juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Narbonne

**Narbonne** () is a French commune, a _subprefecture_ in the Aude department. It is in the Occitanie region. It is also the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Narbonne.

It was a wealthy port and major city in Roman times but now is at about  from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea.

## Geography

The _commune_ of Narbonne has an area of . The lowest point in the _commune_ is 0 m along the Mediterranean coast and the highest point is ; its average altitude is  and the city hall is an altitude of .

The _commune_ of Narbonne is surrounded by the _communes_:

### Climate

The climate of Narbonne, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Csa** - Mediterranean climate with hot summers.

## Population

The inhabitants of this city are known, in French, as _Narbonnais_ (women: _Narbonnaises_).

With a population of 52,855, Narbonne has a population density of  inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>.

**Evolution of the population in Narbonne**

Narbonne forms the urban area of Narbonne with a population of 52,855 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Narbonne, formed by 24 _communes_ with a population of 91,825 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

## Administration

Narbonne is a subprefecture of the Aude department, the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Narbonne and the administrative centre () of three cantons
- Narbonne-1, with 24,958 inhabitants <small>(2014)</small>.
- Narbonne-2, with 19,785 inhabitants <small>(2014)</small>.
- Narbonne-3, with 18,637 inhabitants <small>(2014)</small>.

It is part of the intercommunality _Le Grand Narbonne_ ().

### Twinned and partner towns

Narbonne is twinned with:
- Weilheim, Germany
- Aosta, Italy
- Salford, England

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Narbonne
- Communes of the Aude department

## Other websites

- Mairie de Narbonne website
- Narbonne official tourism website
- Le Petit narbonnais (Wiki Narbona)

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Narbonne
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image flag**: Fr narbona.png
- **image coat of arms**: Blason_ville_fr_Narbonne.svg
- **image**: Narbonne_Cathedrale_Saint_Just_et_Saint_Pasteur.jpg
- **caption**: Cathedral of Narbonne
- **arrondissement**: Narbonne
- **canton**: Narbonne-1
Narbonne-2
Narbonne-3
- **intercommunality**: Le Grand Narbonne
- **mayor**: Didier Mouly
- **term**: 2014 - 2020
- **elevation m**: 143
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 285
- **area km2**: 173.0
- **population demonym**: Narbonnais
- **population**: 52855
- **population date**: 2014
- **insee**: 11262
- **postal code**: 11100
- **website**: [http://www.narbonne.fr/ www.narbonne.fr]
Fréjus

**Fréjus** is a commune located on the Mediterranean Sea in the Var department. About 53,000 people live there. It is a famous seaside resort.
Loop (graph theory)

In graph theory, a **loop** is an edge that connects a vertex to itself.
Truncated icosahedron

A **truncated icosahedron** is an Archimedean solid. A regular icosahedron is made of 20 faces. When a regular icosahedron is truncated, this means that each "corner" (or vertex) is replaced by a pentagon, as there are five edges at each corner.

A truncated icosahedron is made of 12 regular pentagons and 20 hexagons. It has 60 vertices, and 90 edges.

## Truncated icosahedra in nature

The molecule Fullerene is made of 60 carbon atoms and looks like a truncated icosahedron.

Most soccer balls are truncated icosahedra.
Truncated octahedron

A **truncated octahedron** is an Archimedean solid. It has 14 faces: 8 are hexagons, 6 are squares.  It is obtained by cutting the edges of an octahedron. Each corner of the octahedron has four connections. Cutting the corner will therefore replace it with a square.
Academic journal

An **academic** or **scholarly journal** contains articles written by experts in a particular subject. Academic journals are often forums for discussing new research, and the critique of existing research. They usually contain articles presenting original research, review articles, and book reviews. The purpose of an academic journal is to give researchers a place to exchange knowledge. Academic journals can be traced back to the 17th century.

The term _academic journal_ applies to scholarly publications in all fields. Scientific journals and journals of the social sciences vary in form and function from journals of the humanities. A particular type of academic journal is the peer reviewed journal. Articles are sent out anonymously to other experts in the same field. In this way they will not know the author's name and can remain impartial. Experts review the article before it is published.

## Related pages

- arXiv - This is a website to store scientific papers before academic journal appearance
- Elsevier - One of the largest academic journal publisher in world
Paul Eisler

**Paul Eisler** (1907 – 26 October 1992) was an Austrian inventor. He invented the modern circuit board. He also invented fish fingers (also called _fish sticks_).

## Early life and education

Eisler was born in Vienna, Austria. He was a student at Vienna University of Technology. German nationalists would not let Eisler get a job in Vienna, because he was Jewish. He got a job with an English company (Gramaphone Company, EMI from March 1931). He removed interference from music broadcast on trains. He moved to England but was sent to an internment camp during WWII. Eventually, his circuit boards for the Americans helped defeat German V-1 flying bombs.

## Inventions

He invented the modern circuit board. He created a pizza warmer, and the rear window defroster. He also invented fish fingers.
Ziegfeld Follies

The **Ziegfeld Follies** were a series of elaborate theatrical productions on Broadway in New York City from 1907 through 1931, with renewals in 1934 and 1936. The Ziegfeld Follies were inspired by the Folies Bergère of Paris. They were conceived and mounted by Florenz Ziegfeld. The show producers were Klaw & Erlanger, the top turn-of-the-twentieth-century showmen.

## History

The Follies were lavish variety shows, something like music hall or high class Vaudeville. Many of the top entertainers of the era appeared in the shows. The list includes W. C. Fields, Eddie Cantor, Josephine Baker, Fanny Brice, Ann Pennington, Bert Williams, Eva Tanguay, Bob Hope, Will Rogers, Ruth Etting, Ray Bolger, Helen Morgan, Louise Brooks, Marilyn Miller, Ed Wynn, Gilda Gray, Nora Bayes, Sophie Tucker. The Ziegfeld Follies also were famous for many, beautiful chorus girls commonly known as Ziegfeld girls, usually wearing elaborate costumes by designers such as Erté, Lady Duff Gordon or Ben Ali Haggin. The first _Follies_ was produced in 1907 at the roof theatre _Jardin de Paris_.

The Ziegfeld girls "paraded up and down flights of stairs as anything from birds to battleships."  The "Tableau vivants" were designed by Ben Ali Haggin from 1917 to 1925. Joseph Urban was the scenic designer for the _Follies_ shows starting in 1915.

After Ziegfeld's death, his widow Billie Burke, authorized use of his name for Ziegfeld Follies in 1934 and 1936 to Jake Shubert, who then produced the _Follies_. When later it toured, the 1934 edition was recorded in its entirety, from the Overture to Play-out music. First issued as a series of 78 rpm discs, the recording was later released as a compact disc (1997).

## Media

They became a radio program in 1932 and 1936 as _The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air_. The 1936 Academy Award Best Picture winner was M-G-M's _The Great Ziegfeld_, starring William Powell as the master showman and co-starring Myrna Loy (as Ziegfeld's second wife Billie Burke),
Casualty

**Casualty** may refer to:
- _Casualty_ (TV series), a British television show on BBC
- Casualty (person), a hurt person
Mississippian culture

**Mississippian culture** is the culture of the Mississippian people. They were Native Americans who lived in the Mississippi River Valley.  Around 900–1450 AD, the Mississippian culture developed and spread through the Eastern Woodlands. Mississippian people were most often farmers who settled into river valleys and grew the "three sisters" of corn, beans and squash.

The Mississippian peoples lived throughout the Southeast and Midwest, an area from the Florida panhandle westward into Oklahoma, northward to Minnesota and eastward to Ohio.
First derivative test

In calculus, the **first derivative test** is used to find local maxima and minima of a function. The first derivative test can be used to determine intervals of increase and intervals of decrease.

## Critical Points (and how to find them)

Critical points are values in the domain of a function where its derivative is 0 or undefined (  or  does not exist).

To find the critical points of a function, the first derivative of the function is computed and set equal to zero. Next, the zeroes of this equation are solved for. If it is a rational function (, where ), the values that will cause the denominator to be equal to 0 are found. This is done because this will make the function undefined. In this case, the equation is not differentiable at that point. These are all of the critical numbers.

These numbers into put into the original function to find the coordinate of these critical points.

### Example

If:
- and

So, the two critical points are  and .

## First derivative test

The intervals between points must be considered to know if the points are local maximas, minimas, or neither. To do this, a value from each interval is put into the first derivative of the function. If the value is positive, then it is an interval of increase. If the value is negative, then it is an interval of decrease. If two neighboring intervals change signs, that point is either a local maxima or minima. If the first interval is positive and the second interval negative, the critical point is a local maxima. If the first interval is negative and the second interval positive, the critical point is a local minima. If both intervals are positive or both intervals are negative, the critical point is not a local maxima or minima.

The first derivative test is used in calculus optimization problems.
Tabassum Adnan

**Tabassum Adnan** (Urdu: تبسم عدنان) (born 1977) is a women's rights activist from Pakistan. In 2015, she won the U.S. State Department's International Women of Courage Award because of her work for justice for Pakistani women.

## Life

Tabassum Adnan was born in 1977.  She grew up in the Swat Valley of Pakistan.

Tabassum was married when she was 13 years old.  She had four children.  She was a victim of domestic violence.  After she was married for 20 years, she divorced her husband.

## The jirga for women

Tabassum did not have a home or money, so she went to a local group for women. The group gave her the idea to work for more participation for women. First, she went to the Swat Qaumi Aman Jirga, a group with only men, but they refused her. A jirga is an informal court that enforces _qisas_ (retribution laws). It is not a formal court, but many times the formal courts will listen to their decisions.

In May 2013, Adnan started her own jirga.  It was the first women's jirga in Pakistan.

In Pakistan, women are used as chattel, or property, to settle disagreements between men.  They are traded in marriage to pay debts and claims of honor, and to pay for crimes. Because women have little power, Adnan knew that her group needed to get the police and the courts to act. Her jirga has 25 women. It works to pressure the police and the traditional court system, and it gives legal help to the victims. The _Khwendo Jirga_, or Sister’s Council also works for free education for girls, good health for women and girls, training in both home skills and work skills, loans for small business, and voting.  The jirga also works for laws to stop violence against women, especially honor killings, dowry harassments, acid attacks, and torture.

At first, the men's jirgas did not like the _Khwendo Jirga_. Women's rights activists did not like it either. Then, in 2014, that changed. A child was raped, and the authorities did nothing. _Khwendo Jirga_ had a protest walk, to attract the attention of the public. The police made arrests. Then, for the first time in Pashtun history, a woman, Adnan, was asked to sit on the men's jirga and help decide the case. After the first protest, the women had more success. In July, 2014, Adnan and Khwendo Jirga worked to pass a law against child marriage. Although some religious groups were not happy, the Sindh Assembly passed a law against marriages for anyone under the age of eighteen. In December, 2014 the Punjab Assembly voted to change the present law.

## Other websites

- 2015 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Margaret Dunning

**Margaret Isabel Dunning** (June 26, 1910 – May 17, 2015) was an American philanthropist. She was the benefactor of the Plymouth (Michigan) Historical Museum. She was born in Redford, Michigan.

Dunning died at the age of 104 from complications from a fall while on a trip in Santa Barbara, California.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Margaret Isabel Dunning
- **birth place**: Redford, Michigan, United States
- **death place**: Santa Barbara, California, United States
- **death cause**: Complications from a fall
- **resting place**: Detroit, Michigan
- **alma mater**: University of Michigan
Jerome Cooper

**Jerome Cooper** (December 14, 1946 – May 6, 2015) was an American free jazz musician. He was known as a multi-dimensional drummer. Cooper played balafon, chirimia and electronic tonal activator in addition to trap drums. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

Cooper died in Brooklyn, New York City from multiple myeloma, aged 68.
Dean Potter

**Dean S. Potter** (April 14, 1972 – May 16, 2015) was an American free climber, alpinist, BASE jumper, BASEliner, and highliner. He was known for hard first ascents, free solo ascents, speed ascents, and enchainments in Yosemite National Park and Patagonia.

## Death

On May 16, 2015, Potter and Graham Hunt were killed while attempting a wingsuit flight from Taft Point above Yosemite Valley. While attempting to maneuver through the cliffs, each in turn collided with the rocks. Their bodies were discovered by a helicopter searching for the two men. Neither had deployed their parachute.

## Other websites

- Official website
- _Outside Magazine_ feature
- Dean Potter's climbing profile on Climbandmore.com
- _New York Times_ article
- Video interview about Potter's childhood dreams of flying, wingsuit piloting and BASE jumping
- "Dean Potter’s Extreme Life in 7 Hair-Raising Videos"

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dean Potter
- **image**: Dean-Potter.jpg
- **alt**: Dean Potter
- **caption**: Dean Potter
- **birth place**: Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, U.S.
- **death date**: (aged 43)
- **death place**: Yosemite National Park, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Wingsuit flying accident
- **height**: 1.956m (6 ft 5 in)
- **spouse**: (divorced)
- **known for**: Rock climbing, alpinism, BASE jumping, Slacklining, highlining
- **occupation**: Rock climber
- **nationality**: United States
Flora MacNeil

**Flora MacNeil, MBE** (1928 – 16 May 2015) was a Scottish Gaelic singer. MacNeil was born in 1928 on the island of Barra. She was known for signing _Mo Run Geal Og_ (“My Fair Young Love”), one of the greatest of the _Orain Mor_, or “Big Songs”. She was known as the "Queen of Gaelic singers".

MacNeil died after a short-illness, aged 86.
The Thrill Is Gone

"**The Thrill Is Gone**" is a 1969 slow minor-key blues song written by West coast blues musician Roy Hawkins and Rick Darnell in 1951. Hawkins' recording of the song reached number six in the _Billboard_ R&B chart in 1951.  In 1970, "The Thrill Is Gone" became a major hit for B.B. King. Afterwards, many blues and other artists have recorded their versions of the song.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Thrill Is Gone
- **artist**: B.B. King
- **album**: Completely Well
- **b-side**: "You're Mean"
- **released**: 1969 in music, December 1969
- **recorded**: June 1969
- **genre**: Blues, Rhythm and blues, R&B, Soul music, soul
- **length**: (album version)
3:55 (single version)
- **label**: Bluesway Records, Bluesway/ABC Records
- **writer**: Rick Darnell, Roy Hawkins
- **producer**: Bill Szymczyk
- **prev title**: Just a Little Love
- **prev year**: 1969
- **next title**: So Excited
- **next year**: 1970
Wind of Change (Scorpions song)

**"Wind of Change"** is a 1990 hard rock pop ballad song by the Scorpions. The song is about the ending of the Cold War and hope when tense conditions came up.

The song was released in January 1991. It became a worldwide hit single during 1991. The song has sold millions of copies worldwide since then. It hit #4 on the American _Billboard_ Hot 100. notable soundtrack includes is featured in the films or television _The Powerpuff Girls Movie_ unused trailer, _Godzilla vs. Kong_ fan-fiction dub version, _Nutri Ventures_ as a international dub parody version.

There is also a Russian language version of the song.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Wind of Change
- **caption**: Single cover
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Scorpions (band), Scorpions
- **album**: Crazy World (Scorpions album), Crazy World
- **b-side**: * "Restless Nights" (Europe)
* "Money and Fame" (US, Canada)
- **recorded**: 1990
- **studio**: * Wisseloord Studios, Wisseloord (Hilversum, Netherlands)
* Goodnight LA (Los Angeles, California)
- **length**: * 5:13 (album version)
* 3:44 (radio edit)
- **label**: * Mercury Records, Mercury
* Vertigo Records, Vertigo
- **writer**: Klaus Meine
- **producer**: * Keith Olsen
* Scorpions
- **prev title**: Don't Believe Her
- **prev year**: 1990
- **next title**: Send Me an Angel (Scorpions song), Send Me an Angel
- **next year**: 1991
Automeris io

***Automeris io*** is the North American **Io moth**. It has anti-predator defences common in the Lepidoptera. The adults have a two-stage defence system: first they are cryptic with their wings closed. If predators get too near, they flash their vivid eye markings. This startles the predator, and the moth has time to fly off and hide. The adults are nocturnal, they only fly at night, and during the day they sit on tree trunks or branches.

Very widespread, the moth ranges from southern Canada to Mexico and Costa Rica. In between, it is found widely in the USA.

### Adults

They do not eat, and live only about a week: all they do is reproduce. This is typical of Saturniid moths. They have sexual dimorphism as can be seen from the illustrations, and fly at night. The females come out of the cocoon with ready-made eggs, and the males pick up the female pheromones with their extra-big antennae.

### Caterpillars

The caterpillars live together (are gregarious), and travel in single file all over the food plant. They start off orange in colour, and eventually  turn bright green. As they grow in size they become covered with stinging spines. The spines deliver a very painful venom which is released at the slightest touch.

- General advice: large-haired caterpillars should not be touched except by experts.
Charlotte Motor Speedway

**Charlotte Motor Speedway** is a motorsports complex in Concord, North Carolina, United States. It is  from Charlotte, North Carolina. The complex features a  quad oval track that hosts NASCAR racing. It is best known for the Coca-Cola 600 on Memorial Day weekend. The All-Star Race, as well as the Bank of America Roval 400 also run here. The speedway was built in 1959 by Bruton Smith. It is considered the home track for NASCAR with many race teams located in the Charlotte area. The track is owned and operated by Speedway Motorsports Inc. (SMI) with Marcus G. Smith (son of Bruton Smith) as track president.

The  complex also features a state-of-the-art quarter mile (0.40 km) drag racing strip, ZMAX Dragway. It is the only all-concrete, four-lane drag strip in the United States. It hosts NHRA events. Alongside the drag strip is a modern clay oval that hosts dirt racing including the World of Outlaws finals.
Robin

**Robin** may mean

- A small bird with a red chest
    - European robin
    - American robin
    - Australian robin
- Robin (comics), a character in the _Batman_ comic series and movies
    - _Batman & Robin_, a movie featuring the character
Earthrise

"**Earthrise**" is a photo of the Earth from the Moon taken on the Apollo 8 mission. It was taken by astronaut William Anders on December 24, 1968. It was a very important picture, because it helped people realize how fragile the Earth looks. It started making a large amount of people want to pass laws and create government programs that help the environment. It also became the symbol for Earth Day because of how powerful it was, and it started the environmental movement of the 1970's. Earthrise's most notable use is as the symbol of Earth Day.

## Related pages

- Earth phase
- Extraterrestrial sky
- _Pale Orange Dot_ (Early Earth)
- Spaceship Earth
- _The Blue Marble_

## Other websites

- Earthrise image
Daewoo Motors

**Daewoo Motor** was a South Korean automotive company owned by General Motors. The company started in 1937 as National motors in Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, South Korea. In 1965 it became Shinjin Motor after becoming affiliated with Toyota. In 1972 Toyota withdrew. The same year Shinjin became General Motors Korea, a joint venture with General Motors. The company was renamed Saehan Motors in 1976. In 1982 the company was bought by the Daewoo group. Daewoo was known for its affordable cars many of which were made in partnership with GM until the mid '90s. The Daewoo Group ran into financial trouble in the late 1990s. It was then put up for sale and acquired by General Motors in 2001. It was renamed GM Daewoo, and began to produce GM vehicles again. This included the Chevrolet Aveo which is based on Daewoo's Kalos model. In 2011 GM Daewoo was renamed GM Korea. 1967-2016

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Daewoo Motors
- **image caption**: 2013 Daewoo Matiz Creative
- **logo size**: 180
- **image**: Matiz Creative.jpg
- **type**: privately held company, Private (1935–65)
Subsidiary (1978–1999)
- **fate**: Bankrupt, acquired by General Motors in 2002, restarted as GM Korea, GM Daewoo
- **foundation**: 1937
- **location city**: Bupyeong District, Bupyeong
- **location country**: South Korea
- **successor**: Tata Daewoo, Daewoo Commercial Vehicle
GM Korea
- **industry**: automotive industry, Automotive
- **products**: car, Automobiles
- **subsid**: SsangYong Motor, SsangYong (1998–2000)
Robert S. Wistrich

**Robert Solomon Wistrich** (April 7, 1945 – May 19, 2015) was a British-Israeli academic and author. He was a leading scholar of antisemitism in Europe. He was also the Neuburger Professor of European and Jewish history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He wrote and edited at least 30 books.

Wistrich was born in Lenger, Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan). His parents were leftist Polish Jews who moved to escape antisemitism. He later moved to France with his family, and grew up in England.

Wistrich died from a heart attack on May 19, 2015 in Rome, Italy. He was 70.
John Templeton Jr.

**John Marks** "**Jack**" **Templeton Jr.** (February 19, 1940 – May 16, 2015) was an American medical doctor. He served as the Chairman and President of the John Templeton Foundation until his death, and also worked as a pediatric surgeon. He was a Republican.

Templeton was born in New York City. He was the elder son of Judith (Folk) and the American-born British stock investor, businessman and philanthropist John Templeton. He studied at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut and at Harvard Medical School. He was married to Josephine and had three daughters.

Templeton was an Evangelical. He gave large sums of money to conservative organizations, like those opposing same-sex marriage.

Templeton died from brain cancer on May 16, 2015 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. He was 75.
John Mahaffy

**John Mahaffy** (July 18, 1918 – May 2, 2015) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played 37 games in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers and Montreal Canadiens.

Mahaffy was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was married to Angie Péloquin. He died on May 2, 2015, aged 96.
Ahmad Alasgarov

**Ahmad Latifovich Alasgarov** (, ; born 5 October 1935 – 19 May 2015) was an Azerbaijani footballer and manager. He played as a defender from 1955 until 1965. He managed nine teams between 1966 and 2006, including the Azerbaijan national football team. He was born in Baku.

Alasgarov died after a long illness on 19 May 2015 in Odesa, Ukraine, aged 79.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ahmad Alaskarov
- **fullname**: Ahmad Latif oglu Alasgarov
- **image**: Ахмед Алескеров.JPG
- **birth place**: Baku, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan SSR, USSR
- **death place**: Odesa, Ukraine
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **years1**: 1955–1965
- **clubs1**: Neftchi Baku PFC, Neftyanik Baku
- **caps1**: 115
- **goals1**: 6
- **manageryears1**: 1966–1970
- **manageryears2**: 1972
- **manageryears3**: 1973–1977
- **manageryears4**: 1979
- **manageryears5**: 1979–1982
- **manageryears6**: 1988–1989
- **manageryears7**: 1991–1992
- **manageryears8**: 1992–1993
- **manageryears9**: 1994
- **manageryears10**: 1997–1998
- **manageryears11**: 1998–1999
- **manageryears12**: 1999–2000
- **manageryears13**: 2005–2006
- **managerclubs1**: Neftchi Baku PFC, Neftchi Baku
- **managerclubs2**: SKA-Pamir Dushanbe
- **managerclubs3**: FC Chornomorets Odesa, Chornomorets Odesa
- **managerclubs4**: FK MKT Araz, Araz
- **managerclubs5**: Neftchi Baku PFC, Neftchi Baku
- **managerclubs6**: FC Zimbru Chişinău, FC Nistru Chişinău
- **managerclubs7**: Neftchi Baku PFC, Neftchi Baku
- **managerclubs8**: Azerbaijan national football team, Azerbaijan
- **managerclubs9**: FC Anzhi Makhachkala, Anzhi Makhachkala
- **managerclubs10**: FC Sheriff Tiraspol, FC Sheriff
- **managerclubs11**: Azerbaijan national football team, Azerbaijan
- **managerclubs12**: Neftchi Baku PFC, Neftchi Baku
- **managerclubs13**: FC Baku
- **pcupdate**: 19 May 2015
- **ntupdate**: 19 May 2015
Trajan's Column

**Trajan's Column** is a Roman triumphal column in Rome, Italy. It was built to remember Roman emperor Trajan's victory in the Dacian Wars. It was probably built by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus at the order of the Roman Senate. It is in Trajan's Forum, near the Quirinal Hill, north of the Roman Forum. It was completed in AD 113. It has a spiral bas relief, which shows the wars between the Romans and Dacians (101–102 and 105–106). Its design has inspired numerous victory columns, both ancient and modern.

The column is about 30 metres (98 ft) in height, 35 metres (125 ft) including its large pedestal. It is made from a series of 20 hollow Carrara marble pieces. Each one weighs about 32 tons, with a diameter of 3.7 metres (11 ft). The 190-metre (625 ft) frieze winds around the column 23 times. Inside the column, a spiral staircase of 185 steps gives access to a viewing platform at the top. The capital block of Trajan's Column weighs 53.3 tons, which had to be lifted to a height of c. 34 m.

Ancient coins show plans to put a statue of an eagle on top of the column. However it was built with a statue of Trajan. This statue disappeared in the Middle Ages. On December 4, 1587, the top was crowned by Pope Sixtus V with a bronze figure of St. Peter. When it was built the column was next to two libraries, which perhaps held the soldier-emperor's account of the Roman-Dacian Wars.
Jean Baptiste Charbonneau

**Jean Baptiste Charbonneau** (11 February 1805 – 16 May 1866) was the son of Toussaint Charbonneau and Sacagawea.  He was a fur trapper and guide. He was an important figure in the Mexican-American War. Charbonneau and his mother are pictured on a one-dollar coin.
A. J. Allmendinger

**Anthony James "A. J." Allmendinger** (born December 16, 1981) is an American open-wheel and stock car racing driver. He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Xfinity Series driving the No. 16 car for Kaulig Racing.

Allmendinger earned five wins and a third championship place in the 2006 Champ Car season. Afterwards, he began competing in NASCAR. He has competed in the 24 Hours of Daytona, finishing first in 2012, second in 2006 and third in 2013.

## Infobox (nascar driver)

- **name**: A. J. Allmendinger
- **image**: Aj_allmendinger_(53643594119)_(cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Allmendinger in 2024
- **birth place**: Los Gatos, California
- **achievements**: 2-time International Kart Federation, IKF Champion
2002 Barber Dodge Pro Series champion
2003 Champ Car Atlantic champion
2012 Rolex 24 at Daytona winner
- **awards**: 2004 Champ Car World Series Rookie of the Year
- **total cup races**: 371
- **years in cup**: 13
- **cup car team**: No. 47 (JTG Daugherty Racing)
- **prev cup pos**: 22nd
- **previous year**: 2018
- **best cup pos**: 13th (2014)
- **first cup race**: 2007 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series 2007 Food City 500 (Bristol Motor Speedway, Bristol)
- **first cup win**: 2014 Cheez-It 355 at The Glen (Watkins Glen International, Watkins Glen)
- **cup wins**: 1
- **cup top tens**: 57
- **cup poles**: 4
- **total busch races**: 27
- **years in busch**: 6
- **busch car team**: No. 16 (Kaulig Racing)
- **prev busch pos**: 24th
- **prev busch year**: 2020
- **best busch pos**: 24th (2020 NASCAR Xfinity Series)
- **first busch race**: 2007 Copart 300 (California Speedway, California)
- **first busch win**: 2013 Johnsonville Sausage 200 (Road America)
- **last busch win**: 2020 Drive for the Cure 250  (Charlotte Roval, Charlotte Motor Speedway)
- **busch wins**: 5
- **busch top tens**: 13
- **busch poles**: 2
- **total truck races**: 13
- **years in truck**: 3
- **best truck pos**: 34th (2007)
- **first truck race**: 2006 Sylvania 200, New Hampshire 200 (New Hampshire International Speedway, New Hampshire)
- **last truck race**: 2008 San Bernardino County 200 (California Speedway, California)
- **truck wins**: 0
- **truck top tens**: 3
- **truck poles**: 0
Regan Smith

**Regan Smith** (born September 23, 1983) is an American stock car racing driver.

He currently competes full-time in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. He drives the No. 7 Chevrolet SS for Tommy Baldwin Racing. He also races part-time in the Xfinity Series. There he drives the No. 88 Chevrolet Camaro for JR Motorsports, and the No. 2 Chevrolet Camaro for Richard Childress Racing.

## Other websites

- Official page

## Infobox (nascar driver)

- **name**: Regan Smith
- **image**: Regan Smith at the Daytona 500 (cropped).JPG
- **caption**: Regan Smith at the Daytona 500 in 2015
- **birth place**: Cato (town), New York, Cato, New York
- **achievements**: 1996 World Karting Association, WKA Grand National champion
1997 World Karting Association, WKA Manufacturer's Cup champion
1998 Canadian Grand National Karting championship
1999 Allison Legacy Series champion
2008 Riverside International Speedway, IWK 250 winner
2011 Bojangles' Southern 500, Southern 500 winner
- **awards**: 2008 Sprint Cup Series NASCAR Rookie of the Year, Rookie of the Year
2013 NASCAR's Most Popular Driver Award, NASCAR Nationwide Series Most Popular Driver
- **total cup races**: 205
- **years in cup**: 10
- **cup car team**: No. 7 (Tommy Baldwin Racing)
- **prev cup pos**: 58th
- **previous year**: 2015
- **best cup pos**: 24th (2012)
- **first cup race**: 2007 2007 Food City 500, Food City 500 (Bristol Motor Speedway, Bristol)
- **first cup win**: 2011 2011 Showtime Southern 500, Southern 500 (Darlington Raceway, Darlington)
- **cup wins**: 1
- **cup top tens**: 13
- **cup poles**: 0
- **total busch races**: 204
- **years in busch**: 11
- **busch car team**: No. 88 (JR Motorsports)
No. 2 (Richard Childress Racing)
- **prev busch pos**: 4th
- **prev busch year**: 2015
- **best busch pos**: 2nd (2014)
- **first busch race**: 2002 Sam's Town 250 (Memphis Motorsports Park, Memphis)
- **last busch race**: 2016 Drive Sober 200 (Dover International Speedway, Dover)
- **first busch win**: 2012 Ford EcoBoost 300 (Homestead-Miami Speedway, Homestead)
- **last busch win**: 2015 Hisense 200 (Dover International Speedway, Dover)
- **busch wins**: 6
- **busch top tens**: 78
- **busch poles**: 1
- **total truck races**: 23
- **years in truck**: 5
- **best truck pos**: 32nd (2007)
- **first truck race**: 2002 John Boy & Billy's Hardee's 250 (South Boston Speedway, South Boston)
- **last truck race**: 2008 Cool City Customs 200 (Michigan International Speedway, Michigan)
- **truck wins**: 0
- **truck top tens**: 5
- **truck poles**: 0
- **updated**: October 9, 2016
Sudha Shivpuri

**Sudha Shivpuri** (14 July 1937 – 20 May 2015) was an Indian stage, movie and television actress. She was known for her role as "Baa" in the Hindi TV serial _Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi_ (2000–2008).

Shivpuri died from multiple organ failure on 20 May 2015 in Mumbai, India, aged 78.
Academy of Urbanism

The **Academy of Urbanism** is a non-profit academic research organization dedicated to urban planning and urban development. The institute is located in London. It has branches in Europe and other places in the world. The Academy employs 500 professionals engaged in various subjects related to the field of urban planning and the chief of the Mossad motto is: "to recognize, encourage, and celebrate great places".

National workshops, lectures, an internet site and spend magazine. In addition, the Academy maintains Festival prizes and conducting congresses in the UK each year and operates a voluntary activity.

## Other websites

- The Academy of Urbanism
World Community Grid

**World Community Grid** (**WCG**) is a large public computing grid to work on scientific research projects that help people. People donate time on their personal computers to the project. The software can be set up to run only when the computer is not being used for other work.

WCG began operation on November 16, 2004. It is coordinated by IBM to use their Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) software. Software for the grid of personal computers is available for Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, and Android operating systems.

World Community Grid's research projects have performed analysis of aspects of the human genome, HIV, dengue, muscular dystrophy, cancer, influenza, rice crop yields and renewable energy.

Open projects running as of May 2015 are looking for drug treatments for the Ebola virus and HIV, seeking new materials for the next generation of solar cells, comparing genomes of many organisms, and investigating cancer genes. As of May 2015, the organization has partnered with 467 other companies and organizations to help its work, and has over 65,000 active registered users.

## Other websites

- World Community Grid website
- The New York Times > Technology > Unused PC Power to Run Grid for Unraveling Disease
- Computerworld announcement article (2004)
Raymond Gosling

**Raymond Gosling** (15 July 1926 – 18 May 2015) was a British biophysicist. He was known for doing X-ray diffraction studies on DNA. These studies were the first step in understanding the 3-D structure of DNA. He did these studies as a doctoral student in the research group headed by Maurice Wilkins at Kings College London.

Gosling's first supervisor was A.R. Stokes of the Physics Department. By 1950, Gosling's diffraction photographs were described by Wilkins at the time as "much better than Astbury's, and almost like single crystals".

Gosling was re-assigned to Rosalind Franklin when she joined Wilkins' group in 1951. For the next two years, they worked closely together to improve the X-ray diffraction photography of DNA and get a sharper image. Gosling made the X-ray diffraction image of DNA known as "Photo 51". This work led directly to the 1963 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine being awarded to Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins. Gosling was the co-author with Franklin of one of the three DNA double helix papers published in _Nature_ in April 1953.

Gosling died in London at 88 on 18 May 2015.

## Other websites

- Detailed interview 2013 in _Genome Biology_
- Raymond Gosling in The King's story
- Doppler-shifted ultrasound units (1974-1981) jointly developed by Dr.B.A.Coghlan and Prof.R.G.Gosling's Blood Flow Group at the Physics Dept., Guy's Hospital Medical School, London. These early devices were used for haemodynamic assessment of normal volunteers and assessment of patients with peripheral vascular disease. The work reflects a close and extensive collaboration with Dr.M.G.Taylor.
Donald Caspar

**Donald L. D. Caspar** (born January 8, 1927 – November 27, 2021) was an American structural biologist. He is known for his works on the structures of biological molecules such as tobacco mosaic virus. He was an emeritus professor of biological science at the Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, and an emeritus professor of biology at the Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center, Brandeis University.
Roscoe Bartlett

**Roscoe Gardner Bartlett, Jr.** (born June 3, 1926) is an American politician and physiologist. He is a former U.S. Representative for , serving from 1993 to 2013.

He is a member of the Republican Party and was a member of the Tea Party Caucus. At the end of his tenure in Congress, Bartlett was the second-oldest serving member of the House of Representatives, behind only fellow Republican Ralph Hall of Texas.

## Other websites

- Representative Roscoe Bartlett  official U.S. House site
- Profile  at SourceWatch
- An interview with Rep. Bartlett regarding peak oil  April 18, 2005
- Transcript of Bartlett speech in Congress on Peak Oil  May 2005
- Video of Rep. Bartlett in Congress on Peak Oil February 2005
- Bill Text 109th Congress (2005–2006) H.RES.507.IH, _THOMAS_

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Roscoe Bartlett
- **image**: Roscoe Bartlett, Official Portrait, 111th Congress.jpg
- **birth name**: Roscoe Gardner Bartlett, Jr.
- **birth place**: Moorland, Kentucky
- **state**: Maryland
- **district**: Maryland's 6th congressional district, 6th
- **term start**: January 3, 1993
- **term end**: January 3, 2013
- **preceded**: Beverly Byron
- **succeeded**: John Delaney
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Ellen Louise Bartlett
- **children**: 10
- **alma mater**: Washington Adventist University
University of Maryland, College Park
- **profession**: Farmer
 Professor
 Scientist
- **residence**: Remote rural West Virginia
Pack hunter

A **pack hunter** or **social predator** is a predator belonging to the animal kingdom, which has evolved to hunt its prey by working together with other members of its species.  Normally animals hunting in this way are closely related. Except where only males normally hunt (humans and chimpanzees), all individuals in a family group will contribute to hunting. The most commonly known pack hunter is the gray wolf. The wolf is the closest wild relative of all breeds of domesticated dog. Humans and their closest-living relatives chimpanzees are also pack hunters. Other pack hunting mammals include dolphins, lions and spotted hyenas. A number of avian social predators exist. These include the Harris's hawk, butcherbirds, three of four kookaburra species and many helmetshrikes. There are a few cold-blooded pack hunters. Forexample, simple arthropods such as army ants. Another example is the yellow saddle goatfish Occasionally crocodiles are pack hunters. Hunting in packs allows smaller predators to hunt larger prey.
Striped hyaena

The **striped hyaena** (_Hyaena hyaena_) is a widespread small carnivore. It is native to North and East Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. It is listed by the IUCN as near threatened, and the global population may be under 10,000 mature individuals. It is persecuted, and its prey base is declining.

It is the smallest of its genus and has many primitive viverrid characteristics which are lost in the larger species. For example, it has a smaller and less specialised skull.

It is mainly a scavenger, but large individuals may kill their own prey. Attacks on humans are rare, but do happen. The striped hyena is a monogamous animal, with both males and females assisting one another in raising their cubs. A nocturnal animal, the striped hyena only comes out in complete darkness, and is quick to return to its lair before sunrise. It has a habit of feigning death when attacked. boars, tortoises, Mongolian wild ass,  porcupines, It has also been known to stand its ground against larger predators such as leopards in disputes over food.

The striped hyaena features prominently in Middle Eastern and Asian folklore. It is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, where it is referred to as _tzebua_ or _zevoa_, though the species is absent in some English translations.
Crépy-en-Valois

**Crépy-en-Valois** is a commune in the Hauts-de-France region in the Oise department in the north of France. The two listed historical monuments are the Saint-Thomas-de-Canterbury collegiate church and the Porte de Paris. The first one goes back to its oldest elements in the 12th century, when the city prospered under the guidance of the Dukes of Valois. The second one dates from 1788-1792 and is located rue Charles de Gaulle.

## History

The origins of the city of Crépy-en-Valois remain uncertain. During 10th century, the first lords of Crépy fortified the area, this rocky promontory overlooking the streams of Taillandiers and Sainte- Agathe.

The castrum didn't stop developing since then: firstly under the impetus of the Counts of Amiens Valois, who founded the Abbey Saint Arnoul in 1008, then with the Counts of Vermandois, particularly Philip d'Alsace and his wife Elizabeth who founded in 1182 in the suburbs a collegiate dedicated to Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who was assassinated in his cathedral.

Civil and religious protection drew a more and more numerous population. Prosperity settled thanks to the pilgrimages and grew even after 1213, the date of the reattachment of Valois to the French crown.

In 1790, the revolutionary district was created. Thereafter, it became an administrative center of the canton, arrondissement of Senlis, department of Oise.

The 19th century announced winds of change. The city expanded to the East with new neighborhoods. The arrival of the railroad facilitated the establishment of prosperous industries and therefore the installation of a workforce.

The wars of 1914 and 1939 wounded city by multiple bombings; but the successive mayors knew how to look after and maintain the city's dignity and dynamism.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Crépy-en-Valois
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Crépy-en-Valois - église Saint-Denis.JPG
- **caption**: Church of Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis, Saint Denis
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Crepy-en-valois 60.svg
- **arrondissement**: Senlis
- **canton**: Crépy-en-Valois
- **insee**: 60176
- **mayor**: Arnaud Foubert
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Valois
- **elevation min m**: 62
- **elevation max m**: 150
- **area km2**: 16.28
- **population**: 14514
- **population date**: 2012
Fossa

The **fossa** (_Cryptoprocta ferox_) is a cat-like, carnivorous mammal endemic to Madagascar. It is a member of the Eupleridae, a family of carnivorans closely related to the mongoose family (Herpestidae).

Its classification has been controversial because it looks like a cat. However, other traits suggest a close relationship with viverrids (most civets and their relatives). Its classification influenced thought about how many times mammalian carnivores had colonized Madagascar. Genetic studies now show that the fossa and all other Malagasy carnivores are closely related to each other: they are a clade, the family Eupleridae.
Carnivorans are now thought to have colonized the island once about 18 to 20 million years ago.

The fossa is the largest mammalian carnivore on the island of Madagascar and has been compared to a small cougar. Adults have a head-body length of  and weigh between . The males larger than the females. It has semiretractable claws and flexible ankles that allow it to climb up and down trees head-first, and they can jump from tree to tree.

The species is widespread, although population densities are usually low. It is found only in forested habitat, and hunts by day and night. Over 50% of its diet consists of lemurs, the endemic primates of the island. Tenrecs, rodents, lizards, birds, and other animals are also prey. Mating usually occurs in trees on horizontal limbs and can last for several hours. Litters range from one to six pups, which are born blind and toothless (altricial). Infants wean after 4.5 months and are independent after a year. Sexual maturity occurs around three to four years of age, and life expectancy in captivity is 20 years. The fossa is listed as "Vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It is generally feared by the Malagasy people and is often protected by their taboo. The greatest threat to the species is habitat destruction.
Péronne, Somme

**Péronne** is a commune in the Hauts-de-France region in the Somme department in the north of France.

It is close to where the Battles of the Somme took place during World War I.

The Museum of the Great War (known in French as the _Historial de la Grande Guerre_) is located in the château.

In September 2025, the municipality will launch an ambitious renovation project for 88 social housing units in the Chapelette district.
Ottoman architecture

**Ottoman architecture** is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire. It emerged in Bursa and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries. The architecture of the empire developed from the earlier Seljuk architecture. It was influenced by the Byzantine, Iranian and Seljuk architecture.  It was also influenced by Islamic Mamluk traditions after the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans. For almost 400 years Byzantine architectural artifacts such as the church of Hagia Sophia served as models for many of the Ottoman mosques. Overall, Ottoman architecture has been described as Ottoman architecture synthesized with architectural traditions of the Mediterranean and the Middle East.

The Ottomans achieved the highest level architecture in their lands. They mastered the technique of building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes. Their work achieved harmony between inner and outer spaces, as well as light and shadow. Islamic religious building, which until then was simple but with extensive decoration, was transformed by the Ottomans. They used vaults, domes, semi-domes and columns. The mosque was changed from being a cramped and dark chamber with arabesque-covered walls into a beautiful sanctuary.

## Other websites

- Architecture. The Ottomans
Dole, Jura

**Dole** is a commune in the Jura department. It was the capital of the Free County until Louis XIV conquered the region, which from then on became Besançon.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Dole
- **image**: Dole_quartier_des_tanneurs.jpg
- **caption**: Old Dole
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Dole (Jura).svg
- **insee**: 39198
- **postal code**: 39100
- **elevation min m**: 196
- **elevation max m**: 341
- **area km2**: 38.38
- **population**: 23685
- **population date**: 2012