juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sagittarius (constellation)

The constellation **Sagittarius** (meaning "the Archer") is a group of stars in one area of the night sky. The stars are in the shape of a centaur archer. This constellation is part of the Western zodiac.

The Milky Way is at its densest near Sagittarius, as this is where the galactic center lies. Consequently, Sagittarius contains many star clusters and nebulae. One of the brightest of the star clusters is Messier 55, about 7.5° west of δ Sgr.

The complex radio source Sagittarius A is here. It lies between the Scorpius constellation and Astronomers believe that one of its components, known as Sagittarius A*, is associated with a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy, with a mass of 2.6 million solar masses.

## Deep-sky objects

- Trifid Nebula
- NGC 6559
- Omega Nebula
- Lagoon Nebula

## Infobox (constellation)

- **name**: Sagittarius
- **abbreviation**: Sgr
- **genitive**: Sagittarii
- **pronounce**: , genitive
- **symbolism**: the Archery, Archer
- **ra**: 19
- **dec**: −25
- **family**: Zodiac
- **quadrant**: SQ4
- **areatotal**: 867
- **arearank**: 15th
- **numbermainstars**: 12, 8
- **numberbfstars**: 68
- **numberstarsplanets**: 25
- **numberbrightstars**: 7
- **numbernearbystars**: 2
- **brighteststarname**: Epsilon Sagittarii, ε Sgr (Kaus Australis)
- **starmagnitude**: 1.79
- **neareststarname**: Ross 154
- **stardistancely**: 9.69
- **stardistancepc**: 2.97
- **numbermessierobjects**: 15
- **latmax**: 55th parallel north, 55
- **latmin**: South Pole, 90
- **month**: August
Polaris (star)

**Polaris** (**Alpha Ursae Minoris**) is the **Pole Star** or **North Star**.

It is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor. It is almost straight above Earth's North Pole. Because of this, when it is seen from Earth, it looks like it always stays in the same place in the sky. For centuries, sailors in the northern hemisphere used Polaris to help them figure out where they were on the ocean and what way they were moving.

Polaris is part of a triple star system. It has a very close dwarf binary, and a larger star, Polaris B, which orbits 2,400 AU away.

The main star, **Polaris A**, is a giant with 5.4 times the mass of the Sun and a diameter of 45 million kilometers. It is a classic Cepheid variable, the closest to us in the whole Milky Way. Polaris B can be seen even with a modest telescope. It was found by William Herschel in 1780 using one of the most powerful telescopes of the time: his own reflecting telescope. The nearby dwarf star, Ab, was predicted in 1929, but only seen quite recently. The dwarf orbits as close to A as Uranus is to our sun.

Even though Polaris is the North Star today, this has not always been the case. The place in the sky that the Earth's north pole points at changes slowly over time. This movement is called stellar precession. In 3000 BC, a faint star called Thuban in the constellation of Draco was the North Star. Polaris did not become the North Star until about AD 500. It will get closer to straight above the Earth's north pole until sometime in 2102. Then it will move away again. It will be the closest star to the pole until about AD 3000.

Surprisingly, considering its relative nearness, its distance is not yet known for certain. Many recent papers calculate the distance to Polaris at about 434 light-years (133 parsecs). However, some suggest it may be as much as 30% closer. If correct, this would be especially notable because Polaris is the closest Cepheid variable to Earth. Its physical parameters are critical to the whole astronomical distance scale.

There is no star in the southern hemisphere  which plays a similar role to Polaris. The star at the celestial south pole, Sigma Octantis, is much dimmer, so it is basically useless.
Hypercube

In geometry, a **hypercube** is a kind of polytope. It is an analogue of a square () or a cube () in another number of dimensions (which is known as _n_-dimensional). A hypercube is a closed, compact, convex figure that is made of groups of opposite parallel line segments aligned in each of the space's dimensions, perpendicular to each other and of the same length.

An _n_-dimensional hypercube is also called an ***n_-cube** or an ***n_-dimensional cube**.  The term "measure polytope" is also used, notably in the work of H. S. M. Coxeter (originally from Elte, 1912), but it has been superseded.

The hypercube is the special case of a hyperrectangle (also called an _n-orthotope_), where all of its parts are equal.

A **unit hypercube** is a hypercube whose side has length one unit. Often, the hypercube whose corners (or _vertices_) are the 2<sup>_n_</sup> points in **R**<sup>_n_</sup> with each coordinate equal to 0 or 1 is called **"the" unit hypercube**. A unit hypercube's longest diagonal in _n_ dimension is equal to .

## Construction

A hypercube can be made by making a copy of the last hypercube and moving it into the next dimension, then connecting the two objects. They are as follows:

- **0** – A point is a hypercube of dimension zero.
- **1** – If one moves a copy of the point by one unit length, it will sweep out a line segment, which is a unit hypercube of dimension one.
- **2** – If one moves a copy of this line segment in a perpendicular direction from itself; it sweeps out a 2-dimensional square.
- **3** – If one moves a copy of the square by one unit length in the direction perpendicular to the plane it lies on, it will make a 3-dimensional cube.
- **4** – If one moves a copy of the cube by one unit length into the fourth dimension, it makes a 4-dimensional unit hypercube (a unit tesseract).

This can be done in any number of dimensions. This process of sweeping out the polytopes can be formalized mathematically as a Minkowski sum: the _d_-dimensional hypercube is the Minkowski sum of _d_ mutually perpendicular unit-length line segments, and is therefore an example of a zonotope.

The 1-skeleton of a hypercube is a hypercube graph.

## Related pages

- Simplex - the n-dimensional analogue of the triangle
- Hyperrectangle - the general case of the hypercube, where the base is a rectangle.

## Other websites

- Olshevsky, George, _Measure polytope_ at _Glossary for Hyperspace_.
- www.4d-screen.de (Rotation of 4D – 7D-Cube)
- _Rotating a Hypercube_ by Enrique Zeleny, Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
- Stereoscopic Animated Hypercube
Iron Man 2

***Iron Man 2*** is a 2010 American superhero movie. It is based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man. It is the sequel to the 2008 movie _Iron Man_ and the third movie for the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

It was directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux. It stars Robert Downey, Jr., Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson, Sam Rockwell and Mickey Rourke. The story is set six months after the events of _Iron Man_. Tony Stark has revealed his identity as Iron Man. He is resisting calls by the United States government to hand over the technology. Ivan Vanko, meanwhile, has developed the same technology and built weapons of his own.

After the successful release of _Iron Man_, Marvel Studios announced and immediately set to work on producing a sequel. In July of that same year, Theroux was hired to write the script. Favreau was signed to return and direct. Downey and Paltrow were to repeat their roles from _Iron Man_. Cheadle was brought in to replace Terrence Howard in the role of James Rhodes. In early 2009, Rourke, Rockwell and Johansson completed the supporting cast. The movie went into production that summer. Like its predecessor, the movie was shot mostly in California, except for a key sequence in Monaco.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Iron Man 2
- **caption**: North American release poster
- **director**: Jon Favreau
- **producer**: Avi Arad
Kevin Feige
- **starring**: Robert Downey, Jr.
Don Cheadle
Scarlett Johansson
Gwyneth Paltrow
 Sam Rockwell
- **music**: John Debney
- **cinematography**: Matthew Libatique
- **editing**: Dan Lebental
- **studio**: Marvel Studios
Fairview Entertainment
- **distributor**: Paramount Pictures
- **runtime**: 124 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Alternative Airplay

**Alternative Airplay** is a music chart in the United States. It was named **Modern Rock Tracks** from 1988 to 2009. It ranks the 40 most-played songs on alternative rock radio stations. Since September 10, 1988, Alternative Airplay has appeared in _Billboard_ magazine.
Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire

***Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire*** is a 2003 Game Boy Advance video game made by Jupiter and published by Nintendo.  It is the sequel to the Game Boy Color video game _Pokémon Pinball_.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire
- **developer**: Jupiter (company), Jupiter
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **genre**: Pinball
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Game Boy Advance
Non-fiction

**Non-fiction** is writing about facts.  Although non-fiction is supposed to be truthful, sometimes it may not be.  People normally assume that authors mean to be truthful, but they might make mistakes.  Writing is normally split into two parts: non-fiction and fiction.  As well as non-fiction books, there are also pictures and films.

## Types of non-fiction

- Autobiography
- Biography
- Diagram
- Dictionary
- Documentary
- Encyclopedia
- Essay
- History

- Journal
- Journalism
- Letter
- Natural history
- News
- Philosophy
- Photograph
- Popular science
- Textbook

## Other websites

- Nonfiction Book Awards
Sphinx

A **sphinx** (Boeotian:  , plural **sphinxes** or **sphinges**) is a mythical creature with the head of a human, the body of a lion, and the wings of an eagle.

In ancient Greek mythology, this is a monster with the head of a woman, the front feet and body of a lion, the wings of an eagle, and the tail of a bull. It is an evil creature. It kills people and then eats them. It is the character of the legend of Oedipus.

In Egyptian mythology, the sphinx is usually a kind creature, but it has same power as in the Greek version. Both Greek and Egyptian sphinxes guard something, and statues of sphinxes stand near the doors to palaces.

During the Renaissance in Europe, people made the sphinx in different ways. This was because people had translated the description of the sphinx into Renaissance languages differently.
However, pictures of the sphinx are usually associated with the Egyptian Sphinx.

## Name

The word sphinx comes from the Greek word Σφίγξ, meaning "compress", "pull up" because this is how lions kill the animals that they eat.
However, the historian Susan Wise Bauer suggests that the word "sphinx" was instead a Greek corruption of the Egyptian name "shesepankh".

Indian culture also has pictures of lion-men.
Some palaces are decorated with lion-men.

## Egypt

A **sphinx**  dates back to the Old Kingdom of Egypt, and its name comes from the Ancient Greek name for a "stranger". The Sphinx is also common in South and South-East Asia, and was popular in Europe from the times of the Renaissance. The Sphinx was famous for riddles. It was used to protect the pyramids of Giza. Giza has ahead of a man and the body of a lion. One notable sphinx appears in the legend of Oedipus and killed travellers who failed to correctly answer a riddle about the three ages of man ("Which creature has one voice, but travels on four legs in the morning, two in the afternoon and three in the evening?"). Oedipus correctly solved it ("Man-he crawls on all fours as a baby, in adulthood, he walks upright, and in old age, he walks with a cane").

## Infobox (mythical creature)

- **name**: Sphinx
- **image**: Sphinx CdM Paris DeRidder865 n2.jpg
- **caption**: Attic red-figure pyxis, 2nd half of the 5th century BC. From Nola (Italy).
- **grouping**: Legendary creatures
- **similar entities**: Griffin, Manticore, Cherub, Lamassu, Narasimha
- **region**: Persian, Egyptian and Greek
Ulysses

***'Ulysses***' is the Latin name for Odysseus, a character in ancient Greek literature.

**Ulysses** can also be:
- _Ulysses_ (spacecraft)
- _Ulysses_ (novel), a book by James Joyce
- "Ulysses", a poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson
- _Ulysses_ (1955 movie), a movie starring Kirk Douglas
Safe sex

**Safe sex** (also called **Safer sex** or **protected sex**) is to have sex in a safe way. There are many dangers with having sex. Perhaps the most well-known are:
- Unwanted pregnancy; contraception can help this.
- Catching diseases that can be spread through having sex. Some of these, such as Syphilis, Gonorrhea or Trichomoniasis can be cured. Others conditions, such as AIDS, Hepatitis, and Herpes simplex are caused by viruses. Such diseases or conditions are hard to cure, or they cannot be cured at all. Condoms can help limit the spread of these diseases.

There are many ways of having safe sex. Some of these include:
- Using a condom or dental dam to create a barrier between the individuals. This is the way which most people have safe sex.
- Masturbating rather than having _normal_ sex. This is because the body parts never come into contact making it harder for diseases to spread.
- Oral Sex is also lots safer although there is still a high risk. Using a condom or dam while having oral sex or rimming is even safer.
- Abstinence, or not having sex at all.
Commons

**Commons** may refer to:
- Common good
- Common land, shared area of land
- The commons, shared resources
- Commons (road), place where several roadways share pavement
- House of Commons, a parliamentary house
- Wikimedia Commons, a project of the Wikimedia Foundation
- Creative Commons, licensing system for creative works
- Digital Commons, public domain knowledge reproduced in digital formats

## Related pages

- Common
Ted Hughes

**Ted Hughes** OM, (17 August 1930 – 28 October 1998) was an English poet and writer of children's stories. He was born in Mytholmroyd, West Riding of Yorkshire. He was married to the American poet Sylvia Plath from 1956 until her suicide in 1963. From 1984 until his death, he was the British Poet Laureate. He died of colorectal cancer in London, aged 68. He wrote a book called The Iron Man which inspired the movie The Iron Giant.

## Other websites

- Hughes at poets.org
Biffy Clyro

**Biffy Clyro**, often called **Biffy** by fans, are a Scottish rock band. The band are signed to Roadrunner Records and have released four albums and an EP. Their fourth album _Puzzle_ got them much mainstream and popular attention.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Biffy Clyro
- **img**: Biffy Clyro Leeds.jpg
- **img capt**: Biffy Clyro playing a concert in Leeds in 2008
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Kilmarnock, Scotland
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Indie
- **years active**: 1995 – present
- **label**: Roadrunner Records
- **current members**: Simon Neil
Ben Johnston
James Johnston
Black Stone Cherry

**Black Stone Cherry** are a rock band from Kentucky, USA. They are signed to Roadrunner Records and have released two albums, called _Black Stone Cherry_ and _Folklore and Superstition_.  The band has had several songs reach the top 30 of Billboard's Top Mainstream Rock Songs, including "Lonely Train", which reached #14 on that chart in 2006.

## Members of the band

- Chris Robertson (lead vocals, guitar)
- Ben Wells (guitar, backing vocals)
- Jon Lawhon (bass guitar, backing vocals)
- John Fred Young (drums, backing vocals)

## Other websites

- Black Stone Cherry's official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Black Stone Cherry
- **img**: BlackStoneCherryLive.JPG
- **img capt**: Black Stone Cherry performing in Portsmouth, United Kingdom.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Edmonton, Kentucky, Edmonton, Kentucky, United States
- **genre**: Hard rock, heavy metal music, heavy metal, southern rock
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **url**: [http://www.blackstonecherry.com www.blackstonecherry.com]
- **current members**: Chris Robertson (guitarist), Chris Robertson
Ben Wells (guitarist), Ben Wells
Jon Lawhon
John Fred Young
Jerry Wexler

**Gerald "Jerry" Wexler** (January 10, 1917 – August 15, 2008) was a music journalist who became a music producer, and was thought of as an important name in his field from the 1950s through the 1980s. He came up with the term "Rhythm & Blues", and was important in working with big people in music of the last 50 years, such Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, Led Zeppelin, Wilson Pickett, Dusty Springfield, and Bob Dylan. Wexler became part of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987.

## Other websites

- Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame Inductee Information
- AllMusic.com
- Salon.com
- NYTimes obit

## Infobox (celebrity)

- **name**: Jerry Wexler
- **birth place**: New York, New York, United States
- **death place**: Siesta Key, Florida, United States
- **occupation**: Music producer
Cyclic redundancy check

A **Cyclic redundancy check** (often shortened to **CRC**) is a way to calculate a checksum, based on a polynomial. In computer science, CRCs are used to check that no errors occurred transmitting the data. The transmitted messages are divided into predetermined lengths which, used as dividends, are divided by a fixed divisor. The remainder of the calculation is appended onto and sent with the computer recalculates the remainder. If it does not match the transmitted remainder, an error is detected. At this point, the data is re-sent. Ethernet packets have a (CRC) code.

For example:

If 'm' is your message of 16 bits, and you are calculating a CRC of 8 bits (CRC-8), then let 'x' be message 'm' appended by 7 zeroes. Let 'y' be a "magic" number. Divide 'x' by 'y', until you obtain a remainder that is not divisible further. Take this remainder and subtract it from the "magic" number 'y' and add this result to 'x' to obtain 'z'. 'z' is now a multiple of the "magic" number 'y' and dividing 'z' by 'y' will give a zero remainder. 'z' can now be transmitted to the receiver. The receiver will perform this division and check if the remainder is zero to confirm that there were no errors in transmission. The message can be recovered by simply reading the most significant 16 bits in the 24 bit transmission.

In real world systems, these long division operations are performed in hardware by bit-shifting and XORing, a feat which is trivial for digital electronics to perform at extremely high speeds.
Bucov

**Bucov** is a commune in the Prahova County, Romania.  About 10,500 people live in Bucov as of the year 2002.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **map caption**: Location of Bucov
- **official name**: Bucov
- **image shield**: ROU PH Bucov CoA.png
- **image map**: Bucov jud Prahova.png
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Romania, County
- **subdivision name1**: Prahova County
- **subdivision type2**: Subdivisions of Romania, Status
- **subdivision name2**: Communes of Romania, Commune
- **settlement type**: Commune
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Savu Ion
- **area total km2**: 49.032
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population total**: 10500
Padded cell

A **padded cell** is a special room in a hospital for mentally ill people. It is made so that the patients can be put there when they go through a crisis (or they have a fit or seizure). They are put there so they can go through their crisis on their own, without putting others into danger. Padded cells are made in special ways so that those having the crisis cannot hurt themselves. Padded cells have been used for a long time in psychiatry. In the 1980s, their use declined in Europe. This is because there are drugs that can be given that make them nearly unnecessary.

They are still widely used, especially in Africa and Asia.

Seizures and crises are usually very tiring. For this reason, patients usually only spend a short time in these cells. They usually collapse because of fatigue rather quickly. When they do, they need medical attention quickly.
Rüttenen

**Rüttenen** is a municipality in Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rüttenen
- **image photo**: Rüttenen.JPG
- **municipality name**: Rüttenen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Ruettenen-blason.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Lebern (district), Lebern
- **postal code**: 4522
- **municipality code**: 2555
- **area**: 8.80
- **elevation**: 516
- **population**: 1394
- **populationof**: December 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.ruettenen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Balm bei Günsberg, Feldbrunnen-St. Niklaus, Langendorf, Switzerland, Langendorf, Niederwil, Solothurn, Niederwil, Oberdorf, Solothurn, Oberdorf, Riedholz, Solothurn, Welschenrohr
The Feeling

**The Feeling** are a five person band that come from Sussex, England. The bands music is classed as pop. They have been nominated for many awards including a BRIT award in 2006.

The first of their four top 10 singles was the song "Sewn" in March 2006. It was one of 2006's most played songs. It was first played on BBC Radio 2. The Feeling's debut album was named "Twelve Stops and Home", which made it to number two in the UK album chart.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Feeling
- **img**: TheFeelingLive.jpg
- **img capt**: Performing in London, 2007
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Horsham, West Sussex
- **genre**: Soft rock
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **label**: Universal Music, MCA Music, Inc./Island Records, Island
- **current members**: Dan Gillespie Sells
Richard Jones (bassist), Richard Jones
Kevin Jeremiah
Ciaran Jeremiah
Paul Stewart (musician), Paul Stewart
Mangwal

**Mangwal** is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°6'30N 72°49'32E.
Mangwal, Afghanistan

**Mangwal** is a village in Kunar Province, Afghanistan. It is at 34°36'7N 70°49'41E. Its height is .
Geography of Afghanistan

|style="background:#efefef; text-align:center;" colspan="2"|{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"||
| --- | --- | --- |
|style="text-align:center; width:140px;"||}|
|**Continent**|Asia||
|**Subregion**|Central Asia||
|**Geographic coordinates**|||
|**Area**  - Total  - Water|Ranked 41st 647,500 km² 0 km² (landlocked)||
|**Coastline**|0 km (0 mi)||
|**Land boundaries**|5,529 km (3436 mi)||
|**Countries bordered**|Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Iran 936 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km, China 76 km||
|**Highest point**|Nowshak, 7,486 m / 24,560 ft||
|**Lowest point**|Amu Darya near Khamyab District, 258 m / 846 ft||

**Afghanistan** is in the middle of Asia. The country is landlocked and mountainous, and has most of the Hindu Kush mountains. There are four major rivers in the country: the Amu Darya, the Hari River, the Kabul River and the Helmand River. The country also contains a number of smaller rivers, lakes, and streams.

## Borders

Afghanistan has 5529 km of borders. They are with neighbouring countries:
1. Pakistan: 2,430 km, known as the Durand Line. This is in the south and southeast of Afghanistan.
1. Iran, to the west of Afghanistan. The border is 936 km long
1. Tajikistan has a border of 1,206 km with Afghanistan to the north
1. Turkmenistan has a border of 744 km
1. Uzbekistan has a border of 137 km
1. Afghanistan also has a disputed border with China. It is 76 km in length and is in the far northeast of the country. This is disputed by Pakistan and Tajikistan which both claim the area.

The borders are called "porous". That means that in many places people can cross over with not much official control.

## Land

Afghanistan has a lot of rugged mountains known as the Hindu Kush as well areas of desert.

- Highest and lowest
    - Lowest point: Amu Darya 258 m
    - Highest point: Noshaq 7,492 m

- Natural hazards:
- Damaging earthquakes occur in the Hindsh mountains; flooding and droughts in the south and south-west of the country.

- Natural resources
Afghanistan's natural resources include: natural gas, petroleum, coal, copper, uranium, gold, silver, chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semiprecious stones.

## Mountain systems

The Hindu Kush reaches a height of 7485 m. / 24,557 ft. at Nowshak, Afghanistan's highest peak. Of the ranges extending southwestward from the Hindu Kush, the Koh-i-Baba reaches the greatest height (Shah Fuladi, 5,142 m /16,870 ft). The Safed Koh range, which includes the Tora Bora area, dominates the border area southeast of Kabul.

The area towards the Khyber Pass across the Safed Koh are in eastern Afghanistan; at the top the height is 1070 m. / 3,509 ft. at Landi Kotal. This area is near to Pakistan, the town of Torkham is five kilometres from Pakistan.

## Other websites

- Topographic map of Afghanistan (1 : 300 000) www.cesty.in
- Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan is an old map, featuring Afghanistan, from 1897. It's written in English.
- Afghanistan, Beloochistan, etc. is another old map, from 1893. It was published by the Methodist church.
Menoitios

**Menoitios** (or **Menoetius**) was the Titan god (perhaps) of violent anger, rash action, and human mortality. Zeus struck him down with a thunderbolt and sent him to Erebos (the Underworld) as punishment for his hybristic behaviour.

He was a son of Iapetus and Clymene or Asia, and a brother of Atlas, Prometheus and Epimetheus. He was struck by Zeus with a flash of lightning, in the fight of the Titans, and thrown into Tartarus but he was not killed. (Hes. Theog. 507, &c., 514; Apollod. i. 2. § 3; Schol. ad Aeschyl. Prom. 347.)

The name Menoitios was derives from the Greek words _menos_ meaning variously might, force, spirit, passion, batterage, and _oitos_ meaning ill-fated or doomed. Hesiod also describes him as _hybristes_, a violent, overbearing and insolent man. Menoitios and his brothers, the sons of Iapetos, were all depicted with extreme human foibles: Prometheus was overly crafty, Epimetheus a fool, and Atlas exceedingly daring.

Menoitios was perhaps identical to Menoites the herdsman of Hades, whom Herakles wrestled with in the underworld. This connection with cattle, suggests that he was also the same as Bouphagos (the Cattle Eater) son of Iapetos, a hybristic man who attacked the goddess Artemis in Arkadia.
Miani, Chakwal

**Miani** is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.
Miani

Miani can refer to:

- Miani - a town in Sindh
- Miani - a town in Punjab (Pakistan)
- Miani (tribe) - A Pathan Tribe
- The Battle of Miani (Mee-a-nee)
Miani, Sindh

**Miani** or **Meeanee** was a village in Sindh, Pakistan, six miles north of Hyderabad. It was the site of the Battle of Miani, 17 February 1843, in which Sir Charles Napier defeated the ruler of Sindh and made it part of British India.
Hyderabad, Sindh

**Hyderabad** (Sindhi and  **') is a city in the Sindh province of Pakistan. The city was founded in 1768 by Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro on the ruins of a Mauryan fishing village along the bank of the Indus River known as **Neroon Kot''' ().

Hyderabad used to be the capital of Sindh. Now it is the capital of the district of Hyderabad. Before the starting of Pakistan, it was known as the Paris of India, for its roads used to be washed with perfumed rose-water every day and sandalwood incense would linger in the air.

## Prominent people

There are many prominent people who belong to Hyderabad Sindh. Among them are Dr. Ghulam Mustafa, Filmstar Muhammad Ali, Dr. Amir Liaqauat, Speaker National Assembly Fahmida Mirza, Qazi Asad Abid, Mustafa Qureshi, and Dr.Syed Mehboob, a writer and columnist, also born and educated in Hyderabad.
Miani, Punjab

**Miani** is a small town of Bhalwal Tehsil, Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is about 70 km from Sargodha city.

## History

Miani used to have a large  population of Hindus before the partition of India. They had to leave their ancestral homes and move to India after partition. Sargodha itself  was the homeland  of Khatris and had a large concentration of the ancient Khatri clans. Khatris are found among both Hindu as well as Muslim Punjabis. Some Khatris were converted to Islam after he introduction of Islam into the Punjab. Miani continues to have a population of Muslim Khatris or Punjabi Shaikhs.

Pre-partition, there were also many Hindu Brahmin families living in Miani. There were Gosain Brahmins of six clans, some of which are Balak-nathiye, Dabre, Bhature. The details are available with Purohits at Haridwar, India, a most holy place for Hindus on the banks of holy river Ganges. They were living, before partition, in and around Jhikki Gali of Miani, which was near a 'Roni Khui' or a well. These Gosain families would marry their children into Bagge, Kapooriye Saraswat Brahmins of the region. Other Brahmin families of Miani were Mohyal Brahmins, mainly Dutt. A very large house belonging to a Dutt family still stands tall in Miani with the name 'Krishen Niwas' inscribed in Hindi on the elaborately carved, large wooden doors (for which Miani & Bhera were famous). This door has also engravings of Lord Krishna, cows, lotus etc.

Miani was nicknamed Namak-Miani (salt Miani) because it was the main marketplace for salt that was mined from the mountains around Khewra.
Vltava

**Vltava** is a river which flows through the Czech Republic and its capital city, Prague. It starts as two small springs and ends at the Elbe. Composer Bedřich Smetana wrote a symphonic poem about this river, sometimes called "The Moldau".
Sargodha

**Sargodha** is the capital city of Sargodha District in the Punjab province of Pakistan. In old times, it was part of 'Shahpur' area under the British Raj. It was primarily an agricultural market town but now, it has also developed as a garrison town for the Pakistan Army and Pakistan Air Force.
Miani (Pashtun tribe)

The **Miani**, are a Pashtun tribe, they mainly live in the Gomal plains which are part of Tank District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. A few of the tribe also live in the Frontier Region of Dera Ismail Khan District and in Afghanistan.
Cod Wars

The **Cod Wars**, also called the **Iceland Cod Wars** (Icelandic: _Þorskastríðin_, "the cod wars", or _Landhelgisstríðin_, "the wars for the territorial waters") were a series of confrontations in the 1950s and 1970s between the United Kingdom and Iceland regarding fishing rights in the North Atlantic.  The name of the conflict was a pun on the term "Cold War" (with "cod" reading so similarly to "cold"),  by the British tabloid press.

In 1972, Iceland declared an Exclusive Economic Zone extending beyond its territorial waters, and plans to reduce over-fishing. It policed its quota system with the coast guard, leading to a series of net-cutting incidents with British trawlers that fished the areas. As a result, a fleet of British Royal Naval warships and tug-boats was employed to act as a deterrent against any future harassment of British fishing crews by Iceland.

In 1976, a compromise between the two states allowed a maximum of 24 British trawlers access to the disputed 200 nautical mile (370 km) limit.  Two-hundred-nautical-mile Exclusive Economic Zones became recognized internationally on November 14, 1994, after having been agreed at the conference on the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982.
Orion (constellation)

**Orion** is one of the largest constellations in the sky. It is supposed to look like the warrior Orion from Greek mythology. The constellation has other names in different cultures: it is mentioned under a Hebrew name in the Book of Job.

The constellation has a clear hour-glass shape with "Orion's Belt" in the centre. That part is made up of three bright stars (Alnitak, Alnilam, Mintaka) in line. The Orion constellation has 81 visible stars, including some of the brightest and most important stars in the night sky. Rigel is the brightest star in it, and Betelgeuse is a huge, rather unstable red supergiant.

The constellation includes a series of starburst nebulae where new stars are forming. The whole group of nebulae is known as the Orion complex. The complex is 1,500 to 1,600 light-years away, and hundreds of light-years across. It includes
- The Orion nebula M42
    - M43
- IC 434
    - The Horsehead nebula
- Barnard's Loop
- M78, a reflection nebula
- NGC 1999
- NGC 2175
    - NGC 2174
- Orion molecular cloud
- Flame nebula
- Train Wreck Cluster

### Greek mythology

In Greek mythology, Orion was a great hunter who joined Artemis's Hunt. He was the first ever male to ever enter the Hunt. Inevitably, he slowly started getting closer to Artemis, and eventually fell in love with her, even though he knew she had sworn an oath of maidenhood. Artemis did not sense this at the time, so she let him stay in the Hunt. The problem was that Orion was too good a hunter, and got in over his head. He killed too many animals, which was against the Hunters' nature, which was not to harm nature if it was not of danger to them. Gaea, the Earth Spirit, sensed this, and sent a giant scorpion to kill him, to punish him for his sins against nature. Artemis mourned his death, and herself made a constellation dedicated to him, namely, the Orion's Belt.

### Ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptians equated the constellation with Osiris, god of the afterlife.  The ancient Egyptian "First Time", "when Osiris walked on the Earth", has by some fringe archeologists been held to be around 10,500 BC; thanks to precession (which was known to the astronomers of the Early Dynasties), around that time at the Spring Equinox the constellation could be seen "walking" on the horizon just before dawn.

## Location

Orion is a useful aid to find other stars.
Extend the line of the Belt southeastward to find Sirius (α CMa); northwestward to find Aldebaran (α Tau). A line eastward across the two shoulders is the direction of Procyon (α CMi). A line from Rigel through Betelgeuse points to Castor and Pollux (α Gem and β Gem).
Betelgeuse

**Betelgeuse** (from Arabic: إبط الجوزاء Ibṭ al-Jauzā’, meaning "the armpit of Orion") is a large red supergiant star in the Orion constellation. It is usually the ninth-brightest star in the night sky, and the second-brightest in Orion.

Betelgeuse is a semiregular variable star whose apparent magnitude varies between 0.2 and 1.2. This is the widest range of any first-magnitude star.

It is also one of the largest and most luminous observable stars. It has a radius between around 640 times wider than the Sun's radius. This means it is around 900 million kilometers in diameter. Betelgeuse was the first star other than the Sun whose size was known. The star's distance from Earth is between 400 and 500 light-years. Its average absolute magnitude is about −6.02.

Betelgeuse is less than 10 million years old. It evolves rapidly because of its high mass. It is moving through the interstellar medium at a speed of 30 km/s, creating a shock wave over 4 light-years wide.

Betelgeuse is now in a later stage of stellar evolution. It will rapidly go through its life cycle before exploding as a type II supernova sometime in the next million years. Betelgeuse was once a yellow supergiant, which was observed by humans thousands of years ago.

An observation by the Herschel Space Observatory in January 2013 showed that the star's winds are crashing against the surrounding interstellar medium.
Betelgeuse is one of the red supergiant stars to have a bow shock:  others are Mu Cephei and IRC-10414. Betelgeuse can be seen at the upper left  in Orion.

## Alternate names

Betelgeuse is also called  **Alpha Orionis** (**α Orionis**, abbreviated **Alpha Ori**, **α Ori**).

## Related pages

- Orion (constellation)
- Rigel
- 119 Tauri, Antares, and Mu Cephei, other similar red supergiant stars
Phoenix (constellation)

**Phoenix** () is a small and not-so-bright constellation in the southern sky. It is one of the birds in a "nest" of bird constellations near it.  This constellation was named after the mythical phoenix.

## Mythology

This constellation represents a mythological bird that burns itself up every several hundred years then comes back alive from the ashes of the fire

## Other websites

- The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Phoenix

## Infobox (constellation)

- **name**: Phoenix
- **abbreviation**: Phe
- **genitive**: Phoenicis
- **symbology**: the Phoenix (mythology), Phoenix
- **ra**: 0
- **dec**: −50
- **areatotal**: 469
- **arearank**: 37th
- **numbermainstars**: 4
- **numberbfstars**: 25
- **numberstarsplanets**: 3
- **numberbrightstars**: 1
- **numbernearbystars**: 2
- **brighteststarname**: Alpha Phoenicis, α Phoenicis (Ankaa)
- **starmagnitude**: 2.39
- **neareststarname**: Nu Phoenicis, ν Phoenicis
- **stardistance**: 49.1
- **numbermessierobjects**: 0
- **meteorshowers**: Phoenicids
- **bordering**: Sculptor (constellation), Sculptor
Grus (constellation), Grus
Tucana (constellation), Tucana
Hydrus (corner)
Eridanus (constellation), Eridanus
Fornax
- **latmax**: 32
- **latmin**: 90
- **month**: November
Octans

**Octans** is the southernmost constellation. It represents a tool that a sailor would use to find his position using the position of the stars; the octant. Octans contains the southernmost star above Magnitude 6, σ Octantis, which cannot be seen easily.

## Infobox (constellation)

- **name**: Octans
- **abbreviation**: Oct
- **genitive**: Octantis
- **pronounce**: , genitive
- **symbolism**: the Octant (instrument), Octant
- **ra**: 22
- **dec**: −90
- **family**: La Caille Family, La Caille
- **quadrant**: SQ4
- **areatotal**: 291
- **arearank**: 50th
- **numbermainstars**: 3
- **numberbfstars**: 27
- **numberstarsplanets**: 2
- **numberbrightstars**: 0
- **numbernearbystars**: 1
- **brighteststarname**: Nu Octantis
- **starmagnitude**: 3.73
- **neareststarname**: LHS 531
- **stardistancely**: 28.11
- **stardistancepc**: 8.62
- **numbermessierobjects**: none
- **meteorshowers**: none
- **bordering**: Tucana (constellation), Tucana
Indus (constellation), Indus
Pavo (constellation), Pavo
Apus (constellation), Apus
Chamaeleon (constellation), Chamaeleon
Mensa (constellation), Mensa
Hydrus (constellation), Hydrus
- **latmax**: Equator, 0
- **latmin**: South Pole, 90
- **month**: October
- **notes**: Circumpolar.
Sirius

**Sirius** is the brightest star in the night sky. It is a binary star system in Canis Major, near Orion. It has an apparent magnitude of −1.46. The system is between 200 and  years old. It was originally composed of two stars: one was blue-white and one was white.

Sirius appears bright because of its intrinsic luminosity and its position (it is relatively close to Earth). At a distance of 2.6 parsecs (8.6 ly), the Sirius system is one of Earth's near neighbours.

The Egyptians called this star 'Sopdet'. They relied on it to predict when the flood season would start. Sirius is sometimes called the **Dog Star**. The phrase _the dog days of summer_ means the hottest days of summer.

## Sirius A

Sirius A is about twice as massive as the Sun and has an absolute magnitude of 1.42. It is 25 times more luminous than the Sun, but has a significantly lower luminosity than other bright stars such as Canopus or Rigel.

## Sirius B

Originally, Sirius B had about five times the mass of the Sun. and was a B-type star (roughly B4–5) when it still was on the main sequence.

Sirius B used up its fuel and became a red giant. Then it shed its outer layers and collapsed into its present state as a white dwarf, about  years ago. Its mass now is about the same as the Sun.

## Related pages

- Canis Major
Culture of Pakistan

**Culture of Pakistan** has many different cultures. The east of the country is mainly Punjabi, the south is mainly Sindhi. In the east are the tribal cultures. In many areas the tribes and cultures are mixed, most Pakistanis are Punjabi and most of the nation are Sunni Muslim. Clothing is usually the ''Shalwar Kameez' in the country.
Canopus

**Canopus**, or Alpha Carinae in the Bayer designation system, is the brightest star in its constellation (Carina) and the brightest star in the southern night sky.

Canopus is quite unusual, because its distance from Earth was not known until the 1990s. Before the launching of the Hipparcos satellite telescope, distance estimates for the star varied widely, from 96 light years to 1200 light years. Hipparcos established Canopus as lying 310 light years (96 parsecs) from our solar system.

The difficulty in measuring Canopus' distance stemmed from its being a "less luminous supergiant". Such stars are rare and poorly understood. They are stars that can be either in the process of evolving to or away from red giant status. This in turn made it difficult to know how intrinsically bright Canopus is, and therefore how far away it might be. Direct measurement was the only way to solve the problem. Canopus is too far away for Earth-based parallax observations to be made, so the star's distance was not known with certainty until the early 1990s.

Canopus is 13,600 times more luminous than the Sun and the most intrinsically bright star within about 700 light years. In fact, from 1 astronomical unit, Canopus would have an apparent magnitude of -37. Canopus appears less bright than Sirius in our sky only because Sirius is much closer to the Earth (8.6 light years).

The surface temperature of Canopus is 7350 ± 30 K. Its diameter has been measured at 0.6 astronomical units (the measured angular diameter being 0.006 arcseconds), 65 times that of the Sun. If it were placed at the centre of the solar system, it would extend three-quarters of the way to Mercury. An Earth-like planet would have to lie three times the distance of Pluto for its star to appear the same size in the sky as our own sun. Canopus is a strong source of X-rays, which are probably produced by its corona, magnetically heated to around 15 million K.

Canopus is part of the Scorpius-Centaurus Association, a group of stars which share similar origins.
Bayer designation

The **Bayer designation** for stars uses Greek letters to assign names to stars. For example:

- α Canis Majoris
- θ Orionis
- ζ Reticuli

It usually starts with the letter alpha (α) assigned to the brightest star in the constellation, then going down the Greek alphabet to assign letters for other stars (beta, gamma, delta, etc.) in order of decreasing brightness (apparent magnitude).
Demographics of Pakistan

The **Demographics of Pakistan** are a study of the population and the people. It is estimated that Pakistan's population was over 170,000,000 in mid 2008. Pakistan had an estimated population of 169,300,000 as of July 2007,. Between 1951-1998, the number of people in Pakistan's cities and towns (known as the urban population) increased sevenfold. And by the next decade the population is expected to exceed 176 million. In the past, the country's population had a quite high growth rate. Dramatic social changes have led to rapid urbanisation and the emergence of megacities. Between 1990-2003, Pakistan sustained its historical lead as the most urbanised nation in South Asia, with city dwellers making up 34% of its population.

Pakistan has a multicultural and multi-ethnic society and has one of the largest refugee populations in the world as well as a young population.

Pakistan's next national census will take place in 2008.

### Geographic distribution

The majority of southern Pakistan's population lives along the Indus River. In the northern half, most of the population lives about an arc formed by the cities of Faisalabad, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Nowshera, Swabi, Mardan and Peshawar.
Fahrenheit (disambiguation)

**Fahrenheit** may refer to:
- Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German-Polish physicist
- Fahrenheit, the temperature scale
- Fahrenheit (album), an album by Toto
- Fahrenheit (comics), a comic book character
- Fahrenheit (cologne), a cologne made by Christian Dior
- Fahrenheit (Taiwanese band), a Taiwanese boy band
    - _Fahrenheit_ (Fahrenheit album), their first album
- Fahrenheit (Thai band), a Thai rock band
- _Fahrenheit_ (video game), a 2005 video game
- _Fahrenheit_ (1994 video game), a 1994 video game
- _Fahrenheit 9/11_, a movie by Michael Moore
- _Fahrenheit 451_, a novel by Ray Bradbury
    - _Fahrenheit 451_ (1966 movie), François Truffaut's movie adaptation
- Fahrenheit graphics API, computer software
- _7800° Fahrenheit_, an album by Bon Jovi
- Farrenheit, an American rock band
- Fahrenheit (denim), an American denim/fashion company based in Washington, DC http://www.fahrenheitdenim.com
- Fahrenheit (roller coaster), a roller coaster opening at Hersheypark in the 2008 season
- Fahrenheit Project, a series of downtempo/ambient musical projects by various artists
- Fahrenheit (Chilean band), a chilean Hard rock band.
Culture of Iran

The **culture of Iran** includes the art, language, theater, cinema and music of the country. The culture of Iran has been influenced by many different things, by religion and by its ancient history. The nation has different ethnic groups including Persians, Turks, Arabs, and Kurds.

## Art

Iran has one of the oldest and richest art heritages in the world. Iran's arts include many disciplines like literature, music, dance, architecture, painting, pottery, and calligraphy.

## Language

Iranians speak many languages in Iran. These languages are from the Iranian, Turkic, and Semitic families.

## Literature

The literature of Iran is one of the world's oldest literatures. It is more than 2500 years old.
Apollo 17

**Apollo 17** was the last flight to send people to the moon. It was done by NASA, the American space group.

It went up to space on December 7, 1972, carrying three astronauts: Eugene Cernan, Harrison Schmitt and Ronald Evans. On December 11, 1972, Cernan and Schmitt became the last humans to land on the moon, while Evans stayed in orbit around the Moon.

### Going to and from space

About 500,000 people viewed the flight of Apollo 17. A Saturn V rocket took flight from the Kennedy Space Center in America.
About two hours after leaving Earth the section with the people in it went away from the main rocket. The section with the people in it had two parts, the Apollo Command Module called _America_ and the Apollo Lunar Module called _Challenger_. _America_ was the moon control space ship and _Eagle_ was the moon-landing space ship. 3 days later the team entered Lunar Orbit (orbit around the moon). A day later the _Challenger_ went away from _America_. The _Challenger_ landed safely on the moon with Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt inside.

## Infobox (spaceflight/dock)

- **docking type**: dock


## Infobox (spaceflight/dock)


## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Apollo 17
- **image**: Apollo 17 liftoff.jpg
- **image caption**: The Saturn V rocket carrying the Apollo 17 crew into space.
- **insignia**: Apollo_17-insignia.png
- **mission type**: Crewed lunar landing
- **operator**: NASA
- **launch site**: Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, LC-39A
- **orbit reference**: selenocentric orbit, Selenocentric
- **crew size**: 3
- **crew photo**: Apollo 17 crew.jpg
- **crew photo caption**: Eugene Cernan (seated), Ronald Evans (standing on right), and Harrison Schmitt (left).
- **previous mission**: Apollo 16
- **programme**: Apollo program
Cultural geography

**Cultural Geography** is the study of cultures, customs, foods, clothing, music, architecture, traditions, religions and languages of the world  - and how and why these cultures are spread across the world.

An example would be the Arab World, there are many nations inhabited by Arabic people, from Morocco in the north-west of Africa and lies near to Spain, to Iran which borders Turkey - and Oman which is near to Pakistan.
Arab world

The **Arab world** (; pronounced: al-`alam al-`arabi) are the Arabic language-speaking countries stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. It consists of 24 countries and territories with a combined population of some 325 million people spanning at least 2 billion acres across two continents.
East Africa

**East Africa** is the most eastern region of the African continent. There are different ways to describe the area East Africa covers - it can be defined by geography or countries. It has some of the earliest found fossils of humans.