juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gabriel Narutowicz

**Gabriel Joźef Narutowicz** (born 17 March 1865 – 16 December 1922) was a Polish professor of hydroelectric engineering and politician who served as the first President of Poland.

## Death

On December 16, 1922, only five days after taking office as a first President, Narutowicz was shot three times in the back with a revolver while attending an art exhibit in the Zachęta National Gallery of Art. He was pronounced dead at the scene. The assassin, Eligiusz Niewiadomski, modernist painter and art critic who sympathized with the right-wing National Democracy movement in an art gallery that supported Narutowicz's political enemies. Niewiadomski was sentenced to death in a 1 day trial and executed outside the Warsaw Citadel on January 31, 1923.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Gabriel Narutowicz
- **image**: Portret Narutowicz (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Gabriel Narutowicz in 1915
- **order**: 1st President of the Republic of Poland, President of Second Polish Republic
- **term start**: 11 December 1922
- **term end**: 16 December 1922
- **primeminister**: Julian Nowak
- **predecessor**: Józef Piłsudski (Chief of State)
- **successor**: Stanisław Wojciechowski
<small>Maciej Rataj (acting)</small>
- **order2**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Poland
- **term start2**: 28 June 1922
- **term end2**: 14 December 1922
- **president2**: Józef Piłsudski (Chief of State)
- **primeminister2**: Artur Śliwiński
Julian Nowak
- **predecessor2**: Konstanty Skirmunt
- **successor2**: Aleksander Skrzyński
- **birth name**: Gabriel Józef Narutowicz
- **birth place**: Telšiai, Telsze, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Warsaw, Second Polish Republic, Poland
- **death cause**: Gunshot wounds
- **education**: ETH Zurich
- **party**: None
<small>(supported by the Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie")</small>
- **spouse**: Ewa Krzyżanowska
- **children**: Stanisław, Anna
Mechanical advantage

**Mechanical advantage** (also written as **MA** in formulas) is the factor by which a machine multiplies force. The mechanical advantage of a machine can be used to find out how well a machine works and whether it can perform a particular job.

The mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of the load (the resistance overcome by a machine) to the effort (the force applied).

For an ideal (without friction) mechanism, it is also equal to:

## Ideal vs actual mechanical advantage

There are two types of mechanical advantage: ideal and actual.

_Ideal mechanical advantage_ (also written as IMA) assumes that no power is lost by friction or other causes. This means the power of the input (load) should equal the power of the output (effort). So, force times speed of the input should equal force times speed of the output.

You can calculate ideal mechanical advantage without measuring the forces. It is the distance over which effort is applied, divided by the distance over which the load is moved.

In reality, there is friction, so some of the power is lost. The _actual mechanical advantage_ (also written as AMA) is always less than ideal. To calculate actual mechanical advantage, you must measure the forces. Then divide the output force by the input force.

The _mechanical efficiency_ is the ratio of the actual mechanical advantage to the ideal mechanical advantage. It is also written as η, the Greek letter eta.

## Example of _mechanical advantage_

See the illustration. In the top picture of the right column, a lever is delivering a force to a stone. If there is a _mechanical advantage_ of _2_, then the _output force_ is twice the size of the _input force_.

## No unit for mechanical advantage

There is no unit for mechanical advantages, because the unit for both input and output forces cancel out.
Jefferson Station (SEPTA)

**Jefferson Station** is a SEPTA station in the Market East neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Its official SEPTA address is 12th and Filbert streets. Of the three Center City stations on the SEPTA system, Jefferson Station is located the farthest east. It is part of the Center City Commuter Connection. Opened in November 1984, the station replaced the Reading Terminal, which had closed on November 6, 1984. Jefferson Station cost $75 million to build, and is owned and maintained by SEPTA. The station used to be called **Market East Station** but the name changed to Jefferson Station on September 4, 2014 after Thomas Jefferson University Hospital paid $4 million to have the station named for them.

The station is  wide and two blocks long. The tracks are  below the street.

## Other websites

- Market East Station

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Jefferson Station
- **style**: SEPTA
- **symbol location**: septa
- **symbol**: septa
- **type**: SEPTA Regional Rail station
- **image**: Jefferson Station entrance.JPG
- **image caption**: 11th Street entrance to Jefferson Station.
- **address**: 12th and Filbert Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **line**: SEPTA Main Line
- **other**: SEPTA City Transit Division bus routes, SEPTA City Bus: 9, 17, 23, 33, 38, 44, 47, 47M, 48, 61, 62, 78
 New Jersey Transit Bus Operations, NJT Bus: 400, 401, 402, 404, 406, 408, 409, 410, 412, 414, 417
**At Philadelphia Greyhound Terminal, Greyhound Terminal:**
 New Jersey Transit Bus Operations, NJT Bus: 313, 315, 316, 317, 318, 551
 Greyhound Lines
 Bieber Transportation Group
 Trailways Transportation System (Capitol Trailways of Pennsylvania, Capitol Trailways, Fullington Trailways, Martz Trailways)
 Peter Pan Bus Lines
 Chinatown bus lines
- **platform**: 2 island platforms
- **tracks**: 4
- **opened**: November 1984
- **ada**: true
- **owned**: SEPTA
- **zone**: C
- **electrified**: Yes
- **former**: Market East Station (1984-2014)
replaced Reading Terminal in 1984
30th Street Station

**30th Street Station** is a major Amtrak and SEPTA station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Center City Commuter Connection. It is on the Northeast Corridor.
Center City Commuter Connection

The **Center City Commuter Connection** is an underground train tunnel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It connects the core SEPTA stations Jefferson Station, Suburban Station, and 30th Street Station. The stations connect the networks of rail previously operated by the Reading Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad.
Suburban Station

**Suburban Station** is one of the core SEPTA Regional Rail stations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Center City Commuter Connection. It is at 16th Street and JFK Boulevard. It was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad to replace the old Broad Street Station. It officially opened on September 28, 1930. Suburban Station originally had eight tracks and four platforms, until the Center City Commuter Connection extended the tracks to the newer Jefferson Station. It also added another platform.

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **name**: Suburban Station Building
- **embed**: yes
- **nrhp type**: nrhp
- **location**: 1617 John F. Kennedy Blvd.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **locmapin**: Philadelphia#Pennsylvania#USA
- **built**: 1929
- **architect**: Graham, Anderson, Probst & White; Stewart, Joseph, & Co.
- **architecture**: Art Deco
- **added**: September 05, 1985
- **governing body**: Department of Transportation
- **refnum**: 85001962


## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Suburban Station
- **style**: SEPTA
- **symbol location**: septa
- **symbol**: septa
- **type**: SEPTA Regional Rail station
- **electrified**: Yes
- **former**: Penn Center Station
- **image**: Suburban_Station_Facade.jpg
- **image caption**: Front entrance of Suburban Station
- **address**: 16th Street & JFK Boulevard
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **line**: SEPTA Main Line
- **other**: **SEPTA City Transit Division surface routes, SEPTA City Bus**: 2, 4, 16, 17, 27, 31, 32, 33, 38, SEPTA Route 44, 44, 48, 62
 **SEPTA Suburban Division bus routes, SEPTA Suburban Bus**: 124, 125
- **platform**: 5 island platforms
- **tracks**: 8
- **passengers**: 24,198 (Weekday)
- **pass year**: 2013
- **opened**: September 28, 1930 (replaced Broad Street Station (Philadelphia), Broad Street station)
- **rebuilt**: January 9, 2007 (completion)
- **ada**: Yes
- **owned**: Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, SEPTA
- **zone**: C
- **other services header**: Former services
- **other services collapsible**: yes
The Shaggs

**The Shaggs** were an  American all-female rock group formed in Fremont, New Hampshire in 1968. The band was composed of sisters Dorothy "Dot" Wiggin (vocals/lead guitar), Betty Wiggin (vocals/rhythm guitar), Helen Wiggin (drums), and later Rachel Wiggin (bass).

The sisters' father, Austin Wiggin, made Dot, Betty and Helen start a band. When Austin was young, his mother had predicted that Austin would have daughters who would be part of a famous music group.

The band's only studio album, _Philosophy of the World_, was released in 1969. The album was not very well-known, though the band's live performances were popular in their local area. The Shaggs disbanded in 1975 after the death of Austin.

Helen Wiggin died in 2006. The widow of Austin Wiggin, Jr., Annie Wiggin, died in 2005.

## Members

- Dorothy "Dot" Wiggin — vocals, guitar (1968-1975, 1999)
- Betty Wiggin — guitar, vocals (1968-1975, 1999)
- Helen Wiggin (deceased) — drums (1968-1975)
- Rachel Wiggin — bass guitar (1969-1975)
- Tom Ardolino — drums (1999)

### Studio albums

- _Philosophy of the World_ (1969)

### Collections

- _Shaggs' Own Thing_ (1982)
- _The Shaggs_ (1990 - includes all studio recordings)
- _Rev-ola_ (2004 - imported repackaging of _The Shaggs_ with same track listing)

### Tribute albums

- _Better Than The Beatles - A Tribute to the Shaggs_ (2001)

### V/A compilations

- _Songs In The Key of Z - The Curious Universe of Outsider Music_ (2000)

## References

- Chusid, Irwin. _Songs in the Key of Z: The Curious Universe of Outsider Music_. (Chicago) A Cappella, 2000. .
- Guralnick, Peter. _Da Capo Best Music Writing 2000_. (New York) Da Capo Press, 2000. .

## Other websites

- The Shaggs official website
- My Pal Foot-Foot (unofficial site)
- Variety review of 2003 off-Broadway production Philosophy of the World, by Joy Gregory, based on the Shaggs
- Obituary for Helen Wiggin Bickford

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Shaggs
- **img capt**: The Shaggs in 1968.
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Fremont, New Hampshire
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, pop music, Pop, Outsider music
- **years active**: 1968–1975, 1999
- **label**: Third World, Red Rooster Records, Red Rooster, Rounder Records, Rounder, RCA Records, RCA Victor
- **url**: http://www.theshaggsonline.com
- **past members**: Dorothy "Dot" Wiggin
Helen Wiggin
Betty Wiggin
Rachel Wiggin
Random forest

**Random forest** is a statistical algorithm that is used to cluster points of data in functional groups. When the data set is large and/or there are many variables it becomes difficult to cluster the data because not all variables can be taken into account, therefore the algorithm can also give a certain chance that a data point belongs in a certain group.

## Steps of the algorithm

This is how the clustering takes place.

- Of the entire set of data a subset is taken (training set).
- The algorithm clusters the data in groups and subgroups. If you would draw lines between the data points in a subgroup, and lines that connect subgroups into group etc. the structure would look somewhat like a tree. This is called a decision tree.
    - At each split or node in this cluster/tree/dendrogram variables are chosen at random by the program to judge whether datapoints have a close relationship or not.
- The program makes multiple trees a.k.a. a forest. Each tree is different because for each split in a tree, variables are chosen at random.
- Then the rest of the dataset (not the training set) is used to predict which tree in the forests makes the best classification of the datapoints (in the dataset the right classification is known).
- The tree with the most predictive power is shown as output by the algorithm.

## Using the algorithm

In a random forest algorithm the number of trees grown (ntree) and the number of variables that are used at each split (mtry) can be chosen by hand; example settings are 500 trees, 71 variables.
San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station

**San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station** (**SONGS**) is one of the largest nuclear generating stations in the U.S. It is at the north of San Diego County, California. It has two active 1,100-megawatt units. It began operation in 1968.

## Benefits

SONGS is the region’s largest power source with 2,200 megawatts of output. That is enough power for 1.4 million average Southern California homes.

## Seismic safety

The station is built to withstand a magnitude 7.0 earthquake. A geological fault that might cause a tsunami and threaten the plant is about 5 miles offshore.
CSI: NY

***CSI: NY*** (also known as ***Crime Scene Investigation: New York***) is an American crime drama television series that was created by Anthony E. Zuiker, Carol Mendelsohn and Ann Donahue. _CSI: NY_ debuted on September 22, 2004 on CBS. It is a second spin-off of the original series, _CSI: Crime Scene Investigation_. It also debuted on CTV in Canada.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Police procedural, Crime
Drama
- **runtime**: 42–45 minutes
- **composer**: Bill Brown (composer), Bill Brown
- **executive producer**: Ann Donahue
Carol Mendelsohn
Anthony E. Zuiker
Jerry Bruckheimer
Pam Veasey
Jonathan Littman
Peter M. Lenkov
Wendy Battles
Zachary Reiter
Danny Cannon
Andrew Lipsitz
Sarah A. Barkley
- **producer**: Gary Sinise
- **opentheme**: "Baba O'Riley" by The Who
- **creator**: Anthony E. Zuiker
 Ann Donahue
 Carol Mendelsohn
- **starring**: Gary Sinise
Melina Kanakaredes
Carmine Giovinazzo
Vanessa Ferlito
Hill Harper
Eddie Cahill
Anna Belknap
Robert Joy
A. J. Buckley
Sela Ward
- **country**: United States
- **network**: CBS
- **company**: Jerry Bruckheimer, Jerry Bruckheimer Television
Alliance Atlantis
(2004–2008)
(seasons 1–4)
CBS Productions
(2004–2006)
(seasons 1–2)
CBS Paramount Network Television
(2006–2009)
(seasons 3–5)
CBS Television Studios
(2009–2013)
(seasons 6–9)
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 9
- **num episodes**: 197
- **list episodes**: List of CSI: NY episodes
- **related**: _CSI: Crime Scene Investigation_
_CSI: Miami_
_CSI: Cyber_
_CSI: Vegas_
Tomáš Vokoun

**Tomáš Vokoun** (born 2 July 1976 in Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia) is an Czech retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Montreal Canadiens, Nashville Predators, Florida Panthers, Washington Capitals and Pittsburgh Penguins. He was selected 226th overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He also played for the Montreal Canadiens in 1996 and for the Nashville Predators from 1998 to 2006 before being traded to the Florida Panthers for a first-round selection in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft, a second-round selection in the 2007 draft (number 58) and a conditional second-round selection in either 2007 or 2008. After 4 seasons with the Panthers, Vokoun signed a one-year contract with the Washington Capitals on 2 July 2011. He played 1 season with the Capitals and was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a 7th round pick at the 2012 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the ECHL with the Wheeling Thundbirds. He retired from playing professional ice hockey on 15 December 2014.

He won a bronze medal with the Czech Republic's national ice hockey team in 2006.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Tomáš Vokoun 2013-01-18.JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Vokoun during his time with the Penguins on 18 January 2013
- **birth place**: Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovakia
- **played for**: Montreal Canadiens
Nashville Predators
Florida Panthers
Washington Capitals
Pittsburgh Penguins
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 195
- **ntl team**: CZE
- **draft**: 226th overall
- **draft year**: 1994
- **draft team**: Montreal Canadiens
- **career start**: 1995
- **career end**: 2014
K.S.V. Oudenaarde

**Koninklijke Sport Vereniging Oudenaarde** is a Belgian team from Oudenaarde. The team was founded in 1919.

## Name

- 1908–1910 **Football Club Audenardais**
- 1912–1919 **Sportkring Aldenardia**
- 1919–1951 **Sportvereeniging Audenaerde**
- 1951–     **Koninklijke Sportvereniging Oudenaarde**

## Famous players

- Sandy Martens

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: K.S.V Oudenaarde
- **fullname**: Koninklijke Sport Vereniging Oudenaarde
- **founded**: 1919
- **ground**: _Burgemeester Thienpontstadion_
- **capacity**: 2,500
- **chairman**: Luc T'sjoen
Juno (movie)

***Juno*** is a 2007 American teen comedy-drama movie set in Minnesota. It was written by Diablo Cody and directed by Jason Reitman. It starred Elliot Page as Juno MacGuff, a teenage girl who becomes pregnant by her best friend (who is played by Michael Cera). The movie made $231 million around the world. The film had a limited release on December 5, 2007, and expanded wide starting on December 25, 2007.

## Social impact

In the movie, Juno MacGuff thinks about getting an abortion and goes to an abortion clinic, but chooses not to. Both people who think abortion should be legal and people who think it should not be legal thought that the movie supported their views. Reitman said that he did not try to put a political message in the movie.

## Reception

_Juno_ got good reviews from most movie critics who saw it. 93% of the critics listed on RottenTomatoes.com gave the movie a good review. _Juno_ won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.
Masatoshi Hamada

**Masatoshi Hamada** (born May 11, 1963 in Naniwa-ku, Osaka) is an Japanese comedian, actor and director. Hamada is probably best known for being one-half of the comedy duo Downtown also with member Hitoshi Matsumoto. While apart of Downtown, Hamada and Matsumoto made two television shows, Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!! and Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ. He also voiced Japanese dubs of the characters _Shrek_ in the Shrek series, _Buck the Diesel_ in Thomas and Friends and _Slowking_ in Pokémon: The Movie 2000. He is married to his wife Natsumi Ogawa and they have two children.

## Other websites

- Masatoshi Hamada's Official website
Youth in Revolt (movie)

***Youth in Revolt*** is a 2009 American comedy movie based on C.D. Payne's novel and directed by Miguel Arteta. It was released on January 8, 2010 at the Deauville American Film Festival in September 2009. The movie received positive reviews with a 69% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 63 out of 100 from Metacritic.

## Cast

- Michael Cera as Nick Twisp/François Dillinger
- Portia Doubleday as Sheeni Saunders
- Jean Smart as Estelle Twisp
- Mary Kay Place as Mrs. Saunders
- Zach Galifianakis as Jerry
- Justin Long as Paul Saunders
- Ray Liotta as Lance Wescott
- Steve Buscemi as George Twisp
- M. Emmet Walsh as Phil Saunders
- Jonathan Bradford Wright as Trent Preston
- Erik Knudsen as Lefty
- Adhir Kalyan as Vijay Joshi
- Fred Willard as Mr. Ferguson
- Ari Graynor as Lacey
- Rooney Mara as Taggarty
- Jade Fusco as Bernice Lynch
- Lise Lacasse as Matron

## Other websites

- _Youth in Revolt_'s Official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Youth in Revolt
- **director**: Miguel Arteta
- **producer**: David Permut
Bob Weinstein
Harvey Weinstein
- **writer**: C.D. Payne (novel)
- **starring**: Michael Cera
Portia Doubleday
Jean Smart
Mary Kay Place
Zach Galifianakis
Justin Long
Ray Liotta
Steve Buscemi
- **music**: John Swihart
- **cinematography**: Chuy Chávez
- **editing**: Pamela Martin
Andy Keir
- **distributor**: The Weinstein Company
Dimension Films
- **released**: January 8, 2010
- **runtime**: 89 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $18 million
- **gross**: $19,623,544
Hugo Theorell

**Axel Hugo Theodor Theorel** (6 July 1903 – 15 August 1982) was an Swedish scientist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1955 for his discoveries on the oxidation enzyme and its effects.

Theorell died in Stockholm in 1982.
Werner Arber

**Werner Arber** (born 3 June 1929) is a Swiss microbiologist and geneticist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1978 for his discovery of restriction endonucleases which he shared with Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1989.

Arber as one of 20 Nobel Laureates who signed the _Stockholm memorandum_ at the 3rd Nobel Laureate Symposium on Global Sustainability in Stockholm, Sweden on 18 May 2011.
Elliot Page

**Elliot Page** (born **Ellen Page**, February 21, 1987) is a Canadian actor. Page was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for his role in _Juno_, in which he played a pregnant teenager.

Page has also starred in movies including _Hard Candy_, _Whip It_, and _Inception_. He starred in the Netflix series _The Umbrella Academy_ as Vanya/Viktor Hargreeves. During his career, Page has been nominated for an Academy Award, three BAFTAS, two Emmys, a Golden Globe, and a SAG Award.

## Personal life

Page is from Halifax, Nova Scotia.

On February 14, 2014 (when living as Ellen), Page came out as a gay woman. Page became a well-known advocate of the LGBTQ community.

In December 2020, Page came out as transgender and changed his name publicly to "Elliot Page." He uses "he/him" and "they/them" pronouns.

Page was married to dancer Emma Portner from 2018 to 2021.

In March 2021, Page became the first openly transgender man to appear on the cover of _Time_ magazine.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Elliot Page
- **image**: 2023 National Book Festival (53122454007) (cropped).jpg
- **alt**: Headshot of Elliot Page at the 2023 National Book Festival. He is a young white man with short dark hair, wearing a white shirt and a dark blazer.
- **caption**: Page in 2023
- **birth place**: Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- **years active**: 1997–present
Seward Peninsula

The **Seward Peninsula** is a large peninsula on the western coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It sticks out about  into the Bering Sea. It is just below the Arctic Circle. The peninsula is about  long and  wide.

The town of Seward, Alaska is actually not on the Seward Peninsula. It is much further south, on the Kenai Peninsula.

The Seward Peninsula was once part of the Bering land bridge. This was a strip of land that used to exist that connected Alaska with Siberia with mainland Alaska. It existed millions of years ago during a time called the Pleistocene Ice Age. People, animals, and plants all came across the land bridge into North America.  Archaeologists have found proof that Inupiat Eskimos have been living there for thousands of years.

## Demographics

The Peninsula does not have a lot of people today. There are no roads going there. The largest town is Nome. There are about 3,000 people there. The next largest town, Shishmaref, has only 607 people. Most of the other towns there have only a few hundred people. Some old mining towns there have no people left at all and have become ghost towns.

## Geography and ecology

The _Devil Mountain Lakes_ are on the Seward Peninsula. They are a kind of lake called a _maar_ which is made by a volcano. The Devil Mountain Lakes are the biggest lakes like this in the whole world. There are four mountain ranges on the peninsula, the biggest ones are the Kigluaik (or Sawtooth) Mountains. The highest point on peninsula is the peak of  Mount Osborn. Other mountain ranges on the Seward Peninsula include the Bendeleben Mountains, Darby Mountains, and York Mountains. There is also a big lava flow called _The Lost Jim Lava Flow_. Several hot springs are located throughout the peninsula as well.

The Seward Peninsula has several rivers. The rivers are important to the people who live there for several reasons. One reason is that they can catch fish to eat in them. Another reason is that they can travel by boat since there no roads. That way they can get to other towns on the river or to places where there are animals to hunt. Finding food is important there because there are not a lot of stores and it costs a lot of money to take food that far in an airplane or boat. The rivers freeze in the wintertime.

The most common kind of tree there is called a black spruce. It is a kind of pine tree.

_Cape Prince of Wales_ is on the Peninsula. No other part of the mainland of North America is further west. It is only  from Russia.

The peninsula was named after William H. Seward. He was the United States Secretary of State made the deal with Russia to let the United States buy Alaska from them in 1867.
Ramon Harewood

**Ramon Harewood** (born 3 February 1987 in St. Michael, Barbados) is an Barbadian former professional football offensive tackle. He played 6 games in the National Football League (NFL). He played his entire NFL career with the Baltimore Ravens. Harewood was drafted out of Morehouse College by the Baltimore Ravens with the 194th overall pick in the 6th round of the 2010 NFL Draft. He won a Super Bowl ring with the Ravens when they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34–31 in Super Bowl XLVII.

On August 25, 2013, Harewood was waived by the Ravens.

On January 22, 2014, Harewood was signed to a future contract by the Denver Broncos. The Broncos waived him on June 3, 2014.

## Other websites

- Ramon Harewood at baltimoreravens.com

## Infobox (nfl player)

- **name**: Ramon Harewood
- **image**: Ramon_Harewood_Navy_Stadium_2012_Practice.jpg
- **caption**: Harewood during Ravens practice at Navy–Marine Corps Memorial Stadium, August 2012
- **number**: 70
- **position**: Offensive tackle
- **birth place**: Saint Michael, Barbados
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 6
- **weight lbs**: 334
- **high school**: Queens College High School, St. Michael (BB) Queens College
- **college**: Morehouse Tigers football, Morehouse
- **draftyear**: 2010
- **draftround**: 6
- **draftpick**: 194
- **pastteams**: *Baltimore Ravens (−)
*Denver Broncos ()*
- **pastteamsnote**: yes
- **highlights**: * Super Bowl, Super Bowl Champion (Super Bowl XLVII, XLVII)
- **statlabel1**: Games played
- **statvalue1**: 6
- **statlabel2**: Games started
- **statvalue2**: 5
- **nfl**: HAR138771
President of the Swiss Confederation

The **President of the Swiss Confederation** is the chair of the Federal Council of Switzerland and is the first amongst equals of councillors of the executive branch of the Swiss government.

## Role

Under the Swiss constitution of 1999, the Federal Council is the "highest executive authority".  Although the president of the confederation has some extra duties to represent Switzerland, he is not the head of state.

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: President of the Swiss Confederation
- **insignia**: File:Coat of Arms of Switzerland (Pantone).svg
- **image**: Karin Keller-Sutter (2024, cropped).jpg
- **incumbent**: Karin Keller-Sutter
- **incumbentsince**: 1 January 2025
- **residence**: Federal Palace
- **termlength**: 1 year, not eligible for reelection immediately
- **inaugural**: Jonas Furrer
- **deputy**: Vice President of the Federal Council
- **formation**: 21 November 1848
- **salary**: Swiss franc, CHF 445,163, p.a.
Van Diemen Gulf

**Van Diemen Gulf** () is a gulf between Arnhem Land, the Cobourg Peninsula and Melville Island in northern Australia. It joins the Timor Sea in the west by the Clarence Strait near the city of Darwin. It joins the Arafura Sea in the north by Dundas Strait between Melville Island and Cobourg Peninsula. It covers an area of about 14,000 km².

Rivers flowing into the Gulf include the South Alligator River, the East Alligator River and the Adelaide River.

Abel Tasman mapped the northern entrance to the Gulf, Dundas Strait, in 1644. The Gulf is named after the Dutch Governor of Batavia, Anthony Van Diemen.

The waters in the Gulf near the Cobourg Peninsula are protected by the Garig Gunak Barlu National Park.
Genetic code

The **genetic code** is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) is translated into proteins by living cells. Biological decoding is done by the ribosome. This links amino acids together in an order specified by mRNA. It uses transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA. The molecules read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time. These nucleotide triplets are called **codons**. A codon specifies which amino acid will be added next during protein synthesis. There are some exceptions, but usually a three-nucleotide codon represents a single amino acid.

The genetic code among all organisms is very similar. It can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries.

The genetic code decides the protein sequence for a given coding region (gene). Other regions in the genome can influence when and where these proteins are produced.

## Related pages

- Bioinformatics
- Stop codon

## Other websites

- The Genetic Codes → Genetic Code Tables
Altricial

**Altricial**, meaning "requiring care", refers to a kind of creature that can't take care of itself for a long time after hatching or being born. The word comes from the Latin root _alere_ meaning "to nurse, to rear, or to nourish", because altricial animals are born helpless and need adult animals to take care of them for a long time before they are old enough to be independent.

Birds or mammals which need much less care after birth are called precocial, meaning they are independent soon after they hatch or are born.

## Other websites

- The altricial-precocial spectrum in birds
Glen Matlock

**Glen Matlock** (born 27 August 1956) is the first bassist of the British punk group Sex Pistols.

He left the group in 1977, because he "liked the Beatles", legend being "thrown out". Matlock was replaced by John Ritchie, also known as Sid Vicious.

In May 2010 it was announced that Matlock would be a member of a reunion of The Faces, scheduled to play at the Vintage at Goodwood festival in London in August 2010. He has spoken publicly against Brexit.
Cockfosters tube station

**Cockfosters** is a London Underground station on the Piccadilly Line. It is the Piccadilly tube line's northern terminus. The station is on Cockfosters Road (A111), and is about 9 miles from central London. The station serves Cockfosters in the London Borough of Barnet, but it is actually a short distance away, across the borough boundary in the neighbouring London Borough of Enfield. The station is in Travelcard Zone 5. The next station southeast is Oakwood.

## Other websites

- London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
- Early sketch design by Charles Holden , 1931, Royal Institute of British Architects

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Cockfosters
- **image name**: CockfostersExterior better.jpg
- **manager**: London Underground
- **fare zone**: 5
- **locale**: Cockfosters
- **borough**: London Borough of Enfield
- **years1**: 1933
- **events1**: Opened (Piccadilly Line)
- **platforms**: 4
- **tracks**: 3
- **tubeexits07**: 1.633
- **tubeexits08**: 1.760
- **tubeexits09**: 1.675
Villi

**Villi** (singular is _villus_) are small, finger-like structures in the small intestine.  They help to absorb digested food. Each villus has microvilli which increase the surface area of the intestinal walls. A larger surface area allows nutrients to be taken in more quickly.

The food (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) has already been broken down by enzymes called proteases, lipases and amylases. The amino acids and sugars (breakdown molecules of proteins and carbohydrates) go first into the blood stream. Then they are processed by the liver, which acts like a chemical factory for the body. Lipid substances (such as cholesterol) go first into the lymphatic system, and eventually into the blood stream and the liver.
Statius

**Publius Papinius Statius** ( 45 – 96 A.D.) was a Roman poet born in Naples, Italy. Published in 92 A.D., his major epic was called _Thebaid_. It has the same theme as the Seven Against Thebes, a play by Aeschylus, the fight of seven city states against Thebes. He also wrote poems for different occasions. These poems are known as _Silvae_ today. They show what the life at the court of Domitian was like. Even though he is not well-known today, he was better known during his time. He also appears in _The Divine Comedy_.
2011 Myanmar earthquake

The **2011 Myanmar earthquake** was a 6.8 magnitude earthquake on March 24 in Shan State, Myanmar. Its hypocenter was  deep. It had two aftershocks, one of magnitude 4.8, another at magnitude 5.4. The quake's epicenter was  from the northern Thai city of Chiang Rai, north of Mae Sai and southeast of Kentung.

## Casualties

_The Bangkok Post_ reported on 27 March 2011, that the death toll was "over 150", which is double the official figure of 75.

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **title**: 2011 Burma earthquake
- **timestamp**: 2011-03-24 13:55:13
- **isc-event**: 16357310
- **anss-url**: iscgem16357310
- **local-time**: 20:25:13 (UTC+06:30)
- **duration**: 1 minute
- **magnitude**: 6.9
- **countries affected**: Burma, Thailand, Laos, China, Vietnam
- **casualties**: 151 killed, 212 injured
- **intensity**: Mercalli intensity scale, VI (_Strong_)
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 movie)

***20,000 Leagues Under the Sea*** is a 1954 movie directed by Richard Fleischer. It is about a man who goes on a discovery all over the world with Captain Nemo. It stars Kirk Douglas as Ned Land, James Mason as Captain Nemo, Paul Lukas as Professor Pierre Aronnax, and Peter Lorre as Conseil. It was the first science fiction movie produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was the only science fiction movie produced by Walt Disney himself. It was also the first feature length Disney movie to be distributed by Buena Vista Distribution. The movie has become the best-known adaptation of the book of the same name by Jules Verne. It is cited as an early example of the steampunk genre.
Black market

The **black market** is the trade of goods illegally. Black markets operate outside the normal economy. The black market is different from the so-called Grey market, where goods are traded legally, but outside the channels. Goods and services traded on the black market include drug and  arms trafficking as well as human trafficking and prostitution.

In some cases, the goods or services are cheaper than on the normal market, because taxes or production costs do not need to be paid - very often the goods traded were stolen.  In other cases, the price on the black market is higher, because the goods are difficult to get, and producing or handling them may be dangerous. Prices in the illegal drug trade are often much higher than for similar but legitimate goods, for these reasons.

As with legitimate trade, the economic principles are still that of a market: supply and demand influence the price.

## Related page

- Smuggling
Thebes

**Thebes** is the name of two cities:

- Thebes, Greece
- Thebes, Egypt
Linda Evans

**Linda Evans** (born November 18, 1942) is an American actress.

## Career

Born Linda Evenstad in Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.. She began her career making appearances in television series The Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet (1960), Outlaws (1962), The Untouchables (1962). And in 1963 a small role in the movie starring Richard Chamberlain
Twilight of Honor (1963), directed by Boris Sagal.

She shot to fame starring in the role of Audra Barkley's daughter Barbara Stanwyck in ABC TV Western series The Big Valley. Was unusual that two women staged a western. The series was also starring by Lee Majors, Peter Breck and Richard Long.

Evans played Audra Barkley in 112 episodes between 1965 and 1969.

In the 70s Linda Evans is co starring in The Klansman (1974), with Lee Marvin - Richard Burton, and directed by Terence Young. And in the action movie starring by Joe Don Baker, Mitchell (1975), directed by Andrew V. McLaglen.

In 1980 she co-star and with Steve McQueen in the Western Tom Horn, directed by William Wiard

## Dynasty

The best role of her career would come in 1981, playing Krystle Carrington wife of billionaire oil tycoon Blake Carrington, John Forsythe in the ABC TV series Dynasty (1981-89).

The series was a success and one of the shows most ratings in American television and the world.

Linda Evans in 1982 won a Golden Globe as best performance by an Actress in a TV-Series - Drama.
Then again be nominated for a Golden Globe, on four occasions 1983, 1984, 1985 and 1986

Linda was also nominated for an Emmy in 1983.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1963|_Twilight of Honor_|Alice Clinton|||
|1965|_Those Calloways_|Bridie Mellott|||
|1965/1969|_The Big Valley_|Audra Barkley|TV series||
|1969|_Childish Things_|Pat Jennings|||
|1974|_The Klansman_|Nancy Poteet|||
|1975|_Mitchell_|Greta|||
|1976/1977|_Hunter_|Marty Shaw|TV series||
|1979|_Avalanche Express_|Jill Shasta|||
|1980|_Tom Horn_|Glendolene Kimmel|||
|1981/1989|_Dinasty_|Krystle Carrington|TV series||
|1991|_Dynasty: The Reunion_|Krystle Carrington|TV movie||
|1991|_The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw_|Kate Muldoon|TV movie||
|1995|_Dazzle_|Sylvie Norberg Kilkullen|TV movie||
|1997|_The Stepsister_|Joan Curtis Shaw Canfield|TV movie||

## References

The Dynasty years: Hollywood television and critical media studies by Jostein Gripsrud

New York Magazine Nov 22, 1982

## Other websites

- Linda Evans infomercial for Rejuvenique 

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Linda Evans
- **image**: Linda Evans-2.JPG
- **birth name**: Linda Evenstad
- **birth place**: Hartford, Connecticut, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: actress
PHP License

The **PHP License** is a free software license. It is an open source software license and is the license that the PHP programming language is released under.

## Other websites

- Official PHP License Information

## Infobox (software license)

- **name**: PHP License
- **version**: 3.01
- **copyright**: The PHP Group
- **date**: 1995
- **osi approved**: Yes
- **free software**: Yes
- **gpl compatible**: No
- **copyleft**: No
Peter Medawar

Sir **Peter Brian Medawar** OM CBE FRS (28 February 1915 – 2 October 1987) was a British biologist.

His work was important to skin grafts and organ transplants.

Transplants of skin  and organs from other people are usually rejected. This is an action by the immune system. Medawar showed that sometimes this reaction can be avoided, and why.

He worked on graft rejection and the discovery of acquired immune tolerance. He was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet.

Until he was partially disabled by a stroke, Medawar was Director of the National Institute for Medical Research at Mill Hill, London.

## Achievements

Medawar was professor of zoology at the University of Birmingham (1947–51) and University College London (1951–62). In 1962 he was appointed director of the National Institute for Medical Research, and became professor of experimental medicine at the Royal Institution (1977–83), and president of the Royal Postgraduate Medical School (1981–87). Medawar was a scientist of great inventiveness who was interested in many other subjects including opera, philosophy and cricket.

He was knighted in 1965, and appointed to the Order of Merit in 1981.

## Outcome of research

Medawar was awarded his Nobel Prize in 1960 for work in tissue grafting, which is the basis of organ transplants. He and his team discovered _acquired immunological tolerance_.

At birth, babies are protected by antibodies from the mother. During embryonic life and immediately after birth, immune cells develop. They 'learn' to distinguish between their own tissues on the one hand, and unwanted cells and foreign material on the other.

Medawar's work resulted in a shift of emphasis in the science of immunology from one that attempts to deal with the fully developed immunity mechanism to one that attempts to alter the immunity mechanism itself. Various ways have been found to suppress the body's rejection of organ transplants.

## Books

His books include
1. _The uniqueness of Man_, which includes essays on immunology, graft rejection and acquired immune tolerance;
1. _Induction and intuition in scientific thought_;
1. _The art of the soluble_, a book of essays, later reprinted in Pluto's Republic;
1. _Advice to a young scientist_;
1. _Aristotle to Zoos: a philosophical dictionary of biology_. (with his wife Jean Shinglewood Taylor) Oxford & Harvard.
1. _The limits of science_;
1. _Memoirs of a thinking radish_, an autobiography. Oxford. 1986

## Infobox (_scientist)

- **name**: Sir Peter Medawar
- **image**: Peter Brian Medawar.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **birth place**: Petrópolis, Brazil
- **death place**: London, United Kingdom
- **nationality**: British
- **field**: Zoology; Immunology
- **alma mater**: Oxford University
- **work institution**: Birmingham University
University College London
National Institute for Medical Research
- **influences**: Howard Florey; J.Z. Young
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1960; Order of Merit 1981
Werethekau

**Werethekau** is an Egyptian Goddess, credited with supernatural powers. The name _weret hekau_ means "great of magic". Werethekau was the god of protection magic, and was often seen with Isis and Ra in the carvings.
Finke River

The **Finke River** is one of the largest rivers in central Australia. It starts in the MacDonnell Ranges in the Northern Territory. it is formed where Davenport and Ormiston Creeks join together, just north of Glen Helen. The Finke River flows about 600 km to the western edge of the Simpson Desert in northern South Australia. Usually the river is a collection of waterholes, but it can become a raging torrent during rare flood events. In a big flood water from the Finke River can flow into the Macumba River, and then into Lake Eyre, a total distance of about 750 km. Major tributaries include Ellery Creek, and the Palmer and Hugh Rivers. The Finke River flows through the West MacDonnell and Finke Gorge National Parks.

The Finke River was named by John McDouall Stuart in 1860 after William Finke, an Adelaide man, who was one of the people who paid part of the cost of his expeditions. The indigenous name for the river in parts of the Northern Territory is **Larapinta**. Larapinta Drive is a road which runs west from Alice Springs, and the Larapinta walking trail.

## Age of the Finke River

The Finke River has been called "_the oldest river in the world_", particularly by tour operators, and in popular books and brochures. In places such as the James Range, the Finke flows through deeply incised meanders  (see Google Maps image). Because meanders only form on flat plains, the river must have formed before the ranges were pushed up. This happened in a mountain building event known as the Alice Springs Orogeny which happened between 400 and 300 million years ago, in the Devonian to Carboniferous Periods. Some parts of the river’s course must have been already in existence around this time. The southern parts of its course must be much younger because the areas where the Finke now flows near the southern edge of the Northern Territory, and further south, were under the sea during the Mesozoic Era, part of the Great Artesian Basin.

The age of the Finke River is not unique. There are other large mountain-sourced river systems in central Australia including the Todd and Hale Rivers where the mountains were formed at the same time. There are other mountain ranges of equal or greater age to the MacDonnell Ranges, both in Australia and on other continents. The rivers in those areas may have evolved from ancestral streams of the same age or older than the Finke.
Anna van Egmont

**Anna van Egmont** (Grave, March 1533 – Breda, 24 March 1558) was a member of an important and rich Dutch family. She was the first wife of William the Silent, Prince of Orange.

She was the only child of Maximiliaan van Egmond and Françoise de Lannoy. She was also Countess of Lingen and of Leerdam, and Lady of IJsselstein, of Borssele, of Grave, of Cranendonck, of Jaarsveld, of Kortgene, of Sint Maartensdijk, and of Odijk. Because she was the only child, she also got the title of Countess of Buren and Lady of Egmond.

In 1551 she married William the Silent in Buren. Because she was the Lady of Egmond and Countess of Buren, he became Lord of Egmond and Count of Buren. They had three children:

- Countess Maria von Nassau (22 November 1553 – after 23 July 1555), died when she was very young.
- Philip William, Prince of Orange (19 December 1554 – 20 February 1618), married Eleonora of Bourbon-Condé
- Countess Maria of Nassau (7 February 1556 – 10 October 1616), married Count Philip of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein, one male child

Anna died when she was only 25 years old. She is buried in Breda.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Anna van Egmont
- **image**: Anna von Egmond.jpg
- **succession**: Princess consort of Orange
- **reign**: 6 July 1551 - 24 March 1558
- **reign-type**: Tenure
- **succession1**: Countess of Buren
Countess of Leerdam
Countess of Lingen, Germany, Lingen
Lady of Egmond aan den Hoef, Egmond
- **reign1**: 24 December 1548 - 24 March 1558
- **reign-type1**: Tenure
- **predecessor1**: Maximiliaan van Egmond
- **successor1**: William the Silent
- **birth date**: March 1533
- **birth place**: Grave, North Brabant, Grave, Duchy of Brabant
- **death date**: 24 March 1558 (aged 25)
- **death place**: Breda, Duchy of Brabant
- **spouse**: William the Silent, William I, Prince of Orange
- **father**: Maximiliaan van Egmond
- **mother**: Françoise de Lannoy
- **issue**: Maria of Nassau (1553–1554), Countess Maria
Philip William, Prince of Orange
Maria of Nassau (1556–1616), Maria, Countess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
- **house**: House of Egmond, Egmond
Central Mount Stuart

**Central Mount Stuart** is a mountain in the south of the Northern Territory, Australia. It can easily seen from the nearby Stuart Highway, which is about 6 km away. The mountain is made from dark red sandstone.

The mountain is named after the explorer John McDouall Stuart who reached the area on 22 April 1860. He worked out that a point about 4 km (2.5 miles) south-southwest of the mountain was the centre of Australia. Modern geographers do not agree with this and now place the centre at Finke.

Stuart climbed to the top on 23 April 1860, writing in his journal:
> _"Took Kekwick and the flag, and went to the top of the mount, but found it to be much higher and more difficult of ascent than I anticipated...Near the top of the cone I placed a small bottle, in which there is a slip of paper, with our signatures to it, stating by whom it was raised. We then gave three hearty cheers for the flag, the emblem of civil and religious liberty, and may it be a sign to the natives that the dawn of liberty, civilization, and Christianity is about to break upon them."_

The slip of paper was found in 1871 by John Ross during the building of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line. It is now in the Library of South Australia.

Stuart called the mountain Central Mount Sturt, after his former expedition leader Charles Sturt. The name was changed on a suggestion from the Governor of South Australia, Sir Richard MacDonnell. This happened soon after Stuart's return to Adelaide at the end of the expedition. _Central Mount Stuart_ is the name that was printed in the published expedition journal.

## Other websites

- Image of Central Mount Stuart on Google Maps