juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Box Tops

**The Box Tops** were a 1960s pop music group, from Memphis, Tennessee. Their best known songs are "The Letter" and "Cry Like A Baby".

### Albums

- The Letter/Neon Rainbow (November 1967) – US #82
- Cry Like a Baby (April 1968) – US #59
- Non-Stop (July 1968)
- Dimensions (September 1969) – US #77
- Tear Off! (1998)

### Compilations

- Super Hits (December 1968) – US #45
- The Box Tops' Greatest Hits (1982)
- The Ultimate Box Tops (1987)
- The Best of the Box Tops – Soul Deep (1996)
- Playlist (2013)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Box Tops
- **image size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **caption**: The Box Tops in 1967
Clockwise from left : Bill Cunningham, Danny Smythe, Alex Chilton, Gary Talley, John Evans
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Devilles
- **origin**: Memphis, Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- **years active**: 1967–1970, 1996-2010, 2015-present
- **associated acts**: Big Star
- **current members**: Gary Talley
Bill Cunningham (musician), Bill Cunningham
Rick Levy
Ron Krasinski
Barry Walsh
- **past members**: Alex Chilton <small>(deceased)</small>
Danny Smythe <small>(deceased)</small>
John Evans
Rick Allen (keyboardist), Rick Allen
Thomas Boggs <small>(deceased)</small>
Swain Schaefer(deceased 2019)
Harold Cloud
Bobby Guidotti
Sonny Ferguson
Lulu

**Lulu** can mean:

- Lulu (singer), a pop music singer
- _Lulu_ (opera), an opera, written by the 20th century Austrian composer Alban Berg
- _Lulu_ (album), a 2011 album from Metallica and Lou Reed
- Ludwigslust, a town in Mecklenburg, Germany, nicknamed _Lulu_
Pumpkinhead II

***Pumpkinhead II: Blood Wings*** is a 1994 movie about a young boy named Tommy, a misfit and deformed teenager, who had no friends.

## Plot

One day, Tommy is killed by a gang of bad boys from his home town for no reason at all. Miss Ossie was an old lady who used to take care of Tommy from the very beginning. When the young boy is killed, she decides to bury him in her backyard as a way to keep him around anyway. Several years later in the 1990s, a bunch of teenagers go to Miss Ossie's house and they do something that brings Tommy back to life. Some kind of spelling that resurrect the deformed kid. For some reason, Tommy comes back as an angry and even more grotesque creature who wants to take revenge on the people who killed him in the past and innocent people as well.
THX 1138

***THX 1138*** is a 1971 movie and was the first feature movie directed by George Lucas and executive produced by Francis Ford Coppola and Coppola's production company American Zoetrope.

It was based on a short film Lucas made in college in 1967 called _Electric Labyrinth THX 1138 4EB_.
Miguel de Cervantes

**Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra** (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616) was a Spanish writer. His most famous book was _Don Quijote de la Mancha_. It is considered the first modern novel, and therefore Cervantes was the first novelist. The book has been published in 65 countries. The work is considered among the most important in all of literature. He is sometimes called "The Prince of Satire".

## Military history and captivity

Nobody knows for sure the reasons that forced Cervantes to leave Castile. Whether he was a "student" of the same name, a "sword-wielding fugitive from justice", or fleeing from a royal warrant of arrest, for having wounded a certain Antonio de Sigura in a duel, is another mystery.

In any event, in going to Italy, Cervantes was doing what many young Spaniards of the time did to further their careers. Rome would reveal to the young artist its ecclesiastic pomp, ritual, and majesty. In a city teeming with ruins Cervantes could focus his attention on Renaissance art, architecture, and poetry (knowledge of Italian literature is readily discernible in his own productions) and on rediscovering antiquity. He could find in the ancients "a powerful impetus to revive the contemporary world in light of its accomplishments". Thus, Cervantes' continuing desire for Italy, as revealed in his later works, was in part a desire for a return to an earlier period of the Renaissance.

By 1570, Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a regiment of the Spanish naval elite corps, Infantería de Marina, stationed in Naples, then a possession of the Spanish crown. He was there for about a year before he saw active service. In September 1571 Cervantes sailed on board the _Marquesa_, part of the galley fleet of the Holy League, Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller based in Malta, and others, under the command of King Philip II's illegitimate half brother, John of Austria, that defeated the Ottoman fleet on October 7 in the Gulf of Lepanto near Corinth, at great cost to both sides. Though taken down with fever, Cervantes refused to stay below, and begged to be allowed to take part in the battle, saying that he would rather die for his God and his king than keep under cover. He fought bravely on board a vessel, and received three gunshot wounds – two in the chest, and one which rendered his left arm useless. In _Journey to Parnassus_ he was to say that he "had lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right" (he was thinking of the success of the first part of _Don Quixote_). Cervantes always looked back on his conduct in the battle with pride; he believed that he had taken part in an event that would shape the course of European history.
Bob Chiarelli

**Robert (Bob) Chiarelli** (born September 24, 1941) is a retired Canadian politician, who from 2001 to 2006 was the mayor of Ottawa. In 2006, Chiarelli was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, serving as the Member of Provincial Parliament for the riding of Ottawa-West-Nepean. In the 2018 Ontario provincial election, Chiarelli was not reelected and decided he would retire from politics. Chiarelli grew up in Ottawa, and was married to the late Carol Chiarelli.
Catalan

**Catalan** might mean:
- Anything related to Catalonia
- Catalan language
- Catalan people, the people of Catalonia
GP2X

The **GP2X** is a handheld gaming console. It uses the Linux operating system. An operating system goes inside another system. It helps the other system do what it needs to. The GP2X can have music, videos, games, and pictures. There are updates to the GP2X so it will get more things. The GP2X can have DivX, XviD, MP3, and Ogg Vorbis. DivX and XviD are ways to keep videos and MP3 and Ogg Vorbis can keep music. It can also be able to emulate video games. Emulating means you copy a system. It can emulate systems like the Nintendo Entertainment System, Sega Master System, Turbo Grafx 16, Game Boy, Super Nintendo Entertainment System, and Genesis.

## Other websites

- Germany, Austria and Switzerland (GP2x.de) Official distributor.
Community

A **community** is a collection of living creatures that share a common habitat. They are frequently interested in the same things. People in human groups share some of the same values and needs, which has an impact on the group's and individuals' identities. Despite the fact that communities are established on personal interests, each individual is unique in their own manner, which is the primary source of social variety in a community. Communal forces are the forces of a social group or community as opposed to individual forces. Communal forces have common interests leading to common modes of action and speech. Common interest is the interest of all or a controlling number of the community.

## Related pages

- International community
- Virtual community
Upton Sinclair

**Upton Beall Sinclair** (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968) was a writer of many works from the United States. His most famous book, _The Jungle_ from 1906, was about the American meat-packing industry.

Upton Sinclair had socialist political opinions.  Most of Sinclair's books, including _The Jungle_, dealt with social injustice. He also wrote a book called _Mental Radio_ where he claimed to have conducted telepathic experiments with his wife.

He wrote many other books.  His book _The Flivver King_ was about the Ford Motor Company.  _The Flivver King_ was written at the time when workers at Ford factories were trying to start a labor union.  He wrote a series (many books in a row) with Lanny Budd as the main character.  There were eleven (11) Lanny Budd books.  The Lanny Budd books were about current events in the World at the time.

He later joined the Democratic Party and ran for governor of the state of California in 1934.  He wanted California to start new businesses which would be run by the state government.  This was to help people who were unemployed (did not have jobs) because of the Great Depression.  He lost the election.

He retired in the town of Buckeye, Arizona.

## Other websites

- Works by Upton Sinclair in audio format from LibriVox
- _The Jungle_  Department of American Studies, University of Virginia
- _The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest_, Bartleby.com
- Guide to the Upton Sinclair Collection , Lilly Library, Indiana University
- .
- Upton Sinclair, "EPIC", Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco
- .

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Upton Sinclair
- **image**: Upton Beall Sinclair Jr.jpg
- **birth name**: Upton Beall Sinclair, Jr.
- **birth place**: Baltimore, Maryland
- **spouse**: Meta Fuller (1902–11)
 Mary Craig Kimbrough, (1913–61)
 Mary Elizabeth Willis (1961–67)
- **death place**: Bound Brook, New Jersey
- **occupation**: Novelist, writer, journalist, political activist, politician
- **nationality**: American
- **notableworks**: The Jungle
- **signature**: Upton Sinclair signature.svg
Gizmondo

**Gizmondo** is a handheld video game system. It is made by Tiger Telematics. It has GPRS and GPS. GPRS is used to go on the Internet, and GPS is where you can see where you are. Some games use the Gizmondo's GPS. It has a camera. It can also send text (words) and multimedia (pictures and videos and music) messages, play MP3/WAV/MIDI music and WMA/MP4 video, and play games. MP3, WAV, and MIDI are ways to keep music, and WMA and MP4 are ways to keep videos.

## Releases

The Gizmondo came out in the United Kingdom in March 2005 for £229. It came out in the USA in October 22, 2005. Games include _Agaju: the Sacred Path_, _Colors_, and _Chicane_.

In February 2006, the company was forced into bankruptcy and stopped making the Gizmondo.
Antarctic Treaty System

The **Antarctic Treaty System** is a set of agreements about the continent of Antarctica. It was signed in December 1, 1959 and took effect in 1961. So far, it has been signed by 58 countries.

The ATS is used for governing the continent. The main idea of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) is to make sure that Antarctica is:
- is used peacefully and taken care of.
- is not exploited or used for animal hunting.
- is not involved with military use unless for peaceful purposes.
- is not owned by one group.
- is not ruled by any country and/or continent.
- is not used for violence e.g. testing nuclear missiles.
Cascading Style Sheets

**Cascading Style Sheets**, or **CSS**, is a way to change the look of HTML and XHTML web pages. CSS was designed by the W3C, and is supported well by most modern web browsers. The current version of CSS is CSS3. CSS4 is available, but is split into parts.

One advantage to using CSS is a web page can still be displayed, even if the CSS is not working or removed.

CSS code is saved in files with the `.css` file extension.

To import a CSS file you would use `<link rel="stylesheet" href="CSS_FILE_NAME_HERE.css">` or for a folder you would use `<link rel="stylesheet" href="FOLDER_NAME_HERE/CSS_FILE_NAME_HERE.css">` in HTML.

In CSS, you would use `@import url("CSS_FILE_NAME_HERE.css");` or for a folder you would use `@import url(FOLDER_NAME_HERE/CSS_FILE_NAME_HERE.css");` to import CSS into your CSS.

You could also use `@import` in a set of `<style>import goes here</style>` tags to import the CSS in your HTML from your CSS. You could also put your CSS directly into the HTML by putting in a set of `<style>css here</style>` tags.

### Paragraphs

To make all paragraphs on a page blue and sized 20% bigger than normal text, we would apply this CSS rule to a page:

The `p` refers to all HTML elements with the `` tag. The CSS is being used to change this element. The `color` and `font-size` are both properties, and the `blue` and `120%` are values. Each property has a set of possible values. These values can be words or numbers.

### Main Title

To give the main Title on a page a solid red border underneath, we would apply this CSS rule to the page. 5px otherwise known as pixels, represents the thickness of the line:

The `h1` refers to all HTML elements with the `` tag. The CSS is being used to change this element. The `border-bottom` is the property and the `5px` and `solid red` are values. Each property has a set of possible values. These values can be words or numbers.

### Button

To give a button a hover effect and make it blue with no border, we would apply this CSS rule to this page. The CSS is being used to change this element. The button refers to all HTML elements with the <button> tag.  Preview with the HTML code `<button> button </button>` used:

Preview of the button being hovered over:

## Other websites

- W3C
- Website about CSS3
Allah

**Allah** (  <small>lit. 'The God'</small>) is the common name for God in Arabic. It is similar to _Ha-El_, the name for God in Hebrew, and _Alaha-i_, the name for God in Aramaic. Muslims commonly use the word _Allah_ for God. Sometimes, people who speak Arabic still use the word _Allah_ when they speak English.

### Where the word comes from

Around 2000 BC (4000 years ago) a group of people called the Canaanites lived in the Middle East. They had many gods, and the ruling god was called El. According to their beliefs, El created the earth and everything else. They believed El had total power, ruled over everything, and lived forever.

Later, the word _El_ became _Eloh_ or _Eloah_ in Aramaic. Hebrew changed the Aramaic word to _Eloah_. In the New Testament (the second book in the Christian Bible), the words _Eli_ and _Elohi_ were used to mean god.

_El_ is also in some people's names, such as _Gabriel_, _Mikael_, _Azrael_, _Israel_, _Yishmael_, and _Emanuel._

### As a common noun

In Arabic, the general word for a god is _ilaah_. It can mean a specific god, or any god at all, depending on how it is used.

### As a proper noun

As a proper noun, _Allah_ is a name for one God: the god of the Abrahamic religions. In Arabic, the word _al_ is an article (a word for _the_), so _al-ilaah_ means _the God_. Usually, Muslims use the word _Allah_. However, Arabs of different faiths also refer to God as _Allah_.

The name _Allah_ is made of four letters in Arabic:  (or Alif Lam Lam Ha, from right to left, A-L-L-H, 2111), which when brought together to make الله

## In Islam

There are many different names for God in Islam. However, _Allah_ is the most common. For Muslims, _Allah_ is:

- A single God who is all-powerful, all-good and all-knowing, so he cannot make mistakes
- The Originator (Arabic: الْخَالِقُ) of everything, including the heavens and the Earth
- The Absolute (free from any limitation and unlike any of His creation who are relative to Him and dependent on Him

## In Judaism

In Judaism, God is usually called YHWH (which scholars usually pronounce _Yahweh_). Both names are mentioned in the Jewish Bible and are among the seven names of God in Judaism.

In Judaism, Elohim is the Title of God. Muslims call God _Allahuma_ when praying to Him. These words are similar because both Arabic and Hebrew are Semitic languages.

## In Christianity

Arab Christians refer to God in Arabic as _Allah_. In the Arabic translation of the Christian Bible, God is called _Allah_. The word _Allah_ was also used in old translations of the Bible into Turkish due to Islamic culture being common in Turkey, and because Turkish was influenced by Arabic.
Proton decay

**Proton decay** is a theory that a proton could decay into two small particles, a pion and a positron. This would be a new type of radioactive decay. So far, proton decay has not been observed, but some physicists believe it. Most current theories say that protons do not decay.
Names of God in Islam

The 99 **Names of  Allah** (, translit: ) also known as the **99 attributes of Allah**, according to Islamic tradition, are the names of Allah  revealed by the Creator (الله) (Allah) in the Qur'an. These are considered to be the attributes of Allah. The 99 Names of Allah are very important to Muslims and in Islamic tradition they are taken from different verses of the Holy Qur'an.

According to Islamic tradition, whoever memorizes and acts upon the 99 names of Allah, will enter Paradise.
Single-player video game

- _For single-player card games, see solitaire._

In the context of video gaming, a **singleplayer** game is one which only allows for one person to play per session. In singleplayer games, the player usually must fight against AI (artificially intelligent) opponents.
Fallopian tube

The **fallopian tubes** (also known as **oviducts** and **uterine tubes**) connect the ovaries to the uterus. The fallopian tubes let the ovum pass into the uterus. The ovum is able to be fertilized by sperm during sexual intercourse.

## Origin

They are named after the 16th century Italian anatomist, Gabriele Falloppio. The Greek word salpinx (σαλπιγξ) means "trumpet".

## Anatomy

There are two Fallopian tubes attached to either side of the end of the uterus. Each tube will end near one ovary. This place is called the fimbria. The Fallopian tubes are not attached to the ovaries, but open into the peritoneal cavity. The inside of tubes is lined with epithelial cells with cilia. The cilia help the ovum travel through the fallopian tubes and into the uterus.

In humans, the Fallopian tubes are about 7 - 14 cm long.

### Parts

There are four parts of the fallopian tube from the ovary to the uterus:
- Infundibulum
- Ampulla - where the ovum is fertilized
- Isthmus

### Layers

The fallopian tube is made of three layers:

- Mucosa - these are folded walls with ciliated cells along them.
- Muscularis externa
- Serosa

### Movement

The Fallopian tubes can move around the pelvis.

## Fertilization

When an ovum is ready to be released from the ovary, the ovary wall breaks open and the ovum goes into the fallopian tube. There, it starts moving towards to uterus with the help of liquids and cilia on the inside walls. This can take hours or days.

If the ovum is fertilized while in the fallopian tube, then it sticks to the endometrium, which is the beginning of pregnancy.

## Related pages

- Menstrual cycle
- Ovum on wiktionary

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Fallopian tubes
- **latin**: Tuba uterina
- **greek**: Salpinx
- **image**: Scheme_female_reproductive_system-en.svg
- **caption**: Schematic frontal view of female anatomy
- **image2**: Normal Fallopian Tube, Human.jpg
- **caption2**: Cross-section of Fallopian tube, histology, stained and viewed under microscope
- **system**: Reproductive system
- **artery**: tubal branches of ovarian artery, tubal branch of uterine artery via mesosalpinx
- **lymph**: lumbar lymph nodes
1818

**1818** (MDCCCXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- January 3: Venus occulted (block from view) Jupiter.
- February 12: Chile became independent from Spain.
- December 3: Illinois becomes a state.
Carmen Miranda

**Carmen Miranda** (February 9, 1909 – August 5, 1955) was a Portuguese-Brazilian singer and actress. She was best known for her exotic costumes and hats made of fruit.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Carmen Miranda
- **image**: Gangs all here trailer.jpg
- **caption**: From the movie _The Gang's All Here (1943 movie), The Gang's All Here_ (1943)
- **birth name**: Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha, Order of Prince Henry, GCIH
- **birth place**: Marco de Canaveses, Portugal
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **years active**: 1928–1955
- **other names**: The Brazilian Bombshell
The Chiquita Banana Girl
The Lady in the tutti frutti hat
- **spouse**: her death
Magnum, P.I.

***Magnum, P.I.*** is an American crime drama television series. It stars Tom Selleck and John Hillerman. It was on TV from 1980 to 1988. It is about Thomas Magnum III, a smooth private detective working in Hawaii.
Twin Peaks

***Twin Peaks*** was an American television series that ran from 1990 to 1991. It told the story of an FBI agent who comes to the strange small town of Twin Peaks, Washington, to investigate the murder of a teenage girl. It was made by David Lynch. The show was successful around the world. In 1992, a Twin Peaks movie 'Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me' was released.

## Cast

- Dana Ashbrook
- Kyle MacLachlan
- Peggy Lipton
- Joan Chen
- Sam Stanley
English people

**English people** refer to people who are citizens of England or of English descent. England is one of the nations that is a part of the Island of Great Britain. It shares the island with Scotland (Scots) and Wales (the Welsh). England is also a part of the United Kingdom, along with Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Because of this, English people are also British people.

White English people descended from Anglo-Saxons and Frisians from Central Europe. Non-white English people often have ancestors from many different non-European countries.

Many people leave England to live in former British colonies. These include the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. The countries with the most English people, other than the United Kingdom are the United States, Australia, Canada, South Africa and New Zealand.

## Citizenship

Citizenship refers to the United Kingdom rather than just England. Many citizens in the U.K. are not ethnically white. In the past, the British Empire controlled countries all over the world. People from many of these countries moved to England and had families. Over time, this led to many citizens from different ethnic groups. Examples of these groups include Indian people and other groups from the Indian subcontinent, people from sub-Saharan African countries, people from the Caribbean islands and people from Hong Kong.

Emigration from Britain is even more significant. About 40 to 44 million people in other countries have British ancestors. Census data provide the evidence for these statements.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: English people
- **popplace**: 36.89 million in
 and
- **tablehdr**: _Significant English diaspora in_
- **pop1**: 36.89 million
- **ref1**: .:
- **pop2**: 10.98 million
- **ref2**: .:
- **pop3**: 10.89 million
- **ref3**: .:
- **pop5**: 01.4+ million.
- **ref5**: .:
- **pop6**: 10.98 Million”
- **ref6**: .
- **pop7**: 1.495,627++ Billion+.”  1,428,627,663
- **ref7**: .:.:
- **languages**: English language, English
- **religions**: Traditionally Anglicanism, but also Nonconformist (Protestantism), non-conformists and dissenters (see History of the Church of England), as well as other Protestants; also Roman Catholics (see Catholic Emancipation); Islam (see Islam in England); Judaism and other faiths (see Religion in England). Almost 25% are non-religious.(2023)
- **footnotes**: English American,  English Australian,  English Canadian,  British diaspora in Africa
Abby and Brittany Hensel

**Abigail Loraine Hensel** and **Brittany Lee Hensel** (born March 7, 1990 in Minnesota, United States) are conjoined twins with mostly one body and two heads. They are joined at the pelvis and each one controls one side of their body, which means they have to do things together. Brittany is on the left, and Abby is on the right. They have two spines that join at the pelvis. They have two stomachs and four lungs, and at birth they had a third arm in between their heads. The third arm was not properly developed, so it was removed.

They currently star in their own reality series on TLC.

## Other websites

- Sites in German language with photos
- Shared Lives
- "Conjoined twins: Together vs. Apart" from _Teen Newsweek_
- BBC Science on conjoined twins
- The Most Intimate Bond  from Time magazine , March 25, 1996.
- Hensel documentary videos for sale
- YouTube video
- YouTube video

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Abigail and Brittany Hensel
- **birth name**: Abigail Loraine Hensel

Brittany Lee Hensel
- **birth place**: Carver County, Minnesota, Carver County, Minnesota
- **nationality**: Citizenship in the United States, American
- **education**: Lutheran High School in Mayer, Minnesota
Bethel University (Minnesota), Bethel University
- **parents**: Patty and Mike Hensel
- **relatives**: Dakota (brother)
Morgan (sister)
52 BC

Year **52 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Pompeius and Scipio** (or, less frequently, **year 702 _Ab urbe condita**_). This year has been called 52 BC since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the most common method in Europe for naming years.

## Events

- Julius Caesar conquers Paris.
Cape Town

**Cape Town** is the second biggest city of South Africa.  It is also home to the South African Parliament where the country's representatives assemble.

It is at the Cape of Good Hope on the south-west coast.  It has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate.

The city's dominant natural feature is Table Mountain, a mountain with a flat top.

## History

It was originally called the "Cape of Storms" by Bartolomeu Dias in 1486, a Portuguese explorer but was changed by King John II of Portugal to "Cape of Good Hope". The town was started as the center of the Dutch Cape Colony in 1652.
The Clash

**The Clash** are an English punk rock band formed in London in 1976. Their lead singer was Joe Strummer (1952-2002). The group was one of the most popular punk bands in England in the mid-1970s.

## Music style

Although The Clash are known as an early punk rock band, they were willing to experiment with different styles, which they added to their music. Some of these styles were ska, reggae, and funk. Lyrics in their songs often dealt with political issues or stories in the news.

## Awards

In 2003, the band entered the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. In 2004, _Rolling Stone_ made a list of the Top 500 Rock Songs of All Time, and _London Calling_, a song by The Clash, was listed as song No. 15 on the list. No song by a punk rock band was higher on the list.

## Members

- Joe Strummer - Vocals and rhythm guitar
- Mick Jones - Lead guitar and vocals
- Paul Simonon - Bass guitar
- Topper Headon - Drums

## Discography

1. _The Clash_ - (8 April 1977) #12 UK, #126 U.S.[1] [2]
1. _Give 'Em Enough Rope_ - (10 November 1978) #2 UK, #128 U.S.
1. _London Calling_ (2LP) - (14 December 1979) #9 UK, #27 U.S.
1. _Sandinista!_ (3LP) - (12 December 1980) #19 UK, #24 U.S.
1. _Combat Rock_ - (14 May 1982) #2 UK, #7 U.S.
1. _Cut The Crap_ - (4 November 1985)

## Infobox (band)

- **name**: The Clash
- **img**: Clash 21051980 12 800.jpg
- **img capt**: The Clash playing a concert in Norway.
- **years active**: 1976 – 1986
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **label**: CBS. Epic  Sony Music.
- **past members**: Mick Jones
Paul Simonon
Keith Levene
Terry Chimes
Joe Strummer
Nicky "Topper" Headon
Rob Harper
Pete Howard
Nick Sheppard
Vince White
Oasis (band)

**Oasis** are an English rock band started in Manchester in 1991. The band came from an earlier group, the Rain, and its first members were Liam Gallagher (lead vocals, tambourine), Paul Arthurs (guitar), Paul McGuigan (bass guitar), and Tony McCarroll (drums). Noel Gallagher (lead guitar, vocals) later joined as a fifth member. While the band were active, they had many different members, though the Gallagher brothers stayed as a part of the band up until their break-up in 2009, which was minutes before they were about to play a concert.

## Discography

- _Definitely Maybe_ (1994)
- _(What's the Story) Morning Glory?_ (1995)
- _Be Here Now_ (1997)
- _Standing on the Shoulder of Giants_ (2000)
- _Heathen Chemistry_ (2002)
- _Don't Believe the Truth_ (2005)
- _Dig Out Your Soul_ (2008)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Oasis
- **img**: Oasis Noel and Liam WF.jpg
- **img capt**: Liam Gallagher (left) and Noel Gallagher of Oasis, with live keyboardist Jay Darlington in background in 2005.
- **img size**: 200
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Manchester, England
- **genre**: Rock music, rock, britpop, indie rock, alternative rock, pop rock, neo-psychedelia, psychedelic rock, power pop
- **years active**: 1991–2009, 2024–present
- **label**: Creation Records, Creation, Epic Records, Epic, Columbia Records, Columbia, Sony BMG, Big Brother Recordings, Big Brother
- **associated acts**: The Rain, Starclub, Ride (band), Ride, Heavy Stereo, Hurricane No. 1, Hurricane #1, Proud Mary (band), Proud Mary
- **current members**: Liam Gallagher
Noel Gallagher
- **past members**: Gem Archer
Andy Bell (musician), Andy Bell
 Chris Sharrock    Paul Arthurs
- **url**: [http://www.oasisinet.com/ oasisinet.com]
Rush (band)

**Rush** was a Canadian rock band. They formed in the late 1960s in Toronto. The last and longest members of the group were Geddy Lee, the singer, who also plays the bass guitar and synthesizers, Alex Lifeson, who plays the guitar, and Neil Peart, who played the drums. In 2013 Rush were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

### Studio albums

- _Rush_ (1974)
- _Fly by Night_ (1975)
- _Caress of Steel_ (1975)
- _2112_ (1976)
- _A Farewell to Kings_ (1977)
- _Hemispheres_ (1978)
- _Permanent Waves_ (1980)
- _Moving Pictures_ (1981)
- _Signals_ (1982)
- _Grace Under Pressure_ (1984)
- _Power Windows_ (1985)
- _Hold Your Fire_ (1987)
- _Presto_ (1989)
- _Roll the Bones_ (1991)
- _Counterparts_ (1993)
- _Test for Echo_ (1996)
- _Vapor Trails_ (2002)
- _Snakes & Arrows_ (2007)
- _Clockwork Angels_ (2012)

## Other websites

- Rush's official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rush
- **img**: Rush-in-concert.jpg
- **img capt**: Alex Lifeson, Geddy Lee, and Neil Peart of Rush
<small>_30th Anniversary tour photo, 2004_</small>
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **years active**: 1968–1997, 2002-2018, 2025-present
- **origin**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **label**: Moon, Mercury Records, Mercury, Anthem, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **past members**: Geddy Lee
Alex Lifeson
Neil Peart

- **url**: [http://www.rush.com/ www.rush.com]
Mime

**Mime** is a type of acting that does not use words or speech. Mime is all about physical movement and exaggerating your expressions. **Mimes** (people who practice mime) must use their actions to send a message or tell a story. They are not allowed to speak directly to the audience.

Probably the most well-known mime was Marcel Marceau. Mime originates from Rome and Greece. Some people also believe that cavemen used mime to communicate as they could not talk.

## Other websites

- The World of Mime Theatre

## Related pages

- Pantomime
- Physical theatre
Device driver

A **device driver** is a program that lets the operating system communicate with specific computer hardware.

Computer parts need a driver because specific devices need different instructions to function correctly.  For example, video cards from Advanced Micro Devices (or AMD) and Nvidia do the same job, but each requires its own driver as different hardware requires different instructions.  Different operating systems will also have different drivers for hardware. A driver written for macOS would not work on Microsoft Windows or on Linux.

Many parts of a computer need drivers, and common examples are:
- Computer printers
- Graphics cards
- Modems
- Network cards
- Sound cards

Some other computer parts do not need drivers (or the driver is built-in to the operating system) because they use a driver that follows a certain standard for that device. This would allow the operating system to use and more easily recognize that hardware.

This depends, but devices that don't need a device driver installed would more commonly would be:
- Processors
- RAM
- Compact disc (called CD) and digital versatile disc (called DVD) drives (including player and burner).
- Mouse and keyboard
- Integrated video cards
- PC speaker (the speaker inside the computer case that beeps)
- Floppy drives
- Hard drives
- Webcam<nowiki/>s
- USB sound cards
- USB hubs (devices that turn one USB port into two or more)
Running of the Bulls

The **Running of the Bulls** (in Spanish **el encierro**, meaning "the enclosing") is an activity that involves running in front of bulls on a course of a sectioned-off area of a town's streets. It is done all around Spain, but the most famous running of the bulls is in Pamplona. In most bull runs the bulls are not killed, and they live for a whole season. This is a dangerous activity but very exciting. Safety varies in some places like Xabia the area is surrounded by cages that people can slip in and out of but the bulls can not.
Red shift

**Red shift** is a method astronomers use to tell the speed of any object that is very far away in the Universe. The red shift is one example of the Doppler effect.

The easiest way to experience the Doppler effect is to listen to a moving train. As the train moves towards a person, the sound it makes as it comes towards them sounds like it has a higher tone, since the frequency of the sound is squeezed together a little bit. As the train speeds away, the sound gets stretched out, and sounds lower in tone. This is also the same as filling a water bottle under a tap. As you fill, the sound of the filling gets higher and higher, for the same reason that the noise the train makes gets higher as it gets closer to you. The same happens with light when an object that emits light moves very fast. An object, like a star or a galaxy that is far away and moving toward us, will look more blue than it normally does.  This is called blue shift.  A star or galaxy moving away from us will look more red than it would if the source were not moving in our frame of reference. This is where red shift got its name, since the colours are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum.

The reason astronomers can tell how far the light gets shifted is because chemical elements, like hydrogen and oxygen, have unique fingerprints of light that no other element has. Astronomers use spectroscopy to analyse the light from an object (galaxy or star). Once they know that, they check to see the difference between where the spectral lines are compared to where they normally are. From that, they can tell whether it is moving toward us or away from us, and also how fast it is going. The faster it goes, the farther the spectral lines are from their normal position in the spectrum.

## Other websites

- Ned Wright's Cosmology tutorial
- Article on redshift from SPACE.com
- Cosmic reference guide entry on redshift
- Mike Luciuk's Astronomical Redshift tutorial
- Animated GIF of Cosmological Redshift by Wayne Hu
Spectral line

A **spectral line** is the way scientists can tell one element from another by looking at color.

## The colors of the rainbow

In order to understand **spectral lines**, color has to be understood. In a rainbow, the colors of light go from purple to red. Several hundred years ago, the famous scientist Isaac Newton did an experiment where he showed that even white light from the Sun was made up of all the colors of the rainbow. When other scientists following him looked at this rainbow very closely, they noticed that there were dark lines breaking up the rainbow, where certain shades of colors should be. These lines were very small, but could be seen when the rainbow got stretched out very far. They investigated this further, and discovered that certain chemical elements, like the hydrogen and helium that make up the Sun, absorbed certain frequencies of light where those colors should be, like a sponge absorbs water, but does not absorb chalk.

## Elemental fingerprints

Soon, scientists discovered that when they heated other chemical elements, like calcium and oxygen, so hot that they shined with a white light, they found similar lines, but in different places. No two chemical elements had these lines in exactly the same places along the rainbow, and they also soon discovered that could be used to be able to tell what stars were made up of in the Universe. The lines that a particular element produces are called the emission spectrum of that element.

The reason the chemical elements can do this is because of the number and places of electrons orbiting around the center of each atom of each chemical element. These electrons, when light hits them, absorb a specific wavelength, or color of light, and what color they absorb depend on their position around the atom. Since each chemical element has a certain number of electrons, each chemical element has this unique set of **spectral lines**.

## Red shift

Since each set of **spectral lines** was unique, scientists could also be able to use this in a technique called red shift. Red shift is a method astronomers use, after they know what a star is made of, to tell how fast an object far away in the Universe is moving. It also tells them how far away it is.
1090s

The **1090s** was the decade that started on January 1, 1090, and ended on December 31, 1099. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***110th decade*** which began on January 1, 1091 and ended on December 31, 1100.

## Events

- 1090 - Béjaïa becomes the capital of the Hammadid Dynasty in Algeria.
- 1091 - King William II of England invades Normandy.
- 1093 - Sviatopolk II becomes Grand Prince of Kiev and ruler of Kievan Rus'.
- 1094 - El Cid becomes ruler of Valencia, Spain.
- 1095-1099 - The First Crusade
1101

**1101** (MCI) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.  It was the first year of the 12th century.

## Events

- A second wave of crusaders arrives in the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, after being heavily defeated by Kilij Arslan I at Heraclia. See Crusade of 1101.
- Raymond IV of Toulouse, count of Tripoli, takes Ankara from the Seljuk Turks.
- Robert Curthose signs the Treaty of Alton, giving up his claim to the Anglo-Norman throne and establishing Henry I as King of England.
- The County of Berg, Germany is established.
- Canute II of Denmark is canonized.
1137

## Events

- Louis VII becomes King of France and marries Eleanor of Aquitaine
- Rochester Cathedral is hurt by a fire, but is soon rebuilt.
1194

## Events

- July 5 – Emperor Guangzong of Sung China was forced to step down.
- November 20 – Palermo falls to Henry VI
- December 25 – Henry VI becomes king of Sicily.
- City of Portsmouth awarded its Royal Charter.
- Henry Marshal becomes Bishop of Exeter.
- Yellow River of China experienced a major course change. It took over the Huai River drainage system for the next 700 years.

## Births

- July 16 — Clare of Assisi, Italian follower of Francis of Assisi (d. 1253)
- December 26 — Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1250)

## Deaths

- February 20 — King Tancred of Sicily
- May 5 — King Casimir II of Poland (b. 1138)
- June 27 — King Sancho VI of Navarre (b. c. 1133)
- June 28 — Emperor Xiaozong of China (b. 1127)
- September 27 — Renaud de Courtenay, Anglo-Norman nobleman (b. 1125)
- November 15 — Margaret I of Flanders
- December 31 — Duke Leopold V of Austria (killed at a tournament) (b. 1157)
- Benedictus Abbas, English chronicler
- Guy of Lusignan, king consort of Jerusalem (b. c. 1150)
- Raymond V of Toulouse (b. 1134)
- Roger III of Sicily (b. 1175)
- Sviatoslav III of Kiev
1207

## Events

- Stephen Langton consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury June 17 by Pope Innocent III.
- Pope Innocent III declares for Philip of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor, a reversal of his previous support for Otto IV.
- King John issued letters patent creating the new Borough of Liverpool

## Births

- September 8 – King Sancho II of Portugal
- September 30 – Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, Persian poet and Sufi mystic (died 1273)
- October 1 – King Henry III of England (died 1272)
- Henry II, Duke of Brabant (died 1248)
- Elisabeth of Hungary, daughter of Andrew II of Hungary and saint (died 1231)
- Philip I of Savoy (died 1285)

## Deaths

- January 4 – Simon II, Duke of Lorraine
- June 17 – Daoji, Chinese buddhist monk (born 1130)
- Amaury of Bene, heretic
- Kaloyan, Tsar of Bulgaria
- Xin Qiji, Chinese poet (born 1140)

## Monarchs/Presidents

- France – Philippe II, Auguste King of France (reigned from 1180 to 1223)
- Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan, Mongol Khan (from 1206 to 1227)
- Venice – Pietro Ziani Doge of Venice (ruled from 1205 to 1229)
- England – John King of England (reigned from 1199 to 1216)
- Latin Empire of Constantinople – Henry of Flanders (reigned from 1205 to 1216)
- Pope – Innocent III (pope from 1198 to 1216)
The Beach Boys

**The Beach Boys** are an American pop/surf rock group from Hawthorne, California. They formed in 1961. The original members were brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, and their friend Al Jardine.  Many of the band's early songs were about life in southern California, the beach, girls, cars, and surfing.

David Marks replaced Jardine when he went away to school; after Jardine's return, Marks left the band. Bruce Johnston later became a regular band member, first replacing Brian Wilson on tour, then  joining in on recording sessions. Reunions with some of the original band members still occur from time to time.

## Discography

**Studio albums**

- _Surfin' Safari_ (1962)
- _Surfin' U.S.A._ (1963)
- _Surfer Girl_ (1963)
- _Little Deuce Coupe_ (1963)
- _Shut Down Volume 2_ (1964)
- _All Summer Long_ (1964)
- _The Beach Boys' Christmas Album_ (1964)
- _The Beach Boys Today!_ (1965)
- _Summer Days (And Summer Nights!!)_ (1965)
- _Beach Boys' Party!_ (1965)
- _Pet Sounds_ (1966)
- _Smiley Smile_ (1967)
- _Wild Honey_ (1967)
- _Friends_ (1968)
- _20/20_ (1969)
- _Sunflower_ (1970)
- _Surf's Up_ (1971)
- _Carl and the Passions – "So Tough"_ (1972)
- _Holland_ (1973)
- _15 Big Ones_ (1976)
- _The Beach Boys Love You_ (1977)
- _M.I.U. Album_ (1978)
- _L.A. (Light Album)_ (1979)
- _Keepin' the Summer Alive_ (1980)
- _The Beach Boys_ (1985)
- _Still Cruisin** (1989)
- _Summer in Paradise_ (1992)
- _Stars and Stripes Vol. 1_ (1996)
- _That's Why God Made the Radio_ (2012)

**Selected archival releases**
- _The Pet Sounds Sessions_ (1996)
- _The Smile Sessions_ (2011)
- _The Big Beat 1963_ (2013)
- _Keep an Eye on Summer 1964_ (2014)
- _Becoming the Beach Boys: The Complete Hite & Dorinda Morgan Sessions_ (2015)
- _Beach Boys' Party! Uncovered and Unplugged_ (2015)
- _1967 – Sunshine Tomorrow_ (2017)
- _Wake the World: The Friends Sessions_ (2018)
- _I Can Hear Music: The 20/20 Sessions_ (2018)

**See also_'
- _Smile_ (1966–1967)
- Discographies of Brian Wilson, Dennis Wilson, Carl Wilson, Mike Love, and Al Jardine

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Beach Boys
- **image**: The Beach Boys, May 29, 2012.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **caption**: The Beach Boys during their The Beach Boys 50th Anniversary Reunion Tour, 2012 reunion.
From left: Brian Wilson, David Marks, Mike Love, Bruce Johnston, Al Jardine.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Hawthorne, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1961–present
- **current members**: Mike Love
Bruce Johnston
- **past members**: * Brian Wilson
* Carl Wilson
* Dennis Wilson
* Al Jardine
* David Marks
* Ricky Fataar
* Blondie Chaplin
Modem

A **modem** (comes from: **mo**dulator **dem**odulator) is a piece of computer hardware. It is used to communicate between distant computers. Two modems, one on each computer, are required to make a connection, and each modem can send and receive data to and from the other modem.

- Modulation is changing the digital data from a computer to analog data (audio tones or sounds) to be sent over telephone lines.
- Demodulation is changing the analog data which is received over the telephone lines to digital data to be used by the computer.

Modems are classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second (bit/s, bps, or baud). They are also classified by their connection method. Dial-up modems were the usual kind in the 20th century, and DSL modems and Cable TV modems are now more used.

Modems that connect to the computer by a cable are called external modems. Modems that go inside the computer are internal modems. Some internal modems are part of the motherboard; others are inserted into the computer on a PC card. Most DSL and cable modems are external.

Many modems are used to connect to the Internet through telephone service or cable television service. Slow telephone service is called dial-up (maximum 56,000 bits per second). Faster telephone service is called DSL and is usually more than ten times faster. Cable modems connect through cable television, and are similarly fast.

A Consumer Electronics Association study in 2006 found that dial-up Internet access is on a decline in the United States. In 2000, dial-up Internet connections accounted for 74% of all U.S. residential Internet connections. This decline has been more or less mirrored in Canada and Australia.

Dial-up modem use in the US dropped to 60% by 2003, and in 2006 stood at 36%. Voiceband modems were once the most popular means of Internet access in the U.S. But as more homes adopted faster ways of accessing the Internet, the traditional 56K modem is losing popularity.
3DO

The **3DO Interactive Multiplayer** (often just called the **3DO**) is a video game console invented by The 3DO Company. It was created by Trip Hawkins, the man who created Electronic Arts. The 3DO was not built by the company itself. They had a list of instructions that other companies could use to build their own. Panasonic made the first models in 1993, and other types of the machine were sold in 1994 by Sanyo and GoldStar.

Many good things were said about it when it was created, including being named Time Magazine's "1993 Product of the Year". It also had many technologies that were new and advanced. But the 3DO cost more money than the video game consoles that were already popular. This meant more people bought consoles from Sega or Nintendo instead of the 3D0. Because of this, no more 3D0s were made after 1996.  It was also not advertised very well, so almost no one knew about it. Some games planned for it include _Alone in the Dark_ and _Myst_. The 3DO company also wanted to make another console called the M2, but it was never released.

## Infobox (cvg system)

- **title**: 3D0 Interactive Multiplayer
- **image**:

Panasonic FZ-1 R.E.A.L. 3DO Interactive Multiplayer.
- **manufacturer**: Panasonic, Sanyo, and LG Corp., GoldStar
- **type**: Video game console
- **generation**: Fifth generation
- **media**: CD-ROM
- **storage**: Cartridge (electronics), cartridge
- **online service**: Cancelled
- **release date**: October 4, 1993
- **units sold**: 2 million
- **top game**: _Gex (video game), Gex_, over 1 million
- **compatibility**: No compatibility
- **predecessor**: None
- **successor**: Panasonic M2, M2 (canceled)
APF-M1000

The **APF-M1000** was a video game console made by APF in 1978. The controllers had numbers (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 called a numeric keypad) and a joystick. With a joystick, the player moves the joystick and uses it to control the action in the game. It could only be used on a color TV. It came built-in with the game "Rocket Patrol". It was included with the APF Imagination Machine

## Specifications

- CPU: Motorola 6800 at 3579 kHz
- RAM: 1 KB
- Colors: 8 on-screen
- Resolution: 256 by 192

## Cartridge list

- **MG1008** Backgammon
- **MG1006** Baseball
- **MG1007** Blackjack
- **MG1004** Bowling/Micro Match
- **MG1012** Boxing
- **MG1005** Brickdown/Shooting Gallery
- **MG1009** Casino I: Roulette/Keno/Slots
- **MG1001** Catena
- **MG1003** Hangman/Tic Tac Toe/Doddle
- **MG1011** Pinball/Dungeon Hunt/Blockout
- **Built-In** Rocket Patrol
- **MG1013** Space Destroyers
- **MG1010** UFO/Sea Monster/Break It Down/Rebuild/Shoot