juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Astronomical spectroscopy

**Astronomical spectroscopy** is the science of using spectroscopy to figure out what elements astronomical bodies, such as stars, planets and nebulae, are made of. It can also be used to work out how those objects are moving, using doppler shift.

The study of spectroscopy and spectra is used in astronomy to help scientists study the whole spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, which radiates from stars and other hot celestial objects. Spectroscopy can be used to find properties of distant stars and galaxies. It can find out their chemical composition, temperature, density, mass, distance, luminosity, and relative motion using doppler effect measurements.

## Chemical properties of stars

Isaac Newton used a prism to split white light into a spectrum of color, and Fraunhofer's high-quality prisms allowed scientists to see dark lines of an unknown origin.

It was not until the 1850s that Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen explained the dark lines. Hot solid objects produce light with a continuous spectrum, and hot gasses emit light at specific wavelengths. However, hot solid objects surrounded by cooler gasses show a near-continuous spectrum with _dark lines corresponding to the emission lines of the gasses_. By comparing the absorption lines of the
Sun with emission spectra of known gasses, the chemical composition of stars can be discovered.
William Huggins

Sir **William Huggins**, KCB, OM, FRS, (7 February 1824–12 May 1910) was an English astronomer best known for his work in astronomical spectroscopy.

## Life and work

William Huggins was born at Cornhill, Middlesex in 1824.  He married Margaret Lindsay, who was also an astronomer.
Huggins built his own observatory from where he and his wife looked at spectral emission lines and absorption lines of astronomical objects.  He was the first person to figure out the difference between nebulae and galaxies.
Huggins was president of the Royal Society between 1900 and 1905.
Emission spectrum

The **emission spectrum** of an element or compound is how bright certain frequencies are when energy is added to the atoms or molecules.

Each atom's emission spectrum has different spectral line<nowiki/>s and can be used to figure out if that atom is part of a compound
Luminosity

**Luminosity** is the amount of power given off by an astronomical object.

Stars and other objects emit energy in the form of radiation. It is measure<nowiki/>d in joules per second, which are equal to watts. A watt is one unit of power. Just as a light bulb is measured in watts, the Sun can also be measured in watts. The sun gives off . This amount of power is known as 1 sol, the symbol for which is .

There are other ways to describe luminosity. The most common is apparent magnitude, which is how bright an object looks to an observer on Earth. It only applies to light, that is, visible wavelengths. Apparent magnitude is contrasted with absolute magnitude, which is an object's _intrinsic brightness_ at visible wavelengths, irrespective of distance.  The apparent magnitude is the less, for objects more than 32.6 light years away.

When talking about the total power output across all wavelengths, that is called bolometric magnitude.
Solar mass

**Solar mass** is a unit of measurement of mass. It is equal to the mass of the Sun, about 332,950 times the mass of the Earth, or 1,048 times the mass of Jupiter. Masses of other stars and groups of stars are listed in terms of solar masses. Its mathematical symbol and value are:

- (kg being kilograms)
Interstellar medium

In astronomy, the **interstellar medium** (sometimes called the **ISM**) is the tenuous gas and dust that fills the void between stellar systems in galaxies, that consisting mainly of huge clouds of ionized, neutral, or molecular hydrogen. This gas and dust not distributed uniformly in interstellar space, but displays significant variations in density, temperature, and ionisation state.

Various gases exist in outer space. Most common are hydrogen and helium. Interstellar cosmic dust makes nebulae.
Myopia

**Myopia**, also called **near-sightedness** or **short-sightedness**, is a problem with the focusing ability of the eye. It is when the eye is not able to focus properly on objects in the distance. This condition is very common and it often occurs with many members of the same family. It happens when the lens becomes a different shape (too curved) from usual, or when the eye is longer than normal, so light entering the eye focuses on a point _in front of_ the retina, rather than right on it. This makes distant objects look blurry. People with myopia often squint while watching television or trying to see distant objects. Sudden myopia can often be the first symptom of diabetes.

In most cases, it can be fixed easily using glasses, contact lenses, or surgery.
Luster (mineralogy)

**Luster** (or **lustre**) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, rock, or mineral. For example, a diamond has an adamantine lustre and pyrite has a metallic lustre. The term is also used to describe other items with some kind of sheen (for example, fabric, especially silk and satin, or metals).

The word lustre comes from the Latin word lux, meaning "light", and generally implies radiance, gloss, or brilliance.
Carbonation

**Carbonation** is the process of carbon dioxide dissolving in a liquid. For example, carbon dioxide is added to flavored water under pressure to make it "fizz" as a carbonated water soft drink.

## Geology

When rain passes through the atmosphere, it takes in or mixes with carbon dioxide, turning it into a weak carbonic acid.  When the rain falls on limestone, it dissolves the calcium carbonate in the rock, turning it into calcium bicarbonate and taking it away.  Holes and large cracks form in the rock.  Such a place is called karst.  If a stream or river passes through it, it could be swallowed up by a hole called a swallow hole.  It  can go through a series of underground caves and may appear on the surface again.  An example of a karst area is the Burren National Park, in County Clare, Ireland.

## Chemistry

Carbon dioxide is weakly soluble in water, therefore it separates into a gas. The process of carbon dioxide bubbling out (effervescing) from a solution is represented by this chemical reaction. This shows aqueous carbonic acid converts to carbon dioxide and water:

## Biochemistry

Carbonation also describes the incorporation of carbon dioxide into chemical compounds. Carbon-based life originates from a carbonation reaction that is most often catalysed by the enzyme RuBisCO. This carbonation process is so important that a significant fraction of leaf mass consists of this carbonating enzyme.
Feynman diagram

A **Feynman diagram** is a diagram that shows what happens when elementary particles collide.

Feynman diagrams are used in quantum mechanics. A Feynman diagram has _lines_ in different shapes—straight, dotted, and squiggly—which meet up at _points_. The points in Feynman diagrams represent a meeting between three particles at the same point in space at the same time. The lines in a Feynman diagram represent the probability amplitude for a particle to go from one place to another.

In Feynman diagrams, the particles are allowed to go both forward and backward in time. When a particle is going backward in time, it is called an antiparticle. The meeting points for the lines can also be interpreted forward or backwards in time, so that if a particle disappears into a meeting point, that means that the particle was either created or destroyed, depending on the direction in time that the particle came in from.

All the lines and points have an amplitude. When you multiply the probability amplitude for the lines, the amplitude for the particles to go from wherever they start to wherever they meet, and to the next meeting point, and so on, and also multiply by the amplitude for each meeting point, you get a number that tells you the total amplitude for the particles to do what the diagram says they do. If you add up all these probability amplitudes over all the possible meeting points, and over all the starting and ending points with an appropriate weight, you get the total probability amplitude for a collision in a particle accelerator, which tells you the total probability of these particles to bounce off one another in any particular direction.

Feynman diagrams are named after Richard Feynman, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics. His diagrams are very simple in the case of quantum electrodynamics (QED), where there are only two kinds of particles: electrons (little particles inside atoms) and photons (particles of light). In QED, the only thing that can happen is that an electron (or its antiparticle) can emit (or absorb) a photon, so there is only one building block for any collision. The probability amplitude for the emission is very simple—it has no real part, and the imaginary part is the _charge_ of the electron.
Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse

**Raymond VII of Saint-Gilles** (July 1197 – 27 September 1249) was Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Marquis of Provence from 1222 until his death.

He was the son of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Joan of England. During the Albigensian Crusade in May of 1216, he set out from Marseille and besieged Beaucaire, which he captured on August 24. He fought to get the county of Toulouse back from Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester and later Simon's son Amaury VI of Montfort.

When Raymond died, Alphonse became count of Toulouse, and after Alphonse's death the county was captured by France. Raymond VII was buried beside his mother Joan in Fontevrault Abbey.
Rival

A **rival** is a  person or group of people who are trying to do the same thing as someone else, and trying to do it better.  They are "competing" against one another.  Usually they are about equally good.

Competing in this way is called **rivalry**.

Two (or more) businesses may be rivals.  For example: they may be selling ice creams in the same area.

Brothers and sisters may be rivals.  For example: they may both be trying to get their mother's attention.

Countries may be rivals.  For example: they may be trying to have power over the same thing.  This can be a dangerous thing which, in some cases, can lead to war.

In sport, two teams may be rivals.  This is a more friendly kind of rivalry. An example of a team rivalry is the Chicago Bears–Green Bay Packers rivalry in the National Football League.
Seneschal

A **seneschal** was an officer in the houses of important nobles in the Middle Ages. In the French administrative system of the Middle Ages, the **sénéchal** was also a royal officer in charge of justice and control of the administration in southern provinces, equal to the northern French _bailli_.

## Related pages

- Grand maître de France - the Great Officer of the Crown of France in charge of the Royal Household (the "Maison du Roi")
510s BC

## Events

- February 25, 516 BC — The Temple in Jerusalem is completed.
Trimbach, Switzerland

**Trimbach** is a municipality in the district of Gösgen.  It is in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Trimbach
- **image photo**: Trimbach de vidita Hauenstein-Pasejo 095.JPG
- **image caption**: Trimbach
- **municipality name**: Trimbach
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Trimbach-blason.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Trimbach.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Gösgen (district), Gösgen
- **postal code**: 4632
- **municipality code**: 2500
- **area**: 7.62
- **elevation**: 419
- **website**: www.trimbach.ch
- **mayor**: Karl Tanner
- **mayor asof**: March 2014
- **mayor party**: SPS/PSS
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **list of mayors**: List of mayors of Trimbach
- **executive name**: Gemeinderat
- **executive number of members**: 5
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hauenstein-Ifenthal, Lostorf, Olten, Wangen bei Olten, Winznau, Wisen
Stoke

**Stoke** may refer to the following:

### United Kingdom

- **Stoke** is one of the most common place names in the United Kingdom and in historical documents.

Originally from the Old English  'stoc' meaning 'place', it came to be used in two special senses, i) a religious place and ii) a secondary settlement (see Roome )

It can refer to any of the following places:
- Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire
    - Stoke-upon-Trent, a town in the city of Stoke-on-Trent
- Stoke, Chester, Cheshire
- Stoke, Crewe and Nantwich, Cheshire
- Stoke, Devon
- Stoke, Hampshire
- Stoke, Hayling Island, Hampshire
- Stoke, Kent
- Stoke, Suffolk in Ipswich
- Stoke Abbott, Dorset
- Stoke Ash, Suffolk
- Stoke Bardolph, Nottinghamshire
- Stoke Bishop, Bristol
- Stoke Bliss, Herefordshire
- Stoke Bruerne, Northamptonshire
- Stoke by Clare, Suffolk
- Stoke-by-Nayland, Suffolk
- Stoke Canon, Devon
- Stoke Charity, Hampshire
- Stoke Climsland, Cornwall
- Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey
- Stoke Doyle, Northamptonshire
- Stoke Dry, Rutland
- Stoke Edith, Herefordshire
- Stoke Ferry, Norfolk
- Stoke Fleming, Devon
- Stoke Gabriel, Devon
- Stoke Gifford, Bristol
- Stoke Golding, Leicestershire
- Stoke Goldington, Milton Keynes
- Stoke next Guildford, Surrey
- Stoke Hammond, Buckinghamshire
- Stoke Heath, Shropshire
- Stoke Heath, Worcestershire
- Stoke Holy Cross, Norfolk
- Stoke Lacy, Herefordshire
- Stoke Lyne, Oxfordshire
- Stoke Mandeville, Buckinghamshire
- Stoke Newington, London
- Stoke on Tern, Shropshire
- Stoke Orchard, Gloucestershire
- Stoke Poges, Buckinghamshire
- Stoke Pound, Worcestershire
- Stoke Prior, Herefordshire
- Stoke Prior, Worcestershire
- Stoke Rivers, Devon
- Stoke Rochford, Lincolnshire
- Stoke Row, Berkshire
- Stoke Row, Oxfordshire
- Stoke St Gregory, Somerset
- Stoke St Mary, Somerset
- Stoke St Michael, Somerset
- Stoke St. Milborough, Shropshire
- Stoke-sub-Hamdon, Somerset
- Stoke Talmage, Oxfordshire
- Stoke Trister, Somerset

### New Zealand

- Stoke, New Zealand

## Sports

- Stoke City F.C.

## Related pages

- Stokes (in particular, stoke is an erroneous singular of stokes (sing. and pl), a unit of kinematic viscosity)
- _Stoked_, a film
Human T-lymphotropic virus

**Human T-lymphotropic virus** is a virus. It is a kind of retrovirus. Human T-lymphotropic virus causes leukemia as well as other diseases. Currently, four kinds are known (labelled I to IV).
Bon Scott

**Bon Scott** (9 July 1946 – 19 February 1980) was a Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter. He was the lead singer of hard rock band AC/DC from 1974 until he died of alcohol poisoning in 1980.

## Biography

Scott was born in Forfar, Scotland and brought up in Kirriemuir, Scotland. He and his family moved to Fremantle, Australia in 1952. He left school when he was 15 and spent a short time in a juvenile institution. In 1964, he formed a band called The Spektors. They later became a different band called The Valentines. When the Valentines broke up in 1970, Scott joined a band called Fraternity. Fraternity left Australia and went to Europe, but came back soon after. Scott then joined a band called the Mount Lofty Rangers. In 1974 he had a motorcycle accident and was in hospital for a few months. After he left hospital he joined AC/DC.

## Career

AC/DC's first two albums were _High Voltage_ and _T.N.T._. They were only released in Australia. Their first worldwide album was released in 1976. It had songs from both _High Voltage_ and _T.N.T._, and was also called _High Voltage_. They released another album that year called _Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap_. Their next albums were _Let There Be Rock_, _Powerage_, and a live album called _If You Want Blood You've Got It_. AC/DC's last album with Scott as their singer was _Highway to Hell_.

## Death

Scott died of alcohol poisoning in London on 19 February 1980. He was 33 years old at the time. Brian Johnson became AC/DC's new lead singer. There is a bronze statue of Bon Scott in Fremantle. Shortly after his death, AC/DC released a tribute album to Scott, Back in Black.

## Other websites

- Bon Scott story
- Bon Scott's death

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bon Scott
- **img**: ACDC-Hughes-long ago.jpg
- **img capt**: Bon Scott (centre) with AC/DC in August 1979
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Ronald Belford Scott
- **birth place**: Forfar, Angus, Forfar, Scotland
- **death place**: London, England
- **instrument**: Singer, Vocals, Drum kit, Drums
- **genre**: Hard rock, heavy metal music, heavy metal, blues-rock, rock and roll
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1964 – 1980
- **associated acts**: AC/DC, Fraternity, The Valentines, The Spektors
Hubble Deep Field

The **Hubble Deep Field**, sometimes called the **HDF**, is an image of a small part of the night sky. The image was taken in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995.

It is important because it shows some of the earliest (farthest away) galaxies ever seen, over 3000 in total.

The area of the sky the HDF was taken in makes up less than 1/10th the width of a full Moon, yet it contains over 3,000 galaxies.

Because of the time it takes for light from these galaxies to reach Earth, many in the picture look exactly as they did over 10 billion (10,000,000,000) years ago. Because of this it allows scientists to look at what the Universe was like at that time, and how it changed to become what it is now. Add to this the cosmological principle, which suggests that on large scales the Universe is roughly the same no matter what direction you look, and the HDF becomes a very important tool for astronomers studying how the Universe has changed.

For these reasons the HDF is sometimes called 'the most important image ever taken'.

## Related pages

- Hubble Ultra Deep Field
- Hubble Extreme Deep Field
- Hubble Space Telescope
Orem, Utah

**Orem** is a city in Utah County in the state of Utah, United States.  As of the 2020 census, 98,129 people live in Orem.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Orem, Utah
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: UTMap-doton-Orem.PNG
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Orem, Utah
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Utah
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Utah, County
- **subdivision name2**: Utah County, Utah, Utah
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 47.9
- **area land km2**: 47.9
- **area water km2**: 0.0
- **area total sq mi**: 18.5
- **area land sq mi**: 18.5
- **area water sq mi**: 0.0
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 98129
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Mountain Time Zone, Mountain (MST)
- **utc offset**: -7
- **timezone dst**: MDT
- **utc offset dst**: -6
- **elevation m**: 1455
- **elevation ft**: 4774
- **area code**: Area codes 385 and 801, 385, 801
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 49-57300
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1444110
Acetonitrile

**Acetonitrile**, also known as **MeCN (methyl cyanide)** is a chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is the simplest of the nitriles, organic compounds with a triple bond between carbon and nitrogen. Acetonitrile is a clear liquid. It is used mostly as a solvent.

## Uses

Acetonitrile is mostly used in chromatography. It is also used as a solvent to make pharmaceuticals and to purify butadiene.

## Production

Acetonitrile is not made in large quantities as a primary product. Instead, it is a byproduct of the production of acrylonitrile from ammoxidation of propylene. Acrylonitrile is an ingredient in important plastics like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Large amounts of acrylonitrile are made for plastics, which also means large amounts of the acetonitrile byproduct are available for chemical use.

## Safety

Acetonitrile is flammable, and can cause severe health problems if in contact.

## Other websites

- Safety Data
Ranunculales

**Ranunculales** is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family.
Ranunculaceae

**Ranunculaceae** is a family of flowering plants also known as the "buttercup family" or "crowfoot family". Members include _Anemone_ (anemones), _Ranunculus_ (buttercup), _Aconitum_ (aconite), and _Clematis_.
Interlingue

**Interlingue** is a constructed language. It was called _Occidental_ between 1922 and 1947. Edgar de Wahl, one of the first Esperantists, created it. De Wahl was from the city of Tallinn in Estonia, which was in the Russian Empire but later became its own country. He spoke German, Russian, Estonian and French since he was a child and had natural ability in languages. He is often called _de Wahl_.

Interlingue looks a lot like languages in the Romance language family: French, Spanish, Italian, and so on. De Wahl made a rule called De Wahl's rule that made changing verbs to nouns easier and more regular. For example, the change of **d** in the word exploder (to explode) to **s** (making explo**s**ion and explo**s**iv) is a regular change when following this rule.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Occidental
- **nativename**: Interlingue
- **creator**: Edgar de Wahl (1922)
- **setting**: International auxiliary language
- **family**: constructed language based on Indo-European languages
- **image**: Unde yelb.svg
- **imagesize**: 140px
- **iso1**: ie
- **iso2**: ile
- **iso3**: ile
- **linglist**: ile
Commitment scheme

In cryptography, a **commitment scheme** is a way for someone to tell people something, and then later reveal what they said. Someone would do this to make sure they can prove who they are. Someone may also do this to make sure that someone does not cheat at a game. This is like putting a letter in an envelope and giving it to someone. You can tell the other person what the letter says. The other person can then open the envelope and know that you wrote the letter.

This is done by using a one-way function to change a string (a name for a list of letters) into a hash. This is called the _commit phase_. The person can then tell people the hash. Later, if someone needs to prove that they were the one who made the commitment, then they can tell people the string they used. This is called the _reveal phase_. Other people can then make sure that the string was used to make the commitment.

## Examples

Two people want to flip a coin to decide something. If they are not in the same room, it would be easy to cheat. Person 1 could guess a side, and Person 2 can lie about which side the coin landed. Person 2 can do this because he knows Person 1's guess.

A fix could be using a **commitment**. Person 1 gives Person 2 a commitment to his guess. Then, Person 2 reveals what side the coin landed on. After, Person 1 can reveal what his commitment was. Person 2 can then make sure that Person 1 is not lying.
One-way function

In cryptography, a **one-way function** is a function that is very simple to compute (figure out) in one direction. There is a series of instructions that can be simply and easily applied to an input to give a complicated output. However the reverse of going from the output to the input is made to be as difficult as possible.
SHA hash functions

In cryptography, the **Secure Hashing Algorithms** are a group of cryptographic hash functions released by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The algorithms take an input and produce a _hash_ value (often shown in hexadecimal). The length of the _hash_ depends on the digest length of the algorithm.

## Family

- **SHA-0:** It was the name used for the original Secure Hashing Algorithm that was released in 1993. It was no longer used because it was not safe to use and was quickly replaced with SHA-1.
- **SHA-1:** It is the first name used for the official Secure Hashing Algorithm. It was released after a weakness in SHA-0. It was made by the National Security Agency (NSA). It was also found to be weak and unsafe.
- **SHA-2:** It is one of the most popular type of SHA. There are options to set the length (by changing the digest size) of the hash to 256 or 512 bits. SHA256 and SHA512 refer to these algorithms. It was also made by the National Security Agency.
- **SHA-3 (Keccak)****:**  The latest type of SHA. It was made by Guido Bertoni, Joan Daemen, Michaël Peeters and Gilles Van Assche. It was selected after a competition held by the NIST.

The Secure Hashing Algorithms, being Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) compliant algorithms are subject to the Cryptographic Algorithm Validation Program
Border Gateway Protocol

The **Border Gateway Protocol** (**BGP**) is the main routing protocol of the Internet. It decides how data gets from one place to another on the Internet. It was made to get rid of the EGP routing protocol to make the Internet more independent.

Most Internet users do not use BGP. It is the ISPs who use it to talk to other ISPs so they can send and get data from each other. It is one of the most important protocols of the Internet.

## Related pages

- Shortest Path Bridging
- Intermediate System to Intermediate System
GPRS Tunneling Protocol

**GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP)** is a group of protocols to send and receive data over cellular phone networks.
Power metal

**Power metal** is a type of heavy metal music that mixes traditional metal with thrash metal or speed metal. There are two types of power metal. One comes from North America that sounds more like speed metal, and a more popular one from Europe (especially Finland, Germany, Italy, Scandinavia) and Japan that usually sounds happier and usually uses keyboards.  It is usually characterized by high, clean, melodic vocals, fantasy based lyrics as well as complex and fast lead guitar solos.

Some of the most popular European style bands include:
- Helloween (1984-present) from Germany is one of the first, and most influential power metal bands.
- Gamma Ray from Germany
- Stratovarius from Finland
- Luke Fortini from Italy
- Sonata Arctica from Finland
- Blind Guardian from Germany
- Edguy/Avantasia from Germany
- Kamelot from the U.S.A. but they are of a European style
- HammerFall from Sweden
- DragonForce from England
- Power Quest from England, frequent use of keyboards

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Power metal
- **color**: crimson
- **bgcolor**: white
- **cultural origins**: 1984 in Germany and Finland as well as other parts of Europe
- **popularity**: Popular in Europe, Japan and South America, low but increasing popularity in North America
Defense Support Program

The **Defense Support Program** (DSP) is a group of satellites that orbit the Earth. They are owned by the United States Air Force to run the _Satellite Early Warning System_ used by the United States. DSP satellites are used to detect missile and spacecraft launches. DSP is also used to detect nuclear explosions. It does this by using infrared sensors on the satellite.
Blackheath

**Blackheath** can be any of the following:

- Blackheath, London, England
- Blackheath, Surrey, England
- Blackheath, West Midlands, England
- Blackheath, New South Wales, Australia
- Blackheath (hundred), Kent, England
- Black Heath (Chesterfield County), Virginia, USA
Blackheath, Surrey

**Blackheath** is a village in Surrey near Guildford.

## Other websites

- Blackheath village website
Bandipur National Park

**Bandipur National Park** is a national park in India. It contains Gaurs and Asian Elephants, as well as tigers. In 1973 it was decided that Bandipur National Park would be protected as a place for tigers to live safely, as part of a project called 'Project Tiger'.

The national park has an area of 874.20 km<sup>2</sup>.
Urban legend

An **urban legend** is an often circulated story that is not necessarily based on truth, but merely conjecture and rumor. However, there may or may not be a grain of truth from which the story originated.

## Urban legends and the Internet

The Internet has made it easier for urban legends to spread, as people often spread them to their friends or family using e-mail. As a result, some websites such as Snopes.com and TruthOrFiction.com, among others, have been made that look at urban legends and try to see whether or not they are true.

An example of an urban legend is a report that years after the defeat of St Clair in 1791 at Ft Recovery Mercer Country Ohio - a skeleton of a Captain Roger Vanderberg was found in Miami County Ohio inside a tree along with a diary; in fact no one of this name was a casualty of the 1791 battle - it was a story that orginated in 1864 from a Scottish novel! Another example of a urban legend is a young woman and her mother going to visit the Paris Exposition; the mother falls ill, the daughter rushes off to get help only to find her mother gone! The woman either goes insane or is told the truth-her mother had the plague which was the reason for the coverup. This became the premise of a 1950s movie _So Long at the Fair_. In fact the basis for the legend was a story in 1897 in a Philadelphia newspaper...and no other sources in fact!

Other urban legends concern the Chase Burial Vault in Barbadoes although the lone account has no other basis in fact. Another urban legend concerns organized crime: In New York city at the turn of the century there was a "Murder Stable" where criminals killed one another. In fact, the report was exaggerated. Allegedly, an unknown killer named "Shotgun Man" committed dozens of murders with a shotgun in Chicago, Illinois after the turn of the century between 1910 and 1911 - although a check of a database of Chicago murders from that time period shows only one shotgun killings between 1900 and 1920.
Prague (disambiguation)

**Prague** is the capital of the Czech Republic.

**Prague** can also be any of the following:

- Praha, Slovakia, a village
- Prague, Nebraska
- Prague, Oklahoma
- New Prague, Minnesota
- Praha, Texas
Ashdown Forest

**Ashdown Forest** is a forest in the county of East Sussex, in South East England.

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Ashdown Forest
- **photo**: Ashdown_Forest_View.jpg
- **photo caption**: Ashdown Forest near Greenwood Gate Clump
- **map**: United Kingdom
- **map size**: 243
- **map caption**: Location of Ashdown Forest in the UK
- **location**:  Sussex, England
- **governing body**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20101124152334/http://www.ashdownforest.org/about/the_conservators.php The Conservators of Ashdown Forest]
Thuringian Forest

The **Thuringian Forest** is a forest in the German state of Thuringia. It is about  long and  wide. The highest elevation is the _Großer Beerberg_, at .
Gertrude (crater)

**Gertrude** is the biggest crater on Uranus's moon Titania that we know about. It is nearly 326 kilometers across, which is about twenty percent of the moons' diameter.
Powell's Books

**Powell's Books** is a bookstore in Portland, Oregon, United States. It has seven locations. It says it is the world's largest independent new and used bookstore in the world with more than one million (1,000,000) books on its shelves.  The main store covers an entire city block between West Burnside Street, NW Couch Street, NW 10th and 11th avenues.

The bookstore began in 1971.
In 2002, _USA Today_ said Powell's was one of America's ten best bookstores.

Powell's wants to add as much as two floors to the store's southeast corner—at least .  The plan was submitted to the City of Portland to be approved in November 2008.
Orange-bellied euphonia

The **Orange-bellied euphonia** (_Euphonia xanthogaster_) is a species of bird in the Fringillidae (finch) family.  It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
Hurricane Floyd

**Hurricane Floyd** was the strongest, costliest, and deadliest hurricane of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. Floyd, at first looked as if it were headed for Florida as a category 4 hurricane. It was about twice as large as Hurricane Andrew, which if Floyd struck Florida it could have caused even more damage than Andrew. Instead of striking Florida, Floyd struck North Carolina and caused flooding from North Carolina up to some states in New England. Floyd left $4.5 billion in damage from Florida to Maine. Floyd also killed about 76-86 people in the United States. One person was also killed in the Bahamas.

## Retirement

The name Floyd got retired in the Spring of 2000. The name Franklin was used in 2005 instead.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Floyd
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 1999
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Floyd 1999-09-13 1415Z.png
- **image name**: Hurricane Floyd at peak intensity on September 13 north of the Dominican Republic
- **alt**: A view of Hurricane Floyd from Space on September 13, 1999. The storm is mature and well-defined, with a pronounced eye feature. Floyd is located over the Atlantic Ocean, and to the north and east of Cuba and Florida, respectively.
- **dissipated**: September 19, 1999
- **1-min winds**: 135
- **pressure**: 921
- **damages**: 4500
- **inflated**: 0
- **fatalities**: 57 direct, 20–30 indirect
- **areas**: The Bahamas, U.S. East Coast from Florida to Maine (particularly North Carolina), Atlantic Canada
- **hurricane season**: 1999 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricane Gert (1999)

**Hurricane Gert** was the fourth of five major hurricanes in the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed on September 11 of the coast of Africa. It reached its greatest strength on September 15, when its winds were at 150 mph (240 km/h). It gradually curved northwest and then north, passing a short distance east of Burmuda. The hurricane's center did not make landfall, but it did cause many poweroutages.

On September 23, Gert became an extratropical storm as it turned northeast and became absorbed into another storm system. While it passed southeast of Atlantic Canada, strong waves hit Newfoundland which caused heavy marine damage.
Hurricane Irene (1999)

**Hurricane Irene** was an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The storm caused heavy damage across Florida and North Carolina in October 1999. Irene developed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 13 from a tropical wave.

Irene was a wet hurricane for Florida, similar to many hurricanes of the 1930s and 1940s. In North Carolina and Virginia, the storm produced heavy rainfall of more than 10 inches.

Irene caused 18 deaths and $800 million in damage in the United States.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Irene
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 2011
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Hurricane Irene (1999).jpg
- **image name**: Hurricane Irene before landfall
- **formed**: October 13, 1999
- **dissipated**: October 24, 1999
- **extratropical**: October 19, 1999
- **1-min winds**: 95
- **pressure**: 958
- **damages**: 800
- **inflated**: 0
- **fatalities**: 3 direct, 15 indirect
- **areas**: Cuba, Bahamas, Florida, North Carolina, Virginia
- **hurricane season**: 1999 Atlantic hurricane season
Tropical Storm Katrina (1999)

**Tropical Storm Katrina** was a short-lived, weak tropical cyclone that produced minor damage across areas previously devastated by Hurricane Mitch in 1998.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **year**: 1999
- **name**: Tropical Storm Katrina
- **basin**: Atl
- **type**: Tropical storm
- **image location**: Katrina 10-29-1999 1915Z.png
- **image name**: Tropical Storm Katrina near the coast of Honduras on October 29
- **formed**: October 28, 1999
- **dissipated**: November 1, 1999
- **1-min winds**: 35
- **pressure**: 999
- **damages**: 0.009
- **inflated**: -1
- **fatalities**: None reported
- **areas**: Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize, Yucatán Peninsula
- **hurricane season**: 1999 Atlantic hurricane season
Hurricane Lenny

**Hurricane Lenny** was the last major hurricane, hurricane, named storm and depression of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. There are three main reasons to remember Lenny. One, it was strongest November Atlantic hurricane; two, the damage it caused in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and three, it moved the opposite way storms usually moved across the Caribbean Sea. Some people at the National Hurricane Center nicknamed it "Wrong Way Lenny". Lenny left $330 million in damage, this amount is likely not all the damage. This is because it was reported for U.S. territories only, such as Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

## Retirement

Because the damage was high and likely higher, the name Lenny was retired. In 2005 the name Lee was used instead. The name Lee in 2005 was not retired, so Lee is on the list for 2011 and 2017.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Lenny
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 1999
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Hurricane Lenny 17 nov 1999 2004Z.jpg
- **image name**: Lenny south of Saint Croix at its peak intensity
- **formed**: November 13, 1999
- **dissipated**: November 23, 1999
- **1-min winds**: 135
- **pressure**: 933
- **damages**: 330
- **damagespost**: US territories only
- **inflated**: 0
- **fatalities**: 17 direct
- **areas**: Colombia, Puerto Rico, Leeward Islands
- **hurricane season**: 1999 Atlantic hurricane season
1980 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1980 Atlantic hurricane season** officially began on June 1, 1980, and ended on November 30, 1980. This season had about average activity with 15 storms, of which 11 got named. This season featured the very powerful Hurricane Allen.

## Storms

- Tropical Depression One
- Hurricane Allen
- Hurricane Bonnie
- Tropical Depression Four
- Hurricane Charley
- Tropical Depression Six
- Tropical Storm Danielle
- Hurricane Earl
- Hurricane Frances
- Hurricane Georges
- Tropical Storm Hermine
- Hurricane Ivan
- Hurricane Jeanne
- Tropical Depression Fourteen
- Hurricane Karl

## Retirement

In the spring of 1981 the name "Allen" was retired and replaced by Andrew in 1986.

## Other websites

- Monthly Weather Review

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: Atl
- **year**: 1980
- **track**: 1980 Atlantic hurricane season map.png
- **first storm formed**: August 1, 1980
- **last storm dissipated**: November 27, 1980
- **strongest storm name**: Hurricane Allen, Allen
- **strongest storm winds**: 165
- **strongest storm pressure**: 899
- **average wind speed**: 1
- **total depressions**: 15
- **total storms**: 11
- **total hurricanes**: 9
- **total intense**: 2
- **fatalities**: 256
- **damages**: 1000
- **inflated**: 1
- **five seasons**: 1978 Atlantic hurricane season, 1978, 1979 Atlantic hurricane season, 1979, **1980**, 1981 Atlantic hurricane season, 1981, 1982 Atlantic hurricane season, 1982
Nitrile

**Nitrile** is a functional group in organic chemistry. Chemicals that have this group are also called **nitriles**. The nitrile group has a triple bond between a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom. This is written . Inorganic nitriles are called cyanides.

It smells like a fruit, and can be a type of poison.

The simplest nitrile is acetonitrile (, where the nitrile is connected to a methyl group. Acrylonitrile is a nitrile used to make plastics.

### With water

Nitriles react with water. This is a type of hydrolysis. Nitriles and water react to make amides, and the amide can react further to make carboxylic acids and ammonia:

### With hydrogen

Hydrogen gas, , is a reducing agent. Combined with a catalyst like Raney nickel, it reacts with nitriles to make amines.
1981 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1981 Atlantic hurricane season** officially began on June 1, 1981 and ended on November 30, 1981. However this season a storm formed on May 6. This season was high in activity. The only notable storms of this season were Hurricane Dennis, Tropical Depression Eight, and Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Dennis and Tropical Depression Eight caused the most damage. However, Hurricane Katrina was the only storm that killed people in 1981.

## Storms

- Tropical Storm Arlene
- Tropical Depression Two
- Tropical Storm Bret
- Tropical Depression Four
- Tropical Storm Cindy
- Hurricane Dennis
- Tropical Depression Seven
- Tropical Depression Eight
- Hurricane Emily
- Hurricane Floyd
- Hurricane Gert
- Hurricane Harvey
- Tropical Depression Thirteen
- Hurricane Irene
- Tropical Depression Fifteen
- Tropical Storm Jose
- Hurricane Katrina
- Subtropical Storm Three

## Retirement

No names were retired in 1982. As a result, all names would be repeated in 1987.

## Other websites

- Monthly Weather Review
- HPC Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Pages for 1981

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: Atl
- **year**: 1981
- **track**: 1981 Atlantic hurricane season map.png
- **first storm formed**: May 6, 1981
- **last storm dissipated**: November 17, 1981
- **strongest storm name**: Harvey
- **strongest storm winds**: 115
- **strongest storm pressure**: 946
- **average wind speed**: 1
- **total depressions**: 18
- **total storms**: 12
- **total hurricanes**: 7
- **total intense**: 3
- **fatalities**: 10
- **damages**: 45
- **inflated**: 1
- **five seasons**: 1979 Atlantic hurricane season, 1979, 1980 Atlantic hurricane season, 1980, **1981**, 1982 Atlantic hurricane season, 1982, 1983 Atlantic hurricane season, 1983
Willem Wissing

**Willem Wissing**, also known as **William Wissing** (1656, Amsterdam or The Hague - 10 Sep 1687 Burghley House), was a Dutch portrait artist. He painted many famous people of the day, including William III of England,Mary II of England,Anne of Great Britain.
Teosinte

The **teosintes** are a group of large grasses of the genus ***Zea*** found in Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua.

There are five recognized species of teosinte: _Zea diploperennis_, _Zea perennis_, _Zea luxurians_, _Zea nicaraguensis_ and _Zea mays_.
Burj Al Arab

The **Burj Al Arab** is a hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the fourth-largest hotel in the world. It is very expensive to stay at the Burj Al Arab. The construction started in 1994 but was opened on 1999.

Burj Al Arab is known as the world's only 7-star hotel. On the top of the Burj Al-Arab, there is a helipad which is sometimes used as a tennis court for high-paying guests. The hotel was built by South African construction contractor Murray & Roberts,the interior design was done by Khuan Chew and John Carolan of KCA International. The hotel was worth $650 million to build.

It is currently owned by The Jumeirah Group, a company owned by Dubai Holding.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Burj Al Arab

- **location**: Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- **start date**: 1994
- **completion date**: 1999
- **architect**: Tom Wright (British architect), Tom Wright of WKK Architects
- **cost**: United States dollar, US$1 billion
- **floor count**: 56 (3 below ground)
- **website**: [https://www.jumeirah.com/en/hotels-resorts/dubai/burj-al-arab/ burj-al-arab.com]
- **map type**: UAE
- **building type**: Luxury hotel
- **architectural style**: High-tech architecture, High-tech
- **elevator count**: 18
- **structural engineer**: Atkins (company), Atkins
- **pushpin label**: Burj Al Arab
- **opening**: December 1999
- **room count**: 202 from USD 2,000 per night.
- **developer**: Jumeirah (hotel chain), Jumeirah
El Toralín

**The Bercian Association in Defense of the Leonese Language "El Toralín"** (_Asociación Berciana en defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín_, in Leonese language) was a Leonese association from El Bierzo that promoted Leonese language in that shire, born in 2006.

## Activities

This association developed two Leonese language courses in Ponferrada (Province of Llión), and some campaigns for promoting the knwoledge of Leonese language in the shire. They also participated in other activities as Leonese Language Day, Mother Language Day, and collaborated in publcations like "Cuentos del Sil", where writers from the shire wrote a collective book with simple stories in Leonese language.

## Related pages

- Leonese language
- Cuentos del Sil
- APMLL

## Other websites

- Asociación Berciana en Defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín
- Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu
- Top Level Domain for Leonese Language
- Cuentos del Sil, Collective Leonese language book
Cuentos del Sil

***Cuentos del Sil*** (Tales of the Sil) is a Leonese language book written by nine leonese language writers. It was sponsored by the Provincial Government of León, and Leonese language associations "El Fueyu" and "El Toralín". The authors com from the Sil Valley, specially from El Bierzu and it is the collective book in the Leonese language where there are more authors.

The writers are from teenagers to those who are in their eighties:

- Severiano Álvarez
- Alejandro Díez
- Daniel Fernández
- Eva González
- Roberto González-Quevedo
- Xuasús González
- Félix Llópez
- Adrianu Martín
- Abel Pardo

## Related pages

- Leonese language
- Leonese language writers
- Kingdom of León

## Other websites

- Cuentos del Sil website (in Leonese language)
- Leonese Language Association from El Bierzu (in Leonese language)
- Leonese Language Association "El Fueyu" (in Leonese language and English)
- Top Level Domain for Leonese Language (Leonese language, English, Italian, Catalan, French Romanian, and other languages)
Stockman

In Australia, a **stockman** is the name given to a person who looks after the livestock on large farms known as a station. Stations are owned by a  or a grazing company. A stockman can also be the persons employed at abattoirs, feedlots, on live export ships or with stock and station agencies.

People who work on station, including stockmen, are also known as “station hands”. Men learning how to become station managers are known as "jackaroos", while women are known as "jillaroos". Girls are often stockmen on farms. Some stations are now making it easier for women to work on stations by building female living quarters and putting in machinery to do some of the heavy work.

A related job is that of the drover, who, like the shearer may be an temporary seasonal worker. Drovers are employed in looking after the livestock while they are travelling on a stock route.

The word _stockman_ was used in the United States and Canada as meaning a person who raised livestock, mainly cattle. The word _stockgrower_ is used now. This meaning is very different from the Australian use of the word _stockman_.
Eva González (Leonese language writer)

**Eva González** was a Spanish writer. She was born in Palacios del Sil (province of Llión, Spain) in 1918. She died in León in 2007. She has a dedicated street in León city for her contribution to the literature in Leonese language.

She wrote:

- Poesías ya cuentus na nuesa tsingua (1980).
- Bitsarón. Cousas pa nenos y pa grandes na nuesa tsingua (1981).
- Xentiquina (1983).
- Xeitus: poesías ya cuentus (1985).
- Branas d'antanu ya xente d'anguanu: poesías ya cuentus (1990) reedited (2003)

Collective books:

- Cuentos de Lleón (1996)
- Cuentos del Sil (2006)
- El Dialecto Leonés, edición conmemorativa (2006)

## Other websites

- Asociación Berciana en defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín  (in Leonese language)
- Asociación Cultural de la Llingua Llïonesa El Fueyu (in Leonese language and English)
- del Sil Cuentos del Sil  (in Leonese language)
- Top Level Domain for Leonese Language (in Leonese language and several more)
Barbadian British

**Barbadian British** people are people in the United Kingdom who were either born in Barbados or have ancestors who were born there. In 2001 over 20,000 British people were born in Barbados, and as stated above there were also many British born people of Barbadian descent. They are a subgroup of the larger Black British community. There are many famous Barbadian British people including footballer Ashley Cole.