juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Neue Kirche, Berlin

The **Neue Kirche** (; colloquially , meaning "German Cathedral"), is in Berlin.  It is on the Gendarmenmarkt across from the _French Church_. The Lutheran and Calvinist congregants used German as their native language.  This is different than the French-speaking Calvinist congregation who owned the French Church on the opposite side of Gendarmenmarkt. The congregants' native language combined with the domed tower gave the church its colloquial naming.

## Famous parishioners

- E. T. A. Hoffmann

## References

- Ingrid Bartmann-Kompa, Horst Büttner, Horst Drescher, Joachim Fait, Marina Flügge, Gerda Herrmann, Ilse Schröder, Helmut Spielmann, Christa Stepansky, and Heinrich Trost, _Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmale in der DDR: Hauptstadt Berlin_: 2 parts, Institut für Denkmalpflege (ed.) (<sup>1</sup>1983), Berlin: Henschelverlag Kunst und Gesellschaft, <sup>2</sup>1984, part I, p. 217. No ISBN.
- Günther Kühne and Elisabeth Stephani, _Evangelische Kirchen in Berlin_ (<sup>1</sup>1978), Berlin: CZV-Verlag, <sup>2</sup>1986, pp. 374seq. .

## Other websites

- German Bundestag Historic Exhibition
- Congregation in the Friedrichstadt (German official website)

## Infobox (religious building)

- **name**: German Church
_Deutscher Dom_ <small>(German language, de)
actually: Neue Kirche</small>
- **image**: Berlin, Mitte, Gendarmenmarkt, Deutscher Dom 02.jpg
- **caption**: The New Church on Gendarmenmarkt, seen from north.
- **location**: Friedrichstadt (Berlin), Friedrichstadt, a locality of Berlin
- **religious affiliation**: Profaned since its reconstruction
originally a Reformed Church, Reformed (i.e. Calvinist) and Lutheran simultaneum, 1830s?-1943 United and uniting churches, united Protestantism, Protestant (Prussian Union (Evangelical Christian Church), Prussian Union)
- **province**: last: Evangelical Church of the old-Prussian Union
- **district**: March of Brandenburg ecclesiastical province, Kirchenkreis Berlin Stadt I (deanery)
- **architect**: Martin Grünberg (design), Giovanni Simonetti (church construction 1701–8); Carl von Gontard (design); Georg Christian Unger (tower construction 1781–85); Johann Wilhelm Schwedler (design); Hermann von der Hude, Julius Hennicke (new prayer hall 1881–82); Otto Lessing (sculptor), Otto Lessing (exterior sculptures 1885); Manfred Prasser, Roland Steiger and Uwe Karl (outside reconstruction 1977–81)
- **year completed**: 9 April 1708, 1882 (new prayer hall), reconstruction 1988
Mantellinae

**Mantellinae** is a subfamily of frogs. They are part of the family Mantellidae. These frogs lives in Madagascar and Mayotte. These frogs looks similar to poison dart frogs. Most Mantellinae frogs are toxic. They have a lot of warning colors. There are over 100 species in this family.

## Species and family

There are two genus:
- _Mantella_ (16 species)
- _Mantidactylus_ (over 80 species)
Pacific tree frog

The **Pacific tree frog** (_Pseudacris regilla_) is a species of tree frog. They live on the West Coast of North America. This includes California, Oregon and Washington in the United States, and British Columbia in Canada. They live on the ground, but some have been found living in places 10,000 feet above sea level. They are the only frogs to make a "ribbit" sound.  Human beings also brought it to Ketchikan, Alaska.

This frog is small.  The adult frog is  3/4 of an inch to 2 inches long from nose to rear end.  It has a stripe near each eye.  Sometimes there is a mark in the shape of a triangle on its head and dark marks on the legs.  The frog's main body can be gray, green, light brown, brown, or black. in color.  This frog can change color.  It can be dark in color with no spots, then medium in color with spots, then light in color with no spots.  It takes the frog about 8 to 10 minutes to change from dark to light.  This frog has large disks on its toes for climbing and webbed skin on its back feet.

This frog eats insects:  leaf-hoppers, spring-tails, flies, stoneflies, ants, wasps, beetles, and caterpillars. It can also eat spiders, snails, and isopods.

This frog moves around at night but it does sometimes move during the day.  It can climb trees but it spends most of its time on the ground.

The female frog lays 5 to 60 eggs at a time in bodies of water at least 4 inches deep.  The eggs sometimes stick to twigs or other things underwater.  The tadpoles are about 45 mm long.  They are black or yellow-brown in color with a white or near-white belly.

## Other websites

- Fact sheet, taxonomic details, distribution maps, slideshow, and images of _Pseudacris regilla_ at ZipcodeZoo.com.
- Californiaherps.com description - Includes detailed description, photos, recordings of calls
- mister-toad.com Pacific Tree Frog description - Description of the ecology of Pacific Tree Frogs with photographs, audio and video.
- http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/herps/amphibid/species/hylareg.htm
Edible frog

The **edible frog** (_Pelophylax_ kl. _esculentus_) is a species of frogs. It lives in Europe. It is also known as **water frog** or **green frog**. However, **green frog** is usually given to the North American frog _Lithobates clamitans_. It is used for food, in countries such as France, Germany and Italy, for the delicacy frog legs. Females are between  long, males between .
Texas toad

The **Texas toad** (_Bufo speciosus_) is a species of toads. They are very small only reaching three inches. They live in the United States in the state of Texas. But they are also found in Oklahoma, New Mexico and Mexico.

## References

- (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (_Bufo_). _Evolution_ _58_: 2517–2535.
- Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern.
- IUCN RangeMap: _Bufo speciosus_
- USGS: Texas Toad
French Cathedral, Berlin

**** (German for: **French Cathedral**) is the colloquial naming for the _French Church of Friedrichstadt_ (, ) in Berlin on the Gendarmenmarkt across from the Deutscher Dom (_German Cathedral_), formerly a church of German-speaking congregants.

The first parts of the actual _French Church_ were built from 1701 to 1705 for the Huguenot (Calvinist) community. At that time, Huguenots made up about 25% of Berlin's population. The _French Church_ was modelled after the destroyed Huguenot temple in Charenton-Saint-Maurice, France.

In 1785 Carl von Gontard modified the church and built - wall to wall next to it - the domed tower, which - together with the French-speaking congregants - earned the church its naming. The domed tower is technically no part of the church, there is no access between church and tower, because both buildings have different owners. The tower, similar to that of Deutscher Dom, was simply built to give the Gendarmenmarkt a symmetric design.

The church is not a cathedral in the strict sense of the word because it has never been the seat of a bishop.

The domed tower, which is a viewing platform open to visitors, provides a panoramic view of Berlin. A restaurant is located in the basement underneath the prayer hall. The tower also contains the Huguenot museum of Berlin.

## Infobox (religious building)

- **building name**: French (Reformed) Church of Friedrichstadt
_Temple de la Friedrichstadt_ <small>(French language, fr)</small>
_Französische_ or _Französisch-reformierte Friedrichstadtkirche_ <small>(German language, de)
colloquially: Französischer Dom</small>
- **image**: Catedral Francesa, Berlín, Alemania, 2016-04-22, DD 16-18 HDR.jpg
- **caption**: View from west onto the church proper, surmounted by the adjacent domed tower
- **location**: Friedrichstadt (Berlin), Friedrichstadt, a locality of Berlin
- **religious affiliation**: United and uniting churches, United Protestant since its reconstruction in 1981;
originally Reformed Church, Reformed (i.e. Calvinist) and intended for the Huguenot community
- **province**: Evangelical Church of Berlin-Brandenburg-Silesian Upper Lusatia
- **district**: Calvinist congregation: Reformed deanery of Berlin-Brandenburg
united congregation: Sprengel Berlin (region), Kirchenkreis Stadtmitte (deanery)
- **architect**: Louis Cayart and Abraham Quesnay (1701–5), Carl von Gontard (design), Georg Christian Unger (tower construction in 1780–5), Otto March (interior reshape 1905), Manfred Prasser, Roland Steiger and Uwe Karl (reconstruction 1977–81)
- **year completed**: 1 March 1705, reconstruction 1981
Cane toad

The **cane toad** (_Rhinella marina_) is a species of toad. They are also known as the **marine toad** or the **giant neotropical toad**.

Cane toads are terrestrial amphibians. This means that they only go back to the water to lay their eggs. They live in Central America and South America. However, they have been introduced to Australia, Oceania in general and the Caribbean.

## In Australia

Nearly 80 years ago, a group of 102 cane toads were sent to Queensland to catch sugar beetles.
Cane-growers were concerned about the damage insect larvae were doing to crops. The insects were native to Australia, but bad for the valuable cane crops.

The first cane toads were brought into Queensland by Reginald Mungomery, an entomologist. Before 1935, Australia had no toads. The entire continent, full of various frog species, had no toads. Tough and always moving into new areas, the cane toads started reproducing and expanding outwards every wet season. This "invasion front" moved around 10 km a year until the 1960s, when it began speeding up significantly.

Cane toads are rapidly adapting to dry climates, a huge change from their origins in the South American rainforest. They have poison gland in their skin.

## Their predators

In their native habitat, a number of fish and reptiles prey on the tadpoles and the adult toad.
These include the broad-snouted caiman (_Caiman latirostris_), the banded cat-eyed snake (_Leptodeira annulata_),  eels (family Anguillidae), various species of killifish,  the black rat (_Rattus rattus_) and the Asian water monitor (_Varanus salvator_).

They have far fewer predators in Australia but, as time passes, some of the local animals will adapt their behaviour. Already some Australian crows have learned strategies allowing them to feed on cane toads, such as using their beak to flip toads onto their back. Opossums of the _Didelphis_ genus likely can eat cane toads with impunity. Meat ants are unaffected by the cane toads' toxins, and therefore are able to kill them. The cane toad's normal response to attack is to stand still and let its toxin kill the attacker, which allows the ants to attack and eat the toad.

Ibis flip the toads about, throwing them in the air. After this they either wipe the toads in the wet grass, or they go down to a water source  and rinse the toads out.

## In popular culture

A cane toad is one of the non-human characters in Dave Barry's 1999 novel _Big Trouble_ and in the 2002 movie based on the novel.

## Other websites

- Species Profile - Cane Toad (_Bufo marinus_) , National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for cane toad.
Parotoid gland

The **parotoid gland** is a skin gland on the back, neck and shoulder of toads and some frogs and salamanders. It secretes a substance that predators can smell. This smell will tell them that they are toxic animals. The substance, bufotoxin, acts as a neurotoxin.

Parotoid glands looks like warts on an amphibian skin. However, warts are grown by viral infections. Parotoid glands are normal and healthy parts of the animals that have them. Many people believe that touching a toad may cause warts. However, this is not true.
Mole salamander

**Mole salamander**s are member of the genus _Ambystoma_. They are a group of animals that live in North America. They are the only genus in the family Ambystomatidae. The Axolotl (_Ambystoma mexicanum_) is a popular exotic pet. They are also used in research. The Tiger Salamander (_Ambystoma tigrinum_) is an official amphibian of many US states. They are also sold as pets.

## Species

- Mountain Stream Salamander (_Ambystoma altimirani_) **V**
- Blunt-Headed Salamander (_Ambystoma amblycephalum_) **V**
- Anderson's Salamander (_Ambystoma andersoni_) **N**
- Ringed Salamander (_Ambystoma annulatum_) **T**
- Streamside Salamander (_Ambystoma barbouri_) **T**
- Reticulated Flatwoods Salamander (_Ambystoma bishopi_) **T**
- Delicate-Skinned Salamander (_Ambystoma bombypellum_) **T**
- California Tiger Salamander (_Ambystoma californiense_) **T**
- Frosted Flatwoods Salamander (_Ambystoma cingulatum_) **T**
- Lake Patzcuaro Salamander (_Ambystoma dumerilii_) **N**
- Yellow-Peppered Salamander (_Ambystoma flavipiperatum_) **T**
- Northwestern Salamander (_Ambystoma gracile_) **T**
- Granular Salamander (_Ambystoma granulosum_) **T**
- Jefferson salamander (_Ambystoma jeffersonianum_) **T**
- Blue-spotted Salamander (_Ambystoma laterale_) **T**
- Silvery Salamander (_Ambystoma platineum_)
- Tremblay's Salamander (_Ambystoma tremblayi_)
- Lake Lerma Salamander (_Ambystoma lermaense_) **V**
- Leora's Salamander (_Ambystoma leorae_) **T**
- Mabee's Salamander (_Ambystoma mabeei_) **T**
- Long-toed Salamander (_Ambystoma macrodactylum_) **T**
- Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (_Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum_) **T**
- Spotted Salamander (_Ambystoma maculatum_) **T**
- Barred Tiger Salamander (_Ambystoma mavortium_) **V**
- Axolotl (_Ambystoma mexicanum_) **N**
- Marbled Salamander (_Ambystoma opacum_) **T**
- Puerto Hondo Stream Salamander (_Ambystoma ordinarium_) **V**
- Michoacan Stream Salamander (_Ambystoma rivulare_) **T**
- Tarahumara Salamander (_Ambystoma rosaceum_) **V**
- Durango Salamander (_Ambystoma silvense_) **V**
- Mole Salamander (_Ambystoma talpoideum_) **V**
- Taylor's Salamander (_Ambystoma taylori_) **N**
- Small-mouthed Salamander (_Ambystoma texanum_) **T**
- Tiger Salamander (_Ambystoma tigrinum_) **V**
- Plateau Tiger Salamander (_Ambystoma velasci_) **V**

## Other websites

- Tree of Life: Ambystomatidae
- Herpseeker.dk
- IUCN redlist of threatened Ambystomatidae
Rib

A **rib** is a bone that forms a structure around the thorax of vertebrates. This is known as the rib cage. Humans have 24 ribs, 12 on each side.

It is a common urban legend that male humans have one fewer pair of ribs than female humans. However, this is not true. This came from the Christian bible explaining the creation of Eve from the rib of Adam.
Taricha

***Taricha*** is a genus of newts. There are only three species and four subspecies. They are called **western newts** and **Pacific newts**. All newts are part of the family Salamandridae. The three species in this genus are California newt, the rough-skinned newt and the red bellied newt. They are all found on the west coast of the United States.

## Species

Genus _Taricha_ (Western Newts / Pacific Newts) - 3 species
- Rough-skinned Newt (_Taricha granulosa_)
- Red-bellied Newt (_Taricha rivularis_)
- California Newt (_Taricha torosa_)
Lungless salamander

The **Plethodontidae** is a family of **lungless salamanders**. They are the largest groups of salamanders. They probably evolved in North America, where there are 14 genera and about 150 species. Only one species is in Europe: it is  _Speleomantes_, the cave salamander.

Most of them are terrestrial and are active in daytime. Lungless salamanders may communicate with their nose.<sup>p168</sup> Slender salamanders are found in the Pacific Coast. They are sometimes called "worm salamanders". This is because they have slimmer (skinny) bodies than most salamanders.<sup>p182</sup> If touched, slender salamanders will bounce on the ground and then run away.

## Other websites

- AmphibiaWeb - Plethodontidae
- Tree of Life: Plethodontidae
- Caudata Culture Species Database - Plethodontidae
Irritation

**Irritation** in biology is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell damage. The skin and the eyes may turn red.

## Related pages

- Itch
Slender salamander

**Slender salamander** is a common name given to lungless salamanders of the genus ***Batrachoseps***. They are different from other lungless salamanders. They have four toes on each foot. They live in Oregon, California and Baja California in Mexico.

## Species

19 species are recognized in this genus:

|_Batrachoseps attenuatus_||California slender salamander|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_Batrachoseps campi_||Inyo Mountains slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps diabolicus_||Hell Hollow slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps gabrieli_||San Gabriel slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps gavilanensis_||Gabilan Mountains slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps gregarius_||Gregarious slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps incognitus_||San Simeon slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps kawia_||Sequoia slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps luciae_||San Lucia Mountains slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps major_||Garden slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps minor_||Lesser slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps nigriventris_||Black-bellied slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps pacificus_||Pacific slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps regius_||King's River slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps relictus_||Relictual slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps robustus_||Kern Plateau slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps simatus_||Kern Canyon slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps stebbinsi_||Tehachapi slender salamander|||
|_Batrachoseps wrighti_||Oregon slender salamander|||

## Other websites

- . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). _Batrachoseps_. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: July 30, 2008).
- [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: _Batrachoseps_. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: July 30, 2008).
- Tree of Life: Batrachoseps
- A slender salamanders page
Pacific coast

A **Pacific coast** is when a country is next to the Pacific Ocean.

### The Americas

Countries on the western side of the Americas have a Pacific coast as their western border.

- Geography of Canada
- Geography of Chile
- Geography of Colombia
- Geography of Costa Rica
- Geography of Ecuador
- Geography of El Salvador
- Geography of Guatemala
- Geography of Honduras
- Geography of Mexico
- Geography of Nicaragua
- Geography of Panama
- Geography of Peru
- West Coast of the United States

### Asia

Countries on the eastern side of Asia have a Pacific coast as their eastern border.

- Geography of Russia
- Geography of Japan
- Geography of South Korea
- Geography of South Korea
- Geography of China
- Geography of the Philippines
- Geography of Taiwan

### Oceania

Countries in Oceania may have a Pacific coast anywhere, including their entire border
- Geography of Australia
- Geography of New Zealand
- Geography of Papua New Guinea
Chinese fire belly newt

The **Chinese fire belly newt** (_Cynops orientalis_) is a species of newts. They are small and will reach up to 2.2-4 inches (6-10 cm). They are black and have bright orange colors on their front side. They are commonly found in pet stores. They are sometimes confused with the Japanese fire belly newt. This is because of their small size and colors. However, the Chinese fire belly newt has smoother skin and a rounder tail than the Japanese Fire Belly Newt.

## References

- Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is of least concern
- Chang, Mangven L. Y. 1936. Contribution à l'étude Morphologique, Biologique et systématique des Amphibiens urodèles de la Chine. Libraire Picart, Paris, 156 p.
- Brodie, Edmund D., Jr., John Hensel, Jr. and Judith Johnson. “Toxicity of the Urodele Amphibians Taricha, Notophthalmus, Cynops and Paramesotriton (Salamandridae)” Copeia. 1974. n2. p506-511.
Quarter (United States coin)

A **quarter dollar** or **quarter**, is a coin worth ¼ of a United States dollar. They are worth 25 cents. The quarter has been produced since 1796.

## List of designs

- **Silver quarters**
    - Draped Bust 1796–1807
        - Draped Bust, Small Eagle 1796
        - Draped Bust, Heraldic Eagle 1804–1807
    - Capped Bust 1815–1838
        - Capped Bust (Large Size), With Motto 1815–1828
        - Capped Bust (Small Size), No Motto 1831–1838
    - Seated Liberty 1838–1891
        - Seated Liberty, No Motto 1838–1865
        - Seated Liberty, With Motto 1866–1891
    - Barber 1892–1916
    - Standing Liberty 1916–1930
        - Standing Liberty (Type 1) 1916–1917
        - Standing Liberty (Type 2) 1917–1930
    - Washington Quarter 1931–1964, 1992–1998 (Proof Only)
        - Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976) (40% Silver-clad Proof, not intended for circulation)
        - Washington statehood 1999–2008 (Proof Only)
        - Washington District of Columbia and U.S. territories 2009 (Proof Only)
- **Copper-nickel quarters**
    - Washington Quarter 1965–1974, 1977–1998
        - Washington Bicentennial 1975–1976 (all were dated 1776–1976).
        - Washington statehood 1999–2008
        - Washington District of Columbia and U.S. territories 2009
        - Washington America the Beautiful Quarters 2010–2021

## Other websites

- Official specifications
- http://www.usmint.gov/faqs/circulating_coins/index.cfm?action=faq_circulating_coin
- http://www.acoin.com/regularissue/regular25c.htm
- US Quarters by year and type. Histories, photos, and more.
Ichthyophis beddomei

***Ichthyophis beddomei*** is a species of caecilians. They are sometimes called **Beddome's caecilian**. They are part of the family Inchthyophiidae. They have a dark violet-brown body. They have yellow stripes from their head to their tail. Their upper lip and lower jaw are yellow. They live in Western Ghats.
Agalychnis callidryas

- _For another frog called the red-eyed treefrog, see Litoria chloris_

***Agalychnis callidryas***, commonly known as the **red-eyed tree frog**, is a species of tree frogs.

Red-eyed tree frogs spend most of their time on large tropical leaves. They are not poisonous, and rely on camouflage to protect themselves. During the day, they stay still, cover their blue sides with their back legs, tuck their bright feet under their stomachs, and shut their red eyes. So they look almost completely green, and are well hidden amongst the leaves. The large red eyes are a defensive adaptation called deimatic behaviour. When a red-eyed tree frog detects a predator, it abruptly opens its eyes and stares at the predator. The sudden appearance of the red eyes may startle the predator, giving the frog a chance to flee.

They are active at night. They like to eat small insects.

During mating, the female carries the male on her back for several hours during the process. The female chooses a leaf above a pond or large puddle on which to lay her clutch of eggs. The male puts out his sperm onto the eggs as they are released.

Tree frogs lay jelly-like eggs. The mothers will stay near them and help them fight any hungry animals that want to eat them. They become a tadpole in one or two weeks. They drop from the leaf and into the lake which is below the leaf.

If predators are close enough to produce vibration, the embryos sense this. After a few seconds, they vigorously hatch out into tadpoles and spread out to escape.

## Other websites

- Red-eyed tree frog facts
Common frog

The **Common frog** (_Rana temporaria_) is a species of frog. They are also known as the **European Common Frog** or the **European Common Brown Frog**. They live in Europe, the Arctic Circle, Scandinavia, Urals, Iberia, Italy, Balkans and Ireland. They are an introduced species in most countries.

## Other websites

- Amphibians of Europe
Quantum theory

**Quantum theory** may mean:

- Quantum mechanics, a branch of physics explaining the physical behaviours at the molecular, atomic and sub-atomic levels
- Quantum field theory, a general type of quantum theory, which includes:
    - Quantum electrodynamics
    - Quantum chromodynamics
    - Electroweak interaction
- Quantum gravity, a general term for theories intended to quantize general relativity

## Related pages

- Planck constant
- Stefan–Boltzmann law
Bronzed frog

The **bronzed frog** or **Günther's golden-backed frog** (_Hylarana temporalis_) is a species of frog. They are found in forests of Western Ghats, India and Sri Lanka. They are an important prey for many snakes include the Malabar Pit Viper and the Vine Snake. The Malabar Pit Viper’s venom contains hemotoxins. These toxins target and damage blood cells and tissues.

A bite can cause intense pain and swelling. In severe cases, the venom might cause more serious symptoms, which can be life-threatening.

## Other websites

- IUCN Red List  page on _H. temporalis_.
- Breeding call audio from YouTube [Contributed by Western Ghat Regional Centre, Calicut]
- Snakes World  A deep info related to snakes.
- Most Famous Ball Python Morphs  in the world.
Jefferson salamander

The **Jefferson salamander** (_Ambystoma jeffersonianum_) is a mole salamander. They live in northeastern United States, southern Ontario and southwestern Quebec. It was named after Jefferson College in Pennsylvania.

It is usually dark gray, brown or black. Others can have silver or blue spots on their sides. These salamanders are very skinny with a wide nose and long toes. They can reach up to 11 to 18 cm.

Like other mole salamanders, the Jefferson salamander burrows. They have lungs that helps them to dig. They are only active at night. They are only active in the day when its mating season. They will breed in early spring after snow has melted in their area.

## Other websites

- Environment Canada - Species at Risk: Jefferson Salamander
- Amphibians of Canada: Jefferson salamander
- US Geological Survey - Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Jefferson Salamander
- Ohio History Central: Jefferson Salamander
- Jefferson Salamander species account and conservation status
California giant salamander

The **California giant salamander** (_Dicamptodon ensatus_) is a species of salamanders. They are part of the family Dicamptodontidae. They live in California and western United States. They are related to the Idaho giant salamander, Pacific giant salamander and the Coastal giant salamander.
Tatsuya Fuji

, also known as **Tatsuya Itou**, is a Japanese actor.

## Early life

He was born in Beijing, China and grew up in Yokohama, Kanagawa. When he was a student of Nihon University College of Art, he was spotted and recruited as a fresh actor by Nikkatsu.

## Career

Fuji made his debut on films from Nikkatsu(Japanese film distributing agency) in 1962. His first movie is "Bokyo-no-Umi". He is the first actor who trains his body for acting in Japan. Early in his career, he was often assigned the role of a villain, but ever since then, he has acted various kind of role. In the Nagisa Oshima's film "In the Realm of the Senses", he acted in a passionate and violent love scene, and the movie caused a lot of fuss.

- Selected movies
- _In the Realm of the Senses_ (1976)
- _KESHIN_ (1986)
- _Akarui mirai_ (2003)
- _Umizaru_ (2004)
- _Rikidosan_ (2004)
- _Midnight Eagle_ (2007)
- _Kansen Retto_ (2008)
- _Soup Opera_ (2010)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tatsuya Fuji
- **birth place**: Beijing, China
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1964 – present
Green toad

**Green toad**  (_Anaxyrus debilis_) is a species of toads. They live in southwestern United States in states like Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas and Texas. They can also be found in northern Mexico in states like Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Durango and Zacatecas.

Green toads are green or yellow with black spots. They are not a large toad. They grow up to 2 inches. They are only active at night. They will breed in spring, summer and autumn. Males will call a female to lay her eggs in his territory.

## Subspecies

- Eastern green toad, _Bufo debilis debilis_—<small>Smith, 1950</small>
- Western green toad, _Bufo debilis insidior_—<small>Smith, 1950</small>

## Other websites

- (2004) The history of a Nearctic colonization: Molecular phylogenetics and biogeography of the Nearctic toads (_Bufo_). _Evolution_ _58_: 2517–2535.
- Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is of least concern
- Amphibian Species of the World: _Bufo debilis_
Smooth newt

The **Smooth Newt** is a species of newts. They are also known as the **Common Newt**. It is the most common newt species of the _Lissotriton_ genus of amphibians. They live in Europe, southern France and the Iberian peninsula.
Midwife toad

The **Midwife toad** (_Alytes_) is a genus of frogs. They part of the Discoglossidae family. They live in most of Europe and northwestern Africa. They look like toads because of their hard skin. They get their name because they take care of their young on their backs. They help them from not being eaten from hungry animals. When they hatch the frog will go back to the water and allow them to swim away.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Alytes cisternasii_|Iberian Midwife Toad|
|_Alytes dickhilleni_|Betic Midwife Toad|
|_Alytes maurus_||
|_Alytes muletensis_|Mallorcan midwife toad|
|_Alytes obstetricans_|Common Midwife Toad|

## Books

- Carl Vogt: _Untersuchungen über die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Geburtshelferkröte. (Alytes obstetricians)_, Solothurn: Jent und Gassman, (1842), pp 130
- Arthur Koestler, _The Case of the Midwife Toad_, London:  Hutchinson, 1971.
Van Dyke's salamander

**Van Dyke's salamander** (_Plethodon vandykei_) is a species of salamanders. They are part of the family Plethodontidae. These salamanders have been used in research studies.

## Subspecies

- Washington Salamander, _Plethodon vandykei vandykei_
- Coeur D'Alene Salamander, _Plethodon vandykei idahoensis_

## Other websites

- Pictures
- Distribution Map
Potamogeton

***Potamogeton*** is a genus of aquatic plants. They live in freshwater such as ponds and lakes. They part of the family Potamogentonaceae. Their common name is **pondweed**. The genus name means "river neighbor". They are also a food source for many fish and algae eaters.
Filter feeder

**Filter feeders** are animals that feed on matter and food particles from water. Some animals that do this are clams, krill, sponges, baleen whales and many fish such as sharks. Some birds such as flamingos are also filter feeders. Filter feeders can help clear water.

## Books

- Some aspects of water filtering activity of filter-feeders // Hydrobiologia. 2005. Vol. 542, No. 1. P. 275 – 286

## Other websites

- Filter feeder of krill
Surinam horned frog

**Ceratophrys** is a genus of frogs. They are part of the family Leptodactylidae. They are also part of the subfamily Ceratophryinae. They are also known as **South American horned frogs** as well as **Pacman frogs**. This is because they look like the video game character Pac-Man.

## Diet

These frogs eat a large amount of food. They will eat insects, small mammals (such as mice), fish, other frogs, and small reptiles. They are sit and wait predators. Since female frogs are normally larger than male frogs, an adult female Argentine Horned Frog can eat an adult rat.

These frogs are also cannibals and sometimes eat their mates and other pacman frogs.

These frogs can swallow animals almost half their size, but they might try to eat things larger than them. Their teeth, as well as bones in the front of their jaw, can make it hard for them to release prey after it is already in their mouth. This can cause death by choking.

They have very sticky tongues that they use to catch prey and pull it into their mouth.

Large pacman frogs have bite forces that are close to some mammal predators.

## Lifespan

The average lifespan of a _Ceratophrys_ frog in the wild is about 1 to 4 years. In captivity and as pets, they may live up to 15 years if they are eating well and have good care.

A Pacman frog owner who gives their frog a good home, feeds their frog a good diet of live insects, and pays attention its health should expect their frog to live for a longer time.
Woomera Test Range

The **RAAF Woomera Test Range** is a weapons testing facility in South Australia. It is run by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). It covers and area of , and is the world's largest weapons test facility on land. The range is a restricted area, called the **Woomera Prohibited Area**. The airspace above it is also restricted, and is called the **Woomera Restricted Airspace**.

The range was originally set up as a place for the British to test missiles during World War II. The British asked to do weapons testing here (in the centre of Australia), because not many people lived there. A Commonwealth weapons design and test project, called the Australian-Anglo Joint Project, was signed in 1946. The range originally had an area of .

Between 1955 and 1963, the British ran a series of seven nuclear-weapon tests at Maralinga, then inside the range. The Joint Project ran until 1980, when the British withdrew from the program. The range is still used as a testing site by the Australian Defence Force. Access is leased to foreign militaries and private companies for their own testing of weapons.

It is named after the Dharuk word for a spear-thrower.

## Other websites

- Official website
Balgo, Western Australia

**Balgo** is a small community in Western Australia. It is surrounded by the Great Sandy Desert and the Tanami Desert. It is an Aboriginal community; the area is traditionally Kukatja country. There are also some Pintupi families living there, who were displaced in the 1950s and 1960s. Many of them came to live here from Papunya, including some of the original artists of the Papunya Tula movement. Many of them later left Balgo when Kintore and Kiwirrkurra were set up in the 1980s. In 2006, Balgo had about 460 people living there.

## Other websites

- Warlayirti Artists and Cultural Centre
- Luurnpa School Website
- Balgo Adult Education Centre Website
- Kutjungka Parish Website
Komatsu, Ishikawa

**Komatsu** is a city in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.
It is in the southern part of the prefecture, near the Sea of Japan.
Charles Perkins

**Charles Nelson Perkins**, AO, (16 June 1936 – 19 October 2000) was an Australian activist and Aboriginal leader. He was also a professional football player.

Perkins grew up in Alice Springs. His mother was Arrernte, and his father was Kalkadoon. He later moved to Sydney, and graduated from the University of Sydney in 1965. He was the first indigenous Australian to graduate from a university.

Perkins campaigned for Aboriginal land rights. In 1965, he was an important person in the Freedom Ride campaign, which aimed to raise public awareness of the standards of living, literacy and health conditions among the Aboriginal population. The group was famous for publicising acts of discrimination.

Perkins was also important in the campaign for the referendum in 1967, which allowed Aboriginal people to be counted in censuses, and parliament to make special laws specifically for Aboriginal people. From 1969, Perkins worked as a public servant in the Ministry of Aboriginal Affairs. He was made permanent secretary of this department in 1981, which made him the first Aboriginal to become the permanent head of a federal government department. He served as secretary until 1988.

Perkins died in October 2000 of kidney failure.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Charles Perkins
- **image**: Charles Perkins talking with Aboriginal residents at Moree, February 1965 - The Tribune (20153364632) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: at Moree, February 1965
- **birth place**: Alice Springs, Northern Territory
- **death place**: Sydney, New South Wales
- **death cause**: Renal failure
- **nationality**: Australian
- **other names**: Charlie Perkins, Kumantjayi Perkins
- **known for**: Activism, Public Service, Sport
- **education**: Bachelor of Arts
- **alma mater**: University of Sydney
- **spouse**: Eileen Munchenberg
- **children**: Hetti, Rachel and Adam
Kottabos (Kleophrades Painter)

***Kottabos Player*** is an Attic red-figure terracotta kylix said to have been painted by someone close to the Kleophrades Painter. It dates to the Greek Archaic period, about 500 BC. The kylix's height with handles is 3 3/16 in. (8.1 cm) and its width with handles is 10 1/16 in. (25.5 cm).

The diameter of the bowl is 7 5/8 in. (19.3 cm).  The kylix is in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The figure is a symposiast playing a party game called kottabos. He is about to fling the last of the wine in his cup at a lamp stand in an attempt to knock the lamp stand's finial off. The winner was he who did so.
Kleophrades Painter

The **Kleophrades Painter** was a red-figure Athenian vase painter. His real name is unknown. His name is taken from a potter's signature on a vase. He was active from about 510470 BC. His work is considered some of the finest of the red figure style. He was probably the pupil of Euthymides, one of the red-figure Pioneers. His work is identified by its stylistic traits. He was very productive. More than 100 vases of his work have survived. He worked in both black- and red- figure styles and techniques. He was conservative, often using old-fashioned techniques. His subjects were traditional but with a emphasis on the Trojan War. He preferred painting large vessels such as amphores.

## Related pages

- Kottabos (Kleophrades Painter)
Clyde Holding

**Allan Clyde Holding** (27 April 1931 – 31 July 2011) was an Australian politician. He was Leader of the Opposition in Victoria for ten years, and was later a federal minister. He was a member of the Australian Labor Party.

Holding was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the seat of Richmond in 1962. He was a strong supporter of indigenous Australian rights (including land rights) and national aid for schools. In 1977, he was elected to the House of Representatives as member for Melbourne Ports. When Bob Hawke became Prime Minister in 1983, he put Holding in charge of Aboriginal Affairs. During his term, Holding tried to make federal laws for Aboriginal land rights. But Brian Burke, the Labor Premier of Western Australia, did not want this, because it would have upset the mining and agricultural industries, which were very important to his state. Holding was forced by Hawke to drop the proposal. In 1987, he was moved to the Ministry of Employment Services and Youth Affairs. The next year, he was made Minister for Transport, and then later Minister for Immigration.

## Infobox (mp)

- **honorific-prefix**: <small>The Honourable</small>
- **name**: Clyde Holding
- **constituency mp**: Electoral district of Richmond (Victoria), Richmond
- **parliament**: Victorian
- **predecessor**: Bill Towers (politician), Bill Towers
- **successor**: Theo Sidiropoulos
- **term start**: May 1962
- **term end**: November 1977
- **constituency mp2**: Division of Melbourne Ports, Melbourne Ports
- **parliament2**: Australian
- **predecessor2**: Frank Crean
- **successor2**: Michael Danby
- **term start2**: 10 December 1977
- **term end2**: 31 August 1998
- **birth place**: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- **death place**: Castlemaine, Victoria, Australia
- **nationality**: Australian
- **spouse**: Margaret Sheer (divorced)
Judith Crump
- **party**: Australian Labor Party
- **alma mater**: University of Melbourne
- **occupation**: Lawyer
Kottabos

**Kottabos** () was a party game played at symposia in Ancient Greece. It was popular in the 5th and 4th centuries BC. It was also popular with the Etruscans.

The game is played by flinging a bit of wine from a cup towards a target. The player would utter the name of his lover.

The game was probably of Sicilian origin but spread throughout the Greek world. Many Greek poets mention the game in their works.

By the time of the Roman Empire and the Age of Alexander the Great, the game had died out. It is not mentioned in Latin literature.
Charlie McMahon

**Charlie McMahon** (born in the Blue Mountains, New South Wales in 1951) is an Australian didgeridoo player. He was one of the first non-Aboriginal musicians to become a famous player of the instrument. He is probably one of the most famous players of the instrument around the world.

The band in which he became famous was called Gondwanaland. He has toured across Australia, often visiting remote communities in the outback, and also in Europe and the United States. He often played gigs with Midnight Oil. McMahon's style became an influence for many well-known didgeridoo players. He is also the inventor of the "didjeribone", a sliding didgeridoo made of plastic, played in a similar way to the trombone.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **name**: Charlie McMahon
- **image**: Charlie on track july 2007.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: McMahon at Pine Creek, Northern Territory, Pine Creek, Australia in July 2007
- **birth date**: 1951
- **birth place**: Blue Mountains (New South Wales), Blue Mountains, New South Wales, Australia
- **instrument**: Didgeridoo
- **associated acts**: Gondwanaland (band), Gondwanaland
Midnight Oil
Symposium

A **symposium** (plural: symposia) was a drinking party in Ancient Greece. Guests were males. Well bred women did not attend. Boys or slave girls served the food and drink, danced, juggled, played music, or otherwise entertained the assembly. These servers were usually nude. The symposium was an aristocratic institution often held to celebrate a young man's entry into adult society, an athletic victory, or a poetic achievement. It was an occasion for male conversation and debate. Party-goers reclined on couches and pillows. Guests played a game called kottabos, wrestled, and held song contests. A symposium is described in Plato's _The Symposium_. The party is attended by Socrates and the young, drunken, and nearly nude Alcibiades.
Foster Brooks

**Foster Brooks** (May 11, 1912 – December 20, 2001) was an American movie, television, radio, stage actor, singer, entertainer, television personality and comedian. He was known for playing a lovable drunken man in nightclubs and television shows. Brooks is also known for appearing in The Dean Martin celebrity roasts.

Brooks was born in Louisville, Kentucky. Brooks was married twice. First to Loretta Brooks from 1933 until they divorced in 1950. And to Teri Brooks from 1950 until his death in 2001. Brooks died on December 20, 2001 from heart failure in his Encino, Los Angeles, California home, aged 89.
Bob Knight

**Robert Montgomery "Bob" Knight** (October 25, 1940 – November 1, 2023) was an American basketball coach. He won over 900 NCAA Division I men's college basketball games. Knight was well known as the head coach of the Indiana Hoosiers from 1971 until 2000. He also coached for the Texas Tech from 2001 until 2008.

Knight was born in Orrville, Ohio. He studied at Ohio State University.

He was praised for having a clean program. None of his teams was ever sanctioned by the NCAA for any recruitment violations. He did, however, attracted some controversy for throwing a chair across the courts during a game. He was once arrested for assault. He was fired from Indiana in September 2000.

In April 2015, it was announced that ESPN would not sign Knight's contract for another season.

Knight died in Bloomington, Indiana on November 1, 2023, one week after his 83rd birthday.
James Michael Tyler

**James Michael Tyler** (May 28, 1961– October 24, 2021) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Gunther in the sitcom series _Friends_. Tyler was born in Greenwood, Mississippi and was raised in Winona, Mississippi.

## Personal life

In June 2021, Tyler said he was diagnosed with stage-4 prostate cancer back in 2018. He died from the disease at his Los Angeles, California home on October 24, 2021 at the age of 59.

## Filmography

- _The Disturbance at Dinner_ (1998)
- _Foreign Correspondents_ (1999)
- _Motel Blue_ (1999)
- _Live With It_ (2008)
- _Jason's Big Problem_ (2010)

## Television

- _Friends_ (1994 – 2004)
- _Just Shoot Me!_ (2000)
- _Sabrina, the Teenage Witch_ (2001)
- _Scrubs_ (2005)
- _Iron Chef America_
- _ICarly_ (2011)
- _Episodes_

## Music videos

- _Come Tomorrow_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: James Michael Tyler
- **birth place**: Greenwood, Mississippi, Greenwood, Mississippi, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Prostate cancer
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1994 – 2021
- **notable works**: **Gunther** in _Friends_
- **alma mater**: Clemson University
Choi Chang-ik

**Choi Chang-ik** (hangul:최창익, hanja:崔昌益, 1896-1957), also known as **Choe Chang Ik**, was a North Korean soldier and politician.

## Career

In the early North Korean government, Choi was Deputy Prime Minister from 1952 to 1956.

In a 1956-1957 purge, he was removed from government by forces led by Kim Il-sung.  He was expelled from the Korean Workers' Party.

## Related pages

- Kim Du-bong
- Kim Won-bong

## Other websites

- 최창익  at Naver Encyclopedia
Kim Tu-bong

**Kim Tu-bong** (March 16, 1886 – 1958) was a Korean linguist, politician, and the first North Korean head of state.

## Career

In 1946, Kim became Chairman of the Workers Party of North Korea.

From 1948 until 1958, he was Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.

## Infobox (korean name)

- **context**: north
- **hangul**: 김두봉
- **rr**: Gim Dubong
- **mr**: Kim Tubong
- **hangulho**: 백연
- **rrho**: Baekyeon
- **mrho**: Paegyŏn
Echis

**Echis** is a genus of venomous vipers found in dry regions of Africa, Middle East, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka. The name "_Echis_" is a Greek word which means "_viper_". Echis is also known as the "_Saw-scaled Vipers_", or the "_Carpet Vipers_". They are responsible for most of the snakebites and deaths in the world. There is currently eight species found.

## Description

The Saw-scaled Vipers are a small group of snakes, with adults growing up to the length of 90 cm (36 in). Its head is short, wide and pear-shaped, its snout is short and round, and it has large eyes.

## Where it lives

The Saw-scaled Viper is found in dry regions (like deserts) in Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka.

## Diet

Not much is known about what the Saw-scaled Vipers eat, but some say they eats beetles, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, other snakes, small mammals and birds.

## Reproduction

Most species of the Saw-scaled Viper, like the ones found in Africa, are oviparous meaning they lay eggs, while other species, like the ones found in India, are viviparous meaning they give live birth.

## Species

- Indian Saw-scaled Viper, _E. carinatus_
- Palestine Saw-scaled Viper, _E. coloratus_
- Hughes' Saw-scaled Viper, _E. hughesi_
- Jogers' Saw-scaled Viper, _E. jogeri_
- White-bellied Carpet Viper, _E. leucogaster_
- Cherlin's Saw-scaled Viper, _E. megalocephalus_
- African Saw-scaled Viper, _E. ocellatus_
- Egyptian Saw-scaled Viper, _E. pyramidum_