juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ausserberg

**Ausserberg** is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ausserberg
- **municipality name**: Ausserberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Ausserberg end of the trail.jpg
- **image caption**: Ausserberg
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Ausserberg COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ausserberg.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Raron (district), Raron
- **postal code**: 3938
- **municipality code**: 6191
- **area**: 14.9
- **elevation**: 1008
- **population**: 661
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **website**: www.ausserberg.ch
- **mayor**: Christoph Meichtry
- **neighboring municipalities**: Baltschieder, Eggerberg, Raron
Norwich (disambiguation)

**Norwich** could mean:
- Norwich, a city in Norfolk, England
    - Norwich City F.C., a football club in the city

## Places in the United States

- Norwich, Connecticut
- Norwich, New York
- Norwich, Vermont
Norfolk (disambiguation)

**Norfolk** could mean:
- Norfolk, a county in south-east England
- Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada
- Norfolk, Virginia, a city in the United States
Arrondissements of the Indre-et-Loire department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Indre-et-Loire department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Indre-et-Loire are:

|INSEE code !! Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! width=60px | Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(Inh./km²)</small> !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|371|Chinon|Chinon|86,952|1,694.2||106|
|372|Tours|Tours|466,232|2,629.2||54|
|373|Loches|Loches|50,740|1,803.4||113|

## History

Since its creation, the Indre-et-Loire department has had few changes:
- 1790 : creation of the department with seven districts: Tours, Amboise, Château-Renault, Loches, Chinon, Preuilly and Langeais; the capital was Tours.
- 1800 : creation of three arrondissements: Chinon, Loches and Tours.
- 1926 : the arrondissement of Loches was eliminated.
- 1943 : Loches was made again an arrondissement.

## Related pages

- List of arrondissements of France
Paget's disease

**Paget's disease** is the name for different diseases, which where first described by Sir James Paget.
- Paget's disease of the bone, in which bones of the skeleton change, thicken and grow uncontrollably.
- Paget's disease of the breast, a rare form of breast cancer
- Paget-von-Schroetter syndrome,a form of thrombosis
- Extramammary Paget's disease
1991 Azerbaijani independence referendum

An **independence referendum** was held in **Azerbaijan** on 29 December 1991, three days after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The result was 99.8% in favor, with turnout reported to be 95.3%.

## Results

|Choice|Votes|%|
| --- | --- | --- |
|For|3,735,398|99.8|
|Against|9,068|0.2|
|Invalid/blank votes|6,708|–|
|**Total**|**3,751,174**|**100**|
|Eligible voters and turnout|3,936,174|95.3|
|colspan=3 align=left|Source: Nohlen _et al._||
West Indian manatee

The **West Indian manatee** (_Trichechus manatus_) or "sea cow"  is a species of manatee. It is the largest living member of the order Sirenia (which also includes dugongs and the extinct Steller's sea cow).

The West Indian manatee is a different species from the Amazonian manatee (_Trichechus_ _inunguis_) and the African manatee (_Trichechus senegalensis_).

The Florida manatee and the Antillean manatee are endangered. Federal, state, private, and nonprofit organizations are working to protect these species from natural and human threats, such as collisions with boat propeller blades.

## Subspecies

The West Indian manatee has at least two subspecies. One is the **Florida manatee** (_Trichechus manatus latirostris,_ abbreviated _T. m. latirostris_). Another is the **Antillean** or **Caribbean manatee** (_Trichechus manatus_ _manatus,_ abbreviated _T. m. manatus_).

New research shows that there may be three groups:
1. Florida and the Greater Antilles
1. Mexico, Central America and northern South America
1. Northeastern South America.
Xeroderma pigmentosum

**Xeroderma pigmentosum** is a rare genetic disorder.

Ultraviolet (UV) light damages the DNA in skin cells. Normally the DNA damage is repaired. But if a person has a defective repair gene,  the DNA is not repaired.

## Consequences

This disease causes the skin to be sensitive to sunlight. A person with this disorder must always stay out of the sun, or they will get a sunburn. People with this disease are often called a "Moon child" because they can only go outside during the night. This disease is present in both genders and in all races, with one in 250,000 people living in the US having this disease. A Japanese person is about six times more likely to have this disease.

This disorder is found in one in 250,000 people. People with xeroderma pigmentosum are about 1,000 times more likely to get skin cancer.

There is no cure for xeroderma pigmentosum. The symptoms can be minimized if you do not go outside into sunlight. Fewer than 40% of individuals with the disease survive beyond the age of 20. Some XP victims with less severe cases do manage to live well into their 40s.

People that have xeroderma pigmentosum are sensitive to UV light from the sun, and have dry, flaking skin and pigmented spots that can become skin cancer.

Other symptoms include:
- Sunburn when in sunlight.
- Making of freckles at a young age
- Skin cancer
- Eyes that are sensitive to the sun and are irritated and clouded
- Blistering of the skin
- Limited growth of hair on the chest and legs
- Dry, scaly skin

The most important part of treatment is avoiding going into sunlight.  You may have to wear protective clothes and wear sunscreen.

## Technical note

XP can be caused by mutations in any one of eight genes. Seven of these genes help repair of ultraviolet-induced photoproducts.
James Bradley

**James Bradley** FRS (1693 – 13 July 1762) was an English astronomer. He was born in Sherborne, Gloucestershire, England. Bradley was educated at Northleach Grammar School and at Balliol College, Oxford. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1714 and a Master of Arts in 1717.

He became a member of the clergy and received an income at Bridstow in Herefordshire. Because of his friendship with Edmond Halley, in 1718 he was elected as a fellow of the Royal Society. He gave up his living at Bridstow to become a professor at Oxford in 1721. Bradley succeeded Edmond Halley as Astronomer Royal at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in 1742. He held this post until his death in 1762.In 1729 he published his discovery of the aberration of light (also called astronomical aberration). This was he first observational proof of the Copernican Hypothesis that the Sun is at the centre of the Solar System and not the Earth. He noticed a motion in the stars that did not fit the accepted pattern of the time. What he discovered was stellar aberration. In 1748 he published his discovery. That same year he was awarded the Copley Medal from the Royal Society for his discovery.
1962 Stanley Cup Finals

The **1962 Stanley Cup Finals** was played between the defending champion Chicago Black Hawks and the Toronto Maple Leafs. The Maple Leafs were also in the Final in 1960. The Maple Leafs would win the best-of-seven series four games to two to win the Stanley Cup. This was their first win since 1951.

## Infobox (stanley cup final)

- **year**: 1962
- **team1**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **team1 short**: Chicago
- **team1 captain**: Pierre Pilote
- **team1 coach**: Rudy Pilous
- **team2**: **Toronto Maple Leafs**
- **team2 short**: Toronto
- **team2 captain**: George Armstrong (ice hockey), George Armstrong
- **team2 coach**: Punch Imlach
- **team1 1**: 1
- **team1 2**: 2
- **team1 3**: **3**
- **team1 4**: **4**
- **team1 5**: 4
- **team1 6**: 1
- **team1 tot**: 2
- **team2 1**: **4**
- **team2 2**: **3**
- **team2 3**: 0
- **team2 4**: 1
- **team2 5**: **8**
- **team2 6**: **2**
- **team2 tot**: **4**
- **dates**: April 10 to April 22, 1962
- **location1**: Toronto, Ontario, ON (Maple Leaf Gardens) <small>(1,2,5)</small>
- **location2**: Chicago, Illinois, IL (Chicago Stadium) <small>(3,4,6)</small>
- **team2 winner**: 1
- **series winner**: Dick Duff <small>(14:14, third, G6)</small>
Betten

**Betten** is a former municipality in the district of Raron, Canton of Valais in Switzerland.  On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Betten and Martisberg merged into the new municipality of Bettmeralp.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Betten
- **image photo**: Betten.JPG
- **municipality name**: Betten
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Betten COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Betten.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Raron (district), Raron
- **postal code**: 3991
- **municipality code**: 6171
- **area**: 26.4
- **elevation**: 1203
- **population**: 420
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: gemeinde.bettmeralp.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Fiesch, Fieschertal, Filet, Switzerland, Filet, Grengiols, Lax, Switzerland, Lax, Martisberg, Naters, Riederalp
Silesian Wikipedia

**Silesian Wikipedia** is the Silesian language edition of Wikipedia. It was started on 26 May 2008.

In October 2010 the Silesian Wikipedia was mentioned as one of the arguments for Silesian to become one of the regional languages in Poland.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Silesian Wikipedia
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-szl.svg
- **screenshot**: Silesian Wikipedia (December 2009).JPG
- **caption**: The Main Page of the Silesian Wikipedia (December 2009).
- **collapsible**: yes
- **url**: [http://szl.wikipedia.org szl.wikipedia.org]
- **commercial**: No. Charity (practice), Charitable
- **launch date**: 26 May 2008
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Silesian language, Silesian
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Eshtaol Forest

The **Eshtaol Forest** () is a forest in Israel, located north of Beit Shemesh and near Ta'oz and Neve Shalom. The Forest of the Martyrs lies to the east. The forest is a popular recreation area and is one of the largest forests in Israel. The forest (like most other forests in Israel) was planted in by the Jewish National Fund, which continues to expand it. The forest covers an area of .

## Related pages

- List of forests in Israel
- Jerusalem Forest
- Yatir Forest
- Jewish National Fund

## Other websites

- Jewish National Fund website
Ganges Delta

The **Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta** is a  river delta in the South Asia region of Bangladesh and in West Bengal, India. It is the world's largest delta.

The delta is also known as the **Brahmaputra Delta**, the _Sunderbans Delta_, or the **Bengal Delta**. Because it is also one of the most fertile regions in the world, it is called **The Green Delta**.

The Ganges Delta empties into the Bay of Bengal. It is approximately  across at the Bay of Bengal.. The floodplain is from three rivers: Ganges, the Brahmaputra River and the Meghna River.

The delta stretches from the Hooghly River on the west to the Meghna River on the east.  In India Kolkata and Haldia are the main seaports. In Bangladesh the main seaports are the Port of Mongla and Chittagong.
Piedmontese Wikipedia

**Piedmontese Wikipedia** is the Piedmontese language edition of Wikipedia. Piedmontese is a Romance language spoken by over 1 million people in Piedmont, northwest Italy.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Piedmontese Wikipedia
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-pms.svg
- **collapsible**: yes
- **url**: [http://pms.wikipedia.org pms.wikipedia.org]
- **commercial**: No. Charity (practice), Charitable
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Piedmontese language, Piedmontese
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Latvian Wikipedia

**Latvian Wikipedia** is the Latvian edition of Wikipedia. It was started on 6 June 2003.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Latvian Wikipedia
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-lv.svg
- **screenshot**: Vikipēdija Sākumlapa 2014-05-09.png
- **url**: :lv:, lv.wikipedia.org
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia
- **registration**: Optional
- **num users**: registered accounts
1,435 contributors <small>(July 2014)</small>
- **content license**:
<small>Most text also dual-licensed under GFDL. Media licensing varies.</small>
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Bosnian Wikipedia

**Bosnian Wikipedia** is the Bosnian language edition of Wikipedia. It was started on 12 December 2002.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Bosnian Wikipedia
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-bs.svg
- **screenshot**: Bosnian Wikipedia Homepage July 2020.png
- **caption**: The mainpage of the Bosnian Wikipedia
- **collapsible**: yes
- **url**: [http://bs.wikipedia.org bs.wikipedia.org]
- **commercial**: No Charity (practice), Charitable
- **launch date**: 12 December 2002
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Bosnian language, Silesian
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Luxembourgish Wikipedia

**Luxembourgish Wikipedia** is the Luxembourgish language edition of Wikipedia.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Luxembourgish Wikipedia
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-lb.svg
- **collapsible**: yes
- **url**: [http://lb.wikipedia.org lb.wikipedia.org]
- **commercial**: No. Charity (practice), Charitable
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Luxembourgish language, Luxembourgish
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Neapolitan Wikipedia

**Neapolitan Wikipedia** is the Neapolitan language edition of Wikipedia.  Neapolitan is the language of much of southern continental Italy.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Neapolitan Wikipedia
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-szl.svg
- **url**: [http://nap.wikipedia.org nap.wikipedia.org]
- **commercial**: No. Charity (practice), Charitable
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Neapolitan language, Neapolitan
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Salem district

**Salem district** is a district in Tamil Nadu, South India.  Salem is the district headquarters and other major towns in the district include Mettur, Omalur and Attur. Salem is surrounded by hills and the landscape dotted with hillocks. Ancient Salem Nadu ruled by Mazhavar kings.

## Population

According to 2011 census of India, Salem district had a population of 3,482,056 with a sex-ratio of 954 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 16.67% and 3.43% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 65.64%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.

## Education

Salem district has many educational institutions including government schools, private schools and hundred years traditional institution Government arts college ,Government arts college for women  and the Government College of Engineering and Periyar University.

## Industries

The Salem handloom industry is one of the most ancient cottage industries and producing quality saree, doti etc out of silk yarn and cotton yarn. More than 75,000 handlooms are working and the total value of cloth produced per annum is estimated at Rs.5,000 crores. With more than 125 spinning mills, with modern weaving units and garment units Salem established itself as one of the major textile center in Tamil Nadu .
École nationale supérieure d'électrotechnique, d'électronique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique et des télécommunications

**École nationale supérieure d'électrotechnique, d'électronique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique et des télécommunications** is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse (Southern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
- **Ingénieur ENSEEIHT** (ENSEEIHT Graduate engineer Masters level program)
- **Master of Science** (in partnership with the French Civil Aviation University)
- **Mastères Spécialisés** (**MS**)
- **Massive Online Open Course**.

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSEEIHT.

Most of the 1500 graduate engineer students at ENSEEIHT live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

## Research labs

Research activities at ENSEEIHT relate to the following topics:
- Fluid mechanics
- Information technology
- Systems engineering
- Energy

## Further reading

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: École nationale supérieure d'électrotechnique, d'électronique, d'informatique, d'hydraulique et des télécommunications
- **established**: 1907
- **type**: Public, Graduate engineering school
- **students**: 1500
- **city**: Toulouse
- **country**: France
- **affiliations**: Toulouse Tech
University of Toulouse
- **website**: http://www.enseeiht.fr
Thiruvarur district

**Thiruvarur district** is one of the districts in Tamil Nadu, South India. Thiruvarur town is the district headquarters of Tamil Nadu.

Before 1991 Thiruvarur district and Nagapattinam district were part of the Thanjavur district. After that, the present Taluks of Thiruvarur district and Nagapattinam district were separated from the Thanjavur District, and formed the Nagapattinam district.

The total area of Thiruvarur district is 2161 km². Major towns of the district are Thiruvarur, Thiruthuraipoondi, Nachikulam, Muthupettai and Mannargudi.

## Population

In the 2011 census of India, Thiruvarur district had a population of 1,264,277. There was a sex-ratio of 1,017 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. Scheduled Castes were 34.08% of the population. Scheduled Tribes were .24% of the population. The average literacy of the district was 74.86%, close to the national average.
Madurai district

**MADURAI district** is one of the 38 districts in Tamil Nadu, South India. Madurai district is the second largest district by population. Madurai is the headquarters of this district. It is an important place for making movies.

## Population

According to 2011 census of India, Madurai district had a population of 3,038,252. The population was 2,578,201 in the 2001 census. This is a growth rate of 17.95%. The district had a sex-ratio of 990 females for every 1,000 males. This is up from 978 in 2001, and much above the national average of 929.

## Administrative divisions in Madurai district

The district of Madurai has 13 taluks and revenue blocks with the same boundaries and names. They are:
1. Thiruparankundram
1. T.Kallupatti
1. Tirumangalam
1. Kallikudi
1. Sedapatti
1. Usilampatti
1. Vadipatti
1. Melur
1. Madurai West
1. Madurai East
1. Kottampatti
1. Alanganallur
1. Chellampatti

## Tourist attractions in the district

- Madurai Meenakshi Amman temple
- Thiruvathavur Thirumarainathar Temple
- Alagar Koyil
- Thirupparankundram Murugan Temple
- Thirumalai Nayakar Mahal
- 1000 pillar hall
- Kazimar Big Mosque
- Gandhi Memorial Museum
- Pazhamudhircholai
- Vandiyur Mariamman Temple
2016 Kaikoura earthquake

The **2016 Kaikoura earthquake** was a magnitude 7.8 (M<sub>w</sub>) earthquake in the South Island of New Zealand. It happened two minutes after midnight on 14 November 2016 NZDT (11:02 on 13 November UTC). The epicentre where shaking started was about  north-east of Culverden and  south-west of the tourist town of Kaikoura. The epicentre was about 15 kilometres deep (9 mi).

The earthquake lasted for more than a minute, and was one of the three largest earthquakes in 2016.

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **name**: 2016 Kaikoura earthquake
- **timestamp**: 2016-11-13 11:02:56
- **isc-event**: 609815006
- **anss-url**: us1000778i
- **local-time**: 00:02:56 Time in New Zealand, NZDT
- **magnitude**: 7.8 Moment magnitude scale, M<sub>w</sub>
- **depth**: 15 km (9 miles)
- **type**: Fault (geology)#Oblique-slip faults, Oblique-slip
- **location**:
15 km (9 miles) north-east of Culverden
- **affected**: New Zealand
- **intensity**: Modified Mercalli intensity scale, IX (_Violent_)
- **tsunami**: Yes
- **aftershocks**: > 20,200 <small>(as of 22 November 2017)</small>
- **casualties**: 2 dead
57 treated for injuries
Infobot

**Infobot** is a Perl IRC bot, first written in 1995 by Kevin Lenzo. The bot's main goal was to remember URLs and associate them with a name, so if someone needed a specific web address they could ask the bot. For this reason, the first Infobot, in the #macintosh channel in the EFnet IRC network, had the nickname 'url'.

The main project is now inactive, many forks from the original program were made, some of which are still active. Many of these forks carry extra features.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Infobot
- **author**: Kevin Lenzo
- **released**: 1995
- **latest release version**: 1.5.3
- **programming language**: Perl
- **operating system**: Unix-like
- **genre**: IRC bot
- **license**: Artistic License
Parole

**Parole** is the release of a prisoner before the end of his or her original sentence. This is based on the prisoner accepting certain conditions. Usually these include remaining on good behavior. They also agree to be monitored for a period of time by a public official called a parole officer.

## Related pages

- Medical parole
- Probation
Coverture

**Coverture** is a long-standing legal practice in the United States that comes from the English common law. Coverture holds that a man and a woman are a single legal entity—that of the husband. A married woman loses her own legal obligations and rights, and becomes "covered" by her husband. Traditionally a woman took her husband's last name as a symbol of this identity. A female child was covered by her father's identity. When she married that coverage transferred to her husband. Under this system a woman did not legally exist and did not own anything.

In the mid-19th century, with the rise of feminism, coverture began to be criticized as being unfair to women. Various laws began to be weakened and eventually done away with. But parts of coverture laws, mainly having to do with the husband being responsible for his wife's debts, lasted into the 1960s in some parts of the U.S.
Form-based interface

A **form-based interface** is a kind of user interface. In it, the user interacts with the application by selecting one of a number of possible values, and by entering text into the fields that accept it. A word processor which is used to write documents, might offer settings for the font size, the font to use, and the alignment of the paragraph on the page. Many databases support a technology called query by example: Users who do not know SQL can easily select database records which are similar to the information entered.
Other places where form based interface can be used are
Online application for job, school, college
Bank to fill cash details a
Hospital for filling patients detail.
Metric space

A **metric space** is a mathematical concept. It is a set of points with a way to measure the distance between them. This distance is measured by a function called a metric.

Take for example a flat surface, or plane. You can measure distances on it in different ways. Like if you're walking in a city (taxicab metric), you can't walk through buildings, so the distance is how far you walk up and down the streets. This might be longer than if you could walk in a straight line from point to point (Euclidean metric), like a bird might fly. Both are useful in different situations.

The metric can measure physical distance, like on a sphere or in a 3D space. But it can also measure more abstract things. Like how many changes you need to make to turn one word into another (Hamming distance).

Many mathematical objects can be turned into metric spaces because they have a natural way to measure distance. These include things like curved surfaces, vector spaces, and graphs. Even the rational numbers can be turned into a metric space.

Metric spaces can be used in many branches of mathematics. This is because they are so general but also because the concept of distance is very intuitive and common in many contexts.

Metric spaces can also help us understand many basic ideas in mathematical analysis. These include balls, completeness, continuity, and the idea of open and closed sets.

**Definition of Metric Space**

To be a metric space, a set of points (M) and a metric (d) must follow these rules:

1. The distance from a point to itself is always zero.
1. The distance between two different points is always positive.
1. The distance from point x to point y is the same as the distance from y to x.
1. The distance from x to z is less than or equal to the distance from x to y plus the distance from y to z. This is like saying the fastest way to get from one place to another is by a straight line.

**Examples of Metric Spaces**

1. Real numbers with the distance function |y-x| form a metric space.
1. The flat plane can have different metrics. The usual distance (Euclidean) is measured by a straight line between two points. But you can also measure distance like you're walking in a city (taxicab distance). Or like how a king moves in chess (Chebyshev distance).
1. You can also have a discrete metric where all points are 1 unit apart. This treats the set just as a bunch of points, without remembering that it is a plane.

**Subspaces**

A subset of a metric space can also be a metric space. We just measure distances the same way as in the bigger space. For example, a sphere in a 3D space can be considered a metric space. The distance is just the straight line between two points on the sphere.
Brahmanas

The **Brahmanas** are a collection of Indian books. The books give more information on the Vedas, the four holiest books of the Hindu religion.

The _Brahmanas_ give instructions on the proper performance of rituals. They also explain the original symbolic meanings.

Each Vedic _shakha_ (school) has its own _Brahmana_. Many _Brahmana_ texts existed in ancient India. Most of these have been lost.
Bister, Switzerland

**Bister** is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bister
- **municipality name**: Bister
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bister COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Raron (district), Raron
- **postal code**: 3983
- **municipality code**: 6172
- **area**: 5.8
- **elevation**: 1054
- **population**: 27
- **populationof**: Dec 2004
- **website**: -
- **neighboring municipalities**: Filet, Switzerland, Filet, Grengiols, Termen
Bitsch, Switzerland

**Bitsch** is a municipality in the district of Raron in the Swiss canton of Valais.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bitsch
- **municipality name**: Bitsch
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bitsch COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde CHE Bitsch COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Raron (district), Raron
- **postal code**: 3982
- **municipality code**: 6173
- **area**: 4.0
- **elevation**: 692
- **population**: 794
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.bitsch.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Naters, Riederalp, Termen
Blatten (Lötschen)

**Blatten (Lötschen)** is a municipality in Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

In May 2025, its village Blatten was largely destroyed; Part of the Birch (glacier) slid into the village; That destroyed many houses and much of the infrastructure of the village. The event, is called the 2025 Blatten landslide or 2025 Blatten glacier collapse.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Blatten
- **municipality name**: Blatten
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Blatten (komprimiert).jpg
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Blatten COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Blatten.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Raron (district), Raron
- **postal code**: 3919
- **municipality code**: 6192
- **area**: 90.7
- **elevation**: 1542
- **population**: 311
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.blatten-vs.ch
- **mayor**: Lukas Kalbermatten
- **neighboring municipalities**: Baltschieder, Fieschertal, Kandersteg (BE), Lauterbrunnen (BE), Naters, Raron, Wiler (Lötschen)
Bürchen

**Bürchen** (Walliser German: _Birchu_) is a municipality of the district Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Bürchen

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bürchen
- **municipality name**: Bürchen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bürchen COA alt.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bürchen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Raron (district), Raron
- **postal code**: 3935
- **municipality code**: 6193
- **area**: 13.5
- **elevation**: 1360
- **population**: 704
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.buerchen.ch
- **mayor**: Philipp Zenhäusern
- **neighboring municipalities**: Raron, Törbel, Unterbäch, Visp
Eischoll

**Eischoll** (Walliser German: _Eyschol_) is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Webpage

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Eischoll
- **municipality name**: Eischoll
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Eischoll COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Eischoll.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Raron (district), Raron
- **postal code**: 3943
- **municipality code**: 6194
- **area**: 13.75
- **elevation**: 1230
- **population**: 518
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.eischoll.ch
- **mayor**: Patrick Amacker
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ergisch, Niedergesteln, Turtmann, Unterbäch
Ferden

**Ferden** is a municipality of the district Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ferden
- **municipality name**: Ferden
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Ferden COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ferden.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Raron (district), Raron
- **postal code**: 3916
- **municipality code**: 6195
- **area**: 27.89
- **elevation**: 1389
- **population**: 342
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.ferden.ch
- **mayor**: Dionys Werlen
- **neighboring municipalities**: Erschmatt, Gampel, Guttet-Feschel, Kandersteg (BE), Kippel, Leukerbad, Niedergesteln, Steg, Switzerland, Steg
Filet, Switzerland

**Filet** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Mörel-Filet and the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Filet
- **municipality name**: Filet
- **municipality type**: former
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Raron (district), Raron
- **postal code**: 3983
- **municipality code**: 6174
- **area**: 7.2
- **elevation**: 757
- **population**: 151
- **populationof**: Dec 2008
- **website**: www.gemeinde-filet.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Betten, Bister, Switzerland, Bister, Grengiols, Mörel, Switzerland, Mörel, Riederalp, Termen
- **twintowns**: Oftringen (Switzerland)
Grengiols

**Grengiols** is a municipality of the district of Raron of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Grengiols
- **municipality name**: Grengiols
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Grengiols COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Grengiols.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Raron (district), Raron
- **postal code**: 3993
- **municipality code**: 6177
- **area**: 58.5
- **elevation**: 995
- **population**: 497
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **website**: www.grengiols.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Baceno (IT-VB), Betten, Binn, Bister, Switzerland, Bister, Ernen, Filet, Switzerland, Filet, Lax, Switzerland, Lax, Martisberg, Ried-Brig, Termen, Varzo (IT-VB)
Sihlbrugg

**Sihlbrugg** is a village in the municipality of Baar (ZG), Hausen am Albis (ZH), Hirzel (ZH) and Neuheim (ZG) in the canton of Zug and Zurich in Switzerland.
Mülenen

**Mülenen** is a village in the municipality of Reichenbach im Kandertal in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.
Auressio

**Auressio** is a village and former municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

In 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Berzona and Loco to form a new and larger municipality Isorno.
Dumbarton

**Dumbarton** (Dùn Breatainn or 'fort of the Britons'} is a town in West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It is on the north bank of the River Clyde where the River Leven flows into the Clyde estuary. In 2006, it had an estimated population of 19,990.

Dumbarton was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Alclud, and later the county town of Dunbartonshire.
Dumbarton Castle, on top of Dumbarton Rock, dominates the area. Dumbarton was a Royal burgh between 1222 and 1975.

Dumbarton became a centre for shipbuilding, glassmaking, and whisky production. However, these industries have declined. Dumbarton today is more a commuter town for Glasgow  east-southeast of it. Dumbarton F.C. is the local football club.
Tom Price

**Thomas Edmunds "Tom" Price** (born October 8, 1954) is an American doctor and politician. He is the 23rd United States Secretary of Health and Human Services serving from February 10, 2017 to September 29, 2017. Price was U.S. Representative for , serving from  2005 through 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. He formerly served as chairman of the Republican Study Committee and the Republican Policy Committee.

## Early life

Price was born in Lansing, Michigan. He was raised in Dearborn, Michigan. He studied at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He moved to Atlanta, Georgia in the 1980s.

## United States representative (2005–2017)

Price served as a United States representative from 2005 through 2017. Price's district served the northern suburbs of Atlanta. Price served as chairman of the House Budget Committee.

## United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (2017)

On November 29, 2016, it was announced that Price would be nominated for Secretary of Health and Human Services by President-elect Donald Trump when he takes office. On February 1, 2017, the Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee approved his nomination by a vote of 11-0 with all Democrats boycotting the vote, sending the nomination to the Senate floor. On February 10, the Senate confirmed Price in an 52‒47 vote. In March 2017, Price endorsed the American Health Care Act, a bill proposed by House Republicans that would repeal the individual mandate and make several other major changes to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act.

## Personal life

Price is married to Betty Price with whom they have one son. Price is a Presbyterian.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Tom Price
- **image**: Tom Price official photo.jpg
- **office**: 23rd United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
- **president**: Donald Trump
- **term start**: February 10, 2017
- **term end**: September 29, 2017
- **predecessor**: Sylvia Mathews Burwell
- **successor**: Alex Azar
- **office1**: Chair of the United States House Committee on the Budget
- **term start1**: January 3, 2015
- **term end1**: January 3, 2017
- **predecessor1**: Paul Ryan
- **successor1**: Diane Black
- **state2**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **term start2**: January 3, 2005
- **term end2**: February 10, 2017
- **predecessor2**: Johnny Isakson
- **successor2**: Karen Handel
- **state senate3**: Georgia
- **term start3**: January 3, 1997
- **term end3**: January 3, 2005
- **district3**: 56th
- **predecessor3**: Sallie Newbill
- **successor3**: Dan Moody
- **birth name**: Thomas Edmunds Price
- **birth place**: Lansing, Michigan, Lansing, Michigan, United States
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Betty Clark
- **children**: 1
- **education**: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
Bernardo Bertolucci

**Bernardo Bertolucci** (; 16 March 1940 – 26 November 2018) was an Italian director and screenwriter. His most well known works were  _The Conformist_, _Last Tango in Paris_, _1900_, _The Last Emperor_, _The Sheltering Sky_, _Stealing Beauty_ and _The Dreamers_.

For _The Last Emperor_, he won two Academy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards (for directing and screenplay).

In 1979, he married to screenwriter Clare Peploe. Before, he was married to actress Adriana Asti.

Bertolucci died in Rome on 26 November 2018, at the age of 77 of lung cancer.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bernardo Bertolucci
- **image**: Bernardo Bertolucci.jpg
- **caption**: Bertolucci in 2011
- **birth place**: Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Kingdom of Italy, Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **years active**: 1962–2018
- **father**: Attilio Bertolucci
Giuseppe Caselli

**Giuseppe Guglielmo Umberto Caselli** (July 5, 1893 – December 19, 1976) was an Italian painter. He studied under Felice Del Santo and Antonio Discovolo. In 1913, Caselli was imprisoned in a concentration camp in Austria. After that, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Florence. In 1938 he participated in the _Premio del Golfo (Gulf Award)_, organized by Filippo Tommaso Marinetti.

Caselli was one of the best known painters from La Spezia. He painted thousands of works during his long career. In his paintings, Caselli showed the life of La Spezia. He painted the life in the Cinque Terre (_Five Lands_), a portion of coast on the Italian Riviera.

## Exhibitions and awards

- The "Company Promoters of Genoa"
- The Second Exhibition of the Provincial Fascist Union in 1931
- 1965 at the Exhibition of Figurative Arts of Corsairs Circle, La Spezia
- 1967, the exhibition of the Salon Arengario Broletto in Novara

- Awarded the national prize for his painting "La Spezia Gulf" in 1933
- Awarded prizes of the "Gulf of La Spezia" from 1949 to 1955; in 1959 and 1961;

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters
Sultan Rahi

**Sultan Muhammad** (generally recognized as **Sultan Rahi**) was born in a Muslim arain family of Saharanpur in 1938 Uttar Pradesh, British India. He was a famous Pakistani film actor who was well known in Pakistan in Punjabi & Urdu films during the 1970s and 1980s till 1996. He was mostly admired among people in Punjab, Pakistan and among Sikh and Punjabi community of India.

## Biography

He acted in over 700 Punjabi and Urdu films, and is named in the Guinness Book of Records as the most creative actor. His popular films include: Maula Jatt, Sher Khan, Chan Veryam, Dada, Qanoon, Kaley Chore, and The Godfather. He started his film career as an extra but quickly became a leading actor and in 1972.

Burly Pakistani actor Sultan Rahi specialized in playing superheroes and muscle men. Over his career, which began with his playing bit parts in the late '50s, Sultan appeared in more than 700 Punjabi films. He became a leading man in 1971 in Babul and a star the following year in Bashira. Born, Muhammad Sultan in India, Rahi moved to Pakistan at age nine.

## Murder

Rahi was shot dead on 9 January 1996 in Gujranwala, Pakistan.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sultan Rahi
- **birth name**: Mohammed Sultan
- **birth date**: 1938
- **birth place**: Uttar Pradesh, British India
- **death date**: 9 January 1996 (aged 58)
- **death place**: Gujranwala, Pakistan
- **death cause**: Murder, Murder by shooting
- **years active**: 1956–1996 (actor)
- **occupation**: Film actor and producer, writer
- **spouse**: Naseem Sultan
- **children**: Haider Sultan
- **known for**: Playing "Maula Jatt" (International Lottery)
Meenakshi Temple

**Madurai Meenakshi Amman temple** is a ancient historic Hindu temple on the southern bank of the Vaigai River in the temple city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is dedicated to Goddess Meenakshi(Parvati) and  Sundareswarar (Shiva).

## History

The temple is in the center of  2,500-year-old city of Madurai and is a significant symbol for the Tamil people. Though most of the present structure was built between 1623 and 1655 CE. It is said that the temple was originally built in the 6th century BC by survivors of the Kumari Kandam. In the 14th century, the Sultanate Muslim Commander Malik Kafur plundered the temple and looted it of its valuables. It was rebuilt by the Nayak ruler Vishwanatha Nayakar around the 16th century. It houses 14 _gopurams_ (gateway towers), ranging from 45–50m in height. The tallest is the southern tower,  high, and two golden sculptured _vimanas_, the shrines over the _garbhagrihas_ (sanctums) of the main deities.

## Meenakshi temple as a tourist place

The temple attracts 15,000 visitors a day, around 25,000 on Fridays, and receives an annual revenue of  60 million. There are an estimated 33,000 sculptures in the temple. It was on the list of top 30 nominees for the "New Seven Wonders of the World". The temple is the most prominent landmark and most visited tourist attraction in the city. The annual of 10-days Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, is celebrated during April and May, attracts 1 million visitors.

## References

- This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks full citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations.
Cuddalore

Cuddaloreis a city which is the headquarters of the Cuddalore district in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu.After the fall of Cholas, the town was ruled by various dynasties like Pandyas, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Thanjavur Nayaks, Thajavur Marathas, Tipu Sultan, French and the British Empire. Cuddalore was the scene of Seven Years' War and the Battle of Cuddalore in 1758 between the French and British. It has been a part of independent India since 1947. During the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, Cuddalore was one of the affected towns, with 572 casualties.

Apart from fishing and port related industries, Cuddalore houses chemical, pharmacological and energy industries in SIPCOT, an industrial estate set up by the state government. The town is administered by a special-grade municipality covering an area of  and had a population of 173,676 in 2011. Cuddalore is a part of the Cuddalore legislative assembly constituency which is a part of the Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency. There are a total of nine schools, two arts and science colleges and two engineering colleges in the town. There is one government hospital, six municipal maternity homes and 37 other private hospitals that take care of the healthcare needs of the citizens. Roadways are the major means of transportation, while the town also has rail connectivity. The nearest airport is Chennai International Airport, located  away from the town. The nearest major seaport is Karaikal port, located  away from the town.

Cuddalore is located at . It has an average elevation of . The land is completely flat with large deposits of black and alluvial soil inland and coarse sand near the seashore. The sandstone deposits in the town are popular. The Pennayar river runs north of the town, while Gadilam river runs across it. Cuddalore is situated at a distance of  from the state capital Chennai and  from Puducherry, the neighbouring union territory. The nearest airport is at Chennai,  kilometres from Cuddalore. According to 2011 census, Cuddalore had a population of 173,636 with a sex-ratio of 1,026 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 17,403 were under the age of six, constituting 8,869 males and 8,534 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 13.22% and .3% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 78.92%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.
Adyar River

Adyar River is one of the two rivers that flows in Chennai. It originates near the Chembarambakkam Lake, Kanchipuram district.The  long river contributes to the estuarine ecosystem of Chennai. Despite the high pollution levels, boating and fishing take place in this river. The river collects surplus water from about 200 tanks and lakes, small streams and the rainwater drains in the city, with a combined catchment area of . Most of the waste from the city is drained into this river and the Cooum River.

Adyar river starts from Malaipattu tank near Manimangalam village in Sriperumbudur Taluk at about  west of Tambaram near Chennai. It starts to appear as a stream only from the point where water from Chembarambakkam lake joins the river. It flows through Kancheepuram, Tiruvallur and Chennai district for about  before joining the Bay of Bengal in Adyar, Chennai. Here it forms an estuary, which extends from the Adyar Bridge to the sandbar at the edge of the sea, with some small islets in-between. The estuary attracts a wide variety of birds. The estuary covering an area of about  was made a protected wildlife reserve in 1987. The river forms a backwater near the mouth, known as the Adyar creek, due to the formation of sand bar at the mouth. This creek is a natural channel which carries tidal water back into the sea.

The river is almost stagnant except during the rain season. Rapid industrialisation and urbanisation has led to severe contamination of this river. However, the river gets just 10 per cent of the untreated sewage being let into the three principle waterways of Chennai daily, with the other two, namely, the Buckingham Canal and the Cooum River, taking the major share (60 per cent and 30 per cent, respectively).
The problem of sedimentation was not severe as the Adyar's width near Thiru.Vi.Ka. Bridge is nearly  that enabled tidal effect into the waterway for about . However, it was essential to provide groynes to keep the river mouth open for adequate width and prevent inundation during monsoon. In 2011, the Water Resources Department (WRD) proposed to construct groynes to reduce formation of sand bars near the mouth the river.In 2012, the state government allotted  3,000 million towards construction of 337 sewage cleaning systems in the waterways in the city, including 49 locations in the Adyar river. Others include 105 points in Cooum river and 183 locations in the Buckingham Canal.
Cooum River

**Cooum River** is the shortest river draining into the Bay of Bengal. This river is about 72 km in length, flowing 32 km in the Urban part and the rest in rural part. The river is highly polluted in the urban area (Chennai). Along with the Adyar River running parallel to the south, the river trifurcates the city and separates Northern Chennai from Central Chennai.

Its source is in a place by the same name 'Cooum' or 'Koovam' in Tiruvallur district adjoining Chennai district. Owing to intensive use of surface water upstream for agriculture, indiscriminate pumping of groundwater leading to reduced base flow in the river, formation of sand bar at the mouth of the river, discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents and encroachment along the banks, the river, especially the downstream, has been highly polluted.
Hugues Quiéret

**Hugues Quiéret** was a French naval commander who played a major role at the Battle of Sluys.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Hugues Quiéret
- **image**: Hugues Quieret - Versailles.jpg
- **birth date**: c. 1290
- **death date**: 24 June 1340
- **allegiance**: French
- **branch**: Navy
- **rank**: Admiral of France
- **battles**: English Channel naval campaign (1338–1339), Invasion of England
Battle of Arnemuiden
Battle of Sluys