Latin music

**Latin music** is a form of popular music played by from Latin America. For practical purposes that includes the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Much Latin music is accompanied by song (singing) in Spanish.

Latin music is a part of world music, which is the study of popular and traditional music in all countries. Part of the story is also the influence of Latin music in other parts of the world, especially North America.

In discussing Latin music these themes are important:
1. Place: the country and sometimes the region of the music's origin.
1. The former European colonial power and its heritage
1. The culture of aboriginal inhabitants (the Indian tribes)
1. The culture of slaves brought from Africa
1. Musical style; for instance, church music will be different from art music, and different again from popular music. In this article we shall talk mostly about popular music.

For example, differences in the music of Peru from that of Brazil are influenced or caused by such differences:
1. Peru had few African slaves. Its colonial power was Spain, and its Indian culture was and is quite strong. Most of the population is of mixed European and Indian descent.
1. Brazil had many African slaves, especially in the Bahia province, and today has many people of mixed descent. Its colonial power was Portugal, and its people speak Portuguese, not Spanish. It is also geographically a vastly different country from Peru.

## The influence of Europe

The influence of Europe, and in particular Spain, to Latin music is as follows:
1. Musical notation. Not only does this allow music to be played by any groups who wish to, it enables composers to make money. In turn, this encourages musicians to write down the music and get it published. When music is published, it can give us a record of music which is no longer played regularly or even forgotten.
1. European musical instruments. In every single South American and most Caribbean islands, the Spanish guitar is the most common instrument. In addition, variations of the guitar such as the Cuban _tres_ and the Puerto Rican _quattro_, are widespread. Other important instruments are the cornet (later, the trumpet), the piano, the double bass, the violin and other instruments.
1. Systematic teaching for composers, musicians and singers began with the first cathedral in Cuba (in Santiago de Cuba). The idea of formal instruction is used widely today to get a kind of uniformity, so that a band can replace a musician with another one who can perform to a similar standard.

## The influence of Africa

The influence of Africa comes mostly from slaves who originally belonged to the Yoruba, Dahomey and Congo peoples. Its importance in a Latin country varies according to whether many slaves were brought to that country hundreds of years ago. The freeing (liberation) of slaves took place at various times from the middle to the end of the 19th century. In Latin music its influence was:
1. Percussion: most types of percussion, especially drums. In Cuba there were originally about 100 different types of drum. This has been simplified to only three in common use: the conga drums, the bongos, and the timbales. The first two are of African origin. Other examples of African percussion instruments are the clavés, and the shekeres.
Percussion is very important in almost any Afro-Latin group or orchestra. It is common for a conjunto (musical group) of ten or 12 musicians to have half of them playing percussion, and for even the stringed instruments to be plucked rather than bowed.
1. Call and response in both music and song is common. A famous example is in the film _Casablanca_ between the character Sam (Arthur "Dooley" Wilsonn) nd the band in the song _Knock On Wood_:
CALL: Who's got trouble?
RESPONSE: We've got trouble!
CALL: How much trouble?
RESPONSE: Too much trouble!
1. Just as the Spanish brought the Catholic church, so the slaves brought their African religions, which today go by various names. The word _santería_ means the fusion of catholic saints and African spirits, so for example the African orisha (spirit) _Babalú_ is the counterpart of the Catholic saint _San Lazaro_. The Yoruban religion in Cuba is usually called _regla de ocha_, while the Brazilian version of the same religion is called _conbomblé_.
The ancient religions were not just a set of beliefs; they were the center of life in an uncertain world. The slaves brought their beliefs, their dances, their music, their instruments and their ceremonies with them in their minds. Where their masters allowed it, they reproduced the culture they had left behind. Since then, it has heavily influenced popular music in the Afro-Latin countries.

## Influence of indigenous peoples

West of the Andes, the music is clearly influence by the indigenous Indian peoples. The panpipes and flutes of Peru are distinctive, as is their most popular rhythms. In Ecuador forms of the flute occur, but most of the music is influenced by the European waltz (as the _pasillo_) and by various Afro-Latin styles from the Caribbean. Chile has the _cueca_, introduced in 1824. It was the "most popular air of Chile". Despite this, the influence of the indigenous Indian peoples on Latin music is much less noticeable than the influence of European and African music. There are dozens of folk rhythms which survive, but usually they have had little or no effect outside their particular locale, whereas the influence of the Spanish and African peoples is seen almost everywhere. In Argentina, the famous tango uses a rhythmical device known as the _cinquillo_. This is a syncopated rhythm similar to that in the Cuban habanera. Syncopation and polyrhythms are unmistakable signs of Africa. Argentine music has a number of folk tunes and rhythms of Indian origin, but the tango is dominant and the other rhythms are not.

## Latin Music in North America

Lydia Mendoza (19162007), a singer of Mexican descent, became the first American-born Hispanic to record a song in Spanish (1928). Hispanics recording music was rare during the early 1900s. In 1960s, Tejano music (in Southern United States, Mexico), Spanish folk (in Spain), salsa (in Puerto Rico), cumbia (in South America), and bachata (in Dominican Republic) were the most popular forms of Latin music at the time.

Latin music became very popular in North America and the United States in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, especially mambo, cha-cha-cha, Boogaloo and Latin soul. The popular television program I Love Lucy (1951-57) featured the character Ricky Ricardo, who was the bandleader of a Cuban orchestra in New York.

In the 1970s, bolero became a popular music genre in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rican singer Hector Lavoe became one of its important musicians. In the United States, many Hispanics were discriminated against for speaking Spanish. Because of this, many children and young adults favored English music such as rock and roll and tried not to speak Spanish outside of their home. In the 1980s, Latin music started becoming popular again. American music magazine, _Billboard_ added several Latin music-categories. These include Top Latin Albums, Regional Mexican Albums, Tropical Albums and the Latin Pop Albums chart. Because of this, younger generations became interested in recording Latin music. During the late 1980s, freestyle music became a popular Latin music genre. Freestyle music was rarely recorded in Spanish.

In the 1990s, artists including Selena, Gloria Estefan, Luis Miguel, and Thalía became popular in this decade. They helped Latin music and recording Latin music popular for young children and adults. Selena became the most popular Latin artist of the United States in 1995, when she was murdered at 23. She became the first and only Latin artist to peak an album that contained mostly Spanish music at number one on the _Billboard_ 200 chart. At the time of her death, she was competing with Michael Jackson and Janet Jackson with her album _Dreaming of You_ (1995) which sold 3,000,000 copies its first year. Enrique Iglesias, Shakira, Marc Anthony, Ricky Martin, and Jennifer Lopez became popular in the mid and late 1990s.

In the 2000s, Latin music began to see a decrease of music sales. Tejano music became less popular, although the "Queen of Tejano music", Selena became the "Top Latin Artist of the Decade" by _Billboard_ magazine in 1999. Shakira, Ricky Martin, and Jennifer Lopez continued to become more popular and had number one singles and albums in the _Billboard_ 200. Marc Anthony, Aventura, Don Omar, and Enrique Iglesias remained popular in the Latin scene. In the 2010s, Prince Royce, Pitbull, Romeo Santos, and Wisin & Yandel became popular during this decade. Jennifer Lopez, Ricky Martin, and Shakira crossover into English music with some Spanish releases. In the 2010s, bachata music became popular because of Prince Royce and Romeo Santos. As of 2012, Selena remains the best-selling Latin artist with 60,000,000 copies sold worldwide. Jennifer Lopez is second with 55,000,000 copies sold worldwide.