juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Flag of Etzatlán

The **flag of Etzatlán** () It is colored and the coat of arms in the center in white, was created in 2023. It has a white diagonal cross divided the field into alternating blue and yellow areas. The center of the cross merges into a white disk, on which there are eight solid six-pointed stars outlined in yellow. The ratio of the flag was 2:3 until 27 September 2023. The ratio of the flag is 3:4.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Flag of Etzatlán
- **proportion**: 7:4
Hephthalites

The **Hephthalites**, also known as the **White Huns** (Sanskrit: ***Sveta-huna***; Old Persian:  ***Spet Xyon***; Bactrian: ***Εβοδαλο***, or ***Ebodalo*** in Romanized form), were an ethnic group whose members lived in Central Asia from the 5th to 8th century CE, part of the larger group of the Iranian Huns.

## History

The Hephthalites formed an empire, sometimes called the Imperial Hephthalites, and were militarily significant from 450 CE, when they defeated the Kidarites, to 560 CE, when combined forces from the First Turkic Khaganate and the Sassanid Empire defeated them. After 560 CE, they established "principalities" in the area of Tokharistan, under the suzerainty of the Western Turkic Khaganate (Traditional Chinese: 西突厥汗國) – north of the Oxus – and of the Sassanid Empire – in the areas south of the Oxus – before the Tokhara Yabghus took over the region in 625 CE.

## Related pages

- Sogdia
- Scythia
- Tocharians
- Tang Dynasty
- Sassanid Empire
- Indo-Iranian peoples
- Indo-Iranian languages
DiscoVision

**MCA DiscoVision, Inc.** was a division of entertainment giant MCA (Music Corporation of America), established in 1969 to develop and sell an optical videodisc system. DiscoVision was the original name for what would later be known as the LaserDisc format. The format was intended as a home video distribution system using reflective optical discs.

## History

MCA DiscoVision launched in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1978, with discs pressed in Carson and Costa Mesa, California. The company released titles from major studios, including Universal Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros. Pictures, and Disney. There were also agreements with Columbia Pictures and United Artists, though no discs were released under the DiscoVision label from these studios. Eventually, several of these companies began releasing titles under their own labels. The first to do so was Paramount Home Video, which released a dozen films on the format in the summer of 1981.

DiscoVision's quality issues with disc pressings led to a partnership between MCA and IBM to form DiscoVision Associates (DVA), aiming to improve the quality of the product. However, significant improvements were never realized. In 1981, responsibility for the LaserDisc format was sold to Pioneer Electronic Corporation. This partnership included the establishment of disc pressing plants in Japan and the creation of the Pioneer PR-7820 player, the first industrial model of a DiscoVision player, launched in 1978.

## Decline and Legacy

In the same year (1981), MCA discontinued the DiscoVision branding, as the format was rebranded to LaserDisc under Pioneer’s ownership. MCA's LaserDisc releases were now produced by Pioneer under the new "MCA Videodisc" banner, which was later unified with VHS releases under the "MCA Home Video" name.

Some of DiscoVision's technical staff later went on to form MCA Video Games, which focused on producing video game cartridges.

## Films Released

DiscoVision released a number of films from major studios, including:
- _Jaws_ (1975)
- _The Godfather_ (1972)
- _Saturday Night Fever_ (1977)
- _The Four Seasons_ (1981)
- And many more...

## Other websites

- DiscoVision Archive  - Comprehensive history and discography of DiscoVision titles.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: MCA DiscoVision
- **type**: Division
- **industry**: Home Video
- **founded**: 1978
- **defunct**: 1981
- **fate**: Sold to Universal Pictures Home Entertainment
- **predecessor**: MCA Imax (1974-1978)
- **successor**: Universal Pictures Home Entertainment
- **headquarters**: Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- **parent**: MCA Inc.
Patent holding company

A **patent holding company** (**PHC**) exists to hold patents on behalf of one or more other companies. Unlike operating companies, PHCs typically do not manufacture products or provide services based on the patents they hold. Their main function is patent ownership, which can be used for licensing purposes or strategic management of intellectual property.

## Purpose

Patent holding companies may be formed for several reasons:

- Tax considerations: Some companies use PHCs to benefit from tax advantages. For example, a company might transfer ownership of patents to a subsidiary in a jurisdiction with favorable tax laws.
- Licensing management: PHCs may manage the licensing of patented technologies. They sometimes organize patent pools, which provide a single source for companies to license multiple patents from different holders. This is common in industries like telecommunications and electronics, where complex technologies rely on numerous patents.

## Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs)

Patent holding companies that aggressively enforce their patents through litigation or threats of litigation are referred to as **patent assertion entities** (**PAEs**). These entities typically do not manufacture products or provide services themselves but focus solely on enforcing patent rights. PAEs have been criticized for engaging in what is commonly known as _patent trolling_.

## Criticism and Patent Trolling

Patent trolls are companies or individuals that acquire patents primarily to profit from enforcing them against alleged infringers, rather than for developing or marketing the technology themselves. On June 4, 2013, the National Economic Council and the Council of Economic Advisers in the United States released a report entitled "Patent Assertion and U.S. Innovation," which found that PAEs harm the economy by hindering innovation and imposing significant legal costs on companies. The report made several recommendations to curb the negative effects of PAEs.

In the same year, President Obama expressed criticism of companies that do not produce anything but instead leverage others' inventions to extract payments through patent claims. He stated that such behavior stifled innovation and entrepreneurship.

## Examples of Patent Holding Companies

Some well-known examples of patent holding companies or PAEs include:

- Intellectual Ventures – One of the largest patent holding companies, focused on acquiring and licensing patents.
- Acacia Research Corporation – A company that partners with patent owners to license and enforce their intellectual property rights.

## Related pages

- Patent troll
- Intellectual property

## Other websites

- United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) – Official site for U.S. patents.
- Obama White House Archive on Patent Assertion
Elliptical trainer

An **elliptical trainer**, also known as a **cross-trainer**, is a stationary exercise machine used to simulate walking, running, or stair climbing. It offers a low-impact form of cardiovascular exercise that reduces strain on the joints, making it a popular option for people with joint issues or those recovering from injuries. By engaging both the upper and lower body, elliptical trainers provide a full-body workout.

## History

Elliptical trainers were first introduced in the 1990s by the fitness equipment manufacturer Precor. Their first model, the **Elliptical Fitness Crosstrainer (EFX)**, was released in 1995. It featured a rear flywheel design and allowed the user's foot to roll naturally from heel to toe, replicating the motion of walking or running. The patented four-bar linkage system that Precor developed enabled smooth, elliptical motion and significantly reduced the impact on joints compared to other cardio equipment like treadmills.

## Types

Elliptical trainers are generally categorized based on the placement of the drive system:

- **Rear-drive**: The most traditional design, with a flywheel located at the back of the machine, providing smooth movement.
- **Front-drive**: The flywheel is positioned at the front, offering a more compact design, but the movement may feel slightly different compared to rear-drive models.
- **Center-drive**: Features a flywheel placed near the center, providing a balanced and upright workout experience.

## Benefits

The elliptical trainer is favored for its low-impact nature, as it provides a cardiovascular workout without the jarring effects on the joints, common in running or stair climbing. The adjustable resistance and ability to change speeds allow users to customize their workouts, varying from light to intense. Many elliptical models also include movable handlebars, offering users the ability to work their upper body in conjunction with their lower body, providing a full-body workout.

## Common usage

Elliptical trainers are used widely in gyms, fitness centers, and homes as part of a cardiovascular exercise routine. They are particularly effective for individuals looking for a low-impact workout to build endurance and strengthen muscles without over-straining joints.

## Related pages

- Treadmill
Williams v. Mississippi

**Williams v. Mississippi**, 170 U.S. 213 (1898), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of Mississippi’s voter registration provisions, which included a poll tax, literacy test, and the grandfather clause for voter eligibility. The plaintiff, Henry Williams, an African American man convicted of murder by an all-white jury, challenged the validity of these provisions under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

## Background

In 1890, Mississippi adopted a new state constitution that included a number of provisions aimed at disenfranchising African American voters. These provisions included a poll tax, literacy tests, and a grandfather clause that allowed illiterate whites to vote if their grandfathers had voted before the American Civil War. The laws disproportionately affected African Americans, who, due to generations of inequality, were more likely to be poor and illiterate than whites.

Williams was convicted of murder by an all-white jury, and he argued that his indictment was invalid because African Americans had been systematically excluded from jury service through the state's discriminatory voter registration laws. Under Mississippi's laws, only registered voters could serve on juries, and because African Americans were effectively disenfranchised, they were excluded from juries as well.

## Legal argument

Williams' appeal claimed that the state’s voting laws violated the Fourteenth Amendment, as they were designed to disenfranchise African Americans and deny them equal protection under the law. He argued that because African Americans were excluded from voter rolls, they were also excluded from jury service, making his trial by an all-white jury inherently biased.

## Decision

On April 25, 1898, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously against Williams in a 9–0 decision. Writing for the Court, Justice Joseph McKenna held that Mississippi’s voting laws were not discriminatory on their face and did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, even if they resulted in the exclusion of African Americans from voting and jury service. McKenna noted that the laws could apply to all races equally, and any discrimination that occurred was the result of local officials' application of the laws, not the laws themselves.

McKenna wrote: "The constitution of Mississippi and its statutes do not on their face discriminate between the races, and it has not been shown that their actual administration was evil; only that evil was possible under them."

## Aftermath

The Court’s decision allowed states across the South to continue using Jim Crow laws and voter registration requirements to disenfranchise African Americans. It was not until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that these practices were finally overturned.

## See also

- Jim Crow laws
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
- Literacy test
- Poll tax

## Other Website

- Oyez: Williams v. Mississippi
T4 Eastern Suburbs and Illawarra Line

The **T4 Eastern Suburbs and Illawarra Line** is a rail service operated by Sydney Trains.

## History

The line between Town Hall and Bondi Junction opened on 23 June 1979.

### All branches

- Bondi Junction
- Edgecliff
- Kings Cross
- Martin Place
- Town Hall
- Central
- Redfern
- Sydenham
- Tempe
- Wolli Creek
- Arncliffe
- Banksia
- Rockdale
- Kogarah
- Carlton
- Allawah
- Hurstville
- Penshurst
- Mortdale
- Oatley
- Como
- Jannali
- Sutherland

### Cronulla branch

- Kirrawee
- Gymea
- Miranda
- Caringbah
- Woolooware
- Cronulla

### Waterfall branch

- Loftus
- Engadine
- Heathcote
- Waterfall
T7 Olympic Park Line

The **T7 Olympic Park Line** is a rail service operated by Sydney Trains.

## History

The line opened on 8 March 1998.

## Stations

- Lidcombe
- Olympic Park
Culter (disambiguation)

**Culter** is Latin for "knife". It can also mean:

- Culter, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
- _Culter_, a genus of cyprinids
- Culter F.C., a junior football club from the village of Peterculter, Aberdeen, Scotland
- Cults Academy (Culter School), a primary school in Aberdeen
- Peterculter, commonly shortened to Culter

__DISAMBIG__

## Related pages

- Coulter
Chanodichthys

***Chanodichthys*** is a genus of cyprinids in the subfamily Cultrinae consisting of five species from East Asia. It is related to _Culter_.

## Etymology

It is derived from _chanos_, which is Greek for "abyss, mouth opened, inmensity" and also the Greek word for fish, _ichthys_.

## Species

The family has 5 species:

- _Chanodichthys abramoides_ <small>Dybowski, 1872</small>
- _Chanodichthys dabryi_ <small>Bleeker, 1871</small> (Humpback)
- _Chanodichthys erythropterus_ <small>Basilewsky, 1855</small> (Predatory carp)
- _Chanodichthys mongolicus_ <small>Basilewsky, 1855</small> (Mongolian redfin)
- _Chanodichthys oxycephalus_ <small>Bleeker, 1871</small>

### Type species

The type species of the genus is the Mongolian redfin.

## References

1. <small>"_Chanodichthys_". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 25 May 2007.</small>
1. <small>Huckstorf, V. & Freyhof, J. (2012). "_Chanodichthys mongolicus_". _IUCN Red List of Threatened Species_.</small>

## Further reading

- Devi, R.; Boguskaya, N. (2009). "_Chanodichthys dabryi_". _IUCN Red List of Threatened Species_.

## Other websites

- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30SBmV1-Sm8
Cultrinae

**Cultrinae** is an Asian subfamily of cyprinids that consists of over 10 genera.

## Genera

- _Anabarilius_ (21 species)
- _Ancherythroculter_ (5 species)
- _Chanodichthys_ (5 species)
- _Culter_ (4 species)
- _Cultrichthys_ (monotypic)
- _Erythroculter_ (monotypic)
- _Hainania_ (monotypic)
- _Hemiculter_ (8 species)
- _Ischikauia_ (monotypic)
- _Megalobrama_ (5 species)
- _Parabramis_ – white Amur bream (monotypic)
- _Paralaubuca_ (5 species)
- _Pseudohemiculter_ (4 species)
- _Pseudolaubuca_ (4 species)
- _Sinibrama_ (6 species)
- _Toxabramis_ (7 species)

## References

1. <small>Park, Cheol-Woo; Kim, Jae-Goo (2024). "A Comparative Morphological Study on the Characteristics of Egg Envelopes of Three Cultrinae Fishes (Cyprinidae, Teleostei) in Korea". _NCBI_.</small>

## Other websites

- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254419496_Phylogeny_and_Zoogeography_of_the_Cyprinid_Hemicultrine_Group_Cyprinidae_Cultrinae
T5 Cumberland Line

The **T5 Cumberland Line** is a rail service operated by Sydney Trains.

## History

The line opened in 1996. Before the line opened, people have to change at Granville.

### Richmond railway line

- Richmond (late night only)
- East Richmond (late night only)
- Clarendon (late night only)
- Windsor (late night only)
- Mulgrave (late night only)
- Vineyard (late night only)
- Riverstone (late night only)
- Schofields
- Quakers Hill
- Marayong
- Blacktown

### Main Western railway line

- Seven Hills
- Toongabbie
- Pendle Hill
- Wentworthville
- Westmead
- Parramatta
- Harris Park

### Old Main South railway line

- Merrylands
- Guildford
- Yennora
- Fairfield
- Canley Vale

### Main South railway line

- Cabramatta
- Warwick Farm
- Liverpool
- Casula
- Glenfield

### South West Rail Link

- Edmondson Park
- Leppington
Octonion

In mathematics, the **octonion** number system extends the complex numbers into eight dimensions. It is represented using the symbol . The 16-dimensional sedenions come after the octonions.

## History

The octonions were first described by Irish mathematician John T. Graves in 1843, who originally called them "**octaves**". They were independently described by Arthur Cayley in 1845.

## Introduction

The octonions take on the following form, with 8 total elements.  is a real number, and the others are imaginary units belonging to 7 different dimensions.

## Multiplication

The Fano plane is a diagram that shows how another octonion element is obtained when two octonion elements are multiplied with each other.

The two examples below illustrate how a positive product is obtained when moving along with directions of the arrows in the Fano plane.

The two examples below illustrate how a negative product is obtained when moving against the directions of the arrows in the Fano plane.

Both quaternions and octonions are non-commutative, but octonions are also non-associative. However, quaternions are associative. The example below shows how the results of multiplying , ,  change when they are grouped differently (in order words, when the order of operations differ).
Sedenion

In mathematics, the **sedenion** number system extends the complex numbers into 16 dimensions.

The 32-dimensional trigintaduonions come after the sedenions.
Trigintaduonion

In mathematics, the **trigintaduonion** number system (), also called the **32-ions**, extends the complex numbers into 32 dimensions.
Juha Puhtimäki

**Juha Puhtimäki** is a Finnish baseball player.

He became Finnish champion with teams Manse PP and Joensuu Maila, at the top level of Finnish baseball.

Early life: He was born in 1985 in Ilmajoki.
Alexei Savrasov

**Alexei Kondratyevich Savrasov**;  – ) was a Russian landscape painter. He created a style of painting, called _lyrical landscape_ style. His most famous painting is _The Rooks Have Returned_.
John Hopfield

**John Joseph Hopfield** (born July 15, 1933) is an American physicist and molecular biologist. He is a professor of Princeton University. He is known for his study of neural networks in 1982. He is known for the creation of the Hopfield network.

In 2024, along with Geoffrey Hinton, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on artificial neural networks for machine learning.

## Other websites

- Homepage at Princeton
- User:John J. Hopfield – Scholarpedia
- 2014 review by Hopfield tracing the trajectory of solid state physics through his experiences

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: John Hopfield
- **image**: John Hopfield 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Hopfield in 2016
- **birth name**: John Joseph Hopfield
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **field**: Physics, Molecular biology, Neuroscience
- **work institution**: Bell Labs
Princeton University
 University of California, Berkeley
 California Institute of Technology
- **alma mater**: Swarthmore College (Bachelor of Arts, AB)
Cornell University (PhD)
- **doctoral advisor**: Albert Overhauser
- **doctoral students**: David Beratan
 Steven Girvin
Bertrand Halperin
 David J. C. MacKay
 Gerald Mahan
 José Onuchic
 Terry Sejnowski
 Erik Winfree
 Li Zhaoping
- **thesis title**: A quantum-mechanical theory of the contribution of excitons to the complex dielectric constant of crystals
- **thesis url**: https://www.proquest.com/docview/301894791/
- **thesis year**: 1958
- **known for**: Hopfield network
Modern Hopfield network
Hopfield dielectric
Polariton
 Kinetic proofreading
Hallaca

**Hallaca** is corn dough stuffed with a stew, beef, pork, or chicken.
Trash compactor

A **trash compactor** is a useful machine designed to reduce the volume of waste by compressing it. The process begins with loading the trash into the compactor. Once the trash is inside, the machine is turned on, and a metal ram pushes down on the trash, crushing it to make it more compact. This compression significantly reduces the space the trash occupies, allowing more waste to fit into the same bin. Trash compactors are commonly used in both homes and businesses to manage waste more efficiently, ultimately reducing the number of trips needed to take out the trash.
Gian Marco

**Gian Marco Javier Zignago Alcóver** (born 1970) is a Peruvian musician and actor. He has won the Latin Grammy Award for the Best Singer-Songwriter Album three times.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **label**: Sony Music


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gian Marco
- **image**: Gian Marco.png
- **birth name**: Gian Marco Javier Zignago Alcóver
- **birth place**: Lima, Peru
- **years active**: 1987-present
Hyloxalus arliensis

***Hyloxalus arliensis*** is a frog.  It lives in Colombia.

Scientists saw this frog in the Andes Mountains, between 565 and 1200  meters above sea level in Colombia's Cordillera Central and Cordillera Occidental.
Polish Committee of National Liberation

The **Polish Committee of National Liberation**, was an executive governing authority established by the Soviet-backed communists in Poland at the later stage of World War II. Installed in July 1944 in Lublin, it was a provisional entity functioning in opposition to the London based Polish government-in-exile (which was recognised by the Western Allies). It governed land that re captured from Nazi Germany and the General Government by the Soviet Red Army and the Polish People's Army.
Ronn Torossian

**Ronn D. Torossian** is an American public relations executive and the founder of 5W Public Relations (5WPR) in New York City. He is also an author. Torossian made his firm’s name with strong media tactics, which sometimes caused controversy.

Torossian is very active in Israeli right-wing politics and activism.

## Early life

Torossian was born in Brooklyn, New York, and grew up in The Bronx. He went to Stuyvesant High School in New York City. When he was 13, his mother encouraged him to join Betar, a Zionist youth group linked to Israel’s Likud party.

While studying at SUNY Albany, Torossian became the national president of Betar’s North American branch. After finishing his undergraduate degree, he moved to Israel to pursue a master’s degree but left his studies to get involved in political activism. Torossian, along with Betar members Danny Danon and Yoel Hasson, started an organization called Yerushalyim Shelanu (Our Jerusalem) to support Jewish settlement in East Jerusalem.

In 1999, Torossian criticized Benjamin Netanyahu for stopping construction at Har Homa and withdrawing Israeli troops from parts of Hebron. As the director of Americans for Israel’s Survival, Torossian helped organize a protest in 2002 outside the French tourist office in New York. The protest was against the French government’s lack of action on anti-Semitic attacks and called for a boycott of French goods and travel to France to hurt France’s economy.

Torossian writes opinion pieces for the New York Post, The New York Observer, and The Jewish Press. In March 2015, he criticized the New Israel Fund along with Pamela Geller because of the NIF’s position on the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions campaign.

Torossian is a supporter of Donald Trump.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ronn D. Torossian
- **image**: Torossian Ronn Headhsot.jpg
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: State University of New York at Albany
- **occupation**: Public relations
- **employer**: 5W Public Relations
Polaris Dawn

**Polaris Dawn** was a spaceflight with astronauts in 2024. The flight was done in one of the spacecraft of SpaceX, on behalf of Jared Isaacman, the CEO of the company Shift4.

It was the first of three planned missions in the Polaris program. Launched 10 September 2024 as the 14th crewed orbital flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft, Isaacman and his crew of three — Scott Poteet, Sarah Gillis and Anna Menon — flew in an elliptic orbit that took them 1,400 kilometers (870 mi) away from Earth, the farthest anyone has been since NASA's Apollo program. They passed through parts of the Van Allen radiation belt to study the health effects of space radiation and spaceflight on the human body. Later in the mission, the crew performed the first commercial spacewalk.

## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Polaris Dawn
- **image**: File:Logo_of_Polaris_Dawn.svg
- **mission type**: Private spaceflight
- **operator**: SpaceX
- **cospar id**: 2024-161A
- **satcat**: 61042
- **orbits completed**: 75
- **spacecraft**: Crew
 Dragon Resilience
- **spacecraft type**: Crew Dragon
- **crew members**: Jared Issacman
 Scott Poteet
 Sarah Gillis
 Anna Menon
- **crew size**: 4
- **launch date**: 10 September 2024, 09:23:49 UTC
 (5:23:49 EDT)
- **launch rocket**: Falcon 9 Block 5
 (B1083.4), Flight 372
- **launch site**: Kennedy, LC-39A
- **manufacturer**: SpaceX
- **launch contractor**: SpaceX
- **landing date**: September 15, 2024, 07:37 UTC
(3:37 a.m. EDT)
- **landing site**: Gulf of Mexico
- **orbit reference**: Geocentric orbit
- **orbit regime**: Low Earth orbit
Satellite Catalog Number

The **Satellite Catalog Number** (SATCAT), also called the **NORAD Catalog Number** or **NORAD ID**, is a special number given to all human-made objects in space. These numbers are given by the United States Space Command, previously by NORAD. These numbers are issued in the sequence in which the objects are launched or detected. An example: the rocket for Sputnik 1 is catalog number 1, while the satellite Sputnik 1 is catalog number 2. Objects that do not stay in orbit or only orbit for a short time are not included in the catalog. The smallest object in the catalog is 10 centimeters, or about 4 inches, wide. On October 21, 2023, the catalog contained 58,010 objects, with 16,645 satellites launched since 1957. Of these, 8,936 satellites were still operational. There are 25,717 well-tracked objects, and 2,055 objects have been lost. Another 16,600 "analyst objects" are tracked by the USSPACECOM. These objects are in another category of tracking, and details about them are not made public. The number, according to an ESA estimate dated September 12, 2023, is around 36,500 debris big enough to be tracked by USSPACECOM.
Plaxton Premiere

The **Plaxton Premiere**, **Plaxton Excalibur** and **Plaxton Prima** was bodyworks of coaches. They were made from 1991 to 2004 by Plaxton.

The Premiere, Excalibur and Prima all looked the same but they were made with different heights.

In 2004, the Premiere and the Excalibur was replaced by the Paragon and the Panther.

The Prima was made up until 2012 and wasn't replaced.

## Chassis

The Premiere bodywork was built on the DAF SB3000 chassis, Dennis Javelin chassis, and the Volvo B10M chassis.

The Excalibur bodywork was built on the Dennis Javelin chassis, Volvo B10M chassis and the Volvo B12T chassis.

The Prima bodywork was built on the DAF SB3000 chassis and the Volvo B7R chassis.

## Other models

- Plaxton made a coach body called the **Expressliner II**. It was built on the Volvo B10M chassis. It was built for National Express.
- Plaxton made a coach body called the **Interurban** (or Premiere Interurban). It was built on the Volvo B10M chassis. It was made for medium distance interurban services. It was made for the Stagecoach Group.

## Infobox (uk bus)

- **name**: Plaxton Premiere
- **image**: WOODS Leicester - Flickr - secret coach park (2).jpg
- **caption**: Woods of Leicester Plaxton Premiere bodied Volvo B10M at Moreton-in-Marsh in August 2013
- **manufacturer**: Plaxton
- **assembly**: Scarborough, North Yorkshire, Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England
- **predecessor**: Plaxton Paramount
- **successor**: Plaxton Panther
Plaxton Paragon
Plaxton Profile
- **production**: 1991–2002
- **floortype**: High floor, Step-entrance
- **doors**: 1
- **chassis**: DAF SB3000
Dennis Javelin
Volvo B7R
Volvo B9M
Volvo B10M
Volvo B12
Scania 3-series (bus), Scania K93
Scania 3-series (bus)#Scania K93/K113, Scania K113
John Kavanagh

**John Kavanagh** is an American politician. He is a member of the Arizona State Senate and was a member of the Arizona House of Representatives.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Kavanagh
- **image**: John Kavanagh by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg
- **office**: Member of the Arizona Senate
- **term start**: January 9, 2023
- **predecessor**: Sally Ann Gonzales _(redistricting)_
- **constituency**: Arizona's 3rd legislative district, 3rd district
- **term start1**: January 15, 2015
- **term end1**: January 14, 2019
- **predecessor1**: Michele Reagan
- **successor1**: Michelle Ugenti-Rita
- **constituency1**: Arizona's 23rd legislative district, 23rd district
- **office2**: Member of the Arizona House of Representatives
- **term start2**: January 14, 2019
- **term end2**: January 9, 2023
- **predecessor2**: Michelle Ugenti-Rita
- **successor2**: Michele Pena
- **constituency2**: Arizona's 23rd legislative district, 23rd district
- **term start3**: January 8, 2007
- **term end3**: January 15, 2015
- **predecessor3**: Colette Rosati
- **successor3**: Frank Pratt (politician), Frank Pratt
- **constituency3**: Arizona's 8th legislative district, 8th district (2007–2013)
Arizona's 23rd legislative district, 23rd district (2013–2015)
- **office4**: President pro tempore of the Arizona Senate
- **term start4**: January 8, 2018
- **term end4**: January 14, 2019
- **predecessor4**: Debbie Lesko
- **successor4**: Eddie Farnsworth
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: New York City
Dave Farnsworth

**David Christian Farnsworth** (born July 16, 1951) is an American politician. He is a member of the Arizona State Senate and was a member of the Arizona House of Representatives.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Dave Farnsworth
- **image**: David Farnsworth by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **state senate**: Arizona
- **district**: Arizona 10th Legislative District, 10th
- **term start**: January 9, 2023
- **predecessor**: Stephanie Stahl Hamilton
- **state senate1**: Arizona
- **district1**: Arizona 16th Legislative District, 16th
- **term start1**: September 11, 2013
- **term end1**: January 11, 2021
- **predecessor1**: Rich Crandall
- **successor1**: Kelly Townsend
- **state house3**: Arizona
- **district3**: Arizona's 4th legislative district, 4th
- **term start3**: January 1995
- **term end3**: January 1997
- **predecessor3**: Polly Rosenbaum
- **successor3**: Debra Brimhall
Jake Flake
- **alongside3**: Jack A. Brown, Jack Brown
- **birth name**: David Christian Farnsworth
- **birth place**: Mexico City, Mexico
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **residence**: Mesa, Arizona
- **alma mater**: Mesa Community College
- **caption**: Farnsworth in 2017
Nicholas Pryor

**Nicholas David Pryor** (born **Probst**; January 28, 1935 – October 7, 2024) was an American actor. His career began in 1951. He was known for his roles as Victor Collins in _General Hospital_ and _Port Charles_, as A. Milton Arnold in _Beverly Hills, 90210_, as Jim Hammen in _Airplane!_ and as Mr. Goodson in _Risky Business_.

Pryor was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at the Gilman School and at Yale University. In 1993, he married Christine Belford.

Pryor died on October 7, 2024 of cancer at his home in Wilmington, North Carolina at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- Biography from ABC Network's _Port Charles_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nicholas Pryor
- **image**: Nicholas Pryor 1964.JPG
- **caption**: Pryor in 1964
- **birth name**: Nicholas David Probst
- **birth place**: Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
- **death place**: Wilmington, North Carolina, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cancer
- **other names**: Nick Pryor
- **education**: Gilman School
 Yale University
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1955–2021
- **children**: 1
Leucostethus

***Leucostethus*** is a group of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae. The frogs live in the western Amazon rainforest.

The frogs in this group are the only ones in the Colostethinae group that do not have dark colors on the belly. The name is from the Greek words _leukos_ ("white") and _stethos_ ("chest").

These species are in _Leucostethus_:
- _Leucostethus alacris_ <small>(Rivero and Granados-Díaz, 1990)</small>
- _Leucostethus argyrogaster_ <small>(Morales and Schulte, 1993)</small>
- _Leucostethus bilsa_ <small>Vigle _et al_., 2020</small>
- _Leucostethus brachistriatus_ <small>(Rivero and Serna, 1986)</small>
- _Leucostethus dysprosium_ <small>(Rivero and Serna, 2000)</small>
- _Leucostethus fraterdanieli_ <small>(Silverstone, 1971)</small>
- _Leucostethus fugax_ <small>(Morales and Schulte, 1993)</small>
- _Leucostethus jota_ <small>Marín-Castaño _et al_., 2018</small>
- _Leucostethus ramirezi_ <small>(Rivero and Serna, 2000)</small>
- _Leucostethus siapida_ <small>Grant and Bolívar-García, 2021</small>
- _Leucostethus yaguara_ <small>(Rivero and Serna, 1991)</small>
Kailer Yamamoto

**Kailer Yamamoto** (born September 29, 1998) is an American professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the Utah Hockey Club of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Edmonton Oilers and Seattle Kraken.

## Career

Before playing in the NHL, Yamamoto played parts of 3 seasons with the Spokane Chiefs of the Western Hockey League (WHL). During his time with the Chiefs, Yamamoto would be named to the Western Conference Second All-Star Team. On October 31, 2016, Yamamoto was named the Player of the Week in the WHL.

He was drafted 22nd overall by the Edmonton Oilers in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft.  On October 4, 2017, Yamamoto made his NHL debut in a 3–0 win against the rival Calgary Flames. On October 18, 2018, Yamamoto scored his first NHL goal in a  3–2 overtime win against the Boston Bruins. Yamamoto would sign a two-year, $3.1 million per year contract to stay with the Oilers on August 4, 2022.

On June 29, 2023, the Oilers traded Yamamoto along with Klim Kostin to the Detroit Red Wings. He would not play for them as the Red Wings would buy out his contract after putting him on waivers.

On July 2, Yamamoto signed a one-year, $1.5 million to join the Seattle Kraken. By doing this, he became the first in-state player in the team's history.

On October 6, 2024, Yamamoto signed a 1-year, 2-way contract to join the Utah Hockey Club.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Calgary Flames at Seattle Kraken - November 20, 2023 - Kailer Yamamoto (53346626210).jpg
- **caption**: Yamamoto during his time with the Kraken on November 20, 2023
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **birth place**: Spokane, Washington, Spokane, Washington (state), Washington
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 8
- **weight lb**: 155
- **team**: Utah Hockey Club
- **former teams**: Edmonton Oilers
Seattle Kraken
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **draft**: 22nd overall
- **draft year**: 2017
- **draft team**: Edmonton Oilers
- **career start**: 2017
Autobot

The **Autonomous Robotic Organisms**, also known as the **Autonomous Robots** or **Autonomous Men** or simply the **Autobotic Organisms**, **Autobots** or **Automen**, are characters from Transformers. They are an army of heroic Transformers from the planet Cybertron. Led by their emperor Ultra Magnus, they fought against the Decepticons, which include their dictator Megatron. They later crashed into Earth and defended it and the rest of the universe from the Decepticons. The Protectobot Robotix are also Autobots.
Georges Elhedery

**Georges Bahjat Elhedery** (born March 5, 1974) is a Lebanese banker, engineer and executive. On September 2, 2024, he replaced Noel Quinn as chief executive officer (CEO) of the HSBC Group.

## Biography

Elhedery was born in Beirut, Lebanon in 1974. He grew up there. His father worked in a retail bank. His mother was a teacher. Years later, Elhedery's family moved to France. He studied engineering at the Polytechnic School of Paris, the main engineering university in France. During his studies, Elhedery interned on the trading floor of a French bank.

After graduating from university, Elhedery received a postgraduate master's degree in Statistics and Economics at the National Institute of Statistics and Management (ENSAE). Later, he worked at BNP Paribas and Goldman Sachs in London. Before leaving Goldman Sachs, he was head of structural interest rates and inflation operations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.

### HSBC

From 2016 to 2019, Elhedery was the CEO of HSBC in the Middle East, Africa and Turkey. In March 2019, he became worldwide head of capital markets. In December 2019, Elhedery became co-head of global banking and capital markets, responsible for HSBC's investment banking business. He and another co-director, Greg Guyett, were appointed by the group's chief executive, Noel Quinn, to take over in order to improve some of HSBC's less successful global businesses in the last few years.

### CEO

In July 2024, HSBC announced that Elhedery was appointed as the group's new CEO. He replaced Noel Quinn, who retired. Elhedery eventually took over on 2 September.

## Personal life

Elhedery speaks Arabic, French, English, German and Spanish. He also learned some Mandarin. He is a snowboarder. He has a pilot's license.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Georges Elhedery
- **image**: Foreign_Secretary_David_Lammy_meets_with_HSBC_CEO_(54631795827)_(cropped).png
- **office**: HSBC Chief Executive Officer
- **term start**: September 2, 2024
- **predecessor**: Noel Quinn
- **birth name**: Georges Bahjat Elhedery
- **birth place**: Beirut, Lebanon
- **nationality**: French
Erika Ulrich

**Erika Ulrich** is a Swiss archer. Ulrich competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Erika Ulrich
- **nationality**: Swiss
- **sport**: Archery
- **birth place**: Switzerland
- **height**: 164 cm
- **weight**: 52 kg
Jakob Wolfensberger

**Jakob Wolfensberger** (21 April 1933 – 2 November 2021) was a Swiss archer. Wolfensberger competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Jakob Wolfensberger
- **nationality**: Swiss
- **sport**: Archery
Chen Szu-yuan

**Chen Szu-yuan** (born 7 February 1981) is an archer from the Republic of China. Chen competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics and 2008 Summer Olympics.
Typhoon Abby (1983)

**Typhoon Abby** known in the Philippines as **Typhoon Diding** was significant meteorological event that impacted parts of East Asia in 1983 forming in the Western Pacific Ocean.

Typhoon Abby was the first typhoon of the 1983 Pacific typhoon season.

## Meteorological history

Typhoon Abby made widespread flooding across Japan.

## Infobox (weather event)

- **image**:
- **alt**: Typhoon Abby on August 8 1983
- **caption**: Typhoon Abby in its peak on August 8 1983
- **as**: Typhoon Abby (Diding)
- **date**: August 4-Agust 24 1983
- **formed**: August 4 1983
- **dissipated**: August 18 1983


## Infobox (weather event/jma)

- **winds**: 230
- **gusts**: 142
- **pressure**: 888


## Infobox (weather event/sshws)

- **winds**: 270
- **gusts**: 165
- **pressure**: 895
The Dogs of War (movie)

***The Dogs of War*** is a 1980 British American war movie directed by first time movie director John Irvin and was based on the 1974 novel of the same name by Frederick Forsyth. It stars Christopher Walken, Tom Berenger, Colin Blakely, JoBeth Williams, Paul Freeman, Hugh Millais, Hugh Quarshie, David Schofield, Ed O'Neill and Jim Broadbent. It was distributed by United Artists.
Japanese aircraft carrier Shōhō

**Shōhō**, was a small aircraft carrier used by the Japanese Navy during World War II. An aircraft carrier is a big ship that carries airplanes so they can take off and land at sea. Shōhō was not originally built as a carrier; it started out in the late 1930s as a support ship for submarines called Tsurugizaki, which means “Sword Cape.” Before the war in the Pacific began, the Japanese changed the ship into an aircraft carrier and gave it the new name Shōhō.

The ship was finished in early 1942 and soon joined Japan’s attack on New Guinea in a mission called Operation MO, which aimed to capture a place called Port Moresby. On May 7, during its first battle in the Coral Sea, American airplanes attacked and sank Shōhō. This made Shōhō the very first Japanese aircraft carrier to be sunk during World War II.

Meaning of name, Shōhō: It means “auspicious Phoenix” or “happy Phoenix” in Japanese.

## Infobox (ship begin)


## Infobox (ship image)

- **ship image**: Japanese aircraft carrier Shōhō.jpg
- **ship caption**: _Shōhō_, 20 December 1941


## Infobox (ship career)

- **ship country**: Empire of Japan, Japan
- **ship name**: _Shōhō_
- **ship namesake**: Japanese language, Japanese: 祥鳳, "Auspicious Phoenix', or "Happy Phoenix"
- **ship builder**: Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
- **ship laid down**: 3 December 1934
- **ship launched**: 1 June 1935
- **ship commissioned**: 30 November 1941
- **ship fate**: Sunk by air attack during the Battle of the Coral Sea, 7 May 1942


## Infobox (ship characteristics)

- **header caption**: (as converted)
- **ship displacement**: (Standard displacement#Standard displacement, standard)
- **ship power**: *4 × boiler (steam generator), boilers
*
- **ship propulsion**: 2 × shafts; 2 × geared steam turbines
- **ship range**: at
- **ship complement**: 785
- **ship armament**: *4 × twin 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 naval gun, 12.7 cm/40 Type 89 guns
*4 × twin Type 96 25 mm AT/AA Gun, Type 96 25 mm Anti-aircraft warfare, anti-aircraft guns
- **ship aircraft**: 30
- **ship aircraft facilities**: 2 × Elevator#Aircraft elevators, Aircraft elevators
Humpback anglerfish

The **humpback anglerfish** (_Melanocetus johnsonii_) is an anglerfish belonging to the family Melanocetidae. It is a resident of the bathypelagic zone. It was found and named after James Yate Johnson.

## Description

The humpback anglerfish ranges from Van Dyke brown to a black color. They have a bioluminescent organ called an "esca" on their heads (it is only for females). They have spherical bodies and sharp teeth.

### Depths

These demonic-looking fish can live (660 and 4,920 ft) deep.

### Distribution

They do not only live in the deepest depths – they are also distributed in the South China and the East China Sea.
Black seadevil

The **black seadevils** are a genus of anglerfish that live in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. Only one species, _M. rossi_, lives in the Ross Sea.

## Description

These fish are called "black seadevils" because of their vicious-looking appearance, which is signified by their sharp teeth. They have round bodies and a bioluminescent appendage.

## Species

The genus contains 6 species:

- _Melanocetus eustalus_ <small>Pietsch & Van Duzer, 1980</small>
- _Melanocetus johnsonii_ <small>Günther, 1864</small> (Humpback anglerfish)
- _Melanocetus murrayi_ <small>Günther, 1887</small> (Murray's abyssal anglerfish)
- _Melanocetus niger_ <small>Regan, 1925</small>
- _Melanocetus polyactis_ <small>Regan, 1925</small>
- _Melanocetus rossi_ <small>Balushkin & Fedorov, 1981</small> (Ross Sea anglerfish)

## References

1. <small>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus _Melanocetus_". _FishBase_. April 2012 version.</small>
1. <small>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "_Melanocetus johnsonii_, Humpback anglerfish" . _FishBase_. 2015 version.</small>
1. <small>"Elusive Black Seadevil gets close up".</small>

## Other websites

- Black Seadevils, iNaturalist
1922 Women's World Games – 60 metres

The **60 metres** event at the 1922 Women's World Games took place in Paris at the Stade Pershing on 20 August 1922.  Eight athletes from four nations participated in the 100 yards. Both the heats and the final took place during the afternoon session.

Czechoslovak Marie Mejzlikova II won the final in a time of 7.6 seconds, ahead of the British women Mary Lines and Nora Callebout.

### Heats

The heats consisted of two series, where best two athletes of each heat continued to the final.

#### Heat 1

|Rank|Name|Nationality|Time|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Mary Lines||7.8 sec|**WR**, **Q**|
|2|Marie Mejzlikova II|||**Q**|
|3|Germaine Robin||||
|4|Mabel Gilliland||||

#### Heat 2

|Rank|Name|Nationality|Time|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Nora Callebout||8.0 sec|**Q**|
|2||||**Q**|
|3|Camelia Sabie||||
|4|||||

Source:

### Final

|Rank|Name|Nationality|Time|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Marie Mejzlikova II||7.6 sec||
||Mary Lines||7.7 sec||
||Nora Callebout||7.8 sec||
|4|||7.8 sec||
Source:

## Other websites

- Newspaper image of the final

## Infobox (sports competition event)

- **event**: 60 metres
- **competition**: 1922 Women's World Games
- **venue**: Stade Pershing
- **location**: Paris, France
- **dates**: 20 August 1922
- **image**: Marie Mejzlíková 1922.jpg
- **caption**: Winner of the event Marie Mejzlikova II
- **competitors**: 8
- **nations**: 4
- **win value**: 7.6
- **gold**: Marie Mejzlikova II
- **silver**: Mary Lines
- **bronze**: Nora Callebout
- **gold nation**: TCH
- **silver nation**: GBR
- **bronze nation**: GBR
- **next**: 1926 Women's World Games – 60 metres, 1926
Melanocetus rossi

***Melanocetus rossi*** is a species of black seadevil that lives in the Ross Sea.

## References

1. <small>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "_Melanocetus rossi_". _FishBase_. June 2016 version.</small>
Melanocetus murrayi

***Melanocetus murrayi***, also called the **Murray's abyssal anglerfish**, is an anglerfish in the family Melanocetidae. It can live 2000 m (6,600 ft) deep.

## Description

Females can reach 13.5 cm (5 in). For males, however, they're shorter, only reaching 2.8 cm (1.1 in) long. Just like all anglerfish, the females have a bioluminescent organ called an esca.

## Related pages

- Humpback anglerfish

## References

1. <small>Arnold, R. (2015). "_Melanocetus murrayi_". _IUCN Red List of Threatened Species_.</small>
Lasiognathus amphirhamphus

***Lasiognathus amphirhamphus*** is a species of anglerfish in the genus _Lasiognathus_ of the family Thaumatichthyidae.

## Related pages

- Lasiognathus saccostoma
- Lasiognathus beebei
Typhoon Angela

**Typhoon Angela** known in the Philippines as **Typhoon Rosing** stands out of one of the most catastrophic tropical cyclones to have impacted Southeast Asia particularly the Philippines during the 1995 Pacific Typhoon season.

## Infobox (weather event)

- **name**: Typhoon Angela (Rosing)
- **image**: Angela 1995-11-02 0500Z.png
- **caption**: Angela at peak intensity nearing the Philippines on November 1
- **formed**: October 25, 1995
- **dissipated**: November 7, 1995


## Infobox (weather event/jma)

- **winds**: 115
- **pressure**: 910


## Infobox (weather event/jtwc)

- **winds**: 155
- **pressure**: 879
- **basin**: WPac


## Infobox (weather event/effects)

- **fatalities**: 936 total
- **damages**: 315000000


## Infobox (weather event/footer)

- **season**: 1995 Pacific typhoon season