juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Queen's Hall

The **Queen's Hall** was a concert hall in Central London, England.  It opened in 1893.  It is best known for being where the Promenade Concerts were started by Robert Newman in 1895.

The Queen's Hall was built because London needed a new concert hall in the centre of the town.  It stood in Langham Place, just next to where BBC Broadcasting House stands today.  The Queen's Hall had seating for up to 3,000 people (including the orchestra).  The arena (downstairs) had removable seating.  The polished floor could be used for dancing.  The acoustics of the hall were excellent.  There was also a smaller hall, The Queen's Small Hall, which seated 500 people.  This was used for chamber music.  In later years it was used as a recording studio.  The architect who designed the hall was Thomas Edward Knightley.

The first time The Queen's Hall was used was on 25 November 1893 when Newman gave a children's party in the afternoon.  In the evening about 2000 ladies and gentlemen came to a concert given by the Band of the Coldstream Guards, which included vocal music, piano and organ solos.  At 11.00pm the seats in the arena were removed and the dancing began.  The official opening of the hall took place on 2 December.  On 10 August 1895 the first Promenade concert was given with Henry Wood conducting.

On January 14, 1896, the first public movie show was given at the Queen's Hall to members and wives of the Royal Photographic Society.

The seats were uncomfortable because there was not enough leg room, so in 1913 and 1919 some changes were made, after which the hall could seat 2400 people.

From 1930 to 1941, the BBC Symphony Orchestra regularly gave broadcast concerts in the hall.  Arturo Toscanini, who guest conducted the orchestra during the 1930s, made  some famous recordings in the Queen's Hall in the late 1930s.

On 10 May 1941 (during the World War II)  the Royal Choral Society gave a concert in the Queen's Hall with the London Symphony Orchestra.  They performed Elgar's oratorio _Dream of Gerontius_ under the conductor Sir Malcolm Sargent.  It was the last concert ever given there because, later that night, the hall was completely destroyed by bombs.

After the destruction of Queen's Hall, the BBC Symphony Orchestra moved its broadcast concerts and recording sessions to Bedford School.  Among the great recordings made at the school was Sir Adrian Boult's recording of Elgar's second symphony.  The Proms continued in the Royal Albert Hall.  They also took place in Bristol and Bedford, but after the war they settled in the Royal Albert Hall where they continue today.
Avesta

**Avesta** is the holy book of Zoroastrianism. It is written in the Avestan language, an Iranian language. The Avesta has also been translated into other languages including Farsi and English. The oldest portion, the Ghathas, are the religious songs composed by Zoroaster himself. Other parts of Avesta are named Yasna, Yashts, Visperad, Vendidad and Khordeh Avesta. There are two other religious texts in Zoroastrianism which are named Denkard and Ardaviraf Namak.
Darius the Great

**Darius the Great** (c. 549 BC– 486/485 BC) was the son of Hystaspes and Persian Shah of Iran from 522 BC to 485 BC. After Darius became Shah of Persia, he divided the Persian Empire into twenty provinces, and appointed a governor for each province. He introduced golden coins and developed commerce within the empire and trade without. He tried to conquer Greece and subjugate the Greeks in the first Greco–Persian war but lost at the Battle of Marathon.

Darius allowed the Jews to rebuild the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. He also built many Zoroastrian temples in Egypt. He crowned himself as the _Pharaoh of Egypt_. The largest building that was built by Darius, is the new capital of Persepolis, near Pasargadae. Darius died in Persepolis. His tomb was cut into a rock face near Persepolis. After his death, Xerxes became the Shah of Iran.

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Darius
- **succession**: Shah of Persia
- **predecessor**: Bardiya
- **image**: Darius the Great.png
- **successor**: Xerxes I
- **birth date**: 550 BCE
- **death date**: October 486 BCE (aged 64)
- **religion**: Zoroastrian
Pasargadae

**Pasargadae** was a city in ancient Persia, and is today a historical site in Fars,Iran. Pasargadae was the first capital of the Persian Empire. The building of the capital city by Cyrus the Great, began in 546 BCE, but was left unfinished, for Cyrus died in 530 BCE. Pasargadae remained the Persian capital until Darius I built Persepolis. The tomb of Cyrus the Great is located in this city.

Pasargadae is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
American Staffordshire Terrier

The **American Staffordshire terrier** is a breed of dog.

It was first bred in British colonies of North America in the nineteenth century. Its early ancestors are the bulldog and the terrier, and used to be called the Blue Paul terrier. In the 1930s, dogbreeders bred it with the Pit bull terrier. Its name was changed to the American Staffordshire Terrier in 1972.

## _Jacob, Mimmi and the Talking Dogs_

This breed appeared in the 2019 movie _Jacob, Mimmi and the Talking Dogs_; however, it was strangely depicted with a white color, but it has grey eyepatches and looks like an American Bulldog.
Persepolis

**Persepolis** (Old Persian: 'Pars', New Persian: , _Takht-e Jamshid_) was an ancient capital of the second Iranian dynasty, the Achaemenid Empire. Ancient Persians called it Parsa, meaning _the city of Persians_. Persepolis () is the Greek translation of the name. In modern Iran, the city is known as Takht-e-Jamshid (Throne of Jamshid). The largest building in Persepolis is the Apadana Hall with 72 columns. The Tachara palace built by Darius I is also an important building. The Hadish palace in Persepolis was started by Xerxes and finished by his son Artaxerxes.

Persepolis has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1979.
Xerxes I

**Xerxes the Great** was a Shah of Iran (485–465 BC) of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Xerxes was son of Darius I and Atossa, the daughter of Cyrus the Great. After Darius died, Xerxes became the Shah of Persia. He took up the title of _Shahanshah_ (_King of Kings_). In the Graeco-Persian Wars at the Battle of Thermopylae, Xerxes defeated the Greek warriors and annexed parts of Greece. After winning at Thermopylae, Xerxes then took control of Athens with his army.

### Ancient sources

- <cite id="refherodotus/6"></cite>
- <cite id="refherodotus/7"></cite>

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Xerxes I
- **title**: List of kings of Persia, King of Persia and Media
Great King
 King of Kings
 King of Nations
Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, Egypt
- **image**: Xerxes Image.png
- **caption**: Rock relief of Xerxes at his tomb in Naqsh-e Rustam
- **birth date**: 519 BC
- **birth place**: Persia
- **death date**: August 465 BC (aged 53 or 54)
- **death place**: Persia
- **place of burial**: Persia
- **succession**: List of kings of Persia, King of Persia
- **reign**: 486–465 BC
- **coronation**: October 486 BC
- **predecessor**: Darius I
- **successor**: Artaxerxes I of Persia, Artaxerxes I
- **spouse**: Amestris, (Ahasuerus#Historical identification, disputed: Vashti and Esther, Queen Esther)
- **issue**: Darius (son of Xerxes I), Darius
Hystaspes (son of Xerxes I), Hystaspes
Artaxerxes I of Persia, Artaxerxes I
Arsames (satrap of Egypt), Arsames
Amytis
- **dynasty**: Achaemenid dynasty, Achaemenid
- **father**: Darius I
- **mother**: Atossa
- **religion**: Zoroastrianism
Shell (zoology)

A **shell** is a hard outer layer, which has evolved in a very wide variety of different animals, including molluscs, sea urchins, crustaceans, turtles and tortoises, armadillos, etc.

## Seashells

Seashells are perhaps the most familiar and most common shells, both in the wild and for sale as decorative objects. They are usually composed of calcium carbonate, in the form of calcite or aragonite. This can have different forms, one is nacre or mother of pearl.  Other kinds of animal shells are made from chitin, bone and cartilage, or silica.

## Use of Shells

Shells of many types were popular as human decorations, either used whole or cut into pieces. One  used them for all kinds of pendants, beads, buttons, brooches, rings, and hair combs.

Small pieces of colored shell and iridescent shell have been used to create mosaics and inlays which have been used to decorate larger items such as boxes and furniture. Large numbers of whole seashells, arranged to form patterns, have been used to decorate man-made grottos.

Several kinds of sea animals have exoskeletons which one can find after their death in beach drift. Often beachcombers pick them. But usually only those of molluscs (also spelled "mollusks") are known as seashells.

## Classes

The majority of shell-forming molluscs belong to two classes: Gastropoda (univalves, or snails) and Bivalvia (bivalves or clams, oysters, scallops, etc.).

## Other websites

- Shell Hair Pipes used in Indian Adornment
- 110 Photos of various seashells
- Conchologists of America
Tortoise

A **tortoise** is a reptile of the order Testudines which lives on land.  Like their aquatic cousins, the sea turtles, tortoises are shielded from predators by a shell. Most are quite small, but island tortoises have several times evolved to a large size: those on the Galapagos are famous. Darwin made one of his rare mistakes when he did not note which island each of them came from. Later it became clear that they were slightly different on different islands. The name may have it's etymology from Tartarus for its deep origin

tortoise shells take really long time to decompose

## Further reading

- Chambers, Paul. _A sheltered life: the unexpected history of the giant tortoise_. John Murray (Publishers), London. 2004. .
- Gerlach, Justin.  Giant tortoises of the Indian Ocean.  Chimiara publishers, Frankfurt.  2004

## Related pages

- Turtle
- Sea turtle

## Other websites

- Gulf Coast Turtle and Tortoise Society* Tortoise World - Several Types of Tortoises
- Chelonia: Conservation and Care of Turtles.
- Infotortuga
Tortoise (disambiguation)

**Tortoise** may mean:

- Tortoise, a large land-dwelling reptile protected by a shell
- TortoiseCVS, a GUI integrated CVS client for the Microsoft Windows platform
- TortoiseHg, a GUI integrated Mercurial client for the Microsoft Windows platform
- TortoiseSVN, a GUI integrated Subversion client for the Microsoft Windows platform
- TortoiseGIT, a GUI integrated GIT client for the Microsoft Windows platform
- Tortoise (band), a US post-rock band formed in 1990
- Tortoise (tank), a British heavy assault gun
- Tortoise formation, a defensive formation employed in ancient and mediaeval warfare
- Tortoise, a derogatory name for the Ford Taurus automobile
- Tortoise, a popular brand of Turnout Motor for Model Railways
- Tortoises, a 1921 short volume of poetry by D H Lawrence containing poems later collected in Birds, Beasts and Flowers (1923).

## Also see

- Hare (disambiguation), for _Tortoise and Hare_ stories
Sea turtle

**Sea turtles** (_Chelonioidea_) are turtles found in all the world's oceans except the Arctic Ocean, and some species travel between oceans. The term is US English. In British English they are simply called “turtles”; fresh-water chelonians are called “terrapins” and land chelonians are called tortoises.

The earliest known turtles are from the Middle Jurassic. This makes turtles the oldest surviving reptile groups: they are more ancient than snakes or crocodiles.

There are seven species of sea turtle: Kemp's Ridley sea turtle, the olive Ridley, the flat back, the green, the loggerhead, the hawk's bill and the leatherback.

All but the leatherback are in the family Chelonioidea. The leatherback belongs to the family Dermochelyidae and is its only member. The leatherback sea turtle is the largest, measuring six or seven feet (2 m) in length at maturity, and three to five feet (1 to 1.5 m) in width, weighing up to 2000 pounds (907.18 kg) (about 900 kg).  Most other species are smaller, being two to four feet in length (0.5 to 1 m) and proportionally less wide. The flatback turtle is found only on the northern coast of Australia.

## Further reading

- Spotila, James R. 2004. _Sea turtles: a complete guide to their biology, behavior, and conservation._ Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Davidson, Osha Gray. 2001._ Fire in the turtle house: the green sea turtle and the fate of the ocean_. United States: United States of Public Affairs.
- Witherington, Blair E. 2006. _Sea turtles: an extraordinary natural history of some uncommon turtles._

## Other websites

- SWOT – The state of the world's sea turtles – The most up-to-date information on global sea turtle populations
- Oceana scientists are tracking turtles in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic to find out more about their habits in the deep sea
- _Conserving Turtles on a Global Scale_
- Underwater video  of turtles in the Red Sea, Egypt
- Preserving Turtles
Baykal (port)

**Baykal (port)** () is a rural locality in Russia, Irkutsk oblast, Sliudanskyy region.

## Geography

The village is near Lake Baikal and is setted on the left coast of the river, Angara. In the right coast is Listvianka. The administrative centre Irkutsk is 60 kilometers north. There is an automobile ferry to Listvianka.

## Population

In 2005, there were 400 people living in Baikal village. In USSR times there were about 10000 humans.
Drumstick (disambiguation)

**Drumstick** can mean:

- Drum stick, a tool for playing drums
- Drumstick (vegetable)
- Drumstick (ice cream), a brand of ice cream
- Drumstick (poultry), the leg bone of a chicken
- Drumstick (video game character), a video game character found in _Diddy Kong Racing_
Rudder

A **rudder** is used to steer ships, boats, submarines, aircraft, hovercraft or other vehicles that move through air or water.

## History of the rudder

Oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BC in Persia and Ancient Egypt in artwork, wooden models, and even parts of actual boats of that times. An early example of an oar mounted on the stern is found in the Egyptian tomb of Menna (1422-1411 BC). Stern-mounted oars were also quite common in Roman river navigation as proved from reliefs more than a millennium later.

A depiction of a sternpost-mounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a Chinese junk dating from the 1st century AD during the Han Dynasty, predating their appearance in the West by a thousand years. The technology of stern-mounted rudder in Europe and Islam World, which was introduced by travelers in the Middle Ages, was transferred from China

## Literature

- Lawrence V. Mott, _The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale_, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University
- Needham, Joseph (1986). _Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics_. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
Exploration of Neptune

The **Exploration of Neptune** started on August 25, 1989, when _Voyager 2_ became the first and so-far only spacecraft to visit the planet. Like the other gas giants, Neptune has no solid land on its surface so landing on Neptune would be impossible.

NASA is thinking to send another spacecraft known as the _Neptune Orbiter_ to study more about Neptune; the spacecraft is planned to be probably launched on 2035. It would release atmospheric probes, and possibly release a Triton Lander. NASA has said the earliest possible launch date is 2030. Budget cuts may eliminate this proposal.

## Voyager 2

In Voyager 2's last visit with a planet before leaving the solar system, Voyager 2 came 3000 miles (5000 km) above Neptune's north pole, the closest approach it made to any planet after it left Earth. Voyager 2 studied Neptune's atmosphere, its rings, its magnetosphere, and its moons. Several discoveries were made, including the discovery of the Great Dark Spot and Triton's geysers.

Voyager 2 found that Neptune's atmosphere was very active, even though it gets only 3% of the sunlight Jupiter receives. Voyager 2 discovered an anticyclone called the Great Dark Spot, similar to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. However, pictures taken by the Hubble Space Telescope showed that the Great Dark Spot had disappeared. Also seen in Neptune's atmosphere at that time was an almond-shaped spot called "_D2_", and a bright, quickly moving cloud high above the cloud decks named Scooter.

Voyager 2 also found four rings of Neptune and found proof for ring arcs, or incomplete rings around Neptune. Neptune's magnetosphere was also studied by Voyager 2. The planetary radio astronomy instrument found that Neptune's day is sixteen hours, seven minutes. Voyager 2 also discovered auroras, like on Earth, but much more complicated.

Voyager 2 discovered six moons orbiting Neptune, but only three were photographed in detail: Proteus, Nereid, and Triton. Proteus turned out to be an ellipsoid, as large as an ellipsoid could become without turning into a sphere. Proteus is very dark in color. Nereid, although discovered in 1949, is still not well known even after Voyager 2 passed by. Triton was flown by at about 25,000 miles (40,000 km) away, and became the last object Voyager 2 would ever explore. Triton was shown to have extraordinary active geysers and polar caps. A very thin atmosphere was found, as well as thin clouds.

## Related pages

- Neptune (planet)
- Voyager 2
- NASA

## Other websites

- NASA Voyager website
- More information on the Neptune Orbiter
Kinder Scout

**Kinder Scout** is a plateau in Derbyshire, England. It is about 600 metres above sea level. It is near Hayfield to the west, Edale to the southeast, and the town of Glossop to the northwest.

The gritstone rock under the plateau is covered by a thick layer of peat, cut by a dense network of streams which flow off it. One of the main streams is the Kinder River, which drops off the Western edge at Kinder Downfall. Plants on the plateau are mainly heather, with some mosses and bilberry. Bracken grows on the slopes around the plateau. The highest point is Kinder Low at .

It can be approached from the southeast up a steep track called Jacobs Ladder. It is crossed by the  Pennine Way long-distance footpath which starts in nearby Edale. Several sections of the path have been surfaced with large stone slabs in this area, to try to reduce environmental damage to the delicate moorland ecosystem by the large number of hikers it attracts all year round.

In the 1930s, Kinder Scout was the scene of the first mass trespasse<nowiki/>s by ramblers  on Sunday, 24 April 1932 protesting at the lack of public access to the open moorland in many parts of northern England, which were then kept for grouse shooting by the estates of a number of stately homes. Public rights of way were established later, and the 2000 Countryside and Rights of Way Act set a new legal framework in which the bulk of Kinder Scout is now "Access Land" where the public has a right to roam freely.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Kinder Scout
- **photo**: KinderScoutPlateau.jpg
- **photo caption**: The Kinder plateau
- **elevation m**: 636
- **prominence m**: 496.6
- **parent peak**: Cross Fell
- **label position**: right
- **language**: Old Norse language, Old Norse
- **location**: Derbyshire, England
- **range**: Peak District
Stern

The **stern** is the rear part of a ship or boat.

The stern area has always been the place near the steering apparatus (rudder,  tiller, ship's wheel, etc.), and by extension became the domain of the ship's captain and other officers. In particular, the stern was the location of the officers' quarters, and during the age of sail became the most luxurious part of the ship, with rows of windows, galleries, walkways, and fine decorations. That meant that this part was rather vulnerable, and the goal of much maneuvering in battle was to achieve the stern rake, in which a ship would pour its entire broadside into the stern.

Other features of the stern included lanterns and the ensign.

## Related pages

- Bow
Stern (disambiguation)

The **stern** is the rear part of a ship or boat.

**Stern** could also mean:
- Stern (name), a family name (and list of people with that name)
- Stern (gaming company)
- _Stern_ (magazine), a weekly news magazine in Germany
- Stern School of Business at New York University
- Lehi (group) or the Stern gang
- Stern Review
Urbain Le Verrier

**Urbain Le Verrier** (March 11, 1811 – September 23, 1877) was a French astronomer and mathematician specializing in celestial mechanics who was famous for co-discovering the planet, Neptune.
John Malkovich

**John Gavin Malkovich** (born December 9, 1953) is an American actor, producer and director. He was nominated for the Academy Award, and he also won an Emmy Award.

He was in the Robert Zemeckis' movie, _Beowulf_. That movie also starred Anthony Hopkins and Angelina Jolie.

Malkovich was married to actress Glenne Headly from 1982 until they divorced in 1988.

On June 6, 2013 in Toronto, Malkovich rescued a man after he was sliced in the neck. Malkovich helped the man until the paramedics arrived.

## Other websites

- Fisk:Why does John Malkovich want to kill me?
- Profile: John Malkovich
- Life and taxes
- Finch and Partners (John's Management in the UK)
- John's official clothing design web site
- Photographs of John Malkovich

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: John Malkovich at a screening of "Casanova Variations" in January 2015.jpg
- **caption**: Malkovich in January 2015.
- **birth name**: John Gavin Malkovich
- **birth place**: Christopher, Illinois, U.S.
- **years active**: 1976–present
- **parents**: Daniel Leon Malkovich
Joe Anne Choisser Malkovich
- **spouse**: Glenne Headly
(1982–1988)
- **partner**: Nicoletta Peyran
(1989–present)
- **children**: 2
Glenn Close

**Glenn Close** (born March 19, 1947) is an American actress. She has been nominated for and won many awards in her career, for her acting in both movies and theater.

### Oscar Nominations

- 1983 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, _The World According to Garp_
- 1984 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, _The Big Chill_
- 1985 Best Actress in a Supporting Role, _The Natural_
- 1988 Best Actress in a Leading Role, _Fatal Attraction_
- 1989 Best Actress in a Leading Role, _Dangerous Liaisons_

### Emmy Award/Nominations

- 1995 Emmy Award: Lead Actress/ Miniseries - Serving in Silence
- 2002 Emmy Nomination: Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, _Will & Grace_

### Golden Globe

- 2005 Golden Globe Award: Best Actress/ Miniseries - The Lion in Winter

### Tony Awards

- 1984 Best Actress/ Play - The Real Thing
- 1992 Best Actress/ Play - Death and the Maiden
- 1995 Best Actress/ Musical - Sunset Boulevard

### Other

- 1988 People's Choice Award - Favorite Motion Picture Actress
- 1992 Golden Camera/ Germany - Best International Actress
- 2005 Screen Actors Guild Award/ Outstanding Actress, Television - The Lion in Winter

## Other websites

- Glenn Close  biography at thespiannet
- Performance  _Working in the Theatre_ seminar video at American Theatre Wing.org, April 1992
- Performance  _Working in the Theatre_ seminar video atAmerican Theatre Wing.org, April 1986
- TonyAwards.com Interview with Glenn Close

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Glenn Close
- **image**: Glenn Close - Guardians of the Galaxy premiere - July 2014 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Close at the _Guardians of the Galaxy_ premiere in 2014
- **birth place**: Greenwich, Connecticut, U.S.
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **spouse**: Cabot Wade
(m. 1969-1971, divorced)
James Marlas
(m. 1984-1987, divorced)
David Shaw
(m. 2006-2015, divorced)
- **children**: 1
- **awards**: **Emmy Awards**
* Outstanding Lead Actress - Miniseries/Movie
:1995 _Serving in Silence_
**Golden Globe Awards**
* Best Actress - Miniseries
:2005 _The Lion in Winter_
**SAG Awards**
* Best Actress - Miniseries/TV movie
:2004 _The Lion in Winter_
**Tony Awards**
* Best Leading Actress - Musical
:1995 _Sunset Boulevard (musical), Sunset Boulevard_
*Best Leading Actress - Play
:1984 _The Real Thing_
:1992 _Death and the Maiden_
- **television**: _Damages (TV series), Damages_
- **known for**: **Alex Forest** in _Fatal Attraction_
**Madame de Merteuil** in _Dangerous Liaisons_
**Norma Desmond** in _Sunset Boulevard (musical), Sunset Boulevard_
**Cruella De Vil** in _Disney's 101 Dalmatians, 101 Dalmatians_ and _102 Dalmatians_
Blaqk Audio

**Blaqk Audio** is an electronic band, made by Davey Havok and Jade Puget of AFI. Blaqk Audio features Davey Havok as lyricist and vocalist, with Jade Puget writing all music and programming the synthesizers. Blaqk Audio was recently signed to Interscope Records, and their first album, _CexCells_, was released on August 14, 2007. The band describes themselves as "_Two boys in love with synthesizers and software_".

## Related pages

- AFI (band)

## Other websites

- Official Blaqk Audio Website
- Official Interscope Blaqk Audio Site
- Official Blaqk Audio MySpace
- Jade Puget's blog

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Blaqk Audio
- **img**: Blaqk Audio live 2007.jpeg
- **img capt**: Blaqk Audio performing live in 2007. From left to right: Davey Havok and Jade Puget.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Oakland, California, United States
- **genre**: Synthpop, electronic body music, EBM, Dark Wave
- **years active**: 2001–2002, 2006–present
- **label**: Interscope Records, Interscope
- **associated acts**: AFI (band), AFI, Loose Change (band), Loose Change, Redemption 87, Influence 13, Son of Sam (band), Son of Sam
- **current members**: Davey Havok
Jade Puget
James Caan

**James Langston Edmund Caan** (March 26, 1940 – July 6, 2022) was an American movie, stage and television actor. He was best known for his role of Sonny Corleone in 1972's _The Godfather_ and for his role as Ed Deline on _Las Vegas_. He was nominated for many awards, including the Academy Award, Emmy and Golden Globe. He also played Frank in _Thief_, Paul Sheldon in _Misery_ and Walter Hobbs in _Elf_.

Caan was the son of Sophie (née Falkenstein) and Arthur Caan, Jewish immigrants from Germany. He was a conservative and supported Donald Trump.

Caan died on July 6, 2022 at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease at the age of 82.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: James Caan
- **image**: James Caan Guillaume Canet Cannes 2013 cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Caan at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival
- **birth place**: The Bronx, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **resting place**: Eden Memorial Park Cemetery, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **birth name**: James Langston Edmund Caan
- **years active**: 1961–2022
- **othername**: Jimmy Caan
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 5, including Scott Caan
James Coburn

**James Harrison Coburn** (August 31, 1928 – November 18, 2002) was an American actor. He became famous in the 1960s when he made many Western movies, such as _The Magnificent Seven_. But after that, he acted in other different types of roles, and became a more complete and successful actor. He was very ill in the 1980s and he almost did not make any more movies in that decade. However, he got better and started acting again in the 1990s. He won an Academy Award in 1998.

## Other websites

- Find-A-Grave profile for James Coburn
- _Gesprengte Ketten - The Great Escape, Behind the scenes _, Photographs of cameraman Walter Riml. Helma Türk & Christian Riml, eds. House Publishing 2013, English/German

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: James Coburn
- **image**: James Coburn The Californians 1959.JPG
- **caption**: Coburn in _The Californians_ (1959)
- **birth place**: Laurel, Nebraska, Laurel, Nebraska, United States, U.S.
- **birthname**: James Harrison Coburn
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart Attack
- **yearsactive**: 1958 – 2002
- **notable works**: **Derek Flint** in _Our Man Flint_ and _In Like Flint_
**Corporal Steiner** in _Cross of Iron_
**Glen Whitehouse** in _Affliction (movie), Affliction_
**Henry J. Waternoose** in _Monsters, Inc._
- **awards**: **Best Supporting Actor**
1997 _Affliction (movie), Affliction_
Animal liberation movement

The **animal liberation movement** or **animal rights movement** (sometimes called the **animal personhood movement** or **animal advocacy movement**), is a social movement. It is made up of activists, academics, lawyers, campaigns, and organized groups who oppose the use of non-human animals for any reason (in research, as food, as clothing, or as entertainment).

## History

In some form or another, the concept of animal rights has been around for thousands of years.

### Eastern world

_Ahiṃsā_, meaning non-violence, is a central principle of Eastern religions such as Buddhism, Taoism, and Jainism.

Jainism stresses non-cruelty towards animals. It doesn't allow its followers to  work at zoos, cut trees, or use any fabrics which are produced through harming other living beings (including silk).

In Islam, cruelty towards any animal is a punishable sin.

### Western world

Within Europe and North America, there were many precursors of the modern-day animal rights movement.

The first animal cruelty legislation was passed in 1635. The law made it illegal to tear wool off of living sheep.

In 1822 Richard Martin, known as “Humanity Dick”, passed Martin’s Act aimed at preventing cruelty towards cattle. Martin went on to be one of the founding members of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the world’s first animal welfare charity, in 1824.

## Further reading

- , undated, retrieved September 4, 2005
- "Burning Rage"  by Ed Bradley, CBS _60 Minutes_, November 5, 2005
- "FBI, ATF address domestic terrorism", by Terry Frieden, CNN, May 19, 2005
- Animal Liberation Through Trade Unions?
- Allegations of sexism within the animal liberation movement
- Lawrence Finsen and Susan Finsen, _The Animal Rights Movement in America: From Compassion to Respect_ (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994).
- Gary L. Francione, _Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement_ (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996).
- Harold D. Guither, _Animal Rights: History and Scope of a Radical Social Movement_ (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1998).
- James M. Jasper and Dorothy Nelkin, _The Animal Rights Crusade: The Growth of a Moral Protest_ (New York: The Free Press, 1992).
- Peter Singer, _Ethics into Action: Henry Spira and the Animal Rights Movement_ (Lanham, MD: Bowman & Littlefield, 1998).

## Other websites

- Brute Ethics:  animal ethics encyclopedia
- Cruelty-Free Kitty a website that discusses products and weather or not they test on animals or not
Sex symbol

A **sex symbol** is a famous or notable person, male or female, who is found sexually attractive by many people. Many actors, actresses, and popular musicians are considered to be sex symbols by their fans and the public.

## Examples of sex symbols

- Brigitte Bardot
- Alain Delon
- Jean-Claude Van Damme
- Johnny Depp
- Pamela Anderson
- Tom Cruise
- Denzel Washington
- Bruce Lee

## Other websites

- BBC: Men pip for the Posh type
- Google Zeitgeist  has a list of the most searched for female celebrities on Google
Breakfast cereal

**Breakfast cereal** is a breakfast food made from cereal grains.It is a common breakfast meal. This is made of grain, and usually eaten with milk in the United States. It is often sweetened with sugar, syrup, or fruit. There are many kinds of cereals.  Some names of breakfast cereal include Cheerios, Kellogg's, Cocoa Puffs and various other brands.  Most breakfast cereals are made for children, but there are many for adults as well.  Some adult cereals are made for diets or other health benefits.

## History

In the 19th century, Americans ate meat a lot for breakfast and usually did not eat grains and fiber. But after that, people who were interested in eating more healthy foods began a push for healthy breakfasts.

This brought up the creation of Granula. The name _Granula_ comes from _granulates_, formed of grain. In 1863 this became the first breakfast cereal and included heavy nuggets made from bran, the outer husk of a grain that is taken out when making flour. The cereal had to be soaked overnight before being eaten. Simply pouring milk over it was not enough to make it eatable.

The cereals eaten today grew out of a health campaign that began in the 1860s. Thin baked dough served to patients in hospitals inspired two men, C.W. Post and W. K. Kellogg. These two men started their own companies, named them after themselves.

## Related pages

- Corn
- Wheat
- Grain

## Other websites

- Cereal site - All About Cereal
- Cereals  by the Vegetarian Society
- Nutrition Facts on hundreds of cereals
Sexual attraction

**Sexual attraction** is an attraction to other members of the same species for sexual or erotic activity. In many species this does not always mean a sexual act; indeed, some sexual behavior among primates is mostly a social activity.

## In humans

What is sexually attractive to humans may change by culture or place. The sexual attraction of one person to another depends on both people.

Much of human sexual attractiveness is physical (see beauty). This involves the impact one's appearance has on the senses, especially in the beginning of a relationship:

- Visual perception (how the other looks);
- Olfaction (how the other smells, naturally or artificially; the wrong smell may be repellent);
- Audition (how the other's voice and/or movements sound).
- Vibes, sensory perception (generally biased) of another person based on one's own view or from influence from others. (negative or positive).

## Types

- Heterosexuality
- Homosexuality
- Gay
- Lesbian
- Bisexuality
- Pansexuality

## Related pages

- Casual sex
- Human bonding
- Human sexuality
- Interpersonal relationship
- Intimacy
- Love
- Lust
- Sexual arousal

## Other websites

- Sexual Attraction Among Humans
- FaceResearch  – Scientific research and online studies on the role of faces in sexual attraction
- Reunions Set Off Sex Urges, Article on sexual attraction among birth relatives.
- www.lookism.info  deconstruction of attraction and beauty standards
Cheerios

**Cheerios** is a popular brand of cereal. It is manufactured by General Mills. It was founded in 1941 as **CheeriOats**, the first ready-to-eat oat cereal. They are still making cereal, and it is produced worldwide.

## Other websites

- Cheerios Official Site
- Cheerios Ratings for Health, Environmental and Social Impact on GoodGuide
Rehearsal

A **rehearsal** is a practice before a concert or play in a theatre or some other performance. The group of performers will get together to **rehearse**. They may rehearse together many times before the performance so that they get used to performing with one another.

A **dress rehearsal** is the last rehearsal before the performance. It is called a 'dress rehearsal' because in a theatre the actors will be wearing their costumes. When an orchestra or other music group have a 'dress rehearsal' this does not mean that they have to dress up. It simply means that it is the last rehearsal, and it will be in the hall where they are going to perform so that everything is as it will be for the performance.

Orchestras often have **section rehearsal**s or **sectional**s. This means that each group of instruments rehearse separately, e.g. the string sectional will be all the string instruments rehearsing together. This can be useful because they can concentrate on the bits which are particularly difficult for them: the string instruments can talk about the bowing etc.

An **open rehearsal** is a rehearsal that the public can come and watch. In opera houses the dress rehearsal is often an open rehearsal. The entry may be free or the audience may have to pay, but not as much as for a ticket for a performance. The audience will have to understand that the performance may be stopped if something goes wrong and needs to be rehearsed. Singers will often save their voices by not singing as loudly as they will in the performance (this is called "marking").

A **technical rehearsal** in a theatre is a rehearsal for practising things such as lighting and using props.
London Symphony Orchestra

The **London Symphony Orchestra** (**LSO**) is one of the most famous orchestras of the world.  They are based in London's Barbican Centre, but they often tour to lots of different countries.

The LSO started in 1904.  Most of the players had been members of Henry Wood's Queen's Hall orchestra.  They left that orchestra when Henry Wood made a rule that they were not allowed to send deputies to rehearsals or concerts.  The LSO was set up as a self governing organization.  This means that the players themselves organize everything: they decide how much they are going to be paid, who can be in the orchestra, etc.

The LSO gave its first concert on 9 June 1904 with Hans Richter conducting. He was principal (main) conductor until 1911, when Edward Elgar took over for a year.  Some of the world's most famous conductors have conducted the orchestra.  Since January 2007 Valery Gergiev has been the LSO's Principal Conductor.  André Previn is the Conductor Laureate (Honorary conductor).  In 2006, Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor together with Michael Tilson Thomas.  Richard Hickox is the Associate Guest Conductor of the LSO.  The leader of the orchestra is Gordan Nikolitch.

The LSO was the first British orchestra to play overseas when it went to Paris in 1906. The LSO players all came close to death in 1912 because they were due to sail on the RMS _Titanic_ for a concert in New York.  Fortunately they had to change the booking at the last minute.  They did tour the USA and Canada that year, and were the first British orchestra to do so.

In 1966 the London Symphony Chorus (LSC) was formed to join the LSO for works with choirs.

For many years the LSO refused to allow women to become members because they thought the sound would not be so good.

The LSO made their first gramophone recording in 1920.  Since then they have made many recordings.
Obtuse angle

An **obtuse angle** is an angle of greater than 90° (π/2 radians) and less than 180° (π radians). It is bigger than an acute angle. It is smaller than a straight angle, which measures 180°. It falls in Quadrant II on a graph.

## Related pages

- Acute angle
- Right angle
- Reflex angle
London Philharmonic Orchestra

The **London Philharmonic Orchestra** (**LPO**) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. It is based in the Royal Festival Hall, London.

The orchestra was formed in 1932 by Sir Thomas Beecham, and played its first concert on October 7, 1932 at the Queen's Hall, London. The associate conductor at the time was Malcolm Sargent.

At one of the orchestra's early concerts in November 1932 the sixteen-year old Yehudi Menuhin played a programme of violin concertos including the concerto by Elgar which the composer himself conducted.

In the 1930s, when Beecham conducted at the Royal Opera House, the orchestra played for operas there. Beecham made many recordings with the orchestra.

In 1939 the orchestra's sponsors stopped giving money to the orchestra. The orchestra became a self-governing body, which meant that, like the London Symphony Orchestra, the players organized the orchestra themselves, deciding on their pay, their members, what music they should play etc.

During the Second World War they went round the country playing in places where people would not otherwise hear music.
Many of the players' instruments were destroyed when the Queen's Hall was bombed in May 1941, but lots of people gave money for them to buy new instruments.

After the war, Beecham returned to the LPO for eighteen months, but left to start a new orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic. The orchestra continued to play with several guest conductors until Eduard van Beinum was appointed. When he became ill they appointed Sir Adrian Boult who stayed until 1956, although he continued to work with the orchestra and became its President in 1965.

Through the late 1950s the orchestra did not have much money and had to stop paying the players regular salaries. They only got paid for the work they did. In 1958 the LPO appointed William Steinberg as chief conductor. He helped the orchestra to become better again.

In 1964 the LPO became the resident orchestra for Glyndebourne Festival Opera in the summer. They continue to do this today.

In 1967 the LPO appointed Bernard Haitink as its principal conductor. He stayed with the orchestra for 12 years and was followed by Sir Georg Solti.

Vladimir Jurowski is now the principal conductor.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Symphonic Music of Yes_ (1993)

## Principal Conductors

- Sir Thomas Beecham (1932–1939)
- Eduard van Beinum (1947–1950)
- Sir Adrian Boult (1950–1957)
- William Steinberg (1958–1960)
- Sir John Pritchard (1962–1966)
- Bernard Haitink (1967–1979)
- Sir Georg Solti (1979–1983)
- Klaus Tennstedt (1983–1990)
- Franz Welser-Möst (1990–1996)
- Kurt Masur (2000-2007)
- Vladimir Jurowski (since 2007)

## Other websites

- London Philharmonic Orchestra official website
Vladimir Jurowski

**Vladimir Jurowski** (born 4 April 1972 in Moscow) is a Russian conductor. He is one of the most important young conductors of today. Jurowski studied at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1990, he moved with his family to Germany, where he continued to study music in Dresden and Berlin.

In 1995, he conducted at the Wexford Festival and in 1996 at the Royal Opera House. He continued conducting in Berlin and Bologna.

In August 2000, Jurowski was named the Music Director of the Glyndebourne Festival Opera. He is now the Principal Conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra.

In May 2007, Jurowski received the 2007 Royal Philharmonic Society Music Award for Conductor of the Year.
Pim Fortuyn

**Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn**, known as **Pim Fortuyn** (, 19 February 1948 – 6 May 2002) was a Dutch sociologist and politician. Born in Driehuis, he was the leader of the LPF (_Lijst Pim Fortuyn_), a right-wing political party. He was very popular and was expected to win the 2002 elections. Fortuyn did not agree with some things the religion of Islam does, and did not want to let criminal Muslims from other countries come to the Netherlands. He was Roman Catholic and openly gay.

Nine days before the elections, he was murdered during the 2002 Dutch national election campaign by Volkert van der Graaf, who is an extreme environmentalist and animal rights activist. In court at his trial, van der Graaf said he murdered Fortuyn to stop him from exploiting Muslims as "scapegoats" and targeting "the weak members of society" in seeking political power.

## Early life and education

Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn was born on 19 February 1948 in Driehuis, as the third child to a Catholic family. His father worked as a salesman and his mother was a housewife. In 1967 he began to study sociology at the University of Amsterdam but transferred after a few months to the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. In 1971 he ended his study with the Academic degree Doctorandus. In 1981 he received a doctorate in sociology at the University of Groningen as a Doctor of Philosophy.

## Death

On May 6, 2002, Fortuyn was shot in the head, neck and chest in a car park outside a radio studio where he had just given an interview to Ruud de Wild at 3FM by 32-year-old, Volkert van der Graaf. He was pronounced dead at the scene. The attacker was pursued by Fortuyn's driver, Hans Smolders; he was arrested shortly afterwards while still in possession of the handgun used to kill Fortuyn.

## Related pages

- List of sociologists from Europe

## Other websites

- Bio at Parlement.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pim Fortuyn
- **image**: Pim Fortuyn - May 4.jpg
- **caption**: Pim Fortuyn on 4 May 2002, two days before his murder <small>(Photo: Roy Beusker)</small>
- **birth name**: Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn
- **birth place**: Driehuis, Netherlands
- **death place**: Hilversum, Netherlands
- **death cause**: Murder, Murder by gunshots
- **resting place**: San Giorgio della Richinvelda, Italy
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **other names**: Pim Fortuijn
- **alma mater**: VU University Amsterdam <small>(Bachelor of Social Science, Master of Social Science)</small>
 University of Groningen <small>(Doctor of Philosophy)</small>
- **occupation**: Politician · Civil service, Civil servant · Sociology, Sociologist
 Board of directors, Corporate director · Political consulting, Political consultant · Pundit, Political pundit · Author · Columnist · Publishing, Publisher · Teacher · Professor
- **party**: Labour Party (Netherlands), Labour Party <small>(1974–1989)</small>
 People's Party for Freedom and Democracy <small>(mid 1990s)</small>
 Livable Netherlands <small>(2001–2002)</small>
 Livable Rotterdam <small>(2001–2002)</small>
 Pim Fortuyn List <small>(2002) </small>
Cyrus the Great

**Cyrus the Great** (, Kurush-e Bozorg, c. 590 BC or 576 – August 530 BC), was the founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in today's Iran. He was chosen as the leader of Persian people in Anshan, he defeated the Medes and was chosen as the Shah of the Persian Empire in 559 BC. Cyrus fought with the Lydian Empire and the Babylonian Empire. Before leaving Babylon, Cyrus also freed the Israelites who were imprisoned by Babylonians and allowed Jews to return to their native land.

He wrote the Cyrus Cylinder outlining his actions and policies.  Cyrus died, probably in battle, in Pasargadae.  His tomb remains in Pasargadae in Iran.  Cyrus was famous for justice and kindness.
Rafał Wiechecki

**Rafał Sylwester Wiechecki** (born September 25, 1978 in Piotrków Trybunalski) is a Polish politician.

He is member of the League of Polish Families. From May 5, 2006 to August 13, 2007, he was the minister of Polish government. He was the youngest cabinet minister in Polish history.

## Other websites

- Rafał Wiechecki
Relative density

**Relative density** is the ratio of the densities of two materials.   The term **specific gravity** is similar but not the same.  In specific gravity, the reference material is water. Mathematically, relative density is found with:

## Other websites

- Weight Per Cubic Foot And Specific Gravity
Čejov

**Čejov** is small village near Humpolec in the Pelhřimov District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 473 people live there and it has 7,98 km².
Satsuma

**Satsuma** / sat-soo-muh/ **.n**. is a variety of tangerine with a loose skin.
It is named after the former Satsuma Province of Japan.  In the United Kingdom it is often associated with Christmas.

## Other websites

- The Satsuma Tangerine - University of Florida
- _PLANTanswers_ - Texas Cooperative Extension
Relief

**Relief** is a type of sculpture or carving. The worker creating the piece starts with a flat base, usually stone or wood, and takes small parts of the surface away until the desired image has been made.

Reliefs are found around the world. They can be used to decorate buildings, such as temples. Usually the artist makes reliefs of figures, such as people or animals.

In bas-relief, only a bit of the base is taken away.  The figure is quite flat and this is especially common in friezes. An alto-relief is where the artist takes away a lot of the base material. This can be very detailed.

## Famous reliefs

Famous reliefs include:

- Great Altar of Pergamon, now at the Pergamon Museum, Berlin
- Lions and dragons from the Ishtar Gate, Babylon
- Temple of Karnak in Egypt
- Angkor Wat in Cambodia
- Lion Capital of Ashoka, the national symbol of India
- glyphs and artwork of the Maya civilization
- The monument to the Confederacy at Stone Mountain, Georgia
- Borobudur temple, Java, Indonesia
- The Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon now housed at the British Museum.
- The representation of Monticello on a US nickel.
Relief (disambiguation)

A **relief** is a sculptured artwork where a modeled form projects out from a flat background.

**Relief** could also mean:
- Relief (music), the curvature of the neck of a guitar or similar instrument
- Relief print, art techniques in printmaking
- Relief map, a map depicting elevation
- Relief pitcher, a baseball pitcher who is brought into a game in progress
- Six ships of the US Navy, listed at _USS Relief_

## Other

- Analgesic
- Humanitarian aid