juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Irish Parliamentary Party

The **Irish Parliamentary Party** was a nationalist political party in Ireland. The Party wanted Ireland to be able to govern itself, instead of being governed by the United Kingdom. The Party was created in the nineteenth century by Isaac Butt. Its most famous leader was Charles Stewart Parnell.

In 1886, the Party helped convince British Prime Minister, William Gladstone, to announce a Home Rule bill. The bill would make Ireland leave the United Kingdom. Ireland would become a British colony which could govern itself. Ireland would have its own parliament, instead of having representatives in the British Parliament.  The bill did not get passed.

Other Home rule bills were presented later on. They were different from the original because they would have kept Ireland's representation in the British Parliament (instead of giving Ireland its own parliament). None of these bills succeeded. One was passed in 1914, but it was canceled because of the First World War. Another was enacted in 1920, but it failed because of Irish rebellion. It was replaced by an independent Irish Free State, which included most of the island. A Home Ruled Northern Ireland was also created in six counties of Ulster that stayed in the United Kingdom.
Scotiabank Arena

**Scotiabank Arena** is a multi-purpose arena in Toronto. It is the home of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL), as well as the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

## Infobox (stadium)

- **location**: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- **opened**: 1999
- **owner**: Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment
- **operator**: Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment
- **construction cost**: Canadian dollar, C$265 million
- **architect**: Brisbin Brook Beynon Architects (Architect of Record)
Populous (company), HOK Sport
(Consulting Architects)
- **project manager**: Clarendon Projects Ltd.
- **structural engineer**: Yolles Partnership Inc.
- **services engineer**: The Mitchell Partnership, Inc.
- **general contractor**: PCL Constructors Western, Inc.
- **former names**: Air Canada Centre (1999–2018)
- **tenants**: Toronto Maple Leafs (National Hockey League, NHL) (1999–present)
Toronto Raptors (National Basketball Association, NBA) (1999–present)
Toronto Rock (National Lacrosse League, NLL) (2001–2021)
Toronto Phantoms (Arena Football League, AFL) (2001–2002)
- **name**: Scotiabank Arena
- **capacity**: Basketball: 19,800 (20,511 with standing room)
Concerts: 19,800
Ice hockey, Hockey and Lacrosse: 18,800 (20,270 with standing room)
Theatre: 5,200
Miloš Krasić

**Miloš Krasić** (born 1 November 1984) is a Serbian professional football winger.  He plays for Fenerbahçe SK and the Serbian national team.

Fenerbahçe completed the transfer of Krasić for €7 million on 3 August, 2012. Krasić signed a four-year contract worth €2.3 million per-season.

Krasić has been an important part of Serbia and Montenegro under-21 squad on the last two European U-21 championships, as well as at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

## Career statistics

|colspan="3"|Club performance|colspan="2"|League|colspan="2"|Cup|colspan="2"|Europe|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000–01|rowspan="4"|Vojvodina|rowspan="2"|First League FRY|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|0|
|2001–02|26|2|0|0|0|0|0|0|26|2|||||
|2002–03|rowspan="2"|First League S & M|23|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|23|1|||
|2003–04|27|4|0|0|0|0|0|0|27|4|||||
|2004|rowspan="7"|CSKA Moscow|rowspan="7"|Russian Premier League|7|0|1|0|4|0|0|0|12|0|
|2005|27|2|8|1|14|0|1|0|50|3|||||
|2006|26|3|6|0|8|0|1|0|41|3|||||
|2007|22|4|3|0|6|1|1|0|32|5|||||
|2008|28|6|2|1|6|0|0|0|36|7|||||
|2009|26|9|3|0|10|4|1|0|40|13|||||
|2010|14|2|0|0|3|0|1|0|18|2|||||
|2010–11|rowspan="2"|Juventus|rowspan="2"|Serie A|33|7|2|1|6|1|0|0|41|9|
|2011–12|7|1|2|0|0|0|0|0|9|1|||||
|2012–13|Fenerbahçe|Süper Lig|2|0|0|0|2|0|1|0|5|0|||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **playername**: Miloš Krasić
<small>Милош Красић</small>
- **image**: Miloš Krasić 2012.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: With Fenerbahçe S.K. (football), Fenerbahçe in 2012
- **fullname**: Miloš Krasić
- **birth place**: Titova Mitrovica, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFR Yugoslavia
- **position**: Midfielder#Winger, Winger
- **currentclub**: Fenerbahçe S.K. (football), Fenerbahçe
- **clubnumber**: 27
- **youthclubs1**: KF Trepça'89, FK Rudar
- **youthyears2**: 1999–2001
- **youthclubs2**: FK Vojvodina, Vojvodina
- **years1**: 2001–2004
- **clubs1**: FK Vojvodina, Vojvodina
- **caps1**: 77
- **goals1**: 7
- **years2**: 2004–2010
- **clubs2**: PFC CSKA Moscow, CSKA Moscow
- **caps2**: 150
- **goals2**: 26
- **years3**: 2010–2012
- **clubs3**: Juventus F.C., Juventus
- **caps3**: 40
- **goals3**: 8
- **years4**: 2012–
- **clubs4**: Fenerbahçe S.K. (football), Fenerbahçe
- **caps4**: 2
- **goals4**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 2006–
- **nationalteam1**: Serbia national football team, Serbia
- **nationalcaps1**: 46
- **nationalgoals1**: 3
- **pcupdate**: 19:20, 25 August 2012 (UTC)
- **ntupdate**: 08:16, 15 November 2011 (UTC)
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum

The **Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum** is a sports arena in Uniondale, New York. The arena opened on February 11, 1972. It was the home to the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1972 until 2015 and again from 2018 until 2021. The arena is commonly known as **Nassau Coliseum** or **The Coliseum**. The arena was also notable for hosting the first part of the World Wrestling Federation's WrestleMania 2 in 1986. In addition, it has also hosted WWE's SummerSlam in August 2002, The Great American Bash in July 2008, and WWE Fatal 4-Way on June 20, 2010. It also hosted All Elite Wrestling (AEW)'s pay-per-view Worlds End in 2023. The arena was also the home of the New York Nets from 1972 to 1977.

The Islanders moved to the Barclays Center in Brooklyn after their lease of the Coliseum expired at the end of the 2014-2015 season. When the Islanders moved, the Coliseum would not have a permanent tenant after 2015 and leaves the future of the Coliseum in doubt. The Islanders decided to return and split half of the 2018–19 NHL season between the Barclays Center and Nassau Coliseum. They would continue to split games between arena the next season until returning to play the remainder of games at the Coliseum until their new arena, the UBS Arena was built.

## Other websites

- Official website
Canada Life Centre

**Canada Life Centre**, originally known as **True North Centre** and later as **MTS Centre** and **Bell MTS Place**, is a sports arena in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The arena opened on November 16, 2004, and is the current home to the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL). The arena was originally known as True North Centre during planning but naming rights were bought by Manitoba Telecom Services (MTS). After Bell Canada purchased MTS in spring 2017, the arena was renamed effective that May 30. The most recent name change was on July 15, 2021, when insurance and financial services company Canada Life entered into a 10-year naming rights agreement with True North Sports & Entertainment, which owns both the Jets and the arena.

The arena has been home to the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League (AHL), the Jets' top minor-league team, two different times. The team first played there from 2004 to 2011 before moving to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, and then returned to Winnipeg in 2015.

## Other websites

- Official website
Helena Blavatsky

**Helena Petrovna Blavatsky** (12 August 1831 – 8 May 1891) was a Russian born occultist. At the age of 17 she married a Russian nobleman, Nikifvor Blavatsky, but soon divorced.

In 1875, Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott established a research and publishing institute called the Theosophical Society. Blavatsky defined Theosophy as "the archaic Wisdom-Religion, the esoteric doctrine once known in every ancient country having claims to civilization". One of the main purposes of the Theosophical Society was "to form a nucleus of the Universal Brotherhood of Humanity, without distinction of race, creed, sex, caste or color". Madame Blavatsky saw herself as a missionary of this ancient knowledge. She travelled the world and wrote books about the occult including _Isis Unveiled_ and _The Secret Doctrine_.

The Theosophical Society had an influence on Buddhist modernism and Hindu reform movements, and the spread of those modernised versions in the west.  Blavatsky was important in the Western transmission and revival of Theravada Buddhism.
Lenovo Center

**Lenovo Center** is a sports arena in Raleigh, North Carolina. The arena opened on October 29, 1999, and is the current home to the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL) and North Carolina State University Wolfpack men's basketball. The arena was originally known as **Raleigh Entertainment & Sports Arena** until RBC Bank, the U.S. division of the Royal Bank of Canada, acquired naming rights for 20 years, which cost a reported $80 million. The name then changed to **RBC Center**. The arena was also host to many WWE events such as SummerSlam in 2000 and No Mercy in 2006. In 2011, the Royal Bank of Canada sold RBC Bank to PNC Financial Services, and the arena's name was officially changed to PNC Arena on March 15, 2012.

On September 12, 2024, the arena changed its name to the **Lenovo Center** after the naming rights were sold to Chinese technology company Lenovo for ten years.

## Other websites

- Official website
Kris Kross

**Kris Kross** was an Atlanta-based hip hop duo. Its members were Chris "Mac Daddy" Kelly and Chris "Daddy Mac" Smith. Their most notable song was "Jump" in 1992. The duo also had other hits including "Warm it Up". They were noted for wearing their clothes backwards.

Their following albums did not do as well. The duo ended around 1998.

Member Chris Kelly was found unresponsive in his Atlanta home and was pronounced dead on May 1, 2013.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kris Kross
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **occupation**: Rapping, Rappers
- **years active**: 1992–1998
- **label**: So So Def Recordings, So So Def/Ruffhouse Records, Ruffhouse/Columbia Records
- **past members**: Chris "Mac Daddy" Kelly
Chris "Daddy Mac" Smith
Scotiabank Saddledome

The **Scotiabank Saddledome** is a sports arena in Calgary, Alberta. The arena opened on October 15, 1983, and is the current home to the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL), Calgary Hitmen of the Western Hockey League (WHL), Calgary Wranglers of the American Hockey League (AHL) and Calgary Roughnecks of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The arena was also known as the **Olympic Saddledome** from 1983 to 1996, the **Canadian Airlines Saddledome** from 1996 to 2000 and the **Pengrowth Saddledome** from 2000 to 2010. Scotiabank currently has naming rights on the arena. The arena has a seating capacity of 19,289 people.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Scotiabank Saddledome
- **image**:
- **location**: 555
Saddledome Rise SE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- **broke ground**: July 29, 1981
- **opened**: October 15, 1983
- **owner**: Calgary, City of Calgary
- **operator**: Saddledome Foundation/Calgary Flames, Calgary Flames LP
- **construction cost**: Canadian dollar, C$97.7 million
- **architect**: Graham McCourt Architects
- **structural engineer**: Jan Bobrowski and Partners Ltd.
- **services engineer**: Vinto Engineering Ltd.
- **general contractor**: CANA Construction Co. Ltd.
- **former names**: Olympic Saddledome (1983–1995)
Canadian Airlines Saddledome (1995–2000)
Pengrowth Saddledome (2000-2010)
- **tenants**: Calgary Flames (National Hockey League, NHL) (1983-present)
Calgary Hitmen (Western Hockey League, WHL) (1995-present)
Calgary Roughnecks (National Lacrosse League, NLL) (2001-present)
Calgary Wranglers (American Hockey League, AHL) (2022 -Present)
Calgary Outlaws (basketball), Calgary Outlaws (National Basketball League (1993-94 Canadian league), NBL) (1994)
Calgary Rad'z (Roller Hockey International, RHI) (1993)
Calgary 88s (World Basketball League, WBL) (1988-92)
- **seating capacity**: Ice hockey:
16,605 (1983-1988)
20,240 (1988-1995)
19,289 (1995-present)
Li (Confucian)

**Li** (禮 pinyin: Lǐ) is a classical Chinese word used in Confucian and post-Confucian Chinese philosophy. The English meaning is "the way things should be done."

In Li one must be aware of the way one should act and function within a society. In Li one can best cultivate their character by understanding what it entails. Li encompasses most importantly the Doctrine of the Mean, and the Five Constant Relationships.

The Doctrine of the Mean is the way in which one should make decisions in life, in which the best decision is always the middle between unworkable extremes. Taking the middle road as Confucius said would guide one to the way things should be done.

The Five Constant Relationships outline how one should act in society, being the relationships between parent and child, husband and wife, elder sibling and junior sibling, elder friend and junior friend, and ruler and subject. With these constant relationship guidelines, Li sets up a hierarchy between the two people and terms the accepted responses and actions between them.

1. A parent is to be loving, a child obedient.
1. An elder sibling is to be gentle, and younger siblings respectful.
1. Husbands are to be good and fair, and wives understanding.
1. Older friends are to be considerate, younger friends reverential.
1. Rulers should be benevolent, and subjects loyal.

## References

- Ames, Roger T., Rosemont Jr., Henry (Translators). "Analects of Confucius." Ballantine Books:1998
- Brash, Graham. "The Sayings of Confucius." Graham Brash (Pte.) Ltd Singapore: 1988
- Confucius.  "The Li Ji" Shandong Frienship Press: 2000
- Lau, D.C. (Translator). ``Confucius: The Analects.`` The Chinese University Press:1 992
- Nylan, Michael.`(Article) ``Li`` from ``The Encyclopedia of Confucianism`` RoutledgeCurzon: 2003
- Qiuming, Zuo (Commentary) "Selections from Spring and Autumn Annals." Shandong Frienship Press: 2000
- Henry Rosemont, Jr. Lecture, Brown University, 2005
- Twitchett, Denis and Wright, Arthur F. "Confucian Personalities." Stanford University Press: 1962
- Watson, Burton (Translator). "Basic Writings of Mo Tzu, Hsun Tzu, and Han Fei Tzu." Columbia University Press:1 963
Stratovolcano

A **stratovolcano** is a tall, conical volcano built up by many layers (strata) of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash. Unlike shield volcanoes, stratovolcanoes have a steep slope and explosive eruptions every now and then.
StG 44

The **StG 44** (Sturmgewehr 44; Assault Rifle 44), known as the world's first assault rifle. Is a gun produced in Nazi Germany during the World War II, replacing the MP-40. Hitler first did not approve of this new class of weapons, so it was called MP-43 and MP-44, meaning Machine Pistol in English. The first service on the Eastern Front was successful, so more were manufactured.
Peter Soulsby

**Sir Peter Alfred Soulsby** (born 27 December 1948) is the elected Mayor of Leicester.
Picabo Street

**Picabo Street** (born April 3, 1971) in Idaho. She is a retired alpine ski racer who won gold medals at 1998 Winter Olympics and downhill at the 1996 World Championships. She also won silver medals at 1994 Winter Olympics and won World Cup downhill titles in 1995 and 1996, making her the first American woman to do so.
Garageland

"**Garageland**" is a song by English punk rock band The Clash, featured on their first album, _The Clash_.

## Writing

Upon The Clash's appearance at the Sex Pistols 'Screen on the Green' concert, NME critic Charles Shaar Murray said:

> "_The Clash are the kind of garage band who should be returned to the garage immediately, preferably with the engine running, which would undoubtedly be more of a loss to their friends and families than to either rock or roll._"

The Clash responded immediately by writing the song 'Garageland'.  The opening verses are: "_Back in the garage with my bullshit detector_ / _Carbon monoxide makes sure it's effective_", followed by the chorus: "_We're a garage band_ / _We come from garageland_", and concluding with "_Back in the garage_".

Yet, only two years later, Murray was describing the band as "_the greatest rock band in the world_" in the same paper.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Garageland
- **artist**: The Clash
- **album**: The Clash (album), The Clash
- **language**: English
- **released**: 8 April 1977
- **recorded**: 27 February 1977, London
- **genre**: Punk Rock
- **length**: 3:12
- **label**: CBS
- **writer**: Joe Strummer
- **composer**: Mick Jones
- **producer**: Mickey Foote
Dancing Queen

**"Dancing Queen"** is a 1975 song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. It was released as a single in autumn 1976, but recorded in 1975. It is commonly known as one of many successful songs in the 1970s. It is a signature song for ABBA. It was written by Benny Andersson, Björn Ulvaeus and Stig Anderson.

It became ABBA's only number one hit in the United States, and was at the top of the charts in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom, West Germany and Rhodesia. "Dancing Queen" also reached the top five in many other countries.

In 2015, "Dancing Queen" was honored into the Recording Academy's Grammy Hall of Fame.
Arlen Specter

**Arlen Specter** (born February 12, 1930 – October 14, 2012) was an US Senator from Pennsylvania.  He had 30 years in the Senate. He changed to the Democratic Party in 2009.

He ran for the Republican nomination for President in 1996.

Specter was born on February 12, 1930 in Wichita, Kansas. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania.  He was with the United States Air Force during the Korean War. Specter later graduated from Yale Law School. He was married to Joan Specter. They had two children.

Specter died on October 14, 2012 from non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, aged 82.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Arlen Specter
- **image**: Arlen Specter, official Senate photo portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Senior Senator
- **state**: Pennsylvania
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
(1951–1965, April 28, 2009–October 14, 2012)
Republican Party (United States), Republican
(1966 – April 28, 2009)
- **term start**: January 3, 1981
- **term end**: January 3, 2011
- **preceded**: Richard Schweiker
- **succeeded**: Pat Toomey
- **order2**: Chairman of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
- **term start2**: January 3, 1995
- **term end2**: January 3, 1997
- **preceded2**: Dennis DeConcini
- **succeeded2**: Richard Shelby
- **order3**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs
- **term start3**: January 3, 1997
- **term end3**: January 3, 2001
- **preceded3**: Alan K. Simpson, Alan Simpson
- **succeeded3**: Jay Rockefeller
- **term start4**: January 20
- **term end4**: June 6, 2001
- **preceded4**: Jay Rockefeller
- **succeeded4**: Jay Rockefeller
- **term start5**: January 3, 2003
- **term end5**: January 3, 2005
- **preceded5**: Jay Rockefeller
- **succeeded5**: Larry Craig
- **order6**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Senate Committee on the Judiciary
- **term start6**: January 3, 2005
- **term end6**: January 3, 2007
- **preceded6**: Orrin Hatch
- **succeeded6**: Patrick Leahy
- **order7**: 19th
- **office7**: District Attorney of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **term start7**: January 3, 1966
- **term end7**: January 7, 1974
- **predecessor7**: James C. Crumlish, Jr., James Crumlish
- **successor7**: F. Emmett Fitzpatrick, Emmitt Fitzpatrick
- **committees**: United States Senate Committee on Appropriations, Appropriations, United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Judiciary, United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, Veterans' Affairs, Special Committee on Aging
- **birth place**: Wichita, Kansas
- **death place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **occupation**: Attorney
- **residence**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **spouse**: Joan Specter
- **alma mater**: University of Pennsylvania <small>(Bachelor of Science, B.S.)</small>
Yale Law School, Yale University <small>(Juris Doctor, J.D.)</small>
- **signature**: Arlen Specter Signature.svg
- **branch**: United States Air Force
- **serviceyears**: 1951–1953
- **rank**:  US First Lieutenant, First Lieutenant
Northlands Coliseum

The **Northlands Coliseum** is a sports arena in Edmonton, Alberta. The arena opened on November 10, 1974, and is the former home to the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Western Hockey League (WHL) and the Edmonton Rush of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). The arena was originally known as **Northlands Coliseum** from 1974 to 1995, **Edmonton Coliseum** from 1995 to 1998 and the **Skyreach Centre** from 1998 to 2003, and **Rexall Place** from 2003 until 2016. The arena returned to the Northlands Coliseum name after Rexall's rights ran out. The arena has hosted the Commonwealth Games in 1978 as well as WWE's Backlash pay-per-view in 2004.

The 2015–16 season was the last for the Oilers at Rexall Place. In 2014, construction started on a new arena for the Oilers in downtown Edmonton. The new arena would be known as Rogers Place and opened in the 2016–17 season.

The arena is expected to be demolished in 2025.

## Other websites

- Official website
Robert Fliess

**Robert Fliess** (1895-1970) was a psychoanalyst. His father was Wilhelm Fliess, who worked with Sigmund Freud. Robert Fliess wote several books, including _Erogeneity and Libido_.
Carthage College

**Carthage College** is a Lutheran college in Kenosha, Wisconsin, United States.
Manly Hall

**Manly Palmer Hall** (March 18, 1901 – August 29, 1990) was a Canadian-born author, lecturer, astrologer and mystic. He wrote many books, including _The Lost Keys of Freemasonry_ and _The Secret Teachings of All Ages_. Hall started the Philosophical Research Society in Los Angeles in 1934.

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Manly P. Hall.jpg
- **caption**: Hall in the late 1920s
- **birth place**: Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **occupation**: Philosopher, writer
- **period**: 1919–1990
- **subject**: Philosophy
- **notableworks**: _The Secret Teachings of All Ages_
_The Lost Keys Of Freemasonry_
- **spouse**: Marie Bauer (m.1950)
Fay Lee (m.1930)
Pope Adrian IV

**Adrian IV** (; c. 1100 – 1 September 1159), born **Nicholas Breakspear** or **Breakspeare**, was Pope from 1154 to 1159.

Breakspear was an English priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 170th Pope. He was, before Pope Leo XIV, the only Englishman ever to have been Pope.

## Life

Breakspear was born near St. Albans in Hertfordshire in England. His father was Robert, who later became a monk at St Albans Abbey. Nicholas himself, however, was not yet to attend the monastery.  He was told by the Abbot to 'wait to go on with his schooling so that he might be considered more suitable' (Abbey chronicles). He did not wait and went instead to Paris.  He finally became a canon regular of the cloister of St. Rufus monastery near Arles. He rose to be Prior and soon was unanimously elected Abbot. This election has been traditionally dated to 1137. Evidence from the Abbey's chronicles suggests it was about 1145.

In 1146, Breakspear was made Bishop of Albano. Pope Eugene III raised Breakspear to the rank of Cardinal in the same year, 1146.

From 1152 to 1154, Cardinal Breakspear was the papal legate to Scandinavia.

## Pope

Cardinal Breakspear was elected pope on 3 December 1154. He chose the name Adrian IV. He at once tried to bring down Arnold of Brescia, the leader of the anti-papal faction in Rome. Disorder in the city led to the murder of a cardinal. Adrian, shortly before Palm Sunday 1155, took the step of putting Rome under interdict. The Senate (City Council of Rome) then exiled Arnold.

Pope Adrian was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

A proposed alliance with the Eastern Byzantine Empire came to nothing. Adrian signed a Papal Bull (official letter) urging King Henry II of England to invade Ireland and bring the Celtic Christian church into the Roman system.

A dispute with Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor was happening when Adrian died.  He was said to have died from choking on a fly in his wine, but he probably died of quinsy.

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Breakspear

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Adrian IV
- **image**: Pope Hadrian IV.jpg
- **birth name**: Nicholas Breakspear
- **birth date**: c. 1100
- **death date**: 1 September 1159
- **term start**: 4 December 1154
- **term end**: 1 September 1159
- **predecessor**: Pope Anastasius IV
- **successor**: Pope Alexander III
- **other**: Adrian
Respiratory care

**Respiratory care** is a type of medicine that works with pulmonology to make people better who are suffering from lung problems.  People working in respiratory care are called Respiratory Therapists.  Respiratory Therapists help in every part of lung health.  Respiratory Therapists are not all over the world, but are mostly in Canada, United States and Mexico.  In other countries people involved in Respiratory Care are registered nurses and physical therapists.
Jim Jeffords

**James Merrill "Jim" Jeffords** (May 11, 1934 – August 18, 2014) was an American politician. He was a United States Senator from Vermont. He was senator from January 3, 1989 through January 3, 2007. Before being senator, Jeffords was a member of the United States House of Representatives for Vermont.

He was elected as a Republican. In 2001 he left the party to become a Independent. That gave control of the Senate to the Democratic Party.

Jeffords died on August 18, 2014 from Alzheimer's disease at Knollwood, a military retirement facility in Washington, D.C.. He had lived there for eight years. He was 80 years old.

## Other websites

- NNDB
- The Political Graveyard
- govtrack.us

## Infobox (senator)

- **birth name**: James Merrill Jeffords
- **nationality**: American
- **image**: Jim Jeffords.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Vermont
- **term start**: January 3, 1989
- **term end**: January 3, 2007
- **preceded**: Robert Stafford
- **succeeded**: Bernie Sanders
- **order2**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works
- **term start2**: June 6, 2001
- **term end2**: January 3, 2003
- **preceded2**: Robert C. Smith
- **succeeded2**: Jim Inhofe
- **order3**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions
- **term start3**: January 20
- **term end3**: June 6, 2001
- **preceded3**: Ted Kennedy
- **succeeded3**: Ted Kennedy
- **term start4**: January 3, 1997
- **term end4**: January 3, 2001
- **preceded4**: Nancy Landon Kassebaum
- **succeeded4**: Ted Kennedy
- **district5**: Vermont's At-large congressional district, At-large
- **state5**: Vermont
- **term start5**: January 3, 1975
- **term end5**: January 3, 1989
- **preceded5**: Richard W. Mallary
- **succeeded5**: Peter P. Smith
- **birth place**: Rutland (city), Vermont, Rutland, Vermont
- **death place**: Washington, D.C.
- **alma mater**: Yale University
Harvard Law School
- **occupation**: Attorney
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican (1966–2001)
Independent (politician), Independent (2001–2014)
- **residence**: Shrewsbury, Vermont
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Daley (d. 2007)
Ground state

**Ground state** is the lowest level of energy in a particle, atom or molecule. If energy is added from outside, then the level of energy is increased, and the ground state is changed. Changing **ground state** is the process of excitement of electrons to higher levels. Any other state is called an "excited state." In ground state, an atom is stable, and does not give out electromagnetic radiation. When an electron drops down from an excited state to the ground state, electromagnetic radiation is released.
Winter Wonderland

**"Winter Wonderland"** is a winter oriented song often played during the Christmas holiday season. The song was created around 1934 via Felix Bernard and Richard B. Smith. The lyrics for _Winter Wonderland_ talk about Parson Brown in the first bridge and a circus clown later in the song. This winter based song has been recorded by over 150 musicians, including though not limited to The Andrews Sisters, Amy Grant, Anne Murray and Johnny Mathis throughout the years.
Pope Pius VIII

**Pope Pius VIII** (; 20 November 1761 – 30 November 1830), born **Francesco Saverio Castiglioni** was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 254th Pope from 1829 and 1830.

## Early life

He was born in Cingoli near Ancona.

## Bishop

In 1800, Pius VII named Castiglioni to be Bishop of Montalto.

## Cardinal

Pius VII made Castiglioni a cardinal in 1816. Cardinal Catiglioni was made Bishop of Frascati in 1822.

## Pope

Cardinal Castiglioni was elected Pope 1829; and his reign lasted only 20 months.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Pius VIII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Castiglioni

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope
- **name**: Pius VIII
- **title**: Bishop of Rome
- **birth name**: Francesco Saverio Castiglioni
- **term start**: 31 March 1829
- **term end**: 30 November 1830
- **predecessor**: Pope Leo XII
- **successor**: Pope Gregory XVI
- **other**: Pius
O Holy Night

**"O Holy Night"** is a Christmas oriented song. It was created to celebrate the renovation of the church organ in the town of Roquemaure, France. Placide Cappeau, a French wine merchant and poet, wrote a poem in 1843. He called it _Minuit, chrétiens_ ("Midnight, Christians"). The poem reflects the birth of Jesus and tells about the redemption of mankind. The music was made by Adolphe Adam around 1847. Notable singers of the song include, although are not limited to, Mariah Carey, Celine Dion and others.
Ray Conniff

**Joseph Raymond Conniff**, better known as **Ray Conniff**, was an American bandleader. He worked with many musicians, including Rosemary Clooney and Johnny Mathis. He created the Ray Conniff Singers (representing twelve women and thirteen men) around 1959; the group lasted until mid 1970s. Conniff was born November 6, 1916 and died October 12, 2002.
RMS Lusitania

The **RMS _Lusitania**_ was a British Ocean Liner. Built in 1907, the ship is best known for being sunk by Germany.

Many believe the Lusitania was carrying ammunition to British troops when it was torpedoed by a German U-Boat (U-20) early on 7 May 1915 during World War I.

More than a thousand people were on board, including 128 Americans. They were killed when the ship sank. At first President Woodrow Wilson only asked the German government to apologize and compensate the families of the victims.

Two years later, this and other events led to the United States joining World War I on the Allied side.

## Other websites

- Lusitania Myths
- https://www.rmslusitania.info/controversies/conspiracy-or-foul-up/
- Lusitania deadly cargo
- Captain Turner of the Lusitania
- The Home Port of RMS _Lusitania_ – Lusitania.net
- RMSLusitania.info
- RMS _Lusitania_ on the wrecksite
- British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry
Pope Gregory

**Pope Gregory** may mean:
- Pope Gregory I (590-604), also called Gregory the Great
- Pope Gregory II (715-731)
- Pope Gregory III (731-741)
- Pope Gregory IV (827-844)
- Pope Gregory V (996-999)
- Pope Gregory VI (1045-1046)
    - Antipope Gregory VI
- Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085), Hildebrand
- Pope Gregory VIII (1187)
    - Antipope Gregory VIII
- Pope Gregory IX (1227-1241)
- Pope Gregory X (1271-1276)
- Pope Gregory XI (1370-1378)
- Pope Gregory XII (1406-1415)
- Pope Gregory XIII (1572-1585), known for the Gregorian calendar
- Pope Gregory XIV (1590-1591)
- Pope Gregory XV (1621-1623)
- Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846)
Here Comes Santa Claus

"**Here Comes Santa Claus**" is an American Christmas song recorded by Gene Autry. It was recorded in 1947 and 1953 on Columbia Records, both through Autry. Elvis Presley covered this song during 1957. Other musicians who recorded Here Comes Santa Claus include Doris Day, The Andrews Sisters and the Ray Conniff Singers.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Here Comes Santa Claus (Down Santa Claus Lane)
- **artist**: Gene Autry
- **album**: Here Comes Santa Claus
- **b-side**: "An Old-Fashioned Tree"
- **released**: October 6, 1947
- **length**: 2:30
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia
- **prev title**: Play Fair
- **prev year**: 1947
- **next title**: They Warned Me About You
- **next year**: 1947


## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Here Comes Santa Claus (Right Down Santa Claus Lane)
- **artist**: Elvis Presley
- **album**: Elvis' Christmas Album
- **genre**: Christmas music, Christmas
- **length**: 1:54
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA Victor
- **prev title**: White Christmas
- **next title**: I'll Be Home for Christmas
Gene Autry

**Orvon Grover Autry** (September 29, 1907 – October 2, 1998), better known as **Gene Autry** was an American movie actor and a singer. He was born in Tioga, Texas. He was also owner of a Major League Baseball team based in Los Angeles. His is best known for the song "Back in the Saddle Again" but he also performed many Christmas songs.

Autry died of lymphoma in Studio City, Los Angeles, California.

## Related pages

- List of country musicians from Texas

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Gene Autry
- **image**: Gene Autry.JPG
- **caption**: Gene Autry circa 1940s
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Orvon Grover Autry
- **alias**: The Singing Cowboy
- **birth place**: Tioga, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Studio City, California, U.S.
- **instrument**: Guitar, vocals
- **genre**: Country music, Country, Western music (North America), western music
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, actor
- **years active**: 1931–1988
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia, Okeh Records, Okeh, Perfect Records, Perfect, Conqueror Records, Conqueror
Frosty the Snowman

**"Frosty the Snowman"**, written and recorded in 1950, is a Christmas oriented song which was first performed by Gene Autry. The song is about a snowman that comes alive after a hat gets placed on his head by some children with whom he shares playful adventures before he has to hurry on his way. The children become sad as Frosty leaves, though Frosty tells them he will return. Some versions of the song say Christmas Day in the final lines. Other singers, including Nat King Cole, Beach Boys, Ella Fitzgerald, Ronettes and The Jackson 5, have performed their versions of the song throughout the years.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

**Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease** (COPD), also known as chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), and chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD), is a collection of diseases which make breathing gradually more difficult.

Symptoms of COPD include difficulty breathing and cough, in particular coughing up lots of phlegm. It is usually caused by smoking cigarettes, and around half of people who smoke for their whole lives will develop COPD. Air pollution can be another cause, particularly in countries where indoor fires are used without ventilation.

At the beginning of the disease, the difficulty breathing is only noticeable when exercising, but over many years it gradually becomes worse, until there is difficulty breathing even when sitting or lying down. It can also lead to infections of the lung, which may be serious enough to cause death.

The most important step in preventing COPD or its progression into a worse illness is to stop smoking. Exercise and medications can also help. The most commonly used medications are called bronchodilators, which help to open up the airways and allow more air into the lungs.

3% of all disability is related to COPD. Patients with COPD should be screened for mental depression or low mood. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were the third most common cause of death globally in 2019. It is thought that more people will die from it in the future.

## Types of COPD

- Emphysema
- Chronic bronchitis
- Bronchiectasis

## Infobox (medical condition)

- **name**: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- **image**: Emphysema, centrilobular (4563270814).jpg
- **caption**: Section of a lung showing centrilobular emphysema, with enlarged airspaces in the centre of a pulmonary lobule, lobule usually caused by smoking and a major feature of COPD
- **field**: Pulmonology
- **synonyms**: Chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease (COAD)
- **symptoms**: Shortness of breath, chronic cough
- **complications**: Anxiety disorder, Anxiety, Major depressive disorder, depression, pulmonary heart disease, Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax, pneumothorax
- **onset**: Over 35 years old
- **duration**: Long term
- **causes**: Tobacco smoking, air pollution, genetics
- **diagnosis**: Spirometry
- **differential**: Asthma, congestive heart failure, bronchiectasis, tuberculosis, obliterative bronchiolitis, diffuse panbronchiolitis
- **prevention**: Smoking cessation, Stopping smoking, improving indoor and outdoor air quality, tobacco control measures
- **treatment**: Pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, long-term oxygen therapy, lung volume reduction surgery, lung volume reduction,
- **medication**: Metered dose inhaler, Inhaled bronchodilators and Corticosteroid, steroids
- **frequency**: 174.5 million (2015)
- **deaths**: 3.2 million (2019)
Inhaler

An **inhaler** is a device for taking medications that are breathed in.

Inhalers are also called "puffers" by some people, and used for all sorts of respiratory problems including asthmatic disorders.
Hans Eysenck

**Hans Eysenck** (1916–1997) was an acclaimed German psychiatrist. He was a behaviorist and a leading opponent of Freudianism. He wrote many books, including attacking Freud called _Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire_ in 1985. He also wrote _Causes and Cures of Criminality_.
Crown of Ireland Act 1542

The **Crown of Ireland Act 1542** (33 Henry 8 c.1) was an act passed by the Irish Parliament during the reign of Henry VIII, King of England and Lord of Ireland that elevated the island from a lordship to the status of a kingdom.
Dita von Teese

**Dita von Teese** (born **Heather Renée Sweet** on September 28, 1972) is an American burlesque performer, actress, model, and singer.

Von Teese was married to rock musician Marilyn Manson from 2005 to 2007. She has no children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dita von Teese
- **image**: Dita Von Teese at Cannes 2007.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: von Teese in 2007
- **birth name**: Heather Renée Sweet
- **birth place**: Rochester, Michigan, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **known for**: Queen of burlesque
- **occupation**: Performer of Burlesque, actress, model, singer
- **years active**: 1990s–present
- **spouse**: Marilyn Manson (musician), Marilyn Manson
<small>(m. 2005-2007, divorced)</small>
- **website**: [http://www.dita.net/ Official website]
Khedive

**Khedive** is a ruler. The word means the same as viceroy. It is an official who runs a country, colony, province, or city, as the representative of the monarch of the territory.

Khedive was the title of Egyptian rulers from 1867 to 1914. It was given to the Turkish ruler of Egypt by the Ottoman Sultan, and removed by the British Empire when the Ottomans joined Germany in World War I.

The title was first used by Muhammad Ali Pasha, an Albanian officer who seized power in Egypt as _Wali_ (Governor). He ruled under the nominal overlordship of the Turks. His family was not recognized by the Sultan until the reign of his grandson Ismail Pasha. The last Khedive of Egypt was Abbas II. The dynasty of Muhammad Ali continued to rule Egypt, though under British 'guidance'. This ended with the Egyptian revolution of 1952. The last member of the family who ruled was King Farouk I.
Rockefeller Republican

**Rockefeller Republican** is a phrase that describes a kind of politician in the United States. Rockefeller Republicans are moderate or liberal Republicans on social issues, and conservative on economic issues. They are often from the northeastern part of the country. The term comes from former Vice President and Governor of New York, Nelson Rockefeller.
Prescott Bush

**Prescott Bush** (1895-1972) was a Republican member of the US Senate from Connecticut. He was the father of American President George H. W. Bush and the grandfather of President George W. Bush and Governor of Florida and presidential candidate Jeb Bush. He also worked with Brown Brothers Harriman. He went to Yale University and was a member of Skull and Bones and the Yale Glee Club. He was treasurer for Planned Parenthood.
Irish Parliament

The **Irish Parliament** () was a legislature created in 1297 to represent the Anglo-Irish in the English monarch's Lordship of Ireland. Like the Parliament of England, it had its own Houses of Commons and House of Lords. When King Henry VIII of England elevated Ireland to a kingdom in 1541 through an act of the Irish Parliament, he invited the Gaelic Irish to sit in the England Parliament for the first time. However, later English monarchs' penal laws prevented Roman Catholics from entering Parliament. So, the native Irish after this were virtually unrepresented since they were almost all Catholic.

The Irish Parliament's power was restricted by "Poynings law". Poynings Law was a bill sponsored by English Lord Deputy of Ireland Sir Edward Poynings in 1494. In 1782, the bill was repealed and the kingdom of Ireland had brief period of legislative autonomy. But in 1800 it passed a law called the Act of Union to abolish itself and the kingdom of Ireland, and incorporate Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. After that, the island was represented in the Parliament of the United Kingdom in the Palace of Westminster.

## Further reading

- E.M. Johnston-Liik 2002. _The History of the Irish Parliament 1692-1800: Commons, Constituencies and Statutes_ Ulster Historical Foundation.
Carlow

**Carlow** is a town in the Republic of Ireland. It was the capital of the English-controlled Lordship of Ireland from 1361 to 1374.
Lamborghini Reventón

The **Lamborghini Reventón** is a supercar. Lamborghini built it in 2007. The Reventón is based on the Murciélago. The styling of the Reventón was based on the F-22 Raptor. Only 20 Reventóns were built.

## History

Lamborghini first showed the Reventón to the publics at the 12,908 Frankfurt Auto Show. Like many others Lamborghinis, the Reventón was named after a fighting bull. The Reventón was based on the Lamborghini Murciélago, and used the same engine as the Murciélago LP640.

## Engine and transmission

The Reventón uses the same  Lamborghini V12 engine as the Murciélago LP640. The Reventón’s engine is also paired to the same six-speed automated manual transmission as the Murciélago LP640. The Reventón, like the Murciélago, sends its power to all four wheels through an all-wheel drive system.

### Performance

The Reventón’s engine makes  at 8,000 rpm. It also makes  of torque at 6,000 rpm. The Reventón can accelerate from 0- in 3.4 seconds. It can also reach a top speed of .

## Reventón Roadster

Lamborghini first showed the Reventón Roadster at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. The Roadster was a convertible version of the Reventón. Lamborghini built 15 Reventón Roadsters.

The Reventón Roadster used the engine from the Murciélago LP 670–4 SV. This engine had 30 more horsepower than the standard Reventón.

The Reventón Roadster has a lower top speed than the Reventón. The Roadster’s top speed is . The Roadster’s 0- time is 3.45 seconds, which is the same as the standard Reventón.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **image**: Lamborghini Reventón.jpg
- **name**: Lamborghini Reventón
- **caption**: Lamborghini Reventón at the Frankfurt Motor Show#2007, 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show
- **manufacturer**: Lamborghini
- **production**: 2007-2009
21 produced (1 for museum)
- **assembly**: Italy: Sant'Agata Bolognese
- **class**: Sports car (S-segment, S)
- **body style**: 2-door coupé
- **layout**: Mid-engine design, Mid-engine, all wheel drive
- **engine**: 6.5 L Lamborghini V12, V12
- **doors**: Scissor doors, Scissor
- **transmission**: 6-speed _e-gear_ Semi-automatic transmission, automated manual
- **related**: Lamborghini Murciélago, Lamborghini Murciélago LP640
Church of Ireland

The **Church of Ireland** () is the Anglican church in Ireland. It is an independent member of the Anglican communion. During the kingdom of Ireland it was the state religion. It continued to be during the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, when it became part of the Church of England. It was disestablished and separated from the Church of England in 1871 by the British Parliament.

The seat of the Church of Ireland is at Saint Patrick's Cathedral in Armagh. Today the Church has roughly 390,000 members throughout Ireland, which makes it the second largest religious community in Ireland (after the Catholic Church) and the third largest in Northern Ireland (after the Catholic Church and the Presbyterian Church in Ireland).
Michael O'Dwyer

**Michael Francis O'Dwyer**, KCIE, (April 1864 – 13 March 1940) was a British colonial administrator. He was an Irish Roman Catholic. He was Lieutenant Governor of Punjab during the Amritsar Massacre committed by General Dyer and was controversial for his defense of Dyer.
Pope Benedict

**Pope Benedict** may mean:
- Pope Benedict I (575–579)
- Pope Benedict II (684–685)
- Pope Benedict III (855–858)
- Pope Benedict IV (900–903)
- Pope Benedict V (964)
- Pope Benedict VI (972–974)
- Pope Benedict VII (974–983)
- Pope Benedict VIII (1012–1024)
- Pope Benedict IX (1032–1044, 1045–1046 & 1047–1048)
    - Antipope Benedict X
- Pope Benedict XI (1303–1304)
- Pope Benedict XII (1334–1342)
- Pope Benedict XIII (1724–1730)
    - Antipope Benedict XIII
- Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758)
    - Antipope Benedict XIV
- Pope Benedict XV (1914–1922)
- Pope Benedict XVI (2005–2013)
Migrant Workers Convention

**International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families** is a treaty of the United Nations for the rights of all migrant workers. It also protects their families. It was adopted in 18 December 1990. It went into force in 2003.

This Convention is made as a series of the international human rights law and at the "Preamble" of the Convention, they recall the conventions of the International Labour Organization about migrant workers and unfree labour. The aid of the Convention is to protect the rights of migrant workers who have not the nationality of the staying country, thus who can often be under the worse working condition or even the victims of human trafficking.

But as of December 2024, only 60 countries have ratified, that is admitted formally the Convention. Most of those countries are in North Africa and South America. No migrant-receiving State in Western Europe or North America has ratified the Convention. Other important receiving countries, such as Australia, Arab states of the Persian Gulf, India and South Africa have not ratified the Convention either.

But this Convention is recalled by the Preamble of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

## Related pages

- Immigration
- Migrant worker
- International Labour Organization
- International human rights law

## Other websites

- Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers (full text)