juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Roland Dumas

**Roland Dumas** (23 August 1922 – 3 July 2024) was a French lawyer and Socialist politician. He served as the Foreign Minister under President François Mitterrand from 1984 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1993. He was also President of the Constitutional Council from 1995 to 2000. He was born in Limoges, Haute-Vienne.

Dumas turned 100 in August 2022. He died on 3 July 2024 in Paris, France at the age of 101.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Roland Dumas
- **image**: Roland Dumas - 1989 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Dumas in 1989
- **office**: President of the Constitutional Council (France), Constitutional Council
- **appointer**: François Mitterrand
- **term start**: 8 March 1995
- **term end**: 29 February 2000
- **predecessor**: Robert Badinter
- **successor**: Yves Guéna
- **office2**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (France), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start2**: 10 May 1988
- **term end2**: 28 March 1993
- **president2**: François Mitterrand
- **primeminister2**: Michel Rocard
Édith Cresson
Pierre Bérégovoy
- **predecessor2**: Jean-Bernard Raimond
- **successor2**: Alain Juppé
- **office3**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs (France), Minister of External Affairs
- **term start3**: 7 December 1984
- **term end3**: 20 March 1986
- **president3**: François Mitterrand
- **primeminister3**: Laurent Fabius
- **predecessor3**: Claude Cheysson
- **successor3**: Jean-Bernard Raimond
- **birth date**: 23 August 1922
- **birth place**: Limoges, France
- **death date**: 3 July 2024 (age 101)
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **party**: Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party
- **alma mater**: Sciences Po
London School of Economics
- **nationality**: France, French
- **signature**: Signature3 Zwei plus Vier Vertrag.JPG
Warren Mitchell

**Warren Mitchell** (born **Warren Misell**; 14 January 1926 – 14 November 2015) was a British actor. He was a BAFTA TV Award winner and twice an Olivier Award winner. He was known for his role as Alf Garnett in the BBC television sitcom _Till Death Us Do Part_ (1965–75).

Mitchell died, in the early hours of 14 November 2015, after long period of illness, aged 89.
He is survived by his wife Connie and their three children: Rebecca, Daniel (also an actor) and Anna (also known as Georgia Mitchell).

## Other websites

- Screenonline: Warren Mitchell
- TimeOut: Warren Mitchell

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Warren Mitchell
- **image**: Warren Mitchell.jpg
- **caption**: Mitchell in 1978
- **birth name**: Warren Misell
- **birth place**: Stoke Newington, London, England, UK
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1951–2015
- **spouse**: (his death)
- **children**: 3
Eagles of Death Metal

**Eagles of Death Metal** is an American rock band from Palm Desert, California.

## Career

The band released their debut studio album, _Peace, Love, Death Metal_ on March 23, 2004 through AntAcidAudio. The song "I Only Want You" was featured in the 2004 racing game _Gran Turismo 4_, the television series _Queer as Folk_, an advertisement for Windows 8, and was a downloadable song for the _Rock Band_ series.

Their second studio album _Death by Sexy_ was released on April 11, 2006 in the United States and on July 3, 2006 in Europe through Downtown Records and Columbia Records. In the fall of 2006, they shared an opening support slot with Guns N' Roses, but it only lasted one show. Axl Rose of Guns N' Roses called the band "Pigeons of Shit Metal" from the stage that night and Eagles of Death Metal used the phrase on a T-shirt.

The band performed a live concert for the launch of the 2008 video game Midnight Club: Los Angeles at the Hollywood & Highland Virgin Megastore in Los Angeles. The band's third studio album _Heart On_ was released on October 28, 2008.

Their fourth studio album _Zipper Down_ was released on October 2, 2015. The album's first single "Complexity" was made available to stream on Pitchfork Media's website.

On November 13, 2015, the band performed a concert for a sell-out crowd of 1,500 people at Le Bataclan theatre in Paris. During the concert, four gunmen with AK-47 assault rifles entered the theatre. They opened fire and threw explosives into the crowd. The attack lasted about 20 minutes. They killed 87 people in the theatre. Four of the attackers died, three of them by blowing up their suicide vests. The fourth killed by police gunfire, and his vest blew up when he fell. Lead singer Jesse Hughes was able to escape the attack through the backstage and the rest of the band survived.

### Studio albums

- _Peace, Love, Death Metal_ (2004)
- _Death by Sexy_ (2006)
- _Heart On_ (2008)
- _Zipper Down_ (2015)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Eagles of Death Metal
- **img**: Eagles of Death Metal on stage at the Commodore Ballroom July 20th 2009.jpg
- **img capt**: Eagles of Death Metal performing at the Commodore Ballroom in Vancouver on July 20, 2009
- **img size**: 230px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Palm Desert, California, Palm Desert, California
- **genre**: Blues rock, garage rock
- **years active**: 1998–present
- **label**: Rekords Rekords, Rekords, Downtown Records, Downtown, GUN Records, GUN
- **associated acts**: Queens of the Stone Age, The Desert Sessions, Millionaire (band), Millionaire, Them Crooked Vultures, Jack Black, Kyuss
- **current members**: Jesse Hughes (musician), Jesse Hughes
Josh Homme
Wildflower

A ***Wildflower*** is a flower that grows in the wild. Wildflowers aren't naturally planted by nature or by humans, but grow in the wild. Wildflowers are native and exotic species. Some species of wildflowers are endangered.
Schnauzer

A **schnauzer** is a type of dog breed that originated in Germany in about the 14th century. The Standard Schnauzer is the oldest of the three Schnauzer varieties: Miniature, Standard, and Giant. All three varieties have the distinctive whiskers, mustache and eyebrows, which is where they take their name from as in German schnauzer means moustache.

## History

The Standard Schnauzer is the prototype from which the other two were bred. From the middle ages on they guarded the livestock and family members. They are descended from European herding and guard dogs. As a distinctive breed, they appear in pictures of the 14th and 15th centuries. As far as can be determined they were bred from the Gray Wolf Spitz, the German poodle (pudel) and the Wirehaired Pinscher. About the middle of the 19th century German dog enthusiasts took an interest in the Schnauzer. Dog breeders experimented by crossing them with other breeds. First the Miniature Schnauzer was developed, then the Giant Schnauzer.

## Three varieties

- A **Miniature Schnauzer** is an energetic and sturdy little dog. Miniature Schnauzers are also very intelligent dogs. They stand between  tall at the shoulder. They normally weigh between . The normal colors are salt and pepper (a mix of off-white, gray and black), all black, and black and silver. They resemble the Standard Schnauzer from which they were bred. They were first shown as early as 1889.

- The **Standard Schnauzer** is the original breed of Schnauzer. German farmers in  kept them as hunting dogs, rat catchers and watchdogs. They are a medium-sized dog with a hard, wire-like coat. It is a strong and very quick dog for its size. It is able to cover distances easily. Like all Schnauzers they have the same whiskers, eyebrows and mustache. They stand between  tall at the shoulder. Standard Schnauzers normally weigh between . The colors are usually salt and pepper or solid black.

- The **Giant Schnauzer** resembles the Standard Schnauzer, only they are bigger and stronger. They are very muscular dogs. They stand as much as  tall at the shoulder. They can weigh about . The double coat is either solid black or “pepper and salt.” Much the same as their two smaller cousins they have the distinctive whiskers, eyebrows and mustache. The breed was developed in the areas around Württemberg and Bavaria as a farm dog. They were used to drive livestock to market. During World War I they were used as military guard dogs and as police dogs. They still work with police today and also as Search and rescue dogs. They are also popular as guard dogs, and are also notable for appearances in _Doglands_, _FBI Internationals_, _It's Me or The Dog_, and most arguably _Jacob, Mimmi and the Talking Dogs_.

## Other websites

- The Three Varieties of the Schnauzer Dog Breed
- The Behavioral Differences Between a Miniature, Standard & Giant Schnauzer
Chelsea, London

**Chelsea** is a well-known area in London. It was a borough, but now it is in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea.

It is an area where the property values are very high, and the shops and facilities cater to wealthy people. It is the home of Sloane Square, the King's Road and Chelsea F.C. It was the centre of Swinging London in the 1960s, and is still a centre of the fashion trade. Sloane Street is one of London's premier shopping destinations, with high-end fashion or jewellery boutiques such as Cartier, Tiffany & Co., Dolce & Gabbana, Prada, Gucci, Harrods, Dior, Louis Vuitton, Jimmy Choo, Giorgio Armani, Yves Saint Laurent, Chanel, Valentino, Bvlgari, Gianni Versace and Graff.
Harrods

**Harrods** is an upmarket department store on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, London. The Harrods brand also applies to Harrods enterprises, including Harrods Bank, Harrods Estates, Harrods Aviation and Air Harrods.

The store has a  site. It has 330 departments covering one million square feet () of retail space. It is said to be the biggest department store in Europe.

Harrods was founded by Charles Henry Harrod in 1834. In the 20th century they bought other stores in the UK. In 1959, the British department store holding company, House of Fraser, bought Harrods. Later, in 1985, the Egyptian Mohamed Al-Fayed bought Harrods. In 2010, the store was sold to Qatar Investment Authority (QIA). This company invests the wealth of the Qatar royal family. Harrods is also known for their annual Christmas bears which are very popular.
Odo, Earl of Kent

**Odo, Earl of Kent** (ca 1030 – 1097) and Bishop of Bayeux, was the half-brother of William the Conqueror. For a time he was second in power after William became King of England.

### Early life

Odo was born about 1030. He was the son of William the Conqueror's mother Herleva and Herluin de Conteville. Count Robert of Mortain was his younger brother.

### Norman Conquest and after

Although he was an ordained Christian cleric, he is best known as a warrior and greedy nobleman. He provided 100 ships for his brother's invasion of England. Odo is one of the very few proven companions of William the Conqueror, known to have fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. He probably commissioned the Bayeux Tapestry. In 1067, Odo became the Earl of Kent. For several years he was a trusted royal minister. On some occasions when William was absent (back in Normandy), he served as the _de facto_ regent of England. At times he led the royal forces against rebellions. There are also other occasions when he accompanied William back to Normandy. During this time Odo acquired vast estates in England. He held land in twenty-three counties, mainly in the southeast and in East Anglia.

### Character

As the Earl of Kent he became infamous for being greedy, ruthless and a tyrant. Odo obtained a large fortune in land and gold by plundering the landowners of Kent. One chronicler, Thomas of Marlborough, called him a "ravening wolf". Orderic Vitalis, writing nearly a century after Odo's death, he showed him to be a very complex man. On the one hand Odo had great ambition. He was the perfect example of Norman oppression on a conquered England. Yet he was deeply religious and contributed to the ecclesiastical growth of England. Orderic wrote of him:

## Fall from grace

In 1076 Odo was placed on trial. He was accused of defrauding the Crown and the Diocese of Canterbury. At the conclusion of the trial he was forced to return a number of properties he had taken. Most of his wealth was redistributed.

In 1082, he was suddenly disgraced and put in prison. This time it was for having planned a military expedition to Italy. He wanted to crown himself the Pope. His brother, the king, disapproved of the plan and put a stop to it. Odo spent the next five years in prison in Rouen. His English estates were taken back by the king, as was his office as Earl of Kent. He was allowed to remain the Bishop of Bayeux, however. Odo was released from prison after William died. In 1096 Odo set off on the First Crusade with his nephew, Robert Curthose. He died in Palermo while wintering there in early 1097. He was buried in the Cathedral there.
Cortisone

**Cortisone** is a 21-carbon steroid hormone. Its chemical name is 17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocorticosterone. It is one of the main hormones released by the adrenal gland in response to stress.

In chemical structure, it is closely related to cortisol. It is used to treat a variety of ailments and can be administered in various ways. Cortisone suppresses the immune system. This reduces inflammation, pain and swelling at the site of the injury. Long-term use of cortisone has risks.

Tadeus Reichstein, E.C. Kendall and P.S. Hench were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950, for their discovery of cortisone.
Seux

**Seux** is a French commune in Picardy. In 2012, 167 people lived there. The commune is stuated on a plateau, about  from Amiens. It is known for its church, Saint Fiacre, which was built in the 18th century. Robert de Louvencourt (1880-1952), which was in the French legion d'honneur, was born in Seux.
Scottish Terrier

The **Scottish Terrier** is one of the five breeds of terrier that originated in Scotland. It is also known as **Aberdeen Terrier**. The other four breeds of terrier from Scotland are Skye, Cairn, Dandie Dinmont, and West Highland White Terrier. Originally scottish terriers were  used for hunting, but because of their small size, they are often kept as pets.

## Infobox (dogbreed)

- **name**: Scottish Terrier
- **nickname**: Scottie, Aberdeenie
- **country**: Scotland
- **image**: File:Scottish Terrier Photo of Face.jpg
- **image caption**: 1.5-year-old black Scottish Terrier
- **coat**: double (hard wiry & soft undercoat)
- **colour**: Black, Brindle, Wheaten
- **litter size**: 1–6
- **life span**: 11 to 13 years
- **kc name**: The Kennel Club
- **kc std**: http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/item/83
- **fcistd**: http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/073g03-en.pdf
- **note**: National dog of Scotland
Eicosanoid

**Eicosanoids** (or **icosanoids**) are hormones made of lipids. They are signaling molecules made by the oxidation of 20-carbon fatty acids.

They have control over many bodily systems. They influence growth during and after physical activity, inflammation or immunity after the intake of toxic compounds and pathogens. They are also messengers in the central nervous system.

The networks of controls that depend upon eicosanoids are among the most complex in the human body.
Vincent Margera

**Vincent Roy Margera** (July 3, 1956 – November 15, 2015), more commonly known as **Don Vito**, was an American reality television personality. He was known for his appearances in _Viva La Bam_, _Jackass_, _Haggard_ and the _CKY videos_ alongside his nephew Bam.

## Child sexual abuse conviction

His career was ended with his conviction for child sexual abuse in 2006. He was found groping two 12-year-old girls at an autograph signing and was subsequently held with bail set at $50,000. On October 31, he was found guilty of two counts of sexual assault on a minor and acquitted on one count. On November 1, 2007, he was put on suicide watch. He was held at the Jefferson County Detention Facility until his sentencing on December 20, 2007. He faced between two years to life in prison. He was sentenced to 10 years probation.

## Death

Margera died on November 15, 2015, from kidney and liver failure in West Chester, Pennsylvania at the age of 59.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Vincent "Don Vito" Margera
- **birth place**: Concordville, Pennsylvania, USA
- **death place**: West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA
- **occupation**: Actor
- **relatives**: Bam Margera (nephew)
Moira Orfei

**Moira Orfei** (; 21 December 1931 – 15 November 2015), a.k.a. **Miranda Orfei**, was a popular Italian actress and television personality. Moira was considered the queen of the Italian circus. She was also an actress who was known for her role as Giorgia Casellato in _The Birds, the Bees and the Italians_.

On 4 August 2006 Moira Orfei had an Ischemic stroke during a show in Gioiosa Ionica. She was still under medical care when she died on 15 November 2015 in Brescia, Italy from complications of the stroke, aged 83.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Moira Orfei
- **image**: Signore&signori-Orfei.jpg
- **caption**: Orfei in _Signore & signori_ (1966)
- **birth name**: Miranda Orfei
- **birth place**: Codroipo, Italy
- **death place**: Brescia, Italy
- **othername**: Miranda Orfei
Moira degli elefanti ("Moira of the elephants")
- **spouse**: Walter Nones
(m. 1961–2015; her death)
- **children**: Stefano Orfei
Lara Orfei
- **parents**: Riccardo Orfei
Violetta Arata
- **website**: [http://www.moiraorfei.it/ www.moiraoirfei.it]
Gastone Moschin

**Gastone Moschin** (8 June 1929 – 4 September 2017) was an Italian actor. He was born in San Giovanni Lupatoto (Veneto).

Moschin began his career in the 1950s as theatre actor. He starred with Barbara Bouchet in _Milano Calibro 9_ in 1972. His most famous role is that of Rambaldo Melandri in the _Amici miei_ series (1975–1985). He also had a part in Francis Ford Coppola's _The Godfather Part II_, as Don Fanucci.

Moschin died of kidney failure on 4 September 2017 at his home in Terni, Italy at the age of 88.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gastone Moschin
- **image**: Gastone Moschin-1967.png
- **caption**: Gastone Moschin in _L'Harem_ (1967)
- **birth name**: Mochine Gaston
- **birth place**: San Giovanni Lupatoto (Veneto), Italy
- **death place**: Terni, Italy
- **occupation**: actor
- **years active**: 1955-2001
Marco Vicario

**Marco Vicario** (born 20 September 1925) is an Italian movie actor, screenwriter, movie producer and director. He appeared in 23 movies between 1950 and 1958. He is known for his roles in _7 uomini d'oro_ (1965), _Il grande colpo dei 7 uomini d'oro_ (1966) and _Wifemistress_ (1977).

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Marco Vicario.jpg
- **name**: Marco Vicario
- **birth place**: Rome, Italy
- **occupation**: Actor, screenwriter, film producer, film director
- **yearsactive**: 1950-1982
Berugo Carámbula

**Heber Hugo Carámbula**, (31 October 1945 – 14 November 2015), also known under the stage name of **Berugo Carámbula**, was a Uruguayan actor, comedian and TV host. He was born in Las Piedras in 1945. He was known for his role in the Argentine telenovela _Son Amores_ from which he starred in from 2002 through 2003.

Carámbula died in Montevideo, Uruguay from complications of Parkinson's disease at the age of 70.

## Other websites

- Berugo Carámbula en cinenacional (Spanish)
- Berugo Carámbula (Spanish)
- Un único: Berugo Carámbula recordado en Buenos Aires (Spanish)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Berugo Carámbula
- **image**: Berugo Carámbula.jpg
- **birth place**: Las Piedras, Uruguay, Las Piedras, Uruguay
- **death place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **birth name**: Heber Hugo Carámbula
- **spouse**: Adriana
- **children**: Joaquín, Gabriel and María
Bernard King

**Bernard King** (born December 4, 1956) is an American retired basketball player. He played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA).

King was picked in the 1st round of the 1977 NBA Draft. He played with the New Jersey Nets, Utah Jazz, Golden State Warriors, New York Knicks and the Washington Bullets.

He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame on September 8, 2013.

## Infobox (basketball biography)

- **name**: Bernard King
- **image**: Bernard King UT.jpg
- **caption**: King at Tennessee
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 7
- **weight lbs**: 205
- **nationality**: American
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York
- **college**: Tennessee Volunteers basketball, Tennessee (1974–1977)
- **draft year**: 1977
- **draft round**: 1
- **draft pick**: 7
- **draft team**: New York Nets
- **career start**: 1977
- **career end**: 1993
- **career position**: Small forward
- **career number**: 22, 30, 55
- **years1**: 1977–1978
- **team1**: New Jersey Nets
- **years2**: 1979
- **team2**: Utah Jazz
- **years3**: 1980–1981
- **team3**: Golden State Warriors
- **years4**: 1982–1986
- **team4**: New York Knicks
- **years5**: 1987–1990
- **team5**: Washington Bullets
- **years6**: 1992
- **team6**: New Jersey Nets
- **highlights**: *4× NBA All-Star Game, NBA All-Star (1982, 1984, 1985, 1991)
*2× All-NBA First Team (1984, 1985)
*All-NBA Second Team (1982)
*All-NBA Third Team (1991)
*NBA All-Rookie Team (1978)
*List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders, NBA scoring champion (1985)
*Consensus first-team NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans, All-American (1977)
*Consensus second-team All-American (1976)
*3× Southeastern Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year, SEC Player of the Year (1975–1977)
* No. 53 retired by Tennessee Volunteers basketball#Retired jerseys, the University of Tennessee
- **stat1label**: Point (basketball), Points
- **stat1value**: 19,655 (22.5 ppg)
- **stat2label**: Rebound (basketball), Rebounds
- **stat2value**: 5,060 (5.8 rpg)
- **stat3label**: Assist (basketball), Assists
- **stat3value**: 2,863 (3.3 apg)
- **letter**: k
- **bbr**: kingbe01
- **hof player**: bernard-king
A Division (New York City Subway)

The **A Division**, also known as the **IRT Division**, is a division of the New York City Subway, consisting of the lines operated with services designated by numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) and the 42nd Street Shuttle. These lines and services were operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company before the 1940 city takeover. A Division cars are narrower, shorter, and lighter than those of the B Division, measuring .

## List of lines

The following lines are part of the A Division (services shown in parentheses; lines with colors next to them are trunk lines):

- IRT 42nd Street Shuttle ()
- IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line ()
- IRT Dyre Avenue Line ()
- IRT Eastern Parkway Line ()
- IRT Flushing Line ()
- IRT Jerome Avenue Line ()
- IRT Lenox Avenue Line ()
- IRT Lexington Avenue Line ()
- IRT New Lots Line ()
- IRT Nostrand Avenue Line ()
- IRT Pelham Line ()
- IRT White Plains Road Line ()

## Service history

Numbers were assigned to subway services in 1948:
||Name|North end/type||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Seventh Avenue Local (all times)|Broadway||
|2|Seventh Avenue Express (all times except late nights)|White Plains Road||
|3|Seventh Avenue Express (all times)|Lenox Avenue||
|4|Lexington Avenue Express (all times except late nights)|Jerome||
|5|Lexington Avenue Express (all times except late nights)|White Plains Road||
|6|Lexington Avenue Local (all times)|Pelham Bay Park||
|rowspan=2|7|Flushing Express peak direction (rush hours)|Flushing|
|Flushing Local (all times)|Flushing|||
The 42nd Street Shuttle and Bowling Green–South Ferry Shuttle also provided subway services, and elevated service remained on the Third Avenue Line and Polo Grounds Shuttle.

## Related pages

- Interborough Rapid Transit Company
- New York City Subway

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: A Division
- **logo**: MTA New York City Subway logo.svg
- **logo width**: 250px
- **image**:

42nd Street Shuttle, (42nd Street)
- **map state**: collapsed
Black garlic

**Black garlic** is a type of food which is made by heating whole bulbs of garlic over the course of several weeks. It was first used as a food ingredient in Asian cuisine. The taste is sweet and syrupy with hints of balsamic vinegar or tamarind.
Black garlic's popularity has spread to the United States because it has become a sought-after ingredient used in high-end cuisine. The ornamental plant _Allium nigrum_ is commonly called black garlic.
Wikimapia

**Wikimapia** is a geographic online encyclopedia project. It utilizes an interactive "clickable" web map with a geographically-referenced wiki-based system. Its aim is to mark and describe all geographical objects in the world. Wikimapia was created by Alexandre Koriakine and Evgeniy Saveliev on May 2006.

## Other websites

- Wikimapia website
Orbital resonance

**Orbital resonance** is a resonance of two orbiting bodies exerting a regular, periodic gravitational effect on each other. Their orbital periods may be related by a ratio of two small integers. It is caused by the changing gravitational forces of bodies which go round each other. The stability of the Solar System was first investigated by Laplace, and there is still much that is not known about it.

As a satellite goes around a planet or two stars go around each other, the gravitational forces can change, sometimes by a lot. This is partly because orbits are usually ellipses, not circular, and so the forces change accordingly. Also, the planets and stars are usually not spherical. They spin, and vary in their degree of compression along their axis of rotation (oblateness). This also changes the forces on an orbiting body.

In particular, the forces may be unstable, so the smaller partner may change until the forces are stable (do not change with time). Satellites often end up with one face towards their planet, because that is the most stable position (tidal locking).

There are other stability effects. Gaps in Saturn's rings are caused by the particles shifting into more stable positions. In the rings of Saturn, the Cassini Division is a gap between the inner B Ring and the outer A Ring. It was cleared by a 2:1 resonance with the moon Mimas. Jupiter makes similar Kirkwood gap<nowiki/>s in the asteroid belt.

There is a stability ratio for Neptune and Pluto: the 2:3 ratio means Pluto completes two orbits in the time it takes Neptune to complete three.

The area of mechanics which is used for these studies is called celestial mechanics.
Agoura Hills, California

**Agoura Hills, California** is a city of Los Angeles County, California.
Derogation

**Derogation** (Latin _derogatio_) is the relaxation or exemption from of a rule of law. This is as opposed to a repeal or ending of a law.  The term is used in both civil law and common law.  It is sometimes used, loosely, to mean abrogation. For example in the legal maxim: _Lex posterior derogat priori_ which means a more recent law may overrule an earlier law. Derogation is different from dispensation (an exception to a law) in that it applies to the law. A dispensation applies to specific people who are affected by the law.

In terms of European Union legislation, a derogation can also imply that a member state delays putting into effect a part of an European Union regulation (etc.) into their own legal system. This can be for a period of time such as five years. Or that a member state has decided not to enforce a specific provision in a treaty due to internal circumstances (typically a state of emergency).

## Related pages

- Repeal
- Implied repeal
- Canon law

## Other websites

- _Catholic Encyclopedia_ Derogation
Rudy Markussen

**Rudy Markussen** (born July 24, 1977 in Copenhagen) is a retired Danish professional boxer.

His nickname is _The Hard Hitter_. On November 16, 2002 Markussen was the number 1 challenger for the IBF Super Middleweight World title. He lost to Sven Ottke. On October 24, 2003 he won the WBO title against American James Crawford. Then on July 24, 2004 he won the EBU (European) Super Middleweight title. He beat Danilo Häussler by a 12 round unanimous decision.

In 2006 Markussen was in a car accident. He was unable to box for several years. Markussen made a comeback in 2010 and had 6 fights in the years 2010-2012. His last fight was December 12, 2015 against fellow Dane Patrick Nielsen.

## Infobox (boxer)

- **name**: Rudy Markussen
- **nickname**: Hardhitter
- **weight**: Super Middleweight
Light Heavyweight
- **nationality**: Danish people, Danish
- **birth place**: Copenhagen, Denmark
- **style**: Orthodox stance, Orthodox
- **total**: 44
- **wins**: 39
- **ko**: 26
- **losses**: 4
- **draws**: 0
- **no contests**: 1
Cumberland, Indiana

**Cumberland** is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,954.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Cumberland, Indiana
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Colmar and Wayburn in Cumberland.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: A residential neighborhood in northern Cumberland
- **image map**: File:Hancock County and Marion County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Cumberland Highlighted 1816336.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Hancock County and Marion County, Indiana
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Indiana
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Indiana, Counties
- **subdivision name2**: Marion County, Indiana, Marion, Hancock County, Indiana, Hancock
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 7.30
- **area land km2**: 7.28
- **area water km2**: 0.02
- **area total sq mi**: 2.82
- **area land sq mi**: 2.81
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 5954
- **population density sq mi**: 2118.11
- **population density km2**: 817.93
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation ft**: 833
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 46229
- **area code**: Area code 317, 317
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 18-16336
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2396672
Willie Mays

**Willie Howard Mays Jr.** (May 6, 1931 – June 18, 2024), nicknamed "**The Say Hey Kid**" was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) center fielder. He spent almost all of his 22 season career playing for the New York and San Francisco Giants before finishing with the New York Mets. His career began in 1951 and he retired in 1973.

Mays was born in Westfield, Alabama, near Bessemer, Alabama.

Mays was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in 1979 and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama in 2015.

In 1999, Mays placed second on _The Sporting News_s "List of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players", placing second to Babe Ruth. Later that year, fans elected him to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In 2020, _The Athletic_ ranked Mays at number 1 on its "Baseball 100" list. In 2022, MLB.com writers voted Mays as being the greatest player in Giants franchise history.

Roberto Clemente said of Mays: "To me, Willie Mays is the greatest who ever played."

Mays died of heart failure on June 18, 2024 in Palo Alto, California at the age of 93.

## Other websites

- Willie Mays article, Encyclopedia of Alabama
- May 1951: Minneapolis Tribune account of Mays' first home game as a Minneapolis Miller
- Willie Mays: Say Hey!  – slideshow by _Life magazine_
Sharnbrook Upper School

**Sharnbrook Upper School** is an affiliated school in Bedford, Bedfordshire, England. It is in the village of Sharnbrook. It has about 2,500 students. The students range in age from 13 to 18 years of age. The school is very popular and has a waiting list for students. Some parents move into the Sharnbrook area to guarantee their children will get a place at the school. In 2015, 99% of Sharnbrook students passed their level 3 exams. The school is rated in the top 10% of schools in England "for student progress and attainment".
Jean Pierre Flourens

**Marie Jean Pierre Flourens** (13 April 1794 – 6 December 1867) proved that the effects of "the mind" were caused by the brain, not the heart.

He was a French physiologist, the founder of experimental brain science and a pioneer in anesthesia. He use brain surgery on animals, and studied their effects. His kind of surgery is called "ablative surgery": in most cases ablative brain surgery does not mean removing brain tissue, but rather destroying tissue and leaving it in place.

In 1825, Flourens pioneered the experimental method of ablating parts of the brain in living rabbits and pigeons. He carefully observed their effects. His intention was to find out whether different parts of the brain had different functions.

Flourens was able to show for the first time that the main parts of the brain were responsible for largely different functions. By removing the cerebral hemispheres, for instance, all perceptions, voluntary action, and judgment were abolished. The removal of the cerebellum affected the animal's equilibrium and motor coordination, while the destruction of the brainstem (medulla oblongata) caused death. These experiments led Flourens to conclude that:
- the cerebral hemispheres are responsible for higher cognitive functions,
- the cerebellum regulates and integrates movements,
- that the medulla controls vital functions, such as circulation, respiration and general bodily stability.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Jean Pierre Flourens
- **image**: Pierre_flourens.jpeg
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Jean Pierre Flourens
- **birth date**: 13 April 1794
- **birth place**: Maureilhan
- **death date**: 6 December 1867
- **death place**: Montgeron
- **nationality**: French
- **field**: physiologist
- **known for**: anesthesia
Packaged terminal air conditioner

A **packaged terminal air conditioner** (**PTAC**) is a kind of self-contained heating and air conditioning system. It is commonly found in hotels, motels, senior housing facilities, hospitals, condominiums, apartment buildings, add-on rooms & sunrooms. Many PTACs are designed to be installed in a wall. They have vents and heat sinks both inside and outside. Different standard dimensions are found in the market including 42×16 inches, 36x15 inches, and 40x15 inches.

The older units usually use mechanical control with mechanical push buttons to select the mode of operation and fan speed control. Another rotary knob is used to set the desired temperature of the unit. This was the most cost-effective and simplest method of control in the past. The development and the reduction in the cost of electronic controls have enabled manufacturers to implement electronic control touchpad that comes with remote control. Some of the electronic controls that have been built into the system including a timer control where you will be able to set when to ON or OFF the unit, Mode control is operated by pushing the same button to select the mode of operation. Temperature setting is displayed by the use of 7 segment display and buttons used to change the settings. Energy-saving features such as sleep or economizer functions where the set temperature will be automatically adjusted according to the duration that has elapsed.

## History

The first practical packaged terminal air conditioner was invented by engineers at Chrysler Motors.
Phoenix, Edison, New Jersey

**Phoenix, Edison, New Jersey** is a neighborhood of Edison, New Jersey.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Phoenix, New Jersey
- **settlement type**: Local government in New Jersey#Unincorporated communities, Unincorporated community
- **pushpin map**: USA New Jersey Middlesex County
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Phoenix in Middlesex County Inset: Location of county within the state of New Jersey
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: New Jersey
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Jersey, County
- **subdivision name2**: Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex
- **subdivision type3**: List of townships in New Jersey, Township
- **subdivision name3**: Edison, New Jersey, Edison
- **elevation ft**: 89
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 879272
- **unit pref**: imperial
Lincoln Park, New Brunswick, New Jersey

**Lincoln Park, New Brunswick, New Jersey** is a neighborhood of New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Primary and secondary legislation

In the parliamentary systems of government, **primary legislation** and **secondary legislation** are two forms of law. Primary legislation consists of Acts of Parliament or statute. Secondary legislation (also called delegated legislation) is the granting of additional law-making powers to another branch of government by an Act or statute. In the European Union, primary and secondary legislation are two of the three processes of law. The third is **supplementary law** which includes International law and covers any gaps between primary and secondary legislation.

## Primary legislations

In parliamentary systems, there are  three branches of government—executive, legislative and judicial.  When a parliament makes a law, called an act, it is binding on the other two branches of government. Acts are made by a majority vote of the legislature. The exact process differs in different parliamentary systems. In a bicameral (two-chamber) system there is usually a lower house (such as the House of Commons in the UK) and an upper house (such as the House of Lords). A new law starts out as a bill, usually in the lower house. It must pass both houses before it can become an act. Other systems use a unicameral or one-chamber legislation. In either system, an act becomes the law. Judges and the courts have little authority to challenge the validity of a law.

In the United States, primary legislation is, at the federal level, an Act of Congress. A statute that delegates authority or responsibility to an agency is called an _authorizing statute._ A law created by the executive branch of the United States Government or that of a state government as the result of primary legislation is called a regulatory law.

## Secondary legislation

Secondary (also called subordinate) legislation is all other forms of legislation that are not Acts of Parliament. It is very similar to administrative law in the United States. The legislative branch of governments often delegates power to allow ministers to make secondary legislation. Secondary legislation also includes directives, regulations and decisions by commissions or councils. Most Acts of Parliament in the UK contain provisions to allow secondary legislation.

The two types of secondary legislation are delegated legislation and prerogative legislation.
- Delegated legislation allows other branches of a government to make changes to a law as they become necessary. There is no need to start a new bill in a parliament.
- Prerogative legislation are those powers given to certain officials to create laws, rules or regulations.
Statute

A **statute** is a written law passed by a state or federal legislature that creates a rule or regulation. Statutes (also called legal codes) provide the authority for other laws. Many state and federal agencies, such as the IRS, EPA and state Secretaries of State may issue regulations for the areas of the law they cover. A statute usually commands something, prohibits something or declares something to be policy. When there is a dispute over the meaning of a statute, a state or federal court may issue a judgment that interprets the statute more clearly. When this happens it also becomes case law.

Before a statute becomes law in some countries, it must be agreed upon by the highest executive in the government. Then it is published as part of a legal code. In many countries, statutes are organized (or codified) for a particular jurisdiction. In many nations statutory law is distinguished from and is subordinate to constitutional law.
Androula Henriques

**Androula Christofidou Henriques** (born 1936) is an activist from Cyprus. In 2010 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Work

Henriques started "Cyprus Stop Trafficking", a group to fight human trafficking. She became the president of the group. She also worked to get the government of Cyprus to stop human trafficking.

In 2008, Cyprus Stop Trafficking had a conference in Cyprus to help stop human trafficking.  There were speakers from the United States and the European Union.  There were also people from the National Police, the House of Representatives, the Attorney General's Office, the Turkish-Cypriot community, several NGOs, and many journalists.

## Awards

- She received an International Women of Courage Award in 2010.

- In 2012, she received the rank of Commander in the National Order of Merit from Jean-Luc Florentby, France's ambassador to Cyprus.

## Other websites

- 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Sonia Pierre

**Solange Pierre** or **Sonia Pierre**, (1963 – December 4, 2011), was a human rights activist in the Dominican Republic.  She worked to end _antihaitianismo_, which is discrimination against people of Haitian origin either born in Haiti or in the Dominican Republic. For this work, she won the 2006 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award.

In 2010 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State.

## Life

Pierre was born in Villa Altagracia, San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic, in 1963.  Her parents were from Haiti.   Her mother came to the Dominican Republic in 1957 with a temporary work permit.  Her father came to the Dominican territory illegally).

There were twelve  children in Pierre's family The family lived in a migrant worker camp.  The name of the camp is _batey_.  Many people from Haiti live here. Pierre's birth certificate said her name was Solain Pie.  Pierre said that was a mistake by a government clerk."

On December 4, 2011, Pierre died at the age of 48.  She had a heart attack on the way to the hospital in Villa Altagracia.

## Work

At the age of 14, Pierre started a protest by sugar cane workers. Pierre went to jail, but the protest received some attention. After the protest, the workers got better tools and more money.

Pierre worked as director of the non-governmental organization Movement for Dominican Women of Haitian Descent (MUDHA).  The goal of the group is to stop "antihaitianism", or discrimination against people from Haiti in the Dominican Republic.

In 2005, Pierre went to the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the case of two ethnic Haitian children who did not receive Dominican birth certificates. The name of the case was _Yean and Bosico v. Dominican Republic_. The court told the Dominican government to give birth certificates to the children.  However, later, the Dominican Supreme Court later said the Haitian workers were 'in transit,' so their children could not be citizens. "

## Awards

- For her work, Pierre received the 2006 Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award from Senator Edward Kennedy.

- Pierre also received Amnesty International's 2003 Human Rights Ginetta Sagan Fund Award.

- She and MUDHA were nominated for the UNESCO Prize for Human Rights Education in 2002.

- In 2008, she received the Giuseppe Motta Meda] for working for human rights.

- She was also honored by the United States Department of State with a 2010 International Women of Courage Award.

## Other websites

- 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Jonah Lomu

**Jonah Tali Lomu** (12 May 1975 – 18 November 2015) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He had sixty-three caps as an All Black after debuting in 1994. He was thought to be as the first true global superstar of rugby union. He had a huge impact on the game. He was inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame on 9 October 2007, and the IRB Hall of Fame on 24 October 2011.

He played for several domestic teams, in the Super Rugby, NPC and later the Magners League competitions. These included the Auckland Blues, Chiefs  and Hurricanes, and Counties Manukau, Wellington and later North Harbour and Cardiff Blues. He made a comeback after undergoing a kidney transplant in 2004.

Lomu died suddenly of kidney failure in Auckland, New Zealand, aged 40.

## Other websites

- Official website
- ESPN Profile
Saeed Jaffrey

**Saeed Jaffrey**, OBE (Punjabi: ਸਈਦ ਜਾਫ਼ਰੀ, Urdu: ; ; 8 January 1929 – 15 November 2015) was an Indian-born British actor. He appeared on radio, stage, television and movie. He was known for his roles in _The Man Who Would Be King_, _Shatranj Ke Khilari_, and in _My Beautiful Laundrette_.

Jaffrey died at a hospital in London on 14 November 2015, having recently collapsed at his home and suffered a brain hemorrhage, aged 86.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Saeed Jaffrey
- **honorific suffix**: Order of the British Empire, OBE
- **native name**: سعید جعفری
- **native name lang**: Urdu
- **birth place**: Malerkotla, Malerkotla State, Punjab (India), Punjab, British India
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **death place**: London, England, UK
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1961–2014
- **children**: Zia Jaffrey _(b. 1959)_
Meera Jaffrey _(b. 1960)_
Sakina Jaffrey _(b. 1962)_
Nando Gazzolo

**Ferdinando "Nando" Gazzolo** (16 October 1928 – 16 November 2015) was an Italian actor and voice actor. He was born in Savona, Italy. Gazzolo was known for his roles in _West and Soda_ (1965), _He Who Shoots First_ (1966) and _La ragione degli altri_ (1965).

Gazzolo died in Nepi, Italy from complications of pneumonia at the age of 87.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nando Gazzolo
- **image**: Nando Gazzolo 68.jpg
- **birth date**: 16 October 1928
- **birth place**: Savona, Italy
- **death date**: 16 November 2015 (aged 87)
- **death place**: Nepi, Italy
- **occupation**: Actor
Dora Doll

**Dora Doll** (19 May 1922 – 15 November 2015) was a French actress. She was born **Dorothea Hermina Feinberg** in Berlin. She was known for her roles in _Manon_, _French Cancan_ and in _Julia_.

Doll died in Gard, France from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 93.

## Other websites

- Dora Doll has died; accessed 17 November 2015.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dora Doll
- **image**: Doll Harcourt 1947.jpg
- **caption**: Dora Doll in 1947
- **birth name**: Dorothea Hermina Feinberg
- **birth place**: Berlin, Germany
- **death place**: Gard, France
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1950–1964
Metairie, Louisiana

**Metairie** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Metairie
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **image skyline**: Metairie CBD.jpg
- **image caption**: Metairie Central Business District along Causeway Blvd
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: Jefferson Parish, Louisiana, Jefferson
- **pushpin map**: Louisiana#USA
- **pushpin label**: Metairie
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Metairie in Louisiana
- **area total sq mi**: 23.3
- **area land sq mi**: 23.2
- **area water sq mi**: 0.04
- **elevation ft**: 3
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 143507
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: −6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: −5
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 70001–70006, 70009–70011, 70003
- **area code**: Area code 504, 504
- **blank name**: GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 555301