juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Greek Wikipedia

The **Greek Wikipedia** (also **Hellenic Wikipedia**, **Elliniki Vikipedia**, ) is the fifth language of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It started on December 1, 2002. By 15 December 2003, it had 1,000 articles. As of October 2009, it had reached over 45,000 articles.

As of October 2015, it is the 50th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.

Piacere, Buongiorno sono il dottor Greco Roberto di via Toniolo 110/2 Modena, sono sicuro che per guidare una macchina, serve il foglio di Buona Salute Fisica e Mentale, poi la Patente, Elettronica. Poi serve, se sei partigiano il Bollo. L'assicurazione non serve piu', viene compresa nel prezzo del veicolo.

## Other websites

- Greek Wikipedia
- Greek Wikipedia mobile version
- Statistics for Greek Wikipedia  by Erik Zachte
- Tell us about Greek Wikipedia
- Pontic Wikipedia
- Ancient Greek Wikipedia

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Greek Wikipedia
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-el.svg
- **url**: [http://el.wikipedia.org/ el.wikipedia.org]
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Greek language, Greek
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **current status**: Active
Hans Fritzsche

**August Franz Anton Hans Fritzsche** (21 April 1900 in Bochum – 27 September 1953 in Cologne) was a Nazi official. At the end of World War II, he was _Ministerialdirektor_ at the Propagandaministerium ("Ministerial Director at the Ministry of Propaganda").

Fritzsche was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was acquitted.

## Related pages

- Nazi Germany
- World War II
- Propaganda
- Nuremberg Trials

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Hans Georg Fritzsche
- **image**: Hans Fritzsche.jpg
- **imagesize**: 160px
- **caption**: Fritzsche at the Nuremberg trials
- **birth date**: 21 April 1900
- **birth place**: Bochum, Germany
- **death date**: 27 September 1953
- **death place**: Cologne, Germany
- **nationality**: German
- **party**: National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)
- **spouse**: Hildegard Fritzsche
- **occupation**: _Ministerialdirektor_ in the Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda
- **profession**: Journalist
Alonso de Ercilla

**Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga** (August 7, 1533–November 29, 1594), was a Spanish nobleman, soldier and epic poet.  While in Chile (1556–63) he fought against the Araucanian Indians, and there he began the epic poem _La Araucana_, said to be the greatest Spanish historical poem. This heroic work in 37 cantos is divided into three parts, published in 1569, 1578, and 1589. It tells of the brave uprising of the Araucanians and also tells the history of Chile and of contemporary Spain.
Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)

**Commission on Higher Education** (CHED) is the governing body covering both public and private higher education institutions in the Philippines, including its degree-granting programs. The CHED was established in May 18, 1994 through Republic Act 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994.

## Related pages

- Professional Regulation Commission (Philippines)

## Other websites

- CHED Philippines official website
Professional Regulation Commission (Philippines)

**Professional Regulation Commission** is a governing body tasked by the government of the Philippines to administer and supervise licensing examinations in the Philippines.

## Related pages

- Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)

## Other websites

- Professional Regulation Commission official website
Reserve Officers' Training Corps

**Reserve Officers' Training Corps** is a type of military officer commissioning program, mostly in the United States. It is designed as a subject that students can choose to take at college. It focuses on leadership development, problem solving, strategic planning, and professional ethics. After joining the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, the person involved must be involved in the military for a period of time.

The U.S. Armed Forces and a number of other national militaries have ROTC programs. The Philippines established its program in 1912, with the creation of the first unit at the University of Santo Tomas during American colonial rule. ROTC in South Korea started in 1963; while China created its own program in 1997.
University of Santo Tomas

**University of Santo Tomas** is a private Roman Catholic university in Manila, Philippines.
Athletic nickname

The **athletic nickname** of a school, university, college, or institute is the name officially or unofficially adopted by that institution for at least the members of its sports teams. In general, the institution uses this name to describe the people associated with it, especially its current students. It is also adopted by the athletic teams mascot.
Adel Tamano

**Adel Fadel Abbas Tamano** (born October 2, 1970) is a Filipino lawyer and politician. He is the spokesperson of the United Opposition.  He was president of the University of the City of Manila.

## Early life And career

Tamano is the eighth son of the late Senator Mamintal Tamano and civic leader Hadja Putri Zorayda Abbas Tamano. Tamano is married to Rowena Kapunan, who is also a lawyer. They have two children.

During the 2007 elections, Tamano was the spokesperson for the United Opposition. He is also a member of Kapunan, Tamano, Villadolid & Associates. He lectures on legal writing at the Ateneo Law School, and on constitutional law at the Far Eastern University Institute of Law and the University of the City of Manila.

## Education

Tamano attended Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and La Salle Greenhills for his primary and secondary education. He went to the Ateneo de Manila University to study A.B. Economics and later law, graduating in 1992 and 1996 respectively. Thereafter, he attended the University of the Philippines and took a master's degree in Public Administration.

In June 2005, he matriculated in Harvard Law School's Master of Laws graduate program. He was the first Filipino Muslim to graduate from Harvard Law School.

## Other websites

- Harvard Commencement Speech
- Tamano:His Own Man

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Adel Tamano
- **image**: Adel Tamano PLM President.jpg
- **office**: 7th President of the University of the City of Manila
- **predecessor**: Benjamin Tayabas
- **successor**: Rafaelito M. Garayblas
- **term start**: August 4, 2007
- **term end**: November 30, 2009
- **birth place**: Lanao del Sur, Philippines.
- **spouse**: Rowena Kapunan
- **alma mater**: Ateneo de Manila University
Harvard University
University of the Philippines
- **party**: unaffiliated
Benjamin Tayabas

**Benjamin G. Tayabas** is the longest-serving university president of the University of the City of Manila.

## Infobox (president)

- **order**: 5th
- **office**: President of the University of the City of Manila
- **birthname**: Benjamin G. Tayabas
- **nationality**: Philippines, Filipino
- **alma mater**: University of Arizona
- **profession**: Professor
University of the Philippines

The **University of the Philippines** (**UP**; )  is a public school in the Philippines.
The flagship campus is UP Diliman.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of the Philippines
- **latin name**: :la:Universitas Philippinarum, Universitas Philippinensis
- **motto**: Honor and Excellence
- **type**: Public university, Public coeducational nonprofit organization, non-profit research university, research higher education institution and National university, national university system
- **budget**: ₱24.392 billion (US$ 477 million) (2022)
- **chairman**: J. Prospero E. De Vera III
- **president**: Danilo L. Concepcion
- **faculty**: 3,878 (2019)
- **administrative staff**: 4,189 (2019)
- **students**: 56,015 (2019)
- **undergrad**: 32,881 (2019)
- **postgrad**: 20,144 (2019)
- **other**: 2,990 (basic level) (2019)
- **location**: Quezon City, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines (University of the Philippines Diliman, main campus)
- **campus**: Multiple sites,
- **free label**: Alma Mater song
- **free**: "_U.P. Naming Mahal_" ("U.P. Beloved")
- **colors**: Maroon and green
- **sports nickname**: UP Fighting Maroons, Fighting Maroons
- **mascot**: Oblation (statue) ,  Oble
- **sporting affiliations**: University Athletic Association of the Philippines, UAAP
- **logo**: UP logotype.svg
- **logo size**: 260px
University of Arizona

The **University of Arizona** (also known as **UA**, or **Arizona**) is a public research university in Tucson, Arizona.

The school began in 1885. It was the first university in the Arizona Territory. The school also includes the Banner – University Medical Center Tucson. This is a four-year M.D. college in downtown Phoenix.

The mission of the University of Arizona is, "To improve the prospects and enrich the lives of the people of Arizona and the world through education, research, creative expression, and community and business partnerships."

Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities (an organization for research institutions). It is the only school from Arizona in the group.

## Athletics

The sports teams are nicknamed the _Arizona Wildcats_ (often shortened to "Cats"). They got the name from a 1914 football game with the California champions at the time, Occidental College. The Los Angeles Times said that, "the Arizona men showed the fight of wildcats." Sports are a big part of campus life at the school and they get a large amount of money to operate the programs.

They are members of the Big 12 Conference in the NCAA, which they joined in 2024. The Wildcats have won national titles in several sports, most notably men's basketball, baseball, and softball. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are UA Red and Arizona Blue.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Arizona
- **image**: University of Arizona mall.jpg
- **type**: Public university, Public Land-grant university, land-grant research university
- **parent**: Arizona Board of Regents
- **accreditation**: WASC Senior College and University Commission, WSCUC
- **endowment**: $1.29 billion (2023)
- **president**: Suresh Garimella
- **students**: 53,187 (fall 2023)
- **undergrad**: 42,075 (fall 2023)
- **postgrad**: 11,112 (fall 2023)
- **faculty**: 3,385 (fall 2023)
- **city**: Tucson, Arizona, Tucson
- **state**: Arizona
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Large city
- **sports nickname**: Arizona Wildcats, Wildcats
- **logo**: University of Arizona logo.svg
- **mascots**: Wilbur and Wilma, Wilbur and Wilma T. Wildcat
- **logo upright**: 1.0
- **free label2**: Newspaper
- **free2**: _Arizona Daily Wildcat, The Daily Wildcat_
- **free label**: Other campuses
Square meter

The square meter is the SI-derived unit of area. It has a symbol m² (33A1 in Unicode). It is defined as the area of a square whose sides measure exactly one meter. The square meter is derived from the SI base unit of the meter, which in turn is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in absolute vacuum during a time interval of  of a second.

Adding SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples. However, as the unit is squared, the order of magnitude difference between units doubles from their comparable linear units.  For example, a kilometer is one thousand times the length of a meter, but a square kilometer is one million times the area of a square meter since the unit of  is defined the same way as  with the only difference being that the sides of the squares measure 1 km each. Thus 1  has two sides each measuring 1000 meters which you multiply by each other to get the area of 1 000 000 .

A "square meter" and "meter squared" both refer to the unit of  since to square refers to raising to the power of 2.

For example, a square that is 2 meters long and 2 meters wide has 4 square meters of area.

But a square that is 4 by 4 meters has 16 square meters of area.

## SI prefixes applied to the square meter

The square meter may be used with all SI prefixes used with the meter.

|Multiple|Name|Symbol||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="12"||||||
|10<sup>0</sup>|**square meter** (centiare)|**m²**|10<sup>0</sup>|**square meter** (centiare)|**m²**|
|10<sup>2</sup>|square decameter (are)|dam²|10<sup>−2</sup>|square decimeter|dm²|
|10<sup>4</sup>|square hectometer (hectare)|hm²|10<sup>−4</sup>|square centimeter|cm²|
|10<sup>6</sup>|square kilometer|km²|10<sup>−6</sup>|square millimeter|mm²|
|10<sup>12</sup>|square megameter|Mm²|10<sup>−12</sup>|square micrometer|µm²|
|10<sup>18</sup>|square gigameter|Gm²|10<sup>−18</sup>|square nanometer|nm²|
|10<sup>24</sup>|square terameter|Tm²|10<sup>−24</sup>|square picometer|pm²|
|10<sup>30</sup>|square petameter|Pm²|10<sup>−30</sup>|square femtometer|fm²|
|10<sup>36</sup>|square exameter|Em²|10<sup>−36</sup>|square attometer|am²|
|10<sup>42</sup>|square zettameter|Zm²|10<sup>−42</sup>|square zeptometer|zm²|
|10<sup>48</sup>|square yottameter|Ym²|10<sup>−48</sup>|square yoctometer|ym²|

## Conversions

A square meter is equal to:
<div style="column-count:3;">
- 0.000 001 square kilometer (km²)
- 10,000 square centimeters (cm²)
- 0.000 1 hectares (ha)
- 0.01 ares (a)
- 1 centiare (ca)
- 0.000 247 105 381 acres
- 1.195 990 square yards
- 10.763 911 square feet
- 1,550.003 1 square inches
</div>

## Other websites

- BIPM (SI maintenance agency)  (home page)
- BIPM brochure (SI reference)
Quid pro quo

**"Quid pro quo"** is a Latin phrase. It means roughly "this for that." In other words, the phrase describes the context when something is given in return for something else.

The phrase means the same thing as the English saying "a tit for a tat", or trading something for something else. It can also mean the same thing as "an eye for an eye".

Lawyers sometimes use this saying to mean "an even trade".

- Quid pro quo means reciprocity

## Related pages

- Golden Rule
Eau de Cologne

**Cologne** or **Eau de Cologne** is a perfume in a style of that originated from Cologne, Germany. Nowadays, it's used as a term for scented formulations with a concentration of about 2-5% essential oils. Cologne may be used by men or women.

## Composition

In a base of dilute ethanol (70-90%), Eau de Cologne contains a mixture of citrus oils including oils of lemon, orange, tangerine, bergamot, lime, grapefruit and neroli. It can also contain oils of lavender, rosemary, thyme, petitgrain (orange leaf), and jasmine.

## History

_Eau de Cologne_ is a spirit-citrus perfume launched in Cologne in 1709 by Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), an Italian perfumer from Santa Maria Maggiore Valle Vigezzo, Italy. In 1708, Farina wrote to his brother Jean Baptiste: "I have found a fragrance that reminds me of an Italian spring morning, of mountain daffodils and orange blossoms after the rain" (Eckstein p.8). He named it _Eau de Cologne_, in honour of his new hometown.

The Original _Eau de Cologne_ composed by Farina was used only as a perfume and delivered to "nearly all royal houses in Europe" (Farina Fragrance Museum information leaflet). His ability to produce a constantly homogenous fragrance consisting of dozens of monoessences was seen as a sensation at the time. When free trade was established in Cologne by the French in 1797, the success of _Eau de Cologne_ prompted countless other businessmen to sell their own fragrances under the name of _Eau de Cologne_ and even Farina.

Giovanni Maria Farina's formula has been produced in Cologne since 1709 by Farina opposite the Jülichplatz and to this day remains a secret. His shop at Obenmarspforten opened in 1709 and is today the world's oldest fragrance factory. Other Colognes, such as the famous Cologne 4711, named after its location at "Glockengasse No. 4711", have the name in common but smell different. In 1806, Jean Marie Joseph Farina, a grand-grand-nephew of Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), opened a perfumery business at Paris that developed into Roger & Gallet, that owns the rights to _Eau de Cologne extra vielle_ in contrast to the Original _Eau de Cologne_ from Cologne.

_Eau de Cologne_, or just "cologne", has now become a generic term.
The Flock (movie)

***The Flock*** is a 2007 movie directed by Andrew Lau, the co-director of the _Infernal Affairs_ trilogy. The movie, which was his first English-language movie, stars Richard Gere and Claire Danes.
Fast Food Nation (movie)

***Fast Food Nation*** is a 2006 American/British movie directed by Richard Linklater. It is based on Schlosser's bestselling 2001 non-fiction book _Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal_.

The movie is about the fast food industry. Schlosser's book criticized the fast food industry. He finds out where types of fast food are made, where they come from, and why people eat it.

## Related pages

- List of 2006 movies
Going the Distance (2004 movie)

***Going the Distance*** is a 2004 Canadian movie. It was directed by Mark Griffiths. It is set across Canada. Its tagline was "They came. They saw. They came." The film was released in Canada as _Going the Distance_, but in the USA, it was called _National Lampoon's Going the Distance_. The Canadian DVD release has its original release title.
Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV series)

***Sabrina the Teenage Witch*** is an American teen television sitcom. It is based on the _Archie_ comic book series of the same name. It is set in Massachusetts. It stars Melissa Joan Hart in the title role. Its first four seasons aired on Nickelodeon from September 27, 1996 to May 5, 2000; the final three seasons ran on Noggin from September 22, 2000 to April 24, 2003.
Vera Wang

**Vera Wang** (; born June 27, 1949) is an American fashion designer. She was born and raised in New York City. Her parents were Chinese. She is based in New York and is known for her wedding gown collection, among other specialties.

## Career

After her graduation in 1971, Wang began working for Vogue Magazine. In 1972, she was promoted as the senior fashion editor. She left Vogue in 1987, to join Ralph Lauren as the design director for accessories.

Wang established her own label "Vera Wang" in 1990, in New York.
Total Request Live

***Total Request Live*** (known from 1998 to 2008 as ***TRL***) was a television series on MTV that featured popular music videos. In addition to music videos, the show also featured daily guests.

_TRL_ played the top ten most requested music videos of the day, as requested by viewers who voted for their favorite video online. The countdown started with the tenth most requested video of the day and ended with the most requested video of the day. As of October 22, 2007, the countdown was based on votes, charts, ringtones, downloads, radio airplay, and streams, meaning that the video that the user requested might not have been the number one video of the day. The show mainly aired from Monday to Thursday for an hour, but the scheduling and length of the show has changed over the years. Even though the word "Live" is in the show's title, a lot of the show's episodes have actually been pre-recorded.

On September 15, 2008, it was announced that _TRL_ would be over and it was later replaced by another show. A special, three-hour finale was aired on November 16, 2008 at 8 p.m.

Until 2010, a local version of _TRL_ was still running in Italy on MTV.

### The beginning of _TRL_

The beginning of _TRL_ traced back to 1997 when MTV started to produce _MTV Live_ from the newly opened MTV Studios in Times Square in New York. _MTV Live_ featured celebrity interviews, musical performances, and news updates. Music videos were not a major part of the program. At one time, the show had more than 75,000 viewers.

At the same time, MTV aired a countdown show that was simply called _Total Request_, hosted by Carson Daly. _Total Request_ was a more quiet show, as music videos were introduced from a dimly lit set.

By the fall of 1998, MTV producers decided to merge _MTV Live_ and _Total Request_ into a new show called _Total Request Live_. The new show made its premiere on September 14, 1998.

### The end of _TRL_

On September 15, 2008, it was announced that _TRL_ would be shut down. The last regular weekday episode aired on November 13, 2008. The episode showed the process of the set being torn down.

A three-hour special that was aired on November 16, 2008 marked the end of the show. The final show included several musical performances.

On June 25, 2014, MTV announced that it will bring back _TRL_ for one day on July 2, 2014 with American singer Ariana Grande.

## Infobox (television)

- **alt name**: _TRL_
- **presenter**: Carson Daly
Damien Fahey
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 20
- **num episodes**: 2,254
- **runtime**: 45–48 minutes (initially)
20–23 minutes (final episodes)
- **network**: MTV
Breakaway (song)

**"Breakaway"** is a 2004 song written by Avril Lavigne, Bridget Benenate and Matthew Gerrard and produced by John Shanks. It was recorded by pop rock singer Kelly Clarkson for the soundtrack to the film _The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement_ by Disney Records. It was also included on Clarkson's second album, _Breakaway_ and was released as the album's first single.
Pareto efficiency

**Multi-criteria optimization**, or **multiobjective optimization** is a way of solving a mathematical or economic problem where many different parameters need to be changed to get one of the best possible solutions to the problem. The result of this is called **Pareto efficiency**, named after Vilfredo Pareto, who first used it in his studies.

In welfare economics, the idea of Pareto efficiency is very simple: If there is no way of improving the situation of one person, without making that of another person worse, the solution found is Pareto-efficient.

If we look at what the economy produces, we might say it is on its **Pareto Frontier** or **Production Possibility Frontier**, meaning that it is making (or "producing") all it can with the things it has (such as machines, labour, land and ideas -- all called **resources** or **factors of production**). If this is the case, making more of one thing would mean making less of another; the resources are already being used to full capacity, so making more of one thing will take resources away from making another.

Just because something is Pareto efficient, it doesn't mean it is fair or "equitable". Even though no-one could be made better off without making someone else worse off, it is possible that one person owns all of the world's things. To make anyone else better off, some would have to be taken away from this person, making them worse off.
Proper motion

**Proper motion** is the name for the way the stars seem to slowly move _relative to each other_ when seen from Earth.

The movement is caused by the fact that all stars (including the Sun) are moving through space at hundreds of kilometres per second. However, because they are so far away, it takes a long time for us to see that they have moved, and even then it takes a powerful telescope to see the difference. Because of this, for a long time, most people thought that the stars did not move at all. Even the ancient Greeks, who knew a lot about the stars and discovered some of the other ways they move, such as stellar precession, did not discover proper motion (although they probably suspected it).

Proper motion was not proved to exist until 1718 when Edmond Halley noticed the stars Sirius, Arcturus and Aldebaran had moved from the places they were in star charts that Hipparchus had drawn around 130 BC. However, even after more than 1,800 years, they had moved less than half a degree.

Proper motion is useful to astronomers in figuring out how far away a star is from Earth because stars that are close usually have a larger proper motion (meaning they move faster across the sky) than stars that are farther away. For example, Barnard's star has the largest proper motion of any star, moving 10.3 arcseconds per year. This is equal to one quarter of a degree, or half the diameter of the Moon in the sky, in only 87 years. It is the second-closest star to the Earth at 5.98 light years away. Also, eight of the ten stars with the biggest proper motions are less than 15 light years away.

## Related pages

- Astrometry
Reddit

**Reddit** () is a website where online users share links to online articles and other media.

## Overview

Reddit is a forum made up of user-generated content and discussion boards. It is organized into _subreddits_, communities within which discussions take place. The links being shared can be voted on, while links with the highest number of votes are shown on the front page, sometimes known as the instant feed, of the forum.

## History

Reddit was founded in 2005 by Aaron Swartz, Steve Huffman, and Alexis Ohanian, and is also available in other languages. Some Reddit users call themselves _redditors_, while subreddit moderators _mods_. Subreddits are directed towards all sort of things, like education, being funny, cute pictures of animals, internet memes, etc.

### Subreddits

Discussions on Reddit are organized into user-created areas of interest called "subreddits", with individual moderators (any user can be one) holding sweeping powers to ban users and dictate content with a range of tools, particularly automated filters.

## Controversies

Reddit has been a subject of controversy as it has many subreddits run by those distributing disinformation and explicit materials, including subreddits _r/Creepshots_, _r/jailbait_, and _r/greenandpleasant_. Reddit has also been long been criticized for uncontrolled antisemitism. Antisemites, especially Holocaust deniers, across the political spectrum are active on Reddit.

On February 20, 2025, an independent journalist announced his findings that over 110 subreddits were controlled by around 30 users who took advantage of the forum's loopholes to systematically distribute antisemitic disinformation for terrorist groups. The methods involve "vote brigading, subreddit moderation, and content manipulation".

Reportedly, the compromised subreddits include _r/Documentaries_ (20M members), _r/therewasanattempt_ (7.2M), _r/PublicFreakout_ (4.7M), _r/Fauxmoi_ (4.3M), _r/MorbidReality_ (1.1M), _r/ToiletPaperUSA_ (440K), _r/Thatsactuallyverycool_ (277K), _r/Palestine_ (270K), _r/ENLIGHTENEDCENTRISM_ (184K) and _r/boringdystopia_ (94K), from which misinformation was funnelled to smaller subreddits and beyond Reddit to influence public opinion, while alerts to the company were repeatedly ignored. In particular, the journalist noted:

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Reddit
- **logo**: Reddit wordmark.svg
- **logo caption**: Logo used since November 2023
- **company type**: Privately held company, Private
- **website type**: Social news
- **language**: Multilingual
- **owner**: Advance Publications (30%)
Tencent (5%)
- **locations**: 5
- **area served**: Worldwide, except for Indonesia (without DNS) and China
- **headquarters**: San Francisco, California, U.S.
- **num employees**: 2,000 (June 2023)
- **users**: 70 million (Oct 2023) daily active users
- **parent**: Reddit Inc.
- **advertising**: Banner ads and promoted links
- **commercial**: Yes
- **registration**: Optional
- **current status**: Active
Bryde's whale

**Bryde's whale** is a baleen whale. It is a small group of several species which look alike and used to be lumped together. The whale can grow from 12.5 m (41 ft) to 14 m (46 ft) long and a weight of 16–18.5 tonnes, with the female larger than the male.

Until the 1950s it was considered a single species, ***Balaenoptera brydei***. It is now known that there are several almost identical species. ***Balaenoptera edeni*** and ***Balaenoptera omurai*** are two other species in the group.

There has also been confusion between the Sei whale, ***Balaenoptera borealis***, and the Bryde's whale as they look alike and are the same size. Bryde's whale is unique in having three long ridges on its head that go from between the eyes towards the blowhole. All other rorquals have just one. The Bryde's whales skin varies from black to dark grey.

The whale was named after Johan Bryde, who built South Africa's first factory to process whales. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical waters. There seem to be several different types of Bryde's whales, but it has not yet been decided if they are different species, or a sub-species. In particular, _B. brydei_ and _B. edeni_ may be sister species.
Catherine of Portugal

**Catherine of Portugal** (born in Lisbon, Portugal November 26, 1436; died June 17, 1463), also known as the **Infanta Catarina**, was the daughter of King Edward of Portugal. She lived most of her life and died in the Convent of Saint Claire.
Alto Paraíso de Goiás

**Alto Paraíso de Goiás** (usually just Alto Paraíso) is a small town and a municipality in Goiás state, Brazil.
Nap (textile)

**Nap** is the raised (fuzzy) surface on cloth. Velvet in one of these clothes with nap.  Nap can also mean a felt cloth.

In the 14th century, the word described the roughness of woven cloth before it was cut.

## Piled nap

In the 15th century, the term nap refers to a pile given to the cloth. The word _pile_ means the raised fibers that are there on purpose.  They were put there, instead of by producing the cloth. The nap is woven into the cloth, often by weaving loops into the fabric.  The can then be cut or left on the cloth. Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by weaving a second yarn through woven cloth, making a nap or pile.
Art exhibition

An **art exhibition** is a place where works of art are shown to the public. The word exhibition comes from Latin _exhibere_, which means _to show_. This can be in a museum or an exhibition hall. The exhibition can be temporary, or permanent (like a section of a museum). Some exhibitions show works of art of the same artist, others show works of art on a common theme.
Tournament

A **tournament** is a competition with large number of players, all taking part in a sport or game. The word and general meaning come from the medieval tournament or "tourney". The word is still used sometimes used for a military event such as the Royal Tournament.

The word _tournament_ is now defined in two ways:

1. One or more competitions held at a single place and held over a short period of time. Some game clubs help prepare members for such tournaments. Chess clubs, for example, often use ranking systems, chess clocks, and rules like those used in chess tournaments.
1. A competition with many matches, each with a small group of competitors. The tournament winner is based on the combined results of these individual matches. These are common in sports and games where each match can only have a small number of competitors, often  two, as in most team sports, racket sports, combat sports, many card games and board games, and competitive debating. Such tournaments allow large numbers to compete against each other, even though there are only two teams or players in a single match.

These two types of tournament are different. All golf tournaments meet are of the first type, but match play tournaments are in the second. Football (soccer) leagues like the Premier League are tournaments in the second sense, but not the first, having matches spread across many places over a period of up to a year. Many tournaments meet both definitions; for example, the Wimbledon tennis championship.
Transhumanism

**Transhumanism** is a cultural movement that thinks that humans could benefit from technology (mostly the biological type) that improves the condition of life. It seeks to find a solution to aging, disease, and death (especially of the natural variety) by making use of such technology. The word was coined by Julian Huxley in 1957.

## Other websites

- What is Transhumanism?
Kirk Hammett

**Kirk Lee Hammett** (born November 18, 1962) is the lead guitarist for the band Metallica. He also sings in the background (backing vocals) during most of their songs. Joe Satriani was Hammett's guitar instructor. Before joining Metallica, he was the founding member of another band called Exodus. He left Exodus when the other musicians in Metallica asked him join them.
Kim Yoon-ok

**Kim Yoon-ok**, also called **Kim Yun-ok**, (, born 26 March 1947) is the wife of Lee Myung-bak, President of the Republic of Korea .

Her family runs a construction company in Daegu. She and her husband Lee Myung-bak met at the College of Health Education at Ewha Womans University.

On December 19, 1970, after graduation from the University, Kim was engaged to Lee Myung-bak against her family's will.  Lee was then director of the Hyundai Engineering Corporation. They have 1 son and 3 daughters together. Kim Yoon-ok enjoys cooking.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kim Yoon-ok
- **image**: Korean Cuisine to the World 2009 - 4342406373.jpg
- **caption**: Kim in 2009
- **order**: First Lady of South Korea
- **term start**: 25 February 2008
- **term end**: 25 February 2013
- **president**: Lee Myung-bak
- **predecessor**: Kwon Yang-sook
- **successor**: Vacant
- **birth place**: Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea
- **alma mater**: Ewha Womans University
- **spouse**: Lee Myung-bak
(1970–present)
- **children**: Lee Ju-yeon (b. 1971)
Lee Seung-yeon (b. 1973)
Lee Su-yeon (b. 1975)
Lee Shi-hyeong (b. 1978)
- **relations**: Lee Sang-deuk (brother-in-law)
Pandora's box

In Greek mythology, **Pandora's box** was a large jar (πιθος P_ithos_) carried by Pandora. It contained the evils to be let loose on mankind. When the box was empty, hope remained. The actual evils are not specified by Hesiod.

## Where the word box is from

The word in the original text is _Pithos_, which usually refers to a large container; used to store wine or other things. Such containers were also used for funerals. In the case of Pandora, this jar may have been made of clay for use as storage as in the usual sense, or, instead, of bronze metal as an unbreakable prison.

The mistranslation of P_ithos_ as "box" is usually attributed to the 16th-century humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam. Erasmus is thought to have made the error when he translated Hesiod's tale of Pandora into Latin. Hesiod's _P_ithos_ refers to a storage jar for oil or grain. Erasmus, however, translated _pithos_ into the Latin word _pyxis_, meaning "box". The phrase "Pandora's box" has endured ever since. This error was further backed by Dante Gabriel Rossetti's painting _Pandora_.

## Bibliography

- Neils, Jenifer, _The Girl in the Pithos: Hesiod’s Elpis'', in "Periklean Athens and its Legacy. Problems and Perspectives", eds. J. M. Barringer and J. M. Hurwit (Austin: University of Texas Press), 2005, pp. 37–45.
Longshore drift

**Longshore drift** is the process of the ocean currents forcing sand and other material down a beach.

The material is first pulled into the currents by the backwash (the water going out to sea) and is then pushed back up the beach by the swash (the water going onto the beach). Longshore drift always moves in the direction of the main wind. If longshore drift continues for a long time, beaches can be changed quite a bit. The changes depend on the details, and vary from place to place. Longshore drift is the net (average) movement of sand grains across a beach in a zig-zag motion.

- The waves carry the rock material up the beach at an angle. (waves move at an angle)
- The backwash carries the material directly down (gravity) into the sea or it stays there.
- This process goes again.

There are many inexpensive and effective ways of controlling longshore drift. The most common method is groynes (wooden walls that the sand builds up against). Some people dislike groynes because they interfere with walking along the beach, and the look of the beach.
Alfred Jodl

**Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl** (10 May 1890 in Würzburg – 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a German military Officer and commander. He was the Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) during World War II. At the Nuremberg trials he was tried, sentenced to death and hanged as a war criminal.

Jodl joined the Imperial German Army in 1910 as a Army Infantry Soldier until 1912 when he became a junior Military Army Officer . He remained as a Junior Officer in the Reichswehr German Army until he became a Senior Officer in the Wehrmacht  German Army in 1936 where he remained as a Senior officer until 1945 .
|German Army Officer Rank|Date and Years|
| --- | --- |
|Leutnant (Lieutenant)|1912-1923|
|Hauptmann (Captain)|1923-1932|
|Oberst (Colonel)|1933-1936|
|Generaloberst (General)|1936-1945|

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alfred Jodl
- **termstart**: 1 September 1939
- **successor**: Office Abolished
- **termend**: 8 May 1945
- **title**: Operations Staff for the Wehrmacht High command
- **rank**: Generaloberst (General)
- **serviceyears**: 1910-1945
- **unit**: Imperial German Army
Reichsheer
Wehrmacht
- **allegiance**: German Empire
Weimar Republic
Nazi Germany
- **battles**: World War I
World war II
- **birth date**: 10 May 1890
- **birth place**: Würzburg, Bavaria, German Empire
- **death date**: 16 October 1946
- **death place**: Nuremberg Prison, Nuremberg, Bavaria, Allied-occupied Germany
- **nationality**: German
- **awards**: Knight’s Cross of the Iron Cross
- **branch**: Imperial German Army
Reichsheer
German Army
- **commands**: German Army (1939-1945)
- **occupation**: German Military Army Soldier (1910-1912) and Officer (1912-1945)
Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll

**Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll** (17 January 1801 – 16 January 1856), an illegitimate daughter of William IV and Dorothy Jordan, married William Hay on 4 December, 1820, at the age of 19. Hay was born with the name **Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence**.

She married her husband at St George's, Hanover Square, an Anglican church in Westminster.

She is shown in a Fitzclarence portrait in House of Dun, and she kept a stone thrown at her father William IV and the gloves he wore on opening his first Parliament as keepsakes.

She died on 16 January 1856 in Edinburgh, Scotland, aged 54.

## Children and Relatives

With her husband she had four children:
- Lady Adelaide Harriet Augusta Hay (18 October 1821 – 22 October 1867)
- William Harry Hay, 19th Earl of Erroll (3 May 1823 – 3 December 1891), married Eliza Amelia Gore on 20 September 1848
- Lady Agnes Georgiana Elizabeth Hay (12 May 1829 – 18 December 1869). She married James Duff on 16 March 1846. Their son, Alexander Duff, married Princess Louise, who was the daughter of Edward VII.
- Lady Alice Mary Emily Hay (7 July 1835 – 7 June 1881) married Charles Edward Louis Casimir Stuart (1824–1882; known also as Count d'Albanie) nephew of fraud John Sobieski Stuart.

She is also the grandmother of Princess Louise's husband, the Duke of Fife.

David Cameron is related to Elizabeth Hay through William IV, which makes him the fifth cousin, twice removed to the Queen.

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll
- **other names**: Elizabeth Hay; Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence
- **birth name**: Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence
- **death place**: Edinburgh, Scotland
- **known**: Child of William IV of the United Kingdom, William IV and Dorothy Jordan
- **title**: Countess of Erroll
- **spouse**: William Hay
- **children**: Lady Adelaide Harriet Augusta Hay; William Harry Hay, 19th Earl of Erroll; Lady Agnes Georgiana Elizabeth Hay; Lady Alice Mary Emily Hay
Robert Blyth

**Robert Roberts Taylor Blyth** (2 June 1900 – 1956) was a Scottish professional football player from the 1920s.

Blyth was born in Muirkirk, Scotland.  His father was a soccer player for Portsmouth, who later became the manager from 1901 to 1904.

Blyth played in eight Portsmouth games in the 1921–1922 season.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Robert Blyth
- **fullname**: Robert Roberts Taylor Blyth
- **birth place**: Muirkirk, Scotland
- **death date**: 1956
- **death place**: Southwark, England
- **position**: Striker (association football), Forward
- **years1**: 1921–1922
- **clubs1**: Portsmouth F.C., Portsmouth
- **caps1**: 8
- **goals1**: 2
- **years2**: 1922–1923
- **clubs2**: Southampton F.C., Southampton
- **caps2**: 8
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 1924–1925
- **clubs3**: Boston Soccer Club
- **caps3**: 2
- **goals3**: 1
Bredbury

**Bredbury** is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, in Greater Manchester, England. Bredbury is found   southeast of the city of Manchester, and  east-northeast of Stockport.  At the 2001 census it had a population of  15,126 people living there.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Bredbury
- **population**: 15,126
- **population ref**: (2001) (Bredbury Ward)
- **metropolitan borough**: Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, Stockport
- **metropolitan county**: Greater Manchester
- **region**: North West England
- **constituency westminster**: Hazel Grove (UK Parliament constituency), Hazel Grove
- **post town**: STOCKPORT
- **postcode area**: SK
- **postcode district**: SK6
- **dial code**: 0161
- **os grid reference**: SJ925915
- **static image**: Bredbury - Goyt Hall.JPG
- **static image caption**: <small>Goyt Hall</small>
- **london distance**: Boxing the compass, SSE
Roaring Twenties

The phrase **Roaring Twenties** describes the 1920s, a time in North America when art, society, and culture were rapidly changing. The term 'Roaring' applies here, as art, society and culture were rapidly improving and therefore 'Roaring'. Prohibition was in place and so North America was a very 'wise' and 'clean-cut' place to be.

## Economy

The North American economy during the 1920s was doing very well because World War I had just ended. Many new products were being made for the consumer. Products were being produced on a huge scale throughout North America, one example of these products is the 'Model T Ford', a car that was seen in every state of the USA.

## Culture

The culture of the Roaring Twenties was very different from before. Women's roles were changed. Liberal young women, called flappers, wore short skirts, cut their hair short, and listened to a new form of music called jazz. Women had gotten the right to vote. Writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway were called the Lost Generation because they moved out of the United States after the war. African-American art and culture also grew a lot during the Harlem Renaissance.

## Problems of the Roaring Twenties

Even though North America was doing very well in terms of prosperity, a lot of problems still arose. One of the main problems in North America during the 1920s was Organized Crime. Gangs of foreign immigrants were importing illegal alcohol, tobacco, firearms etc. One of the most famous gangsters of this time was Al Capone.
Ginseng

**Ginseng** refers to species within ***Panax***, a genus of species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, in the family Araliaceae. They grow in the Northern Hemisphere in eastern Asia (mostly northern China, Korea, and eastern Siberia), typically in cooler climates; _Panax vietnamensis_, discovered in Vietnam, is the southernmost ginseng found.
Malacañang Palace

**Malacañang Palace** is the official home for the President of the Philippines. It is in the San Miguel district of Manila, the Philippines.
Topological space

A **topological space** is a space studied in topology, the mathematics of the structure of shapes. Roughly, it is a set of things (called points) along with a way to know which things are close together.

More precisely, a topological space has a certain kind of set, called _open sets_. Open sets are important because they allow one to talk about points _near_ another point, called a **neighbourhood** of the point. A neighbourhood of a point is simply an open set containing that point. If one did not have the concept of open sets, one cannot define neighbourhoods in a good way. If one tries to define a neighbourhood of a point as _any_ set containing that point, it might just include that point and that point only, not any points near it, or points far away.
We also have the concept of _closed sets_, which are complements of open sets. That is, all of the points not belonging to a certain open sets forms a closed set.

Open sets must follow certain rules so that they match our ideas of nearness. The union of any number of open sets must be open, and the union of a finite number of closed sets must be closed. (The second rule only works for a finite number of closed sets. That is because in many cases a set containing a single point is closed. Any set is made of points. If the second rule applied to an infinite number of closed sets, then _every_ set would be closed.) As a special case, the set containing every point is both open and closed. The set containing no points is also both open and closed.

A set of points can have many different definitions of what an open set is. One can think of only certain sets as open, or more sets as open. One might even consider every set to be open. The same set with different definitions of open sets form different topological spaces.
Gisele Bündchen

**Gisele Caroline Bündchen** (born July 20, 1980) is a Brazilian model. She also occasionally acts in movies. According to _Forbes_, Bündchen is the best paid supermodel in the world and the sixteenth richest woman in the entertainment world. Bündchen earned $33 million in 2007 and $35 million in 2008 alone. Bündchen's fortune is estimated to be about $150 million. She is also listed on _Guinness Book of World Records_ as the world's richest supermodel. Bündchen has been the face of more than 20 brands internationally and has appeared on more magazine covers than any other model.

## Personal life

Gisele Caroline Bündchen was born in Brazil to a family of German origin. Her mother, Vânia Nonnenmacher, was a bank clerk and her father, Valdir Bündchen, was a university teacher and writer. Bündchen is one of the six daughters of Vânia Nonnenmacher and Valdir Bündchen. Her sisters are: Raquel, Graziela, her twin Patrícia, Gabriela and Rafaela.

Bündchen married Tom Brady on February 26, 2009. Bündchen has two children with him, Benjamin Rein Brady (born 2009) and Vivian Lake Brady (born 2012). In October 2022, Bündchen and Brady finalized their divorce after 13 years of marriage.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (model)

- **name**: Gisele Bündchen
- **image**: Verão Arezzo Brasil 2019 por Gisele Bündchen 16.jpg
- **caption**: Bündchen in 2019
- **birth name**: Gisele Caroline Bündchen
- **birth place**: Horizontina, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **agency**: IMG Models (Worldwide)
Model Management (Hamburg)
- **children**: 3
Sonic Unleashed

***Sonic Unleashed*** is a 2008 adventure video game, which was released for Wii, PlayStation 3 (PS3), PlayStation 2 (PS2) and Xbox 360.

In the beginning of the game, Sonic is briefly captured by Dr. Eggman, and in the process, gains the ability to turn into a "werehog." A werehog is like a werewolf, but since Sonic is a hedgehog, it is referred to as a werehog. As a werehog, Sonic is not as fast, but he gets different abilities, such as increased strength.

Sonic can only turn into a werehog at night. During the day, he returns to normal. Throughout the game, the player switches between playing "Day Stages" and "Night Stages". Day stages are like regular 3D Sonic stages, where the focus is mainly speed and some faster platforming. Night stages have a focus on slow platforming and fighting new enemies.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Sonic Unleashed
Sonic World Adventure
- **developer**: Sonic Team
Dimps
- **publisher**: Sega
- **genre**: Platform game, Platformer, Action-adventure game, action-adventure, beat'em up
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
- **platforms**: PlayStation 2, Wii, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Mobile phones, PlayStation Network