juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Roar

**Roar** may refer to :
- Roar (utterance), a sound produced by certain animals such as lions, tigers and mammoths.
- _Roar_, the King's College London student newspaper
- Brisbane Roar FC, an Australian football club (formerly Queensland Roar FC)
- _Roar_ (movie)  a movie set in Africa and produced by Tippi Hedren
- _Roar_ (TV series), a short-lived television drama set in 4th century Ireland
- _Roar_ (UK TV series), a CBBC television series about the animals in a zoo
- _Rrröööaaarrr_, second album of Canadian progressive metal band Voivod
- _The Roar_, a 2008 novel by Emma Clayton
- Roar (roller coaster), the name of two wooden roller coasters located at Six Flags America and Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
- ROAR Registry of Open Access Repositories indexes open access institutional repositories.

## Names

- "Roar", a Norwegian form of the name Roger
- Roar (dubious Danish king), a dubious legendary king of Denmark
- Roar Ljøkelsøy, a Norwegian ski jumper
My Name Is

"**My Name is**" is a song by Eminem, released in 1999. It is the lead single from his major-label debut album, _The Slim Shady LP_.

The song contains a sample of Labi Siffre's 1975 track "I Got The ...". Siffre, who is openly gay, stated, "attacking two of the usual scapegoats, women and gays, is lazy writing. If you want to do battle, attack the aggressors not the victims." Eminem made lyric changes and Siffre cleared the sample.

## Track listing

- **UK CD1**

- **UK CD2**

- **UK Cassette**

- **12" single**

- Record Store Day 2020 7" single

- Notes
- signifies a co-producer.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: My Name Is
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Eminem
- **album**: The Slim Shady LP
- **released**: January 25, 1999
- **recorded**: 1998
- **producer**: Dr. Dre
- **prev title**: :en:Just Don't Give a Fuck, Just Don't Give a Fuck
- **prev year**: 1998
- **next title**: :en:Role Model (song), Role Model
- **next year**: 1999
Sugar Act

The **Sugar Act** (1764) was a tax passed by the British to pay for the Seven Years War, called the French and Indian War in America.

It taxed sugar and decreased taxes on molasses in British colonies in America and the West Indies. This restricted smuggling. It was also a use of mercantilism. It was one of the first taxes that led to protests in the Thirteen Colonies. The Sugar and Stamp Acts were done away with in 1766. The Sugar Act was terrible for the colonial economy. Some people even went as far as to make attempts on the king’s life because they hated the act so much. Most people in 1764, said the British government was borderline insane to enforce this law.

## Infobox (uk legislation)

- **short title**: The Sugar Act 1764
- **parliament**: Parliament of Great Britain
- **year**: 1764
- **statute book chapter**: 4 Geo 3 c.15
- **introduced by**: The Right Honourable, The Rt. Hon. George Grenville, House of Commons of the United Kingdom, MP
<small>Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Prime Minister, Chancellor of the Exchequer & Leader of the House of Commons</small>
- **territorial extent**: British America, British America and the British West Indies
- **royal assent**: 5 April 1764
- **commencement**: 29 September 1764
- **repeal date**: 1766
- **amendments**: None
- **related legislation**: Molasses Act
- **repealing legislation**: Revenue Act of 1766, Revenue Act 1766
- **status**: Repealed
Townshend Acts

The **Townshend Duties**, formally known as the **Townshend Acts**, was a tax passed by the British. It was named for Charles Townshend, who was the British Prime Minister at the time. He spearheaded the acts, but he died before the bad effects were clear. In 1776, he was hanged in effigy, which means a doll was made to represent him and it was hanged in the town square in Boston. It taxed all imported goods. E.g. tea, food, anything that was imported. Townshend wanted the duties to make sure the colonists knew that they were under British rule. The acts were resisted in the Thirteen Colonies.
Tea Act

**Tea Act of 1773** was a law made by the Parliament of Great Britain. The law was made to help the East India Company which had massive amounts of tea stored in London which they could not sell. The law would make the company's tea cheaper than other tea which was being smuggled into Britain's North American colonies.  This was supposed to make people buy East India Company tea on which the Townshend duties were paid, thus implicitly agreeing to accept Parliament's right of taxation.

The law gave the Company the right to directly ship its tea to North America and the right to the duty-free export of tea from Britain. The tax imposed by the Townshend Acts and collected in the colonies remained in force. It became law on May 10, 1773.
Jay Treaty

The **Jay Treaty** was a treaty between the United States and Britain in the years following the American Revolution. The main American involved in the treaty was John Jay, who was also Chief Justice of the United States. It was passed by the United States Congress in 1795. It allowed for increased trade with Britain in exchange for the British giving up their forts on the Great Lakes.  The Democratic-Republican Party thought that the Jay Treaty was good for the British and bad for the Americans, which led to them burning effigies of Jay.
Aegyptosaurus

***Aegyptosaurus***, meaning "Egypt's Lizard", is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived in Africa around 95 million years ago during the Middle Cretaceous period. Like most sauropods, it had a long neck and a small skull. The animal's long tail probably acted as a counterweight to its body mass. Its tail also ended in a whip-like structure that it used to defend itself against predatory dinosaurs such as _Rugops_, _Carcharodontosaurus_ and _Spinosaurus_.

_Aegyptosaurus_ was a close relative of _Argentinosaurus_, a much larger dinosaur that lived in South America at about the same time. This suggests a possible land bridge between Africa and South America during the Cretaceous.

_Aegyptosaurus_ was discovered and named by a German paleontologist named Ernst Stromer in 1932. Its fossils were found in Egypt, Niger, and in several different locations in the Sahara Desert. All known male and female specimens were discovered before 1939. The fossils were stored together in Munich, but were destroyed when an Allied bombing raid hit the museum in 1944, during World War II.
The type species is _Aegyptosaurus baharijensis_, named after the Bahariya Formation in Egypt, where the first fossils were found. In the series Monsters Resurrected, it was named as _Paralititan_, its contemporary.
Public security bureau (China)

In the People's Republic of China, a **public security bureau** (**PSB**)  is a kind of government office. These offices acting as a Police stations. Smaller offices are called _Police posts_. These are similar Japanese Kōban.

PSBs in each province and large city take care of policing law enforcement, public security, and social order. Other duties of such offices include residence registration as well as immigration and travel affairs of foreigners.
Solitary confinement

**Solitary confinement** is a punishment or special form of imprisonment. A prisoner is not allowed contact with anyone, except the prison staff. It may be a kind of psychological torture. It is also used to protect one prisoner from other inmates in the prison.

Solitary confinement has many other names. In American English it is also called the **'hole**', **'lockdown**', the **'SHU**'  (pronounced 'shoe') or the **'pound**'. In British English people say **'block**' or **'the cooler**'.

## Use and criticism

People who think solitary confinement is necessary give several reasons. Some prisoners are considered dangerous to other people in the prison. Other prisoners might be able to lead crime groups even from inside jail. Also, solitary confinement can be used to stop prisoners from communicating with others because of possible fears about national security. Finally, it may be used for prisoners who are at high risk of being attacked by other inmates, such as pedophiles, LGBTQ people, celebrities, or witnesses who are in prison themselves. This form of solitary confinement is sometimes called protective custody.

In the US Federal Prison system, solitary confinement is known as the Special Housing Unit (SHU), . California's prison system also uses the abbreviation SHU, but it stands for Security Housing Units. In other states, it is known as the Special Management Unit (SMU), pronounced .

Opponents of solitary confinement claim that it is cruel and unusual punishment and torture. Taking away social contact, and the sensory input is usually part of solitary confinement and can have a powerful negative effect on a prisoner's mind. This may lead to mental illnesses such as depression and even death since humans are social animals.

## Related pages

- Prison
- Torture

## Other websites

- Sourcebook on solitary confinement
Thomas Gainsborough

**Thomas Gainsborough** (14 May 1727 – 2 August 1788) was an 18th-century English portrait and landscape painter. He was born in Sudbury, Suffolk, England. He was the youngest son of John Gainsborough. When he was 13, he surprised his father by how well he drew with the pencil. Impressed, his father let him go to London to study art in 1740. In the 1740s, Gainsborough married Margaret Burr and began painting portraits more than landscapes. He had two daughters. In 1774, Gainsborough and his family moved to London. In 1780, he painted portraits of King George III. He died of cancer in London on 2 August 1788 at age 61 years.

In painting portraits he sometimes painted with brushes on sticks six feet long. This put him at the same distance from subject and canvas, set at right angles to each other.

## Other websites

- Webmuseum Paris: Thomas Gainsborough
- Victoria and Albert Museum collection
- http://www.abcgallery.com/G/gainsborough/gainsborough.html  Olga's Gallery
- www.gac.culture.gov.uk/search/Artist.asp?maker_id=112361
- www.Thomas-Gainsborough.org  70 works by Thomas Gainsborough
Leaellynasaura

***Leaellynasaura*** (meaning "Leaellyn's lizard") was a fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur that lived in Australia during the middle Cretaceous Period, roughly 115-110 million years ago. Australia was within the Antarctic Circle during the Cretaceous period, and it had a very long winter.

## Description

_Leaellynasaura_ is known from two nearly complete skeletons and two skulls. It is described as an ornithopod. Unlike some other ornithischians, the _Leaellynasaura_ did not have any tendons in its tail. The tail is known for being among the longest of its relatives: it was three times longer than the rest of the whole body. It also has more vertebrae in its tail than any other ornithischians except for some hadrosaurs. It also had large eyes to help it look in the dark winter.
Muttaburrasaurus

***Muttaburrasaurus*** was a plant-eating dinosaur that lived during the early Cretaceous period, about 113-97.5 million years ago. This dinosaur means "Muttaburra (in Queensland, Australia) lizard". _Muttaburrasaurus_ are about 24 feet (7 m) long. They may have lived in herds.
Gulf of Salerno

The **Gulf of Salerno** is a gulf of the Tyrrhenian Sea in the coast of the province of Salerno in south-western Italy. The northern part of this coast is the Costiera Amalfitana. This includes towns like Amalfi, Maiori, Positano and the city of Salerno itself.

The Gulf of Salerno is separated from the Gulf of Naples (on the north) by the Sorrentine Peninsula, while from the south it is bounded by the Cilento coast.
Gigi D'Agostino

**Luigino Celestino Di Agostino** (born December 17, 1967) is an Italian disk jockey. He was born in Turin, Italy. Di Agostino is better known under his stage name **Gigi D'Agostino**. He is also known as the _Violento Man_.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Gigi D'Agostino
- **img**: Gigi1.jpg
- **img capt**: Gigi D'Agostino performing in 2005
- **img size**: 260px
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Luigino Celestino Di Agostino
- **origin**: Turin, Italy
- **genre**: Italo Dance
Eurodance
Lento Violento
House music, House
- **occupation**: DJ, record producer
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **label**: Arista Records, ZYX Music
- **associated acts**: Luca Noise, DJ Pandolfi
- **url**: [http://www.gigidagostino.com/ www.gigidagostino.com]
San Bruno, California

**San Bruno** is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States. The population was 43,908 at the 2020 census.

The city is next to San Francisco International Airport and Golden Gate National Cemetery.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: San Bruno, California
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in California, City
- **motto**: "City with a Heart"
- **image skyline**: File:SanBruno.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: San Bruno looking toward San Francisco Bay (2006)
- **seal size**: 100px
- **image map**: San_Mateo_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_San_Bruno_Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in San Mateo County, California, San Mateo County and the state of California
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: California
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: San Mateo County, California, San Mateo
- **subdivision type3**: Region
- **subdivision name3**: San Francisco Bay Area
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: December 23, 1914
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 5.49
- **area land sq mi**: 5.49
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area total km2**: 14.22
- **area land km2**: 14.22
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 20
- **elevation m**: 6
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 43908
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 94066, 94067, 94096, 94098
- **area code**: Area code 650, 650
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
Leavening agent

A **leavening agent** is a substance used to make a baked good rise. Most people like baked goods that are risen, so leavening agents are popular.

## Yeast

Yeast is a common leavening agent. It is a fungus that converts sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide makes the bread rise. This is slower and makes the bread more soft. Most of the ethanol evaporates when the bread is baked. The yeast is also killed when the bread is baked.

Yeast takes longer time to rise than chemical leavening agents. It can also be killed by heat or salt. Yeast is normally sold in small packages. These have yeast fungi.

## Chemical leavening agents

_Main articles: Baking powder and baking soda_

There are several chemical leavening agents. For acidic foods, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) can be used. It reacts with the acid to make carbon dioxide gas, which makes the bread rise. For non-acidic foods, baking powder is used. Baking powder is a mix of a powdered acid and sodium bicarbonate. They react when dissolved in water to make carbon dioxide gas. Baking powder is more common.

Baking powder and baking soda leavening is better for certain baked goods like muffins or cakes. The bread rises much faster with baking powder or baking soda. It is not affected by many other ingredients. But it does not have the same texture or taste that yeast has.
Sweet potato pie

**Sweet potato pie** is a type of pie. It is common in the southern United States. It is similar to pumpkin pie. It is common at Thanksgiving. It is a side dish or dessert.

"The most delicate root that may be eaten," as the sixteenth-century English mariner and slave trader John Hawkins called it, suited European taste. Henry VIII ate his sweet potatoes in heavily spiced and sugared pies, a fashion that survived at least until the 1680s."

It is normally made as a large tart. It doesn't have a top crust. The filling has mashed sweet potatoes, milk, sugar, eggs, and flavoring. The filling can be made light or dense. Occasionally marshmallows are added as a topping.

## History

Creamy vegetable pie recipes date back to Medieval Europe. It was a favorite of Henry VIII of England. He was known to eat a great number of sweet potato pies at a time believing they were an aphrodisiac. Sweet potato pie appears in the southern United States from the early colonial days. Like many sweet potato recipes, sweet potato pie was likely developed by the black slaves from traditional African cuisine. It is a staple of soul food today. Recipes for sweet potato pie first appeared in printed cookbooks in the 18th century. It was included with savory vegetable dishes. By the 19th century, sweet potato pie was considered a dessert.

## Other websites

- Sweet potato vs. pumpkin pie: Your roots might determine your preference
Colonial Clash

The **Colonial Clash** is an annual American College Football rivalry game played between the University of Massachusetts and the University of New Hampshire. These are traditionally the two best programs in the championship subdivision of college football in New England.

The rivalry adopted the name "Colonial Clash" on August 18, 2010, just two months before becoming the first college football match-up ever at Gillette Stadium. Robert Kraft, owner of Gillette Stadium and its tenants, the New England Patriots and New England Revolution, called it "a fitting name for a border rivalry between schools who represent two of the original colonies." The game is scheduled to be held at the professional venue in both 2010 and 2011.

The two schools have played each other every year since 1952, with UMass holding a 43-26-3 advantage. UNH captured the 2008 game 52-21 while UMass won on homecoming in 2009, 23-17. In 2006, the schools played twice, meeting first on November 4th in Durham, NH (with UMass winning 28-20), then again on December 2nd in Amherst for the NCAA FCS Quarterfinals (UMass winning 24-17). After each regular season meeting, the Billy Knight Trophy is awarded to the MVP of the game.

Since the separation of Division I college football into two separate tiers in 1978, UMass has played for the National Championship three times (1978, 1999, 2006), winning in 1999. While New Hampshire has not yet reached a National Championship game, they were the #1 overall seed in the 2005 FCS playoffs.
Classical physics

**Classical physics** are the physics that were made before the 20th century. This part of physics studies things like movement, light, gravity, and electricity.

Most of physics today uses ideas that are more complicated than the ideas of classical physics, because in the 20th century, physicists discovered two better ways to describe nature: the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics.

Classical physics turned out not to work when the things being studied were very, very small (around the size of atoms or smaller), or were moving very, very fast (around the speed of light). So, around the beginning of the twentieth century, Albert Einstein worked out his Theory of Relativity and people like Neils Bohr, Werner Heisenberg. and Erwin Schrödinger created quantum mechanics.

## History

Sir Isaac Newton, and many scientists before him, helped create classical physics. They observed that some things in nature such as the falling of an apple occur the same way each time. Newton made equations that let him predict such events. He called these equations laws of physics.

Newton's laws of physics have been tested by experiments and by using them in doing jobs. Sometimes things (like powerful winds) mess up the results of the experiment a bit, and the results come out a little wrong. But when people make efforts to get rid of these extra factors, the results of the experiments almost always get closer to what Newton's laws predict.

## Areas of classical physics

- Mechanics (how levers help lift things, cars keep moving after the engine is turned off, etc.)
- Thermodynamics (why we experience some things as hot and other things as cold, why it takes longer to heat water than air, etc.)
- Electricity (why rubbing one object with another can produce a static charge, why electrons move through wires, why lightning can span immense distances, etc.)
- Magnetism (why compass needles point to the north and south poles, why nails wrapped around and around with insulated wire will act as magnets when a direct current is passed through the wire, etc.)
- Optics (why sunlight that passes through raindrops can produce a rainbow, why prism bend light and make a spectrum like the rainbow, why lenses can magnify things, how to make powerful telescopes with or without using lenses, etc.)

ht:Dezyèm lwa Newton
Huayangosaurus

***Huayangosaurus*** is a genus of stegosaurian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of China. The name comes from "Huayang", a name for Sichuan province.

It lived about 165 million years ago. That is some 20 million years before its famous relative, _Stegosaurus_ appeared in North America. At only 4.5 metres long, it was also much smaller than its famous cousin. Found in the Lower Shaximiao Formation, _Huayangosaurus_ shared the local landscape with the sauropods _Shunosaurus_, _Datousaurus_, _Omeisaurus_ and _Protognathosaurus_, the ornithopod _Xiaosaurus_ and the carnivorous _Gasosaurus_.

## Description

Like other stegosaurians, _Huayangosaurus_ was a quadrupedal herbivore with a small skull and a spiked tail. _Huayangosaurus_ had the distinctive double row of plates of all stegosaurians. These plates rose vertically along its arched back. In _Huayangosaurus_, the plates were more spike-like than in _Stegosaurus_. Like _Stegosaurus_ it had two pairs of long spikes extending horizontally near the end of its tail.

_Huayangosaurus_ was one of the smallest known stegosaurians, at just 4.5 meters  in length.

## Discovery and species

_Huayangosaurus_ remains from twelve animals were got from the Dashanpu Quarry near Zigong in Sichuan. The type species is _H. taibaii_.

## Classification

As the most basal stegosaurian, it is put in its own family _Huayangosauridae_. It is also morphologically distinct from later (stegosaurid) forms. Its skull was broader and had premaxillary teeth in the front of its mouth. All later stegosaurians lost these teeth.

## Palaeobiology

It had plates all down its back and spikes on its tail. Two large spikes were above its hips, and may have been used for deterring an attack from above (it was fairly short in height compared to later stegosaurians). Its plates were smaller than those of _Stegosaurus_, with much less surface area. Thus they would have been much less effective heat regulators, one of the supposed functions of plates.

## Popular culture

Mounted skeletons of _Huayangosaurus_ are on display at the Zigong Dinosaur Museum in Zigong and the Municipal Museum of Chongqing in Sichuan Province in China.

## References

- Stegosauria, in _The evolution and extinction of the dinosaurs_. 2nd ed 2005. Fastovsky D.E. and Weishampel D.B. pages 107–130. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81172-4

## Other websites

- Stegosauria
- _Huayangosaurus_ Factsheet - Australian Museum
Gas balloon

A **gas balloon** is a kind of balloon that uses a gas of low density to fly using buoyancy.  Gas balloons sometimes fly very high, very far, and for a very long time.

A gas balloon is different from a hot air balloon.  A hot air balloon uses a fire to lower
the density of air.  A gas balloon does not use fire.

The most common use for gas balloons are to measure the atmosphere.  These are called weather balloons.

Some gas balloons carry people.
Evanna Lynch

**Evanna Patricia Lynch** (born 16 August 1991) is an Irish actress. She became famous by playing Luna Lovegood, a supporting character in the _Harry Potter_ movie series. Lynch was cast as Luna at the age of 14, having acted only in school plays before. She first played Luna in _Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix_ (2007), _Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince_ (2009), and _Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1_ (2010) and _Part 2_ (2011). She also voiced Luna in the first of the movie's two video games. Lynch's work on the series earned her two award nominations.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Evanna Lynch
- **image**: 2021-10-30 13-16-35 ILCE-7C DSC07547 DxO (51691991968).jpg
- **alt**: A caucasian female with light blonde hair, wearing a pink beanie hat and sitting on a couch while holding a microphone.
- **caption**: Lynch in October 2021
- **birth name**: Evanna Patricia Lynch
- **birth place**: Termonfeckin, County Louth, Republic of Ireland, Ireland
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2007—present
Art Nouveau

**Art Nouveau**  is an international art movement and style based on organic forms. It was seen in modern art, graphic design, architecture and applied arts such as decoration, jewellery, ceramics and glass.<sup>p7</sup> It peaked in popularity at the fin de siècle of the late 19th century (1890–1905), and continued until the First World War.

A reaction to academic art of the 19th century, Art Nouveau is organic in style. It has floral and plant-inspired motifs, and stylized, flowing curvilinear forms.<sup>p3-36</sup> Art Nouveau is an approach to design according to which artists should work on everything from architecture to furniture, making art part of everyday life.

The movement was strongly influenced by Czech artist Alphonse Mucha. Mucha produced a lithographed poster as an advertisement for the play _Gismonda_ by Victorien Sardou, starring Sarah Bernhardt. The poster appeared on 1 January 1895 in the streets of Paris. It was an overnight sensation, and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Initially called the _Style Mucha_, this soon became known as _Art Nouveau_.

Art Nouveau's fifteen-year life was most strongly felt throughout Europe—from Glasgow to Moscow to Madrid—but its influence was global. In France, Hector Guimard's Paris Metro entrances shaped the landscape of Paris and Emile Gallé was at the center of the school of thought in Nancy. Victor Horta had a decisive impact on architecture in Belgium.<sup>p37</sup>

Magazines like _Jugend_ helped spread the style in Germany, especially as a graphic design form, while the Vienna Secessionists influenced art and architecture throughout Austria-Hungary. Art Nouveau was also a movement of distinct individuals such as Gustav Klimt, Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Alphonse Mucha, René Lalique, Antoni Gaudí and Louis Comfort Tiffany, each of whom interpreted it in their own individual manner.<sup>p34</sup>

Although Art Nouveau fell out of favour with the arrival of 20th-century modernist styles, it is seen today as an important bridge between Neoclassicism and modernism.

Art Nouveau monuments are now recognized by UNESCO on their World Heritage Sites list as significant contributions to cultural heritage. The historic center of Riga, Latvia, with "the finest collection of art nouveau buildings in Europe", was inscribed on the list in 1997 in part because of the "quality and the quantity of its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture". Four Brussels town houses by Victor Horta were included in 2000 as "works of human creative genius" that are "outstanding examples of Art Nouveau architecture brilliantly illustrating the transition from the 19th to the 20th century in art, thought, and society".
E.S. Posthumus

**E.S. Posthumus** is a two-person band. They mainly made music for movies (and their trailers). Franz Vonlichten and Helmut Vonlichten created the music from Pythagorean ideas that combine very different elements and still produce harmony. Franz died tragically in 2010. Helmut released the last song "Christmas Eve" in November 2010. The group ceased its activity. In November 2011, Helmut Vonlichten has formed a new band called Les Friction.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: E.S. Posthumus
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, United States, USA
- **genre**: Orchestral
Electronic music, Electronic
- **years active**: 2000 – 2010
- **label**: Wigshop Records
- **url**: [http://www.esposthumus.com www.esposthumus.com]
- **past members**: Franz Vonlichten
Helmut Vonlichten
Wheat flour

**Wheat flour** is a type of flour made from wheat kernels. There are two main types of wheat flour: whole wheat flour and white flour.

Whole wheat flour has the whole grain of wheat, making it more nutritious. White flour only has the endosperm of the wheat grain, making it less nutritious.

White flour is preferred by many people. White flours are normally enriched. Wheat flour can be sifted to make it finer and smoother.

## Related pages

- Kinako
Dysgraphia

- _People who never learned how to read and write are called illiterate._

**Dysgraphia** or **agraphia** is the learning disability to write texts, even though the person has the necessary motoric skills. People with dysgraphia can move their hand enough, and are also capable of understanding how to write.

Dysgraphias may happen because of damage done to the brain, but it is more common as a defect in brain function present from birth. It may occur occur with other defects, such as speech problems. Many people who suffered a stroke may have lost the ability to move parts of their body.

There are different forms of dysgraphia:
- Lexical agraphia: words that are hard to tell apart cannot be written down properly.
- Phonological agraphia: words can be written down correctly, but they cannot be pronounced.
- Semantic agraphia: words with a certain meaning cannot be pronounced.
- Apractical agraphia: The motor skills can no longer be used for writing.

## Related pages

- Dyslexia
Boeing 747-400

The **Boeing 747-400** is a jet airliner, a variant of the Boeing 747. Compared to the original 747, the 747-400 features improvements such as more powerful engines, new avionics, a new interior, and a longer-span wing with winglets. The 747-400 first flew in 1988 and entered service in 1989. It was produced until 2009 in six different variants: 747-400, 747-400F, 747-400M, 747-400D, 747-400ER, and 747-400ERF.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Boeing 747-400
- **image**: File:British Airways G-BNLU-2008-09-13-YVR.jpg
- **caption**: A Boeing 747-400 of British Airways
- **alt**: A large white and blue four-engine jet airliner with union tail fin, with landing gear extended


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Wide-body airliner
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: Boeing
- **first flight**: April 29, 1988
- **introduced**: February 9, 1989, with Northwest Airlines
- **status**: In service, mainly for cargo use
- **primary user**: Atlas Air
- **number built**: 694
- **developed from**: Boeing 747-300
- **developed into**: Boeing 747-8
Xiaosaurus

***Xiaosaurus*** (means "dawn lizard)" was a small, plant-eating dinosaur. It walked on two long legs, had four-toed feet, five-fingered hands, short arms, a long, stiff, pointed tail, a flexible neck, and a small head with large eyes.
This early dinosaur ornithischian lived during the mid-Jurassic period, about 169–163 million years ago. It was small and lizard-like, about four feet (1.2 m) long – smaller than an adult human. Fossils of this dinosaur were found in China.
Vulcanodon

***Vulcanodon*** was a long-necked dinosaur that lived during the early Jurassic period, about 208 to 201 million years ago. It was an early sauropod.

A partial fossil has been found in Mashonaland North, Zimbabwe, Africa.
_Vulcanodon_ was about 20 feet (6.5 m) long. It was a long-necked, long-tailed plant-eater with a small head, thick legs, and a bulky body. It had nail-like claws on its feet and an enlarged claw on each big toe. Its front legs were relatively long.
Lancia Dedra

The **Lancia Dedra** is an automobile produced by Lancia. It replaced the Lancia Prisma in 1989, and was replaced by the Lancia Lybra in 2000. It was offered as a sedan and as a station wagon. The Dedra shared its mechanics with the Fiat Tempra.

## Engines

- _1.6 i.e._ 55 kW (75 hp), 57 kW (78 hp), 65 kW (88 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp)
- _1.6 i.e. 16V_ 77 kW (105 hp)
- _1.8 i.e._ 66 kW (90 hp), 74 kW (101 hp), 77 kW (105 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
- _1.8 i.e. 16V_ 83 kW (113 hp) and 96 kW (130 hp)
- _2.0 i.e._ 83 kW (113 hp) and 85 kW (115 hp)
- _2.0 i.e. 16V_ 102 kW (139 hp)
- _2.0 i.e. HF Turbo_ 119 kW (162 hp)
- _2.0 i.e. HF Integrale_ 124 kW (169 hp)
- _2.0 turbo ds_ 66 kW (90 hp)
Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth

**Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth** is a hamlet in the United Kingdom. It is in Lincolnshire, England. It is 160 kilometres north of London. It is the town where scientist Sir Isaac Newton was born. Newton was born and lived at Woolsthorpe Manor, which is a small farm house. The apple tree which made him think about gravity can still be seen in the garden.
Second Great Awakening

The **Second Great Awakening** was a Protestant religious movement in the United States. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revival meetings and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements.

It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, Edward Everett and Joseph Smith. It started in upstate New York in the 1790s, but spread to New England and the Midwest.  During the Second Great Awakening, thousands of people gathered at large religious meetings called revivals.  The people of the Second Great Awakening thought they could bring about a Golden Age in America through religion.  The Second Great Awakening led to new religious movements such as the Holiness Movement and the Mormons, and helped groups like the Methodist Church grow.

The Second Great Awakening led to two movements in reform, that is, changing laws and behaviors to make society better.  One of these was the Temperance Movement, which believed that drinking alcohol was not good for society.  The other was abolitionism, which wanted to end slavery. People such as Harriet Beecher Stowe and William Lloyd Garrison wrote books and newspapers about how slavery should stop. They formed political movements, including the Liberty Party, the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party (United States).
Black Hawk War

The **Black Hawk War** was a war between the Indians under command of Chief Black Hawk and American settlers on the frontier in 1832. It took place mostly in Illinois and Wisconsin. Several small battles were fought, including the Battle of Stillman's Run and the Battle of Bad Axe. During the War, dozens of Americans and hundreds of Indians were killed. Many more Americans died of cholera and other diseases than died in battle. After the War, the Sac, Fox and Kickapoo Indians lost most of their land in Illinois and Wisconsin. Both future Union President Abraham Lincoln and future Confederate President Jefferson Davis fought in the Black Hawk War, both on the side of the Union.
Populist Movement

The **Populist Movement**, also known as the **People's Party** was a movement in late-19th century America.  It grew out of groups such as the Grange Movement.  It was largely a movement of farmers, who were poor and felt big businesses, such as railroads, were to blame.  Its leaders included Thomas Watson and William Jennings Bryan.  The populists had a series of demands known as the Omaha Platform.  Here are some of the things the Omaha Platform wanted:

- An income tax
- Direct election of United States Senators
- Free coinage of silver (at a rate of 16 ozs. of silver to one ounce of gold) to encourage inflation
- Government ownership of railroads and other large businesses

Though the Populists never and only controlled a few state governments for a few years, many of the demands of the Omaha Platform, such as the income tax and direct election of Senators, were later done as part of the Progressive Movement
Fauvism

**Fauvism** (French for _The Wild Beasts_) was the name of a modern art movement in the early 20th century, led by the painters Henri Matisse and André Derain. The Fauves were a group of French painters who were influenced by the bright colours used by the Post-Impressionists Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin.

The bright colourful style of painting that they used began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910, but the group was only together for three years, 1905–1907. In that time they had three exhibitions together. Their influence has continued  until the present day, and was adopted or influenced many artists who are not usually thought of as fauvists. Aristarkh Lentulov is one good example.

## Related pages

- Impressionism
- Post-Impressionists
- Pointillism
- Cubism
- Expressionism
American crocodile

The **American crocodile** is a species of crocodile that lives in the Americas. They usually move from the southern United States to the northern South America. Its scientific name, _Crocodylus acutus_, means "Pointy-snouted crocodile". It is because of the shape of its snout.

## Characteristics

The American crocodile is a species of a crocodile with a high adult survival rate. The American crocodiles can live for a long time. Like all crocodiles, the American crocodile has four short legs; a long, powerful tail; and scaly skin.

The nostrils, eyes, and ears are on the top of its head, so the rest of the body can be hidden underwater for surprise attacks.

Camouflage also helps it catch food. The snout is longer and narrower than that of the American alligator. American crocodiles are paler and more grayish than the dark-hued American alligator. The American crocodile crawls on its belly. It can also "high walk". Big ones can run as fast as nearly 16 km/h (10 mph). They can swim at as fast as 32 km/h (20 mph).

The average length for adult in the continental rivers can be 2.9 to 4 m (9 ft 6 in to 13 ft 1 in) long. Males weigh up to 382 kg (842 lb). Females can be 2.5 to 3 m (8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in) and weigh up to 173 kg (381 lb).

## Biology and behavior

American crocodiles are more vulnerable to cold weather than American alligators. While an American crocodile cannot survive in water temperatures of 7.2 °C (45.0 °F) and below. American crocodiles will lose consciousness and drown due to hypothermia in that temperature. American crocodiles have a faster growth rate than alligators.

### Feeding

American crocodiles feed mostly on fish, but big ones may prey on bigger animals, such as deer.

American crocodiles are a somewhat aggressive crocodile species and have been known to attack humans. Attacks on humans are rare, but happen more often in Mexico.

## Distribution

The American crocodile's range in southern Florida overlaps with that of the closely related American alligator. However, while the American alligator's range stretches as far north as Virginia, the American crocodile's range in the United States is confined to southern Florida.

This is because alligators are much better at tolerating cold weather than crocodiles. The body temperature of alligators has been known to drop to 38 degrees Fahrenheit without any harm at all to the alligator. However, the American crocodile is better at tolerating saltwater than the alligator. American crocodiles have regularly been sighted 140 miles away from shore in the Caribbean Sea.
Bagaceratops

***Bagaceratops*** (meaning "small horned face") was a plant-eating dinosaur that had a bony ridge along the back of its skull. This ceratopsian dinosaur lived during the late Cretaceous period, roughly 84 to 71 million years ago. _Bagaceratops_ fossils have been found in Mongolia.

## Description

_Bagaceratops_ had a large head, a bulky body, a parrot-like beak, cheek teeth, triangular cheek protuberances, a short snout horn, and a small frill on its head. This ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaur was about 3 feet (1 m) long. _Bagaceratops_ walked on four short legs (it was a quadruped).

_Bagaceratops_ could eat tough plants; it had powerful jaws and cheek teeth that could chew the food.
Nodosaurus

***Nodosaurus*** (meaning "knobbed lizard") was a large, armored, quadrupedal (it walked on four legs), tank-like dinosaur. It lived in the first part of the Upper Cretaceous about 113–98 million years ago. Three very incomplete _Nodosaurus_ fossils have been found in Wyoming and Kansas; no skulls have been found yet. It was named by paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh in 1889.

_Nodosaurus_ was about 13 to 20 ft (4-6 m) long. It was an ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaur with bony dermal plates covering the top of its body. It had four short legs, five-toed feet, a short neck, and a long, clubless tail. The nodosaurids had no tail club; it is not known how they defended themselves.
Patriot Act

The **Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001**, also known as the **USA Patriot Act** is an anti-terrorism law. It was proposed by the Bush Administration soon after the September 11 attacks.  At that time, President Bush had very high approval ratings and it was clear that most Americans wanted him to do something to stop more terrorism.  The bill passed quickly in Congress, mostly before it had even been fully read.  The act made it much easier to control money terrorists had in bank accounts.  It also made it easier for the government to access people's library and phone records.  The act was criticized by many organizations, particularly the American Civil Liberties Union, for being a threat to Americans' civil liberties and rights.
Elf (band)

**Elf** was an American rock band that was active between 1967 and 1975. The band was previously called the **Electric Elves**. They released their first album, _Elf_, in 1972. The album was co-produced by Ian Paice and Roger Glover, who would later work with Elf's lead singer Ronnie James Dio in the band Rainbow.

## Discography

- _Elf_ (1972)
- _Carolina County Ball_ (1974)
- _Trying To Burn The Sun_ (1975)
- _The Gargantuan_ (1978)
- _The Elf Albums_ (1991)

## Infobox (band)

- **name**: Elf
- **years active**: 1967–1975
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: New York City, New York
- **genre**: Blues rock, hard rock, MERGE rock, Jazz fusion#Jazz rock, jazz rock, heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **label**: Decca Records
Purple Records
- **past members**: Ronnie James Dio
Doug Thaler
Gary Driscoll
Nick Pantas
David Feinstein
Jason Jaspers

**Jason Matthew Jaspers** (born April 8, 1981 in Thunder Bay, Ontario), is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently playing for Kölner Haie (the Cologne Sharks) of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.

## Playin career

Jaspers was drafted 71st overall by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. He was drafted from the Sudbury Wolves of the Ontario Hockey League.  Jaspers made his professional start in the 2001–02 season with the Coyotes affiliate the Springfield Falcons of the American Hockey League. Jaspers made his National Hockey League (NHL) start in the same season, after he received his first NHL assignment on January 20, 2002.

Jaspers then spent the next four years primarily with the Falcons of the American Hockey League. Unable to make the NHL regularly he was traded by the Coyotes to the Tampa Bay Lightning for Jarrod Skalde on July 25, 2005. Jason however, never played a game with the Lightning, playing for their affiliate coincidentally still the Springfield Falcons.

Jaspers finally left the Falcons, ranking second in all-time appearances, in the 2006–07 season when he signed with German team Adler Mannheim, on July 6, 2006. After three years with Adler Mannheim signed on 6 April 2009 with Kölner Haie.

## Personal life

In July 2008 Jason married his highschool sweetheart, Morgan McKee. Morgan is from Sudbury, Ontario where Jason played junior hockey for the Sudbury Wolves. Currently they have no children and live in Germany.

## Awards and achievements

- 1999–00 OHL  Plus/minus Award
- 1999–00 OHL  Second All-Star Team

## Career statistics

|colspan="3"  bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1998–99|Sudbury Wolves|OHL|68|28|33|61|81|4|2|1|3|13|
|1999–00|Sudbury Wolves|OHL|68|46|61|107|107|12|4|6|10|27|
|2000–01|Sudbury Wolves|OHL|63|42|42|84|77|12|3|16|19|18|
|2001–02|Springfield Falcons|AHL|71|25|23|48|55|—|—|—|—|—|
|2001–02|Phoenix Coyotes|NHL|4|0|1|1|4|—|—|—|—|—|
|2002–03|Springfield Falcons|AHL|63|4|15|19|57|6|0|0|0|4|
|2002–03|Phoenix Coyotes|NHL|2|0|0|0|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|2003–04|Springfield Falcons|AHL|58|16|22|38|56|—|—|—|—|—|
|2003–04|Phoenix Coyotes|NHL|3|0|0|0|2|—|—|—|—|—|
|2004–05|Utah Grizzlies|AHL|11|0|3|3|6|—|—|—|—|—|
|2004–05|Springfield Falcons|AHL|48|12|17|29|45|—|—|—|—|—|
|2005–06|Springfield Falcons|AHL|77|29|37|66|86|—|—|—|—|—|
|2006–07|Adler Mannheim|DEL|48|14|15|29|102|11|6|7|13|6|
|2007–08|Adler Mannheim|DEL|31|12|13|25|30|2|0|0|0|0|
|2008–09|Adler Mannheim|DEL|52|9|20|29|34|9|4|5|9|22|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Jason Jaspers 1.jpg
- **image size**: 120px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Center
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 207
- **team**: Kölner Haie
- **league**: Deutsche Eishockey Liga, DEL
- **former teams**: Phoenix Coyotes
Adler Mannheim
- **birth place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 2001
- **draft**: 71st overall
- **draft year**: 1999
- **draft team**: Phoenix Coyotes
Jacob Epstein

**Sir Jacob Epstein** KBE (10 November 1880 – 19 August 1959) was an American-born British sculptor, a pioneer of modern sculpture. He was born in the United States, and moved to Europe in 1902, becoming a British citizen in 1911. He often produced controversial works which challenged taboos on what was appropriate subject matter. His portrait heads were traditional, but much of his other work was modernist. He also made paintings and drawings, and often exhibited his work.

The sculptures _Ecce Homo_ (Old Coventry Cathedral) and _Rock Drill_ (1913–1914, Museum of Modern Art, New York City), are famous and important, but we have no images of them. On view in the Strand, London near Trafalgar Square, are his sculptures for Zimbabwe House. There are a number of his busts (sculptures of heads) in the National Portrait Gallery, also near Trafalgar Square.

## References

- Gilboa, Raquel 2009. _...And there was sculpture; Epstein's formative years (1880-1930)_, Lonodn, 2009
- Silber, Evelyn 1984. _The sculpture of Epstein_, London, 1984

## Infobox (artist)

- **honorific prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Jacob Epstein
- **image**: Jacob Epstein photo by George Charles Beresford 1924.jpg
- **caption**: Jacob Epstein, photographed in 1924 by George Charles Beresford
- **birth date**: 10 November 1880
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Kensington, London, England
- **nationality**: British nationality law, British / United States nationality law, United States
- **field**: Sculpture
Galvanizing

**Galvanizing** is the coating of a metal with a more reactive metal to stop corrosion. Normally zinc is used to coat iron. The zinc coating corrodes instead of the iron, stopping the iron from corroding. Even if the zinc is scratched, it does not corrode. Metal corrodes after the paint is scratched. The zinc eventually corrodes all the way and then the iron starts corroding.

Galvanizing can happen in two ways. There is hot dip galvanising, where the object is dipped in a pool of liquid zinc. This makes a thicker coating that lasts a long time. It does not have a shiny clean surface, though, so some people would not like it as much.

There is also electro-galvanizing. This is the electroplating of zinc onto an object. It is shiny but thinner, so it does not last as long.

## Related pages

- Electrolysis