juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Saint-Prex

**Saint-Prex** is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. In 1973, Saint-Prex was awarded the Wakker Prize for the development and preservation of its older architecture.

## Other websites

- Official website
- CGN Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Saint-Prex
- **municipality name**: Saint-Prex
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Saint-Prex.JPG
- **image caption**: Town gate of Sant-Prex
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Saint-Prex COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Saint-Prex.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Morges (district), Morges
- **postal code**: 1162
- **municipality code**: 5646
- **area**: 5.49
- **elevation**: 377
- **population**: 5414
- **populationof**: December 31, 2011
- **website**: www.saint-prex.ch
- **mayor**: Daniel Mosini
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **demonym**: Saint-Preyards
- **neighboring municipalities**: Buchillon, Etoy, Switzerland, Etoy, Lully, Vaud, Lully, Lussy-sur-Morges, Publier (FR-74), Thonon-les-Bains (FR-74), Tolochenaz, Villars-sous-Yens
Vullierens

**Vullierens** is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Vullierens
- **image photo**: Vullierens Castle.jpg
- **image caption**: Vullierens Castle
- **municipality name**: Vullierens
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Vullierens COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Vullierens.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Morges (district), Morges
- **postal code**: 1115
- **municipality code**: 5654
- **area**: 6.84
- **elevation**: 528
- **population**: 407
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.vullierens.ch
- **mayor**: Bertrand Dupperex
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aclens, Colombier, Vaud, Colombier, Cottens, Vaud, Cottens, Gollion, Grancy, Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges, Senarclens
Juice Wrld

**Jarad Anthony Higgins** (December 2, 1998 - December 8, 2019) was an American rapper, singer, and songwriter who worked frequently with Sami Alaido. He is professionally known as **Juice Wrld** (stylised as **Juice WRLD**) He was born in Chicago, Illinois. His most popular songs are _All Girls Are the Same_ and _Lucid Dreams_ that he worked on with Sami Alaido. With the success of these songs, he signed recording and Record label Contracts with Interscope Records and Grade A Productions.

## Death

On December 8, 2019, Juice Wrld died at Midway International Airport in Chicago at the age of 21. Higgins allegedly swallowed many Percocet pills that of which Sami tried stopping him from doing. He reportedly had a seizure from opioid overdose.

## Discography

**Solo studio albums**
- _Goodbye & Good Riddance_ (2018)
- _Death Race for Love_ (2019)
- _Legends Never Die_ (2020)
- _Fighting Demons_ (2021)
- _The Party Never Ends_ (2024)

**Collaborative mixtapes**
- _Wrld on Drugs_ (with Future) (2018)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **origin**: Homewood, Illinois, U.S.


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Juice Wrld
- **image**: Juice WRLD - Les Ardentes 2019 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Juice Wrld performing in 2019.
- **other names**: JuiceTheKidd
- **birth name**: Jarad Anthony Higgins
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death date**: December 8, 2019 (aged 21)
- **death place**: Oak Lawn, Illinois, U.S.
- **death cause**: Drug overdose
- **resting place**: Beverly Cemetery, Illinois
- **education**: Homewood-Flossmoor High School
- **years active**: 2015–2019
- **relatives**: Young Dolph (second cousin)
Bütschwil-Ganterschwil

**Bütschwil-Ganterschwil** is a municipality in  Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Bütschwil and Ganterschwil joined together to become this new municipality, Bütschwil-Ganterschwil.

## Other websites

- Official website of the municipality Bütschwil-Ganterschwil

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bütschwil-Ganterschwil
- **image photo**: 2011-08-21-Buetschwil (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 137.JPG
- **image caption**: Bütschwil
- **municipality name**: Bütschwil-Ganterschwil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bütschwil-Ganterschwil COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bütschwil-Ganterschwil 2013.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: St. Gallen
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SG
- **district**: Toggenburg (Wahlkreis), Toggenburg
- **postal code**: 9606 Bütschwil
9608 Ganterschwil
9615 Dietfurt
- **municipality code**: 3395
- **area**: 21.81
- **elevation**: 610
- **highest**: Sedelberg
- **highest m**: 942
- **lowest**: Thur River (Switzerland), Thur River
- **lowest m**: 555
- **website**: www.buetschwil-ganterschwil.ch
- **places**: Dietfurt, Langensteig, Kengelbach, Grämigen, Bütschwil, Ganterschwil
- **neighboring municipalities**: Lütisburg, Mosnang, Wattwil, Lichtensteig, Oberhelfenschwil, Neckertal
Ebnat-Kappel

**Ebnat-Kappel** is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ebnat-Kappel
- **image photo**: Ebnat-Kappel Vilagxo kun preghejo 611.jpg
- **image caption**: Church of Ebnat-Kappel
- **municipality name**: Ebnat-Kappel
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: EbnatKappel-blazon.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ebnat-Kappel.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: St. Gallen
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SG
- **district**: Toggenburg (Wahlkreis), Toggenburg
- **postal code**: 9642
- **municipality code**: 3352
- **area**: 43.57
- **elevation**: 630
- **website**: www.ebnat-kappel.ch
- **mayor**: Christian Spoerlé
- **places**: Brandholz, Wintersberg, Bendel
- **neighboring municipalities**: Amden, Gommiswald, Hemberg, Kaltbrunn, Nesslau-Krummenau, Rieden, Switzerland, Rieden, Schänis, Wattwil
87 (number)

**Eighty-seven** is a number. It comes between eighty-six and eighty-eight, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 3, 29, and 87.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 87
Woodstock, Connecticut

**Woodstock** is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States.  The population was 8,221 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Woodstock, Connecticut
- **settlement type**: New England town, Town
- **image skyline**: Autumn at Roseland Park, Woodstock Connecticut.jpg
- **image caption**: View from Roseland Park in Woodstock
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name2**: Windham County, Connecticut, Windham
- **subdivision type3**: Councils of governments in Connecticut, Region
- **subdivision name3**: Northeastern Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut, Northeastern CT
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1686
- **established title2**: Annexed by Connecticut
- **established date2**: 1749
- **area land km2**: 156.8
- **area water km2**: 3.4
- **area total sq mi**: 61.8
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 160.1
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 8221
- **population density km2**: 52.4
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **area land sq mi**: 60.5
- **area water sq mi**: 1.3
- **elevation m**: 242
- **elevation ft**: 794
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 06281, 06282
- **area code**: Area codes 860 and 959, 860/959
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 09-88190
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0213541
Dystonia

**Dystonia** is a neurological movement disorder syndrome in which it had repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal positions. The movements may look like tremors. Dystonia is often intensified  or exacerbated by physical activity, and symptoms may progress into adjacent muscles.

## Infobox (medical condition)

- **name**: Dystonia
- **image**: Dystonia2010.JPG
- **caption**: A person with medication-induced dystonia
- **field**: Neurology
Diophantine approximation

**Diophantine approximation** is a branch of number theory originally created by Diophantus for estimating any given real number as a ratio of two integers. Much of the current research into this topic is on whether or not this theory can be applied to algebraic numbers. Diophantine approximation is useful in a variety of areas in number theory, so this method is often used.
David Yang

**David Yang** is an American violist who was born in 1967 in New York City.

## Biography

David Yang's main studies were with Martha Strongin Katz, Heidi Castleman, Karen Ritscher, and Stephen Wyrczynski. He is mainly known as a chamber musician and has worked with people who are part of groups such as the Tokyo String Quartet, Brentano String Quartet, Borromeo String Quartet, Cassatt String Quartet, Miro String Quartet, Vermeer String Quartet, and Trio Solisti, Trio Cavatina, and Eroica Piano Trio. In 2009, he was awarded special status from the Independence Foundation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which is awarded to a small amount of artists. David Yang is the person in charge of chamber music at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and is also the person in charge of art at the Newburyport Chamber Music Festival. He was one of the members of the string trio Ensemble Epomeo when it was founded. He has performed with Ensemble Epomeo all around Europe, Canada, and the USA. Because he advocates for new music, he has asked over twenty composers, such as Robert Capanna, Andrea Clearfield, Daniel Dorff, Cynthia Folio, Jeremy Gill, Gerald Levinson, David Ludwig, Robert Maggio, Jay Reise, Kile Smith, Dmitri Tymoczko, Anna Weesner, and Andrew Waggoner, to make pieces of music, and has performed the first performances of them. He is the person in charge of Auricolae, a group that tells stories and performs music. He composes music for Auricolae, and is on the list of members of Musicopia. He also holds a master's degree in architecture from the University of Pennsylvania and worked in the studio of Aldo Rossi and for Hugh Hardy.

Yang plays a viola Johannes Tielka, a viola da gamba maker, made in 1670 and Joseph Joachim, who was a 19th-century violin virtuoso who was the best friend of Johannes Brahms. He records for the record labels New Focus, Somm, and Avie.

His father was John Yang, a notable landscape photographer. His mother is Linda Gureasko Yang, who was the garden columnist for the New York Times. His sister was Naomi Yang, who was the player of electric bass for Galaxie 500, which is a cult alternative band that started in 1987 and ended in 1991.

## References

https://web.archive.org/web/20110829030715/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/music/performance/ensembles/chamber/musdir.html

## Other websites

- Ensemble Epomeo profile
- Newburyport Chamber Music Festival
- Auricolae Storytelling and Music Troupe
- John Yang, photographer

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: David Yang
- **birth name**: David Yang
- **birth date**: 1967
- **birth place**: New York City
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **known for**: Playing the viola
- **occupation**: Musician
Sanna Marin

**Sanna Mirella Marin** (born 16 November 1985) is a Finnish former politician. Marin was the 46th Prime Minister of Finland from 2019 to 2023. She is a member of the Social Democrats. She was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 2015 to 2023. She was the Minister of Transport and Communications for a short time in 2019.

Born in Helsinki, Marin was raised in Tampere by her mother and her mother's partner. She joined the Social Democratic Youth in 2006. She was a member of the City Council of Tampere and was later elected member of Parliament. After Antti Rinne left his role as prime minister, the Social Democratic Party of Finland picked Marin as its candidate for the new prime minister on 8 December 2019. Taking office at age 34, she is the youngest person to hold the office in Finnish history.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **embed**: yes
- **office2**: Minister of Transport and Communications (Finland), Minister of Transport and Communications
- **primeminister2**: Antti Rinne
- **term start2**: 6 June 2019
- **term end2**: 10 December 2019
- **predecessor2**: Anu Vehviläinen
- **successor2**: Timo Harakka


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sanna Marin
- **image**: Sanna Marin at the European Commission - 2025 - P065828-802783 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Marin in 2025
- **order**: 46th
- **office**: Prime Minister of Finland
- **president**: Sauli Niinistö
- **deputy**: Katri Kulmuni
 Matti Vanhanen
 Annika Saarikko
- **term start**: 10 December 2019
- **term end**: 20 June 2023
- **predecessor**: Antti Rinne
- **successor**: Petteri Orpo
- **office1**: Social Democratic Party of Finland, Leader of the Social Democratic Party
- **term start1**: 23 August 2020
- **term end1**: 1 September 2023
- **predecessor1**: Antti Rinne
- **successor1**: Antti Lindtman
- **office3**: Parliament of Finland, Member of the Finnish Parliament
- **term start3**: 22 April 2015
- **term end3**: 12 September 2023
- **constituency3**: Pirkanmaa (constituency), Pirkanmaa
- **birth name**: Sanna Mirella Marin
- **birth place**: Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Finland, Social Democratic
- **children**: 1
- **education**: University of Tampere
Antti Rinne

**Antti Juhani Rinne** () (born 3 November 1962) is a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland from June to December 2019 and Leader of the Social Democratic Party since 2014.

He was Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of Finland between 2014 and 2015 and has been a Member of Parliament since 2015.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Antti Rinne
- **image**: Antti Rinne.jpg
- **office**: 45th Prime Minister of Finland
- **president**: Sauli Niinistö
- **deputy**: Mika Lintilä
 Katri Kulmuni
- **term start**: 6 June 2019
- **term end**: 10 December 2019
- **predecessor**: Juha Sipilä
- **successor**: Sanna Marin
- **office1**: Social Democratic Party of Finland, Leader of the Social Democratic Party
- **term start1**: 9 May 2014
- **predecessor1**: Jutta Urpilainen
- **office2**: Deputy Prime Minister of Finland
- **primeminister2**: Jyrki Katainen
Alexander Stubb
- **term start2**: 6 June 2014
- **term end2**: 29 May 2015
- **predecessor2**: Jutta Urpilainen
- **successor2**: Timo Soini
- **office3**: Minister of Finance (Finland), Minister of Finance
- **primeminister3**: Jyrki Katainen
Alexander Stubb
- **term start3**: 6 June 2014
- **term end3**: 29 May 2015
- **predecessor3**: Jutta Urpilainen
- **successor3**: Alexander Stubb
- **birth place**: Helsinki, Finland
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Finland, Social Democratic
- **spouse**: Heta Ravolainen
- **education**: University of Helsinki
Inge Lehmann

**Inge Lehmann**  (13 May 1888 – 21 February 1993) was a Danish seismologist and geophysicist.

In 1925, Lehmann was  the assistant of seismologist Niels Erik Nørlund. In 1928  she was made head of the Geodætisk Institut's seismological department.  in 1936, she co-founded the Danish Geophysical Society.

She used maths to analyze the way energy released by earthquakes travels through the Earth. She discovered that at its center, the Earth is solid . In fact,, it has a solid inner core and a liquid outer core.

Lehmann is  remarkable in that she is one of the longest-lived scientists in history, living to 104 years of age. Her father, Alfred Georg Ludvik Lehmann, was a psychologist and her mother, Ida Sophie Torsleff, was a housewife. Both parents came from prominent families. Inge was a very shy girl who did not enjoy being in the spot . She continued to be shy throughout her long life . She went to a private coeducational school called Faellesskolen which translates as shared school. The school was new: it had been founded when Inge was 5 years old by Hanna Adler, a wealthy woman.. Hanna Adler's new school was unusual in that boys and girls were treated equally, poring over the same topic and taking part in the same sports and activities. The children were not disciplined as rigorously as in other schools . Inge Lehmann enjoyed her time at the Fællesskolen, but she was sometimes bored because she did not feel challenged enough by the schoolwork. In 1906, at age 18, she passed the entrance examination for Copenhagen University with a first rank mark. She studied mathematics, chemistry and physics at the University of Copenhagen in 1907. She finally graduated in 1920.
Rosetta Code

**Rosetta Code** is a wiki-based website that features ways to solve various programming problems in many different programming languages.

## Website

Rosetta Code was created in 2007 by Michael Mol. The site's content is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License 1.2, though some components may have two licenses under less strict terms.

The examples of Rosetta Code shows how to get the result in various ways, and how "the same" task can be done in different programming languages.

, Rosetta Code has:
- 1,266 computer programming tasks (or problems)
- 404 additional draft programming tasks
- 933 computer programming languages that are used to solve tasks

### Data and structure

The Rosetta Code site is organized as a browsable cross-section of programming problems and programming languages. A programming problem's page displays solutions contributed by visitors in various programming languages, allowing different solutions to be compared to the programming problem.

Each programming language has its own page, which contains a list of programming problems that have solutions in that programming language. For example, a task that has a solution in the **C** programming language will appear in the listing for the **C** programming language, and if the same task has a solution in the **Ruby** programming language, the task will also appear in the listing for the **Ruby** programming language.

### Languages

Some programming languages that are listed on Rosetta Code are:

A list of all programming languages that have solutions to problems on Rosetta Code is available.

### Tasks

Some tasks that are listed on Rosetta Code are:

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Rosetta Code
- **screenshot**:
- **screenshot alt**: Front page of rosettacode.org
- **caption**: Front page of rosettacode.org
- **language**: English
- **content license**: GNU Free Documentation License, GFDL
- **programming language**: PHP, MediaWiki
- **owner**: Mike Mol
- **current status**: Online
Munchkin cat

A **Munchkin** cat is a type of cat breed that is a medium sized cat weighing 4 to 9 lbs. A Munchkin cat is best known for its short legs and outgoing personality.

## Cost

A munchkin cat can range from a wide range of prices depending on factors like gender or the cats color, whether they are a purebred seller or a private seller. Female cats can be more money because they can have kittens. Baby cats tend to cost more and the adult cats cost less. The prices for these cats can be $500 (U.S) to $1200 (U.S) .

## Personality

A Munchkin cat are loving and friendly. These cats want to be around humans. They love hugs and love to be pet. Munchkin cats get along with other cats Munchkins get along with dogs. These cats make great indoor cats and can hunt mice. Munchkin cats live 12 to 14 years and come in all types of colors and patterns. Munchkin cat eyes come in any color.

## Care

The care for a munchkin cat is important. Care for these cats includes brushing their fur once a week and to have water and food for the cat. These cats need a mix of wet food because it has vitamins and dry food for a healthy diet. Munchkins also need a lot of exercise. Having fake mice and a lot of different toys is good.

## Infobox (catbreed)

- **name**: Munchkin
- **image**: Longhairedmunchkin.jpg
- **imagecaption**: An adolescent munchkin kitten.
- **country**: United States
- **aacestd**: http://www.aaceinc.org/OldSite/pages/breeds/mksh.pdf
- **ticastd**: https://tica.org/phocadownload/mk.pdf
101955 Bennu

**101955 Bennu** (provisional designation ) is a carbonaceous asteroid in the Apollo group discovered by the LINEAR Project on 11 September 1999.

Bennu has a 1 in 2,700 chance of hitting Earth between the year 2175 and 2199.

It is named after the Bennu, the ancient Egyptian mythological bird associated with the Sun, creation, and rebirth.

Bennu has an average diameter of .

Bennu was the target of the OSIRIS-REx mission which returned samples to Earth in 2023 for further study.

Bennu is the second-highest on the cumulative rating on the Palermo technical impact hazard scale.

It is believed that Bennu broke off from another asteroid in the asteroid belt, but the gravitational pull of Saturn dislodged it into the range of Earth.

Bennu orbits the Sun every 1.2 years. It comes within 0.002 astronomical units of the earth every 6 years.

Some believe that if Bennu enters a specific hole between the earth and the moon its orbit could change in a way that would make it likely to hit Earth.

## Infobox (planet)

- **minorplanet**: yes
- **background**: #FFC2E0
- **name**: 101955 Bennu
- **named after**: Bennu
- **image**: BennuAsteroid.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Mosaic image of Bennu consisting of 12 PolyCam images collected on 2 December 2018 by _OSIRIS-REx_ from a range of .
- **discoverer**: Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research, LINEAR
- **discovered**: 11 September 1999
- **discovery site**: MIT Lincoln Laboratory#Lincoln Laboratory's ETS, Lincoln Lab's ETS
- **mpc name**: (101955) Bennu
- **mp category**: Apollo asteroid, ApolloNear-Earth object, NEOPotentially hazardous object, PHA
- **epoch**: 31 July 2016 (Julian day, JD 2457600.5)
- **uncertainty**: 0
- **observation arc**: 13.36 yr (4880 days)
- **eccentricity**: 0.20375
- **period**: 1.20 Julian year (astronomy), yr (436.65 Julian year (astronomy), d)
- **inclination**: 6.0349°
- **asc node**: 2.0609°
- **mean anomaly**: 101.7039Degree (angle), °
- **mean motion**: / day
- **arg peri**: 66.2231°
- **tisserand**: 5.525
- **p eccentricity**: 0.21145
- **p inclination**: 5.0415°
- **p mean motion**: 301.1345
- **dimensions**:  ± 
- **surface grav**: 6 micro-Gravity of Earth, g
- **axial tilt**: °
- **right asc north pole**: °
- **declination**: °
- **spectral type**: B-type asteroid, B
F-type asteroid, F
- **abs magnitude**: 20.9
- **temp name1**: Kelvin
- **min temp 1**: 236
- **mean temp 1**: 259
- **max temp 1**: 279
- **temp name2**: Fahrenheit
- **min temp 2**: -34.6
- **mean temp 2**: 6.8
- **max temp 2**: 42.8
- **temp name3**: Celsius
- **min temp 3**: -37
- **mean temp 3**: -14
- **max temp 3**: 6
Kenneth Allen Taylor

**Kenneth Allen Taylor** (1954 – December 2, 2019) was an American philosopher and radio personality. He was known for being the co-host (with John Perry) of the radio program _Philosophy Talk_. Taylor was born in Sandusky, Ohio.

Taylor died on December 2, 2019 of a heart attack in Stanford, California at the age of 65.
Sandusky, Ohio

**Sandusky**  is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Erie County.

According to 2020 census, the city had a population of 25,095.

In 2011, Sandusky was ranked No. 1 by _Forbes_ as the "Best Place to Live Cheaply" in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Sandusky, Ohio
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: "Home of Cedar Point"
- **image skyline**: Sandusky Ohio aerial view.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Sandusky
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Sandusky
- **pushpin map**: Ohio#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Sandusky
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, County
- **subdivision name2**: Erie County, Ohio, Erie
- **leader title**: City Manager
- **leader title2**: Commissioners
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 56.53
- **area land km2**: 24.96
- **area water km2**: 31.58
- **area total sq mi**: 21.83
- **area land sq mi**: 9.63
- **area water sq mi**: 12.19
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 25095
- **population density km2**: 1005.58
- **population density sq mi**: 2604.57
- **population metro**: 115986
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 44870–44871
- **area code**: Area code 419, 419/Area code 567, 567
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **elevation m**: 182
- **elevation ft**: 597
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39-70380
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1076832
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1818
John Perry (philosopher)

**John Richard Perry** (born January 16, 1943) is an American philosopher and radio personality. He is a Henry Waldgrave Stuart Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Stanford University and Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of California, Riverside.

He is known primarily for his work on situation semantics (together with Jon Barwise), reflexivity, indexicality, personal identity, and self-knowledge. Along with Kenneth Allen Taylor, he hosted _Philosophy Talk_.

Perry was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. He studied at Cornell University.

He was awarded the Jean Nicod Prize in 1999. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

## Other websites

- John Perry, Stanford Philosophy
- John Perry’s Web Page
- structured procrastination
George J. Laurer

**George Joseph Laurer** (September 23, 1925 – December 5, 2019) was an American engineer. He developed the Universal Product Code, commonly known as the barcode, in 1973. As an engineer at IBM, he was asked to develop the pattern used for the Universal Product Code.

Laurer died at his home in Wendell, North Carolina on December 5, 2019 at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Innovation Hall of Fame Inductees, Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland in 1991.
- Alumni UMD Hall Of Fame Members in 2000

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: George J. Laurer
- **image**: GeorgeLaurer1987.jpg
- **birth name**: George Joseph Laurer
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Wendell, North Carolina, U.S.
- **notable works**: Universal Product Code
Wendell, North Carolina

**Wendell** is a town in Wake County, North Carolina United States. The population was 9,793 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Wendell, North Carolina
- **settlement type**: Town
- **motto**: "Small Town, Big Charm City Connection"
- **named for**: Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
- **image skyline**: Wendell, North Carolina.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Wendell on the corner of W. Campen St. and N. Main St. on March 24, 2023
- **image map**: Wake County North Carolina incorporated and unincorporated areas Wendell highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Wake County, North Carolina, Wake County and the state of North Carolina.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: North Carolina
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in North Carolina, County
- **subdivision name2**: Wake County, North Carolina, Wake
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: 1903
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 18.03
- **area land km2**: 17.99
- **area water km2**: 0.04
- **area total sq mi**: 6.96
- **area land sq mi**: 6.95
- **area water sq mi**: 0.02
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 9793
- **population density km2**: 544.35
- **population density sq mi**: 1409.88
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 305
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 27591
- **area code**: Area code 919, 919
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 37-71860
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2406857
- **website**: http://townofwendell.com/
Piet Huyg

**Piet Huyg** (19 March 1951 – 6 December 2019) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a defender. He played 349 games with HFC Haarlem, mostly in the Dutch Eerste Divisie.

Huyg died on 6 December 2019 at the age of 68 of Alzheimer's disease.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Piet Huyg
- **image**: Jensen scoort voor Ajax het eerste doelpunt, rechts Huyg van Haarlem, Bestanddeelnr 930-4917.jpg
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **years1**: 1970–1984
- **clubs1**: HFC Haarlem
Irena Laskowska

**Irena Laskowska** (15 March 1925 – 6 December 2019) was a Polish actress. She appeared in more than 40 movies and television shows between 1948 and 2003. Laskowska was known for her roles in _The Last Day of Summer_ (1958), _Milczące ślady_ (1961), _Salto_ (1965), _Hunting Flies_ (1969), _Everything for Sale_ (1969) and in _Pornografia_ (2003).

Laskowska was born in Kraków. He died on 6 December 2019 in Warsaw at the age of 94.
Hirokazu Kanazawa

was a Japanese teacher. He taught Shotokan karate. He was the Chief instructor and President of the Shotokan Karate-Do International Federation, an organisation he founded after he left the Japan Karate Association (JKA). Kanazawa was ranked 10th _dan_ in karate.

## Infobox (martial artist)

- **name**: Hirokazu Kanazawa
- **image size**: 225px
- **birth place**: Iwate Prefecture, Japan
- **martial art**: Shotokan Karate, Judo, T'ai chi ch'üan
- **teacher**: Gichin Funakoshi, Masatoshi Nakayama
- **rank**: 10th _dan_ karate, 2nd _dan_ judo
- **website**: [http://www.skifworld.com Shotokan Karate-Do International Federation]
Zvonimir Vujin

**Zvonimir "Zvonko" Vujin** (23 July 1943 - 8 December 2019) was a Serbian amateur boxer. He competed in the 1968 and 1972 Olympics for Yugoslavia and won bronze medals on both occasions. In 1967 he won a silver medal at the European championships and a gold at the Mediterranean Games. He was born in Zrenjanin.

He died on 8 December 2019 in Zrenjanin, Serbia at the age of 76.
Ice Bucket Challenge

The **Ice Bucket Challenge**, sometimes called the **ALS Ice Bucket Challenge**, was a viral challenge in which people would dump a bucket of ice water over a person's head, either by another person or by themselves. This was done to promote awareness of the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as motor neuron disease and in the US as Lou Gehrig's disease) and encourage donations to research.

It went viral on social media during July–August 2014.

The challenge made the most money for charity of any social media trend in history. Each time someone did the ice bucket challenge they then challenged a friend to do it. If the friend did not do the challenge within 24 hours, they were supposed to donate $100 USD towards ALS. However, most people gave money even if they did complete the challenge. The number of views the videos got meant that almost 28 million people gave money, with the average donation being around $5. People raised more than $115 million for ALS. Over 100 research projects were started around the world with the money and 22 new drugs were developed. Before the challenge, the ALS association received $6 million a year to spend on research but after the challenge their revenue has grown to 19 million a year.
Reinhard Bonnke

**Reinhard Bonnke** (April 19, 1940 – December 7, 2019) was a German-American Pentecostal evangelist. He was known for his gospel missions throughout Africa. Bonnke was an evangelist and missionary in Africa, starting in 1967.

Bonnke's autobiography, _Living a Life of Fire_, is a collection of stories of his life.

Bonnke died on December 7, 2019 in Orlando, Florida at the age of 79. The cause of death was femur surgery-related problems.

## Other websites

- CfaN Christ for all Nations

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Reinhard Bonnke
- **image**: Evangelist_Reinhard_Bonnke.jpg
- **caption**: Reinhard Bonnke
- **birth place**: Königsberg, East Prussia, Germany
- **death place**: Orlando, Florida, U.S.
- **occupation**: Evangelism, Evangelist
- **website**: [http://www.cfan.org Christ For All Nations]
Bump Elliott

**Chalmers William "Bump" Elliott** (January 30, 1925 – December 7, 2019) was an American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He was born in Detroit, Michigan and raised in Bloomington, Illinois.

He played halfback at Purdue University (1943–1944) and the University of Michigan (1946–1947). Elliott spent ten years as an assistant football coach at Oregon State, Iowa, and Michigan.  He was appointed as Michigan's head football coach in 1959 and held that position until 1968.

From 1970 to 1991, he was the athletic director at the University of Iowa. In 1989, Elliott was added into the College Football Hall of Fame.

Elliott died on December 7, 2019 in Iowa City, Iowa at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Profile at Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan Athletics History
Giuseppe Frigo

**Giuseppe Frigo** (30 March 1935 – 7 December 2019) was an Italian judge. He was a judge on the Constitutional Court of Italy from 23 October 2008 to 7 November 2016. He retired on 7 November 2016, citing health reasons. He was born in Brescia, Italy.

Frigo died in Brescia on 7 December 2019 at the age of 84.
Herbert Joos

**Herbert Joos** (21 March 1940 – 7 December 2019) was a German jazz trumpeter, flugelhornist and graphic designer. He made recordings solo and in groups. He worked with the Vienna Art Orchestra. In 2017, he received the Jazzpreis Baden-Württemberg for his life's work.

He played at festivals and in the  of the SWF at a flugelhorn workshop with Kenny Wheeler, Ian Carr, Harry Beckett and Ack van Rooyen and made a name for himself with his solo recording, _The Philosophy of the Flugelhorn_ in 1973.

Joos died on 7 December 2019, after surgery in a Baden-Baden hospital at the age of 79.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Herbert Joos
- **image**: Herbert-Joos-Photo-Schindelbeck-FSP 8808-400.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: Herbert Joos, photo by Frank Schindelbeck
- **birth place**: Karlsruhe, Germany
- **death place**: Baden-Baden, Germany
- **awards**: Jazzpreis Baden-Württemberg
Ali Mufuruki

**Ali Mufuruki** (1959 – December 7, 2019) was a Tanzanian businessman, author, founder and board member of several organisations. He was the founder of Infotech Investment Group. He was the board chairman of Vodacom Tanzania and Wananchi Group Holdings. He was the co-author of the book _Tanzania's Industrialisation Journey, 2016–2056_.

He died on 7 December 2019 at the Morningside Hospital in Johannesburg.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ali Mufuruki
- **image**: Ali Mufuruki.jpg
- **nationality**: Tanzanian
- **alma mater**: Reutlingen University
- **children**: 4
Zaza Urushadze

**Zaza Urushadze** (; 30 October 1965 — 7 December 2019) was a Georgian movie director, screenwriter and producer. He was born in Tbilisi. His first movie, _Here Comes the Dawn_ (1998) was very successful and participated in many international film festivals. His other movie _Tangerines_ was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards. His last feature film was the highly acclaimed Anton, the Trotsky Secret and the Russian Revolution, filmed in Ukraine and released I. 2020. He died of a heart attack on 7 December 2019.
Paweł Pawlikowski

**Paweł Aleksander Pawlikowski** (; born 15 September 1957) is a Polish filmmaker. His best known movies are _Last Resort_ and _My Summer of Love_. His movie _Ida_ won the 2015 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

At the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, Pawlikowski won the Best Director prize for his 2018 movie _Cold War_, a movie which also earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director and Best Foreign Language Film.

## Other websites

- BBC Interview 2004
- Pawel Pawlikowski's website
- Paweł Pawlikowski at Culture.pl
- Interview with Terry Gross on NPR's Fresh Air, 12 February 2015

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Paweł Pawlikowski
- **image**: Pawel Pawlikowski (cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Paweł Aleksander Pawlikowski
- **birth place**: Warsaw, Poland
- **alma mater**: Oxford University
- **nationality**: Polish
- **occupation**: Filmmaker
- **children**: 2
- **website**: [http://www.pawelpawlikowski.co.uk Official Website]
Ron Saunders

**Ronald Saunders** (6 November 1932 – 7 December 2019) was an English football player and manager. He played for Everton, Gillingham, Portsmouth, Watford and Charlton Athletic.

He managed seven clubs in 20 years, and he was the only manager to have taken charge of Aston Villa, Birmingham City and West Bromwich Albion.

He died on 7 December 2019, aged 87.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ron Saunders
- **fullname**: Ronald Saunders
- **birth place**: Birkenhead, Cheshire, England
- **position**: Forward (association football), Striker
- **years1**: 1951–1955
- **years2**: 1955–1957
- **years3**: 1957–1958
- **years4**: 1958–1964
- **years5**: 1964–1965
- **years6**: 1965–1967
- **clubs1**: Everton F.C., Everton
- **clubs2**: Tonbridge Angels F.C., Tonbridge Angels
- **clubs3**: Gillingham F.C., Gillingham
- **clubs4**: Portsmouth F.C., Portsmouth
- **clubs5**: Watford F.C., Watford
- **clubs6**: Charlton Athletic F.C., Charlton Athletic
- **caps1**: 3
- **caps3**: 49
- **caps4**: 236
- **caps5**: 39
- **caps6**: 65
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals3**: 20
- **goals4**: 145
- **goals5**: 18
- **goals6**: 24
- **totalcaps**: 392
- **totalgoals**: 207
- **manageryears1**: 1967–1969
- **manageryears2**: 1969
- **manageryears3**: 1969–1973
- **manageryears4**: 1973–1974
- **manageryears5**: 1974–1982
- **manageryears6**: 1982–1986
- **manageryears7**: 1986–1987
- **managerclubs1**: Yeovil Town F.C., Yeovil Town
- **managerclubs2**: Oxford United F.C., Oxford United
- **managerclubs3**: Norwich City F.C., Norwich City
- **managerclubs4**: Manchester City F.C., Manchester City
- **managerclubs5**: Aston Villa F.C., Aston Villa
- **managerclubs6**: Birmingham City F.C., Birmingham City
- **managerclubs7**: West Bromwich Albion F.C., West Bromwich Albion
St. Joseph County, Indiana

**St. Joseph County**, commonly called **St. Joe County** by locals, is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of Census 2020, the population was 272,912. The county seat is South Bend.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Saint Joseph County
- **state**: Indiana
- **founded**: 1830
- **named for**: St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan), St. Joseph River
- **seat wl**: South Bend
- **largest city wl**: South Bend
- **area total sq mi**: 461.38
- **area land sq mi**: 457.85
- **area water sq mi**: 3.54
- **area percentage**: 0.77%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 272912
- **density km2**: auto
- **district**: 2nd
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **ex image**: St Joseph County Indiana Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Old St. Joseph County courthouse in South Bend, Indiana
- **web**: www.sjcindiana.com
- **footnotes**:  
* Indiana county number 71
* Fifth-most populous county in Indiana as of 2010
- **flag**: Flag of St. Joseph County, Indiana.svg
2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption

The volcanic island Whakaari, also called White Island, explosively erupted in New Zealand's northeastern Bay of Plenty region on 9 December 2019 at 2:11 pm NZDT. There were 47 people on or near the island at the time. The amount of people killed is currently 22, including 2 people that went missing and are believed to be dead. 25 people were injured, many critically.

## Events

White Island is a popular tourist attraction. In the days leading up to the eruption, the volcano on White Island became more unstable, causing an earthquake at one point. Although the volcano's alert level increased, tours of White Island continued.

When the volcano erupted, it sent rock, volcanic ash, and super-hot gas  into the air. This hot gas burned the people on the island, causing deaths and injuries. The type of eruption was a phreatic eruption, where water heated by magma turns into steam and causes an explosion.

### After the eruption

WorkSafe New Zealand, New Zealand's primary workplace safety organization, launched an investigation into the disaster alongside New Zealand police. WorkSafe New Zealand later charged 3 people (the owners of White Island) and 10 organizations.

Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said that "the scale of this tragedy is devastating".
Holbrook, Arizona

**Holbrook** () is a city in Navajo County, Arizona, United States.  According to the 2020 census, the population of the city was 4,858. The city is the county seat of Navajo County.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Holbrook
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "Gateway to the Petrified Forest"
- **image skyline**: Historic Navajo County Courthouse and Museum cropped.jpg
- **image caption**: Historic Navajo County Courthouse and Museum
- **image map**: File:Navajo County Arizona Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Holbrook Highlighted 0433280.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in United States
- **map caption**: Location of Holbrook in Navajo County, Arizona
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Arizona
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Arizona, County
- **subdivision name2**: Navajo County, Arizona, Navajo
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: 1917
- **area total km2**: 44.99
- **area total sq mi**: 17.37
- **area land km2**: 44.92
- **area land sq mi**: 17.34
- **area water km2**: 0.07
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation ft**: 5082
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 4858
- **population density km2**: 108.15
- **population density sq mi**: 280.10
- **timezone**: Mountain Time Zone, MST (no Daylight saving time, DST)
- **utc offset**: -7
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 86025
- **area code**: Area code 928, 928
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name sec1**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID(s)
- **blank1 info sec1**: 2410773
- **blank name sec2**: Airport
- **blank info sec2**: Holbrook Municipal Airport
Holding Out for a Hero

"**Holding Out for a Hero**" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler for the soundtrack to the 1984 movie _Footloose_, and later included on her 1986 album _Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire_.

It was written by Jim Steinman and Dean Pitchford. The song only just reached the Top 100 in the UK Singles Chart, but made it to number 2 the following year, and re-entered the charts again at number 69 in 1991. The song reached No. 1 on the Irish Singles Chart on 28 September 1985. It reached the top 40 in the United States and Canada.

The song later become popular after Jennifer Saunders recorded the song for the 2004 movie _Shrek 2_.

## Charts

|style="width: 200pt;"|Chart (1984)|style="width: 40pt;"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Australia (Kent Music Report)|align="center"|44||
|Eurocharts European Hot 100 Singles|align="center"|77||
|European Airplay Top 50 Music & Media|align="center"|39||
|Italy (FIMI)|align="center"|30||
|South Africa (Springbok Radio)|align="center"|23||
|Finland The Official Finnish Charts|align="center"|8||
|style="width: 200pt;"|Chart (1985)|style="width: 40pt;"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|scope="row"|European Airplay Top 50 Music & Media|align="center"|19|
|scope="row"|Eurocharts European Hot 100 Singles|align="center"|29|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Holding Out for a Hero
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Bonnie Tyler
- **album**: Footloose (1984 soundtrack), Footloose: Original Soundtrack of the Paramount Motion Picture  Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire
- **b-side**: Faster Than the Speed of Night (song), Faster Than the Speed of Night
- **released**: 1984
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **length**: * 5:50 (album version)
* 4:22 (single edit)
- **label**: * Sony Music, CBS
* Columbia Records, Columbia
- **writer**: * Jim Steinman
* Dean Pitchford
- **producer**: Jim Steinman
- **prev title**: A Rockin' Good Way (to Mess Around and Fall in Love)
- **prev year**: 1984
- **next title**: Here She Comes
- **next year**: 1984
Total Eclipse of the Heart

"**Total Eclipse of the Heart**" is a song recorded by Bonnie Tyler. It was written and produced by Jim Steinman, and released on Tyler's fifth studio album, _Faster Than the Speed of Night_ (1983). The song was released as a single by Columbia Records on 11 February 1983 in the United Kingdom and on 31 May 1983 in the United States.

Worldwide, the single has created 6 million copies and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 1 million copies after its release. In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV.

That leading up to the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017, the song's streams went up 827% globally. The song again reached No. 1 on the iTunes Top Songs chart in the US during the solar eclipse of April 8, 2024.

In early 2021, the Marsh family, a couple with four children in Faversham, Kent, produced a parody version titled "Totally Fixed Where We Are." The lyrics express the feelings of people in the U.K. under a third lockdown during the 2020/2021 Covid-19 pandemic. The video was uploaded to YouTube on February 2, 2021, and in less than a week got over 1.4 million views.
UKF

**UKF** is a Label Started in 2007 Offering a wide variety of Genre's in Techno. Sub-Genre's such as Drum & Bass & Dubstep made it a success. most notable artists can be people such as Bare Noize, Macky Gee & Fox Stevenson.

UKF TOP TRACKS
- 1. Macky Gee - Tour
- 2. Fox Stevenson - Bruises
- 3. Flux Pavilion - I Can't Stop
- 4. Bare Noize - Dire
- 5. Fox Stevenson - On My Own
- 6. Kove & Friction - Your Love
- 7. Sub Focus & Dimension - Desire
- 8. Camos & Krooked - Lesson (ft. Skittles)
- 9. Fox Stevenson - Miss You
- 10. Bare Noize & Clockvice - Daybreak
It's a Heartache

"**It's a Heartache**" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler for her second studio album, _Natural Force_ (1978). The song was recorded in the same year by Juice Newton as a standalone single.

Tyler's version received positive reviews from music critics. The song reached number three in the United States and number four in the United Kingdom. Tyler's version is one of the best-selling singles of all time.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: It's a Heartache
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Bonnie Tyler
- **album**: Natural Force
- **b-side**: It's About Time
- **released**: November 1977
- **genre**: Soft rock
- **length**: 3:31
- **label**: RCA Records
- **writer**: Ronnie Scott (songwriter), Ronnie Scott & Steve Wolfe
- **producer**: David Mackay (producer), David Mackay
- **prev title**: Heaven (Bonnie Tyler 1977 song), Heaven
- **prev year**: 1977
- **next title**: Here Am I (Bonnie Tyler song), Here Am I
- **next year**: 1978
Jim Steinman

**James Richard Steinman** (November 1, 1947 – April 19, 2021) was an American composer, singer, lyricist, record producer, and playwright.

Steinman died on April 19, 2021 at a hospital in Connecticut from a "sudden medical emergency", aged 73.

## Other websites

- Steinmania – Features the 1969 Recording of the Dream Engine

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jim Steinman
- **image**: JimSecondNight.jpg
- **caption**: Steinman in January 2005 at Joe's Pub in New York City
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **birth name**: James Richard Steinman
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States
- **death place**: Connecticut, United States
- **years active**: 1969–2021