juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ron Dennis

**Ronald "Ron" Dennis** CBE (born 1 June 1947) is the executive chairman of McLaren Automotive and McLaren Group.  He was the team principal of the McLaren Formula One team until 2009.

He was placed at number 648 in the Sunday Times Rich List 2006 with a wealth of £90 million. _The Times_ put his wealth at £200 million in 2009.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ron Dennis
<small>Order of the British Empire, CBE</small>
- **image**: Ron Dennis 2016 Goodwood Festival of Speed.jpg
- **caption**: Dennis at the 2016 Goodwood Festival of Speed
- **birth place**: Woking, Surrey, England
- **nationality**: British (people), British
- **employer**: UK Trade & Investment
 Minsheng Investment Group
 British East Asian Council
- **known for**: McLaren Technology Group (Director & Shareholder)
 Summit UK (Chairman)
 Absolute Taste (Majority Owner and Founder)
 Minsheng Investment Corporation (Global Consultant)
 British East Asia Council (Chairman)
 TAG Heuer (Former owner)
 UKTI (Official British Business Ambassador)
 McLaren Automotive (Chairman, Founder and Minority Shareholder)
- **networth**: £450 million <small>(May, 2019)</small>
- **title**: CBE
- **spouse**: Lisa Dennis _(Divorced)_
- **children**: 3
Sabaragamuwa Province

**Sabaragamuwa** is a province in Sri Lanka. It has two main districts: Ratnapura and Kegalle. Ratnapra is famous for its gems.
Solo

**Solo** may refer to:

- Solo (music), to play music or sing alone
- Solo (dance), a dance done by an individual
- Hope Solo (born 1981), American soccer (football) player
- Surakarta, a city in Central Java
Skateboard

A **skateboard** is a board (called a "deck") with four wheels put on under it. It is used to go skateboarding. The first skateboards were a piece of wood with rollerskater attached to it. This became popular and by 1960, skateboards were made in production. As more skateboards were made, more people liked the new sport. However, it was dangerous and people started to fall off. As a result, skate parks started to close down. With less places to skate, skateboarders had no where to go. A small group of skateboarders carried on skateboarding in the street and around cities. After 20 years, the sport began to grow into what we know now. Skateboarding is a popular sport with many younger riders. Young people sometimes skateboard on the street. There are many different types of skateboards like stunt skateboards, penny skateboards, Longboards, short boards and more.

## Parts

The normal parts that make a complete skateboard are the deck, trucks, wheels, bearings, hardware, and griptape.

### Deck

Most decks are made of six to nine-plywood layers. Other materials used in making decks include fiberglass, bamboo, resin, Kevlar, carbon fiber, aluminum, and plastic. All these make the board more light. Some decks made from maple plywood are dyed to make many different colored plywood. Modern decks are made in different sizes. Most are 7 to 10.5 inches wide. Wider decks can be used for greater stability when skating on curving surfaces including ramps. Skateboard decks are normally between 28 and 33 inches long. The bottom of the deck can be printed with a design by the maker or it can be blank.

The longboard, a common different kind of skateboard, has a longer deck. This is mostly ridden down hills or by the beach. The longboard was made by two surfers; Ben Whatson and Jonny Draper. One of the first deck companies was called "Draped" taken from Jonny's second name. "Old school" boards (those made in the 1970s–80s) are mostly wider and often have only one kicktail. Different kinds of the 1970s often have little or no concavity, whereas 1980s models have deeper concavities and steeper kicktails.

The Skateboard deck concave is noted mainly in three types: low, medium, and high. While the low concave is having small curvature and makes the safe ride, but you can’t put more stress on the edges deck. Medium concave will easily found in the present market due to the high demand for a beginner. High concave is raised more at the edge, making it perfect for performing Flip tricks and Ollie. Medium concave is readily available in the market because it suits beginners, which keeps it always in demand.

Grip tape, when put on to the top of a skateboard, gives a skater's feet grip on the deck. It is most often black. However, it can come in many different colors like clear. Clear allows the top of the deck to be decorated. It has an adhesive back and a sandpaper like top.
U.S. Route 1

**U.S. Route 1** (sometimes called **US 1**) is a major United States highway (U.S. Route) in the eastern part of the United States. Its northern end is at the Canadian border in Fort Kent, Maine and its southern end is at Key West, Florida. For most of its route, U.S. Route 1 runs next to Interstate 95.  It connects many major cities in the Eastern United States, including Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, DC, Richmond, Virginia, Raleigh, North Carolina, Augusta, Georgia, Jacksonville, Florida, and Miami.  Parts of the road were built in the 1800s as the **Boston Post Road** and in the 1900s as the **Atlantic Highway**. Despite this, it is significantly further inland from Jacksonville to Petersburg, VA and in North Carolina and Virginia even parallels I-85.

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: USA
- **type**: US
- **route**: 1
- **map**: US-1-map.png
- **length mi**: 2369.49
- **length round**: 0
- **established**: 1926
- **direction a**: South
- **direction b**: North
- **terminus a**: Fleming Street in Key West, Florida, Key West, FL
- **terminus b**: at the Fort Kent–Clair Border Crossing
- **states**: Florida, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Washington, D.C., District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York (state), New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine
- **next type**: US
- **next route**: 2
- **nobrowse**: 1
Riboflavin

**Riboflavin** is one of the B vitamins (**vitamin B<sub>2</sub>**).  The B and C vitamins are the vitamins that dissolve in water.  A healthy person's gut can easily take riboflavin from food and pass it on to the blood for the body to use. The body needs the B vitamins to get energy from food. Without riboflavin and the other B vitamins people's bodies cannot use fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. Light can break down riboflavin molecules into other molecules that the body cannot use.

If anyone eats too much riboflavin, the gut does not take up enough
to make a person sick, but an injection with too much riboflavin can make one sick. The kidneys take riboflavin out of the blood. They put it in the urine to get it out of the body. If there is much riboflavin in the urine, the urine becomes bright,  yellow. Vitamin pills, or a meal with a lot of liver or egg white turns the urine yellow because these foods put so much riboflavin into the blood.

People may get very sick when their food does not have enough riboflavin. Adding extra riboflavin help. Baby foods, breakfast cereals, pasta, sauces, fruit drinks, and foods such as cheese that are made from milk may have extra riboflavin added.  This is called fortification. To make Vitamin B2 for vitamin pills or to add to foods, industrial companies grow special yeasts, other fungi, or bacteria that make a lot of riboflavin.

These foods have a lot of riboflavin:

- Milk
- cheese
- leafy green vegetables
- liver
- beans, peas and soybeans
- yeast
- almonds
- asparagus
- bananas
- okra
- chard
- cottage cheese
- yogurt
- meat
- eggs
- fish
Earl Marshal

The **Earl Marshal** is a member of the British Royal Household, and is in charge of organising royal ceremonies and processions. The Earl Marshal is not a member of the College of Arms, but he must give his permission before the College of Arms can issue a coat of arms.

The Earl Marshal is always the Duke of Norfolk, and because he is Earl Marshal, the Duke of Norfolk is a member of the House of Lords, without being elected by the other hereditary peers.
Crysis (video game)

***Crysis*** is a first person shooter computer game involving science fiction. In the game, humans must survive an invasion by aliens. This is the first game to use all of the features of DirectX 10.  It's a free-to-explore game. This game takes place in 2020 on an island south of China that is hit by a meteor. Both the North Korean and American army gets involved, but the North Korean Army gets there first. Both armies later find out that the meteor is an alien ship. At that time an alien invasion threatens the whole world. Meanwhile, the American forces attack the island to take control from the Koreans.

## Main features

- Time of lighting: The game represents a true time of the day.
- Real Time Ambient (means surroundings) Maps: CryENGINE 2 pre-determines the amount of ambient light in indoor surfaces, improving the quality of lighting when applying new light sources and shadows.  This means current light position and color can be dynamically added to light intensity (means strength or density of lights) applied in interiors.
- Dynamic Soft Shadows: natural looking shadows.
- Light Beams: Like ones you will find between the leaves of trees.
- Long Range View Distance: of about 8 kilometers range.
- Parallax Occlusion Mapping: for greater sense of depth. In other words, to let the hero concentrate on an attractive thing. Such as an explosion.
- 3D Ocean Technology: to create a realistic ocean depends on wind and wave variables.
- Facial Animation: to let the faces in the game look realistic as they react with the environment.
- Object Motion Blur: this feature will help to blur things when they move fast.
- Depth of Field: like of the camera's.
- Breakable Buildings: So someone can break anything in the game.
- Breakable Vegetation System: Even the jungles can be affected by weapons.
- Advanced Rope Physics: These ropes can even be affected even by the rain.
- Component Vehicle Damage: Every thing in a car, plane, boat etc. is breakable.
- Next-Gen Physics System: allows game developers to make a full-of-life game.

## Story

You play a soldier called Nomad. You and three soldiers look for missing people on an island. You find that Koreans attacked the island. America attacks the island. In the middle of the fighting, aliens come out of a mountain. Aliens then make a cold sphere (ball shape) on the island. America shoots a nuke at the sphere. The sphere becomes bigger, because it took the energy from the explosion. You then fight a big alien on a big ship.

## Game information

The publisher is EA Games and it is developed by Crytek. It was released on November 16 2007. A sequel, _Crysis 2_, was released in March 2011.

## Other websites

- Technical support
- Official Site
- Recent news
Peerage

A **peer** is a member of the nobility.  It is sometimes used instead of 'Lord'. In formal or old British documents, the House of Lords is called the House of Peers.

## Ranks

In the United Kingdom there are five ranks of the peerage:

- Baron is the lowest. In Scotland this is called a Lord, short for _Lord in Parliament_.
- Viscount
- Earl - this is an old Saxon word. In Continental Europe this rank is called 'count', the lord in charge of a county. An earl's wife is called a _countess_
- Marquess - A special rank higher than an earl because a marquess's land was in the Marches, the border areas that must be defended. A marquess's wife is called a _marchioness_.  There were not many marquesses in Scotland, and they usually spelled the title 'marquis' like the French
- Duke - the highest rank.

Informally Barons, Viscounts, Earls and Marquesses are called lords, and instead of their name when speaking to them, the term 'my lord' is used. A Duke is never called a lord. 'Your grace' is used for a Duke.

Since 2004 a list of peers has been kept by the Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice. This list, called the Roll of Peerage had to be kept to prove who was a peer.  The list of members of the House of Lords used to be the same until the hereditary peers were excluded. Official documents can only call someone a peer if their name is on the Peerage Roll.

## Precedence

Sorting out which peer should precede (_come in front of_) in a procession or other event depends on three different things:
1. The rank.  All dukes come before all marquesses, then earls, then viscounts and finally barons.
1. Country the peerage was created in.  All Dukes first created by the King of England come before those created by the King of Scotland.  After this come _Dukes of Great Britain_ whose titles were created between 1707 and 1801 (during the existence of the United Kingdom of Great Britain). In 1801, the kingdom of Ireland joined with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, so _Dukes of Ireland_ come next, followed by _Dukes of the United Kingdom_. The other types of peer follow in the same order.
    1. England
    1. Scotland
    1. Great Britain
    1. Ireland
    1. United Kingdom
1. Finally the order is decided on the year the title was created.

## Exceptions

The only exceptions are the royal dukes, and the Duke of Abercorn.
- The dukes of Gloucester, Kent, Edinburgh, York, Cambridge, and Sussex are the most junior dukes, but because they are princes they rank ahead of all other dukes.  In 1952 the Queen ordered that her husband, the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, would be second only to her. The Duke of Edinburgh is now Elizabeth II's son, Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh.
- The Duke of Abercorn.  When the Irish Marquess of Abercorn was "promoted" in 1868 the duke was listed as a duke of the kingdom of Ireland, but was given precedence as if it was a peerage in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Irish peers cannot attend the House of Lords.
Fin de siècle

**Fin de siècle** means turn of the century in French. It is widely used for the time around 1900, but also for the closing of an old era, and the start of a new one.

Fin de siècle is sometimes used to mean the type of art, culture and way of behaving at the end of the nineteenth century.
This age was felt to be a period of degeneration, and sometimes simultaneously a time of hope for a new beginning.

The "spirit" of fin de siècle often refers to the cultural hallmarks that were recognized as prominent in the 1880s and 1890s, including 'pessimism', and  a widespread belief that civilization leads to decadence.

The themes of fin de siècle political culture were very controversial and have been cited as a major influence on fascism. The major political theme of the era was that of revolt against materialism, rationalism, positivism, bourgeois society and liberal democracy.

## Examples in literature

- Fyodor Dostoyevsky. _The Brothers Karamazov_
- Friedrich Nietzche. _Thus Spoke Zarathustra_.
- Oscar Wilde. _Salomé_.
Sercquiais

**Sercquiais**, also known as **Sarkese** or **Sark-French** (**Lé Sèrtchais**), is a language which is spoken on the island of Sark. It is a Norman language. Only 400 people can speak it, and a few more can understand it. It is a lot like Jerriais, a language spoken on an island called Jersey.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Sercquiais
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **states**: Sark, Jersey.
- **speakers**: approx. 400
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam5**: Gallo-Iberian languages, Gallo-Iberian
- **fam6**: Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance
- **fam7**: Gallo-Rhaetian languages, Gallo-Rhaetian
- **fam8**: Oïl languages, Oïl
- **fam9**: Norman language, Norman
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-hcf
- **notice**: IPA
Jèrriais

**Jèrriais** is a language that is spoken in Jersey. Some people call it Jersey French. Just over 2000 people speak it. It is a Norman language. 3% of the people in Jersey speak it, and around 15% can understand it.

## History

In the 19th century, almost everyone in Jersey could speak Jèrriais. Then, people stopped learning it, and it nearly became extinct. These days, lots of people are trying to get more people to speak the language. Now, signposts and road signs on Jersey are written in Jèrriais and English.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Jèrriais
- **states**: Jersey and Sark
- **date**: 2011 census
- **ref**: e18
- **speakers2**: L2 speakers of Jersey and Guernsey
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western Romance
- **fam5**: Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance
- **fam6**: Langues d'oïl, Oïl
- **fam7**: Norman language, Norman
- **glotto**: jerr1238
- **glottorefname**: Jerriais
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-hc
- **iso3**: nrf
- **iso3comment**: (incl. Guernésiais)
- **notice**: IPA
Auregnais

**Auregnais**, **Aoeur'gnaeux** or **Aurignais** was the Norman dialect of the island of Alderney. It became extinct in the mid-20th century. People think it became extinct because people did not bother to speak it nor learn it.
Colwyn Bay

**Colwyn Bay** (Welsh: **Bae Colwyn**) is a town, community and seaside resort on the north coast of Wales, in the Conwy County Borough.

The 2011 UK census revealed the community had a population of 34,284.

The town is dominated by the tourist trade, because of its famous beaches. Colwyn Bay is a Fairtrade Town as certified by the Fairtrade Foundation as part of the Fairtrade Towns scheme.

The town had a famous pier which was extremely popular with tourists and visitors. However, Victoria Pier was closed to the public in 2009 after a dispute between Conwy County Borough Council and the pier's owner led to him being declared bankrupt. In January 2017, the lower end of the pier partially collapsed into the sea and Conwy Council announced plans to dismantle and store the pier, with a view of restoring it in the future. The pier was demolished in May 2018.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Wales
- **official name**: Colwyn Bay

- **population**: 34,284
- **population ref**: (2011 census)
- **unitary wales**: Conwy County Borough, Conwy
- **lieutenancy wales**: Clwyd
- **region**: Clwyd
- **constituency westminster**: Clwyd West (UK Parliament constituency), Clwyd West
- **post town**: COLWYN BAY
- **postcode district**: LL28, LL29
- **postcode area**: LL
- **dial code**: 01492
- **os grid reference**: SH865785
- **static image**: Beach_and_Pier_-_geograph.org.uk_-_245690.jpg
- **static image caption**: Colwyn Bay Beach and Pier
Maple syrup urine disease

**Maple syrup urine disease** (**MSUD**) is a genetic medical disorder. It causes a problem with how the human body deals with amino acids. It is also called **branched chain ketoaciduria**. Maple syrup urine disease affects about 1 in 185,000 infants worldwide.

The most noticeable symptom of the disorder is an infant with sweet-smelling urine. Infants with this disease seem healthy at birth. If the disease is not treated, the person will suffer severe brain damage and eventually die. MSUD is much more common in children of Amish and Mennonite descent.

From a very early age, the condition can be recognised by poor feeding, vomiting, lack of energy, seizures, and mental health issues. The urine of infants with this disease has a very sweet odor, much like burned caramel or maple syrup. This is what gives the condition its name.

## Other websites

- Maple Syrup Urine Disease (Overview on NLM)
- MSUD Family Support Group
Anglesey

**Anglesey** () is an island and county in Wales. There is a village there called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. It is the longest place name in the United Kingdom. The island has a population of 68,900 people. Its largest town is Holyhead.

## Culture and people

Around 7 out of 10 people on Anglesey speak Welsh, which is quite high. There are many small villages on the island. Anglesey is the home of Actress Naomi Watts, and founder of the English rock band Motörhead, Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister.

## Places and sights

Anglesey does not have a capital. Instead, it has a County Council Office in the town of Llangefni. It was once famous for its markets. There are lots of good beaches on the island. A ferry between the island and Ireland is located at Holyhead which is the largest town on the island. There is also a small tidal island called Llanddwyn island. On the island there are ruins of a church, a large lighthouse and a Christian cross. Anglesey is quite a flat island but there are several hills near the middle of the island and one larger hill in the west of the island.

The oldest suspension bridge carrying a main road joins Anglesey to the rest of Wales. It is called the Menai Bridge and is shares its name with the town on the Anglesey end of the bridge.

Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch is a village that is known for it's long name

## Other websites

- Anglesey Community Forums - All Welcome
- Anglesey Tourist Information
- Anglesey Today
- Anglesey History
- Isle of Anglesey County Council / Cyngor Sir Ynys Môn
- The Anglesey Edge - local and tourist information
Plateosaurus

***Plateosaurus*** is a prosauropod dinosaur genus. They lived during the Upper Triassic period, around 214 to 294 million years ago in what is now Europe.

They were very common in their day. Over 100 skeletons have been found, some of them nearly complete. Many fossils have come from Swabia, Germany.

_Plateosaurus_ was the first long-necked plant eater in the Triassic. An adult _Plateosaurus_ could weigh up to  and grow  long. They  had plump plant-crushing teeth, powerful hind limbs, short but muscular arms and grasping hands with large claws on three fingers. They probably used their sharp thumb claws to defend themselves against predators.

The explanation of the large number of skeletons is that the areas were probably mud-traps.
Cotton Mather

**Cotton Mather** (February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728) was a politically important Puritan minister and writer. He was the son of minister Increase Mather and lived in the Massachusetts Bay Colony of colonial America, in the area that is now Boston, Massachusetts.

He is best known for his connection to the Salem witch trials.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Cotton Mather
- **image**: Cotton Mather.jpg
- **caption**: Cotton Mather, circa 1700
- **occupation**: Minister (religion), Minister
Fethiye

**Fethiye** is a city and district in the Mugla Province in Turkey. It is on the "Turquoise Coast". 59,425 people live there. There is a big harbor in the town and a marina. There are no beaches in Fethiye town, but there are many nice beaches around Oludeniz, a nearby town. There is a number of different places to stay including hotels.

The ancient name for the town was Telmessos. There are a number of historic sites including rock tombs. These were dug into cliffs by the Lycians. The tomb of Amnytas was built in the 4th century BC. Next to the harbor is a castle built by the Knights of Rhodes. In nearby villages there are also many historic sites including a temple to Apollo at Letoon, which is a World Heritage Site.

## Other websites

- All About Fethiye
N-Dubz

**N-Dubz** are a British hip hop and R&B group based in Camden Town, London. They released four albums, including a greatest hits album. They were signed to All Around the World records. They were featured on Tinchy Stryder's number one single, "Number 1".

## Early years

All of the members of N-Dubz attended school at St Johns Wood Secondary and Haverstock Secondary School in Camden Town. They came together as a group managed by Costadinos "Dino" Contostavlos's father, Byron Contostavlos (formerly of Mungo Jerry), who died on 12 April 2007. They described him as the "inspiration behind the band". The band is made up of Dino, known as Dappy and Tula, known as Tulisa, who are cousins and their best friend Richard, known better as Fazer. Each appeared on Channel 4's Dubplate Drama after they began to be noticed as a group. Performing as the Lickle Rinsers Crew, they released the singles "Bad Man Riddim" and "Life Is Getting Sicker by the Day". Both became hits on English pirate radio stations. Their last independent release, "Better Not Waste My Time", was number one on Channel U for 5 weeks before dropping out and then rising again. They have received 3 MOBO awards, for Best Newcomer, Best Act, and Best Album. They won the Digital Award at 02 Silver Clef Awards in 2008.

### Tulisa

Tulisa is the singer and mostly sings the choruses and second verses as well as ad-libbing, saying 'uh-oh, uh-oh' at the beginning of many N-Dubz tracks. She also sometimes sings the first verse on the group's songs. Her real name is Tula Paulina Contostavlos.

### Fazer

Fazer is the co-producer and writer of the group. He raps as well but his main role is to produce in-studio beats and produce the tracks. His real name is Rayan Rawson and he is of Jamaican and English heritage. He has a daughter.

### Dappy

Dappy is of Greek ancestry and is most famous for what has been dubbed the "Dappy Hat", he is the lead rapper. His real name is Costadinos Contostavlos. He always opens his songs with the words "Na na naii". He has two sons.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: N-Dubz
- **img**: UncleBTour.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, UK
- **associated acts**: Tinchy Stryder
Subclass

**Subclass** could mean:

- Subclass (biology), a taxonomic rank intermediate between class and superorder
- Subclass (computer science), a class that is derived from another class or classes
- Subclass (database theory), a class which inherits its data members and methods of their superclasses
- Subclass (set theory), a class contained in some other class in the same way that a subset is a set contained in some other set

et:Alamklass
66

**66** is a common year in the 1st century.

## Events

- July 19 – Great Fire of Rome, first Roman mass persecution of Christians, earliest significant recognition of Christians in Rome
70

**70** is a year in the 1st century.

## Events

- August – destruction of Herod's Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans under Titus.
674

## Events

- Saint Benedict Biscop founds the Monastery at Monkwearmouth, now part of Sunderland
Pachycephalosaurus

***Pachycephalosaurus*** was a genus of dinosaur which lived during the last five million years of the Upper Cretaceous. It lived in what is now North America.

This member of the Pachycephalosaurid family is known from a single skull and a few thick skull roofs. From this it is estimated that its length was about 4.5 to 5 metres long (about 15 feet).

_Pachycephalosaurus_ was a herbivore. It lived on a mixed diet of leaves, seeds, and fruit. The sharp, serrated teeth would have been very effective for shredding plants.
Utopia

**Utopia**  is a name for an imaginary community or society with a perfect system of laws and politics.

Sir Thomas More invented the word for his 1516 book _Utopia_. The book was about a fictional island in the southern Atlantic Ocean, off the coast of Brazil. The word has been used to describe both a perfect society, and societies in literature. A related idea is dystopia, the opposite of a dystopia.

There have been many utopias based on politics, economics, religion, ecology. Some of these have been propagated in books and pamphlets, some as actual communities. In practice, attempts to create utopias seem doomed, as good intentions run against problems. Most of the literary utopias are actually satires of existing societies. There were several attempts to create such perfect societies (they did not work). The word utopia can also refer to a society of such an attempt.

_Utopia_ is Greek for _no place_; related words include _eutopia_, meaning _good place_ in Greek, paradise, Shangra La and Xanadu.

## Religious utopias

The ideas Christians, Jews and Muslims have of the Garden of Eden, and of Heaven can be seen as such utopias.

## Literature examples

- _Plato's Republic_ by Plato (~380 BCE) is one of the earliest conceptions of a utopia.
- _The City of God_ by Augustine of Hippo, (413–426 AD) describes an ideal city, the "eternal" Jerusalem, the archetype of all Christian utopias.
- _New Atlantis_ by Francis Bacon (1627).
- _Gulliver's Travels_ by Jonathan Swift (1726), a satire on human nature and on 'travellers tales'.
- _Erewhon_ by Samuel Butler (1872), a satirical utopia.
- _News from Nowhere_ by William Morris (1892). Nowhere: a place without politics, a future society based on common ownership and democratic control of the means of production.
- _A Modern Utopia_ by H. G. Wells (1905)
Jeff Hardy

**Jeffrey Nero Hardy** (born August 31, 1977) is an American professional wrestler, painter and musician. He is currently signed to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he is one-half of the TNA World Tag Team Champions in his fourth reign. He is also known for his time with the World Wrestling Federation/WWE and All Elite Wrestling (AEW). He is a six-time world champion, the ninth Grand Slam champion in WWE and a 24-time tag team champion with his older brother Matt Hardy.

## Career

Hardy says that Sting, The Ultimate Warrior, and Shawn Michaels were the reasons why he wanted to get into wrestling as a child. Jeff was on WWE (then known as the World Wrestling Federation, WWF) television as early as age 16. His first WWF match was against The 1-2-3 Kid and came on May 25, 1994 in Erie, Pennsylvania. Early on, Jeff, along with his brother Matt and friends, started their own wrestling organization, the TWF (Trampoline Wrestling Federation). In it they would perform many of the moves they saw on TV. The federation eventually became a part of a county fair in North Carolina, U.S.. Jeff, Matt, and friends then began to work for other independent wrestling companies. They drove all over the East Coast of the United States, working for many small companies.

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **child**: yes
- **names**: Brother Nero
Itchweeed
Jeff Harvey
**Jeff Hardy**
Willow
Keith Davis
Wildo Jinx
Wolverine
- **height**: 6 ft 1 in
- **weight**: 225 lb
- **billed**: **Cameron, North Carolina**
Raleigh, North Carolina
- **trainer**: Dory Funk Jr.
Michael Hayes (wrestler), Michael Hayes
- **debut**: May 23, 1994


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar, piano
- **background**: solo_singer
- **genre**: Alternative rock, alternative metal, Independent music, indie, acoustic music, acoustic
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **label**: Impact Wrestling Music
- **associated acts**: PeroxWhy?Gen


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jeff Hardy
- **image**: Jeff Hardy July 2019.jpg
- **caption**: Hardy in July 2019
- **birth name**: Jeffrey Nero Hardy
- **birth place**: Cameron, North Carolina, U.S.
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Matt Hardy (brother)
Reby Sky (sister-in-law)
Bantu peoples

**Bantu** is a general term for over 400 different ethnic groups in Africa, from Cameroon to South Africa, that have a common language family (the Bantu languages) and in many cases common customs.

## Bibliography

- J. Desmond Clark, The Prehistory of Africa, Thames and Hudson, 1970
- April A. Gordon and Donald L. Gordon, Understanding Contemporary Africa, Lynne Riener, London, 1996
- Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1995 (1989)
Knight Bachelor

In the United Kingdom, a **Knight Bachelor** is a man who is a knight, (has the title _Sir_) but who is neither a:
- senior member of one of the orders of chivalry, sometimes called orders of knighthood, nor
- a baronet.

In the 1920s, the Society of Knights Bachelor were allowed to wear a special badge on the days when other knights would wear their insignia.

The title is not hereditary, so it cannot be passed on to the knight's children, but a baronet's title can be inherited.

Men who get some jobs, such as senior judges, are made Knights Bachelor. Women cannot be knights bachelor, so if they get one of those jobs, they are made Dames of the Order of the British Empire (DBE)

Knights Bachelor have no post-nominal letters (letters after their name to show they are a knight), unlike knights of the orders of knighthood, who use letters like KBE, or GBE etc., or baronets who put Bt or Bart after their name.

The title "Sir" is always followed by the given name, so, Paul McCartney would be "Sir Paul McCartney" or "Sir Paul". They would never be Sir last name, so not "Sir McCartney". The same applies for women with the title "Dame" ("dame" is pronounced to rhyme with "same").
Digital

A **digital system** is a something that represents information by using digits. Each digit represents a small amount of information because each digit comes from a small set of choices. A digit can be decimal (one of the ten choices from _0_ through _9_), as in the display of a digital clock. A digit can be binary (either _0_ or _1_).  A binary digit is called a _bit_. Digital computers and digital communication like the internet usually use binary. The meaning of each _bit_ depends on the place where it is used. For example, a _bit_ can represent 'Yes' or 'No', or it can represent 'True' or 'False'. A large amount of information, like a picture, can be represented by using a list of many _bits_.

A digital system is different than an analogue (US- analog) system, which represents information in a continuous way.

The word _digital_ is most commonly used in computing and electronics.

Blu-ray On Digital Copy And Digital HD

## Usage

- Digital electronics
- Computer
Hans Christian Ørsted

**Hans Christian Oersted** (14 August 1777 – 9 March 1851) was a Danish physicist and chemist. He is best known for discovering a relationship between electricity and magnetism, a field now known as electromagnetism._Oersted_ discovered that electric currents create magnetic fields, which was the first connection found between electricity and magnetism. Oersted's law and the oersted (Oe) are named after him. He also discovered that aluminium was an element.

_Oersted_ was also a writer and poet. His poetry series _Luftskibet_ ("Airship") was inspired by the balloon flights of his physicist friend, Étienne-Gaspard Robert.
Ammeter

An **ammeter** is a measuring tool used to measure the flow of electric current in a circuit. The electric current is measured in amperes; for this reason, some people call the ammeters as _ampmeters_, by mistake. It can measure 'resistance' of a current, speed of a current and force of a current (the units used are ohms, amperes, and volts) Ammeters are connected in series in a circuit with two connections.

## Related pages

- Voltmeter
Voltage divider

In electronics, a **voltage divider** is an electrical circuit which creates an output voltage which is proportional to an input voltage. Voltage dividers are also known as **resistor divider** and **potential divider**. It can be made of two resistors or it can be one potentiometer (variable resistor). The output voltage is depends on component values, or on the setting of the potentiometer. When an electrical load gets power from the divider's center point, the voltage may change.
English Heritage

**English Heritage** is an organisation of the United Kingdom government (Department for Culture, Media and Sport). It manages many monuments of the historic environment of England. It was set up under the terms of the National Heritage Act 1983. Before the Department of the Environment had had these functions.

English Heritage takes care of many important historical and archaeological sites, from Stonehenge to the world's first iron bridge. But it has responsibilities in conservation, giving advice, registering and protecting the historic environment as well.  It also maintains a public archive, the National Monuments Record (NMR).

## Equivalent organisations

- Wales — Cadw
- Scotland — Historic Scotland
- Northern Ireland — Environment and Heritage Service
- Republic of Ireland — Office of Public Works

## Other websites

- English Heritage website
- Images of England website
- Chief Executive website
Filioque clause

The **Filioque clause** is a part of the Nicene Creed that not all Christians accept. In the context of the Nicene Creed, _filioque_ is Latin for "_and from the Son_".

The main parties involved are the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church rejects the change, but the Catholic Church and most Protestant churches accept it, including the Anglican Church.

The Latin text is given below, and the change is in **bold** and was added to the Catholic version:

This is usually translated into English as:

Many Eastern Catholic churches have the same version as the Eastern Orthodox Churches, but they believe what the added words say.
Krokus

**Krokus** is a hard rock band from Switzerland.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Krokus_ (1976)
- _To You All_ (1977)
- _Painkiller / Play It In Metal_ (1978)
- _Metal Rendez-vous_ (1980)
- _Hardware_ (1981)
- _One Vice at a Time_ (1982)
- _Headhunter_ (1983)
- _The Blitz_ (1984)
- _Change of Address_ (1986)
- _Heart Attack_ (1988)
- _Stampede_ (1990)
- _To Rock or Not to Be_ (1995)
- _Round 13_ (1999)
- _Rock the Block_ (2003)
- _Hellraiser_ (2006)
- _Hoodoo_ (2010)
- _Dirty Dynamite_ (2013)
- _TBA_ (2015)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Krokus
- **img**: Krokus - Band 2008.jpg
- **img capt**: Krokus in 2008
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Solothurn, Switzerland
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, hard rock
- **years active**: 1974–present
- **label**: AFM Records, AFM, Arista Records, Arista, MCA Records, MCA
- **url**: [http://www.krokusonline.com Official Website]
- **current members**: Chris Von Rohr
Fernando Von Arb
Freddy Steady
Marc Storace
Mark Kohler
- **past members**: See #Member history, Member history section
Historic Scotland

**Historic Scotland** was an agency of the Scottish Executive responsible for historic monuments in Scotland.  It was closed in 2015 and its job was given to Historic Environment Scotland.

Its website stated:
- "Historic Scotland was created as an agency in 1991 and was attached to the Scottish Executive Education Department, which embraces all aspects of the cultural heritage, in May 1999. As part of the Scottish Executive Historic Scotland is directly accountable to Scottish Ministers for safeguarding the nation's built heritage, and promoting its understanding and enjoyment."

It has direct responsibility for maintaining and running over 200 monuments.

As an arm of government, Historic Scotland had similar functions to its counterparts in other parts of the United Kingdom:

- English Heritage in England
- Cadw in Wales,
- Environment and Heritage Service in Northern Ireland.

## Other website

- Official website
Loudness (band)

**Loudness** is a heavy metal band from Japan. The band was founded in 1981 by singer Akira Takasaki and drummer Munetaka Higuchi. Loudness was the first Japanese heavy metal band to be signed to a recording contract in the United States.

## Other websites

- Loudness Official Homepage
- Takasaki.net Loudness
- Loudness' page on MySpace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Loudness
- **img**: Loudness 2010 01.jpg
- **img capt**: Loudness performing in 2010
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Osaka, Japan
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, hard rock
- **years active**: 1981-_present_
- **label**: Nippon Columbia, Atco Records, Atco, Warner Music Group, Rooms, Tokuma Japan, Wounded Bird Records
- **associated acts**: Lazy (band), Lazy, Ezo (band), Ezo, Earthshaker (band), Earthshaker, Anthem (band), Anthem, X Japan, Obsession (band), Obsession, Yngwie Malmsteen, Animetal USA
- **url**: [http://www.loudness.jp/ Loudness Website]
- **current members**: Minoru Niihara
Akira Takasaki
Masayoshi Yamashita
Masayuki Suzuki
- **past members**: Munetaka Higuchi (deceased)
Mike Vescera
Hirotsugu Homma
Naoto Shibata
Masaki Yamada
Taiji Sawada (deceased)
Gulf of Oman

The **Gulf of Oman** is an arm of the Arabian Sea that borders Iran and south-western Pakistan to the north and Oman and the United Arab Emirates to the south. The Gulf of Oman used to be called _The Sea of Oman_ on old maps.
Gulag

The **Gulag** was a vast network of "slave labor" camps run by the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s. Ever since the Soviet Union was founded in 1917, it imprisoned people who spoke out against it or were otherwise dangerous. Imperial Russia in previous decades had a similar system of prison camps. But the Soviet Union camp system grew to be one of the largest prison systems in existence. The Soviet camp-system was set up under Vladimir Lenin.
It  reached its peak during Joseph Stalin's rule from the 1930s to the early 1950s.

The Gulag was run at first by the GPU (State Political Directorate), later by the NKVD and in the last years by the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD). The internment system grew rapidly, reaching a population of 100,000 in the 1920s. According to Nicolas Werth, the yearly mortality rate in the Soviet concentration camps varied, reaching 5% (1933) and 20% (1942–1943) and dropped in the post-war years to about 1 to 3% per year at the beginning of the 1950s.

Soviet leaders believed it was right to put these people to work and make their labor and goods part of the national economy. In fact, two out of every hundred workers in the Soviet Union were gulag prisoners. By 1936, there were 5,000,000 prisoners in the gulags.

## Location

Even though the Gulag is often associated with Siberia, labor camps were built across the Soviet Union. Siberian camps greatly simplified the problem of keeping prisoners from running away, though it was harder to feed these camps and move goods in and out because the camps were so far away.

## Decline and legacy

The Gulag system declined during the 1950s after the death of Joseph Stalin, and many people were released starting in 1954.  The Gulag program was ended with a government decree in 1960.

According to the Gulag administration, 10 million people were sent to the gulags between 1934 and 1947.  However, Western scholars estimate that between 1918 and 1956, 15 to 30 million died in the gulags.

Former prisoner and Nobel Prize-winning author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn wrote two books about the Gulag: _One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich _ and _The Gulag Archipelago_.

When Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union, he began a "De-Stalinization" process. He made a secret speech, in which he denounced Stalin as having committed many murders of innocent people in Gulags and elsewhere, including Katyn massacre and slaughter of Poles in Ukraine & Belarus in 1937 and 1938.
Multimeter

A **multimeter** or a **multitester** is an electronic measuring tool that is a combination of several tools in one unit. It usually includes an ammeter, voltmeter, and ohmmeter. Digital multimeters are sometimes called **DMM** too.

Modern multimeters can be used to measure electrical quantities other than current, resistance and voltage. For example, they can be used to measure frequency, capacitance, transistors Hfe and temperature.

The multimeter can make many tests, so it is often called "multitester".  When measuring resistance it acts as an ohmmeter, showing ohms.  For volts it would be a Voltmeter.  Sometimes it is called a mixture of things like  Volt/ohm meter or VOM. Most meters can measure volts, amps, and resistance.

## How it can be measured

The multimeter can be used to measure the voltage of a battery. It can also be used for measuring the voltage across two points in a circuit. The Voltmeter is placed in parallel between the positive and negative terminals of the battery. It can also be used to measure resistance and amps hence the name of some meters "Voltmeter, Ohmmeter, and Amperage".

## Other websites

- Multimeter Tutorial - Lots of useful information on Digital multimeter usage.
Hyattsville, Maryland

**Hyattsville** is a town in Maryland in the USA.  It is about 2 miles from Washington, DC.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Hyattsville, Maryland
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: Hyattsville
- **motto**: "A World Within Walking Distance"
- **image skyline**: File:Prince Georges Plaza, Hyattsville, Maryland (2893471197).jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Hyattsville
- **image flag**: Flag of Hyattsville, Maryland.png
- **image map**: Prince_George's_County_Maryland_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Hyattsville_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Hyattsville in Maryland
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Maryland, County
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1886
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 7.07
- **area land km2**: 7.01
- **area water km2**: 0.07
- **area total sq mi**: 2.73
- **area land sq mi**: 2.71
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 21187
- **population density km2**: 3024.22
- **population density sq mi**: 7832.53
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 32
- **elevation ft**: 105
- **website**: [http://www.hyattsville.org/ www.hyattsville.org]
- **area code**: Area codes 301 and 240, 301, 240
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 24-41250
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0597595
Invitee

In tort law, an **invitee** is a member of the public who has been invited to do business with the owner of a property.  For example, if someone owns a store and invites someone else to come into the store to buy something, the person who is invited is an _invitee_.

In some places (or jurisdictions), tort law asks whether a person is an invitee when it decides what duty the owner of land has to keep that person safe from harm.
Negligence

In law, **negligence** is a kind of legal claim that people and organizations can bring if they are hurt. It is a kind of tort. The law calls someone **negligent** if he hurts someone else, or someone else's property, because he was not careful enough. In a legal case about negligence, the person who brings the lawsuit is called the plaintiff and the person who is being sued is called the defendant.

## Negligence case

The law about negligence is different in many places (or jurisdictions), but for the plaintiff to win, he or she usually has to prove at least four things:

- the defendant had a duty to behave in a certain way;
- the defendant breached that duty;
- the plaintiff was _damaged_, or harmed as a result; and
- the breach of duty was the cause reasonably predictable cause of the plaintiff's harm.

### Duty

The defendant's _duty_ is what the law says that he or she has to do. Usually, the law says that people have to be _reasonable_. That means they have to be careful, use good judgment, and not be unfair to other people. In some cases, the law tells people that they have special duties. In other cases, the law says that people have no duties at all. For example, in most places that use the common law, a person has no legal duty to rescue another person from harm, even if the rescue is very easy and does not cost anything or put anyone else in danger.

### Breach

When people do not follow their duty, the law says that they _breach_ their duty.

### Harm

A plaintiff can usually bring a lawsuit only if he or she has been hurt, or has some other legal harm. The law tells people what kinds of injuries people can sue about.

### Cause

A plaintiff can usually sue a defendant only if that defendant was the one who hurt the plaintiff. In many cases, it is easy to figure out who hurt someone. But sometimes people get hurt in ways that nobody expects. For example, a defendant might be driving while drunk, and he might hit an electric pole. The electric pole could fall down and cause a neighborhood to lose electric power. As a result, a person two miles away might trip and fall in the dark. The law will decide whether the drunk driver _caused_ the person to trip and fall.

## Outside the law

The word _negligence_ is sometimes used outside the law in a similar way. It means that someone has not been careful enough.