juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Key derivation function

In cryptography, a **key derivation function (KDF)** makes a long secret key (which is called a "hash") from a secret phrase, like a password. The output of a key derivation function will look common to another result made from a random phrase. They are also used to re-use secret keys in a specific format, like using a shared secret key from the Diffie–Hellman key exchange for sending secrets in AES.

## Use

Key derivation functions are important in security. They allow a smaller "secret phrase" to be expanded into a larger key (of a fixed length decided by the KDF's digest size). This makes trying to find the original "secret phrase" more difficult. The length of the key makes it more difficult to discover the phrase or the hidden secret by trial and error (i.e. through brute-forcing), by making it difficult for a computer to guess. Sometimes, a small piece of random data (called a "salt") is added to the secret phrase before it is used with a KDF to make it more difficult guess the original "secret phrase" with a list of known "hashes".

It makes checking passwords safer without using the real password. Instead of keeping the real password, a "hash" of the key is kept and when checking the password, the "hash" of the real password is checked with the input. Some software put a limit on the length of a password and is sometimes used to make larger secret phrases smaller. KDFs are also made in a way so that, it takes a computer some effort to make the "hash". This makes making a list of potential combinations difficult.

## Commonly used KDFs

- SHA-2
- PBKDF2
- Scrypt
- Bcrypt
- Argon2
- Chacha20
Addieville, Illinois

**Addieville** is a village in Washington County, Illinois, in the United States. Its population was 259 in 2020.
Addison, Illinois

**Addison** is a village in the Chicago metropolitan area, in DuPage County, Illinois in the United States. It had a 2020 population of 35,702.
Jah

**Jah** (), also known **Yah**, **Iah**, **Jeho** (), **Yeho** or **Ieho**, is a short form of YHWH (יהוה), one of the personal names of God according to the Hebrew Bible.
Paddy

**Paddy** () are Belgian-French animated series from 1989. It has 26 episodes.

The main character is a boy named Paddy, who lives with his sister Melodie on his grandparents' farm. Paddy experiences a variety of weird adventures with the animals around him, such as the talking raven Loewie, who constantly makes funny jokes. He also often has trouble with a neighboring boy, Fred. Only Paddy can evoke a mysterious blue man, Onyx, who has magical abilities and solves problems for Paddy.
Mondo Media

**Mondo Media** is an American company that produces animation targeted at teens and young adults. founded by John Evershed and Deirdre O'Mailey

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Mondo Media, Inc.
- **logo**: Mondo logo 2017.svg
- **type**: Privately held company, Private
- **founders**: John Evershed
Deirdre O'Malley
- **foundation**: 1998
- **location**: San Francisco, California
- **key people**: John Evershed (CEO)
- **industry**: Entertainment industry, Entertainment
- **owner**: John Evershed
Deirde O'Malley
- **parent**: John Evershed
Deirdre O'Malley
- **subsid**: Mondo Mojo
Mondo Studios
6 Point Harness
Piedmontese language

The **Piedmontese language** is a Gallo-Romance language spoken in Piedmont. The Council of Europe officially recognised it as a minority language in the 1980s. It is classified as an endangered language. In 2019, there were between 700,000 and 2 million speakers.

## History

Piedmontese has been in use since the 12th century. There are poems and literature, starting from the 16th century. In the 15th or 16th century, local authorities switched to the Italian language, which is based on the dialects of Tuscany. When the Italian state was founded in 1861, Italian was chosen as a national language. With urbanization, and mass media, Piedmontese was a loser again, Italian was more popular, and could reach more people.
Inverness, Illinois

**Inverness** is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States.
Ford Heights, Illinois

**Ford Heights** (formerly **East Chicago Heights**) is a village of Illinois in the United States.
Stickney, Illinois

**Stickney** is a village of Illinois in the United States.
Riverside, Illinois

**Riverside** is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States.
London Stadium

**London Stadium** is a multi-purpose stadium located at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford, London. It was the main stadium for the London 2012 Olympic Games. It used to be called **Olympic Stadium** and the **Stadium at Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park**.

On 22 March 2013, West Ham United secured a 99-year lease on the Olympic Stadium, with it planned to be used as the football club's home ground from the 2016-17 season. In September 2015, the British Government rejected holding an inquiry into the arrangement that was pressed for by rival clubs who argued West Ham United were being given an unfair advantage.

On 8 May 2018, Major League Baseball announced a two-year deal to host a series of baseball games at the London Stadium in 2019 and 2020. The Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees (a major rivalry in the American League) played a two-game series at the stadium from 29 to 30 June 2019, branded as the 2019 MLB London Series.

The London Stadium has occasionally held concerts since the end of the Olympics in 2012.
Northern goshawk

The **northern goshawk** (_Accipiter gentilis_) is a medium-large raptor in the family Accipitridae.

There are other species in this genus, but this bird is spoken of as _the_ goshawk because it has a wide range over most of Europe, Eurasia and North America. Probably only the golden eagle has a wider range.

The goshawk is a "true hawk", and its scientific name in Latin is _Accipiter_, which means "hawk".

In the Middle Ages only the nobility were permitted to fly goshawks for falconry.

It is mainly a resident bird, but those from colder regions migrate south for the winter. In North America, migratory goshawks are often seen migrating south along mountain ridge tops at nearly any time of the fall, depending on latitude.
Lake Aluma, Oklahoma

**Lake Aluma** is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.
Milburn, Oklahoma

**Milburn** is a town in Johnston County in the state of Oklahoma in the United States. It is along the Blue River. There were 252 people living there at the 2020 census.
Russellville, Illinois

**Russellville** is a village in Illinois in the United States.
COX-2 inhibitors

**COX-2 inhibitors** are a special type of analgesic. Cyclooxygenase (commonly abbreviated as COX) is an enzyme that has an important role in starting an inflammation and pain.  There are many different types of COX; the most common are known as COX-1 and COX-2. NSAIDs work by blocking COX. The problem with blocking all COX is that COX-1 is also used to regulate kidney function. Blocking COX-1 runs the risk of bleeding of the stomach, and reduction of the kidney function. COX-2 inhibitors only block COX-2, and do not have an effect on COX-1..  Clinical studies have shown that they increase the risk of a heart attack, and of a stroke.  Several COX-2 inhibitors have been taken off the market, because of these side-effects.

Other than as an analgesic, COX-2 inhibitors have also been used in the treatment of cancer, and of some neurological conditions, such as depression, and schizophrenia.

Because of the severe side-effects, COX-2 inhibitors are usually only available with a prescription.
Cornelia Cole Fairbanks

**Cornelia "Nellie" Cole Fairbanks** (January 14, 1852 – October 24, 1913) was the second lady of the United States from 1905 to 1909 as the wife of the 26th vice president of the United States, Charles W. Fairbanks.

She was born in 1852 and attended Ohio Wesleyan University.

She got married in 1874 to Charles W. Fairbanks and had five children. She died in 1913.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Cornelia Cole Fairbanks
- **title**: Second Ladies and Gentlemen of the United States, Second Lady of the United States
- **image**: File:Fairbanks 4408868314 de2f1cd85b o.jpg
- **vicepresident**: Charles W. Fairbanks
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **termstart**: March 4, 1905
- **termend**: March 4, 1909
- **predecessor**: Edith Roosevelt
- **successor**: Carrie Sherman
- **birth place**: Marysville, Ohio, U.S.
- **resting place**: Crown Hill Cemetery
- **education**: Ohio Wesleyan University
 (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **birth name**: Cornelia Cole
- **death place**: Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.
- **caption**: Fairbanks in the early 1900's
Mehmed V

**Mehmed V Reşad** (; 2 November 1844 – 3 July 1918) was the 35th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He reigned from 27 April 1909 to 3 July 1918. He was born in Istanbul in 1844 and died in 1918 at the age of 73. From 1911-1913 the Italians took Libya and the Balkans had formed a Christian coalition and started a war with the Turkish Empire. It pushed the Turks away back to Anatolia. He was involved in World War 1 in the Caucasus Campaign (Russo-Turkish War: 1914-1918) fighting the Russian Empire as well as the Gallipoli Campaign fighting the British Empire and France. He was also involved in the Russian Revolution during The Great War but was not involved in the Armenian genocide by Enver Pasha.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: Sultan Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire.jpg
- **alt**: Photo of Mehmed V in his seventy-first year
- **caption**: Photograph by Carl Pietzner, July 1913
- **title**: Ottoman Caliphate , Ottoman Caliph
Caliph of Islam
Amir al-Mu'minin
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
Khan (title), Khan
- **succession**: List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Padishah)
- **reign**: 27 April 1909 – 3 July 1918
- **coronation**: 10 May 1909
- **predecessor**: Abdul Hamid II
- **reg-type**: Grand Viziers
- **successor**: Mehmed VI
- **spouse-type**: Imperial Harem, Consorts
- **full name**: Meḥemmed Khan bin Abdulmejid
- **dynasty**: Ottoman dynasty, Ottoman
- **father**: Abdulmejid I
- **mother**: Gülcemal Kadın (biological mother)
Servetseza Kadın (adoptive mother)
- **birth place**: Old Çırağan Palace, Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
(present-day Istanbul, Turkey)
- **death place**: Yıldız Palace, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire
- **place of burial**: Tomb of Sultan Mehmed V Reşad, Eyüp, Istanbul
- **signature**: Tughra of Mehmed V.svg
- **signature type**: Tughra
- **religion**: Sunni Islam
Economic surplus

An **economic surplus** is when you have more of something in the economy than people demand. There are two types:

**Consumers' surplus** is the gain by consumers who can buy a product for less than the highest price that they would be willing to pay.

**Producers' surplus** is the amount got by producers who sell at a market price higher than the least  they would be willing to sell for.
Mino Caprio

**Mino Caprio** born as **Guglielmo Caprio** (Rome, November 1955) is an Italian actor and voice actor.

He is the Italian voice of Peter Griffin from the cartoon Family Guy.
Simone D'Andrea

**Simone D'Andrea** (Milano,1973) is an Italian voice actor.

He is the Italian voice of James from Pokémon.

He is married with the voice actress Cristiana Rossi.
Cristiana Rossi

**Cristiana Rossi** (1973) is an Italian voice actress.

She is the wife of the voice actor Simone D'Andrea.
Gianluca Iacono

**Gianluca Iacono** (Turin,1970) is an Italian voice actor and speaker.

He is better known for his role as Vegeta from _Dragon Ball_ and Gordon Ramsay in _Hell's Kitchen_.
Alessandra Karpoff

**Alessandra Karpoff** (Milan,1963) is an Italian voice actress.

She is better known for her roles in Italian dubs of various anime as Misty from Pokémon.
Franco Zucca

**Franco Zucca** (Trieste, 26 August 1952 – Trieste 24 July 2022) was an Italian voice actor.
Pietro Ubaldi

**Pietro Ubaldi** (Milan, September 21 1955) is an Italian voice actor and singer and comedian.

## Biogaphy

Pietro Ubaldi is born in Milan on September 21 1955. He is the italian voice of Patrick Star from SpongeBob SquarePants, Doraemon from Doraemon and Reinhardt from Overwatch.
Tex Willer

**Tex Willer** is a fiction character from the comic Tex.

He is a fictional Texas Ranger.

He is one of the most famous italian comic characters.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Tex Willer
- **colour**: orange
- **creator**: Giovanni Luigi Bonelli
- **designer**: Aurelio Galeppini
- **gender**: Male
Martin Mystère

**Martin Mystère** is a fictional character from The Martin Mystère comics. He is a fictional detective from New York. He was born on 26th June 1942. His job is to investigate weird cases, usually accompanied with the caveman Java.
He is one of the most known Italian comic characters.

Martin also appeared in the animated series Martin Mystery, where he is a student.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Martin Mystère
- **colour**: purple
- **creator**: Alfredo Castelli
- **gender**: Male
- **spouse**: Diana Lombard
- **home**: New York
Gino the Chicken

***Gino the Chicken*** () is an satirical Italian television series. Originally it was a internet meme, only later it become a television series.

## Characters

- Gino: A chicken singer as he gets send into the internet and befriends Andrea, a young boy. At the end of the series, Gino thanks the viewers and blows a kiss and forms a heart after he hosts a party with him and Andrea, along with Andrea's family.
- Gina: Gino's love interest and girlfriend, whom he falls in love with her.
- White Rabbit
- Dolly
- Chief Colby
- RayMundo
- Andrea: A young boy whom Gino befriends him.

## Infobox (television)

- **native name**: Gino il Pollo
- **genre**: Satire, Satirical cartoon
- **creative director**: * Andrea Zingoni
* Joshua Held
- **country**: Italy
- **language**: Italian
VIP my Brother Superman

**VIP: My Brother Superman** (Italian: **VIP, mio fratello superuomo**) is a 1968 Italian animated film directed by Bruno Bozzetto. It is a parody of superheroes. It was successful commercially and got good reviews from critics.

In 2008 a spin-off TV series in 3D animation, PsicoVip, was produced.

## Cast

- Oreste Lionello as Mini VIP
- Fiorella Betti as Lisa
- Micaela Esdra as Nervustrella
- Corrado Gaipa as the Colonel
- Pino Locchi as Schultz
- Lydia Simoneschi as Happy Betty
PsicoVip

***PsicoVip*** is an Italian 3D animated cartoon from 2008.

It's based on 1968 movie VIP my Brother Superman.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Cartoon
- **based on**: VIP my Brother Superman
- **country**: Italy
- **language**: Italian
Il mondo di Stefi

**** (_Stefi's World_) is an Italian animated series produced by Rai Fiction and The Animation Band and directed by Alessandro Belli. It premiered on Rai 3 on 19 April 2008 and was added to Rai Gulp in March 2009 and RaiSat Smash Girls in May 2009. It is based on the Stefi comics by Grazia Nidasio.

## Characters

- **Stefania "Stefi"** (voiced by Patrizia Salerno)
- **Ezio Maria** (voiced by Fabrizio Mazzotta)
- **Aziz**
- **Valentina** (voiced by Maia Orienti)
- **Cesare** (voiced by Alberto Caneva)
- **Amedeo** (voiced by Nino D'Agata)
- **Maria** (voiced by Greta Bonetti)

## Infobox (television)

- **based on**: Stefi Comics by Grazia Nidasio
- **country**: Italy
- **language**: Italian
- **num episodes**: 52
- **runtime**: 13 minutes
Monster Allergy (TV series)

***Monster Allergy*** is an animated children's television series, produced by Rainbow S.p.A..

Monster Allergy is based on the comic book series of the same name. The series follows 12-year-old Ezekiel Zick (called Zick) who suffers from various allergies and has the ability to see the invisible monsters that live among us. Along with help of his best friend, Elena Potato and his talking cat, Timothy, Zick hopes to hone his powers to one day become a Monster Tamer just like his dad, Zobedja Zick.

## Infobox (television)

- **based on**: Monster Allergy (comic)
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 52
- **runtime**: 24 minutes
Prisočka

**Prisočka**  (Присочка) is populated place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska, Kotor Varoš Municipality.

The administrative area of Prisočka  includes a dozene villages; the larger is Palivuk.
- A village in Prisočka: Zuhrići (at the hill)

## Population

|colspan ="7"|**Prisočka**; Census 2013: Total of  **294** citizens|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**style="background: bgcolor="#F5DEB3"|**Census Year**|**style="background: bgcolor="#C2B280"|**1991.**|**style="background: bgcolor="#C2B280"|**1981.**|**style="background: bgcolor="#C2B280"|**1971.**|
|**Bosniaks**|1.394 (97,96%)|1.329 (79,67%)|1.062 (68,69%)|||||
|**Serbs**|0|310 (18,58%)|481 (31,11%)|||||
|**Croats**|0|0|1 (0,06%)|||||
|**Yugoslavs**|26 (1,82%)|15 (0,89%)|2 (0,12%)|||||
|**Other and unknown**|3 (0,21%)|14 (0,83%)|0|||||
|**style="background: bgcolor=lightblue|**Total**|**style="background: bgcolor=lightblue|**1.423**|**style="background: bgcolor=lightblue|**1.668**|**style="background: bgcolor=lightblue|**1.546**|

## Related pages

- Šiprage

## Other websites

- (-{Fallingrain}-)
- Prisocka Map — Satellite Images of Prisocka (Maplandia)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Prisočka – Присочка
- **settlement type**: Village
- **pushpin map**: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Bosnia and Herzegovina
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Entity
- **subdivision name1**: Republika Srpska
- **subdivision type3**: Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Kotor Varoš
- **elevation max m**: 1129
- **elevation min m**: 1100
- **area code**: +387 (51)
- **population as of**: 2013
- **population rank**: 1.423
Robert Edmond Grant

**Robert Edmond Grant** MD FRCPEd FRS FRSE FZS FGS (11 November 1793 – 23 August 1874) was a British anatomist and zoologist.
Mad scientist

A **mad scientist** is a fictional character who is a genius, but who wants to find out and do what no one else ever has and often what he should not. The character Victor Frankenstein is often said to be the first mad scientist, though Coppelius from The Sandman could also be called a mad scientist and The Sandman was published a year before Frankenstein was.

They often work with fictional technology, they either fail to recognise the dangers of their actions or don't care about the consequences, and some attempt to play God.

Mad scientists are often shown as evil (evil genius) or insane. Some may be neutral or good, even if their actions are dangerous and irresponsible, which can make them mad scientists.
Victor Frankenstein

**Victor Frankenstein** is a fictional character in the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. He creates a monster by putting together dead parts into a body and then bringing the body to life, but is scared by how ugly the monster is and abandons it. The Monster comes back and asks for a wife. Victor creates a female monster but then destroys her instead of bringing her to life. The Monster gets revenge by killing everyone Victor Frankenstein ever cared about. Victor wants revenge on the Monster but dies of pneumonia before he can get it.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Victor Frankenstein
- **series**: Frankenstein, Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus
- **caption**: Art by Pablo Marcos
- **creator**: Mary Shelley
- **portrayer**: Colin Clive
Cedric Hardwicke
Peter Cushing
Ralph Bates
Kenneth Branagh
Benedict Cumberbatch
Sting (musician), Sting
Jonny Lee Miller
Alec Newman
Samuel West
Aden Young
David Anders
Harry Treadaway
Helen McCrory
Raul Julia
James McAvoy
Gene Wilder
Eugene Lebowitz
- **nickname**: Dr. Frankenstein, Heinrich "Henry" von Frankenstein (1931 film), Mad scientist
- **occupation**: Scientist
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Lavenza (cousin/wife)
- **gender**: Male
- **family**: Parents:
*Alphonse Frankenstein (father)
*Caroline Beaufort (mother)
Siblings:
*Ernest Frankenstein (younger brother)
*Gerhardt Frankenstein (younger brother)
*William Frankenstein (youngest brother)
*Elizabeth Lavenza (wife)

Descendants:
*Frankenstein's monster (creation)
*Ludwig Frankenstein (son)
*Wolf Frankenstein (son)
*Peter Frankenstein (grandson)
*Elsa Frankenstein (granddaughter)
- **religion**: Christianity, Christian (Catholic Church, Roman Catholic)
- **nationality**: Italian people, Italian-Swiss people, Swiss
Bushwhacker

**Bushwhacking** was a kind of guerrilla warfare that happened often during the American Revolutionary War, American Civil War, and other wars with large areas of disagreeable land and few governmental resources to control them.

That was very common in rural areas during the Civil War since there was fighting between supporters of the Union and of the Confederacy in the war. The perpetrators of the attacks were called "bushwhackers.

The term "bushwhacking" is still in use today to describe ambushes that have attrition as their goal.

## Related pages

- Ambush
- Border Ruffian
- Jayhawker
- William Quantrill
Gungnir

Gungnir is the mighty spear of the major Norse mythology god, Odin, which was fashioned for him by the dwarves known as the _Sons of Ivaldi_ and is said to never miss its target.
Memories (Maroon 5 song)

"**Memories**" is a song by American pop rock band Maroon 5. It was released on September 20, 2019.  The song is about loss and remembering people who have died.  It uses the chord progression of Pachelbel's "Canon" but in G# minor instead of B minor.

On the October 7, 2019, episode of _The Ellen DeGeneres Show_, frontman Adam Levine revealed that he was inspired to write the song after his close friend and Maroon 5's manager, Jordan Feldstein, died in 2017.  Feldstein was also the older brother of actor Jonah Hill.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Memories
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Maroon 5
- **released**: September 20, 2019
- **genre**: Soft rock
- **length**: 3:09
- **prev title**: Three Little Birds
- **prev year**: 2018
- **year**: 2019
Spencer Breslin

**Spencer Breslin** (born May 18, 1992) is an American actor and musician. He is the older brother of actress Abigail Breslin.

Beginning at the age of three, Breslin acted in over 50 commercials. He is best known for his roles in the feature films _Disney's The Kid_ (co-starring at the age of eight with Bruce Willis), _The Santa Clause 2: The Mrs. Clause_ and _The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause_ (as Curtis the Elf), _Return to Neverland_, _The Cat in the Hat_, _Raising Helen_, _The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement_, _The Shaggy Dog_, _Harold_, **'The Happening**', and _Perfect Sisters_. His television credits include _Teamo Supremo_, _Stephen King's Storm of the Century_, and _Law & Order_. Movies in which he has acted have taken in a worldwide box office of over $1.3 billion.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Spencer Breslin
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **occupation**: Actor, musician
- **yearsactive**: 1997–present
- **spouse**: Grace Tame (m. 2017)
- **children**: 1
- **parents**: Michael Breslin
Kim Breslin
- **relatives**: Abigail Breslin (sister, b. 1996)
William Kaelin Jr.

**William "Bill" G. Kaelin Jr.** (born November 23, 1957) is an American professor of medicine at Harvard University and the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute. His laboratory studies tumor suppressor proteins.

Kaelin Jr. won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2019 with Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **image**: William_G._Kaelin_Jr._UNIST_CGI_2019.jpg
- **birth place**: New York City, United States
- **citizenship**: United States
- **fields**: oncology
- **awards**: *  Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2019
*  Lasker Award, 2016
- **spouse**: Carolyn Kaelin
Peter J. Ratcliffe

**Sir Peter John Ratcliffe,** FRS, FMedSci (born 14 May 1954) is a British physician and scientist. He is trained as a nephrologist. He was a practicing clinician at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford and Nuffield Professor of Clinical Medicine and head of the Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine at the University of Oxford from 2004 to 2016.

In 2016 he became Clinical Research Director at the Francis Crick Institute, retaining a position at Oxford as member of the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research and Director of the Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford.

Ratcliffe was born in Morecambe, Lancashire.

Ratcliffe is best known for his work on cellular reactions to hypoxia, for which he shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with William Kaelin Jr. and Gregg L. Semenza.
Hypoxia (medical)

**Hypoxia** is a condition in which the body or a part of the body is lacking oxygen supply at the tissue level.

Hypoxia may be classified as either _generalized_, affecting the whole body, or _local_, affecting a region of the body.

## Other page

- Anoxia

## Infobox (medical condition (new))

- **name**: Hypoxia
- **image**: Cynosis.JPG
- **caption**: Cyanosis of the hand in an elderly person with low oxygen saturation
- **field**: Pulmonology, toxicology
- **synonyms**: Hypoxiation, lack of oxygen, low blood oxygen, oxygen starvation
- **symptoms**: Cyanosis, numbness or pins and needles feeling of the extremities
- **complications**: Gangrene, necrosis
- **risks**: Diabetes, coronary artery disease, heart attack, stroke, embolism, thrombosis, deep-vein thrombosis, tobacco smoking
Gregg L. Semenza

**Gregg Leonard Semenza** (born July 1, 1956) is an American professor of pediatrics, radiation oncology, biological chemistry, medicine, and oncology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. He is the director of the vascular program at the Institute for Cell Engineering. He is a 2016 recipient of the Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research. He is known for his discovery of HIF-1, which allows cancer cells to adapt to oxygen-poor environments. Semenza was born in New York City.

Semenza received the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine  for "discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability" with William Kaelin Jr. and Peter J. Ratcliffe.
Cain Hope Felder

**Cain Hope Felder** (June 9, 1943 - October 1, 2019) was an American biblical scholar. He was professor of New Testament language and literature and editor of _The Journal of Religious Thought_ at the Howard University School of Divinity.

He also was chair of the Doctor of Philosophy program and immediate past chair of the Doctor of Ministry program. He had been on Howard's faculty from 1981 until his retirement in 2016.

Felder died on October 1, 2019 at his Mobile, Alabama at the age of 76.

## Infobox (clergy)

- **child**: yes
- **religion**: Christianity (Methodist)


## Infobox (academic)

- **child**: yes
- **thesis title**: Wisdom, Law and Social Concern in the Epistle of James
- **thesis year**: 1982
- **influences**: James H. Cone
- **discipline**: Biblical studies
- **sub discipline**: New Testament studies
- **notable students**: Brian Blount


## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: The Reverend
- **name**: Cain Hope Felder
- **image**: JKnight 2289 140210.jpg
- **caption**: Felder in 2014
- **birth place**: Aiken, South Carolina, Aiken, South Carolina, U.S.
- **death place**: Mobile, Alabama, U.S.
Stephen J. Lukasik

**Stephen Joseph "Steve" Lukasik** (March 19, 1931 – October 3, 2019) was an American physicist. He worked in multiple high-level defense and scientific related jobs for advancing the technologies for national defense. He was the second longest serving Director of DARPA - the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

He was also the first Chief Scientist of the Federal Communications Commission where he created its Office of Science and Technology and which facilitated the commercial deployment of new technology that included spread spectrum technology. He was born in Staten Island, New York.

Lukasik died on October 3, 2019 in Fairfax, Virginia of respiratory failure at the age of 88.
Bill McKnight

**William Hunter McKnight**,  (July 12, 1940 – October 4, 2019) was a Canadian politician. He was in the Canadian House of Commons from 1979 to 1993, and also was the Treaty Commissioner for the Province of Saskatchewan from 2007 through 2012. McKnight was born in Elrose, Saskatchewan. He was a member of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada.

McKnight died in Saskatoon on October 4, 2019 at the age of 79.
Pepe Oneto

**José Manuel Oneto Revuelta** (14 March 1942 – 7 October 2019), better known as **Pepe Oneto**,  was a Spanish journalist and writer. He was one of the greatest journalists during the Spanish transition to democracy. He was born in San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain. In 1974 he joined the staff of the magazine _Cambio 16_, becoming its director in 1976. In 1986 he joined the Zeta Group, going on to run the magazine _Tiempo_, until 1996.

He was also Director of Informational at Antena 3 Televisión between 1996 and 1998. In 2000, and again in 2016, he was appointed member of the Board of Directors of Telemadrid.

Oneto died on 7 October 2019 at a hospital in San Sebastián, Spain at the age of 77 from sepsis caused by peritonitis.
Dennis Day (Mouseketeer)

**Dennis W. Day** (July 12, 1942 —  July 17, 2018) was an American actor, singer, dancer and theater director. He was best known as one of the original cast members of _The Mickey Mouse Club_. After ending his career as a child actor, he went on to work as a theater director before relocating to Oregon in the 1980s.

Day disappeared in July 2018 and was found dead several months later at his home in Phoenix, Oregon.  A roommate was charged with his death in 2019.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dennis Day
- **image**: The Mickey Mouse Club Mouseketeers Dennis Day 1956.jpg
- **caption**: Dennis Day as a Mouseketeer on _The Mickey Mouse Club_, circa 1956
- **birth name**: Dennis W. Day
- **birth place**: Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.
- **years active**: 1948–1980s
- **disappeared place**: Phoenix, Oregon, Phoenix, Oregon, U.S.
- **body discovered**:
Jackson County, Oregon, Jackson County, Oregon, U.S.
Phoenix, Oregon

**Phoenix** is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. The population was 4,475 at the 2020 census. Phoenix is a part of the Medford Metropolitan Statistical Area. Most of the town burned down on September 8, 2020, because of the Almeda fire. In 2019, a movie with the same name was released, becoming the highest-grossing film during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Phoenix, Oregon
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: The Other Phoenix
- **image skyline**: Phoenix City Hall - Phoenix Oregon.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image caption**: Phoenix City Hall (2013)
- **image map**: Jackson_County_Oregon_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Phoenix_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location within County and State
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Oregon
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Oregon, County
- **subdivision name2**: Jackson County, Oregon, Jackson
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1910
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 1.43
- **area total km2**: 3.69
- **area land sq mi**: 1.43
- **area land km2**: 3.69
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 4475
- **population density km2**: 1211.42
- **population density sq mi**: 3138.15
- **timezone**: Pacific Standard Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **elevation m**: 470.3
- **elevation ft**: 1543
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 97535
- **area code**: Area codes 541 and 458, 541 and 458
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 41-57500
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1161474
Jackson County, Oregon

**Jackson County** is a county in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 223,259. The county seat is Medford. The county is named for Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States.
Andy Buckley

**Andrew P. Buckley Jr.**  (born February 13, 1965) is an American actor, screenwriter, and stockbroker. He is best known for his role as David Wallace on the American comedy series _The Office_ from 2006 to 2013.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Andy Buckley
- **image**: Andy Buckley filming at Texas State University (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Buckley in November 2011
- **birth name**: Andrew P. Buckley Jr.
- **birth place**: Salem, Massachusetts, United States
- **occupation**: Actor, screenwriter, stockbroker
- **spouse**: Nancy Banks
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Stanford University
- **years active**: 1990–present
First Battle of Panipat

The **First Battle of Panipat** was an engagement between the Afghan Sultan of Hindustan, Ibrahim Lodi and the invading army of Timurid ruler Babur.

Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat in 1526. In this Babur used the Rumi (Ottoman) device of lashing a large number of carts to form a defending wall with breastwork in between to rest guns (Tughlama system of welfare). His artillery was led by Ustad Ali and Mustafa. It marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. This was one of the earliest battles involving gun powder firearms and field artillery.

The Mughal forces of Babur, the Timurid ruler of Kabulistan, defeated the much larger ruling army of Ibrahim Lodi, Sultan of Delhi. The battle was fought on 21 April near the small village of Panipat, in the present day Indian state of Haryana, an area that has been the site of a number of decisive battles for the control of Northern India since the twelfth century.

The use of guns by troops of Babur helped them claim victory in the battle. The Lodi troops were lagging in terms of artillery skills and the sound emitted by canons frightened the war elephants of Lodi.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: First Battle of Panipat
- **partof**: Mughal Empire, Mughal conquests
- **image**: The battle of Panipat and the death of Sultan Ibrāhīm, the last of the Lōdī Sultans of Delhi.jpg
- **caption**: The battle of Panipat and
 the death of Sultan Ibrāhīm
- **date**: 20 April 1526
- **place**: Panipat
(present-day Haryana, India)
- **result**: Mughal victory
*Sack of Delhi
*End of the Lodi dynasty
*Fall of the Delhi Sultanate
*Establishment of the Mughal Empire
- **territory**: Delhi Sultanate annexed by the Mughals
- **combatant1**:  Mughal Empire
- **combatant2**:  Delhi Sultanate
- **commander1**:  Babur
- **commander2**:  Ibrahim Lodi
- **strength1**: 12,000–25,000 soldiers
15–20 field guns
- **strength2**: 20,000 regular cavalry
 20,000 irregular cavalry
 30,000 infantry armed with swords, pikes, bows and bamboo rods
- **casualties1**: Heavy
- **casualties2**: 6,000 killed in battle
thousands killed while retreating
Luke

**Luke** may refer to:

## People

- Luke (name), a masculine given name and a surname (including a list of people and characters with the name)
- Luke, also known as Luther Campbell, rapper from Florida
- Luke the Evangelist, the companion of Paul, often called Saint Luke or Luke of Antioch

## Biblical passages

- Gospel of Luke, a Christian Gospel
- Luke–Acts, the composite work of the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testamen

## Music

- _Luke_ (album), by Steve Lukather
- Luke (French band)
- "LUKE", a song by Susumu Hirasawa from _Glory Wars_
- Luke Records, a record label

## Organizations

- _Accademia di San Luca_, (the "Academy of Saint Luke"), founded in 1577 as an association of artists in Rome
- Guild of Saint Luke, a medieval artists' guild named after Saint Luke

## Places

- Luke (Čajniče), a village in the municipality of Čajniče, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Luke (Hadžići), a village in Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Luke (Ivanjica), a village in the municipality of Ivanjica, Serbia
- Luke (Pale), a village in the municipality of Pale, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Luke, Estonia, village in Nõo Parish, Tartu County, Estonia
    - Luke Manor
- Luke, Macedonia, a village in Kriva Palanka
- Luke, Maryland, a town in the United States
- Luke, an oldentime English overname of the Dutch placename Luik, now known as Liege, Belgium; also, an English word for goods such as velvet and iron from Luik
- Luke Air Force Base, Glendale, Arizona, United States
- Luke Field, Ford Island, Hawaii, United States, name of the Army Air Force airfield from 1919 to c. 1939
- Luke railway station, Luke, Manitoba, Canada

## Other uses

- Luke, a 1970s British boutique run by Gordon Luke Clarke
- Baron Luke, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Electronic Frontier Foundation

The **Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)** is an international non-profit based in San Francisco, United States. It was started in July 1990 by John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow and Mitch Kapor to promote Internet freedoms.

The EFF sponsors legal defense, defends individuals and new technology from unfair legal threats. It also monitors proposals that may weaken internet freedoms and liberties. It also monitors for possible weakening of fair use.

### Early Cases

One of the first high profile cases of the EFF was _Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service._ In early 1990, Steve Jackson Games was under a massive search and seizure operation. Copies of the game GURPS Cyberpunk was considered as proof by mistake. Emails were also modified and were a new technology at the time. It was not considered to be protected by the right to personal privacy at the time.

_Bernstein v. United States_ was the second large case of the EFF. Programmer Daniel J. Bernstein had sued the US Government for permission to release his cryptographic software against limits put by the government.

### DES Cracker

During the mid-1990s, the United States Government did not allow for international use of any cryptographic product unless the ciphertext could be decrypted by a third-party with a promise that the government could not read messages protected by the Data Encryption Standard (DES) even after it was shown as weak and broken. The EFF had made a piece of hardware called the _EFF DES Cracker_ that could crack a message within 24 hours.

The plans and source code were made public.

## Software

The EFF has made software and browser add-ons like Switzerland, HTTPS Everywhere, and Privacy Badger.
Photocopier

A **photocopier** (also called **copier** or **copy machine**) is a machine that copies words or pictures from one paper to another.
Jim Peebles

**Phillip James Edwin Peebles**  (born April 25, 1935) is a Canadian-American physicist and theoretical cosmologist. He is currently the Albert Einstein Professor Emeritus of Science at Princeton University.

Peebles was awarded half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2019 for his theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology. In November 2019, Peebles noted, in his award presentation, that he does not support the Big Bang Theory, due to the lack of concrete supporting evidence, and stated, "It's very unfortunate that one thinks of the beginning whereas in fact, we have no good theory of such a thing as the beginning."

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Jim Peebles
- **image**: Jim Peebles.jpg
- **birth name**: Phillip James Edwin Peebles
- **birth place**: Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- **workplaces**: Princeton University
- **known for**: Cosmic microwave background radiation
- **awards**: Eddington Medal (1981)
Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics, Heineman Prize (1982)
Bruce Medal (1995)
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1998)
Gruber Prize in Cosmology, Gruber Prize (2000)
Harvey Prize (2001)
Shaw Prize (2004)
Crafoord Prize (2005)
Dirac Medal (2013)
Nobel Prize in Physics (2019)
Michel Mayor

**Michel Gustave Édouard Mayor** (born 12 January 1942) is a Swiss astrophysicist. He was professor emeritus at the University of Geneva's Department of Astronomy. He retired in 2007, but works as a researcher at the Observatory of Geneva. He is co-winner of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics, the 2010 Viktor Ambartsumian International Prize, and the winner of the 2015 Kyoto Prize.

Together with Didier Queloz in 1995 he discovered 51 Pegasi b, the first extrasolar planet orbiting a sun-like star, 51 Pegasi. Because of this, Mayor and Queloz won the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star".

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Michel G.E. Mayor
- **image**: Michel Mayor astrophysicien.JPG
- **birth place**: Lausanne, Switzerland
- **nationality**: Switzerland, Swiss
- **fields**: Astrophysics
- **workplaces**: University of Geneva
- **alma mater**: Lausanne University <small>(M.S., 1966)</small>
Geneva University <small>(Ph.D, 1971)</small>
- **thesis title**: "The kinematical properties of stars in the solar vicinity: possible relation with the galactic spiral structure."
- **known for**: Discovered first planet orbiting around a normal star, 51 Pegasi
- **awards**: Prix Jules Janssen (1998)
Shaw Prize (2005)
 Wolf Prize (2017)
 Nobel Prize in Physics (2019)
Didier Queloz

**Didier Patrick Queloz** (born February 23, 1966) is a Swiss astronomer. He is a professor at the University of Geneva and the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Trinity. He shared the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics with Michel Mayor and Jim Peebles.

## Other websites

- "SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)", query for Didier Queloz. Includes 200 abstracts with Queloz listed as an author or co-author a/o February 23, 2017.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Didier Queloz
- **image**: Didier Queloz at the ESO 50th Anniversary Gala Event - 01.jpg
- **caption**: Queloz at the European Southern Observatory 50th anniversary gala, Residenz, Munich, October 11, 2012.
- **nationality**: Swiss
- **occupation**: Astronomer
- **awards**: Wolf Prize in Physics (2017)
 Nobel Prize in Physics (2019)
E. D. Hirsch

**E. D. Hirsch** is **Eric Donald Hirsch Jr.** (; born March 22, 1928. He is an American educator and academic literary critic. He is professor emeritus of education and humanities at the University of Virginia.

In the 1960s Hirsch's _Validity in Interpretation_ made an important work to contemporary literary theory and he was called "the founder of contemporary intentionalism".

In popular culture Hirsch is best known for his work on cultural literacy, and is the founder and chairman of the Core Knowledge Foundation.

He is a long-term critic of American schools, and promotes ideas for improving the education of children. His _The Schools We Need: And Why We Don't Have Them_ (1996) was hated by the liberal left. It also managed to annoy the right wing because it attacked the local control of schools. in 2016 he published _ Why Knowledge Matters: Rescuing our Children from Failed Educational Theories_. This outlined three major problems with education in the United States. These are, according to him, the emphasis on teaching skills, such as critical thinking skills, rather than knowledge, individualism rather than communal learning, and developmentalism, that is, teaching children what is "appropriate" for their age.

Beginning in 1990s, Hirsch began publishing books in the _Core Knowledge Grader Series_ which the Foundation describes as "an engaging, illustrated guide to the essential knowledge outlined in the Core Knowledge Sequence". This series of books was received well by parents educating children at home, and it has been adopted by many school systems.

Sol Stern, a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute who has written extensively on education reform, wrote in 2013 that Hirsch was "the most important education reformer of the past half-century."

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: E. D. Hirsch
- **image**: E. D. Hirsch at Policy Exchange Education Lecture (3).jpg
- **caption**: Hirsch in 2015
- **birth name**: Eric Donald Hirsch Jr.
- **birth place**: Memphis, Tennessee, US
- **occupation**: Literary critic, educator, and writer
Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro

**Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro** (10 January 1924 – 8 October 2019) was a Spanish scuba diver, underwater cameraman and photographer. He was the designer of a self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) and also was the tester of scuba diving gear for the Nemrod trade mark. He was born in Barcelona.

He wrote five books describing his underwater experiences: _La llamada de las profundidades_, _Mis amigos los peces_, _¡Fondo!_, _Tierras y profundidades_ and _Mi aventura submarina_.

Admetlla i Lázaro died on 8 October 2019 in Barcelona at the age of 95.
Municipalities of Spain

The **municipalities of Spain** (, , , , , ; sing. _municipio_) are towns or cities that have a ruling governor or mayor. If you have one of those your town or city is a municipality in Spain.

## Related pages

- List of municipalities in Spain

## Infobox (subdivision type)

- **name**: Municipality
- **map**: Municipalities of Spain.svg
- **category**: Municipality
- **territory**: Spain
- **upper unit**: Provinces of Spain, Province or Mancomunidad, Commonwealth
- **current number**: 8,122
- **number date**: 18 December 2014
- **government**: Municipal council
Vlasta Chramostová

**Vlasta Chramostová** (17 November 1926 – 6 October 2019) was a Czech movie actress. She appeared in 35 movies from 1950 until her death. She starred in the 1950 movie _The Trap_ which was entered into the 1951 Cannes Film Festival. She was born in Brno.

Other movie roles include: _The Secret of Blood_ (1953), _The Cassandra Cat_ (1963), _The Cremator_ (1969), _Sekal Has to Die_ (1998) and _Leaving_ (2011).

Chramostová died in Brno on 6 October 2019 at the age of 92.
Masaichi Kaneda

was a Japanese professional baseball pitcher. He was one of the best-known pitchers in Japanese baseball history, and was the only Japanese pitcher to have won 400 games. He was added in the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 1988. Kaneda was born in Heiwa, Aichi.

Kaneda died on October 6, 2019 in Tokyo of sepsis at the age of 86.
Martin Lauer

**Karl Martin Lauer** (2 January 1937 – 6 October 2019) was a West German sprinter. He won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 m relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was born in Cologne, Nordrhein-Westfalen.

Lauer died on 6 October 2019 at the age of 82.
Karen Pendleton

**Karen Anita Pendleton** (August 1, 1946 – October 6, 2019) was an American child television actress. She was the original _Mickey Mouse Club_ Mouseketeer on ABC television from 1955 to 1959. She was one of only nine Mouseketeers who were on the show during its entire original run. Pendleton was born in Glendale, California.

Pendleton died in Fresno, California on October 6, 2019 from a heart attack at the age of 73.

## Other websites

- Karen Pendleton  at Original MMC Show
David Petel

**David Petel** (, 6 September 1921 – 6 October 2019) was an Iraqi-born Israeli politician. He was a member of the Knesset for Mapai from 1959 until 1969. He was born in Basra, Iraq. He was a member of the Alignment after the Mapai party ended. Petel died in Ramat Gan on 6 October 2019 at the age of 98.
Estimator

In statistics, an **estimator** is a rule for calculating an estimate of a given amount based on observed data. The rule (the estimator), the amount that is being measured (the estimand) and its result (the estimate) are different.

An estimator of a parameter  is often written as . If the expected value of the estimator is equal to the parameter, then the estimator is called unbiased. Otherwise, it is called biased.

## Related pages

- Efficiency (statistics)

## Other websites

- Fundamentals on Estimation Theory
Statistical parameter

A **statistical parameter** or **population parameter** is an amount put into the probability distribution of a statistic or a random variable. It can be thought of as a numbered amount of a trait of a statistical population or a statistical model.

A statistical parameter is different from its estimator in that the parameter is a fixed amount, while the value of an estimator changes according to some probability distribution. The notations  (for the parameter) and  (for the estimator) are often used to clarify this distinction.

## Related pages

- Parameter