juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Allan McLeod Cormack

**Allan MacLeod Cormack** (February 23, 1924 – May 7, 1998) was a South African American Physicist. He is best known for his work on X-ray computed tomography (CT). He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1979 for his work. He shared the prize with Godfrey Hounsfield.

## Life

Cormack was born on February 23, 1924 in Johannesburg, South Africa. During his early years, he attended the Rondebosch Boys' High School in Cape Town, and was a member of the debating and tennis teams. In 1944, Cormack received his BSc in physics from the University of Cape Town and in 1945, he received his MSc in crystallography in 1945 from the university. From 1947 to 1949, he attended University of Cambridge as a research student. While there, he met Barbara Seavey, an American physics student. Comack and Seavey would later get married.

After they got married, Cormack returned to lecture at the University of Cape Town in early 1950. After he took a break at Harvard from 1956 to 1957, Cormack and Seavey moved to the United States. He would then take a job as a professor at Tufts University in 1957. In 1966, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. Even though he was mostly working on particle physics, he had a side interest in x-ray technology which led him to develop the theoretical underpinnings of CT scanning. The work that he did on this started at the University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital in early 1956. It continued shortly in mid-1957 after he returned from his break. His results were afterwards published in two papers in the Journal of Applied Physics in 1963 and 1964. The papers that had been published drew hardly any interest until the first CT scanner was built by Hounsfield and colleagues in 1971 which took Cormack's theoretical calculations into a real application. He was then the recipient of the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine which he shared with Godfrey Hounsfield. In 1990, he was awarded the National Medal of Science.

Cormack and his wife had three children; Margaret, Jean and Robert. Cormack died on May 7, 1998 in Winchester, Massachusetts from cancer. On December 10, 2002, Cormack was posthumously awarded the Order of Mapungubwe for his outstanding achievements as a scientist and for co-inventing the CT scanner.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Allan MacLeod Cormack
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth place**: Johannesburg, South Africa
- **death place**: Winchester, Massachusetts, Winchester, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **fields**: Physicist
- **work institutions**: Harvard University
- **nationality**: South African-Americans, American
- **known for**: Computed tomography
Tropical Storm Amelia (1978)

**Tropical Storm Amelia** was a very weak tropical cyclone. The storm caused major flooding across Texas. It formed on July 30, 1978. The storm made its landfall near Corpus Christi as a weak tropical storm. Flooding from Amelia caused $110 million in damage. Almost three dozen people died as a result of Amelia.
Peter Harvey

**Peter Michael St Clair Harvey** (16 September 1944 – 2 March 2013) was an Australian journalist and broadcaster. He worked for the Nine Network for 38 years.

## Career

Harvey began his career in journalism for the newspaper _The Daily Telegraph_. He won a Walkley Award in 1964.

Harvey soon moved to radio journalism. He worked at radio stations 2UE and 2GB. He later moved to London, England and worked for BBC Radio. He then went on to _The Guardian_ as where he won many awards. During the 1960s and/or early 1970s, he worked for _Newsweek_ magazine in the United States. Here he worked as a reporter in Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

In 1973, he returned to Australia to work for the Nine Network on television. During his early years at the network, he was a news director and reporter in Canberra for _Nine News_. He also worked for _60 Minutes_.

In 2001, he won a Centenary Medal. In April 2014, he was added to the Logie Hall of Fame.

## Personal life

Harvey was born in Bellevue Hill near Bondi in Sydney, New South Wales. He was married to Anne and had two children: a daughter (Claire) and a son (Adam). Both of his children went into journalism careers.

### Illness and death

In August 2012, Harvey was holidaying in Venice, Italy with his wife, when he found out that he had pancreatic cancer. It was made public on 11 October 2012.

Harvey died on 2 March 2013 at the North Shore Private Hospital in St Leonards, Sydney. He was 68.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peter Harvey
- **image**: Peter Harvey.jpg
- **caption**: Peter Harvey in June 2012.
- **birthname**: Peter Michael St Clair Harvey
- **birth place**: Bellevue Hill, New South Wales, Bellevue Hill, New South Wales, Australia
- **death place**: St Leonards, New South Wales, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
- **death cause**: Pancreatic cancer
- **nationality**: Australian
- **occupation**: Journalist
Broadcasting, Broadcaster
- **spouse**: Anne
- **children**: 2 (Adam and Claire)
- **years active**: 1960–2013
- **credits**: _60 Minutes (Australian TV program), 60 Minutes_
_The Guardian_
_The Daily Telegraph (Australia), The Daily Telegraph_
Deep web

The **Deep Web** is the part of the World Wide Web you can not search on common search websites such as Google. The part you can search is called the **Surface Web**. The first person who used the term "Deep Web" was Mike Bergman, a computer scientist, in the year 2000.

Some people think that "darknet" and "Dark Web" are the same thing as Deep Web, but they are not. Let's explain what they mean:

- A darknet is a type of computer network (this means a connection between many computers, such as the Internet) that is private or closed. It is sometimes difficult to access a darknet. You would need to know a password, use specific computer programs, change the configuration of your web browser and many other things, depending on what network you are trying to access. Tor is an example of a darknet used by many people.

- The Dark Web is the part of the World Wide Web located in darknets. Since no darknet can be found by Google or any other search website, the entire Dark Web is also part of the Deep Web. Thus, the Dark Web exists inside the Deep Web but is not the same thing as it.

In common networks, the Internet Protocols (IPs) of all users are in most cases visible. The Internet Protocol is an important information that reveals, among other things, the location where the user is accessing the Internet from. In darknets, the IPs are hidden, invisible or very difficult to find. This makes many people access darknets because they do not want the others to know this information about them, such as where they are. In other words, they access darknets to have privacy.

There are many reasons people want privacy in the Internet. One of them is to do things forbidden by governments, such as piracy (which means sharing files protected by copyright laws).
Bee-eater

The **bee-eaters** are a group of land birds in the family **Meropidae**.

They live in the Old World and Australasia: Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and New Guinea. They have richly coloured plumage and slender bodies. They have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance. There are 26 different species of bee-eaters.

As the name suggests, bee-eaters eat flying insects, especially bees and wasps. They catch them in the air by darting from a perch. The birds only catch prey which is flying: they ignore flying insects once they land.

Mostly, they eat honeybees. Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps) make up from 20% to 96% of all insects eaten. Before eating its meal, a bee-eater removes the sting by repeatedly hitting and rubbing the insect on a hard surface. The bird squeezes out most of the venom.

Bee-eaters live together. They form colonies by nesting in burrows tunnelled into the side of sandy banks, such as those that have collapsed on the edges of rivers. Many of these holes occur together.

Most of the species in the family are monogamous, and both parents care for the young, sometimes with the assistance of other birds in the colony, a behaviour rather unusual for birds.

- _Nyctyornis_
- _Meropogon_
- _Merops_
Summer of '69

"**Summer of '69**" is the fifth single off Canadian rock musician Bryan Adams' fourth studio album _Reckless_. The song was released in June 1985.

When Adams appeared on The Early Show in 2008, he revealed that the song was about sex and making love in the summertime. He also said that "69" was a reference to the sexual position, 69. It is one of Adams' most well known songs and is one of his most successful. It won the BMI (Broadcast Music Inc.) Citation of Achievement for US radio airplay in 1985. In 1986, it won the Procan Award (Performing Rights Organization of Canada) for Canadian radio airplay and in 2000 it won a Socan Classics Award for more than 100,000 Canadian radio performances.

## Other websites

- "Summer of '69" on YouTube

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Summer of  '69
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Bryan Adams
- **album**: Reckless (Bryan Adams album), Reckless
- **released**: June 17, 1985
- **recorded**: 1984
- **length**: 3:32
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M
- **prev title**: Heaven (Bryan Adams song), Heaven
- **prev year**: 1985
- **next title**: One Night Love Affair
- **next year**: 1985
Dermot Healy

**Dermot Healy** (18 July 1947 – 29 June 2014) was an Irish novelist, playwright, poet, short story writer and actor. His best known fictional novels were _A Goat's Song_ (1994), _Sudden Times_ (1999) and _Long Time, No See_ (2011). His best known work of poetry was _A Fool's Errand_ (2010). He was a member of Aosdána. He was also an actor and appeared in the movies _I Could Read the Sky_ (1999), _Mapmaker_ (2001) and _The Guard_ (2011). He was a member of Aosdána.

Healy was called a "master", a "Celtic Hemingway" and as "Ireland's finest living novelist". Writers to have spoken highly of him are Seamus Heaney, Eugene McCabe, Roddy Doyle, Patrick McCabe and Anne Enright.

Healy was born in Finnea, County Westmeath. In his late teens he moved to London, England, before returning to Ireland.

Healy died on 29 June 2014 in Sligo, County Sligo, aged 66. His wife and two children outlived him.

## Other websites

- Dermot Healy  at Aosdána
- Dermot Healy  at Irish Writers Online
Damian D'Oliveira

**Damian Basil** "**Dolly**" **D'Oliveira** (19 October 1960 – 29 June 2014) was a South African-born English cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Worcestershire from 1982 to 1995. He was later the academy director of Worcestershire County Cricket Club until his death.

D'Oliveira was born in Cape Town. His father, Basil (1931–2011), played for Worcestershire and England. His uncle, Ivan (born 1941), played for Leicestershire. His son, Brett (born 1992), plays for Worcestershire.

D'Oliveira died from cancer on 29 June 2014, aged 53. He had cancer for two-and-a-half-years. His wife and three children outlived him.

## Other websites

- Damian D'Oliveira  at Cricinfo
Verulamium

**Verulamium** was an ancient town in Roman Britain. It was in the southwest of the modern city of St Albans in Hertfordshire.

Much of the Roman city is unexcavated, with the modern city built over it. The ancient Watling Street passed through Verulamium, which was one of the most important towns in Roman Britain. Much of the site and its environs is now a scheduled ancient monument.

Before the Romans, it was a settlement of the Catuvellauni tribe, which  called it Verlamion. It was among the first places in Britain recorded by name.

Verulamium was burnt to the ground and its people slaughtered by Boudica of the Iceni in AD 61. A black ash layer has been found, confirming the Roman written record. The town was rebuilt, and grew to about  by the early 3rd century. It was defended by a deep ditch and wall.

It is the location of the martyrdom of the first British martyr saint, St Alban, who was a Roman patrician converted to Christianity.

Verulamium had a Roman Forum, a basilica and a Roman theatre. Much was damaged by fires in AD 155 and AD 250. The town was rebuilt in stone rather than timber at least twice over the next 150 years. Occupation by the Romans ended between 400 and 450.

There are a few remains of the Roman city visible, such as parts of the city walls, a hypocaust (heating system) still in place under a mosaic floor. Remains of the theatre are on land belonging to the Earl of Verulam. More remains are under the nearby agricultural land, and have never been excavated.
Christian Führer

**Christian Führer** (5 March 1943 – 30 June 2014) was a German Protestant pastor. He was one of the main figures and organisers of the 1989 Monday demonstrations in East Germany. This led to the German reunification and the end of East Germany in 1990.

Führer was born in Leipzig, Saxony. He grew up in Penig. He studied theology at the University of Leipzig from 1961 until 1966. He retired from his job as a pastor in 2008.

Führer died from respiratory failure caused by lung disease on 30 June 2014 in Leipzig, aged 71.
Adze

An **adze** is an ancient type of "edge tool". It dates back to the stone age.

Adzes are used for smoothing or carving wood in hand woodworking. They are similar to an axe, but with the head mounted perpendicular (at right angles) to the handle. The cutting edge was made from chipped flint in the Mesolithic, polished stone in the Neolithic, and metal later on.

A very similar (but blunt) tool used for digging in hard ground is called a mattock.
733

## Births

- Junnin, emperor of Japan (d. 765)
- Lu Yu, Chinese author (d. 804)

## Deaths

- Mildthryth, Anglo-Saxon abbess (approximate date)
Konrad Emil Bloch

**Konrad Emil Bloch** <small>ForMemRS</small> (21 January 1912 – 15 October 2000) was a German American biochemist.

Bloch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1964 with Feodor Lynen "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism".

## Life

He was born on 21 January 1912 in Nysa, Prussian Silesia, German Empire (today Poland). He studied at the Technical University in Munich from 1930 to 1934. He fled to the _Schweizerische Forschungsinstitut_ in Davos, Switzerland in 1934 because of the Nazi persecutions of Jews. He then moved to the United States in 1936. While in the United States, he joined the department of biological chemistry at Yale Medical School.

He  earned his Ph.D in biochemistry from Columbia University in 1938. He taught at Columbia University from 1939 to 1946. After that, he went to the University of Chicago and then Harvard University in 1954. He worked there until 1982. He then retired to Florida State University.

In 1964, Bloch won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine which he shared with Feodor Lynen. They won the prize "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism". The work that they did showed that the body first makes squalene from acetate over many steps and then converts the squalene to cholesterol.

Bloch traced the carbon atoms in cholesterol back to acetate. Some of the research that he did was conducted using radioactive acetate in bread mold and this was possible because fungi also produce squalene. The results were confirmed after he tested it on rats.

He was one of the researchers who showed that all steroids were made from cholesterol. His Nobel Lecture was _The Biological Synthesis of Cholesterol_.

In 1985, Bloch was named as a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1988.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Konrad Emil Bloch
- **image**: Konrad Bloch.JPG
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Bloch in 1965
- **birth date**: 21 January 1912
- **birth place**: Nysa, Neisse, Prussian Silesia, German Empire (today Poland)
- **death date**: 15 October 2000
- **death place**: Burlington, Massachusetts, Burlington, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **fields**: Biochemistry, metabolism, physiology
- **work institutions**: Columbia University, Florida State University, Harvard University, University of Chicago
- **alma mater**: Technische Universität München
- **nationality**: Germany, German-Americans, American
- **known for**: Discoveries with the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism
Frank Cashen

**John Francis Cashen** (September 13, 1925 – June 30, 2014) was an American Major League Baseball general manager and writer. He is often said to have turned the New York Mets into champions with choosing their squad. He was also an executive while the Baltimore Orioles won the 1966 World Series and 1970 World Series.

Chashen was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He gradated from Loyola University Maryland. He had seven children with wife, Jean: Gregory, Terry, Tim, Brian, Sean, Stacey and Blaise.

Cashen died on June 30, 2014 in Easton, Maryland, aged 88.
Álvaro Corcuera

**Álvaro Corcuera Martínez del Río** (22 July 1957 – 30 June 2014) was a Mexican Roman Catholic priest. He was the former General Director of the Catholic Order of the Legionaries of Christ, replacing Marcial Maciel after a sexual abuse scandal. He had served from January 2005 until early 2012.

Corcuera was born in Mexico City. In April 1975, he became one of the first members of the Regnum Christi Consecrated Men.

Corcuera died from a brain tumor on 30 June 2014 in Mexcio City. He was 56.

## Other websites

- Legionaries of Christ
- Regnum Christi Consecrated Men
Brian Roe

**Brian Roe** (27 January 1939 – 28 June 2014) was an English cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Somerset from 1957 until 1966. He was a right-handed opening batsman. He made four first-class centuries. He later moved to Minor Counties cricket. Here he played for Devon.

Roe was born in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire. He retired from playing cricket during his early seventies.

Roe died on 28 June 2014 in Barnstaple, Devon, aged 75.

## Other websites

- Brian Roe at Cricket Archive
- Brian Roe at ESPNcricinfo
Rex Whitehead

**Rex Vernon Whitehead** (26 October 1948 – 26 June 2014) was an Australian Test cricket match umpire. He umpired four Test matches between 1981 and 1982. His first match was between Australia and India in Sydney on 2 January to 4 January 1981. Altogether, he umpired 15 first-class matches in his career between 1979 and 1983.

Whitehead was born in Victoria. He retired from umpiring in the 1980s.

Whitehead died from a massive stroke on 26 June 2014, aged 65.

## Other websites

- Rex Whitehead at Cricket Archive
- Rex Whitehead at ESPNcricinfo
Wolf Koenig

**Wolf Koenig** (October 17, 1927 – June 26, 2014) was a German-born Canadian movie director, producer, animator and cinematographer. He was a founder of Direct Cinema at the National Film Board of Canada (NFB). For NFB, he worked on movies such as _Neighbours_ (1952) and _Lonely Boy_ (1962). His animations included _What on Earth!_ (1966) and _The House That Jack Built_ (1967).

Koenig was born in Dresden, Saxony. He and his family fled Nazi Germany for Canada in 1937.

Koenig died on June 26, 2014 in Toronto, Ontario, aged 86.

## Other websites

- Wolf Koenig at the Canadian Encyclopedia
Paul Lauterbur

**Paul Christian Lauterbur** (May 6, 1929 – March 27, 2007) was an American chemist. Lauterbur won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003 with Peter Mansfield "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging".

## Career

He served as a professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook from 1963 until 1985. While there, Lauterbur conducted research on the development of the MRI. Along with his wife Joan, Lauterbur became a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1985. Lauterbur served as the professor for 22 years until he died on March 27, 2007 in Urbana, Illinois.

## Awards

- Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research (1984)
- General Motors Cancer Research Foundation Kettering Prize (1985)
- The Harvey Prize (1986)
- National Medal of Science (1987)
- National Medal of Technology (1988) (with Raymond Damadian)
- Bower Award, Franklin Institute of Philadelphia (1990) (first recipient)
- Carnegie Mellon Dickson Prize in Science (1992)
- Kyoto Prize (1994)
- NAS Award for Chemistry in Service to Society of the National Academy of Sciences (2001)
- Charter member, Phi Kappa Tau Hall of Fame (2006)
- National Inventors Hall of Fame (2007)

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Paul Lauterbur
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth place**: Sidney, Ohio, Sidney, Ohio, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Urbana, Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **fields**: Medical imaging, Diagnostic imaging
- **work institutions**: State University of New York at Stony Brook
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Mellon Institute of Industrial Research (part of today's Carnegie Mellon University)
- **alma mater**: Case Western Reserve University <small>(Bachelor of Science, B.S.)</small>,
University of Pittsburgh <small>(Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D.)</small>
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **known for**: Magnetic resonance imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nigel Calder

**Nigel Calder** (born **Nigel David McKail Ritchie-Calder**; 2 December 1931 – 25 June 2014) was a British science writer and television screenwriter.

He wrote for the magazine _New Scientist_ from 1956 until 1966. He was also an editor for the magazine from 1962 until 1966. He soon moved to television screenwriting. He won the Kalinga Prize in 1972.

Calder was born in London, and grew up during World War II. His father was Lord Ritchie-Calder. Nigel Calder was a brother of the historian Angus Calder (1942–2008), mathematician Allan Calder and educationist Isla Calder (1946–2000). He was the father of travel writer Simon Calder and four other children. He was married to Elisabeth Palmer from 1954 until his death.

Calder believed the threat from global warning had been muchly magnified. He helped in making the movie _The Great Global Warming Swindle_. He also co-authored _The Chilling Stars_. About global warming, Calder said: "Governments are trying to achieve unanimity by stifling any scientist who disagrees. Einstein could not have got funding under the present system".

Calder died on 25 June 2014 in Crawley, West Sussex, aged 82.

## Other websites

- Nigel Calder at DeSmogBlog
Arvid Jacobsen

**Arvid Jacobsen** (11 October 1938 – 25 June 2014) was a Norwegian newspaper editor.

Jacobsen was born in Oslo. He started off his career with the Labour newspaper _Dagsavisen_ (then _Arbeiderbladet_). He was a journalist for _Arbeiderbladet_ from 1967 to 1977 and editor-in-chief in presses from 1977 to 1990. He was the main editor-in-chief of _Arbeiderbladet_ from 1991 to 1994. Later, he was the information director for the Norwegian Bar Association from 1994 to 2003.

Jacobsen died after a short illness on 25 June 2014 at Ullevål Hospital, Oslo. He was 75.
Baruj Benacerraf

**Baruj Benacerraf** (October 29, 1920 – August 2, 2011) was a Venezuelan-born American immunologist.

Benacerraf won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1979 for his "discovery of the major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface protein molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self". He shared the prize with Jean Dausset and George Davis Snell.

## Life

He was born in Caracas, Venezuela. He was born to Sephardic Jewish parents from Morocco and Algiers. Benacerraf's brother is Paul Benacerraf, a well-known philosopher. His father was a textile merchant. In 1925, he moved from Venezuela to Paris. In 1940, after he went back to Venezuela, he emigrated to the U.S.. He earned his B.S. at Columbia University School of General Studies in 1942. Benacerraf later went to the Medical College of Virginia where he earned his Doctor of Medicine degree.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Baruj Benacerraf
- **image**: Baruj Benacerraf 1969.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Benacerraf in 1969
- **birth place**: Caracas, Venezuela
- **death place**: Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **fields**: Immunology, medicine
- **work institutions**: New York University
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
National Institutes of Health
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Harvard Medical School
Dana–Farber Cancer Institute
- **alma mater**: Columbia University
Medical College of Virginia
- **nationality**: Venezuela, Venezuelan-Americans, American
- **known for**: major histocompatibility complex
Steve Viksten

**Stephen Lee** "**Steve**" **Viksten** (July 19, 1960 – June 23, 2014) was an American television producer, writer and voice actor. He was best known for voicing the character Oskar Kokoshka (and co-creating, writing and producing) on the Nickelodeon animated series _Hey Arnold!_. He also wrote many episodes for the shows _Hey Arnold!_, _Rugrats_, _Recess_ and _Duckman_. He co-wrote a _The Simpsons_ season 22 episode called "Homer Scissorhands" with Peter Gaffney in 2011. This was his last credit.

Viksten was born in Ventura, California. He went to the University of Missouri, UCLA, and Cal State Fullerton.

Viksten died from a cranial hemorrhage on June 23, 2014 in Roseville, California. He was 53.

## Other websites

- Steve Viksten at Wikisimpsons
E. Donnall Thomas

**Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas** (March 15, 1920 – October 20, 2012) was an American physician.

Thomas won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 with Joseph E. Murray for his help in the development of cell and organ transplantation.

## Life

He was born on March 15, 1920 in Mart, Texas. His father was a general practice doctor and often shadowed him. In 1941, Thomas earned his B.A. and studied chemistry and chemical engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. He also earned his M. A. from there in 1943. Thomas met his wife, Dorothy (Dottie) Martin while he was an undergraduate. He had three children with her. In 1943, he went to Harvard Medical School. Thomas worked closely with his wife after she became a lab technician during this time to support their family. He did residency at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital before he joined the US Army. "In 1955, he was appointed physician in chief at the Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital, now Bassett Medical Center, in Cooperstown, N.Y., an affiliate of Columbia University."

He studied rodents that received lethal doses of radiation who were then saved by an infusion of marrow cells at Mary Imogene Bassett. At the time, patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation had all died due to either infections or immune reactions that were not seen in the rodent studies. He began to use dogs as a model system. He moved his lab to the United States Public Health Service in Seattle in 1963. In 1990, he received the National Medal of Science. He was one of 22 Nobel Laureates that signed the Humanist Manifesto in 2003.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: E. Donnall Thomas
- **image**: Edward Donnall "Don" Thomas.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Thomas in 2000
- **birth place**: Mart, Texas, Mart, Texas, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Seattle, Washington (state), Washington, United States, U.S.
- **fields**: Medicine
- **work institutions**: Mary Imogene Bassett Medical Center
- **alma mater**: University of Texas at Austin
Harvard Medical School
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **known for**: Stem cell transplantation, Transplantation
Jaroslav Walter

**Jaroslav Walter** (6 January 1939 – 20 June 2014) was a Czech ice hockey player. He played for the Czechoslovak national team from the 1950s until the 1970s. He won a bronze medal at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.

Walter was born in Sobědraž, Kostelec nad Vltavou, Czechoslovakia (now part of the Czech Republic).

Walter died on 20 June 2014 at the age of 75.

## Other websites

- Jaroslav Walter  at Slovak Hockey Hall of Fame <small></small>
- Jaroslav Walter  at Sports-Reference
Anatoly Kornukov

**Anatoly Mikhaïlovich Kornukov** (; 10 January 1942 – 1 July 2014) was a Russian army general from 1959 until 2002. He was a fighter pilot in the Soviet Air Defence Forces. He was commander-in-chief of the Russian Air Force from 1998 to 2002. He got internationally known when it was found out that he ordered Korean Air Lines Flight 007 to be shot down on 1 September 1983.

Kornukov was born in Kadievka, Soviet Union (now Stakhanov, Ukraine).

Kornukov died on 1 July 2014 in Moscow, aged 72.
Bob Jones (police commissioner)

**Robert** "**Bob**" **Jones**  ( – 1 July 2014) was a British police officer and politician. He was the West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner for Labour West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner from 15 November 2012 until his death. He served as a Labour Councillor for Blakenhall Ward on Wolverhampton City Council from 1 May 1980 until 2013.

Jones was born in Wolverhampton. He studied at the University of Nottingham. He got a CBE in 2010.

Jones died in his sleep on 1 July 2014 in Wolverhampton, aged 59.

## Other websites

- Bob Jones at West Midlands Police and Crime Commissioner
Nottoway River

The **Nottoway River** is a river in southern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina. It is part of the Chowan River system, which flows into Albemarle Sound in North Carolina. The Virginia portion of the river has an abrupt fall line. It has many waterfalls, one after the other. Past Cortland, Virginia it joins the Blackwater river before it flows into North Carolina. The Nottoway has large areas of Cypress groves that supports a logging industry. Archaeologists have been working at a site at Cactus Hill, Virginia (about 45 miles south of Richmond, Virginia) since 1995. The site was occupied by humans as early as 15,000 years ago. It is one of the two earliest known places where humans lived in the eastern United States.
Money in the Bank (2014)

**Money in the Bank (2014)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming show made by WWE. It took place on June 29, 2014 at the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. It was the fifth Money in the Bank event held by WWE and the first to also  air live on the WWE Network.

## Matches

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|No.|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Results**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|The Usos (Jimmy and Jey Uso) (c) defeated The Wyatt Family (Luke Harper and Erick Rowan)|Tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship|13:23||||||
|Paige (c) defeated Naomi (with Cameron)|Singles match for the WWE Divas Championship|7:10||||||
|Adam Rose defeated Damien Sandow|Singles match|4:02||||||
|Seth Rollins defeated Dean Ambrose, Dolph Ziggler, Kofi Kingston, Rob Van Dam and Jack Swagger (with Zeb Colter)|6-man Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE World Heavyweight Championship contract|23:10||||||
|Goldust and Stardust defeated Rybaxel (Ryback and Curtis Axel)|Tag team match|7:32||||||
|Rusev (with Lana) defeated Big E by submission|Singles match|7:19||||||
|Layla defeated Summer Rae|Singles match with Fandango as special guest referee|3:09||||||
|John Cena defeated Kane, Randy Orton, Roman Reigns, Alberto Del Rio, Sheamus, Bray Wyatt and Cesaro (with Paul Heyman)|8-man Ladder match for the vacant WWE World Heavyweight Championship|26:37||||||
|colspan="4" align=center|(c) – is the champion(s) going into the match|||||||

## Other websites

- Official Money in the Bank 2014 website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: Money in the Bank (2014)
- **tagline**: Worth more than money...
- **promotion**: WWE
- **date**: June 29, 2014
- **venue**: TD Garden
- **city**: Boston, Massachusetts
- **lastevent**: Payback (2014)
- **nextevent**: Battleground (2014)
- **event**: WWE Money in the Bank, Money in the Bank
- **lastevent2**: Money in the Bank (2013)
- **nextevent2**: Money in the Bank (2015)
Money in the Bank (2013)

**Money in the Bank (2013)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It took place on July 14, 2013 at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the fourth Money in the Bank event held by WWE.

## Matches

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|No.|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Results**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|The Shield (Roman Reigns and Seth Rollins) (c) defeated The Usos (Jimmy and Jey Uso)|Tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship|14:48||||||
|Damien Sandow defeated Wade Barrett, Cody Rhodes, Dean Ambrose, Fandango (with Summer Rae), Jack Swagger (with Zeb Colter) and Antonio Cesaro (with Zeb Colter)|Money in the Bank ladder match for a World Heavyweight Championship contract|16:25||||||
|Curtis Axel (c) (with Paul Heyman) defeated The Miz|Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship|9:08||||||
|AJ Lee (c) (with Big E Langston) defeated Kaitlyn (with Layla) by submission|Singles match for the WWE Divas Championship|7:03||||||
|Ryback defeated Chris Jericho)|Singles match|11:20||||||
|Alberto Del Rio (c) defeated Dolph Ziggler by disqualification|Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship|14:29||||||
|John Cena (c) defeated Mark Henry by submission|Singles match for the WWE Championship|14:46||||||
|Randy Orton defeated Rob Van Dam, CM Punk, Daniel Bryan, Sheamus and Christian|Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE Championship contract|28:48||||||
|colspan="4" align=center|(c) – is the champion(s) going into the match **P** – This match took place on the pre-show|||||||

## Other websites

- Official Money in the Bank 2013 website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: Money in the Bank (2013)
- **theme**: "Money in the Bank" by Jim Johnston (composer), Jim Johnston
- **promotion**: WWE
- **date**: July 14, 2013
- **venue**: Wells Fargo Center (Philadelphia), Wells Fargo Center
- **city**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **lastevent**: Payback (2013)
- **nextevent**: SummerSlam (2013)
- **event**: WWE Money in the Bank, Money in the Bank
- **lastevent2**: Money in the Bank (2012)
- **nextevent2**: Money in the Bank (2014)
Breakup

The word "**breakup**" is an idiom. It is when an intimate relationship ends. The term is not used for relationships that end because of death. Marriages that end are not normally called breakups.

## Reasons

A breakup can happen when one person is unhappy in their relationship. If a person ends a relationship, that person "dumps" their partner.

Some relationships end because both people are unhappy. The breakup is then "mutual".

People in a relationship may be unhappy because of differences in:
- age
- intelligence
- physical attractiveness
- finances
Other common reasons for breakups include:

- infidelity
- distance
- loss of interest
- abuse

## Grief

After a breakup, people may feel grief or unhappiness. Their personality or "sense of social value" may change.

People may need "time to heal" after a breakup. This time can depend on the length of the relationship.

## Statistics

eNation did a survey on breakups in 2008. Almost one in three Americans were in a breakup within the last ten years. Young people were more likely to have been in more than one breakup.
Money in the Bank (2012)

**Money in the Bank (2012)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It took place on July 15, 2012 at the US Airways Center in Phoenix, Arizona. It was the third Money in the Bank event held by WWE.

## Matches

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|No.|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Results**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Kofi Kingston and R-Truth defeated Hunico and Camacho|Tag team match|8:22||||||
|Dolph Ziggler (with Vickie Guerrero) defeated Damien Sandow, Tyson Kidd, Christian, Santino Marella, Tensai (with Sakamoto), Cody Rhodes, and Sin Cara|Money in the Bank ladder match for a World Heavyweight Championship match|18:23||||||
|Sheamus (c) defeated Alberto Del Rio (with Ricardo Rodriguez)|Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship|14:25||||||
|Primo and Epico (with Rosa Mendes) defeated The Prime Time Players (Titus O'Neil and Darren Young) (with A.W.)|Tag team match|7:32||||||
|CM Punk (c) defeated Daniel Bryan|No Disqualification match for the WWE Championship with AJ as special guest referee|27:48||||||
|Ryback defeated Curt Hawkins and Tyler Reks|Handicap match|4:21||||||
|Layla, Kaitlyn and Tamina Snuka defeated Beth Phoenix, Natalya and Eve Torres|Six-Diva tag team match|3:19||||||
|John Cena defeated Kane, Chris Jericho, Big Show, and The Miz|Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE Championship match|20:15||||||
|colspan="4" align=center|(c) – is the champion(s) going into the match **P** – This match took place on the pre-show|||||||

## Other websites

- Official Money in the Bank 2012 website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: Money in the Bank (2012)
- **theme**: "Money in the Bank" by Jim Johnston (composer), Jim Johnston
- **promotion**: WWE
- **date**: July 15, 2012
- **venue**: US Airways Center
- **city**: Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
- **lastevent**: No Way Out (2012)
- **nextevent**: SummerSlam (2012)
- **event**: WWE Money in the Bank, Money in the Bank
- **lastevent2**: Money in the Bank (2011)
- **nextevent2**: Money in the Bank (2013)
Money in the Bank (2011)

**Money in the Bank (2011)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It took place on July 17, 2011 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois. It was the second Money in the Bank event held by WWE.

The main event, which saw CM Punk defeat John Cena to win his first WWE Championship, received a rare 5-star rating from Dave Meltzer of the _Wrestling Observer Newsletter_. Punk left WWE with the title at the end of the show, but returned eight days later on _Raw_.

## Matches

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**No.**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Results**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov defeated David Otunga and Michael McGillicutty|Tag team match|N/A||||||
|Daniel Bryan defeated Kane, Sin Cara, Wade Barrett, Cody Rhodes, Justin Gabriel, Heath Slater, and Sheamus|SmackDown Money in the Bank ladder match for a World Heavyweight Championship contract|24:27||||||
|Kelly Kelly (c) (with Eve Torres) defeated Brie Bella (with Nikki Bella)|Singles match for the WWE Divas Championship|4:54||||||
|Mark Henry defeated Big Show|Singles match|6:00||||||
|Alberto Del Rio defeated Rey Mysterio, Kofi Kingston, Alex Riley, R-Truth, The Miz, Evan Bourne, and Jack Swagger|Raw Money in the Bank ladder match for a WWE Championship contract|15:54||||||
|Christian defeated Randy Orton (c) by disqualification|Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship.|12:20||||||
|CM Punk defeated John Cena (c)|Singles match for the WWE Championship|33:44||||||
|colspan="4" align=center|(c) – is the champion(s) going into the match D – This match was a dark mach|||||||

## Other websites

- Official Money in the Bank 2011 website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: Money in the Bank (2011)
- **image**: WWE Money in the Bank 2011 set.jpg
- **caption**: The 2011 Money in the Bank set
- **theme**: "Money in the Bank" by Jim Johnston
- **promotion**: WWE
- **date**: July 17, 2011
- **venue**: Allstate Arena
- **city**: Rosemont, Illinois, Rosemont, Illinois
- **lastevent**: WWE Capitol Punishment, Capitol Punishment
- **nextevent**: SummerSlam (2011)
- **event**: WWE Money in the Bank, Money in the Bank
- **lastevent2**: Money in the Bank (2010)
- **nextevent2**: Money in the Bank (2012)
- **brand**: WWE Raw, Raw
SmackDown
Ski-orienteering

**Ski orienteering** (**Ski O**) is a winter sport. It combines the events of cross-country skiing and orienteering.
Edsbyns IF

**Edsbyns IF** is a sports club in Edsbyn in Sweden. The club was established on 6 June 1909 and adopted the game of bandy in 1925. It won the Swedish national men's championship in the years of 1952, 1953, 1962, 1978, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2017, 2018, 2020 and 2022..

## Other websites

- Official website
Vetlanda BK

**Vetlanda BK** is a bandy club in Vetlanda in Sweden. Established in 1945, the club won the Swedish national men's bandy championship in the years of 1986, 1991 and 1992.

## Other websites

- Official website
Slottsbrons IF

**Slottsbrons IF** is a sports club in Slottsbron in Sweden. Established in 1918, the club won the Swedish national men's bandy championship in the years of 1934, 1936, 1938 and 1941.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (sports team)

- **name**: Slottsbrons IF
- **full name**: Slottsbrons idrottsförening
- **sport**: association football, soccer
bandy
- **ballpark**: Strandvallen, Slottsbron, Strandvallen
- **city**: Slottsbron, Sweden
Nässjö IF

**Nässjö IF** is a sports club in Nässjö in Sweden. It was established on 22 November 1899. The club won the Swedish national men's bandy championship in the year of 1949.

## Other websites

- Official website
Tammy (movie)

***Tammy*** is a comedy movie released in 2014 directed by Ben Falcone. The movie is about the title character having a terrible day. Melissa McCarthy plays the title character. Toni Collette plays Missi. Susan Sarandon plays Pearl. Kathy Bates plays Lenore.

This movie got negative reviews from many critics. It was released in July 2014.
Paul Mazursky

**Irwin Lawrence** "**Paul**" **Mazursky** (April 25, 1930 – June 30, 2014) was an American movie director, screenwriter, and actor. His best known movies were _Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice_ (1969), _Harry and Tonto_ (1974), _An Unmarried Woman_ (1978), _Moscow on the Hudson_ (1984), and _Down and Out in Beverly Hills_ (1986). He was nominated for five Academy Awards: three times for Best Original Screenplay, once for Best Adapted Screenplay, and once for Best Picture.

Mazursky was born in Brooklyn, New York City. His family were Jewish and his grandfather was a Ukrainian immigrant. He was married to Betsy (Purdy) Mazursky from 1953 until his death. They had two children. He was an atheist.

Mazursky from a pulmonary cardiac arrest on June 30, 2014 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was 84.
Hazleton, Pennsylvania

**Hazleton** is a city in northeastern Pennsylvania. It was founded in 1780. It became a city in December 1891. At the 2020 United States Census, about 29,963 people lived there.
Figeac

**Figeac** () is a commune in southern France in the region of Occitanie. It is the _sous-prefecture_ (capital) of the _arrondissement_ of the same name in the Lot department.

## History

In the late ninth century, the King Pepin I of Aquitaine founded a monastery in Figeac; the town developed around the monastery as an important city on the pilgrimage routes. In the 14th century, the walls of Figeac were built.

Figeac is on the via Podiensis, a major medieval pilgrimage trail which is part of the Way of St. James.

## Geography

Figeac is on the southwestern edge of the central plateau (_Massif Central_), north of the valley of the Lot river, on the right bank of the Célé river, a left tributary of the Lot.

The _commune_ has an area of  and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

Figeac is surrounded by the _communes_Camburat, Planioles, Viazac, Lunan, Capdenac, Faycelles, Béduer, Camboulit, Lissac-et-Mouret.

### Climate

The climate of Figeac, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Cfb** - Oceanic climate with template summers.

## Population

The inhabitants of Figeac are known, in French, as _Figeacois_ (women: _Figeacoises_).

With a population of 9,820, Figeac has a population density of  inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>.

**Evolution of the population in Figeac**

Figeac forms with other 4 _communes_ the urban area of Figeac, with a population of 16,468 inhabitants (2013) and an area of ; one of the _communes_ is Capdenac-Gare that belongs to the Aveyron department. This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Figeac, formed by 33 _communes_ with a population of 25,593 inhabitants and an area of .

## Administration

Figeac is a subprefecture of the Lot department, the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Figeac and the administrative centre () of the Figeac-1 and Figeac-2 cantons.

It is part of the intercommunality _Le Grand Figeac_ ().

## People from or related to Figeac

- Jean-François Champollion, the first translator of Egyptian hieroglyphs, was born in Figeac, where there is a Champollion Museum. On the _"Place des écritures"_ ("Square of the Writings"), there is a giant copy of the Rosetta Stone, by Joseph Kosuth.
- The actor Charles Boyer was also born in Figeac.

## Sister cities

Figeac is twinned with:
- Roubaix, France
- Carrara, Italy
- Huesca, Spain

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Figeac
- Communes of the Lot department

## Other websites

- City Council website
- Pays de Figeac tourist office

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Figeac
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Figeac.svg
- **image**: Figeac.jpg
- **caption**: View of the old city of Figeac
- **arrondissement**: Figeac
- **canton**: Capital city, capital of 2 Cantons
- **intercommunality**: Le Grand Figeac
- **mayor**: André Mellinger
- **term**: 2014-2020
- **elevation m**: 311
- **elevation min m**: 170
- **elevation max m**: 451
- **area km2**: 35.16
- **population demonym**: Figeacois
- **population**: 9820
- **population date**: 2010
- **insee**: 46102
- **postal code**: 46100
- **website**: [http://www.ville-figeac.fr/ www.ville-figeac.fr/]
Željko Šturanović

**Željko Šturanović** (; 31 January 1960 – 30 June 2014) was a Montenegrin politician and lawyer. He was a member of the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG). He was the Prime Minister of Montenegro from 10 November 2006 to 29 February 2008. He stepped down from the job because of health reasons.

Šturanović was born in Nikšić, People's Republic of Montenegro, Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (now Montenegro). He studied at the University of Montenegro Faculty of Law.

Šturanović died from lung cancer on 30 June 2014, aged 54. His wife and two children outlived him.

## Other websites

- Željko Šturanović at Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro (DPSCG)
Frank M. Robinson

**Frank Malcolm Robinson** (August 9, 1926 – June 30, 2014) was an American science fiction and techno-thriller writer, editor and screenwriter. His best known novel was _The Power_. In the 1970s, he was a speechwriter for gay politician Harvey Milk, before he was murdered in 1978.

Robinson was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was openly gay. He had a small role in the movie _Milk_ (2008) about Harvey Milk, starring Sean Penn.

Robinson died on June 30, 2014 in San Francisco, California, aged 87.
Pierre Bec

**Pierre Bec** (; 11 December 1921 – 30 June 2014) was a French poet and linguist of the Occitan language. He was one of the founders of the Institut d'Estudis Occitans (_Institute for Occitan studies_, IEO). He was also its president as well from 1962 to 1980.

Bec's literature works were _Petite anthologie de la lyrique occitane du Moyen Âge_ (1954), _Les saluts d'amour du troubadour Arnaud de Mareuil_ (1961), _La langue occitane_ (1963) and _Raconte d’una mort tranquilla_ (1993). Meanwhile, his linguistics works included _Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne_ (1973–1983) and _Les Interférences linguistiques entre gascon et languedocien dans les parlers du Comminges et du Couserans_ (1968).

Bec was born in Paris. He spent his childhood in Comminges, where he learnt Occitan. He was deported to Germany between 1943 and 1945. After returning, he studied in Paris, where he graduated in 1959.

Bec died on 30 June 2014 in Poitiers, aged 92.