juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pitjantjatjara language

**Pitjantjatjara** ( or ) is one of the Western Desert languages of Australia. It is often considered a dialect. It is spoken by the Pitjantjatjara people of central Australia. It is mutually intelligible with other languages of the Western Desert and is very closely related to the Yankunytjatjara language.

The name of the people comes from their word for coming/going: __.

## Other websites

- Ethnologue
- Languages and dialects associated with Uluru

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Pitjantjatjara
- **state**: Australia
- **region**: Northwest South Australia, Pitjantjatjara freehold lands, Yalata; southwest corner, Northern Territory; also in Western Australia.
- **speakers**: 3,125
- **date**: 2016 census
- **speakers2**: 80% monolingual (no date)
- **familycolor**: Australian
- **fam1**: Pama–Nyungan languages, Pama–Nyungan
- **fam2**: Wati languages, Wati
- **fam3**: Western Desert Language, Western Desert
- **iso3**: pjt
- **glotto**: pitj1243
- **glottorefname**: Pitjantjatjara
- **script**: Latin script, Latin
- **notice**: IPA
- **aiatsis**: C6
Aṉangu

**Anangu**, **Aṉaŋu** or **Arnangu** (), is a word used to refer to Aboriginal people in Australia. It is found in some dialects of the Western Desert Language (WDL) of western and central Australia.

Before European people arrived in central Australia, the word probably meant 'human being', or 'person'. But now it is used to mean 'Aboriginal person' only. Because other Aboriginal languages have their own words for '(Aboriginal) person' the word _anangu_ is mostly used in English to refer to the WDL-speaking people. Used in this way, it is not used to refer to any traditional grouping (or tribe), but to the WDL people as a whole. The correct term for "black person" in Pitjantjatjara is __, literally "dark/black person".

## Equivalents in other languages and dialects

Other Western Desert Language dialects have different words with a similar meaning and many uses. In the far west of the WDL (i.e. amongst Manyjilyjarra, Kartujarra, Putijarra and Warnman) the word _martu_ is used, and in the central Western Desert (i.e. amongst the western Pintupi) the word _purntu_, although this seems to be rarely used now.

There are a number of other names from Australian Aboriginal languages commonly used to identify groups based on geography:
- Koori (or Koorie) in New South Wales and Victoria
- Murri in southern Queensland
- Nyoongar in southern Western Australia and South Australia
- Nunga in southern South Australia
- Palawah (or Pallawah) in Tasmania

## References

- Goddard, Cliff. (1992). _Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara to English Dictionary_. IAD Press, Alice Springs Australia. ()
- Glass, Amee and Dorothy Hackett. (2003). _Ngaanyatjarra & Ngaatjatjarra to English Dictionary_. IAD Press, Alice Springs Australia. ()
- Goddard, Cliff. (1985). _A Grammar of Yankunytjatjara_. IAD Press, Alice Springs Australia.
- Eckert, Paul and Joyce Hudson. (1988). _Wangka Wiru: A handbook for the Pitjantjatjara language learner_. SACAE, Underdale SA. ()
- Hansen, KC & LE Hansen. (1992). _Pintupi/Luritja Dictionary 3rd Edition_. IAD Press, Alice Springs, Australia. ()
- Valiquette, Hilaire (ed.). (1993). _A Basic Kukatja to English Dictionary_. Luurnpa Catholic School, Balgo WA. ()

## Other websites

- Web portal for Anangu Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara and Ngaanyatjarra peoples, communities and organisations
- Description of _Tjukurpa_ - the foundation of Anangu life at Department of Environment and Heritage
House of the Seven Gables

The **House of the Seven Gables** (also known as the **Turner House** or **Turner-Ingersoll Mansion**) is a historic house in Salem, Massachusetts. It was built for Captain John Turner. It remained in the Turner family for three generations. The earliest section of the house was built in 1668. It faced south towards Salem Harbor. It was a two-room, 2 1⁄2-story house. It had cross-gables and a huge central chimney. This portion now forms the middle of the house. The house was remodelled over the years. It was eventually acquired by the Ingersoll family. Nathaniel Hawthorne often visited his cousin Susannah at the house. He wrote a novel called _The House of the Seven Gables_. The book uses the house as background. The house was restored between 1908 and 1910. A "cent-shop" and a secret staircase were added. This was done to please visitors who expected the house to resemble the one in Hawthorne's book.  The House of the Seven Gables is the oldest _surviving_ mansion house in continental North America. It has 17 rooms and over 8,000 square feet. The house is now a non-profit museum.

## Other websites

- House of the Seven Gables
- Listing and photographs at the Historic American Buildings Survey
Communic

**Communic** is a Norwegian progressive metal band from Kristiansand, Norway. Communic has three members in the band; the current band members are Oddleif Stensland, Erik Mortensen and Tor Atle Andersen. The band formed in March 2003 as a side project for the band, Scariot. They are currently signed to Nuclear Blast Records and have released 4 albums and a demo.

## Band members

- Current
- Oddleif Stensland - vocals & guitars
- Erik Mortensen - bass
- Tor Atle Andersen - drums

### Albums

Communic has released 5 albums:
- _Conspiracy in Mind_ (demo) (2004)
- _Conspiracy in Mind_ (2005)
- _Waves of Visual Decay_ (2006)
- _Payment of Existence_ (2008)
- _The Bottom Deep_ (2011)
- _Where Echoes Gather_ (2017)
- _Hiding from the World_ (2020)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Communic
- **img**: Communic Summerbreeze2007 02.jpg
- **img size**: 250px
- **img capt**: Communic performing at the Summer Breeze Open Air in 2007
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Kristiansand, Norway
- **genre**: Progressive metal, power metal
- **years active**: 2003-_present_
- **label**: Nuclear Blast
- **associated acts**: Scariot
Ingermanland
- **url**: [http://www.communic.org/ Official Website]
- **current members**: Oddleif Stensland
Erik Mortensen
Tor Atle Andersen
Sublime (philosophy)

In philosophy, the term **sublime** refers to something that is _great_. This greatness can be physical, moral, intellectual, metaphysical, aesthetic, spiritual or artistic. Very often, the term refers to something that is so great that it cannot be calculated, measured or imitated. Special skills are often needed to fully perceive or understand the sublime.

As a category in aesthetics, the main property is that its beauty is bigger than something that is merely beautiful. Sometimes, the sublime may be sacred and causes awe.

It is only western philosophy that makes a distinction between the beautiful and the sublime; there is no such distinction in eastern philosophy.The first known work in philosophy treating the sublime is called _On the Sublime_, and was written by an otherwise unknown writer who lived in the first or third century. This writer is often called Longinus. Longinus was a teacher of rhetoric, and used the sublime to describe great language in this context. According to Longinus, the sublime inspires awe and veneration, with greater persuasive powers. Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux translated this work into French, in the 16th century; in the 18th century the text was translated into English as well.

Philosophers who wrote about the sublime include Edmund Burke, Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Theodor W. Adorno, and Jean-François Lyotard. Writers include Friedrich Schiller and Victor Hugo.
Shōnan

- _This article is about a region of Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. For the former town in Chiba Prefecture, see Shōnan, Chiba._

is the name of a local Japanese region along the coast of Sagami Bay which is about 50 kilometres southwest of Tokyo.

Shōnan is centered on Enoshima, which is a small island near the coast.

## Related pages

- Shonan Bellmare

## Other websites

- JR Shonan Shinjuku Line
- Michelin, Shonan region
Renata Scotto

**Renata Scotto** (February 24, 1934 – August 16, 2023) was an Italian operatic soprano who enjoyed a long and distinguished international career.

## Life and Career

Born in Savona, Italy, she studied at the Milan Conservatory of Music, under Ghirardini and Merlini, and later in Rome with Mercedes Llopart. She made her stage debut in her hometown on Christmas Eve 1952, as Violetta in _La traviata_. After winning first place in a singing competition, she was invited to sing Violetta at the Teatro Nuovo in Milan on July 2, 1953, which led to her debut at La Scala, the following December, as Walter in Catalani's _La Wally_, opposite Renata Tebaldi and Mario Del Monaco. She quickly appeared in several other cities throughout Italy.

She sang in Cairo in 1956 and at The Stoll Theatre in London in 1957. That same year, she replaced Maria Callas in _La sonnambula_ at the Edimburg Festival to considerable acclaim. This was the start of long and distinguished international career, with appearances in Chicago, San Francisco, Buenos Aires, Barcelona, Moscow, Tokyo, etc. She made her debut at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, on October 13, 1965, as Cio-Cio-San in _Madama Butterfly_ and sang there regularly until 1987.

Scotto was mostly known for the Italian repertoire of which she sang a wide range of roles from bel canto to verismo. Although essentially a lyric soprano, as the years went on she tackled more dramatic roles in operas such as _Norma_, _Macbeth_, _La Gioconda_, _Tosca_, etc.

After retiring from the stage, she turned to teaching, coaching and stage directing. She married violinist Lorenzo Anselmi in 1960 and had two children.

Scotto died in her home town of Savona, Italy on August 16, 2023, at the age of 89.

## Notable Recordings

- _La traviata_ - (DG, 1962)
- _Rigoletto_ - (DG, 1964)
- _Turandot_ - (EMI, 1965)
- _Madama Butterfly_ - (EMI, 1966)
- _Andrea Chenier_ - (RCA, 1976)
- _Otello_ - (RCA, 1978)

## References

- _Guide de l'opéra_, Roland Mancini and Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Fayard, 1987.
Madama Butterfly

***Madama Butterfly*** is an Italian opera in three acts with music by Giacomo Puccini. The libretto was written by Giuseppe Giacosa and Luigi Illica. It was based on a play by David Belasco. The opera was first performed in Milan, Italy, on February 17, 1904. Its revised version was performed in Brescia, on May 28, 1904. Although a fiasco at its premiere, it soon established itself in its revised version as one of the most beloved of operas.

## Principal characters

- Cio-Cio-San - soprano
- Pinkerton - tenor
- Suzuki - mezzo-soprano
- Sharpless - baritone

## Sources

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1989.
La Gioconda

***La Gioconda*** is an Italian opera in four acts, music by Amilcare Ponchielli and libretto by Arrigo Boito, after Victor Hugo's play _Angelo, Tyran de Padoue_. It was first performed in Milan, on April 8, 1876. By far Ponchielli's most successful work and his only opera still regularly performed.

## Principal characters

- Gioconda - soprano
- La cieca - contralto
- Enzo - tenor
- Barnaba - baritone
- Laura - mezzo-soprano
- Alvise - bass

## Discography

- 1931: Giannina Arangi-Lombardi (Gioconda), Camilla Rota (La cieca), Alessandro Granda (Enzo), Gaetano Viviani (Barnaba), Ebe Stignani (Laura), Corrado Zambelli (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala, Lorenzo Molajoli - (EMI Classics)
- 1952: Maria Callas (Gioconda), Maria Amadini (La cieca), Gianni Poggi (Enzo), Paolo Silveri (Barnaba), Fedora Barbieri (Laura), Giulio Neri (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra della RAI Torino, Antonino Votto - (Cetra)
- 1957: Anita Cerquetti (Gioconda), Franca Sacchi (La cieca), Mario del Monaco (Enzo), Ettore Bastianini (Barnaba), Giulietta Simionato (Laura), Cesare Siepi (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra della Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, Gianandrea Gavazzeni - (Decca)
- 1957: Zinka Milanov (Gioconda), Belen Amparan (La cieca), Giuseppe di Stefano (Enzo), Leonard Warren (Barnaba), Rosalind Elias (Laura), Plinio Clabassi (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Fernando Previtali - (RCA Victor, later Decca/London)
- 1959: Maria Callas (Gioconda), Irene Companeez (La cieca), Pier Miranda Ferraro (Enzo), Piero Cappuccilli (Barnaba), Fiorenza Cossotto (Laura), Ivo Vinco (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala, Antonino Votto - (EMI Classics)
- 1967: Renata Tebaldi (Gioconda), Oralia Dominguez (La cieca), Carlo Bergonzi (Enzo), Robert Merrill (Barnaba), Marilyn Horne (Laura), Nicola Ghiuselev (Alvise); Coro e Orchestra dell'Accademia di Santa Cecilia, Lamberto Gardelli - (Decca)
- 1980: Montserrat Caballé (Gioconda), Alfreda Hodgson (La cieca), Luciano Pavarotti (Enzo), Sherrill Milnes (Barnaba), Agnes Baltsa (Laura), Nicolai Ghiaurov (Alvise); London Opera Chorus, National Philharmonic Orchestra, Bruno Bartoletti - (Decca)

## Sources

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Europa (mythology)

**Europa** is a figure from Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Phoenician king Agenor and of Telephassa. Zeus falls in love with her. Because of his wife Hera, he has to take the shape of a bull. Hermes makes the herd of cattle with the bull Zeus graze near the beach near Sidon, where Europa is playing. That way, Zeus is able to abduct Europa on his back. He swims to Matala on Crete where he shows himself. The children of Europa and Zeus are Minos, Rhadamanthys and Sarpedon. Because of a prophecy of Aphrodite, the new continent Europe is named after Europa.

The oldest telling of the story can be found in the Illiad by Homer. There, she is the daughter of Phoinix. Other ancient tellings include "Europa" by Moschos, and the Metamorphoses by Ovid.

Agenor sent his sons to search for Europa, but they could not find her. Cadmus asks the Oracle at Delphi and is told to give up the search, and found Thebes in Boetia instead.

According to other sources, Europa remained on Crete, were she married Asterion, and became queen. Asterion did not have any children, so he adopted her sons.

The oldest known paintings which clearly show Europa date from the 7th century BC.
Marot jar

A **marot jar** is a special kind of syphon or siphon device invented some time during the 1700s. The device is filled up water and lets it out in a special way so that the speed and amount of water that comes out is always the same, even if the jar is completely full or almost empty.

In the diagram (see right), an air-tight jar contains some water (blue) and some air (yellow). The green pipe is started as a siphon so that water starts flowing out of the pipe. Because the pipe lets out water, the pressure on the inside of the jar is less than the pressure outside, so it causes air to be sucked in through the orange pipe. Because the pressure is going to tend to being the same inside and outside of the jar, the water is going to flow out of the pipe at the same speed and amount.
The Lorax

***The Lorax*** is a children's book. It was written by Dr. Seuss. It was first published in 1971. The Lorax is a small orange creature. He speaks for the trees against the greedy Once-ler. The book is a fable about industrialized society and the danger it poses to nature. It has been made into a 1972 television show and a 2012 movie. Some people criticized the book. They thought it was gloomy. They thought it was not a good book for children. Some people thought it was unfair to the logging industry.

## Story

A young boy living in a polluted world visits a strange creature called the "Once-Ler". The boy asks about the poor state of the world. The Once-ler explains that the world was once beautiful. He made an invention that required him to chop down Trufulla trees. He says that everyone needed his invention. He made a profit from cutting down Trufulla trees. A small orange creature called the Lorax urged him to stop cutting down so many trees. He said that this was harming the environment. The Once-Ler ignored him. Eventually the supply of trees ran out. The land was left polluted. The animals left the forest. The Once-Ler finishes his story. He gives the boy "the last [Truffula seed] of all." He tells him to plant the seed and it will grow into a forest.
Andrew Castle

**Andrew Nicholas Castle** (born 15 November 1963) is a retired British tennis player. He became a television presenter. He was born in Epsom, Surrey. He retired from tennis in 1992.

He was a contestant on the 2008 series of _Strictly Come Dancing_ and on the 2010 series of _71 Degrees North_.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- ATP Tennis Player Profile
- sports-reference

## Infobox (tennis biography)

- **name**: Andrew Castle
- **image**: Andrew Castle 2009-04-23.jpg
- **country**: Great Britain Davis Cup team, Great Britain
- **residence**: London, England
- **birth place**: Epsom, Surrey, England
- **turnedpro**: 1986
- **retired**: 1992
- **plays**: Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
- **careerprizemoney**: US$, $344,337
- **singlesrecord**: 22–57 (27.85% at ATP Tour, Grand Prix tour, World Championship Tennis, WCT tour, and Grand Slam (tennis), Grand Slam level, and in Davis Cup)
- **singlestitles**: 0
1 ATP Challenger Tour, Challenger
- **highestsinglesranking**: No. 80 (13 June 1988)
- **australianopenresult**: 1R (1987 Australian Open – Men's Singles, 1987, 1988 Australian Open – Men's Singles, 1988, 1991 Australian Open – Men's Singles, 1991)
- **wimbledonresult**: 2R (1986 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, 1986, 1987 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, 1987)
- **usopenresult**: 3R (1987 US Open – Men's Singles, 1987)
- **othertournaments**: yes
- **olympicsresult**: 2R (Tennis at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's Singles, 1988)
- **doublesrecord**: 63–70 (at ATP Tour, Grand Prix tour, WCT tour, and Grand Slam level, and in Davis Cup)
- **doublestitles**: 3
- **highestdoublesranking**: No. 45 (19 December 1988)
- **australianopendoublesresult**: SF (1988 Australian Open – Men's Doubles, 1988)
- **frenchopendoublesresult**: 3R (1987 French Open – Men's Doubles, 1987)
- **wimbledondoublesresult**: 2R (1986 Wimbledon Championships#Men's Doubles, 1986, 1987 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Doubles, 1987)
- **usopendoublesresult**: QF (1987 US Open (tennis)#Men's Doubles, 1987)
- **mixed**: Yes
- **mixedtitles**: 0
- **australianopenmixedresult**: F (1987 Australian Open – Mixed Doubles, 1987)
- **updated**: 25 October 2012
The Cat in the Hat

***The Cat in the Hat*** is a children's book written by Dr. Seuss and was first published on March 12, 1957. Seuss wrote the book after being challenged to write a story beginning readers would love. He was given a list of 438 words beginning readers were expected to know. He was told these were the only words he could use. He used 223 words on the list. The Cat would appear in other Dr. Seuss books. More than 11 million copies of the book have been printed. It has been translated into more than 12 different languages including Latin and Yiddish. The story has been made into a 1971 television special and a 2003 film. The Cat appears in a Broadway musical called _Seussical_. He also is the host of the educational children's television series _The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss_ and _The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!_. In 1958, a sequel to the book was released, which was called _The Cat in the Hat Comes Back!_ In 1998, a spin-off book series of both of the books was made, which was called _The Cat in the Hat's Learning Library_. The series has a total of 54 books.

## Plot

Two children, Sally and Conrad, are left at home alone on a rainy day. They are visited by a cat wearing a red and white striped hat and a red bowtie. He performs all sorts of tricks. He balances a cup, a cake, an umbrella, and other things while standing on a ball. The Cat gets a box from outside. Inside are two creatures named Thing One and Thing Two. The Things begin to fly kites in the house. The children catch the Things with a net. The house is a mess. The Cat cleans it up. He leaves just before the mother comes home.
Les contes d'Hoffmann

***Les contes d'Hoffmann*** (_The Tales of Hoffmann_) is a French opera. It has a prologue, three acts and an epilogue. The music was written by Jacques Offenbach. The libretto was written by Jules Berbier and Michel Carré. It is based on E.T.A Hoffmann's _Dr Sandmann, Geschichte von Verloreren Spiegelbilde_. The opera was first performed in Paris, on 10 February 1881.

The opera was the last and perhaps greatest work of Offenbach. It was not quite finished when he died. The final score was completed by Ernest Guiraud. Guiraud also wrote the recitatives, though at first it was meant to have spoken-dialogue. The work was an immediate success and has remained so since its creation.

## Principal characters

- Hoffmann - tenor
- Olympia - soprano
- Antonia - soprano
- Giuletta - soprano
- Stella -  soprano
- Dr Miracle - bass
- Dapertutto - bass
- Coppélius - bass
- Lindorf - bass
- Nicklaus - mezzo-soprano
- Spalanzani - tenor

- Ideally, the four soprano roles should be sung by the same singer as well as the four bass roles as they represent different aspects of two characters.

## Sources

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
The Song of Hiawatha

***The Song of Hiawatha*** is an epic poem written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. It was first published in 1855. The poem was loosely based on the legends of Native American peoples. In 1857, Longfellow estimated that the work had sold 50,000 copies.

_The Song_ is about Hiawatha and his beloved Minnehaha. It is set along the south shore of Lake Superior. The poem was very popular, but critics did not like it.

Composers and painters were inspired to create works based on the poem. A 2005 television movie was based on the poem.

## Story

Hiawatha's birth is foretold by a "mighty" peace-bringing leader named Gitche Manito. A woman named Nokomis falls from the moon. Nokomis gives birth to Wenonah. She grows to be a beautiful young woman. Nokomis warns her not to be seduced by the West Wind. She does not listen to her mother, and Hiawatha is born.

Hiawatha has childhood adventures, falls in love with Minnehaha, slays the evil magician Pearl-Feather, invents written language, discovers corn, and other episodes. The poem closes with the approach of a canoe to Hiawatha's village. It contains "the Priest of Prayer, the Pale-face." Hiawatha welcomes him with joy.

The "Black-Robe chief" brings word of Jesus Christ. Hiawatha and the chiefs accept the Christian message. Hiawatha says good-bye to Nokomis, the warriors, and the young men. He says, "But my guests I leave behind me / Listen to their words of wisdom, / Listen to the truth they tell you." He endorses the Christian missionaries. He launches his canoe for the last time westward toward the sunset. Then he departs forever.

## Other websites

- The Song of Hiawatha
- Unabridged audiobook at LibriVox
- 2 short radio segments of Linen's writing from California Legacy Project Radio Anthology (scripts and audio) including _San Francisco (in imitation of Hiawatha)_.
- Rena N. Coen, “Longfellow, Hiawatha and some 19th century painters”, Papers Presented at the Longfellow Commemorative Conference, April 1-3 1982, National Park Service, Longfellow National Historical Site
Ed Sullivan

**Edward Vincent "Ed" Sullivan** (September 28, 1901 – October 13, 1974) was an American entertainment writer and television host. He was best known as the presenter of the television variety show _The Ed Sullivan Show_. The program was shown on television from 1948 to 1971 (twenty-three years). It was one of the longest-running variety shows in United States history.

In 1996, Ed Sullivan was #50 on _TV Guide**s "50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time".

## Early life

Sullivan was born in New York City, New York. His mother was Elizabeth F. Sullivan (née Smith) and his father was Peter Arthur Sullivan. He was of Irish descent. Sullivan used to be a boxer. He began his media work as a sportswriter for _The New York Evening Graphic_.

## Personal life

Sullivan was engaged to swimmer Sybil Bauer, but she died of cancer in 1927 at the age of 23. He married Sylvia Weinstein on April 28, 1930. She died on March 16, 1973. They had a daughter, Betty Sullivan. Betty married the _Ed Sullivan Show**s producer, Bob Precht.

Sullivan reportedly called Sylvia after every program to hear what she thought about it.

Sullivan has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6101 Hollywood Boulevard.

## Death

In September 1974, Sullivan had x-rays done. They showed that Sullivan had esophageal cancer. Only his family was told about it. Because the doctors did not give Sullivan a lot of time, the family chose not to tell him about it. Sullivan thought that his illness was because of  ulcers. He died five weeks later, on October 13, 1974, at New York's Lenox Hill Hospital. 3,000 people went to his funeral. It was held at St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York.

## More reading

- Leonard, John, _The Ed Sullivan Age_ , _American Heritage_, May/June 1997, Volume 48, Issue 3
- Nachman, Gerald, _Ed Sullivan_ , December 18, 2006.
- Maguire, James, _Impresario: The Life and Times of Ed Sullivan_, Billboard Books, 2006
- Bowles, Jerry,  _A Thousand Sundays: The Story of the Ed Sullivan Show_, Putnam, 1980
- Barthelme, Donald, "And Now Let's Hear It for the Ed Sullivan Show!" in _Guilty Pleasures_, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1974

## Other websites

- The Official Ed Sullivan Show Website
- About Ed Sullivan's life

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ed Sullivan
- **image**: Ed Sullivan.jpg
- **caption**: Sullivan in 1955
- **birth name**: Edward Vincent Sullivan
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Television host, writer
- **years active**: 1932–1973
- **spouse**: Sylvia (m. 1930–1973, her death)
Psychological nativism

In psychology, **nativism** is a theory that says that most basic skills are hard-wired in the brain at birth. This theory is the opposite of the theory called the blank slate, or _tabula rasa_. Blank slate theories said that humans have almost no skills or abilities at birth: they learn these skills over the course of their life. People who believe in nativism (within certain limits) include Jerry Fodor, Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker. These psychologists believe that humans are born with a set of abilities that help them learn other skills, such as speech.

Some mammals do seem to inherit emotional reactions. Monkeys fearing snakes is an example. Most of the behaviour of insects, reptiles and birds is inherited in some detail. Mammals, however, show a greater ability for learning than other kinds of animals.

Charles Darwin, in _The expression of emotions in man and animals_ (1872), showed that the way most emotions were shown was common between human cultures. He said this was inherited and had been the result of evolution. Behaviorism says that man's behaviour is affected by its results (operant conditioning). Behaviourists denied the importance of inherited behaviours, instincts, or an inherited tendency to behave. People who believe in evolutionary psychology think this is wrong. They think human behaviour has deep roots in our evolutionary past.

## Related pages

- Evolutionary psychology
- Unconscious mind#Adaptive unconscious
- Human nature
- Blank slate
Syphon

The word **syphon** (, also spelled **siphon**) can refer to any device that conducts the flow of liquids through tubes. Used in the right way, the word refers to a tube in an upside-down U shape. The tube makes liquid flow up hill. It flows higher than the source of the liquid, to come out at a level lower than the surface of the source. The movement is done without pumps. It is powered by the fall of the liquid as it flows down the tube under the pull of gravity.

The syphon must touch the liquid in the (upper) reservoir (the source, where the liquid comes from) in order for it to work. This allows atmospheric pressure to push the liquid up the tube. The top of the tube is where the lowest pressure is, so the liquid will move towards that area in the same way as a barometer. The top of a syphon is the same as the height of a barometer, because they work in the same way. The lower pressure is caused by the liquid falling on the downhill side. A syphon can raise water to a height of 25 feet above the source elevation. New discoveries in Syphon Pump Metering allows for dispensing liquid above the source. United States Patent #5,358,000 was the first to teach this method.
A siphon can be used for irrigation purposes.
When both ends of a syphon are at atmospheric pressure (equal pressure), liquid flows from high to low. However, if the lower end is pressurised, liquid can flow from low to high. Most syphons have water as a fluid. Other fluids, such as mercury, or organic liquids or even gasses like carbon dioxide can also be syphoned.
The House of the Seven Gables

***The House of the Seven Gables*** is a novel written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published in 1851. The book is about an old New England family. Themes include guilt, revenge, and atonement. The supernatural and witchcraft are a part of the story. An old house in Salem, Massachusetts was used as background for the story. The house belonged to Hawthorne's cousin Susanna Ingersoll. He visited the house often. He was also inspired by his ancestors. They played a part in the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. The book was well received. _The House of the Seven Gables_ has been adapted to movies and television shows.

## Related pages

- House of the Seven Gables

## Other websites

**Online editions**
- _The House of the Seven Gables_, available at Internet Archive (scanned color illustrated books, multiple editions and formats)
- (plain text)
- _The House of the Seven Gables_ , available at Ria Press (PDF optimized for printing)
**Study Guides**
- MonkeyNotes study guide
- Sparknotes study guide
- Classicnote study guide
**Essays**
- "Illustrations of _The House of the Seven Gables_: A Help or a Hindrance?" by John L. Idol Jr.
**Other**
- The House of the Seven Gables Map
Mandy Capristo

**Mandy Grace Capristo** (born March 21, 1990 in Mannheim) is a German pop singer-songwriter, model, presenter, and dancer. She was known as a singer of the band Monrose.

## Biography

Mandy Capristo grew up in Bürstadt, Hesse. Her father is of Italian origin. Her mother Carmen is German. She has an older brother. She got her love of dancing and singing from her mother. In her late childhood, her parents split up.

Capristo had 6 years of ballet, gymnastics, dance lessons and piano lessons. At school, she appeared for the first time on a bigger stage with the musical _Dracula_. when she was 11, her teacher suggested that she apply for the Kiddy Contest in Austria. 2001 she won the contest with the song "Ich wünsche mir einen Bankomat". After that she appeared in TV shows like _Tabaluga_ and _1, 2 or 3_. The album got to number one in the Austrian charts.

### 2006: Popstars and the band Monrose

Capristo applied for the show _Popstars_ when she was sixteen. Finally, in 2006 she was elected in the final by a telephone vote in addition to Bahar Kizil and Senna Guemmour of the band Monrose. They had seven top ten hits in the charts. Their previous albums were also successful.

### 2007-2010: Work as model

2007, readers of the German edition of _FHM_ men's magazine chose Capristo as number 10 of the 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In August 2007 she was on the cover of the magazine. This success earned her the first jobs as a model. In 2009 she topped the 100 Sexiest Women in the World. In addition she posed again in the June 2010 issue of German men's magazine _FHM_.

### 2011: Solo projects

When the Band Monrose split up in 2011, Capristo continued her solo projects. She was the face of the cosmetics brand BeYu. She worked on her own album. Capristo presented at the BeYu fair two songs with titles "Overrated" and "Be You". She also worked with Peter Maffay. They recorded the song "Die Zeit hält nur in Träumen" and presented the new one at _Wetten, dass...?_ (a German TV-show).

In March 2012 Mandy announced that her new single "The Way I Like it" would appear on 13 April. The album carries her second name, Grace. Other titles are "Overrated", "Hurricane" and "It do not matter" The songwriter of "The Way I Like it" is called David Jost, who also produced Tokio Hotel and Keri Hilson.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mandy Capristo
- **img**: Mandy Capristo ZDF-Fernsehgarten 1.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Mandy Grace Capristo
- **alias**: Mandy Capristo
- **birth place**: Mannheim, Germany
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **occupation**: musician, Singer-songwriter, model (person), model, presenter, dancer
- **years active**: 2006–present
- **label**: Starwatch, Emi Music
- **associated acts**: Monrose, Rihanna, Beyoncé
- **website**: [http://www.mandycapristo-fanclub.de/main/?page_id=2/Website Mandycapristo.de]
Baia de Criș

**Baia de Criș** () is a commune in Hunedoara County, Romania. It is a collection of nine villages: Baia de Criș, Baldovin (_Báldovin_), Căraci (_Karács_), Cărăstău (_Karasztó_), Lunca (_Lunka_), Rișca (_Riska_), Rișculița (_Riskulica_), Țebea (_Cebe_) and Văleni.

The village of Țebea is where the Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan started in 1784, and marks the death place and burial site of Avram Iancu.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Baia de Criș
- **settlement type**: Communes of Romania, Commune
- **total type**:  
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: Hunedoara County
- **population total**: 3031
- **population as of**: 2002
- **pushpin map**: Romania
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
Preamble

A **preamble** is an introduction to a document that describes the documents purpose. The word comes from "pre" meaning "before" and "amble" meaning walk. A preamble can contain facts about the document. The preamble of a law is not part of the law but explains its purpose. The preamble of a book is called a _preface_. The preamble of a musical composition is a prelude or overture. The preamble of a Wikipedia article walks before the sections, and is called the _lede_ or _introduction_.

A data packet has a preamble which the system needs but which goes before the data that the user will use.

## Example

One of the world's most famous preambles is the one in the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776:
> We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, — That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shewn that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.
Gil Jae

**Gil Jae** or **Kil Jae** (1353  1419) was a Korean scholar, politician, educator, and poet.

## Works

- Yaeunjip (야은집, 冶隱集)
- Yaeuneonhaengseubyu (야은언행습유, 冶隱言行拾遺)
- Yaeunsokjip (야은속집, 冶隱續集)

## Related pages

- Jeong Do-jeon
- Jeong Mong-ju

## Other websites

- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=30262
- http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=688666
- http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=551587
Little Things (Good Charlotte song)

"**Little Things**" is the first single off the debut album by pop punk band Good Charlotte called _Good Charlotte_. The song is also the first track off the album. The song was released on March 27, 2001 and was re-released in the United Kingdom on March 9, 2009. The song was featured in the movie _Dude, Where's My Car?_ and the video game _Project Gotham Racing_.

## Music video

The video features Good Charlotte performing in a high school with the Joel Madden (the lead singer) breaking into the principle's office. Joel then announces over the school's loudspeaker that the song was dedicated to "every kid who ever got picked last in gym class," "every kid who never had a date to no school dance," and "everyone who's ever been called a freak." The video shows the band wreaking havoc on the school. The guitarist Billy Martin plugs the band's sound system into the principle's microphone and they perform with students running out of class to go see them. The video ends with the band rearranging the letters on the school's notice board to spell out the words "GOOD CHARLOTTE."

## Chart rankings

"Little Things" ranked No. 23 on the U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Modern Rock Tracks

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Little Things
- **artist**: Good Charlotte
- **album**: Good Charlotte (album), Good Charlotte
- **released**: March 27, 2001
March 9, 2009 (re-release)
- **recorded**: 1999-2000
- **genre**: Pop punk
- **length**: 3:23
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic
- **writer**: Benji Madden
Joel Madden
- **next title**: The Motivation Proclamation
- **next year**: 2001
The Motivation Proclamation

"**The Motivation Proclamation**" is the second single off the debut album by pop punk band Good Charlotte called _Good Charlotte_. The song is also the third track off the album. The song was released on August 7, 2001.

## Music video

The video features Good Charlotte waking up in a house while they do normal morning rituals (i.e. yawn, eat breakfast, etc.) When they finally set up their music equipment, they start to play but finish the song. The video also features the television show, Undergrads which plays on the TV in the house.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Motivation Proclamation
- **artist**: Good Charlotte
- **album**: Good Charlotte (album), Good Charlotte
- **released**: August 7, 2001
- **recorded**: 1999-2000
- **genre**: Alternative rock, punk rock
- **length**: 3:39
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic
- **writer**: Benji Madden
Joel Madden
- **prev title**: Little Things (Good Charlotte song), Little Things
- **prev year**: 2001
- **next title**: The Click (song), The Click
- **next year**: 2001
Spaceballs

***Spaceballs*** is a 1987 American science fiction comedy movie. It was directed by Mel Brooks. It starred Bill Pullman, John Candy, Mel Brooks and Rick Moranis. Its plot and characters parody the original _Star Wars_ trilogy, as well as other sci-fi franchises including _Star Trek_, _Alien_, and the _Planet of the Apes_ movies.

Despite mixed reviews at the time of release, the movie has since gained a cult following.
Little Women

***Little Women, or Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy*** is a book by Louisa May Alcott. Alcott drew on her own childhood experiences with her three sisters when writing the book. They lived in Concord, Massachusetts at Orchard House.

Little Women was the book that helped Louisa Alcott become a well-known author. It was not her favorite novel that she wrote. In the year 1994, the book was made in a movie.  Alcott’s writing skills were not the best, but she did have a lot of creativity. Her creativity shown through when she opened a school after getting a $40 donation. After she opened the school, she decided to go back to writing.  (link One)

The book was originally published in two parts. Part one was called "Little Women". It was published in 1868. Part two was called "Good Wives". Part two followed the girls as they grew up and married. It was published in 1869. Both parts were very successful.

## Story

The story is about the fictional March sisters: Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. They call their mother Marmee. The story is set during the American Civil War. Their father is serving as a chaplain in the Union Army. Each sister has a flaw. Amy is selfish, Beth is shy, Meg is vain, and Jo is outspoken and tomboy-ish. Their best friend is Laurie, the boy next door.

Alcott’s inspiration for Little Women came from her life experiences when she was younger. The setting is in Massachusetts, the state where she grew up. The characters in the story represent her sisters, mother, and herself. Each one was given the same traits/personality as her sisters. The mother was in charge of the household when the father was away. It tells of the hard times that they had growing up and had to overcome. The story takes place during the American Civil War. The sisters learned to grow up faster than they wanted to, so that they could support the family. It was not easy for them. Link 2

Little Women by Alcott is still a popular read across many different generations. It is read by all ages and is an American classic.  Link 3

## Other websites

1-- https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/09/little-women-louisa-may-alcott/565754/

2--https://americanliterature.com/author/louisa-may-alcott/book/little-women/summary

3--https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/292282/little-women-by-louisa-may-alcott/9780143106654/

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Little Women
- **image**: Little Women.djvu
- **author**: Louisa May Alcott
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Children's novel
- **publisher**: Roberts Brothers
- **release date**: 1868 (1st volume)
1869 (2nd volume)
- **media type**: Print
- **followed by**: Little Men
Mario Del Monaco

**Mario Del Monaco** (July 27, 1915 - July 16, 1982) was an Italian tenor, particularly associated with Italian heroic roles, notably _Otello_. One of the leading "tenore di forza" (dramatic tenor) of the 1950s, he possessed a voice of considerable range and power with a thrilling upper register.

## Life and career

Born in Florence, Italy, he studied in Pesaro with Melocchi but was mostly self-taught. He began his operatic career in Pesero in 1940, as Turriddu in _Cavalleria rusticana_. He then sang widely in Italy and made his debut at La Scala in Milan in 1943, as Rodolfo in _La bohème_. After the war, he began to appear outside Italy, Barcelona, London, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Buenos Aires, etc. He first sang at the Metropolitan Opera in New York in 1950, as des Grieux in _Manon Lescaut_.

Although mostly associated with the Italian repertoire (_Ernani_, _Il trovatore_, _La forza del destino_, _Aida_, _Andrea Chénier_, _Tosca_, _La fanciulla del West_, _Turandot_, etc.), he also enjoyed considerable success as Don José in _Carmen_ and Samson in _Samson et Dalila_. He left several complete opera recordings, often with soprano Renata Tebaldi.

Del Monaco was married to soprano Rina Filippini, who was also his vocal coach. Their son, Giancarlo (b. 1945), is an operatic stage director. Del Monaco died from nephritis in Mestre, near Venice, at the age of 67.

## Sources

- _Le guide de l'opéra_, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Fayard, 1986.
Thornhill (Alabama)

**Thornhill** is an old plantation house near Forkland, Alabama. The Greek Revival main house was built in 1833 by James Innes Thornton.  Thornhill was a cotton plantation in the early 1830s. It extended over 2,600 acres. By 1860, there were 156 slaves working on the plantation.  About a third of the slaves lived in quarters behind the main house. William Nichols is believed to be the architect. The house measures 55 feet wide. Inside is a 14 ft wide by 40 ft long central hall. There is a spiral staircase at the back. There are two rooms to either side. The left front room was the parlor. The dining room was behind it. On the front right was the master bedroom. The plantation office was behind it. Upstairs is a matching hall and four bedrooms. All eight rooms are 19.5 feet square. The downstairs rooms have 12-foot ceilings. The upstairs ceilings are 11 feet. There was once a brick kitchen behind the house. It later burned. Additions were made to the original house from 1890 to 1949. They were razed in 1994 and rebuilt to better match the original intent. The two-story portico with six Ionic columns was added about 1850. The plantation schoolhouse was constructed about 1845. The Thornton children and neighboring plantation children were taught there. Surrounding the schoolhouse are 230-year-old post oaks. The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 10, 1984.
Stadtholder

A **stadtholder** is a political leader or governor who controls a region or area of land for someone else.

The title was used in the northern part of Western Europe during the 18th century. It was most commonly used in the areas that now are the countries of Belgium and the Netherlands. A person who ruled many different areas often could not take control of all of them at the same time. To deal with that problem, a stadtholder of an area would be a appointed. That person would act as the ruler for that area. As a viceroy the stadtholder had total control of the area.

The stadtholder of the Dutch Republic was in practice a hereditary monarch from the 16th to the 18th centuries. After the Napoleonic Wars, they became kings.

## Related pages

- William the Silent
The Click (song)

"**The Click**" is the third single off the debut self-titled album by American punk band Good Charlotte. The song was released in 2001. The song didn't initially appear on the track listing for the _Good Charlotte album_ but was later added on the track listing for the Japanese and 2003 rerelease of _Good Charlotte_. The song was also the theme song for the television show _Undergrads_ and the band have also been mentioned in numerous episodes and made an appearance in the 12th episode where they played "The Click".

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Click
- **artist**: Good Charlotte
- **album**: Good Charlotte (album), Good Charlotte
- **released**: 2001
- **recorded**: 1999 - 2000
- **genre**: Pop punk, skate punk
- **length**: 2:44 (Music Video Version)
3:33 (Album Version)
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic
- **writer**: Benji Madden
Joel Madden
- **prev title**: The Motivation Proclamation
- **prev year**: 2001
- **next title**: Festival Song
- **next year**: 2001
Reductionism

**Reductionism** is the idea that a system can be totally determined by looking at its parts, and by combining these using rules such as logic. Theories can be reduced to observations, concepts to things, and the laws of nature to the events that cause them.

## Other page

- Holism (contrary notion)
Sagami Bay

, also known as the **Sagami Gulf** or **Sagami Sea**, is an area of the Pacific coastline of the Japanese island of Honshu.   The bay is approximately  southwest of the capital, Tokyo.

Underwater canyons extend out of Sagami Bay into the Pacific Ocean in a continuous slope called the "Sagami Trough".

Major cities on the bay include Odawara, Chigasaki, Fujisawa, Hiratsuka, Ito, and Kamakura.

## History

The center of the Great Kantō earthquake in 1923 was in Sagami Bay.

## Related pages

- Shōnan
- Enoshima