juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mamane

**Māmane** (Hawaiian language) is a shrub of Hawai'i in the _Sophora_ genus. It is suitable for gardens.

It is highly polymorphic, growing as a shrub or tree, and able to reach a height of  in tree form. It is grow fast in every island of Hawaiian archipelago, so botanists describe many local forms including _S.unifoliolata_
Hawaiian honeycreeper visits mamane sucking nectar,
If mamane were to disappear from Hawai'i it would take with it the palila bird, which is also endangered due to the lack of enough māmane trees. _Loxoides bauilleui_, palila, feeds on unripe seeds of the māmane

## Other websites

- Plant of Hawaii
Mortality rate

**Mortality rate** is a measurement.  It measures the number of deaths in a population.

The World Bank calculated the death rate for the whole world was 8 deaths per 1,000 people in 2020.  The mortality rate has been going down during the last hundred years, but the COVID-19 pandemic increased mortality rates globally. More than 6.8 million deaths were directly due to COVID-19.  The number of people dying of some causes has increased.

The rate is often reported as a number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year. For example, a mortality rate of 9 in a population of 1,000 would mean 9 deaths per year in that entire population. Some rare or deadly causes of death are reported as percentages (of the world, countries, demographics). It can also be shown as a ratio (genders for example).

Excess (more than expected) mortality rates across the European Union rose by 19% in December 2022, compared to the average number of deaths in the same period between 2016 and 2019.  In Germany, 37.3% more people died in December 2022 than average for December.  This is thought to be partly because of weakened immune systems and partly because healthcare systems have been badly affected.  There are also effects of climate change. People are becoming more unhealthy.

## Why keep track of how people die?

Counting and tracking the causes of death helps know more about how people are dying. This is done globally by governments or organisations, to know more about what's causing people to die. Some are relevant to a specfic country or area. Fatal diseases and hazards are often related to certain jobs. More specific or rarer causes can be tracked to learn from the small amount of information there is there, or other deadly (more dangerous, frequent, or unavoidable) causes as another example, can use high or low numbers or percentages to know the facts and track trends.

It is important to know why people die to improve how people live. Measuring how many people die each year helps to learn about our health systems and direct resources to where they are needed most. For example, mortality data can help focus activities and resource allocation among different parts of life such as transportation, food and agriculture, and the environment as well as health.

## Related pages

- Life expectancy
- Birth rate
Ricotta

**Ricotta** is an Italian fresh whey cheese made from the whey of sheep's milk or cow's milk. Whey is a watery liquid that separates from curds when cheese is made. Ricotta is soft, grainy and white. It can be used in Italian desserts like cheesecake or cannoli or in dishes like lasagna. It contains protein and is a dairy product.
Whey

**Whey** is a watery liquid that comes out of milk when it has been curdled and strained. It is also called **milk plasma**. It is a by-product of cheese making. _Sweet whey_ is made during the making of rennet types of hard cheese like Cheddar or Swiss. _Acid whey_ (also known as "sour whey") is made during the making of acid types of cheese such as cottage cheese. Whey also forms as a liquid on the top of yoghurt.

## Uses

Whey can be used to make whey cheeses like ricotta. It can be added to processed foods like bread, pastry or crackers. It can also be used to feed animals.
Curd

**Curds** are a dairy product made by _curdling_ milk with rennet or yeast so that it separates, and taking away the liquid part (called whey). Milk that has been left to go sour will also naturally separate into curds and whey. Curds are used to make cheese. Curds and whey can be eaten together as a dish.
Pokhara

**Pokhara** is the second largest city of Nepal and the capital of Gandaki Province. The name Pokhara comes from the Nepali word "_Pokhari_ " (Nepali: पोखरी) which translate into "pond". It is the main tourism centre of Nepal. It is  away from the capital, Kathmandu. The altitude of Pokhara ranges between  to  above the sea level.Pokhara Municipality is the capital of Gandaki Province of Nepal. As per the National Census of 2011, Pokhara is Nepal's second highest populated nation with  inhabitants. The city is also named as "City of Lakes" for it's 7 freshwater lakes that comes from Nearby Himalaya Ranges.
Seal of Colorado

The **Seal of the State of Colorado** is an adaptation of the "Territorial Seal" which was adopted by the "First Territorial Assembly" on November 6, 1861. The only changes made in the Territorial Seal design being the changing of the words, "State of Colorado" and the figures "1876" for the corresponding words on the territorial seal. The first "General Assembly" of the State of Colorado approved the adoption of the state seal on March 15, 1877. The "Colorado Secretary of State" alone is authorized to affix the Great Seal of Colorado to any document.
Flag of Maine

The **flag of the State of Maine** has the State coat of arms on a blue field. In the center of the shield a moose rests under a tall pine tree. A farmer and seaman represent the normal reliance on agriculture and the sea by the State. The "North Star" represents the state motto: Dirigo ("I Lead").

## Old flag

Before the introduction of today’s flag, there was one introduced in 1901.

It featured a green pine tree in the center and a blue star at the hoist, both on a beige background.

Some people think it is a good alternative to the current flag because it is simpler.
Seal of Maine

The **Seal of the State of Maine** was adopted in June 1820. There have been different kinds in the details of the seal, but the overall design and images remain true to the first. The center of the seal is a shield with a tranquil scene of a moose resting in a field bordered by water and woods, pine tree stand tall directly behind the moose. On either side of the shield, a farmer rests on his scythe, and a sailor leans on an anchor. Above the shield is the motto "Dirigo" (I lead), and a North Star. Below the shield is a banner that reads "Maine". The legislature of 1919 thought that the design of the seal should no longer vary, and the design is still used today.
Doctorate

A **doctorate** is a higher degree earned by passing a doctoral dissertation at a university. Usually, it refers to a Doctor of Philosophy, but it can also be an Doctor of Medicine or an Juris Doctor. There are different levels of doctorate including professional doctorates such as Doctor of Pharmacy, Juris Doctor (professional degree in law) and higher doctorates that require unique, independent research such as Doctor of Laws, Ph.Ds and Doctor of Science. Colleges often give honorary doctorates to famous people who speak there.
Cluster (computing)

In computing, a **cluster** is made of many individual computers that work together to solve a problem at hand. Clusters can have different forms: They can be whole computers working together, or only CPUs. These CPUs can communicate over a fast network, but they share the same hard disks, for example. Depending on the problem, solving it with a cluster of cheaper components can be less expensive that investing in better hardware that costs more.

Grid computing is different in that the individual computers work on separate tasks that are part of a large problem. They are usually more different from one another and geographically further apart than cluster computers are.
Garry Kasparov

**Garry Kasparov** (born 13 April 1963 in Baku, Azerbaijan) is a Russian chess grandmaster and political activist. He was born with the name _Garry Weinstein_, and is partly of Jewish descent. He was the World Chess Champion from 1985 to 2000. In 1993 he broke away from FIDE to make a rival organization (the PCA), because he felt FIDE had failed to raise enough money for world title matches. There is controversy about that period. By any measure, he is one of the greatest chess players of all time. He was the highest-rated player even after his retirement until Magnus Carlsen took him over.

Kasparov became the youngest non-disputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at the age of 22. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when an argument with FIDE led him to set up a rival company, the Professional Chess Association. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000. Kasparov lost a match (a series of chess games) against _Deep Blue_, a computer made by IBM, in 1997. Lately, retired from competition, he has been coaching Magnus Carlsen, the young player from Norway who is the current world #1.

## Politics

After retiring from chess, Kasparov became involved in Russian politics. In 2005, he traveled around Russia, speaking against Vladimir Putin, who was President of Russia at that time. The same year he created the United Civil Front, a political movement whose main goal is to dismantle Putin's regime and restore democracy in Russia.

Kasparov was also one of the founders of The Other Russia, an opposition coalition which unites many left and nationalist politicians. He helped organize marches of dissenters involving several thousand people rallying against Putin and governors of Moscow and Saint Petersburg.

In October 2007, Kasparov announced his intention of standing for the Russian presidency. In November 2007, he was detained by police at a rally in Moscow and given a jail sentence of five days. On 12 December 2007, Kasparov announced that he had to withdraw his presidential candidacy due to inability to rent a hall where at least 500 of his supporters could meet to endorse his candidacy, as is legally required. Kasparov's spokeswoman accused the government of using pressure to discourage anyone from renting a hall for the gathering. In 2008 Kasparov and his United Civil Front joined the Solidarity movement.

Kasparov is among the first 34 signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign Putin must go started in March 2010.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Garry Kasparov
- **image**: Garry Kasparov (37759216686).jpg
- **caption**: Garry Kasparov, 2017
- **name**: Gary Kasparov
()
- **country**: USSR
Russia<br/ >Croatia (since 2014)
- **placebirth**: Baku, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Soviet Union
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **career**: 1976-2005
- **worldchampion**: 1985–1993 (undisputed)
1993–2000 (Classical)
- **rating**: 2812
- **peakrating**: 2851 (July 1999)
Stanley Vann

**Stanley Vann** (born Leicester, 15 February 1910 – 27 March 2010) was an English composer, organist, choral conductor, and choir trainer. He contributed a great deal to music in the Anglican church tradition. He was Director of Music at Peterborough Cathedral from 1953 to 1977.  On 15 February 2010 he celebrated his 100th birthday. He died the following month.

## Early life

Vann was born in Leicester.  He started to learn the piano when he was about six years old.  At the age of 17 he learned the organ, and by the time he was 20 he had passed his  ARCM, ARCO and FRCO organ diplomas.

## The start of a musical career

In 1931 he became Assistant Organist at Leicester Cathedral. In 1933 he became Organist at Gainsborough Parish Church, then went to Leamington Spa as Organist of Holy Trinity church in 1939. He started a choir and an orchestra there: the Leamington Spa Bach Choir and the Warwickshire Symphony Orchestra.

Between 1942 and 1946 he had to fight in the Second World War.

In 1949 he got the jobs of Organist at Chelmsford Cathedral and Professor of Harmony and Counterpoint at Trinity College, London.  In Chelmsford he started the Essex Symphony Orchestra.

He also trained the Leicester Philharmonic choir for the famous conductors Henry Wood and Malcolm Sargent.

## Peterborough

In 1909 Vann became Master of the Music in Peterborough Cathedral.  He stayed in this job until he retired in 1977. The choir was not particularly good when he started there, but he soon made them into an excellent choir. They made many recordings. In 1971 he was given a Lambeth doctorate by the Archbishop of Canterbury for his services to music.

When he retired he first moved to Wansford in Cambridgeshire so that he was half way between his son (in Yorkshire) and his daughter (in Berkshire). He continued to work there, training the church choir, giving singing lessons, and composing. Later he moved to Yorkshire to be nearer to family. He died aged 100 after falling down and breaking his hip.

## Compositions

Stanley Vann composed a great deal of music, mostly for the Anglican church service. His compositions include hymn tunes, anthems, motets, chants, organ music and many other pieces. One of his largest pieces is the Billingshurst Mass, for large chorus and orchestra. It was first performed in Chichester Cathedral in 2000.

In 2000, a concert was given in All Saints Church, Peterborough to celebrate his 90th birthday. On Sunday, 14 February 2010 many cathedrals and churches in England arranged special concerts and services to celebrate his 100th birthday
. The BBC  broadcast a special choral evensong on Radio 3 on Wednesday 24 February from Peterborough Cathedral (Wednesday 17 February is Ash Wednesday, so that a lot of his music would not have been suitable.).

There is a scholarship in his name for young choir trainers and directors in the Anglican tradition.
Royal College of Organists

The **Royal College of Organists** or **RCO**, is an organisation based in the United Kingdom, but with members around the world. Its job is to support organ playing and choral music.  People who learn the organ can go there to take professional organ examinations.

There is a large library with more than 60,000 books about organ playing and organ music.

When the RCO started in 1864 by Richard Limpus it was called the _College of Organists_.  It was given a Royal Charter in 1893.  In 1903 it was offered an extremely cheap 99-year lease on a beautiful  building in Kensington, West London.  The college was there until 1991 when it moved to a church in the City of London.  In 2003 it moved again to Birmingham.

## Examinations

The RCO offers five qualifications or diplomas.

- The **Colleague Diploma (CRCO)** is a qualification for people who are good organists, but not necessarily at a professional level.
- The **Associateship Diploma (ARCO)** is a professional qualification.  The candidate has to play the organ very well and do a music theory examination.
- The **Fellowship Diploma (FRCO)** is for people who already have ARCO.  It is harder than ARCO.
- The **Choral Directing Diploma (Dip CHD)** demonstrates professional choral conducting.
- The **Licentiateship in Teaching (LTRCO)** is a professional qualification for organ teachers who already have either the ARCO or FRCO.

## Other websites

- Royal College of Organists Official Website
ARCO

**ARCO** (short for **A**tlantic **R**ichfield **Co**mpany, the original name) is a United States oil company. It has operations<sup>n 2</sup> in the United States, Indonesia, the North Sea, and the South China Sea.  As of July 2011, it had more than 1,300 gas stations in the western part of the United States.

ARCO's original parent companies included:
- Atlantic Petroleum, which opened its first gas station in 1915 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- Richfield Oil Company, which opened its first gas station in 1917 in Los Angeles, California.
The two companies merged in 1966, and bought Sinclair Oil Corporation in 1969. In 1978, ARCO opened its first ampm convenience store.

Between 1970 and 2000, ARCO had a complicated corporate history. By 1985, it sold its Eastern US business to a new Atlantic Petroleum. In 2000, the remaining Western US business was bought by British Petroleum (BP). Finally, in 2013, BP sold ARCO and the Carson Refinery to Tesoro for $2.5 billion.

## Oil discovery

In 1957, Richfield was the first to drill for oil in Alaska. On July 15 of that year they struck oil with their first well. It was the first major oil discovery in Alaska and tested at 900 barrels a day. In 1968 they partnered with Exxon for Alaska North Slope oil production. In 1980, they were the seventh largest oil company in the United States.

## Related pages

- Petroleum
- Oil field
- Alaska North Slope
- North Sea oil

## Other websites

- ARCO Official Website
- Tesoro Official Website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO)
- **logo**: ARCO.svg
- **type**: Privately held company, Private (subsidiary of Tesoro, Tesoro Corporation)
- **foundation**: 1966
- **location**: La Palma, California, La Palma, California, United States
- **locations**: 1,200
- **area served**: United States
- **industry**: Oil & Gas Extraction
- **parent**: British Petroleum <small>(2000-2013)</small>
Tesoro, Tesoro Corporation <small>(2013-present)</small>
- **homepage**: [http://www.arco.com/ ARCO.com]
Skating

**Skating** refers and involves any sport or recreational activity that involves traveling on dry surface or ice using skates.

There are many varieties of skating, such as:

- Roller skating
    - Rollerblading
    - Inline skating
    - Skateboarding
- Ice skating
    - Figure skating
    - Ice dancing
    - Speed skating
Economic bubble

An **economic bubble** happens when a market goes through a very fast inflation of value. This increase is followed by a quick decrease in value, called a "crash" or a "bubble burst". Economic bubbles can be caused by many things, but many economists believe that economic bubbles are related to inflation. An economic bubble can cause an economic crisis due to a loss of investment both by companies and individuals, such as the Great Depression or the Economic crisis of 2007-2010.

An economic bubble occurs due to the human psychology of an expectation of an unlimited demand for any particular commodity. The market moves up quickly as the investors see an increase in prices due to increase in demand. Prices may eventually fall when supply increases beyond the demand, resulting in the bursting of the bubble. Predicting when this will happen is difficult, hence it may surprise investors.
Population without double counting

**Population sans doubles comptes** is a phrase in French that means **population without double counting** in English.

In France, because of the census, the INSEE has allowed people who live in one place and study in a different place to be counted twice, so as to show how the population moves. Because of this, each commune in France has many numbers of how many people live in it. For example, students may be counted where they study and where they live but do not study (the place they were born in). It is just like allowing students in the United States to vote in the town election of the place they are studying in and the town election where they were born.

## Types of population counts

- _Population municipale_: people that live in that place
- _Population comptée à part_: people are there for a while, but not forever (soldiers, prisoners)
- _Population totale_: _population municipale_ + _population comptée à part_
- _Doubles comptes_: part of Population comptée à part, which are people working or studying (students, soldiers) there and are counted in another town's Population municipale
- _Population sans doubles comptes_: _population totale_ - _doubles comptes_

## More reading

- The official meanings on the INSEE site
- Understanding the census.
- The history of the census
- Glossary.
- The results of the 1999 census.
- Population, a page per view.
- Population of French communes of more than 2000 inhabitants.
Glass transition

The **glass transition** is the transition of amorphous solids from a hard and brittle state into a molten or rubber-like state. An amorphous solid that goes through a glass transition is called a glass. Supercooling a viscous liquid into the glass state is called vitrification.

The **glass transition temperature** _T_<sub>g</sub> is always lower than the melting temperature, _T_<sub>m</sub>, of the crystalline state of the material, if one exists. Above a glass transition temperature, a plastic is rubbery. Below the glass transition temperature, a plastic is solid. Thermosets, or thermo-setting plastics, burn up before they reach their melt temperature, but most thermosets also undergo glass transition.
Uncle Tom's Cabin

***Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly*** is an anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe was published on March 3rd, 1852. It greatly influenced many people's thoughts about African Americans and slavery in the United States. It also strengthened the conflict between the Northern and Southern United States. This led to the American Civil War. The book's effect was so powerful that Lincoln said when he met Stowe at the beginning of the Civil War, "So this is the little lady who made this big war."

The main character of the novel is Uncle Tom, a patient black slave. The sentimental novel showed the effects of slavery. It also said that Christian love is stronger than slavery.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Uncle Tom's Cabin
- **image**: UncleTomsCabinCover.jpg
- **author**: Harriet Beecher Stowe
- **illustrator**: Hammatt Billings (1st edition)
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **genre**: Novel
- **release date**: March 20, 1852
- **media type**: Print (Hardback and Paperback)
- **oclc**: 950905879
- **followed by**: A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin (1853)
Jamie McMurray

**James Christopher "Jamie" McMurray** (born June 3, 1976) is an American racecar driver. McMurray drove full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series from 2003 until 2018. Since 2018, McMurray has been a Sports analyst for FOX Sports. McMurray won the 2010 Daytona 500 while driving for Chip Ganassi Racing.
Phil Wachsmann

**Phil Wachsmann** (born August 5, 1944) is an African _avant-garde_ jazz/jazz fusion violinist born in Kampala, Uganda, probably better known for having founded his own group Chamberpot. He has worked with many musicians in the free jazz idiom, including Tony Oxley, Fred van Hove, Barry Guy, Derek Bailey and Paul Rutherford, among many others. Wachsmann is especially known for playing within the electronica idiom.
National Autonomous University of Mexico

The **National Autonomous University of México** (UNAM) a university in Mexico City. It is one of the biggest universities in Mexico and Latin America. UNAM was started on 22 September 1910 by Justo Sierra.UNAM's main campus in Mexico City, known as _Ciudad Universitaria_ (University City), is a **UNESCO World Heritage** site that was designed by some of Mexico's best-known architects of the 20th century. Murals in the main campus were painted by some of the most recognized artists in Mexican history, such as Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros. In 2016, it had an acceptance rate of only 8%. UNAM generates a number of strong research publications and patents in diverse areas, such as robotics, computer science, mathematics, physics,  human-computer interaction, history, philosophy, among others. All Mexican Nobel laureates are either alumni or faculty of UNAM.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Mexico Diplomat
- News in Spanish about UNAM

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: National Autonomous University of Mexico
- **native name**: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- **latin name**: Universitas Nationalis Autonoma Mexici
- **former name**: Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico
- **image**: Escudo-UNAM-escalable.svg
- **caption**: Official seal of the University, designed by rector José Vasconcelos
- **logo**: Biblioteca central UNAM.jpg
- **mottoeng**: "For my people, the spirit shall speak"
- **established**: 22 September 1910
- **type**: Public university
- **rector**: Enrique Graue Wiechers
- **endowment**: US$2.4 1000000000 (number), billion (2012)
- **colors**: Blue and gold
- **city**: Mexico City
- **country**: Mexico
- **students**: 324,413 ()
- **undergrad**: 187,195 ()
- **postgrad**: 26,169 ()
- **academic staff**: 36,750 ()
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban, , main campus only
- **mascot**: Cougar, Puma
- **athletics**: 41 varsity teams
1985 Santiago earthquake

The **1985 Santiago earthquake** was registered the Sunday March 3, 1985 at 22:47 UTC (19:47 local time). Its epicenter was on the coastline of the Valparaiso Region, Chile, near Algarrobo. It had a magnitude of 8.0 on the Richter scale.

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **title**: 1985 Algarrobo earthquake
- **timestamp**: 1985-03-03 22:47
- **anss-url**: usp0002ccz
- **isc-event**: 529084
- **local-time**: 19:47 UTC-3
- **image**: Calle destruida por el terremoto de 1985.jpg
- **map2**:
- **caption**: Map showing location of the epicenter
- **magnitude**: 8.0 Moment magnitude scale, M<sub>w</sub>
- **intensity**: Modified Mercalli intensity, MM IX
- **location**: Algarrobo, Chile, Algarrobo
- **countries affected**: Chile, San Antonio (Valparaíso Region), Alhué, Melipilla, Santiago (Santiago Metropolitan Region), Rengo (O'Higgins Region)
- **landslide**: Yes
- **casualties**: 177
Jethro Tull

**Jethro Tull** may refer to:

- Jethro Tull (agriculturist), British agriculturist
- Jethro Tull (band), rock band
Healthcare

**Health care** or **healthcare** is the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illnesses through services offered by the health profession and its staff. Health care includes all reasonable and necessary medical aid, medical examinations, medical treatments, medical diagnoses, medical evaluations and medical services. The right to health care is considered one of human rights with international human rights law as well as social security.

## Primary care

A primary care doctor (**PCD**) or **primary care physician** (**PCP**) is a doctor who provides general medical care. These doctors can answer health concerns and medical conditions a patient may have. They also can prescribe medicine for their patients, based on information gathered.

## Hospitals

In most countries most of the money goes on hospital services.

## Mental health

Mental illness is in most places treated separately from physical illness.  It was, and in some places still is, given a religious explanation.  People were sent to workhouse<nowiki/>s or asylum<nowiki/>s if they were thought to be dangerous to themselves or other people.  By the 19th century many of them were very large. There was very little involvement by doctors until  the 20th century when psychiatry developed. The classification of mental disorders has been, and still is, controversial.  Mental health services generally get less attention and money than those for physical illness. Abuse of patients is not uncommon.  People are often sent a long way from home. People may have to wait a lot longer for help in the community.

## Cost

The amount of money spend on health care goes from Madagascar which spend  $19.85 per person per year to the United States where the government spends $10,921 per person. About the same is spent privately in the USA, much of it from health insurance.

## Related pages

- Universal health care
- Doctor-patient relationship
- Means test
- Right to health
Rodrigo

**Rodrigo** (English: **Ruderic**, **Roderic**, **Roderik**, **Roderich**, or **Roderick**,  ; died 711 or 712) was the Visigothic King of Hispania for a brief period between 710 and 712. He is famous in legend as "the last king of the Goths." In history he actually is an extremely obscure figure about whom little can be said with certainty but that he ruled part of Iberia with opponents ruling the rest and was defeated and killed by invading Muslims who soon conquered the entire peninsula. His widow Egilona is believed to have married Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, who was later assassinated.
Tambo

**Tambo** could mean:

## People

- Adelaide Tambo (1929–2007), South African anti-apartheid activist
- Oliver Tambo (1917–1993), South African anti-apartheid activist

## Geography

In **Australia**:
- Tambo River (Victoria)
- Tambo, Queensland
- County of Tambo, Victoria
- Shire of Tambo, Victoria
- Shire of Tambo (Queensland)
- Blackall-Tambo Region, Queensland

In **Peru**:
- Tambo River (Peru)
- Tambo District, Huaytará
- Tambo District, La Mar
- Tambo Grande District, Piura province
- Tambo de Mora District, Chincha province
- Río Tambo District, Satipo province
- Tambo Colorado, archaeological site the city of Pisco

In **South Africa**:
- OR Tambo District Municipality, Eastern Cape province
- OR Tambo International Airport, serving Johannesburg, Gauteng province

**Elsewhere**:
- Pizzo Tambo, mountain in the Swiss Alps near Splügen, Graubünden
- Tambo, California, USA

## Other

- Tambo (Incan structure), a building that was used for lodging, storage, and record-keeping
- Tambo (weapon), a very short staff used in martial arts
- Tambo, a character from blackface minstrelsy
- Shelly Tambo, one of the main fictional characters in the American television series _Northern Exposure_

## Related pages

- El Tambo
Los Navegantes

**Los Navegantes** (; roughly translated as _Los Navegantes Neighborhood_) is a residential neighbourhood in the south-east of Pichilemu, Chile. It is near the Municipal Stadium and La Cruz Hill.

_Los Navegantes_ has a perimeter of approximately . It was founded between 1996-1997. It has a court. The Pichilemu tsunami secure side, starts near the neighborhood.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Villa Los Navegantes
- **other name**: The Navigators
- **settlement type**: Neighbourhood
- **image skyline**: Villa los navegantes.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Houses in the Los Navegantes neighbourhood.
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Satellite map of Los Navegantes.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Region of O'Higgins, O'Higgins
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Provinces
- **subdivision name2**: Province of Cardenal Caro, Cardenal Caro
- **subdivision type3**: List of cities in Chile, City
- **subdivision name3**: Pichilemu
- **leader title**: Administrative body
- **leader name**: Pichilemu, Municipality of Chile
- **leader title1**: Mayor
- **leader name1**: Roberto Córdova
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1996
- **area total km2**: 1.7
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 200
- **elevation m**: 35
The Rugby Championship

**The Rugby Championship** is an annual rugby union competition between the national teams of the sport's four strongest Southern Hemisphere nations—New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, and Argentina. It began in 1996, a year after the sport became professional, as the **Tri Nations**. At the time, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa competed for the Tri Nations Trophy. Beginning in 2012, Argentina joined the competition.

During the Tri Nations era, the contest began in July, during the Southern Hemisphere winter, and ran through September. For most of that era, each team played every other team twice, once at home and once away. Later on, each team played the others three times. When the competition added Argentina, it returned to a pure home-and-away format, with a total of 12 games played. Also, due to a slight change in the sport's calendar, The Rugby Championship now begins in August and runs through October. This format is used except in years in which the Rugby World Cup is played (every four years, in the year before the Summer Olympics). In those years, each team plays the others only once, with a total of six games played.

Teams are awarded competition points for a win, but can also earn 'bonus' points. At the end of the series, the team with the most competition points wins the trophy. The team that wins the competition is usually considered to be the best rugby union team in the Southern Hemisphere for that year.

|Country|Team Name|Win Record|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Australia|Wallabies|4|
|New Zealand|All Blacks|13|
|South Africa|Springboks|3|
|Argentina|Pumas|0|

## Additional trophies

New Zealand and Australia compete annually for the Bledisloe Cup. All Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Bledisloe Cup.

South Africa and Australia compete annually for the Mandela Plate. Some of the Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Mandela Plate.

New Zealand and South Africa compete annually for the Freedom Cup. Some of the Rugby Championship games count as competition games for the Freedom Cup.
Australia national rugby union team

The **Australia national rugby union team**, nicknamed the **Wallabies** are the national rugby union side of Australia. The first Australian teams played against the British Lions at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 24 June 1899. The Australians won the game 13-3. In 1908, the Australians went to the United Kingdom, France and North America to play. They needed a name and someone suggested the "Rabbits", but the team did not like it and chose the "Wallabies" instead. A wallaby is a small mammal from Australia, very similar to a kangaroo. Until the 1980s, only teams playing overseas were called the Wallabies; when they played in Australia they were called Internationals. Now the national team is called the Wallabies all the time.

## Infobox (national rugby team)

- **name**: Australia
- **nickname**: _Wallabies_
- **emblem**: Wallaby
- **union**: Rugby Australia
- **confederation**: Oceania Rugby
- **most caps**: George Gregan (139)
- **top scorer**: Michael Lynagh (911)
- **top try scorer**: David Campese (List of international rugby union tries by David Campese, 64)
- **world rugby trigramme**: AUS
- **pattern la1**: _australia rugby23h
- **pattern b1**: _australia rugby23h
- **pattern ra1**: _australia rugby23h
- **pattern so1**: _wallabiessocks
- **leftarm1**: FF8300
- **body1**: FF8300
- **rightarm1**: FF8300
- **shorts1**: 02545D
- **socks1**: 02545D
- **pattern b2**: _australia rugby23a
- **leftarm2**: ffffff
- **body2**: ffffff
- **rightarm2**: ffffff
- **shorts2**: 004044
- **socks2**: ffffff
- **world rugby rank**: 9
- **world rugby rank date**: 16 October 2023
- **world rugby max**: 2
- **world rugby max year**: 2004
- **world rugby min**: 10
- **world rugby min year**: 2023
- **first game**: 13–3 British & Irish Lions, British Isles
(Sydney, Colony of New South Wales, New South Wales; 24 June 1899)
- **largest win**: 142–0
(Adelaide, Australia; 25 October 2003)
- **world cup apps**: 10
- **world cup first**: 1987
- **world cup best**: ***List of Rugby World Cup finals, Champions*** (1991 Rugby World Cup, 1991, 1999 Rugby World Cup, 1999)
- **rugby championship apps**: 28
- **rugby championship best**: ***Tri Nations Series champions, Champions*** (2000 Tri Nations Series, 2000, 2001 Tri Nations Series, 2001, 2011 Tri Nations Series, 2011, 2015 Rugby Championship, 2015)
Couch

A **couch**, **sofa** or **settee** is a kind of furniture that is designed to seat more than one person. It usually has a place to rest your arm on each side. Couches are normally found in the living room or in front of the TV.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, a couch was thought as a long, upward seat for resting on. One end would slope up high enough to provide a place for the head to rest.
Some late 18th-century kinds of couches had an arm running partly down one side, and this type continued to be made in England. In Greek places, there were flowing designs with all kind of elegant colors. Many of them had scrolled ends and short legs. The couch was later taken over by the overstuffed sofa during the Victorian age.

## Expression

Because the couch is usually set in front of the TV, it is the main place where people usually sit and watch it. Lazy people would eventually seem to be stuck to it all the time. This person, a person who does not do a lot of physical activity, was called a "couch potato". This was also because potatoes do not move at all, and does not do anything but just sits there. This may also be considered as slang. Couch came from the word _couche_, which means, "a bed, lair," or from the word _coucher_, which means "to lie down."

## Types

The most common types of couches in homes are the "love seats" for two, or the "sofa" for more than two. Other couches include the _divan_ or the "_fainting couch_", which usually does not have a back. Couches are usually bought in a set together with cushions, which give them a bouncey and decorative comfortable touch.

## References

- John Gloag, _A Short Dictionary of Furniture_ rev. ed. 1962. (London: Allen & Unwin)

## Other websites

- Etymology of "sofa"
Jena Lee

**Jena Lee** (born 29 July, 1987 in Chile) is a French singer.

She was adopted by a French family at the age of nine months. In 2007, Jena Lee met Sulee B Wax, who was interested in her work. At this point in time Lee wrote the song _Some Share_. The song was used in an album by Sherifa Luna.  Jena Lee wrote six out of the thirteen songs that are on Sherifa Luna's album.

In 2008, Jena Lee won the Urban Music Nation contest by Skyrock. Her first single _J'aimerais Tellement_ was released in April 2009 along with a music video. It was at the top of the French single charts for eleven weeks. It had the highest number of downloads in November 2009.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jena Lee
- **img**: jenaleee.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Sylvia Garcia
- **occupation**: Typesetting, Typesettist, author
- **origin**: Oloron-Sainte-Marie, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Aquitaine, France
- **genre**: Emo Rhythm and Blues, R&B, French pop music, French pop
- **years active**: 2007–present
- **label**: Mercury Records, Mercury France <small>(2008–present), subsidiary of Universal Music Group, Universal Music France</small>
- **website**: [http://www.Jena-lee.fr Jena-lee.fr]
Sinik

**Sinik** (real name **Thomas Gerard Idir**; born on 26 June 1980) is a famous French rapper. His parents are Algerian. Thomas was four years old when his parents moved to Bergères in France.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Sinik au Francos 2019.jpg
- **image size**: 150
- **name**: Sinik
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Thomas Gérard Idir
- **alias**: Malsain
 l'Assassin
S.I.N.I.K.
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **genre**: French hip hop, French rap, hardcore hip hop, hardcore rap
- **label**: 6-0-9 (Six-O-Nine)
- **website**: [http://www.sinik609.com/ sinik609.com]
- **associated acts**: Diam's
 James Blunt
Seth Gueko
Alibi Montana
Kery James
Soprano (rapper), Soprano
- **occupation**: Rapper
Porridge

**Porridge** is a food which is made with a cereal, usually oats.  The oats are boiled in water or milk, or both. It is usually served hot in a bowl or dish.  Some people add things to their porridge such as jam, sugar or syrup. In Scotland and Finland, salt is often added.

Porridge is a traditional food in many countries in Northern Europe.  It is usually eaten for breakfast. If the porridge is made from oat, it is called oatmeal.  In some countries barley or other grains may be used.  Porridge is cooked in saucepans or in a microwave.  Traditionally, it was cooked in large metal kettles over hot coals. Porridge was often served as food for prisoners in prisons.  This is why in English there is a slang expression "doing porridge" which means "being in prison". Porridge is also given to people who are ill because it is healthy and easy to eat and digest.

Semolina and gruel are foods which are quite similar to porridge. Semolina is usually served as a pudding. Gruel is a thinner version of porridge that may be also drunk and may not need to be cooked. Oliver Twist, in the famous book by Charles Dickens, was given gruel to eat.

Historically, heavy foods were eaten because most work was manual. Before the industrial revolution, men and women doing hard work needed more calories per day than they need today. At any rate this applies to countries which are highly mechanized. Porridge is a good example of the heavy calorie-laden food which has gradually gone out of favor.

## Related pages

- Quaker Oats Company

## Infobox (prepared food)

- **name**: Porridge
- **image**: File:Oatmeal (1).jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: A bowl of oatmeal porridge
- **course**: Breakfast
- **served**: Hot
- **main ingredient**: Starchy plants (e.g. grain), water or milk, flavorings
Fresnel lens

A **Fresnel lens** is an optical lens, which was originally developed for Lighthouses. It is named after its inventor, French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel. The name is pronounced  /freɪˈnɛl/ (fray-NELL), the 's' is silent. Before Fresnel,  Buffon and Condorcet proposed a similar design, as a way to make large burning lenses.

The design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the weight and volume of material that would be required in conventional lens design.  Compared to earlier lenses, the Fresnel lens is much thinner. More light can pass through. Lighthouses that use these kind of lenses can be seen from farther away.
Grand opera

**Grand opera** is a term which is used to describe an opera with continuous music. It is a kind of opera that was popular in the 19th-century.  Grand operas are usually divided into four or five acts. There have large casts (many singers taking part) and large orchestras. There is a lot of scenery. The story is dramatic. It is usually a story about a hero from history. The term "Grand Opera" has often been used to describe the Paris Opéra from the late 1820s to around 1850, and sometimes to describe the Paris Opéra itself.

In a broader sense "Grand Opera" can be any large-scale opera from European countries.  During the 1830s and 1840s Giacomo Meyerbeer was thought to be the greatest composer of Grand Opera.
Lake Lucerne

**Lake Lucerne** is a lake in central Switzerland. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. The German name is **Vierwaldstättersee** which means: "Lake of the Four Forested Cantons".

It is possible to travel all the way round the side of the lake by road. There are several tunnels on the way. It is very popular with tourists. There are many hotels by the lake.

- Beethoven's "Moonlight" Sonata gets its name because, in 1832, a music critic Ludwig Rellstab said it was like the moonlight shining on Lake Lucerne.

## Other websites

- Waterlevels Lake Lucerne  at Brunnen
- Waterlevels Lake Lucerne  at Lucerne
- Lake Lucerne Region
Die Feen

***Die Feen*** (_The Fairies_) is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. The German libretto was written by the composer.  He was adapting a story by Carlo Gozzi called _La donna serpente_.

_Die Feen_ was the first opera that Wagner finished.  However, it was never performed during his lifetime.  It has never become popular, although the overture is sometimes played.  The music shows the influence of Carl Maria von Weber and other composers of the time.  It also shows some musical ideas that Wagner was to develop later in his life in his famous operas.  The fairy tale atmosphere in the story is also an idea that he uses in his later operas which deal with fantasy stories.  The idea of being saved (redemption) is also an important idea that he used in later operas.

## Infobox (opera)

- **name**: Die Feen
- **translated name**: The Fairies
- **native name**: Die Feen
- **native name lang**: de
- **image**: File:Richard Wagner c.1840.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Wagner, ca. 1840
- **genre**: Opera in 3 acts
- **composer**: Richard Wagner
- **librettist**: Richard Wagner
- **language**: German
- **based on**: La donna serpente (Carlo Gozzi)
Rienzi

***Rienzi*** is an opera by Richard Wagner.  Its full title is ***Rienzi, der Letzte der Tribunen*** (_Rienzi, the Last of the Tribunes_).  It is one of the earliest operas Wagner wrote.  There are five acts.  Wagner wrote the libretto himself, using the story from a novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton.  It was composed between 1838 and 1840  It was first performed at the Hofoper, Dresden on 20 October 1842.  It was the first time Wagner had a success as an opera composer.

## Story

The story of the opera is set in Rome and is based on the life of Cola di Rienzi (1313–1354), a medieval Italian populist figure who manages to trick the nobles and their followers.  He helps the people to get power.  At first he is very popular, but then he has to use force against the nobles, and the Church turns against him.  In the end the ordinary people burn the Capitol where Rienzi and his friends are sheltering.

## Infobox (opera)

- **name**: Rienzi
- **translated name**: Rienzi, the Last of the Tribunes
- **native name**: Rienzi, der Letzte der Tribunen
- **native name lang**: de
- **image**: File:Richard Wagner c.1840.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Wagner, ca. 1840
- **genre**: Opera in 5 acts
- **composer**: Richard Wagner
- **librettist**: Richard Wagner
- **language**: German
- **based on**: Novel by Edward Bulwer-Lytton
- **premiere location**: Semperoper,
Dresden, Germany<br/ >29 October 1842
Chess tournament

A **chess tournament** is a competition between chess players. It can take one of these forms:
1. A knock-out tournament. Not a popular choice in chess events.
1. An all-play-all event. A highly regarded format, but does not permit large entries.
1. A Swiss system event. Permits large entries, and is the most common format. The event has a pre-set number of rounds, and there are many more players than rounds. Progressively, players play opponents with roughly similar points to their own score. Players who win get stronger opponents, players who lose get weaker opponents. Pairing each round may be done by computer. This is an invention of the chess world and, like chess clocks, has been adopted by a number of other two-person sports.

Since the first international chess tournament in London, 1851, chess tournaments have become the standard form of chess competition among serious players. Currently, FIDE holds candidates tournaments every two years to determine challenger to the world champion.

In 1851, Adolf Anderssen became first unofficial champion. In 1858, Paul Morphy beat him and became second unofficial champion. In 1871, Johannez Zukertort defeated Adolf Anderssen to become third unofficial chess champion. There are three unofficial world chess champions: Adolf Anderssen, Paul Morphy and Johannes Zukertort, stemming from first strong international tournament in London in 1851, won by Anderssen.
The Flying Dutchman

***Der fliegende Holländer*** (_The Flying Dutchman_) is an opera by Richard Wagner.  Wagner wrote the libretto himself.  The story comes from the legend of the _Flying Dutchman_, which is about the captain of a ship.  It is his fate  that he has keep sailing the sea, without ever going on to land, until Judgment Day.

The most important idea in the story as told by Wagner is redemption through love.  It was a favourite idea of Wagner, who used it a lot in his later operas.

Wagner conducted the first performance at the Semper Oper in Dresden, in 1843.  It is an early opera of Wagner, but it shows his mature style.  It is very different from the previous opera _Rienzi_ which is still quite similar to operas that other composers were writing.  In _Der fliegende Holländer_ the drama is very important.  Wagner uses a number of leitmotifs: musical ideas associated with particular characters and themes in the story. The leitmotifs are all introduced in the overture.  We hear the famous leitmotif of the ocean and then those of the Dutchman and of Senta, the girl he falls in love with.

Wagner originally wrote _Der fliegende Holländer_ to be performed without any breaks (intermission).  Sometimes it is performed like that today, but Wagner also made a version with three acts.

## Infobox (opera)

- **name**: The Flying Dutchman
- **native name**: Der fliegende Holländer
- **native name lang**: de
- **image**: File:Richard Wagner c.1840.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Wagner, ca. 1840
- **genre**: Opera in 3 acts
- **composer**: Richard Wagner
- **librettist**: Richard Wagner
- **language**: German
- **based on**: Legend
- **premiere location**: Semper Oper,
Dresden, Germany<br/ >1843