juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alberto Gonzales

**Alberto Reynaldo Gonzales** (born August 4, 1955) is an American jurist who is the 80th Attorney General of the United States. Gonzales was appointed to the position in February 2005 by President George W. Bush. While Bush was Governor of Texas, Gonzales was part of his general counsel, and later was the Secretary of State of Texas and then was on the Texas Supreme Court. From 2001 to 2005, Gonzales served in the Bush Administration as White House Counsel.
On August 27, 2007, Gonzales announced that he is quitting his position as Attorney General, and that his last day will be September 16, 2007. He did not say why he is leaving. He is the highest-ranking Hispanic ever in the United States federal government.

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: Alberto Gonzales
- **image**: Alberto Gonzales - official DoJ photograph.jpg
- **order**: 80th
- **title**: United States Attorney General
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **deputy**: James Comey
Robert McCallum Jr. (acting)
Paul McNulty
Craig S. Morford (acting)
- **term start**: February 3, 2005
- **term end**: September 17, 2007
- **predecessor**: John Ashcroft
- **successor**: Michael Mukasey
- **birth name**: Alberto Reynaldo Gonzales
- **birth place**: San Antonio, Texas, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Rice University, Harvard University
- **branch**: United States Air Force
- **serviceyears**: 1973-1975
Cantilever

A **cantilever** is a figure skating move. It is considered a _field move_ because it is not a jump, a spin, or a spiral.

A cantilever is performed by a skater traveling on a deep lean across the ice, either in a spread eagle or a Besti squat position. The skater then bends backwards, so their back is parallel to the ice, while remaining on the deep lean. The hands can be draped across the ice or not. This is a very dramatic move on the ice.

The move was invented by Werner Groebli, better known as "Mr. Frick", a long-time show skater with the Ice Follies. It was brought back and popularized by Ilia Klimkin of Russia, who performed it a lot in competition over many years.

## References

- Figure skating glossary
Catia

**Catia** (Computer Aided Three dimensional Interactive Application) is a commercial designing software.  It was made by Dassault Systemes and marketed world-wide by IBM.  CATIA is written in C++.

## Other websites

- Dassault Systemes Home Page
- IBM CATIA page
- CATIA in South Africa
- Catia V5 French web site with methodology, videos in catweb.fr
- CATIA gallery by Maciej Ziemak
- Catia V5 video Lessons catiatutor.com
Brigham Young

**Brigham Young** (June 1, 1801 – August 29, 1877) was the second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon church) and the first Governor of the American state of Utah. Young was born in Vermont. He became president of the Mormon church in 1847 after the death of Joseph Smith, Jr in 1844.

Brigham Young University is named after Young.

John Taylor replaced Young as leader of the church three years after Young died.

## Western migration

Young started a journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847, a date now known as Pioneer Day in Utah, which is also one of its holidays. The Mormon pioneers' journey was one of the largest and one of the best organized migration to the West. On August 22, 29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Young started the Mormon Tabernacle Choir.

In the church, Young was in some of the important positions, and after three years, he became the president of the church on December 27, 1847.

Young served 29 years in the LDS Church.

## Temple building

Young helped in building temples in his time in the LDS Church and made temple building a main purpose. When Joseph Smith was the president, Young was helping to build the Kirtland and Nauvoo temples. Only four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Young found the location for the Salt Lake Temple; and then started the building process on April 6, 1853. During his time as the church president, Young look over the construction of the Salt Lake Tabernacle and then he announced plans to build the St. George (1871), Manti (1875), and Logan (1877) temples. He also helped fix the building the Endowment House, a "short-term temple" that began to be used in 1855 for church members to go to while they were building the Salt Lake Temple.

## Infobox (religious leader)

- **name**: Brigham Young
- **image**: BrighamYoung1.jpg
- **religion**: Christian
- **religion type**: Church
- **religion name**: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- **office**: President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
- **birth place**: Vermont
- **death place**: Salt Lake City
- **predecessor**: Joseph Smith, Jr
- **successor**: John Taylor
- **known for**: First Governor of Utah
Speaker (politics)

**Speaker** is the title of the person in charge of some legislatures, usually the lower house.

## House of Commons of the United Kingdom

The speaker is elected by other members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, and is usually a member of the government party, but leaves his or her party because the speaker must be _neutral_ (not like one side more than another).  The speaker does not vote. If the speaker wants to stand in for re-election the other parties do not oppose him to show he is neutral.  As of January 2020, the speaker is Lindsay Hoyle, a member of the Labour Party.

## Dail Éireann in Ireland

The speaker (_Ceann Comhairle_) of the Dáil Éireann is  neutral, but the constitution (Bunreacht) of Ireland says he does not need to stand for re-election, he is given the first seat in his constituency. The current speaker (November 2017) is Sean Treacy.

## United States House of Representatives

The speaker is the leader of the largest party. He or she is not neutral, but votes for his or hers party's policies.  The speaker also helps to get his or her party's ideas made law.  The term of the speaker of the House is two years in office.
Orator

An **orator** is someone who pleads a case in public. Originally, it meant speaking in a public place for or against a person or a proposal. In ancient Greek, Latin, French and English, an orator spoke for and against the accused in courts, and for or against big political decisions, such as whether to go to war. Gradually, it came to mean someone who spoke in public on formal occasions.

Oratory, or rhetoric, is the skill of argument or persuasion used by orators. The invention of printing allowed books to be multiplied and produced cheaply. This has made it possible for orators to do their persuasion in print as well as speaking. Adolf Hitler and Winston Churchill are good examples of how orators in the 20th century used media such as radio and movies where once they could only use speech. Both wrote books which sold in large numbers, though Churchill's books were about more than politics. Today television and newspapers play a vital role in deciding elections; the web less so.

Other types of orator are those who wish to change beliefs. Religious preachers like Martin Luther and John Knox changed religion in western Europe; William Wilberforce and Sojourner Truth led the fight against the evil of slavery. Emmeline Pankhurst, Martin Luther King Jr and others fought to get equal rights for all citizens.

We have orators today as much as the ancient Greeks did. The main difference is that the Greeks could see and listen to them face to face, but we rarely do today.

## Rhetoric

The study of how persuasion is done by orators is called rhetoric. It has been studied for 2,500 years at least, and there are a huge number of books about it.

## References

- Saunders A.N.W. 1970. _Greek political oratory_. Penguin. Translations of some important examples.
Kana

**Kana**  is the name for syllable-based writing systems used in the Japanese language.

There are three types of kana:
- Manyogana  is the use of Chinese characters (or kanji) to represent each sound in spoken Japanese.
- Hiragana  is the script used to write native Japanese words and grammatical elements.
- Katakana  is the script used to write loanwords (or gairaigo) and onomatopoeia.
Although manyogana is the oldest of the three types of kana, being used as early as the seventh century, it was soon replaced by hiragana and katakana. Both of these characters came from the kanji characters that made up manyogana.

Today, there are 46 basic sounds in Japanese that are each represented by a hiragana and a corresponding katakana character as seen in the chart below. (The characters for the sounds _wi_ and _we_ are no longer used.) There are 25 other sounds that can be made by adding one of two diacritics: a dakuten or a handakuten. Also, 12 of the kana come in a smaller size to make other combinations of syllables.

Japanese sentences are usually written using a mix of hiragana, katakana, and kanji. Although it is possible to write a sentence in only hiragana or katakana characters, it is hard for most Japanese people to understand because the kanji symbols represent a concept which the kana do not show. Small kana symbols, however, can be put above kanji to show how it is pronounced (this is called furigana and is used a lot in karaoke).

Besides kana, Japanese sounds can also be written in Romaji (using the Roman alphabet) to help people who do not speak Japanese learn the language.

||title="single vowels"|–|_k_|_s_|_t_|_n_|_h_|_m_|_y_|_r_|_w_||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|{| class="wikitable" <small>(Image of this table)</small>|||||||||||||||
|||||||||||}|{| class="wikitable"|style="text-align:center"|<span style="font-size:2em"></span>**(_n_)**|}|

## Other websites

- Kana Copybook (PDF)

## Infobox (writing system)

- **type**: Syllabary
- **name**: Kana
- **native name**: カナ
 かな
- **languages**: Japanese language, Japanese, Ryukyuan languages, Hachijō language, Hachijō, Ainu language, Ainu, Palauan language, Palauan
- **time**: to the present
- **fam1**: Oracle bone script
- **fam2**: Seal script
- **fam3**: Clerical script
- **fam4**: Regular script (Chinese characters)
- **fam5**: Kanji
- **iso15924**: Hrkt
- **region**: Japan
Egyptian cobra

The **Egyptian cobra** _(naja haje)_ is a type of poisonous cobra. It was worshiped by the Ancient Egyptians.  It lives in both North Africa and Southwestern Asia. It is one of the most venomous snakes in the world.  Egyptian cobras can grow up to 5 feet or 6 feet, 8 inches (1.5–2 m) and have been seen as large as 8 feet in some areas.   Recently, a man was sentenced to a year in jail and a fine of $17,000 for owning an Egyptian cobra.  Small symbols of Egyptian cobras were included in the crown of the pharaohs.
Mikhail Baryshnikov

**Mikhail Nikolaevitch Baryshnikov** (, born 27 January 1948) is a Russian-American dancer, choreographer, and actor. Born in Latvia to Russian parents during the time of the Soviet Union, he later became an American citizen. After a promising start in the Kirov Ballet at the Mariinsky Theatre, Leningrad, he defected to Canada in 1974 for more opportunities in western dance.

He has been called the world's greatest living male ballet dancer. Critic Clive Barnes once called him, "The most perfect dancer I have ever seen".

While on a tour in Canada with the Kirov Ballet in 1974, Baryshnikov asked for political asylum in Toronto. He became an American citizen in 1986. He has won three Emmy Awards.

Part of his significance is that he danced both classical ballet and modern dance. From 1978 he worked full-time in the New York City Ballet under the direction of George Balanchine. In 1980 he became artistic director of the American Ballet Theatre. Later he founded his own company and moved towards modern dance. He has danced many times on television in North America.

## Other websites

- Kennedy Center Honors biography as of 2000
- Baryshnikov Dance Foundation
- Backstage with Baryshnikov  by Michael Dare

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mikhail Baryshnikov
- **image**: Mikhail Baryshnikov.jpg
- **caption**: Mikhail Baryshnikov, 2014
- **birth name**: Mikhail Nikolayevich Baryshnikov
- **birth place**: Riga, Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic, Latvian SSR, Soviet Union
- **occupation**: Dancer, actor
- **years active**: 1968–present
- **partner**: Jessica Lange (1976–82)
- **children**: 4
Liam Neeson

**William John "Liam" Neeson,** OBE (born 7 June 1952) is an Irish actor and comedian, nominated for many awards including the Oscar. He is well known for his role as Oskar Schindler in the 1993 movie _Schindler's List_, and after that he has appeared in several popular movie series, including the _Star Wars_ prequel trilogy, _The Chronicles of Narnia_ ( he is set to be replaced by Timothy Dalton for Netflix' s Narnia reboot) and _Batman Begins_. He has also continued to play real-life characters, including Michael Collins and Alfred Kinsey.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Liam Neeson
- **image**: Liam Neeson Deauville 2012.jpg
- **honorific suffix**: Officer of the Order of the British Empire, OBE
- **caption**: Liam Neeson in 2012
- **birth name**: William John Neeson
- **birth place**: Ballymena, Northern Ireland, UK
- **spouse**: Natasha Richardson
(m. 1994–2009, her death)
- **nationality**: Irish people, Irish
- **credits**: **Oskar Schindler** in _Schindler's List_
**Qui-Gon Jinn** in _Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace_
**Aslan** in _The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe_
**Michael Collins (Irish leader), Michael Collins** in _Michael Collins (movie), Michael Collins_
**Henri Ducard/Ra's al Ghul** in _Batman Begins_
_The Dark Knight Rises_
Great Seal of the United States

|||
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|Front|Back|
The **Great Seal of United States** is the official coat of arms of the United States. It is placed in official documents from the United States Government. The name is used both for the coat of arms, and the material seal itself, which is made by the United States' executive power. The design was submitted and accepted on June 20th, 1782.

The seal's design is used in national documents, such as passports, by the United States military, and flags. As a coat of arms, it has the national colors of the United States, but the material seal itself only has a basic black and white design (like when used on paper).

Since 1935, the two faces of the Great Seal appear in on the one dollar banknote.

## Other websites

- **Vectorial logo the Great Seal** to download & print 
- The Great Seal
- downloadable PDF booklet from U.S. State Department
- Original Copy of the Great Seal
1444

## Events

- March 2 – The Albanian League started in Lezha; Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg becomes leader of the Albanian resistance
- April 16 – Truce of Tours begins between England and France
- June 15 – Cosimo de' Medici starts the Laurentian Library.
- August 26 – Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs in the Old Zürich War.
- August – Murad II abdicates because of defeat at the Battle of Jalowaz.
- November 10 – Battle of Varna. King Ladislas of Poland and Hungary is killed.
- The Sultan of Egypt fails to take Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes
- The Iguvine Tables are discovered at Gubbio, Italy
- Portuguese explorers reach the mouth of the Senegal river and the Gambia river.
- The Mercado de Escravos, the first European slave market for selling African Slaves, opens in Lagos, Portugal.
- A fire occurs at St Paul's Cathedral in London.

## Births

- January 24 – Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Italian duke (died 1476)
- March 1 – Sandro Botticelli, Italian artist (died 1510) (born 1444 or 1445)
- March 11 – Donato Bramante, Italian architect (died 1514)
- John de Mowbray, English duke (died 1476)
- Nilakantha Somayaji, Indian mathematician and astronomer (died 1544)

## Deaths

- February 14 – Henriette of Mömpelgard,countess (born 1387)
- March 9 – Leonardo Bruni, Italian humanist (born 1374)
- April 26 – Robert Campin, Flemish artist (born 1378)
- May 20 – Bernardino of Siena, Italian saint and missionary (born 1380)
- May 27 – John Beaufort, English duke and military leader (born 1404)
- October 15 – Niccolò Piccinino, Italian mercenary (born 1386)
- November 10 – King Wladislaus III, king of Poland (born 1424)
- November 25 – Martin Gouge, French chancellor
1445

## Events of 1445

- Dinas Diaz discovers Senegal and Cape Verde.
- Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia defeats and kills Sultan Arwe Badlay of Adal in the Battle of Gomit.

## Births

- March 1 – Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter (died 1510) (born 1444 or 1445)
- March 16 – Johann Geiler von Kaisersberg, Swiss preacher (died 1510)
- Albert Brudzewski, Polish astronomer (died 1497)
- Nicolas Chuquet, French mathematician (probable)

## Deaths

- February 19 – Leonor of Aragon, Queen of Portugal
- June 5 – Leonel Power, English composer
- June 11 – Henry de Beauchamp, 1st Duke of Warwick (born 1424)
- July 15 – Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scotland
- August 8 – Oswald von Wolkenstein, Austrian composer (born 1377)
- Olug Moxammat, Khan of Kazan
Omar Sharif

**Omar Sharif** (; 10 April 1932 – 10 July 2015) was an Egyptian actor who worked in many Hollywood movies. He acted in Arabic, French, and English movies. Sharif is most famous for his roles in _Doctor Zhivago_, _Lawrence of Arabia_ and _Funny Girl_ (1968). He was nominated for the Academy Award and won the Golden Globe Award three times. Sharif had a son and two grandsons. He converted from Christianity to Islam.

## Contract bridge career

Sharif once ranked among the world's best-known contract bridge players, forming the "Omar Sharif Bridge Circus" in 1967 which toured the world, competing against famous teams.

With Charles Goren, Sharif co-wrote a syndicated newspaper bridge column for the _Chicago Tribune_ for several years, but later turned over most of the writing of the column to Tannah Hirsch.

He was also author or co-author of several books on bridge, and licensed his name to a bridge video game. An MS-DOS version and Amiga version was released in 1992 as _Omar Sharif on Bridge_. It is still sold in Windows and "mobile platform" versions.

## Health and death

In May 2015, it was reported that Sharif had Alzheimer's disease. His son, Tarek El-Sharif, said that his father was getting confused. He was forgetting facts about some of the biggest movies of his career.

On July 10, 2015, at the age of 83, Sharif died after a heart attack at a hospital in Cairo, Egypt.

On July 12, 2015, Sharif's funeral was held at the Grand Mosque of Mushir Tantawi in eastern Cairo. The funeral was attended by a group of Sharif's relatives, friends and Egyptian actors. His casket was draped in the Egyptian flag and a black shroud.  He is burued in El-Sayeda Nafisa cemetery in southern Cairo.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Omar Sharif
- **image**: Omar Sharif 1963.JPG
- **caption**: Sharif in 1963
- **native name**: عمر شريف
- **native name lang**: ar
- **birth name**: Michel Yusef Dimitri Chalhoub
- **birth place**: Alexandria, Kingdom of Egypt
- **death place**: Cairo, Egypt
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **burial place**: Al-Sayyida Nafisa Mosque, Al-Sayyida Nafisa Cemetery, Cairo, Egypt
- **other names**: Omar el-Sherief, Omar Cherif
- **nationality**: Egypt, Egyptian
- **education**: Victoria College, Alexandria
- **alma mater**: Cairo University
- **occupation**: Actor, Contract bridge, bridge player
- **years active**: 1954–2015
- **honours**:  Order of Merit (Egypt), Order of Merit
- **children**: 1
- **relatives**: Omar Sharif Jr. (grandson)
Toshirō Mifune

**Toshirō Mifune** (Japanese: 三船 敏郎 _Mifune Toshirō_ – IPA: [miɸɯne toɕiɺoː]) (1 April 1920 – 24 December 1997) was a Japanese actor. He had roles in almost 170 movies.

### In English

- Toshirō Mifune - Tribute Site
- Toshirō Mifune: Biographical details and selected filmography  at the British Film Institute

### In Japanese

- http://www.mifuneproductions.co.jp/mifune.html  - Official Toshirō Mifune Website
- Toshirō Mifune at the Japanese Movie Database

## Infobox (chinese)

- **child**: yes
- **kanji**: 三船 敏郎
- **romaji**: Mifune Toshirō
- **hiragana**: みふね としろう


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Toshiro Mifune
- **image**: Toshiro Mifune 1954 Scan10003 160913.jpg
- **caption**: Mifune in 1954
- **native name**: 三船 敏郎
- **native name lang**: ja
- **birth place**: Qingdao, Republic of China (1912–1949), China
- **death place**: Mitaka, Tokyo, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
- **death cause**: Multiple organ failure
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1947–1995
- **spouse**: Sachiko Yoshimine
(1950–1995; her death)
- **website**: http://www.MifuneProductions.co.jp
Andy García

**Andrés Arturo García Menéndez** (born April 12, 1956), professionally known as **Andy Garcia**, is an Cuban American actor and director born in Cuba. He became famous in the 1990s, when he acted in many successful Hollywood movies, including _The Godfather: Part III_, _When a Man Loves a Woman_, _Ocean's Eleven_, and _Ocean's Thirteen_.

He was nominated for several awards for his work, including the Oscar. In 2022, he played Billy Herrera in _Father of the Bride_.

His daughter, Dominik García-Lorido, is an actress.

## Other websites

- Watch: Andy Garcia interviewed at the 2006 Miami Film Festival on independentfilm.com
- Andy Garcia interview for Smokin’ Aces

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Andy García
- **image**: Andy Garcia 2013 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: García in February 2013
- **birth place**: Havana, Cuba
- **birth name**: Andrés Arturo García Menéndez
- **children**: 4, including Dominik García-Lorido
- **occupation**: Actor, Film director, director
- **years active**: 1978–present
- **alma mater**: Florida International University
Begging

**Begging** means asking people for money, food, shelter or other things, when one is not able to give anything instead. It is also referred to as **sponging**, **spanging** (short for "spare-changing") or (in American English) **panhandling**.

In larger cities, it is common to see beggars who ask for money, food, or other items. Typically, beggars often beg for spare change using coffee cups, mugs, small boxes, hats, or other items into which monies can be placed and sometimes display signs with messages such as "Help me. I'm homeless."

## Use of funds obtained by begging

A 2002 study of 54 panhandlers in Toronto reported that of a median monthly income of $638 CAD, those interviewed spent a median of $200 CAD on food and $192 CAD on alcohol, tobacco and illegal drugs.  The Fraser Institute, however, criticized this study.  They said there were many forms of begging including ones in which good money can be earned.  They also said that panhandlers' reports were not reliable

Because of this, some people say that it would be better to give the beggars gift cards or food/service vouchers, instead of money. Some shelters also offer business cards with information on the shelter's location and services, which can be given instead of cash.

## Aggressive panhandling

**Aggressive panhandling** means to ask for donations or help in a threatening manner. This is not mugging, but rather similar and therefore often forbidden by law. Examples include:
- Asking customers inside a store or restaurant.
- Extending a hand, or even the head and both arms, into a car window
- Asking after dark, in a secluded area.
- There have been reports of beggars who will try to have their limbs amputated in the hope that they can get more out of sympathy.

## Well known beggars

- Bampfylde Moore Carew self-styled King of the Beggars
- Nicholas Jennings in Thomas Harman's "Caveat for Common Cursitors"
- Ryan Larkin
- Eugene Kim (one of the homeless who hopes to pay his way through college by these means)
- Lazarus
- Omar

## Related pages

- Homelessness

## Further material

- _Born Losers: A History of Failure in America_, by Scott A. Sandage (Harvard University Press, 2005).
Benicio del Toro

**Benicio Monserrate Rafael del Toro Sánchez** (born February 19, 1967) is a Puerto Rican actor and film producer. He grew up in Santurce, but spent his adolescence and high school years in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, USA. He has won several awards in his career, including an Academy Award.

## Other websites

- Benicio Del Toro Zone - Official Site
- This Is My Life: Benicio Del Toro - Miami Herald (October 10, 1997)
- All About Benicio - Biography
- Benicio Del Toro - Photo Gallery
- Benicio Del Toro - Video: Declaration of Independence Performance
- Benicio del Toro Heaven: THE Place for Benoholics© - Message Board
- The World of Benicio del Toro

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Benicio del Toro
- **image**: 2008-05-21 Benicio del Toro.jpg
- **birthname**: Benicio Monserrate Rafael del Toro Sánchez
- **birth place**: Santurce, Puerto Rico
- **homepage**: [http://www.beniciodeltoro.com BDT Zone]
- **known for**: Acting roles:

*"Jack 'Jackie Boy' Rafferty" in _Sin City (movie), Sin City_
*"Javier Rodriguez" in _Traffic (2000 film), Traffic_
*"Fred Fenster" in _The Usual Suspects_
*"Dr. Gonzo" in _Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (movie), Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas_
*Sergio St. Carlos in _One Battle After Another_
- **awards**: Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for _Traffic (2000 movie), Traffic_

Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture for _Traffic (2000 movie), Traffic_

BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for _Traffic (2000 movie), Traffic_

Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture for _Traffic (2000 movie), Traffic_
Geoffrey Rush

**Geoffrey Roy Rush**,  (born 6 July 1951) is an Australian actor who has won Academy and Emmy awards, as well as several others. He was the first Australian actor to win an Academy Award for acting.

Rush was born in Toowoomba, Queensland. He studied at Everton Park State High School and at University of Queensland. Rush was raised in Brisbane.

He has won one Academy Award for acting (from four nominations), three British Academy Film Awards (from five nominations), two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards.

He is the foundation President of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year.

In 1975, Rush went to Paris for two years and studied mime, movement and theatre at the L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq, before returning to continue his stage career with QTC. In 1979, he shared an apartment with actor Mel Gibson for four months while they co-starred in a stage production of _Waiting for Godot_.

Rush is known for his roles in _Shine_, _Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl_, _Shakespeare in Love_, _Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End_, _Quills_, _Finding Nemo_, _Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides_, _The King's Speech_ and _Minions_.

Since 1988, Rush has been married to actress Jane Menelaus, with whom he has a daughter, Angelica (born 1992), and a son, James (born 1995). Geoffrey Rush lives at Camberwell station, Camberwell, Victoria.

## Other websites

- Geoffrey Rush  – Stage acting credits
- Professional photographs of Geoffrey Rush – National Library of Australia

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Geoffrey Rush
- **image**: Geoffrey Rush Berlinale 2017.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Geoffrey Rush at the 2017 Berlin Film Festival
- **birthname**: Geoffrey Roy Rush
- **birth place**: Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- **notable works**: **David Helfgott** in _Shine (movie), Shine_
**Hector Barbossa** in _Pirates of the Caribbean_
**Francis Walsingham** in _Elizabeth (movie), Elizabeth_
**Philip Henslowe** in _Shakespeare in Love_
**Marquis de Sade** in _Quills_
**Nigel** in _Finding Nemo_
Peter Sellers in _The Life and Death of Peter Sellers_
**Ephraim** in _Munich (movie), Munich_
**Lionel Logue** in _The King's Speech_
- **awards**: Academy Awards:
**Best Actor**
1996 _Shine (movie), Shine_,
Emmy Awards:
**Outstanding Lead Actor in a Mini-Series or a Movie**
2005 _The Life and Death of Peter Sellers_,
BAFTA Awards:
**Best Actor**
1996 _Shine (film), Shine_
 **Best Supporting Actor**
1998 _Elizabeth (movie), Elizabeth_
Golden Globe Awards:
**Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama**
1997 _Shine (movie), Shine_
 **Best Actor - Mini-series**
2005_The Life and Death of Peter Sellers_
SAG Awards:
**Best Cast - Motion Picture**
 1998 _Shakespeare in Love_
- **spouse**: Jane Menelaus (m. 1988-present)
- **children**: 1 daughter, 1 son
Joaquin Phoenix

**Joaquín Rafael Phoenix** () (born October 28, 1973), originally called **Leaf Phoenix**, is an American actor. He is from a family of actors, like his brother, the late actor River Phoenix. He has been nominated four times for the Academy Award, winning once in 2020. He also won the Golden Globe, Screen Actors Guild, BAFTA and Grammy Awards.

Phoenix is popular for his roles as Commodus in _Gladiator_, as Johnny Cash in _Walk the Line_ and as the main character in _Joker_.

He is also known for portraying firefighter Jack Morrison in _Ladder 49_. He has recently begun directing music videos, as well as producing movies and television shows. He also sang and recorded an album, the soundtrack _Walk The Line_, which won a Grammy Award. He has been a social activist for a long time, especially for animal rights. He is a vegan.

## Other websites

- Joaquin Phoenix interview for Walk the Line
- Joaquin Phoenix

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Joaquin Phoenix
- **image**: Joaquin Phoenix-1325.jpg (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Joaquin Phoenix
- **birth place**: San Juan, Puerto Rico
- **birthname**: Joaquín Rafael Bottom
- **known for**: Acting roles:
**Commodus** in _Gladiator (2000 movie), Gladiator_
**Merrill Hess** in _Signs (movie), Signs_
**Johnny Cash** in _Walk the Line_
**Lucius Hunt** in _The Village (movie), The Village_
**Joker (comics), Arthur Fleck / Joker** in _Joker (2019 movie), Joker_
William Hurt

**William McChord Hurt** (March 20, 1950 – March 13, 2022) was an American actor. He won an Academy Award in 1985 for his work in the movie movie _Kiss of the Spider Woman_. He played Thaddeus Ross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

In May 2018, Hurt was diagnosed with terminal prostate cancer. He later died from the disease on March 13, 2022 at his home in Portland, Oregon, only one week before his 72nd birthday.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: William Hurt (2005) crop.jpg
- **caption**: Hurt at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival
- **birth name**: William McChord Hurt
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **death place**: Portland, Oregon, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **education**: Tufts University
Juilliard School
- **years active**: 1977–2022
- **spouse**: Mary Beth Hurt (1971–1982)
Heidi Henderson (1989–1992)
- **children**: 4
Adrien Brody

**Adrien Nicholas Brody** (born April 14, 1973) is an American actor. He starred in Roman Polanski's _The Pianist_ (2002). The role won him an Academy Award for Best Actor, the youngest actor ever to win the award. In 2025, he won another Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in _The Brutalist_ (2024).

His mother, Sylvia Plachy (born 1943) is a Hungarian photographer. His father is of Polish descent.

## Other websites

- Adrien Brody website
- Adrien Brody fansite

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Adrien Brody-61584.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Brody in 2023
- **name**: Adrien Brody
- **birth place**: Woodhaven, Queens, New York (state), New York, USA
- **height**: 6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)
- **known for**: The following movie roles:
**Władysław Szpilman** in
_The Pianist (2002 film), The Pianist_
**Jack Driscoll** in
 _King Kong (2005 film), Peter Jackson's King Kong_
**Louis Simo** in
_Hollywoodland_
- **awards**: Oscar for **Best Actor**
2002 _The Pianist (2002 film), The Pianist_
Cesar Award for **Best Actor**
2002 _The Pianist_
Mark Wahlberg

**Mark Robert Michael Wahlberg** (born June 5, 1971) is an American actor and television and movie producer. His father was of Swedish and Irish descent, and his mother is of Irish, Scottish, English ancestry. He has been nominated for an Academy Award. He was also known as "**Marky Mark**" at the beginning of his career, when he had become famous as a rap musician with the band Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch after a brief time as a member of New Kids on the Block.

Wahlberg was convicted of assault when he was 16, for which he was imprisoned. He is a Roman Catholic.

## Other websites

- Mark Wahlberg Message Board
- Mark Robert Wahlberg British fan site
- Mark Wahlberg Interview at Moviehole.net
- Mark Wahlberg Interview on "Fresh Air"
- Mark Wahlberg on The Hour
- Mark Wahlberg Youth Foundation

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **alias**: Marky Mark
- **years active**: 1984–1997
- **instrument**: Vocals


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mark Wahlberg
- **image**: Mark Wahlberg at the Contraband movie premiere in Sydney February 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Wahlberg at the Australian premiere of _Contraband (2012 film), Contraband,_ February 2012
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **children**: 4
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Mark Wahlberg, Full list
- **works**: Mark Wahlberg filmography, Filmography
Edward Norton

**Edward Harrison Norton** (born August 18, 1969) is an American movie actor and director. He was nominated for three Academy Awards. He won the Golden Globe in 1997 for _Primal Fear_.

## Biography

Edward Harrison Norton was born on August 18th 1969. When he was 28, he played someone accused of murder in the movie, Primal Fear (movie) and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 1997, Norton starred in the movie American History X and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. In 1998, Norton played a character in the Matt Damon movie Rounders about poker. In 1999, Norton co-starred with Brad Pitt in the movie Fight Club. In 2000, Norton wrote the screenplay for a movie called Keeping the Faith.

In 2024, he played folk singer Pete Seeger in the Bob Dylan biopic _A Complete Unknown_.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Edward Norton
- **image**: Ed_Norton_Shankbone_Metropolitan_Opera_2009.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Norton at the Gen Art Premiere and Party for _"The Illusionist"_
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **occupation**: Actor
- **known for**: _Primal Fear (movie), Primal Fear_
_American History X_
_Fight Club (movie), Fight Club_
_The Incredible Hulk_
_The Illusionist_
- **awards**: Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture
 1997 _Primal Fear_
Cardinal (bird)

The **Cardinals** or **Cardinalidae** are a family of  passerine birds that live in North and South America.

## References

- Stiles and Skutch,  _A guide to the birds of Costa Rica_
- Hilty, _Birds of Venezuela_,
- ffrench, _Birds of Trinidad and Tobago_
- "National Geographic" _Field Guide to the Birds of North America_
- Klicka, Burns & Spellman. Defining a monophyletic Cardinalidae: a molecular perspective. http://www.aou.org/meetings/abstracts/AOU_Meeting_Abstracts_122_2004.pdf . p. 36

## Other websites

- Cardinalidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Magpie

**Magpies** are birds in the crow family, Corvidae. They are general scavengers and predators of insects, small mammals, and other birds' eggs and young.

The word "magpie" usually means the European magpie (_Pica pica_) in the genus ***Pica,*** they are a very common bird, found everywhere in Europe. Though elsewhere, there are other species of magpie. Most having a distinctive black and white appearance.

## Other birds called "magpie"

There are other species of bird that are called 'magpies', though they are not true magpies. Oriental "magpies" are green and blue in colour, and belong to the genera _Urocissa_ and _Cissa_.

There is also one blue and white magpie, the azure-winged magpie _Cyanopica cyana_.

There is the black magpie, which is really a treepie.

There is also the Australian magpie. It is not a member of the crow family at all. It is in the Artamidae family.

All of those birds are in a different genera from _Pica_. This is a good example of the confusion caused by common names, before the Linnaean system came into use.

## Description

Magpies are large birds. They often have long tails. Magpies eat lots of different kinds of food. They may eat baby birds, eggs and carrion. They may also eat seeds and other parts of plants.

Magpies are clever birds. They can pass the mirror test. This is when the bird sees itself in a mirror and understands that the bird reflected in the mirror, is itself. Contrary to popular belief, they do not have any attraction to bright, shiny things.

## Related pages

- Yellow-billed magpie
- Black-billed magpie

## Other websites

- Magpie videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Magpie webcam  - Live webcam stream Magpies & Blackbirds nest
Final Fantasy Tactics

***Final Fantasy Tactics*** is a tactical role-playing game for the PlayStation and Game Boy Advance. It was released in 1997 by Square Co., Ltd. on the PlayStation and in 2003 on Game Boy Advance  (now Square Enix).
Vacuole

A **vacuole** is a membrane-bound organelle. They are a kind of vesicle. Vacuoles are closed sacs, made of membranes with inorganic or organic molecules inside, such as enzymes. They have no set shape or size, and the cell can change them as needed. They are in most eukaryotic cells and do many things. They can store waste. Vacuoles and their contents are distinct from the cytoplasm, and are classified as ergastic according to some people. The solution that fills the vacuole is called cell sap.

What a vacuole does and how important it is depends on what kind of cell they are in. They are much more important in plant and fungus cells than in animal cells. Some common jobs of a vacuole are to:

- Hold waste products, and keep things separate from the rest of the cell
- Hold water in plant cells
- Keep the internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor steady in a cell. In land plants, this holds the stem upright.
- Keep an acidic pH on the inside of a cell
- Hold small molecules
- In seeds, proteins that seeds use to sprout are put in 'protein bodies'. Protein bodies are just vacuoles that are a little bit different from normal.

Vacuoles are also important in autophagy, keeping a balance between making and getting rid of many things in cells and organisms. They also help with destroying and recycling broken proteins that build up in cells. Vacuoles may help attack bacteria and some kinds of vacuoles may act as a house for symbiotic bacteria. In protists, vacuoles also store and help digest food that the protist ate.

## Central vacuole

The central vacuole is a cellular organelle found in plant cells. It is often the largest organelle in the cell. It is surrounded by a membrane and holds materials and wastes. It also keeps the proper pressure in the plant cells, and supports the growing plant.

## Evolution

The evolution of multicellularity took place several times on Earth. That is, separately in animals, fungi, streptophytes (charophyte algae and land plants), red algae, and brown algae. The vacuole probably evolved several times independently, even within the green plants.
City of Sunderland

The **City of Sunderland** is a metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, in North East England.  Since 1992 it has had the status of a city and metropolitan borough.

It is named after its largest settlement, Sunderland, but covers a far larger area which includes the towns of Washington, Houghton-le-Spring, and other smaller settlements.

The district was created in 1974 as the **Metropolitan Borough of Sunderland** when all local government in England and Wales was changed by the Local Government Act 1972.  This was when four different local government districts from County Durham were joined together.

Sunderland became a city in 1992, the 40th anniversary of  Queen Elizabeth's _accession_ (the time she became queen).

The district had a population of 280,807 at the time of the 2001 census.

On March 24, 2004, the City adopted St Benedict Biscop as its patron saint. A patron had never been adopted before.

## Related pages

- Sunderland
- Washington
- Houghton-le-Spring

## Infobox (city)

- **official name**: The City of Sunderland
- **motto**: "Nil Desperandum Auspice Deo"
- **image map**: Tyne and Wear outline map with UK.png
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Sunderland's position in Tyne and Wear
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Councillor John Scott
- **leader title1**: Leader of the Council
- **leader name1**: Councillor Robert Symonds
- **established title**: Monkwearmouth
- **established date**: 674
- **established title2**: Borough of Sunderland
- **established date2**: 1835
- **established title3**: City of Sunderland
- **established date3**: 1992
- **population as of**: 2007
- **population total**: 177 739
- **timezone**: GMT
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: BST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postcode
- **postal code**: SR1 - SR6
- **website**: http://www.sunderland.gov.uk
Self-Strengthening Movement

The **Self-Strengthening Movement** ( or ;  1861 - 1895) was a reform organised during the late Qing Dynasty. The movement's intent was the modernization of China as a result of many military defeats it had faced at the hands of the West. It could be divided into three phases the first phase (1861 - 1872), the second phase (1872 - 1885) and the third phase (1885 - 1895).

After the defeat of Opium Wars and the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion, the emperor and imperial officials realised that the Qing Government might be overthrown soon and they would no longer reign the country. In order to prevent this, a series of reforms were implemented in the Self-Strengthening Movement, sometimes called "Westernization" which sought to adopt ideas from the West, mainly in technology.

## Major leaders

- Yixin, Prince Gong ()
- Wenxiang           ()
- Zeng Guofan        ()
- Li Hongzhang       ()
- Zuo Zongtang       ()
- Shen Baozhen       ()
- Zhang Zhidong      ()
Chechnya

**Chechnya** (; ), officially the **Chechen Republic** (; ), is a federal subject in Russia. It is located in the Caucasus region of Western Asia. The capital is Grozny.

Most people in Chechnya are Muslims and are of ancient Hurrian roots who spoke a Caucasian language. Most Chechens belong to the Shafi`i school of Sunni Islam.

Chechens speak their own language, not related to the Russian language. The Chechen language is part of the Northeast Caucasian, or _Vainakh_, family, while Russian is a Slavic language.

During Soviet control, Chechnya was unified with Ingushetia. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Chechnya broke away from Ingushetia to form its own republic. The Chechens wanted independence. After the First Chechen War, Chechnya was de facto independent as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. After the Second Chechen War, Russia regained control of Chechnya.

Russia has claimed Chechnya as part of its country since the Russians invaded the Caucasus in the 18th century.

The current leader of the Chechen Republic is Ramzan Kadyrov. He is also the son of the 1st Chechen President, Akhmad Kadyrov.

## Other websites

- Official site of the Republic of Chechnya

## Infobox (russian federal subject)

- **en name**: Chechen Republic
- **ru name**: Чеченская Республика
- **loc name1**: Нохчийн Республика
- **loc lang1**: Chechen
- **image map**: Locator map of Chechnya, Russia (2014–2022).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Chechen Republic since 2004.svg
- **flag caption**: Flag of Chechnya, Flag
- **image coa**: Coat of Arms of Chechnya (2020-).svg
- **coa caption**: Coat of arms of the Chechen Republic, Coat of arms
- **anthem**: _Shatlak's Song_
- **anthem ref**:

- **political status**: Republic
- **political status link**: Republics of Russia
- **federal district**: North Caucasian Federal District, North Caucasian
- **economic region**: North Caucasus economic region, North Caucasus
- **adm ctr type**: Capital
- **adm ctr name**: Grozny
- **official lang list**: Chechen language, Chechen
- **pop 2016census**: 1395678
- **pop 2016census rank**: 39th
- **urban pop 2010census**: 32.1%
- **rural pop 2016census**: 62.7%
- **pop latest**: 1395678
- **pop latest date**: January 2016
- **area km2**: 17300
- **area km2 rank**: 76th
- **established date**: January 10, 1993
- **license plates**: 95
- **iso**: RU-CE
- **gov as of**: November 2012
- **leader title**: Head of the Chechen Republic, Head
- **leader name**: Ramzan Kadyrov
- **legislature**: Parliament of the Chechen Republic, Parliament
- **date**: January 2015
Opposite number

In mathematics, the **opposite** or **inverse** of a number  is an additive or a subtractive number  which, when added to , results in 0. The opposite of  is . For example, −7 is the opposite of 7, because .

## Definition

A number  is called an opposite or inverse number of another number  if . By definition,  is the opposite number of . For example,  is the opposite number of  and vice-versa. This is because

## Properties

The opposite numbers satisfy the properties listed below.
1. The opposite of 0 is 0.
1. Two opposite numbers have the same absolute value. This follows from the fact that the  is the opposite number of  and both have the same absolute value .
1. The opposite of a positive number is the negative version of the number. The opposite of a negative number is the positive version of the number.
1. opposite numbers are located in the opposite direction on a number line having the same distance from the origin. That is, they are symmetric about the origin on a number line.
1. The sum of two opposite numbers is always zero, because
1. The division of two non-zero opposite numbers is always , because
1. Each number has a unique opposite number.

## Related pages

- Addition
- Reciprocal
- Absolute value
- Operation (mathematics)
Nth root

An **_n_-th root** of a number _r_ is a number which, if _n_ copies are multiplied together, makes _r_. It is also called a **radical** or a **radical expression**. It is a number _k_ for which the following equation is true:
(for the meaning of , see Exponentiation.)

We write the nth root of _r_ as . If _n_ is 2, then the radical expression is a **square root**. If it is 3, it is a **cube root**. Other values of n are referred to using ordinal numbers, such as _fourth root_ and _tenth root_.

For example,  because . The 8 in that example is called the **radicand**, the 3 is called the **index**, and the check-shaped part is called the **radical symbol** or **radical sign**.

Roots and powers can be changed as shown in .

The **product property** of a radical expression is the statement that . The **quotient property** of a radical expression is the statement . b != 0.

## Simplifying

This is an example of how to simplify a radical.

If two radicals are the same, they can be combined. This is when both of the indexes and radicands are the same.

This is how to find the perfect square and rationalize the denominator.

## Related pages

- Geometric mean
- Rationalization (mathematics)
- Square number
Isle of Portland

The **Isle of Portland** is an island in Dorset in the south of England. Portland is south of the resort of Weymouth. 13,000 people live there. It is where the famous Portland limestone was originally found.

In 2012, the sailing in the Olympics took place on Portland and in Weymouth.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Isle of Portland
- **static image name**: Flag of Isle of Portland.gif
- **population**: 12,797
- **population ref**: (2018 est.)
- **os grid reference**: SY690721
- **london distance**: Points of the compass, NE
- **civil parish**: Portland
- **unitary england**: Dorset (unitary authority), Dorset
- **lieutenancy england**: Dorset
- **region**: South West England
- **country**: England
- **post town**: PORTLAND
- **postcode area**: DT
- **postcode district**: DT5
- **dial code**: 01305
- **constituency westminster**: South Dorset (UK Parliament constituency), South Dorset
Weymouth, Dorset

**Weymouth** is a resort town in Dorset on the south coast of England. 52,000 people live in the town. Thousands of tourists have holidays there, because it is by the sea. In summer it is sometimes sunny and warm and there is lots to do. The sailing in the 2012 Summer Olympics were held in Weymouth and on the Isle of Portland nearby.