juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John Piper (broadcaster)

**John Piper** was the mid-morning talk show host on the BBC Radio Solent throughout the 1970s. The name of his program was called _Piper's Tune_. The show was a mix of music, talk guests and the regular feature called, "Give a Neighbour a Hand", in which listeners would call in and ask for advice and other listeners would call in and give advice. Piper left the BBC in 1879 to join the Two Counties Radio in Bournemouth, as the station's first Programme Controller. He stayed on the air in Bournemouth until he left radio to move to Spain with his wife, Dilys.

In the 1980s, Piper also served as the mayor of his home town, Sitio de Calahonda which is located near Málaga in Spain. Piper also served in the Special Operations during World War II as a journalist and naturalist.
Xerophyte

**Xerophytes** are plants which are adapted to dry/desert areas. They are a type of succulent plant. To survive these harsh conditions, they have special features. For example, a cactus has white hairs which help to prevent water loss. Another example is manzanita plants, which have a thick waxy coating and keep their leaves vertical to the sun.

## Adaptions

Some Xerophytic plants sit out a drought. They can still extract water from soil. They may have very salty cell sap and therefore a very low water potential in the roots; they may have very extensive or deep roots or may pick up the slightest dew and survive on that.

Others have special features about their shape or structure (xeromorphs). Thick waxy cuticle (_Aloe_); hairy surfaces (_Edelweiss_); dense packing of leaves, reduced leaf size (species of cypress); reduced density of stomata (many cacti); pitted and grooved position of stomata (Ammophila) Water storage in stem and tubers, etc. (baobab). They may also protect this water store from animals by spines and chemicals.

## Mechanism table

|Mechanism|Adaptation|Example|
| --- | --- | --- |
|**Limit water loss**|waxy stomata|prickly pear|
||few stomata||
||sunken stomata|pine|
||stomata open at night|tea plant|
||CAM photosynthesis <small>provides CO<sub>2</sub> during day when stomata are closed</small>|cactus|
||large hairs on surface|bromeliads|
||curled leaves|esparto grass|
|**Storage of water**|succulent leaves|_Kalanchoe_|
||succulent Plant stem|_Euphorbia_|
||fleshy tuber|_Raphionacme_|
|**Water uptake**|deep root system|_Acacia_, _Prosopis_|
||below water table|_Nerium oleander_|
||absorbing surface moisture from leaf hairs or trichomes|_Tillandsia_|
Liga MX

**Liga MX**, known as the **Primera División de México** before the 2012–13 season, is the top football league in México.

Like most football leagues in Latin America, Liga MX divides its season into two phases—Apertura and Clausura (Spanish for "opening" and "closing"), with different champions in each phase. The Apertura is held in the Northern Hemisphere fall (autumn), and the Clausura in spring.

## 2014–15 Clubs

|align="center"|Club|align="center"|First season in top division|align="center"|Number of seasons in top division|align="center"|First season of current spell in top division|align="center"|Number of seasons in Liga MX|align="center"|Top division titles|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**América**|1943–44|89|1943–44|89|11|||||||
|**Atlas**|1943–44|86|1979–80|51|1|||||||
|**Chiapas**|2002–03|22|2002–03|22|0|||||||
|**Cruz Azul**|1964–65|68|1964–65|68|8|||||||
|**Guadalajara**|1943–44|89|1943–44|89|11|||||||
|**León**|1944–45|65|2012–13|2|6|||||||
|**Monterrey**|1945–46|74|1960–61|72|4|||||||
|**Morelia**|1957–58|61|1981–82|50|1|||||||
|**Pachuca**|1967–68|40|1998–99|30|5|||||||
|**Puebla**|1944–45|69|2007–08|12|6|||||||
|**Querétaro**|1990–91|18|2009–10|8|0|||||||
|**Santos Laguna**|1988–89|42|1988–89|42|4|||||||
|**Tijuana**|2011–12|4|2011–12|4|1|||||||
|**Toluca**|1953–54|79|1953–54|79|10|||||||
|**UANL**|1974–75|55|1997–98|32|3|||||||
|**U. de G.**|1974–75|17|2014–15|0|0|||||||
|**UNAM**|1962–63|70|1962–63|70|7|||||||
|**Veracruz**|1943–44|49|2013–14|1|2|||||||

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Liga MX
- **country**: México
- **confederation**: CONCACAF
- **founded**: 17 October 1943
- **level**: 1
- **number of teams**: 18
- **relegation to**: Ascenso MX
- **current champions**: Club León
- **season**: 2014 Clausura
- **most successful club**: Club América, América and C.D. Guadalajara, Guadalajara (11)
- **tv partners**: Televisa
TV Azteca
ESPN Latin America
Fox Sports Latinoamérica
Fortuna Düsseldorf

**Fortuna Düsseldorf** is a football club which plays in Germany from Düsseldorf that plays in the highest league in German football, the Fußball-Bundesliga.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Fortuna Düsseldorf
- **fullname**: Düsseldorfer Turn- und Sportverein
Fortuna 1895 e.V.
- **founded**: 1895
- **ground**: Esprit Arena,
Paul-Janes-Stadion
- **capacity**: 51,500
- **chairman**: Peter Frymuth
- **manager**: Marco Kurz
- **league**: Fußball-Bundesliga
- **season**: 2011/12
- **position**: 2. Bundesliga, 3rd (promoted)
SC Freiburg

**S.C. Freiburg** is a football club which plays in Germany.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Freiburg
- **fullname**: Sport-Club Freiburg
- **founded**: 1904
- **ground**: Schwarzwald-Stadion,
Freiburg, Germany
- **capacity**: 24,000
- **chairman**: Fritz Keller
- **manager**: Christian Streich
- **league**: German Bundesliga
- **season**: Bundesliga 2010–11, 2010/11
- **position**: Bundesliga, 9th
MSV Duisburg

The **Meidericher Spielverein 02 e. V. Duisburg** is a football club which plays in Germany. The club was founding member of the German Bundesliga 1962/63 and is now playing in the Second Bundesliga.  Due to their striped jerseys they are also called the "Zebras".

## Name

The club was founded in 1902 as _Meidericher SV_. On 9 January 1967 the club was renamed into his still today valid name _MSV Duisburg_.

## Current squad

_As of 1 November 2011_

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: MSV Duisburg
- **fullname**: Meidericher Spielverein 02 e. V. Duisburg
- **nickname**: _Die Zebras_ (_The Zebras_)
- **founded**: 17 September 1902
- **ground**: Schauinsland-Reisen-Arena,
Duisburg, Germany
- **capacity**: 31,502
- **chairman**: Walter Hellmich
- **manager**: Oliver Reck caretaker
- **league**: German 2. Bundesliga, 2. Bundesliga
- **season**: 20010–11 German 2. Bundesliga, 2010–11
- **position**: German 2. Bundesliga, 2. Bundesliga, 8th
FC Red Bull Salzburg

**F.C. Red Bull Salzburg** is a football club from Salzburg that plays in the Austrian Bundesliga. The club was known as SV Austria Salzburg until 2005, when the club was bought by the Red Bull Company. They renamed the club and changed the colours from the traditional violet to red and white. Also, the company's logo was added.  Their home stadium is the Red Bull Arena which was opened in 2003 and was renovated for the 2008 Euro.

### SV Austria Salzburg

The club was formed on September 13, 1933 by the unification of the cities two clubs: FC Rapid Salzburg and FC Hertha Salzburg.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Red Bull Salzburg
- **fullname**: FC Red Bull Salzburg
- **nickname**: Die Bullen (The bulls)
- **founded**: September 13, 1933 as SV Austria Salzburg,
 2005 as FC Red Bull Salzburg
- **ground**: Red Bull Arena (Salzburg), Red Bull Arena, Wals-Siezenheim, Austria
- **capacity**: 31,895 (league matches),
 29,800 (international matches)
- **chairman**: Harald Lürzer
- **manager**: Thomas Letsch
- **league**: Austrian Bundesliga
- **season**: 2024/25
- **position**: 2nd
- **pattern la1**: _REDBULL_10h
- **pattern b1**: _REDBULL_10h
- **pattern ra1**: _REDBULL_10h
- **pattern sh1**: _REDBULL_10h
- **pattern so1**: _3_stripes_red
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: FF0000
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _REDBULL_11a
- **pattern b2**: _REDBULL_11a
- **pattern ra2**: _REDBULL_11a
- **pattern sh2**: _REDBULL_11a
- **pattern so2**: _3_stripes_red
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: FFFF00
- **socks2**: 000037
F.C. Wacker Innsbruck (2002)

**F.C. Wacker Innsbruck** is a football club which plays in Austria. The club was founded in June 2002 after the insolvency of FC Tirol Innsbuck. The fans think this club is  the successor but leagaly they are a new club.

The club started in the Regionalliga West (3 stage of Austrian football, this was possible because the club played together with WSG Wattens, a 3rd league club) and promoted within 2 seasons to the Bundesliga. In the 2006/07 season they avoided relegetion only because of the insolvency of the GAK. But the following season they were relegated to the 1st league(2nd stage of Austrian football).  2009 they won the championship again and promoted again to the Bundesliga. Till 2014 they played in the Bundesliga. 2014 to 2018 they played in the 2nd league. After one year in the Bundesliga (2018-19) they were relegated. Since that year they play in the 2nd league.

The second team (FC Wacker Innsbruck Amateure) is playing in the Regionalliga Tirol (3rd level).

## Name

- 2002-2007 **FC Wacker Tirol**
- 2007-present **FC Wacker Innsbruck**

### Staff

- Manager: Masaki Morass
- Assistant coach: Mario Anfang
- Assistant coach: Ervand Sukiasyan
- Goalkeeper coach: Szabolcs Safar

## Honours

- Champion Regionalliga West:2003
- Champion Erste Liga (2nd level): 2004,2010, 2018

## FC Wacker Innsbruck Women

The womenteam is playing in the Planet Pure Bundesliga.

### Staff Women

- Manager: Fuad Djulic
- Assistant coach: Yasar Demir
- Assistant coach: Lion Wetzel
- Goalkeeper coach: Andreas Tezzele

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Wacker Innsbruck
- **image**: FCW Wappen NEU.png
- **fullname**: Fußballclub Wacker Innsbruck
- **founded**: 2002
- **ground**: Tivoli Neu, Innsbruck
- **capacity**: 30,000
- **chairman**: Gerhard Stocker
- **manager**: Michael Oenning
- **league**: 2. Liga (Austria), Austrian Football Second League
- **season**: 2020/21
- **position**: 2. Liga (Austria), Austrian Football Second League, 4th
Judge Joe Brown

***Judge Joe Brown*** is an American television show. It is a courtroom series, shown in first run syndication. The judge, Joe Brown, decides who is telling the truth and who is lying. Joe Brown is famous for being in charge of the trial of James Earl Ray, the man who assassinated, or killed, Martin Luther King.
Curt Stern

**Curt Stern** (August 30, 1902 – October 23, 1981) was a German-born American geneticist. He was a German-American geneticist.  of Jewish descent. Born in Hamburg, Germany, he studied zoology at the University of Berlin, receiving his PhD in 1923 at the age of 21. He was selected for a fellowship to study at Columbia University, then the site of Thomas Hunt Morgan's famous drosophila fly room.

## Early career

Stern accepted an appointment at the University of Berlin after his fellowship ended. In 1931, he was the first to demonstrate crossover of homologous chromosomes in _Drosophila melanogaster_, only weeks after Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton had done so with maize.

Stern eventually returned to the United States in 1932. He became an American citizen in 1939. From 1933 to 1947, he taught at the University of Rochester. From 1947 until his retirement in 1970, he was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where he had numerous doctoral students.

In 1936, he demonstrated that recombination can also take place in mitosis resulting in somatic mosaics, organisms that contain two or more genetically distinct types of tissues. He later demonstrated that there were multiple genes on the _Drosophila_ Y chromosome, and described the mechanism of dosage compensation.

During World War II, he led research for the American government on low dose radiation safety. His laboratory group concluded that there is no "safe" threshold below which radiation is not harmful.

## Human genetics

After the war his research focused on human genetics, pioneering in what is now known as gene regulation. Although not a physician, he engaged in clinical work in human genetics. In 1943 he began teaching a course in human genetics to medical students at the University of Rochester. The first edition of Stern's pioneering textbook _The Principles of human genetics_ was published in 1949. Both his teaching and his textbook were instrumental in re-founding human genetics on a non-racist basis, in contrast with pre-war German and American traditions in the subject. Stern was a signatory of the 1950 UNESCO statement _The Race Question_, a statement by leading scientists in many fields that questioned the validity and scientific foundations of racism.

The Curt Stern Award, established by the American Society of Human Genetics in 2001, recognizes a scientist who has made major scientific achievements in human genetics during the previous 10 years.

## References

- Stern, Curt and Sherwood, Eva R. (eds) 1966. _The origin of genetics: a Mendel source book_. Freeman, S.F.
Thomas Hunt Morgan

**Thomas Hunt Morgan** (25 September 1866 – 4 December 1945) was an American geneticist and embryologist. Morgan took his PhD at Johns Hopkins University in 1890, and researched embryology while at Bryn Mawr College.

After the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance in 1900, Morgan switched his research to the fruit fly _Drosophila melanogaster_. In 1904, E.B. Wilson invited Morgan to join him at Columbia University. This move freed Morgan to focus fully on experimental work.
In his famous Fly Room at Columbia,  Morgan was able to show that genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanical basis of heredity. These discoveries formed the basis of the modern science of genetics.

Morgan moved to California in 1928 to head the Division of Biology at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech). Research was focused on genetics and evolution; experimental embryology; physiology; biophysics and biochemistry.

He was given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933. It was the first one given for genetics, for his _discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity_. The prize was not shared with the lab's main researcher, Alfred Sturtevant, a decision of the Nobel Committee which was certainly controversial.

Morgan's early work with _Drosophila_ was on the associations known as 'coupling' and 'repulsion', discovered by English workers in 1909 and 1910 using the Sweet Pea. These were, in reality, the same phenomenon, which was later called linkage. Morgan's first papers dealt with the demonstration of sex linkage of the gene for white eyes in the fly, the male fly being heterogametic (XY).

During his distinguished career, Morgan wrote 22 books and 370 scientific papers, and, as a result of his work, _Drosophila_ became the main 'model organism' in genetics. The Division of Biology he started at the California Institute of Technology produced _seven_ Nobel Prize winners.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Thomas Hunt Morgan
- **image**: Thomas_Hunt_Morgan.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Johns Hopkins yearbook of 1891
- **birth place**: Lexington, Kentucky
- **death place**: Pasadena, California
- **nationality**: United States
- **field**: genetics, geneticist
Embryology, embryologist
- **work institutions**: Bryn Mawr College
Columbia University
California Institute of Technology
- **alma mater**: University of Kentucky
Johns Hopkins University
- **doctoral students**: Alfred Sturtevant; Calvin Bridges
George Beadle; Alexander Weinstein
Edgar Altenburg; Hermann Muller
- **known for**: _Drosophila melanogaster_
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize in Physiology
 or Medicine in 1933
Alfred Sturtevant

**Alfred Henry Sturtevant** (November 21, 1891 – April 5, 1970) was an American geneticist. Sturtevant made the first genetic map of a chromosome in 1913. In his career he worked on the fruit-fly _Drosophila melanogaster_ with Thomas Hunt Morgan.

Morgan was both a help and a hindrance to Sturtevant. Morgan supported him through the early part of his career, but took much of the credit for the research. Morgan's Nobel Prize in 1933 was not shared with Sturtevant, who was the lab's main researcher.

Later in his career, Sturtevant had another important relationship, this time with Theodosius Dobzhansky. The research was into the genetics of natural populations of _Drosophila_. This relationship, too, became uneasy, and they split up after a few years. Sturtevant was one of the most outstanding genetics researchers not to get a Nobel Prize. In 1967, Sturtevant received the National Medal of Science.

## Works

- Lewis E.B. ed. 1961. _Genetics and evolution: selected papers of A.H. Sturtevant_. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
- Sturtevant A.H. 1965. _A history of genetics_. Harper & Row N.Y.
H. J. Muller

**Hermann Joseph Muller**, generally known as **H. J. Muller**, (21 December 1890 – 5 April 1967) was an American geneticist, educator, and Nobel Prize winner. He was best known for his work on the physiological and genetic effects of radiation, as well as his outspoken political beliefs. Muller frequently warned of the long-term dangers of radioactive fallout from nuclear explosions.

Muller's life was as extraordinary as could be imagined. Born in New York City, he got his PhD at CalTech in Morgan's _Drosophila_ fly lab. He next worked at Rice University, and then spent twelve years at the University of Texas. Then he moved to Berlin in 1932, then to Leningrad (St Petersburg), and then to Moscow. In all these places he organised a genetics lab, and sometimes taught as well. Then arose the scientific charlatan Lysenko, who saw to it that genuine genetics scientists came under the disapproval of Stalin. Once again Muller moved, this time to Edinburgh, with 250 strains of _Drosophila_, then finally back to the United States in 1940, where he became an advisor to the Manhattan Project. He became Professor of Zoology at Indiana University.

Muller's Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1946 was "for the discovery that mutations can be induced by X-rays". By then the real interest lay in the same effects caused by gamma rays from nuclear testing. Muller was a wholehearted enthusiast for eugenics, socialism, atheism and other relatively unpopular ideas, but his real contribution was to genetics. One reputable source writes of him:
- "Muller's contributions dominate the 1920s and 1930s. The variety of genetic tools he developed elevated _Drosophila_ to an almost exclusive role in the study of the gene concept. It is almost impossible to read Muller's articles during those two decades without feeling overwhelmed by the quality of genius which characterises the analytical and projective treatment of his discoveries and experiments".

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hermann Joseph Muller
- **image**: HJ Muller 1952.jpg
- **caption**: _The Journal of Science Fiction_ #4, 1953
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, U.S.A.
- **death place**: Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- **occupation**: Genetics, Geneticist
- **known for**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1946
Hermann Muller

Several people are named **Hermann Muller** or **Hermann Müller**:

1. Hermann Müller (1829–1883), German botanist who investigated coevolution between bees and flowers. Name has umlaut.
1. H.J. Muller (1890–1967), American geneticist who investigated mutations. Name has no umlaut.
1. Hermann Müller (SPD) Foreign Minister of Germany, 21 June 1919–26 March 1920. SPD party.
Little Boy

**Little Boy** is the name that was given to the first atomic bomb that was dropped in a war. The bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 by the American army who were trying to end World War II. Enola Gay was the name of the plane that dropped Little Boy.
Fat Man

**Fat Man** is the name of the second atomic bomb ever made from plutonium and the second atomic bomb to be used in nuclear warfare. It is called Fat Man because of the round shape. It was dropped over the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. More than a hundred of this kind were made after World War II.
Mundari language

The **Mundari** language is a Munda language of the Austro-Asiatic language family.  It is spoken by the Munda people.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Mundari
- **nativename**: ମୁଣ୍ଡା, মুন্ডা, मुंडारि
- **states**: India, Bangladesh, Nepal
- **ethnicity**: Munda people, Munda
- **speakers**: 1,128,228
- **date**: 2011 census
- **familycolor**: Austro-Asiatic
- **fam2**: Munda languages, Munda
- **fam3**: North Munda
- **fam4**: Kherwari
- **fam5**: Mundari languages
- **dia1**: Bhumij
- **script**: Mundari Bani, Devanagari, Eastern Nagari script, Oriya script, Latin script
- **iso3**: unr
- **lc1**: unx
- **ld1**: Kili (called "Munda" in the census)
- **glotto**: mund1320
- **glottorefname**: Mundari
Listed building

A **listed building,** in the United Kingdom, is a building that has been placed on the **Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest**. This is a list of buildings that are important in terms of architecture, history, or culture. There are many buildings on this list. In the UK, there are about 500,000 listed buildings.

In England and Wales, there are three kinds of listed buildings:
- **Grade I**: buildings that are very important
- **Grade II***: buildings that are important in general (not special interest)
- **Grade II**: buildings that are special interesting (this means that they are important to some groups or for a specific reason)
There used to be a fourth kind of listed building: **Grade III**. This type has not been used since 1970.

## Other websites

- Photographs of listed buildings from English Heritage
- Listed Property Owners Club, providing information & advice for listed property owners
- Information about heritage protection generally
- PASTMAP Map-based database of listed buildings, scheduled monuments etc in Scotland
- Birmingham City Council - What is a Locally Listed Building?
Holborn

**Holborn** ( ) is an area of Central London, England.  Holborn is also the name of the area's principal east-west street. The street runs from St Giles's High Street as High Holborn to Gray's Inn Road to Holborn Viaduct. It crosses the borders of the City of Westminster, London Borough of Camden and the City of London.

## Other websites

- Holborn and Bloomsbury, by Sir Walter Besant and Geraldine Edith Mitton, 1903, from Project Gutenberg

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Holborn
- **london borough**: Camden
- **constituency westminster**: Holborn and St. Pancras (UK Parliament constituency), Holborn and St. Pancras
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: WC
- **postcode area1**: EC
- **postcode district**: WC1, WC2
- **postcode district1**: EC1
- **dial code**: 020
- **os grid reference**: TQ305815
Strand underpass

The **Strand Underpass** (sometimes incorrectly called the **Kingsway Underpass**) is a vehicle tunnel in central London. It connects Waterloo Bridge to Kingsway near Holborn. It was built by John Mowlem & Co. It opened on 21 January 1964.
Southampton Row

**Southampton Row** is a major road running northwest-southeast in Bloomsbury, Camden, central London, England. The road is part of the A4200.
Victoria Embankment

The **Victoria Embankment** is part of the Thames Embankment, a road and walkway along the north bank of the River Thames in London. The Victoria Embankment extends from the City of Westminster into the City of London.
Charlton, London

**Charlton** is an area and an electoral ward in south-east London. It is in the London Borough of Greenwich. It is located between Greenwich and Woolwich.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Charlton
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **country**: England
- **london borough**: Greenwich
- **constituency westminster**: Greenwich and Woolwich (UK Parliament constituency), Greenwich and Woolwich
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: SE
- **postcode district**: SE7
- **dial code**: 020
- **os grid reference**: TQ415785
Waterloo Bridge

**Waterloo Bridge** is a road and foot traffic bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England between Blackfriars Bridge and Hungerford Bridge.

## History

The first bridge on the site was designed in 1809-10 by John Rennie for the Strand Bridge Company and opened in 1817 as a toll bridge. The granite bridge had nine arches, each of  span, separated by double Grecian-Doric stone columns and was  long, including approaches. Before its opening it was known as 'Strand Bridge'. During the 1840s the bridge gained a reputation as a popular place for suicide attempts. In 1844 Thomas Hood wrote the poem _The Bridge of Sighs_ about the suicide of a prostitute there. Paintings of the bridge were created by the French Impressionist Claude Monet and English Impressionist, John Constable. The bridge was nationalised in 1878 and given to the Metropolitan Board of Works, who removed the toll from it.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

## Related pages

- List of crossings of the River Thames

## Other websites

- Survey of London entry
- Peter Lind & Company

## Infobox (bridge)

- **image**: River Thames and Waterloo Bridge, London-17Aug2009.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **bridge name**: Waterloo Bridge
- **caption**: River Thames and Waterloo Bridge
(as seen from the London Eye observation wheel)
- **locale**: London, England
- **carries**: 4 lanes of Motor vehicles and Pedestrians
- **crosses**: River Thames
- **open**: 1945
- **design**: Arch Bridge
- **mainspan**: 71 m
- **heritage**: Listed building, Grade II* listed structure
Westminster Bridge

**Westminster Bridge** is a road traffic and foot bridge over the River Thames between Westminster and Lambeth, in London. It is right next to the Houses of Parliament.

## History

Until Westminster Bridge was built in 1750, there was only one bridge crossing the River Thames.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

## Related pages

- List of crossings of the River Thames

## Other websites

- Interactive Panorama: Westminster Bridge

## Infobox (bridge)

- **image**: River Thames and Westminster Bridge, London-17Aug2009.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **bridge name**: Westminster Bridge
- **caption**: River Thames: the bridge nearest the camera is Westminster Bridge, the next bridge is Lambeth Bridge, and bridge just visible in the distance is Vauxhall Bridge
(as seen from the London Eye observation wheel)
- **locale**: London, England
- **carries**: 4 lanes of A302 and Pedestrians
- **crosses**: River Thames
- **open**: 1862
- **design**: Arch Bridge
- **heritage**: Listed building, Grade II* listed structure
Bloomsbury

**Bloomsbury** is an area of central London in the south of the London Borough of Camden.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Bloomsbury
- **os grid reference**: TQ305825
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: WC
- **postcode district**: WC1
- **london borough**: Camden
- **dial code**: 020
- **constituency westminster**: Holborn and St Pancras (UK Parliament constituency), Holborn and St Pancras
Hop Exchange

The **Hop Exchange** is a Grade II listed building at No. 24 Southwark Street, London SE1. It is in the Bankside area of the London Borough of Southwark.  It opened in 1867 and was designed by R.H. Moore. It served as the centre for hop trading for the brewing industry.

## Other websites

- Official site of the venue
- The hop cellars
River Fleet

The **River Fleet** is the biggest of London's subterranean rivers.

## Other websites

- McRae, Andrew. ""On the Famous Voyage": Ben Jonson and Civic Space." Early Modern Literary Studies Special Issue 3 (September, 1998): 8.1-31 http://purl.oclc.org/emls/04-2/mcraonth.htm
- Sub-Urban.com — River Fleet
- Reviewing the Fleet
- Photos From The River Fleet
- Chesca Potter, "The River of Wells"
- Map of River Fleet superimposed over map of modern London
- A psychogeographical film of the River Fleet
- Map showing Ray Street Bridge,+EC1&searchp=newsearch.srf&mapp=newmap.srf)
The Angel, Islington

**The Angel** was originally an inn near a toll gate on the Great North Road (at what is now the corner of Islington High Street and Pentonville Road). The term now informally refers to this part of Islington in London. The corner itself is actually in Finsbury which was a separate borough until 1965 when the Metropolitan Borough of Finsbury merged with the Metropolitan Borough of Islington to form the London Borough of Islington.

## Related pages

- Angel tube station

## Other websites

- Angel Islington info and directory
- Islington Council
- Weather forecast for Islington
Blackfriars, London

**Blackfriars** is an area of central London, which lies in the south-west corner of the City of London. It is also were Henry VIII sixth wife died and was buried
Kennington

**Kennington** is an area of South London, England, in the London Borough of Lambeth. It is a mixed class residential area, and is the location of The Oval, the well-known cricket stadium.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Kennington
- **london borough**: Lambeth
- **constituency westminster**: Vauxhall (UK Parliament constituency), Vauxhall
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: SE
- **postcode district**: SE11
- **dial code**: 020
- **os grid reference**: TQ305775
Elephant and Castle

The **Elephant and Castle** is a major road intersection in inner south London, England, and is also used as a name for the surrounding district.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Elephant & Castle
- **london borough**: Southwark
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: SE
- **postcode district**: SE1, SE11, SE17
- **dial code**: 020
- **os grid reference**: TQ319789
Battersea

**Battersea** is a large district in southwest London, part of the London Borough of Wandsworth, England. It is centred 3.5 miles (5.6 km) southwest of Charing Cross and extends along the south bank of the Thames Tideway. It includes the 200-acre (0.81 km<sup>2</sup>) Battersea Park.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Battersea
- **static image**: Battsea freight.jpg
- **static image caption**: Containers are towed upstream towards Wandsworth Bridge under the gaze of cormorants at Plantation Wharf
- **os grid reference**: TQ285765
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: SW
- **postcode district**: SW11
- **london borough**: Wandsworth
- **dial code**: 020
- **constituency westminster**: Battersea (UK Parliament constituency), Battersea
Wandsworth

**Wandsworth** is an inner suburb of London on the south bank of the River Thames in south-west London.  Wandsworth takes its name from the River Wandle, which enters the Thames at Wandsworth. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Greater London
- **region**: London
- **official name**: Wandsworth
- **london borough**: Wandsworth
- **constituency westminster**: Battersea and Tooting
Putney
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: SW
- **postcode district**: SW18
- **dial code**: 020
- **os grid reference**: TQ255755
Anti-abortion movement

The **Anti-abortion movement** is a group of people who believe that human life begins at conception and that the life of unborn children should be protected. Because of this, they oppose abortion, in some or all cases. As they favor the life of the unborn, they are also called **pro-life**. In 1960, there were the oral contraception pills and the sexual revolution started. The anti-abortion movement started in the early 1970s in the United States. The other movement that believes women should have a choice whether to end a pregnancy is called pro-choice.

People who are anti-abortion say that all humans, including the unborn, have a right to live. They say that having a human genome is enough for a developing organism to be called a living human being. Others say that an organism should be identified as a living human once a heartbeat has been detected. Pro-lifers say that abortion should be illegal. Many pro-lifers say pregnant women who do not want to raise a child should look for alternatives to abortion, such as adoption.

Many advocacy groups try to convince people that abortion is wrong.

The pro-life movement is associated with conservative politics. In one poll in the United States, 66% of conservatives called themselves pro-life. It is also associated with the Catholic Church. Pope Francis has said that "Every child that isn't born, but is unjustly condemned to be aborted, has the face of Jesus Christ, has the face of the Lord."

## Background

In 2022, many countries have laws that say that abortion is possible for a certain amount of time, without penalty.

In 1973, the U.S. supreme court decided that the article in the laws of a state that banned abortion was unconstitutional. This decision is known as Roe v. Wade today which legalized abortion across all states.

In 2022, the Supreme Court reversed the 1973 decision. They ruled that the constitution of the United States does not give the right to privacy under the 14th Amendment, and therefore abortion is not protected. The case that was heard is Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.
Dunning–Kruger effect

The **Dunning–Kruger effect** is a bias in thinking where a person is unaware of how badly they understand a subject. The person does not understand that they are failing. They mistakenly think that they are doing as well as "average" or even "above average".

## Overview

It is a psychological effect in which people don't realize their level of knowledge or ability in a subject. People who know little about a subject will think that they know more than they actually know. People of low ability may not have enough intelligence to fully grasp how complicated something can be, causing them to overestimate their knowledge or ability. This can cause them to underestimate the intelligence of a high-ability person who claims something is complicated when they falsely believe they understand it fully. This effect was shown in an experiment that was done by Justin Kruger and David Dunning at Cornell University.

## Analysis

To study this effect, scientists commonly test a group of people ranging in aptitude for a certain task and compare their results with what they think they got. Commonly the results of these studies show that those with the least aptitude (the bottom 25%) will believe themselves to have gotten a much higher score.

## Critique

The investigators said,

In 2000, Dunning and Kruger were awarded the Ig Nobel Prize in the field of psychology for their study.

## Related pages

- Arrogance
- Narcissism
- Confidence
- Megalomania
Interferometer

**Interferometers** are for measuring the interference properties of light waves. One of their purposes is to measure things precisely, for example in the Michelson interferometer.

## Related pages

- Atacama Large Millimeter Array
Chris Terreri

**Christopher Arnold Terreri** (born November 15, 1964 in Warwick, Rhode Island) is an American former professional ice hockey goaltender who played for four professional teams of the NHL. He won the Stanley Cup two times with the New Jersey Devils. He is currently the goaltending coach of the New Jersey Devils of the NHL.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 9
- **weight lb**: 155
- **played for**: New Jersey Devils
San Jose Sharks
Chicago Blackhawks
New York Islanders
- **ntl team**: United States
- **birth place**: Warwick, Rhode Island, Warwick, Rhode Island, RI, United States, USA
- **career start**: 1986
- **career end**: 2001
- **draft**: 85th overall
- **draft year**: 1983
- **draft team**: New Jersey Devils
- **image size**: 200px
Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy

***Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy*** is a 2004 American comedy movie set in San Diego in 1975. It was produced by Judd Apatow and directed by Adam McKay. The movie is number 100 on _Bravo's 100 funniest movies_, and 113 on _Empire's 500 Greatest Movies of All Time_. It was narrated by Bill Kurtis. It was released on July 9, 2004. A sequel, _Anchorman 2: The Legend Continues_ was released on December 18, 2013.

## Cast

- **Will Ferrell** as **Ron Burgundy**
- **Christina Applegate** as **Veronica Corningstone**
- **Paul Rudd** as **Brian Fantana**
- **David Koechner** as **Champion 'Champ' Kind**
- **Steve Carell** as **Brick Tamland**
- **Fred Willard** as **Ed Harken**
- **Chris Parnell** as **Garth Holladay**
- **Vince Vaughn** as **Wes Mantooth**

## Other websites

- AnchormanMovie.com  – Official Website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy
- **writer**: Will Ferrell
Adam McKay
- **starring**: Will Ferrell
Christina Applegate
Paul Rudd
David Koechner
Steve Carell
Fred Willard
- **director**: Adam McKay
- **producer**: Judd Apatow
- **runtime**: 94 minutes
98 minutes (unrated)
- **language**: English
- **released**: (United States)
 (United Kingdom and Ireland)
Tic

A **tic** is a sudden body movement that a person can't control.  It might be a jerking movement of the hand, or blinking a lot, or a throat sound.  Even if the person is told that they are doing it, they usually can't stop. Sometimes if they try really hard, they can make the tic go away for a little bit, but they can't make it go away all the time. in most case's tics are not harmful but it can become so if physical movement becomes involved

Tics can be either "motor tics" or "phonic tics." If they are "motor tics" it means they're movements, like blinking or shrugging shoulders. If they are "phonic tics" it means they're sounds, like clearing your throat, sniffing, or yelling.

Tics are common in childhood, four to twelve percent of all children have tics. Very often this is transitory, tics rarely last longer than six months. Boys have tics more often than girls. About three times more boys than girls have tics. Sometimes, people can have a "tic" in the family, meaning that more than one member has a tic, or that a parent used to have a tic.

Some tics can be treated, usually with behaviour therapy. In cases where the tic is difficult to treat, antipsychotics are sometimes used.

- Tics are part of the obsessive-compulsive complex of behavioural disorders,
Boards of Canada

**Boards of Canada** (commonly abbreviated **BoC**) are a Scottish electronic music duo of two brothers Mike Sandison (born June 1, 1970) and Marcus Eoin (born July 21, 1971). They are signed with Warp Records and have released several works on that label with little advertising and few interviews, while also having a secret, privately released back-catalogue of albums on their self-run Music70 label. They have also recorded four tracks under the alias **Hell Interface**.

## Musical style

Boards of Canada's music is part like the warm, analog sounds of 1970s media and contains themes of childhood, nostalgia and the natural world. Mike and Marcus have mentioned the documentary movies of the National Film Board of Canada, from which the group's name is derived, as a source of inspiration.

### Early years (1986–1995)

Growing up in a musical family, brothers Mike and Marcus Eoin began playing instruments at a young age.  They experimented with recording uses at around the age of 10, using tape machines to layer cut-up samples of found sounds over compositions of their own. In their teens they went in a number of amateur bands; however, it was not until 1986 when Marcus was invited to Mike's band that Boards of Canada was born. By 1989, the band had gone down just to Sandison and Eoin. In the early 1990s, a number of collaborations took place and the band put on small shows among the "_Hexagon Sun_" collective.

In early 2000, the website for the band, Music70.com, removed the early discography of Boards of Canada, although some information has been preserved by fans. Early tape releases by Boards of Canada include _Play By Numbers_, _Acid Memories_, _Hooper Bay_, and the earliest known release by the band is titled _Catalog 3_. None of the material from those days is readily available, and since official Boards of Canada sources deny the existence of these albums, there seems to be little chance for this early material ever to be seen publicly.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Boards of Canada
- **image**: Boards of Canada Warp Lighthouse Party 1999.jpg
- **caption**: Mike Sandison and Marcus Eoin
- **image size**: 200px
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Hell Interface
- **origin**: Edinburgh, Scotland
- **genre**: Electronic music, Electronic
Ambient music, Ambient
Intelligent Dance Music, IDM
Experimental music, Experimental
Psychedelic music, Psychedelic
Trip hop
- **years active**: 1986–present
- **label**: Warp (record label), Warp, Skam Records, Skam, Music70
- **url**: [http://www.boardsofcanada.com boardsofcanada.com]
- **current members**: Mike Sandison
Marcus Eoin
Owl City

**Owl City** is an American pop music project by Adam Young.

He had a hit with a song called Fireflies in 2010. It was the number one song in United States of America  for two weeks.  He has written several songs, including Vanilla Twilight. In 2012 he had a hit song with Carly Rae Jepsen, called Good Time.

## Band members

- Current members
- Adam Young – lead vocals, programming, keyboards, piano, synthesizers, guitars, bass guitar, drums, percussion, vibraphone
- Current touring members
While Young writes, composes, records, and produces all of Owl City's music (not including The Midsummer Station, which was mostly written by other people), during live performances he is accompanied by a group of supporting musicians:
- Breanne Düren – keyboards, backing vocals
- Jasper Nephew - Guitar, Synth
- Gabriel Hagen - Drums

## Discography

- Extended Plays
- _Of June_ (2007)
- _Shooting Star_ (2012)
- The Midsummer Station Acoustic (2013)
- Studio albums
- _Maybe I'm Dreaming_ (2008)
- _Ocean Eyes_ (2009)
- _All Things Bright and Beautiful_ (2011)
- _The Midsummer Station_ (2012)
- _Mobile Orchestra_ (2015)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Owl City
- **image**: Owlcity.png
- **caption**: Adam Young performing in 2009
- **image size**: 207
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **genre**: Electronic Music, Electronica, synthpop
- **origin**: Owatonna, Minnesota, United States
- **years active**: 2007–present
- **label**: Universal Republic
- **associated acts**: Sky Sailing, Lights (musician), Lights, Breanne Düren
- **current members**: Adam Young
William Bateson

**William Bateson** (Yorkshire, 8 August 1861 – 8 February 1926) was a British zoologist, a Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge University. He was the first person to use the term genetics to describe the study of heredity, and the chief populariser of the ideas of Gregor Mendel, after their rediscovery in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns.

## Career

Bateson became famous as a mutationist who believed evolution took place by jumps. Later, Ronald Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane showed that discrete mutations were compatible with gradual evolution: see the modern evolutionary synthesis.

Bateson was the first to suggest the word "genetics" to describe the study of inheritance, in a letter to Adam Sedgwick, dated April 18, 1905. Bateson first used the term "genetics" publicly at the Third International Conference on Plant Hybridization in London in 1906. Although this was three years before Wilhelm Johannsen used the word "gene" to describe the units of hereditary information, De Vries had introduced the word "pangene" for the same concept already in 1889 and etymologically the word genetics finds its origin in Darwin's concept of pangenesis.

Bateson co-discovered genetic linkage with Reginald Punnett, and he and Punnett founded the _Journal of Genetics_ in 1910. Bateson also coined the term "epistasis" to describe the genetic interaction of two independent traits. So important from 1900 to 1910, he was almost a bystander for the next ten years because he refused to accept the role chromosomes played in genetics. At last, in 1921, a visit to T.H. Morgan's fly lab convinced him, but by then he could no longer recover his influence.
Beretta 92

A **Beretta 92** is a pistol produced by Italian company Beretta.

## Description

Beretta 92 fires 9x19mm cartridges and it can hold 15 of them. It is the standard side-arm of many police and military units and the United States Army. In the US Army, the pistol got the name **M9**.

After the US military ended its ban on foreign-made weapons, its allies in NATO pressured the US to adopt a 9mm handgun to replace the M1911 because NATO has a rule that all NATO countries must use weapons with the same kinds of ammunition.

## Other websites

- Official website of Beretta
Ice Climbers

The ***Ice Climbers*** are a series of video games produced and developed by Nintendo. The series is about **Popo** and **Nana**, also known as the _Ice Climbers_. The games were first produced in 1985. The plot of the game was to get stolen vegetables back from a giant condor on 32 ice-covered mountains. Popo and Nana have also appeared in the Super Smash Bros. series.
Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram

**Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram** or **Wat Phra Kaew**, the "Temple of the Emerald Buddha", is one of the most sacred Buddhist temples in Thailand. It is in the grounds of the Grand Palace. It is the only temple in Bangkok that does not have monks. This temple is famous for the statue of Buddha, which is really made from jade, not emerald. The king of Thailand is the only person allowed to go near the Emerald Buddha. The king changes the clothes on the Buddha three times every year. In summer the Buddha is dressed in a crown and jewelry; in winter he wears a golden shawl, and  in the rainy months he wears a gold robe and headdress.

The temple was started in 2325 B.E. during the reign of King Rama I and finished in 2327 B.E. The temple was built to hold the Buddha statue which is believed to have been made in Thailand in the 14th century. Captured by the Cambodians in 1552, the statue was kept in Laos for 214 years until King Rama I recaptured it. He brought it with him when he moved his capital to Bangkok in 1784. The design of this temple was copied from Wat Phrasrisanphet in the Ayudhaya period. Because Wat Phrasri Rattana Sasadaram is important, it is renovated every 50 years.
Colossal squid

The **colossal squid**, _Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni_, is the biggest squid in the world, 9–10 metres (30–33 feet) long.

## Characteristics

The colossal squid's body is reddish brown and it lives up to 2000m below the surface of the Southern Ocean. It is the main food eaten by sperm whales. The colossal squid has ammonium chloride in its body, so it tastes bad for humans.

### Size

The colossal squid is bigger than a giant squid. The eye is 27 cm (10.63 in) wide, with a lens 12 cm across. This is the largest eye of any known animal. These measurements are based on a partly collapsed dead squid; when living the eye was probably 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) across.

The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa is displaying this specimen in an exhibition which opened in 2008. A website on the squid specimen is also available.

### Diet & metabolic rate

The colossal squid uses bioluminescence to catch their prey in the deep ocean (which is very dark). Scientists believe the colossal squid feeds on chaetognatha worms, large fish like the Patagonian toothfish, and other squid.

The colossal squid is thought to have a slow metabolic rate, requiring only around 30 g of prey daily.  It is a slow-moving ambush predator, using its large eyes mostly to detect prey rather than in active hunting, according to estimates of the colossal squid's energy demands.