juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Student's t-distribution

**Student's t-distribution** is a probability distribution which was developed by William Sealy Gosset in 1908. _Student_ is the pseudonym he used when he published the paper describing the distribution.

A normal distribution describes a full population, _t_-distributions describe samples drawn from a full population; accordingly, the _t_-distribution for each sample size is different, and the larger the sample, the more the distribution resembles a normal distribution.

The _t_-distribution plays a role in many widely used statistical analyses, including the Student's _t_-test for assessing the statistical significance of the difference between two sample means, the construction of confidence intervals for the difference between two population means, and in linear regression analysis. The Student's _t_-distribution also arises in the Bayesian analysis of data from a normal family.

## History

Gosset worked at a brewery and was interested in the problems of small samples, for example the chemical properties of barley. In the problems he analyzed, the sample size might be as low as three. Because of the small sample size, estimating the standard deviation is not possible. Also, in many cases Gosset encountered, the probability distribution of the samples was not known.

One version of the origin of the pseudonym is that Gosset's employer preferred staff to use pen names (instead of their real name) when publishing scientific papers, so he used the name "Student" to hide his identity. Another version is that the brewery did not want their competitors to know that they were using the _t_-test to test the quality of raw material.

## Properties

If we take a sample of _n_ observations from a normal distribution, then the _t_-distribution with _ν = n−1_ degrees of freedom can be defined as the distribution of the location of the sample mean , relative to the true mean , divided by the sample standard deviation  over the normalizing term  (that is, ). In this way, the _t_-distribution can be used to estimate how likely it is that the true mean lies in any given range.

The _t_-distribution is symmetric and bell-shaped, like the normal distribution, but has heavier tails, meaning that it is more prone to producing values that fall far from its mean. This makes it useful for understanding the statistical behavior of certain types of ratios of random quantities, in which variation in the denominator is amplified and may produce outlying values when the denominator of the ratio falls close to zero.  The Student's _t_-distribution is a special case of the generalised hyperbolic distribution.

## Related pages

- F-distribution
Jamstik

**Jamstik** is a portable 6-string MIDI guitar controller with five frets made by Zivix, LLC. The Jamstik is compatible with iPad, iPhone and Macintosh.  It weighs .

The Jamstik comes with an included instructional app called JamTutor.  JamTutor helps teach new guitar players the basics of guitar.
Saturn Nebula

The **Staturn Nebula** is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Aquarius. It is about 2,400 light-years away from Earth.
Helix nebula

The **Helix Nebula** is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Aquarius. in the New General Catalogue of 1888 it is number 7293. It is about 700 light-years away from Earth. It is also known as the **Eye of God** and **Eye of Sauron** in pop culture because it looks like an eye.

## Central star

One study says that the white dwarf within the Helix Nebula destroyed a Jupiter-sized planet, creating a strange X-ray signal. Another study from 2025 found from X-ray observation that the central star may be accreting the remains of that planet. This would be closer than the planet found via optical variability.

## Related pages

- Cat's Eye Nebula

## Other websites

- Sonification of the Helix Nebula on YouTube
Sara Montiel

**Sara Montiel** (10 March 1928 – 8 April 2013) was a Spanish actress and singer. She played Juana Montes in _Serenade_ (1956). She also played in 2004's _Bad Education_. Montiel was a prominent Spanish singer, having many albums.

Montiel was born Maria Antonia Abad in Campo de Criptana, La Mancha, Spain on 10 March 1928. At age 16 she began acting and appeared in a number of movies. In 1950 Montiel moved to Mexico where she acted and sang in several films. In 1954 she co-starred in the movie Vera Cruz with Gregory Peck and Bert Lancaster. In 1956 she appeared in Serenade with Mario Lanza and Joan Fontaine. Montiel returned to Spain to star in a number of films. She became Spain's most popular star for the next decade. She retired from movies in the early 1970s but still appeared on television and the Stage. In 2011 she returned to appear in the comedy movie _Abrazame_. She died on 8 April 2013 in Madrid at age eighty-five.
Bogan Hunters

***Bogan Hunters*** is an Australian television show. It is a comedy and also a reality television show. It is all about three people called 'Bogan Hunters' who are looking for Australia's greatest Bogan so they can give them a prize.

## Description

The show has three main actors, Pauly, Shazza and Kev the Kiwi. These three go all over Australia meeting many Bogans. They want to find one that is much more of a Bogan than any other one they meet. They have picked eight famous people to help them find who is the greatest Bogan in Australia. The greatest Bogan will get a trophy and a Holden 'Straya' ute with beer on it, or a makeover. The show is about 2 percent jokes, but the rest is all real. The show has been very popular in both Australia and New Zealand.

### Series overview

|style="padding: 0 8px;" rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Season|style="padding: 0 8px;" rowspan="2"|Episodes|style="padding: 0 8px;" colspan="2"|Originally aired|style="padding: 0 8px;"|iTunes release|style="padding: 0 8px;"|DVD release|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:#c00;"||**1**|10|13 May 2014|15 July 2014|15 July 2014|17 July 2014|||

### Season 1 (2014)

<onlyinclude>{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="background:#c00; color:white;"| Number
! style="background:#c00; color:white;"| Title
! style="background:#c00; color:white;"| Director
! style="background:#c00; color:white;"| First shown on TV

|}</onlyinclude>

## DVD

The DVD goes for 244 minutes.

### Main

- Paul Fenech as Pauly
- Elle Dawe as Shazza
- Kevin Taumata as Kev the Kiwi

### Celebrity Judges

- Angry Anderson as himself
- Jonesy as himself
- Amarli Inez as Miss Nude Australia
- Tahir Bilgiç as himself
- Mark "Jacko" Jackson as himself
- Chris Franklin as himself
- Derek Boyer as himself
- Rob Shehadie as himself

### Other

- Davey Cooper as himself
- Jimmy Jackson as James
- June Dally-Watkins as herself
- Henry Roth as himself
- Martin Miller as Marty the Engineer
- Alex Romano as Jimmy

## Other websites

- Bogan Hunters, Series 1 Raw and Uncut
- Official site
- Facebook page

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Comedy
- **presenter**: Paul Fenech
- **opentheme**: "Bogan Hunters"
by Heaven the Axe
- **country**: Australia
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 1
- **num episodes**: 10
- **list episodes**: #Episodes
- **runtime**: Over 22 minutes or
 30 minutes <small>(with ads)</small>
- **channel**: 7mate Australia, TV2 New Zealand
Bogan

The term **bogan** () is an Australian and New Zealander slang word. It can be used to describe a person with a working class background. Or it can be someone whose speech, clothing, attitude and behaviour display a proud working class attitude. Sometimes the word can have a negative meaning. Over the last several decades, the bogan has become a very widespread and well respected group. There are many local names that describe the same or similar groups of people.

## Definition

Bogans are often thought to be people who live in the outer suburbs of larger cities. They are less keen on dental hygiene than others. They also tend to be anti-authority, proud of their country, have home done tattoos, love classic rock, love Peter Brock, hoon around and drink a lot of alcohol. A bogan attitude is not pretentious and is very honest.

Some types of clothing are associated with bogans. These include flannelette shirts, monkey hoodies, Stubbies shorts, King Gee workwear, thongs and Ugg boots. They also wear jeans and black leggings. Victorian Bogans typically wear acid wash jeans, ugg boots, and band T-shirts with mullet style haircuts. In the mid 1990s, New Zealand Bogans were typically dressed in all black. Super-taper black jeans were fairly standard and black woollen jerseys. Long fringe or long hair in general was also common.

Vehicles such as the Holden Commodore and Ford Falcon, are also common among bogans.

Bogans typically do not copy middle-class styles of taste, diet, hobbies, fashion and language. Bogans are sometimes looked down upon by some other groups. This can make the lives of disadvantaged people much tougher.

## Positive use

The term bogan is nowadays used to display a pride in being rough around the edges. In 2002, Michelle Griffin discussed the fact that ‘bogan’ is no longer being used as an insult. It is in fact a way to identify with the ‘Aussie’ culture that many Anglo‐Saxon Australian citizens are so proud of. In the past, bogan was a bad term. Now many take pride in being called a bogan. Radio station Triple J held a "National Bogan Day" on 28 June 2002, which they commemorated by playing music by bands such as Cold Chisel, Midnight Oil, Rose Tattoo and AC/DC.

## Related pages

- Bogan Hunters
Kriegsmarine

The ***Kriegsmarine*** (, _War Navy_) was the Navy of Weimar Republic from 1919 to 1935 and Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It replaced the Imperial German Navy of World War I and the inter-war _Reichsmarine_. The _Kriegsmarine_ was one of three official branches of the _Wehrmacht_, the armed forces of Nazi Germany.

## History

The _Kriegsmarine_ was developed during the German naval rearmament of the 1930s. The Treaty of Versailles had limited the size of the German navy after World War I. It also prevented Germany from building submarines. But by 1934 Germany had secretly stockpiled most of the parts they needed to construct submarines (called U-boats). In early 1935 Hitler ordered the U-boats to be built. In January 1939 Plan Z was ordered, calling for the construction of many surface naval vessels. The ships of the _Kriegsmarine_ fought during the Spanish Civil War and World War II. The commander of the _Kriegsmarine_ was Karl Dönitz.

## Ships

The Kriegsmarine's most famous ships were the U-boats. Most of them were built after Plan Z was abandoned at the beginning of World War II. Wolfpacks were groups of submarines that attacked British convoys. Most of the attacks were during the first half of the Battle of the Atlantic. Along with the U-boats, commerce raiders and cruisers were used to disrupt Allied shipping in the early years of the war. The most famous of these were the heavy cruisers _Admiral Graf Spee_ and _Admiral Scheer_ and the battleship _Bismarck_. However, the allied adoption of convoy escorts greatly reduced the danger from commerce raiders.

## Other websites

- The Nazi German Navy 1935-1945 (Kriegsmarine)
- Kriegsmarine Ships
Luděk Bukač

**Luděk Bukač** (4 August 1935 – 20 April 2019) was a Czech ice hockey player and manager. As a player, he played for ČLTK Praha, HC Sparta Praha and HC Dukla Jihlava, while as a manager, he coached HC Sparta Praha, HC Košice and HC České Budějovice. As a manager, he coached the Czechoslovak, Austrian, German and Czech national teams. With the Czech Republic, he won the 1996 IIHF World Championship.

Bukač died on 20 April 2019, aged 83.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Luděk Bukač
- **birth place**: Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia
- **death date**: 20 April 2019 (aged 83)
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **played for**: ČLTK Praha
HC Sparta Praha
HC Dukla Jihlava
- **ntl team**: Czechoslovakia
- **career start**: 1949
- **career end**: 1967
Bengt Nyholm

**Bengt Nyholm**, born 30 January 1930 in Härnösand, Sweden, dead 10 September 2015 in Mantorp, Sweden, was a Swedish association football goalkeeper. In 1961, was awarded the Guldbollen Award.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Bengt Nyholm
- **image**: HenryThillberg.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Bengt Nyholm and Malmö FF's Henry Thillberg during a 1955 game
- **birth place**: Härnösand, Sweden
- **death place**: Mantorp, Sweden
- **position**: association football positions, goalkeeper
- **clubs1**: IF Älgarna
IFK Norrköping
- **nationalteam1**: Sweden national football team, Sweden
- **nationalcaps1**: 30
Carl Sanders

**Carl Edward Sanders, Sr.** (May 15, 1925 – November 16, 2014) was an American politician. He served as the 74th Governor of the state of Georgia serving from 1963 to 1967.

Sanders died on November 16, 2014 at the age of 89, after a fall at his home in Augusta, Georgia, aged 89.

## Other websites

- Governor Sanders' official website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Carl Sanders
- **order**: 74th
- **office**: Governor of Georgia
- **lieutenant**: Peter Zack Geer, Peter Geer
- **term start**: January 15, 1963
- **term end**: January 11, 1967
- **predecessor**: Ernest Vandiver
- **successor**: Lester Maddox
- **birth name**: Carl Edward Sanders
- **birth place**: Augusta, Georgia, Augusta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Augusta, Georgia, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Betty Bird Foy
- **alma mater**: University of Georgia
- **image**: Carl Sanders.jpg
Jovan Ćirilov

**Jovan Ćirilov** (; 30 August 1931 – 16 November 2014) was a Serbian theater expert, philosopher, writer, theatre selector, and poet. He mostly wrote about the Serbian culture. He was born in Kikinda, Yugoslavia.

As a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, he was the first person who publicly called for decriminalization of male same-sex relations ("sodomy laws") in the 1980s.

Ćirilov died in Belgrade, Serbia, aged 83.

## Other websites

- Jovan Čirilov  page at UNESCO

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jovan Ćirilov
- **image**: Jovan Ćirilov.jpg
- **caption**: Jovan Čirilov at conference in Slovenia
- **birth place**: Kikinda, Kingdom of Yugoslavia
- **death place**: Belgrade, Serbia
- **occupation**: Theatrologist, philosopher, writer, selector, theatre selector, poet
- **years active**: 1955–2014
Bill Frenzel

**William Eldridge "Bill" Frenzel** (July 31, 1928 – November 17, 2014) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. Frenzel was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota. He represented Minnesota's 3rd district. Frenzel was born in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Frenzel died of cancer on November 17, 2014 in McLean, Virginia, aged 86.

## Infobox (congressman)

- **name**: Bill Frenzel
- **image name**: --BillFrenzel.jpg
- **state**: Minnesota
- **district**: Minnesota's 3rd congressional district, 3rd
- **birth name**: William Eldridge Frenzel
- **birth place**: St. Paul, Minnesota
- **death place**: McLean, Virginia
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **term start**: January 3, 1971
- **term end**: January 3, 1991
- **preceded**: Clark MacGregor
- **succeeded**: Jim Ramstad
- **spouse**: Ruth Purdy (married June 9, 1951)
- **children**: Deborah, Pamela, Melissa
2 grandchildren
- **residence**: McLean, Virginia
- **alma mater**: Dartmouth College (Bachelor of Arts, B.A. 1950, M.B.A. 1951)
- **branch**: United States Naval Reserve
- **serviceyears**: 1951-54
- **rank**: Lieutenant (naval), Lieutenant
- **battles**: Korean war
- **website**: [http://www.brookings.edu/experts/frenzelb.aspx Bill Frenzel - Brookings Institution]
Pepe Eliaschev

**José Ricardo Eliaschev** (May 31, 1945 – November 18, 2014), better known as **Pepe Eliaschev**, was an Argentine journalist and writer.  He was of Jewish descent. He was the author of ten books. He worked as a journalist and his interviews are well known to world figures such as Cassius Clay, Ted Kennedy, Jorge Rafael Videla, Raúl Alfonsín, José Mujica, Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, Carlos Fuentes, Mario Vargas Llosa, Ernesto Sabato and Augusto Roa Bastos. In addition, he was director of Municipal Radio of Buenos Aires from 1989 to 1991.

Eliaschev died on November 18, 2014 in Buenos Aires, Argentina at the age of 69 from pancreatic cancer.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pepe Eliaschev
- **image**: Eliaschev.jpg
- **birth name**: José Ricardo Eliaschev
- **birth place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **death place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **death cause**: Pancreatic cancer
- **occupation**: Journalist and writer
Mihailo Đurić

**Mihailo Đurić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Михаило Ђурић; 22 August 1925 – 25 November 2011) was one of Serbia's most prominent philosophers, a professor at the University of Belgrade's Law School, and a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.

## Birth, education and academic career

Mihailo Đurić was born in Šabac, Kingdom of Yugoslavia to Stevan (a judge) and Milica (nee Despotović, a schoolteacher). After finishing gymnasuim he studied law, philosophy, and classical philology at Belgrade University. He earned his PhD in law at Belgrade University in 1954.

Đurić began teaching at the Law School of Belgrade University in 1954 and received tenure in 1969. At the Law School he taught History of politics theories, General sociology, and Social science methodology classes. He lost his tenure at the University and was jailed in 1973 because of his public speech, given on March 18. 1971. From 1974. to 1989. he worked as a scholar at the Social Science Institute in Belgrade. In the same period he was a visiting philosophy professor at West Berlin, Augsburg University.

Along with professor Jozef Simon and as a philosopher, Đurić was head of the Nietsche philosophy international seminars from 1981. to 1991. at the Dubrovnik Inter-university Center, Dubrovnik Yugoslavia.

Đurić, for contribution to the philosophical and legal sciences, won the international Prize "Prof. Luigi Tartufari" from the prominent National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Italy, in 2009.
Marianne Stone

**Marianne Stone** (August 23, 1922 – December 21, 2009) was an English character actress. She appeared in many movies from the early 1940s through the late 1980s. She usually played landladies, barmaids and other working-class women. She played Mavis in _The Angry Silence_ (1960). In _Lolita_ (1962), she played Vivian Darkbloom.

Stone was born in London, England. She died there at age 87.
Lolita (1962 movie)

***Lolita*** is a 1962 British-American drama movie. It set in the 1950s in the United States. It is based on the novel _Lolita_ by Vladimir Nabokov. It was directed by Stanley Kubrick. It is about a middle-aged man Humbert Humbert (James Mason) who becomes obsessed with Lolita, a girl in her early teens. He marries her mother as a means of having a sexual relationship with Lolita. Sue Lyon plays Dolores "Lolita" Haze. Shelley Winters plays Lolita's mother Charlotte Haze.

This movie was released on June 13, 1962.
Sue Lyon

**Sue Lyon** (July 10, 1946 – December 26, 2019) was an American actress. She played Dolores "Lolita" Haze in the 1962 movie _Lolita_. She also played Charlotte in _The Night of the Iguana_. In 1963, she won a Golden Globe Award.

Lyon was born in Davenport, Iowa. She was married to screenwriter Hampton Fancher from 1963 until they divorced in 1965. Lyon died of a long-illness in Los Angeles at the age of 73.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sue Lyon
- **image**: Sue Lyon Tony Rome 1967.jpg
- **caption**: Lyon in the movie _Tony Rome_ (1967)
- **birth name**: Suellyn Lyon
- **birth place**: Davenport, Iowa, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **education**: Hollywood Professional School
- **alma mater**: Los Angeles City College
 Santa Monica College
- **occupation**: Actor, Actress
- **years active**: 1959–1980
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
King Abdullah Financial District

The **King Abdullah Financial District** (KAFD) is being built in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It will have the Saudi Stock Exchange and Capital Market Authority. The KAFD will be an important financial center in the Middle East. However, KAFD will not only be a financial center. It will have areas where people live, offices, and educational and recreational facilities. The King Abdullah Financial District is estimated to be worth about $7.8 billion (US).

## Facilities and attractions

There will be multiple educational and recreational attractions for residents and visitors of all ages in The KAFD. KAFD will feature museums, exhibitions, malls, hotels, restaurants, conference centers and auditoriums. Such as, the Aquarium, the Conference Center, the Built Environment Museum, the Earth's Climate Center, the Science Museum, the Relaxation Health Club, and the Interactive Children's Museum. Also, there will be seven uniquely designed mosques spread throughout the KAFD. Also, every building will have footbridges that will connect one building to another. That will make traveling through buildings easy.
Further, the monorail train that will travel through the whole district.

## Space and capacity

The King Abdullah Financial District will span an area of 1.6 million square meters that consists of 34 towers in total. The KAFD will cover over 3 million square meters of space for different purposes such as residential, parking, and office spaces. KAFD will house 12,000 residents and in addition, it will have 62,000 parking spaces.

## Banks and headquarters

The King Abdullah Financial District will have the headquarters of the Capital Market Authority (CMA) and the Saudi Stock Exchange (Tadwul).
Added to that, the KAFD will also accommodate a financial academy, and a number of banks, companies and other financial institutions.

## Architecture and design

Bombardier Inc has been given a SR904- million ($241-million) contract to build a monorail system for the King Abdullah Financial District. KAFD’s architecture is designed and is being supervised by Henning Larsen Architects. Moreover, Zaha Hadid Architects will design the KAFD’s metro station.
Statistical significance

Statistics uses variables to describe a measurement. Such a variable is called **statistically significant** if under a certain status quo assumption, the probability of obtaining its outcome (or a more extreme outcome) is less than a given value. Statistical significance is hence a way of determining the _unlikeliness_ of an experimental result—when a certain status quo assumption is assumed to be true.  Statistical hypothesis tests are used to check significance.

The concept of statistical significance was originated by Ronald Fisher in his 1925 publication, _Statistical Methods for Research Workers_, when he developed statistical hypothesis testing (which he described as "tests of significance"). Fisher suggested a probability of one in twenty (0.05 or 5%)—as a convenient cutoff level to reject the null hypothesis. In their 1933 paper, Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson recommended that the significance level (for example 0.05), which they called α, be set before any data collection.

Despite his initial suggestion of 0.05 as a significance level, Fisher did not intend this cutoff value to be fixed. In his 1956 publication _Statistical methods and scientific inference_, he recommended that significant levels be set according to specific circumstances.

## Related pages

- _p_-value
NGC 6193

**NGC 6193** is an open cluster of 27 stars in the constellation of Ara. It is about 3,765 light-years away, and it can be seen by eye from Earth.

NGC 6193 lies at the centre of the Ara OB1 association. The cluster radiates energy to the  nearby regions of the nebulosity NGC 6188.

At its centre are two O class multiple star systems within 10" of each other, and a probable binary B0 giant. These are very hot large stars. They are part of the multiple star system **HD 150136**. There are four stars which are each 36 to 63 times more massive than the Sun, 6 to ten times hotter, and each is more than 10,000 times as bright (luminosity) as the Sun.
M43

**M43** is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Orion. It is about 1,600 light-years away from Earth. It is part of the Orion nebula.
M78

**M78** is a diffuse reflection nebula in the constellation of Orion. It is about 1,600 light-years away from Earth. It is part of the Orion complex. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780 and included by Charles Messier in his catalog of comet-like objects that same year.
Barnard's Loop

**Barnard's Loop** is an emission nebula in the constellation of Orion. It is about 1,600 light-years away from Earth. It is part of the Orion complex. It is a semicircular arc that is about 300 light-years across. In the center of Bernard's Loop are two nebula. These are the Orion nebula and the Horsehead nebula. Barnard’s Loop is made up of Plasma. The mainly red color comes from hydrogen gas.

## Related pages

- Orion (constellation)
- Nebulae

## Other websites

- Barnard's Loop (Sh2-276)
- Barnard's Loop and more in Orion-Today's image-EarthSky
- APOD: 2005 April 20 - Barnard's Loop Around Orion

## Infobox (diffuse nebula)

- **name**: Barnard's Loop
- **image**: BarnardLoopHunterWilson.jpg
- **dist ly**: 1434 light year, ly
- **appmag v**: 5
- **constellation**: Orion (constellation), Orion
- **names**: Sh2-276
NGC 1999

**NGC 1999** (nicknamed the **Keyhole Nebula**) is a reflection nebula in the constellation of Orion. It is about 1,500 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 2174

**NGC 2174** (also named the **Monkey Head Nebula**) is an emission nebula in the constellation of Orion. It is about 6,400 light-years away from Earth.
Trifid nebula

The **Trifid Nebula** is an emission nebula in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is a large H II region that is bright enough to be viewed with binoculars. The Trifid nebula is about 5,200 light-years away from Earth. It gets its name trifid from its three visible dust lanes.
NGC 6559

**NGC 6559** is an star forming region in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is about 5,000 light years from earth. About 7 light years across, it is a dense cloud of dust that hides other stars.
Omega Nebula

The **Omega Nebula** (nicknamed the _Swan Nebula_) is an H II region in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is about 5,500 light-years away from Earth. It was discovered by Philippe Loys de Chéseaux in 1745. Charles Messier added it to his catalog as M17 on the night of 3 June 1764. M17 has more names than any other deep-sky object. In addition to the Omega Nebula and Swan Nebula, it is also called the Horseshoe Nebula, the Checkmark Nebula and the Lobster Nebula. Omega can be seen through binoculars or a small telescope.
Bengt Hennings

**Bengt Hennings** is a dansband from Länghem in Sweden. The band was established in 1967.  By the late 2000s and the early 2010s, the band scored album chart successes in Sweden.

The band participated at Dansbandskampen 2008. The band made it further from the first programme together with Scotts, before getting knocked out by Larz-Kristerz in the second programme. The band was then revoted into the finals. The band's wind section won a Guldklaven Award in 2008 in the year _wind musicians of the year_. The band has also participated in the documentary film Får jag lov - till den sista dansen?.

### Albums

- Bengt Hennings 93 - 1993
- Bengt Hennings 95 - 1995 (CD-single, five songs)
- Studio & live - 2001
- Alla dessa underbara år - 2003
- Bäst av allt - 2007
- Låt kärleken slå till - 2009
- Golden Hits - 2011
- Scenen är vår - 2012

## Other websites

- Bengt Hennings' website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bengt Hennings
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Länghem, Sweden
- **genre**: dansband, dansband music
- **years active**: 1967-
Lövgrens

**Lövgrens** is a dansband from Billesholm in Sweden. The band was established in 1994. In the early 2010s, the band has scored album chart successes in Sweden. The band was called **Claes Lövgrens** until July 2017. It was named after singer Claes Lövgren. The band's drummer Johan Fredriksson was awarded the "drummer of the year" in 2007.

Lövgrens has played together since 1994. Since new-year 2002-2003, the band is a full-time band, touring all over Sweden

### Albums

- Rosor från himlen - 2001
- Dansvänliga låtar - 2005
- Dansvänliga låtar 2 - 2008
- Vi lever nu - 2010
- Bästa - 2013
- Vi börjar igen! - 2014

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Lövgrens
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Billesholm, Sweden
- **genre**: dansband, dansband music
- **years active**: 1994 in Swedish music, 1994-
Sugarloaf Cable Car

The **Sugarloaf Cable Car**; ) is a cableway in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It moves between Praia Vermelha and the inselberg Sugarloaf Mountain. It stops at Morro da Urca (at ) on its way up and down. It reaches the summit of the  mountain.

The cableway was envisioned by the engineer Augusto Ferreira Ramos in 1908. He sought support from well-known figures of Rio de Janeiro's high society to promote its construction. It was opened in 1912
Juan Carlos Ferrero

**Juan Carlos Ferrero** **Donat** (born February 12, 1980) is a Spanish retired professional tennis player. He won the French Open in 2003.  Ferrero was ranked world number 1 from September 8 to November 2 in the same year.
Yevgeny Kafelnikov

**Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Kafelnikov** (born February 18, 1974) is a retired Russian professional tennis player. He won the French Open in 1996 and the Australian Open in 1999. Kafelnikov was world ranked number one from May 3 to June 13 1999. He also won four Grand Slam doubles titles. Kafelnikov won the Men's Singles Gold medal at the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000. He also helped Russia win the Davis Cup in 2002. He is the last man to have won both the Men's Singles and Doubles titles at the same Grand Slam tournament, which he did at the 1996 French Open.
María José Alvarado

**María José Alvarado Muñoz** (19 July 1995 –13 November 2014) was an Honduran beauty queen and Miss Honduras World 2014. She was scheduled to compete at the Miss World 2014 contest in London in December 2014, but was murdered before to the event.

Alvarado was found dead on November 19, 2014 in Cablotales, Honduras. She was 19 years old.

## Other websites

- María José Alvarado, Miss Honduras Mundo (1995-2014) (Obituary) - El Heraldo

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: María José Alvarado
- **birth name**: María José Alvarado Muñoz
- **birth place**: Santa Bárbara, Honduras
- **death place**: Cablotales, Honduras
- **title**: Señorita Honduras,  Miss Honduras World 2014
Ramón Hoyos

**Ramón Hoyos Vallejo** (26 May 1932- 19 November 2014) was a Colombian road bicycle racer. He won the men's individual road race at the 1959 Pan American Games. He represented his native country twice at the Summer Olympics; in 1956 and 1960.

Hoyos died of a heart attack in Bogota, Colombia, aged 82.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **image**: Cumpleaños No.80 de Ramón Hoyos cropped.jpg
- **birth place**: Marinilla, Antioquia Department, Antioquia, Colombia
- **death place**: Bogota, Colombia
Otieno Kajwang

**Gerald Otieno Kajwang** (15 July 1959 – 18 November 2014) was a Kenyan politician. He was a member of the Orange Democratic Movement. He was elected to represent the Mbita Constituency in the National Assembly of Kenya since the Kenyan parliamentary election, 2007. In the 2013 elections, Kajwang was elected to represent Homa Bay county as a senator.

Kajwang died on 19 November 2014 at Mater hospital from cardiac arrest, aged 55.

## Other websites

- Hon. Gerald Otieno Kajwang memorial

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Otieno Kajwang'
- **image**: Gerald Otieno Kajwang Tartus, 9. mai 2014 - Foto Lilian Lukka.jpg
- **office**: Member of the Kenyan Senate
- **term start**: 28 March 2013
- **term end**: 19 November 2014
- **constituency**: Homa Bay District, Homa Bay County
- **office2**: Minister of State for Immigration and Registration of Persons
- **term start2**: 2008
- **term end2**: 2013
- **president2**: Mwai Kibaki
- **office3**: Member of the Kenyan Parliament
- **term start3**: 1998
- **term end3**: 2013
- **constituency3**: Mbita Constituency, Mbita
- **birth place**: Kenya
- **death place**: Kenya
- **nationality**: Kenyan
- **party**: Orange Democratic Movement, ODM
- **spouse**: Rose
- **relations**: Brother to MP TJ Kajwang
- **alma mater**: Makerere University
 Kenya School of Law
- **profession**: Lawyer
Gholam Hossein Mazloumi

**Gholam Hossein Mazloumi** (13 January 1950 – 19 November 2014) was an Iranian football player, coach and football administrator. He was born in Abadan, Iran.

He played for three clubs - Taj Abadan, Taj Tehran (Esteghlal), and Shahbaz FC, as well as the Iranian national team. He also managed Esteghlal from 1988 to 1989.

During his time as a football player, he scored 37 goals for Iran national football team and was Iran's all-time top scorer for twelve years before his record was broken by Ali Daei. He was top scorer at the 1974 Asian Games and 1976 AFC Asian Cup.

He was chairman of Shahin Bushehr from 2011 to 2013 and also honorary deputy chairman of Esteghlal. He died on 19 November 2014 in Tehran, Iran, aged 64, two years after being diagnosed with stomach cancer.

## Other websites

- Gholam Hossein Mazloumi  at TeamMelli.com

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Gholam Hossein Mazloumi
- **image**: Gholam Hossein Mazloumi Taj.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Mazloumi with Esteghlal F.C., Taj in 1975
- **fullname**: Gholam Hossein Mazloumi Tangestani
- **birth place**: Abadan, Iran
- **death place**: Tehran, Iran
- **position**: Striker (football), Striker
- **youthyears1**: 1962–1965
- **youthclubs1**: Taj Abadan F.C., Taj Abadan
- **years1**: 1965–1968
- **years2**: 1968–1975
- **years3**: 1975–1978
- **clubs1**: Taj Abadan F.C., Taj Abadan
- **clubs2**: Taj SC, Taj
- **clubs3**: Shahin F.C., Shahbaz
- **caps1**: 33
- **goals1**: 20
- **caps2**: 245
- **goals2**: 88
- **caps3**: 41
- **goals3**: 26
- **nationalyears1**: 1969–1977
- **nationalteam1**: Iran national football team, Iran
- **nationalcaps1**: 48
- **nationalgoals1**: 37
- **manageryears1**: 1980–1988
- **manageryears2**: 1988–1989
- **manageryears3**: 1989–1990
- **manageryears4**: 1993–1995
- **manageryears5**: 1995–1997
- **manageryears6**: 1997–1999
- **manageryears7**: 1999–2000
- **managerclubs1**: Esteghlal F.C., Esteghlal (youth)
- **managerclubs2**: Esteghlal F.C., Esteghlal
- **managerclubs3**: Iran national under-20 football team, Iran U-20
- **managerclubs4**: Esteghlal Ahvaz F.C., Esteghlal Ahvaz
- **managerclubs5**: Moghavemat Tehran F.C., Moghavemat Tehran
- **managerclubs6**: Petroshimi Tabriz F.C., Petroshimi Mahshahr
- **managerclubs7**: Payam Mashhad F.C., Payam Tehran
Greg Lake

**Gregory Stuart "Greg" Lake** (10 November 1947 – 7 December 2016) was an English musician. He was born in Poole, Dorset. He began his career in 1966.

Lake was the founder of the rock band King Crimson. He was later the lead singer in the group Emerson, Lake and Palmer.

Lake died in London on 7 December 2016 from pancreatic cancer, aged 69.

### Emerson, Lake & Palmer

- Studio albums
1. _Emerson, Lake & Palmer_ (1970)
1. _Tarkus_ (1971)
1. _Trilogy_ (1972)
1. _Brain Salad Surgery_ (1973)
1. _Works Volume 1_ (1977)
1. _Works Volume 2_ (1977)
1. _Love Beach_ (1978)
1. _Black Moon_ (1992)
1. _In the Hot Seat_ (1994)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Greg Lake
- **image**: Dartford-Greg9-4.jpg
- **caption**: Lake in concert, 2005
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Gregory Stuart Lake
- **birth place**: Parkstone, Poole, Dorset, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **years active**: 1966–2016
Leon Askin

**Leon Askin** (**Leon Aschkenasy**; September 18, 1907 – June 3, 2005) was an Austrian movie and television actor. He was best known for playing the character "General Burkhalter" on the TV situation comedy _Hogan's Heroes_. Askin was born in Vienna, Austria.

Askin died in Vienna, Austria from natural causes, aged 97.

## Other websites

- Literature on Leon Askin
Life Itself (movie)

***Life Itself*** is a 2014 American biographical-documentary movie directed by Steve James. It is a biopic on the life and career of movie critic Roger Ebert. Movie directors such as Martin Scorsese and Werner Herzog appear in the documentary. It was released on July 4, 2014 to very positive reviews. It has a 98% on Rotten Tomatoes.
Foxcatcher

***Foxcatcher*** is a 2014 American biographical-drama movie directed by Bennett Miller. It is about how American philanthropist John Eleuthère du Pont killed an Olympian's brother in 1996. It stars Steve Carell, Channing Tatum, Mark Ruffalo, Vanessa Redgrave, and Anthony Michael Hall. It was released on a limited time on November 14, 2014 and will have an extended released in 2015.
Lolita (1997 movie)

***Lolita*** is a 1997 French-American drama movie. It is set in the late 1940s and early 1950s in the United States. It is about a relationship between a man in his forties and a 14 year old girl named Lolita after he marries her mother. Dominique Swain plays Dolores "Lolita" Haze. Jeremy Irons plays Humbert Humbert. Melanie Griffith plays Charlotte Haze. Frank Langella plays Clare Quilty, who lures Lolita away to perform in pornography.

The film had difficulty finding an American distributor and premiered in Europe before being released in America. The film was eventually picked up in the United States by Showtime, a cable network, before finally being released theatrically by The Samuel Goldwyn Company.

The movie got good reviews from the critics. It did poorly at the box office.

It was the second movie made from the book _Lolita_.

## Cast

- Jeremy Irons as Professor Humbert Humbert
- Ben Silverstone as young Humbert
- Dominique Swain as Dolores "Lolita" Haze
- Frank Langella as Clare Quilty
- Melanie Griffith as Charlotte Haze
- Suzanne Shepherd as Miss Pratt
- Keith Reddin as Reverend Piggy
- Erin J. Dean as Mona
- Joan Glover as Miss LaBone
- Ed Grady as Dr. Melinik
- Michael Goodwin as Mr. Beale
- Angela Paton as Mrs. Holmes
- Emma Griffiths-Malin as Annabel Lee
- Ronald Pickup as young Humbert's father
- Michael Culkin as Mr. Leigh
- Annabelle Apsion as Mrs. Leigh

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Lolita
- **director**: Adrian Lyne
- **screenplay**: Stephen Schiff
- **music**: Ennio Morricone
- **cinematography**: Howard Atherton
- **studio**: Pathé
- **distributor**: The Samuel Goldwyn Company
- **runtime**: 137 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $62 million
- **gross**: $1.1 million (US)
Rapunzel

"**Rapunzel**" is a German fairy tale. It was first published in 1812 as part of _Grimms' Fairy Tales_. The best known line in the story is "Rapunzel, Rapunzel, let down your hair".

## Story

The story starts with a lonely couple that wants a child. They live next to a walled garden that belongs to an evil witch named Dame Gothel. The wife is pregnant with a girl. When she gives birth, Dame Gothel takes her newborn and names her Rapunzel.

Rapunzel is taken into a tower to be shut out from the world. One day a prince chances upon Rapunzel and asks her to marry him. She agrees. Dame Gothel finds out about the prince who is planning to free Rapunzel, so she cuts Rapunzel's hair off and sends her to a faraway desert.

The following night the prince climbs up the tower only to find Dame Gothel holding Rapunzel's cut hair. Dame Gothel throws the prince out of the tower, leading him to fall on thorny bushes and become blind.

Months later, the prince, who is still blind, finds Rapunzel through her singing. Rapunzel cries into his arms, and her tears bring back the prince's sight. The prince takes Rapunzel to his kingdom, where they lived happily ever after.

## Adaptations

There have been many stories, books and films made overtime based on the story. In 2011, Disney released a film titled _Tangled_.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Rapunzel
- **caption**: Illustration of Rapunzel and the witch on a 1978 East Germany, East German stamp
- **author**: Unknown but collected by the Brothers Grimm
- **country**: Germany
- **language**: German language, German
- **genre**: Fairy tale
- **release date**: 1812
- **media type**: Print
- **italic title**: no
Teratorn

The **teratorns**  were a group of very large birds of prey that lived in the Americas from the Oligocene to Pleistocene epochs. They are all extinct now. They include some of the largest known flying birds. So far, at least five species in four genera have been identified:

Teratornithidae are related to New World vultures (_Cathartidae_, syn. _Vulturidae_).

- _Teratornis merriami_. This is by far the best-known species. Over a hundred specimens have been found, mostly from La Brea tar pits. It stood about 75 cm (29.5 in) tall with estimated wingspan of perhaps 3.5 to 3.8 metres (11.5 to 12.5 ft), and weighed about 15 kg (33 lb); making it about a third bigger than living condors. It became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene, some 10,000 years ago.

- _Argentavis magnificens_. A partial skeleton of this enormous teratorn was found from La Pampa, Argentina. It is the largest flying bird known to have existed. It is the oldest known teratorn, dating to late Miocene, about 6 to 8 million years ago, and one of the very few teratorn finds in South America. Initial discovery included portions of the skull, incomplete humerus and several other wing bones. Even conservative estimates put its wingspan at 6 meters and up (some 20 ft), and it may have been as much as 8 metres (26 ft). The weight of the bird was estimated to have been around 80 kg (176 lb).

This group of huge birds lived at a time before mankind reached the Americas in any numbers. The land was more heavily forested than today, and so had herbivores more suited to forests than today. The finds in California suggest that similar conditions existed in much of California and North America west of the mountains.
Telegram (software)

**Telegram Messenger** is a messaging service which lets its users send each other messages, photos, videos and documents (all file types are supported). The client applications are open source and the server is proprietary software (closed source). It is based in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.

## History

Telegram was started in 2013 by the brothers Nikolai and Pavel Durov, the creators of VK.

Telegram is registered as a company in the British Virgin Islands and as an LLC in Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. Pavel Durov said that the service was headquartered in Berlin, Germany, between 2014 and early 2015, but moved to different jurisdictions after failing to obtain residence permits for everyone on the team. According to press reports, Telegram had employees in Saint Petersburg, Russia, from 2014 to 2017. The Telegram team is based in Dubai as of 2017.

In April 2018, Russian court ruled to block Telegram in Russia because of terrorists using the app. Some Russians tried to circumvent the ban by using open proxies in other countries. The Russian Government removed its ban on 18 June 2020.  Russian ministers and officials now use it.

On 5 October 2021, Telegram gained over 70 million new users as a result of an outage which affected Facebook and its affiliates.

It has been called "social media for organised criminals", because there is no censorship.  Durov says it is a safe haven for citizens living in repressive regimes, such as Belarus, Iran and Hong Kong.  “In Dubai the government doesn’t bother us.” It allows Iran-linked militant groups including Hamas, Hizbollah and Iraqi militia groups to use it. A psychological warfare unit of the Israel Defense Forces, had run an unauthorised Telegram Channel entitled “72 Virgins — Uncensored” in 2023.  Its rules say that it will block terrorist channels.

In 2024 it was said to have  900 million monthly active users. It has more than 80,000 servers around the world. There are only about 50 full-time employees

## Features

Telegram lets its users send voice notes, photos, videos and files of all types. Groups can also have a maximum of 200,000 members. There are channels — for one-way broadcasting of messages — with unlimited subscribers. Telegram uses a similar system of message read statuses to WhatsApp, with 1 check = sent, 2 checks = read (opened).

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Telegram
- **title**: Telegram
- **logo**: Telegram logo.svg
- **caption**: Telegram on Android
- **collapsible**: yes
- **developer**: Telegram FZ LLC
Telegram Messenger Inc.
- **frequently updated**: yes
- **operating system**: Google Android (operating system), Android, Apple iOS (Apple), iOS, Windows Phone, MS Windows, Linux, OS X
- **language**: English language, English, Arabic language, Arabic, Spanish language, Spanish, German language, German, Italian language, Italian, Korean language, Korean, Dutch language, Dutch, Portuguese language, Portuguese (Brazil & Portugal)
- **genre**: Instant messaging
- **license**: GPL v2 (client), closed source (server)
Konstantin Khabensky

**Konstantín Yúrievich Khabénsky** (; born in 11 January, 1972) is a Russian actor. He played Anton Gorodetsky in the movie Night Watch. He also starred in the sequel, Day Watch.

## Career

Khabensky was born and trained in Leningrad. Before _Night Watch_, he was already a famous actor in his country. He had appeared in several movies and TV series and theatres. Since 2003, he has been a member of the Moscow Art theatre.

## Other websites

- Moscow Art Theatre, official site - Stage Portfolio
Yakety Yak

"**Yakety Yak**" is a 1958 Motown song by The Coasters. The song was remixed to be used as the theme song to an early 2000s cartoon.
Tänndalen

**Tänndalen**, Southern Sami: **Teanndaelie**, is a minor locality in Härjedalen Municipality in Sweden. In 2010, 66 people lived there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tänndalen
- **native name**: Tänndalen
- **native name lang**: sv
- **settlement type**: urban areas in Sweden, minor locality
- **subdivision type**: Swedish county
- **subdivision name**: Jämtland County, Jämtland
- **subdivision type1**: Municipalities of Sweden
- **subdivision name1**: Härjedalen Municipality, Härjedalen
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population total**: 66
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
Davis Cup

The **Davis Cup** is an annual tennis tournament. Countries from around the world compete against each other in teams.
Only the 16 best ranked teams take part. Teams play against each other in rounds or 'ties'. In each tie, 5 matches or 'rubbers' are played: four singles and one doubles match. The team to win the most matches (3 or more) is the winner and goes to the next round.
Argo Navis

**Argo Navis** is a constellation in the southern sky. In the past, it represented the ship of Jason and his argonauts who were in search of the Golden Fleece. Today, it is no longer seen as one constellation but is divided instead into three smaller ones. These are Puppis (the stern), Carina (the keel) and Vela (the sails). It is visible mainly in the southern hemisphere. If it were still recognized today it would be the biggest constellation in the sky.

## Deep-sky objects

- Carina nebula
Liria Palace

The **Liria Palace** () is a building in Madrid. It is the personal property of the House of Alba.

The palace was commissioned by Duke of Berwick. He was also Duke of Liria.
In the early 19th century, it passed to the House of Alba. Eugénie de Montijo, last empress consort of the French, died here in exile in 1920.

All but the facades were destroyed during the Spanish Civil War. It was rebuilt by Jacobo Fitz-James Stuart, 17th Duke of Alba and his daughter Cayetana. The British architect Edwin Lutyens provided some designs for the interior. The reconstruction used his plans, even though he died before then.

As of 2012, the owner of the palace was the 18th Duchess of Alba. She lived in Seville. The main resident of the palace was her son and heir Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 14th Duke of Huéscar.