juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
I'm with You

"**I'm with You**" is one of Avril Lavigne's most popular songs. She played it at her wedding. The song was released in 2002 (North America) and 2003 (UK). It is on her first album, _Let Go_. The song was the top rated song in Mexico as well as reaching a rank in the top five in the United States, Ireland, and Italy. It also reached #7 in the UK. The song was a part of the soundtrack for the movie _Bruce Almighty_.

## Formats and tracklistings

These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "I'm with You".

### CD single

1. "I'm with You"
1. "I'm with You (Live)"
1. "Unwanted (Live)"
1. "I'm with You (Video)"

## Charts

|align="left"|Chart (2003)|align="left"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|United World Chart|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|New Zealand Singles Chart|align="center"|5|
|align="left"|Canadian Singles Chart|align="center"|17|
|align="left"|Mexican Top 100 Singles Chart|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart|align="center"|7|
|align="left"|Irish Singles Chart|align="center"|5|
|align="left"|U.S. ARC Chart (Radio) Top 40|align="center"|1|
|align="left"|Italy Top 40|align="center"|5|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot 100|align="center"|4|
|align="left"|U.S. _Billboard_ Adult Contemporary|align="center"|18|
|align="left"|Swedish Charts|align="center"|11|
|align="left"|Los 40 Principales Spain|align="center"|29|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: I'm with You
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Avril Lavigne
- **album**: Let Go (Avril Lavigne album), Let Go
- **b-side**: Unwanted
- **studio**: Decoy (Valley Village, Los Angeles, Valley Village)
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock · pop rock
- **label**: Arista Records, Arista
- **writer**: * Avril Lavigne
* Lauren Christy
* Scott Spock
* Graham Edwards
- **producer**: The Matrix (production team), The Matrix
- **chronology**: Avril Lavigne
- **prev title**: Sk8er Boi
- **prev year**: 2002
- **next title**: Losing Grip
- **next year**: 2003
Somersault

A **somersault** is an acrobatic move where a person moves the feet over the head whilst in mid-air. The somersault can be done forwards, backwards, or sideways and is similar to a _flip_ (or, if performed backwards, a _backflip_).
A backwards somersault while still moving forward is called a _Gainer_

The word comes from the old French word _sombresault_, which is no longer used.
Lisa Donovan

**Lisa Donovan** (born June 11, 1980) is an American actress, YouTuber, writer and comedian. She does sketches and impersonations of Lindsay Lohan, lonleygirl15 (another YouTuber) and many other. She is best known for her work on YouTube and the television program _MadTV_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: LisaNova
- **image**: Lisa Nova at NewTeeVee LIVE-crop.jpg
- **caption**: Lisa Donovan in 2008
- **birth name**: Lisa K. Donovan
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York,
 United States
- **nationality**: American
- **years active**: June 7, 2006-present
- **known for**: Comedy, Acting, Writing, Film director, Directing
- **website**: [http://www.lisanovalive.com/ lisanovalive.com]
Augite

**Augite** is a mineral. The mineral's name comes from the Greek word _augites_, meaning "brightness". However, augites only look shiny some of the time. Most augites have a dull (dark green, brown or black) color.
Augite is a pyroxene.

## Related pages

- List of minerals

## Infobox (mineral)

- **name**: Augite
- **category**: Silicate mineral
- **image**: Fassaïte.jpg
- **formula**: (Ca,Mg,Fe)SiO<sub>3</sub>
- **color**: Pale brown to purplish or greenish brown, also dark grey sometimes
- **system**: Monoclinic
- **cleavage**: {110} good
- **fracture**: uneven
- **mohs**: 5 to 6.5
- **luster**: Vitreous
- **refractive**: α = 1.671 - 1.735, β = 1.672 - 1.741, γ = 1.703 - 1.774
- **streak**: Greenish-white
- **gravity**: 3.19 - 3.56
Onyx

An **onyx** is a type of black rock mineral with white banded lines around it. It is a type of agate, which is itself a type of quartz.

## Related pages

- List of minerals
- Jewel
- Birthstone
Opal

The **opal** is a fairly white rock mineral. It is the birthstone for the month of October. Opals are made from tiny spheres of silica (another mineral) and lots of water. which means it has both silica (SiO₂) and water inside it. The amount of water in an opal can be between 3% to 21% of its weight, but most opals have around 6% to 10% water. Opal does not have a fixed crystal shape like some other stones. Because of this, it is called a mineraloid instead of a mineral. Minerals have a proper crystal structure, but opals don’t.

Opal forms at low temperatures inside the earth. It can fill cracks or gaps (called fissures) in almost any type of rock. However, it is most often found with rocks like limonite, sandstone, rhyolite, marl, and basalt.

## Precious Opal

Precious opal is a type of opal that shows beautiful colors when you look at it from different angles. Even though it is a mineraloid, it still has a special kind of internal structure.

If you look at a precious opal under a microscope, you will see that it is made up of tiny round balls of silica. These balls are called silica spheres, and each one is about 150 to 300 nanometers in size (that’s incredibly small around 0.0000059 to 0.0000118 inches). These tiny spheres are arranged very neatly in patterns called hexagonal or cubic close-packed lattices

In the mid-1960s, a scientist named J. V. Sanders discovered that the bright colors inside precious opal happen because of the way light moves through this pattern of spheres. The spheres cause interference and diffraction of light which means they bend and spread the light, making it split into different colors.

## Common Opal

Common opal refers to varieties of opal that do not exhibit the characteristic play of color seen in precious opal. Several distinct types are recognized:

- **Milk Opal:** Milky white, bluish, or greenish in appearance; in some cases, it may reach gemstone quality.
- **Resin Opal:** Honey-yellow in color with a resin-like luster.
- **Wood Opal:** Formed through the replacement of the organic structure of wood with opal.
- **Menilite:** Typically brown or grey in color.
- **Hyalite:** Colorless and transparent, resembling glass; also referred to as Muller’s glass.
- **Geyserite:** Also called siliceous sinter; deposited around hot springs and geysers.
- **Diatomaceous Earth:** Composed of the microscopic silica shells (tests) of diatoms

## History

In antiquity, opal was considered rare and highly valuable. In Europe, it was regarded as a prized gemstone among royalty. Prior to the discovery of extensive deposits in Australia during the 19th century, the only known significant source was Červenica, located beyond the Roman frontier in present-day Slovakia. Today, opal is recognized as the national gemstone of Australia.

## Related pages

- List of minerals
Amethyst

An **amethyst** is a  mineral gemstone that comes from quartz. It is usually transparent and best known for its violet colour. Even though it is a form of quartz, it has more iron oxide (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) than any other kind of quartz. Because of this, some experts think that its color comes from the iron in it.

Heating the amethyst either takes away its color or changes it to a yellow hue. Amethysts are found in Brazil, Uruguay, Canada (Ontario) and America (North Carolina). The rock amethyst is the birthstone of the month February. In the Mohs scale, it has a hardness of seven.

## Meaning and superstition

Many people believe amethysts protect one from poison, evil, and getting drunk. This is where the name of this rock came from, The Greek word _amethustos_, means "without being drunken".

Also they are thought to be good for healing, recovering from headaches, good dreams, and more. Some Catholic popes also wear a rosary of amethyst around their necks. Some Roman women thought gems could keep their husbands faithful to them.

Amethysts are also worn because it is believed that it makes them look gentle. The “powers” of an amethyst also include healing, peace, love, more spirituality, courage,  protection from robbers, and happiness.

In the Book of Revelations the amethyst was one of the twelve foundation stones of New Jerusalem.

There are many stories and myths about amethysts. One of them tells how amethysts were supposedly created. According to the story, Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and partying, was angry because of something against him and wanted to get revenge. He ordered that the first person who was mortal to come across his path would be eaten by tigers.

Just at that moment a beautiful maiden named Amethyst came, on her way to worship the goddess Diana. Diana saw what was going to happen and she quickly made Amethyst into a stone to save her from the tigers. When Bacchus saw this, he repented and poured wine over the stone, making its color purple.

## Decoration

The amethyst is worn and used for fashion in a number of different ways. It is polished and shaped for rings, earrings, and cufflinks. It may be also used for brooches, sometimes being carved into a cluster of grapes. People like the way amethysts look, especially when they are put in gold and diamonds.

The amethyst is worn by royalty and nobility. This is because its royal color was purple. When it was found in the Minoan period in Greece (c. 2500 B.C.), it was polished and shaped into cabochons (dome-shaped stones). Then, it was set in gold.

During the 15th century, the French _fleur-de-lis_ brooch could only be worn by the Royal family on special times. The fleur-de-lis design on it is put in with sapphires and amethysts.
Emerald

An **emerald** is a mineral gemstone and a variety of beryl. It is the birthstone of someone whose birthday is in the month of May. It is a green crystal. The emerald is one of the most valuable gems, along with the ruby, the opal, topaz, the diamond, and a sapphire.

## Etymology

The word _emerald_ comes from Vulgar Latin. The word was Esmaralda/Esmaraldus, a different way of saying the Latin word _Smaragdus_, which came from the Greek,  (_smaragdos_; "green gem"). It first came from a Semitic word, _izmargad_ (). This meant "emerald" or "green". The name could also be related to the Semitic word baraq (בָּרָק ;البُراق; "lightning" or "shine") (c.f.  _bareqeth_ and , _barq_, "lightning"). It is where the Persian ( _zomorrod_), Turkish (), Sanskrit ( _maragdam_) and Russian (; _izumrúd_) words came from.

## Related pages

- List of minerals
- Emerald (color)

## Infobox (mineral)

- **name**: Emerald
- **category**: Beryl variety
- **image**: Béryl var. émeraude sur gangue (Muzo Mine Boyaca - Colombie) -2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250
- **caption**: Emerald crystals from Muzo, Colombia
- **symmetry**: (6/m 2/m 2/m) – Dihexagonal Dipyramidal
- **unit cell**: a = 9.21 Ångstrom, Å, c = 9.19 Å; Z = 2
- **formula**: Be<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>
- **molweight**: 537.50
- **color**: Green shades
- **habit**: Crystal habit, Massive to well Crystalline
- **system**: Hexagonal crystal system, Hexagonal (6/m 2/m 2/m) Space group: P6/mсc
- **cleavage**: Imperfect on the [0001]
- **fracture**: Conchoidal
- **mohs**: 7.5–8
- **luster**: Lustre (mineralogy), Vitreous
- **opticalprop**: Uniaxial (-)
- **refractive**: n<sub>ω</sub> = 1.564–1.595,
 n<sub>ε</sub> = 1.568–1.602
- **birefringence**: δ = 0.0040–0.0070
- **fluorescence**: None (some fracture filling materials used to improve emerald's clarity do fluoresce, but the stone itself does not)
- **streak**: White
- **gravity**: Average 2.76
- **diaphaneity**: Transparent to opaque
Garnet

A **garnet**  is one kind of silicate mineral. There are many different kinds of garnets, containing different metals. Crystals of garnet are often large and pretty. Their most common color is red or purple, but they can be found in almost all colors and are often used in jewelry. In the United States, garnet is the birthstone for people born in the month of January.

## Related pages

- List of minerals
- List of birthstones

## Further reading

- Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, _Manual of Mineralogy_, 20th ed., Wiley,
- Color Encyclopedia of Gemstones

## Other websites

- http://www.gemstonemagnetism.com contains a comprehensive section about garnets and garnet magnetism.
- USGS Garnet locations – USA
- http://www.gemstone.org/gem-by-gem/english/garnet.html
- http://www.mindat.org/min-10272.html
- Blog post on garnets on the Law Library of Congress's blog

## Infobox (mineral)

- **category**: Silicate mineral, Nesosilicate
- **boxbgcolor**: #FF9977
- **boxtextcolor**: black
- **image**: GarnetCrystalUSGOV.jpg
- **formula**: The general formula _X_<sub>3</sub>_Y_<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>
- **z**: 8
- **spacegroup**: Ia3d
- **color**: virtually all colors, blue very rare
- **habit**: Rhombic dodecahedron or cubic
- **cleavage**: Indistinct
- **fracture**: conchoidal to uneven
- **mohs**: 6.5–7.5
- **luster**: vitreous to resinous
- **polish**: vitreous to subadamantine
- **refractive**: 1.72–1.94
- **opticalprop**: Single refractive, often anomalous double refractive
- **birefringence**: None
- **pleochroism**: None
- **streak**: White
- **gravity**: 3.1–4.3
- **fluorescence**: variable
- **other**: variable magnetic attraction
- **var1**: Pyrope
- **var1text**: Mg<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>
- **var2**: Almandine
- **var2text**: Fe<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>
- **var3**: Spessartine
- **var3text**: Mn<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>
- **var4**: Andradite
- **var4text**: Ca<sub>3</sub>Fe<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>
- **var5**: Grossular
- **var5text**: Ca<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>
- **var6**: Uvarovite
- **var6text**: Ca<sub>3</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>
Ralph Macchio

**Ralph Macchio** (born November 4, 1961 in Huntington, New York) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in _My Cousin Vinny_, _The Karate Kid_, _The Karate Kid Part II_, and _The Karate Kid Part III_. He was also in the movie _The Outsiders_ as Johnny.
French Armenian Legion

The **French Armenian Legion**, was made with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916), was a foreign legion unit within French Army. The Armenian legion was made for the goals of the Armenian national liberation movement and was an armed unit besides the Armenian volunteer units and Armenian militia during World War I which fought against the Ottoman Empire.

## Related pages

- Armenian Legion
Vahan Kurkjian

**Vahan M. Kurkjian** (; Aleppo, 1863 – New York City, 1961) was an Armenian writer, historian, teacher, and community leader.

## Other websites

- _History of Armenia_ by Vahan M. Kurkjian, full text of the book.
North India

**Northern India** is a land and cultural region of India. In traditional Indian geography, India is pieced into five major zones: North India, North-east India, East India, West India and South India. The North Indian Plain is a large part of Northern India.

As a linguistic-cultural and political region, North India consists of six Indian states: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir and Rajasthan. The National Capital Territory of Delhi is also a part of northern India and shares some of its cultural, historical, musical, and linguistic heritage.

Both India and Pakistan were part of the British India prior to the 1947 Independence.

## Related pages

- Church of North India

## Other websites

- Ampur: A Virtual Village
- More Info about Northern India
- North India - New Delhi (Capital) City Guide
Yalta Conference

The **Yalta Conference** (sometimes called the **Crimea Conference**) was held from 4 to 11 February 1945, a few months before the end of the Second World War in Europe. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Winston Churchill), the President of the United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the Premier of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met in Crimea and talked about what to do with Germany. The Yalta Conference was important in European history.

## Agreements

The allies agreed at Yalta :
- Germany would be completely disarmed.
- A new world organisation would be set up, the United Nations.
- Stalin would join the war against Japan three months after the defeat of Germany.
- Germany would be split up into four different pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom.
- Berlin would also be split up into four different areas
- Germans who committed war crimes would be judged and sentenced.
- A Soviet-dominated government would be set up in Poland
- Free elections would be held in countries free from German rule.
- Planning would start on war reparations by Germany and how much money it would owe the other countries.

## Related pages

- Potsdam Conference

## Other websites

- A revision site for IGCSE students
- The Yalta Betrayal
- In Depth information on Yalta, not recommended for Simple Wikipedia Users
- The Aims of The Allies at the Yalta Conference in depth

## Infobox (summit meeting)

- **name**: Yalta Conference
- **other titles**: Crimean Conference
- **image**: File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg
- **caption**: The "Allies of World War II, Big Three" at the Yalta Conference, Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin. Behind them stand, from left, Field Marshal Sir Alan Brooke, Fleet Admiral Ernest King, Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, General of the Army George Marshall, Major General Laurence S. Kuter, General Aleksei Antonov, Vice Admiral Stepan Kucherov, and Admiral of the Fleet Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov, Nikolay Kuznetsov.
- **date**: 4–11 February 1945
- **venues**: Livadia Palace
- **cities**: Yalta, Crimea in the Soviet Union, Crimean ASSR, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **participants**: Joseph Stalin
 Winston Churchill
  Franklin D. Roosevelt
- **follows**: Tehran Conference
- **precedes**: Potsdam Conference
Potsdam Conference

The **Potsdam Conference** was a meeting of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States in Potsdam, Germany from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Clement Attlee), the President of the United States (Harry S. Truman) and the Premier of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met to talk about Germany on July 1945 and to discuss what should happen to it now that the Second World War was over.

The first conference was held at Yalta, but the Allies did not agree on anything very important. However, a lot had happened since the Yalta Conference. Firstly, the United States had a new president, Truman, who was much tougher on communism than the previous president, Franklin Roosevelt, had been, which was a problem for Stalin. Also, Winston Churchill had been voted out in the United Kingdom and replaced by Clement Attlee. Stalin saw himself as far more experienced than the new leaders and also caused trouble, as some of what the allies agreed on at Yalta was that Poland should have a neutral government. Stalin had killed the neutral government leaders and replaced them others, who did what he wanted. That caused many problems at Potsdam since other countries no longer trusted the Soviets.

## The agreements

The allies talked about and agreed:
- Germany would be temporarily split into four pieces (occupation zones), one occupied by France, one by the Soviet Union, one by the United States, and one by the United Kingdom.
- A large piece of eastern Germany would become Polish, and the Germans in it would be expelled.
- Nazi criminals would be judged and sentenced.
- Germany would be demilitarised.

## The disagreements

The allies talked about but did not agree on the following:
- How to separate Germany
- How much money Germany would pay to the winners of the war
- How Stalin was treating Poland
- How much land Poland would have

## Related pages

- Potsdam Declaration
- Yalta Conference

## Other websites

- A revision site for IGCSE students
- The Aims of The Allies in depth - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
- The events of Potsdam in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users
- A CNN webpage on Potsdam, very in depth  - not recommended for Simple Wikipedia users

## Infobox (summit meeting)

- **name**: Potsdam Conference
- **image**: L to R, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, President Harry S. Truman, and Soviet leader Josef Stalin in the... - NARA - 198958.jpg
- **caption**: The "Grand Alliance (World War II), Big Three" at the Potsdam Conference, Winston Churchill, Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin
- **country**: Soviet occupation zone in Germany, Soviet-occupied Germany
- **date**: 17 July – 2 August 1945
- **venues**: Cecilienhof
- **cities**: Potsdam
- **participants**: Joseph Stalin
 Winston Churchill
  Clement Attlee
 Harry S. Truman
- **follows**: Yalta Conference
Nahe

The **Nahe** is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary to the Rhine. It is also a famous wine region of Germany.

The name Nahe comes from the Latin word _Nava_, which is of Celtic origin and means _the wild river_. The Nahe separates the northern part of the Palatinate from the Hunsrück.

It rises in the area of Nohfelden (Saarland), flowing through Rhineland-Palatinate and joining the Rhine river in Bingen. Its length is . Towns along the Nahe include Idar-Oberstein, Kirn, Bad Kreuznach and Bingen.
Palatinate (region)

The **Palatinate** (_germ.:_Pfalz), historically also **Rhenish Palatinate** (_lat.:_ palatinatum Renensis; _germ.:_ Rheinpfalz), is a region in south-western Germany. It occupies more than a quarter of the German federal state (_Bundesland_) of Rhineland-Palatinate (_Rheinland-Pfalz_).

## Geography

The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. The highest point is the Donnersberg () near Kirchheimbolanden. The Palatinate forest (_Pfälzerwald_) covers more than a third of the region and is the largest uninterrupted forest in Germany. The eastern part is lower, and is a well known wine region, the Palatinate wine region through which passes the _German wine road_ (Deutsche Weinstrasse). Most of the cities of the Palatinate (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the Rhineplain in the east.

Traditionally, the Palatinate is divided into the regions of Anterior Palatinate (_Vorderpfalz_), West Palatinate (_Westpfalz_), North Palatinate (_Nordpfalz_), and South Palatinate (_Südpfalz_).

Administratively, the following districts and independent cities are part of the Palatinate:

Independent cities:
- Frankenthal
- Kaiserslautern
- Landau
- Ludwigshafen
- Neustadt an der Weinstraße
- Pirmasens
- Speyer
- Zweibrücken

Districts:
- Bad Dürkheim
- Donnersbergkreis
- Germersheim
- Kaiserslautern (district)
- Kusel
- Rhein-Pfalz-Kreis
- Südliche Weinstraße
- Südwestpfalz

## Other websites

- Bayern-Pfalz-Stifung
- The royal palace in Edenkoben
- Rhenish Palatinate - _Catholic Encyclopedia_ article
Taunus

The **Taunus** is a mountain range in Hesse, Germany. It is bounded by the river valleys of Rhine, Main and Lahn. On the opposite side of the Rhine, the mountains are continued by the Hunsrück. The mountains themselves span the districts of Hochtaunuskreis, Main-Taunus, Rheingau-Taunus, and Rhein-Lahn.

Not to be confused with the more famous and high Feldberg in Black Forest, the highest peak is the _Großer Feldberg_ (878 m above sea level). It is followed by the _Kleiner Feldberg_ and the _Altkönig_ (798 m) with the remains of a late Iron Age hill fort (La-Tène A, ca. 400 BC) near the summit.

The Roman Limes was built across the Taunus. The Saalburg, a restored Roman castellum, now houses a museum. After the fall of the Limes (in 259/260 AD), the Alamanni settled here.

## Highest mountains

- Großer Feldberg (878 m), Hochtaunuskreis (district)
- Kleiner Feldberg (825 m), Hochtaunuskreis
- Altkönig (798 m), Hochtaunuskreis
Antonov An-225 Mriya

The **Antonov An-225 _Mriya**_  was a Soviet Aircraft, and the largest airplane by weight in the world. It needed 6 engines because it was very large. It was made by a company called Antonov. The Mriya was designed to carry the Russian Shuttle, Space Shuttle Buran. The Buran only flew once, and was successful. However, the funding of Buran was insufficient, and the project quickly ended. The remaining plane, registration UR-82060, was used to carry very large items that were not efficient to carry by train.

The company ownership changed because of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The ownership of Antonov changed to the country of Ukraine, and all assets were taken to Kyiv. It was modelled from the Antonov An-124 Ruslan. This plane was big enough to carry a Boeing 747's fuselage. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the last aircraft, UR-82060, was destroyed in the hangar of the airport of the Antonov Serial Production Plant in Ukraine.

## Other websites

- Official website
- An-225 - buran-energia.com
- Payloads

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Antonov An-225 Mriya
- **image**: Antonov An-225 Beltyukov-1.jpg
- **caption**: The An-225 in its old livery, Circa. 2012


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Buran Carrier, Cargo Transport
- **national origin**: Soviet Union
- **design group**: Antonov
- **builder**: Antonov Serial Production Plant
- **first flight**: 21 December 1988
- **retired**: February 5th, 2022
- **status**: Destroyed
- **primary user**: Antonov Airlines
- **produced**: 1985
- **number built**: 2, one as UR-82060, the other, uncompleted.
- **unit cost**: 250 Million USD- 300 Million USD
- **developed from**: Antonov An-124
Edmund Burke

**Edmund Burke** (12 January 1729-9 July 1797) was an important Irish politician, and writer. He became a member of the British Parliament with the Whigs in 1765.

Burke supported the American Revolution. He opposed the French Revolution for killing Catholics and other dissenters. His most famous book was _Reflections on the Revolution in France_, which created many of the ideas in conservatism.

## Other websites

- (including his collected works in 12 volumes)
Guys and Dolls

***Guys and Dolls*** is a 1950 Broadway musical. The music and lyrics were written by Frank Loesser, and the speaking parts were written by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. The story of _Guys and Dolls_ is based on short stories written by Damon Runyon. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical.

## What happens

Nathan Detroit, a gambler in 1920's New York City, needs a place to hold his illegal dice game where he will not be caught by the police. He finds a place, but the person who owns it wants one thousand dollars to rent it for the night. Nathan thinks he is out of luck, until he hears that the famous gambler Sky Masterson is in town. He bets Sky one thousand dollars that he cannot get Sarah Brown, a missionary, to go to Havana, Cuba with him. Because Sarah is very religious and moralistic, Nathan thinks she will never agree to go with him.

Nathan has another problem. He has been engaged to a woman named Adelaide for fourteen years, but they still are not married. Adelaide is so frustrated with him that she comes down with a cold. She tells him that if he does not marry her, she will leave him. Nathan promises to marry her, but then realizes that the night he said he would meet her is the same night as the dice game. He does not marry her, and Adelaide is extremely angry with him. She tells him she never wants to see him again.

Meanwhile, Sarah's mission is about to be closed down unless she can have it filled for a midnight prayer meeting later that week. Sky hears about this and makes a deal with her. If she goes to Havana with him, he will persuade the men he knows to go to the prayer meeting. Because Sarah is desperate, she accepts his offer. At first Sky is only taking her to Havana to win the bet, and Sarah is only going with him to save her mission, but while they are in Havana they fall in love. As Sky is saying goodbye to her, Nathan and the other gamblers run out of the mission, where they had been holding the dice game. Sarah thinks he only took her to Havana to get her away from the mission so Nathan could have the game there, and she is very angry with him.

Sky is still in love with Sarah, so he decides to keep his part of the deal. He makes a bet with all the gamblers. If he loses, he will give each of the gamblers a thousand dollars. If he wins, they will have to go to the prayer meeting. Sky wins the bet, and Sarah's mission is saved. Sarah realizes that he really does care about her.

Later, Sarah meets Adelaide. They talk about Nathan and Sky and realize that they are both in love. Sarah decides to marry Sky, and Adelaide decides to marry Nathan.
Ichiro Mizuki

, real name  (born January 7, 1948 in Tokyo, died December 6, 2022), was a Japanese singer, composer, voice actor and actor. He was best known for his anime and tokusatsu such as Mazinger Z, Great Mazinger, Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series.

Ichiro Mizuki began his solo career in 1968. His first single "Kimi ni sasageru Boku no Uta" was  composed by Kanae Wada. He started to sing his theme song during the 1970s. His first anime song called Genshi Shounen Ryuu was released in 1971 as the opening theme from the animated television series Genshi Shounen Ryuu. Then he released many other anime and tokusatsu songs from Super Robot, Science Fiction, Sports, Kamen Rider, Metal Hero and Super Sentai series. Ichiro Mizuki has sung more than 1000 songs since his debut.

From August 30 to August 31, 1999, he held a 1000-song concert for 24 hours. The success of his 1000-song concert has become a legend in Japan.

On July 19, 2000, he joined as a part-time member of the supergroup JAM Project with other members - Hironobu Kageyama, Masaaki Endoh, Eizo Sakamoto, and Rica Matsumoto.

Meanwhile, Ichiro Mizuki has also acted in the tokusatsu TV series such as Jikuu Senshi Spielvan, Voicelugger and also the voice actor for anime such as Koraru no Tanken and Dangaioh (OVA).

## Other websites

- Ichirou Mizuki Official Site
- Ichiro Mizuki Official English Language Website
- Ichiro Mizuki at the Anison Database
- Ichiro Mizuki at the Anime News Network
- Ichiro Mizuki  at the Henshin Hall of Fame
Saalburg

The **Saalburg** is a Roman fortification in the Taunus mountains in Germany and was a stronghold in the Upper Germanic Limes.

It was constructed about 90 CE and enlarged until about 210. Then the Romans left it after 260. It is estimated that it was home to a _cohors equitata_, about 500 cavalry and infantry, to protect the access to the Rhine-Main valley from the Germanic tribes in the North. Eventually it decayed, and its stones were used as a quarry.

In 1897 Wilhelm II ordered that it was rebuilt. Today the Saalburg houses a museum and is a center for Roman archeology. It is located between Bad Homburg and Wehrheim, some 30 km north of Frankfurt am Main.

As part of the Upper Germanic Limes the Saalburg belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage sites since 15. July 2005.

## Other websites

- Saalburgmuseum
Kesha Wizzart

**Kesha Wizzart** (22 October 1988 – 12 July 2007) was an English singer. She was a contestant on the television programme _Stars In Their Eyes_. She was born in Manchester.

Wizzart was murdered on 12 July 2007, along with her mother Beverley and brother Fred. It happened in their home in Manchester. The investigators found injuries to their heads. The next day, a search for the suspect Pierre Williams was started. He was arrested on 14 July, convicted and received three life sentences.

## Other websites

- TV show teenager is victim of triple murder – Retrieved from Sky News
Names of small numbers

**Naming very small numbers** is the same as naming very big numbers, but with one important difference. There is a minus sign over what the 10 in the formula is raised to. So if one wanted to write 0.007 in shorthand form, they would write it 7 x 10<sup>−3</sup> since 7 is the third digit after the decimal point (the zero in front of the decimal point does not count). Naming a very small number with lots of different numbers inside it is the same as doing it with a very big number, but again with that one difference of the minus sign. So 0.0000452 would become 4.52 x 10<sup>−5</sup> (0.0000452 --> 4.52 x 0.00001 --> 4.52 x 10<sup>−5</sup>).

## Some examples

|0.00000000009|=|9 x 10<sup>−11</sup>|
| --- | --- | --- |
|0.000678|=|6.78 x 10<sup>−4</sup>|
|0.000000535645|=|5.35645 x 10<sup>−7</sup>|

## Names of small numbers

||English name|European name|
| --- | --- | --- |
|10<sup>0</sup>|One|One|
|10<sup>−1</sup>|Tenth|Tenth|
|10<sup>−2</sup>|Hundredth|Hundredth|
|10<sup>−3</sup>|Thousandth|Thousandth|
|10<sup>−4</sup>|Ten Thousandth|Ten Thousandth|
|10<sup>−5</sup>|Hundred Thousandth|Hundred Thousandth|
|10<sup>−6</sup>|Millionth|Millionth|
|10<sup>−9</sup>|Billionth|Milliardth|
|10<sup>−12</sup>|Trillionth|Billionth|
|10<sup>−15</sup>|Quadrillionth|Billiardth|
|10<sup>−18</sup>|Quintillionth|Trillionth|
|10<sup>−21</sup>|Sextillionth|Trilliardth|
|10<sup>−24</sup>|Septillionth|Quadrillionth|
|10<sup>-27</sup>|Octillionth|Quadrilliardth|
|10<sup>-30</sup>|Nonillionth|Quintillionth|
|10<sup>-33</sup>|Decillionth|Quintilliardth|

## Related pages

- Names of large numbers

## Other websites

- Names of large and small numbers
Military of ancient Rome

The **Military of ancient** Rome (known to the Romans as the militia) means all military forces of Ancient Rome from the founding of the city of Rome to the end of the Western Roman Empire. Originally there was only the Roman army, but a small navy was added during the Second Samnite War, around 320 BC.

The Roman military was an important part of the Roman state. Josephus describes the Roman people as "as if born ready armed". It has a history of more than 1300 years. Roman armies fought in Parthia as well as in Africa, and in - what was in that time the far north - the British Isles.

After a series of reforms, the army became highly trained, and was well equipped in the middle of the Roman Imperial period. The Romans also had a powerful navy that ruled the Mediterranean and the European Atlantic coast. In the late Imperial period the military's numbers were significantly increased to cover the borders and keep internal peace. The circumstances of the Empire had changed; the Western Roman Empire now relied heavily on units of mostly Germanic tribes living within the borders, who fought in the name of Rome during the Migration Period.

## Other sources

- Primary sources
- Livy, _The Rise of Rome_, Oxford University Press, 1998
- Polybius, _History_, Book 6
- Tacitus, The Histories, Book V

- Secondary sources
- Gibbon E., _The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire_, Penguin, 1985
- Goldsorthy A., _In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire_, Weidenfield and Nicholson, 2003
- Grant, M., _The History of Rome_, Faber and Faber, 1993
- Heather, P., _The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History_, MacMillan, 2005
- Jones, _The Later Roman Empire_,Johns Hopkins University Press, 1964
- Lane Fox, Robin, _The Classical World_, Penguin, 2005
- Luttwak, E., _The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire_, Johns Hopkins
- Matyszak, P., _The Enemies of Rome_, Thames and Hudson, 2004
- Santosuosso, A., _Soldiers, Emperors and Civilians in the Roman Empire_, Westview Press, 2001

## Other websites

- _UNRV's Roman Military_
- _Internet Ancient History Sourcebook_
- _Military Resources_
- _Armamentarium bibliography_
- The Ancient Warfare Articles of Smith's Dictionary, Bill Thayer's Lacus Curtius site.
Legion

**Legion** may refer to:

### Roman Empire

- Roman Legion
- List of Roman legions (_disambiguation page_)
- Legionary

### United States

- Legion of the United States

### World War II

- 33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French) (_French Legion_)
- Armenian Legion
- Condor Legion
- Ostlegionen

### Foreign Legions

- Foreign legion
- French Foreign Legion
- Spanish Foreign Legion

### Other legions

- Arab Legion
- Black Legion
- British Legion
Alpha helix

An **alpha helix (α-helix)** is a twisted part of a protein. It is one of the two most common parts of the secondary structure, or shape, of a protein. The other is the beta sheet. An alpha helix is created by alternating groups of atoms. There is a carbonyl group, created by a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom, and an amine group, created by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. Each section containing one of each of these groups is called a residue, a general term for a small part of a molecule. Each amine group forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group four residues earlier. The alpha helix consists of 3.6 residues per turn. All hydrogen bonds face in the same direction. If two or more alpha helices come together, they become a tertiary structure. (Ex. Five alpha helices arranged into a barrel shape)

## Alpha helices in disease

A prion is a protein that causes disease by changing the shape of another protein. It does this by changing some of the alpha helices, which are more common in normal cells, to beta sheets, which are more common in prions.
Allied-occupied Germany

After World War II Nazi Germany west of the Oder-Neisse line was divided into four **occupation zones**. This had been agreed in London in September 1944.

They were occupied by the allied powers who defeated Germany (the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States) and by France. This was done for administrative purposes during the period 1945-1949.

In the closing weeks of fighting in Europe the American forces had actually pushed beyond the previously agreed upon occupation zone boundaries, sometimes by as much as 200 miles. After about two months of holding certain areas meant to be in the Soviet zone, the American forces withdrew during July 1945.

## Related pages

- American occupation zone
- British occupation zone
- Soviet occupation zone

## Other websites

- Post-WWII commanders/governors of Germany

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
- **conventional long name**: Allied-Administered Germany
- **common name**: Germany
- **status**: Military occupation
- **era**: Cold War
- **year start**: 1945
- **year end**: 1949
- **life span**: 1945 — 1949
- **event pre**: German Instrument of Surrender, 1945, Surrender
- **date pre**: May 8, 1945
- **event start**: Allied Control Council
- **date start**: July 5, 1945
- **event1**: Saar (protectorate), Saar protectorate
- **date event1**: December 15, 1947
- **event2**: West Germany
- **date event2**: 23 May, 1949
- **event end**: East Germany
- **date end**: 7 October, 1949
- **event post**: Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Final Settlement¹
- **date post**: September 12, 1990
- **p1**: Third Reich
- **flag p1**: Flag of Germany 1933.svg
- **s1**: West Germany
- **flag s1**: Flag of Germany.svg
- **s2**: Saar (protectorate)
- **flag s2**: Flag of Saar.svg
- **s3**: East Germany
- **flag s3**: Flag of East Germany.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg
- **image map**: Deutschland Besatzungszonen 8 Jun 1947 - 22 Apr 1949.svg
- **image map caption**: Occupation zones in Germany (1945)
- **capital**: Berlin (_de jure_)
- **title leader**: #The Military Governors and Commissioners, Governors (1945)
- **leader1**: Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, Montgomery
- **year leader1**: UK zone
- **leader2**: General officer, General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, Lattre de Tassigny
- **year leader2**: French zone
- **leader3**: General officer, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, Eisenhower
- **year leader3**: US zone
- **leader4**: Marshal Georgy Zhukov, Zhukov
- **year leader4**: Soviet zone
- **footnotes**: ¹ Reunification of Germany, German reunification took place on October 3, 1990.<hr>

<small>The four sectors of Allied occupation in Berlin</small>
Topaz

**Topaz** is a silicate mineral. Along with silicate, it includes the chemical elements aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>(F,OH)<sub>2</sub>.

## Color and varieties

Pure topaz is colorless and transparent but they usually have colors made by small impurities. The typical topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown. It can also be made white, pale green, blue, gold, or pink (rare).

_Orange topaz_, also known as precious topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone for the US state of Utah.

_Imperial topaz_ is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Some imperial topaz stones can fade if they are exposed too much in the sunlight.

_Blue topaz_ is the US state Texas' gemstone.

_Mystic topaz_ is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated, making it rainbow-colored.

## Related pages

- List of birthstones

## Other websites

- Pink Topaz, Biblical Topaz References  Farlang – gem information and full text historical references
- Topaz and other minerals found at Topaz Mountain, Juab County , Utah Geological Survey
- Learn More About Yellow Topaz

## Infobox (mineral)

- **name**: Topaz
- **category**: Silicate mineral, Nesosilicate
- **image**: Topaze, quartz fumé 1.jpg
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **caption**: Topaz crystal on matrix
- **formula**: Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>(F,OH)<sub>2</sub>
- **strunz**: 9.AF.35
- **symmetry**: Orthorhombic dipyramidal
H-M symbol: (2/m 2/m 2/m)
Space group: Pbnm
- **unit cell**: a = 4.65 Å, b = 8.8 Å,
c = 8.4 Å; Z = 4
- **color**: Colorless (if no impurities), blue, brown, orange, gray, yellow, green, pink and reddish pink
- **mohs**: 8 (defining mineral)
- **luster**: Vitreous
- **birefringence**: δ = 0.010
Beautiful (song)

**Beautiful** is a song from Christina Aguilera's fourth album _Stripped_. It was written by Linda Perry.

Aguilera sings about how people should not be ashamed to show pride in their differences.

It was released late in 2002. It was the second single from _Stripped_.

"Beautiful" won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.

In 2004, the character Damian sang the song at the school's talent show in _Mean Girls_.

It is in the key of E-flat Mixolydian.

## Other websites

- Music video for "Beautiful"
Fundamental theorem of algebra

The **fundamental theorem of algebra** is a proven fact about polynomials, sums of multiples of integer powers of one variable. It is based on mathematical analysis, the study of real numbers and limits. It was first proven by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. It says that for any polynomial  with the degree , where , the polynomial equation  must have at least one root , and not more than  roots altogether.

Some remarks:
- the degree  of a polynomial is the highest power of  that occurs in it
- some of the roots may be complex numbers
- it is possible to 'count' a root  twice, if  is still a root of the polynomial ; if you will 'count' the roots in this way, then the polynomial  with degree  has _exactly_  roots
- it is not a theorem of pure algebra. It is not possible to prove this theorem without an element of analysis. This element has been reduced to the observation that, firstly, for polynomial functions  of odd degree the pair of values  and  has opposite positive and negative signs when  is large enough. And secondly, that any polynomial function  on the real line that takes positive and negative values for  has to cross  axis.

## Related pages

- Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
Finite

If something is finite, it means it will end. The opposite is infinite. There are many uses of this word, for example:

- A finite number is a number which is not equal to ; all real numbers are finite.
- A finite set is a set that has a certain number of elements.
- A finite verb is a term from linguistics that means that a verb is of a form that tells person and tense.
Lake Champlain

**Lake Champlain** is a natural freshwater lake in North America along the borders of New York and Vermont and partially across the United States-Canada border in the province of Quebec. The lake was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who came there in 1609.

## A region of large freshwater lakes

Lake Champlain is one of a large number of large lakes spread in an arc from Labrador through the northern United States and into the Northwest Territories of Canada.  Although it is much smaller than the Great Lakes of Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, or Michigan, Lake Champlain is a large body of fresh water. The lake is about  in area. It is about  long. At its widest point, it is about  wide. The maximum depth is about . It contains about 80 islands, including the entirety of Vermont's Grand Isle County.

## Colonial America and the Revolutionary War

In the colonial times, Lake Champlain gave an easily blocked water (or, in winter, ice) passage between the Saint Lawrence and the Hudson Valleys.  Boats and sledges were usually preferable to the unpaved and frequently mud-bound roads of the time.  The northern tip of the lake at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec (St. John in colonial times) is a short distance from Montreal.  The southern tip at Whitehall (Skenesborough in colonial times) is a short distance from Saratoga, Glens Falls, and Albany, New York.

Forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point (Fort St. Frederic) controlled passage of the lake in colonial times.  Important battles were fought at Ticonderoga in 1758 and 1777.  A important naval battle was fought in 1776 at Valcour Island: in the Battle of Valcour Island, Benedict Arnold delayed British ships enough to prevent the fall of these forts until the following year, allowing the Continental Army to grow stronger and allowing the later victory at Saratoga.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Lake Champlain
Lac Champlain
- **image lake**: Lake Champlain.jpg
- **caption lake**: Lake Champlain near Burlington during sunset
- **location**: New York (state), New York / Vermont in USA; and Quebec in Canada
- **inflow**: Otter Creek (Vermont), Otter Creek, Winooski River, Missisquoi River, Poultney River, Lamoille River, Ausable River (New York), Ausable River, Chazy River, Boquet River, Saranac River, La Chute River
- **outflow**: Richelieu River
- **basin countries**: Canada, United States
- **residence time**: 3.3 years
- **islands**: 80 (Grand Isle, Vermont, Grand Isle, North Hero, Vermont, North Hero, Isle La Motte, Vermont, Isle La Motte, _#Islands, see list_)
- **cities**: Burlington, Vermont; Plattsburgh, New York
Fumie Suguri

is a Japanese athlete.  She is best known as a figure skater. She is a five-times Japanese National Champion, three-times World Championships medalist, and 2003-2004's Grand Prix Final Champion.

## Profile

Suguri is expressive, her program is called "Suguri World". Her younger sister Chika Suguri is figure skater likewise, too.

She was first Japanese skater to win the ISU Grand Prix Final in 2003, and got more Four Continents Championships titles in 2005, and got more World Championships medals than other Japanese figure skaters in 2006.

## Records

|colspan="2"|Olympics||
| --- | --- | --- |
|2002 Winter Olympics|style="width: 5em; text-align: center"|5th|
|2006 Winter Olympics|style="text-align: center"|4th|
|2002 World Championships|style="background-color: #cc9966; text-align: center"|Bronze|
|2003 World Championships|style="background-color: #cc9966; text-align: center"|Bronze|
|2006 World Championships|style="background-color: #c0c0c0; text-align: center"|Silver|
|2003-04's ISU Grand Prix Final|style="background-color: #ffd700; text-align: center"|Gold|
|2001 Four Continents Championships|style="background-color: #ffd700; text-align: center"|Gold|
|2003 Four Continents Championships|style="background-color: #ffd700; text-align: center"|Gold|
|2005 Four Continents Championships|style="background-color: #ffd700; text-align: center"|Gold|

## Infobox (figure skater)

- **name**: Fumie Suguri
- **image**: Suguri 08SC by Carmichael.jpg
- **caption**: Suguri at the 2008 Skate Canada.
- **country**: Japan
- **residence**: Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture
- **skating club**: Yoshindo
- **beganskating**: 1986
- **combined total**: 182.08
- **combined date**: Grand Prix Final, 2004 GPF
- **sp score**: 62.12
- **sp date**: World Figure Skating Championships, 2006 Worlds
- **fs score**: 120.06
- **fs date**: Grand Prix Final, 2004 GPF