Intonation (speech)

**Intonation** is the way the pitch of a voice goes up and down when speaking. It is not used to change the meaning of a single word. Instead, it is used for other reasons, such as:
- to show how the speaker feels (for example, happy or angry).
- to show the difference between a statement and a question.
- to point to important words.

All spoken languages use intonation. But not all languages use pitch to change the meaning of a word. Languages that use pitch to change a word's meaning are called tone languages. In these languages, intonation still exists along with the tones for words.

Intonation is a main part of prosody. Prosody also includes rhythm, stress, and speed of talking. How something is said can be as important as the words themselves. Intonation gives extra meaning that is not in the written words.

## Jobs of Intonation

Intonation has a few important jobs in speaking. Sometimes it does more than one job at the same time.

### Showing Feelings or Attitude

The best-known job of intonation is to show a speaker's feelings or attitude. A sentence can be understood as kind, not serious (sarcastic), happy, or angry just because of the pitch used.
- A parent says to a child, "**well done**."
    - With a high voice that goes down, it shows they are really happy with the child.
    - With a low voice that goes up slowly or stays flat, it can show sarcasm. This means the child did something wrong, like spilling milk.

### Grammar Job

Intonation helps show the grammar of a sentence. A common example is showing the difference between sentence types. In many languages, like English, this is the main way to make questions.
- **Statement:** _He found it on the street._ (The voice usually goes down at the end.)
- **Yes/No Question:** _He found it on the street?_ (The voice usually goes up at the end.)
- **List Intonation:** When listing things, a speaker's voice often goes up for each thing, but goes down on the last one to show the list is finished. "I need bread (↗), milk (↗), and cheese (↘)."

### Focus Job

Intonation is used to put stress on the most important word in a sentence. The word that has the main change in pitch is the one that gets the focus. Changing the focus can change the whole meaning of what you are trying to say.
- **_I** didn't steal the money._ (Someone else did.)
- _I **didn't** steal the money._ (I am saying I did not do it.)
- _I didn't **steal** the money._ (Maybe I borrowed it.)
- _I didn't steal the **money**._ (I stole something else.)

### Conversation Job

Intonation helps organize a conversation. It can show whose turn it is to talk, show if information is new or old, and group words into ideas. For example, a voice that goes up a little can mean a person is not finished talking. A voice that goes down shows they are done, and another person can speak.

## How It Works

Intonation happens because of changes in the **fundamental frequency** (F0) of the voice. We hear this as pitch. The F0 is how fast the vocal cords in the throat move back and forth. Speakers can control their vocal cords to make different patterns of pitch. These patterns are called **pitch contours**. These patterns are not random. They follow rules for each language or dialect.

## Intonation and Tone

It is important to know the difference between an intonation language and a tone language.

- An **intonation language** (like English, Spanish, or German) uses pitch for whole sentences to show feelings or for grammar. Changing the pitch does not change a word's meaning.
- A **tone language** (like Mandarin Chinese, Vietnamese, or Yoruba) uses pitch to change the meaning of a single word. For example, in Mandarin, the sound _ma_ can mean "mother" (mā, high pitch), "hemp" (má, rising pitch), "horse" (mǎ, falling then rising pitch), or "to scold" (mà, falling pitch).

Tone languages also have intonation. The pitch for the whole sentence is put on top of the tones for each word. For example, asking a question in a tone language might still use a rising pitch at the end of the sentence. This changes the word tones a little bit.

## Writing Down Intonation

Linguists (people who study language) have ways to write down and study intonation. An early way was to describe the main pitch change as a 'fall', 'rise', or 'fall-rise'.

A more modern way is called **ToBI** (Tones and Break Indices). It uses special marks to show high pitch (like H*) and how sentences end (like L-L% for a low-falling end). This helps linguists study pitch in a clear way.

## Related pages

- Prosody
- Pitch (music)
- Pitch accent
- Stress (linguistics)
- Tone (linguistics)
- Pragmatics

## References

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## Other books to read

- Crystal, David (1969). _Prosodic systems and intonation in English_. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07387-5.
- Trager, George L. & Smith, Henry Lee (1951). _An outline of English structure_. American Council of Learned Societies.