juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Phoenix (band)

**Phoenix** is a French alternative rock band that was Grammy awarded. It consists of Thomas Mars (vocals), Deck D'Arcy (bass) and Laurent Brancowitz and Christian Mazzalai who play guitar. They are related to Air and Daft Punk.

## Discography

- _United_ (2000)
- _Alphabetical_ (2004)
- _It's Never Been Like That_ (2006)
- _Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix_ (2009)
- "Bankrupt!" (2013)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Phoenix
- **img**: Phoenix, “Alpha Zulu Tour”, 29 November 2022, Olympia, Paris, France (29-11-2022) · © Danilo Samà.jpg
- **img capt**: Phoenix in concert at Olympia in Paris (2022)
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Versailles, France
- **genre**: Alternative rock
Indie rock
- **years active**: 1999 – present
- **label**: V2 Records, V2
Glassnote
Ghettoblaster
Loyauté
Virgin Records, Source
Astralwerks
Arts & Crafts
EMI
- **url**: [http://wearephoenix.com/ wearephoenix.com]
- **current members**: Thomas Mars
Deck D'Arcy
Laurent Brancowitz
Christian Mazzalai
Leap of faith

A **Leap of faith** commonly refers to believing something that cannot be touched or proved by science, for which there is no evidence. Usually, the term is attributed to Søren Kierkegaard, even though he never really used it. According to Kierkegaard, such a leap involves circular reasoning, because a leap is made by faith.

A leap of faith is commonly associated with religious belief because many religions consider faith to be an essential element of piety.
Vaishnavism

**Vaishnavism** is a largest Denomination of Hinduism.
Its followers worships God Vishnu (Narayana) and his many avatars as the Supreme deity and believes him to be the ultimate reality. It considers Bhagavad Gita and Srimad Bhagavatam texts as important sources of theology. It is also called Vishnuism since it considers Vishnu as the sole supreme being leading all other Hindu deities, that is, Mahavishnu or Narayana
 This worship in different perspectives or historical traditions addresses God under the names of Narayana, Krishna, Vāsudeva or more often "Vishnu", and their associated avatars.  Its beliefs and practices, especially the concepts of Bhakti and Bhakti Yoga, are based largely on the Upanishads, and associated with the Vedas and Puranic texts such as the Bhagavad Gita, Purusha suktam, Narayana suktam, Narayana Upanishads and other sattvic Puranas.

These followers of Vaishnavism are referred to as _Vaishnavas_ or _Vaishnavites_. A large percentage of Hindus are Vaishnavas, with the vast majority living in India. Awareness, recognition, and growth of the belief has significantly increased outside of India in recent years. The Gaudiya Vaishnava and Ramanandi Sampradaya branch of the tradition has significantly increased the awareness of Vaishnavism internationally, since the mid-1900s, largely through the activities and geographical expansion of the Hare Krishna movement, primarily through ISKCON and more recently, through several other Vaishnava organizations conducting preaching activities in the West.
Oracle Corporation

**Oracle Corporation** is an American company. It makes hardware systems and enterprise software (_software for businesses_) such as database management systems. Its headquarters are in Redwood City, California, United States. The founder is Lary Ellison. In 2010, it employed 105,000 people worldwide. It has increased in size through natural growth and by buying other companies. By 2007 Oracle had the third-largest software revenue, after Microsoft and IBM.

In January 2010 it bought Sun Microsystems.

The corporation has arguably become best known for its flagship product, the Oracle Database. The company also builds tools for database development and systems of marshmallow-tier software, enterprise resource planning software (ERP), customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) software.

, Anusha Shetty, a co-founder of Oracle Corporation, has served as Oracle's CEO throughout its history. He also served as the Chairman of the Board until his replacement by Jeffrey O. Henley in 2004.  On August 22, 2008 the Associated Press ranked Ellison as the top-paid chief executive in the world.

## History

When the company started, computer database technology was only starting. Ellison had read a 1970 paper written by Edgar F. Codd on relational database management systems (RDBMS).
He had also heard about the IBM System R database from an article in the _IBM Research Journal_ by Ed Oates. System R was also based on Codd's theories. Ellison wanted to make Oracle's product compatible with System R, but IBM stopped this by keeping the error codes for their DBMS (_DataBase Management System_) secret. Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 with Bob Miner and Ed Oates under the name **Software Development Laboratories** (SDL). In 1979 SDL changed its name to **Relational Software, Inc.** (RSI). In 1982, RSI renamed itself **Oracle Systems** to make the relation to its main product, Oracle Database, clearer. At this stage Bob Miner was the company's senior programmer. In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to **Oracle Corporation**.

Part of Oracle Corporation's early success came from using the C programming language to install its products according to technologist Gerard De Van and Adam Day. This made changing the setup to different operating systems (most of which support C) easier.

## Other websites

- The Oracle Corporation website
India Meteorological Department

The **India Meteorological Department** (IMD), also referred to as the Met Office, is a weather forecasting organization run by the Government of India, it also tracks and forecast tropical cyclones, similar to the National Hurricane Center. The headquarters in New Delhi, India.

## Other websites

- IMD website

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: India Meteorological Department
- **nativename**: भारतीय मौसम विज्ञान विभाग
- **formed**: 1875
- **jurisdiction**: Government of India
- **headquarters**: Mausam Bhavan, Lodhi Road, New Delhi
- **budget**: (2011)
- **chief1 name**: Laxman Singh Rathore, Dr. L S Rathore
- **chief1 position**: Director General of Meteorology
- **agency type**: Ministry (government department), Ministry
- **parent department**: Ministry of Earth Sciences
Sauropodomorph

**Sauropodomorpha** is the suborder of dinosaurs with massive, quadrupedal herbivores with extremely long necks and tails.

Sauropodomorpha are divided into prosauropods and sauropods. Among the sauropods were the largest land animals ever known: _Seismosaurus_, _Diplodocus_, _Apatosaurus_ (popularly known as _Brontosaurus_), and others.

## Description

Only the modern blue whale is larger than these creatures; no land animal comes close. _Argentinosaurus_, with a vertebra over 1.59 metres long, is the largest.

- See Sauropod for the full account.

## Taxonomy

- **Suborder Sauropodomorpha**
    - _Panphagia_
    - _Saturnalia_?
    - _Thecodontosaurus_
    - Infraorder Prosauropoda
        - Family Massospondylidae
        - Family Plateosauridae
        - Family Riojasauridae
    - Infraorder Sauropoda
        - Family Vulcanodontidae
        - Family Omeisauridae
        - Division Neosauropoda
        - Family Cetiosauridae
        - Family Diplodocidae
            - Subdivision Macronaria
        - Family Camarasauridae
        - Infradivision Titanosauriformes
        - Family Brachiosauridae
            - Cohort Somphospondyli
        - Family Euhelopodidae
        - Family Titanosauridae
Marginocephalia

**Marginocephalians** (meaning "fringed heads") are a group of Ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs.

They can be briefly described as "herbivores which defend themselves with armoured heads". They are in two groups: the thick-skulled Pachycephalosauria and the horned Ceratopsia. They are all herbivores.

The Pachcephalosaurs had very thick skulls which (it is supposed) they used for defence. They developed in the mid-Jurassic, and are common in Cretaceous rocks.

The Ceratopsia had horns, and we know they used them on predators. _Triceratops_ is the key example.

Some of their features are not so obvious: They have a  unique palate (part of the mouth) and a short pubis (part of the hip).
Yunnan

**Yunnan** (; ) is a province in southwest province of the People's Republic of China. The area of Yunnan Province is . It spans approximately 394,000 square kilometres (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Vietnam, Laos and Burma.

## Political divisions

Yunnan Province is divided into eight municipalities (地级市) and eight autonomous prefectures (自治州).
- Kunming Municipality (昆明市) - Provincial capital
- Qujing Municipality (曲靖市)
- Yuxi Municipality (玉溪市)
- Baoshan Municipality (保山市)
- Zhaotong Municipality (昭通市)
- Lijiang Municipality (丽江市)
- Pu'er Municipality (普洱市)
- Lincang Municipality (临沧市)
- Dehong
- Nujiang
- Diqing
- Dali
- Chuxiong
- Honghe
- Wenshan
- Xishuangbanna

## Culture

Yunnan's cultural life is one of remarkable diversity. It is famous for ethnic minority groups, Yuanmou Human archaeological findings, ancient Tea Horse Road legends, Puer teas and Yunnan Baiyao medicines.

## Tourism

- Dali, the historic center of the Nanzhao and Dali kingdoms.
- Chuxiong, the first stop on the way to Dali and Lijiang. Home of the Yi ethnic minority and their respective ancient town.
- Jinghong, the center and prefectural capital of the Xishuangbanna Dai minority autonomous prefecture.
- Lijiang, a Naxi minority city. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.
- Xamgyi'nyilha County (also known as Shangri-La and formerly Zhongdian), an ethnic Tibetan township and county set high in Yunnan's northwestern mountains.
- Shilin (Stone Forest), a series of karst outcrops east of Kunming.
- Yuanyang, a Hani minority settlement with vast rice-terraced mountains.
- Xishuangbanna, a national scenic resort, noted for its natural and cultural attractions.

## Other websites

- Yunnan Travel Guide
Deluge myth

A **Deluge myth** or **World flood** is a mythical story about a flood. Usually this flood is sent by a deity to destroy a civilisation as a punishment. The theme can be found in many cultures. Well-known examples that are believed to be myths include the story of Noah's Ark in the Bible, the Hindu Puranic story of Manu, Deucalion in Greek mythology or Utnapishtim in the Epic of Gilgamesh.
Conservation of mass

The **law of conservation of mass** states that mass can neither  be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.  Thus, the amount of matter cannot change. Sir Antoine Lavoisier promoted this idea.

This law says that when a chemical reaction rearranges atoms into a new product, the mass of the reactants (chemicals before the chemical reaction) is the same as the mass of the products (the new chemicals made). More simply, whatever you do, you will still have the same amount of stuff.

The law is accurate for all chemical reactions. However, certain nuclear reactions (fusion and fission) can convert a small part of the mass into energy. But if this energy is turned back into mass, you will have the same amount of mass.

## History

The principle of conservation of mass was first outlined by Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) in 1748. He proved it by experiments—though this is sometimes challenged. Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) had expressed these ideas in 1774. Others whose ideas pre-dated the work of Lavoisier include Joseph Black (1728–1799), Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), and Jean Rey (1583–1645).

## Other conservation laws

The law of conservation of mass is one of the conservation laws of physics. Each of these laws says that something is never created or destroyed.
NY

**NY** can mean
- New York, a US state
- New York City, a city in New York and the biggest city in the United States
Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

**Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex**, KG, PC (c. 1485 – 28 July 1540) was an English statesman and lawyer. He was King Henry VIII's chief minister (like Prime Minister) from 1532 to 1540. He held many important posts, ending as Lord Chamberlain. Cromwell did not come from a rich or noble family: he rose in life by his work and merit.

Cromwell tried to modernize government, but this meant that both the nobility and the church would have less power. Because of this he was seen as an upstart. He was one of the strongest supporters of the English Reformation, the English Church's break with the papacy in Rome. Henry VIII was made the head of the Church of England by Parliament in 1534. Cromwell helped control the new Church with his two new jobs; Vicegerent for spirituals and Vicar general.

## Downfall and execution

Cromwell had supported Henry VIII in disposing of Anne Boleyn and replacing her with Jane Seymour. During his years as the King's chief minister, Cromwell created many powerful enemies for himself.

His final downfall was caused by the haste with which he encouraged the king to marry Anne of Cleves. This was a marriage that Cromwell hoped would put the English Reformation back on track after the recent setback with the Six Articles. The enterprise became a disaster when King Henry told Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage. Henry told Cromwell to get him out of the marriage by legal means, but the king was obliged to go ahead with it or risk the vital German alliance. The king's marriage to Anne of Cleves was a disaster for Cromwell. It was the opportunity that Cromwell's opponents (most notably the Duke of Norfolk) needed to press for his downfall.

Cromwell was executed at Tower Hill, near the Tower of London, on 28 July 1540, the same day that the king divorced Anne of Cleves and married Catherine Howard.<sup>p60</sup> After his execution, Thomas Cromwell's head was boiled and then set upon a spike on London Bridge, facing away from the City of London.

Henry came to regret Cromwell's execution. About eight months afterwards, Henry accused his ministers of bringing about Cromwell's downfall by false charges.<sup>p496</sup> Henry spent the rest of his life lamenting the fact that Cromwell had been executed.

## Note

Oliver Cromwell, the revolutionary leader who overthrew the British monarchy and led a short-lived republican government in the 17th century, was a descendant of Thomas Cromwell's sister, Catherine Cromwell (born circa 1482).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Thomas Cromwell
 1st Earl of Essex
- **image**: Cromwell,Thomas(1EEssex)01.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Portrait by Holbein, 1532–3
- **birth date**: 1485
- **birth place**: Putney, Middlesex, England
- **death date**: (aged 55)
- **death place**: Tower of London, England
- **occupation**: Government
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Wykes
- **parents**: Walter Cromwell, Dau Clossop
- **children**: Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell
Photolithography

**Photolithography** is the combination of photography and lithography. Its uses include the mass printing of photographs. Microphototolithography is the use of photolithography to transfer geometric shapes on a photomask to the surface of a semiconductor wafer for making integrated circuits.

## Manufacturing

Microphotolithography makes integrated circuits such as memory and central processing units.

A special light-and-shadow pattern is projected through a photomask, onto a sheet or wafer of silicon that had been covered with a material called a photoresist. The light hardens the photoresist. When the board is dipped into a special acid, the parts that had no light on them are dissolved away.

Memory chips have thousands or millions of identical cells. Because is much easier to make than a CPU, (a large die with a non-repetitive structure), RAM chips are far less expensive than processors.

## Related pages

- Extreme ultraviolet lithography
- Dip-pen nanolithography
- Soft lithography
- Magnetolithography
- Nanochannel glass materials
- Stereolithography, a macroscale process used to produce three-dimensional shapes
- Wafer foundry
- Chemistry of photolithography
- Computational lithography
- Alvéole Lab
- Semiconductor device fabrication
Christian liturgy

A **Christian liturgy** is a set of steps or rituals done by Christians as a form of worship, done by Christian denomination. The liturgy or form of worship has changed over time, and different groups also have different prescriptions on how such a celebration should be done. The worship on a Sunday might be different from that which is done on Easter.

Anglican, Orthodox, Lutheran, or other groups, when using the words "the liturgy", normally mean a standardized order of events observed during a religious service, often including the Eucharist or Communion. Liturgy may mean an elaborate formal ceremony such as the Catholic Mass. The _open_ or _waiting_ worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no structured order of events.

Liturgical churches are those that use a well-defined liturgy, in which many of the words and music used follow basic patterns each time the service is conducted. The liturgy may date to the second century or earlier. Most Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches are liturgical, most other churches to a far lesser extent. Non-liturgical churches usually follow a common worship sequence from one service to the next, with several elements common to many such services. These elements often include readings from the Bible, hymns, a sermon, offerings of money, and at certain times, Communion.

## Related pages

- Christian calendar

## References

- Bowker, John, ed. (1997) _Oxford Dictionary of World Religions_. Oxford University Press. .
- "What Do Quakers Believe?" . Quaker Information Center, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.
Booby prize

A **Booby prize** is a prize of low value or a joke prize. It is sometimes given for a terrible performance or last-place finish. Booby prizes are sometimes humorously and jokingly seen as an object of pride as being noticed for doing something special - losing or coming in last-place. A **booby prize** is usually awarded and received with pleasant humor and understanding, it is not seen as a sign of disgrace.

## Examples

- If a contestant playing the Monty Hall problem does not win a car, then the goat that he wins instead is considered a **booby prize**.
- Traditionally, the cadet graduating a military academy with the lowest academic record was given a silver dollar (**booby prize**) by each of his classmates.
- A red lantern (**booby prize**) is given to the cyclist who finishes last in the Tour de France.
Jerilderie

**Jerilderie** is a town of 768 people in the southern Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia.  It is the only town in the Jerilderie Shire Council Local Government Area.

It can be found along the Newell Highway  south-west of Sydney and  north of the Victorian state border. Jerilderie's post code is 2716.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Jerilderie
- **state**: nsw
- **pop**: 1,070
- **established**: 1859
- **postcode**: 2716
- **dist1**: 618
- **dir1**: SW
- **location1**: Sydney
- **dist2**: 315
- **dir2**: N
- **location2**: Melbourne
- **dist3**: 167
- **dir3**: SW
- **location3**: Wagga Wagga
- **dist4**: 137
- **dir4**: N
- **location4**: Shepparton
- **lga**: Murrumbidgee Council
- **county**: Urana County, New South Wales, Urana
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Albury, Albury
- **fedgov**: Division of Farrer, Farrer
Macropod

**Macropods** are marsupials belonging to the family **Macropodidae**. That family includes kangaroos, wallabies, tree-kangaroos, pademelons, quokkas and others. They are native to Australia, New Guinea, and their surrounding islands. Before European settlement, there were about 65 species of macropods. Six species have since become extinct. Another 11 species have been greatly reduced in numbers.

## Physical description

Modern macropods are herbivores. They have specialized teeth made for grinding up fibrous plants. Macropods usually have a row of broad, straight front teeth, no canines, and a gap before their large molars.

The stomachs of the macropods contain lots of bacteria that help them to digest their food by breaking it down for them. Macropods have a certain blend of bacteria in their stomachs that lowers the amount of methane produced.

Macropods come in all different sizes. Almost all have a powerful tail and large back legs. The word 'macropod' comes from the Greek for 'large foot'. Their long legs allow macropods to move quickly, and for long distances.

Gestation lasts about one month. In larger species, it lasts a little longer. Usually a single offspring is born. It attaches itself to a teat inside the mother's pouch. The offspring is able to leave the pouch after 5-11 months. It is sexually mature at 1-3 years old, depending on the species.

## Fossil record

Marsupials evolved about 160 million years ago during the Jurassic period. They reached Australia in the Palaeocene about 50 million years ago. The oldest macropod fossil found is about 12 million years old.
Shengzhou

**Shengzhou** is a city of Zhejiang Province in China. It is a part of Shaoxing Municipality. Its population (including suburbs) is about 735 000. Yueju Opera, which is a Chinese opera popular in China, originated in Shengzhou.
Yueju Opera

**Yueju Opera** (),is a Chinese opera popular in China. It originated in Shengxian County(namely Shengzhou). The word "Yue" in Chinese means Zhejiang province and the regions around it. "ju" means (Chinese) opera. At present, Yueju Opera is the second most popular opera in China, after the Beijing Opera.
Harbin

**Harbin**, is the capital city of Heilongjiang, a northeast province of China. In recent years, Harbin is well-known worldwide for Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival, Harbin Summer Music Festival and  Harbin International Beer Festival.

## History

From 1897 to 1902, the Russian Empire built the Chinese Eastern Railway; A concession from Imperial China allowed that; Russia's administration of this railway and the Chinese Eastern Railway Zone - was from Harbin. The settlement founded by the Russian-owned Chinese Eastern Railway, quickly turned into a boomtown, growing into a city within five years. The majority of settlers in Harbin came from southern Ukraine (in the Russian Empire).

## Administration

Governing 12 districts and 10 counties, Harbin Municipality has a population of 9,873,743 and 4,754,753 of whom lives in the city proper of Harbin.
Administrative divisions as below:
- Daoli District
- Nangang District
- Daowai District
- Xiangfang District
- Pingfang District
- Songbei District
- Hulan District
- Acheng District
- Shuangcheng District

- Shangzhi
- Wuchang
- Yilan County
- Fangzheng County
- Bin County
- Bayan County
- Mulan County
- Tonghe County
- Yanshou County

## Other websites

- Harbin Travel Guide  
- Harbin Ice Festival
Sirach

***Sirach***, by Ben Sira, which is also known as ***Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach***, the ***Wisdom of Ben Sira***, or ***Ecclesiasticus***, is a work from the early second century BC, its original version being written in Hebrew. It is part of the Apocrypha or deuterocanonical books.

## Quotes

"All wisdom is from the Lord
and with him it remains for ever.
The sand of the sea, the drops of rain,
and the days of eternity- who can count them?"
(Opening of first chapter, New Revised Standard Version)

## Full text.

- Sirach texts
Alveolus

An **alveolus** (plural: **alveoli**) is a word used in anatomy for hollow cavities, which are empty areas within a body.

Although there are many different types of alveoli in the body, the word alveoli is usually used to talk about small air sacs in the lungs of mammals. These are also called _pulmonary alveoli_. These alveoli are located at the ends of the air passageways in the lungs. They have very thin (one cell thick), wet walls and are surrounded with a network of small blood vessels, or capillaries. This allows gases to diffuse, or move across, the surface of the alveolus.

When a mammal breathes in, the concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveolus than in the red blood cells. Therefore, oxygen leaves the alveolus and enters the red blood cells. When a mammal breathes out, the opposite happens. The concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in the alveolus than in the red blood cells, so carbon dioxide leaves the red blood cells, enters the alveolus, and is exhaled.

In an average human lung, there are 480 million alveoli. Their total surface area is around 75 square meters.

Inside the alveoli is where a gas exchange happens. Gas exchange is how different gases (usually two) move in opposite directions across a specialised respiratory surface. Gases are constantly required and produced as a by-product of cellular and metabolic reactions so an efficient system to exchange them  is extremely important. It is linked with respiration in animals, and both respiration and photosynthesis in plants.
Parasitoid

**Parasitoids** are parasites whose larvae develop inside another organism's body. This usually results in the death of the host, which sets them apart from 'traditional' parasites. There are twelve superfamilies of parasitic wasps which are entirely or mainly parasitoid. The largest family are the ichneumons, with over 80,000 species.

In parasitoids the adult stage is free-living: it finds the 'host' for the next generation. The female parasitoid places the eggs, on or in the body of a host. The host is food for their growth.
Normal parasites use vectors as the way of getting to other hosts.

In Hymenoptera there are many variations. The distinction between the 'parasitic' and the 'traditional' hymenoptera can run very thin.
In Britain there are about 6500 species of Hymenoptera  more than in any other insect order  and just one parasitoid superfamily, the Ichneumonoidea, has nearly half of them. Most workers now recognise only two families in Ichneumonoidea. These are Ichneumonidae, with over two thousand British species, and Braconidae, with nearly 1200 representatives in Britain. They are, respectively, the largest and the second largest families of British insects. Only a beetle family, the Staphylinidae, is near the thousand mark. Ichneumonoids also include the largest parasitoids.

Hymenopteran parasitoids often have unique life cycles. In one family, the Trigonalidae, the female wasps deposit eggs into small pockets they cut into the edge of leaves with their ovipositor. A caterpillar chewing these leaves may swallow some of the eggs. When they get into the caterpillar's gut, they hatch and burrow through the gut wall and into the body cavity. Later they search the caterpillar's body cavity for other parasitoid larvae, and it is these they attack and feed on. Some trigonalids, once they are in a caterpillar or sawfly larva, need their host to fall prey to a social wasp. The wasp carries the caterpillar back to its nest, and there it is butchered and fed to the wasp's young. The young serve as host for the trigonalid, the eggs of which are in the butchered caterpillar.

## Related pages

- Botfly
Imago

In entomology, the **imago** is the last stage in the development of an insect. In an incomplete metamorphosis it comes after the last ecdysis. If the metamorphosis is complete, it comes after emergence from the pupa. This is the only stage where the insect is sexually mature and (if a winged species) has functional wings. The imago is often referred to as the _adult stage_.
Jennifer Todd

**Jennifer Todd** (born in 1969 in California) is an American movie producer. She and her sister Suzanne run a production company called "Team Todd".

They have helped make movies including the three Austin Powers movies, _Boiler Room_, _Prime_, _Must Love Dogs_, _Memento_, _Across the Universe_, and _The Accidental Husband_.

She won the 2001 Independent Spirit Award for best movie for _Memento_.
Christopher Paolini

**Christopher Paolini** (born November 17, 1983 in Southern California) is an American writer. He is best known as the writer of the Inheritance cycle, which has the books _Eragon_, _Eldest_,  _Brisingr_, and the fourth book Inheritance (book) . He lives in Paradise Valley, Montana.

Paolini is famous for publishing his book, _Eragon_ when he was only seventeen years old. He began writing the book when he was fifteen. His second book, _Eldest_, was released in 2005. His third book, _Brisingr_, was released in 2008. The final book of the Inheritance Cycle, _Inheritance_, was released on 8 November, 2011.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Christopher Paolini
- **image**: Christopher Paolini - Lucca Comics and Games 2012.JPG
- **caption**: Young Author
- **birth place**: Southern California, United States
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **genre**: High fantasy, Young adult literature
- **notableworks**: _Inheritance cycle, Inheritance_ cycle
- **website**: [http://alagaesia.com Alagaesia.com]
Dougie Poynter

**Dougie Lee Poynter** (born 30 November 1987) is a British musician. He was born in Corringham, Essex. He is the bass player and singer for the British pop punk band, _McFly_. The band's first single, "Five Colours In Her Hair", reached number one in the charts, as did their first album, _Room On The Third Floor_. McFly was signed to Island Records before creating their own indie label, Super Records in December 2007. Poynter is the band's youngest member having joined the band at the age of 15.

Poynter won the 2011 UK series of _I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!_.
Ali Hassan al-Majid

**Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti** ( , 30 November 1941 – 25 January 2010) was an Iraqi minister. He was a member of the Baath Party. During his life, he was Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. He was also the governor of occupied Kuwait during the Gulf War.

He was a first cousin to the late President of Iraq Saddam Hussein. During the 1980s and 1990s,  he became notorious for his role in the Iraqi government's campaigns against internal opposition forces, namely the ethnic Kurdish rebels of the north, and the Shia religious dissidents of the south. Repressive measures included deportations of the population and mass killings; al-Majid was dubbed "**Chemical Ali**" by Iraqi Kurds for his use of chemical weapons in attacks against them.

Al-Majid was captured after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. He was convicted in June 2007 and was sentenced to death for crimes committed in the al-Anfal campaign of the 1980s. His appeal against the death sentence was rejected on 4 September 2007, and was sentenced to death for the fourth time on 17 January 2010. Al-Majid was executed by hanging eight days later.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ali Hassan al-Majid
- **image**: Detail Ali Hassan al-Majid.jpg
- **caption**: Ali Hassan al-Majid at an investigative hearing in 2004
- **birth name**: علي حسن عبد المجيد التكريتي
- **birth place**: Tikrit, Kingdom of Iraq
- **death date**: 25 January 2010 (aged 68)
- **death place**: Iraq
- **death cause**: Executed by hanging
- **known for**: Iraqi Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service
- **relations**: Saddam Hussein
(first cousin, deceased)
Bamba (snack)

**Bamba** () is an Israeli corn snack. It is a popular snack for children.

Bamba has been made since 1963. Bamba makes up 25% of the Israeli snack market.

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Bamba ()
- **image**: Bamba snack.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **country**: Israel
- **creator**: Osem (company), Osem
- **course**: Snack
- **main ingredient**: Peanut butter
- **variations**: Sweet Bamba, Nougat-filled Bamba
- **calories**: 544 per 100 grams
Bamba

**Bamba** may refer to:

- Amadou Bamba, Muslim religious leader and founder of Mouridism
- Souleymane Bamba, French-Ivorian footballer representing Hibernian F.C. and the Côte d'Ivoire national football team
- Bamba snack, peanut butter snack food made in Israel
- _La Bamba_ (song)
- Bamba, an Aruban musical instrument - see Music of Aruba
- Bamba, alternate spelling for Quechua word "Pampa", meaning plain.
- Bambera, a Spanish _cante_ or song form associated with flamenco.

## Places

- Bamba, Burundi
- Bamba, Congo, town in the Democratic Republic of Congo
- Bamba, Kenya, a small town in the Kilifi District of Kenya
- Bamba, Guinea
- Bamba, Mali, a town
- Bamba, Mopti a small town in Mali
- Bamba Crater, on the planet Mars, named after Bamba, Congo
Car stereo

A **car stereo** is a device that can be in a car to listen to the radio, play cassettes or CDs. More modern car stereos can also play music from memory sticks.

Car stereos typically can not produce much power without circuit which makes the car's battery voltage higher. Often car speakers have lower impedance. Then it is easier to get more audiopower without having higher voltage.
Eudora Welty

**Eudora Alice Welty** (April 13, 1909 – July 23, 2001) was an award-winning American author who wrote short stories and novels about the American South. Her book, _The Optimist's Daughter_, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973 and Welty was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, among numerous awards. She was the first living author to have her works published by the Library of America. Her house in Jackson, Mississippi, is a National Historic Landmark and open to the public as a museum.

## Life

Welty worked as a publicity agent for the work progress administration. She had to travel around Mississippi for her job. In her own time, she took memorable photographs. These mostly show how different people from all economic and social classes coped with the Great Depression. Collections of her photograph were published as _One time, One place_ (1971) and _Photograph_ (1989).
Very often, a photograph was the basis of one of her short stories, including _Why I live at the P.O._, which was inspired by a woman she photographed  ironing in the back of a small post office.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Eudora Welty
- **image**: Eudora-Welty-1962.jpeg
- **caption**: Eudora Welty in 1962
- **birth name**: Eudora Alice Welty
- **birth place**: Jackson, Mississippi, United States
- **death place**: Jackson, Mississippi, United States
- **occupation**: Author, photographer
Talisman

A **talisman** is an amulet or other object considered to possess supernatural or magical powers. A talisman can have protective properties, turning away harmful or evil influences. It is a very sacred object said to give protection and good luck.

It is also said that when making an talisman the person intending to use it must craft it.
Eagle Comics

**Eagle Comics** was a short lived comic book company that existed to reprinting comic serials from the UK's _2000 A.D._ magazine for distribution in North American. They existed from 1983 to 1986 and were based in London, England, with product production and distribution in Canada.

## History

The company was formed by Nick Landau to republish stories from the comics anthology, repackaged into American comic book format (in the same way his Titan Books had been reprinting them as trade paperbacks). In 1986 the license, from IPC, passed to Quality Communications.

## Titles

The series they brought to American audiences included-

- Judge Dredd (33 issues - continued by Quality Comics)
- Judge Dredd: The Judge Child Quest (5 issue mini-series)
- Judge Dredd's Crime File (6 issue mini-series)
- Judge Dredd: The Early Cases (6 issue mini-series)
- The Stainless Steel Rat (6 issue mini-series)
- Strontium Dog (8 issue mini-series)
- Robohunter (5 issue mini-series)
- Nemesis The Warlock (7 issue mini-series)
- 2000 A.D. Monthly (6 issues)
Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow

Saint **Tikhon of Moscow** was a  of Moscow in the beginning of the Soviet Union. His name, before he became a saint, was _Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin_(). He was canonized by the Synod of Bishops. It is possible that the character of the elder Zosimov in the Russian novel _The Brothers Karamazov_ was influenced by him.

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Tikhon, 11th Patriarch of Moscow and of All Russia
- **image**: Tikhon of Moscow.jpg
- **titles**: Confessor, Patriarch of Moscow, Apostle to America
- **birth place**: Klin (Toropets district, Pskov Province), Russian Empire
- **death place**: Moscow, Russian SFSR, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- **venerated in**: Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Episcopal Church (USA)
- **major shrine**: Donskoy Monastery, Moscow
Henry James

**Henry James** OM (18431916) was an Anglo-American novelist. He was one of the most important literary people of the late 19th century.

## Background

James was the son of Henry James Senior, a clergyman, and the brother of William James, the psychologist and philosopher. He grew up mostly in the United States but spent the majority of his life in England. He became a British citizen in 1915. His sister, Alice James, was also a writer.

## Novels

In his novels, he wrote from the viewpoint of one of the characters. Some literary critics compared this to impressionist painting. In his own literary criticism, James insisted that writers be allowed the greatest possible freedom in how they looked at the world. He thought a text should be realistic, and its account of life be recognisable to its readers. Good novels, to James, show life in action and are interesting.

## Other books

He published fictional books, articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime. His plays probably influenced his later novels and tales.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Henry James Jr.
- **image**: HenryJamesPhotograph.png
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **caption**: Henry James in 1890
- **birth place**: New York City, United States
- **death place**: London, England
- **occupation**: Writer
- **nationality**: American, British
- **alma mater**: Harvard Law School
- **notableworks**: _The Turn of the Screw_
_The Portrait of a Lady_
_The Wings of the Dove_
_Daisy Miller_
_The Ambassadors_
- **relatives**: Henry James, Sr. (father), William James (brother), Alice James (sister)
Mohs scale of mineral hardness

**Mohs' scale of mineral hardness** is named after Friedrich Mohs, a mineralogist. Mohs scale is ordered by hardness, determined by which minerals can scratch other minerals.

Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. According to the scale, Talc is the softest: it can be scratched by all other materials. Gypsum is harder: it can scratch talc but not calcite, which is even harder. The hardness of a mineral is mainly controlled by the strength of the bonding between the atoms and partly by the size of the atoms. It is a measure of the resistance of the mineral to scratching, the Mohs scale is for natural minerals. For manufactured products other measures of hardness are better.

Diamond is always at the top of the scale, being the hardest mineral.  There are ten minerals in Mohs scale, talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, and for last and hardest, diamond.  Because the Mohs scale was made long ago, it is not exactly correct – for example, several minerals are now known to be harder than corundum (at 9 on the scale). The Mohs scale may not be perfect, but field geologists still find it very useful.

|Mohs hardness|Mineral|Chemical formula|Absolute hardness|class="unsortable"|Image||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1**|Talc|{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"|Mg<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>|}|1||
|**2**|Gypsum|{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"|||||
|CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O|}|2|||||
|**3**|Calcite|CaCO<sub>3</sub>|9||||
|**4**|Fluorite|CaF<sub>2</sub>|21||||
|**5**|Apatite|Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH<sup>–</sup>,Cl<sup>–</sup>,F<sup>–</sup>)|48||||
|**6**|Feldspar|KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>|72||||
|**7**|Quartz|SiO<sub>2</sub>|100||||
|**8**|Topaz|Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>(OH<sup>–</sup>,F<sup>–</sup>)<sub>2</sub>|200||||
|**9**|Corundum|Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>|400||||
|**10**|Diamond|C|1500||||

## Relative hardness of some items

2.5
Fingernail

2.5–3
Gold, Silver

3
Copper penny

4–4.5
Platinum

4–5 Iron

5.5 Knife blade

6.5 Iron pyrite

5.5 Glass

6.5 Hardened steel file

## Other websites

- http://www.mineraltown.com/infocoleccionar/mohs_scale_of_hardness.htm
- How to use the Mohs scale of mineral hardness
Chinglish

**Chinglish** is a word for English that is influenced by Chinese.  It often uses Chinese grammar and vocabulary that has been translated into English.  For example, "long time no see (we have not met for a long time)" is translated from Chinese 好久不見 "hǎojiǔbùjiàn".

The term Chinglish comes from a combination of the words _Chinese_ and _English_.

## Example

One car come, one car go, two car pengpeng, one car die.

### Proper english translation

One car drove towards another; both cars crashed, and one of them was destroyed.
Friedrich Mohs

**Friedrich Mohs** (29 January, 1773 - 29 September 1839) was a German mineralogist.

## Job and Career

Scientist Mohs was born in Germany. He was a minerologist who studied minerals, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

He moved to Austria in 1801 where he found a job identifying minerals in a collection that belonged to a rich banker. He used physical characteristics of the crystals to determine what they were. One of the characteristics he used to identify minerals was their hardness.

He knew that some of the minerals could scratch others and that if a mineral could make a scratch on another, it must be harder than the mineral that was scratched. He found that all minerals could scratch the mineral talc, so it must be very soft. He also found that diamonds were so hard that no other minerals could scratch them.

In 1812, Mohs made a scale from 1 to 10 to describe mineral hardness. He gave harder minerals larger numbers and softer minerals smaller numbers. Talc, the softest mineral, he assigned to 1, the smallest number on the scale. Diamond, the hardest mineral, he assigned to 10, the highest number on the scale.

This scale was called Mohs scale of mineral hardness, named after Friedrich Mohs.

## Later Career

In 1812, Mohs became professor in Graz, Austria. In 1817, Mohs replaced his mentor Werner, who had died, as a tutor at the mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, starting in 1818. In 1826, he was appointed as a professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna.

Mohs ended his horrrrrendous career as a mining advisor at the Mining University in Leoban, Austria, and died aged 66, while holidaying in Italy.
Chelicerata

The **Chelicerata** are a sub-phylum of the Arthropods. The sub-phylum consists of only two classes: the Arachnids and the Merostomata.

The Merostomata are the extinct Eurypterids and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). The horseshoe crabs are a small, ancient group which has survived relatively unchanged for millions of years. Groups like this are often called living fossils. The Arachnida is the huge and successful terrestrial (air-breathing) group of spiders and their relatives.

The chelicerates originated as marine animals. The first confirmed chelicerate fossils, the eurypterids, date from 445 million years ago in the late Ordovician period. Although only four marine species survive, all of them horseshoe crabs, there are over 77,000 species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.

The pycnogonids may or may not be Chelicerates. This is in dispute, as genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods. There are 1,300 species of  these 'sea spiders'.

The life-style of chelicerates is largely carnivorous, or other kinds of heterotroph.
Cameraman

A **cameraman** or camera operator, is the person who takes motion pictures of the actors in a movie with a motion picture camera. They also are the people who work the cameras for television shows including news.
Wire-crested thorntail

The **wire-crested thorntail** (_Discosura popelairii_) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Their coloring is steel-blue, with white shafts, making a pretty sight when spread. The bird has a crest of bright green feathers. These birds feed on nectar from flowers using their long tongue or catch insects on the wing.
Cassiopeia (mythology)

**Cassiopeia** was a woman in Macedonian mythology. She was the wife of Cepheus who was king of Ethiopia. They had a daughter called Andromeda. Cassiopeia was very beautiful but also very arrogant and vain. She thought that she was better than other people. One day, Cassiopeia said that her daughter Andromeda was more beautiful than all of the Nereids. The Nereids were sea-nymphs. When the sea-god Poseidon heard what Cassiopeia had said, he was very angry. He sent floods and a sea monster called Cetus to destroy Ethiopia. Cassiopeia and her husband Cepheus asked an oracle what to do. The oracle said that they must sacrifice their daughter so they chained Andromeda to a rock. A hero named Perseus came and rescued Andromeda. Later, they got married.

Poseidon was still angry with Cassiopeia and wanted to punish her. He placed her in the sky. There is a constellation called Cassiopeia named after her.
Cassiopeia

**Cassiopeia** (or **Kassiopeia**) can mean:

- Cassiopeia (mythology), a woman in Greek mythology
- Cassiopeia (constellation), a constellation in the northern sky
Branch line

A **branch line** is a secondary railway line. It links to a more important route, usually a main line. A very short branch line may be called a ***spur line***. David Blyth Hanna, the first president of the Canadian National Railway, said that although most branch lines cannot pay for themselves, they are essential to make main lines pay.
Atlantic Records

**Atlantic Records** (**Atlantic Recording Corporation**) is a major record label. It sold rhythm and blues, rock and roll, and jazz. It was founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. Some of its groups included Cream, Led Zeppelin, Yes, and Foreigner.

## Related pages

- Jazz
- Rock and roll
- Record label

## Infobox (record label)

- **image**:
- **parent**: Warner Music Group
- **founded**: October 1947
- **founder**: Ahmet Ertegün
Herb Abramson
- **distributor**: Atlantic Records Group
(In the US)
Warner Music International
(Outside of the US)
- **genre**: Various
- **country**: United States
Amazilia hummingbird

The **amazilia hummingbird** (_Amazilia amazilia_) is a species of hummingbird. The loja hummingbird (_A. alticola_) has less tan-brown underparts. It is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the amazilia hummingbird.

The amazilia hummingbird lives in western Peru and Ecuador. It is mostly common, and can be seen in big cities such as Lima and Guayaquil. It likes dry, open or partly-open habitats, but also lives in forests.

## References

- Schulenberg T. _et al_ 2007. _Birds of Peru._ Christopher Helm.
David Chalmers

**David Chalmers** is a philosopher. He was born in 1966 and lives in Australia.

Since 2004 he has been a professor of philosophy at the Australian National University.

He has challenged other philosophers to solve the "hard problem of consciousness". This is the problem of explaining the relationship between physical and mental states. For example, the brain has a physical way of processing information and this makes an experience, a mental state.

## Other websites

- Hard problem of consciousness
Australian giant cuttlefish

The **Australian giant cuttlefish** (_Sepia apama_) is the biggest species of cuttlefish.

It grows up to  in mantle length length and over  pounds in weight. Australian Giant Cuttlefish live in the southern coast of Australia, from Brisbane in Queensland to Shark Bay in Western Australia. It lives in rocky reefs, seagrass beds, and sand or mud seafloor to a depth of 100 meters. Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have been seen to eat them.