juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gabrovo

**Gabrovo** () is a city in central northern Bulgaria. It is the administrative centre of Gabrovo Province.

## History

People have lived in the area around Gabrovo since the Neolithic. It gained economic importance after Veliko Tarnovo became capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the 12th century. Craftsmanship and trade grew because Gabrovo was close to both the capital and the Balkan passes.

In the 1870s Felix Kanitz said that Gabrovo is "a big workshop" and that it is a "city that lives from the water," referring to widely used water power. The glory of the goods of Gabrovo became known throughout the Ottoman Empire, and beyond that, in Bucharest. There is still a street named "Gabroveni" in Bucharest.

## Twin towns – Sister cities

Gabrovo is twinned with:

## Other websites

- Gabrovo municipality's home page

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Gabrovo
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Bulgaria
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Bulgaria, Province
<small>(Oblast)</small>
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **map caption**: Location of Gabrovo
- **pushpin map**: Bulgaria
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Gabrovo
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **area total km2**: 233.817
- **population density km2**: auto
- **website**: [http://www.gabrovo.bg/en Official website]
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Bulgaria, Postal Code
- **subdivision name1**: Gabrovo Province, Gabrovo
- **image shield**: BG Gabrovo coa.svg
- **image flag**: BG Gabrovo flag.svg
- **native name**: Габрово
- **population total**: 58950
- **population urban**: 66551
- **population as of**: <small>Census February 2011</small>
- **elevation m**: 392
- **postal code**: 5300
- **area code**: 066
- **image skyline**:
- **image caption**: Dormition of the Most Holy Mother of God Church
Turkic states

The **Turkic states** are countries where most of its people speak a Turkic language as their first language or have Turkic ancestry. There are six countries considered to be Turkic states: Turkey, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. The last 4 countries are commonly known as "the Stans". All of them except Turkey used to be part of the Soviet Union until its fall in 1991. While most of the people of all these countries are Muslim, none of these countries use the Arabic alphabet to read and write their own language. Either they use the Latin alphabet, like Turkey, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, or they use the Cyrillic alphabet, like Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan. While the people of Xinjiang, the Uighurs, are part of the Turkic peoples, it is not officially considered part of the Turkic states because it is controlled by China. While Northern Cyprus, which is most made of Turkish people, calls itself its own country, Turkey is the only other country that recognizes its statehood, or its being a state.
Denkingen

**Denkingen** is a municipality of the district of Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Gemeinde
- **image photo**: Denkingen-klippeneck.jpg
- **image flag**: Banner Denkingen.svg
- **wappen**: DEU Denkingen COA.svg
- **lageplan**: Denkingen in TUT.svg
- **bundesland**: Baden-Württemberg
- **regierungsbezirk**: Freiburg Government Region, Freiburg
- **landkreis**: Tuttlingen (district), Tuttlingen
- **höhe**: 687
- **fläche**: 15.02
- **einwohner**: 2533
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 78588
- **vorwahl**: 07424
- **kfz**: TUT
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 27 010
- **bürgermeister**: Rudolf Wuhrer
Uyghur Arabic alphabet

The **Uighur alphabet** (also: **Uyghur alphabet**) is the alphabet created by the Uighurs to read and write the Uighur language. It is based on the Arabic alphabet. Unlike the Arabic alphabet, however, Uighur has specific letters to write vowel sounds, rather than just diacritic marks. Writing vowels in Uighur is required, not optional. This means that the writing system is a true alphabet, not an abjad like Arabic.

## Letters

The modern Uyghur Arabic alphabet has 8 vowels, 24 consonants, and 32 letters in all.
|Letter|IPA|English approximation|
| --- | --- | --- |
|||As _o_ in **_o**ff_|
|||As _e_ in _b**e**d_|
|||As _b_ in **_b**at_|
|||As _p_ in **_p**ut_|
|||As _t_ in **_t**op_|
|||As _j_ in **_j**ump_|
|||As _ch_ in **_ch**air_|
|||As _h_ in **_h**at_, but the tongue is way further back|
|||As _d_ in **_d**og_|
|||As _r_ in **_r**ed_|
|||As _z_ in **_z**ebra_|
|||As _g_ in _monta**g**e_|
|||As _s_ in **_s**ing_|
|||As _sh_ in _bru**sh**_|
|||As _g_ in **_g**ood_, but the tongue is way further back and the air is vibrating|
|||As _f_ in **_f**ind_|
|||As _k_ in **_k**ing_, but the tongue is further back|
|||As _k_ in **_k**ing_|
|||As _g_ in **_g**ood_|
|||As _ng_ in _si**ng**_|
|||As _l_ in **_l**ever_|
|||As _m_ in **_m**an_|
|||As _n_ in **_n**ot_|
|||As _h_ in **_h**at_|
|||As _o_ in _m**o**re_|
|||As _oo_ in _b**oo**t_|
|||As _u_ in _c**u**t_, but the lips are rounded|
|||As _i_ in _b**i**t_, but the lips are rounded|
||~|As _v_ in **_v**ine_|
|||As _ay_ in _p**ay**_|
|||As _ee_ in _s**ee**_|
|||As _y_ in **_y**es_|
Alexander Dash

The **Alexander Dash** is a body of a midibus. It has a step-entrance. It was made from 1991 to 1997 by Walter Alexander Coachbuilders.

The Dash body was built on the Dennis Dart chassis and the Volvo B6 chassis.

From 1991 to 1997, It was improved, It had new front bumpers, new grille, new front headlights and new turn signals.

It was built with either a horizontal or V-shaped windscreen.

## Related pages

- List of buses

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Alexander Dash
- **image**: File:Bakerbus Volvo B6 reg L662MSF on service 350 Hanley to Newport - geograph.org.uk - 1698657.jpg
- **caption**: Bakerbus Volvo B6 with Alexander Dash bodywork (before improvements)
- **manufacturer**: Walter Alexander Coachbuilders
- **production**: 1991–1997
- **related**: Alexander PS type
- **assembly**: Falkirk, Scotland
- **successor**: Alexander ALX200
- **capacity**: 34 to 41 seated
- **floortype**: High-floor, Step entrance
- **doors**: 1 door
- **chassis**: Dennis Dart
Volvo B6
- **engine**: (Dart) Cummins 6BT
(B6) Volvo TD63E/TD63ES
- **powerout**: 93kW 135hp (Dart)
- **transmission**: (Dart) Allison AT545 4-speed
(B6) ZF 4HP500
Mühlheim an der Donau

**Mühlheim an der Donau** ('Mühlheim on the Danube') is a town of the district Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is on the right bank of the river Danube and is  northeast of Tuttlingen.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **image photo**: April10 Mühlheim.JPG
- **image caption**: Mühlheim
- **wappen**: DEU Muehlheim an der Donau COA.svg
- **image flag**: Banner_Muehlheim_an_der_Donau.svg
- **lageplan**: Mühlheim an der Donau in TUT.svg
- **bundesland**: Baden-Württemberg
- **regierungsbezirk**: Freiburg Government Region, Freiburg
- **landkreis**: Tuttlingen (district), Tuttlingen
- **höhe**: 664
- **fläche**: 21.73
- **population**: 3481
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 78570
- **vorwahl**: 07463
- **kfz**: TUT
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 3 27 036
- **bürgermeister**: Jörg Kaltenbach
Aiguaviva

**Aiguaviva** is a municipality in the province of Girona and autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Aiguaviva
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Spain, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Plaça de la Constitució (Aiguaviva).JPG
- **image caption**: Plaça de la Constitució, Aiguaviva
- **image shield**: Escut d'Aiguaviva.svg
- **image map**: Localització d'Aiguaviva respecte del Gironès.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Aiguaviva in the comarca (county) of Gironès.
- **pushpin map**: Spain
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Catalonia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous community
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Province of Girona, Girona
- **subdivision type3**: Comarques of Catalonia, Comarca
- **subdivision name3**: Gironès
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Joaquim Mateu Bosch (2015)
- **area total km2**: 13.9
- **population as of**: 2014
- **population total**: 783
- **population density km2**: auto
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 17181
Tarapoto

**Tarapoto** is a city in Peru. It is in the San Martín Region.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Tarapoto
- **nickname**: City of Palms
- **image caption**: A collage of some places in Tarapoto
- **image flag**: Flag of Tarapoto.svg
- **flag size**: 120px
- **seal size**: 100px
- **shield size**: 80px
- **map caption**: Location of in Peru
- **pushpin map**: Peru
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Peru, Region
- **subdivision name1**: San Martín Region
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Peru, Province
- **subdivision name2**: San Martín Province
- **subdivision type3**: Demonym
- **subdivision name3**: Tarapotino(a)
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1782
- **pop est as of**: 2015
- **population est**: 144186
- **settlement type**: Town
- **elevation m**: 356
Perdizes, Minas Gerais

**Perdizes** is a municipality in the west of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.

Neighboring municipalities are: Patrocínio (N), Serra do Salitre (NE), Ibiá (E), Araxá (SE), Uberaba (S), Santa Juliana and Pedrinópolis (W).
Eschentzwiller

**Eschentzwiller** is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.
Kent Coast Line

The **Kent Coast line** is a railway line in Kent linking  to .

## Services

Train services are run by Southeastern.

## Trains

The main trains used on the line are Class 375 Electrostars.

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Kent Coast Line
- **image**: Kent Railways.svg
- **caption**: The Kent Coast Line, shown with other railway lines in Kent.
- **type**: Suburban rail, Heavy rail
- **system**: National Rail
- **status**: Operational
- **locale**: Kent
South East England
- **owner**: Network Rail
- **map state**: collapsed
Ewa Demarczyk

**Ewa Maria Demarczyk** (16 January 1941, born in Kraków, Poland – 14 August 2020, in Kraków) was a Polish singer. She started singing in 1961. Two years later she won an award at the National Festival of Polish Song in Opole. Demarczyk ended her career in 1999. She has 3 albums.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ewa Demarczyk
- **image**: Ewa Demarczyk Polish singer.jpg
- **birth name**: Ewa Demarczyk
- **birth date**: 16 January 1941
- **birth place**: Kraków, Poland
- **nationality**: Polish
- **occupation**: singer
- **parents**: Leonard Demarczyk,
Janina Demarczyk
- **website**: http://demarczyk.pl/wp/
Kether Donohue

**Kether Donohue** (born October 31, 1985) is an American actress, singer, and voice actress. She was born in Manhattan, New York City and has performed in many movies and television programs. These include _You're The Worst_, _Pitch Perfect_, _Hope & Faith_,  _Grease Live_ and _The Bay_.

### Film

- 2007: _Over the GW_ – Sofia Serra
- 2009: _New York Lately_ – Pam
- 2009: _An Old Hope_ – Brenda Applegate
- 2009: _Aaron Bacon_ – Carrie Bacon
- 2010: _Boy Wonder_ – Lizzy
- 2012: _Altered States of Plaine_ – Violet
- 2012: _The Bay_ – Donna Thompson
- 2012: _Pitch Perfect_ – Alice
- 2015: _Pitch Perfect 2_ – Legacy Bella
- 2016: _Collar_ – Debbie
- 2016: _Opening Night_ - Eileen

### Television

- 2005: _Hope & Faith_ – Madison Melville
- 2008: _Late Night with Conan O'Brien_ – Pregnant Intern
- 2009: _Royal Pains_ – Ali
- 2012: _The Mindy Project_ – Restaurant's Maitre D
- 2014–present: _You're the Worst_ – Lindsay Jillian
- 2016: _Grease Live_ – Jan
- 2018: _LA to Vegas_ – Meghan

### Voice roles

- 1997: _The King of Braves GaoGaiGar_ – Reiko Komori
- 1999: _Magical Doremi_ – Mirabelle Haywood
- 2002: _Piano: The Melody of a Young Girl's Heart_ – Shinohara
- 2002: _The Boy Who Wanted To Be A Bear_ – Young She-Bear
- 2002: _Mew Mew Power_ – Kiki Benjamin
- 2004: _Midori Days_ – Midori Kusagano
- 2004: _Munto 2_ – Arine, Suzume Imamura
- 2005: _Negadon: The Monster from Mars_ – Emi Narisaki
- 2005–2006: _Ah! My Goddess_ – Skuld
- 2006–2008: _Kappa Mikey_ – Lily
- 2007: _Dinosaur King_ – Zoe Drake/Chomp
- 2007: _Let's Go! Tamagotchi_ – Makiko
- 2008: _Joe vs. Joe_ – Yu
- 2008–2010: _Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl_ – Candice, Autumn, Lila (young)
- 2009: _Kurokami the Animation_ – Makana
- _Slayers Evolution-R_ – Yappi
- _Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's_ – Angela Rains

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kether Donohue
- **image**: Kether Donohue - 2014 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Donohue at the series premieres of _You're the Worst_ and _Married_ in July 2014
- **alt**: Donohue at the series premieres of _You're the Worst_ and _Married_ in July 2014
- **birth place**: Manhattan, New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **alias**: Annice Moriarty
Kether Fernandez
- **occupation**: Actress/Voice Actress
- **years active**: 1997–present
Jackson family

The **Jackson family** is an American family of singers who originated in Gary, Indiana. Performing as members of The Jackson 5 and as solo artists.They the children of Joseph Walter and Katherine Esther Jackson.They were very successful in the field of popular music from the late 1960s onwards.  As a group, the eldest sons Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, Marlon, Randy and Michael, made the family's reputation, facilitating the subsequent success of siblings Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet. The Jackson 5 became known as the "First Family of Soul" and the First Family of music in later years.

## Infobox (family)

- **name**: Jackson Family
- **origin**: Gary, Indiana, U.S.
FC Dordoi Bishkek

**FC Dordoi Bishkek** is a football club from Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The club plays in the Kyrgyzstan League. Dordoi Bishkek is the most successful club in the league, with 9 titles.

## History

The club was founded in 1997 by businessman Askar Salymbekov. The club was first named **FC Dordoi Naryn**. In 1998, the club was renamed to **FC Dordoi-Zhashtyk-SKIF Naryn**. One year later, the club was renamed **FC Dordoi Naryn**. The club played their first season in the Kyrgyzstan League in 1999. They finished at 5th place. In 2004, they won their first league title, and also won the Kyrgyzstan Cup. In 2006 and 2007, the club won the AFC President's Cup. On the same year, the club was renamed **FC Dordoi-Dynamo Naryn**. In 2010, the club was renamed to FC Dordoi Bishkek.

In 2017, Aleksandr Krestinin became the new club manager.

## Honours

- Kyrgyzstan League (9): 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2012, 2014
- Kyrgyzstan Cup (7): 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016
- Super Cup (4): 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
- AFC President's Cup (2): 2006, 2007

## Other websites

- Profile at sport.kg (1997–2001)
- Profile at sport.kg (2002–2005)
- FC Dordoi page at sport.kg
- Official website
FC Alga Bishkek

**FC Alga Bishkek** is a football club from Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. The club plays in the Kyrgyzstan League. Alga Bishkek is the second most successful club in the league, with 5 titles.

## History

The club was founded in 1947 as **FC Zenith Frunze**. In the 1950's, the club was named FC Trudovye Rezervy Frunze, FC Iskra Frunze and FC Spartak Frunze. In 1961, the club was renamed to FC Alga Frunze. The club had many more names in the 1990's and 2000's. In 2010, the club was named Alga Bishkek. The club won the Kyrgyzstan League in 1992, 1993, 2000, 2001, 2002.

## Honours

- Kyrgyzstan League (5): 1992, 1993, 2000, 2001, 2002
- Kyrgyzstan Cup (9): 1992, 1993, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003

## Other websites

- Career stats by KLISF
FC Abdysh-Ata Kant

**FC Abdysh-Ata Kant** (also called **Abdysh-Ata**) is a football club from Kant, Kyrgyzstan. The club plays in the Kyrgyzstan League.

## History

The club was founded in 1992. Abdysh-Ata has never won a league title, but the club has been second place in the league 5 times, and third place 4 times. Abdysh-Ata is the third most successful club in the Kyrgyzstan Cup, winning the title 4 times: 2007,2009,2011,2015.

## Honours

- Champions (3): 2022, 2023, 2024
- Kyrgyzstan Cup (5): 2007, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2022
- Kyrgyzstan Super Cup (1): 2016

## Other websites

- Career stats by KLISF
- Profile at sport.kg
- Abdysh-Ata page – Sport.kg
Philadelphia, Tennessee

**Philadelphia** is a city of Loudon County, Tennessee, United States.  The population was 607 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Philadelphia, Tennessee
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Philadelphia-tennessee-church-mill-tn1.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Philadelphia, Tennessee
- **image map**: File:Loudon County Tennessee Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Philadelphia Highlighted 4757900.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Philadelphia in Loudon County, Tennessee.
- **pushpin map**: Tennessee#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Tennessee##Location in the United States
- **pushpin label**: Philadelphia
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Tennessee
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Tennessee, County
- **subdivision name2**: Loudon County, Tennessee, Loudon
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1822
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1968
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.03
- **area land km2**: 4.03
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 1.55
- **area land sq mi**: 1.55
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 607
- **population density km2**: 150.71
- **population density sq mi**: 390.35
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 879
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 37846
- **area code**: Area code 865, 865
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 47-57900
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2404511
Museo de Arte Moderno y Contemporáneo de Santander y Cantabria

The **Museo de Arte Moderno y Contemporáneo de Santander y Cantabria** (also known as **MAS**) is an art museum in Santander, Spain.

The museum has mostly modern and contemporary art.

Today the museum specializes in modern and contemporary art.

## History

The first MAS museum was established in 1907. It opened on 6 February 1908. At that time it was called Biblioteca y Museo Municipales (Municipal Library and Museum). Its collection was shown in a room of the Santander City Council building. In those early days the collection included paintings and sculptures and many other kinds objects. It had objects from archaeological sites and also objects related to natural history and ethnology.

In 1923 the city built a new home for the library and museum. The building was designed by Leonardo Rucabado. Starting in 1941, the library moved out of the building. The museum took over the whole building and began to change its collections. It kept the paintings and sculptures but gave the archaeological, natural history, and ethnology objects to other museums in Santander and the Cantabria region. The museum re-opened on 3 November 1947 with a new name: Museo Municipal de Pinturas (Municipal Museum of Painting). In 1957 the museum changed its name again. It became the Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santander (Municipal Museum of Fine Arts of Santander).

Between 1978 and 1993 the museum's collection of works by younger artists and especially artists from Cantabria grew bigger. The inside of the museum was also repaired and made more modern. The museum specialized more and more in modern and contemporary art. In 2011 the museum changed its name to Museum de Arte Moderno y Contemporáneo de Santander y Cantabria (Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Santander and Cantabria). That is the name it has today.

## Collections

The museum has 1,870 works of art—paintings, sculptures, photographs, engravings, and installations. About 100 of these works are by Spanish, Flemish, and Italian artists from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. All the rest are from the last part of the 19th century to the 21st century. Most of the museum's works are by Spanish artists. It has about 150 works by foreign artists. One of these is _La muerte del toro_ (_The Death of the Bull_) by the Italian contemporary artist, Umberto Pettinicchio., the _La tauromaquia_ by Francisco Goya, the  _Grabados Suite Vollard_ by Pablo Picasso.

## Other websites

- Cabezón, Pablo (2001). "Museo Municipal de Bellas Artes de Santander" . _El Diario Montañés_

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: MAS - Museo de Arte Moderno y Contemporáneo de Santander y Cantabria
- **image**: Museo Municipal de Pinturas.Santander1.jpg
- **location**: C/ Rubio, 6
Santander, Spain 39001
Scranton, North Dakota

**Scranton** is a city in North Dakota, United States.
New Carlisle, Ohio

**New Carlisle** is a city in Ohio, United States.
Choctaw, Oklahoma

**Choctaw** is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States. It is the oldest chartered town in Oklahoma Territory. The city is located about 10 miles (16.1 km) east of Oklahoma City. It is part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area.  In 2020, 12,182 people lived there.

Choctaw became a community in 1890. It became a town in 1893 when a territorial governor was appointed for Oklahoma. It celebrated its 100th anniversary in 1993. In 1950, Choctaw was in an agricultural area. It had a population of 355 in that year. The town has no cultural or historical ties to the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma.

Before Choctaw was chartered, the area was known for a trading post and a camping spot near a spring.

A community formed on the east  of land John S. Muzzy claimed in the 1889 land run. It received a postal designation in early 1890.

The town incorporated in April 1904. When Oklahoma became a state in 1907, 230 people lived there. The town had four churches, a school, a bank, a newspaper and telephone service. The population grew very little during the Great Depression.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Choctaw, Oklahoma
- **motto**: "Celebrating the Past, Enjoying the Present, & Preparing For The Future."
- **image skyline**: City Hall, Choctaw, Oklahoma.jpg
- **image caption**: Choctaw City Hall
- **image map**: Oklahoma County Oklahoma Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Choctaw highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, Oklahoma County and the state of Oklahoma.
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Oklahoma
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Oklahoma, County
- **subdivision name2**: Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, Oklahoma
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 70.34
- **area land km2**: 70.25
- **area water km2**: 0.09
- **area total sq mi**: 27.16
- **area land sq mi**: 27.12
- **area water sq mi**: 0.04
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 12182
- **population density km2**: 173.42
- **population density sq mi**: 449.14
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1152
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 73020
- **area code**: Area code 405, 405
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 40-14200
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1091323
- **website**: http://www.choctawcity.org
Springfield, Tennessee

**Springfield** is a city in Tennessee in the United States. It is the county seat of Robertson County.
Springfield, Oregon

**Springfield** is a city in Oregon in the United States. The television program features a parody of _The Simpsons_.
Glasgow, Missouri

**Glasgow** is a city in Missouri in the United States.

It is named after a city, also called Glasgow, in Scotland.
Glasgow, Montana

**Glasgow** is a city in Montana in the United States. It is the county seat of Valley County. About 3,200 people lived there in 2020.

Glasgow was founded in 1887 as a railroad town. Both Amtrak and the National Weather Service have facilities in Glasgow that link the city to the surrounding region. Nearby Fort Peck Dam provides tourist business.
Paris Jackson

**Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson** (born April 3, 1998) is an American model and actress. Jackson is the second child and only daughter of Michael Jackson and Debbie Rowe.

## Early Life

Paris was born at Spalding Pain Clinic in Beverly Hills, California, She is the second child and only daughter of Michael Jackson and Debbie Rowe, She had one brother, Prince Jackson and one half brother, Blanket Jackson.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Paris Jackson
- **image**: Paris Jackson 2021 01.jpg
- **caption**: Jackson in 2021
- **birth name**: Paris-Michael Katherine Jackson
- **parents**: Michael Jackson (father)
Debbie Rowe (mother)
- **relatives**: Michael Joseph "Prince" Jackson Jr.
(brother)
Prince Michael "Blanket" Jackson II
 (step-brother)
Joe Jackson (grandfather)
Katherine Jackson (grandmother)
Peru, Nebraska

**Peru** is a city in Nebraska, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 648.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Peru, Nebraska
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Peru, Nebraska downtown 3.JPG
- **image caption**: Downtown Peru, 2011
- **image map**: Nemaha County Nebraska Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Peru Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Peru, Nebraska
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Nebraska
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Nebraska, County
- **subdivision name2**: Nemaha County, Nebraska, Nemaha
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.36
- **area land km2**: 1.36
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.53
- **area land sq mi**: 0.53
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 648
- **population density km2**: 475.78
- **population density sq mi**: 1231.94
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 1027
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 68421
- **area code**: Area code 402, 402
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 31-38960
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2396191
- **website**: [http://www.perunebraska.org City website]
Paris, Missouri

**Paris** is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is the county seat of Monroe County.
Paris, Tennessee

**Paris** is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. It had a population of 10,316 in 2020. It has been called the "World's Biggest Fish Fry". It has a 70-foot replica of the Eiffel Tower.
Allensville, Kentucky

**Allensville** is an unincorporated community of Kentucky in the United States.
Blandville, Kentucky

**Blandville** is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Burlington, Kentucky

**Burlington** is a census-designated place in the U.S. state of Kentucky. It is the county seat of Boone County.
Dycusburg, Kentucky

**Dycusburg** is a former city of Kentucky in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Dycusburg, Kentucky
- **settlement type**: Inactive List of cities in Kentucky, City
- **image map**: File:Crittenden County Kentucky Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Dycusburg Highlighted 2123140.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Dycusburg, in Crittenden County, Kentucky
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Kentucky
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Kentucky, County
- **subdivision name2**: Crittenden County, Kentucky, Crittenden
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 0.1
- **area land km2**: 0.1
- **area water km2**: 0.0
- **population as of**: 2010 United States Census, 2010
- **population total**: 26
- **population density km2**: 260.7
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 114
- **elevation ft**: 374
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 42037
- **area code**: Area codes 270 and 364, 270 & 364
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 21-23140
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0491380
Hebron Estates, Kentucky

**Hebron Estates** is a city of Kentucky in the United States.
Louisville/Jefferson County metro government (balance), Kentucky

Louisville, Kentucky was merged with its county, Jefferson County. Together, these are called Louisville/Jefferson County metro government. The county also has some other incorporated cities. The portion of the county that is <em>not</em> part of these cities is called **Louisville/Jefferson County metro government (balance)**.

## Related pages

- Consolidated city-county
Whitley City, Kentucky

**Whitley City** is a census-designated place in McCreary County, Kentucky.
Jean-Pierre Bernard

**Jean-Pierre Bernard** (22 January 1933 – 7 July 2017) was a French movie, television and stage actor. He was born in Paris. He has appeared in many French movies over a 50-year period and became known internationally for his role of a French climber named Jean-Paul Montaigne in the 1975 movie _The Eiger Sanction_ that was directed by and starred Clint Eastwood.

Bernard studied at the French National Academy of Dramatic Arts. His French language movie appearances include: _Adelaide_ (1968) directed by Jean-Daniel Simon, _Le Soulier de satin_ (1985) directed by Manoel de Oliveira and _Mon ami le traître_ (1988) directed by José Giovanni .

Bernard died on 7 July 2017 in Paris of stomach cancer, aged 84.
Marina Ratner

**Marina Evseevna Ratner** (; October 30, 1938 – July 7, 2017) was a Russian-American professor of mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley. She worked in ergodic theory. She was born in Moscow, and of Jewish descent.

Around 1990, she proved a group of major theorems concerning unipotent flows on homogeneous spaces, known as Ratner's theorems. Ratner was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1992, awarded the Ostrowski Prize in 1993 and elected to the National Academy of Sciences the same year. In 1994, she was awarded the John J. Carty Award from the National Academy of Sciences.

Ratner died in Berkeley, California on July 7, 2017 of a stroke at the age of 78.
Don Johns

**Donald Ernest "Don" Johns** (December 13, 1937 – July 8, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 153 games in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers, and Minnesota North Stars. He was born in St. George, Ontario.

Johns died on July 8, 2017 in Pointe-Claire, Quebec from a heart attack, aged 79.
Davis, California

**Davis** is a city in Yolo County, California, United States. It was founded in 1868 and incorporated on March 28, 1917. It is where the University of California, Davis is located. In 2020, 66,850 people lived there.
Gertrude Poe

**Gertrude Louise Poe** (September 21, 1915 – July 13, 2017) was an American journalist, lawyer, real estate agent, insurance agent, and radio broadcaster. She was born in Granite, Maryland. Poe served as the editor of _Laurel Leader_ in Laurel, Maryland from 1939 to 1980. She was known as "Maryland's First Lady of Journalism."

Poe turned 100 in September 2015.

Poe died on July 13, 2017 in Montgomery County, Maryland of respiratory arrest at the age of 101.
Mahi Beamer

**Edwin Mahiai (Mahi) Copp Beamer** (December 5, 1928 – July 14, 2017) was an American tenor falsetto singer, composer and hula dancer of Hawaiian ancestry.  He was born in Honolulu in the Territory of Hawaii. In 2006, Mahi Beamer was inducted into the Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame. He was named a "Living Treasure of Hawaii" in 2008 by the Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Hawaii.

In 1959, Beamer had an uncredited part as a singer in the Columbia Pictures movie _Forbidden Island_, which starred Jon Hall and was filmed on location in Hawaii. Beamer has performed at Carnegie Hall  in New York City, and for thirteen years was a featured performer of Nalani Kele's Polynesian Review at the Stardust Resort and Casino in Paradise, Nevada.

Beamer died of complications from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on July 14, 2017 in Honolulu at the age of 88.
Anne Golon

**Anne Golon** (17 December 1921 – 14 July 2017) was a French author, better known to English-speaking readers as **Sergeanne Golon**. She was most known for a series of novels about a heroine called Angelique. She was born in Toulon, France. She was married to her writing partner Serge Golon until his death in 1972.

Golon died of colorectal cancer on 14 July 2017 in Versailles, France at the age of 95.

## Other websites

- The official website for the Angelique stories written by Anne Golon
Julia Hartwig

**Julia Hartwig-Międzyrzecka** (14 August 1921 – 14 July 2017) was a Polish writer and translator. She was born in Lublin, Poland. She was considered to be one of Poland's most important female poets.

Her first poems appeared in the journal "Odrodzenie" in 1944. Hartwig lived in Paris from 1947-50. In 1954, she published _Z niedalekich podróży_ (_From Nearby Places_), a collection of articles. She published her first collection of poetry _Pożegnania_ (_Farewells_) in 1956.

Hartwig died on 14 July 2017 in Gouldsboro, Pennsylvania of congestive heart failure at the age of 95.
Jodie Whittaker

**Jodie Auckland Whittaker** (born 17 June 1982) is an English actress. She first became known for her 2006 feature movie debut _Venus_. She received British Independent Film Award and Satellite Award nominations for that role.

Whittaker was later praised for her roles in the cult science fiction movie _Attack the Block_ (2011), the _Black Mirror_ episode "The Entire History of You" (2011). She also played grieving mother Beth Latimer in Chris Chibnall's TV series _Broadchurch_ (2013–2017).

On 16 July 2017, BBC announced that Whittaker would become the thirteenth (and the first female) incarnation of The Doctor in the British TV series Doctor Who, taking over Peter Capaldi as role of the doctor in the 2017 Christmas special episode ". She will leave the role in 2022.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jodie Whittaker
- **image**: Jodie Whittaker (52549229052) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Jodie Whittaker in 2022
- **birth place**: Skelmanthorpe, West Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom
- **alma mater**: Guildhall School of Music and Drama
- **occupation**: Actor, Actress
- **yearsactive**: 2005–present
- **children**: 2
William "Hootie" Johnson

**William Woodward "Hootie" Johnson** (February 16, 1931 – July 14, 2017) was an American banker and the chairman of the executive committee at Bank of America. He was a member of the South Carolina Business Hall of Fame and a chairman of Augusta National Golf Club. He was born in Augusta, Georgia. From 1957 through 1958, Johnson served in the South Carolina House of Representatives. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Johnson died on July 14, 2017 of mesothelioma in Columbia, South Carolina at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- Biography of Hootie Johnson
Anne Buttimer

**Anne Buttimer** (31 October 1938 – 15 July 2017) was an Irish geographer. She was emeritus professor of geography at University College, Dublin. She was born in Cork, Ireland. She was president of the IGU 2000–2004 and the first geographer to be vice-president of Academia Europaea in 2012.

Buttimer died of endometrial cancer in Dublin on 15 July 2017 at the age of 78.
Babe Parilli

**Vito "Babe" Parilli** (May 7, 1930 – July 15, 2017) was an American football player. He played quarterback for seven seasons in the National Football League and one in the Canadian Football League in the 1950s, and then in the American Football League for all ten seasons in the 1960s.

Parilli died on July 15, 2017 in Parker, Colorado of complications from multiple myeloma at the age of 87.

Parilli was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1982. On November 15, 2014, he was inducted into the National Italian American Sports Hall of Fame.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Vito "Babe" Parilli
- **image**: Babe Parilli - 1952 Bowman Large.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **caption**: Bowman Gum, Bowman football card
- **number**: 15, 18, 10
- **position**: Quarterback
- **birth place**: Rochester, Pennsylvania
- **death place**: Parker, Colorado
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lbs**: 196
- **high school**: Rochester Area High School (Pennsylvania), Rochester (PA)
- **college**: Kentucky Wildcats football, Kentucky
- **draftyear**: 1952
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 4
- **pastteams**: * Green Bay Packers (1952 Green Bay Packers season, 1952–1953 Green Bay Packers season, 1953)
* Ottawa Rough Riders (1954 Ottawa Rough Riders season, 1954–1955 Ottawa Rough Riders season, 1955)
* Cleveland Browns (1956 Cleveland Browns season, 1956)
* Green Bay Packers (1957 Green Bay Packers season, 1957–1958 Green Bay Packers season, 1958)
* Ottawa Rough Riders (1959 Ottawa Rough Riders season, 1959)
* Oakland Raiders (1960 Oakland Raiders season, 1960)
* Boston Patriots (1961 Boston Patriots season, 1961–1967 Boston Patriots season, 1967)
* New York Jets (1968 New York Jets season, 1968–1969 New York Jets season, 1969)
- **pastcoaching**: * Pittsburgh Steelers (1973 NFL season, 1973) (quarterbacks)
* New York Stars (WFL), New York Stars (1974 WFL season, 1974)
* New England Steamrollers ()
* Denver Dynamite (arena football), Denver Dynamite (–)
* Charlotte Rage ()
* Las Vegas Sting (–)
* Anaheim Piranhas ()
* Florida Bobcats ()
- **highlights**: * 3× American Football League All-Star game, AFL All-Star Game (1963, 1964, 1966)
* 1966 AFL All-Star Game MVP
* AFL Championship Game, American Football League champion (1968 American Football League Championship Game, 1968)
* Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl III, III)
* National Football League Comeback Player of the Year Award, AFL Comeback Player of the Year (1966)
* Boston Patriots 1960s All-Decade Team
* Inducted into KY Pro Football HOF (2004)
- **statlabel1**: Pass attempts
- **statvalue1**: 3,330
- **statlabel2**: Pass completions
- **statvalue2**: 1,552
- **statlabel3**: Percentage
- **statvalue3**: 46.6
- **statlabel4**: Touchdown, TD–Interception, INT
- **statvalue4**: 178–220
- **statlabel5**: Passing yards
- **statvalue5**: 22,681
- **statlabel6**: Passer rating, QB Rating
- **statvalue6**: 59.6
- **nfl**: 2522723
- **pfr**: PariBa00
- **collegehof**: 1783
Vjekoslav Vojo Radoičić

**Vjekoslav Vojo Radoičić**, also known as **Vojo Radoičić** (10 November 1930 – 15 July 2017), was a Croatian painter, sculptor, printmaker, and stage designer. He was born in Požega while Croatia was still under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

Radoičić lived and worked in Vienna, London and Zagreb, and had close ties with those places as depicted in his artwork, however he spent most of his time in Rijeka, Croatia. Vojo Radoicic has held more than 180 independent exhibitions in Croatia, as well as abroad. He was known for depicting the places he has traveled to in vibrant colors through a child's mindset to tell stories of his experiences.

Radoičić was awarded the Order of Croatian Danica for his works to culture.

Radoičić died of pneumonia complicated by lung cancer in Rijeka, Croatia on 15 July 2017 at the age of 86.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Vjekoslav Vojo Radoičić
- **caption**: Vjekoslav Vojo Radoičić
- **birth place**: Požega, Croatia, Požega, Yugoslavia
- **death place**: Rijeka, Croatia
- **nationality**: Croatian
- **field**: Painting, drawing, sculpture printmaking, Scenic design, stage design
- **training**: Maritime Academy of Rijeka
- **movement**: Cubism, Surrealism
- **awards**: Grigor Vitez Award, Vladimir Nazor Lifetime Achievement Award, Order of Croatian Danica for contributions to culture
Drug withdrawal

**Drug withdrawal** is the group of symptoms that occur upon the fast discontinuation or decrease in intake of medications or recreational drugs.

In order to experience the symptoms of withdrawal, one must have first developed a form of drug addiction, which may occur as physical dependence, psychological dependence, or both.

Symptoms can also occur when people stop taking drugs whicch they had taken for a long time. That way, if someone switches from one drug to another one (for example to reduce side effects), this change needs to be planned carefully with the aid of a physician.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Withdrawal
- **icd10**: .3-.3
- **medlineplus**: withdrawal
- **emedicinesubj**: article
- **emedicinetopic**: 819502
- **meshid**: D013375
Abdul Rahman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

**Abdul-Rahman bin Abdulaziz** (, __; 1931 – 13 July 2017) was a Saudi prince and civil servant. He was a senior member of the House of Saud. From 1978 through 2011, he served as Deputy Minister of Defense and Aviation. His father was Ibn Saud.

Rahman died on 13 July 2017 of kidney failure at the age of 86.
Chief Minister of West Bengal

The **Chief of the Council of Ministers of West Bengal** is the head of the executive branch of the Government of West Bengal and the representative of the federal government in the state. Under the Constitution of India, the governor is the head of state and highest figure of authority. However, it is the chief minister who exercises executive authority, alongside their Council of Ministers, of which they are the chairperson. The Chief minister is elected by the governor and usually leads the party that holds a majority in the state's legislative assembly.

## Premiers of West Bengal (1947–50)

|No.|Portrait|Name|colspan="3"|Term of office|Assembly (election)|colspan="2"|Party|Appointed by (Governor)||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1||Prafulla Chandra Ghosh|15 August 1947|22 January 1948||rowspan=2|Provincial Assembly (1946–52)[b] (January 1946 election)|style="background-color:skyblue||rowspan=2|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari|
|2||Bidhan Chandra Roy|23 January 1948|25 January 1950||style="background-color:skyblue||||||||

## References

- Notes

## Infobox (political post)

- **border**: parliamentary
- **minister**: not prime
- **office1**: 20 May 2011
- **post**: Chief Minister
- **body**: West Bengal
- **image**: Ms. Mamata Banerjee, in Kolkata on July 17, 2018 (cropped) (cropped).JPG
- **alt**: Photo of Mamata Banerjee
- **incumbent**: Mamata Banerjee
- **incumbentsince**: 20 May 2011
- **insignia**: Emblem of India (without motto).svg
- **insigniasize**: 25px
- **insigniacaption**: Emblem of the Republic of India
- **flag**: Flag of India.svg
- **flagsize**: 50px
- **style**: The Honorable
Mr., Madam Chief Minister
Her Excellency
- **status**: Head of Government
- **abbreviation**: CM
- **member of**: West Bengal Legislative Assembly
- **appointer**: Governor of West Bengal
- **reportsto**: Governor of West Bengal
- **inaugural**: Prafulla Chandra Ghosh
- **formation**:
(as Prime Minister of West Bengal)
- **residence**: Chief Minister Abas, Kolkata
- **seat**: Nabanna (building), Nabanna, Howrah
- **termlength**: At the confidence of the assembly
- **termlength qualified**: Chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.
Viluppuram district

Viluppuram (also _Villupuram_ and _Vizhupuram_) is one of the 32 districts in Tamil Nadu state in southern India. The district headquarters is at Viluppuram. Viluppuram district came into existence on 30 September 1993 when it was created out of South Arcot district. Viluppuram is the largest district in the state.This district has tourist spots which are more than 500 years old including temples, mosques and churches.

Viluppuram District was earlier a part of South Arcot District along with Cuddalore District. It was then separated from Cuddalore and became a new district on 30 September 1993.

## People

According to 2011 census, 3,458,873 lived in Viluppuram. The sex-ratio was 987 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. 404,106 were under the age of six: 208,246 males and 195,860 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were 29.37% and 2.16% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the district was 63.48%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The district had 800,368 households. There were a total of 1,703,249 workers, comprising 322,900 cultivators, 537,581 main agricultural labourers, 23,961 in house hold industries, 376,360 other workers, 442,447 marginal workers, 46,746 marginal cultivators, 294,632 marginal agricultural labourers, 14,276 marginal workers in household industries and 86,793 other marginal workers.
Viluppuram

**Viluppuram** is a municipality and the administrative headquarters of Viluppuram district, the largest district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is well connected by both road and rail to all the important cities in Tamil Nadu. The town is a major railway junction, and National Highway 45 passes through it. Agriculture is its main source of income. As of Government of India 2014 data, Viluppuram had a population of 121198. The town's literacy rate has been recorded as 90.16% by Census 2011,villupuram famous for egg candy (sweet)

In 1919, Viluppuram was officially constituted as a municipality. It is made up of 36 wards, making it the largest city and municipality in Viluppuram district. Villupuram famous for historical places like gingee fort,melmalainur amman temple,panchamuga anjaneyer temple,maraikanam siva temple,

## Etymology

Viluppuram is named after a class of people known as "Vizhupparaiyar" (விழுப்பரையர்). One of the famous Tamil poets Jayamkondar wrote a book titled "Karanai Vizhupparaiyan madal" (also known as Aadhinatha Valamadal) on the praise of Aadhinathan Vizhupparaiyan who was a commander in the army of Kulottunga Chola I. The town came to known after the "Vizhupparaiyan" sect named after him. They are also known as "Vizhupaadharaiyar".Viluppuram is also affectionately called as "Vizhimaa Nagaram" (விழிமா நகரம்) in Tamil. It means a town with wide-eyed people.

## Population

As of the 2011 census, Viluppuram municipality was divided into 36 wards for which elections are held every five years and had a population of 96,253 of which 47,670 were male and 48,583 female.

## Other websites

- Viluppuram's official website
- Viluppuram online
Gingee Fort

**Gingee Fort** or **Senji Fort** (also known as Chenji, Chanchi, Jinji or Senchi) in Tamil Nadu, India is one of the surviving forts in Tamil Nadu, India. It lies in Villupuram District, 160 kilometres (99 mi) from the state capital, Chennai, and is close to the Union Territory of Puducherry. The fort is so fortified, that Shivaji, the Maratha king, ranked it as the "most impregnable fortress in India" and it was called the "Troy of the East" by the British. The nearest town with a railway station is Tindivanam and the nearest airport is Chennai (Madras), located 150 kilometres (93 mi) away.

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty during the 9th century AD, Gingee Fort was modified by Kurumbar during the 13th century. As per one account, the fort was built during the 15–16th century by the Nayaks, the lieutenants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings (Nayaks of Gingee ). The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is closely associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot and eventually lost his life in a battle.