juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tuareg people

The **Tuareg** (, sometimes spelled _Touareg_ in French, or _Twareg_ in English) are a Berber ethnic group. The Tuareg today lives mostly in West Africa, but they were once nomads that moved throughout the Sahara. They used their own writing known as the tifinaɤ.

Today most Tuaregs are Muslim. Their most important leader was a woman. Tuareg men use veils, but not women. Their families are matrilinear.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Tuareg
- **native name**: _Kel Tamasheq_
ⴾⵍⵜⵎⴰⵣⵗⵜ
 طوارق
- **native name lang**: Tuareg
- **image**: Homme toureg.jpg
- **caption**: A Tuareg man
- **population**: **3 million**
- **pop1**: 2,116,988 (8.7% of its total population)
- **pop2**: 536,557 (2.6% of its total population)
- **pop3**: 370,738 (1.85% of its total population)
- **pop4**: 25,000–150,000 (0.36% of its total population)
- **pop5**: 2,000 (nomadic, 0.018% of its total population)
- **langs**: Tuareg languages (Tamasheq language, Tafaghist, Tamahaq language, Tamahaq, Tamasheq language, Tamasheq, Air Tamajeq language, Tamajeq, Tawellemmet language, Tawellemmet), Maghrebi Arabic, French language, French, Hassaniya Arabic
- **rels**: Islam
- **related**: Other Berbers, Hausa people
Kinahmi

In Finnish mythology, **Kinahmi** is a great whirl in sea. Kinahmi is a way to Tuonela, the land of dead people. Souls of evil people must swim through Kinahmi to enter Tuonela. Swords, axes and needles moves with water and hurts souls of evil people.

There is also a different story about water between land of dead and land of living. In that story the water is calm, black river.

The whirl is a made by great powers of cosmos. In the middle of disc of earth stands pillar of sky. It holds dome of sky so that dome of sky does not drop on Earth. Dome of sky goes around itself; it rotates. Stars are a part of dome of sky, and while sky rotates, we see stars moving. One star does not move, it is North Star. North star is a nail that connects dome of sky to the pillar of world. The pillar of world rotates with the dome of sky. Its bottom side is standing in Arctic sea, in the middle of the Earth. The rotation of pillar causes water to form a great whirl. Tuonela is under the flat earth, but the whirl is so deep that you can go to Tuonela through it.

At a more new story the whirl goes through globe. It sucks ships from one side of earth, and spits them out from the other side. It takes many years for ship to go through Earth, so seafarers could survive this only if they had enough food. When this story was made people already knew that Earth is round.

## Sources

- Martti Haavio: Väinämöinen (1950)
- E.N Setälä: Sammon arvoitus (1932)
Giovanni Boccaccio

**Giovanni Boccaccio** (, , ; 16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian author and poet. He wrote several famous works, such as _On Famous Women_ and the _Decameron_. Boccaccio was the first poet, who used ottava rima in longer poems.
Thus he started long tradition of employing this form in epic poems.
Some of Geoffrey Chaucer's works were based on Boccaccio's poems.

## Other websites

- Giovanni Boccaccio at The History Guide
Frank

The term **Frank** has many meanings:
- Franks, a Germanic people active during the Middle Ages
- The people who live in Franconia (_Franken_) today are calls _Franks_
- A hot dog
- _Frank_ (Amy Winehouse album)

## People

- Anne Frank (1929-1945) wrote a diary during the Second World War
- Frank Sinatra (1915-1998), American singer who is one of the most highly acclaimed male popular song vocalists of all time
- Frank Zappa (1940-1993), American musician
Kitchen sink

The **kitchen sink** is part of the phrase "everything but the kitchen sink", implying too much.

It may also refer to:
- A sink (or basin) in the kitchen, which may be used for washing
- Kitchen Sink (publisher), an independent comic book publisher
- _Kitchen Sink_ (album), a 2002 album by singer Reina Collins
- _Kitchen Sink_ (magazine), an independent quarterly arts and culture magazine
Hopwood

**Hopwood** can be the name of different places:

- Hopwood, Worcestershire, a small settlement in England.
- Hopwood, Pennsylvania, a community in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States.
Hopwood, Worcestershire

**Hopwood** is the name of a small settlement in Worcestershire, England, south of Birmingham.

Hopwood was established due to the Worcestershire and Birmingham Canal, which runs through the area.  Due to this canal the settlement developed around the "Hopwood Inn", which would be a stopping point for anyone using the canal.

Today, the most notable feature of Hopwood is the "Hopwood Park services", which is a motorway service station, on the M42 motorway.
Aneurysm

An **aneurysm** (or **aneurism**) is a blood-filled bulge of a blood vessel. It is usually caused by disease or by the walls of the blood vessel becoming weak. Aneurysms usually happen in arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta (the main artery coming out of the heart) - this is an aortic aneurysm. This bulge in a blood vessel can burst or break open and cause the person to die at any time. The larger an aneurysm becomes, the more likely it is to burst. However, aneurysms can be treated. A common way to treat aneurysms are to clip the bulge at its connection to the vein, so that if and when the bulge ruptures, the blood vessel will remain functional. Microsurgery and Vascular grafting are also viable options with high success rates.
Digimon

**Digimon** (Kanji: デジモン, Hepburn: Dejimon) is a Japanese media franchise made by Bandai. It features a group of digital creatures called Digimon. Humans befriend Digimon as partners and work with them to protect both worlds from enemies. The series has movies, manga, anime, toys, video games, Digital Pets and card games.

### Humans

- **Kamiya Taichi**
- **Kido Joe**
- **Takenouchi Sora**
- **Tachikawa Mimi**
San Juan

**San Juan** is Spanish for "Saint John". It might mean:

- San Juan, Puerto Rico, the capital of Puerto Rico
- San Juan Province, Argentina
- San Juan Province (Dominican Republic)
    - San Juan de la Maguana, a city in the province
- San Juan Creek, a small river in Orange County, California
- San Juan, Metro Manila

## Related pages

- Saint John (disambiguation)
Tears

**Tears** are clear liquid made by the body to clean and lubricate the eyes.

There are three different types of tears that the body makes:

- _Basal tears:_ In a normal, healthy mammal, tears are regularly made to clean the cornea (front part of the eye) and to keep it clean from dust.

- _Reflex tears:_ This type of tear is made when something irritates the eye, say, bits of dust or the smell of an onion.  These tears are made to clean the eye and wash out anything irritating it.

- _Emotional tears_ (psychic tears): The last category is called _crying_ or _weeping_, when tears are made because of physical pain or strong emotions.

You can produce tears when you cry.
1313

## Events

- November 9 – Louis the Bavarian beats his cousin Frederick I of Austria at the Battle of Gamelsdorf.
- Siege of Rostock ends.
- Stefan Uroš II Milutin of Serbia starts the Banjska monastery.

## Births

- June 16 – Giovanni Boccaccio, Italian writer (died 1375)
- July 20 – John Tiptoft, 2nd Baron Tibetot, (died 1367)
- August 1 – Emperor Kogon (died 1364)
- August 13 – Aradia di Toscano, female in Italian witchcraft
    - Maria of Portugal, Portuguese infanta (died 1357)
    - Bartolus de Saxoferrato, Italian law professor (died 1357)

## Deaths

- March – Guillaume de Nogaret, councillor and keeper of the seal to Philip IV of France
- June 18 – John de Burgh, (born 1286)
- August 24 – Henry VII, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (born 1275)
- September 16 – Notburga, Austrian saint (born 1265)
- November 18 – Constance of Portugal, Portuguese infanta (born 1290)
- _date unknown_
    - Arnaldus de Villa Nova, alchemist (born 1235)
    - Giorgi VI the Minor, King of Georgia
    - John Schorne, rector of North Marston in the English county of Buckinghamshire
    - Hugo von Trimberg, German Catholic didactic writer of the Middle Ages
    - Robert Winchelsey, Christian theologian and Archbishop of Canterbury (born 1245)
1292

### Europe

- November 17 – (Julian calendar) John Balliol is selected as King of Scotland from among 13 candidates by King Edward I of England; Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, eventually leading to the Wars of Scottish Independence beginning from 1296.

### Asia

- The Lanna kingdom of northern Thailand conquers and annexes the Mon kingdom of Haripunchai.
- The Vaghela dynasty in Gujarat is subjugated by the Deccan Yadava dynasty of Daulatabad.
- Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Khalil invades the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.
- The Turkish emirate of Candaroglu is founded in the Kastamonu Province.

## Births

- January 20 – Elisabeth I of Bohemia (died 1330)
- Smilets of Bulgaria (died 1298)
- Henry Burghersh, English statesman (died 1340)
- John VI Cantacuzenus, Byzantine emperor (approximate date; died 1383)
- Eleanor de Clare, English noblewoman (died 1337)

## Deaths

- April 4 – Pope Nicholas IV (born 1227)
- July 13 – or 16 – Jacobus de Voragine, Italian chronicler (born 1230)
- October 25 – Robert Burnell, Lord Chancellor of England
- Abulafia, Spanish kabbalist (approximate date; born 1240)
- Marjorie of Carrick, 3rd Countess of Carrick (born 1256)
- Vakhtang II of Georgia
- John Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury
- Lucia of Tripoli (approximate date)
1203

## Events

- April 16 – Philip II of France enters Rouen, leading to the eventual unification of Normandy and France.
- April 8 – Congress in Bilino Polje, where Ban Kulin officially declared his allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church and denounced the heresy.
- June 23 – Fleet of the Fourth Crusade enters Bosphorus.
- July 17 – Fourth Crusade captures Constantinople by assault; the Byzantine emperor Alexius III flees from his capital into exile.
- August 1 – Fourth Crusade elevates Alexius IV as Byzantine emperor, after the citizens of Constantinople proclaim as emperor Isaac II Angelus (Alexius IV's father).
- Unknown - John, Duke of Normandy gives the Ecrehos to the Abbey of Val-Richer.

## Heads of states

- France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
1208

## Events

- January 31 – Inferior Swedish forces defeats the invading danes in Battle of Lena.
- June 21 – Philip of Swabia King of Germany and rival Holy Roman Emperor to Otto IV, assassinated in Bamberg by German Count Otto of Wittelsbach because Philip had refused to give him his daughter in marriage.
- With the help of the newly converted local tribes of Livs and Letts, the crusaders initiated raids into part of what is present-day Estonia and Estonian ancient fight for independence began (lasted until 1227).

## Births

- February 2 – King James I of Aragon (died 1276)
- Humphrey de Bohun, 2nd Earl of Hereford, Constable of England (died 1275)
- Möngke Khan of the Mongol Empire
- Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester (died 1265)
- Akerian Redfern of the Redfern clan

## Deaths

- April 22 – Philip of Poitou, Prince-Bishop of Durham
- June 21 – Philip of Swabia, king of Germany
- November 9 – Sancha of Castile, queen of Alfonso II of Aragon (born 1155)
- Amhaoibh O'Rothlain, Chief of Calruidhe Cuile Cearnadha
1211

## Events

- The oldest extant double entry bookkeeping record dates from 1211
- Canons regular of the Order of the Holy Cross founded September 14 1211
- Troops led by Estonian resistance fighter Lembitu of Lehola destroy a garrison of missionaries in the historical Estonian region of Sakala and raid the Russian town of Pskov.
- Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invade Jin China, aiming at this stage simply to loot the countryside. A Chinese army is defeated and slaughtered at the Battle of the Badger's Mouth near Zhangjiakou and another is beaten at Mukden, where the city is taken. Beijing is also besieged by the Mongol hordes.
- Church at the French city of Reims burns down; soon after, construction begins on the cathedral, Notre Dame de Reims.

## Births

- Ibn Khallikan, Muslim scholar

## Deaths

- August 9 – William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber

## Monarchs/Presidents

- France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
- Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
- Venice – Pietro Ziani Doge of Venice (ruled from 1205 to 1229)
1213

## Events

- May 30 – Battle of Damme; English fleet under William Longsword destroyes a French fleet off the Belgian port in the first major victory for the fledgling Royal Navy.
- September 12 – Battle of Muret; The Toulousain and Aragonese forces of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Peter II of Aragon defeated by the Albigensian Crusade under Simon de Montfort
- Jin China is overrun by Mongols under Genghis Khan, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only Beijing remained free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege.
- Pope Innocent III issues a charter, calling for the Fifth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem.

## Births

- March 9 – Hugh IV, Duke of Burgundy, French crusader (died 1271)
- June 10 – Fakhruddin 'Iraqi, Persian philosopher and Sufi mystic

## Deaths

- September 12 – King Peter II of Aragon (killed in battle) (born 1174)
- September 24 – Gertrude of Merania, wife of Andrew II of Hungary (murdered) (born 1185)
- October 10 – Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine
- Dowsprunk, Grand Prince of Lithuania
- Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex
- Sharafeddin Tusi, Persian mathematician (born 1135)
15

**15** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Flaccus**.

## Events

- Valerius Gratus is appointed Prefect of Iudaea.
- The town of Emona is founded. It is now called Ljubljana.
- Legio XXI _Rapax_ is stationed in Regensburg.
- Germanicus fought a drawn battle with Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest
- In Rome, the selection of civil servants passes from the people to the Emperor and the Senate.
- Biography of Augustus by Nicholas of Damascus published.

## Births

- September 24 – Vitellius, Roman Emperor.
- November 6 – Agrippina the younger, Roman empress (or possibly 16) (+ 59)

## Deaths

- Sejus Strabo, Praetorian prefect. His son, Sejanus, succeeds him. > 31
16

**16** is a year in the 1st century.  It was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Taurus and Libo**

## Events

- A Roman army of 90,000 men commanded by Germanicus gains a victory at Idistaviso.  They defeat the German war chief Arminius and capturing his wife Thusnelda.
- Noricans are defeated by Publius Silius, proconsul of Illyricum.
- Ovid's "Epistulae ex Ponto" appears.

## Births

- September 16 – Drusilla, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder (d. 38)
- September 16 – Samual Yare, druid of Brittany, assistant to the Roman Emperor 100-126
- Agrippina the Younger, Roman Empress

## Deaths

- Possibly Scribonia, Second wife of Caesar Augustus and mother of Julia the Elder
17

**17** is a year in the 1st century.  It was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Flaccus and Rufus**

### Roman Empire

- Germanicus leads military campaigns in the East.
- Cappadocia (in Asia Minor) becomes a Roman province.
- Sejanus becomes Praetorian prefect.
- The book Ab Urbe condita ("History of Rome Since its Foundation") is published in 142 volumes.  Livy was the author.

### Europe

- Beginning of a civil war in Germania.

### Asia Minor

- An earthquake in Anatolia destroys the city of Sardis.

## Deaths

- Ovid, Roman poet (or 18)
- Livy, Roman historian
- Gaius Julius Hyginus, Roman writer
18

## Events

- Tiberius and Germanicus are Roman Consuls.
- A _vexillatio_ (sub-unit) of Legio III _Augusta_ is destroyed by an ambush in Africa.
- The German chieftain Arminius destroys the kingdom of the Marcomanni.
- In India, the Indo-Parthians control Taxila.
- Caiaphas becomes the high priest of Jerusalem.

## Deaths

- Ovid, Roman poet (or 17)
19

### Roman Empire

- Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is deposed by Catualda. This ended the threat to the Romans from German tribes until the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Rome places them under its protection.
- Julius Caesar Germanicus (33), Roman commandant of the Rhine legions and the best loved of Roman princes, died of poisoning. On his deathbed he accused Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him.
- Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily.
- Agrippina the Elder accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, of assassinating her husband Germanicus in Antioch. Piso commits suicide in Rome.
- A Triumphal Arch is built for Germanicus in Saintes.

### Asia

- Last year (6th) of _Tianfeng_ era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
- Gondophares becomes king of the Saces.

## Births

- Tiberius Gemellus grandson of Tiberius.

## Deaths

- October 10 – Germanicus, Roman general
- Vonones I of Parthia
20

**20** is a year in the 1st century.  It was a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus and Cotta.

## Events

- Tiberias is built on the Sea of Galilee by Herod Antipas.
- Galba is a Roman praetor.
- Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus becomes a consul.
- First year of _Dihuang_ era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.
- Philo defines philosophy as the maidservant of theology.

## Deaths

- Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, Roman statesman and governor of Syria (b. 44 BC)
- Vipsania Agrippina, wife of Gaius Asinius Gallus and former wife of Tiberius (b. 36 BC)
21

**21** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Caesar**.

## Events

- Revolt of the Aedui under Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir, suppressed by Gaius Silius.
- Tiberius is a Roman Consul for the fourth time.
- Beginning of the revolt in Africa led by Tacfarinas.
- The Romans create a buffer state in the territory of the Quadi in southern Slovakia.
- Construction of a barracks for the Praetorian Guard on the Quirinal.
- Pens and metal writing tools are made in Rome.

## Deaths

- Publius Sulpicius Quirinius, Roman governor of Syria
- Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus, Roman Consul (or 20)
- Arminius, Germanic leader who slaughtered three Roman legions at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.
- Empress Wang
- King Daeso of Dongbuyeo
22

## Events

- Gaius Sulpicius Galba becomes consul.
- Roman law replaces Celtic customs in Gaul.
- Beginning of Later Han Dynasty in China.

## Births

- Valeria Messalina, third wife of Roman Emperor Claudius

## Deaths

- Junia Tertia
23

### Roman Empire

- Strabo publishes _Geography_.  It covers the world known to the Romans and Greeks at the time of Emperor Augustus.
- Aelius Sejanus gains power in the Roman Senate and Tiberius.
- Gaius Asinius Pollio, Gaius Antistius Vetus become consuls

### Asia

- Liu Xuan proclaims himself emperor against Wang Mang.
- Battle of Kunyang - troops under Liu Xiu defeat 450,000 of Wang Mang's troops

## Births

- Pliny the Elder, Roman scientist and writer

## Deaths

- September 14 – Drusus Julius Caesar, son of the Emperor Tiberius, poisoned
- October 6 – Wang Mang, Emperor of the Xin Dynasty
26

**26** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Sabinus**.

## Events

- Pontius Pilate is appointed as Prefect of Judaea.
- The Emperor Tiberius retires to Capri.  He leaves the praetorian prefect Sejanus in charge of both Rome and the Empire.
- Romans stop an uprising of Thracian tribesmen.

## Deaths

- Claudia Pulchra, second cousin and close friend to Agrippina the elder.
- Possible crucifixion of Jesus
27

**27** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Piso and Frugi**.

## Events

- A fire in Rome.
- A poorly-built stadium in Fidenae collapses, as 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators died.
- Apricots are brought to Rome from Asia.
- An Arc of triumph is built in Rimini, in honor of Augustus.
- Baptism of Jesus, according to one dating scheme.

## Births

- Agrippa II of Judea
- Petronius, Roman writer
- Wang Chong (Wang-Tch'oung), Chinese philosopher

## Deaths

Jesus of Nazareth
28

**28** is a year in the 1st century. It was a leap year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Silanus and Nerva**.

## Events

- King Daru of Baekje succeeded the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.
- The Frisians make a treaty with the Romans to avoid conquest.
- The Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 was amended by the British Raj within British India in January, 1897.

## Births

- Emperor Ming of Han (d. 75)

## Deaths

- King Onjo of Baekje
29

**29** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Geminus and Geminus**.

## Events

- Romans capture Sofia.
- Agrippina the Elder is exiled to the island of Pandataria. Her sons (except Caligula) are imprisoned by Sejanus.
- Possible date - Jesus baptized by John the Baptist.
- Possible date - John the Baptist was beheaded by King Herod Antipas.

## Deaths

- Livia, wife of Caesar Augustus
31

## Events

- Aelius Sejanus named co-Consul to the Emperor Tiberius. Tiberius has Sejanus arrested for treachery and executed.
- April 6 - possible crucifixion of Jesus
- Naevius Sutorius Macro becomes the leader of the Praetorian Guard
- Tiberius returns to Rome from Capri

## Births

- Musonius Rufus, Roman philosopher

## Deaths

- October 18 - Aelius Sejanus, Roman politician
- Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Roman historian
- Livilla, niece and daughter-in-law of the emperor Tiberius
- Saint Stephen
32

## Events

- Saint Peter traditionally becomes first pope
- Symbolic interpretation of the Old Testament by Philo

## Births

- Ban Chao, Chinese general and cavalry commander (d. 102)
- Otho, Roman emperor (d. 69)

## Deaths

- Lucius Calpurnius Piso, consul under Caesar Augustus
33

## Events

- A financial crisis hit Rome. Many aristocratic families suffered losses.
- Saint Peter became the first Pope in history.
- Tiberius founded a credit bank in Rome
- Traditionally, Christianity was founded
- Traditional date for Crucifixion,  Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus, though 28 and 30 are also suggested as a date for these events.

## Births

- Gaius Rubellius Plautus, son of Gaius Rubellius Blandus and Julia.

## Deaths

- Agrippina the Elder, wife of Germanicus
- Drusus Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder
- Gaius Asinius Gallus, widower of Vipsania Agrippina and potential lover of Agrippina the elder
- Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, senator
- Nero Caesar, son of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder
34

**34** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Persicus and Vitellius**.

## Events

- Roman start to build a three tier aqueduct. It began in Nîmes and ran for 269 miles.
- Naevius Sutorius Macro gained prestige by prostituting his wife Eunius to Tiberius
- Romans invaded Armenia
- The people of Dacia revolt against the Sarmatian tribe of Iazyges who had enslaved them.

## Births

- Aulus Persius Flaccus, Roman poet

## Deaths

- Stephen, the first martyr of Christianity
36

## Events

- Pontius Pilate is called back to Rome.  He had stopped a Samaritan uprising.
- L. Vitellius defeated Artabanus of Parthia in support of another clamaint to the throne, Tiridates III.
- Herod Antipas is remarried.
- Marcellus becomes governor of Judaea and Samaria.
- In MesoAmerica, last calendar monument created for about a century and a half.

## Deaths

- Thrasyllus of Mendes
- Jesus (according to some theories)
38

## Events

- Probable year of the marriage of Claudius and Messalina
- Apion represents a group to complain to Caligula about the Jews in Alexandria
- Anti-Jewish riot starts in Alexandria during a visit by Agrippa I. The mob wants to place statues of Caligula in every synagogue.
- Phaedrus writes his popular collection of fables
- Stachys the Apostle becomes the second patriarch of Constantinople

## Births

- Marcus Valerius Martialis, Latin epigrammatist

## Deaths

- June 10 - Drusilla, sister of Caligula
- Saint Andrew, apostle
- Naevius Sutorius Macro, commander of the Roman Praetorian Guard
39

**39** is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Corbulo**

### Roman Empire

- Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligula's sisters.
- Domitius Afer becomes a consul.
- Caligula is also a consul.
- Agrippa I, king of Iudaea, is called back to Rome.
- Legio XV _Primigenia_ and XXII _Primigenia_ are levied by Caligula for the German frontier.
- Caligula's campaign into Germany was stopped by a conspiracy led by Cassius Chaerea.
- Caligula orders that a statue of himself be placed in the temple in Jerusalem. Jews protest.  They are able to stop construction of the statue until the death of Caligula (January 24, 41).
- Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria.

### Asia

- The Trung Sisters resist Chinese influence in Vietnam.

## Births

- November 3 – Lucan, Roman poet
- December 30 – Titus Flavius, Roman emperor (79–81)
- Julia Drusilla, daughter of current Roman Emperor Caligula
- Britannicus, son of later Roman emperor Claudius and his third wife Messalina

## Deaths

- Seneca the Elder, Roman rhetorician
- Herod Antipas
Pulmonary artery

The **pulmonary artery** is a short and wide blood vessel that connects the heart to the lungs. The pulmonary artery carries blood without its oxygen (the blood is unaerated) into capillaries in the lungs.

The heart contains blood that is taken into the right ventricle by the right atrium. Blood goes from the body to the atrium. Afterwards, blood is pumped into the pulmonary artery and into the lung capillaries. When the blood passes through the capillaries they go slowly to absorb the oxygen from the lungs. The oxygenated blood is taken through the pulmonary vein back into the heart through the left atrium and the left ventricle.

## Anatomy

The pulmonary artery is an extension of the pulmonary trunk (**Latin** truncus pulmonaris). It extends from the right ventricle. It is located in front and to the left of all the vessels that flow in and out of the heart, and brings venous blood to the lungs (the only one of the human arteries, except for the umbilical arteries of the fetus). Afterwards, it brings the oxygenated back to the heart to be pumped throughout the body.

The initial lobe of the pulmonary artery goes up and back and somewhat covers the beginning of the aorta. Next, lying to the left of the ascending aorta and in front of the left atrium, the pulmonary artery lies at the level of the IV thoracic vertebra under the concavity of the aortic arch. Here the pulmonary trunk is divided into:

- right branch, right pulmonary artery (lat. arteria pulmonaris dextra);
- left branch, left pulmonary artery (lat. arteria pulmonaris sinistra).
Between the initial lobe of the left branch of the pulmonary artery and the concavity of the aortic arch is the connecting tissue cord - the arterial ligament (Latin ligamentum arteriosum).

This is the remnant of the Botal duct (Latin ductus arteriosus (Botalli)), through which the fetus and blood entering the right ventricle are redirected from the pulmonary artery to the aorta: a small circle in the fetal stage of development does not function. In the future, the duct is obliterated (parallel overgrowth of the oval hole in the atrial septum).

**References**

## Infobox (artery)

- **image**: Diagram of the human heart (cropped).svg
- **caption**: Diagram showing the pulmonary artery
Jönköping

**Jönköping** is a city in Sweden. About 90,000 people live there. It is in southern Sweden near the lake Vättern.

Jönköping was actually 3 towns that grew into one large town. The 3 towns were, _Jönköping (55.000)_, _Huskvarna (22.000)_ and _Norrahammar (9.000)_.

Jönköping is the 9th biggest city in Sweden.

## Sports

- HV71, ice hockey club
- Jönköping Bandy IF, bandy club
- Jönköpings IK, floor ball club
- Jönköpings Södra IF, soccer club

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Jönköping
- **image skyline**: Kollagejönköping.jpg
- **image caption**: Collage of Jönköping
- **image shield**: Jönköping vapen.svg
- **pushpin map**: Sweden
- **pushpin label position**: top
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Jönköping Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Jönköping County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Småland
- **established title**: City status
- **established date**: 1284
- **area total km2**: 44.82
- **population as of**: 31 December 2013
- **population total**: 130798
- **population metro**: 123709
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 104
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 551 xx
- **area code**: (+46) 36
- **registration plate**: 1544
Doppler effect

The **Doppler effect** is a change in frequency and wavelength of a wave. It is caused by the change in distance between the thing creating the wave (causer) and whatever is measuring seeing or hearing the wave (watcher or observer).

Another word for "causer" is "sender" or "source". Another word for "change in distance" is "speed" or "relative velocity".
A common example is sitting in a car while another car goes by the watcher.  The watcher will hear a change in pitch, while the sender will not.

For waves read all the waves that can send out or reflected by an object. And for reflection read change of direction of a wave.

## Effects of changes in distance

If observer and creator of the wave get closer, the frequency is higher and the wavelength is shorter.
- For light, this causes a shift in colour towards the blue end of the spectrum called a blue shift. The faster something is moving toward us, the greater the blue shift.
- For sound, this causes the sound to become higher in pitch

If the distance between the observer and creator gets longer, the frequency is lower and the wavelength is longer.
- For light, this causes a shift towards the red end of the spectrum called a red shift, the faster something is moving away, the greater the red shift.
- For sound, this causes the sound to become lower in pitch.

Light waves can also be read, examples are:
- Microwaves
- Radio waves

An extreme example of the doppler effect is an aeroplane flying at a faster speed than the speed of sound and how the wall of sound is heard on the ground.

## Related pages

- red shift
- blue shift
Monagas S.C.

**Monagas Sport Club** is a club of football from Maturín, Venezuela.

## Presidents

- Rubén León  (1988–1992)
- Rumualdo Romero (1993–1995)
- Jesús Salgado (1995–1996)
- Rafael Castellín Osuna  (1997)
- Claudio González  (2000–2001)
- Roicis Pérez  (2001–2003)
- Antonio del Moral
- Antonio Núñez
- Manuel Villalba
- Ramón Caballero (–2006)
- Nelson Núñez  (2006–)

## Coaches

- Joaquín (Fariñas) Da Silva
- Víctor Pignanelli
- Luis Fernández
- Antonio Mejías
- Radamel García
- Manolo Contreras
- Eduardo Borrero
- Luis Mendoza
- Daniel Lanata
- Alí Cañas
- Franco Fasciana
- Del Valle Rojas
- Bernardo Redín

## Famous players

- Alexander Bottini
- José (Cuervito) Rivas
- Rafael Castellín
- José Fasciana
- Franco Fasciana
- César González
- José (el Papi) Rivas
- Carlos (Pomada) Bravo

## Current roster 2007

**Goalkeepers**
- José Bottini
- Andrés Rivas
**Defenders**
- Juan Carlos Guazá
- Lenín Díaz
- Andrés Mosquera
- Pedro Agustín Duval
- Frank José Presilla
- Luis Salazar
- Benzon Rovira
- Robert Alexander Varrone
- Ever Avendaño
**Midfielders**
- Edward Leonett
- Williams Lacle
- John Mancilla
- Jarvy Mejía
- Timshel Tábarez
- Néstor Sánchez
- Laynecker Zafra
- Ricardo Wisniewski
**Forwards**
- Alexis Acuña
- Luis Alberto Moreno
- Hermes Orejuela
- Jamerson Rentería

## Source

liderendeportes.com

## Other websites

- Official page
Vättern

**Vättern** is the second biggest lake in Sweden. The lake's total surface area is about  . The deepest known point is . The average depth of the lake is .

Vättern is famous for the quality of its transparent water. Many of the people living in the area get their drinking water directly from Vättern. The lake water does not need to have many things done to it before it is used in nearby cities and towns. The water can be safely drunk from almost any point in the lake. It has been said that Vättern is the largest body of potable water in the world.

Vättern is also noted for its fishing. Tourist sport fishermen and people on vacation are allowed to fish in the lake as long as they do not use nets.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Vättern
- **image lake**: Swedish sauna on the lake.jpg
- **caption lake**: Sauna on the lake, picture taken from Karlsborg
- **outflow**: Motala ström
- **basin countries**: Sweden
- **islands**: Visingsö
- **cities**: Vadstena, Jönköping, Hjo, Askersund, Åmmeberg, Karlsborg
Uppsala

**Uppsala** is a city in Sweden.  It is the 4th biggest city in Sweden, and the center of the Church of Sweden.

The city is home to the well-known student residential area of Flogsta.  It is the largest student residence in the city. It is also known for the 'Flogsta scream'. At 10 pm every evening, students scream their frustrations from windows and balconies.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Uppsala
- **pushpin map**: Sweden
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image skyline**: Uppsala domkyrka.tif
- **image caption**: Uppsala Cathedral in background of the Fyris, Fyris river at night.
- **image shield**: Uppsala vapen.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Uppsala Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Uppsala County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Uppland
- **area total km2**: 48.79
- **population as of**: 31 December 2010
- **population total**: 140454
- **population metro**: 187541
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 15
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 75x xxx
- **area code**: +46(0) 18
Summer of Love

**The Summer of Love** is the name for the summer of 1967 in the United States, especially in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco, California. Thousands of young people from all over the world went to San Francisco to help create a hippie counterculture. The Summer of Love made the rest of America much more aware of the hippie movement. The Human Be-In is often called the start of the Summer of Love, although it happened in January of that year.

During the Summer of Love, as many as 100,000 young people from around the world travelled to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, Berkeley, California, and other cities in the San Francisco area. Once there, they joined in a popular version of the hippie experience. The people who were a part of the Summer of Love are sometimes called "Flower Children". When these new Flower Children returned home at the end of summer, they brought their new clothing, ideas and behaviors to most major cities in the U.S., Canada, Britain, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand.
Appenzell Innerrhoden

**Appenzell Innerrhoden** is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. It is the smallest canton by population and the second smallest by area.

It is one of the only direct democracies in the world.

## Districts

The 6 (districts) of Appenzell Innerrhoden are:

- Appenzell, population 5587 (2002)
- Gonten, population 1398 (2002)
- Oberegg, population 1831 (2002)
- Rüte, population 3036 (2002)
- Schlatt-Haslen, population 1160 (2002)
- Schwende, population 2094 (2002)

## Other websites

- Official Page
- Official Statistics
- Säntis  (German)
Cataphile

A **cataphile**, also known as an urban explorer or "kata", is a person who illegally explores the catacombs underneath Paris, France. The catacombs go on for approximately 186 miles. The cataphiles carry maps, usually made by hand.
Staffordshire

**Staffordshire** (abbreviated **Staffs**) is a county in the West Midlands region of England. The county town is Stafford. Part of the National Forest is there. It is next to the counties of Cheshire, Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Warwickshire, West Midlands, Worcestershire and Shropshire.

The largest city in ceremonial Staffordshire is Stoke-on-Trent.

## Places of interest

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</div>

## Other websites

- Staffordshire County Council
- Staffordshire Past Track - Historical archive about the county
- The story of a Staffordshire Home Guard Battalion, 1940-1944
- Staffordshire Photographs
- Staffordshire Tourism website

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Staffordshire
- **image caption**: The Sherbrook Valley in Cannock Chase; a bottle kiln in Longton, Staffordshire, Longton, Stoke-on-Trent; and Lichfield Cathedral
- **locator map**:
- **map caption**: Staffordshire shown within England
- **region**: West Midlands (region), West Midlands
- **established date**: Historic counties of England, Ancient
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of Staffordshire
- **lord lieutenant name**: Professor Elizabeth Barnes CBE
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of Staffordshire
- **high sheriff name**: Charles Jewitt of Admaston (2020–21)
- **area total km2**: 2713
- **area total rank**: 18th
- **county council**: Staffordshire County Council
- **admin hq**: Stafford
- **area council km2**: 2620
- **area council rank**: 18th
- **iso code**: GB-STS
- **ons code**: 41
- **gss code**: E10000028
- **nuts code**: UKG24
- **districts map**:
- **districts key**: Unitary  County council area
- **districts list**: #
#Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Newcastle-under-Lyme

#Borough of Stafford, Stafford
#East Staffordshire
#South Staffordshire
#Cannock Chase District, Cannock Chase
#Lichfield District, Lichfield
#Tamworth, Staffordshire, Tamworth
- **mps**: List of parliamentary constituencies in Staffordshire, List of MPs
- **police**: Staffordshire Police
King of Great Britain

The **King of Great Britain** ruled Great Britain before it united with Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The king was sometimes a queen.
Upper Cretaceous

The **Upper Cretaceous** is the last geological epoch in the Cretaceous. It began 100.5 million years ago, and ended 66 million years ago.

The Cretaceous is traditionally divided into Lower Cretaceous (early), and Upper Cretaceous (late), because of the different rocks. The rocks reflect the conditions in which they were formed. From lowest to highest, it is subdivided into the Cenomanian, Turonian, Coniacian, Santonian, Campanian, and Maastrichtian ages.

The Upper Cretaceous is the time of chalk. Chalk is composed of countless millions of calcareous (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) plates called coccoliths. They are so small they can only just be seen with a light microscope; details require an electron microscope. The plates are formed by single-celled planktonic algae called coccolithophores, and were laid down in the off-shore seas.

The only other rock found in chalk is the flint, which is siliceous (silica, SiO<sub>2</sub>). This derives from those algae and animals which have skeletons of silica. Undoubtedly, this marks periods when the climate was somewhat different.

The Cretaceous was the last period when dinosaurs were the dominant land animals. _Triceratops_, _Tyrannosaurus_ and _Velociraptor_ lived at this time. The huge _Mosasaurus_ was the dominant marine predator. In the Cretaceous period, birds became more diverse. Flowering plants developed more, and became the dominant plants on land. The Upper Cretaceous ended with the K/T extinction event.

## Extinction events

The end of the Cretaceous period is marked by the huge extinction event which marked the end of the dinosaurs. However, many groups had already disappeared long before then. There was an earlier extinction event in the Upper Cretaceous at the CenomanianTuronian boundary, about 95 to 90 million years ago. All we know about it is that there was huge volcanic activity which led to changes in sea life.

The event brought about the extinction of the pliosaurs, and most ichthyosaurs, and many lines of pterosaurs. Although the cause is uncertain, the result starved the Earth's oceans of oxygen for nearly half a million years. This caused the extinction of about 27 percent of marine invertebrates, including certain planktonic and benthic foraminifera, mollusks, bivalves, dinoflagellates and calcareous nanofossils. This global environmental disturbance increased atmospheric and oceanic temperatures. Boundary sediments show an enrichment of trace elements, and contain elevated δ13C values. δ13C varies in time as a function of biological productivity. This means the seas were no longer so favorable for life at that time, and many species went extinct.
Thai language

<span lang="th" dir="ltr">The</span> **Thai language** is the national and official language of Thailand. It is the first language of the Thai people, Thailand's main ethnic group. Thai is closely related to the Lao language. In fact, some dialects of Thai and Lao are mutually intelligible, meaning that speakers of one language can talk with and understand speakers of the other language without knowing the other's language.

## Sounds

Thai is a tone language, like Chinese.

## Writing System

The Thai alphabet has 44 consonants:

The alphabet has Thai numbers:
- ๑ 1
- ๒ 2
- ๓ 3
- ๔ 4
- ๕ 5
- ๖ 6
- ๗ 7
- ๘ 8
- ๙ 9
- ๐ 0

## Other websites

- thai-language.com English speakers' online resource for the Thai language
- Thai Online Web Application  with 105 Interactive Lessons of which the first 10 are free to access.
- Thai Flashcards, online flashcards with sound.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Thai
- **nativename**: _phasa thai_
- **familycolor**: Tai-Kadai
- **states**:

- **speakers**: 60-65 million
- **fam2**: Kam-Tai languages, Kam-Tai
- **fam3**: Be-Tai languages, Be-Tai
- **fam4**: Tai-Sek languages, Tai-Sek
- **fam5**: Tai languages, Tai
- **fam6**: Southwestern Tai languages, Southwestern
- **fam7**: East Central Tai languages, East Central
- **fam8**: Chiang Saeng languages, Chiang Saeng
- **nation**:

- **agency**: The Royal Institute of Thailand, The Royal Institute
- **iso1**: th
- **iso2**: tha
- **iso3**: tha
- **minority**:

- **map**: Idioma tailandés.png
Digenea

**Digenea** are a type of flatworms. They are parasites. They have two suckers, usually. One of them is ventral (_on the belly_), and the other is oral (where the mouth is).
Aspidogastrea

The **Aspidogastrea** (gr. _aspid_ - shield, _gaster_ - stomach/pouch) is a small group of flukes. There are about 80 species.

The group is a subclass of the Trematoda, and sister group to the Digenea. Species are between approximately one mm to several cm long. They are parasites of freshwater and marine molluscs and vertebrates (cartilaginous and bony fishes and turtles). Maturation may occur in the mollusc or vertebrate host.

None of the species has any economic importance, but the group is of very great interest to biologists because it has several characters which appear to be basal.

## Other websites

- Aspidogastrea from Tree of Life
- Checklist of European aspidogastreans
- Fishdisease.net
Theropod

**Theropods** ('beast foot') are a group of bipedal saurischian dinosaurs.

Although they were primarily carnivorous, a number of theropod groups evolved herbivory, omnivory and insectivory.

Today, they are represented by 10,000 living species of birds, which evolved in the Upper Jurassic from small feathered coelurosaurian theropods.

Among the features linking theropods to birds are bipedalism, the three-toed foot, a furcula (wishbone), air-filled bones, feathers and brooding of the eggs.

## Early theropods

Theropods first appear in the earliest part of the Upper Triassic about 230 million years ago. They were the sole large terrestrial carnivores from the Lower Jurassic until the close of the Cretaceous, about 66 million years ago.

Some of the earliest and most primitive of the theropod dinosaurs were:
- _Eodromaeus_
- coelophysids, a family including _Coelophysis_

## Related pages

- Origin of birds
- Dinosaur brains and intelligence
1294

## Events

- July 5 – Pope Celestine V succeeds Nicholas IV as the 192nd pope.
- December 24 – Pope Boniface VIII succeeds Pope Celestine V as the 193rd pope after Celestine V abdicates the papacy on December 13, only five months after reluctantly accepting his surprise election on July 5, wishing to return to his life as an ascetic hermit.
- John Balliol, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King Edward I of England's demands for support in a planned invasion of France, and instead informs the French of Edward's plans and negotiates the Auld Alliance with France and Norway. These actions play a part in precipitating the Scottish Wars of Independence, to begin in 1296.
- The Strata Florida Abbey is rebuilt; it had been destroyed some years earlier in King Edward I of England's conquest of Wales.
- Architect Arnolfo di Cambio designs the Florentine cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore, better known smply as _Il Duomo_. He also begins work on the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze, also in Florence.
- England and Portugal enter into the first iteration of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, the oldest alliance in the world still in force.
- The death of Kublai Khan allows the four khanates of the Mongol Empire (the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, and the Yuan Dynasty of China) to formally become independent; they each had already been moving toward independence during Kublai's reign.

## Births

- Charles IV of France (died 1328)
- Kusunoki Masashige, Japanese samurai (died 1336)

## Deaths

- February 18 – Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire (born 1215)
- May 3 – John I, Duke of Brabant
- December 25 – Mściwój II of Pomerania
- Roger Bacon, English philosopher and scientist
- Emperor Yagbe'u Seyon of Ethiopia
- John I of Brienne, Count of Eu
- Brunetto Latini, Florentine philosopher (born c. 1220)
- Dmitri of Pereslavl, Grand Duke of Vladimir-Suzdal
989

## Events

- September – Halley's Comet is at perihelion
- Sankore University founded in Timbuktu

## Births

- Adémar de Chabannes (died 1034), monk and historian
- Gisela of Swabia (died 1043), Holy Roman Empress

## Deaths

- 6 September – Sharaf al-Daula, emir of Kerman and Fars
988

## Events

- Al-Azhar University is founded in Cairo, Egypt. It is the 2nd oldest university in the world.
- Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II and converts to Christianity. Baptism of Kievan Rus'.
- Abbo becomes abbot at Fleury
- Baile Átha Cliath (Dublin, Ireland) was founded.
- Liao Dynasty adopts civil service examinations in the Southern Chancellery based on Tang Dynasty models.

## Births

- King Edmund II of England, English royal (died 1016)
- Tilopa, Indian tantric practitioner and mahasiddha

## Deaths

- May 19 – Saint Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 909)
987

## Events

- Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, crowned King of France
- Kukulcan conquers Chichen Itza

## Births

- Earl Godwin of Wessex, Anglo Saxon nobleman (died 1053)
- Liu Yong, Chinese poet of the Song Dynasty

## Deaths

- May 21 King Louis V of France