juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Heligoland (album)

***Heligoland*** is the fifth normal studio album from the collaborative British music production threesome Massive Attack, named after a German archipelago of the same name. It had been officially released everywhere except North America by 8 February 2010  (US and Canada on 9 February 2010) – seven years after the release of their last non-soundtrack, standalone studio album, _100th Window_. It has been certified Gold in the United Kingdom.

## Personnel

The record has the singing of Horace Andy plus invited vocalists: Tunde Adebimpe of TV On The Radio, Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz, Hope Sandoval of Hope Sandoval And The Warm Inventions and Mazzy Star, Guy Garvey of Elbow and Martina Topley-Bird, as well as guitar playing by Adrian Utley of Portishead (on "Saturday Come Slow"), keys from Portishead collaborator John Baggott (most notably on "Atlas Air"), keys and synth bass from Damon Albarn ("Splitting the Atom" and "Flat of the Blade" respectively), guitar (various tracks) and bass ("Girl I Love You") by Neil Davidge and bass by Billy Fuller of Beak on various tracks.

The record features drumming from the late Jerry Fuchs and regular session and touring drummer Damon Reece. Dan Brown and Stew Jackson (Robot Club) co-wrote "Paradise Circus", played guitar on and co-wrote "Saturday Come Slow", and part-programmed and engineered those tracks. Tim Goldsworthy added an additional production (specific tracks unstated). Most tracks were mixed with Mark "Spike" Stent and then all were mastered with Tim Young at Metropolis Studios, as with previous records. Unlike previous records, there are no personal acknowledgements on the inlay. Neil Davidge co-produced all tracks with Robert Del Naja only (except tracks 3, 7 and 9 where Grant Marshall was also involved), though Marshall has a co-write credit on every track. The album is dedicated to the _Blue Lines_ co-producer, Jonny Dollar.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Heligoland
- **type**: Studio
- **artist**: Massive Attack
- **recorded**: 2005–2009
- **genre**: Electronica, alternative rock, trip hop, alternative dance
- **length**: 52:31
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **producer**: Neil Davidge & Robert Del Naja
- **prev title**: Collected
- **prev year**: 2006
Arsenic sulfide

**Arsenic sulfide** can refer to either of these chemical substances:

- Arsenic trisulfide, As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>, orpiment
- Tetraarsenic tetrasulfide, As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>, realgar
Jacques Cousteau

**Jacques-Yves Cousteau** known as **Jacques Cousteau** (11 June 1910 – 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He helped create the aqua-lung, helped marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He was also known as **"le Commandant Cousteau"** or **"Captain Cousteau"**.

### Early life

Cousteau was born on June 11,1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau attended Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École navale and graduated as vnvmvmcnskda gunnery officer. After an automobile accident cut short his career in naval aviation, Cousteau changed to studying the sea.
Dudndmd
In Toulon, where he was serving on the _Condorcet_, Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles. Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).

On 12 July 1937 he married Simone Melchior (1919-1990), with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the _Calypso_. In 1991, after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982), born during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife.

## Death

On the morning of 25 June 1997, Jacques-Yves Cousteau died at his home in Paris, aged 87 from a heart attack. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac in France. A street was named "rue du Commandant Cousteau" in a street which runs near his native house, where a commemorative plaque was affixed.

## Honors

During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these awards:
- Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur
- Grand-Croix de l'Ordre national du Mérite
- Croix de guerre 1939–1945
- Officier de l'Ordre du Mérite Maritime
- Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
- Honorary Companion of the Order of Australia.
- National Geographic Society's Special Gold Medal in 1961
- BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award - a lifetime achievement award for his movies

## Related pages

- List of ecologists

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jacques-Yves Cousteau
- **image**: Cousteau1972 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Jacques-Yves Cousteau in 1972
- **birth place**: Saint-André-de-Cubzac
Gironde, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **resting place**: Saint-André-de-Cubzac, France
- **nationality**: French
- **children**: 4, including Jean-Michel Cousteau, Jean-Michel and Philippe Cousteau
- **occupation**: Oceanographer
- **spouse**: Simone Melchior Cousteau (m. 1937-1990, her death)
Francine Triplet Cousteau (m. 1991-1997, his death)
Orpiment

**Orpiment** is a mineral. Its chemical formula is As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>. It is an orange to yellow mineral. It has a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and a specific gravity of 3.46. It melts at 300°C and oxidizes to arsenic trioxide at higher temperatures. It is toxic because it gets a layer of arsenic trioxide on it by oxidation in the air.

Orpiment was used as a pigment because it was one of the only yellow pigments that they could find. It is used to remove hair from hides.

Orpiment was once used in artworks, medicine, and other applications. However, because of its toxicity and instability, it is not popular anymore.
Realgar

**Realgar** is a mineral. Its chemical formula is As<sub>4</sub>S<sub>4</sub>. It is a soft (Mohs hardness 1.5 to 2) red mineral. It is an ore of arsenic. It changes into a yellow powder when exposed to light. This yellow powder is called **pararealgar**. It melts at 320°C and burns with a blue flame, making arsenic and sulfur fumes. It was used to make a white color in fireworks before powdered metals were used. It is still used in some crackling firecrackers. It was used as a red pigment and an item of trade. It is used as a medicine in China. Its uses are similar to orpiment, a similar mineral.
PepsiCo

**PepsiCo, Inc.** is an American multinational food, snack and beverage corporation headquartered in Harrison, New York, in the hamlet of Purchase. PepsiCo manufactures, marketing, and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the **Pepsi-Cola Company** (not to be confused with the **Coca-Cola Company**) and Frito-Lay, Inc.
Creative destruction

**Creative destruction** (**German**: _schöpferische Zerstörung_) is a term that came from Marxism. It talks about how wealth is gathered and lost under capitalism. The term was first used in Werner Sombart's  _Krieg und Kapitalismus_ ("War and Capitalism", 1913) These ideas were first discussed in books _The Communist Manifesto_ (1848), in _Grundrisse_ (1857) and "Volume IV" of _Das Kapital_ (1863).

Creative destruction is supposed to describe a theory of how the _destruction_ of economic order leads to capitalistic economic ideals. Sombart is credited for using it first in his 1913 book _Krieg und Kapitalismus_. The works and publications of Marxists such as Karl Marx himself, and Friedrich Engels, a socialist scientist, discuss the ideas of creative destruction.

In and after the 1950s, the term became associated with Austrian-American economist Joseph Schumpeter. Schumpeter is credited for making the theory popular. However, his idea of creative destruction was quite different from Marx's original theory. The term gained popularity within neoliberal or free-market economics where it is used to described processes such as downsizing. The original Marxist usage has, however, been maintained in the work of influential social scientists such as David Harvey, Marshall Berman, Manuel Castells, Philippe Aghion and Peter Howitt who won Nobel Memoraial Prize in Economic Sciences.
Bill Nye

**William Sanford Nye** (born November 27, 1955), often known as **Bill Nye the Science Guy**, is an American actor, comedian, engineer, and educator.  He is most known for hosting the PBS children’s TV show _Bill Nye the Science Guy_. Nye is also the CEO of The Planetary Society. Nye was born in Washington, D.C. and went to school at Cornell University. Early in his life, Nye worked as an engineer for Boeing in Seattle. He also was a member of the Seattle comedy troupe _Almost Live!_.  He hosted _Bill Nye the Science Guy_ from 1993 to 1997.  Since then, he has hosted several TV shows and specials concerned with science and the environment.  He also designed the sundial on the Mars Rover.  Nye currently lives in the San Fernando Valley.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bill Nye
- **image**: Bill Nye 2017.jpg
- **alt**: A close-up shot of Bill Nye's face, wearing one of his trademark bowties.
- **caption**: Nye wearing one of his signature bow ties in 2017
- **birth name**: William Sanford Nye
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **education**: Cornell University (Bachelor of Science, BS)
- **known for**: _Bill Nye the Science Guy_ (1993–1998)
_Bill Nye: Science Guy_
_Bill Nye Saves the World_ (2017–2018)
- **signature**: Bill Nye signature.svg
- **field**: Mechanical engineering
- **work institutions**: Boeing
Cornell University
The Planetary Society
The Coca-Cola Company

**The Coca-Cola Company** is a publicly-traded (sold on the stock market) company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its stock symbol is **KO**. It is on the Dow Jones Industrial Average and makes up a large portion of the holdings of Berkshire Hathaway.

## Soft drinks

The company is most known for making the drink Coca-Cola, the most drank soft drink in the world. It also makes other soft drinks, including:

- Barq's
- Diet Coke
- Coca-Cola Cherry (Cherry Coke)
- Fanta
- Sprite
- Tab
- Mr. Pibb
- Mello Yellow
- Vault

## Business

The company offers 500 different brands and sells more than a billion drinks each day. Most of this is sold in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan and the UK.

Besides soft drinks, the company also makes Minute Maid and Odwalla fruit juices, Powerade, and Dasani bottled water. At one time, the company owned Columbia Pictures, but they are now owned by Sony and also Rockstar energy drink now owned by PepsiCo.

## Philanthropic Programs

The Coca-Cola Company organizes the Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation, which awards scholarships to 150 high school students every year. Notable recipients include:

- Gitanjali Rao
- Mark Leschinsky

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: The Coca-Cola Company
- **logo**: The Coca-Cola Company logo.svg
- **type**: Public
- **traded as**:
Dow Jones Industrial Average, Dow Jones Industrial Average Component
S&P 500, S&P 500 Component
- **industry**: Beverage
- **founder**: Asa Griggs Candler
- **location city**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **location country**: U.S.
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: Muhtar Kent
(Chairman & CEO)
- **products**: List of Coca-Cola brands, List of The Coca-Cola Company products
- **revenue**: US $48.01 billion (2012)
- **operating income**: US $10.84 billion (2012)
- **net income**: US $9.01 billion (2012)
- **assets**: US $86.17 billion (2012)
- **equity**: US $32.79 billion (2012)
- **num employees**: 146,200 (Dec 2011)
- **subsid**: List of assets owned by The Coca-Cola Company, List of The Coca-Cola Company subsidiaries
Aerosol

An **aerosol** is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas. Examples are smoke, oceanic haze, air pollution, smog and CS gas. When they say _aerosol_ most people mean an aerosol spray can or the spray it makes.

To differentiate suspensions from true solutions, the term sol evolved—originally meant to cover dispersions of tiny (sub-microscopic) particles in a liquid. With studies of dispersions in air, the term aerosol evolved and now embraces both liquid droplets, solid particles, and combinations of these.
Egyptian Islamic Jihad

**Egyptian Islamic Jihad** (EIJ), originally called **al-Jihad**, is an Egyptian terrorist group based on an extreme interpretation of Islam. It has been active since the late 1970s. It is under worldwide embargo by the United Nations as a group linked to al-Qaeda. It is also banned by several governments around the world, including that of the Russian Federation.

Since 1991 it has been led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, who is now the leader of al-Qaeda. According to Zawahiri, the EIJ was "different from the Takfir wal Hijra group as we do not consider people infidels because of their sins. And we are different from the Muslim Brotherhood because sometimes they do not oppose the government".

The organization's original main goal was to overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an Islamic state based on the way it thought Islam should be. Later it broadened its aims to include attacking the United States and Israel, and other interests in Egypt and abroad.

Islamic Jihad was responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel, which recognized the Jewish state, made them very angry.

## Link with Al Qaeda

In June 2001, Al Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which had been associated with each other for many years, merged into 'Qaeda al-Jihad'.

- "...the members of Islamic Jihad and its guiding figure, Ayman al-Zawahiri, have provided the backbone of [al-Quaeda's] leadership. According to officials in the C.I.A. and the F.B.I., Zawahiri has been responsible for much of the planning of the terrorist operations against the United States".

## Related pages

- Palestinian Islamic Jihad
Shane Johnson

**Shane Johnson** (born January 1, 1974 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian-born British ice hockey defenceman.

## Playing career

Johnson spent four seasons at Boston University before spending a year with the Canadian National Ice Hockey Team.  In 1998, Johnson moved to the United Kingdom's British Ice Hockey Superleague with the London Knights.  He then moved to the Bracknell Bees and won the Superleague title with the team.  Johnson then moved to the Belfast Giants in 2000 and became a huge fan favourite during a six-year spell which saw him win another Superleague title in 2002, the playoff cup in 2003 and the Elite League title in 2006 as well as becoming an all-star.  In 2006, Johnson moved to the Sheffield Steelers, but midway through the season, Johnson signed with the Slough Jets.  In 2007, Johnson returned to Sheffield for a brief spell and had another brief spell with the Cardiff Devils before he rejoined the Giants.  Johnson retired at the end of the 2009-2010 season. Johnson also played for the Great Britain national ice hockey team and is now a British citizen.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Shane Johnson
- **played for**: Belfast Giants
Sheffield Steelers
Cardiff Devils
- **league**: Elite Ice Hockey League, EIHL
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 188
- **ntl team**: Great Britain
- **birth place**: Brandon, Manitoba, Brandon, Manitoba, MB, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1997
- **career end**: 2010
Minute Maid

**Minute Maid** is an American drink company. It is owned by The Coca-Cola Company. Minute Maid makes juices, lemonade and other soft drinks. Minute Maid was the first company to make orange juice from concentrate. It makes an orange drink called 'Minute Maid Pulpy'. It contains juice with a large amount of orange pulp. Now 'Minute Maid Pulpy' comes in four variants, orange, tropical, o'mango (orange mango) and lemon. Now 'Minute Maid Pulpy Aloe Vera' contains juice with a lot of aloe vera pieces. It came in white grape.
No Protection

***No Protection*** is the name of a dub remix of Massive Attack's second album _Protection_.  The remix was done by the British dub producer Mad Professor.  Mad Professor was contacted by Massive Attack after _Protection_ was released to remix a song for a single.  After the single was remixed, the band asked Mad Professor to listen to more of the album to find the possibility of more remixes.  The project then became a track by track remix of almost the entire album. Mad Professor heavily edited the original material to form a slow, pulsating mix in which the beat is emphasized, reverb is extensively used and the occasional vocals (many of the tracks are almost entirely instrumental) fade in-and-out in normal dub fashion, making a hypnotic, if repetitive, mix. The result is, on paper, more textured than the original, but loses any sense of the jazzy feel of _Protection_.

## Track listing

1. "Radiation Ruling the Nation" (based on "Protection") – 1:35
1. "Bumper Ball Dub" (based on "Karmacoma") – 5:59
1. "Trinity Dub" (based on "Three") – 4:22
1. "Cool Monsoon" (based on "Weather Storm") – 7:10
1. "Eternal Feedback" (based on "Sly") – 6:26
1. "Moving Dub" (based on "Better Things") – 5:57
1. "I Spy" (based on "Spying Glass") – 5:07
1. "Backward Sucking" (based on "Heat Miser") – 6:17

## Reviews

- Ink Blot Magazine
- Rolling Stone Magazine
- Trouser Press 

## Other websites

- Mad Professor MySpace Page
- Massive Attack Home Page

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: No Protection
- **type**: remix
- **artist**: Massive Attack and Mad Professor
- **released**: 17 February 1995
- **recorded**: 1995
- **genre**: Downtempo
Trip hop
Dub music, Dub
- **length**: 49:57
- **label**: Gyroscope Records, Gyroscope
- **producer**: Massive Attack, Nellee Hooper
- **prev title**: Protection (album), Protection
- **prev year**: 1994
- **next title**: Mezzanine (album), Mezzanine
- **next year**: 1998
Bauhaus (band)

**Bauhaus** were an English gothic rock band formed in Northampton in March 1978. The group was of Peter Murphy (vocals), Daniel Ash (guitar), Kevin Haskins (drums) and David J (bass). The band was originally **Bauhaus 1919** before they dropped the number part of their name within a year of formation. With their dark and gloomy sound and image, Bauhaus are generally known the first gothic rock group.

Bauhaus first broke up in 1983. Peter Murphy began a solo career while the other members continued as Tones on Tail and, later, Love and Rockets. Both enjoyed greater commercial success in the United States than Bauhaus had, but disappeared from the charts in their homeland. The band reunited for a 1998 tour and on a more permanent basis in 2005. The group announced plans to break up again following the release of their final album, _Go Away White_, in 2008.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bauhaus
- **img**: Bauhaus concert.jpg
- **img capt**: Bauhaus performing live in London in 2006. Left to right: David J, Peter Murphy and Daniel Ash
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Northampton, England
- **genre**: Post-punk, gothic rock
- **years active**: 1978–1983
2005–2006
- **label**: Small Wonder Records, Small Wonder
4AD
Beggars Banquet Records, Beggars Banquet
- **associated acts**: Love and Rockets (band), Love and Rockets
Tones on Tail
Dalis Car
- **past members**: Peter Murphy
Daniel Ash
Kevin Haskins
David J
Fear of the Dark (Iron Maiden album)

***Fear of the Dark*** is a studio album by Iron Maiden.  It went on sale on 11 May 1992. It was the most popular album in the United Kingdom when it started being sold.

The album got mixed reviews. One person who reviewed it said that it was a "return to form," but had too many songs that were boring on it.

## Musicians

- Bruce Dickinson – vocals, bass guitar
- Dave Murray – guitar
- Janick Gers – guitar
- Steve Harris – bass guitar, backing vocals
- Nicko McBrain – drums

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Fear of the Dark
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Iron Maiden
- **released**: 11 May 1992
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 58:29
- **label**: Epic Records
- **producer**: Martin Birch
- **prev title**: No Prayer for the Dying
(1990)
- **next title**: The X Factor (album), The X Factor
(1995)
Gord Lane

**Gordon Thomas Lawrence Lane** (born March 31, 1953 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman.

## Other websites

- Gord Lane's biography  at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame
Rob McVicar

**Robert McVicar** (born January 15, 1982 in Hay River, Northwest Territories) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender with one game of NHL experience.

## Playing career

McVicar grew up in Brandon, Manitoba, where he played junior hockey for the Brandon Wheat Kings of the WHL for the four seasons 1999-2000 to 2002-2003. He was the 151st overall pick of the Canucks in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. For most of three seasons, from 2003-2004 to 2005-2006, McVicar played in the AHL for the Manitoba Moose; with the exception of 19 games played in the ECHL with the Columbia Inferno during the 2003-2004 season; 33 games played in the ECHL with the Victoria Salmon Kings during the 2005-2006 season; and one game played in the NHL with the Vancouver Canucks during the 2005-2006 season. In McVicar's only NHL appearance, on December 1, 2005 against the Edmonton Oilers, he played 3 minutes without facing a shot.

During the 2006-2007 season he played in the ECHL with the Utah Grizzlies, and during the 2007-2008 season he played in the CHL with the Arizona Sundogs. He signed with TOTEMPO HvIK for the 2008-2009 season.

On February 2, 2009 McVicar joined the Hamburg Freezers. His contract was confirmed after bankruptcy from Totempo.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Goaltender
- **image**: Rob McVicar (371679731).jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **catches**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lb**: 201
- **played for**: ***National Hockey League, NHL***
Vancouver Canucks
***American Hockey League, AHL***
Manitoba Moose
***ECHL***
Columbia Inferno
Victoria Salmon Kings
Utah Grizzlies
Elmira Jackals
***Central Hockey League, CHL***
Arizona Sundogs
***Oddset Ligaen***
Copenhagen Hockey, Totempo HvIK
- **birth place**: Hay River, Northwest Territories, Hay River, Northwest Territories, Canada
- **draft**: 151st overall
- **draft year**: 2002
- **draft team**: Vancouver Canucks
- **career start**: 2003
- **career end**: 2009
Przemysł II

**Przemysł II** (also given in English and Latin as _Premyslas_ or _Premislaus_,  or less properly __) (14 October 1257 – 8 February 1296) was the Duke of Poznań, Greater Poland, Kraków and Pomerania, and then King of Poland from 1295 until his death.
Henry IV Probus

**Henry IV Probus** (Latin for _the Righteous_) (; ) (c. 1258 – 23 June 1290) was a Duke of the Silesian territory of Wrocław (Lower Silesia) starting in 1266, and starting in 1288 High Duke of the Seniorate Province of Kraków until his death in 1290.

He was the only son of Henry III the White, Duke of Wrocław, by his first wife Judith, daughter of Duke Konrad I of Masovia.
Cadmium chloride

**Cadmium chloride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdCl<sub>2</sub>. It has cadmium and chloride ions in it. The cadmium is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

Cadmium chloride is a colorless solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is toxic and carcinogenic (causes cancer). It is mostly ionic but a little covalent. It reacts with bases to make cadmium oxide.

## Preparation

Cadmium chloride is made by reacting cadmium oxide, cadmium, or cadmium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. It can also be made by mixing cadmium and chlorine.

## Uses

It is used to make yellow cadmium sulfide, which is used as a pigment. It is also used to make organocadmium compounds. It is also used for electroplating.

## Related pages

- Cadmium sulfate
- Zinc chloride
- Mercury chloride
Chościsko

**Chościsko** – according to Gallus Anonymus it is the name of father of Piast Kołodziej, the founder of the Piast Dynasty. His name (originating possibly from Old Polish word for a tail _chost/chwost_) appears in the Chronicle of Gall of Anonym three times. It is likely that the name is in fact a title of prince Popiel due to his long hair.
Cadmium sulfate

**Cadmium sulfate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdSO<sub>4</sub>. It is made of cadmium and sulfate ions. The cadmium is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

Cadmium sulfate is a white solid. It easily dissolves in water. It is toxic and carcinogenic.

## Preparation

Cadmium sulfate is made by dissolving cadmium carbonate, cadmium oxide, or cadmium metal in sulfuric acid.

## Uses

Cadmium sulfate is used to electroplate cadmium on electronic circuits. It is also used to make cadmium sulfide, a pigment. It is used as an electrolyte in a certain battery used to make voltmeters accurate.

## Related pages

- Cadmium telluride
- Zinc sulfate
- Mercury sulfate
- Cadmium chloride
Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia

**Charles Emmanuel IV** (Carlo Emanuele Ferdinando Maria; 24 May 1751 – 6 October 1819) was King of Sardinia from 1796 to 1802. He abdicated in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel I. He was the brother-in-law of Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X of France.

## Biography

_Carlo Emanuele_ was born at the Royal Palace of Turin, the eldest son of Victor Amadeus, "Duke of Savoy" and Maria Antonia of Spain. From his birth till his succession he was styled "Prince of Piedmont". He was named after his grandfather Charles Emmanuel III and baptised _Carlo Emanuele Ferdinando Maria_.

In 1775 Charles Emmanuel married Marie Clotilde of France, the daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France and Marie Josèphe of Saxony, and sister of Louis XVI.  Although the union was arranged for political reasons, Charles Emmanuel and his wife became devoted to each other. Their attempts to have children, however, were unsuccessful.

He became king at the death of his father on 14 October 1796. In December 1798, the French occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel to abdicate all his territories on the Italian mainland and to withdraw to the island of Sardinia. The following year he tried unsuccessfully to regain Piedmont. He and his wife lived in Rome and in Naples as guests of the rich Colonna family.

On 7 March 1802 Charles Emmanuel's wife Marie Clothilde died. He was so moved by her death that he decided to abdicate on 4 June 1802 in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel. Charles Emmanuel retained the personal title of King.
He died at the Palazzo Colonna in Rome and was buried in the Church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale.

### Titles and styles

- **24 May 1751 – 16 October 1796** _His Royal Highness_ The Prince of Piedmont
- **16 October 1796 – 4 June 1802** _His Majesty_ The King of Sardinia
- **4 June 1802 – 6 October 1819** _His Majesty_ King Charles Emmanuel

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Charles Emmanuel IV
- **image**: Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia - Accademia Carrara.jpg
- **succession**: King of Sardinia and Duke of Savoy
- **reign**: 16 October 1796 – 4 June 1802
- **predecessor**: Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia, Victor Amadeus III
- **successor**: Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel I
- **birth place**: Royal Palace of Turin, Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia
- **death place**: Palazzo Colonna, Rome, States of the Church
- **place of burial**: Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, Church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale
- **house**: House of Savoy, Savoy
- **father**: Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia
- **mother**: Maria Antonietta of Spain
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia

**Victor Emmanuel I** (_Vittorio Emanuele_; 24 July 1759–10 January 1824) was King of Sardinia from 1802 to 1821.

## Biography

Born at the  Royal Palace of Turin, he was the second son of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonia of Spain. From birth he was known as the Duke of Aosta. His older brother Charles Emmanuel IV abdicated in 1802 and Victor Emmanuel succeeded him. He ruled Sardinia from Cagliari for the next twelve years as the mainland Kingdom of Sardinia had been captured by the French.

Victor Emmanuel returned to Turin only in 1814, his realm reconstituted by the Congress of Vienna with the addition of the territories of the former Republic of Genoa. After the outbreak of the liberal revolution in his lands in 1821, he abdicated in favor of his brother, Charles Felix. Victor Emmanuel died in the Castle of Moncalieri. He is buried in the Basilica of Superga.

## Family and children

On 21 April 1789, he married Archduchess Maria Teresa of Austria-Este, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Modena.

1. Maria Beatrice of Savoy (1792–1840) married Francis IV, Duke of Modena and had issue.
1. Maria Adelaide Clothilde Xaveria Borbonia of Savoy (1794-1802) died in infancy.
1. Charles Emmanuel of Savoy (1796-1799) died of smallpox.
1. A daughter (1800-1801) died in infancy.
1. Maria Teresa of Savoy (1803-1879) married Charles II, Duke of Parma and had issue.
1. Maria Anna of Savoy (1803–1884) married Ferdinand I of Austria.
1. Maria Christina of Savoy (1812–1836) married Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies and had issue.

### Titles and styles

- **24 July 1759–4 June 1802** _His Royal Highness_ The Duke of Aosta
- **4 June 1802–12 March 1821** _His Majesty_ The King of Sardinia
- **12 March 1821–10 January 1824** _His Majesty_ King Victor Emmanuel

## Infobox (royalty)

- **type**: monarch
- **name**: Victor Emmanuel I
- **image**: VictorEmanuelelI.jpg
- **caption**: Victor Emanuel I in Coronation Robes
- **succession**: List of monarchs of Sardinia, King of Sardinia and Duke of Savoy
- **reign**: 4 June 1802 – 12 March 1821
- **predecessor**: Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia, Charles Emmanuel IV
- **successor**: Charles Felix of Sardinia, Charles Felix
- **spouse**: Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1773–1832), Maria Teresa of Austria-Este
- **issue**: Maria Beatrice of Savoy, Maria Beatrice, Duchess of Modena
Maria Teresa of Savoy, Maria Teresa, Duchess of Parma
Maria Anna of Sardinia, Maria Anna, Empress of Austria
Maria Christina of Savoy, Maria Christina, Queen of the Two Sicilies
- **issue-link**: #Family and children
- **issue-pipe**: among others...
- **full name**: Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia
- **house**: House of Savoy
- **father**: Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia
- **mother**: Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain
- **birth place**: Royal Palace of Turin, Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia
- **death place**: Castle of Moncalieri, Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia
- **burial place**: Basilica of Superga, Turin
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism
Robert Baden-Powell

**Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell**, OM, GCMG, GCVO, KCB  (22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was an English army officer most known for starting the Boy Scouts. He was born in Paddington, in the West End of London and went to British public schools before joining the army. Baden-Powell served in South Africa during the Anglo-Ashanti and Boer Wars, and also served in Malta. Baden-Powell's most notable service was at the Siege of Mafeking. For that, he became a major general, and later a lieutenant general, which he was until 1910. In 1907, he founded the Boy Scouts, and wrote the first _Handbook for Boys_.  He also started the Woodbadge program, which is based on Scoutcraft and things he learned from the Zulus. He also spied in Germany, Austria and Russia.
Domino's Pizza

**Domino's Pizza** is a pizza restaurant chain founded in the United States. It is the biggest pizza company in the United States. "Domino's" menu has pizza, pasta, oven-baked sandwiches, chicken wings, boneless chicken, salads, breadsticks, cheesesticks, and a variety of desserts.

"Domino's" has 17,100 stores in more than 90 countries. It also operates in the United Kingdom. It is one of the most popular pizza restaurant chains in Britain. In 2020, "Domino's" closed all 55 of their restaurants in South Africa.

## Other websites

- Domino's Pizza history and success story by Tom Monaghan
- Domino's official mobile site

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Domino's Pizza
- **logo**: Domino pizza logo.svg
- **logo caption**: The current Domino's logo introduced in 2012.
- **type**: Public
- **foundation**: Ypsilanti, Michigan on June 10, 1960
- **location**: Domino Farms Office Park
Ann Arbor Charter Township, Michigan, United States
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: Tom Monaghan, Founder
J. Patrick Doyle, CEO
- **industry**: Restaurants
- **products**: Pizza, pasta, Buffalo wings, chicken wings, submarine sandwiches, wraps, desserts
- **revenue**: $1.802 billion U.S. dollar, USD (2013)
- **num employees**: 220,000 (Dec 2013)
- **homepage**: [http://www.dominos.com www.dominos.com]
Gaara

**Gaara** is a character in the manga and anime Naruto. He is known as Gaara of the Sand in the Viz translation, and Sabaku no Gaara (Gaara of the Desert) in the original Japanese. Initially  he was  a bad guy and Naruto's rival. After a while the two develop a bond as kindred spirits and become close friends.

pt:Anexo:Lista de personagens de Naruto#Gaara
Muyeol of Silla

**Taejong Muyeol of Silla** (, 602  June 661) was the 29th king of Silla. He was named **Kim Chun-chu**.

He was the grandson of King Jinji. He went to Goguryeo, asking for help to destroy Baekje.

After he went to Tang for help in destroying Baekje and Goguryeo so that the Three Kingdoms could become one kingdom. In 660 he led the military with Kim Yu-sin to fight against Baekje. They won the fight, but he died that year.

## Related pages

- Kim Yu-sin
- Munmu of Silla

## Other websites

- http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=b22t2283a
661

## Events

- A series of wars begin between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire.

- June Taejong muyeol of Silla, 29th King of Silla(Korean of ancient kingdom, B.C 57 – A.D 935)
Antiseptic

An **antiseptic** is a substance that is applied to lesions or wounds of the skin to kill germs. This helps prevent the wound becoming infected.

Commonly used antiseptics include alcohol, iodine and mercury compounds. Antiseptics are different from antibiotics. Antiseptics can only be used on the skin, antibiotics can also be used internally, through the blood and lymphatic systems. They are also different from disinfectants: Disinfectants are used on non-living objects only, because they are dangerous to the living.
Gwanggaeto the Great

**Gwanggaeto the Great** (, 374 - 413) was an ancient Korean monarch. He was the 19th King of Goguryeo and reigned from 393 to 413 CE. During his reign the Goguryeo territory widened with the conquests of Suksin, Mohe, Khitan, Buyeo. His era name was _Yeongnak_ ().

King Gwanggaeto died from a sickness in the year 413.

## References

- Les Coréens dans l'histoire, Gwanggaeto le Grand, l’esprit de Goguryeo, KBSworld, le 27 aout 2010.
Cadmium oxide

**Cadmium oxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdO. It has cadmium and oxide ions in it.

## Properties

Cadmium oxide can be a colorless powder, brown powder, or red-brown crystals. All forms dissolve in acid. It is carcinogenic. Breathing the dust is harmful. It is similar in some ways to zinc oxide.

## Preparation

Cadmium oxide is made by burning cadmium in air or reacting an alkali with any soluble cadmium salt.

## Uses

Cadmium oxide is used in electronics as a transparent conductor. It is also used to make pigments (cadmium sulfide), kill nematodes, make nickel cadmium batteries, and electroplating cadmium.

## Related pages

- Mercury(II) oxide
- Cadmium chloride
- Cadmium sulfate
Cadmium bromide

**Cadmium bromide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdBr<sub>2</sub>. It has cadmium and bromide ions in it. The cadmium is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

Cadmium bromide is a very pale yellow solid. It easily dissolves in water. It is quite toxic.

## Preparation

Cadmium bromide is made by reacting cadmium with bromine or by reacting cadmium or its oxide with hydrobromic acid and evaporating the solution in helium.

## Uses

It is used in photography and engraving.

## Related pages

- Cadmium chloride
- Cadmium sulfate
- Mercury bromide
Mercury bromide

**Mercury bromide** can refer to either of these mercury bromides:

- Mercury(I) bromide, Hg<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>
- Mercury(II) bromide, HgBr<sub>2</sub>
Cadmium fluoride

**Cadmium fluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdF<sub>2</sub>. It has cadmium and fluoride ions in it.

## Properties

Cadmium fluoride is a gray solid. It does not dissolve in water very well. It is toxic.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting cadmium with hydrogen fluoride, hydrofluoric acid, or fluorine.

## Uses

Cadmium fluoride is used in organic chemistry, as well as in medicine for fluoride treatment.

## Related pages

- Cadmium chloride
- Cadmium iodide
- Zinc fluoride
Cadmium iodide

**Cadmium iodide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdI<sub>2</sub>. It has cadmium and iodide ions in it.

## Properties

Cadmium iodide is a white or pale yellow solid. It is known for its crystal structure. Many other chemical compounds have a cadmium iodide crystal structure. It easily dissolves in water. It is toxic.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting cadmium with iodine. It can also be made by reacting cadmium, or cadmium oxide with hydriodic acid.

## Uses

Cadmium iodide is used to make phosphors (things that light when struck by UV light), photography, and electroplating.

## Related pages

- Cadmium chloride
- Cadmium fluoride
- Cadmium bromide
- Mercury iodide
Cadmium sulfide

**Cadmium sulfide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdS. It has cadmium and sulfide ions in it.

## Properties

Cadmium sulfide is a yellow orange solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make hydrogen sulfide and cadmium chloride. It is used in an odd reaction where cadmium sulfide is sprinkled into a sulfide solution and light is shined on it. It starts making small amounts of hydrogen gas.

## Occurrence

Cadmium sulfide is only found in two rare minerals. It is normally made artificially.

## Preparation

Cadmium sulfide is made several different ways. Cadmium salts, normally the sulfate or the chloride (cadmium chloride), are reacted with hydrogen sulfide to make a bright yellow cadmium sulfide solid. When it is made for pigment, the cadmium sulfide is then washed, heated (to change it into the right form), and ground to a powder. It is then mixed with paint.

## Uses

Cadmium sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium yellow is the name of the pigment. If selenide is added during the roasting process (seen above in "preparation" section), it can make an orange or a yellow pigment. Cadmium sulfide is a good pigment because it does not break down easily, is very bright, and does not react with air like other pigments can. It is toxic, though.

It is also used in photoresistors that are sensitive to infrared and red light. Cadmium sulfide is found around some bacteria that reduce sulfate to sulfide.

## Related pages

- Cadmium telluride, semiconductor
- Mercury sulfide, bright red pigment, too toxic to be used
- Zinc sulfide, phosphor
Kim Yu-sin

**Kim Yu-Sin** (김유신, 金庾信, 595 – July 673) was a general and politician of the Silla Kingdom in ancient Korea. He belonged to the royal family of Gaya, and served as a soldier of Silla. He conquered the kingdoms of Goguryeo and Baekje. After his death, he was given the title of **Heungmu the Great** (흥무대왕).

## Other websites

- Naver-Cast Kim Yu-sin (Korean)
Confuciusornis

***Confuciusornis*** is a genus of primitive crow-sized birds from the Lower Cretaceous. It was found in the Yixian and Jiufotang Formations of China, dating from 125 to 120 million years ago. The bird was named after the Chinese moral philosopher Confucius (551–479 BC).

Like modern birds, _Confuciusornis_ had a toothless beak, but close relatives of modern birds such as _Hesperornis_ and _Ichthyornis_ were toothed. This shows that the loss of teeth occurred more than once, in _Confuciusornis_ and in ancestors of modern birds. This is an example of convergent evolution.

_Confuciusornis_ is the oldest known bird to have a beak. It is also the first known bird to have lost the long tail of _Archaeopteryx_ and develop fused tail vertebrae (a pygostyle).

_Confuciusornis_ is one of the most abundant vertebrates found in the Yixian Formation, and _several hundred_ complete, articulated specimens have been found.

The proportions of the toes suggest that they were used for both walking and perching, while the large claws of the thumb and third finger were probably used for climbing. The head probably had a small crest or tuft.

## Flight

The orientation of the shoulder joint was sideways, instead of angled upward as in modern birds; this means that _Confuciusornis_ was unable to lift its wings above its back. Like _Archaeopteryx_, it was thus incapable of the upstroke required for flapping flight. This conclusion is not established at present. Peters sees _Confuciusornis_ as capable of flapping flight but specialising in soaring flight. The bird's weight has also been debated.

An argument from Gregory Paul noted that _Confuciusornis_ is commonly found as large groups in lake bottom sediments with little to no evidence of the bodies being moved after death. It would be highly unusual for gliding animals to be found in such large numbers in deep water. Rather, this evidence suggests that _Confuciusornis_ traveled in large flocks over the lake surfaces, a habitat consistent with a flying animal.

## Colour

In early 2010, a group of scientists led by Zhang Fucheng examined fossils with preserved melanosomes (organelles which contain colour pigments). By studying the fossils with an electron microscope, they found melanosomes preserved in a fossil _Confuciusornis_ specimen.
The melanosomes where of two types, which indicates that _Confuciusornis_ had hues of grey, red/brown and black, possibly something like the modern zebra finch.
Diplocaulus

***Diplocaulus*** (meaning "double stalk") was an early amphibian, now extinct. It had a boomerang-shaped head formed by two long bones at the back of the head. It had four short legs, and a short, flattened tail. It was about 3 feet (1 m) long.

## Other websites

- Real Skull
The Communist Manifesto

***The Manifesto of the Communist Party*** (**German**: _Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei_), more commonly known as ***The Communist Manifesto***, is a short book. It was written by the German Marxist-Engelist political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. The book was originally written in the German language. Since it was first published, it became one of the world's most influential and controversial political manuscripts, and has been translated into many languages. The book is about analyzing approaches to class struggles (from both the past and present), and problems with capitalism.

The book does not talk about or predict how communism would be in the future. It is a mixture of both Marx and Engels' theories and opinions on society and politics. It also has their written ideas of how the capitalist society of their time would be replaced by dictatorship of the proletariat, and after that, communism. Especially by the abolition of private property and child labour and by making means of production common, strong progressive income tax and free education for all.

The manuscript of the book is registered in the Memory of the World Programme together with the volume I of _The Capital_ by Karl Marx in June 2013.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Communist Manifesto
- **image**: Communist-manifesto.png
- **image caption**: The first version of the book, written in German
- **author**: Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
- **country**: Germany
- **language**: Originally German, translated to many others
- **subject**: Politics, philosophy, sociology
- **pub date**: 21 February 1848
Werner Sombart

**Werner Sombart** (January 19, 1863–May 18, 1941) was a German economist and sociologist and was an important social scientist to Europe during the early 20th century who first used the notion "creative destruction".

## Life and work

Sombart was born in Ermsleben, Harz. He was the son of Anton Ludwig Sombart, a rich liberal politician, industrialist.
Werner studied at the universities in Pisa, Berlin, and Rome, learning both law and economics. In 1888, he received his Ph.D. from Berlin.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Werner Sombart
- **image**: Nicola Perscheid - Werner Sombart vor 1930.jpg
- **caption**: A 1930 photograph of Sombart, by Nicola Perscheid
- **birth place**: Ermsleben, Germany
- **death place**: Berlin
- **nationality**:  Germany, German
- **field**: economics, sociology, history
- **work institution**: University of Wrocław, University of Breslau
Handelshochschule Berlin

Frederick William University
Deron Williams

**Deron Michael Williams** (born June 26, 1984 in Parkersburg, West Virginia) is an American former professional basketball point guard. He played parts of twelve seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Utah Jazz, New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets, Dallas Mavericks, and Cleveland Cavaliers.

He went to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for college and he played for the Illinois Fighting Illini basketball team. Williams also played for the Utah Jazz from 2005 to 2011. He was traded to the Nets for Devin Harris, Derrick Favors, two first round draft picks, and $3 million on February 23, 2011.

Williams retired from playing professional basketball in 2017. After retiring, Williams became a boxer. He retired with a 1–0 record. He defeated former American football player Frank Gore by split decision at Jake Paul vs. Tyron Woodley II on December 18, 2021.

## Other websites

- Official website
Rick Nash

**Richard McLaren Nash** (born June 16, 1984), better known as **Rick Nash**, is a Canadian former professional ice hockey right winger. He played for parts of sixteen seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Columbus Blue Jackets, New York Rangers, and Boston Bruins. He also played for HC Davos in the National League A (NLA).

He was picked by the Blue Jackets with the first overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the OHL with the London Knights.

He was on the Team Canada's men's ice hockey team in the 2010 Winter Olympics where they won the gold medal.

On January 11, 2019, Rick Nash retired from playing hockey in 2018 due to concussion symptoms.

## Awards

- Nash was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 2003
- Nash won the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy in 2004 and shared the trophy with Ilya Kovalchuk and Jarome Iginla.
- Nash has appeared in 4 NHL All-Star Games in 2004, 2007, 2008 and 2009
- Nash won the NHL Foundation Player Award in 2009

## Other websites

- Rick Nash's NHL Player Page

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Rick Nash 2010.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **played for**: Columbus Blue Jackets
New York Rangers
Boston Bruins
HC Davos (National League A, NLA)
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lb**: 218
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **birth place**: Brampton, Ontario, Brampton, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 1st overall
- **draft year**: 2002
- **draft team**: Columbus Blue Jackets
- **career start**: 2002
- **career end**: 2018