juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Epididymis

The **epididymis** is the part of the human male reproductive system. It is the tube that holds the testicles in place. It stretches from the back of each testicle to the van deferens.

## Parts

The dinges is made up of three parts:
- The head (_Caput_)
- The body (_Corpus_)
- The tail (_Cauda_)

## Uses

Sperm made in the testis go into the head (_caput_) of the epididymis, go through the body (_corpus_) and stop at the tail (_cauda_), where they are stored. When sperm are first made and travel to the head, they are not yet ready to be ejaculated. They cannot swim or fertilize an egg. By the time they reach the tail, the sperm can fertilize an egg. The sperm are transferred to the Seminal visicle through the vas deferens. The sperm can not swim yet, so muscle contractions push the sperm to the seminal vesicle where final development is finished. .

When the sperm are ejaculated, they move through the tail of the epididymis. There are so many sperm that they cannot swim, but use peristalsis from muscles in the vas deferens.

## Disease

An injury or infection of the epididymis causes epididymitis, a painful condition that can take months to heal. Sometimes the testicle has to be removed. There does not seem to be any single cause, or treatment for this condition. Some doctors treat it with antibiotics, some take a "wait and see" attitude. At times just one testicle is affected and at others, both.

## Removal

Sometimes males get their epididymis removed either as a form of birth control or for other reasons (such as for post-vasectomy pain syndrome) in a surgery known as an epididymectomy.

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Epididymis
- **latin**: Epididymis
- **image**: Epididymis-KDS.jpg
- **caption**: Adult human testicle with epididymis: A. Head of epididymis, B. Body of epididymis, C. Tail of epididymis, and D. Vas deferens
- **width**: 194
- **image2**: Gray1148.png
- **caption2**: The right testis, exposed by laying open the tunica vaginalis.
- **precursor**: Wolffian duct
- **vein**: Pampiniform plexus
1810s

The **1810s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1810 and ended on December 31, 1819. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1811 and ended on December 31, 1820.

## Events

- The War of 1812 between Great Britain and the United States.
- Napoleon defeated at Waterloo in Belgium. (1815)
- Denmark lets Norway go; Norway declares independence.
- Congress of Vienna changes Europe.
- Volcano Mount Tambora explodes in the Dutch East Indies (1815)
- Year without a Summer (1816)

## Births

- James Strang, Mormon. (1813)
- John A. Macdonald, first prime minister of Canada (1815)
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton, American women's rights activist (1815)
- Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States
- Frederick Douglass, writer. (1818)

## World leaders

- Emperor Francis II (Austria)
- Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
- King Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
- Jiaqing Emperor (China)
- Emperor Napoleon I (First French Empire)
- King Louis XVIII (Restoration France)
- Pope Pius VII
- Emperor Alexander I (Russia)
- King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
- King George III (United Kingdom).
- President James Madison (United States)
- President James Monroe (United States)
- Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)

## Deaths

- Paul Revere, silversmith. (1818)
- Jemima Wilkinson, preacher. (1819)
Mammary gland

**Mammary glands** are the part of the female body designed for the making milk for baby mammals to drink. In humans they are in the breasts. In cows and goats they are called udders.
Kurt Browning

**Kurt Browning** (born June 18, 1966 in Rocky Mountain House, Alberta) is a Canadian figure skater. He won four world championships and four Canadian championships.

Browning did the first ever quadruple jump (four turns) in competition. He is well known for his footwork. As a professional, he has skated for Stars on Ice and Tom Collins Tour of Champions, won several professional championships, and did some T.V. skating specials. He has also talked during skating events on T.V. He has helped the charity Muscular Dystrophy.

Browning was raised in Caroline, Alberta. He married a dancer with the National Ballet of Canada, Sonia Rodriguez, in 1996. They have a son Gabriel, born in 2003.

## Amateur Competitions

- World Championships: came first in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1993
- Winter Olympics: 1988 - 8th, 1992 - 6th, 1994 - 5th
- Canadian Championships: came first in 1989, 1990, 1991, and 1993
Airbus

**Airbus <small>SE</small>** (, , , ) is a company which makes aircraft. It is owned by EADS, a European aerospace company. Airbus has its headquarters in Blagnac, France.
Airbus Office in Toulouse 1, Rond Point Maurice Bellonte 31707 Blagnac Cedex France"

Airbus began as a consortium (a group) of aircraft makers called **Airbus Industrie**. Later, in 2001, it became a joint-stock company. It was owned by EADS (80%) and BAE Systems (20%). BAE sold its part of the company to EADS on 13 October 2006, so EADS now completely owns the company.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Airbus <small>SAS</small>
- **logo**: Airbus 2010–2017 logo.svg
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **foundation**: 1970 (as _Airbus Industrie_)
 2001 (Airbus as <small>_SAS_</small>)
- **location city**: Toulouse
- **location country**: France
- **key people**: Fabrice Brégier
<small>(Chief Executive Officer)</small>
 Guenter Butschek
<small>(Chief Operating Officer)</small>
- **industry**: Aerospace
- **products**: Airliners, Commercial airliners (Airbus#Civilian planes, list)
- **revenue**: €33.10 billion (Fiscal year, FY 2011)
- **net income**: €1.597 billion (Fiscal year, FY 2008)
- **num employees**: 55,000
- **parent**: EADS
- **subsid**: Airbus Military
Rapid City, South Dakota

**Rapid City** is the second most populous city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is in the western part of the state on the eastern edge of the Black Hills. Rapid City is the county seat of Pennington County.

It is a good starting point for the area around it, which is a tourist area. Local tourist sites include Mount Rushmore, the Black Hills, the Badlands, and Custer State Park.

The city is founded in February 1876 and incorporated in February 1883.

## Other websites

- Rapid City government website
Year without a Summer

The **Year without a Summer** was 1816.  The year before that, in 1815, a volcano had erupted in the Dutch East Indies.  The volcano's name was Mount Tambora.  The volcanic ash from the eruption spread across the world.  It darkened the sky, and made the Earth's surface colder.

In much of Europe and northern North America, summer never came. In New England and Germany, there were frozen lakes in the middle of June.  Flowers never bloomed, and every day was cold. These places and China suffered famine.
Capitol building

A **capitol building** (or just **capitol**) is a building in a capital city.  People who control government work there to make laws.  The building may have many offices.

Some offices are for legislators, the people who make the laws.

Some offices are for people who enforce laws, for example a president or governor.  These people lead all people, and help them obey the laws.

Sometimes, there are offices for judges, people who help all people understand the laws. These judges are very powerful.  A group of these judges can be called a **supreme court** or **superior court**.

Buildings similar to capitols are in other places.  A smaller government like one in a county can be in a court house.  A city government can be in a city hall.
Dissolve

The word **dissolve** can mean:

- In chemistry, it is the act of **solvation**, when a solid is mixed into a liquid, creating a  solution. Mixing salt into water is an example.  Upon evaporation, the dissolved parts usually come out of solution and reform the solid.
- In film and video editing, it is one way of changing the view. For example, a scene fades (changes slowly) from a bright day to all black.
- In politics or law dissolution means that something is brought to an end, either permanently or so that a new election can happen.
Jersey City, New Jersey

**Jersey City** is a city in Hudson County in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is just across the Hudson River from New York City.
San Jose, California

**San Jose** (officially _San José_) is a city in Santa Clara County, California in the United States.

It is the third biggest city in California, after Los Angeles and San Diego. It is the 13th most populous city in the United States. It is south of San Francisco. The city has 1,000,000 people. It has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (_Csb_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

By the 1990s, San Jose and the rest of Silicon Valley had become the global center for high tech and internet industries, making it California's fastest-growing economy. It has very high home prices and is one of the most expensive places to live in the United States.

San Jose is home to San José State University as well as the hockey team San Jose Sharks.

### 2020 census

In the 2020 census, there were 1,013,240 people, 328,622 households, and 239,392 families living in San Jose. The population density was 5,684.1 people per square mile (2,194.6/km²). There were 342,037 housing units. The breakdown by race was 38.5% Asian, 27.3% White, 2.9% Black, 1.4% Native American, 0.4% Pacific Islander, 18.2% from one other race, and 11.2% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 31.2% of the people.

The median (middle) age was 37.6 years. The age breakdown was 21.1% under age 18, 65.6% from 18 to 65, and 13.3% over 65. The gender breakdown was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.

Of the households, 36.2% had children under age 18, 53.4% had a married couple, 6.2% had an unmarried couple, 22.8% had a woman with no partner, 17.6% had a man with no partner, and 19.0% had one person living alone. The average household size was 3.04 people.

## Other websites

- City of San Jose Web site
Venus, Texas

**Venus**, Texas is a town in the United States. Around 4,361 people lived there (about 2,624 males and 1,737 females) in 2020.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Venus, Texas
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Downtown Venus Texas Wiki (1 of 1).jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Downtown Venus, 2017
- **image map**: Johnson County Texas incorporated and unincorporated areas Venus highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location in Johnson County, Texas, Johnson County and the state of Texas
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Texas##Location in the United States
- **pushpin label**: Venus
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Johnson County, Texas, Johnson, Ellis County, Texas, Ellis
- **established title**: Incorporated (town)
- **established date**: 1903
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 8.02
- **area land km2**: 8.02
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 3.10
- **area land sq mi**: 3.10
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 4361
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 203
- **elevation ft**: 666
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 76084
- **area code**: Area code 214, 214, Area code 469, 469, Area code 972, 972
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-75236
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1349239
Evergreen, Colorado

**Evergreen, Colorado** is a community in the United States, about 30 miles from Denver, Colorado.
Toller Cranston

**Toller Cranston** (April 20, 1949 – January 24, 2015) was a Canadian figure skater.

## Early life and career

Cranston was born in Hamilton, Ontario. He grew up in Kirkland Lake, Ontario.  He was Canadian champion six times, and, despite never coming higher than third at a world championship, he came first in the free skate four times. He was well-respected for his artistic ability, and is recognized as someone who brought a new level of artistry to men's figure skating.

## Professional career

He skated as a professional for many years, choreographed (designed movement patterns for) skating routines, and was a commentator (talked about events) on T.V. during skating events. Many people don't realize that Toller was also an extremely successful and talented fine art painter. He funded his career off the sale of his artworks, and continued to paint ferociously until the end of his days.

## Retirement and death

After his retirement, Cranston lived in San Miguel de Allende, Mexico. He was found dead at his home in San Miguel de Allende on the morning of January 24, 2015. He was 65 years old. His cause of death was later said to be a heart attack.

## Amateur competitions

- World Championships:  third in 1974
- Olympics:  bronze medal in 1976
- Canadian Championships:  first in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, and 1976

## Other websites

- **Toller Cranston ** official site

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Toller Cranston
- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-N0324-0010, Toller Cranston.jpg
- **caption**: Cranston performs a split jump at the 1974 World Figure Skating Championships
- **birth date**: 20 April 1949
- **death date**: 24 January 24 2015
- **nationality**: Canadian
- **occupation**: Figure skater
Hockey

**Hockey** is a type of sport in which players try to get points by hitting an object into the other team's goal with a stick. Others believe hockey came from the French word “hoquet” which means shepherd's stick. James Creighton, an engineer who learned how to play the game of hockey while living in Nova Scotia, is credited for bringing the game to a new level. He taught his friends at McGill University in Montreal how to play the game.

## Types

There are three main ways that hockey is played.

- Field hockey is played with a ball on grass or turf. there are eleven players in each team . Field hockey is usually played outdoors, but there is indoor field hockey. Field hockey is played in the Summer Olympic Games.
- Ice hockey is played on ice. Players on each team wear ice skates. They try to hit hockey puck into the other team's goal. There are up to 6 players on the ice for each team. It can be played indoors or outdoors. Ice hockey is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is played in the Winter Olympic Games. The modern game was invented in the mid-1850´s by British soldiers based in Canada. Rules were set by students at McGill University in Montréal, Canada, in 1879, and many amateur clubs and leagues were organized in Canada by the late 1880s. The first game played in the USA is believed to have been in 1893.
- Roller hockey is played on a roller hockey rink, usually inside. Players on each team wear roller skates. They try to hit a small plastic disk called a hockey puck into the other team's goal. There are 5 players on each team. There is no contact.

## History

Evidence exists that shows ancient Aztecs, Greeks and Romans played similar forms of the game. The modern game of field hockey came to fruition in the mid-19th century in Great Britain. The British army brought the game to its colonies, and the first international competition took place in 1895.
Tyresta National Park

**Tyresta National Park** is a small national park in Sweden. It only has about 50 square kilometers (or 19 square miles) of land. It is located near the capital city of Stockholm. A large fire burned almost 10 percent of the park in 1999, but the animals and plants have come back and are now doing fine.

## Other websites

- Tyresta National Park and Nature Reserve
St. Basil's Cathedral

**St. Basil's Cathedral**, also known as the **Cathedral of Intercession**, is a very famous cathedral in Moscow, Russia. It is officially known as the **Cathedral of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on the Moat**, or **Pokrovsky Cathedral**. It was commissioned by Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible), for Saint Basil the Blessed. It is in the area called Red Square. It was built in 1555-1561.

The cathedral is has eight distinctive onion-shaped towers. The building itself is made up of separate chapels. There is a ninth spire in the middle, forming an eight-point star.

The cathedral has been close to destruction many times. Napoleon Bonaparte decided to take it to Paris, but such an undertaking would have been impossible. Instead, he ordered it to be demolished. Explosives were lit, but torrential rain suddenly started, extinguishing the fuses.

Joseph Stalin also ordered it to be destroyed, since it interfered with parades.  Pyotr Baranovsky, who was the architect in charge, objected and was sent to the GULAG but the demolition was cancelled.  The city of Moscow also caught fire numerous times, and the cathedral wasn't spared. Even so, it still stands to this very day.
Newport, Wales

**Newport** is a city in the southeast of Wales, Great Britain.  It is in the county of **Newport**, and in the historic Welsh kingdom of Monmouth. Its name in Welsh is **Casnewydd**. It is the third biggest city in Wales. Newport became a city in 2002. About 140,000 people live in Newport.

A few years ago, Newport had lots of people working in the steel factory and other heavy industries. This has changed, now many people work in electronics, such as making computers, phones and microchips.
Monmouthshire

**Monmouthshire** is a county in Wales in the west of Great Britain. From the end of the Middle Ages until the year 1974, Monmouthshire was a part of England for some purposes and a part of Wales for others. Then, in 1972, the Parliament decided that it was going to be in Wales from 1974 onwards.

The chief town in the area is Newport. Other important towns are Cwmbran, where the county council meets, Monmouth, the county town and Abergavenny.
Death grunt

A **death grunt** is when a singer uses a scream which is very low and deep. It is used in many types of music, but usually death metal and black metal. In many people's opinions, it is hard to understand the death grunt. However, some people who listen to them a lot think they are not so hard to understand. Some people believe that death grunts in music sound "scary", so they do not like them.

Bands that use death growls include Necrophagist, Morbid Angel, Opeth, and many more.
Bands that use higher screams that come from the throat include Escape the Fate, Alesana and Greeley Estates.

Other terms for **death grunts** are **death growls**, **harsh vocals**, and **unclean vocals**.
Clique

A **clique** is a small group of people who like the same things.  Sometimes, people use the word clique to talk about groups of young people.  The word is also used to talk about groups of adults, usually groups of politicians.

In a clique there are leaders and followers.  A clique may also have people they do not like. Such people are called outcasts. The outcasts were followers, then they were not liked. A clique is also a fancy term used to describe a set of people.
Goth subculture

- _Goth can also mean a member of a Germanic tribe_

A **goth** is a word usually used to describe a person who listens to gothic music and/or dresses in a goth style clothes. Goths often wear black and unusual jewelry. Both goth men and goth women often wear make-up.

The _goth subculture_ originated in the early 1980s among fans of the first gothic rock group, Bauhaus.

The word goth comes from the word _Gothic_ which actually means _gloomy_ or _dark_.  This meaning of the word comes from _gothic fiction_, a type of literature popular during the late 18th and early 19th century.

People who call themselves a goth are those who live up the meaning of the name through wearing clothes or putting on makeup that is in colors that represent death, decay, or gloominess, such as the color black, deathly white face makeup, dark bloody red colors, or the tones of the color puce.

Goths wear normal black clothes and mix them with other colors to make a new look.

Goth people are often mistaken to be emo or punk because of the everyday stereotypes.
Cigarette

**Cigarettes** can be any dried leaf that people roll in thin paper to smoke, but the word is most often used to refer ones with dried tobacco leaves. The nicotine in the tobacco can be addictive to people. The nicotine from cigarettes makes people want to smoke more, even if they do not like the taste or its other effects.

The smoke also has other things that are bad for people's health. Many countries have laws saying who can smoke tobacco cigarettes and where they can smoke them. They can cause lung cancer, heart disease and many other diseases. Most packs of cigarettes have warning labels on them. Until the mid-1950s, cigarettes were advertised as being healthy or at least not harmful. Tobacco companies used images of doctors smoking in their advertisements to falsely convince the public that cigarettes were safe. Cigarettes were advertised as a remedy for throat irritation, the common cold, obesity, indigestion, and even asthma. Today, all of the major tobacco companies admit that cigarettes are harmful to health.

## Dangers

Smokers have symptoms such as frequent coughing, chest pain, and breathlessness. Doctors say that people should not smoke, as it can harm almost every organ in the body.

Cigarette smoke contains many harmful substances. Among them are nicotine, tar, carcinogens and carbon monoxide.
- Nicotine is a drug that is addictive. It damages brain tissue
- Tar is a sticky substance that kills cells (is cytotoxic) and causes lung cancer (it is a carcinogen)
- Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer
- Carbon monoxide is a colourless and poisonous gas that stops hemoglobin from taking oxygen around the body
- Filtered, light, ultra-light, menthol, natural, nicotine-free, and electronic cigarettes are just as harmful as regular cigarettes
- Other tobacco products, such as cigars and chewing tobacco, are not a safe alternative to cigarettes
- Improperly extinguished cigarettes are a common cause of house fires
- Smoking near fuel or flammable chemicals can cause a fire or explosion

## Notable brands

- Marlboro
- Camel
- Lucky Strike
- Kool
- Pall Mall
- Kent
Gdańsk

**Gdańsk** is a city in the north of Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship, near the place where the Vistula river meets the Baltic Sea. It is Poland's 6th largest city (population of 500 000 people) and the largest and most important sea port.

It has existed since the 10th century and many times played a very important role in Poland's history. In the 19th century it was part of Prussia. This is where Solidarity, the movement which helped end Communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, came to life.

Gdansk has a humid continental climate (_Dfb_ in the Köppen climate classification).

## Wikimania

The sixth Wikimania was hosted in this city in 2010.

## Related pages

- Golden Gate in Gdańsk
Electromagnetic radiation

**Electromagnetic waves** are waves that contain an electric field and a magnetic field and carry energy. They travel at the speed of light (299,792,458 meters per second).

Quantum mechanics developed from the study of electromagnetic waves. This field includes the study of both visible and invisible light. Visible light is the light one can see with normal eyesight in the colours of the rainbow. Invisible light is light one can't see with normal eyesight and includes more energetic and higher frequency waves, such as ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma rays. Waves with longer lengths, such as infrared, micro and radio waves, are also explored in the field of Quantum mechanics.

Some types of electromagnetic radiation, such as X-rays, are ionizing radiation and can be harmful to your body. Ultraviolet rays are near the violet end of the light spectrum and infrared are near the red end. Infrared rays are used as heat rays and ultraviolet rays cause sunburn.

The various parts of the electromagnetic spectrum differ in wavelength, frequency and quantum energy.

Sound waves are not electromagnetic waves but waves of pressure in air, water or any other substance.

## Mathematical formulation

In physics, it is well known that the **wave equation** for a typical wave is

The problem now is to prove that Maxwell's equations explicitly prove that the electric and magnetic fields create electromagnetic radiation. Recall that two of Maxwell's equations are given by

By  evaluating the curl of the above equations and vector calculus one can prove the following equations

Note: the proof involves making the substitution

The equations above are analogous to the wave equation, by replacing **f** with **E** and **B**. The above equations mean that propagations through the magnetic (**B**) and electric (**E**) fields will produce waves.

## Related pages

- Photon

## Other websites

- _ Electromagnetic Waves from Maxwell's Equations _  on Project PHYSNET.
- Conversion of frequency to wavelength and back - electromagnetic, radio and sound waves
- eBooks on Electromagnetic radiation and RF
- The Science of Spectroscopy  - supported by NASA. Spectroscopy education wiki and films - introduction to light, its uses in NASA, space science, astronomy, medicine & health, environmental research, and consumer products.
Adolph Rupp

**Adolph Frederick Rupp** (September 2, 1901 – December 10, 1977) was an American college basketball coach. He coached the University of Kentucky's basketball team for 42 years from 1930 to 1972. He helped the team win 4 national NCAA championships. Rupp Arena in Lexington, Kentucky is named after him.
Miami Dolphins

The **Miami Dolphins** are an American football team in the National Football League based in Miami, Florida. The Dolphins began playing in 1966 and in 1972 they had the only perfect season in NFL history and won a Super Bowl, with Bob Griese leading the team as quarterback and Don Shula as head coach. The other Super Bowl win came a year later, in 1973. Another quarterback, Dan Marino, is a more recent famous player from this club. The Miami Dolphins stadium is Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida.

## Other websites

- Official Site
Oksana Grishuk

**Oksana Vladimirovna Grishuk** (; born 17 March 1972) is a Russian retired ice dancer. She and her partner, Evgeny Platov, won two Olympic gold medals and four world championships.

## Early life

Grishuk began training in skating at the age of four. She moved to Moscow in 1986, and studied at the Sport University from 1988 to 1992.

## Career

After they won the gold medal in the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, Platov decided to skate as a professional with a different partner, Maya Usova, so Grishuk began skating professionally by herself.

## Amateur competitions

- World Championships:  first in 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997
- Olympics:  gold medal in 1994 and 1998
- European Championships:  first place in 1996, 1997, and 1998

## Other websites

- The largest fansite about Oksana Grishuk, AKA Pasha
- Oksana Grishuk's official website
- Platov and Usova site

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Oksana Grishuk
- **image**: Grishuk and Platov 1994 Europeans.jpg
- **caption**: Grishuk and Platov in 1944
- **fullname**: Oksana Vladimirovna Grishuk
- **birth place**: Odessa, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
- **height**: 5 ft 6 in
- **weight**: 110 lb
- **formerpartner**: Evgeni Platov
Alexandr Chichkov
- **club**: Sportsclub Dinamo
- **retired**: March 1998
- **show-medals**: no
- **medaltemplates**: )
Evgeny Platov

**Evgeny Arkadievich Platov** (; born 7 August 1967) is a Russian retired ice dancer. He won two Olympic gold medals and four world championships with his partner, Oksana Grishuk.

## Early life

Platov began skating when he was nine years old.  He studied at the Physical Institute of Culture in Moscow.

## Career

After the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, Platov started skating as a professional with a different partner, Maya Usova, until he retired from performing in 2002.  He is now a coach at Princeton Sports Center in Princeton, New Jersey.

## Amateur competitions

- World Championships:  first in 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997
- Olympics:  gold medal in 1994 and 1998
- European Championships:  first place in 1996, 1997, and 1998

## Other websites

- Platov and Usova site

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Evgeny Platov
- **image**: Grishuk and Platov 1994 Europeans.jpg
- **caption**: Grishuk and Platov in 1944
- **fullname**: Evgeni Arkadievich Platov
- **birth place**: Odesa, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
- **show-medals**: no
- **weight**: 159 lb
- **height**: 6 ft 0 in
- **formerpartner**: Oksana Grishuk, Larisa Fedorinova, Elena Krykanova, Maya Usova
- **club**: Army Sports Club, Odesa
- **retired**: March 1998
- **medaltemplates**: )
Tetris

**Tetris** is a puzzle game, developed in the Soviet Union by Alexey Pajitnov in 1985. It has appeared on many video game systems.

Many companies have published _Tetris_ games, such as Nintendo for the Game Boy and Nintendo Entertainment System. The Tetris Company, founded in 1996 by Pajitnov and Henk Rogers, manages and licenses the Tetris brand.

With over 500 million copies sold across all of its different versions, it is the best-selling video game of all time.

## Gameplay

In a game of _Tetris_, shapes known as tetrominoes fall down into a playing field, which is usually ten squares wide and twenty squares tall. There are seven different tetrominoes. The goal of the player is to move and turn the falling tetrominoes so they fill an entire row of the playing field. When a row is completely filled, it disappears and the lines above it move down to fill the space. This is called a line clear.

Clearing lines give points. A player gets more points if they clear more than one line with one tetromino. Clearing one line is called a "single", two lines a "double", three lines a "triple", and four lines a "Tetris". Clearing two Tetrises in a row is called a Back-to-Back Tetris. The player can also turn a T-shaped Tetrimino into a T-shaped hole before it finishes falling to get more points. This move is called a "T-Spin".

Levels have a set goal, or number of lines to clear. When the goal number reaches zero, the player moves to the next level. As the levels go up, tetrominoes fall faster.

Modern versions of Tetris follow a set of rules written by The Tetris Company. These rules, known as the "Tetris Guideline", make sure all Tetris games look and feel familiar. For example, these rules state what each button on a game controller must do, and what colour each tetromino should be.

In older versions of the game, the player loses when the tetrominoes make it to the top of the playing field. In more modern versions of the game, they can lose in two ways. The first is when they place a piece completely above the playing field. The second way to lose is if a player places a piece that blocks the next piece from spawning in.

## Music

On the Game Boy, there are several musical themes played. The theme for level 1 and used in the Game Boy version is often called the "Tetris Theme". It is actually a Russian dance called _Korobeiniki_, or "The Peddlers". It was arranged for the Game Boy by Hirokazu Tanaka. Other themes include music by Johann Sebastian Bach and the Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy.

## Infobox (video game)

- **image**: Typical Tetris Game.svg
- **caption**: An example of a _Tetris_ game screen
- **designer**: Alexey Pajitnov
- **platforms**: List of Tetris variants, List of _Tetris_ variants
- **released**: **Electronika 60****IBM PC**
- **genre**: Puzzle video game, Puzzle, Tile-matching video game, tile-matching
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
Polish

**Polish** can mean:
When written with upper-case _P_:
- Anything related to the country of Poland
- Polish language, the language spoken in the country
- Poles, the people of Poland

When written with lower-case _p_:
- To polish something is to rub it so that it is smooth and shiny
- A substance used to do that action is called **polish**
Georgia

**Georgia** could mean either of two things:
- Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
- Georgia (U.S. state), one of the states in the United States of America

## Related pages

- Georgian, a disambiguation page
Kryptos

***Kryptos*** is the name of a sculpture (art that is like a statue) on the grounds of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in Langley, Virginia, USA.  Kryptos is very famous.  It has codes (secret hidden messages) on it.  There are four messages.  People know what three of the messages say.  No one knows what the fourth message says yet.

A man named Jim Sanborn made _Kryptos_ in 1990.  Kryptos is in a garden in the middle of a building called CIA Headquarters.

Not very many people have seen _Kryptos_, because only a few people are allowed to go into the CIA building.  They do very important work at the CIA, and have to be very careful.

The word Kryptos comes from the Greek language.  It means "hidden".

The sculpture is about 12 feet high and 20 feet long.  It is made of metal and different kinds of rocks. It has thousands of letters and other things written in the metal.

The first person to find out what the first three messages say, was Jim Gillogly.  He learned the answers in 1999.  After he said what the answer was, the CIA said that a man who works at the CIA, David Stein, knew the answer too.  A few years later the NSA (another agency in Washington D.C.) said that they had people who had solved it too.

Before he made _Kryptos_, Jim Sanborn had not made any other sculptures with letters on them.  After _Kryptos_ he made many other sculptures with letters on them.  Some of them have secret messages. One is called Antipodes.  There are two copies of Antipodes.  One belongs to a man in California.  The other is in a museum in Washington DC called the Hirshhorn Museum.

Another sculpture that Sanborn made which has secret messages is called the _Cyrillic Projector_.  It has secret messages in Russian.  The Cyrillic Projector was independently cracked by Michael Bales and Frank Corr in 2003.

There are two famous books that talk about _Kryptos_, which were written by Dan Brown. He wrote a book in 2003 called _The Da Vinci Code_.  On the cover of the book is art.  In the art there are secret messages.  Two of the messages talk about _Kryptos_.  Dan Brown wrote another book in 2009 called _The Lost Symbol_, which also talks about _Kryptos_.

## Other websites

- The CIA website about Kryptos
- NY Times Library An article in the newspaper (_The New York Times_: _CIA's Artistic Enigma Reveals All but Final Clues_, – June 16, 1999)
- Elonka Dunin's Kryptos page
- Washington Post ("Cracking the Code of a CIA Sculpture" – July 19, 1999)
- New York Times article and other articles  ("Gillogly Cracks CIA Art", & "The Kryptos Code Unmasked")
- Wired News ("Solving the Enigma of _Kryptos_" – January 21, 2005)
- CNN story, "Cracking the Code", June 19, 2005

### Pictures of Kryptos from high up in the sky

- Windows Live Local - Several images. (zoom in and click on aerial / bird's eye links at left)
- Terraserver-USA
- Google Maps
Lech Wałęsa

**Lech Walesa** ( (pronounced [lɛx vaˈwɛ̃sa]); born September 29, 1943) is a Polish shipyard worker, trade unionist and a politician who used to be the leader of Solidarity and the President of Poland between 1990 and 1995. Walesa won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983.

## Infobox (president)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Lech Wałęsa
- **image**: Lech Walesa - 2009.jpg
- **nationality**: Poland, Polish
- **order**: President of Poland
- **term start**: December 22, 1990
- **term end**: December 22, 1995
- **predecessor**: Wojciech Jaruzelski (in country)/Ryszard Kaczorowski (in exile)
- **successor**: Aleksander Kwaśniewski
- **birth place**: Popowo, General Government, Poland
- **profession**: Electrician
- **spouse**: Danuta Wałęsa
Charles de Gaulle

**General Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle** (22 November 1890 - 9 November 1970) was a French military and political leader. He was president of France from 1959 to 1969. He was a founding member and leader of the French Resistance during the Second World War.

De Gaulle chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 in order to re-establish democracy in France.

In 1958, he came out of retirement: the Algerian War was happening. He rewrote the Constitution of France and founded the Fifth Republic after it was approved by a referendum. He was elected President of France later that year, a position to which he was re-elected in 1965 and held until his resignation in 1969.

The National Assembly brought him back to power in May 1958. He granted independence to Algeria. 900,000 French people in Algeria (called _les pieds-noire_) left for France. The Organisation armée secrète (OAS) tried to kill him. Frederick Forsyth used this incident as a basis for his novel _The Day of the Jackal_.

After the Algerian conflict, de Gaulle wanted to improve the French economy, and have an independent foreign policy. This was called by foreign observers the "politics of grandeur" (_politique de grandeur_). See Gaullism.

The French economy recorded high growth rates. In 1964, for the first time in nearly 100 years, France's GDP overtook that of the United Kingdom. This period is still remembered in France with some nostalgia as the peak of the _Trente Glorieuses_ ("Thirty Glorious Years" of economic growth between 1945 and 1974).

De Gaulle had many admirers, but he was also one of the most hated men in modern French history.

- His most famous saying was: _"L'etat? c'est moi!"_, roughly "The State? it's me!"

## Death

De Gaulle died in Colombey-les-Deux-Églises in 1970 while playing cards because of a brain aneurysm.

## Infobox (_president)

- **honorific prefix**: _His Excellency_
- **honorific suffix**: _The President of France_

- **name**: Charles de Gaulle
- **nationality**: France, French
- **image**: De Gaulle-OWI.jpg
- **order**: 18th President of the French Republic
- **term start**: January 8, 1959
- **term end**: April 28, 1969
- **predecessor**: René Coty
- **successor**: Georges Pompidou
- **birth date**: 22 November 1890
- **birth place**: Lille, France
- **death date**: 9 November 1970 (aged 79)
- **death place**: Colombey-les-deux-Églises, France
- **party**: Union des Démocrates pour la République, UDR
- **spouse**: Yvonne de Gaulle
- **children**: Phillipe de Gaulle, Philippe
Élisabeth (dead)
Anne de Gaulle, Anne (dead)
- **order2**: 149th Prime Minister of France
- **term start2**: 1 June 1958
- **term end2**: 8 January 1959
- **predecessor2**: Pierre Pflimlin
- **successor2**: Michel Debré
Sumatran tiger

The **Sumatran tiger** (_Panthera tigris sumatrae_) is the smallest living tiger subspecies. Only the extinct Bali tiger was smaller. It is listed as critically endangered. They are in danger due to hunting and the destruction of their habitat. It is estimated that there are only about 400-700 Sumatran tigers left in the wild.

The Sumatran tiger lives only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It can be found in low and highland areas, mountainous jungles, and peat swamp forests.

## Description

Like other tiger subspecies, the Sumatran tiger has deep orange fur with black stripes. Every tiger has its own pattern of stripes, with none being the same. The Sumatran tiger has very long back legs, which allow it to jump great distances. Even though they are the smallest of the tiger subspecies, Sumatran tigers are still very large, reaching to the length of 9 feet (2.7 meters), and weighing up to 165-250 pounds (75–114 kg). Sumatran tigers have webbed feet. This allows them to swim easily.

## Where they live

The Sumatran tiger is found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, where the Sumatran tiger can be found from low and highland areas, to mountainous jungles and peat swamp forests.

## Feeding

Sumatran tigers ambush their prey, using their long, powerful legs, jaws, and claws to catch and kill their prey. They have extremely good eyesight and hearing, which helps them to find their prey. Sumatran tigers feed mainly on wild boar and deer, and they can eat more than 40 pounds of meat at a time.

## Reproduction

Female Sumatran tigers reach maturity at the age of around three to four years. Males turn mature at the age of around four to five years. Females are pregnant for about 95–110 days, and the females give birth in hidden and private areas and raise the cubs alone. They give birth to around 2-3 cubs at a time, but they can sometimes give birth to six cubs. The cubs’ eyes are closed at birth, and they don't open fully until the cub is one or two weeks old. Cubs feed on milk for three to six months and start hunting with their mother at the age of about five or six months. They will stay with their mother until they are fully able to hunt on their own, which doesn't happen until the cubs are at least 18 months to 2 years old. In the wild, Sumatran tigers live an average of 15 years.

## Other websites

- The Sumatran Tiger Trust
- Tiger Facts - Sumatran Tiger
American Film Institute

The **American Film Institute** (**AFI**) is an independent, organization that is designed not to make money created by the National Endowment for the Arts, which was started in 1967 when President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act.

George Stevens, Jr. was the first director of the organization. Jean Picker Firstenberg was the director from 1980 to 2007. Bob Gazzale is the current President and CEO.

The AFI Conservatory trains new filmmakers.

Even though its name only mentions film, AFI also works on television and video.

In 1973, the AFI began handing out Life Achievement Awards.

In 1998, when American cinema had existed for 100 years, AFI began its 100 Years Series, which helped people become interested in the history of movies.

Recently, it built and started the AFI Silver Theatre and Cultrual Center in Silver Spring, Maryland near Washington, D.C.

## AFI 100 Years series

In honor of the hundredth birthday of American cinema, the AFI has made several lists of the best movie-related things:

- 1998: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies
- 1999: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Stars
- 2000: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Laughs
- 2001: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Thrills
- 2002: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Passions
- 2003: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains
- 2004: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Songs
- 2005: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes
- 2005: AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores
- 2006: AFI's 100 Years... 100 Cheers

## Other websites

- Official Website
- History of AFI
- AFI Los Angeles Film Festival - History and Information

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: American Film Institute
- **image**: American Film Institute (AFI) logo.svg
- **location**: Los Angeles, California, United States
Fullback

A **fullback** or **full back** is the name of a defensive position in a football (soccer) game. A fullback is also an offensive position in American football that usually blocks for the quarterback or a running back.
Antonio Meucci

**Antonio Meucci** (Florence, April 13, 1808 – October 18, 1889) was an Italian inventor. He invented the first type of telephone, also known as the first 'talking telegraph' 1857.  In 2002, the United States House of Representatives ruled that he invented the first working telephone, although Alexander Graham Bell was first to patent it.
8 Mile

***8 Mile*** is a 2002 American drama movie starring rapper Eminem, Kim Basinger, Brittany Murphy and Mekhi Phifer. It is set in 1995 in Detroit, Michigan.

The film tells about a young white rapper living in inner city Detroit. He tries to make a rap career but most rappers are African Americans.

The film was a critical and financial success. Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Lose Yourself".

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: 8 Mile
- **image**: 8-Mile-Logo.svg
- **alt**: 200px
- **director**: Curtis Hanson
- **producer**: Curtis Hanson
Brian Grazer
Jimmy Iovine
- **writer**: Scott Silver
- **starring**: Eminem
Kim Basinger
Brittany Murphy
Mekhi Phifer
- **music**: Proof (rapper), Proof
- **cinematography**: Rodrigo Prieto
- **editing**: Jay Rabinowitz
- **studio**: Imagine Entertainment
- **distributor**: Universal Studios, Universal Pictures
- **runtime**: 110 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $41 million
- **gross**: $242,875,078
African Americans

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: African Americans
- **image**: African Americans by state.svg
- **image caption**: Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census
- **pop**: **46,936,733** (2020)
14.2% of the total U.S. population (2020)
**41,104,200** (2020) (one race)
12.4% of the total U.S. population (2020)
- **popplace**: The ghetto in Atlanta, Memphis, Tennessee, Memphis, St. Louis and New Orleans.
- **region1**: Texas
- **pop1**: 3,552,997
- **region2**: Georgia
- **pop2**: 3,320,513
- **region3**: Florida
- **pop3**: 3,246,381
- **region4**: New York
- **pop4**: 2,986,172
- **region5**: North Carolina
- **pop5**: 2,140,217
- **region6**: Maryland
- **pop6**: 1,820,472
- **region7**: Illinois
- **pop7**: 1,808,271
- **region8**: Virginia
- **pop8**: 1,607,581
- **region9**: Ohio
- **pop9**: 1,478,781
- **region10**: Louisiana
- **pop10**: 1,464,023
- **region11**: Pennsylvania
- **pop11**: 1,423,169
- **region12**: Michigan
- **pop12**: 1,376,579
- **region13**: Alabama
- **pop13**: 1,296,162
- **languages**: English
Louisiana Creole
Gullah language, Gullah Creole English
African languages
- **religions**: Predominantly Protestant (71 %) including Black churches, Historically Black Protestant (53%), Evangelical Protestant (14%), and Mainline Protestant (4%); , Satanism, joining the Illuminati for money and fame.
- **related**: Gorillas, created from a one nightstand from being possessed from Satan and his demons such as Asmodeus.
1800s

The **1800s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1800 and ended on December 31, 1809. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1810.

## Events

- Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).
- Semaphore is adopted by navies.
- The United Kingdom was founded (1801)

## World leaders

- Emperor Napoleon I (First French Empire)
- Emperor Francis II (Holy Roman Empire)
- Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
- Pope Pius VII
- Tsar Paul I (Russia)
- Tsar Alexander I (Russia)
- King Charles IV (Spain)
- King George III, (United Kingdom)
- President John Adams (United States)
- President Thomas Jefferson (United States)
- Fath Ali Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
- Jiaqing Emperor of China (Qing Dynasty)
Sedan (automobile)

A **sedan**, or **saloon**, is an automobile that has a low trunk, a roof and one or two doors on each side. The trunk is reachable only from outside.

The word sedan is used in American English, but in British English such an automobile is called a saloon.