juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
AS-90

The **AS-90** (Artillery System for the 1990s) is a lightly armoured self-propelled artillery gun. It is used by the British Army. It was first used in 1993.  The AS-90's official name is **Gun Equipment 155 mm L131**.

The AS-90 is used by five regiments of the Royal Horse Artillery and Royal Artillery.

AS-90 was designed and built by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (VSEL, owned by BAE Systems since 1999). They made 179 AS-90s from 1992 to 1995. This cost £300 million.

In 2002 BAE Systems were asked to give 96 British Army AS-90s a 52 calibre gun. This would make the range 30 km. With special shells, it would be able to reach 60 to 80 km. However, this project ended up being ended.

## Development

AS-90 started in the mid-1980s. It was made on a "gamble" that the SP70 would fail. When this happened, the Ministry of Defence (MoD) asked for a new vehiicle. Four designs were handed in, and AS-90 was the only one that the MoD liked.

The MoD has tried to get the Royal Navy's main ship gun to be able to use the barrel and breech from the AS-90. This would make the gun calibre of the British Army and Royal Navy the same. This would help with ammunition logistics. This would also make it possible for the Army and Navy to help each other develop weapons.

## Design

The AS-90 has a special power unit. This is used so that the engine does not have to keep running. This is done to keep the batteries charged while the AS-90 is not moving.

The gun can be started up when it is fully closed down in less than one minute.

The AS-90 has a special computer called the Turret Control Computer (TCC). The TCC controls all main functions of the turret.

## Features

- Crew: 5
- Length: 9.07 m
- Width: 3.5 m
- Height: 2.49 m
- Weight: 45 tons
- Ammunition carried: 48 shells.

## Different kinds of AS-90

**AS-90D** - Changed for use in the desert. This model has more cooling for the engine and other machines.

**AS-90 "Braveheart"** - The AS-90 with the 52 calibre length gun. This project was cancelled.

**Haubicoarmata "Krab"** - (eng. _Howitzer-cannon Crab_) A "Braveheart" turret on a Polish chassis. Designed in Poland by Huta Stalowa Wola and WB Electronics. , two Krab ("Crab") prototypes have been built.

## Other websites

- British Army information page on the AS-90

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: AS-90
- **image**: AS-90 self-propelled artillery.JPG
- **caption**: Some AS-90s in Basra.
- **type**: Self-propelled artillery
- **is vehicle**: yes
- **is uk**: yes
- **weight**: 45.0 long ton, tons (100,800 lb)
- **speed**: 53 km/h (33 mph)
- **primary armament**: 48 rounds
- **secondary armament**: L7 GPMG
- **armour**: max. 17 mm (0.66 in) steel
- **engine**: Cummins VTA903T V8 Diesel engine, diesel
- **engine power**: 660 horsepower, hp (493 kW)
- **pw ratio**: 14.66 hp/t
Train (band)

**Train** is an American pop rock band. The band consists of Patrick Monahan, Scott Underwood and Jimmy Stafford.
Train won 2 Grammy Awards in 2002 for their song "Drops of Jupiter (Tell Me)" and a Grammy in 2011 for "Hey, Soul Sister" (Live).

### Studio albums

- _Train_ (1998)
- _Drops of Jupiter_ (2001)
- _My Private Nation_ (2003)
- _For Me, It's You_ (2006)
- _Save Me, San Francisco_ (2009)
- _California 37_ (2012)
- _Bulletproof Picasso_ (2014)
- _Christmas in Tahoe_ (2015)
- _Train Does Led Zeppelin II_ (2016)
- _A Girl, a Bottle, a Boat_ (2017)
- _AM Gold_ (2022)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Train
- **img**: INXS TO ROCK THE HUNTER! - Train.jpg
- **img capt**: Pat Monahan and Jimmy Stafford of Train performing in January 2011
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: San Francisco, California, United States
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, roots rock, pop rock, jam band
- **years active**: 1994-present
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia, Aware
- **url**: [http://www.trainline.com/ Train Website]
- **current members**: Pat Monahan
Hector Maldonado
Jerry Becker
Matt Musty
Taylor Locke
- **past members**: Rob Hotchkiss
Scott Underwood
Jimmy Stafford
Charlie Colin
Brandon Bush
Johnny Colt
Drew Shoals
Luis Maldonado
Nikita Houston
Sakai Smith
Tonight Is the Night (song)

"**Tonight Is the Night**" is the debut single by the rapper and singer Outasight. It was released by Warner Bros. in 2011. The song was played on the FOX network program _The X Factor._ It was played during the week 2 "results" episode on  November 3, 2011.  A music video of the song was released. It was directed by Dori Oskowitz.

## Use in Pepsi advertisement

The song has been used in Pepsi's "Who's Next" ad campaign. The ad shows an young singer drinking from a Pepsi can while getting ready for his performance. While "Tonight Is the Night" is being played, very well known singers appear.

These include Michael Jackson, Alfonso Ribeiro, Ray Charles, Britney Spears, Kanye West, and Mariah Carey. The last shot of the ad goes back to the young singer while the slogan "who's next?" is put on the screen. The ad ends with the catch phrase: "Where there's Pepsi, there's music".

## Charts

|Chart (2011-12)|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Canada (Canadian Hot 100)|style="text-align:center;"|53|
|US _Billboard_'" Hot 100|style="text-align:center;"|38|
|US Hot Dance Club Songs (_Billboard_)|style="text-align:center;"|15|
|US Pop Songs (_Billboard_)|style="text-align:center;"|19|
|US Adult Pop Songs (_Billboard_)|style="text-align:center;"|32|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Tonight Is the Night
- **artist**: Outasight
- **released**: September 22, 2011
- **genre**: Pop music, pop, electro hop, dance pop, New Wave music, New Wave
- **length**: 3:11
- **label**: Warner Bros.
- **prev title**: Catch Me If You Can
- **prev year**: 2010
- **next title**: Now or Never
- **next year**: 2012
Chocolate (color)

The color **chocolate** is a tone of dark brown that resembles chocolate.  The color _chocolate_ is shown on the right of the screen.

The first written use of _chocolate_ as a color name in English was in 1737.

## Meaning of chocolate

- The color chocolate represents African Americans.  For example, in African American slang, the city Washington, D.C. is called _Chocolate City_ because of its overwhelmingly African American population.

## Tones of chocolate color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Cocoa Brown|style = "background-color: #d2691e; color:#ffffff"||#D2691E|210|105|30|25°|86%|47%|web color|
|Medium Chocolate|style = "background-color: #90505d; color:#ffffff"||#905D5D|144|93|93|0°|35%|46%|ISCC-NBS Chocolate #19|
|**Chocolate**|style = "background-color: #7b3f00; color:#ffffff"||**#7B3F00**|**123**|**63**|**0**|**31°**|**100%**|**24%**|**PerBang.dk) (Maerz and Paul**|
|Dark Chocolate|style = "background-color: #674c47; color:#ffffff"||#674C47|103|76|71|9°|31%|34%|ISCC-NBS Chocolate #46|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Blush

**Blush** or **rouge** is a type of cosmetic put on the cheeks, usually in red or pink. It can be a powder, a liquid, or a cream. Blush is almost always used by girls and not often used by boys except for in acting.

Blush was first used by Egyptians in 3000 BC. In the 1800s, wearing cosmetics made people think a woman had bad character, so people from that time would pinch their cheeks to make them red.

Some blushes can have shimmer, but most are flat in colour.

The brush that is used to put on blush, is a brush that is more large than a eye shadow brush. Liquid and cream blush can be put on with fingers, too.
Battle of Nagashino

The **** was an armed conflict in 1575.  The battle took place near Nagashino Castle (長篠城) on the plain of Shitaragahara (設楽原) in the Mikawa province (三河) of Japan.

## Nagashino Castle

Forces under Takeda Katsuyori (武田勝頼) attacked the castle.  The Takeda attacked the castle, because it threatened supply lines.

Okudaira Sadamasa (奥平貞昌) commanded the 500 defenders of the castle.  The defenders had 200 matchlocks and at least once cannon.

## Nagshino plain

Both Tokugawa Ieyasu (徳川家康) and Oda Nobunaga (織田信長) sent troops to break the siege and their combined forces defeated the Takeda attack.

Nobunaga's use of firearms to defeat Takeda's cavalry is considered as a turning point in Japanese warfare.  His tactical innovation was the wooden stockades and rotating volleys of fire which led to a decisive victory at Nagashino.

## Popular culture

The Battle of Nagashino and the last years of the Takeda clan are dramatised in Akira Kurosawa's 1980 movie _Kagemusha_ (Shadow Warrior).

## Other websites

- Battle of Nagashino animated battle map  by Jonathan Webb

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Nagashino
- **partof**: the Sengoku period
- **image**: Estampe-p1000685.jpg
- **caption**: _General launching his troops to attack the castle of Nagashino in 1575_, by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi
- **date**: June 28, 1575
- **place**: Nagashino, Mikawa Province, Japan
- **result**: Siege fails; Oda clan, Oda-Tokugawa clan, Tokugawa victory
- **combatant1**: Takeda forces
- **combatant2**: Combined forces of Oda and Tokugawa
- **commander1**: Takeda Katsuyori, Anayama Nobukimi, Takeda Nobukado, Takeda Nobutoyo
- **commander2**: Oda Nobunaga, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Okudaira Sadamasa
- **strength1**: 15,000
- **strength2**: 38,000
- **casualties1**: Between 3,000 and 10,000 dead, incl. 54 samurai leaders
Takeda Nobuzane
Baba Nobufusa
Yamagata Masakage
Naito Masatoyo
Hara Masatane
Sanada Nobutsuna
Sanada Masateru
Kasai Mitsuhide
Wada Narishige
Yonekura Shigetsugu
- **casualties2**: 6,000
Matsudaira Koretada
Dragstrip

A **dragstrip** is a facility for conducting automobile and motorcycle acceleration events such as drag racing.  Although a **quarter mile** (402 m) is the best known measure for a drag track, many tracks are **eighth mile** (201 m) tracks. The race is begun from a standing start. Three factors decide the outcome of the race: reaction time, torque, and traction.

## Features

A dragstrip is a straight racetrack, usually an eighth or a quarter of a mile long (660/1320 feet, 201/402 metres), followed by a _shutdown area_ to allow automobiles room to stop after crossing the finish line. Common features also include a 'water box' where cars and motorcycles start their burn-outs to clean and heat up their tires to improve traction. There is a set of lights known as a 'Christmas Tree' that counts down to the start. There are also return lanes for the vehicles to return from the end of the track to the pit area.
Olympia (Manet)

***Olympia***  is an 1863 oil painting by Édouard Manet. When it was first exhibited in 1865, the subject of the painting was controversial.

## History

Manet reworked Giorgione's _The Sleeping Venus_ (c. 1510) and Titian's _Venus of Urbino_ (c. 1538) in creating _Olympia_.  _Olympia_ may also take inspiration from Francisco Goya's _La maja desnuda_ (c. 1800). This is uncertain however. Victorine Meurent was Manet's model for _Olympia_. She posed as a bullfighter for him and also for the _Dejeuner sur l'Herbe_ of 1862-63. Manet painted _Olympia_ in the autumn of 1863.  The work was first seen by the public at the 1865 Salon in Paris.  Manet delayed showing the painting because he feared it might produce some negative reactions.

## Reaction

_Olympia_ did produce negative reactions: people hated it. Some people thought the painting was immoral and vulgar. Critic Paul de Saint-Victor wrote in _La Presse_, "People throng in front of Manet's putrid _Olympia_ as they would in front of a body in the Morgue. This is art fallen so low that it is not even worthy of censure". Nathaniel Harris writes, "In reviewing _Olympia_  Gautier wrote that the model was puny, the bed covered with cat's footprints, the general effect ugly: but then he made the point that "we would forgive the ugliness, were it only truthful ... The least beautiful woman has bones, muscles, skin, and some sort of colour", whereas on this woman the flesh colour was dirty and the modeling non-existent." Some liked the painting. Émile Zola said it was Manet's "masterpiece". He added, "When other artists correct nature by painting Venus they lie. Manet asked himself why he should lie. Why not tell the truth?" In 1866 Zola wrote with tongue-in-cheek, "If only Manet had borrowed a powder puff ... and had lightly powdered Olympia's cheeks and her breasts she would have been a bit more presentable".

## Commentary

Modern art historian Nathaniel Harris writes, "..._Olympia_ was an erotic shock ... Manet presented a young woman with erotic modern trappings ... that served to emphasize her nakedness ... To add to the puzzlement of the ordinary man, Olympia's gaze was not in the least inviting, or provocative, or even enigmatic ... it was simply neutral ... [N]eutrality ... was one more affront to the 19th-century male, whose picture-women were supposed to yield, to comply ... Here the girl is cool and confident, and it is the setting and properties that suggest sexualityperhaps a commercialized sexuality that is none too reassuring to the male ego."

## Other websites

- Phylis A. Floyd, _The Puzzle of_ Olympia
- Seibert, Margaret Mary Armbrust. _A Biography of Victorine-Louise Meurent and Her Role in the Art of Édouard Manet_. Diss. The Ohio State University, 1986.

## Infobox (painting)

- **image file**: Manet, Edouard - Olympia, 1863.jpg
- **image size**: 340px
- **title**: Olympia
- **artist**: Édouard Manet
- **year**: 1863
- **medium**: Oil painting, Oil on canvas
- **height metric**: 130.5
- **width metric**: 190
- **height imperial**: 51.4
- **width imperial**: 74.8
- **metric unit**: cm
- **imperial unit**: in
- **city**: Paris
- **museum**: Musée d'Orsay
Filipinos

**Filipinos** (Filipino: "mga Filipino") are a group of people from the Philippines, a country in Southeast Asia. They speak any of the languages of the Philippines. Most Filipinos also speak Filipino and English as second languages in addition to their native and first languages or the other languages of the Philippines. Most Filipinos are Christian, with a Muslim minority especially in southwestern and central Mindanao, which is the southern island group of the Philippines. Due to colonial influences, Filipino culture is a blend of Spanish, American, and indigenous cultures.
Little Dancer of Fourteen Years

***Little Dancer of Fourteen Years*** () (1881) is a statue by Edgar Degas. The work measures 38.5 inches (97.8 cm) in height. The subject is a young dance student named Marie van Goethem. The relationship between van Goethem and Degas is uncertain. It was not unusual for the young dancers of the Paris Opera to seek protectors from among the well-heeled visitors at the back door of the opera.

The statue was shown in Paris at the Sixth Impressionist Exhibition of 1881. It received mixed reviews. Most critics were shocked by the piece. They thought it was ugly. Degas exhibited it inside a glass case. Some thought it was a medical specimen. The head and face were thought grotesque and primitive.

The dancer is dressed in a cotton skirt and is wearing a hair ribbon. For a finishing touch Degas used a wig made of real hair. He covered it with wax. The only parts not covered with wax were the ribbon given to him by van Goethem and the tutu. Each museum that shows this figure gives it a different tutu. The original wax model was acquired by Paul Mellon in 1956.

The sculpture was originally made in wax before it was cast in bronze. Degas's wife and daughter made the decision to have 27 of them cast in bronze. The casting was undertaken at the Hébrard foundry in Paris from 1920 until the mid-20th century. These statues posthumous Degas bronzes can be seen in many museums. Sixty-nine original sculptures in wax and mixed-media survived the casting process.

## Other websites

- "Little Dancer of Fourteen Years" sculpture at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- "Little Dancer Aged Fourteen"  in the Tate Collection, London
- "Little Dancer of Fourteen Years"  in the Robert and Lisa Sainsbury Collection.
- "The Little Dancer, Aged Fourteen"  at the Hay Hill Gallery in London.
- History of La Danseuse  at the National Gallery of Art.
Mme. Charpentier and Her Children

***Madame Georges Charpentier and Her Children*** (1878) is an oil on canvas by Pierre-Auguste Renoir. He displayed it at the Salon in 1879.  It drew much attention and admiration.  Publisher Georges Charpentier commissioned the painting. It is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art describes the painting: "Wearing an elegant Worth gown, Marguérite Charpentier sits beside her three-year-old son, Paul. Following the fashion of the time, his hair has not yet been cut and his clothes match those of his sister, Georgette, who perches on the family dog. Pleased with the painting, Madame Charpentier used her influence to ensure that it was hung in a choice spot at the Salon and introduced Renoir to her friends, several of whom commissioned work from him."
Kim Jang-saeng

**Kim Jang-saeng** (, July 8 1548 - August 3 1631) was a Korean scholar, writer, politician, and Neo-Confucian philosopher of the Joseon period. His penname was **Sagye** (사계, 沙溪).

His courtesy names were **Huiwon** () and **Huiji** () .

## Family

- grandfather : Kim Ho (김호, 金鎬)
- father : Kim Gye-hui (김계휘, 金繼輝)
- mother : Lady Shin, Pyeongsan clan (평산 신씨, 平山申氏)
- wife : Lady Cho, Changnyeong clan (창녕조씨)
    - Son : Kim Jip
    - Son : Kim Ban, father of Kim Ikhun and grandfather of Kim Manjung

## Works

- _Sagyejeonseo_ (사계전서, 沙溪全書)
- _Gyeongseopanui_ (경서판의)
- _Garyejimnam_ (가례집람, 家禮輯覽), _Exposition of Family Rites_
- _Sangryebiyo_ (상례비요, 喪禮備要)
- _Geunsarokseokui_ (근사록석의, 近思錄釋疑)
- _Gyeongseobyeonui_ (경서변의, 經書辨疑)
- _Songganghaengrok_ (송강행록, 松江行錄)
- _Sagyeyugo_ (사계유고, 沙溪有故)

## Related pages

- Yi I
- Kim Jip
- Song Siyeol
- Ahn Bang-jun
- Kim Yuk
- Seong Hon
- Song Ik-phil
Hermes and the Infant Dionysos

***Hermes and the Infant Dionysos*** is a statue possibly made by the ancient Greek sculptor Praxiteles. The statue was discovered in 1877 in the ruins of the Temple of Hera at Olympia, Greece. It is now in the Archaeological Museum of Olympia. The statue was probably made in the 4th century BC. This date is based on a remark by the 2nd century Greek traveller Pausanias.

Hermes stands 2.15 meters (7 ft. ½ in.) tall. He is missing two fingers of his left hand, both forearms below the elbow, the left foot, and his penis. Dionysos is missing his arms (except the right hand on Hermes' shoulder). He is missing the end of his right foot. Much of the tree trunk and the plinth are also lost. However, an ancient base survives, made of a grey limestone block between two blocks of marble.

The group is sculpted from a block of Parian marble. Hermes measures 2.10/2.12 meters, 3.70 m with the base. The right foot of Hermes is integral with a section of the base. The face and torso of Hermes are striking for their highly polished, glowing surface. The back shows the marks of the rasp and chisel. The rest of the sculpture is not completely finished. At the time of its discovery, the hair had some slight traces of cinnabar, a form of mercury sulfate with a red color that may have been a preparation for gilding. Cinnabar tints are seen on the sandal straps of the original foot, with traces of gilding. The sandal also bears the motif of a Heraclean knot.
Lilith

**Lilith** is a female demon in Jewish legends, found first in the Dead Sea scrolls and Book of Isaiah(34:14). The legend is related to a Hebrew language term **lilith** meaning night, and has also been linked to beliefs about demons called _lili_ in ancient Mesopotamia. It is believed by some that during creation, Lilith was made before Eve was. This version states she was created from the same dirt as Adam.

She later came to change the earth and make it peaceful. To make the blind see. To let man kind have power over themselves and not let a narcissist rule. To let love and joy rule. Just like magic. As Lilth did not follow Adam, she later fled Eden after the creation of Eve. Lilith is commonly known for being Lucifer's wife and Queen of Hell. In the modern era some people think of Lilith as a sign for feminism as she refused to be ruled by a man.
ARPANET

The **Advanced Research Projects Agency Network** (**ARPANET**) was an early packet switching network and was one of the first to use TCP/IP. It was made by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States Department of Defense in 1969. It was the main network of a set that came to make up the global Internet.
Gung Ye

**Gung Ye** (, 869?  24 July 918) was the king of the Hugoguryeo kingdom. He was a Silla noble. His family name was Kim (), but was changed to Gung ().

## Life

He was the illegitimate child of King Heonan of Silla or Gyeongmun of Silla. Later, around 880 he lost in the Silla royal family's war of succession. Gung Ye disappeared in the north. In 900, he started a country called Goryeo.

## References

- The Academy of Korean Studies, _Korea through the Ages Vol. 1_, The Editor Publishing Co., Seoul, 2005.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Gung Ye
- **title**: King of Goryeo
- **reign**: 901 – 918
- **coronation**: 901
- **predecessor**: -
- **successor**: Taejo of Goryeo
- **spouse**: Queen Shincheon Kang
- **issue**: Chunggwang, Shingwang, Sunbaek
- **royal house**: House of Kim
- **father**: Heonan of Silla or Gyungmun of Silla
- **mother**: Lady JAng
Cantor (church)

A **cantor** is the chief singer in Jewish or Christian worship.
The cantor's duties and qualifications have varied a lot in different times and places.  In Roman Catholic and Anglican worship the cantor is the person (usually a man) who sings the solo parts of a chant, while the choir sing the choral parts.  In the Middle Ages the cantor came to be the supervisor or director of the choir.  In Anglican cathedrals they are often known as the _precentor_.

## References

- The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie 1980 vol 3;
Australians

**Australians** is a term or reference name proscribed to people of Australian nationality or identify with Australia in a particular way. Origin of the term is in the word Australia, which means Southern Land in Latin.
Crelle's Journal

***Crelle's Journal***, or just ***Crelle***, is a journal that was published monthly for mathematical articles.  It was founded by August Leopold Crelle in 1826 in Berlin.  The full German title is  ***Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik*** (in English: _Journal for Pure and Applied Mathematics_).

Crelle edited the journal until his death in 1855.  Lots of very important mathematical articles were published in it.  Some of these were articles which had a very big influence on the development of mathematics.  It published famous articles by mathematicians such as Niels Henrik Abel, Georg Cantor, and Gotthold Eisenstein. It was edited by Carl Wilhelm Borchardt from 1856–80, during which time it was known as _Borchardt's Journal_. The editor today is Rainer Weissauer (Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg).
Alvis Stormer

The **Alvis Stormer**, usually just called the **Stormer**, was a British armoured vehicle. It was in service with the British Army until mid-2009, when the Stormers were gradually retired.

It was made by the British company **Alvis Vickers**. Alvis Vickers is now called **BAE Systems Global Combat Systems**.

## Different types of Stormer

There are three different kinds of Stormer. These are:

### Stormer HVM

The British Army use Stormers with the Starstreak missile for short range air defence.

### Flat bed Stormer

A different kind of Stormer with a flat load bed is used to carry the Shielder minelaying system.

### Stormer 30

Stormer 30 is a changed Stormer chassis which gives a tracked reconnaissance vehicle. This type has a turret.

The vehicle is still only a prototype. It is unknown when it will enter service. The vehicle will be able to be moved around by the C-130 Hercules used by the RAF aircraft as well as the CH-53, which is currently in service with NATO and other nations across the world.

## Features

- Weight: 13.5 tonnes
- Top speed: 80 kilometres per hour
- Range: 650 km.

## Related pages

- Starstreak (missile)

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Alvis Stormer
- **image**: Alvis Stormer in 2009.jpg
- **is vehicle**: yes
- **length**: 5.27 m
- **width**: 2.76 m
- **height**: 2.49 m
- **weight**: 12.7 tonnes
- **speed**: 80 km/h
Kim Jip

**Kim Jip** (1574 - 1656) was a Korean politician, scholar, teacher, and writer during the Joseon Dynasty. He was also known as **Shindokjae** () or **Shindok** (). His Chinese name was Sagang (). He was the son of Kim Jangsaeng, and the teacher of Song Siyeol and Yun Seongeo.

## Works

- _Shindokjaejip_ (신독재집, 愼獨齋集)
- _Uiryemunhaesok_ (의례문해속, 疑禮問解續)

## Related pages

- Yi I
- Seong Hon
- Kim Jang-saeng
- Song Siyeol
- Song Ik-phil
Jeong Gu

**Jeong Gu** (1543 - 1620) was a Korean politician and philosopher, historian, writer, Confucian scholar and poet of the Joseon Dynasty. a penname was Hangang (), Chinese style name was Dogah () or Gabo ().

## Works

- HangangMunjip (한강문집 寒岡文集)
- Taegeukmunbyun (태극문변 太極問辨)
- GAryejipramboju (가례집람보주 家禮輯覽補註)
- Ohseonsaengyeseolbunryu (오선생예설분류 五先生禮說分類)
- Gangjangrok (갱장록 羹墻錄)
- Shimgyungbalhwe (심경발휘 心經發揮)
- Shimuijejobup (심의제조법 深衣製造法)
- Yefisangryubunryu (예기상례분류 禮記喪禮分類)
- Ohbokyunhyukdo (오복연혁도 五福沿革圖)
- Toegyesanjeryemundab (퇴계상제례문답 退溪喪祭禮問答)
- Gaejeongjujaseojeolyochongmok (개정주자서절요총목 改定朱子書節要總目)
- SEonghyunpung (성현풍 聖賢風)
- SEonghyunpungBeom (성현풍범 聖賢風範)
- Susaeuninrock (수사언인록 洙泗言仁錄)
- Yumjangarngjangrock (염락갱장록 濂洛羹墻錄)
- Gwanui (관의 冠儀)
- Honui (혼의 婚儀)
- Jangui (장의 葬儀)
- Gyeui (계의 稧儀)
- Yukdaeginyon (역대기년 歷代紀年)
- Gogeumchungmo (고금충모 古今忠謨)
- Chiranjeyo (치란제요 治亂提要)
- wharyongji (와룡지 臥龍誌)
- Uianjipbang (의안집방 醫眼集方)
- Gwangsasoljip (광사속집 廣嗣續集)
- Changshanji (창산지 昌山誌)
- Dongbokji (동복지 同福志)
- Kwandongji (관동지 關東志)
- Younggaji (영가지 永嘉志)
- Pyungyangji (평양지 平壤志)
- Hamjuji (함주지 咸州志)
- Jujashibunryu (주자시분류 朱子詩分類)
- Ghogeumhoisu (고금회수 古今會粹)

## Related pages

- Heo Mok
- Yun Hyu
- Yun Seondo

## Other websites

- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=135770
- http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=3521
Nitrocellulose

**Nitrocellulose** (also: **cellulose nitrate**, **flash paper**) catches fire quickly. It is formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent. When used as a propellant or low-order explosive, it is also known as **guncotton**. Nitrocellulose can be plasticized by camphor. Kodak, and other suppliers, used placticized nitrocellulose as a film base in photograph, X-ray films and motion picture films. People call this _nitrate film_. After numerous fires caused by unstable nitrate films, safety film started to be used from the 1930s in the case of X-ray stock and from 1948 for motion picture film.
Sun, Moon, and Talia

"**Sun, Moon, and Talia**" () is a fairy tale by Giambattista Basile. It was published in his _Pentamerone_ (1636). It is similar to the "Sleeping Beauty" tales by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm.

## Story

A great lord consults several wise men about the future of his newborn daughter Talia. They predict she will be put in danger from a splinter of flax. To protect his daughter, the father commands that no flax be brought into his house. Years later, Talia sees an old woman spinning flax on a spindle. She asks if she may try it. As soon as she begins to spin, a splinter of flax goes under her fingernail. She drops to the ground, and appears dead. Her father puts Talia in one of his country houses and abandons her.

Some time later, a king, hunting in the nearby woods, follows his falcon into the house. He finds Talia, and tries unsuccessfully to wake her up. He rapes her and returns to his own city.
Still deep in sleep, Talia gives birth to twins (a boy and a girl). They are tended by fairies. One day, the boy begins to suck on Talia's finger and draws out the flax splinter. Talia awakens immediately. She names them "Sun" and "Moon" and lives with them in the house. The king returns and finds Talia is the mother of twins. He tells her what happened and they form a bond.

However, the king is married. His wife is suspicious and learns the truth. She gains possession of the two children. She orders the cook to prepare them for consumption. The cook spares the children and sends the queen a dish of lamb. The queen taunts the king while he eats. The queen has Talia brought to court. She commands that a huge fire be lit in the courtyard, and that Talia be thrown into the flames. Talia undresses and screams with grief.  The king hears Talia's screams. He commands that his wife be thrown into the fire instead. The king and Talia marry.

## References

- Opie, Iona and Peter. 1974. _The Classic Fairy Tales_. Oxford UP. pp. 81-3.

## Other websites

- Sun, Moon, and Talia
- Unexpurgated translation of Sun, Moon, and Talia
- Analysis of the Sleeping Beauty stories
Blackout (album)

***Blackout*** is pop music singer Britney Spears' fifth studio album. It was released in late 2007 by Jive Records.
It had the singles "Gimme More", "Piece Of Me", and "Break The Ice".
Radar (song)

**"Radar"** is a song performed by the pop music singer Britney Spears.
It was originally supposed to be the fourth single released off of her fifth studio album _Blackout_.
It ultimately wasn't but despite that fact it did chart in some countries.
It was later included as a bonus track on her sixth studio album _Circus_.
It was released as the fourth single off of that album.
La Belle au bois dormant (opera)

***La Belle au bois dormant*** () is an opera in three acts by Michele Carafa to a French libretto by François-Antonine-Eugène de Planard after the fairy tale of the same name by Charles Perrault. It was first performed on March 2, 1825 at the Salle Le Peletier of Paris Opera. The famous tenor Adolphe Nourrit created the role of the Prince. The choreography was composed by Pierre Gabriel Gardel, and sets designed by Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri.

## Main roles

- Aurora, soprano
- The Queen, soprano
- The Prince, tenor
- Carabosse, baritone
- King Florestan, baritone

## Other websites

- Amadeus Almanac
Type 38 75 mm field gun

The  was a field gun used by the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).  It became a standard field gun of the IJA after the end of the Russo-Japanese War.

## History

Japan had experience with artillery in its war with Russia in 1904-05.

In 1905 (_Meiji 38_), the Imperial Japanese Army selected Krupp's artillery design.  At first, the field guns were imported.

Over 2000 guns were produced under license at the Army’s Osaka Arsenal.

After World War I, the weapon was re-designed in Japan.

Plans to replace the Type 38s with Type 90 75 mm field guns went forward in 1931.   However, Type 38s continued to be used.

## Combat record

Type 38s were used in the Second Sino-Japanese War and in World War II.

## Related pages

- Artillery of Japan
- List of field guns

## Other websites

- Type 38 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page
- US Technical Manual E 30-480

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Type 38 75 mm field gun
- **image**: Type38.jpg
- **caption**: Type 38 75 mm field gun
- **type**: Field gun
- **is ranged**: yes
- **is artillery**: yes
- **service**: 1905-1945
- **used by**: Imperial Japanese Army
- **wars**: World War I
Second Sino-Japanese War
 World War II
- **designer**: Krupp
- **manufacturer**: Osaka Arsenal
- **number**: 2000
- **variants**: Type 38 (improved)
- **weight**: (Type 38)
  (Improved Type 38)
- **part length**: L/31
- **caliber**: 75 mm (2.95 in)
- **rate**: 8-10 rpm
- **velocity**: 510 m/s (1,673 ft/s)
- **range**: (Type 38)
- **max range**: (Improved Type 38)
- **sights**: Panoramic
- **breech**: interrupted screw (Type 38)
horizontal sliding wedge (Improved Type 38)
- **recoil**: hydro-spring
- **carriage**: fixed trail
- **elevation**: -8° to +16° 30' (Type 38)
-8° to +43° (Improved Type 38)
- **traverse**: 7°
Bombard (weapon)

A **bombard** is a large-caliber, muzzle-loading, medieval cannon or mortar. It was used in sieges for throwing heavy stone balls. The name **bombarde** was used in a French historical text around 1380. The modern term _bombardment_ comes from this.

Bombards were usually used during sieges to hurl various things into enemy forts. Items such as stone or metal balls, burning materials and weighted cloth soaked in quicklime or Greek fire are have been written about.

The name comes from medieval Latin and French words from an earlier Greek word meaning the making of a humming noise.

## Famous examples

A famous example of a bombard is Mons Meg, a large weapon built around 1449 and used by King James II of Scotland. It was very powerful and used for bringing down castle walls. Mons Meg could fire  shots and was one of the largest bombards in its time.  It is now on public display at Edinburgh Castle. Other known bombards include two wrought iron weapons, the Pumhart von Steyr and Dulle Griet. There were also weapons cast in bronze, the Faule Mette, Faule Grete, and Grose Bochse. The Tsar Cannon is a late 16th century show-piece.

The Dardanelles Gun was built in the Ottoman Empire in 1464 by Munir Ali. It weighed 18.6 t and was 518cm long. It could  fire stone balls of up to 63cm diameter.

Bombards were replaced by weapons using smaller calibre iron shells with more powerful gunpowder.
Bombardment

A **bombardment** is an attack by artillery weapons against fortifications, troops or towns and buildings. The word came from the name of the medieval artillery weapon, the bombard, which was used to fire heavy stones during a siege.

Before World War I the word bombardment was only used for the attack of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. Since then it has come to mean any mass attack delivered by artillery or short range  missiles, and also as aerial bombardment if delivered by bomber aircraft or long range missiles.

It now is also used to describe activities in science, such as firing high energy particles like electrons into atoms in the study of nuclear reactions. The word can also be used informally, for example, a person could be "bombarded" with questions.

## History

In its old strict sense the term was only applied to the bombardment of defenceless or undefended objects, houses, public buildings. The purpose is to destroy the courage of your enemies. Civilians in a besieged town would put pressure on their military leaders to surrender before the place was destroyed. The practice of using artillery to do this was especially common up until World War I. Since then long range artillery bombardment has been joined by aerial bombardment delivered by aircraft and missiles.
Step Up

***Step Up*** is a 2006 American romantic musical teen drama movie set in Maryland. This movie is similar to "Bring It On" (which was released in 2000), except there is hip hop involved. This movie was released August 11, 2006 in the United States. The reviews were mixed to negative, though the movie had a high box office intake.

## Sequels

The sequel, _Step Up 2: The Streets_, was released February 14, 2008. It stars Briana Evigan, Robert Hoffman, and Cassie and directed by Jon Chu. A second sequel called _Step Up 3D_ was released on August 6, 2010. A third sequel called _Step Up Revolution_ was released in 2012 and the fifth and final movie, Step Up: All In, was released in 2014.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Step Up
- **director**: Anne Fletcher
Mico Heltborg
- **producer**: Jennifer Gibgot
Adam Shankman
Patrick Wachsberger
- **writer**: Duane Adler
Melissa Rosenberg
- **starring**: Channing Tatum
Jenna Dewan
Mario (entertainer), Mario
Drew Sidora
Alyson Stoner
Rachel Griffiths
Josh Henderson
- **music**: Aaron Zigman
- **cinematography**: Michael Seresin
- **editing**: Nancy Richardson
- **studio**: Eketahuna LLC
Summit Entertainment
- **distributor**: Touchstone Pictures
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **runtime**: 104 minutes
- **budget**: $12 million
- **gross**: $119,193,847
Type 90 75 mm field gun

was a field gun of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA).  It was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II.

This artillery piece was planned to replace the Type 38 75 mm field gun in front line combat units.  However, Type 38s continued to be used.

## History

Before World War I, the Imperial Japanese Army mainly had Krupp cannons from Germany. After the Versailles Treaty, the Japanese considered other options including field guns designed by Schneider et Cie from France.

In 1931, IJA began to use the "Type 90" which was based on Schneider designs.

The Type 90 was not considered successful.

## Combat record

The Type 90 75 mm field gun was used in Manchukuo. It was used against the Soviet Red Army at the Battle of Nomonhan.

## Related pages

- Artillery of Japan
- List of field guns

## Other websites

- Type 90 on Taki's Imperial Japanese Army page
- U.S. Technical Manual TM-E 30-480

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Type 90 75 mm field gun
- **image**: Type90FG.jpg
- **caption**: Type 90 75 mm field gun
- **type**: Field gun
- **is ranged**: yes
- **is artillery**: yes
- **service**: 1932-1945
- **used by**: Imperial Japanese Army
- **wars**: Second Sino-Japanese War
World War II
- **production date**: 1932-1945
- **number**: 786
- **part length**: L/38.4
- **caliber**: 75 mm (2.95 in)
- **rate**: 10-12 rpm
- **velocity**: 683 m/s (2,241 ft/s)
- **sights**: panoramic
- **breech**: horizontal sliding block
- **recoil**: hydro-pneumatic
- **carriage**: split trail
- **elevation**: -8° to +43°
- **traverse**: 43°
Step Up 2: The Streets

***Step Up 2: The Streets*** is a 2008 American musical teen drama movie. It is the sequel to _Step Up_. This sequel is set in the Baltimore region and was released in February 2008. The movie got substandard reviews, though it received almost $151 million throughout the world.

## Plot

The movie tells of teenager Andrea "Andie" West whose mother died from cancer when Andie was 16. Andie now lives with Sarah (her guardian and her mother's best friend), though actually Andie always feels like she does not really belong anywhere. She loves dancing, although she is performing very poorly during school. One day, Andie, who is with Maryland School of Arts, is expelled from there by the MSA school director after the dance studio at her school is vandalized by students from 410 (four-one-oh), a competing [hip hop] dancing crew. She is also expelled from MSA due to her connection with a hip hop crew known as The Streets, at which point Sarah has had enough of Andie's behavior and threatens to send Andie to Texas to live with her aunt. Andie then receives a text from her best friend Missy.
Ion cannon

In science fiction, an **ion cannon** is a  beam weapon. It shoots beams of ions (atoms or molecules  with an electricalcharge). Because of its power, it is usually said to be a superweapon. An ion cannon is a type of particle cannon. The particles it shoots are ionized. Because of their electrical charges, they can cause electronic devices, vehicles, and anything else that has an electrical or similar powersource to stop working. Ion cannons are used in many  science-fiction movies and television series. Ion cannons are also used in many video games.

## Real-world connections

The science fiction idea for these weapons comes from the particle cannon created by Nikola Tesla. Tesla's cannon shot ions into the ionosphere. This caused them to be charged more. Research of this idea is still being done with directed-energy weapons.

## Media references

- In the _Star Wars_ universe, Ion weapons are common. They range from handheld pistols to star ship cannons. Ion weapons are mainly used to stop electronic systems from working. They can stop vehicles, droids and starships without doing any damage. In _Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back_, the Rebel Alliance uses a large ion cannon on the planet Hoth to disable Imperial Star Destroyers near the planet. This is done to stop them from firing on Rebel ships trying to leave the planet. The Jawas used ion blasters to disable R2-D2.
- In _StarCraft_, Raynor's faction is stopped from leaving because of Tarsonis' ion cannon. The weapon is destroyed as part of a mission.
- In the computer game _Conquest: Frontier Wars_, huge Ion Cannon space stations can be built.
- In _Master of Orion 2_, Ion cannons are used to damage ship's internal systems. They are not stopped by armor.
- In the Pixar movie _WALL-E_, the robot EVE has an ion cannon in her right arm.
- _Destroy All Humans!_ and its sequels has a weapon called the Ion Detonator.
- In the _Command & Conquer_ franchise the Global Defense Initiative (GDI) uses an orbital ion cannon as that faction superweapon.
- In Microsoft _Urban Assault_, a technologically-advanced alien faction Mykonians possess weapon systems that are entirely comprised of various types of ion cannons for their armament.

## Other websites

- Watch the C&C Ion Cannon in action. (Created by Tiberian Dawn Mod team)
Lumsden, Saskatchewan

**Lumsden** is a town in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. The population of Lumsden was 1,800 in 2021. The mayor of Lumsden is Verne Barber. The town was originally known as _Happy Hollow_ in 1881 and was changed to _Lumsden_ in 1889 after Hugh Lumsden, a senior engineer with the Qu'Appelle, Long Lake and Saskatchewan Railway.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lumsden
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Lumsden Saskatchewan.jpg
- **image caption**: James Street
- **pushpin map**: Saskatchewan#Canada
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Saskatchewan
- **subdivision type2**: List of regions of Canada, Region
- **subdivision type3**: Census divisions of Saskatchewan, Census division
- **subdivision name3**: Division No. 6, Saskatchewan, 6
- **subdivision type4**: List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan, Rural Municipality
- **subdivision name4**: Lumsden No. 189, Saskatchewan, Lumsden
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Verne Barber
- **leader title1**: Chief Administrative Officer
- **leader name1**: Monica Merkosky
- **leader title2**: Governing body
- **leader name2**: Town Council
- **leader title3**: Member of the Legislative Assembly, MLA
- **leader name3**: Blaine McLeod (Saskatchewan Party, SKP)
- **leader title4**: Member of Parliament (Canada), MP
- **leader name4**: Larry Spencer (Conservative Party of Canada, CON)
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1881
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated (Village)
- **established date2**: January 10, 1899
- **established title3**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated (Town)
- **established date3**: March 15, 1905
- **area land km2**: 4.92
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 1,800
- **population density km2**: 366.0
- **timezone**: CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: S0G 3C0
- **area code**: 306
- **blank name**: List of Saskatchewan provincial highways, Highways
- **blank info**: Saskatchewan Highway 11, Highway 11 Saskatchewan Highway 20, Highway 20
- **blank1 name**: Waterways
- **blank1 info**: Qu'Appelle River
How the Grinch Stole Christmas!

***How the Grinch Stole Christmas!*** is a children's story. It was written by Dr. Seuss. It is  written in rhymed verse. Dr. Seuss drew the pictures. It was published in 1957 as a book by Random House. It was also published in a magazine called _Redbook_. The book criticizes the commercialization of Christmas. It also makes fun of those who profit from exploiting the holiday. An animated television program of the story was made in 1966. Boris Karloff narrated the How the Grinch Stole Christmas (TV Special). The character then appeared in the television specials Halloween is Grinch Night and The Grinch Grinches The Cat in the Hat. He also was a recurring villain in The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss, an educational show for kids, and had a small part in the Broadway play Seussical. In 2000 a movie was made based on the book. Jim Carrey played the Grinch. And in 2018, another movie based on the book was made, which was _The Grinch_. Benedict Cumberbatch plays the Grinch in that one.

## Story

The Grinch is a nasty creature who lives high on a mountain with his dog Max. He hates the happy people of Whoville and their Christmas celebrations and goes to Whoville to steal all the presents, decorations, and food. He doesn't think Christmas will come because he has been so mean, but Christmas comes all the same. He realizes that Christmas is more than just presents and decorations. His heart grows three sizes larger. He reforms and returns all the presents and trimmings. The people of Whoville welcome him.
Mortier de 12 Gribeauval

The **Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval** (Gribeauval 12-inch mortar) was a French mortar. It was made using the Gribeauval system developed by Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. It was part of the siege artillery. The measurement of the mortar is given by the diameter of the ball. It is measured using the French ancient system of measurement, in which 1 pouce (1 inch) is equal to 2.707 cm. The Gribeauval system was a new way of making artillery as a single piece of metal and then drilling a bore hole. This meant they could be made much lighter and more accurate.

The Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval was first used during the American Revolutionary War from 1780-82. It was used during the Siege of Yorktown in 1781. It was later used in by the French army during the wars that followed the French Revolution and during the Napoleonic Wars.

The Mortier de 12 pouces used a cylindrical chamber. Although this was quite efficient, it used to wear easily. This shape was later replaced by the Gomer system using a conical chamber.

Some of the Mortier de 12 pouces were used for coastal defense, in which case they were fixed on solid metal platforms.

## Infobox (weapon)

- **name**: Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval
- **image**: Gribeauval 12 inches mortar April 1789.jpg
- **caption**: 12-inche mortar (Mortier de 12 pouces Gribeauval) with cylindrical chamber, 1789, Les Invalides.
- **origin**: France
- **is artillery**: yes
- **wars**: French Revolutionary Wars
Napoleonic Wars
American War of Independence
- **designer**: Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval
- **manufacturer**: Berenger
- **production date**: April 1789
- **weight**: 1,540 kg
- **part length**: 81 cm
- **crew**: 15 crews, 6 horses
- **caliber**: 12 French_units_of_measurement#Length, pouce (French inches) = 324.8 mm
- **barrels**: 1, cylindrical chamber, brass
Aerospace Valley

**Aerospace Valley** is a French group of aerospace engineering companies and research centres. It is in the regions of Occitanie and Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the southwest of France and is mainly concentrated in and around the city of Toulouse.

There are over 500 companies, including Airbus, Dassault Aviation, EADS and Air France Industries. About 120,000 people work there in the aviation and space flight industries.

The headquarters of Aerospace Valley is in Toulouse. The chairman of the group is Agnès Paillard.

## Other websites

- Website of Aerospace Valley
Ivry-sur-Seine

**Ivry-sur-Seine** is a town and commune in the southeast suburb of Paris, France. It is in the Île-de-France region and the Val-de-Marne department. About 56,000 people lived there in 2006.

## Education

The engineering schools École spéciale de mécanique et électricité, École supérieure d'informatique, électronique, automatique and Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées are located at Ivry-sur-Seine.
The schools École des technologies numériques appliquées and IONIS School of Technology and Management are also located in the commune.
Doubochinski's pendulum

**Doubochinski's pendulum** is an experiment with an oscillator and a magnet. The most simple case is that of a pendulum that interacts with an oscillator. The pendulum (with a magnet at the end) will swing at a frequency of one swing per period of 1-2 seconds. A stationary electromagnet is placed under the equilibrium point of the pendulum. The electromagnet is then supplied with an alternating current of a fixed frequency, of between 10 and 10.000 Hz.
When the pendulum is released at any location, its movement will then evolve to stop at a height which depends on the frequency of the current of the electromagnet. This phenomenon was first discovered by the brothers Danil and Yakov Doubochinski in 1968–69.