juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Positive-definite matrix

A **positive-definite matrix** is a matrix with special properties.  The definition of the term is best understood for square matrices that are symmetrical, also known as Hermitian matrices.

## Definition

A square matrix filled with real numbers is positive definite if it can be multiplied by any non-zero vector and its transpose and be greater than zero.  The vector chosen must be filled with real numbers.

## Examples

- The matrix   is positive definite. To prove this, we choose a vector with entries .  When we multiply the vector, its transpose, and the matrix, we get:
when the entries _z_<sub>0</sub>, _z_<sub>1</sub> are real and at least one of them nonzero, this is positive.  This proves that the matrix  is positive-definite.

de:Definitheit#Definitheit von Matrizen
Transpose

The **transpose** of a matrix **A** is another matrix where the rows of **A** are written as columns. Vectors can be transposed in the same way. We can write the transpose of **A** using different symbols such as **A**<sup>T</sup>, **A**′  **A**<sup>tr</sup> and **A**<sup>t</sup>.

## Examples

Here is the vector  being transposed:

Here are a few matrices being transposed:

## Properties

Given two matrices **A** and **B**, the following properties related to the transpose are true:

## Related pages

- Invertible matrix
UEFA Euro 2012 Group B

**Group B** of the UEFA Euro 2012 began on June 9, 2012 and ended on June 17, 2012. The group had the teams of Denmark, Germany, Netherlands and Portugal. Germany and Portugal went to the quarter-finals. The group was named the "Group of death," because the teams were in the top 10 in the FIFA World Rankings at the start of the games.

## Table

|width=175|Team|width=20 abbr="Played"|Pld|width=20 abbr="Won"|W|width=20 abbr="Drawn"|D|width=20 abbr="Lost"|L|width=20 abbr="Goals for"|GF|width=20 abbr="Goals against"|GA|width=20 abbr="Goal difference"|GD|width=20 abbr="Points"|Pts|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left||3|3|0|0|5|2|+3|**9**|||||||||
|align=left||3|2|0|1|5|4|+1|**6**|||||||||
|align=left||3|1|0|2|4|5|–1|**3**|||||||||
|align=left||3|0|0|3|2|5|–3|**0**|||||||||

### Top scorer

- Mario Gómez (3 goals)

## Other websites

- UEFA Euro 2012 Group B
Pope Callixtus

**Pope Callixtus** has been the papal name of three popes of the Roman Catholic Church.

- Pope Callixtus I (217–222)
- Pope Callixtus II (1119–1124)
- Pope Callixtus III (1455–1458)
    - _Antipope Callixtus III_
Dick Bertell

**Dick Bertell** (21 November 1935 – 20 December 1999) was a Major League Baseball player for the Chicago Cubs and the San Francisco Giants. He was a catcher. He was in the 1962 all-star game.
Emily Blunt

**Emily Olivia Laura Blunt** (born 23 February 1983) is a British and American actress. She has received nominations for an Academy Award and four British Academy Film Awards, and won a Golden Globe Award and two Screen Actors Guild Awards. She began acting professionally in 2001 in theater, and made her movie debut in 2004's _My Summer of Love_.

## Life

Blunt's television roles include the title character _Gideon's Daughter_, for which she won a Golden Globe Award. Her movie roles include Emily Charlton in _The Devil Wears Prada_, the title role of Queen Victoria in _The Young Victoria_ and Elise Sellas in _The Adjustment Bureau_.

Blunt married actor John Krasinski on 10 July 2010. The couple have two daughters, born in 2014 and 2016. Blunt became a dual British-American citizen in 2015.

In 2018, Blunt starred alongside her husband in the 2018 horror movie _A Quiet Place_. She starred as Mary Poppins in the 2018 Disney fantasy movie _Mary Poppins Returns_.

In 2023, she starred as Katherine Oppenheimer, wife of J. Robert Oppenheimer, in Christopher Nolan's 2023 movie _Oppenheimer_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Emily Blunt
- **image**: EmilyBluntTIFFSept2012.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Blunt at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2012
- **birth name**: Emily Olivia Laura Blunt
- **birth place**: London, England, UK
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **occupation**: Actress
- **spouse**: John Krasinski (2010–present)
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Crispin Blunt (uncle)
Stanley Tucci (brother in law)
Dwight Schrute

**Dwight Kurt Schrute III** (; born January 20, 1968) is a fictional character on _The Office_ played by Rainn Wilson. He is one of the highest-ranking salesmen as well as assistant to the regional manager (disputed) at the paper company Dunder Mifflin.

Schrute is known for his lack of social skills and common sense, his love for martial arts and the justice system, and his office rivalry with fellow salesman Jim Halpert. He is also known for his romantic relationship with Angela.

Dwight was also the Vice President of Special Projects Development for the Sabre Corporation, but was soon replaced by Todd Packer, who was almost immediately terminated. In the final season, Dwight is finally offered the position of permanent Regional Manager.
Pogo stick

A **Pogo stick**, also known as a **jumping stick**, **hopping stick**, **bouncing stick**, **springing stick**, **jump stick**, **hop stick**, **bounce stick**, **spring stick**, **jumper**, **hopper**, **bouncer** or **springer** or simply a **Pogo**, is a type of hopping device that holds one person. It works by jumping off the ground in a standing position with the help of a spring. It is also used as a toy or piece of exercise equipment.
Alan Dershowitz

**Alan Morton Dershowitz** (born September 1, 1938) is an American lawyer, professor, and political commentator who is Jewish. He has spent most of his career at Harvard Law School, where he became the youngest full professor of law in its history in 1967, at the age of 28. He has held the Felix Frankfurter professorship there since 1993. He was born in Brooklyn.

Dershowitz is known for his role in several important legal cases and as a commentator on the Arab–Israeli conflict. As a criminal lawyer, he has won 13 of the 15 murder and attempted murder cases he has handled, and has represented many celebrity clients, such as Mike Tyson, Patty Hearst, Jeffrey Epstein and Jim Bakker. His most famous cases include his role in 1984 in overturning the conviction of Claus von Bülow for the attempted murder of his wife, Sunny, and as the appellate adviser for the defense in the trial of O.J. Simpson in 1995. In 2020, he was hired by President Donald Trump to defend him during his impeachment trial.

He is a political liberal, and has written several books on politics and law, including _Reversal of Fortune: Inside the von Bülow Case_ (1985), the basis of the 1990 film; _Chutzpah_ (1991); _Reasonable Doubts: The Criminal Justice System and the O.J. Simpson Case_ (1996); _The Case for Israel_ (2003); _Rights From Wrongs: A Secular Theory of the Origins of Rights_ (2004) and _The Case for Peace_ (2005).

He is also a writer (guest columnist/blogger) for The Huffington Post.
Temple of Zeus at Olympia

The **Temple of Zeus** is a Doric temple in the sanctuary at Olympia, Greece. Olympia was the site of the ancient Olympic Games. The temple is a ruin. It was dedicated to Zeus, the principal god of the Ancient Greeks. This temple was the most important and most impressive structure at Olympia.

The temple was built between 470 BC and 456 BC. Local limestone was the chief material used. The roof tiles, the gargoyles, and the sculptures were made of marble. The temple measured 64.12 meters by 27.66 meters. It was 20.25 meters high. The temple had six columns at the ends and thirteen columns along both sides. The height of each column was 10.45 meters.

A ramp at the eastern end led to the _prodomos_. The table holding the Olympic wreaths stood to the right. The crowning of the victors took place on the last day at this spot.

The sculptures of the east pediment depicted the story of Pelops and Hippodameia. This story is about the first chariot races. The sculptures of the west pediment depicted the story of the Centaurs and the Lapiths. This story is about the contest between barbarity and civilization. There were six metopes over the front porch and six over the back porch. They depicted the Labors of Heracles.

The temple once contained Phidias' _Statue of Zeus_, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The fate of the statue is unknown. It may have been taken to Constantinople where it was probably destroyed in the fire of 475 AD. Or, it may have been destroyed in the fire at Olympia in 426 AD. Phidias' workshop was discovered at Olympia in 1954.

Statue bases cover the area around the temple. These bases held statues of gods, heroes, and Olympic victors. They were dedicated by individuals and cities. The sacred olive from which the Olympic wreaths were cut stood on the west side of the temple. Earthquakes destroyed it in 522 AD and in 551.
Heraia

The **Heraia** were footraces held in honor of the goddess Hera in Olympia, Greece since early ancient times. The races were said to have been created by Hippodameia in gratitude for her marriage to Pelops.

Only virgins from Elis, Greece competed. They wore a short tunic that fell just above the knees. The right shoulder was bare to the breast. Competitors ran only about 160 meters in the stadium of Olympia. This was somewhat short of the stadium's complete length.

The judges were 16 Eleian women. Every four years, they wove Hera's sacred _peplos_ (dress), and took it to her Temple. The judges had two special dances: the Hippodameia and the Physkoa. The latter was dedicated to a local nymph with whom Dionysos fell in love.

Winners of the race received an olive branch wreath and a portion of the cow's meat sacrificed to Hera. They had the right to dedicate their statues to the Temple of Hera. The Heraia was not held during the years of the men's Olympic Games. About two years separated the events.
Commission (remuneration)

**Commission** is the payment of extra on top of a salary. Commission is generally found in sales work where a salesman obtains part of the total sale as extra wage.
Farad

The **farad** (symbol: **F**) is a unit of measurement used in electronics. It is used for capacitance, which is the ability to store electric charge.  The unit is named after the English physicist Michael Faraday. The different sizes of farad are: farads (F), millifarads (mF), microfarads (μF), nanofarads (nF) or picofarads (pF). The farad is a large unit of capacitance. Typical devices in electronics have capacitances ranging from microfarads to picofarads. Some supercapacitor<nowiki/>s have more than one farad.
Jacme Taupiac

**Jacme Taupiac** (born 12 February 1939) is an Occitan author and linguist. He was one of the leaders of the Institut d'Estudis Occitans. He also modernized the Occitan grammar of Alibèrt and promoted the linguistic normalization of Val d'Aran. He is also a recognized Esperantist.

## Reference

- Biography on the magazine _Calenda_
Amp

**Amp** or **AMP** may be:

## Science

- Ampere, a unit of electrical current
- Adenosine monophosphate, nucleotide found in RNA
- Amphetamine, medicine used for treatment of ADHD and certain sleep disorders
- Ampicillin, common antibiotic used in bacteria culture
- Amplifier, device that increases the amplitude of a signal
- Ampoule, medical container
- Antimicrobial peptides, immune system peptides
- AMP deaminase, a human enzyme encoded by the _AMPD1_ gene

## Organizations

- AMP Limited, Australian financial services company or one of its buildings:
    - AMP Building, Perth, Australia, see 140 St Georges Terrace
    - AMP Building, Hobart, Australia
    - AMP Centre, Sydney, Australia
    - AMP Place, Brisbane, Australia
    - AMP Society Building, Wellington, New Zealand
    - AMP Capital, a subsidiary
- AMP Incorporated, US company purchased by Tyco International in 1999
- Alliance of the Presidential Majority (French: _Alliance pour la majorité présidentielle_), political platform in the Democratic Republic of Congo
- Americans for Medical Progress, medical research charity
- Ameriprise Financial, finance company spun off from American Express in 2005
- Anjaman Mozareen Punjab, small peasants organisation fighting for land rights in Okara, Lahore, Renala Khurd and Depalpur in Pakistan
- Applied Measurement Professionals, a company specializing in examinations for certification and licensure

## Computing

- AMP (solution stack) or "Apache, MySQL and PHP", software products commonly used together
- Ampersand, printable character
- Asymmetric multiprocessing, variety of processors for different tasks
- Alternative MAC/PHY, part of the Bluetooth specification as of version 3.0

## Entertainment

- AMP Radio Networks, Malaysian-based radio company
- Adobe Media Player, media player from Adobe
- Adventures in Motion Pictures, UK ballet company
- After Midnight Project, Los Angeles alternative rock band
- _Amp_ (TV series), music video show on MTV
- Amp (band), rock and electronic band
- Australian Music Prize, annual Australian music award
- Amp (comics), a Marvel Comics fictional mutant
- The Amp, a British music video channel

## Music

- Guitar amplifier
- Instrument amplifier, device for amplifying electric instruments

## Other

- AMP Energy, drink made by PepsiCo
- Advanced Manufacturing Park, manufacturing technology park in the United Kingdom
- Advanced Mobile Phone System, first-generation analog cellular technology
- Air Member for Personnel, senior appointment in the Royal Air Force
- AutoMag (pistol), automatic Magnum pistol
- Advanced Management Program (disambiguation), education program offered by several organizations
- Amp Electric Vehicles, an electric vehicle maker
- Asset Management Plan
- Amp Lee (born 1971)
- Amplified Bible, an English translation of the Bible
Mount Ashitaka

is a Japanese volcanic complex in the area south-east of Mount Fuji.  Its highest peak is Mount Echizen-dake 1504 meters high, but Mount Ashitaka is named after its secondary peak, Ashitaka-yama, 1188 meters high.

## History

Mount Ashitaka erupted in the mid-Pleistocene epoch.  It last erupted about 100,000 years ago.  It is an extinct volcano.

## Other websites

- SpringerImages, "Simplified geologic cross-section of Fuji and Ashitaka Volcanoes"
Christopher Hill

**John Edward Christopher Hill** (6 February 1912 – 24 February 2003), usually known simply as **Christopher Hill**, was an English Marxist historian and author of textbooks.

Hill was born into a prosperous middle class family of Methodists in York. His father was a solicitor. He attended St Peter's School, York. When he sat his entrance examination at Balliol College, Oxford, The two history tutors from Balliol College, recognised his ability and offered him a place to forestall any chance he might go to Cambridge.

Before he went to Oxford in 1931, Hill had a prolonged holiday in Freiburg, Germany, where he witnessed the rise of the Nazi Party; he later said it contributed significantly to the radicalisation of his politics.

He died of cerebral atrophy in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire.

## Publications

- _The English Revolution 1640._ (1940)
- _The World Turned Upside Down:  Radical Ideas during the English Revolution._  (1972)

## Writings about Hill

- Braddick, Michael: _Christopher Hill.  The Life of a Radical Historian._  (2025)
Laurean Rugambwa

**Laurean Rugambwa** (July 12, 1912 – December 8, 1997) was a Tanzanian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.  He is known as the first cardinal from sub-Saharan Africa. Laurean Rugambwa was born in Bukongo, Tanganyika (modern Tanzania). He became a priest in 1943. In Rome, he studied Canon law at the Pontifical Urban College.

In the early 1950s, Rugambwa became a bishop.  He was the first Tanzanian bishop. Rugambwa was made a cardinal by Pope John XXIII in 1960.

Cardinal Rugambwa participated in the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965.

## Other websites

- Tanzania Episcopal Conference , His Eminence Laurean Cardinal Rugambwa
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church ,Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church
- Catholic Hierarchy, Catholic-Hierarchy
Rufino Santos

**Rufino Jiao Santos** (August 26, 1908 – September 3, 1973) was a Filipino priest of the Roman Catholic Church. He is known as the first Filipino Cardinal.

## Early life

Rufino Santos was born in Guagua, Pampanga. Santos studied at San Carlos Seminary from 1921 to 1927. He also studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome.

## Priest

Santos became a priest in 1931. He was ordained at the Basilica of Saint John Lateran in Rome.

## Bishop

Santos became a bishop in 1947. He was made archbishop of Manila on March 25, 1953.

Repairs and renovation of Manila Cathedral were completed in 1958.

## Cardinal

Pope John XXIII made Santos a cardinal on March 28, 1960.

In 1970, Cardinal Santos was host for Pope Paul VI when he visited the Philippines.

## Other websites

- Rufino Cardinal Santos at Catholic Hierarchy
Temple of Hera at Olympia

The **Temple of Hera** (_Heraion_) is a temple dedicated to Hera, the Greek goddess of marriage. She was the wife of Zeus, the greatest of the Greek gods. The temple was built about 600 BC at Olympia, Greece. It is one of the oldest temples in Greece. It measures 50 meters by 18.75 meters. It was about 7.80 meters high. It had six Doric columns at either end and sixteen Doric columns on each side. The columns were originally made of wood, but were replaced with limestone at different times. The temple was destroyed by an earthquake in the early 4th century AD. It was not repaired.

A statue of Hera was seated on a throne at the eastern end of the cella. A stone head that may be Hera survives. Next to Hera stood a statue of Zeus dressed as a warrior. The famous statue of _Hermes and the Infant Dionysos_ of Praxiteles was kept in the temple. At the western end of the temple was kept the table that held the wreaths for the victors of the Olympic Games. Other valuable items were also kept at the western end.

Winners of the ancient all-female _Heraia_ had the right to dedicate their statues to the temple. It was at these footraces that the statue of Hera was dressed every four years in a robe made by the women of Elis. The modern Olympic Flame is lit at the Altar of Hera which stands to the east of the temple. The German Archaeological Institute restored some of the columns in the late 20th century as well as the great circular akroterion of the temple. The akroterion is displayed in the Olympia museum.
Teatro La Fenice

is a famous opera house in Venice, Italy. People often call it simply . Its name comes from the Italian word _Fenice_, meaning _Phoenix_. The Phoenix is a mythical bird. It dies in fire and is born again from the ashes.

## History

An older opera house in Venice called the  burnt down in 1774. It was the main, opera house in Venice. Some noblemen built it again, but the Venier, a famous family in Venice, made them sell the new theatre to them. So, the noblemen built a new opera house in 1792. They called it Teatro La Fenice. The first opera performed there was Giovanni Paisiello's __ (The Games of Agrigento).

La Fenice burnt down in 1836.  It was built again in 1837. On 29 January 1996, La Fenice burnt down again. It was set on fire by two men working on the building. They were sent to prison for arson.  La Fenice was built again in 2003 in the style of the old one. The architect, Aldo Rossi, used pictures and movies of the old La Fenice to plan the new one.

Five of Giuseppe Verdi's operas had their first performance at Teatro La Fenice:
- (1844)
- (1846)
- (1851)
- (1853)
- (1857)

## References

- Beauvert, Thierry (1996). _Opera Houses of the World_. The Vendome Press.

## Other websites

- Official website
Pankration

**Pankration** was a sport in Ancient Greece. Eight of Pindar's odes were written in honor of pankratiasts. The pankration was a form of wrestling with one difference: the athletes were allowed to use their fists. They did not wear boxing thongs. Kicking and hitting were allowed but biting and gouging an eye or soft spot with a thumb or finger were forbidden. Umpires flogged athletes who violated these rules. In spite of this punishment, violations often occurred.

A Greek wrestler aimed to throw his opponent; a pankratiast however aimed to force his opponent to concede defeat. This might be done by getting an opponent in a hold that, if he did not yield (give up), a bone would be broken or a joint dislocated. Size and weight did not matter as much in the pankration as they did in boxing and wrestling because pankratiasts spent most of their time rolling around on the ground.

The Greeks loved the pankration. They considered it the greatest test of an athlete's skill and strength. The pankration was also a favorite sport in Roman imperial times. The most famous ancient pankratiast was Arrichon of Philageia in the 6th century BC. He won the pankration in two Olympics, but died of a stranglehold in the Olympics of 564 BC. He was awarded the victor's wreath. Both Philostratus and Pausanias told the story of his final bout. A statue in the Olympia Museum may be his.

## Infobox (martial art)

- **name**: Pankration
- **image**: Pankration panathenaic amphora BM VaseB610.jpg
- **imagecaption**: Two athletes competing in the pankration. Panathenaic amphora, made in Athens in 332–331 BC, during the archonship of Niketes. From Capua
- **famus pract**: Angel Lee, Bob Sapp, Matt Hume,
- **focus**: Hybrid martial arts, Boxing and Wrestling
- **country**: Ancient Greece
- **olympic**: Introduced in 648 BC in the 33rd Ancient Olympic Games, Olympiad
Milo of Croton

**Milo of Croton** was a 6th century BC Greek wrestler. He came from the Greek city of Croton in southern Italy. He had great success as a wrestler. He won many times in the most important sports festivals of ancient Greece.  He also led the people of Croton to a military victory over the neighboring city of Sybaris in 510 BC.

Milo was said to be a friend of Pythagoras. One story says the wrestler saved the philosopher's life when a roof was about to fall on him. Another story says that Milo may have married the philosopher's daughter. Like other successful athletes of ancient Greece, Milo was the subject of tales of strength and power. Among other tales, he was said to have carried a bull on his shoulders and to have burst a band about his forehead by inflating the veins of his temples.

The date of Milo's death is unknown. He was said to be splitting a tree in half when his hands became trapped in the tree. It was then that a pack of wolves surprised, killed, and ate him.   Milo is the subject of works of art by Pierre Puget, Étienne-Maurice Falconet and others. In literature, Rabelais wrote about him in _Gargantua and Pantagruel_ and Shakespeare did the same in _Troilus and Cressida_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Milo Of Croton
- **image**: Suvée, Joseph-Benoit - Milo of Croton.jpg
- **caption**: Death of _Milo of Croton_ in a picture by Joseph-Benoît Suvée
 (18th century, oil on canvas)
- **birth date**: 6th century BC
- **birth place**: Croton
- **death date**: 6th century BC
- **death place**: Croton
- **occupation**: Wrestler
Theogenes

**Theogenes** was one of the greatest athletes in Ancient Greece. He was born in the city of Thasos on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea in the early fifth century. He was a boxer and a pankrationiast.

He had two victories at the Olympic Games. One was in boxing (480 BCE) and the other in the pankration (476). He won three times in boxing at the Pythian Games; nine times in boxing and once in the pankration at the Isthmian Games; and nine times in boxing at the Nemean Games. He also won the long distance race at Argos. He had 1300 other victories in lesser Games.

It is certain that Theogenes was worshipped as a god in Thasos after his death. One of his enemies whipped his statue. It fell and crushed him to death. The people of Thasos threw the statue into the sea. It was stained with blood. The fields did not produce after this act. The people of Thasos pulled the statue from the sea and put it back in its place. Worship continued. Theogenes was said to heal diseases.
Cougar Town

***Cougar Town*** is an American television sitcom. It was first on ABC on September 23, 2009. The show is set in Gulfhaven, Florida (nicknamed "Cougar Town" since its high school teams are the Cougars). The series focuses on a recently divorced woman in her forties.  The star is Courteney Cox who plays Jules Cobb.

## Awards and nominations

|Award Ceremony|Year|Category|Nominee|Result|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Glamour Magazine's Women of the Year Awards|align="center"|2010|US TV Actress|Courteney Cox|||
|rowspan="3"|Golden Derby TV Awards|rowspan="3" align="center"|2010|colspan="2"|Outstanding Comedy Series||
|Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series|Lisa Kudrow||||||
|Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series|rowspan="2"|Courteney Cox|||||
|Golden Globe Awards|align="center"|2009|Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series – Musical or Comedy||||
|rowspan="3"|People's Choice Awards|align="center"|2009|colspan="2"|Favorite New Comedy Series||
|align="center"|2010|rowspan=2|Favorite TV Comedy Actress|rowspan=3|Courteney Cox||
|align="center"|2011||||||
|rowspan="2"|Critics' Choice Television Awards|rowspan="2" align="center"|2011|Best Actress in a Comedy Series|||
|Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series|Busy Philipps||||||

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: File:Cougar_Town_2009_logo.svg
- **genre**: Sitcom
Comedy-drama
- **creator**: Bill Lawrence (producer), Bill Lawrence
Kevin Biegel
- **starring**: Courteney Cox
Christa Miller
Busy Philipps
Dan Byrd
Josh Hopkins
Ian Gomez
Brian Van Holt
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **num seasons**: 6
- **num episodes**: 102
- **list episodes**: List of Cougar Town episodes
- **executive producer**: Bill Lawrence (producer), Bill Lawrence
Courteney Cox
David Arquette
- **camera**: Film, Single-camera setup, Single camera
- **runtime**: 22 minutes
- **company**: Doozer (production company), Doozer
Coquette Productions
ABC Studios
- **network**: American Broadcasting Company, ABC
Hermann Emil Fischer

**Hermann Emil Fischer** (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902.

Fischer was the founder of the chemistry of primary natural products: carbohydrates, purines and nucleosides, peptides and proteins. Amongst his many discoveries were the structure of carbohydrates, and he was the first to get synthetic peptides. He studied the active principles of tea, coffee and cocoa, namely, caffeine and theobromine.

Fischer also proposed the lock & key model of enzyme action.

## Family

Fischer was married to Agnes Gerlach in Feb. 1888, but she died seven years after their marriage. They had three sons, named Hermann Otto Laurenz Fischer (16. Dec. 1888 - 09. Mar. 1960) Walter (05. Jul. 1891 – 04. Nov. 1916) and Alfred (3. Oct. 1894 – 29. Mar. 1917). Alfred was killed in World War I, Walter committed suicide at the age of 25 as a result of compulsory military training.

His eldest son Hermann Otto Laurenz Fischer, was Professor of Biochemistry in the University of California, Berkeley from 1948 until his death in 1960.

## Death

At the end, suffering from terminal cancer, he is thought to have committed suicide in 1919.

Emil Fischer is burried at Friedhof Wannsee, Lindenstraße and since 1956 named as grave of honor for extraordinary services or achievements in his lifetimes.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hermann Emil Fischer
- **image**: Hermann Emil Fischer. Photograph by Atelier Victoria, 1895. Wellcome V0027668 (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth date**: 9 October 1852
- **birth place**: Euskirchen, Rhine Province
- **death date**: 15 July 1919, aged 66
- **death place**: Berlin, Germany
- **occupation**: Chemistry, Chemist
- **known for**: Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1902
Samosa

**Samosa** is a popular snack originally from Central Asia. It further travelled, with the help of Muslim merchants of trade routes to the Indian subcontinent. It is famous in the subcontinent as well as Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Southwest Asia, the Arabian Peninsula, the Mediterranean, the Horn of Africa, North Africa, as well as South Africa.

It is generally prepared  in the shape of a triangle, however, the shape and sizes tend to vary from region to region. It can be either baked or fried and has an outer hard crust made of plain flour. It usually has a filling of potatoes and spices. It is usually eaten with a spicy sauce called chutney.

## Etymology

The English word _samosa_ derives from Hindi/Urdu word _,traceable to the Middle Persian word  () or Sagosha means (triangle), and has the meaning of the "triangular pastry".

## History

The South Asian samosa has a Central Asian and/or Middle Eastern origin.

### India

The samosa is prepared with an all-purpose flour (locally known as maida) and stuffed with a filling, often a mixture of diced and cooked or mashed boiled potato (preferably diced), onions, green peas, lentils, ginger, spices and green chili.Samosas generally are deep-fried to a golden brown in vegetable oil. They are served hot and consumed with ketchup or chutney (mint, coriander, or tamarind), or are served in _chaat_, traditionally accompanied by yogurt, chutney, chopped onions, coriander, and _chaat masala_. Shingaras may be eaten as a tea time snack. They can also be prepared in a sweet form. Bengali shingaras tend to be triangular, filled with potato, peas, onions, diced almonds, or other vegetables, and are more heavily fried and crunchier than either shingaras or their Indian samosa cousins. _Fulkopir shingara'' (shingara filled with cauliflower mixture) is a popular variation.

Samosa is also an appetiser in Iran  and Pakistan.

It is commonly available in canteens, sweet shops and is also prepared at home.

Samosa can be vegetarian or non-vegetarian.

## Origins

It is believed to have originated from the Central and West Asia.  The word samosa originates from the Persian word sanbosag or Sagoshag means small triangle .

|Language|Name|
| --- | --- |
|Marathi|Samosa|
|Urdu|Sambusak|
|Assamese|Singara|
|Odia|Singada|
|Bengali|Singra|
|Turkish|samsa böreği|
|Russian|Самса́ [samsa]|
|Persian|سمبوسه [Samosa]Sagosha|

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Samosa
- **image**: Samosa fried.JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Pakistan  style fried Samosas during Ramadan.
- **alternate name**: Samsa, somsa, sambosak, sambusa, samoosa, singada, samuza
- **region**: Indian Subcontinent, Central Asia, Western Asia, Horn of Africa, North Africa, South Africa
- **main ingredient**: Maida flour, Maida or plain flour, potato, onion, spices, Chili pepper, green chili, cheese, meat
Miss May I

**Miss May I** is an American metal band from Troy, Ohio. Miss May I has five members in the band; the current band members are Levi Benton, Ryan Neff, Jerod Boyd, Justin Aufdemkampe and B.J. Stead.

The band was formed in 2006. They released an EP titled "_Vows for a Massacre_" which was later followed by a demo in 2008. They were signed to Rise Records after the release of their debut album, _Apologies Are for the Weak_, on June 23, 2009. Their song "Forgive and Forget" appeared on the Saw VI: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack. Their song "Apologies Are for the Weak" which is the title track from the album of the same name was featured in the 2011 video game _Saints Row: The Third_. The band was announced to appear at the Warped Tour 2012 which started June 16, 2012 and ended on November 10, 2012.

## Band members

- Current
- Justin Aufdemkampe - lead guitar (2006-present)
- Levi Benton - lead vocals (2006-present)
- Jerod Boyd - drums (2006-present)
- Ryan Neff - bass guitar, clean vocals (2006–2007, 2009–present)
- B.J. Stead - rhythm guitar (2006-present)

- Former
- Josh Gillespie - bass guitar, clean vocals (2007–2009)

## Discography

So far as of 2012, Miss May I have released 3 albums:

### Albums

- _Vows for a Massacre_ (2007)
- _Demo 2008_ (2008)
- _Apologies Are for the Weak_ (2009)
- _Monument_ (2010)
- _At Heart_ (2012)
- _Rise of the Lion_ (2014)

## Other websites

- Miss May I  on Rise Records
- Miss May I on Myspace
- Miss May I on Facebook

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Miss May I
- **img**: Miss_May_I%2C_photographed_in_2014.jpeg
- **img capt**: Miss May I in 2014. From left to right: BJ Stead, Justin Aufdemkampe, Levi Benton, Ryan Neff and Jerod Boyd
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Troy, Ohio, Troy, Ohio
United States
- **genre**: Metalcore, Melodic metalcore
- **years active**: 2006–_present_
- **label**: Rise Records, Rise
- **current members**: Levi Benton
Ryan Neff
Jerod Boyd
Justin Aufdemkampe
B.J. Stead
- **past members**: Josh Gillespie
UEFA Euro 2012 knockout stage

The **knockout stage of the UEFA Euro 2012** began on June 21, 2012 and ended on July 1, 2012. Eight teams qualified, two from each group. Poland and Ukraine failed to qualify for the knockout stage.

## Qualified teams

|Group|width=150|Winners|width=150|Runners-up|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Czech Republic|Greece||||
|Germany|Portugal||||
|Spain|Italy||||
|England|France||||

### Czech Republic vs Portugal

---

### Germany vs Greece

---

### Spain vs France

---

### Portugal vs Spain

---
Luigi Pirandello

**Luigi Pirandello** (Agrigento 28 June 1867 – Rome 10 December 1936) was an Italian playwright, novelist, and short story writer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1934, for his "bold and brilliant renovation of the drama and the stage". Pirandello's works include novels, hundreds of short stories, and about 40 plays, some of which are written in Sicilian. Pirandello's tragic farces are often seen as forerunners for Theatre of the Absurd.

## Works

- _Una boccata d'aria_ (_A Breath of Air_)
- _L'Esclusa_ (_The Excluded Woman_)
- _Il Turno_ (_The Turn_)
- _Il Fu Mattia Pascal_ (_The Late Mattia Pascal_)
- _Suo Marito_ (_Her Husband_)
- _I Vecchi e I Giovani_ (_The Old and the Young_)
- _Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio_ (_Serafino Gubbio's Journals_)
- _Uno, Nessuno e Centomila_ (_One, No one and One Hundred Thousand_)
- _Sei Personaggi in Cerca d'Autore_ (_Six Characters in Search of an Author_)
- _Ciascuno a Suo Modo_ (_Each In His Own Way_)
- _Questa Sera Si Recita a Soggetto_ (_Tonight We Improvise_)
- _Enrico IV_ (_Henry IV_)
- _L'Uomo dal Fiore in Bocca_ (_The Man With The Flower In His Mouth_)
- _La Vita che ti Diedi_ (_The Life I Gave You_)
- _Il Gioco delle Parti_ (_The Rules of the Game_)
- _Diana e La Tuda_ (_Diana and Tuda_)
- _Il Piacere dell'Onestà_ (_The Pleasure Of Honesty_)
- _L'Imbecille_ (_The Imbecile_)
- _L'Uomo, La Bestia e La Virtù_ (_The Man, The Beast and The Virtue_)
- _Vestire gli Ignudi_ (_Clothing The Naked_)
- _Così è (Se Vi Pare)_ _(So It Is (If You Think So))_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Luigi Pirandello
- **caption**: Luigi Pirandello
- **image**: Luigi Pirandello 1932.jpg
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **birth place**: Agrigento, Italy
- **nationality**: Italian
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **awards**: Nobel Prize in Literature (1934)
Al Harrington

**Albert** **"Al"** **Harrington** (born February 17, 1980 in Orange, New Jersey) is an American professional basketball player.  He plays for the NBA's Denver Nuggets. The forward stands six feet nine inches (2.06 m), and weighs 250 pounds (113 kg).

At only 18 years of age, Al was selected by the Indiana Pacers.  He was the 25th pick of the 1998 NBA Draft.  On July 15, 2004, Harrington was traded to the Atlanta Hawks for Stephen Jackson. After the 2005–06 NBA season he became a free agent. For the 2006–07 season he went with the Pacers again.

On January 17, 2007, Harrington was traded to the Golden State Warriors along with teammates Stephen Jackson, Šarūnas Jasikevičius, and Josh Powell for Troy Murphy, Mike Dunleavy, Ike Diogu, and Keith McLeod.   On November 21, Harrington was traded to the New York Knicks for guard Jamal Crawford.  On July 15, 2010, Al Harrington signed a contract with the Denver Nuggets

## Other websites

- Stats at basketball-reference.com

## Infobox (basketball biography)

- **name**: Al Harrington
- **image**: Al Harrington Nuggets.jpg
- **team**: Denver Nuggets
- **number**: 7
- **position**: Power forward (basketball), Power forward / Small forward / Center (basketball), Center
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 9
- **weight lb**: 250
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **birth place**: Orange, New Jersey, Orange, New Jersey
- **high school**: St. Patrick High School (New Jersey), St. Patrick (Elizabeth, New Jersey, Elizabeth, New Jersey)
- **draft round**: 1
- **draft pick**: 25
- **draft year**: 1998
- **draft team**: Indiana Pacers
- **career start**: 1998
- **years1**: 1998–2003
- **team1**: Indiana Pacers
- **years2**: 2004–2005
- **team2**: Atlanta Hawks
- **years3**: 2006
- **team3**: Indiana Pacers
- **years4**: 2006–2008
- **team4**: Golden State Warriors
- **years5**: 2008–2009
- **team5**: New York Knicks
- **years6**: 2010–present
- **team6**: Denver Nuggets
- **highlights**: * Naismith Prep Player of the Year (1998)
- **bbr**: harrial01
- **letter**: h
Andrew Bogut

**Andrew Michael Bogut**  (born November 28, 1984) is an Australian former professional basketball player. He played parts of fifteen seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Milwaukee Bucks, Golden State Warriors, Dallas Mavericks, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Los Angeles Lakers. He also played for the Sydney Kings of the National Basketball League (NBL).

He is 7 feet tall. He went to the University of Utah for college. Bogut was selected first overall by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2005 NBA Draft. Bogut is the first Australian player to be drafted number one overall. He was also the second Utah player to be drafted number one overall.

On March 13, 2012, Bogut, along with Stephen Jackson, was traded to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Monta Ellis, Ekpe Udoh and Kwame Brown.

On 1 December 2020, Bogut decided to announce his retirement from playing professional basketball. He said that he had suffered too many I juries during his career and it was preventing him from playing at a professional level.

## Other websites

- Stats at basketball-reference.com

## Infobox (basketball biography)

- **name**: Andrew Bogut

- **image**: Andrew Bogut (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Bogut with the Warriors in 2019
- **position**: Center (basketball), Center
- **height ft**: 7
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 260
- **nationality**: Australian
- **number**: 6, 12, 66
- **birth place**: Endeavour Hills, Victoria, Endeavour Hills, Melbourne, Australia
- **college**: Utah Utes men's basketball, Utah (2003–2005)
- **draft round**: 1
- **draft pick**: 1
- **draft year**: 2005
- **draft team**: Milwaukee Bucks
- **career start**: 2005
- **career end**: 2020
- **years1**: –
- **team1**: Milwaukee Bucks
- **years2**: –
- **team2**: Golden State Warriors
- **team3**: Dallas Mavericks
- **team4**: Cleveland Cavaliers
- **team5**: Los Angeles Lakers
- **years6**: 2018–2020
- **team6**: Sydney Kings
- **team7**: Golden State Warriors
- **highlights**: * NBA champion ()
* All-NBA Third Team ()
* NBA All-Defensive Second Team ()
* NBA All-Rookie First Team ()
* List of National Basketball Association annual blocks leaders, NBA blocks leader ()
* NBL Most Valuable Player Award, NBL Most Valuable Player (2018–19 NBL season, 2019)
* All-NBL Team, All-NBL First Team (2018–19 NBL season, 2019)
* All-NBL Team, All-NBL Second Team (2019–20 NBL season, 2020)
* NBL Best Defensive Player Award, NBL Best Defensive Player (2018–19 NBL season, 2019)
* Australian International Player of the Year, Gaze Medal winner (2016)
* List of U.S. men's college basketball national player of the year awards, National college player of the year (2004–05 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, 2005)
* Consensus first-team NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans, All-American (2005 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans, 2005)
* Pete Newell Big Man Award (2005)
* Mountain West Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year, MWC Player of the Year (2005)
* Mountain West Conference, MWC Freshman of the Year (2004)
* No. 4 Utah Utes men's basketball#Retired numbers, retired by Utah Utes
* FIBA Under-19 World Cup MVP (2003)
Egyptian plover

The ** Egyptian plover** is a wader.  It is the only member of the genus _Pluvianus_.

It is sometimes called the **crocodile bird**.  This is because of a story dating to Herodotus.  In the story the crocodiles lie on the shore with their mouths open.  The plovers fly into the crocodiles' mouths to feed on bits of meat between the crocodiles' teeth.  There is no evidence of this actually happening.

The Egyptian plover lives in tropical sub-Saharan Africa. It breeds on sandbars in large rivers. Its two or three eggs are buried in warm sand.  It feeds by pecking for insects. The call is a high-pitched _krrr-krrr-krrr_.

## Other websites

- Egyptian plover at encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com
Clandestine cell system

A **clandestine cell system** is a way of organising a group of people so that it is kept secret. This is so the group are better able to resist people entering them or being found by an enemy. If a person only knows the others in the person's cell, then they cannot break the trust or confidence the others outside of his or her cell, either accidentally, or under interrogation. The cell can range from a strict hierarchy of people to a team of people. It is used by spy agencies, criminal organisations and guerilla and terrorist groups.
Boston (card game)

**Boston** is a trick-taking card game played by 4 people.  It is thought to have started in France in the 1770s. The game is similar to Whist.  It is a strategy game.  Each game takes about 25 minutes to play.

American Boston is a different way to play the game.  It is for 4 players in two partnerships with 2 packs of 52 cards.

## Other websites

- the card game at thefreedictionary.com
Boston Navy Yard

The **Boston Navy Yard** was one of the oldest shipbuilding places in the United States Navy. It was first called the **Charlestown Navy Yard** and later **Boston Naval Shipyard**.  It was started in 1801. It was officially closed as an active naval yard on July 1, 1974.  The USS _Constitution_ is still docked there.  The USS _Cassin Young_, a World War II-era destroyer, is there and is a museum ship.

## Other websites

- info

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **name**: Boston Naval Shipyard
- **nrhp type**: nhld
- **nocat**: yes
- **image**: Charlestown_Navy_Yard_Mystic_Wharf_Map_1912.jpg
- **caption**: 1912 Map of the Charlestown Navy Yard and Mystic Wharf
- **location**: Southeast of Chelsea Street, Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts
- **built**: 1800
- **architect**: Alexander Parris, et al.
- **added**: 15 November 1966
- **governing body**: National Park Service
- **refnum**: 66000134


## Infobox (military structure)

- **name**: Boston Navy Shipyard
- **location**: Boston, Massachusetts
- **type**: Shipyard
- **built**: 1800
- **used**: 1801–1975
- **controlledby**: United States Navy
Pick and roll

The **pick and roll**, also known as a **ball screen** or **screen and roll**, is a play in basketball.  A player stops in front of a defender to block, then goes around and receives a pass from a teammate. In the NBA, the play started to be used in the 1990s.  It is now used very often.
Moral hazard

**Moral hazard** is a term used in economics.  Nobel laureate Paul Krugman explains moral hazard as "any situation in which one person makes the decision about how much risk to take, while someone else bears the cost if things go badly."

In other words, a "moral hazard" is a situation where the possible costs of a risky action are not borne by the one taking the risk.
- Example: A person buys insurance against automobile theft.  After buying the protection against this kind of loss, the same person may be less cautious about locking his or her car.  If so, this is a kind of moral hazard.  The expected consequences of vehicle theft are now partly the responsibility of the insurance company.  Will the person show the same degree of care in locking the car regardless of whether there is insurance or insurance policy?

"Moral hazard" is a kind of reverse incentive (perverse incentive).

## History

The term "moral hazard" was first used in the 17th century.  The "moral" in "moral hazard" was understood to mean "subjective".  It was not used in a way that has anything to do with ethics.

In the 1960s, economists used the term to describe inefficiencies that occur because of information asymmetry. In economics, "moral hazard" as a special kind of market failure.

## Related pages

- Conflict of interest
- Feedback
- Game theory
- Unintended consequences

## Other websites

- PBS.org, Frontline: "Inside the Meltdown"
Tsukushi Province

, also known as , was a very old province of Japan, in the area of Chikuzen and Chikugo provinces.  This province was located within Fukuoka Prefecture.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan
Rate

**Rate** or **rates** may be:

- Rate (mathematics), a specific kind of ratio, in which two measurements are related to each other
- Rate of travel, or velocity
- Naval rating or rate, terms used to designate specialty or seniority of enlisted naval personnel.
- Rate of a ship, a term for a sail ship's firepower in the British Royal Navy
- Bit rate, number of bits that are processed per unit of time
- Rates, a Portuguese parish and town located in the municipality of Póvoa de Varzim
- Rates (tax) a type of property tax  in the United Kingdom

- In science and finance:
- Rate function, a function used to put a number to the probabilities of a rare event
- Rates (tax), a type of taxation system used to fund local government
- Reaction rate  in Chemistry
- Exchange rate, how much one currency is worth in terms of the other

- In human growth:
- Birth rate, the childbirths per 1,000 people per year
- Mortality rate, a measure of the number of deaths in some population

- As an initialism
- Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth, a project of creation geophysics
Ann Rutherford

**Therese Ann Rutherford** (November 2, 1917 – June 11, 2012), known as **Ann Rutherford**, was a Canadian-American actress in television, radio and movies. She playied Polly Benedict during the 1930s and 1940s in the Andy Hardy series. She played Scarlett O'Hara's sister in the movie _Gone With the Wind_ (1939).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ann Rutherford
- **image**: Ann Rutherford-publicity.JPG
- **caption**: Ann Rutherford in the 1940s.
- **birth name**: Therese Ann Rutherford
- **birth place**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, United States
- **death cause**: Heart failure
- **occupation**: Actress
- **education**: Fairfax High School (Los Angeles), Fairfax High School
- **nationality**: Canadian-American
- **years active**: 1935–1976
- **notable works**: _Gone with the Wind (movie), Gone with the Wind_,
_The Secret Life of Walter Mitty (movie), The Secret Life of Walter Mitty_
- **spouse**: David May
<small>(m. 1942–1953; divorced; 1 child)</small>
William Dozier
<small>(m. 1953–1991; his death)</small>
- **children**: Gloria May
- **awards**: 1988 Golden Boot Awards, Golden Boot Award
Hollywood Walk of Fame, Motion Picture
6834 Hollywood Blvd
 Hollywood Walk of Fame, Television
6331 Hollywood Blvd
Maurice Papon

**Maurice Papon** (September 3, 1910 – February 17, 2007) was a French civil servant. He led the police in major prefectures and in Paris during the Nazi Occupation of France and into the 1960s.  In 1998 he was convicted of crimes against humanity.  This was because he helped in making more than 1600 Jews move to concentration camps during World War II. He died of congestive heart failure.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Maurice Papon
- **image**: Maurice Papon 1.JPG
- **birth place**: Gretz-Armainvilliers, France
- **death place**: Pontault-Combault, France
- **nationality**: French
- **known for**: Participating in the deportation of over 1600 Jews during World War II, and ordering the 1961 and 1962 Paris massacres of demonstrators for Algeria's independence from colonial France.
- **occupation**: Civil servant and businessman