juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Blue Line International

**Blue Line International**  is an international maritime company. They deal in the transportation of passengers and vehicles between Croatia and Italy.

Blue Line International was started in 1993. Its first passenger ship _Kraljica mira_ sailed towards Italy carrying humanitarian aid and refugees. _Kraljica mira_ was sailing at that time under the flag of SEM Maritime Company (SMC). In 1997, the passenger ship _Split 1700_ joined the same company. In 2003, Blue Line International replaced SMC.

The passenger ship _Ancona_, the largest ship in the Adriatic Sea was bought in 2003. It has been sailing together with the passenger ship _Split 1700_ for several years on Blue Line's regular route. They maintain the seasonal lines between Ancona and Hvar and between Ancona and Vis.

## Other websites

- Blue Line International web page
Flainval

**Flainval** is a town in France. It is near Dombasle-sur-Meurthe.

## Other websites

- This town at the Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies
Dombasle-sur-Meurthe

**Dombasle-sur-Meurthe** is a town in France. It is near Saint-Nicolas-de-Port on the Meurthe River.

## Other websites

- This town at the Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies
Saint-Nicolas-de-Port

**Saint-Nicolas-de-Port** is a town in France.
It is near Dombasle-sur-Meurthe on the Meurthe River.

## Other websites

- This town at the Historical Association for Joan of Arc Studies

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Nicolas-de-Port
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Saint-Nicolas-de-Port 54.svg
- **image**: Saint Nicolas de Port BW 1.JPG
- **arrondissement**: Nancy
- **canton**: Saint-Nicolas-de-Port
- **insee**: 54483
- **postal code**: 54210
- **mayor**: Luc Binsinger
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Pays du Sel et du Vermois
- **elevation m**: 232
- **elevation min m**: 201
- **elevation max m**: 292
- **area km2**: 8.23
- **population**: 7505
- **population date**: 1999
Footballer

A **footballer** is the athlete who - with amatorial or professional interests - plays football.

## Club owning

Footballers sign a contract with clubs, playing for them until their expire date. At this point, a footballer can make another contract or move to another club.

## Role

During a game, each team uses 11 players with the compulsory presences of a goalkeeper and a captain. Roles are as follows: goalkeeper, defender, midfielder and attacker. Each of these have more positions, for example:

- Full-back, centre-back or sweeper (defenders)
- Half-back, central or playmaker (midfielders)
- Centre-forward, winger or striker (attackers)

Despite each role requests different skills and moves, every footballer has a common objective: scoring goals.

## Related pages

- Football
Tex Avery

**Frederick Bean** "**Tex**" **Avery** (February 26, 1908 – August 26, 1980) was an American animator, cartoonist and director. He is famous for creating animated cartoons during the Golden Age of Hollywood. He did his most major work for the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios. He created the characters of Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, and Droopy. He had an effect on almost all of the animated cartoon series by various studios in the 1940s and 1950s.

## Further reading

- Adamson, Joe  (1975). _Tex Avery: King of Cartoons_. New York: Da Capo Press. .
- Barrier, Michael (1999). _Hollywood Cartoons: American Animation in Its Golden Age_. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
- Benayoun, Robert (1988). _Le mystère Tex Avery_. Paris: Editions du Seuil. .
- Canemaker, John (1996). _Tex Avery: The MGM Years, 1942–1955_. Atlanta: Turner Press. .
- Morris, Gary (September 1998). What's Up, Tex? A Look at the Life and Career of Tex Avery . _Bright Lights Film Journal_.

## Other websites

- Tex Avery Tribute website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tex Avery
- **image**: Tex Avery yearbook photo.png
- **birth name**: Frederick Bean Avery
- **birth place**: Taylor, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Burbank, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Liver cancer, Liver and lung cancer
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills, Forest Lawn – Hollywood Hills Cemetery
- **nationality**: American
- **other names**: Fred Avery
- **occupation**: Animator, cartoonist, director, voice actor
- **years active**: 1930–1980
- **children**: 2
McIntosh (apple)

The **McIntosh** is a type of apple. It is red and green like a Gala apple, only brighter in color. Tart and crisp, it snaps when bitten into.
Municipalities of the canton of Bern

There are 400 **municipalities in the canton of Bern** (including mergers), Switzerland. It is the largest canton in Switzerland and has the most communes.
Edgar, King of England

King **Edgar** or **Eadgar I** (~942 – 8 July 975) was the younger son of King Edmund I of England. He had the nickname, "the Peaceable", but was a stronger king than his elder brother, Edwy. He took the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia from Edwy in 958.

Edgar was recognized as king north of the Thames by Mercian nobles in 958, and officially took the throne when Edwy died in October 959. Immediately Edgar recalled Dunstan from exile and made him successively Bishop of Worcester, then of London and finally Archbishop of Canterbury.

Edgar is regarded as a Saint by the Catholic church.

## Other websites

- Medieval Sourcebook: Anglo-Saxon Dooms:  laws of King Edgar, a fragment
- Edgar of England At Find A Grave
- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography entry

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Edgar the Peaceful
- **title**: King of England
- **image**: Edgar King of England.jpg
- **reign**: 1 October 959 – 8 July 975
- **predecessor**: Edwy of England, Edwy
- **successor**: Edward the Martyr
- **birth date**: 7 August 943
- **birth place**: Wessex, England
- **death date**: 8 July 975
- **death place**: Winchester, Hampshire, England
- **burial place**: Glastonbury Abbey, England
- **issue**: Edmund Atheling
 Ethelred the Unready
- **spouse**: Ethelflaed and Elfrida
- **father**: Edmund I of England, Edmund I
- **mother**: Elgiva
Mozilla Thunderbird

**Mozilla Thunderbird** is a free cross-platform e-mail client developed by MZLA Technologies Corporation which is a subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Mozilla Thunderbird
- **logo**: File:Thunderbird 2023 icon.svg
- **screenshot**: File:Thunderbird 115.png
- **caption**: A screenshot of Mozilla Thunderbird 115 running under Ubuntu 20.04.
- **developer**: Mozilla Corporation
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **language**: [https://www.mozilla.com/en-US/thunderbird/all.html Multilingual]
- **genre**: E-mail client
- **license**: Mozilla Public License, MPL, MPL/GNU General Public License, GPL/GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL tri-license
Sauropsid

**Sauropsids** are a group of land vertebrates which includes all existing reptiles and birds and their fossil ancestors.

They are one of the two groups which evolved from egg-laying amniotes in the first part of the Carboniferous period.

The synapsids are the other group which evolved from amniotes. They gave rise, eventually, to the mammals.

Living sauropsids include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Extinct sauropsids include non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and many others.

## Origin of tetrapods

More or less, the evolution of tetrapods has taken this course:
- Sarcopterygii
    - Coelacanthimorpha (Coelacanths)
    - Dipnoi (lungfish)
        - Tetrapodomorpha
The earliest tetrapods lived in water. Clear fossil tetrapod tracks from the mid-Devonian predate previous tetrapod records by 18 million years.

Nine genera of Devonian tetrapods have been described. These earliest tetrapods were not terrestrial. They lived in swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons, brackish river deltas, and even shallow marine sediments.

### Romer's gap

Between the lobe-finned fish tetrapods and the first amphibia and amniotes in the Middle Carboniferous lies a gap of 30 million years, with few satisfactory tetrapod fossils. This is "Romer's gap". Some new fossils were found in the 1990s, such as _Pederpes_, right in the middle of the Romer Gap. The gap still obscures the details of the tetrapod transition.

Sometime, in the later Devonian or earliest Carboniferous, the fishapods became mainly land-based. One group of them kept their link to the water, and always laid their eggs in water. They became the amphibians. The others evolved a way of laying eggs on land. They were the amniotes, whose key innovation was the cleidoic egg.

Sometime in the middle or lower Carboniferous, the amniotes split into two lines. One line lead to the reptiles of all kinds, and we call that the Sauropsida. The other line led eventually to the mammals, and we call that the Synapsida. It is not right to say "mammals evolved from reptiles" because both groups derived from early amniotes. In any event, modern reptiles are vastly different from modern mammals. Both groups have evolved for over 300 million years from the early amniotes.

## Tetrapods

- Land-dwelling tetrapods
    - Amphibians > amniota and present-day amphibians
    - Amniota
        - **Sauropsida** > present-day reptiles and birds
        - Synapsida > present-day mammals
Conservation status

The **conservation status** of a species shows how likely it is for that species to survive now or in the future. Many factors affect the conservation status of a species: the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and others.

## Related pages

- Conservation biology
Geodesic

In mathematics, a **geodesic** is the “straightest” path between 2 points over a curved surface. This can be thought of as a car driving, making sure its wheels are at the same speed, and always sticking to the surface: the geodesic is its path. If a plane flies on a geodesic, its path will almost always not look straight. However the earth is not flat, it has the shape of a sphere. Displayed on a map you would see a curved line only because of the distortion in maps. Paths on a sphere are also called great circles, such that in this case, two points are joined by two distinct geodesics. A **minimal geodesic** (or **segment**) is a particular case where the geodesic joining two distant points has the shortest length.
Anarcho-syndicalism

**Anarcho-syndicalism** is a form of anarchism. It sees labour unions as something which will cause revolutionary change. This change will give freedom and equality to the workers. Anarcho-syndicalists want to get rid of the wage system and capitalism. They believe this leads to class divisions and inequality.

The basic concepts of anarcho-syndicalism are:
1. Workers’ solidarity
1. Direct action
1. Workers' self-management

Anarcho-syndicalists believe that only direct action can bring about change. Anarcho-syndicalists do not take part in indirect action, like electing a representative to a government position.

Anarcho-syndicalism played an important role in the Spanish Civil War.

## Other websites

- Libertarian Communist Library - Contains Many Anarcho-Syndicalist Texts
Trotskyism

**Trotskyism** is the form of communism that is based on the ideas of Leon Trotsky. Trotsky described himself as an "orthodox Marxist". This is a different way of seeing the ideas of Karl Marx than the way other communists like Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin saw them. The biggest difference is in Trotsky's idea that there needs to be an international "permanent revolution". Permanent revolution is the idea that proletarian revolution needed to spread in countries worldwide, even where capitalism was not as advanced as only the proletarian revolution could carry out the tasks of the unfinished bourgeois revolutions in these countries. This is different to the Stalinist idea of trying to preserve a single nation's revolution from within. Trotsky also supported a less authoritarian government and more democracy. Trotsky advocated for workers democracy (workers control the production in factories).

The largest Trotskyist organizations today are the  Reunified Fourth International, International Socialist Tendency, International Marxist Tendency, the International Communist League, and the  Committee for a Workers' International.
A Fistful of Dollars

***A Fistful of Dollars*** (1964) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood. It is the first movie in the Dollars trilogy and was the first Spaghetti Western to be released in the United States. The second movie in the Dollars Trilogy is _For a Few Dollars More_; the third is _The Good, the Bad and the Ugly_.

## Other websites

- Fistful-of-Leone.com
- The Spaghetti Western Database

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: A Fistful of Dollars
<small>(Per un pugno di dollari)</small>
- **director**: Sergio Leone
- **producer**: Arrigo Colombo
Giorgio Papi
- **based on**: _Yojimbo (film), Yojimbo_ by Akira Kurosawa
- **screenplay**: Victor Andrés Catena
Jamie Comas Gil
Sergio Leone
- **story**: A. Bonzzoni
Víctor Andrés Catena
Sergio Leone
- **starring**: Clint Eastwood
Marianne Koch
Gian Maria Volonté
- **music**: Ennio Morricone
- **cinematography**: Jack Dalmas
Federico G. Larraya
- **editing**: Bob Quintle
Alfonso Santacana
- **studio**: Constantin Film Produktion
Jolly Film
Ocean Films
- **distributor**: United Artists

- **runtime**: 100 minutes
- **country**: Italy
West Germany
 Spain
- **language**: Italian
- **budget**: $200,000-$225,000
- **gross**: $14,500,000
For a Few Dollars More

***For a Few Dollars More*** (1965) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone. It stars Clint Eastwood and Lee Van Cleef as rival bounty hunters who join forces against psychotic bandit El Indio (Gian Maria Volonte) and his gang.

The film is the second in the Dollars trilogy, and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is _A Fistful of Dollars_; the third is _The Good, the Bad and the Ugly_.

## Other websites

- The Spaghetti Western Database
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly

***The Good, the Bad and the Ugly*** (1966) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood, Lee Van Cleef and Eli Wallach.  The film follows three men, Blondie (the Good), Angel Eyes (the Bad), and Tuco (the Ugly), as they compete to find a buried treasure during the American Civil War. It is the third and final movie in the Dollars trilogy and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is _A Fistful of Dollars_; the second is _For a Few Dollars More_.

This movie and _Once Upon a Time in the West_ are considered to be the greatest western movies ever.

## Other websites

- Official Site
- www.spaghetti-western.net The Spaghetti Western Database
- Dvdreview.com Review
Ennio Morricone

**Ennio Morricone** (November 10, 1928 – July 6, 2020) was an Italian classical composer famous for making movie scores. He composed the scores for more than 500 movies and television programs. He is well known for composing the scores to Western movies, particularly Spaghetti Westerns.

In 2007 he received the Honorary Academy Award for his many great movie scores. In his career, the composer sold over 50 million records worldwide. In 2016, he won an Academy Award for his work on _The Hateful Eight_.

Morricone was born in Rome. He died at a hospital in Rome on July 6, 2020 from problems caused by a fall, aged 91.
XTC

**XTC** was an English rock band. Its members were: Andy Partridge, Colin Moulding, Barry Andrews, Dave Gregory, Nick Preston, and Terry Chambers. XTC started in 1976. They had their biggest success in the late 1970s and most of the 1980s. XTC was best known in their home country of England, but they had some fame in other countries like the United States. Their 2 biggest hits in the U.S. are "Dear God" and "The Mayor Of Simpleton". Some of XTC's other hit songs include "Making Plans For Nigel", "Senses Working Overtime", and "Are You Receiving Me".

XTC made a total of 13 studio albums. Their last album came out in 2000 and they broke up in 2005. Andy Partridge, the band's singer, says he doesn't think XTC will ever get back together.

One interesting thing about XTC is that they almost never did live concerts since 1982. The reason for that is because Andy Partridge sometimes got very nervous performing on stage in front of thousands of people.

## Other websites

- XTC official site
- Chalkhills: XTC fan site
- Optimisms Flames: another fan site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: XTC
- **img**: XTC bandphoto.jpg
- **img capt**: XTC after a show in Toronto on 3 October 1978. From left to right: Andy Partridge, Colin Moulding, Terry Chambers, and Barry Andrews
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Dukes of Stratosphear, Terry and the Lovemen, The Three Wise Men
- **origin**: Swindon, England, United Kingdom
- **genre**: New Wave music, New wave, psychedelic pop, art pop, post-punk, alternative rock
- **years active**: 1976–2006
- **label**: Cooking Vinyl, Geffen Records, Geffen, Idea Records, Idea, Virgin Records, Virgin
- **url**: [http://www.ape.uk.net www.ape.uk.net]
- **past members**: Andy Partridge
Colin Moulding
Dave Gregory
Terry Chambers
Barry Andrews
Nick Preston
Roh Moo-hyun

**Roh Moo-Hyun** (1 September 1946-23 May 2009) was a South Korean politician. He was the President of South Korea. He was born in Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. He took office on 25 February 2003. He is seen as one of the most popular presidents of South Korea.

After retirement from Cheongwadae, he was residing in Bongha Maeul, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do until death. He committed suicide on 23 May 2009, by jumping off a cliff after being accused of taking bribes.

## Other websites

- Official homepage of Roh Moo-hyun (Korean)
- Democratic Party (in Korean)
- Nosamo: Roh Moo-hyun's fan club (in Korean)
- "Profile: Roh Moo-hyun", BBC News, May 14, 2004.

## Infobox (korean name)

- **title**: Korean name
- **rr**: No Mu-hyeon
- **mr**: No Muhyŏn
- **child**: yes


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **native name**:

- **native name lang**: ko
- **image**: Roh Moo-hyun presidential portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2003
- **office**: 9th President of South Korea
- **primeminister**: Goh Kun
Lee Hae-chan
Han Myung-sook
Han Duck-soo
- **term start**: 25 February 2003
- **term end**: 25 February 2008
- **predecessor**: Kim Dae-jung
- **successor**: Lee Myung-bak
- **office1**: 6th Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Minister of Oceans and Fisheries
- **term start1**: 1 August 2000
- **term end1**: 25 March 2001
- **predecessor1**: Lee Hang-kyu
- **successor1**: Chung Woo-taik
- **office2**: Member of the National Assembly of South Korea, National Assembly
- **term start2**: 22 July 1998
- **term end2**: 29 May 2000
- **predecessor2**: Lee Myung-bak
- **successor2**: Chung In-bong
- **constituency2**: Jongno District, Jongno (Seoul)
- **term start3**: 30 May 1988
- **term end3**: 29 May 1992
- **predecessor3**: Park Chan-jong, Kim Jung-kil
- **successor3**: Hur Sam-soo
- **constituency3**: Dong District, Busan, Dong (Busan)
- **birth place**: Gimhae, South Gyeongsang Province, United States Army Military Government in Korea, Southern Korea
- **death place**: Yangsan, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea
- **death cause**: Suicide by jumping
- **nationality**: South Korean
- **restingplace**: Bongha Village
Gimhae, South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea
- **party**: Democratic Party (South Korea, 2000), Democratic <small>(until 2003)</small>
Uri Party, Uri <small>(2003–2007)</small>
Independent politician, Independent <small>(2007–2008)</small>
Democratic Party (South Korea, 2008), Democratic <small>(2008–2009)</small>
- **signature**: Roh Moo-hyun Signature.svg
- **serviceyears**: 1968–1971
- **rank**:  Sangbyeong, Sangbyeong (corporal)
Kim Young-sam

**Kim Young-sam** (December 20, 1927 – November 22, 2015) was the President of the South Korea from February 25, 1993 to February 25, 1998. He was born in Geoje, South Gyeongsang. When elected in 1992, he became the first civilian to become president in over 30 years.

Kim died in a hospital in Seoul, South Korea from heart failure caused by a blood infection, aged 87.

## Other websites

- Official profile from the Office of the President of the Republic of Korea
- _Britannica Student Encyclopedia_: Kim Young Sam

## Infobox (president)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: Kim Young-sam
- **image**: Kim Young-sam presidential portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 1993
- **order**: 7th President of South Korea
- **term start**: February 25, 1993
- **term end**: February 25, 1998
- **predecessor**: Roh Tae-woo
- **successor**: Kim Dae-jung
- **birth place**: Geoje, South Gyeongsang
- **death place**: Seoul, South Korea
Choi Kyu-hah

**Choi Kyu-hah** (July 16, 1919 – October 22, 2006) (also spelled **Choi Kyu-ha**) was the President of South Korea between 1979 and 1980. He was born in the town of Wonju, in Gangwon Province. He was foreign minister of South Korea from 1967 to 1971 and prime minister from 1975 to 1979.

After the assassination of Park Chung Hee in 1979, Choi, the prime minister of South Korea at the time, took power. Because of the unrest of Park's authoritarian rule, Choi promised a new constitution and democratic elections (many thought that the elections led by Park were flawed). He won a December election later that year to become the country's fourth president.

In December 1979, Major General Chun Doo-hwan and close allies in the military staged a military coup against Choi's government. They quickly removed the army chief of staff and by early 1980 virtually controlled the government.

In April 1980, because of increasing pressure from Chun and other politicians, Choi appointed Chun as head of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, giving him enormous power.  In May, Chun declared martial law and removed all trappings of civilian government, becoming the de facto ruler of the country.  By then, student protests were increasing in Seoul and Gwangju. The protests in Gwangju continued, resulting in the Gwangju Massacre, where over 200 civilians were killed within five days by Chun's military.

Choi resigned soon afterward. Chun became president on September 1, 1980. After his resignation, Choi lived quietly out of the public eye. He died on October 22, 2006, aged 87.

## Related pages

- List of Korea-related topics

## Other websites

- President Choi Kyu-ha
- Reuters report of death

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Choi Kyu-hah
- **image**: Choi Kyu Ha.png
- **order**: 4th President of South Korea
- **term start**: 1979
- **term end**: 1980
- **predecessor**: Park Chung Hee
- **successor**: Chun Doo-hwan
- **birth date**: July 16, 1919
- **birth place**: Wonju, Gangwon
- **death date**: October 22, 2006
- **death place**: Mapo-gu, Seoul
- **spouse**: Hong Gi (first lady) , Hong Gi
Psychonauts

***Psychonauts***  is an action-adventure platformer video game created by Double Fine. It was made for the Xbox, Playstation 2, and PC, and was later brought to Xbox 360 through the Xbox Live Arcade service, and Apple Computers through Steam. The main character, Rasputin, is a Psychonaut, or psychic who travels through people's minds. Although Psychonauts initially did poorly regarding sales, the game is well known for being very creative and having a cult following. A sequel has recently been rumored to be developed by Double Fine and produced by Markus "Notch" Persson, millionaire, and creator of _Minecraft_ and Mojang Studios. Tim Schafer, founder of Double Fine, predicts _Psychonauts 2_ to cost $13 million to make.
Canonization

**Canonization** is a statement by a church saying that someone is a saint. This process is used by some Christian churches, most commonly in the Roman Catholic Church. The person must be dead, because living people cannot be canonized.

The process of canonization involves proving that the person lived in a way that justifies this decision. They must have loved others and loved God. In the Catholic Church, at least two miracles by the saint's intercession must be proven. This means that, because the person is believed to be in heaven, someone must pray, or ask, for the saint to pray for them in heaven. If the prayer is answered and a miracle happens, then they know that the person is a saint. The miracles prove that the saint must be in heaven with God, and able to ask God for prayers to be answered.

These people then enter into the _canon_, or list, of saints.

It is not correct to say that the Church "makes" someone a saint. The Catholic Church believes that anyone who is in heaven is already a saint. The canonization process just finds out for sure, or without a doubt, that someone is a saint.

## Other websites

- Canonization of Saints  - Describes the significance and process of canonizing saints.
- Entry on canonization and beatification in the _Catholic Encyclopedia_
Saint Dunstan

**Dunstan** (909–May 19, 988) was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 960 to 988. He was canonized (made a saint) in 1029. He became famous for the many stories told about his dealing with the Devil.

## Other websites

- Early British Kingdoms: St. Dunstan
- Catholic Encyclopedia: St. Dunstan
- The True Legend of St. Dunstan and the Devil by Edward G. Flight, illustrated by George Cruikshank, published in 1871, and available from Project Gutenberg
- Early British Kingdoms: St. Dunstan enshrined at Glastonbury or Canterbury?

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Dunstan
- **birth date**: 909
- **death date**: May 19, 988 (aged c. 80)
- **feast day**: May 19
- **venerated in**: Eastern Orthodox Church
Roman Catholic Church
Anglican Communion
- **image**: Dunstan and the Devil - Project Gutenberg eText 13978.png
- **caption**: Dunstan shoeing the Devil's hoof, as illustrated by George Cruikshank
- **birth place**: Baltonsborough, Somerset, England
- **death place**: Canterbury, Canterbury, England
- **titles**: Archbishop of Canterbury
- **canonized date**: 1029
- **attributes**: gold cup; pincers; man holding a pair of smith's tongs; with a dove hovering near him; with a troop of angels before him
- **patronage**: armourers; blacksmiths; blind people; Charlottetown, Canada; gold workers; goldsmiths; jewellers; lighthouse keepers; locksmiths; musicians; silver workers; silversmiths; swordsmiths
- **major shrine**: Canterbury Cathedral (but also claimed by Glastonbury Abbey), both now destroyed
Dunstan (disambiguation)

**Dunstan** may be the following reasons:

## People

- Saint Dunstan, a saint and 10th-century Archbishop of Canterbury
- Don Dunstan, former Premier of South Australia
- Donald Dunstan (Australian Governor), former Governor of South Australia
- Albert Dunstan, former Premier of Victoria
- William Dunstan, recipient of the Victoria Cross
- Keith Dunstan, journalist and son of William
- Darren Dunstan, voice actor

## Places

- Lake Dunstan in New Zealand

## Organizations

- St Dunstan's, a British charity for blind ex-service personnel

## Educational institutions

- Saint Dunstan's University on Prince Edward Island
- St Dunstan's College in London
- Dunstan High School in Alexandra, New Zealand

## Churches

- Church of St Dunstan, Liverpool
- St Dunstan's, Mayfield
- St Dunstan's, Stepney
- St Dunstan-in-the-East
- St Dunstan-in-the-West
- St. Dunstan's Church of the Highlands Parish, Shoreline, Washington
- St. Dunstan's, Canterbury
Kamala Nehru Park

SHOE PARK

a park in India. It covers an area of 4,000 sq yd (3,300 m²). It is located at the top of Mumbai's Malabar Hill.  The park is named after Kamala Nehru, the wife of India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru.

A place often visited by schoolchildren, it has little to offer by way of entertainment apart from a structure shaped like a shoe. The shoe structure is inspired by the nursery rhyme "There was an old woman."

From the garden, one can see Chowpatty Beach, and the DOLLY

NECKLACE's
Stronghold

**Stronghold** means castle or any other strongly fortified place. The history of fortified buildings reaches from antiquity to modern times. In medieval Europe, the castle was the most common type of stronghold and often the residence of the king or territorial lord.   The Maginot Line is an example of a 20th century stronghold.

Stronghold is also the name of a small video game franchise consisting of several castle-sim games made by Firefly Studios.

## Related pages

- fortification
Weimar (Lahn)

**Weimar (Lahn)** is a community in the German state of Hesse. It has about 7,600 inhabitants. Weimar (Lahn) lies near Marburg.

## Other websites

- Community's official website
- Weimar-Wenkbach
- FSG Südkreis

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: Wappen Weimar (Lahn).svg
- **name**: Weimar
- **image plan**: Marburg Biedenkopf Weimar.png
- **state**: Hesse
- **region**: Gießen
- **district**: Marburg-Biedenkopf
- **elevation**: 195-250
- **area**: 47.05
- **population**: 7553
- **stand**: 2005-06-30
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06534020
- **postal code**: 35096
- **area code**: 06421, 06426
- **licence**: MR
- **mayor**: Peter Eidam
- **party**: parteilos
Lord

A **Lord** (**Laird** in some Scottish contexts) is a person who has power and authority. Women will usually (but not universally) take the title 'Lady' instead of Laird or Lord, but there is an example of a female Lord: _Lord of Mann_, the ruler of the Isle of Man. The territory belonging to a lord is often called a lordship. Lords as a group are a peerage.

The word actually comes from the Old English forms for "loaf" (bread) and "ward" (used to mean "protector", although today it means "one who is protected"). So a _lord_ or "loaf ward" was originally "the one who protected the loaf". A **mesne lord** was a lord in the feudal system who had vassals who held land from him, but who was himself the vassal of a higher lord. The one who ruled over mesne lords was sometimes called an **overlord**. This higher lord was sometimes the king.

In a religious context, **The Lord** means God, mainly by Christianity.
Musical mode

**Modes** in music are a kind of scale.

The Ancient Greeks used several modes in their music. Medieval musicians borrowed the names of these modes to describe the scales used in their music. Western music predominantly usually uses two scales: **major** and **minor, **which correspond to the Ionian and Aeolian modes. Like any other scale, a mode can start on any note.

Each mode has a different pattern of tones and semitones (or “half tones”) (see semitone).
- The Western major scale (e.g. the C major scale C D E F G A B C) starts on its KEY NOTE and goes up using the following pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone.
- The Western natural minor scale (e.g. the A natural minor scale A B C D E F G A) does the same, but it has a different pattern of tones and semitones between each note:
tone, semitone, tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone.

The modes are easiest to see on a piano keyboard using the white notes only. The most common modern modes are:
- Ionian (C D E F G A B C)
- Dorian (D E F G A B C D)
- Phrygian (E F G A B C D E)
- Lydian (F G A B C D E F)
- Mixolydian (G A B C D E F G)
- Aeolian (A B C D E F G A)
- Locrian (B C D E F G A B)

It will be seen that
- The Ionian mode is the major scale.
- The Dorian is a natural minor scale with a major sixth.
- The Phrygian is a natural minor scale with a minor second.
- The Lydian is a major scale with an augmented fourth.
- The Mixolydian is a major scale with a minor seventh.
- The Aeolian is the natural minor scale.
- The Locrian sounds rather strange, and was hardly ever used in Medieval music. It is a minor scale with a minor second and a diminished fifth.

Each mode also has a version called “hypo—“.
For example: A to A is Hypodorian. It is the same as Aeolian, but the D is treated as the “keynote”.

The names of the modes come from cities in Ancient Greece.

In the Middle Ages these modes were widely used in church music.

Some composers in recent centuries have enjoyed using the ancient modes from time to time in their music. Folksongs are often **modal**. Greensleeves is an example of a well-known tune which is modal.
Sharp

**Sharp** means that something can cut easily.
Sharp may also refer to:
- Sharp (photography), if a picture is sharp it is well in focus.
- Sharp hearing, if someone has "Sharp hearing" it means they can hear extremely well.
- Sharp (music), a sharp is a note that has been made higher by a semitone
- Sharp (tuning), means that a note that is not in tune:  The pitch is too high (see intonation).
- Sharp Corporation, a Japanese electronics manufacturer
Lúcuma

**Lucuma** fruits are found in Peru and Chile. Lucuma have been eaten for many centuries. Anthropologists have found ancient burial sites with lucuma seeds.

Lucuma is used in many different drinks and desserts. Lucuma is the most popular ice cream flavor in Peru.
Western Asia

**Western Asia** (or **Southwest Asia**) is the part of  Asia that includes the Middle East and South Caucasus.

## Territories

Southwest Asia in most uses includes:

1. (sometimes)
1. (partly)
1. (partly)
1. (partly)

## Other websites

- Stanford's Map of Western Asia is an old map from 1885
Jane Eyre

***Jane Eyre*** is a novel written by Charlotte Brontë. It was published in 1847 in England. It is Charlotte Brontë's most famous book.

## Background

Around this time, Charlotte was beginning to suffer a painful toothache, which made many of her teeth fall out. She was even more worried about her father's blindness. On 19 August 1846, Charlotte went to Manchester with her father to see an eye surgeon, William James Wilson. Wilson performed the operation on 25 August. The next day, Charlotte described it to her friend Ellen in a letter. Wilson had been helped by two other surgeons. The operation had taken about 15 minutes. Charlotte wrote, "Papa is now confined to his bed in a dark room and is not to be stirred for four days - He is to speak and to be spoken to as little as possible". "Depressed and weary (tired)", Charlotte began writing _Jane Eyre_.

Charlotte did not have good eyes, so she wrote in little square books that she held close to her eyes. She wrote the first copy in pencil. When she left Manchester to go back home, she took the book with her and continued writing.

## Plot

_Jane Eyre_ is a love story. It tells about a young woman called Jane Eyre who was an orphan and goes to teach a girl named Adele Varens in a far-away house. The master of the house is Mr. Rochester. Jane and Mr. Rochester fall in love, but Jane is horrified when she finds out Mr. Rochester is already married to a crazy woman. She leaves the house, believing that marrying him would now be the same as adultery and that she would be his mistress, not his wife. When she goes away, she becomes sick and almost dies. Three people, Diana, Mary, and St. John Rivers, find her and let her live with them. There, she becomes a teacher and finds out that they are her cousins. She is very happy until St. John wants her to marry him and be a missionary with him. She knows that he does not really love her and thinks she is simply useful, so she says no. However, he continues to ask her, and she is finally almost persuaded that it is her duty to marry him when she hears Mr. Rochester crying, "Jane! Jane!" She feels that something has happened to him, and quickly goes back to see him. His crazy wife had set his house on fire and died in it. Mr. Rochester, because of the fire, had become blind and wounded. Jane, now that his wife is dead, is happy to marry him, and they get married and have a son.

## Famous sentence

The novel begins the last chapter with one of the most famous lines in English literature:

"_Reader, I married him_".

The active voice was revolutionary for its time.

## Other books by Charlotte Brontë

- Villette
- Shirley

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Jane Eyre
- **image**: Jane Eyre title page.jpg
- **image caption**: Title page of the first _Jane Eyre_ edition
- **author**: Charlotte Brontë
- **country**: England
- **language**: English language, English
- **genre**: novel
- **pub date**: 1847
- **media type**: Print
Gifhorn

**Gifhorn** is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony.

About 43,000 people live there. They have 3 star hotels.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Gifhorn
- **image coa**: DEU Gifhorn COA.svg
- **image photo**: Gifhorn - Altes Rathaus.JPG
- **image caption**: Old town hall
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Gifhorn
- **elevation**: 50 - 68
- **area**: 104.86
- **population**: 42143
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 38501–38510, 38516, 38518
- **area code**: 05371
- **licence**: GF
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 1 51 009
- **divisions**: 6 districts
- **mayor**: Matthias Nerlich
- **party**: Christian Democratic Union (Germany), CDU
Fortification

**Fortifications** are military constructions and buildings designed for defense during war. People have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, but the designs have become more and more complex. The term fortification comes from the Latin words _fortis_ ("strong") and _facere_ ("to make").

Many military installations are known as **forts**, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may class as **fortresses**, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of **fortalices**. Some are castles. The word **fortification** can also mean the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are **fortifications** but not necessarily called **fortresses**.

The last great system of fortification to be built was the Atlantic Wall.

## Related pages

- Fortress
- Stronghold
- Salient

## Other websites

- Information on Australian World War 2 Fortifications
- A Military History of Malta (Fortifications)
- Fortress Cologne
- Aerial photography: Fortress - Komárom - Hungary
- Petrovaradin - Greatest XVIII century fortress in Europe
Neurosurgery

**Neurosurgery** is the surgical specialty that focuses on diseases and injuries involving the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
Conjoined twins

**Conjoined twins** are twins whose bodies are joined together at birth. This happens where the zygote of identical twins fails to completely separate. Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, and approximately half are stillborn. The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is between 5% and 25%. Conjoined twins are more likely to be female (70-75%). Daisy and Violet Hilton are a famous pair of conjoined twins. They were born in Brighton and were kept on top of the Evening Star pub, where they were taught to dance by a cruel barmaid. She then sold them and they toured Vaudeville. They became famous in the movie _Freaks_ and lived long lives, eventually getting married.
Xiao

The **xiao** is a Chinese musical instrument. It is made from bamboo.  It is an end-blown flute.
Mike D

**Michael Diamond**, better known as **Mike D** (born November 20, 1965), is an American rapper. He is a member of the Beastie Boys, a hip hop band.

Diamond co-founded the band "The Young Aborigines" in 1979. They changed the name of the band to the Beastie Boys in 1981. At that time, the band played hardcore punk music. In 1992, he founded his own record label, Grand Royal. He is married to Tamra Davis.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mike D
- **img**: Michael Diamond 1.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Michael Diamond
- **alias**: Mike D, Country Mike, The King of Lunch, Clarence
- **origin**: New York City, New York, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: Rapping, singing, vocals, drum kit, drums, percussion, Keyboard instrument, keyboards
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop, rap rock, hardcore punk, alternative hip hop
- **occupation**: rapping, Rapper, musician, songwriter, drummer
- **years active**: 1979–present
- **label**: Def Jam Recordings, Def Jam Records
Grand Royal, Grand Royal Records
Capitol Records
- **associated acts**: Beastie Boys
The Latch Brothers
- **url**: [http://www.beastieboys.com/ www.beastieboys.com]
Defensive wall

A **defensive wall** is a fortification used to defend a city from potential aggressors. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as **city walls** or **town walls**, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China, Hadrian's Wall, and the metaphorical Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries. Beyond their defensive value many walls also had important symbolic functions — representing the status and independence of the communities they embraced.
Autolycus of Pitane

**Autolycus of Pitane** (ca. 360 BC—d. ca. 290 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer.  He was born in Pitane, a town of Aeolis, in Asia Minor.  His works were probably completed in Athens between the years 335 BC and 300 BC.  Autolycus' surviving works include a book on spheres (called _On the Moving Sphere_) and another on the rising and setting of celestial bodies.  _On the Moving Sphere_ is believed to be the oldest mathematical treatise from ancient Greece that is completely preserved.

Euclid mentions Autolycus' work.  Autolycus also taught Arcesilaus.

Maurolycus translated Autolycus' works in the sixteenth century.

## Mathematics

Autolycus studied the movements of a sphere.  It is believed they were the earliest written mathematics related books which have actually survived.  Theodosius' _Sphaerics_ was based on Autolycus' work on spheres.

## Astronomy

Autolycus studied the relationship between the rising and the setting of the celestial bodies, and wrote that "any star which rises and sets always rises and sets at the same point in the horizon."

A crater on the Moon is named after him.
Brigantes

The **Brigantes** were a British Celtic tribe (people), that used to live in the North of Roman Britain; between the rivers Tyne and Humber. They occupied what was later Northumbria. To the north was the territory of the Votadini, which straddled the present day border between England and Scotland.

## Nearby tribes

The tribes that used to live next to the Brigantes were the Carvetti, the Parisii, the Cornovii, and the Corieltauvi.

## Related tribes

There was a Brigantes tribe who used to live in the South of Ireland as well. They may both be related to the _Brigantii_ of the eastern Alps.

## Other websites

- Brigantes Nation
- Brigantes at Roman-Britain.co.uk
- Brigantes  at Romans in Britain
Relation

**Relation** could mean:

- Relation, a person to whom one is related, i.e. a family member (see also Kinship)
- Relation (mathematics), a generalization of arithmetic relations, such as "=" and "<", that occur in statements, such as "5 < 6" and "2 + 2 = 4".  See also _binary relation_, _triadic relation_, _relational algebra_, _theory of relations_.
- In the relational model, a set of tuples, otherwise known as a table.
- Relation, in logic and philosophy, a property or predicate ranging over more than one argument.  See also _Logic of relatives_, _Relation of ideas_, _Relational theory_, _Relational philosophy_.

## Related pages

- International relations
- Interpersonal relationship
- Intimate relationship
- Relationships

## Infobox (bilateral relations)

- German languange
- Germany
- Germany
Kinship

**Kinship** is the most basic principle of putting individuals into social groups, roles, and categories.  The basic sort of kinship is to belong to the same family by birth.

## Kinship

Kinship tells us how we are related to our family or each other, through our biology and history.  Kinship can be a complex system of social groups. It is a universal system as everyone has a family. Some small and large scale societies use kinship not only for human reproduction but for “economic transactions, the political system and [their] religious beliefs” (J.Hendry, 1999).

## History

The anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan invented kinship studies. In the 1850s and 1860s he watched the Iroquois, a Native American group in the Northeastern United States. He was mostly interested in what was keeping societies together. He was the first to state the different types of kinship systems that exist, in his book, called ‘Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family’.

## Types

There are two main types of kinship.

**Consanguinity** means to be related by blood. Laws in some countries use the amount of consanguinity between two people.  For instance, deciding who is allowed to be married.  It can also be used to decide who can receive property after death if there is no will.  Many religions also use the amount of consanguinity to define acceptable practices.

**Affinity** means to be related by social processes, like marriage or adoption. There are also legal and religious definitions for acceptable amounts of affinity.

## Descent

There are two types of descent involved in kinship.  _Patrilineal_ are the relations that come from the father’s blood line.  _Matrilineal_ are the relations that come from the mother’s blood line.

## Examples of kinship

- parent (father or mother)
- child (son or daughter)
- sibling (brother or sister)
- grandparent (grandfather or grandmother)
- grandchild (grandson or granddaughter)
- uncle or aunt
- nibling (nephew or niece)
- cousin
- ancestor
- descendant

## References

- C. Delaney. (2004). ‘Relatives and Relations’: Investigating Culture. Oxford: Blackwell. p.192.
- J. Hendry. (1999). ‘Family, Kinship and Marriage’: An Introduction to Social Anthropology. London Palgrave.
- L. Rival. (1998). ‘Androgenous Parents and Guest Children’: The Huaorani Couvade. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol.4: p.619-642.