juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Social Network

***The Social Network*** is a 2010 American movie about the beginning of Facebook. Jesse Eisenberg played Mark Zuckerberg in the movie. David Fincher directed the movie. Aaron Sorkin wrote the screenplay. The movie was very popular and won many awards, but did not win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The story happens in Massachusetts and California from 2003–2005. It is based on the book The Accidental Billionaires by Ben Mezrich.

## Cast

- Jesse Eisenberg as Mark Zuckerberg
- Andrew Garfield as Eduardo Saverin
- Justin Timberlake as Sean Parker
- Armie Hammer as Cameron Winklevoss and Tyler Winklevoss
- Josh Pence as Tyler Winklevoss (body double for Armie Hammer)
- Max Minghella as Divya Narendra
- Brenda Song as Christy Lee
- Rashida Jones as Marylin Delpy
- Joseph Mazzello as Dustin Moskovitz
- Rooney Mara as Erica Albright
- Dustin Fitzsimons as The Phoenix S-K Club President
- Patrick Mapel as Chris Hughes
- Douglas Urbanski as Larry Summers
- Wallace Langham as Peter Thiel
- Dakota Johnson as Amelia Ritter
- Malese Jow as Alice Cantwel
- Denise Grayson as Gretchen
- James Shanklin as Prince Albert II
- Trevor Wright as Josh Thompson
- John Getz as Sy
- Shelby Young as K.C.
- David Selby as Gage
- Aaron Sorkin as Ad executive

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: The Social Network
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: David Fincher
- **screenplay**: Aaron Sorkin
- **cinematography**: Jeff Cronenweth
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
- **runtime**: 121 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $40 million
- **gross**: $224,920,315
Chaz Bono

**Chaz Salvatore Bono** (Born **Chastity Sun Bono**; March 4, 1969) is an American actor and is a spokesperson for the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. He danced on ABC's _Dancing With the Stars_.

In 1995, Chaz, who still appeared female at the time, told The Advocate that he was a lesbian.
In 2008 Bono started his gender transition from female to male.

He is the son of Sonny and Cher Bono. He is a female-to-male transgender person. A documentary on Bono's experience, _Becoming Chaz_, was at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.  It was later on the OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network.

## Books written

- _Family Outing_ (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (1998). Little, Brown and Company. pp. 272.
- _The End of Innocence: A Memoir_ (with Michele Kort) (2003). pp. 232.
- _Transition: the story of how I became a man_ (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (2011). New York: Dutton.
- _Transition: Becoming Who I Was Always Meant to Be_ (with Billie Fitzpatrick) (2012 paperback). Plume. pp. 272.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Chaz Bono
- **image**: Chaz Bono by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Chaz Bono, 2017
- **birth name**: Chastity Sun Bono
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, US
- **other names**: Chaz Salvatore Bono
- **known for**: Sonny & Cher's only child together, LGBT activism, writing
- **occupation**: Writer, musician, activist
- **years active**: 1972–present
- **parents**: Sonny Bono, Cher
- **family**: Georgia Holt (grandmother)
Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)

"**Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)**" is a single performed by American recording artist Katy Perry. It is the fifth single from her third album _Teenage Dream_. The song topped the _Billboard_ Hot 100 chart in the US. It reached the top in Canada as well. It climbed to the top five in Australia and New Zealand and the top ten in Austria and the UK. It was released June 6, 2011. A remix was later released featuring rapper Missy Elliott.

The song became Perry's fifth number-one single from _Teenage Dream_. This was a first for a female artist. Only Michael Jackson also had five chart-toppers from one album with _Bad_ in 1987.

## Credits and personnel

- Katy Perry – songwriter, vocals
- Dr. Luke – songwriter, producer, drums, keyboards, programming
- Max Martin – songwriter, producer, drums, keyboards, programming
- Bonnie McKee – songwriter
- Emily Wright – engineer
- Sam Holland – engineer
- Tucker Bodine – assistant engineer
- Tatiana Gottwald – assistant engineer
- Şerban Ghenea – mixing
- Jon Hanes – mix engineer
- Tim Roberts – assistant mix engineer
- Lenny Pickett – saxophone

### Weekly charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2011)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="text-align:center;"|7|||
|3||||
|2||||
|56||||
|align="center"|19|||
|11||||
|1||||

### Monthly charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2011)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|49||||
|16||||

### Year-end charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2011)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|31||||
|86||||
|12||||
|88||||
|45||||
|34||||
|24||||
|70||||
|45||||
|14||||
|scope="col"|Chart (2012)|scope="col"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|17||||

## Release history

|scope="col"|Region|scope="col"|Date|scope="col"|Format(s)|scope="col"|Version|scope="col"|Label|scope="col"||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|June 6, 2011||rowspan="3"|Original|Capitol|align="center"|||||||
|June 17, 2011|Radio airplay|EMI|align="center"|||||||||
|June 27, 2011||rowspan="3"|Capitol|align="center"||||||||
|rowspan="2"|August 8, 2011|Digital download|rowspan="2"|Remix featuring Missy Elliott|align="center"|||||||
|Contemporary hit radio|align="center"|||||||||||

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)
- **artist**: Katy Perry
- **album**: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album), Teenage Dream
- **released**: ;  (remix)
- **studio**: Conway Recording Studios, Conway,
(Hollywood, California, U.S.);
Playback Recording Studios, Playback,
(Santa Barbara, California, Santa Barbara, California, U.S.)
- **genre**: Dance-pop
- **length**: <small>(Album version)</small>
  <small>(Remix feat. Missy Elliott)</small>
- **label**: Capitol Records, Capitol
- **prev title**: E.T. (song), E.T.
- **prev year**: 2011
- **next title**: The One That Got Away
- **next year**: 2011
Ying Yang Twins

The **Ying Yang Twins** are an American crunk rap group based in Atlanta. The group debuted in 2000 and rose into mainstream with the song _Get Low_ almost three years later. They've had several hit albums and hit songs.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ying Yang Twins
- **img**: Ying Yang Twins in Berlin by foto di matti.jpg
- **img capt**: Kaine and D-Roc right before their concert in Berlin in May 2007
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The Ying Yangers
- **origin**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip-hop, gangster rap, crunk, contemporary R&B
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **label**: TVT Records, TVT
Universal Records
- **associated acts**: DJ Laz
Lil Jon
Three 6 Mafia
Mr. Collipark
The HoodRatz
Pitbull (rapper), Pitbull
Trick Daddy
- **url**: [http://www.myspace.com/yingyangtwins www.myspace.com/yingyangtwins]
- **current members**: Kaine, D-Roc, Phat Zach
Dip slope

A **Dip slope** is the geological formation of tilted strata. They're found on homoclinal ridges, one side being steep and irregular and the other (the dip slope) being parallel to the bedding.
Mariner program

The **Mariner program** was a program of spacecraft launched by NASA between 1963 and 1973. The spacecraft studied the planets Mars, Venus and Mercury. There were 10 spacecraft in the Mariner programme, named Mariners 1-10. Seven were successful but three were lost. The program included spacecraft doing things that spacecraft had never done before. These things included the first planetary fly-by, the first pictures from another planet, the first planetary orbiter, and the first gravity assist maneuver. Other spacecraft in the Mariner program were planned but they were changed into other spacecraft with different names. For example, Mariner 11 and Mariner 12 were planned but changed into Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport

**Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport** is a large airport in France.  It is in the outskirts of Paris.  In 2010, it handled 58,164,612 passengers.

As of 12 February 2018, the head of the airport is Marc Houalla.

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport
- **nativename**: <small>_Aéroport de Paris-Charles-de-Gaulle_</small>
- **nativename-r**: <small>_Roissy Airport_</small>
- **image-width**: 125
- **image2**: Charles De Gaulle Airport.jpg
- **image2-width**: 260
- **iata**: CDG
- **icao**: LFPG
- **wmo**: 07157
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: Groupe ADP
- **operator**: Paris Aéroport
- **city-served**: Paris metropolitan area
- **location**: Roissy-en-France, France
- **metric-elev**: yes
- **elevation-f**: 392
- **elevation-m**: 119
- **pushpin map**: France Île-de-France#France#Europe
- **pushpin label**: CDG/LFPG
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Île-de-France
- **metric-rwy**: Y
- **r1-number**: 08L/26R
- **r1-length-m**: 4,215
- **r1-length-f**: 13,829
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt
- **r2-number**: 08R/26L
- **r2-length-m**: 2,700
- **r2-length-f**: 8,858
- **r2-surface**: Asphalt
- **r3-number**: 09L/27R
- **r3-length-m**: 2,700
- **r3-length-f**: 8,858
- **r3-surface**: Asphalt
- **r4-number**: 09R/27L
- **r4-length-m**: 4,200
- **r4-length-f**: 13,780
- **r4-surface**: Asphalt
- **stat-year**: 2020
- **stat1-header**: Passengers
- **stat1-data**: 22,257,469
- **stat2-header**: Aircraft movements
- **stat2-data**: 228,965
- **footnotes**: Freight Movements
Pouzolles

**Pouzolles** () is a commune in the Hérault department and Occitanie in southern France.

## Activities

The village has a small collection of shops (bakery, superette, tobacconist) and several _chambres d'hôtes_. There are other activities, such as a post office, a nearby paintball, a seasonal gallery and of course the local wine industry.

## Places of interest

- the château _(see pictures)_

- the village center, built as a _circulade_

## Related pages

- Communes of the Hérault department

## Other websites

- Official **Pouzolles** website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Pouzolles
- **image**: Pouzolles vue generale.JPG
- **caption**: General view
- **image coat of arms**: Blason_ville_fr_Pouzolles_(Hérault).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arrondissement of Béziers
- **canton**: Canton of Roujan
- **insee**: 34214
- **postal code**: 34480
- **mayor**: Guy Roucayrol
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes des Avant-Monts du Centre Hérault
- **elevation m**: 90
- **elevation min m**: 48
- **elevation max m**: 180
- **area km2**: 10.01
- **population**: 1001
- **population date**: 2006
- **population demonym**: Pouzollais
Harima Province

, also known as ,  was an old province of Japan in area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

The province had borders with the provinces of Tajima, Tamba, Settsu, Bizen, and Mimasaka.

The provincial capital city was Himeji on the Ishikawa River.

## History

In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures.  The maps of Japan and Harima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

## Temples and Shrines

_Iwa jinja_ was the chief Shinto shrine (_ichinomiya_) of Harima.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Communauté de communes Coteaux et Châteaux

The **Communauté de communes Coteaux et Châteaux** was a group of communes in the Hérault departement and Languedoc-Roussillon region of France.

It was created on December 31, 1997, by decision of the Prefecture, and dissolved on January 1, 2013 upon merging with surrounding _communauté de communes_ to form the Communauté des communes des Avant-Monts du Centre Hérault.

## Etymology

The name comes from the local _coteaux_ (vineyards) and _chateaux_ (castles), prominent features of the countryside.

## Communes

_Coteaux et Chateaux_ contained the following communes:

- Fos
- Gabian
- Margon
- Montesquieu
- Neffiès
- Pouzolles
- Roujan
- Vailhan

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Look up _coteau_ and _château_ on the Wiktionary.

## Infobox (french communauté)

- **nom**: Communauté de communes
Coteaux et Châteaux
- **image**: Gabian vue generale.JPG
- **rég**: Languedoc-Roussillon
- **dépt**: Hérault
- **creation**: December 31, 1997
- **nbcomm**: 8
- **siège**: Roujan
- **prés**: Francis Boutes
- **superf**: 9066
- **siteweb**: [http://www.coteaux-chateaux.com www.coteaux-chateaux.com]
Child support

**Child support** is continued payment performed by a parent for the financial benefits of children following marital separations, divorces or ends of civil unions. Child maintenance is paid either directly or indirect by obligors toward an obligee for care and support of children from terminated marriages, civil unions or other relationships. The obligor is the non-custodial parent; the obligee is either the custodial parent, a caregiver, a guardian or the state.

## Duration of support orders

Support orders end based on local laws and the facts of each case. Support orders usually end when the child reaches the age of majority. (This can be an age from 16 to 21 (New York State)  or graduates from high school.) Some countries and states have laws that make support continue past the age of majority if the child is enrolled as a full-time, degree-seeking post-secondary student. If the obligor owes back child support, the payments must continue until the debt is satisfied, regardless of the age of the child.

Several factors can end a support order for a child under the age of majority. These include the child's marriage, legal emancipation or death.

## Other websites

- History of child support in the UK
- Child Support Agency (CSA) Australia - includes calculators and guides for separated parents
- US Federal Child Support Enforcement - child support enforcement
- UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS - UK Child Support Calculator App for iOS
Emperor Ninmyō

was the 54th  emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 833 and ended in 850.

## Traditional history

Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (_imina_) was .

Ninmyō was the second son of Emperor Saga and the Empress Tachibana no Kachiko.

Ninmyō had nine Empresses, Imperial consorts, and concubines (_kōi_); and he had 24 Imperial sons and daughters.

### Events of Ninmyō's life

Ninmyō was Crown Prince for 10 years.

- **6 January 823** (_Kōnin 10, 4th month, 19th day_): At age 14, Prince Masara is named Junna's heir.
- **22 March 833** (_Tenchō 10, 28th day of the 2nd month_): In the 10th year of Emperor Junna's reign, the emperor abdicated. The succession (_senso_) was received by his adopted son.  Masara_-shinnō_ was the natural son of Emperor Saga, and therefore would have been Junna's nephew.  Soon afterwards, Emperor Ninmyo is said to have acceded to the throne (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
- **838-839** (_Jōwa  5-6_): Diplomatic mission to Tang China headed by Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu.
- **6 May 850** (_Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month_): Emperor Ninmyō died at the age of 41.

### After his death

Emperor Ninmyō is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates , in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, as the location of Ninmyō's mausoleum.

Ninmyō was sometimes posthumously referred to as "the Emperor of Fukakusa," because that was the location of his tomb.

## Eras of reign

The years of Ninmyō's reign are identified by more than one era name (_nengō_).
- _Tenchō_  (824-834)
- _Jōwa_    (834-848)
- _Kashō_    (848-851)

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree

## Other websites

- Hokusai: Poem #12, image of ceremonial event in Ninmyō's court

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Ninmyō
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **reign**: 833-850
- **predecessor**: Emperor Junna, Junna
- **successor**: Emperor Montoku, Montoku
- **birth date**: 809
- **death date**: 6 May 850
- **death place**: Heian-kyō (Kyoto)
- **burial place**: _Fukakusa no misasagi_ (Kyoto)
Natural deduction

**Natural deduction** is a branch of mathematical logic developed in Poland in the 1920s and 30s. It is meant to express inference rules closely related to the "natural" way of reasoning.

Spurred on by a series of seminars in Poland in 1926 by Łukasiewicz that advocated a more natural treatment of logic, Jaśkowski made the earliest attempts at defining a more natural deduction. In 1929 he first suggested in 1929 using a diagrammatic notation, and later updated his proposal in papers in 1934 and 1935.

## References

- Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy, 2000. _Language, proof and logic_. CSLI (University of Chicago Press) and New York: Seven Bridges Press. A gentle introduction to first-order logic via natural deduction, by two first rate logicians.

## Other websites

- Clemente, Daniel, "Introduction to natural deduction."
- Pelletier, Jeff, "A history of natural deduction and elementary logic textbooks."
John McCarthy

**John McCarthy** (September 4, 1927 – October 24, 2011) was an American scientist. He is mostly known for the work he did in the field of logic.

McCarthy was the first to use the term artificial intelligence, in an article he wrote in 1955. He invented LISP to be able to do logic programming, in 1958. This makes LISP the second-oldest high-level programming language that is still in use; FORTRAN is older. McCarthy studied mathematics. He invented Garbage collection to solve some of the problems LISP had. McCarthy's work received many awards, the Turing Award for his work on Artificial Intelligence, in 1971, or the National Medal of Science in 2003 are among them.
Hurricane Karl (2010)

**Hurricane Karl** was the fifth and final major hurricane of 2010's Atlantic hurricane season. It became the most damaging hurricane to ever impact the Mexican state of Veracruz. As of September 23, 22 people have been confirmed killed, most of which were in the state of Veracruz. Preliminary losses from the storm are estimated at 70 billion MXN ($5.6 billion USD). Despite the destruction, the name **Karl** was not retired.

## Other websites

- The NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Hurricane Karl
- The NHC's Advisory Archive for Hurricane Karl
- The NHC's Graphic Archive for Hurricane Karl

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Karl
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 2010
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Hurricane Karl 2010-09-16 1720Z.jpg
- **image name**: Hurricane Karl viewed from the Terra (satellite), Terra satellite.
- **formed**: September 14, 2010
- **dissipated**: September 18, 2010
- **1-min winds**: 110
- **pressure**: 956
- **damages**: 5600
- **fatalities**: 22 total
- **areas**: Belize, Yucatán Peninsula, Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico
- **hurricane season**: 2010 Atlantic hurricane season
Robert Pierpoint

**Robert Pierpoint** (May 16, 1925 – October 22, 2011) was an American broadcast journalist who worked for CBS.

He was born in Redondo Beach, California. Pierpoint served in the United States Navy during World War II. In 1948, he graduated from University of Redlands. Pierpoint covered the Korean War. He appeared on the first edition of _See It Now_ in 1951. He also covered the State Department for CBS. He was often on Charles Kuralt's _Sunday Morning_ broadcasts until his retirement.

He learnt many of his radio and television skills from Edward R. Murrow, and was known as one of Murrow's boys. He is also remembered for playing himself, on the radio, in the final episode of _M*A*S*H._

Pierpoint served as White House correspondent for six presidents, from Eisenhower to Carter. His wrote about this in his book, _At the White House_ (1981). He was known for his verbal sparring with President Richard Nixon. He died in Santa Barbara, California, in 2011.

One time, Pierpoint was playing tennis when he was called to go on the air. He gave his report wearing a suit coat, tie, and tennis shorts.  The television image showed only his chest and above. But a photograph was taken that showed his legs. To recall this incident, Pierpoint's wife said that he will be buried wearing a suit coat and tennis shorts.
Emperor Montoku

was the 55th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.

His reign started in 850 and ended in 858.

## Traditional narrative

Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (_imina_) was .  He was also known as _Tamura-no-mikado_ or _Tamura-tei_.

He was the eldest son of Emperor Ninmyō.

Montoku had six Imperial consorts and 29 Imperial sons.

### Events of Montoku's life

Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for 8 years.
- **6 May 850** (_Kashō 3, 21st day of the 3rd month_):  In the 17th year of Ninmyō_-tennō_ 's reign (仁明天皇17年), the emperor died.  His eldest son received the succession (_senso_).
- **850** (_Kashō 3, 4th month_): Emperor Montoku formally acceded to the throne (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
- **850** (_Kashō 3, 5th month_): The widow of Emperor Saga, who was the mother of Emperor Ninmyō and the grandmother of Emperor Montoku, died.
- **850** (_Kashō 3, 11th month_): The emperor named Korehito_-shinnō_, the 4th son of Emperor Montoku as his heir.  This 9-month-old baby was also the grandson of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa who was Minister of the Right (_udaijin_).
- **855** (_Saikō 2, 1st month_):  The Emishi organized a rebellion.  In response, a force of 1,000 men and provisions were sent to the north.
- **855** (_Saikō 2, 5th month_): The head of the great statute of Buddha in the Tōdai-ji fell off.
- **7 October 858** (_Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month_): Montoku died at the age of 32.

### After his death

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum (_misasagi_) of Montoku is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.  The site is formally named _Tamura no misasagi_.

## Eras of reign

The years of Montoku's reign are identified by more than one era name or _nengō_.
- _Kashō_   (848-851)
- _Ninju_  (851-854)
- _Saikō_  (854-857)
- _Ten'an_  (857-859)

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Montoku
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **image**: Emperor Montoku.jpg
- **caption**: Montoku
- **reign**: 850–858
- **predecessor**: Emperor Ninmyō, Ninmyō
- **successor**: Emperor Seiwa, Seiwa
- **birth date**: 22 January 826
- **birth place**: Kyoto (Heian kyō)
- **death date**: 7 October 858 (aged 32)
- **death place**: Kyoto
- **burial place**: _Tamura no misasagi_ (Kyoto)
Xavier Tondo

**Xavier Tondo Volpini** (5 November 1978 – 23 May 2011) was a Spanish professional bicycle racer. He mainly participated in bicycle races up the mountain.

On 23 May 2011, while he was getting his bicycle ready for a ride, Tondo was trapped between his own garage door and car. He was crushed by the door. One of his teammates, Beñat Intxausti, was with him during the accident.

## Other websites

- Profile  at _Cycling Archives_

## Infobox (cyclist)

- **name**: Xavier Tondo
- **image**: Xavier-Tondo (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Tondó in 2010 riding for
- **fullname**: Xavier Tondo Volpini
- **birth place**: Valls, Spain
- **death place**: Monachil, Spain
- **discipline**: Road
- **role**: Rider
- **ridertype**: Climber
- **proyears1**: 2003
- **proteam1**: Paternina-Costa de Almería
- **proyears2**: 2004
- **proteam2**: Barbot-Gaia
- **proyears3**: 2005
- **proteam3**: Catalunya-Angel Mir
- **proyears4**: 2006
- **proteam4**: Relax-GAM
- **proyears5**: 2007–2008
- **proteam5**: LA-MSS
- **proyears6**: 2009
- **proteam6**: Andalucía-Cajasur
- **proyears7**: 2010
- **proyears8**: 2011
- **majorwins**: Volta a Portugal (2007)
 Paris-Nice, 1 stage
 Volta a Catalunya, 1 stage
 Vuelta a Castilla y León (2011)
Edmundo Ros

**Edmundo Ros** OBE FRAM (7 December 1910 – 21 October 2011), born **Edmund William Ross**, was a Trinidadian-Venezuelan musician, vocalist, arranger and bandleader who made his career in Britain.

Ros's music featured three main types of music: Cuban music, Brazilian music and Caribbean calypsos. Of these genres, Cuban music was the most varied: it included the conga, the ballroom rumba, the mambo, and the cha-cha-cha. Ros introduced the Brazilian samba to England, and it became hugely popular. His _Wedding Samba_ sold three millions copies on 78rpm. He was very popular during the 1950s and 60's.

The orchestrations for his band were designed to smooth the rough edges of Latin music. Ros emphasised the melodic aspects of the music, which he felt was necessary for his audiences. This is something he talked about after his retirement.

He was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad in 1910. He was brought up in Venezuela and went to a military college when he was 18. He learned to play the saxophone, euphonium and the drums. He played with the Venezuelan State Opera, and then won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music in London. He studied to be a conductor at the college in 1937. To earn extra money he played on recordings by other people, including Fats Waller, before starting his own band.

During the war he continued with his music, but also worked as an ambulance driver. After the war he opened the "Edmundo Ros Dinner and Supper Club". He recorded more than 50 albums, the most successful was _Rhythms Of the South_ (Decca 1958), which sold more than a million copies.

He retired to Alicante, Spain in 1975, and made no more recordings. He received the OBE in 2000. He died in 2011 at the age of 100.
Liz Claiborne (fashion designer)

**Anne Elisabeth Jane "Liz" Claiborne** (March 31, 1929 – June 26, 2007) was a Belgian-born American fashion designer and entrepreneur.

## Early life

Claiborne was born to American parents in Brussels, Belgium. She moved to New Orleans, Louisiana in 1939. She went on to found the clothing company, which was named Liz Claiborne, Inc. She was the first female CEO and chairperson of a Fortune 500 company.

## Death

Claiborne died in New York City from cancer of the lining of the abdomen.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Liz Claiborne Art Ortenerg Foundation

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Liz Claiborne
- **image**: Liz Claiborne, fashion designer.jpg
- **birth name**: Anne Elisabeth Jane Claiborne
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **birth place**: Brussels, Belgium
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, USA
Liz Claiborne

**Liz Claiborne, Inc.** is a fashion company based in New York City and founded in 1976 by a fashion designer of the same name. The organization markets clothing and fragrances. In the 1980s it was the first company from a female to hit the _Fortune 500_ mark.

The company was created by Liz Claiborne the person.
Electrical outlet

An **electrical outlet** or **receptacle** is a socket that connects an electrical device to an electricity supply. In buildings, electrical outlets are usually installed in walls, although they can also be installed in the floor and other places. Occasionally, they are found in the ceiling for powering devices such as garage door openers or neon signs in storefront windows. Different countries often have different outlet types and voltages. Electrical adapters are used to convert between different types and voltages.

## Other websites

- International power cords technology
- Glossary of standards terms
- Electricity Around The World (about plugs, sockets and electrical systems used around the world)
- Change to UK electrical wire colors 2004
- Household electrical safety handbook, Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government
- IEEE history of Australian power connectors (in pdf format)
- South Africa Eskom: Wiring a Plug
- Guidance Notes for the Electrical Products (Safety) Regulation (Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, Hong Kong)
- Museum of Plugs and Sockets: pictures including disassembled units
Anemometer

An **anemometer** is a device used to measure wind speed. It is found in most weather stations. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word _ἄνεμος _, meaning _wind_. It describes any airspeed measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics. Leon Battista Alberti described an anemometer for the first time around 1450.
Herbert A. Hauptman

**Herbert Aaron Hauptman** (February 14, 1917 – October 23, 2011) was an American mathematician. He won a Nobel Prize. He made a mathematical method to find a molecular structures based on the X-ray patterns of crystallized materials. With Jerome Karle, he won the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

## Biography

He was born in New York City. He was the oldest child of Israel Hauptman and Leah Rosenfeld, and of Jewish descent.

Hauptman was interested in science and mathematics from an early age. He studied at Townsend Harris High School. He graduated from the City College of New York (1937). He earned an M.A. degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1939. He married Edith Citrynell on November 10, 1940, and had two daughters.

After World War II, he began working together with Jerome Karle, a physical chemist, at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.. He also enrolled in the Ph.D. program at the University of Maryland, College Park. They used their mathematics and physical chemistry skills to solve the phase problem of X-ray crystallography. By 1955, he had received his Ph.D. in mathematics, and they had worked out the  direct methods in X-ray crystallography. Their 1953 article, "Solution of the Phase Problem I. The Centrosymmetric Crystal", contained the main ideas, the most important of which was the introduction of probabilistic methods.

In 1970 he joined the Medical Foundation of Buffalo, becoming its Research Director in 1972. At this time he developed the neighborhood principle and extension concept. These theories were further developed during the following years.

Hauptman who was an atheist, signed with 21 other Nobel laureates the Humanist Manifesto in 2003.

## Other websites

- Nobel Prize in Chemistry - Laureates
- Herbert Hauptman's Autobiography
- Dr Hauptman's CV
- Pergament: A PBS portrait of Buffalo's Nobel winner Herbert Hauptman
- Board of Science Advisors, The Buffalo International Film Festival, Buffalo, NY, United States

## Infobox (_scientist)

- **name**: Herbert Hauptman
- **birth name**: Herbert Aaron Hauptman
- **image**: Herbert Hauptman - UB 2009.jpg
- **caption**: Hebert A. Hauptman in 2009
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Buffalo, New York
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **field**: Mathematics<br/ > Physical chemistry
- **work institution**: [http://www.hwi.buffalo.edu/ Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute] & [http://www.buffalo.edu University at Buffalo]
- **alma mater**: University of Maryland, College Park
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1985) (jointly with Jerome Karle)
Viking program

The **Viking program** was a NASA mission that sent two spacecraft to the planet Mars. These spacecraft were called Viking 1 and Viking 2. Each spacecraft was made of an orbiter and a lander. The orbiters took pictures of Mars from their orbit and sent information to Earth. The landers gathered scientific data on the surface of the planet.

Both Viking spacecraft were launched in 1975 and both reached Mars in 1976. Scientists chose landing places for both landers from the pictures that the orbiters had taken. Then the landers were released from the orbiters and they went down to their landing places. The orbiters continued to take pictures while the landers studied the surface of the planet and did other things. All of the spacecraft, including both orbiters and both landers, kept working for longer than they had been planned to. Eventually, they broke down. Viking 2 Orbiter stopped working in 1978, Viking 1 Orbiter and Viking 2 Lander in 1980, and Viking 1 Lander in 1982.

The Viking program was the most expensive and difficult mission ever sent to Mars. The program cost a total of US$1 billion. The program was very successful. Most of the knowledge about Mars until the late 1990s came from the Viking mission.

## Other websites

- NASA Mars Viking Mission
- Solar Views Project Viking Fact Sheet
- Viking Mission to Mars  <small>(Video)</small>
- A diagram of the Viking and its flight profile

## Infobox (spacecraft class)

- **image**: Viking Orbiter releasing the lander.jpg
- **caption**: Artist impression of a Viking orbiter releasing a lander descent capsule
- **name**: Viking
- **manufacturer**: Jet Propulsion Laboratory /  Martin Marietta
- **country**: United States
- **applications**: Mars orbiter/lander
- **orbits**: Areocentric orbit, Areocentric
- **operator**: NASA / JPL
- **lifetime**: Orbiters: 4 years at Mars
Landers: 4–6 years at Mars
- **status**: Retired
- **built**: 2
- **launched**: 2
- **first**: Viking 1
August 20, 1975
- **last**: Viking 2
September 9, 1975
- **retired**: Viking 1 orbiter
August 17, 1980
Viking 1 lander
July 20, 1976 (landing) to November 13, 1982

Viking 2 orbiter
July 25, 1978
Viking 2 lander
September 3, 1976 (landing) to April 11, 1980
- **autoconvert**: off
- **power**: Orbiters: 620 watts (solar array)
Lander: 70 watts (two radioisotope thermoelectric generator, RTG units)
Piculet

The **piculets** are a subfamily of small woodpeckers which are mostly in tropical South America, with just three Asian and one African  species.

Like true woodpeckers, piculets have large heads, long tongues to get their insect prey and zygodactyl feet, with two toes pointing forward, and two backwards. However, they lack the stiff tail feathers that woodpeckers use when climbing trees. They are more likely to perch on a branch rather than an upright trunk.

They eat insects and grubs mainly from decaying wood. They re-use woodpecker holes for nesting, rather than making their own holes. The eggs are white, as with many hole nesters.

There are 30 species in all. It is known that they split off from mainstream woodpeckers in the middle Miocene about 15 million years ago (mya). Splits between the three genera happened about 7.9 mya.

Typically these birds have grey or dull green upperparts and dark-streaked white underparts.
Fallin' for You

**"Fallin' for You"** is a song by the recording artist Colbie Caillat. The song was released June 29, 2009 as the lead single off her album _Breakthrough_, which was also released in 2009. The lyrics speak of someone falling for a guy with whom they are friends.
Moulting

**Moulting** (or **molting**) is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off part of its body (usually the outer layer or covering) at particular times of year, or at specific points in its life cycle.  Moulting is also known as **sloughing**, **shedding**, or for some species, **ecdysis**.

Moulting can involve the epidermis (skin), and hair, fur, wool, or other external layer. In some species, other body parts may be shed, for example, wings in some insects. Examples include old feathers in birds, old hairs in mammals (especially dogs and other canidae), old skin in reptiles, and the entire exoskeleton in arthropods.

## Examples

|Species|Item shed|Timing|Known as|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Chickens|Feathers|Usually autumn|Moulting|Chickens generally stop laying eggs before their moulting begins, until their new set of feathers has grown back.|
|Dogs and other canids|Hair (Fur)|Semi-annually, spring and fall (autumn)|Shedding Moulting|Moulting in canids, as in all mammals, is thought to be due to fluctuations in the amount of melatonin secreted by their pineal gland in response to seasonal sunlight variations. It has nothing to do with seasonal temperature variations. This seasonality in 'shed pattern' is most obvious in Arctic breeds of dogs that shed twice a year; other breeds now shed year round.|
|Snakes|Skin|Regularly, when old skin is outgrown|Moulting|Snakes will rub against rough surfaces to shed their skin.|
|Lizards|Skin|Regularly, when old skin is outgrown|Moulting|Lizards consume their shed skin for calcium, grooming, and other nutrients|
|Hermit crabs|Exoskeleton|Regularly, when the carapace is outgrown|Moulting|Land hermit crabs bury themselves for many weeks while they moult and consume their exoskeleton.|
|Amphibians|Skin|Regularly|Moulting|Salamanders and frogs shed their skins regularly, and often eat it.|

## Ecdysis

In arthropods, such as insects, arachnids and crustaceans, moulting is the shedding of the exoskeleton (or shell).

This process of moulting is called **ecdysis**. It is the defining feature of a whole group of invertebrates, the clade Ecdysozoa. This group includes the arthropods, nematodes, velvet worms, horsehair worms, rotifers, tardigrades and Cephalorhyncha. Since the cuticles of these animals often forms an inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. Amongst fossils, trilobites and eurypterida used ecdysis.

Ecdysis is part of the whole process of metamorphosis. The different stages (called 'instars') and the development of new 'apparatus' (such as sense organs) is necessary as the creature moves from one form to another. The new exoskeleton is initially soft but hardens after the moulting of the old exoskeleton.
Detention (imprisonment)

**Detention** is  depriving of liberty of a person by the authority of a government or a country, usually the police. Such depriving liberty is allowed only in the case that the person can considered to have committed a crime. Other depriving liberty is called arbitrary detention and prohibited by article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. And even if detention is done legally, the person must be treated with humanity and respected the person's dignity according to the Convention against Torture.

## Related pages

- Arrest
- Prison
- International human rights law
Charles III of Spain

**Charles III** (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was a king of Spain and the oldest son of Philip V and Elisabeth Farnese. He ruled Spain from 1759 until his death in 1788. After he died, his son, Charles IV, became king. He was also the king of Naples and Sicily from 1734 until 1759. In those places he was known as **Charles VII of Naples** and **Charles V of Sicily**. He was the builder of the Palace of Caserta as well as the Royal Palace of Madrid and the Real Albergo dei Poveri in Naples.

Charles III grew up in Madrid. When he was 16 years old, he went to live in Parma, a city in Italy. He ruled that city, and the nearby city of Piacenza as their Duke from 1731 until 1734.  In 1738 he married the Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony. They had 13 children. Only 8 of them lived to be adults.

## Sources

- Lynch, John. "Charles III". Encyclopædia Britannica Online

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Charles III
- **image**: Charles III of Spain high resolution.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait by Anton Raphael Mengs, c. 1761
- **succession**: King of Spain
- **moretext**: (List of titles and honours of the Spanish Crown, more...)
- **reign**: 10 August 1759 –
- **predecessor**: Ferdinand VI of Spain, Ferdinand VI
- **successor**: Charles IV of Spain, Charles IV
- **succession1**: King of Naples List of monarchs of Sicily, and Sicily
- **reign1**: 15 May 1734 –
- **coronation1**: 3 July 1735, Palermo Cathedral
- **predecessor1**: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI
- **successor1**: Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, Ferdinand IV & III
- **succession2**: Duke of Parma and Piacenza
- **reign2**: 29 December 1731 –
- **predecessor2**: Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma, Antonio Farnese
- **successor2**: Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles VI
- **spouse**: Maria Amalia of Saxony
- **issue**: Infanta Maria Josefa of Spain, Infanta Maria Josefa
Maria Luisa of Spain, Maria Luisa, Holy Roman Empress
Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria
Charles IV of Spain
Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Infante Gabriel of Spain, Infante Gabriel
Infante Antonio Pascual of Spain, Infante Antonio Pascual
Infante Francisco Javier
- **issue-link**: #Issue
- **full name**:

- **house**: House of Bourbon, Bourbon
- **father**: Philip V of Spain
- **mother**: Elisabeth Farnese
- **birth date**: 20 January 1716
- **birth place**: Royal Alcazar of Madrid, Spain
- **death place**: Royal Palace of Madrid, Spain
- **place of burial**: El Escorial
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism
- **signature**: Autograph Charles III of Spain.svg
Pope Paul V

**Pope Paul V** (; Rome, 17 September 1552 – 28 January 1621), born **Camillo Borghese**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 234th Pope from 16 May 1605 until his death.

## Early life

He was born in Rome.  He was a son of the noble Borghese family of Siena.

## Cardinal

In June 1596 he was made Cardinal.

## Pope

Cardinal Borghese was elected pope in 1605; and he chose to be called Paul V.

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

### Relations with Japan

In October 1615, Paul V received a diplomatic mission from Japan.  The embassy was led by Hasekura Tsunenaga.

### Construction

Paul V financed work on the unfinished St. Peter's Basilica. He enlarged the Vatican Palace and Quirinale Palace, restored the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, constructed or repaired aqueducts.  He also made additions to the Vatican library.

### Canonisations and Beatifications

Paul V canonised Charles Borromeo and Frances of Rome. He beatified Ignatius Loyola, Philip Neri, Theresa of Avila and Francis Xavier.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul V
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Borghese

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Paul V
- **image**: Pope Paul V.jpg
- **birth name**: Camillo Borghese
- **term start**: 16 May 1605
- **term end**: 28 January 1621
- **birth date**: 17 September 1552
- **birth place**: Rome, Papal States
- **death date**: 28 January 1621
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **predecessor**: Pope Leo XI
- **successor**: Pope Gregory XV
- **other**: Paul
1. Oberndorfer Sportklub 1920

The **1.Oberndorf Sportklub 1920** (also known as **Oberndorfer SK 1920**) is a football club from Oberndorf, Salzburg, in Austria. The club is the oldest football club outside the city of Salzburg.

## History

In March 1920, Hermann Rasp created the club. By 1921, they made the Salzburg football association. Before World War II Oberndorf played in different levels in Salzburg but they did not play during the war. In 1946, the club restarted again. The most successful years were the 1960s when the club played two times in the Tauern Liga which was then the second division in Austrian league system.

Since 1990 the club was part of the highest league in Salzburg. In 2007 they were relegated and the next season again. So they play in the 2011/12 season in the 1.class north. 2014 the were promoted and play in the 2. Landesliga (5th level)

Oberndorf is well known for its youth teams. Over 100 young players play in seven youth teams. Famous players who started their career in Oberndorf were Hermann Stadler, who played as professional for Austria Salzburg and Rapid Wien and Gerald Baumgartner who also played for Austria Salzburg and for Austria Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga.

## Grounds

At the beginning the club did not have a proper sports field. For years the game was played on the Viehmarktplatz, where football and livestock trading took place alternately. Around 1953 this place was no longer available. The club played in Bürmoos and Laufen . It was not until 1958 that a separate sports field was created, which is still the home of the OSK today.
- 1920ː "Viehmarktplatz", opposite the Gasthof Schiff
- 1920-21ːWeitwörth sports field (destroyed in a flood in September 1921)
- 1922–1953: Return to "Viehmarktplatz"
- 1954: SV Bürmoos sports field
- 1955–1958: SV Laufen sports field (Upper Bavaria)
- 1958 - today: Oberndorf sports field

## Other websites

- 1. Oberndorfer SK in TransferMarkt
- 1. Oberndorfer SK in German

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Oberndorfer SK
- **fullname**: 1. Oberndorfer SK 1920
- **founded**: 1920
- **ground**: Sportplatz Oberndorf
- **league**: 2. Landesliga Salzburg
- **season**: 2020-21
- **position**: 6th before Corona
- **website**: https://1-osk.com/
Fixed point

A value _x_ is a **fixed point** of a function _f_ if and only if _f_(_x_) = _x_.

## Examples

1 is a fixed point of  because . Some functions do not have fixed points.  For example  does not have one because  is never equal to _x_.
Emperor Seiwa

was the 56th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Seiwa's reign started in 858 and ended in 876.

## Traditional history

This prince's personal name (_imina_) was  before he became the monarch.  In the Imperial House of Japan, Korehito was the first to have the suffix "-hito" 仁 in his name.

Korehito was the fourth son of Emperor Montoku.  His mother was the daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), who was regent and great minister of the council of state.

### Events of Seiwa's life

Prince Korehito became emperor at the age of 8, but the real power was held by his grandfather, Yoshifusa.
- **10 July 858** (_Ten'an 2, 27th day of the 8th month_): In the 8th year of Montoku_-tennō_ 's reign (文徳天皇8年), the emperor abdicated.  The succession (_senso_) was received by a his son.  Then Emperor Seiwa is said to have acceded to the throne (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
- **15 December 858** (_Ten'an 2, 7th day of the 11th month_): When Prince Korehito became emperor at age 9, his grandfather became regent (_sesshō_).  This was the first time that this role was given to a member of the Fujiwara family.  Also, it was the first time that someone so young became emperor.
- **859** (_Jōgan 1_): Construction begins on the Iwashimizu Shrine in honor of Hachiman, the Shinto war god.
- **859** (_Jōgan 1, 1st month_): Mourning for the death of Emperor Montoku was nationwide.
- **869** (_Jōgan 10_): Yōzei was born, and he is named Seiwa's heir in the following year.
- **876** (_Jōgan 17, 11th month_): In the 18th year of Seiwa's reign, he abdicated.
- **878** (_Gangyō 2_):  Seiwa becomes a Buddhist priest.
- **31 December 878** (_Gangyō 2, 4th day of the 12th month _): Former-Emperor Seiwa died at age 31. He became known as emperor as _Mizunoo-no-mikado_ or _Minoo-tei_.

### After his death

The actual site of Seiwa's grave is known.  This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (_misasagi_) at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Seiwa's mausoleum.  It is formally named _Minooyama no misasagi_.  From the site of his tomb, he was sometimes referred to as Mizunoo (水尾).

The _kami_ of Emperor Seiwa is venerated at Seiwa-tennō-sha in Saga, Yamashiro province.

## Eras of reign

The years of Seiwa's reign are identified by more than one era name or _nengō_.
- _Ten'an_       (857-859)
- _Jōgan_  (859-877)

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Seiwa
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **image**: Emperor Seiwa.jpg
- **reign**: 858–876
- **predecessor**: Emperor Montoku, Montoku
- **successor**: Emperor Yōzei, Yōzei
- **birth date**: 847
- **birth place**: Kyoto (Heian-kyō)
- **death date**: 31 December 878 (aged 31)
- **death place**: Kyoto
- **place of burial**: _Minooyama no misasagi_ (Kyoto)
Standard ML

**Standard ML** is a functional programming language which is a dialect of ML (programming language). It is sometimes used for writing compilers and in theorem provers.

## Example

Here is an example of a factorial function written in a simple, non-tail recursive, style.
Droste effect

The **Droste Effect** is the name for a picture which contains a smaller image of itself, which in turn contains a smaller image of itself, etc.  It is named after an advertisement.  It is an example of recursion. In art, this is known as mise en abyme. In theory, the recursion goes on forever, but in practice, the number of recursions is limited by the resolution of the image. In practice, there are few iterations, until the size falls below 1 x 1 = 1 px. The reason for this is that this is a geometric progression, and each iteration reduces the size of the image.  It is a visual example of a strange loop, a self-referential system of instancing which is the cornerstone of fractal geometry.