juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hamburger

A **hamburger** or **burger** is a type of sandwich with a patty of meat which is usually beef. Tomatos, onions, cheese, salad dressings, sauces and relishes may also be added. The hamburger may be eaten without a knife and fork. It can be eaten anywhere.

Hamburgers were originally made in Germany. They are popular around the world. What we now know as a hamburger was created in the United States in the 19th century. Hamburgers appeared on menus in England and the United States in the 19th century, and became a popular food after the 1904 World's Fair.  What is called a hamburger throughout the world today was different than the first German hamburgers. German dishes often involved a steak or sausage between pieces of bread instead of ground meat.

Many American fast food restaurants, such as

Wendy's, Burger King and McDonald's, serve hamburgers.

A cheeseburger is a hamburger that also has cheese.  Hamburgers can be served with other things besides cheese, such as chili, or even guacamole.

Even though the name has the word ham in it, it does not usually have ham, and is usually made of beef.
Richard Marsland

**Richard Marsland** (a.k.a. **Armitage Shanks**, 1976 - 2008) was an Australian comedy writer, actor, comedian and radio personality.

He was best known for his work on television shows, for example _The Glass House_ and _Rove Live_. He also co-hosted on Triple M with Pete Helliar and Myf Warhurst, as well as a daily morning show in Adelaide called AM Adelaide. He then hosted the Late Date Show with Bessie Bardot on 2DayFM, 92.9 and Fox FM.

In December 2008, Marsland died. The cause of his death is not known.

## On Air Nicknames

- Marsland had many nicknames given to him by the _Get This_ hosts. They also often refer to his Wikipedia page and the constant battle between Wikipedia moderators and users expanding the list and vandalising the page.

- His 'self-assigned' nickname, used as a pseudo-stagename was "Armitage Shanks" (the name of a manufacturer of bathroom fixtures and plumbing supplies)
- His favourite nicknames were "Marslando Calrissian" and "Dikipedia"
- His least favourite was "Mars Bar"

## Other websites

- Alphabetical list of Marsland's nicknames
Ed Kavalee

**Edward Robert Kavalee** (born 30 June 1979) (also known as **The Prize King**) is an Australian actor and radio host.  Ed is a graduate of Screenwise, Australia's Leading Film & TV School for actors in Sydney. He is on _Santo, Sam and Ed’s Sports Fever!_, with Santo Cilauro and Sam Pang

He was on the _Get This_ radio show on Triple M in Australia with Tony Martin.  He was also part of the cast of _Thank God You're Here_, and host of _TV Burp_.

Kavalee is an experienced Theatresports performer, and is part of the ensemble cast on Working Dog Productions' improvised comedy show _Thank God You're Here_.

Kavalee said on Get This on September 26, 2006 that he auditioned for a role playing Buddy Holly in an American telemovie but was too tall.

## Other websites

- Official Ed Kavalee page on Triple M
- _Get This_ official page on Triple-M's Melbourne web site

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ed Kavalee
- **years active**: 2005–present
- **birth place**: Australia
- **occupation**: Actor, writer, radio host
Meow

A **meow** or **miaow** is a sound made by cats. There are different types of meows, such as ones that mean the same thing as "hello," ones that ask for food, or ones that let people know when they are annoyed, among other things.

The meow is used by kittens to their mother. It is a plea for attention, and experts think pet cats use it because they often need owners to do things for them. Adult cats do not meow to other cats.

Different languages have different ways of spelling "meow." For example, English has been using the _meow_ spelling since 1842 and before that, it used the _miaow_, _miau_, or _meaw_ spellings. Spanish and German still use the _miau_ spelling while French uses the _miaou_ spelling.

Cats in Ancient Egypt were called "Mau".
October Revolution

The **October Revolution** was a revolution in Russia that started on 1917 November 7 (October 25 o.s.). The Bolsheviks were led by Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and Leon Trotsky. They overthrew the previous Russian Provisional Government led by Alexander Kerensky. Its uprising started on 24 October.

The Bolsheviks faced little or no opposition. The insurrection was timed and organized to hand state power to the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which began on 25 October. After a single day of revolution eighteen people had been arrested and two had been killed. The Bolsheviks captured telegraph and telephone offices, railway stations, newspaper offices and government institutions. Red Guards (armed workers), sailors from the Baltic fleet, and parts of the army fought for the revolution.

The October Revolution inspired a revolutionary wave across the world, including the Hungarian revolution, the German revolution of 1918-1919, and the Chinese revolution of 1925-27.

## October revolution

This was the second of two revolutions in the Russian Revolution. The first part was the February Revolution. The second was this October revolution.

Some Russians did not like the previous Tsarist government.
In the 1900s Russia was poor. It lost the Russo-Japanese War. They only recently ended serfdom, where peasants were forced to farm for nobles who owned the land. Since Russia is pretty far north, growing food was not easy, and they were often hit by famine and food shortages. The government was also corrupt: the tsar Nicholas did not listen to the parliament, and Rasputin was murdered. They industrialized later than Europe and the United States of America. So when Russia entered World War I, they lost a lot of soldiers fighting Germany, which was more industrialized. For all of these reasons, people got angry and blamed the tsar.

In the February revolution, some workers and peasants protested. Police shot and killed some, but more protestors kept coming. Nicholas gave up the throne. This ended centuries of Romanov rule. Alex Kerensky started a new provisional government. It was ruled by the bourgeoisie, or the wealthy upper-middle class. The war against the Germans continued. It drained food supplies. In the October revolution they overthrew the weak provisional government without that much of killing the people.

The leader Lenin wanted a new government ruled by the soldiers, peasants, and workers. Having lost power, the nobles of Alex's governments, as well as the  of the previous tsar government, were not happy. They created the white army and fought Lenin and his red army. This was the Russian Civil War. Lenin won and so the communist Soviet Union was born.

This was the start of communist rule in Russia. It was a model Marxist revolution where the proletariat peasants and workers overthrew the bourgeoisie capitalist nobles. It inspired similar revolutions across Europe and in China. Communism forms the foundation of some of these nations today. The roots can be traced back to socialist ideas developed in the 19th century, and to the 1917 October revolution.
Experience

**Experience** is knowledge a person gets by doing something or watching someone else do it.  Experience is learning through actions.

Some religious groups and teaching methods value learning by experiencing.
For example, if someone wants to learn about the game chess, they would play several games. By making mistakes and learning from them, they learn more rather than just reading about playing.

## Types of experience

Experience is often divided into four types:

|Type|Example|
| --- | --- |
|Body|A physical activity like riding a bicycle|
|Mind|A mental activity like playing chess|
|Heart|Learned from dealing with emotions like being in love|
|Soul|spiritual learning by prayer|

Someone who experienced by watching or doing something himself is said to have _first-hand experience_.

When one person tells another person, the other person has _second-hand experience_.

When an experience is felt or enjoyed through imagined participation, the person has had a "_vicarious experience_".

A religious experience is a spiritual event seen by someone. Holy books like the Bible talk about visions or dreams where men like Moses, Daniel or Jesus met God. Mystics also describe these events, and offer advice. William James wrote a famous book about the kinds of religious experience.

## Proverbs about Experience

- "Only the foolish learn from experience — the wise learn from the experience of others." Romanian proverb. (Fools go out, make their own mistakes and learn from them. Smart people learn from others' mistakes.)
- "Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will learn in no other." Benjamin Franklin (Fools refuse to learn in school from textbooks or teachers. Fools choose to learn only from their own mistakes. They will not learn in a school classroom.) or (Experience is a great teacher and teaches many of life's most important lessons, but only fools will refuse to get new knowledge in other ways too. Examples of other ways to learn things are listening, reading, remembering, and reasoning.)

## Related pages

- A priori and a posteriori
- Empiricism

## Other websites

- http://www.primeguru.com (Site discontinued) Learn from other's experiences and let others learn from your experiences
Fresh Meadows, Queens

**Fresh Meadows** is a neighborhood in northeastern part of the borough of Queens in New York City, which is bordered to the east by Francis Lewis Boulevard, to the south by Union Turnpike, to the north by Kissena Park, and to the west by Utopia Parkway and Fresh Meadows Lane.

Fresh Meadows is also the name of a housing development (housing estate) in the neighborhood, along 188th Street. The Fresh Meadows buildings were built in the late 1940s and were for lower middle & middle-class people. It is one of three housing areas built by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company after World War II, the others are Stuyvesant Town in Manhattan and Parkchester in the Bronx.

The Long Island Expressway runs through the neighborhood. Main streets are 188th Street, Horace Harding Expressway, 73rd Avenue, Utopia Parkway, and Fresh Meadows Lane.

The 107th Precinct of the New York City Police Department (NYPD) covers this neighborhood.

Kissena Park and Cunningham Park are both located next to Fresh Meadows.

Fresh Meadows is also home to St. Francis Preparatory School, the largest Catholic high school in the United States. Francis Lewis High School, P.S. 26 (Rufus King school), M.S. 216 (George J. Ryan Middle School), and P.S. 173 (The Fresh Meadows School) are other schools in the neighborhood.
Miranda (moon)

**Miranda** is one of Uranus' moons. It is the smallest, and the one which has the least rotation time. Gerard Kuiper discovered it in 1948, February 16th and named it after Miranda, Prospero's daughter in William Shakespeare's play _The Tempest_. Sometimes it is also called **Uranus V**.

It's one of Uranus' strangest moons. Its complex surface may indicate partial melting of its interior, with icy material drifting to the surface.

The probe Voyager 2 made some photos in 1986. These are the only images that exist, so far. Geologically, it is the most active body in the Uranus system. The grooves and troughs reach depths of a few kilometers (or miles) and expose materials of different albedos (reflectivity). The features suggest a long, complex geologic evolution of this satellite.
100s

The **100s** lasted from 100 to 109.

## Events

- In the first century Dio Chrysostom writes that Lions are extinct in Europe.
- Trajan leads a military campaign against the Dacians, 101-106.
- Tacitus writes his work Historiae.
- In the more northern cities of the Roman Empire, rich people start to use central heating.
130s

The **130s** was the decade that started on January 1, 130 and ended on December 31, 139.

## Events

- 130 - The Temple of Olympian Zeus is completed at Athens.
- 131 - The Temple of Baalshamin is built in Palmyra.
- 132 - Chinese scientist Zhang Heng invents the first seismometer.
- 136 - Pope Hyginus succeeds Pope Telesphorus as the ninth pope.
- 138 February 25 – Emperor Hadrian makes Antoninus Pius his successor, if Pius adopts Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.
- 139 - Marcus Aurelius is named Caesar.

## Important people

- Hadrian, Roman Emperor
Saint Margaret

There are several saints named Margaret:
- Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque (see Marie Alacoque)
- Saint Margaret of Cortona
- Saint Margaret of England
- Saint Margaret of Scotland
- Saint Margaret the Virgin
- Saint Margaret the Widow
- Saint Margaret of Hungary (1242–1270)
Saint Thomas

**Saint Thomas** or **St. Thomas** may refer to:

## People

- Thomas the Apostle (died AD 72), Jewish-Christian Apostle and Saint of the 1st century
- Thomas Becket (died 1170), also called Saint Thomas of Canterbury and Saint Thomas the Martyr
- Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), Catholic philosopher and theologian
- Thomas More (1478–1535), English lawyer, philosopher, author, statesman

### France

- Saint-Thomas, Aisne, France
- Saint-Thomas, Haute-Garonne, France

### United States

- St. Thomas, Minnesota
- St. Thomas, Missouri
- Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, an island in the Caribbean Sea

### West Indies region

- Saint Thomas, Barbados
- Saint Thomas Parish, Jamaica
- Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands

### Africa

- São Tomé (St. Thomas), an island in São Tomé and Príncipe
Brother (disambiguation)

**Brother** may refer to:

- Monk, the male version of a nun
- A fraternity member
- A member of a peer group who is male
- A male family member with the same parents (sibling). Also see the Wiktionary page
- An African-American male
Konrad Adenauer

**Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer** (born 5 January 1876 in Cologne; died 19 April 1967 in Rhöndorf (part of Bad Honnef)). From 1949 to 1963 he was the first Bundeskanzler (chancellor) of the Federal Republic of Germany and from 1951 to 1955 was foreign secretary the same time.

Adenauer was the third of five children of a court secretary in Cologne. His family was Catholic. Konrad Adenauer started his political career in 1906 in the city assembly of Cologne. From 1917 to 1933 and again in 1945 he was mayor of Cologne.
Adenauer was a member of the Catholic Zentrum Party. When the Nazi Party took power he lost his job. At first he worked with the Nazis, but after the conspiracy to kill Hitler failed in 1944 he hid for his own safety.

After the war he became mayor of Cologne again, but lost the job after a few months.

In the Parlamentarischer Rat of West Germany, he was one of the top politicians and the President. He founded the CDU at the same time.
He was important in making Bonn the West German capital instead of Frankfurt am Main.

In 1949 he was elected as the first Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.
He made sure West Germany joined the side of the western capitalist countries in the Cold War. He also helped West Germany join NATO. He was reelected three times.

In 1964 he stopped being chancellor. He was a member of the Bundestag until his death at 91 years old.

## Other websites

- (

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Konrad Adenauer
- **image**: Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer.jpg
- **office1**: Federal Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Chancellor of Germany
- **president1**: Theodor Heuss
Heinrich Lübke
- **deputy1**: Franz Blücher
Ludwig Erhard
- **term start1**: 15 September 1949
- **term end1**: 16 October 1963
- **predecessor1**: Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz von Krosigk
<small>(Leading Minister)</small>
- **successor1**: Ludwig Erhard
- **birth place**: Cologne, German Empire
- **death place**: Bad Honnef, West Germany
- **spouse**: Emma Weyer
<small>(1904-1916)
</small>Auguste Zinsser
<small>(1919-1948)</small>
- **children**: 8
- **party**: Centre Party (Germany), Centre Party
<small>(1906-1933)</small>
Christian Democratic Union (Germany), Christian Democratic Union
<small>(1945-1967)</small>
- **alma mater**: University of Freiburg
University of Munich
University of Bonn
Miri Ben-Ari

**Miri Ben-Ari** is a hip-hop violinist.  She was born in Israel in 1978 and was brought up in a small town near Tel Aviv. She was trained as a classical violinist.  She was a prodigy and was praised by famous violinists like Yehudi Menuhin and Isaac Stern.

At the age of 16 she took herself to the United States.  She spoke no English at the time. In New York City, she met several musicians such as the trumpeter Wynton Marsalis who supported her.  She became interested in contemporary R&B (Rhythm and Blues) and hip-hop. In January 2001 she appeared in the Carnegie Hall with the rapper Wyclef Jean.  Later that year her TV performances on _Showtime at the Apollo_ added to her fame. Her second jazz album, entitled _Song of The Promised Land_ features the dance single _Peace in the Middle East_ as well as two tracks together with Wynton Marsalis.  She has now sold millions of records, and is known as “the hip-hop violinist”.  This was the title of a record released in 2005 by Universal which includes the single “Sunshine to the Rain” featuring Scarface and Anthony Hamilton.  In 2004 she toured world-wide with rapper Kanye West.   She has a very personal sound which is a mixture of Classical, jazz, hip-hop, R&B and world music.  She won her first Grammy award in 2005 for co-writing “Jesus Walks” which received a trophy for the “Best Rap Song” in 2005.
Alderaan

**Alderaan** is a fictional planet found in the _Star Wars _series of movies created by George Lucas. It is the home of the characters Princess Leia Organa and Senator Bail Organa. The surface of Alderaan is only seen for a short time at the end of _Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith_ (2005). The entire planet is destroyed in _Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope_ (1977) when the Death Star fires a laser beam at the planet, which then explodes, killing everyone on it.
San Francisco Municipal Railway

**San Francisco Municipal Railway** (or **MUNI**) is the public transit agency that runs buses, cable car, and subway service in the city of San Francisco, California. MUNI runs diesel and trolleybuses that run throughout San Francisco, three Cable Car lines that run through the Financial District and Chinatown (with service to Fisherman's Wharf) and the Market Street surface, seven light rail lines that run below Market Street and two Historic Streetcar lines.

Muni operates 365 days a year and connects with other transportation services, such as Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) and Caltrain commuter trains, along with AC Transit, Golden Gate Transit and SamTrans buses and ferries from Golden Gate Ferries and San Francisco Bay Ferry.

### Bus

Muni operates forty-four local bus routes; two are operated during weekday peak hours. A number of routes have different terminals during evenings and/or weekends. Some routes also operate short turn route services during peak hours to deal with crowding on buses.

Rapid lines have an R following their route number. Muni operates five Rapid bus routes. The Rapid routes largely follow the route of the local buses but have fewer stops on the corridor.

Express lines have an X, AX, or BX following their route number. Muni operates twelve express bus routes. Most of the express routes run on highways and on one-way traffic. These express routes also operate during peak hours.

Muni operates fourteen owl routes. Owl routes are operated at midnight. Some local daytime routes are shortened during owl service. And some owl routes also cover big or small parts of daytime bus routes.

### Muni Metro

Muni operates seven light rail lines and has its own subway tunnel underneath Market Street. Each of these routes is named with a letter instead of a number.

#### Heritage streetcars

Muni operates two historic streetcar lines, these routes are operated by streetcars and are mostly treated as tourist attractions by tourists.

### Cable Cars

Muni operates three cable car lines, these routes are based out of the cable car barn at Mason and Washington streets.

## Other websites

- NextBus for Muni, a GPS system that predicts vehicle arrival times.
- Market Street Railway

## Infobox (public transit)

- **name**: San Francisco Municipal Railway
- **image**: Muni worm logo.svg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **owner**: San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency
- **locale**: San Francisco
- **transit type**: Bus, trolleybus, light rail, streetcar, Cable car (railway), cable car
- **lines**: List of San Francisco Municipal Railway lines, 83
- **daily ridership**: 716,000
Cartilage

**Cartilage** is a flexible connective tissue found in many parts of the body. It can bend a bit, but resists stretching.

Its main function is to connect bones together. It is also found in the joints, the rib cage, the ear, the nose, the throat and between the bones of the back. Another function of cartilage is to create a place on which bones can form when they are first developed. It also helps to protect the places where bones work against each other: the joints. In some fish like sharks (Chondrichthyes), cartilage forms the whole of the skeleton.

There are several types of cartilage, or gristle in the body.

Unlike other connective tissues, cartilage does not contain blood vessels. The cells are supplied by diffusion. So, compared to other connective tissues, cartilage grows and repairs more slowly. Cartilage also does not contain nerves, making the hard tissue painless if damage is caused. However, the breaking of a cartilage often results in damage to tendons and muscles, which causes pain.

There are many diseases caused by defects in cartilage. One of the most common is osteoarthritis, where the cartilage wears so thin that bone rubs against bone. Cartilage acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of lymphocytes or diffusion of immunoglobulins. This allows surgeons to transplant of cartilage from one person to another without fear of tissue rejection.

## Parts

Cartilage is made of special cells that produce a large amount of matrix outside the cells. The matrix is composed of
1. collagen fibres,
1. a ground substance rich in proteoglycan. This is a protein linked to glycans.
1. different types of  fibres. These are collagen , elastin and reticulate fibers.

## Related pages

- muscoskeletal system
- white blood cells

## Other websites

- University of Kansas Medical Center Cartilage tutorial
- I've heard 'Ears and nose do not ever stop growing.' Is this false?

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Cartilage
- **image**: Hypertrophic Zone of Epiphyseal Plate.jpg
- **caption**: Light micrograph of undecalcified hyaline cartilage  showing chondrocytes and organelles, Lacuna (histology), lacunae and Extracellular matrix, matrix.
Dokkyo University

**Dokkyo University** is a university in Soka city of Saitama Prefecture, Japan.  This university is well known for its Foreign Language Department.

## History

Dokkyo University started in 1883.
Glinde

|Symbol|Map|
| --- | --- |
|Province:|Schleswig-Holstein|
|District:|Stormarn|
|area:|11,22 km²|
|people:|16.093 _<small>(31. December 2004)</small>_|
|people in one km²:|1.434|
|height:|25 m above sea level|
|Postal code:|D-21509|
|Telephone number begin:|040|
|position on earth:|53° 32' 26" N 10° 12' 41" E|
|Car registration plate symbol:|OD|
|Community Identification Number:|01 0 62 018|
|Address of the Government: || Markt 1 D-21509 Glinde||
|official Webpage:|www.glinde.de|
|Bürgermeister:|Rainhard Zug|
**Glinde** is a town in the province of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany, about 20 km away from Hamburg.

## History

The name Glinde is found in a document from March 25 1229 for the first time. In the document, Earl Adolf IV. of Schauenburg and Holstein gave the village to a Cistercian convent. (The convent moved to today's town of Reinbek.) The King of Denmark and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein, Frederick I of Denmark, got all the convent had during the Protestant Reformation. In 1544 his son Christian III gave a part of it to each of his brothers. The owner changed again several times.

In 1948, the town administration of Glinde, Oststeinbek, Havighorst and Schönningstedt were brought together to the Amt Glinde. Schönningstedt left that combination in 1949 and Havighorst left it in 1973. So Glinde und Oststeinbek became independent villages.

On June 24, 1979, (on the 750th anniversary of the village), Glinde became a town.

### Partnerships with other towns

- Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire (near Nantes in the west French Département Loire-Atlantique)
- Kaposvár (Main town from the province of Somogy south of Lake Balaton in Hungary).

### Population

- 1803: 220
- 1933: 544
- 1939: 2.173
- 1948: 5.059
- 2002: 16.124

## Literature

- Wolfgang Bachhofer: _Glinde. 1929 bis 1979. Eine junge Stadt stellt sich vor_. Glinde 1979.

## Other websites

- www.glinde.de
Provost

In the United States, the **Provost** is the chief academic officer of a college or university.  Different schools have different rules for what the Provost does, but most Provosts deal with issues about hiring and dismissing professors and giving out tenure, handling complaints about academic programs, and deciding what the general academic policies are for the school.  In other countries, the Provost is sometimes the leader of the whole college or  university.
Robert Kocharian

**Robert Kocharian** is the president of Armenia. He is the second president Armenia has had since it left the Soviet Union.  On August 31 1954 Robert Kocharian was born in Nagorno-Karabakh, in the city of Stepanakert. As president of Armenia, Kocharian has been talking to the president of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, about what to do with the land of Nagorno-Karabakh, which the two countries had a war over.
Armenians

**Armenians** are an ethnic group and a nation native to the Armenian highlands of West Asia. Armenians are the main population of the Republic of Armenia. They were the main population of the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh until the Armenians of Nagorno-Narabakh were ethnically cleansed.
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

The **Mass Rapid Transit** system, commonly known as the **MRT**, is a rapid transit system that makes up the railways in Singapore, covering most of the city-state.

Following two decades of planning, the system began operations in November 1987 with 5 stations spread over  of track. The network has since grown quickly in accordance with Singapore's aim of developing a complex rail network as the core of the country's public transportation system, averaging a daily ridership of 3.384 million in 2019. The MRT is known as one of the best rapid transit system in the world.

## Infobox (public transit)

- **name**: Mass Rapid Transit (MRT)
大众捷运系统 (地铁)
Sistem Pengangkutan Gerak Cepat
துரிதக் கடவு ரயில்
- **image**: Alstom Movia R151 Rolling Stock.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **locale**: Singapore
- **transit type**: Rapid transit
- **began operation**: 7 November 1987
- **lines**: 9 (6 in operation, 1 under construction, 1 under planning, 1 under study)
- **stations**: 187 (151 in operation, 34 under construction or planning, 2 reserved)
- **ridership**: 3.3 million (2018)
- **operator**: <div>
* SMRT Corporation
* SBS Transit</div>
- **owner**: Land Transport Authority
- **map**:
- **map name**: MRT Network Map
Heather McCartney

**Heather McCartney** (born **Heather See** on December 31, 1962 in Tucson, Arizona) is the daughter of Linda McCartney, and the adopted daughter of former Beatle Paul McCartney.

When Linda, a magazine photographer, visited England on an assignment, she brought along daughter Heather, who soon had babysitters like guitarist Eric Clapton. When Linda began a relationship with McCartney, Heather's presence was a plus, as McCartney loved children and was eager to start a family.

Six-year-old Heather makes a brief appearance in the movie _Let it Be_, visiting McCartney in the studio while the Beatles were at work. She dances around as they play, jumps out at Ringo Starr from behind a cymbal (Starr, a father himself, pretended to be scared), and sits on McCartney's lap, while he checks a microphone.

Heather gained a half-sister the next year, as mother Linda became pregnant with McCartney's baby, and the two were married. McCartney adopted Heather, who took his name, and Mary McCartney (named for Paul's own mother) was born early in 1970. Another sister, Stella, became the fashion designer Stella McCartney. A brother, James Louis McCartney, became a musician.
Jan Kerouac

**Jan-Michelle Kerouac** (born February 16, 1952 - died June 7, 1996) was the daughter of writer Jack Kerouac, by his second wife Joan Haverty. A writer herself, Jan's books included _Baby Driver_ and _Trainsong_. She also appeared in some documentary programs about her father, giving her side of his life story.

## Death

On June 5, 1996, Kerouac died in Albuquerque, New Mexico a day after her spleen was removed. She had suffered kidney failure five years earlier and was on dialysis. She is buried in Nashua, New Hampshire, next to her father's parents.

## Other websites

- Jan Kerouac Obituary
- _New York Times_ story

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Jan Kerouac
- **image**: Jan Kerouac 1983.jpg
- **caption**: Jan Kerouac in Eugene, Oregon (1983)
- **birth name**: Janet Michelle Kerouac
- **birth place**: Albany, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
- **resting place**: Saint Louis De Gonzague Cemetery
- **occupation**: Writer
- **nationality**: American
- **relatives**: Jack Kerouac
Joan Haverty Kerouac
Survivor

A **survivor** is a person or an animal which continues to live after something happens which might have killed them. They might be one person who lives when ten persons die in a car crash. The meaning of _survivor_ varies across contexts.

## Games

- _Resident Evil: Survivor_, a arcade game released in 2000
- _Survivor_ (board game), a board game based on the show
- _Survivor_ (video game), an action game released in 1987 by the Spanish software house Topo Soft

## Literature

- _Survivor_, a novel by Chuck Palahniuk
- _Survivor_, a novel by Christina Crawford
- _Survivor_, a 1978 novel by Octavia Butler
- _Survivor_, the last novella in _Accelerando_ by Charles Stross

## Music

- _Survivor_, an album by Funker Vogt
- _Survivor_, an album by _Destiny's Child_
    - _Survivor_, the second single from Destiny's Child's third album, _Survivor_
    - _Survivor_, an album by the band Survivor
- _Survivor Records_, a British Christian Music record label
- _Survivor_, a rock band whose hits include _Eye of the Tiger_ and _Burning Heart_

## Television

- _Survivor_, a reality television show
- _Survivor_, the British version of the American reality show _Survivor_
- _Australian Survivor_, a television series based on the popular American reality show _Survivor_
- _Celebrity Survivor_, an Australian television series based on the popular reality television show _Survivor_
- _Survivor Series_, an annual professional wrestling pay-per-view event held in November by World Wrestling Entertainment

## Others

- Survivor, a series of writing tournaments held three times a year
- Survivor, a racehorse which won the first Preakness Stakes in 1873
- Survivor: The Ride!, a roller coaster in Paramount's Great America in Santa Clara, California
Exclusive disjunction

||
| --- |
|Venn diagram of but not  is|
|Venn diagram of|
**Exclusive disjunction** (also called **exclusive or**, **XOR**) is a logic operation on two values. It is often represented by the symbol  (or ). It will be true, if exactly one of the two values is true. Otherwise, it will be false. This also means that the result of 'XOR' will be true precisely both the values are different. Same values will result in a false.

The best way to remember a XOR operation is: "One or the other, but not both".

Because of that, this is different from inclusive disjunction.

## Truth table

The truth table of  (also written as , , or ) is as follows:

|style="width:35px;background:#aaaaaa;"|<big>p</big>|style="width:35px;background:#aaaaaa;"|<big>q</big>|style="width:35px"|<big>⊕</big>|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|F|F|F||||
|F|T|T||||
|T|F|T||||
|T|T|F||||

## Related pages

- Boolean algebra
- Logical conjunction
- XOR gate
Forchheim

**Forchheim** (; East Franconian: _Forchham_) is a German town in Upper Franconia. Next bigger cities are Nürnberg, Bamberg, Fürth, Erlangen and Coburg. There live is about 32.000 people.

Forchheim is  high and has an area of .

## Other websites

- www.forchheim.de (official Webpage in German)

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Forchheim
- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Forchheim (Oberfranken) COA.svg
- **image photo**: Rathaus Forchheim.jpg
- **image caption**: City hall
- **image plan**: Forchheim in FO.svg
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Upper Franconia
- **district**: Forchheim
- **elevation**: 266
- **area**: 44.95
- **population**: 30705
- **stand**: 2013-12-31
- **postal code**: 91301
- **area code**: 09191
- **licence**: FO, EBS, PEG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 4 74 126
- **mayor**: Uwe Kirschstein
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Germany, SPD
César Cui

**César Cui** (18 January 1835, Vilnius – 26 March 1918, Petrograd) was a Russian composer. He is the least known of the five Russian composers who were nicknamed the "Moguchaya Kuchka" ("Mighty Handful"), a group which included Mily Balakirev, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Modest Mussorgsky and Alexander Borodin. Cui’s father came from France and his mother from Lithuania.

Like most Russian composers in the 19th century he was an amateur composer. His main job was as an expert on military fortifications. He became a professor in this subject and wrote important textbooks about military defences. He became a general.

Cui liked his friends from the Moguchaya Kuchka, but was often very critical of music by other Russian composers such as Tchaikovsky and Rachmaninoff. This may have been because he was jealous of their success. He did not find orchestration easy. Balakirev helped him a lot with the orchestration of some of his compositions. He was best when writing songs and short piano pieces. He liked to write music that sounded Far Eastern in character. Cellists like to play a short piece he wrote called "Orientale".
Alexander Borodin

**Alexander Porfir'yevich Borodin** (born St. Petersburg October 12th 1833; died St. Petersburg February 27 1887) was a Russian composer. Like many Russian composers of the 19th century he was an amateur musician. His main job was Professor of Chemistry at the University of St Petersburg. He had to compose in his spare time. When he was ill he had more time to write music. He used to tell his friends: “Please do not say: ‘I hope you are well’, please say: ‘I hope you are ill’”.

Borodin’s most famous opera is called _Prince Igor_. He wrote many songs, chamber music and orchestral music, including two symphonies and the symphonic poem _In the Steppes of Central Asia_. The Nocturne from his String quartet no 2 is also very well-known. Borodin was one of five very important Russian composers during the 1800s, who were called The Five. The Five wanted to write classical music in a Russian style.

Borodin worked as a doctor and a chemist and went to medical school. He did a lot of important work in organic chemistry. He also founded the first medical school for women to train to become doctors in Russia, the School of Medicine for Women in Saint Petersburg. He taught there until 1885.

Borodin died of a heart attack.
Permit

A **permit** is a written document that has been given by a government source. Permits let a person do something that he could not do without the permit. Permits are commonly gotten for these reasons:
1. To work at a job
1. To drive a car
1. To build something. This includes digging.

## Related pages

- Licence
Corrosion

**Corrosion** is the breakdown of materials due to chemical reactions. It is usually oxidation with air molecules and often in the presence of water. Corrosion also occurs when an acidic/basic corrosive substance touches another material. When a material corrodes, its physical properties change. Problems with corrosion are mostly with metal, though other materials can corrode. Corrosion is a form of erosion. Some materials, such as stainless steel, are highly resistant to corrosion. Metals that may corrode can be protected by plating, painting, and other means.

One form of high temperature corrosion can lead to the formation of compacted oxide layer glazes, which under certain circumstances reduces wear.

Iron corrosion is called rusting.
Rust

**Rust** is a type of corrosion. It happens to iron and its alloys when it is exposed to air or water for a long time. Rust slowly decomposes iron into other chemicals, because of a reaction with the oxygen molecules. Both air and water are needed for rust. Almost all metals corrode but they can be protected by covering with paint, a coating of oil or grease or even plastic.  Sacrificial protection or industrial galvanizing can also work.  Alloys (mixes of metals) such as stainless steel, rust more slowly than pure iron.  When iron rusts, it becomes red or brown, and the metal eventually decays.

Rust appears on metal if it is left outside in the damp air. For example, rust occurs mostly in cracks of alloys or metals.  Rain water can enter the cracks and stay in the cracks, and cause the metal to corrode.  Eventually it becomes rust.  Iron is not strong after it rusts.

Some metals, such as aluminium, titanium, and stainless steel form a very thin coating of tough corrosion on the metal. The metal cannot continue corroding because the coating isolates the rest of the metal from the source of oxygen. This is why aluminium keeps its shine. It also makes aluminium seem very unreactive, even though it can react with water. Rusting iron makes iron oxides that are not tough, so air and water continue to get in and the iron continues to rust.

Some types of basidiomycete fungi can be mistaken for rust because they are similar to rust in color and texture and sometimes are on metals.

## Related pages

- Iron(III) oxide
- Hematite
- Corrosion
350s

The **350s** was a decade that began on 1 January 350 and ended on 31 December 359.

## Significant people

- Constantius II, Roman Emperor
- Magnentius, Roman usurper
- Julian, Roman Emperor
980s

The **980s** was a decade that began on 1 January 980 and ended on 31 December 989. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***99th decade*** which began on January 1, 981 and ended on December 31, 990.

## Events

- 983 pagan West Slavs revolt, temporarily ending attempts at conversion and forcing abandonment of German sees and monasteries east of the Elbe
- Kievan Rus' accepts Eastern Orthodox Christianity
Suhl

**Suhl** is a town in Thuringia, Germany. Its population in 2003 was 43,610.

According to a local joke, "Suhl is so close to the edge of the world you can see Zella-Mehlis".

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **wappen**: DEU Suhl COA.svg
- **bundesland**: Thüringen
- **landkreis**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **höhe**: 429-676
- **fläche**: 102.70
- **einwohner**: 41861
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 98501 – 98530
- **vorwahl**: 03681
- **kfz**: SHL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 16 0 54 000
- **gliederung**: Town and 4 districts
- **bürgermeister**: Jens Triebel
- **partei**: parteilos
Eisenach

**Eisenach** is a German city in the west of Thuringia. Next bigger Cities are Erfurt and Kassel. Its population is about 43,000.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **wappen**: Wappen Eisenach.png
- **bundesland**: Thüringen
- **landkreis**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **höhe**: 220
- **fläche**: 103.84
- **einwohner**: 43626
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 99817
- **vorwahl**: 03691
- **kfz**: EA
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 16 0 56 000
- **gliederung**: 11 districts
- **bürgermeister**: Katja Wolf
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: Die Linke
GameFAQs

**GameFAQs** is a website with help and information for video games. It was started in November 1995 by Jeff "CJayC" Veasey. It has an active message board community.

## Other websites

- GameFAQs

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: GameFAQs
- **logo**: GameFAQsLogo.png
- **logocaption**: GameFAQs logo
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: Video game, Gaming
- **registration**: Optional, but is required for contributing content and posting on the message boards
- **language**: English
- **programming language**: PHP
- **owner**: CBS Interactive
- **author**: Jeff "CJayC" Veasey
- **launch date**: (as Video Game FAQ Archive)
- **current status**: Active
Thomas Mann

**Paul Thomas Mann** (born 6 June 1875 in Lübeck; died 12 August 1955 in Zürich) was a German author.

Mann was born in 1875, in Lübeck as son of a salesman and senator of the city of Lübeck, into a rich and conservative family. In 1891, his father died. In 1894 Mann left school. He went to Munich, were his mother and his brothers and sister had been since 1893. He worked as an insurance salesman and wrote poems and prose.

In 1898, he published his first works and began Die Buddenbrooks influenced by work of Arthur Schopenhauer, published in 1901. In 1906 he married, although he was not clear about his sexual orientation. In World War I, Mann agreed with the war, but not enthusiastically. In the time of the Weimar Republic he defended democratic ideas.

In 1929 he won the Nobel Prize for literature. In 1933 the Nazis burned books of his brother Heinrich Mann. Because of this both Thomas and Heinrich and their family moved to the United States in 1934. He lost his German citizenship, but got Czechoslovakian citizenship in the United States. In 1944, he became a US citizen.

He worked for the Allies in the radio during the World War II. In 1952, he had to give a talk to the Committee on Un-American Activities. He was very disappointed in the United States and returned to Europe, to Switzerland, in 1953. In the 1950s he visited Germany sometimes. He died of atherosclerosis in Zürich, Switzerland.

### Novels

- Buddenbrooks - Verfall einer Familie (1901)
- Königliche Hoheit (1909)
- Der Zauberberg (1924)
- Joseph und seine Brüder – Tetralogie (1933-1943)
    - Die Geschichten Jaakobs (1933)
    - Der junge Joseph (1934)
    - Joseph in Ägypten (1936)
    - Joseph der Ernährer (1943)
- Lotte in Weimar (1939)
- Doktor Faustus (1947)
- Der Erwählte (1951)
- Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull (1954)

### Short stories and short novels

- Vision. Prosa-Skizze, 1893
- Gefallen, 1894
- Der Wille zum Glück, 1896
- Enttäuschung, 1896
- Der Tod, 1897
- Der kleine Herr Friedemann, 1897
- Der Bajazzo, 1897
- Tobias Mindernickel, 1898
- Der Kleiderschrank, 1899
- Gerächt. Novellistische Studie, 1899
- Luischen, 1900
- Der Weg zum Friedhof, 1900
- Gladius Dei, Novelle 1902
- Tonio Kröger, Novelle 1903
- Tristan, Novelle 1903
- Die Hungernden, 1903
- Das Wunderkind, 1903
- Ein Glück, 1904
- Beim Propheten, 1904
- Schwere Stunde, 1905
- Anekdote, 1908
- Das Eisenbahnunglück, 1909
- Wie Jappe und Do Escobar sich prügelten, 1911
- Der Tod in Venedig, 1912
- Herr und Hund. Ein Idyll, 1918
- Gesang vom Kindchen. Ein Idyll, 1919
- Wälsungenblut, 1921
- Unordnung und frühes Leid, 1926
- Mario und der Zauberer, 1930
- Die vertauschten Köpfe - Eine indische Legende, 1940
- Das Gesetz, 1944
- Die Betrogene, 1953

### Dramas

- Fiorenza

### Essays

- Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen, 1918
- Das Problem der Freiheit, 1937
- Versuch über Schiller, 1955
- Über Goethe

## Related pages

- Death in Venice (opera)
Islamophobia

**Islamophobia** (Arabic: اِسْلَامُو فُوبَىا) is the irrational fear of, hostility towards, or hatred against the religion of Islam or Muslim people in general. Muslim women are more likely to experience Islamophobia in their lifetime compared to Muslim men, especially if they are wearing some kind of veil.

### Eastern Europe

During the Bosnian War in the 1990s, Serbian Orthodox Christians committed a genocide against Bosniak Muslims, with a strong motive of Islamophobia.

### Western Europe

In France, it has been illegal since 2013 for Muslim women to wear veils, particularly burqas and niqabs, covering their faces in public.

## Criticism

After the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015, French Prime Minister Manuel Valls refused to use _Islamophobia_ due to his perception that many were using it to silence criticism of Islamism.

In a December 2019 article in _The Jewish Chronicle_, British Jewish journalist Melanie Phillips criticized the concept by claiming that it was invented by the Islamist group Muslim Brotherhood to misrepresent the prejudice as equivalent to antisemitism and silence criticism of Islamic teachings.

In a November 2023 article, researcher Jonathan S. Tobin echoed the view of Melanie Phillips, expressing concern over the potential of the word minimizing the Jewish historical suffering.

## Related pages

- Antiziganism
- Antisemitism
- Discrimination
- Antisemitism in Europe
Ludwig Erhard

**Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard** (4 February 1897 in Fürth – 5 May 1977 in Bonn) was a German politician.

## Life

Erhard was born as the son of a salesman. After his middle school exam, he started training to become a salesman himself. He was wounded as soldier in World War I. After World War I, he started to study micro economy at a college in Nuremberg.

After that, he studied economy on the University of Frankfurt am Main. In 1925 he finished his doctoral thesis. Afterwards, he worked in his father's company. After the Great Depression, the company went bankrupt.
From 1928 to 1942, he worked as science assistant, but he could not get a promotion because he did not want to become a member of a Nazi organisation. From 1942 to 1945, he was the head of the institute for industrial research.

Until 1949, he worked for the CDU, but joined still in 1963.
From 1945 to 1946, he worked for the provisional government of Bavaria, afterwards he was an economic organisation official for the British-American administration in West Germany.

In 1949, he became Minister of Economics under Konrad Adenauer.
From 1957-1963, he was Vice Chancellor.
After Adenauer resigned in 1963, Erhard became the new chancellor.
In 1966, Kurt Georg Kiesinger succeeded him.

Erhard died in 1977, aged 80.
Kurt Georg Kiesinger

**Kurt Georg Kiesinger** (6 April 1904 in Ebingen, now Baden-Württemberg – 9 March 1988 in Tübingen-Bebenhausen) was a German politician.

Kiesinger was born in Southern Germany. He studied history and philosophy in Tübingen and later law in Berlin.

He joined the Nazi party in 1933, and worked in the government. After the war he was held in a prison camp in Ludwigshafen. He was released when notes on his personnel file showed that he had not helped the anti-Jewish actions in his department, and had tried to stop them.

In 1946, he started a political career in the CDU. From 1958 to 1966, he was Minister President of Baden-Württemberg, from 1967 to 1971 Chair of the CDU.

From 1966 to 1969, he was chancellor of West Germany.
Call of Duty 3

***Call of Duty 3*** is a first person shooter video game. It is available on many gaming systems such as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and PC. It is a sequel to _Call of Duty 2_, and is part of the Call of Duty series.

_Call of Duty 3_ is set in France, during the time of World War II. The player is part of the allied forces placing charges, firing mortars, driving jeeps, and killing Nazis. The player moves by using the movement of his own hands. The game also features online play, which allows you to choose the side of allies or axis and play on a team against opposing players.

## Differences

While the PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 versions support online headset, the PlayStation 3 does not support headset due to the game being rushed to be ported at the time and is ironic because the PS2 was released before the PlayStation 3. The Wii version does not support online play.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Call of Duty 3
- **developer**: Treyarch
- **publisher**: Activision
- **producer**: Jason Blundell
Nick Falzon
- **director**: Richard Farrelly
- **artist**: Brian Anderson
Alex Bortoluzzi
- **writer**: Marc Guggenheim
- **composer**: Joel Goldsmith
- **series**: _Call of Duty_
- **engine**: Treyarch NGL
- **platforms**: Xbox 360, Xbox (console), Xbox, PlayStation 2, Wii, PlayStation 3
- **released**: **Xbox 360**, **Xbox** & **PlayStation 2**
**Wii** & **PlayStation 3**

- **genre**: First-person shooter
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer