juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alison Moyet

**Alison Moyet** (born **Genevieve Alison Jane Moyet** on 18 June 1961), is an English pop singer-songwriter noted for her bluesy voice http://wm10.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:jifpxqugld6e .

## Early life and career

Alison Moyet was born in Billericay, Essex, England. Her father was French; her mother was English. She grew up in Basildon, where she attended school. She left school at 16 and trained as a piano tuner. She was involved in a number of punk rock, pub rock and blues bands in the South East Essex area during the late 1970s and early 1980s, including the Vandals, the Screamin' Ab Dabs, the Vicars and the Little Roosters.

## Yazoo

Moyet's pop career began in 1981 when she formed the electropop group Yazoo with former Depeche Mode member Vince Clarke. Yazoo had several hits, including "Only You", "Don't Go", "Situation" and "Nobody's Diary", and recorded two albums, _Upstairs at Eric's_ and _You and Me Both_.

In 1983 Moyet and Clarke decided to end Yazoo. Clarke formed The Assembly and later Erasure; Moyet started a solo career. Moyet reunited with Clarke as Yazoo for a live tour during 2008.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Alison Moyet
- **img**: Alison Moyet Dublin 2008.jpg
- **img capt**: Alison Moyet, Dublin 2008
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Genevieve Alison Jane Moyet
- **birth place**: Billericay, Essex, England
- **origin**: Basildon, Essex, England
- **instrument**: Singing
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Rock music, Rock, Blues music, Blues
- **occupation**: singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1981–present
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia (1983–2002)
Sanctuary Records, Sanctuary (2002–2006)
W14 Music, W14 (2006–)
- **associated acts**: Yazoo
- **website**: http://www.alisonmoyet.com
Durham County, North Carolina

**Durham County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.   Its county seat is Durham.

## History

The county was made on April 17, 1881, from parts of Orange County and Wake County.  In 1911 parts of Cedar Fork Township in Wake County were transferred to Durham County and became Carr Township.

## Government

Durham County is part of the regional Triangle J Council of Governments.

## Cities and Towns

The only incorporated city in Durham County is the City of Durham.  But, parts of the Town of Chapel Hill in Orange County are also in Durham County.

## Connected Counties

- Person County, North Carolina - north
- Granville County, North Carolina - northeast
- Wake County, North Carolina - southeast
- Chatham County, North Carolina - south-southwest
- Orange County, North Carolina - west

## Other websites

- Durham County government official website
- Durham Convention and Visitors Bureau

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Durham County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **founded**: 1881
- **named for**: Bartlett Snipes Durham
- **seat wl**: Durham
- **largest city wl**: Durham
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 297.86
- **area land sq mi**: 286.53
- **area water sq mi**: 11.33
- **area percentage**: 3.80
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 324833
- **population density sq mi**: 1133.68
- **web**: www.dconc.gov
- **ex image**: Durham County Justice.JPG
- **ex image cap**: Durham County Courthouse
- **district**: 4th
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **motto**: "Live. Grow. Thrive."
Nash County, North Carolina

**Nash County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  As of 2020, 94,970 people lived there. Its county seat is Nashville.

## History

The county was made in 1777 from Edgecombe County. It was named for Brigadier General Francis Nash, who had been wounded that year at the Battle of Germantown.

In 1855 parts of Nash County, Edgecombe County, Johnston County, and Wayne County were combined to make Wilson County.

## Government

Nash County is part of the regional Upper Coastal Plain Council of Governments.

## Connected counties

These counties are connected to Nash County:
- Halifax County, North Carolina - north
- Edgecombe County, North Carolina - east
- Wilson County, North Carolina - south
- Johnston County, North Carolina - southwest
- Franklin County, North Carolina - west
- Wake County, North Carolina - southwest

## Cities and towns

These are the cities and towns in Nash County:
- Bailey
- Battleboro
- Castalia
- Dortches
- Middlesex
- Momeyer
- Nashville
- Red Oak
- Rocky Mount
- Spring Hope
- Whitakers

## Other websites

- Nash County government official website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Nash County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **ex image**: Nash County Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Nash County Courthouse in Nashville
- **founded**: 1777
- **named for**: Francis Nash
- **seat wl**: Nashville
- **largest city wl**: Rocky Mount
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 542.82
- **area land sq mi**: 540.44
- **area water sq mi**: 2.38
- **area percentage**: 0.44
- **web**: nashcountync.gov
- **district**: 1st
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 94970
- **population density sq mi**: 175.73
- **motto**: "Where Business meets Opportunity"
Granville County, North Carolina

**Granville County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  As of 2020, 60,992 people lived there.  Its county seat is Oxford.

## History

The county was made in 1746 from Edgecombe County.

In 1752 parts of Granville County, Bladen County, and Johnston County were combined to form Orange County.  In 1764 the eastern part of Granville County became Bute County.  And in 1881 parts of Granville County, Franklin County, and Warren County were combined to form Vance County.

## Government

Granville County is part of the Kerr-Tar Regional Council of Governments.

## Bordoring Counties

The counties border, or connect to, Granville County:
- Mecklenburg County, Virginia - north
- Vance County, North Carolina - east
- Franklin County, North Carolina - southeast
- Wake County, North Carolina - south
- Durham County, North Carolina - southwest
- Person County, North Carolina - west
- Halifax County, Virginia - north-northwest

## Cities and towns

These cities and towns are in Granville County:
- Butner
- Creedmoor
- Oxford
- Stem
- Stovall

## Other websites

- Granville County government official website
- Granville County Chamber of Commerce
- Granville County Historical Society/Museums

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Granville County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **ex image**: Granville County Courthouse, Oxford 01.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Granville County Courthouse
- **motto**: "Combining historic beauty with rich resources for tomorrow"
- **founded title**: Established
- **named for**: John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville
- **seat wl**: Oxford
- **largest city wl**: Butner
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 537.59
- **area land sq mi**: 531.99
- **area water sq mi**: 5.60
- **area percentage**: 1.04
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 60992
- **population density sq mi**: 114.65
- **web**: granvillecounty.org
- **district**: 4th
Franklin County, North Carolina

**Franklin County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  As of 2020, 68,573 people lived there.  Its county seat is Louisburg.

## History

The county was made in 1779 from the southern half of Bute County.  It was named for Benjamin Franklin.

In 1881, parts of Franklin County, Granville County, and Warren County were combined to form Vance County.

## Law and government

Franklin County is a member of the Kerr-Tar Regional Council of Governments.

## Education

The Methodist Louisburg College and a campus of Vance-Granville Community College are in Franklin County.

## Connected Counties

These counties are connected to Franklin County:
- Warren County, North Carolina - north-northeast
- Nash County, North Carolina - east
- Wake County, North Carolina - southwest
- Granville County, North Carolina - west
- Vance County, North Carolina - north-northwest
- Johnston County, North Carolina - south
- Halifax County, North Carolina - northeast

## Cities and Towns

These cities and towns are in Franklin County:
- Bunn
- Centerville
- Franklinton
- Louisburg
- Youngsville

## Other websites

- Franklin County government official website
- Greater Franklin County Chamber of Commerce
- _The Franklin Times_

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Franklin County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **ex image**: Franklin County Courthouse NC 01.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Franklin County Courthouse in Louisburg
- **founded**: 1779
- **named for**: Benjamin Franklin
- **seat wl**: Louisburg
- **largest city wl**: Louisburg
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 494.57
- **area land sq mi**: 491.80
- **area water sq mi**: 2.77
- **area percentage**: 0.56
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 68573
- **population density sq mi**: 139.43
- **web**: www.franklincountync.gov
- **motto**: "_Leges Juraque Vindicamus_" <small>(Latin language, Latin)</small>
(We Defend Laws and Justice)
"A Research Triangle Region Community"
- **district**: 1st
- **time zone**: Eastern
Shoulder rest

A **shoulder rest** is something which is used by people who play the violin or the viola. It may be made of wood, aluminium, carbon fiber or plastic. It appeared around the middle part of the 20th century. Usually, the shoulder rest attaches to the edge of the violin with "feet" padded with rubber tubing or made of soft plastic.

The purpose of a shoulder rest is to help the player to be comfortable holding the violin, which is held between the chin and the shoulder. It is a relatively recent invention, and though it is quite commonly used among modern violinists and violists, it is not universally used. Depending on body type and style of clothes, some musicians prefer no more than a thin sponge, a cloth or sometimes nothing at all under the instrument. It is important that the player can shift his left hand easily and freely to play in the higher positions without being afraid that he will drop the instrument, and without feeling the need to squeeze the instrument between his chin and shoulder as this will make the muscles in his neck very tight.

The shoulder rest must not be confused with the chinrest, which is the bit on which the player rests his chin.

## Related pages

- Chinrest
Johnston County, North Carolina

**Johnston County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2020, 215,999 people lived there. Its county seat is Smithfield.

## History

The county was made in 1746 from Craven County.  It was named for Gabriel Johnston, who used to be the governor of North Carolina.

In 1752 parts of Johnston County, Bladen County, and Granville County were combined to form Orange County.  In 1758 the eastern part of Johnston County became Dobbs County.  In 1770 parts of Johnston County, Cumberland County, and Orange County were combined to form Wake County.  And in 1855 parts of Johnston County, Edgecombe County, Nash County, and Wayne County were combined to form Wilson County.

## Government

Johnston County is a member of the regional Triangle J Council of Governments.

## Connected Counties

These counties are connected to Johnston County:
- Nash County, North Carolina - north-northeast
- Wilson County, North Carolina - northeast
- Wayne County, North Carolina - southeast
- Sampson County, North Carolina - south
- Harnett County, North Carolina - southwest
- Wake County, North Carolina - northwest

## Major Roads

- Interstate 40
- Interstate 95
- U.S. Highway 70
- U.S. Highway 301
- U.S. Highway 701

## Cities and towns

These cities and towns are in Johnston County:
- Benson
- Clayton
- Four Oaks
- Kenly
- Micro
- Pine Level
- Princeton
- Selma
- Smithfield
- West Smithfield
- Wilson's Mills
- Zebulon

## Newspapers in Johnston County

- Clayton News-Star
- Kenly News
- The Four Oaks-Benson News in Review
- Princeton News Leader
- The Selma News
- The Smithfield Herald
- The Cleveland Post
- The News & Observer
- The Goldsboro News-Argus

## Other websites

- Johnston County government official website
- Johnston County Visitors Bureau, the official site for visitor information for Johnston County

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Johnston County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **ex image**: Johnston County, NC courthouse from NE 2.JPG
- **ex image cap**: Johnston County Courthouse in Smithfield
- **founded title**: Established
- **named for**: Gabriel Johnston
- **seat wl**: Smithfield
- **largest city wl**: Clayton
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 795.65
- **area land sq mi**: 792.02
- **area water sq mi**: 3.63
- **area percentage**: 0.46
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 215999
- **population density sq mi**: 272.72
- **zip codes**: 27501, 27504, 27520, 27524, 27527, 27529, 27542, 27555, 27557, 27568, 27569, 27576, 27577, 27591, 27592, 27597, 27603, 28334, 28366
- **area codes**: Area codes 919 and 984, 919, 984
- **district**: 13th
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **web**: johnstonnc.com
Felinae

The **Felinae** is a subfamily of the Felidae family. It includes small cats and a few medium-large cats, especially the cougar (_Puma concolor_) and the cheetah (_Acinonyx jubatus_).

## Genetic classification

There is now a precise classification for the living members of the subfamily based on genetic research.  These genetic lineages have been identified:

- Lineage 1A: _Pardofelis_ (marbled cat) and _Catopuma_ (Bornean bay cat, and Asian golden cat)
- Lineage 1B: _Leptailurus_ (serval), _Caracal_, _Profelis_ (African golden cat)
- Lineage 2: _Leopardus_: small spotted cats of Central and South America. Best known is the ocelot; also the guigna, margay, and Andean mountain cat
- Lineage 3: _Lynx_
- Lineage 4: _Puma_, _Acinonyx_ (the cheetah)
- Lineage 5: _Prionailurus_ (spotted Asian wildcats), _Otocolobus_ (Pallas's cat), leopard cat (_Prionailurus bengalensis_), marbled cat (_Pardofelis marmorata_), rusty-spotted cat (_Prionailurus rubiginosus_), fishing cat (_Prionailurus viverrinus_), flat-headed cat (_Prionailurus planiceps_)
- Lineage 6: _Felis_: the domestic cat and its nearest relatives. Widespread in Africa, Asia and Europe, notably the jungle cat, sand cat,  and the wildcat. African wildcat (_Felis silvestris lybica_), black-footed cat (_Felis negripes_), Chinese mountain cat (_Felis bieti_)
The Quibbler

***The Quibbler*** is a fictional magazine of the Harry Potter world.
_The Quibbler_ is written by Xenophilius Lovegood, father of Luna Lovegood. The magazine is meant to cause shock, and contains the strange opinions of Xenophilius. Luna believes in everything her father says and during the "Order of the Phoenix" she had lots of arguments with Hermione Granger about it.

_The Quibbler_ often has articles about creatures that other characters believe to not exist. Because of Hermione, in _Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix_, it published an interview between Rita Skeeter and Harry Potter. In this interview, Harry said that he had seen Lord Voldemort.

For most of _Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows_, _The Quibbler_ writes positive views on Harry, and tells people to support him. However, after Luna is taken by the "Death Eaters" (supporters of Voldemort), Xenophilius turns against Harry and begins posting wanted signs for him in _The Quibbler_. When Harry visits him for information on the _Deathly Hallows_, Xenophilius turns him in to the Death Eaters. Harry narrowly escapes.
Camera obscura (disambiguation)

Camera obscura means "darkened chamber" to describe early devices for projecting an image on a screen, by use of a lens or a pinhole.

**Camera obscura** can also mean
- Camera Obscura, an attraction at the Cliff House in San Francisco.
- Camera Obscura (band), an indie band from Glasgow
- Camera Obscura (album), by Nico
- _Camera Obscura_, one of the translated titles of a 1932 novel by Vladimir Nabokov
- The Camera Obscura (Fatal Frame) is also the name of a camera used to exorcise spirits by taking pictures, used in the game Fatal Frame
- Camera Obscura (Doctor Who) a novel based on the _Doctor Who_ series
- Camera Obscura (German band), a German instrumental group, who had a minor hit in 1983 with the _Destitution_ EP

## Related pages

- Pinhole camera
Pinhole camera

A **pinhole camera** is a camera without a conventional glass lens.  An extremely small hole in a thin material can create an image when all light rays from a scene go through a single point. In order to produce a reasonably clear image, the aperture has to be about 1/100th the distance to the screen, or less.  The shutter of a pinhole camera usually consists of a hand operated flap of some light-proof material to cover and uncover the pinhole.

A common use of a pinhole camera is to capture the movement of sunlight over a long period of time. This type of photography is called Solargraphy.
Pinhole cameras require much longer exposure times than conventional cameras because of the small aperture; typical exposure times can range from 5 seconds to hours or days.

The image may be projected on a translucent screen for real-time viewing (popular for viewing solar eclipses; see also camera obscura).

Like other cameras, pinhole cameras make the picture upside-down.

## Invention of pinhole camera

Very early in history (as far back as 500 B.C.), Greeks such as Aristotle and Euclid wrote on naturally-occurring rudimentary pinhole cameras, for example light may travel through the slits of wicker baskets and the crossing of leaves  The ancient Greeks, however, believed that our eye emitted rays which enabled us to see. What enabled a much better understanding of the pinhole camera was the discovery that light enters the eye rather than leaving it. It was the 10th-century Muslim mathematician, astronomer and physicist Ibn al-Haytham who published this idea.

## Other websites

- Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day website
- Pinhole Photography and Camera Design Calculators
- Illustrated history of cinematography
- History and Pinhole Photography Resources
Shutter

**Shutter** could mean:

**Windows:**
- Window shutter, a solid window covering used to block light and winds
- Hurricane shutter, a reinforced window shutter for protection in strong winds

**Optical:**
- Shutter (photography), a photographic device that administers the exposure by limiting the time over which light is admitted
- Movie projector shutter, used to interrupt the emitted light during the time the film is advanced to the next frame
- Stage lighting shutter, used to modify the light cast by a theatre light
- A device used to manipulate pulses of light in a signal lamp

**Acoustic:**
- Swell shutter, a flap used to control the flow of air through the pipes in a pipe organ

**Movies:**
- Shutter (Thai movie), a 2004 horror movie from Thailand
- Shutter (US movie), a 2004 movie from the United States
- Shutter (Short movie), a 2001 short movie by Jannu Alain Goldschmidt
- Shutter (2008 movie), a 2008 starring Joshua Jackson

**Other**
- Shuttering is the permanent closure of a building or business.
Shutter (photography)

In photography, a **shutter** is the part of a camera that opens for a controlled period of time to let light in during taking a picture.

A shutter can also be used to allow pulses of light to pass outwards, as in a movie projector or signal lamp.

## Camera shutters

Camera shutters can be fitted in two positions:
- Central shutters are mounted within a lens assembly, or more rarely behind or even in front of a lens and shut off the beam of light where it is narrow. A leaf mechanism is usually used.
- Focal plane shutters are mounted near the focal plane and move to uncover the film or sensor.

Shutters immediately behind the lens were used in some cameras with limited lens interchangeability. Shutters in front of the lens were used in the early days of photography.

## Related pages

- Photographic lens
Movie projector

A **movie projector** is a machine that shows moving pictures by projecting them on a projection screen. Most of the optical and mechanical elements, except for the illumination and sound devices, are present in movie cameras. Many movie projectors use film and are called "film projectors". They are similar to slide projectors but with additional parts to keep the film moving at the correct speed.

## Other websites

- Collection of restored cinema projectors and lighting by Regal Group, UK.
- Film-Tech
- American Wide Screen Museum
- The story of the DP70 - The Todd-AO Projector
- A Cinerama site
Indigofera

***Indigofera*** is a big genus of about 700 species of flowering plants. They mostly grow in tropical areas of the world. They were used to make Indigo dye.
Yekaterinburg

**Yekaterinburg** (formerly named **Sverdlovsk**) is a big city in the Ural mountains in the Asian part of Russia. It is the administrative center of Sverdlovsk Oblast. It has a population of 1,483,119 people. The city was started in 1723 by Vasily Tatischev and named after empress Catherine I who was the Peter the Great’s wife.

## Twin cities

Yekaterinburg is a sister city of
- - Pilsen, Czech Republic
- - San Jose, California, U.S.A., since 1992
- - Guangzhou, the People's Republic of China, since July 10 2002
- - Genoa, Italy
- - Ferentino, Italy

## Related pages

- List of cities and towns in Russia

## Infobox (russian inhabited locality)

- **en name**: Yekaterinburg
- **ru name**: Екатеринбург
- **other name**: Sverdlovsk (1924–1991)
- **image flag**: Flag of Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk oblast).svg
- **image coa**: Coat of Arms of Yekaterinburg (Sverdlovsk oblast).svg
- **coa caption**: Coat of arms
- **holiday**: 3rd Saturday of August
- **federal subject**: Sverdlovsk Oblast
- **adm inhabloc jur**: City of federal subject significance, City of Yekaterinburg
- **adm ctr of1**: Sverdlovsk Oblast
- **adm ctr of2**: City of Yekaterinburg
- **inhabloc cat**: City
- **urban okrug jur**: Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug
- **mun admctr of1**: Yekaterinburg Urban Okrug
- **leader title**: Head
- **leader name**: Alexander Vysokinskiy
- **representative body**: City Duma
- **area km2**: 495
- **pop 2010census**: 1,537,000
- **pop 2010census rank**: 4th
- **pop latest**: 1488791
- **pop latest date**: 2025
- **established date**: 18 November 1723
- **current cat date**: 1796
- **postal codes**: 620000
- **dialing codes**: 343
- **website**: http://www.ekburg.ru/
- **date**: January 2019
Collingwood, Victoria

**Collingwood** is a suburb in Melbourne, Australia. It was named after Baron Cuthbert Collingwood (1748 - 1810), an admiral of the Royal Navy.

## Sport

The Collingwood Football Club was originally based in Collingwood, but has since moved to the Lexus Centre.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: suburb
- **name**: Collingwood
- **city**: Melbourne
- **state**: vic
- **caption**: Aerial view of Collingwood looking south west toward Victoria Street, Melbourne, Victoria Parade; Hoddle Street (left) and Smith Street on (top right)
- **alternative location map**: Australia Victoria metropolitan Melbourne
- **pop year**: 2016
- **density**: 7217
- **est**: 1850s
- **postcode**: 3066
- **area**: 1.3
- **lga**: City of Yarra
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Richmond (Victoria), Richmond
- **fedgov**: Division of Melbourne, Melbourne
- **near-n**: Clifton Hill, Victoria, Clifton Hill
- **near-ne**: Clifton Hill, Victoria, Clifton Hill
- **near-e**: Abbotsford, Victoria, Abbotsford
- **near-se**: Richmond, Victoria, Richmond
- **near-s**: East Melbourne, Victoria, East Melbourne
- **near-sw**: Melbourne city centre, Melbourne
- **near-w**: Fitzroy, Victoria, Fitzroy
- **near-nw**: Fitzroy North, Victoria, Fitzroy North
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
William R. King

**William Rufus DeVane King** (April 7, 1786 – April 18, 1853) was a U.S. representative from North Carolina, a U.S. senator from Alabama, and the 13th vice president of the United States. Excluding John Tyler and Andrew Johnson, both of whom ascended to the presidency, he was the shortest-serving person to occupy that office (45 days) since he died shortly after his term began. (See List of vice presidents of the United States by time in office).

## Infobox (vice president)

- **name**: William R. King
- **image**: William Rufus DeVane King 1839 portrait.jpg
- **order**: 13th Vice President of the United States
- **term start**: March 4, 1853
- **term end**: April 18, 1853
- **president**: Franklin Pierce
- **predecessor**: Millard Fillmore
- **successor**: John C. Breckinridge
- **birth place**: Sampson County, North Carolina
- **death place**: Selma, Alabama, Selma, Dallas County, Alabama
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
Harnett County, North Carolina

**Harnett County** is a county in the state of North Carolina, United States.  In 2020, 133,568 people lived there.  Its county seat is Lillington.

## History

The county was made in 1855 from Cumberland County.  It was named for Cornelius Harnett.

## Government

Harnett County is a member of the Mid-Carolina Council of Governments.

## Connected Counties

- Wake County, North Carolina - north-northeast
- Johnston County, North Carolina - east
- Sampson County, North Carolina - southeast
- Cumberland County, North Carolina - south
- Moore County, North Carolina - southwest
- Lee County, North Carolina - northwest
- Chatham County, North Carolina - north-northwest

## Cities and Towns

These cities and towns are in Harnett County:
- Angier
- Coats
- Dunn
- Erwin
- Lillington

## Other websites

- Harnett County official website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Harnett County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **founded**: 1855
- **named for**: Cornelius Harnett
- **seat wl**: Lillington
- **largest city wl**: Anderson Creek
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 601.22
- **area land sq mi**: 594.93
- **area water sq mi**: 6.29
- **area percentage**: 1.05
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 133568
- **population density sq mi**: 224.51
- **web**: www.harnett.org
- **ex image**: Harnett County Courthouse (cropped).jpg
- **ex image cap**: Harnett County Courthouse
- **district**: 9th
- **district2**: 13th
- **time zone**: Eastern
Chatham County, North Carolina

**Chatham County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2020, 76,285 people lived there.  Its county seat is Pittsboro.

## History

The county was made in 1771 from Orange County.

In 1907 parts of Chatham County and Moore County were combined to form Lee County.

## Government

Chatham County is part of the regional Triangle J Council of Governments.

## Schools

Chatham County has its own public school system for grades kindergarten to 12.  Central Carolina Community College also has two campuses in the county.

## Coal Mines

Chatham County has the only coal mines in North Carolina.  Coal mining used to be very important to the county, but in the 1920s a bad accident in one of the mines killed many workers.  By the 1940s all the mines had closed.  Some people have tried to open the mines back up, but the mines are too dangerous.  Right now none of the mines are open.

## New Houses

Many builders are building new houses in Chatham County right now.  Some people in the county do not like this because they do not want Chatham County to have a lot of people.  A lot of people want to live in Chatham County because they do not have to pay as much tax as people in other North Carolina counties do.  But other people think it is good that a lot of people want to live in the county because then the county will make more money from taxes.

## Connected Counties

- Orange County, North Carolina - north
- Durham County, North Carolina - northeast
- Wake County, North Carolina - east
- Harnett County, North Carolina - southeast
- Lee County, North Carolina - south
- Moore County, North Carolina - southwest
- Randolph County, North Carolina - west
- Alamance County, North Carolina - northwest

## Cities and Towns

These cities and towns are in Chatham County:
- Fearrington
- Goldston
- Pittsboro
- Siler City

## Roads

These are the most important roads in Chatham County:
- U.S. Highway 64
- U.S. Highway 421
- U.S. Highway 15-501

## Other websites

- Chatham County Government
- Chatham County Travel Website
- Chatham Journal Newspaper
- Chatham Online Bulletin Board

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Chatham County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **founded**: 1771
- **named for**: William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham
- **seat wl**: Pittsboro
- **largest city wl**: Siler City
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 708.93
- **area land sq mi**: 681.68
- **area water sq mi**: 27.25
- **area percentage**: 3.84
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 76285
- **population density sq mi**: 111.91
- **web**: www.chathamcountync.gov
- **ex image**: Chatham County Courthouse (April 2023) 6.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Chatham County Courthouse in Pittsboro
- **district**: 9th
- **time zone**: Eastern
Carteret County, North Carolina

**Carteret County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2020, 67,686 people lived there.  Its county seat is Beaufort. Most of the county is part of the Crystal Coast.

## Government

Carteret County is part of the Eastern Carolina Council of Governments.

## Connected Counties

- Craven County (north)
- Pamlico County (north)
- Onslow County (west-southwest)
- Jones County (west-northwest)

## Cities and Towns

These cities and towns are in Carteret County:
- Atlantic Beach
- Beaufort
- Bogue
- Cape Carteret
- Cedar Point
- Emerald Isle
- Indian Beach
- Morehead City
- Newport
- Peletier
- Pine Knoll Shores

## Schools

The county has its own public school system called Carteret County Schools.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Carteret County _News-Times_

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Carteret County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **founded year**: 1722
- **named for**: Sir George Carteret
- **seat wl**: Beaufort
- **largest city wl**: Morehead City
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 1330.41
- **area land sq mi**: 507.60
- **area water sq mi**: 822.81
- **area percentage**: 61.85
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 67686
- **population density sq mi**: 133.35
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **web**: www.carteretcountync.gov
- **ex image**: Carteret County Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Carteret County Courthouse
- **district**: 3rd
Roger Penrose

**Sir Roger Penrose** Kt OM FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist. He is Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the  University of Oxford and emeritus fellow of Wadham College.

Penrose won the Nobel Prize in Physics, jointly, in 2020. Previously he had won the 1988 Wolf Prize in Physics, which he shared with Stephen Hawking for the Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2019.

## Works

He is renowned for his work in astrophysics with Stephen Hawking, in particular his contributions to general relativity and cosmology. He is also a recreational mathematician and philosopher.

Roger Penrose is the brother of mathematician Oliver Penrose and chess grandmaster Jonathan Penrose. His sister, now Shirley Hodgson, is a notable geneticist. He was born in Colchester, Essex, England. He was awarded the Copley Medal in 2008.

In 2020, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Reinhard Genzel and Andrea M. Ghez.

## Works

- _Techniques of Differential Topology in Relativity_. 1972,
- _Spinors and Space-Time, volume 1: Two-spinor calculus and relativistic fields_. (with Wolfgang Rindler) 1987.
- _Spinors and Space-Time, volume 2: Spinor and twistor methods in space-time geometry_. (with Wolfgang Rindler) 1988.
- _The Emperor's New Mind: concerning computers, minds, and the laws of physics_. 1989. ; it received the Rhone-Poulenc science book prize in 1990.
- _Shadows of the Mind: a search for the missing science of consciousness_. 1994.
- _The nature of space and time_ (with Stephen Hawking, 1996,  hardback  (paperback)
- _The large, the small, and the human mind_  (with Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Stephen Hawking) 1997.  (hardback),  (paperback), Canto edition: )
- _White Mars or, the mind set free_ with Brian W. Aldiss. 1999.  (hardback)
- _The Road to Reality: a complete guide to the laws of the Universe_. 2004.  (hardcover),  (paperback)
- _Cycles of Time: an extraordinary new view of the Universe_. 2010. Bodley Head.
Arthur (TV series)

***Arthur*** is an American animated television series developed by Kathy Waugh and Marc Brown and produced by WGBH Boston for PBS. Based on Brown's _Arthur_ book series, it is set in the fictional American city of Elwood City and resolves around the lives of Arthur Read, an anthropomorphic aardvark, his friends and family, and their daily interactions with each other.

The series concluded during its 25-season run, the series broadcast 253 half-hour episodes (including specials and a film _Arthur's Missing Pal_) ran from October 7, 1996 to February 21, 2022 on PBS Kids (formerly PBS Kids Go!) in the US and January 6, 1997 to May 19, 2022 on TVOKids in Canada.

It was the fifth longest-running animated series in the United States, behind _The Simpsons_, _South Park_, _Family Guy_, and _SpongeBob SquarePants_.

## Characters

Arthur Timothy Read is the main character and protagonist of the series, who focuses the immediate family with most episodes involving Arthur, his youngest sister Dora Winifred and Kate, their parents David and Jane, and their dog Pal. His closest friends include Alan "The Brain" Powers, Binky Barnes, Buster Baxter, Francine Frensky, Mary Alice Crosswire, and Sue Ellen Armstrong, along with others as Fern Walters, George Lundgren, Jenna Morgan, and Prunella Deegan as frequent supporting characters.

The adults in _Arthur_ play important roles: Mr. and Mrs. Read display a significant amount of stress from parenting, Arthur's friends' parents are shown struggling in middle-class jobs, and Mr. Ratburn's endures and expectations of teaching elementary school. Even in difficult, adult situations, these grownups maintain a cheerful attitude. Arthur, Dora Winifred, and Kate also visit their paternal grandmother, Thora Read, and maternal grandfather, Grandpa Dave.

## Broadcast

_Arthur_ became one of the highest-rated shows on PBS Kids for several years since its debut, averaging almost 10 million viewers weekly in the U.S. It is aired in a total of 83 countries, including on: PBS in the United States; Radio-Canada, Knowledge Network, TVOntario, TFO, and CBC in Canada; several ABC channels in Australia; and BBC One/CBBC/CBeebies in the UK and PBS Kids in South Africa. It also aired in Ireland on TnaG (now TG4) in an Irish dubbed version.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: ArthurTVLogo.svg
- **director**: Greg Bailey
- **endtheme**: "Believe in Yourself" (instrumental)
- **composer**: Ray Fabi (music composer), Ray Fabi
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 25
- **num episodes**: 253 (493 segments)
- **list episodes**: List of Arthur episodes
- **runtime**: 26 minutes (13-minute half segments)
- **network**: PBS <small>(PBS Kids)</small>
- **related**: _Postcards from Buster_
Langur

The **Gray langur** or **Hanuman langur** (***Semnopithecus***) is a genus of colobine monkey. They are found in southeast Asia. The word "langur" means 'having a long tail'. It is commonly called the **leaf monkey**. They usually live in small groups of between 2 and 10 individuals. They mainly eat leaves, as well as some fruit. Langur spend most of their time in trees. They have white fur and black faces. They are considered sacred animals therefore the "National social mammal of India".
WWE Raw

***WWE Raw***, also known as ***Monday Night Raw***, is a professional wrestling television program made by WWE. It is broadcast every Monday since January 11, 1993. Currently it is the only television broadcast for the Raw brand. _Raw_ is usually seen as WWE's flagship program over its sister programs, _WWE SmackDown_, _WWE NXT_ and _WWE Main Event_, because of its longer history and the way it is promoted.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: WWE RAW Logo 2025.svg
- **caption**: _WWE Raw_ logo (2025–present)
- **genre**: Professional wrestling
- **creator**: Vince McMahon
- **starring**: List of WWE personnel#Raw, Raw roster
- **opentheme**: "4x4" by Travis Scott
- **country**: United States
- **num seasons**: 32
- **camera**: Multiple-camera setup, Multi-camera setup
- **runtime**: Flexible (since 2025, including commercials)
- **company**: WWE
- **last aired**: present
Moomba

The **Moomba Waterfest** is a yearly festival in Melbourne, Australia. It takes place over the Labor Day weekend.
Wittgenstein (disambiguation)

**Wittgenstein** may refer to:

## Place names

- Kreis Wittgenstein, a former district in North Rhine-Westphalia, now incorporated into Kreis Siegen-Wittgenstein
- Wittgenstein Castle, near Bad Laasphe
- Haus Wittgenstein, a building in Vienna

## Surnames

- Karl Wittgenstein, Austrian entrepreneur, father of:
    - Ludwig Wittgenstein, philosopher; and
    - Paul Wittgenstein, pianist

- Heinrich von Wittgenstein, German entrepreneur and politician

- Members of the German noble family Sayn-Wittgenstein
    - Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, World War II German flying ace
    - Prince Peter Wittgenstein, Russian Field Marshal
    - Ludwig zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg, Russian aristocrat
    - Botho Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohenstein, German politician
    - Casimir Graf zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, German politician
    - Princess (Fürstin) Carolyne von Sayn-Wittgenstein (Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, or Marie zu Sayn-Wittgenstein) (1819–1887), Russian nobility, Franz Liszt's mistress and patron, and a close friend of Berlioz
 (She is not Marie Catherine Sophie de Flavigny, _Comtesse (Gräfin) Marie d'Agoult_, known by her pen name, "Daniel Stern") http://ungarninfo.org/home/kultur/liszt/liszt6.htm
Michael Dante DiMartino

**Michael Dante DiMartino** (born July 18, 1974) is an American animation director. He is best known as the co-creator, executive producer, and story editor of the TV series _Avatar: The Last Airbender_ on Nickelodeon.

## Other websites

- Interview with Mike and Bryan  at AvatarSpirit.Net
Barbara Meier

**Barbara Meier** (born 25 July 1986 in Amberg, Germany) is a model. She is the winner of the second cycle (season) of _Germany's Next Topmodel_ (GNTM), presented by Heidi Klum.

## Biography

Meier was born in Amberg. Before _GNTM_ she studied mathematics.

While shopping at a mall, she was invited by a model scout to a casting for _GNTM_. Out of 16,421 girls in the casting, she was chosen among 14 other girls to be on the TV show.
During the show she won a role alongside Heidi Klum in a TV commercial for McDonald's.

In the last episode (the finale), she won the show and became "Germany's Next Topmodel".

After _Germany's Next Topmodel_, Meier was in many magazines around the world such as _Vogue_ (Taiwan), _Madame Figaro_ (Russia) and _L'Officiel_ (France) and worked for many brands such as _Pantene_.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Barbara Meier  at IMG Models - Milan
- Barbara Meier in the Fashion Model Directory
- Barbara Meier at the Internet Movie Database

## Infobox (model)

- **name**: Barbara Meier
- **image**: Barbara Meier - QVC (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Meier in 2017
- **birth name**: Barbara Meier
- **birth place**: Amberg, Bavaria, Germany
- **hair color**: Red hair, Red
- **eye color**: Blue eye, Blue
- **agency**: IMG Models
Major Model Management
Bryan Konietzko

**Bryan Konietzko** is the co-creator and executive producer of the animated series _Avatar: The Last Airbender_. He has also worked as a character designer for the animated series _Family Guy_. He was a storyboard artist and art director for the Nickelodeon animated series _Invader Zim_.

## Other websites

- Interview with Mike and Bryan at AvatarSpirit.Net
THU

**Thu** is most often an abbreviation for Thursday.

It can also mean"

- **THU**, Three-letter abbreviation for Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- **THU**, Three-letter abbreviation for Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- **THU**, IATA airport code for Thule Air Base
- early name for Sauron in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium
- Þu, an Old English Pronoun
- suggested gender neutral pronoun
- A dog belonging to Claidi and Argul in The Claidi Journals
- Thu (movie) - a 1961 Burmese movie
- Thu, the abbreviation for the orchid genus _Thunia_
Yui

**Yui** or **YUI** can mean:
- Yui Horie, also known as YUI L or YUI-EL, a J-pop singer, actress and voice actress
- Yui (singer), a Japanese musician
Bathymetry

**Bathymetry** is the study of the underwater terrain of lakes or ocean floors. It is the same as topography, except that it looks at the underwater topography. It is a field of oceanography. The name comes from Greek  (_bathus_), meaning "deep", and  (_metron_), meaning "measure". Bathymetric (or hydrographic) charts are often made to support the safety of underwater navigation and exploration. Most of these underwater topographic maps use contour lines (called _depth contours_ or _isobaths_) to show the terrain of the sea floor, and how deep it is. They usually also give surface navigational information.

Originally, bathymetry involved the measurement of ocean depth through sounding. Early techniques used heavy rope or cable lowered over a ship's side. This method measures the depth of the water at a single location each time. It was not a very accurate method. The data used to make bathymetric maps today usually comes from an echosounder (sonar). This device is attached to the bottom or the side of a boat.

## Other websites

- High resolution bathymetry for the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea
Radiocarbon dating

**Radiocarbon dating**, also known as the **C14 dating method**, is a way of telling how old an object is. It is a type of radiometric dating.

The method uses the radioactive isotope carbon-14. Most organic matter contains carbon. Carbon has different isotopes, which are usually not radioactive. <sup>14</sup>C is the radioactive one, its half-life  (time it takes to reduce its radioactivity by half)  is about 5,730 years. This makes it possible to tell the age of substances that contain carbon. The method works to about 60,000 years old. Dates obtained are usually written as _before present_ ('present' is 1950).

Plants take up atmospheric carbon dioxide by photosynthesis, and are eaten by animals, so every living thing is constantly exchanging carbon-14 with its environment as long as it lives. Once it dies, however, this exchange stops.

In 1958 Hessel de Vries showed that the concentration of carbon-14 in the atmosphere varies with time and locality. The relatively short-lived <sup>14</sup>C is constantly renewed by cosmic ray bombardment on atmospheric nitrogen. Since the bombardment is slightly variable, and for other reasons, the <sup>14</sup>C taken into organic matter is also slightly variable. That leads to errors in the chronology. However, under about 20,000 years the results can be compared with dendrochronology, based on tree rings. For the most accurate work, variations are compensated by means of calibration curves.

The method was developed by Willard Libby and his colleagues at the University of Chicago in 1949. In 1960, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work. He first demonstrated the accuracy of radiocarbon dating by accurately estimating the age of wood from an ancient Egyptian royal barge of which the age was known from historical documents.

## Related pages

- Nuclear physics

## Other websites

- Radiocarbon - The main international journal of record for research articles and date lists relevant to 14C
- C14dating.com - General information on Radiocarbon dating
- NOSAMS: National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Discussion of calibration
- Several calibration programs can be found at www.radiocarbon.org
- CalPal Online (Cologne Radiocarbon Calibration & Paleoclimate Research Package)
- OxCal program (Oxford Calibration)
- Fairbanks' Radiocarbon Calibration program (for prior to 12400 BP)
- Further basic information on radiocarbon dating (PDF)
Passage tomb

A **passage tomb** or **passage grave** is a tomb which can be reached through a (usually low) passage. Most of these tombs were constructed during prehistoric There are many of these tombs in Ireland and Scotland.
Hallstatt culture

The **Hallstatt culture** is named after Hallstatt, a city in Austria in which the first artifacts were found. It lasted from about 1200 BC to about 275 BC.

There were different periods that are now told apart mainly by the kinds of brooches used. The brooches changed rather rapidly and permit a good estimate. Hallstatt culture sites have been found in the east of France, in Switzerland, in the south of Germany, in Austria, in Slovenia and Croatia, northwestern Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and southern Moravia.

In this time, the social structure developed into a hierarchy. That can be documented by various things that were added to graves, such as at Magdalenenberg. In the Bronze Age, people lived in big settlements. As iron became available, trade routes changed. A new upper class could establish itself. Unlike before, the upper class liked to live in big houses in the countryside to show their power.

Funerary cults also changed, from cremation burials, to burials with sarcophagi. The new upper class used its wealth for import goods, mostly from the Mediterranean. People started settling there around the 2nd millennium BC.

## Other websites

Hallstatt culture: the real thing. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdKcyxmXzBw
La Tène culture

The **La Tène culture** existed from about 500 BC to about 100 AD. Named after a town in Switzerland near Neuchâtel, it was greatly influenced by the Roman and the Greek cultures. There are two sources for this:
- Things found
- Romans and Greeks came in contact with the culture and called them Celts, usually. They wrote about them, most notably Julius Caesar's "On the Gallic War" (_De bello gallico_).

The Celts basically lived in clans, which were led by leaders, the druids and the bards. Women were much better off than under the Romans and were of a similar status to men. There were both polygyny  (a man could have several women) and polyandry (a woman could have several men).
Ringfort

A **ringfort**, **ring fort** or **ring fortress** is a fortified settlement. Ring forts were made to protect villages, mostly in the Middle Ages. In Ireland where many such forts can be found, they are also known as ***ráth, caiseal, cathair*** and ***dún*** in the early Irish sources.

A _ráth_ (anglicised rath), was made of earth, _caiseal_ (northwestern Ireland, anglicised cashel) and _cathair_ (southwestern Ireland) were built of stone. A _dun_ is a more prestigious site, the seat of some kind of ruler, the term is applied to promontory forts as well.
Capitol

**Capitol** can mean:

- Capitol building, a building in which a legislature meets, including:
    - Capitoline Hill in Rome (from which the word _capitol_ derives)
    - United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
    - Capitol of Puerto Rico in San Juan
    - Capitole de Toulouse in Toulouse, France
    - Capitolio Nacional in Colombia
    - Capitolio Federal in Venezuela
    - El Capitolio in Havana, Cuba

- Capitol (board game), a Roman-themed board game
- _Capitol_ (TV series), a U.S. soap opera
- Capitol Air Lines, a U.S. charter airline in the 1970s and 1980s
- Capitol Corridor, an Amtrak railroad corridor
- Capitol Records, a U.S. record label