juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Diesel engine

The name **diesel** is given to an engine invented by a German named Rudolf Diesel in the late 19th century. It is one of the most used kinds of internal combustion engine.

Most other internal combustion engines need an ignition system that uses an electric spark to burn the mix of fuel and air and make power.  Some other types of ignition systems use compressed air from an outside source, such as an air compressor.  A diesel does not.  It burns a diesel fuel (similar to heating oil) through very high compression or pressing together of the mix. A tiny bit of fuel is injected, or forced, into the engine's cylinders at just the right moment. Since gases heat when they are pressed together, the compression of the air and fuel mix cause the mix to explode within the cylinder.

Diesel engines make very good use of the fuel they burn. They also make lots of torque (pronounced "tork"), or twisting power. An engine with a lot of torque will be able to spin its shaft even if it is very hard to do so. This makes a diesel engine a good choice in heavy equipment like trucks, trains and construction machines. The very big trucks on the road have diesel engines in them. So do train locomotives, unless they are electric or the old steam-powered kind.

Sometimes, even the torque of a diesel engine is not enough to run such big machines. To boost power, large diesels often have a device called a turbocharger attached. A turbocharger is a type of turbine – something used to move a lot of air very quickly. Jet engines also contain a turbine. In the diesel, pressure from the exhaust spins the turbocharger at a very high speed. Fresh air is then forced back into the engine. Since the engine works by pumping air, the more air you can put through it, the more power it makes. That is where the turbocharger helps. A diesel engine that has a turbocharger is called a **turbodiesel**. The whistling sound sometimes heard near one of these engines is caused by the turbocharger, or "turbo" for short.

A diesel engine can also be made to run on canola oil made from old cooking oil. This type of fuel is called biodiesel. Running a diesel engine on biodiesel fuel makes the exhaust smell like food. Vegetable oil as fuel is not a new idea. The engine that Rudolf Diesel used to demonstrate his new idea ran on canola oil.
Megabyte

The **megabyte** (symbol: **MB** or **Mo**, also known as the megaoctet) is a unit used when talking about hard drives or computer memory. One megabyte is 1 million bytes or 1 thousand kilobytes.

Until December 1998, when the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) first defined the mebibyte as 2<sup>20</sup>, or 1,048,576 bytes. Casual computer users still often use the megabyte to mean the mebibyte.

One thousand megabytes make one gigabyte.

This definition is part of the International System of Quantities.
Stargard

**Stargard Szczeciński** () is a town in Pomerania, northwestern Poland. It has 71,400 inhabitants (2003). It is on the Ina river. It is the capital of Stargard County in West Pomeranian Voivodship.
Disney (disambiguation)

**Disney** can mean either:

In entertainment:
- The Walt Disney Company and its related companies
- Walt Disney Pictures, which it also owns

The name also refers to several members of the Disney Family, such as:
- Walt Disney, co-founder of the Walt Disney Company
- Roy Oliver Disney, Walt's brother and co-founder of the company
- Roy Edward Disney, son of Roy Oliver and leader of the Save Disney campaign

## Other

- Disney, Oklahoma, a small town in the U.S. state of Oklahoma
Ruby slippers

**Ruby slippers** are red shoes that are worn by the character Dorothy Gale (acted by Judy Garland) in the movie _The Wizard of Oz_. They are an important part of the story.

## Costume

Many pairs of slippers were made for the movie. One pair can be seen at the Smithsonian Institution in the United States. The others are owned by private collectors.

The slippers are based on shoes from the book the movie was based on, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, but in the book the slippers are colored silver. The change was made because in the movie Dorothy arrives in the magical land of Oz which is colorful, but her home in Kansas was in shades of grey or sepia, so it was thought the shoes should also have color.

## Plot

Dorothy gets the slippers after her house falls on the Wicked Witch of the East, killing the witch. The witch's sister, the Wicked Witch of the West, wants the ruby slippers. She attacks Dorothy many times during her journey down the yellow brick road. The Wicked Witch of the West wants the slippers for herself so she can become the most powerful witch in all of the land of Oz.

Dorothy knows that the slippers are powerful, but she does not know why. At the end of the movie, she learns their power: click your heels together three times, and repeat "There's no place like home."
Beauty

**Beauty** is a property of certain things. Something is beautiful if it is nice to look at it, hear it, feel it, taste it, smell it or think about it. A person can also be beautiful. Beauty is also the name of a feeling that is hard to describe. The nature of this feeling varies from person to person and culture to culture. It is not known if only humans can feel it.

There are many ideas about what beauty is. Some people say that beauty is:
- The similarity between a real object and an object of art. For example, a beautiful picture might be one that looks very lifelike.
- The similarity between any object and what you think it 'should' look like. For example, a beautiful tree might be one with a straight brown trunk and lots of green leaves, or beautiful clouds might be those that are white and fluffy (like wool).
- The way an object makes us feel: happy, sad, angry, or something else (emotional). For example, a beautiful piece of music might be one which makes people feel very happy or very sad.
- The quality of an object. For example, a beautiful story might be very well written.
- In regards to writing, a piece may be beautiful through use of intricacies and depth which gives the reader a mental image or a certain feeling or feelings of emotion. Poetry is one example of writing that can be considered beautiful in the way it "paints" a picture or brings about an emotional response.

There are many other theories. Some things that people say are beautiful are not explained by any of these ideas.

## Related pages

- Aesthetics
- Physical attractiveness
- Sublime
British Sea Power

**British Sea Power** is an indie rock band from England. They formed in 2000. Many band members come from Cumbria, but they are based in Brighton. They have released six albums and six EPs. They released their sixth album _Machineries of Joy_ in April 2013.

## Studio albums

- The Decline Of British Sea Power (2003)
- Open Season (2005)
- Do You Like Rock Music? (2007)
- Valhalla Dancehall (2010)
- Machineries Of Joy (2013)
- Sea of Brass (2015)
- Let the Dancers Inherit the Party (2017)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: British Sea Power
- **img**: Yan hamilton britishseapower.jpg
- **img capt**: Yan (left) and Hamilton (right) in Paris in 2008
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Brighton, England
- **genre**: Indie rock
- **years active**: 2000present
- **label**: Rough Trade Records, Rough Trade
- **associated acts**: Brakes (band), Brakes
- **url**: [http://www.britishseapower.co.uk/ britishseapower.co.uk]
- **current members**: Yan (musician), Yan
Noble (musician), Noble
Hamilton (musician), Hamilton
Wood (musician), Wood
Phil Sumner
Abi Fry
- **past members**: Eamon Hamilton, Eamon
Jimmy Eat World

**Jimmy Eat World** is an alternative rock band. They formed in Mesa, Arizona in 1994. To date, they have released nine studio albums. They have released many singles, including _Sweetness_, _The Middle_, _Bleed American_, _Rockstar_, and _Let It Happen_.

They used to be part of the emo scene and many would still call them that. However, the band has never liked that term and do not even understand that. While their albums do have considerable emo influences, the album _Futures_ brought on a change of sound and a different fanbase.

### Studio albums

- _Jimmy Eat World_ - 1994
- _Static Prevails_ - 1996
- _Clarity_ - 1999
- _Bleed American_ - 2001
- _Futures_ - 2004
- _Chase This Light_ - 2007
- _Invented_ - 2010
- _Damage_ (2013)
- _Integrity Blues (2016)
- _Surviving'' (2019)

### EPS

- One Two Three - 1994
- Jimmy Eat World (EP) - 1998
- Firestarter - 2000
- Good To Go - 2002
- Stay On My Side Tonight - 2005

## Other websites

- Jimmy Eat World's Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jimmy Eat World
- **image**: JimmyEatWorldinDC.jpg
- **caption**: Jim Adkins of Jimmy Eat World performing at the 9:30 Club in Washington, D.C.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Mesa, Arizona, Mesa, Arizona, United States
- **genre**: Alternative rock, emo pop, power pop, pop punk,
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **label**: Unsigned Interscope Records, Interscope, DreamWorks Records, DreamWorks, Capitol Records, Capitol, Wooden Blue Records, Wooden Blue, Fueled by Ramen, Better Looking Records, Better Looking, Geffen Records, Geffen, Big Wheel Recreation, DGC Records, DGC, Western Tread Recordings, RCA Records, RCA
- **website**: [http://jimmyeatworld.com jimmyeatworld.com]
- **past members**: Mitch Porter
Phish

**Phish** is an American rock band. They formed in Vermont in 1983, broke up in 2004, and reformed in 2009. Their lead singer is Trey Anastasio. Phish was often compared to the Grateful Dead, and had a similar following of "Phish Heads" following the band on tour. They went on a 5-year-long hiatus from 2004 to 2009. Their hiatus ended when they played shows on March 6, 7 and 8 at the Hampton Coliseum in Hampton, VA. The band surprised the audience with longer sets than usual.

Their music has a lot of improvisation, so when they play live, their songs are sometimes a lot longer. They use elements from many genres, including rock, jazz, funk, progressive rock, bluegrass, country, reggae, blues, Latin, and psychedelic rock.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _The White Tape_ (1986)
- _The Man Who Stepped into Yesterday_ (1987)
- _Junta_ (1989)
- _Lawn Boy_ (1990)
- _A Picture of Nectar_ (1992)
- _Rift_ (1993)
- _Hoist_ (1994)
- _Billy Breathes_ (1996)
- _The Story of the Ghost_ (1998)
- _The Siket Disc_ (1999)
- _Farmhouse_ (2000)
- _Round Room_ (2002)
- _Undermind_ (2004)
- _Joy_ (2009)
- _Fuego_ (2014)
- Big Boat (2016)
- Sigma Oasis (2020)
- Evolve (2024)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Phish
- **img**: Phish 2009-12-30.jpg
- **img capt**: Phish performing at American Airlines Arena in Miami, FL on December 30, 2009. Left to right: Page McConnell, Trey Anastasio, Mike Gordon
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Burlington, Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States, USA
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, alternative rock, jazz fusion, neo-psychedelia, progressive rock folk rock, Avant-garde music, avant-garde, funk rock, experimental rock
- **years active**: 19832004
2008present
<small>Hiatus: 2000-2002</small>
- **label**: Elektra Records, Elektra, Rhino/WMG, JEMP Records, JEMP
- **associated acts**: Phil Lesh and Friends, Oysterhead, 70 Volt Parade, Amfibian, Benevento/Russo Duo, Jazz Mandolin Project, Pork Tornado, Ramble Dove, Rhythm Devils, SerialPod, Surrender to the Air, Trey Anastasio (band), Trey Anastasio,  Trey Anastasio Band,  Vida Blue (band), Vida Blue
- **url**: [http://www.phish.com www.phish.com]
- **current members**: Trey Anastasio
Jon Fishman
Mike Gordon
Page McConnell
- **past members**: Jeff Holdsworth
Marc Daubert
Live album

A **live album** is an album that has live songs. These live songs are played on stage at a concert, instead of recorded in a studio. People record the songs and put them on a CD.
Album (disambiguation)

An **album** is a collection of songs on a CD or LP.

It may also refer to:
- A photo album is usually a book with pictures inside it
- A Stamp album is a book with series of postage stamps
Masturbation

**Masturbation** is when a person touches themselves in many areas of the body (sex organs), such as the penis and vagina. It often is done to feel pleasure. Sometimes, masturbation results an orgasm. Some religions say it is bad, but the modern view is that it is a normal and healthy thing to do.
Confucius

**Confucius**  (born 551 BC, died 479 BC) was an important Chinese educator and philosopher. His original name was Kong Qiu or Zhong Ni.
As a child, he was eager to learn about everything, and was very interested in rituals. Although he grew up in extreme poverty, it did not stop his curiosity from growing. He was a very dedicated student, especially in his teenage years. It is not known how he received his formal education, but he mastered many subjects of the arts. Once he grew up, he worked as a state official who handled farms and cattle. Then he became a teacher.

Confucius lived in a time when many states were fighting wars in China.
This period was called the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhou Dynasty.
Confucius did not like this and wanted to bring order back to society.

## Teaching

Like Socrates, Confucius sometimes did not answer philosophical questions himself.
Instead he wanted people to think hard about problems and to learn from others, especially from history.
Confucius also thought that people should get power because they were good and skilled, and not just because they came from powerful families.

Confucius wanted people to think about other people more than about money or what they owned.
However he also felt that there should be strong rules in society and that people needed to obey them.
Confucius thought that there were five relationships people could have, and that they all had their own rules.
Two people could be
- Prince and Subject
- Father and Son
- Husband and Wife
- Elder and Child
- or Friends
These were traditional relationships called the 'five prototypes'.
Confucius said that in all these relationships, both people must obey rules.
For example, a subject must obey a prince, but also a prince must listen to a subject and must rule him well and fairly.

Confucius said that people should only do things to other people if they would be okay with other people doing those things to themselves.
This is sometimes called the Golden Rule and was also taught by Jesus Christ.

His students wrote down small stories about him, and things that he said.
These were put together to make a book called The Analects, which became one of the main books of Confucianism.
Consciousness

**Consciousness** means being awake, alert and responsive to the environment. The definition of consciousness may differ in psychology, neuroscience, philosophy and other related sciences. It is often disputed amongst academics and scientists.

Consciousness is a range of mental states. There are several states between a fully conscious state and a fully unconscious state. In medicine, the degree of _loss of consciousness_ is measured by using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS); a score between 3 and 15 is given to each person at any time, to show how conscious the person is. Higher scores show more conscious states.

It seems that many decisions are made without us being aware of it. Some think that these decisions are made by what is called the unconscious mind. There are also many body functions which we do not notice until they go wrong. These activities are done by the autonomic nervous system. Breathing and the beat of one's heart can be noticed but are controlled by nervous system without thought.

It is not known what causes consciousness. So, it is difficult to know if another person or thing is indeed conscious. The best we can say is that some animals do seem to be conscious of the world around them. We ourselves assume that others have consciousness, but this is notoriously difficult to prove. This is known in philosophy as _the problem of other minds_.
Architect

An **architect** is a person who designs buildings and prepares plans to give to a builder. What they design is called architecture. Sometimes they make drawings with pens, pencils, and computers, and this is also called drafting. Sometimes he first makes small toy-sized buildings called models to show what the building will look like when it is done. Some of these models survive for hundreds of years, such as O.S Moamogo, South Africa.

Architects decide the size, shape, and what the building will be made from. Architects need to be good at math and drawing. They need imagination. They must go to university and learn how to make a building's structure safe so that it will not collapse. They should also know how to make a building attractive, so that people will enjoy using it.

Although there has been architecture for thousands of years, there have not always been architects. The great European cathedrals built in the Middle Ages were designed by a Master Builder, who scratched his designs on flat beds of plaster. Paper did not exist in Europe at this time and vellum or parchment were very expensive and could not be made in large sizes.

Some cathedrals took hundreds of years to build, so the Master Builder would die or retire and be replaced and often plans changed. Some cathedrals were never finished, like Notre Dame in Paris or Sagrada Família in Barcelona.

An architect has a very important job because his or her work will be seen and used by many people, probably for a very long time. If the design, materials and construction are good, the building should last for hundreds or even thousands of years. This is rarely the case.

Usually building cost is what limits the life of a building, but fire, war, need or fashion can also affect things. As towns and cities grow, it often becomes necessary to make roads wider, or perhaps to build a new train station. Architects are employed again and so the city changes. Even very important buildings may get knocked down to make way for change.

Famous architects include: Frank Lloyd Wright, Fazlur Khan, Bruce Graham, Edward Durell Stone, Daniel Burnham, Adrian Smith, Frank Gehry, Gottfried Böhm, I. M. Pei, Antoni Gaudí, and Oscar Niemeyer.

## Other websites

- The Society of Architectural Historians web site 
- The Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain web site 
- The Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand web site 
- European Architectural History Network web site 
- Western Architecture Timeline
La Jolla, San Diego

**La Jolla** is a neighborhood in the city of San Diego, in the state of California, in the United States. It is pronounced "La Hoya".

The University of California, San Diego is in La Jolla. Another famous place in La Jolla is the Salk Institute.

It is the birthplace of the Hollywood actor, Gregory Peck.
Arch

An **arch** is an opening in a building that is curved on top to distribute the weight. The curved part can be round, like part of a circle, or pointed, like two parts of circles next to each other. Arches are often used where buildings are made of many small stones or bricks. The stone at the very top of the arch, called the keystone, keeps the rest of the arch stones from falling down. Arches can go over doorways and windows. Many bridges are arch bridges including ones made of steel. A series of arches is an arcade.

Arches can be found in nature. These natural arches form through the erosion of cliffs.

## Types of arches

Arches  can have many forms, but they can be sorted into three categories: circular, pointed and parabolic.

- Circular (rounded) arches were used by Romans. They used them in bridges, aqueducts, and large-scale (big) architecture.
- Pointed arches were most often used by builders of Gothic-style architecture. They used them because they produced less thrust at the base. This allowed the structures to be taller.
- Parabolic arches have the shape of a parabola. They are mostly used in bridges.
- Ogee arches features an S-shaped curve, typically used in Islamic architecture and Gothic Revival styles.
- Horse Shoe arches often used in Moorish and Islamic architecture, is characterized by shapes that are more curved than semi-circles.
Barber

A **barber** is someone who cuts hair and shaves beards. Usually, it is men who go to a barber. Women usually go to hairdressers instead.  Barbers sometimes have a pole outside, which is red and white in most countries. Barbering is a most ancient and honorable profession, with a very interesting history. Barbering is the practice of cutting or trimming hair and includes shaving or trimming facial hair. Besides cutting hair, barbers also shampoo and style hair, mostly for male clients. Other duties include scalp treatment, skin care and fitting or grooming hairpieces. In some states, barbers color, highlight or bleach hair.

## Job description

The main job of a barber is to cut a client's hair. The goal is to improve the appearance of the hair and to adapt styles to the customer's wishes. Barbers also shape and trim beards and mustaches. Instruments such as scissors and combs must be kept sterile and in good condition, and the barber is also responsible for keeping the shop clean by sweeping up hair. Owners of barbershops also order supplies, pay bills and may hire and supervise staff. Good interpersonal skills and a positive attitude are important qualities to have when working as a barber. Examples of famous barbers are Alex Kelly and Cameron Kelly formally known as the Kelly Cutters. Many barbers use these men as examples and aim to also deliver a very high quality service.

With experience, barbers can manage a salon or barber shop, or eventually open their own shop. Advancement is also possible in teaching barbering. Some states combine barbering and cosmetology licenses into one. Some states allow transferring a barbering license from another state without additional formal training, but not all states allow this.
Carpenter

A **carpenter** is a person who works with wood. They can make cabinets, build houses, or do other things with wood.

Carpenters are always adding to their tools and always learning how to use the new tools, materials, and ways of working with wood.

Many carpenters will choose to focus their skills in one of two broad ranging categories. Rough carpenters will focus on building things that need to be simple and structural. This includes framing for houses, or crates for shipping. Finish carpenters will focus on things that are detailed and artistic. For example, they can be furniture builders, cabinet makers or toy makers. Wood carvers are sometimes counted as carpenters.

## Related pages

- Cabinet making
Electrician

An **electrician** is a person who fixes the wires and switches so that lights and outlets work the right way. Some electricians work in a building.
Roof

A **roof** is the top surface of the building. The plural of 'roof' is 'roofs'. The roof keeps out rain and snow and protects people from the sun. Some roofs are sloped, or pitched, so the rain and snow fall off easily. Some roofs are flat, but even flat roofs have a little bit of pitch so the water can flow away towards a drain.

## Types

_Gable_, _hip_, _gambrel_, _shed_ and _mansard_ roofs are the main types of pitched roofs. The type of roof on a building helps identify the building style. For example, an American Arts and Crafts style versus a Cape Cod style. Roofs are often covered in asphalt or wood shingles. But they can also be covered in metal, slate, thatch or clay tiles. It can be dangerous to walk on a pitched roof. Some pitched roofs have parts that stick out for windows. These are called dormer windows. The edges of pitched roofs are called 'eaves'. Often there are gutters and leaders at the eaves, which take away water from the roof.

Flat roofs are usually covered in rubber or types of plastic. You can usually walk on a flat roof. At the edge of a flat roof there is sometimes a parapet. This is to prevents people from falling off the roof.

## Other websites

- Gable Roof Erection Procedure: YouTube
- Roof Truss Basics - Structural Engineering And Home Building Tips; YouTube
Brick

A **brick** not to be confused with the coring method. is a man-made building material used to make walls,  and make places to walk. It is a single unit of a kneaded clay-bearing soil, sand and lime, or concrete material, fire-hardened or air-dried, used in masonry construction.

Bricks are made mostly of clay. They are put into molds or cut with wires, and then baked in an oven. The color of a brick depends on the clay from which it was made.

Masons build brick walls. They join bricks together using mortar.
Bricks can be assembled into many different patterns. The most common pattern is called "running bond". A row of bricks is called a course.

Bricks used outdoors on the ground are called "pavers". Engineering bricks are used for high load-bearing walls, and for damp-proof courses. They are more expensive, and are made of better clays and fired at a higher temperature.

## History

The oldest shaped bricks found date back to 7500 B.C. They have been found in Çayönü, a place in the upper Tigris area in south east Anatolia, close to Diyarbakir. A bit later, between 7000 and 6395 BC, bricks come from Jericho and Catal Hüyük.

_Fired_ bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials. They have been used since about 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities. Sun-dried mud bricks are much older, and quite satisfactory in hot, dry climates. Fired bricks are much more resistant to cold and moist weather conditions. They allow permanent building in regions where the harsher climate prevents the use of mud bricks.

Most bricks from all places tend to be about the same size: ~9 x ~4¼ x ~2½ inches or 250 × 120 × 65 mm. This is because they are picked up by the brickie in one hand, while in his other hand is a trowel with cement on it.

### Cement

Just as bricks are ancient (probably Neolithic in origin), so is cement. That is (in comparison) a more recent invention. The ancient Greeks and Romans used cement. Older civilizations knew, however, that bricks needed to be stuck together. The Babylonians and Assyrians used bitumen to bind together burnt brick or alabaster slabs. Bitumen comes out of the ground naturally in a few places. It is a black oily substance of organic origin, like oil or pitch.

In Ancient Egypt, stone blocks were cemented together with a mortar made of sand and roughly burnt gypsum (CaSO<sub>4</sub> · 2H<sub>2</sub>O), which often contained calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>).
Oriole

The **oriole** ( or Old World oriole) is a bird in the family **Oriolidae**. They make up the genus ***Oriolus***. Old World orioles are found areas of Africa, Asia and Europe. They are most often found in tropical areas but one species lives in cooler areas. The golden oriole is the only species of Old World oriole which is not a tropical bird.

Many species have bright coloured feathers.

The orioles evolved in Australasia, and later spread to Eurasia. They are not related to the New World oriole. New World orioles are members of the blackbird family _Icteridae_ and are native to the Americas .

## The kinds of oriole

This is a list of kinds of orioles, in the English and Latin languages:

- Golden oriole, _Oriolus oriolus_
- Brown oriole, _Oriolus szalayi_
- Halmahera oriole, _Oriolus phaeochromus_
- Ceram oriole, _Oriolus forsteni_
- Buru oriole, _Oriolus bouroensis_
- Timor oriole, _Oriolus viridifuscus_
- Olive-backed oriole or White-bellied Oriole, _Oriolus sagittattus_
- Yellow oriole or Green oriole, _Oriolus flavocinctus_
- Dark-throated oriole, _Oriolus xanthonotus_
- White-lored oriole, _Oriolus albiloris_
- Isabella oriole, _Oriolus isabellae_
- African golden oriole, _Oriolus auratus_
- Black-naped oriole, _Oriolus chinensis_
- Green-headed oriole, _Oriolus chlorocephalus_
- Great-billed oriole, _Oriolus crassirostris_
- Western black-headed oriole, _Oriolus brachyrhynchus_
- Forest oriole, _ Oriolus monacha _
- Black-headed oriole, _Oriolus larvatus_
- Black-winged oriole, _Oriolus nigripennis_
- Black-hooded oriole, _Oriolus xanthornus_
- Black oriole, _Oriolus hosii_
- Black and crimson oriole, _Oriolus cruentus_
- Maroon oriole, _Oriolus trailili_
- Silver oriole, _Oriolus mellianus_
- Figbird _Sphecotheres viridis_

## Other websites

- Oriole videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Feather

**Feathers** are the things which cover birds. They help keep birds warm.  Feathers also protect them from injury. In most kinds of birds, wing feathers help them to fly. These are called flight feathers.
Some people have their pet birds clipped. This is a procedure where a vet or a groomer cuts a certain amount of feathers to prevent the bird from flying away or simply for medical reasons.

## Vaned feathers

The main feathers which cover the outside of a bird are called _vaned feathers_. Vaned feathers have a stiff center, with soft barbs on the side, which seem like hairs. The center is called a _quill_. This type of feather is called ***pennaceous*** (= like a pen).

## Down feathers

Young birds have small feathers, called _down_, which keep them warm, but cannot be used for flying.  Down is very soft.  Adult birds have down, but also have vaned feathers on top of the down. Down is also used in blankets. Down feathers are just one example of ***plumaceous*** feathers (the word means 'fluffy'). Another example is the feathers on flightless birds such as the ostrich.

## Moulting

Birds lose their feathers at certain times.  This is called _moulting_.  By moulting, a bird can replace old feathers with new ones.  Many birds moult once every year.

## Color

Feathers give birds color. The function of color in birds is extremely important. It includes:
1. Camouflage: it hides the bird in its natural environment, especially when it is stationary in the nest. Camouflage is often backed up with behaviour: see the bittern on its nest.
1. Display: birds carry display colors when they need to be noticed by other birds. Often the male of a pair will do the display and wear colors, while the female is camouflaged. Display is usually backed up by behaviour, especially bird song. The main functions are:
    1. To attract a mate
    1. To signal and defend their territory.

## Use by people

People use feathers for many purposes.  In the past, quills were commonly used as pens, and colorful feathers were worn on hats.  Many pillows, cushions, mattresses, coats, and quilts are stuffed with down. Feathers are also used by people of many tribes for decoration.
Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen

**Mary-Kate Olsen** and **Ashley Fuller Olsen** (born June 13, 1986) are twin American actresses.  They have acted in movies and on television series since they were nine months old.

The twins began acting on the ABC series _Full House_ between 1987 and 1995, in which both of them played Michelle Tanner.

In the early 1990s, they became the youngest entrepreneurs in Hollywood history by starting the Dualstar Entertainment company.

Later that decade, they acted in _Two of a Kind_ and _So Little Time_, as well as their own animated series.

They also acted in the movies, _It Takes Two_ (1994), _New York Minute_ (2003), and many direct-to-video movies and specials.

Merchandise related to the Olsens is still very popular in the teenage market. The Olsens have a clothing line for girls ages 4–14 in Wal-Mart stores across North America, as well as a beauty line called "Mary-Kate and Ashley: Real fashion for real girls".

## Health issues

In mid-2004, Mary-Kate Olsen announced she had entered treatment for an eating disorder, anorexia nervosa. A Got Milk? ad featuring the twins was pulled following the announcement. On November 20, 2007 she was hospitalized for a reported kidney infection.

## Fashion only

The twins have bought up a number of fashion labels, and this is now their main activity. In 2012 the girls decided to quit acting permanently and focus on fashion.

## Other websites

- The Official Site
- Olsen Twins in the News
- A Site Devoted to the Twins

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen
- **image**: Ashley Mary-Kate Olsen 2011 Shankbone 2.jpg
- **caption**: Ashley (left) and Mary-Kate (right) at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival
- **birth name**: Mary-Kate Olsen
Ashley Fuller Olsen
- **birth place**: Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actresses, fashion designers
- **years active**: 1987–present
Cholesterol

**Cholesterol** is a molecule that is found in animal cells and body fluids. Cholesterol is not found in plant sources. It is a type of lipid which is a fat or fat-like molecule.  Cholesterol is a soft waxy substance. Cholesterol is a special type of lipid that is called a steroid. Steroids are lipids that have a special chemical structure. This structure is made of four rings of carbon atoms. Cholesterol is found especially in animal fats.

Cholesterol is the main steroid synthesized by animals. Other steroids include hormone steroids like cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone. These and other steroid hormones are made by changing the basic chemical structure of cholesterol. This is an example of _chemical synthesis_.

Hypercholesterolemia means that cholesterol level is too high in the blood. High cholesterol levels show that heart disease may develop.

## Related pages

- Bile
- Metabolism
- Statin
Heterosexuality

**Heterosexuality** is a sexual orientation. **Heterosexual** people are sexually attracted to the opposite gender, and this may involve romantic feelings, or sexual activity. Another less formal word for heterosexual is _straight_.

People who are not heterosexual may be homosexual, bisexual or asexual. Many people in Western society are heteronormative, which means that they believe that heterosexuality is better than other forms of sexuality. This often leads to discrimination.

Sexual orientation is thought to be caused by genetics and hormones when a baby is growing in its mother. Hormones play a role in making men and women have differences in a region of the brain called the sexually dimorphic nucleus, which is involved in sexual attraction. Men have larger clusters in the hypothalamus than women, similar to other mammals.

In the Catholic Church and many Christian churches as well as in Islam and Judaism, a marriage can only be made in a heterosexual pair - man and woman. Marriage that is done in homosexual pair is often seen as a serious sin by those religions.

## Related pages

- Heterosociality
- Queer, a catch-all term for non-heterosexual people (used by some)

## Other websites

- The Kinsey Institute
Hate crime

A **hate crime** is when someone breaks a law by hurting another person because of prejudice against a group the victim belongs to. Normally, a hate crime is not caused in any way by something the victim did or said, but just because of who they are. Hate crime is often in the form of physical violence, but can also be vandalism and damage to property, insults or other hurtful words, or other violations of human rights. People often commit hate crime because of prejudice about the victim's sex, ethnicity, religion, nationality, gender identity, class, sexual orientation, age, or other things about them.

The term "hate crime" was first used in the 1980s in the United States, when crimes caused by bias against certain types of people were being talked about in the media. Hate crime is sometimes a way to frighten other people who belong to the same group. This intimidation can be seen as terrorism when it is carried out on a large scale.

In 2009, the Matthew Shepard Act has changed the definition of a hate crime in the law of the United States. It says that crimes which were committed because of the victim's sexual orientation, gender identity or disability are hate crimes. It is the first law that protects transgender people.

## Effects of Hate Crimes

People victimized by violent hate crimes are more likely to experience more psychological distress than victims of other violent crimes. Specifically, victims of crimes that are bias-motivated are more likely to experience post-traumatic stress, safety concerns, depression, anxiety and anger than victims of crimes that are not motivated by bias. Hate crimes send messages to members of the victim’s group that they are unwelcome and unsafe in the community, victimizing the entire group and decreasing feelings of safety and security. Furthermore, witnessing discrimination against one’s own group can lead to psychological distress and lower self-esteem.

## Related pages

- Hatred
- Hate group
- Xenophobia
- Transphobia
- Hate speech
- Violence against women
Gay bashing

**Gay bashing** and **gay bullying** is when someone attacks a person or group of people because they are gay or lesbian or bisexual or transgender.

Studies show that bullying happens to people who are gay or lesbian more often than to others in general. As teenagers, gay young men are more likely to be bullied than lesbians.

## Hate crime

Gay bullying can become a type of hate crime or hate speech.

## Related pages

- Homophobia
- Sexual orientation
- Transphobia
- LGBT

## Other websites

- "Tips to Help the Bullying Bystander" at education.com
Emergency medicine

**Emergency Medicine** is a specialty of medicine. A specialty is a special part of medicine where a doctor may have more knowledge. Examples of specialities are Pediatrics (doctors who care for children), Geriatrics (doctors who care for elderly people), and Cardiology (doctors who know more about the heart).

Emergency Medicine (abbreviation EM) is sometimes also called _Accident and Emergency Medicine_ (AEM).

EM doctors specialize in treating diseases and injuries that need _immediate_ care. These kind of diseases or injuries are called _emergencies_. If they are not helped quickly, the person may become more sick or even die.

Doctors that specialize in EM usually work in Emergency Departments. This is also called a casualty department or Emergency room. These are places in hospitals where people go if they have an emergency. They may have a red cross or red letters on the sign to show it is the Emergency Department. This way, even people who cannot read know where to go. A separate unit of the hospital is **Intensive Care**, which is for less than life threatening but still serious emergencies.

Doctors who specialize in EM must know about all of the different aspects of medicine to some level, but not quite as much as a specialist would. They treat people of all ages. They treat both men and women. They must know how to treat any kind of emergency. But they may not know _quite_ as much about the treatments of some diseases or injury, because they are too specialized or serious.

Many people go to the Emergency Department with problems that are not emergencies. So EM doctors must also know  about how to treat _non_-emergencies.

## Related pages

- Emergency medical services
- First aid
Berkeley, California

**Berkeley** is a city in the U.S. State of California. It is a suburb of San Francisco. It is famous for the college, University of California, Berkeley, where many political protests were held in the 1960s. It is also famous for its gourmet food and art scenes. Also, it is the native city of the punk band Green Day. BOINC or the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing was created at the University of California in Berkeley.

Berkeley is on the San Francisco Bay's eastern shore, north of Oakland. It is in Alameda County.

There are many famous athletes from Berkeley including Yankees manager Jimmie Fox who attended Berkeley High School. Harry Weinberger was born and raised in Berkeley and was drafted to play professional figure skating last year. Berkeley is an epicenter for athletes to come up and thrive.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Berkeley, California
- **settlement type**: Charter city
- **image skyline**: Berkeley-downtown-Bay-bridge-SF-in-back-from-Lab.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Berkeley viewed from the Berkeley Hills, with San Francisco in the background
- **image seal**: Seal of Berkeley, California.png
- **image map**: Alameda County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Berkeley Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Berkeley in Alameda County, California
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Alameda County, California, Alameda
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: April 4, 1878 
- **established title2**: Charter city, Chartered
- **established date2**: March 5, 1895 
- **government type**: Council–manager government, Council-Manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Adena Ishii
- **leader title2**: California's 7th State Senate district, State senator
- **leader title3**: California's 14th State Assembly district, Assemblymember
- **leader title4**: California's 12th congressional district, U.S. rep.
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 17.66
- **area land sq mi**: 10.43
- **area water sq mi**: 7.22
- **area total km2**: 45.73
- **area land km2**: 27.02
- **area water km2**: 18.71
- **area water percent**: 40.83
- **elevation ft**: 171
- **elevation m**: 52
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 124321
- **population density sq mi**: 11917.27
- **population density km2**: 4601.36
- **population demonym**: Berkeleyan
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 94701–94710, 94712, 94720
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area codes 510 and 341, 510, 341
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
Pediatrics

**Pediatrics** is the specialty of medicine that cares for infants, children, and adolescents. The ages can vary from the early months until 18-21. A person who works in pediatrics is called a **pediatrician**.

Pediatricians can be primary care doctors or they can be specialists.

Pediatricians take care of diseases that children get. They also make sure that children develop normally and try to prevent illness. One of the most important ways that children's diseases can be prevented is by immunization. Immunization is also called vaccination.

In the nineteenth century, one in five children died before the age of five. Most of these deaths were from infectious diseases. Today _some_ of these deaths are prevented by treating disease when it happens. Most of it is from preventing disease with immunizations.

Pediatricians also try to prevent other diseases and injury before they happen. They teach parents about safety and nutrition. They may teach older children or _adolescents_ about avoiding injury or addiction to alcohol and tobacco. Because childhood is such a time of change, prevention is a major part of pediatrics.

## Types

Many pediatricians work as primary care doctor<nowiki/>s. This type of pediatrician conducts regular health and wellness checkups. They also diagnose and treat a wide range of common health conditions, give vaccinations, and provide appropriate health advice to young people and their parents or caregivers.

- Adolescent medicine specialists focus on care during adolescence around age 11 to 21.
- Pediatric oncologist specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancer in children.
- Pediatric cardiology refers to cardiac irregularities in a child who is 18 years old. It also covers all types of heart conditions and diseases that occur in childhood.
- Pediatricians treat children and adolescents who have musculoskeletal disorders, such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and chronic pain.
- Neonatologists look after new born babies who need hospital care.
Uncyclopedia

**Uncyclopedia** is an encyclopedia that parodies Wikipedia, calling itself "the content-free encyclopedia". It is a parody website.

Uncyclopedia was started by Jonathan Huang and his friend named "Stillwaters". It was made on January 5, 2005. Uncyclopedia's logo is a hollow potato named Sophia. Its color is desert sand. This makes fun of Wikipedia's globe logo.

It's a joke wiki that pretends to be useful. Every page is filled with jokes and not real information. Users make fun of things by creating pages about them.

They have a guide on writing called HTBFANJS (How To Be Funny And Not Just Stupid). This page helps users learn how Uncyclopedia is not like Wikipedia. It also helps people write so it matches the rest of Uncyclopedia.Most encyclopedias try not to have opinions on things. They just try to tell facts. Uncyclopedia has its own opinions about things. These opinions are often silly. For example, Uncyclopedia thinks that Oscar Wilde was the best man ever. These opinions become memes that are added into jokes all over Uncyclopedia.

## Other websites

- Uncyclopedia

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Uncyclopedia
- **logo**: Uncyclopedia logo notext.svg
- **collapsible**: yes
- **caption**: The main page of Uncyclopedia, retrieved May 24, 2019.
- **type**: Wiki
- **registration**: Optional (free)
- **owner**: Works are owned by their authors
[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/ CC BY-NC-SA 2.0] (English-language version)
- **author**: Jonathan Huang,
Stillwaters
- **current status**: Active
- **revenue**: Donations
- **url**: _English Uncyclopedia:_

_Spanish Uncyclopedia:_

_Czech Uncyclopedia:_

_French Uncyclopedia:_

_German Uncyclopedia:_

_Hebrew Uncyclopedia_

_Italian Uncyclopedia_
Esperanto

**Esperanto** is a constructed auxiliary language. Its creator was L. L. Zamenhof, a Polish eye doctor. He created the language to make international communication easier. His goal was to design Esperanto in such a way that people can learn it much more easily than any other national language.

At first, Zamenhof called the language **', which means "The International Language" in Esperanto. Soon, people began calling it by the simpler name **', which means "one who hopes". That name comes from __ ("A doctor who hopes"), which is what Zamenhof called himself in his first book about Esperanto.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Esperanto
- **altname**: International language
- **nativename**: ***Esperanto***
- **states**: 120 countries; nowhere an official language
- **speakers**: Native Esperanto speakers, Native: estimated 1000 to several thousand
- **date**: 2016
- **speakers2**: Second language, L2 users: estimates range from 63 000 to two million
- **ancestor**: Proto-Esperanto, Lingwe uniwarsala
- **creator**: L. L. Zamenhof
- **created**: 1887
- **setting**: International auxiliary language
- **posteriori**: Vocabulary from Romance languages, Romance and Germanic languages, grammar from Slavic languages
- **script**: Latin script (Esperanto alphabet)
Esperanto Braille
- **agency**: Akademio de Esperanto
- **iso1**: eo
- **iso2**: epo
- **iso3**: epo
- **image**: Flag of Esperanto.svgborder
- **imagesize**: 140px
- **imagecaption**: Esperanto flag
- **sign**: Signuno
- **map**: Number of Esperanto association members by country.svg
- **mapcaption**: Esperantujo: 120 countries worldwide
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **notice**: IPA
Kadis-kot

**Kadis-kot** is a fictional board game in the TV show _Star Trek: Voyager_.  It is played on a six-sided board with three sets of coloured stones.

The characters of Naomi Wildman and Seven of Nine played the game sometimes, after the events of the episode "Infinite Regress".

## Other websites

- A summary of the game at Memory Alpha
Kenny Rogers

**Kenny Rogers** (August 21, 1938 – March 20, 2020) was a Grammy Award-winning American singer and songwriter. His best known songs include "The Gambler" and "Lucille". He acted in several movies and television series. He owned a franchise of roast chicken restaurants called "Kenny Rogers Roasters".

On March 20, 2020, Rogers died under hospice care in Sandy Springs, Georgia at age 81. He was diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2017.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **years active**: 1956–2017


## Infobox (person)

- **image**: KennyRogers.jpg
- **caption**: Rogers in January 1997
- **birth place**: Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Sandy Springs, Georgia, U.S.
- **resting place**: Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta), Oakland Cemetery, Atlanta, Georgia