juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain?

***Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain?*** (known as ***Brain Age: Train Your Brain in Minutes a Day!***) is a puzzle video game made by Nintendo on the Nintendo DS handheld. It was released in 2006. It is one of the best-selling DS games. A second game: _More Brain Training from Dr. Kawashima: How Old Is Your Brain?_, was released in 2007.

## Gameplay

_Dr. Kawashima's Brain Training: How Old Is Your Brain?_ uses educational puzzles that are math, word games, memorization games, and other kinds of games. The point of the game is to keep the player's brain young using these educational puzzles. The player is supposed to try and keep their brain at 20, which the game says is the perfect age. It's based on a book by Ryuta Kawashima. The DS is held like a book on its side with the top screen on the left and the bottom screen on the right (opposite for lefties).

### Brain Age Check

The Brain Age Check lets the player check how old he or she is by doing puzzles.

### Training

The Training mode lets the player play most of the puzzles without doing a Brain Age Check.

### Sudoku

The Sudoku mode was added to the non-Japanese versions of the game since it was so popular.

## Reception

_Brain Age_ was a popular game, and sold more than 3 million in Japan, 1 million in the United States, and 2 million in PAL regions.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Nintendo
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: _Brain Training_
- **released**: **Nintendo DS:**
**Virtual Console (Wii U):**

- **genre**: Puzzle game
- **modes**: Single player, multiplayer game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS, Virtual Console (Wii U)
Super Mario Strikers

***Mario Smash Football*** (called ***Super Mario Strikers*** in North America) is a 2005 football video game made by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube game console. A sequel was made on the Wii called _Mario Strikers Charged Football_.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Mario Smash Football
Super Mario Strikers (NTSC)
- **developer**: Next Level Games
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: _List of Mario sports games#Soccer titles, Mario Strikers_
- **genre**: Sports game, Sports
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo GameCube
Mario Strikers Charged

***Mario Strikers Charged Football*** (called ***Mario Strikers Charged*** in North America) is a 2007 football video game made by Next Level Games and published by Nintendo for the Wii game console.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Next Level Games
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: Mario (Nintendo), Mario
- **genre**: Football (soccer), Football
- **modes**: Single player, multiplayer game, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo GameCube
Clubhouse Games

***Clubhouse Games*** is a 2006 video game published by Nintendo and developed by Agenda. It features 42 parlor games. It is for the Nintendo DS game console.

## Other websites

- Clubhouse Games Nintendo site

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Clubhouse Games
- **developer**: Agenda (game developer), Agenda
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **released**: Japan, JP November 3, 2005
Europe, EUR September 29,2006
North America, NA October 9, 2006
Australia, AUS October 26, 2006
International, INT April 19, 2007
- **genre**: Puzzle game
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer, Online multiplayer game, online multiplayer (up to eight players)
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS
Halifax Explosion

The **Halifax explosion** took place on December 6, 1917 when the SS _Mont-Blanc_, a French cargo ship loaded with explosives collided with the SS _Imo_, a Norwegian ship in the harbour in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. 1,782 people were killed and over 9,000 people were injured. This was the largest man-made explosion in history until July 1945 when the first atomic bomb blew up. It is still the largest accidental explosion in history. People were said to hear it from over 100km away.

## Other websites

- CBC website about the Halifax Explosion

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Halifax Explosion
- **image**: Halifax Explosion blast cloud.jpg
- **caption**: The pyrocumulus cloud around 15-20 seconds after the explosion
- **location**: Halifax (former city), Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- **date**: December 6, 1917
- **time**: 9:04:35
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time, AST
- **fatalities**: 1,782 (known)
- **injuries**: 9,000 (approximate)
Kassite dynasty

The **Kassite dynasty** was ruled by the Kassites. They were an obscure mountain tribe who came to power in Babylon after the collapse of the First Dynasty of Babylon in 1595 <small>BC</small> following a Hittite sack of the city, and became rulers of northern Babylonia.

## The Kassites

The **Kassites** (Persian: کاسی‌ها) were an ancient people from Zagros mountains. Kassites were a federation of several nomadic tribes living in the Zagros mountains, in modern Loristan (Iran).

In the 18th century BCE, the Kassites started to infiltrate Mesopotamia, which was ruled by the successors of the famous king Hammurabi of Babylon (1792–1750). Kassites threatened Babylonia, which they captured in 1750 BC.

The Kassite dynasty dominated Mesopotamia from the 16th to the 12th century BC.

## Importance of this empire

By turning southern Mesopotamia into a state, instead of a group of temple-cities, the Kassites made Babylonia an international power. They ruled Babylonia almost without interruption for about four hundred years — the longest rule by any dynasty in Babylonian history.

Kassite kings established trade and diplomacy with Assyria, Egypt, Elam and the Hittites. The Kassite royal house intermarried with their royal families. There were foreign merchants in Babylon and other cities. Babylonian merchants traded from Egypt (a source of Nubian gold) to Assyria and Anatolia. Kassite weights and seals, the tools of trade, have been found in Thebes in Greece, in southern Armenia, and even in a shipwreck off the southern coast of today's Turkey.

The Kassite kings set up a network of provinces administered by governors. Nippur, a formerly great city, had been virtually abandoned. It was rebuilt in the Kassite period, and became the most important provincial center. Under the Kassite government, the governor of Nippur ruled as a secondary (lesser) king. Some 13th century <small>BC</small> Kassite kings even took the title 'Governor of Nippur' for themselves.

The Elamites conquered Babylonia in the 12th century <small>BC</small>, thus ending the Kassite state. The last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there, where he died. However, Kassites survived as a distinct ethnic group in the mountains of Lorestan long after the Kassite state collapsed.

## Other websites

- Richard Hooker, "The Kassites: 1530-1170 The Kassite Interregnum"
Rhythm Heaven

***Rhythm Heaven*** is a music video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It is the sequel to _Rhythm Tengoku_.

## Gameplay

_Rhythm Heaven_ only uses the touch screen on the DS to play the stages. In the stages, the player has to do what the game wants him or her to, like in a level where the player has a song in the background, and has to fill robots with a liquid to send it off. The robot goes on a conveyer belt, and the player has to drop the nozzle to the beat of the music and try to get it to land on its head. Then, the player has to hold it there until the robot fills up and flies away. If the player does it right, he or she gets a perfect hit. If the player overfills, underfills, or barely misses, it's a half-hit. If the player misses completely, it's a miss. At the end, the player is ranked, either getting a Perfect Level, Mediocre, or a Miss. The touch screen can do a lot of stuff, like a "flick" motion where the player flicks in a direction with the stylus or just touch the screen. The first stage has the player flicking a screw using a spring to the beat of the music. At the right moment, the player has to flick the screw into two squares as they roll down the level at the right time to make them come together.

There's a mode called Guitar Lessons that's like the Drum Lessons in _Rhythm Tengoku_.

## Music

Like in _Rhythm Tengoku_, Tsunku made the music for this game. A soundtrack released on October 15, 2008 with 140 songs from this game and _Rhythm Tengoku_, which came before this game.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Rhythm Heaven
- **developer**: Nintendo Research & Development 1, R&D1
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **released**: <small><sup>**Japan, JPN**</sup></small> July 31, 2008
- **genre**: Music video game, Rhythm
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS
Caricature

A **caricature** (from the Italian _caricatura_, which means "loaded portrait") is a portrait or drawing of a person that exaggerates the way they look, usually to create a humorous effect, or a political statement.

## Other websites

- Celebrity Caricature
- Caricature
Cincinnati Red Stockings

The **Cincinnati Red Stockings** of 1869 were baseball's first all-professional team. The team is in Cincinnati, Ohio.   The **Cincinnati Base Ball Club** started in 1866 and played teams in the National Association of Base Ball Players 1867 to 1870. In 1969, Major League Baseball played those events officially by starting professional baseball.

The Red Stockings established styles in team uniforms and team nicknames that have some currency even in the 21st century. They also have a particular color, red, as the color of Cincinnati (and serve as the use of "Red Sox" in Boston as well).

## Other websites

- 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Club
- **19c Base Ball**
Eddie Gaedel

**Edward Carl "Eddie" Gaedel** (June 8, 1925– June 18, 1961) is a former professional baseball player. Gaedel played in his only major league game on August 19, 1951, against the Detroit Tigers. He got walked on four pitches in a row and was taken out of the game. Gaedel was officially listed as standing  and weighing .

## Other websites

- MLB
- Eddie Gaedel at Baseball Library.com
- ESPN.com article: "Short on size, long on history"
- Box score for the Gaedel game

## Infobox (baseball biography)

- **image size**: 230
- **name**: Eddie Gaedel
- **position**: Pinch hitter
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Left
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **debutleague**: MLB
- **debutdate**: August 19
- **debutyear**: 1951
- **debutteam**: St. Louis Browns
- **finalleague**: MLB
- **finaldate**: August 19
- **finalyear**: 1951
- **finalteam**: St. Louis Browns
- **statleague**: MLB
- **stat1label**: On-base percentage
- **stat1value**: 1.000
- **stat2label**: Batting average
- **stat2value**: –
- **stat3label**: Plate appearances
- **stat3value**: 1
- **stat4label**: Base on balls
- **stat4value**: 1
- **teams**: * St. Louis Browns ()
- **highlights**: * Shortest player in Major League Baseball history
Pho

**Pho**  is a traditional Vietnamese rice-noodle soup dish. It is served in a bowl. It has white rice noodles in beef broth with thin cuts of beef, vegetable, and spice such as chili or chili sauce. Sometimes, tendon, tripe, meatballs, chicken leg, chicken breast, or other organs (heart, liver, etc.) are also available. Pho that is cooked with chicken instead of beef is called phở gà.

Pho is a very popular food in Vietnam. It was brought to many other countries when Vietnamese immigrants and refugees moved to those places.

### Noodles

A special kind of noodle called _bánh phở_ that is made from rice is used to make pho. It is flat and white.

### Broth

The broth is usually made from beef bones. Meat can also be used to make the broth. Also there are many spices (ginger, cardamom, cinnamon, star anise, clove) that are boiled too to make the broth.

### Vegetables

Onions, basil, chilis, and other vegetables can be added.

### Sauces

Sriracha (chili) sauce and hoisin sauce can be added to the pho. Some people also like to squeeze lime juice into their pho.

## Other websites

- Lam, Andrew. "Pho," _All Things Considered_, National Public Radio, September 2, 1999 Surprising locations to find _pho_
- Norris, Michele. "From Pho to Fast Food, an Immigrant's Tale," _All Things Considered_, National Public Radio, February 6, 2007 Biography of Bich Minh Nguyen
- Prakash, Snigdha. "Pho Sells," _Morning Edition_, National Public Radio, June 3, 2002. _Campbell_ soup markets _pho_
- Sullivan, Michael. "Vietnamese Pho Chain Takes on U.S. Competition," _Morning Edition_, National Public Radio, March 20, 2007. Introduction of chain restaurant in the USA

## Infobox (chinese)

- **pic**: Vietnamese Pho Beef Noodles 2007.jpg
- **vie**: phở
- **hn**:
Anti-social behaviour order

An **ASBO**, or an **A**nti**s**ocial **b**ehaviour **o**rder, is a British legal term for an order that is sometimes served on people who often behave badly and have many complaints made against them because of their behaviour. The order is designed to stop them from being anti-social, which means causing distress or alarm (among other things) to other people that do not live in the same place as themselves, according to the Crime & Disorder Act. 1998. ASBO's were ended and replaced with "Injunctions" in 2015

Some types of anti-social behaviour are:
- Hurting people
- Damaging things/Graffiti
- Using bad words, sometimes directed at minorities
- Dropping rubbish
- Hanging around
- Being very drunk
- Dealing drugs
- Stealing
- Being noisy
- Scaring and threatening people (attempting to produce fear)
- Starting fires
- Spitting
- Streaking
- Going places where you're not allowed to go

An ASBO prohibits people from doing certain things, in certain times, in certain places. For instance, it might ban a person from gathering with certain friends in the park after 8 o'clock if that group of people have previously caused trouble together.

There is also something called an **ABC**, which stands for an **A**cceptable **B**ehaviour **C**ontract, and are often used to make sure people try to be "nice". It is flexible, and can be used in serious situations as well as low key ones.

Sometimes the ASBO can seem quite unusual when it is used to stop certain people from doing things, for example:
- Wearing a hat anywhere in England and Wales
- Sitting on the top deck of a bus
- Saying the words grass and cripple
- Wearing one golf glove
- Playing Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?", stomping and dropping objects
- Being sarcastic
- Attending meetings that deal with anti-social behaviour
Kochi, India

**Kochi** is a city in the state of Kerala, in India. It used to be called **Cochin**. It is also called the "Queen of the Arabian Sea".

## Geography

The city has the second-highest population in the state after the capital city of Kerala, Trivandrum. Kochi is the financial and commercial hub of the state.

Kochi has a very old synagogue. It is usually called by the name Ernakulam, which is the mainland part of the city.

Most regions in Kochi are at sea level. It has a coastline of almost . Kochi is the seat of the High Court of Kerala.

## History

Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the west coast of India from the 14th century onward, and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era. Occupied by the Portuguese in 1503, Kochi was the first of the European colonies in colonial India. It remained the main seat of Portuguese India until 1530, when Goa was chosen instead. The city was later occupied by the Dutch and the British, with the Kingdom of Cochin becoming a princely state.

## Tourism

Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala. The city was ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine.

## Economy

Kochi was one of the 28 Indian cities among the emerging 440 global cities that will contribute 50% of the world GDP by the year 2025, in a 2011 study done by the McKinsey Global Institute. In July 2018, Kochi was ranked the topmost emerging future megacity in India by global professional services firm JLL.
Frugivore

A **frugivore** is an animal that prefers to eat fruit.

## Plant and frugivore relationship

The fruit is part of a plant's sexual reproduction cycle. Plants spend a lot of energy and nutrients in creating fruit. Fruit is produced to attract animals into eating the fruit. The animal digests the pulp but not the seeds, ensuring the plant's genes are spread wherever the animal goes. Seeds can also be germinated by falling near the mother plant. Some seeds must pass through the digestive system (the stomach and intestines) before they can germinate.

Frugivores have also evolved in different ways to eat different fruit; some use teeth, others long beaks or short beaks.

## Examples of frugivores

Many birds eat both fruits and insects which makes them omnivores. Mammals may eat both fruits and protein, or eat mostly fruit or nectar, such as many bats. One primate group is essentially herbivore/frugivore, the Owl Monkeys. They live in a non-seasonal area of the Amazon that supports a constant supply of fruiting trees. Elsewhere, an exclusively frugivore diet is impossible and is supplemented by insects or rougher plant matter. Some people say that humans are frugivores; this is unlikely given the evolution of man in the dry tropical region of the Rift Valley. However, the climate in the Rift valley at the time of our evolution was likely a tropical rainforest. That said, almost all primates and even carnivores will travel great distances to feast when a fruit tree has dropped its ripened fruit. Many species will remember the exact fruiting date and location of a fruiting tree which highlights fruits great nutritional benefit. Some people promote a frugivore diet for humans.

## Further reading

- Levey, D. J., W. R. Silva, and M. Galetti (editors) 2002. _Seed dispersal and frugivory : ecology, evolution, and conservation_ New York : CABI Pub. 511 p.

## Other websites

View on diet and health at NHE Self-Health Care Systems: Biological Adaptations
Italian language in Croatia

The Italian language is the third most spoken language (after Croatian and Serbian) in the Republic of Croatia today. It is an officially recognized minority language in Istria County (where it is spoken by 7.69% of the population).

## Speaker Population

The 2001 census in Croatia reported 19,636 ethnic Italians in the country (some .44% of the total population). Ethnologue reported 70,000 speakers in 1998: 40,000 ethnic Italians and 30,000 ethnic Croats and Istrian people. Native Italian speakers are largely concentrated along the Adriatic coast. In addition, roughly 120,000 Italian tourists visit Croatia each year, so many in the service and tourist industries have some knowledge of the language.As the 3/4 of the Italian community is concentrated in Istria, according to Ethnologue's estimates ( 70.000 ),  at least 20% of the population of Istria is Italian mother tongue, although many simply declare themselves as  Istrian.

Historically, the language had a much larger population than it does now. Italians have lived on the Adriatic coast for hundreds of years, and Istria was part of the Kingdom of Italy from 1919 until 1947. However the Istrian exodus after the Second World War and Yugoslavian ethnic cleansing in the form of the Foibe massacres forced the greater part of the Istrian Italians to flee to Italy.
During the Italian exodu, about 350000 people left Istria, Dalmatia and the isles of Croatia.

## Italian in Use

Government services are provided in Italian and Croatian in Istria County, including the official government website (which is also available in English). There are four Italian-language schools in Istria: primary schools in Buje (Buie) and Novigrad (Cittanova) and secondary schools in Pula (Pola) and Rovinj (Rovigno).

## Related pages

- Dalmatian Italians
- Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
- Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
- List of Italian place names in Dalmatia

## References

- Ethnologue Report for Italian
- Region of Istria Official Website
- Republic of Croatia Central Bureau of Statistics
Objectivism (Ayn Rand)

**Objectivism** is a philosophy that was started by Ayn Rand. It has four main ideas:

1. Everything that exists has an identity meaning something about it that makes it what it is no matter how people think about it or talk about it. This is also true for things like feelings or ideas. It says that a thing is the thing which it is, or "A is A." What people learn about the things that exist comes both from the identity of the things themselves and from the way that people observe (see) and think about what they have observed.

2. Reason is how a person knows that what he thinks or believes is true. A person cannot make something true just by wanting it to be true or by mysticism. Only rational, logical thinking can produce the best outcome. This means recognizing that a thing is the thing it is, and to not confuse it with things which it is not.

3. It is good to be happy, and it is good for a person to try to be happy. People should always try to improve their lives and be happy in the long term, so that they are happy now and in the future. People should not hurt others to try to be happy, but they also should not hurt themselves to try to make other people happy. People should also not make themselves less happy to help something like God. Ayn Rand called this "rational self-interest".

4. If governments or criminals take things away from people, or try to make people do things they do not want to do, it does damage to everybody. Ayn Rand thought that governments should only be able to protect people from violence, theft, fraud, and other actions that go against people's rights. This includes laissez-faire capitalism and is sometimes called libertarianism.

She first told people these ideas in her novels _The Fountainhead_ and _Atlas Shrugged_. She talked about them more in _The Objectivist Newsletter_, _The Objectivist_, _The Ayn Rand Letter_, _Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology_ and _The Virtue of Selfishness_.
Dike (goddess)

**Dike** is the Greek goddess of moral justice for human being.
Dalmatia

**Dalmatia** is a region of the Balkan Peninsula along the Adriatic Sea. It mostly belongs to Croatia. It goes from the island of Pag in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor (in Montenegro) in the southeast.

## Related pages

- Dalmatian Italians
- Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
- Italian language in Croatia
- Italian cultural and historic presence in Dalmatia
- List of Italian place names in Dalmatia
- Venice and Dalmatia
Virtualization

**Virtualization** (or **Virtualisation**) is a word used in computing. Virtualization means that the users (programs, or real people) only see an abstraction of a computer resource. Virtualization can be done in software, or with hardware.
- RAID. RAID is used to virtualize computer storage. A RAID system appears as one "disk". The fact that it is made of several disks that work together is hidden.
- Virtual memory makes it possible to use more memory than is physically in the computer. The computer figures out a way to write contents of certain memory blocks to disk.
- Storage virtualization takes the ideas developed by RAID further. This is what Storage area networks commonly use. All the storage appears as a single big disk. Certain administrators can specify that this large disk is made of "data pools" (which are also virtual). The disk pools are made of single physical disks (or RAID arrays).
- Some computers (mostly mainframes) allow to run several operating systems at the same time. Each operating system believes it is the only one running.
- Data virtualization is used by businesses to put together data from a few sources in one place. This helps applications, reporting tools and end users to access data with no need in details about the source structure, location and original data.
Chukar

The **chukar** (_Alectoris chukar_) is a Eurasian upland gamebird in the pheasant family Phasianidae of the order Galliformes, gallinaceous birds. Other common names of this bird include 'Chukker' (sometimes misspelled as 'Chuker'), 'Chukar Partridge', 'Red-legged Partridge', 'Rock Partridge', 'Indian Hill Partridge', 'Chukka', 'Chukkar', 'Chukor', 'Chukore', 'Chikone', 'Kabk', 'Kau-Kau', and 'Keklik'.

## Distribution

This partridge has its native range in Asia from Kashmir in the east to southeastern Europe in the west, and is closely related and similar to its western equivalent, the red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa. It has been introduced widely, and became established in the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Hawaii. In Great Britain, hybrids between this species and the also introduced red-legged partridge are common.

The Chukar is the national bird of Pakistan.
Soral

**Soral** is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Soral
- **municipality name**: Soral
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Soral-village.jpg
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Soral COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Soral.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Geneva
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GE
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 1286
- **municipality code**: 6639
- **area**: 2.95
- **elevation**: 450
- **website**: www.soral.ch
- **mayor**: Raoul Florez
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **demonym**: Soralien/Soralienne
- **neighboring municipalities**: Avusy, Bernex, Switzerland, Bernex, Laconnex, Perly-Certoux, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois (FR-74), Viry, Haute-Savoie, Viry (FR-74)
Get Smart

***Get Smart*** was a television series that was shown on NBC from September 18, 1965 to April 12, 1969. It was then shown on CBS from September 26, 1969, to September 11, 1970. It made fun of the secret agent genre. It starred Don Adams as Maxwell Smart, Barbara Feldon as Agent 99, and Edward Platt as the chief. Max Smart worked for a secret organization called CONTROL. Their enemy was KOAS. In 1980, a movie _The Nude Bomb_ was released in theaters. In 1989, a television movie was shown called, _Get Smart, Again!_. Because of the good success of the movie, FOX created a new TV series called _Get Smart_, which featured Don Adams as Max Smart, now chief of CONTROL. A movie based on the series was released on June 20, 2008. It starred Steve Carell as Max Smart, Anne Hathaway as Agent 99 and Alan Arkin as the chief.  Roger Ebert gave it good reviews.

## Other websites

- The Get Smart Wiki

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: _ca._ 25 minutes
- **creator**: Mel Brooks
Buck Henry
- **starring**: Don Adams
Barbara Feldon
Edward Platt
- **country**: United States
- **company**: NBC/CBS/Fox Broadcasting Company, FOX
- **network**: NBC (1965-1969)
CBS (1969-1970)
American Broadcasting Company, ABC (1989)
Fox Broadcasting Company, FOX (1995)
- **num seasons**: 5
- **num episodes**: 138, +7 revival
AFL–CIO

The **American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations**, called the **AFL-CIO**, is a group of labor unions in the United States and Canada. There are 54 national different unions in the group, and they speak for over 10 million workers. It was started in 1955, when the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations joined after a long argument. From 1955 to 2005, almost all union workers in the U.S. were part of the AFL-CIO. However, in 2005, some large unions (like the Teamsters) left the AFL-CIO.

The president of the AFL-CIO, Richard Trumka served from 2009 until his death on August 5, 2021.

## Other websites

- AFL-CIO official website
    - List of AFL-CIO affiliated unions
    - Speeches from the 2005 AFL-CIO convention
- Teamsters' Disaffiliation letter to John Sweeney, President AFL-CIO 2005
- Workers Independent News
Jonas Brothers

The **Jonas Brothers** are an American pop band from Wyckoff, New Jersey. It is made up of three brothers: Kevin Jonas, Joe, and Nick. The group was formed in 2005. They released four albums before disbanding: _It's About Time_ in 2006, _Jonas Brothers_ in 2007, _A Little Bit Longer_ in 2008, and _Lines, Vines and Trying Times_ in 2009.

The band reunited in 2019, releasing the song "Sucker" as the lead single from their new album, _Happiness Begins_.  _Happiness Begins_ entered at number one on the _Billboard_ 200. "Sucker" became their first chart-topper.

## Albums

- It's About Time (2006)
- Jonas Brothers (2007)
- A Little Bit Longer (2008)
- Lines, Vines and Trying Times (2009)
- Happiness Begins (2019)
- The Album (2023)
- Greetings from Your Hometown (2025)

## Other websites

- Official site
- RIAA Certification Database

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jonas Brothers
- **background**: group_or_band
- **img**: The Jonas Brothers perform at the Kids' Inaugural cropped.jpg
- **img capt**: The Jonas Brothers perform at the Kids' Inaugural
- **years active**: 2005–13; 2019–present
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia (2005–2006)
Hollywood Records, Hollywood (2007–2013)

Republic (2019–present)
- **url**: [http://www.jonasbrothers.com/ JonasBrothers.com]
- **current members**: Kevin Jonas
Joe Jonas
Nick Jonas
Artificial turf

**Artificial turf**, or **synthetic turf**, is a man-made (something made by humans) surface made from synthetic materials, made to look like natural grass. It is most often used in arenas for sports that are normally played on grass. However, it is also used on lawn<nowiki/>s and in commercial applications. The main advantage of artificial turf is low cost of maintenance as there is no need to water it and trim it. Disadvantages include toxicity, limited lifetime, and the requirement for cleaning. Artificial turf is extremely popular in sporting industry - especially in US and regions where weather or heavy use makes it difficult to sustain high quality live turf.

Artificial grass was first used in 1966 when it was installed in the Houston Astrodome, the world’s first domed indoor multipurpose sports stadium. During the stadium’s inaugural season in 1965 its real grass failed to grow. By the second half of the season the field conditions were so bad that they installed artificial grass, called "Astroturf".

## Environmental issues

There are several environmental concerns associated with artificial turf including loss of wildlife habitat, contaminated runoff, and migration of synthetic materials. Contaminants that are harmful to aquatic life, such as zinc, have been found in storm water runoff from artificial turf. Both infill particles and broken synthetic grass fibers can migrate away from yards or playing fields, contributing to microplastic pollution.

## Other websites

- Rubber pollution in a domestic environment . This article looks at how rubber crumb affects the environment.
- List of the major synthetic turf benefits
Newgrange

**Newgrange** is a Megalithic Passage Tomb at Newgrange, County Meath, Republic of Ireland. It was built about 3200 BC. The kidney shaped mound covers an area of over one acre, 83 metres in diameter and 13 metres in height, and is surrounded by 97 kerbstones, some of which are decorated with megalithic art. The 19 metre long inner passage leads to a cruciform chamber with a corbelled roof. It is estimated that the construction of the Passage Tomb at Newgrange would have taken a work force of 300 at least 20 years.

The passage and chamber of Newgrange are lit up by the winter solstice sunrise. A shaft of sunlight shines through the roof box over the entrance and penetrates the passage to light up the chamber. The dramatic event lasts for 17 minutes at dawn on the Winter Solstice and for a few mornings either side of the Winter Solstice.

Admission to the Newgrange chamber for the Winter Solstice sunrise is by lottery, application forms are available at the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre. For the 2007 draw 28,106 applications were submitted. In September each year, 50 names are drawn with 2 places are awarded to each name drawn.

## Megalithic mounds

Megalithic mounds such as Newgrange entered Irish mythology as sídhe or fairy mounds. Newgrange was said to be the home of Oenghus, the god of love. The Passage Tomb at Newgrange was re-discovered in 1699 by the removal of material for road building. A major excavation of Newgrange began in 1962; the original facade of sparkling white quartz was rebuilt using stone found at the site.

## World heritage site

Newgrange has been designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and attracts 200,000 visitors per year. There is no direct access to the Passage Tomb at Newgrange, access is by guided tour from the Brú na Bóinne Visitor Centre located close to the village of Donore, Co. Meath. The last tour of Newgrange is 90 minutes before closing time of the Visitor Centre.

## Newgrange chamber

Images from inside the chamber at Newgrange including the tri-spiral design on orthostat C10 which is probably the most famous Irish Megalithic symbol. It is often referred to as a Celtic design, but it was carved at least 2500 years before the Celts reached Ireland. At 12 inches in diameter the tri-spiral design is quite small in size, less than one-third the size of the tri-spiral design on the entrance stone.
Mumtaz Mahal

**Arjumand Banu Begum**, also called **Mumtaz Mahal** (27 April 1593 – 17 June 1631) was the second wife of Shah Jahan, the Mughal emperor. Mumtaz Mahal (meaning _Jewel of the palace_ in Persian) was the nickname her husband gave to her.

## Life

Mumtaz Mahal was born in April 1593 in Agra, India. Her father was the Persian noble Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, the brother of Nur Jahan, the Mughal Empress wife of Jahangir.

Mumtaz betrothed (nikah) with shah jahan at the age of 14 in 1607 when Shah Jahan was 15, Shah Jahan, later married two other women.May 10, 1612 at the age of 19 the official marriage ceremony was held.

## Marriage

Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal were married for 19 years. They had thirteen children together. 7 of the children died at birth or at a very young age. Mumtaz travelled with Shah Jahan and his army as he carried out military campaigns. Mumtaz Mahal supported Shah Jahan and they respected each other very much. Mumtaz Mahal died on June 17, 1631 in Burhanpur in the Deccan (now in Madhya Pradesh) during the birth of their fourteenth child, a daughter named Gauhara Begum.

## Death

She had been with her husband as he was fighting a campaign in the Deccan Plateau. Her body was kept at Burhanpur in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad. A popular story says that on her deathbed, her last wish to the emperor was for a symbol or a monument to their love. She also asked her husband not to marry anyone else. The emperor promised immediately. Her body was buried in the Taj Mahal in Agra. It is also belived that Mumtaz Mahal died, aged 38, while giving birth to Gauhara Begum in Burhanpur, the cause of death being Postpartum hemorrhage, which caused considerable blood-loss after a painful labour of thirty hours. Contemporary historians note that Princess Jahanara, aged 17, was so distressed by her mother's pain that she started distributing gems to the poor, hoping for divine intervention and Shah Jahan, himself, was noted as being "paralysed by grief" and weeping fits.

### Effects

After she died, Shah Jahan went into mourning for 2 years. When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn. Jahan's eldest daughter, Jahanara Begum, slowly brought him out of mourning and took the place of Mumtaz at court.
Imam

An **imam**  (; ) is an Islamic leader, often the leader of a mosque and/or community. Similarly to spiritual leaders, the imam is the person who leads the prayer during Islamic gatherings. More often the community turn to the mosque imam, if they have an Islamic question. In smaller communities an imam could be the community leader based on the community setting.

Shia Islam uses the term differently. Shiites give the title to only the one true leader of all the faithful.

## Other websites

- Detailed description of the Shiite belief
- Graphical illustration of the Shia sects
- List of Sunni Imams
- The Imam Movie
Earthsea

**Earthsea** is a fictional place made by Ursula K. Le Guin for her short story "The Word of Unbinding" in 1964, but that became more famous in her book _A Wizard of Earthsea_, first written in 1968. The books that follow _A Wizard of Earthsea_ are _The Tombs of Atuan_, _The Farthest Shore_, _Tehanu_, _Tales from Earthsea_ and _The Other Wind_. These are all set in the world of Earthsea

## Earthsea books

- _A Wizard of Earthsea_ (1968)
- _The Tombs of Atuan_ (1972)
- _The Farthest Shore_ (1974)
- _Tehanu: The Last Book of Earthsea_ (1990)
- _Tales from Earthsea_ (2001)
- _The Other Wind_ (2001)
OpenZaurus

**OpenZaurus** is a Debian-based embedded Linux distribution for the Sharp Zaurus personal mobile tool PDA.

## Status

On April 26, 2007, it was announced that the OpenZaurus project was over.  Future development efforts are to focus on the Ångström distribution for embedded systems.

## Related pages

- Familiar Linux
- Palm OS
- Pocket PC
- Windows Mobile

## Other websites

- OpenZaurus project website
- Hentges.net OZ with updated OPIE releases

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: OpenZaurus
- **logo**: Openzaurus-logo.png
- **website**: [http://www.openzaurus.org www.openzaurus.org]
- **family**: Linux
- **source model**: Open source
- **latest release version**: 3.5.4.1
- **latest release date**: July 6, 2006
- **kernel type**: Monolithic kernel, Linux kernel, Linux
- **ui**: Command line interface, Console, X Window System, GPE Palmtop Environment, GPE, OPIE (operating system), OPIE
- **license**: Free software licenses
(mainly GPL)
- **supported platforms**: ARM architecture, ARM
- **package manager**: Ipkg
Dan Simmons

**Dan Simmons** (April 4, 1948 – February 21, 2026) was an American writer. He was best known for his Hugo Award-winning series called the Hyperion Cantos, and for his Locus Award-winning Ilium/Olympos cycle. He wrote in genres such as science fiction, horror and fantasy. He was born in Peoria, Illinois.

## Death

Simmons died on February 21, 2026 at his home in Longmont, Colorado from problems caused by a stroke at the age of 77.

### Hyperion Cantos series

1. _Hyperion_ (1989) - Hugo Award 1990, Locus Award 1990 (Science Fiction)
1. _The Fall of Hyperion_ (1990)
1. _Endymion_ (1996)
1. _The Rise of Endymion_ (1997)

### Ilium/Olympos cycle

1. _Ilium_ (2003) - Locus Award 2004
1. _Olympos_ (2005)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Dan Simmons
- **birth place**: Peoria, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Longmont, Colorado, U.S.
- **occupation**: Writer
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **period**: 1983–2026
- **genre**: Science fiction, Horror fiction, Horror and Fantasy
- **notableworks**: Novel: _Song of Kali_ (1985), Novel: _Hyperion_ (1989)
Hyperion Cantos

The **Hyperion Cantos** is a series of science fiction books that were written by Dan Simmons.

_Hyperion_ received the Hugo Award for best novel in 1990 and _The Fall of Hyperion_ was nominated for the Nebula Award for best novel in 1990. Three of the novels received the Locus Award for best science fiction novel: _Hyperion_ (1990), _The Fall of Hyperion_ (1991) and _The Rise of Endymion_ (1998). The author recently said that a movie might be made about the series.

## Books

- _Hyperion_ (1989)
- _The Fall of Hyperion_ (1990)
- _Endymion_ (1996)
- _The Rise of Endymion_ (1997)

## Short stories

- _Orphans of the Helix_
- _Remembering Siri_
- _The Death of the Centaur_
Hyperion

**Hyperion** is a Titan in Greek mythology.

**Hyperion** may also mean:

In **science**:
- Hyperion (moon), a moon of Saturn
- Hyperion (tree), world's tallest living tree

In **fiction**:
- Hyperion (poem), an unfinished epic poem by John Keats
- Hyperion (book), a science-fiction novel by Dan Simmons, in his _Hyperion Cantos_ series
Hyperion (Simmons novel)

***Hyperion*** is a science fiction book that was written by Dan Simmons in 1989. It is the first book of his Hyperion Cantos series.  The book won the Hugo Award award in 1989 for best novel.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Hyperion
- **image**: Shrike time tombs.png
- **author**: Dan Simmons
- **cover artist**: Gary Ruddell
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: Hyperion Cantos
- **genre**: Soft science fiction/Space opera
- **publisher**: Doubleday (publisher), Doubleday
- **release date**: 1989
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **pages**: 482 pp (mass paperback edition)
- **isbn**: 978-0-385-24949-2
- **isbn note**: (1st ed. hardcover)
- **awards**: Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel (1990)
- **dewey**: 813/.54 19
- **congress**: PS3569.I47292 H97 1989
- **oclc**: 18816973
- **followed by**: The Fall of Hyperion (novel), The Fall of Hyperion
The Fall of Hyperion

***The Fall of Hyperion*** is the second science fiction book in his Hyperion Cantos series by Dan Simmons. It was written in 1990 and was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel that same year. It was also nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Book in 1991.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Fall of Hyperion
- **image**: Shrike time tombs.png
- **author**: Dan Simmons
- **cover artist**: Gary Ruddell
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: Hyperion Cantos
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Doubleday (publisher), Doubleday
- **release date**: March 1990
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover & Paperback)
- **pages**: 517 pp
- **awards**: Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel (1991)
- **isbn**: 0-385-24950-0
- **isbn note**: (First edition)
- **dewey**: 813/.54 20
- **congress**: PS3569.I47292 F35 1990
- **oclc**: 20093277
- **preceded by**: Hyperion (Simmons novel), Hyperion
- **followed by**: Endymion (Hyperion Cantos), Endymion
Endymion (Hyperion)

***Endymion*** is the third science fiction book written by Dan Simmons in his Hyperion Cantos series. The novel was extremely successful-within a year of its release, the book had been reprinted five times. The novel was nominated for the 1996 British Fantasy Award.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Endymion
- **author**: Dan Simmons
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: Hyperion Cantos
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Headline Book Publishing
- **pub date**: February 1996
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **pages**: 441 (first edition, hardback)
- **isbn**: 0-7472-0525-6
- **isbn note**: (first edition, hardback)
- **oclc**: 60236724
- **preceded by**: The Fall of Hyperion (novel), The Fall of Hyperion
- **followed by**: The Rise of Endymion
The Rise of Endymion

**The Rise of Endymion** is a 1997 science fiction book by Dan Simmons. It is the fourth and last book in his _Hyperion Cantos_ series. The book was nominated for the 1997 British Fantasy Award and the 1998 Hugo Award for Best Book.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Rise of Endymion
- **author**: Dan Simmons
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: Hyperion Cantos
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Bantam Books
- **release date**: 1997
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **pages**: 579 pp
- **awards**: Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel (1998)
- **isbn**: 0-553-10652-X
- **dewey**: 813/.54 21
- **congress**: PS3569.I47292 R5 1997
- **oclc**: 36316017
- **preceded by**: Endymion (Hyperion Cantos), Endymion
Predicate logic

In logic and philosophy, **predicate logic** is a system of mathematical logic. It uses predicates to express the state of certain things, which are "incomplete propositions" with a placeholder for objects or subjects that must be inserted in order to obtain a valid proposition.

The term "predicate logic" has 2 meanings:

1. First order logic (more often used);
2. Any logic(i.e. any formal logical system) that uses predicates.

Any predicate logic is different from propositional logic, in part because it has the concept of _quantifiers_. A quantifier is used in conjunction with a variable (say _x_) in order to talk about a general instance of x, and in doing so, this allows predicate logic to make statements about quantity.

The best-known quantifiers are the _existential quantifier_, represented by ∃, and the _universal quantifier_, represented by ∀. The existential quantifier is used to express statements of the form "there exists", and is true precisely when there is at least one mathematical object from the universe of discourse that matches the predicate or formula. On the other hand, the universal quantifier is used to express statements of the form "for all", and is true precisely when all possible mathematical objects of the universe of discourse match the specified predicate or formula.

In the notation of predicate logic, quantifiers directly precede (and thus introduce) variable names, which are then followed by other quantifiers or mathematical expressions, where the said variables are found. For example. one can use the expression  to mean "there is a person _x_ such that for all persons _y_, y likes x" ("everyone is liked by someone.").

## Examples

can be read as: "There is at least one cat which is black, and which likes (one or more) dogs."

can be read as: "It is not true that every cat doesn't like any dog."

can be read as: "There does not exist a cat which is also a dog."

## Related pages

- First order logic
- Fuzzy logic
- Rule of inference
Arapaho language

The **Arapaho language** (also Arapahoe) is a Plains Algonquian language (an areal rather than genetic grouping) spoken by elders in Wyoming.  It is now spoken very little, and is in danger of becoming extinct.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Arapaho
- **states**: United States
- **region**: Wind River Indian Reservation, Wyoming; Oklahoma
- **ethnicity**: Arapaho people, Arapaho
- **speakers**: 1,087, 10% of ethnic population
- **date**: 2009-2013
- **familycolor**: Algic
- **fam1**: Algic languages, Algic
- **fam2**: Algonquian languages, Algonquian
- **fam3**: Arapahoan languages, Arapahoan
- **dia1**: Besawunena
- **iso2**: arp
- **iso3**: arp
- **glotto**: arap1274
- **glottorefname**: Arapaho
- **notice**: IPA
Assamese language

**Assamese** ( ; romanized: _Ôxômiya_) () is the easternmost Indo-Aryan language, spoken most in the state of Assam in North-East India. It is also the main language of Assam. It is spoken in parts of Arunachal Pradesh and other northeast Indian states.

Assamese culture is deeply intertwined with the language, and it serves as a significant marker of Assamese identity. The language has borrowed vocabulary from various sources, including Sanskrit, Persian, and English, due to historical influences and interactions.

Assamese literature has produced renowned writers such as Lakshminath Bezbaroa, Jyoti Prasad Agarwala, and Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya, who have made significant contributions to both regional and Indian literature.

In recent years, efforts have been made to promote and preserve the Assamese language and its cultural heritage, both within the state of Assam and among Assamese communities across the globe.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Assamese
- **pronunciation**: /ɔ.xɔ.mia/
- **image**: Oxomiya in Oxomiya Lipi.svg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **imagecaption**: The word _Ôxômiya_ ('Assamese') in Assamese alphabet, Assamese script
- **states**: India
- **region**: Assam
- **ethnicity**: Assamese people
- **speakers**: million
- **date**: 2010
- **ref**: ne2010
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Eastern
- **fam5**: Bengali–Assamese languages, Bengali–Assamese
- **fam6**: Kamarupi Prakrit
- **fam7**: Old Assamese language, Old Assamese
- **fam8**: Middle Assamese language, Middle Assamese
- **script**: Eastern Nagari script, Eastern Nagari (Assamese alphabet, Assamese)
Assamese Braille
Latin alphabet (Nagamese Creole)
- **nation**: (Assam)
- **agency**: Asam Sahitya Sabha (literature/rhetorical congress of Assam)
- **dia1**: Kamrupi dialect, Kamrupi, Goalpariya dialect, Goalpariya
- **map**: Assameselang.jpg
- **mapcaption**: Assamese speakers in South Asia (with lighter shades of green signifying non-majority amount of speakers)
- **iso1**: as
- **iso2**: asm
- **iso3**: asm
- **glotto**: assa1263
- **glottorefname**: Assamese
- **lingua**: 59-AAF-w
- **notice**: Indic
- **notice2**: IPA