juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sepal

**Sepals** are one of the four basic parts of a flower. They are found below the petals.

The sepals are often small and green. Some flowers do not have petals. Then the sepals may be big and colorful. In some flowers, the petals and sepals look the same. They are both called tepals.

All the sepals together are called **calyx**.
The number of sepals is different for different flowers. Both petals and sepals surround the reproductive parts inside the flower. The term for sepals plus petals is the perianth.

The main job of the sepals is to keep the parts of the flower safe before it opens.They are usually green and leaf-like
Cotyledon

A **cotyledon**, or seed leaf, is a leaf that is stored in a seed. When the seed sprouts, the cotyledons are the first leaves that the plant has. Monocot plants have only one cotyledon, and other plants have two. Cotyledons often look very different from the other leaves, so they are not called true leaves.

Plants use cotyledons to make sugars through photosynthesis. They use the sugars to keep true leaves growing. After a while, the cotyledons often die because the plant does not need them anymore.
Arriva Fox County

**Arriva Fox County** is a bus company which provides bus services in Leicester and Leicestershire. It is part of Arriva Midlands, and a subsidiary of Arriva.

## History

Arriva Fox County was formed in 1981, as **Midland Red East** the old Midland Red bus company broke up, and it changed its name to **Midland Fox** in 1984.

In late 2006, a new "Leicester Linx" brand was introduced for services in Leicester.

## Other websites

- Arriva UK bus official site
- Leicester Linx website

## Infobox (bus transit)

- **name**: Arriva Fox County
- **image**: Arriva bus 4767 VDL DB250 Wright Pulsar Gemini YJ56 KFA Turn up and Go branding in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire 25 April 2009.jpg
- **image caption**: Wright Pulsar Gemini boded VDL DB250 in Melton Mowbray in April 2009
- **parent**: Arriva Midlands
- **founded**: 6 September 1981
- **headquarters**: Thurmaston
- **service area**: Leicester,
Loughborough,
Melton Mowbray,
Coalville,
Ashby de la Zouch,
Burton upon Trent,
Lutterworth,
Hinckley,
Nuneaton,
Blaby,
Market Harborough
- **service type**: Bus services
- **depots**: 4
- **website**: [http://www.arrivabus.co.uk/Midlands/ www.arrivabus.co.uk/Midlands]
Sede do BankBoston

**Sede do BankBoston** is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 145 meters (476 feet) tall and has 35 floors. It was built in 2002, and is a modern skyscraper of Brazil and Latin America.

## Other websites

- Emporis
- SkyscraperPage

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Sede do BankBoston
- **image**: Sede do BankBoston.JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **completion date**: 2002
- **building type**: Office
- **location**: São Paulo, São Paulo (state), SP Brazil
- **floor count**: 35
- **architect**: Adrian Smith (architect)
Amygdaloideae

***Amygdaloideae*** (often incorrectly called **Prunoideae**) is a subfamily of flowering plants. This subfamily is placed within the family Rosaceae.

Since 2011 there has been a big change in how the name of this subfamily is used. Before 2011, the only plants in this subfamily were the stone fruits such as plums, peaches, and almonds. Now the subfamily includes all of the family Rosaceae except the subfamilies Rosoideae and Dryadoideae. Commercially important members of the Amygdaloideae include plums, apples, spiraea, cherries, :medlars, and many others.
Centrebus

**Centrebus** operate a network of routes in Leicestershire, England. Many Centrebus managers came from Arriva's UK and European bus operations. In September 2008, Centrebus purchased Woods Coaches' and there vehicles

## Other websites

- Centrebus website

## Infobox (bus transit)

- **logo**: Centrebus.svg
- **image**: Centrebus ADL Enviro 200 504 YX63 LGG.jpg
- **image caption**: Alexander Dennis Enviro200 in Leicester city centre in June 2018
- **company slogan**: Your local bus service provider
- **founded**: 2001
- **headquarters**: Wenlock Way, Leicester
- **service area**: Bedfordshire
Hertfordshire
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
Rutland
- **service type**: Bus services
- **depots**: Grantham
Leicester
Luton
Stevenage
- **followed by**: Yorkshire Tiger (West Yorkshire)
- **fleet**: 214 (December 2020)
- **ceo**: Julian Peddle
- **website**: [http://www.centrebus.info/ www.centrebus.info]
Vasily Chuikov

**Vasily Chuykov** (February 12, 1900 – March 18, 1982) was a Russian general.

During World War II he was commanding the 62nd army, with which he was especially outstanding himself in the Battle of Stalingrad.

He was twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945).

He was made Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1955.
Power Purchasing Agreement

A **Power Purchasing Agreement** (PPA) is a legal contract between a electricity provider and a land owner. The contract allows the electricity provider to produce power on the land owner's land or roof and the land owner buys the electricity primarily from the electricity provider. This deal is often done using solar technology, where the electricity provider will install, operate, and maintain solar panels on the land owner's roof. Then the land owner will buy the electricity from the solar panels on the roof. Part of the PPA is to set a price for the electrcity (often lower than the previous price the land owner was paying for power line electrcity). If the solar panels do not provide enough electricity for the land owner, then he will buy the rest of his electrcity from the power lines. If the electricity provider creates more electricity than the land owner needs, then he will sell the excess to the power lines.

Schools and government buildings often like to do power purchasing agreements because they do not have the money to install solar panals on their roof. Large department stores also like to do power purchasing agreements because they have large roofs and do not want to deal with the costs of installing and maintaining panels.

Power Purchasing agreements tend to last 5 – 20 years. At the end of the PPA, either the contract is extended, the solar panels are removed from the property, or the land owner buys the solar panels from the electricity provider.

Power Purchasing agreements have been very important to the expansion of solar electricity use in the United States. Investment tax credits from the federal and state governments have helped make the price of solar panels affordable for the providing companies. The tax credit can help pay for significant percentage of the project cost in some cases.

---

Some of the electricity providers who offer PPAs are:
- SunEdison
- Tioga Energy
- Recurrent Energy
- SunRun Inc
- SunPower Corporation
Pioneer plaque

The **Pioneer plaques** were a pair of plaques that were launched into deep space on Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11, and information about our place in the galaxy are drawn in case any aliens find it. The same image is on both plaques. The image is made up of many parts.

There is a drawing of a nude human female and a nude human male. Behind them is the Pioneer spacecraft to compare their sizes.

There is a diagram of the change in spin of the electron of a hydrogen particle. This diagram is meant to set up a universal unit of length and a universal unit of time for the rest of the image.

There is a map of our solar system showing a spacecraft leaving the third planet, Earth. There have been negative reactions about the arrow showing the trajectory of the spacecraft. Alien species may not understand the human concept of a line and arrow.

There is pattern of lines that looks like a star burst design. This is a map. There are 15 lines. 14 of the lines have a long binary number engraved along it. The binary numbers are distances. The distances are not in meters or kilometers, but in the universal unit of distance given by the hydrogen particle diagram. The 14 lines give the distance from the sun to 14 pulsars. The 15th line gives the distance from the sun to the center of the galaxy.
Clube Atlético Mineiro

**Clube Atlético Mineiro** is a Brazilian football club. Atletico Mineiro was founded in 1908 in the city of Belo Horizonte, where the team plays. The team has _Galo_ (rooster) as its mascot, for this reason the club is also known simply as Galo.

Atletico Mineiro is one of the most traditional football clubs in Brazil, being the first champion of the modern version of the Brazilian Football Championhsip. The most important achievement of the club was the Copa Libertadores de America in 2013, which is regarded as the most important tournament in South America.

In the last five years, Atletico Mineiro is probably passing through the most victorious period in its history, since in the last five years the team has played five out of the nine Copa Libertadores editions the team has ever disputed.

## League title

- **Copa Libertadores 1**
- <small>(2013)</small>

- **CONMEBOL Cup 2**
- <small>(1992, 1997)</small>

- **Campeonato Brasileiro Série A 1**
- <small>(1971)</small>

- **Campeonato Mineiro 43**
- <small>(1915, 1926, 1927, 1931, 1932, 1936, 1938, 1939, 1941, 1942, 1946, 1947, 1949, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1970, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1995, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2015)</small>

## References

- A rooster with plenty to crow about

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Atlético MG
- **fullname**: Clube Atlético Mineiro
- **nickname**: Galo Alvinegro Galão da Massa Galo Doido Campeão do Gelo Galo das Américas O Time do Impossível Galáctico Maior de Minas
- **founded**: 1908
- **ground**: Mineirão, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- **capacity**: 75,000
- **chairman**: Alexandre Kalil
- **manager**: Levir Culpi
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A
- **season**: 2024
- **position**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A, 12.
Sport Club Internacional

**S.C. Internacional** is a football club which plays in Brazil.

## League title

- Série A : 3
    - 1975, 1976, 1979

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Internacional
- **fullname**: Sport Club Internacional
- **founded**: 1909
- **ground**: Estádio Beira-Rio, Beira-Rio, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- **capacity**: 56,00
- **chairman**: Marcelo Medeiros
- **manager**: Roger Machado
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A
- **season**: 2024
- **position**: 5th
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Guarani FC

**Guarani F.C.** is a football club which plays in Brazil.

## League title

- Série A : 1
    - 1978

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Guarani
- **fullname**: Guarani Futebol Clube
- **founded**: 1911
- **ground**: Estádio Brinco de Ouro da Princesa,
Campinas, São Paulo (state), São Paulo, Brazil
- **capacity**: 30,988
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, Série C
- **season**: 2025
- **position**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, Série C, TBD
CR Flamengo

**Clube de Regatas do Flamengo** (; English: _Flamengo Rowing Club_), commonly referred to as **Flamengo**, is a Brazilian sports club based in Rio de Janeiro, in the neighbourhood of Gávea, best known for their professional football team. Flamengo is the only team in the World to have 40 million fans within its country, therefore, it is the most popular club in the Americas.

## Football honours

|colspan="4" style="background: black;"|<span style="color:white;">WORLDWIDE</span>|
| --- | --- |
|1981||
|2025||
|2025||
|1981, 2019,2022, 2025||
|1996||
|1999||
|2020||
|1980, 1982, 1983, 1987, 1992, 2009, 2019, 2020, 2025||
|1990, 2006, 2013, 2022, 2025||
|2001||
|2020, 2021, 2025||
|1955||
|1961||
|1914, 1915, 1920, 1921, 1925, 1927, 1939, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1963, 1965, 1972, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1979 (especial), 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2014, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2024, and 2025||
|1970, 1972, 1973, 1978, 1979, 198009px, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1988, 1989, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2008, 2011, 2014, 2018<small></small> and 2020||
|1983, 1985, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2000, 2009, 2011 e 2019||
|1991||
|1936★||
|1943||
|1920, 1922, 1946, 1951, 1952 e 1959||
|style="background:#F5F5F5;"|1 World, 10 Continental, 18 Nationals, 2 Interstate and 39 State|
 Undefeated champion

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Flamengo
- **image**: Flamengo-RJ (BRA).png
- **upright**: .8
- **fullname**: Clube de Regatas do Flamengo
- **nickname**: _Rubro-Negro_ (Scarlet-Black)
_Mengão_ (Big 'Mengo)
_Urubu_ (Vulture)
- **alt**: An escutcheon with horizontal red and black stripes, with a monogram of the letters CRF in its upper-left part
- **stadium**: Maracanã Stadium, Estádio Maracanã
- **capacity**: 78,838
- **chrtitle**: President
- **chairman**: Luiz Eduardo Baptista
- **mgrtitle**: Head coach
- **manager**: Filipe Luiz
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A
 Campeonato Carioca
- **season**: 2024 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, 2024
 2024 Campeonato Carioca, 2024
- **position**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A, **3rd**
 Campeonato Carioca, Carioca, **1st**
- **website**: http://flamengo.com.br
- **current**: 2021 Clube de Regatas do Flamengo season
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Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense

**Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense** is a football club which plays in Brazil.

## League title

- World championship : 1
    - 1983
- Copa Libertadores da América : 3
    - 1983
    - 1995
    - 2017
- Série A : 2
    - 1981, 1996

- Copa do Brasil : 5
    - 1989, 1994, 1997, 2001, 2016

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Grêmio FBPA
- **image**:
- **fullname**: Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense
- **nickname**: Tricolor
- **founded**: 1903
- **ground**: Arena, Arena do Grêmio,
Porto Alegre, Brazil
- **capacity**: 51,082
- **chairman**: Odorico Roman
- **manager**: Luís Castro
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A
- **position**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A
Sport Club do Recife

**Sport Recife** is a football club which plays in Brazil.

## League titles

- Série A : 1
    - 1987

- Copa do Brasil : 1
    - 2008

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Sport Recife
- **fullname**: Sport Club do Recife
- **founded**: 1905
- **ground**: Estádio Ilha do Retiro, Ilha do Retiro, Recife
- **capacity**: 35,000
- **chairman**: João Humberto Martorelli
- **manager**: Pepo
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A
- **season**: 2025
- **position**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A, TBD
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Esporte Clube Bahia

**E.C. Bahia** is a football club which plays in Brazil.

## League title

- Série A : 2
    - 1959, 1988

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Bahia
- **fullname**: Esporte Clube Bahia
- **founded**: 1931
- **ground**: Estádio de Pituaçu, Salvador, Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- **capacity**: 34,000
- **chairman**: Marcelo Sant'Ana
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A
- **season**: 2024
- **position**: 8th
Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas

**Botafogo F.R.** is a football club which plays in Brazil, in South America.

## Honors

|colspan="4" style="background: black;"|<span style="color:white;">CONTINENTALS</span>|
| --- | --- |
|2024||
|1993||
|1968,1995 and 2024||
|2015 and 2021||
|1962, 1964, 1966 and 1998||
|1907, 1910, 1912, 1930, 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1948, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1967, 1968, 1989, 1990, 1997, 2006, 2010, 2013 and 2018||
|1967, 1968, 1997, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2015||
|1989, 1997, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013, 2023 and 2024||
|1951||
|1958||
|1967 and 1968||
|1934, 1938, 1947, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1967 and 1977||
|style="background:#F5F5F5;"|2 Continental, 5 National, 4 Interstate, 50 State and 1 Municipal|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Botafogo
- **current**: 2025
- **fullname**: Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas
- **nickname**: _Alvinegro carioca_ (Alvinegro from Rio)
_Estrela Solitária_ (Lone Star)
_O Mais Tradicional_ (The Most Traditional)
_Glorioso_ (Glorious)
- **founded**: Regattas:
Football:
Fusion:
SAF:
- **ground**: Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **capacity**: 46,931
- **chairman**: João Paulo Magalhães
- **manager**: :en:Davide Ancelotti, Davide Ancelotti
- **captain**: Marlon Freitas
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Serie A, Copa Libertadores, CONMEBOL Libertadores, :en:Copa do Brasil, Brazil Cup and :en:Campeonato Carioca de Futebol, Rio de Janeiro State Championship
- **stadium**: :en:Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos, Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **image**: Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas logo.svg
Club Athletico Paranaense

**Club Athlético Paranaense** is a football club which plays in Curitiba, Brazil.

## League title

- Série A: 1
    - 2001

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Atlético Paranaense
- **fullname**: Clube Atlético Paranaense
- **founded**: 1924
- **ground**: Arena da Baixada, Curitiba, Brazil
- **capacity**: 28,000
- **chairman**: Luiz Sallim Emed
- **manager**: Maurício Barbieri
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série B, Série B
- **season**: 2024
- **position**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A, 17th relegated
Santos FC

**Santos F.C.** is a professional football club in Brazil.

## Football honours

- Club World Cup : 2
    - 1962, 1963
- CONMEBOL Libertadores : 3
    - 1962, 1963, 2011
- Série A : 8
    - 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1968, 2002, 2004
- Brazil Cup : 1
    - 2010

## Other websites

- Santos FC official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Santos
- **image**: LogoSantosFC.png
- **fullname**: Santos Futebol Clube
- **nickname**: _Santos City_
 _Los Santos State_
- **founded**: 1912
- **ground**: Vila Belmiro, Santos (São Paulo), Santos, Brazil
- **capacity**: 20,120
- **chairman**: Andrés Rueda
- **manager**: Ariel Holan
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A
- **season**: 2008
- **position**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A, 15th
- **website**: http://www.santosfc.com.br
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- **american**: true
Joseph Karl Stieler

**Joseph Karl Stieler** (1 November 1781 — 9 April 1858) was a German painter. He was born in Mainz. His family were engravers and die-cutters. He received some artistic training from his father, August Friedrich Stieler (1736-1789). He began his career as a painter of miniatures.

In 1810, Stieler traveled through Italy and
painted a portrait of Letizia Ramolino Bonaparte, mother of Napoleon I.

In 1816, he traveled to Vienna and painted portrait of Emperor Francis I of Austria.

Between February and April 1820, he worked on his portrait of Beethoven, which is probably the most well-known representation of the composer today.
New Mills

**New Mills** is a town in Derbyshire, England. It is eight miles from Stockport. It is by the rivers Goyt and Sett. It is very near the county of Cheshire.  It has a population of 10,000.

## History

New Mills  most known employer is Swizzels Matlow, who make children's sweets. The company transferred to New Mills from London during the Blitz. Famous brands include _Parma Violets_, _Refresher_ chews, _Drumstick_ lollies and - perhaps most famously - _Love Hearts_

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: New Mills
- **static image**: New mills 619280 883f5111.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Torr Vale Mill in 1982 when the mill was still in use.</small>
- **country**: England
- **region**: East Midlands
- **population**: 9,625
- **population ref**: (Parish)
- **os grid reference**: SJ995855
- **post town**: HIGH PEAK
- **postcode area**: SK
- **postcode district**: SK22
- **dial code**: 01663
- **constituency westminster**: High Peak (UK Parliament constituency), High Peak
- **civil parish**: New Mills
- **shire district**: High Peak, Derbyshire, High Peak
- **shire county**: Derbyshire
Guido Westerwelle

**Guido Westerwelle** (27 December 1961 – 18 March 2016) was a German politician.  He was Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor of Germany.

Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

He was an attorney before he became a politician. From 1994 to 2001 he was secretary general of the German liberal party, the Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP). In 2001 he became the leader of the party.

Westerwelle was also the leader of the FDP parliamentary group and from 1999 to 2005 head of the opposition in the German Bundestag.

In June 2014, he announced that he had acute myeloid leukemia. He died of the disease on 18 March 2016 in Cologne, Germany at the age of 54.

He was openly gay and was in a civil partnership with sports manager Michael Mronz.
74 (number)

**Seventy-four** is a number. It comes after seventy-three and before seventy-five.

## Infobox (number)
Top Gear

***Top Gear*** is a television show on the BBC. The show is all about cars and other vehicles. They test new cars to see how fast they go. They also test really old cars and do crazy stuff with them. They usually rate cars that the normal person wouldn't be able to afford. The show started as a regular car show but has changed over time to what it is now. It uses comedy to attract viewers which are now estimated to be 350 million.

### Races

The show often has long distance races. They usually race a fast car against a different form of transportation like trains and boats. They are called 'epic' races.
They also have smaller races where they match up cars of different times to see which one outperforms the other.

### Challenge

The challenge part of the show is about different stunts of the most ridiculous things the show can come up with. One time they jumped a bus over a row of motorcycles (instead of the motorcycle jumping over buses).
Recently, the show has started using the phrase "How hard can it be?" for the challenge segment. They put themselves in different situations that a normal person probably wouldn't get a chance to experience.

### Star in a Reasonably-Priced Car

Once during every  episode (except some specials) they bring a celebrity on stage. They show footage of the celebrity driving an average car around a racetrack. They put the time it took for them to complete a lap of the track on a board with the names of all of the other celebrities who drove the same course.

### Power laps

Power laps are one lap around the Top Gear Test Track. They will take any car that can drive and will see how fast it can make it around the track. The vehicles must be cars and they must be road legal.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Driving, Motoring
- **presenter**: Jeremy Clarkson (1977-2015)
Richard Hammond (1977-2015)
James May (1977-2015)
The Stig
Jason Dawe (2002-2015)
- **opentheme**: "Jessica (The Allman Brothers Band song), Jessica"
- **composer**: Dickey Betts
- **company**: BBC
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **num series**: 78
- **num episodes**: 794 and 15 specials
- **producer**: Andy Wilman (2002-2015)
- **location**: Dunsfold#Dunsfold Park, Dunsfold Park, Guildford, Surrey
- **runtime**: 60 min. <small>(approx.)</small>
- **network**: BBC Two
Backpacking (wilderness)

**Backpacking** is hiking in the outdoors with a backpack full of all your food, clothing, water, and shelter. Usually, backpackers hike in groups to stay safer, in case of illness, injury, extreme weather and dangerous animals. They must think to bring first aid supplies, sleeping bags, tents, rain gear, stoves, food and other camping supplies.

Backpacking may be done on short or long trips. Sometimes, backpacking groups begin at a trail head with a parking lot and hike over a weekend until they work their way back to the vehicle. On longer trips, groups may settle in at a base camp and hike for weeks or even months if they are more experienced and prepared.

When following certain rules, backpackers have the chance to leave the outdoors better than they found them. There are certain practices such as "Leave No Trace" that teach backpackers and hikers to pack out all waste and help conserve nature in every way possible such as not building fires in dry areas, saving water, and protecting the environment. When backpackers use these skills, they help preserve nature while getting to explore themselves while outside the influence of the rest of the world.
Nicolas Appert

**Nicolas Appert** (Châlons-en-Champagne 1749 - Massy 1841) was a French inventor. He was the inventor of airtight food preservation.

## Other websites

- Appert-Aina
Schulze method

The **Schulze method** is a way of voting that is used to fill a single vacant position in an election. It was developed in 1997 by Markus Schulze. It is also known as Schwartz Sequential Dropping (SSD), Cloneproof Schwartz Sequential Dropping (CSSD), Beatpath Method, Beatpath Winner, Path Voting, and Path Winner. It is used by several organizations including Debian, Gentoo, BerryTube, and the KDE team. Wikimedia used to use it before switching to the simpler score voting.

## How it works

Voters rank the candidates in the order from the one that they most want to win to the one they least want to win. The same preference (how much the voters want the candidate to win or lose) can be given to more than one candidate, and candidates can be given no number (they are interpreted as the worst).

Next, for every pair of two candidates, the two are compared: ignoring all other candidates, which of the two in the pair is preferred by most voters? How many voters agree with the majority decision is noted.

More calculations take place. Given two candidates A and K, A is said to beat K with strength _t_ if _t_ voters prefer A to B, _t_ voters prefer B to C, and so on, and _t_ voters prefer J to K. The winner W is the candidate which beats any other candidate X with strength _t_, but X does not beat W with strength _t_.

## References

Markus Schulze, A new monotonic, clone-independent, reversal symmetric, and condorcet-consistent single-winner election method , Social Choice and Welfare, volume 36, number 2, page 267–303, 2011. Preliminary version in _Voting Matters_, 17:9-19, 2003.

### General

- Proposed Statutory Rules for the Schulze Single-Winner Election Method by Markus Schulze
- A New Monotonic, Clone-Independent, Reversal Symmetric, and Condorcet-Consistent Single-Winner Election Method by Markus Schulze

### Books

- Christoph Börgers (2009), _Mathematics of Social Choice: Voting, Compensation, and Division_, SIAM,
- Saul Stahl and Paul E. Johnson (2006), _Understanding Modern Mathematics_, Sudbury:  Jones and Bartlett Publishers,
- Nicolaus Tideman (2006), _Collective Decisions and Voting: The Potential for Public Choice_, Burlington: Ashgate,

### Research papers

- A Continuous Rating Method for Preferential Voting by Rosa Camps, Xavier Mora, and Laia Saumell
- Voting Systems  by Paul E. Johnson
- Test Run: Group Determination in Software Testing by James D. McCaffrey
- Distance from Consensus: a Theme and Variations  by Tommi Meskanen and Hannu Nurmi
- Descriptions of voting systems by Warren D. Smith
- Election Systems by Peter A. Taylor
- Personalisierung der Verhältniswahl durch Varianten der Single Transferable Vote  by Martin Wilke
- Objective Measures of Preferential Ballot Voting Systems  by Barry Wright
- Approaches to Constructing a Stratified Merged Knowledge Base  by Anbu Yue, Weiru Liu, and Anthony Hunter

## Other websites

- Schulze-Methode  A tutorial by the University of Stuttgart
The Man from Earth

***The Man from Earth*** is a 2007 movie written by Jerome Bixby.

The movie tells the story of John Oldman. All of the movie takes place in a small house and its porch, where Oldman tells his friends that he is a 14,000 year old Cro-Magnon caveman.

## Plot

The movie begins with the protagonist John Oldman packing up his belongings onto his truck. John Oldman is getting ready to move to a different place to live. This is when his friends come over to give him a farewell party. From their conversations we learn that John Oldman and his friends are all professors in a university. After a bit of conversation, the group of friends moves into John Oldman’s house. John’s friends keep asking why he decided to “run off” so quickly. John Oldman does not answer clearly at first, but gradually becomes drawn to telling his friends what is really on his mind. He begins to tell his friends about who he really is, a 14,000 year old Cro-Magnon caveman who has survived until the present. His friends aren’t convinced, but rather constantly question John Oldman in order to prove him wrong. The talk goes on as John Oldman’s friends try to prove him wrong, in biological, historical, and religious terms.

The conversations are driven by John Oldman’s claims of his past. His claims include the following:
- That he moves on every ten years or so, when people start to notice that he doesn’t age. This, he says, is the reason why he decided to leave his friends so suddenly.
- That he had a chance to sail with Christopher Columbus, but did not, because he then still believed that the world was flat, and was afraid of falling off the edge of the world.
- That he was a friend of Vincent van Gogh and even received a picture from him as a present.
- That he studied with the Buddha in India.
- That he came back to Europe and attempted to teach what he learned from the Buddha. Such attempt became the roots of Christianity, and John Oldman is the Jesus of the Christian Bible. Afterwards Christianity became distorted and was manipulated by churches. Ultimately, today, Christianity has become something that he has never intended it to become.
- That he has ten doctorates, including that of everyone in the conversation except for Dr. Will Gruber, the psychologist.

## Cast

- David Lee Smith as John Oldman
- Tony Todd as Dan
- John Billingsley as Harry
- Ellen Crawford as Edith
- Annika Peterson as Sandy
- William Katt as Art Jenkins
- Alexis Thorpe as Linda Murphy
- Richard Riehle as Dr. Will Gruber
- Robbie Bryan as Police Officer

## Reception

Liberal online magazine Fadewblogs included the film in their list of must-watch films for atheists. IGN gave it an 8 out of 10 score.

## Other websites

- Film Trailer
- The Man from Earth on Myspace

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Man from Earth
- **director**: Richard Schenkman
- **producer**: Emerson Bixby, Eric D. Wilkinson, Richard Schenkman
- **writer**: Jerome Bixby
- **starring**: David Lee Smith
John Billingsley
Tony Todd
- **distributor**: Anchor Bay Entertainment,
Shoreline Entertainment
- **released**: November 13, 2007
- **runtime**: 89 min.
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $200,000
Shaolin Monastery

The **Shaolin Monastery** or Shaolin Temple is a temple at Song mountain of Dengfeng, near Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China. Now it is led by abbot Venerable abbot Shi Yǒngxìn.

It was founded in the 6th century and became the Holy Ground of Kung Fu. Now it is the Mahayana Buddhist monastery perhaps best known to the Western world.
Egyptian vulture

The **Egyptian vulture** (_Neophron percnopterus_) is a small Old World vulture. It is found from southwestern Europe and northern Africa to southern Asia. It is the only living member of the genus _Neophron_, and there are three subspecies. In Southern Asia this species is called the **scavenger vulture**.

When they feed on the eggs of other birds, they break larger ones by tossing a large pebble onto them. The use of tools is rare in birds, but Egyptian vultures also use twigs to roll up wool for use in their nest.
Henan

**Henan** is a province of the People's Republic of China. It is in the central eastern part of China. The name Henan means "south of the Yellow River." The capital of Henan is Zhengzhou.

Its major cities are Anyang, Hebi, Jiaozuo, Kaifeng, Luohe, Luoyang, Nanyang, Pingdingshan, Puyang, Sanmenxia, Shangqiu, Xinxiang, Xinyang, Xuchang, Zhengzhou, Zhoukou and Zhumadian.
Henan is now the province of China with the most people.

The abbreviation of Henan is Yu (豫) to remember a kingdom from history that was in the area, and also because another province also has "He" (河) in its name, Hebei (河北).

## Related page

- Chinese famine of 1942–1943
Pulp Fiction

***Pulp Fiction*** is a 1994 American crime drama movie set in Los Angeles. It was directed by Quentin Tarantino. The movie stars John Travolta, Bruce Willis, Uma Thurman and Samuel L. Jackson. It is a very popular movie. _Pulp Fiction_ is rated _R_ for strong graphic violence and drug use, profanity and some sexuality.
Soju

**Soju** is an alcoholic drink from Korea. In the Korean language, _soju_ literally means "burned liquor". Soju is clear and colorless, and is traditionally made from rice, but later from other grains, and has a flavor similar to vodka. This kind of distilled beverage was first found in Persia, where the distillation methods of producing alcoholic beverages originated. But through contact between the Mongols and Islamic culture, these kinds of alcoholic beverages and distillation techniques came to the East. As distillation became widespread throughout the Yuan Dynasty of China, it eventually reached the kingdom of Goryeo (Korea), where it became so popular that many kinds of soju were created. Because the soju created at that time was made from pure grains, it was very tasty and clean. It was also not so strong. However, it was very expensive simply because it was distilled.

Nowadays, soju is very popular in South Korea. Koreans enjoy drinking soju as a means of promoting friendship and getting closer to each other. Usually, people drink it with "anju", a side dish, so as to moderate its bitterness.

## See also

- Andong, city in South Korea famous for producing soju
- Dongdongju
- Makgeolli
- Rice wine

Similar drinks in other cultures:

- Awamori, of Okinawa

- Sake, of Japan
- Shōchū, of Japan
Goguryeo

**Goguryeo** is a dynasty of ancient Korea which was begun by Jumong () in 37 BC. It was started in the area near the Dongga River, a branch of the Abrok River. Jolbon was the capital city founded by Jumong.

The legend of the nation's birth is that Jumong was born out of an egg and brought up by King Geumwa () of East Buyeo. The name, Jumong, means a person who is good at archery. Because of his archery skills, Prince Daeso () envied him. So, Jumong felt death threats and decided to escape from East Buyeo with three friends. He went to Jolbon Buyeo and married Sosuno () who was the princess of the nation. Jumong succeeded the king and changed the nation's name to Goguryeo after his surname.

Since the first king, King Dongmyeong (), Goguryeo had been invaded by several enemies such as the Chinese Han Dynasty, and Xianbei. But, by 11th king's reign, Goguryeo had succeeded in taking control over Liadong. Until the 24th king's period, it had had its golden age, expanding the range of the nation and driving away all the attacks from outside. The most famous king was King Gwanggaeto the Great ().

However, when it was under the control of 27th king, Youngryou (), Goguryeo was becoming a Tributary state of the Tang Dynasty. Because of this, the king was killed by Yoen Gaesomoon () and a new king, Bojang () succeeded. After Yoen Gaesomoon died, the people did not cooperate with the nation well and while its control got weak, it was destroyed by the allied forces of Tang and Silla.

The Goguryeoan slave girl Yusu tried to poisoned Guo Zhengyi, a Tang dynasty official, after she was taken as a slave by him during the Tangn dynasty conquest, but she was caught along with another Goguryeoan and executed.
Wilhelm Pieck

**Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck** (3 January 1876 in eastern Guben (today Poland) - 7 September 1960 in Berlin) was an (East) German communist politician. He was a member of the Spartacus League. He was joint founder, and from 1946 to 1950 co-chairman of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED, together with Otto Grotewohl), and from 1949 to his death in 1960 the first and only president of the GDR.

During the Weimar Republic he was a member of the Landtag of Prussia from 1921 to 1928, and afterwards a member of the Reichstag from 1928 to 1933, both on behalf of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD).
Beth Elamen Cemetery

**Beth Elamen** is the only Jewish cemetery in Beirut, capital of Lebanon. Its spelling in Hebrew is "", meaning: "House of Cemetery".

The cemetery is very close to Sodeco Square. It can also be reached using the Damascus Expressway.

## Related pages

- Maghen Abraham Synagogue
Broxbourne railway station

**Broxbourne railway station**, opened in 1840, serves Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, England. It is on the West Anglia Main Line, and train services are provided by Abellio Greater Anglia, which also manage the station.

## Infobox (uk station)

- **name**: Broxbourne
- **code**: BXB
- **image**: Broxbourne railway station Platforms & bridge.jpg
- **manager**: Abellio Greater Anglia
- **locale**: Broxbourne
- **borough**: Broxbourne (borough)
- **usage0405**: 1.367
- **usage0506**: 1.335
- **usage0607**: 1.394
- **platforms**: 4
- **start**: 1840
Daemon (computer software)

In Unix, and in  other computer multitasking operating systems, a **daemon** ( or ) is a computer program that runs as a background task. Many daemons have names that end with the letter "d": for example, <samp>syslogd</samp>, the daemon that handles the system log, <samp>httpd</samp>, a daemon that handles web requests, or <samp>sshd</samp>, which takes care of incoming SSH connections.

## Related pages

- Server (computing)

## Other websites

- start-stop-daemon man page  (Debian package)
- Tutorial: Unix Daemons in Perl
- How to daemonize in Linux
- Unix Daemon Server Programming
- http daemon in Bash
Overcharge

**Overcharge** is an economic term used in legal discourse about price fixing violations. An overcharge is the difference between what a buyer or seller _actually_ paid for a good purchased from a cartel and what the buyer or seller _would have_ paid in the absence of a price-fixing cartel. The total amount of the overcharges paid by customers of a cartel is the major component of damages that can be recovered by plaintiffs in private antitrust suits. Under U.S. federal antitrust law, buyers injured by cartel overcharges are entitled to triple the overcharges that they are able to prove in court.

The overcharge has a one-to-one relationship to the Lerner Index, the most common measure of market power in economics. Both measures employ the same numerator (PM - PC), where PM is the observed market price and PC is the competitive benchmark price, but use different denominators. The overcharge ratio is (PM-PC)/PC, whereas the Lerner Index is (PM-PC)/PM. Both ratios are zero when a market is perfectly competitive or a cartel is ineffective in raising prices. The Lerner Index has an upper limit of one when the pure monopoly price is charged in a market. The overcharge has no upper limit.
Rye House railway station

**Rye House railway station** is in Hoddesdon in the east of  Hertfordshire, England.

It is on the Hertford East branch of the West Anglia Main Line, and train services are provided by Abellio Greater Anglia. On Sundays, the services to and from Bishops Stortford do not run.

## Services

The typical off-peak service is two trains per hour to London Liverpool Street via Tottenham Hale, and two trains per hour to Hertford East.

## Infobox (uk station)

- **name**: Rye House
- **code**: RYH
- **image**: RyeHouseStation(ChristineMatthews)Jan2006.jpg
- **manager**: Abellio Greater Anglia
- **locale**: Hoddesdon
- **borough**: Broxbourne (borough)
- **usage0405**: 0.313
- **usage0506**: 0.313
- **usage0607**: 0.323
- **platforms**: 2
- **start**: 1843
Ratatat

**Ratatat** is a Electronic Rock/Electronica duo with guitarist Mike Stroud and synthesizer driver and producer Evan Mast. The two met as college students in Skidmore, started working together in 2001 under the name _Cherry_. In 2004 they published their debut album ***Ratatat*** which includes songs such as _Seventeen Years_, _Germany to Germany_, and _Desert Eagle_. Following, in 2006, ***Classics***, then ***LP3***, in 2008 was released.

Other works done by Ratatat are single albums and remixes of other musicians. Single albums include _Seventeen Years_, _Germany to Germany_, _Wildcat_, _Lex_, _Loud Pipes_, _Shiller_, _Mirando_, and _Shempi_. Their most recent remix album _Ratatat Remixes No. 2_ featured 14 remixes featuring: Young Buck, T.I, Ludacris, The Notorious B.I.G, Jay Z, Z-Ro, Devin the Dude, Juvenile, Beanie Sigel, Despot, Memphis Bleek, Slim Thug, Bun B, Young Jeezy, Kanye West, Beans, Saigon, and U.G.K.

The band is known for their unique use of eletronica style music that emphasizes guitar towards the front while keeping the beat flow in the background.

Their songs were featured in various media. Some examples would be :
_Seventeen Years_ was featured in the 2008 movie _Cloverfield_.
_Loud Pipes_ was featured in the PlayStation game _MLB 07: The Show_.
_Dura_ was used in CSI Season 9, Episode 7 "Woulda, Coulda, Shoulda".
_Montanita_ was used in Season 2 - Episode 2 of the NBC show Chuck.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ratatat
- **img**: RatatatMembers.jpg
- **img capt**: Ratatat performing in 2004
- **img size**: 600
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Brooklyn, New York
- **instrument**: Guitar, bass guitar, synthesizer
- **genre**: Indie pop, electronic rock, House music, house, Electronic music, electronic, dance punk
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **label**: XL Recordings, Rex Records, Audio Dregs
- **url**: [http://www.ratatatmusic.com/ ratatatmusic.com]
- **current members**: Evan Mast (musician), Evan Mast
Mike Stroud
Binary form

**Binary form** (also know as **AB Form** or movement of continuity) is a type of form of music pieces. The word **Binary** means "in two parts." The word **Form** is a kind of guideline for composers when they write a piece of music. So, binary form means "An outline in two parts." A musical piece in binary form is a musical piece with two sections.
Binary form was popular in the Baroque times and was often used for movements in sonatas for keyboard instruments. Each part of a binary form piece of music are usually repeated.

## Minuets

Binary form was most commonly used in the Baroque era for short dances called minuets. The minuet's two parts are usually labeled as "A" and "B." In the A section of a minuet, the exposition is stated. This section almost always is repeated a couple times. The beginning part of the B section develops a slightly new musical idea, usually going to the dominant key, to add variation. Then it returns to the "A" key at the end. Some famous composers of minuets include Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel.

## Related pages

- Ternary form
Bubble tea

**Bubble tea**, also called **pearl tea** or **boba**, is a drink which comes from Taichung, Taiwan. It is made by mixing black tea with non-dairy creamer or milk and adding round "pearl" tapioca. There are many flavors other than the original one. Green tea can be used instead of black tea. Extra items such as honey, coffee or cocoa can be added. Pudding or coconut cubes can be used instead of pearl tapioca.

When it was first invented, not many people were interested in it. But after a bubble tea maker was interviewed on a Japanese TV program, it became popular among people of all ages. .

On January 29, 2023, Google celebrated the drink as a doodle.

## Things that are in bubble tea

Most bubble tea recipes contain a tea base mixed with fruit or milk, to which chewy tapioca balls or fruit jellies are added. Ice-mixed versions are usually mixed with fruit or syrup, resulting in a slushy softness. There are many varieties of the drink with a huge range of ingredients like coconut or mango. The two most popular types are bubble milk tea with tapioca and bubble milk green tea with tapioca.

## The reason for choosing tapioca

At first, people made bubble tea without tapioca pearls. But Taiwanese people started to find substances to make the sweetened flavor. Tapioca came from the cassava plant, which is a root of the trees from South America. This plant is now farmed and enjoyed around the world.

## Effects on the body from bubble tea

Four positive nutrients that tapioca provide are carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and organic compounds. These include a very low level of fat, cholesterol, and sodium. It is also known as the source of fibre, “good” cholesterol, and protein. But bubble tea has cyanogen that are transformed in humans and animals after the plant tissue has been weakened. The blood remains oxygenated after it passes through your body and back to the lungs.

## Process to make bubble tea

Bubble tea is found in Taiwanese restaurants and commonly prepared by shaking ice, milk, tea, and sugar in a cocktail shaker which resulted in a lot of tapioca bubbles. People use the same preparation to make bubble tea, just now with the added Pearls.

## Additional Resources

- Martin, Laura, C, _Tea: The drink that changed the world._ Rutland: Tuttle Publishing. p. 219. .
- Tarantino, Olivia. "Bubble Tea: 25 Things You Didn't Know | Eat This Not That." Eat This Not That. 05 Oct. 2016. Web. 23 May 2016.
- Jeger, Fargette D., M. _Analysis of Temporal Disease Progress of African Cassava Mosaic Virus_. Phytopathology. 54; 1 91–
An Jung-sik

**An Jung-sik** (1861–1919) was an artist who lived in the late Joseon dynasty. In 1918 he organized the association of paintings and writings artists (Seohwa-hyeopae; 서화협회;書畵協會)'. And he founded _Gyeongmokdang_ () in which artists and supporters gathered and communicated with each other. As the leader of the association he made an effort to educate younger artist generation. He was excellent at landscape, portrait, flowers and birds.

His main works are:
- Cheonboguyeodo (천보구여도;天保九如圖)
- Nakjirondo (낙지론도;樂知論圖)
- Sansudo (산수도;山水圖)
- Gunjakdo (군작도;群雀圖).

In his period, the western modern art was introduced to Korea, and the Korean traditional art was declining. He not only tried to succeed the traditional art but also adapt the western art, a realistic trend.

## References

- 고려대학교박물관 (2009), _근대서화의 요람, 경묵당_, 서울, 고려대학교박물관
- Biography at Naver.com