juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Telephone numbers in Belgium

**International call prefix: 00**

**Trunk prefix: 0**

**A telephone number in Belgium** is nine or ten digits dialed on a telephone to make a call. Belgium is under a closed telephone numbering plan.  It keeps the trunk code, '0', for all national dialling.

## Overview and structure

Area codes in Belgium are one or two digits long.  All Belgian telephone numbers dialed in Belgium must use the leading '0' trunk code.

From outside Belgium, a caller would dial their international call prefix (typically **00** in Europe and **011** in North America), followed by 32 (the country code for Belgium), then the area code minus the trunk code '0', and finally the local number.

Mobile/GSM area codes always begin with **04xx** and the subscriber number is six digits long.

## Area codes

- **010:**  Wavre (_Waver_)
- **011:**  Hasselt
- **012:**  Tongeren (_Tongres_)
- **013:**  Diest
- **014:**  Geel, Herentals, Turnhout
- **015:**  Mechelen (_Malines_)
- **016:**  Leuven (_Louvain_), Tienen (_Tirlemont_)
- **019:**  Waremme (_Borgworm_)
- **02:**   Brussels (_Bruxelles_/_Brussel_)
- **03:**   Antwerpen (_Antwerp_), Sint-Niklaas
- **04:**   Liège (_Luik_), Voeren (_Fourons_)
- **050:**  Brugge (_Bruges_), Zeebrugge
- **051:**  Roeselare (_Roulers_)
- **052:**  Dendermonde (_Termonde_)
- **053:**  Aalst (_Alost_)
- **054:**  Ninove
- **055:**  Ronse (_Renaix_)
- **056:**  Kortrijk (_Courtrai_), Comines-Warneton (_Komen-Warneton_),  Mouscron (_Moeskroen_)
- **057:**  Ieper (_Ypres_)
- **058:**  Veurne (_Furnes_)
- **059:**  Oostende (_Ostend_)
- **060:**  Chimay
- **061:**  Bastogne, Libramont-Chevigny
- **063:**  Arlon (_Aarlen_)
- **064:**  La Louvière
- **065:**  Mons (_Bergen_)
- **067:**  Nivelles (_Nijvel_)
- **068:**  Ath (_Aat_)
- **069:**  Tournai (_Doornik_)
- **070:**  Specialty Numbers (i.e. bus information or bank information)
- **071:**  Charleroi
- **080:**  Stavelot
- **0800:** toll free service
- **081:**  Namur (_Namen_)
- **082:**  Dinant
- **083:**  Ciney
- **084:**  Jemelle, Marche-en-Famenne
- **085:**  Huy (_Hoei_)
- **086:**  Durbuy
- **087:**  Verviers
- **089:**  Genk
- **09:**   Gent (_Ghent_/_Gand_)
- **090x:** Premium numbers (0900, 0901, 0902, 0903, 0904, 0905, 0906, 0907, 0908, 0909)*
Spyro

**Spyro** may refer to:

- _Spyro_ (series), a video game series
    - Spyro (character), the main character of that series
    - _Spyro the Dragon_ (video game), the first game in the series, released in 1998
Solo concerto

The **solo concerto** is a concerto that includes a single soloist, with accompaniment from the entire orchestra. It originated in the Baroque period, and remained throughout the years to be popular among many composers.  Although it is not true for many solo concerti, it could be said that the genre typically has three movements, the first and the last being fast-paced and lively, broken up by a more lyrical, slower second movement.

Giuseppe Torelli was one of the first composers to write solo concerti, written in 1698; however Vivaldi could be credited to making the three-movement form as typical of this genre.  Later, Handel wrote many solo concerti for different types of soloist, as before then they had mainly been only for violin.

The Classical period then used solo concerti to great effect, and developed to make the solos more virtuosic.  Many of Beethoven’s and Mozart’s more famous works were solo concerti.

The early Romantic period had many solo concerti, written by well-known composers such as Mendelssohn, and were not too different from those of the classical era.  However, later in this period, the solos became even more virtuosic, meaning that only brilliant players could ever play them.  Along  with this, the structures and textures became denser, helped by the excessive size that was commonplace during the era.

Finally, 20th century music carried on the rich works of the Romantic era.  However, when neoclassic genres came about, many classical-style solo concerti were written once again.
Phidias

**Phidias**, or **Pheidias** (about 480430 BC), born in Athens, Greece (Ancient Times), was a sculptor, painter and architect. His statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

He also designed the statues of the goddess Athena on the Acropolis. These were the _Athena Parthenos_ inside the Parthenon and the _Athena Promachos_, a bronze statue of Athena near the entrance to the Acropolis.

Phidias was twice accused of stealing some of the costly materials he used. He was accused of taking some of the ivory for the Athena Parthenos; and at Olympia, of stealing some of the gold for Zeus' cloak. A false witness against Phidias testified. Phidias died in prison. Today, most critics and historians consider him one of the greatest of ancient Greek sculptors.
Gallia Belgica

**Gallia Belgica**, which means **"Belgian Gaul"** in Latin**,** was a Roman province. Different parts of it are in several countries today, including Belgium, Luxembourg, a big part of northern France, and part of the Rhineland in Germany, which is the part of Germany west of the Rhine River.

The people who lived in Gallia Belgica were called the Belgae. They were a group of tribes within the bigger country called Gaul, which covered all of modern France. According to Julius Caesar, the Belgae were different from the other Gauls. He said that the border between Belgica and the main Celtic part of Gaul was the Marne and the Seine rivers and that the border with Germania was the Rhine river. It is no longer certain what language or languages were spoken in Gallia Belgica, but historians know there was an influence of both Celtic and Germanic languages.

The area was conquered in 57 BC by Julius Caesar.  Emperor Diocletian changed the Gaulish provinces around 300 AD. He split Belgica into two provinces: **Belgica Prima** and **Belgica Secunda**. Belgica Prima had Treveri (Trier) as its main city and was the eastern part. The border between Belgica Prima and Belgica Secunda was along the River Meuse.

In 406 AD, the Vandals, Burgundians and other tribes crossed the Rhine.  They defeated the Gaulish forces. Belgica Secunda became in the 5th century the center of Clovis' Merovingian kingdom and during the 8th century the heart of the Carolingian Empire.
Belgae

The **Belgae** were a group of tribes living in northern Gaul.  They were on the west bank of the Rhine, in the 3rd century BC.  Later they were also in Britain, and possibly even Ireland. They gave their name to the Roman province of Gallia Belgica, and very much later, to the modern country of Belgium.

The Belgae came to Britain as raiders and settled in southern Britain shortly before the Romans came. They occupied the area later called Hampshire.
Carolingian Empire

**Carolingian Empire** (800–888) is a historiographical term for the kingdom of the Franks under the Carolingian dynasty in the Early Middle Ages. The dynasty is seen as the predecessor of modern-day France, Austria and Germany. It began by the crowning of Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, and ended by the death of his descendant Charles the Fat.

The empire can be seen as the later history of the Frankish Kingdom or the early history of France and of the Holy Roman Empire. The emperor had absolute power and killed many Catholics and pagans.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Roman Empire
- **common name**: Carolingan Empire
- **native name**: Romanorum imperium
- **image flag**: Oriflamme of Charlemagne.png
- **flag caption**: Pennant attributed to Charlemagne in 9th century mosaic.
- **image map**: Frankish Empire (orthographic projection).svg
- **capital**: Aachen
- **national languages**: Latin
- **religion**: Catholicism
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **leader title1**: first Emperor
- **leader name1**: Charlemagne
- **leader title2**: last Emperor (843)
- **leader name2**: Lothair I
- **leader title3**: last Emperor (888)
- **leader name3**: Charles the Fat
- **established event1**: Coronation of Charlemagne
- **established date1**: 800
- **established event2**: Treaty of Verdun
- **established date2**: 843
- **established event3**: Death of Charles the Fat
- **established date3**: 888
- **status**: Empire
- **life span**: 800–843/888
- **p1**: Francia
- **s1**: West Francia
- **s2**: Middle Francia
- **s3**: East Francia
- **today**: France, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Austria
2013 AFC U-22 Championship

The **2013 AFC U-22 Championship** is a football tournament for players under the age of 22. It was held in 11 - 26 January IN 2014. All the Asian under-22 football teams can compete.

## Teams

- Iraq (Group A winners)
- United Arab Emirates (Group A runners-up)
- Saudi Arabia (Group B winners)
- Syria (Group B runners-up)
- Iran (Group C winners)
- Kuwait (Group C runners-up)
- Jordan (Group D winners)
- Uzbekistan (Group D runners-up)
- North Korea (Group F winners)
- China PR (Group F runners-up)
- South Korea (Group G winners)
- Myanmar (Group G runners-up)

#### Group A

|width="175"|Team|width="20"|Pld|width="20"|W|width="20"|D|width="20"|L|width="20"|GF|width="20"|GA|width="20"|GD|width="20"|Pts|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|3|2|1|0|8|2|+6|**7**||||||||||
|align=left|3|2|1|0|6|1|+5|**7**||||||||||
|align=left|3|1|0|2|4|3|+1|**3**||||||||||
|align=left|3|0|0|3|1|13|-12|**0**||||||||||

#### Group B

|width="175"|Team|width="20"|Pld|width="20"|W|width="20"|D|width="20"|L|width="20"|GF|width="20"|GA|width="20"|GD|width="20"|Pts|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|3|2|1|0|3|1|+2|**7**||||||||||
|align=left|3|1|2|0|2|1|+1|**5**||||||||||
|align=left|3|1|1|1|3|2|+1|**4**||||||||||
|align=left|3|0|0|3|1|5|-4|**0**||||||||||

#### Group C

|width="175"|Team|width="20"|Pld|width="20"|W|width="20"|D|width="20"|L|width="20"|GF|width="20"|GA|width="20"|GD|width="20"|Pts|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|3|2|0|1|2|4|-2|**6**||||||||||
|align=left|3|1|2|0|7|3|+4|**5**||||||||||
|align=left|3|1|1|1|6|5|+1|**4**||||||||||
|align=left|3|0|1|2|1|4|-3|**1**||||||||||

#### Group D

|width="175"|Team|width="20"|Pld|width="20"|W|width="20"|D|width="20"|L|width="20"|GF|width="20"|GA|width="20"|GD|width="20"|Pts|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|3|3|0|0|6|2|+4|**9**||||||||||
|align=left|3|2|0|1|4|4|0|**6**||||||||||
|align=left|3|1|0|2|3|4|-1|**3**||||||||||
|align=left|3|0|0|3|2|5|-3|**0**||||||||||

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **tourney name**: 2013 AFC U-22 Championship
- **dates**: 11 - 26 January
- **num teams**: 16
- **nextseason**: 2016
Middle Francia

**Middle Francia** was a Frankish kingdom formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.  It divided the Carolingian Empire among the sons of Louis the Pious. Between the realms of East and West Francia, Middle Francia was the Frankish territory between the rivers Rhine and Scheldt.

Middle Francia was the part of the Frankish Empire that fell to Lothair I.  He was the eldest son and successor of Emperor Louis the Pious. Because of Lothair's Imperial title, Middle Francia had the imperial cities of Aachen, the residence of Charlemagne, as well as Rome.

In 855, Emperor Lothair I again split his realm amongst his sons. He gave the Kingdom of Italy with Rome to his eldest son, Louis II the Younger, crowned emperor since 850. Most of the lands north of the Alps went to Lothair II. Provence and Burgundy went to Charles.

Unlike East and West Francia, Middle Francia was a kingdom only a short time. Over the next centuries its lands were added into the Holy Roman Empire.
West Francia

**West Francia**, also known as the **West Frankish Kingdom** or ***Francia Occidentalis***, was a short-lived kingdom.  It was the lands of the western part of the Carolingian Empire.  They came under the control of Charlemagne's grandson, Charles the Bald, as a result of the Treaty of Verdun of 843.

The Frankish Empire was the great realm united by Charlemagne that was a large part of Western Europe.  It was split after a three-year-long civil war between his grandsons (840-843). Charles the Bald and his half-brother Louis the German went against his brother Lothair I.

The Carolingian Empire of the Franks founded by their grandfather lasted only one generation through their father Louis the Pious. His realm was split into East Francia, West Francia or the Western Realm, and Middle Francia. The West Frankish Kingdom is the start of both medieval France and modern France.

In 987 Hugh Capet, Duke of France and Count of Paris, started the Capetian dynasty.  The Valois and Bourbon houses ruled France for more than 800 years.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of the West Franks
- **common name**: West Francia
- **today**:

- **region**: Western Europe
- **country**: France
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **year start**: 843
- **year end**: 987
- **event start**: Treaty of Verdun, divides Francia into three realms
- **date end**: 3 July
- **event1**: Treaty of Meerssen
- **date event1**: 8 August 870
- **event2**: Treaty of Ribemont
- **date event2**: 880
- **p1**: Francia
- **flag p1**: Karl der Große 800.jpg
- **s1**: Kingdom of France
- **flag s1**: Flag of France (XIV-XVI).svg
- **symbol type**: Seal of Charles II "the Bald"
- **image map**: Partage de l'Empire carolingien au Traité de Verdun en 843.JPG
- **image map caption**: Kingdom of the West Franks (red) in 843.
- **capital**: Paris
- **common languages**: Latin <small>(liturgical; official)</small>;
<small>(popular:-)</small> Old French, Old Occitan, etc.
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **currency**: Solidus (coin), Solidus, Triens, Denarius, Pfennig
- **leader1**: Charles the Bald, Charles II (first)
- **leader2**: Louis V of France, Louis V (last)
- **year leader1**: 840–877
- **year leader2**: 986–987
- **title leader**: King of the Franks#Kings of the Franks, King, Holy Roman Emperor, Emperor
Timeline of Burgundian and Habsburg acquisitions in the Low Countries

Around the 13th and early 14th century, many Dutch cities became important.  They played a major role in the political and economical affairs of their fiefs.

The Flemish cities gained powers over their county.  When Louis II, Count of Flanders, died without a male heir, these cities (Bruges, Ypres and Ghent) arranged a marriage between his daughter and the Duke of Burgundy. By doing this, they set in motion events that led to the Burgundian and, in 1478, the Habsburg Netherlands.

## Under Burgundy

- In 1384, Philip the Bold got the county of Flanders, Artois, and the Free County by marrying Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, a marriage supported by the Flemish cities.
- In 1429, Philip the Good (the grandson of Philip the Bold) buys the County of Namur from John III, Marquis of Namur.
- In 1430, Philip of Brabant died childless, leaving his nephew Philip the Good as his heir in Brabant, Lothier, and Limburg.
- In 1432, the Hook and Cod wars ended in victory for the Hollandic cities. Philip the Good was offered to become count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut.
- In 1443, Philip conquers the Duchy of Luxembourg
- In 1456, Philip's illegitimate son, David, was elected Bishop of Utrecht.  This led to the First and Second Utrecht Civil War.
- In 1456, he also had his nephew Louis of Bourbon become Prince-Bishop of Liège, leading to the Liège Wars.
- In 1473, Philip's son, Charles the Bold buys the Duchy of Guelders from Duke Arnold. However the house of Burgundy lost this title at Charles's death in 1477.
- In 1477, Charles the Bold died fighting an alliance led by the King of France. France added the Duchy of Burgundy.  His daughter was called Mary of Burgundy.

## Under Habsburg

- In 1478, Mary married Maximilian I of Habsburg, Holy Roman Emperor, beginning the period of the Habsburg Netherlands.
- In 1506, the grandson of Maximilian and Mary, Emperor Charles V inherited his family's Dutch lands. He is also the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain.
- In 1521, Charles V conquered Tournai and the Tournaisis, until then under French influence.
- In 1524, Charles conquered Friesland, whih was renamed Lordship of Frisia, during the Guelderian Wars.
- In 1528, Charles freed the Bishopric of Utrecht and its lands in Overijssel, and added them as Lordship of Utrecht and Lordship of Overijssel, during the Guelderian Wars.
- In 1536 Charles conquered the Lordship of Groningen and County of Drenthe, during the Guelderian Wars.
- In 1543, Charles reclaimed and conquered the Duchy of Guelders and the County of Zutphen (in personal union), during the Guelderian Wars.

- In 1549, Charles V issued a Pragmatic sanction; creating the Seventeen Provinces.

Politically the Burgundian and Habsburg periods were very important to the Dutch.  This is because the various Dutch fiefs were now united politically into one single group. The period ended in great turmoil.  There was the rise of Protestantism, the policies of the Habsburg Empire, and other factors resulted in the Dutch Revolt and the Eighty Years' War.
Burgundian Netherlands

In the history of the Low Countries, the **Burgundian Netherlands**  means a number of Imperial and French fiefs.  These were ruled in personal union by the House of Valois-Burgundy and their Habsburg heirs in the period from 1384 to 1482. The area was large parts of present-day Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as Luxembourg and parts of northern France.

## Rulers

The Burgundian dukes who ruled the Netherlandish territories were:

House of Valois, territorial Dukes of Burgundy
- Philip the Bold (1384–1405), son of King John II of France, by his wife Margaret III of Flanders
- John the Fearless (1405–1419), son
- Philip the Good (1419–1467), son
- Charles the Bold (1467–1477), son

House of Valois, titular Duchess of Burgundy
- Mary of Burgundy (1477–1482), Charles' daughter, married Maximilian I of Habsburg in 1477

House of Habsburg, titular Dukes of Burgundy (see Habsburg Netherlands)
- Philip the Handsome (1482–1506), Mary's son; Maximilian I, his father, as regent (1482–1493)
- Charles V (1506–1555), Philip's son; Margaret of Austria, regent (1507–1515) and (1519–1530)

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: Burgundian Netherlands
- **common name**: Netherlands
- **region**: Low Countries
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Vassal
- **status text**: Holy Roman Empire, Imperial and France, French fiefs
- **year start**: 1384
- **year end**: 1482
- **flag p1**: Blason fr Bourgogne.svg
- **s1**: Habsburg Netherlands
- **flag**: Cross of Burgundy flag
- **image flag**: Flag of New Spain.svg
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **capital**: Brussels
- **common languages**: Dutch language, Dutch, West Low German, Low Saxon, Frisian language, Frisian, Walloon language, Walloon, Luxembourgish language, Luxembourgish, French Language, French
- **religion**: Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic
Lovelace

**Lovelace** is a surname.

- Ada Lovelace (18151852), daughter of Lord Byron, and friend of Charles Babbage.
- Linda Lovelace, American pornographic actress
    - _Lovelace_ (movie), a 2013 American biographical drama movie about Linda Lovelace
Dutch Republic

The **Dutch Republic**, officially known as the **Republic of the Seven United Netherlands**, the **Republic of the United Netherlands**, or the **Republic of the Seven United Provinces**, was a republic in Europe. The confederacy of provinces existed from 1581 to 1795.

It started when seven northern provinces of the Spanish Netherlands joined together to fight for independence. It ended when Napoleon set up the Batavian Republic, which later became the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and later the modern Netherlands (now part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands). Alternative names include the **United Provinces**, **Federated Belgic Provinces**, and **Belgic Federation**.

Although it was called a republic, its stadtholder became a heredity dynasty.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
- **native name**: **'
- **common name**: United Provinces
- **life span**: 1588–1795
- **image flag**: Statenvlag.svg
- **flag type**: **'
- **image coat**: Coat of arms of the republic of the united Netherlands.svg
- **symbol type**: Coat of arms of the Netherlands#The Dutch Republic, Coat of arms
- **national motto**: _Unity makes strength, Concordia res parvae crescunt_

- **national anthem**: _Wilhelmus, Het Wilhelmus_

- **image map**: Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1789).svg
- **image map caption**: Location of the Dutch Republic in 1789
- **region**: Low Countries
- **country**: Netherlands
- **capital**: Amsterdam
- **common languages**: Dutch language, Dutch, Zeelandic, West Flemish, Dutch Low Saxon, West Frisian language, West Frisian
- **religion**: Dutch Reformed
- **government type**: Confederation, Confederative republic
- **title leader**: Stadtholder
- **leader1**: William the Silent, William I
- **year leader1**: 1581–1584
- **leader2**: William V, Prince of Orange, William V
- **year leader2**: 1751–1795
- **title deputy**: Grand pensionary, Grand Pensionary
- **deputy1**: Paulus Buys
- **year deputy1**: 1581–1585
- **deputy2**: Laurens Pieter van de Spiegel, Laurens van de Spiegel
- **year deputy2**: 1787–1795
- **legislature**: States General of the Netherlands, States General
- **type house1**: State council
- **house1**: Council of State (Netherlands), Council of State
- **era**: Early modern period, Early modern
- **event start**: Union of Utrecht
- **year start**: 23 January 1579
- **event1**: Act of Abjuration
- **date event1**: 26 July 1581
- **event2**: Peace of Münster
- **date event2**: 30 January 1648
- **event end**: Batavian Revolution
- **date end**: 19 January
- **year end**: 1795
- **p1**: Habsburg Netherlands
- **flag p1**: Bandera cruz de Borgoña 2.svg
- **border p1**: yes
- **s1**: Batavian Republic
- **flag s1**: Flag of the navy of the Batavian Republic.svg
- **currency**: Dutch guilder, Guilder
- **stat year1**: 1795
- **stat pop1**: 1880500
Southern Netherlands

The **Southern Netherlands**, also called the Catholic Netherlands, were part of the Low Countries.  They were controlled by Spain (1556–1714), Austria (1714–94) and added into France (1794–1815). This area was most of modern Belgium, the Imperial Abbey of Stavelot-Malmedy, the County of Bouillon and Luxembourg, and in addition some parts of the Netherlands, as well as, until 1678, most of the present Nord-Pas-de-Calais region in northern France. The Southern Netherlands were part of the Holy Roman Empire until it was added to France.

The northern seven provinces, led by Holland and Zeeland, started their independence as the United Provinces after 1581. The southern Netherlands were reconquered by the Spanish general Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma.  The Southern Netherlands passed to the Austrian Habsburgs after the War of the Spanish Succession in the early 18th century.  After the French Revolutionary Wars they were joined with the northern Netherlands.  They were made a single kingdom under the House of Orange at the 1815 Congress of Vienna. The south-eastern third of Luxembourg Province was made into Luxembourg. In 1830 the mostly Roman Catholic southern half became independent as the Kingdom of Belgium.
Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars

The French Revolutionary Wars continued from 1793 with few changes.  France fought the First coalition.

In the Alps, there was little change.  The French invasion of Piedmont failed. On the Spanish border, the French under General Dugommier came from their defensive positions at Bayonne and Perpignan, to move the Spanish out of Roussillon.  They invaded Catalonia. Dugommier was killed in the Battle of the Black Mountain in November.

On the northern front in the Flanders Campaign, the Austrians and French both prepared in Belgium.  The Austrians went towards Mons and Maubeuge. The French got ready on multiple fronts.  There were two armies in Flanders under Pichegru and Moreau. Jourdan attacked from the German border. The French had damage in the Kortrijk, Tourcoing and Fleurus in June. The French armies drove the Austrians, British, and Dutch beyond the Rhine.  Then they moved into Belgium, the Rhineland, and southern Holland.

On the middle Rhine front in July General Michaud's Army of the Rhine tried two offensives in July.  This sector of the front was largely quiet over the course of the year.

At sea, the French Atlantic Fleet was able to hold off a British attempt to stop an important cereal convoy from the United States. In the Caribbean, the British fleet landed in Martinique in February, and in

By the end of the year French armies had won victories on all fronts.
Leopold I of Belgium

**Leopold I** (_Leopold George Christian Frederick_; _Prince of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld_, later _Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha_, _Duke of Saxony_; 16 December 1790 – 10 December 1865) was from 21 July 1831 the first King of the Belgians.  This was following Belgium's independence from the Netherlands.  He was the founder of the Belgian line of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. His children included Leopold II of Belgium and Empress Carlota of Mexico.  He was also an uncle of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

He was born in Coburg and died in Laeken.

## Titles and styles

- **16 December 1790 – 12 November 1826** _His Serene Highness_ Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke of Saxony
- **6 April 1818 – 12 November 1826 (in the UK)** _His Royal Highness_ Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke of Saxony
- **12 November 1826 – 21 July 1831** _His Serene Highness_ (_His Royal Highness_ in the UK) Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Saxony
- **21 July 1831 – 10 December 1865** _His Majesty_ The King of the Belgians

## First marriage

Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor first married Princess Charlotte of Wales in 1816. Charlotte was the daughter of the Prince Regent (later George IV of the United Kingdom). But they didn't have any children because the marriage only lasted for 1 year. Here's why:

On 3 November 1817, when the Princess’s labour began, she was particularly overdue and a long and difficult delivery resulted in the birth of a still-born son two days later. After the birth Princess Charlotte initially appeared to recover, but due to complications she died five hours later in the early hours of 6 November.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: Saksen-Koburg Leopold-2a.jpeg
- **caption**: Leopold as a Russian general
- **succession**: List of Belgian monarchs, King of the Belgians
- **reign**: 21 July 1831 – 10 December 1865
- **successor**: Leopold II of Belgium, Leopold II
- **spouse**: Princess Charlotte of Wales
Louise of Orléans
- **issue**: Louis-Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium
 Leopold II of Belgium
 Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders, Philippe, Count of Flanders
 Charlotte of Belgium, Charlotte, Empress of Mexico
- **house**: House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- **father**: Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- **mother**: Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf, Countess Augusta Reuss
- **birth place**: Ehrenburg Palace, Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- **death place**: Laeken/Laken, Belgium
- **religion**: Lutheranism
- **signature**: 1863 signature of King Leopold I of Belgium.jpg
Railway Station Bananal

The **Railway Station Bananal** building is a historical and tourist city Bananal, São Paulo State, Brazil. Built in 1888, is the only specimen of steel construction the Belgium in the Americas.
Guy Ritchie

**Guy Stuart Ritchie** (born 10 September 1968) is a British director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Hatfield, Hertfordshire.

Ritchie's films are: _Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels_, _Snatch_, _Swept Away_, _Revolver_, _RocknRolla_, _Sherlock Holmes_ and _Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows_.

Ritchie had a son with Madonna in August 2000. They were married from December 2000 until they divorced in December 2008. He lives with model Jacqui Ainsley (born 1981). The couple have a son, who was born in September 2011.
Berlin Conference

The **Berlin Conference** (or "**Congo Conference**") of 1884–85 made rules for European colonization and trade in Africa. It was called for by Portugal and organised by Otto von Bismarck. The conference met during the Scramble for Africa, a time with more colonial activity by European powers. Africans were not invited to the conference, which ended most existing forms of African autonomy and self-governance and ensured that the European powers would not fight each other for dominance.

## General Act

The General Act fixed the following points:
- The ending of slavery by black and Islamic powers.
- The Congo Free State was a private property of the Congo Society. The territory of today's Democratic Republic of the Congo was made the property of King Leopold II of Belgium.
- The 14 countries that signed had free trade through the Congo Basin and Lake Nyasa and east of it in the area south of 5° N.
- The Niger River and the Congo River were made free for ship traffic.
- Countries could not set up colonies just by saying so. They needed "effective occupation".
- If a country took over any new part of the African coast, it had to tell the other countries.
- Each country was told the parts of Africa that it could rule.

## Agenda

- **Portugal - United Kingdom**: The colonies of Angola and Mozambique were brought together by the land in between (the land later became Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Malawi). The United Kingdom did not support the plan. In 1890, the British government told the Portuguese to leave the area.

- **France - United Kingdom**:  A line running from Say in Niger to Baroua, on the north-eastern coast of Lake Chad, marked what part belonged to which country. France would own territory to the north of the line, and the United Kingdom would own territory to the south of it. The Nile Basin would be British, with the French taking the basin of Lake Chad.

- **France - Germany**: The area to the north of a line formed by the intersection of 14° E and Miltou would be French, and the area to the south would be German, later called German Cameroon.

- **Britain - Germany**: The separation between British Nigeria and German Cameroon would be in the form of a line passing through Yola, on the Benoué, Dikoa, going up to the extremity of Lake Chad.

- **France - Spain - Italy**:  Italy was to own what was north of a line from the intersection of the Tropic of Cancer and 17° E to the intersection of 15° N and 21° E.

## Aftermath

By 1902, 90% of all African land was under European control.
Kinokawa, Wakayama

is a city in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan.

The city was founded on November 11, 2005. The towns of Kishigawa, Kokawa, Momoyama, Naga and Uchita all combined to form the city.

Kokawa Temple (Kokawa-ji) is a popular sightseeing spot in Kinokawa.

## Tama the stationmaster cat

Kishi Station in the city has a cat as the stationmaster named Tama. Tama is a calico cat.

## People from Kinokawa city

- Ryumon Yasuda - Painter and Sculptor

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (city japan)

- **name**: Kinokawa
- **japanesename**: 紀の川市
- **mapimage**: Kinokawa in Wakayama Prefecture Ja.svg
- **region**: Kinki region, Kinki
- **prefecture**: Wakayama Prefecture, Wakayama
- **imageskyline**: Kokawadera-N0176.JPG
- **imagecaption**: Kokawa Temple
- **area km2**: 228.24
- **popdate**: April 30, 2011
- **population**: 67,835
- **density km2**: 297.21
- **tree**: Osmanthus
- **flower**: Peach
- **bird**: Cettia diphone
- **symbolimage**: Flag of Kinokawa, Wakayama.svg
- **symboldescription**: Flag
- **mayor**: Shinji Nakamura (since November 2005)
- **cityhallpostalcode**: 649-6492
- **cityhalladdress**: Nishi-Oi 338, Kinokawa City, Wakayama Prefecture (和歌山県紀の川市西大井338番地)
Ruanda-Urundi

**Ruanda-Urundi** was a part of German East Africa. Belgian troops invaded during World War I. The military occupation lasted from 1916 to 1924 when the territory came under Belgian rule. In 1964 it became the independent states of Rwanda and Burundi.

### Royal Commissioners

- Justin Malfeyt (November 1916-May 1919)
- Alfred Frédéric Gérard Marzorati (May 1919-August 1926)

### Governors (Deputy Governors-General of the Belgian Congo)

- Alfred Frédéric Gérard Marzorati (August 1926-February 1929)
- Louis Joseph Postiaux (February 1929-July 1930)
- Charles Henri Joseph Voisin (July 1930-August 1932)
- Eugène Jacques Pierre Louis Jungers (August 1932-July 1946)
- Maurice Simon (July 1946-August 1949)
- Léon Antoine Marie Pétillon (August 1949-January 1952)
- Alfred Claeys Boùùaert (January 1952-March 1955)
- Jean-Paul Harroy (March 1955-January 1962)

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Territory of Ruanda-Urundi
- **common name**: Ruanda-Urundi
- **status**: League of Nations Mandate
- **empire**: Belgium
- **image flag**: Flag of Belgium (civil).svg
- **image coat**: Coat of arms of Ruanda-Urundi.svg
- **image map**: LocationRuandaUrundi.png
- **image map caption**: Ruanda-Urundi (_dark green_) depicted within the Belgian colonial empire (_light green_),
- **p1**: German East Africa
- **flag p1**: Reichskolonialflagge.svg
- **s1**: Kingdom of Burundi
- **flag s1**: Flag of Burundi (1962-1966).svg
- **s2**: Republic of Rwanda
- **flag s2**: Flag of Rwanda (1962-2001).svg
- **capital**: Bujumbura, Usumbura
- **common languages**: French language, French (official)
<small>Also: Kinyarwanda, Kirundi and Swahili language, Swahili</small>
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Catholicism
<small>Also: Protestantism, Islam and others</small>
- **currency**: Congolese franc#First franc, 1887–1967, Belgian Congo franc <small>(1916–60)</small>
Ruanda-Urundi franc <small>(1960–62)</small>
- **event pre**: Belgian invasion
- **date pre**: April 1916
- **event start**: Mandate created
- **date start**: 20 July
- **year start**: 1922
- **event1**: Administrative merger with Belgian Congo
- **date event1**: 1 March 1926
- **event2**: Mandate becomes Trust Territory
- **date event2**: 13 December 1946
- **event3**: Rwanda gains autonomy
- **date event3**: 18 October 1960
- **event4**: Burundi gains autonomy
- **date event4**: 21 December 1961
- **event end**: Independence
- **date end**: 1 July
- **year end**: 1962
- **today**:

- **membership**: Kingdom of Rwanda
Kingdom of Burundi
- **life span**: 1916-1962
Districts of Prussia

**Prussian districts** were administrative units in the former Kingdom of Prussia.  They were part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918, and its successor state, the Free State of Prussia.  They were similar to a county or a shire. They were made from 1815 to 1818 to be between the higher provinces and the lower municipal governments. They served as a model for the present-day districts of Germany
Eupen-Malmedy

**Eupen-Malmedy**, or the **East Cantons** is a group of cantons in Belgium.  They are the former Prussian districts of Malmedy and Eupen, together with the Neutral Moresnet.  French-speaking Belgians also once called them the _Redeemed Cantons_.  These territories were added to Belgium in 1920 by the Versailles Treaty.

## Chronology

- 6 March 1815 : Malmedy part of Prussia (from 1871 Germany).
- 1918 - 1920 : Under Allied occupation (British to Aug 1919, then Belgian).
- 28 June 1919 : Given to Belgium by Germany under Treaty of Versailles.
- 20 September 1920 : Eupen, Malmedy and Sankt-Vith added (fully re-incorporated 1925).
- 1926 The Belgian government wants to "sell" the East Cantons to the Weimar Republic. France objects strongly.
- 29 July 1940 -  Feb 1945 : Eupen, Malmedy and Sankt-Vith are added to Germany, together with the Luxembourg village of Bého (renamed Bocholz) and former Neutral Moresnet.
- 1956 Belgo-German peace treaty. The Federal Republic of Germany recognizes the illegality of the 1940 annexation.
- 1960-1964 The Belgian language border is fixed and finally divides the East Cantons. Eupen, Sankt Vith and others become German-speaking with special privileges for French speakers, Malmedy and Waimes join Aubel, Welkenraedt, Bleiberg and Baelen as French-speaking with (potential) special privileges for German speakers.
- 18 July 1966 Belgian law on the language use by local and national government. The "region of the German language" is mentioned. Federal Government services to answer German questions from a member of the general public in German.
- 1973 The Rat der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft is set up.
- 1989 New amnesty law, undoing the legal effects of the annexation and its voiding.
- 1993 The Executive of the Rat der Deutschsprachigen Gemeinschaft is recognized as one of the Belgian regional governments in the new federal constitution. The German-speaking area remains a part of the Walloon economic area.
- 2005 The authority of the Rat is increased by giving it the right of teaching over religious institutions and over its nine communities.
German invasion of Belgium (1940)

The **Battle of Belgium** or **Belgian Campaign** was part of the greater Battle of France.  This was an offensive campaign by Germany during the Second World War. It took place over 18 days in May 1940.  It ended with the German occupation of Belgium following the surrender of the Belgian Army.

The Allied Armies tried to stop the German Army in Belgium.  They thought it was the main German attack. After the French had fully committed the best of the Allied Armies to Belgium between 10 and 12 May, the Germans went towards the English Channel. The German Army reached the Channel after five days. They encircling the Allied Armies. The Germans forced the Allies back to the sea. The Belgian Army surrendered on 28 May 1940, ending the battle.

The Battle of Belgium included the first tank battle of the war. It was the largest tank battle in history up to that date.  The battle also included the Battle of Fort Eben-Emael, the first strategic airborne operation using paratroopers.

Belgium was occupied by the Germans until the winter of 1944–1945. It was freed by the Western Alliance.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Belgium
- **partof**: the Western Front (World War II), Western Front of World War II
- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1970-048-11, Belgien, Brügge, Entwaffnung.jpg
- **caption**: German soldiers pictured with a Vickers Utility Tractor (VUT) of the Belgian Army, and a pile of Belgian rifles and helmets the day after the Belgian surrender, 29 May 1940
- **date**: 10–28 May 1940
- **place**: Belgium
- **result**: Decisive German victory
* Establishment of Free Belgian Forces
- **territory**: History of Belgium#World War II, German occupation of Belgium
- **combatant1**: ** Belgium**
 French Third Republic, France

- **combatant2**: **Nazi Germany, Germany**
- **commander1**: Maurice Gamelin
 Maxime Weygand
 John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort, Lord Gort
 Leopold III of Belgium, Leopold III
 H.G. Winkelman
- **commander2**: Gerd von Rundstedt
 Fedor von Bock
- **strength1**: 144 divisions
13,974 guns
3,384 tanks
2,249 aircraft
- **strength2**: 141 Divisions
7,378 guns
2,445 tanks
5,446 aircraft (4,020 operational)
- **casualties1**: 222,443+ casualties (200,000 captured)
~900 aircraft
- **casualties2**: Unknown (see Battle of Belgium#German casualties, German casualties) but at least 43 paratroopers were killed and a further 100 wounded.
Seventeen Provinces

The **Seventeen Provinces** were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century.  The lands were about the same as the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France (Artois, French Flanders), and a small part of Western Germany.

The Seventeen Provinces were first held by the Dukes of Burgundy of the House of Valois.  Later they were held by the Habsburgs. From 1512 the Provinces formed the major part of the Burgundian Circle.

## Composition

The map matches to the following provinces:

1. the County of Artois
1. the County of Flanders, including the burgraviates of Lille, Douai, Orchies, the Lordship of Tournai and the Tournaisis
1. the Lordship of Mechelen
1. the County of Namur
1. the County of Hainaut
1. the County of Zeeland
1. the County of Holland
1. the Duchy of Brabant, including the Margraviate of Antwerp, the counties of Leuven and of Brussels, and the advocacy of the Abbey of Nivelles and of Gembloux
1. the Duchy of Limburg, including the counties of Dalhem and Valkenburg and the Lordship of Herzogenrath
1. the Duchy of Luxembourg
1. the Prince-Bishopric, later Lordship of Utrecht
1. the Lordship of Frisia
1. the Duchy of Guelders
1. the Lordship of Groningen (including the Ommelanden)
1. the Lordship of Drenthe, Lingen, Wedde, and Westerwolde
1. the Lordship of Overijssel
1. the County of Zutphen

It was not always the same _Seventeen_ Provinces.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**:

The Seventeen Provinces
- **common name**: Netherlands
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Vassal
- **status text**: Imperial State, States of the Holy Roman Empire
- **year start**: 1482
- **event1**: Joined Burgundian Circle
- **date event1**: 1512
- **event end**: Act of Abjuration, Dutch declaration of independence
- **year end**: 1581
- **date end**: July 26
- **p1**: Burgundian Netherlands
- **flag p1**: Blason fr Bourgogne.svg
- **s1**: Dutch Republic
- **flag s1**: Prinsenvlag.svg
- **s2**: Spanish Netherlands
- **flag s2**: Flag of the Low Countries.svg
- **flag**: Cross of Burgundy flag
- **image flag**: Flag of the Low Countries.svg
- **image map**: Map Burgundian Netherlands 1477-en.png
- **image map caption**: Map of the Provinces
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **capital**: Brussels
- **common languages**: Dutch language, Dutch, West Low German, Low Saxon, West Frisian language, Frisian, Walloon language, Walloon, Luxembourgish language, Luxembourgish, French Language, French
- **religion**: Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic (official)
After 1530s Protestantism and Anabaptism (inside northern areas, minority, unofficial)
Prince-Bishopric of Liège

The **Bishopric of Liège** or **Prince-Bishopric of Liège** was a state of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries in present Belgium.  It got its status as a prince-bishopric between 980 and 985. Bishop Notger became Prince-Bishop after he received secular control of the County of Huy from the emperor .

The Prince-Bishopric belonged from 1500 on to the Lower Rhenish-Westphalian Circle. It was headed by the Prince-Bishop of Liège. Its land included most of the present Belgian provinces of Liège and Limburg, and some exclaves in other parts of Belgium and the Netherlands. The capital was Liège. It was added into France in 1795.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: <small>(French language, fr)</small>
 <small>(Dutch language, nl)</small>
 <small>(German language, de)</small>
  <small>(Walloon language, wa)</small>
- **conventional long name**: Prince-Bishopric of Liège
- **common name**: Prince-Bishopric of Liège
- **image coat**: Wappen Bistum Lüttich.png
- **image map**: Low Countries Locator Prince-Bischopric of Liege.svg
- **image map caption**: The Prince-Bishopric of Liège around 1350.
- **image flag**: LuikVlag.svg
- **continent**: Europe
- **region**: Low Countries
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Vassal
- **status text**: Ecclesiastic States of the Holy Roman Empire, state of the Holy Roman Empire
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Principality
- **today**:

- **year start**: 980
- **year end**: 1795
- **event pre**: Creation of diocese
- **date pre**: 340s
- **event start**: Secular powers obtained
- **event1**: Purchased Lords of Bouillon, Lordship
of Bouillon
- **date event1**:
1096
- **event2**: Annexed County of Loon, Cty Loon
- **date event2**: 1366
- **event3**: Acquired County of Horne, Cty Horne
- **date event3**: 1568
- **event4**: Liège Revolution
- **date event4**: 1789–95
- **event end**: Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars, Annexed by France
- **event post**: Concordat of 1801, Concordat accepts
disparition of Bishopric
- **date post**:
10 September 1801
- **s1**: French First Republic
- **flag s1**: Flag of France.svg
- **capital**: Liège
- **latd**: 50
- **latm**: 38
- **latns**: N
- **longd**: 5
- **longm**: 34
- **longew**: E
- **common languages**: French language, French, Dutch language, Dutch, German language, German, Walloon language, Walloon
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **leader1**: Saint Servatius (first bishop, at Maastricht)
- **year leader1**: 340s–384
- **leader2**: Saint Lambert (at Maastricht)
- **year leader2**: approximately 670-700
- **leader3**: Notker of Liège, Notger (first prince-bishop)
- **year leader3**: 972–1008
- **leader4**: François-Antoine-Marie de Méan (last)
- **year leader4**: 1792–94
- **title leader**: Prince-Bishop
Egide Charles Gustave Wappers

**Egide Charles Gustave, Baron Wappers** (23 August 1803 Antwerp – 6 December 1874 Paris), better known as **Gustave Wappers**, was a Belgian painter.

## Biography

He studied at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp, and during 1826 in Paris. The Romantic movement with its new ideas about art and politics was happening in France. Wappers was the first Belgian artist to use this form.  His first painting, "The Devotion of the Burgomaster of Leiden," appeared at the right time.  It had much success in the Brussels Salon during 1830, the year of the Belgian Revolution.

Wappers was invited to the court at Brussels. In 1832 the city of Antwerp made him Professor of Painting.

He showed his masterpiece, "Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830" at the Antwerp Salon in 1834. He was then made painter to Leopold, King of the Belgians. At the death of Matthieu-Ignace Van Brée in 1839 he was raised to director of the Antwerp Academy. One of his students was Ford Madox Brown, another was the Czech history painter Karel Javůrek.

He has many works.  Some of them in traditional devotional modes, while others show the Romantic view of history.

After retiring as director of the Antwerp Academy, he lived in 1853 in Paris.  He died in 1873.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Gustave Wappers
- **image**: Gustave Wappers - Self-portrait.jpg
- **alt**: Self-Portrait
- **birth name**: Egide Charles Gustave Wappers
- **birth place**: Antwerp
- **death place**: Paris
- **nationality**: Belgium, Belgian
- **field**: Painting
- **training**: Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp
- **movement**: Romanticism
Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium

The **Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium** is one of the most famous museums in Belgium.

## The museum

The museums are in the capital of Brussels in the downtown area on the Coudenberg. There are four museums. Two of them, the Museum of Ancient Art and the Museum of Modern Art, Brussels, are in the main building. The other two, the Constantin Meunier Museum and the Antoine Wiertz Museum, are dedicated to specific Belgian artists.  They are much smaller and are a few kilometers from the city center.

The Royal Museum has over 20,000 drawings, sculptures, and paintings, which date from the early 15th century to the present. The museum has a large collection of Flemish painting, among them  paintings by Bruegel and Rogier van der Weyden, Robert Campin, Anthony van Dyck, and Jacob Jordaens. The museum is also proud of its "Rubens Room", which houses more than 20 paintings by the artist.

## The building

The main building, which now houses the _Museum of Ancient Art_, was built as the Palais des Beaux-Arts.  It was designed by Belgian architect Alphonse Balat and paid for by King Leopold II. The building was completed in 1887.

## Other websites

- Official website
Lintong District

**Lingtong District** (, pinyin:Líntóng Qū) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in east of Xi'an, and about  from the center of Xi'an. Weinan Municipality is to the east. Gaoling District, Baqiao District and Xianyang Municipality are to the west. Lantian County is to the south. Yanliang District is to the north. The district covers . As of November 2010, 655,874 people lived there.

Long ago it called **Yueyang** (栎阳). Firstly, Lingtong District called Lingtong County, and belong to Weinan Municipality. Then it was given to Xi'an. In 1988, it renamed to Lingtong District.

Lingtong is famous for tours, there are many monuments. It's also important for Xi'an, in military.