juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Jaclyn Linetsky

**Jaclyn Linetsky** (January 8, 1986 – September 8, 2003) was a Canadian teenage actress who has voiced many different people. She was best known for voicing Caillou in the animated television show between 2000–2003. She later played as Megan in the television show _15/love_. She died in a car crash on September 8, 2003 at the age of 17.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jaclyn Linetsky
- **birth name**: Jaclyn Michelle Linetsky
- **birth place**: Montréal, Québec, Canada
- **death place**: Saint-Césaire, Quebec, Saint-Césaire, Québec, Canada
- **nationality**: Canadians, Canadian
- **death cause**: Traffic collision
- **resting place**: Kehal Israel Memorial Cemetery
- **education**: St. George's High School, Montreal
- **years active**: 1994–2003
- **notable works**: Kate's friend in _Kart Racer_ (2003)
- **television**: _Caillou_ (2000-2003)
 _Mega Babies_ (1999-2000)
 _What's with Andy?_ (2001-2003; her death)
 _15/Love_ (2004-2006)
- **parents**: Larry Linetsky (father)
 Terry Weiner (mother)
- **relatives**: Kelly and Derek Linetsky (sister and brother)
 Ell Linetsky (paternal grandfather)
 Eunice Linetsky (paternal grandmother)
 David Weiner (maternal grandfather)
 Jeanne Weiner (maternal grandmother)
Lego minifigure

A **Lego minifigure** (a.k.a. Lego person) is a small figure as part of Lego toys.  Minifigures are found in Lego sets, although they are also sold separately as keychains and magnets, and they can also can be found in Lego minifigures bags.  Minifigures in 1975 were the same size as minifigures today, but they did not have any moving arms or legs.  They had a small variety of headpieces, including caps, pigtail hair, and cowboy hats. Since 1978, Lego minifigures have had movable arms, legs, and hands.  They also have had more clothing, hats, shirts and pants to choose from.  Lego started packing minifigures in sets, starting with Town, Castle, and Space.

Minifigures are used in many Lego sets today. There are many minifigures such as mermaids with a identical tail to the ocean king and many shorter characters such as dwarves.
Chilean Spanish

**Chilean Spanish** ( or __) is the variety of Spanish spoken in most of Chile. Though still entirely mutually intelligible with standard Spanish, Chilean Spanish has distinctive pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and slang usage. Spanish speakers often say that Chileans speak very quickly and "mix up words". Non-native speakers who are competent in Spanish may find the Chilean variety to be difficult to understand unless they have built up an ear for it.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Chilean Spanish
- **nativename**: Español chileno
- **states**: Chile
- **speakers**: million
- **date**: 2015
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Spanish alphabet)
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam5**: Ibero-Romance languages, Ibero-Romance
- **fam6**: West Iberian languages, West Iberian
- **fam7**: Castilian languages
- **fam8**: Spanish language, Spanish
- **isoexception**: dialect
- **glotto**: none
- **notice**: IPA
Pacific Electric Railway

The **Pacific Electric Railway Company** was a private transportation system in Los Angeles, California. It started when Henry E. Huntington began building and buying streetcar railroads in and around Los Angeles to help people reach his properties.

Most of its lines carried people but there was also some freight. Pacific Electric also owned a mountain tourist attraction called the Mount Lowe Railway.

In the 1920s, with hundreds of miles of track, it was the largest system in the world. While Huntington lost money running Pacific Electric, he made money by selling the land it reached.

After Henry Huntington died and the land was all sold, the system started to break down and there was no money coming in to repair it. The city of Los Angeles decided it would be cheaper to move passengers with buses and close the whole system.

And so the last Pacific Electric train ran in 1961. The tracks were all ripped up and all of the old trains were either destroyed or sold to other countries.

Almost thirty years after the last train, with traffic becoming worse and buses becoming slower, the city remembered the old system. They decided to start rebuilding it because they realized trains do not slow down when there is a traffic jam.

Today, a small part of the old Pacific Electric rail network is now part of the new and growing Los Angeles Metro and people are riding trains again.

## Network

The Pacific Electric ran lines from Los Angeles to the following cities:
- Pasadena
- Glendora
- Pomona
- Ontario
- San Bernardino
- Riverside
- Whittier
- Fullerton
- Santa Ana
- Huntington Beach
- Newport Beach
- Long Beach
- San Pedro
- Redondo Beach
- Inglewood
- Venice
- Santa Monica
- Canoga Park
- San Fernando
- Hollywood
- Burbank
- Glendale
Brickfilm

A **brickfilm** is a stop-motion movie using Legos, Mega Blocks, or  other Lego-like products. Brickfilms are often used to help the Lego Group advertise more sets and themes.

The first known brickfilm, called _En rejse til månen_ (Danish for _Journey to the Moon_), was made in 1973. Another well-known example of an early brickfilm was _The Magic Portal_. It was finished in 1989 in Perth, Western Australia by Lindsay Fleay.

A brickfilm can be made by taking a Lego character and placing it on a board. The creator takes a picture, slightly moves the character, and repeats this step many times. The pictures are then streamed together using video editing software. Fifteen frames per second (15 fps) is a common frame-rate.

## Related pages

- Lego
- Lego Group
- Stop-motion
- _The Lego Movie_

## Other websites

- Official website of the Lego Group
Dorgon

**Dorgon** (, 1612 - 1650) was the Prince empire of Qing Dynasty. His surname was Aisin Gioro. His reign names were **Sing Cong** and **Chong De**.

Dorgon was the 4th illegitimate  son of Taizu Emperor (Nurhaci). Half brother of Huang Taiji, Half Uncle of Shunzhi Emperor.
Slingshot

A **slingshot** is a kind of projectile weapon which is used to launch small things. It is small and made to be handheld. It is made of a Y-shaped body with an elastic band such as rubber tied to the two top ends of the Y. The projectile is placed in the band, which is pulled back and let go of.

How strong and dangerous the slingshot is depends on how it is made and especially the elastic band. Although a slingshot is a type of weapon and a strong one can hurt people, they are not often used in modern war because there are many better weapons. Strong slingshots may be used to hunt small animals, or weaker ones may be used as toys.

In some places, a slingshot may be illegal because it can be a weapon.

## Related pages

- Sling (weapon)

## Other websites

- The Best Slingshots- Ranking the best slingshots on the market according to price, accuracy, and durability.
Mortal Kombat (1995 movie)

***Mortal Kombat*** is an 1995 live-action/adventure movie that was produced by Lauri Apelian and Lawrence Kasanoff and was directed by Paul W.S. Anderson. It is based on the video game franchise, _Mortal Kombat_. _Mortal Kombat_ was released on July 13, 1995 in Argentina & Israel, August 18, 1995 in North America, October 20, 1995 in the United Kingdom and on December 26, 1995 in Australia. The movie received mixed reviews with a 35% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic gave it a 58 out of 100. The movie gained a sequel called _Mortal Kombat: Annihilation_ and it was released in 1997.

## Cast

- Robin Shou as Liu Kang
- Linden Ashby as Johnny Cage (doubled by Brad Martin and J.J. Perry)
- Bridgette Wilson as Sonya Blade
- Christopher Lambert as Raiden
- Talisa Soto as Princess Kitana (doubled by Dana Hee)
- Trevor Goddard as Kano
- Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa as Shang Tsung
- François Petit as Sub-Zero (doubled by Mark Caso)
- Chris Casamassa as Scorpion (doubled by Mitchell Gaylord and Jeff Imada)
- Keith H. Cooke as Reptile
- Kevin Michael Richardson as the voice of Goro
- Gregory McKinney as Jax
- Frank Welker as the voice of Shao Kahn
- Steven Ho as **Chan Kang**
- Hakim Alston as **Fighting Monk**
- Sandy Helberg as the director of Johnny Cage's latest movie

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Mortal Kombat
- **director**: Paul W.S. Anderson
- **producer**: Lauri Apelian
Lawrence Kasanoff
- **writer**: Kevin Droney
- **starring**: Robin Shou
Linden Ashby
Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa
Bridgette Wilson
Christopher Lambert
Talisa Soto
Trevor Goddard
Chris Casamassa
François Petit
- **music**: George S. Clinton
- **cinematography**: John R. Leonetti
- **editing**: Martin Hunter
- **studio**: New Line Cinema
- **distributor**: Warner Bros. Pictures
- **released**: **Argentina & Israel:**
July 13, 1995
**North America:**
August 18, 1995
**United Kingdom:**
October 20, 1995
**Australia:**
December 26, 1995
- **runtime**: 101 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $20,000,000
- **gross**: $122,195,920
X-wing fighter

The **X-wing** is a starfighter from the _Star Wars_ fictional universe. It is seen in the original trilogy movies and many books, games, toys, and other things. It is shown as a main starfighter for the Rebellion and later the New Republic.

## Creation

The X-wing was first made for the movie _Star Wars: A New Hope_ by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). Joe Johnston drew and Colin Cantwell made models that became the final X-wing fighter in _A New Hope_. ILM made miniatures in different sizes, with wing markings showing which prop was for each pilot. Each X-wing model was built around a hollow core to hold parts for effects such as lighting.

Besides the models, the crew made one full-size X-wing for scenes in the Rebels' Yavin IV base hangar; they used editing and cardboard cutouts to make it seem as if there are dozens of fighters. The crew also made a full-size X-wing cockpit that was used for all actors; the astromech droid behind each actor was changed for each starfighter.

## Story

According to _Star Wars_ backstory, the X-wing was designed by Incom Corporation, who left the Empire and gave the X-wing design to the rebels. It is a one-man starfighter which also has a socket for a droid.

The starfighter has four laser cannons and two proton torpedo launchers. Its four wings (called **s-foils**) can fold open or closed. It has four engines and can use hyperspace travel. It also has energy shields for defense.

## Related pages

- TIE fighter
- Millennium Falcon

## Other websites

- Intricate Illustrations of _Star Wars_ Spacecraft Cutouts Reveal Their Inner Mechanics  by Leah Pellegrini April 23, 2016
One Step Closer

"**One Step Closer**" is a song by American rock band Linkin Park. It was released as the first single and second track off the band's first album, _Hybrid Theory_.

## Track listing

All songs are written by Linkin Park except for "High Voltage", which is written by Mike Shinoda, Brad Delson and Joe Hahn; and "My December", which is also written by Shinoda.

1. One Step Closer
1. My December
1. High Voltage
1. One Step Closer (Video)

US promo:
1. One Step Closer (Album Version)
1. One Step Closer (Rock Mix)

10" vinyl:
1. "One Step Closer"
1. "My December"

## Music video

The video starts out with a group of teenage friends hanging out around a dark alley. Two of them follow a strange man wearing a black hooded robe into a door which leads them to an underground room where the band is playing. Strange figures are around doing martial-arts moves. Midway through the song, they knock over a box, and run away when the martial arts people notice them. Towards the end of the song, lead singer Chester Bennington is upside-down.

Joe Hahn, the band's DJ, made the story of the video. Since bassist Dave Farrell has not returned to the band yet, Scott Koziol plays the bass. Gregory Dark directed the video.

## Live shows

"One Step Closer" is the ending song the band's concerts until 2007, where the song was always performed first. In 2008, the band's concerts ended with either the song or "Bleed It Out". From 2003 to 2007, the performances of the song has the verse of Jonathan Davis from his remix of the song in _Reanimation_. In their recent concert tour, _A Thousand Suns World Tour_, the song is either the final song of the concert or the final song of the main set.

## Charts

|Chart|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|_Billboard_ Hot 100|align="center"|75|
|_Billboard_ Hot 100 Airplay|align="center"|68|
|_Billboard_ Mainstream Rock Tracks|align="center"|4|
|_Billboard_ Modern Rock Tracks|align="center"|5|
|Australian Singles Chart|align="center"|4|
|Austrian Singles Chart|align="center"|38|
|Germany Singles Chart|align="center"|32|
|Italian Singles Chart|align="center"|46|
|Dutch Singles Chart|align="center"|57|
|Swedish Singles Chart|align="center"|46|
|Swiss Singles Chart|align="center"|42|
|UK Singles Chart|align="center"|24|

## Other websites

- One Step Closer, My December and High Voltage lyrics

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: One Step Closer
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Linkin Park
- **album**: Hybrid Theory
- **b-side**: * "My December"
* "High Voltage"
- **released**: August 29, 2000
- **recorded**: 2000
- **studio**: NRG Recording Studios, NRG (Los Angeles)
- **genre**: *Nu metal
* alternative metal
* turntablism
- **length**: 2:35
- **label**: Warner Records, Warner Bros.
- **writer**: Linkin Park
- **producer**: Don Gilmore
- **next title**: Crawling (song), Crawling
- **next year**: 2001
Hangar

A **hangar** is a closed structure made to hold aircraft while it is on the ground. It is like a garage but for aircraft instead of cars. A hangar is most often made of metal, but may be made of other things like wood and concrete. It protects the aircraft from weather and sun damage.
Phoenix Park Murders

The **Phoenix Park Murders** were the fatal stabbings on 6 May 1882 in Phoenix Park in Dublin, Ireland. Lord Frederick Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke were killed. Cavendish was the newly appointed Chief Secretary for Ireland, and Burke was the Permanent Undersecretary, the most senior Irish civil servant. The assassination was carried out by members of the "Irish National Invincibles".

## Murders

Cavendish and Burke were attacked as they walked through Phoenix Park to the Viceregal Lodge. This was the "out of season" residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (_the King's representative and head of the Irish affairs_). Thomas Myles, surgeon at the nearby Dr Steevens' Hospital, was called to help the victims.
The Lord Lieutenant, Lord Spencer, described suddenly hearing screams, before seeing a man running to the Lodge grounds shouting "Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke are killed." Responsibility for the political murders was claimed by a small, until then unknown Republican organisation called the _Irish National Invincibles_.

## Investigation

The hunt for the murderers was led by Superintendent John Mallon, a Catholic who came from Armagh.  Mallon had a pretty good idea of who was involved. He suspected a number of former Fenian activists.  A large number of suspects were arrested and kept in prison by claiming they were connected with other crimes. Mallon got several of them to reveal what they knew about the murders.

The Invincibles' leader James Carey, Michael Kavanagh and Joe Hanlon agreed to testify against the others. Joe Brady, Michael Fagan, Thomas Caffrey, Dan Curley and Tim Kelly were convicted of the murder. They were hanged in Kilmainham Gaol in Dublin between 14 May and 4 June 1883. Others were sentenced to serve long prison terms.

## Political results

Irish politician Charles Stewart Parnell made a speech condemning the murders in 1882. This increased his popularity in both Britain and Ireland.

In March 1887, _The Times_ printed letters that said they were written by Parnell. The letters said that he agreed with the murderers of the English politicians, and that his speech saying otherwise was not true. It later came to light that the letters were not written by Parnell. They were forgeries written by journalist Richard Pigott. Parnell was personally shown to be innocent by the Parnell Commission in 1888-89.
Garage

A **garage** is a place for storing cars. There are many kinds of garages used for different things.

## Residential garage

A **residential garage** is a garage that is part of a house or similar building. Some garages are directly connected (called "attached") to the house, while others are separate and called a "detached" garage". The garage will have a large garage door that opens to let cars in and out, which is often opened by a motor. Standard garage door sizes depend on the size and layout of the garage build blueprint and design.

## Parking garage

A parking garage is a large covered structure, often made of concrete, which is used for holding many cars. Parking garages may have more than one level.

## Automobile repair shop

An automobile repair shop may also be called a garage, although it is for repairing cars rather than just storing them.
Melatonin

**Melatonin** is a hormone found in animals, plants, and microbes. In animals, levels of melatonin have a daily cycle. It drives the circadian rhythms of several biological functions.

Melatonin is produced in the pineal gland which is outside of the blood–brain barrier. It acts as a hormone, and is released into the blood.

Melatonin acts on melatonin receptors. It also acts directly because it is a powerful antioxidant, which protects DNA.

Melatonin supplements for humans can be given. Melatonin is categorized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a dietary supplement, not a drug.  A prescription-only, timed release melatonin product for people aged 55 and over was approved for use by the European Medicines Agency in 2007, despite having shown only small effects, and in Australia in 2009.

It is often given to  young people with sleep problems.
Luria–Delbrück experiment

The **Luria–Delbrück experiment**, 1943, also called the 'Fluctuation Test', asks the question: are mutations independent of natural selection? Or are they directed by the selection?

Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria showed that in bacteria, DNA mutations happen randomly. This means they happen at any time, rather than being a response to selection.

So, Darwin's theory of natural selection acting on random mutations applies to bacteria as well as to more complex organisms.

Delbrück and Luria won the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine partly for this work.

## The experiment

In their experiment, Luria and Delbrück grew bacteria in tubes. After a period of growth, they split up the bacteria into separate cultures and put them onto agar containing phage (virus). If virus resistance were not due to random gene mutations, then each plate should contain roughly the same number of resistant colonies. This, however was not what Delbrück and Luria found. Instead, the number of resistant colonies on each plate varied to a great extent.

Luria and Delbrück proposed that these results could be explained by the occurrence of a constant rate of random mutations in each generation of bacteria growing in the initial culture tubes.

## Other websites

- On Mutation lab
Polydactyly

**Polydactyly** is a birth defect which may affect the hands, feet, or both. It causes one or more extra fingers or toes. It can affect people, and other mammals such as dogs, and cats.

It is also called **hyperdactyly**. It is the opposite of oligodactyly.

### Ulnar polydactyly

The classification of ulnar polydactyly exists of either two or three types. In type A, there is another finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint. In type B, there may be a nubbin to an extra finger part.

### Radial polydactyly

The Wassel classification is the most popular classification of radial polydactyly. It is widely used by many scientists.

### Real-life people

- Antonio Alfonseca, retired baseball pitcher.
- Endre Ady, a Hungarian poet
- Gemma Arterton, an English actress
- Robert Chambers and William
- Lucille Clifton, an African-American poet and civil rights advocate
- Zerah Colburn, American prodigious math calculating savant
- Calvin Choy, a Hong Kong singer
- Vicente Fox, former President of Mexico
- Danny Garcia, boxing champion
- Yoandri Hernández Garrido has six fully formed fingers on both hands and six perfect toes on each foot.
- Hampton Hawes, jazz pianist
- Henry II the Pious, High Duke of Poland 1238–1241
- Hong Hong has 31 fingers and toes.
- Kamani Hubbard was born with 12 fingers and 12 toes, all fully functional.
- Johann Jacob Freiherr von Moscon, Lower Styrian baron
- Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong's fourth wife
- Hrithik Roshan, a Bollywood actor
- Nayanthara, an Indian actress
- Akshat Saxena from Uttar Pradesh, India
- Garfield Sobers, West Indian cricketer
- Theodore Roosevelt "Hound Dog" Taylor, Chicago-based American blues guitarist
- Varalakshmi V
- Volcacius Sedigitus, a Roman poet
- Zhu Yunming, a Chinese calligrapher, had six fingers on his right hand.<sup>[_citation needed_]</sup>
- Reggy B, a drag queen and contestant on the second season of Drag Race Holland

### Fictional people

- Hannibal Lecter from _The Silence of the Lambs_
- Stanford Pines from _Gravity Falls_
- Tyrone Rugen from _The Princess Bride_
- Void from the manga series _Berserk_
- Zigzag from _The Thief and the Cobbler_
- Billy from _Adventure Time_
- Kinzo Ushiromiya from _Umineko When They Cry_
- Leah Nichols from _For Better or For Worse_

## Related pages

- Oligodactyly

## References

1. <small>Swanson AB (1976). "A classification for congenital limb malformations". J Hand Surg Am. 1 (1): 8–22. doi:10.1016/s0363-5023(76)80021-4. .Watt AJ, Chung KC (2009). "Duplication". Hand Clin. 25 (2): 215–227. doi:10.1016/j.hcl.2009.01.001. .</small>
1. <small>Biesecker LG (2002). "Polydactyly: how many disorders and how many genes". Am J Med Genet. 12 (3): 279–83. doi:10.1002/ajmg.10779. .</small>
1. <small>Hirota, Yuka; Ueda, Koichi; Umeda, Chizuru; Yoshida, Eriko (2022-11-03). "New Notations for Better Morphological Distinction of Postaxial Polydactyly of the Foot". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open. 10 (11): e4504. doi:10.1097/GOX.0000000000004504. ISSN 2169-7574. PMC 9633084. .</small>
1. <small>Eaton, Charles. "Polydactyly (Extra Fingers)". Retrieved 9 February 2010.</small>
Screen Actors Guild Award

A **Screen Actors Guild Award** is an award given by the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) to recognize outstanding performances by its members. The statuette given, a nude male figure holding both a mask of comedy and a mask of tragedy, is called "The Actor". It is 16 inches tall, weighs over 12 pounds, cast in solid bronze, and produced by the American Fine Arts Foundry in Burbank, California.

SAG Awards have been one of the major awards events in Hollywood since 1995. Nominations for the awards come from 4200 randomly selected members of the union, with the full membership (120,000 as of 2007) available to vote for the winners.  The awards have been televised for the past several years on TNT, but now also airs on TBS.

The first SAG Awards aired live on February 25, 1995 from Stage 12, Universal Studios. The second SAG awards aired live from the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium, while later awards have been held at the Shrine Exposition Center. Bob Hope was given the first award.

### Film awards

- Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture
- Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture
- Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role
- Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role
- Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role
- Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role

### Television awards

- Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries
- Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Miniseries
- Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series
- Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series
- Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series
- Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
- Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
- Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series
- Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series

### Life Achievement Awards

- Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award

## Other websites

- SAG Awards official site
Machair

**Machair** or **machar** is a Gàidhlig (Scottish Gaelic) word used to describe a fertile low-lying grassy plain found on some of the north-west coastlines of Ireland and Scotland, in particular the Outer Hebrides. There are machairs in the Isle of Skye, The Isle of Barra, the Isle of Harris and all throughout the west coast and islands.

## References

- Angus, S. (1997). ''The Outer Hebrides: the Shaping of the Islands". The White Horse Press.
Max Delbrück

**Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück** (September 4, 1906 – March 9, 1981) was a German-American biophysicist and Nobel laureate.

Delbrück was one of the most influential people in the movement of physical scientists into biology during the 20th century.

Delbrück's big idea was to explore genetics by means of the bacteriophage viruses which infect bacteria. This was important in the early development of molecular biology.

## Biography

Delbrück was born in Berlin, German Empire. Trained as a physicist, he got his Ph.D. in 1930. he traveled through England, Denmark, and Switzerland. He met Wolfgang Pauli and Niels Bohr, who got him interested in biology.

In 1937, he moved to the United States to pursue his interests in biology, taking up research in the Biology Division at Caltech on genetics of the fruit fly _Drosophila melanogaster_. While at Caltech Delbrück became acquainted with bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophage or 'phage').

Delbrück remained in the US during World War II, teaching physics at Vanderbilt University in Nashville while pursuing his genetic research. In 1942, he and Salvador Luria of Indiana University demonstrated that bacterial resistance to virus infection is caused by random mutation and not adaptive change. This research, known as the Luria-Delbrück experiment, was also significant for its use of mathematics to make quantitative predictions for the results to be expected from alternative models. For that work, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1969, sharing it with Alfred Hershey.

During the 1940s Delbrück developed a course in bacteriophage genetics at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory to encourage interest in the field. In 1947, Delbrück returned to Caltech as a professor of biology where he remained until 1977.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Max Delbrück
- **image**: Max Delbruck.jpg
- **caption**: Delbrück in the early 1940s
- **birth name**: Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück
- **birth place**: Berlin, German Empire
- **citizenship**: Citizenship in the United States, United States
- **death place**: Pasadena, California, United States
- **field**: Biophysics
- **work institutions**: Kaiser Wilhelm Society, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry
Vanderbilt University
California Institute of Technology, Caltech
- **alma mater**: University of Göttingen
Coat of arms of Mexico

The flag of Mexico contains a **coat of arms** which is derived from an Aztec symbol depicting an eagle with a snake in its mouth.

In the early 14th century, the Mexica people were a wandering tribe  looking for a permanent settlement in modern day central Mexico. They survived by hunting and gathering and were often hired to fight as mercenaries for the city-states scattered throughout the region. According to legend, their god, Huitzilopochtli, told them to establish a city of their own at a site where they would find an eagle eating a snake on top of a cactus. The legend relates that the people saw the eagle on a small, swampy island in the middle of the shallow Texcoco lake. The Mexica invented a resourceful system of gardening, called chinampas, which allowed them to grow small gardens, eventually drying out the lake. In 1325, they completed construction of a city there. That city, which they called Tenochtitlan, became the capital of the Aztec Empire, which dominated central Mexico until its destruction by Spanish Conquistadores led by Hernando Cortes.

After winning its independence from Spain in 1810, the newly created nation of Mexico–whose capital was built on the ruins of Tenochtitlan–adopted the symbol of the eagle and the snake to commemorate its Aztec heritage. The symbol can be found at the center of the Mexican flag.

## References

- http://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/45177.html
- http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/articles/article/Mexico/Mexican-Flag-Symbol/1074
San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan

**San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan** started out as an agricultural and population center for the Olmec civilization, which inhabited a region of what is today southeastern Mexico. The Olmecs emerged as early as 1500 BC as the earliest complex society in the Americas. San Lorenzo is best known as the first city established in the Americas.

The main reason San Lorenzo flourished at such an early period is its location within the Coatzacoalcos flood plain, which provided fertile land for farming. Thus, the settlement of San Lorenzo follows the pattern of settlement of the world’s very first urban centers, which emerged in the fertile river valleys of Mesopotamia. Because of the high farming value of the surrounding land, San Lorenzo ranked as the Olmecs’ most populous settlement from 1200-900 BC. During that period, San Lorenzo had the biggest trade market in all of the Olmec Heartland.

For unknown reasons, many people migrated out of San Lorenzo in 800 BC to the nearby city of La Venta. However, San Lorenzo was repopulated in 600 BC, when it became a center for Olmec ritual sacrifices until the population faded away in 400 BC along with the Olmec civilization. Today, San Lorenzo remains a significant archaeological site because the artifacts found there–including the famous Colossal Heads and jade masks–shed some light on Olmec culture and its profound influence on later Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Aztec and Maya.
Terrace farming

**Terrace farming** (also called **step farming**) is a method of farming that consists of different "steps" or terraces that were developed in various places around the world. The rice terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are an example and are considered a World Heritage Site.

This method of farming uses "steps" that are built into the side of a mountain or hill. On each level, various crops are planted. When it rains, instead of washing away all of the nutrients in the soil, the nutrients are carried down to the next level. These steps prevent water from washing away the soil and plants. This system also allowed them to build aqueducts, which carried water to each level.

The idea was also independently developed by the Inca people. The Incas built their aqueduct system so well that it is still used today.

## References

- Terrace Farming: A unique agricultural solution. Social Studies for Kids. Web. 11 Apr. 2011.

## Other websites

- Terrace Fields around the World
Sapa Inca

**Sapa Inca** was the  Inca emperor. __ means "The Great Inca" or "The Only Inca" in Quechua, the Inca language. According to legend, the first Sapa Inca, Manco Cápac (c. 1200 CE- 1230) was the son of the sun god, Inti. Manco Cápac became Sapa Inca by founding the city of Cuzco after he was sent on a quest by a god to find a good location for a city and build one. He also united the tribes around Cuzco.

The position of Sapa Inca was hereditary, which means that it passed from father to son. The Sapa Inca was the sole and absolute ruler over the Incas. His word was law, and he was the supreme commander of the military. The Sapa Inca lived in great luxury with many wives, slaves, and riches. Another privilege that he had was that he was allowed to (and usually was prohibited for common people. When the Sapa Inca died he would be mummified.

The Inca Empire reached its height under Huayna Capac (1493–1527) when it stretched from modern-day Argentina to Ecuador, although Tupac Inca Yupanqui (1471-1493) was responsible for expanding much of the empire to those borders. Tupac Yupanqui conquered the Kingdom of Chimor, the biggest rival to the Inca. He expanded the empire into modern-day Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Atahualpa was the last pre-conquest Sapa Inca. He was killed by the invading Spaniards in 1533 and after that, there were several Sapa Inca who was installed by the Spanish. The last person to hold the title was Tupac Amaru who was killed by the Spanish in 1572.
STS-1

**STS-1** was the first flight of the space shuttle. It launched on April 12, 1981 and landed on April 14. It was launched 20 years after the first manned space flight. The space shuttle used was _Columbia_. Space Shuttle Columbia orbited the Earth 37 times in this mission.

## External tank

STS-1 was the first of two missions with a painted external tank. The paint was put to protect the external tank from ultraviolet light when it was standing on the launch pad. After STS-2, the paint was removed
Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir

**Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir** (; born  1944) is the former President of Sudan. He came into power in 1989 and resigned in 2019 following massive anti-protests and a coup. In October 2004, Omar's government negotiated an end to the second Sudanese civil war, one of the longest-running and deadliest wars of the 20th century. However, there has been a violent conflict in Darfur that has resulted in a death toll between 200,000 and 400,000. During his presidency, there have been several violent struggles between the rebel groups such as the Sudanese Liberation Army (SLA) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) in the form of warfare in the Darfur region. The civil war has resulted in over 2.5 million people being displaced, and the relations between Sudan and Chad are at a crisis.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Omar al-Bashir
<big>عمر البشير</big>
- **image**: The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of Sudan, Mr. Omar al-Bashir, in New Delhi on October 30, 2015 (cropped2).jpg
- **caption**: Bashir in October 2015
- **office**: President of Sudan
- **order**: 7th
- **term start**: 16 October 1993
- **birth name**: Omar Hassan Ahmad Al-Bashir
- **term end**: 11 April 2019
Acting President of Sudan, Acting: 30 June 1989 – 16 October 1993
- **predecessor**: Ahmed al-Mirghani
- **successor**: Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
- **birth place**: Hosh Bannaga, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Sudan
- **party**: National Congress Party (Sudan), National Congress Party
- **spouse**: Fatima Khalid
Widad Babiker Omer
- **alma mater**: Egyptian Military Academy
- **allegiance**:

- **branch**: Sudan People's Armed Forces, Sudanese Army
Egyptian Army
- **serviceyears**: 1960–2013
- **rank**: : Field Marshal
- **battles**: First Sudanese Civil War
Yom Kippur War
Second Sudanese Civil War
Regression (psychology)

**Regression** is a word used in psychology on defense mechanism. It means the act of reversing the ego into an earlier state which allows one to avoid dealing with impulses in a mature manner.

A common example of regression is “curling up into a ball” (also known as the fetal position) when stressed, ill, or wounded.
Displacement (psychology)

**Displacement** is a word used in Freudian psychology for an unconscious defence mechanism. Example: the mind redirects thoughts, emotions, desires from an object or person felt to be dangerous or unacceptable to an object or person felt to be safe or acceptable.

More generally, the substitute of one response by another, when the original response is blocked: displaced aggression.
Ego depletion

**Ego depletion** is the idea that people get tired of making decisions because it is a neuro-chemical process that requires energy.
Central dogma of molecular biology

The **central dogma of molecular biology** is a phrase by Francis Crick, who proposed the double helix structure of DNA.
It means that information passes from DNA to proteins via RNA, but proteins cannot pass the information back to DNA.

Crick first wrote it in 1958, and repeated it in 1970.

The dogma is a framework for understanding the transfer of sequence information.

There are 3 major classes of such biopolymers: DNA and RNA (both nucleic acids), and protein. There are 3×3 = 9 conceivable direct transfers of information that can occur between these. The dogma classes these into 3 groups of 3:
- 3 **general transfers** (believed to occur normally in most cells),
- 3 **special transfers** (known to occur, but only under specific conditions in case of some viruses or in a laboratory), and
- 3 **unknown transfers** (believed never to occur).

The general transfers describe the normal flow of biological information: DNA can be copied to DNA (DNA replication),  DNA information can be copied into mRNA, (transcription), and proteins can be synthesized using the information in mRNA as a template (translation).

The dogma is a modern version of the Weismann barrier (after August Weismann). This is the principle that hereditary information moves only from genes to body cells, and never in reverse. Hereditary information moves only from germline cells to somatic cells.
Ubar

**Ubar** is a ruined city in Oman. English adventurer Ranulph Fiennes discovered the city in 1992. According to Nicolas Clapp, this probably is the lost city Iram of the Pillars the Qu'ran talks about.

Today, ruins are left, which can be reached in a four-wheel drive. Part of the area forms the ceiling to underground vaults, which have collapsed. These vaults hold water supplies for a nearby settlement, which houses a small museum.
Wavves

**Wavves** (pronounced "waves") is an American noise pop band based out of San Diego, California. They formed in 2008, and are currently signed to Fat Possum Records.

### Albums

- _Wavves_ (Woodsist, 2008)
- _Wavvves_ (Fat Possum, Bella Union, 2009)
- _King of the Beach_ (Fat Possum, August 2010)  US #168

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Wavves
- **image**: Wavves live.png
- **caption**: Pope (left) and Williams (right)
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: San Diego, California, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Surf rock
Noise rock
Punk rock
Surf punk
Lo-fi music, Lo-fi
Indie rock
Shoegaze
- **years active**: 2008–present
- **label**: Woodsist, Fat Possum, Tic Tac Totally
- **associated acts**: Best Coast, The Mae Shi, Hella
- **website**: [http://www.myspace.com/wavves MySpace page]
- **current members**: Nathan Williams
Stephen Pope
Jacob Cooper
- **past members**: Ryan Ulsh
Zach Hill
Billy Hayes (musician), Billy Hayes
Daniel Catán

**Daniel Catán Porteny** (3 April 1949 in Mexico City - 9 April 2011 in Austin, Texas) was a Mexican opera composer of Jewish descent. He is best known for turning the Italian movie, _Il Postino_, into an opera. He was working at the University of Texas at Austin on a new opera based on the Frank Capra movie, _Meet John Doe_.

## Other websites

- Official Website of Daniel Catán
- Official Facebook Page of Daniel Catán
- G. Schirmer Inc.  Daniel Catán's Music Publisher
Jerry Jones

**Jerral "Jerry" Wayne Jones** (born October 13, 1942 in Los Angeles, California) is the owner and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys in the NFL.  He has owned the team since 1989.
Texas Motor Speedway

**Texas Motor Speedway** is a racetrack in Fort Worth, Texas. It hosts two races a year in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. It first opened in 1996. Its layout is similar to the track layout of Atlanta Motor Speedway and Charlotte Motor Speedway (which used to be known as Lowe's Motor Speedway).

### NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Records

<small>(As of 11/7/10)</small>

<small>from minimum 10 starts.</small>

### NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Race Winners

- An asterisk (*) indicates that the race was extended beyond the scheduled distance due to the green-white-checker finish rule
|Season|Date|Winning Driver|Car #|Sponsor|Make|Distance|Avg Speed|Margin of Victory|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1997|April 6|Jeff Burton|99|Exide Batteries|Ford Thunderbird|||4.067 sec|
|1998|April 5|Mark Martin|6|Valvoline|Ford Taurus|||0.573 sec|
|1999|March 28|Terry Labonte|5|Kellogg's|Chevrolet Monte Carlo|||UC|
|2000|April 2|Dale Earnhardt, Jr.|8|Budweiser|Chevrolet Monte Carlo|||5.920 sec|
|2001|April 1|Dale Jarrett|88|UPS|Ford Taurus|||0.73 sec|
|2002|April 8|Matt Kenseth|17|DeWalt|Ford Taurus|||0.888 sec|
|2003|March 30|Ryan Newman|12|Alltel|Dodge Intrepid|||3.405 sec|
|2004|April 4|Elliott Sadler|38|M&Ms|Ford Taurus|||0.028 sec|
|2005|April 17|Greg Biffle|16|Post-it/National Guard|Ford Taurus|||3.244 sec|
|2005|November 6|Carl Edwards|99|Office Depot|Ford Taurus|||0.584 sec|
|2006|April 9|Kasey Kahne|9|Dodge Dealers/UAW|Dodge Charger|||5.229 sec|
|2006|November 5|Tony Stewart|20|Home Depot|Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS|508.5* mi||0.272 sec|
|2007|April 15|Jeff Burton|31|Prilosec OTC|Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS|||0.410 sec|
|2007|November 4|Jimmie Johnson|48|Lowes/Kobalt|Chevrolet Monte Carlo SS|||0.944 sec|
|2008|April 6|Carl Edwards|99|Aflac|Ford Fusion|508.5* mi||0.399 sec|
|2008|November 2|Carl Edwards|99|Office Depot|Ford Fusion|||8.310 sec|
|2009|April 5|Jeff Gordon|24|DuPont/National Guard GED Plus|Chevrolet Impala SS|||0.378 sec|
|2009|November 8|Kurt Busch|2|Miller Lite Operation Home Front|Dodge Charger|||25.686 sec|
|2010|April 19|Denny Hamlin|11|FedEx Ground|Toyota Camry|||0.152 sec|
|2010|November 7|Denny Hamlin|11|FedEx Office|Toyota Camry|||0.488 sec|
|2011|April 9|Matt Kenseth|17|Crown Royal Black|Ford Fusion|||8.315 sec|

## Other websites

- Texas Motor Speedway Official Site
- Texas Motor Speedway Page  on NASCAR.com
Little Caesars

**Little Caesars** is a pizza company in the United States. It is the 4th biggest pizza company in the United States. It was founded on May 8, 1959 in Garden City, Michigan by Mike Ilitch. It is a subsidiary of Ilitch Holdings, Inc.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc.
- **company logo**: Little Caesars in Marquette, Michigan.jpg
- **company type**: Restaurant
- **foundation**: Garden City, Michigan, U.S. (May 8, 1959)
- **location**: Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
- **key people**: Mike Ilitch (Owner and founder)
Marian Ilitch (Owner)
David Scrivano (President)
- **products**: Pizza, Breadsticks
- **homepage**: [http://www.littlecaesars.com/ littlecaesars.com]
Whataburger

**Whataburger** is a fast food restaurant that specifically makes hamburgers. It was founded in 1950 in the city of Corpus Christi, Texas. The restaurant chain was completely on portable stands until the first permanent store was built in 1961. Most Whataburger locations are open for all 24 hours in the day.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Whataburger
- **logo**: Whataburger logo.svg
- **logo size**: 100px
- **company type**: Privately held company
- **foundation**: 1950
- **location**: San Antonio, Texas
- **industry**: Fast food
- **products**: Hamburgers, chicken, breakfast, salad
- **num employees**: 22,500 (as of September 2012)
- **homepage**: [http://whataburger.com/ Official website]
Monday Night Football

** ESPN Monday Night Football** is a television show about the NFL which is broadcast on the channel ESPN and ABC and is on every Monday during the NFL season. Monday Night Football's first run was on September 21, 1970. It is currently airing.
The Human League

**The Human League** is a British pop music band from Sheffield. The Human League has 3 members: Philip Oakey, Joanne Catherall, and Susan Ann Sulley. The band originally had 6 members. The other 3 members were Ian Burden, Jo Callis, and Philip Adrian Wright. They all left The Human League in the late 1980s.

The Human League started in 1977 and they had their greatest success during the 1980s. They continue to make new music today. Philip Oakey, the band's singer, is the only Human League member that has been with the band since it started. The other 2 members, Joanne Catherall and Susan Ann Sulley, joined The Human League in 1980.

The Human League has made 10 albums. Their newest album is called "Credo" and it was released in March 2011. Some of The Human League's hit songs are "Don't You Want Me", "Keep Feeling Fascination", "The Lebanon" and "Human".

## Albums

Below is a list of all the albums by The Human League.
- _Reproduction_ (1979)
- _Travelogue_ (1980)
- _Dare_ (1981)
- _Fascination_ (1983)
- _Hysteria_ (1984)
- _Crash_ (1986)
- _Romantic_ (1990)
- _Octopus_ (1995)
- _Secrets_ (2001)
- _Credo_ (2011)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Human League
- **img**: The Human League 2007.jpg
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **img capt**: The Human League in 2008
From left: Susan Ann Sulley, Philip Oakey, Joanne Catherall
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Future (1977)
The Men
The League Unlimited Orchestra (1982)
- **origin**: Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England
- **genre**: Electronic music, Electronic
Synthpop
New Wave music, New Wave
Electropop
Avant-garde music, Avant-garde
- **years active**: 1977–present
- **label**: Fast Product
EMI
Wall of Sound (record label), Wall of Sound
Virgin Records, Virgin
- **associated acts**: B.E.F. (British Electric Foundation), Heaven 17, Giorgio Moroder
- **current members**: Joanne Catherall
Philip Oakey
Susan Ann Sulley
- **past members**: Ian Burden
Jo Callis
Ian Craig  Marsh
Martyn Ware
Philip Adrian Wright   Jim Russell
20/20 (American TV program)

***20/20*** is a television newsmagazine on ABC. It has been on ABC since June 6, 1978 and is currently airing. 20/20 is recently hosted by Chris Cuomo and Elizabeth Vargas, currently hosted by David Muir and Deborah Roberts.

## Anchors

- Harold Hayes (1987)
- Robert Hughes (1978)
- Hugh Downs (1978–1999)
- Barbara Walters (1979–2004)
- Diane Sawyer (1998–2000)
- Charles Gibson (1998–2000)
- Sam Donaldson (1998–2000)
- Connie Chung (1998–2002)
- Jack Ford (2000–2001)
- John Miller (2002–2003)
- John Stossel (2003–2009)
- Elizabeth Vargas (2004–2018)
- Chris Cuomo (2009–2013)
- David Muir (since 2013)
- Amy Robach (since 2018)

## Other websites

- Official ABC News website
Hit the Road, Jack

**"Hit the Road Jack"** is a rhythm and blues song from the 1960s.

## History

Percy Mayfield wrote and sang "Hit the Road, Jack" in 1960.

Ray Charles made the song famous. Ray Charles's song was number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in fall of 1961.

The song is ranked #377 on the Rolling Stone magazine's list of _The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time_.

The first recording was a cappella. Ray Charles did it with his lover, Margie Hendrix. The song uses what is known as Andalusian cadence.

Today, there are many versions. Richard Anthony did a version in French, Monica Zetterlund one in Swedish.

## Lyrics

The chorus of the song is:
- Hit the road, Jack, and don't you come back no more, no more, no more, no more.
- Hit the road, Jack, and don't you come back no more.

The words of this song are not standard English. In standard English, the words could be "Hit the road, Jack, and don't come back again" or "Hit the road, Jack, and don't come back anymore"

In this context, "hit the road" is an idiom meaning "get lost," as the following words indicate.

## Recording Details

For the most popular recording
- Title: "Hit the Road Jack"
- Artist: Single by Ray Charles
- B-side: "The Danger Zone"
- Released: September 1961
- Format: 7", 45rpm
- Genre: R&B
- Length: 2:00
- Label: ABC
- Writer(s): Percy Mayfield