juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Marian Rejewski

**Marian Adam Rejewski** (; 16 August 1905 – 13 February 1980) was a Polish mathematician and cryptologist. In 1932, he helped create the Enigma cipher machine. His invention helped Britain to begin reading German Enigma-encrypted messages.

Rejewski died of a heart attack caused by heart disease on 13 February 1980 in Warsaw, Poland, aged 74.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Marian Rejewski
- **image**: Marian Rejewski.jpg
- **imagesize**: 175px
- **caption**: Rejewski, c. 1943–44
- **birth name**: Marian Adam Rejewski
- **birth place**: Bromberg, German Empire (now Bydgoszcz, Poland)
- **death place**: Warsaw, People's Republic of Poland
- **death cause**: Heart attack caused by heart disease
- **known for**: Solving the Enigma machine, Enigma-machine cipher
- **occupation**: Mathematician, cryptologist
- **awards**: Order of Polonia Restituta#Classes, Order of _Polonia Restituta_, Grand Cross
War Medal 1939–1945
Thomas Knowlton#Knowlton Award, Knowlton Award
IEEE Milestone Award.
- **signature**: Rejewski (signature).jpg
Bokermannohyla napolii

***Bokermannohyla napolii*** is a frog that lives in southeastern Brazil.  Scientists have only seen it in one place, 850 meters above sea level in Minas Gerais.
Robert Lowery (actor)

**Robert Lowery** (born **Robert Lowery Hanks**, October 17, 1913 – December 26, 1971) was an American actor. He was known for playing Batman in a 1949's _Batman and Robin_ serial.

Lowery died of heart failure at the age of 58 in his Los Angeles apartment on December 26, 1971.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert Lowery
- **image**: Robert Lowery in Charlie Chan's Murder Cruise.jpg
- **caption**: Film still, Publicity photograph of Robert Lowery for _Charlie Chan's Murder Cruise_ (1940)
- **birthname**: Robert Lowery Hanks
- **birth place**: Kansas City, Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
- **othername**: Bob Lowery
Bob Lowry
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1936–1967
- **spouse**: Vivan Wilcox (1941–1944) (divorced)
Rusty Farrell (1947–1948) (divorced)
Jean Parker (m. 1951); 1 child
Lewis Wilson

**Lewis Gilbert Wilson** (January 28, 1920 – August 9, 2000) was an American actor. He was most famous for being the first actor to play DC Comics character Batman on screen in the 1943 serial _Batman_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lewis Wilson
- **image**: Lewis wilson.jpg
- **caption**: Wilson in 1943
- **birth name**: Lewis Gilbert Wilson
- **birth place**: Framingham, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **death place**: San Francisco, California, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Worcester Academy
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1943–1973
- **spouse**: Dana Natol
- **children**: Michael G. Wilson
- **relatives**: David G. Wilson (grandson) Gregg E. Wilson (grandson)
Insurgency

An **insurgency** is an armed rebellion against authority by lightly armed small groups who practice guerrilla warfare from mostly rural base areas.

## Related pages

- Reagan Doctrine
- List of ongoing armed conflicts
- South Thailand insurgency
Noah Sarenren Bazee

**Noah Joel Sarenren Bazee** (born 21 August 1996) is a German professional footballer who plays as a right winger for  club FC Augsburg.

## Career

Sarenren Bazee grew up in Walle near Celle, where he played for several clubs. In 2011, he moved to the Hanover region for TSV Havelse. In 2013, he moved to Hannover 96. He played in the Under 19 Bundesliga and the Regionalliga Nord before making his debut on April 8, 2016 against Hertha BSC both in the squad, and together with Waldemar Anton also in the starting lineup.

On 18 June 2019, FC Augsburg announced that they had signed Bazee for the upcoming season. He signed a 5-year contract.

On 24 May 2020, Bazee came on as a substitute against Schalke 04 in the 59th minute and scored his first goal for Augsburg, in a 3-0 victory.

## International career

Sarenren Bazee is available to represent Nigeria through his father and Germany through his mother. He was named to the Nigeria squad for the March 2017 friendlies against Senegal and Burkina Faso.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Noah Sarenren Bazee
- **fullname**: Noah Joel Sarenren Bazee
- **birth place**: Stadthagen, Germany
- **height**: 1.83 m
- **currentclub**: Arminia Bielefeld
- **clubnumber**: 37
- **position**: Winger (association football), Right winger
- **youthyears1**: 2005–2007
- **youthclubs1**: SSV Südwinsen
- **youthyears2**: 2007–2009
- **youthclubs2**: TuS Celle FC
- **youthyears3**: 2009–2011
- **youthclubs3**: JFC Allertal
- **youthyears4**: 2011–2013
- **youthclubs4**: TSV Havelse
- **youthyears5**: 2013–2015
- **youthclubs5**: Hannover 96
- **years1**: 2015–2019
- **clubs1**: Hannover 96 II
- **caps1**: 19
- **goals1**: 7
- **years2**: 2016–2019
- **clubs2**: Hannover 96
- **caps2**: 28
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 2019–2023
- **clubs3**: FC Augsburg II
- **caps3**: 7
- **goals3**: 3
- **years4**: 2019–2023
- **clubs4**: FC Augsburg
- **caps4**: 31
- **goals4**: 2
- **years5**: 2023–
- **clubs5**: Arminia Bielefeld
- **caps5**: 0
- **goals5**: 0
- **club-update**: 27 August 2023
Gripsholm Castle

**Gripsholm Castle** () is a castle in Mariefred, Södermanland, Sweden. It is located by lake Mälaren in south central Sweden, in the municipality of Strängnäs, about 60 km west of Stockholm.

## Other sources

- Eriksson, Eva  _Den moderna stadens födelse: svensk arkitektur 1890–1920_ (Ordfront, 1990)
- Gripsholm at the Nationalmuseum
- Legnér, Mattias (25 februari 2013). ”Kakelugnen värmde under lilla istiden”. Svenska Dagbladet.
- Strömbom, Sixten _Gripsholm: slottet och dess samlingar 1537–1937_  (Nordisk rotogravyr, Stockholm: 1937)
- Svensk historia [microform) enligt samtida skildringar
- Tucholsky, Kurt: _Schloss Gripsholm_ (1931 novel).
- Westlund, Per-Olof, Gripsholm under Vasatiden, 1949, Stockholm.

## Other websites

- The National Portrait Collection

## Infobox (building)

- **image**: Gripsholms slott view2.jpg
- **caption**: Water view of the castle
- **name**: Gripsholm Castle
- **location town**: Mariefred
- **location country**: Sweden
- **architect**: Henrik von Cöllen
- **construction start date**: 1537
- **completion date**: 1709
- **style**: Renaissance
Felix Uduokhai

**Felix Ohis Uduokhai** (born 9 September 1997) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defender for the Bundesliga club, FC Augsburg.

## Career statistics

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|National Cup|colspan="2"|Continental|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|TSV 1860 München II|2015–16|Regionalliga Bayern|2|0|—|—|—|2|0||||
|2016–17|Regionalliga Bayern|3|0|—|—|—|3|0||||||
|1860 Munich|2016–17|2. Bundesliga|21|1|1|0|—|—|22|1||||
|rowspan="4"|VfL Wolfsburg|2017–18|Bundesliga|19|1|3|2|—|2|0|24|3||
|2018–19|Bundesliga|11|0|1|0|—|—|12|0|||||
|2019–20|Bundesliga|0|0|1|0|—|—|1|0|||||
|FC Augsburg (loan)|2019–20|Bundesliga|26|0|0|0|—|—|26|0||||
|rowspan="5"|FC Augsburg|2020–21|Bundesliga|29|1|2|0|—|—|31|1|||
|2021–22|Bundesliga|13|0|1|0|—|—|14|0|||||
|2022–23|Bundesliga|19|0|1|0|—|—|20|0|||||
|2023–24|Bundesliga|16|1|0|0|—|—|16|1|||||
|FC Augsburg II|2021–22|Regionalliga Bayern|1|0|—|—|—|1|0|||||

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Felix Uduokhai
- **fullname**: Felix Ohis Uduokhai
- **birth place**: Annaberg-Buchholz, Germany
- **height**: 1.93 m
- **position**: Centre-back
- **currentclub**: FC Augsburg, Augsburg
- **clubnumber**: 19
- **youthclubs1**: VfB Annaberg 09
- **youthclubs2**: FC Erzgebirge Aue, Erzgebirge Aue
- **youthyears3**: 2008–2016
- **youthclubs3**: TSV 1860 Munich, 1860 Munich
- **years1**: 2015–2016
- **clubs1**: TSV 1860 Munich II, 1860 Munich II
- **caps1**: 5
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2016–2017
- **clubs2**: TSV 1860 Munich, 1860 Munich
- **caps2**: 21
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 2017–2020
- **clubs3**: VfL Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg
- **caps3**: 30
- **goals3**: 1
- **years4**: 2019–2020
- **clubs4**: → FC Augsburg, Augsburg (loan)
- **caps4**: 26
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2020–
- **clubs5**: FC Augsburg, Augsburg
- **caps5**: 77
- **goals5**: 2
- **years6**: 2021–
- **clubs6**: FC Augsburg II, Augsburg II
- **caps6**: 1
- **goals6**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 2015
- **nationalteam1**: Germany national under-19 football team, Germany U19
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 2016–2018
- **nationalteam2**: Germany national under-20 football team, Germany U20
- **nationalcaps2**: 3
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalyears3**: 2018–2019
- **nationalteam3**: Germany national under-21 football team, Germany U21
- **nationalcaps3**: 6
- **nationalgoals3**: 1
- **nationalyears4**: 2021
- **nationalteam4**: Germany Olympic football team, Germany Olympic
- **nationalcaps4**: 3
- **nationalgoals4**: 1
- **club-update**: 2 September 2023
Daniel Caligiuri

**Daniel Caligiuri** (; born 15 January 1988) is a German-Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder.

## Career statistics

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|Cup|colspan="2"|Europe|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="7"|SC Freiburg II|2006–07|rowspan="2"|Oberliga|3|0|—|—|—|3|0|||
|2007–08|13|2|—|—|—|13|2|||||||
|2008–09|rowspan="4"|Regionalliga|32|7|—|—|—|32|7|||||
|2009–10|19|13|—|—|—|19|13|||||||
|2010–11|1|0|—|—|—|1|0|||||||
|2011–12|2|1|—|—|—|2|1|||||||
|rowspan="5"|SC Freiburg|2009–10|rowspan="4"|Bundesliga|16|0|0|0|—|—|16|0||
|2010–11|23|0|2|0|—|—|25|0||||||
|2011–12|25|6|1|0|—|—|26|6||||||
|2012–13|29|5|4|3|—|—|33|8||||||
|rowspan="5"|VfL Wolfsburg|2013–14|rowspan="4"|Bundesliga|24|1|3|0|—|—|27|1||
|2014–15|28|7|6|2|11|1|—|45|10|||||
|2015–16|29|2|2|0|8|1|1|0|40|3||||
|2016–17|16|2|2|0|—|—|18|2||||||
|rowspan="5"|Schalke 04|2016–17|rowspan="4"|Bundesliga|16|2|2|1|5|1|—|23|4|
|2017–18|33|6|4|0|—|—|37|6||||||
|2018–19|31|7|3|0|6|0|—|40|7|||||
|2019–20|28|2|2|2|—|—|30|4||||||
|rowspan="4"|FC Augsburg|2020–21|rowspan="3"|Bundesliga|33|6|2|1|—|—|35|7||
|2021–22|28|4|1|0|—|—|29|4||||||
|2022–23|13|1|2|0|—|—|15|1||||||

## Honours

**SC Freiburg**
- A-Junioren Bundesliga (South/Southwest): 2005–06
- German Under-19 Cup: 2005–06

**VfL Wolfsburg**
- DFB-Pokal: 2014–15
- DFL-Supercup: 2015

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Daniel Caligiuri
- **image**: Daniel Caligiuri.jpg
- **caption**: Caligiuri with FC Schalke 04, Schalke 04 in 2018
- **birth place**: Villingen-Schwenningen, West Germany
- **height**: 1.82 m
- **position**: Winger (association football), Winger, Wing-back (association football), wing-back
- **youthyears1**: 1995–2001
- **youthclubs1**: BSV 07 Schwenningen
- **youthyears2**: 2001–2005
- **youthclubs2**: SV Zimmern
- **youthyears3**: 2005–2007
- **youthclubs3**: SC Freiburg
- **years1**: 2007–2011
- **clubs1**: SC Freiburg II
- **caps1**: 70
- **goals1**: 23
- **years2**: 2009–2013
- **clubs2**: SC Freiburg
- **caps2**: 93
- **goals2**: 11
- **years3**: 2013–2017
- **clubs3**: VfL Wolfsburg
- **caps3**: 97
- **goals3**: 12
- **years4**: 2017–2020
- **clubs4**: FC Schalke 04, Schalke 04
- **caps4**: 108
- **goals4**: 17
- **years5**: 2020–2023
- **clubs5**: FC Augsburg
- **caps5**: 74
- **goals5**: 11
- **club-update**: 6 July 2023
Johan Frinsel

**Johan Jacob Frinsel Sr.** (Amsterdam, September 5, 1927 – Veenendaal, October 8, 2021) was a Dutch preacher, children's book writer, social worker, writer of Christian books and administrator. He belonged to the Pentecostal movement.

## Life

He did attended the primary school of Tot Heil des Volks. He then attended public education, but came into contact with the gospel and converted to the Christian faith. When he finished his studies, he went to work at an engineering firm.

His first book was published in 1950 under the title _An Adventure at School_. Over the years, another twenty would follow. In 1950, he married Aaf van Bodegraven (1921-2013) They had five children, including Hans Frinsel,

In 1967 he became director of the association Tot Heil des Volks. Under his leadership, the work took a new turn, opening a shelter for addicts  in the Willemsstraat ,. In the early seventies, two schools were converted into youth hostels, one in the Jordaan and one in the red light district.   In the eighties,  evangelization and assistance work among prostitutes was started, under the name Scarlet Cord.

In 1969, Frinsel was elected president of the Brotherhood of Pentecostal churches. He held this position for six years. He was also active in the RPF. In 1982,  he was third on the list of candidates for the House of Representatives.  The party won two seats.

From 1989 to 1998 he was vice-president of the Evangelische Omroep. At that time he was especially frequently in the news with his criticism of the Christian revival movement Toronto Blessing. Frinsel left as vice-chairman. In 2007, he publicly advised the Christen Unie not to sit in a new cabinet to be formed (the later Balkenende IV cabinet).

In 2010, Frinsel suffered a brain haemorrhage and stopped speaking and writing.

Frinsel died at the age of 94.
Katelyn Wright

**Katelyn Wright** (born 3 January 1990) is a Canadian sitting volleyball player (VS1 sitting volleyball classification). She plays as a setter. She is a member of the Canada women's national sitting volleyball team.

## Life

Wright was born with the rare Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber (KTW]) syndrome.

She started with siting volleyball in 2014. She competed at the  2015 Parapan Am Games, 2016 Summer Paralympics,  2017 ParaVolley Pan Am, 2018 World Championships and the 2020 Summer Paralympics.
Heidi Peters

**Heidi Peters** (born 12 October 1994) is a Canadian sitting volleyball player.

She is a member of the Canada women's national sitting volleyball team.

## Life

She started with sitting volleyball in 2013. She competed at the 2015 Parapan Am Games winning a bronze medal, 2016 Summer Paralympics, and 2020 Summer Paralympics.

She graduated from Northern Alberta Institute of Technology and MacEwan University.

She is assistant coach MacEwan University.
Feminine gender

**Feminine** is a grammatical gender that occurs in all languages that have the grammatical category. It applies usually to animate objects of the female gender, but it is often used used with inanimate, and in some cases animates of the male gender.

For example, in Spanish, the words _mesa_ (table) and _persona_ (person) are feminine and epicene (can be used for both genders) the feminine natural gender is not used unlike words like _madrina_ (godmother). Some nouns in Italian are feminine and inanimate like _tovaglia_ (tablecloth), and others are feminine and animate like _donna_ (woman).
Julie Kozun

**Julie Kozun** (born 23 December 1999) is a Canadian sitting volleyball player (VS1 sitting volleyball classification). She is a member of the Canada women's national sitting volleyball team and her club Melfort Storm Volleyball Club.

## Life

When she was six years old she broke her right femur in a tobogganing accident. She played  volleyball while at school with Melfort Storm in Saskatchewan. In 2015 when she was 15 years old, she had a lawnmower accident, that resulted in a left leg amputation below the knee.

She started playing with the national team in early 2017. She played at the 2018 World Championship in the Netherlands finishing 7th. With the national team she placed 4th at the 2020 Summer Paralympics.

Kozun is ambassador for Canadian non-profit organisation "The War Amps", supporting people with limb deficiencies. She was awarded the Certificate of Appreciation by the mayor of Melfort in 2018.

Kozun studies Agricultural Studies at the University of Saskatchewan.
Neuter gender

**Neuter** (, calque from Ancient Greek  [_udéteron_], neither one nor the other) is a grammatical gender, a linguistic class of nouns triggering specific types of inflections in associated words.

The neuter exists in most Indo-European languages, together with masculine and feminine. It was perhaps originally used for objects. The distinction between _masculinum_, _femininum_ and _neuter_ was already clear to Latin grammarians, who got it from the Alexandrian grammarians of Greek.

The neuter still exists in Germanic languages, Slavic languages, and Greek. In the Romance languages, it has almost disappeared exept in Romanian.

_It_ is a neuter pronoun in English.
Angelena Dolezar

Angelena Dolezar (born 12 June 1985) is a Canadian sitting volleyball player (VS1 sitting volleyball classification). She is a member of the Canada women's national sitting volleyball team.

## Life

In August 2013, Dolezar fractured her tibia, dislocated her left knee and severed the popliteal artery behind her knee after being thrown off an inflatable tube on Shuswap Lake behind a boat that turned a corner. The following month her leg had to be amputated above the knee. She had to stay for six months in hospital to recover.

She made her debut for the national team at the 2015 Pan American Games. The next year she made her Paralympic debut at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro finishing seventh. At the 2018 World Championships in the Netherlands she also finished seventh. She competed at the 2019 Parapan American Games winning a bronze medal. In February 2020, she had surgery on her left leg and was happy that the 2020 Summer Paralympics were postponed to 2021 to be able to recover from the surgery. At the Paralympics she finished with the team fourth, after losing the bronze medal match of Japan.

Dolezar studied at the University of Alberta and in 2008 received a degree in biology with a minor in French language and literature. In 2012 she received at the same university a degree in secondary education and teaching. She plans to start a master's degree in education and counselling.

## Other websites

- ONdécouvre - Angelena Dolezar, athlète paralympique - RCI Mar 25, 2020
Natural gender

**Natural gender** is a linguistic category for the sex of real life beings, both the biological sex of animals or the social identity of a person. The sex, of humans and animals, is marked in many languages by a corresponding grammatical gender and specific words. The term _sex_ (or _sexus_) does not apply to words that do not refer to living things.  For example: the word "table" is grammatically feminine in Spanish, but tables are not "feminine". The gender of words in those languages divides words into _grammatical classes_ (into genders), which require a language for all nouns.
Jillian Williams

**Jillian Williams** (born March 5, 1997) is an American sitting volleyball player. She competed at the  2018 World ParaVolley World Championships, and 2020 Summer Paralympics.

She graduated from Texas Lutheran University, and University of Central Oklahoma.

## Other websites

- Jillian Williams, a cancer survivor and world champion volleyball player, opens up about her amputation  (today.com) April 19, 2019
Whitney Dosty

**Whitney Dosty** (born February 25, 1988) is an American gold medal winning sitting volleyball player, former volleyball player, model and fashion designer.

She won a gold medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. She also has played professional volleyball (standing) in Puerto Rico, Switzerland, Korea, Azerbaijan and Turkey.

When Dosty was young, she studied Ballet with Alvin Ailey, American Ballet Theatre and the Dance Theatre of Harlem in New York City She graduated from University of Arizona where she played Volleyball. After an injury to her ankle stopped her from playing (standing) volleyball, she started playing sitting volleyball.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Whitney Dosty
- **national team**: US woman Paralympic sitting volleyball team
- **citizenship**: American
- **birth place**: Tucson , Arizona
- **alma mater**: University of Arizona
- **paralympics**: 2020 gold medal in sitting volleyball
- **years active**: 2016-present
- **height**: 6 ft 3 in
- **country**: United States
- **sport**: Sitting volleyball
- **position**: outside hitter
- **disability**: ankle injury
- **collegeteam**: University of Arizona
Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit

**Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit** (/inuit qaujimajatuqaŋit/, Inuktitut syllabics: **ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᖏᑦ**; sometimes **Inuit Qaujimanituqangit** - **ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓂᑐᖃᖏᑦ**) is an Inuktitut phrase that is usually translated as "Inuit traditional knowledge". It is abbreviated as "**IQ**". It comes from the verb root "_qaujima-_" meaning "to know".

## Traditional knowledge

Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit is the cultural and social value of the Inuit people. According to the Government of Nunavut 2013 document _Incorporating Inuit Societal Values,_ Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit has the following components:

- Inuuqatigiitsiarniq (respecting others, relationships and caring for people)
- Tunnganarniq (fostering good spirit by being open, welcoming and inclusive)
- Pijitsirniq (serving and providing for family or community, or both)
- Aajiiqatigiinniq (decision making through discussion and consensus)
- Pilimmaksarniq or Pijariuqsarniq (development of skills through practice, effort and action)
- Piliriqatigiinniq or Ikajuqtigiinniq (working together for a common cause)
- Qanuqtuurniq (being innovative and resourceful)
- Avatittinnik Kamatsiarniq (respect and care for the land, animals and the environment)

The Inuit Language Protection Act of 2008 accepted the rights for people to be taught Inuktitut.
MENA

**MENA** refers to the acronym for the region _Middle East and North Africa._

## Related pages

- Fertile Crescent
- Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
- Near East
- Sahel
Sanatorium

A **sanatorium** (also spelled **sanitarium** or **sanitorium**) is a medical facility for long-term illness. They were most often used for the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century before the discovery of antibiotics. Sometimes, the word is used to describe different things. For example, in eastern Europe, a  "sanatorium" is a type of health resort such as the Battle Creek Sanitarium. Also, a "sanitorium"  is a hospital.

## Further reading

- Waverly Hills Sanatorium still source of local curiosity, Douglas Kleier, Jr., Louisville Cardinal Online, Oct. 21, 2003.
- Thomas Spees Carrington. _Tuberculosis Hospital and Sanatorium Construction_ (New York, 1911).
Mountain railway

A **mountain railway** is a railway that operates in a mountainous region. It may operate through the mountains by following mountain valleys and through tunnels beneath mountain passes, or it may climb a mountain to provide transport to and from the summit.

Mountain railways often use narrow gauge tracks to allow for tight curves in the track and reduce tunnel size and structure gauge, also lessening the cost of construction. Where mountain railways need to climb steep gradients, they may use steep grade railway technology, or even operate as funicular railways.

Some mountain railways have been named World Heritage Sites, such as the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway.

## Related pages

- Funicular

## Other websites

- Homepage of the Matterhorn-Gotthard-Bahn  (in English, German, French)
- Narrow gauge railways of Switzerland (in English and German)
- Map of central Peru  Callao – Huancayo
- Map of south Peru/Bolivia  Machu Picchu – Lake Titicaca – west coast Pacific Ocean
- Homepage of the Mount Washington Cog Railway (First ever mountain climbing cog railway)
Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)

**Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)** is one of the 543 parliamentary constituencies in India. The constituency is centered around Darjeeling in West Bengal. While five assembly segments are in Darjeeling district, one assembly segment is in Kalimpong district and one assembly segment is in Uttar Dinajpur district.

## Assembly segments

Per the Delimitation Commission's delimitation of constituencies in the West Bengal, parliamentary constituency no. 4 Darjeeling is made up of the following segments from 2009:

|width="50px" style="font-size:75%"|Constituency number|width="150px"|Name|width="150px"|District|width="150px"|Party|width="150px"|MLA|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|22|Kalimpong|Kalimpong|bgcolor=|GJM|Ruden Sada Lepcha|||||
|23|Darjeeling|Darjeeling|bgcolor=|BJP|Neeraj Zimba|||||
|24|Kurseong|Darjeeling|bgcolor=|BJP|Bishnu Prasad Sharma|||||
|25|Matigara-Naxalbari|Darjeeling|bgcolor=|BJP|Anandamoy Barman|||||
|26|Siliguri|Darjeeling|bgcolor=|BJP|Shankar Ghosh|||||
|27|Phansidewa|Darjeeling|bgcolor=|BJP|Durga Murmu|||||
|28|Chopra|Uttar Dinajpur|bgcolor=|AITC|Hamidul Rahman|||||
West Bengal Fire Service

The **West Bengal Fire Service** is the state owned service that provides firefighting, rescue and emergency medical services to the state of West Bengal, India including the city of Kolkata. There are over 350 fire appliances that are used.

The Fire Service in West Bengal is the oldest fire service in India, created when the Calcutta Fire Brigade and Bengal Fire Service were merged in 1950 to form the organisation. The Fire Service Act was passed in 1950 and changed in 1996 with the addition of fire prevention and Fire Safety Rules. Within the service, about 8,000 firefighters with over 350 fire appliances are used in 103 fire stations.

## Other websites

- West Bengal Fire Service, Government of West Bengal
Nebrija University

**Nebrija University** is a private university in Madrid, Spain. It was started in 1995.

## Organization

The university has 6 specialized schools.

### Courses in English

The degree courses are delivered in English also.

## Rector

- José Muñiz Fernández

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Nebrija University
- **image**: Campus de Princesa Universidad Nebrija.JPG
- **established**: 1995
- **type**: Private
- **rector**: José Muñiz Fernández
- **students**: 12.000
- **city**: Madrid
- **country**: Spain
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
- **website**: [http://www.nebrija.com   www.nebrija.com]
Foundations of Geopolitics

***The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia*** is a geopolitical book by Aleksandr Dugin. It has had a large effect with the Russian military, police and the people decide how the Russia deals with other countries. It has been used as a textbook in the Academy of the General Staff of the Russian military. The book was published in 1997. It was well liked in Russia. Because of the book powerful Russian politicians have taken an interest in Dugin. He was a Russian Eurasianist, fascist, and nationalist.  Dugin has formed a close relationship with Russia's Academy of the General Staff.

Dugin has said that General Nikolai Klokotov of the Academy of the General Staff helped him write the book.  Klokotov says this is not true.Colonel General Leonid Ivashov helped write the book.

## Use

Klokotov said that the book would "serve as a mighty ideological foundation for preparing a new military command". Dugin has said that the book has been used as a textbook in many Russian schools. Former speaker of the Russian State Duma, Gennadiy Seleznyov has "urged that Dugin's geopolitical doctrine be made a compulsory part of the school curriculum".

## Content

In _Foundations of Geopolitics_, Dugin says that the United States should not have any effect on Eurasia. He wants Russia to rebuild its power  through annexations and alliances.

The book says that "the battle for the world rule of Russians" has not ended. It also say that Russia is still "the staging area of a new anti-bourgeois, anti-American revolution". The Eurasian Empire will be built "on the fundamental principle of the common enemy: the rejection of Atlanticism, strategic control of the USA, and the refusal to allow liberal values to dominate us."
Military operations are not a large part of his plan. The textbook says subversion, destabilization, and disinformation should be used. They should also use Russia's gas, oil and other natural resources to pressure other countries.

## Reception and impact

Historian Timothy D. Snyder wrote in _The New York Review of Books_ that _Foundations of Geopolitics_ is influenced by the work of Carl Schmitt. Scmitt was a supporter of a conservative international group whose work influenced the Nazis. He also said that Dugin's was important in getting people to talk about the iideas of Eurasianism and National Bolshevism.

In 2017, news.com.au said that the book "reads like a to-do list for Putin's behaviour on the world stage".

## Other websites

- Foundations of Geopolitics  - Russian Edition
- Foundations of Geopolitics - Machine-translated English version
- Review of Foundations of Geopolitics by John B. Dunlop

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia
- **author**: Aleksandr Dugin
- **language**: Russian language, Russian
- **country**: Russia
- **publisher**: Arktogeja
- **isbn**: 978-5-8592-8019-3
- **title orig**: Основы геополитики (геополитическое будущее России) / Osnovy geopolitiki: geopoliticheskoe budushchee Rossii
- **orig lang code**: ru
- **release date**: 1997
Battery electric bus

A **battery-electric bus** is a bus that uses batteries as a source of power. In that respect its similar to an electric car. Sometimes, electric buses are built like a trolleybus, which can take power from an overhead line. Today, many trolleybuses also have batteries, which allow them to run in emergencies, when there's no power.
Praça do Comércio

The **Praça do Comércio** (; ) is a  plaza in Lisbon, Portugal's capital. It is one of the largest plaza in Portugal, with an area of 175 by 175 m (574 by 574 ft), that is, 30,600 m<sup>2</sup> (329,000 ft<sup>2</sup>).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Praça do Comércio
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision type4**: Parish
- **subdivision name3**: 30.600 m<sup>2</sup>
- **subdivision type3**: Approx. Size
- **subdivision name2**: Lisbon
- **subdivision type2**: City
- **subdivision name1**: Estremadura Province (historical), Estremadura
- **subdivision name**: Portugal
- **other name**: Terreiro do Paço
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **image skyline**: File:Lisbon main square (36622604910).jpg
- **settlement type**: Plaza
- **nickname**: Terreiro do Paço
- **subdivision name4**: Santa Maria Maior (Lisbon), Santa Maria Maior (before 2013: Madalena (Lisbon), Madalena and São Nicolau (Lisbon), São Nicolau)
Cristero War

The **Cristero War** (in Spanish: **Guerra Cristera** or **La Cristiada**; ) is an Mexican conflict that occurred from 3 August 1926 to 21 June 1929, especially in the central and western parts of Mexico. The internal conflict had its background in the implementation of the Calles Law, which restricted the power of the Catholic Church and also the increaed enforcement of Articles 3, 5, 24, 27 and 130 of Constitution of 1917.

The rural population of central Mexico supported the Church and opposed the anticlerical laws. The conflict also involved US Ambassador Dwight Morrow breaking relations with the government of Mexican President Plutarco Calles. In 1929, the conflict ended by an agreement between the Mexican government and Archbishop Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres, which ended the Church's support for the Cristero rebels and caused them to disintegrate.

The most important battles of the war occurred in the Mexican states of Zacatecas, Colima, Guanajuato, and Jalisco.

## References

- Cristeros (Soldiers of Christ) – Documentary
- The Cristero Rebellion, by Jim Tuck
- AP article on the 2000 canonizations
- Biography of Miguel Pro
- Spanish article on the war
- Spanish biographies of the saints canonized in 2000
- Ferreira, Cornelia R. _Blessed José Luis Sánchez del Rio: Cristero Boy Martyr_, biography (2006 Canisius Books).
- _Iniquis Afflictisque_ – encyclical of Pope Pius XI on the persecution of the Church in Mexico (November 18, 1926)
- Miss Mexico wears dress depicting Cristeros at the 2007 Miss Universe Pageant
- Catholicism.org: "Valor and Betrayal – The Historical Background and Story of the Cristeros" – _article by Gary Potter_.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Cristero War
- **image**: Guerra cristera.png
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Map of Mexico showing regions in which Cristero outbreaks occurred

- **date**: 3 August 1926 – 21 June 1929
()
- **place**: Mexico
- **result**: Ceasefire
* Mexican government and Archbishop Leopoldo Ruiz y Flóres, Archbishop Ruiz y Flóres sign US-brokered _arreglos_ pact in which the Church withdraws support for theCristeros
* Recognition of certain Cristero demands
* Catholic Church legalized Catholic Church in Mexico, in Mexico
- **combatant1**: Mexican government
* Mexican Army
**Support:**

- **combatant2**: Cristeros

**Support:**
Knights of Columbus
- **commander1**: Plutarco Elías Calles
Emilio Portes Gil
Joaquín Amaro Domínguez
Saturnino Cedillo
Heliodoro Charis
Marcelino García Barragán
Jaime Carrillo
Genovevo Rivas Guillén
Álvaro Obregón
- **commander2**: Enrique Gorostieta Velarde
José Reyes Vega
Alberto B. Gutiérrez
Aristeo Pedroza
Andrés Salazar
Carlos Carranza Bouquet
Dionisio Eduardo Ochoa
Barraza Damaso
Domingo Anaya
Jesús Degollado Guízar
Luis Navarro Origel
Lauro Rocha
Lucas Cuevas
Matías Villa Michel
Miguel Márquez Anguiano
Manuel Michel
Victoriano Ramírez
Victorino Bárcenas
- **strength1**: ~100,000 men (1929)
- **strength2**: ~50,000 men and women (1929)
- **casualties1**: 56,882 dead
- **casualties2**: 30,000-50,000 dead
- **casualties3**: Estimated 250,000 dead
250,000 fled to the United States (mostly non-combatants)
2022 Peshawar mosque attack

On 4 March 2022, the Islamic State - Khorasan Province attacked a Shiite mosque in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
 The attack killed at least 63 people and injured over 190 others.

## Background

During the late 20th and early 21st centuries in Pakistan, Islamist and sectarian attacks have been very common. Thousands of people have been killed. In 2004, their attacks became an insurgency. Three attacks in Peshawar have had triple-digit death tolls. They were a market bombing in 2009, a church bombing in 2013 and a school massacre in 2014. Many attacks have had double-digit death tolls, including those at Shia mosques in 2013 and 2015.

## Attack

On 4 March 2022, a suicide bomber exploded at the Shiite Kucha Risaldar mosque in Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The attack killed at least 61 people, including the prayer leader, and injured another 196. The next day, the Islamic State claimed responsibility for the attack.

## Related pages

- 2023 Peshawar mosque bombing
Echo of Moscow

**Echo of Moscow** () was a 24/7 commercial Russian radio station in Moscow, Russia. It broadcast in many Russian cities. The only editor-in-chief during its existence was Alexei Venediktov.

On 1 March 2022, it was taken off the air by Roskomnadzor because of their coverage of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 3 March, the Board of Directors voted to close the station down.
Valeriy Chybineyev

**Valeriy Viktorovich Chybineyev** (; 3 March 1988 – 3 March 2022) was a Ukrainian sniper. He was commander of the sniper battalion 79th Air Assault Brigade. He fought in the war in Donbas. He was awarded the Order of the Gold Star in 2016 for his actions during a combat mission in Avdiivka.

Chybineyev was killed in the battle of Hostomel during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine on his 34th birthday on 3 March 2022.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Valeriy Chybineyev
- **native name**: Чибінєєв Валерій Вікторович
- **native name lang**: uk
- **image**: Valeriy Chybineyev (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Chybineyev in 2016
- **birth place**: Berdiansk, Ukraine
- **death place**: Hostomel, Ukraine
- **birth name**: Valeriy Viktorovich Chybineyev
- **branch**: Ukrainian Airmobile Forces
- **rank**: Major
- **unit**: 79th Air Assault Brigade (Ukraine), 79th Air Assault Brigade
- **battles**: *Russo-Ukrainian War
** War in Donbas
***Second Battle of Donetsk Airport
**2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
***Battle of Hostomel
- **alma mater**: Odessa Military Academy
Battle of Antonov Airport

The **Battle of Antonov Airport**, also known as the **Battle of Hostomel,** was a battle which began on 24 February 2022, during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. It was to take control over the Antonov Airport in Ukraine.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Antonov Airport
- **partof**: the Kyiv offensive (2022), Kyiv offensive and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
- **image**: File:Gostomel-airport.jpg
- **caption**: Antonov Airport in 2007
- **date**: 24–25 February 2022 ()
- **place**: Antonov Airport, Hostomel, Kyiv Oblast
- **result**: Russian victory
* Russian forces seize control of the airport
* Ukraine claims airport is too damaged for use by Russian forces
* Antonov An-225, Antonov An-225 Mriya destroyed
- **commander1**:  Sr Lt. Andriy Shamko
- **commander2**: Maj. Valeriy Chybineyev
- **units1**: * Russian Airborne Forces
**11th Guards Air Assault Brigade
**31st Guards Air Assault Brigade
* Russian Air Force
 National Guard of Russia
* 141st Motorized Regiment
- **units2**: * National Guard of Ukraine
**4th Rapid Reaction Brigade (Ukraine), 4th Rapid Reaction Brigade
* Ukrainian Air Force
**40th Tactical Aviation Brigade
Security Service of Ukraine
*Alpha Group (Ukraine), Alpha Group
- **strength1**: **First assault wave**
* 20–34 helicopters
** Numerous Mi-8s
** Several Ka-52s
*One hundred to several hundred airborne troops
*At least two Su-25s
**Second assault wave**
* 200 helicopters (per Russia)
*Numerous tanks and armored vehicles
*Unknown number of ground troops
- **strength2**: *Unknown number of ground troops, tanks, and armored vehicles
*Several BM-21 (per Russia)
*At least two Su-24s
*Several MiG-29s
*At least two Mi-24s
- **casualties1**: **Per Russia:**
None (second assault wave)
**Per Ukraine:**
Several helicopters shot down
- **casualties2**: **Per Russia:**
200 killed
**Per Ukraine:**
Several Ukrainian National Guardsmen captured
Warner Mack

**Warner McPherson** (April 2, 1935 – March 1, 2022), known professionally as **Warner Mack**, was an American country music singer-songwriter and guitarist. He was born in Nashville, Tennessee. His best known singles were "Is It Wrong (For Loving You)" in 1957 and in 1965 "The Bridge Washed Out".

Mack died on March 1, 2022 in Nashville at the age of 86.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Warner Mack
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: Warner Mack.png
- **caption**: Warner Mack in 1967
- **birth name**: Warner Hensley McPherson Jr.
- **alias**: Warner Mack
- **birth place**: Nashville, Tennessee, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.
- **genre**: country, country blues, gospel
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar
- **years active**: 1957–1992, 2020
- **label**: Decca Records, Decca, Pageboy Kapp Bridgewood
Immanuel Ngatjizeko

**Immanuel Ngatjizeko** (30 May 1952 – 5 March 2022) was a Namibian politician. He was a member of the SWAPO Party. He was born in Otjohorongo, Namibia. He was a member of the National Assembly from 2000 until 2018. Ngatjizeko was also a member of the Namibian Cabinet from 2005 until 2018 during the Hifikepunye Pohamba and Hage Geingob presidencies.

Ngatjizeko died on 5 March 2022 in Windhoek, Namibia at the age of 69.
University College Hospital

**University College Hospital** (**UCH**) is a teaching hospital in London. It is the main building of the University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

The hospital is closely associated with University College London (UCL). The hospital is on the south side of Euston Road in the Bloomsbury area of the London Borough of Camden. It is close to the main campus of University College.
Scroll

A **scroll** is a roll of papyrus, parchment, or paper with writing on it.
Cemetery Louyat

The **Louyat Cemetery** is the municipal cemetery of Limoges. Wrongly presented as being one of the largest in Europe, this cemetery is nevertheless one of the largest in France. Opened in 1806, it is the main cemetery of the municipality of Limoges (which has two other small cemeteries, that of Landouge and that of Beaune-les-Mines).
Kung Fu Powerhouse

***Kung Fu Powerhouse*** () is a 1973 Hong Kong action drama movie directed by Lung Chien and starring Kang Chin and Yasuaki Kurata.

## Plot

Kuo Fu, a drug trafficker, escapes jail. Another prisoner insists on following him even after he escapes. Kuo suspects that is a cop under an assumed name.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Kung Fu Powerhouse
- **director**: Lung Chien
- **music**: Liang Chou
- **cinematography**: Ching-Yun Hung
- **released**: 1973
- **runtime**: 90 minutes
- **country**: Hong Kong
- **language**: Cantonese language, Cantonese
Alfama

The **Alfama** is the oldest neighbourhood in Lisbon, spreading on the slope between the São Jorge Castle and the Tagus river. The district includes the _freguesias_ (parishes) of São Miguel, Santo Estêvão, São Vicente de Fora and part of the two streets, "Freguesia da Sé:  Rua do Barão" and "Rua São João da Praça". It have many important historical locations, as well as Fado bars and restaurants.

## History

Its name comes from Arabic _al-ḥamma_ (), meaning "hot fountains" or "baths".

The Rua do Barão is one of the streets of the Freguesia da Sé (Lisbon Cathedral), which begins at the Rua São João da Praça and ends at Rua Augusto Rosa. The toponym "Rua do Barão" is because of João Fernandes da Silveira, who was the first Baron of Alvito, minister of Portuguese kings Afonso V and João II, lived here.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Alfama
- **settlement type**: Neighborhood of Lisbon
- **subdivision type**: Municipality
- **subdivision name**: Lisbon
- **subdivision type2**: _Freguesia_
- **subdivision name2**: Santa Maria Maior (Lisbon), Santa Maria Maior
São Vicente (Lisbon), São Vicente
- **established title**: Foundation
- **established date**: 1200 BCE
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population density km2**: auto
Order of Liberty

The **Order of Liberty** (), is a Portuguese honorific civil order that is given to people who helped the cause of democracy and freedom. The order was made in 1976, after the Carnation Revolution in which the corporatist authoritarian _Estado Novo_ regime ended.  The Grand Collar can also be given by the President of Portugal to former Heads of State and people important to Portugal.

## Infobox (order)

- **title**: Order of Liberty
_Ordem da Liberdade_
- **image**:
- **caption**: Star of The Order of Liberty
- **awarded by**:  Portuguese Republic
- **type**: Order (decoration), Order
- **eligibility**: Portuguese and foreign citizens; military or civilian
- **for**: Important services that help the cause of democracy and freedom.
- **status**: Currently constituted
- **head title**: Grand Master
- **head**: President of Portugal, President of the Portuguese Republic
- **head2 title**: Chancellor
- **head2**: Manuela Ferreira Leite
- **grades**: Grand Collar
Grand Cross
Grand Officer
Commander
Officer
Member
- **established**: 1976
- **higher**: Order of Prince Henry
- **lower**: Order of Camões
- **image2**:
- **caption2**: Ribbon bar of the Order of Liberty
No. 1 (Silent Circle album)

***No. 1*** is the first studio album by German English-language euro disco singer Silent Circle, released in July 30, 1986. some of the tracks includes _Touch In The Night_ and '' "Stop The Rain In The Night" and "Anywhere Tonight".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: No. 1
- **type**: studio album
- **artist**: Silent Circle (band), Silent Circle
- **released**: July 30, 1986, 2011 (Deluxe remastered)
- **recorded**: August - December 1985 in Rainbow Studios
- **length**: 39:35
- **label**: Blow Up
- **producer**: Bernd Dietrich, Engelbert Simons
- **next title**: Back
- **next year**: 1994
Roman art

**Roman art** was created in Ancient Rome. It includes architecture, painting, sculptures and mosaic work. It was most prolific from about the first to the fourth century AD. Ancient Roman pottery was not considered to be artwork; it was for everyday use. Almost no painting survives today, and the paintings that are known are probably not the best the Romans could produce.
Apple A10X

**Apple A10X** is a chip that was made by Apple. It has six cores and runs at 2.38 GHz. It was first released in 2017. It is used on the iPad Pro 2nd Generation and the 10.5-inch iPad Pro.
Apple A11

**Apple A11** is a chip that was made by Apple. It has six cores and runs at 2.39 GHz. It was released in the year 2017. It is used on the iPhone 8, iPhone 8 Plus
Lingulodinium polyedra

***Lingulodinium polyedra*** is a mobile photosynthetic dinoflagellate. It gives off a bioluminescent light which shows on beaches at night. It causes red tides.

_L. polyedra_ causes red tides in southern California, with bioluminescent displays on beaches at night.

The organism was first described in 1955 as a cyst, _Hystrichosphaeridium machaerophorum_ from the Miocene of Balcombe Bay, Victoria, Australia. Its first appearance in the fossil record was in the Palaeocene.

The toxins from such tiny dinoflagellates accumulate in shellfish which feed on them. Mussels, scallops and clams can be the agents of food poisoning if they eat these dinoflagellates.

Keeping live shellfish in pure water for three days before cooking is a standard way to avoid this problem.
Bokermannohyla flavopicta

***Bokermannohyla flavopicta*** is a frog that lives in southeastern Brazil.  Scientists have seen it only over 1500 meters above sea level.

The adult male frog is 51.9–65.3 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 60.2–61.6 mm long.  The skin on the frog's back can be gray or brown with darker brown marks.  It has small yellow spots on its mouth, face, sides, legs and rear end.
Shapur I's victory relief at Naqsh-e Rustam

**Shapur I's victory relief at Naqsh-e Rustam** is a rock carving located 3 kilometers north of Persepolis. It is one of the eight Sassanid rock carvings in Naqsh-e Rustam.

This relief depicts a scene in which, Valerian, the Roman Emperor is kneeling before Shapur I, whom he defeated at the Battle of Edessa. This was the first and only time a Roman emperor was taken prisoner.
Caipirinha

**Caipirinha** is a cocktail that is prepared Cachaça, and lime. Cachaça is a liquor made from fermented sugarcane juice. When vodka is used instead of Cachaça, the drink is usually called **Caiprioska**.
Samsung Galaxy A03

**Samsung Galaxy A03** was released in late 2021. It has a  display that has a resolution of 1600 x 720 pixels. It has a 48 MP main and 2 MP depth cameras. It has an 8-core processor running at 1.6 GHz with 3 or 4 GB of RAM and 32-128 GB of storage. It supports Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) and Bluetooth 5.0.
Samsung Galaxy A03s

**Samsung Galaxy A03s** was released in late 2021. It has a  display that has a resolution of 1600 x 720 pixels. It has a 13 MP main, 2 MP depth and 2 MP macro cameras. It has an 8-core processor running at 2.3 GHz with 3 GB of RAM and 32 GB of storage. It supports Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac) and Bluetooth 5.0.