juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
House of Fieschi

The **House of Fieschi** were a noble merchant family from Genoa, Italy. The family was very influential in papal politics in medieval Italy. They held the fief of Lavagna under the Holy Roman Emperors. They had a close relationship with the Angevin kings of Sicily. Later they also established links with French kings. The Fieschi family produced two popes and 72 cardinals.

### Popes

- Pope Innocent IV (c. 1195–1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi,
- Pope Adrian V (c. 1210–1276), born Ottobuono Fieschi,

### Others

- Niccolò Fieschi
- Saint Catherine (1447–1510)
- Giovanni Luigi Fieschi (1522–1547)
- Giuseppe Fieschi (1790–1836)
Mvezo

**Mvezo** is a small village in Umtata (now Mthatha). It is by the Mbashe River in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The village is known as being the birthplace of former South African president Nelson Mandela. Mandela was born in Mvezo on July 18, 1918.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Mvezo
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the Eastern Cape
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: South Africa
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of South Africa, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Eastern Cape
- **timezone**: South Africa Standard Time, SAST
- **utc offset**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
Mthatha

**Mthatha** (formerly **Umtata**), is the main town in Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The town has an airport, last known by the name K. D. Matanzima Airport. after former leader Kaiser Matanzima.

Former South African president Nelson Mandela was born in Mvezo (a village in Mthatha). On 2 March 2004 Umtata was officially renamed to its current name Mthatha. Walter Sisulu, Bantu Holomisa, Yamkela Mhlana and Buyisiwe Yonela Mhlana , as well as Ndima Mhlana were also born in Mthatha.

## Other websites

- Mthatha town website
- The Ecological Health of the Mthatha River
Invictus (movie)

***Invictus*** is a 2009 biographical sports drama movie. It was directed by Clint Eastwood and stars Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon. Movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3½ stars out of 4.

The movie was about South African president Nelson Mandela during the 1995 Rugby World Cup. It was released on December 11, 2009. Freeman and Damon both received Academy Award nominations for their role in the movie.
House of Tusculum

The **House of Tusculum** were a powerful noble family of Latium, Italy. They were the Counts of Tusculum between the 10th and 12th centuries. Several popes and an antipope during the 11th century came from their family. The counts of Tusculum were influential figures in Roman politics and religion for more than a century.

## Counts

This list is partially incomplete in the 10th century. The chronology and dates are often uncertain. They were only counts from about 1013. Before this, they were lords.

- before 924 Theophylact I
- until 924 Alberic I, _consul_ son-in-law
- 924 – 954 Alberic II, son
- before 1013 Gregory I, son (_Excellentissimus vir – Praefectus navalis)_
- until 1012 Theophylact II, son of Gregory I
- 1012 – 1024 Romanus, (_Consul et dux, senator_) brother of Theophylact II and son of Gregory I
- 1032 – 1045 Alberic III, (_Imperialis palatii magister Consul et dux – Comes sacri palatii Lateranensis_) brother of Theophylact II and Romanus;
- 1024 – 1032 Theophylact III son of Alberic III
- 1044 – 1058 Gregory II, (_Consul, nobilis vir, senator Comes Tusculanensis_), son of Alberic III
- 1058 – ca 1108 Gregory III,  (_Comes Tusculanensis Consul, illustris_) son of Gregory II
- ca 1108 – 1126 Ptolemy I (Tolomeo I), (_Consul, comes Tusculanus_) son Gregory III;
- 1126 – 1153 Ptolemy II (Tolomeo II), (_Illustrissimus, dominus Consul et dux_) son of Ptolemy I;
- 1153 – ca 1167 Jonathan, (_Comes de Tusculano_) co-ruler with Raino  son of Ptolemy II;
- 1153 – 1179 Raino, (_Nobilis vir,  dominus_) brother of Jonathan, co-ruler with Jonathan.

## Popes

Those who were also counts are listed in boldface.
- John XI (931-935), son of Alberic I
- John XII (955-964), son of Alberic II
- Benedict VII (974-983), nephew of Alberic II
- **Benedict VIII** (1012-1024), son of Gregory I
- **John XIX** (1024-1032), son of Gregory I
- **Benedict IX** (1032-1048), son of Alberic III

Two of the Tusculum clerics are today known as antipopes:
- Antipope Benedict X (1058-1059), son of Alberic III
- Antipope Victor IV) (1159-1164), born Octavius
Nelson Mandela Park

The **Nelson Mandela Park** is a public park in Leicester, England. It is located just inside the city centre near Leicester Prison and the Leicester Tigers' Stadium. The park was named in honor of South African president Nelson Mandela.
House of Borgia

The **Borgia** family (also **Borja**, **Borjia** or **Borges**) were a noble family during the Renaissance in Italy. They were from Valencia, the name coming from the family fief of Borja, then in the kingdom of Aragon, in Spain.

The Borgias became influential in religion and politics in the 15th and 16th centuries. Two popes came from this family during this time: Alfons de Borja who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455–1458 and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492–1503.

During the reign of Alexander VI, the Borgias were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, simony, theft, rape, bribery, incest, and murder. They became enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, and the Dominican friar Savonarola, among others. Today they are remembered for their corrupt rule. The name has become a synonym for libertinism, nepotism and treachery.

## Popes

- Pope Callixtus III (1455-1458), born Alfonso de Borja
- Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503), born Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia
- Pope Innocent X (1644-1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphili, the great-great-great-grandson of Pope Alexander VI
Della Rovere

The **Della Rovere** family (; literally "of the oak tree") was a noble family of Urbino in central Italy. They originally came from Savona, Liguria. The family rose to nobility through nepotism and ambitious marriages. These marriages were arranged by two Della Rovere popes, Francesco della Rovere (Pope Sixtus IV, 1471–1484) and his nephew Giuliano (Pope Julius II, 1503–1513). Pope Sixtus IV is known for having built the Sistine Chapel, which is named for him. The Basilica San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome is the family church of the della Rovere. Vittoria della Rovere was a member of the family and was one of the last Grand Duchesses of Tuscany.

## Dukes of Urbino

1. Francesco Maria I della Rovere (1490–1538)
1. Guidobaldo II della Rovere (1514–1574)
1. Francesco Maria II della Rovere (1549–1631)
1. Federico Ubaldo della Rovere (1605–1623)

## Infobox (family)

- **surname**: Della Rovere
- **coat of arms**: Stemma della famiglia Della Rovere.svg
- **titles**: Duke of Urbino
- **final head**: Vittoria della Rovere, died 1694
House of Orsini

The **House of Orsini** is an Italian noble family. It was one of the most influential princely families in Italy during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Three popes belonged to the Orsini family: Celestine III (1191–1198, born Gicinto Bobone), Nicholas III (1277–1280, born Giovanni Gaetani Orsini), and Benedict XIII (1724–1730, born Pietro Francesco Orsini). The Orsini family also produced 34 Cardinals of the Roman Church and many other important political and religious people.

## Other websites

- Catholic Encyclopedia: Orsini
- Encyclopedia Americana: Orsini
Conti di Segni

The **Conti di Segni** (_de Comitibus Signie_, also known as _Conti_ or _De Comitibus_ for short) were an important noble family of medieval and early modern Italy. They came from Segni, Lazio. Many members of the family served as military commanders or religious leaders, including many cardinals and four popes.

The family began with Trasimondo, the father of Lotario Conti, who became Pope Innocent III in 1198. He ruled until 1216. The second Conti pope was Ugolino (1227-1241), as Gregory IX. The third pope to come from the Conti family was Rinaldo, as Alexander IV (r. 1254-1261). Later, in the early modern period, Michelangelo Conti reigned as Pope Innocent XIII from 1721 to 1724.

Torquato Conti (1591–1636) served as a General-Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War. His cruelty earned him the nickname _The Devil_.

The family eventually became divided into many branches. The two main branches were the counts of Segni and Valmontone, and the dukes of Poli and Guadagnolo.
Snickers

**Snickers** is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Incorporated. It is nougat topped with caramel and peanuts, coated in milk chocolate. It was introduced in 1930. It has had sales of over $2 Billion around the world.

In the United Kingdom, Isle of Man, and Ireland, Snickers was sold as **Marathon** until 1990.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (brand)

- **name**: Snickers
- **logo**:
- **image**:
- **caption**: A Snickers bar broken in half.
- **type**: Confectionery
- **currentowner**: Mars, Incorporated
- **introduced**: 1930
- **markets**: World
Specific phobia

**Specific phobias** are a generic form of anxiety condition which consists of unreasonable or irrational fears of exposure to specific objects or certain situations. Affected people tend to avoid direct contact with such objects or situations, sometimes even the mentions of them. Exposure may result in panic attacks or severe anxiety. The usual onset age is childhood or adolescence, although the condition can start for young adults. Females are almost twice as likely to suffer from specific phobias as males. Examples for specific phobia include fears of thunderstorms and certain animals, particularly spiders or snakes.
Kathleen Wilhoite

**Kathleen Wilhoite** (born June 29, 1964) is an American movie and television actress. She has been in lots of movies and television programs. She played Liz Danes in the TV drama _Gilmore Girls_. She also played Chloe in the medical drama _ER_.

Wilhoite was born in California.
3 Musketeers (chocolate bar)

**3 Musketeers** is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Incorporated. It has whipped chocolate covered with milk chocolate. It was introduced in 1932. At first, it had chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla. The strawberry and vanilla were removed due to higher costs and World War II. 3 Musketeers is the fifth best selling chocolate bar in the United States.

## Infobox (brand)

- **name**: 3 Musketeers
- **image**: 3-Musketeers-Bar.jpg
- **caption**: A 3 Musketeers bar
- **image size**: 240px
- **type**: Confectionery
- **currentowner**: Mars, Incorporated
- **origin**: United States
Ryan Seacrest

**Ryan John Seacrest** (born December 24, 1974) is an American radio personality, television host, game show host and producer. He is best known for being the host of the FOX television show _American Idol_ and co-host of the game show Wheel of Fortune. He also hosts the morning radio show **On Air with Ryan Seacrest** on KIIS-FM in Los Angeles, California as well as the syndicated radio show _American Top 40_.

Seacrest started hosting _American Idol_ in 2002. In the show's first season, he hosted the show with comedian Brian Dunkleman. Dunkleman left the show after the first season, leaving Seacrest as the show's only host. _American Idol_ went on to be a very successful show, making Seacrest a well-known television personality. _American Idol_ is seen by 26 million people weekly.

On December 31, 2005, Seacrest became the executive producer and co-host of ABC's _Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve_. In 2009, the show was renamed _Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest_. He co-hosted the show with Dick Clark until Clark's death in 2012. For the 2013 show, he hosted the show with Jenny McCarthy and Fergie.

He has won Emmy Awards for hosting _American Idol_. He also won an Emmy Award for producing the ABC show _Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution_.

Seacrest became the host of Wheel of Fortune in September 2024, replacing the retiring Pat Sajak.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ryan Seacrest
- **image**: Ryan Seacrest 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Seacrest in May 2013
- **birth name**: Ryan John Seacrest
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
- **occupation**: Presenter, Television show host, Television personality, Game show host and radio personality
- **credits**: _Wheel of Fortune (US game show), Wheel of Fortune_
 _American Idol_
- **years active**: 1990–present
Randal Cremer

**Sir William Randal Cremer** was an English Member of Parliament.  Cremer was born 18 March 1828. He was a pacifist.

Cremer won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903.  It was mostly for his work on the 1897 Anglo-American arbitration treaty. He was knighted in 1907.

Cremer died from pneumonia on 22 July 1908.
Institut de Droit International

The **Institut de Droit International** is an organization that formed on 8 September 1873. It was made to study and develop international law. In 1904 the Institute received the Nobel Peace Prize.

The institute was founded by Gustave Moynier and Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns. They and nine other lawyers formed the IDI in Belgium.
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta

**Ernesto Teodoro Moneta** was an Italian journalist and soldier.  He later became a pacifist and won the 1907 Nobel Peace Prize.

Moneto was born in Milan on September 20, 1833.  He died February 10, 1918.
Lois Renault

**Louis Renault** was a French jurist and educator. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1907.

Renault was born at Autun on 21 May 1843.  He was a professor at the University of Dijon.  He then worked at the University of Paris until his death on 8 February 1918.
1994 South African general election

The **South African general election of 1994** was an election held in South Africa. The election was free and equal and conducted under the direction of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). At the end of the general election, President Nelson Mandela became the first President of South Africa.

Millions of people were in lines over a three-day voting period. The total of people whose votes were counted were 19,726,579 and 193,081 were rejected as invalid. As required by the Interim Constitution, the ANC formed a Government of National Unity with the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party, the two other parties that won more than twenty seats in the National Assembly.

The date 27 April is now a public holidays in South Africa. It is known as Freedom Day.

## Other websites

- U.S. Department of the Army, _South Africa Country Study_, "The 1994 Elections"
- IEC results for 1994 election
- Proportional representation and alternative systems
The Equalizer (movie)

***The Equalizer*** is a 2014 American action crime thriller movie. It is set in Boston, Massachusetts. It stars Denzel Washington and Melissa Leo. It is based on the TV series of the same name. This movie is about retired intelligence officer Robert McCall (Washington). He becomes a vigilante on behalf of helpless people, though he gets heat from the Russian Mafia. The movie was released worldwide on September 26, 2014. It was followed up
Rivonia Trial

The **Rivonia Trial** was a trial that took place in South Africa between 1963 and 1964. Ten leaders of the African National Congress were tried for 221 acts of sabotage designed to overthrow the apartheid system. This trial was held after the police raid on the MK base in Rivonia, where documents related to the 10 accused men were found. One of the men was the future President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela. After the trial, Mandela was taken to jail in Robben Island.

The chief prosecutor was Dr. Percy Yutar, deputy attorney-general of the Transvaal.

The presiding judge was Dr. Quartus de Wet, judge-president of the Transvaal.

## Arrests

Among the arrested were:

- Nelson Mandela
- Walter Sisulu
- Govan Mbeki
- Raymond Mhlaba
- Andrew Mlangeni
- Elias Motsoaledi, trade union and ANC member
- Ahmed Kathrada
- Denis Goldberg, a Cape Town engineer and leader of the Congress of Democrats
- Lionel "Rusty" Bernstein, architect and member of the South African Communist Party (SACP)
- Bob Hepple
- Arthur Goldreich
- Harold Wolpe, prominent attorney and activist
- James "Jimmy" Kantor, brother-in-law of Harold Wolpe

Most of the Rivonia defendants were to be convicted, and in turn sentenced to life imprisonment.

## Other websites

- "The Rivonia Trial " - article by Sunder Katwala from _The Observer_, dated Sunday, 11 February 2001
- ANC history
- On the trail of Mandela's handgun
- Rivonia Unmasked The prosecutor's account of the Rivonia Trial.
- Historical Papers of the Rivonia Trial, Digital Collection at the University of the Witwatersrand.
- Rivonia Trial Images
María Conchita Alonso

**María Conchita Alonso** (June 29, 1955) is a Latin American actress who has performed in lots of movies and television programs. She acted in movies including _Vampire's Kiss_, _The Running Man_ and _Colors_. Alonso was born in Cuba, and grew up in Caracas, Venezuela. She is an American citizen.

Alonso is active politically and is a critic of Cuba's Fidel Castro and late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez.
Monica Potter

**Monica Potter** (born June 30, 1971) is an American actress. She works in both movies and television programs. She played Alison Gordon in the 2004 movie _Saw_, Tricia Poe in the thriller movie _Con Air_ and Kristina Braverman in the television show _Parenthood_. She also played Lori Colson in _Boston Legal_. She was born in Cleveland, Ohio.
Kate Walsh (actress)

**Kate Walsh** (born October 13, 1967) is an American actress who acts in both movies and television programs. She played Addison Montgomery in the show _Grey's Anatomy_ and in _Private Practice_. She played Nicki in _The Drew Carey Show_. Walsh was born in San Jose, California.
Family Research Council

**Family Research Council** is an American conservative Christian group that started in 1981 and established in 1983 by James Dobson. In the late 1980s, the Family Research Council became part of Dobson's organization Focus on the Family. Although in 1992 the Family Research Council became a separate group again. They strongly oppose abortion, homosexuality and LGBT rights.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Family Research Council
- **caption**: Logo of Family Research Council
- **founder**: James Dobson
- **type**: 501(c)(3) non-profit organization
- **tax id**: 52-1792772 (Employer Identification Number, EIN)
- **founded date**: 1983
- **location**: 801 G St NW
Washington, D.C.
- **key people**: Tony Perkins (politician), Tony Perkins, President
Thomas R. Anderson, Chairman
- **area served**: United States
- **revenue**: $12,065,844 (2016 Fiscal year, FY)
- **num employees**: 85
- **motto**: Advancing Faith, Family and Freedom
- **footnotes**: [https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/download-filing?path=2016_11_EO%2F52-1792772_990_201606.pdf 2016 FY Tax Return]
Nushki

**Nushki** is a town and a district in Balochistan, Pakistan. The population of Nushki is around 40000 people. The city is in the northwest of Balochistan near to the Afghanistan border.
Darwin–Wedgwood family

The **Darwin–Wedgwood family** is actually two inter-related English families, descended from the prominent 18th century doctor, Erasmus Darwin, and Josiah Wedgwood, founder of the pottery firm, Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, the most notable member of which was Charles Darwin. There were a number of first and second cousin marriages between the two families: Charles Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood.

The family contained at least ten Fellows of the Royal Society and several artists and poets (including the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams). The Wedgwoods were extremely important in British industry in the west Midlands. As Quakers, they were all anti-slavery, and so were the Darwins. The families were also closely related to the banking family of Francis Galton. Galton was one of Charles Darwin's cousins.
Flood control

**Flood control** is a term to refer to measures that protect settlements, people and property against flooding. Such measures include building dams, levee<nowiki/>s and weirs. People also move away from floodplains where flooding is frequent.

Although it is not possible to prevent flooding, there are a number of methods people carry out to stop the water coming into their homes or working environments. Simply follow these steps:

1. Set up flood-barriers
1. Have flood doors and windows installed if necessary
1. Set up prevention and reaction solutions

## Related pages

- Levee
- Water extraction
Octavia Spencer

**Octavia Leonare Spencer** (born May 25, 1970) is an American actress. She has won several awards, including an Academy Award, a British Academy Film Award, and a Golden Globe Award, and is the first black actress to receive two consecutive Oscar nominations

## Life

Octavia Spencer was born in Montgomery, Alabama. She has six brothers and sisters. 1988, she went to the Jefferson Davis High School and in this school she did her high school graduation.

## Filmography

- 1996: _A Time to Kill_
- 1998: _ER_ <small>(TV Series)</small>
- 1999: _Blue Streak_
- 1999: _Never Been Kissed_
- 1999: _Chicago Hop_ <small>(TV Series)</small>
- 1999: _The X-Files_ <small>(TV Series)</small>
- 2000: _Just Shoot Me!_
- 2000: _Big Momma's House_
- 2000: _Becker_
- 2000: _Malcolm in the Middle_
- 2001: _Grounded for Life_ <small>(TV Series)</small>
- 2001: _Dharma & Greg_ <small>(TV Series)</small>
- 2001,2002: _Titus_ <small>(TV Series)</small>
- 2002,2005: _NYPD Blue_ <small>(TV Series)</small>
- 2003: _S.W.A.T._
- 2003: _Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde_
- 2004: _Win a Date with Tad Hamilton_
- 2004-2005: _LAX_ <small>(TV Series)</small>
- 2005: _Beauty Shop_
- 2005: _Miss Congeniality 2: Armed and Fabulous_
- 2005: _CSI: NY_
- 2005: _Medium_
- 2007: _Ugly Betty_
- 2008: _Seven Pounds_
- 2008: _Wizards of Waverly Place_
- 2008: _CSI: Crime Scene Investigation_ <small>(TV Series)</small>
- 2008: _The Big Bang Theory_
- 2009: _Just Peck_
- 2009: _Halloween II_
- 2010: _The Dennis Schäfner Show_
- 2010: _Dinner for Schmucks_
- 2011: _Flypaper_
- 2011: _The Help_
- 2012: _Smashed_
- 2017: _The Shape of Water_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Octavia Spencer
- **image**: "Hidden Figures" Film Celebration (NHQ201612100017).jpg
- **caption**: Octavia Spencer at the film celebration of Hidden Figures
- **birth name**: Octavia Lenora Spencer
- **birth date**: May 25, 1970
- **birth place**: Montgomery, Alabama
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **education**: Actress
- **years active**: 1996–present
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee

The **HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)** sets a _unique_ and _meaningful_ name for every known human gene. It asks experts their opinions. The HGNC gives a long name, and an abbreviation (referred to as a _symbol_) to every gene. The HGNC is part of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO).

Traditional gene names and abbreviations are often not specific for a single gene. Example: **CAP** (which means just "chromosome-associated protein") can refer to any of six different genes: (BRD4, CAP1 , LNPEP , PTPLA , SERPINB6 , and SORBS1 ).

Unlike traditional names like CAP, the HGNC short gene names, or gene symbols, are given to one gene only. This reduces confusion as to which gene is referred to.

## Naming guidelines

The HGNC approach to naming genes and assigning _symbols_ (gene name abbreviations)is:
1. _gene symbols must be unique_
1. symbols should only use the Roman alphabet and Arabic numerals
1. symbols should not contain punctuation or "G" for gene
1. symbols do not contain any reference to the species they are encoded in, i.e. "H/h" for human
The full description of HGNC's nomenclature guidelines can be found on their web site https://www.genenames.org/guidelines.html . HGNC advocates the appendices __v1, _v2,.._ to distinguish between different splice variants and __pr1, _pr2,.._ for promoter variants of a single gene.

HGNC also states that "gene nomenclature should _evolve with new technology_ rather than be restrictive as sometimes occurs when historical and single gene nomenclature systems are applied".

## Procedure

The HGNC contacts authors who have published on the human gene in question by e-mail. They are asked their opinion on the proposed nomenclature. HGNC also works with other database curators, and experts for specific gene families or sets of genes.

### Revision

Changing a standardised gene name after it has got established may cause confusion. The merit of such changes are therefore controversial. For this reason the HGNC changes a gene name only if agreement for that change can be got from most researchers working on that gene.

## Related pages

- Human Genome Organisation (HUGO)
- Human Genome Project
- human genome
- gene
- gene nomenclature

## Other websites

- HGNC homepage
- HUGO homepage

## Infobox (_biodatabase)

- **title**: HGNC
- **logo**:
- **description**: HGNC resources
- **pmid**: Seal _et al_ 2011.
- **url**: https://www.genenames.org
Weir

A **weir** is a barrier built across a river which changes the flow of the river, usualy for irrigation and smaller than a dam. Depending on the design, some pose problems for fish, as the fish cannot get across the weir.
Promoter (genetics)

In genetics, a **promoter** is a section of DNA which starts the transcription of a gene.

Promoters are near the genes they transcribe. They are on the same strand of DNA and are 'upstream'.

Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long.

## Overview

For the transcription to take place, the enzyme that makes RNA, known as RNA polymerase, must attach to the DNA near a gene.

Promoters contain specific DNA sequences which give the RNA polymerase a place to bind. Other proteins also help this to happen. Some can also stop it from happening. The whole thing is called "the regulation of gene expression".

- In bacteria: The promoter is recognized by RNA polymerase and another protein.
- In eukaryotes: The process is more complicated. At least seven different factors are needed so RNA polymerase II can bind to the promoter.

Promoters are important parts of the DNA. They work with other regulatory regions. Together, they adjust the level of transcription of a gene. So, genes get switched on when they are needed, and switched off when they are not. When they are on, they get adjusted up or down as needed.
Lizzy Caplan

**Elizabeth Anne "Lizzy" Caplan** (born June 30, 1982) is an American television and movie actress. She has played many roles. She played Janis Ian in _Mean Girls_, Marlena Diamond in _Cloverfield_ and Gena in _Bachelorette_. She also played Amy Burley in the show _True Blood_. Since 2013 she has played Virginia E. Johnson in _Masters of Sex_.

She was born in Los Angeles to a Jewish family.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Lizzy Caplan at PaleyFest 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Caplan at the 2014 PaleyFest
- **birthname**: Elizabeth Anne Caplan
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1999–present
- **children**: 1
- **relatives**: Howard Bragman (uncle)
Tax evasion

**Tax evasion** is criminal activity to evade taxes. It may be done by trusts, persons or organization<nowiki/>s. The main way taxpayers evade taxes is by deliberately misrepresenting the actual state of their affairs to tax authorities to reduce their tax liability. This includes dishonest tax reporting, such as declaring less income or profit than the amounts which were actually earned. Tax evasion is an activity connected with the informal economy.

## Related pages

- Corruption
- Panama Papers
Sham marriage

A **sham marriage** is when people get married just for the sake of convenience or to deceive the public or society. Entering such marriages is a violation of the law in some countries. Usual reasons for sham marriages are to gain immigration rights for one of the spouses or to create defense against the suspicion of homosexuality.
Lavender marriage

The term **lavender marriage** relates to man-woman marriage which is for purposes of hiding homosexuality. This is called a "beard" in slang terminology. The term _lavender marriage_ was started in the 1920s. Such marriages are called marriages of convenience. They are done to protect public reputations and preserve careers of some people.
Mail-order bride

**Mail-order brides** are women who list themselves in catalogs and are picked by males for marriage. These are usually women from developing countries, hoping for a better life in a developed country through a foreign husband. The term _mail-order bride_ dates back to the 19th century. These brides often come from one country and immigrate to another for marriage reasons. The women's motivations may include:

- getting away from unemployment, gender-pay gaps, malnutrition, or inflation in their home country
- getting a foreign husband (which they may believe would be more masculine and/or better able to satisfy their sexual and emotional needs than the men within their own country)
- living in another country which they may personally like better
- moving and then sponsoring the rest of their family's immigration to that country

Besides these main personal motivations, mail-order brides were used in many places across the world where there was a shortage of women, such as in:

- Japan, where there was a lack of Japanese women who wanted to live in the countryside, and so farmer men were encouraged to get mail-order brides from other Asian countries
- the Jamestown colony in 1620, when the Virginia Company that managed the colony sponsored the immigration of 140 women to the colony, in hopes of reducing desertion by the settlers, and/or to prevent the men from marrying Native American women

## International marriage agencies

International marriage agencies are businesses which connect men and women from different countries, for either marriage, dating, or becoming pen pals. Although they serve a similar function to mail-order bride agencies, they are closer to being like an international dating service, rather than the mail-order bride system, where women often didn't know who they were getting married to.
Paula Prentiss

**Paula Prentiss** (born March 4, 1938) is an American movie and television series actress. She first became famous in the 1960s. She played Bobbie Markowe in the 1975 movie version of _The Stepford Wives_. She played a maternity nurse in the 1996 movie _Mrs. Winterbourne_.

Prentiss was born in San Antonio, Texas.
Alice Faye

**Alice Faye** (May 5, 1915 – May 9, 1998) was an American singer and actress. She was first in movies made by the 20th Century Fox, and then in other movies. She sang the Academy Award winning "You'll Never Know", a 1943 song. She also acted in the movie _Poor Little Rich Girl_ in 1936 with Shirley Temple.

Faye was born in New York City. She died from stomach cancer at age eighty-three.
Cassette player

A **cassette player** (or **cassette deck**) is a machine can play audio cassettes.
Some cassette players also can record music or other sounds to cassette tapes. If a microphone is built in, there is no need for a separate microphone but in that case the quality of sound may not be so good. Most cassette decks were made in the late 20th century.
Helen Menken

**Helen Menken** (December 12, 1901 – March 27, 1966) was an American actress. She did some movies but was known mostly for stage plays. She began acting on Broadway around 1917. She was very active from the 1920s to the early 1940s. Her greatest stage successes were _Seventh Heaven_ (1922-24), _The Old Maid_ and _Mary of Scotland_.

Menken was born in New York City. She died there when she suffered a heart attack at the age of 64.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Helen Menken
- **image**: HelenMenkenStageDoorCanteen.jpg
- **imagesize**: 212px
- **caption**: from the film _Stage Door Canteen (film), Stage Door Canteen_ (1943).
- **birthname**: Helen Meinken
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, U.S.
- **spouse**:
Judith Anderson

**Dame** **Judith Anderson** <small>AC DBE</small> (10 February 1897 – 3 January 1992) was an Australian actress. She lived in the United States and performed on stage, television and movies. She received two Emmy Awards and a Tony Award for her acting. Her Hollywood movies included the Academy Award-nominated movie _Rebecca_, _Laura_ in 1944 and _The Diary of a Chambermaid_ in 1946. Anderson was born in Adelaide, South Australia, although she later relocated to Santa Barbara, California. Anderson died of pneumonia at 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dame Judith Anderson
- **post-nominals**: Order of Australia, AC DBE
- **image**: Judith Anderson 1934-09-11.jpg
- **caption**: Anderson in 1934
- **birth name**: Frances Margaret Anderson-Anderson
- **birth place**: Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- **death place**: Santa Barbara, California, U.S.
- **spouse**: (divorced)
(divorced)
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1915–87
2NE1

**2NE1** () was a K-pop girl group from South Korea. They were formed in 2009 under YG Entertainment and split in 2016. They are best known for their nine number one hit songs in South Korea. They are "Try to Follow Me", "Go Away", "Lonely", "I Am the Best", "Ugly", "I Love You", "Falling in Love", "Missing You", and "Come Back Home". Before their split, 2NE1 was one of the most successful girl groups in South Korea.

## History

2NE1's first single was "Lollipop" and came out in March 2009 featuring BIGBANG. Their official debut single "Fire" was released on May 6, 2009.

Their second single "I Don't Care" was released on 1 July 2009. "I Don't Care" achieved great success, topping various Korean music shows and was also the most downloaded song of the year. By the end of 2011 the song had sold 4,503,928 digital copies, becoming one of the most successful singles of all-time in Korea.

During 2011 and 2012, 2NE1 was active in Japan, and made some Japanese versions of their songs.

After the release of their second album Crush in 2014, the group became inactive for 2 years. Minzy left in March 2016, while the rest of the group broke up in November 2016. Their last song, Goodbye, was released in 2017 with the remaining members.

### Albums

**Studio albums**
- _To Anyone_ (2010)
- _Crush_ (2014)

**Compilation albums**
- _Collection_ (2012)
- _2NE1 Best Collection -Korea Edition-_ (2014)

**Live albums**
- _2NE1 1st Live Concert (Nolza!)_ (2011)
- _2NE1 Global Tour: New Evolution_ (2012)
- _2NE1 World Tour: All or Nothing_ (2014)

### Extended plays

- _2NE1 1st Mini Album_ (2009)
- _2NE1 2nd Mini Album_ (2011)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: 2NE1
- **img**: 2NE1 from acrofan.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **img capt**: 2NE1 at the 2011 YouTube Awards,                                     from left to right: Minzy, CL, Bom, Dara
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: South Korea
- **genre**: K-pop, Dance music, dance, Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **years active**: 2009–2016
- **label**: YG Entertainment
- **past members**: Park Bom
Sandara Park
CL
Minzy
Martha Raye

**Martha Raye** (August 27, 1916 – October 19, 1994) was an American comedian, singer and actress. She began acting in movies and then acted in television series. She had her own show, _The Martha Raye Show_ during the mid 1950s. She also appeared as Carrie on CBS' sitcom _Alice_.

Raye was born in Montana. She died from pneumonia at age 78 in Los Angeles.
Ida Lupino

**Ida Lupino** (February 4, 1918 – August 3, 1995) was an English-American author, director and actress. She appeared in almost sixty movies and directed seven others. She was also in television series, including _The Donna Reed Show_ and _Gilligan's Island_. She retired from acting at sixty. Ida died in Los Angeles when she suffered a stroke at age seventy-seven.
Elisabeth Moss

**Elisabeth Moss** (born 24 July 1982) is an American actress. She works in both movies and television. She played Zoey Bartlet in _The West Wing_ and Peggy Olson in the series _Mad Men_. Moss was born in Los Angeles.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Elisabeth Moss
- **image**: Square 01 (37062396652) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Elisabeth Moss in 2017
- **birth name**: Elisabeth Singleton Moss
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, USA
- **occupation**: Celebrity
- **yearsactive**: 1990 - present
Ruby Dee

**Ruby Dee** (née **Wallace**; October 27, 1922 – June 11, 2014) was an American actress, screenwriter and playwright. She acted in many television series and movies. She won many awards, including Grammy Awards and Emmy Awards. She starred in _Do the Right Thing_, _Jungle Fever_ _No. 2_ and in _American Gangster_. She also did many stage plays. She was married to activist and actor Ossie Davis.

Dee died on June 11, 2014, at her home in New Rochelle, New York, from natural causes at the age of 91.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Ruby Dee - 1972.jpg
- **caption**: Ruby Dee in 1972
- **birth name**: Ruby Ann Wallace
- **birth place**: Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: New Rochelle, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, poet, playwright, screenwriter, journalist, activist
- **yearsactive**: 1940–2014
- **spouse**: Frankie Dee Brown (m. approx 1941–1945; divorced)
Ossie Davis
(m. 1948–2005; his death)
Joan Leslie

**Joan Leslie** (January 26, 1925 – October 12, 2015) was an American actress. She acted in television and movies until 1991. Her first movie was _Camille_ in 1936. Her other movies included _Nine Lives are Not Enough_ and _Two Guys from Milwaukee_. She retired from acting around 1991. She was born in Detroit, Michigan.

Leslie died at the age of 90 in Los Angeles, California on October 12, 2015.
Scripture

**Scripture** means _writing_ in Latin. The word is mostly used to refer to the Bible or books that are considered sacred to a certain religion, like the Bible, Qur'an, Tripitaka, or Vedas.

## Other websites

- Daily Scripture
Marian Seldes

**Marian Hall Seldes** (August 23, 1928 – October 6, 2014) was an American actress. She was known for her roles in _Tom and Huck_, _Home Alone 3_, _The Haunting_, _If These Walls Could Talk 2_, and in _Mona Lisa Smile_. She won a Tony Award in 1967.

## Biography

Seldes was born on August 23, 1928 in New York City, New York. She is of Russian-Jewish descent. Seldes studied at the Neighborhood Playhouse.

Seldes was married to Julian Claman from 1953 until they divorced in 1961. Her marriage to Julian was abusive. Seldes left the marriage after her father noticed marks on Seldes's face. Then she was married to Garson Kanin from 1990 until his death in 1999. She had one daughter with Julian, Katherine.

Seldes died from dementia-related problems at her apartment in New York City, New York, aged 86.
Wagamama

**Wagamama** is an international restaurant chain serving East Asian food. The name means 'selfish' in Japanese. It was founded in 1992 by Alan Yau in Bloomsbury, central London. As of 2013 there are 133 restaurants worldwide, mostly in Europe.

## Other websites

- Website
Despicable Me (movie)

***Despicable Me*** is a 2010 American family/animated/comedy/crime movie directed by Pierre Coffin. It stars Steve Carell, Will Arnett, Kristen Wiig, Russell Brand, Jason Segel, Julie Andrews, Ken Jeong, and Miranda Cosgrove. It was released on July 9, 2010. The movie received positive reviews. A sequel _Despicable Me 2_ was released on July 3, 2013, while another sequel _Despicable Me 3_ was released on June 30, 2017. There is also a spinoff movie all about the comic relief characters in the series.

## Cast

- Steve Carell as Gru
- Jason Segel as Victor "Vector" Perkins
- Russell Brand as Dr. Nefario
- Kristen Wiig as Miss Hattie
- Miranda Cosgrove as Margo
- Dana Gaier as Edith
- Elsie Fisher as Agnes
- Will Arnett as Mr. Perkins
- Julie Andrews as Marlena, Gru's mother
- Danny McBride as Fred McDade
- Jack McBrayer as a Carnival Barker
Despicable Me 2

***Despicable Me 2*** is a 2013 American computer-animated action/comedy movie directed by Pierre Coffin. It is a sequel to the 2010 animated movie _Despicable Me_. It stars Steve Carell, Russell Brand, Kristen Wiig, Benjamin Bratt, Ken Jeong, Steve Coogan, and Miranda Cosgrove. It was released on July 3, 2013. It received good reviews from critics. A spinoff/prequel movie, _Minions_, focusing on the little yellow henchmen before they met Gru, was released on July 10, 2015. A sequel, _Despicable Me 3_, was released on June 30, 2017. Another sequel, _Despicable Me 4_, was released on July 3, 2024.
Jean Marsh

**Jean Lyndsey Torren Marsh** (1 July 1934 – 13 April 2025) was an English actress and screenwriter who appeared mostly on television.

Marsh co-created and starred in the television series _Upstairs, Downstairs,_ and created _The House of Elliot_. She also starred in _Doctor Who_, and appeared in many other series, and in films. She got an Emmy Award for the Outstanding Lead Actress for the role of the parlourmaid Rose Buck in _Upstairs, Downstairs_.

Marsh died on 13 April 2025 in London, England from problems caused by dementia at the age of 90.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Jean Marsh "9 to 6" (1982 ABC press photo).jpg
- **caption**: Marsh a publicity photo for 9 to 5 (TV series), _9 to 5_ in 1982
- **name**: Jean Marsh
- **birthname**: Jean Lyndsey Torren Marsh
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **yearsactive**: 1953–2014
- **known for**: _Upstairs, Downstairs (1971 TV series), Upstairs, Downstairs_
_Doctor Who_
_Willow (1988 film), Willow_
Olivia Munn

**Lisa Olivia Munn** (born July 3, 1980) is an American comedian and actress. She acts in both movies and television programs. She was in the 2010 action movie _Iron Man 2_. She also models with Nike and Pepsi. Olivia Munn was born in Oklahoma City.

Munn began dating comedian John Mulaney in 2021, and they have one son and one daughter. Munn married Mulaney in July 2024.

In March 2024, Munn revealed that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer the year before. Munn announced that she had four surgeries in the previous ten months, including a double mastectomy.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Olivia Munn
- **image**: Olivia Munn at PaleyFest 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Munn at the 2013 PaleyFest panel for _The Newsroom (U.S. TV series), The Newsroom_
- **alt**: Olivia Munn
- **birthname**: Lisa Olivia Munn
- **birth place**: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, model, presenter
- **yearsactive**: 2004–present
- **alma mater**: University of Oklahoma
- **children**: 2
Julianne Nicholson

**Julianne Nicholson** (born July 1, 1971) is an American actress. She works mostly on television programs. She played the Detective Megan Wheeler in _Law & Order: Criminal Intent_. She played Esther Randolph in _Boardwalk Empire_. She was born in Medford, Massachusetts.
Piers Morgan Live

***Piers Morgan Live*** (previously known as ***Piers Morgan Tonight***) is a television talk show on CNN. It is hosted by Piers Morgan. It started on January 17, 2011. It took over the timeslot that _Larry King Live_ was in before Larry King retired. On the show, Morgan interviews guests such as politicians, celebrities, and members of the public. His first guest was Oprah Winfrey. The show was cancelled on February 23, 2014 and the final episode was aired on March 28, 2014.

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 60 minutes
- **creator**: Piers Morgan
- **presenter**: Piers Morgan
- **country**: United States
- **network**: CNN
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 3
Hilarie Burton

**Hilarie Burton** (born July 1, 1982) is an American actress. She works mostly on television. She played Lauren in _Grey's Anatomy_. She played Sara Ellis in the television show _White Collar_. She has also been in movies. Burton was born in Sterling, Virginia.

## Awards and nominations

|Year|Association|Category|Work|Result||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2004|rowspan="3"|Teen Choice Awards|Choice Breakout TV Star – Female|rowspan="3"|_One Tree Hill_||
|Choice TV Actress: Drama/Action/Adventure||||||||
|2005|Choice TV Actress: Drama|||||||
|2006|Sarasota Film Festival|Outstanding Ensemble Acting|_Our Very Own_|||||
|rowspan="2"|2008|Teen Choice Awards|Choice TV Actress: Drama|_One Tree Hill_||||
|Hollywood Film Awards|Ensemble Acting of the Year <small>(Shared with cast)</small>|_The Secret Life of Bees_||||||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hilarie Burton
- **image**: Hilarie Burton 2016 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Burton in 2016
- **birth name**: Hilarie Ross Burton
- **birth place**: Sterling, Virginia, U.S.
- **other names**: Hilarie Burton Morgan
- **alma mater**: Fordham University
- **children**: 2
- **years active**: 1997–present
Evelyn King

**Evelyn King** (born July 1, 1960) is an American singer, songwriter and record producer. She mostly performs disco, new jack swing and rhythm and blues. She had the hit singles "Love Come Down", "Shame" and "I'm in Love". King was born in the Bronx, New York. She was raised in Philadelphia.
The View

***The View*** is an American television talk show that airs on ABC. It started in 1997. It features a panel of women who talk about current issues and news items such as tabloid headlines and celebrity news. As of 2017, the panel included moderator Whoopi Goldberg, Sunny Hostin. Joy Behar, Ana Navarro, Sara Haines, Jedediah Bila, and Alyssa Farah Griffin.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Barack_Obama_guests_on_The_View.jpg
- **caption**: United States President Barack Obama being interviewed on _The View_ on July 29, 2010.
- **runtime**: 60 minutes
- **creator**: Barbara Walters
Bill Geddie
- **executive producer**: Barbara Walters
Bill Geddie
- **starring**: Barbara Walters (1997–2014)
Whoopi Goldberg (2007–)
Sherri Shepherd (2007–14)
Jenny McCarthy (2013–15)
Meredith Vieira (1997–2006)
Star Jones (1997–2006)
Joy Behar (1997–2013; 2014–)
Debbie Matenopoulos (1997–98)
Lisa Ling (1999–2002)
Elisabeth Hasselbeck (2003–13)
Rosie O'Donnell (2006–07; 2014–15)
Raven-Symoné (2015–16)
Rosie Perez (2014–16)
Michelle Collins (2013–15)
Nicolle Wallace (2014–15)
Candace Cameron, Candace Cameron Bure (2015–16)
Paula Faris (2015–)
Jedediah Bila (2016–)
Sara Haines (2016–)
- **country**: United States
- **network**: American Broadcasting Company, ABC
- **last aired**: present
- **num seasons**: 26
- **num episodes**: 5,000
Restorationism

**Restorationism**, also called **Christian primitivism** is a movement that tries to model itself after what is known or believed of the Early Christian Church. Over the course of time, different groups have used the term, with different meanings:
- In the Middle Ages, most groups were active during the time when the Protestant Reformation happened. In the 15th century, a movement called the Lollards started. Another group  with similar ideas was the Brethren of the Common Life.
- Movements such as the Hussites, the Anabaptists,  the Landmark Baptists, the Puritans and the Waldensians were called _Primitive_, as is the Primitive Methodist Church.
- After the Protestant Reformation, the Protestant movement split in many groups. Some of these groups, such as the Churches of Christ and the Baptists are more restorationist than others. Other movements include the Glasites, in Scotland. In the United States, there was a Restoration Movement, which is also known as _Stone-Campbell Movement_ as well as the Mormons, Christadelphians, Christian Scientists, and Jehovah's Witnesses.
- A number of Pentecostal movements has been described as _restorationist_: Among them are the Assemblies of God, and the evangelical British New Church Movement
- Some movements use the term to say that Jewish people must be "restored" to the Promised Land. These movements are usually called Christian Restorationism or Christian Zionism.
- The term has also been used in reference to Muslim movements with similar aims, such as Salafism, Muwahhidism, Ghair Muqallids and Quranism.
- In the Philippines, Iglesia ni Cristo sees itself as restorationist.