juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rigel

**Rigel** is a hot supergiant star in the Milky Way galaxy. It is a blue-white supergiant. It is in the constellation Orion.

Rigel is much larger than our Sun. It is 78 times the Sun's radius, with a diameter of more than 100 million kilometers, but its mass is 21 times more massive than our sun. It's a temperature of 12100 Kelvin, which causes the star to glow about 120 000 times brighter than the Sun. Rigel is 864 light-years (8.2 quadrillion km) from Earth in Orion. Because it is near the equator, Rigel is seen from Earth as a small, bluish circle on clear nights from both hemispheres.

## Stellar system

Rigel appears to be as a single star, but in fact it's a stellar system of at least four stars. That include Rigel A, Rigel Ba, Rigel Bb and Rigel C. Rigel Ba and Bb orbits around each other every 9.8 days, while Rigel C orbits around Rigel B binary every 63 years. The distance from Rigel A and BC is ~2 200 AU, so the orbital period of each other is ~24 000 years. Rigel Ba, Bb and C have a mass of 3.84; 2.94; and 3.84 solar masses, and therefore they're B-type main sequence stars.

## Fate

Rigel pulsates. The color of this star is bluish-white, hotter than a star with a yellow color. It will use its energy quickly. The Sun uses the same gases as Rigel; hydrogen and helium make it shine. When Rigel loses its fuel inside the very hot core, it will blow up into the red supergiant stage of its life and explode in a supernova. A black hole or a neutron star might be left.
AFP

**AFP** often can be

- Agence France-Presse, an international news agency
- Australian Federal Police

**AFP** or **afp** can also be

## Media

- Advertiser-funded programming, a television funding model
- American Family Publishers, a magazine subscription company
- , a recording industry association in Portugal

### Publications

- _American Free Press_, a weekly newspaper
- _American Family Physician_, a peer-reviewed journal of the American Academy of Family Physicians
- _Archive of Formal Proofs_, a mathematics journal
- _Australian Family Physician_, a peer-reviewed journal of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners

### Television

- _AFP_ (TV series), a 2011 Australian factual television series
- _AFP: American Fighter Pilot_, a 2002 American television reality show
- _America's Funniest People_, a 1990 American television reality show

## Organizations

- Armed Forces of the Philippines
- Association for Financial Professionals
- Asia Federation of Pickleball

## Politics

- Alliance of the Forces of Progress (Senegal), a social-democratic political party in Senegal
- America First Party (disambiguation)
    - America First Party (1944), an isolationist political party in 1944, renamed the Christian Nationalist Crusade in 1947
    - America First Party, another name for the Populist Party (United States, 1984) (1984–96)
- Americans for Prosperity, a Washington, D.C.–based political advocacy group, one of the most influential conservative organizations in the U.S.
- Anarchist Federation of Poland, an anarcho-syndicalist organization that operated in Poland from 1926 to 1939
- Australia First Party, a far-right political party in Australia
- Australian Federation Party, an Australian political party

## Science and medicine

- Acute flaccid paralysis, a clinical manifestation characterized by paralysis and reduced muscle tone
- Alpha-fetoprotein, a molecule produced in the developing embryo and fetus
- Antifreeze protein, a class of proteins that protect from ice damage in certain vertebrates, plants, fungi, and bacteria
- Antifungal protein, a family of proteins with fungicidal activity
- _Archive of Formal Proofs_, a mathematics journal
- Atypical facial pain

## Technology

- Active fire protection
- , a German gunboat of World War II, a derivative of the
- Automated fiber placement, a method of manufacturing with composite materials

### Computing

- Advanced Function Presentation
- Apple Filing Protocol, an Apple remote file access protocol
- Advanced Flexible Processor, a CDC Cyber computer system

## People

- A.F.P. Hulsewé (1910–1993), Dutch professor
- Amanda Palmer (born 1976), sometimes known as Amanda Fucking Palmer, a punk cabaret artist formerly in the duo The Dresden Dolls

## Other uses

- __, a fully funded capitalization system run by private sector pension funds in Chile; See Pensions in Chile
- Tapei language (ISO 639-3 code: afp)
Agence France-Presse

**Agence France-Presse** (**AFP**) is a French news agency. It is the oldest one in the world, and also among the largest, with Associated Press and Reuters. It is also the largest French news agency.

The AFP is a global news agency responsible for collecting, verifying, and sharing information in a neutral and factual way. Its content is used by all types of media, including radio, television, newspapers, and websites, and also serves as a source for large companies and public administrations. In 2022, AFP reported a revenue of €321.9 million, supported by video production, digital investigations, and services for companies and institutions.
Cathode ray

A **cathode ray** is a stream of electrons that are seen in vacuum tubes. It is called a "cathode ray" because the electrons are being emitted from the negative charged element in the vacuum tube called the cathode. A cathode ray tube aims the ray at a point on its screen. They were first observed in 1869 by German physicist Johann Hittorf, and were named in 1876 by Eugen Goldstein _Kathodenstrahlen_, or cathode rays.

Electrons were discovered as the constituents of cathode rays in 1897 by British physicist J. J. Thomson. He showed the rays were composed of a previously unknown negatively charged particle, which was later called the _electron_. Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) use a focused beam of electrons deflected by electric or magnetic fields to create the image in a classic television set.

Some properties of cathode rays:
1. They travel in a straight path.
1. They have a negative electric charge
1. They have particle property
1. Magnets can deflect them
1. Charge/mass ratio of the rays is constant
1. They travel from the cathode to the anode
1. Their properties are independent from the electrodes and gas present in the cathode ray tube.
1. Cathode rays can ionize gas
1. The travel more slowly than light
1. They can heat objects that they hit
1. They can penetrate through thin Aluminium plates
1. They can make phosphors glow
Lewis structure

The **Lewis structures**, also called **Lewis-dot diagrams** or **electron dot diagrams** or **Lewis dot structure**  are pictures that show the bonding between a pair of electrons and the atoms of a molecule.

Each dot represents one electron. Two dots side by side represent a lone pair of electrons.

To show a bond between atoms, a line representing a pair of shared electrons is placed between the two atoms. This is showing water also known as H2O.

## One idea for how to understand Lewis structures

1. First we have to select central atom.

2. Central atom is that which is  present in list in number.

if not

3. central atom is that which has more number of valence electron.

4. Hydrogen is never central atom.

5. Then we arrange the rest of the atom and their electron as such they become **stable**.
Sentience

**Sentience** is being capable of feeling, consciousness or having some form of mind. Eighteenth-century philosophers used the concept to distinguish the ability to think (_reason_) from the ability to feel (_sentience_).

## Intelligence and sentience

In simple English, to be sentient means displaying and/or having the ability to:
1. Feel
1. Perceive
1. Desire
1. possibly Will, though this goes beyond some definitions.

## Philosophy and sentience

In the philosophy of consciousness, _sentience_ can refer to the ability of any thing to have subjective perceptual experiences, or as some philosophers refer to them, "qualia".

## Animal rights and sentience

Thinking about sentience is important when studying animal rights. This is because feeling is needed in order to suffer. The basis of animal rights is that some animals have emotions, can feel pain and also feel happy and well.
Germination

**Germination** occurs when a spore or seed starts to grow. It is a term used in botany. When a spore or seed **germinates**, it produces a shoot or seedling, or (in the case of fungi) a hypha. The biology of spores is different from seeds.

A _spore_ germinates if and when conditions are right. It has a very limited lifespan. The method of spore-bearers, which are lower plants such as mosses, ferns and also fungi, is to produce vast numbers of spores, of which only a small percentage germinate.

_Seeds_ contain an embryo, a store of food (the endosperm), and a protective coat. Seed plants include Gymnosperms (such as conifers) and Angiosperms (such as flowering plants). Seeds can survive much longer than spores, sometimes for hundreds of years. The strategy of seed-bearing plants is to invest energy and material in the substance of seeds, and they have evolved more sophisticated methods of dispersal than just wind.<sup>p98</sup>

Seeds do not germinate until their requirements are met, and these needs differ from species to species.
    1. The _dormancy period_ must be over. Dormancy is governed by changes inside the seed. Each species has its own dormancy period, and will not germinate until that period is over.
    1. Their _hibernation_ must be over. The hibernation is ended when events in the environment trigger germination. Sometimes this is just temperature and water, sometimes fire, sometimes the seed must go through a long cold spell.

The requirements for fruits is the same as for seeds. A fruit is just a seed with one or more extra layers derived from parts of the flower.
Main line

A **main line** is a railway line that is a main trunk route and connects large cities.
Newark North Gate railway station

**Newark North Gate train station** is a train station that serves the town of Newark in Nottinghamshire, England. It is served by east coast trains and East Midland trains. East coast does intercity trains from King's Cross to Leads, Newcastle, York, Edinburgh, and Glasgow.

## Infobox (uk station)

- **name**: Newark North Gate
- **code**: NNG
- **image**: Newark North Gate station TA.jpg
- **manager**: East Coast (train operating company), East Coast
- **locale**: Newark-on-Trent
- **district**: Newark and Sherwood
- **usage0203**: 0.335
- **usage0405**: 0.377
- **usage0506**: 0.400
- **usage0607**: 1.188
- **usage0708**: 0.923
- **platforms**: 3
- **start**: 1 August 1852
- **latitude**: 53.081
- **longitude**: -0.799
Iyaz

**Keidran Jones** (born 15 April 1987), better known by his stage name **Iyaz**, is a singer, songwriter and rapper. His song "Replay" reached number two on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 in 2009. In December 2009, "Replay" was number one on the _Billboard_ Pop Songs chart. It also reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on January 10, 2010. He made a song with Miley Cyrus called "Gonna Get This" for _Hannah Montana_.

### Studio albums

|rowspan="2"|Year|rowspan="2"|Title|colspan="2"|Peak chart positions|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2010|***My Life*** * Debut studio album * Released: February 9, 2010 * Label:  Warner Bros.|align="center"|TBR|align="center"|TBR|

### Singles

|rowspan="2"|Year|rowspan="2"|Title|colspan="10"|Peak chart positions|rowspan="2"|Album||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2009|align="left"|"Replay"|2|1|1|1|2|5|2|3|23|6|align="center" rowspan="2"|_My Life_|
|rowspan="1"|2010|align="left"|"Solo"|—|—|—|—|—|—|—|—|—|—||

## References

http://www.andpop.com/2009/11/08/iyaz-and-replay-climbing-to-the-top/

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Iyaz
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Keidran Jones
- **origin**: Tortola, British Virgin Islands
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **years active**: 2009–present
- **url**: [http://www.iyazmusic.com/ www.iyazmusic.com]
Community (TV series)

***Community*** is an American comedy series on NBC.  _Community_ first aired on September 17, 2009, at 9:30 PM (EST). However, it was moved to 8:00 PM (EST) by its fourth episode. The series ran for six seasons. The first five seasons aired on NBC from September 17, 2009 until April 17, 2014. _Community_ season six was released online via Yahoo! Screen.
_Community_<nowiki/>'s sixth and final season concluded on June 2, 2015.

The show is about the lives of students at a community college in the fictional city of Greendale, Colorado. _Community_ makes frequent use of self referencing humor and is well known for pop culture tributes.

## Cast

- Joel McHale as Jeff Winger
- Gillian Jacobs as Britta Perry
- Danny Pudi as Abed Nadir
- Yvette Nicole Brown as Shirley Bennett
- Alison Brie as Annie Edison
- Donald Glover as Troy Barnes
- Ken Jeong as Señor Ben Chang
- Chevy Chase as Pierce Hawthorne

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: File:Community_2009_logo.svg
- **genre**: Comedy
- **creator**: Dan Harmon
- **starring**: Joel McHale
Gillian Jacobs
Danny Pudi
Yvette Nicole Brown
Alison Brie
Donald Glover
Ken Jeong
Chevy Chase
- **theme music composer**: The 88
- **opentheme**: "At Least It Was Here"
- **country**: United States
- **num seasons**: 6
- **num episodes**: 110
- **list episodes**: List of Community episodes
- **executive producer**: Gary Foster
Russ Krasnoff
Dan Harmon
Anthony Russo (director), Anthony Russo
Joe Russo (director), Joe Russo
Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan, Neil Goldman
Neil Goldman and Garrett Donovan, Garrett Donovan
- **location**: Los Angeles City College, California
(location shoots)
- **camera**: Film, Single-camera setup, Single camera
- **runtime**: approx. 22 minutes
- **company**: Krasnoff Foster Entertainment
Russo Brothers
Harmonious Claptrap
Universal Media Studios
Sony Pictures Television
- **channel**: NBC
Orchestre de Paris

The **Orchestre de Paris** is a French orchestra based in Paris which was started in 1967. The orchestra's music director is Christoph Eschenbach and most of its concerts are performed at the Salle Pleyel.

## Music directors

- 1967-1968 Charles Munch
- 1969-1971 Herbert von Karajan _(Musical advisor)_
- 1972-1975 Sir Georg Solti
- 1975-1989 Daniel Barenboim
- 1989-1998 Semyon Bychkov
- 1998-2000 Christoph von Dohnányi _(Artistic advisor)_
- 2000-_present_ Christoph Eschenbach

## Other websites

- l'Orchestre de Paris official website
Berlin Staatskapelle

The **Staatskapelle Berlin** is a German orchestra.  It is the orchestra of the Berlin State Opera (Berliner Staatsoper Unter den Linden).

The history of the orchestra goes back to 1570, when the Elector of Brandenburg started an orchestra at his court.  By the mid 18th century it was linked to the Royal Court Opera, started in 1742 by Frederick the Great. Famous musicians who have played with the orchestra include Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Franz Benda, and Johann Joachim Quantz

Giacomo Meyerbeer became _Kapellmeister_ (Music Director), from 1842.  The orchestra started a series of public concerts.  They were the first orchestra to play the first performances of many famous pieces of music by Richard Wagner, Felix Mendelssohn, and Otto Nicolai.

The orchestra's music director is called the "Staatskapellmeister".  He is also the music director of the Berlin State Opera.  Today the music director is Daniel Barenboim, who has had the job since 1992.  In 2000 Barenboim was given the title of "conductor for life".  Barenboim and the orchestra have made several recordings.

## Other websites

- Berlin Staatskapelle website
Stephen Sondheim

**Stephen Joshua Sondheim** (March 22, 1930 – November 26, 2021) was an American composer and lyricist.

## Personal life

Sondheim was born into a Jewish family in New York City. He grew up on the Upper West Side of Manhattan and later near Doylestown, Pennsylvania. He was openly gay. In 2017, he married Jeffrey Romley.

Sondheim died on November 26, 2021 from heart disease in Roxbury, Connecticut at the age of 91.

## Career

Sondheim wrote the words for songs in _Gypsy_ and _West Side Story_. Of American composers still living, he had won the most awards. He won:
- Multiple Grammy Awards
- 9 Tony Awards (more than any other composer)
- A Lifetime Achievement Tony
- An Academy Award
- A Pulitzer Prize.

Sondheim wrote both the music and the words to his musicals.

Many critics like his work, but some people do not like it. _Sweeney Todd_ is very different from the music of Rodgers and Hammerstein.

### Some of Sondheim's musicals

- _A Funny Thing Happened On The Way To The Forum_
- _Follies_
- _A Little Night Music_
- _Sunday in the Park with George_
- _Into The Woods_
- _Sweeney Todd_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **genre**: Musical theater


## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Stephen Sondheim - smoking.JPG
- **caption**: Sondheim
- **birth name**: Stephen Joshua Sondheim
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Roxbury, Connecticut, U.S.
- **years active**: 1952–2021
- **alma mater**: Williams College
Peramelemorphia

The order **Peramelemorphia** includes the bandicoots and bilbies. They are small  marsupial omnivores. This order of mammals consists of some lesser known marsupials. They are native to New Guinea and Australia.
Vascular dementia

**Vascular dementia** is the second most common form of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. It is a type of dementia caused by problems in the supply of blood to the brain.

Brain cells need a good supply of blood to stay healthy and function properly. The blood is delivered through a network of blood vessels called the vascular system. If the vascular system within the brain becomes damaged and blood cannot reach the brain cells, the cells will eventually die. This can lead to the onset of vascular dementia.
West End theatre

**West End theatre** refers to stage productions in the West End of London. It is like New York's Broadway, where musicals and plays are shown at number of theatres. In 2007, 13.6 million people went to see a show at the West End. The shows that were on in 2007 included: _Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat_, _The Sound of Music_, _Dirty Dancing_, _Billy Elliot_, _Hairspray_, _Spamalot_, _Avenue Q_, _Wicked_, _Equus_, _Macbeth_, _King Lear_, _Othello_ and _Grease_.
Ann Coulter

**Ann Coulter** (born December 8, 1961) is from the United States. She is a writer and is known for her controversial opinions about politics. She was asked to go on television, radio and speaks at public and private events. Coulter has described herself as a "polemicist" or someone who tells the truth even if it will cause problems. She does not want to "pretend to be impartial or balanced."

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official Twitter account

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ann Coulter
- **image**: Ann Coulter by Gage Skidmore 4.jpg
- **caption**: Coulter in February 2012.
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth name**: Ann Hart Coulter
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **occupation**: Author, columnist, political commentator
- **years active**: 1996–present
- **alma mater**: Cornell University <small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>
University of Michigan <small>(Juris Doctor, J.D.)</small>
- **website**: [http://anncoulter.com/ anncoulter.com]
West End

**West End** might mean:

- West End of London, an area of London
- West End theatre, theatre productions in that area
No Child Left Behind Act

The **No Child Left Behind Act** is a United States law that was to help students meet higher standards. This law started during President Bush's time as president. President Bush made the law official on January 8, 2002. Schools around the US now have to test their students. If they don't, the schools risk losing funds given to them by the federal government. Some parts of this rule include bilingualism standards. All students must be on at least a proficient level (B+) by the 2013–14 school year.

Since the law started, Congress gave more money to schools from $42.2 billion in 2001 to $54.4 billion in 2007. No Child Left Behind received a 40.4% increase from $17.4 billion in 2001 to $24.4 billion. The funding for reading quadrupled from $286 million in 2001 to $1.2 billion.
Resource room

**Resource room** is a place where special education students attend daily classes. These students are usually included in the general classroom and just need more support. Students are taught individually and in small groups.  The number of students in a resource room is at most five students per teacher.  Mainstreaming in education typically includes this service.  Students in separate classes generally do not need the resource room because all the support they need is in the self-contained classroom.

Special education teachers in resource rooms focus on the goals set by an Individualized Education Program.  These goals are based on the individual student's need to develop executive skills, complete their homework and behave. The programs can help students with language-based learning disabilities like dyslexia. Visuo-motor perception, arithmetic, spelling and overall self-perception improve after time in the resource room classroom.  The small-group instructional model leads to achievement in students with a multitude of educational disabilities.

Their peers also benefit when the concepts they learned in general education are reinforced in resource rooms.

## Other websites

- http://specialed.about.com/od/idea/a/resourceroom.htm
Peanut butter

**Peanut butter** is a type of moist paste that is made of crushed roasted peanuts. There are two kinds of peanut butter: _crunchy/chunky_ peanut butter and _smooth/creamy_ peanut butter. It can be eaten, for example on bread, usually with jelly to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich or a peanut butter sandwich with only peanut butter. Marcellus Gilmore Edson was the real inventor, not George Washington Carver.

January 24 is National Peanut Butter Day.

## Health

Peanut butter can protect people from cardiovascular sickness. Peanut butter (and peanuts) have lots of protein, E, magnesium, folate, food fiber, and arginine. However, some people with peanut allergies can have a shock or allergic reaction from eating or smelling it, which has made some schools decide not to let their students eat peanut butter in their schools. Some oils put inside peanut butter to make it easier to spread can also make people have heart disease. Peanut butter can also carry salmonella and make people sick because of it.

Peanut butter has around 188 calories, with there being 71 percent of fat, 14 percent of protein, and 15 percent of carbohydrate. Other peanut butter types may have 616 or 195 calories. Although peanut butter has some fat, it may help with losing weight.

## Ingredients

- Peanuts
- Sugar
- Salt
- Vegetable Oil

## Other websites

- The National Peanut Board
- The federal "Peanut Butter Law" in the U.S.
- The USDA's Commercial Item Description for peanut butter and peanut spread (PDF)  (Last accessed 3 September 2008)
- How Products are Made: Volume 1: Peanut Butter (Last accessed 16 October 2009)
War Memorial Opera House

The **War Memorial Opera House** in San Francisco, California is home to the second largest opera company in the United States. It was built in 1932 and seats 3123 people. Its interior is in the Beaux-Arts design.
La Garde

**La Garde** is a city in the south of France. La Garde is the capital of the canton of La Garde.

## Geography

**La Garde** is on the east of Toulon between Marseille and Nice. It's area land is 15.54 km²

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: La Garde
- **image coat of arms**: Blason La Garde.svg
- **arrondissement**: Toulon
- **canton**: La Garde
- **insee**: 83062
- **postal code**: 83130
- **population demonym**: Gardéens
- **mayor**: Jean-Louis Masson
- **term**: 2001–2014
- **intercommunality**: Toulon Provence Méditerranée
- **elevation m**: 1
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 206
- **area km2**: 15.54
- **population**: 26005
- **population date**: 2006
End–Ordovician extinction event

The **End–Ordovician extinction event** is the third-largest extinction event of the Phanerozoic eon. The Ordovician period followed the Cambrian and was followed by the Silurian. There were no living things on the land except for bacteria and perhaps some single-celled algae. The biota was almost entirely marine.

The extinction came in two steps, at the start and the finish of the _Hirnantian_ stage, which was the last stage of the Ordovician.

- 1. Pre-event: warm climate, deep ocean anoxic event. ocean bottoms were _anoxic_ (little or no oxygen). Black shales were laid down in deep ocean strata; carbonates laid down on oxygenated continental shelves.

- 2. First step: climate turns cold; turnover of water in seas. Rising anoxic water kills most of the plankton, and shrinking seas remove habitats. Cold stage with clear evidence of widespread glaciation.

- 3. Second step: warming ocean re-established; glaciers melt, anoxic conditions reach continental shelves and kills fauna again.

Basic mechanism: climate changes from very warm to very cold and back to very warm. Changes in ocean circulation were the results of the climate changes. Both benthic (ocean bottom) and pelagic fauna were faced with conditions they were unable to cope with.

More than 100 invertebrate families became extinct in the End–Ordovician extinction event, and a total of almost half the genera. The brachiopods and bryozoans were decimated, along with many of the trilobite, conodont and graptolite families.

The cause was probably the rise and erosion of the Appalachian Mountains. The rise put much CO<sub>2</sub> into the atmosphere, and the erosion took it out.

## Related pages

- List of extinction events
Ningaloo Reef

**Ningaloo Reef** is one of the largest coral reefs in the world. It is off the Northwest Cape in Western Australia. It is about  long.

Ningaloo has about 200 species of hard coral and 50 species of soft coral. More than 520 species of fish live on the reef. Species that can be found at the reef include whale sharks, manta rays, humpback whales, dugongs, and Potato Cod. There are also six of the world's seven sea turtles including the Green turtle, Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Hawksbill turtle and Flatback turtle.

## Marine Park

The Ningaloo Reef Marine Park covers an area of about 5000 square kilometers.

The reef is popular with people from all over the world who come to go scuba diving and snorkelling.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## Other websites

- Ningaloo Marine Park (Commonwealth Waters) website

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: Ningaloo.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **location**: Western Australia, Australia
- **criteria**: (vii), (x)
- **id**: 1369
- **year**: 2011
- **locmapin**: Western Australia#Australia
Codeshare agreement

**Codesharing** is a type of partnership that airlines have. Airlines agree to sell each other's tickets on some routes. This means that both airlines sell more tickets.

Sometimes, airlines join groups (called alliances) which all agree to sell each other's tickets. For example, both United Airlines and Lufthansa are part of Star Alliance. This means that Lufthansa can sell tickets for United Airlines and United Airlines can sell Lufthansa's tickets.

Because airlines sell each other's tickets, some flights will have more than one flight number.
Le Pradet

**Le Pradet** is a commune in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Le Pradet
- **image**: Plage des Bonnettes, Le Pradet.jpg
- **caption**: Bonneterres Beach, in Le Pradet
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Le Pradet (Var).svg
- **arrondissement**: Toulon
- **canton**: La Garde
- **insee**: 83098
- **postal code**: 83220
- **intercommunality**: Toulon Provence Méditerranée
- **elevation m**: 80
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 273
- **area km2**: 9.97
- **population**: 10838
- **population date**: 2006
Canton of La Garde

The **Canton of La Garde** is a French canton near Toulon, in the department of Var. It is made up of La Garde and Le Pradet.
Command responsibility

**Command Responsibility** is an idea that Military Officers are responsible for making sure that the soldiers under their command do not commit war crimes, and if they do, make sure that the soldiers involved are punished. It also suggests, and is often claimed as an excuse when soldiers commit war crimes due to being ordered to do so, and that the officers in that case bear the responsibility, not the individual soldiers carrying out the illegal orders. This excuse is nowadays considered dubious and frequently ridiculed as the "Nuremberg defence", as many of the Nazi<nowiki/>s in the Nuremberg trials claimed that while they did in fact commit war crimes, they had an oath to Hitler and could not refuse to obey it, no matter the consequences. The command responsibility argument has been invoked since with varying success, but under modern international humanitarian law, command to commit an illegal act, such as crimes against humanity, is not an excuse unless there was fear of reprisals, for example the real threat of the person ordered being killed if he refused to carry them out.

## References

- Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility, and the Development of International Criminal Law HTML version by Allison Marston Danner and Jenny S. Martinez, September 15, 2004
Nikos Sampson

**Nikos Sampson** (December 16, 1935 – May 9, 2001) was a Cypriot politician. He was the leader of Cyprus for eight days in 1974. He had been active in EOKA before Cyprus became independent from the United Kingdom. EOKA wanted Cyprus and Greece to become a single country, and fought with the Turks in Cyprus. Afterwards, he became active in EOKA-B, which was a continuation of EOKA. In 1974, EOKA-B overthrew the government of Cyprus, and chose Nikos Sampson as President. Soon afterward, Turkey invaded Cyprus, and Nikos Sampson resigned from office. Afterward, he was tried for treason, and sent to prison for twenty years. Nikos Sampson died in 2001.

## References

1. ^ "Nicos Sampson : Smiling Killer "
1. ^ "EOKA shooters and bombers "
1. ^ James Ker-Lindsay, "Britain and the Cyprus Crisis 1963-64" (2004)
1. ^ Mallinson, William (June 30, 2005). Cyprus: A Modern History. I. B. Tauris. p. 81. . https://books.google.com/books?id=HEjkuhF2GsMC&pg=PA81
1. ^ "Mr Nicos Sampson denies he knew coup was coming". The Times Digital Archive (Reuters). July 26, 1974.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nikos Sampson
- **order**: de facto President of the Republic of Cyprus
- **term start**: 15 July 1974
- **term end**: 23 July 1974
- **predecessor**: Makarios III
- **successor**: Glafcos Clerides <small>(acting)</small>
- **birth date**: December 16, 1935
- **birth place**: Cyprus
- **death date**: May 9, 2001 (aged 65)
- **death place**: Nicosia, Cyprus
- **party**: Progressive Party
Bitola

**Bitola** () is the second-largest city in North Macedonia. It is located in the southwestern part of the country.
Arlington County, Virginia

**Arlington County** is a county in Virginia. It has so many buildings that it looks like a city. It is one of the smallest counties in the United States by area. It is across the Potomac River from Washington, D.C., and parts of it were once part of Washington. In 2020, 238,643 people lived there. It is where many U.S. government offices are, such as The Pentagon. It is also the location of Arlington National Cemetery, which was built at the former plantation of Robert E. Lee, and the Ronald Reagan National Airport. ANC is where John F. Kennedy and many American soldiers are buried. Several battles of the American Civil War were fought in and around Arlington.

The District of Columbia was made with land contributed by Virginia and Maryland. In 1846, Congress agreed to give the land south of the Potomac back to Virginia. Most of the returned land became Arlington.

## Notable People

- John Glenn, Astronaut
- Al Gore, Bill Clinton's vice president
- Ilhan Omar, US Congresswoman

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Arlington County
- **state**: Virginia
- **type**: County (United States), County and census-designated place
- **flag**: Flag of Arlington County, Virginia.svg
- **logo**: Logo of Arlington County, Virginia.png
- **founded**: February 27, 1801
- **area total sq mi**: 26
- **area land sq mi**: 26
- **area water sq mi**: 0.2
- **area percentage**: 0.4
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 238643
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **web**: http://www.arlingtonva.us/
- **ex image**: Rosslyn, Arlington, Virginia.jpg
- **ex image size**: 300px
- **ex image cap**: Arlington's Rosslyn neighborhood seen across the Potomac River from Washington Harbour
- **district**: 8th
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **named for**: Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial, Arlington House
Roman law

**Roman law** is the name used for a system of laws used by the Roman Empire. It started with the twelve tablets of civil law, . After the law code ordered by  it continued as Byzantine law. Roman law is the foundation of most legal systems in Europe, and its former colonies, and it influenced many other countries.
Flag of Arizona

The **Flag of the State of Arizona** has 13 rays of red and gold (the conquistador colors and of the flag of Spain) on the top half, representing the 13 first counties of Arizona (there are 15 counties today), as well as telling of Arizona's picturesque sunsets. There is a copper colored star in the center representing Arizona's copper-mining company. The rest of the flag is colored blue, representing liberty.

In 1910, Colonel Charles W. Harris, head of the Arizona National Guard, made a flag for the Arizona Rifle Team when they attend the National Matches at Camp Perry. Arizona had been the only team in past matches to compete without a flag.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Arizona
- **image**: Flag of Arizona.svg
- **use**: 110000
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**: January 25, 1917
- **type**: State
Chef salad

**Chef salad** (sometimes called **chef's salad**) is a type of salad. It usually includes a bed of leaf vegetables or lettuce, which can be served with hard boiled eggs, strips of meat (such as ham, roast beef, or turkey), cheese, cucumbers, croutons, and tomatoes. Chef salad is usually topped with Thousand Island dressing, but can be served with any type of dressing.
Pinchas Zukerman

**Pinchas Zukerman**  (; born July 16, 1948 in Tel Aviv) is a famous Israeli violinist, violist, and conductor. Since 1971, he has conducted many orchestras.

## Career

Pinchas Zukerman was born in Tel Aviv.  His parents were Jews who had survived the Nazi  concentration camps and had moved from Poland to Israel in 1947.  By the time he was eight he showed great musical promise and started to learn music at the Academy of Music in Tel Aviv.  When the violinist Isaac Stern heard him play he was so impressed that he helped him to go to the Julliard School of Music in New York.  There he studied with Ivan Galanian.
In 1967, Zukerman shared a joint first prize in the Leventritt International Competition with Kyung Wha Chung.  Then Stern became ill and could not play in some concerts, so Zukerman played instead.  This made him famous.

After hearing Daniel Barenboim conduct the English Chamber Orchestra he became interested in conducting.  He started to conduct orchestras while playing the solo parts of works by Bach and Vivaldi.  This conducting (leading) from the concertmaster’s chair had been the tradition in the 17th and 18th centuries.  In 1974, he conducted the English Chamber Orchestra.  Then he got opportunities to conduct New York Philharmonic, the National Symphony, Boston Symphony, and Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestras.  In the 1980s, he was the musical director of the St Paul Chamber Orchestra.  For many years he continued to appear as soloist with some of the best orchestras in the world.  He won many awards, including two Grammy Awards.

In April 1998, he became music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra in Ottawa.  He took them on a tour of Europe in 1990.

In recent years Zukerman has worked hard to help young musicians.  As music director of the National Arts Centre Orchestra, he started the  Young Artists Program, a summer training program for talented young classical musicians. It soon became popular, with students from all over the world.

Although he had a lot of work in Ottawa  he also found time to be music director of the Ilona Feher Music Center in Holon, Israel, which he started.  He became chairman of the Pinchas Zukerman Performance Program at the Manhattan School of Music in New York City. He was also artist in residence of the Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra.

## Personal life

In 1968, he married Eugenia Rich.  They had two daughters.  Later they divorced.  In 1985, he married the actress Tuesday Weld.  They later divorced.

## Other websites

- http://www.answers.com/topic/pinchas-zukerman
National Arts Centre Orchestra

The **National Arts Centre Orchestra** is an orchestra in Ottawa, Canada's capital.  Since 1998 their conductor (musical director) has been Pinchas Zukerman.   The orchestra was started in 1969.  It has made more than 40 recordings and toured widely throughout the world.

## Other websites

- National Arts Centre Orchestra

## Related pages

- Ottawa, Ontario
Christian de Quincey

**Christian de Quincey**, Ph.D., is an author and philosopher who teaches cosmology and spirituality at colleges in the United States and Europe. He is an internationally known author and speaker on consciousness. He is on the faculty of several U.S. universities and think tanks, and at Schumacher College, Devon, England. He has written 5 books on consciousness.

## Books

- _Radical Nature: Rediscovering the Soul of Matter_ (Invisible Cities Press, 2002)
- _Radical Knowing: Understanding Consciousness through Relationship_ (Park Street Press, 2005)
- _Deep Spirit: Cracking the Noetic Code_  (Casablanca Press, 2008)
- _Consciousness from Zombies to Angels: The Shadow and the Light of Knowing Who You Are_ (Park Street Press, 2009)
- _Radical Nature: The Soul of Matter_ (2nd edition) (Park Street Press, 2010)
- _The Scientific Exploration of Consciousness_ (co-author with Willis Harman) (Institute of Noetic Sciences, 1996).
Velvet worm

The **velvet worms** (**Onychophora** — literally "claw bearers") are a minor panarthropod phylum.

There are two families and about 200 species. All living species live on land, in moist or wet tropical areas.

The two living families are the Peripatidae and the Peripatopsidae. They show a peculiar distribution, with the peripatids being mainly equatorial and tropical, while the peripatopsids are all found in what used to be Gondwana.

The segmented worm-like organisms have tiny eyes, "fur", antennae, multiple pairs of legs, and slime glands. The group is thought to be related to arthropods. They prey on smaller animals such as insects, which they catch by squirting a sticky slime.

## Possible fossil history

Fossils from the early Cambrian bear a striking resemblance to the velvet worms. These fossils, known as the lobopods, were marine. They were a clade from which arthropods, tardigrades, and Onychophora arose. They are found in the Cambrian, Ordovician (possibly), Silurian, and Pennsylvanian periods.

Historically, all fossil Onychophora and lobopods were lumped into the taxon Xenusia. However, few of the Cambrian fossils have features that definitely unite them with the Onychophora. The exceptions are _Hallucigenia_ and _Collinsium ciliosum_, which have distinctly onychophoran-like claws.
Tardigrade

**Tardigrades** ('water bears') are microscopic, segmented animals. They live in water. They are members of the tactopod phylum **Tardigrada**, part of the superphylum Ecdysozoa. They are also known as **water bears** or **moss piglets**.

Tardigrades were first described in 1773. While originally named _Kleiner Wasserbär (little waterbear)_ by zoologist Johann August Ephraim Goeze, the name "Tardigrade" was later given in 1777, by biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, with the name meaning "slow stepper". There are more than 1000 different species of Tardigrade.

Tardigrades have a cylindrical shape with four segments, each with two legs. Each leg has little claws. The biggest adults may reach a body length of 1.2 mm, the smallest below 0.1 mm. Freshly hatched larvae may be smaller than 0.05 mm. Tardigrades feed on plant cells by penetrating the cell wall and eating what is inside. Some tardigrades are carnivores.

Tardigrades are eutelic: all adult Tardigrades of the same species have the same number of cells. Some species have as many as 40,000 cells in each adult, while others have far fewer.

Tardigrades can be found in many habitats: in moss, freshwater, the Himalayas, and the ocean. They are one of the few animals that can be found on the highest mountains and the deepest seas. About 83% of the known species live on land, the other 17% live in water.

## Survivability

Tardigrades are able to live in environments that would kill most animals.

In 2007, scientists discovered that some Tardigrades were able to survive 10 days in outer space. This meant living in a vacuum with severe radiation.

Tardigrades can survive more than ten years without water. Tardigrades can survive extreme temperatures. They can live for a few hours in temperatures close to absolute zero and above boiling point. They can survive a few minutes in temperatures as high as . Some Tardigrades can survive being frozen for over 30 years.

Tardigrades can also survive radiation at hundreds of times a level that would be deadly to humans. They can also survive in toxic environments and during impact events.

In 2019, a lander with Tardigrades on board crashed on the moon. It is believed that the Tardigrades survived and could live for a few years on the moon.

The Tardigrades slow their metabolism to survive these environments.  Rotifers have a similar agility to survive.
Bond (finance)

A **bond** is a contract between two parties. The issuer of the bond borrows money from the buyer of the bond.

Companies or governments issue bonds because they need to borrow large amounts of money. The bonds are bought by investors. The issuer of the bond promises to repay the debt, plus interest, to owner of the bond. If the issuer doesn't repay then the holder of the bond can get a court to make them; an issuer may go bankrupt if they cannot afford to repay.

Most bonds have a fixed term, which means that the principal is repaid after a specified number of years. The issuer of the bond makes an annual payment to owner of the bond in the meantime - this is called the **coupon** and acts as interest. Because the amount of the coupon is fixed, the value of the bond can be affected by changes in the interest rate.

Some bonds stipulate that the principal is repaid only at the discretion of the borrower - these are called **perpetual bonds**. The oldest bond in the world, which is still paying interest, was issued in 1624 by the Hoogheemraadschap Lekdijk Bovendams to fund repairs to flood defences on the Lek river, south of Utrecht.

Bonds are usually traded through banks and other financial entities and are part of a financial instrument group called Fixed Income.
Banks and financial institutions offer loans on different terms against the security of assets.
Taki

**Taki** () is an Israeli game which is an expansion of Crazy Eights. It is made by Shafir games. The game's creator is Haim Shafir. The game takes about 20 minutes, is for 2-10 players, and is for ages 5 and up. It is very popular in Israel.  It is similar to the American game Uno.

The Taki cards consist of the colors red, blue, green, and yellow.  The objective of the game is to get rid of all your cards before everyone else.
Scissor-tailed hummingbird

The **scissor-tailed hummingbird** (_Hylonympha macrocerca_) is a species of hummingbird. It is found only in Venezuela. Its habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. It was first listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN. Research has shown it to be rarer than it was thought. Because of this, it was listed as "Endangered status" in 2008.
Greenish puffleg

The **greenish puffleg** (_Haplophaedia aureliae_) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama. Its habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and fairly degraded former forests.

## References

- BirdLife International 2008.  .   2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 12 Juni 2009.
Lavatory – Lovestory

***Lavatory – Lovestory*** is a short movie that is about a lavatory attendant that finds a bunch of flowers in her tip jar (a tin where customers give her money as a reward for a good job). The movie was nominated for an Academy Award in the 81st Annual Academy Awards and won many awards at movie festivals.
University of Notre Dame

The **University of Notre Dame** (or simply **Notre Dame**) is a private Catholic university near South Bend, Indiana. It was founded in 1842 by Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of Holy Cross. Sorin was also the school's first president. In the beginning, it was an all-male school. In 1972 females were admitted. The university has five colleges and one professional school. Notre Dame offers master's degrees and doctoral degrees. The university's undergraduates live on campus in single-gendered residence halls. Alumni are located around the world. The school's athletic teams are known as the Fighting Irish.

## Related pages

- Notre Dame Stadium

## Other websites

- University of Notre Dame
- Notre Dame Fighting Irish, the Official Athletic Site
- Campus map

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Notre Dame
- **image**: NDU-main-building.jpg
- **caption**: View from above of the University of Notre Dame's main building
- **motto lang**: Latin
- **established**: 1842
- **type**: Private university, Private, Mixed-sex education, Coeducational
- **endowment**: United States dollar, US$18.4 billion
- **president**: Rev. John I. Jenkins
- **staff**: 1241
- **students**: 11,733
- **undergrad**: 8,371
- **postgrad**: 3,362
- **city**: Notre Dame, Indiana, Notre Dame
- **state**: Indiana
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Suburban
- **athletics**: National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA Division I
- **nickname**: Notre Dame Fighting Irish, Fighting Irish
- **website**: [http://www.nd.edu/ www.nd.edu]
Campus

A **campus** is land where a college or university buildings are placed.  Campuses can have libraries, lecture halls, and parks. Campuses can consist of both academic (_school and studying-related_) buildings and non-academic buildings.
Pleasant Grove Township, Des Moines County, Iowa

**Pleasant Grove Township** is a township in the County of Des Moines in Iowa. The population was 442 in 2020, with 213 males and 229 females.

### Churches

- Cedar Grove Church
- Shaver Church
- Agape Fellowship Church

### Cemeteries

- Wilcox Cemetery
- Infant Cemetery

### Reservoirs

- Sixmile Creek Watershed Site Three Reservoir
- Sixmile Creek Watershed Site Two Reservoir
- Watson Lake

### Creeks

- Shaver Creek
- Caney Creek
- Little Creek

## Infobox (settlement)

- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **settlement type**: Township
- **official name**: Pleasant Grove Township
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Iowa
- **subdivision type2**: County#United States, County
- **subdivision name2**: Des Moines County, Iowa, Des Moines County
- **leader title**: County Board of Supervisors
- **established title**: Established
- **area total sq mi**: 36.3
- **area land sq mi**: 36.3
- **area water sq mi**: 0
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 442
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
Blocked

***Blocked*** is a puzzle game for the iPhone and iPod Touch.

## Description

The player has to move around gray blocks until a blue rock is free and the blocks can only go left and right or up and down. The game has many challenges and levels.  There are five difficulty levels in Blocked: easy, medium, hard, harder, and hardest.