juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Puppet

**Puppets** are objects used in theatrical performances. They are similar to dolls. They often use strings or other means to make the **puppet** move and look alive. Some puppets are very simple, but others are more complicated and need skill to use. The person who works the puppet and makes it move is called a **puppeteer**. The audience cannot usually see this person but some, like a ventriloquist and dummy, are in full view of the audience. There are many different types of puppets to be found around the world. Puppetry is a special art form that is very important in some cultures.

## Types of puppets

**Finger Puppet**: A very simple type of puppet where the puppet is placed on a finger and worked by moving the finger.

**Sock puppet:** A sock or similar garment worn as a glove, with the thumb acting as a jaw.

**Hand Puppet**: Similar to a finger puppet, but  larger. The puppeteer uses his or her fingers and hand to work the puppet. Punch and Judy are famous glove puppets.

**Pop-up puppets**: A cone with a rod through and a puppet inside. When the rod is pushed up, the puppet appears.

**Paddle Puppet**: The puppet is on the end of a paddle. When the puppeteer steps on the paddles back end the other end lifts up, making it seem that the puppet moves by itself.

**Jumping Jack**: A puppet where the arms and legs of the puppet are joined to a string. When the string is pulled down, the arms and legs go up.

**Rod Puppet and Bunraku**: The puppet is worked with rods joined to the puppets arms and legs, while another puppeteer moves the head and sometimes the mouth. Bunraku is a special type of Japanese rod puppetry.

**Shadow Puppet**: Another very simple puppet. A cut out figure on a rod is held in front of a light. Its shadow is projected onto a screen. The puppeteer moves the puppet around, giving it some life. Sometimes coloured paper is used to give a certain amount of colour to the puppet.

**Marionette or String Puppet**: This puppet is moved around with strings that hang from above the theatre. This is one of the more complex types of puppetry and is hard to master as some marionettes can have up to thirty strings.

**Ventriloquist Figure or Dummy**: This puppet is one of the few where the audience sees the puppeteer. The puppeteer moves the puppets head arms and mouth with his hands as well as with levers. The performance usually takes the shape of a conversation between the dummy and the puppeteer. The puppeteer speaks normally, then puts on a different voice when the puppet is supposed to be talking. His voice seems to be coming from his stomach (Latin: "venter").  His lips are not moving, but the puppet's lips may move, so it seems as if the puppet is talking.

**Ticklebug:** A type of Hand Puppet; a person uses their fingers as body parts to look like their hand is an animal. The center finger becomes the animal's head, the first and third fingers become the front legs, and the thumb and last finger are used as back legs.
Lake Toba

**Lake Toba** is a lake in the caldera of a supervolcano. The lake is  long and  wide, and  at its deepest point.

It is in the middle of the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra with an elevation of about . The lake stretches from  to . It is the largest lake in Indonesia and the largest volcanic lake in the world. In the middle of the lake there is an Island called Samosir, in Bahasa Indonesia "Pulau Samosir."

## Related pages

- Toba catastrophe
Fatimah Jinnah Park

**Fatima Jinnah Park**, sometimes known as F-9 park (pointing out the fact that the covered area is spread out through the entire sector), is a public recreational park in sector F-9 of Islamabad, Pakistan. The park is one of the largest in area in South-central Asia. It was named after the revered _"Madre Millat"_ (Mother of the Nation) Miss Fatima Jinnah- younger sister of the founder of Pakistan.
Hazratbal Shrine

The **Hazratbal Shrine** (Kashmiri: حضرت بل, literally: Majestic Place), is a Muslim shrine in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir.The name of the shrine comes from the Arabic word Hazrat, meaning holy or majestic, and the Kashmiri word bal, meaning place.

The shrine is on the left bank of the Dal Lake, Srinagar and is considered to be Kashmir's holiest Muslim shrine. The Moi-e-Muqqadas (the sacred hair) of Mohammed is believed to be preserved here. The shrine is known by many names including Hazratbal, Assar-e-Sharief, Madinat-us-Sani, or simply Dargah Sharif.
Jama Masjid, Srinagar

The **Jamia Masjid** is a mosque in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, Kashmir. The Jamia Masjid of Srinagar is at Nowhatta, in the middle of the old city. It was built by Sultan Sikander Shah in 1394 AD. Later, the son of Sultan Sikandar, Zain-ul-Abedin had the mosque extended. The measurement of the mosque is 381 feet by 384 feet. It has unique architecture, a courtyard, and 378 wooden Deodar pillars supporting a wooden ceiling with 346 pillars of 21 feet in height and 5 feet in girth, and 32 pillars 48 feet in height and 6 feet in girth. The masjid has a fountain also measurement of 33 feet by 34 feet which is also used for wuzu (ablution). Thousands of Muslims assemble at the mosque every Friday to offer their prayers. This Jamia Masjid of Kashmir, has seen a number of destructions till date. It got ruined three times in a fire and was reconstructed every time. During the region of Sikh ruler Ranjit Singh, the Jamia Masjid of Srinagar was shut down and the namaz (_Islamic prayers_) and azan (_Islamic call to prayer_) were banned.

## Infobox (religious building)

- **image**: Jama Masjid, Srinagar (14363005587).jpg
- **building name**: Jamia Masjid

- **location**: Srinagar
- **religious affiliation**: Islam
- **architecture type**: Mosque
- **capacity**: 33,333
Dachigam National Park

**Dachigam National Park** is a national park in India. It is  from Srinagar, the capital city of Jammu and Kashmir. The park covers an area of . The name of the park means "ten villages".

## History

The park has been a protected area since 1910. It was first created to ensure a supply of clean drinking water for the city of Srinagar. It was declared a National Park in 1981.
Hemis National Park

**Hemis National Park** (or Hemis High Altitude National Park) is a high altitude National Park in the Eastern Ladakh area of the state of Jammu and Kashmir in India.  It is the only national park in India north of the Himalayas. It is also the smallest National Park of the Indian subcontinent.

This park is home to about 200 snow leopards. Hemis is the only refuge in India with the Shapu. The Tibetan Wolf, Eurasian Brown Bear, and Red Fox are also found in Hemis.
Kishtwar National Park

**Kishtwar National Park** is a national park in the Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir, Northern Pakistan.
Salim Ali National Park

**Salim Ali National Park** (formerly the City Forest National Park) is a national park in Jammu and Kashmir in Asia. It covers 9.07 km² and is located in the proximity of the capital city of Srinagar. The Srinagar airport is 12 km from the park.
Ulysses (spacecraft)

**Ulysses** was a spacecraft (or space probe). It was a joint mission by NASA and ESA. The spacecraft was launched on October 6, 1990. Its main aims were to study the Sun and the planet Jupiter.

## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Ulysses
- **image**: Parts_of_Ulysses.jpg
- **image caption**: Ulysses spacecraft
- **names list**: Odysseus
- **mission type**: Heliophysics
- **operator**: NASA / ESA
- **cospar id**: 1990-090B
- **satcat**: 20842
- **mission duration**:
(in orbit)
Dual-tone multi-frequency

**Dual-tone multi-frequency** or **DTMF** is the group of special sounds a telephone makes when you push the buttons.  Each number button makes a different sound.  Telephone company equipment hears each sound and turns it back into a number.  When all the numbers in a phone number are pushed the telephone company equipment will make the other person's telephone play a loud sound so they can answer their telephone and talk to you.

Telephones also have a star (*) button and a pound (#) button. These buttons also make different DTMF sounds.  These buttons can be used for other things like 'go' or 'do over'.  But they are not part of the phone number.

A few telephones have the letter buttons _A_ _B_ _C_ and _D_. They also make different DTMF sounds.

Pushing the number buttons is called _dialing_ the telephone. When a telephone makes a loud sound for you to answer, it is called _ringing_.
Equilibrioception

**Equilibrioception** is the sense of balance. This is what prevents a person or animal from falling over while walking or doing other physical activity.

## In humans

In humans, equilibrioception is mainly sensed by the detection of acceleration, which occurs in the vestibular system. Other senses play roles as well, e.g. the visual system and proprioception. The importance of visual input for balance is illustrated by its being harder to stand on one foot with eyes closed than with eyes open.

The sense of balance often gets worse as a person ages. After a stroke, it may be improved with the help of special training.

## Related pages

- Inner ear
- Calisthenics
- Training
- Yoga
- Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood
Violence in ice hockey

**Violence** is often common in the sport of **Ice Hockey**. Originally a sport played by richer people, when the sport became popular it got more violent. Up until the 1950s deaths were not uncommon in ice hockey.
Gerard K. O'Neill

**Gerard Kitchen “Gerry” O’Neill** (February 6, 1927–April 27, 1992) was an American scientist. He taught physics at Princeton University. He invented a machine for holding subatomic particles. He also invented the mass driver, a machine used to launch things into outer space. He wrote about building cities in space.
His space station design is known as the _O’Neill cylinder_. He started the Space Studies Institute (SSI). SSI is a group focused on learning about space manufacturing and colonization.

In 1954 O'Neill finished school at Cornell University. Then he began his work on particle physics at Princeton.
Two years later he wrote about a device to hold very fast moving subatomic particles. In 1965 he used his device to shoot two beams of particles at each other for the first time. This experiment was done at Stanford University. Scientists used the experiment to discover the size of the electron.

While he was teaching, O’Neill became excited about humans living in outer space. He wrote about the O’Neill cylinder in “The Colonization of Space”. This was his first paper about people living in space. He met with other scientists at Princeton in 1975. There he talked with them about manufacturing in outer space. O’Neill built his first mass driver with help from scientist Henry Kolm in 1976. Mass drivers were part of his plan to mine the Moon and asteroids. His book _The High Frontier_ won an award and got people excited about outer space. He died in 1992 after a seven year fight against leukemia.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Gerard Kitchen O’Neill
- **image**: Gerard Kitchen ONeill.GIF
- **caption**: Gerard K. O’Neill in 1977
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, New York, United States
- **death place**: Redwood City, California, Redwood City, California
- **nationality**: United States
- **field**: Physicist
- **known for**: Particle physics
Space Studies Institute
O'Neill cylinder, O’Neill cylinder
Rosary

The **Rosary** is a Catholic form of prayer using beads.  It is a cycle of repeated formal prayers, such as the Lord's Prayer and the Hail Mary, done while thinking about important events in the lives of Jesus and Mary.  This is called "saying the Rosary" or "praying the Rosary." A rosary can also be the series of joined beads that a person holds while saying these prayers.

The Church has always recognized the efficacy of this devotion John Paul II said “Through the Rosary the faithful receive abundant grace, as by the hands of the Mother of the Redeemer.

Prayer is for every person to obtain graces and consolations for oneself or for others, for the diffusion of good actions in the world, for the solution of international conflicts, for conversion and spiritual growth. Prayer, in the room of your home or into the church, at any time of the day,  is a moment of peace and serenity that distracts from the worries of the day and it is a moment of communication with Divine Mercy through the most beautiful prayers. The graces result from the experience not only of saints and religious but also of ordinary people who have left public witness of the graces received requested to the Virgin Mary.

A person who says a Rosary usually thinks about certain events from the Bible.  Each day has a traditional list of these events, called "Mysteries of the Rosary." Praying the Rosary on certain times or under certain conditions can get the person praying an indulgence: a set amount of time off purgatory by setting aside time for sins performed on Earth.

## Related pages

- The Lord's Prayer
- The Hail Mary
- Roman Catholicism
Kazakh language

**Kazakh** is a Turkic language that is mostly spoken in Kazakhstan, a country in Central Asia. It, along with Russian, is one of Kazakhstan's official languages.

## History

The Kazakh language had been written in the Cyrillic alphabet since the Russian Empire started to occupy that country in the 19th century. In 1917, people began to use the Arabic alphabet, but the Russians were not able to make them use Cyrillic.

The Kazakhs used the Arabic script to write their language until approximately 1929. In the early 1900s, Kazakh activist Ahmed Baytursinuli reformed the Kazakh-Arabic alphabet, but his work was largely overshadowed by the Soviet presence in Central Asia. At that point, the new Soviet regime forced the Kazakhs to use a Latin script, and then a Cyrillic script in the 1940s in an effort to thoroughly Russify them. Today, Kazakhs use the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic scripts to write their language.

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the newly-independent Republic of Kazakhstan allowed the old Latin alphabet to be used, but continued to use Cyrillic as the main alphabet. In 2006, president Nursultan Nazarbayev started a project to introduce a standard form of the Latin alphabet as the official script of his country. A version of the new Latin alphabet, which used apostrophes for certain sounds, was created in April 2017, but was replaced with another one in February 2018 which instead uses diacritics on certain letters. The latest version, proposed in 2021, has been in official use and will be taught in elementary schools starting 2023. If all goes as planned, the Cyrillic alphabet will be fully replaced with Latin by 2025.

## Kazakh letters

The last proposed Kazakh Latin alphabet was shown in 2019:

## Other websites

- Website of the government of Kazakhstan

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Kazakh
- **nativename**: or
 or
 or
- **pronunciation**:

- **states**: Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Altai Republic (Russia), Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Pakistan, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Serbia, Romania, Greece, Moldova, Ukraine, Bulgaria
- **region**: Central Asia
(Turkestan)
- **speakers**: 22 million (2019)
- **ethnicity**: Kazakhs
- **familycolor**: Altaic
- **fam1**: Turkic languages, Turkic
- **fam2**: Common Turkic languages, Common Turkic
- **fam3**: Kipchak languages, Kipchak
- **fam4**: Kipchak–Nogai
- **script**: Kazakh alphabets (Latin script, Cyrillic script, Arabic script, Kazakh Braille)
- **nation**:
 Altai Republic

*Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture
*Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County
*Mori Kazakh Autonomous County
*Aksay Kazakh Autonomous County

- **agency**: Kazakh language agency
- **iso1**: kk
- **iso2**: kaz
- **iso3**: kaz
- **lingua**: 44-AAB-cc
- **mapcaption**: The Kazakh-speaking world:
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: kaza1248
- **glottorefname**: Kazakh
Gilgamesh

**Gilgamesh** was the semi-mythical fifth king of Uruk, an ancient city-state of Sumer. His supposed historical reign is believed to have been  27th to 25th centuries BC, around 2 to 4 centuries before he appears as a protagonist in the Sumerian epic named _Epic of Gilgamesh_.

Gilgamesh's father was named Lugalbanda, who was said to be the third king of Uruk.

## Pop culture

Gilgamesh appears as the protagonist (main character) in the Sumerian epic named _Epic of Gilgamesh_.
Dunfermline Athletic F.C.

**Dunfermline Athletic Football Club** are a Scottish football team based in Dunfermline, Fife, commonly known as just Dunfermline. They play at East End Park and are nicknamed _The Pars_.

They are currently managed by Neil Lennon who was given the job on a temporary basis in March 2025.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Dunfermline Athletic F.C.
- **current**: 2024-25
- **fullname**: Dunfermline Athletic Football Club
- **nickname**: The Pars
- **founded**: 1885
- **ground**: East End Park,
Dunfermline, Fife
- **capacity**: 11,780
- **chairman**: David Cook
- **manager**: Neil Lennon
- **league**: Scottish Championship
- **season**: 2023-24 Scottish Championship, 2023-24
- **position**: Scottish Championship, 6th
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Greenock Morton F.C.

**Greenock Morton Football Club** are a football team, who currently play in the Scottish Championship. The club was founded as **Morton Football Club** in 1874, making it one of the oldest senior Scottish clubs. Greenock Morton are popularly known as "The Pride of the Clyde", a tradition which pre-dates the club's renaming in 1994 to celebrate the links with its home town of Greenock. The club has a traditional local rivalry with St Mirren F.C..

## Name

- 1874-1994 **Morton F.C.**
- 1994-present **Greenock Morton F.C.**

### National honours

- **Scottish Cup**
    - **Winners**: 1921–22
    - Runners-up: 1947–48
- **Scottish League Cup**
    - Runners-up: 1963–64
- **Scottish Challenge Cup**
    - Runners-up: 1992
- **Scottish Premiership** (first tier)
    - Runners-up: 1916–17
- **Scottish Championship** (second tier)
    - **Champions**: (6) 1949–50, 1963–64, 1966–67, 1977–78, 1983–84, 1986–1987
    - Runners-up: (4) 1899–1900, 1928–29, 1936–37, 2012–13
- **Scottish League One** (third tier)
    - **Champions**: (3) 1994–95, 2006–07, 2014–15
    - Runners-up: 2005–06
- **Scottish League Two** (fourth tier)
    - **Champions**: 2002–03

## European record

|Season|Competition|Round|Opponent|Home|Away|Aggregate||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1968–69|Inter-Cities Fairs Cup|First round|Chelsea|align="center"|3–4|align="center"|0–5|align="center"|**3–9**|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Greenock Morton F.C.
- **fullname**: Greenock Morton Football Club
- **nickname**: The 'Ton
- **founded**: (as Morton F.C.)
- **ground**: Cappielow, Greenock
- **capacity**: 11,589 (5,741 seated)
- **owner**: Morton Club Together (MCT)
- **chairman**: John Laird
- **manager**: Dougie Imrie
- **league**: Scottish Championship
- **position**: Scottish Championship, 6th of 10
- **website**: [https://gmfc.net/ 	www.gmfc.net]
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Livingston F.C.

**Livingston Football Club** is a Scottish football team based in Livingston, West Lothian. They currently play in the Scottish Premiership.

## Name

- 1943-1974 **Ferranti Thistle**
- 1974-1995 **Meadowbank Thistle**
- 1995-present **Livingston**

## Managers

- Jim Leishman (1995–1997)
- Ray Stewart (1997–2000)
- Jim Leishman (2000–2003)
- Marcio Maximo Barcellos (2003)
- David Hay (2003–2004)
- Allan Preston (2004)
- Richard Gough (2004–2005)
- Paul Lambert (2005–2006)
- Alec Cleland (Caretaker, 2006)
- John Robertson (2006–2007)
- Dave Bowman (Caretaker, 2007)
- Mark Proctor (2007–2008)
- Roberto Landi (2008–)

## Famous players

- Neil Alexander
- Rab Douglas
- David Bingham
- John Robertson
- Marvin Andrews
- David Fernández
- Javier Sánchez Broto
- Stuart Lovell
- Quino
- Oscar Rubio
- Davide Xausa
- Jamie McAllister
- David McNamee
- Hassan Kachloul
- Paul Dalglish
- Paul Lambert
- Guillermo Amor
- Rolando Zarate

## Current squad

_As of August 26, 2008_

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Livingston F.C.
- **fullname**: Livingston Football Club
- **nickname**: Livi Lions
- **founded**: 1943
- **ground**: Almondvale Stadium,
Livingston, Scotland
- **capacity**: 10,122
- **chairman**: Gordon McDougall
- **manager**: Gary Bollan
- **league**: Scottish Football League Third Division, Scottish Third Division
- **season**: Scottish Football League 2019–20, 2019/20
- **position**: Scottish Premiership, 5th
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Queen of the South F.C.

**Queen of the South Football Club** is a Scottish professional football club founded in 1919. It is in Dumfries in southwest Scotland. They currently play in the Scottish First Division.

Officially nicknamed _The Doonhamers_, but usually referred to as _Queens_ and sometimes as _QoS_ (as also listed on the club badge), they have played their entire existence based at Palmerston Park on Terregles Street.

The club has won national honours, namely the 1950-51 B Division, the 2001-02  Scottish Second Division and the 2002-03 Scottish Challenge Cup. While Queens topped Scotland's top division until Christmas in season 1953-54 their highest-ever finish in the Scottish top flight was fourth in 1933-34. Their longest cup run was in the 2007-08 Scottish Cup, in which they reached the final and finished runners up.

The club is currently managed by Gordon Chisholm.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Queen of the South
- **fullname**: Queen of the South Football Club
- **nickname**: _The Doonhamers_, _Queens_
- **current**: 2013–14 Queen of the South F.C. season
- **founded**: March 1919
- **ground**: Palmerston Park, Dumfries, Scotland
- **capacity**: 7,620
- **chairman**: Billy Hewitson
- **manager**: Jim McIntyre (footballer), Jim McIntyre
- **league**: Scottish Championship
- **season**: 2013–14 in Scottish football, 2013–14
- **position**: Scottish Championship, 4th
- **website**: http://www.qosfc.com
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Ross County F.C.

**Ross County F.C.** are a Scottish professional football team who currently play in the Scottish Football League. They play their home matches at Victoria Park in the Highland town of Dingwall, Ross and Cromarty.

Their manager, until October 2005, was former Inverness Caledonian Thistle and Heart of Midlothian manager John Robertson. He left the club on the 24 October 2005, due to differences of opinion on a number of fundamental issues with the chairman. Gardner Spiers, a former Aberdeen coach, was appointed caretaker manager, but he too left in April 2006 after being told he would not be considered for appointment on a permanent basis. Director of Football George Adams took temporary charge before former Motherwell player Scott Leitch was appointed on 18 April 2006. Leitch, after winning the Challenge Cup but suffering relegation, stood down at the end of the 2006-2007 season, almost exactly one year after his appointment. Former Partick Thistle manager Dick Campbell was announced as his replacement in May 2007. However, after a good run of results to start their Division 2 campaign, Campbell and the Ross County board decided to part company on 2 October 2007. Derek Adams (son of George Adams) took over as caretaker, and was confirmed as permanent manager a month later, after the side's good form continued.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Ross County F.C.
- **fullname**: Ross County Football Club
- **nickname**: The Staggies
- **founded**: 1929
- **ground**: Victoria Park
- **capacity**: 6,310
- **chairman**: Roy MacGregor
- **manager**: Steven Ferguson and
 Stuart Kettlewell
- **league**: Scottish Premiership
- **season**: 2018–19 Scottish Premiership, 2018–19
- **position**: Scottish Championship, 1st (promoted)
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Irn-Bru

**Irn-Bru** is a carbonated drink made by Barrs in Scotland, United Kingdom. It was invented in Glasgow in 1901. It is a bright orange colour, and is nicknamed _"Scotland's other national drink"_ – a reference to whisky.

## Recipe

The recipe remains a secret today, with competing drinks trying to make their own copy of Irn-Bru, with little success.

One notable advertising slogan was _"Made in Scotland from Girders"_. Although not made from girders, Irn-Bru does actually contain iron: it has an ammonium ferric citrate content of 0.002%.

In 1999, Irn Bru was included in the book _Oxford Companion to Food_ along with caviar, quail and smoked salmon as one of the world's great foods. The drink's inclusion was because it is "important for its symbolic value as well as its refreshing qualities".

## Sponsorship

Irn-Bru is a sponsor of the Scottish Football League. It currently sponsors the Scottish First Division, Scottish Second Division and the Scottish Third Division.
Rain gauge

A **rain gauge** is an instrument used by meteorologists and hydrologists to measure liquid precipitation (rain) in a certain amount of time. It is usually measured in millimetres and inches. Rain gauge is a meteorological instrument for determining the depth of precipitation (usually in mm) that occurs over a unit area (usually one metre square) and thus measuring rainfall amount. One millimetre of measured precipitation is the equivalent to one litre of rainfall per metre square.

Usually a tapering funnel of [mercury] or polyester of standard dimension allows the rain water to collect in an enclosed bottle or cylinder for subsequent measurement. The gauge is set in open ground with the funnel rim up to 30 cm above the ground surface. Some gauges are calibrated to allow the amount of rainfall to be read directly; with others it must be calculated from the depth of water in the container and the dimensions of the funnel.

The second type of rain gauge is the autographic gauge which can be either of the tilting type or the tipping type. The recording chart on an autographic rain gauge is mounted on a drum which is driven by clockwork and typically rotates round a vertical axis once per day. For a tilting-siphon rain gauge, the rainwater in a collector displaces a float so that a marking pen attached to the float makes a continuous trace on the paper. The two buckets in a tipping-bucket rain gauge rest on a pivot so that when one bucket has received 0.2 (or 0.5 mm) of rain it tips by gravity, empties the rainwater and allows the other bucket to start collection. During the tip, an electrical switch is closed and triggers a nearby autographic recorder to register each 'tilt', thus giving a fairly continuous record of precipitation and, in a more sophisticated form, even rainfall intensity. Rain gauges must be sited in as representative a location as possible, but the choice of location is difficult, since many precipitation events are highly aggregate. King Sejong the Great was the man who introduced rain gauge to the world. There are advantages and disadvantages of this instrument.
Zürich S-Bahn

**Zürich S-Bahn** (German _S-Bahn Zürich_) is a suburban rail system that links Zürich to its metropolitan area. The system started in 1990, when it was the first suburban rail system to begin operating in Switzerland.

Mid 2008, there were 380 kilometres of railway track, 171 stations and 28 lines. In 2007, about 355’653 passengers used the system every day.

Each line generally has two trains an hour.

Since 2002, there are also 7 lines that run at night during weekends, in the nights Friday-Saturday, and Saturday-Sunday. Usually, there is one train per hour. Some lines only have one train every two hours. There are also some bus lines. Usually, traveling with these night lines requires an extra fare, which has to be bought in addition to the normal ticket.

Between 75 and 80 million people use the system every year. About 70% of the people living in the area use the system. Plans include gradually introducing 4 trains per hour on most lines, and to extend the offer to 4 trains per hour between Zürich and Winterthur during the whole day, and not just during rush hour. A new tunnel was built in Zürich main station. This tunnel allows a direct connection from Zürich main station to Oerlikon and the airport, without a change of direction.
Thousand Foot Krutch

**Thousand Foot Krutch** is a Canadian Christian hard rock band that was formed in 1997.

They have released a number of albums (including 2 remix albums) the latest being Exhale, sequel to Oxygen: Inhale.

While TFK had rap influences, obvious with Trevor's vocals in earlier TFK albums, "The Flame In All Of Us" and "Welcome To the Masquerade" have moved away from that, and used a more rock-based sound. But "The End Is Where We Begin" returns to the band's Rap roots.

While "The Last Song" from "The Flame In All Of Us", has been thought by some to be an outro from the band, TFK still continues touring, and Trevor has said that they were very tired, and it's only a sarcastic "Here it all is: love it or hate it".

## About the band

The name Thousand Foot Krutch came from the belief that God is a crutch you can lean on, even if your problems pile a thousand feet high. What they mean is, you can ask God for help even if you have very serious or many problems in your life.

They have gone through certain line-up changes. For example, Steve Augustine has not always been a part of the band, and Christian Harvey was their original drummer.

## Studio albums

1. _That's What People Do_ (1997)
1. _Set it Off_ (2000)
1. _Phenomenon_ (2003)
1. _The Art of Breaking_ (2005)
1. _The Flame in All of Us_ (2007)
1. _Welcome To The Masquerade_ (2009)
1. _The End Is Where We Begin_ (2012)
1. _Oxygen: Inhale_ (2014)
1. _Exhale_ (2016)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Thousand Foot Krutch
- **image**: ThousandFootKrutch-Band.jpg
- **caption**: Thousand Foot Krutch in June 2009
(From L to R) Vocalist Trevor McNevan and Bassist Joel Bruyere
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Peterborough, On, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
- **genre**: Christian rock, nu metal, rap metal, hard rock
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **label**: DJD Recordings, Tooth & Nail Records, Tooth & Nail, Independent music, Independent
- **associated acts**: FM Static, The Drawing Room, Hawk Nelson, Manafest, Three Days Grace
- **current members**: Trevor McNevan, Trevor "Teerawk" McNevan
Steve Augustine
Joel Bruyere
- **past members**: Neil Sanderson
Dave Smith
 Pat Pedasiuk
Geoff "Johnny Orbital" Laforet
 Christian Harvey
Tim Baxter
 Myke Harrison
Rosh Hashanah

**Rosh Hashanah** (, literally "head of the year," Biblical: , Israeli: , Yiddish: ) is a Jewish holiday commonly referred to as the "Jewish New Year."  It is observed on the first day of Tishrei, the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar. The festival lasts for two days.

Rosh Hashanah is the first of the High Holidays or _Yamim Noraim_ (), or _Asseret Yemei Teshuva_ (The Ten Days of Repentance) which are days specifically set aside to focus on repentance that conclude with the holiday of Yom Kippur. The story of Rosh Hashanah is about Abraham and his belief in God when he was told to sacrifice his son.

It is customary to send "A Good and Happy Year" greetings on Rosh Hashanah to family and friends.

## Years

Jewish year and Gregorian year:
- 5778 = 2017-2018
- 5779 = 2018-2019
- 5780 = 2019-2020
- 5781 = 2020-2021
- 5782 = 2021-2022

## Infobox (holiday)

- **holiday name**: Rosh Hashanah
- **image**: Rosh_Hashana.jpeg
- **observedby**: Judaism and Jews; Samaritans
- **nickname**: Jewish New Year
- **begins**: Start of first day of Tishrei
- **ends**: End of first or second day of Tishrei
- **observances**: Jewish services, Praying in synagogue, hearing the _shofar_. Festive meals with challah. Auspicious foods such as apples dipped in honey, fish heads and pomegranates are often eaten, as well as new fruits on the second night. Refraining from 39 categories of activity prohibited on Shabbat, work.
- **type**: Jewish; Samaritan
- **significance**: Jewish civil new year according to the Hebrew calendar. Commemorates the Creation according to Genesis, creation of the world as narrated in the Bible.
Beginning of the ten "Days of Awe" culminating in Yom Kippur.
- **relatedto**: Yom Kippur, the "Day of Atonement."
- **date2017**: sunset, September 20 – sunset, September 21
- **date2018**: sunset, September 9 – sunset, September 10
- **date2019**: sunset, September 29 – sunset, September 30
Mass noun

In linguistics, a **mass noun** is a common noun that refers to an amount, not an item or unit. Common mass nouns are _water, chocolate, meat, time,_ and _space._ Mass nouns are always singular and uncountable. The set of uncountable nouns and mass nouns is not identical. There are uncountable nouns, such as _scissors_ which refer to an item, are plural, and are not mass nouns.

In some languages like English, mass nouns have different grammar than countable nouns. Their requirements for determiners, for example differ. Other languages, such as Japanese, do not treat mass nouns in any special way.
Dianthus

***Dianthus*** is a genus of about 300 species of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae, found mainly in Europe and Asia, with a few species found south to north Africa, and one species (_D. repens_) in Arctic North America. Common names include **carnation** (_D. caryophyllus_), **pink** (_D. plumarius_ and related species) and **sweet william** (_D. barbatus_). The name _Dianthus_ is from the Greek words _dios_ ("god") and _anthos_ ("flower"), and was mentioned by the Greek botanist Theophrastus.
American Dream

The **American Dream** is the hope that in the United States of America, anyone can become successful if they work hard and try their very best.

## Immigration

Many migrants, people who come to America from other countries, come to America because they hope for a better life. America is attractive to migrants, because often there is more freedom to become rich or famous than the country that they leave. The standard icon of the American Dream is the Statue of Liberty.

## To Live Freely

**American Dream** also meant to live freely and equally with all other people in the United States.

The American Dream is also a main theme in the book by John Steinbeck, _Of Mice and Men_. The two friends George and Lennie dream of their own piece of land with a ranch, so they can "live off the fatta the lan'" and just enjoy a better life.

But the symbolism shows this is **futile** due to the fact that it will never happen, and Lennie ends up being shot in the back of the head as a mercy killing, like Candy's dog. This shows that not everyone can achieve the American dream, thus proving by contradiction it is not possible.

## _The Great Gatsby_

Although it is possible to achieve the American dream for few. A lot of people follow the American dream to achieve a greater chance of becoming rich. This was easier in the 1900s and now it is really hard to achieve the American dream because of all the competition and hard work required to achieve this dream. This is also shown in _The Great Gatsby_.
Jason Upton

**Jason Upton** (born December 15, 1973) is an independent Christian worship leader and musician. He has a large underground following.

He has released 12 albums since the year 2000:
- _Key of David_ (2000)
- _Faith_ (2001)
- _Jacob's Dream_ (2002)
- _Dying Star_ (2002)
- _Remember_ (2003)
- _Trusting the Angels_ (2004)
- _Great River Road_ (2005)
- _Open Up the Earth_ (2005)
- _Beautiful People_ (2007)
- _Between Earth and Sky_ (2007)
- _1200 FT Below Sea Level_ (2008)
- _On the Rim of the Visible World_ (2009) w/ the Good Land Band

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jason Upton
- **image size**: xfdse
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth date**: December 15, 1973
- **origin**: Minneapolis, Minnesota
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, Piano, Keyboard instrument, Keyboard
- **genre**: Worship music, Worship
Contemporary Christian
- **occupation**: Worship leader, singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 2000–present
- **label**: Integrity Media
- **website**: [http://www.jasonupton.net jasonupton.net]
Richard Dean Anderson

**Richard Dean Anderson** (born January 23, 1950, in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American television actor. He is best known for his role as the title character in the television series _MacGyver_, and for his role as Jack O'Neill in the television series _Stargate SG-1_.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Richard Dean Anderson
- **image**: Richard Dean Anderson.jpg
- **caption**: Richard Dean Anderson at the Air Force Association's 57th Annual Air Force Anniversary Dinner
- **birth place**: Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
- **occupation**: Television, movie, voice actor
Michael Shanks

**Michael Garrett Shanks** (born December 15, 1970, Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian actor, writer and director. He became famous for his role as Dr. Daniel Jackson on the television series _Stargate SG-1_. He also provided the voice of the character Thor for this show. He is a film and television actor.

## Other websites

- Michael Shanks Online - The Official Michael Shanks Website
- Michael Shanks TV Guide Blog

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Michael Shanks
- **image**: Michael Shanks Comic Con 2009 (cropped).jpg
- **birthname**: Michael Garrett Shanks
- **birth place**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **nationality**: Canadians, Canadian
- **occupation**: Actor, Television director, Director, Writer
- **yearsactive**: 1993-present
- **spouse**: Lexa Doig
Mycobacterium leprae

***Mycobacterium leprae*** is a bacteria. It causes the disease, leprosy, also known as the Hanson's Disease.

## Discovery

The bacterium was discovered in 1873 by a Norwegian doctor named Gerhard Armauer Hansen. _M. leprae_ is a gram-positive, aerobic rod surrounded by the characteristic waxy coating unique to Mycobacteria.

## Features

In size and shape, it closely resembles  M. tuberculosis. Due to its thick, waxy coating, stains with carbol-fuchsin are used, rather than with the traditional Gram staining method.
Smells Like Teen Spirit

"**Smells Like Teen Spirit**" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana, from their second album _Nevermind_. It is their most famous song, and one of the most famous songs ever. Many people thought the song represented the ideas of the people in Generation X (people born in the United States between 1965 and 1980.)

## Writing the song

The song was written by all three members of Nirvana. It was written to sound like a song that the Pixies (a band that Kurt Cobain enjoyed) wrote. It was originally a much faster song than the final version was. The title "Smells Like Teen Spirit" came from when Cobain's friend Kathleen Hanna spray painted "Kurt Smells Like Teen Spirit" on his wall. "Teen Spirit" was the name of the deodorant that Cobain's girlfriend Tobi Vail wore. But Cobain thought it was a symbol for a "revolutionary" song or a "punk rock anthem."

## People's opinions of the song

Smells Like Teen Spirit was released in 1991. It was the first single from _Nevermind_. Nirvana expected the song to not become very famous. They expected the next single, "Come as You Are", to be their big hit. However, radio stations in Seattle played Smells Like Teen Spirit, and it became a hit. Come as You Are was not as popular.

Many people who listened to the song were not able to understand what Kurt Cobain was singing. This was because he mumbled throughout the song, and the lyrics did not make sense to them. Because of this, "Weird Al" Yankovic made a parody of the song called "Smells Like Nirvana".

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Smells Like Teen Spirit
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Nirvana (band), Nirvana
- **album**: Nevermind
- **b-side**: * "Drain You"
* "Even in His Youth"
* "Aneurysm (song), Aneurysm"
- **recorded**: May 1991
- **studio**: Sound City Studios, Sound City, Van Nuys, Van Nuys, California
- **genre**: * Grunge
* alternative rock
*
- **length**: *  (album version)
*  (radio edit, single version)
- **label**: DGC Records, DGC
- **writer**: * Kurt Cobain
* Krist Novoselic
* Dave Grohl
- **producer**: Butch Vig
- **prev title**: Here She Comes Now / Venus in Furs
- **prev year**: 1991
- **next title**: On a Plain
- **next year**: 1991
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

***Mycobacterium tuberculosis*** is a bacterium that causes tuberculosis. _M. tuberculosis_ was first described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. The bacterium was first called the "tubercle bacillus", and is now also known as Koch's bacillus. This disease is spread by the air and from getting coughed or sneezed on by an infected patient.

Tuberculosis used to kill over half the people who were infected. The bacterium was almost wiped out by antibiotics, but is now a threat again because strains have appeared which are resistant to all the usual antibiotics.
Billabong (clothing)

**Billabong** is an Australian brand of surf clothing which is popular with young people, in particular the Australian surf community, however, more recently of the skating, and other sporting communities.

## History

Billabong started in the Gold Coast in 1973 when surfing culture in Australia was popular. Surfers Gordon and Rena Merchant wanted to create board shorts that were strong enough to withstand the weather conditions of surfing. The name Billabong comes from the Wiradjuri word 'bilaban', which means a creek that runs during the rainy season.

Billabong is known for their brand mottos "Life's better in boardshorts" and "A bikini kinda life".
Sand (disambiguation)

**Sand** may refer to:
- Sand a finely divided rock found on beaches
- George Sand (1804–1876), a French novelist
- Sand, Shetland, a settlement on the Shetland Islands
- Ebbe Sand (born 1972), a Danish former professional football (soccer) player
Type 23 frigate

The **type 23 frigate** or "Duke" class frigate is a warship operated by the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom and by the Chilean Navy of Chile. However it is not operated by the Royal Canadian Navy of Canada.
Nuremberg Laws

The **Nuremberg Laws** is the name for three (historically two) antisemitic laws that were set into practice in Germany in 1935, and that were valid until 1945. They are named after the city of Nuremberg where the legislative assembly met.

They were:
- _Gesetz zum Schutze des deutschen Blutes und der deutschen Ehre_ (Often called _Blutschutzgesetz_, law concerning the protection of German blood and honour). This law made it illegal for Jews to marry Germans. It also made it illegal for Germans and Jews to have sexual relations. The law against marriage imposed prison time for both sexes violating it. The law against sexual relations provided for long prison terms for men who did not obey it, but no prison time for women. This law also forbade Jews to show the national flag, and guaranteed their right to show Jewish symbols.
- _Reich Citizenship Law :_ This law basically said that only people of German or closely-related blood could become citizens - in other words: Jews (and some others) could not. All Jews employed by the government had to quit their job. They also lost their right to vote and to be in the army.
- _Reichsflaggengesetz_ Strictly speaking this flag law is not one of the Nuremberg Laws, but it was published with the others. It made the swastika the official flag of Germany.
On the 14th of November 1935, the Nuremberg laws were expanded prohibiting Roma (Gypsies), Blacks or any of their offspring from engaging in marriage or sexual relations with 'Those of German or German related blood'.
Thrice

**Thrice** is an American experimental rock band formed in 1998. They are always changing their sound from different albums. The four members in Thrice are the same four people as when they started 10 years ago.

In 2004, the band released a DVD about the band. In the DVD, it talks about the members. They talk about experiences with touring and being in the band. They also talk about their ideas about the future direction of the music.

Dustin Kensrue, the lead singer for the band, released a solo album in 2007.

Most recently, Thrice have released a four disc album titled _The Alchemy Index_ (volumes _Earth_, _Fire_, _Water_ and _Air_). At the end of each disc, there is a song written in a similar poem style. The  last line in that song is always sung in the same way.

## Albums

1. _First Impressions_ (1999)
1. _Identity Crisis_ (2001)
1. _The Illusion of Safety_ (2002)
1. _The Artist in the Ambulance_ (2003)
1. _Vheissu_ (2005)
1. _The Alchemy Index_, volumes: _Fire_ and _Water_ (2007)
1. _The Alchemy Index_, volumes: _Earth_ and _Air_ (2008)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Thrice
- **image**: Teppei and Dustin of Thrice.jpg
- **caption**: Teppei Teranishi and Dustin Kensrue of Thrice performing at Indio, CA
- **image size**: 230
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Irvine, California, Irvine, California, U.S.
- **genre**: Alternative rock, post-hardcore, experimental rock, melodic hardcore
- **years active**: 1998–2012 (on hiatus)
- **label**: Sub City Records, Sub City, Hopeless Records, Hopeless, Island Records, Island, Vagrant Records, Vagrant
- **website**: [http://www.thrice.net www.thrice.net]
- **current members**: Dustin Kensrue
Teppei Teranishi
Eddie Breckenridge
Riley Breckenridge
Sidewalk

- **_Pavement** redirects here. For the American rock band, see Pavement (band)._

A **sidewalk** is a path for pedestrians that runs along the side of a road. It is called a sidewalk in American English, but can also be called a **pavement** (mainly British English and South African English), a **footpath** (Australian English, Irish English, Indian English and New Zealand English) or **footway** (Engineering term).

Pedestrians use sidewalks to keep them safe from vehicles on the road. Sidewalks can be paved with bricks, poured concrete or tarmac.

In suburban areas sidewalks are often separated from the roadway by a verge planted with grass and trees.

Street furniture (benches, letterboxes, transit shelters, litter bins, advertising columns, etc.) are often placed on or immediately adjacent to sidewalks.
Itapema

**Itapema** is a city of the Santa Catarina state, in Brazil.