juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Infinitesimal

**Infinitesimals** are quantities that are too small to measure.

## Infinitesimal calculus

Newton and Leibniz developed the calculus based on an intuitive notion of an infinitesimal. In 1870, Karl Weierstraß provided the first rigorous treatment of the calculus, using the limit method. But in 1960, Abraham Robinson found that infinitesimals also provide a rigorous basis for the calculus. Many calculus courses still begin with the difficult limit concept, but others now adopt the easier to understand infinitesimal concept.

In differential calculus, in both the limit and infinitesimal versions, the velocity of a particle is represented by , where _s_ is the position of the particle and _t_ the time at which the velocity is measured. In infinitesimal calculus, d_s_ and d_t_ are simply very small quantities. In general, the term  is called the differential of the variable .

Assume that _s_ = _t_<sup>2</sup>, we have that at time _t_ + d_t_, _s_ + d_s_ = (t + d_t_)<sup>2</sup>. From these equations, we can determine d_s_ in terms of d_t_ by using simple algebra as follows:

which means that:

Because d_t_ is infinitesimal, one can just ignore it, so the instantanous velocity is _v_ = 2_t_. One gets the same result using the limit version, with greater rigour. The infinitesimal derivation can also be made more rigorous.

## Related pages

- Derivative (mathematics)

### Sources

- B. Crowell, "Calculus" (2003)
- J. Keisler, "Elementary Calculus" (2000) University of Wisconsin
- K. Stroyan "Foundations of Infinitesimal Calculus"  (1993)
Linzer Stadion

The **Stadion der Stadt Linz** (City of Linz Stadium) is the largest stadium in Upper Austria. It is also known as Gugl stadium after the hill it is situated on. It was built in 1952. It was renovated and adapted often since this year. At the moment there are adaption works. After this the stadium is for 20 000 people.

The stadium is owned by LIVA. The LIVA is the event agency of the City of Linz. The stadium is the homeground of LASK Linz and Blau Weiß Linz. Beetween 1988 and 2008 there was an annual  track and field athletics meeting.

The stadium was demolished in 2021. The Raiffeisen Arena was built in its place.

## Other websites

- LIVA Stadion (German)

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Linzer Stadion
- **nickname**: Gugl-Stadion
- **image**: Gugl.jpg
- **caption**: Linzer Stadion 1993 (above) und 2002
- **fullname**: Stadion der Stadt Linz
- **location**: Linz, Upper Austria, Austria
- **opened**: 28. Juni 1952
- **renovated**: often, last adaptions 2011
- **demolished**: 2021
- **owner**: LIVA
- **surface**: lawn
- **tenants**: L.A.S.K. Linz
F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz
- **seating capacity**: 15.735 with standing room 25 000
European Aviation Safety Agency

The **European Aviation Safety Agency** (**EASA**) is a working group of the European Union (EU). The agency offices are in Cologne, Germany. EASA which has been given regulatory and executive tasks in the field of civilian aviation safety. The current Head of the EASA is Luc Tytgat.

## History

EASA was created on 15 July 2002. The agency took over functions of the JAA (Joint Aviation Authorities) in 2008.

## Functions

The Agency’s responsibility and jurisdiction include
- Rulemaking in the fields of air operations and pilot licensing
- Oversight of Third Country Operators
The EASA is the European point of reference in aviation safety. The agency has taken over functions of the National Aviation Authorities (NAAs). This is part of the process of standardisation across the EU. EASA assists the European Commission in international harmonisation agreements.

EASA is tasked by Article 15(4) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 February 2008 to provide a review of aviation safety each year. The _Annual Safety Review_ presents statistics on European and worldwide civil aviation safety.

## Related pages

- Civil Aviation Authority
- ICAO

## Other websites

- EASA website
- EASA member states
- European Strategic Safety Initiative
École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées

**École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées**, commonly named EPITA, is a French private, non-profit university. It is in Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (close to Paris), Rennes, Lyon, Strasbourg, Toulouse and La Défense, France. The school was created in 1984.
EPITA is specialized in the different fields of IT. The school is part of IONIS Education Group and _Conférence des Grandes Écoles_. Since 1997, the head is Joël Courtois.

## Notable Alumni

- Nicolas Sadirac (1992), founder and former head of the _École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies_

## Bibliography

- _De mémoire vive_, Une histoire de l'aventure numérique, Philippe Dewost, Cédric Villani, Éditions Première Partie, 2022, 386p. .
Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris

**Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris**, commonly named Sup'Biotech, is a French private university establishment. It is in Villejuif (close to Paris), and in Lyon, France. The school was created in 2003. Sup'Biotech specialises in Biotechnology. The school is part of IONIS Education Group.

## Bibliography

- _Biotechnologies. Les promesses du vivant._, Villejuif, FYP Éditions, 2015, 256 p. ()
- _Planète biotech - 2030 : la vie avec les biotechnologies_, Villejuif, FYP Éditions, 2023, 254 p. ()

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Institut Sup'Biotech de Paris
- **image**: Logo Sup’Biotech.png
- **motto**: _The school for experts in biotechnology_
- **president**: Vanessa Proux
- **type**: Private
- **established**: 2003
- **city**: Villejuif, Lyon
- **country**: France
- **students**: 700
- **affiliations**: IONIS Education Group, Concours Advance
- **website**: https://www.supbiotech.fr
North Downs

The **North Downs** are a group of hills in southeast England. The contain a large amount of chalk. The North Downs stretch from The White Cliffs of Dover in Kent to Farnham in Surrey.  There are many beautiful places in the area which are called Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs).

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: North Downs
- **photo**: North Downs 2.JPG
- **photo caption**: The North Downs near Folkestone
- **location**: England
- **governing body**: Kent Downs and Surrey Hills areas of natural beauty (AONB)
National Historic Landmark

A **National Historic Landmark** (**NHL**) is a building, site, structure, object, or district with historical importance. The United States government marks them as NHLs only if they have high historical significance. Out of more than 80,000 places on the National Register of Historic Places only about 2,430 are NHLs.

A **National Historic Landmark District** (**NHLD**) is a historic district that is recognized as an NHL.  It may include contributing properties that have buildings, structures, sites or objects, and it may include non-contributing properties.

## History

On October 9, 1960, Secretary of the Interior Fred Andrew Seaton announced 92 properties as NHLs.  The first of these was a political nomination, Sergeant Floyd Grave and Monument in Sioux City, Iowa as officially designated on June 30 of that year, but for various reasons the public announcement of the first several NHLs was delayed.

## Criteria

NHLs are designated by the United States Secretary of the Interior because they are:
- Sites where events of national historical significance occurred;
- Places where prominent persons lived or worked;
- Icons (symbols) of ideals that shaped the nation;
- Outstanding examples of design or construction;
- Places characterizing a way of life; or
- Archeological sites able to yield information.

## Overview of current NHLs

Of the 2,442 or so current NHLs, 3 states, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and New York account for nearly 25 percent of the nation's NHLs. In addition to these states, cities within these states, Boston, Philadelphia, and New York City (each separately) alone have more NHLs than 40 out of the 50 states. There are NHLs in all 50 states.  There are 74 in the District of Columbia, 15 in Puerto Rico and other U.S. commonwealths and territories, five in U.S.-associated states such as Micronesia, and one in Morocco.

There are 128 ships or shipwrecks that are NHLs.

## Other

About half of the National Historic Landmarks are privately owned. The National Historic Landmarks Program relies on suggestions for new designations from the National Park Service, which also assists in maintaining the landmarks. The National Historic Landmark Stewards Association is a friends' group of owners and managers who works to preserve, protect and promote National Historic Landmarks.

If not already listed on the National Register of Historic Places, an NHL is automatically added to the Register upon designation. About three percent of Register listings are NHLs.

## Other websites

- National Historic Landmarks Program Official website
    - A History of the NHL Program
    - List of NHLs
- National Historic Landmarks: Archaeological Properties
Iki Province

was an island province of Japan in the area of Nagasaki Prefecture near the island of Kyūshū.  The province is also known as  .

The province was Iki Island.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Iki Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Amanotanagao jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Iki.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
McAfee

**McAfee, Inc.** is a computer security company. Its headquarters are in Santa Clara, California, United States. It sells software and services to home users, businesses and the public sector. It was founded in 1987. Intel bought McAfee in 2010.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: McAfee, Inc.
- **company logo**: McAfee logo (2005-2009).svg
- **company type**: Wholly owned subsidiary
- **fate**: Acquired by Intel Corporation, Intel
- **foundation**: 1987
- **founder**: John McAfee
- **location**: 2821 Mission College Blvd, Santa Clara, California, United States
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: Michael DeCesare
(Co-President)
Todd Gebhart
(Co-President)
- **industry**: Computer software
Computer security
- **products**: Data Protection, Database Security, Email & Web Security, Endpoint Protection, Mobile Security, Network Security, Risk & Compliance, Security-as-a-Service (Security SaaS), Security Management
- **parent**: Intel Corporation
Ōsumi Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. It was sometimes called .

Ōsumi had borders with Hyūga and Satsuma Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Kokubu.

## History

In 713 (_Wadō 6, 3rd month_), the land of Ōsumi Province was separated from Hyūga.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Ōsumi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

Japan's first satellite was named _Ōsumi_. It was launched February 11, 1970.

## Shrines and Temples

_Kagoshima jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Ōsumi.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Osumi Seamount

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Satsuma Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū. Its abbreviation is Sasshū (薩州).

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Satsuma Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Hirasaki jinja_ and _Nitta Hachiman-gū_ were the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Satsuma.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
- Satsuma Seamount

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Tsushima Province

was a Japanese island province off the west coast of the island of Kyushu. It was sometimes called  .

The province was the Tsushima Islands, which is today part of Nagasaki Prefecture.

The capital city of the province was located at Izuhara.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  Maps of Japan and Tsushima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Kaijin jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Tsushima.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Aki Province

or **Geishū** (芸州) was an old province in the area of Hiroshima Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Aki Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

Itsukushima Shrine was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Aki.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Bingo Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of the eastern part of Hiroshima Prefecture on the island of Honshū. Along with Bizen and Bitchū Provinces, it was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Bitchū, Hōki, Izumo, Iwami, and Aki Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was in the area of Fuchu.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Bingo Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Kibitsu jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Bingo.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Bitchū Province

was an old province of Japan in the area Okayama Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Bizen and Bingo Provinces, it was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Hōki, Mimasaka, Bizen, and Bingo Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Soja.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Bitchū Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Kibitsu jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Bitchū.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Clay Mathematics Institute

The **Clay Mathematics Institute** (CMI) is a private, non-profit foundation, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The institute is dedicated to increasing and disseminating mathematical knowledge. It gives out various awards and sponsorships to promising mathematicians. Boston businessman Landon T. Clay and his wife, Lavinia D. Clay started it in 1998. Harvard University mathematician Arthur Jaffe was the first president of CMI.

The institute is best known for its Millennium Prize Problems, a list of the seven most important unsolved mathematical questions. Of these, only the Poincaré conjecture has since been solved. The Clay Institute also does other things, including a postdoctoral program (ten Clay Research Fellows are supported each year) and an annual summer school, the proceedings of which are published jointly with the American Mathematical Society.
Bizen Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Okayama Prefecture on the island of Honshū.  Along with Bitchū and Bingo Provinces, it was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Mimasaka, Harima, and Bitchū Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was near Okayama.

## History

In 713 (_Wadō era 6, 3rd month_), the land of Bizen_-no kuni_ was separated from Mimasaka Province (美作国).

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Bizen Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Kitbitsuhiko jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Bizen.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Lauderhill, Florida

**Lauderhill** is a town in south Florida. It is in Broward County, ten miles from the Atlantic Ocean.

In 2020, 74,482 people lived there. More than 75% of the population is black. Many are Jamaicans and other Caribbean people who immigrated in the last 40 years. About 9% are white, mostly old people retired from New England.

## Other websites

- City of Lauderhill official website
Monica Iozzi

**Monica Iozzi de Castro** (November 2, 1981 in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil) is a Brazilian actress and reporter. Currently she integrates the TV Show _Custe o Que Custar_ of the Rede Bandeirantes.
Socialite

A **socialite** is a wealthy and famous person who takes part in social activities and spends a large amount of time entertaining and being entertained at upper-class events.

The term includes many people who are "famous because they are famous". These people are not famous because of something they have done. They are famous most often because of which family they are a member of and/or how they are talked about by the media.

In history, many socialites were aristocrats who attended gatherings of other wealthy people. Many of them also had close ties to the British royal family and the House of Lords. Some modern socialites include Paris Hilton and Kim Kardashian.

## Social register

American socialites used to be listed in the **Social Register**. It was a list of names and addresses of the people who were thought to be more socially acceptable in the socially important families in the 19th century. In 1886, Louis Keller had the idea of combining these lists and selling them. Mr. Keller had great success. By 1918 there were 18 yearly volumes that covered 26 cities.

## Related pages

- Upper class
Bedworth

**Bedworth**  is a small market town in Warwickshire, England. It is  northwest of London,  east of Birmingham, and  north of the county town of Warwick. The town is home to many sights including The Bedworth Water Tower and The Nicholas Chamberlaine Almshouses. It was also known for mining, which is not done anymore. They also are known for the vast amount of Charity Shops which are located in most parts of the town.

The town is pronounced "Beduf" by the people that live there.
Rockefeller family

The **Rockefeller family** () is the Cleveland family of John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937) and his brother William Rockefeller (1841–1922).  They are an American industrial, banking, and political family that originally came from Germany.  They made one of the world's largest private fortunes in the oil business during the late 19th and early 20th century.  This was mainly through the Standard Oil Company.

The family has a long association with and financial interest in the Chase Manhattan Bank, now JPMorgan Chase.  They as one of the most powerful groups inside the United States and are well connected to the banking industry.  Their ancestor, Johann Peter Rockefeller, moved to North America in 1723 from what is today Westerwald, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## References

- Rose, Kenneth W., _Select Rockefeller Philanthropies_, Booklet (pdf, 23 pages) of the Rockefeller Archive Center, 2004.
- Origin of _Rockenfeld_, in German
- Descendants of _Goddard Rockenfeller_
- Listing of University of Chicago Nobel Laureates, News Office, University of Chicago website, undated.
- Depalma, Anthony, _They Saved Land Like Rockefellers_, The New York Times Archive, November 15, 2005.
- Carnegie Corporation of New York, Celebrating 100 years of Andrew Carnegie's Philanthropy - awarding the inaugural _Andrew Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy_ to David and Laurance Rockefeller, 2001.
- The Rockefeller Archive Center, John D. Rockefeller, Junior, 1874–1960, Overview of his life and philanthropy, 1997.
- Strom, Stephanie, _Manhattan: A Rockefeller Plans a Huge Bequest_, The New York Times Archive, November 21, 2006.
- O'Connell, Dennis, _Top 10 Richest Men Of All Time_, AskMen.com, undated.

## Infobox (family)

- **name**: Rockefeller
- **region**: Ohio, New York (state), New York
- **origin**: Ehlscheid, Germany
- **members**: John D. Rockefeller,
John D. Rockefeller, Jr.,
Nelson Rockefeller,
David Rockefeller,
Jay Rockefeller
Mimasaka Province

or  was an old province of Japan in the area of Okayama Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

The province had borders with Bitchū, Bizen, Harima, Hōki, and Inaba Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was Tsuyama.

## History

In 713 (_Wadō 6, 3rd month_), the land of Mimasaka was separated from Bizen Province.

Mimasaka was the home of the samurai Miyamoto Musashi who is known for writing _The Book of Five Rings_.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Mimasaka Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Nakayama jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Mimasaka.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Nagato Province

, often called , was an old province of Japan in the area of Yamaguchi Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

The province had borders with Iwami and Suō Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was Shimonoseki.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Nagato Province were reformed in the 1870s.

The Japanese battleship _Nagato_ was named after this province.

## Shrines and Temples

_Sumiyoshi Shrine_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Nagato.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Suō Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Yamaguchi Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Aki, Iwami, and Nagato Provinces.

The ancient capital city of the province was Hōfu.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Suō Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Tamanoya jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Suō.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Alexander Zickler

**Alexander "Alex" Zickler** (born 28 February 1974 in Bad Salzungen, then German Democratic Republic) is a German football manager and former football player. He played as a striker. During his career he played for FC Bayern Munich.

## Career

He started playing at the age of six with Dynamo Dresden. He played in all youth ranks. His debut in the first team was on 23 October 1992 against 1. FC Nuremberg. In July 1993 Zickler went to FC Bayern Munich  where he stayed as a player for 11 seasons. During this time he was often injured. He scored 18 goals as substitute which is record in the German Bundesliga.

In June 2005 he went to FC Red Bull Salzburg together with his teammate Thomas Linke. With Red Bull Salzburg he won three Austrian titles. 2006 he was elected Austrian footballer of the year by the coaches of the Austrian Bundesliga. 2010 he went to LASK Linz. After the end of the 2010/11 season he retired from football. He went back to Red Bull Salzburg where he works as contact partner for fans and partner firms.

Alexander Zickler played 17 times for Germanys U21 national team and scored 7 goals. In 12 matches for the German national football team he scored two goals.

### Club

- Bayern Munich
- Bundesliga (7): 1993–94, 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2004–05
- DFB-Pokal (4): 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2002–03, 2004–05
- DFB-Ligapokal (5): 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 1999–2000, 2003–04
- UEFA Champions League (1): 2000–01
- UEFA Cup (1): 1995–96
- Intercontinental Cup (1): 2001

- Red Bull Salzburg
- Austrian Bundesliga (3): 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10

### Individual

- Austrian League Topscorer (2): 2006-07, 2007–08
- Austrian Footballer of the Year (1): 2005–06
- Austrian Footballers Association Player of the Year (1): 2006–07

## Other websites

- Players profile Fußballdaten.de (German)

## Infobox (football biography)

- **playername**: Alexander Zickler
- **image**: Alexander Zickler.JPG
- **image size**: 200px
- **fullname**: Alexander Zickler
- **birth place**: Bad Salzungen, East Germany
- **position**: Forward (association football), Striker (retired)
- **youthyears1**: 1980–1992
- **youthclubs1**: Dynamo Dresden
- **years1**: 1992–1993
- **years2**: 1993–1995
- **years3**: 1993–2005
- **years4**: 2005–2010
- **years5**: 2010–2011
- **clubs1**: Dynamo Dresden
- **clubs2**: FC Bayern Munich II, Bayern Munich (A)
- **clubs3**: FC Bayern Munich, Bayern Munich
- **clubs4**: F.C. Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **clubs5**: L.A.S.K. Linz
- **caps1**: 18
- **goals1**: 3
- **caps2**: 21
- **goals2**: 6
- **caps3**: 214
- **goals3**: 51
- **caps4**: 137
- **goals4**: 56
- **caps5**: 15
- **goals5**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 405
- **totalgoals**: 117
- **nationalyears1**: 1993–1996
- **nationalyears2**: 1998–2002
- **nationalteam1**: Germany national under-21 football team, Germany U-21
- **nationalteam2**: Germany national football team, Germany
- **nationalcaps1**: 17
- **nationalgoals1**: 7
- **nationalcaps2**: 12
- **nationalgoals2**: 2
Apollo 5

**Apollo 5** was the first unmanned test flight of the Apollo Lunar Module. The Apollo Lunar Module was the lander part of Apollo spacecraft. The module was launched in

January 22, 1968 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Apollo 5
- **image**: Lunar Module-1 and Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA)-7 in the Kennedy Space Center's Manned Spacecraft Operations Building.jpg
- **image caption**: Lunar Module 1 being mated to the Apollo (spacecraft)#Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA), Spacecraft Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) in preparation for launch as Apollo 5
- **mission type**: Lunar module test flight
- **operator**: NASA
- **cospar id**: Ascent stage: 1968-007A
Descent stage: 1968-007B
- **satcat**: 3106
- **mission duration**: 11 hours, 10 minutes
- **orbits completed**: 7
- **spacecraft**: Apollo Lunar Module, Apollo LM-1
- **manufacturer**: Grumman
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**: Saturn IB SA-204
- **launch site**: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Cape Kennedy Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 37, LC-37B
- **disposal type**: Uncontrolled reentry
- **deactivated**:  UTC
- **decay date**: Ascent stage:
Descent stage:
- **orbit epoch**: January 22, 1968 (ascent stage)
- **orbit reference**: geocentric orbit, Geocentric
- **orbit regime**: Low Earth orbit
- **orbit inclination**: 31.6 degrees
- **orbit period**: 89.5 minutes
- **apsis**: gee
- **previous mission**: Apollo 4
- **next mission**: Apollo 6
- **programme**: Apollo program
Hallucigenia

***Hallucigenia*** is an extinct genus of animal found as fossils in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale formation of British Columbia, Canada. Another species is found in the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shale of China.

_Hallucigenia_ was thought by Stephen Jay Gould to be unrelated to any living species, but most palaeontologists now believe that the species was a velvet worm, a relative of modern arthropods.

Unlike its contemporary _Aysheaia_, _Hallucigenia_ has very little resemblance to modern Onychophora. The elongated, and clawed legs bear little resemblance to the paired annulated legs of the Onychophora. It is unknown what the spines were made of and how much 'protection' they offered. It is not easy to explain why 30 or more specimens — each thought to have seven pairs of rather long, flexible legs — do not show even one example of paired legs. But at least this reconstruction of the animal can plausibly walk, and the spines serve a reasonable purpose. A picture of this reconstruction as well as a photograph of an actual fossil can be seen on the Geological Survey of Canada's website.
Jōgan

was a  after _Ten'an_ and before _Gangyō._  This period started in April 859 and ended in April 877. During this time, the emperors were  and  .

## Events of the _Jōgan_ era

- **859** (_Jōgan 1, 1st month_): New Year's festivities were suspended during national mourning for the death of Emperor Montoku.

- **864** (_Jōgan 6, 5th month_): Mount Fuji erupted during 10 days. Cinders and ash fell to earth as far away as Kai Province.

- **869** (_Jōgan 10_): Prince Sadaakira was born.  He will later become Emperor Yōzei.

- **9 July 869** (_May 26, Jōgan 11_). The 869 Sanriku earthquake and tsunami causes damage at the Sanriku coast near Sendai.

- **870** (_Jōgan 11_): Sadaakira was named Seiwa's heir.

- **876** (_Jōgan 17, 11th month_): In the 18th year of Seiwa's reign, the emperor abdicated.  His five-year-old son received the succession (_senso_).   Soon after, Emperor Yōzei accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.

A collection of laws issued after 811 was published during this era.  It was called the _Jōgan kyaku-siki_.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Jōgan|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|16th|17th|18th|19th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||859|860|861|862|863|864|865|866|867|868|869|870|871|872|873|874|875|876|877|
Software testing

**Software testing** takes place during software engineering. It is done before the release to the final audience.

Software testing is meant to see how the software works under different conditions. These conditions might be different depending on what the audience is. Testing is done to understand if it will work  correctly, partially fail to work properly, or totally fail to work properly. Each test may be used to see how one, or many, parts of the software work at a point in its development.

Proper performance may be based on  specific (written)  requirements or standards (which might, for example, be usability). Bad performance, or poor quality, might cause an unhappy audience. This could cause more work needing to be done on the software and higher costs.

A review of the results of tests may show that some parts of the software system may need to be done again, or may work well. Some bad performances or software bugs may need to be fixed.  After more work on the software, testing may be done again.

For larger software systems, tracking may take place checking completeness of the set of tests, test results, and how quickly any problems are fixed. All this information can be used for decision making about how ready the software is, and when it could be released to the final audience.

Software testing may be done with separate parts of the software, with a group of these parts, or with the entire software. Software testing may be done by allowing the software to be used by a small number of people who the software is meant for, under controlled settings. It is then tested with a larger group of people under less controlled settings (**beta testing**).

Some related terms are unit testing, white box testing, black box testing, regression testing, manual testing, automated testing, testing tools, test plan, test case, test data and test coverage.
Ōhō

was a  after _Eiryaku_ and before _Chōkan._  This period started in September 1161 and ended in March 1163.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Ōhō_ era

- **1161** (_Ōhō 1, 2nd month_): The emperor visited Kasuga Shrine and other shrines which were situated just outside the boundaries of the capital city.

- **31 July 1162** (_Ōhō 2, 18th day of the 6th month_): Fujiwara no Tadazane died.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Ōhō|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Gregorian|1161|1162|1163|
Josef Skvorecky

**Josef Škvorecký** (September 27, 1924 – January 3, 2012) was a Czech writer and publisher based in Canada. He left Czechoslovakia after the Soviet invasion in 1968. Skvorecky helped banned Czech writers have their books printed and then smuggled back in to the country.

He was born at Nachod. During World War II he worked in a factory making Messerschmitt airplanes. After the war he studied philosophy at Charles University in Prague. He worked for a government publisher. His job there was to translate books by authors such as Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, and Raymond Chandler. He began to write his own detective stories based on a character called Lieutenant Boruvka.

His first novel, _The Cowards_ (1958), was banned because it did not agree with the government about the communist resistance to the Nazis in the war. The book did not talk about heroism and sacrifice. The characters are interested in girls and jazz. He was about to publish his second novel, _The Tank Battalion_ (1968), when the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968. Skvorecky and his wife left the country and moved to Canada where he had been offered a job at the University of Toronto. With his wife they set up their own publishing company. They reprinted _The Tank Battalion_. Copies were sold to Czech people living in exile. Some copies were smuggled back into Czechoslovakia. His publishing company specialized in printing books by banned Czech writers.

He was awarded the Order of the White Lion, by Vaclav Havel in 1990, and in 1992 was appointed to the Order of Canada.

## Works by Josef Skvorecky

- The Cowards (1958)
- The Tank Battalion (1968)
- The Engineer of Human Souls
- The Miracle Game (1972)

## Other websites

- Josef Skvorecky's official website
Eiryaku

was a  after _Heiji_ and before _Ōhō._  This period started in January 1160 and ended in September 1161.  During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Eiryaku_ era

- **1160** (_Eiryaku 1_):  Minamoto no Yoshitomo (1123–1180), was killed in a campaign to overthrow the imperial chancellor, Taira no Kiyomori; and his wife, Tokiwa Gozen was forced to flee Heian-kyō (Kyoto) with her three sons.

- **1161** (_Eiryaku 2_): The emperor married widow of Emperor Konoe.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Eryaku|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Gregorian|1160|1161|
Heiji

was a  after _Hōgen_ and before _Eiryaku._  This period started in April 1159 and ended in January 1160. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Heiji_ era

- **23 January 1159** (_Heiji 1, the 3rd day of the 1st month _): The emperor made a formal visit to his father.

- **19 January–5 May 1159 ** (_Heiji 1, 9th-26th day of the 12th month_): The Heiji Rebellion, also known as the "Heiji Insurrection" or the "Heiji War."

The _Tale of Heiji_ is about this era. The work tells the story of the samurai who were part of the Heiji Rebellion. Along with the _Tale of Hōgen_ and the _Tale of Heike_, these three war stories tell about the rise and fall of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Heiji|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Gregorian|1159|1160|
Left-wing anarchism

**Left-wing anarchism** is an extreme kind of left-wing libertarianism. It is a kind of politics that believes capitalism and the government both need to be removed. These anarchists want to end private property because they believe people who own it have unfair power over others. They want a future based on people working to help each other, instead of for money. But they want to make these things happen without using a government. It wants a society where there is no one in charge. Each person does what they need to without others to lead them. Left-wing anarchism often means the same as socialist anarchism and libertarian socialism. Left-wing anarchists have been a part of anti-globalization protests. For example, the protest in 1999 against the World Trade Organization in Seattle.

## Other types of anarchism

Ulrike Heider, a syndicalist, grouped anarchism into left-wing anarchism, right-wing anarchism (anarcho-capitalism), and green anarchism. Some other people who study anarchists, including Murray Bookchin, do not agree with her. They say her research was not good enough. Left-wing anarchism is distinguished from free-market anarchism and right-wing anarchism (such as that of Murray Rothbard).

- **Anarcho-capitalism** is often not included as real anarchism. But it does combine capitalism with the belief in no government.
- **Individualism** and **egoism** can be types of anarchism. These kinds of anarchists believe they should be totally free to do what they want, with no police or government to stop them.
- There is also a kind of anarchism called **Post-leftism**. It wants to rebel against left-wing politics from within left-wing ideas.

## Other websites

- Defining anarchism  from An Anarchist FAQ, written by social anarchists
- Collectivist-Anarchism and Communist-Anarchism from _The Conquest of Power_, by Albert Weisbord
- _The Incredible Lameness of Left Anarchism_  by Jason McQuinn. A critique from a post-left anarchist perspective.
Cristiano da Silva

**Cristiano da Silva** (; born 12 January 1987), sometimes known as just **Cristiano**, is a Brazilian football player for J2 League club, Ventforet Kofu, on loan from V-Varen Nagasaki.

## Career

He started playing football with Adap Galo. His first professional team was  Coritiba FC in 2005. After playing for different teams he came to  CA Metropolitano. He was then out on loan for  Associação Chapecoense und EC Juventude. In 2011 he had a test with Red Bull Salzburg. He statisfied coach Moniz and signed a contract till 2015.

## Other websites

- Players profile
- Agency profile 

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Cristiano da Silva
- **fullname**: Cristiano da Silva
- **image**: Cristiano6.JPG
- **image size**: 280px
- **birth place**: Campo Mourão, Paraná (state), Paraná, Brazil
- **position**: Midfielder (association football), Attacking Midfielder
- **currentclub**: Ventforet Kofu (on loan from V-Varen Nagasaki)
- **clubnumber**: 30
- **youthclubs1**: Adap Galo
- **youthclubs2**: Coritiba Foot Ball Club, Coritiba
- **youthyears2**: 2004–2005
- **years1**: 2005–2006
- **clubs1**: Coritiba Foot Ball Club, Coritiba
- **years2**: 2006–2007
- **clubs2**: Toledo Colônia Work
- **years3**: 2008
- **clubs3**: Adap Galo Maringá Football Club, Adap Galo
- **years4**: 2008
- **clubs4**: Clube Náutico Marcílio Dias, Marcílio Dias
- **years5**: 2009
- **clubs5**: Rio Claro Futebol Clube, Rio Claro
- **years6**: 2009
- **clubs6**: → Associação Chapecoense de Futebol, Chapecoense (loan)
- **years7**: 2009–2011
- **clubs7**: Clube Atlético Metropolitano, Metropolitano
- **years8**: 2010–2011
- **clubs8**: → Esporte Clube Juventude, Juventude (loan)
- **caps8**: 16
- **goals8**: 7
- **years9**: 2012–2014
- **clubs9**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **caps9**: 15
- **goals9**: 3
- **years10**: 2013
- **clubs10**: → Tochigi SC (loan)
- **caps10**: 40
- **goals10**: 16
- **years11**: 2014–2016
- **clubs11**: Ventforet Kofu
- **caps11**: 32
- **goals11**: 5
- **years12**: 2015
- **clubs12**: → Kashiwa Reysol (loan)
- **caps12**: 34
- **goals12**: 14
- **years13**: 2016–2022
- **clubs13**: Kashiwa Reysol
- **caps13**: 123
- **goals13**: 48
- **years14**: 2022–
- **clubs14**: V-Varen Nagasaki
- **caps14**: 48
- **goals14**: 8
- **years15**: 2023–
- **clubs15**: → Ventforet Kofu (loan)
- **caps15**: 10
- **goals15**: 1
- **pcupdate**: 00:48, 25 October 2023
Aggrotech

**Aggrotech** is a type of electronic dance music. It is a form of electro-industrial music. It combines the music with an aggressive style. The German band Funker Vogt is known for this genre of music.
Wiener FC 1898

**Wiener FC 1898** (Vienna Football Club 1898) was one of the first football clubs in Austrias capital Vienna. The club existed from 1897 till 1903.

## History

The club was the football section of the _Deutsch-Österreichischen Turnverein Wien_ (German-Austrian gymnastic club). The Turnverein was founded by Jewish members of the  _Ersten Wiener Turnverein 1861_ (First Vienna gymnastic club). In the 1880s the club allowed only members of German origin to be members. So did other sports clubs. The Jewish members formed the Deutsch-Österreichischen Turnverein.

In 1898 the football section became a club of its own. In the first year they reached the final of the Challenge-Cup, a football competition for clubs from the Austrian- Hungary Empire. They lost 7-0 to  Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. In the next editions the club reached the semi finals. In 1900/01 the Österreichischen Fußball-Union organized a league and Wiener FC was put in the 1. Klasse. They played for the Tagblatt-Pokal (Tagblatt-Cup, "Tagblatt" was a newspaper from Vienna)

The reason for quitting the league was that the club suffered often from a lack of players.

## Honours

- Challenge-Cup-Final: 1898
- Challenge-Cup-semi finals: 1899, 1900, 1903

## Notable player

- Julius Wiesner 1 international match 1902
Hōgen (era)

was a  after _Kyūju_ and before _Heiji._  This period started in April 1156 and ended in April 1159.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Hōgen_ era

- **20 July 1156** (_Hōgen 1, 2nd day of the 7th month_): Former-Emperor Toba died at age 54.

- **28 July–16 August 1156** (_Hōgen 1, 10th-29th days of the 7th month_): The _Hōgen_ Rebellion, also known as the _Hōgen_ Insurrection or the _Hōgen_ War.

- **1156** (_Hōgen 1, 9th month_): A special building was constructed in Kyoto, where—as in the days of Emperor Go-Sanjo, requests and complaints were received and examined.

- **1157** (_Hōgen 2, 10th month_): The foundations are laid for a grand audience hall (_dairi_) in the palace.  Three had not been such a structure within the palace compound since the time of Emperor Shirakawa.

- **6 August 1158** (_Hōgen 3, 11th day of the 8th month_): In the 3rd year of Go-Shirakawa's reign, the emperor abdicated. The succession (_senso_) was received by his eldest son.

- **1158** (_Hōgen 4, 8th month_):  Emperor Nijō is officially established as monarch (_sokui_).

The _Tale of Hōgen_ is about this era. The work tells the story of the samurai who were part of the Hōgen Rebellion. Along with the _Tale of Heiji_ and the _Tale of Heike_, these three war stories tell about the rise and fall of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Hōgen|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Gregorian|1156|1157|1158|1159|
Teleology

**Teleology** is a philosophical idea that things have goals or causes. It is the "view that developments are due to the purpose or design which is served by them".

An example would be Aristotle's view of nature, later adopted by the Catholic Church.  The word "_teleological_" comes from the Ancient Greek _telos_, which means "end" or "purpose". A simpler example would be a tool such as the clock, which is designed by people to tell the time.

Whether or not an entity (person or god) is needed to cause teleology to happen is one of the most important questions. All cultures we know of have creation stories in their religions. However, much of science operates on the principle that the natural world is self-organising. This applies particularly  to astronomy and biology, which were once explained as the action of a deity, and are now seen as natural and automatically self-organising. Cybernetics is the basic science of self-organising systems.

The general issue of whether the original sense of teleology applies to the natural world is still a matter of controversy between religion and science.

## Related pages

- Argument from design
- Metaphilosophy
- Metaphysics
Non sequitur

**Non sequitur** means "does not follow."  It is a type of logical fallacy: a bad argument that makes no sense.

It is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument could have true premises, but still have a false conclusion.

The term "_non sequitur_" usually refers to those types of invalid arguments which are not named formal fallacies (e.g. post hoc ergo propter hoc). In other words, in practice, "_non sequitur_" refers to an unnamed formal fallacy.

A non sequitur argument takes something that people accept is true, and says that because this is true, the conclusion is right.  The problem is that the conclusion has nothing to do with the premise (original statement that people agree on).

People often have difficulty applying the rules of logic. For example, a person might say this syllogism is valid:
1. All birds have wings.
1. That creature has wings.
1. Therefore, that creature is a bird.

It would only be true if all winged animals were birds (which is not so).
Oracle of Delphi

**The Oracle of Delphi** was an institution in Ancient Greece, dedicated to the god Apollo. Only one priestess operated at Delphi at any one time, and the name given to her was 'the **Pythia**'. The woman gave up her own name when she became priestess.

The Temple of Apollo was at Delphi, on the slopes of Mount Parnassus in Greece. According to legend, the god answered questions through the medium of the priestess, who was famous for her ambiguous predictions. Scholars from time to time have suggested that burning Oleander or volcanic gases played their part in her strange utterings.

## Croesus of Lydia

In 560 BC Croesus, King of Lydia in 580 BC, went to the Delphic Oracle and the Oracle at Thebes for advice. He asked if he should make war on the Persians. Both oracles gave the same response, that if Croesus crossed the river (made war on the Persians), _a mighty empire would be destroyed_. They also advised him to seek out the most powerful Greek peoples and make alliance with them.

## Famous for ambiguity

An example of her ambiguity is _You will go you will return never in war will you perish_. This can be read with a comma either before or after the word _never_. Thus it covers both outcomes.
Kyūju

was a  after _Ninpei_ and before _Hōgen._  This period started in October 1151 and ended in April 1154. The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Kyūju_ era

- **1154** (_Kyūju 1, 8th month_): Fujiwara no Saneyoshi was named Grand General of the Left.

- **22 August 1155** (_Kyūju 2, 23rd day of the 7th month_): In the 14th year of Konoe's reign, the emperor died.

- **23 August 1155** (_Kyūju 2, 24th day of the 7th month_): The succession (_senso_) was received by a younger brother who would become known as Emperor Go-Shirakawa.  This was confirmed by ceremonies.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kyūju|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Gregorian|1154|1155|1156|