juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri

**Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri** (17 August 178222 August 1868) was a 19th century French set designer. He was born in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, and died in Saint-Chéron, Essonne. Cicéri designed the scenery for the first performance of _La belle au bois dormant_ which opened on 2 March 1825 at the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique in Paris. He also designed the sets for a ballet version of _Jocko ou le Singe du Brésil_ (_Jocko or the Monkey of Brazil_) by Frédéric-Auguste Blache with music by Alexandre Piccinni. The ballet was first performed at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin in Paris on 16 March 1825. He designed the scenery for the first performance of the ballet _Giselle_ in 1841. The ballet opened at the Opéra and was especially acclaimed for the setting of its second act. He was awarded a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.
Jesse Robredo

**Jesse Manalastas Robredo** (May 27, 1958 – August 18, 2012) was the Secretary of the Interior and Local Government of the Philippines. Robredo was a member of the Liberal Party.

Until his death in 2012, Robredo was married to Leni Gerona who is the 14th and current Vice President of the Philippines.

On July 9, 2010, President Benigno Aquino III named Robredo as Secretary of the Interior and Local Government. Robredo was a former Mayor of Naga City in Camarines Sur. He was the first Filipino Mayor to receive the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service in 2000.

On August 18, 2012 (PHT), the aircraft carrying Robredo crashed off Masbate bay. He was scheduled to attend a political event in Naga City. The Philippine Department of Interior and Local Government said that the pilot sent a distress call to the Masbate airport. The pilot was requesting an emergency landing. The plane never made it to the airport and crashed in the ocean. His body was retrieved three days later, August 21, 800 meters from the shore and 180 feet below sea level.

## Other websites

- DILG Regional Office No. 5
- City Mayors profile

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birth name**: Jesse Manalastas Robredo
- **image**: Jesse Robredo cropped.jpg
- **president**: Benigno Aquino III
- **office**: Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (Philippines), Department of the Interior and Local Government of the Philippines
- **term start**: July 9, 2010
- **term end**: August 18, 2012
- **predecessor**: Benigno Aquino III
- **successor**: Paquito Ochoa, Jr. <small>(acting)</small>
- **office2**: Mayor of Naga City
- **term start2**: June 30, 1988
- **term end2**: June 30, 1998
- **term start3**: June 30, 2001
- **term end3**: June 30, 2010
- **birth place**: Naga City, Camarines Sur, Philippines
- **death place**: Masbate City, Philippines
- **death cause**: 2012 Philippine Piper Seneca crash
- **nationality**: Filipino
- **party**: Liberal Party (Philippines)
- **spouse**: Maria Leonor "Lenny" Gerona Robredo
- **children**: Aika Robredo
 Patricia Robredo
 Jillian Therese Robredo
- **alma mater**: Ateneo de Naga University
De La Salle University
Harvard University
University of the Philippines Diliman
Far Eastern University
- **website**: www.teamrobredo.com
Michael Stuhlbarg

**Michael S. Stuhlbarg** (born July 5, 1968), is an American theatre, movie and television actor. His most important movie roles are "Larry Gopnik" in _A Serious Man_ (2009), and "Griffin" in _Men in Black 3_ (2012). Stuhlbarg is Jewish. He recently appeared as "Dr. Robert Hoffstetler/Dimitri Mosenkov" in _The Shape of Water_ (2017).

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Michael Stuhlbarg at Artios.jpg
- **birth place**: Long Beach, California, Long Beach, California, United States, USA
- **yearsactive**: 1996–present
- **occupation**: Actor
National Library of Israel

The **National Library of Israel** (NLI; ; formerly the **Jewish National and University Library** - JNUL, ), is the national library of the state of Israel. It is on the campus of Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Givat Ram.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Saving the Holy of Holies of Jewish texts ,  by Nir Hasson on Haaretz

## Infobox (library)

- **native name**: הספרייה הלאומית
- **native name lang**: he
- **name**: National Library of Israel
- **image**: הספרייה הלאומית, חזית מערבית.jpg
- **location**: Jerusalem
- **ref legal mandate**: The Legal Deposit of generally available documents
- **items collected**: Unique collections of manuscripts, special collections of books, music, radio and TV programmes, film, theatre, maps, posters, pictures, photographs, electronic documents and newspapers.
- **collection size**: 5 million volumes
- **director**: Oren Weinberg
- **num employees**: 300
- **budget**: Approximately 100 million NIS (₪)
Israel Museum

The **Israel Museum** (, Muze'on Yisrael, Yerushalayim) is Israel's national museum. It is in Jerusalem. It was founded in 1965. It is on a hill in the Givat Ram near The National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel, Bible Lands Museum and the Knesset.

## Other websites

- https://www.imj.org.il/en/node
- Israel Museum website

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: Israel Museum
- **image**: Israel museum.JPG
- **established**: 1965
- **location**: 11 Rupin st. Jerusalem
- **type**: Art museum, Art and History museum, History
- **website**: http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/
Emperor newt

The **emperor newt** (_Tylototriton shanjing_) is a highly toxic newt.  It lives in southeast Asia. They live in pools and slow-moving streams in subtropical forests.They mostly are awake during night and sleep during the day. The emperor newt usually eats small insects.  These include crickets and worms.

It is also called the **mandarin newt** or **mandarin salamander**. They can grow up to  long. It has a ridged orange head. A single orange ridge runs along its back. This ridge is lined with two parallel rows of orange bumps on a black background. The tail and legs are entirely orange. There are different shades of orange.

When the newt is grabbed, the tips of the ribs will squeeze out poison. Emperor newts have enough toxin to kill about 7,500 mice.
Elle Varner

**Gabrielle Shellise Varner** (born February 12, 1989), simply known as **Elle Varner** is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, model and actress. Her parents, Mikelyn Roderick and Jimmy Varner were publishers and songwriters. Elle signed a recording agreement with Sony Music in 2009. Her debut album _Perfectly Imperfect_ was released on August 7, 2012. Two singles from the album were released: "Only Wanna Give It to You" and "Refill". The singles reached the top twenty on the US _Billboard_ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

## 1989-2010: Early life and career beginnings

Elle is of Cape Verdean descent. She is the daughter of Mikelyn Roderick and Jimmy Varner. They are publishers and songwriters. Roderick was a backing vocalist for Barry White and has written and recorded with Tevin Campbell and Rahsaan Patterson. Jimmy Varner has done collaborations with Gerald Alston, Kool & the Gang, and Will Downing.

Elle began playing the flute at age 6 and the piano at age 9.  She grew up around recording studios because of her parents jobs. She attended Alexander Hamilton High School's Academy of Music's Vocal Jazz Group. She wrote songs while being there. One of which "Thankful" won the top prize at their talent show. Because of this, she was accepted in NYU's Clive Davis Department of Recorded Music. She graduated there in 2008. In October 2009, she signed a recording agreement with MBK/J-RCA Records along with an agreement with Sony Music. She became the first artist to be featured on BET's Music Matters campaign that same year.

## 2011–present: _Perfectly Imperfect_

Elle's debut single "Only Wanna Give It to You" was released on August 6, 2011, from her debut album _Perfectly Imperfect_ (2012). It features American rapper J. Cole. It got to number 20 on the US _Billboard_ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. In October 2011, Elle was listed as one of TheBoomBox's "15 Artists to Watch". On October 7, 2011, Elle was moved to RCA Records.

Elle released a mixtape _Conversational Lush_ on January 23, 2012, as a promotion of her new album. The song "Refill" was released as the second single on January 31, 2012, on iTunes. It debuted at number 78 on the US _Billboard_ Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Elle's debut album was released on August 7, 2012 and got to number three on the US _Billboard_ 200 albums chart.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Perfectly Imperfect_ (2012)

- Mixtapes
- _Conversational Lush_ (2012)

## Other websites

- Elle Varner at last.fm
- Elle Varner Discography

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Elle Varner
- **image**: Elle Varner 2011.jpg
- **caption**: performing on November 16, 2011 in Brooklyn
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Gabrielle Shellise Varner
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, United States
- **instrument**: singing, Vocals, guitar, piano, flute, drums, bass guitar.
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B, soul music, soul, pop music, pop
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA (2011–present)
J Records, J, MBK Entertainment
Elle Varner discography

Elle Varner, an American singer-songwriter, has released one studio album, one mixtape, three singles, one promotional single and two music videos.

### Studio albums

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"|Album details|scope="col" colspan="2"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"|Sales|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: August 7, 2012 * Label: RCA * Formats: CD, digital download|4|2|* US: 33,000|||||

### Mixtapes

|scope="col" style="width:10em;"|Title|scope="col" style="width:18em;"|Album details|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: January 23, 2012 * Label: RCA * Formats: Digital download||||

## Singles

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10px;"|Year|scope="col" colspan="2"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Certifications|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan|2011|—|20||rowspan="3"|_Perfectly Imperfect_||||
|rowspan|2012|101|10|||||||
|rowspan|2012|—|69|||||||
|colspan="7" style="font-size:90%"|"—" denotes a title that did not chart, was not released in that territory, or did not receive certification.|||||||||

### Promotional singles

|scope="col" style="width:16em;"|Title|scope="col"|Year|scope="col"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="1"|2012|rowspan="1"|_Perfectly Imperfect_|||

## Guest appearances

|scope="col" style="width:20em;"|Title|scope="col"|Year|scope="col"|Album|scope="col"|Artist(s)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||2012|_Black Hero Theme Musik_|Omen, Karina Pasian, Amanda Seales, Apple Juice Kid|||||

## Other websites

- Elle Varner Discography

## Infobox (artist discography)

- **artist**: Elle Varner
- **studio**: 2
- **music videos**: 3
- **singles**: 7
- **option**: 1
- **option name**: Mixtapes
Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller

**Friedrich Burgmüller** (Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller, 4 December 1806 – 13 February 1874) was a German pianist and composer. He was born in Regensberg, Germany, to a musical family. In 1832, he settled in Paris and adopted the French musical style. He wrote many works for piano, especially etudes for children that are still played today. His best known work is probably the _Peasant pas de deus_ (originally _Souvenirs de Ratisbonne_) in Adolphe Adam's ballet _Giselle_ (1841). It is not known how this music came to be inserted into the ballet.

## Other websites

- Free scores Mutopia Project
- Link to Recording of the Opus 100 Etudes at the Piano Society Website
- Description of the Opus 100 Etudes by Noriaki Nomoto
Hurricane Richard

**Hurricane Richard** was the seventeenth named storm and the tenth hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season. The National Hurricane Center declared it a tropical storm on October 20.

Throughout Belize, Hurricane Richard caused about US$80 million in damage. Two deaths took place in the country, one direct and the other indirect. One person drowned after his ship broke during the storm. Another was mauled to death by a jaguar that escaped its cage after a tree fell and broke the cage.
Belize District

The **Belize District** is a district of the nation of Belize.  The district capital is the nation's largest city, Belize City.

## Settlements

San Pedro Town, which is on the island of Ambergris Caye, is also in the Belize District. Caye Caulker and St. George's Caye are the island villages in this district. Maskall, Bomba, Corozalito, Santana, Lucky Strike, Rockstone Pond, Boston, Crooked Tree, Biscayne, May Pen, Gardenia, Grace Bank, Sand Hill, Lord's Bank, Ladyville, Burrel Boom, Buttercup, Scotland Halfmoon, Flowers Bank, Bermudian Landing, Isabella Bank, Double Head Cabbage, Willows Bank, Saint Paul's Bank, Big Falls, Rancho Dolores, Hattieville, Freetown Sibun, Gracie Rock, La Democracia, and Gales Point are all mainland villages in the Belize District.  The Crooked Tree and Monkey Bay Wildlife Sanctuaries, the Belize Zoo (30 miles west of Belize City), as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Altun Ha are all in this district.

## History

The Belize District was the area first settled by Europeans. They lived along the rivers and creeks because these waterways were used for transportation. Many of the estates were called the owner's 'bank'(as in the banks of a river). Therefore, Mr. Lord's estate on the bank of the Belize River became Lord's Bank. Mr. Flowers' home place on this same river became Flowers Bank. Many of these old estates have grown into villages.  Other places such as Baker, Bob Eiley, Bocotora, Nago Bank, Washing Tree, Cedar Bank, Churchyard, Egypt, Watters Bank, and White Hill are old estates which did not become villages. Some places like Davis Bank and Tropical Park have now become parts of larger communities.

## Geography

Most of the Belize District is in the east central mainland of Belize. The Belize District also includes offshore islands, including Ambergris Caye, Caye Caulker, St. George's Caye, Caye Chapel, English Caye and Goff's Caye. Ambergris Caye and Caye Caulker are two of the country's main tourism areas. The longest river in the country, the Belize River, passes through the district and joins the Caribbean Sea along its coast. The Northern River, Sibun River, and Manatee River are also in this District.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Belize District
- **settlement type**: Districts of Belize, District
- **image map**: Belize-BelizeDistrict.png
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Location of the district in Belize
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Belize City
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population total**: 100100
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population density km2**: auto
Atelopus longirostris

***Atelopus longirostris***, a harlequin frog or jambato, is a member of the family of true toads: Bufonidae. It has only been found in northern Ecuador.  It was believed to be extinct extinct, and species had not been seen since 1989, until its rediscovery im 2016

## Description

_Atelopus longirostris_ has a slender body with long legs.  Males have legs up to 35 mm, and females up to 47 mm. The dorsum is brown with yellow or cream rounded spots. The flanks are dark brown or black. The venter is whitish with some brown in the throat and chest.
Adenomus

***Adenomus*** is a small genus of true toads.  It only has three species.  These all live in Sri Lanka. _Adenomus kandianus_ was thought to be extinct for 133 years.  It was rediscovered in October 2009 in the Kandy area.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common name|
| --- | --- |
|_Adenomus dasi_||
|_Adenomus kandianus_|Kandyan Dwarf Toad|
|_Adenomus kelaartii_|Kelaart's Toad|

## References

- amphibiaweb.org Adenomus kandianus
- Global Amphibian Assessment - Adenomus kandianus
- Manamendra-Arachchi, K., Pethiyagoda, R. (1998). A synopsis of the Sri Lankan Bufonidae (Amphibia: Anura), with description of two new species. _J. South Asian nat. Hist_., **3**(2), 213-248.
- Dutta, S.K. & Manamendra-Arachchi, K. (1996). _The Amphibian Fauna of Sri Lanka_. WHT, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
Altiphrynoides

***Altiphrynoides*** is a genus of toads.  They are commonly called **Ethiopian toads**. They only live in the highlands of south-central Ethiopia in the Arussi, Bale, and Sidamo provinces. Both species are threatened by habitat loss. They used to be included in _Nectophrynoides_.  Now they are separate because they lay eggs, while _Nectophrynoides_ give birth to fully developed young.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common name|
| --- | --- |
|_Altiphrynoides malcolmi_|Malcolm's Ethiopia Toad|
|_Altiphrynoides osgoodi_|Osgood's Ethiopian Toad|

## References

- ITIS report Altiphrynoides
- amphibiaweb.org Altiphrynoides malcolmi
Amietophrynus

***Amietophrynus*** is a large genus of true toads.  They live in Africa. At first _Amietophrynus_ species were included in the genus _Bufo_.  They have been split because they are considered different enough.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name(s)|
| --- | --- |
|_Amietophrynus asmarae_|Asmara Toad|
|_Amietophrynus blanfordii_|Blanford's Toad|
|_Amietophrynus brauni_|Braun's Toad, Dead-leaf Toad|
|_Amietophrynus buchneri_|Buchner's Toad|
|_Amietophrynus camerunensis_|Oban Toad|
|_Amietophrynus chudeaui_|Bata Marsh Toad|
|_Amietophrynus cristiglans_|Tingi Hills Toad|
|_Amietophrynus danielae_|Ivory Coast Toad|
|_Amietophrynus djohongensis_||
|_Amietophrynus fuliginatus_|Shaba Province Toad, Sooty Toad|
|_Amietophrynus funereus_|Angola Toad, Somber Toad|
|_Amietophrynus garmani_|Garman's Toad, Olive Toad, Northern Mottled Toad|
|_Amietophrynus gracilipes_|French Congo Toad|
|_Amietophrynus gutturalis_|Lobatsi Toad, Guttural Toad, Square-marked Toad|
|_Amietophrynus kassasii_|Damietta Toad|
|_Amietophrynus kerinyagae_|Keith's Toad|
|_Amietophrynus kisoloensis_|Kisolo Toad|
|_Amietophrynus langanoensis_|Lake Langano Toad|
|_Amietophrynus latifrons_|High Tropical Forest Toad|
|_Amietophrynus lemairii_|Pweto Toad, Lemaire's Toad, Yellow Swamp Toad|
|_Amietophrynus maculatus_|Hallowell's Toad, Flat-backed Toad, Striped Toad|
|_Amietophrynus pantherinus_|Panther Toad, Southern Panther Toad|
|_Amietophrynus pardalis_|Gleniffer Toad, Leopard Toad, August Toad, Snoring Toad|
|_Amietophrynus perreti_|Perret's Toad|
|_Amietophrynus poweri_|Kimberley Toad, Power's Toad|
|_Amietophrynus rangeri_|Kei Road Toad, Ranger's Toad, Raucous Toad|
|_Amietophrynus reesi_|Merera Toad|
|_Amietophrynus regularis_|Square-marked Toad, African Toad|
|_Amietophrynus steindachneri_|Steindachner’s Toad|
|_Amietophrynus superciliaris_|Zaire Toad, Cameroon Toad|
|_Amietophrynus taiensis_||
|_Amietophrynus togoensis_|Togo Toad|
|_Amietophrynus tuberosus_|Fernando Po Toad|
|_Amietophrynus turkanae_|Lake Turkana Toad|
|_Amietophrynus urunguensis_|Urungu Toad|
|_Amietophrynus villiersi_|Villier's Toad|
|_Amietophrynus vittatus_|Banded Toad, Degen's Toad|
|_Amietophrynus xeros_|Subsaharan Toad, Waza Toad, Savannah Toad|

## References

- Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., de Sá, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M. & Wheeler, W.C. 2006, "The Amphibian Tree of Life", _Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History_ no. **297**: 1-370. [15 Mar 2006]
Andinophryne

***Andinophryne*** is a small genus of true toads.  There are only three species.  They are found in the Andes.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Andinophryne atelopoides_|Western Andes Toad|
|_Andinophryne colomai_|Carchi Andes Toad|
|_Andinophryne olallai_|Tandayapa Andes Toad|
Ansonia (frog)

***Ansonia*** (commonly known as **stream toads**) is a small genus of true toads.  They are found in South India; northern Thailand; Malay Peninsula; Tioman Island; Borneo and Mindanao (Philippines). These are a small forest species.  They spawn in streams and have torrent-adapted tadpoles.

## Species

|Binomial name and authority|Common name|
| --- | --- |
|_Ansonia albomaculata_|Whitebelly stream toad|
|_Ansonia anotis_||
|_Ansonia endauensis_|Endau stream toad|
|_Ansonia fuliginea_|North Borneo stream toad|
|_Ansonia glandulosa_||
|_Ansonia guibei_|Mesilau stream toad|
|_Ansonia hanitschi_|Kadamaian stream toad|
|_Ansonia inthanon_|Inthanon stream toad|
|_Ansonia kraensis_|Kra stream toad|
|_Ansonia latidisca_|Sambas stream toad|
|_Ansonia latirostra_||
|_Ansonia leptopus_|Matang stream toad|
|_Ansonia longidigita_|Long-fingered stream toad|
|_Ansonia malayana_|Pigmy false toad|
|_Ansonia mcgregori_|McGregor's stream toad|
|_Ansonia minuta_|Tiny stream toad|
|_Ansonia muelleri_|Muller's stream toad|
|_Ansonia ornata_|Ornate stream toad|
|_Ansonia penangensis_|Penang stream toad|
|_Ansonia platysoma_|Luidan stream toad|
|_Ansonia rubigina_|Silent Valley torrent toad|
|_Ansonia siamensis_|Siamese stream toad|
|_Ansonia spinulifer_|Kina Balu stream toad|
|_Ansonia tiomanica_|Pulo Tioman stream toad|
|_Ansonia torrentis_|Gunung Mulu stream toad|

## References

- L Lee Grismer, 2006: A new species of Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870 (Anura: Bufonidae) from a lowland rainforest in Southern Peninsular Malaysia. _Herpetologica_ **62**,4: pp. 466–475 http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1655%2F0018-0831(2006)62%5B466%3AANSOAS%5D2.0.CO%3B262%5B466%3AANSOAS%5D2.0.CO%3B2)
Darryl F. Zanuck

**Darryl Francis Zanuck** (September 5, 1902 – December 22, 1979) was an American producer, writer, actor, director and studio executive. He played a major part in the Hollywood studio system. He earned three Academy Awards. His career lasted 48 years.

Zanuck was born in Wahoo, Nebraska on September 5, 1902 to Louise (née Torpin) and Frank Zanuck. Zanuck was married to Virginia Fox from 1924 until they separated in 1956. They had three children. One of their children was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck who produced _Jaws_.

Zanuck died on December 22, 1979 in Palm Springs, California from jaw cancer. He was 77 years old.
Bufoides

***Bufoides*** is a genus of true toad.  ***Bufoides meghalayanus*** is the only species. They are known as "Mawblang Toad" or "Khasi Hills Toad". They live in north-eastern India.
Capensibufo

***Capensibufo*** is a genus of true toads with only two species. The common English name is **Cape Toads**. They live in the Republic of South Africa from Breede River to north of Knysna, Western Cape Province.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Capensibufo rosei_|Rose's Mountain Toad|
|_Capensibufo tradouwi_|Tradouw Mountain Toad|

## Other websites

- . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). _Capensibufo_. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
- [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: _Capensibufo_. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
- taxon _Capensibufo_ at http://www.eol.org.
- Taxon _Capensibufo_ at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
Churamiti

***Churamiti*** is a genus of the true toads.  The only species is ***Churamiti maridadi***.  They live in Tanzania. It is listed as a critically endangered species.  This is due to a restricted range and habitat loss.
Crepidophryne

***Crepidophryne*** is a genus of toads commonly called **Cerro Utyum Toads**.  The genus has three species.  They live throughout the Costa Rican and Panamian highlands.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Crepidophryne chompipe_||
|_Crepidophryne epiotica_|Cerro Utyum Toad|
|_Crepidophryne guanacaste_||

## Other websites

- . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). _Crepidophryne_. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
- [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: _Crepidophryne_. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
- taxon _Crepidophryne_ at http://www.eol.org.
- Taxon _Crepidophryne_ at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 1, 2008).
- Taxon _Crepidophryne_ at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Dendrophryniscus

***Dendrophryniscus*** is a genus of true toads. They live in the forests of Brazil, amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and the Guianas. They prefer to live in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Dendrophryniscus berthalutzae_||
|_Dendrophryniscus bokermanni_||
|_Dendrophryniscus brevipollicatus_|Coastal Tree Toad|
|_Dendrophryniscus carvalhoi_||
|_Dendrophryniscus leucomystax_|Lowland Tree Toad|
|_Dendrophryniscus minutus_|Amazonian Tiny Tree Toad|
|_Dendrophryniscus stawiarskyi_||

## Other websites

- . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). _Dendrophryniscus_. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
- [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: _Dendrophryniscus_. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
- taxon _Dendrophryniscus_ at http://www.eol.org.
- Taxon _Dendrophryniscus_ at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 01, 2008).
- Taxon _Dendrophryniscus_ at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Virginia Fox

**Virginia Fox** (April 2, 1902 – October 14, 1982) was an American actress who starred in many silent movie of the 1910s and 1920s, her career spanned 14 years.

Fox was born in Wheeling, West Virginia to Marie (née Oglseby) and Frederick Fox.   She was married to Darryl F. Zanuck from 1924 until they separated in 1956. They had three children, one of them was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck. Fox died on October 14, 1982 in Palm Springs, California from emphysema and from cerebral thrombosis, she was 80 years old.

## Movies

|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Year|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Film|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Role|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1915|_A Submarine Pirate_|||||||
|1920|_Neighbors_|The Girl||||||
|rowspan=4|1921|_The Haunted House_|Bank President's Daughter|||||
|_Hard Luck_|Virginia|||||||
|_The Goat_|Chief's daughter|||||||
|_The Playhouse_|Twin|Uncredited||||||
|rowspan=2|1922|_The Paleface_|Indian Maiden|Uncredited||||
|_Cops_|Mayor's Daughter|||||||
|rowspan=2|1922|_The Blacksmith_|Horsewoman|||||
|_The Electric House_|Girl|Uncredited||||||
|1923|_The Love Nest_|The Girl||||||
|1926|_The Caveman_|Party Girl||||||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Virginia Fox
- **image**: Virginia Fox 1922.jpg
- **birth place**: Wheeling, West Virginia, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Palm Springs, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: emphysema and cerebral thrombosis
- **restingplace**: Buried next to her husband in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1915-1929
- **spouse**: Darryl F. Zanuck
(m.1924-1956; separated)
- **children**: 3; including Richard D. Zanuck
Didynamipus

***Didynamipus*** is a genus in the Bufonidae family.  ***Didynamipus sjostedti***, also called the **four-digit toad**, is the only species.  They live in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Nigeria.  They prefer to live in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.  They are threatened by habitat loss.

## References

- Gartshore, M., Amiet, J.-L. & Drewes, R. 2004.  Didynamipus sjostedti.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Duttaphrynus

**Duttaphrynus** is a genus of true toads. They live in southwestern and southern China (including Taiwan and Hainan)  and throughout southern Asia from northern Pakistan and Nepal through India to Sri Lanka, Andaman Island, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali.

## Description

These toads have heads with bony ridges.  The nose area is short and blunt. The first finger of these toads is longer than the second. The toes are half webbed. The toads are brown above and yellow beneath, marbled with brown.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Duttaphrynus crocus_||
|_Duttaphrynus cyphosus_|Projective-occiputed Toad|
|_Duttaphrynus himalayanus_|Himalayan Broad-skulled Toad|
|_Duttaphrynus melanostictus_|Common Indian Toad|
|_Duttaphrynus microtympanum_|Small-eared Toad|
|_Duttaphrynus noellerti_||

## Other websites

- . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). _Duttaphrynus_. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 02, 2008).
Natterjack toad

The **natterjack toad** (_Epidalea calamita_, formerly _Bufo calamita_) is a toad.  They live in the sandy and heathland areas of Europe. Adults are 60–70 mm in length.  They are different from other toads because they have a yellow line down the middle of the back. They have relatively short legs. This gives them a distinctive gait, which is different than the hopping movement of many other toad species.

Natterjacks have a very loud and distinctive mating call.

## Life history

Natterjacks live for up to 15 years and feed on insects, worms and small reptiles. At night they move around open land with little vegetation. Their tracks can often be seen in loose sand. They move large distances each night.

### Reproduction

The Natterjack Toad spawns between the end of April and July.  They lay 'strings' of eggs in shallow, warm pools. Because the Natterjack Toad is often present in low numbers, its loud mating calls are important so that the sexes can find each other.

For Natterjacks, pools need to have a small slope with little vegetation on the banks and in the water. Sometimes the larvae die when the pools dry out. The Natterjack mates a few times each summer. The age of the young can vary from a month to 3 months in September.

## Distribution

There are toads in seventeen European countries.  In the British Isles the toad is mostly in coastal areas.  In mainland Europe, particularly in the southern part of its range, it lives inland in a variety of places.

### Ireland

The Natterjack Toad is the only species of toad native to Ireland. It is found on the Dingle peninsula and Derrynane in County Kerry and also in County Wexford.
Frostius

***Frostius*** — also called **Frost's Toads** — is a small genus of true toads.  There are only two species.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Frostius erythrophthalmus_||
|_Frostius pernambucensis_|Frost's Toad|

## References

- Frost, Darrel R. 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. Frostius accessdate=2008-04-13
- AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Available: http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: April 13, 2008). Frostius pernambucensis
Ingerophrynus

***Ingerophrynus*** is a genus of true toads with eleven species.  Ten of the species in this genus used to be thought to be species of the genus _Bufo_. In 2007 a new species, _Ingerophrynus gollum_, was added to this genus. This species is named after the character Gollum created by J. R. R. Tolkien. These species live in Southern Yunnan and Indochina; peninsular Thailand and Malaya to Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Nias Island, and Sulawesi.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Ingerophrynus biporcatus_|Crested Toad|
|_Ingerophrynus celebensis_|Sulawesian Toad|
|_Ingerophrynus claviger_|Benkulen Toad|
|_Ingerophrynus divergens_|Malayan Dwarf Toad|
|_Ingerophrynus galeatus_|Bony-headed Toad|
|_Ingerophrynus gollum_||
|_Ingerophrynus kumquat_||
|_Ingerophrynus macrotis_|Big-eared Toad|
|_Ingerophrynus parvus_|Lesser Malacca Toad|
|_Ingerophrynus philippinicus_|Philippine Toad|
|_Ingerophrynus quadriporcatus_|Greater Malacca Toad|

## Other websites

- . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). _Ingerophrynus_. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 2, 2008).
Liquidity preference

In Macroeconomics, the **liquidity preference** is the demand to hold cash as risk-free wealth. This is also known as **Cash preference**.  The idea was first developed by John Maynard Keynes in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936).
Miroslava Karpovich

**Miroslava Olegovna Karpovich** (, ; born on March 1, 1986 in Berdyansk, Ukrainian SSR, USSR) is a Ukraine-born Russian movie, television and theatre actress, comedian, model. Most famous for role of Maria Vasnetsova in sitcom "Daddy's Daughters", where she has been playing since July 13, 2007.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Miroslava Karpovich
- **image**: Actress Miroslava Karpovich.jpg
- **birth name**: Miroslava Olegovna Karpovich
- **birth place**: Berdyansk, Ukrainian SSR, USSR
- **nationality**: Ukrainians, Ukrainian
- **known for**: Maria Vasnetsova of ":ru:Папины дочки, Daddy's Daughters"
- **education**: :ru:Школа-студия МХАТ, Art Theatre School
- **occupation**: Actress, comedianne, model
- **years active**: 2007–present
- **height**: 1,70 cm
- **parents**: Oleg Karpovich
Larisa Karpovich
- **relatives**: Christina Karpovich (younger sister)
Andrei Karpovich (younger brother)
- **website**: [http://miroslava.at.ua/ Official Website ]
Saina Nehwal

|}

**Saina Nehwal**  (born March 17, 1990) is an Indian female athlete.  She is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

Saina won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

## Accomplishments

SAINA NEHWAL was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2009 and a year later, the Government of India honoured her with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour in India.

In 2009, Nehwal was honoured with India’s highest award for sporting excellence - the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award.

In 2016, the Government of India awarded Saina Nehwal the Padma Bhushan. It is the 3rd highest civilian honour in the country.

She became the first Indian badminton player to win a BWF Series event and continued to impress on her way to winning the gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in 2010.

In 2015, Saina Nehwal won the singles event at the India Open BWF Super Series and became the number 1 women’s player in the Badminton World Federation rankings.

## Related pages

- Sports in India
- India at the Olympics
Laurentophryne parkeri

***Laurentophryne parkeri***, also called **Parker's tree toad**, is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus ***Laurentophryne***. They live in the Kivu region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

It is threatened by habitat loss.

## References

- Channing, A. & Poynton, J.C. 2004.  Laurentophryne parkeri .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Leptophryne

***Leptophryne*** is a small genus of true toads.  There are only two species.  They are found in southeast Asia, in Peninsular Thailand through the Malay Peninsula.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Leptophryne borbonica_|Java Tree Toad; Bourbon Toad|
|_Leptophryne cruentata_|Indonesia Tree Toad|

## Other websites

- . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). _Leptophryne_. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 02, 2008).
- [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: _Leptophryne_. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 02, 2008).
- taxon _Leptophryne_ at http://www.eol.org.
- Taxon _Leptophryne_ at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 02, 2008).
- Taxon _Leptophryne_ at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Melanophryniscus

***Melanophryniscus*** (**South American Redbelly Toads**) is a genus of toads.  There are 25 amphibian species located in Argentina, south of Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Melanophryniscus admirabilis_||
|_Melanophryniscus alipioi_||
|_Melanophryniscus atroluteus_|Uruguay Redbelly Toad|
|_Melanophryniscus cambaraensis_|Brazilian Redbelly Toad|
|_Melanophryniscus cupreuscapularis_||
|_Melanophryniscus devincenzii_|Rivera Redbelly Toad|
|_Melanophryniscus dorsalis_||
|_Melanophryniscus estebani_||
|_Melanophryniscus fulvoguttatus_||
|_Melanophryniscus klappenbachi_||
|_Melanophryniscus krauczuki_||
|_Melanophryniscus langonei_||
|_Melanophryniscus macrogranulosus_|Torres Redbelly Toad|
|_Melanophryniscus montevidensis_|Montevideo Redbelly Toad|
|_Melanophryniscus moreirae_|Maldonado Redbelly Toad|
|_Melanophryniscus orejasmirandai_|Orejas-Miranda Redbelly Toad|
|_Melanophryniscus pachyrhynus_||
|_Melanophryniscus paraguayensis_||
|_Melanophryniscus rubriventris_|Yungas Redbelly Toad|
|_Melanophryniscus sanmartini_|San Martin Redbelly Toad|
|_Melanophryniscus simplex_||
|_Melanophryniscus spectabilis_||
|_Melanophryniscus stelzneri_|Redbelly Toad|
|_Melanophryniscus tumifrons_|Swelling Redbelly Toad|
|_Melanophryniscus vilavelhensis_||

## Other websites

- . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). _Melanophryniscus_. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 03, 2008).
- [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: _Melanophryniscus_. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 03, 2008).
- taxon _Melanophryniscus_ at http://www.eol.org.
- Taxon _Melanophryniscus_ at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 03, 2008).
- Taxon _Melanophryniscus_ at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Mertensophryne

***Mertensophryne*** or "Snouted Frogs" is a genus of true toads.  They live in eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo to Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, southeastern Zimbabwe and Mozambique.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Mertensophryne anotis_|Mashonaland Toad|
|_Mertensophryne howelli_|Mrora Forest Toad|
|_Mertensophryne lindneri_|Dar es Salaam Toad|
|_Mertensophryne lonnbergi_|Lonberg's Toad|
|_Mertensophryne loveridgei_|Mahenge Toad|
|_Mertensophryne melanopleura_|Kankunde Toad|
|_Mertensophryne micranotis_|Loveridges Snouted Toad|
|_Mertensophryne mocquardi_|Mocquards Toad|
|_Mertensophryne nairobiensis_|Nairobi Toad|
|_Mertensophryne nyikae_|Nyika Dwarf Toad|
|_Mertensophryne schmidti_|Schmidt's Snouted Frog|
|_Mertensophryne taitana_|Black-chested Dwarf Toad|
|_Mertensophryne usambarae_|Usambara Forest Toad|
|_Mertensophryne uzunguensis_|Uzungwe Toad|

## References

- , 2006, The Amphibian Tree of Life. _Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History_, **297**: 206 http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/5781/1/B297.pdf

## Other websites

- . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October 2007). _Mertensophryne_. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 3, 2008).
- [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: _Mertensophryne_. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 3, 2008).
Sapito Rugoso Del Marahuaka

The **Sapito Rugoso Del Marahuaka** (***Metaphryniscus sosae***) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus _Metaphryniscus_.  It lives in Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.

## References

- La Marca, E. & Señaris, C. 2004. _Metaphryniscus sosae_. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Nectophryne

***Nectophryne***, or **African tree toads**, is a genus of true toads.  There are only two species.  They live in western Africa, in Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, northeastern Congo, Bioko and Equatorial Guinea.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Nectophryne afra_|African Tree Toad|
|_Nectophryne batesii_|Bates' Tree Toad|

## Other websites

- . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). _Nectophryne_. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: May 04, 2008).
- [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: _Nectophryne_. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: May 04, 2008).
- taxon _Nectophryne_ at http://www.eol.org.
- Taxon _Nectophryne_ at https://www.itis.gov/index.html. (Accessed: May 04, 2008).
- Taxon _Nectophryne_ at http://data.gbif.org/welcome.htm
Filling Station (ballet)

***Filling Station*** is a one-act ballet. The libretto (story) is based on a newspaper report. Virgil Thomson wrote the music. Lew Christensen choreographed (designed) the dances. Christensen performed the role of Mac, the filling station attendant. Paul Cadmus designed the sets and costumes. The ballet was first performed in Hartford, Connecticut by Ballet Caravan in November 1937. A performance was given at the Martin Beck Theater in New York City on May 18, 1939, with Christensen again in the role of the attendant.

Mac is a young, good-looking filling station attendant. His evening solitude is broken by two young and greasy but good-natured truck drivers. The State Trooper (policeman) enters in pursuit. He lectures the boys on their disregard for the speed limit. A brash motorist, his wife, and bratty child interrupt. The Rich Boy and The Rich Girl enter. They are drunken refugees from a country club dance. They rhumba and the others join them. Suddenly, a gangster enters shooting his gun. Mac, the truck drivers, and The State Trooper thwart his attempt to stage a robbery. The Rich Girl however is caught in the gangster's line of fire and dies on the pavement. Her limp body is carried off. The spectators drift away. Mac settles down with his radio and a newspaper to wait for business.

Dance historian Grace Robert praises the ballet in her book _The Borzoi Book of Ballets_. She singles out the characterizations in particular, noting that they are "definite and well-rounded" and that all of them are seen in terms that are "balletic". She points to the pursuit of the gangster as an especially effective moment. On a darkened stage, several figures with flashlights perform _grand jetée_ (leaps). The beams of light and flying figures create an effect "dramatic out of all proportion to the simplicity of the means employed." The ballet was popular in South America when it was performed there in 1941 by an American company assembled by Lincoln Kirstein. Writing in 1949, Robert noted that only the score survived at that date but a suite arranged from it was heard occasionally in concert or on the radio.

## Infobox (ballet)

- **name**: Filling Station
- **image**: Virgil Thomson by Carl Van Vechten.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Virgil Thomson photographed by Carl Van Vechten, June 4, 1947
- **choreographer**: Lew Christensen
- **composer**: Virgil Thomson
- **based on**: Newspaper report
- **premiere**: November 1937
- **place**: Hartford, Connecticut
- **ballet company**: Ballet Caravan
- **characters**: Mac, station attendant
Ray, truck driver
Roy, truck driver
The State Trooper
The Motorist
The Motorist's Wife
The Motorist's Child
The Rich Boy
The Rich Girl
The Gangster
- **designer**: Paul Cadmus
- **setting**: Filling Station contemporary with the date of the ballet's creation
- **genre**: Ballet document
Billy the Kid (ballet)

***Billy the Kid*** is a one-act ballet. The libretto (story) is attributed to Lincoln Kirstein and is based on the life of Billy the Kid. The music was written by Aaron Copland. Eugene Loring designed the dances. Jared French designed the scenery and costumes. The ballet was first performed in Chicago in October 1938. It was performed in New York City at the Martin Beck Theater on May 24, 1939 with Loring as Billy and Marie-Jeanne in the dual role of Mother and Mexican Sweetheart. During Christmas week 1939, the ballet was presented at the St. James Theater in New York City with Michael Kidd as Billy and Alicia Alonso as Mother and Mexican Sweetheart.

## Story

The ballet opens with pioneers heading west led by Pat Garrett in "March". In "Street Scene", cowboys, Indians, dance hall girls, and other western types throng the street of a town. Billy and his Mother enter as a brawl breaks out. Alias (as cowboy) kills Billy's Mother with a wild shot. Billy stabs Alias and runs away.

In "Billy's Soliloquy", Billy shoots Alias (as land agent) during a card game. In "Card Game on the Desert" and "Gun Battle", Garrett accuse Billy of cheating at cards and goes off. The posse approaches led by Alias (as sheriff). Billy's gang is killed, but Billy kills Alias. The posse takes him to jail. At the end of "Macabre Dance", the Mexican Sweetheart enters looking for Billy. In "Jail Scene" Billy escapes by killing Alias (as jailer).

In "Desert", Alias (as Indian Guide) leads Billy to the Mexican Sweetheart's hide-out. Billy has no thought for anyone but himself and the Sweetheart leaves. The Indian Guide returns with Garrett, and, when Billy lights a cigarette in the darkness, Garret kills him ("Billy's Death"). Mexican women mourn Billy's death in "Pietà". The ballet ends with Garret leading pioneers in "Closing March".

## Infobox (ballet)

- **name**: Billy the Kid
- **image**: Aaron Copland 1970.JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Copland in 1970
- **choreographer**: Eugene Loring
- **composer**: Aaron Copland
- **librettist**: Lincoln Kirstein
- **based on**: Life of Billy the Kid
- **premiere**: October 1938
- **place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **ballet company**: Ballet Caravan
- **characters**: Billy the Kid
Mother
Pat Garrett
Alias
Sweetheart
- **designer**: Jared French
- **setting**: Old West
- **genre**: Character ballet
- **type**: Classical ballet
Calico

**Calico** may mean:

## Textiles

- Calico (textile), a plain-woven cotton textile

## Animals

- Calico butterfly
- Calico cat
- Calico goldfish
- Calico grouper
- Calico Pennant, a dragonfly

## People

- Calico Cooper (born 1981), American actress and the daughter of rock and roll musician Alice Cooper
- Calico Jack Rackham (1682–1720), English pirate captain in the early 18th century
- Tyrone Calico (born 1980), American football wide receiver

## Places

- Calico Mountains (California)
    - Calico Ghost Town
    - Calico Peaks
    - Calico Early Man Site
- Calico Mountains (Nevada)
    - Calico Mountains Wilderness
- Calico Mills
- Calico Rock, Arkansas, a city in Izard County, United States
Ballet d'action

**Ballet d'action** is an 18th-century ballet movement. It was started by French choreographer Jean Georges Noverre in 1760.  The movement focused on character and emotional expression through dancers' bodies and faces, instead of elaborate costumes and props. Noverre started the movement because he was unhappy with the attention focused on technical expertise. He expressed his views in his book _Lettres sur la danse et les ballets_. He stated there that the purpose of ballet is "to represent characters and express their feelings" through movement rather than costume.