19th century

The **19th century** lasted from 1801 to 1900. Some people call this the Victorian era because Queen Victoria ruled the United Kingdom.

The Second Industrial Revolution started in most western countries during this century.

## Religion

- 1830: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is established on 6 April.
- 1844: Persian Prophet the Báb founds Bábism. On 23 May he announced a revelation: the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest". He is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith.
- 1848: The Christadelphians founded by John Thomas (Christadelphian).
- 1871–1878: In Germany, Otto von Bismarck challenged the Catholic Church in the _Kulturkampf_ ("Culture War")
- 1879: Mary Baker Eddy founds the Church of Christ, Scientist.
- 1879: First issue of "The Watchtower", the religious magazine of the Jehovah's Witnesses
- 1889: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad establishes the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a reform sect of Islam.
- 1891: Pope Leo XIII launches the encyclical _Rerum novarum_, the first major Catholic document on social justice

## Culture

- 1808: Beethoven composes Fifth Symphony.
- 1812: Brothers Grimm fairy tale edition publishes _Snow White_.
- 1812: Charles Perrault and Brothers Grimm - two princesses, Snow White and Cinderella, meet for the first time.
- 1813: Jane Austen publishes _Pride and Prejudice._
- 1818: Mary Shelley publishes _Frankenstein_.
- 1819: John Keats writes his odes of 1819.
- 1819: Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece _The Raft of the Medusa_, and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre.
- 1824: Premiere of Beethoven's _Ninth Symphony_.
- 1829: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's _Faust_ premieres.
- 1837: Charles Dickens publishes _Oliver Twist_.
- 1841: Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes _Self-Reliance_.
- 1845: Frederick Douglass publishes _Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave_.
- 1847: The Brontë sisters publish _Jane Eyre_, _Wuthering Heights_ and _Agnes Grey_.
- 1849: Josiah Henson publishes The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Now an Inhabitant of Canada, as Narrated by Himself.
- 1851: Herman Melville publishes Moby-Dick.
- 1851: Sojourner Truth delivers the speech Ain't I a Woman?.
- 1852: Harriet Beecher Stowe publishes Uncle Tom's Cabin.
- 1855: Walt Whitman publishes the first edition of _Leaves of Grass_.
- 1855: Frederick Douglass publishes the first edition of _My Bondage and My Freedom_.
- 1862: Victor Hugo publishes _Les Misérables_.
- 1865: Lewis Carroll publishes Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
- 1869: Leo Tolstoy publishes _War and Peace_.
- 1875: Georges Bizet's opera Carmen premiers in Paris.
- 1876: Richard Wagner's _Ring Cycle_ is first performed in its entirety.
- 1883: Robert Louis Stevenson's _Treasure Island_ is published.
- 1884: Mark Twain publishes the _Adventures of Huckleberry Finn_.
- 1886: "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published.
- 1887: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle publishes his first Sherlock Holmes story, _A Study in Scarlet_.
- 1889: Vincent van Gogh paints _The Starry Night_.
- 1889: Moulin Rouge opens in Paris.
- 1892: Tchaikovsky's _Nutcracker Suite_ premières in St Petersberg.
- 1894: Rudyard Kipling's _The Jungle Book_ is published.
- 1895: Trial of Oscar Wilde and premiere of his play _The Importance of Being Earnest_.
- 1896: George Burns is born
- 1897: Bram Stoker writes _Dracula_.
- 1900: L. Frank Baum publishes The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

### Music

Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the 19th century is in the Romantic style.

Many great composers lived through this era, including Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. The list also includes:

- Mily Balakirev
- Hector Berlioz
- Georges Bizet
- Alexander Borodin
- Johannes Brahms
- Anton Bruckner
- Claude Debussy
- Antonín Dvořák
- Mikhail Glinka
- Edvard Grieg
- Scott Joplin
- Alexandre Levy
- Gustav Mahler
- Felix Mendelssohn
- Modest Mussorgsky
- Jacques Offenbach
- Niccolò Paganini
- Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
- Gioachino Rossini
- Anton Rubinstein
- Camille Saint-Saëns
- Antonio Salieri
- Franz Schubert
- Robert Schumann
- Alexander Scriabin
- Arthur Sullivan
- Giuseppe Verdi

## Decades and years

Note: years before or after the 19th century are in _italics_
|**1790s**|_1790_|_1791_|_1792_|_1793_|_1794_|_1795_|_1796_|_1797_|_1798_|_1799_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1800s**|_1800_|1801|1802|1803|1804|1805|1806|1807|1808|1809|
|**1810s**|1810|1811|1812|1813|1814|1815|1816|1817|1818|1819|
|**1820s**|1820|1821|1822|1823|1824|1825|1826|1827|1828|1829|
|**1830s**|1830|1831|1832|1833|1834|1835|1836|1837|1838|1839|
|**1840s**|1840|1841|1842|1843|1844|1845|1846|1847|1848|1849|
|**1850s**|1850|1851|1852|1853|1854|1855|1856|1857|1858|1859|
|**1860s**|1860|1861|1862|1863|1864|1865|1866|1867|1868|1869|
|**1870s**|1870|1871|1872|1873|1874|1875|1876|1877|1878|1879|
|**1880s**|1880|1881|1882|1883|1884|1885|1886|1887|1888|1889|
|**1890s**|1890|1891|1892|1893|1894|1895|1896|1897|1898|1899|
|**1900s**|1900|_1901_|_1902_|_1903_|_1904_|_1905_|_1906_|_1907_|_1908_|_1909_|

### Significant People

- Bela Bartok
- Clara Barton
- Otto von Bismarck
- Ludwig van Beethoven
- Alexander Graham Bell
- Alban Berg
- Simón Bolívar
- John Wilkes Booth
- Johannes Brahms
- Luigi Cherubini
- Frederic Chopin
- Empress Dowager Cixi
- Muzio Clementi
- Leon Czolgosz
- Claude Debussy
- Frederick Douglass
- Antonín Dvořák
- Thomas Edison
- Albert Einstein
- Friedrich Engels
- Robert Ford
- Charles J. Guiteau
- Jesse James
- Abraham Lincoln
- Franz Liszt
- David Livingstone
- Karl Marx
- Henry McCarty (Billy the Kid)
- Felix Mendelssohn
- John Stuart Mill
- Napoleon I
- Swami vivekananda
- Franz Schubert
- Robert Schumann
- Johann Strauss II
- Richard Strauss
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
- Harriet Tubman
- Giuseppe Verdi
- Richard Wagner