juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Orbiting Carbon Observatory

The **Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO)** was a NASA satellite mission that was supposed to provide world-wide observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide from space. (CO<sub>2</sub>). It was lost in a launch failure on February 24, 2009, when the box of the Taurus rocket which was carrying it failed to come off during launch. The added weight of the box it was in prevented the satellite from reaching its intended speed and height. After that it fell back into the atmosphere and crashed into the Indian Ocean near Antarctica.

## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Orbiting Carbon Observatory
- **image**: Orbiting Carbon Observatory 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Artist rendition of the OCO satellite as it would look in orbit
- **image size**: 300px
- **insignia**: Orbiting Carbon Observatory Logo.jpg
- **insignia size**: 150px
- **mission type**: Climatology
- **operator**: NASA
- **mission duration**: Launch failure
Planned: 2 years
- **spacecraft bus**: LEOStar-2
- **manufacturer**: Orbital Sciences Corporation, Orbital Sciences
- **dimensions**: Stowed:
- **power**: 786 W
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**: Taurus (rocket), Taurus-XL 3110
- **launch site**: Vandenberg Air Force Base, Vandenberg Vandenberg AFB Launch Complex 576, LC-576E
- **launch contractor**: Orbital Sciences Corporation, Orbital
- **orbit reference**: geocentric orbit, Geocentric
- **orbit regime**: Sun-synchronous orbit, Sun-synchronous
- **apsis**: gee
Bulgarian Wikipedia

The **Bulgarian  Wikipedia** () is the Bulgarian language edition of Wikipedia. It was founded on 6 December 2003. On 24 May 2010, it became the 32nd largest Wikipedia by size and it passed the "100,000" articles threshold.  As of October 2015, it is the 36th largest edition.

## Policies

Rules in Bulgarian Wikipedia are not regarded as flexible in disputes as they are on the English project. Difficult issues are resolved through the Arbitration Committee, which handles content disputes, blocks users or prohibit certain users from editing articles on certain topics. Misuse of administrator privileges is typically appealed through the Arbitration Committee; only this authority and Wikimedia stewards have the power to remove administrator flags.

## History

The Bulgarian Wikipedia was created on 6 December 2003. On November 24, 2005, the Bulgarian language Wikipedia added its 20,000th article, and was the 21st largest Wikipedia at the time. As of December 26, 2007 it is the 30th largest Wikipedia by article count, with over 50,000 articles.
In 24 May 2010, the distinctive Wikipedia globe logo for the Bulgarian Wikipedia was temporarily altered to include the number 100,000 to commemorate the 100,000 article milestone.

## Timeline

- On 03 October 2004,  the 10,000th article was created.
- On 26 December 2007, the 50,000th article was created.
- On 24 May 2010, the 100,000th article was created.
- On 17 July 2013, the 150,000th article was created.
- On 12 June 2015, the 200,000th article was created.
- On 17 August 2024, the 300,000th article was created.

<div align=center>
</div>

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Bulgarian Wikipedia
_Българоезична Уикипедия_
- **screenshot**: ScreenShot bgWiki-2016.png
- **collapsible**: yes
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-bg.svg
- **caption**: The homepage of the Bulgarian Wikipedia.
- **commercial**: Charity (practice), Charitable
- **launch date**: 6 December 2003
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Bulgarian language, Bulgarian
- **registration**: Optional
- **content license**: Creative Commons ShareAlike License 3.0
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
Similarity (psychology)

**Similarity** in the area of cognitive psychology refers to things or ideas that people put together in the same groups, or categories, in their minds.   Many psychologists try to find out what rules people use when they decide that two things are similar.

## Modeling

One important tool used by psychologists to look into similarity is computer modeling.  Scientists will, for example, ask people to rate a number of objects as more or less similar to each other.  Then they will write a computer program that tries to simulate the same answers that the humans gave.  For instance, a person might say that "cat" and "dog" are similar words, so a good computer model should be able to take the word "dog" and respond with the word "cat" in a list of similar words.  Computer models do this by applying some set of rules to a large collection of real world text (called a corpus).

Once a model can respond with the correct (similar) words, then it is likely that the rules the computer program uses are the same rules that people use to decide whether words are similar.

## Behavioral research

Another way that psychologists look into similarity is by putting people in special situations and watching what they do.  In other words, by using an experiment.  When it comes to similarity, this might include listing words, using categories as clues for learning new words, sorting objects into groups, or other tasks that have to do with comparing things to one another.

Depending on how quickly people do these tasks, or how many mistakes they make, psychologists can find out what rules they are using to decide if things are similar.

## How do people decide that two things are similar?

- Features - If something about two things are the same, people might say the things are similar. (coins and wheels are similar, because they are both round.)  Similar features could include: shape, texture (what the surface looks like), material (what something is made out of), color, weight, size, temperature, and other features.
- Functions - If two things are used for the same reasons, people might say the things are similar. (cars and airplanes are similar.)
- Hierarchy - If one thing is a small part of a larger thing, people might say the things are similar. (A foot and a leg are similar)
- Phonetics - If the words for two things sound the same, people might say the things are similar.  Also, if the first parts of the words for two things are the same, people might say the things are similar.
- Transformation - If one thing can be changed into another thing easily, either in the real world or in a person's mind, people might say the things are similar (a seed is similar to a plant.  A toy car is similar to a real car.)
Bix

**BIX** is a rock group from Lithuania. It was founded in 1987. They are one of the most experienced Baltic bands and traveled on tours to United States.
Cabinet (furniture)

A **cabinet** is a type of furniture with enclosed shelves and sometimes a door in front. It is usually made of wood. Metal may be used in industrial or public areas. Some cabinets stand alone; others are attached to a wall. Most kitchens have cabinets for storage of cooking materials and utensils.
Capillary action

**Capillary action** means either of two things:

1. When liquid moves through thin tubes.
1. When liquid moves through something that is full of little holes (like a sponge).

Capillary action is a result of the surface tension of liquids.

An example of capillary action is what happens inside a drinking straw left in a cup of water. The force of adhesion which holds the water together and to the straw is a little stronger than gravity, so the water will rise inside the straw a little higher than the rest of the water.

Another example is what happens when putting a sponge in a puddle of water. The little bubbles in the sponge work like many straws gathered together. When the sponge is dipped in water, the water starts to go into the holes, and the bubbles that are inside the sponge pull on the water that they touch.

Capillary action also takes place inside the human body. For example, it removes tears from the eyes.

## Related pages

- Capillaries
Liliales

**Liliales** is an order of flowering plants. This order of necessity includes the family Liliaceae, but both the family and the order have had a widely disputed history, with the circumscription varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. The best known representative of the order is the lily.
Liliaceae

The **Liliaceae**, or the **lily family**, is a family of flowering plants in the order Liliales.
Charles Nicolle

**Charles Jules Henri Nicolle** (September 21, 1866 - February 28, 1936) was a French doctor and microbiologist. He won the 1928 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the disease typhus.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Charles Nicolle
- **image**: Charles Nicolle at microscope.jpg
- **caption**: Name
- **birth date**: September 21, 1866
- **birth place**: Rouen, France
- **death date**: February 28, 1936
- **death place**: Tunis
- **nationality**: French
- **work institutions**: Pastuer Institute
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1928)
Uma Thurman

**Uma Karuna Thurman** (born April 29, 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American movie actress.  She is famous for her role in many movies. These include Quentin Tarantino's _Pulp Fiction_ and _Kill Bill_ Volume 1 and 2.

## Family

Thurman's mother, Nena von Schlebrügge, is a psychiatrist and former model. Her father, Robert Thurman, was a Professor of Buddhism.

Her father is of German, English, Irish and Scottish descent. Her mother is of Swedish, Danish and German descent. Before her parents' marriage, her mother was married to Timothy Leary. One of her three brothers is Ganden Thurman, a Hollywood yoga guide.

Uma Thurman has three children. She has a daughter, actress Maya, and son from her second husband, Ethan Hawke and a daughter from her partner, Swiss businessperson Arpad Busson.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Uma Thurman
- **image**: Uma Thurman photographed by Jiyang Chen.jpg
- **caption**: Uma Thurman in 2011
- **birth name**: Uma Karuna Thurman
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 3; including Maya Hawke
- **partner**: Arpad Busson (2007–2009, 2011–2014)
Keyhole Markup Language

**Keyhole Markup Language** is a file format for displaying data on maps.

In the same way that a Web browser displays web pages written with HTML, KML draws data on maps like Google Maps and virtual globes like Google Earth.

It is an international standard http://www.opengeospatial.org/standards/kml/, maintained by the Open Geospatial Consortium http://www.opengeospatial.org/.

Google, the previous maintainers of the specification, have information on writing KML on their website.
Martinsburg, West Virginia

**Martinsburg** is a city in West Virginia. It is the county seat of Berkeley County and with a 2020 population of 18,777, it is the seventh largest city in West Virginia as ranked by population.

## History

Martinsburg was founded in 1778, by General Adam Stephen and named in honor of Colonel Thomas Bryan Martin. It was incorporated by the West Virginia legislature on March 30, 1868.

## Commerce

Major employers in Martinsburg include Quad/Graphics, Ecolab, Orgill, Sino-Swearingin, FedEx, and Quebecor World. Government employers include the Internal Revenue Service, the 167th Airlift Wing of the Air National Guard, and the BATF. The now defunct Norwalk car company was located in Martinsburg.

## Notable Natives and Residents

- Newton D. Baker, Secretary of War
- Belle Boyd, Confederate Spy
- Vicky Bullett, Olympic gold medalist in women's basketball
- Harry F. Byrd, United States Senator and Governor of Virginia
- Robert Lee Castleman,Grammy-winning singer/songwriter
- Charles James Faulkner, United States Representative from Virginia
- Shannon Larkin, drummer for Godsmack
- Walter Dean Myers, author
- John Quincy Adams Nadenbousch, colonel in the Confederate States Army
- Cecil B. Perkins, former pitcher for the New York Yankees
- Absalom Willis Robertson, United States Senator from Virginia
- David Hunter Strother aka Porte Crayon, artist
- Hack Wilson, Hall of Fame baseball player
- Fulton Walker, former football player for the Miami Dolphins
Monflanquin

**Monflanquin** is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in southwestern France. It used to be a bastide.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Monflanquin
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Village Monflanquin.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of Monflanquin
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Monflanquin (Lot-et-Garonne).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arrondissement of Villeneuve-sur-Lot, Villeneuve-sur-Lot
- **canton**: Le Haut agenais Périgord
- **insee**: 47175
- **postal code**: 47150
- **mayor**: Francis bordes
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes Bastide et Châteaux en Guyenne
- **elevation m**: 181
- **elevation min m**: 64
- **elevation max m**: 207
- **area km2**: 62.21
Hannah

**Hannah** (meaning _grace of God_) is a woman in the Bible, in the book of 1 Samuel chapters 1 and 2. She was the wife of Elkanah and the Mother of Samuel. After she begged God for a child, she gave birth to Samuel. Samuel became a prophet of God (a voice for God in Israel). When Samuel was a young child, she took him to live in the temple (as she had promised God), to be an apprentice of Eli the priest.
Jacob

**Jacob** is a figure in the Abrahamic religions. He was a patriarch of the Hebrew people, as told in the Hebrew Bible, the Talmud, the New Testament and the Qur'an. He was the ancestor of the tribes of Israel, which were named after his male children. He had 13 children, 12 sons and a daughter.

Jacob had an older brother, Esau. His mother was named Rebecca and his father named Isaac. According to the Talmud, immediately after Abraham died, Jacob prepared a lentil stew as a traditional mourner's meal for his father. The Hebrew Bible says that Esau, who was very hungry, begged Jacob to give him some of the stew. (Esau called the dish, "that red, red stuff", which is why he is called Edom,  (_`Edom_, meaning "Red").) Jacob said, "If you give me your birthright I will give you some stew." Esau agreed. Soon, Issac became almost blind. Rebecca tricked Issac into giving Jacob the blessing. Jacob's brother got angry, so Rebecca sent Jacob away.

Jacob works for his uncle Laban so he can marry his daughter Rachel. But he is tricked into marrying Leah, her older sister as well. He has children with both women, and with their concubines.

He is very upset when his son Joseph is sold into slavery in Egypt by his brothers. Jacob moves to Egypt when there is a famine. He dies and is buried in Canaan.
EFE

**EFE** is a Spanish news agency. It was created in 1939 by Ramón Serrano Súñer and Manuel Aznar Zubigaray.

Agencia EFE is a news agency that covers all areas of information in the news media of the press, radio, television and Internet. It distributes around three million news per year, thanks to its 3,000 journalists from 60 nationalities, operating 24/7 from more than 180 cities in 120 countries and with four editing tables in three continents: Madrid, Bogotá, Cairo (Arabic), and Rio de Janeiro (Portuguese).
Backronym

A **backronym** is the same as an acronym, except that the meaning was created after the abbreviation. For example, SOS.
Pay per click

**Pay per click** advertising on search engines such as Google and Bing. On Google the adverts are displayed either at the very top of the search results with an orange background, on the right hand side or in both these places. Advertisers pay Google each time someone clicks on their advert. It is often referred to by the letters PPC.  Many pay per click providers exist, Google AdWords, Yahoo! Search Marketing, and Microsoft adCenter are the three largest operators.
Tristan Tzara

**Tristan Tzara** (; ; born **Samuel** or **Samy Rosenstock**, also known as **S. Samyro**;  – 25 December 1963) was an artist from Romania and France who was known for starting the Dadaist movement. He was interested in symbolism and was more on the nihilistic side of Dada than others.
Dadaism

**Dadaism** is an avant-garde intellectual movement. It started around the time of the First World War. Although not at first an art movement,<sup>p60/61</sup> it did influence art greatly for a time.

## History

The movement, formed in Zurich, Switzerland, was heavily influenced by the war in Europe. Its artists rejected modern capitalist society. They used nonsense and protest in their works. Dadaist artists expressed their discontent with violence, war, and nationalism, and were close to the radical far-left. The whole point behind Dadaism was to prove that anything could be art if the artist declared it to be. This was to prove that if everything could be art, then nothing could be art. This outraged many artists as Dadaism deemed their labour intensive artworks meaningless.

The art of the movement spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture.

## Influence

Its peak was 1916 to 1922, and it influenced surrealism, pop art, and punk rock. It went  against the standards of society.
Followers of Dadaism included Antonin Artaud, Max Ernst, and Salvador Dali. A later version, called _Neo-Dada_, arose in the 1960s.

Dadaism began in central Europe, in Berlin and Zurich. Dadaism moved to Paris with Tristan Tzara. Tzara would go on to 'lead' the dadaists of Paris such as Man Ray, Jean Cocteau, and Marcel Duchamp.

Dadaism is also closely associated with the concepts of the grotesque, the absurd, and the macabre. The idea of ridiculing the absurdity of existence has its expression in the dramatic art of Samuel Beckett and the so called school of Paris, which included Arthur Adamov, Jean Genet, and Eugene O'Neill.

The word "Dada" may be an allusion to an infant's first words, such as "Mama". No one knows who invented the name, but there is some historical evidence which says that Tzara picked it out at random from a German-French dictionary, since "Dada" means "hobbyhorse" in French. A hobbyhorse is a long stick with a toy horse head attached which a child can hold in front of them to pretend they are riding a horse. Still, the source of the name is not widely agreed upon.
Rutaceae

**Rutaceae** is a family of flowering plants. It is commonly known as the rue or citrus family. It is  usually placed in the order Sapindales.
Symbolism (art)

**Symbolism** was a late 19th-century art movement of French, Russian and Belgian origin. The movement rejected realism and naturalism, and included poetry and other arts. Symbolists believed that art should represent absolute truths that could only be described indirectly.

In literature, the style started with the publication _Les Fleurs du mal_ (_The Flowers of Evil_, 1857) by Charles Baudelaire. The works of Edgar Allan Poe, which Baudelaire admired greatly and translated into French, were a significant influence; It was also the source of many  tropes and images. Symbolism in art is related to the gothic component of Romanticism.http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/harris/Rom_Links.htm

Origin of the name: The name _symbolist_ was first used (1886) by the critic Jean Moréas; He invented that name to make a distinguish between symbolists and (other) people from styles of literature and art, that are similar.

## Painting and other visual arts

Those "painters who are truly representative of the ... aesthetic ideals" of symbolism includes Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Pierre Puvis de Chavannes, according to Britannica.com.

The _Vision after the Sermon_ (1888, picture), is a Paul Gauguin painting that was done in the Synthetic style that he developed" in Brittany with Émile Bernard; The picture had influence (of significance) on the aesthetic in works by the group of artists known as the Nabis.

The group Salon de la Rose + Croix had (shows or) exhibitions that showed symbolist paintings. Some of the most influential paintings at those shows, were done by Arnold Böcklin, Fernand Khnopff, Ferdinand Hodler, Jan Toorop, Gaetano Previati, Jean Delville, Carlos Schwabe, and Charles Filiger. The six shows were held between 1892 and 1896.

There were several groups of Symbolist painters and visual artists, including Gustave Moreau, Gustav Klimt, Odilon Redon, Henri Fantin-Latour, Gaston Bussière, Edvard Munch, Félicien Rops, and Jan Toorop. Symbolism in painting was even more widespread geographically than symbolism in poetry. Its ideas affected Mikhail Vrubel, Nicholas Roerich, Martiros Saryan, Mikhail Nesterov, Léon Bakst, Elena Gorokhova in Russia, as well as Frida Kahlo in Mexico and David Chetlahe Paladin in the United States.  Auguste Rodin is sometimes considered a symbolist sculptor.

The symbolist painters used mythological and dream imagery. The symbols used by symbolism are not the familiar emblems of mainstream iconography but intensely personal, private, obscure and ambiguous references.

A symbolist painting may _look_ realistic, but actually it represents a non-visual idea.

Sculptures: In 1898, George Minne (from Belgium) made the sculptures _Kneeling Youth_ and the _Fountain with Kneeling Youths_. They are highpoints among his symbolist sculptures.

## Legacy

More a philosophy than an actual style of art, symbolism in painting influenced the contemporary Art Nouveau style and Les Nabis (a group of Post-Impressionist avant-garde artists in France).

## Other websites

- Who Were the Most Famous Symbolists [painters?]. Thecollector.com
- Symbolism. Artstory.org
Alliaceae

**Alliaceae** is a family of herbaceous perennial flowering plants. They are part of order Asparagales.
Metalogic

**Metalogic** is the science of reasoning about the arguments that are in logic itself. While logic deals with external truths, metalogic deals with truths that lie while using logic.
Rationality

**Rationality** is the state that exists when reason is used. It's also related to moderation in some contexts and sensibility in others.

When a person is reasonable or rational they are using all available information to make a decision, and whether their decision can be judged as rational or reasonable depends on the reasons they made it. If they believe that the most important factor in any decision is how they will personally benefit, then self-interested or even selfish behavior would be rational. But if they believe that benefiting a group of people is more important than benefiting just one person, then purely selfish behavior is irrational. Determinations of rationality depend on context, the background information and assumptions.
Universal reason

**Universal reason** is something that philosophers think is at the bottom of a thinking system that allows it to understand certain natural things that are generally complex.
Plutocracy

**Plutocracy** is a form of government controlled by wealthy people.

## Related pages

- Corruption
- Kleptocracy
- Oligarchy
- Oligopoly
- Timocracy
- Feudalism
Corruption

**Corruption** is a system that starts out good but somehow goes wrong. The word comes from a Latin word meaning "Rotting". Corruption could be a government doing what they say is good, but instead oppress people, or an official doing something wrong. A text that is miscopied, or computer file or computer program which malfunctions or becomes infected with a computer virus, may be called "corrupt". It may also mean an abuse of power, usually for a personal benefit.

Sometimes the term just means bribery.

## Related pages

- Corruption Perceptions Index
- Electoral fraud
- Injustice
- Monopoly
- Plutocracy
- Political corruption
- Tax evasion - Panama Papers
Oppression

**Oppression** is when a person or group of people who have power use it in a way that is not fair, unjust or cruel. It can also describe the feeling of people who are oppressed. Oppressive governments can lead to a rebellion.

Racism, sexism and other discrimination and prejudices can cause oppression, especially if laws are made based on them.

Anarchists say that all government, police and laws are oppressive. This is because they stop people from doing whatever they want to.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the idea of human rights in general, is meant to stop oppression.

## Related pages

- Ableism
- Persecution
- Political asylum
- Political prisoner
- Suppression
Meritocracy

A **meritocracy** is the condition where people who deserve to can go up in rank, as opposed to a system like nepotism. It applies generally to all positions to which people may be appointed. It is often reinforced by laws, such as that women should have equal opportunities to men in employment.

The philosopher Plato thought that a government based on merit was better than democracy. In democracy, there is no guarantee that you will get the best person, the most qualified person, ruling the state. His criticisms were really of Athenian (or direct) democracy, where anyone could be selected to rule.

In a meritocracy, the people are chosen who are thought to be the best. Some have accused it of being elitist, saying that government by the best will mean that only those who have had the right opportunities will have a chance to govern, creating in effect a ruling class.

It is worth pointing out that Plato did not see it this way. He believed that philosophers were the best people to rule because they were _disinterested_, meaning they only had the interests of the state in mind, not their own interest. Plato's point was this: if you want to rule, then it will go wrong, because power will corrupt you. If you are a philosopher, you don't care about power  all you care about is truth, so you will rule well, without being interested in your power or status.

## Related pages

- Geniocracy
- Technocracy
Nepotism

**Nepotism** is when a person in authority gives jobs to their relatives. It comes from the practice of mediaeval Popes, appointing their nephews to important positions. _Nepote_ is Italian for 'nephew'.

For instance, Pope Callixtus III, head of the Borgia family, made two of his nephews cardinals; one of them, Rodrigo, later used his position as a cardinal as a stepping stone to the papacy, becoming Pope Alexander VI. Alexander then elevated Alessandro Farnese, his mistress's brother, to cardinal; Farnese would later go on to become Pope Paul III. Paul III was a notorious nepotist. When elected Pope in 1534 he appointed two nephews, aged 14 and 16, as cardinals.

The practice was finally ended when Pope Innocent XII issued the bull _Romanum decet Pontificem_, in 1692. The papal bull prohibited popes in all times from bestowing estates, offices, or revenues on any relative, with the exception that one qualified relative (at most) could be made a cardinal.

In the modern world, nepotism is thought to be wrong, and conflicts with the principle of merit, where the best person gets the job (meritocracy). The argument against the widespread nepotism in countries like Italy is that it damages the economy of the country, though that is difficult to prove.
Mindset

A **mindset** is a state that usually a majority of people would have in a particular time or occasion. It is formed from things that people are convinced about. It is like a collected norm.

Mindset can also be about how people see their abilities. In this sense, people have two types of mindsets: fixed and growth mindsets. Psychologist Carol Dweck explains that students with fixed mindset believe their basic abilities, their intelligence, their talents, are just fixed characteristics. They have a certain amount and they improve, and then their goal becomes to look smart all the time and never look dumb. In a growth mindset students understand that their talents and abilities can be developed through effort, good teaching and working hard. They don't necessarily think everyone's the same or anyone can be Einstein, but they believe everyone can get smarter if they work at it.
Existential crisis

An **existential crisis** is the feeling that is experienced when thinking about life itself being without any meaning at all. It also happens when the thinking involves a person's own death while all alone with anxiety, fear, solitude and possibly miserable.

## Other page

- Absurdism
- Alienation
- Compensation
- Crisis
- Existentialism
- Meaning of life
- Pessimism
Larry Wall

**Larry Wall** (born September 27, 1954) is an American programmer, best known for creating the programming language Perl. He worked at NASA for a short time. He is currently working on a new version of Perl.
Jamaican English

**Jamaican English** may mean: Jamaican Patois

**Jamaican English** is a variety of English spoken in Jamaica. It uses parts of both American and British English.

A simple example of this would be "Ku pon dis mama, dis yah mon yah'ead nuh good, truss mi."
Which would mean "Look at this mom, this man is crazy, trust me."
Human-powered aircraft

A **human powered aircraft** is an aircraft that is powered entirely or partly by the pilot(s).  Several human powered aircraft have been constructed in the past 30 years for recreation or to win prizes.

Designing a successful human-powered aircraft is difficult because a very large power to weight ratio must be achieved.  This has been the reason why many of these aircraft use advanced composite materials in their construction.

There are human-powered aircraft being designed and made now.  One aircraft is being built by Virginia Tech University named the Iron Butterfly.  Another one is being built by the Pennsylvania State University named the Zephyrus.

## References

- History of man-powered flight
- Chronology and pictures
- Blue Falkor Human Powered Aircraft project at TU Delft The Netherlands
Social interaction

A **social interaction** or **social relation** is the way people talk and act with each other. It may include interactions in a team, family or bureaucracy. It includes any relationship between two or more individuals.
It is a source of socialization and it characterizes all types of social relationships.

According to **Gish and N.P**, " **Social interaction** is the reciprocal influence human beings exert on each other through inter stimulation and response."
Interstitial fluid

**Interstitial fluid** is a type of fluid in the body. It is found in the interstitial spaces or tissue spaces - the fluid-filled areas that surround cells. It makes up about 3/4 of all extracellular fluid. Its main purpose is provide cells with nutrients and assist the cells in waste removal.

Some components of interstitial fluid are plasmatic, lymphatic, intraocular, synovial, pericardial, intrapleural, peritoneal, and digestive fluids.
Extracellular fluid

**Extracellular fluid** is body fluid that exists outside cells. It makes up about one-third (1/3) of all body water.
Fairness

**Fairness** means treating people equally or in the right way (according to accepted standards). Fairness is an important concept in sociology, law, and society. It is an key part of legal and social justice.

## What is fairness?

Fairness can mean several things. For example, it can mean sameness, where everybody gets the same things in order to keep everybody equal.

Fairness can also mean "deservedness", meaning a person gets what they deserve. People who are successful by working hard get what they deserve. People who are lazy and do not work hard get less.

Fairness can also be based on need. Those who have more should give more to help others. This is based on the concept that people have obligations to each other.

Fairness involves keeping decisions free from any form of bias or discrimination. Judges, lawmakers, referees and teachers are among those expected to be fair in their decisions.

## Equality vs equity

In the United States, fairness has long been a battle between equality and equity.

Equality is the idea everyone should have an equal opportunity. If all the horses in a race start from the same point, the horse that wins is the fastest.

Equity is the idea that adjustments need to be made to make things fair for everybody. In this sense, one person should get more than another. For example, in the game of golf, when playing a skilled golfer, a less skilled golfer may be given a "handicap" (less points) at the start of the game. This is to help make the final score fair for both players.
Cross-cultural psychology

**Cross-cultural psychology** is the study of the difference cultures can have on psychology. The environment, societal customs and changes in the overall structure of different countries may affect the psychology of individuals distinctly. It has relations in anthropology and sociological psychology.
Evolutionary psychology

**Evolutionary psychology** is a branch of psychology that investigates behavior which has evolved. It is similar in this respect to ethology, which has always used ideas from evolutionary biology.

## Abstract

This field seeks to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations, that is, functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. Evolutionary psychology usually focuses on behavior most people share. Sex and social behavior are some of the more common areas that evolutionary psychology focuses on. Events like violent behavior need explanation in evolutionary terms.

Evolutionary psychology is related to other fields of science like sociobiology, social psychology, and sociocultural anthropology. Evolutionary psychologists argue that much of human behavior is the result of adaptations that evolved to solve recurrent problems in human ancestral environments.

The adaptationist approach is steadily increasing as an influence in the general field of psychology. Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations. This includes our ability to infer others' emotions, discern kin from non-kin, identify and prefer healthier mates, and cooperate with others. They report successful tests of theoretical predictions related to such topics as infanticide, intelligence, marriage patterns, promiscuity, perception of beauty, bride price and parental investment.

- "The recognition that psychological mechanisms are evolved adaptations connects evolutionary biology to psychology in the strongest possible fashion, allowing everything we know about the study of adaptations to be applied to the study of psychological mechanisms".

## Books

- Barkow, Jerome H; Cosmides, Lena & Tooby, John (eds) 1992. _The adapted mind: evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture_. Oxford University Press.
- Buss, David 2011. _Evolutionary psychology: the new science of the mind_. 4th ed, Pearson.

## Related pages

- Adaptive unconscious
- Sociobiology
- _The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals_

## Other websites

- Frans de Waal 2012 Moral behavior in animals https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GcJxRqTs5nk
University of Waterloo

The _University of Waterloo_ is in the Southwest of Ontario. This university is marked the 5th best university in Canada. This university is very large. It was founded in 1957.

## Contests

The University of Waterloo holds many contests in mathematics for students in high school.  Some contests let you choose the correct answer out of many wrong answers ( multiple choice ), and for other contests one must write the whole answer and how it was found. Anybody in Canada can take these contests.  Each contest is named after famous mathematicians, such as Galois or Fermat.

## Notable people

- Walter Benz
- David Johnston
- Robert Mundell
- Donna Strickland

## Related pages

- One instruction set computer

## References

- cemc.uwaterloo.ca
- https://www.unirank.org/ca/ranking/
- https://www.unirank.org/ca/uni/university-of-waterloo/
Tarja Turunen

**Tarja Turunen** (b. August 17, 1977 near Kitee) is a Finnish singer and songwriter. She is a mezzo and lyric soprano and has a vocal range of three octaves. People know her for her work with symphonic metal band Nightwish. She was the first singer of the band. She was dismissed from the band in the end of 2007, due to musical differences. and started making her own music. Because of her soprano voice, she even sings heavy metal songs in a classical way. She was one of the first singers to do this, which made other people want to make similar music.

In 2006 she made a wonderful Christmas album, called "Henkäys Ikuisuudesta". In November 2007, she came out with her first metal album, _My Winter Storm_, which had a lot of different music types on it like rock and heavy metal. In 2010 she made "What Lies Beneath", her second metal album without Nightwish. She played some concerts in Europe, and was in well known heavy metal festivals. She made a whole tour for these two albums. In August 2013, she made her third metal album, "Colours in the Dark", which is a very optimistic album and in August 2016, she made her fourth metal album, "The Shadow Self", which is also very optimistic. In December 2017, she made her second magical Christmas album, called "From Spirits and Ghosts (Score for a Dark Christmas)".
Gerontocracy

**Gerontocracy** is a system of government in which old people make the policies and control the country. It may be ageist as much as it may be conservative.
Ageism

**Ageism** is when a person is treated badly only because of their age and a highly damaging social construct. Ageism can be bias and discrimination by one person or by a part of society as a group. Discrimination is when a person is left out or abused by somebody who does not like something about them. For example, their facial features, their height or their skin.

There have been many issues at the British broadcasting company, BBC, dealing with people saying that they have issues with ageism. Ageism is often common in the entertainment industry and journalism where what a person looks like is felt by many to be important, although ageism can be directed at people working in their industry even in their private life.

There are two targets for age discrimination: old people (also called senior citizens) and young people. Discrimination against old and young people can happen at places like job interviews. For example, a company might hire a worker who is about 30 years old instead of someone who is about 50 years old, or someone who is around 20 years old, regardless of skill level. Another common example of ageism is not allowing "minors", or young people, to vote, drive, work, marry, or give sexual consent.

Age discrimination is the result of actions taken to deny or limit opportunities to people based on age. These are usually actions taken as a result of one's ageist beliefs and attitudes. Age discrimination occurs on both a personal and institutional level. On a personal level, an older person may be told that they are too old to engage in certain physical activities, like an informal game of basketball between friends and family. They may also be told (most common in today's Western society) that they are too old to date or to be sexually attractive to much younger people and to have a much younger partners, or encounter prejudices against age-differences in general, whether the relationship is sentimental/sexual or even platonic (this particular form of ageist bigotry and discrimination is even more relevant today or in recent times on social media).

A relevant example of the latter case is the infamous "Half your age plus seven rule". Although this relatively recent theory supposedly originated in the West is recognized as bigoted, outdated and ageist and without actual valid basis, one "rule of thumb" to determine whether an age difference is "socially acceptable" holds that a person should never date someone whose age is less than half their own plus seven years.
 According to this "rule", a 28-year-old would date no one younger than 21 (half of 28, plus 7) and a 50-year-old would date no one younger than 32 (half of 50, plus 7).
Physiocracy

**Physiocracy** is (or was) a government basing its economical policies on natural order. The economists thought that wealth came mostly from agriculture. It is also an economic theory developed by the physiocrats.

## Related pages

- Agrarianism
Stratocracy

**Stratocracy** is a system of government in which the military control the country.
Technocracy

**Technocracy** is a government by scientific method and controlled by technical people. These people include engineers, (who make, build, and maintain engines, machines, public works, and other technologies). "Technocrats" want to improve social and political problems based on technical and "scientific" (technological) solutions. They promise to help solve these problems concerning industries (big business), trade, and how to create and distribute wealth using scientific management. A method of study that uses time and motion to work out the most efficient ways to do something, mainly repeated, routine motions. The man that made the theory of Scientific Management was named Frederick W. Taylor.

However, Scientific Management was still trying to fix social and political problems with technical solutions. Many of the technological solutions may have solved one problem, while creating many more. Technocrats believed that management could replace politics. Administration is based on the application of rules that make certain outcomes, there are too many different points of view for the management approach to work.

## Related pages

- Meritocracy
Timocracy

**Timocracy** is the rule of only people who have property. It can also mean that the rulers are motivated by honour (where 'timo' comes from, in Greek).

## Other page

- Plutocracy
Potassium nitrate

**Potassium nitrate** is a chemical compound. It has the chemical formula KNO<sub>3</sub>. It contains potassium and nitrate ions. It is often called **saltpeter**.

## Properties

Potassium nitrate is a colorless solid. It dissolves in water. It is a common source of the nitrate ion. Potassium nitrate is a strong oxidizer. It decomposes to potassium nitrite and oxygen when heated. Its pH is almost neutral. It burns with a lilac flame.

## Production

It can be made by reacting ammonium nitrate with potassium hydroxide. It can also be made by reacting potassium chloride with ammonium nitrate. It might be made by reacting potassium hydroxide or potassium carbonate with nitric acid.

## Occurrence

Saltpeter is a mineral form of potassium nitrate. It is only found in very dry areas. It is one of the few minerals that have nitrogen in them.

## Uses

Potassium nitrate is used in explosives. Oxygen from the air is the most common chemical that is used for oxidation, which is how most fires and explosions happen. Some explosions will use up oxygen so quickly, though, that there is not enough to finish the reaction, and the explosion is not very strong. Potassium nitrate replaces the need for oxygen and takes up much less space, which lets the explosion be stronger and faster. It is a main ingredient of gunpowder.

Potassium nitrate is also used in rocket fuel for the same reason as in explosives, except that the goal is to let the fuel burn longer, not faster. Potassium nitrate is used as a fertilizer, to help plants grow faster and grow in more places where it might be hard for them to grow otherwise. It can also be used to decay tree stumps.

## Safety

Potassium nitrate is a poison and will cause permanent injury when improperly handled. It also can start fires and explosions easily.

## Related pages

- Potassium permanganate
Endoxa

**Endoxa** was a concept Aristotle talked about. It refers to the opinion not of individuals (which he contrasts by naming that 'doxa') but the consensus of the population and wise people with a supposed more valid opinion than that of the individual.

Aristotle employs a detailed and distinctive approach to clarify the relationship between incontinence, continence, and related conditions in relation to virtue and vice. He examines the prevailing beliefs about these states to discern what is right and wrong.

## Related pages

- Common sense
Pluralism

**Pluralism** is a concept used in many fields and mostly means that things are done in many parts or ways. That is unlike monism, which has a single way or thing in a system, or dualism, which has two.

In political science, pluralism supports more than either one political party or two major dominant parties and considers even very minor parties as important.

In philosophy it contrasts with monism and has multiple ideas that possibly form a structure, rather than a reduced number of entities.

## Related pages

- Democracy
- Multiculturalism
- Toleration
Corpus

***Corpus*** (plural ***corpora***) is Latin for _body_. It can mean:

- **Corpus Christi** (disambiguation)

- **Corpus (linguistics)**
    - **Text corpus**, a large set of text, usually organized by topic or by where the text came from
    - **Speech corpus**, a similar large set of audio files/recordings
- Corpus callosum, a structure in the brain
- Corpora cavernosa, a pair of structures in human genitals
- Habeas corpus, a legal term that stops police from holding a suspect for too long
- Corpus delicti, a legal term meaning "body of the crime."
- Corpus luteum, a hormone gland in mammals
Delegation

**Delegation** is when an authority or someone generally needed to do something (like in diplomacy) asks someone else to go instead who could do the same job (it could be a deputy or a 'proxy', in politics mostly).
Marina Rikhvanova

**Marina Rikhvanova** is a Russian ecologist and leader of the Baikal Ecological Wave (BEW) organization which protects Siberia’s Lake Baikal from ecological damage. Lake Baikal, the world’s biggest reservoir of fresh water, is currently under threat from industrial pollution. In 2008, Rikhvanova was awarded the Goldman Environmental Prize.

## Related pages

- List of ecologists from Europe
Icelandic Wikipedia

The **Icelandic Wikipedia** () is the Icelandic-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in December 2003. It has over 50,000 articles.

## Other websites

- I 60 celandic Wikipedia main page

60
Kleptocracy

**Kleptocracy** ('klepto' meaning 'theft' in Ancient Greek) is the ruling of possibly any kind of government that uses its power to steal from its people.  This rarely-applied word was used by Charles Krauthammer, the nationally syndicated Washington Post columnist and political commentator on Fox-TV, on Saturday, March 2, and Sunday, March 3, 2014.  He referred to Russia as a _kleptocracy_ in a TV panel discussion about its influence in the revolution in the neighboring Ukraine in late February.  His political column added another derivation of this word: _kleptocratic_.

"Kleptocratic" is used by Krauthammer in the following quote: "But surely the West has more financial clout than Russia's **kleptocratic** extraction economy that exports little but oil, gas and wisky."

Former Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak had $731 million in his bank accounts when his party, Barisan Nasional, lost the 14th election to Pakatan Harapan, led by Mahathir Mohamad. The loss was partly due to allegations of Najib's involvement in the 1MDB scandal.

## Related pages

- Group of States Against Corruption
- International Anti-Corruption Academy
- International Anti-Corruption Day
- United Nations Convention against Corruption
- Transparency International