juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Homs

**Homs** ( __) is the third largest city in Syria. It used to be called _Emesa_ (Greek: Ἔμεσα, _Emesa_).  It is the capital of both the Homs District, and the Homs Governorate. It has 652,609 people (2004).  It is on the Orontes River.

Homs is home to the Al-Baath University.  The university is one of four major universities in Syria.

Homs has two football clubs. The Al-Karamah Sports Club was founded in 1928 and is one the oldest sports club in Syria. The Al-Karamah Sports Club has won eight Syrian League titles, and eight Syrian Cup titles. The second sports club of the city is Al-Wathba Sports Club.  They started in 1937. The Khaled Ibn Al Walid Stadium has a 35,000-seat capacity.  The stadium is home to both football clubs.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Homs
- **other name**: __
- **native name**: حمص
- **type**: City
- **nickname**: The city of Khalid ibn al-Walid, Ibn al-Walid
- **image skyline**: Homs Collage.jpg
- **image size**: 325 px
- **image caption**: Homs city landmarks<div style="background:#fee8ab;">
Quwatli Street (Homs), Al Shuhadaa Square and The Old Clock Tower  • Atassi, The New Clock Tower Square  • Al Dablan Street  • Krak des Chevaliers  • Khalid ibn al-Walid Stadium  • Khalid ibn al-Walid Mosque  • Atassi, The New Clock Tower  • City landscape from Rooftops</div>
- **pushpin map**: Syria
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Syria
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Governorates of Syria, Governorate
- **subdivision name1**: Homs Governorate
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Syria, District
- **subdivision name2**: Homs District
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Ghassan Mustafa Abdul-Aal
- **leader title1**: President of City Council
- **leader name1**: Nadia Kseibi
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 2000 BCE
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 48
- **area urban km2**: 76
- **area metro km2**: 104
- **population as of**: 2004 census
- **population total**: 652,609
- **population metro**: 750,501
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +3
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 501
- **area code**: 031
- **website**: http://www.homscitycouncil.org.sy
Latakia

**Latakia** ( _al-Lādhiqīyah_), is the main port city of Syria. It is the 4th largest city in Syria after Aleppo, Damascus and Homs with 383,786 inhabitants.  It is the capital of the Latakia Governorate. Tishreen University is in the city.

Latakia is the home city of two football clubs: Teshrin Sports Club was founded in 1947, and Hutteen Sports Club was founded in 1945. Both teams play in the al-Assad Stadium. There is also Latakia Sports City complex.  It was built in 1987 to host the 1987 Mediterranean Games.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Latakia
- **image skyline**: Latakia Collage.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: A Collage of Latakia
- **image seal**: Latakia - Seal.jpg
- **pushpin map**: Syria
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Syria
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Governorates of Syria, Governorate
- **subdivision name1**: Latakia Governorate
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Syria, District
- **subdivision name2**: Latakia District
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Abdulqader Abdulsheikh
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area land km2**: 58
- **area metro km2**: 108
- **population as of**: 2004 census
- **population total**: 383,786
- **population metro**: 424,392
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **elevation m**: 11
- **website**: [http://www.elatakia.sy/ eLatakia]
Tripoli, Lebanon

**Tripoli** (Formal  / ALA-LC: _Ṭarābulus_; Lebanese Arabic: _Ṭrāblus_;  / _Tripolis_) is the largest city in northern Lebanon and the second-largest city in Lebanon.  It is the capital of the North Governorate and the Tripoli District. It has the second largest port in Lebanon.

About 80 percent of the people who live in the city are Sunni Muslims, as well as Alawite Muslims (approximately 15%), and a small percentage of Orthodox and Maronite Christians (approximately 5%).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tripoli
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Lebanon, City
- **official name**: Ṭarābulus
- **image skyline**: Tripoli, Lebanon photos, Aug 2012.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top left: Citadel of Raymond de Saint-Gilles, Mansouri Great Mosque minaret, Mamluk architecture, bay view, and a Syriac Catholic Church, Syriac Catholic church
- **pushpin map**: Lebanon
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: **Tripoli** in Lebanon
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Governorates of Lebanon, Governorate
- **subdivision name1**: North Governorate
- **subdivision type2**: District
- **subdivision name2**: Tripoli District
- **population as of**: 2017
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +02:00
Deir ez-Zor

**Deir ez-Zor** , also spelled **Dayr al-Zawr**, **Der Ezzor**, **Deir Azzor**, and other variants (), is the 7th largest city in Syria and the largest in the eastern part of Syria. It is the capital of the Deir ez-Zor Governorate. There were 211,857 people in 2004.  It is on the shores of the Euphrates.

The city is famous for the Deir ez-Zor suspension bridge across the Euphrates. It was completed in 1927.  The Deir ez-Zor Museum keeps thousands of items collected from nearby archeological sites in Northern Mesopotamia. Main campuses of Al-Furat University and Al-Jazeera University are also there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Deir ez-Zor
- **other name**: Deir Ezzor, Deir Azzor
- **native name**: دير الزور
- **image skyline**: Deir ez-Zor Collage.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: A collage of Deir ez-Zor
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Syria
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Syria
- **subdivision type1**: Governorates of Syria, Governorate
- **subdivision name1**: Deir ez-Zor Governorate
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Syria, District
- **subdivision name2**: Deir ez-Zor District
- **government type**: Governorate
- **leader title**: Governor
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population as of**: 2004 census
- **population total**: 211,857
- **population metro**: 239,196
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **elevation m**: 210
- **area code**: 051
Tartus

**Tartus** ( / ALA-LC: _Ṭarṭūs_; also known as **Tartous**) is a city on the Mediterranean coast of Syria. It is the second largest port city in Syria (after Latakia), with 115,769 inhabitants (2004 census).  It is on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Tartus
- **native name**: طرطوس
- **image skyline**: hamrat.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Hamrat Street
- **pushpin map**: Syria
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Syria
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Syria
- **subdivision type1**: Governorates of Syria, Governorate
- **subdivision name1**: Tartus Governorate
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Syria, District
- **subdivision name2**: Tartus District
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Wahib Hasan Zein Eddin
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population as of**: 2004 cenus
- **population total**: 115,769
- **population metro**: 162,980
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **area code**: 43
Sirte

**Sirte** (also spelled _Sirt_, _Surt_, _Sert_ or  _Syrte_, pronounced  ; ; from ) is a city in Libya.  It is on the south coast of the Gulf of Sidra.

The city was the final major stronghold of Gaddafi loyalists in the Libyan civil war.

Muammar al-Gaddafi, former leader of Libya, was born there. Gaddafi was killed there by rebel forces on 20 October 2011.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Sirte
- **native name**: سرت
- **image skyline**: Sirte2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: _Mathābah al-Madīnah_, Assembly building, in Sirte
- **pushpin map**: Libya
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Libya
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Libya
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Tripolitania
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Libya, District
- **subdivision name2**: Sirte District, Sirte
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 75,358
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **timezone**: UTC+02:00
- **elevation m**: 28
Benghazi

**Benghazi** is a city and district in Libya. It is the second largest city in the country with 670,797 people (2006). It is also the capital of the Cyrenaica region.  It was the former provisional capital of the National Transitional Council.  It is on the Mediterranean Sea.

The oldest university in Libya is the University of Libya in the city. Libyan International Medical University is the first accredited private medical university.

Two of Libya's most-successful football clubs are in the city. They are Al-Ahly Benghazi and Al-Nasr.  The two teams have won the Libyan Premier League five times.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Benghazi
- **native name**: بنغازي
- **image skyline**: Old town sight.JPG
- **image caption**: Downtown **Benghazi**
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: **Benghazi** at dusk
- **pushpin map**: Libya
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Libya
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Libya
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Cyrenaica
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Libya, District
- **subdivision name2**: Benghazi
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: as ***Euesperides*** (_circa_ 525 BC)
- **established title2**: Renamed
- **established date2**: ***Berenice*** (_circa_ middle of 3rd century BC)
***Hesperides***
***Barneeq*** (_circa_ middle of 7th century AD)
***Marsa ibn Ghazi*** (_circa_ 16th century)
***Bani Ghazi***
**Benghazi**
- **area blank1 km2**: 314
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: over 650,000
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **timezone**: UTC+2
- **elevation m**: 2
- **area code**: 061
Misrata

**Misrata**  ( ****, Libyan Arabic: ), also known as **Misurata** or **Misratah**, is a city in northwestern Libya.  It is in the Misrata District.

With a population of 281,000, Misrata is the third largest city in Libya, after Tripoli and Benghazi.

Misrata University is in the city.

## Football clubs

- Asswehly S.C. (founded 1944)
- Alhiyad Sports Club (founded 1965)

## People from Misrata

- Daniel Bogdanović
- Ramadan al-Swehli

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Misrata
- **native name**: <big>مصراتة</big>
- **image skyline**: Misurata (Libia) - fontana.jpg
- **image caption**: A central park in Misrata
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Libya
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Libya
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Tripolitania
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Libya, District
- **subdivision name2**: Misrata District, Misrata
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Yousef Ben Yousef
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population total**: 281,000
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **population demonym**: Misratan
- **timezone**: UTC + 2
- **elevation m**: 10
- **area code**: 31
Ne-Yo

**Shaffer Chimere Smith** (born on October 18, 1979 in Camden, Arkansas), better known as **Ne-Yo**, is a Grammy Award-winning American singer, songwriter and dancer who sings R&B. He originally started performing under the name "GoGo" and joined the R&B group "The Envy".

In 2004 he wrote "Let Me Love You" for Mario. It was number one in the _Billboard_ Hot 100 for nine weeks. After this, Def Jam Recordings signed him. His debut album, _In My Own Words_, was released during 2006. Other albums then followed. In 2009, _Billboard_ ranked him as the 57th Artist of the 2000s decade.

He is known for songs like "So Sick", "When You're Mad", "Closer", "Miss Independent", "Let's Go" and "Give Me Everything".  The first and last song both reached number one on the _Billboard_ Hot 100.

## Albums

- _In My Own Words_ (2006)
- _Because of You_ (2007)
- _Year of the Gentleman_ (2008)
- _Libra Scale_ (2010)
- _R.E.D._ (2012)
- _Non-Fiction_ (2013)

## Grammy Awards

|Year|Work|Category|Result|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2008|_Because of You_|Best Contemporary R&B Album||||
|rowspan="2"|2009|rowspan="2"|"Miss Independent"|Best R&B Song||
|Best Male R&B Vocal Performance||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
- **instrument**: Vocals


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ne-Yo
- **image**: P20230704CS-0962 (53235069464) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Ne-Yo in 2023
- **birth name**: Shaffer Chimere Smith
- **alias**: Ne-Yo
- **birth place**: Camden, Arkansas, United States
- **years active**: 1998–present
- **children**: 5
- **partner**: Monyetta Shaw (2009–13)
- **net worth**: United States dollar, $16 million
Sage Stallone

**Sage Stallone** (May 5, 1976 -  July 13, 2012) was an American movie actor. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He began acting in 1990 and was also a movie producer. He died in Studio City, Los Angeles of a heart attack caused by atherosclerosis. He was the elder son of Sylvester Stallone.
Yuri Shevchuk

**Yuri Shevchuk** (), born 16 May 1957, is a Soviet and Russian singer/songwriter. He is the leader of rock band DDT, which he founded in 1980.

Shevchuk was born in Magadan region and raised in Ufa. Now he lives in St. Petersburg, Russia.

He is known as one of the greatest song-writers in modern Russia.

Shevchuk is very critical of the Vladimir Putin's government.

## Other websites

- Official website of DDT
DDT (band)

**DDT** (or **ДДТ** in Cyrillic) is a popular Russian rock band founded in 1980. The leader is Yuri Shevchuk. It is one of the most successful and famous Russian musical groups.

## History

The band was formed in 1980.

Although they never considered themselves political activists, Shevchuk always addresses the problems of his country. DDT always worked as a "non-conformist" group, producing albums and giving concerts throughout the world.

In 1988 DDT made their first visit to the U.S., their concert in Los Angeles was covered by MTV.

In 1992 DDT released the album _Spring the Actress_. This album contained famous hits, especially "Shto takoe osen'" (What is Autumn), "Dozd'" (Rain) and "Rodina" (Motherland).

In May 1998, the band presented the new album _World number zero_ which contained influences from industrial music and a wide use of computer technologies.

In 2011, DDT released the album _Otherwise_.

## Other websites

- Official site
Mark Teixeira

**Mark Charles Teixeira** (born  April 11, 1980) plays American Major League Baseball. He has played first and third bases and the outfield. He was born in Annapolis, Maryland.  He played college ball for Georgia Tech. In 2001 he won the Dick Howser Trophy as the national collegiate baseball player of the year. He has played professsional ball with the Texas Rangers, the Atlanta Braves, Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and the New York Yankees. Teixeira is of Portuguese-American descent. He, his wife, and their three children live in Greenwich, Connecticut. He likes hunting, fishing, golfing, and reading. He is a Christian and likes Broadway musicals.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Mark Teixeira
- **image**: File:New York Yankees Mark Teixeira (25).jpg
- **width**: 250
- **position**: First baseman / Designated Hitter
- **birth place**: Annapolis, Maryland
- **bats**: Switch
- **throws**: Right
- **debutdate**: April 1
- **debutyear**: 2003
- **debutteam**: Texas Rangers
- **finalleague**: MLB
- **finaldate**: October 2
- **finalyear**: 2016
- **finalteam**: New York Yankees
- **statleague**: MLB
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .268
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 409
- **stat3label**: Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 1,298
- **teams**: *Texas Rangers (baseball), Texas Rangers (2003–2007)
*Atlanta Braves (2007–2008)
*Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2008)
*New York Yankees (2009–2016)
- **awards**: * 3× Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star (2005, 2009, 2015)
* World Series champion (2009)
* 5× Gold Glove Award (2005, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2012)
* 3× Silver Slugger Award (2004, 2005, 2009)
* AL home run leader (2009)
* AL RBI leader (2009)
* Dick Howser Trophy (2000)
Crotalus oreganus

***Crotalus oreganus*** (commonly known as the **western rattlesnake**) is a species of venomous Pit viper. There are currently six subspecies recognized, not including the nominate subspecies.

## Description

The Western Rattlesnake is a large species of the Crotalus.They can reach to the size of 100 centimeters (39 in) in length, but the longest ever found was the size of 162.6 centimeters (64 in). They are usually dark brown, dark gray, or olive brown in color, covered with dark blotches and uneven white edges.

## Feeding

The Western Rattlesnake eats mainly rodents like the mouse, the rat, and the squirrel, but it also eats rabbits and small birds.

## Common Names

Some of the Western Rattlesnakes names included the "Northern Pacific Rattlesnake", the "Black Diamond Rattlesnake", the "Arizona Diamond Rattlesnake", the "California Rattlesnake", the "Hallowell's Rattlesnake",and the "Oregon Rattlesnake".

## Where they live

The Western Rattlesnake is found in North America, from southwestern Canada, western U.S.A, and northern Mexico. In Canada it is found in southern British Columbia. In the U.S.A it is found in Washington, Oregon, western and southern Idaho, California, Nevada, Utah, and Arizona. In northern Mexico it is found in western Baja California.

## Subspecies

- Grand Canyon Rattlesnake, _C. o. abyssus_
- Coronado Island Rattlesnake, _C. o. caliginis_
- Arizona Black Rattlesnake, _C. o. cerberus_
- Midget Faded Rattlesnake, _C. o. concolor_
- Southern Pacific Rattlesnake, _C. o. helleri_
- Great Basin Rattlesnake, _C. o. lutosus_
Bharata Natyam

**Bharatanatyam**, is an Indian classical dance.

Both male and female dancers perform this dance. The classical Indian story-dance can be used to express a complex range of emotions which respond to the actions of the male heroes.

This classical Indian dance attracts interest and study in India and other parts of the world, including China Europe and North America.

## History

_Bharatanatyam_ comes from the state of Tamil Nadu.

The dance’s origins are recorded in Tamil literary texts of the sixth century BC. It was revived in the late 18th century and again in the early 20th century.

## Etymology & History

(The etymology in #1 below for "Bharata" is spurious.  It only makes sense with the English spelling/pronunciation of "Bha", "Ra", and "Ta", which would be "Bhā-rā-tā.  The actual pronunciation is Bhə-rə-tə which does not make for a good story).

The name was invented in the twentieth century by the great dancer Rukmini Devi and others.  It is supposed to indicate that this style was the original style described in a book on Natya by the sage Bharata, i.e. "Bharata's Dance".  The text describes poses but in the absence of illustration, the exact poses had to be re-imagined -- the quality of this re-imagination is a tribute to the intellectual and aesthetic abilities of Rukmini Devi and her teachers, but there is no other link between Bharatanatyam now and the dances described in ancient Tamil texts.

The re-imagined dance form was largely based on _Sadir-attam,_ the dances performed by temple _devavdasis,_ whose status had fallen over many centuries and under British non-comprehension of its cultural roots.  Sadir-attam itself was the name given to the dance during its eighteenth century revival under the sponsorship of Raja Serfoji of Tanjore.

The knowledge of the ancient dance was maintained by the caste of devadasis, but as an oral and terpsichorean tradition, without writing.  As such, documentation of the historic relationship between those dances and contemporary Bharatanatyam is scant.

## Related pages

- Indira Rajan
- Kathak

## Other websites

- Indo-American Arts Council
- Johns Hopkins, Bharatanatyam and Mohiniyattam – Classical Dances of South India
Mount Whymper (Edward)

**Mount Whymper**, 2.844 m, is a mountain on the Canadian Rocky Mountains in British Columbia, Canada. It is in the Vermilion Pass area, Kootenay National Park.

The mountain is named for its first conqueror, the English alpinist, explorer, writer and engraver Edward Whymper.

In 1901, Whymper and his four guides (Joseph Bossoney, Christian Kaufmann, Christian Klucker, and James Pollinger) first climbed Mount Whymper. It was renamed to honour him. Before the mountain was named _Mount Lefroy_. Whymper was exploring the area sponsored by Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) to promote the Canadian Rocky Mountains and the railway in his conferences.

There is another Mount Whymper in British Columbia, on Vancouver Island.  It is named for Edward's brother Frederick Whymper.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mount Whymper
- **photo**: Mount Whymper 2009.jpg
- **elevation m**: 2844
- **prominence m**: 263
- **location**: Kootenay National Park, British Columbia, Canada
- **range**: Canadian Rockies
- **map**: Canada British Columbia
- **first ascent**: 1901 by Edward Whymper Joseph Bossoney, Christian Kaufmann, Christian Klucker, and James Pollinger
Mount Whymper (Frederick)

**Mount Whymper** is a mountain on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.  It is the highest point in Canada south of the 49th parallel.  It is between the headwaters of the Chemainus River and the South Nanaimo River.  This is  north of Honeymoon Bay.

## History

The mountain was named in 1864 for Frederick Whymper. He went with Robert Brown on the Vancouver Island Exploring Expedition

There is another Mount Whymper in British Columbia.  It is named for Frederick's brother Edward Whymper.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mount Whymper (Frederick)
- **elevation m**: 1539
- **prominence m**: 889
- **location**: Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada
- **range**: Vancouver Island Ranges
Stanley Peak (Ball Range)

**Stanley Peak** is a 3,155 m high mountain (10,335 ft) located in the Ball Range, at the northeastern section of Kootenay National Park, in Canadian Rocky Mountains (British Columbia / Canada).

The mountain was named in 1901 by its first climber, the English explorer Edward Whymper, after Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, the sixth Governor-General of Canada. There are sources that date the namimg in 1912 after Stanley H. Mitchell, Secretary-Treasurer of Alpine Club of Canada.

The peak is visible from the Trans-Canada Highway and Highway 93. Stanley Glacier on the northeast face of the peak can be seen up close by following a hiking trail into a hanging valley between the peak and a southern outlier of Storm Mountain.

Stanley Peak can be ascended from a scrambling route by late summer but involves much route-finding among the many ledges and gullies on the north face. Climbing routes (UIAA III) travel the north and northeast faces.

## Other BC peaks

There are another two peaks in British Columbia called **Stanley Peak**. One is 2,935 m high, located at the Squamish-Lillooet regional district (), 24 km north-west from Keyhole Falls and 62 km west from Gold Bridge,.

The other is 2,030 m high, in the Stikine region () (90 km north-west from Skagway, Alaska).

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Stanley Peak
- **photo**: Stanley_Peak.jpg
- **photo caption**: Stanley Peak from Mount Whymper (Edward), Mt. Whymper, 2004
- **elevation m**: 3155
- **prominence m**: 248
- **location**: Kootenay National Park

- **range**: Ball Range
Canadian Rocky Mountains
- **first ascent**: 1901 by Edward Whymper and guides
- **easiest route**: Difficult scramble; UIAA III
Park Yeong-hyo

**Park Yung-hyo** or **Bak Young-hyo** (; 1861 – 21 September 1939) was a politician and independence activist during the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was one of the organizers of the Gapsin coup in 1884. His nickname was Chungo (;), Hyunhyungeosa (;). His real name was Muryang (;). His Japanese name was Yamajaki Eiharu ().

Yeong-hyo was the designer of the national flag of Korea (_Taegukki_; ;) in 1882. Park was married to Princess Yeonghye. She was the illegitimate daughter of king Chuljong of Joseon, the 25th king of the Joseon dynasty.

## Related pages

- Kim Ok-gyun
- Yun Chi-ho

## Other websites

- Park Yeong-hyo
- Park Yeong-hyo
- Park Yeong-hyo:Korean historical person information
- Park Young-hyo:navercast
Promotional recording

- _Not to be confused with Single (music)_
A **promotional recording** (or **promo**), is an audio or video recording that is released for free. They are released to promote a song that will be released through an album. Promos are sent to broadcasters, such as music radios, television stations, tastemakers, DJs, and music journalists. Recording labels perform this for their artist(s) to achieve airplay, positive reviews, and other exposure for fame.

Promos are often released in plain packaging. This means that a artwork or text may not appear on the cover. Most promos are marked with "Licensed for promotional use only. Sale is prohibited." In some cases, promos may ask the owner to return the promo back to the record label. However, it is not against the law to sell promotional recordings. There has been recalls of promos, but this is rare and not forced by recording labels.

Because promos are released in smaller quantities than CD singles, they are sometimes considered a collectors item. They are never released in record stores. Promotional recordings, in terms of airplay, can chart on the US Hot 100 Airplay and not the _Billboard_ Hot 100 chart. This is because, the promotional recordings are not released physically.
Chola Empire

The **Chola Empire** or the **Imperial Cholas** also known as the **Indian maritime Empire** was a medieval empire based in Southern India that was ruled by the Chola dynasty. At its greatest extent it covered much of the southern and eastern India along with many territories in Southeast Asia.

## Government

The Government of the Chola Empire was monarchical. The empire consisted of various principalities which acted as subordinates to the emperors, but still had some degree of autonomy.

## Foreign relations

During the reign of Rajendra Chola I (i.e. 1016–1033 AD) and _Kulothunga Chola I_ (i.e. in 1077 AD), commercial and political diplomats were sent to China.
Sinai Peninsula

The **Sinai Peninsula** or **Sinai** ( _Sīnā_), is a triangular peninsula in Egypt. It is about  in area. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south. It is the only part of Egyptian territory located in Asia. This is because the Sinai is known as a land bridge between the two continents of Africa and Asia. There are approximately 500,000 people living there. Egyptians refer to it as the "Land of Fayrouz", based on the Ancient Egyptian "Dumafkat".

There have been several battles in the region. The Sinai has been under the rule by Egyptian governments, including the Ayyubids, the Mamluks, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, and the modern Egyptian republic. It was also controlled by the Ottoman Empire, and the United Kingdom from 1882 to 1956. Israel invaded and took over Sinai during the 1956 Suez Crisis (known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression) and during the 1967 Six Day War. On October 6, 1973, Egypt began the October War to allow the Sinai to be a free nation.

In 1982, after the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty of 1979, Israel left Sinai. Since Israel's departure, the region became a tourist destination. This was because of its natural setting, their coral reefs, and biblical history. Mount Sinai is a sacred place in Abrahamic religion.

## Other websites

- Guide to Sinai , covering background information on history, flora, fauna, desert, bedouin, safaris and geology of Sinai
- Sinai Local Magazine
- Sinai in ancient Egypt
- Broadcasting videos from Sinai
- Images of the Sinai Desert

## Books

- Gardner, Ann "At Home in South Sinai" _Nomadic Peoples_ 2000. Vol. 4,Iss. 2; pp. 48–67. Detailed account of Bedouin women
Gauss's law

**Gauss's law** (or **Gauss's flux theorem**) is a law of physics. The law is about the relationship between  electric charge and the resulting electric field. In words, Gauss's law states that:

- _The net electric flux through any **closed surface** is equal to  times the net electric charge (Q) enclosed within that closed surface_.

The law was created by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1835. However, it was not published until 1867. It is one of the four Maxwell's equations on classical electrodynamics. The other three are Gauss's law for magnetism, Faraday's law of induction, and Ampère's circuital law.

## Other websites

- MIT Video Lecture Series (30 x 50 minute lectures)- Electricity and Magnetism  Taught by Professor Walter Lewin.
- section on Gauss's law in an online textbook
- <small>MISN-0-132</small> _Gauss's Law for Spherical Symmetry_  (PDF file) by Peter Signell for Project PHYSNET.
- <small>MISN-0-133</small> _Gauss's Law Applied to Cylindrical and Planar Charge Distributions_  (PDF file) by Peter Signell for Project PHYSNET.
Wushu (sport)

**Wushu** is a sport that is originated from traditional Chinese martial arts. It was created in China after 1949. It was created to nationalize the practice of traditional Chinese martial arts. Most of the competitions had influences of martial arts. This was created by government committees. Wushu has become an international sport through the International Wushu Federation (IWUF). The IWUF holds the World Wushu Championships every two years. The first World Championships were held in 1991 in Beijing.

Competitive wushu is made up of two disciplines:  taolu (套路; _forms_) and sanda (散打; sparring). Taolu involves martial arts routines. These are judged and given points according to specific rules on quality and difficulty of movements. The movements could be stances, kicks, punches, balances, jumps, sweeps and throws. Competitive forms have time limits that can range from 1 minute, 20 seconds to over five minutes. Modern wushu competitors practice jumping techniques such as 540 and 720 and even 900 degree jumps and kicks.

Sanda (sometimes called sanshou or Lei tai) is a modern fighting method and sport. It was influenced by traditional Chinese boxing, Chinese wrestling and Chinese grappling. Sanda has all the combat features of wushu. Sanda is similar to kickboxing or Muay Thai, but it involves more grappling techniques. Sanda competitions are often held alongside taolu competitions.

## Books

- _Mastering WUSHU _ by Jiang Bangjun and Emilio Alpanseque, .
- _Fundamentals of High Performance Wushu: Taolu Jumps and Spins _ by Raymond Wu, .
- _Kung Fu Elements _, Liang, Shou-Yu and Wu, Wen-Ching,

## Other websites

- International Wushu Federation – Official Website
- The Web's Most Comprehensive Wushu Site Covering the Beijing Wushu Team, US Wushu and Wushu in the Olympics. Contains pictures, videos, animation, articles and competition results and resources.
- FM – Wushu  – A list of Techniques and free animated tutorials for Contemporary Wushu Techniques
- What is Wushu  – Contains information about the history of wushu
- http://www.nardis.com/~twchan/liang.html –  Info about the history of wushu

## Infobox (chinese)

- **size**: 275
- **title**: Wushu
- **s**: 武术
- **t**: 武術
- **p**: wǔshù
- **j**: mou5 seot6
- **l**: martial arts
World peace

**World peace** is an idea of freedom, peace, and happiness among everyone. World peace is an idea of a world without violence, where nations try to work with each other. World peace could mean equal human rights, technology, free education for everyone, engineering, availability of medicine, diplomats and/or an end to all forms of fighting.

A report in May 2011 on the Global Peace Index, found that if the world had been 25% more peaceful in the previous year, the global economy would have had an additional $2 trillion. This amount would have covered 2% of the GDP per year required  to avoid the worst effects of global warming, cover all costs to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, cancel the public debt held by Greece, Ireland and Portugal, and cover the one-time rebuilding costs for the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

Many religions believe in world peace. The League of Nations and the United Nations were created to make world peace. Many theorists, however, believe that humans were born to be violent and preventing it would not be possible because it is human nature. Others have said that criminal<nowiki/>s do not believe in peace and will continue to commit crimes.

## Other websites

- .
- .
- .
Pyramid of the Sun

The **Pyramid of the Sun** is the largest pyramid in the ancient city of Teotihuacán. Teotihuacán is about  north of the modern-day  Mexico City. The Aztecs named the building Pyramid of the Sun, when they entered the abandoned city of Teotihuacán. The original name of the building is unknown.

## Description

The pyramid has a base length of about , and its current height is .  This makes it the second largest pyramid in pre-Columbian America, after the Great Pyramid of Cholula. Inside Teotihuacán, the pyramid is located between the Pyramid of the Moon and the Ciudadela, on what is called the _Avenue of the Dead_. It is near a mountain called Cerro Gordo. The pyramid is part of large complex, which is in the middle of the city.

## Construction

The pyramid was constructed in two phases. After completion of the first phase, about 100 AD, the pyramid had reached almost its current height. The second phase consisted in adding an altar and a big statue at the top. Neither the altar nor the statue survive.

Originally, the pyramid was covered with plates made of calcite, which showed images of animals, such as jaguars, but these plates did not survive.

The pyramid probably served as a temple to one of the deities of Teotihuacán; but the name of the deity, and the nature of the cult are unknown today.

Graves of children have been found in the pyramid. It is believed that the children were sacrificed to consecrate the building.
Gérard Philipe

**Gérard Philipe** (4 December 1922 – 25 November 1959) was a French actor who appeared in 34 movies between 1944 and 1959.

## Career

Gérard Philipe was born in Cannes, France. He had Czech ancestry from his maternal grandmother. When Philipe was a teenager, he took acting lessons. He done this before going to Paris to study at the Conservatoire of Dramatic Art. When Philipe was 19, he made his stage debut at a theater in Nice. The following year, he performed in the Albert Camus play, _Caligula_.

Philipe made his movie debut in _Les Petites du Quai aux Fleurs_ (1943). After a few other minor roles, he became famous in his performance in Claude Autant-Lara's _Devil in the Flesh_ (1947). Philipe was popular among women because of his looks. He was also liked by his friends.

In 1951, Philipe married Nicole Fourcade (1917-1990). She was an actress and writer. They had two children. Fourcade was given the name Anne Philipe. She had also wrote about Philipe in two books. The first called _Souvenirs_ (1960) and a second biography titled _Le Temps d'un soupir_ (_No Longer Than a Sign_, 1963).

Philipe was recognized worldwide for his talent. At the time of his death, he was at his peak in his career. Philipe died of liver cancer while working on a movie project in Paris. It was several days before his 37th birthday. He was buried in the village cemetery in Ramatuelle, Var near the Mediterranean Sea.

In 1995, the celebrate 100 years of the cinema, the French government issued a series of limited edition coins. One of which included a 100 franc coin with Philipe's picture. In France, Philipe is known as an important person in that country. In 1986, he was given a postage stamp with his picture on it. There is also a movie festival named after him. There are also a number of school's in France that were named after Philipe. In Germany, he is less respected as an actor. However, a cultural center is named after him in Berlin.

## Selected works

**Film**
- _Les Petites du Quai aux Fleurs_ (1944)
- _L'Idiot_ (1946)
- _Devil in the Flesh_ (1947)
- _La chartreuse de Parme_ (1948)
- _Une si jolie petite plage_ (1949)
- _La Ronde_  (1950)
- _Juliette ou La clef des songes_ (1951)
- _Fanfan la Tulipe_  (1952)
- _The Seven Deadly Sins_ (1952)
- _Les Belles de nuit_ (1952)
- _It Happened in the Park_ (1953)
- _Si Versailles m'était conté_ (1953)
- _Les Orgueilleux_ (1953)
- _The Red and the Black_ (1954)
- _Monsieur Ripois_ (1954)
- _Les Grandes Manœuvres_ (1955)
- _Si Paris nous était conté_ (1956)
- _Montparnasse 19_ (1957)
- _Le Joueur_ (1958)
- _La Vie à deux_ (1958)
- _Les Liaisons dangereuses_ (1959)
- _La fièvre monte à El Pao_ (1959)

**Voice**
- _Le Petite Prince_ (1954)

## Other websites

- Gérard Philipe  at filmsdefrance.com
- Gérard Philipe at Film Reference
- Gérard Philipe A fan-maintained website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gérard Philipe
- **image**: Gerard Philipe Warsaw National Theatre 1954.jpg
- **birth name**: Gérard Philip
- **birth place**: Cannes, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **death cause**: Liver cancer
- **years active**: 1944–1959
- **spouse**: Nicole Fourcade (1951–1959) 2 children
Turnip

The **turnip** or **white turnip** (Brassica rapa subsp. rapa) is a root vegetable. It is found in temperate climates worldwide. Smaller kinds of turnip are grown for human food. Larger ones are grown to feed livestock.

Turnips have glucosinolates -- plant-based chemicals that may help prevent all kinds of cancer, from breast to prostate. Eye health. Turnips are rich in the antioxidant lutein. This keeps your eyes healthy and wards off problems like macular degeneration and cataracts.

In the north of England and Scotland, the name turnip, or neeps, are given to the larger turnips such as the yellow rutabagas. They are called swedes father south.

## Other websites

- Multilingual taxonomic information from the University of Melbourne
- Alternative Field Crop Manual: Turnip
- Nutritional Facts
Carotid artery

The **carotid artery** is one of the major arteries of the human body. It helps blood flow to and from a human's heart.
In human anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries are arteries which give the head and neck the fresh oxygenated blood part of their blood supply.

## Infobox (artery)
1,112 and Counting

**1,112 and Counting** is an essay that was written by novelist and playwright Larry Kramer in 1983. It was published in the _New York Native_. The newspaper is a gay daily newspaper for the LGBT community. It was believed to be one of the first major essays to be written about the AIDS crisis. The essay begins with the HIV death toll at the time. Many homosexuals did not like the essay. This was because the essay blamed them for the wide spread of the disease. Many others did not like it because Kramer was accused of being a 'self-hating gay man'. This was because of his novel _Faggots_ which gave negative views on casual and anonymous sex.

The essay helped influence much of queer writing. It also helped Kramer's reputation as a gay rights advocate.

## Other websites

- The full text of "1,112 and Counting"
Adam and Steve

"**Adam and Steve**" is a phrase that was created from a conservative Christian slogan "God made Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve". It was created to summarize Christian bible-based arguments against homosexual practices or homosexuality. The slogan also expresses that heterosexuality is the natural way of life for humanity.

The phrase appeared on a protest sign as early as 1977. It was mentioned in a _New York Times_ report about a November 19 rally in Houston, Texas that year. In 1979, Jerry Falwell helped the phrase to become popular. This happened after a press conference he held for _Christianity Today_. Many LGBT people have made movies and plays based on the phrase. Paul Rudnick wrote the play _The Most Fabulous Story Ever Told_, which has a gay couple named Adam and Steve. In 2005, a gay movie was released with the title _Adam & Steve_.

## Books

- Katha Pollitt, Adam and Steve — Together at Last, _The Nation_, 15 December 2003.
Usher (album)

***Usher*** is the debut album by American singer Usher. It was released on August 30, 1994 on LaFace Records.

## History

The album reached number 167 on the _Billboard_ 200 chart. It was given positive reviews from music critics.

## Track listing

**Sample credits**
- "Think of You" is a sample of "Tidal Wave" recorded by Ronnie Laws.

## Other websites

- _Usher_ at Discogs

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Usher
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Usher (musician), Usher
- **released**: August 30, 1994
- **recorded**: 1993-1994
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B, hip hop soul
- **length**: 63:13
- **label**: LaFace Records, LaFace
- **producer**: Sean Combs, Sean "Puffy" Combs <small>(Executive producer#Music, exec.)</small>, L.A. Reid <small>(exec.)</small>, Al B. Sure!, Ward Corbett, DeVante Swing, Eddie F, Edward "Eddie F" Ferrell, Kiyamma Griffin, Dave Hall (record producer), Dave Hall, Isaiah Lee, Brian Alexander Morgan, Darryl Pearson, Alexander Richbourg
- **next title**: My Way (Usher album), My Way
- **next year**: 1997
My Way (Usher album)

***My Way*** is the second studio album by American singer Usher. It was released by LaFace Records on September 16, 1997. The album had three singles "Nice & Slow", "My Way" and "You Make Me Wanna...".

## History

The album debuted at number 15 on the _Billboard_ 200 chart. It sold 66,000 copies the first week. It also debuted at number four on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It reached number one for three weeks. _My Way_ was then certified 6x Platinum for shipping 6,000,000 copies in the United States. The album was nominated for a Grammy Award. It also became his "breakthrough album". Many music critics gave positive reviews for the album.

## Track listing

- Sample credits
- "Come Back" has a sample of "Funky" by the Ultramagnetic MCs.
- "One Day You'll Be Mine" has a sample of "Footsteps in the Dark" by The Isley Brothers.

## Other websites

- http://www.mtv.com/bands/az/usher/89863/album.jhtml  mtv.com page on _My Way_

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: My Way
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Usher (musician), Usher
- **released**: September 16, 1997 <small>(United States, U.S.)</small>
- **recorded**: 1996–1997
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B, soul music, soul, hip hop soul
- **length**: 40:21
- **label**: LaFace Records, LaFace/Arista Records, Arista
- **producer**: Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Babyface, Jermaine Dupri,
- **prev title**: Usher (album), Usher
- **prev year**: 1994
- **next title**: 8701
- **next year**: 2001
8701

***8701*** is the third studio album by American singer Usher. It was released by Arista Records on July 9, 2001.

## History

Recording the album took place in 2000 and 2001. The album debuted at number four on the _Billboard_ 200 chart. It sold 210,000 copies the first week. In 18 weeks it sold 1,940,000 copies.

It has sold 4,700,000 copies in the United States. The album has sold over 8,000,000 copies worldwide. It was certified 4x Platinum by the RIAA. It reached number one on the UK Albums Chart and the Canadian Albums Chart. In Australia, it was certified 2x Platinum and Platinum by the BPI.

The album was given positive reviews from music critics. Many liked Usher's "matured voice" and the instruments Usher used to record the songs.

## Personnel

Credits for _8701_ from Allmusic.

- David Ashton – Assistant engineer
- Producer, Instrumentation – Bryan-Michael Cox
- Brian Garten – Engineer
- Kevin Guarnieri – Engineer, Assistant Engineer
- Performer – Puff Daddy
- David Rideau – Engineer
- Usher – Vocals

### Chart positions

|style="text-align:center;"|Chart (2001)|style="text-align:center;"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Australian Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|7||
|Austrian Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|47||
|Belgium Albums Chart (Flanders)|style="text-align:center;"|14||
|Belgium Albums Chart (Wallonia)|style="text-align:center;"|4||
|Canadian Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|1||
|Danish Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|3||
|Dutch Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|7||
|French Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|14||
|German Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|7||
|Irish Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|9||
|New Zealand Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|8||
|Norwegian Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|10||
|Swedish Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|28||
|Swiss Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|10||
|UK Albums Chart|style="text-align:center;"|1||
|US _Billboard_ 200|style="text-align:center;"|4||
|US _Billboard_ Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|style="text-align:center;"|3||

### Certifications

|scope="col"|Country|scope="col"|Provider|scope="col"|Certification|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Australia|ARIA|2× Platinum||||
|United Kingdom|BPI|Platinum||||
|United States|RIAA|4× Platinum||||

### Decade-end charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2000–2009)|scope="col"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|US _Billboard_ 200|style="text-align:center;"|63||

## Release history

|Region|Date||
| --- | --- | --- |
|United Kingdom|rowspan="2"|July 30, 2001|
|Germany|||
|United States|rowspan="2"|August 7, 2001|
|Canada|||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: 8701
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Usher (musician), Usher
- **recorded**: 2000–2001
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 57:09
- **label**: Arista Records, Arista
- **prev title**: Live (Usher album), Live
- **prev year**: 1999
- **next title**: Confessions (Usher album), Confessions
- **next year**: 2004
Sharon Tate

**Sharon Marie Tate** (January 23, 1943 – August 9, 1969) was an American actress. She was married to movie director Roman Polanski.

## Early life

Sharon Marie Tate was born in Dallas, Texas on January 23, 1943. She was the eldest daughter of a career army officer. So, her family had to move through various parts of the United States and Europe. As a child, her parents placed her in a beauty contest and she won.

## Movies

Tate made her movie debut in _Eye of the Devil_ in 1965. The movie producer, Martin Ransohoff, made a ten-minute documentary promoting her, called _All Eyes on Sharon Tate_.

Tate met Polanski while acting in his movie, _The Fearless Vampire Killers_. That movie was a comedy mocking Hammer Horror movies. Polanski married her in 1968. She was also in the comedy _Don't Make Waves_ in 1967. In 1967, she was also in the movie _Valley of the Dolls_. In 1969, she was in the spy comedy _The Wrecking Crew_. Her last movie was an Italian slapstick comedy called _12+1_.

## Murder

On August 9, 1969, Tate was stabbed 16 times and then hanged by the neck from a ceiling beam. This was done at the orders of cult leader Charles Manson. Her unborn son, Paul, also died. The acts (five people were murdered) were done by the members of Manson's group, known as The Family.

## Related pages

- Tate murders

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sharon Tate
- **image**: Sharon Tate Valley of the Dolls 1967 - Restoration.jpg
- **caption**: Tate in
- **birth name**: Sharon Marie Tate
- **birth place**: Dallas, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Benedict Canyon, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Murder by stabbing
- **resting place**: Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City, Holy Cross Cemetery
- **spouse**: Roman Polanski
(m. 1968–1969, her death)
- **occupation**: Actress, model
- **years active**: 1961–1969
- **parents**: Colonel Paul James Tate
Doris Tate, Doris Gwendolyn Willett