juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alf Landon

**Alfred Mossman Landon** (September 9, 1887 – October 12, 1987) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He served as the 26th Governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937.

Landon was the Republican Party’s nominee in the 1936 presidential election, but was defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

President Reagan and Mrs. Reagan attended Landon's hundredth birthday party at his home in Topeka.   President Reagan described Landon as "the living soul of Kansas" and remarked, "You don't know what a joy it is to come to a birthday party of someone who in all honesty can call me a kid."

His daughter was U.S. Senator Nancy Kassebaum.

## Other websites

- Alf Landon's Obituary (New York Times)
- Alfred M. Landon Lecture Series on Public Issues (Kansas State University)
- Alf Landon and Social Security Reform by Nicholaus Mills, Dissent, Spring 2005.

## Infobox (governor)

- **image**: LandonPortr.jpg
- **caption**: From the United States Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs Division
- **order**: 26th
- **office**: Governor of Kansas
- **term start**: January 9, 1933
- **term end**: January 11, 1937
- **lieutenant**: Charles W. Thompson
- **predecessor**: Harry Hines Woodring, Harry H. Woodring
- **successor**: Walter A. Huxman
- **birthname**: Alfred Mossman Landon
- **birth place**: West Middlesex, Pennsylvania, West Middlesex, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Topeka, Kansas, Topeka, Kansas, U.S.
- **resting place**: Mount Hope Cemetery, Topeka, Kansas, U.S.
- **spouse**: (1) Margaret Fleming (died 1918)

(2) Theo Cobb (survived Alf, died in 1996)
- **children**: Margaret Anne (first marriage), Nancy Kassebaum, Nancy, John (both from second marriage)
- **profession**: Banker, oilman, politician
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: University of Kansas
- **branch**:  United States Army
- **serviceyears**: c. 1917–18
- **rank**:  First lieutenant (United States), First lieutenant
- **battles**: World War I
William Sheldrick Conover

**William Sheldrick Conover II** (August 27, 1928 – October 7, 2022) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania serving from 1972 to 1973. He died on October 7, 2022.

## Other websites

- The Political Graveyard

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: William Sheldrick Conover
- **image name**: William Sheldrick Conover.jpg
- **birth place**: Richmond, Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
- **death place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **state**: Pennsylvania
- **district**: Pennsylvania's 27th congressional district, 27th
- **term start**: April 25, 1972
- **term end**: January 3, 1973
- **preceded**: James G. Fulton
- **succeeded**: _District eliminated_
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **branch**: United States Navy
- **rank**: Lieutenant (junior grade), Lieutenant (jg.)
- **serviceyears**: 1952–1954
William J. Edwards

**William Jackson "Jack" Edwards** (September 20, 1928 – September 27, 2019) was an American politician. He was the former U.S. Republican politician, who represented Alabama in the  U.S. House of Representatives from 1965 until 1985.

In Congress, Edwards was known as one of the chamber's brightest conservatives, and was a strong critic of forced busing.  He was also known for good constituent service. He helped originate the _Gulf Coast Congressional Report_, a public-service program giving a local view of Capitol politics.

Edwards died of pancreatic cancer in Fairhope, Alabama on September 27, 2019 at the age of 91.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: William J. Edwards
- **image**: Jack Edwards (Congressman).jpg
- **imagesize**: 160px
- **state**: Alabama
- **district**: Alabama's 1st congressional district, 1st
- **term start**: January 3, 1965
- **term end**: January 3, 1985
- **preceded**: Frank W. Boykin
- **succeeded**: Sonny Callahan
- **birth place**: Birmingham, Alabama
- **death place**: Fairhope, Alabama
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **residence**: Point Clear, Alabama
- **occupation**: Attorney
James Nelligan

**James "Jim" Leo Nelligan** (born February 14, 1929) is an American politician. He was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania serving from 1981 to 1983.

He was elected in 1980 as a Republican to the 97th United States Congress but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1982.  After his term in Congress he became the Deputy Secretary of Revenue of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, from 1983-85.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birth name**: James Leo Nelligan
- **image name**: James Nelligan.png
- **image size**: 180px
- **birth place**: Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
- **alma mater**: King's College, Pennsylvania, King's College
- **state**: Pennsylvania
- **district**: Pennsylvania's 11th congressional district, 11th
- **term start**: January 3, 1981
- **term end**: January 3, 1983
- **preceded**: Ray Musto
- **succeeded**: Frank Harrison (politician), Frank Harrison
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **branch**: United States Army
William F. Clinger Jr.

**William Floyd "Bill" Clinger Jr.** (April 4, 1929 – May 28, 2021) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania serving from 1979 to 1997.

In addition, he served as vice chairman of the United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and ranking member on the Subcommittee on Aviation.

Along with then-Senator William Cohen, Clinger co-authored the Information Technology Management Reform Act, also known as the Clinger-Cohen Act.

In October 2016, Clinger was one of thirty Republican ex-lawmakers to sign a public letter condemning GOP presidential nominee (and future president) Donald Trump as "manifestly unqualified to be president."

Clinger Jr. died on May 28, 2021 at his home in Naples, Florida at the age of 92.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bill Clinger
- **image**: BillClinger.jpg
- **office**: Chair of the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House Oversight Committee
- **term start**: January 3, 1995
- **term end**: January 3, 1997
- **predecessor**: John Conyers
- **successor**: Dan Burton
- **state1**: Pennsylvania
- **term start1**: January 3, 1993
- **term end1**: January 3, 1997
- **predecessor1**: Richard T. Schulze, Richard Schultze
- **successor1**: John E. Peterson, John Peterson
- **state2**: Pennsylvania
- **term start2**: January 3, 1979
- **term end2**: January 3, 1993
- **predecessor2**: Joseph S. Ammerman, Joseph Ammerman
- **successor2**: Constituency abolished
- **birth name**: William Floyd Clinger Jr.
- **birth place**: Warren, Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Naples, Florida, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **education**: Johns Hopkins University
University of Virginia
Dick Schulze

**Richard Taylor "Dick" Schulze** (born August 7, 1929) is a Republican politician. He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1975 to 1993.

## Other websites

- Stennis Center for Public Service
- The Political Graveyard

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Richard Shulze.png
- **image size**: 180px
- **name**: Richard T. Schulze
- **state**: Pennsylvania
- **district**: Pennsylvania's 5th congressional district, 5th
- **term start**: January 3, 1975
- **term end**: January 3, 1993
- **predecessor**: John H. Ware, III, John Ware
- **successor**: William F. Clinger Jr., Bill Clinger
- **state house2**: Pennsylvania
- **district2**: Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 157, 157th
- **term start2**: January 5, 1971
- **term end2**: November 30, 1974
- **predecessor2**: John Stauffer
- **successor2**: Peter R. Vroon, Peter Vroon
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: University of Houston
Villanova University
Temple University
- **occupation**: Businessman, politician, lobbyist
- **spouse**: Nancy Lockwood Schulze <small>(deceased)</small>
Nancy Senechal Waltermire
- **children**: Four
Skip Bafalis

**Louis Arthur "Skip" Bafalis** (September 28, 1929 – March 10, 2023) was an American politician. He served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida's 10th congressional district from 1973 to 1983.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Skip Bafalis
- **image**: Louis A. Bafalis.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Skip Bafalis in 1968
- **birth name**: Louis Arthur Bafalis
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- **office**: United States House of Representatives, Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Florida's 10th congressional district, Florida's 10th district
- **term start**: January 3, 1973
- **term end**: January 3, 1983
- **preceded**: J. Herbert Burke
- **succeeded**: Andy Ireland
- **office2**: Florida Senate, State Senator from Palm Beach, Florida
- **term start2**: 1967
- **term end2**: 1973
- **office3**: Florida House of Representatives, State Representative from Palm Beach, Florida
- **term start3**: 1965
- **term end3**: 1967
- **profession**: Businessman
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican

Republican Party (United States), GOP governor of Florida, gubernatorial nominee, 1982
- **residence**: Palm Beach, Florida, Palm Beach, Florida

Fairfax, Virginia, Fairfax, Virginia
- **spouse**: Charlotte Maria Bafalis
- **children**: Renee Louise Bafalis ___

Gregory Louis Bafalis

Joshua Evan Bafalis
- **alma mater**: Manchester Central High School

St. Anselm College
- **branch**: United States Army
- **rank**: Captain (land), Captain
George Gekas

**George William Gekas** (April 14, 1930 – December 16, 2021) was an American Republican politician. He represented the state's 17th Congressional district from 1983 to 2003, when he was unseated in a major upset.

Undaunted by his unexpected defeat, Gekas was elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1976 and was reelected in 1980.

Pennsylvania lost two districts after the 2000 census. One of the districts that was eliminated was the Reading-based 6th District, represented by five-term moderate-to-conservative Democrat Tim Holden.

Gekas died on December 16, 2021 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania at the age of 91.

## Other websites

- George Gekas on the issues
- The Political Graveyard

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: George William Gekas
- **image**: George Gekas.jpg
- **width**: 160px
- **birth place**: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **state**: Pennsylvania
- **district**: Pennsylvania's 17th congressional district, 17th
- **term start**: January 3, 1983
- **term end**: January 3, 2003
- **predecessor**: Allen E. Ertel
- **successor**: Tim Holden
- **state senate2**: Pennsylvania
- **district2**: Pennsylvania Senate, District 15, 15th
- **term start2**: January 3, 1977
- **term end2**: December 31, 1982
- **predecessor2**: William B. Lentz
- **successor2**: John J. Shumaker
- **state house3**: Pennsylvania
- **district3**: Pennsylvania House of Representatives, District 103, 103rd
- **term start3**: January 7, 1969
- **term end3**: November 30, 1974
- **predecessor3**: District created
- **successor3**: Stephen R. Reed
- **state house4**: Pennsylvania
- **district4**: Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, Dauphin County
- **term start4**: January 2, 1967
- **term end4**: November 30, 1968
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **signature**: George Gekas signature.gif
Michael Bilirakis

**Michael Bilirakis** (born July 16, 1930) is an American politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives since 1983 until 2007, representing the 9th District of Florida.

In August 2009, Bilirakis was added to Governor Charlie Crist's short list to Replace U.S. Senator Mel Martinez.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Michael Bilirakis
- **image name**: Michael (Mike) Bilirakis.jpg
- **birth place**: Tarpon Springs, Florida
- **state**: Florida
- **district**: Florida's 9th congressional district, 9th
- **term start**: January 3, 1983
- **term end**: January 3, 2007
- **preceded**: Bill Nelson
- **succeeded**: Gus Bilirakis
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Evelyn Bilirakis
- **residence**: Tarpon Springs, Florida
- **alma mater**: University of Pittsburgh, University of Florida
- **occupation**: Attorney, engineer, college professor, judge
Martha Keys

**Martha Elizabeth Keys** (August 10, 1930 – December 19, 2024) was an American politician. She was a Democratic politician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from Kansas from 1975 to 1979.

She was elected a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives from Manhattan, Kansas in 1974 and served two terms before being defeated for reelection in 1978.  While serving in the House of Representatives, Keys and her husband divorced, and she was remarried to fellow Congressman Andrew Jacobs, Jr. They separated in 1981 and eventually divorced.

Keys's sister, Lee Keys, is married to former U.S. Senator and presidential candidate Gary Hart.

Keys died on December 19, 2024 in Locust Grove, Virginia at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Women in Congress: Martha Keys

## Infobox (congressman)

- **birth name**: Martha Elizabeth Ludwig
- **name**: Martha Keys
- **image name**: Martha Keys.jpg
- **birth place**: Hutchinson, Kansas, U.S.
- **death place**: Locust Grove, Orange County, Virginia, Locust Grove, Virginia, U.S.
- **state**: Kansas
- **district**: Kansas's 2nd congressional district, 2nd
- **term start**: January 3, 1975
- **term end**: January 3, 1979
- **preceded**: William R. Roy
- **succeeded**: James Edmund Jeffries, James E. Jeffries
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **spouse**: Sam Keys
 Andrew Jacobs, Jr.
Andy Ireland

**Andrew Poysell "Andy" Ireland** (August 23, 1930 – October 20, 2024) was an American politician. He was a U.S. Representative from Florida serving from 1977 to 1993.

Ireland died in Sarasota, Florida, on October 20, 2024, at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- The Washington Post Members of Congress / Andy Ireland

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Andy Ireland
- **image**: Andy Ireland.jpg
- **birth place**: Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: Sarasota, Florida, U.S.
- **office1**: Member of the
 United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives
 from  Florida
- **term start1**: January 3, 1977
- **term end1**: January 3, 1993
- **preceded1**: James A. Haley
- **succeeded1**: Charles T. Canady (Redistricting)
- **constituency1**: (1977-1983)
  (1983-1993)
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican (1984–2024)
- **otherparty**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic (until 1984)
- **alma mater**: Yale University
Columbia University
Louisiana State University
- **birthname**: Andy Poysell Ireland
- **caption**: Ireland in 1976
Alec G. Olson

**Alec Gehard Olson** (born September 11, 1930) is an American politician. He is a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives and a former state senator. He was the 40th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota.

Olson was born in Mamre Township in Kandiyohi County, Minnesota.

Olson served in the U.S. House of Representatives from January 3, 1963, to January 3, 1967, during the 88th and 89th congresses. He lost when he ran for re-election in 1966.

## Other websites

- Minnesota Historical Society: Alec Olson Profile

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alec Olson
- **image**: Alec G Olson.png
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Olson as a U.S. Representative in 1963
- **order1**: 40th
- **office1**: Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota
- **term start1**: December 29, 1976
- **term end1**: January 3, 1979
- **governor1**: Rudy Perpich
- **predecessor1**: Rudy Perpich
- **successor1**: Lou Wangberg
- **order2**: 1st
- **office2**: President of the Minnesota Senate
- **predecessor2**: Rudy Perpich
(as lieutenant governor)*
- **successor2**: Edward J. Gearty
- **term start2**: January 1973
- **term end2**: December 29, 1976
- **state3**: Minnesota
- **district3**: Minnesota's 6th Congressional District, 6th
- **term start3**: January 3, 1963
- **term end3**: January 3, 1967
- **predecessor3**: Fred Marshall (American politician), Fred Marshall
- **successor3**: John M. Zwach
- **office4**: Member of the Minnesota Senate
- **term4**: 1969-1976
- **birth place**: Mamre Township, Minnesota, Mamre Township, Kandiyohi County, Minnesota
- **party**: Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party
- **profession**: Insurance representative, farmer
- **children**: 4
- **footnotes**: *From statehood until 1973, the lieutenant governor was state senate president. Starting in 1973, senate presidents were selected from the body.
John Bertrand Conlan

**John Bertrand Conlan** (September 17, 1930 – June 18, 2021) was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He served as a State Senator from 1965 to 1972 and as a United States Representative from Arizona from 1973 to 1977.

Conlon served in the Arizona Senate from 1967 to 1973.

Conlon died on June 18, 2021 in Asheville, North Carolina at the age of 90.

## Infobox (congressman)

- **name**: John Bertrand Conlan
- **image name**: John Bertrand Conlan.jpg
- **state**: Arizona
- **district**: Arizona's 4th congressional district, 4th
- **term start**: January 3, 1973
- **term end**: January 3, 1977
- **preceded**: District created
- **succeeded**: Eldon D. Rudd
- **office2**: Member of the Arizona Senate
- **term2**: 1967-1973
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Oak Park, Illinois
- **death place**: Asheville, North Carolina
- **occupation**: lawyer, college professor
- **alma mater**: Northwestern University
Harvard Law School
- **serviceyears**: 1956-1961
- **rank**: Captain (United States), Captain
Edward G. Biester Jr.

**Edward George Biester Jr.** (born January 5, 1931) is a retired Republican politician and judge. He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, from 1967 to 1977.

## Infobox (congressman)

- **name**: Edward Beister
- **image**: EGBiester.png
- **caption**: Edward G. Biester circa 1975
- **image size**: 180px
- **birth place**: Trevose, Trevose, Pennsylvania
- **office**: 38th Attorney General of Pennsylvania
- **governor**: Dick Thornburgh
- **term start**: January 16, 1979
- **term end**: May 20, 1980
- **preceded**: J. Justin Blewitt Jr.
- **succeeded**: Harvey Bartle III
- **state2**: Pennsylvania
- **district2**: Pennsylvania's 8th congressional district, 8th
- **term start2**: January 3, 1967
- **term end2**: January 3, 1977
- **preceded2**: Willard S. Curtin
- **succeeded2**: Peter H. Kostmayer
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **residence**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **alma mater**: Wesleyan University
Temple University
Connie Morella

**Constance Morella** (née Albanese; born February 12, 1931) is an American Republican politician. She represented  in the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 2003.  She also served as Permanent Representative to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) from 2003 to 2007.

Morella currently serves on American University's faculty as an Ambassador in Residence for the Women & Politics Institute. She was appointed to the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) by President Barack Obama in 2010.

## Other websites

- Constance A. Morella Papers at the University of Maryland Libraries
- Faculty Profile
- FairVote.org: Maryland's Redistricting News March 16, 2001–October 18, 2001

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Connie Morella
- **image**: Constance A. Morella, US Dept of State photo portrait.jpg
- **office**: United States Ambassador to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **term start**: August 1, 2003
- **term end**: August 6, 2007
- **predecessor**: Jeanne L. Phillips, Jeanne Phillips
- **successor**: Christopher F. Egan (ambassador), Christopher Egan
- **state1**: Maryland
- **term start1**: January 3, 1987
- **term end1**: January 3, 2003
- **predecessor1**: Michael D. Barnes, Michael Barnes
- **successor1**: Chris Van Hollen
- **birth name**: Constance Albanese
- **birth place**: Somerville, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Anthony Morella
- **education**: Boston University
American University
Arlen Erdahl

**Arlen Ingolf Erdahl**  (February 27, 1931 – September 21, 2023) was an American politician. He served as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1963 to 1970, Minnesota Secretary of State from 1971–1975 and was a U.S. Representative from Minnesota, serving the first district from 1979–1983, in the 96th and 97th congresses. He died on September 21, 2023, at the age of 92.

## Infobox (congressman)

- **name**: Arlen Erdahl
- **image**: Arlen Erdahl 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Arlen Erdahl at U.S. Capitol, 2010
- **state**: Minnesota
- **district**: Minnesota's 1st congressional district, 1st
- **preceded**: Al Quie
- **succeeded**: Tim Penny
- **term start**: January 3, 1979
- **term end**: January 3, 1983
- **order2**: 18th
- **office2**: Secretary of State of Minnesota
- **term2**: 1971–1975
- **governor2**: Wendell Anderson
- **predecessor2**: Joseph L. Donovan
- **successor2**: Joan Growe
- **office3**: Member of the Minnesota House of Representatives
- **term3**: 1963-1970
- **birth place**: Blue Earth, Minnesota, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Ellen Syrdal Erdahl
Bill Burlison

**Bill D. Burlison**, (March 15, 1931 – March 17, 2019), was an American politician who has held office in Missouri and Maryland. He is a Democrat.  He represented Missouri as a member of the U. S. Congress starting with the Ninety-first United States Congress in 1969 until he was defeated in a bid for a seventh-term by Bill Emerson in 1980.

Four months after entering the race for Congress in the 3rd District in the 2006 election, Burlison withdrew his candidacy on November 3, 2005.

On February 23, 2016, he filed to run for the Missouri Senate against incumbent Republican Doug Libla, and was unopposed in the Democratic primary. On November 8, 2016, Libla won re-election with 69.35% of the vote.

Burlison died at his home in Wardell, Missouri on March 17, 2019 at the age of 88.

## Other websites

- Bill D. Burlison County Council Bio
- Burlison Biography from Congressional Bioguide
- County Councilman Burlison runs again for Congress, Annapolis Capital, 7/6/2005

## Infobox (congressman)

- **image**: Bill Burlison.png
- **image size**: 180px
- **state**: Missouri
- **district**: Missouri's 10th congressional district, 10th
- **predecessor**: Paul C. Jones
- **successor**: Bill Emerson
- **birth place**: Wardell, Missouri, U.S.
- **death place**: Wardell, Missouri, U.S.
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democrat
- **term start**: January 3, 1969
- **term end**: January 3, 1981
- **alma mater**: Southeast Missouri State University
- **profession**: lawyer
John E. Cunningham

**John Edward "Jack" Cunningham III** (March 27, 1931 – March 28, 2025) was an American politician. He was a former Republican U.S. Representative from Washington's seventh district.

Cunningham served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1973 to 1975, and in the Washington Senate from 1975 to 1977.

Cunningham was elected as a Republican to the seventh district vacancy in a special election when U.S. Representative Brock Adams resigned to become Secretary of Transportation. However his victory in this extremely liberal district was more the result of confusion with Adams resignation. Cunningham lost reelection in 1978, and served from May 17, 1977 – January 3, 1979.

Cunningham died March 28, 2025, one week after his 94th birthday.

## Other websites

- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John E. Cunningham
- **image**: John E. Cunningham.jpg
- **office1**: Member of the
United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives
from Washington (state), Washington's Washington's 7th congressional district, 7th district
- **term start1**: May 17, 1977
- **term end1**: January 3, 1979
- **predecessor1**: Brock Adams
- **successor1**: Mike Lowry
- **office2**: Member of the Washington Senate
- **term2**: 1975–1977
- **office3**: Member of the Washington House of Representatives
- **term3**: 1973–1975
- **birth name**: John Edward Cunningham III
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Seattle, Washington (state), Washington, U.S
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: University of San Francisco
Seattle University
- **profession**: Businessman
Lee H. Hamilton

**Lee Herbert Hamilton** (April 20, 1931 – February 3, 2026) was an American politician.

Hamilton was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1965 until 1999. He was a member of the U.S. Homeland Security Advisory Council. A member of the Democratic Party, Hamilton represented the 9th congressional district of Indiana.

Following his retirement from Congress, he worked for many governmental advisory boards. He was the vice chairman of the 9/11 Commission.

Hamilton died in Bloomington, Indiana on February 3, 2026 at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars wilsoncenter.org
- Lee Hamilton Biography and Resources wilsoncenter.org
- Iraq Study Group  usip.org
- Voting record maintained by the Washington Post washingtonpost.com
- Stonewalled by the C.I.A. Op-Ed piece co-authored with Thomas Kean in the edition of January 2, 2008 of the New York Times (accessed January 2, 2008)
- Hamilton, Lee H. How Congress Works and Why You Should Care. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004.
- Hamilton, Lee H. Strengthening Congress. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2009.
    - C-SPAN _Q&A_ interview with Hamilton, January 8, 2006
- A Legacy of Honor:The Congressional Papers of Lee H. Hamilton. Lilly Library, Bloomington, IN

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Lee H. Hamilton
- **image name**: Lee Hamilton (cropped).jpg
- **birth place**: Daytona Beach, Florida, Daytona Beach, Florida, U.S.
- **death place**: Bloomington, Indiana, Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.
- **state**: Indiana
- **district**: Indiana's 9th congressional district, 9th
- **term start**: January 3, 1965
- **term end**: January 3, 1999
- **preceded**: Earl Wilson (politician), Earl Wilson
- **succeeded**: Baron Hill (politician), Baron Hill
- **office2**: Chairman of
 United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, House Foreign Affairs Committee
- **term start2**: January 3, 1993
- **term end2**: January 3, 1995
- **preceded2**: Dante Fascell
- **succeeded2**: Benjamin A. Gilman
- **office3**: Chairman of United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, House Intelligence Committee
- **term start3**: January 3, 1985
- **term end3**: January 3, 1987
- **preceded3**: Edward Boland
- **succeeded3**: Louis Stokes
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **spouse**: Nancy Ann Nelson
Walter E. Powell

**Walter Eugene Powell** (April 25, 1931 – January 17, 2020) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He served as a U.S. representative from Ohio from 1971 to 1975.

Powell began his career as the city clerk of Fairfield, Ohio in 1956. He became a member of Fairfield City Council in 1958. In 1960, Powell successfully ran for the Ohio House of Representatives.  He was reelected in 1962, and 1964.

## Infobox (congressman)

- **name**: Walter E. Powell
- **image name**: Walter E. Powell 93rd Congress 1973.jpg
- **birth place**: Hamilton, Ohio, U.S.
- **state**: Ohio
- **district**: Ohio's 8th congressional district, 8th
- **term start**: January 3, 1973
- **term end**: January 3, 1975
- **preceded**: Jackson Edward Betts
- **succeeded**: Tom Kindness
- **state2**: Ohio
- **district2**: Ohio's 24th congressional district, 24th
- **term start2**: January 3, 1971
- **term end2**: January 3, 1973
- **preceded2**: Buz Lukens
- **succeeded2**: _District Eliminated_
- **state senate3**: Ohio
- **state3**: Ohio
- **district3**: Ohio's 4th senatorial district, 4th
- **term start3**: January 3, 1967
- **term end3**: January 3, 1971
- **preceded3**: Inaugural holder
- **succeeded3**: Buz Lukens
- **alma mater**: Miami University
Heidelberg University (Ohio)
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
Bill Clay

**William Lacy Clay Sr.** (April 30, 1931 – July 17, 2025) was an American politician from Missouri.  As Congressman from Missouri's First District, he represented portions of St. Louis in the U.S. House of Representatives for 32 years.

Clay was elected to the House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1968.  He became an advocate for environmentalism, labor issues, and social justice.

Poplar Street Bridge, which connects St. Louis, Missouri, and East St. Louis, Illinois, was renamed on October 7, 2013, **Congressman William L. Clay Sr. Bridge**.

Clay died on July 17, 2025 at his daughter's home in Adelphi, Maryland at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Biographic sketch at U.S. Congress website
- The History Makers
- The William L. Clay Scholarship and Research Fund

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bill Clay
- **image**: Bill Clay, official black-and-white portrait (1980s).webp
- **caption**: Official portrait,  1980s
- **state**: Missouri
- **term start**: January 3, 1969
- **term end**: January 3, 2001
- **predecessor**: Frank M. Karsten
- **successor**: Lacy Clay
- **birth name**: William Lacy Clay
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
- **death place**: Adelphi, Maryland, Adelphi, Maryland, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 3, including Lacy Clay, Lacy
- **education**: Saint Louis University (Bachelor of Science, BS)
Austin serial bombings

The **Austin serial bombings** were a series of five parcel bomb explosions which occurred from March 2 - 20, 2018 in Austin, Texas, United States. They killed two civilians and the bomber, as well as injuring another six people.

The suspected bomber was Mark Anthony Conditt, age 23, who lived in Pflugerville, Texas, outside Austin.

## Background

The Austin Police Department (APD) believe the explosions were connected and considered the possibility that they are racially motivated. They have also warned civilians to not open suspicious packages, and to call the police.

Austin police officially connected the March 2 bombing following the bombings on March 12. None of the packages were mailed, instead they were placed near the individuals' homes. Two of the bombs were triggered upon being picked up, another was triggered upon being opened, and the fourth bombing was suspected to be activated by tripwire.

On March 2, 2018, 39-year-old Anthony Stephan House was killed by picking up an apparent package bomb at his home. Then, on March 13, 2018, the bombings killed 17-year-old cellist Draylen Mason.

Authorities first offered a reward of $65,000 for information leading to an arrest and conviction of the bomber or bombers. They later raised the reward to $115,000.

## Reaction

On March 20, 2018, President Donald Trump said at the White House: "This is obviously a very, very sick individual, or maybe individuals...These are sick people, and we have to find them as soon as possible".

## Death of the bomber

Early on March 21, Mark Anthony Conditt was identified by investigators via security footage taken at a FedEx store, and police moved in to make an arrest. As SWAT officers approached, he detonated a bomb in the vehicle, killing himself and injuring one of them, prompting other officers to fire upon the vehicle.

## List of bombings

|scope="col"||scope="col"|Date|scope="col"|Location|scope="col"|Deaths|scope="col"|Injuries|scope="col"|Type|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Private residence in Harris Ridge, Austin, Texas|1|0|Package bomb||||||||
||Private residence in East MLK, Austin, Texas|1|1|Package bomb||||||||
||Private residence in Montopolis, Austin, Texas|0|1|Package bomb||||||||
||Near a road in Travis Country, Austin, Texas|0|2|Tripwire-activated bomb||||||||
||FedEx Ground facility in Schertz, Texas|0|1|Package bomb||||||||
||FedEx Ground facility in Austin, Texas|colspan="2" style="background: #ececec; color: #2C2C2C; vertical-align: middle; font-size: smaller; text-align: center; " class="table-na"|Deactivated|Package bomb||||||||
|~|Near a road in Round Rock, Texas|1|1|Two package bombs||||||||

- Notes

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Austin serial bombings
- **location**: Austin, Schertz, Texas, Schertz, and Round Rock, Texas, United States
- **date**: —
- **type**: Serial killer, Serial bombing, murder, Pedicide, attempted murder, murder-suicide, suicide bombing,
- **fatalities**: 3 (including the perpetrator)
- **injuries**: 6
- **perp**: Mark Anthony Conditt
- **weapons**: Letter bomb, Package bombs
Windows NT 3.51

**Windows NT 3.51** is an operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released on May 30, 1995, nine months after Windows NT 3.5 and two months before Windows 95. It is part of the Windows NT family and Windows NT 3.5x. It is the final version of Windows 3.x. Windows NT 3.51 was the first version of a short line of Windows NT available for the PowerPC architecture. It is the third Windows NT version.

## Infobox (os version)

- **name**: Windows NT 3.51
- **logo**: Windows Logo (1992-2001).svg
- **family**: Windows NT
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **source model**: Closed source
- **supported platforms**: IA-32, DEC Alpha, Alpha, MIPS architecture, MIPS, PC-98, PowerPC, PPC
- **preceded by**: Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
- **succeeded by**: Windows NT 4.0 (1996)
- **release date**: September 19, 1996
- **release version**: SP5 (3.51.1057.6)
- **first release date**: 30 May, 1995
- **support status**: Mainstream support ended on December 31, 2000
Extended support ended on December 31, 2001
Ruble

The **ruble** or **rouble** is (or was) a currency unit of some countries in Eastern Europe. Originally, the ruble was the currency unit of Imperial Russia and then the Soviet Union (as the Soviet ruble).

It is currently the currency unit of Russia (as the Russian ruble and Byelorussia (as the Byelorussian ruble). The Russian ruble is also used in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

In the past, several other countries influenced by Russia and the Soviet Union had currency units that were also named rubles. One ruble is divided into 100 **kopeks**, and 100 rubles make a **palochka**.
Phillips, Wisconsin

**Phillips** is a city in Price County in the state of Wisconsin, United States.
Orphism (religion)

**Orphism** is a mystic religion of ancient Greece. It originated in the 7th or 6th century BC. Based on poems (now lost) attributed to Orpheus, the religion stressed the need for individuals to rid themselves of the evil part of their nature. They could accomplish this through ritual and moral purification throughout a series of reincarnations.
Interpretatio graeca

**Interpretatio graeca** (Latin: "interpretation by means of Greek [models]") is how the religious concepts and practices, deities, and myths of Ancient Greece were used to interpret or attempt to understand the mythology and religion of other cultures. The term **interpretatio romana** (first coined by the Roman historian Tacitus in his book _Germania_), refers to the process as it was used by the Romans. Results of this process included using the names of deities as epithets for others, and identifying them in accordance with their various roles and functions.
Katie Boyle

**Katie Boyle, Lady Saunders** (born **Caterina Irene Elena Maria Imperiali di Francavilla**; 29 May 1926 – 20 March 2018) was an Italian-born British actress, television personality, and game-show panelist. She was well known for appearing on TV panel games such as _What's My Line?_ and for presenting the Eurovision Song Contest four times in the 1960s and 1970s.

Boyle died on 20 March 2018 at her Manchester home at the age of 91.

## Other websites

- Katie Boyle's appearance on This Is Your Life

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Katie Boyle
- **image**: Katie Boyle.jpg
- **alt**: Katie Boyle
- **caption**: Appearing on tv discussion _After Dark (TV series), After Dark_ in July 1988
- **birth name**: Caterina Irene Elena Maria Imperiali di Francavilla
- **birth place**: Florence, Italy, Florence, Tuscany, Italy
- **death place**: Manchester, England, United Kingdom
- **nationality**: British
- **known for**: _What's My Line?_,
Eurovision Song Contest
- **occupation**: Actress, presenter
Sudan (rhinoceros)

**Sudan** (1973 – March 19, 2018) was a captive northern white rhinoceros who lived at the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Laikipia, Kenya.

He was known for being one of only three living northern white rhinoceroses in the world, and the last known male of his subspecies. Sudan was euthanised on March 19, 2018, after suffering from "age-related complications".

## Infobox (animal)

- **name**: Sudan
- **image**: Ceratotherium simum cottoni -Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Kenya.jpg
- **image size**: 310px
- **caption**: Sudan at the Ol Pejeta conservancy, June 2010
- **species**: Northern white rhinoceros
- **gender**: Male
- **birth date**: 1973
- **birth place**: Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (1972–83), Southern Sudan, Sudan
- **death place**: Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Laikipia, Kenya
- **known**: Last male of his subspecies in the world
Hasan Celal Güzel

**Hasan Celal Güzel** (1945, Gaziantep – 19 March 2018) was a Turkish journalist and politician. He was Minister of Education, Youth and Sport (1987 - 1989). He was leader of the Rebirth Party in the 1990s, a party he co-founded in 1992. He has been a columnist for _Radikal_ and _Vatan_.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Hasan Celal Güzel
- **image**: Hasan Celal Güzel.jpg
- **office**: Minister of Education, Youth and Sport
- **term start**: 21 April 1987
- **term end**: 30 March 1989
- **predecessor**: Metin Emiroğlu
- **successor**: Avni Akyol (Education)

İsmet Özarslan (Youth and Sport)
- **birth place**: Gaziantep, Turkey
- **death date**: 19 March 2018
- **party**: Motherland Party (Turkey), Motherland Party
Rebirth Party
Barkat Gourad Hamadou

**Barkat Gourad Hamadou** (Arabic: بركات غوراد حمادو) (1 January 1930 – 18 March 2018) was a Djiboutian politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Djibouti from 2 October 1978 until 7 March 2001. He was born in Dikhil Region, French Somaliland. He resigned in 2001 due to health problems.

Hamadou died on 18 March 2018 in Paris of complications from heart disease, aged 88.
Franz Pacher

**Franz Pacher** (28 April 1919 – 3 March 2018) was an Austrian engineer and pioneer. He was born in Prostřední Suchá, present-day Czech Republic. He worked of modern tunneling, who was one of three men notable as the chief developers of the New Austrian Tunneling method.

Pacher died in Salzburg, Austria on 3 March 2018 at the age of 98.
Robert Langlands

**Robert Phelan Langlands** (; born October 6, 1936) is a Canadian mathematician. He is best known as the founder of the Langlands program that results connecting representation theory and automorphic forms to the study of Galois groups in number theory, for which he received the 2018 Abel Prize.

He is an emeritus professor and occupies Albert Einstein's office at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Robert Langlands
- **image**: Langlands2 (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **birth place**: New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada
- **nationality**: Canadians, Canadian/Americans, American
- **fields**: Mathematics
- **workplaces**: Princeton University,
 Yale University,
Institute for Advanced Study
- **alma mater**: University of British Columbia,
Yale University
- **doctoral advisor**: Cassius Ionescu-Tulcea
- **doctoral students**: James Arthur (mathematician), James Arthur
Thomas Callister Hales
Diana Shelstad
- **known for**: Langlands program
- **awards**: Jeffery–Williams Prize (1980)
Cole Prize (1982)
Wolf Prize (1995–96)
Leroy P. Steele Prize#The Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research, Steele Prize (2005)
Nemmers Prize in Mathematics, Nemmers Prize (2006)
Shaw Prize (2007)
Abel Prize (2018)
David Benton

**David C. Benton** (born 29 October 1957) is a British nurse and former chief executive officer of International Council of Nurses. He served in this capacity between 2008 to 2015. He took over from Judith Oulton and before his appointment, he was a senior consultant in the same organisation.
He is a fellow of the American Academy of Nursing and Royal College of Nursing.
Mary L. Good

**Mary Lowe Good** (June 20, 1931 – November 20, 2019) was an American inorganic chemist. She worked academically, in industrial research and in government.

Good was known for her works in the understanding of catalysts such as ruthenium which activate or speed up chemical reactions.

From April 3, 1996 to April 12, 1996, Good was acting United States Secretary of Commerce until Mickey Kantor was sworn-in.

Good won many major awards including the Garvan–Olin Medal, the Othmer Gold Medal, the  Priestley Medal, and the Vannevar Bush Award.

Good died at her home in Little Rock, Arkansas, on November 20, 2019, at the age of 88.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Mary Lowe Good
- **image**: Mary Lowe Good - ACS2004 crop.jpg
- **birth place**: Grapevine, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Little Rock, Arkansas, U.S.
- **fields**: Chemistry
- **workplaces**: Louisiana State University;
AlliedSignal, AlliedSignal Research and Technology Laboratory;
U.S. Department of Commerce
- **alma mater**: University of Central Arkansas
University of Arkansas
- **awards**: Garvan–Olin Medal
IRI Medal
Vannevar Bush Award
Arden L. Bement Jr.

**Arden Lee Bement Jr.** (born May 22, 1932) is an American engineer and scientist. He has served in executive positions in government, industry and academia . He is a former Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Advanced Technology, Chief Technical Officer of TRW, Director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).

Following the end of his six-year term at NSF, on June 1, 2010 he became the founding director of the Global Policy Research Institute and Chief Global Affairs officer at Purdue University.

## Other websites

- Biography on the NSF website
- Press release about Purdue GPRI appointment

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Arden L. Bement Jr.
- **image**: STC Celebration (18) (4404826334) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Arden L. Bement Jr. in 2010
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- **nationality**: United States
- **field**: Material Science and Engineering, Nuclear Engineering
- **work institutions**: General Electric Company, Battelle Memorial Institute, MIT, DARPA, Office of the Secretary of Defense, TRW Inc., TRW, Purdue University, National Science Foundation, National Institute of Standards and Technology
- **alma mater**: Colorado School of Mines
University of Idaho
University of Michigan
Rita R. Colwell

**Rita Rossi Colwell** (born November 23, 1934) is an American environmental microbiologist and scientific administrator. Colwell holds degrees in bacteriology, genetics, nography and studies infectious diseases. Colwell is the founder and Chair of CosmosID, a bioinformatics company.

From 1998 to 2004, she was the 11th Director of the National Science Foundation. Rita Colwell won the 2015 Mahathir Science Award for studying the bacteria that cause cholera.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **embed**: yes
- **thesis title**: Commensal bacteria of marine animals; a study of their distribution, physiology and taxonomy
- **thesis url**: https://www.proquest.com/docview/302062056/
- **thesis year**: 1961
- **doctoral advisor**: John Liston
- **doctoral students**: Jody Deming
- **field**: Microbiology
- **work institutions**: National Science Foundation
University of Maryland College Park
Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Georgetown University


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rita R. Colwell
- **image**: Rita Colwell.jpg
- **order**: 11th
- **title**: Director of the National Science Foundation
- **term start**: 1998
- **term end**: 2004
- **president**: Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
- **predecessor**: Neal Francis Lane
- **successor**: Arden L. Bement Jr.
- **birth place**: Beverly, Massachusetts, Beverly, Massachusetts, United States
- **nationality**: United States nationality law, American
- **alma mater**: Purdue University
University of Washington
Pattypan squash

The **pattypan squash** is a vegetable. It can also be called a "Sunburst Squash", or a "White Squash".

It is part of the squash family. They can be white, yellow, or green.
Stormy Daniels

**Stormy Daniels** (born **Stephanie Gregory Clifford** March 17, 1979) is an American award-winning pornographic actress, screenwriter and stripper. She is a member of the NightMoves, AVN and XCRO halls of fame.

In 2018, Daniels and her lawyer Michael Avenatti became involved in a legal scandal with Donald Trump and his lawyer Michael Cohen. Trump and people who represent him were accused of paying Daniels $130,000 so that she wouldn't tell anyone about an alleged sexual relationship with Trump.

Spokespeople for Trump said that he never had an affair. White House Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders spoke for Trump. She said he never gave any payments to Daniels.

In 2010, a group of fans tried to get Daniels to run against Republican Senator David Vitter.

Daniels was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Naagin 2

***Naagin 2*** is an Indian television series. The series was the sequel of _Naagin_ and is followed by _Naagin 3_, The series is produced by Ekta Kapoor, and created by Balaji Telefilms.

The series premiered on Colors TV on 8 October 2016 and ended on 25 June 2017. The series starred Mouni Roy and Karanvir Bohra in lead roles.

## Infobox (television)

- **producer**: Ekta Kapoor
Shobha Kapoor
- **genre**: Supernatural
Revenge
Drama
- **creative director**: Tanushree Dasgupta
- **creator**: Ekta Kapoor
- **company**: Balaji Telefilms
- **camera**: Multi-camera
- **country**: India
- **language**: Hindi
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 75
- **network**: Colors TV
- **related**: Naagin (2015 TV series), Naagin
Naagin 3
B. R. Ambedkar

**Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar** (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as **Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar** was an Indian jurist, economist, politician, writer and social reformer. He inspired the Dalit Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), and also supported the rights of women and labour. He was independent India's first law minister, the principal architect of the Constitution of India.

In 1956, in Deekshabhoomi, he initiated a mass conversion of Dalit, converting to Buddhism with 600,000 supporters. He revived Buddhism in India. Ambedkar is regarded as a bodhisattva, and the Maitreya, among the Navayana Buddhists.

In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred upon Ambedkar. Ambedkar's legacy includes numerous memorials and depictions in popular culture. Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer had a deep effect on modern India.

Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN, ahead of Vallabhbhai Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru.

Ambedkar Jayanti (Ambedkar's birthday) is an annual festival celebrated on 14 April. Ambedkar Jayanti is celebrated as an official public holiday in many states of India. The United Nations celebrated Ambedkar Jayanti in 2016, 2017 and 2018.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dr.Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
भीमराव रामजी आंबेडकर
- **image**: Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg
- **caption**: Babasaheb Ambedkar
- **birth place**: Mhow, Central Provinces, British Indian Empire, British India
(now in Dr. Ambedkar Nagar, Madhya Pradesh, India)
- **death place**: New Delhi, India
- **nationality**: Indian
- **spouse(s)**: Ramabai Ambedkar
 Savita Ambedkar
- **signature**: Dr._Babasaheb_Ambedkar_Signature.svg