juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Creysseilles

**Creysseilles** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Creysseilles
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Le Village de Creysseilles.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Privas
- **insee**: 07074
- **postal code**: 07000
- **mayor**: Jean-Paul Sarrazin
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Privas Rhône et Vallées
- **elevation m**: 450
- **elevation min m**: 337
- **elevation max m**: 924
- **area km2**: 10.25
- **population**: 132
- **population date**: 2008
Cros-de-Géorand

**Cros-de-Géorand** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Cros-de-Géorand
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Cros de géorand 07.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of Cros-de-Géorand
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Haute-Ardèche
- **insee**: 07075
- **postal code**: 07630
- **mayor**: Françoise Laurent
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **elevation m**: 1029
- **elevation min m**: 916
- **elevation max m**: 1594
- **area km2**: 43.39
- **population**: 180
- **population date**: 2008
Duane Allman

**Howard Duane Allman** (November 20, 1946 – October 29, 1971) was an American musician. He was the lead guitarist of the southern rock group, the Allman Brothers Band.  He is often thought of as one of the greatest guitarists of all time, and is widely considered the greatest slide guitarist of all time.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Duane Allman
- **img**: Duane Allman.jpg
- **img capt**: At Fillmore East, 1971
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Howard Duane Allman
- **alias**: Skydog
- **birth place**: Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee
- **death place**: Macon, Georgia
- **instrument**: Guitar, vocals
- **genre**: Southern rock, blues, blues-rock, soul music, soul, rock music, rock, jazz
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1961–1971
- **label**: Mercury Records, Mercury, Capricorn Records, Capricorn
- **associated acts**: The Hour Glass, Wilson Pickett, The Allman Brothers Band, Derek and the Dominos, Aretha Franklin, Herbie Mann, Gregg Allman, Greg Allman, Allman Joys, The Allman Joys
- **website**: [http://www.allmanbrothersband.com/ AllmanBrothersBand.com]
Nomenclature

**Nomenclature** may mean a set or system of names or terms used by one person or by a community. This community will often be used in one or more areas of science (**scientific nomenclature**) or art.

Nomenclature may refer to one of the following:

## Biology

- Biological nomenclature, _see_ Biological classification
    - Linnaean nomenclature, _see_ Biological classification
        - Binomial nomenclature
        - Trinomial nomenclature
    - Phylogenetic nomenclature
    - Nomenclature Codes
        - International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, _see_ Botanical nomenclature
        - International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
        - International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
        - International Code of Phylogenetic Nomenclature, _see_ PhyloCode
        - International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
        - Virus nomenclature, _see_ Virus classification
- Gene nomenclature

## Astronomy

- Astronomical naming conventions
- Planetary nomenclature
- Meteorite nomenclature
- International Astronomical Union

## Chemistry

- Chemical nomenclature, for chemical compounds
- International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
Saint-Étienne

**Saint-Étienne** is a city in France, located southwest of Lyon. It is the prefecture of the Loire department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It was first mentioned in 1258 as _Sancti Stephani de Furanum_. From about the 14th century, the importance of the city grew due to the arms that were made there. Jules Massenet was born near Saint-Étienne.

A.S. Saint-Étienne is a famous football club.

## Education

- EMLYON Business School

## Sister cities

Saint-Étienne is twinned with:
- Annaba (عنّابة), Algeria — since 1981
- Banska Bystrica, Slovakia — since 2006
- Ben Arous (بن عروس), Tunisia — since 1994
- Coventry, United Kingdom — since 1955
- Des Moines, Iowa, United States — since 1984
- Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy — since 1960
- Fes, Morocco — since 2006
- Geltendorf, Bavaria, Germany — since 1966
- Granby, Quebec, Canada — since 1960
- Katowice, Poland — since 1994
- Luhansk (Луга́нськ), Ukraine — since 1959
- Nazareth Illit (), Israel — since 1974
- Oeiras, Portugal — since 1995
- Patras, Greece — since 1990
- Toamasina, Madagascar — since 1967
- Warsaw, Poland — since 1995
- Windsor, Ontario, Canada — since 1963
- Wuppertal, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany — since 1960
- Xúzhōu (徐州市), Jiāngsū (江苏省), China — since 1984

## Other websites

- City council website
- Tourist board official website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Étienne
- **image**: Vueste1.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Saint-Étienne.svg
- **time zone**: CET <small>(GMT +1)</small>
- **mayor**: Gaël Perdriau
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **subdivisions entry**: Subdivision, <span style="color:#000;">Subdivisions</span>
- **area km2**: 79.97
- **elevation m**: 516
- **elevation min m**: 422
- **elevation max m**: 1117
- **population**: 171483
- **population date**: 2012
- **intercommunality**: Saint-Étienne Métropole
- **insee**: 42218
- **postal code**: 42000, 42100
- **website**: http://www.saint-etienne.fr/
Darbres

** Darbres  ** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Darbres
- **image**: Darbres (Ardeche).jpg
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Villeneuve-de-Berg
- **insee**: 07077
- **postal code**: 07170
- **mayor**: Jacques Brunier
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Berg et Coiron
- **elevation m**: 450
- **elevation min m**: 337
- **elevation max m**: 880
- **area km2**: 16.52
- **population**: 212
- **population date**: 1999
Saint-Julien-en-Saint-Alban

** Saint-Julien-en-Saint-Alban ** is a commune in the Ardèche department in south France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Julien-en-Saint-Alban
- **image**: St.Julien-en-Saint-Alban (Ardèche, Fr) mairie.JPG
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Chomérac
- **insee**: 07255
- **postal code**: 07000
- **mayor**: Christian Vercasson
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Privas Rhône et Vallées
- **elevation m**: 131
- **elevation min m**: 98
- **elevation max m**: 697
- **area km2**: 10.39
- **population**: 1022
- **population date**: 1999
Saint-Julien-Labrousse

** Saint-Julien-Labrousse ** is a former commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Belsentes.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Julien-Labrousse
- **image**: Mairie Saint-Julien-Labrousse 2012-08-13-021.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Cheylard
- **insee**: 07256
- **postal code**: 07160
- **mayor**: André Jouve
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Pays du Cheylard
- **elevation m**: 763
- **elevation min m**: 315
- **elevation max m**: 899
- **area km2**: 16.47
- **population**: 318
- **population date**: 1999
Saint-Julien-le-Roux

** Saint-Julien-le-Roux ** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Julien-le-Roux
- **arrondissement**: Tournon-sur-Rhône
- **canton**: Vernoux-en-Vivarais
- **insee**: 07257
- **postal code**: 07240
- **mayor**: Michel Moulin
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **elevation m**: 680
- **elevation min m**: 316
- **elevation max m**: 791
- **area km2**: 8.64
- **population**: 91
- **population date**: 1999
Transport in Melbourne

Melbourne, Victoria, Australia has lots of transport contentions by air, sea, and on land. It has the largest tram network in the world, the most extensive freeway network of any Australian city, the busiest container port in the country, the second busiest airport and the second largest suburban rail network.

## Other websites

- Public Transport in Melbourne, Australia (RailPage Australia)
- Metlink Melbourne
Dompnac

** Dompnac  ** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Dompnac
- **image**: France Ardeche Dompnac 01.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Valgorge
- **insee**: 07081
- **postal code**: 07260
- **mayor**: Aurélia Bouvarel
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Pays Beaume Drobie
- **elevation m**: 510
- **elevation min m**: 355
- **elevation max m**: 1249
- **area km2**: 16.12
- **population**: 82
- **population date**: 1999
Dunière-sur-Eyrieux

** Dunière-sur-Eyrieux  ** is a commune Ardèche in southern France.

The commune's name was changed from _Dunières-sur-Eyrieux_ to _Dunière-sur-Eyrieux_ (without "s") on 1st of January 2001.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Dunière-sur-Eyrieux
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Duniere-sur-Eyrieux 2003.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of Dunière-sur-Eyrieux
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Haut-Eyrieux
- **insee**: 07083
- **postal code**: 07360
- **mayor**: Dominique Allain
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Eyrieux aux Serres
- **elevation min m**: 148
- **elevation max m**: 622
- **area km2**: 7.73
- **population**: 392
- **population date**: 2008
Fabras

** Fabras ** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Fabras
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Thueyts
- **insee**: 07087
- **postal code**: 07380
- **mayor**: Cédric d'Imperio
- **term**: 2008-2014
- **intercommunality**: Source de l'Ardèche
- **elevation m**: 450
- **elevation min m**: 279
- **elevation max m**: 607
- **area km2**: 7.52
- **population**: 276
- **population date**: 1999
Faugères, Ardèche

**Faugères** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Faugères
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Saint Theofrede.jpg
- **caption**: The church in Faugères
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Faugères (Ardèche).svg
- **arrondissement**: Largentière
- **canton**: Les Cévennes ardéchoises
- **insee**: 07088
- **postal code**: 07230
- **mayor**: Christian Paladel
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Pays Beaume Drobie
- **elevation m**: 400
- **elevation min m**: 299
- **elevation max m**: 811
- **area km2**: 5.99
- **population**: 89
- **population date**: 2008
Flaviac

** Flaviac  ** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Flaviac
- **image**: Mairie de Flaviac.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Privas
- **insee**: 07090
- **postal code**: 07000
- **mayor**: Gérard Beal
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Privas Rhône et Vallées
- **elevation m**: 160
- **elevation min m**: 125
- **elevation max m**: 828
- **area km2**: 12.98
- **population**: 1092
- **population date**: 1999
History of the National Hockey League

The National Hockey League (NHL) is a professional sports organization. It contains ice hockey teams in Canada and the United States. It began in 1917 and is still running.

## Founding

The National Hockey League began in 1917 in Montreal. It happened because of a series of problems within the Canadian National Hockey Association (NHA). The NHA suspend operations and the new NHL started instead.
Destroy All Humans! (2005 video game)

***Destroy All Humans!*** is a video game developed by Pandemic Studios and published by THQ. It was released for the Xbox and PlayStation 2 game consoles. The game is set in 1950s U.S. and parodies the lifestyles, pop culture, and politics of this time period. The player controls Cryptosporidium 137, a member of the Furon race of aliens, who has come to Earth to harvest DNA from humans to continue the cloning process of his species. Destroy All Humans has gameplay similar to the _Grand Theft Auto_ series.

## Sequels

A sequel called _Destroy All Humans! 2_ was released in October 17, 2006, and also _Destroy All Humans! Big Willy Unleashed_ has released on February 25, 2008. Exclusive on Nintendo Wii.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Destroy All Humans!
- **developer**: Pandemic Studios
- **publisher**: THQ
- **series**: _Destroy All Humans! (video game series), Destroy All Humans!_
- **released**: June 21, 2005
  February 22, 2007
- **genre**: Third-person shooter
Adventure game, Adventure
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: PlayStation 2, Xbox, Mobile phone
Thylacinidae

The **Thylacinidae** are a family of mammals that were all carnivorous marsupials from the order Dasyuromorphia. They are now extinct, which means we never get to see them again.

## Species

**Family †Thylacinidae**
- Genus †_Badjcinus_
    - †_Badjcinus turnbulli_ (Early Oligocene)
- Genus †_Maximucinus_
    - †_Maximucinus muirheadae_ (Middle Miocene)
- Genus †_Muribacinus_
    - †_Muribacinus gadiyuli_ (Middle Miocene)
- Genus †_Mutpuracinus_
    - †_Mutpuracinus archiboldi_ (Middle Miocene)
- Genus †_Ngamalacinus_
    - †_Ngamalacinus timmulvaneyi_ (Lower Miocene)
- Genus †_Nimbacinus_
    - †_Nimbacinus dicksoni_ (Late Oligocene — Lower Miocene)
    - †_Nimbacinus richi_ (Middle Miocene)
- Genus †_Thylacinus_
    - †_Thylacinus cynocephalus_, also known as the Thylacine (Early Pliocene - 1936)
    - †_Thylacinus macnessi_ (Upper Oligocene — Lower Miocene)
    - †_Thylacinus megiriani_ (Upper Miocene)
    - †_Thylacinus potens_ (Lower Miocene)
    - †_Thylacinus rostralis_
- Genus †_Tjarrpecinus_
    - †_Tjarrpecinus rothi_ (Upper Miocene)
- Genus †_Wabulacinus_
    - †_Wabulacinus ridei_ (Upper Oligocene — Lower Miocene)
Badjcinus

***Badjcinus*** ("expert hunter dog") was an animal that belonged to the extinct marsupial family Thylacinidae.

It was one of the most primitive members of its group, living 33 to 32 million years ago in the early Oligocene. It was quite small, averaging 5.2 lbs (2.4 kg) in weight.

Its diet probably consisted of small mammals, amphibians, reptiles and insects.

Although _Badjcinus_ was successful in its period, it probably was pushed out by other, better developed thylacinids. The fossils were found at Riversleigh in north-west Queensland, Australia.
Thylacinus

***Thylacinus*** is a genus of extinct carnivorous marsupials from the order Dasyuromorphia.

## Species

- Genus ***Thylacinus***
    - _Thylacinus cynocephalus_, also known as the Thylacine (Early Pliocene to 1936)
    - _Thylacinus macnessi_ (Upper Oligocene — Lower Miocene)
    - _Thylacinus megiriani_ (Upper Miocene)
    - _Thylacinus potens_ (Lower Miocene)
    - _Thylacinus rostralis_
Fire blight

**Fire blight** is a contagious disease of rosaceous plants
 The pathogen is _Erwinia amylovora_, a Gram-negative bacterium in the family Enterobacteriaceae. If the conditions are right, it can destroy an entire orchard in a single growing season.

Infections get into open blossoms and tender new shoots and leaves in the spring when blossoms are open. There is no known cure; prevention is the key.
Spraying plants with streptomycin or injecting plants with oxytetracycline can prevent new infections. That leads to antibiotic resistance. Spraying beneficial bacteria or yeast may also prevent fire blight from infecting new trees. The only effective treatment for plants already infected is to cut off the affected branches and dispose of them.
Michael E. DeBakey

**Michael Ellis DeBakey** (September 7, 1908 – July 11, 2008) was an [Lebanese] heart surgeon who was considered to be a very important name in his area. He was also among the early names of heart surgery.

DeBakey was born as **Michel Dabaghi** in Lake Charles, Louisiana on September 7, 1908. His parents were born in Lebanon, but moved to America before he was born.

DeBakey was involved with medicine from a young age and went to Tulane University. He held many medicine-related positions during his lifetime.

During World War II, DeBakey made wartime medicine much better than it used to be. He was for the idea of having doctors closer to the areas of battle in war, which worked very well and due to that, more badly hurt soldiers survived. Because of this, Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals (also known as MASH units) were made, and they were used during the Korean War.

In addition to MASH units, DeBakey made many important aspects to surgery, one of which was the roller pump, which DeBakey made at age 23 while still at Tulane University. This would later on make open-heart surgery able to be done, as roller pumps can make blood flow during surgery.

DeBakey worked with another important heart surgeon, Denton Cooley, but they had a disagreement related to the first artificial heart(a manmade heart) put in a human. They did not get along for a long time, but they went on good terms in 2007.

DeBakey did something rare by still practicing medicine in old age. People that he operated on included world leaders, such as Russian President Boris Yeltsin.

In 2005, a serious heart problem happened to DeBakey. Despite him having made the surgery for this problem, he, at first, did not want any surgery. As he got in worse condition, the surgical team had made the decision to perform surgery anyway. Once the surgery was done and he got in better health, DeBakey said that he was glad the surgery happened after all.

On July 11, 2008, DeBakey died of natural causes at age 99. His first wife, two of his sons, and a brother died before him, while his second wife, a daughter, two sons, and two sisters outlive him.

## Other websites

- DeBakey Department of Surgery at Baylor College of Medicine
- Methodist DeBakey Heart Center at The Methodist Hospital
- Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center
- Michael E. DeBakey International Surgical Society
- DeBakey Institute for Comparative Cardiovascular Science and Biomedical Devices at Texas A&M University
- Lasker Luminary Dr. Michael DeBakey
- The Man on the Table Was 97, but He Devised the Surgery -- _The New York Times_
- In Moscow in 1996, a Doctor's Visit Changed History -- _The New York Times_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael Dabaghi(Debakey)
- **image**: Michael DeBakey.jpg
- **caption**: Dr. Michael Ellis Dabaghi
- **imagesize**: 190px
- **birth date**: September 7, 1908
- **birth place**: marjeyoun ,Lebanon
- **death date**: July 11, 2008 (aged 99)
- **death place**: Houston, Texas, United States
- **alma mater**: Tulane University
Caitlin

**Caitlin**[ keyt-lin ] is a female given name. It is a name of exquisite beauty that has enjoyed immense popularity for several decades. Its rich historical and cultural roots imbue it with great significance. The name Caitlin originates from Ireland and is derived from the Gaelic name Caitlín, which in turn is a variant of the name Catherine, meaning "pure" or "clear." This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Caitlin Clark, American basketball player
- Caitlin Foord, Australian soccer player
- Caitlin Gerard, American actress
- Caitlin Lopes Da Silva, New Zealand water polo player
- Caitlin McHugh, American actress and writer
- Caitlin Stasey, Australian actress

## Infobox (given name)

- **name**: Caitlin
- **gender**: Female
- **origin**: Ireland
- **related names**: Kathleen
Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards

***Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards***, known in Japan as , is a Nintendo 64 platform video game made by HAL Laboratory and Nintendo. It was later released on the Wii's Virtual Console in 2008 and the Wii U's Virtual Console in 2015. In the game, Kirby helps Ribbon use the power of the crystal to defeat Dark Matter. It introduces the concept of combining abilities. Kirby can combine two abilities to make a new one.

## Levels

- Planet Popstar
- Rock Star
- Aqua Star
- Neo Star
- Shiver Star
- Ripple Star
- Dark Star

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Kirby 64: The Crystal Shards
- **image**: Kirby64TheCrystalShardsLogotype.png
- **developer**: HAL Laboratory, Inc., HAL Laboratory
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **released**: **Nintendo 64:**
**Virtual Console (Wii):**
**Virtual Console (Wii U):**

- **genre**: Platform game, Platformer
- **modes**: Single player, Multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo 64, Virtual Console (Wii, Wii U)
12 Angry Men

***12 Angry Men*** is an American drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet and written by Reginald Rose. It is set in New York City and stars Henry Fonda. It was produced in 1957, and is based on a play by the same name also written by Reginald Rose. It's about 12 jurors having to decide whether a defendant is guilty or not, with only one person saying not guilty in the beginning and trying to convince everyone to vote the same.

## Plot

The story is about 12 jurors having to vote on whether the defendant being tried for the murder of his father. The crime carries the death penalty, so they are deciding whether he lives or dies. At the beginning, only Juror #8 votes not guilty, and he tries to get everyone else to do the same. After a while, Juror #8 agrees to vote guilty if everyone votes guilty again, but Juror #9 votes not guilty, and they keep talking. Slowly, Juror #8 convinces more and more people to vote not guilty, with a few people fighting him strongly. In the end Juror #3 cracks under the pressure of the other jurors and they all end up voting not guilty.

## Cast

|Juror #|Character|1954 actor|1957 actor|1997 actor|2004-2005 Actor|2006-2007 Actor|Order that juror votes 'not guilty'|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|The jury foreman|Norman Fell|Martin Balsam|Courtney B. Vance|Mark Blum|George Wendt|9|
|2|Bank clerk|John Beal|John Fiedler|Ossie Davis|Kevin Greer|Todd Cerveris|5|
|3|Business man|Franchot Tone|Lee J. Cobb|George C. Scott|Philip Bosco (Replaced by Robert Foxworth)|Randle Mell|12|
|4|A stockbroker|Walter Abel|E. G. Marshall|Armin Mueller-Stahl|James Rebhorn|Jeffrey Hayenga|10 (tie)|
|5|A man from a violent slum|Lee Phillips|Jack Klugman|Dorian Harewood|Michael Mastro|Jim Saltouros|3|
|6|A house painter|Bart Burns|Ed Binns|James Gandolfini|Robert Clohessy|Charles Borland|6|
|7|A salesman|Paul Hartman|Jack Warden|Tony Danza|John Pankow|Mark Morettini|7|
|8|An architect called Davis|Robert Cummings|Henry Fonda|Jack Lemmon|Boyd Gaines|Richard Thomas|1|
|9|An old man called McArdle|Joseph Sweeney|Joseph Sweeney|Hume Cronyn|Tom Aldredge|Alan Mandell|2|
|10|A garage owner|Edward Arnold|Ed Begley|Mykelti Williamson|Peter Friedman|Julian Gamble|10 (tie)|
|11|An immigrant watchmaker|George Voskovec|George Voskovec|Edward James Olmos|Larry Bryggman|David Lively|4|
|12|An advertising executive|William West|Robert Webber|William L. Petersen|Adam Trese (Replaced by Byron Jennings)|Craig Wroe|8|

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: 12 Angry Men
- **director**: Sidney Lumet
- **producer**: Henry Fonda
Reginald Rose
- **writer**: Reginald Rose
- **starring**: Henry Fonda
Lee J. Cobb
E. G. Marshall
Martin Balsam
 John Fiedler
Jack Klugman
Ed Binns
Jack Warden
Joseph Sweeney
Ed Begley
George Voskovec
Robert Webber
- **music**: Kenyon Hopkins
- **cinematography**: Boris Kaufman
- **editing**: Carl Lerner
- **studio**: United Artists
- **distributor**: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, MGM
- **released**: **United States**:
 April 13, 1957;
August 17, 1997, TV
- **runtime**: 96 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: US$340,000 (estimated)
Dilemma

A **dilemma** (Greek δί-λημμα "double proposition") is when two solutions or possibilities are present. If both solutions are undesirable or impossible, this may put a person **on the horns of a dilemma**, neither outcome is comfortable.

The dilemma is sometimes put as a choice "you must accept either A, or B". Here A and B are each leading to some undesirable conclusion.

In formal logic, the definition of a dilemma differs from everyday usage.  Two options are still present, but choosing between them is immaterial because they both imply the same conclusion.  Symbolically expressed thus:

This can be translated informally as "one (or both) of A or B is known to be true, but they both imply C, so regardless of the truth values of A and B we can conclude C."

Horned dilemmas can present more than two choices.  The number of choices of horned dilemmas can be used in their alternative names, such as two-pronged (two-horned) or dilemma proper, or three-pronged (three-horned) or trilemma, and so on.

Constructive dilemmas

- 1. (If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z).
- 2. X or W.
- 3. Therefore, Y or Z.

Destructive dilemmas

- 1. (If X, then Y) and (If W, then Z).
- 2. Not Y or not Z.
- 3. Therefore, not X or not W.

## Responses to a dilemma

In _Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance,_ Robert Pirsig outlines possible responses to a dilemma. The classical responses are to either choose one of the two horns and refute the other or alternatively to refute both horns by showing that there are additional choices. Pirsig then mentions three illogical or rhetorical responses. One can "throw sand in the bull's eyes" by, for example, questioning the competence of the questioner. One can "sing the bull to sleep" by, for example, stating that the answer to the question is beyond one's own humble powers and asking the questioner for help. Finally one can "refuse to enter the arena" by, for example, stating that the question is unanswerable.

## Related pages

- Prisoner's dilemma
- False dilemma
- Contradiction
- Paradox
- Trilemma
Dilemma (disambiguation)

**Dilemma** has several meanings:
- A certain group of problems from mathematics and logic where several solutions are possible, but where none of the solutions are good, see dilemma
- A song, see Dilemma (song)
Royal Society (disambiguation)

The **Royal Society** may mean:

- Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, United Kingdom
- Royal Society for Asian Affairs, United Kingdom
- Royal Society for Protection of Nature, Bhutan
- Royal Society for the Conservation of Nature, Jordan
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, United Kingdom
- Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, United Kingdom
- Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, United Kingdom
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, United Kingdom
- Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
- Royal Society of Arts, United Kingdom
- Royal Society of British Artists, United Kingdom
- Royal Society of Canada
- Royal Society of Chemistry, United Kingdom
- Royal Society of Edinburgh, Scotland
- Royal Society of Literature, United Kingdom
- Royal Society of Marine Artists, United Kingdom
- Royal Society of Medicine, United Kingdom
- Royal Society of Miniature Painters Sculptors and Gravers, United Kingdom
- Royal Society of Musicians, United Kingdom
- Royal Society of New South Wales, Australia
- Royal Society of New Zealand
- Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers, United Kingdom
- Royal Society of Portrait Painters, United Kingdom
- Royal Society of Queensland, Australia
- Royal Society of Sciences and Letters in Gothenburg, Sweden
- Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala, Sweden
- Royal Society of South Australia
- Royal Society of St George, England
- Royal Society of Tasmania, Australia
- Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
- Royal Society of Ulster Architects, Northern Ireland
- Royal Society of Victoria, Australia
- Royal Society of Western Australia
- Royal Society of Wildlife Trusts, United Kingdom

**Royal Society** may also refer to :
- The Royal Society (album), the second studio album by the dark psychobilly band The Eighties Matchbox B-Line Disaster
- The Royal Society Range, a mountain range in Antarctica named after the original Royal Society
Hapkido

**Hapkido** () is a Korean martial art.

To simple sight it is a combination of techniques of taekwondo with others of aikibudo. Its teaching is very much focused to the self-defence.

## History

The history of hapkido is enough confused, but many resources believe it to be the work of two Koreans: Choi Yong Sul (1904-1986) and Ji Han Jae (1936-). When was child, Choi had been in Japan, where it seems that he worked as servant for the master of Daito ryu Aiki jutsu, Sokaku Takeda.

Choi had demonstrated qualities in Daito-ryu Aiki-jutsu and often in Takeda they sent him in order to face with other persons who performed martial arts. From his return to Korea, Choi had begun to give classes of martial arts. One of his students, Ji Han Jae, had made Korean traditional techniques of kicks and punches (obtained from taekkyon and from hwarangdo) a part of the collection of techniques and in result he gave it the name of hapkido in the 1959.

Besides of Choi and Ji, many schools of Korean martial arts have taken part in the development of several techniques that have helped in causing such hapkido as it is known it.

## Other websites

- Sin Moo Hapkido in Spain
- Official Website
- Spanish Association Yang Hum Kwan Hapkido
- Official Website Sin Moo Hapkido in France
- Site of the Hapki Yu Kwon Sul of Land of Basques
- Official Website of the Cheong Kyum Association
West Midlands

**West Midlands** may mean either:

- West Midlands (region), a region of England
- West Midlands (county), a county in the West Midlands region
Fons, Ardèche

**Fons** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Fons
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Aubenas
- **insee**: 07091
- **postal code**: 07200
- **mayor**: Patrick Maisonneuve
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Vinobre
- **elevation m**: 300
- **elevation min m**: 232
- **elevation max m**: 492
- **area km2**: 4.03
- **population**: 264
- **population date**: 1999
Freyssenet

**Freyssenet** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Freyssenet
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Privas
- **insee**: 07092
- **postal code**: 07000
- **mayor**: Jean Pierre Ladreyt
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Privas Rhône et Vallées
- **elevation m**: 800
- **elevation min m**: 356
- **elevation max m**: 909
- **area km2**: 9.54
- **population**: 49
- **population date**: 1999
Genestelle

** Genestelle ** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Genestelle
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Antraigues-sur-Volane
- **insee**: 07093
- **postal code**: 07530
- **mayor**: Raymonde Duplan
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Pays d'Aubenas-Vals
- **elevation m**: 675
- **elevation min m**: 349
- **elevation max m**: 1345
- **area km2**: 21.43
- **population**: 269
- **population date**: 1999
Gilhac-et-Bruzac

** Gilhac-et-Bruzac ** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Gilhac-et-Bruzac
- **image**: Chateau-pierregourde-5.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: La Voulte-sur-Rhône
- **insee**: 07094
- **postal code**: 07800
- **mayor**: Pierre Ducros
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **elevation m**: 600
- **elevation min m**: 160
- **elevation max m**: 786
- **area km2**: 30.94
- **population**: 115
- **population date**: 1999
Gluiras

**Gluiras** is a commune in the Ardèche _département_ in southern France. It is mostly known for its food.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Ardèche department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Gluiras
- **image**: Mairie de Gluiras.JPG
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Saint-Pierreville
- **insee**: 07096
- **postal code**: 07190
- **mayor**: Alain Risson
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Châtaigniers
- **elevation min m**: 219
- **elevation max m**: 1046
- **area km2**: 25.10
- **population**: 349
- **population date**: 1999
Gourdon, Ardèche

**Gourdon** is a commune in of the Ardèche _département_ in southern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Gourdon
- **image**: Rocherdegourdon.JPG
- **arrondissement**: Privas
- **canton**: Privas
- **insee**: 07098
- **postal code**: 07000
- **mayor**: Daniel Lantoine
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Roche de Gourdon
- **elevation m**: 600
- **elevation min m**: 514
- **elevation max m**: 1068
- **area km2**: 12.84
- **population**: 79
- **population date**: 1999
You Am I

**You Am I** is a band from Sydney, Australia. It started in 1989 and plays alternative rock music. You Am I is famous for its lead singer Tim Rogers, for having lots of albums at number one on the ARIA Charts, and for their live music.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: You Am I
- **img**: You Am I 2.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Sydney, Australia
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **label**: EMI
- **url**: http://www.youami.com.au/
- **current members**: Tim Rogers
Davey Lane
Andy Kent
Rusty Hopkinson
- **past members**: Jaimme Rogers
Nick Tischler
Mark Tunaley
Greg Hitchcock
Vodafone

**Vodafone** is a mobile phone network operator. Its headquarters are in Newbury, Berkshire, England. It is the largest mobile phone network company in the world; it has a market value of about £75 billion (June 2008).

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Vodafone Group Plc
- **image**: Newbury, New Vodafone Headquarters - geograph.org.uk - 5590.jpg
- **former name**: Racal Strategic Radio Ltd (1984-1985)
Racal Telecom Ltd (1985-1988)
Racal Telecom Plc (1988-1991)
Vodafone Group Plc (1991-1999)
Vodafone AirTouch Plc (1999-2000)
- **type**: Public limited company
- **industry**: Telecommunications
- **founded**: 1984
- **founder**: * Ernest Harrison
* Gerry Whent
- **hq location**: Newbury, Berkshire, England, United Kingdom
- **area served**: United Kingdom
- **products**: Mobile and fixed telephony
Game engine

A **game engine** is a tool box that carries all the necessary equipment needed to rapidly build a consistent world just like the real world. For example, in real life you would expect an apple to fall to the floor if you let it go from your hand. Game makers use game engines to apply similar rules into their games which allow consistency across their game.

### Main game program

Game engines help game creators make rules for their games, which is also known as game logic.

### Rendering engine

The rendering engine creates the 3D images found in video games; most rendering engines rely on dedicated graphics tools and applications to complete these functions. To put it simply, graphics applications like Direct3D, OpenGL, or Vulkan streamline the difficult process of dealing directly with the computers graphics processing unit , the component of the computer that handles the display of images.

### Audio engine

The Audio Engine components of the Game Engine incorporates algorithms related to loading and modifying audio input and output. Audio engine’s allow developers to load sound onto the game by decompressing and playing audio files to simulate game sound. Possibilities are endless, an example of how complex audio engine’s can expand is the idea of a doppler effect. Doppler effects can be represented as echoes, pitch/amplitude adjustments, and oscillations.

### Physics engine

Is responsible for emulating realistic laws of physics within the application. This consists of a set of functions for simulating physical forces and collisions. Which acts on various objects within the application during run time.

### Artificial intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is implemented into different parts of the main game program. For example, in player vs player video games, AI is used to create bots players can play against.

## Other websites

- GameMiddleware.org , a reference website concerning game middleware and game engines available for commercial use
- 3D Game and Graphics Engines Database, a comprehensive database of today's graphics and game engines
- Terrain in Games, an extensive overview of terrain rendering in 1997-2000 game engines
Autodromo Nazionale Monza

**Autodromo Nazionale Monza** is a motorsport race track. It is near the town of Monza, Italy, north of Milan. It is one of the oldest motor racing tracks in the world.

It was built in 1922, and has been used for the Italian Grand Prix almost every year since.
Abe Vigoda

**Abe Vigoda** (February 24, 1921 – January 26, 2016) was an actor in both television and movie. His most well known roles are playing mobster Sal Tessio in the movies _The Godfather_ and _The Godfather: Part II_, and playing Detective Phil Fish on television shows _Barney Miller_ and _Fish_, _Fish_ having been a spinoff of _Barney Miller_.

## Multiple death hoax

In 1982, _People_ magazine said that Vigoda had died, even though he did not. Vigoda took the error with a sense of humor, even appearing in a picture where he was in a coffin, holding said magazine. Since then, the false death information, as well as the question to whether Vigoda is dead or alive, has been used as a joke sometimes on various television shows and internet websites.

## Death

Vigoda died in his sleep under hospice care at his daughter's home in Woodland Park, New Jersey from complications of an illness on January 26, 2016 at the age of 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Abe Vigoda
- **image**: Abe Vigoda Fish 1977.jpg
- **birthname**: Abraham Charles Vigodah
- **birth place**: New York City, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **death place**: Woodland Park, New Jersey, U.S.
- **othername**: Abe Vigoda
- **yearsactive**: 1949 – 2014
- **known for**: Playing "Sal Tessio" in _The Godfather_ (1972) and _The Godfather: Part II_ (1974)
924 Gilman Street

The **924 Gilman Street** project, used to be called the **Alternative Music Foundation**, is the Berkeley, California street address and official business name of the all-ages, non-profit, music club called "Gilman."

## Other websites

- Venue Official Website
Big Bird

**Big Bird** is a Muppet character on the children's television show _Sesame Street_. He is a big, yellow bird. Unlike most other Muppets, he is a full-body Muppet, meaning that the person controlling him is completely inside the costume. The person who played the role of Big Bird was Caroll Spinney from 1969 to 2018. In 2018, Caroll Spinney retired, and Matt Vogel started playing Big Bird full time.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Big Bird
- **color**: Yellow
- **series**: Sesame Street
- **first**: Episode 0001 (November 10, 1969)
- **creator**: Jim Henson
- **designer**: Kermit Love
- **portrayer**: Caroll Spinney (1969–2015)
Matt Vogel (1996-present)
- **nickname**: Grandsonny, by his grandmother
Bird, by his best friend, Snuffy
- **species**: Muppet bird
- **gender**: Male
- **image**: Photograph of First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton Posing on the Big Bird Nest Set with Big Bird and Rosita to Celebrate the 25th Season of Sesame Street - NARA - 4003478.jpg
- **alt**: First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton Posing on the Big Bird Nest Set with Big Bird and Rosita.
- **caption**: First Lady Hillary Clinton posing on Big Bird's nest with Big Bird and Rosita to celebrate the 25th season of Sesame Street in New York City.
Nimrod (album)

***Nimrod*** is the fifth album by the punk rock band Green Day. It was released on October 14, 1997 on Reprise Records.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Nimrod
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Green Day
- **released**: October 14, 1997
- **recorded**: May 1997 – July 1997
- **genre**: Punk rock, pop punk
- **length**: 49:09
- **label**: Reprise Records, Reprise
- **producer**: Green Day, Rob Cavallo
- **prev title**: Insomniac (album), Insomniac
- **prev year**: 1995
- **next title**: Warning (album), Warning
- **next year**: 2000
Insomniac (album)

***Insomniac*** is the fourth studio album from the punk rock band Green Day.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Insomniac
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Green Day
- **released**: October 10, 1995
- **recorded**: April–June 1995
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **length**: 32:55
- **label**: Reprise Records, Reprise
- **producer**: Green Day, Rob Cavallo
- **prev title**: Dookie
- **prev year**: 1994
- **next title**: Nimrod (album), Nimrod
- **next year**: 1997
Rock opera

**Rock operas**, concept albums, song cycles and oratorios all are not the same from a rock album, which usually has songs that are unrelated to each other in storyline. Bands such as Nightwish and Green Day use rock opera in their music.
Grammy Award for Record of the Year

The **Record of the Year** is one of the four most special Grammy Awards given every year.  It has been awarded since 1959.
Grammy Award for Best Rock Album

The Grammy Award for **Best Rock Album** has been awarded since 1995.  Below is the list of awards, given for musical works created in the previous year.

- Sheryl Crow was the first artist to win this award twice (1997 and 1999). The second act to do so was the Foo Fighters, the third U2, and the fourth Green Day.
- Foo Fighters have won this award five times. This is more than any other artist.

## Winners

|width="7%"|Year|width="25%"|Winner(s)|width="25%"|Work|width="5%" class="unsortable"|Ref.|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|The Rolling Stones||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Santana||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Foo Fighters||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|U2||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Foo Fighters||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Green Day||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|U2||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Red Hot Chili Peppers||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Foo Fighters||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Coldplay||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Green Day||style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Muse|_The Resistance_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Foo Fighters|_Wasting Light_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|The Black Keys|_El Camino_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Led Zeppelin|_Celebration Day_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Beck|_Morning Phase_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Muse|_Drones_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Cage the Elephant|_Tell Me I'm Pretty_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|The War on Drugs|_A Deeper Understanding_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Greta Van Fleet|_From the Fires_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Cage the Elephant|_Social Cues_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|The Strokes|_The New Abnormal_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Foo Fighters|_Medicine at Midnight_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Ozzy Osbourne|_Patient Number 9_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Paramore|_This Is Why_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|The Rolling Stones|_Hackney Diamonds_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
|Turnstile|_Never Enough_|style="text-align:center;"||||||
Boulevard of Broken Dreams

"**Boulevard of Broken Dreams**" might mean:

## Songs

- "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" (song), an Al Dubin/Harry Warren song from the 1934 film _Moulin Rouge_
- "Boulevard of Broken Dreams", a 1958 song by Juan García Esquivel
- "Boulevard of Broken Dreams", a song by Marianne Faithfull
- "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" (Green Day song), a 2004 song by Green Day
- "Boulevard of Broken Dreams", a 1984 song from Hanoi Rocks
- _Boulevard of Broken Dreams_, a 1957 album by Ferlin Husky
- "Por el Boulevard de los sueños rotos" (Spanish for "On the Boulevard of Broken Dreams"), a 1994 song by Joaquin Sabina
- _Boulevard of Broken Dreams_ (album), a 1989 album (and its title track) by Smokie

## Other works

- "Boulevard of Broken Dreams", a Gottfried Helnwein variation of the Edward Hopper painting _Nighthawks_, featuring Marilyn Monroe, Humphrey Bogart, James Dean, and Elvis Presley in place of Hopper's more anonymous characters
- _Boulevard of Broken Dreams_, a biography of James Dean by Paul Alexander
- "The Boulevard of Broken Dreams", a story from Harlan Ellison's 1978 short story collection _Strange Wine_
- _The Boulevard of Broken Dreams_, an underground comix by Kim Deitch
- _Boulevard of Broken Dreams_ (movie), a 1988 Australian film starring John Waters

## Other

- _Boulevard of Broken Dreams_ (TV series), a documentary series on the E! television network, about the lives of the individuals who could not make it in Hollywood
- The selfish and cynical game path in the 1996 PC game _The Pandora Directive_
Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Green Day song)

"**Boulevard of Broken Dreams**" is a song by Green Day. Green Day is an American punk rock band. The song is from their seventh studio album, _American Idiot_ (2004). It is the second single from the album. Billie Joe Armstrong wrote the words for the song.

The song is about Jesus of Suburbia (the protagonist of _American Idiot_) walking down a road after "Holiday". Many consider "Boulevard of Broken Dreams" to be one of the best songs written by Green Day. It has received many awards, such as the Grammy Award for Record of the Year. It was number two on the _Billboard_ Hot 100.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Boulevard of Broken Dreams
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Green Day
- **album**: American Idiot
- **released**: September 7, 2004
- **recorded**: February 2004
- **genre**: punk rock
- **length**: 4:20
- **label**: Reprise Records, Reprise
- **writer**: Green Day, Billie Joe Armstrong
- **producer**: Green Day, Rob Cavallo
- **prev title**: Shoplifter (song), Shoplifter
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: Holiday (Green Day song), Holiday
- **next year**: 2005
Vallejo, California

**Vallejo** ( or  in English;  in the original Spanish) is a city in Solano County, California,  United States. It is on the shore of San Pablo Bay.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Vallejo, California
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in California, City
- **image skyline**: Night falls on Mare Island.jpeg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: View of Vallejo from Mare Island
- **nickname**: V-Town, The Old Capital, Valley Joe
- **motto**: City of Opportunity, The Naval City
- **image map**: Solano County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Vallejo Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Solano County, California, Solano County and the state of California
- **pushpin map**: California##USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in California##Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: California
- **subdivision type2**: Region
- **subdivision name2**: San Francisco Bay Area
- **subdivision type3**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name3**: Solano County, California, Solano
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1851
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: March 30, 1868
- **government type**: Mayor-council government, Mayor-council
- **leader title2**: California's 3rd State Senate district, State senator
- **leader title3**: California's 11th State Assembly district, Assemblymember
- **leader title4**: California's 8th congressional district, U. S. rep.
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 48.30
- **area total km2**: 125.11
- **area land sq mi**: 30.42
- **area land km2**: 78.79
- **area water sq mi**: 17.88
- **area water km2**: 46.32
- **area water percent**: 37.02
- **elevation ft**: 69
- **elevation m**: 21
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 126090
- **population rank**: Solano County, California, 1st in Solano County
List of largest California cities by population, 49th in California
- **population density sq mi**: 4100
- **population density km2**: 1600
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 94589–94592
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 707, 707
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank1 info**: ,
- **website**: https://www.cityofvallejo.net