juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Internal Troops of Azerbaijan

The **Internal Troops of Azerbaijan** () also known as **Interior Troops** or **Interior Guard** is the uniformed gendarmerie-like paramilitary force in Azerbaijan.

The Internal Troops are under the authority of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, who also control the police. The Internal Troops are the descended from the Soviet Union's Internal Troops. They are used to deal with internal emergencies such as natural disasters, restoring public order, internal armed conflicts and to protect important facilities. During wartime, the Internal Troops fall under the jurisdiction of the Azerbaijani Land Forces, and can be involved in local defense and security of the country, along with the army.

Its equipment includes Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns.

Other law enforcement bodies in Azerbaijan include the Azerbaijani National Guard and the State Border Service of Azerbaijan and its Coast Guard branch.

## Related pages

- Military history of Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijani Armed Forces
- Azerbaijani Land Force
- Azerbaijani Air Force
- Azerbaijani Navy
- Azerbaijani National Guard
- State Border Service of Azerbaijan

## Other websites

- Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

## Infobox (military unit)

- **unit name**: Azərbaycan Respublikası Daxili Qoşunları
Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
- **image**: Azerbaijani Internal Troops emblem.svg
- **dates**: 1991 - present
- **allegiance**: Azerbaijan
- **branch**: Ministry of Internal Affairs
- **garrison**: Baku
- **garrison label**: Headquarters
- **battles**: Nagorno-Karabakh War
- **commander1**: General Major Zakir Hasanov
Windsor, Vermont

**Windsor** is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. It is built on the banks of the Connecticut River. The population was 3,559 at the 2020 census. The Constitution of Vermont was written and signed in the town. It is known as the birthplace of Vermont. It was the first capital until 1805.  Then Montpelier became the official capital.

## History

The first settler in Windsor was Captain Steele Smith who arrived with his family in August 1764. The Constitution of Vermont was written and signed in 1777 at a tavern, now called Old Constitution House. This constitution declared that Vermont was an independent republic, and no longer part of Great Britain. By 1820, Windsor was the largest town in Vermont. It had factories making guns, machinery, tinware, furniture and harness. A dam built across Mill Brook in 1836 provided water power for these factories.

## Further reading

- A. J. Coolidge & J. B. Mansfield, _A History and Description of New England_, Boston, Massachusetts 1859
- Hayward's _New England Gazetteer of 1839_
- English and American Tool Builders.  Joseph Wickham Roe, 1916 by Yale University Press and 1987 by Lindsay Publications Inc., Bradley IL 60915.   paper

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Windsor, Vermont
- **settlement type**: New England town, Town
- **motto**: Birthplace of Vermont
Freedom and Unity
- **image skyline**: ConstitutionHouse WindsorVermont.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Old Constitution House, where the Constitution of the Vermont Republic was signed
- **image map**: Windsor County Vermont incorporated and unincorporated areas Windsor highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Windsor County, Vermont, Windsor County and the state of Vermont.
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **pushpin label**: Windsor
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Vermont, County
- **subdivision name2**: Windsor County, Vermont, Windsor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 51.2
- **area land km2**: 50.6
- **area water km2**: 0.6
- **area total sq mi**: 19.8
- **area land sq mi**: 19.5
- **area water sq mi**: 0.2
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 3559
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 325
- **elevation ft**: 1066
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 05089
- **area code**: Area code 802, 802
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 50-84925
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1462266
Avarua

**Avarua** is a town and district in the north of Rarotonga Island. The name means "Two Harbors" in Cook Islands Māori. It is the national capital of the Cook Islands.

The downtown area of Avarua is located at sea level. It is below the peaks of Rarotonga (altitude: ). The town has several supermarkets, two banks and several restaurants. It has other shops which sell black pearls and other handicrafts. The town has an open air market on Saturday. The market sells items including brightly coloured _pare'u_ (wrap around dresses), flower garlands, fresh fish and tropical fruits. The town is served by Rarotonga International Airport (IATA Airport Code:  RAR). In 2006 there were 5,445 people living in Avarua. They mainly make their living from tourism, trade, fishing and agriculture. There is one main road in Avarua. It is called Ara Maire Nui. It is also known as Marine Drive or Main Street. It turns into the island-circling ring road called Ara Tapu at both ends of town.

## Other websites

- Photo of Government Radio Station Rarotonga c1950
Psychopathy

**Psychopathy** is a personality disorder or antisocial personality disorder. Psychopaths are unemotional. They do not show concern about the feelings or rights of others. They show almost no empathy, and do not try to follow norms. They don’t have a conscience and do not feel guilt. Another word for psychopathy is sociopathy, there are differences between the two.

Many psychopaths are charming and often manage to work with other people. They use other people. Psychopaths often have other bad personality traits, like sadism, violence and deception. They are very selfish and get rid of people for whom they have no further use. They may have many children by many partners.

The definition of psychopathy has changed. Different definitions are used. They only partly overlap and sometimes seem contradictory.

There are efforts to use behaviour therapy to treat psychopaths; often, this may be done in prisons.

Some people are mislabeled as _psychopaths_, but have no problems with social norms, but they are good at influencing people. There is a difference between the sexes as to how psychopathy is shown. Men show it more as an antisocial pattern of behaviour. In women it shows more as a histrionic pattern (excessive attention-seeking).

Amongst professional psychiatrists, psychopathy is known for being difficult to treat.
Map projection

A **map projection** is a way of showing the surface of a three-dimensional sphere on a flat surface. Such projections are necessary to create maps. The problem with projections is that they change the surface in some way; this is called distortion. Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions may be less bad. This is why cartographer<nowiki/>s use different mathematical projections for different maps.

Carl Friedrich Gauss showed that is not possible to project the surface of a sphere to a plane, without distorting it. This theorem is known as Theorema egregium today.

To understand the projections, it is easier to imagine a light source, a globe, and another geometric object. The light source shines "a shadow" of each point of the globe onto the geometric object. At the end the surface of the geometric object is unrolled, this yields the map. It is possible to tell the projections apart by the type of helper object used.
- Using a plane gives azimuthal projections.
- Using a cone gives conical projections.
- Using a cylinder gives cylindrical ones.

- Cylindrical projections "put the sphere into a cylinder, and then unroll its surface". Examples of these are Equirectangular projection, Mercator projection
- Psedocylindrincal: Same as cylindrical, but only applies to the main meridian and parallels.
Azerbaijani National Guard

The **Azerbaijani National Guard** () is a paramilitary force in Azerbaijan. The Internal Troops is under the authority of the Government of Azerbaijan  and operates as a semi-independent entity. The Azerbaijani National Guard was definitely active in December 1996 but has been united into the Special State Protection Service. The guard was established on the December 25, 1991.

The Special State Protection Service (SSPS) of Azerbaijan is a military unit directly under the authority of the President of Azerbaijan. Its responsibilities include the protection of the President of Azerbaijan, the protection of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan (Parliament), the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan, the Constitutional Court, the Central Election Commission and other public bodies as well as the protection of important foreign leaders visiting Azerbaijan.

One of the most important tasks of the SPSS is the safety of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan petroleum and natural gas pipeline and the South Caucasus petroleum pipeline. NATO is supporting the service with several helicopters and military vehicles in order to protect the pipelines.

During wartime, the Azerbaijani National Guard operates together with the Azerbaijani Land Forces, and can be involved in local defense and security of the country, along with the army.

Other law enforcement bodies in Azerbaijan include the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan and the State Border Service of Azerbaijan and its Coast Guard branch.

## Related pages

- Military history of Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijani Armed Forces
- Azerbaijani Land Force
- Azerbaijani Air Force
- Azerbaijani Navy
- Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
- State Border Service of Azerbaijan

## Infobox (military unit)

- **unit name**: Azərbaycan Milli Qvardiyası
Azerbaijani National Guard
- **image**: The opening ceremony of the first European games 5.jpg
- **caption**: Members of the Azerbaijani National Guard raising the Olympic Flag.
- **dates**: December 25, 1991 - present
- **allegiance**: Azerbaijan
- **branch**: Special State Protection Service
- **garrison**: Baku
- **garrison label**: Headquarters
- **size**: 2,500
- **battles**: Nagorno-Karabakh War
- **commander1**: Colonel-General Vagif Akhundov (chief of SPSS)
Woody Stephens

**Woody Stephens** (September 1, 1913 – August 22, 1998) was an American horse racing trainer that was put into the hall of fame in 1976.

## Other websites

- Woody Stephens at Infoplease
Road Town

**Road Town**, on Tortola, is the capital of the British Virgin Islands. It is next to the horseshoe-shaped Road Harbour in the centre of the island's south coast. About 9,400 people lived there in 2004.

The name comes from sailing. "The roads" means a place less sheltered than a harbor but where ships stop. Its marina made Road Town a popular place in the Caribbean for chartering yachts. Cruise ships often dock here. Road Town also has tourism.

The Harbour is the dock for many of the ferries servicing the island. The ferry terminal is at the southwest end of Road Town. Ferries run during the day every day of the week. A 28 hectare (70 acre) development called Wickham's Cay, is on two areas of man-made land. The HM Prison on Main Street is the oldest building in Road Town. It was built in the 1840s. People disagree about where the borders of the town are.

## History

The Emancipation Proclamation was read on 1 August 1834. This gave slaves their freedom, even though slavery had been officially abolished in 1807.

In 1853, a fire destroyed nearly every building in Road Town. Angry rioters spread the fire to protest an increase on the cattle tax. Rioters burned most of the plantations across the island.

## Other websites

- Ferry Schedule
- Tortola Map & Guide
- Detailed map of Road Town
- Article from Encyclopedia Britannica
- Real Travel/Frommer's Travel Guide to Road Town

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Road Town
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Roadtown, Tortola.jpg
- **image caption**: Road Town, Tortola
- **image map**: BritishVirginIsland map.png
- **map caption**: Map showing Road Town within the BVI
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: British overseas territories, British Overseas Territory
- **subdivision name**: United Kingdom
- **subdivision name1**: British Virgin Islands
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Tortola
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 9400
State Border Service

The **State Border Service of Azerbaijan Republic** () also known as **Border Guard** of Azerbaijan is a governmental law enforcement paramilitary agency in charge of protecting the borders of Azerbaijan.

## History

The State Border Service of Azerbaijan was established on July 31, 2002 by the order of the President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, by taking of the border troops from jurisdiction of the Ministry of National Security of Azerbaijan. The main function of the border guard is to guard the Azerbaijani borders against any illegal acts, and to prevent illegal weapons, drugs and human trafficking in the country.

Chief of State Border Service and Commander of Border Troops is General-Lieutenant Elchin Guliyev.

Other law enforcement bodies in Azerbaijan include the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan and the Azerbaijani National Guard.

## Maritime Brigade (Azerbaijani Coast Guard)

The Azerbaijan Coast Guard is an Azeri law enforcement agency which is a part of the State Border Service. It has been getting U.S. Coast Guard help including the buying of a Point-class cutter.

The commander is Major General Ilham Mehdiyev.

The Coast Guard was established within the State Border Service by presidential order in 2005. The Coast Guard’s new base was built in Türkan district of Baku within the State Program on “Technical development of security of state borders of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 2006-2010”.

The Maritime Brigade/Coast Guard has one Point class cutter, S 14 (ex Point Brower, transferred 28 February 2003), one Osa class missile boat, S 008, which has had its SS-N-2B missiles removed, 3 Stenka class patrol boats, S 005, S 006, and S 007, all with sonar and torpedo tubes removed, 1 Zhuk class patrol craft, P 222, and two  long Silver Ships small craft, S 11 and S 12. (Jane's Fighting Ships 2010)

## Related pages

- Military history of Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijani Armed Forces
- Azerbaijani Land Force
- Azerbaijani Air Force
- Azerbaijani Navy
- Internal Troops of Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijani National Guard

## Other websites

- Official website
- Azerbaijantoday.com. Azerbaijan border service has covered a long way of development , 07.09.2009
- News.az. State Border Service ships rescue Russian ship
- Defenselink.mil. Caspian Guard initiative

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: State Border Service of Azerbaijan Republic
- **nativename**: Azərbaycan Respublikası Dövlət Sərhəd Xidməti
- **seal**: Azerbaijan Border Guards Standard (Reverse).svg
- **seal width**: 200px
- **seal caption**: Banner of the State Border Service of Azerbaijan
- **formed**: July 31, 2002
- **headquarters**: Baku, Azerbaijan
- **chief1 name**: Elchin Guliyev
- **chief1 position**:
Chief of State Border Service
- **child1 agency**: Academy of State Border Troops
- **website**: [http://www.dsx.gov.az www.dsx.gov.az]
Couvade

**Couvade** (French, from _couver_, 'to hatch', from Latin _cubare_ 'lie down) describes the imitation of a pregnancy. It is performed by a man. The anthropologist E. B. Tylor was the first person that made use of the name _couvade_.

## Practise

To do so, the father carries out the same restrictions as the mother. These usually start closer towards the end of the pregnancy. It often proceeds for various amounts of time after childbirth. Restrictions: certain food taboos, staying only in the village or at home, avoiding certain places, no consumption of alcohol, cigarettes or stimulants or handling with sharp instruments. In some cases, the man copies the woman’s behaviour and pains during childbirth.

## Occurrence

The couvade is known throughout history, for example in the ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, in the Basque Country and in the south of France. These days, it still exists in various cultures around the world among indigenous people in India, Thailand, Indonesia, China, Africa, North America and South America.

## Reasons

These range from the spiritual and physical protection of the child, bonding of father with child as well as wife, the public recognition of fatherhood and support and relief of mother so she can maintain the household after the childbirth. The reasons for couvade are in some cultures linked to certain myths that give instructions and show what can go wrong if the parents do not follow them.

## Consequences of not doing couvade

It is believed to have huge impacts on the child such as illness, disability, death and the transformation into other creatures.

## References

- E. B. Tylor (1878) Researches into the early history of mankind and the development of civilization. Boston : Estes & Lauriat
- H. Ling Roth (1893) ‘On the Signification of Couvade’. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 11: 204-243
- http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/couvade
- http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Couvade+Syndrome
Elizabeth City, North Carolina

**Elizabeth City** is a city in northeastern North Carolina close to the Virginia state line. The region is vulnerable to tropical cyclones because of its location. Elizabeth City is located in Pasquotank and Camden counties. Elizabeth City is the county seat and largest city of Pasquotank County.

Elizabeth City is the birth city of Nikita Pavlunenko.
Hark the Herald Angels Sing

**"Hark! the Herald Angels Sing"** is a song connected with the Christmas season which dates back to around 1739. Its melody is based on Felix Mendelssohn's cantata _Festgesang_. This song has been altered numerous times during the decades. Many musicians have covered this song during the years, including, though not limited to Amy Grant.
Asuka, Yamato

was an ancient Imperial capital of Japan during the 6th and 7th centuries. It was in Yamato Province, which is present-day Nara Prefecture.

## Imperial Palaces

When Asuka was Japan's capital, new palaces were constructed for each new monarch.  Sometimes Imperial palaces were abandoned because of fires or bad omens.

According to tradition, Asuka was the site of Chikatsu-Asuka-Yatsuri Palace during the reign of Emperor Kenzo

Imperial capitals in Asuka in 593-640 were:
- Toyura Palace (_Toyura-no-miya_), 593–603
- Oharida Palace (_Oharida-no-miya_), 603–629
- Okamoto Palace (_Oakmoto-no-miya_), 630–636
- Tanaka Palace (_Tanaka-no-miya_), 636–639
- Umayasaka Palace (_Umayasaka-no-miya_), 640

In 640-642, the court briefly moved to Kōryō and the Kudara Palace (_Kudara-no-miya_); then the court returned to Asuka at the Itabuki Palace (_Itabuki no miya_), 643–645

In 645-654, the emperor and the government moved to an area within the current city limits of Osaka.  This was the Naniwa-Nagara no Toyosaki Palace (_Naniwa-Nagara no Toyosaki-no-miya_).

In Asuka, the Imperial capitals in 655-660 were:
- Itabuki Palace, 655–655
- Kawahara Palace (_Kawahara-no-miya_), 655–655
- Later Okamoto Palace (_Nochi no Asuka-Okamoto-no-miya_), 656–660

In 660-661, the court removed to Asakura in Fukuoka Prefecture at the Asakura no Tachibana no Hironiwa Palace (_Asakure no Tachibana no Hironiwa-no-miya_).

In 667-672, the emperor moved to the Ōmi Ōtsu Palace (_Ōmi Ōtsu-no-miya_) in Ōmi-kyō which is today called Ōtsu in Shiga Prefecture.

In Asuka, the Imperial capitals in 672-694 were:
- Shima Palace, 672
- Okamoto Palace, 672
- Kiyomihara Palace (_Kiomihara-no-miya_), 672–694

Asuka was abandoned when Empress Jitō moved the court and the capital to Fujiwara-kyō.

## Related pages

- Capital of Japan
Fukuhara-kyō

was the Imperial capital of Japan for six months in 1180. It was in present-day Hyōgo Prefecture.

## Related pages

- Capital of Japan
Fujiwara-kyō

was the Imperial capital of Japan between 694 and 710. It was established by Empress Jitō in Yamato Province (present-day Kashihara in Nara Prefecture).

## Related pages

- Capital of Japan
- Heijō-kyō
2011–12 Russian Premier League

The **2011–12 Russian Premier League** was the 20th season of the Russian Premier League since the breakup of the Soviet Union. The season took place from 12 March 2011 to 22 May 2012. Zenit St. Petersburg won their third title, and successful defended their title.

## Infobox (football league season)

- **competition**: Russian Premier League
- **season**: 2017–18
- **dates**: 12 March 2011 – 22 May 2012
- **winners**: FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, Zenit St. Petersburg
3rd title
- **relegated**: PFC Spartak Nalchik, Spartak Nalchik
FC Tom Tomsk, Tom Tomsk
- **continentalcup1**: 2012–13 UEFA Champions League, Champions League
- **continentalcup1 qualifiers**: FC Zenit Saint Petersburg, Zenit St. Petersburg
FC Spartak Moscow, Spartak Moscow
- **continentalcup2**: 2012–13 UEFA Europa League, Europa League
- **continentalcup2 qualifiers**: PFC CSKA Moscow, CSKA Moscow
FC Dynamo Moscow, Dynamo Moscow
FC Anzhi Makhachkala, Anzhi Makhachkala
FC Rubin Kazan, Rubin Kazan
- **league topscorer**: Seydou Doumbia (28)
- **matches**: 232
- **total goals**: 567
- **prevseason**: 2010 Russian Premier League, 2010
- **nextseason**: 2012–13 Russian Premier League, 2012–13
George Thorogood

**George Thorogood** (born February 24, 1950) is an American blues rock singer/guitarist. He is from Wilmington, Delaware. Thorogood is famous for his cover versions of blues standards. He says Elmore James, Hound Dog Taylor and Chuck Berry are the people who influenced him musically. George Thorogood has released sixteen studio albums.

## Life

Thorogood was born on February 24, 1950 and was raised in Naamans Manor, a suburb of Wilmington. He was the middle one of five children. He graduated from Brandywine High School in 1968. He played semi-professional baseball. He turned to music after hearing a concert of John P. Hammond in 1970.

In 1976 he recorded his debut album: "_George Thorogood & The Destroyers_" with his band, The Destroyers. Sometimes the band is called "The Delaware Destroyers". In 1981 they got their first nationwide recognition. They played as support act for the Rolling Stones. In the 1980s they played a lot of concerts including the "50/50" tour of 1980, on which the band toured 50 US states in 50days. in 1982 released his best-known song, "Bad to the Bone", and an album of the same name. The song has been used frequently in television and film, including the sci-fi thriller Terminator 2: Judgment Day, the comedies Problem Child, and Problem Child 2, Stephen King's Christine, and many episodes of the television sitcom Married with Children. This track also was used during the intro to the movie Major Payne.

### The Destroyers

- George Thorogood – lead vocals and lead guitar
- Jeff Simon – drums, percussion (1974–present)
- Billy Blough – bass guitar (1977–present)
- Jim Suhler – rhythm guitar (1999–present)
- Buddy Leach – saxophone, piano (2003–present)

### Former members

- Ron "Roadblock" Smith – rhythm guitar (1974–1980)
- Hank "Hurricane" Carter – saxophone (1980–2003)
- Steve Chrismar – rhythm guitar (1985–1993)

### Studio albums with the Destroyers

- 1977: _George Thorogood and the Destroyers_ (Gold)
- 1978: _Move It on Over_ (Gold)
- 1979: _Better Than the Rest_ (Recorded in 1974)
- 1980: _More George Thorogood and the Destroyers_
- 1982: _Bad to the Bone_ (Platinum)
- 1985: _Maverick_ (Gold)
- 1986: _Nadine_ (CD Rerelease of _Better Than the Rest_)
- 1988: _Born to Be Bad_ (Gold)
- 1991: _Boogie People_
- 1993: _Haircut_
- 1997: _Rockin' My Life Away_
- 1999: _Half a Boy/Half a Man_
- 2003: _Ride 'Til I Die_
- 2006: _The Hard Stuff_
- 2009: _The Dirty Dozen_
- 2011: _2120 South Michigan Ave._

### Live albums

- 1986: _Live_ (Platinum)
- 1995: _Live: Let's Work Together_
- 1999: _Live in '99_
- 2004: _30th Anniversary Tour: Live_
- 2010: _Live in Boston 1982_

### Compilations

- 1992: _The Baddest of George Thorogood and the Destroyers_ (Platinum)
- 2000: _Anthology_
- 2003: _Who Do You Love?_
- 2004: _Greatest Hits: 30 Years of Rock_ (Gold)
- 2005: _The Best Of George Thorogood and the Destroyers_
- 2007: _Taking Care of Business_ (double disc of _Ride 'Til I Die_ (w/ 2 bonus tracks) and _30th Anniversary Tour_)
Frank B. Kellogg

**Frank Billings Kellogg**  (December 22, 1856 – December 21, 1937) was an American lawyer, politician and statesman.  He served in the United States Senate and as United States Secretary of State. Kellogg was part of a group who wrote the Kellogg-Briand Pact also known as the World Peace Act. For this, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: FrankKellogg.jpg
- **office**: 45th United States Secretary of State
- **president**: Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover
- **term start**: March 5, 1925
- **term end**: March 28, 1929
- **predecessor**: Charles Evans Hughes
- **successor**: Henry L. Stimson
- **office1**: United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
- **president1**: Calvin Coolidge
- **term start1**: January 14, 1924
- **term end1**: February 10, 1925
- **predecessor1**: George Brinton McClellan Harvey, George Harvey
- **successor1**: Alanson B. Houghton
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **state2**: Minnesota
- **term start3**: March 4, 1917
- **term end3**: March 4, 1923
- **predecessor3**: Moses E. Clapp
- **successor3**: Henrik Shipstead
- **birth name**: Frank Billings Kellogg
- **birth place**: Potsdam, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Saint Paul, Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Clara Cook
- **awards**: Legion of Honour
- **signature**: Frank B Kellogg signature.svg
Peter C. Doherty

**Peter C. Doherty** (born October 15, 1940) is an Australian veterinary surgeon.  He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Rolf M. Zinkernagel in 1996 for their work on the human immune systems.

## Related pages

- List of scientists
Havlíčkův Brod

**Havlíčkův Brod** is a district town in the center of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands on the Sázava river. Its population is about 24,000 people.

## History

Settlement in Brod has been documented as far back as the 12th century. There was an easy passage across the Sázava river (_brod_ means "ford" in English). In the 13th century, silver was found near the town. After that Smil of Lichtenburg invited German miners to settle the area. The town which was first called Brod and later Smilův Brod (Ford of Smil), was renamed to Německý Brod (German Ford). At the beginning of the 14th century, the stone city walls were built, but later during the Hussite Wars in 1422 the city was burned down by Jan Žižka. The town was resettled in 1429 by Czech people. In 1637 Německý Brod was promoted to royal city. After The Second World War, the city was renamed to Havlíčkův Brod (Ford of Havlíček), after Karel Havlíček Borovský, famous writer and journalist.

## Interesting places

**The Old Town Hall** in the square is Renaissance style. There is a skeleton under its clock. According to a story this skeleton was the traitor Hnát.

**Havlíček´s house** is built in the New-Gothic style. It is connected with life of Karel Havlíček Borovský. In this house, Havlíček was arrested and taken to exile. Today Havlíček´s Museum is there.

**The Church** at the corner of the square in Baroque style. It is famous for one of the oldest bells in Bohemia.

On the square is **Plague column** and **fountain** with statue of Triton too.

Today the city has a medical hospital, mental hospital, brewery, sport area with hockey arena, gym and swimming pool.
Russian Space Forces

The **Russian Space Forces** was one of the 6 branches of the Russian Military that is responsible for space operations. The branch controls many space stations throughout Russia. The branch is also part of the Ministry of Defence. The main tasks are to inform officials about incoming missile attacks, anti-missile defense, and to create orbit space vehicles. The Russian Space Forces was replaced by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces on 1 December 2011.

## History

In 1967, the **Troops of Anti-Missile and Anti-Space Defence** by the Soviet Union. The branch was then named **Ministry of Defence Space Units** in 1982. Then in 1991, the Soviet Union broke up. So the new Russian Military created the Russian Space Forces. The branch was abandoned in 1992, but brought back in 2001. General Vladimir Popovkin took the lead of the branch in 2004, after the previous leader, Colonel General Anatoly Perminov.
Contemporary art

**Contemporary art** means modern art done after Pop Art and Conceptual Art. Another term, which really means the same thing, is **postmodern art**. Yet another term, which goes wider than art, is Postmodernism.

This problem of labelling comes about because the word 'modern' in art was used for some art from the mid-Victorian period through the whole 20th century. It covers a wide range of styles and movements. So when art critics wanted to describe post-WWII art they had to use a different word. Thus, in art, 'contemporary' (which really means 'at the same time as') comes to mean 'modern', and modern comes to mean 'earlier'.

## Related pages

- Conceptual art
- Street art
Susa

**Susa** () was an ancient Iranian city. It was part of the Elamite, Persian and Parthian empires. It is located in the lower Zagros Mountains. It is about  east of the Tigris River and is between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers. There is a modern Iranian town in the same place as Susa. It is called Shush.
Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation

The **Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation** are the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The ranks has changed very little since the breakup of the Soviet Union.

## Table of Ranks

|Troop Ranks|Parade Uniform Insignia|Everyday Uniform Insignia|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Marshal of the Russian Federation (**Ма́ршал Росси́йской Федера́ци**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|General of the Army (**генера́л а́рмии**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Colonel General (**генера́л-полко́вник**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Lieutenant General (**генера́л-лейтена́нт**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Major General (**генера́л-майо́р**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Colonel (**полко́вник**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Lieutenant Colonel (**подполко́вник**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Major (**майо́р**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Captain (**капита́н**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Senior Lieutenant (**ста́рший лейтена́нт**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Lieutenant (**лейтена́нт**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Junior Lieutenant (**мла́дший лейтена́нт**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Senior Warrant Officer (**ста́рший пра́порщик**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Warrant Officer (**пра́порщик**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Master Sergeant (**старшина́**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Senior Segeant (**ста́рший сержа́нт**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Sergeant (**сержа́нт**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Junior Sergeant (**мла́дший сержа́нт**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Efreitor (**ефре́йтор**)|align="center"||align="center"||
|Private (**рядово́й**)|align="center"||align="center"||

## Related pages

- Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
- Military ranks of the Soviet Union
Timmins

**Timmins** is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Timmins was 41,145 in 2021. The mayor of Timmins is Michelle Boileau. Timmins was founded in 1912 by Noah Timmins after there were gold discoveries in the Porcupine Camp, although South Porcupine and Schumacher were formed in 1911. Naoshima, Kagawa in Japan is a sister city to Timmins.

## Media

CKGB 750

CHYK 104.1

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Timmins
- **official name**: City of Timmins
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Ontario, City (List of municipalities in Ontario#Single-tier municipalities, single-tier)
- **image skyline**: Timmins Ontario.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Timmins
- **flag size**: 120px
- **flag alt**: Flag of the City of Timmins
- **motto**: The City with a Heart of Gold
- **image map**: Ontario-timmins.png
- **mapsize**: 220px
- **pushpin map**: Ontario#Canada
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Ontario
- **subdivision type2**: List of census divisions of Ontario#Districts, District
- **subdivision name2**: Cochrane District, Cochrane
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1912
- **named for**: Henry Timmins and Noah Timmins
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Michelle Boileau
- **area footnotes**:  (2021)
- **area land km2**: 2,955.33
- **area blank1 title**: Census geographic units of Canada#Population centres, Population centre
- **area blank1 km2**: 18.49
- **elevation m**: 294.70
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 41,145
- **population blank1 title**: Population centre
- **population blank1**: 28,874
- **population density km2**: 13.9
- **population density blank1 km2**: 1,561.3
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Canada#Forward sortation areas, Forward sortation area
- **postal code**: List of postal codes of Canada: P, P4N to P4R
- **area codes**: Area codes 705, 249, and 683, 705, 249, 683
- **leader title2**: Governing Body
- **leader name2**: Timmins City Council
- **leader title3**: House of Commons of Canada, MPs
- **leader name3**: Charlie Angus (New Democratic Party, NDP)
- **leader title4**: Legislative Assembly of Ontario, MPPs
- **leader name4**: George Pirie (politician), George Pirie (Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario, PC)
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
Ugo Nespolo

**Ugo Nespolo** (born at Mosso, Biella on August 29, 1941) is an Italian artist. He is well known for his artistic work with other people in theater, literature and advertising. His career started in the 1960s. His work was influenced by Pop Art, conceptual art, Arte Povera and Fluxus. These are movements that he appreciated when he went to the United States. He has been to the United States many times. He spent much time in the States during the 1980s. Transgression and irony characterize Nespolo's artwork. Ugo Nespolo has been in the Honour Committee of IMMAGINE&POESIA since 2010.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Ugo Nespolo
- **birth place**: Mosso, Piedmont, Mosso, Biella, Italy
- **nationality**: Italy, Italian
- **field**: Painting, Sculpture
- **training**: Accademia Albertina di Belle Arti, Turin
Ecbatana

**Ecbatana** was an ancient Iranian city. It was the capital city of the Median Empire. There is a modern Iranian city that was built in the same place as Ecbatana. It is called Hamadan.

## Other websites

- Official Ecbatana website
Ethernet hub

An **ethernet hub** is an electronic device that runs a computer network. It is a simple device and is easy to configure. A hub acts like a repeater: all data that arrives to one port is sent to all other ports (without looking at an IP address for the data's destination). That means that all devices in this network will get all data. When this happens, if a device realizes certain data is not meant for it (like if the IP address doesn't match), the device will "drop the packet", which means that the device does not actually accept the data.

A hub is a very simple device and does not check any information regarding managing ethernet traffic. Since the hub does not do this processing, a switch hub has a lower latency than something like an **ethernet switch**. Many hubs have LED signal lamps to show the state of the hub (which ports are connected and if the hub is working). A "collision" happens when two or more devices on the same network try to send packets at the same time. When collisions happen, all the devices have to go through a routine to resolve the conflict.  The process is set in the Ethernet Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol.

Some hubs may also come with a BNC and/or Attachment Unit Interface (AUI) connector to allow connection to legacy 10BASE2 or 10BASE5 network segments.

There are three kinds of hubs:
- Hub - This one described here. The hub does not look at individual packets and copies them to all ports, used for connection between LAN Segments.
- Passive hub (intelligent hub) - The device monitors traffic going through the hub and all ports can be configured, also are called manageable hubs.
- Switching hub - reads the destination address of each packet and then forwards the packet to the just correct port.

## Uses

Hubs can be used for:
- inserting a protocol analyzer into a network connection. A hub is an alternative to a network tap or port mirroring.
- preventing a "loop" by accidentally connecting two ports together, which might be a big problem when switches are used.
- working on Physical Layer of OSI.
Historically, the main reason for purchasing hubs rather than switches was their price.
Heian-kyō

was the capital of Japan from 794 to 1868.  Heian-kyō is one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto.

In 794, Emperor Kammu established this city as Japan's capital.  The move from Heijō-kyō to Heian-kyo marks the beginning of the Heian period of Japanese history.

## City planning

The design of Heian-kyō mirrored grid pattern of Chang'an, which was the Tang Dynasty capital of China.

## Related pages

- Capital of Japan
- Heian period
Nagaoka-kyō

was the capital of Japan from 784 to 794.

In 784, the Emperor Kammu moved the capital from Nara.

In 794, Kammu moved the capital to Heian-kyō.
Eurasian Union

The **Eurasian Union** () is a project of political and economic union whose members are Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan and could include other countries from Europe and Asia, such as, for example, countries that were once part of the USSR.

The idea was suggested in October 2011 by the Prime Minister of Russia, Vladimir Putin, but the idea was first proposed by the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, in a speech, in 1994, in Moscow. On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement in which they agreed to create the Eurasian Economic Union by 2015. The agreement talked about the membership of candidate states and created the Eurasian Commission (which is based on the European Commission) and the Eurasian Economic Space, which both started work on 1 January 2012.

## Infobox (geopolitical organization)

- **conventional long name**: Eurasian Union
- **linking name**: the Eurasian Union
- **image map**: Eurasian Economic Union.svg
- **map width**: 220px
- **admin center type**: Political centres
- **admin center**: **Moscow**
Minsk
Astana
Bishkek
Dushanbe
- **membership type**: Prospective members
- **leader title1**: Eurasian Commissioners
- **established date1**: 1994
- **established event2**: Establishment agreed
- **established event8**: Eurasian Economic Space
- **established event9**: Eurasian Union
- **established date9**: _2015_
- **area km2**: 20,007,860
- **area sq mi**: 7,725,077
- **population estimate**: 169,669,400
- **population estimate year**: 2013
- **population density km2**: 8.36
- **utc offset**: +3 to +12
- **footnote a**: Candidate.
- **footnote b**: By President of Kazakhstan, Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev.
New Castle, Pennsylvania

**New Castle** is a city in western Pennsylvania near the border of Ohio. It is northwest of Pittsburgh.
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

**Wilkes-Barre** is a city in northeast Pennsylvania next to Scranton, Pennsylvania. The city is part of Scranton/Wilkes-Barre area.
Electronic gear shifting

**Electronic gear shifting** is a way of shifting gears on a bicycle. It lets bicycle riders use a switch to shift gears, instead of a lever. Electronic gear shifting can be faster than shifting gears with a lever.

## How it works

The standard system for gearing up and down works with bowdens. A bowden is special kind of wound steel cable, which connects levers to the shifter, derailleur or brakes. As the rider pulls or taps a lever, the bowden reacts at the same time. That causes the bicycle to change gear.

Electronic works without bowdens. The system is digital. There is no wound steel cable. Instead, there are multiple combinations of 0 and 1. A battery placed under the frame powers the system. Each battery should last for 1000 km depending on the manufacturer. Then it needs to be recharged.  Wires for data and power are hidden inside the frame. Parts of the shifting systems are connected to each other. Servomotors do the shifting. The shifter and derailleur have a pair of servomotors built into them.  There is a self-adjustable microchip in the derailleur. The system has its own logic, which keeps the chain from dropping. There is no need for maintenance because the derailleur adjusts itself using the microchip.

## Pros and cons

Pros:
- Speed of shifting
- Ease of shifting (no need to push hard, a tap is effective)
- Self-adjusting derailleur
- Less weight
- Less maintenance
- Comfort

Cons:
- Price ($2000+)
- Battery capacity
- No option for multiple shifting

## Manufacturers

- Shimano – Di2 Ultegra/Dura ace series (since 2009)
- Campagnolo  - (since 2011)
Languages of Canada

Lots of languages are used in Canada. English and French are used by most Canadians. Only New Brunswick uses both English and French as its official languages. Quebec's official language is French. English and French are recognized by the Constitution of Canada as "official languages." This means that all laws of the federal government are in both English and French and that federal government services can be available in both languages.

Many Canadians believe that the relationship between the English and French languages is important.

To know how many people speak them, Canada's census collects a lot of kinds of information not collected in most other countries, including home language, mother tongue, first official language and language of work.

People speak other languages. About 18% of Canadians (about 6.1 million people, most are immigrants) have a language other than English or French as their first language or mother tongue. Nearly 3.5 million Canadians continue to use their other language most often, like when at home or in social settings. The biggest ones are Italian, German, Chinese, Punjabi, Arabic and Dutch.

Canada also has many native languages. But they are not spoken by many people (less than one percent of Canada), and fewer people speak them every year.
Underground Railroad

The **Underground Railroad** was a secret network of routes and safe houses in the United States. Black slaves used the Underground Railroad to escape from slavery. It was created in the early 1800s, and was at its biggest between 1850 and 1860. The term “Underground Railroad” also describes the abolitionists, both black and white, free and enslaved, who helped the slaves along the way.

Routes on the Underground Railroad led to free states, Canada, Mexico and overseas. While traveling along these routes, slaves received help from abolitionists and those who had sympathy to their cause. British North America was another popular stopping point. Slavery was not allowed there, and its long border gave many points of access. More than 30,000 people were said to have escaped there using the network at its best, although U.S. Census statistics shows only 6,000.

One statistic suggests that by 1850, about 100,000 slaves had escaped to freedom by the "Railroad".

The Underground Railroad fugitives' stories are recorded in the Underground Railroad Records.

## Related pages

- Harriet Tubman
Kagoshima, Kagoshima

is a Japanese city in Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyushu.   It is the capital city of the prefecture.

Kagoshima is at the southwestern tip of Kyūshū.

It has been recognized as a core city since 1996.

## History

Kagoshima was the center of Satsuma Province and the land of the Shimazu clan.

### Timeline

- **1602** (_Keichō 7_): Shimazu build Tsurumaru castle
- **1549** (_Tenbun 18_): Francis Xavier arrives in Japan
- **1779** (_An'ei 7_): Sakurajima volcanic action
- **1863** (_Bunkyū 3_):  Bombardment of Kyushu by British Navy
- **1914** (_Taishō 3_): Sakurajima erupts
- 2013 Sakurajima erupts.

## Other websites

- Kagoshima Prefectural Visitors Bureau 
- http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/_1010/shimin/foreigner.html ; [http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/ ]
- Kagoshima Internationalization Council

## Infobox (chinese)

- **title**: Kagoshima
- **pic**: Kagoshima (Chinese characters).svg
- **piccap**: "Kagoshima" in _kanji_
- **picupright**: 0.55
- **kanji**: 鹿児島
- **hiragana**: かごしま
- **katakana**: カゴシマ
- **romaji**: Kagoshima
Kumamoto

is the capital city of Kumamoto Prefecture in Japan.

Kumamoto is in the south central part of Kyushu. Kumamoto is an ordinance-designated city since April 1, 2012.

## History

In 1600, Kumamoto Castle was built by Kato Kiyomasa; and the city grew around it.

## Other websites

- Official site of Kumamoto City
- Kumamoto International Mailing List

## Infobox (chinese)

- **title**: Kumamoto
- **kanji**: 熊本市
- **hiragana**: くまもとし
- **katakana**: クマモトシ
- **romaji**: Kumamoto-shi
Bethlehem, Pennsylvania

**Bethlehem** is a city in eastern Pennsylvania close to Allentown. It's part of the Lehigh Valley Region.
Miyazaki (city)

is the capital city of Miyazaki Prefecture in Japan.

Miyazaki is on the east coast of Kyushu.

It has been recognized as a core city since 1998.

## History

Miyazaki is the traditional location of the first Imperial capital.

In 1940, the national government built the Hakkō Ichiu monument at the legendary site of Emperor Jimmu's palace.

## Other websitess

- http://www.city.miyazaki.miyazaki.jp/gyousei/html/univ/en/index.html ;  
- Miyazaki Special Attack Base Monument, 1983
Ōita (city)

is the capital city of Ōita Prefecture.

It has been recognized as a core city since 1997.

## History

In the 16th century, Ōita became a center for trade with the Portuguese.

Some famous places in Nishinomiya are Koshien Stadium, where the professional baseball team the Hanshin Tigers play, and Nishinomiya Gardens.

### Timeline

- **1562** – Funai Castle was built by Otomo Sorin
- **2002** – FIFA World Cup

## Geography

Ōita is on Beppu Bay in northeast Kyushu.

## Other websites

- Ōita city  ; http://www.city.oita.oita.jp/en/index.html
George Thorogood and the Destroyers (album)

***George Thorogood and the Destroyers*** is the first album from George Thorogood and the Destroyers. It includes the cover of "One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer". This song is a fan favourite which is still played in concerts today.

## Track listing

1. "You Got to Lose" (Earl Hooker) – 3:15
1. "Madison Blues"  (Elmore James) – 4:24
1. "House Rent Boogie"/"One Bourbon, One Scotch, One Beer" (John Lee Hooker/Rudy Toombs) – 8:20
1. "Kind Hearted Woman" (Robert Johnson) – 3:48
1. "Can't Stop Lovin'" (James) – 3:04
1. "Ride On Josephine" (Bo Diddley) – 4:17
1. "Homesick Boy" (George Thorogood) – 3:02
1. "John Hardy" (Traditional) – 3:18
1. "I'll Change My Style" (Thorogood) – 3:57
1. "Delaware Slide" (Thorogood) – 7:45

## Personnel

- George Thorogood - vocals, guitar, harmonica
- Ron Smith - guitar
- Billy Blough - bass
- Jeff Simon - drums
- John Nagy - engineer

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: George Thorogood and the Destroyers
- **type**: album
- **artist**: George Thorogood and the Destroyers
- **released**: 1977
- **recorded**: 1977; Dimension Sound Studios, Boston, Massachusetts
- **genre**: Blues rock
Blues
- **length**: 45:10
- **label**: Rounder Records, Rounder
- **producer**: ???
- **next title**: Move It On Over (album), Move It on Over
- **next year**: 1978