juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Allauch

**Allauch** is a commune of 19,400 people (2005). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department
- Arrondissements of the Bouches-du-Rhône department

## Other websites

- Allauch official website
- Allauch official tourism website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Allauch
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Allauch-Flickr.jpg
- **caption**: The village of Allauch
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville d'Allauch (13).svg
- **mayor**: Vacant
- **arrondissement**: Marseille
- **canton**: Allauch
- **area km2**: 50.3
- **population**: 21481
- **population date**: 2014
- **elevation m**: 223
- **elevation min m**: 116
- **elevation max m**: 721
- **intercommunality**: Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, Aix-Marseille-Provence
- **postal code**: 13190
- **insee**: 13002
- **dialling code**: 0491
Alleins

**Alleins** is a commune of 2,368 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Aubagne

**Aubagne** is a commune of 42,900 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Aureille

**Aureille** is a commune of 1,463 people (2007). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Auriol, Bouches-du-Rhône

**Auriol** is a commune of 11,057 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Aurons

**Aurons** is a commune of 515 people (1999). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
La Barben

**La Barben** is a commune of 649 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Barbentane

**Barbentane** is a commune of 3,660 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Ehrenbreitstein

**Festung Ehrenbreitstein** is a fortress. It was built on a mountain called Ehrenbreitstein on the right side of the Rhine opposite to the town of Koblenz in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

It was built as part of the "Festung Koblenz" (Fortress Koblenz), by Prussia between 1817 and 1832 and guarded the middle Rhine region. This area had often been invaded by the French. The fortress was never attacked.

## Other websites

- Ehrenbreitstein pictures and information
Les Baux-de-Provence

**Les Baux-de-Provence** is a commune of 381 people (2006). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.
Beaurecueil

**Beaurecueil** is a commune of 568 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Belcodène

**Belcodène** is a commune of 1,731 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Berre-l'Étang

**Berre-l'Étang** is a commune of 14,300 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Berre-l'Étang
- **image**: View on Berre-l'Étang 2.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Berre-l'Étang (Bouches-du-Rhône).svg
- **arrondissement**: Istres
- **canton**: Berre-l'Étang
- **insee**: 13014
- **postal code**: 13130
- **mayor**: Serge Andreoni
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Salon-Étang de Berre-Durance
- **elevation m**: 5
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 146
- **area km2**: 43.64
- **population**: 13881
- **population date**: 2008
Bouc-Bel-Air

**Bouc-Bel-Air** is a commune of 13,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Jeep

**Jeep** is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group, LLC), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. The former Chrysler Corporation acquired the Jeep brand, along with the remaining assets of its owner American Motors, in 1987. Jeep's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off-road vehicles, but has also included pickup trucks in the past. 1941

The original Jeep was the prototype Bantam BRC. Willys MB Jeeps went into production in 1941 specifically for the military. Arguably that makes them the oldest four-wheel drive mass-production vehicles now known as SUVs. The Jeep became the primary light 4-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Army and the Allies during World War II. It remained so in the postwar period. The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war. Doug Stewart notes:
- The spartan, cramped, and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four-wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky, can-do determination."

The first civilian models were produced in 1945. It inspired a number of other light utility vehicles, such as the Land Rover. Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations. In 2007 Jeep began manufacturing crossover SUVs with its Compass and Patriot models. This led to the 2013 Jeep Cherokee midsize crossover.

## Current models

|rowspan="2"|Body style|colspan="3"|Model|colspan="3"|Current generation|rowspan="2" width="30%" class="unsortable"|Vehicle description|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2021|rowspan="2"|WS|rowspan="2"|2021|rowspan="2"|North America|rowspan="2"|Full-size SUV (Wagoneer), full-size luxury SUV (Grand Wagoneer). Long-wheelbase version is known as the Wagoneer L and Grand Wagoneer L.|
|rowspan="2"|1986|rowspan="2"|JL|rowspan="2"|2017|rowspan="2"|Global|rowspan="2"|Compact SUV (2-door), mid-size SUV (Unlimited and 4-door). PHEV version available as the Wrangler 4xe.|
|2022|JJ|2023 (JJ)|Europe, etc.|Subcompact SUV. Mild hybrid and BEV are available.||||||
|2007|* MP * M1 * M4 * M6|2018 (MP)|Global|Compact crossover SUV smaller than the Cherokee. PHEV version is available.||||||
|2021|* H1 * H6|2021 (H1/H6)|Latin America, India|Mid-size crossover SUV based on the Compass produced in Brazil and India. Named the Meridian in India.||||||
|rowspan="2"|1992|rowspan="2"|WL|rowspan="2"|2021|rowspan="2"|North America, etc.|rowspan="2"|Mid-size crossover SUV. Long-wheelbase version is known as the Grand Cherokee L. PHEV version is available for the short-wheelbase model.|
|2014|* BU * B1 * BQ|2014|Global|||||||
|2024||2024|North America, etc.|BEV crossover SUV based on STLA Large platform.||||||
|2019|JT|2019|Global|Mid-size pickup truck based on the Jeep Wrangler (JL).||||||

## Infobox (brand)

- **name**: Jeep
- **logo**:
- **logo size**: 200
- **image**:
- **caption**: Jeep dealership in Rockville, Maryland (2004)
- **currentowner**: Stellantis
- **producedby**: Chrysler, Stellantis North America
- **country**: U.S.
- **related**: Willys MB
- **markets**: Worldwide
La Bouilladisse

**La Bouilladisse** is a commune of 4,904 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Boulbon

**Boulbon** is a commune of 1,510 people (1999). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Cabannes, Bouches-du-Rhône

**Cabannes** is a commune of 4,119 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Cabriès

**Cabriès** is a commune of 8,073 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Cadolive

**Cadolive** is a commune of 2,087 people (1999). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Carnoux-en-Provence

**Carnoux-en-Provence** is a commune of 7,042 people (1999). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.
Carry-le-Rouet

**Carry-le-Rouet** is a commune of 6,355 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Cassis

**Cassis** is a commune of 7,766 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Ceyreste

**Ceyreste** is a commune of 4,034 people (2004). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Ceyreste
- **image**: COUVERTURE_-_Marie-Jo_BERGBAUER.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Ceyreste (13).svg
- **mayor**: Patrick Ghigonetto
- **arrondissement**: Marseille
- **canton**: La Ciotat
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **area km2**: 22.61
- **population**: 4130
- **population date**: 2008
- **elevation m**: 74
- **elevation min m**: 57
- **elevation max m**: 501
- **intercommunality**: Marseille Provence Métropole
- **postal code**: 13600
- **insee**: 13023
- **dialling code**: 0442
Charleval, Bouches-du-Rhône

**Charleval** is a commune of 2,080 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Filipino language

**Filipino** is "in practice" but not "according to the law" a form of the Tagalog language or the Metro Manila dialect of Tagalog. It is the national language of the Philippines, and one of the two official languages of the Philippines, with English being the other. About a third of the people in the Philippines speak Tagalog as a first language, and more people speak it as a second language, especially the Filipino language.

_Filipino_ is "in practice" but not "according to the law" used as the formal, official, and/or academic name of the Tagalog language, but sometimes, it even means the same thing, which makes Tagalog and Filipino different languages

Commonly called Tagalog, the Tagalog language or the Tagalog language in the Philippines and among most Filipinos, just differentiate it from the other languages of the Philippines.

Filipino is a language that has undergone evolution and development from the Pilipino language since 1987, and it has more influences from the other languages of the Philippines and from foreign languages than the core Tagalog language.

The Pilipino language has been since 1959 the final official name of the former or previous official and national language of the Philippines.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Filipino
- **nativename**: Standard dialect of Tagalog
- **states**: Philippines
- **region**: All regions of the Philippines, especially in Metro Manila, Metro Manila, the National Capital Region (of the Philippines), and in all other urban centers of the Philippines
- **date**: NA
- **familycolor**: Austronesian
- **fam2**: Malayo-Polynesian languages, Malayo-Polynesian
- **fam3**: Central Philippine
- **fam4**: Tagalog language, Tagalog
- **script**: Baybayin, Filipino alphabet (Latin script)
- **agency**: Commission on the Filipino Language
(_Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino_)
- **iso2**: fil
- **iso3**: fil
- **minority**:
Châteauneuf-le-Rouge

**Châteauneuf-le-Rouge** is a commune of 2,070 people (as of 2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Châteauneuf-les-Martigues

**Châteauneuf-les-Martigues** is a commune of 11,900 people (). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## History

During the feudal period, Châteauneuf was known for its castle, the Castrum Novum, mentioned as early as the 11th century. The village developed at the foot of the castle. Its Occitan name, Castèunòu dau Martegue, recalls its belonging to the category of medieval Castelnau (village or town founded in the Middle Ages near a castle).
Châteaurenard

**Châteaurenard** is a commune of 14,817 people (2008). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
La Ciotat

**La Ciotat** is a commune of 32,126 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Cornillon-Confoux

**Cornillon-Confoux** is a commune of 1,327 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Cornillon-Confoux
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: View on Cornillon-Confoux.jpg
- **caption**: An aerial view of Cornillon-Confoux
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Cornillon-Confoux (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Aix-en-Provence
- **canton**: Berre-l'Étang
- **insee**: 13029
- **postal code**: 13250
- **mayor**: Daniel Gagnon
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, Aix-Marseille-Provence
- **elevation m**: 110
- **elevation min m**: 21
- **elevation max m**: 190
- **area km2**: 14.95
- **population**: 1345
- **population date**: 2008
Coudoux

**Coudoux** is a commune of 3,352 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Cuges-les-Pins

**Cuges-les-Pins** is a commune of 4,708 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
La Destrousse

**La Destrousse** is a commune of 2,736 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Éguilles

**Éguilles** is a commune of 7,544 people (2007). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Ensuès-la-Redonne

**Ensuès-la-Redonne** is a commune of 5,096 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Eygalières

**Eygalières** is a commune of 1,900 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Eygalières
- **image**: Eygalieres.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville d'Eygalières (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **canton**: Orgon
- **insee**: 13034
- **postal code**: 13810
- **mayor**: Félix Pelissier
- **term**: 2002–2008
- **intercommunality**: Vallée des Baux
- **elevation m**: 20
- **elevation min m**: 12
- **elevation max m**: 300
- **area km2**: 33.97
- **population**: 1851
- **population date**: 1999
Eyguières

**Eyguières** is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France. 6,312 people lived there in 2007.
Eyragues

**Eyragues** is a commune of 4,179 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
La Fare-les-Oliviers

**La Fare-les-Oliviers** is a commune of 6,334 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Fontvieille, Bouches-du-Rhône

** Fontvieille** is a commune of 3,362 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Fos-sur-Mer

**Fos-sur-Mer** is a commune of 15,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Fos-sur-Mer
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: ZI Fos-sur-Mer.jpg
- **caption**: Industrial zone
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Fos-sur-Mer 13.svg
- **arrondissement**: Istres
- **canton**: Istres
- **insee**: 13039
- **postal code**: 13270
- **mayor**: René Raimondi
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, Aix-Marseille-Provence
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 39
- **area km2**: 92.31
- **population**: 15448
- **population date**: 2008
Fuveau

**Fuveau** is a commune of 8,558 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Gardanne

**Gardanne** is a commune of 20,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Gémenos

**Gémenos** is a commune in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France. As of 1999, 5,481 people lived there.
Gignac-la-Nerthe

**Gignac-la-Nerthe** is a commune. It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France. 9,140 people lived there in 2004.
Grans

**Grans** is a commune of 4,078 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Grans
- **image**: Boulevard de Grans.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Grans (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Aix-en-Provence
- **canton**: Salon-de-Provence
- **insee**: 13044
- **postal code**: 13450
- **mayor**: Yves Vidal
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Ouest Provence
- **elevation m**: 49
- **elevation min m**: 38
- **elevation max m**: 110
- **area km2**: 27.6
- **population**: 4153
- **population date**: 2008
Graveson

**Graveson** is a commune of 3,836 people (2008). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

The village is very attractive for holidaymakers, because it is located between Arles and Avignon. Neighbour villages are Châteaurenard, Maillane and Rognonas.

Graveson is birthplace of the painter Auguste Chabaud.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Graveson
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Porte à Gravescon.JPG
- **caption**: City gate
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **intercommunality**: Rhône Alpilles Durance
- **mayor**: Michel Pecout
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **elevation min m**: 8
- **elevation max m**: 143
- **area km2**: 23.54
- **population**: 4271
- **population date**: 2012
- **insee**: 13045
- **postal code**: 13690
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Graveson (13).svg
- **canton**: Châteaurenard
Gréasque

**Gréasque** is a commune of 3,705 people (2004). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Gréasque
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Puits Hély d'Oissel - chevalement.JPG
- **caption**: Headframe of the Puits Hély d'Oissel, Hély d'Oissel coal mine, registered as an monument historique, historic monument in 1989
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Gréasque (13).svg
- **mayor**: Suzanne Maurel-Chordi
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, Aix-Marseille-Provence
- **arrondissement**: Marseille
- **canton**: Allauch
- **area km2**: 6.15
- **population**: 3948
- **population date**: 2008
- **elevation min m**: 276
- **elevation max m**: 385
- **insee**: 13046
- **postal code**: 13850
- **dialling code**: 0442
Istres

**Istres** is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the south of France. About 45,000 people live there.

La fête des bergers (The shepherds' festival) is held at the end of November and beginning of December.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Istres
- **image coat of arms**: Blason_Istres.svg
- **image**: Istres_-_Centre_ancien.jpg
- **caption**: The old town centre
- **elevation m**: 20
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 120
- **area km2**: 113.73
- **population**: 42944
- **population date**: 2012
- **insee**: 13047
- **postal code**: 13800
Jouques

**Jouques** is a commune of 3,321 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Lamanon

**Lamanon** is a commune of 1,713 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France. It's known because of the archaeological site of Grottes de Calès, a cave dwelling from prehistoric to medieval times.
Lambesc

**Lambesc** is a commune of 7,934 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Lançon-Provence

**Lançon-Provence** is a commune of 7,674 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Maillane

**Maillane** is a commune of 2,013 people (2004). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Maillane
- **image**: Eglise à Maillane.JPG
- **caption**: Church in Maillane
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Maillane (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **canton**: Saint-Rémy-de-Provence
- **insee**: 13052
- **postal code**: 13910
- **mayor**: Jacques Demarle
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **elevation m**: 12
- **elevation min m**: 7
- **elevation max m**: 17
- **area km2**: 16.77
- **population**: 1880
- **population date**: 1999
Mallemort

**Mallemort** is a commune of 5,501 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Marignane

**Marignane** is a commune of 33,700 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Marignane
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Chapelle Notre Dame de Pitié - Marignane (13).JPG
- **caption**: Chapel of Notre Dame de Pitié
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Marignane (Bouches-du-Rhône).svg
- **arrondissement**: Istres
- **canton**: Marignane
- **insee**: 13054
- **postal code**: 13700
- **mayor**: Eric Le Dissès
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, Aix-Marseille-Provence
- **elevation m**: 15
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 100
- **area km2**: 23.16
- **population**: 33909
- **population date**: 2008
Substitution box

In cryptography, a **S-Box** (_Substitution-box_) is a basic component of symmetric-key algorithms. In block ciphers, the S-Boxes are used to make the relation between the key and the ciphertext (coded text) difficult to understand–Shannon's property of confusion. The S-Boxes are carefully chosen to resist cryptanalysis (decoding).

In general, an S-Box takes some number of input bits, _m_, and transforms them into some number of output bits, _n_: an _m_×_n_ S-Box can be implemented as a lookup table with 2<sup>_m_</sup> words of _n_ bits each. Fixed tables are normally used, as in the Data Encryption Standard (DES), but in some ciphers the tables are generated dynamically from the key; e.g. the Blowfish and the Twofish encryption algorithms. Bruce Schneier describes IDEA's modular multiplication step as a key-dependent S-Box.

One good example is this 6×4-bit S-Box from DES (S<sub>5</sub>):

|rowspan="2" colspan="2"|S<sub>5</sub>||colspan="16" align="center"|Middle (inner) 4 bits of input||||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|0010|1100|0100|0001|0111|1010|1011|0110|1000|0101|0011|1111|1101|0000|1110|1001|
|1110|1011|0010|1100|0100|0111|1101|0001|0101|0000|1111|1010|0011|1001|1000|0110|
|0100|0010|0001|1011|1010|1101|0111|1000|1111|1001|1100|0101|0110|0011|0000|1110|
|1011|1000|1100|0111|0001|1110|0010|1101|0110|1111|0000|1001|1010|0100|0101|0011|

Given a 6-bit input, the 4-bit output is found by selecting the row using the outer two bits, and the column using the inner four bits. For example, an input "**0**1101**1**" has outer bits "**01**" and inner bits "1101"; the corresponding output would be "1001".

The 8 S-Boxes of DES were the subject of intensive studies for many years cause of a concern that a method of bypassing the DES cipher to obtaining access to the plaintext–a _vulnerability_ (_susceptibility_) known only to its designers–might have been _planted_ (inserted) in the cipher. In 1994, the S-Box design criteria were finally published by its designers after the public rediscovery of differential cryptanalysis, showing that they had been carefully tuned the design to increase resistance against differential cryptanalysis attacks. Other research had already indicated that even a very small modification to one of the 8 S-Box used by the DES could weaken it very much.

The design of good S-Boxes was the subject of a great amount of research; now much more is understood about their use in block ciphers than when the DES S-Boxes were released.

## Related pages

- Substitution cipher

## Other websites

- A literature survey on S-Box design
- John Savard's "Questions of S-Box Design"
- Gargiulo's "S-Box Modifications and Their Effect in DES-like Encryption Systems"
Martigues

**Martigues** is a commune of 46,200 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles

**Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles** is a commune of 373 people (1999). It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Mas-Blanc-des-Alpilles (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **canton**: Tarascon
- **insee**: 13057
- **postal code**: 13103
- **mayor**: Laurent Geslin
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **elevation m**: 15
- **elevation min m**: 9
- **elevation max m**: 65
- **area km2**: 1.57
- **population**: 506
- **population date**: 2008
Maussane-les-Alpilles

**Maussane-les-Alpilles** is a commune of 2,155 people (2004). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.
Meyrargues

**Meyrargues** is a commune in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France. 3,400 people lived there in 2006.
Meyreuil

**Meyreuil** is a commune of 4,450 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Mimet

**Mimet** is a commune of 4,400 people (2004). It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Mimet
- **image**: Mimet.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Mimet (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Aix-en-Provence
- **canton**: Gardanne
- **insee**: 13062
- **postal code**: 13105
- **mayor**: Georges Cristiani
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Pays d'Aix
- **elevation m**: 512
- **elevation min m**: 269
- **elevation max m**: 782
- **area km2**: 18.7
- **population**: 4479
- **population date**: 2008
Miramas

**Miramas** is a commune of 23,800 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Mollégès

**Mollégès** () is a commune of 2,171 people (1999). It is in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Mollégès
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Château et Eglise à Mollégès.JPG
- **caption**: Chateau and church
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Mollégès (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **canton**: Châteaurenard
- **insee**: 13064
- **postal code**: 13940
- **mayor**: Corinne Chabaud
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération Terre de Provence, CA Terre de Provence
- **elevation m**: 55
- **elevation min m**: 45
- **elevation max m**: 67
- **area km2**: 14.20
Mouriès

**Mouriès** is a commune of 3,085 people (2008). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Mouriès
- **image**: Mouriès vue générale.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Mouriès (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **canton**: Eyguières
- **insee**: 13065
- **postal code**: 13890
- **mayor**: Alice Ruggiero
- **term**: Since 2014
- **intercommunality**: Vallée des Baux
- **elevation min m**: 1
- **elevation max m**: 280
- **area km2**: 38.35
- **population**: 3085
- **population date**: 2008
Noves

**Noves** is a commune of 4,845 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Orgon

**Orgon** is a commune of 2,913 people (2004). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Orgon
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Orgon vue générale (église et château).jpg
- **caption**: Church of the Assumption and castle of the Duke of Guise
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Orgon (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **canton**: Salon-de-Provence-1
- **insee**: 13067
- **postal code**: 13660
- **mayor**: Guy Robert
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **elevation min m**: 62
- **elevation max m**: 298
- **area km2**: 34.78
- **population**: 3120
- **population date**: 2012
Paradou

**Paradou** is a commune of 1,162 people (1999). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Paradou
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mairie Paradou.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Paradou (13).svg
- **caption**: Town hall
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **canton**: Salon-de-Provence-1
- **insee**: 13068
- **postal code**: 13520
- **mayor**: Jean-Hilaire Seyverac
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Vallée des Baux
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 162
- **area km2**: 16.15
- **population**: 1638
- **population date**: 2012
Pélissanne

**Pélissanne** is a commune of 9,268 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Les Pennes-Mirabeau

**Les Pennes-Mirabeau** is a commune of 19,043 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
La Penne-sur-Huveaune

**La Penne-sur-Huveaune** is a commune of 6,150 people (2008). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Peynier

**Peynier** is a commune of 2,900 people (2005). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Peypin

**Peypin** is a commune of 5,097 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Peyrolles-en-Provence

**Peyrolles-en-Provence** is a commune of 4,286 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Peyrolles-en-Provence
- **image**: Peyrolles-en-Provence 20100918 16.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Peyrolles-en-Provence (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Aix-en-Provence
- **canton**: Peyrolles-en-Provence
- **insee**: 13074
- **postal code**: 13860
- **mayor**: Danielle Long
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Pays d'Aix
- **elevation m**: 220
- **elevation min m**: 201
- **elevation max m**: 782
- **area km2**: 34.9
- **population**: 4477
- **population date**: 2008
Plan-de-Cuques

**Plan-de-Cuques** is a commune of 10,503 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Plan-d'Orgon

**Plan-d'Orgon** is a commune of 2,738 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Confusion and diffusion

In cryptography, **confusion** and **diffusion** are two properties of the operation of a secure cipher.

**Confusion** and **diffusion** were identified by Claude Elwood Shannon in his paper, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" published in 1949. In Shannon's original definitions:
1. **Confusion** refers to making the relationship between the key and the ciphertext as complex and as involved as possible
1. **Diffusion** refers to the property that redundancy in the statistics of the plaintext is "dissipated" in the statistics of the ciphertext.

Diffusion is associated with the dependency of the output bits on the input bits. In a cipher with good diffusion, flipping an input bit should change each output bit with a probability of one half (this is termed the Strict Avalanche Criterion).

Substitution (a rule for replacing plaintext symbols by another) has been identified as a mechanism for primarily confusion (see S-box); on the other hand transposition using P-box (rearranging or swapping the order of symbols) is a technique for diffusion, although other mechanisms are also used in modern practice, such as linear transformations (e.g. in AES). Product ciphers use alternating substitution and transposition phases (rounds) to achieve both confusion and diffusion respectively.

## Related pages

- Substitution-permutation network

## References

- Claude E. Shannon, "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems", Bell System Technical Journal, vol.28-4, page 656–715, 1949. http://netlab.cs.ucla.edu/wiki/files/shannon1949.pdf
Port-de-Bouc

**Port-de-Bouc** is a commune of 17,900 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Port-de-Bouc
- **image**: Port de bouc aiguesdouces.png
- **caption**: Aigues Douces area
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Port-de-Bouc (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Istres
- **canton**: Martigues-Ouest
- **insee**: 13077
- **postal code**: 13110
- **mayor**: Patricia Fernandez-Pédinielli
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Ouest de l'Étang de Berre
- **elevation m**: 15
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 68
- **area km2**: 11.46
- **population**: 17207
- **population date**: 2008
Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône

**Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône** is a commune of 8,524 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône 13.svg
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **canton**: Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône
- **insee**: 13078
- **postal code**: 13230
- **mayor**: Philippe Caizergues
- **term**: 2001-2008
- **intercommunality**: Ouest Provence
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 3
- **area km2**: 73.38
- **population**: 8121
- **population date**: 1999
Puyloubier

**Puyloubier** is a commune of 1,671 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade

**Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade** is a commune. It is in the  Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France. 5,112 people lived there in (2006).
Rognac

**Rognac** is a commune of 11,900 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Rognes, Bouches-du-Rhône

**Rognes** is a commune of 4,194 people (1999). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.
Rognonas

**Rognonas** is a commune of 3,623 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
La Roque-d'Anthéron

**La Roque-d'Anthéron** is a commune of 4,722 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems

***Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems*** is a paper published by Claude Shannon discussing cryptography from the viewpoint of information theory. It is one of the _foundational treatments_ (_primitives_) of modern cryptography. It is also a proof that all theoretically _unbreakable_ (_un-crack-able_) ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad encryption algorithm.

Shannon published an earlier version of this research in the classified report ***A Mathematical Theory of Cryptography***, Memorandum MM 45-110-02, Sept. 1, 1945, Bell Laboratories.

In 1948, Shannon published his great paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" which is considered one of the founding works of the field of information theory.

## Related pages

- Confusion and diffusion
- Product cipher

## References

- Shannon, Claude. "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems", _Bell System Technical Journal_, vol.28(**4**), page 656–715, 1949.

## Other websites

- Online retyped copy of the paper
- Scanned version of the published _BSTJ_ paper
Come as You Are (Nirvana song)

"**Come as You Are**" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was the second single from their second album, _Nevermind_, the first was the enormously popular "Smells Like Teen Spirit". It is one of the band's most famous songs. _Rolling Stone_ magazine named it as the 445th on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.

## Music video

There was a music video for the song. It has a lot of random scenes, such as Kurt Cobain sitting on a chandelier hanging from a ceiling, a handgun floating in a swimming pool, and a baby swimming in that pool (a reference to the cover art of _Nevermind_.)

## Release

After the single was released, the English post-punk band Killing Joke became angry at Nirvana for supposedly ripping off their song "Eighties".

Nirvana thought that "Smells Like Teen Spirit", the previous single from _Nevermind_, would not be very popular, and that "Come as You Are" would be a big hit. However, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" became the band's most famous song and one of the most famous songs ever, even though Come as You Are was also popular.

## Other versions of the song

On November 18, 1993, Nirvana played "Come as You Are" on their show on MTV Unplugged. The show contained mostly their unpopular songs and covers of other artists' songs; "Come as You Are" was the only hit they played.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Come as You Are
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Nirvana (band), Nirvana
- **album**: Nevermind
- **b-side**: *"Drain You" (live) (U.S.)
*"Endless, Nameless (song), Endless, Nameless" (U.K.)
- **studio**: Sound City Studios in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, Van Nuys, California
- **genre**: Grunge
- **length**: 3:38
- **label**: Geffen Records, DGC
- **writer**: Kurt Cobain
- **producer**: Butch Vig
- **prev title**: On a Plain
- **prev year**: 1991
- **next title**: Lithium (Nirvana song), Lithium
- **next year**: 1992
Luduş

**Luduş** (German: _Ludasch_, Hungarian: _Marosludas_) is a town in Mureş County, Romania. It is the fourth biggest city in the county by population. The name of the town in Hungarian means "gooses at Maros"

## Infobox (settlement)

- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **image shield**: ROU MS Ludus CoA.jpg
- **image map**: Ludus in Romania.png
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **map caption**: Location of Luduş
- **official name**: Luduş
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: Mureş County
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Romania, Status
- **settlement type**: Town
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Florin Urcan
- **leader party**: PDL (Romania), PDL
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 18647
- **area total km2**: 67
- **website**: http://www.ludus.ro/
2008 Yemen floods

The **2008 Yemen floods** took place on October 23, leaving 65 dead and 20,000 without shelter. The Yemeni governorates of Hadhramaut, Lahij, Al Mahrah and Ta'izz were affected the worst by the floods, and most of the deaths were in Hadhramaut.

## Details

Before the flooding was several days of rain starting on October 23, as the remains of a tropical cyclone moved over the area. Rain continued, with weather systems coming in from neighbouring Saudi Arabia and northern Somalia, causing severe flooding in some areas of Yemen. Better conditions are expected by Sunday.

Thousands of families fled Hadhramaut alone; many schools were used as evacuee shelters, but these could only hold 10% of the affected. Search and rescue teams said that the number of deaths may increase due to the likelihood of people trapped in flooded houses. Electricity and telephone lines were cut off, and many homes were damaged.

## Reaction

The Yemeni government promised to supply tents as a means of emergency shelter, along with other emergency supplies, with six transport aircraft loaded with supplies taking off from Sanaa on Saturday and more scheduled for later. President Ali Abdullah Saleh ordered the creation of a committee to provide aid to affected civilians. Also, the United Arab Emirates declared their intent to provide relief. However, several residents in the city of Shibam say that government assistance and support, if any, is low.

The Organisation of the Islamic Conference declared the situation a "national catastrophe" and started a drive on Saturday to collect funds for the relief of flood victims.

Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh said, "The damages... are great and the catastrophe is also great."

## Damage

Along with deaths, about 730 homes were destroyed, along with businesses and other building projects. The severe thunder of the thunderstorms resulted in at least nine deaths from lightning in the Al Mahrah, Ta'izz and Lahij governorates.  The rain also destroyed large amounts of farmland and killed large numbers of livestock.

## Infobox (flood)

- **image location**: Yemen-map.png
- **image name**: Map of affected areas, the worst effects having been felt in Hadhramaut, Lahij, Al Mahrah, and Ta'izz
- **name**: 2008 Yemen flood
- **how long**: October 23 2008 - Ongoing
- **total damages**: Unknown
- **total deaths**: 65 deaths (flooding)
9 deaths (lightning)
- **areas affected**: Yemen, especially Hadhramaut, Lahij, Al Mahrah, and Ta'izz
Alexander Ramsey

**Alexander Ramsey** (September 8, 1815– April 22, 1903) was an American politician. He was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.

Ramsey was elected from Pennsylvania as a Whig to the U.S. House of Representatives and served in the 28th and 29th congresses from March 4, 1843 to March 3, 1847. He served as the first Territorial Governor of Minnesota June 1, 1849 to May 15, 1853 as a member of the Whig Party.

In 1855, he became the mayor of St. Paul, Minnesota. Ramsey was elected the second Governor of Minnesota after statehood and served from January 2, 1860 to July 10, 1863. Ramsey is credited with being the first Union governor to commit troops during the American Civil War (he happened to be in Washington, D.C. when fighting broke out). He resigned the governorship to become a U.S. Senator, having been elected to that post in 1863 as a Republican. He was re-elected in 1869 and held the office until March 3, 1875, serving in the 38th, 39th, 40th, 41st, 42nd, and 43rd congresses.

Ramsey served as Secretary of War from 1879 to 1881, under President Rutherford B. Hayes.

## Legacy

The Minnesota Historical Society preserves his home as a museum. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. Alexander Ramsey Park, located in Redwood Falls, Minnesota, is the largest municipal park in Minnesota.  Ramsey County, Minnesota, Ramsey County, North Dakota, the city of Ramsey, Minnesota, the city of Ramsey, Illinois, Ramsey Park in Stillwater, Minnesota, and Alexander Ramsey Elementary School in Montevideo, Minnesota are also named for him.

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: Alexander Ramsey
- **image**: Alexander Ramsey - Brady-Handy.jpg
- **order**: 34th
- **title**: United States Secretary of War
- **president**: Rutherford B. Hayes
- **term start**: December 10, 1879
- **term end**: March 4, 1881
- **predecessor**: George W. McCrary
- **successor**: Robert Todd Lincoln
- **order2**: 2nd
- **title2**: Governor of Minnesota
- **term start2**: January 2, 1860
- **term end2**: July 10, 1863
- **lieutenant2**: Ignatius L. Donnelly
- **predecessor2**: Henry Hastings Sibley
- **successor2**: Henry Adoniram Swift
- **order3**: 1st
- **title3**: Territorial Governor of Minnesota
- **term start3**: June 1, 1849
- **term end3**: May 15, 1853
- **successor3**: Willis A. Gorman
- **birth place**: Hummelstown, Pennsylvania
- **death place**: St. Paul, Minnesota
- **party**: Whig Party (United States), Whig, Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Anna Jenks
- **profession**: Politician, Lawyer
Lounge Act

"**Lounge Act**" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was the ninth song on their second studio album, _Nevermind_, which is credited with bringing grunge music to the mainstream. The song is much like the post-grunge songs that were very popular starting in the mid-1990s, after Nirvana broke up.

The title "Lounge Act" came from when the band thought it sounded like a song they would play in a lounge.

It is one of the songs in the soundtrack of the video game _Skate._, a skateboarding video game from 2007 for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Lounge Act
- **artist**: Nirvana (band), Nirvana
- **album**: Nevermind
- **released**: September 24, 1991
- **recorded**: May and June 1991
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **composer**: Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, Krist Novoselic
- **lyricist**: Kurt Cobain