juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland

**William Henry Cavendish Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland**, (14 April 1738 – 30 October 1809) was a British Whig and Tory statesman and twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. After his first time as prime minister, the kingdom of Ireland joined Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In the new Parliament of the United Kingdom, he again became prime minister in 1807.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Duke of Portland
- **image**: W h cavendish-bentinck.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 2 April 1783
- **term end**: 19 December 1783
31 March 1807–4 October 1809
- **predecessor**: William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, The Earl of Shelburne
William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, The Lord Grenville
- **successor**: William Pitt the Younger
Spencer Perceval
- **birth place**: Nottinghamshire
- **death place**: Bulstrode Park, Buckinghamshire
- **party**: British Whig Party, Whig, later Tory
Newbie

**Newbie** is a slang term for a new person in a community, group, or video game, and especially on the internet.  "Newb" is short for newbie and another slang term that comes from the word "new". Another similar word is 'noob'. A noob usually means a bad player in a game, or someone who does not know the rules of a community yet. Being called a noob is usually not a good thing especially if it is told by an "Epic Gamer".

## History

The use of the word "newbie" originated in World War II. It was a word veterans used to describe new recruits.

In recent years, however, the term has been used more often in Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (MMORPG)s or other internet based games. It can also mean someone who has a high level in a game, but is not a skilled player. A person new to a game or a younger player can be referred to as a newbie.

Many places, such as internet forums or online communities, use the word "noob" differently than the word "newbie". A newbie is simply someone who is new to the forum or game. But a noob or n00b is someone who has been around long enough to know better, but doesn't. A noob is thought of as having no respect for the rules and does not seem to want to do anything for himself. So noob has become an offensive term on the internet. To behave like a noob can mean getting disrespect and a lack of interest from other players.

Noobs are usually referred to by the 1337 (pronounced "leet") or skilled players, who have marginally higher experience in the game.  When a leet soundly defeats a noob, he is said to be "pawning noobs". Recently "noob" is used mainly just as a name to refer to other players in various online games.  It's usually a derogatory term, but can be exchanged as a friendly greeting. A noob is sometimes confused with a "choob" (a low skilled person in a game, but having acquired nice things as a result of playing).
Bodhisattva

A **bodhisattva** is a Buddhist who is on their way to become a Buddha. They have attained a certain level of enlightenment, but decide not to enter Nirvana so that they can continue helping living beings in the world.

The word **Bodhisattva** can also refer to certain specific bodhisattvas such as Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri and Vajrapani.

Many bodhisattvas made a special vow that defines their personality or method of helping people. For example, Kshitigarbha vowed not to attain enlightenment until there were no more beings in hell. Some Buddhas, such as Amitabha, made certain vows when they were bodhisattvas. He became a Buddha when these vows were fulfilled.

## Related pages

- Buddha
Tackey and Tsubasa

**Tackey & Tsubasa** (タッキー&翼) is a Japanese pop duo from Johnny & Associates. Its two members are Hideaki Takizawa (Japanese: 滝沢秀明, _Takizawa Hideaki_) and Tsubasa Imai (今井翼, _Imai Tsubasa_). They are known for their Japanese television dramas and they have been successful with numerous hit singles, especially "Kamen" and "Venus". Their records are produced by Avex Trax.

### Singles

1. (26.02.2003) To be, To be, Ten made To be
1. (12.11.2003) Yume Monogatari (夢物語)
1. (11.02.2004) One Day, One Dream
1. (03.11.2004) Serenade (愛想曲(セレナーデ))
1. (04.05.2005) Kamen/Mirai Koukai (仮面/未来航海)
1. (18.01.2006) Venus
1. (09.08.2006) Ho! Summer (Ho! サマー)
1. (04.18.2007) x ~Dame~ / Crazy Rainbow (x～ダメ～ / Crazy Rainbow)
1. (08.08.2007) SAMURAI

### Albums

1. (11.09.2002) Hatachi
1. (28.04.2005) Twenty Two
1. (15.11.2006) Two You Four You

### Compilations

1. (17.10.2007) Tackey & Tsubasa BEST Album

## Other websites

- Tackey & Tsubasa Official Website
- Tackey & Tsubasa Oricon Page
- Takizawa Hideaki fansite
- Imai Tsubasa fansite
Fruits Basket

**Fruits Basket**(フルーツバスケット) is a Japanese manga and anime series about an eponymous student. The manga series ran from 1999 to 2006. An anime television series adaptation aired in 2001.

## Plot

Tohru Honda comes to live with the mysterious Sohma family. She discovers a terrible secret about them - 13 members of the family turn into twelve animals of the Chinese Zodiac, and the cat who was left out of the Chinese Zodiac. Whenever they are hugged by members of the opposite sex or become weak, they turn into each animals.

## Characters

- Momiji Sohma – He is born in the year of the Rabbit. Momiji is a cute, strange boy who acts like an elementary school student, when he is a freshman in high school.

## Other websites

- TokyoPop's Fruits Basket Site  (manga)
- FUNimation's Fruits Basket Site  (anime)
- TV Tokyo's Fruits Basket Site (anime)

## Infobox (animanga/header)

- **ja romaji**: Furūtsu Basuketto
- **genre**: Fantasy genre, Fantasy, Romance film, romance


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: manga
- **author**: Natsuki Takaya
- **publisher**: Hakusensha
- **demographic**: _Shōjo manga, Shōjo_
- **magazine**: Hana to Yume
- **first**: July 1998
- **last**: November 2006
- **volumes**: 23
- **volume list**: List of Fruits Basket chapters


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: tv series
- **director**: Akitaro Daichi
- **writer**: Higuchi Tachibana
- **studio**: Studio Deen
- **network**: TV Tokyo
- **first**: July 5, 2001
- **last**: December 27, 2001
- **episodes**: 26
- **episode list**: List of Fruits Basket episodes


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: manga
- **title**: Fruits Basket another
- **author**: Natsuki Takaya
- **publisher**: Hakusensha
- **demographic**: _Shōjo manga, Shōjo_
- **magazine**: HanaLaLa online
- **first**: September 4, 2015
- **volumes**: 2
- **volume list**: List_of_Fruits_Basket_chapters#Fruits_Basket_Another


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: tv series
- **director**: Yoshihide Ibata
- **writer**: Taku Kishimoto
- **studio**: TMS Entertainment
- **network**: TV Tokyo
- **first**: 2019
- **last**: scheduled


## Infobox (animanga/footer)
Leo III of Armenia

**Leo (or Leon) III of Armenia** (c.1236-1289) was king of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, ruling from 1270 to 1289. He was the son of Hethum I of Armenia and Queen Isabella of Armenia.

In 1262 Leo married Keran (Kir Anna), the daughter of Prince Hethum of Lampron.
In 1266 Leo was captured and his younger brother Thoros killed while fighting the Mamluk invaders. Leo was ransomed by his father, who gave up the throne for him shortly after. He was known as a pious king, devoted to Christianity.

In 21 years of marriage Leo had 15 children by his wife Keran, eight sons and seven daughters. Two sons and two daughters died at an early age:
1. Hethum II (ruled 1289 to 1293, 1294 to 1297, 1299 to 1307)
1. Princess Fimi of Armenia (born c.1266)
1. Princesse Sybil of Armenia (born c.1269)
1. Thoros III (ruled 1293 to 1298)
1. Prince Ruben of Armenia (born c.1272)
1. Princess Zablun of Armenia (born c.1274)
1. Princess Sybil (or Zabel) of Armenia (born c.1276)
1. Sempad (ruled 1297 to 1299)
1. Constantine III (ruled 1299)
1. Isabelle of Armenia (died c.1321), who married Amalric of Tyre
1. Princess Theophane of Armenia (born c.1278)
1. Rita of Armenia, who married Michael IX Palaeologus, co-Emperor of the Byzantine Empire with his father Andronicus II Palaeologus
1. Prince Nerses of Armenia (born c.1279)
1. Oshin (ruled 1308 to 1320)
1. Prince Alinakh of Armenia (born c.1283)

5 of his 15 children, Hethum, Thoros, Sembat, Constantine, and Oshin, later became the Armenian kings, who often fought each other to gain the throne.

He was succeeded by his son Hethum II.
Armens

**Armens** (Armenian: Արմեններ, Առամեններ), were hypothetical and proposed tribes the people are called Arman, Armenic or Armanen. Recent linguistic studies present tried strong evidence that the Indo-European language group originates in Anatolia,  claiming that the Armens were generally tall, blond-haired, and blue-eyed in appearance, in contrast to the Urartians who tended to be slighter with black hair and black eyes.

## History

At the end of the second millennium BC, another Indo-European ethnic group, closely related to Thracians and Phrygians and referred to by the Greeks as Armens, migrated to the Armenian Highland from Northern Balkans.

One theory suggests that the Armens were of Thracian origin, and related to the Phrygians. The Armens were near the head waters of the Halys, to the west of the Euphrates. The Armens seemed to have mixed blood with another Asiatic element whose patronymic Hai, became in time their national designation. The country where the Armens settled were a mountainous region, traversed by deep valleys and smiling plains.

## Etymology

The word Armani, (mentioned in Akkadian inscriptions as early as 2400 BC) an early form of Armen-Armin or Arman denotes the national affiliation, as with many cultures standing for the particular nation thus, the God AR being the primary deity in the Indo-European (aka Aryan) pantheon - thus AR MAN denotes—Men of Ar or Children of Ar, again initially AR standing for ARAREL-ARARICH [hence Ar-Ar-At the Place of ARAR] -- Create-Creator, also Sun, Light, Life and Love.

## Related pages

- Hayasa-Azzi
- Kingdom of Armenia
History of Armenia

The **history of Armenia** and Armenians is very ancient and can go back at least 2000 BC. Archaeologists say the Shulaveri-Shomu culture of the central Transcaucasus region, and Armenia today, as the earliest known prehistoric culture in the area, carbon-dated to around 6000 - 4000 BC. But, a newer discovered tomb has been dated to 9000 BC. Another early culture in the Armenian Highlands and surrounding areas—the Kura-Araxes culture is in the period of ca. 4000 - 2200 BC, and is believed to have to go into the Trialeti culture (ca. 2200 - 1500 BC), and meaning Armenians are one of the oldest Indo-European subgroups.

## Urartu

Urartu was an ancient kingdom in the Armenian Highlands.

Some experts say that the Armenians started as a mixture of the different peoples to move through the area in history: The Hurrians, Urarteans, Luvians and Mushki. This last group, also knowns as Phrygians may have brought their Indo-European language to Armenia. The Armenian language today is Indo-European, but shows a lot of influence from the earlier pre-Indo-European languages, especially Urartean.

## Ancient period

The Armenians had friendly relations with the Parthian empire. The fighting between the Roman Empire and Parthia was centered in Armenia. Armenia was in between Parthian and the Roman Empire. The Armenians had already played a role in the early history of the Roman-Parthian relations. Tigranes put military and political relations with Rome and Parthia on an international legal foundation. The Parthians were allies to Armenians in many times. Many Parthian noble families had moved out and they went to Armenia. In the year 301 AD, the Kingdom of Armenia adopted Christianity as its official state religion and Armenia went through a rapid period of Christianization and throughout the 4th century AD the whole of Armenia was Christianized and the Armenians all became Christian.

## Related pages

- Hayasa-Azzi
- Battle of Rhandeia

## Other websites

- Armenia at Livius.Org  (ancient history)
- All about Armenia by www.haias.net
- Rulers.org — Armenia list of rulers for Armenia
- History of Armenia
- A book about the history of Armenia from 1827. It was written by a priest.
Smaug

**Smaug** is a fictional dragon from _The Hobbit_. He is the main villain of the J.R.R. Tolkien book and its adaptations. The author called him a "most specially, greedy, strong and wicked worm".

## Fictional biography

Smaug is one of the most feared dragons on Middle-earth. He decided to sleep in a pile of gold until Bilbo Baggins woke him up. Smaug knows that Bilbo is after the Arkenstone. He left the area and decided to fly to Lake-town and ravage it with fire. He was killed by Bard the Bowman with an arrow.

## Peter Jackson trilogy (2012-2014)

In The Hobbit movie trilogy, Smaug's motion capture and voice were done by Benedict Cumberbatch. He is digitally created by Weta Digital and is considered one of the most impressive features of the trilogy, specifically the end of the second movie. In the third movie, his death helped Sauron let his armies roam free.

## Other media

Smaug, voiced by Benedict Cumberbatch became an interviewed guest for a December 2014 episode of The Colbert Report with clips from the third movie.
Georgian language

**Georgian** (ქართული ენა, _kʰartʰuli ena_) is the official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus.

Georgian is the primary language of about 3.9 million people in Georgia itself (83 percent of the population), and of another 500,000 abroad (chiefly in Turkey, Iran, Russia, the United States and Europe). It is the literary language for all ethnographic groups of Georgian people, especially those who speak other South Caucasian languages (or _Kartvelian languages_): Svans, Megrelians, and the Laz.  Gruzinic, or "Kivruli", which is sometimes considered a separate Jewish language, is spoken by an additional 20,000 in Georgia and 65,000 elsewhere (primarily 60,000 in Israel).

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Georgian
- **altname**: Kartuli
- **region**: Georgia (country), Georgia<small> (Including Abkhazia and South Ossetia)</small>
Russia, United States, Israel, Ukraine, Turkey, Iran, Azerbaijan, Greece
- **speakers**: million
- **date**: 2014
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Caucasian
- **fam1**: Kartvelian languages, Kartvelian
- **fam2**: Karto-Zan languages, Karto-Zan
- **ancestor**: Old Georgian
- **dia1**: Georgian dialects
- **script**: Georgian scripts, Georgian script
Georgian Braille
- **agency**: Cabinet of Georgia
- **iso1**: ka
- **iso2b**: geo
- **iso2t**: kat
- **iso3**: kat
- **lingua**: 42-CAB-baa – bac
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **imagecaption**: **Kartuli** written in Georgian scripts, Georgian script
- **map**: Kartvelian_languages.svg
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: nucl1302
- **glottorefname**: Nuclear Georgian
Mount Ararat

**Mount Ararat** (Turkish: Ağrı Dağı; Armenian: Արարատ; Kurdish: Grîdax or Çiyayê Agirî) is the tallest peak in  the Armenian Highlands and modern-day Turkey. The mountain is always capped with snow, and it is a dormant volcano.

It is in Iğdır Province, near the northeast corner of Turkey, 16 km west of Iran and 32 km south of the Armenian border. Although lying outside the borders of modern Armenia, the mountain is the principal national symbol of Armenia and has historically been considered a sacred mountain by Armenians. It has featured prominently in Armenian literature and art and is an icon for Armenian irredentism. It is depicted on the coat of arms of Armenia along with Noah's Ark.

## History

This area was the Armenian kingdom of Ararat (in Assyrian: Urartu).  Armenians lived here for nearly 3000 years. In the 16th century the mountain became part of the border between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid dynasty of Persia. In 1828 it became the border of the Russian Empire. In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne put Ararat in the administration of Turkey. It remains a national symbol of Armenia. It was also part of the short-lived Kurdish Republic of Ararat.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mount Ararat
- **photo**: Mount Ararat and the Yerevan skyline in spring (50mm).jpg
- **photo caption**: Little Ararat (left) and Greater Ararat (right); View from Yerevan, Armenia
- **elevation**: 5,137 metres (16,854 ft), see #Elevation, section
- **location**: Iğdır Province, Turkey
- **prominence**: 3,611 m <small>List of peaks by prominence, ranked 48th</small>
- **type**: Stratovolcano
- **last eruption**: 1840
South Caucasus

**South Caucasus**, also referred to as **Southern** **Caucasia**, is the southern area of the Caucasus region spanning Europe and Asia, going from the Greater Caucasus to the Turkish and Iranian borders, between the Black and Caspian Seas.

All of Armenia is in the South Caucasus; the majority of Georgia and Azerbaijan, including the exclave of Naxçıvan, fall within this area. The countries in the region produce oil, manganese ore, tea, citrus fruits, and wine.

The region is one the most complicated in the post-Soviet area, and has three heavily disputed areas – Abkhazia and South Ossetia in Georgia, and Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.

## History

The region was combined togerther twice – during the Russian Civil War (Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic) from 9 April 1918 to 26 May 1918, and under the Soviet rule (Transcaucasian SFSR) from 12 March 1922 to 5 December 1936.

The area of Transcaucasia, which is where modern day Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia are located, is one of areas where the wine producing vines _vitis vinifera_ grow. Some experts think that this may be where wine was produced for the first time.  Archeological excavation and carbon dating of grape pips from the area have dated back to 7000-5000BC.

## Related pages

- Caucasus
- North Caucasus (Ciscaucasia)
- Ibero-Caucasian languages
- Peoples of the Caucasus

## Sources and references

(incomplete)
- Transcaucasia (The Columbia Encyclopedia article)
Mongols

The name **Mongols** (Mongolian:  _Mongol_) explains one or more ethnic groups. A narrow definition includes the Mongols proper (self-designation _Monggol_), which can be split into eastern and western Mongols. In a broader sense, the **Mongol peoples** also people who speak a Mongolic language but use other self-designations, such as the Kalmyks of eastern Europe.

The name _Monggol_ has its meaning in the Tungusic languages and usually means "the invincible ones". At first, it was applied to a small and stillinsignificant tribe in the area of the Onon River. In the 13th, century it grew into an umbrella term for a large group of tribes united under the rule of Genghis Khan.

## Religion

The polytheistic (believing in many gods) Mongols thought that good and evil spirits controlled the world. They also believed in a sky god, who ruled all the spirits. They called him "Tengri" (TENG gree), which means "the great god of heaven". The Mongols lived in fear of the spirits and hoped for blessings from them.

Every yurt had small idols made of felt. The wives and daughters of the nobles made those idols at sewing parties. The Mongols believed that the idols protected their families and animals. Before every meal, they put food and drink on the idols' lips. They also prayed to them.

The Mongols believed that some men, called "shamans" (SHAH muns), had power over the spirits. The shamans were the priests of the traditional Mongol religion, called "shamanism" (SHAH muh NIZ um). The shamans were medicine men and witch doctors and used a special language when doing their magical rituals. The Mongols talked to their shamans they made major big decisions and followed their advice.

### Other religions

The later empire of the Mongols had many people with many religions, including Christians. The most important Christian group in the Mongol Empire was the Nestorian Church, also called the Assyrian Church of the East. These Christians were named for Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople.

## Related pages

- Mongol Empire
- History of Mongolia

## Other websites

- Ethnic groups of Mongolia
- Ethnic map of Mongolia
La Liga

The **Campeonato Nacional de Liga de Primera División**, commonly known as **Primera División**, or **LaLiga**, and officially known as **LALIGA EA SPORTS** (stylized as all caps) for sponsorship reasons, is the men's top professional football league of the Spanish football league system. It is contested by 20 teams. Barcelona, ​​Real Madrid and Athletic Bilbao are the teams that have never been relegated,The top scorer in the Spanish league is Lionel Messi (474 ​​goals)

## 2025–2026 clubs

- Alavés
- Athletic Bilbao
- Atlético Madrid
- Barcelona
- Celta Vigo
- Elche
- Espanyol
- Getafe
- Girona
- Levante
- Lisbon
- Mallorca
- Osasuna
- Oviedo
- Rayo Vallecano
- Real Betis
- Real Madrid
- Real Sociedad
- Sevilla
- Valencia
- Villarreal

## Champions

|Season|Champions|Runner-up|Third place|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000–01|Real Madrid|Deportivo La Coruña|Mallorca|
|2001–02|Valencia|Deportivo La Coruña|Real Madrid|
|2002–03|Real Madrid|Real Sociedad|Deportivo La Coruña|
|2003–04|Valencia|Barcelona|Deportivo La Coruña|
|2004–05|Barcelona|Real Madrid|Villarreal|
|2005–06|Barcelona|Real Madrid|Valencia|
|2006–07|Real Madrid|Barcelona|Sevilla|
|2007–08|Real Madrid|Villarreal|Barcelona|
|2008–09|Barcelona|Real Madrid|Sevilla|
|2009–10|Barcelona|Real Madrid|Valencia|
|2010–11|Barcelona|Real Madrid|Valencia|
|2011–12|Real Madrid|Barcelona|Valencia|
|2012–13|Barcelona|Real Madrid|Atlético Madrid|
|2013–14|Atlético Madrid|Barcelona|Real Madrid|
|2014–15|Barcelona|Real Madrid|Atlético Madrid|
|2015–16|Barcelona|Real Madrid|Atlético Madrid|
|2016–17|Real Madrid|Barcelona|Atlético Madrid|
|2017-18|Barcelona|Atlético Madrid|Real Madrid|
|2018-19|Barcelona|Atlético Madrid|Real Madrid|
|2019-20|Real Madrid|Barcelona|Atlético Madrid|
|2020-21|Atlético Madrid|Real Madrid|Barcelona|
|2021-22|Real Madrid|Barcelona|Atlético Madrid|
|2022-23|Barcelona|Real Madrid|Atlético Madrid|
|2023-24|Real Madrid|Barcelona|Girona|
|2024-25|Barcelona|Real Madrid|Atlético Madrid|

## Related pages

- Segunda División
- Segunda División B

## Infobox (football league)

- **country**: Spain, Portugal
- **confed**: UEFA
- **founded**: 1929
- **divisions**: 1
- **teams**: 21
- **relegation**: Segunda División
- **domest cup**: Copa del Rey
Supercopa de España
- **season**: 2024-25 La Liga, 2024-25
- **name**: LALIGA
- **logo**: LaLiga EA Sports 2023 Vertical Logo.svg
- **most successful club**: Real Madrid C.F., Real Madrid (36)
- **tv**: beIN Sports
- **organiser**: Liga Nacional de Fútbol Profesional
Stanley Marcus

**Stanley Marcus** (April 20, 1905 – January 22, 2002) was the president of the Neiman-Marcus company, a store in the United States that sells expensive clothing and objects. He became famous for inventing many new ways to sell products and new ways to tell people about his store.

Mr. Marcus created an award for people who designed clothing. He also began art shows in his store, to make people want to visit the store to see the art. In 1939, the company started a catalog, which is a book that shows all the products that people can buy from the store. In 1951, the catalog listed unusual gifts for people to buy. Many people started to read the catalog every year to see the unusual gifts.

In the 1940s, at the time of the Second World War, the government of the United States asked Mr. Marcus for help. The government wanted to make sure there would be enough fabric to make clothes for the military, so they asked Mr. Marcus to make rules about clothes for ordinary people. He made rules for companies that made clothes so that popular styles for women and men would not change every year. With these rules, people would not need new clothes so often. Also, he said that men's socks should not use rubber to make elastic to hold the socks in place. This rule made sure the government could use rubber for military products that were needed for the war.

## Personal life

Mr. Marcus married Mary "Billie" Cantrell in 1932. When he met her, Billie was working in the Neiman-Marcus store. She continued to work for four years. She retired in 1936 after she gave birth to a baby; they named the baby Jerrie. In 1938, she gave birth to twins, Richard and Wendy.

Mr. Marcus collected art and books. His favorite artists from Mexico were Rufino Tamayo, David Alfaro Siqueiros, Diego Rivera, and Antonio Ruíz. He became friends with Rivera and Tamayo. Mr. Marcus also liked American artists, such as Alexander Calder, who made sculptures, and Georgia O'Keeffe, who was a painter. He gave large amounts of money to a museum that showed O'Keeffe paintings.

The Degolyer Library at Southern Methodist University has a collection of things related to Mr. Marcus. The collection includes photographs, letters, and newspaper articles. Mr. Marcus also gave the library a collection of more than 5,000 miniature books. (Miniature books are very small books, small enough for a doll.)

## Other websites

- Career Highlights video, from Advertising Hall of Fame
- Infoplease, Noteworthy Deaths 2002
Legolas

**Legolas** is a _The Lord of the Rings_ character created by J. R. R. Tolkien. He is a Sindar Elf of the Woodland Realm and son of its king, Thranduil. He was a member of the Fellowship of the Ring. He is one of the most known Tolkien characters. He is also in many movies and video games and he was played by Orlando Bloom in Peter Jackson's _The Lord of the Rings_ and _The Hobbit_ trilogies.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Legolas
- **series**: The Lord of the Rings
- **race**: Sindar Elf (Middle-earth), Elf
- **gender**: Male
- **lbl24**: Book(s)
- **data24**: _The Lord of the Rings_
- **home**: Mirkwood
- **affiliation**: Company of the Ring
Sauron

**Sauron** is the main villain in J. R. R. Tolkien's _The Lord of the Rings_. He is a Maia who wants to rule the Middle-earth with the help of the One Ring, which he lost thousands of years ago. His first appearance was in Tolkien's _The Hobbit_, where he was caller the "Necromancer" and he also appears in _The Silmarillion_, where he is the chief lieutenant of the first Dark Lord, Morgoth. He usually appears as a flaming eye. Sauron is in many adaptations of Tolkien's books, including Peter Jackson's _The Lord of the Rings_ and _The Hobbit_ trilogies.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Sauron
- **series**: J. R. R. Tolkien, Tolkien
- **image**: Flag of Mordor SVG.svg
- **race**: Maiar, Maia
- **lbl24**: Book(s)
Sint Maarten

**Sint Maarten** (or **Saint Martin**) is a country that is part of the Netherlands. It is on the southern half of the island of St. Martin in the Caribbean.

The _Island area of St. Martin_ () was part of the Netherlands Antilles, until the Antilles was dissolved in October 2010, when Sint Maarten became a "country" ("land") within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Government of the Netherlands is responsible for defence, foreign affairs and nationality law. Although part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the territory of Sint Maarten is not part of the European Union; however, its people are citizens of the European Union.

## Related pages

- Saint Martin
- Collectivity of Saint Martin

## Infobox (dependency)

- **name**: Sint Maarten
- **settlement type**: Kingdom of the Netherlands, Constituent country in the Kingdom of the Netherlands
- **image flag**: Flag of Sint Maarten.svg
- **flag size**: 125px
- **flag link**: Flag of Sint Maarten
- **image seal**: Coat of arms of Sint Maarten.svg
- **seal size**: 85px
- **seal type**: Coat of arms
- **seal link**: Coat of arms of Sint Maarten
- **anthem**: "O Sweet Saint Martin's Land"
<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"></div>
- **motto**:
()
- **image map**: Sint Maarten in its region.svg
- **map alt**: Location of Sint Maarten
- **map caption**: Location of Sint Maarten (circled in red)
- **mapsize**: 290px
- **image map2**: Sint Maarten-CIA WFB Map.png
- **mapsize2**: 250px
- **subdivision type**: Sovereign state
- **established title**: Before separation
- **established date**: Netherlands Antilles
- **established title2**: Country status
- **established date2**: 10 October 2010
- **capital**: Philipsburg, Sint Maarten, Philipsburg
- **largest city**: Lower Prince's Quarter
- **demonym**: St. Maartener
- **government type**: Parliamentary system, Parliamentary representative democracy within a constitutional monarchy
- **leader title1**: Monarchy of the Netherlands, Monarch
- **leader name1**: Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Willem-Alexander
- **leader title2**: Governor of Sint Maarten, Governor
- **leader name2**: Ajamu Baly
- **leader title3**: Prime Minister of Sint Maarten, Prime Minister
- **leader name3**: Luc Mercelina
- **legislature**: Estates of Sint Maarten
- **area km2**: 34
- **elevation max m**: 383
- **population estimate**: 42,938
- **population estimate rank**: 187th
- **population estimate year**: 2023
- **population density km2**: 1221
- **population density rank**: 10th
- **gdp ppp**: $1.436 billion
- **gdp ppp year**: 2018
- **gdp ppp per capita**: $35,342
- **gdp nominal**: US$1.185 billion
- **gdp nominal year**: 2018
- **currency**: Netherlands Antillean guilder
- **currency code**: ANG
- **timezone**: Atlantic Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4:00
- **electricity**: 120 V–60 Hz
- **drives on**: right
- **calling code**: Area code 721, +1-721
- **cctld**: .sx
French overseas collectivities

The **Overseas collectivities** (French: _collectivité d'outre-mer_ or _COM_), are an administrative division of France. These territories include some former overseas territories and other French overseas holdings with a particular status. All of these were given the name _collectivités d'outre-mer_ because of a constitutional reform on March 28, 2003.

As of March 31, 2011, there are five of these communities:
- French Polynesia, with a great degree of autonomy, two symbolic manifestations of which are the title of the President of French Polynesia (_Le président de la Polynésie française_) and the territory's additional designation as a _pays d'outre-mer_. Legislature: Assembly of French Polynesia.
- Saint-Barthélemy
- Saint-Martin
- Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, a group of islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Newfoundland, Canada, which has a Territorial Council.
- Wallis and Futuna in the Pacific Ocean, which is the only inhabited part of France that is not divided into communes.

## Other websites

- Official site
- past and current developments of France's overseas administrative divisions like collectivité d'outre-mer (French language)
Saruman

**Saruman**, also called **Saruman the White**, later **Saruman of Many Colours**, is a villain in J. R. R. Tolkien's _The Lord of the Rings_. He is the leader of the Istari, who are wizards sent to Middle-earth to stop Sauron. He later betrays the Istari and takes Sauron's side. His backstory is in _The Silmarillion_ and _Unfinished Tales_. Saruman was played by Christopher Lee in Peter Jackson's _The Lord of the Rings_ and _The Hobbit_ trilogies.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Saruman the White
- **series**: J. R. R. Tolkien, Tolkien
- **image**: Escudo Isengard.svg
- **first**: _The Fellowship of the Ring_ (1954)
- **last**: _Unfinished Tales_ (1980)
- **caption**: The White Hand of Saruman
- **race**: Maiar, Maia
- **data21**: Curunír
Curumo
Sharkey
Man of Skill
White Messenger
Head of the White Council
Lord of Isengard
- **lbl21**: Aliases
William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire

**William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire**, KG, PC (bapt. 1 June 1720 - 2 October 1764) was a British Whig statesman who was Prime Minister of Great Britain for a short period of time.

## Titles from birth to death

- Lord Cavendish of Hardwick (1720-1729)
- Marquess of Hartington (1729-1741)
- Marquess of Hartington, MP (1741-1751)
- The Rt. Hon. Marquess of Hartington (1751-1755)
- _His Grace_ The Duke of Devonshire, PC (1755-1756)
- _His Grace_ The Duke of Devonshire, KG, PC (1756-1764)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: His Grace The Duke of Devonshire
- **image**: William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire.JPG
- **order**: Prime Minister of Great Britain
- **term start**: 16 November 1756
- **term end**: 25 June 1757
- **predecessor**: Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, The Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne
- **successor**: Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, The Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne
- **birth date**: baptised 1 June 1720
- **death place**: Spa, Belgium
- **party**: n/a (British Whig Party, Whig)
John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute

**John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute**, KG, PC (25 May 1713 - 10 March 1792) was a Scottish nobleman. He was Prime Minister of Great Britain (1762–1763) under King George III.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **honorific-suffix**: Order of the Garter,  KG Privy Council,  PC
- **name**: The Earl of Bute
- **image**: JohnStuartBute.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of Great Britain
- **term start**: 26 May 1762
- **term end**: 16 April 1763
- **predecessor**: Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne, The Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne
- **successor**: George Grenville
- **birth place**: Parliament Square, Edinburgh
- **death place**: Grosvenor Square, London
- **party**: Tory
Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington

**Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington,** KG, KB, PC (1674–2 July 1743) was a British Whig statesman and Prime Minister of Great Britain.

Compton served in government from 1715, and as the head of government from 1742 until his death in 1743.

Compton worked closely with Lord Carteret, to get the support of the various factions making up the Government.  Lord Carteret, was the Secretary of State for the Northern Department, which later became the Home Office.

## Styles from birth to death

- The Hon. Spencer Compton (1674-1698)
- The Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1698-1710)
- The Hon. Spencer Compton (1710-1713)
- The Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1713-1716)
- The Rt. Hon. Spencer Compton, MP (1716-1725)
- The Rt. Hon. Sir Spencer Compton, KB, MP (1725-1728)
- The Rt. Hon. The Lord Wilmington, KB, PC (1728-1730)
- The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Wilmington, KB, PC (1730-1733)
- The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Wilmington, KG, KB, PC (1733-1743)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Earl of Wilmington
- **image**: Spencer Compton 1st Earl of Wilmington.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of Great Britain
- **term start**: 16 February 1742
- **term end**: 2 July 1743
- **predecessor**: Robert Walpole
- **successor**: Henry Pelham
- **birth place**: Compton Wynyates, Warwickshire
- **death place**: St James' Square, London
- **party**: n/a (British Whig Party, Whig)
Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham

**Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham,** KG, PC (13 May 1730-1 July 1782) was a British Whig statesman. He is most notable for his two terms as Prime Minister of Great Britain. He served in two high offices during his lifetime (Prime Minister and Leader of the House of Lords).

## Titles from birth to death

- The Hon. Charles Watson-Wentworth (1730-1733)
- Viscount Higham (1733-1746)
- Earl of Malton (1746-1750)
- The Rt. Hon. The Earl Malton (1750-1750)
- The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham (1750-1761)
- The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham, KG (1761-1765)
- The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham, KG, PC (1765-1782)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Most Hon. The Marquess of Rockingham
- **image**: 2nd Marquess of Rockingham.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of Great Britain
- **term start**: 13 July 1765
- **term end**: 30 July 1766
27 March 1782–1 July 1782
- **predecessor**: George Grenville
Frederick North, Lord North, Lord North
- **successor**: William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, The Earl of Chatham
William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, The Earl of Shelburne
- **birth place**: South Yorkshire
- **death place**: Wimbledon, London
- **party**: British Whig Party, Whig
Frederick North, Lord North

**Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford**, KG, PC (13 April 1732–5 August 1792), more often known as, **Lord North**, was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. North had a major role in the American Revolution.

## Titles from birth to death

- The Hon. Frederick North (1732-1752)
- Lord North (1752-1754)
- Lord North, MP (1754-1766)
- The Rt. Hon. Lord North, MP (1766-1772)
- The Rt. Hon. Lord North, KG, MP (1772-1790)
- The Rt. Hon. Lord North, KG (1790)
- The Rt. Hon. The Earl of Guilford, KG, PC (1790-1792)

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Rt. Hon. Lord North
- **image**: Nathaniel_Dance_Lord_North.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of Great Britain
- **term start**: 28 January 1770
- **term end**: 22 March 1782
- **predecessor**: Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, The Duke of Grafton
- **successor**: Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, The Marquess of Rockingham
- **birth place**: Piccadilly, London
- **death place**: Grosvenor Square, London
- **party**: Tory
- **order2**: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- **term start2**: 11 September 1767
- **term end2**: 27 March 1782
- **predecessor2**: Charles Townshend
- **successor2**: Lord John Cavendish
Flyweight

In boxing, the term **flyweight** is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A flyweight is a boxer weighing above 49 kg (108 lb) and up to 52 kg (112 lb). Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size. Most divisions only separate each other by few lbs.

## Professional boxing

The flyweight division was the last of boxing's eight traditional weight classes. Before 1909, anyone below featherweight was considered a bantamweight. In 1911, the organization that eventually became the British Boxing Board of Control held a match that crowned Sid Smith as the first flyweight champion of the world. Jimmy Wilde, who reigned from 1914 to 1923, was the first boxer recognized both in Britain and the United States as a flyweight champion.

Other notable flyweights include Pancho Villa, Walter McGowan, Pascual Pérez, Pone Kingpetch, Fighting Harada, Masao Ohba, Chartchai Chionoi, Efren Torres, Erbito Salavarria, Miguel Canto, Dave McAuley, Charlie Magri, Gabriel Bernal, Santos Laciar, Sot Chitalada, Yong-Kang Kim, Yuri Arbachakov, Danny Romero, Mark "Too Sharp" Johnson, Manny Pacquiao, Jorge Arce, Vic Darchinyan, Nonito Donaire and Pongsaklek Wonjongkam.
Newtonian telescope

A **Newtonian telescope** is a type of telescope that was invented by the English scientist Sir Isaac Newton. The telescope sends an image to the back of the tube and then reflects it off an angled mirror back up the tube. The image then goes into an eyepiece and into the person's eye. The eyepiece uses one or more lenses that are used to make the image larger.

Early Newtonian telescopes were made for real science work. Now, "newtonians" are mostly used by amateur astronomers. The most popular type is the Dobsonian telescope, which is on a simple rockerbox mount. People like them because they are cheap to make and easy to use.

## References

- Smith, Warren J., _Modern Optical Engineering_, McGraw-Hill Inc., 1966, p. 400.
Project management

**Project management** is the way a person organizes and manages resources that are necessary to complete a project. People that manage projects are known as Project Managers.

A project is a piece of work which is not a process or an operation. It has a start, an end, and goal<nowiki/>s. Projects can be very simple, like organizing a party, or very complex, like building a satellite.

The management of a project requires special skills.  Project managers must ensure that the project is delivered within the existing limitations. These limitations can be time, cost, people, risk, and many more. Project managers must also ensure the best possible distribution of resource<nowiki/>s.  A project manager works mainly with people. They need to have people management skills, a good understanding of the tasks and skills needed on a project, an understanding of how long tasks will take, good organizing skills, good communication skills, and good efficiency skills.

Project managers do not need to know how to do all of the work that may be needed in a project. For instance, a building project manager does not need to know how to pour concrete. However, they need to know how to manage people that pour concrete, and they need to know how long concrete takes to pour, how much it costs, what needs to happen before concrete is poured, and what needs to happen after concrete is poured.

## Other websites

- History of Project Management
Vitré

**Vitré** is a city in the east of Brittany, France. Its name in the Breton language is __ and Gallo is _Vitræ_. It has about 18,000 people. There are medieval streets, castles, churches, chapels and parks. It is a good example for a city of the Middle Ages.

## Other websites

- Town Hall and information about Vitré
- Country of Vitré
- Vitré travel information at Wikivoyage
Shiver me timbers

**Shiver me timbers** is an expression of disbelief that was mostly used by pirates. Originally, the phrase was **Shiver my timbers**.
Carcharodontosaurus

***Carcharodontosaurus*** was a giant carnivorous dinosaur of the Early Cretaceous period, 100 - 94 million years ago. It was about 12-12.5 meters (39-41 ft) long and had a weight of about 7 tons, and more than 4 metres tall. Fossils of this Cretaceous dinosaur were found in North Africa by a paleontologist named Ernst Stromer.

_Carcharodontosaurus_ was closely related to the slightly larger _Giganotosaurus carolinii_, its cousin from Argentina; they are both megalosaurid carnosaurs. Recent discoveries of _Carcharodontosaurus saharicus_ put its adult length at 39 - 49 feet, making it the largest carnivorous dinosaur in Africa, after _Spinosaurus aegyptiacus_.

## Discovery

Only two _Carcharodontosaurus saharicus_ fossils have been found. Two teeth were found in the 1920s. Other parts were found in Egypt in the 1930s. They were destroyed in bombing raids on Munich in World War II while they were on display. A skull was uncovered in 1996: its length estimates were larger than the older ones and so was its skull, which measured 5.2 feet or 1.6 metres. Its jaws are narrow like those of _Giganotosaurus_. Its teeth were up to 7 inches long.

The type specimen was been named as "_Megalosaurus_" _saharicus_ by Erns Stromer in 1921, but was been renamed by Depéret and Savornin Paleontologist's as a new species: _Carcharodontosaurus saharicus_. A other species that include is the _C. iguidensis_ It may actually be the same species as _C. saharicus_, but that is still under debate. Many paleontologists do not consider _C. iguidensis_ to be a valid species.

## Popular media

_Carcharodontosaurus_ is not too much a famous theropod, and it only appeared in a few assets of media. It made its first debut in Planet Dinosaur before it made its appearance in Dinosaur King. It also made its debut in Dinosaur Planet, where it was named instead as a pair of carcharodontosaurs. It had a inactive appearance on The Lost World novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, because where, in this story, it is shown roaming alongside the _Stegosaurus_.
Nastika

**Astika** (Sanskrit: : "orthodox")  and **Nastika**: ("heterodox") are technical terms in Hinduism used to classify philosophical schools and persons, according to whether they accept the authority of the Vedas as supreme revealed scriptures, or not. By this definition, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa and Vedanta  are classified as _astika_ schools; while Charvaka, Jainism and Buddhism are considered _nastika_ schools.

In non-technical usage, the term _astika_ is sometimes loosely translated as "theist" while _nastika_ is translated as "atheist".   However this interpretation is distinct from the use of the term in Hindu philosophy. Notably even among the _astika_ schools, _samkhya_ and the early _mimamsa_ school do not accept a God (see Atheism in Hinduism) while accepting the authority of the Vedas; they thus are "atheistic _astika_ schools".

The three main heterodox schools of Indian philosophy do not base their beliefs on Vedic authority:

- Buddhism
- Jainism
- Charvaka

The use of the term _nastika_ to describe Buddhism and Jainism in India is explained by Gavin Flood as follows:
> At an early period, during the formation of the Upanişads and the rise of Buddhism and Jainism, we must envisage a common heritage of meditation and mental discipline practiced by renouncers with varying affiliations to non-orthodox (Veda-rejecting) and orthodox (Veda-accepting) traditions.... These schools [such as Buddhism and Jainism] are understandably regarded as heterodox (_nāstika_) by orthodox (_āstika_) Brahmanism.

The Tantric traditions in Hinduism, have both _astika_ and _nastika_ lines; as   Banerji writes in "_Tantra in Bengal_":

> Tantras are ... also divided as _āstika_ or Vedic and _nāstika_ or non-Vedic.  In accordance with the predominance of the deity the _āstika_ works are again divided as Śākta, Śaiva, Saura, Gāṇapatya and Vaiṣṇava.

## Related pages

- Hindu philosophy

## References

- Flood, Gavin (Ed.), "_Blackwell companion to Hinduism"_, Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
- Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli; and Moore, Charles A. _A Source Book in Indian Philosophy_. Princeton University Press; 1957. Princeton paperback 12th edition, 1989. .
Cinnamomum

***Cinnamomum*** is a genus of evergreen trees and shrubs. All of them belong to the same family as the laurel, Laurelaceae. The species in the genus have aromatic oils in their leaves and bark. There are over 300 species in the genus. They can be found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, Oceania, Asia and Australasia.

Well-known _Cinnamomum_ species include Cinnamon (_Cinnamomum verum_,  also known as "true cinnamon" or Ceylon Cinnamon); Cassia (_C. aromaticum_ or _C. cassia_), Camphor laurel (_C. camphora_), Saigon cinnamon (_C. loureiroi_, also known as Vietnamese cinnamon, Vietnamese cassia, or Saigon cassia), Malabathrum (_C. tamala_, also known as _C. tejpata_; _tejpat_ or _tej pat_ in Hindi; or, inaccurately, "Indian bay leaf").