juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Beautiful Liar

"**Beautiful Liar**" is a song recorded by American R&B singer Beyoncé and Colombian singer Shakira.

## Track listing

**UK CD-single 1**
1. Beautiful Liar (Album version) – 3:19
1. Beautiful Liar (Freemasons Remix Edit) – 3:27

**UK CD-single 2**
1. Beautiful Liar (Album version)
1. Beautiful Liar (Freemasons Remix Edit)
1. Irreplaceable (Maurice Joshua Remix)
1. Deja Vu (Freemasons Remix)
1. Beautiful Liar (Video)

## Charts

|align="left"|Chart (2007)|align="left"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Australian Singles Chart|align="center"|5|
|align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart|align="center"|2|
|align="left"|Belgian Singles Chart|align="center"|2|
|align="left"|Brazilian Singles Chart|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Canadian Hot 100|align="center"|2|
|align="left"|Dutch Top 40|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|European Singles Chart|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|French Singles Chart|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|German Singles Chart|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Greek Singles Chart|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Ibero-America Top 100|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Irish Singles Chart|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Italian Singles Chart <sup>1</sup>|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Latin American Top 40 Airplay|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Mexican Top 100|align="center"|2|
|align="left"|New Zealand RIANZ Singles Chart|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Norwegian Singles Chart|align="center"|2|
|align="left"|Peruvian Top 100|align="center"|2|
|align="left"|Russian Airplay Chart|align="center"|7|
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart|align="center"|6|
|align="left"|Swiss Singles Chart|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot 100|align="center"|3|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Pop 100|align="center"|3|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Dance Club Play|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|align="center"|70|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Latin Tracks|align="center"|10|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Top 40 Mainstream|align="center"|17|
|align="left"|United World Chart|align="center"|2|
DNA polymerase

A **DNA polymerase** is an enzyme which makes DNA molecules from its nucleotide building blocks. DNA polymerases are essential for DNA replication. They usually work in pairs as they copy one double-stranded DNA molecule into two double-stranded DNAs. In DNA replication DNA polymerase "reads" a piece of DNA that's already there and uses it to make a new piece that is exactly the same as the old piece.The primary role of DNA polymerases is to accurately and efficiently replicate the genome in order to ensure the maintenance of the genetic information and its faithful transmission through generations.

DNA polymerases also play key roles in other processes within cells, including DNA repair, genetic recombination, reverse transcription, and antibody production. DNA polymerases are widely used in molecular biology laboratories, notably for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and molecular cloning.

DNA polymerase can only connect deoxyribonucleotides to a 3'-OH group that is already there, so DNA is always made in the 5'3' direction.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

**Recep Tayyip Erdoğan** (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician of Georgian origin. He is the 12th and current President of Turkey, he took office in 2014. Before that, he was the Prime Minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014. He is the chairman of the ruling Justice and Development Party since 2001 which he founded that year. Erdoğan was Mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998.

Erdoğan was a semi-professional footballer from 1969 to 1982. The stadium of the local football club of the Istanbul district he grew up in, Kasımpaşa S.K. is named after him.

Erdoğan married Emine Gülbaran (b. 1955, Siirt) on 4 July 1978. The couple have two sons (Ahmet Burak, Necmeddin Bilal) and two daughters (Esra, Sümeyye).

The 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt tried to overthrow President Erdogan.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
- **image**: President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1 (cropped 2).jpg
- **signature**: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan signature.png
- **residence**: Presidential Complex
- **party**: Justice and Development Party (Turkey), Justice and Development Party
- **office1**: 12th President of Turkey
- **predecessor1**: Abdullah Gül
- **vicepresident1**: Fuat Oktay
Cevdet Yılmaz
- **primeminister1**: Ahmet Davutoğlu
Binali Yıldırım
- **term start1**: 28 August 2014
- **predecessor2**: Binali Yıldırım
- **term start2**: 21 May 2017
- **predecessor3**: _Office established_
- **successor3**: Ahmet Davutoğlu
- **term start3**: 14 August 2001
- **term end3**: 27 August 2014
- **office4**: List of Prime Ministers of Turkey, 25th Prime Minister of Turkey
- **predecessor4**: Abdullah Gül
- **successor4**: Ahmet Davutoğlu
- **term start4**: 14 March 2003
- **term end4**: 28 August 2014
- **birth place**: Kasımpaşa (quarter), Kasımpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
- **alma mater**: Marmara University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Marmara University
- **website**:

- **office5**: List of mayors of Istanbul, 28th Mayor of Istanbul
- **term start5**: 27 March 1994
- **term end5**: 6 November 1998
- **predecessor5**: Nurettin Sözen
- **successor5**: Ali Müfit Gürtuna
- **term start6**: 9 March 2003
- **term end6**: 28 August 2014
Abu Talib

**Abū Ṭālib ibn ‘Abd al-Muṭṭalib** (; –), _né_ **‘Imran** ) or **‘Abd Manaf** (), was the leader of Banu Hashim, a clan of the Qurayshi tribe of Mecca in the Hejaz, Arabian Peninsula. After the death of his father ‘Abd al-Muttalib, he got this position and the offices of _Siqaya_ and _Rifada_.  He was well respected in Mecca even though he was not very rich.

Abu Talib was an uncle of the Islamic _Nabi_ (, Prophet) Muhammad, and father of the Rashid Caliph ‘Ali, who is also thought as the first Shi'ite Imam. There is a great debate among Muslim scholars on whether Abū Ṭālib died a Muslim or a non-Muslim.

Abū Ṭālib died around 619, at more than 80 years of age, about 10 years after the start of Muhammad's mission. This year is known as the Year of Sorrow for Muhammad, because not only did his uncle Abu Talib die, but also his wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, within a month of Abu Talib.
Doom 2

***Doom 2*** (or ***Doom II*** in roman numerals) is a sequel to the first-person shooter video game _Doom_. It was created by iD Software, and came out in 1994, just one year after the first game. It was based on the same game engine as _Doom_, and had 32 levels, two of them secret. _Doom 2_ got newer enemies and weapons. Enemies new in Doom 2 include the Arch-vile, Mancubus, Arachnotron, Chaingunner, Pain Elemental, Revenant, Hell Knight, and the Final Boss (also called the Icon of Sin). The only new weapon in Doom 2 is the Super Shotgun. It is a double-barrel shotgun that use two shotgun shells every time it is fired, but it does three times as much damage as the normal Shotgun and has a much wider hit box. The game's difficulty is much harder than the first Doom game.

Doom 2 includes an expansion pack known as the _Master Levels for Doom II_. The expansion pack has 20 WAD files created by various authors under contract with id Software.

Doom 2 also includes another expansion pack called _No Rest for the Living_, released on the Xbox Live Arcade for the Xbox 360.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Doom II
- **developer**: id Software
- **publisher**: GT Interactive
- **composer**: Bobby Prince, Robert Prince
- **engine**: Doom engine, _Doom_ engine
- **series**: _Doom (franchise), Doom_
- **genre**: First-person shooter
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
Deathmatch (video games)

A **deathmatch** (shortened to DM), also known as **free-for-all** is a common gameplay mode included in many shooter and real-time strategy (RTS) computer games and "MilSim" games like airsoft and paintball. The goal of a deathmatch game is to kill as many other players as possible.

de:Spielmodus (Computerspiel)#Deathmatch
Samaná Bay

**Samaná Bay** (Spanish, **Bahía de Samaná**) is a big bay in the northeast of the Dominican Republic, south of the Samaná Peninsula. Christopher Columbus gave the name of "Golfo de las Flechas" (Gulf of Arrows) to the bay.

It has about  east-west and  north-south. The Yuna river, one of the most important of the Hispaniola island, flows into the bay. Other rivers that flow into the bay are the Barracote and the Yabón.

There are many cays (very small and flat islands) in the bay, many of them with beautiful beaches visited by many tourists; Levantado Cay (Spanish, Cayo Levantado) is big enough to have a hotel.

On the southwest coast there is a national park: National Park Los Haitises, with many interesting plants and animals.

Dolphins are common in the bay most of the year. Humpback whales come from northern, cold waters to Samaná Bay to breed during winter and spring; then, they return to cold waters where food is more abundant. Whale watching is an important business in the Samaná Province in late winter and early spring.

France, England and United States were interested in the Samaná Bay (with the Samaná Peninsula) during the 19th century to control the Caribbean. Before that time, pirates were frequent visitors.

The most important cities around the bay are Santa Bárbara de Samaná and Sánchez on the north, in the Samaná Province province; and Sabana de la Mar, on the south, in the Hato Mayor Province province. Sánchez was the most important international port of the Dominican Republic during the 19th century and early 20th century.
Halibut

**Halibut** is a kind of flatfish often used for food. There are two different kinds of halibut - Atlantic halibut (_Hippoglossus hippoglossus_) and Pacific halibut (_Hippoglossus stenolepis_). The halibut from the Atlantic ocean has been overfished.

Their names come from _haly_ (holy) and _butt_ (flat fish), because it is said people like to eat them on Catholic holy-days.

## Other websites

- International Pacific Halibut Commission
- Alaska Department of Fish & Game
Sola (manga)

***Sola*** is a Japanese anime series initially written by the _Kanon_ main writer, Naoki Hisaya together with the original character designer Naru Nanao. _Sola_ started as a manga which was featured in the magazine _Dengeki Daioh_ on December 21, 2006 by MediaWorks. As of August 2007, the manga is still being serialized, with Chaki Abeno as the illustrator. A drama CD was later released on December 31, 2006 at Comiket 71. The anime version of the series aired in Japan from April 7, 2007 to June 30, 2007, containing a total of thirteen episodes and two additional episodes currently being released exclusively for the DVD. An extra drama CD together with a video game title for the PlayStation 2 console are also planned. The title, _Sola_, comes from the Italian/Spanish language _solo_ (which translates literally to _alone_). The title of series, sounds the same with the Japanese word .

## Other websites

- Official website
Ornithischia

**Ornithischia** is an extinct clade of mainly herbivorous dinosaurs characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of birds.

The name Ornithischia, or "bird-hipped", reflects this similarity and is derived from the Greek stem ornith- (ὀρνιθ-), meaning "of a bird", and ischion (ἴσχιον), plural ischia, meaning "hip joint". However, birds are only distantly related to this group as birds are theropod dinosaurs.

## Overview

Ornithischians with well known anatomical adaptations include the ceratopsians or "horn-faced" dinosaurs, the pachycephalosaurs or "thick-headed" dinosaurs, the armored dinosaurs (Thyreophora) such as stegosaurs and ankylosaurs, and the ornithopods.

There is strong evidence that certain groups of ornithischians lived in herds, often segregated by age group, with juveniles forming their own flocks separate from adults.

Some were at least partially covered in filamentous pelts, and there is much debate over whether these filaments found in specimens of Tianyulong, Psittacosaurus, and Kulindadromeus may have been primitive feathers.

### Fossil works

They are known as the 'bird-hipped' dinosaurs because of their hip structure. However, birds actually descended from the 'lizard-hipped' dinosaurs, the Saurischia. The name "Ornithischia" means "bird-hipped," and birds also have pelvises in which the pubis points backwards.

An alternative name for the order is the **Predentata**, because all of them are beaked herbivorous dinosaurs. The beak is in front of the jaw-bone, the dentary, so it is a 'predentary'. The upper half of the beak is the 'premaxilla' on the end of the upper jaw. The beak is a key adaptation for cropping plants for their food.

Their original (basal) form of locomotion was bipedal. However, from early in their evolutionary history, they were capable of both bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion. Several groups became entirely quadrupedal.

A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships might upset this summary.

The ornithischia has two sub-orders:
- Thyreophora: the armoured dinosaurs: Ankylosaurs and Stegosaurs.
- Cerapoda: the duck-billed and horned dinosaurs.

## Plants

Their vegetarian diet included:
- Seed ferns: Pteridospermatophyta. Upper Triassic, Jurassic.
- Cycads and other woody seed plants, common during Mesozoic period.
- Gymnosperms (conifers): Jurassic, Cretaceous.
- Angiosperms (flowering plants): Cretaceous
- Algae in the form of seaweed: no direct evidence, but likely.

This group of dinosaurs would not be able to reach the taller conifers. The other main group of vegetarian dinosaurs, the sauropodomorphs, were specialists able to reach vegetation on the tall trees.

## Related pages

- Saurischia
- Fabrosauridae
- Heterodontosaur
Miss Earth

**Miss Earth** is an annual international beauty pageant promoting environmental awareness.

The reigning titleholders dedicate their year to school tours, tree planting activities, street campaigns, coastal clean ups, speaking engagements, shopping mall tours, media guesting, environmental fair, storytelling programs, eco-fashion shows, and other activities.

## Titleholders

|Year|Miss Earth|Country|Venue|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2001|Catharina Svensson||Quezon City, Philippines|||
|rowspan=2|2002|Džejla Glavović <small>(Dethroned)</small>||rowspan=2|Pasay, Philippines|
|Winfred Omwakwe <small>(Assumed)</small>||||||
|2003|Dania Prince Méndez||rowspan=3|Quezon City, Philippines||
|2004|Priscilla Meirelles de Almeida|||||
|2005|Alexandra Braun Waldeck|||||
|2006|Hil Hernández||Manila, Philippines|||
|2007|Jessica Trisko||Quezon City, Philippines|||
|2008|Karla Henry||Pampanga, Philippines|||
|2009|Larissa Ramos||Boracay, Philippines|||
|2010|Nicole Faria||Nha Trang, Vietnam|||
|2011|Olga Álava||Quezon City, Philippines|||
|2012|Tereza Fajksová||rowspan=2|Muntinlupa, Philippines||
|2013|Alyz Henrich|||||
|2014|Jamie Herrell|rowspan=2||Quezon City, Philippines||
|2015|Angelia Ong|Vienna, Austria||||
|2016|Katherine Espín||rowspan=3|Pasay, Philippines||
|2017|Karen Ibasco|||||
|2018|Nguyễn Phương Khánh|||||
|2019|Nellys Pimentel||Parañaque, Philippines|||
|2020|Lindsey Coffey||rowspan=2 style="background-color:#B2AC88;"|<small>_Held via virtual event_</small>||
|2021|Destiny Wagner|||||
|2022|Mina Sue Choi||Parañaque, Philippines|||
|2023|Drita Ziri||Hồ Chí Minh, Vietnam|||
|2024|Jessica Lane||rowspan=2|Parañaque, Philippines||
|2025|Natálie Puškinová|||||

## Other websites

- Miss Earth official homepage
Krauchthal

**Krauchthal** is a village in the Canton of Bern. It is about halfway between Burgdorf and Bern, about 15 km northeast of the city of Bern. The commune of Krauchthal is made of the villages Krauchthal (with Hub and Dieterswald), and **Hettiswil**. The name of the settlements was mentioned during the Middle Ages. Krauchthal in 1208, Hettiswil in 1107, Hub and Dieterswald in 1326, Thorberg in 1196. In 2006, 2345 people lived there. In Thorberg, there is a castle. This has been converted to a prison.

## Other websites

- Website of the commune of Krauchthal (German)

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Krauchthal
- **municipality name**: Krauchthal
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Krauchthal COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Emmental (administrative district), Emmental
- **postal code**: 3326
- **municipality code**: 0414
- **area**: 19.44
- **elevation**: 585
- **population**: 2345
- **populationof**: January 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.krauchthal.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bäriswil, Berne, Bäriswil, Bolligen, Burgdorf, Switzerland, Burgdorf, Hindelbank, Lützelflüh, Mattstetten, Mötschwil, Oberburg, Vechigen
- **twintowns**: Kamenný Újezd, Kamenny Ujezd (Czech Republic)
Dangerously in Love

***Dangerously in Love*** is the debut studio album by American singer and songwriter Beyoncé, released on June 20, 2003 by Columbia Records. During the recording of Destiny's Child's third studio album, _Survivor_ (2001), the group announced that they would produce solo albums to be released. Recording sessions for the album took place from March 2002 to March 2003 at several studios, whilst Destiny's Child were on a break.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Dangerously in Love
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Beyoncé
- **border**: yes
- **genre**: *Hip hop music, Hip hop
*Soul music, soul
*Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **label**: *Columbia Records, Columbia
*Music World Entertainment, Music World
- **producer**: *Nat Adderley, Jr.
*Sherrod Barnes
*Mark Batson
*Craig Brockman
*D-Roy
*Missy Elliott
*Focus...
*Rich Harrison
*Andreao Heard, Andreao "Fanatic" Heard
*Beyoncé, Beyoncé Knowles
*Errol McCalla Jr., Errol "Poppi" McCalla, Jr.
*Mr. B
*The Neptunes
*Nisan Stewart
*Scott Storch
*Kanye West
*Bryce Wilson
- **next title**: True Star: A Private Performance
- **next year**: 2004
Wilhelm II

**Wilhelm II** (; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until his abdication in 1918. Following the German Revolution, his reign ended the German Empire and the Hohenzollern dynasty's 300-year rule of Prussia.

### Early life and family

Wilhelm was born on 27 January 1859 and was the oldest child in his family. His father was Prince Frederick of Prussia. His mother was Princess Victoria, the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria. He was born with a disabled left arm.

He married in 1881 Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein. He and his wife had seven children. He studied at the Kassel Gymnasium and then at the University of Bonn.

### Reign

He became leader of Germany in 1888, when his father died. He disagreed with his father's longtime chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, and dismissed him in 1890.

Wilhelm believed in strengthening Germany’s armed forces, especially the navy. He led Germany during World War I. In November 9th, 1918, Wilhelm II stepped down from the throne, ending the German Empire.

## Titles and styles

- 27 January 1859 – 9 March 1888: _His Imperial Royal Highness_ Prince Wilhelm of Prussia
- 9 March 1888 – 15 June 1888: _His Imperial Highness and Royal Highness_ The German Crown Prince, Crown Prince of Prussia
- 15 June 1888 – 18 November 1918: _His Imperial and Royal Majesty_ The German Emperor, King of Prussia

## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902 (3x4 cropped).jpg
- **alt**: Photograph of a middle-aged Wilhelm II with a moustache
- **caption**: Wilhelm II in 1902
- **succession**: German Emperor
King of Prussia
- **predecessor**: Frederick III, German Emperor, Frederick III
- **successor**: German Revolution of 1918–1919, _Monarchy abolished_
Friedrich Ebert (as President)
- **reg-type**: Chancellors of Germany, Chancellors
- **birth place**: Kronprinzenpalais, Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia
- **burial date**: 9 June 1941
- **burial place**: Huis Doorn, Doorn
- **full name**: Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert
- **house**: Hohenzollern
- **father**: Frederick III, German Emperor
- **mother**: Victoria, Princess Royal
- **religion**: Lutheranism (Prussian United)
- **signature**: Wilhelm II, German Emperor Signature-.svg
- **birth name**: Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert
- **death place**: Huis Doorn, Doorn, Netherlands
Until the End of Time

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Until the End of Time|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"|Cover|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|November 13, 2007.|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|R&B|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|5:22|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Jive|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Justin Timberlake, Tim Mosley, Nate Hills|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Timbaland, Justin Timberlake, Danja|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Falling Down (2007r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Until the End of Time </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Nite Runner (2007r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Green Light (2007r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Until the End of Time </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Love in This Club Part II (2008r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Summer Love/ Set the Mood Prelude (9)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Until the End of Time (10)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Losing My Way (11)</small>|
***Until the End of Time*** is a R&B song written by Justin Timberlake, Tim Mosley, and Nate Hills and is the first single from the deluxe edition of the studio album _FutureSex/LoveSounds_.  The Benjamin Wright Orchestra also appears on the song. The official date was November 26, 2006 for mainstream urban radio. The single version of the song featuring Beyoncé Knowles debuted on June 5, 2007 on US radio and the official single release was on November 13, 2007.

## Music video

A music video has been shot at the three major destinations: Philippines, Indonesia and Los Angeles (US) on October 24, 2007. The video was released on MTV, November 22, 2007.

## Chart

|align="left"|Chart (2007)|align="center"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Euro Top 200 Chart|align="center"|230|
|align="left"|Swedish Singles Chart|align="center"|60|
|align="left"|Austrian Singles Chart|align="center"|52|
|align="left"|Romanian Romance Chart|align="center"|3|
|align="left"|Australian Hot 30 Countdown|align="center"|2|
|align="left"|Lithuanian Airplay Chart|align="center"|39|
|align="left"|German Singles Chart|align="center"|39|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|align="center"|3|
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100|align="center"|17|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Top 40 Mainstream|align="center"|26|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Pop 100|align="center"|36|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Dance Club Play|align="center"|20|
|align="left"|Entertainmenthit Top 40|align="center"|4|
Inquisition

The **Inquisition** was the legal agent of the Roman Catholic Church against heresy in the Middle Ages. Its full name was the **Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith** () of the Catholic Church.

The word _Inquisition_ comes from the Latin word _quaerere,_ which means _to turn_ or _to ask a question_.

## Purposes

The Inquisition issued a list of banned books called _The Index._ The Church had decided these books contained heresy and forbade the faithful to read them. The Inquisition also prosecuted individuals who were accused of heresy.

Later versions of the Inquisition had the power to use torture (or the threat of torture) to get confessions and force people to convert to Catholicism. It also had the power to order executions, which civil authorities carried out. Usually heretics were burned alive or strangled in public.

## History

The Inquisition developed in stages. The first permanent Inquisition was established in Rome in 1229. It was run by the Dominican Order.

In 1478, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile set up the Spanish Inquisition. It played an important role in European history.
In 1542 Pope Paul III established the Congregation of the Holy Office of the Inquisition as a tribunal staffed with cardinals and other officials. This version supervised the local Inquisitions in other countries, and also investigated important cases from Italy. The most famous person it tried was Galileo Galilei in 1633.

### The Vatican

In 2004, the Roman Catholic Church published findings that the judges of the Inquisition were "not as brutal as previously believed". The Church also denied that most trials were carried out by Catholic courts. It said the court's victims were often "tortured for only 15 minutes in the presence of doctors".

### Spain

For the past decade, movements within Spain have emerged to rewrite the history of the Spanish Inquisition. Members of the movements released a series of books, films, TV programs and mobile exhibitions to beautify the Inquisition-associated Spanish history.

## Related pages

- Ustaše
- Antisemitism
- Supersessionism
- Spanish Inquisition
- _Index Librorum Prohibitorum_
- Independent State of Croatia
- _The Protocols of the Elders of Zion_

## Other websites

- The Catholic Church
- The Secret of the Inquisition
- Antisemitism in History: From the Early Church to 1400
- Foundations of Holocaust: From Inquisition to “Purity of Blood”
- The Roman Catholic Church, the Holocaust, and the demonization of the Jews. Response to “Benjamin and us: Christanity, its Jews, and history” by Jeanne Favret-Saada
Peshawar

**Peshawar** is a city in Pakistan, and it is the capital of  Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. With a population of 1,970,042 according to the 2017 census, Peshawar is the largest city in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the sixth-largest in Pakistan.

## Etymology

Peshawar is derived from **Purushapura** which means city of men (In Sanskrit Purusha means Man and Pura means settlement). It is also locally pronounced as **Pekhawar**.

## History

Peshawar is in a valley near the historic Khyber Pass, close to the border with Afghanistan, Peshawar's recorded history dates back to at least 539 BCE, making it the oldest city in Pakistan and one of the oldest in South Asia. Peshawar was the capital of the ancient Kushan Empire and also served as the capital for the Durrani Empire.

## Geography

The city has always been very important as it served as a trading center during the Mughal Empire. It is connected to important places in the country by road, rail and air.

## Demographics

The main language spoken in Peshawar is Pashto while some speak Hindko. Urdu is understood throughout the city.

### Religions

Peshawar is mostly Muslim which make 98.5% of the city's population in the 1998 census. Christians make up the second largest religious group with around 20,000 adherents, while over 7,000 members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community live in Peshawar. Hindus and Sikhs are also found in the city − though most of them migrated to India following the Partition of India in 1947.

### Afghan refugees

In 2005, Peshawar district was home to 611,501 Afghan refugees — who made-up 19.7% of the district's total population and 20% of all Afghan refugees in Pakistan.

## Crime

Peshawar has been attacked by Islamist terrorists many times. They include a car bombing at a market in 2009, a suicide bombing at a church in 2013 and a school massacre in 2014. Over 100 people were killed in each of those attacks.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Peshawar
- **settlement type**: Valley of Peshawar
- **image skyline**: File:PeshawarCollage.jpg
- **nickname**: _Paris of the Pashtuns_
B'Day

***B'Day*** is the second studio album by American R&B singer Beyoncé, released by Columbia Records on 1 September 2006 outside North America, on September 4, 2006 worldwide, and on September 5, 2006 in Canada and the United States. The album's title comes from the fact that September 4, the date of worldwide release, is Beyoncé's birthday (2006 being her 25th). _B'Day_ won the award for "Best Contemporary R&B Album" at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards. A two-CD deluxe edition of the album, including previously unreleased material in English and Spanish, was released on April 3 2007. 6 singles were released from the album: "Déjà Vu", "Ring the Alarm", "Irreplaceable", "Beautiful Liar", "Get Me Bodied", and "Green Light". "Check on It" was also a single, but was released from the Destiny's Child album #1's.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: B'Day
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Beyoncé
- **border**: yes
- **released**: September 4, 2006
- **recorded**: April 2006; Sony Music Studios (New York City); Great Divide Studios (Aspen, Colorado, Aspen)
- **prev title**: Live at Wembley (Beyoncé album), Live at Wembley
(2004)
- **next title**: Irreemplazable
(2007)
Aldeburgh Festival

The **Aldeburgh Festival** is an English arts festival where classical music concerts take place during the summer.  Aldeburgh is in Suffolk in the south-east of England.  It is where the composer Benjamin Britten lived with his friend the tenor Peter Pears.  A lot of Britten’s music is played at the festival, but music by many other composers can be heard as well.  Most of the concerts take place in the Maltings, a concert hall in the village of Snape, not far away from Aldeburgh.

## History of the Aldeburgh Festival

The Festival was started in 1948 by Benjamin Britten, Peter Pears and the librettist Eric Crozier. They started the festival so that the English Opera Group would have a place to perform their operas, but soon the festival became bigger.  There were poetry readings, drama performances, lectures and art exhibitions.  The first festival was mostly held in Aldeburgh Jubilee Hall, a few doors away from Britten's house in Crabbe Street.  His opera _Albert Herring_ was performed, as well as his _St Nicolas Cantata_.

Over the years the festival grew.  Some of the performances took place in the church, or in churches or other halls in nearby villages and small towns such as Orford and Framlingham. However, the festival needed a large concert hall.  In the 1960s the old malthouse (where barley used to be made) in Snape was changed into a concert hall. It was opened by the Queen on 2 June 1967, at the start of the twentieth Aldeburgh Festival.

Two years later, on the first night of the 1969 Festival, the concert hall was destroyed by fire. Only the main walls remained. For that year the Festival was moved to other local places, but by the next year the hall had been rebuilt and once again it was opened by the Queen, this time at the start of the 1970 Festival.

## The Festival today

The festival is now organized by Aldeburgh Music, which also runs the Britten-Pears Young Artist Programme which gives young musicians a chance to learn from famous music teachers and perform in concerts.

The festival has a nice atmosphere because it is in the country near the sea and marshes. New music is often performed.  In the past there have been first performances of several works by Britten: (_A Midsummer Night's Dream_ in 1960; _Death in Venice_ in 1973) and also Harrison Birtwistle's _Punch and Judy_ in 1968.

The Festival's Artistic Director is now the composer Thomas Adès, who was appointed in 1999.
Lanark (disambiguation)

**Lanark** could mean:

- the town of Lanark in Scotland
- _Lanark: A Life in Four Books_, a novel by Alasdair Gray

## In Canada

- Lanark County, Ontario
- Lanark, Ontario
- Lanark, Nova Scotia in Antigonish County, Nova Scotia
- Lanark Highlands, Ontario

## Also in Scotland

- the county of Lanarkshire
- the former Lanark district, later known as Clydesdale
- the village of New Lanark, a World Heritage site
Me, Myself and I

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Me, Myself and I|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="3"|Cover|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|October 21 2003|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"||||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|3:58 (Radio Edit) 5:01 (Album Version)|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, Robert Waller|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fighting Temptation (2003r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Summertime (2004r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Be with you (5)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I (6)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Yes (7)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Destiny`s Child`s Medley (10)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Me, Myself and I (11)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Summertime (12)</small>|
***Me, Myself and I*** is an R&B/neo soul song written by Beyoncé Knowles, Scott Storch, and Robert Waller for Knowles' solo debut studio album _Dangerously in Love_ (2003). In this laid-back, but strong-willed female-empowerment anthem, the singer comes to terms with a cheating boyfriend, and declares that in the world that there is only one person she can trust who never lets her down: herself. "Me, Myself and I" was the third single to be released from the album, in the last quarter of 2003. It reached number four on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 for two weeks, becoming Beyoncé's fourth consecutive top five single in the United States; it also reached eleven in the United Kingdom.

## Official versions

- "Me, Myself and I" (Acapella)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Instrumental)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Radio Edit)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Sexy Remix)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Bama Boys Throwback Remix)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Eastern Daylight Mix By Punjabi MC & Raj Asia)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Grizzly Mix - with Rap) (featuring Ghostface Killah)
- "Me, Myself and I" (J'TY Remix) (featuring Grafh)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Junior Vasquez Radio Edit)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Radio Mix)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's Marathon Mix)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Junior's World Club Mix)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Tony Moran & Warren Rig Club Mix)
- "Me, Myself and I" (Warren Rigg Vocal Mix)
- "Me, Myself and I" (DJ Streetz/Street Mix)
Lanark: A Life in Four Books

***Lanark: A Life in Four Books*** was the first novel of Scottish writer Alasdair Gray, and is still his best known. The book was written over a period of almost thirty years and was published in 1981. It has real and fantasy descriptions of Gray's home city of Glasgow.

The book has won the Saltire Society Book of the Year and David Niven awards, and has become a cult classic. In 2006, _The Guardian_ said _Lanark_ was "one of the landmarks of 20th-century fiction."
Sexy Little Thug

|align="center" bgcolor="khaki" colspan="3"|Sexy Lil' Thug|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan="2" valign="top"|March 2003|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Hip Hop/R&B|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|3:16|||||
|colspan="2" valign="top"|Columbia|||||
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>'03 Bonnie & Clyde (2002r.)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Sexy Little Thug </small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Crazy in Love (2003r.)</small>|
|align="center" valign="top"|<small>What's It Gonna Be (10)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Sexy Little Thug (11)</small>|align="center" valign="top"|<small>Fever (12)</small>|
"**Sexy Lil' Thug**" is a cover and remix version of 50 Cent’s hit single "In da Club" (2003) by singer-songwriter Beyoncé. Recorded and released just weeks after the original, the track utilizes the original’s instrumental backing and overall melody, albeit without rap verses and with Beyoncé singing her own, female-perspective bars. In the original song, 50 Cent references some of the "finer things" in life following his career success, including Bacardi, champagne ("bubbly", "bub"), MDMA ("X", "ecstasy"), marijuana, and Mercedes-Benz; in a twist, Beyoncé chooses to highlight her impeccable style and taste, name-dropping Bailey's, Gucci, Jimmy Choo, Louis Vuitton, Manolo Blahnik, Marc Jacobs, Versace and Zinati diamonds. The singer also declares "I'm that classy mami with the Marilyn Monroe body", and "I'm that girl wearin' Chanel pearls; chandeliers on my ears from Bailey, Banks & Biddle".

Whether or not the remix was originally planned to be the lead single from Beyoncé’s debut solo album, _Dangerously in Love_ (2003), or if it was released simply for promotion, is unknown. However, Beyoncé’s father and then-manager, Mathew Knowles, stated to _MTV News_ in April 2003 that the song was just a "buzz-cut" and would not appear on the upcoming album release.

Despite some publishing and contractual issues surrounding its release, "Sexy Lil' Thug" received radio airplay and became a moderate hit, managing to remain on the US _Billboard_ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart for seven weeks, where it peaked at #67, as well as the US _Billboard_ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay chart for four weeks, where it also peaked at #67.

The song eventually received an official release in November 2005, on Beyoncé's _Speak My Mind_ mixtape.

## Charts

|align="left"|Chart (2003)|align="left"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|align="center"|67|
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay|align="center"|67|
Encore (concert)

An **encore** is an extra piece that is played at the end a performance. It is not on the programme, although the performer may have secretly planned it. A performer will play an encore if the audience claps a lot. Sometimes the audience shout "encore!" when they want an encore. The word "encore" is the French word for "again".

An encore is usually a short piece. Often it is a fast piece to finish the performance off happily, but if a musician has just played a very energetic, loud piece, then the encore might be a quiet piece. A concert given by a solo performer or small group of performers is more likely to finish with an encore than a concert with an orchestra, but a lot depends on the tradition from one country to another.
Cay

A **cay** ( "key" ) is a small, low island made of mostly sand or coral and on top of a coral reef, a very small island.

The English word _cay_ comes from the Spanish word _cayo_ and this from the Taíno word _cayo_ meaning "small island". The English words _key_ and _quay_ (which means wharf) come from the old French _kai_ meaning "sand bank". Because it is a Taíno word, "cay" (and the other forms) are used mainly in the Caribbean, but the type of island is in tropical seas where there are coral reefs.

Sand cays are built on the edge of the coral reefs, opposite the direction from which the wind blows most of the time. Because of that, cays are often elongated. Tides and wind (and sometimes sea birds) deposit coral debris. Weather affects the formation of cays greatly. Large tides bring much more debris onto the cay and make it larger, while a hurricane destroys a cay.

Some cays are very large; Cayo Coco, north of Cuba, is about 370 km<sup>2</sup>. Those large cays are being used for tourism because they have beaches with white sand and the presence of coral reefs.

## Other websites

- Montague, Artur, _El elemento español en el vocabulario inglés: prolegómenos a una lista._ AIH. Actas IV (1971). (in Spanish)
- Online Etymology Dictionary
Actinopterygii

The **Actinopterygii** is the class of **ray-finned fishes**.

The ray-finned fishes get their name from the fact their fins are webs of skin held by bony or horny spines ("rays"). This is different from the fleshy fins of the fish in the Sarcopterygii. Ray-finned fish  first appeared in the Silurian period.

Actinopterygians are the largest class of vertebrates. There are nearly 25,000 species. They can be found in both fresh water and marine environments from the deep sea to the highest mountain streams.

Most of the living species are teleosts, which are late-comers to the fish domain. The first teleosts are in the Mesozoic era, yet now they make up 96% of all fish.

## Taxonomy

- **Chondrostei** (bichirs and sturgeons)
- **Neopterygii**
    - **Holostei** (gars and bowfins)
    - **Teleostei**
        - Osteoglossomorpha
        - Elopomorpha (eels)
        - Clupeomorpha (herrings, anchovies)
        - Ostariophysi (goldfish, minnows, catfish, electric eels)
        - Protacanthopterygii (salmon, trout, pike)
        - Stenopterygii
        - Cyclosquamata
        - Scopelomorpha
        - Lampridiomorpha
        - Polymyxiomorpha
        - Paracanthopterygii (cod, anglerfish)
        - Acanthopterygii (mullets, flying fishes, sticklebacks, seahorses, flatfish, cichlids, mackerel, tuna, perch)
EP (disambiguation)

**EP** may refer to following:
- European Parliament
- Extended Play
- El Paso Corp.

## Music

- _EP_ (The 77s EP), a 1999 rock album
- _EP_ (Childish Gambino EP), 2011 album from rapper Childish Gambino
- _EP_ (The Fiery Furnaces album), a 2003 indie rock album
- _EP_ (The Format album), 2002 work
- _EP_ (Hope&Social EP), 2008 work
- _EP_ (Luna EP), a 1996 indie pop/rock album
- _EP_ (Matchbox Twenty EP), a 2002 album by Matchbox Twenty
- _EP_ (Mogwai EP), a 1999 Scottish post-rock album
- Entity Paradigm, a Pakistani rock band
Extended play

**Extended play** (**EP**) is a name given to CDs and records which contain more music than a single, but are too short to be called a music album. EPs usually have about 15 to 30 minutes of music, singles have less than 10 minutes and albums have about 25 to 80 minutes of music.

## Related pages

- Album
- Single
- Pop music
- Rock music
Millennium Stadium

The **Millennium Stadium** is a stadium in Cardiff, Wales. It has a capacity of around 74,500.
National Collegiate Athletic Association

The **National Collegiate Athletic Association** (NCAA) is a college sports organization in the United States. It was established on March 31, 1906. The NCAA has three levels of sports: Division I, Division II, and Division III.  Division I schools usually are the biggest college sports powers, with larger budgets, better sports facilities, and higher numbers of sports scholarships compared to Division II and III schools. Its headquarters are in Indianapolis, Indiana.

## Related pages

- NCAA Award of Valor
Happy Mondays

The **Happy Mondays** were an alternative rock band from Manchester who became popular in the 1980s. They were associated with the house music movement and Madchester. Their biggest hit was Step On, from the album Pills n Thrills n Bellyaches.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Happy Mondays
- **img**: Happy_Mondays_June_30_2006.jpg
- **img capt**: Happy Mondays in 2006
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Little Hulton, Greater Manchester, England
- **genre**: Alternative rock, Madchester, acid house, hip house
- **years active**: 19801993
19992000
20042010;2012
- **label**: Factory Records, Factory, Elektra Records, Elektra
- **associated acts**: Black Grape, Buffalo 66, Amateur Night In The Big Top, Big Arm, The Hippy Mafia
- **current members**: Shaun Ryder
Bez (dancer), Mark "Bez" Berry
Gary Whelan
Mark Day
Paul Ryder
Paul Davis
Rowetta Satchell
Adidas

**Adidas AG** is a major German sports apparel manufacturer, part of the Adidas Group, consisting of Reebok sportswear company, Taylormade golf company, Maxfli golf balls, and Adidas golf and is the second largest sportswear manufacturer in the world.

## History

Adidas was founded in 1948 by Adolf Dassler. The title of brand was named after the founder (Adi from Adolf das from Dassler). A year later, the basic form of Adidas logo Three stripes was made. Adidas products are still being made today. The Adidas group makes 600 kinds of shoes and 1,500 kinds of clothings every season.

## Logos

Adidas has three types of logos, which are originals, sports performance, and sports style. Each type follows the product design concept and shared inspiration. They imply the features of lots of products.

## Originals (Trefoil or Heritage)

Adidas heritage line shows the combined design of sportism and lifestyle. With retrospecting 60s, products including clothes, shoes, bags, and other fashion items are reappearing. Heritage’s logo Trefoil was developed based on the three stripes in 1971. With crossing the tree stripes which symbolize diversity of brand, the unique characteristic of logo is expressed geometrically. This was an innovation in the existing logo.

## Sports performance

Sports performance line shows the goods which contains its self-esteem as a professional sports brand. The logo with three stripes has been used constantly. And, in 1997, Adidas‘ creative director Peter Moore renobated the type. He wanted to keep important meanings of old one, but at the same time he needed new logo which can be applied to the modern design. From his hand, three stripes became to mean a mountain which symbolizes a challenge and an accomplishment. And the parallel lines of stripes express gradually the brand's goal.

## Sports style

It might be called "collection line." This Adidas sports style has shown off its design which is made by Yohji Yamamoto. He designs shoes, clothes, and accessaries with future-oriented images. in 2001, the initial sports style logo symbolized the swiftly chaning world. The three stripes which cross the oval capture the speed of changing. It means that the stripes are rushing with intersecting the world. The innovative works which pursue a beauty and a function based on tradition show brand's another potentiality.

## Other websites

- Official website
New Order

**New Order** are a band from Salford, popular in the 1980s. Its members are: Bernard Sumner, Stephen Morris, Gillian Gilbert, Phil Cunningham, and Tom Chapman. Their biggest hit is _Blue Monday_, which was the biggest selling 12" record of all time. They started in 1980 after Ian Curtis, the singer of Joy Division, which the members were part of, committed suicide, because they had agreed before Curtis died that if any member left they would not carry on playing as Joy Division. They have broke up twice, first in 1993 and then in 2007. In 2011 they reformed. They have released nine studio albums.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: New Order
- **img**: EXIT 2012 New Order.jpg
- **img capt**: New Order in 2012
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Salford, Greater Manchester, England
- **genre**: Alternative dance, synthpop, post-punk, New Wave music, new wave, alternative rock
- **years active**: 1980–1993, 1998–2007, 2011-present
- **label**: Factory Records, Factory
London Records, London
Qwest Records, Qwest
Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros.
Reprise Records, Reprise
- **associated acts**: Joy Division
Electronic (band), Electronic
Monaco (band), Monaco
Revenge (band), Revenge
The Other Two
Freebass
Bad Lieutenant
- **current members**: Bernard Sumner
Stephen Morris (musician), Stephen Morris
Gillian Gilbert
Phil Cunningham (rock musician), Phil Cunningham
Tom Chapman
- **past members**: Peter Hook
Peter Hook

**Peter "Hooky" Hook** (born 13 February 1956) is an English bass guitar player.  He played in the bands Joy Division, New Order, Revenge and Monaco.

## Other websites

- Peter Hook's biography
- Short biography at JoyDiv.org
- Peter Hook pretending to DJ

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **name**: Peter Hook
- **img**: Peterhook.jpg
- **birth name**: Peter Hook
- **birth place**: Salford, England
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, Guitar, Electronic drums, Keyboard (music), Keyboards, singing, Vocals
- **associated acts**: Joy Division
New Order
Monaco (band), Monaco
Revenge (band), Revenge
Freebass
Bernard Sumner

**Bernard Sumner** (born 4 January 1956) is a singer with the bands Joy Division, New Order, and Electronic. He is also known as **Bernard Albrecht**. He plays guitar and keyboard.

Sumner was born in Broughton, England.
Chorlton-on-Medlock

**Chorlton-on-Medlock** is a district of Manchester in England. It is south of the city centre. The northern border is the river Medlock. It is sometimes mistaken for Chorlton-cum-Hardy, a different place in Manchester. The main campuses of the University of Manchester and the Manchester Metropolitan University are in Chorlton-on-Medlock. A group of hospitals including the Manchester Royal Infirmary and hospitals for women, children and the treatment of diseases of the eyes is also in the district. Famous residents of Chorlton-on-Medlock include Lloyd George, Emmeline Pankhurst and Elizabeth Gaskell.