juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Diane Birch

**Diane Birch** (born January 24, 1983) is an American singer-songwriter. Her album, _Bible Belt_, was released in 2009. Her second album, _Speak a Little Louder_, was released in 2013.

She was born in Michigan.
Adrianne Palicki

**Adrianne Palicki** (born May 6, 1983) is an American actress. She was born in Toledo, Ohio.

Palicki has acted in both television series and movies. She was in the television series _Friday Night Lights_ (2006–2011) and  _Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D._ (2014–2016). She acted in _Legion_ (2010), _Red Dawn_ (2012), _G.I. Joe: Retaliation_ (2013), and _John Wick_ (2014).
Betty Azar

**Betty Schrampfer Azar** is an expert on teaching and learning English grammar. She wrote the _Azar Grammar Series_ for students of English as a second or foreign language. This series is used by teachers and students all over the world. It has been very popular for more than thirty years.

Azar thinks teaching grammar is a good way to teach a new language. Students should start by learning about grammar, and that will help them learn all language skills — speaking, listening, writing, and reading.

There are four editions of Azar's book series. Stacy A. Hagen became Azar's co-author 2006, so now the books are called the _Azar-Hagen Grammar Series_.

There are three main textbooks in the series:
- _Understanding and Using English Grammar_,
- _Fundamentals of English Grammar_
- _Basic English Grammar_.

## Other websites

- AzarGrammar.com
- Betty Schrampfer overview At WorldCat
American Bobtail

The **American Bobtail** is a breed of cat.  It has a short "bobbed" tail about one-third to one-half the length of a normal cat's tail. This is because of a genetic mutation that affects the way their tail develops. This mutation also happens with the Manx cat.

The American Bobtail looks like the Japanese Bobtail, but they are not in the same cat breed family. The genetic mutations for their bobbed tails are different because the gene for the American Bobtail's tail is dominant and the Japanese Bobtail's is recessive.

## Appearance

American Bobtails can have either short or long-haired fur coats. Their coat is shaggy instead of fluffy. They can have any color of eyes and coat. They look like a "wild" tabby cat. Their eyes are almond shaped.  They have a long and strong body. Their tail is short, but the end of it can be seen above their back. It can be straight or curved, slightly knotted or may have bumps. These cats take two to three years to grow from kittens into adult cats.

## Behavior

American Bobtails are playful and have a lot of energy. They are friendly and are not shy. These cats are intelligent. Some have been clever enough to escape from rooms and cages with closed and latched doors. Since they are playful and want attention, they will beg for it by meowing or just by hopping into laps.

## History

An urban legend says that Bobtail cats began by cross mating a domestic tabby cat and a wild bobcat.  Their unusual tail is really an accidental genetic mutation in the cat world. It  may be related to the Manx gene, which is also dominant. The first Bobtail cat's parents were a short-tailed brown tabby cat male named Yodie and a seal point Siamese female in the late 1960s. This cat was born in Arizona near an American Indian reservation. Yodie's family breed was not known.  It was thought to have been a bobcat and domestic cat hybrid because of its stubby tail.

The breed was first recognized by The International Cat Association in the United States, in 1989.

## Other websites

- American Bobtail Breeders Association
- American Bobtail Guide

## Infobox (catbreed)

- **name**: American Bobtail
- **image**: American bobtail 2.jpg
- **image width**: 300px
- **cfastd**: http://www.cfainc.org/Portals/0/documents/breeds/standards/american-bobtail.pdf
- **ticastd**: http://tica.org/public/breeds/bb/intro.php
- **acfastd1**: http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/AM%20BOBTAIL%20LH.pdf
- **acfaterm1**: LH
- **acfastd2**: http://www.acfacat.com/Breed%20Standards/AM%20BOBTAIL%20SH.pdf
- **acfaterm2**: SH
- note
Meghan Trainor

**Meghan Elizabeth Trainor** (born December 22, 1993) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She was born and raised in Nantucket, Massachusetts. The president of Epic Records, L.A. Reid, discovered Trainor and signed her to a record contract.  She became famous through her song "All About That Bass", which reached number one in several countries around the world, including the US, UK, Canada, and Australia. Trainor's debut major label album, _Title_, spawned three other successful singles: "Lips Are Movin'", "Dear Future Husband", and "Like I'm Gonna Lose You" which features R&B singer John Legend. Trainor also recorded, co-wrote, and co-produced the song "Better When I'm Dancin'", which is featured during the closing credits of _The Peanuts Movie_. She was featured on singer-songwriter Charlie Puth's single "Marvin Gaye".

At the 2016 Grammy Awards, Trainor won the award for Best New Artist. On March 5, 2016, she released the lead single from her second major-label album, _Thank You_, titled "No". _Thank You_ was released on May 13, 2016. "Me Too" was released on May 5, 2016, as the second single from the album.

In 2017, she became engaged to actor Daryl Sabara, who is known for his role in the movie _Spy Kids_, after dating since 2016. In 2018, she released the single "No Excuses" and announced that she was working on a new album. That year, she and Sabara were married and they have a son, Riley born in 2020.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Title_ (2015)
- _Thank You_ (2016)
- _Treat Myself_ (2020)
- _A Very Trainor Christmas_ (2020)
- _Takin' It Back_ (2022)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **origin**: North Eastham, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Meghan Trainor
- **image**: Meghan Trainor in 2020.png
- **caption**: Meghan Trainor during an interview in January 2020
- **birth name**: Meghan Elizabeth Trainor
- **birth place**: Nantucket, Massachusetts, USA
- **years active**: 2009–present
- **height cm**: 164
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **children**: 1
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Meghan Trainor, Full list
Sarah Waters

**Sarah Waters** (born 21 July 1966) is a Welsh novelist. She is known for novels set in the Victorian era and featuring lesbian protagonists. Her books include _Tipping the Velvet_ and _The Night Watch_.

She was born in Neyland, Pembrokeshire, Wales. She is openly lesbian and lives in London.
Stefan Löfven

**Kjell Stefan Löfven** (born 21 July 1957) was the Prime Minister of Sweden from 2014 until 2021. He was a leader of a Swedish trade union from 2006 to 2012, and he became the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party since 2012. On 14 September 2014, he led his party in the 2014 Swedish general election to become Sweden's new Prime Minister. Löfven took office in October 2014.

On 22 August 2021, Löfven announced that he would retire as Leader of the Social Democrats at the November party congress and resign as Prime Minister upon the election of his successor.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Stefan Löfven
- **honorific-suffix**: Member of the Riksdag, S
- **image**: Stefan Löfven (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Löfven in 2017
- **office**: Prime Minister of Sweden
- **monarch**: Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf
- **deputy**: Margot Wallström
Morgan Johansson
Åsa Romson
Isabella Lövin
 Per Bolund
- **term start**: 3 October 2014
- **term end**: 30 November 2021
- **predecessor**: Fredrik Reinfeldt
- **successor**: Magdalena Andersson
- **office1**: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Leader of the Social Democratic Party
- **1namedata1**: Carin Jämtin
Lena Rådström Baastad
- **term start1**: 27 January 2012
- **term end1**: 4 November 2021
- **predecessor1**: Håkan Juholt
- **successor1**: Magdalena Andersson
- **office2**: Leader of the Opposition
- **monarch2**: Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf
- **primeminister2**: Fredrik Reinfeldt
- **deputy2**: Carina Moberg
Mikael Damberg
- **term start2**: 27 January 2012
- **term end2**: 3 October 2014
- **predecessor2**: Håkan Juholt
- **successor2**: Fredrik Reinfeldt
- **office3**: Riksdag, Member of the Riksdag
 for Västernorrland County (Riksdag constituency), Västernorrland County
- **term start3**: 14 September 2014
- **term end3**: 16 November 2021
- **predecessor3**: Agneta Lundberg
- **successor3**: Anna-Belle Strömberg
- **birth name**: Kjell Stefan Löfvén
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **party**: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Social Democrats
- **signature**: Stefan Löfven autograph.png
- **branch**:  Swedish Air Force
- **serviceyears**: 1976–1977
- **rank**: Private (rank), Private
Alter Echo

***Alter Echo*** is a third-person action video game published by THQ and developed by Outrage Entertainment. It was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It was released on August 19, 2003 in North America and on October 3, 2003 in the PAL region.

## Reception

The received mixed reviews from critics. IGN rated the game a 6.8 out of 10.

GameSpot gave the game a 7.5 out of 10 and Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot wrote that "It would have been nice to have seen some more variety in the environments, and the instances of backtracking through areas you've already visited are disappointing. But the game's exciting, free-form combat makes up for those deficiencies."

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Outrage Entertainment
- **publisher**: THQ
- **genre**: Action game, Action
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: PlayStation 2, Xbox
Anwar Kamal Pasha

**Anwar Kamal Pasha** (1927-1987) was a famous early Pakistani film director and producer from Lahore. He dominated the first 20 years of Pakistani cinema. He was the son of noted poet and scholar, Hakim Ahmad Shuja who named him after the Turkish leader Enver Kemal Pasha.

Some of Pasha's top hit films were _Do Ansoo_ (1949), _Gumnaam_ (1954), _Qatil_ (1955), _Sarfarosh_ (1956) and _Anarkali_ (1958). From the 1960s, he gradually started making less films and his popularity grew less.
Yoshiko Ōtaka

(12 February 1920 – 7 September 2014), widely known by her Chinese name **Li Xianglan** (**Li Hsiang-lan**) and English stage name **Shirley Yamaguchi**, was a Chinese-born Japanese actress and singer. She was elected as a member of the Japanese Diet in the 1970s and served for 18 years. Ōtaka was known for her role in _Eternity_. She was born in Fushun, Manchuria.

Ōtaka died at the age of 94 in Tokyo, Japan from heart failure.
Marvin Cheung

**Marvin Cheung Kin-tung**, GBS (2000), OBE (1994), JP (20 November 1947 – 13 September 2014) was a Hong Kong businessman and civil servant. He was a Non-official Member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong. He was the Chairman of the Airport Authority Hong Kong and a Council Member of the Open University of Hong Kong.

Cheung died in Hong Kong at the age of 67 from leukemia.

## Other websites

- http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~apcgc/marvin.php  Asia-Pacific Corporate Governance Conference
- http://www.ceo.gov.hk/exco/eng/marvin_cheung_kin-tung.html  Hong Kong Executive/Marvin Cheung biodata
- http://www.bpf.org.hk/articles/?_do=view&article_id=300&catalog_id=58 Business and Professionals Federation of Hong Kong
- http://www.ouhk.edu.hk/WCM/?FUELAP_TEMPLATENAME=tcSingPage&ITEMID=CCPAUCONTENT_47986156 Tribute to Cheung from the Open University

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Marvin Cheung
張建東
- **birth place**: Hong Kong
- **death place**: Hong Kong
- **office**: Member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, Legislative Council
- **appointed**: David Wilson, Baron Wilson of Tillyorn, David Wilson
- **term start**: 9 October 1991
- **term end**: 31 July 1995
- **alma mater**: St. Paul's Co-educational College
- **occupation**: Accountant
- **spouse**: Sabrina Cheung
- **children**: 2
Frank Torre

**Frank Joseph Torre** (December 30, 1931 – September 13, 2014) was an American baseball player. He was first baseman in Major League Baseball. Torre who batted and threw left-handed. He played for the Milwaukee Braves (1956–60) and Philadelphia Phillies (1962–63). He was the older brother of Hall of Famer Joe Torre.

Torre died in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida from cardiac arrest, aged 82.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Frank Torre
- **position**: First baseman
- **bats**: Left
- **throws**: Left
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York
- **death place**: Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
- **debutdate**: April 20
- **debutteam**: Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Braves
- **finaldate**: September 29
- **finalteam**: Philadelphia Phillies
- **stat1label**: Batting Average
- **stat1value**: .273
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 13
- **stat3label**: run batted in, RBI
- **stat3value**: 179
- **teams**: *Atlanta Braves, Milwaukee Braves (1956–60)
*Philadelphia Phillies (1962–63)
- **highlights**: *World Series Champion: 1957 World Series, 1957
100,000-year problem

The amount of incoming solar radiation, also called insolation determines the temperature on Earth. This temperature rises and falls according to the strength of radiation given off by the sun, the distance from the earth to the sun, and the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation. However, the recent change between glacial and inter-glacial states that occurs on a circa 100,000 year (**100 ka**) timescale, does not correlate well with these factors. This is known as the **100,000 year problem**.

Due to variations in the Earth's orbit, the amount of insolation varies; there are periods of around 21,000, 40,000, 100,000, and 400,000 years. Variations in the amount of solar energy drive changes in the climate of the Earth, and are recognised as a key factor in the timing of start and termination of glaciations. Looking at strata, isotope analysis can be performed. One of the most precise methods consist in using Oxygen-18. The amount of oxygen 18 mainly depends on the amount of ice that can be found and on the temperature of the planet.

There are different hypotheses to explain the phenomenon:
- There may be an internal frequency to the climatic system found on earth. This resonance may be 100,000 years.
- The Orbital inclination has a frequency of 100,000 years.
- The planets rotate around the sun in an elliptical orbit. These orbits change over time. For the earth, this change has a frequency of 21,636 years. In an ice age, the buildup of ice is slow, but the melting of the ice is fast.
- The luminosity of the sun may change over time. This would influence the phenomenon
- The amount of photosynthesis on water-dwelling organisms as opposed to that of land-dwelling organisms may influence the amount of Oxygen 18. This is known as the Dole effect
Scottish independence referendum

The **Scottish independence referendum, 2014** is a referendum which decided whether Scotland would be an independent country or would stay a member of the United Kingdom. The voting took place on 18 September 2014.

The result was that Scotland should stay as part of the United Kingdom.

## Who could vote

Over 4 million people in Scotland could vote in the referendum. In order to vote on the day of the referendum a person much have been:

- Aged 16-years-old or over (i.e. born on or before 18 September 1998)
- Either British, Irish or a citizen of another European Union (EU) country who was also living in Scotland at the time of the referendum
- Registered to vote

People who were Commonwealth of Nations citizens who had "leave to remain in the United Kingdom or do not require such leave" could also vote in the referendum. Those in the armed forces (army, navy or air force) at the time of the referendum could also vote as long as they were registered to vote in Scotland.

4,285,323 people registered to vote in the referendum, which was 97% of the population who were able to register to vote in the referendum. This was the largest number of people Scotland has ever known to register to vote in any election or referendum. The total population of Scotland in 2014 was about 5 million (this includes all those who could and could not vote). Almost 85% of those registered voted in the referendum.

## The YES campaign

The YES campaign was led by the Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond. He resigned after the vote. Supporters of the YES campaign wanted Scotland to be an independent country.

## The NO campaign

Supporters of the NO campaign wanted Scotland to stay a part of the United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron, deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg and Leader of the Opposition Ed Miliband all wanted Scotland to remain part of the United Kingdom. Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown has also been campaigning for Scotland to remain part of the UK.

## Result

_Should Scotland be an independent country?_
- **No** = 55.3% (2,001,926 votes)
- **Yes** = 44.7% (1,617,989 votes)
- total votes = 3,623,344
- electorate = 4,283,392

Result: Scotland remains part of the United Kingdom.

## Related pages

- Scottish independence
Nickelodeon Arabia

**Nickelodeon Arabia** is a satellite, free-to-air channel for Arab children, teens and adults. It was the official Arab arm of Nickelodeon. Viacom started broadcasting Nickelodeon Arabia in 2007.

## Shows (as new network)

- _Catch Match_
- _Shoof Kids_
- _SpongeBob SquarePants_
- _Detective Conan_
- _Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir_
- _Totally Spies!_
- _Henry Danger_
- _The Thundermans_
- _The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius_
- _Sam & Cat_
- _Love Divina_
- _The Loud House_
- _Drake & Josh_
- _Nicky, Ricky, Dicky and Dawn_
- _Dawn of the Croods_
- _Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh_
- _Zak Storm_
- _Turbo FAST_
- _SciGirls_
- _Dream High_
- _Fanboy & Chum Chum_
- _Kally's Mashup_

## Shows (as original network)

- _Aaahh!!! Real Monsters_
- _The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius_
- _All Grown Up!_
- _The Angry Beavers_
- _As Told By Ginger_
- _Monster Buster Club_
- _Avatar: The Last Airbender_
- _Back at the Barnyard_
- _CatDog_
- _Danny Phantom_
- _The Lab Scientists_
- _Hey Arnold!_
- _The Gnoufs_
- _The Penguins of Madagascar_
- _The Ren & Stimpy Show_
- _Rocket Power_
- _Rugrats_
- _Tak And The Power Of Juju
- _Totally Spies_
- _The Wild Thornberrys_
- _Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom_
- _Dora the Explorer_
- _Go Diego Go_
- _Max & Ruby _
- _Ni Hao, Kai-lan_
- _Wonder Pets!_
- _SpongeBob SquarePants_
- _The Word for World Is Forest_
- _Big Time Rush_
- _iCarly_
- _El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera_
- _My Life As A Teenage Robot_
- _Tiny Toon Adventures_
- _Regular Show_
- _The Fairy OddParents_
- _The Garfield Show_
- _Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!_
- _Danger Mouse''

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: Nickelodeon
- **logo**: Nickelodeon 2023 logo.svg
- **logo size**: 275px
- **logo caption**: Logo used since August 1, 2023
- **launch date**: (as Nick Asia)
 (as the original Nick MENA)
 (relaunch)
- **closed date**: (original)
- **network**: Orbit Showtime Network (OSN)
- **owner**: ViacomCBS Networks EMEAA (ViacomCBS)
- **picture format**: 1080i HDTV

- **country**: United Arab Emirates
- **language**: Arabic and English language, English
- **area**: Middle East and North Africa
- **headquarters**: Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- **replaced**: Nickelodeon Asia (Carriage in the Middle East & North Africa)
- **sister channels**: Nicktoons (Arabia), NickToons
Nick Jr. Arabia, Nick Jr.
Nickelodeon Arabia#TeenNick, TeenNick
Club MTV (European TV channel), Club MTV
MTV 80s
MTV 90s
MTV 00s
MTV Live HD, MTV Live
Comedy Central Arabia, Comedy Central
Paramount Channel
- **website**: (former: )
- **sat serv 1**: OSN
- **sat chan 1**: Channel 355 (HD)
Azerbaijani Chess Championship

The **Azerbaijani Chess Championship** is usually held in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is organised by the Azerbaijan Chess Federation (ACF). The first championship was played in 1934, when Azerbaijan was a part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. Championships were not held every year in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic until 1945. Since then they were held every year, which has continued today in independent Azerbaijan.

## Winners

|Year|City|Men's winner||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|valign="top"|{| class="sortable wikitable"|||||
|1995|Baku|||||
|1996|Baku|||||
|1997||||||
|1998|Baku|||||
|1999|Baku|||||
|2000||||||
|2001||||||
|2002||||||
|2003||||||
|2004||||||
|2005||||||
|2006|Baku|Rauf Mamedov||||
|2007|Baku|Elmir Guseinov||||
|2008|Baku|Rauf Mamedov||||
|2009|Baku|Rashad Babaev||||
|2010|Baku|||||
|2011|Baku|||||
|2012|Baku|Ulvi Bajarani||||
|2013|Baku|Zaur Mammadov|}|valign="top"|{| class="sortable wikitable"|
|2001|Baku|||||
|2002||||||
|2003||||||
|2004||||||
|2005||||||
|2006||||||
|2007|Baku|||||
|2008|Baku|||||
|2009||||||
|2010||||||
|2011|Baku|||||
|2012|Baku|||||
|2013|Baku|Khayala Abdulla|}|||

## Related pages

- Chess in Azerbaijan
- Azerbaijan Chess Federation
- List of Azerbaijani chess players

## Other websites

- Official web site of Azerbaijan Chess Federation (ACF)
- Azerbaijan Chess Federation
Bell Biv DeVoe

**Bell Biv DeVoe** is an American R&B, hip hop and new jack swing musical group. It was formed by Ricky Bell, Michael "Mike" Bivins, and Ronnie DeVoe of the group New Edition. The group was established in 1989. The group's most successful songs was "Poison"  and "Do Me" in 1990.

Their first album _Poison_ was released in 1990. It sold over 3 million copies. Other hit singles from the album include B.B.D.(I Thought It Was Me), When Will I See You Smile Again, and She's Dope!.

The group released their second album _Hootie Mack_ in 1993. It was less successful than the first.

All three members reunited with New Edition to record and release another album in 8 years, _Home Again_ (1996). Bell Biv DeVoe released their third album _B.B.D._ in 2001. It had no commercial success, probably because it had a harder rap sound.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bell Biv DeVoe
- **image**: New Edition on Sister Circle Live.jpg
- **caption**: Members with Bobby Brown as New Edition during a 2018 interview.   From left to right: Ronnie DeVoe, Bobby Brown, Ricky Bell, and Michael Bivins.
- **alias**: BBD
- **origin**: Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **current members**: Ricky Bell (singer), Ricky Bell
Michael Bivins
Ronnie DeVoe
Azerbaijan Chess Federation

The **Azerbaijan Chess Federation** (, _AŞF_) is the national chess organization in Azerbaijan. It is a member of the World Chess Federation (FIDE). The Azerbaijan Chess Federation was founded in 1920, when Azerbaijan became a member of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR. It was reorganized in 1992, after Azerbaijan gained its independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. It became a member of FIDE the same year. The headquarters of the Azerbaijan Chess Federation is in Baku. This is the capital city of Azerbaijan.

As of 2023, the President of the Azerbaijan Chess Federation is Mahir Mammedov.

## Executive Committee

The executive committee includes:
- President –  Mahir Mammedov
- First Vice-president – Faiq Hasanov
- Vice-president – Seymur Talibov
- General Secretary – Ilaha Gadimova

## Competitions

The federation organizes the following chess competitions:
- Azerbaijani Chess Championship
- Azerbaijan Women's Chess Championship
- Azerbaijan Children's Chess Championship

## Related pages

- Chess in Azerbaijan
- List of Azerbaijani chess players
- Azerbaijani Chess Championship

## Other websites

- Official Azerbaijan Chess Federation Website

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Azerbaijan Chess Federation
Azərbaycan Şahmat Federasiyası
- **type**: Chess organization
- **abbreviation**: AŞF
- **formation**: 1920 (1992)
- **headquarters**: Xaqani küçəsi 1, Baku
- **region served**: Azerbaijan
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Mahir Mammedov
- **affiliations**: FIDE
Jaimie Alexander

**Jaimie Alexander** (born March 12, 1984) is an American actress. She played Tammy in _It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia_. She also played Jenna York in _CSI: Miami_.

The actress was born in Greenville, South Carolina.
Benjamin Adekunle

**Benjamin Adesanya Maja Adekunle** (26 June 1936 – 13 September 2014) was a Nigerian Army leader. He served as general during many important Nigerian battles. Some of which, he is known for fighting at the Congo Crisis battles and fought during the Nigerian Civil War. He began his service years in 1958. He retired in 1974.

Adekunle died in Lagos, Nigeria, aged 78.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Benjamin Adekunle
- **birth place**: Kaduna, Kaduna State, Nigeria
- **death place**: Lagos, Nigeria
- **office1**: General Officer Commanding 3 Armoured Division, Nigerian Army
- **term start1**: July 1967
- **term end1**: May 1969
- **successor1**: Col. Olusegun Obasanjo, O. Obasanjo
- **image**: Black-scorpion-benjamin-adekunle.jpg
- **caption**: Brigadier Benjamin Adekunle
- **nickname**: The Black Scorpion
- **branch**: _Nigerian Army_
- **serviceyears**: 1958–1974
- **rank**: Brigadier
- **alma mater**: Royal Military Academy Sandhurst
- **commands**: 3 Marine Commando
- **battles**: Congo Crisis
Nigerian Civil War
Tony Auth

**William Anthony Auth Jr.** (May 7, 1942 – September 14, 2014), better known as **Tony Auth**, was an American cartoonist. He was best known for serving as an editorial cartoonist for _The Philadelphia Inquirer_ from 1971 to 2012. His other work includes the comic strip _Full Disclosure_, which he worked on in 1982 and 1983, and _Norb_, which he worked on in 1989.  He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1976 and the Herblock Prize in 2005. Auth was born in Akron, Ohio.

Auth died of brain cancer on September 14, 2014 at the age of 72 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Endless River

***The Endless River*** is the fifteenth and final studio album by Pink Floyd. The album was released in November 10, 2014.
Cruis'n USA

***Cruis'n USA*** is an arcade racing video game. It was released and shared by Nintendo, and created by Midway Games. It is the first game in the _Cruis'n_ series. The arcade game was released in North America on November 1994. It was further released as a video game on the Nintendo 64 on 3 December 1996 for North America and on 12 April 1998 for Europe. It was re-released for the Nintendo Wii's Virtual Console service on 28 March 2008 in Europe and on 31 March 2008 in North America. The Virtual Console release was the first third party developed Nintendo 64 game to be released on the service.

## Issues

The game, along with _Killer Instinct_, was to be planned as a launch game for the Nintendo 64. Both of these games did not make it out for Nintendo 64's launch, due to the technology of the arcade games they were made on having more power than the Nintendo 64. The game was very good in the arcade, but was not good when it came to the Nintendo 64. This was due to the game being less properly made for the system. The game took longer to be released too, due to issues with what was shown.

## Reviews

IGN rated the game a **4 out of 10** with the words: _"Ignoring the dated gameplay and less than impressive physics and handling, at least graphical problems like pop-up and low frame-rates should have been fixed."_

GameSpot gave the game a **6.1 out of 10**, with the words: _"Ultimately, Cruis'n USA is a dead conversion of a dead arcade game."_

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Midway Games (Arcade)
WMS Industries, Williams (Nintendo 64)
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **designer**: Eugene Jarvis (director)
- **programmer**: Eric Pribyl
(lead software)
Carl Mey
- **composer**: Vince Pontarelli
- **artist**: Xion Cooper
Ted Barber
- **series**: _Cruis'n (series), Cruis'n_
- **released**: **Arcade***'Nintendo 64***'Virtual Console**
- **genre**: Racing video game, Racing
- **modes**: Single player, multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Arcade game, Arcade
Nintendo 64
Virtual Console
- **caption**: Cruis'n USA arcade game
Post Bahadur Bogati

**Post Bahadur Bogati** (18 July 1953 – 15 September 2014) was a Nepalese politician. He was a member of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). He was also the vice chairman of the political party. He was the Minister for Information and Communications as well as Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation.

Bogati was born in the Nuwakot District. He was married and had three children: two daughters and a son.

Bogati died from a brain haemorrhage caused by a cardiac arrest on 15 September 2014 in Kathmandu. He was 61.

## Other websites

- Post Bahadur Bogati  at Ujyaalo Online
Berks County, Pennsylvania

**Berks County** is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2020 census, the population was 428,849. The county seat is Reading.

## History

It was named after the English county of Berkshire where William Penn's family had large estates. Berkshire is often abbreviated as Berks. Reading developed during the 1740s. At that time the people living in northern Lancaster County sent several petitions requesting that a separate county be made. With the help of German immigrant Conrad Weiser, the county was formed on March 11, 1752. It was made from parts of Chester County, Lancaster County, and Philadelphia County.
Vladimír Sobotka

**Vladimír Sobotka** (born July 1, 1986) is a Czech professional ice hockey center. He currently plays for Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He has also played for HC Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga, as well as the Boston Bruins and St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL).

## Career

Sobotka started his ice hockey career with HC Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga. He played 96 games throughout 4 seasons with them, scoring 10 goals and recording 19 assists. He was drafted with the 106th overall pick by the Boston Bruins in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

On November 24, 2007, Sobotka played in his first NHL game in a 2-1 loss to the New York Islanders. On February 13, 2008, Sobotka was able to score his first NHL goal and the game-winning goal against Ty Conklin of the Pittsburgh Penguins in a 2-1 win. On June 26, 2010, Sobotka was traded to the St. Louis Blues for the rights to Boston University defenseman David Warsofsky.

Sobotka's first goal as a member of the Blues came on November 6, 2010 against his former team, the Boston Bruins, beating Tuukka Rask after the puck was turned over in the Bruins' zone. On June 15, 2011, he re-signed to a three-year contract with the Blues. On March 9, 2013, he scored his first NHL hat trick against the San Jose Sharks in a 4-3 overtime win.

On January 6, 2014, he was named to the Czech Republic's men's Olympic team roster, but he suffered a leg injury on January 31 which prevented him from being able to take part in the Olympics. The Blues placed Sobotka on the injured reserve list and he missed the 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

After the 2013-2014 season ended, he became a restricted free agent. Sobotka decided not to resign with the Blues and instead he was signed to a three-year contract by Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). When the possibility of Sobotka playing in the KHL became clear, the Blues filed for salary arbitration in the NHL. On July 21, 2014, Sobotka received a one-year, $2.725 million award from an arbitrator. The result of the arbitration award is if Sobotka decides to return to the NHL at a later date, the Blues will retain his rights for a year at the amount that was awarded by the arbitrator. At the end of that year, Sobotka will become an unrestricted free agent in the NHL.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Vladimír Sobotka playing with the St. Louis Blues during Feb. 21, 2011 game against the Chicago Blackhawks at the Scottrade Center in St. Louis.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **birth place**: Třebíč, Czechoslovakia
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **team**: Buffalo Sabres
- **former teams**: St. Louis Blues
HC Slavia Praha, Slavia Prague
Boston Bruins
Avangard Omsk
- **ntl team**: CZE
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Center
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 183
- **draft**: 106th overall
- **draft year**: 2005
- **draft team**: Boston Bruins
- **career start**: 2004
Marthasville, Missouri

**Marthasville** is a city in Warren County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,245 at the 2020 census. The Katy Trail, a 240-mile long bike path, passes through Marthasville. Because of the many wineries from here east to Defiance, Marthasville is considered to mark one end of the "Missouri Rhineland".

## History

Daniel Boone and his family came to the area later known as Marthasville in 1799. At the time there was only a French trading post there called LaCharette. Flanders Callaway and his wife Jemima Boone (Daniel and Rebecca's daughter), built a house just outside the present city limits. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition camped here near LaCharette. On their return 20 September 1806 they were greeted by the area residents, the first civilization they had seen since leaving. Rebecca Boone died in 1813 at Jemima’s home and was the first burial in the family cemetery of the Bryans and Boones (now Marthasville cemetery).

In 1817 the city of Marthasville was established by Dr. John Young of Kentucky. He named it after his wife Martha. A year later Montgomery County was formed with Marthasville being the only town. In 1833 the area became Warren County.

The original graves of Daniel Boone and his wife Rebecca were located there. In 1845, Boone's remains and those of his wife Rebecca were dug up and taken to Kentucky for reburial. Resentment in Missouri about the removal of the bodies grew over the years. A legend was that Boone's remains never left Missouri. A modern forensic anthropologist believes the body removed from Missouri was probably a black slave and not Daniel Boone.

In 1850, during the California Gold Rush, a number of people left Marthasville to find gold. The group was led by one of Daniel Boone's grandsons, M. Jackson Lamme. Others in the group were also descendants of Boone. They settled in California and have many descendants there today.

In 1892, The Missouri, Kansas and Eastern Railroad ran through Marthasville. It was taken over by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad (MKT) in July of 1893.

## Winemaking

During the 1800s the area was settled by winemakers and workers from Germany. This part of the Missouri River Valley has become known as the Missouri Rhineland. The wines from this part of Missouri soon gained a worldwide reputation. At the 1851 Vienna World Exposition, Missouri wines took 8 of the 12 gold medals. French winemakers took notice and started importing the Norton/Cynthiana vines into France. But they were infected with a louse called Phylloxera. The louse had no effect on the Missouri rootstock, but in France it destroyed almost all of France's grapes. Two Missourians found a cure for the blight and the French vines were saved.

## Other websites

- Daniel Boone monument at Marthasville, Missouri
- City of Marthasville, Missouri
- Lost Creek Vineyard, Marthasville, Missouri
- The Missuri Rhineland – Part 1
Pointer (computer programming)

In computer science, a **pointer** is a variable whose value is a location in the computer's memory. If Rick stands in a room and points to his friend Sally, then Rick is a pointer whose value is Sally's location.  A programmer must _dereference_ the pointer to retrieve the object it points to.  Pointers do not take up much memory (RAM).  Copying a pointer to a large object is faster than copying the large object itself because only the location needs to be copied, instead of the whole object.

## Uses of Pointers

Pointers are used in linked lists.  Each record of a linked list has a pointer to the next record.  These pointers chain the records together.  This means that the records in a linked list can be sorted and arranged by changing their pointers.
Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia

**Nicholas Romanovich Romanov, Prince of Russia** ( 26 September 1922 – 15 September 2014) was a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov and President of the Romanov Family Association.

Although he is related to the Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, his claimed titles and official membership in the former Imperial House are disputed by those who maintain that his parents' marriage violated the laws of Imperial Russia.

## Other websites

- Romanov Family Association
- Lunch with the FT: Nicholas Romanov

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Nicholas Romanovich Romanov
- **title**: Prince of Russia
- **image size**: 200px
- **succession**: House of Romanov, Head of the House of Romanov (disputed)
- **reign**: 21 April 1992 – 15 September 2014
- **reign-type**: Time
- **predecessor**: Vladimir Kirillovich, Grand Duke of Russia, Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich
- **successor**: Prince Dimitri Romanovich
- **spouse**: Countess Sveva della Gherardesca
- **issue**: Princess Natalia Nikolaevna
 Princess Elizabeth Nikolaevna
 Princess Tatiana Nikolaevna
- **house**: House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
- **father**: Prince Roman Petrovich of Russia
- **mother**: Countess Praskovia Dmitrievna Sheremeteva
- **birth date**: (O.S. 13 September 1922)
- **birth place**: Antibes, France
- **death place**: Tuscany, Italy
Angus Lennie

**Angus Lennie** (18 April 1930 – 14 September 2014) was a Scottish actor. He was best known for his movie appearance as Steve McQueen's friend Archibald Ives in the 1963 movie _The Great Escape_. He was also known for being in the television soap opera _Crossroads_.

Lennie died in London, England, aged 84

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Angus Lennie
- **birth place**: Glasgow, Scotland
- **death place**: London, England
- **years active**: 1959–2014
- **occupation**: Actor
Moira Kelly

**Moira Kelly** (born March 6, 1968) is an American actress. She was born in Queens, New York. She is best known for portraying Kate Moseley in the 1992 movie _The Cutting Edge_. She was also the single mother Karen Roe on the teen drama _One Tree Hill_. She played the role of Donna Hayward in _Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me_. She  replaced Lara Flynn Boyle from the 1990 television series _Twin Peaks_. Other roles include Dorothy Day in _Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story_, White House media consultant Mandy Hampton in the first season of _The West Wing_ and the voice of Simba's love interest Nala in _The Lion King_ and _The Lion King II: Simba's Pride_. She also played Hetty Kelly and Oona O'Neill in _Chaplin_.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|1991|__|Jessica||
|_Billy Bathgate_|Becky||||
|rowspan="4"|1992|_Thirty Below Zero_|Lucy|Short|
|__|Kate Moseley||||
|_Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me_|Donna Hayward||||
|_Chaplin_|Hetty Kelly / Oona O'Neill||||
|1993|Daybreak|Blue|||
|rowspan="3"|1994|_With Honors_|Courtney Blumenthal||
|__|Adult Nala (voice)||||
|_Little Odessa_|Alla Shustervich||||
|1995|__|Dana Clifton|||
|rowspan="2"|1996|_Unhook the Stars_|Ann Mary Margaret "Annie" Hawks||
|_Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story_|Dorothy Day||||
|rowspan="3"|1997|_Love Walked In_|Vera||
|_Changing Habits_|Soosh Teague||||
|_Drive, She Said_|Nadine Ship||||
|rowspan="3"|1998|_Dangerous Beauty_|Beatrice Venier||
|_Hi-Life_|Susan||||
|__|Nala (voice)|Video|||
|1999|_Henry Hill_|Cynthia|||
|2001|__|Susan Train|||
|rowspan="2"|2004|__|Woman|Short|
|__|Nala (voice)|Video|||
|2006|_Two Tickets to Paradise_|Kate|||
|2007|_Remember the Daze_|Mrs. Ford|||
|2014|_Twin Peaks: The Missing Pieces_|Donna Hayward|Deleted Scenes from _Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me_ (1992)||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Moira Kelly
- **birth name**: Moira Anne Kelly
- **birth place**: Queens, New York, U.S.
- **other names**: Moira Hewitt
- **alma mater**: Marymount Manhattan College
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1991–present
- **children**: 2
Edward Hargraves

**Edward Hargraves** (October 7, 1816 – October 29, 1891) was an Australian shopkeeper, sailor and adventurer. He is famous for starting the Australian gold rush. He found gold in Sydney in 1851. He first started looking for gold in California but was not successful.

When he arrived in Sydney, he did not even visit his family. He went straight to the Blue Mountains to look for gold. After his first discovery, Australia became more popular due to the goldfield. Although Hargraves was very famous and rich, he lived so lavishly that he became broke by 1862.

## Early life

Hargraves' mother (Elizabeth Nee Whitcombe) and father (John Edward Hargraves) sent Hargraves to Brighton Grammar School in England. When he was 14, he travelled over water to Sydney, Australia. He arrived in Sydney in 1832. He worked on a property at Bathurst, collecting tortoise shells. Before Hargraves became famous, he left his wife (Elizabeth Hargraves) and bought his own piece of land on Manning River. He took over a shop near his property.

## Achievements

Hargraves' main achievement was discovering a large amount of gold, starting the gold rush of Australia. He believed that the geography of Bathurst was the same as California, so he began his search for gold there. John Lister, who had already found gold in California, helped Hargraves to find gold in Australia.

The two of them travelled to Summerhill Creek, where Hargraves first discovered gold. After the government found out about Hargraves’ discovery, they appointed him ‘Commissioner of Land’. They rewarded him with 10,000 pounds and a life pension, in exchange for the gold he discovered. The government of New South Wales made the announcement that gold was discovered on May 22, 1851.  Hargraves was also responsible for conducting the gold mining in Ballarat, when the gold rush became more popular.

Between the years of 1853-1854, Hargraves travelled back to England, rich from his findings. When he was in England, he met Queen Victoria and wrote a book (published in 1855) called _Australia and its Gold Fields_. Hargraves lived such a luxurious life that he was soon very poor. Hargraves travelled back to Australia, seeking the help of the government to help with his financial situation, but no one he asked would give him money.

Hargraves had two sons and three daughters. He died in Sydney in 1891.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Edward Hargraves
- **image**: Edward Hammond Hargraves.jpg
- **caption**: Australian National Library, ca 1850
- **birth date**: 7 October 1816
- **occupation**: Shopkeeper, sailor, adventurer
- **known for**: Starting the Australian gold rush
Archie Roach

**Archibald William Roach**  (8 January 1956 – 30 July 2022) was an aboriginal-Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist. Roach was born in Mooroopna, Victoria, Australia. His songs are popular in the Australian Aboriginal community.

## Early Life

At the age of three or four, Roach was taken from his family by the Australian government. His two sisters were also taken away. After spending time in an orphanage, he was raised in Melbourne, Australia, by a white family, who had moved to Melbourne from Scotland.

As a teenager, Roach ran away from home to look for his biological parents.  After running away, while homeless and abusing alcohol, Roach met his wife, musician Ruby Hunter. During the late 1980s, Roach and Hunter created a band named “Altogether” with other Aboriginal musicians.

## Health and death

In mid-2011, Roach was diagnosed with early lung cancer, and had one of his lungs removed.  While recovering, he released his hit album “Into the Bloodstream.”

Roach died on July 30, 2022 in Warrnambool, Victoria from a long-illness, aged 66.

## Awards and achievements

His album _Charcoal Lane_ won an ARIA Award as the Best Indigenous Album of the Year. He was given an ARIA Award as the Best New Talent. The Rolling Stone Magazine listed it in the Top 50 Albums of 1992. _Looking for the Butter Boy_ won three ARIA Awards in 1998.

In 2013, Roach won a Deadly Award for Album of the Year.  He has also won two ARIA awards and a national Human Rights Award for his songs “Took the Child Away” and “Charcoal Lane.”   Many of his songs talk about his experiences and the difficulties he has faced as an Aboriginal Australian.

In 2015 Roach was made a member of the Order of Australia.

## Discography

- _Koorie_ (with Ruby Hunter) (1989)
- _Charcoal Lane_ (1990)
- _Jamu Dreaming_ (1993)
- _Searching for the Butter Boy_ (1997)
- _Sensual Being_ (2002)
- _The Tracker_ (Movie soundtrack 2002)
- _Journey_ (2007)
- _Into the Bloodstream_ (2012)

## Other websites

- http://www.murundakdocumentary.com/artists/archie-roach/
- http://www.archieroach.com.au/#!/page_More
- http://trove.nla.gov.au/people/594496
- http://www.theglobalmail.org/feature/stolen-lost-and-found/446/

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Archie Roach
- **honorific suffix**: Order of Australia, AM
- **image**: Archie Roach 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Roach in 2016
- **birth place**: Mooroopna, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia
- **death place**: Warrnambool, Victoria, Australia
- **birth name**: Archibald William Roach
- **instrument**: Vocals, six-string guitar
- **genre**: Alternative rock, world music, world, roots
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1980s–2022
- **label**: Mushroom Records, Mushroom, Liberation Music, ABC Music
- **associated acts**: The Altogethers, Ruby Hunter
John Flynn

**Johnny Flynn** OBE (25 November 1880 – 5 May 1951) was an Australian Presbyterian minister.  He started the Presbyterian Church of Australia.  He also started the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia, which brings medical care to people who live far away from doctors or hospitals.  Flynn's portrait is on one side of the Australian 20 dollar note.

## Early life

John Flynn was born<span> in Moliagul in </span><span>  His parents were </span>Thomas Eugene Flynn and Rosetta Forsyth.  Because his mother died while giving birth to him, John was raised by his mother’s sister in Sydney, Australia.

When he was 16, Flynn decided that he wanted to become a Presbyterian minister and study theology (religion) at the University of Melbourne.  In 1911, he finished his training for the Presbyterian ministry and was officially ordained into the Presbyterian Church.  He went to live and work in the Australian Outback, where many people had little access to medical care because they lived so far from large cities, doctors, and hospitals.  In 1912, he created the Australian Inland Mission, which gave medical, spiritual, and other care to people in the Outback.

## Career

For many years, Flynn worked to get the support and money he needed to start an organization that would bring doctors and medical care by plane to people living in the Outback.  With the help of Alf Traeger, Flynn was able to create the Aerial Medical Service in 1928.  (Its name was later changed to the Flying Doctor Service, and then changed again to the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia he worked as a teacher but was bullied by the staff and the students<nowiki/>support the Aerial Medical Service needed to provide "flying doctors" to every part of Australia.  By 1939, every state in Australia had an Aerial Medical Service.  Now called the Royal Flying Doctor Service, the organization still exists today and has 21 bases throughout every part of the country.  It provides medical care to 290,000 people every year.

## Awards

Flynn became an officer of the Order of the British Empire on June 3, 1933.

## Other websites

- http://www.wilmap.com.au/people/flynn.html
- http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs159.aspx
- http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/About-Us/Our-History/
- http://www.flyingdoctor.org.au/About-Us/Our-History/The-John-Flynn-Story/