juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Trade route

A **trade route** is a series of paths or roads that is used for the commercial transport of cargo.

Historically, the period from 1500 BC–1 AD saw the Western Asian, Mediterranean, Chinese and Indian societies develop major networks for trade, such as the silk road. Europe's early trading routes included the amber road, which served as a network for long distance trade. Maritime trade along the spice route became prominent during the Middle Ages; nations tried to control this influential route. During the Middle Ages organizations such as the Hanseatic League, aimed at protecting interests of the merchants and trade, also became increasingly important.

In modern times, commercial activity shifted from the major trade routes of the Old World to newer routes between modern nation states. This activity was sometimes carried out without traditional protection of trade and under international free trade agreements, which allowed commercial goods to cross borders with relaxed restrictions. Innovative transportation of the modern times includes pipeline transport, and the relatively well known trade using rail routes, automobiles and cargo airlines. In some select cases, pipelines can even transport solids, such as coal and other minerals, over long distances; short-distance transportation of goods such as grain, cement, concrete, solid wastes, pulp etc. is also feasible.

## Other websites

- Trade routes: the growth of global trade. ArchAtlas, Institute of Archaeology, University of Oxford.
- Ancient trade routes between Europe and Asia. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Zircon

**Zircon** is a silicate mineral. It is found in many different places in almost all kinds of rock. The chemical it is made up of is called  _zirconium silicate_:  ZrSiO<sub>4</sub>. Clear zircon may look like diamond and has been used as a cheaper replacement for diamond.  It is not the same as cubic zirconia, which is man-made zirconium dioxide.  In the United States, zircon is considered to be the birth stone for the month of December.

## Long lasting zircons

Zircon is very durable. It is hard and has a high melting point of around . Therefore it has survived for a very long time, even through metamorphic very warm processes deep underground, which otherwise melts or converts normal rocks.

Zircons from the Jack Hills in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, have yielded U–Pb (uranium–lead radioactive dating) ages up to 4.404 billion years. This is judged to be the age of crystallization, making them the oldest minerals so far dated on Earth. In addition, the oxygen isotopic compositions of some of these zircons indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth. This interpretation is supported by additional trace element data, but is also the subject of debate.
Labradorite

**Labradorite** is one kind of feldspar. It is a silicate mineral, and is special because it is often pretty enough to be used in jewelry. Some kinds of labradorite are called moonstone or sunstone.
Beryl

**Beryl** is a cyclosilicate, and is the second main ore of beryllium metal. It is sometimes found as very, very large crystals, as much as 18 m. (59 ft.) long. Colored clear beryl is often used for jewelry, including emerald (green), aquamarine (bluegreen), bixbite (red), morganite (pink), and heliodor (golden).

## Related pages

- Chrysoberyl
Hallstatt

**Hallstatt** is a village in Upper Austria. Currently, a little over 900 people live there. It is in the Salzkammergut, a mountain regionin Austria. It lies on a lake.

Because of its position, Hallstatt could only be reached by boat (or by using narrow, difficult mountain trails) for a long time. At the end of the 19th century a road was built. Despite this, even in the Neolithic people might have lived there. This is because there is a lot of natural salt there. In 1846, Johann Georg Ramsauer (a salt miner) found a cemetery from the neolithic age just above the village. A cultural epoch in Europe is named after this. It is called Hallstatt culture. Other finds in the region include a Shoe-last celt (a special kind of wedge, probably used to treat wood). A blacksmith site has also been excavatzed.

Today, the village lives mainly on tourism. There is a copy of the village in China.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Hallstatt
- **image skyline**: Hallstatt 300.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image shield**: Hallstatt Coat of Arms.svg
- **shield size**: 80x110px
- **pushpin map**: Austria
- **pushpin mapsize**: 270
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Austria
- **map caption**: Location within Gmunden district
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **subdivision type1**: States of Austria, State
- **subdivision name1**: Upper Austria
- **subdivision type2**: District (Austria), District
- **subdivision name2**: Gmunden District, Gmunden
- **parts style**: para
- **leader title**: Burgomaster, Mayor
- **leader name**: Alexander Scheutz
- **elevation m**: 511
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset**: +1
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **registration plate**: Vehicle registration plates of Austria, GM
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Austria, Postal code
- **postal code**: 4830
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Austria, Area code
- **area code**: 06134
- **website**: [http://www.hallstatt.at/ www.hallstatt.at]
Mayflower Compact

The **Mayflower Compact** was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was drafted by the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic on the _Mayflower_, looking for the freedom to believe in Christianity according to their own beliefs in God. It was signed on 11 November 1620 (OS) by 41 of the ship's more than one hundred passengers, where they first landed.  According to the customs of the time, the signers were all male. Of the 41 men who signed the Compact, 21 died during the first year in United States of America.

## List of men who signed

This is a list of names of the 41 men who signed the Compact.
- John Carver
- William Bradford
- Edward Winslow
- William Brewster
- Isaac Allerton
- Myles Standish
- John Alden
- John Turner
- Francis Eaton
- James Chilton
- John Crackston
- John Billington
- Moses Fletcher
- John Goodman
- Samuel Fuller
- Christopher Martin
- William Mullins
- William White
- Richard Warren
- John Howland
- Stephen Hopkins
- Degory Priest
- Thomas Williams
- Gilbert Winslow
- Edmund Margeson
- Peter Browne
- Richard Britteridge
- George Soule
- Edward Tilley
- John Tilley
- Francis Cooke
- Thomas Rogers
- Thomas Tinker
- John Ridgdale
- Edward Fuller
- Richard Clarke
- Richard Gardiner
- John Allerton
- Thomas English
- Edward Doty
- Edward Leister
John Piper

**John Piper** could mean:
- John Piper (author) (born 1953), English author and market analyst
- John Piper (artist) (1903–1992), English painter and printmaker
- John Piper (broadcaster), BBC radio host
- John Piper (military officer) (1773–1851), lieutenant-governor of Norfolk Island
- John Piper (theologian) (born 1946), Reformed pastor and author
Fibula (brooch)

A **Fibula** is an ancient brooch.  (Plural: fibulae).  Technically, the latin term fibulae meant Roman brooches, but the term is widely used for brooches from the entire ancient and early medieval world.  Unlike modern brooches, fibulae were not only decorative, they originally served a practical function: to fasten clothes, including cloaks.  Fibulae replaced straight pins that were used to fasten clothing in the Neolithic period and Bronze Age.  In turn, fibulae were replaced as clothing fasteners in the Middle Ages by buttons.  Their descendent, the modern safety pin, remains in use today.

There are hundreds of different types and variation<nowiki/>s of fibulae.  They are usually divided into families or groups based on historical period, geography and/or cultural grouping.  Fibulae are also divided into classes based on their general forms.

## Further reading

- Hattatt, Richard.  _A Visual catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches._  Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2000.
United States Supreme Court building

The **Supreme Court building** is home of the Supreme Court of the United States. It is in Washington, D.C. It was designed in the neoclassical style by an architect named Cass Gilbert.
Bethlehem Baptist Church

**Bethlehem Baptist Church** can mean:
- Note: Some of these are on the National Register of Historic Places
- Bethlehem Baptist Church (Phoenix, Arizona)
- Bethlehem Baptist Church (Minneapolis), Minnesota
- Bethlehem Baptist Church (Barnwell, South Carolina)
Bethlehem Baptist Church (Minneapolis)

The **Bethlehem Baptist Church** (**BBC**) is a megachurch in Minneapolis, Minnesota. The church was started in 1871 as the **First Swedish Baptist Church of Minneapolis**. Since 1980, their pastor has been John Piper.

## Other websites

- Bethlehem Baptist Church

## Infobox (church)

- **denomination**: Converge (Baptist denomination), Converge
- **pastor**: Jason Meyer, _Pastor for Preaching & Vision, Downtown Campus_

Steven Lee, _Pastor for Preaching & Vision, North Campus_

Dave Zuleger, _Pastor for Preaching & Vision, South Campus_
- **name**: Bethlehem Baptist Church
- **location**: Minneapolis, Minnesota
- **founder**: J. L. Johnson
- **former name**: First Swedish Baptist Church
of Minneapolis
- **attendance**: 4,600
- **country**: United States
- **caption**: Worship service (evangelicalism), Worship service in 2013
- **image**: Bethlehem Baptist Church service.jpg
Megachurch

A **megachurch** is a large church. It usually has around 2,000 or more people come every week. About 1,300 Protestant churches are megachurches.

## Other websites

- Database of Megachurches in the U.S.
T.N.T. (song)

"**T.N.T.**" is a 1976 song by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was taken from their second studio album of the same name. It went to number 19 in Australia. It was covered by American heavy metal band Anthrax in 2013.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: T.N.T.
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: AC/DC
- **album**: T.N.T. (album), T.N.T.
- **b-side**: I'm a Rocker
- **recorded**: 1975
- **genre**: Hard rock
- **length**: 3:35
- **label**: Albert Productions, Albert
- **prev title**: It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)
- **prev year**: 1975
- **next title**: Jailbreak (AC/DC song), Jailbreak
- **next year**: 1976
Medieval Warm Period

The **Medieval Warm Period (MWP)** or **Medieval Climate Optimum** was a time of unusually warm climate in the North Atlantic region. It was not a planet-wide phenomena. It lasted from about the tenth century to about the fourteenth century. In discussions of global warming this period is often mentioned.

Some refer to the event as the **Medieval Climatic Anomaly** because this term emphasizes that effects other than temperature were important.

## Related pages

- Little Ice Age

## Further reading

- M.K. Hughes and H.F. Diaz, "Was there a 'Medieval Warm Period?", _Climatic Change_ 26: 109–142, March 1994

## Other websites

- The Little Ice Age and Medieval Warm Period
Motor sports

**Motor sports** are sports where the people taking part use a motor vehicle. The usual vehicles are a car, motorcycle or boat. Some motor sports use aircraft or snowmobiles.

Motor sports can be based either on speed (the first one to reach the finish line wins) or on skill (the one with the least amount of penalty points wins). Speed-based motor sports are often called _races_. Motor sports based on skill are often called _trials_.

Well known motor sports are rally, Formula 1 and Nascar.
Niagara IceDogs

The **Niagara IceDogs** are a Canadian ice hockey team. They began playing in 1998. The team currently plays in the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). They play their home games in St. Catharines, Ontario at the Meridian Centre.

## Other websites

- Official website
Haan

**Haan** is a town of the district of Mettmann in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. Since 1975, Gruiten belongs to Haan.

## Population

|Year|Population|
| --- | --- |
|**1998**|29,452|
|**1999**|29,525|
|**2000**|29,677|
|**2001**|29,607|
|**2002**|29,518|
|**2003**|29,472|
|**2004**|29,370|
|**2005**|29,325|
|**2006**|29,411|

## Twin towns

Haan is twinned with:
- Eu, France, since 1967
- Berwick-upon-Tweed, United Kingdom, since 1982
- Bad Lauchstädt, Germany, since 1990
- Dobrodzień, Poland, since 2004

The local Gymnasium is also twinned with Liceo Scientifico of  Forte dei Marmi, Italy.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Altes Rathaus Haan.JPG
- **image caption**: The town hall of Haan
- **wappen**: DEU Haan COA.svg
- **lageplan**: Haan in ME.svg
- **bundesland**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **regierungsbezirk**: Düsseldorf Government Region, Düsseldorf
- **kreis**: Mettmann Rural District, Mettmann
- **höhe**: 160
- **fläche**: 24.19
- **einwohner**: 30484
- **stand**: 2018-12-31
- **plz**: 42781
- **vorwahl**: 02129, 02104 (Gruiten)
- **kfz**: ME
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 1 58 008
- **gliederung**: 2
- **website**: [http://www.haan.de/ www.haan.de]
- **bürgermeister**: Bettina Warnecke
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Bürgermeisterin
- **partei**: independent
Battle of the Bulge

- Bulleted list item

The **Battle of the Bulge** (16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945) was a major German attack near the end of World War II, in Belgium, France and Luxembourg. The attack surprised Allied forces. It was the worst battle in terms of casualties for the United States. It also used up huge amounts of Germany's war-making resources.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of the Bulge
- **partof**: World War II
- **image**: Battle of the Bulge.jpg
- **caption**: American soldiers of the 290th Infantry Regiment 75th Infantry Division (United States), 75th Division photographed in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge. {Amonines, Belgium 4 January 1945}
- **date**: 16 December 1944 – 25 January 1945
- **place**: The Ardennes, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany
- **result**: Allied victory
- **combatant1**: United States
 United Kingdom
 Canada

(Western Allies, and others)
- **combatant2**: ****
- **commander1**: **Dwight David Eisenhower, Dwight D. Eisenhower**

Omar N. Bradley (Twelfth United States Army Group, 12th U.S. Army Group)

Courtney Hodges (First United States Army, 1st U.S. Army)

George S. Patton (Third United States Army, 3rd U.S Army)

Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, Bernard Montgomery
- **commander2**: **Adolf Hitler**

Walter Model

Gerd von Rundstedt

Hasso von Manteuffel

Sepp Dietrich

Erich Brandenberger
- **strength1**: 840,000+ men,

1,300 medium tanks, plus tank destroyers,

394 artillery guns
- **strength2**: 200,000 – 500,000 men

1,800 tanks
1,900 artillery guns and _Nebelwerfers_
- **casualties1**: American:
89,500
(19,000 killed,
47,500 wounded,
23,000 captured or missing)
~800 tanks

British:
1,408
(200 killed,
1,200 wounded or missing)
- **casualties2**: 67,200 – 100,000 killed, missing/captured, or wounded
~600 tanks and assault guns
- **casualties3**: approximately 3,000 civilians killed
Will Ryan

**William Frank Ryan** (May 21, 1949 – November 19, 2021) was an American actor, singer and musician.

## Career

His music career first began when he was in high school. He then signed the first of two recording contracts with CBS Records.

He got back into music and after moving to California. He began to write and record wacky songs for Disney. He did the voice of Rabbit, Tigger, and Eeyore in Disney Channel's _Welcome to Pooh Corner_. Since 1988 he has done the voice of Eugene Meltsner (and other characters: Harlow Doyle, Officer O'Ryan, Officer David Harley, etc.) for the Focus on the Family radio series _Adventures in Odyssey_.

He also voiced Rabbit in _Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore_. He was also the original voice of Petrie in _The Land Before Time_.

## Death

Ryan died from cancer in Santa Monica, California on November 19, 2021, at the age of 72.

## Some movies

- _Mickey's Christmas Carol_ - Mole, Willie the Giant, Pete, Big Bad Wolf, Weasel #2 (1983)
- _Welcome to Pooh Corner_ - Rabbit, Tigger (1983)
- _Dumbo's Circus_ - Barnaby (1985)
- _Frog and Toad Are Friends_ (1985)
- _An American Tail_ - Digit (1986)
- _Mother Goose's Treasury_ - Bertram the Goose (1987)
- _Frog and Toad Together_ (1987)
- _DuckTales_ - Pete, Dangerous Dan (1987)
- _The Land Before Time_ - Petrie (1988)
- _Stanley and the Dinosaurs_ - (1989)
- _The Little Mermaid_ - Seahorse (1989)
- _Rock-a-Doodle_ - Stuey (1991)
- _Garfield and Friends_ (episode 88 _Ghost of a Chance_, as McKraven (or McCraven) The Ghost) (1992)
- _Thumbelina_ - Hero, Reverend Rat (1994)
- _A Troll in Central Park_ - Boss (1994)
- _The Pebble and the Penguin_ - Royal, Tika (1995)
- _Disney's House of Mouse_ - Willie the Giant (2001–2003)
- _Looney Tunes: Back in Action_ (2003) - Papa Bear
- _Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi_ (2004)
- _Mickey Mouse Clubhouse_ - Willie the Giant (2006–present)
- _Family Guy_ (episode _Road to the North Pole_, as Winnie The Pooh) (2010)
- _It's A Frame-Up!_ - Shooster (2013)
- _Get a Horse!_ - Peg-Leg Pete (2013)

## Discography

- _Eugene Sings!_
- _Eugene Sings! Christmas_
- _Am I Cool or What?_
- _Goin' Quackers_
- _Elmo Aardvark: Outer Space Detective!_
- _Elmo Aardvark: Vintage Cartoon Sound Tracks_
- _Elmo Aardvark: Classic Cartoon Soundtracks_
- _Classic Songs for Leonard Reed's Shim Sham Shimmy_
- _Adventures in Odyssey_ (Eugene Meltsner/Harlow Doyle)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Will Ryan
- **birth name**: William Frank Ryan
- **birth place**: Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **yearsactive**: 1966–2021
Captivity (animal)

Animals who live under human control or care are in **captivity**. Captivity can be used as a term meaning the keeping of either domesticated animals (livestock, pets) or wild animals. This may include for example farms, private homes and zoos. Sometimes humans take care of critically endangered animals and therefore these animals are in captivity. If there is a species that only exist in captivity, it is known by the ICUN Red List as extinct in the wild
Choctaw

The **Choctaw** are a Native American people originally from the southeastern United States, also called the Southeastern Woodlands. This is today in Mississippi and Alabama. Their language is the Choctaw language. It is part of the Muskogean family. It is also similar to Chickasaw. Three tribes are recognized today. They are the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians, and Jena Band of Choctaw Indians in Louisiana.

## History

The people were originally mound builders. Early Choctaw lived in thatched-roof cabins of logs in communities. Agriculture was the main supply of food, such as the Three Sisters. There was also fishing and hunting. Sports were also important and often replaced war.

The tribe supported the Americans during the American Revolution, the War of 1812 and the Creek War. Europeans thought the tribe was civilized. It was part of the so-called  "Five Civilized Tribes" of the Southeast.

Most of the tribe was forced out of their land from 1831 to 1833. This was part of the Indian Removal. The remaining Choctaw became citizens. The tribe supported the Confederates in the U.S. Civil War. Several chiefs of the Choctaw were at the US Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Choctaw worked as codetalkers during World War I. They used their own Choctaw language.  The Choctaw reorganized after the Indian Reorganization Act.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Choctaw
- **population**: 160,000
- **regions**:

- **languages**: English language, English, Choctaw language, Choctaw
- **religions**: Protestantism, traditional beliefs
- **related**: Chickasaw, Five Civilized Tribes
other Native Americans in the United States, Native American groups
Web chat

A **web chat** is a chat system to exchange information via the Web. People use a web browser to communicate with others. Apart from the browser you do not need anything else, which makes a web chat easy to use and ideal for people not very experienced with computers.

On the technical side web chats are often written with Java, Flash or Ajax.

## Related pages

- Chat room
- Webcam
Ob (river)

The **Ob** is a river in Siberia. Together with the Lena and the Yenisei, it is one of the most important rivers of Siberia. Depending upon how its length is measured, it can be between 3.650 km and 6.210 km long. Some important cities on the banks of the river include Novosibirsk (Russia's third largest city), Barnaul, Kolpashevo, Nizhnevartovsk, Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk, Beryozovo, Labytnangi, and Salekhard. The Irtysh is the Ob river's main tributary. Other tributaries include the Omsk, Parabel, Chaya, Tobol and Ishim.

The Gulf of Ob is the world's longest estuary.

## Names

The name Ob is based on the Russian name of _Обь_. The Ob is known to the Khanty people as the _As_, _Yag_, _Kolta_ and _Yema_; to the Nenets people as the _Kolta_ or _Kuay_; and to the Siberian Tatars as the _Umar_ or _Omass_.
Deductive reasoning

**Deduction** is one of the two main types of reasoning. The other is induction. In deduction, we apply a general rule to a particular case.

Deductive arguments are attempts to show that a conclusion must follow from a set of premises or hypotheses. A deductive argument is valid if the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.

Aristotle, the first person we know who wrote down laws of deduction, gives this example of deduction:

- All men are mortal.
- Socrates is a man.
- Therefore, Socrates is a mortal.

The first two statements are called "premises". The last statement is called the "conclusion". The conclusion is taken from the premises.
1. If the conclusion is wrong, then at least one of the premises is wrong
1. If one of the premises is wrong, the conclusion may also be wrong.

Deductive reasoning is often called "top-down logic", whereas inductive reasoning is called "bottom-up reasoning".
Inductive reasoning

**Induction** is one of the main forms of logical reasoning.  The other is deduction.  In induction, we find a general rule by using a large number of particular cases.  For example, watching water in many different situations, we can conclude that water always flows downhill.

Induction is not the method of science, but it can be the starting-point for science. Everyone can see that the sun, moon and stars appear to move across the sky. Early civilisations thought this meant they revolved around the Earth, because that is what they always seem to do. We now know this is quite wrong, but discovering the real explanation was the start of modern science (see Copernicus, Galileo and heliocentrism). What they did was to work out an alternative theory or hypothesis, which eventually was shown to be a much better explanation of all the observations. That is real science, but the observations of the heavens, which started with the Babylonians, showed the regularity which needed to be explained. What science did was to prove the obvious explanation was not the right one.

Another example is the work of Darwin, who spent half his life collecting interesting facts about animals and plants. What he did was suggest a way in which all these facts could be explained. It was a hypothesis which could be, and was, tested in every way possible. It is well known now that the theory of evolution by natural selection best explains the way the living world has come to be as we see it. Again, real science was built on a collection of facts which needed an explanation. The philosophy of science is about testing hypotheses, rather than collecting facts, though facts are the basis of all science.

Induction, the collecting of facts, is not by itself science. The philosopher Hume said it meant “instances of which we have had no experience resemble those of which we have had experience”. Later, John Stuart Mill raised the question “Why is a single instance, in some cases, sufficient for a complete induction, while in others [many examples] go such a little way towards establishing a universal proposition?”  Philosophers usually think the real issue is: what distinguishes good from bad inductions? A way to say it is: "If all known _As_ are _B_, then _probably_ all _As_ whatever are _B_".

## Criticism

Inductive reasoning allows for a false conclusion even if all the premises are true. This is illustrated in the following example:

1. Humans exist.
2. Birds also exist.
3. Therefore, birds are human.

This example shows that even though all the premises are correct, the conclusion can be false.

## Other websites

Discussions suitable for students of philosophy can be found in the usual places, especially:
- Vickers, John 2014. The problem of induction. _Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy_. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/induction-problem/
Oklahoma Territory

**Oklahoma Territory** was an organized territory of the United States from May 2, 1890 until November 16, 1907, when Oklahoma became the 46th state. It was made up of the western area of what is now the state of Oklahoma. The eastern area consisted of the last remaining part of Indian Territory.

## Lands that came to make up Oklahoma Territory

- Old Oklahoma – April, 22, 1889 – opened by land run.
- No Man's Land – May 2, 1890, assigned to Oklahoma Territory by Organic Act.
- Iowa reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
- Sac and Fox reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
- Tonkawa reserve – 1891 – allotment.
- Citizen Potawatomi and Absentee Shawnee reserve – September 22, 1891 – opened by land run.
- Cheyenne Arapaho reserve – April 19, 1892 – opened by land run.
- Cherokee Outlet – September 17, 1893 – opened by land run.
- Kickapoo reserve – May 4, 1896 – opened by land run.
- Greer County – March 16, 1896 – officially assigned to Oklahoma Territory (Supreme Court decision May 23, 1895, separated the county from Texas).
- Comanche, Kiowa, and Apache reserve – June 9 through August 6, 1901 – lottery.
- Wichita and Caddo reserve – June 9 through August 6, 1901 – lottery.
- Ponca and Otoe–Misouria reserve – 1904 – allotment.
- Kaw reserve – 1906 – allotment.
- Osage reserve – 1906 – allotment.
- Big Pasture – December 1906 – sealed bid.

## Other websites

- _History of the State of Oklahoma_, 1908
Marin-Epagnier

**Marin-Epagnier** was a municipality in the district of Neuchâtel in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. In 1888, the formerly independent municipality merged with Epagnier and Marin to form Marin-Epagnier. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Marin-Epagnier and Thielle-Wavre joined together and became the new municipality of La Tène.

It lies at the northeastern tip of Lake Neuchâtel close to Biel, at the boundary between French- and German-speaking regions, and at a knot of highways.

The Iron Age archaeological site of La Tène is within Marin-Epagnier's communal boundaries. _(See also La Tène culture.)_ La Tène is a village at the eastern end of the Lake Neuchâtel (Lac de Neuchâtel), a lake in Switzerland. La Tène has a sandy beach, unique in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Marin-Epagnier

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Marin-Epagnier
- **municipality name**: Marin-Epagnier
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Marin-Epagnier-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Marin-Epagnier.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Neuchâtel
- **iso-code-region**: CH-NE
- **district**: Neuchâtel (district), Neuchâtel
- **postal code**: 2074
- **municipality code**: 6457
- **area**: 3.26
- **elevation**: 450
- **population**: 4087
- **populationof**: December 2007
- **website**: www.commune-la-tene.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cudrefin (VD), Gampelen (BE), Ins, Switzerland, Ins (BE), Saint-Blaise, Switzerland, Saint-Blaise, Thielle-Wavre
Magdalenenberg

**Magdalenenberg** is the name of a tumulus grave which dates from the Iron Age. It lies at the southwestern tip of the Black Forest, in Germany. The nobleman who is buried there was part of the Hallstatt culture. With a volume of 33.000 cubic metres it is the biggest grave from that time in Central Europe.

In his first-hand account of the Gallic Wars (Commentarii de Bello Gallico), Julius Caesar observes that the Gallic people have a moon- based calendar, and that the big event for them was what astronomers now call the Lunar Standstill, which occurs every 18.6 years. Lunar Standstills are marked in several ancient cultures (including sites in Colorado and Ohio), usually by standing stones that indicate the point where the moon seems to rise and set in the same place, instead of rising in one place and appearing to move across the sky to set in another. Now a German scholar, Dr Allard Mees, a researcher at the Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum in Mainz, has discovered evidence to back Caesar's observation: a huge royal tomb that functions as a lunar calendar and that preserves a map of the sky at Midsummer 618 BC, the presumed date of the burial.

Dr Mees said that Magdalenenberg was ‘the earliest and most complete example of a Celtic calendar focused on the moon’, and that following Caesar's conquest of Gaul, ‘Gallic culture was destroyed and these types of calendar were completely forgotten in Europe, to be replaced by the Roman sun-based calendar’.
Sacred Cenote

**Sacred Cenote** (Well of Sacrifice) is a well known cenote at the Maya site of Chichen Itza. One can access it by a 900 foot paved corridor that leads from the Great Plaza. The Sacred Cenote was used for human sacrifices to the rain god Chaac in periods of drought.

## Other websites

- Cenotes of Chichén Itzá
Cenote

A **cenote** is a type of sinkhole that contains groundwater. It is typical in the Mexican Yucatán Peninsula and some nearby Caribbean islands. The term comes from a word used by the lowland Yucatec Maya to refer to any location where groundwater can be got at.

## Definition and description

Cenotes are surface connections to underground water bodies. While the most well-known cenotes are large open water pools measuring tens of metres in diameter, such as those at Chichén Itzá, most cenotes are smaller sheltered sites and do not necessarily have any surface exposed water. The term cenote has also been used to describe similar karst  features in other countries such as Cuba and Australia, in addition to the more generic term of sinkholes.

Cenote water is often very clear, as the water comes from rain water infiltrating slowly through the ground. The groundwater flow rate within a cenote may be very slow at velocities ranging from 1 to 1000 meters per year. Cenotes around the world attract cave divers. They have explored extensive flooded cave systems, some of which have been investigated for 100 kilometers or more.

## Cause

Cenotes in or near the Yukatán may have been caused by the Chicxulub meteor impact 60 million years ago.

### Mexico

***Yucatán Peninsula:***
- Dos Ojos, near Tulum, Mexico
- Dzibilchaltun, Yucatán, Mexico
- Sacred Cenote, Chichen Itza, Mexico
- Xtacunbilxunan, Bolonchen, Mexico

***Central and Northern Region:***
- Zacatón, Tamaulipas, Mexico

### Canada

- Devil's Bath, northern Vancouver Island, Canada

### United States

- Bottomless Lakes, near Roswell, New Mexico

## Other websites

- Sistema Zacatón
- Volcanic karstification of Sistema Zacaton, Mexico (Gary, Sharp, 2006)
- Stages in the Formation of a Cenote
- Doline, Sinkhole, Cenote
- Cenotes of Chichén Itzá
- Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS)
- Year 1999 Cenotes Conference in Perugia, Italy
- Maps of Chicxulub and Ring of Cenotes
Monkton, Kent

**Monkton** is an English village on the Canterbury-Ramsgate road. It is at the southwestern edge of the Isle of Thanet, Kent near St Nicholas at Wade and Minster-in-Thanet. The church there is dedicated to Mary Magdalene. Inside the Church is a plaque, commemorating a local soldier, Euncie Rochelle, who died in the Iraq war. Monkton is no longer thought of as a village in its own right and is usually assumed to be part of neighbouring village Minster-in-Thanet.

In the November of 2007, the village exploded, with the remains afterwards being burnt down, with firefighters attempting to put out the blaze, but having so few people and being so far away from any other main towns, the thirty firefighters were unable to reach it in time. However, fortunately, all of Monkton's twenty people were evacuated into safety to nearby Minster. However, Minster was reported to have complained about the overcrowding caused by this and threw out the newcomers, expecting them to go back to the destroyed settlement. Unfortunately for the hamlet, Monkton's largest building, a single storey house, was also lost, and therefore it is thought to take a long time before the people of Monkton are able to resettle in a new place, or whether they will be able to reconstruct some of their old one.

## Other websites

- Monkton

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Monkton
- **civil parish**: Monkton
- **static image name**: Church of St. Mary Magdelene, Monkton.jpg
- **static image caption**: Church of St. Mary Magdelene, Monkton
- **label position**: top
- **shire district**: Thanet
- **shire county**: Kent
- **region**: South East England
- **constituency westminster**: South Thanet (UK Parliament constituency), South Thanet
- **post town**: RAMSGATE
- **postcode district**: CT12
- **postcode area**: CT
- **dial code**: 01843
- **os grid reference**: TR286649
Electrocution

**Electrocution** or **electric shock** is when electricity passes through something living. It happens when the human body gets in contact with electric current. The word "electrocution" originated as a portmanteau between electricity and execution, referring to those executed by electric chair, but has evolved to describe any fatal encounter with electricity. Nonfatal encounters are called electric shocks, or simply a "shock".

The human body is affected by electric current (measured in Amperes). If the electric current is strong, it can stop heartbeat and cause death. High current can cause severe burns and even fry the victim alive.   In order for current to flow through a body you need a sufficiently high voltage, typically more than 50 volts AC, and the voltage generator must be able to supply enough current.  Super high voltages, such as from a small Tesla coil, supply such a small amount of current that a person feels just a tickle.  A large Tesla coil can burn and kill.

Safety devices like a GFCI or RCD try to protect humans from any current greater than 5 to 30 mA  (0.005 to 0.03 Amps).   Human muscles are paralyzed -- you cannot move an affected arm or leg -- at currents from 10 to 20 mA; as a result a victim may be unable to let go of a wire that is shocking him. At around 20 mA breathing is difficult. At about 75mA breathing stops. At 100 mA the heart fibrillates -- death is quick. At 200 mA you get severe musculature contractions and burning.
Stora Enso

**Stora Enso** is a Finnish-Swedish cellulose and paper making corporation. It is the one of the largest paper making firms in the world. It was formed by the merger of Swedish mining and forestry products company Stora and Finnish forestry products company Enso-Gutzeit Oy in 1998.

Its head office is in Helsinki, and it has some 46,000 employees. In 2002 it was the fifth largest pulp and paper maker in money income and in 2005 it was the world's largest pulp and paper manufacturer in terms of tonnes. The Finnish State is the biggest owner in the company.

The Stora corporation originally began as a copper mine (whole name _Stora Kopparbergs Bergslag_ (Big Copper Mountain's Mining Works)). It was founded in 1288 and it is the oldest corporation in the world. It later became also a paper and cellulose maker. Enso-Gutzeit was founded by Mr. Hans Gutzeit in a small town called Enso in Finland. It was founded in 19th century. Both companies were the largest paper and cellulose makers of both countries. It is the second largest corporation in Scandinavia after Nokia.

## Other websites

- Stora Enso
SpeechWeb

A **SpeechWeb** is a collection of SpeechWeb applications.  The collection or web of applications can be navigated using a SpeechWeb browser.

The goals of the SpeechWeb are:

1. Providing end users with voice only interfaces to remote applications.
1. Providing software developers with a framework to build their user interfaces with.

A **SpeechWeb browser** is a document or program allowing a human user to interact with a SpeechWeb application.  A SpeechWeb browser can be implemented in X+V, VoiceXML, or others.  An example browser using X+V is available here .

A **SpeechWeb application** is an application that provides a special interface.  The basic idea is that not much more than natural language is used to communicate with the applications.  SpeechWeb applications also need to describe the possible input texts by publishing a JSGF grammar.

## Other websites

- MySpeechWeb
- Browser for the Public Domain SpeechWeb
Resistance

**Resistance** could mean:

- The general ability to stop something from happening (Ex. _resistance to water_ means that the object can avoid being hurt by water)
- Resistance, an ability to reject infection
- Electrical resistance, the repulsion of a current in a circuit
- A struggle against an oppressive government. See also Rebellion
- The Resistance was a fictional military set up by Princess Leia Organa to combat the growing threat of the First Order in the Star Wars universe.
Bard

The **bard** probably belonged to a social class in Celtic Europe. Bards were poets or singers and were most likely in the service of Celtic nobility. They were probably employed to tell about how good their master (the nobleman) was or to sing about what he did. Today, it is not quite clear what the difference was from a druid. Early Roman scolars used the word vates to refer to all of them, which has been translated as "prophet" or "soothsayer". It is also a common school in the North East Pacific West.

## Well known bards

- Taliesin, lived in the 7th century, wrote the Book of Taliesin
- Aneirin, a late 6th century Brythonic poet who wrote the _Book of Aneirin_.
- Dafydd ap Gwilym, a 14th-century Welsh poet, generally regarded as the greatest Welsh poet of all time.
- Iolo Morganwg, an 18th-century Welsh rogue and bard, famous for his forgeries and lies.
- Iolo Goch, a 14th-century Welsh poet and bard, famous for several surviving works, especially 'The Labourer'.

## Related pages

- Griot, a similar type of person from West Africa
Operation

**Operation** may refer to:

- Surgery
- A mathematical operation:
    - An arithmetic operation:
        - Addition
        - Subtraction
        - Multiplication
        - Division
- A planned military engagement, such as a battle
- A business or franchise
Mausoleum

A **mausoleum** is a building used to store the remains of people who have died. Instead of being buried in soil, like in a cemetery, they are placed in chambers behind walls, or in a vault under the floor. The word came from the name of an ancient king.

## Lenin's Mausoleum

Soviet leader Lenin is a mausoleum. In 1953, Joseph Stalin was buried next to him but his body was removed during destalinization.

## Examples

- Sun Yat-sen's Tomb in Nanjing, China
- The Taj Mahal
- The Great Pyramids
- Grant's Tomb
Venus figurine

**Venus figurines** are small sculptures of women done in prehistoric times. Usually, the women are pregnant, with breasts well visible. Venus figurines are among the earliest traces of art in human history.

## Specimens

Archaeologists have found Venus figurines in Western Europe and Siberia. Most are about 30.000 years old, but two are much older.

Some figurines were made of bones, ivory, or some type of stone. Others are made of clay, which was then burned in a fire to harden it. This is one of the earliest known uses of ceramics.

### Oldest figurines

Scientists have found two Venus figurines that are older than 30,000 years old. These may have been formed mostly by natural processes, but there are signs that humans worked on them.

The Venus of Tan-Tan, found in Morocco, has been dated to 500.000 to 300.000 years ago. It shows traces of a substance that could have been a form of paint. It contained traces of iron and manganese.

The Venus of Berekhat Ram, found on the Golan Heights, has been dated to 300.000 to 200.000 years ago. It shows traces that someone worked on it with a tool. A study done in 1997 states that this could not have been done by nature alone.

These figurines may be among the first items ever to show the human form.

### Meaning

Today it is not known what the figurines meant for the people who made them. They may relate to human fertility. There are several basic interpretations:
- They are representations of human fertility
- They were made to increase human fertility
- They may represent goddesses of fertility
Scientists know the figurines were not related to the fertility of fields, because agriculture had not yet been discovered.
Venus of Tan-Tan

The **Venus of Tan-Tan** is a venus figurine. It was found in Morocco. It has been dated to be between 300.000 and 500.000 years old. Unlike the other venus figurines, it appears neither male nor female.
Venus of Berekhat Ram

The **Venus of Berekhat Ram** is a stone that was found on the Golan Heights in 1981. Scientists have proposed to classify it as a Venus figurine, because there are traces it was worked on with a stone tool. The things that have been worked can clearly be told apart from the natural stone. It is therefore agreed that the pebble has been modified by human action, even though it bears little resemblance to the much later "Venus figurines" of about 30.000 years ago.
Grace

**Grace** could mean:
- Grace, Idaho
- Grace (given name), a feminine name
- Grace (prayer), said before or after a meal
- Grace (plotting tool), software
- Grace (photograph), the Minnesota state photograph
- "Grace" (short story), by James Joyce
- Grace (style), a form of address
- "Grace" (_Stargate SG-1_), a television series episode
- Hyundai Grace, a minivan built by Hyundai Motor Company
- Grace Choi a character in the fictional DC Universe

in **music**:
- _Grace_ (album) (1994), by Jeff Buckley
- Grace (band), a 1990s dance music group
- _Grace_ (Simon Webbe album), by Simon Webbe

A **song**:
- "Grace" (Jeff Buckley song), a 1994 song by Jeff Buckley
- "Grace" (U2 song), a 2000 song by U2
- "Grace" (Supergrass song), a 2002 song by Supergrass
- "Grace" (Simon Webbe song), a 2007 song by Simon Webbe
- "The Grace" (song), a 2005 song by Canadian band Neverending White Lights

in **religion**:
- Divine grace, unearned favors received from God.
- Prevenient grace, an Augustine Christian theological concept
- Irresistible grace, a Calvinistic Christian theological concept
- Actual grace, a Catholic theological concept.

**Grace** may also be:
- Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
- One of the Charites

## People with the surname Grace

- John Hilton Grace, a British mathematician
- Mark Grace, baseball player
- Mike Grace, baseball player
- Topher Grace, an American actor
- William Gilbert Grace, an English cricket player
- William Russell Grace, founder of W. R. Grace and Company
- Helen Grace, British actress
- Jared Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character
- Simon Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character
- Mallory Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character
- Helen Grace, Spiderwick Chronicles character

## Related pages

- Gracie
- Saving Grace
- "Grace Kelly" (song)
- _Grace Under Pressure_
- _States of Grace_
- _Will & Grace_
- _Grace Under Fire_
- "Grace Under Pressure" (Stargate Atlantis)
- _Le Bénédicité_ ("_Grace_") a painting by Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin
Greenville, South Carolina

**Greenville** is a city in South Carolina, United States. Bob Jones University is in Greenville. Greenville is in the Blue Ridge region of the state and is the county seat of Greenville County. As of 2020, there were 70,720 people living in the city, and 387,271 people living in the urban area.

## Other websites

- Greenville website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Greenville
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: GreenvilleSCMontage16.png
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top left: Downtown Greenville, Furman University Bell Tower, Falls Park on the Reedy, Reedy River, Peace Center
- **image seal**: GreenvilleSC seal.png
- **pushpin map**: South Carolina#USA
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin label**: Greenville
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within South Carolina##Location within the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: South Carolina
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in South Carolina, County
- **subdivision name2**: Greenville County, South Carolina, Greenville
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Incorporated (as a village)
- **established date**: December 17, 1831
- **total type**: Total
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 77.76
- **area land km2**: 77.17
- **area water km2**: 0.58
- **area water percent**: 0.77
- **area urban km2**: 830
- **area metro km2**: 7220
- **area total sq mi**: 30.02
- **area land sq mi**: 29.80
- **area water sq mi**: 0.23
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 70720
- **population rank**: List of cities and towns in South Carolina, 6th in South Carolina
- **population density sq mi**: 2381.9
- **population urban**: 387,271 (US: List of United States urban areas, 109th)
- **population density urban km2**: 570.3
- **population density urban sq mi**: 1,477.2
- **population metro**: 928,195 (US: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 59th)
- **population blank1 title**: Combined statistical area, CSA
- **population blank1**: 1,511,905 (US: Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas, 38th)
- **population demonym**: Greenvillian
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 29601–29617
- **area code**: Area code 864, 864
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **elevation ft**: 984
- **blank name sec2**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info sec2**: 45-30850
- **blank1 name sec2**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info sec2**: 1245842
- **named for**: Nathanael Greene
- **nickname**: G-Vegas, GVL
Jonathan Edwards

**Jonathan Edwards** can mean:

- Jonathan Edwards (theologian) (1703–1758), an American jalen and theologian and president of Princeton University
- Jonathan Edwards (athlete) (born 1966), a British triple jumper and world record holder
Jonathan Edwards (theologian)

**Jonathan Edwards** (October 5, 1703 – March 22, 1758) was a colonial American preacher, theologian, and missionary to Native Americans.  He was one of the most important people in the Great Awakening, a religious movement in the United States.  He preached a sermon called "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God".

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jonathan Edwards
- **image**: Jonathan Edwards.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: East Windsor, Connecticut, East Windsor, Connecticut
- **death place**: Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton, New Jersey
- **occupation**: Pastor, theologian, and missionary
Prostate cancer

**Prostate cancer** is a disease in which cancer develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. It is often treated with prostatectomy, radiotherapy, or hormonal therapy.

Aggressive prostate cancer is now known to have a genetic basis. Men with gene BRCA2 are more likely to get the cancer, and more likely it will be in its most aggressive form.

## Other websites

- HIFU information at Prostate Cancer UK