juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
705

## Events

- February 20 – In a coup d'état, Chinese Chancellor Zhang Jianzhi murdered the Zhang brothers and restored Emperor Zhongzong. This marks the end of the short-lived Zhou Dynasty in China
- Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik succeeded by al-Walid I ibn Abd al-Malik.
- Beginning of a long period of fighting between Trebizond and the Arabs
- Pope John VII succeeds Pope John VI.

## Births

- Amoghavajra, Chinese translator and Buddhist

## Deaths

- January 11 – Pope John VI
- November – 武則天
314

## Events

- January 11 – Pope Miltiades ends his reign as the Catholic Pope.
- August 30 – Council of Arles, which confirmed the pronouncement of Donatism as a schism, and passed other canons.
- Synod of Ancyra: consulting a magician is declared a sin earning five years of penance.
- Pope Silvester I succeeds Pope Miltiades.
- Alexander becomes Bishop of Byzantium.
1500

**1500** (MD) was a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.  The year was not a leap year in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.  It was the last year of the 15th century.

The year was seen as being important by many Christians in Europe.  They thought it would be the start of the end of the world.  Their belief was based on the phrase "half-time after the time" when the apocalypse was due to occur.  This phrase appears in the Book of Revelation and was seen as referring to 1500.  This time was also just after the Old World's discovery of the Americas in 1492.  And it was greatly influenced by the New World.

Historically, the year 1500 is often seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Era.

## Events

- Europe's population was about 60 million.
- January 5 – Duke Ludovico Sforza recaptures Milan, but is soon driven out again by the French.
- January 26 – Vicente Yáñez Pinzón becomes the first European to discover Brazil.
- April 21 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral officially discovers Brazil and claims the land for Portugal.
- November 11 – Treaty of Granada – Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them.
- Emperor Go-Kashiwabara ascends to the throne of Japan.
- Battle of Hemmingstedt: The Danish army fails to conquer the peasants' republic of Dithmarschen.
- Second Battle of Lepanto – The Turkish fleet of Kemal Re'is defeats the Venetians.  The Turks proceed to capture Modon, Lepanto, and Koron.
- The Luo, a Nilotic people from modern Sudan, settle the Cwezi states, establishing the state of Buganda. (approximate date)
- Diogo Dias is the first European to see Madagascar.
1780

## Events

- January 16 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cape St. Vincent
- February – Armed Neutrality of the North alliance formed between Denmark, Sweden, and Russia.
- March 26 – The _British Gazette and Sunday Monitor_, the first Sunday newspaper in Britain
- April 16 – The University of Münster in Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany is founded
- May 12 – American Revolutionary War: Charleston, South Carolina is taken by  British forces.
- May 29 – American Revolutionary War: Loyalist forces under Col. Banastre Tarleton kill surrendering American soldiers in the Waxhaw Massacre.
- August 16 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Camden – The British defeat the Americans near Camden, South Carolina.
- September 25 – Benedict Arnold flees to British-held New York
- October 2 –  American Revolutionary War: British spy John Andre is hanged by American forces.
- October 10-16 – Great hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and St. Eustatius
- November 29 – Maria Theresa of Austria dies and her Habsburg dominions pass to her ambitious son, Joseph II, who has already been Holy Roman Emperor since 1765.

- Britain attacks the United Provinces before it can join the Neutral Alliance, because of its support for the American uprising.
- First Epsom Derby horse race run at Epsom Downs, Surrey, England.
- Emperor Kokaku ascends to the throne of Japan
- In Ireland, Lady Berry, who is sentenced to death for the murder of her son, is released when she agrees to become an executioner (retires 1810)
- Good grain and wine harvest in France
- 35th and last volume of Diderot's _Encyclopédie_ published
1245

## Events

- Rebellion against king Sancho II of Portugal in favor of his brother Alphonso.
- The rebuilding of Westminster Abbey is started.
- Pope Innocent IV sends two missions to the Mongol Khan, suggesting that the Mongols convert to Christianity.
Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park

**Hawaii Volcanoes National Park** is a national park in the U.S. state and island of Hawaii. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.  The park was created in 1916. It includes The Mauna Loa, which is the Earth's biggest volcano, and Kilauea, the Earth's most active volcano.

The park shows the results of millions of years of volcanism, and evolution. These processes produce bare land from the sea, and with complex and unique ecosystems, a distinct Ancient Hawaiian culture.  Kīlauea, one of the world's most active volcanoes, and Mauna Loa is the biggest, it offers scientists with insights on the birth of the Hawaiian Islands, and can give visitors views of the dramatic volcanic landscapes.

In recognition of its outstanding natural values, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park has been designated as an International Biosphere Reserve in 1980 and a World Heritage Site in 1987.

## Recent events

On March 19, 2008, there was a small explosion in Halemaumau crater, the first explosive event since 1924 and the first eruption in the Kīlauea caldera since September 1982.

Debris from the explosion was scattered over an area of . A small amount of ash was also reported at a nearby community. The explosion covered part of Crater Rim Drive and damaged Halemaumau overlook. The explosion did not release any lava, which suggests to scientists that it was driven by hydrothermal or gas sources.

This explosion event followed the opening of a major sulfur dioxide gas vent, greatly increasing levels emitted from the Halemaumau crater.

In 2008, Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park and Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes became sister parks.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in the United States

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **id**: 409
- **year**: 1987
- **criteria**: Natural: viii


## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Pāhoehoe and Aa flows at Hawaii.jpg
- **photo caption**: Pāhoehoe, Pāhoehoe Lava and Aā flows
- **map**: Hawaii
- **map caption**: Location in the Hawaiian Islands
- **location**: Hawaii County, Hawaii, US
- **nearest city**: Hilo, Hawaii, Hilo
- **area acre**: 323431
- **established**: August 1, 1916
- **visitation num**: 2,016,702
- **visitation year**: 2017
- **governing body**: National Park Service
- **website**: [https://www.nps.gov/havo/ Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park]
Deity

A **deity** is thought to be a powerful spirit that controls events and the nature of things. Deities are also called **gods**. A female god is often called a **goddess**. The adjective of deity is ‘divine’. This word comes from the Latin _deus_ (female: _dea_).

Different religions believe in different deities. Since there are many religions in the world there are many different ideas about how many deities there are, what they are, and what they can do.  Followers of many ancient religions and some modern religions believe in many deities, which is called polytheism.

The two largest religions on earth, Christianity and Islam, believe in only one God, which is called monotheism. Deism is the belief that a deity exists, but that the deity does not very often change or never changes things in the universe. Pantheism is the belief that the universe is the deity, while atheism is the belief that there are no deities.

In most religions, believers think deities are immortal (cannot die), and have powers far beyond human powers.

## Examples

Some of the deities of different religions are:

- From the Ancient Greek religion: Zeus, Apollo, Athena, Ares, Aphrodite, Poseidon, Hades, Thanatos, Dionysus, Hera, Artemis, Hephaestus, Hermes, nymph
- From the Ancient Norse religion: Thor, Odin, Tyr, Frey, Freya, Baldur, Loki, Iðunn, Njord, Frigg
- From the Ancient Roman religion: Jupiter, Mars, Venus, Juno, Vulcan, Pluto, Bacchus, Neptune,
- From the Ancient Egyptian religion: Isis, Osiris, Horus, Thoth, Ra, Hathor,  Bastet, Nut, Geb, Seth, Shu, Apophis,
- From Christianity: Jesus, Yahweh, the Holy Spirit (Considered to Christians as the three parts of one God)
- From Judaism: Hashem
- From Hinduism: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Krishna, Durga, Ganesha and many more.
- From Buddhism: Deva
- From Islam: Allah
- From Shinto called _kami_: Amaterasu the Sun goddess, Inari the Fox god, Izanagi the first human, Ryuujin the Sea god, Shinigami the death gods, Susanoo the Storm god
- From Aztec Mythology: Nanahuatl, Tecuciztecatl, Teotihuacan, Quetzalcoatl, Coatlicue,
Odin

Odin (Old Norse: _Óðinn_) is the god of wisdom, knowledge, air, poetry, death, healing, royalty, divination, gallows, frenzy, magic and runic alphabet in Norse mythology. Son of Borr and the giantess (jötunn) Bestla, Odin is the chief of the Æsir (all the Germanic gods) and king of Asgard. He is married to the goddess Frigg, and is father to the gods Thor, Baldr, Höðr, Víðarr, and Váli.

Known as the **All-Father**, Odin is often accompanied by two ravens, Huginn and Muninn, along with the wolves Geri and Freki; the god rides into battle atop an eight-legged steed, Sleipnir, and wields the mighty spear Gungnir, which was fashioned for him by the dwarves known as the Sons of Ivaldi and is said to never miss its target.

A defining feature of Odin is his being one-eyed, a result of him having sacrificed an eye to drink from the Well of Urðr, which granted him an incomprehensible amount of knowledge of the universe. Odin himself often receives counsel from the severed head of the being Mímir, which recites secret knowledge to him. Half of the souls of those slain in battle will be guided by the Valkyries, battle maidens, to Valhalla, Odin's enormous and majestic hall: the other half go to Fólkvangr, Freyja's realm. Odin was known in Old English as **Wōden**, in Old Saxon as **Wōdan**, and in Old High German as **Wuotan** or **Wōtan**, all of which stem from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic *_wōđanaz_.

The modern English weekday name Wednesday bears the god’s name. (from Old English _Wōdnesdæg_, “Wōden’s day”).

## Family

Odin is the son of Borr and the jötunn Bestla. He is married to the goddess Frigg, by whom he is the father of the twin gods Baldr and Höðr. With the giantesses Gríðr and Rindr, Odin has two other sons named Víðarr and Váli. His eldest son is Thor, god of thunder, born to him by Jörð, the personification of the Earth.

## Related pics

- Saturn - Roman mythology equivalent to Odin
- Kronos - Greek equivalent to Odin

## Other websites

- Odin -Citizendium
Qazi Muhammad

**Qazi Muhammad** (1893 – 1947) was the Nationalist and religious Kurdish leader and the Head of the Republic of Mahabad, the second modern Kurdish state in the Middle East (after Republic of Ararat). He acted as the president of the Russian backed Republic of Mahabad, in Kurdistan of Iran (Eastern Kurdistan) in 1946. He was also the founder of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran. A year later, the Kurdish national movement (Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd) that he helped organize was crushed by Iran's central government. The Iranian military court sentenced him to death, and he was hanged in Chuwarchira Square in the center of city of Mahabad at 30 March 1947. Mustafa Barzani, the father of nationalist Kurdish movement in Iraqi Kurdistan (Southern Kurdistan), was the defence minister in his cabinet. One of his sons Ali Qazi is today an active member in the Kurdish movement.

## Literature

- Archie Roosevelt, Jr., "The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad" ,Middle East Journal, no. 1 (July 1947), pp. 247–69
Brine

**Brine** is water that has more than 5% salt in it. It is used for preserving food. For this it is much like vinegar or sugar. Brine is also used to transport heat. Adding salt to water lowers the freezing point of the water. The solubility of salt in water depends on temperature. At 15.5°C, a saturated solution of brine can hold 26.4 % salt by weight. At 0°C, it can hold 23.3% salt.

Brines also have some pharmaceutical properties, which can be used to treat people, especially those with diseases of the skin, allergies and common colds.

## Related pages

- Salinity
- Salt water
Sea salt

**Sea salt** is salt that is produced by the evaporation of salt water. It is used as a seasoning in foods, cooking, cosmetics and for preserving food. It is also called **bay salt** or **solar salt**.
1450s

The **1450s** was the decade that started on January 1, 1450 and ended on December 31, 1459. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***146th decade*** which began on January 1, 1451 and ended on December 31, 1460.

## Events

- Fall of Constantinople (now called Istanbul).
- France wins the Hundred Years' War against England.
- The first printing press is made in Europe by Johann Gutenberg.
- The Gutenberg Bible is the first book printed with movable type.
- Siege of Belgrade.
- War of the Roses starts.

## Births

- Queen Isabella of Castile
- Christopher Columbus, Italian sailor
- Leonardo da Vinci, Italian inventor
- Girolamo Savonarola, Italian religious reformer
- Ferdinand II of Aragon

## Deaths

- Murad II, Ottoman Sultan
- John Kemp, Archbishop of Canterbury
1855

## Events

- January 1 – London, Ontario is incorporated as a city.
- January 23 – The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens in what is now Minneapolis, Minnesota, a crossing made today by the Father Louis Hennepin Bridge.
- January 23 – The region of Wairarapa, New Zealand was hit by the strongest earthquake ever recorded in New Zealand, which reached Magnitude 8.1 on the Richter Scale. There were five deaths.
- January 29 – Lord Aberdeen resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom over the management of the Crimean War.
- February 5 – Lord Palmerston becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- February 11 – Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia, by Abuna Salama III in a ceremony at the church of Derasge Maryam.
- March 3 – US Congress appropriates $30,000 to create US Camel Corps
- March 16 – Bates College in Lewiston, Maine was founded.
- May 15 – The Great Gold Robbery of 1855 in England
- June 29 – The _Daily Telegraph_ begins publication
- September 3 – Last Bartholomew Fair on London, England
- September 11 – Sevastapol falls to the British troops
- December 22 – Metropolitan Board of Works established.
- Stamp duty was removed from newspapers in Britain creating mass market media in the UK.
- The Panama Railway becomes the first railroad to connect the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean by rail as the railroad's route across Panama is completed.

## Births

- May 1 - Cecilia Beaux, American painter
- May 10 - Sri Yukteswar Giri, Indian guru
Aladdin

**Aladdin** is a fictional person from the story _Aladdin and the Enchanted Lamp_, which is part of the _Book of One Thousand and One Nights_.

## Story

The young man Aladdin is told by a sorcerer (magician), who is pretending to be his uncle, to get him an oil lamp from a cave. Aladdin gets the lamp, but the sorcerer tries to trick him. So, Aladdin keeps the lamp for himself. Aladdin learns that inside the lamp there is a djinn. The djinn can fulfill every wish of the lamp's owner. With the djinn's help, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries a princess.

The sorcerer returns and tricks Aladdin's wife into giving him the magic lamp. Aladdin finds out that in a ring he has, there is another djinn. This djinn helps Aladdin defeat the sorcerer, get back the magic lamp, and save his wife.

## Adaptions (new versions of the story)

There have been different versions of the story:

- Nicolas Isouard wrote an opera from it in 1822.
- There is a ballet version by Michael François Hoguet. That version was done in 1854. Wenzel Gährich contributed the music to the ballet version.
- There is a film _The Thief of Bagdad_. It was shot in 1940. It was one of the first films to use Technicolor.
- There is a Bollywood version _Aladdin and Sinbad_. In it, both characters meet and participate in the adventures of each other. The djinn is female. In the end Aladdin marries her (rather than the princess).
- Disney also made a version of Aladdin, who appeared in several adaptions. In the Disney film _Aladdin_, he is a smart young thief in the fictional city of Agrabah. He meets and falls in love with the Sultan's daughter, Jasmine, an independent soul who, much like Aladdin, wants to escape from her current life. Jafar, the Sultan's evil advisor, tricks Aladdin into helping him find a magic lamp, which ends up with Aladdin and his monkey and friend, Abu. The lamp's occupant is a lunatic, shape-shifting genie, who promises his master three wishes, and though he cannot make Jasmine fall in love with Aladdin – he can make things easier for him. By making Aladdin look like rich and handsome Prince Ali, Aladdin does not impress the Princess, and discovers that it was his true self she liked him all along. Using his own smartness and courage, Aladdin defeats Jafar and his evil plans, becoming a prince.
Nirvana

In Buddhism, **Nirvana** is the state of perfect peace free from reincarnation reached by not wanting more than you have. Meaning happiness and peace, it is every Buddhist's goal. The Buddha described it as:
> “the far shore, the subtle, the very difficult to see, the unaging, the stable, the undisintegrating, the unmanifest, the unproliferated, the peaceful, the deathless, the sublime, the auspicious, the secure, the destruction of craving, the wonderful, the amazing, the unailing, the unailing state, the unafflicted, dispassion, purity, freedom, the unadhesive, the island, the shelter, the asylum, the refuge...” (SN 43:14)

## Related pages

- Moksha

## Other websites

- Nibbana  - excerpts from the Pali Tripitaka defining Nirvana
- "Nirvana Sutra": full English translation of the "Nirvana Sutra" and appreciation of its teachings.
- Buddha - A Hero's Journey to Nirvana
- Salvation Versus Liberation, A Buddhist View of Paradise Worlds
- In-depth explanation of Nibbana according to the Pali Canon
- Explanation of Nibbana according to dmc 
- Mind Like Fire Unbound - a discussion of fire imagery as used in the Buddha's time
- A Buddhist practice based on the four stages of the Buddha's enlightenment that led him to Nirvana
- Nirvana - Encyclopedia of Spiritual Knowledge.
Lahti

**Lahti** is a city in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. Literally it means _bay_. It is part of the province of Southern Finland. As of April 2014, there were about 103,450 people living in Lahti. Lahti was the eighth biggest city in Finland as of 31 August 2012.

The concert house Sibelius Hall () in Lahti is named after Jean Sibelius. Many stars, including Antti Tuisku, have performed there.

## History

Lahti's transport was big already at 14th century. Lahti was first a village that belonged to Hollola. It was been burned in 1877. Lahti has been a city since 1905. The population then was 2,779.

In 2016, Nastola merged with the city of Lahti.

## Sights

- Lanu-puisto
- Pikku-Vesijärvi

## Other websites

- The official Lahti page
Lamp

A **lamp** is a device that makes light and heat. Lamps usually work with electricity, using a lightbulb.  In the United States, a lamp is usually considered a desk lamp or floor lamp. Other sources of light are called 'lights', such as streetlights, flashlights, and headlights, which in some countries are called streetlamps, torches and headlamps.

Before electric lamps were invented, gas lamps, oil lamps or candles were used.

## Related pages

- Compact fluorescent lamp
- Gas discharge lamp
- Lava lamp (mostly used for decoration rather than lighting a room)
Pinocchio

**Pinocchio** is a fictional character from the 1883 book _The Adventures of Pinocchio_ by Carlo Collodi.

Pinocchio is a puppet, made by wood carver, Geppetto. When he tells lies, his nose gets longer. Pinocchio learns about being a real life boy and wants to be a real human being instead of a puppet made of wood and strings.

The most well-known and beloved version of the story is the 1940 animated Disney movie _Pinocchio_.

The other two most famous and beloved versions and adaptations of the story are from the Mexican Guillermo Del Toro and the Italian Giuliano Cenci.
Acellular

**Acellular** or **non-cellular life** is life that exists without a cellular structure. Some scientists say that a virus is a type of life form.
Mexico (state)

The state of **México** is one of the administrative divisions of the country of Mexico. It is one of 32 administrative divisions. It is in the south central part of the country. It borders Hidalgo, Querétaro, Tlaxcala, Puebla, Michoacán, Morelos and Guerrero as well as Mexico City. The capital of the state is Toluca. Its biggest city is Ecatepec de Morelos, which borders Mexico Federal district. Teotihuacan is also in this state. It is about 21.355 km²  in surface. About 14 million people live there as of 2005.

## History

The Tepexpan man is an important discovery for Mexican and foreign anthropologists, as it is an important key to understanding what the Valley of Mexico was like almost 3,000 years ago; it also allows us to date the beginning of the settlement of the area that occupies near Mexico City. Some scholars initially attributed an age of 11,000 years to it; others, 5,000, and some have even suggested 3,000 years. This individual was initially identified as a man, but recent research identifies it as a woman, although this is a matter of debate.

## Related pages

- Coat of arms of Mexico (state)
- Flag of Mexico (state)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: State of Mexico
- **native name**: Estado Libre y Soberano de México
- **settlement type**: Political divisions of Mexico, State
- **image flag**: Flag of Mexico (state).svg
- **flag size**: 140px
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Mexico (state).svg
- **shield size**: 80px
- **image map**: Mexico (state) in Mexico (zoom).svg
- **map caption**: Location within Mexico
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Toluca
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Mexico, Municipalities
- **subdivision name2**: Municipalities of Mexico (state), 125
- **leader title**: List of Mexican state governors, Governor
- **leader name**: Delfina Gómez Álvarez
- **leader title1**: Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, Federal Deputies
- **leader name1**: National Action Party (Mexico), PAN: 4
 Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI: 1
- **leader title2**: Senate of Mexico, Federal Senators
- **leader name2**: Beatriz Zavala Peniche (PAN)
Alfredo Rodríguez y Pacheco, Alfredo Rodríguez (PAN)
Cleominio Zoreda Novelo, Cleominio Zoreda (PRI)
- **area footnotes**:
 List of Mexican states by area, Ranked 20th
- **area total km2**: 21355
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 1,818,948 (List of Mexican states by population, Ranked 21st)
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **blank name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2004)
- **blank info**: 0.7778 - <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span>
List of Mexican states by HDI, Ranked 19th
- **blank1 name**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 info**: MX-MEX
- **blank2 name**: Postal abbr.
- **blank2 info**: Yuc.
- **website**: http://www.yucatan.gob.mx
Yawn

A **yawn** is a reflex. It involves a large, long taking in of air, the stretching of eardrums as the jaw opens wide, and last a (sometimes loud) breathing out. **Pandiculation** is the act of yawning and stretching simultaneously. It is easy to see when someone is yawning, but no-one knows what its function is but it may serve as a way of communication.

Yawning is commonly associated with tiredness, stress, overwork, lack of stimulation and boredom. In humans, yawning is often triggered by others yawning (e.g. seeing a person yawning, talking to someone on the phone who is yawning) and is a typical example of positive feedback. This "infectious" yawning has also been observed in chimpanzees and dogs. Cats both yawn and stretch, though not necessarily at the same time.

## Contagiousness

The yawn reflex has long been observed to be contagious. In 1508, Erasmus wrote, "One man's yawning makes another yawn.," and the French proverbialized the idea to "Un bon bâilleur en fait bâillier deux." ("One good gaper makes two others gape"). Often, if one person yawns, this may cause another person to "empathetically" yawn. Observing another person's yawning face (especially his/her eyes), even reading, or thinking about yawning, or looking at a yawning picture can cause a person to yawn.

The immediate cause for contagious yawning may be the mirror neurons in the frontal cortex of certain vertebrates, which, upon being exposed to a stimulus, activates the same regions in the brain. Mirror neurons have been proposed as a driving force for imitation which lies at the root of much human learning such as language acquisition. Yawning may be an offshoot of the same imitative impulse.

## Reasons, functions

Charles Darwin argued, in _The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals_, that if a behaviour was present in many cultures, then it must be inherited (wholly or partly). All traits which appear in a wide range of animals must have some function which is supported (or was supported) by natural selection. In most cases the function is obvious, but with yawning we do not know what that function is. Suggestions have been made, but they do not seem to account for its widespread occurrence in mammals, and possibly in other vertebrates.

## Other vertebrates

Because mammals have similar emotions, and can show their emotions very clearly, it is agreed that when they look as if they are yawning, it is yawning in every sense. The reasons for this are similar to the reasons why we think other humans feel the same as us when the show the same signs.
Constantine

**Constantine** can mean:
- Constantine I, a Roman (Byzantine) Emperor

- _Constantine_, a movie with Keanu Reeves
Constantine Maroulis

**Constantine Maroulis** (born September 17, 1975) is an American singer, actor and writer from New York. He was on the popular television program _American Idol_. With his past work experiences, he stands out from other _American Idol_ singers. Before he was on television, he sang in the rock band Pray for the soul of Betty. Right now, he is taking a break from his band to sing on his own. He is the first _Idol_ alum to sign a contract for the making of a new television sitcom.
Sean Lennon

Sean Taro Ono Lennon is an American actor, musician, singer and writer.

Lennon was born on October 9, 1975 at New York Hospital in New York City, He is the son of John Lennon and his second wife Yoko Ono. He is Japanese on his mother's side and English, Welsh and Irish on his father's side. This makes him Eurasian. He has the same birthday as his father.

Lennon is currently dating model/musician Charlotte Muel.  Lennon had been engaged to musician Bijou Phillips.

## Groups involved in

Lennon has worked  with Mark Ronson and childhood friend Jordan Galland.
He has been a member of the groups Cibo Matto, Ghost of a Saber Toothed Tiger and Dopo Yume.

## Filmography

|**Year**||**Title**|**Comments**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2006|_Friendly Fire_|Writer/Actor||
|2007|_Rozencrantz and Guildenstern are Undead _ directed by Jordan Galland|Contributed music score||
|2008|_Coin Locker Babies_|Writer/Director||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sean Lennon
- **img**: Sean Lennon Saint Asbury Park NJ 09272013 LHCollins 400.jpg
- **img capt**: Sean Lennon playing at The Saint (music venue), The Saint in Asbury Park, New Jersey, Asbury Park, New Jersey, with his band, The Ghost of a Saber Tooth Tiger, in 2013
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Sean Taro Ono Lennon
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **genre**: Alternative rock
Folk rock
Indie rock
Rock and roll
- **occupation**: Actor, singer-songwriter, writer
- **years active**: 1988 - Present
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, Bass, Drum kit, drums, guitar, piano
- **label**: Grand Royal Records, Capitol Records, Capitol
- **associated acts**: Cibo Matto, Dopo Yume, The Ghost Of A Saber Toothed Tiger, Mark Ronson, Rufus Wainwright
- **url**: [http://www.seanlennon.com Official Website]
Eurasian people

A **Eurasian person** is a person of mixed European and Asian descent or mixed parentage (someone with one Caucasian parent and one Asian parent). In Hawaii, the term _hapa_ is used. Eurasian people can also mean people who live in Europe or Asia, or by the Ural Mountains.
Wallonia

**Wallonia** (, , , , , ) or the **Walloon Region** (French: _Région wallonne_) is a French-speaking region in the south of Belgium. Its official languages are French (98%) and German (2%). Many people understand the local language Walloon, some still speak it, and few people write it. German is spoken mainly in the area of the German-speaking Community of Belgium.

The capital of the region is Namur. Other important cities are: Liège, Charleroi, Mons, Tournai and Verviers.

French speaking Walloons share the French community with French speaking people of Brussels.

Current Minister-President of the Walloon Government is Elio Di Rupo.

## Provinces

Wallonia has five provinces:

|Province|Capital|Population 2022|Area km²|Density km²|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Hainaut|Mons|1,351,127|3,813|354|
|Liège|Liège|1,110,989|3,857|288|
|Luxembourg|Arlon|291,143|4,459|65|
|Namur|Namur|499,454|3,675|136|
|Walloon Brabant|Wavre|409,782|1,097|374|

## Related pages

Wallonia (or Walloon Region) is one of three regions in Belgium. The other two regions are:
- Flanders (or Flemish Region) for the Dutch-speaking part of Belgium
- Brussels-Capital Region is bilingual (Dutch and French)

## Other websites

- The Walloon Region, belgium.be

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Wallonia
- **settlement type**: Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium, Region of Belgium
- **image flag**: Flag of Wallonia.svg
- **flag size**: 140px
- **flag alt**: Flag of Wallonia
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Wallonia.svg
- **shield size**: 75px
- **shield alt**: Coat of arms of Wallonia
- **anthem**: _Le Chant des Wallons_ <br/ >("The Song of the Walloons")
- **image map**: Walloon Region in Belgium and Europe.svg
- **map alt**: Wallonia shown within Belgium and Europe
- **map caption**: Present-day Belgian Wallonia (dark green) shown within Belgium and Europe.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Belgium
- **established title2**: Wallon Region, Region in Belgium
- **established date2**: 1980
- **seat**: Namur (city), Namur
- **leader title**: Executive
- **leader name**: Walloon Government
- **area land km2**: 16901
- **population total**: 3662495
- **population as of**: 1 January 2022
- **population density km2**: 217
- **population blank1 title**: Official language
- **population blank1**: French language, French and German language, German
- **population demonym**: Walloon people, Walloon (adjective) <br/ > Walloon (person)
 _wallon_ (adjective) <br/ > _Wallon_ (person)
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BE, BE-WAL
- **footnotes**: The area and population figures are given for the Walloon Region, not the French Community.
- **leader title2**: Minister-President of Wallonia, Minister-President
- **leader name2**: Elio Di Rupo (PS)
- **leader title3**: Legislature
- **leader name3**: Walloon Parliament
1610s

The **1610s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1610 and ended on 31 December 1619. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***162th decade*** which began on January 1, 1611 and ended on December 31, 1620.

## Events

- Start of the Golden Age of the Netherlands.
- Beginning of Dutch colonization of North America
- The King James Version of the Bible comes out.

## Deaths

- 1616 – William Shakespeare, English poet
1498

## Events

- Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visits Quelimane and Moçambique in southeastern Africa.
- May 20 – Vasco da Gama arrives at Calicut (now Kozhikode), India, becoming the first European to get there by sailing around Africa.
- May 23 – Girolamo Savonarola, ruler of Florence, is executed for criticizing the Pope.
- July 31 – On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.
- Christopher Columbus lands on the South American continent.
- The Portuguese sail up to the coasts of modern Tanzania and Kenya.
- John Cabot leaves port on an expedition, never to be seen again.
1772

## Events

- King Gustav III of Sweden makes a new constitution in Sweden, and gains total power.
- Marquis de Sade sentenced to death.

## Births

- May 20-Sir William Congreve, English inventor.
- August 24 – King William I of the Netherlands

## Deaths

- March 29 – Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish thinker and mathematician
Cryptorchidism

**Cryptorchidism** is a condition where one or both testicles does not drop down ("descend") into the scrotum.
Buddy Holly

**Buddy Holly** (born in Lubbock, Texas as Charles Hardin Holley, September 7, 1936 – February 3, 1959) was an American rock and roll singersongwriter. In April 1959, he had a number one song (after  death) on UK Singles Chart music chart. He wrote "That'll Be the Day"; In 1957 the song when played by The Crickets, went to number one on Billboard Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart.

Holly was important in the history of rock and roll music overall, and in the sub genre, rockabilly music.

Holly played several different types of instruments. His style was influenced by gospel music, country music, and rhythm and blues. The style of his music shifted from country and western to entirely rock and roll. His group were called The Crickets.

Buddy Holly died on February 3, 1959 when a Beechcraft Bonanza 35 airplane carrying him crashed into a field near Mason City, Iowa. Also killed in the crash were bandmatea Ritchie Valens and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, as well as pilot Roger Peterson.

## In popular culture

Singer Don McLean's popular 1971 song "American Pie" made February 3 known as "The Day the Music Died."

## Other websites

- Official website
- Buddy Holly Online
- International Buddy Site
- Buddy Holly (audio) on the Pop Chronicles

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Buddy Holly
- **img**: Buddy Holly cropped.JPG
- **img capt**: Buddy Holly in 1957
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Charles Hardin Holley
- **birth date**: September 7, 1936
- **birth place**: Lubbock, Texas United States, USA
- **death date**: February 3, 1959 (aged 22)
- **death place**: Clear Lake, Iowa, USA
- **instrument**: singer, Vocals, guitar
- **genre**: Rock and roll, rockabilly, pop music, pop
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, musician
- **years active**: 1956 – 1959
- **label**: Decca Records, Decca
- **associated acts**: The Crickets
- **website**: [http://www.buddyholly.com/ BuddyHolly.com]
John Denver

**Henry John Deutschendorf Jr.** (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997) was an American musician and songwriter. He was of German and Irish ancestry. He was very popular in the 1970s. He died when the plane he was flying crashed in California.

Denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s. By 1974, he was one of America's best-selling performers, and AllMusic has described Denver as "among the most beloved entertainers of his era"  On 12 October 1997, John Denver died in a plane crash aged 53.

## Awards and recognition

**Academy of Country Music**

- 1974 Album of the Year for _Back Home Again_

**American Music Awards**

- 1975 Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist
- 1976 Favorite Country Album for _Back Home Again_
- 1976 Favorite Country Male Artist

**Country Music Association**

- 1975 Entertainer of the Year
- 1975 Song of the Year for "Back Home Again"

**Emmy Awards**

- 1975 Emmy for Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Special for _An Evening With John Denver_

**Grammy Awards**

- 1997 Best Musical Album For Children for _All Aboard!_
- 1998 Grammy Hall of Fame Award for "Take Me Home, Country Roads"

**Songwriters Hall of Fame**

- Inducted in 1996

## Death

On October 12th, 1997 Denver was piloting his own "experimental ultralight plane" off of Monterey Bay, California. He made an error in calculating his remaining fuel levels and fatally crashed directly into the ocean near Lover's Point, Pacific Grove, after the plane ran completely out of gas. After a thorough investigation completed by the National Aviation Services and supporting law enforcement, it was deemed that he was too confined within the limited space of his plane to successfully engage his reserve tank. Denver was 53 years old; his remains were cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Rocky Mountains.

## References

5. https://gulfnews.com/today-history/october-12-1997-singer-john-denver-dies-in-plane-crash-1.2104320<nowiki/>

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: John Denver
- **img**: John Denver 1974.jpg
- **img capt**: John Denver in 1974.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Henry John Deutschendorf, Jr.
- **birth place**: Roswell, New Mexico, United States
- **death place**: Monterey Bay, California, United States
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar, piano, keyboard instrument, keyboards, violin
- **genre**: Country music, Country, folk music, folk, pop
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer, composer, activist, actor
- **years active**: 1962–1997
- **label**: Mercury Records, Mercury, RCA, Bertelsmann Music Group, BMG, Windstar Records, Windstar, Sony Wonder
- **associated acts**: The John Denver Band, The Back Porch Majority, The New Christy Minstrels, Chad Mitchell Trio, The Muppets, Olivia Newton-John, Plácido Domingo, Emmylou Harris, Johnny Cash, Tina Turner, Glen Campbell
- **url**: http://www.johndenver.com/
Castaic, California

**Castaic** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in the U.S. state of California. It is in Los Angeles County.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Castaic, California
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated community
- **image skyline**: castaic dam 50.jpg
- **image caption**: Castaic Dam and its lake, 2007
- **pushpin map**: Los Angeles#California#United States
- **pushpin label**: Castaic
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Los Angeles County##Location in California##Location in the United States
- **image map**: File:Los Angeles County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Castaic Highlighted 0611796.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Los Angeles County, California
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Los Angeles County, California, Los Angeles
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 7.28
- **area land sq mi**: 7.26
- **area water sq mi**: 0.02
- **area total km2**: 18.85
- **area land km2**: 18.81
- **area water km2**: 0.04
- **area water percent**: 0.24
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 18937
- **population density sq mi**: 2607.68
- **population density km2**: 1006.87
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific (PST)
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **elevation ft**: 1280
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 91310, 91384
- **area code**: area code 661, 661
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 06-11796
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2582966
North West England

**North West England** is one of the regions of England in the United Kingdom. The cities of Liverpool and Manchester are in the south of this region. The northern area (which includes Cumbria and part of Lancashire) is full of villages.

## Local government

The official region consists of the following subdivisions:

|Ceremonial county||County/Unitary||Districts|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Cheshire|Cheshire †|a.) Ellesmere Port and Neston, b.) Chester, c.) Crewe and Nantwich, d.) Congleton, e.) Macclesfield, f.) Vale Royal|||
|colspan="2"|Warrington U.A.||||
|colspan="2"|Halton U.A.||||
|Cumbria †|a.) Barrow-in-Furness, b.) South Lakeland, c.) Copeland, d.) Allerdale, e.) Eden, f.) Carlisle||||
|Greater Manchester *|a.) Bolton, b.) Bury, c.) Manchester, d.) Oldham, e.), Salford, f.) Stockport, g.) Tameside, h.) Trafford, i.) Wigan||||
|Lancashire|Lancashire †|a.) West Lancashire, b.) Chorley, c.) South Ribble, d.) Fylde, e.) Preston, f.) Wyre, g.) Lancaster, h.) Ribble Valley, i.) Pendle, j.) Burnley, k.) Rossendale, l.) Hyndburn, m.)Rochdale (borough) Rochdale|||
|colspan="2"|Blackpool U.A.||||
|colspan="2"|Blackburn with Darwen U.A.||||
|Merseyside *|a.) Knowsley, b.) Liverpool, c.) St. Helens, d.) Sefton, e.) Wirral||||

## Other websites

- The North West HUB
Central Point, Oregon

**Central Point** is a city in Oregon, USA.  It has a population of 18,997 people as of 2020.  It has an area of 3.9 square miles.

## Other websites

- City of Central Point

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Central Point, Oregon
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: The Fair City
- **image caption**: Central Point welcome sign
- **image map**: Jackson_County_Oregon_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Central_Point_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in Oregon
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Oregon
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Oregon, County
- **subdivision name2**: Jackson County, Oregon, Jackson
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1889
- **area total sq mi**: 3.94
- **area total km2**: 10.21
- **area land sq mi**: 3.94
- **area land km2**: 10.21
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 18997
- **population density km2**: 1861.30
- **population density sq mi**: 4820.35
- **timezone**: Pacific Standard Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: −8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific
- **utc offset dst**: −7
- **elevation ft**: 1272
- **website**: [http://www.centralpointoregon.gov/ www.centralpointoregon.gov]
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 97502
- **area code**: Area code 541/458
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 41-12400
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1118785
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Puebla City

**Puebla, Mexico** is a Mexican city. It is  southeast of Mexico City in a broad valley. The city has had many names over the years including City of Angels, City of Tiles, and Heroic City of Zaragoza.

Puebla was the main city of colonial Mexico. The architecture and look of Puebla is the most European of all the colonial cities. This is because it was built completely by a Spanish. Most cities at the time were built within an existing Native American community.

Puebla is highly industrialized, having factories belonging to Volkswagen, Audi, and Bimbo. The historic downtown area remains a Spanish colonial treasure. It is filled with 17th and 18th century European architecture. The city has a nice climate all year around, friendly and courteous people living there and good food.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Puebla City
- **other name**: Puebla de Zaragoza
- **image skyline**: Catedral de Puebla en paisaje..jpg
- **imagesize**: 275px
- **image flag**: Flag of Puebla.svg
- **image seal**: Escudo de Puebla de los Ángeles (Puebla de Zaragoza).svg
- **pushpin map**: Mexico
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Mexico
- **subdivision type1**: States of Mexico, State
- **subdivision name1**: Puebla
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Puebla, Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Puebla
- **leader title**: Municipal President
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: May 19, 1522
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 819,561
- **population metro**: 6,786
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Poblano
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation m**: 2400
- **postal code type**: Postal code
Puebla

**Puebla** is part of the name of several places:

- Puebla (state), a state in Mexico
- Puebla City, the capital city of the state of Puebla
- Puebla F.C., Mexican football club
Namur (city)

**Namur** (, ) is a municipality in Belgium. It is the capital of both Namur Province and of Wallonia, one of the three administrative regions of Belgium. It is in the French-speaking part of Belgium.

In 2012, there were 112'246 people in Namur.

Namur is at 50° 27 North, 04° 51 East.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Namur
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Belgium, Municipality
- **image skyline**: 01-Namur-290305 (3).jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: Citadel of Namur
- **image flag**: Flag of Namur.svg
- **image seal**: Blason ville BE Namur.svg
- **pushpin map**: Belgium
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Belgium, Province
- **subdivision type3**: Arrondissement
- **subdivision name3**: Namur
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Maxime Prévot
- **area total km2**: 175.7
- **population total**: 112,559
- **population as of**: January 1, 2022
- **population density km2**: 640.6
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 5000–5004, 5020–5022, 5024, 5100, 5101
- **area code type**: Area code
- **area code**: 92094
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:BE, ISO 3166 code
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Mariska Hargitay

**Mariska Magdolna Hargitay** (born January 23, 1964 in Los Angeles, California, USA) is an American actress. She is best known for her role on the television series _Law & Order, SVU_. She is also the daughter of actors Jayne Mansfield and Mickey Hargitay.

## Career

Hargitay plays Detective Olivia Benson on the television series _Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. _Olivia is a sex-crimes detective who works with people and children who have been abused, assaulted, raped, molested, and otherwise victimized.

Hargitay was inspired by the sad stories she learned on SVU, and she created the real-life Joyful Heart Foundation in 2004. The Joyful Heart Foundation helps real-life survivors of domestic violence and sexual assault.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Mariska Magdolna Hargitay
- **image**: Mariska Hargitay 2011.jpg
- **caption**: Mariska Hargitay in 2011