juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lithium chloride

**Lithium chloride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiCl. It contains lithium and chloride ions.

## Properties

Lithium chloride is a colorless solid. It makes a bright red color in a flame. It absorbs water, unlike other alkali metal chlorides. It also dissolves more easily in water than other alkali metal chlorides.

## Preparation

Lithium chloride can be made by igniting lithium and chlorine, but it is difficult because the reaction is violent. This makes the anhydrous (without water attached) form. Another way is mixing lithium oxide, lithium hydroxide, or lithium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. This makes the hydrate (water attached to the molecule). The hydrous form can be dried to the anhydrous form by heating it with hydrogen chloride gas.

## Uses

Lithium chloride is used to make lithium metal. Lithium chloride is melted and electrolyzed. This makes liquid lithium metal. It is used to dry air. It is also used as a flux for aluminium. It can be used in making organic compounds. It can be used to color flames red.

## Safety

Lithium chloride is somewhat toxic. It was going to be used as a salt substitute but people found that it is toxic. It affects the central nervous system.

## Related pages

- Lithium nitrate
- Lithium nitride
Oxidizing agent

**Oxidizing agent** can have two meanings. It can be a chemical that releases oxygen atoms. For example, potassium chlorate has a chemical formula of KClO<sub>3</sub>. When it oxidizes a reducing agent, such as powdered aluminium metal, it loses its oxygen to the aluminium and becomes potassium chloride, KCl.

Another definition is a chemical that accepts electrons from a reducing agent. For example, potassium permanganate has an oxidation state of +7. In an acid solution, it gains 5 electrons (e<sup>-</sup>). It becomes a manganese compound with an oxidation state of +2. Most oxidizing agents of the second definition have oxygen, but not all. For example, fluorine (F<sub>2</sub>) does not have any oxygen in it. It is also the most powerful oxidizing agent. When it acts as an oxidizing agent, it gains an electron to transfer from an oxidation state of 0 to an oxidation state of -1.

## Examples

- Fluorine
- Chlorine
- Potassium nitrate
- Nitric acid
- Potassium chlorate

## Related pages

- Oxidation
- Reduction
- Reducing agent
Reducing agent

A **reducing agent** is a chemical that gives away electrons to another chemical compound. A chemical gaining electrons is called reduction. A chemical that gains electrons is said to be **reduced by** the reducing agent.  At the same time, the reducing agent loses electrons, which is called oxidation. The whole chemical reaction is called redox.

Carbon, hydrogen, and reactive metals like magnesium are common reducing agents. Using carbon as a reducing agent is called a carbothermic reaction, and is a way of smelting ores into pure metal. Some types of sugar are reducing agents, so they are called reducing sugars. Glucose is a reducing sugar in cellular respiration.

## Examples

- Tin(II) chloride
- Zinc
- Aluminum
- Alkali metal
- Sulfur
- Hydrogen
Reduction (chemistry)

**Reduction** is a chemical reaction that involves the gaining of electrons by one of the atoms involved in the reaction between two chemicals. The term refers to the element that accepts electrons, as the oxidation state of the element that gains electrons is lowered.

An example of a reduction is when iron reacts with oxygen, forming iron oxides such as those called rust.  The iron is oxidized and the oxygen is reduced. This is called redox. A blast furnace reverses that reaction, using carbon monoxide as a reducing agent to reduce the iron.

## Related pages

- Oxidation
- Oxidizing agent
- Reducing agent
Electroplating

**Electroplating** is the coating of an object with a metal. It is done by immersing the object and a bar of the metal in a solution containing the metal ions. Electric current is then applied; the positive goes to the metal and the negative goes to the object. The metal bar dissolves in the solution and plates out on the object, forming a thin but durable coating of metal. It is often used to gold-plate objects for decoration or to stop corrosion. Normally the metal becomes fragile, and is only used for display.
Potassium hydroxide

**Potassium hydroxide** is a chemical compound. The chemical formula is KOH. It has potassium and hydroxide ions.

## Properties

It is a white powder. It dissolves easily in water to make a basic solution. It is corrosive to skin. It reacts with acids to give potassium salts. It is less common than sodium hydroxide. About 700,000 tons are made each year. It is hygroscopic, meaning that it absorbs water from the air and forms a solution. It is very hard to get the water out again. It releases heat when it is dissolved in water, similar to sodium hydroxide. It gradually reacts with carbon dioxide in the air to form potassium bicarbonate. It melts easily. It feels greasy when it gets on the skin because it makes soap from the fat in your skin. It is made when potassium reacts with water.

## Preparation

It is made by electrolysis of a potassium chloride solution. It can also be made by reacting calcium hydroxide solution (limewater or slaked lime) with potassium carbonate. The calcium carbonate precipitates and is filtered, leaving potassium hydroxide in solution.

## Uses

It is used to make soap. It is also used in organic chemistry. It can be used to make fertilizers and other potassium compounds. It is used to make diesel from plants. It is used in alkaline cells and nicads as an electrolyte. It can be used to identify mushrooms.

## Related pages

- Lithium hydroxide
- Sodium hydroxide
Elverta, California

**Elverta** is an unincorporated community northwest of Sacramento, California. It was named after Elverta Dike, whose husband donated property to a nearby church. It is in Sacramento County, California. The postal code of the city is 95626. In 2020 there were 5,435 people living in Elverta. Elverta is about  from Sacramento, California,  miles from Rio Linda, California,  from Roseville, California, and  from Antelope, California.

## History

It was named after Elverta Dike, whose husband donated property to a nearby church. The community of Elverta/Rio Linda is on the part on the land grant of Rancho Del Paso of 1844. In 1910, a company named Fruit Land Company of Minneapolis got  of the grant and in 1912 the area was splited with Elverta and Rio Linda.

## Geography

Elverta is an unincoporated community and it is part of the Sacramento metropolitan area; the metropolitan area including Sacramento (State capital and County seat of California), also Arden-Arcade and Roseville.

Elverta is at  (38.723216, -121.45452)

According to the United States Census Bureau, the unincorporated community has a total area of 8.8 square miles (22.9 square kilometers).

## Other websites

- Official website of Elverta - Rio Linda on Sacramento County Website
- Elverta Joint Elementary School District
- First Baptist Church of Elverta
- Zip Code 95626 Detailed Profile
- Elverta, California Information _Epodunk.com_
- Elverta, CA Zip Code 95626

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Elverta, California
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **pushpin map**: California
- **pushpin map caption**: Position in California.
- **coordinates footnotes**:  
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Sacramento County, California, Sacramento
- **unit pref**: US
- **area total sq mi**: 8.842
- **area land sq mi**: 8.842
- **area water sq mi**: 0
- **area water percent**: 0
- **elevation ft**: 52
- **elevation m**: 16
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 5435
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 95626
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area codes 916 and 279, 916, 279
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID
Elena Kagan

**Elena Kagan** (born April 28, 1960)  is an American lawyer and judge. She is a United States Supreme Court Justice. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on August 5, 2010. She is one of four women on the court. Kagan is the only Supreme Court Justice who had never been a judge before becoming a Justice. Before being a Justice, she was Solicitor General and dean of Harvard Law School. Kagan was born and raised in New York City and is Jewish.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Elena Kagan
- **image**: Elena Kagan Official SCOTUS Portrait (2013).jpg
- **office**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- **nominator**: Barack Obama
- **term start**: August 7, 2010
- **predecessor**: John Paul Stevens
- **office1**: 45th United States Solicitor General, Solicitor General of the United States
- **president1**: Barack Obama
- **deputy1**: Neal Katyal
- **term start1**: March 19, 2009
- **term end1**: May 17, 2010
- **predecessor1**: Edwin Kneedler
- **successor1**: Neal Katyal
- **office2**: 11th Dean of Harvard Law School
- **term start2**: July 1, 2003
- **term end2**: March 19, 2009
- **predecessor2**: Robert C. Clark, Robert Clark
- **successor2**: Martha Minow
- **alma mater**: Princeton University
Worcester College, Oxford
Harvard Law School, Harvard University
Sonia Sotomayor

**Sonia Sotomayor** (born: June 25, 1954) is a United States Supreme Court justice.  She has been on the Court since 2009, and was on a lower court before that.  When on the lower court, she ended the 1994 baseball strike. She is the first and only Latina (Hispanic woman) on the Court. Sotomayor is Puerto Rican and is from the Bronx.

Sotomayor was born in New York City to parents who were from Puerto Rico. As a child, she was interested in reading the Nancy Drew series and other detective stories. She had a rough childhood since her alcoholic father died when she was nine. Throughout her time in high school and at Princeton, Sotomayor was a charismatic and inspirational leader. She graduated Princeton with a history degree, went to Yale University to study law and then served as a U.S District Court judge and judge for U.S Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.

President Barack Obama appointed her to the Supreme Court. She is considered one of the more liberal judges.

## Sources

- Hutchinson, Dennis J. "Sotomayor, Sonia."  World Book Advanced. World Book, 2015. Web.  8 May 2015.
- "Sonia Sotomayor." Newsmakers. Vol. 4. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Biography in Context. Web. 8 May 2023

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sonia Sotomayor
- **image**: Sonia Sotomayor in SCOTUS robe.jpg
- **alt**: Official Supreme Court photo of Sonia Sotomayor
- **office**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- **nominator**: Barack Obama
- **term start**: August 8, 2009
- **predecessor**: David Souter
- **office1**: Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
- **nominator1**: Bill Clinton
- **term start1**: October 7, 1998
- **term end1**: August 6, 2009
- **predecessor1**: J. Daniel Mahoney, Daniel Mahoney
- **successor1**: Raymond Lohier
- **office2**: Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
- **nominator2**: George H. W. Bush
- **term start2**: August 12, 1992
- **term end2**: October 7, 1998
- **predecessor2**: John M. Walker, Jr., John Walker
- **successor2**: Victor Marrero
- **birth name**: Sonia Maria Sotomayor
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
Independent politician, Independent
- **education**: Princeton University
Yale University
Suzanne Collins

**Suzanne Collins** (born 1962) is a writer from the U.S. state of Connecticut. She is known for writing in the fantasy and science fiction genre.

Collins started her writing career in 1991. She wrote for some television series. Later she wrote a couple of picture books and a five part series called _The Underland Chronicles_. In 2008, Collins published the first book of the science fiction trilogy, _The Hunger Games_. Soon after her publications of _The Hunger Games_, this trilogy became a series of movies.

## Publications

In 2003, Collins published the first book of her five book series called _The Underland Chronicles_. The books in the series are _Gregor the Overlander_, _Gregor and the Prophecy of Bane_, _Gregor and the Curse of the Warmbloods_, _Gregor and the Marks of Secret_, and _Gregor and the Code of Claw_.

In 2008 she published the science fiction novel _The Hunger Games_. This was the first part of a trilogy. The other two books are _Catching Fire_ (2009) and _Mockingjay_ (2010). The first book was a _New York Times_ best seller. It was named in _Publishers Weekly_'s "Best Books of the Year" in 2008.  Lions Gate Entertainment made a movie of the book. The movie received positive reviews from Stephen King and Stephenie Meyer. The first movie was released in 2012. It became very popular.  Lions Gate Entertainment decided to make movies of the two other books. _Catching Fire_ (the movie) was released in 2014. The first part of the movie _Mockingjay_ came out in late 2014.

In 2013, Collins published the book _Year of the Jungle_.

## References

- Cech, John. “Collins, Suzanne”. World Book Student. World Book, 2015. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.
- "Suzanne Collins." Newsmakers. Vol. 2. Detroit: Gale, 2011. Biography in Context. Web. 23 Mar. 2015.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Suzanne Collins
- **image**: Suzanne Collins David Shankbone 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Collins at the Time 100, _Time_ 100 Gala (May 2010)
- **birth name**: Suzanne Marie Collins
- **birth place**: Hartford, Connecticut
- **occupation**: Scriptwriting, Television scriptwriter, novelist
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **education**: Indiana University (Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)
New York University (Master of Fine Arts, M.F.A.)
- **genre**: Fantasy literature, Fantasy, science fiction, children's literature, young-adult fiction
- **notableworks**: The Hunger Games trilogy, _The Hunger Games_ trilogy
_The Underland Chronicles_
- **signature**: Suzanne Collins signature.png
Calcium chloride

**Calcium chloride** is a chemical compound made of calcium and chlorine atoms. It has the formula of CaCl<sub>2</sub>. It absorbs water from the air and releases heat when it is dissolved in water. It is used as a de-icer on roads to melt the ice. It can be formed by mixture of calcium oxide with hydrochloric acid, but this produces a version that is hydrated (has water molecules attached to it). The anhydrous (no water molecules attached) form is needed most of the time. Calcium chloride is melted at a high temperature and electrolyzed to produce calcium metal.
Bob Probert

**Robert Alan Probert** (June 5, 1965 – July 5, 2010) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. Probert played a total of 1,016 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Detroit Red Wings and the Chicago Blackhawks. Probert was known for being a fighter and enforcer, as well as being one half of the "Bruise Brothers" with teammate Joey Kocur, during the late 1980s and early 1990s.

Probert retired from playing ice hockey in 2002 to join the Blackhawks radio broadcasting team. He finished his career fourth on the NHL's all-time list with 3,300 penalty minutes notched.

After his retirement, Probert ran into drug and legal problems. On February 05, 2003, he entered rehab to try and beat his addiction. He was arrested on June 4, 2004 after he allegedly parked his BMW SUV on the wrong side of the street and got into an altercation over drugs with bystanders. Many police officers got involved and Probert had to be subdued with a taser and stun guns.

On July 5, 2010, while boating on Lake St. Clair with his children, father-in-law, and mother-in-law, Probert experienced "severe chest pain" and collapsed. His father-in-law Dan Parkinson, the Cornwall, Ontario, chief of police, attempted CPR to save his life. He was taken to Windsor Regional Hospital's Metropolitan Campus and was pronounced dead. His funeral services were held July 9, 2010, in Windsor, Ontario. It was attended by many of his former teammates and rivals including Dino Ciccarelli, Tie Domi, Gerard Gallant, Doug Gilmour, Stu Grimson, Joey Kocur, Brad McCrimmon, Darren McCarty and Steve Yzerman, as well as the Red Wings general manager Ken Holland and owners Mike and Marian Ilitch. His eulogy was delivered by Yzerman. His brain was donated to the Sports Legacy Institute to help researchers that are studying the effects of concussions and other sports-related head injuries. In February 2011, the researchers announced at Boston University that they had found evidence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in Probert's brain.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Bob Probert
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks
Detroit Red Wings
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 225
- **birth place**: Windsor, Ontario, Windsor, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Windsor, ON, CAN
- **draft**: 46th overall
- **draft year**: 1983
- **draft team**: Detroit Red Wings
- **career start**: 1985
- **career end**: 2002
Vampires Suck

***Vampires Suck*** is a 2010 American parody movie directed and written by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer. It is a parody of Stephenie Meyer's series, _Twilight_. The movie was be released in North America on August 8, 2010, August 26, 2010 in Australia and October 15, 2010 in the United Kingdom. _Vampires Suck_ achieved $4 million at the box office.

## Ratings

_Vampires Suck_ gained strong negative reviews:

- Rotten Tomatoes - 3%
- Metacritic - 21% out of 100%
- IMDB - 3.8 out of 10

## Other websites

- Official Vampires Suck website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Vampires Suck
- **director**: Jason Friedberg
Aaron Seltzer
- **producer**: Peter Safran
Jerry P. Jacobs
- **writer**: Jason Friedberg
Aaron Seltzer
- **starring**: Matt Lanter
Chris Riggi
Jenn Proske
Anneliese van der Pol
Ken Jeong
- **cinematography**: Shawn Maurer
- **editing**: Peck Prior
- **studio**: Regency Enterprises
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **released**: August 18, 2010
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Invertible matrix

In linear algebra, there are certain matrices which have the property that when they are multiplied with another matrix, the result is the identity matrix  (the matrix with ones on its main diagonal and 0 everywhere). If  is such a matrix, then  is called invertible and its inverse is called , with:
There are algorithms for calculating the inverse of a matrix, with Gaussian elimination being a common example. The problem is that finding the inverse is relatively _expensive_ to do for big matrices. Matrix inversion is used extensively in computer graphics.

## Related pages

- Determinant
- Inverse function
- Inverse (mathematics)
Flag of New Mexico

The **Flag of the State of New Mexico** has the red sun symbol of the Zia people in the middle and has a yellow background.

In 1920, Dr. Harry Mera, an archaeologist, won a contest to design a new state flag and chose the Zia sun symbol because he was familiar with it. It was used in Zia Pueblo on a 19th century pot. There is four points in the symbol because four is a sacred number to the Zia. To the Zia, it is the Circle of Life: four winds, four seasons, four directions, and four sacred obligations. New Mexico was the 48th state and it was founded in 1912.
Pontiac Sunfire

The **Pontiac Sunfire** was a car produced by Pontiac from 1995 through 2005. The Sunfire succeeded the Pontiac Sunbird and was succeeded by the Pontiac G5 (a rebadged Chevrolet Cobalt). The Sunfire was also purchased in a sedan, convertible or coupe. Much like its twin the Cavalier the Sunfire also fared poor in the offset test by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

## First release

The first Pontiac Sunfire became the successor of the Pontiac Sunbird after it got cancelled in 1990s. The Pontiac received a minor facelift in the early 2000s.
Michael Cera

**Michael Austin Cera** (born June 7, 1988 in Brampton, Ontario) is a Canadian actor who made his big screen debut in the 2000 movie Frequency as Gordy Jr., (Age 10) but first starred in the TV movie, Switching Goals as Taylor.

He was nominated for the Orange Rising Star Award in 2009.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1999|_Switching Goals_|Taylor||
|2000|_Frequency_|Gordy Jr., Age 10||
|_Steal This Movie!_|America Hoffman, Age 7-8|||
|_Ultimate G's: Zac's Flying Dream_|Young Zac|||
|2001|_Stolen Miracle_|Brandon McKinley||
|_My Louisiana Sky_|Jesse Wade Thompson|||
|_The Familiar Stranger_|Young Ted Welsh|_TV_||
|_Walter and Henry_|Crying Kid|_TV_||
|2002|_Confessions of a Dangerous Mind_|Chuck Barris, Age 8 and 11||
|2007|_Superbad_|Evan||
|_Juno_|Paulie Bleeker|||
|2008|_Extreme Movie_|Fred||
|_Nick and Norah's Infinite Playlist_|Nick O'Leary|||
|2009|_Paper Heart_|Himself||
|_Year One_|Oh|||
|2010|_Youth in Revolt_|Nick Twisp / François Dillinger||
|_Scott Pilgrim vs. the World_|Scott Pilgrim|||
|2012|_The End of Love|||
|2013|_This Is the End_|Himself||
|_Crystal Fairy_|Jamie|||
|_Magic Magic|Brink|||
|2017|_The Lego Batman Movie_|Robin|Voice|

### Television

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1999|_I Was a Sixth Grade Alien_|Larrabe Hicks|Series regular|
|1998–2001|_Rolie Polie Olie_|Little Gizmo|Four Episodes, voice only|
|2000|_La Femme Nikita_|Jerome|Season four, one episode|
|2001–2003|_The Berenstain Bears_|Brother Bear|Series regular, voice only|
|2001–2005|_Braceface_|Josh Spitz|Series regular, voice only|
|2003–2006, 2013|_Arrested Development_|George Michael Bluth|Series regular|
|2005–2007|_Wayside_|Todd (Pilot)|Pilot, voice only|
|2006|_Veronica Mars_|Dean Rudolph|The Rapes of Graff, Guest Spot|
|2007|_Clark and Michael_|Mikey Cera|Series regular|
|2007|_Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!_|Jaime Stevens|Season One, Episode Three|
|2008, 2010-present|_Childrens Hospital_|Sal Viscuso|Recurring, voice only|
|2010|_Scott Pilgrim vs. the Animation_|Scott Pilgrim|Short animation based on the movie ''Scott Pilgrim vs. the World|
|2012|_The Simpsons_|Nick|One episode, voice only, "The Daughter Also Rises"|

## Awards

- 2005 Best Actor Award - Darling, Darling at the San Gio Festival
- 2007 Breakthrough Artist Award - Austin Film Critics Association
- 2008 Canadian Comedy Award for Best Actor - Superbad
- 2008 Canadian Comedy Awards for Best Actor - Juno (nomination)
- 2009 BAFTA Rising Star Award - (nomination)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael Cera
- **image**: Michael Cera 2012.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Cera in March 2012
- **birth place**: Brampton, Ontario, Canada
- **occupation**: actor
- **yearsactive**: 1998–present
Kardinal Offishall

**Jason Drew Harrow** (born May 12, 1976), better known by his stage name **Kardinal Offishall** is a Canadian rapper, record producer, DJ, and record executive.

Offishall has won many awards including 3 Juno Awards, 4 MuchMusic Video Awards, 3 SOCAN Awards and 1 Canadian Urban Music Award.

## Discography

Kardinal Offishall has released 5 studio albums and 1 EP:

### Albums

|Year|Album|
| --- | --- |
|1997|_Eye & I_|
|2001|_Quest for Fire: Firestarter, Vol. 1_|
|2005|_Fire and Glory_|
|2008|_Not 4 Sale_|
|2010|_Mr. International_|

### EP's

|Year|Album|
| --- | --- |
|2000|_Husslin_'|

## Other websites

- Kardinal Offisha's Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kardinal Offishall
- **img**: ETalk2008-Kardinall Offishall.jpg
- **img capt**: Kardinal Offishall in 2008
- **img size**: 260px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Jason Drew Harrow
- **birth place**: Scarborough, Toronto, Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
- **origin**: Toronto, Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **url**: [http://www.kardinaloffishall.com/ Official website]
Laurasia

**Laurasia**  was a supercontinent. It had been the northern part of the Pangaea global supercontinent. Pangaea split into Laurasia and Gondwana to the south during the Jurassic period.

Laurasia included most of the landmasses which make up today's continents of the northern hemisphere, chiefly Laurentia (the name given to the North American craton), Europe, Scandinavia, western Russia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, and China.

Laurasia's name combines the names of Laurentia and Eurasia.

Although Laurasia is known as a Mesozoic phenomenon, today it is believed that the same continents that formed Laurasia also existed as a coherent continent after the breakup of Rodinia around 1 billion years ago. To avoid confusion with Laurasia, that continent is referred to as **Proto-Laurasia**.
Dangerous (Kardinal Offishall song)

**Dangerous** is a 2008 R&B song by Kardinal Offishall and featured R&B singer Akon. The song was released March 2008 on the radio and April 1, 2008 on iTunes. The song is from Kardinal Offishall's 2008 album, Not 4 Sale.

The song won Single of the Year at the 2009 Juno Awards and was certified 3x Platinum by the CRIA.
Justin Upton

**Justin Irvin Upton** (born August 25, 1987) is an American professional baseball player. He plays as a outfielder for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim of Major League Baseball (MLB). Upton has also played for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Atlanta Braves, San Diego Padres and the Detrit Tigers. He was selected first overall by the Diamondbacks in the 2005 MLB Draft and was the Youngest Player in the National League in 2007. Upton was selected in 2009 for his first All-Star selection.

On December 19, 2014, the Braves traded Upton along with Aaron Northcraft to the San Diego Padres in exchange for Max Fried, Jace Peterson, Dustin Peterson, and Mallex Smith.

Upton signed a six-year contract with the Detroit Tigers prior to the 2016 season. He was traded to the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim on August 31, 2017.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Justin Upton
- **image**: Upton sd 2015.jpg
- **width**: 250px
- **caption**: Upton with the San Diego Padres in 2015
- **team**: Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
- **position**: Outfielder
- **birth place**: Norfolk, Virginia, Norfolk, Virginia
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **debutdate**: August 2
- **debutyear**: 2007
- **debutteam**: Arizona Diamondbacks
- **statyear**: April 12, 2017
- **statleague**: MLB
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .268
- **stat2label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat2value**: 1,318
- **stat3label**: Home runs
- **stat3value**: 221
- **stat4label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat4value**: 704
- **stat5label**: Stolen bases
- **stat5value**: 125
- **stat6label**: Strikeouts
- **stat6value**: 1,371
- **teams**: * Arizona Diamondbacks (2007–2012)
* Atlanta Braves (2013–2014)
* San Diego Padres (2015)
* Detroit Tigers (2016–2017)
- **awards**: * 3× Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star (2009, 2011, 2015)
* 2× Silver Slugger Award (2011, 2014)
Tetris DS

***Tetris DS*** is a 2006 puzzle game that was developed and published by Nintendo and was distributed by Nintendo. It was released on March 20, 2006 in North America, April 13, 2006 in Australasia, April 21, 2006 in Europe, April 27, 2006 in Japan and July 7, 2007 in South Korea. The game has Nintendo themed levels: Balloon Fight, Super Mario Bros., Metroid, The Legend of Zelda, Donkey Kong, and Yoshi's Cookie and the game received mostly positive reviews, selling over 2.05 million copies worldwide.

## Ratings

_Tetris DS_ has been rated very well by many top ranking sites:

- IGN - 9/10
- GamePro - 5/5
- Nintendo Power - 9.5/10
- 1UP.com - 9/10
- Gamespot - 7.5/10
- Game Informer - 9.25/10
- GameSpy - 9/10
- Nintendo World Report - 9/10
- Official Nintendo Magazine - 82%
- Metacritic - 84%
- Game Rankings - 87%

## Other websites

- Tetris DS' Official website
Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4

***Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4*** is a 2002 skateboarding game that was developed by Neversoft, Vicarious Visions, Babaroga and Aspyr Media and was published by Activision. It is the fourth game in the Tony Hawk's series. It was released on October 23, 2002 for the GameCube, Playstation, Playstation 2 and the Xbox and October 28, 2002 for the Game Boy Advance and August 27, 2003 for the PC in North America and November 15, 2002 for the GameCube, Playstation, Playstation 2, Xbox and November 22, 2002 for the Game Boy Advance and August 27, 2003 in the PAL region.

The fifth sequels, called _Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 5_ released in 2015.

## Reviews

- IGN - 9.3/10 (PS2), 9.2/10 (PC), 9/10 (Xbox), 9.2/10 (GBA), 9.1/10 (GC)
- GameSpot - 9.5/10 (PS2), 8.7/10 (PC), 9.3/10 (Xbox), 9.2/10 (GC), 8.8 (GBA)
- Metacritic - 94/100 (PS2), 85/100 (GBA)

## Other websites

- Official website
Potassium chloride

**Potassium chloride** (also known as potassium salt) is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KCl. It contains potassium and chloride ions.

## Properties

It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is not reactive. It is similar to sodium chloride. It reacts with silver nitrate to make silver chloride. It reacts with sodium metal when very hot to make potassium metal. The metals are a gas because it is so hot. It makes a pink color when heated in a flame.

## Occurrence

Potassium chloride is found as a mineral. The mineral is called **sylvite**. It is also found in sylvanite, a mixture of sodium chloride and potassium chloride.

## Preparation

It is taken from the ocean. It can also be processed from the mineral sylvite or sylvanite. It is made when potassium nitrate is reacted with hydrochloric acid, making nitric acid and potassium chloride. It is made when potassium burns in chlorine.

## Uses

It is used to make potassium metal. Potassium chloride is heated very hot until it melts. Sodium metal is reacted with it. The sodium metal melts and boils to make sodium gas. The sodium gas reacts with the potassium chloride to make potassium gas and sodium chloride. It can be electrolyzed in a water solution to make potassium hydroxide. It is used in food processing. It can be used to execute people in a lethal injection. It is used instead of table salt sometimes. Normally it is half table salt and half potassium chloride. It can be used to extinguish fires. It was used to make packs that get hot when squeezed, but better chemicals are used now.

## Safety

Potassium chloride is toxic in very large amounts. When injected into a vein it is much more toxic.

### Use in lethal injection

In the United States, people sentenced to death by lethal injection have usually been executed using three different medications.  Potassium chloride is the third medication.  It is given after a sedative (to put the prisoner to sleep) and a medicine that paralyzes the prisoner.  Potassium chloride works by speeding up the heart until it stops.

The use of potassium chloride in lethal injections is controversial.  For example, one scientist who studied the three-drug combination called potassium chloride "extremely painful."   United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer used her research to argue that lethal injection is cruel and unusual punishment.  Other doctors agree that if the drugs are not given correctly, a prisoner could experience "a great deal of pain" or "excruciating [terribly painful] suffering."

However, other doctors say that lethal injection is less painful than other ways of executing people, like using an electric chair or a gas chamber.  They also say that if the three drugs are given correctly, lethal injection should be pain-free.  Because doctors are supposed to "do no harm", many executions are now done by people who are not doctors.  Supporters of lethal injection say that mistakes, not the drugs themselves, are what cause pain.
Sodium bromide

**Sodium bromide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaBr. It is made of sodium and bromide ions.

## Properties

Sodium bromide is a white solid. It dissolves easily in water. When it is heated very strongly in air, it makes bromine gas. It also reacts with chlorine to make liquid bromine.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting hydrogen bromide with sodium hydroxide. It can be made by mixing sodium and bromine, although this reaction is very violent.

## Uses

It was used in medicine as a hypnotic and sedative. Potassium bromide is also used for this purpose. It is used to make other bromine compounds that are organic. It was used to make silver bromide. It can be used as a disinfectant with chlorine in pools. It can be used to make dense fluids for drilling oil wells.

## Safety

Sodium bromide is only toxic in large amounts, like sodium chloride.

## Related pages

- Sodium fluoride
- Sodium chloride
- Sodium iodide
Bromide

**Bromide** is the reduced form of bromine. It is an ion. It exists when another element, such as sodium, gives away electrons to bromine, turning it into bromide. The aluminium turns into an aluminum ion, and both ions bond to form sodium bromide, a chemical compound. Bromides are normally colorless and nontoxic.

**Bromide** can also refer to an overused saying or idiom, such as "quick as a mouse" and "big as an elephant". In writing it is recommended to use fresh expressions and not over used ones.
Iron(III) oxide

**Iron(III) oxide**, also known as **rust**, is a reddish substance, an iron oxide. It has a chemical formula of Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. It is made by the reaction of iron with oxygen.  It is found naturally in the ground as hematite, the major ore which blast furnaces use to smelt iron.  It dissolves in acids. It can be mixed with fine powdered granules of aluminum in a 27:80 ratio to form thermite, a semi-explosive powder.

The iron is in the +3 oxidation state, which is what the III means. If the iron was in the +2 oxidation state, it would be iron(II) oxide.

## Related pages

- Rust
- Hematite
Iron(II) oxide

**Iron(II) oxide** is an chemical compound composed of iron in the +2 oxidation state bonded to oxygen atoms. It easily converts to a mixture of iron and iron(II,III) oxide at room temperature. It is stable though when it is very hot. It is a black powder. If it gets hydrated (bonded to extra water molecules), it turns green. The green chemical, named iron(II) hydroxide, gets oxidized by oxygen to a reddish color of iron(III) oxide.

Iron(II) oxide is very rare in nature because of how easily it converts to other iron oxides. Natural samples are called **wüstite**.

## Related pages

- Iron(II,III) oxide
Saratoga Trunk

***Saratoga Trunk*** is a 1945 American romance movie directed by Sam Wood and written by Edna Ferber and Casey Robinson. Flora Robson who played Ingrid Bergman's servant in the movie was nominated for a Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

## Cast

- Gary Cooper as **Colonel Clint Maroon**
- Ingrid Bergman as **Clio Dulaine**
- Flora Robson as **Angelique Buiton**
- Jerry Austin as **Cupidon**
- John Warburton as **Bartholomew Van Steed**
- Florence Bates as **Sophie Bellop**
- Curt Bois as **Augustin Haussy**
- John Abbott as **Roscoe Bean**

## Other websites

- Saratoga Trunk at TCM Movie Database

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Saratoga Trunk
- **director**: Sam Wood
- **producer**: Hal B. Wallis
Jack Warner
- **writer**: Hal B. Wallis
Jack Warner
- **starring**: Gary Cooper
Ingrid Bergman
Flora Robson
- **music**: Max Steiner
William Lava
- **cinematography**: Ernest Haller
- **editing**: Ralph Dawson
- **distributor**: Warner Bros. Pictures
- **released**: November 21, 1945
- **runtime**: 135 mins.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $1.75 million
Index on Censorship

**Index on Censorship** is a publishing organisation campaigning for freedom of expression. It produces an award-winning quarterly magazine of the same name. It is based in London.

## Other websites

- _Index on Censorship_ website
Iron(II) hydroxide

**Iron(II) hydroxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Fe(OH)<sub>2</sub>. It has iron and hydroxide ions in it. The iron is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

When pure, it is a white solid. It very easily turns dark green in air, which is its normal form. It then reacts with more oxygen to turn brown as iron(III) oxide is formed. It is a reducing agent.

## Preparation

It can be formed by electrolysis of water with a piece of iron metal as the anode (positive connector). A green slime will appear around it, and hydrogen will be released at the cathode (negative connector). It is normally made by reacting iron(II) sulfate with sodium hydroxide.

## Uses

It was being investigated as a detoxifier in wetlands. Some wetlands have toxic selenite and selenate ions in them. Iron(II) hydroxide reduces them to selenium, which is much less toxic. It is also used in the nickel-iron battery.

## Related pages

- Iron(II) oxide
- Iron(II) chloride
Jimmy Ward

**James William Ward** (September 1, 1906 – November 15, 1990) was a right winger in the NHL from 1928 - 1939. Jimmy Ward's son, Pete Ward, played nine seasons of professional baseball, winning TSN Rookie Of The Year honors in 1963 while playing for the Chicago White Sox.

## Playing career

He played his entire NHL career in Montreal. It began in the 1928 season with the Montreal Maroons. He would stay with the English Montreal team until they folded following the 1938 season. Along the way he scored 10 or more goals in 10 of 11 seasons during a time when the regular season was only 48 games long. He won the Stanley Cup in 1935. He played in the Ace Bailey Benefit Game in 1934 and the Howie Morenz Memorial Game in 1937. When the Maroons folded he joined the rival Montreal Canadiens for the 1939 season.

## Coaching career

In 1940 he served as a player/coach of the New Haven Eagles of the IAHL. He would later serve as head coach of the PCHL's Portland Eagles and Portland Penguins.

## Awards and achievements

- Played in Ace Bailey Benefit Game
- Played in Howie Morenz Memorial Game

## Career statistics

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1925–26|Kenora Thistles|TBSHL|16|10|3|13|16|—|—|—|—|—|
|1926–27|Fort William Forts|TBSHL|20|18|5|23|20|2|0|0|0|0|
|1927–28|Montreal Maroons|NHL|42|10|2|12|44|9|1|1|2|6|
|1928–29|Montreal Maroons|NHL|43|14|8|22|46|—|—|—|—|—|
|1929–30|Montreal Maroons|NHL|44|10|7|17|54|4|0|1|1|12|
|1930–31|Montreal Maroons|NHL|41|14|8|22|52|2|0|0|0|2|
|1931–32|Montreal Maroons|NHL|48|19|19|38|39|4|2|1|3|0|
|1932–33|Montreal Maroons|NHL|48|16|17|33|52|2|0|0|0|0|
|1933–34|Montreal Maroons|NHL|48|14|9|23|46|4|0|0|0|0|
|1934–35|Montreal Maroons|NHL|41|9|6|15|24|7|1|1|2|0|
|1935–36|Montreal Maroons|NHL|48|12|19|31|30|3|0|0|0|6|
|1936–37|Montreal Maroons|NHL|40|14|14|28|34|—|—|—|—|—|
|1937–38|Montreal Maroons|NHL|48|11|15|26|34|—|—|—|—|—|
|1938–39|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|36|4|3|7|0|1|0|0|0|0|
|1939–40|New Haven Eagles|IAHL|49|5|14|19|28|—|—|—|—|—|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 182
- **played for**: Montreal Maroons
Montreal Canadiens
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **birth place**: Fort William, Ontario, Fort William, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Portland, Oregon, Portland, Oregon, USA
- **career start**: 1927
- **career end**: 1939
Gary Veneruzzo

**Gary Raymond Veneruzzo** (born June 28, 1943) is a retired professional ice hockey player who played seven games in the National Hockey League and 348 games in the World Hockey Association. Veneruzzo played for with the St. Louis Blues, Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, Baltimore Blades, Cincinnati Stingers, Phoenix Roadrunners, and San Diego Mariners. Veneruzzo was born in Fort William, Ontario.

NHL Career ST. Louis Blues Forward 1967-68 Record
|GP|G|A|PTS|PEN|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|7|1|1|2|0|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Gary Veneruzzo
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Left Wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 8
- **weight lb**: 165
- **played for**: St. Louis Blues
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **birth place**: Fort William, Ontario, Fort William, Ontario, Canada
- **draft**: undrafted
- **career start**: 1964
- **career end**: 1977
Vic Venasky

**Victor William Venasky** (born March 6, 1951 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a retired professional ice hockey player. After playing college hockey at the University of Denver, Venasky went on to play 430 games in the National Hockey League with the Los Angeles Kings.  He now coaches youth hockey in Southern California.

## Awards and honours

|Award|Year||
| --- | --- | --- |
|All-WCHA Second Team|1970–71||
|AHCA West All-American|1970–71||

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Vic Venasky
- **position**: Center (ice hockey), Center
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 185
- **played for**: Los Angeles Kings
- **birth place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1966
- **career end**: 1981
Sodium bicarbonate

**Sodium bicarbonate**, also known as **sodium hydrogen carbonate**, **baking soda**, **bicarb**, or **bicarbonate of soda** is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaHCO<sub>3</sub>. The elements within it are sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen. It is a white crystalline  powder.

Sodium bicarbonate is an antacid. It is sometimes used to relieve acid indigestion, a sickness caused by lots of acid in one's stomach. This was usually done by mixing sodium bicarbonate with water and drinking it.  When there is too much acid, it causes heartburn, an uncomfortable feeling in the stomach. It reacts with acids to produce carbon dioxide gas. It also reacts with bases to reduce their harmful effects.

When sodium bicarbonate is heated, it releases carbon dioxide and water vapor (gas) and turns into sodium carbonate.

The balanced chemical equation is:

2NaHCO<sub>3</sub> —> Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O + CO<sub>2</sub>

Baking soda is rarely found in the earth. It can be manufactured artificially, though.
Heartburn

**Heartburn** is an uncomfortable feeling in the chest that happens when acids from the stomach travel up the esophagus (the tube leading from the mouth to the stomach). When stomach acids hurt the lining of the esophagus, the feeling is a symptom.

The burning sensation is commonly called "heartburn," but it has nothing to do with the heart.

The symptom may be helped by taking antacids, such as calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.

## Related pages

- Gastroesophageal reflux disease

## Other websites

- MedicineNet, GERD
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC), GERD
- MedlinePlus, GERD
Nitrogen triiodide

**Nitrogen triiodide** is an extremely sensitive contact explosive. It is synthesised using ammonia and iodine. When touched, it detonates, releasing a cloud of irritating iodine vapor.
Safety data sheet

A **Material safety data sheet**, commonly abbreviated to **MSDS**, is a document for a chemical compound. It explains the hazards of the chemical and gives an overview of the chemical's properties.
Fluorite

**Fluorite** is the mineral form of calcium fluoride. It has a chemical formula of .

Fluorite is the main source of fluorine and fluorides.  It naturally fluoridates drinking water in places where it is found.  It has a hardness of 5. It barely dissolves in water.  Geologists have found about 9000 deposits of fluorite found on the Earth.  It is mainly mined in China, Mexico and Russia.
Fluoride

**Fluoride** is the reduced form of fluorine. When fluorine gains an electron by taking it from another substance (oxidizing it), it converts into fluoride. Fluoride is found in toothpaste and helps prevent tooth decay. Fluoride is added artificially to drinking water in some places and has caused a controversy over the harmful effects versus the benefits of fluoridation.

## Related pages

- Fluorine
- Fluorite, a natural fluoride
- Fluoridation
Fluoridation

**Fluoridation** is the adding of fluorine compounds (fluorides) to various substances, especially toothpaste and drinking water. Government officials, scientists, and doctors say that Fluoridation helps prevent tooth decay and cavities, but it also has harmful effects in larger doses, creating a controversy over whether water should be fluoridated.

## Related pages

- Fluoride
- Fluorine
- Fluorite
Iron(II,III) oxide

**Iron(II,III) oxide** is one of the iron oxides, chemical compounds made of iron and oxygen. It is found in nature as the mineral **magnetite**. It can be a black powder or brittle black solid. Magnetite mining is one of the world's main sources of iron.

A reaction with chemicals like water or oxygen makes it change into red iron(III) oxide over time.

Magnetite is attracted to magnets, and can be made into a permanent magnet. Some magnetite is naturally magnetic, and is called **lodestone**. The first magnets found by people were made of magnetite, and magnetism is named after it. Though people made better materials like alnico to make stronger magnets, magnetite is still used in a lot of magnets and other electronics because it is cheap. The black color of old cassette tapes and floppy disks is because of a thin layer of magnetite powder on the plastic tape used to store information.

## Chemistry

The chemical name iron(II,III) oxide refers to two different kinds of iron in the compound. Iron is a transition metal, so it has multiple different oxidation states depending on the number of missing electrons around the nucleus. Iron(II,III) oxide is a mixture of iron in its +2 (missing two electrons) and +3 (missing three electrons) states: one third of the iron is in the +2 state, and two thirds are in the +3 state.

The chemical formula is , meaning that in pure magnetite, there are three iron atoms for every four oxygen atoms. To better show the two different oxidation states of the iron, the formula is also sometimes written as  or .

## Related pages

- Iron(II) oxide
- Iron(III) oxide, rust
- Iron oxide
- Rust
- Iron(II) hydroxide
Beck, Bogert & Appice

**Beck, Bogert & Appice** was a hard rock power trio formed by Jeff Beck, Tim Bogert, and Carmine Appice. They released one studio album and one live album.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Beck, Bogert & Appice
- **img**: Jeff Beck 1972.jpg
- **img capt**: Jeff Beck 1972
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: England
- **genre**: Blues-rock, hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **years active**: 1972–1974
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic
- **associated acts**: Vanilla Fudge, Cactus (band), Cactus, The Jeff Beck Group, Boxer (band), Boxer
- **current members**: Jeff Beck
Tim Bogert
Carmine Appice
- **past members**: Bobby Tench
Kim Milford
Beck, Bogert & Appice (album)

***Beck, Bogert & Appice*** is the first album by the '70s band Beck, Bogert & Appice.

## Personnel

- Jeff Beck: guitar and vocals
- Tim Bogert: bass and vocals
- Carmine Appice: drums and vocals

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Beck, Bogert & Appice
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Beck, Bogert & Appice
- **released**: 1973
- **recorded**: May 18, 1973 to May 19, 1973
- **genre**: Blues-rock, Hard rock
- **length**: 36:57
- **label**: Epic Records
- **producer**: Don Nix
- **next title**: Live in Japan (Beck, Bogert & Appice album), Live in Japan
- **next year**: 1974