juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Moves Like Jagger

"**Moves Like Jagger**" is a dance pop single released by American pop rock band Maroon 5 on June 22, 2011 internationally and digitally. The single features pop singer-songwriter Christina Aguilera and was produced by Shellback, Benny Blanco, and Ari Levine. The song was later put on the Maroon 5 album _Hands All Over_ in July 2011 for the re-release. The song peaked at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 singles' chart for four weeks and number-one on the Billboard Digital Songs chart for three weeks. The song did not feature on the fourth studio album _Overexposed._

The song's lyrics refer to a male protagonist's ability to impress a female with his dance moves, which he compares to those of The Rolling Stones frontman Mick Jagger. The song received a positive critical appreciation, many of them complimented the vocal chemistry between Levine and Aguilera and labeled it "an irresistible summer hit".

## Music video

The music video for "Moves Like Jagger" was directed by Jonas Åkerlund and filmed in Los Angeles, California on July 8, 2011. On July 9, Aguilera posted an image of herself from the video shoot via Twitter, saying, "Always great to see Jonas Akerlund. He created the perfect feel for the song. Expect a fun video." The image showed Aguilera performing with a band in front of a background of the American flag. Four shirtless images of Levine from the shoot were also released online the same day. More images from the video shoot were released online on July 11, showing Levine and Aguilera performing in front of an American and British-themed backdrop with confetti falling from the ceiling. Another image showed Aguilera performing in front of a black backdrop with her name "Christina" shown in pink. Rolling Stones frontman Mick Jagger made an appearance in the video "via archive footage." The music video premiered on August 8 on E!

## Track list

- Digital download
1. "Moves Like Jagger (featuring Christina Aguilera) – 3:21

- CD single
1. "Moves Like Jagger (featuring Christina Aguilera) – 3:21
1. "Moves Like Jagger (featuring Christina Aguilera) (Soul Seekerz Radio Edit) – 3:25

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Moves Like Jagger
- **artist**: Maroon 5 featuring Christina Aguilera
- **album**: Hands All Over (album), Hands All Over
- **released**: June 22, 2011
- **recorded**: May 2011; Los Angeles
- **genre**: Pop music, Power pop, Pop music, synthpop, dance-pop
- **length**: 3:21
- **label**: Record company, A&M/Octone Records, J
- **writer**: Adam Levine, Benny Blanco, Ammar Malik, Shellback
- **producer**: Shellback, Benny Blanco
- **chronology**: Maroon 5 singles
- **prev title**: Never Gonna Leave This Bed
- **prev year**: 2011
- **next title**: Payphone (song), Payphone
- **next year**: 2012
Luton

**Luton** is a large town in Bedfordshire, England. It is about  north of London. It is on the M1 motorway and has mainline trains from King's Cross and St Pancras stations. It is an industrial town which has diversified from its original base as a manufacturer of hats and cars. It is also famous for its airport which serves flights across Europe. Its fine communications means it has many people who commute to work in London.  It has a population of 213,052 (mid-2019 estimate).

## History

Luton was started in about the 6th century by the Saxons, based by the River Lea. It has a history of industry: making hats and Vauxhall cars for example.

## Politics

Luton is a unitary authority, which means it is governed locally by its own council, Luton Borough Council. It is represented by two members of parliament.

## Sport

Its football club is in the English football league and play at Kenilworth Road. Their nickname is 'The Hatters'. They are called this because of Luton's history of making straw hats.

## People

Luton town has a large immigrant population, which consists mainly of people of Pakistani and Bengali origin.

## Related pages

- Luton Airport
- Luton Town F.C.
- Vauxhall Motors
Superbase

In chemistry, a **superbase** is an extremely strong base. It is a compound that has a high affinity for protons.

Hydroxide ion is the strongest base possible in water (aqueous) solutions, but superbases are much stronger than aqueous bases.  Such bases are useful in organic synthesis and are fundamental to physical organic chemistry.

The strongest known superbase is the _ortho_-diethenylbenzene dianion.

Superbases have been described and used since the 1850s.  Reactions involving superbases often require special techniques since they are destroyed by water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen in the air. Inert atmosphere techniques and low temperatures minimize these side reactions.

## Definitions

IUPAC defines superbases simply as a "compound having a very high basicity, such as lithium diisopropylamide".

## Related pages

- Superacid
Argyria

**Argyria** or **argyrosis** is a disease caused by being exposed to too much silver. People with this condition may have a change in skin color to blue or "greyish". A study has said that having argyria makes it harder to see without light.
Windows Task Manager

**Windows Task Manager** is a task manager application. It is part of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating systems. Windows Task Manager gives detailed information about computer performance and applications that are currently running. It also gives information about processes and CPU usage, commit charge and memory information, network activity and statistics, logged-in users, and system services. The application can be used to set process priorities, processor affinity, forcibly terminating (ending) processes. In Windows XP only, the application can be used to shut down, restart, hibernate or log off from Windows.

## Other websites

- Task Manager information at Computer Hope
Chemical species

A **chemical species** is one of a group of atoms, molecules, molecular fragments, ions, etc., made to go through to a chemical process or to a measurement. Generally, a chemical species can be defined as an ensemble of chemically identical molecular entities that can explore the same set of molecular energy levels on a defined time scale. Chemists also use chemical species to mean a set of chemically identical atomic or molecular structural units in a solid array.

For example, when molecules of NaCl dissolve in water we don't really have any NaCl as such in the solution. We have Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup> ions because NaCl dissociates. We say the species present in solution are Na<sup>+</sup>(aq) and Cl<sup>-</sup>(aq). In this case, the species present in solution are the ions. In other cases, where the molecules don't dissolve in water, we would have molecular species in solution rather than ionic species.

In supramolecular chemistry, chemical species are those supramolecular structures whose interactions and associations are brought about by forming or breaking intermolecular bonds. Studying these actions is the main topic of supramolecular chemistry.
Task manager

A **task manager** is a computer program that is used to show information about the processes and programs running on a computer. Task managers also show the general status of the computer. They can be used to terminate (end) processes and programs, as well as change the processes priority. An example of a task manager is Windows Task Manager.
Blind spot (vision)

A **blind spot** is a part of the visual field our brains get no information from. It is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc of the retina. Since there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc, a part of the field of vision is not perceived. The brain fills in with surrounding detail  with information from the other eye, so the blind spot is not normally perceived.

Although all vertebrates have this blind spot, cephalopod eyes, which are superficially similar, do not. In them, the optic nerve approaches the receptors from behind, so it does not create a break in the retina.

The first documented observation of the phenomenon was in the 1660s by Edme Mariotte in France. At the time it was generally thought that the point at which the optic nerve entered the eye should actually be the most sensitive portion of the retina; however, Mariotte's discovery disproved this theory.

## Blind spot test

|colspan="5" style="border:solid 1px #AAAAAA; "|Demonstration of the blind spot||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan="5" height="50px"|||||||
|align="right" style="font-size: 0.7cm; width:0.4cm;"|**O**|style="max-width: 8cm; width: 8cm"||align="left" style="font-size: 0.7cm; width:0.4cm;"|**X**||
|colspan="5" height="50px"|||||||
|colspan="5"  style="border:solid 1px #AAAAAA;"|_Instructions:_ Your face should be a few fingers away from the screen. Close the right eye and focus the left eye on the **X**. Now move away from the screen slowly, and at one point the **O** will disappear.  This will happen approx. when the screen is about 25cm away (3x the width of this diagram). As you move further away, the **O** will reappear. If you close your left eye and look at the **O**, the X will disappear over a similar range.||||||

## Not seeing the blind spot

As to why the blind spot is normally not seen, there are two theories. One, less favoured, is that it is simply ignored by the brain. The other is that they are 'filled in' by the brain with information from surrounding areas. Perception theorists have generally favoured this second hypothesis. The filling-in works with quite complex and unusual visual patterns, suggesting an active brain process works to mimic patterns surrounding the blind spot.

## Vertebrate eye and cephalopod eye

These natural blind spots are present only in the eyes of vertebrates. Cephalopods have their optic nerves attached to the back of the retina, so they are not a problem. The vertebrate eye is illogical because light must go through and past the nerve fibres before getting to the retina.

This comes about because vertebrate eyes are outgrowths from the brain; they grow outward from the embryological tissue which forms the brain.
Lo Barnechea

**Lo Barnechea** is a commune and city of Santiago Province. According to the Chilean census in 2002, Lo Barnechea has an area of  and 74,749 people live there..

## Other websites

- Municipality of Lo Barnechea

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Lo Barnechea
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **image skyline**: Lo Barnechea.jpg
- **image caption**: Lo Barnechea
- **image map**: Comuna de Lo Barnechea.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Lo Barnechea commune in Santiago Metropolitan Region
- **map alt**: Map of Lo Barnechea commune in Santiago Metropolitan Region
- **coor pinpoint**: city
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Santiago Metropolitan Region, Santiago Metro.
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Santiago Province, Chile, Santiago
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader party**: National Renewal (Chile), RN
- **leader name**: Felipe Guevara Stephens
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1023.7
- **population total**: 74749
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Urban area, Urban
- **population blank1**: 72496
- **population blank2 title**: Rural area, Rural
- **population blank2**: 2253
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 34,901
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 39,848
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **website**: [http://www.lobarnechea.cl/ Municipality of Lo Barnechea]
Incubus (1966 movie)

***Incubus*** is an American horror movie. It is black and white. It was released in 1966 and a restored copy of the movie was released in 2001. Leslie Stevens directed the movie and William Shatner starred in it. The actors in the movie did not speak in English. They spoke in Esperanto. The movie was called _Inkubo_ in Esperanto. _Incubus_ was lost for many years, but an old copy was found in France. The movie was filmed in 18 days in California during 1965. _Incubus_ did not become popular and was only distributed in France. Some people believe the movie is cursed because of all of the bad things that happened to the actors and crew. Several of them died by murder or suicide, or had other bad things happen to them, after making the movie.

## Actors

- William Shatner as Marc
- Allyson Ames as Kia
- Eloise Hardt as Amael
- Robert Fortier as Olin
- Ann Atmar as Arndis
- Milos Milos as Incubus
- Jay Ashworth as Monk<sup>†</sup>
- Forrest T. Butler as Monk<sup>†</sup>
- Paolo Cossa as Narrator (voice)<sup>†</sup>
- Ted Mossman as Monk<sup>†</sup>
<sup>†</sup> <small>Uncredited</small>

## Further reading

- Tom Weaver, _Video Watchdog_ #53 (1999) "Raising the Incubus"

## Other websites

- _Incubus_  at Rotten Tomatoes
- "Curse of the 'Incubus'", By Cara Jepsen
- Review at _The Daily Show_ website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Incubus
- **director**: Leslie Stevens
- **producer**: Anthony M. Taylor
- **writer**: Leslie Stevens
- **narrator**: Paolo Cossa
- **starring**: William Shatner
Milos Milos
Allyson Ames
- **music**: Dominic Frontiere
- **cinematography**: Conrad Hall
William A. Fraker _(uncredited)_
- **editing**: Richard K. Brockway
- **distributor**: Contempo III Productions
- **released**: October 26, 1966 _(San Francisco Film Festival, SF Film Fest.)_
- **runtime**: 78 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: Esperanto
- **budget**: $125,000 _(est)_
Supramolecular chemistry

**Supramolecular chemistry** is area of chemistry that studies the relationship and linking molecules into bigger systems. It focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components. The study of non-covalent interactions is crucial to understanding many biological processes from cell structure to vision that rely on these forces for structure and function. Biological systems are often the inspiration for supramolecular research.

## Related pages

- Organic chemistry
- Nanotechnology

## Other websites

- 2D and 3D Models of Dodecahedrane and Cuneane Assemlies http://www.wikinfo.org/index.php/2D_and_3D_Models_of_Dodecahedrane_and_Cuneane_Assemblies
- Supramolecular Chemistry - Thematic Series in the Open Access Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry
Red Bull X2010

**Red Bull X2010** is a fictional car in the PlayStation 3 video game _Gran Turismo 5_ that can go over 400 km/h, and over 6G. It laps the Nürburgring in less than 4 minutes. Adrian Newey designed it.
Ireland (disambiguation)

**Ireland** may refer to:

- Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom
- Republic of Ireland, the country to the south of Northern Ireland
- Ireland, the island that contains both of the above
Banbasa

**Banbasa** is the smallest town in Champawat district in Uttarakhand, India. The famous shri Purnagiri temple is only 35 km from here. It is near the Nepal border (Gaddachoki-Banbasa).
Velar consonant

A **velar consonant** is a consonant that is pronounced with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, also known as the velum, which is the back part of the roof of the mouth. Velar consonants in English are ,  and .

These are the velar consonants in the IPA.

|rowspan="2"|IPA|rowspan="2"|Description|colspan="4"|Example|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|voiced velar nasal|English|ng||ring||
|voiceless velar plosive|English|skip||skip||
|voiced velar plosive|English|get||get||
|voiceless velar fricative|German|Bauch||abdomen||
|voiced velar fricative|Greek|γάτα||cat||
|voiceless labio-velar approximant|English|which||which||
|voiced velar approximant|Spanish|pagar||to pay||
|voice velar lateral approximant<nowiki/>|Mid-Wahgi|aʟaʟe||dizzy||
|voiced labio-velar approximant|English|witch||witch||
|velar ejective stop|Archi|кIан||bottom||
|voiced velar implosive|Sindhi|g̈əro/ڳرو||heavy||
George Church

**George Church** (born August 28, 1954) is an American molecular geneticist. He was one of the people who set out to analyse the human genetic code, the sequence of genes in human DNA.

Church is Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Professor of Health Sciences and Technology at Harvard and MIT, and a core faculty member at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University.

With Walter Gilbert he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984, and helped start the Human Genome Project while he was a research scientist at newly formed Biogen Inc.

He invented ways of analysing huge amounts of chemical data, homologous recombination methods, and DNA array synthesizers. Automated sequencing & software in Genome Therapeutics Corp. gave the first commercial genome sequence, (the human pathogen, _Helicobacter pylori_) in 1994.

Church started the Personal Genome Project (PGP) in 2005, and in 2007 he founded the U.S. personal genomics company Knome (with Jorge Conde and Sundar Subramaniam).

Church does research on synthetic (artificial) biology and is director of the U.S. Department of Energy Center on Bioenergy at Harvard & MIT, and Director of the National Institutes of Health Center of Excellence in Genomic Science at Harvard.

He has been advisor to 22 companies. He co-founded Codon Devices, a biotech startup dedicated to synthetic biology. It produces DNA sequences to order. He co-founded LS9, which is focused on biofuels or renewable petroleum technologies.

In 2009 he founded Pathogenica, with Yemi Adesokan, in order to pioneer commercial applications for pathogen sequencing technology.

In September 2010, Dr. Church was honored for his work in genetics with the Mass High Tech All-Star Award. He is a senior editor for _Molecular Systems Biology_.

According to Forbes, Church suffers from narcolepsy.

## Other websites

- New Polony DNA Sequencing Methods
- Biosketch on Edge.org
- Knome homepage
- LS9 Inc. homepage
- How the Personal Genome Project could unlock the mysteries of life

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: George Church
- **image**: George Church at TED.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Church with a molecular model at TED (conference), TED 2010
- **birth place**: MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
- **citizenship**: United States, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, U.S.
- **field**: Genetics
- **work institution**: Harvard, MIT
- **alma mater**: Duke University, Duke, Harvard
- **known for**: Sequence analysis, DNA sequencing
Revolutions per minute

|Spins per second|RPM|
| --- | --- |
|¼|15|
|½|30|
|1|60|
|2|120|
|5|300|
|10|600|
|25|1500|
**Revolutions per minute**, sometimes called **RPM**, is a measure of angular frequency. It means the number of times something spins in one minute.

For example, if a wheel spins one time in one second, it is doing 60 RPM, because there is 60 seconds in one minute.
Walter Gilbert

**Walter Gilbert** (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist, molecular biology pioneer, and Nobel laureate. He helped develop DNA sequence analysis.

## Biography

Gilbert was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 21, 1932. Gilbert attended Harvard University for undergraduate and graduate studies, earning a first degree in chemistry and physics in 1953 and a master's degree in physics in 1954.

Gilbert's doctoral work was done at the University of Cambridge, where he earned his PhD in mathematics under the mentorship of Nobel laureate Abdus Salam in 1957.

Gilbert returned to Harvard in 1957 and promoted in 1968 to professor of biochemistry. In 1969, Gilbert was given Harvard's Ledlie Prize. In 1972, Gilbert was named American Cancer Society Professor of Molecular Biology.

He is a co-founder of the biotech start-up companies Biogen and Myriad Genetics. Gilbert is currently the chairman of the Harvard Society of Fellows.

## Research findings

Together with Allan Maxam, Gilbert developed a new DNA sequencing method in 1976. With George Church he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984.

Gilbert first proposed the existence of introns and exons and explained the evolution of introns in a seminal 1978 "News and Views" paper published in _Nature_. In 1986, Gilbert used the phrase RNA world hypothesis for the origin of life. 'RNA World' was a concept first proposed by Carl Woese in 1967.

## Awards

Gilbert was given the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, shared with Frederick Sanger and Paul Berg. Gilbert and Sanger were recognized for their pioneering work in devising methods for determining the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid.

Among many other awards, Gilbert was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1987.

## Other websites

- Nobel Prize autobiography
- The Official Site of Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Walter Gilbert
- **image**: WalterGilbert2.jpg
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, U.S.
- **field**: Biochemistry, physics
- **work institutions**: Harvard University
- **alma mater**: Harvard University, University of Cambridge
- **doctoral advisor**: Abdus Salam
- **doctoral students**: Gerald Guralnik
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Optic chiasma

The **optic chiasma**, or 'optic chiasm', is the part of the brain where the optic nerves (CN II) partially cross. The optic chiasm is located at the bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus.

## Pathways

The images on the nasal (inner) sides of each retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain via the optic nerve at the optic chiasm. The temporal (outer) images, on the other hand, stay on the same side. This allows the images from either side of the visual field to go to the appropriate side of the brain, combining the sides together.

Beyond the optic chiasm, with crossed and uncrossed fibers, optic nerves become optic tracts.

The crossing over of optic nerve fibres at the optic chiasma allows the visual cortex to receive the same hemispheric visual field from both eyes.

The optic chiasma is found in all vertebrates.
Chimaera (fish)

**Chimaeras** are cartilaginous fish in the order **Chimaeriformes**. They are sometimes known informally as 'ghost sharks'.

They may be the "oldest and most enigmatic groups of fishes alive today". Their closest living relatives are sharks, though in evolutionary terms they branched off from sharks nearly 400 million years ago and have remained isolated ever since.

At one time they were a diverse and abundant group, as shown by the fossil record. They are now found mainly to deep water. There are fifty living species in six genera and three families. Studying the evolution of these species has been problematic because there are few good fossils. DNA sequences have become the preferred approach to understanding speciation.

The order appeared about 420 million years ago during the Silurian. The three living families seem to have diverged during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous (170–120 million years ago.

## Features

They do not have shark-like skin or teeth. They have smooth scales on their bodies, and three pairs of grinding tooth plates. They have a poisonous spine on their backs between the head and the dorsal fin.

Otherwise, they are rather like other Chondrichthyes. They have skeletons are made of cartilage. They use claspers for internal fertilization of females. They lay eggs with leathery cases.  They use electroreception to find their prey, which is also common in rays.
Mainframe computer

**Mainframes** (also called "big iron") are powerful computers used for large information processing jobs.  They are mainly used by government institutions and large companies for tasks such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing.  They are distinct from supercomputer<nowiki/>s.

The term originally referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later the term was used to distinguish very big computers from less powerful ones ("minicomputers" or "personal computers").
Heavy Petting Zoo

***Heavy Petting Zoo*** is the sixth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. _Heavy Petting Zoo_ was released on January 31, 1996. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and NOFX. The title of the album is a combination of the words _heavy petting_ and _petting zoo_.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Heavy Petting Zoo
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: NOFX
- **released**: January 31, 1996
- **recorded**: October, 1995
- **genre**: Punk rock, ska punk
- **length**: 34:54
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Epitaph Records, Epitaph
- **producer**: Ryan Greene, NOFX
- **prev title**: I Heard They Suck Live!!
- **prev year**: 1995
- **next title**: So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes
- **next year**: 1997
So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes

***So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes*** is the seventh studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. _So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes_ was released on November 11, 1997. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. The title of the album comes from the title of the fourth book of Douglas Adams's _The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_ series, _So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish_ and the common practice of punk rock fans when they throw shoes lost by crowd surfers on stage.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: NOFX
- **released**: November 11, 1997
- **recorded**: August, 1997
- **genre**: Punk rock, skate punk, ska punk
- **length**: 33:16
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Epitaph Records, Epitaph
- **producer**: Ryan Greene, Fat Mike
- **prev title**: Heavy Petting Zoo
- **prev year**: 1996
- **next title**: Pump Up the Valuum
- **next year**: 2000
Pump Up the Valuum

***Pump Up the Valuum*** is the eighth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. _Pump Up the Valuum_ was released on June 13, 2000. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. The title of the album is purposely spelled wrong to avoid a lawsuit with Valium and is a play on words.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Pump Up the Valuum
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: NOFX
- **released**: June 13, 2000
- **recorded**: 1999-2000
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **length**: 31:33
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Epitaph Records, Epitaph
- **producer**: Ryan Greene, Fat Mike
- **prev title**: So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes
- **prev year**: 1997
- **next title**: 45 or 46 Songs That Weren't Good Enough to Go on Our Other Records, 45 Or 46 Songs That Weren't Good Enough To Go On Our Other Records
- **next year**: 2002
Youth

**Youth** is the opposite of elderly. When something is new, it can be called young. "Young" is usually only used for living things, and things that are not alive are "new". The word youth is often used to describe young people from the beginning of the teen years to the beginning of adulthood.
Old can refer to someone or something's age.
Young can mean that something is current to date or well before its "best by" date.

Different things lose their youth or grow old at different rates.  For example, some machines are only be considered young for roughly one year.  There are laws about the age of majority when young teenagers are legally treated as adults.  Even after that age, these youth may still be seen as immature.  This is because complete mental and emotional development is not done until around age 21-25, and because many young people have not yet had adult life experiences.

The ancient Greek philosopher and scientist Pythagoras calculated human life as a year divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. According to this, the source of life is Su. Up to 40 years of age – including infancy, childhood and adolescence.

For some people, youth is an obsession. They want to look young.  Because of this, they use various products like face cream and plastic surgery, to stop or slow their looking older.  The _"Fountain of Youth"_ was a popular myth, and people thought that if you took water from the fountain, you would never be old.  Now however, we know that it _was_ a myth, and it was not magical at all.

## Related pages

- Adolescence
Insulin resistance

**Insulin resistance** is a serious condition in which insulin becomes less able to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood.  Usually, insulin helps sugar move out of the blood and into the body's cells.  In the cells, the body can use sugar to make energy.  If this does not happen correctly, too much sugar stays in the blood.  This is called hyperglycemia.  If the blood glucose level is above normal for a long time, this can lead to major health problems.

Insulin resistance often causes certain types of diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults. A condition called 'metabolic syndrome' is strongly tied to insulin resistance.

## Signs and symptoms

1. High blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia)
1. Fatigue, and sleepiness, especially after meals.
1. Brain fogginess and inability to focus (can't think clearly).
1. Weight gain, fat storage, difficulty losing weight.
1. High blood pressure (hypertension)
1. Increased thirst (called polydipsia) and hunger (called polyphagia)

### Self-care

1. Eat less carbohydrates, and very much less direct sugar.
1. Take more exercise, long walks, activity.

## Standard medical test

1. Blood sugar level test after 12 hours starvation.
The War on Errorism

***The War on Errorism*** is the ninth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. _The War on Errorism_ was released on May 6, 2003. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. The album pokes fun at former U.S. president George W. Bush and criticizes him and his policies.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The War on Errorism
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: NOFX
- **released**: May 6, 2003
- **recorded**: January–April, 2003
- **genre**: Punk rock, skate punk
- **length**: 36:16
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Fat Wreck Chords
- **producer**: Ryan Greene, Fat Mike
- **prev title**: 45 or 46 Songs That Weren't Good Enough to Go on Our Other Records
- **prev year**: 2002
- **next title**: The Greatest Songs Ever Written (By Us!)
- **next year**: 2004
Wolves in Wolves' Clothing

***Wolves in Wolves' Clothing*** is the tenth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. _Wolves in Wolves' Clothing_ was released on April 18, 2006. The producers of the album were Bill Stevenson, Jason Livermore and Fat Mike. The first 1062 vinyl copies of _Wolves in Wolves' Clothing_ were pressed yellow/green vinyl.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Wolves in Wolves' Clothing
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: NOFX
- **released**: April 18, 2006
- **recorded**: 2005
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **length**: 34:50
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Fat Wreck Chords
- **producer**: Bill Stevenson, Jason Livermore, Fat Mike
- **prev title**: The Greatest Songs Ever Written (By Us!)
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: They've Actually Gotten Worse Live!
- **next year**: 2007
Coaster (album)

***Coaster*** is the tenth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. _Coaster_ was released on April 28, 2009. The producer of the album was Bill Stevenson. The album was released as _Frisbee_ on vinyl.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Coaster
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: NOFX
- **released**: April 28, 2009
- **recorded**: November 2008–February 2009
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **length**: 32:48
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Fat Wreck Chords
- **producer**: Bill Stevenson
- **prev title**: They've Actually Gotten Worse Live!
- **prev year**: 2007
- **next title**: Cokie the Clown
- **next year**: 2009
2Pacalypse Now

***2Pacalypse Now*** is the first studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. _2Pacalypse Now_ was released on November 12, 1991. Many other rap artist have seen the album as a source of inspiration. The song "I Don't Give a Fuck" was featured in the 2004 video game, _Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas_.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: 2Pacalypse Now
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Tupac Shakur, 2Pac
- **recorded**: 1990-1991
- **studio**: Starlight Sound Studios, Richmond, California
- **length**: 55:07
- **label**: * TNT
* Interscope Records, Interscope
- **producer**: * Atron Gregory (Executive producer#Music, exec.)
* Big D the Impossible
* J-Z
* Live Squad
* Pee-Wee (rapper), Pee-Wee
* Raw Fusion
* Shock G
- **next title**: Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.
- **next year**: 1993
Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.

***Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.*** is the second studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. _Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z._ was released on February 16, 1993. The album is 2Pac's tenth biggest selling album with 1,366,000 units moved to date.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Tupac Shakur, 2Pac
- **released**: February 16, 1993
- **recorded**: June 1992-January 1993
- **genre**: Political hip hop
- **length**: 64:05
- **language**: English language, English
- **prev title**: 2Pacalypse Now
- **prev year**: 1991
- **next title**: Thug Life: Volume 1
- **next year**: 1994
Sy Oliver

**Melvin James** "**Sy**" **Oliver** (born December 17, 1910 in Battle Creek, Michigan; died May 28, 1988 in New York City) was a jazz arranger, trumpeter, composer, singer, and band leader. His mother was a piano teacher and his father was a multi-instrumentalist who made a name for himself demonstrating saxophones at a time that instrument was little used outside of marching bands.

Oliver left home at 17 to play with Zack Whyte and his Chocolate Beau Brummels and later with Alphonse Trent. He sang and played trumpet with these bands, becoming known for his "growling" horn playing.

Sy arranged and conducted many songs for Ella Fitzgerald from her years with Decca Records. As a composer, one of his most famous songs was "T'ain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)" which he co-wrote with Trummy Young.

He joined Jimmie Lunceford's band in 1933 and contributed many hit arrangements to the band, including "My Blue Heaven" and "Ain't She Sweet". In 1939, he became one of the first African Americans with a prominent role in a white band when he joined Tommy Dorsey as an arranger, though he stopped playing trumpet at that time. (Fletcher Henderson joined the Benny Goodman orchestra as the arranger in the same year.) He led the transition of the Dorsey band from Dixieland to modern big band. His joining was instrumental in Buddy Rich's decision to join Dorsey. His arrangement of "On the Sunny Side of the Street" was a big hit for Dorsey, as were his own compositions "Yes Indeed" (a gospel-jazz tune that was later recorded by Ray Charles), "Opus One," "The Minor is Muggin'," "T.D.'s Boogie Woogie," and "Well, Git It."

After leaving Dorsey, Oliver continued working as a free-lance arranger. One of his more successful such efforts was the Frank Sinatra album _I Remember Tommy_, a combined tribute to each man's former boss---and as music director for Decca Records.

In later years, up until 1980, he led his own jazz band, for which he took up the trumpet again.
Aristolochiaceae

The **Aristolochiaceae**, or **Birthwort family**, are a family of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is _Aristolochia_ L.

## Description

They are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants, shrubs, woody vines or even lianas.

The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. There are no stipules.

The bizarre flowers are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical.

## Classification

The Aristolochiaceae are magnoliids, a basal group of angiosperms which are not part of the large categories of monocots or eudicots.

Some newer classification schemes place the family Aristolochiaceae in the order Piperales.

## Phytochemistry

Many members of _Aristolochia_ and some of _Asarum_ contain the toxin aristolochic acid, which defence against predators, in this case herbivores. It is known to be carcinogenic in rats. _Aristolochia_ itself is carcinogenic to humans.

### Ecology

Pipevine swallowtail butterflies lay their eggs on pipevine (_Aristolochia_ species), and the larvae dine on the plant but are not affected by the toxin, which then offers the adult butterfly protection against predators.
Not Myself Tonight

**"Not Myself Tonight"** is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her 2010 album _Bionic_. It came out on April 6, 2010, as the first single from the album.

The song was created by music producer Polow da Don and songwriters Greg Curtis, Ester Dean, and Jason Perry. It has a fast, electronic beat and is about Christina taking on different personalities while dancing.

The song got mixed reviews—some people liked the music, while others didn’t like the lyrics. It became very popular in some countries, reaching the Top 5 in Hungary and Japan, and the Top 15 in Canada, Scotland, Italy, and the UK. In total, it was in the Top 40 in 21 countries, including the U.S., where it reached number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100. It also became a number-one dance song in the U.S. and was certified gold in Australia for selling over 35,000 copies.

The music video, directed by Hype Williams, was released on April 28, 2010. It was inspired by Madonna’s “Express Yourself” video and had a sexy S&M theme. Christina performed the song live at events like the 2010 MTV Movie Awards, VH1 Storytellers, and The Oprah Winfrey Show to promote it.
Whistler

**Whistler** may mean:

- Someone who whistles
- Whistler, British Columbia, known for skiing
- James Abbott McNeill Whistler, who painted _Whistler's Mother_
Context (language)

**Context** in language is what surrounds a word or piece of text. In order to understand what words mean, we have to know something about the situation where they are used. In print, a word, phrase or sentence has other text around it. This helps the reader to understand the piece in question. In speech, the social setting as well as the language help the listener to understand what is said.

Something like: "You can take it whenever you need to" might refer to almost anything. However, if it is said by a doctor to a patient, then the context is clear, and the listener can guess it refers to some kind of medication. So the context is what goes with a text (written or spoken) which helps the reader (or listener) understand the communication.

However, to understand what is really going on, we may need to go beyond what is said or written. A simple phrase, such as "I hate you" can mean exactly the opposite. All kinds of clues are needed to understand what has been said. Along with verbal communication comes non-verbal communication.
2011 Sindh floods

The **2011 Sindh floods** occurred in August and September 2011 because of a lot of rain in Sindh, Eastern Balochistan, and Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The floods caused a lot of damage. 270 people were killed, and 5.3 million people were affected. 1.2 million homes were flooded. At least 1.7 million acres of land were ruined by the flooding. It was the worst flooding in Pakistan since the 2010 floods.

## Causes

In July, Pakistan had low monsoon rains, however in August and September the country received "above normal" monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered the areas of Sindh from the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat in August and gained strength with the passage of time and caused heavy downpours. The four-week long continuous rains have created floods in Sindh that have never been seen before.
Being (album)

***Being*** is a mini-album by singer Ella Koon. The album was made by well known music producers Eric Kwok (Chinese) and Yanagiman (Japanese).

Popular hits include: "Coral Island" (珊瑚島), "Incomplete Thoughts" (殘念), and "Silent Paper Kite" (響不了的紙鳶).

## Track listing

- 1. 珊瑚島
- 2. 殘念
- 3. 響不了的紙鳶
- 4. 簡單美
- 5. 歐遊
- 6. Dare To Be
- 7. 砂之迷路 (珊瑚島 日本版)
- 8. 殘念 (Piano Version)

## DVD Extras

- 1. 殘念 MV
- 2. 珊瑚島 MV
- 3. Dare To Be MV
- 4. Making of 殘念 MV
Take a Shine To...

***Take a Shine To...*** is an album by Ella Koon, released in July 2011. It was released a year after her well-received 2010 mini-album _Being_. Hit songs include Ella’s first self-composed song “Reluctant to Part (依依)”, which is produced by hitmaker Chiu Tsang Hei with lyrics penned by Siu Hak. The album also contains RICOH camera CM song “A Moment of Interaction (一刻感應)” and the latest plug “Let Him Go (由他去)”.

## Track listing

- 1. 由他去 (Let Him Go)
- 2. 依依 (Reluctant to Part)
- 3. 夜潛者 (Night Invader)
- 4. 一刻感應 (A Moment of Interaction - RICOH Camera 2011 CM Song)
- 5. 母忘你 (Unable to Forget)
Jungle green

**Jungle green** is a color that is a rich tone of medium green.

The specific tone of the color _jungle green_ called "jungle green" by Crayola was formulated by Crayola in 1990.

The first recorded use of _jungle green_ as a color name in English was in 1926.

## Meaning of jungle green

- The colors _jungle green_ or _tropical rain forest_ are often used by cartographers to represent the _tropical rain forest_ on a _natural vegetation_ map.

- In the United States Army, _jungle green_ is the color used for the uniforms and berets of the United States Army Special Forces or "Green Berets".  (The shade of jungle green used in the uniforms and berets of the U.S. Army _Green Berets_ is closely equivalent to the color shown above as _deep jungle green_.)

## Tones of jungle green color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Light Jungle Mist|style = "background-color: #deebec;"||#DEEBEC|222|235|236|184°|7%|90%|Jungle Mist Light (Xona.com color list)|
|Light Acapulco|style = "background-color: #bfdcd4;"||#BFDCD4|191|220|212|163°|29%|81%|Acapulco Light (Xona.com color list)|
|Jungle Mist|style = "background-color: #b4cfd3;"||#B4CFD3|180|207|211|188°|26%|77%|Xona.com color list|
|Light Amazon|style = "background-color: #8ebea6;"||#AEBEA6|142|190|166|100°|16%|70%|Amazon Light (Xona.com color list)|
|Acapulco|style = "background-color: #7cb0a1;"||#7CB0A1|124|176|161|163°|25%|59%|Xona.com color list|
|**Jungle green**|style = "background-color: #29ab87;"||**#29AB87**|**41**|**171**|**135**|**163°**|**61%**|**42%**|**Crayola**|
|Light Zydeco|style = "background-color: #25937e; color: #ffffff"||#25937E|37|147|126|169°|60%|36%|Zydeco Light (Xona.com color list)|
|Tropical Green|style = "background-color: #008b87; color: #ffffff"||#008B87|0|139|135|178°|100%|27%|Pantone TPX 18-4930|
|Tropical Rainforest|style = "background-color: #00755e; color: #ffffff"||#00755E|0|117|94|168°|100%|23%|Crayola|
|Amazon|style = "background-color: #3b7a57; color: #ffffff"||#3B7A57|59|122|87|147°|35%|35%|Xona.com color list|
|Deep Jungle Green|style = "background-color: #004b49; color: #ffffff"||#004B49|0|75|73|178°|100%|15%|Jungle Green #165 (ISCC-NBS)|
|Zydeco|style = "background-color: #02402c; color: #ffffff"||#02402C|2|64|44|161°|94%|13%|Xona.com color list|
|Medium Jungle Green|style = "background-color: #1c352d; color: #ffffff"||#1C352D|28|53|45|161°|31%|16%|Jungle Green #147 (ISCC-NBS)|
|Dark Jungle Green|style = "background-color: #1a2421; color: #ffffff"||#1A2421|26|36|33|162°|16%|12%|Jungle Green #152 (ISCC-NBS)|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Rohypnol

**Rohypnol** is the common name for a drug of the Benzodiazepine class called **flunitrazepam**. A slang term for it is **roofies**. The drug is sold illegally, and it has many medical uses. It is a strong hypnotic (a drug that causes sleep); a sedative (causing relaxation and sleepiness); an anticonvulsant (fighting seizures); an anxiolytic (relieving anxiety); amnestic (causing forgetfulness); and skeletal muscle relaxant.  Most often, it is used as a treatment for sleep disorders like insomnia. It is thought to be one of the most effective hypnotic medications.

Like other hypnotics, flunitrazepam should be used only on a short-term basis or in those with serious insomnia on an occasional basis.

Flunitrazepam is often called a date rape drug because it is very powerful, has strong effects, and can cause strong amnesia (causing a person to forget what happened after taking the drug).

## History

Benzodiazepines were created in 1957 by Roche, a healthcare and pharmaceutical company. Roche started selling flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) in 1975. At first, hospitals used the drug when a patient needed a deep sleep.  It was sold commercially in 1975 in Europe, and in the 1990s in the United States.  The drug was given the brand name Rohypnol.

## Effects

Rohypnol is usually taken by mouth.  It has a long active period  its effects can last 18 to 26 hours, and it can be found in urine and blood tests.  This means that the day after taking the drug, a person may keep feeling tired and having trouble with thinking and balance. Even after a full day, driving a car may still be dangerous.

The drug is often involved in drug intoxication, including overdoses. Overdose of flunitrazepam may cause long-term sedation, poor balance, and poor speech. In serious overdoses, people may have breathing problems, coma, and possibly death. The overdose will be worse if flunitrazepam is taken with depressants, like alcohol or opiates. Flunitrazepam overdose can be treated.

## Other names

Some of the street names for Rohypnol are:
- beans (ZA)
- rophy
- ruffles
- roachies
- roofies
- ruffies
- ruff-up
- rib
- roach 2 (R2)
- roche
- rope
- ropies
- circles
- circes
- forget it
- forget-me-pill
- forget-me-now
- Mexican Valium.
- Magic date
- date-rape drug
Sponge cake

**Sponge cake** is a cake made of flour (usually wheat flour), sugar, and eggs.

## Victoria sponge

The **Victoria sponge** cake was named after Queen Victoria, who ate a slice of sponge cake with her afternoon tea. It is usually called simply _sponge cake_. A traditional Victoria sponge cake has raspberry jam and whipped double cream or vanilla cream. If there is only jam, it is called 'jam sponge' and not a Victoria sponge. The jam and cream are between two sponge cakes; the top of the cake is not iced or decorated.

Other names for the Victoria sponge are Victoria Sandwich and Victorian Cake, although 'Victorian Cake' is not used often.

Bakers must be careful when it comes to cooking times and temperatures. Because of that, oven factories often use a Victoria sponge recipe to test their ovens.

## Related pages

- Castella
Metabolic syndrome

**Metabolic syndrome** is a combination of several medical issues. They increase the risk for heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. 25% of people of the United States have metabolic syndrome.

The term "metabolic syndrome" dates back to at least the late 1950s, but came into common usage in the late 1970s to describe various associations of risk factors with diabetes mellitus that had been noted as early as the 1920s.

## Associated health issues

Related health matters include:
- Raised cholesterol
- Raised blood sugar
- Insulin resistance
- Reduced HDL cholesterol
- Raised triglycerides
- Central obesity
- High blood pressure
Among others.

## Infobox (medical condition (new))

- **synonyms**: Dysmetabolic syndrome X
- **image**: Obesity6.JPG
- **caption**: A man with marked central obesity, a hallmark of metabolic syndrome. His weight is 182 kg (400 lbs), height 185 cm (6 ft 1 in), and body mass index (BMI) 53 (normal 18.5 to 24.9).
- **field**: Endocrinology
- **symptoms**: Obesity
- **differential**: Insulin resistance, prediabetes, hyperuricemia, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, erectile dysfunction, acanthosis nigricans