|||
|2007|São Paulo|Série A|8|0|
|2008|Cruzeiro|Série A|21|1|
|2009|Grêmio|Série A|9|0|
|2010|Goiás|Série A|7|0|
|2011|Anapolina|Série D|9|0|
|2012|CRB|Série B|31|0|

## Honours

- Goiás
- Campeonato Goiano: 2006

- São Paulo
- Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 2007

- Cruzeiro
- Campeonato Mineiro: 2008

## Personal honours

- Brazilian Silver Ball (Placar) - Best Left Back: 2005

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Jadílson
- **fullname**: José Jadílson dos Santos Silva
- **birth place**: Maceió, Brazil
- **currentclub**: Esporte Clube Pelotas, Pelotas
- **position**: Defender (association football)#Full-back, Left Back
- **youthyears1**: 1998–1999
- **youthclubs1**: Clube de Regatas Brasil, CRB
- **years1**: 1999
- **years2**: 2000–2001
- **years3**: 2001
- **years4**: 2002
- **years5**: 2003
- **years6**: 2004
- **years7**: 2004–2006
- **years8**: 2007−2008
- **years9**: 2008
- **years10**: 2009
- **years11**: 2010
- **years12**: 2011
- **years13**: 2011
- **years14**: 2011
- **years15**: 2012
- **years16**: 2013−
- **clubs1**: Associação Portuguesa de Desportos, Portuguesa
- **clubs2**: Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP), Botafogo-SP
- **clubs3**: Guarani Futebol Clube, Guarani
- **clubs4**: Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo, Consadole Sapporo
- **clubs5**: Fluminense Football Club, Fluminense
- **clubs6**: Paraná Clube, Paraná
- **clubs7**: Goiás Esporte Clube, Goiás
- **clubs8**: São Paulo Futebol Clube, São Paulo
- **clubs9**: → Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, Cruzeiro (loan)
- **clubs10**: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Grêmio
- **clubs11**: Goiás
- **clubs12**: Grêmio Prudente Futebol, Grêmio Prudente
- **clubs13**: Treze Futebol Clube, Treze
- **clubs14**: Associação Atlética Anapolina, Anapolina
- **clubs15**: Clube de Regatas Brasil, CRB
- **clubs16**: Esporte Clube Pelotas, Pelotas
- **caps1**: 4
- **caps3**: 25
- **caps4**: 17
- **caps5**: 37
- **caps7**: 103
- **caps8**: 7
- **caps9**: 21
- **caps10**: 9
- **caps11**: 7
- **caps14**: 9
- **caps15**: 31
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals3**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **goals5**: 2
- **goals7**: 7
- **goals8**: 0
- **goals9**: 1
- **goals10**: 0
- **goals11**: 0
- **goals14**: 0
- **goals15**: 0
Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga

***Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga*** is a game for the Game Boy Advance. It is the third _Mario_ RPG, after _Super Mario RPG_ for the SNES and _Paper Mario_ for the Nintendo 64. However, it is the first game out of three that stars both Mario and Luigi. The other two games starring both Mario and Luigi are _Mario & Luigi: Partners in Time_ and _Mario & Luigi: Bowser's Inside Story_. _Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga_ was released in North America on November 17, 2003 and in both Japan and Europe on November 21, 2003, and in Australia on November 28, 2003. The game was rereleased for the Wii U's Virtual Console in April 2014 and remade for the Nintendo 3DS in October 2017 titled ***Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga + Bowser's Minions***.

The Beanbean Kingdom ambassador comes to pay an unfriendly visit. They take Princess Peach's voice and then reveal they are the witch Cackletta and servant Fawful. Bowser hears about this when Mario beats him as first boss. Then Bowser helps out by bringing them to the Beanbean kingdom. But the Koopa Cruiser explodes sending them in Stardust Field. Their adventure really begins.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga
- **developer**: AlphaDream
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Yoshihiko Maekawa
- **producer**: Shigeru Miyamoto
Tetsuo Mizuno
- **writer**: Taro Kudo
- **series**: _Mario & Luigi_
- **released**: **Game Boy Advance:**
**Virtual Console (Wii U):**
**Nintendo 3DS:**

- **genre**: Role-playing video game, Role-playing
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
- **platforms**: Game Boy Advance, Virtual Console (Wii U), Nintendo 3DS
Rheydt

**Rheydt** is a borough of the city of Mönchengladbach, Germany. It lies in the very west of North Rhine-Westphalia.

The first written mention of the town is in 1180. From 1918 until 1933 it was part of the city of Mönchengladbach. Dr. Joseph Goebbels, who was born in Rheydt, arranged for the city to get back its independence. It is a town with many factories, mainly silk and textiles. It was bombed heavily during World War II. In 1975 it again became part of Mönchengladbach. The central station, Rheydt Hauptbahnhof, kept its original name, which makes Mönchengladbach the only city in Germany to have two stations called Hauptbahnhof.

Schloss Rheydt, one of the best preserved palaces of the Renaissance period, is located in Rheydt.
Animals of New Zealand

The **animals of New Zealand** have an unusual history. The main thing to know is that the islands were part of Gondwana, from which they separated 84 million years (mya) ago. New Zealand has some animals and plants which survive from that time, and birds which flew there much later. The islands are well known for their terrestrial birds, some of which were large species (the moas). For millions of years the islands did not have any native mammalian carnivores, and the moas' only predators were other birds, such as the giant Haast's eagle.

## History

Humans arrived in New Zealand less than 1,300 years ago. At that time the country's only mammals were bats (which flew there), and  pinnipeds and sea lions (which swam there). This meant that all the ecological niches occupied by mammals in other lands were occupied in New Zealand by either insects or birds. Because of this, the country has an unusually large number of flightless birds, of which only the kiwi, and the kakapo survive.

Because of the lack of predators, even the bats spend most of their time on the ground. There are also about 60 species of lizard (30 of gecko and 30 of skink), and four species of frog (all rare and endangered). There are two species of tuatara, _Sphenodon_, the only surviving reptile in its order. These living fossils are reptiles of a type which flourished as long ago as 200 million years. While mapping its genome, it has been discovered that the species has between five and six billion base pairs of DNA sequence. The reptile now lives only on the islands in the Cook Strait and the Bay of Plenty.

Humans brought with them the Polynesian Rat (_Kiore_) and the dog. Europeans later brought their domesticated animals. Of these, the rats, ferrets, cats, stoats and dogs have all had serious effect on the original New Zealand animals. They have driven many species to extinction. Possums were later introduced from Australia for a fur industry, and deer from Europe as animals to be hunted. Both seriously damaged the forest habitat of many birds.

In recent years people made efforts to remove mammals from off shores either the animals are big or small. In some parts of the mainland, mammals are being completely eliminated inside fenced areas to create "ecological islands". Examples are the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary in Wellington City, from which about a ton of dead possums was removed after the installation of a mammal-proof fence, and the Maungatautari Restoration Project.

## Other websites

- Native animals of New Zealand  - Department of Conservation.
- Animals of New Zealand - children's learning aid.
University of Jena

The **University of Jena**, officially the **Friedrich Schiller University Jena** (, abbreviated **FSU**, shortened form _Uni Jena_) is a university in Jena, Germany. It was founded in the year 1558. In 2009, there were more than 21,000 students.

The University of Jena has got ten faculties:
- Theology
- Jurisprudence
- Economics
- Philosophy (including languages, history and others)
- Social sciences
- Mathematics and computer science
- Physics and astronomy
- Chemistry and earth sciences
- Biology and pharmacy
- Medicine

In 1934 the University of Jena was named after Friedrich Schiller. Schiller, a very famous German poet, had been a professor in Jena since the year 1789.

The University of Jena is a member of the Coimbra Group, a group of many important European universities.

## Other websites

- Website of the University of Jena

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Friedrich Schiller University of Jena
- **native name**: Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena
- **image**: Uni-Jena-logo.svg
- **caption**: Seal
- **established**: 2 February 1558
- **type**: public
- **rector**: Walter Rosenthal
- **chancellor**: Klaus Bartholmé
- **staff**: 6,134
- **students**: 20,920
- **city**: Jena
- **state**: Thuringia
- **country**: Germany
- **sports**: USV Jena
- **website**: [http://www.uni-jena.de/ www.uni-jena.de]
Eli Whitney

**Eli Whitney** (December 8, 1765 – January 8, 1825) was an American inventor. He is known as the inventor of the cotton gin, an important invention in the Industrial Revolution. He made it in 1793 March 14. He was born in Westborough, Massachusetts.
Cotton gin

A **cotton gin**, or a cotton engine is a machine that pulls cotton fibers away from the cotton seeds. The modern cotton gin was invented by the American inventor Eli Whitney.It is significant in American history because after its invention, Southerners began growing much more cotton and so they needed more slaves to work on their cotton plantations. Instead of disappearing, slavery became even more important to the Southern economy.
Gale warning

A **gale warning** is an advisory issued to warn people about forecast gale force winds. In the United States, warnings are issued by the National Weather Service to areas that will have winds within the range of 39 to 54 miles per hour or 63 to 69 km-h.

## Example

The following is an example of a Gale Warning issued by the National Weather Service office in North Webster, Indiana.

<pre>
URGENT - MARINE WEATHER MESSAGE
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE NORTHERN INDIANA
901 PM EDT WED OCT 29 2014

LMZ043-046-300915-
/O.CON.KIWX.GL.W.0014.141031T1200Z-141101T0900Z/
NEW BUFFALO MI TO ST JOSEPH MI-MICHIGAN CITY IN TO NEW BUFFALO MI-
901 PM EDT WED OCT 29 2014

...GALE WARNING REMAINS IN EFFECT FROM 8 AM FRIDAY TO 5 AM EDT
SATURDAY...

- WINDS...NORTHWEST 15 TO 25 KNOTS WITH GUSTS TO 30 KNOTS BY
  DAYBREAK FRIDAY...VEERING NORTH TO 35 KNOT GALES WITH GUSTS TO
  45 KNOT GALES FRIDAY. NORTH WINDS DIMINISHING TO 20 TO 30
  KNOTS WITH GUSTS TO 35 KNOT GALES LATE FRIDAY NIGHT.

- WAVES..5 TO 8 FEET LATE THURSDAY NIGHT...BUILDING TO 14 TO 20
  FEET FRIDAY...SUBSIDING TO 8 TO 12 FEET LATE FRIDAY NIGHT.

PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS...

A GALE WARNING MEANS WINDS OF 34 TO 47 KNOTS ARE IMMINENT OR
OCCURRING. OPERATING A VESSEL IN GALE CONDITIONS REQUIRES
EXPERIENCE AND PROPERLY EQUIPPED VESSELS. IT IS HIGHLY
RECOMMENDED THAT MARINERS WITHOUT THE PROPER EXPERIENCE SEEK SAFE
HARBOR PRIOR TO THE ONSET OF GALE CONDITIONS.

&&

$$

STAY TUNED TO NOAA WEATHER RADIO FOR FURTHER DETAILS OR
UPDATES...OR CHECK OUR WEB SITE AT WEATHER.GOV/IWX/?N=MARINE

</pre>

## Other websites

- Meteorological Service of Canada
James Burton

**James Burton** (born August 21, 1939, in Minden, Louisiana) is an American musician. He is most famous as a guitar player and has played with many famous singers including: Ricky Nelson, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Merle Haggard, John Denver, Jerry Lee Lewis, Elvis Costello, Roy Orbison, Joni Mitchell and the Everly Brothers.

In 2001 Burton was elected into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

The Fender Musical Instruments Corporation makes a special _"Telecaster"_ electric guitar which is named after James Burton.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: James Burton
- **img**: JamesBurton(by_Scott_Dudelson).jpg
- **img capt**: James Burton Live in Concert - 2009
- **image size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Minden, Louisiana, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **genre**: Rock and roll, Country music, country
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: since 1952
- **associated acts**: Elvis Presley, Ricky Nelson
- **website**: [http://www.james-burton.net James Burton.net]
Jeff Burton

**Jeffrey Brian Burton** (born June 29, 1967 in South Boston, Virginia) is a retired Nascar Sprint Cup series driver. Jeff Burton drove the #31 Caterpillar Chevrolet SS for Richard Childress Racing, and used to drive for Roush Racing in the #99 car, as well as racing part-time for Michael Waltrip at Michael Waltrip Racing. Jeff's brother Ward Burton also drove in the Sprint Cup series. In 2013, Burton decided to stop driving in NASCAR and started working for NBC Sports helping broadcast NASCAR Sprint Cup Series races.
LeVar Burton

**Levardis Robert Martyn "LeVar" Burton Jr.** (born February 16, 1957) is an American actor. He first became famous for acting in the television series _Roots_. He is probably best known for his role in the popular television series _Star Trek: The Next Generation_, and as the host of the PBS show _Reading Rainbow_. He is also the host of the American game show _Trivial Pursuit_.

LeVar Burton has also written a book called _The Aftermath_. He has also done work as a television director.

LeVar Burton has two children, a son and a daughter. He lives with his wife and daughter in California.

### Nominations

- 1977 Emmy — Outstanding Lead Actor for a Single Performance in a Drama or Comedy Series —' Roots ' (Part 1, "Kunta Kinte")
- 1996, 1999 Daytime Emmy — Outstanding Children's Series —' Reading Rainbow ' (Executive Producer)
- 1999, 2003, 2005 Daytime Emmy — Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series —' Reading Rainbow ' (Self)
- 2004 Genie Award — Best Achievement in Music-Original Song —' Blizzard ' (Co-composer "Center of My Heart")
- 2006 Black Reel Award — Best Director-Television —' Miracle's Boys '

### Wins

- Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7030 Hollywood Blvd. _for television achievement_ (unveiled 1990)
- 1992 Peabody Award — _Reading Rainbow_ (as executive producer of episode, "The Wall")
- 1995–1996, 1999, 2002-2003 Image Award — _variously for_ Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series and Outstanding Youth or Children's Series/Special —' Reading Rainbow ' (both as Self and as Executive Producer)
- 2000 Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album - _The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr._
- 2001–2003, 2005 Daytime Emmy — Outstanding Children's Series—' Reading Rainbow ' (Executive Producer)
- 2001-2002 Daytime Emmy — Outstanding Performer in a Children's Series — ' Reading Rainbow ' (Self)
- 2003 Television Critics Association Award — Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming —' Reading Rainbow ' (Executive Producer)
- 2004 Chicago International Children's Film Festival — Best of Fest — ' Blizzard ' (Director)

## Other websites

- LeVar Burton  (personal website)
- Burton / Wolfe Entertainment  (production company)

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: LeVar Burton
- **image**: LeVar Burton Photo Op GalaxyCon Raleigh 2023.jpg
- **caption**: Burton at GalaxyCon Raleigh in 2023
- **birthname**: Levardis Robert Martyn Burton Jr.
- **birth place**: Landstuhl, West Germany (now Germany)
- **yearsactive**: 1976–present
Beach erosion

**Coastal erosion** is a term for the removal of beaches or dunes  by waves, tidal currents, wave currents, or drainage.  Waves, caused by storms and wind cause coastal erosion. On rocky coasts, coastal erosion results in dramatic rock formations in areas where the coastline contains rock layers. Softer areas become eroded much faster than harder ones, which can cause things like tunnels, bridges, columns, and pillars.

## Other websites

- Coastal Erosion Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute
- Environment Agency guide to coastal erosion
Indestructible Records

The **Indestructible Record Company** was started in 1906 by William Messer, who used to work for Thomas Lambert, the inventor of plastic cylinder records. They started making 4-minute cylinders (with 200 grooves in an inch instead of 100) in 1909. In the 1910s they started dubbing cylinder masters from disc masters made by Columbia, and also from Federal Record Corporation disc masters—also done by Edison (with his ) starting in 1915. They used Federal masters after Federal was launched in 1919 by Indestructible. In the fall of 1922, there was a large factory fire that shut down all cylinder production permanently. Production of Federal discs was stopped for a while, but masters were still recorded on and off, and Federal was bought by Emerson Records in 1925. Emerson still survives today as a radio maker.

## Infobox (record label)

- **name**: Indestructible Records
- **parent**: Federal Record Corporation
- **founded**: 1906
 Defunct 1922/1925
- **founder**: William Messer
- **status**: Defunct
- **distributor**: Indestructible (cylinders)
 Federal/Emerson (discs)
- **genre**: Variety (classical, popular, etc.)
- **country**: United States
- **location**: Albany, New York
- **url**: [No official link]
Gonaïves

**Gonaïves** (Kréyòl: _Gonayiv_) is a port city in western Haiti. It is the capital city of the Artibonite _Département_.

The city is on the coast of the _Gonaïve_ Bay, on the northeast of the Gulf of Gonâve, about 171 km north of the Haitian capital Port-au-Prince. It is also the chief town of an _arrondissement_ (a part of a department) with the same name. The _arrondissement_ has three _communes_ (a _commune_ is like a municipality): Gonaïves, Ennery and Estère.

## History

In 1802, the Battle of _Ravine-à-Couleuvres_, an important battle of the Haitian Revolution, was fought near Gonaïves.

Gonaïves is also known as City of Independence because it was there that Jean-Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti independent from France on 1 January 1804.

Floods produced by rains from tropical storms and hurricanes devastated the city and many people died in September 2004 (Hurricane Jeanne), and again four years later, in August-September 2008 (Hurricane Hanna).

## Economy

Gonaïves is an important commercial centre. The agricultural products of the region (coffee, cotton, sugar and bananas) are sent to other countries and other parts of Haiti from the harbor of the city.

### Radio

- Radio Explosion FM
- Radio Continentale FM
- Radio Independence
- Radio Kiss FM
- Radio Mega Max FM
- Radio Provinciale FM
- Radio Pyramide FM
- Radio Trans-Artibonite
- Radio Gonaives FM
- Radio Etincelle FM
- Radio Trans Atlantique F.M

## Other websites

- Haïti Référence: Perfil de la ville de Gonaïves  - Information on Gonaïves (French text).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Gonaïves
- **native name**: _Gonayiv_
- **settlement type**: List of communes of Haiti, Commune
- **nickname**: La Cité de l'Indépendance
_The City of Independence_
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Cathedral of St. Charles Borromeo
- **pushpin map**: Haiti
- **map caption**: Location in Artibonite (department), Artibonite, Haiti
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**:  Haiti
- **subdivision type1**: Departments of Haiti, Department
- **subdivision name1**: Artibonite (department), Artibonite
- **subdivision type2**: Arrondissements of Haiti, Arrondissement
- **subdivision name2**: Gonaïves Arrondissement, Gonaïves
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Neil Latorture
- **elevation m**: 6
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 300,000
- **population metro**: 104,825
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: -4
Britannia

**Britannia** () is the national personification of Britain as a woman with a trident and shield and wearing a helmet. The image of Britannia was first used in classical antiquity. The word _Britannia_ in Latin could mean the British Isles, the island of Great Britain, or the Roman province of Britain in the time of the Roman Empire.

Images of Britannia show her sitting or lying down with a spear and shield. This image was first used on Roman coins in the 2nd century AD. After the Romans, the image of Britannia was first used again for coins of the pound sterling made for Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland. These were the first to show Britannia with a Union Flag on her shield. After many victories of Britain's Royal Navy, coins with Britannia show Neptune's trident from 1797. Her image wears a helmet on coins after 1825.

Britannia was the common Latin name for Great Britain starting in the 1st century BC. Britannia replaced the name Albion as the common name for the island used by the Romans. After the Romans overcame the ancient Britons in war in 43 AD, Britannia could mean just the southern two thirds of the island which was under Roman control. (Caledonia, north of the River Forth in modern Scotland, was only sometimes overcome by the Roman army.) Britannia was also a goddess. Latin text on a gritstone base for a statue from Eboracum (York) gives the goddess the name "Holy Britannia" (). This stone was in existence in 1740, but it is now lost. A soldier in the Roman army dedicated another altar to the goddess Britannia near Castlehill Fort on the Antonine Wall. The altar is now in Glasgow.

## Related pages

- Ancient Britons
- Britons
- Brittany
- Brythonic languages
- Roman Britain
- Rule, Britannia!
- Sub-Roman Britain
Funhouse

"**Funhouse**" is a song by pop singer, Pink. It is the fifth release from her 2008 album, entitled the same as the name of the song, _Funhouse_. It tells of Pink's split with a partner. It reached 20th position in the UK Singles Chart. There is also a techno remix of the song.
Obsessed (Mariah Carey song)

"**Obsessed**" is a song by singer Mariah Carey. It is on her album _Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel_. It is the lead single from the album. The song was released June 16, 2009.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Obsessed
- **artist**: Mariah Carey
- **album**: Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel
- **released**: June 16, 2009
- **recorded**: 2009
- **length**: 4:02
- **label**: Island Records, Island
- **prev title**: My Love (The-Dream song), My Love
- **prev year**: 2009
- **next title**: I Want to Know What Love Is#Mariah Carey version, I Want to Know What Love Is
- **next year**: 2009
Run This Town

**Run This Town** is a song by the American rapper Jay-Z. It features rapper Kanye West and singer Rihanna. It is from Jay-Z's album, _Blueprint 3_. It is 4:27 long, and was released in 2009.
Nada Surf

**Nada Surf** is an American alternative rock band from New York. They formed their band in 1992. There are 3 members in the band. They are also known as "North Sixth Street".

## References

- Nada Surf Information

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Nada Surf
- **img**: Matthew Caws from Nada Surf.jpg
- **img capt**: Matthew Caws from Nada Surf
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: New York, United States
- **genre**: Alternative rock
Indie rock
- **years active**: 1992present
- **label**: Barsuk Records, Barsuk
Elektra Records, Elektra
Heavenly Records, Heavenly (UK)
City Slang Records, City Slang (GER)
- **url**: [http://www.nadasurf.com/ Official website]
- **current members**: Matthew Caws
Daniel Lorca
Ira Elliot
- **past members**: Aaron Conte
The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 movie)

***The Taking of Pelham 123*** is a 2009 American crime thriller movie. It was directed by Tony Scott and stars Denzel Washington and John Travolta. It is based on the novel of the same name written by Morton Freedgood (writing under the pseudonym John Godey) and 1974 movie _The Taking of Pelham One Two Three_. It is set in New York City.

## Cast

- Denzel Washington as Walter Garber
- John Travolta as Dennis 'Ryder' Ford / Mr. Blue
- John Turturro as Lieutenant Vincent Camonetti
- Luis Guzman as Phil Ramos / Mr. Green
- Michael Rispoli as John Johnson
- James Gandolfini as the Mayor of New York
- Frank Wood as Police Commissioner Sterman
- John Benjamin Hickey as Deputy Mayor LaSalle
- Gary Basaraba as Jerry Pollard
- Ramon Rodriguez as Delgado
- Gbenga Akinnagbe as Wallace
- Katherine Sigismund as Mother
- Aunjanue Ellis as Theresa
- Alex Kaluzhsky as George
- Tonye Patano as Regina
- Jason Butler Harner as Mr. Thomas
- Robert Vataj as Emri / Mr. Brown
- Jake Siciliano as 8-year-old boy
- Victor Gojcaj as Bashkin / Mr. Gray
- Brian Haley as Police Captain Hill
- Adrian Martinez as Cabbie
Ethernet switch

An **ethernet switch** is a device used to build a network connection between the attached computers using ethernet port of computers (allows computers to talk to each other). It is an example of packet switching. It differs from an ethernet hub: While a hub will send incoming data packets to all ports, a switch understands the packets' addressing scheme and will send any data packet only to its destination port, thus limiting the number of collisions (data sent at the same time).

A switch is used in a wired network to connect to other devices using Ethernet cables. The switch allows each connected device to talk to the others. Wireless-only networks do not use switches because devices such as wireless routers and adapters communicate directly with one another.

Although you can use the ports on the back of a router or modem to connect a few Ethernet devices together, switches offer a number of advantages:

Switches allow you to connect dozens of devices. Switches keep traffic between two devices from getting in the way of your other devices on the same network. Switches allow you to control who has access to various parts of the network, and monitor usage. They also allow communication (within your network) that's even faster than the Internet. High-end switches can be tailored to your network needs with pluggable modules.
Keisuke Ota

**Keisuke Ota** (born 23 July 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000||Shimizu S-Pulse||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0
|-
|2001||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||43||11||3||2||2||0||colspan="2"|-||48||13
|-
|2002||rowspan="6"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="6"|J. League 1||2||0||0||0||6||1||3||0||11||1
|-
|2003||8||0||4||0||1||1||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|2004||29||1||1||0||7||0||colspan="2"|-||37||1
|-
|2005||17||3||1||0||4||1||colspan="2"|-||22||4
|-
|2006||2||0||0||0||2||1||colspan="2"|-||4||1
|-
|2007||2||0||0||0||2||2||colspan="2"|-||4||2
|-
|2007||rowspan="3"|Kashiwa Reysol||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||16||3||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||3
|-
|2008||34||6||4||0||6||1||colspan="2"|-||44||7
|-
|2009||7||0||0||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||8||0
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|JEF United Ichihara Chiba||J. League 1||11||0||3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2010||J. League 2||||||||||||||||||||
171||24||17||2||31||7||3||0||222||33
171||24||17||2||31||7||3||0||222||33
|}
Frédéric Antonetti

**Frédéric Antonetti** (born 19 August 1961) is a former French football player.

## Managerial statistics

|rowspan=2|Team|rowspan=2|From|rowspan=2|To|colspan=9|Record|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|Bastia|align=left|2 October 1994|align=left|13 May 1998|||
|align=left|Gamba Osaka|align=left|14 May 1998|align=left|1 June 1999|||
|align=left|Bastia|align=left|1 June 1999|align=left|19 May 2001|||
|align=left|Saint-Étienne|align=left|7 October 2001|align=left|2 June 2004|||
|align=left|Nice|align=left|24 May 2005|align=left|18 May 2009|||
|align=left|Rennes|align=left|2 June 2009|align=left|30 May 2013|||
|align=left|Lille|align=left|22 November 2015|align=left|22 November 2016|||
|align=left|Metz|align=left|24 May 2018|align=left|18 May 2019|||
|align=left|Metz|align=left|12 October 2020|align=left|9 June 2022|||
|align=left|Strasbourg|align=left|13 February 2023|align=left|27 June 2023|||

## Honours

**Bastia**
- Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: 1994–95
- UEFA Intertoto Cup: 1997

**Saint-Étienne**
- Ligue 2: 2003–04

**Nice**
- Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2005–06

**Rennes**
- Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2012–13

**Lille**
- Coupe de la Ligue runner-up: 2015–16

**Metz**
- Ligue 2: 2018–19

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Frédéric Antonetti
- **image**: Entrainement SRFC St-Malo 2013 (83bis).jpg
- **caption**: Antonetti as Stade Rennais F.C., Rennes manager in 2013
- **full name**: Frédéric Antonetti
- **birth place**: Venzolasca, France
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1972–1973
- **youthclubs1**: Vescovato
- **youthyears2**: 1973–1979
- **youthclubs2**: SC Bastia, Bastia
- **youthyears3**: 1979–1982
- **youthclubs3**: Vichy
- **years1**: 1982–1983
- **clubs1**: SC Bastia, Bastia
- **caps1**: 2
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1983–1985
- **clubs2**: AS Béziers Hérault (football), Béziers
- **caps2**: 64
- **goals2**: 6
- **years3**: 1985–1987
- **clubs3**: Le Puy Foot 43 Auvergne, Le Puy
- **caps3**: 54
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 1987–1990
- **clubs4**: SC Bastia, Bastia
- **caps4**: 53
- **goals4**: 6
- **totalcaps**: 173
- **totalgoals**: 12
- **manageryears1**: 1990–1994
- **managerclubs1**: SC Bastia, Bastia (youth)
- **manageryears2**: 1994–1998
- **managerclubs2**: SC Bastia, Bastia
- **manageryears3**: 1998–1999
- **managerclubs3**: Gamba Osaka
- **manageryears4**: 1999–2001
- **managerclubs4**: SC Bastia, Bastia
- **manageryears5**: 2001–2004
- **managerclubs5**: AS Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne
- **manageryears6**: 2005–2009
- **managerclubs6**: OGC Nice, Nice
- **manageryears7**: 2009–2013
- **managerclubs7**: Stade Rennais F.C., Rennes
- **manageryears8**: 2015–2016
- **managerclubs8**: Lille OSC, Lille
- **manageryears9**: 2018–2019
- **managerclubs9**: FC Metz, Metz
- **manageryears10**: 2020–2022
- **managerclubs10**: FC Metz, Metz
- **manageryears11**: 2023
- **managerclubs11**: RC Strasbourg Alsace, Strasbourg
Sota Nakazawa

**Sota Nakazawa** (born 26 October 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Continental|colspan=2|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2001|Kashiwa Reysol|J1 League|1|0|0|0|0|0|-|1|0|
|2002|1|0|0|0|0|0|-|1|0|||
|2003|0|0|0|0|1|0|-|1|0|||
|2004|9|0|1|0|6|0|-|16|0|||
|2005|16|0|0|0|6|1|-|22|1|||
|2006|J2 League|2|0|0|0|-|-|2|0|||
|2006|FC Tokyo|J1 League|2|0|0|0|0|0|-|2|0|
|2007|Gamba Osaka|J1 League|2|0|1|0|5|0|-|8|0|
|2008|30|3|5|1|4|0|11|0|50|4||
|2009|26|0|5|0|2|1|6|0|39|1||
|2010|32|4|4|0|2|0|6|1|44|5||
|2011|27|5|1|0|2|0|5|2|35|7||
|2012|19|2|3|0|0|0|6|0|28|2||
|2013|Kawasaki Frontale|J1 League|20|1|3|0|7|0|-|30|1|
|2014|10|0|0|0|2|0|6|0|18|0||
|2015|Cerezo Osaka|J2 League|9|0|1|0|–|–|10|0||
|2016|3|0|0|0|–|–|3|0||||

### Club World Cup statistics

|Season|Team|Apps|Goals|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2008|Gamba Osaka|3|0|

## Team honors

- AFC Champions League – 2008
- Pan-Pacific Championship – 2008
- Emperor's Cup – 2008, 2009
- J.League Cup – 2007
- Japanese Super Cup – 2007

## Youth National Team career

- AFC Youth Championship : 2000
- FIFA World Youth Championship : 2001

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Sota Nakazawa
中澤 聡太
- **image**: Sota Nakazawa.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Nakazawa with Gamba Osaka in 2010
- **fullname**: Sota Nakazawa
- **birth place**: Mitaka, Tokyo, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **youthyears1**: 1998–2000
- **youthclubs1**: Funabashi High School
- **years1**: 2001–2006
- **clubs1**: Kashiwa Reysol
- **caps1**: 29
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2006
- **clubs2**: FC Tokyo
- **caps2**: 2
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2007–2012
- **clubs3**: Gamba Osaka
- **caps3**: 136
- **goals3**: 14
- **years4**: 2013–2014
- **clubs4**: Kawasaki Frontale
- **caps4**: 30
- **goals4**: 1
- **years5**: 2015–2016
- **clubs5**: Cerezo Osaka
- **caps5**: 12
- **goals5**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 209
- **totalgoals**: 15
- **nationalyears1**: 2001
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national under-20 football team, Japan U-20
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Ryo Kobayashi

**Ryo Kobayashi** (born 12 September 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2005||rowspan="3"|Kashiwa Reysol||J. League 1||21||1||2||0||4||0||27||1
|-
|2006||J. League 2||44||4||2||0||colspan="2"|-||46||4
|-
|2007||J. League 1||9||0||0||0||4||0||13||0
|-
|2008||Oita Trinita||J. League 1||18||1||1||0||7||1||26||2
|-
|2009||rowspan="2"|Montedio Yamagata||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||25||0||1||0||6||0||32||0
|-
|2010||||||||||||||||
117||6||6||0||21||1||144||7
117||6||6||0||21||1||144||7
|}
Hidekazu Otani

**Hidekazu Otani** (born 6 November 1984) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Asia|colspan="2"|Other|colspan=2|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2003|Kashiwa Reysol|J1 League|4|0|–|5|0|–|–|9|0|||
|2004|16|1|1|0|4|1|–|–|21|2||||
|2005|20|3|2|2|2|0|–|2|0|26|5|||
|2006|J2 League|29|1|–|–|–|–|29|1|||||
|2007|J1 League|31|0|1|0|2|0|–|–|34|0|||
|2008|33|3|4|0|5|0|–|–|42|3||||
|2009|20|1|2|0|3|0|–|–|25|1||||
|2010|J2 League|35|2|3|0|–|–|–|38|2||||
|2011|J1 League|28|0|3|0|2|0|–|4|0|33|0||
|2012|31|1|6|0|4|0|6|0|1|0|48|1||
|2013|31|0|2|0|4|0|9|0|1|0|47|0||
|2014|30|0|2|1|10|0|–|1|0|43|1|||
|2015|31|2|3|0|–|9|1|1|0|43|3|||
|2016|20|1|2|0|4|0|–|–|26|2||||
|2017|32|5|3|0|–|–|–|35|5|||||
|2018|25|0|2|0|3|1|6|0|–|36|1|||
|2019|J2 League|30|0|1|0|1|0|–|–|32|0|||
|2020|J1 League|23|2|–|3|0|–|–|26|2||||
|2021|6|1|1|0|1|0|–|–|8|0||||
|2022|4|0|–|3|0|–|–|7|0|||||

## Honours

**Kashiwa Reysol**
- J.League Division 1: 2011
- J.League Division 2: 2010, 2019
- J.League Cup: 2013
- Emperor's Cup: 2012
- Japanese Super Cup: 2012
- Suruga Bank Championship: 2014

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Hidekazu Otani
大谷 秀和
- **fullname**: Hidekazu Otani
- **birth place**: Nagareyama, Chiba Prefecture, Chiba, Japan
- **height**: 1.74 m
- **position**: Midfielder (association football)#Defensive midfielder, Defensive midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 2000–2002
- **youthclubs1**: Kashiwa Reysol
- **years1**: 2003–2022
- **clubs1**: Kashiwa Reysol
- **caps1**: 478
- **goals1**: 23
- **totalcaps**: 478
- **totalgoals**: 23
- **club-update**: 5 November 2022