juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tin(IV) fluoride

**Tin(IV) fluoride**, also known as **stannic fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnF<sub>4</sub>. It contains tin and fluoride ions. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

## Properties

Tin(IV) fluoride is a colorless solid. Its melting point is very high. It reacts with alkali metal fluorides like potassium fluoride to make hexafluorostannates, compounds that have the SnF<sub>6</sub><sup>2-</sup> ion in them.

## Preparation

Tin(IV) fluoride is made by reacting tin and fluorine. It can also be made by reacting hydrogen fluoride with tin(IV) chloride.

## Uses

It is sometimes used in toothpaste, although tin(II) fluoride is more common.

## Related pages

- Tin(IV) bromide
- Tin(IV) iodide
- Tin(IV) oxide
Tin(II) sulfide

**Tin(II) sulfide**, also known as **stannous sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnS. It contains tin and sulfide ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

Tin(II) sulfide is a dark brown solid. It is rarely found as a mineral. It does not dissolve in water but dissolves in concentrated hydrochloric acid.

## Preparation

Tin(II) sulfide is made by reacting tin with sulfur. It can also be made by reacting tin(II) chloride with hydrogen sulfide.

## Related pages

- Tin(II) oxide
- Tin(II) bromide
Tin(IV) sulfide

**Tin(IV) sulfide**, also known as **stannic sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnS<sub>2</sub>. It has tin and sulfide ions in it. The tin is in its +4 oxidation state.

## Properties

Tin(IV) sulfide is a gold-colored or brown solid. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen sulfide.

## Preparation

Tin(IV) sulfide is made by reacting hydrogen sulfide with tin(IV) compounds such as tin(IV) chloride.

## Uses

It is used as a decorative coating because of its color. This coating is known as **mosaic gold**.

## Related pages

- Tin(II) sulfide
- Tin(IV) oxide
Tin(II) fluoride

**Tin(II) fluoride**, also known as **stannous fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is SnF<sub>2</sub>. It contains tin and fluoride ions. The tin is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

Tin(II) fluoride is a colorless crystalline solid. It dissolves in water. It is a reducing agent. It can be oxidized to solid tin(IV) fluoride, which does not work for dentistry.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting tin or its oxide with hydrofluoric acid.

## Uses

It is commonly used in toothpastes as a source of fluoride ions. The fluoride ions react with the enamel of the tooth, making it harder to attack by bacteria. It also stops gingivitis. Some mouthwashes have tin(II) fluoride in them.

## Related pages

- Tin(II) chloride
- Tin(IV) chloride
Foreign reserve

A **foreign reserve** is the currency from another nation that is held by a nation's treasury. They are another set of assets in a country. Formerly, only gold and silver were used as reserves, but now the currency of other countries is used. There is a benefit to having a foreign reserve. When a nation has one, it can change the exchange rate to make it best for the country. But sometimes the exchange rate drops and the foreign reserve becomes worthless.

## Other websites

- Total reserves by each member of the International Monetary Fund
Cerebral cortex

The **cerebral cortex** is the most important part of the brain. In humans, it is by far the largest part of the brain.

Though this cannot be seen directly, different parts of the cortex have different functions (see diagram). It plays a key role in memory, attention, perceptual awareness, thought, language, and consciousness.

It is a sheet of neural tissue that is outermost to the cerebrum of the mammalian brain. It has up to six layers of nerve cells. The human cerebral cortex is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.16 inches) thick.

In preserved brains, it is grey, so it is often called 'grey matter'. In contrast to gray matter that is formed from neurons and their unmyelinated fibers, the white matter below them is formed predominantly by myelinated axons interconnecting neurons in different regions of the cerebral cortex with each other and neurons in other parts of the central nervous system.

The surface of the cerebral cortex is folded in large mammals, such that more than two-thirds of it in the human brain is buried in the grooves.

## Neocortex

The phylogenetically most recent part of the cerebral cortex, the **neocortex**, has six horizontal layers; the more ancient part of the cerebral cortex, the hippocampus, has at most three cellular layers. Neurons in various layers connect vertically to form small microcircuits, called 'columns'.

The neocortex is the newest part of the cerebral cortex to evolve. The six-layer neocortex is a distinguishing feature of mammals; it has been found in the brains of all mammals, but not in any other animals. In humans, 90% of the cerebral cortex is neocortex.

## Allocortex

Other parts of the cerebral cortex are:
- Allocortex: fewer than six layers, more ancient phylogenetically than the mammals, evolved to handle olfaction and the memory of smells.
    - Archicortex (includes functions related to emotions and memory)
        - Olfactory cortex
        - Hippocampus
    - Paleocortex (3 three to five layers)
The cellular organization of the old cortex is different from the six-layer structure mentioned above.
Cerebral hemisphere

The **cerebral hemispheres** are the two halves of the brain that are divided by a longitudinal fissure. They are the left and right hemispheres.

### Left hemisphere

The left hemisphere controls speech, language, math, writing, and more.

### Right hemisphere

The right hemisphere controls creativity, music, and more.
A Matter of Life and Death

***A Matter of Life and Death*** is an album by Iron Maiden. It is their fourteenth album and went on sale on 5 September 2006.

The album talks a lot about war and death, as well as other parts of life.  It was produced by Kevin Shirley.

It is a popular album, and sold within the top ten most popular album in several countries when it was released. It was the first Iron Maiden album to do this in the United States.

## Track listing

- Bonus track (iTunes store edition)

## Musicians

- Bruce Dickinson - vocals
- Janick Gers - guitar
- Steve Harris - bass guitar
- Nicko McBrain - percussion
- Dave Murray - guitar
- Adrian Smith - guitar

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: A Matter of Life and Death
- **type**: Studio
- **artist**: Iron Maiden
- **released**: 5 September 2006
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 71:53
- **label**: Sanctuary Records, Sanctuary
- **producer**: Kevin Shirley
- **prev title**: Dance of Death (album), Dance of Death
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: The Final Frontier
- **next year**: 2010
Playful Kiss

***Mischievous Kiss*** (also known as ***Playful Kiss*** / ***It Started with a Kiss***) is a Korean television series based on the popular anime/manga called _Itazurana Kiss_. It has 14 episodes with more than 8 subtitles.

It is about a clumsy student named Oh Ha Ni. She is a senior student from Section F who has a very low IQ.  Oh Ha Ni fell in love with the perfectionist Baek Seuk Jo. Baek has an IQ of 200 and is from section A. When Oh Ha Ni decided to Baek Seung Jo she loved him, he rejected her in front of the entire school. This embarrassed her. When Oh Ha Ni’s house is destroyed, they moved to her father’s long-time friend who turns out to be Baek Seung Jo’s dad. Now that they lived in the same house.

## References

- http://www.hancinema.net/korean_drama_Mischievous_Kiss.php
- http://www.mysoju.com/mischievous-kiss/
One World Film Festival

**One World** is a movie festival that takes place each year in Prague, Czech Republic. The theme of the festival is human rights documentary movies. The Czech organization People in Need organizes the festival. People can watch about 130 documentary movies from almost 40 countries during one week. Every year "One World" focuses on a different human rights issue or problem.  The festival also offers other events, such as debates with filmmakers and photography exhibitions. The festival is at the end of April each year.

## Other websites

- One World Film Festival Official Site
People In Need

**People in Need** (**PIN**, _Člověk v tísni_ in Czech) is a Czech organization that does relief work and creates development projects around the world. It works in regions that are in crisis. At the same time, it supports human rights and democratic freedom. PIN is a nonprofit and non-governmental organization.

PIN cooperates with many other organizations such as: Alliance 2015, the Czech Forum for Development Cooperation (FoRS), the European Union Monitoring Center (EUMC), UNHCR, UNICEF, and many others.

PIN had a budget of over 13 million of Euro in 2008 and about 500 staff all over the world.). It works or worked in more than 40 countries.

PIN organizes the One World Film Festival each year to show human rights documentaries.

The organization was founded in 1992 by Šimon Pánek and by Jaromír Štětina. Pánek had been a student activist during the Velvet Revolution. Štětina was journalist who wrote about wars.

### Relief and Development Department

The Relief and Development Department of PIN  helps victims of natural disasters and wars, works against poverty worldwide, and supports universal education. In 2009, the Relief and Development Department was working in eighteen countries in Asia (for example Afghanistan , Cambodia , Sri Lanka ), Africa (e.g. Ethiopia , Angola , Namibia )  and Europe (e. g. Romania , Ukraine, Czech Republic ). Programs focus on education, health care, clean drinking water, hygiene, and support for jobs that can continue for a long time.

### Human Rights Department

People in Need supports people who oppose the government and the develop civil society in countries where the government its power to control many parts of daily life. People in Need also gives the Homo Homini award to a person protected human rights and developed democracy without using violence.

### Other Departments

PIN has had programs to fight against poverty and social exclusion in the Czech Republic since 1999. They helped people from poor areas with housing, unemployment, or debt problems. Social Integration Programmes (SIP) started in 2006 and now works in more than 50 cities and towns in the Czech Republic. PIN also offers informative and educational programs in schools to teach about poverty and migration.

## Criticism

People in Need has been active in Chechnya and Ingushetia since 2000. In 2005, the Russian weekly Argumenty i Fakty claimed the organization supports Chechen separatist and terrorists. PIN said it did not. Then, Russia made the organization leave, but PIN was allowed back in 2007.

## Other websites

- People in Need (Official site)
    - People in Need (English version)
- Homo Homini Award
TESOL

**TESOL** has more than one meaning:

- The letters may stand for "Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages", used in English as a Foreign or Second Language (EFL/ESL)
- TESOL Inc. is a professional organization based in the United States for people working in this field.
TESOL International Association

**TESOL** (**Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc.**) is a global education association for English language teachers who teach speakers of others languages.

## Interest Sections

TESOL has some special interest groups called "Interest Sections".  They promote research and continuing education in areas that are important to TESOL members.  Current Interest Sections include the following:

- Adult Education
- Applied Linguistics
- Bilingual Education
- Computer-Assisted Language Learning
- Elementary Education
- English as a Foreign Language
- English for Specific Purposes
- Higher Education
- Intercultural communication
- Intensive English Programs
- International Teaching Assistants
- Materials Writers
- Non-native English-Speaking Teachers
- Program Administration
- Refugee Concerns
- Second Language Writing
- Secondary Schools
- Speech, Pronunciation, and Listening
- Teacher Education
- Video and Digital Media

## History

TESOL was founded in 1966 and has corporate headquarters in Alexandria, Virginia. TESOL has more than 13,000 members in more than 120 different countries. TESOL is an NGO under the United Nations.

## Affiliates

TESOL has relationships with 98 independent organizations worldwide: 41 in the United States and 57 in Asia, the Pacific, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa.

## Annual conference

TESOL convenes an annual conference with papers, symposia, key note speakers, workshops, and annual meetings for the Interest Sections. Presenters speak on topics ranging from practical advice for the classroom to new theories for explaining language learning. The event also has a large book fair where most major publishers have displays. Usually around 10,000 people attend the conference. It was first held in 1966.

## Awards

Each year, TESOL gives four awards, each to one of its members.

- The James E. Alatis Award for Service to TESOL is for outstanding and extended service by TESOL members at international, regional, and local levels.
- The TESOL Virginia French Allen Award for Scholarship and Service
- The D. Scott Enright TESOL Interest Section Service Award is for outstanding and extended service to and leadership in TESOL interest sections.
- The TESOL Award for Excellence in Teaching is for educators who are considered excellent by other teachers.

## Other websites

- TESOL Home Page
- TESOL France Home Page
- TESOL Greece Home Page
- Dates and locations of past TESOL Conferences
- TESOL Asia http://www.tesol.asia
- TESOL India Home Page
- TESOL Costa Rica Home Page
SimCity DS

**SimCity DS**, or **SimCity Creator**, is a simulation video game made in 2007 by Electronic Arts. The player can build a city, while trying to keep it healthy.

## Gameplay

The player will be known as the "Mayor" throughout the game. They will have to look at five sheets to run their city.

### Zoning

Zones are the places where buildings can develop. They are different, and the "heavier" the zone, the more buildings grow. However, land value has a greater effect.

### Needs

Certain facilities are called "needs". Power and water are considered _needs_ in the game, although one is not completely mandatory.

### Adviser

"Advisers" are people you choose to help you build a city.
Power line

**Power lines** are wires that conduct electricity through to another place. Many have transformer<nowiki/>s.  The original power is made at a power plant.  The voltage of the power at the end is usually 100V (Japan), 120V (North and Central America, parts of South America and Africa, and Saudi Arabia), or 220-240V (most of the rest of the world). "Step-up" transformers increase the voltage in electric power distribution grids, and increase it greatly in long electric power transmission lines. The power at the end is "stepped-down" by another transformer so it can be distributed and used.

Very long power lines carry high voltage DC.  Alternating current (AC) from the power plant is stepped up to a high voltage and rectified to make it Direct Current.  At the other end it goes through an inverter to make the electricity AC again, and stepped down.

## Related pages

- Electricity
- Static electricity
- Power line communication
Dean of Invention

***Dean of Invention*** is a TV show on Planet Green. The presenters, Dean Kamen and Joanne Colan investigate new inventions.

## Infobox (television)

- **director**: Dean Kamen
- **narrated**: Dean Kamen, Joanne Colan
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num episodes**: 8
- **camera**: Double camera
- **runtime**: 23 minutes
- **network**: Planet Green
Windows Live

**Windows Live** is an internet product of Microsoft. Until 2005 its many services were under MSN.  They moved them to Windows Live to show people that these services are made to work with Windows operating system. They used the term less after 2012.

The Windows Live family features many different services. The most famous service being Windows Live Hotmail. However, there are also many more free services provided by Windows Live which only requires one account to access. Google and Yahoo! compete against Windows Live with similarly diverse services.

## Other websites

- Windows Live homepage
- MSN homepage
Battle of Corinth

The **Battle of Corinth** was a battle fought between the Roman Republic and the Ancient Greek state of Corinth and its allies in the Achaean League in 146 BC. This was a few months after the Romans destroyed Carthage in the Third Punic War. It resulted in total destruction of Corinth, which was previously famous for its wealth. The Romans burnt it to the ground and went on to conquer the rest of Greece.
Perm Krai

**Perm Krai** is a _krai_ (federal territory) of Russia that came into existence on 1 December 2005 as a result of the 2004 referendum on the merger of Perm Oblast (province) and Komi–Permyak self-governing district. The city of Perm became the administrative center of the new federal subject.

Perm Krai is located in the east of the East European Plain and the western slope of the Middle Ural Mountains. The length from north to south is ; length from west to east is .

Rivers of Perm Krai belong to the Kama River Basin, the largest tributary of the Volga River. There are more than 29,000 rivers in Perm Krai. Together they are more than  long, but only two rivers have lengths exceeding ; the Kama () and the Chusovaya ().

The landscape is mostly low rolling hills covered by forests and fields. The Ural Mountains are in the eastern part of Perm Krai. The highest mountain Tulysmsky Kamen () is in the north east of the territory.

## Principal inhabited places

|Inhabited locality||Population|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Perm|986,500||
|Berezniki|164,100||
|Solikamsk|95,200||
|Chaikovskiy|82,300||

## Other websites

- Official website of Perm Krai
- Perm State University
- Tourist Resourses of Perm Krai
Washington University in St. Louis

**Washington University in St. Louis** (**WashU** or **WUSTL**) is a private research university in St. Louis County, Missouri. It was founded in 1853. The university is named after George Washington. Washington University is one of the top universities in the United States.

The school is the academic home for most of the university’s undergraduate, graduate, and professional students. The campus is bordered by Forest Park and the cities of St. Louis, Clayton and University City. The university also has a West Campus in Clayton, North Campus in the West End neighborhood of St. Louis, and Medical Campus in the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis.

The school has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. Washington University has seven graduate and undergraduate schools. The phrase "in St. Louis" was added in 1976.

## Other websites

- Official website of Washington University in St. Louis

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Washington University in St. Louis
- **image**: Brookings.jpg
- **image upright**: .7
- **latin name**: Universitas Washingtoniana
- **former name**: Eliot Seminary (1853-1854)
Washington Institute (1854-1856)
Washington University (1856-1976)
- **motto**: _Per veritatem vis_ (Latin language, Latin)
- **mottoeng**: "Strength through truth"
- **type**: Private university, Private research university
- **free label**: accreditation
- **free**: Higher Learning Commission, HLC
- **endowment**: $13.7 billion (FY2021)
- **chancellor**: Andrew D. Martin
- **provost**: Beverly Wendland
- **administrative staff**: 12,609 (2018)
- **faculty**: 4,151 (2021)
- **students**: 16,244
- **undergrad**: 7,803
- **postgrad**: 8,441
- **city**: St. Louis
- **state**: Missouri
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Large Suburb,
 Tyson Research Center,
- **colors**: Red and Green

- **free label2**: Newspaper
- **free2**: _Student Life (newspaper), Student Life_
- **sporting affiliations**: NCAA Division III – University Athletic Association, UAA
- **nickname**: Washington University Bears, Bears
- **mascot**: Bear
Lions Gate Bridge

The **Lions Gate Bridge** is a suspension bridge in Vancouver, British Columbia. It is one of Canada's National Historic Sites.

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: Lions Gate Bridge
- **image**: Lions Gate bridge.JPG
- **caption**: Lions Gate Bridge from Stanley Park, 2013
- **official name**: First Narrows Bridge
- **carries**: Three lanes of British Columbia Highway 1A/British Columbia Highway 99, 99, pedestrians and bicycles
- **crosses**: Burrard Inlet
- **locale**: Vancouver
 West Vancouver
- **maint**: British Columbia Ministry of Transportation
- **designer**: Charles Monsarrat, Charles Nicholas Monsarrat
Philip Louis Pratley
- **design**: Suspension bridge
- **traffic**: 60,000 – 70,000
- **begin**: March 31, 1937
- **open**: November 14, 1938
Andray Blatche

**Andray Blatche** (born August 22, 1986 in Syracuse, New York) is an Filipino-American basketball player that currently plays for the Washington Wizards of the NBA. On September 25, 2005, Blatche was shot in a carjacking in Alexandria, Virginia and recovered successfully. Blatche has played for the Washington Wizards for 5 seasons. Blatche became a naturalized Filipino in 2014. He plays for the Philippine national basketball team.
Evgeni Malkin

**Evgeni Vladimirovich Malkin** (born July 31, 1986) is a Russian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL) and serves as their alternative captain. He was selected 2nd overall by the Penguins in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.

He plays on Team Russia in the Olympics.

Malkin won the Stanley Cup with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2009.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **team**: Pittsburgh Penguins
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image**: Evgeni Malkin 2012-02-26.JPG
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lb**: 200
- **ntl team**: Russia
- **birth place**: Magnitogorsk, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union, USSR
- **draft**: 2nd overall
- **draft year**: 2004
- **draft team**: Pittsburgh Penguins
- **career start**: 2003
Drew Doughty

**Drew Doughty** (born December 8, 1989) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He plays for the Los Angeles Kings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was selected 2nd overall by the Kings in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

He plays on Team Canada in the Olympics where he won a gold medal in the 2010 Winter Olympics. Doughty was named to the all-rookie team in the 2008-09 NHL season. He won the Stanley Cup with the Los Angeles Kings in 2012.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Drew Doughty.JPG
- **image size**: 225px
- **caption**: Doughty with the Kings in 2009
- **team**: Los Angeles Kings
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **position**: Defenceman
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 215
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **birth place**: London, Ontario, London, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 2nd overall
- **draft year**: 2008
- **draft team**: Los Angeles Kings
- **career start**: 2008
Adolf Borsdorf

**Adolph Borsdorf** (born Dittmansdorf, Saxony, 25 December 1854; died London, 15 April 1923), was a German player of the French horn.

Borsdorf was born in Saxony in 1854.  He studied the French horn at the Conservatoire in Dresden and played in a military band.  In 1879, he moved to England where he stayed for the rest of his life, becoming the most important horn player in England.  The conductor Hans Richter offered him at job in the orchestra at Covent Garden.  In 1904, he joined the newly formed London Symphony Orchestra.  The four horn players in that orchestra were excellent players and were often called “God’s Own Quartet”.

Borsdorf and his colleague Franz Paersch had learned to play on horns that were made in Germany.  These had a wide bore (the hole through the tube).  However, both players changed to playing instruments made in France by a horn-maker called Raoux.  These instruments had a narrower bore.  They were not quite as powerful but gave a particularly clear sound.

Borsdorf became professor at the Royal College of Music when it was founded in 1882.  He also taught at the Royal Academy of Music.  He soon became the best horn player in London.  He was playing principal horn in the orchestra which Henry Wood conducted at the very first Promenade Concert in the Queen’s Hall in 1895 (the fourth horn was A.E.Brain, grandfather of Dennis Brain).  He was also in the orchestra when Richard Strauss’s _Till Eulenspiegel_ was given its first performance in England in 1896 with the composer conducting.

In 1913, he became ill and had to have teeth removed.  There was also another problem for him: World War I broke out in 1914 and there was a lot of anti-German feeling in England.  After the war he rarely played in public.

Borsdorf died in 1923.  He had done more than anyone else to improve the standard of horn playing in England.  He taught many talented pupils, including A.E.Brain Jr., Aubrey Brain, Frank Probyn and his own three sons: Oskar, Francis and Emil who all became professional horn players.

## References

- Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
- Pettitt, Stephen. _Dennis Brain: A Biography_. London: Robert Hale, 1976. ISBN 0-7091-5772-X
Mute (music)

A **mute** is an object used to make a musical instrument quieter.
Alfred Edwin Brain Sr.

**Alfred Edwin Brain** (born Turnham Green, London, 4 February 1860; died London, 25 October 1929), was an English player of the French horn.  He was the founder of a great school of English horn playing.  His grandson Dennis Brain became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.  He is known as A.E .Brain Sr. (Senior) because one of his sons, who also was a famous horn player, had the same name.

A.E. Brain was born in 1860.  His father fought in the Crimean War and was invalid. Alfred was not well educated.  When he was 12 he joined the Scots Guards and played the horn in the band.  He married in 1880 and had seven children.  Two of the children became great horn players: Alfred and Aubrey.

He played in several orchestras, including the Philharmonic Society, the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and Covent Garden.  He played a lot for Henry Wood in The Proms.  In orchestras he nearly always played fourth horn, so his nickname was “George IV”.  In 1904 he became a founding member of the London Symphony Orchestra.  The four horn players in that orchestra: Adolf Borsdorf,  Thomas Busby,  Henri Van der Meerschen and A.E. Brain, were often called “God’s Own Quartet” because they blended together so well.

He died in 1929 after a short retirement.

## References

- Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
- Pettitt, Stephen. _Dennis Brain: A Biography_. London: Robert Hale, 1976.
Alfred Edwin Brain Jr.

**Alfred Edwin Brain Jr.** (born London, 24 October 1885; died Los Angeles, 29 March 1966) was an English player of the French horn.  He came from a family which included many famous horn players, including his nephew, Dennis Brain who became perhaps the most famous horn player of all time.

## Life

A.E.Brain Jr (Junior, to distinguish him from his father who had the same name) was born in 1885.  His father, Alfred Edwin Brain Sr. was a well-known horn player.  Alfred started to learn the trumpet when he was six, but when he was twelve he changed to the French horn and learned from his father.  He studied at the Royal Academy of Music with Adolf Borsdorf and also learned the piano from G.D.Cunningham who was to teach his nephew the organ some forty years later.  His first professional job was with the Scottish Orchestra.  He then played in the Queen’s Hall Orchestra and the London Symphony Orchestra.

When World War I broke out he joined the Scots Guards, but later, in 1917, he did a lot of dangerous work in France where the fighting was taking place.  After the war he was awarded the British War Medal and Victory Medal for his bravery.

When he returned after the war he got jobs with several of the London orchestras, including Covent Garden where he played for Sir Thomas Beecham.  His brother Aubrey, also an excellent horn player, returned from the war after him.  By this time Alfred had got all the best horn jobs in London, so it was difficult for Aubrey to find the best jobs.

In 1923, he emigrated to the United States.  He played in the New York Philharmonic Orchestra and later for the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra.  In his later years he recorded a lot in movie studios, including for 20th century Fox.

## References

- Oxford Music Online retrieved 21.11.2010
- Pettitt, Stephen. _Dennis Brain: A Biography_. London: Robert Hale, 1976. ISBN 0-7091-5772-X
Skimboarding

**Skimboarding** is a form of shallow water surfing.

When the waves at shallow water were poor, surfers would often attempt to surf in shallow breaking water. This led to the making of smaller, lighter boards, named skimboards for the way they allow the user to skim across the surface of the water. Lifeguards were quick to adopt these new boards and used skimboarding as a way to quickly move up and down the beach in shallow water. Skimboarding has progressed and is now a recognized sport. Competitions are held each year around the world and produce large amounts of revenue for the market interested in this sport. These competitions also allow skimboarders to exhibit maneuvers that technology, evolution and skill have made possible.
Arminius

**Arminius**, also known as **Armin** or **Hermann** (b. 18 BC/17 BC in Magna Germania; d. AD 21 in Germania) was a chieftain of the Cherusci. He was able to unite a group of Germanic tribes together to fight the Romans. They destroyed a Roman army in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest. This was the greatest military disaster the Romans had ever suffered.

After the battle, Arminius immediately sent Varus' severed head to Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, the other most powerful Germanic ruler. Arminius offered an anti-Roman alliance. Marobod declined the offer, sending the head on to Rome for burial, and remained neutral throughout the ensuing war. Only later did a brief, inconclusive war break out between the two Germanic leaders.

## Rome's response

Later, in 14 AD, the Roman general  Germanicus, nephew of the Emperor Tiberius, led a huge 8-legion army (a legion was up to 5,000 men) into Germania against the coalition of tribes led by Arminius.

After visiting the site of the disastrous Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, where 15/20,000 Romans had been killed in 9 AD, and burying their remains, he launched a massive assault on the heartland of Arminius' tribe, the Cheruscans.

Arminius initially lured Germanicus' cavalry into a trap and inflicted minor casualties, until successful fighting by the Roman infantry caused the Germans to break and flee into the forest. This victory, combined with the fact that winter was fast approaching, meant Germanicus's next step was to lead his army back to its winter quarters on the Rhine.

In spite of doubts on the part of his uncle, Emperor Tiberius, Germanicus managed to raise another huge army and invaded Germany again the next year, in 16. He forced a crossing of the Weser near modern Minden, suffering heavy losses. Then he met Arminius' army in an engagement often called the Battle of the Weser River.

Germanicus's superior tactics and better trained and equipped legions inflicted huge casualties on the German army, with only minor losses. One final battle was fought at the Angivarian Wall west of modern Hanover, repeating the pattern of high German fatalities, forcing them to flee.

With his main objectives reached and with winter approaching Germanicus ordered his army back to their winter camps, with the fleet occasioning some damage by a storm in the North Sea. However, only a minute number of Romans died due to this storm. After a few more raids across the Rhine, which resulted in the recovery of two of the three legion's eagles lost in 9, Germanicus was recalled to Rome and informed by Tiberius that he would be given a triumph and reassigned to a different command.

## Death of Arminius

Five years later, Arminius was killed on the orders of rival Germanic chiefs. Although Arminius could not keep unity among the Germanic tribes, the loss of Roman legions in the Teutoburg forest had a far-reaching effect on the Germanic tribes and the Roman Empire. Germanicus' campaign was the last major Roman  military effort east of the Rhine.
Doctor of Medicine

**Doctor of Medicine** (**MD**, from the Latin ***Medicinæ Doctor*** meaning "Teacher of Medicine") is a doctoral degree for physicians (medical doctors). The degree is given by medical schools.

It is a professional doctorate / first professional degree (qualifying degree) in some countries, including the United States and Canada. Students need to have completed 90 to 120 credit hours of university level work  (see second entry degree) and in most cases should already have a Bachelors Degree.

In other countries, such as the United Kingdom and Germany, the Doctor of Medicine is an advanced academic _research_ degree similar to a PhD or a higher doctorate.  In Britain, Ireland, and many Commonwealth nations, the qualifying medical degree is the Bachelor of Science in Medicine, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS, BMBS, BM BCh, BM, MB BCh BAO, or MB ChB) and is the same as the M.D. degree in the U.S. system.

In these countries it is illegal to prescribe scrips (prescriptions) and perform operations without the basic degree; also usual is the membership of appropriate medical and/or surgical societies. The societies (such as the British Medical Association) act as a kind of sophisticated trades union for doctors. In the British system, the General Medical Council has legal authority for the medical register of doctors licensed to practice medicine. They can and do hold tribunals to decide whether doctors accused of misdeeds should be struck off the medical register. Therefore, to practice it is necessary not only to hold the medical degree(s), but also to be on the register.
1707 Hōei earthquake

The **1707 Hōei earthquake** happened at 14:00 local time on 28 October 1707. It was one of the largest earthquakes in Japanese history.

## Background

The southern coast of Honshu runs in the same direction as the Nankai Trough. This marks the place where the Philippine Sea Plate moves under the Eurasian Plate. Movement on this boundary causes many earthquakes; some of them are megathrust earthquakes. The Nankai megathrust has five parts (A-E) that can break one by one. The different parts have broken either one at a time or all together many times over the last 1,300 years. This kind of quake often happens in pairs with a relatively short time between them. In addition to the two earthquakes in 1854, there were similar earthquakes in 1944 and 1946. Each time, the north-eastern part broke before the southwestern part. In 1707, the earthquakes were either at the same time, or close enough together so that writing from that time do not describe them separately.

## Damage

29,000 houses were destroyed and more than 5,000 people were killed. The earthquake caused at least one major landslide in Shizuoka. This landslide was one of the three largest in Japan and is called the Ohya Landslide. It covered an area of 1.8 km<sup>2</sup> with an estimated volume of 120 million m<sup>3</sup>. In the Nara Basin, the earthquake made the soil behave like a liquid.

### Earthquake

There were two other very large earthquakes: the 1854 Ansei-Tōkai and Ansei-Nankai earthquakes. The 1707 was stronger than both. Several observations show that the Hōei earthquake was bigger. At Cape Muroto, Kōchi, a cliff was raised up about 2.3 m in 1707, but just 1.5 m in 1854.  In the Kawachi Plain area, the earthquake was around 6 - 7 on the JMA scale. Also, the amount of damage and height of the water from tsunami showed the strength of the earthquake. There are also records of tsunami at distant locations, such as Nagasaki and Jeju-do, South Korea.

### Tsunami

The tsunami that followed the earthquake raised water along the coast. Along the southwestern coast of Kōchi, the average increase in sea level was 7.7 m. In some places it rose up to 10.2 m

### Connection to Mount Fuji eruption

Changes in stress caused by large earthquakes may be enough to cause volcanic eruptions, when the magma system of the volcano is close to a critical state. The great earthquake in 1707 may have changed pressure in the magma under Mount Fuji and might have caused the last eruption of Mount Fuji 49 days later.

## Related pages

- Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **title**: 1707 Hōei earthquake
- **pre-1900**: yes
- **local-time**: 14:00
- **magnitude**: 8.6 ,  8.7
- **countries affected**: Japan: Chūbu region, Kansai region, Shikoku, Kyūshū
- **tsunami**: yes
- **fault**: Nankai megathrust
- **casualties**: >5,000
- **map**: 1707Hoei earthquake intensity.png
Henri La Fontaine

**Henri Marie La Fontaine** (22 April 1854 – 14 May 1943), was a Belgian lawyer. He is most well known for receiving the Nobel Prize of Peace in 1913. He devoted himself to international peace. He was responsible about making education better and about foreign affairs.

## Life

La Fontaine was born in Brussels in April 11, 1854. In 1895, he became a senator, and in the following years, he submitted a bill on mine inspection. He also became the President of the International Peace bureau at 1907, and finally received the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1913. He died before Belgium was liberated.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Henri Marie La Fontaine
- **image**: HenriLaFontaine.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Henri La Fontaine
- **birth name**: Henri Marie La Fontaine
- **birth place**: Brussels, Belgium
- **death place**: Brussels, Belgium
- **occupation**: lawyer
- **known for**: Nobel Peace Prize in 1913
Publius Quinctilius Varus

**Publius Quinctilius Varus** (46 BC in Cremona, Roman Republic - AD 9 in Germania) was a Roman politician and general under Emperor Augustus. He is mainly remembered for having lost three Roman legions and his own life when attacked by Germanic leader Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Publius Quinctilius Varus
- **caption**: The Defeated Varus (2003), a sculpture by Wilfried Koch in Haltern am See, Germany.
- **image**: Der gescheiterte Varus Haltern.jpg
Dumbledore's Army

**Dumbledore's Army** (often referred to as **the D.A.**) is an association in the _Harry Potter_ series by J.K. Rowling. It is started in _Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix_ and continued in the last book, _Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows_ by members Neville Longbottom, Ginny Weasley, and Luna Lovegood. This is an association created to prepare some pupils for beating Voldemort.

The leader, Harry Potter, teaches his friends how defend themselves against the Dark Lord. The idea for the D.A. came from Hermione Granger, who wanted the students to learn defensive spells which were not being taught by the new Defense Against the Dark Arts teacher, Dolores Umbridge.

**Founders:** Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, and Hermione Granger

**Members:**
Hannah Abbott,
Katie Bell,
Susan Bones,
Terry Boot,
Lavender Brown,
Cho Chang,
Michael Corner,
Colin Creevey, Dennis Creevey,
Marietta Edgecombe,
Justin Finch-Fletchley,
Seamus Finnigan,
Anthony Goldstein,
Angelina Johnson,
Lee Jordan,
Neville Longbottom,
Luna Lovegood,
Ernie Macmillan,
Padma Patil,
Parvati Patil,
Zacharias Smith,
Alicia Spinnet,
Dean Thomas,
Fred Weasley, George Weasley,
Ginny Weasley

Nigel Wolpert was only in the movie’s D.A. He is a character that is Colin and Denis combined, so he was never actually in the books. (This means his name was not in the original D.A. List.)

In _Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows_ when Harry, Ron and Hermione were not in Hogwarts, Neville Longbottom became the leader.
Charles de Tornaco

**Charles de Tornaco** (June 7, 1927 - September 18, 1953) was a race car driver from Belgium. He drove in Formula One World Championship Grands Prix. He died of a car accident in 1953. The accident happened in Modena, Italy while he was practicing for the race. De Tornaco rolled his car over the barrier. There was no medical help available for him there, and he died on the way to a hospital in a private Mercedes-Benz C-Class. He was 28.
Photo editing

**Photo editing** or **image editing** is the changing of images. These images can be digital photographs, illustrations, prints, or photographs on film). Traditional editing, such as airbrushing, is done by hand. Now photo editing is done by programs such as Photoshop, Gimp and Microsoft Paint.

Photo editing is done for many reasons. Many photos of models are edited to remove blemishes or make the model "better".  This is usually called _retouching_, _airbrushing_ or _Photoshopping_, even if Photoshop or airbrushes are not used.  Other reasons to edit a photo include fixing errors (red eye, contrast, brightness, etc.), practical jokes, and to trick people. Photo editing is also used to make completely new images. Photo editing is sometimes called photo manipulation, a term which sounds negative.

## History

The first known example of photo editing happened in the 1860s to a photo of President Abraham Lincoln. Before the invention of computers, people had to edit images by hand. Some editing was done by pasting photos together. People also used tools like ink, paint and airbrushes. Enlargers made bigger pictures, and allowed adjustments such as brightening or darkening different parts.

In the 1980s, photo editing computer programs for personal computers were made.  The first version of Adobe Photoshop was released in 1987.
In 2011 the first photo editing mobile apps were released on App Store Other apps have been made for other mobile operating systems. These apps allow editing and photo sharing by smartphone and tablet computer.
Piñata

A **piñata** is a type of decoration with bright colors. It is made from either clay or cardboard and is covered with papier-mâché.

In Puerto Rico, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Colombia and in some other Latin American countries, piñatas are traditionally used only at children's birthday parties.  They are usually made of cardboard, colorfully decorated to match the birthday party theme and filled with candy, chocolates, small toys and confetti.  Colored strings (long enough to reach the ground) are attached to the bottom of the piñata, where a trap-door is hidden under the decoration.  The piñata is then hung somewhere where everyone can see, but the strings are kept out of the reach of children.  Toward the end of the party, usually after the cutting of the cake, an announcement is made that the piñata will be 'broken' and each child is given an empty party bag.  All the children get together directly underneath the piñata and each child is given a string to hold.  Then, at the count of three, the children pull their strings all at the same time.  This opens the hidden trap-door (or 'breaks' the piñata) and the children receive a shower of candy and confetti while they rush to fill up their bags with the treats.
Hōei eruption

The  started on December 16, 1707 (23rd day of the 11th month of the year Hōei 4) and ended about January 1, 1708 (9th day of the 12th month of the year Hōei 4) during the Edo period.  There was no lava flow, but the Hoei eruption released at least 800 million cubic meters of volcanic ash. This ash spread over very large areas around the volcano. It even reached Edo almost 100 km away. Cinders and ash fell like rain in Izu, Kai, Sagami, and Musashi provinces. This eruption of Mount Fuji might have been caused by the 1707 Hōei earthquake
49 days earlier.

The eruption was on Mount Fuji's east–north-east slope and made three new volcanic openings called No. 1, No. 2, and No. 3 Hōei vents. The danger of the eruption increased over the next several days. After the first earthquake and explosion of cinders and ash, another stronger explosion happened a few days later. This explosion threw out rocks and stones.  Mount Fuji has not erupted since; but scientists describe Fuji as an active volcano.

Hokusai's _One Hundred Views of Mount Fuji_ includes an image of the small crater which developed from a secondary eruption site on the southwestern slope.  This was called Hōeizan (Mount Hōei) because the eruption happened in year Hōei 4.

Today the crater can be visited from Fujinomiya Trail  or Gotemba Trail  of Mount Fuji.

## Related disasters

In the year after the Hōei eruption, another related disaster happened. The Sakawa River flooded. Sand from the volcano fell and widely covered the fields east of Mount Fuji. Farmers made sand piles by dumping the ash and sand from their fields. The rain washed away the sand piles from the dumping grounds and into the rivers again and again. This made some of the rivers shallower, especially the Sakawa. Enough ash had fallen to partly block the river. The ash made temporary dams. Heavy rainfall on August 7 and 8, 1708, caused an avalanche of volcanic ash and mud and broke the dams. The river flooded the Ashigara plain.

## Related pages

- Historic eruptions of Mount Fuji
- 1707 Hōei earthquake

## Other websites

- 富士山火山防災協議会  (Council for Fuji volcano disaster reduction)
- 富士山宝永噴火（1707）後の土砂災害(PDF) (Distribution of sediment disasters after the 1707 Hoei eruption of Fuji Volcano in central Japan, based on historical documents)
Forest of Secrets (Warriors)

***Forest of Secrets*** is the third book in the first _Warriors_ series: _Warriors: The Prophecies Begin_. It was written by Erin Hunter. It was published on 14 October 2003.

_Forest of Secrets_ takes place in a fictional forest populated by feral cats who live in groups called Clans. There are four Clans: ThunderClan, ShadowClan, WindClan, and RiverClan. The cats that live in these Clans call themselves warriors.

## Plot

Fireheart, a ThunderClan warrior, looks for a way to expose Tigerclaw, deputy (second-in-command) of ThunderClan, for being a traitor. Graystripe, Fireheart's best friend, is in love with a RiverClan warrior, Silverstream, despite relationships between cats of different Clans being against the rules the Clan cats live by.

Silverstream and Graystripe have kits, Featherkit and Stormkit, but Silverstream dies giving birth to them. Graystripe takes the kits to ThunderClan, where he is exposed for having a forbidden relationship. RiverClan is angry about this, and wants to take the kits back.

Fireheart and Graystripe find Ravenpaw, Tigerclaw's former apprentice, and get the true story of what happened in the battle where Redtail, the former deputy of ThunderClan, died. They find out that Tigerclaw's story of what happened that day was a lie, and that Tigerclaw killed Redtail. Fireheart tries to tell Bluestar about this, but she doesn't believe him.

Eventually, Tigerclaw brings a group of former ShadowClam cats into the camp, and tries to kill Bluestar during the confusion of the battle. Fireheart rescues Bluestar, and Tigerclaw is banished from ThunderClan. Fireheart is made deputy in his place, and Graystripe takes his kits to RiverClan. Bluestar's mental state begins to fail because of Tigerclaw's betrayal.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Forest of Secrets
- **author**: Erin Hunter
- **cover artist**: Wayne McLoughlin
- **country**: United States
United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **series**: Warriors (book series)
- **genre**: Children's literature
Fantasy novel
- **publisher**: Avon
HarperCollins
- **release date**: 14 October 2003
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **pages**: 336
- **isbn**: 978-0-06-052561-3
- **oclc**: 55800667
- **preceded by**: Fire and Ice (Warriors), Fire and Ice
- **followed by**: Rising Storm (Warriors), Rising Storm