juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Fezouata Formation

The Upper and Lower **Fezouata formations** of Morocco are Burgess Shale type deposits dating to the Lower Ordovician. In the fossilized fauna were numerous organisms previously thought to have died out after the mid-Cambrian. The discovery proves conclusively that the Burgess Shale biota did not go extinct in the Cambrian.

## Biota

Over 1500 non-mineralized Burgess Shale types, representing 50 taxa, have been recovered from the formations. There are also a less abundant shelly fauna.  The make-up of the community varies significantly through the stratigraphic sequence, with both abundances and faunal composition changing as time progresses. Small (1–3 mm wide) burrows are present in the sediment, but major burrowing is absent; this may suggest a paucity of oxygen in the water or sediment.

Particularly notable is the presence of bryozoa and graptolites, forms that are absent in the Cambrian period. Various echinoderms indicate a normal range of salinity, and the overall shelly assemblage is not significantly different from the normal shelly fauna expected in open Ordovician waters.

The non-mineralized (soft-bodied)  fossils contains a range of forms familiar from the Burgess Shale. Other Ordovician oddballs are also present, including cheloniellids and horseshoe crabs in abundance.

### Depositional setting

The fossiliferous strata were deposited in quiet, deep waters, below the influence of wave action in all but the fiercest of storms.  Such storms, or similar high-energy events, would have mobilized sediment that could be quickly deposited, trapping animals and leading to their preservation.  Consequently, the assemblage is dominated by benthic organisms.

### Preservation

Fossils of the Fezouata formation, which are usually squashed flat (although some do retain some degree of their original three-dimensionality) are often coated with a dusting of pyrite, and tin; this aspect of the fossil preservation is very similar to that at Chengjiang.  Non-mineralized appendages are often preserved.

### Location

The fossils a span an area of 500 km<sup>2</sup>, in southeast Morocco's Draa Valley, north of Zagora.  Fossils are found are found through a 1.1 km-thick column of rock that spans the two lowest epochs of the Ordovician.

## History

The lagerstätten were first identified in the late 1990s when a local fossil collector, Ben Moula, showed some of the finds to a PhD student who was then working in the area.
1961 World Ice Hockey Championships

The **1961 World Ice Hockey Championships** was the 28th time the Ice Hockey World Championships were held. The tournament was in Geneva and Lausanne, Switzerland from March 1 to March 12, 1961. Canada won their nineteenth international title. It would be the last championship for Canada in thirty-three years. Canada was represented by the Trail Smoke Eaters.

### Final Round

|Place|Team|Matches|Won|Drawn|Lost|Difference|Points|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1||7|6|1|0|45 - 11|13|
|2||7|6|1|0|33 - 09|13|
|3||7|5|0|2|51 - 20|10|
|4||7|4|0|3|33 - 27|8|
|5||7|2|0|6|21 - 33|4|
|6||7|1|1|5|24 - 43|3|
|7||7|1|1|5|19 - 43|3|
|8||7|0|2|5|10 - 50|2|

### Final Round

|Place|Team|Matches|Won|Drawn|Lost|Difference|Points|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|9||5|4|0|1|27 - 09|8|
|10||5|3|2|0|21 - 11|8|
|11||5|2|1|2|17 - 15|5|
|12||5|2|1|2|19 - 20|5|
|13||5|1|0|4|13 - 17|2|
|14||5|1|0|4|10 - 35|2|

### Final Round

|Place|Team|Matches|Won|Drawn|Lost|Difference|Points|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|15||5|5|0|0|69 - 05|10|
|16||5|4|0|1|34 - 16|8|
|17||5|3|0|2|34 - 22|6|
|18||5|2|0|3|18 - 36|4|
|19||5|1|0|4|18 - 47|2|
|20||5|0|0|5|09 - 56|0|

## References

- Ottawa Citizen - 3 Feb 1961
- The Montreal Gazette - 6 Feb 1961
- The Hartford Courant, Feb 6, 1961, page 15
- New York Times, February 12, 1961, Page S6
- The Montreal Gazette - 13 Feb 1961
- The Pittsburgh Press - 17 Feb 1961
- Ottawa Citizen - 1 Mar 1961
- Tri City Herald - 8 Mar 1961
- The Montreal Gazette - 9 Mar 1961
- The Montreal Gazette - 11 Mar 1961

## Infobox (international ice hockey competition)

- **year**: 1961
- **country**: Switzerland
- **dates**: 1–12 March
- **num teams**: 8
- **winners**: Canada
- **winners-flagvar**: 1957
- **count**: 19
- **second**: Czechoslovakia
- **third**: USSR
- **third-flagvar**: 1955
- **fourth**: Sweden
- **games**: 28
- **goals**: 236
- **attendance**: 141300
- **scoring leader**: Boris Mayorov <small>17 points</small>
- **prevseason**: Ice hockey at the 1960 Winter Olympics, 1960 Olympics
- **nextseason**: 1962 World Ice Hockey Championships, 1962
1961 Stanley Cup Finals

The **1961 Stanley Cup Final** was played by the Detroit Red Wings and the Chicago Blackhawks. Chicago had not been in the Final since , and Detroit had last played in the Final in . The Blackhawks won the best-of-seven series four games to two, winning their third Stanley Cup. This ended up being the last time Chicago won the Cup until , a 49-year drought.

## The series

|Date|Visitors|Score|Home|Score|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|April 6|Detroit|2|**Chicago**|**3**||
|April 8|Chicago|1|**Detroit**|**3**||
|April 10|Detroit|1|**Chicago**|**3**||
|April 12|Chicago|1|**Detroit**|**2**||
|April 14|Detroit|2|**Chicago**|**6**||
|April 16|**Chicago**|**5**|Detroit|1||

## References

- Podnieks, Andrew; Hockey Hall of Fame (2004). _Lord Stanley's Cup_. Bolton, Ont.: Fenn Pub. pp 12, 50.

## Infobox (stanley cup final)

- **year**: 1961
- **team1**: **Chicago Blackhawks**
- **team1 short**: Chicago
- **team1 captain**: Ed Litzenberger
- **team1 coach**: Rudy Pilous
- **team2**: Detroit Red Wings
- **team2 short**: Detroit
- **team2 captain**: Gordie Howe
- **team2 coach**: Sid Abel
- **team1 1**: **3**
- **team1 2**: 1
- **team1 3**: **3**
- **team1 4**: 1
- **team1 5**: **6**
- **team1 6**: **5**
- **team1 tot**: **4**
- **team2 1**: 2
- **team2 2**: **3**
- **team2 3**: 1
- **team2 4**: **2**
- **team2 5**: 2
- **team2 6**: 1
- **team2 tot**: **2**
- **dates**: April 6 to April 16, 1961
- **location2**: Detroit, Michigan, MI (Detroit Olympia) <small>(2,4,6)</small>
- **location1**: Chicago, Illinois, IL (Chicago Stadium) <small>(1,3,5)</small>
- **team2 winner**: 1
- **series winner**: Ab McDonald <small>(18:49, second, G6)</small>
Wolf spider

A **Wolf spider** is a member of the group of spiders whose scientific name is the _Lycosidae._ _Lycos_ means "wolf" in Greek. These spiders get their name from the way they hunt, which the people who named them thought was like the way wolves hunt. However, wolves hunt in packs but spiders are solitary animals. Their way of hunting is more like that of solitary cats such as the cheetahs. They generally wait for their prey to wander close by, and then they rush in to kill it.

The wolf spiders belong to a large group. The smallest are less than 0.04 inches (1 mm) in body length. The largest are around 1.5 inches (38 mm) in body length. Some wolf spiders spend all of their lives above ground (taking the best shelter they can find), others dig burrows but come out of the burrows to wander about and hunt, and some spend almost all of their lives waiting for passing insects in their burrows.

One species of wolf spider gives us the name that is now used in English for an entirely different kind of spider. This is _Hogna tarantula_ because it found around Taranto, a city in Italy. People there once believed that if a human were bitten by one of these wolf spiders, they would surely die unless made to do a wild dance. Actually, _Hogna tarantula_ does not give bites that need medical help. Any deaths from spiders in the area of Taranto probably came from the local Widow spider.

After a female wolf spider mates, she creates a clear space on the ground, lays down a rough sheet of silk, and on top of that sheet she makes a silken cup in which she lays her eggs. She next closes the cup, making a round ball, and holds onto it using her spinnerets until the babies begin to hatch. She then opens the silk ball and lets the baby spiders come out. They all run up her legs and cover the top part of her body.. There may be more than one hundred baby spiders on her back.

As you can see from the second photograph, mother wolf spiders carry their baby spiders around on their backs. They protect the babies for a few days, and then the babies leave her and go off on their own.

## Is it a wolf spider?

There are several kinds of spiders that look almost like wolf spiders. The best way to be sure is to look at the eyes. There are four small eyes at the bottom, then two very large eyes, then two somewhat smaller eyes.

## Various kinds of wolf spider

Wolf spiders come in various sizes, ranging from 2 millimeter to 40 millimeter in size (more than an inch in body size).
Andrea Cano

**Andrea Cano** (born 18 May 1976) is an Italian football manager and former player. He played as a goalkeeper. He is currently a coach for goalkeepers at Padova.

## Other websites

- Profile at Legaserieb.it
- Profile  at Football.it

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Andrea Cano
- **fullname**: Andrea Cano
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
- **currentclub**: Calcio Padova
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **years1**: 1995–1996
- **clubs1**: A.S.D. Narnese Calcio, Narnese
- **caps1**: 8
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1996–1997
- **clubs2**: S.S. Lazio, Lazio
- **caps2**: 0
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 1997–1998
- **clubs3**: Narnese
- **caps3**: 34
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 1998–2003
- **clubs4**: Frosinone Calcio, Frosinone
- **caps4**: 142
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2003–2005
- **clubs5**: S.S. Virtus Lanciano 1924, Lanciano
- **caps5**: 65
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2005–2012
- **clubs6**: Calcio Padova, Padova
- **caps6**: 166
- **goals6**: 0
- **years7**: 2012–2013
- **clubs7**: Bassano Virtus 55 S.T., Bassano Virtus
- **caps7**: 23
- **goals7**: 0
- **years8**: 2013–2014
- **clubs8**: A.C. Delta Porto Tolle, Delta Porto Tolle
- **caps8**: 20
- **goals8**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 2015–2016
- **managerclubs1**: Abano Calcio, Abano (youth goalkeepers)
- **manageryears2**: 2016–
- **managerclubs2**: Calcio Padova, Padova (youth goalkeepers)
- **pcupdate**: 8 August 2016
- **ntupdate**: 8 August 2016
Web feed

A **web feed** is an XML-based document which contains a sequence of content items. Web logs or blogs are a common source for web feeds. However, web feeds may also be associated with different sources other than blogs.

The term syndication is used to describe the availability of a web feed for an information source, such as a blog. This is also known as "publishing" a feed.

The term aggregation is used to describe the process of combining the contents of multiple web feeds, such as for display on a single web page. This is also known as "subscribing" to a web feed.

Web feeds are designed to be machine readable, so there is no requirement that they be destined only for user consumption. For example, business partners could use web feeds to exchange information without any user intervention.

Web feeds are commonly in RSS or Atom "feed" format. They may also be in RDF format.
Sagrera railway station

**Estació de la Sagrera** () is an upcoming major transport railway. It will be in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The railway is currently under construction. They believe it will be finished by 2016-2020. The train will be at Barcelona Metro station that will serve the north of the city. It will include services from AVE high-speed rail. The Spanish Ministry of Public Works, Generalitat de Catalunya and the Barcelona City Council gave money to have the train completed. The complex will be fully underground excepting for the station building, with two levels of platforms, accounting for a total of 18 railway tracks.

## Other websites

- Sagrera at Gencat.net
- Model
- Sagrera station at Vialibre-ffe.com
- Interactive map of the area from Bcn.cat
Connectivity

**Connect**, **connection**, **connections**, **connected**, or **connectivity** can be:

## Technology

- Kinect controller for Xbox

## Music

- Connect Music Festival

## Related pages

- Kinect
- Musical form
Cross-conjugation

In chemistry, **cross-conjugation** is a special type of conjugation (a form of connection between two things) in a molecule. When in a set of 3 Pi bonds two pi bonds interact with each other by "conjugation".

## References

<div class="references-small">
</div>

## Other websites

- IUPAC definition
Eric Serra

**Eric Serra** (born 9 September 1959) is a French composer, often working with Luc Besson on his movie scores. He has won many awards for his works.

## Biography

Éric Serra's father Claude was a famous French songwriter in the 1950s and '60s. Because Claude worked on his music around his son Eric; he became aware of music when he was very young. Eric's mother had died when he was only seven years old. In the early 1980s, Serra had met Luc Besson. Besson was a movie director. Besson had asked Serra to write a score his first movie _Le Dernier Combat_ (1983). Serra then began creating scores to most of Besson's movies.

In 1995, Serra was chosen to write the score to GoldenEye. The 17th James Bond movie was directed by Martin Campbell. The score had mixed feedback from film critics.

## Movie scores

- _Arthur and the War of the Two Worlds_ (2010)
- _The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec_ (2010)
- _Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard_ (2009)
- _Arthur and the Invisibles_ (2006)
- _Bandidas_ (2006)
- _Bulletproof Monk_ (2003)
- _Rollerball_ (2002)
- _Décalage horaire_ (2002)
- _Wasabi_ (2001)
- _L'Art (délicat) de la séduction_ (2001)

- _The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc_ (1999)
- _The Fifth Element_ (1997)
- _GoldenEye_ (1995)
- _Léon_
- _Atlantis_ (1991)
- _Nikita_
- _The Big Blue_
- _Kamikaze_ (1986)
- _Subway_ (1985)
- _La Nuit du flingueur_ (1984) (TV)
- _Le Dernier Combat_ (1983)
- _L'Avant dernier_ (1981) (short film)

## Other websites

- Fan Site
- Official Criss Angel Believe show website
Education in the United States

**Education in the United States** is provided by the public sector. The federal, state and local governments control and give funds to help local schools. Public education is available everywhere in the United States. School's curriculum, funds, teaching, employment and other policies are created by the elected school boards. There are also private schools, which cost money to attend.

## Schools

School districts are sometimes different from other local jurisdictions. They have their own officials and budgets. Education standards and state tests are created by the state governments. Since child education is required by law, ages to start school are different from each state. Children usually start school between the ages of five to six. They usually end their education when they are between the ages of seventeen and eighteen. Education requirements can be done by educating children in public schools, private schools (who is known by the government to be trusted) or a home school program. In most public schools, education is divided into three levels. The first level is elementary school. Grades in elementary school are different in each state. The second level is middle school. Grades in middle school are different in each state as well. The last level is high school. In some states, middle school is called "junior high school". Grades in high school are also different in each state. After a child has completed their senior year (12th grade), they will earn a high school diploma.

## Colleges and universities

If a child would like to continue on with their education or want to start a career, they can apply for college. After four years at a university or college, they will earn a bachelor's degree in one subject. Students can also choose to attend a two-year community college. Some two-year community colleges are called "Junior colleges". Colleges are not required and are not forced by local laws. Students must pay to attend college, but the price is lowered if they get a scholarship. After college, the now adult can earn a number of certificates for a career. Graduate school is another option after college. A student can earn a master's degree or Ph.D. in any subject. They may go to medical school to earn an M.D. and become a physician, law school to earn a J.D. and become a lawyer, or business school to earn an MBA.

## Other websites

- EducationUSA: Your Guide to US Higher Education
- Search Training Providers in the US | Coursetakers.com
- U.S. Department of Education
- National Center for Education Statistics
- National Assessment of Educational Progress
1961 Memorial Cup

The **1961 Memorial Cup** final was the 43rd junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The teams involved were the Toronto St. Michael's Majors of the Ontario Hockey Association who played against the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Central Alberta Hockey League. St. Michael's won their 4th Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 4 games to 2.

## Scores

- Game 1: St. Michael's 4-0 Edmonton
- Game 2: St. Michael's 4-1 Edmonton
- Game 3: St. Michael's 4-2 Edmonton
- Game 4: Edmonton 5-4 St. Michael's
- Game 5: Edmonton 4-2 St. Michael's
- Game 6: St. Michael's 4-2 Edmonton

## Winning roster

Arnie Brown, Andre Champagne, Gerry Cheevers, Jack Cole, Paul Conlin, Terry Clancy, Bruce Draper, Dave Draper, Dave Dryden, Roger Galipeau, Paul Jackson, Larry Keenan, Duncan MacDonald, Bill MacMillan, Barry MacKenzie, Peter Noakes, Terry O'Malley, Sonny Osborne, Brian Walsh. **Coach:** Father David Bauer.
Ergonomic keyboard

An **ergonomic keyboard** is a computer keyboard. It has a more comfortable design intended to lower the chances of muscle strain and a lot of other related problems. These keyboards are created in a "V" shape. This can allow the right and left hand to type in a more natural position.
1962 Memorial Cup

The **1962 Memorial Cup** final was the 44th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The teams playing were the Hamilton Red Wings of the Ontario Hockey Association who completed against the Edmonton Oil Kings. Hamilton won their 1st Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 4 games to 1.

## Scores

- Game 1: Hamilton 5-2 Edmonton (in Hamilton)
- Game 2: Hamilton 4-2 Edmonton (in Guelph)
- Game 3: Edmonton 5-3 Hamilton (in Guelph)
- Game 4: Hamilton 3-0 Edmonton (in Guelph)
- Game 5: Hamilton 7-4 Edmonton (in Kitchener)

## Winning roster

Bud Blom, Joe Bujdoso, Bryan Campbell, Bob Dean, John Gofton, Bob Hamilton, Ron Harris, Larry Harrop, Earl Heiskala, Paul Henderson, Roger LaFreniere, Lowell MacDonald, Pit Martin, Jim Peters, Wayne Rivers, Bob Wall, Jack Wildfong, Larry Ziliotto. **Captain:** Howie Menard **Coach:** Eddie Bush
2011 in sports

**2011 in sports** will describe the year's events in world sport.
Elissa

**Elissar Zakaria Khoury** () was born on October 27, 1971 in Deir el Ahmar, Lebanon. She is known simply as "Elissa". She is a Lebanese singer.

## Biography

Elissa was born on October 27, 1971 to a Lebanese father Zakaria Khoury and a Syrian-Lebanese mother Youmna Suud. In 1992, she competed in "Studio El Fan" and won a silver medal. She released her debut album _Baddi Doub_ in 1999 with EMI. In 2006, Elissa released _Bastanak_, her fifth studio album. _Bastanak_ () became her most successful album. It peaked at number-one in eight Arab music charts. The album won the World Music Award for "Best Arabic Artist". She has done a lot of duets with famous Arab and international singers as well. She has done duets with Ragheb Alama, Cheb Mami, Fadl Shaker, Chris DeBurgh and Gypsy Kings.

## Discography

- 1999: _Baddi Doub_
- 2000: _W'akherta Ma'ak_
- 2002: _Ayshalak_
- 2004: _Ahla Donya_
- 2006: _Bastanak_
- 2008: _Ayami Beek_
- 2009: _Tsadaq Bmein_

## Videography

|align="center"|Year|align="left"|Title|align="left"|Album|align="center" width="150"|Director|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" rowspan="1"|1998|align="left" rowspan="1"|"Baddi Doub" <small>(Feat. Gerard Ferrer)</small>|align="left" rowspan="1"|_Baddi Doub_|align="left" rowspan="3"|Marc Hadifé|
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2000|align="left" rowspan="1"|"W'akherta Ma'ak"|align="left" rowspan="2"|_W'akherta Ma'ak_|||
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2001|align="left" rowspan="1"|"Betghib, Betrouh" <small>(Feat. Ragheb Alama)</small>"|||||
|align="center" rowspan="3"|2002|align="left" rowspan="1"|"Lebanese Nights" <small>(Feat. Chris DeBurgh)</small>|align="left" rowspan="1"|Timing Is Everything|align="left" rowspan="1"|Salim El Turk|
|align="left" rowspan="1"|"Ayshalak"|align="left" rowspan="2"|_Ayshalak_|align="left" rowspan="1"|Fabric Begotti|||
|align="left" rowspan="1"|"Ajmal Ihssas"|align="left" rowspan="1"|Salim El Turk|||||
|align="center" rowspan="2"|2004|align="left" rowspan="1"|"Kol Youm Fi Omry"|align="left" rowspan="3"|_Ahla Donya_|align="left" rowspan="1"|Said El Marouk|
|align="left" rowspan="1"|"Erga' Le Shou'"|align="left" rowspan="1"|Brandon Dickerson|||||
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2005|align="left" rowspan="1"|"Hobak Waja' [Inta Lameen]"|align="left" rowspan="1"|Salim El Turk|||
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2006|align="left" rowspan="1"|"Bastanak"|align="left" rowspan="2"|_Bastanak_|align="left" rowspan="1"|Brandon Dickerson|
|2007|"Law Ta'arafouh"|align="left" rowspan="1"|Yannick Saillet|||||
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2008|align="left" rowspan="1"|"Bitmoun"|align="left" rowspan="2"|_Ayami Beek_|align="left" rowspan="2"|Waleed Nassif|
|2009|Awakher el Sheta|||||||
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2010|align="left" rowspan="1"|"Aa Bali Habibi"|align="left" rowspan="2"|_Tsadaq Bmein_|align="left" rowspan="1"|Mazen Fayad|
|2011|"Tsadaq Bmein"|align="left" rowspan="1"|Emile Sleilaty|||||
Order of the Solar Temple

The **Order of the Solar Temple** (or **Ordre du Temple Solaire**, **International Chivalric Organization of the Solar Tradition**) was a secret society. It existed in the second half of the 20th century. It was based on the belief that the Knights Templar still existed.

OTS was started by Joseph Di Mambro and Luc Jouret in 1984 in Geneva as _l'Ordre International Chevaleresque de Tradition Solaire_ (OICTS) and renamed _Ordre du Temple Solaire_.

OTS is considered to be a sect. The organisation was involved in mass suicides in France, Switzerland and Canada. The beliefs of the society were a mix of protestant Christianity and New Age philosophy; it also used and changed different Freemason rituals.

74 members were killed in four events that occurred in 1994, 1995 and 1997. Today these events are seen either as mass murder or as collective suicide.
Epistemic community

**Epistemic community** is a large network of people who work towards a common knowledge-based goal—like the community of people who work together to create and maintain Wikipedia.

An epistemic community is a group of people who do not have any specific history together. They join to form a kind of community based on a similar focus on an information-based project.

The community group can be made of people with a range of special interests.

This kind of community has four characteristics or typical features:
1. a _shared set of principles_ or value-based explanations for how the community functions.
1. a _shared understanding of the way things happen_, including problems and policies and outcomes.
1. _shared ideas about what is acceptable_ or valid according to specially defined ideas and evaluation practices.
1. a _common enterprise_ or shared goals.

The shared explanations for how the community functions includes "the appalling silence of  good people", which encourages the growth of perverse incentives.

An example of a scientific epistemic community is the 1975 Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP).  This is a marine pollution control regime for the Mediterranean Sea developed by the United Nations.

## Related pages

- Epistemology
- Invisible College
- Royal Society
- Intensity of preference

## Other websites

- UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan website .

- Dobusch, Leonhard and Sigrid Quack, _Epistemic Communities and Social Movements: Transnational Dynamics in the Case of Creative Commons,"  _Max-Planck-Institut für Gesellschaftsforschung, Köln_ (Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne), September 2008.
- Fallis, Don. "Toward an Epistemology of Wikipedia," _Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,'' Vol. 59, No. 10, pp. 1662-1674, 2008.
Biosemiotics

**Biosemiotics** is a science where the models of sign processes are used to study living systems. Unlike biophysics, biochemistry and molecular biology, sciences where the quantitative physical laws are used to explain the living things, biosemioticians study the organisms and phenomena of life on the basis of qualitative semiotic principles.

## Bibliography

- Emmeche, Claus; Kull, Kalevi (eds.) (2011). _Towards a Semiotic Biology: Life is the Action of Signs_. London: Imperial College Press.
University of Tartu

**University of Tartu** is the main university in Estonia. It is in Tartu. It is the second oldest university in Northern Europe. It was established in 1632.  The first pharmacology department in the world was set up here by Rudolf Buchheim in 1847.

The university is particularly famous due to its semiotics school established by Juri Lotman.
Marcel Dionne

**Marcel Elphege "Little Beaver" Dionne** (born August 3, 1951) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings, Los Angeles Kings and New York Rangers. Dionne entered the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992.
Infant mortality

**Infant mortality** is a measure of how many babies die during the first 12 months after birth. It is usually measured as being a number of deaths for every thousand births. The rate of infant mortality in a given place is the total number of babies dying under one year of age divided by the total number of live births during the year, then all multiplied by 1,000. For example, in 2009 the infant mortality rate in the USA was 6.8. That means for every 1000 births, 6.8 babies will die before the age of one.

In 2013, the leading cause of babies dying in the United States was birth defects. Other common reasons that babies die include suffocating during birth, pneumonia, getting an infection soon after birth, diarrhea, malaria, measles and not having enough nutrients. It also includes problems during birth. For example the fetus may come out of the birth canal wrong, the umbilical cord may come out too soon, or labor may take too much time. One of the most common reasons that babies die that can be avoided is smoking during pregnancy. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy and taking illegal drugs also cause problems that may result in the baby dying. Many situational things can affect how often babies die. These include: how much education the pregnant woman got, what the place is like, politics in that place, and how much healthcare is available.

## Related pages

- Least developed country
What a Girl Wants

"**What a Girl Wants**" is a 1999 pop song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her first album _Christina Aguilera_. It peaked at number one on the _Billboard_ Hot 100. The song was nominated for _Best Female Pop Vocal Performance_ at the 43rd Grammy Awards but lost to Macy Gray's "I Try".

## Charts

|Chart|Peak Position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|Australia|style="text-align:center;"|5|
|Austria|style="text-align:center;"|22|
|Belgium (Flanders)|style="text-align:center;"|8|
|Belgium (Wallonia)|style="text-align:center;"|16|
|Finland|style="text-align:center;"|12|
|France|style="text-align:center;"|11|
|Netherlands|style="text-align:center;"|14|
|New Zealand|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|Spain|style="text-align:center;"|1|
|Sweden|style="text-align:center;"|24|
|Switzerland|style="text-align:center;"|17|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: What a Girl Wants
- **artist**: Christina Aguilera
- **album**: Christina Aguilera (album), Christina Aguilera
- **b-side**: Too Beautiful for Words
- **recorded**: 1998
- **genre**: Pop, R&B
- **label**: RCA Records
- **writer**: Shelly Peiken, Guy Roche
- **producer**: Guy Roche
- **prev title**: Genie in a Bottle
- **prev year**: 1999
- **next title**: I Turn to You
- **next year**: 2000
Bryan Trottier

**Bryan John Trottier** (born July 17, 1956) is a Canadian-American retired professional ice hockey centre who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Islanders and Pittsburgh Penguins. He won four Stanley Cups with the Islanders, two with the Penguins and one as an assistant coach with the Colorado Avalanche.

On August 4, 2014, Trottier was hired to be an assistant coach of the Buffalo Sabres.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Bryan Trottier.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Trottier playing with the All-Star Legends in 2008
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 195
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **ntl team 2**: USA
- **played for**: New York Islanders
Pittsburgh Penguins
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **birth place**: Val Marie, Saskatchewan, Val Marie, Saskatchewan, SK, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1975
- **career end**: 1994
- **draft**: 22nd overall
- **draft year**: 1974
- **draft team**: New York Islanders
- **wha draft**: 18th overall
- **wha draft year**: 1974
- **wha draft team**: Cincinnati Stingers
- **halloffame**: 1997
Woohoo

**"Woohoo"** is a song sung by Christina Aguilera and Nicki Minaj, from Aguilera's 2010 album _Bionic_. The song was written by Aguilera, Minaj, Claude Kelly, Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones and Ester Dean. It is a uptempo electrohop song with R&B and hip hop influences; lyrically it speaks of cunnilingus. The song was released on May 18, 2010 as the second single from Aguilera's _Bionic_ album.
Romney Marsh

**Romney Marsh** is a coastal marshland of southern England. It runs from Hythe in Kent to Rye in East Sussex.  It covers about 100 miles<sup>2</sup> (260 km<sup>2</sup>). Romney Marsh is one of three English wetlands, the others being The Fens of East Anglia and the Somerset Levels.

Much of the area has been reclaimed over the centuries, and is now flat farmland. Before the area was drained, it was a cause of malaria among the inhabitants. For much of its history, the Marsh was fringed by a lagoon, which was protected by a shingle beach at Dymchurch.

The Marsh still contains some water features, particularly the Royal Military Canal, completed in 1809, and the River Rother.

At Romney Marsh the coast is at its closest to France, and was several times the point of invasion. In AD 892, a Danish fleet of 250 ships sailed right into the River Rother and took the fortress at Appledore (allegedly built by King Arthur), which they destroyed.

The Romans used the Romney area for a salt industry. Pans of brackish water were left to evaporate, and the salt collected for use in food.

The marsh includes two of the ancient Cinque Ports, New Romney and Hythe, and two ancient towns, Rye and Winchelsea. New Romney was once a port, but is now a mile and a half from the sea. It is the main centre of population on the Marsh.
Padua Airport

**Padua Airport** or **Gino Allegri** () , in Padua, Italy, is the principal airport serving Padua.

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Padua “Gino Allegri” Airport
- **nativename**: Aeroporto di Padova “Gino Allegri”
- **image**: Terminal dell'aeroporto di Padova2.JPG
- **iata**: QPA
- **icao**: LIPU
- **wmo**: 16095, 16582
- **type**: Civil and militar
- **city-served**: Padua
- **location**: Via Sorio, 8935141
- **elevation-f**: 44
- **elevation-m**: 13
- **pushpin map**: Italy
- **pushpin label**: **LIPU**
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Italy
- **r1-number**: 04/22
- **r1-length-f**: 3681
- **r1-length-m**: 1122
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt
- **footnotes**: Sources: World Aero Data
Toxaphene

**Toxaphene** is a chemical substance that is very toxic. It is a persistent organic pollutant, and one of the twelve substances listed in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Its use is banned since 1993. It was used as an insecticide. It was mainly the cotton and soybean growers who used it. It was also used to treat Mange in cattle. The substance damages the lungs, the nervous system and the kidneys. It is a carcinogen and causes mutations and birth defects. Because it is very volatile, it travels easily through the environment.
Eduard Strauss

**Eduard Strauss** (15 March 1835, Vienna – 28 December 1916, Vienna) was a Viennese composer of light music. He was also a conductor. He was the brother of the more famous composers Johann Strauss II and Josef Strauss, the son of Johann Strauss I, and the father of Johann Strauss III.

## Other websites

- Eduard Strauss on the Johann Strauss Society of Great Britain
- A complete list of Eduard Strauss' compositions
Jug (container)

A **jug** is a type of container that holds liquid (e.g. water). It has an opening that is often small. This is where the liquid is poured from. Jugs nearly always have a handle.

## Related pages

- Harvest jug
- Jug wine
Paul Goldschmidt

**Paul Edward Goldschmidt** (born September 10, 1987 in Wilmington, Delaware) is an American baseball player. He currently plays as a first baseman for the  St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball (MLB). He debuted for the Diamondbacks on August 1, 2011 in a game against the San Francisco Giants.

## Other websites

- Paul Goldschmidt at mlb.com

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Paul Goldschmidt
- **image**: Paulgoldschmidt1.jpg
- **position**: First baseman
- **team**: Arizona Diamondbacks
- **number**: 44
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Wilmington, Delaware
- **debutdate**: August 1
- **debutyear**: 2011
- **debutteam**: Arizona Diamondbacks
- **statyear**: 2011
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .250
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 8
- **stat3label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 26
- **teams**: * Arizona Diamondbacks (2011–_present_)
Dendritic cell

**Dendritic cells** (DCs) are white blood cells forming part of the mammalian immune system. They process antigen material from pathogens and put it on their surface. There it touches other cells of the immune system.  So, dendritic cells are antigen-presenting cells. They act as messengers between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Dendritic cells are present in tissues in contact with the external environment. These tissues are the skin, and the inner lining of the nose, lungs, stomach and intestines. They can also be found in an immature and mature state in the blood.

## Young dentritics

Dedritic cells develop from monocytes, white blood cells which circulate in the body. Depending on the signal, monocytes turn into either dendritic cells or macrophages. The monocytes are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow.

Immature dendritic cells constantly sample their surrounds for pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. This is done through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as the toll-like receptors (TLRs).

They eat pathogens and break down their proteins into small pieces and put these fragments on their cell surface using MHC molecules. Once activated, these cells move to the lymph nodes and become mature. They switch on cell-surface receptors which activate T cells and B cells to start and shape the adaptive immune response.

## History

Dendritic cells were first described by Paul Langerhans (Langerhans cells) in the late nineteenth century. It wasn't until 1973, however, that Ralph Steinman and Zanvil  Cohn gave them the name 'dendritic cells'. For discovering the central role of dendritic cells in the adaptive immune response, Steinman was awarded the Albert Lasker Award in 2007, and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2011.
Ralph Steinman

**Ralph Marvin Steinman** (January 14, 1943 – September 30, 2011) was a Canadian immunologist and cell biologist at Rockefeller University. He studied a kind of cell in the immune system and called them _dendritic cells_. He made these discoveries while working in the laboratory of Zanvil A. Cohn. He was of Jewish descent.

On October 3, 2011, the Nobel Committee announced that Steinman had received one-half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity". The other half went to Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffmann, for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity". However, the committee did not know that Steinman had died three days earlier, on September 30, from pancreatic cancer. The committee considered what to do about Steinman's prize, since the rule is that the prize is not awarded posthumously.

The committee later decided that, as the decision to award the prize "was made in good faith", they would not change the award.

Steinman's daughter said that he had joked the previous week with his family about hanging on until the prize announcement. Steinman said: "I know I have got to hold out for that. They don't give it to you if you have passed away. I got to hold out for that".

Steinman had received numerous other awards and recognitions for his life-long work on dendritic cells, such as the Albert Lasker Award (2007), the Gairdner Foundation International Award (2003), and the Cancer Research Institute William B. Coley Award (1998). In addition, he was made a member of Institute of Medicine (U.S.A.; elected 2002) and the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.A.; elected 2001).

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Ralph Steinman
- **image**: RMSt.jpg
- **birth name**: Ralph Marvin Steinman
- **birth place**: Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **citizenship**: Canadian nationality law, Canadian
- **nationality**: Canadians, Canadian
- **fields**: Immunology and cell biology
- **workplaces**: Rockefeller University, New York City
- **alma mater**: McGill University
Harvard University
- **academic advisors**: Elizabeth Hay (Harvard)
James G. Hirsch and Zanvil A. Cohn (Rockefeller University)
- **known for**: Discovery of dendritic cells and its role in adaptive immunity
- **awards**: 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (posthumous)
Residual-current device

A **ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)**, or **Residual Current Device (RCD)** is a type of circuit breaker. This type shuts off electric power (or breaks the electrical circuit),   to protect people from an electric shock caused when some of the current travels through a person's body due to an electrical fault such as a short circuit, insulation failure, or equipment that is not working right.

Standard  circuit breakers<nowiki/> shut off power when the current is too high, like 10, 15, or 20 amps. This protects machinery, and is often good enough to prevent hurting people.

The GFCI / RCD breaks the circuit when it detects an imbalance of only 0.005 amps (0.030 amps in Australia and some European and Asian countries).  Even this small amount of current, 0.030 amps, going through one human body might possibly kill, by causing paralysis of skeletal muscles and stopping the heart.

A standard circuit breaker protects the house electrical wires, receptacles and switches, and appliances and fixtures from dangerous conditions, which could contribute to overheating and possible fire.  A GFCI / RCD  protects people from shock and electrocution and is often found in bathrooms or kitchens where electrical devices may be used near water. While using electrical devices in these locations, someone's bare skin may be in contact with water or a wet floor or metal fixtures.  Any of these can provide an alternate path for current to travel in the case of an electrical fault.

A GFCI / RCD can also prevent dangers from short circuits and other electrical faults that don't involve humans such as a low current short where the current never reaches the trigger point for a circuit breaker, e.g. a live wire falls in a tub of water or moist soil and only 1 or 2 amps of current flow.

## Requirements

There are many types of gfci devices that includes several circuit breaker gfci devices as well as receptacle gfci devices. Typically the NES code states that any outlet within 6 feet of a sink or tub or shower enclosure must be a gfci outlet. And that they be on a 20 amp circuit for bathrooms and kitchens. Some municipalities require both a gfci circuit breaker and gfci outlets. Some others require that only the circuit breaker be gfci without necessarily having to install gfci outlets. Outlets that are not within the 6 foot parameter of a water fixture are not required to be gfci.

The National Electric Code (NEC) requires GFCI protection in dwelling on kitchen counter tops, bathrooms, unfinished basements not intended as habitable rooms, crawl spaces, garages, sinks where the receptacles are installed within 6 feet from the top edge of the bowl of the sink, boathouse<nowiki/>s, bathtubs or shower stalls where receptacles are installed within 6 feet from the edge of the bathtub or shower, laundry areas, outdoors except for receptacles that are not readily accessible and are supplied by a branch circuit dedicated to electric snow-melting. De-icing, or pipeline and vessel heating equipment shall be installed in accordance with NEC 426.28 or 427.22 as applicable.

GFCI protection is required on construction sites.
Bruce Beutler

**Bruce Alan Beutler** M.D. (born December 29, 1957 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American immunologist and geneticist of Jewish descent. Together with Jules Hoffmann, he received one-half of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for "discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" (the other half went to Ralph Steinman for "his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity").

Beutler is currently Director of the Center for the Genetics of Host Defense at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas and Professor and Chairman of the Department of Genetics at The Scripps Research Institute, in La Jolla, California. His father, Ernest Beutler, a hematologist and medical geneticist, was also a Professor and Department Chairman at Scripps.

## Scientific discoveries

Beutler is best known for his pioneering molecular and genetic studies of inflammation and innate immunity. Interested in the mechanism by which lipopolysacchride (LPS) activates mammalian immune cells, Beutler identified the LPS receptor. Identification of the receptor hinged on the positional cloning (a method of gene identification) of the mammalian _Lps_ locus, which had been known since the 1960s as a key gene for biological responses to LPS.

Beutler thus discovered the key sensors of microbial infection in mammals. He found that one of the mammalian toll-like receptors, TLR4, acts as the membrane-spanning component of the mammalian LPS receptor complex. The TLRs work in the perception of microbes. Ten are now known in humans. Each detects signature molecules produced early in an infection. These receptors also work in severe illness, including shock and systemic inflammation as it occurs in the course of an infection. They are also active in sterile inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. The research on TLRs won him the Nobel Prize in 2011.

The positional cloning of _Lps_ was completed in 1998. Beutler continued to analyse immunity in mammals. His work found numerous signalling molecules of the innate immune response, and helped to work out the biochemistry of innate immunity.
Jules Hoffmann

**Jules A. Hoffmann** (born 2 August 1941) is a Luxembourg-born French biologist. He is a research director and member of the board of administrators of the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) in Strasbourg, France. In 2007, he became President of the French Academy of Sciences.

Together with Bruce Beutler, Hoffmann received one-half of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity". Hoffmann discovered the function of the fruit fly _Toll_ gene in innate immunity. Its mammalian homologues, the toll-like receptors, were discovered by Beutler. Toll-like receptors identify constituents of other organisms like fungi and bacteria, and trigger an immune response. This explains how septic shock can be triggered by bacterial remains.

## Education

Hoffmann completed his PhD in biology at the University of Strasbourg in 1969. His post-doctoral training was at the Institut für Physiologische Chemie at Philipps-Universität in Marburg an der Lahn, Germany in 1973–1974.

## Research

Hoffmann was a research assistant at CNRS from 1964 to 1968, and became a research associate in 1969. Since 1974 he has been a Research Director of CNRS. Between 1978 and 2005 he was Director of the CNRS research unit "Immune Response and Development in Insects", and from 1993 to 2005 he was director of the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of CNRS in Strasbourg.

Hoffmann is a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, the French National Academy of Sciences, the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Russian Academy of Sciences.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Jules A. Hoffmann
- **image**: Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KI-DSC 7581.jpg
- **birth place**: Echternach, Luxembourg
- **nationality**: France, French
- **fields**: Medicine
- **workplaces**: CNRS
- **alma mater**: University of Strasbourg
- **awards**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Autoimmune disease

**Autoimmune disease** is when the body's immune system attacks its own body. The function of the immune system is to recognise and reject foreign bodies like bacteria. Sometimes the system goes wrong, and the body itself gets damaged by its immune system. Examples are:

- Crohn's disease
- Graves' disease
- Type 1 diabetes
- Multiple sclerosis
- Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (also called juvenile idiopathic arthritis)
- Coeliac disease
- Myasthenia gravis
Factoid

**Factoid** is stating a fact that is not backed up by evidence.  The factoid may not be trusted because
- (a) it is actually false, or
- (b) because evidence to support it cannot be checked.
Factoids become widely treated as if they were true.

In 1973, the term _factoid_ was created and first used by Norman Mailer.

A factoid is "an item of unreliable information which is repeated so often that it becomes accepted as a fact".  The most important thing is that the factoid is widely believed.  A factoid refers to something that looks like a fact, could be a fact, but in fact is not a fact.

The term can also be used to describe partial information without context.
Allotropes of carbon

There are several **allotropes of carbon**.   Diamond and graphite are the most famous.

Allotropes are different forms of the same chemical element. All elements are made up uniquely of their own atoms.  Any physical differences are because of how the atoms are joined together. Many elements show allotropy because there are a number of ways in which the atoms can be linked together. Also there are different ways in how the molecules can be arranged to make larger structures.

Diamond is one of the best known allotropes of carbon. Its hardness and high dispersion of light make it good for use in jewellery. It also has industrial uses. Diamond is the hardest known natural mineral. This makes it an excellent abrasive. A diamond also holds its luster well.

Both diamond and graphite have extremely high melting point, which is unusual for nonmetallic element.  Graphite is a conductor, a semimetal (an element that is partially a metal and a nonmetal, such as black phosphorus and grey selenium).  It can be used, for instance, as the material in the electrodes of an electrical arc lamp. Graphite is the most stable form of solid carbon ever discovered.