juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Division of Fadden

The **Division of Fadden** is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1977 and is named after Sir Arthur Fadden, Prime Minister of Australia in 1941. At first it included a large area south of Brisbane, but today it covers the northern Gold Coast area, including Alberton, Arundel, Biggera Waters, Coombabah, Coomera, Gaven, Gilberton, Helensvale, Hollywell, Hope Island, Jacobs Well, Labrador, Molendinar, Norwell, Paradise Point, Parkwood, Runaway Bay, Stapylton, Steiglitz, Woongoolba and parts of Ormeau, Oxenford, Pacific Pines, Pimpama and Southport. South Stradbroke Island and other islands in the Broadwater and South Moreton Bay.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Donald Milner Cameron|Liberal|1977–1983||
|||David Beddall|Labor|1983–1984||
|||David Jull|Liberal|1984–2007||
|||rowspan="2"|Stuart Robert|Liberal|2007–2010|
|||Liberal National|2010–2023|||
|||Cameron Caldwell|Liberal National|2023–present||
David Cameron lost his seat in the 1983 election, but was elected to the Division of Moreton in a by-election. David Beddall did not stand for Fadden in 1984, but changed to the Division of Rankin. David Jull was Minister for Administrative Services at the start of the Howard Government.

## Other websites

- Division of Fadden (Qld) — Australian Electoral Commission
- Stuart Rpbert's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Fadden
- **caption**: Interactive map of boundaries
- **created**: 1977
- **mp**: Cameron Caldwell
- **mp-party**: Liberal National Party of Queensland, Liberal National
- **namesake**: Arthur Fadden
- **electors**: 85,225 (2010)
- **area**: 395
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Highness

**Highness** is a style of address historically used for princes and princesses of minor nobility. As such it is much lower in terms of rank when compared to Royal Highness and Imperial Highness.

Highness is literally and, historically, the quality of being lofty or above. It is used as a term to evoke dignity or honour, and to acknowledge the importance or high rank of the person being addressed. The short way to write it is _HH_. However it is outranked by _Grand Ducal Highness_. The style was often used by low-level nobility of the Holy Roman Empire.

## Historical examples

- _His Highness_ The Duke of Aosta. A future King of Sardinia who was known as the Duke of Aosta prior to succession. Known as this from 27 April 1701 – 22 March 1715.
- _His Highness_ The Prince of Piedmont, Later used Royal Highness after his father was created a King.

## Related pages

- Titles of European royal heirs
Liev Schreiber

**Liev Isaac Schreiber** (; born October 4, 1967) is an American actor, producer, director, and screenwriter. He was known for his role in _Scream_, _Phantoms_, _The Sum of All Fears_,  _X-Men Origins: Wolverine_, _Salt_, _Taking Woodstock_, and in _The Butler_.

Schreiber was born on October 4, 1967 in San Francisco, California.

## Other websites

- Interview with _Details_
- Interview with _Men's Vogue_
- Interview with _W_ magazine

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Liev Schreiber
- **image**: Liev Schreiber 2012.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Schreiber at the 7th Annual Chanel Tribeca Film Festival Artists Dinner 2012.
- **birth name**: Liev Isaac Schreiber
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, producer, director, screenwriter
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **partner**: Naomi Watts (2005–present)
- **children**: 2
Henry Heimlich

**Henry Judah Heimlich** (February 3, 1920 – December 17, 2016) was an American thoracic surgeon. He is known as the inventor of the Heimlich maneuver.  It is a technique of abdominal thrusts for stopping choking.

Heimlich, born in Wilmington, Delaware on February 3, 1920. He died from complications from a heart attack in Cincinnati, Ohio, aged 96.

## Other websites

- Biography page  at the Heimlich Institute
- Henry Heimlich Archival Collection Finding Aid
- Outmaneuvered: How We Busted the Heimlich Medical Frauds by Peter M. Heimlich

## Infobox (scientist)

- **prizes**: Lasker Award (1984)
 Engineering and Science Hall of Fame (1985)
American Academy of Achievement Award (1985)
Safety and Health Hall of Fame (1993)
- **work institutions**: Deaconess Associations
- **child**: yes


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Henry J. Heimlich
- **caption**: 2014
- **birth name**: Henry Judah Heimlich
- **birth place**: Wilmington, Delaware
- **death place**: Cincinnati, Ohio
- **known for**: Choking#Treatment, Heimlich maneuver
- **education**: Doctor of Medicine, M.D., Cornell University
- **boards**: Heimlich Institute, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
- **occupation**: Physician and Biomedical research, medical researcher
- **years active**: 1943–present
- **spouse**: Jane Heimlich (née Murray)
Ash heap of history

The "**ash heap of history**", also called "**dustbin of history**" or "**garbage heap of history**" or "**landfill of history**", is a figurative speech about people, events, artifacts, and ideologies. It is used about people that are forgotten or things that will be forgotten in history.

Ronald Reagan used this speech as an example and the Soviet Union, Leninism, and Marxism will eventually fall and be forgotten.

Leon Trotsky once famously used the phrase "dustbin of history" referring to when the Mensheviks walked out of a meeting during the Russian Revolution in 1917.
Morning in America

"**Morning in America**" is the common name of a political campaign television commercial. The ad was part of the 1984 U.S. presidential campaign of Republican Party candidate Ronald Reagan. It was narrated by Hal Riney.

It shows a montage of pictures of Americans going to work and a calm, optimistic narration that suggested the improvements to the U.S. economy since his 1980. The term was used many times during Reagan's presidency.
Eileen Atkins

**Dame Eileen June Atkins**, DBE (born 16 June 1934) is an English actress and occasional screenwriter. She has worked in the theatre, movies, and television consistently since 1953.

She has been nominated for many awards such as a BAFTA Award. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1990 and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 2001.

## Other websites

- Eileen Atkins interviewed by Beth Stevens about performing in Doubt on Broadway
- Eileen Atkins interviewed on Theater Talk about performing in Doubt on Broadway
- Performance details listed at the Theatre Collection archive, University of Bristol

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dame Eileen Atkins
- **honorific suffix**: <small>Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, DBE</small>
- **image**: Eileen Atkins - GylesDamesPalladium050323 (48 of 74) (52727634127).jpg
- **caption**: Atkins in 2023
- **birthname**: Eileen June Atkins
- **birth place**: London, England
- **years active**: 1953–present
- **spouse**: *
*
Ranjit Bhatia

**Ranjit Bhatia** OBE (c. 1936 – 9 February 2014) was an Indian athlete. He ran in the marathon and 5000 meters events at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome.

Bhatia studied at the Lawrence School, Sanawar. He was then a Rhodes scholar at Oxford University, matriculating at Jesus College in 1957. He retired as Reader in Mathematics from St. Stephen's College, Delhi.

Bhatia died on 9 February 2014 at the age of 77.
Clarence Williams III

**Clarence Williams III** (August 21, 1939 – June 4, 2021) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as "Linc Hayes" on the iconic "hippie" cop show _The Mod Squad_ (1968-1973). He was nominated for a Tony Award. His last movie role was in the 2013 movie _The Butler_.

Williams III was born on August 21, 1939 in New York City. He died of colon cancer on June 4, 2021 in Los Angeles, aged 81.

## Other websites

- Clarence Williams III at AllMovie

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Clarence Williams III
- **image**: Clarence Williams III Mod Squad 1971.JPG
- **caption**: Williams in 1971
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1959–2018
David Oyelowo

**David Oyetokunbo Oyelowo** (born 1 April 1976) is a British actor, director and producer. He portrayed Louis Gaines in Lee Daniels' 2013 movie _The Butler_. He also provided the voice of Scar in _The Lion Guard_.

## Life

Oyelowo lives in Los Angeles, California.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: David Oyelowo
- **image**: David Oyelowo Golden Globes.jpg
- **caption**: Oyelowo in 2015
- **birth name**: David Oyetokunbo Oyelowo
- **birth place**: Oxford, Oxfordshire, England
- **occupation**: Actor, director, producer
- **years active**: 1998–present
- **spouse**: Jessica Oyelowo (1998–present)
- **children**: 4
H. R. Haldeman

**Harry Robbins "Bob" Haldeman** (better known as **H. R. Haldeman**; October 27, 1926 – November 12, 1993) was an American political aide and businessman. He was White House Chief of Staff to President Richard Nixon. He committed crimes in the Watergate scandal.

## Early life

Haldeman was born on October 27, 1926 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles.

## Watergate scandal

His role in the Watergate cover-up forced him to resign from government. Haldeman was tried on counts of perjury, conspiracy and obstruction of justice. Haldeman was found guilty and imprisoned for 18 months. Upon his release he returned to private life and was a successful businessman.

## Death

Haldeman died on November 12, 1993 in Santa Barbara, California from stomach cancer, aged 67.

## More reading

- Haldeman H.R. 1994. _The Haldeman diaries: inside the Nixon White House_. New York: Putnam.

## Other websites

- _Washington Post_ profile of Haldeman
- _Washington Post_ Haldeman Obituary
- Ford Library & Museum:_The Watergate Files_
- Ron Schuler's Parlour Tricks: H.R. Haldeman
- Watergate trial of H.R. Haldeman, courtroom sketches.
- Spartacus Educational Biography
- _The Testimony of John Ehrlichman & H. R. Haldeman_  at Smithsonian Folkways

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Harry Robbins Haldeman
- **image**: H R Haldeman, 1971 portrait.png
- **order**: 4th
- **office**: White House Chief of Staff
- **term start**: January 20, 1969
- **term end**: April 30, 1973
- **president**: Richard Nixon
- **predecessor**: Wilton Persons
<small> as 3rd White House Chief of Staff</small>
James Robert Jones
<small> as Secretary to the President (US)#Appointments Secretary, Appointments Secretary</small>
- **successor**: Alexander Haig
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California,
United States
- **death place**: Santa Barbara, California,
United States
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Joanne Horton
- **profession**: Advertising Executive
- **alma mater**: University of California, Los Angeles
Grace (style)

***His Grace*** or ***Her Grace*** is a style of address used for various high-ranking persons. It was the style used to address the King or Queen of Scots up to the Act of Union of 1707.  It was also used to address monarchs of England before Henry VIII. Today, the style is used when referring to dukes and duchesses in the United Kingdom, who are not members of the royal family. _Your Grace_ would be used in spoken or written address. Royal dukes, for example The Duke of York, are addressed with their higher royal title, _Royal Highness_.

## Examples

- _His Grace_ The Duke of Ormonde.
- _His Grace_ The Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
- _His Grace_ The Duke of Marlborough. The title of the Spencer-Churchill family from which Winston Churchill descends.
- _His Grace_ The Duke of Bedford.

## Ecclesiastical usage

The style "His Grace" and "Your Grace" is used in England and other English-speaking countries to address Roman Catholic archbishops. This is not common in other countries (for example in France and the United States Roman Catholic bishops are addressed using the style "Excellency"). In the Eastern Orthodox Church it is used for bishops and abbots. The style is also used for an archbishop and some bishops in the Anglican Church.  In the United Methodist Church in the United States, bishops are addressed "Your Grace" (spoken style, and "His/Her Grace" (reference style). In the Church of God in Christ, the Presiding Bishop's style is "His Holy Grace" and "Your Holy Grace". The bishop's reference style is "His Eminence" and the spoken style is "Your Eminence".

International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON—Hare Krishna) devotees prefix the name of their founder, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada, with "His Divine Grace".

In Islam several Sufi orders (such as the Qadrianis and Hawariyun) may refer to their spiritual Grand Masters with the epithet "(Most) Graceful ..." or "His Grace" in reference style while the spoken style is "(Most) Graceful".

## Other British dukedoms that use the style

- Lennox
- Rutland
- Richmond
- Rutland
- Norfolk
- Portland
- Grafton
- Devonshire
- Somerset
- Westminster
- Bedford
Jessica Oyelowo

**Jessica Oyelowo** (born **Jessica Watson** in 1978) is an English actress. She is known for her roles in _Murphy's Law_, _Mayo_, and in _Hex_.

She studied at Woodbridge School. She was a member of the National Youth Music Theatre. She lives in Los Angeles with her husband, actor David Oyelowo, and their three sons.

## Other websites

- BBC Mayo
- tv.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jessica Oyelowo
- **image**: Jessica Oyelowo.jpg
- **birth name**: Jessica Watson
- **spouse**: David Oyelowo (1998 - present)
- **children**: 4
Yusuf Lule

**Yusuf Kironde Lule** (10 April 1912 – 21 January 1985) was a Ugandan politician. He was the President of Uganda. He served as president from 13 April and 20 June 1979. His name is sometimes spelled **Yusufu**.

Lule died on 21 January 1985 at Hammersmith Hospital in London of kidney failure.
Glynis Johns

**Glynis Margaret Payne Johns** (5 October 1923 – 4 January 2024) was a British stage and movie actress, dancer, pianist and singer. She was the daughter of Welsh actor Mervyn Johns.

She was best known for her role as Desiree Armfeldt in _A Little Night Music_ on Broadway. She won a Tony Award for this role. She played Winifred Banks in Walt Disney's musical motion picture box office smash, _Mary Poppins_.

On 5 October 2023, Glynis Johns turned 100. She died three months later at a nursing home in Los Angeles, California on 4 January 2024.

## Other websites

- Glynis Johns images
- Glynis Johns at the Disney Legends website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Glynis Johns
- **image**: Glynis Johns - still.jpg
- **caption**: circa 1952
- **birth name**: Glynis Margaret Payne Johns
- **birth place**: Pretoria, Union of South Africa
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **years active**: 1923–1999
- **occupation**: Actress, dancer, pianist, singer
- **children**: Gareth Forwood
Saint Valentine's Day massacre

The **Saint Valentine's Day massacre** was a mass murder that took place in Chicago, Illinois, United States, on the morning of 14 February 1929. It was the most infamous event in the history of crime in the United States.

## Background

Al Capone was the most powerful bootlegger in Chicago. By 1929 he had eliminated several of his rival crime bosses. The last one on his "list" was Bugs Moran. Capone was trying to appear as if he was retired to Florida. So Capone didn't want to be seen as starting another gang war. Instead, Capone gave the order to one of his associates, Jack McGurn, to eliminate Bugs Moran.

## Massacre

On the morning of 14 February, McGurn lured Moran and his men to a warehouse on Clark street. The bait was a stolen truckload of whisky they could buy cheap. Seven of Moran's men were there to inspect the load. A police car pulled up outside the building and several of Capone's men dressed in Chicago police uniforms went in and pretended to arrest Moran's men. When they were lined up against a wall  the killers pulled out Thompson submachine guns and opened fire. Six of the seven men were killed. Moran himself was just arriving when he saw the police car and escaped.

At this time murder was not a federal offense. Most of the killers McGurn hired were from out of town. Police departments from different cities rarely could work together to solve crimes at that time. So the killers knew if they simply left Chicago after the massacre nobody could touch them.

## Results

Newspapers ran stories of the gangster shootings and prohibition lawlessness in Chicago. These were complete with detailed photographs of the murders. At first many thought the Chicago police had committed the massacre. But most people in Chicago thought Al Capone was behind the murders. Capone had an alibi. He was at his winter home in Palm Beach, Florida when the murders took place. The suspicions finally resulted in the arrests of Vincenzio Damora and John Scalise. These were two of Capone's known henchmen. Scalise was charged with the murders after Damora came up with an alibi. But Capone murdered Scalise himself before he could stand trial. Public opinion also put pressure on the FBI to arrest Capone with any charge they could. In 1931 they finally charged him with tax evasion and sent him to prison. Capone was sent to Alcatraz for eleven years. When he was finally released he was too sick to continue his crime career. He died in 1947. Prohibition was repealed in 1933 which almost stopped bootlegging.
The Frozen Ground

***The Frozen Ground*** is a 2013 American crime movie based on a true story. It tells the story of a woman who helped to catch serial killer Robert Hansen in 1983. Hansen murdered 17 young women, and kidnapped and raped at least 30 others, in Alaska during the 1970s and early 1980s.

The movie stars Vanessa Hudgens as Cindy Paulson, Nicolas Cage as Sergeant Jack Halcombe, and John Cusack as Hansen.

The movie guest stars James Maslow as Daniel O' Brian and Kendall Schmidt as Riley McKessie.

The movie was released August 23, 2013 in North America. The reviews of the movie were mixed.
Frits Thors

**Alexander Frederik Paul** "**Frits**" **Thors** (13 September 1909 – 19 April 2014) was a Dutch journalist and television and news anchor. He was best known for being the newscaster of the NTS-Journaal from 1965 until 1972.

Thors was born in on 13 September 1909 in Amsterdam, North Holland. He retired in 1979.

Thors died from natural causes on 19 April 2014 in Laren, North Holland. He was 104.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Frits Thors
- **image**: Frits Thors.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Frits Thors in an undated photo.
- **birth name**: Alexander Frederik Paul Thors
- **birth place**: Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands
- **death place**: Laren, North Holland, Netherlands
- **occupation**: Journalist, television and news anchor
- **years active**: 1928–79
Happisburgh archaeology

The small village of Happisburgh on the coast of Norfolk has evidence of the earliest modern man.

The oldest hominin footprints in Europe are in Britain. They are about 800,000 years to a million years old. They were found on Happisburgh beach, East Anglia in May 2013.

The archaeologists describe them as "the oldest known hominin footprint surface outside Africa at between ca. 1 million and 0.78 million years ago". The site is known for its preservation of sediments with early Pleistocene fauna and flora. Since 2005 flint tools have been found. This means humans occupied northern Europe at least 350,000 years earlier than was thought before.

The footprints were found in sediment, partially covered by beach sand, at low tide on the shore at Happisburgh. Stormy weather had washed away the sand, leaving the sediment exposed. Because the sediment was soft, and lay below the high tide mark, the tides quickly eroded the exposed sediment, and in two weeks the footprints had all been destroyed. The team worked during low tides, often in pouring rain, to record 3D images of all the footprints.

## Archaeology

In 2010, Simon Parfitt and colleagues from University College London discovered flint tools near Happisburgh. The tools were dated to "somewhere between 866,000 to 814,000 years ago or 970,000 to 936,000 years ago", around 100,000 years earlier than the finds at Pakefield. The flints were probably left by hunter-gatherers of the human species _Homo antecessor_ who inhabited the flood plains and marshlands that bordered an ancient course of the river Thames. The flints were then washed downriver and came to rest at the Happisburgh site. In May 2013 the oldest human footprints outside of Africa, being more than 800,000 years old, were reported to have been discovered on the beach.
Pope Alexander I

**Alexander I** served as the sixth Pope of the Catholic Church; the official title is the Bishop of Rome.  His years of service can only be approximated to be ca. 109-116 C.E.

Early sixth-century writings attribute Alexander with inserting the words now used in the Holy Eurachist or Holy Communion of the Catholic Mass.  These words are taken from the New Testament and are said to be the words of Jesus Christ at the Last Supper.  He is also said to have started the practice of the blessing of homes with holy water, water blessed by the Pope or any priest.

He was made a Saint by the Catholic Church and his feast day is celebrated on May 3.
Pope Sixtus I

Pope **Sixtus I** (also known as Xystus) was the sixth successor to Saint Peter as the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.  He served from approximately 116-125 C.E.

He decreed that the people should chant with the priest during the Sanctus at the Holy Communion section of the Catholic Mass.

He is considered a Saint by the Catholic Church.  He died a martyr.  His feast day is April 3 or 6.
William Roache

**William Patrick Roache** <small>OBE</small> (born 25 April 1932) is an English actor. He is best known for portraying the role of Ken Barlow in the British ITV soap opera _Coronation Street_ since its first episode on 9 December 1960.

## Early life

Roache was born in Basford, Nottinghamshire. He grew up in Ilkeston, Derbyshire.

## Career

Roache played the leading role in a Granada Television play called _Marking Time_. It was shown on ITV in 1961. In a 2007 interview, Roache said, "Tony Warren, who created _Coronation Street_, saw it and thought I was right for Ken Barlow." In 2008, Roache's autobiography _Soul on the Street_ was published.

## Personal life

Roache lives in Wilmslow, Cheshire. He supports the Conservative Party.

## Sex crime charges

On 1 May 2013, Roache was arrested at his home on suspicion of raping a 15-year-old girl in the 1960s.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: William Roache
 Order of the British Empire, OBE
- **image**: File:William Roache Cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Roache in December 2012
- **birth name**: William Patrick Roache
- **birth place**: Nottinghamshire, Basford, Nottinghamshire, England, UK
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1958–present
- **spouse**: (divorced)

(her death)
- **partner**: Emma Jesson (2010–2012)
Mad Men

***Mad Men*** (July 19, 2007 – May 17, 2015) is an American television drama series created and produced by Matthew Weiner. The series premiered on July 19, 2007 on the American cable television network AMC. The seventh and final season had 14 episodes that will be split into two seven-episode parts. These begin airing in early 2014 and early 2015. The first half of the final season premiered on April 13, 2014, and the second half of the final season ended on May 17, 2015.

_Mad Men_ is set in the 1960s. The scene is the fictional Sterling Cooper advertising agency on Madison Avenue in New York City. Later it becomes the newly created company, Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce (later Sterling Cooper & Partners). According to the show's pilot, the phrase "Mad men" was a slang term started in the 1950s by advertisers working on Madison Avenue to refer to themselves. This claim has since been denied. The main character is Don Draper (Jon Hamm), creative director at Sterling Cooper and a founding partner at Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce. The plot focuses on the business of the advertising agency as well as the personal lives of the characters.

_Mad Men_ has received widespread critical acclaim, particularly for its historical authenticity, visual style, costume design, acting, writing, and directing. The show has won many awards, including fifteen Emmys and four Golden Globes. It is the first basic cable series to win the Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, winning it in each of its first four seasons. In 2013, _TV Guide_ ranked it sixth in its list of the sixty greatest dramas of all time. It was ranked seventh in a list of the 101 best-written TV series of all time by the Writers Guild of America.
North Ostrobothnia

**Northern Ostrobothnia**, _Pohjois-Pohjanmaa_ is a region in Finland. Regions around of Northern Ostrobothnia are Finnish Lapland, Kainuu, Northern Savonia, Central Finland and Central Ostrobothnia.

As of November 2013 there were over 400,000 people living there. It is one of the largest regions in Finland.

## Other websites

- Webpages
Kymenlaakso

**Kymenlaakso** is a region in Finland. As of November 2013, there were over 180,000 people living there. Neighbouring regions are Uusimaa, Päijänne Tavastia, Southern Savonia and South Karelia.

Municipalities in the region are Hamina, Iitti, Kotka, Kouvola, Miehikkälä, Pyhtää and Virolahti. Kymenlaakso was one most earliest industrialized areas in Finland, since around the 1800s.

## Other websites

- Webpages
Rum-running

- _This article is about the transportation of illegal liquor. For the computer use of the term bootlegging see Copyright infringement of software._

**Rum-running**, or **bootlegging**, is the illegal business of taking alcoholic beverages where they are against the law. It is usually done to evade taxation or prohibition laws.

_Rum-running_ usually means smuggling over water. The term is thought to come from the start of the Prohibition era in the United States. This is when ships from Bimini in the western Bahamas transported cheap rum to Florida to be sold illegally. But there was little profit in cheap rum. They soon started smuggling Canadian whisky, French champagne, and English gin to major cities like New York City and Boston. This gave them a high profit. It was said that some ships carried $200,000 worth of alcohol in a single trip.

_Bootlegging_ usually means smuggling over land. It is thought the term "bootlegging" started during the American Civil War. Soldiers would sneak liquor into army camps by hiding bottles of liquor in their boots or under their trouser legs.
South Savo

**Southern Savonia** or **South Savo** is a region in Finland. Neighbouring regions are Central Finland, Päijänne Tavastia, Northern Savonia, North Karelia, Kymenlaakso and South Karelia.

There are three cities in Southern Savonia: Mikkeli, Pieksämäki and Savonlinna.

## Other websites

- Official website
Satakunta

**Satakunta** is a region in western Finland. As of November 2013, there were almost 225,000 people living there. Neighbouring regions are Southwest Finland, Pirkanmaa, Southern Ostrobothnia and  Ostrobothnia.

## Other websites

- Official website
Burnaby

**Burnaby** is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The population of Burnaby was 249,125 in 2021. The mayor of Burnaby is Mike Hurley.

The city was named after Robert Burnaby, a legislator, speaker, Freemason and explorer. The largest commercial mall in British Columbia, is Metropolis at Metrotown is located in Burnaby.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Burnaby
- **settlement type**: City
- **image caption**: From top, left to right: Metrotown, Burnaby, Metrotown skyline, Brentwood Town Centre station on the Millennium Line, Metropolis at Metrotown mall, Deer Lake (British Columbia), Deer Lake Park, Burnaby Mountain and the Burrard Inlet, Cherry blossom bloom on a residential street, Brentwood Town Centre, Brentwood, Metrotown, Burnaby, Metrotown, and Edmonds, Burnaby, Edmonds skylines
- **image shield**: Burnaby BC coat of arms.svg
- **motto**: By River and Sea Rise Burnaby
- **image map**: GVRD Burnaby.svg
- **map caption**: Where Burnaby is located in Metro Vancouver Regional District
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision type2**: Regional district
- **subdivision name1**: British Columbia
- **subdivision name2**: Metro Vancouver Regional District, Metro Vancouver
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1891
- **established title1**: Incorporated as a district municipality
- **established date1**: September 22, 1892
- **established title2**: Incorporated as a city
- **established date2**: September 22, 1992
- **named for**: Burnaby Lake
- **seat**: Burnaby City Hall
- **government type**: Mayor–council government
- **leader party**: Independent
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Mike Hurley
- **area total km2**: 96.6
- **area land km2**: 90.57
- **elevation min point**: Sea level
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max point**: Burnaby Mountain
- **elevation max m**: 370
- **elevation max ft**: 1214
- **population total**: 249125
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population density km2**: 2750.7
- **population est**: 279948
- **pop est as of**: 2023
- **timezone1**: Pacific Standard Time
- **utc offset**: −08:00
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time
- **utc offset dst**: −07:00
- **postal code type**: Canadian postal code#Forward sortation areas, Forward sortation area
- **postal code**: List of V postal codes of Canada, V3N, V5A – V5C, V5E, V5G – V5H, V5J
- **area code**: Area code 604, 604, Area codes 778, 236, and 672, 778, 236, 672
- **area code type**: Area codes
- **leader title2**: Member of Parliament (Canada), MP
- **leader title3**: Member of the Legislative Assembly (Canada), MLA
Árpád Prandler

**Árpád Prandler** (23 February 1930 – 5 February 2014) was a Hungarian professor of international law and a jurist. From 1952 he taught at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest. He served as an ad litem Judge of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (2006–2013). The court is based in The Hague, Netherlands. Prandler died on 5 February 2014, at the age of 83.

## Diplomat

Between 1963 and 1968 Prandler was the counselor to the Hungarian delegation to the United Nations in New York. From 1976 he was appointed a special ambassador. From 1995 to 2002 he was a leader of the Hungarian delegation. He took part in the in the International Criminal Court. He was elected to the UN General Assembly and was the chairman of the legal committee. In 2005 UN General Assembly established a committee to investigate war crimes committed in the former Yugoslavia. Prandler was a key part of the process.

## Selected works

- _Az ENSZ Biztonsági Tanácsa._ Budapest: Közgazdasági és Jogi. 1974.
- _Nemzetközi szervezetek és intézmények._ ed. Prandler, Árpád. Budapest: Aula. 2001.  (co-author)
- _Nemzetközi szervezetek és intézmények._ ed. Prandler, Árpád. Second edition. Budapest: Aula. 2005.  (co-author)

### Sources

- MTI Ki Kicsoda 2006, Magyar Távirati Iroda, Budapest, 2005, p. 1390.
- Prandler Árpád életrajta a Nemzetközi Törvényszék honlapján
- Az Index cikke Prandler hágai bíróvá történt megválasztásáról

## Infobox (judge)

- **name**: Árpád Prandler
- **image**: Judge Prandler.jpg
- **caption**: Árpád Prandler in January 2008.
- **office**: Judge ad litem, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
- **term start**: 2006
- **term end**: 2013
- **birth place**: Kaposvár, Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46), Hungary
- **nationality**: Hungarian
- **alma mater**: Eötvös Loránd University
- **profession**: Educator
- **website**: [http://www.icty.org/ www.icty.org]
Joseph Stiglitz

**Joseph Eugene Stiglitz**, ForMemRS, FBA (born February 9, 1943) is an American economist and a professor of Jewish descent. He works at Columbia University.

He won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences (2001) and the John Bates Clark Medal (1979). He is a former senior vice president and chief economist of the World Bank, and is a former member, and Chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers. He won the Nobel Prize for discovering that some things happen in the economy because some people know more things than others.

He is known for his critical view of the management of globalization, free-market economists (whom he calls "free market fundamentalists"), and some international institutions like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.

## Other websites

- josephstiglitz.com
- Joseph E. Stiglitz at Columbia University
    - Joseph Stiglitz  committee chair profile at Committee on Global Thought at Columbia University
- Information and the Change in the Paradigm in Economics 2001 lecture at NobelPrize.org
- Profile and Papers at Research Papers in Economics/RePEc
- Publications at the National Bureau of Economic Research

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Joseph Stiglitz
- **image**: Joseph E. Stiglitz - cropped.jpg
- **order**: World Bank Chief Economist
- **term start**: 1997
- **term end**: 2000
- **preceded**: Michael Bruno
- **succeeded**: Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford, Nicholas Stern
- **order1**: 17th Council of Economic Advisors, Chair of the Council of Economic Advisors
- **term start1**: June 28, 1995
- **term end1**: February 13, 1997
- **president1**: Bill Clinton
- **predecessor1**: Laura Tyson
- **successor1**: Janet Yellen
- **birth name**: Joseph Eugene Stiglitz
- **birth place**: Gary, Indiana
- **nationality**: United States
- **party**: Democratic Party (US), Democratic
- **spouse**: Jane Hannaway (1978–?; divorced)
Anya Schiffrin (m. 2004)
- **alma mater**: Amherst College
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Robert Horton

**Robert Horton** (**Meade Howard Horton, Jr.**, July 29, 1924 – March 9, 2016) was an American television actor. Horton was known for his role as Flint McCullough in the NBC western show _Wagon Train_. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Horton died at a clinic in Los Angeles, California on March 9, 2016. He was aged 91.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert Horton
- **image**: Robert horton 1976.JPG
- **caption**: Horton in 1976 as a guest on _Police Woman (TV series), Police Woman_
- **birth name**: Meade Howard Horton, Jr.
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California
 United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Television, movie, Theatre, stage actor
- **spouse**: Marilynn Bradley Horton
- **website**: http://www.roberthorton.com
Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)

**Stuart McPhail Hall** (3 February 1932 – 10 February 2014) was a Jamaican-born cultural theorist and sociologist.

Hall, with Richard Hoggart and Raymond Williams, was one of the founding figures of British Cultural Studies. He was President of the British Sociological Association 1995–97. In the 1950s Hall was a founder of the influential _New Left Review_.

Hall become a Professor of Sociology at the Open University. Hall retired from the Open University in 1997 and was a Professor Emeritus. British newspaper _The Observer_ called him "one of the country's leading cultural theorists".

Hall died on 10 February 2014, from complications following kidney failure a week after his eighty second birthday.

## Related pages

- List of sociologists from Europe

## Other websites

- Obituary in The Independent by Marcus Williamson
- John O'Hara interview with Stuart Hall for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Doubletake program, originally broadcast 5 May 1983: _The Narrative Construction of Reality - Stuart Hall _. Republished in centerforbookculture.org's "Context" online edition, No. 10. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
- Mitchell, Don. Chapter 24: Stuart Hall. In: _Key Thinkers on Space and Place_. Phil Hubbard, Rob Kitchin, Gill Valentine (2004), pp. 160ff. .
- Marxist Media Theory
- A brief biography

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Stuart Hall
- **image**: Hall Stuart.jpg
- **image size**: 120px
- **birth name**: Stuart McPhail Hall
- **birth place**: Kingston, Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica (then a colony of the British Empire)
- **death place**: London
- **death cause**: Kidney failure
- **field**: Cultural Studies
- **work institutions**: University of Birmingham and Open University
- **alma mater**: Merton College (Oxford)
- **known for**: Articulation, oppositional decoding
- **influences**: Karl Marx, Antonio Gramsci, Raymond Williams, Louis Althusser, Michel Foucault
Antonio Gramsci

**Antonio Gramsci** (; 22 January 1891 – 27 April 1937) was an Italian writer, politician, political theorist, philosopher, sociologist, and linguist. He was a founding member and onetime leader of the Communist Party of Italy and was imprisoned by Benito Mussolini's Fascist regime.

Gramsci was one of the most important Marxist thinkers in the 20th century. He is a notable figure within modern European thought and his writings analyze culture and political leadership called "hegemony". He is known for his theory of cultural hegemony, which describes how states use cultural institutions to maintain power in capitalist societies.

## Related pages

- List of sociologists from Europe

## Other websites

- Gramsci's writings at MIA
- The International Gramsci Society
- "Notes on Language". _TELOS_
- Fondazione Instituto Gramsci
- Special issue of International Socialism journal with a collection on Gramsci's legacy
- Roberto Robaina: Gramsci and revolution: a necessary clarification
- Dan Jakopovich: Revolution and the Party in Gramsci's Thought: A Modern Application

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western Philosophy
- **era**: 20th-century philosophy
- **image**: Gramsci 1922.jpg
- **caption**: Antonio Gramsci, 1922
- **name**: Antonio Gramsci
- **birth place**: Ales (Sardinia), Ales, Sardinia, Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Lazio, Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946), Italy
- **school tradition**: Marxism
- **main interests**: Politics, Ideology, Culture
- **notable ideas**: Hegemony, war of position, the distinction between "traditional" and "organic" intellectuals
Raymond Williams

**Raymond Henry Williams** (31 August 1921 – 26 January 1988) was a Welsh academic, novelist and critic.

He was an important person in the New Left movement and in wider culture. His writings on politics, culture, the mass media and literature are a significant contribution to the Marxist critique of culture and the arts.

Some 750,000 copies of his books have sold in UK editions alone and there are many translations available. His work laid the foundations for the field of cultural studies and the cultural materialist approach.

## Further reading

- Pinkney, Tony, editor. _Raymond Williams_. Bridgend, Mid Glamorgan, England: Seren Books, 1991.
- Politics and Letters (London, New Left Books, 1979) gives the author's own account of his life and work
- Smith, Dai. _Raymond Williams: A Warrior's Tale_. Cardigan: Parthian, 2008.
- Stevenson, Nick. _Culture, Ideology, and Socialism: Raymond Williams and E.P. Thompson_. Aldershot, England: Avebury, 1995.
- Tredell, Nicolas. _Uncancelled Challenge: the work of Raymond Williams_. Nottingham: Paupers' Press, 1990.
- Ward, J. P.  _Raymond Williams_ in the Writers of Wales series.  University of Wales Press, 1981.
- Williams, Daniel, editor. _Who Speaks for Wales?: Nation, Culture, Identity_, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2003.

## Other websites

- The Raymond Williams Society
- Museum of Broadcast Communications article about Raymond Williams
- Maurice Cowling on Raymond Williams
- Selections from _Keywords_
- Raymond Williams Centre for Recovery Research
- Raymond Williams page at _The Literary Encyclopedia_
- Raymond Williams Worldcat Identity

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western philosophy
- **era**: 20th-century philosophy
- **image**: Raymond_Williams_At_Saffron_Walden.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Raymond Williams at Saffron Walden
- **birth name**: Raymond Henry Williams
- **birth date**: 31 August 1921
- **birth place**: Llanfihangel Crucorney, Wales
- **death place**: Saffron Walden, Essex, England
- **school tradition**: Western Marxism
- **notable ideas**: Cultural materialism (cultural studies), Cultural materialism
Kushtagi

**Kushtagi**  is a municipality in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is part of the Koppal district.

Historically city gets its name by a disease called kushta roga in Kannada. It is believed British rulers used this village as a camp to separate out and keep the deceased people here.

In the 2001 census, Kushtagi had a population of 21,180.

Kushtagi is well connected by road to Bangalore, Hubli, Raichur, Bagalkot and other major cities. The nearest major airport is in Hubli. Koppal and Hospet have the nearest railway stations to Kushtagi.

Villages in the Kushtagi area include:
- Vanageri
- Varikal
- Virupapur
- Yelbunchi
- Yelburthi
- Yerigeri
- Zhoolkunti
- Zhunjalkoppa

Though India got independence from British. It was under Nizams of Hyderabad when rest of the India was struggling for independence. Nizams continued to rule it even post Independent India And kushtagi had to carry a seperate fight to get its independence.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kushtagi
- **native name**: ಕುಷ್ಟಗಿ
- **native name lang**: kn
- **settlement type**: city
- **pushpin map**: India Karnataka
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Karnataka, India
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Karnataka
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name2**: Koppal district, Koppal
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **elevation m**: 639
- **population total**: 21180
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Kannada
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 583277
- **registration plate**: KA 37
Yelburga

**Yelburga** is a panchayat town in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is part of the Koppal district. Yelburga is located in the northern part of Karnataka. The town is known for its agriculture and many people here grow crops like jowar, groundnut and cotton. It has a mix of rural and semi-urban features, with small markets and schools.

The town also has some historical temples and structures, which show the cultural heritage of the area. People in Yelburga mostly speak Kannada, the official language of Karnataka.

In the 2001 census of India, Yelburga had a population of 11,437. Over the years, the population has increased, and the town has developed better roads, schools and public services.

Yelburga is connected to other towns and cities by road and Koppal is the nearest major town for trade education and healthcare.

Villages in Yelburga include:
- Vangera
- Vanjabhavi
- Watparvi
- Yadiapur
- Yapaldinni
- Yarihanchinal
- Yeddoni

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Yelburga
- **native name**: ಯಲಬುರ್ಗಾ
- **native name lang**: kn
- **other name**: Yalaburga
- **settlement type**: city
- **pushpin map**: India Karnataka
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Karnataka, India
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Karnataka
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name2**: Koppal district, Koppal
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **elevation m**: 605
- **population total**: 11437
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Kannada
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 583236
- **area code type**: Telephone code
- **area code**: 08534
- **registration plate**: KA 37
Gangawati

**Gangawati** (or **Gangavati**, ) is a town, municipality and taluk in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is part of the Koppal district.

In the 2001 census of India, Gangawati had a population of 93,249. Over the years, the town has grown significantly, with improvements in education, business and infrastructure.

Gangawati is known for being close to Hampi, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Hampi was once the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire and is famous for its ancient temples and monuments. It is located about 14 kilometers (8.7 miles) south-west of Gangawati, making the town an important stop for tourists visiting Hampi.

The economy of Gangawati is mainly based on agriculture, especially the cultivation of paddy (rice), cotton, and pulses. The area has many rice mills and is a trading hub for nearby villages and farmers.

Villages in Gangawati include:
- Varankhed
- Vipra
- Virupapuragaddi
- Yemmigudda
These villages contribute to the rural economy and culture of the region. Gangawati also has a mix of Kannada and Telugu-speaking communities and festivals like Dasara, Deepavali and Ugadi are celebrated widely.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gangavati
- **native name**: ಗಂಗಾವತಿ
- **settlement type**: town/taluka
- **pushpin map**: India Karnataka
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Karnataka, India
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Karnataka
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name2**: Koppal
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 16.53
- **population total**: 93249
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population density km2**: 5641.2
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Kannada
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 583 227
- **area code type**: Telephone code
- **area code**: 08533
- **registration plate**: KA-37
Koppal

**Koppal** () is a town in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the capital of the
Koppal district. Koppal was an important town in the history of Karnataka. It contains historical temples and ruins.

Koppal is surrounded by many smaller villages, such as Wanballary, Yettinhatti and Yelamgera.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Koppal
- **native name**: ಕೊಪ್ಪಳ
- **native name lang**: ಕೊಪ್ಪಳ
- **other name**: kn
- **settlement type**: town
- **pushpin map**: India Karnataka
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Karnataka, India
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Karnataka
- **subdivision type2**: List of regions of India, Region
- **subdivision name2**: Bayaluseeme
- **subdivision type3**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name3**: Koppal district
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 28.78
- **elevation m**: 529
- **population total**: 56160
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population density km2**: 1951.36
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Kannada
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 583 231
- **area code type**: Telephone code
- **area code**: 08539
- **registration plate**: KA-37
- **website**: www.koppalcity.gov.in
Pål Skjønberg

**Pål Eugen Bucher Skjønberg** (20 October 1919 – 3 February 2014) was a Norwegian actor. He was born in Stavanger. He was the son of actors Eugen and Henny Skjønberg. He started acting in 1946. He retired in 1991.

Skjønberg died on 3 February 2014, aged 94. He was outlived by his two children with actress, Elisabeth Bang.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pål Skjønberg
- **birth name**: Pål Eugen Bucher Skjønberg
- **birth place**: Stavanger, Norway
- **occupation**: Actor
- **spouse**: , her death
- **children**: 2
- **parents**: Eugen Skjønberg, Eugen and Henny Skjønberg
- **years active**: 1946–1991