juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Diagram

A **diagram** is usually a two-dimensional display which communicates using visual relationships. It is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, anatomy etc. It may be used for all aspects of human activities to explain or illustrate a topic.

## Discussion

- _visual information device_: Like the term "illustration" the diagram is used as a collective term standing for the whole class of technical genres, including graphs, technical drawings and tables.
- _specific kind of visual display_: This is the genre that shows qualitative data with shapes that are connected by lines, arrows, or other visual links.

In science the term is used in both ways. For example, Anderson (1997) stated more generally: "diagrams are pictorial, yet abstract, representations of information, and maps, line graphs, bar charts, engineering blueprints, and architects' sketches are all examples of diagrams, whereas photographs and video are not". On the other hand, Lowe (1993) defined diagrams as specifically "abstract graphic portrayals of the subject matter they represent".

## Visual thinking

Diagrams affect the mind so that the viewer comes to understand them, but not in the way one understands words. Visual thinking or problem-solving is very ancient, and largely automatic. One only has to remember that the brain puts together an image of the world around us based on sensory input, mostly sight. We do not make any conscious decisions: it is done without conscious thought. Diagrams most likely "tap in" to some of these ancient – but largely unknown – routines.

In fact these normally hidden brain processes do sometimes become apparent. When brain damage affects the visual cortex, or when visual illusions are created, are two classic examples.

The way some diagrams affect thinking is quite important. Mendeleev's periodic table summarised previous research on the elements. Far more important, though, was the way it suggested the properties of elements which were _not yet discovered_. This diagram stimulated creative thought, and other examples from the history of science could be given: see Feynman diagram.

## Basic diagram types

- Matrix
- Set
- Network diagram
- Flowchart
- Tree diagram
- Graph
- Exploded view

## Examples

- Circuit diagram
- Euler diagram
- Family tree
- Feynman diagram
- Gantt chart – shows the timing of tasks or activities (used in project management)
- Mind map – used for learning, brainstorming, memory, visual thinking and problem solving
- Organisation
- Piping and instrumentation diagram
- Venn diagram

## Some main diagram types

There are at least the following types of diagrams:
- Graph-based diagrams: relationships are expressed as connections between the items or overlaps between the items; examples:

- Chart-like diagram techniques, which display a relationship between two variables that take either discrete or a continuous ranges of values; examples:

Schematics and other types of diagrams, e.g.,
Radom

**Radom** is a city in Poland in Masovian Voivodeship. About 229,000 people live in the city which covers an area of 111 km².
Kielce

**Kielce** is a city in Poland in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship. It has a population of about 215,000 inhabitants and 109 km² of land area.
Toruń

**Toruń** is a city in Poland in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship.

## Districts

**Districts of Toruń**
1. Starotoruńskie Przedmieście
1. Barbarka
1. Bielany
1. Bydgoskie Przedmieście
1. Wrzosy
1. Koniuchy
1. Chełmińskie Przedmieście
1. Rybaki
1. Stare Miasto
1. Katarzynka
1. Mokre
1. Jakubskie Przedmieście
1. Rubinkowo
1. Winnica
1. Grębocin nad Strugą
1. Bielawy
1. Na Skarpie
1. Kaszczorek
1. Piaski
1. Podgórz
1. Glinki
1. Stawki
1. Rudak
1. Czerniewice

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Toruń
- **image skyline**: Torun ratusz corr.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Town hall in Toruń
- **image flag**: POL Toruń flag.svg
- **image shield**: POL Toruń COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, Kuyavian-Pomeranian
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: _city county_
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Michał Zaleski
- **established title**: Established
- **established title3**: City rights
- **established date3**: 28.12.1233
- **area total km2**: 115.75
- **population as of**: 30.06.2014
- **population total**: 203148
- **population density km2**: 1755
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 87-100 to 87-120
- **area code**: (+48) 56
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: CT
- **website**: http://www.torun.pl/
Zabrze

**Zabrze** is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 188,000 inhabitants and an area about 109 km².
Bytom

**Bytom** is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. About 193,000 people live there. The city is 69 km².
Gorzów Wielkopolski

**Gorzów Wielkopolski** is a city in Poland in Lubusz Voivodeship. It has about 125,000 inhabitants and is  in size.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gorzów Wielkopolski
- **motto**: Miasto wielu możliwości
City of many opportunities
- **image skyline**: Collage of views of Gorzow Wielkopolski, Poland.jpg
- **image caption**: Sights of Gorzów Wielkopolski
- **image flag**: POL Gorzów Wielkopolski flag (by Shazz).svg
- **image shield**: POL Gorzów Wielkopolski COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Poland
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Lubusz Voivodeship, Lubusz
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Tadeusz Jędrzejczak
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 13th century
- **established title3**: Town rights
- **established date3**: 1257
- **area total km2**: 86
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population total**: 125149
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 19
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 66-400 to 66-414
- **area code**: +48 095
- **blank name**: Vehicle registration plates of Poland, Car plates
- **blank info**: FG
Zielona Góra

**Zielona Góra**  () is a city in Poland in Lubusz Voivodeship. It has about 118 000 inhabitants and covers 58 km². Zielona Góra received status of city in 1323.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Zielona Góra
- **motto**: Miasto przyszłości
City of the future
- **image skyline**: Zgora11.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Town Hall and Main Square
- **image flag**: POL Zielona Góra flag.svg
- **image shield**: POL Zielona Góra COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Lubusz Voivodeship, Lubusz
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Janusz Kubicki
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 13th century
- **established title2**: Town rights
- **established date2**: 1323
- **area total km2**: 58.32
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 118982
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population metro**: 294000
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 71
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 65-001 to 65-950
- **area code**: +48 068
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: FZ
- **website**: http://www.zielona-gora.pl/
Opole

**Opole** is the biggest city in Opole Voivodeship in the southwest part of Poland. The German name of the city is **Oppeln**, and the Czech name is **Opolí**. The Oder River goes through the city. It has about 128,000 people living in it and is 149 km² in area. The mayor of the city is Arkadiusz Wiśniewski.

## History

Opole is over 1000 years old.  It was originally a Slavic town. In 990 it became a Polish city. During the Middle Ages it became a German city. It was called Oppeln for a long time. After the Second World War the city once again became Polish, and the German citizens were forced to leave. It has been called by its Polish name Opole ever since.

## Famous people from Opole

- Jerzy Buzek (born 1940), academic and politician, President of the European Parliament, former Prime Minister of Poland
- Bernhard Kempa
- Miroslav Klose

## Twin towns

- Belgorod (Russia)
- Bruntál (Czech Republic)
- Carrara (Italy)
- Grasse (France)
- Ingolstadt (Germany)
- Ivano-Frankivsk (Ukraine
- Kuopio (Finland)
- Alytus (Lithuania)
- Mülheim (Germany)
- Potsdam (Germany)
- Roanoke County (United States)
- Székesfehérvár (Hungary)
Jutes

The **Jutes** were a Germanic people who are believed to have come from Jutland (Latin:_Iutum_) in modern Denmark, Southern Schleswig in northern Germany, and part of the Frisian coast. The Jutes, along with the Angles, the Saxons and the Frisians, were mentioned as the Germanic tribes that sailed across the North Sea to raid and eventually invade Britain.

It is believed that most Jutes settled in Kent and the Isle of Wight. The Jutes, Angles, and Saxons settled in the land that became the country of England.

## Other websites

- Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Jute." Encyclopedia Britannica, December 21, 2016. 
- Were the West Saxons guilty of ethnic cleansing?
Grindcore

**Grindcore** is a type of heavy metal and hardcore punk music. It was invented in the 1980s by bands such as Napalm Death. Grindcore is a lot like black metal and death metal, but the guitar parts are very simple and are played over and over again in a song. The vocals are usually loud shouts and screams while the drums play fast and loud, around 200bpm. In most cases, grindcore songs will be very short in length - Napalm Death's song 'You Suffer' is the shortest in the world at 1.316 seconds long. Their lyrics are similar to death metal and hardcore punk, which usually sing about pain, suffering, blood, gore or politics, injustice and revolution.

One popular grindcore band is Anal Cunt, who go by "A.C." because their name has a sexual meaning. A.C. sings about racism, violence, and sexism. They produce very controversial songs such as 'You Were Pregnant So I Kicked You in the Stomach' and lyrics which make jokes of the Third Reich.

There are several offshoots of grindcore, including pornogrind, goregrind and deathgrind.
Lorette

**Lorette** may refer to the following places:

- Lorette, Loire, a commune in the Loire department, France
- Lorette, Manitoba, a community in Manitoba, Canada
- Lorette, Pommes, a fried potato dish from French cuisine.
Cannibal Corpse

**Cannibal Corpse** is an American death metal band. The band was formed in Buffalo, New York in 1988 by Bob Rusay, the first guitarist (who left the band in 1993). The band's lyrics draw heavily on horror fiction themes. Some of their songs are about murder, raping people, having sex with dead bodies, and eating people. The band's early releases are highly controversial within the media. The bands' first 3 albums were banned in Europe until 2006 because of their bloody artwork. The band's music is very fast, dark, and angry. Some of the band's later songs have been said to be quite difficult to play. They are considered by many to be one of the most well-known and important death metal bands ever. Since their formation in 1988, they have undergone several line-up changes.

### Current

- Paul Mazurkiewicz (1988-present) - drums
- Alex Webster (1988-present) - bass guitar
- Rob Barrett (1993-1997, 2005-present) - rhythm guitar
- George "Corpsegrinder" Fisher (1995-present) - lead vocals
- Patrick O'Brien (1997-present) - lead guitar

### Former

- Chris Barnes (1988-1995) - lead vocals
- Jack Owen (1988-2004) - guitars
- Bob Rusay (1988-1993) - guitars
- Jeremy Turner (2004-2005) - guitars (live)

### Studio albums

- _Eaten Back to Life_ (1990)
- _Butchered at Birth_ (1991)
- _Tomb of the Mutilated_ (1992)
- _The Bleeding_ (1994)
- _Vile_ (1996)
- _Gallery of Suicide_ (1998)
- _Bloodthirst_ (1999)
- _Gore Obsessed_ (2002)
- _The Wretched Spawn_ (2004)
- _Kill_ (2006)
- _Evisceration Plague_ (2009)
- _Torture_ (2012)
- _A Skeletal Domain_ (2014)
- _Red Before Black_ (2017)
- _Violence Unimagined_ (2021)
- _Chaos Horrific_ (2023)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (band)

- **name**: Cannibal Corpse
- **img**: CannibalCorpse.jpg
- **img capt**: Playing at the 9:30 Club in Washington DC on 3 October 2007
- **years active**: 1988-present
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Buffalo, New York
- **genre**: Death metal, Death metal, brutal death metal
- **label**: Metal Blade Records, Metal Blade
- **current members**: George Fisher
Pat O'Brien
Rob Barrett
Alex Webster
Paul Mazukiewicz
- **past members**: Chris Barnes
Bob Rusay
Jack Owen
Jeremy Turner
La Grand-Croix

**La Grand-Croix** is a town in France. It is near Lorette and Saint-Paul-en-Jarez.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: La Grand-Croix
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr La Grand-Croix (Loire).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arrondissement of Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne
- **canton**: Canton of la Grand-Croix, La Grand-Croix
(chef-lieu)
- **insee**: 42103
- **postal code**: 42320
- **mayor**: Michel Chatagnon
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération Saint-Étienne Métropole
- **elevation m**: 289
- **elevation min m**: 274
- **elevation max m**: 427
- **area km2**: 4.05
- **population**: 4962
- **population date**: 1999
Saint-Paul-en-Jarez

**Saint-Paul-en-Jarez** is a town in France. It is near La Grand-Croix and Saint-Chamond.
Saint-Chamond

**Saint-Chamond** is a town in France. It is near Saint-Paul-en-Jarez and Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds.
Guayana Esequiba

**Guayana Esequiba** is the name Venezuela gives to a region that it claims in the west of Guyana. Its area is 159,500 square kilometers.  For Guyana, this area is divided into the six administrative regions of Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo and Essequibo Islands-West Demerara.

The dispute over this territory is guided by _the Geneva Agreement_, which was signed by the United Kingdom, Venezuela, and British Guiana in the year of 1966. According to this treaty, all parties are to find a practical, peaceful and satisfactory solution to the dispute. If no progress is made, the matter is to be sent to an "appropriate international organ" or, if this cannot be agreed upon either, to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General took the dispute to the International Court of Justice. On 18 December 2020, the ICJ accepted the case .

## History

The Essequibo river was discovered by Spanish explorers and the region was colonized by the Dutch who made settlements and plantations in the area. For hundreds of years, disputes over the land occurred but no official boundary was agreed upon between the Spanish and Dutch. A significant portion of the Dutch land was later given to the British in 1814.

Historically, Venezuela claimed a majority of the land west of the Essequibo river. Britain and Venezuela argued over the boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela for much of the 19th century. In 1895, after Britain expanded further west, Venezuela sought help from the United States of America to resolve the border dispute. Britain was pressured by the United States of America to negotiate with Venezuela and both presented their case to an arbitration committee in Paris. Britain and Venezuela accepted the decision of the Tribunal in 1899 and finalized their border in 1905.

Venezuela reluctantly agreed to the border but, internally within the country, there was disappointment with the result. Venezuela raised the issue again in 1962, four years before Guyana won independence from Britain. At a meeting in Geneva in 1966, the two countries agreed to hear ideas from a representative of the UN Secretary General on ways to settle the dispute peacefully. There are still diplomatic contacts between the two countries and the Secretary General's representative.

Venezuelan maps drawn since 1970 show all the area from the eastern bank of the Essequibo, including the islands in the river, as Venezuelan territory. On some maps, the western Essequibo region is called the "Zone of Reclamation".

In March 2024, Venezuela passes a law that designates Essequibo as the constituent state of Venezuela.
Sudeley Castle

**Sudeley Castle** is a castle near Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England, United Kingdom. It was built in 1441 by Ralph Boteler, who had the castle taken from him by Edward IV of England. Edward gave Sudeley Castle to his brother, who later became Richard III of England, who then gave it to his uncle Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford.

By the time of Henry VIII of England the castle was the property of the Crown again. It had been visited by Henry in 1535, with his second wife Anne Boleyn, but it had been empty and unattended for some time. When Henry died the castle became the property of his son, Edward VI of England, who gave it to his uncle, Thomas Seymour. Thomas was made Lord of Sudeley and married the King's stepmother, Catherine Parr. During this time Thomas began to rebuild the castle for Catherine's use, but only one room that he had built remains today.

Seymour and Catherine moved into the castle and brought with them ladies to attend on the Queen Dowager, as well as gentlemen of the household and Yeomen of the guard. The castle was then home to over 100 people. Another famous figure who came to live in the castle of Lady Jane Grey, who was a ward of Seymour's, as well as the young Elizabeth I of England.

Catherine died after she had given birth to a daughter, Mary, at Sudeley Castle and was buried in its St. Mary's Chapel. Her grave was discovered in 1728 after the castle and the chapel had been left in ruins by the English Civil War. She was buried again by the Rector of Sudeley in 1817.

Seymour's ambition<nowiki/>s led to him being arrested and beheaded, after which Sudeley Castle became the property of Catherine's brother William Parr, who was the Marquess of Northampton. Parr had his property and title taken away after being involved in the failed attempt to make Lady Jane Grey Queen of England.

In 1554 Mary I of England gave Sudeley Castle to John Brydges, Lord Chandos and it remained as his property throughout the reign of Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth was entertained three times at Sudeley Castle, which including a spectacular feast in 1592 to celebrate the anniversary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.
Godfather trilogy

***The Godfather trilogy*** refers to the three Mafia movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola about the fictional Corleone crime family;
- _The Godfather_ (1972)
- _The Godfather Part II_ (1974)
- _The Godfather Part III_ (1990)
Without You (Badfinger song)

**"Without You"** is a song written by musicians Peter Ham and Tom Evans, which has become a standard since it was first recorded in 1970.

Ham and Evans were members of the rock band Badfinger, and they combined the verse of one unfinished song with the chorus of another, to complete "Without You". Badfinger included their version of the song on their second album, _No Dice_, which was released in 1970. Apple Records was Badfinger's record label, and the song was published by a related company, Apple Music.

The song got little attention at first, but when  Harry Nilsson recorded a  of it, his single became a worldwide hit. Nilsson, Ham and Evans all reached career peaks, and Nilsson won a Grammy Award for his recording.

"Without You" became, and remains, very popular around the world. Many other artists have recorded the song, and several have had hits with it, including Mariah Carey. Apple Music lost the American rights to the song, early in the 21st century.
Apple Records

**Apple Records** was a record label founded in 1968, started by The Beatles. It was a division of the Beatles's company Apple Corps. EMI served as distributors for Apple.

## Artists

Recording artists who appeared on the Apple label included Billy Preston, James Taylor, Mary Hopkin, Badfinger, Yoko Ono, and members of the Beatles before and after their breakup in 1970.

## History

While the Beatles and their business associates had high hopes for Apple at first, the tensions that caused the Beatles to split also hurt the label. Many of the records released on Apple failed to become popular, either because they did not go over well with listeners, or were not given the promotion they needed or deserved to become hit records. James Taylor "walked out" on his Apple Records contract, and signed with Warner Bros., where he began a long string of hits. Mary Hopkin retired from music after completing her contract. Billy Preston and Badfinger moved on to other record labels.

Apple Records released the last of its non-Beatles records in 1973, and when their distribution deal with EMI ended in 1975, the label went out of business.

## Reissues

The label came back into business  in the late 1980s, when the Beatles's music first appeared on compact disc. In 1992, most of Apple's other music also began to appear on CD. Yoko Ono's Apple recordings were not reissued by the label, because her husband John Lennon (a member of the Beatles) had to buy them back from Apple as part of a business settlement. After his death in 1980, Ono became the owner of the recordings. She later reissued them through another label, called Rykodisc.

Apple Records no longer signs new artists or groups, but new Beatles issues continue to appear on the Apple label.

## Infobox (record label)

- **name**: Apple Records
- **parent**: Apple Corps
- **founded**: 1968
- **founder**: The Beatles
- **distributor**: Capitol Records
 EMI, EMI Music Group
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
Pop music, Pop
Experimental music, Experimental
Indian music, Indian
Classical music
- **country**: United Kingdom
Germanic peoples

The **Germanic peoples** are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples that came from Northern Europe and are identified by their use of the Germanic languages. During the migration period, the Germanic peoples spread throughout Europe and mixed with existing local populations (like the Celts, Slavs/Vends, and Romans). They eventually formed the basis of many nations, which are connected by similar languages, common history, and culture.

The Latin word _Germani_ was first used by Julius Caesar.

The Germanic tribes did not have a name for themselves that described all Germanic-speaking people. In English, _German_ is first attested in 1520, replacing earlier use of _Almain_ or _Dutch_. Today, in English, “Dutch” means the language or people of the Netherlands.

In the 1st century CE, Roman authors like Caesar and Tacitus wrote that Germanic-speaking peoples had divided into tribal groupings. The different tribes lived in different areas:
- The East Germanic tribes lived around the Oder and Vistula Rivers in what is now Poland.
- The Istvaeones lived around the lower Rhine River.
- The Irminones lived around the Elbe River in what is now Germany.
- The Ingvaeones lived in Jutland and other islands in what is now Denmark.

The Irminones, Ingvaeones, and Sons of Mannus Istvaeones are called West Germanic tribes.  The Germanic people who remained in Scandinavia called North Germanic. The groups all developed separate dialects, which eventually developed into different Germanic languages.

The Germanic peoples did not call themselves West Germanic, East Germanic, or North Germanic. Those categories were created in modern times.

Each Germanic tribe was politically independent under a hereditary king. Each tribe had a myth about who first created the tribe.  For example, myths stated:

- Angul created the Angles
- Aurvandil created the Vandals (though historians are not certain this actually happened)
- Burgundus created the Burgundians
- Cibidus created the Cibidi
- Dan created the Danes
- Nór created the Norwegians
- Gothus created the Goths
- Ingve created the Ynglings
- Irmin created the Irminones
- Longobardus created the Lombards
- Saxneat created the Saxons
- Valagothus created the Valagoths
- Suiones created the Swedes (Svear)

Some Germanic kings claimed that they should have power because they were related to their tribe’s mythical founders.

## Origin

The early Germanic tribes spoke different dialects but could understand each other.  They shared a common culture and mythology (see Germanic mythology). _Beowulf_ and the Völsunga saga make that clear.

At this time, the Romans forced the different peoples of Italy to be part of one large empire. Unlike Italy, no large empire forced Germanic people to unite. That caused the various tribes to remain free and to be led by their own hereditary or chosen leaders.

## Other websites

- Germanic Roots of Great Britain, A Genetic Study
- On the origins of Anglo-Saxons
- Anglo-Saxons and Britons
May Pang

**May (Fung-Yee) Pang** (born October 24, 1950) is an American former music executive. She was a personal assistant to former Beatle John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono. She later became Lennon's companion and lover, when he separated from Ono in the mid-1970s. Pang was born in New York, New York to Chinese parents.

Pang was a secretary at ABKCO, a management company started by Allen Klein, in New York City. ABKCO's clients included three of the Beatles: Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. When Lennon and wife Ono needed an assistant, Pang was sent to England to work for them. She dated musician Peter Ham of Badfinger, and helped Lennon and Ono move to the United States, late in 1971.

During 1973, Lennon and Ono began to have problems in their marriage. Ono trusted Pang, and suggested her as a companion for Lennon, knowing he wanted to see other women. Lennon surprised Ono by taking Pang with him to Los Angeles, where he planned to record an album with Phil Spector. Lennon and Pang lived together for over a year, while he worked on new music, and tried to decide whether to divorce Ono or reconcile with her.

Lennon and Ono decided to reconcile early in 1975, and became the parents of Sean Lennon. Even though Pang had been involved with the marketing of several of Lennon's records, and also records by Harry Nilsson and Ringo Starr, she had a hard time finding a new job. She later found out the reason was because many companies were afraid Lennon would not want to do business with them, if he knew she worked there.

Pang finally found a job with Island Records, and later worked for RKO. She married record producer Tony Visconti, and they started a family. After Lennon's death in 1980, Pang wrote a memoir, titled _Loving John_. She also appeared on many talk shows, to discuss her relationship with Lennon.
Indo-European peoples

The **Indo-European peoples** are an ethnolinguistic group that lived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia thousands of years ago. They descended from the Ukrainian steppes and later spread out across Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, and India.

The Indo-Europeans were Bronze Age-speakers of Indo-European languages that had not yet split into the language families we know today, like the Centum and satem dialects (speakers of languages predating Proto-Indo-Iranian, Proto-Greek, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Balto-Slavic etc.)

Speakers of Indo-European languages in historical times are not called by the name Indo-Europeans but with often by the name of their language family like Anatolians, Tocharians, Aryans (Iranians, Indo-Aryans), Greeks, Celts, Italic peoples, Germanic peoples, Baltic peoples, Slavic peoples, Armenians, Albanians (or subdivisions of those groups).
Urban area

An **urban area** is an area where many people live and work close together. The population density is higher than in the surrounding area. It is where buildings are close together. Urban is the opposite of rural, where farm lands and nature are. Urban areas are usually cities and towns. Most of the work available in urban areas is factory and office work. Agricultural work is rare because buildings are close together and there is no space for farm lands.

There are different urban area definitions for each country. The definitions mostly depend on how populated the country is and if the definition shows a true percentage of how urbanized the country is. For example, in Poland an urban area is any place that has the status of a town, whereas in China it is any district, city, or town with a population density higher than 1500 people per square kilometer. The urban population definition for Canadian and Scandinavian countries depends on density. If there is a house every 200 meters it is classified as urban.

A large urban area, with all connected areas (usually developed around some city) is called a Metropolitan area.

### Norway

If two buildings are less than 50 m, from other, then both building can be part of an urban area. Exceptions are made due to parks, industrial areas, rivers, and similar things. Groups of houses less than 400 m from the main (group or) body of an urban area, are included in the urban area.

## Related pages

- List of largest cities (includes a list of urban areas)
Mary Hopkin

**Mary Hopkin** (born 3 May 1950) is a Welsh folk singer. She was born in Pontardawe. She was most famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Her first and biggest hit was "Those Were The Days" in 1968.

When The Beatles started their own record label called Apple Records, they were looking for new artists to sign up. Twiggy, a model and friend of the band, recommended her. After Hopkin signed with Apple, Beatle Paul McCartney produced many of the songs for her first album, called _Post Card_. Singer-songwriters Donovan and Harry Nilsson, and record producer George Martin, also gave her songs to record.

"Those Were The Days" was McCartney's choice for Hopkin's first single. He chose well, and the song became a hit worldwide. Hopkin recorded other singles, including "Goodbye", "Temma Harbour", "Knock, Knock, Who's There", and a remake of Doris Day's "Qué Sera, Sera", but they were not as successful as her first record. McCartney moved on to a solo career after the Beatles disbanded, and no longer worked with her. Hopkin's second album, _Earth Song/Ocean Song_, was largely self-produced.

Hopkin disliked the way Apple Records had promoted her, as a kind of "squeaky-clean" schoolgirl. She left the label after two albums and a best-of compilation, also titled _Those Were the Days_. She retired from music after marrying producer Tony Visconti, but she did appear as a background singer on a few of his productions.

During the 1990s, Apple Records reissued many of their old records, including Hopkin's two original albums. She oversaw a new version of _Those Were the Days_, with bonus tracks and a detailed booklet.

## Other websites

- Official page
Champs-Élysées

The **Champs-Élysées** is a long and very famous street in Paris.

The street is 1910 m long and 70 m wide and links the Arc de Triomphe and the Place de la Concorde. It is a very popular street and has many famous cinemas, bars, boutiques, and restaurants. The Tour de France ends on the street. It is the second most expensive street of the world. Rent is more than 900 000 euros per 100m² per year.

On 20 April 2017, two gunmen opened fired and killed one police officer and injured another on the Champs-Élysées in a terrorist attack claimed by ISIS.
Tom Evans

**Thomas "Tom" Evans** (5 June 1947 – 19 November 1983) was an English guitarist and songwriter, who had several hit records as a member of Badfinger, during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was also the cowriter of "Without You", with collaborator Peter Ham, another member of Badfinger.

Evans and Ham wrote most of Badfinger's hits together, including "No Matter What", "Day After Day", and "Baby Blue", which appeared on Apple Records. After leaving Apple, Badfinger's fortunes dipped. Ham committed suicide by hanging in 1975. Evans was devastated, and never got over losing his musical partner. He also hanged himself, in London in 1983.

"Without You" first became a hit in a cover version by Harry Nilsson in 1971, and the song became a standard as time went on. Badfinger's music was mostly forgotten by the 1980s, but became popular again in the 1990s when their old records appeared on compact disc.
Solon

**Solon** was a statesman in Ancient Greece. He is one of Seven Sages (or Wise Men) of Greece, because of his political reforms to the laws of Athens. Many of these changes helped the poor people. He lived from 630 B.C.- 560 B.C. He introduced the court and judges. About 594 B.C., the nobles elected Solon to lead Athens. He made reforms that helped prevent a revolt by the poor. First he freed people who had become slaves because of debts. He made a law that no citizen could be enslaved. Solon also organized citizens into four classes based on wealth, not birth. Rich men had more power. Yet this was still a more fair system than the old one that limited power to nobles. Solon allowed all citizens to serve in the assembly and help elect leaders. He also reformed the laws to make them less harsh.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Solon
- **image**: Ignoto, c.d. solone, replica del 90 dc ca da orig. greco del 110 ac. ca, 6143.JPG
- **caption**: Bust of Solon, copy from a Greek original () from the Farnese Collection, now at the National Archaeological Museum, Naples
- **native name**: Σόλων
- **native name lang**: grc
- **birth date**: BC
- **birth place**: Athens
- **death date**: BC (aged approx 70)
- **death place**: Cyprus
- **occupation**: Statesman, lawmaker, poet
Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds

**Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds** is a village in France near Saint-Paul-en-Jarez and Saint-Priest-en-Jarez.
Saint-Priest-en-Jarez

**Saint-Priest-en-Jarez** is a town in France near Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds and Villars.
Villars

**Villars** may refer to:

## In France

- Villars, Dordogne
- Villars, Eure-et-Loir
- Villars, Loire
- Villars, Vaucluse
- Villars-les-Dombes, Ain
- Villars-le-Sec, Territoire de Belfort

## In Switzerland

- Canton of Jura
    - Villars, Jura, Switzerland in the municipality Fontenais
- Canton of Fribourg
    - Villars-d'Avry in the municipality Pont-en-Ogoz
    - Villars-les-Joncs in the municipality Düdingen
    - Villars-sous-Mont in the municipality Bas-Intyamon
    - Villars-sur-Glâne
    - Villars-sur-Marly in the municipality Pierrafortscha
- Canton of Vaud
    - Villars-sur-Ollon in the municipality Ollon
    - Villars Bozon in the municipality L'Isle
    - the municipality Bougy-Villars
    - the municipality Lussery-Villars
    - the municipality Villars-Bramard
    - the municipality Villars-Burquin
    - the municipality Villars-Epeney
    - the municipality Villars-le-Comte
    - the municipality Villars-le-Grand
    - the municipality Villars-le-Terroir
    - the municipality Villars-Mendraz
    - the municipality Villars-Sainte-Croix
    - the municipality Villars-sous-Champvent
    - the municipality Villars-sous-Yens
    - the municipality Villars-Tiercelin

## Related pages

- Claude Louis Hector de Villars, a Marshal of France
- Felix Villars (1921-2002), biophysicist
- Villars-Maitre-Chocolatier
Logron

**Logron** is a village in France near Villars and Flacey. In 1999, about 500 people lived there.
Flacey

**Flacey** is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.

## References

- INSEE

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Flacey
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: FLACEY clochers 2.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Flacey (21).svg
- **arrondissement**: Dijon
- **canton**: Fontaine-lès-Dijon
- **insee**: 21266
- **postal code**: 21490
- **mayor**: Patrice Demaison
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Val de Norge
- **elevation m**: 258
- **elevation min m**: 244
- **elevation max m**: 307
- **area km2**: 6.79
- **population**: 170
- **population date**: 2008
Diet (assembly)

A **diet** is some form of assembly. People in the assembly meet (originally they did that daily, hence the name) to discuss and decide things. Common examples are the Diet of Worms or the Diet of Speyer.
Omelette

An **omelette** (also spelled as **omelet**) is a type of food that is mainly eggs, with various fillings.  In the United States omelettes are usually eaten at breakfast. However omelettes can be eaten as a light lunch or late evening meal.

## Making an Omelette

An omelette is prepared from beaten eggs cooked with butter or oil in a frying pan. A thin, flat 'heavy' omelette is usually folded around a filling such as cheese, vegetables, meat, or some combination of these ingredients. In some traditions, omelettes are fried to cook the bottom and then flipped over or in half for final stage of cooking. However, in other traditions, omelettes is baked to cook it evenly or the top is cooked under a broiler. When making an omelette, it is best to use several eggs. Put a little water in with the eggs when you mix them up because the water helps the eggs to produce steam as they cook. The steam makes them lighter and fluffier. Using oil in the bottom of a nonstick omelette pan helps prevent the omelette from sticking.

For a full light and fluffy omolette separate the egg whites and whisk to stiff peaks then fold in the yolks. Cook by frying in a knob of butter on a medium heat until center starts to dry then fold in half and cook until its hot in the middle.

## "Famous" Omelettes

There are many different types of omelette, often with different names, depending on what is used as a filling.

### Arnold Bennett

Arnold Bennett (27 May 1867 - 27 March 1931) was a British writer.  Often after having been to the theatre in London he visited the Savoy Hotel's Grillroom.  The chef added haddock, cream and Parmesan cheese to the basic omelette and called the new dish "Omelette Arnold Bennett" in his customer's honour.

### Napoleon

According to legend when Napoleon Bonaparte and his army were marching through southern France, they stopped for the night near the town of Bessieres. A local innkeeper made Napoleon an omelette.  Napoleon was so impressed by the cooking he ordered the townspeople to collect all the eggs in the village and to prepare a huge omelette for his army the next day.
Andranik Ozanian

**Andranik Toros Ozanian**, or **Zoravar Andranik**, (25 February 1865 – 31 August 1927) was an Armenian military general and freedom fighter. He was seen by Armenian people as a national hero.

## Biography

He was born in Şebinkarahisar, Ottoman Armenia (present-day Giresun Province, Turkey). After losing his wife and son at an early age, he joined the Armenian freedom movement in the Ottoman Empire, and participated in various political parties.
Andranik participated in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, within the Bulgarian army, alongside general Garegin Njdeh as a commander of Armenian auxiliary troops of 1912-1913. After his arrest and jailed; he spent some time in Istanbul. During World War I, he participated in the Caucasus Campaign and was appointed as general of the Armenian volunteer units of the Russian army. He participated in 20 different offensives where he gained fame due to his courage and the tactics he came up with to defeat the opposing forces.
He was the commanding officer of the Armenian volunteer units, which helped the Van Resistance take control of the Van on 6 May 1915. He helped re-capture the city from Ottoman forces during the Battle of Van. He was also the commander of the battalion that took the city of Bitlis (see: Battle of Bitlis) from the Ottoman forces that was under control of Mustafa Kemal.
After declaration of Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA), he organized volunteer units against the Ottoman army, and fought alongside those units. Declaration of Treaty of Batum was in diffuse as Andranik, was fighting against the Ottoman Empire with his army. He refused to accept the borders stated by the treaty. His activities were concentrated at the link between Ottoman Empire to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic at Karabakh, Zanghezur and Nakhichevan. Ozanian struck back at the Ottoman Fronts, Army of Islam.
Andranik, tried several times to seize Shusha. Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shushee,  currently called Shusha. control the main city of Nagorno-Karabakh, historically called Artsakh. In January 1919 Armenian troops advancing, the British forces (Lionel Dunsterville) ordered Andranik back to Zangezur, and gave him the assurances that this conflict can be solved with the Paris Peace Conference, of 1919.
In 1919 he left Armenia in order not to take part in the political struggles for power in the recent Republic of still those its opinions contradicting policy to carry Armenia for the last time and went oneself into exile to Fresno, California, United States.

He immigrated to Fresno, California. Andranik Ozanian lived in Fresno for 18 years until his death on 31 August 1927. His remains were moved to Paris in 1928, and returned to Armenia in 1999, where he was buried at the Yerablur military cemetery.

## Further reading

- The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: edited by Richard G Hovannisian
- Zoravar Andranik - Armenfilm 35mm 1989, Director: Levon Mkrtchyan,narration Khoren Abrahamyan
Angles

The **Angles** were Germanic peoples from northern Germany and Denmark who invaded Britain from around 410 CE. Their name seems to be connected with Angeln, a modern district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The Angles, together with the Jutes, the Saxons, and the Frisians, were among the tribes who sailed across the North Sea in the 5th century to invade Britain.  The various tribes were later called "Anglo-Saxon."

## Other websites

- English and Welsh are races apart; BBC; 30 June, 2002.
Angeln

Modern **Angeln**, (Danish: **Angel**; Latin: **Anglia**, which also means in direct translation from Latin: England), is a peninsula in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
Ancient Angeln may have been somewhat larger than the Angeln of today, but following the ancient sources it included the territory of modern Angeln.

Angeln has an importance far beyond its small area, as it seems to have been the original home of the Angles who invaded the southern part of Great Britain, which was named after them, England. And so the name of the major world language, English, seems to have taken its name from this little region.

Following the departure of the Angles from Anglia about 350, the region was occupied by Danish settlers not later than the 8th century.

## Related pages

- Angles
- Germanic peoples
- Anglo-Saxons

## Other websites

- Crop circles in Angeln
- Angeln cattle
- Tourism in Angeln)
- Cinarchea (Archaeological films of Schlesvig-Holstein)
- County and Municipal Flags (Schleswig-Holstein, Germany)
- Genealogy in Schleswig Holstein, Germany
Commonwealth

A **commonwealth** is a group of people or of groups with a common aim to improve themselves, help each other and share knowledge and resources.

The word can refer to several organisations:

- The Commonwealth of Nations, the countries linked with the United Kingdom usually speaking English
- The Commonwealth of Independent States was the collection of countries which were part of the Soviet Union

It is also part of the official name of some countries
- The Commonwealth of Australia

or part of the official name of some US states and territories
- The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
- The Commonwealth of Virginia
- The Commonwealth of Massachusetts
- The Commonwealth of Kentucky
- The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

In history the Commonwealth of England was the name of England between 1649 and 1660, when England had no king.
Frisian people

The **Frisians** are a group of people of northwestern Europe. They live in an area known as Frisia, mainly in Friesland and Groningen, in the Netherlands, and in East Frisia and North Frisia, in Germany. They are said to be a tall, big-boned and light-haired people with a rich history and folklore.

## History

The Frisians were made an agreement with the Romans at the Rhine River in 28 AD. Sixteen years later, the Frisians defeated the Romans under Tiberius at the Battle of Baduhennawood and were known and respected by the Romans, who made several writings about them. Tacitus wrote about the Germanic peoples in 69 AD and described their habits. He listed many Frisian groups by name; Of the many groups that he listed, the Frisians are the only ones to have kept their old name.

The Frisians probably used boats. The North Sea from Great Britain to eastern Denmark was then called _Mare Frisia_. On lands around them, small groups of Frisians settled. Their homes have been found in England, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France and the Netherlands.

Their lands followed the edge of the North Sea from the mouth of the Rhine River up to that of the Ems River, which was their eastern limit according to Ptolemy's _Geographica_.

In the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons went through Frisian territory in northern Germany and the Netherlands to invade Britain, and many Frisians moved with them.  The Frisians who stayed in Continental Europe moved to the lands in which the Anglo-Saxons had lived.

## Famous Frisians

- Mata Hari
- Wijerd Jelckama
- M.C. Escher
- Pier Gerlofs Donia
- Doutzen Kroes
Alba Iulia

**Alba Iulia** (Latin: _Apulum_, German: _Karlsburg_/_Weißenburg_, Hungarian: _Gyulafehérvár_, former ) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania.  It has a population of 66,369 people. It is found on the Mureş River. In the center of the city there is Alba Carolina citadel built in three historical periods: Roman, Medieval and Habsburg.

## Sister cities

- Arnsberg, Germany
- Székesfehérvár, Hungary
- Aeghio, Greece
- Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Sliven, Bulgaria
- Düzce, Turkey
- San Benedetto del Tronto, Italy

## Infobox (settlement)

- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **map caption**: Location of Alba Iulia
- **official name**: Alba Iulia
- **image shield**: ROU AB Alba Iulia CoA.png
- **image flag**: ROU AB Alba Iulia Flag.png
- **image map**: Alba_Iulia_in_Romania.png
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: Alba County
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Romania, Status
- **settlement type**: County capital
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Mircea Hava
- **leader party**: Democratic Party (Romania), Democratic Party
- **area total km2**: 103.65
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population total**: 66369
- **website**: http://www.apulum.ro/
Balance

**Balance** may mean:

## General terms

- Balance in stereophonic sound
- Balance (accounting)
- Balance beam, gymnastics equipment
- Balance disorder, a medical disorder
- Balance (metaphysics), a desirable point between opposite forces
- Balance wheel in a watch
- Balancing or hard balancing in international relations
- Engine balance
- Tire balance
- Equilibrioception, the sense of balance, or spacial equilibrium, in humans and animals
- Homeostasis, a biological balance within a living organism
- Media balance, media coverage of politics
- Balance, a scale for weighing
- Game balance, a concept in game design describing fairness or balance of power in a game

## Specific terms

- BALANCE Act {H.R. 1066}, Benefit Authors without Limiting Advancement or Net Consumer Expectations
- _Balance (animation)_, a 1989 Academy Award-winning short film
- _Ballance_, a 2004 puzzle computer game
- _Balance_ (In Urdu: Mizan or ) is a comprehensive treatise on Islam written by Javed Ahmed Ghamidi, a Pakistani Sunni Islamic scholar.
- _Balance Bar_, a popular nutritional energy bar

### Music

- Balance (band), a 1980s pop/rock group
- Balance (album), an album by Van Halen
- Balance (Kim-Lian album), an album by Kim-Lian

## Similar terms

- Balanced line (electronics)
- Rebalancing (investment), an action to bring investments in line with target asset allocation