juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Calais

**Calais** is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in north  France. It is an important ferry port opposite Dover. The Channel Tunnel is also nearby. About 73,000 people live in Calais.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Calais
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Zone portuaire calais phare.jpg
- **caption**: Port of Calais
- **map caption**: Location in Pas-de-Calais
- **image flag**: Flag of Calais.svg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Calais (Pas-de-Calais).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arrondissement of Calais, Calais
- **canton**: Canton of Calais-1, Calais-1, Canton of Calais-2, 2 and Canton of Calais-3, 3
- **insee**: 62193
- **postal code**: 62100
- **mayor**: Natacha Bouchart (Les Républicains, LP)
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération du Calaisis
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 18
- **area km2**: 33.5
- **population**: 72589
- **population date**: 2012
- **population demonym**: Calaisiens
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET (UTC+01)
- **website**: [http://www.mairie-calais.fr Town]; [http://www.calais-port.com Port]
A Clockwork Orange

***A Clockwork Orange*** is an English dystopian novella written by Anthony Burgess and published in 1962.

Through the actions and experiences of the teenaged, charming but sociopathic, Alex, it explores mankind's violent nature. The novel is set in a not-so-distant future society with a culture of extreme youth rebellion and violence. It satirizes trends in youth culture that were around in the 1960s in the West, and to some extent still present today. The dramatic events throw a light on human free will to choose between good or evil, and the weakness of free will as a solution to evil. Alex and his three goons (friends who do bad things) do various crimes, mainly assaulting everyone: brutally for the men, and sexually for the women. He is sent to prison for murdering a woman whilst burgling her house.

Burgess experiments with language by writing in a Russian-influenced argot (slang) called "Nadsat" which is used by the novel’s teenage anti-hero in his first-person narrative, and the younger characters. According to Burgess, the novel was a _jeu d'esprit_ written in just three weeks.

In 2005, _A Clockwork Orange_ was included on _Time_ magazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923, and it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. The original manuscript of the book was bought by McMaster University. Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1971.

The best known adaptation of the novel to other forms is the 1971 movie _A Clockwork Orange_ by Stanley Kubrick, starring Malcolm McDowell as Alex. A 1965 film by Andy Warhol entitled _Vinyl_ was also an adaptation of Burgess' novel.

## Awards

- 2008 - Prometheus Award (Hall of Fame Award)

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: A Clockwork Orange
- **caption**: cover art
- **cover artist**: Barry Trengrove
- **author**: Anthony Burgess
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
Nadsat
- **genre**: Science fiction, Dystopian fiction, Satire, Black Comedy
- **published**: 1962 (Heinemann (book publisher), William Heinemann, UK)
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback) & audio book (Compact audio cassette, cassette, Compact Disc, CD)
- **pages**: 192 pages (hardback edition) &
 176 pages (paperback edition)
- **isbn**: 0-434-09800-0
- **oclc**: 4205836
False

**False** means untrue. If something is false, it means it is not real. A falsehood is anything said that is not true. A falsehood can also be a series of lies, told to "prove" something that is false itself.

In logic, "false" is one of the truth values (with the other one being 'true'). This is written as , F or 0.

## Related pages

- Contradiction
Marine biology

**Marine biology** is the study of any living plant or animal in the sea. Marine biologists study it. Like other scientists, marine biologists must know a lot about the creatures they are studying. They also must understand how the sea works. The study of how the sea works is oceanography.

Marine animals include squids, corals, whales and fish. Marine plants include sea grasses and algae. The Census of Marine Life was a ten-year project of marine biology. Like land animals, marine animals have been evolving for hundreds of millions of years,  thus trilobite<nowiki/>s and ammonite<nowiki/>s are no more, but now there are whales. Biologists also study animal behavior.

A marine biologist needs a bachelor's degree in biology, followed by at least an MSc in marine biology. The ocean is large and marine biologists work in many subfields like invertebrate zoology, ichthyology, and physiology. Others study physical traits like scales, eyes, or shells.

## History

During the Age of Discovery many ships sailed far from home. Captain James Cook went twice around the world and discovered new places. Another person who helped is Charles Darwin, known for the Theory of Evolution. He worked in marine biology. His expeditions aboard the HMS Beagle from 18311836  collected marine organisms. Several other people also made important voyages. Alfred Russel Wallace spent much of his younger life travelling the world and recording the plants and animals he saw.

## Other websites

- What is a marine biologist? -Careers
- What is marine biology?  -University of Texas
- Marine biology -Citizendium
Espoo

**Espoo** () is the second largest city in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014, more than 260,000 people lived in Espoo. Other municipalities near to it are Kauniainen, Vantaa, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Vihti and the capital Helsinki.

## Nature

There are several lakes in the northern parts of Espoo. Example Lippajärvi, Pitkäjärvi, Nuuksion Pitkäjärvi and Velskolan Pitkäjärvi.

## Districts

('north Espoo')Pohjois-Espoo (Norra Esbo, in the other official language):

- Bodom
- Kalajärvi
- Lahnus
- Lakisto
- Luukki (Luk)
- Niipperi (Nipert)
- Perusmäki (Grundbacka)
- Röylä (Rödskog)
- Vanhakartano (Gammelgård)
- Velskola (Vällskog)

Suur-Espoonlahti (Stor-Esboviken):

- Espoonlahti (Esboviken)
- Kaitaa (Kaitans)
- Latokaski (Ladusved)
- Nöykkiö (Nöykis)
- Saunalahti (Bastvik)
- Soukka (Sökö)
- Suvisaaristo (Sommaröarna)

Suur-Kauklahti (Stor-Köklax):

- Espoonkartano (Esbogård)
- Kauklahti (Köklax)
- Kurttila (Kurtby)
- Vanttila (Fantsby)

Suur-Leppävaara (Stor-Alberga):
|list4 =
- Karakallio (Karabacka)
- Kilo
- Laaksolahti (Dalsvik)
- Leppävaara (Alberga)
- Lintuvaara (Fågelberga)
- Lippajärvi (Klappträsk)
- Sepänkylä (Smedsby)
- Viherlaakso (Gröndal)

Suur-Matinkylä (Stor-Mattby):
|list5 =
- Henttaa (Hemtans)
- Matinkylä (Mattby)
- Olari (Olars)

Suur-Tapiola (Stor-Hagalund):
|list6 =
- Haukilahti (Gäddvik)
- Keilaniemi (Kägeludden)
- Laajalahti (Bredvik)
- Mankkaa (Mankans)
- Niittykumpu (Ängskulla)
- Otaniemi (Otnäs)
- Pohjois-Tapiola (Norra Hagalund)
- Tapiola (Hagalund)
- Westend

Vanha-Espoo (Gamla Esbo):
|list7 =
- Espoon keskus (Esbo centrum)
- Gumböle
- Högnäs
- Järvenperä (Träskända)
- Karhusuo (Björnkärr)
- Karvasmäki (Karvasbacka)
- Kaupunginkallio (Stadsberget)
- Kolmperä (Kolmpers)
- Kunnarla (Gunnars)
- Kuurinniitty (Kurängen)
- Muurala (Morby)
- Nupuri (Nupurböle)
- Nuuksio (Noux)
- Siikajärvi
- Vanha-Nuuksio (Gamla Noux)

## Other websites

- Official Espoo site
- Travelling quide
Hospital

A **hospital** is a place where a person goes to be healed when they are sick or injured. The difference between a hospital and other healthcare places like a clinic or a doctor's office is that a hospital will have beds where patients can stay overnight. These patients are called _inpatients_. The goal of inpatient treatment is to provide 24-7 medical stabilization, which is why this type of treatment has more of a hospital-like feel since patients are monitored by doctors, nurses, therapists, and social workers. Treatment is structured and has a schedule that can include individual therapy, group therapy, case management, and support groups.

Hospitals also treat people who do not stay overnight, called _outpatients_. Doctors and nurses work at hospitals. Doctors make use of advanced medical technology to heal patients.

Patients who are staying at the hospital will always be under the care of doctors and nurses who are always available for taking care of the injured or sick patients. Hospitals always have the tools and machines needed for treating the patients.

The word hospital originally meant "a place where people can stay". There have been hospitals for sick people since ancient times. They were often created and run by religious groups. In the early modern period, hospitals began to be funded by donations from rich people and by governments. Today, hospitals might get money from the government, from charging patients for treatments and check-ups, from patients' health insurance, from people giving to charity or a mixture of those things.

## Related pages

- Emergency department
- Intensive care unit
Nose

A **nose** is a body part which allows animals to smell things. The nose also helps animals breathe. It has parts that make it work and send messages to the brain. The nose's parts include smell receptors and nerve connectors to receptors. In humans, the nose is on the front of the face. The power of the nose varies for animals. For example, dogs have a stronger sense of smell than humans do. It is part of the respiratory system which is the system in animals that help them to breathe. Your nose is very powerful and can remember up to 50,000 different scents.

The nose is important to health. It filters the air breathed in, removing dust, germs, and irritants. It warms and moistens the air to keep the lungs and tubes that lead to them from drying out. The nose also contains nerve cells that help the sense of smell. When there is a problem with the nose, the whole body can suffer. For example, the stuffy nose of the common cold can make it hard to breathe, sleep, or get comfortable.

Many problems besides the common cold can affect the nose. They include
- Deviated septum - a shifting of the wall that divides the nasal cavity into halves
- Nasal polyps - soft growths that develop on the lining of the nose or sinuses
- Nosebleeds
- Rhinitis - inflammation of the nose and sinuses sometimes caused by allergies. The main symptom is a runny nose.
- Nasal fractures, also known as a broken nose

## Related pages

- Nose-picking
Love

**Love** is a mix of feelings and actions that shows a deep liking for someone or something. Love involves caring for another. Romantic love can lead to things such as dating and marriage , but a person can also feel for friends, such as platonic love, or family.
There are also chemical reactions within the brain that can be triggered by the different types of love.

## Forms of love

There are many kinds of love. There can be self-love, love towards a friend (such as platonic love), love in romance, towards family, toward God(s), or towards an object or idea.
Often love can be confused with other feelings. Being sexually or physically attracted is the feeling of lust. Lust and love may be thought of as different. Normal friendship is a form of love that can be distracted by lust and misunderstanding.

## First love

People describe the person that they first loved romantically as their "first love." For example, in William Shakespeare's _Romeo and Juliet_, Romeo is Juliet's very first love. At that time, she was only 13. In Maria Edgeworth's book _Belinda_, Mr. Vincent says, "First loves are silly things."

## Chemical basis

The biological model of lust is different from love because it is more like hunger or thirst. Helen Fisher, an expert in the topic of romantic love, divides it into three stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust makes people like each other, attraction encourages people to focus on mating, and attachment helps people tolerate the spouse (or the child).

Lust is the passionate sexual desire that promotes mating. This usually lasts only a few weeks or months. Attraction is more for one person specially. Recent studies in neuroscience say that as people fall in love, the brain releases chemicals, including dopamine. These chemicals make people less hungry and sleepy, and also adds an intense feeling of excitement. Research shows that this stage normally lasts from one and a half to three years.

Since these lust and attraction stages are both described as temporary, a third stage might describe long-term love. Attachment can be used to describe the bonding period that helps keep partners together for many years. Attachment occurs in the longer term.

## Love and health

Love has consequences for health and well-being. Joyful activities such as love activate areas in the brain responsible for emotion, attention,
motivation and memory, and it may further lead to reduction of cortisol, which reduces stress. Some people usually do not feel love. They are called aromantics.

## Related pages

- Saint Valentine
Michael Jackson

**Michael Joseph Jackson** (August 29, 1958 – June 25, 2009), also known by his initials **MJ**, was an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and philanthropist. Dubbed the "**King of Pop**", he is often regarded as one of the most culturally significant figures of the 20th century. Over a four-decade career, his musical achievements broke racial barriers in the U.S. and made him a dominant figure across the world. Through songs, concerts, and fashion, he proliferated visual performance for artists in popular music; popularizing street dance moves including the moonwalk, the robot, and the anti-gravity lean. Jackson is often deemed the greatest entertainer of all time.

The eighth child of the Jackson family, Michael began performing in 1964 with his brothers in the Jackson 5 (later known as the Jacksons) at the age of 6. The group gained worldwide fame with him as its lead singer and recorded multiple successful singles. In the early 1970s, he began his solo career, releasing the albums _Got to Be There_ and _Ben_ (both 1972), _Music & Me_ (1973), and _Forever, Michael_ (1975). Later, he rose to global stardom with the release of the albums _Off the Wall_ (1979), _Thriller_ (1982), _Bad_ (1987), _Dangerous_ (1991), _HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I_ (1995), and _Invincible_ (2001). When he died in 2009 at age 50, he had spent 44 years working in the music industry.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **associated acts**: The Jackson 5


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael Jackson
- **alt**: Michael Jackson
- **image**: Michael Jackson 1983 (3x4 cropped) (contrast).jpg
- **caption**: Jackson in 1983
- **birth name**: Michael Joseph Jackson
- **alias**: Michael Joe Jackson
- **birth place**: Gary, Indiana, Gary, Indiana, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Cardiac arrest caused by acute propofol and benzodiazepine intoxication (Death of Michael Jackson, details)
- **burial place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale), Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: Americans, American
- **citizenship**: United States (1958–2009)
- **alma mater**: Montclair College Preparatory School
- **years active**: 1964–2009
- **known for**: Music career
- **height**: 5 ft 9 in
- **spouse**:

- **mother**: Katherine Jackson
- **father**: Joe Jackson (manager), Joe Jackson
- **family**: Jackson family
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson, Full list
- **signature**: Michael Jackson signature.svg
- **signature size**: 100px
Portable

Something that is **portable** can be carried or easily moved.  The word **portable** may also refer to:
- Portable building, a manufactured building that is built off site and moved in upon completion of site and utility work
- Portable classroom, a temporary building installed on the grounds of a school to provide additional classroom space where there is a shortage of capacity
- Portable toilet, a modern, portable, self-contained outhouse manufactured of moulded plastic

In **computing**:
- Portable object (computing), a distributed computing term for an object which can be accessed through a normal method call while possibly residing in memory on another computer
- Portable software, software that can easily be ported to multiple platforms
- Portable applications, applications that do not require any kind of installation onto a computer, and can store data in the program's directory

In **electronics**:
- Portable communications device, a wearable or handheld device
- Portable audio player, a personal electronic device that allows the user to listen to recorded or broadcast audio whilst being mobile
- Portable computer, a computer that is designed to be moved from one place to another
    - _Compaq Portable_ series (1982–?)
    - _Apricot Portable_ (1984)
    - _IBM Portable_ (1984)
    - _Macintosh Portable_ (1989–1991) from Apple Computer
- Handheld game console, a lightweight, portable electronic machine for playing video games

In **music**:
- _Portable Life_, a 1999 album by Danielle Brisebois

- Portable, Nigerian singer

## Related pages

- Portability
Nudity

**Nudity** (or **nakedness**) is when a human is not wearing clothing.

Humans evolved to be mostly hairless. All other primates have fur. Modern humans evolved about 300,000 years ago, and continued to be naked until they made the first clothing, 100,000 years ago. Before clothing, humans decorated their bodies with jewelry, paint, tattoos, and scars. They made belts and bags to carry tools. They made masks and disguises to be less visible while hunting. When they moved out of Africa, people used the same crafts to make things to cover their bodies. They did this to both protect them from the cold and also to protect them from the dust and sun of the desert. Humans wear decorations and clothes as nonverbal communication. It shows their personality and group membership. In the modern world, there can be many rules about nudity. Traditional Jewish, Christian, and Muslim people dress modestly. They are never without clothes in places where other people can see them. This may not include their spouses or family members of the same gender. Someone might be embarrassed for being seen naked.
Kingdom

A **kingdom** is the most common type of monarchy. This means that the ruler or head of state of the country is a king. They get their position from inheritance. With some countries a female may become head of state as a queen.

When the current king or queen dies, then their eldest child becomes the new monarch.

For example, the United Kingdom has a king as head of state. His mother Queen Elizabeth II was, at the time of her father's death, his only child.

Not all countries have this system. Many countries today have no royal family. In their case, the head of state is a leading politician.
Protestantism

**Protestantism** is a form of Christian faith and practice. It began in northern Europe in the early 16th century. At that time, they were against some parts of Roman Catholicism. Together with Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism, Protestantism became one of the three greatest forces in Christianity. Protestantism much influenced the culture, beliefs, and economy of the place in which it became important.

The word _Protestantism_ had its origin when German princes and free cities at the Diet of Speyer (1529), petitioned or "protested" against the imperial ban adopted by the Diet against Martin Luther and its stance against the Reformation. Lutherans in Germany began using it. Swiss and French more often used _Reformed_. The Anglicans use _Catholic_, _Reformed_ and _Protestant_, however the Anglican Church is not always regarded as part of Protestantism because it kept most of the doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church from which it separated.

Martin Luther, a doctor of theology and a monk, said that the church should return to its roots, and give more weight to what is written in the Bible (Sola scriptura). Luther thought that the Church had gone too far away from the original teachings. He published 95 theses on the way the Catholic Church was at that time. Some say, he stuck them onto the door of the church of Wittenberg, but others say this is not true. The 95 theses were published in 1516 or 1517. With the theses, he started the Protestant Reformation.

Protestant churches with a big following are:
- Lutheran Church
- Calvinist Church
- Baptists
- Pentecostals
Often but not always:
- Anglican Church: Henry VIII split from the Roman Catholic Church. He wanted to divorce from Catherine of Aragon, but the Pope refused to divorce him. King Henry started the Church of England. It is sometimes seen as being the middle way, between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, and that is why is often excluded from Protestantism. This is because, in the English Reformation, the English Church kept the early Catholic ministry of bishops, priests, and deacons, as well as most of the doctrine and liturgy. The critical point which led to the Anglican Church was the outright rejection of the Pope, and so of the Roman Catholic Church as an organisation.
Algiers

**Algiers** is the capital city of Algeria, which is a country in northern Africa. It is on the northern coast of the country. The population of the city is 1,519,570. After Algeria became independent from France, Algiers became a very important city for anti-colonial activists and revolutionaries from around the world.

## Names

The city's name is gotten from the Arabic name al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر), which means "The Islands". This name refers to the four former islands which were off the city's coast before becoming part of the mainland in 1525.

## Twin towns

Algiers has many twin towns all over the world:

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Algiers
- **native name**: الجزائر
- **nickname**: Algiers the White
- **image skyline**: Algiers coast.jpg
- **image caption**: View over Algiers
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image seal**: Algiers-COA.svg
- **image map**: Algiers location.svg
- **mapsize**: 175px
- **map caption**: Location of Algiers within Algeria
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Algeria
- **subdivision type1**: Wilayas of Algeria, Wilaya
- **subdivision name1**: Algiers Province
- **leader title**: Wali (Governor)
- **leader name**: Khalida Toumi
- **established title**: Re-founded
- **established date**: AD 944
- **population as of**: 2005
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **postal code type**: Postal codes
- **postal code**: 16000-16132
Arles

**Arles** is a city in the south of France. It was built in the 6th century BC by the Greeks. Today more than 50,000 people live there. In the 1880s, the famous painters, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin lived there. Vincent van Gogh painted his famous Sunflowers in Arles.

The city is at the heart of the Camargue. Not many people live in this region, so there is a lot of free land around Arles. Because of this, Arles is the city in France to have the largest area (nearly 760 square kilometres).

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Arles
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: 1 arles france 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Aerial view of Arles
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Arles 13.svg
- **canton**: Arles
- **insee**: 13004
- **postal code**: 13200
- **mayor**: Hervé Schiavetti
- **party**: French Communist Party, PCF
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération Arles-Crau-Camargue-Montagnette, CA Arles-Crau-Camargue-Montagnette
- **elevation m**: 10
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 57
- **area km2**: 758.93
- **population**: 52439
- **population date**: 2012
Certificate

A **certificate** is a document for authentication of something. It may be an award that can be given to people. The certificate can be given to people for graduation, for good working skills, or to thank someone who has done good things. They are usually tied to an occupation, technology, or industry. Certifications are usually offered by a professional organization or a company that specializes in a particular field or technology. A certification demonstrates that the person have a specific skill or level of knowledge, ultimately showing an employer that person know what need to do to successfully perform a job. Other items, such as patches, badges, lapel pins, watches, and medals can also come with the certificate.

Many other kinds exist. A certificate of authenticity says a thing is real. For example, it can say that a painting was made at a particular time by a particular artist and is not a forgery. A certificate of occupancy says a building is fit for use. A certificate of deposit says someone has money in a bank. A birth certificate is one of the kinds of vital record.
Daily Mail

The ***Daily Mail*** is a large, well-known newspaper. It started in 1896. It is published every weekday and Saturday from a factory in London, England. It is not printed on Sundays. Its sister paper, the _Mail on Sunday_, is printed instead.

It is the second-most sold newspaper in the United Kingdom. It sells more than a million copies a day. Its political opinion is right-wing, and it supports the Conservative Party in elections. The newspaper is available in many countries outside the United Kingdom, such as Egypt and the US. There is a different Scottish edition of the newspaper, which is sold in Scotland only and differs mainly in the Sport pages. There is also an Irish version of the newspaper, but the main international version is the English one.

It is the main publication of the Daily Mail and General Trust, but the company also prints the _Evening Standard_, _London Lite_ and _Metro_ newspapers in the UK.

People are often critical of The _Daily Mail, _because a lot of people think it's racist and sexist. Sources also state that it is unreliable  and that it publishes inaccurate scare stories about science and medical research.

Politically the Daily Mail is right-wing. It has endorsed the Conservative Party at every UK general election since 1945, apart from the October 1974 general election, where it endorsed a Liberal and Conservative coalition.

The _Daily Mail_ was first published by Lord Northclife in 1896. It started as a broadsheet. It is now a tabloid.
Rhine River

The **Rhine River** (, , ) is  long. Its name comes from the Celtic word "_renos_", which means 'raging flow'.

The Rhine is an important waterway.  can be used by ships, and boats can go to the Black Sea using the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. Many goods are transported over the Rhine, and the Rhine valley is also an important wine producing region. The river Rhine begins at _Tomasee_, a lake in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland, and runs through Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. It is the border between Switzerland and Liechtenstein and also the border between Germany and France. It is also the border between Switzerland and Austria. It is also the border between the Netherlands and Germany. It is the border between France and Switzerland. It runs through Basel, Bonn, Cologne and Duisburg. It also separates the cities of Mainz and Wiesbaden. The Rhine has 50 species of fish. The Rhine is one of the longest and most important rivers in Europe.

## Geography

The river runs through only one lake on its way, Lake Constance, which is on the border of Switzerland, Germany and Austria.

The middle Rhine has many castles.  Robber barons used some of them during the 15th–18th centuries.  When the Industrial Revolution hit Europe, factories set up along its banks and emptied their waste into the River.  The Salmon left and other fish became rare.  After World War II, the Rhine Action Programme was set up to boost the Rhine's wildlife and reduce the pollution there.

Together with the Danube it formed most of the northern frontier of the Roman Empire.

### Cities near the Rhine

These are large cities that are found near the Rhine:

**Switzerland:**

- Basel

**France:**

- Strasbourg

**Germany:**

- Karlsruhe
- Mannheim
- Ludwigshafen
- Wiesbaden
- Mainz
- Koblenz
- Bonn
- Cologne
- Leverkusen
- Neuss
- Düsseldorf
- Krefeld (Uerdingen)
- Duisburg

**Netherlands:**

- Arnhem (Nederrijn)
- Nijmegen (Waal)
- Utrecht (Kromme Rijn)
- Rotterdam (Nieuwe Maas)

Smaller cities that are found near the Rhine:

**Switzerland**

- Chur
- Kreuzlingen
- Schaffhausen

**Liechtenstein:**

- Vaduz

**Germany:**

- Konstanz
- Breisach
- Speyer
- Worms
- Bingen am Rhein
- Rüdesheim am Rhein
- Neuwied
- Andernach
- Bad Honnef
- Königswinter
- Niederkassel
- Wesseling
- Dormagen
- Zons
- Monheim am Rhein
- Wesel
- Xanten
- Emmerich am Rhein

**Netherlands:**

- Zutphen (IJssel)
- Deventer (IJssel)
- Zwolle (IJssel)
- Kampen (IJssel)
- Leiden (Oude Rijn)
- Dordrecht (Merwede)
- Wageningen (Nederrijn)
- Woerden (Oude Rijn)
- Wijk bij Duurstede (Neder Rijn / Kromme Rijn / Lek)
- Alphen aan den Rijn (Oude Rijn)

## Related pages

- Rhenium
Robber baron

The term **robber baron** was first used in the 12th and 13th centuries to describe rich men who lived in large castles along major transportation rivers, like the Rhine in Europe. They would send ships out onto these rivers to stop anybody who was traveling through who did not know better and collect a tax from them on any money or goods on these ships. They were not officially allowed to collect these taxes. It was only the Holy Roman Emperor who could decide what taxes to be charged, how much and who could charge it.

Second, it is a slang term used of certain rich and ruthless industrialists and bankers, especially in the late 19th and early 20th century U.S.A.
Canterbury

**Canterbury** is a city in Kent, England. It is about  from London. It was made famous by a book called _The Canterbury Tales_. It is also famous for Canterbury Cathedral. Thomas Becket was assassinated by knights who came from Sandlings.

## Transportation

There are two railway stations in the city; Canterbury East and Canterbury West. The A2 road passes near the city. It goes west to London and south-east to Dover.

## Education

The city has an estimated 31,000 students. This is the highest student/permanent resident ratio in the UK. There are three universities, and several other higher education institutions and colleges. At the 2001 census, 22% of the population aged 16–74 were full-time students, compared with 7% throughout England. The three universities: the University of Kent, Canterbury Christ Church University, and the University for the Creative Arts.

## Sports

The St Lawrence Ground is the home ground of Kent County Cricket Club. It has hosted several One Day Internationals, including one England match during the 1999 Cricket World Cup.

## History

The Canterbury area has been lived in since prehistoric times. Paleolithic stone axes, and Neolithic and Bronze Age pots have been found in the area. Canterbury was once the main settlement of the Celtic tribe of the Cantiaci, which lived in most of modern-day Kent. In the 1st century AD, the Romans captured the settlement and named it Durovernum Cantiacorum. The Romans rebuilt the city, with new streets in a grid pattern, a theatre, a temple, a forum, and public baths. Its position on Watling Street on route to the major Kentish ports of Rutupiae (now Richborough), Dubrae (now Dover), and Lemanae (now Lymne) made it important.
Huddersfield

**Huddersfield** is a big town in the Metropolitan borough of Kirklees in West Yorkshire, England. It was famous for its cloth industry, and where Rugby League football started.

Huddersfield was the birthplace for the Labour Party prime minister, Harold Wilson. It is also known for its football team, who were the first team to win the Football League first division title three years in a row (1924-26).

Huddersfield had 162,949 residents at the 2011 census. It sits close to the Pennines,  south-west of Leeds,  west of Wakefield,  north-west of Sheffield and  north-east of Manchester.

The River Holme discharges into the River Colne. They were tapped for steam turbines and textile treatment in the large weaving sheds.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Huddersfield
- **population**: 162,949
- **population ref**: (2011 Census)
- **metropolitan borough**: Kirklees
- **metropolitan county**: West Yorkshire
- **region**: Yorkshire and the Humber
- **constituency westminster**: Huddersfield (UK Parliament constituency), Huddersfield
- **post town**: Huddersfield
- **postcode district**: HD1-5, HD7-8
- **postcode area**: HD
- **dial code**: 01484
- **os grid reference**: SE145165
- **static image name**: File:Town Hall and Concert Hall - geograph.org.uk - 321863.jpg
- **static image caption**: Huddersfield Town Hall
- **london distance**: 163 miles
Anti-tank dog

**Anti-tank dogs** were dogs with explosives placed on their backs. These dogs were trained to run under enemy tanks. The explosives were then remotely detonated in order to destroy the target tank.

These dogs were trained by the Soviet Union during World War II to be used against German armored vehicles. They were trained on Russian tanks, which used diesel fuel. In battle, the dogs often ran toward the smell of diesel fuel from the Soviet tanks instead of the intended German targets.

The German Army soon learned about the dogs, so all Russian dogs were shot on sight by the Germans. Very few dogs remained in the Eastern Front as a result of this.

After the war better weapons against tanks were made. Therefore, it is unlikely that anti-tank dogs will ever be used again.
Second language

A **second language** is a language that a person learns in addition to their first language. A second language may be learned in a formal or informal way, such as at school or in a family. A person may speak two or more second languages.

Adults do not learn languages the same way that children do. Learning a second language is difficult for adults, who rarely speak it as well as their native language because it is much easier for children to learn a second language.

Some children have native multilingualism and so speak several languages, such as by living in a foreign country or having a father speaking a different language from their mother.

## Other websites

- Asha
Javier Solana

**Francisco Javier Solana de Madariaga** (born July 14, 1942 in Madrid) is a Spanish physicist, politician and diplomat.

He is the former Secretary General of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and also the former European Union foreign policy chief.

Solana was studying in both the United Kingdom and the United States before returning to Spain with Nicolás Cabrera, and becoming a professor of solid state physics in the Complutense University.

Having already joined the banned PSOE left-wing party in 1964, he became one of its leaders when it became legal in 1977. He became a Cabinet Minister, serving first as Minister for Culture and party spokesman, then Minister for Education, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, before being made NATO boss in December 1995, just as the Dayton agreement saw the IFOR NATO peacekeeping mission enter the former Yugoslavia. He was also involved in the Kosovo bombings, and the negotiations that led to an eventual peace.

In March 2020, Solana tested positive for COVID-19.
Paragraph

A paragraph is a collection of words strung together to make a longer unit than a sentence. Several sentences often make a paragraph. There are usually between three to eight sentences in a paragraph. Paragraphs can start with a five-space indentation or by skipping a line and then starting over. This makes it simpler to tell when one paragraph ends and the next starts simply it has 3-9 lines.

A topic phrase appears in most ordered types of writing, such as essays. This paragraph's topic sentence informs the reader about the topic of the paragraph. In most essays, numerous paragraphs make statements to support a thesis statement, which is the essay's fundamental point.

Paragraphs may signal when the writer changes topics. Each paragraph may have a number of sentences, depending on the topic.

A pilcrow mark (¶) is sometimes used to show where a paragraph begins.
Parody

A **parody** is a special piece of art.

Parodies make fun of another piece of art by mocking it.

The parody is an imitation of the original, but exaggerating it, showing clichés which have been used, to make the original look ridiculous or to make a comment about an issue affecting society.

For example, in a serious Western movie, the good guys always seem to shoot better and faster than the bad guys. In a Western parody, this might be exaggerated by showing a good guy firing a single shot, and a dozen of the bad guys falling from their horses as a result.

Mel Brooks is a director who has made many movies which are parodies:

- _Blazing Saddles_ is a parody of Western movies in general,
- _Spaceballs_ is a parody of the _Star Wars_ movies, and science fiction in general,
- _Men in Tights_ is a parody of _Robin Hood_ movies,

The website Uncyclopedia is also a parody of Wikipedia.

Parodies can be anything from songs to poems to books to movies.

A movie that makes a parody of another movie or several movies at once is a parody movie.

Newspaper columnists are well known for their strip cartoons which can very often parody public opinion on major issues affecting society, such as the recent credit crunch.

## Related pages

- Irony
- Satire
- Parody mass
Fact

A **fact** is a statement that is real or true, or a thing that can be _shown_ to be real or true. That is its core meaning, though the word has a long history, and has been used in many ways.

A fact is something that has really happened or is actually the case. The usual test for a statement of fact is whether it can be shown to be true. Standard reference works are often used to check facts. Scientific facts are verified by careful observation or measurement (by experiments or other means).

## Facts as statements

A fact is a statement (a claim) about something that is true. A fact can answer questions like, "what color is it?" or "who made that?"

An opinion is different from a fact. But you can say facts about a person's opinion. For example, someone can ask a question like "What is Alice's opinion about the book?" You can answer this question with a fact, for example "Alice said she likes the book." Then it is a fact that Alice _says_ she likes the book. But maybe Alice does not like the book. So it is not a fact that Alice likes the book, but it is a fact that Alice _says_ she likes the book.

One way to learn a fact is if a person can help you see it. For example, if you ask, "do you have my book?" To answer this question, a person can let you see your book. Then you can know it is a fact that this person has your book.

### Examples of fact statements

These examples show that there are facts of different kinds.
- Your heart pumps blood through your body.
- Africa is a continent.
- There are more men than women in the world.
- The leaves of growing plants are usually green.
- Some people keep dogs as pets.
- 1 litre of water weighs 1 kilogram on Earth.
- There are 50 states in the United States.

### False statements

- Water always comes from the sky.
- Dogs are made of bone.

## Scientific theories

A scientific theory is knowledge of important facts about a natural thing. The facts in a scientific theory have evidence that shows that the fact is not false.

A person who understands the scientific method can test to see if the facts of a scientific theory are correct. When statements have been tested and shown to be not false, they may be "true". The facts of each scientific theory have usually been questioned and tested by many people. Because of this, we know that the knowledge of a scientific theory is fact and not opinion. Examples of scientific theories include the theory of relativity and the theory of evolution. More simply, it is a fact that the Earth goes around the Sun (and not vice versa). This took so long to establish because a leading religious body had the reverse opinion (see articles on Galileo and Copernicus for the story). Now we can say that there is a difference between statements of fact, and opinions or claimed truths of religion. _The difference is in the way disputes about the truth are decided_.
Victim

**Victim** is a word for someone suffering from bad conditions, often related to crimes committed against them. If someone is robbed, he or she is a victim. If someone is killed, the person is a victim.

## Victim blaming

Victim blaming refers to the act of saying that it is the victim's fault that a crime was committed against them.

## Related pages

- Rape
- Genocide
- Holocaust victims
- Child sexual abuse
Culprit

A **culprit** is a person who commits a crime. If someone robs a person, the robber is the culprit, while the person who was robbed is the victim.
Shot put

**Shot put** is an athletics sport where people try to "put" a heavy weighted ball as far as they can. They are not allowed to throw it, but instead they push the ball out into the air. They "put" the ball by holding it at their neck and pushing it through the air.  The shot put has been part of the Olympics since 1896. The weight of the ball can vary from 6 to 16 pounds (2.76 to 7.26 kg), depending on level age and gender of the participants. The main objective of the sport is to throw the ball as far as possible.

The shot put is similar to the javelin. It is an official Olympic event and can be seen at the Olympic games. The athlete cannot wear gloves when they are participating. If wearing gloves, the athlete would be disqualified.

It is an outdoor event and cannot be played inside. It is a track and field event.

## History

The first evidence for stone- or weight-throwing events were in the Scottish Highlands, and date back to the first century. In the 16th century King Henry VIII was noted for his prowess in court competitions of weight and hammer throwing.

## Throwing technique

There are two types of putting styles: _glide_ and _spin_ (rotation). The glide was invented in the US in the year 1876. The spin was also developed in the US. It was invented by Parry O'Brian and made famous by Brian Oldfield.

## Rules

1. The athlete must only use one hand and it must not drop below the shoulder or it could cause damage.
1. The athlete can be disqualified for leaving the circle before the shot hits the ground, or leaving the sector lines.
1. The athlete must not put a foot past the toe board, or it is a disqualification.
1. The athlete must not take longer than 60.00 seconds to take a shot; it is compulsory to put the shot in the given time.

## History

Shot put was originally used in the Olympics to see who was the strongest athlete. Each athlete threw from a wooden square, and could only stand to throw. The shot put was a large stone ball. That is now a metal ball not softer than brass.

### Under hand toss

1. Stand facing landing area.
1. Hold shot in front of body with both hands.
1. Bend knees and throw shot up and out, away from body, using an underhand toss.

### Chest pass

1. Stand facing landing area.
1. Hold shot with both hands with fingers behind shot.
1. Push shot out like a basketball chest pass.

## Record holders

- Cameron George, 23.12m United Kingdom 2013
- Natalya Lisovskaya, 22.63m RUS 1987
- Mark Robinson, 24.60m USA 2009
Magic

**Magic** can mean:

- Magic (illusion), tricks that fool people into thinking they see something they really did not see
- "Magic" (Pilot song), a song by the Scottish band Pilot
- Apotropaic magic, protection against harmful influences
- Black magic
- Magic: The Gathering, a collectible card game
- Witchcraft, the action of using magic powers
- Orlando Magic, an American professional basketball team
Hitchhiking

**Hitchhiking** is a way to end travel from place to place in someone else's vehicle.. Usually, a hitchhiker (a person who hitchhikes) will stand at the side of a road and hold his or her thumb in the air waiting for a passing driver to stop and pick them up. This is a sign that he or she wants to go somewhere else.

It was a very common way of traveling in Europe in the 1970s until increased vehicle ownership/affordability.. Fears of drivers and hitchhikers alike as depicted in popular culture and media and likely have also contributed to its decline.

The legal status of hitchhiking varies by country.

## Signaling Methods

In western European countries, raise their arm, extend their thumb and face traffic on the side of the road. This may be paired with a cardboard sign stating their intended direction or destination.

## Legal status

The legal status of hitchhiking varies by country and state. Hitchhiking on highways or motorways is illegal in many countries, and some states explicitly ban it.

## Community

In recent years, hitchhikers have made efforts to strengthen the community through websites and events such as Hitchwiki, Tramprennen and other events.

## Other websites

- The Hitchhiker's Guide to Hitchhiking - a wiki project to collect information about hitchhiking
- Anhalterfreunde  - Information all about hitchhiking (English and German language)
- Liftershalte.info  - a worldmap with hitching places.
- hitchbase.com  - Database with hitchhing places
- Abgefahren e.V.  - the first German Autostop Society; ideas, tips, projects,..
International Women's Day

**International Women's Day** is celebrated every year on March 8.  International Women's Day has been observed since 1909 in the United States.  After a while the people of United States stopped celebrating this holiday. In the 1920s Soviet Union, and then some other Communist countries like China and Cuba, started celebrating this day as a holiday for women and world peace. Since then the holiday has become more and more popular around the world.

In many places, the day does not have a political aspect, and is simply a time for men to express their love for women. It is similar to a mixture of Mother's Day and Valentine's Day. Men present their mothers, wives, girlfriends, colleagues, etc. with flowers and small gifts. In some countries International Women's Day is observed like Mother's Day, where children give small gifts to their mothers and grandmothers. In some countries, women get a half day off work. Often, schools will have a celebration where students will honor their teachers.

In 1975, the United Nations also started to recognize this holiday for women's rights and gender equality. The UN chooses a political or social theme for the holiday each year.  For example, the 2011 theme was ""Equal access to education, training and science and technology: Pathway to decent work for women." and the 2020 theme is "Women in leadership: Achieving an equal future in a COVID-19 world". In this way, the holiday is a time to look at the social and economic problems women have around the world.

International Women's Day is now an official holiday in Albania, Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, China, Cuba, Ecuador, Georgia, Italy, Israel, Laos, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam.

## Other page

- Women's History Month
- Women's rights movement
May Day

May 1 is known in many countries as **May Day** or **International Labor Day** for human rights of workers and labour movement. This day is a holiday in most countries, including UK, China, Cuba, Czech republic, France, Russia, Brazil, Austria, Germany, Serbia, Hungary, North Macedonia, Romania, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kenya, Slovenia, Slovakia, Norway, Sweden, Turkey, Portugal, Bulgaria, Vietnam and Argentina.

May Day commemorates worker demonstrations for eight-hour workweeks in Chicago, May, 1886. More specifically, it commemorates the Haymarket Affair and the execution of multiple anarchist and marxist leaders.