juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kisarazu Air Field

is a Japanese military air field of the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force.  It is also known as .

The air field is north northwest of Kisarazu, Chiba Prefecture. Private charter jets also use the airport

## Operations

JGSDF Kisarazu is home to the JGSDF 1st Helicopter Brigade.  These forces are part of the Central Readiness Force.

The immediate JGSDF response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami included helicopters from the 1st Helicopter Unit.

After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, helicopters from Kisarazu sprayed seawater from above the plant onto the damaged reactor.

## History

Kisarazu Air Field was originally established in 1936 as a base for the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in the Yokosuka Naval District.

After the end of World War II, the base was used by the United States Air Force (USAF) as "Kisarazu Air Base".

In 1955, the runway was expanded to multiple jet bomber operational length.

In 1956, control of the base was officially transferred to the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF).  Some USAF units remained.

By the 1960s, the US only used Kisarazu to repair United States Navy jets stationed on aircraft carriers in the Pacific. The US military units at this air field were withdrawn.

In 1968, the JASDF relocated to Iruma Air Base, and Kisarazu was transferred to JGSDF.

## Related pages

- List of airports in Japan

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Kisarazu Air Field
- **nativename-a**: 木更津飛行場
- **nativename-r**: Kisarazu Hikōjō
- **image**: JGSDF Camp Kisarazu 2016.jpg
- **icao**: RJTK
- **type**: Military
- **location**: Kisarazu, Chiba, Kisarazu, Japan
- **elevation-f**: 10
- **pushpin map**: Japan
- **pushpin label**: RJTK
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Japan
- **website**: [http://www.mod.go.jp/gsdf/crf/pa/links/1hb/1hb.html JGSDF 1st Helicopter Brigade]
- **metric-rwy**: yes
- **r1-number**: 02/20
- **r1-length-m**: 1,830
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt concrete
- **footnotes**: Source: Japanese Aeronautical Information Publication, AIP at Aeronautical Information Service, AIS Japan
Lucretius

**Titus Lucretius Carus** (ca. 98 BC – ca. 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. He is known for _De rerum natura_ (in English:"On the Nature of the Universe"). It is an epic philosophical work about the beliefs of Epicureanism.

There are not any details about his life. Saint Jerome tells of how he became insane because of a love potion and wrote his poetry in between fits of insanity. Modern scholarship thinks this was just used to explain how he behaved. The _De rerum natura_ had a large affect on the Augustan poets, including Virgil and Horace. The work were lost for a time. It was later found in a monastery in Germany. This work played an important part both in the development of atomism and in the efforts of many people of the Enlightenment era to build a new Christian humanism.
Robert Wilson

**Robert Woodrow Wilson** (born 10 January 1936) is an American Nobel Prize-winning astronomer. He found part of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964. He was working at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey on an antenna with Arno Penzias. This antenna picked up any background 'noise' they could not get rid of. Their findings were justified by others predictions. Fourteen years later, they won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery.
London Heliport

**London Heliport**  at Battersea, London is the capital's main and busiest heliport.

It is on the south bank of the River Thames, 3 nautical miles (3.5 miles or 5.6 km) southwest of Westminster Bridge and the Palace of Westminster. It is on a jetty between Wandsworth Bridge and Battersea Railway Bridge. The nearest railway station is Clapham Junction, and the nearest tube station is Fulham Broadway.

The heliport, once owned by Westland and then Harrods, is a very small site. It uses a concrete surface on a jetty as a helipad for take-off and landing. There is onshore parking for between three and four aircraft, usually just the smaller helicopters. The heliport has landing, parking and refuelling services between 08:00 and 21:00. Flights are permitted between 07:00 and 23:00.

In 2012 it was bought by the Reuben Brothers, for £35 million. In 2016, the heliport's official name became the **NetJets London Heliport**, after the private jet company signed a branding deal with the owners.

The nearest main line railway station is  and the nearest London Underground station is .

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: London Heliport
- **image**: London Heliport - Battersea - London - 2 helicopters awaiting takeoff - evening - 030604.jpg
- **icao**: EGLW
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: Reuben Brothers
- **operator**: The London Airport Ltd.
- **location**: London,
United Kingdom
- **elevation-f**: 18
- **pushpin map**: United Kingdom Greater London
- **pushpin label**: EGLW
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Greater London
- **website**: [http://www.londonheliport.co.uk www.londonheliport.co.uk]
- **metric-rwy**: Y
- **r1-number**: 02/20
- **r1-length-f**: 125 × 52
- **r1-length-m**: 38 × 16
- **r1-surface**: Concrete
- **footnotes**: Sources: UK Aeronautical Information Publication, AIP at National Air Traffic Services, NATS
Bioleaching

**Bioleaching** is getting metals from their ores by using living organisms. This is much cleaner than the traditional method using cyanide. Bioleaching is one of several methods used to recover copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver, and cobalt.

Bioleaching uses certain types of bacteria to produce a solution called a "leachate". By leaving these bacteria with a low-grade metal ore, they can produce leachates which have a compound of that metal. Because this is in a solution it can be used in electrolysis to make the pure metal. This only produces small amounts each time, and is repeated to make it economically viable.
Francesco Guicciardini

**Francesco Guicciardini** (March 6, 1483 – May 22, 1540) was an Italian historian and statesman. He is considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance and the Father of Modern History. He was a friend and critic of Niccolò Machiavelli.

## Biography

His family was illustrious and noble; after the usual education of a boy in grammar and elementary classical studies, his father, Piero, sent him to the universities of Ferrara and Padua, where he stayed until the year 1505. In 1512, he went to the court of the King of Aragon, Ferdinand the Catholic as ambassador.

In 1515 he became working for the Pope Leo X, who made him governor of Reggio Emilia in 1516 and of Modena in 1517.

## Works

- _Storie fiorentine_ (1508–1510)
- _Diario di Spagna_ (1512)
- _Discorso di Logrogno_ ("Discourse of Logrogno"; 1512)
- _Relazione di Spagna_ (1514)
- _Consolatoria_ (1527)
- _Oratio accusatoria_ (1527)
- _Oratio defensoria_ (1527)
- _Del reggimento di Firenze or Dialogo e discorsi del reggimento di Firenze_ ("Dialogue on Florentine Government" or "Dialogue on the Government of Florence"; 1527)
- _Considerazioni intorno ai "Discorsi" del Machiavelli sopra la prima deca di Tito Livio_ ("Observations on Machiavelli's Discourses"; 1528, or possibly 1530)
- _Ricordi_ or _Ricordi_ politici (as the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica refers to it) or _Ricordi civili e politici_ (the name given by Giuseppe Canestrini when he first published (1512-1530)
- _Le cose fiorentine_ (second "History of Florence"; 1528–1531)
- _Storia d'Italia_ ("History of Italy"; 1537–1540)
Cyprus cedar

The **Cyprus cedar** (_Cedrus brevifolia_) is a large coniferous tree in the _Cedrus_ genus native to Cyprus, where it is found in the Troödos Mountains. Some experts consider it to be either a variety or a subspecies of the Cedar of Lebanon.

This tree can grow up to 25 meters in height and 12 meters in width. When young, it has a conical shape, but as it matures, it broadens and develops a flattened top. Its bark is initially silvery-grey and becomes thickened with deep cracks as the tree ages. The needle-like leaves are grey-green to mid-green, occasionally bluish-green, and are arranged singly on long shoots or in dense clusters of 20–30 on short shoots. The cones are cylindrical, measuring 7–10 cm in length. They are green when young but turn pale brown as they mature and shed their scales and winged seeds.
Glaucous

**Glaucous** is a color that is bluish-green or bluish-grey. In botany it refers to a pale bluish waxy or powdery layer on a surface such as a leaf or a fruit. In birds it refers to a pale bluish grey color of the feathers, legs or some other part of the bird.

_Glaucous_ appears in the name of some plants and birds. For example, - Glaucous Gull, _(Larus glaucescens)_ or Glaucous Macaw, _(Anodorhynchus glaucus)_. In botany there is the Glaucous Sedge, _(Carex flacca)_ and the Glaucous Michelmas Daisy, _(Symphyotrichum laeve)_.

Often grapes, plums and other fruit have a glaucous waxy or powdery layer on the surface of their skin. That layer protects the fruit from water. It can be easily rubbed off.
Cliff Richard

**Sir Cliff Richard**  (born **Harry Rodger Webb**; 14 October 1940) is a British singer, musician and actor. He is the only male solo artist to have had number one singles in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. His most recent album, _Music... The Air That I Breathe_ was released in 2020.

## Early life

Richard was born in Lucknow, India. In 1940, he and his British parents moved from India to England, first moving to Carshalton, Surrey, then to Waltham Cross, followed by Cheshunt, both in Hertfordshire.

## Career

Richard began his music career in 1958 and is still performing. His name Richard comes from Little Richard. His backing group are The Shadows. He performed the United Kingdom entry at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1968 and in 1973.

In 1980 Richard was given an OBE. In 1995, he became a Knight. This means that he has a 'Sir' in front of his name. A person is given a Knighthood by the British Monarch. In 1995 that was The Queen.

Between 1960 and 1963 Richard presented _The Cliff Richard Show_.

In 2008 a book that he wrote about his life so far, _My Life My Way_ was published. It was also released as an audiobook.

## Personal life

Richard is a devout Christian.

In August 2013, Richard's Berkshire home was searched by police over a claim of sexual assault on a boy aged under 16 in 1985. He was not arrested or charged.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **honorific prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Cliff Richard
- **image**: Cliff Richard (8454760629) cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Richard performing at the Old Royal Naval College, Greenwich, 2017
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Harry Rodger Webb
- **birth place**: Lucknow, British Raj, British India
- **origin**: London, England
- **years active**: 1958–present
- **associated acts**: The Shadows, Olivia Newton-John
Guido Cavalcanti

**Guido Cavalcanti** (1259 – August 1300) was an Italian poet from Florence. He was the best friend of Dante Alighieri as well as an influence on his thinking. Cavalcanti is one of the most important poets of Dolce stil novo, and he is widely regarded as the first major poet of Italian literature.

## Biography

Cavalcanti was born into a noble Guelph family; his father was Cavalcante de Cavalcanti. In 1267 he got married to Bice, daughter of Farinata degli Uberti, leader of the Florentine Ghibellines. In 1284 he became a member of the general council, together with Brunetto Latini and Dino Compagni. On June 24 1300 he was exiled, so he went to Sarzana. On August 19 of the same year he could return in Florence, but he died after a few days, on August 29.

## Works

Guido Cavalcanti wrote sonnets and ballads. Only fifty two poems by the poet are known today. Hist best works are the canzone _Donna mi prega_ (_A lady asks me_), the ballad _I' prego voi che di dolor parlate_ (_I ask you that speak about suffering_) and the sonnet _L’anima mia vilment’ è sbigotita_ (_My soul is in distress_).

## Translations

Cavalcanti's poems were translated into English by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Ezra Pound and A.S. Kline.

## Bibliography

- _Sonnets and Ballate of Guido Cavalcanti_ with translations of them and an Introduction by Ezra Pound, Stephen Swift and Co. Ltd., London 1912.

## Other websites

- Guido Cavalcanti's poems translated by A. S. Kline.
Kadena Air Base

is a United States Air Force base in Japan.

The military base is in the towns of Kadena and Chatan and the city of Okinawa in Okinawa Prefecture.

## History

During the invasion of Okinawa in 1945, the airport was bombed by the US.  The damage was repaired and it became a US air base.

The American air base on this Japanese island is controversial.

## Related pages

- List of airports in Japan

## Other websites

- Kadena Air Base
Suruga Province

was an old province in the area that is today the central part of Shizuoka Prefecture. It was sometimes called .

Suruga had borders with Izu, Kai, Sagami, Shinano, and Tōtōmi provinces. The province had access to the Pacific Ocean at Suruga Bay.

## History

Suruga was one of the original provinces of Japan. It was established in the Nara period as part of the Taihō Code reforms.

During the Kamakura period, Suruga was controlled by the Hōjō clan.

In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between the Imperial capital at Kyoto and the main city of the Tokugawa Shogunate.  The road passed through Suruga.

Tokugawa Ieyasu lived in Sumpu Castle in Suruga when he retired from the role of Shōgun.  He died at Sunpu.

During the Edo period, the chief shogunate official in Sumpu was the _Sunpu jōdai_.

After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the last Tokugawa Shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu retired to Suruga.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s. Being located near Mt. Fuji made Suruga a popular place to make maps during the Meiji period.

## Shrines and Temples

_Sengen jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Suruga.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
- View of Entire Suruga Region
The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey

***The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey*** is a 2012 epic fantasy and adventure movie. It is the first part of the Hobbit trilogy.

The movie took in over $1 billion overall. The film was followed in 2013 by _The Desolation of Smaug_ and in 2014 by _The Battle of the Five Armies_.

The film stars Ian McKellen, Martin Freeman, Lee Pace, Adam Brown, and other casts. Luke Evans, Stephen Fry and Orlando Bloom does not appear in the first film.

## Plot

Bilbo Baggins gets a request from Gandalf to go on a journey. Later that night, a group of dwarves visited Bilbo's house.

## Cast

- Ian McKellen as Gandalf
- Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins
- Richard Armitage as Thorin
- Ken Stott as Balin
- Graham McTavish as Dwalin
- William Kircher as Bifur/Tom Troll
- James Nesbit as Bofur
- Stephen Hunter as Bombur
- Dean O'Gorman as Fili
- Aidan Turner as Kili
- John Callen as Oin
- Peter Hambleton as Gloin/William Troll
- Jed Brophy as Nori
- Mark Hadlow as Dori/Bert Troll
- Adam Brown as Ori
- Ian Holm as Old Bilbo
- Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
- Hugo Weaving as Elrond
- Cate Blanchett as Galadriel
- Christopher Lee as Saruman
- Andy Serkis as Gollum
- Sylvester McCoy as Radagast
- Barry Humphries as Great Goblin
- Jeffrey Thomas as Thror
- Mike Mizrahi as Thrain
- Lee Pace as Thranduil
- Manu Bennett as Azog
- Conan Stevens as Bolg
- John Rawls as Yazneg
- Stephen Ure as Fimbul/Grinnah
- Bret McKenzie as Lindir
- Kiran Shah as Goblin Scribe
- Benedict Cumberbatch as Necromancer
- Jarred Blakiston as Musical Elf
- Andrew Fitzsimons as Elf
- Brendan Casey as Thranduil's Lieutenant
- Cameron Jones as Thranduil's Lieutenant

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Hobbit:
 An Unexpected Journey
- **director**: Peter Jackson
- **music**: Howard Shore
- **cinematography**: Andrew Lesnie
- **editing**: Jabez Olseen
- **distributor**: New Line Cinema
- **runtime**: 169 minutes (theatrical version)
182 minutes (extended version)
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $200–315 million
- **gross**: $1.017 billion
The Hobbit (movie series)

***The Hobbit*** is a three-part fantasy movie. These parts are _The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey_ (2012), _The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug_ (2013) and _The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies_ (2014). The movies are based on J. R. R. Tolkien's book _The Hobbit_. The film series stars Martin Freeman, Ian McKellen, Luke Evans, Lee Pace, Stephen Fry, Orlando Bloom and other.

## The movie trilogy

- _The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey_ (2012)
- _The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug_ (2013)
- _The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies_ (2014)

## Cast

- Ian McKellen as Gandalf
- Martin Freeman as Bilbo Baggins
- Richard Armitage as Thorin Oakenshield
- Aidan Turner as Kíli
- Dean O'Gorman as Fíli
- Graham McTavish as Dwalin
- Ken Stott as Balin
- John Callen as Óin
- Peter Hambleton as Glóin
- William Kircher as Bifur
- James Nesbitt as Bofur
- Stephen Hunter as Bombur
- Mark Hadlow as Dori
- Jed Brophy as Nori
- Adam Brown as Ori
- Billy Connolly as Dain
- Andy Serkis as Gollum
- Benedict Cumberbatch as Smaug and Necromancer
- Lee Pace as Thranduil
- Orlando Bloom as Legolas
- Evangeline Lily as Tauriel
- Stephen Fry as Master of Lake-town
- Ryan Gage as Alfrid
- Luke Evans as Bard the Bowman
- John Bell as Bain
- Peggy Nesbitt as Sigrid
- Mary Nesbitt as Tilda
- Ian Holm as old Bilbo Baggins
- Elijah Wood as Frodo Baggins
- Hugo Weaving as Elrond
- Cate Blanchett as Galadriel
- Christopher Lee as Saruman
- Mikael Persbrandt as Beorn
- Sylvester McCoy as Radagast
- Jeffrey Thomas as Thror
- Antony Sher as Thrain
- Barry Humphries as the Great Goblin
- Manu Bennett as Azog
- Conan Stevens, Lawrence Makoare and John Tui as Bolg
- Stephen Ure as Fimbul
- Ben Mitchell as Narzug
- Allan Smith as Ragash
- Bret McKenzie as Lindir
- Jarred Blakiston as Musical Elf
- Andrew Fitzsimons as Elf
- Branden Casey and Cameron Jones as Thranduil's Lieutenant
- Craig Hall as Galion
- Robin Kerr as Elros
- Eli Kent as Lethuin
- Simon London as Feren
Variety (botany)

In botany, **variety** is a rank (like species or subspecies) or a taxon in that rank. Like a subspecies, a variety gets a three-part name (a trinomial); such a variety name will include the name of the species and the variety epithet. The term "variety" is often shortened to "var."  Some examples of this use are:
- _Acer palmatum_ var. _atropupureum_ (Purple Japanese maple)
- _Abies lasiocarpa_ var. _arizonica_ (Corkbark fir)
- _Hosta undulata_ var. _undulata_ (Plantain lily)

A variety is a plant that is different in some way, and continues to be different, from the rest of the species but is not different enough for it to be classified as a new species or as a sub-species. This difference will usually be bigger than those of a form; a form will have one or more small differences, for example, different coloured flowers, lack of thorns, variegation or different coloured leaves. These variations come about by natural evolutionary process to which most plants are subject. However, a taxonomist can use their own judgement as to at what rank they want to recognize a different plant. What one taxonomist will call a variety, another will call just a form, or will decide not to recognize as being distinct.

Different varieties of a species will be able to breed together if given the opportunity (just like subspecies, and forms, or for that matter many species).

## Not to be confused

A variety is not to be confused with a cultivar, which is something else entirely. The name of a cultivar can be recognized because it includes an epithet that is written with initial capital letters, in a different font and is set in single quote marks as shown in these examples:

- _Helleborus foetidus_ 'Wester Flisk'
- _Fuchsia magellanica_ 'Riccartoni'
- _Dryopteris affinis_ 'Crispa Congesta'

## Related pages

- Variation
Iced tea

**Iced tea** (also known as **ice tea**) is cold tea (drink) usually served in a glass with ice.

## Kinds of iced tea

Sometimes, sugar is added to iced tea. This is sometimes called "sweet tea". Sometimes, fruit flavors like lemon, peach, or raspberry are added to the tea.

Many kinds of iced tea can be bought in bottles or cans.
Walt Whitman

**Walter "Walt" Whitman** (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. He was an important American poet of the 19th century.

His most famous collection of poems is _Leaves of Grass_, which was first published in 1855 with his own money. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person. Whitman kept adding to this book right up until he died of pneumonia, in 1892. It was controversial because readers thought it was obscene. It included some sexuality.

Whitman was either bisexual or homosexual. However, there is disagreement about whether Whitman had actual sexual experiences with men.

Whitman was deeply influenced by deism. He denied any one faith was more important than another, and embraced all religions equally.

## _Leaves of Grass_

Whitman first tried writing in many different popular genres. In 1850, he began writing _Leaves of Grass_, a collection of poetry which he would continue working on until his death. Whitman wanted to write an epic that was clearly American, using free verse. At the end of June 1855, Whitman surprised his brothers with the first copies of _Leaves of Grass_. His brother George "didn't think it worth reading".

Whitman paid for the publication of the first version of _Leaves of Grass_ himself and had it printed at a local print shop. A total of 795 copies were printed. The first page was an image of Whitman, but he doesn't write his name until 500 lines into the body of the text. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a kind five-page letter to Whitman and praised the book to friends. The first edition of _Leaves of Grass_ was very popular, but was some people didn't like the "obscene" or offensive parts of the poetry.

In the months after the first edition of _Leaves of Grass_, people became more upset about the sexual themes. Because of this, the publisher almost did not release the second edition. In 1856, 20 new poems were added. Different versions of _Leaves of Grass_ continued to be published throughout the rest of Whitman's life. Many famous writers like Amos Bronson Alcott and Henry David Thoreau liked the work enough to visit Whitman.

## Related pages

- List of poets from the United States

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Walt Whitman
- **image**: Walt Whitman cph.3b29434.jpg
- **caption**: Walt Whitman, 1870
- **birth place**: West Hills, New York, West Hills, New York (state), New York, United States
- **death place**: Camden, New Jersey, United States
- **signature**: Walt Whitman signature.svg
Boyar

A **boyar** was a member of the ruling nobility in medieval Russia and some other Slavic countries such as Bulgaria.  The boyars held the most important jobs in the army.  They met in a group called the duma and gave advice to the ruling prince or, in later times, the tsar.  In the 13th and 14th centuries they were rich landowners who could advise the prince, but they were free to go and work for another prince if they wanted to.

In Moscow from the 15th to the 17th centuries they were a closely bonded aristocracy.  There were about 200 boyar families.  Their ancestors were former princes, or Moscow boyar families or foreign aristocrats.  They were not nobility in the European sense.  Many of them had bad manners and not many of them could read.  They did not travel, and they were suspicious of anything foreign

In the 17th century they started to lose power. In the early 18th century Tsar Peter the Great abolished the title of boyar.
Pretender

A **pretender** is someone who says that he or she has the right to be ruler.  The word is often used to describe someone who claims that they have the right to be king, queen, emperor etc.  They claim that the ruler who is on the throne should not be there.

Sometimes people call such a person a "claimant". The person may be an imposter (someone who is pretending to be someone else).  Often they are pretending to be a prince or other royal person who is missing or whom people think is dead.  However, they may have a genuine right to the throne.  The word _pretend_ comes from the French word _prétendre_ (from the Latin _praetendo_ lit. "to stretch out before").  It means: to profess, to make a loud statement.  In modern English the word _pretend_  means "to claim falsely".

## Related pages

- War of the Roses
- Boris Godunov
- Bonnie Prince Charlie
- Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
Native American mythology

**Native American mythology** is the body of traditional stories associated with Native American religion.
Low Earth orbit

A **low Earth orbit** (**LEO**) is usually described as an orbit inside the area which comes from the Earth’s surface up to an altitude of . Other definitions use other numbers such as orbital eccentricity and orbital period. Satellites in LEO go around the Earth many times per day.

Also, internet satellite constellations such as Starlink satellites are placed in the LEO orbit.

Satellites are put in low Earth orbit if the things they do must be done in outer space but need not be far away. Some satellites are in LEO to photograph the Earth, for example some weather satellites and Earth resource satellites. Most space telescopes are in LEO since they only have to be above the Earth's atmosphere. The International Space Station is in LEO.
Bornu Empire

The **Bornu Empire** (1380-1893) was an African state of Nigeria from 1380 to 1893.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Bornu Empire
- **common name**: Bornu Empire
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Empire
- **empire**: Kanem
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **year start**: 1380
- **year end**: 1893
- **p1**: Kanem Empire
- **flag p1**: Kanem flag from dulcerta 1339-pt.svg
- **s1**: French Chad
- **flag s1**: Flag of France.svg
- **s2**: Rabih az-Zubayr
- **image flag**: Bornu flag.tif
- **flag type**: Flag of Bornu, also known as Organa, from Vallseca atlas of 1439
- **image map**: Bornu map 1750.svg
- **image map caption**: Bornu Empire extent c.1750
- **capital**: Ngazargamu
- **common languages**: Kanuri language, Kanuri
- **religion**: Islam
- **leader1**: Sayfawa dynasty, Said of Bornu
- **year leader1**: 1381–1382
- **title leader**: Sayfawa dynasty, King (Mai)
- **stat year1**: 1800
- **stat area1**: 50000
- **stat year2**: 1892
- **stat area2**: 129499
- **stat pop2**: 5000000
Tōtōmi Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of Shizuoka Prefecture. It is also known as .

The province had borders with Mikawa, Suruga and Shinano Provinces.

## History

Tōtōmi was one of the original provinces of Japan established in the Nara period under the Taihō Code.

In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between Kyoto and Edo.  The road passed through Tōtōmi.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Shrines and Temples

_Oguni jinja_ and _Kotonomamahachimangū_ were the chief Shinto shrines (_ichinomiya_) of Tōtōmi.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Focus city

In the airline industry, a **focus city** is an airport that is important to one airline but is not a hub.  An airline has daily flights from the Focus city to many destinations that are also not its hubs.  Even though the word _"city"_ is part of this term, it means a city's airport, not the city.

An example of an airline's focus city is US Airways (now part of American Airlines) at Washington National Airport in Arlington, Virginia.   Focus city airports can have some of the same facilities that hubs have.  For example, the airline may repair or clean their aircraft at a focus city because it is cheaper. They might also have places and equipment to handle cargo.

Many low-cost carriers that mostly fly point-to-point use focus cities more than hubs. Southwest Airlines, Spirit Airlines, JetBlue Airways, Allegiant Air and WestJet in the Americas, and Ryanair, EasyJet, Norwegian Air Shuttle and Wizz Air in Europe are examples.

## Other websites

- Map of AirTran's routes and indicator of their focus cities
- JetBlue route map with "key cities"
Standing wave

The word oscillate simply describes the vibrating movement of particles in a medium when acted upon by a wave, or the regular _up and down_ motion shown in the animation. Oppositely to a progressive (moving) wave, stationary waves do not transfer energy in a given direction when they oscillate.

When a guitar string is plucked, for example, a stationary wave is formed. This happens because on releasing the string, two progressive waves move down the string in opposite directions. When they reach the point where the string is tied down, they cannot move beyond this boundary. At the boundary, the wave is reflected and travels back in the opposite direction. The two reflected waves meet and interfere with one another. Superposition occurs, the opposing directions of the reflected waves cancel out resulting in one _stationary_ wave.
Mexico–United States border

The **United States–Mexico border** is the international border between the United States and Mexico.

It runs from Imperial Beach, California, and Tijuana, Baja California, in the west to Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and Brownsville, Texas, in the east. It covers a variety of terrains, ranging from major urban areas to inhospitable deserts.

From the Gulf of Mexico it follows the course of the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) to the border crossing at El Paso, Texas, and Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua. Westward from there it crosses vast tracts of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Desert. Then it crosses the Colorado River Delta, west to San Diego and Tijuana before reaching the Pacific Ocean. The US-Mexican border is considered an open border.

The border's total length is , according to figures given by the International Boundary and Water Commission. It is the most frequently crossed international border in the world, with approximately three hundred fifty million (350,000,000) crossings per year.
Valeri Bure

**Valeri Bure** (born 1974) is a retired NHL hockey player for the Montreal Canadiens. He is Russian.
German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association

The **German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association** () —  an association of German insurers of the nuclear industry in Cologne. The German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association also is involved in the reinsurance industry.

## History

The first associations of insurers of the nuclear industry in Europe were founded in Sweden and England in 1955. The German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association was founded shortly thereafter in 1957. Throughout the association's history, it has only once had to pay a claim; the claim amounted to about €10,000 to €15,000.

## Functions and tasks

Despite the slight probability of losses resulting from an insured event in the nuclear industry, in the event of an insured event does occur the possibilities for damages are considerable. As such a single insurance company is unable to bear such risk alone. Under German law, the transfer of a nuclear risk of an insurer to a reinsurer is prohibited. In 1998 the Atomic Energy Act established the maximum insurance liability of nuclear insurer at about €2.5 billion; for damages above that cap the Federal Government is liable  according to § 34 of the Atomic Energy Act. If the total damage exceeds the stipulated maximum sum of €2.55 billion, the German Federal Government pays the German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association for the excess losses. The insurance payments include the cost of evacuating people.

## DKVG and Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant

Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant was insured for some tens of millions of euros with German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association. Under the terms of the insurance policy, the policyholder was not insured for damage caused by earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. Therefore the German Nuclear Reactor Insurance Association had no resulting liability to Tokyo Electric Power Company, the owner of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, because of Fukushima I nuclear accidents.

## References

nl:Atoompool#Duitsland
Jean-Pierre Houël

**Jean-Pierre-Louis-Laurent Houël** (28 June 1735 – 14 November 1813) was French artist. He was painting at the time of the French Revolution. One of his well known paintings is the "Prise de la Bastille" (The Storming of the Bastille), 1789. The capture of the Bastille prison was an important event in the Revolution, and remembered with a celebration and holiday on the anniversary, known as Bastille Day.
Sagami Province

was an old province of Japan in the area of central and western Kanagawa Prefecture. It was sometimes called .

The province had borders with Izu, Musashi, Suruga provinces.  Its Pacific Ocean border included Sagami Bay.

The ancient capital city of the province was near  Hiratsuka.

## History

Sagami was one of the original provinces of Japan established in the Nara period under the Taihō Code.

In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between Kyoto and Edo. The road passed through Sagami.

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

All of Sagami became part of the new Kanagawa Prefecture in 1876.

In 1906, the Imperial Japanese Navy battleship _Sagami_ was named after the province.

## Shrines and Temples

_Samukawa jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Hōki.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Relay

A **relay** is an electromagnetically operated switch. It was invented in the 19th century to make electric telegraph signals go farther. Nowadays relays control circuits with low-voltages. Many machines use them, including vehicles and electronics.
Young Frankenstein

***Young Frankenstein*** is a 1974 horror comedy movie directed by Mel Brooks starring Gene Wilder, Teri Garr, Cloris Leachman, Marty Feldman, Peter Boyle, Madeline Kahn, Kenneth Mars, Danny Goldman, David L. Lander, Michael McKean, Richard Haydn and Gene Hackman. The movie is a parody of the classical horror movie genre. In 2003, it was deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the United States National Film Preservation Board and selected for preservation in the Library of Congress National Film Registry.

It tells the story of Frederick Frankenstein, grandson of Victor, the mad scientist whose experiments in re-animation led to the creation of a monster; to disassociate himself from his legacy, Frederick insists that his surname be pronounced "Fronk-en-steen". He has to travel to Transylvania because he has inherited his family's estate, where he meets Igor, a hunchbacked, bulging-eyed servant and Inga.
E. M. Forster

**Edward Morgan Forster** OM, CH (1 January 1879 – 7 June 1970) was a British writer.

Forster was born in Marylebone, London. He attended Tonbridge School, an independent school in Tonbridge, Kent. He studied at Kings College, Cambridge.

Forster was a homosexual and wrote about homosexuality, class division and gender. His novels include _Where Angels Fear to Tread_, _The Longest Journey_, _A Room with a View_, _Howards End_, _A Passage to India_ and _Maurice_. He also wrote short stories, plays, essays, libretti and travel guides.

Forster died of a stroke in Coventry, Warwickshire.
John Gould Veitch

**John Gould Veitch** (April 1839 – 13 August 1870) was an expert on plants and growing plants, he was also a traveller and one of the first Victorian British plant experts to visit Japan to look for and collect new plants. He was a great-grandson of John Veitch, the founder of the Veitch family plant growing business. He also visited the Philippines, Australia, Fiji, and other Polynesian islands looking for new plants to bring back to Great Britain.

He brought back a number of the glasshouse plants that were in fashion at the time, such as _Acalyphas_, _Cordylines_, _Codiaeums_ (Crotons) and _Dracaenas_, and from Fiji, a palm of a new genus later named after him, _Veitchia joannis_, in addition to this genus the Veitch family name is honoured by hundreds of other plant names.

In Japan, he met another famous plant collector called Robert Fortune, and their competing collections returned to England on the same ship. For example, each man claimed that they had discovered a species of _Chamaecyparis pisifera_ (a kind of cypress).

He married Jane Hodge soon after his return to England in 1866 and they had two sons,  James Herbert Veitch, (1868 – 1907) and John Gould Veitch, Jr. (1869 – 1914)

John Gould Veitch died of tuberculosis at the age of 31.
Julia set

A **Julia set** is a famous fractal, or bunch of fractals, that is (are) very similar to the Mandelbrot Set. It is a set defined given a rational function (written _J(f)_). The Julia Set is often times The **Fatou set** of a rational function (_F(f)_) is the complementary set of the Julia set of _f_.  The Fatou set of a function are the values such that all nearby values behave similarly when the function is repeatedly iterated.

## Related pages

- Fractal
- Mandelbrot set
Dudley Moore

**Dudley Stuart John Moore** CBE (19 April 1935 – 27 March 2002) was a British actor, comedian and musician.

Moore was born in Charing Cross Hospital, London and raised in Dagenham, Essex. He studied at Magdalen College, Oxford.

Moore became a pianist and composer. He began a comedy double act with Peter Cook. Moore acted in movies in the United Kingdom and in the United States. He starred in movies including _Bedazzled_, _10_, _Arthur_ and _Arthur 2: On the Rocks_.

Moore died of progressive supranuclear palsy and pneumonia in Plainfield, New Jersey.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dudley Moore
- **image**: Dudley Moore (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Moore at the 43rd Emmy Awards, 25 August 1991
- **image size**: 225px
- **birth place**: Hammersmith, London, England
- **death place**: Plainfield, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **death cause**: Progressive supranuclear palsy
- **birth name**: Dudley Stuart John Moore
- **spouse**: Suzy Kendall
(m. 1968–1972, divorced)
Tuesday Weld
(m. 1975–1980, divorced)
Brogan Lane
(m. 1988–1991, divorced)
Nicole Rothschild
(m. 1994–1998, divorced)
- **children**: 2 sons
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, musician
- **years active**: 1961–2002
Scent of a Woman

***Scent of a Woman*** is a 1992 American drama movie starring Al Pacino and directed by Martin Brest. It is based on 1969 novel by Giovanni Arpino __ (_The Darkness and the Honey_) and is a remake of 1974 Italian movie _Profumo di donna_.
Barbara Mori

**Barbara Mori** (born February  2, 1978 in Montevideo, Uruguay) is a Mexican actress. She is best known for lead role of the Bollywood film, _Kites_ also Telenovela _Rubí_ in which she played the main character.

## Films

- _Viento en Contra_ (2011) Luisa Braniff
- _1 a Minute_ (2010/2011)  Star
- _Kites_ (2010) as Natasha/Linda
- _Violanchelo_ (2009) as Consuelo
- _Cosas insignificantes_ (2008) as Paola
- _Por siempre   (2007)
- _Amor, dolor y viceversa_ (2007)
- _Robots_ (2005) as Cappy (Spanish language version)
- _La mujer de mi hermano_ (2005) as Zoe
- _Pretendiendo_ (2005) as Helena/Amanda
- _Inspiración_ (2000)
- _spanish beauty_(2010)

## Telenovelas

- _Rubí_ (2004) as Rubí Perez de Ferrer/Fernanda Rivera Perez
- _Mirada de mujer: El regreso_ (2003)
- _Súbete A Mi Moto_ (2002) as Nelly
- _Amor es... querer con alevosía_ (2001) as Carolina
- _Me muero por ti_ (1999)
- _Azul Tequila_ (1998) as Azul
- _Mirada de mujer_ (1998)  as Mónica San Millán
- _Al norte del corazón'' (1997)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Barbara Mori
- **image**: Bárbara Mori.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **birth place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **occupation**: Actress
- **children**: 1
Arnold Palmer

**Arnold Daniel Palmer** (September 10, 1929 – September 25, 2016) was an American professional golfer. He won many events in PGA and Champions Tours dating back to 1955. These included winning the Masters Tournament, the U.S. Open, and The Open Championship.

Palmer was born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania. He studied at Wake Forest College.

Palmer died at a hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on September 25, 2016, aged 87. He died from complications of heart problems while awaiting for heart surgery.
Paula Deen

**Paula Deen** (born January 19, 1947) is an American celebrity chef and television host. She has published fourteen cookbooks.

## Early life

She was born in Albany, Georgia.

## Personal life

On June 21, 2013, The Food Network announced they would not renew her contract because Deen used racist slurs.

## Infobox (chef)

- **name**: Paula Deen
- **image**: Paula Deen Civitan.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Deen (left) in a public service announcement for Civitan International, 2006
- **birth name**: Paula Ann Hiers
- **birth place**: Albany, Georgia, U.S.
- **style**: Cuisine of the Southern United States, Southern
- **horoscope**: Capricorn
- **restaurants**: The Lady & Sons Restaurant, Uncle Bubba's Oyster House, Owens Shepard's Finest
- **television**: _Paula's Home Cooking_ (2002–2013)
_Paula's Party_ (2006–2013)
_Paula's Best Dishes_ (2008–2013)
- **awards**: 2007 Emmy for Outstanding Lifestyle Host
- **spouse**:
Minamisōma

is a Japanese city in Fukushima on the island of Honshu.

## History

Minamisōma was formed on 1 January 2006 when three neighboring towns were merged in a new city -- Haramachi, Odaka, and Kashima.

### 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

The tsunami partly covered the city on 11 March 2011. It damaged the city severely. As of 9 April 2011, 400 residents were known to be dead and 1,100 missing.

Minamisōma is about 25 km north of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Much of the city is in the area near the plant where people should not live. Most people in the city had to leave. About a week after the earthquake, Minamisōma was in the news again as the town's mayor Katsunobu Sakarai complained about orders telling people still near the plant to stay in their homes. He said they had been 'abandoned'.

In mid-summer 2011, tests found radioactive cesium above the legal limit in beef from Minamisōma.

In 2012, plans were made to build solar plants on radiation-contaminated farmlands.

In 2013, some critics complained that reports issued by the World Health Organisation (WHO) were misleading.  According to some public health experts, the health impact of nuclear fallout from the Fukushima nuclear disaster is under-estimated.

## Other websites

- Minamisōma City website 
- http://www.kokudo.or.jp/marge/c_prefecture.html
- Nakano Monument
Response to YouTube video for help:
- Japanese City’s Cry Resonates Around the World - New York Times, April 6, 2011
- Rebuilding Minami Soma - October 22, 2011

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Cities of Japan, City
- **image skyline**: Minamisoma City Office.JPG
- **image caption**: Minamisōma City Hall
- **image flag**: Flag of Minamisōma, Fukushima.svg
- **image blank emblem**: Emblem of Minamisoma, Fukushima.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Emblem
- **image map**: Minamisoma in Fukushima Prefecture Ja.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Minamisōmain Fukushima Prefecture
- **pushpin map**: Japan
- **pushpin map caption**:  
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Japan
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Tōhoku region, Tōhoku
- **subdivision type2**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **subdivision name2**: Fukushima Prefecture
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Katsunobu Sakurai
- **area total km2**: 398.58
- **population total**: 55580
- **population as of**: 1 October 2017
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Japan Standard Time
- **utc offset1**: +9
- **blank name sec1**: City Symbols
- **blank1 name sec1**: - Tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Zelkova serrata, Japanese Zelkova
- **blank2 name sec1**: - Flower
- **blank2 info sec1**: Sakura
- **blank3 name sec1**: - Bird
- **blank3 info sec1**: Skylark
- **blank4 name sec1**: - Fish
- **blank4 info sec1**: Salmon
- **blank5 name sec1**: - Insect
- **blank5 info sec1**: Firefly
- **blank name sec2**: Address
- **blank info sec2**: 2-27 Motomachi, Haramachi-ku, Minamisōma-shi, Fukushima-ken 975-8686
Aries Spears

**Aries Spears** (born April 3, 1975) is an American actor, voice actor and comedian. He was born in Chicago, Illinois He is best known for his acting in _MADtv_.
Les Canadiennes de Montréal

The **Les Canadiennes** (, formerly the **Montreal Stars** are a women's ice hockey team in the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL).  They have won the League championship four times and the Clarkson Cup (the highest honour in North American women's hockey) two times, more than any other women's team.

## History

The Montreal Stars were formed in 2007. The team was formed from players from the Montreal Axion a team that played in the National Women's Hockey League before its demise. Through the team's young history they have seen success in every season.

The Montreal Stars have a total of four regular season championships and two Clarkson cups in four seasons.

In 2015 the name was changed to Les Canadiennes after a close relationship was created between the team and the NHL Montreal Canadiens.

|Year|Reg. Season|Playoffs|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2007-08|bgcolor="B3B7FF"|1st Overall|Lost in Second round||
|2008-09|bgcolor="B3B7FF"|1st Overall|bgcolor="CCFFCC"|Won the CWHL Championship and the Clarkson Cup|
|2009-10|bgcolor="B3B7FF"|1st Overall|bgcolor="CCFFCC"|Won the CWHL Championship but lost in first round of the Clarkson Cup|
|2010-11|bgcolor="B3B7FF"|1st Overall|bgcolor="CCFFCC"|Won the CWHL Championship and the Clarkson Cup|
|2011-12|||||

## References

- http://www.cbc.ca/news/story/2009/03/21/sp-hockey-clarkson-cup.html Montreal Stars win women's national hockey championship, in CBC news, March 21, 2009.
- Montreal Stars down Whitecaps to capture Clarkson Cup ,TSN.ca, March 21, 2009
- Montreal 2011 Clarkson Cup Champions , March 27, 2011.
- Montreal wins Clarkson Cup . March 28, 2011.
- St-Pierre backstops Montreal to Clarkson Cup title  in CBC news, March 27, 2011.
- Montreal Stars: Game on to beat Breast Cancer 2011

## Other websites

- Les Canadiennes on CWHL website
- Montreal CWHL Facebook page
Overclocking

**Overclocking** is the process of configuring a computer processor or other electronic circuit to run faster than it was designed to. Overclocking allows a computer to be faster and more responsive. Overclocked processors tend to use more electricity and make more heat than those running at their intended speed. It is often necessary to install a better heat sink to avoid overheating the processor. If a processor is overclocked too high, it can damage the processor or make the computer unstable. Increasing the voltage to the processor can allow it to be run at even higher speeds where it would otherwise be unstable, but this carries an especially high risk of damaging the processor.

Overclocking is usually done in the computer's BIOS setup utility. Most brand-name computers such as Dell, HP, and others do not allow overclocking in the BIOS setup utility, but custom-built computers usually do. It is also possible to do the opposite, called underclocking, where the processor is run at a lower speed than intended. This may be done to extend battery life and reduce heat output. Underclocking will not usually damage a processor and may in fact make it last longer. Some processors automatically underclock themselves when the computer is not doing a lot of work.

## Overclocking of other components

Many other digital circuits with a clock signal can be overclocked (or underclocked). This includes video cards, smartphones, and even graphing calculators. Even some sound cards can be overclocked to record or play at a higher sample rate than usual. Overclocking has become popular with Android users.