juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Complex system

A **complex system** is something made of many parts. These parts are called elements or agents. They work together in ways that make the whole system act differently from each part by itself. This is called an emergent property. For example, the human brain, nature, the weather, traffic, and the internet are all complex systems. In a complex system, small changes can cause big effects. Big changes can sometimes cause only small effects. This makes it hard to know what will happen. Complex systems are often unpredictable.

Many complex systems have feedback loops. In a feedback loop, the result of something affects what happens next. Positive feedback makes changes grow stronger, like rumors spreading quickly. Negative feedback makes changes smaller, like predators and prey keeping each other’s numbers in balance. Complex systems can adapt, which means they can change to fit new situations. In nature, this can happen through evolution. In human systems, people can change their plans when they get new information.
Nissan (disambiguation)

**Nissan Motor Corporation** is a Japanese car company.

**Nissan** may also mean:

## Geography

- Nissan (river), river in southwestern Sweden
- Nissan Island, island in Papua New Guinea
- Nissan Rural LLG, administrative division in Papua New Guinea
- Nissan-lez-Enserune, village near Béziers, France

## Brands and enterprises

- Nissan Chemical Corporation, a Japanese chemical company
- Nissan Computer, Not related to Nissan Motor Corperation but famous for a legal dispute over the Nissan.com domain name
- Nissan Group, a Japanese business, which includes:
    - Nissan Diesel, former name of truck and bus builder UD Trucks Corporation
    - Nissan Forklift, a forklift builder; see Nissan CG engine
    - Nissan Marine, a marine engine builder
- Nissan Life, a defunct insurance company

## Other uses

- _Nissan_, or _Nisan_, a month on the Hebrew calendar, Babylonian calendar and modern Arab April
- Nissan Pavilion, former name of an outdoor entertainment venue in Prince William County, Virginia, now known as Jiffy Lube Live
- Rosa Nissán (born 1939), Mexican writer
Cabal Online

**Cabal Online** is a free massive multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) created by ESTsoft Corporation.

## Characters

There are eight characters players can choose from in Cabal Online. They are: Warrior, Blader, Magician, Force Archer, Force Blader, Force Shielder, Force Gunner, https://wegototo.com  and Gladiator.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Cabal Online
- **developer**: ESTsoft, ESTsoft Corp.
- **publisher**: OGPlanet (US & Canada), Moliyo (China), Games-Masters (Europe),  Asiasoft Online (South-East Asia)
- **released**: January 2007 (EU),
February 1, 2008 (US & Canada Open Beta), February 28, 2008 (Official North American Release), March 3, 2008 (Open Beta in South-East Asia)
- **genre**: MMORPG
- **modes**: Online Multiplayer
- **platforms**: Windows (XP, Vista)
Blackletter

**Blackletter** or **Gothic script** is an old way to write. Blackletter in writing or print was used in Western Europe from about 1150 to the 17th century. It was used for printing in Germany until the 20th century.

Letter shapes in printing were copied from letter shapes in a style of handwriting. So, the Gothic script of northern Europe and the Latin script used in Italy were both copied into print typography.

## The name _Gothic_ script

Some people call blackletter Old English. This is not right, because Old English is a language, not a script, and many centuries older. Also _Gothic_ script has nothing to do with the Goths. They lived in central Europe from the 3rd to 6th century and wrote in runes. Blackletter must not be confused either with the ancient Gothic alphabet or with the sans-serif typefaces that are also sometimes called _Gothic_.

The term _Gothic_ was first used to describe this script in fifteenth century Italy, in the midst of the Renaissance. Scholars thought it was a barbaric script: _Gothic_ was a synonym for _barbaric_.

Not only were blackletter forms called _Gothic script_, but any other seemingly barbarian script was also labeled "Gothic". In contrast, the humanists preferred the Carolingian minuscule, a highly legible script. They called it _littera antiqua_, "the ancient letter", believing that it was the script used by the Romans. But actually it was invented in the reign of Charlemagne.

## Origins

Carolingian minuscule was the direct and linear ancestor of blackletter. Blackletter came from Carolingian when Europe in the twelfth century needed new books in many different subjects when more and more people learned to read. New universities were founded, each writing books for business, law, grammar, history, and other topics, not only religious books, where earlier scripts were used.

These books needed to be produced quickly to keep up with demand. Carolingian, though legible, was time-consuming and labour-intensive to produce. It was large and wide and took up a lot of space on a manuscript in a time when writing materials were very costly. As early as the eleventh century, different forms of Carolingian were already being used, and by the mid-twelfth century, a clearly distinguishable form, able to be written more quickly to meet the demand for new books, was being used in north-eastern France and the Low Countries.

## Sources

- Bernhard Bischoff, _Latin Palaeography: Antiquity and the Middle Ages_, Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Falkland Islands wolf

The **Falkland Islands wolf** (_Dusicyon australis_), also known as the **warrah**, **Falkland Islands dog**, **Falkland Islands fox**, or **Antarctic wolf**, is a species of wolf that used to live on the Falkland Islands. They were blamed for killing sheep, but it is not known if they did or not. The last fox died in 1876. This species probably fed on penguins, seals and vegetation.

It is unclear how they got to the Falkland Islands. The most common theory was that the warrah descended from domestic dogs brought to the Falkland Islands by the Yaghan of Tierra del Fuego. This explained the lack of their fear of humans.

However, this theory was seen as implausible because the Falkland Islands are far from mainland South America and the sea between the mainland and the islands is very windy, making it impossible to cross in simple canoes. Now, the accepted theory is that the warrah crossed into the Falkland Islands on a former ice bridge connecting the mainland and the islands. The animal went extinct soon after, caused by hunters hunting them and killing for their pelt or fur.

the method they would use would be to hold a piece of meat, and a knife in the other, ready to stay them. they were very friendly creatures, famously swimming up o boats, but that had come to an end.
SNoW

**SNoW** (born June 11, 1985 in Tokyo, Japan) is a J-Pop singer. She is now studying at Santa Monica College in California. She was raised in a two language environment. Her favorite artists include Ani DiFranco, Iggy Pop, Talking Heads, and Jack Johnson.

Her first single "Yes" was released under an indie record label in November 2004. In 2005, she changed labels to Sony Music Entertainment Japan. With Sony, she released "Hanabi made Ato Sukoshi" (花火まであとすこし - unofficial translation: "A Little Longer Until the Fireworks") in July. Her third single, "Sakasama no Chō" (逆さまの蝶, "The Inverted Butterfly"), was released on January 25, 2006. "Sakasama no Chō" was the opening theme of the 2005/2006 anime _Jigoku Shoujo_ (地獄少女). It will also be used in the movie _Humoresque_ to be released in February 2006. The opening theme for _Jigoku Shōjo_'s second season, "NightmaRe", was also performed by SNoW. It was released as a single on December 6, 2006.

## Singles

- "Yes" - November 25, 2004
- "Hanabi Made Ato Sukoshi" - July 6, 2005
- "Sakasama no Chō" - January 25, 2006
- "On & On" - July 5, 2006
- "NightmaRe" - December 6, 2006
Funnel cloud

A **funnel cloud** is a funnel-shaped cloud of condensed water droplets.  They usually appear with a rotating column of air.   These extend from the bottom of a cloud that does not touch the ground or a water surface. A funnel cloud can usually  be seen as a cone or needle shaped cloud that extends out from the main cloud base. Funnel clouds, very often, develop when supercell thunderstorms happen.

If a funnel cloud touches the ground, it becomes a tornado. Most tornadoes begin as funnel clouds.  Many funnel clouds that appear do not actually touch the ground, and do not become tornadoes.  Tornadoes can only be seen when they pick up stuff off the ground (debris), but one can see them from a distance of many miles.

A funnel cloud that makes contact with water is called a waterspout.
A funnel cloud that touches the ground in front of a snow squall is called a winter waterspout.

## Cold-air funnel clouds

Cold-air (or cold-core) funnel clouds are usually short-lived and are usually much weaker in strength than the tornadoes produced by supercells.  Cold-air funnel clouds usually do not touch the ground, but here have been reports that it can happen. Then, they become weak tornadoes or waterspouts.

They are a common sight along the Pacific Coast and USA, usually seen in the spring or autumn.

## Related pages

- Tornado
- Waterspout
- Landspout
- Winter waterspout

## Other websites

- NOAA FAQ on Tornadoes
- TORRO Tornado FAQ
Waterspout

A **waterspout** is a tornado, over water usually a non-supercell tornado. Waterspouts do _not_ suck up water; the water seen in the main funnel cloud is actually water droplets formed by condensation. It is usually weaker than its land counterparts.

### Non-tornadic

Waterspouts that are not come from the turning updraft of a supercell thunderstorm, are known as "nontornadic" or "fair-weather waterspouts", and are by far the most common type.

Fair-weather waterspouts are usually form from tall cumulus clouds with dark, flat-bottoms.

### Tornadic

Sometimes a regular tornado, made by a supercell, just happens to be on water. This is called a tornadic waterspout. It could have formed on water or moved there from land. Waterspouts like this can be big and cause a lot of destruction if they hit land. They occur a lot less than non-tornadic waterspouts.

### Snowspout

A **winter waterspout**, also known as a **snow devil**, an **icespout**, an **ice devil**, a **snonado**, or a **snowspout**, is a very rare meteorological phenomenon in which a vortex from snow develops that looks like a waterspout.  One does not know much about this rare happening and there are only six known pictures of this event so far.

There are three main things that produce a winter waterspout:
- Very cold temperatures present over a body of warm water enough to produce fog that looks like steam above the water's surface.  This usually needs temperatures of -18 °C or colder if the water temperature is no warmer than 5 °C.
- Lake-effect snows in a small, enclosed or banded formation must be present and going on.
- The wind speed has to be slow, usually less than 5 knots (9.25 km/h).

## Related pages

- Winter waterspout
- Funnel cloud
- Tornado

## Other websites

- British and European Tornado Extremes
- A series of pictures  from the boat _Nicorette_ getting impressively close to the south coast tornadic waterspout.
- USA Today online article on waterspouts
- Home video of a waterspout on Long Island Sound on 27 September 2006
- Pictures of cold-core waterspouts over Lake Michigan on 30 September 2006. Archived from the original on March 102007.
- http://aoss-research.engin.umich.edu/PlanetaryEnvironmentResearchLaboratory/
Bob Jones University

**Bob Jones University** (**BJU**) is a private Protestant Christian university in Greenville, South Carolina. The university was founded in 1927 by Bob Jones, Sr. (1883-1968), an evangelist. The school has around 3,000 students attending it, and there are 2,755 undergraduate students attending. Until the 1970s, BJU only allowed white students to attend. Afterwards, it banned interracial dating.

## Other websites

- BJU website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Bob Jones University
- **image**: Bob Jones University, Front Campus Fountain.jpg
- **caption**: Front Campus Fountain
- **motto**: Petimus credimus
- **motto lang**: Latin
- **established**: 1917
- **type**: Private
- **chancellor**: Bob Jones III
- **president**: Stephen Jones
- **staff**: 1,450
- **students**: c. 3,000
- **undergrad**: 3,600
- **postgrad**: 600
- **city**: Greenville, South Carolina, Greenville
- **state**: South Carolina
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Suburban
- **website**: [http://www.bju.edu/ www.bju.edu]
Mordecai Ham

**Mordecai Fowler Ham, Jr.** (April 2, 1877 – November 1, 1961) was an American evangelist. He entered his ministry in 1901. In 1936, he started his Christian radio evangelism career. He continued working as an evangelist until shortly before his death in 1961.

## Other websites

- Biography from Christian History Institute

## Infobox (person)

- **caption**: Ham in 1955
- **birth name**: Mordecai Fowler Ham, Jr.
- **birth place**: Allen County, Kentucky, Allen County, Kentucky
United States
- **death place**: Louisville, Kentucky, Louisville, Jefferson County, Kentucky, Jefferson County
Kentucky
- **occupation**: Evangelism, Evangelist
- **spouse**: (1) Bessie Simmons Ham (married 1900–1905, her death)
(2) Annie Laurie Smith Ham (married 1907–1961, his death)
- **children**: Martha Elizabeth, Dorothy, and Annie Laurie
- **alma mater**: Ogden College
Charles Templeton

**Charles Bradley Templeton** (October 7, 1915 – June 7, 2001) was a Canadian cartoonist, evangelist, agnostic, politician, newspaper editor, inventor, broadcaster and author. At the age of 17 during the Great Depression, _Chuck Templeton_ (as he was then known) got his first job as a sports cartoonist for _The Globe and Mail_. This would be the first of many of his careers. In the late 1990s, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.  He died from problems with the disease in 2001.

## Other websites

- His homepage
- An obituary of _Charles Templeton_
Billy Graham Evangelistic Association

The **Billy Graham Evangelistic Association** (**BGEA**) is an organization founded by Rev. Billy Graham in 1950. The purpose of the _BGEA_ is to tell the gospel of Jesus Christ to as many people as they can. They have done this through crusades, evangelism training, youth outreach, television broadcasts, and radio programs, just to name a few. The current President of BGEA is Graham's son Franklin.

## Other websites

- Official website
Washington National Cathedral

The **Washington National Cathedral** is a cathedral of the Episcopal Church in the United States. Located in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, it is the sixth largest cathedral in the world and second largest in the United States. It was built between 1907 and 1990.

On Tuesday, August 23, 2011, the central tower on the Cathedral was damaged by an earthquake. A 5.8-magnitude earthquake struck northern Virginia, about  from Washington D.C. The earthquake knocked off some of the cross-shaped finial stones. Finials are the decorative top of the pinnacles or towers. One pinnacle is leaning to the side. The inside of the cathedral did not receive any serious damage from the earthquake.

Officials have stated that it will cost millions of dollars to repair the damage. The cost of repairs will not be covered by insurance. There are many cracks in the limestone exterior. There was concern that the landfall of hurricane Irene would cause more damage. The hurricane did not cause any additional damage to the cathedral.

State funerals for four American Presidents have been held at the cathedral:
- Dwight Eisenhower (1969): Eisenhower was lying in repose at the cathedral before lying in state
- Ronald Reagan (2004)
- Gerald Ford (2007)
- George H.W. Bush (2018)
Memorial services were also held for presidents Warren G. Harding, William Taft, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S Truman, and Richard M. Nixon.
United States Postal Service

The **United States Postal Service** (**USPS**) was founded in 1971, replacing the United States Post Office Department. Its headquarters is in Washington D.C. In the United States, it is referred to as "the post office", "the postal service", or just "the mail". Its job is to deliver letters, packages, and other items to people.

The purpose of the Postal Service is to deliver equal service to all citizens of the United States.  The Postal Service has almost 500,000 employees to deliver and sort mail, as well as run management and clerk positions.  The Postal Service is for the service of Americans, so it is generally left out of politics between political parties.  Users can use their mailbox flag to signal USPS drivers to deliver the mailbox's contents to a different place.

## History

The Postal Service was originally the Post Office Department, which began in 1775. In 1971, the Postal Reorganization Act went into effect, creating the United States Postal Service. Since then, the Postal Service has had 14 Postmaster Generals, the current one being Louis DeJoy.

## Organization

The Postal Service is led by the Board of Governors, 11 people that guide the Postal Service. Nine of the governors are chosen by the president and confirmed by the senate, similar to the president's cabinet. Only four governors can be in one political party to avoid political hardship. The nine governors choose a tenth governor to be the Postmaster General who leads the Postal Service. The now 10 governors choose a Deputy Postmaster General to assist the Postmaster General. The Postmaster General and Deputy Postmaster General do not leave their office until the Board of Governors votes them out.

### U.S. Constitution

The Constitution gives Congress the ability to "establish post offices and post roads." Congress used this power to originally create the Post Office as well as give it power.

### U.S. Code Title 39

This code outlines the duties and powers of the Postal Service, making its mission of service clear.

### Postal Reorganization Act

This law, signed in 1970 by President Richard Nixon, separated the Postal Service from the rest of the Executive Branch, allowing them to act independently without approval from Congress.

### Postal Accountability and Enhancement Act

This law, signed in 2006, requires the Postal Service to put money into their Retiree Health Benefit Program ahead of time. This would allow them to save money for the future. Since this law, however, the Postal Service has often been losing money due to high operating costs.

## Other websites

- Official USPS website
Samford University

**Samford University** is a private, Southern Baptist-related university in Homewood, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham, Alabama. Samford ranked 118 out of 262 institutions in _U.S. News and World Reports' _ college rankings.

## History

_Samford University_ was founded as _Howard College_ in 1841 and opened its doors to students on January 3, 1842, in Marion, Alabama. In 1887 the school moved to Birmingham.

Women were first admitted to _Howard College_ in 1895. In 1920 the school joined the _Southern Association of Colleges_ and in 1927 it added its pharmacy school. In 1965, _Howard_ got back its master's degree program. This led to the college's becoming a well-known college by November 9, 1965.  The school was renamed in honor of _Frank Park Samford_, chairman of the Board of Trustees and most generous personal supporter, because there was already a _Howard University_ in Washington, D.C..

## Other websites

- Samford University
- Samford University Catalog
- Samford Bulldogs Athletics

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Samford University
- **image**: The Hataway Lab, Samford University.jpg
- **caption**: McWane Science Center
- **motto**: "For God, For Learning, Forever"
- **established**: 1841
- **type**: Private
- **endowment**: $400 million
- **president**: Beck A. Taylor
- **staff**: 264
- **undergrad**: 2,882
- **postgrad**: 1,558
- **city**: Homewood
- **state**: Alabama
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Suburban
- **athletics**: NCAA Division I FCS
- **nickname**: Bulldogs
- **mascot**: Spike the Bulldog
- **website**: [http://www.samford.edu/ www.samford.edu/]
Hainanese chicken rice

**Hainanese chicken rice** is a dish created by the people of Hainan. Hainan is an island that is to the south of China. It is a plate of chicken served with rice cooked in chicken oil.
Vortex (disambiguation)

A **vortex** is a dynamic phenomenon of fluids.

**Vortex** could also mean:

In **amusement**:
- Vortex (California's Great America), a stand-up roller coaster at California's Great America in Santa Clara, California, United States
- Vortex (Canada's Wonderland), a suspended roller coaster at Canada's Wonderland in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada
- Vortex (Carowinds), a stand-up roller coaster at Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
- Vortex (Kings Island), a steel roller coaster at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio, United States

In **fiction**:
- Cindy Vortex, a fictional character on the TV series _The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius_ and movie _Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius_
- Time vortex (Doctor Who), the space-time vortex in the _Doctor Who_ television series
- _Vortex_ (novel), a 1991 war novel by Larry Bond and Patrick Larkin
- Vortex (Transformers), a member of the Combaticons from Transformers who transforms into a helicopter
- Vortex life form, a fictional extraterrestrial species of the Ecco the Dolphin video game series

In **gaming**:
- Vortex (game), several games
- Vortex Software, a defunct video game developer

In **music**:
- ICS Vortex, a Norwegian metal singer and bassist
- _Vortex_ (album), a remix album by _Collide_
- Vortex I: A Biodegradable Festival of Life, a state sponsored music festival held in 1970 in Estacada, Oregon
- Vortex Jazz Club, a London venue that primarily features live jazz music but will occasionally have intriguing programmes of other music

In **science and technology**:
- Aureal Vortex, the PC audio accelerator chipset which powered such sound cards as the Monster Sound MX300
- Vortex (satellite), a class of United States Reconnaissance satellites
- Caltex Vortex, a brand of 95 and 98 octane unleaded fuels from Caltex
- Vorticity, a mathematical concept used in fluid dynamics

In **television**:
- _Vortex_ (DS9 episode), a first-season episode of _Star Trek: Deep Space Nine_
- _Vortex_ (Smallville episode), the first episode in Season 2 of _Smallville_
- _Vortex_ (YTV), a programming block produced by YTV and hosted by Paula Lemyre

In **other fields**:
- Subaru Vortex, a sporty coupe sold from 1985 to 1991 by Subaru
Vortex

A **vortex** (pl. _vortices_) is a spinning, often turbulent,
flow of fluid. The motion of the fluid swirling rapidly around a center is called a vortex. The speed and rate of rotation of the fluid are greatest at the center and become smaller with distance from the center.

## Related pages

- Vorticity
- Wormhole

## Other websites

- Dust Devil Movie A short movie showing many spinning vortices of varying sizes
- Video of two water vortex rings colliding  (MPEG)
- BubbleRings.com Web site on "bubble rings", which are underwater rings made of air formed from vortices. The site has some information on how these rings work.
- Chapter 3 Rotational Flows: Circulation and Turbulence
- Video of Vortex Formation and Annihilation in a Superconductor (By Joel Thorarinson )
Libertia

***Libertia*** is a genus of monocotyledenous plants in the family _Iridaceae_. There are 15 species in the genus. The plants can be found growing in the southern hemisphere.

## Species

- _L. chilensis_ (Molina)Gunckel (=_Libertia formosa_ Graham)
- _L. elegans_ Poepp.
- _L. sessiliflora_ (Poepp.) Skottsb.
- _L. tricocca_ Phil.
- _L. grandiflora_ (R.Br.) Sweet
- _L. ixioides_ (G.Forst.)Spreng (mapuche) pukallecalle, māori mikoikoi
- _L. peregrinans_ Cockayne et Allan
- _L. micrantha_ A.Cunn.
- _L. cranwelliae_ Blanchon, Murria et Braggins
- _L. edgariae_ Blanchon, Murria et Braggins,
- _L. mooreae_ Blanchon, Murria et Braggins
- _L. paniculata_ (R.Br.)Spreng.
- _L. pulchella_ var. _laurencei_ (Hook.f.) Domin

## Other websites

- Abstracts
- Rodney Todd Eason Mediterranean plants from Chile for displays at Longwood gardens
Tibetan

**Tibetan** can refer to:
- Of or relating to Tibet
- Tibetan people, an ethnic group
- Tibetan language
- Tibetan script, a writing system
- Tibetan art
- Tibetan culture
- Tibetan food
- Tibetan Spaniel dog breed
- Tibetan Mastiff dog breed
- Tibetan Buddhism
V/Line

**V/Line** is a regional train operator in Victoria, Australia. They operate all regional trains outside the Connex network, as well as some bus services that take people a long way.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: V/Line Passenger Corporation
 V/Line Passenger Pty. Ltd.
- **company type**: Government-owned corporation
- **foundation**: 1983
- **location**: Melbourne, Australia
- **key people**: Rob Barnett - _CEO_
 Frank Tait - _chairman_
 Meredith Doig - _board member_
 Colin Nicol - _board member_
 Catherine Scott - _board member_
- **area served**: Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia and several interstate locations
- **industry**: Rail and Coach services
- **revenue**: AUD$318.9m (2006-07)
- **net income**: Unreported:_Not for profit_
- **num employees**: 1,255 (as at October 2007)
- **parent**: Victorian Government
Carpool

**Carpooling** is sharing a car with other passengers to help share the cost of operating the car. Besides being cheaper than driving many cars at the same time, it also reduces traffic congestion. There are many companies that provide carpooling services such as Ola, MyCotra, Quickride, and Uber.
Middleweight

In boxing, the term **Middleweight** is used for a specific group of people based on weight. A middleweight is a boxer weight does not exceed 160 pounds (73 kg).

Boxing organizations created many divisions so that fighters could fight people of the same size.

The first heavyweight champion under modern rules was Irish boxer Jack (Nonpareil) Dempsey.

Famous heavyweight champions have include Bob Fitzsimmons, Nino Benvenuti, Rocky Graziano, Marvin Hagler, Bernard Hopkins, Roy Jones Jr., Jake LaMotta, Carlos Monzon,
Sugar Ray Robinson, Tony Zale and Sugar Ray Leonard.
Moneymore

**Moneymore** is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. It is  from Cookstown and  from Magherafelt.

## Population facts

On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 1,369 people living in Moneymore. They also saw that:
- 25.0% of the people were under 16 years old and 16.1% were over 60 years old.
- 47.9% of the people were male and 52.1% were female.
- 47.8% of the people were from a Roman Catholic background and 51.0% were from a Protestant background;
- 3.1% of people aged 16–74 had no job.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Moneymore
- **irish name**: Muine Mór
- **static image name**: St John's Desertlynn Church of Ireland - geograph.org.uk - 78225.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>St John's Desertlynn Church of Ireland, in Moneymore</small>
- **map type**: Northern Ireland
- **label position**: none
- **unitary northern ireland**: Cookstown
- **population**: 1369
- **population ref**: <small>(United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 Census)</small>
- **irish grid reference**: H8583
- **country**: Northern Ireland
- **post town**: MAGHERAFELT
- **postcode area**: BT
- **postcode district**: BT45
- **dial code**: 028
- **constituency westminster**: Mid Ulster (UK Parliament constituency), Mid Ulster
- **constituency ni assembly**: Mid Ulster (Assembly constituency), Mid Ulster
- **lieutenancy northern ireland**: County Londonderry
Denpasar

**Denpasar** () is the capital city of the province of Bali, Indonesia. It is also the site of Ngurah Rai Airport, the main gateway to Bali. It has a population of 897,300 (2017).
Toome

**Toome** (or **Toomebridge**) is a village in Northern Ireland, in the United Kingdom. It is  from Magherafelt and  from Antrim. It is close to the River Bann.

## Population facts

On 29 April 2001 the United Kingdom government had a census and saw that there were 722 people living in Toome. They also saw that:
- 27.2% of the people were under 16 years old and 10.9% were over 60 years old
- 48.8% of the people were male and 51.3% were female
- 96.3% of the people were from a Roman Catholic background and 2.9% were from a Protestant background
- 6.2% of people aged 16–74 had no job.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Toome
- **irish name**: Tuaim
- **static image**: Toome Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 78227.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>The bridge over the River Bann at Toome
(built 2004)</small>
- **map type**: Northern Ireland
- **population**: 722
- **population ref**: <small>(United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 Census)</small>
- **irish grid reference**: H9990
- **unitary northern ireland**: Antrim (borough), Antrim
- **country**: Northern Ireland
- **post town**: ANTRIM
- **postcode area**: BT
- **postcode district**: BT41
- **dial code**: 028
- **constituency westminster**: South Antrim (UK Parliament constituency), South Antrim
- **lieutenancy northern ireland**: County Antrim
- **constituency ni assembly**: South Antrim (Assembly constituency), South Antrim
- **hide services**: yes
Kuta

**Kuta** is a town in southern Bali, Indonesia. Once it was a fishing village. It was one of the first towns on Bali to become popular with tourists. It is one of Indonesia's major tourist destinations. It has a long sandy beach, and many restaurants and bars. It is near Bali's Ngurah Rai Airport.

On October 12, 2002, a series of bombings killed more than 200 people in Kuta. The bombings happened outside two nightclubs.
An Inconvenient Truth

***An Inconvenient Truth*** is a 2006 documentary movie about global warming directed by Davis Guggenheim, presented by former United States Vice President Al Gore. The movie was first shown at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival. It opened in New York and Los Angeles on May 24, 2006. The movie was released on DVD on November 21, 2006. A companion book by Gore reached Number 1 on the paperback nonfiction New York Times bestseller list on July 2, 2006.  The movie won Academy Awards for Best Documentary Feature and for Best Original Song.

_An Inconvenient Truth_ is the story of Al Gore and his efforts to tell people about climate change concerns. Gore says, "I've been trying to tell this story for a long time and I feel as if I've failed to get the message across." The movie closely follows a "slide show" presentation that Gore has shown throughout the world. It shows Gore's exploration of the global warming data, and predictions regarding climate change and its potential for disaster.

## Related pages

- Stern Review
- The Dirty Energy Dilemma

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: An Inconvenient Truth
- **director**: Davis Guggenheim
- **producer**: Lawrence Bender
Scott Z. Burns
Laurie David
Lesley Chilcott (co-producer)
- **starring**: Al Gore
- **music**: Michael Brook
- **editing**: Jay Cassidy
Dan Swietlik
- **distributor**: Paramount Classics
- **released**: May 24, 2006
- **runtime**: 94
- **country**: USA
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, US$+1,000,000
- **gross**: United States dollar, US$49,047,567
<small>(worldwide)</small>
Kerobokan Prison

**Kerobokan Prison** is a prison in the town of Kerobokan, Bali. In addition to local criminals, a number of foreigners are held there, notably Schapelle Corby and the Bali Nine — all convicted of drug smuggling.
Edmund Spenser

**Edmund Spenser** (; c. 1552 – 13 January 1599) was a poet from England. He was most known for his poem _The Faerie Queene_, which talks about different knights who fight against evil. The poem also praises Queen Elizabeth I of England. He wrote also many sonnets and poems. The sonnets were collected under the name of Amoretti.

Edmund Spenser made a new rhyme-scheme for sonnet (abab bcbc cdcd ee) and a nine-line stanza (ababbcbcc). These forms are now called Spenserian sonnet and Spenserian stanza. Spenserian stanza was later used by many poets, among others by George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats and Alfred Tennyson.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Edmund Spenser
- **image**: Edmund Spenser oil painting.JPG
- **birth date**: c. 1553
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **resting place**: Westminster Abbey
- **occupation**: Poet
- **language**: English language, English
- **alma mater**: Pembroke College, Cambridge
- **period**: 1569–1599
- **notableworks**: _The Faerie Queene_
- **signature**: Edmund Spenser Signature.svg
Papua

**Papua** may refer to:

- New Guinea, Pacific island
    - Papua New Guinea, country on the above island
        - Papua Region, in the above country
    - Papua (Australian territory), former Australian-administered territory in southeastern New Guinea
    - Papua (Indonesian province), Indonesian province on the western half of the New Guinea
    - West Papua (province), Indonesian province on the Bird's Head Peninsula region of the island
    - Western New Guinea, the western part of the island.
- Papuan languages
Papuan languages

The term **Papuan languages** means languages of the western Pacific which are neither Austronesian nor Australian. That is, the term is defined negatively and does not mean a linguistic relationship.

## The languages

The majority of the Papuan languages are spoken on the island of New Guinea (which is divided between the country of Papua New Guinea and Indonesian provinces of Papua and West Irian Jaya), with a number spoken in the Bismarck Archipelago, Bougainville Island, and the Solomon Islands to the east, and in Halmahera, Timor, and the Alor archipelago to the west. One Papuan language, Meriam Mir, is spoken within the national borders of Australia, in the eastern Torres Strait. The only Papuan languages with official recognition are those of East Timor.

New Guinea is perhaps the most linguistically diverse region in the world. Besides the Austronesian languages, there are some 800 languages divided into perhaps sixty small language families, with unclear relationships to each other or to anything else, plus a large number of language isolates.

## Other websites

- 2003 bibliography of languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Indonesian Papua
- Summer Institute of Linguistics site on languages (Papuan and Austronesian) of Papua New Guinea
- Map of Papuan languages (formerly known as the East Papuan family) of island Melanesia
- Bill Foley on Papuan languages
- Dryer's Papuan Language Families and Genera
Lombok

**Lombok** (population 2,950,105 in 2005) is an island in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia. It is to the east of Bali on the other side of the Lombok Strait. The capital and largest city on the island is Mataram.

The Gili Islands are very popular with tourists. There are many places to dive and the beaches are lovely.

Mount Rinjani, 3,726 m (12,224 ft), is the third-highest volcano in Indonesia.

In the summer of 2018, two major earthquakes, in July (6.4 magnitude) and in August (6.9 magnitude) hit the city killing nearly 270 people all together.

## Other websites

- NY Times on Lombok
- Inside Lombok

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Lombok
- **highest mount**: Mount Rinjani, Rinjani
- **density km2**: 749.2
- **population as of**: 2019
- **population**: 3,550,212
- **country largest city population**: 486,715
- **country largest city**: Mataram (city), Mataram
- **country admin divisions**: West Nusa Tenggara
- **country admin divisions title**: Province
- **country**: Indonesia
- **elevation m**: 3,726
- **area km2**: 4,738.65
- **archipelago**: Lesser Sunda Islands
- **pushpin map**: Indonesia
- **location**: Indonesia
- **image map caption**: Location (red) of Lombok
- **image map**: Lombok Locator.svg
- **image caption**: From top, left to right: Tanjung Aan Beach, Sasak people, Sasak wedding, camping over the top of Mount Rinjani, Rinjani,
Senggigi beach, Senaru waterfall
- **ethnic groups**: Sasak people, Sasak, Balinese people, Balinese, Bimanese people, Mbojo, Chinese Indonesian, Tionghoa, Sumbawa people, Sumbawa, Flores#Culture, Flores, Arab Indonesian, Arab
The Faerie Queene

***The Faerie Queene*** is an English epic poem by Edmund Spenser. The poem was first published in 1590. A longer version of the poem was published in 1596. This version of the poem is in six parts or books.

_The Fairie Queene_ is about different knights who fight against evil. It is an allegorical work, and each book of the poem is about a different virtue. The poem also praises Queen Elizabeth I of England and her family, the Tudors. Queen Elizabeth liked the poem so much that she gave Spenser a pension as a reward.
Torres Strait Islanders

**Torres Strait Islanders** are the indigenous people of the Torres Strait Islands, part of Queensland, in Australia. They are culturally related to the coastal peoples of Papua New Guinea but are regarded as being different from other Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia. There are also two Torres Strait Islander communities on the nearby coast of the mainland.

## Population

There are 6,000 Torres Strait Islanders who live in the area of the Torres Strai<nowiki/>t and 42,000 others who live outside that area, mostly in northern Queensland, particularly in Townsville and Cairns.

## Culture

The Torres Strait Islanders have a distinct culture, which has slight variations on the different islands on which they live. They are a sea-faring people and engaged in trade with peoples of Papua New Guinea. The culture is complex, with some Australian elements, some Papuan elements, and some Austronesian elements, just like the languages.

The islanders seem to have been the dominant culture for many centuries, and neighbouring Aboriginal and Papuan cultures show some Island influence such is their religious ceremonies. Archaeological, linguistic and oral history evidence suggests that the core of Island culture is Austronesian. Unlike the Aboriginal peoples in the rest of Australia, the islanders were traditionally agriculturalists but supplemented their food supplies by hunting and gathering.

## Related pages

- Indigenous Australians
- Papua New Guinea

## Other websites

- Torres Strait Regional Authority
- Church of Torres Strait
Omagh bombing

The **Omagh bombing** was a car bomb attack by the Real Irish Republican Army in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, on 15 August 1998. It killed 29 people and injured 300 others.
Themis (hypothetical moon)

On April 28, 1905, the American astronomer William H. Pickering said that he had found a tenth moon of the planet Saturn. Pickering named the moon **Themis**. No other astronomer has ever seen the moon that Pickering said he saw. Because of this, astronomers do not count Themis as an official moon of Saturn.

Pickering tried to figure out an orbit for Themis. He thought that Themis had an inclination of 39.1° to the ecliptic, with 0.23 eccentricity (0.23) and a semi-major axis distance of 1,457,000 km. This meant that Themis had an orbit like the moons Titan and Hyperion. Pickering believed that it took Themis 20.85 days to orbit Saturn, in a prograde motion.

Pickering thought that the diameter of Themis was about 38 miles (61 km). Pickering had also discovered the moon Phoebe, but modern astronomers know that Pickering made a mistake when he gave 42 miles (68 km) as the diameter of Phoebe. Because astronomers know how Pickering made his mistake, they can say that if Themis existed, it would have a diameter of 200 km.

In April 1861, Hermann Goldschmidt also thought he discovered a new satellite of Saturn between Titan and Hyperion. Goldschmidt called this moon Chiron. The moon Chiron also does not exist, but the name was used much later for the comet/asteroid 2060 Chiron.

In 1906, the French Academy of Sciences gave Pickering the Lalande Prize of the French Academy of Sciences for his "discovery of the ninth and tenth satellites of Saturn".

The actual tenth satellite of Saturn (in order of discovery) was Janus, which was discovered in 1966 and confirmed in 1980. Its orbit is far from the supposed orbit of Themis.

There is also an asteroid named 24 Themis.

## Themis in fiction

- John Varley's science fiction novel _Titan_ takes place on an expedition to Saturn. As they approach the planet and prepare to enter orbit, the astronomer onboard discovers a new moon. At first she believes she has recovered Pickering's lost moon, so she names it Themis.
- Robert Anton Wilson's novel Schrödinger's Cat trilogy makes frequent reference to Pickering's Moon as a satellite that revolves the "wrong way" around its primary.

## References

- Harvard College Observatory Bulletin No. 189, p.1 (April 1905)
- Annals of Harvard College Observatory, vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 173-185 (1905)
- AnHar **53** (1905) 173
- AnHar **61** (1908) 86
- Obs **28** (1905) 12:433
- PASP **18** (1906) 96
- Obs **31** (1908) 8:295
- MNRAS **69** (1909) 215
- Obs **32** (1909) 3:79
Real Irish Republican Army

The **Real Irish Republican Army** (or **Real IRA**) is a group from Ireland who want Northern Ireland to become part of the Republic of Ireland, and want it to leave the United Kingdom. The group started after they left the Provisional Irish Republican Army, after an argument. On 15 August 1998 they did the Omagh bombing, which killed 29 people and hurt over 300 people. They have shot police officers and have also bombed places in England, such as London and Birmingham. It is against the law to be a member of the Real IRA.
General Certificate of Secondary Education

The **General Certificate of Secondary Education** (**GCSE**) is a set of exams taken in England, Wales, Northern Ireland and other British territories. They are usually taken by students aged 15–16, after two years of study. Some students can take their exams early if their teachers think the students are capable. Most students taking their GCSEs study between 5 and 25 subjects.

All pupils have to study English, mathematics and science until they are 15-16. They do not have to take the GCSE exams, but the large majority do so. In Wales, students must also study Welsh until they are 14.

Most schools require that a pupil passes 5 or more GCSE exams at grades 4 or 5 or above before they can move on to study A-levels.

In 2020, the exams were cancelled for the first time due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Subjects

Many of the subjects in this list are not offered by every school.

### Required

In all schools students have to study Mathematics, Science, and English linguistics and literature.

### Creativity

- Art
- Art Textiles
- Film studies
- Textiles
- Music
- Design and Technology
- Drama
- Dance
- Performing arts
- Food technology

### Languages

- Modern foreign languages including: Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Gujarati, Hebrew, Hindi, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Spanish, Somali, Turkish, Tamil, Urdu and Welsh
- Classical languages including: Classical Greek, Biblical Hebrew and Latin

### Technology

- Electronics
- Engineering and Manufacturing (Double Award)
- Graphic products
- Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
    - Applied ICT (Double Award)
- Product Design
    - Electronics with Resistant Materials
    - Resistant Materials
    - Systems and Control Technology
    - Textiles
    - IT

### Humanities

- Humanities
- Geography
- Religious Studies
- History
- Citizenship
- Philosophy & Ethics
- Economics
- Hinduism
- Islamic Studies

### People and society-related

- Citizenship (Personal Social Health Education)
- Health and Social Care (Double Award)
- Home Economics: Child Development
- Home Economics: Food and Nutrition
- Law
- Psychology
- Social Science
- Sociology

### Natural sciences

- Astronomy
- Geology
- Human Biology
- Human Physiology and Health
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Biology

### Others

- Further Mathematics (Further Pure Mathematics for Edexcel IGCSE)
- Applied Business (Double Award)
- Archaeology (may not currently be available as a separate GCSE http://www.britarch.ac.uk/education/study/engwalesni )
- Business Studies
- Business and Communication Systems
- General Studies
- Outdoor Pursuits - Birdwatching - Fishing
- Physical Education (PE)
- Sports Studies
- Statistics
- Media Studies

## A-levels - Exams taken after GCSEs

- International GCSE - GCSE exams for students whose first language is not English.
- Standard Grades - Similar exams taken in Scotland
Edo

- _This article is about Edo. For more information, see Tokyo (disambiguation)._
 is the former name of the Japanese capital **Tokyo**, and was the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate which ruled Japan from 1603 to 1868. During this period it grew to become one of the largest cities in the world.

## History

The site of the city, on what is now known as Tokyo Bay, had been settled for several centuries, but first became historically significant with the building of Edo Castle in 1457 by order of Ōta Dōkan. Kyoto was the site of the Japanese emperor's residence and the capital of Japan for many centuries, until the Tokugawa shogunate was established in 1603 and Edo became its seat of government. From that point Kyoto remained merely the formal capital of the country, while the _de facto_ capital was now Edo, the center of real political power. Edo consequently rapidly grew from what had been a small, virtually unknown fishing village in 1457 to a big city of 1,000,000 residents by 1721, the largest city in the world at the time.

In 1868, when the shogunate came to an end, the city was renamed _Tokyo_, meaning "eastern capital", and the emperor moved his residence to Tokyo, making the city the formal capital of Japan.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## References

- Alternate spelling from 1911 _Encyclopædia Britannica_ article

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Edo
- **other name**: Yedo
- **native name**: 江戸
- **settlement type**: Former city
- **image map**: Location TokyoJapan.jpg
- **map caption**: Former location of Edo and present location of Tokyo
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Japan
- **established title**: Castle Built
- **established date**: 1457
- **established title2**: Capital
- **established date2**: 1603
- **established title3**: Renamed Tokyo
- **established date3**: 1868
- **population as of**: 1721
- **population total**: 1000000
Renault Vel Satis

The **Renault Vel Satis** was a large automobile created by the French car manufacturer Renault. It has five seats and four doors. It was produced from 2001 to 2009· It was known for its daring styling and was sold in the UK from 2002 to 2005 but was dropped there due to poor sales. Renault also produced another big car with bold styling called the Avantime which was a coupe/grand tourer but it was a poor seller with only 8,557 made between 2001 and 2003.
Cryptanalysis

**Cryptanalysis** (from the Greek _kryptós_, "hidden", and _analýein_, "to loosen" or "to untie") is the study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information which is normally required to do so. Typically, this involves finding a secret key. In non-technical language, this is the practice of **codebreaking** or **cracking the code**, although "break" can also mean just a part of a complete solution.

People have been making and breaking codes for many centuries. In the 1930s specialized machines were invented to do the calculations. Code-breaking machines such as the Colossus computer were important during World War II. Computers were the main tool of cryptanalysis in the Cold War and later.

## Related pages

- Code
- Cryptography

## References

- Helen Fouché Gaines, "Cryptanalysis", 1939, Dover.

## Other websites

- Basic Cryptanalysis
- Simon Singh's crypto corner
- Distributed Computing Projects
- UltraAnvil tool for attacking simple substitution ciphers
- A lot of real encrypted messages on newsgroups
- Kryptobull
- The National Museum of Computing Cipher Challenge