juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Arad, Romania

**Arad** (pronunciation in Romanian: ; Hungarian: _Arad_; Serbian: Арад, _Arad_) is the capital city of Arad County, in the western part of Romania, in Crişana, Ardeal.  It is found on the Mureş River.

### Sister cities

- Atlit, Israel
- Fushun, China
- Gyula, Hungary
- Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
- Giv'atayim, Israel
- Pécs, Hungary

### Partner cities

- Kirklees, United Kingdom
- Ditzingen, Germany
- Würzburg, Germany
- Trencin, Slovakia
- Tatabánya, Hungary
- Zrenjanin, Serbia

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Arad
- **settlement type**: Municipality
- **image caption**: From top, left to right: Arad City Hall, Cenad Palace, The Red Church, St. Anthony of Padua Church, Moise Nicoara National College, Ioan Slavici National Theatre, Statue of St. Nepomuk's, Aurel Vlaicu University
- **image flag**: ROU AR Arad Flag.png
- **image shield**: ROU AR Arad CoA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Romania
- **map caption**: Location of Arad, Romania
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: Arad County
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Romania, Status
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Gheorghe Falcă
- **leader party**: Democratic Liberal Party (Romania), Democratic Liberal Party
- **area total km2**: 46.18
- **elevation m**: 117
- **population total**: 159,704
- **population as of**: 2011 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 31xxx
- **area code**: (+40) 02 57
- **registration plate**: AR
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Oceanic climate, Cfb
- **website**: [http://www.primariaarad.ro/index.php?op=modload&name=fpg&file=index&newlang=eng&theme=th1-eng primariaarad.ro]
Pianist

A **pianist** is a person who plays the piano.

A pianist can play music for piano alone or play together with other musicians in an ensemble or orchestra. Pianists also play along singers, solo musicians, and other performers in their leading performance.

## Related pages

- List of classical pianists
Telephone book

A **telephone book** or **phone book** or **telephone directory** is a book that has lists of telephone numbers of people and businesses. People use phone books to look up the phone numbers of people and places when they need to call them. One example of a telephone book is Yellow Pages.

## Other websites

- International telephone book
French dip sandwich

The **French dip sandwich** is a popular dish. It is a sandwich, usually on French bread, with roast beef on the inside. It comes with a special sauce called _jus_ which is usually made with the juice and fat that came off the roast beef when they were cooking it. It was not originally from France; two restaurants in Los Angeles, California, _Cole's_ and _Philippe's_, both claim to have invented it.

## Related pages

- Cheesesteak

## Other websites

- Recipe at Wikibooks

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: French dip sandwich
- **image**: Roast Beef Dip lunch.JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Roast beef dip au jus, with french fries
- **alternate name**: Beef dip
- **country**: United States
- **region**: Los Angeles, California
- **creator**: Multiple claims
- **course**: Main
- **type**: Sandwich
- **main ingredient**: Baguette, roast beef, au jus
- **variations**: With cheese
Billy Preston

**Billy Preston** (September 2, 1946 - June 5, 2006) was an American R&B musician. He is best known for his piano and organ playing.

Preston began playing piano when he was three years old. He worked with many other musicians including Aretha Franklin, Sammy Davis Jr., Quincy Jones, Eric Clapton, the Jackson 5 and the Rolling Stones.

He worked on The Beatles's last album, _Let It Be_, in 1969, including the song "Get Back". Many people thought that Preston would join the group, but the Beatles broke up shortly afterwards. He later worked with George Harrison, who had been a Beatle.

Preston's biggest success also came from working with another musician. He did a duet with Syreeta Garrett on "With You I'm Born Again" in 1979. It sold over a million copies and reached Number 2 in the United Kingdom singles chart.

Preston was gay. He died of respiratory failure after being in a coma from a heart infection.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Billy Preston
- **img**: Billy Preston.jpg
- **img capt**: Billy Preston visiting the White House in 1974
- **image size**: 250
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: William Everett Preston
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, United States
- **death place**: Scottsdale, Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States
- **instrument**: Keyboard instrument, Keyboards, Organ (music), organ, piano, electric piano, Singing, vocals, harpsichord, accordion, Drum kit, drums
- **genre**: Rhythm and blues, Rock music, rock, Soul music, soul, funk, gospel music, gospel
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, bandleader, actor
- **years active**: 1956–2005
- **label**: Derby Records, Derby, Vee-Jay Records, Vee-Jay, Apple Records, Capitol Records, Capitol, Buddah Records, Buddah, A&M Records, A&M, Motown Records, Motown
- **associated acts**: Sam Cooke, The Beatles, Sly & the Family Stone, King Curtis, The Rolling Stones, Ray Charles, Eric Clapton
- **website**: [http://www.billypreston.net/ Billy Preston.net]
Popular music

**Popular music** is music that many people like. Usually, popular music can be performed by people with little or no musical training. Usually, the music industry distribute popular music to a wide audience. The term is in contrast to art music, which needs musical training to be performed. It is also different from traditional folk music. Pop music is a kind of popular music. Many people use the two terms as synonyms.

Popular music started in the 17th century Bourgeoisie. The phonograph as well as industrialisation made it possible to create and distribute phonographic records. In the 19th century, these were responsible for the success of popular music. Later the radio, as well as shows in theatres, and movies were used to distribute popular music.
Pop

A **pop** is an onomatopoeic term for a quick sharp explosion.

**Pop** or **POP** could also mean:

## Computer science

- Partial-order planning, an agorithm
- Post Office Protocol, Internet protocol used for E-mail
- Pop, an operation on a Stack

## Food and drink

- Corn Pops, breakfast cereal
- Pop, carbonated soft drink
- Pop (frozen snack), snack on a stick or in a plastic or cardboard sleeve made from fruit juice or sugared water
- Blow Pops, Tootsie Roll brand
- Caramel Apple Pops, Tootsie Roll brand
- Jiffy Pop, popcorn product
- Pop Secret, well-known brand of popcorn
- Tootsie Pop, hard candy lollipop with a Tootsie Roll filling at its center
- Pop Tarts, a flat rectangular toaster pastry

## Entertainment

- Prince of Persia, video game series
- The Planes of Power, expansion pack to the MMORPG _EverQuest_

### Music

- Iggy Pop, American punk rock singer and actor
- _Pop_ (album), 1997 album by U2
- Pop music, type of popular music

## Acronym

- A Point of Presence, where two communication interfaces meet.
- The Post Office Protocol, a computer protocol to get electronic mail
- Persistent organic pollutant, a kind of chemical substance
- Progresterone only pill, a contraceptive for women
- One of two operations that can be done on a stacĸ; pop removes the top element. The other one is called push, and puts on an element.

## Other

- Pop (television channel), children's television channel in the UK
- Snap, Crackle and Pop, the three animated mascots of Rice Krispies cereal
- Pop, the male parent or grandparent of a child
- Pop, the first month of in the Maya Haab' calendar
- Pop art, visual artistic movement that emerged in the late 1950s
- Pop culture, the vernacular culture that prevails in any given society
- Pop icon, popular celebrity
- Point of Purchase, retail display design for retailers and brand owners.
Mac

**Mac** can be:
- Apple Macintosh, computer
- Mackintosh, raincoat
- Slang or informal for; man; son; macaroni
- "son of", originally Gaelic; used in the fast food chain, McDonald's.

_MAC_ can be:
- Media Access Control (MAC), MAC address
- Mid-American Conference, a sports league for universities in the United States
- Mainland Affairs Council, a government agency.
Tom Jones

**Tom Jones** can refer to:

- _The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling_, a 1749 novel by Henry Fielding
- _Tom Jones_ (movie), a 1963 movie based on the novel
- Tom Jones (singer), a Welsh pop singer born Thomas John Woodward
- Tom Jones (writer), writer of _The Fantasticks_
- Thomas George Jones, English footballer
- Tom Jones (auto racer), a Formula 1 racer
Hades

**Hades** (, _Háidēs_) is the king of the underworld (not to be confused with the god of the dead, Thanatos) in ancient Greek religion and myth. He is the eldest son of the Titans Kronos and Rhea and brother to Zeus, Poseidon, Hestia, Hera, Demeter and Chiron.

As the lord of the dead, Hades was greatly feared by the Greeks, and he had few temples or shrines dedicated to him. He was married to the goddess Persephone, the daughter of Zeus and Demeter. Hades’ symbols were the cornucopia, a sceptre, the cypress, narcissus, poplar and his Helm of Darkness; the screech owl was his sacred animal. His sacred fruit was the pomegranate, the fruit that Persephone ate one- third of when she was kidnapped and in the underworld. Hades’ Roman equivalent was Pluto, whose name is merely a Latinization of the Greek _Plouton_.
Superlative

A **superlative**, in grammar, is an adjective describing a noun that is the best example of a given quality. In other words, a superlative describes a noun that has more of some quality **than any other**.

Some examples:
- the _coldest_ day (i.e. the best example of a cold day, or the day that is colder than all the others)
- the _craziest_ man
- the _fluffiest_ cloud

In English, most superlatives can be formed by adding -EST to an existing adjective, like the examples above. (For adjectives that end in "-y", like "crazy", one often changes the "y" to an "i" before one adds the -EST on the end.)

Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms, which do not follow the rules, such as far ("farthest") and bad ("worst").

Other adjectives have no superlative form at all, and the superlative is made simply by adding the adverb "most" before the adjective. For instance, you do not say "funnest," or "interestingest". Instead, you say "most fun," and "most interesting."
This way of making the superlative is used for almost all adjectives ending in "ing" (like "interesting", "fascinating", "disgusting" or "appealing".)
Learning disability

**Learning disabilities**, also called **learning difficulties**, are conditions that make it hard to learn and understand things in the same way others do. Some people with learning difficulties also find it hard to fit in with other people because there are many things that people must know to live in society that are not easy to learn.

Learning difficulties can be things that people can learn to live with on their own, like dyslexia (a difficulty with reading) and dysgraphia (a difficulty with writing). They can also be big things that mean a person needs more help (like autism). People with learning disabilities may have average intelligence. Some scientists have said that learning disabilities are not the same as mental illnesses. They may be able to deal with their difficulties by doing things in different ways.

- There are many conditions or situations which make it difficult for a person to learn, but they are not all called "learning difficulties". Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not a learning disability, but it may affect how a person learns. Another example is deafness or blindness.

## Related pages

- Down syndrome
- Intellectual disability
- Neurodiversity
Wheelbarrow

A **wheelbarrow** is a kind of vehicle that is built to be pushed around with a load inside it. It is usually used in gardens.

Most wheelbarrows have one wheel, but some have two.
Wheelbarrows are used to carry heavy stuff which some people cannot carry.
Cold

**Cold** is a relative term used in comparison with the adjective warm (opposite of cold). Because it is relative, there is no range in coldness. The temperatures in the winter season are often categorized as being cold. Cold is the opposite of hot.

The coldest possible temperature is −273.15 °C, which can be expressed as −459.67 °F on the Fahrenheit scale. This is called absolute zero. Absolute zero is also 0 K on the Kelvin scale and 0 °R on the Rankine scale

## Cooling

Cooling is when an object gets cold, or lowers in temperature. This can happen by taking away heat, or by putting something in a place with a lower temperature. Fluids used to cool objects are called coolants.

Air cooling is making the temperature of an object lower using air. This will only work if the air is at a lower temperature than the object. The process will work better if there is more surface area on the object or if the item's mass can be made smaller.

Other ways to cool objects include using ice, dry ice, or liquid nitrogen. This works by convection; the heat  is taken from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold coolant.

## Cold  locations and objects

- The Boomerang Nebula is the coldest known place in the universe. Scientists believe the temperature is 1 K (kelvin) (−272.15 °C/−457.87 °F).
- Herschel Space Observatory equipment is kept at temperatures below 2 K, using  a large helium tank for cooling.
- Neptune's moon Triton has a surface temperature of −235 °C (−390  °F).
- Uranus has an atmospheric temperature  of −215 °C (−355 °F).
- Saturn has a temperature of −175 °C (−285 °F) at cloud tops.
- Mercury, even though it is close to the Sun, is actually cold during the  night. It has a temperature of about −170 °C (−275 °F). Mercury is cold at night because it has no atmosphere to trap in heat from the Sun.
- Jupiter has a temperature of −145 °C (−230 °F) at the cloud tops.
- Mars has a temperature of about −125 °C (−195 °F).
- The coldest continent on Earth is Antarctica.  The coldest place on Earth is the Antarctic Plateau, an area of Antarctica around the South Pole that has an altitude of around 3000 meters. The lowest measured temperature on Earth, , was recorded at Vostok Station on 21 July 1983.
Electrical conductivity

**Electrical conductivity** is the measure of a material's ability to allow the transport of an electric charge. Its SI is the _siemens per meter_, (A<sup>2</sup>s<sup>3</sup>m<sup>−3</sup>kg<sup>−1</sup>)  (named after Werner von Siemens) or, more simply,  Sm<sup>−1</sup>.

It is the ratio of the current density to the electric field strength. It is equivalent to the electrical conductance measured between opposite faces of a 1-metre cube of the material under test.

- The symbol for electrical conductivity is **κ** (kappa), and also **σ** (sigma) or **γ** (gamma).

Electrical conductance is an electrical phenomenon where a material contains movable particles with electric charge (such as electrons), which can carry electricity. When a difference of electrical potential is placed across a conductor, its electrons flow, and an electric current appears.

A conductor such as a metal has high conductivity, and an insulator like glass or a vacuum has low conductivity. A semiconductor has a conductivity that varies widely under different conditions.

Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal (or inverse) of electrical resistivity.
Pierre Omidyar

**Pierre Omidyar** (born June 21, 1967) created and is now the chairman of eBay. He was born in Paris, France to a French-Iranian family. Born in Paris, France, brought up by Iranian parents, Omidyar moved to the United States at the age of six. He grew up in Washington D.C. and developed an interest in computing while still at St. Andrew’s Episcopal School in Bethesda, Maryland. He graduated high school in 1984. In 1988 he graduated in computer science from Tufts University. He helped write MacDraw in 1989 for Claris, a part of Apple Computer. Two years later he co-founded Ink Development (later renamed eShop). He was 28 when he wrote the original computer code for what eventually became e-Bay. The site was launched on Labor Day, Monday, September 4 1995, under the more basic name “Auction Web.”
Caribert of Laon

**Caribert of Laon**, son of Martin of Laon, was the grandfather of Charlemagne. He was the father of Charles's mother, Bertrada of Laon. In 721, he signed, with his mother Bertrada of Prüm, the foundation act of the Abbey of Prüm. The same year, also with his mother, he made a donation to the Abbey of Echternach. In 744, his daughter Bertrada of Laon (by Bertrada of Cologne) married Pepin the Short, mayor of the palace of Neustria and Burgundy and later king of the Franks. He died before 762.
Korean language

**Korean** is spoken mainly in North and South Korea. It is spoken by more than 78 million people (most are North or South Koreans).

## Overview

In South Korea, it is called _hangukmal_ (한국말) or _hangugeo_ (Hangeul: 한국어, Hanja: 韓國語). In North Korea, however, it is called _choseonmal_ (조선말) or _choseoneo_ (조선어, 朝鮮語). They are named differently because the common names for North and South Korea are different. Additionally, Koreans usually call their language _urimal_ (Hangeul: 우리말) or _urinara mal_ (Hangeul: 우리나라 말), meaning "our language" or "our country's language."

## Writing

Korean uses two different writing systems. One is Hangul, the main alphabet. In North Korea, only Hangeul (Known as Choseongeul in North Korea) is used by law. In South Korea, only Hangeul is used in most public areas like education, but the other system, Hanja, is still used in some newspapers and professional areas. Hanja is the system of Chinese characters that are used in Korean. It was the only way to write Korean before the creation of Hangeul in the 15th century, and it was common in novels before the 19th century.

Although King Sejong the Great led the development of Hangeul to allow literacy to spread among common people and to create a writing system that represented the language more accurately than Hanja, it was not adopted by the upper classes of Koreans. Hanja would continue to be the official writing system until the late 19th century. Although it was rejected by the elite classes, Hangeul was used often by lower classes as a way to write down Korean literature and for lower classes to communicate.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Korean
- **nativename**: ,
_Hangugeo, Chosŏnmal_
- **image**: Hangugeo-Chosonmal.svg
- **imagecaption**: Two names for Korean, _Hangugeo_ and _Chosŏnmal_, Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts, written vertically in hangul
- **states**: South Korea
North Korea
Jilin·Liaoning·Heilongjiang, China
- **speakers**: 76 million
- **date**: 2007
- **familycolor**: altaic
- **fam1**: Koreanic
- **fam2**: Buyeo
- **fam3**: Sillan
- **ancestor**: Old Korean
- **ancestor2**: Middle Korean
- **dia1**: Jeju
- **script**: Hangul (primary)
Hanja (mixed script)
Korean Braille
Cyrillic script, Cyrillic (Koryo-mar)
- **nation**:

Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, Yanbian, People's Republic of China, China
- **agency**: South Korea:
The National Institute of the Korean Language

North Korea:
_Sahoe Kwahagwon Ŏhak Yŏnguso_

- **iso1**: ko
- **iso2**: kor
- **lc1**: kor
- **ld1**: Modern Korean
- **lc2**: okm
- **ld2**: Middle Korean
- **lc3**: oko
- **ld3**: Old Korean
- **linglist**: okm
- **lingname**: Middle Korean
- **linglist2**: oko
- **lingname2**: Old Korean
- **glotto**: kore1280
- **lingua**: 45-AAA-a
- **map**: Map of Korean language.png
- **mapcaption**: Countries with native Korean-speaking populations. (Established immigrant communities in green)
Hand

A **hand** is the part of the body at the end of an arm. Most humans have two hands. Each hand usually has four fingers and a thumb. On the inside of the hand is the palm. The five bones inside this part of the hand are called metacarpals. The wrist connects the hand to the arm. The hand has 27 bones including the wrist bones.

When the fingers are all bent tightly, the hand forms a fist. The joints that are the hardest part of the fist are called knuckles. Many other animals, especially other primates, have hands that can hold things. Human hands can do things which hands of other animals cannot.

## Related pages

- Foot

## Other websites

- Hand anatomy (eMedicine)
Rule

**Rule** can mean:

- A means of measurement (such as a slide rule.)
- A law or regulation.
- A precedent or conclusion drawn from experiments.
- Rule of thumb

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
1910s

The **1910s** began on January 1, 1910 and ended on December 31, 1919. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1911 and ended on December 31, 1920.

## Events

- Balkan Wars
- Mexican Revolution
- 1911-12: The Republic of China overthrew the Qing Dynsty.
- 1912: The ship RMS _Titanic_ strikes an iceberg in the North Atlantic, and sinks on its first voyage.
- 1912: Olympic Games held in Stockholm, Sweden.
- 1914–1918: World War I 15,000,000 people die
- 1917: The October revolution in Russia. Communists get rid of the king (Tsar)
- 1918–1919: Influenza (the spanish flu) spreads through Europe killing 25,000,000 to 50,000,000 people.

## World leaders

- Prime Minister Andrew Fisher (Australia)
- Prime Minister Joseph Cook (Australia)
- Prime Minister Billy Hughes (Australia)
- Emperor Franz Joseph I (Austria-Hungary)
- Emperor Karl (Austria-Hungary)
- Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden (Canada)
- Emperor Henry Pu Yi of the Qing Dynasty (China)
- Sun Yat-sen, President of the Republic of China
- Yuan Shikai, President of the Republic of China and briefly Emperor.
- Xu Shichang, President of the Republic of China
- Emperor Wilhelm II (German Empire)
- Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg (German Empire)
- King Victor Emmanuel III (Italy)
- Pope Pius X
- Pope Benedict XV
- Sultan Vahidettin (Ottoman Empire)
- Ahmad Shah Qajar of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
- Emperor Nicholas II (Russia)
- Vladimir Lenin (Soviet Union)
- King Alfonso XIII (Spain)
- Prime Minister José Canalejas (Spain)
- Prime Minister Eduardo Dato Iradier (Spain)
- King George V (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister H. H. Asquith (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister David Lloyd George (United Kingdom)
- President William Howard Taft (United States)
- President Woodrow Wilson (United States)

## Births

- 1911 – Ronald Reagan
- 1912 – Alan Turing
- 1912 – John Cage
- 1912 – Pope John Paul I
- 1913 – Richard Nixon
- 1913 – Gerald Ford
- 1914 – Richard Widmark
- 1916 – Gregory Peck
- 1918 – Nelson Mandela, South African prisoner of conscience and president
- 1918 – Paul Harvey, American radio host
- 1919 – Eva Perón

## Deaths

- 1914 – Adlai E. Stevenson, American politician
- 1914 – John Philip Holland, early submarine designer
- 1919 – Emiliano Zapata
William Christopher

**William Christopher** (October 20, 1932 – December 31, 2016) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Father Mulcahy on the television series _M*A*S*H_. He also played Private Lester Hummel on _Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C._

Christopher was born in Evanston, Illinois. He studied at Wesleyan University. His wife was Barbara O'Connor; together they wrote a book, _Mixed Blessings_, about their experiences raising their autistic son. He retired in 2012.

Christopher died on December 31, 2016 in Pasadena, California from small-cell carcinoma, aged 84.
Boxer shorts

**Boxer shorts** are men's underwear. They are shorts with a stretchy band, and named after the shorts worn by boxers.

They were first made in the 1930s, but did not become popular until 1947. These days, briefs (Y-fronts) are sold more than boxer shorts.

Some boxer shorts have openings with a snap button for using the toilet (urinating). Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. They can be made in different colors or patterns.  Television displays more men in boxer shorts than in other underwear.

## Boxer shorts for women

Boxer shorts for women have also been made. They are often worn as loungewear. They  are often longer. There have been reports that women have been buying men's boxers for use as underwear.
CD player

A **CD player** is a device that can read the binary data on a CD (compact disc) and turn that into sound waves.

A CD player has a laser and an optical sensor.  A CD has tracks and bumps on the tracks.  The CD player passes a laser beam along the track of the CD.  The areas that are reflected (without the bumps) are 1s to the player and the areas that are reflected (with the bumps) are 0s to the player.  When the 1's and 0's are added to the CD a complicated coding is used that enables error corrections to prevent the CD "skipping" in the event of a small scratch. The CD player converts the series of 1's and 0's into sound waves by sending a varying voltage into an amplifier which then drives a speaker. The conversion of digital data into an analogue signal is achieved through the use a matrix (maths not the movie), imaginary numbers and trigonometric functions.

## Related pages

- DVD player
MSN

***MSN*** (formerly the **Microsoft Network**) is a web portal (a website used to enter the Internet).

## Web portal

The web portal launched on August 24 1995 by Microsoft. The site was launched at around the same time as Windows 95. Through MSN, people can create an e-mail account using MSN Hotmail, a blog using MSN Spaces, a group using MSN Groups and plenty more. It is now the #2 visited site in the world behind Yahoo!. Many people have come across this site in one way or another because it is the default main page of Internet Explorer.

## MSN Messenger

MSN is also the name for MSN Messenger (now called Windows Live Messenger). It is an instant messenger, which allows people to communicate through conversations over an internet connection. As well as conversations using text, this program also allows voice and video conversations. You can even use small _emoticons_ to express what you are trying to say. Messages are sent and received very quickly from around the globe. Its current messenger client is Windows Live Messenger.

## MSN Hotmail

***Hotmail*** is a free email service from MSN. It started in 1995. It was bought by Microsoft in 1997. Microsoft Hotmail accounts are used to log in to MSN Messenger.

## Other websites

- MSN.com
- Hotmail.com
Reed (instrument)

A **reed** is a piece of material that is used in some musical instruments such as saxophones, clarinets and oboes.  The musician blows air through the mouthpiece where the reed is firmly placed, and the air makes the reed vibrate; this vibration in the mouthpiece produces sound all along the instrument, which is changed into specific musical notes depending on the physical nature of the instrument. They are normally made with cane (a grassy kind of plant) or with synthetic (not natural) material.

Musical instruments that use reeds are members of the woodwind family, because many years ago the instruments were all made of wood. Today the instruments can be made of metal (brass, silver, gold), wood, or a hard plastic made to look like wood.

The bassoon family of instruments and the oboe family of instruments play with a double reed. Players play through blowing air through the double reed, making the reeds vibrate. A mouthpiece is not needed.

Other reeds can be made from metal or plastic.
1790

## Events

- January 15 – Pitcairn Islands settled by mutineers from _HMS Bounty_
- January 23 – _HMS Bounty_ burned and destroyed on Pitcairn Island
Births

March 29 - John Tyler, tenth President of the United States (b. 1862)

## Deaths

- July 17 – Adam Smith
Nuuk

**Nuuk** (Danish: **Godthaab** or **Godthåb**) is the capital and most populous city of Greenland. It is around the mouth of island Nuup Kangerlua (Danish: "Godthåbsfjorden") on the west coast of Greenland, about 240 km (150 mi) south of the Arctic Circle. The city has a population of 17,635 people.

It was founded in 1728 by the Norwegian missionary Hans Egede. Egede named the city Godthåb which means _Good Hope_. Today, the people of Nuuk are mainly Inuit and Danes.

Nuuk is the location of the University of Greenland.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Nuuk
- **other name**: Godthåb
- **image caption**: Nuussuaq (district), Nuussuaq district of Nuuk with the Sermitsiaq (mountain), Sermitsiaq mountain in the background
- **image flag**: Flag of Nuuk.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of Nuuk.svg
- **type**: City
- **pushpin map**: Greenland
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Greenland
- **subdivision type**: State
- **subdivision type1**: Countries of the Kingdom of Denmark, Constituent country
- **subdivision type2**: Administrative divisions of Greenland, Municipality
- **subdivision name2**:  Sermersooq
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 29 August 1728
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1728
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Asii Chemnitz Narup (Inuit Ataqatigiit)
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total sq mi**: 265
- **elevation m**: 5
- **population as of**: 2016
- **population total**: 17,316 (List of cities and towns in Greenland, Largest in Greenland)
- **population metro**: 18,040 (including Qeqertarsuatsiaat and Kapisillit)
- **population note**: City and metropolitan population is co-extensive, the entire Metro area belongs to Nuuk City
- **population demonym**: Nuummioq
- **timezone1**: Western Greenland Standard
- **utc offset1**: −03:00
- **timezone1 dst**: Western Greenland Daylight
- **utc offset1 dst**: −02:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: List of postal codes in Greenland, 3900
Lumberjack

A **lumberjack** is a person who cuts down trees to be made into lumber. Lumberjacks used to cut with axes, but now lumberjacks use chainsaws.

## Related pages

- Paul Bunyan
Red Hat Linux

**Red Hat Linux** is a discontinued Linux operating system, replaced by RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux).

Red Hat made it public in the past and it was used by many Linux users. The last publicly released version was Red Hat Linux 9 in April, 2003. Red Hat then decided to discontinue a future release of Red Hat Linux and started the paid _Red Hat Enterprise Linux_ instead. There are some redistributions of RHEL, though such as CentOS which are free and come without Red Hat's branding, logos etc. due to trademark restrictions.

Red Hat Linux 7.3 version is still widely used around the world for servers and workstations.

Around 2005, The Red Hat company released their system as Fedora Core, intended to be a test platform for new technologies. It is now called just 'Fedora' and its present release acts as a base for the next release of RHEL.

## Related pages

- List of Linux distributions

## Other websites

- Official homepage of Red Hat
Sacavém

**Sacavém** is a city in Portugal, near the capital Lisbon. There is about eighteen hundred people living there. Sacavém is on the border of the River Tagus. It confines with the parishes of _Bobadela_, _Camarate_, _Moscavide_, _Portela_, _Prior Velho_ and _Unhos_.

Sacavém is very well known for its ceramics.
Shooter game

**Shooter games** are a popular sub-genre of action games. It includes first-person shooters, third-person shooters, shoot 'em ups, and top-down shooters.

Many of the oldest computer games were shooters; the first arcade game was a shooter called Computer Space, a revamp to the original Spacewar! Additionally, Space Invaders, a 1978, shoot-em-up arcade game, has become a big hit and is known to many gamers.

In Japan, many people play shooters where the enemies shoot out multiple bullets at once. The bullets make patterns on the screen.  This kind of shooter is called a _barrage shooter, bullet hell game_ or a _curtain fire shooter_.  It is also called by the Japanese name, _danmaku_. One of these games is Touhou. Another that combines bullet hell elements with an RPG is Undertale, a game released in 2015.
The Thinker

***The Thinker*** () (1902) is a bronze statue. It was made by the sculptor Auguste Rodin. It depicts a man sitting and thinking with his arms bent on his knee and his chin on his hand. Rodin first called the statue _The Poet_. It was part of a commission by the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris to create a huge gate based on the epic poem _The Divine Comedy_ of Dante. Each of the statues in the piece represented one of the main characters in the poem. _The Thinker_ was originally meant to depict Dante himself in front of the Gates of Hell considering his great poem.  Over twenty casts of the sculpture exist. They are now in museums around the world. Some of those copies are enlarged versions of the original work, while others have somewhat different proportions.

## Other websites

- The Thinker project , Munich. Discussion of the history of the many casts of this artwork.
Nazko Cone

**Nazko Cone** is a small volcano in central British Columbia, Canada. It is approximately 75 km west of the town of Quesnel. It is in the eastern part of the Anahim Volcanic Belt. The most recent eruption of Nazko Cone was 7200 years ago.

A series of small earthquakes occurred in the area of Nazko Cone beginning on October 10, 2007. Most of these earthquakes were magnitude 1.0 or less; some as strong as magnitude 3.2 were centered 25 kilometers below the surface. The cause of these earthquakes is believed to be the rising of molten magma because there are no faults or tectonic plate boundaries. The source of this magma is from the Anahim hotspot and continues to this day.
Anahim Volcanic Belt

The **Anahim Volcanic Belt** is a nearly east–west line of volcanoes stretches from the west coast of British Columbia, Canada, just north of Vancouver Island, and reaches into the Interior Plateau near Quesnel. The farther away from the coast, the younger the volcanoes tend to be. These volcanoes are thought to have formed because of the North American continent sliding westward over the Anahim hotspot. Volcanoes in this belt include the Rainbow, Ilgachuz, and Itcha Ranges, and the Nazko Cone, which last erupted about 7200 years ago.
Chilcotin Group

**Chilcotin Plateau basalts** cover a large area in British Columbia. Basaltic lava formed a volcanic plateau running parallel with the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, about 150 km from the ocean.

During the Miocene and Pliocene, a volcanic field occurred in British Columbia's Interior Plateau. The basalt is assumed to cover up to 50,000 km<sup>2</sup> of the Pacific Northwest. It forms a medium-sized large igneous province, of volume 3300 km<sup>3</sup>.

Volcanism still continues from time to time. Eruptions were most vigorous 610 million years ago (mya) and 23 mya, when most of the basalt was released. Smaller eruptions continued from 1.6 mya to 0.01 mya.
Garibaldi Volcanic Belt

The **Garibaldi Volcanic Belt** is the northern part of the Cascade Volcanic Belt. It is in British Columbia and the northwestern United States. Its volcanos are the most explosive in Canada.

The volcanoes are also the closest to British Columbia's densely populated southwest corner.  These volcanoes are the result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate: the plates meet just seaward of the west coast of Vancouver Island.  The volcanoes of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt are stratovolcanoes typical of subduction zones, and include Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley and Mount Meager.  Meager's eruption 2,350 years ago is the youngest explosive eruption in Canada.  It was similar to that of Mount St. Helens in 1980 and the ongoing eruption of Montserrat in the Caribbean.
Mount Meager

**Mount Meager** is a potentially active volcano in the Canadian province of British Columbia, Canada, 150 kilometers north of Vancouver. The top of the mountain is mostly covered by snow and glaciers. It lies in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and is the northernmost volcano of the Cascade Volcanic Arc that extends down to northern California. Its most common type of rock is lava that is almost a million years old (with a thickness in some places over 1 km).

The mountain is part of the Pacific Ranges of mountains and is 2,680 meters (8,793 feet) high. It was previously called _Cathedral Mountain_.

## Geologic history

Meager is known for its last major eruption about 2,350 years ago. The strange thing about the eruption was the fact it released the debris from the northeast side of the volcano, as rock and ash blocked a major river called the Lillooet River. The river was dammed to a height of at least 100 meters, forming a lake. The lake reached a maximum elevation of 810 meters and was at least 50 meters deep. The breccia soon eroded from water activity within the lake, forming Keyhole Falls. There was a massive flood when the water first broke through the breccia, carrying small house sized blocks of breccia. During this eruption, ash was hurled into the air over 20 kilometers above sea level. The ash was carried eastward as far as Alberta.

## Volcanic hazards

Meager is an unstable volcano. It is built of unstable volcanic and has dumped clay and rock several meters deep into the Perberton Valley at least three times during the last 7,300 years. Two earlier debris flows, around 4,450 and 7,300 years ago, sent rubble at least 32 kilometers from the volcano. Recently, the volcano has created smaller landslides about every ten years, including one in 1975 that killed four geologists near Meager Creek. Logging, mining, tourism and wilderness recreation on nearby slopes and valleys are vulnerable to the volcano’s excellent geomorphic activity. The possibility of Mount Meager covering settled parts of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at one in 2400 years. There is no sign of volcanic eruptions with these events, however scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas anytime without warning.

The explosive nature of past eruptions at Mount Meager indicates that this volcano also poses a considerable long-distance treat to communities across southern British Columbia and Alberta. It is also a local treat to the town of Pemberton, British Columbia, about 50 km away. Another explosive eruption at Mount Meager would also have a considerable impact on local mining and logging operations, as well as significant negative impacts on the Lillooet River fishery.

## Other websites

- Global Volcanism Program: Meager
- Volcanology of the 2350 BP Eruption of Mount Meager Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada
Clematis

***Clematis*** is a genus of plants that is widely known for its beautiful flowers.

There are many varieties in this group as gardeners around the world have produced many varieties. They can be found not only in Western countries but also in Japan.

This plant grows up as a vine. It uses its leaflets and leaf stalks to twine around any support. In nature it often climbs up a nearby tree. The original species can mostly be found in temperate areas on Earth. Some species can also be found on high mountains.
Rational number

In mathematics, a **rational number** is a number that can be written as a fraction. The set of rational number is often represented by the symbol , standing for "quotient" in English.

Rational numbers are all real numbers, and can be positive or negative. A number that is not rational is called irrational.

Most of the numbers that people use in everyday life are rational. These include fractions, integers and numbers with finite decimal digits. In general, a number that can be written as a fraction while it is in its own form is rational.

### Fraction form

All rational numbers can be written as a fraction. Take 1.5 as an example, this can be written as , , or .

More examples of fractions that are rational numbers include , , and .

### Terminating decimals

A terminating decimal is a decimal with a certain number of digits to the right of the decimal point. Examples include 3.2, 4.075, and -300.12002. All of these are rational. Another good example would be 0.9582938472938498234.

### Repeating decimals

A repeating decimal is a decimal where there are infinitely many digits to the right of the decimal point, but which follow a repeating pattern.

An example of this is . As a decimal, it is written as 0.3333333333... The dots indicate that the digit **3** repeats forever.

Sometimes, a group of digits repeats. An example is . As a decimal, it is written as 0.09090909... In this example, the group of digits **09** repeats.

Also, sometimes the digits repeat _after_ another group of digits. An example is . It is written as 0.16666666... In this example, the digit **6** repeats, following the digit 1.

If you try this on your calculator, sometimes it may make a rounding error at the end. For instance, your calculator may say that , even though there is no 7. It rounds the 6 at the end up to 7.

## Irrational numbers

The digits after the decimal point in an irrational number do not repeat in an infinite pattern. For instance, the first several digits of pi are 3.1415926535... and so on. You can find some small repeats here and there, but pi as a whole will never fall into an infinite pattern, no matter how many digits you look at.

## Arithmetic

- Whenever you add or subtract two rational numbers, you always get another rational number.

- Whenever you multiply two rational numbers, you always get another rational number.

- Whenever you divide two rational numbers, you always get another rational number (as long as you do not divide by zero).

- Two rational numbers  and  are equal if .

## Related pages

- Decimal
- Fraction (mathematics)
- Irrational number
- Real number
Saint Patrick's Day

**Saint Patrick's Day** is the feast day of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, and a day of celebration of Ireland, its culture, people and its history. Saint Patrick’s Day is also known as Paddy’s day.

## Celebrations

St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on March 17 all over Ireland and everywhere in the world where Irish people or their descendants live. New York City has one of the biggest parades. It is a very Irish festival, and it involves a lot of feasting and celebration, including traditional Irish music, drinking beer, and eating bacon and cabbage. Another tradition of Saint Patrick’s day is that one has to wear green clothing or they will be pinched. Green is the color of Saint Patrick's day as it is the national color of Ireland. People often wear green on that day or have some type of shamrock on their clothing. It is very common that they wear a Shamrock, a three leaved plant which is also a symbol for Ireland.

The first St. Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. In the beginning, it was a 3 day long celebration, but now it is a 5-day celebration.
MP

**MP** can mean:

- Member of Parliament
- Military Police
- Microprocessor
- Simple English Wikipedia's Main Page
- Mana Points, a common stat in role-playing games
Hibiscus syriacus

***Hibiscus syriacus*** is one of the common flowering shrubs found in gardens, a species of _Hibiscus_. Common names for the same plant include **Rose of Sharon** (but it is not a rose), **rose mallow**, **shrub-althaea**, **Syrian hibiscus**, **Syrian ketmia**, and **St Joseph's rod**.

The part of the name "syriacus" seems to say that the origin of this plant is from Syria, but this is only because it was named after being discovered in gardens there. Historically it was endemic to ancient Korea and parts of China. Today the flowers are national symbols of Korea. In Japan, the flowers are often shown at tea ceremonies for decoration.

There are many variations of flowers in gardens, because gardeners of the past were able to find different colors and shapes of flowers, and grow their seeds.
Hibiscus

**Hibiscus** or **rosemallow** is a genus of plants with a flower of bright colors. It grows mostly in the tropics, but some species grow in cool climates. Hibiscus often become national/state flowers. For example, the Hawaiian hibiscus is the state flower of Hawaii.

The flower usually has five petal. Hibiscus comes in many colours like white to pink, red, purple and yellow.

## Species

There are many types (species) of Hibiscus. The most popular ones in gardens are:
- _Hibiscus brackenridgei_ (Hawaiian hibiscus)
- _Hibiscus rosa-sinensis_ (Chinese hibiscus)
- _Hibiscus syriacus_ (garden hibiscus)

_Hibiscus trionum_ is a common weed in gardens and farms.
Alagoas

**Alagoas** is a small coastal state in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Its capital city is Maceió, where tourism industry is one of the basis for the local economy. Other important cities in Alagoas are _Arapiraca_, _Palmeira dos Índios_, _Penedo_, _Marechal Deodoro_, and _Maragogi_. The state has a total of 101 cities.

Alagoas' coastline has several beaches with coconut trees. Many of the beaches have calm water, because they are sheltered by the Atlantic Ocean sand banks and coral reefs. The state was named after some lagoons along the ocean coast.

## Other websites

- Government of the State of Alagoas

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: State of Alagoas
- **native name**: Estado de Alagoas
- **native name lang**: pt
- **settlement type**: States of Brazil, State
- **image flag**: Bandeira de Alagoas.svg
- **image shield**: Brasão_do_Estado_de_Alagoas.svg
- **image map**: Brazil State Alagoas.svg
- **map caption**: Location of State of Alagoas in Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital and Largest City
- **seat**: Maceió
- **leader party**: MDB
- **leader title**: Governor (Brazil), Governor
- **leader name**: Paulo Dantas (2022-present)
- **leader title1**: Vice Governor
- **leader name1**: Ronaldo Lessa (2023-present)
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 27767.661
- **area rank**: List of Brazilian states by area, 25th
- **population total**: 3,120,922
- **population as of**: 2010 census
- **population rank**: List of Brazilian states by population, 16th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of Brazilian states by population density, 4th
- **population demonym**: Alagoano
- **demographics type1**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics1 title1**: Year
- **demographics1 info1**: 2006 estimate
- **demographics1 title2**: Total
- **demographics1 info2**: R$ 15,753,000,000 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 20th)
- **demographics1 title3**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info3**: R$ 5,164 (List of Brazilian states by gross domestic product, 25th)
- **demographics type2**: Human Development Index, HDI
- **demographics2 title1**: Year
- **demographics2 info1**: 2005
- **demographics2 title2**: Category
- **demographics2 info2**: 0.677 – <span style="color:#green">high</span> (List of Brazilian states by Human Development Index, 27th)
- **timezone1**: Time in Brazil, BRT
- **utc offset1**: -3
- **timezone1 dst**: Time in Brazil, BRST
- **utc offset1 dst**: -2
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:BR, BR-AL
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 57000-000 to 57990-000