Mafia

The **mafia** is one of many organized crime groups working in many parts of the world. The most famous one was created in Italy more than 200 years ago. The mafia groups makes billions of dollars a year from such crimes as making and selling illegal drugs, money laundering, stealing, gambling, and prostitution.

## Etymology

The first written use of the word _mafia_ has it being said on a list of rebels against the Catholic Church and meant "boldness, ambition, pride." Since none of those traits was considered to be appropriate for a woman, it became the name of a witch.

Many people also believe that Arabic affected the word _mafia_ during the period of the Arabs' control of Sicily in 846 AD, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. _Mahias_ is an Arabic word meaning "bold man" and is believed to be incorporated into the modern term "mafia." It also suggests the bold and arguing nature of its members.

## Rules

A boss in the Sicilian mafia had a list of seven rules, which have been called the mafia's seven Commandments.
1. No one can present himself directly to another of our friends. There must be a third person to do it.
1. Never look at the wives of friends in a weird way or disrespectful way.
1. Never be seen with cops.
1. Superiors must absolutely be respected.
1. Wives must be treated with respect.
1. Money cannot be taken if it belongs to others or other mafia gangs
1. People who can't be part of mafia: anyone who has close family in the police, anyone with a two-timing relative in the family, anyone who behaves badly and doesn't hold to moral values.

### In Italy

The mafia in Italy has been around for hundreds of years in the areas of Calabria, Sicily, Naples and Apulia, all in southern Italy.
- **Sicily** - The mafia in Italy was started in the island of Sicily. The mafia is still around here and they make a great deal of money. Selling drugs is frowned upon within the Mafia or La Cosa Nostra, as being convicted of the intent of selling can cause a high prison sentence, which increases the risk of a member of the Mafia/Cosa Nostra becoming a "rat," or betraying other members.
- **Calabria** - The Calabrian mafia (really called the _ 'Ndrangheta _) are another mafia group in Italy. It also makes profit from illegal drugs, and is now the richest Italian mafia group.
- **Naples** - The mafia in Naples is called the _Camorra_. It is not as well known than the mafia in Sicily and Calabria but has killed more people, as rival Camorra groups often fight one another.
- **Apulia** - The mafia in Apulia is called the _Sacra Corona Unita_ (meaning the "United Sacred Crown"). It is not as old as the other Italian mafia groups. Little is known about this group, but it is believed that it makes money from prostitution.
- **Veneto** - The mafia in Veneto was called _Mala del Brenta_ (meaning "Brenta's bad thing"). The group was founded by Felice Maniero but has now been dismantled.

### In America

The Italian-American mafia began at the time when many Italians moved to the United States in the 19th century. The first Italian mafia was in New Orleans in Louisiana but soon was in many cities across the country. The Italian mafia in the United States is actually called _La Cosa Nostra_, which in Italian means "our thing." The American mafia is divided into different groups, or "families."  Many large cities have only one Italian-American mafia family, but some larger cities like New York City have more.

New York City has five Italian mafia families:
- The Bonanno  crime family
- The Colombo crime family
- The Gambino crime family
- The Genovese crime family
- The Lucchese crime family

Many other American cities have Italian mafia families like in Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, and Los Angeles

### Mafia groups in other countries

There are many other groups like the Italian mafia all over the world like these:
- **The Yakuza** - _The Yakuza_ is the name given to organized crime groups in Japan. They make money from prostitution and drugs. Currently, the Yakuza is not as big as a threat as in its peak around 1980.
- **The Triads** - _The Triads_ is a name given to all organized crime groups in China. Because there are so many of them, they are called the Triads. They are not just from China but many countries in Southeast Asia. Another name for the groups is the "Tongs."
- **Latin American Drug Cartels** - In Latin America, the largest crime groups are drug cartels. They compete for control of the drug trade, which makes them huge amounts of money. The drugs produced in South America are marijuana, cocaine, and heroin. The main drug cartels are in Mexico, in North America, and Colombia, in South America. Most of the drugs are produced there and then smuggled north into the United States.

There are other groups as well, like the mafia groups in Russia that make money from drugs and weapons. All of those groups operate in the United States, Canada, Australia, England and other Western countries and cause many problems in both those countries and their own.

## Hierarchy

Just like in a company, where people have a boss and workers, the Italian-American mafia, which calls itself _La Cosa Nostra_ (LCN, meaning "our thing" in Italian), has a hierarchy. Everyone has a job to do. Some people are bosses and some are workers. However, some members work their way up the ladder of power and get respect. Here is the hierarchy of an American mafia family:
1. **The boss**. He controls everything that goes on in the mafia family. Every worker and lower ranking boss (_see below; Caporegimes_) works for him. It is the boss who decides if someone should be killed or if someone should be initiated (_see below; Becoming a member_). The boss gets money from all of his workers and therefore is usually the richest person in the family.
1. **The underboss**. The underboss is the person who actually runs the family. He is boss over all the other members except the actual boss. He will often become the boss of the family if something happens to the boss. The boss will choose his underboss. A family will usually have only one underboss.
1. **The consigliere**. The consigliere is an Italian term, meaning someone who gives advice. The consigliere in a mafia family is the "right hand man" to the boss. It is his job to help the boss make important decisions. The consigliere is as important as the underboss but is not the boss of anyone in the family. A family will usually have only one consigliere. Acts as a middle man in personal vendettas. His role is to make impartial decisions for the family's benefit.
1. **Caporegimes**. The next position of the family is caporegime (or captain), often shortened to "capo." Families will have differing numbers of capos. A caporegime is in charge of a group of workers (_see below; Soldiers_). The underboss of the family is in charge of the capos. The job of the caporegime is to collect money from the workers to give to the boss, underboss and consigliere as well as keeping money for himself. A family can have anywhere from 2 to 20 capos.
1. **Soldiers**. The workers of a family are called "soldiers" or in Italian _soldati_. Their job is to earn money to give to their captain (caporegime). They will do any job asked of them by their captain or the boss or underboss. A family can have anywhere from 10 to 1000 soldiers.
Each family will have a number of associates. These are people that work with them or for them but are not official members. (_see below; becoming a member_)

## History of Five Families of New York

The mafia in New York began when thousands of Italians moved there in the late 19th century and the early 20th century to find a better life. Many Irish and Germans also moved there for the same reasons. Many of those people set up a business or worked for businesses that were already there. Most earned very little money, and some of them, who were tired of being poor, decided to earn money from crime so that they could make more than by working.

There were many Irish and Italian criminal groups in the city who would steal, extort, and murder for money. The groups were known all-together as "Black Hand" but did not actually work as one group. There were many groups, and each worked on its own. The term "Black Hand" actually was the name of what the gangs did (extortion), not theirs.

### Prohibition, unification, and Castellammarese War

In 1920 alcohol (or liquor) was made illegal in the US, and the gangs had a new way to make money. They brought in illegal liquor from Canada and sold it in clubs. They bribed police into letting them illegally sell liquor and made millions of dollars from that because they were the only ones who had liquor and so they could sell it at extremely high prices.

Around then, several gangs in New York became one large gang, the Mafia, as their leaders realized that more money could be made if the gangs worked together. Giuseppe Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano were two men who wanted to become the boss of the newly made New York mafia. Fighting, known as the "Castellammarese War" broke out between the two men, and many of their soldiers were killed. Masseria's underboss was Lucky Luciano, a man who also wanted to control the New York Mafia. He met with Masseria's enemy Salvatore Maranzano and plotted to kill Masseria, Luciano's own boss.

Masseria was shot to death in a restaurant in New York by Maranzano's soldiers; one of them was Vito Genovese, a man who would later become boss. That was also the end of the "Castellammarese War." With the death of Masseria, Maranzano appointed himself the boss of the New York Mafia, who was called in Italian the _Capo di tutti Capi_, meaning "Boss of all Bosses." He called a meeting with the other "mafiosi" (Italian for Mafia members) from all over the US and made the rules that are still used today.
- Maranzano united the Italian gangs of New York into one gang, known as the Mafia or La Cosa Nostra.
- He then divided the gang into five families and appointed bosses of each family: "Lucky" Luciano, Joseph Bonanno, Joseph Profaci, Vincent Mangano and Thomas Gagliano, with himself as the boss of thesose bosses.
- He made it so that no members could kill without reason or talk to anyone outside of the mafia about it.

The bosses of the five families, particularly Luciano, began to grow tired of Maranzano's arrogance and how he ran the mafia. Maranzano realized that and planned to have Luciano and his "consigliere" and "underboss", Vito Genovese and Frank Costello, killed, as well as others,. Maranzano did not act quickly enough and was killed by men dressed as police officers on the orders of Luciano and his friend, a Jewish gangster from Florida named Meyer Lansky. Luciano then became the head of the New York mafia but not how Maranzano had been. He helped the five families run their business but he did not control them or call himself the "boss of bosses". The five families were kept.

The Profaci family (named after the first boss Joseph Profaci) went on to become named the Colombo crime family after a later boss, Joseph Colombo. The Mangano family (named after the first boss Vincent Mangano) went on to become named the Gambino crime family after a later boss, Carlo Gambino. The Gagliano family (named after the first boss Thomas Gagliano) went on to become named the Lucchese crime family after a later boss, Gaetano Lucchese.  Frank Costello became the boss of Luciano's old family, which later went on to become named the Genovese crime family after Vito Genovese became the boss and tried to kill Frank Costello. The Bonanno family (named after the first boss, Joseph Bonanno) kept its name as he was the boss for a very long time.

### Five Families over the years

This chart shows the bosses of the five families of New York since the "Castellammarese War:"

**Bonanno crime family**
- Joseph Bonanno (was boss from 1931 to 1965)
- Gaspare DiGregorio (was boss from 1965 to 1968)
- Paul Sciacca (was boss from 1968 to 1970)
- Natale Evola (was boss from 1970 to 1973)
- Phillip Rastelli (was boss from 1973 to 1975)
- Carmine Galante (was boss from 1975 to 1979)
- Phillip Rastelli (was boss once again from 1979 to 1991)
- Joseph Massino (was boss from 1991 to 2005)
lucy reed
(Note: in more recent years Vincent Basciano, Salvatore Montagna, Anthony Graziano, Anthony Rabito, Michael Mancuso, Anthony Urso and Alphonse Bonanno have run the family but not necessarily as bosses.)

**Colombo crime family**
- Joseph Profaci (was boss from 1928 to 1962)
- Joseph Magliocco (was boss from 1962 to 1963)
- Joseph Colombo (was boss from 1964 to 1971)
- Joseph Yacovelli (was boss in 1971)
- Vincent Aloi (was boss from 1971 to 1973)
- Carmine Persico (was boss during 1973)
(Note: in more recent years the leaders of the Colombo crime family have been Carmine Persico, Andrew Russo, Alphonse Persico, Jr., Joel Cacace, Thomas Gioeli, John Franzese, Vincent Aloi and Paul Bevacqua but not necessarily as bosses.)

**Gambino crime family**
- Vincent Mangano (was boss from 1931 to 1951)
- Albert Anastasia (was boss from 1951 to 1957)
- Carlo Gambino (was boss from 1957 to 1976)
- Paul Castellano (was boss from 1976 to 1985)
- John Gotti (was boss from 1986 to 1992)
- John Gotti, Jr. (was boss from 1992 to 1996)
- Nicholas Corozzo (was boss from 1996 to 1997)
- John Gotti, Jr. (was boss from 1997 to 1999)
- Peter Gotti (was boss from 1999 to 2003)
(Note: in more recent years the leaders of the Gambino crime family have been Peter Gotti, Arnold Squitieri, Anthony Megale, John D'Amico, Domenico Cefalu, Joseph Corozzo and Nicholas Corozzo but not necessarily as bosses.)

**Genovese crime family**
- Salvatore "Lucky" Luciano (was boss from 1931 to 1946)
- Frank Costello (was boss from 1946 to 1957)
- Vito Genovese (was boss from 1957 to 1969)
- Thomas Eboli (was boss from 1969 to 1972)
- Frank Tieri (was boss from 1972 to 1981)
- Anthony Salerno (was boss from 1981 to 1987)
- Vincent Gigante (was boss from 1981 to 2005)
(Note: in more recent years the leaders of the Genovese crime family have been Liborio Bellomo, Dominick Cirillo, Matthew Ianiello, Frank Serpico, Ernest Muscarella, Mario Gigante and Daniel Leo but not necessarily as bosses.)

**Lucchese crime family**
- Gaetano Gagliano (was boss from 1931 to 1953)
- Gaetano Lucchese (was boss from 1953 to 1967)
- Carmine Tramunti (was boss from 1967 to 1973)
- Anthony Corallo (was boss from 1973 to 1986)
- Anthony Luongo (during 1986)
- Vittorio Amuso (from 1987 on)
(Note: during the 1990s the leaders of the Lucchese crime family were Vittorio Amuso, Anthony Casso, Alphonse D'Arco, Salvatore Avellino, Anthony Baratta, Domenico Cutaia, Frank Lasterino and Joseph Defede but not necessarily as bosses. More recently the leaders of the family have been Louis Diadone, Aniello Migliore, Nick Beale and Leo Madden, and Leo and Nick were bosses.)

(Note: these dates may not be correct.)

## In movies

Many movies have been made about the mafia, particularly the American Mafia. Here are some of the most popular movies about American gangsters.l:
- Little Caesar (1931) directed by Mervyn LeRoy, starring Edward G. Robinson and Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.
- The Public Enemy (1931) directed by William A. Wellman, starring James Cagney
- Scarface (1932) directed by Howard Hawks and Richard Rosson, starring Paul Muni, George Raft and Boris Karloff
- Angels with Dirty Faces (1938) directed by Michael Curtiz, starring James Cagney, Pat O'Brien and Humphrey Bogart
- The Roaring Twenties (1939) directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart
- White Heat (1949) directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney and Edmund O'Brien
- The Enforcer (1951) directed by Bretaigne Windust, starring Humphrey Bogart
- The Godfather (1972) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Marlon Brando, Al Pacino, James Caan, Robert Duvall and John Cazale
- Mean Streets (1973) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel and David Proval
- The Godfather Part II (1974) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Al Pacino, Robert De Niro, John Cazale and Lee Strassberg
- Scarface (1983) directed by Brian De Palma, starring Al Pacino, Steven Bauer and Robert Loggia
- Once Upon a Time in America (1984) directed by Sergio Leone, starring Robert De Niro, James Woods, Burt Young and Joe Pesci
- The Godfather Part III (1990) directed by Francis Ford Coppola, starring Al Pacino, Andy Garcia and Joe Montegna
- Goodfellas (1990) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Ray Liotta, Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci
- Reservoir Dogs (1992) directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen, Chris Penn, Steve Buscemi and Lawrence Tierney
- Léon: The Professional (1994) directed by Luc Besson, starring Gary Oldman and Jean Reno
- Pulp Fiction (1994) directed by Quentin Tarantino, starring John Travolta, Samuel L. Jackson, Harvey Keitel and Tim Roth
- Casino (1995) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Robert De Niro and Joe Pesci
- _Analyze This_ (1999), a Mafia comedy directed by Harold Ramis, starring Robert De Niro and Billy Crystal
- _Analyze That_ (2002), sequel to _Analyze This_, also directed by Ramis and starring De Niro and Crystal in the same roles
- Gangs of New York (2002) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Daniel Day-Lewis
- The Departed (2006) directed by Martin Scorsese, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, Mark Wahlberg, Martin Sheen and Alec Baldwin

The television series The Sopranos is about the mafia in New Jersey and stars James Gandolfini, Steve Van Zandt, Tony Sirico, Michael Imperioli, Vincent Pastore, David Proval and Joe Pantoliano among others.