juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Canton of Glarus

**Glarus** is a canton in east Switzerland. The capital is Glarus. In 2010, the 25 communes were merged to only three: Glarus, Glarus Nord, and Glarus Süd. Officially, Glarus is a German-speaking canton; of the roughly 40.000 people, 83.6 percent are German-speaking, and 6.8 percent speak Italian. According to a statistical survey done in 2000, 44% of the population are Protestant (including Jehovas Witnesses, and  the New Apostolic Church), 37.3% are Roman Catholic, 6.5% are Muslims, 6.5% are non-believers, 2.3% are either Eastern orthodox or Oriental orthodox and 3.7% belonged to other communities or did not say.

## Geography

The canton of Glarus is dominated by the deep valley of the Linth River. Most of the area is mountainous. The total area of the canton of Glarus is 685 km².

## History

The history of this canton is dominated by religion. The people who lived in the Linth Valley were converted to Christianity in the 6th century by the Irish monk Saint Fridolin. He is still in the coat of arms of the canton today. He started Säckingen Abbey near Basel. The area around Glarus was owned by the abbey starting in the 9th century. By 1288, the Habsburgs slowly took over all the abbey's rights. Then the people of Glarus joined the Swiss Confederation in 1352.

Between 1506 and 1516, the reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a priest in Glarus. By 1564, all of Zwingli's followers were eliminated, but the Protestants and Catholics there still fought with each other. To make peace it was decided that each side should have its own assembly (_Landsgemeinde_) in 1623. In 1683, each side was granted the right to have its own tribunals.

Between 1798 and 1803, Glarus was part of the Canton of Linth made by Napoleon. In 1836 the constitution was changed to unite the assemblies and establish only one _Landsgemeinde_.

About two thirds of Glarus (593 buildings) were destroyed after a big fire in 1861. After the fire, Glarus was rebuilt in block fashion according to construction plans by Bernhard Simon and Johann Caspar Wolff.

On May 6, 2007 Glarus became the first Swiss canton to lower the voting age to 16.

## Industry

The land of the canton helped to make slate works in the 1600s.

## Municipalities

The 25 municipalities (_gemeinden_) were:
- Betschwanden
- Bilten
- Braunwald
- Elm
- Engi
- Ennenda
- Filzbach
- Glarus
- Haslen (united former municipalities Leuggelbach, Nidfurn and Haslen)
- Linthal
- Luchsingen (united former municipalities Diesbach, Hätzingen and Luchsingen)
- Matt
- Mitlödi
- Mollis
- Mühlehorn
- Näfels
- Netstal
- Niederurnen
- Oberurnen
- Obstalden
- Riedern
- Rüti
- Schwanden
- Schwändi
- Sool

## Other websites

- Official Statistics
- Official Site (German)
- the Linth valley on Google Maps
Mendrisio District

The **district of Mendrisio** is the southernmost district of canton of Ticino and of Switzerland.

## Circles and municipalities

The district of Mendrisio has 27 municipalities divided in 5 circles (_circoli_):
- Circle of Mendrisio: Mendrisio, Coldrerio, Genestrerio, Salorino;
- Circle of Balerna: Balerna, Casima, Castel San Pietro, Monte, Chiasso, Pedrinate, Morbio Inferiore;
- Circle of Caneggio: Caneggio, Cabbio, Vacallo, Sagno, Morbio Superiore, Bruzella, Muggio;
- Circle of Stabio: Stabio, Novazzano, Ligornetto.
Chert

**Chert** is a type of rock that includes flint, agate and quartz. It sometimes has fossils in it, usually shells.

It is a sedimentary rock, and it is very hard. Sedimentary rock is formed when sediments are compacted and cemented over a long period of time.

Historically, chert was used to make arrow heads because it forms hard and sharp edges when broken.

The color of chert is usually white or gray, but can be red, yellow or dark grey. If there is a lot of iron oxide in the chert it can be dark red; this type of chert is called "jasper."
Mendrisio

**Mendrisio** is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Mendrisio is the seat of the Accademia di Architettura of the university of Italian-speaking Switzerland (USI).

The municipality was created on 4 April 2004, when it incorporated the former municipality of Salorino. On 5 April 2009, it incorporated the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Rancate and Tremona.  On 14 April 2013, the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mendrisio
- **municipality name**: Mendrisio
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Mendrisio COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Mendrisio 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Mendrisio (district), Mendrisio
- **postal code**: 6850
- **municipality code**: 5254
- **area**: 11.7
- **elevation**: 354
- **population**: 6,638
- **populationof**: December 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **website**: www.mendrisio.ch
- **mayor**: Carlo Croci
- **mayor asof**: February 2014
- **executive name**: Municipio
- **executive number of members**: 7
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **list of mayors**: List of mayors of Mendrisio
- **parliament name**: Consiglio comunale
- **parliament number of members**: 60
- **places**: Salorino
- **neighboring municipalities**: Capolago, Castel San Pietro, Coldrerio, Genestrerio, Novazzano, Melano, Rancate, Riva San Vitale
Coldrerio

**Coldrerio** is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Coldrerio
- **image photo**: Torbiera1.tif
- **image caption**: Coldrerio
- **municipality name**: Coldrerio
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Coldrerio-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Coldrerio 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Mendrisio (district), Mendrisio
- **postal code**: 6877
- **municipality code**: 5251
- **area**: 2.46
- **elevation**: 351
- **population**: 2,628
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **website**: coldrerio.ch
- **mayor**: Corrado Solcà
- **neighboring municipalities**: Balerna, Castel San Pietro, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Novazzano
Franciscan Assemblage

The **Franciscan Assemblage** is a term in geology that describes a group of rocks near the peninsula of San Francisco, California.
Genestrerio

**Genestrerio** was a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009, the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Genestrerio
- **image photo**: Genestrerio.JPG
- **image caption**: Genestrerio
- **municipality name**: Genestrerio
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Genestrerio-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Genestrerio.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Mendrisio (district), Mendrisio
- **postal code**: 6852
- **municipality code**: 5252
- **area**: 1.47
- **elevation**: 339
- **population**: 869
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: genestrerio.ch
- **mayor**: Mario Ravasi
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bizzarone (IT-CO), Coldrerio, Ligornetto, Novazzano, Rancate, Stabio
Sonoma Coast State Beach

**Sonoma Coast State Beach** is a series of beaches in Sonoma County, California. The beaches are protected as the **Sonoma Coast State Park**. It extends for about  along the Pacific Coast, from Bodega Head in Bodega to just north of Goat Rock Beach.

The nearest town is Jenner. The coastline consists of a number of named beaches, including Arched Rock Beach, Jenner Beach, Blind Beach, Goat Beach and Goat Rock Beach. Goat Beach is known for being one of the most dangerous surfing spots in California because of its powerful waves, and it is recommended to not go near the water when visiting the beach. Jenner Beach got attention in August 2004 when two Christian youth camp counselors, 22-year-old Lindsay Cutshall and 26-year-old Jason Allen, were found dead. Both had been shot in the head at close range. The murders have not been solved.

## Other websites

- California State Parks official site for Sonoma Coast State Park

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Sonoma Coast State Park
- **photo**: Russian River mouth on California coast.jpeg
- **location**: Sonoma County, California, Sonoma County, California
- **nearest city**: Jenner, California, Jenner
- **governing body**: California Department of Parks and Recreation
Canton of Bern

The Swiss **canton of Bern** has about 947,000 people. The canton is in west-central Switzerland and the city of Bern is its capital.

## Districts

As of April 2004, there are 398 municipalities of the canton of Bern within the following 26 administrative districts:

- Aarberg with capital Aarberg
- Aarwangen with capital Aarwangen
- Bern with capital Berne
- Biel with capital Biel
- Büren with capital Büren an der Aare
- Burgdorf with capital Burgdorf
- Courtelary with capital Courtelary
- Erlach with capital Erlach
- Fraubrunnen with capital Fraubrunnen
- Frutigen with capital Frutigen
- Interlaken with capital Interlaken
- Konolfingen with capital Konolfingen
- Laupen with capital Laupen
- Moutier with capital Moutier
- La Neuveville with capital La Neuveville
- Nidau with capital Nidau
- Niedersimmental with capital Wimmis
- Oberhasli with capital Meiringen
- Obersimmental with capital Blankenburg
- Saanen with capital Saanen
- Schwarzenburg with capital Schwarzenburg
- Seftigen with capital Belp
- Signau with capital Langnau im Emmental
- Thun with capital Thun
- Trachselwald with capital Trachselwald
- Wangen with capital Wangen an der Aare

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official statistics
- Berner Oberland Tourism
- Biel/Bienne and Seeland Tourism
- Bernese Jura Tourism
Aarberg District

The district of **Aarberg** is a district of the canton of Bern, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Aarberg. There are 12 municipalities in the district covering an area of 153 km²:
- CH-3270 Aarberg
- CH-3282 Bargen
- CH-3257 Grossaffoltern
- CH-3283 Kallnach
- CH-3273 Kappelen
- CH-3250 Lyss
- CH-3045 Meikirch
- CH-3283 Niederried bei Kallnach
- CH-3271 Radelfingen
- CH-3255 Rapperswil
- CH-3054 Schüpfen
- CH-3267 Seedorf
Aarberg

**Aarberg** is a municipality in Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Aarberg
- **municipality name**: Aarberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Aarberg BE COA.svg
- **image photo**: Aarberg Altstadt MG 3670.jpg
- **image caption**: _Stadtplatz_ (Town square)
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Aarberg 2007.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Seeland (administrative district), Seeland
- **postal code**: 3270
- **municipality code**: 0301
- **area**: 7.93
- **elevation**: 455
- **elevation description**: Stadtplatz
- **population**: 3963
- **populationof**: December 2008
- **popofyear**: 2008
- **website**: www.aarberg.ch
- **mayor**: Arnold Stalder
- **mayor asof**: 2008
- **mayor party**: FDP
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bargen, Bern, Bargen, Kappelen, Switzerland, Kappelen, Lyss, Radelfingen, Seedorf, Bern, Seedorf
Bargen, Bern

**Bargen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

It is a parish and is now part of the district of Aarberg. Its official language is German.

## Other websites

- Commune of Bargen (in German)
- Google Maps

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bargen
- **municipality name**: Bargen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bargen BE COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Seeland (administrative district), Seeland
- **postal code**: 3282
- **municipality code**: 0302
- **area**: 7.86
- **elevation**: 448
- **population**: 926
- **populationof**: 2005
- **website**: www.bargen-be.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Niederried bei Kallnach, Kallnach, Siselen, Walperswil, Kappelen, Aarberg, Radelfingen.
Coast Miwok

The **Coast Miwok** were a Native American tribe who lived in what is now Northern California.
Pomo

The **Pomo** were a Native American tribe who lived in what is now Northern California by the Russian River. Pomo is a language family that includes seven languages, including Northern Pomo, Northeastern Pomo, Eastern Pomo, Southeastern Pomo, and Kashaya. The pomo tribe were hunters and gatherers. The men hunted meat and fish, while the women and the children gathered nuts and berries. The Pomo villages might have had as few as 100 or more than 1,500. They wove finely crafted baskets and sometimes decorated them with feathers and shell beads.
Euporie (moon)

**Euporie** or ***' is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation ***'.

Euporie is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 19,088,000 km in 538.780 days, at an inclination of 145° to the ecliptic (145° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.0960.

It was named in August 2003 after Euporie, a Greek goddess of abundance and one of the Horae in Greek mythology (and thus a daughter of Zeus).

It is the closest member of the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.
Autonoe (moon)

**Autonoe** or ***', is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation ***'.

Autonoe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,264,000 km in 772.168 days, at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (150° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.369.

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

Autonoe was named in August 2003 after the Greek mythological figure Autonoe, conquest of Zeus (Jupiter), mother of the Charites (Gracies), according to some authors.
Hegemone (moon)

**Hegemone** or ***', is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the designation ***'.

Hegemone is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,703,000 km in 745.500 days, at an inclination of 153° to the ecliptic (151° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.4077.

It was named in March 2005 after Hegemone, one of the Graces, and a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).

Hegemone belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.

## Popular Culture

Season 2 Episode 11 of the expanse saw the hero ship hiding behind the moon
Euanthe (moon)

**Euanthe** or ***' is a moon of Jupiter which is not fully round. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001.  It was given the designation ***'.

Euanthe is about 3 kilometres in diameter.  It orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,465,000 km in 598.093 days.  This orbit is at an inclination of 143° to the ecliptic (142° to Jupiter's equator) with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2001.

It was named in August 2003 after Euanthe, who was the mother of the Graces, according to some Greek writers.

Euanthe is in the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.
Kalyke (moon)

**Kalyke** or ***', is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, et al. in 2000, and given the designation ***'.

Kalyke is about 5.2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,181,000 km in 721.021 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (165° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2140.

It was named in October 2002 after the Greek mythological figure Kalyke or Calyce.

It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.
Megaclite (moon)

**Megaclite** or ***', is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation ***'.

Megaclite is about 5.4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 24,687,000 km in 792.437 days, at an inclination of 150° to the ecliptic (148° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.308.

It was named in October 2002 after Megaclite, mother by Zeus (Jupiter) of Thebe and Locrus (although both of these are assigned a different father by other authors).

It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.
Emerald (color)

**Emerald** is a color that is a shade of green. It is light and bright, with a faint bluish cast. The name comes from the color of emerald.

The first written use of _emerald_ as a color name in English was in 1598.

Emerald is a highly transparent color. This  color is evenly distributed, with no eye-visible color zoning.

## Meaning of emerald

- The color emerald may be used to represent Ireland.  Ireland is often called _the emerald isle_.

## Tones of emerald color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Emerald**|style = "background-color: #50c878;"||**#50C878**|**80**|**200**|**120**|**140°**|**52%**|**55%**|**Maerz & Paul**|
|Emerald green (Emeraldgreen)|style = "background-color: #00c957; color: #ffffff"||#00C957|0|201|120|146°|100|39%|Web color|
|Medium Emerald, Emerald (crayola)|style = "background-color: #14a989; color:"||#14A989|20|169|137|167°|79%|37%|Emerald (Crayola Gem Tones)|
|Paolo Veronese Green|style = "background-color: #009b7d; color: #ffffff"||#009B7D|0|155|125|168°|100%|30%|_Verde Verones_ (Gallego & Sanz)|
|Spanish Emerald|style = "background-color: #009975; color: #ffffff"||#009975|0|153|117|166°|100%|30%|_Esmeralda_ (Gallego & Sanz)|
|Vivid Emerald|style = "background-color: #009874; color: #ffffff"||#009874|0|152|116|166°|100%|30%|Emerald (Pantone TPX 17-5641)|
|Illuminating Emerald|style = "background-color: #319177; color: #ffffff"||#319177|49|145|119|164°|49%|38%|Crayola Metallic FX|
|Teknikk x9700|style = "background-color: #1ce678; color: #ffffff"||#1CE678|28|230|120|147°|80%|50%|Roblox|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Isonoe (moon)

**Isonoe** or ***', is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation ***'.

Isonoe is about 3.8 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,833,000 km in 751.647 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (169° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.166.

It was named in October 2002 after Isonoe, one of the Danaides in Greek mythology, and a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).

Isonoe belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.
André-Marie Ampère

**André-Marie Ampère** (20 January 1775 – 10 June 1836) was a French physicist or a mathematician who helped discover electromagnetism. An electrical unit called the ampere is named after him.

## Life

Ampere was born in France in 1775. During his childhood, Ampere's father taught him Latin, until he found out that his son was talented in mathematical studies. However, young Ampere continued his study on Latin, so that he could understand and master the works of Euler and Bernoulli.  In his later life, Ampere began to distinguish himself in mathematics, but also he studied history, travels, poetry, philosophy, and the natural sciences.

During the French Revolution, a great sorrow came to Ampere's life; he lost his father who was executed by revolutionaries.  The death of his father brought a huge impact to Ampere.
In 1796, he met the daughter of a blacksmith living near Lyon named Julie Carron, and married her in 1799. Afterward, Ampere worked as a professor in Lyon, giving lessons in mathematics, chemistry, languages, and physics. He continued working as a professor even after the death of his wife in 1803. However, her death bothered Ampere for the rest of his life. Ampere died at Marseille and buried in the Cimetiere de Montmartre, Paris.  In his work _Journal et correspondence_, we can see his amiability and childlike simplicity of character.

## Works

Ampere is most known for establishing the relationship between electricity and magnetism, and combining them into a new field called electromagnetism, or electrodynamics. On September 11, 1820, Ampere heard from the discovery of H.C.Orsted that a magnetic needle can be activated by a voltaic current. Only a week later, he came up with a much more advanced version of that kindred phenomena. It was such an amazing development. On the same day, he also discovered like charges repel and different charges come towards each other.

## Other websites

- Ampere and the history of electricity (Correspondence, bibliography, experiments, simulations, etc., edited by CNRS, France)
- Ampere's Museum  is in Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'or, near Lyon, France
- Catholic Encyclopedia on André Marie Ampère
Cyllene (moon)

**Cyllene** or ***', is a moon of Jupiter. A team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003 found it. Its designation is ***'.

Cyllene is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 23,396,000 km in 731.099 days, at an inclination of 140° to the ecliptic (140° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.4116.

It was named in March 2005 after Cyllene, a naiad (stream nymph) or oread (mountain nymph) associated with Mount Kyllini, Greece. She was a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter).

Cyllene belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.
Dive bomber

A **dive bomber** is a bomber aircraft that dives towards the ground so it can get very close to its targets so that it is more likely to hit them. This can also limit the chance of anti-aircraft fire hitting the plane.

Diving nearly vertically at the target, the aircraft will release the bombs very close to the target at high speed. This allows a dive bomber to drop bombs accurately on a relatively small target, or a moving target quite easily. Dive bombers were widely used to attack high value targets such as ships and bridges. This also had the advantage of attacking ships at a weak spot. A ship's armour was heaviest near the water. On the top of the ship, however, either the armour was very thin, or there was no armour at all. Also, dive bombing allowed relatively small aeroplanes carrying a limited bomb load to do more damage than usual.

Because of better bombsights and better anti-aircraft warfare after World War II, dive bombers were replaced by attack aircraft.
Naters

**Naters** is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Birgisch and Mund merged into the municipality of Naters.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Naters
- **municipality name**: Naters
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Naters COA.svg
- **map**: Karte_Gemeinde_Naters 2013.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Brig (district), Brig
- **postal code**: 3904
- **municipality code**: 6007
- **area**: 101.26
- **elevation**: 673
- **population**: 7,810
- **populationof**: 2005
- **website**: www.naters.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Baltschieder, Betten, Birgisch, Bitsch, Switzerland, Bitsch, Blatten (Lötschen), Brig-Glis, Fieschertal, Mund, Riederalp, Termen
- **twintowns**: Ornavasso (Italy)
Ried-Brig

**Ried-Brig** is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ried-Brig
- **image photo**: Ried-Brig-a.JPG
- **municipality name**: Ried-Brig
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Ried-Brig COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ried-Brig.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Brig (district), Brig
- **postal code**: 3911
- **municipality code**: 6008
- **area**: 47.53
- **elevation**: 918
- **population**: 1860
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.ried-brig.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Brig-Glis, Grengiols, Simplon, Termen, Varzo (IT-VB), Zwischbergen
Simplon

**Simplon** is a municipality of the district of Brig in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

A member of the Swiss Federal Council Josef Escher was born in Simplon.

## Other websites

- Official municipality website of Simplon
- Official tourism website of Simplon

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Simplon
- **image photo**: Simplon-Dorf-1.jpg
- **municipality name**: Simplon
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Simplon COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Simplon.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Brig (district), Brig
- **postal code**: 3907
- **municipality code**: 6009
- **area**: 90.9
- **elevation**: 1476
- **population**: 329
- **populationof**: 2010
- **website**: www.gemeinde-simplon.ch
- **mayor**: Martin Ph Rittiner
- **neighboring municipalities**: Brig-Glis, Eisten, Ried-Brig, Saas Almagell, Saas Balen, Saas Grund, Visperterminen, Zwischbergen
Fiberglass

**Fiberglass** (also called **fibreglass** and **glass fibre**) is material made from extremely fine fibers of glass.

Fibreglass is cheaper and more flexible than carbon fibre. It is stronger than many metals (when compared by weight), and can be moulded into complex shapes. The plastic matrix is usually a thermoset polymer – such as epoxy or polyester resin,  or it may be a thermoplastic.

It is used as a reinforcing material for many polymer products. The composite material, that is produced by this method is called "fiberglass" in popular usage. The proper names are fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) or glass-reinforced plastic (GRP).

Glassmakers throughout history have experimented with glass fibers, but mass manufacture of fiberglass was only made possible when finer tools for machines were produced. The first major use was in "glass wool" for insulation, starting in the 1930s.

Glass fiber is formed when silica-based or other formulation glass is extruded into many fibers with small diameters that are suitable for textile processing.  Glass is unlike other polymers because, even as a fiber, it has little crystalline structure (see amorphous solid).  The properties of the structure of glass in its soft stage are very much like its properties when spun into fiber.

## Uses

Fiberglass is used in sail planes, sport cars, and wind turbine blades. It is also used in buildings where a lightweight material is needed. It is used to protect RF antennas and electric circuits.

## Safety

Bare fiberglass can cause skin irritation and cuts when handled without gloves. There have been concerns that fiberglass can be accidentally inhaled into the lungs, where it might cause cancer and other lung problems, similar to asbestos. Fiberglass has been called "man-made asbestos". Substitutes for fiberglass building insulation, such as cellulose and aerogel, have started to appear.

## Related pages

- Optical fiber

## Other websites

- https://www.facebook.com/OEMfibreglass/
- OEM Fibreglass
- Owens-Corning
- Fiberglass and health
- UC Davis PDF on Fiberglass Health Effects
- FULLTECH Fiber Glass Corp.
- SORG GmbH & Co KG
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Fibrous Glass Page
Composite material

**Composite** materials are made from two or more basic material. They are not just placed together. They are merged together. This create a material with _useful properties unlike the individual elements_.

The composite material as a whole may behave differently from either of its parts. For example, reinforced concrete (made of concrete and steel) has resistance to pressure and to bending forces. Bullet-proof glass (made of glass and plastic) is far more resistant to impact than either glass or plastic on their own.

Concrete itself is a composite material. It is one of the oldest man-made composites, used more than any other man-made material in the world.

Wood is a natural composite of cellulose fibres in a matrix of lignin. The earliest man-made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form bricks for building construction. This ancient brick-making process was documented by Egyptian tomb paintings. It is still used today in some places.

Fibre-reinforced polymers are in wide use today, as is glass-reinforced plastic.

The Biblical book of Exodus tells of the Israelites that were oppressed by Pharaoh and forced to make "_bricks without straw_".

## Related pages

- Alloy
- Fibre
- Polymer
- Thermoplastic
- Reinforced concrete

## Other websites

- Composite material key concepts
- Society of Manufacturing Engineers: Plastics, Composites & Coatings Community
Fibre-reinforced polymer

A **fibre-reinforced polymer** (also fibre-reinforced plastic (_FRP_)) is a composite material that consists of a polymer matrix that is reinforced with fibres. The fibres are usually fibreglass, carbon, or aramid, the polymer is usually an epoxy, vinylester or polyester thermosetting plastic. FRPs are commonly used in the aerospace, automobile, marine, and construction industries.

## Related pages

- Glass-reinforced plastic

## Other websites

- _Business Week_ story about FRPs used to construct bridges
Carbon fiber reinforced plastic

**Carbon fiber reinforced plastic** (**CFRP** or **CRP**), is a very strong, light and expensive composite material or fiber-reinforced plastic. Similar to glass-reinforced plastic, one uses commonly the name of its reinforcing fibers (carbon fiber) for the composite material. The plastic is most often epoxy, but other plastics, such as polyester, vinyl ester or nylon, are also sometimes used. Some composites contain both carbon fiber and other fibres such as kevlar, aluminium and fiberglass reinforcement. Less commonly, the terms **graphite-reinforced plastic** or **graphite fiber reinforced plastic** (**GFRP**) are also used.

It has many applications in aerospace and automotive fields, as well as in sailboats, and notably in modern bicycles and motorcycles, where these qualities are of importance. It is becoming increasingly common in small consumer goods as well, such as laptop computers, tripods, fishing rods, paintball equipment, racquet sports frames, stringed instrument bodies, classical guitar strings, and drum shells.

Carbon fiber reinforced plastic is not always an appropriate substitute for steel or other metals. For example, the implosion of the _Titan_ submersible was caused by inappropriate use of carbon fiber where steel or titanium should have been used instead.

## Related pages

- Carbon fiber
- Graphite
- Aramid
- Fiberglass

## Other websites

- Japan Carbon Fibre Manufacturers Association (English)
- Carbon fibre page from the Department of Polymer Science at USM
- Engineers design composite bracing system for injured Hokie running back Cedric Humes
Carbon fiber

**Carbon fiber** (British English: **carbon fibre**) is a type of fiber that is made of carbon atoms. It is also sometimes called **graphite fiber**. It has the highest compressive strength of all the reinforcing materials (composites), and it has a high strength to weight ratio and low coefficient of thermal expansion. The density of carbon fiber is also much lower than the density of steel. Carbon fiber is in the form of several thousand long, thin strands of material that is composed of mostly carbon atoms.

## Applications

Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly carbon fiber reinforced polymers. Reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC)  is used structurally in high-temperature applications. The fiber is also used to filter high-temperature gases.

Molding a thin layer of carbon fibers significantly improves fire resistance of polymers or thermoset composites. This works because a dense, compact layer of carbon fibers efficiently reflects heat.

The increasing use of carbon fiber composites is displacing aluminum from aerospace applications in favor of other metals.

## Related pages

- Carbon fiber reinforced plastic

## Other websites

- The Chemistry of Carbon Fiber
- Making Carbon Fiber
- Bacon's breakthrough  at ACS.org
- Carbon Fiber at pslc.ws
Coefficient

In mathematics, a **coefficient** is a constant multiplicative factor of a certain object. For example, the coefficient in _9x_<sup>_2_</sup> is _9_. A coefficient can also be a variable such as ,  and .

The object can be such things as a variable, a vector, a function, etc. In some cases, the objects and the coefficients are indexed similarly, leading to expressions such as:
where _a_<sub>_n_</sub> is the coefficient of the variable _x_<sub>_n_</sub> for each _n_ = 1, 2, 3, …

## Related pages

- Polynomial
Coefficient (disambiguation)

**Coefficient** could have one of the following meanings:
- In mathematics, a **coefficient** is a constant multiplication of a function was once called its **differential coefficient**, a usage now mostly displaced by the modern term.
- In physics, a **physical coefficient** is an important number that characterizes some physical property of an object.

Also,
- The **Coefficients** were an Edwardian London dining club.
Physical coefficient

A **physical coefficient** is an important number that characterizes some physical property of a technical or scientific object.

## Examples of Physical Coefficients

1. _Coefficient of Thermal Expansion_ (thermodynamics) (dimensionless) - Relates the change in temperature to the change in a material's dimensions.
1. _Partition Coefficient_ (_K<sub>D</sub>_) (chemistry) - The ratio of concentrations of a compound in two phases of a mixture of two immiscible solvents at equilibrium.
1. _Hall coefficient_ (electrical physics) - Relates a magnetic field applied to an element to the voltage created, the amount of current and the element thickness. It is a characteristic of the material from which the conductor is made.
1. _Lift Coefficient_ (_C<sub>L</sub>_ or _C<sub>Z</sub>_) (Aerodynamics) (dimensionless) -  Relates the lift generated by an airfoil with the dynamic pressure of the fluid flow around the airfoil, and the planform area of the airfoil.
1. _Ballistic coefficient_ (BC) (Aerodynamics) (units of kg/m²) - A measure of a body's ability to overcome air resistance in flight. BC is a function of mass, diameter, and drag coefficient.
1. _Transmission Coefficient_ (quantum mechanics) (dimensionless) - Represents the probability flux of a transmitted wave relative to that of an incident wave.  It is often used to describe the probability of a particle tunnelling through a barrier.
1. _Damping Factor_ a.k.a. _viscous damping coefficient_ (Physical Engineering) (units of Newton-seconds per meter) - relates a damping force with the velocity of the object whose motion is being dampened.
1. _Coefficient of friction_ (dimensionless) which could be _static_ or _dynamic_ - it relates friction, a force resisting motion between things touching each other, to a _normal force_, a force pushing the things together.
1. ''Diffusion coefficient - relates concentration differences in a medium with how much or how fast diffusion occurs in Fick's Law.
Coefficient of thermal expansion

Solids substances mostly expand in response to heating and contract on cooling. This response to temperature change is expressed as its **coefficient of thermal expansion**.

The **coefficient of thermal expansion** is used:
- in linear thermal expansion
- in area thermal expansion
- in volumetric thermal expansion

These characteristics are closely related. The volumetric thermal expansion coefficient can be measured for all substances of condensed matter (liquids and solid state). The linear thermal expansion can only be measured in the solid state and is common in engineering applications.

## Thermal expansion coefficients for some common materials

The expansion and contraction of material must be considered when designing large structures, when using tape or chain to measure distances for land surveys, when designing molds for casting hot material, and in other engineering applications when large changes in dimension due to temperature are expected. The range for α is from 10<sup>-7</sup> for hard solids to 10<sup>-3</sup> for organic liquids. α varies with the temperature and some materials have a very high variation. Some values for common materials, given in parts per million per Celsius degree: (NOTE: This can also be in kelvins as the changes in temperature are a 1:1 ratio)

|colspan=2|coefficient of linear thermal expansion _α_|
| --- | --- |
|Mercury|60|
|BCB|42|
|Lead|29|
|Aluminum|23|
|Brass|19|
|Stainless steel|17.3|
|Copper|17|
|Gold|14|
|Nickel|13|
|Concrete|12|
|Iron or Steel|11.1|
|Carbon steel|10.8|
|Platinum|9|
|Glass|8.5|
|GaAs|5.8|
|Indium Phosphide|4.6|
|Tungsten|4.5|
|Glass, Pyrex|3.3|
|Silicon|3|
|Invar|1.2|
|Diamond|1|
|Quartz, fused|0.59|

## Applications

For applications using the thermal expansion property, see bi-metal and mercury thermometer

Thermal expansion is also used in mechanical applications to fit parts over one another, e.g. a bushing can be fitted over a shaft by making its inner diameter slightly smaller than the diameter of the shaft, then heating it until it fits over the shaft, and allowing it to cool after it has been pushed over the shaft, thus achieving a 'shrink fit'

There exist some alloys with a very small CTE, used in applications that demand very small changes in physical dimension over a range of temperatures.  One of these is Invar 36, with a coefficient in the 0.6x10<sup>-6</sup> range.  These alloys are useful in aerospace applications where wide temperature swings may occur.

## Other websites

- MatWeb: Free database of engineering properties for over 64,000 materials
- Clemson University Physics Lab: Linear Thermal Expansion
- USA NIST Website - Temperature and Dimensional Measurement workshop
- Hyperphysics: Thermal expansion
Surveying

**Surveying** is the technique and science of accurately finding out the position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, but not always, associated with positions on the surface of the Earth. They are often used to make land maps and boundaries for ownership of land. A person who does the surveying is called a surveyor. In order to find the information they need, surveyors use geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, geology and law.

Surveying has been very important in the development of the human environment since the beginning of recorded history (ca. 5000 years ago) and it is a requirement planning of nearly every form of construction. Its most common uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the making of legal boundaries for land ownership.

## Origins

Surveying has existed throughout much of our history.  In ancient Egypt, when the Nile River overflowed its banks and washed out farm boundaries, the boundaries were recreated by surveyors using simple geometry. The construction of the pyramids, including the Great Pyramids of Giza (built c. 2700 BC) show us that the Ancient Egyptians used surveying efficiently.

## Surveyor

A **surveyor** is a person who has the skills to accurately find out the position of points and the distances and angles between them. These points are usually, positions on the surface of the Earth. Finding these points is called "surveying". Surveyors are needed to make land maps and boundaries for ownership of land. In order to find the information they need, surveyors use geometry, engineering, trigonometry, mathematics, physics, and law.

There are different types of surveyor. A construction or building surveyor is the person who has to make sure that buildings are being put up in the correct place and fit in with planning and building laws. A quantity surveyor is the person who keeps track of costs on a building project.  A hydrographic surveyor measures features to do with water, such as rivers, lakes and oceans.  A marine surveyor inspects ships.  A mine surveyor is the person who finds out the position of underground mines, for example gold mines or coal mines.

## Related pages

- Architecture
- Cartography
- Topography
- Trigonometry

## References

- Keay J (2000), _The Great Arc: the dramatic tale of how India was mapped and Everest was named_, Harper Collins, 182pp, .
- Pugh J C (1975), _Surveying for Field Scientists_, Methuen, 230pp,

## Other websites

- National Society of Professional Surveyors
- The Irish Institution of Surveyors
- National Geodetic Survey
- National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
- UK Ordnance Survey
- U.S. Geological Survey
- International Federation of Surveyors
- The Institution of Surveyors, Australia
- The Survey Association (UK)
- Survey of India
- New Zealand Institute of Surveyors
Jorge Manrique

**Jorge Manrique** (c. 1440 – 24 April 1479) was a major Spanish poet, whose main work, the _Coplas a la muerte de su padre (Stanzas about the Death of his Father)_, is still read today. He was a supporter of the great Spanish queen, Isabel I of Castile, and actively participated on her side in the civil war that broke out against her half-brother, Enrique IV, when the latter attempted to make his daughter, Juana, crown princess. Jorge died in 1479 during an attempt to take the castle of Garcimuñoz after Isabel gained the crown.

Manrique were one of major Spanish aristocratic families of the Jewish converso descent. See, Norman Roth, "Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain", Madison, WI: The University of Wisconcin Press, 1995, p. 333. Jorge Manrique was a great-nephew of Iñigo López de Mendoza (marquess of Santillana), a descendant of Pero López de Ayala, chancellor of Castile, and a nephew of Gómez Manrique, _corregidor_ of Toledo, all important poets of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He was, therefore, a member of a noble family of great consequence.

## References

- Domínguez, Frank A. _Love and Remembrance: The Poetry of Jorge Manrique._ Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, 1989.
- Domínguez, Frank A. "Jorge Manrique" in _Castilian Writers, 1400-1500_ Vol. 286. Detroit: Gale, c2004. (The article can be accessed as well in electronic format through the database _Literature Resource Center_ at Gale in participating libraries.)
- Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. _Coplas de Don Jorge Manrique._ Boston: Allen & Ticknor, 1833.
- Marino, Nancy. Jorge Manrique's _Coplas por la muerte de su padre: A History of the Poem and Its Reception._(Colección Támesis, A/298.) Woodbridge, UK: Tamesis, 2011
- Serrano de Haro, Antonio. _Personalidad y destino de Jorge Manrique._ Madrid: Editorial Gredos, 1966.
- Salinas, Pedro. _Tradición y originalidad_ Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana 1947
- Brenan, Gerald. _The Literature of the Spanish people_, Cambridge, 1951.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jorge Manrique
- **image**: Jorge Manrique portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of Jorge Manrique by Juan de Borgoña
- **birth place**: Paredes de Nava, Province of Palencia, Palencia, or Segura de la Sierra, Province of Jaén (Spain), Jaén
- **death place**: Santa María del Campo Rus, Province of Cuenca, Cuenca
- **occupation**: Poet and soldier
- **spouse**: Guiomar de Castañeda
- **children**: 2
- **mother**: Mencía de Figueroa
- **father**: Rodrigo Manrique
- **relatives**: House of Lara
Minutes to Midnight

***Minutes to Midnight*** is third studio album by American nu metal band, Linkin Park. Production on the album started as early as late 2003, and initially had a projected release date of sometime in late 2004 or early 2005, but was scrapped due to touring and support of their previous album, Meteora, then prouduction started back up in 2006. It was released on May 10, 2007 all over the world and on May 11, 2007 in North America. Rick Rubin and Mike Shinoda produced the album.

The name "Minutes to Midnight" comes from the Doomsday Clock.

## List of songs

1. "Wake" – 1:41
1. "Given Up" – 3:09
1. "Leave Out All the Rest" – 3:29
1. "Bleed It Out" – 2:44
1. "Shadow of the Day" – 4:50
1. "What I've Done" – 3:25
1. "Hands Held High" – 3:53
1. "No More Sorrow" – 3:42
1. "Valentine's Day" – 3:17
1. "In Between" – 3:17
1. "In Pieces" – 3:38
1. "The Little Things Give You Away" – 6:22

### B-sides

- "No Roads Left" – 3:59

### List of singles

- "What I've Done"
- "Bleed It Out"
- "Shadow of the Day"
- "Given Up"
- "Leave Out All the Rest"

## Other websites

- Minutes to Midnight album website
- Linkin Park website

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Minutes to Midnight
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Linkin Park
- **border**: yes
- **recorded**: January 2006 – March 2007
- **genre**: * Alternative rock
* alternative metal
* hard rock
- **length**: 43:23
- **label**: * Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros.
* Machine Shop Recordings, Machine Shop
- **producer**: * Rick Rubin
* Mike Shinoda
- **chronology**: Linkin Park studio album
- **prev title**: Meteora (album), Meteora
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: A Thousand Suns
- **next year**: 2010
Thelxinoe (moon)

**Thelxinoe** or ***' is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2004 from pictures taken in 2003, and originally got the designation ***'.

Thelxinoe is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,454,000 km in 597.607 days, at an inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (153° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2685.

It was named in March 2005 after Thelxinoe, one of the four original Muses according to some Greek writers, and a daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) by Mnemosyne.

Thelxinoe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.