juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Network Time Protocol

The **Network Time Protocol** (**NTP**) is a protocol for distributing the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) by synchronizing the clocks of computer systems over IP networks.

NTP is one of the oldest Internet Protocols still in use (since before 1985) and uses UDP port 123.

## Other websites

- NTP Public Services Project This is the home for the NTP (Network Time Protocol) Public Services Project which provides public support for the NTP Project and the IETF NTP Working Group.  Also a Wiki with lists of NTP servers.
- IETF NTP working group
- David Mills' NTP project page
- NTP version 4 Release Notes
- Time and NTP paper
- NTP Articles and News  - A collection of NTP related articles and news
- NTP Survey 2005
- Network Time Protocol  - National Research Council of Canada
- Network Time Server - NTP time server software for Windows
- Online NTP Test Utility - Tests a NTP Server which is public to the internet
- A Brief Guide to NTP  - Google Knol on NTP
- Time Synchronisation Blog

### Other time synchronization protocols

- Daytime protocol DAYTIME synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 13
- ICMP protocol Time synchronization with ICMP timestamps (basis for timed  )
- HTTP Time Protocol (HTP) Time synchronization with HTTP headers
- Reference-Broadcast Synchronization  (RBS)  Time synchronization for wireless networks
- Time protocol Time synchronization protocol via TCP or UDP port 37
Project Athena

**Project Athena** was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM.  It was launched in 1983, and research and development continued until June 30, 1991, eight years after it began. It is widely believed that the goals were to create a computing environment that would utilize up to 1,000 workstations but in fact, the goal was to improve the quality of education delivered by the Institute.

The concept that a user could go to any workstation and access any files or applications without finding major differences in the user interface and service, just like browsing the Internet today.

The project created  many technologies that are widely used today, such as the X Window System and Kerberos.

## References

- Treese, G. Winfield, Berkeley UNIX on 1000 Workstations: Athena Changes to 4.3 BSD _USENIX Association_, February 1988.
- Arfman, J. M.; Roden, Peter. Project Athena: Supporting distributed computing at MIT _IBM Systems Journal_ Volume 31, Number 3, 1992.
- Champine, George (1991). _MIT Project Athena: A Model for Distributed Campus Computing_, Digital Press, .
- Avril, C. R.; Orcutt, Ron L.  Athena: MIT's Once and Future Distributed Computing Project, _Information Technology Quarterly_ (Fall 1990).
- Athena at MIT (mit.edu) http://web.mit.edu/is/topics/athena/

## Other websites

- Athena at MIT
- Project Glue at UMD College Park
Session key

A **session key** is a single-use symmetric key used for encrypting all messages in one communication session. A closely related term is **traffic encryption key** or **TEK**, which refers to any symmetric key that is used to encrypt traffic messages. Typically **TEK**s are changed frequently, in some systems daily and in others for every message.

Session keys introduce complexities in a cryptosystem. However, they also help with some real problems, which is why they are used. There are two primary reasons for using **session keys**:

- First, several cryptanalytic attacks are made easier as more ciphertext encrypted with a specific key is available. By limiting the number of messages encrypted using a single key, those attacks are made more difficult.
- Second, many otherwise good encryption algorithms require that keys be distributed securely before encryption can be used. All symmetric secret key algorithms have this undesirable property. There are other algorithms which don't require secure distribution of secret keys, but they are too slow to be practical for encrypting long messages (see Public-key cryptography). By using one of these "asymmetric" algorithms to distribute an encrypted secret key for another, faster, symmetric-key algorithm, it's possible to improve overall performance considerably.

Like all cryptographic keys, session keys must be chosen so that they are unpredictable by an attacker. In the usual case, this means that they must be chosen randomly. Failure to choose session keys (or any key) properly is a major drawback in any cryptosystem.
The Kite Runner

***The Kite Runner*** is a 2003 book written by Afghan-American Khaled Hosseini.

In _The Kite Runner_, Amir and Hassan grow up together in Afghanistan like brothers, although they could not be more different. Amir is the son of a rich  businessman, a Sunni Muslim, a Pashtun. He is educated and loves to read and write. Hassan's father Ali is a servant to Amir's father. Hassan is a Sh'ia Muslim and a Hazara. He can not read and has a harelip. Neither boy has a mother, although Baba's friend, Rahim Kahn, has a close friendship with Amir. They spend their boyhoods roaming the streets of Kabul together. Amir is a selfish friend to Hassan, who is devoted and loyal to Amir. One day, he hides in fear as Hassan is beaten and raped by three bullies, led by a boy called Assef, when Hassan refuses to give them a kite that he found for Amir. After this, he cannot bear to talk to Hassan and pretends to his father that Hassan stole his watch so that Hassan will be sent away. Although his father forgives Hassan, Ali and Hassan decide to leave.  The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan sends Amir and his father escaping to the United States, because Amir's father has been known to curse the Communists and had a strong admiration on Ronald Reagan. Amir is called back to Afghanistan, by a terminally ill Rahim Kahn, as an adult during the Taliban rule to rescue Hassan's son Sohrab, when Rahim tells him that he and Hassan are actually half-brothers because his father secretly had sex with Hassan's mother. When rescuing Sohrab, Amir has to confront Assef who is now a leader of the Taliban. He gets severely beaten by Assef and Sohrab eventually saves him by firing a slingshot at Assef's eye. He goes home with Amir to live with him and his wife Soraya, but does not talk or play. Eventually, Amir gets Sohrab to smile when he teaches him to fly a kite.

## Other websites

- Official website of author Khaled Hosseini
- Khaled Hosseini discusses _The Kite Runner_ on the BBC _World Book Club_
- Article on the novel at _Let's Talk about Bollywood_
- Excerpts: Excerpt at ereader.com Excerpt at litstudies.org Excerpt at today.com
- Book Drum illustrated profile of _The Kite Runner_

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Kite Runner
- **caption**: French cover, 2016
- **author**: Khaled Hosseini
- **cover artist**: Honi Werner
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **publisher**: Riverhead Books
- **release date**: May 29, 2003
- **pages**: 372
- **isbn**: 1-57322-245-3
- **dewey**: 813/.6 21
- **congress**: PS3608.O832 K58 2003
- **oclc**: 51615359
Synchronization (computer science)

In computer science, **synchronization** refers to one of two different but related concepts: synchronization of processes, and synchronization of data.

- **Process synchronization** refers to the idea that multiple processes are to link or handshake at a certain point, so as to reach an agreement or commit to a certain sequence of action.
- **Data synchronization** refers to the idea of keeping multiple copies of a dataset in coherence (in-constancy) with one another, or to maintain data integrity.

**Process synchronization** is commonly used to implement **Data synchronization**.

## Other websites

- Anatomy of Linux synchronization methods at IBM developerWorks
Opel Agila

**Opel Agila** was a car from the Japanese carmaker Suzuki with partnership from the German carmaker Opel from 2000 to 2015.

## Suzuki Wagon R+ and Splash

The Suzuki Wagon R+ and Chevrolet MW are badge engineered versions of the Agila. It was replaced by the Splash in 2008 in Europe, however it is still available in countries such as Japan.
Heatseekers Albums

**Heatseekers Albums** (formerly **Top Heatseekers**) is a weekly music chart for albums introduced by _Billboard_ in 1993. It was created to publish sales by new and developing musical recording artists.  Albums that appear on Top Heatseekers may also appear on the _Billboard_ 200 at the same time.

Top Heatseekers contains fifty chart positions.  Although the chart's rules have changed a little bit over the years, its current rules for an album to be allowed to enter _Top Heatseekers_ say it needs to be one of the best-selling albums by a new or developing act (a band or musical artist), meaning an act that has never appeared in the top 100 of the _Billboard_ 200.  If an album on Heatseekers does enter the top 100 of the _Billboard_ 200, it and any albums  the act later releases are not eligible to appear on the Heatseekers chart. Many artists have bypassed Top Heatseekers because their first chart entry debuted on the _Billboard_ 200 at position 100 or above.
Zoo Entertainment

**Zoo Entertainment** was an American record label, and a part of BMG. The label was created in the early 1990s by Lou Maglia, the former president of Island Records. It is now out of operation. Maglia and former BMG executive Kevin Czinger ran Zoo Entertainment and its successor company Volcano Entertainment. When money ran out, Volcano's owners sold the company to Zomba Records. Zomba later entered into a joint venture with Bernstein & Mensch, the rock management company. Zoo is best known for releasing three multi-platinum Tool albums.
Subculture

A **subculture** is a group of people involved in a community of some sort. Subcultures can be hobbies, groups or communities. A **subculture** is a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which makes them different from the larger culture that they belong to, known as the "dominant" culture. If a subculture is described as opposing the dominant culture, it may be described as a counterculture. As Ken Gelder notes, subcultures are social, with their own shared rules, values and rituals, but they can also seem self-involved — another thing that makes them different from countercultures.

## Identifying subcultures

Subcultures can be identified by the members' age, race, ethnicity, social class, location, or gender.  The qualities that distinguish among subcultures may be linguistic, aesthetic, religious, political, sexual, geographical, or a combination of factors.  Members of a subculture often signal each other through the use of fashion style, stereotypical behaviors, and use of a secret language created to prevent outsiders from understanding them (this is known as Argot).  They also live out particular relations to places: Ken Gelder talks about 'subcultural geographies' along these lines.

The study of subcultures often involves the study of symbolism attached to clothing, music and other visible things by members of subcultures, and also the ways that these same symbols are seen and understood by members of the dominate culture. Subcultures have been documented by others for a long time. In some cases—such as homeless people, criminal gangs or skateboarders—subcultures have had laws created to control or end their activities. But subcultures also talk about themselves, very often.

## Related pages

- Folklore
- Popular culture
Luxembourg (disambiguation)

**Luxembourg** can mean:

- Luxembourg, a small country in Western Europe
- Luxembourg Franc, the currency Luxembourg used to use
- Luxembourgish language, the main language in Luxembourg
- Luxembourg (city), the capital of Luxembourg
- Luxembourg (province), a province in Belgium
Wingfield, Wiltshire

**Wingfield** is a village in the county of Wiltshire, England, United Kingdom.

## Location

Wingfield is two miles west of the town of Trowbridge.

## Other websites

- Wingfield on Genuki
- www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Wingfield and surrounding area
Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck

**Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck** (born 21 February 1980) is the son of Jigme Singye Wangchuck and the 5th and current reigning Dragon King (Druk Gyalpo) of the Kingdom of Bhutan. He became king on 9 December 2006. He was officially crowned on 1 November 2008.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck
<small>འཇིགས་མེད་གེ་སར་རྣམ་
རྒྱལ་དབང་ཕྱུག</small>
- **title**: His Majesty
- **image**: King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (edit).jpg
- **succession**: Druk Gyalpo, King of Bhutan
- **reign**: 9 December 2006 – present
- **coronation**: 1 November 2008
- **predecessor**: Jigme Singye Wangchuck
- **successor**: Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck
- **spouse**: Jetsun Pema
- **issue**: Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck
- **house**: House of Wangchuck
- **father**: Jigme Singye Wangchuck
- **mother**: Tshering Yangdon
- **birth place**: Kathmandu, Nepal
- **religion**: Buddhism
Lapis lazuli

**Lapis lazuli** is a rock, and a gemstone. It is formed as a metamorphic rock of the limestone type.

Lapis is famous for its beautiful blue colour: its name means "stone of blue". Lapis Lazuli has been used for many things. Its has been made into beads and used in jewellery since Prehistoric times. It can be carved into statuettes (little sculptures). The major use was as a pigment (colour) in artists' paint. During Medieval and Renaissance times, lapis was ground into powder, and mixed with oil. It was used as the colour for painting the sky, and blue clothes. It can be seen in the fresco paintings of Giotto and the tempera paintings of Fra Angelico.

## Sources

Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock made from several minerals, but mainly Lazurite.
Lazurite has been mined for over 6,000 years in Iran. It is also mined at Lake Baikal in Siberia; at Mount Vesuvius in Italy; in Burma; Canada; and the United States.

Iran was the source of lapis for the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, as well as the Ancient Greeks and Romans. During the height of the Indus Valley civilization about 2000 BC, the Harappan colony now known as Shortugai was established near the lapis mines.

In addition to the Persian deposits, lapis has been extracted for many years in the Andes (near Ovalle, Chile), the Lake Baikal region of Russia; Siberia; Angola; Argentina; Burma; Pakistan; Canada; India; and in the USA in California and Colorado.

### Alternatives

Lapis lazuli is commercially "synthesized" (actually simulated) by a chemical process, using artificial ultramarine and hydrous zinc phosphates. There are also various substitutes for lapis.

## References

- Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, _Manual of Mineralogy_, 20th ed., Wiley,

## Other websites

- Mindat with location data
- Mineral galleries
- Webmineral data

## Infobox (mineral)

- **name**: Lapis lazuli
- **category**: Rock (geology), Rock
- **image**: Lapis lazuli block.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200
- **caption**: A polished specimen of lapis lazuli.
- **formula**: mixture of minerals
- **color**: Blue, mottled with white calcite and brassy pyrite
- **mohs**: 5–5.5
- **luster**: dull
- **refractive**: 1.5
- **streak**: light blue
- **gravity**: 2.7–2.9
- **other**: The variations in composition cause a wide variation in the above values.
Royan

**Royan** is a city in the south west of France near the Atlantic Ocean and the Gironde estuary. About 18 100 (2005) people live in the city. Royan is a famous seaside resort, with five sandy beaches, a marina and a fishing port.
Controlled language

**Controlled natural languages** (CNLs) are artificial languages built by simplifying the grammar and reducing the number of words in the language to avoid ambiguity or complexity.

There are two types of controlled languages: some designed to help non-native speakers of a language, and some designed to enable automatic semantic analysis.

The first type of languages are often called "simplified" or "technical" languages. They are used by businesses or industries to improve the quality of technical writing. The standard terms simplify the semi-automatic translation to other languages. Examples are: the ASD Sim Technical English, Caterpillar Technical English, and IBM's Easy English.

Simplified (or technical) languages guide the writer by general rules such as "write short and simple sentences", "use the person's name ("**John Smith**" for example) instead of saying "him", and "talk about who is doing something, rather than what is being done, unless you **need** to say what is being done".

The second type of languages have well defined rules for writing and understanding. These rules can be matched to formal languages, such as first-order logic. The languages can be analysed by computer. They can be checked to see they are correct. They can be searched for information easily.

## Languages

Existing controlled natural languages include:

- Globish
- Attempto Controlled English
- Basic English
- ClearTalk
- Common Logic Controlled English
- E-Prime
- Gellish Formal English
- ModeLang
- Newspeak
- Plain English
- Processable English (PENG)
- Semantics of Business Vocabulary and Business Rules
- Special English

## Related pages

- Constructed language
- Knowledge representation
- Natural language processing

## Other websites

- Controlled Natural Languages (Macquarie University)
- Overview of Controlled English and HyperSTE, customizable Controlled English checker
- Simplus – Simplified English Checker
- Freelance Translation
- acrolinx® Information Quality Suite  – Customizable controlled language checker for many authoring environments
- PERMIS Policy Editor  uses controlled English in its user interface
- Akis, Jennifer Wells, and William R. Sisson. (2002) Improving Translatability: A Case Study at Sun Microsystems, Inc. _Globalization Insider_ (Localization Industry Standards Association's e-magazine).
- Kohl, John R. (2008) Language Quality-Assurance Software: Optimizing Your Documentation for a Global Audience._Intercom_ 55.5 (May), pp. 6–9.
- Kohl, John R. (2007) Assisted Writing and Editing at SAS._ ClientSideNews Magazine_ 7.8 (August): 7-10.
Artificial language

An **artificial language** is a language specially made for a purpose. These languages can be based on an existing natural language or can be artificial.

Some types of artificial languages are:

- **Constructed languages** take the place of natural languages. They make  human communication simpler, or make fictional worlds believable. Basic English, Esperanto, Tolkien's Quenya, and Lojban are examples.

- **Formal languages** are tools in mathematical logic and computer science where the terms are very precise and clearly defined.

- **Computer languages** are formal languages used by humans to program computers or for communication among computers.  **Programming languages** and **markup languages** are types of computer languages.

## Related pages

- Constructed language
- Natural language
- Computer language
Benozzo Gozzoli

**Benozzo Gozzoli**  (4 October 1497) was an Italian Renaissance painter. He is most famous for a small chapel that he decorated with frescos of the _Procession of the Magi_.

## Life

Benozzo was born in Florence in about 1420. Nothing is known about his parents, or how he started training as an artist. The first that is known of him is that in 1444 he was working with the famous sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti, who was making the bronze doors for the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral.

In 1447 he started working with the painter Fra Angelico. He went to Rome with Fra Angelico to help paint the Chapel of Pope Nicholas V in the Vatican. In 1449 he was working in his own studio.

## Works

For many years Benozzo worked as an assistant to other artists. At that time, he had to make his style match the style of the master, so it is hard to tell his art works apart. When Benozzo painted on his own, his pictures are rich with many details in the clothing, the buildings and the landscape. He was extremely good at painting faces, and many of the people in his pictures seem to be portraits of real people.

- In 1450 he had two important jobs. The first was to paint the _Life of St Francis of Assisi_ in the town of Montefalco.
- In Florence, a new palace had been built for Cosimo Medici. Benozzo got the job of decorating the walls with frescos. The paintings are the _Procession of the Magi_. "The Magi" is a term used for the wise men who, in the Gospel of Matthew, came to visit Jesus as a young child. They are often also called "The Three Kings". The Palace is called the Riccardi-Medici Palace.
- Benozzo painted a great procession going around the walls of the chapel, with well-known people painted as the Kings, and members of the Medici family and their friends in the procession. The painting is brightly coloured and full all many interesting details. It is his most famous work.
- Benozzo also worked in the city of San Gimignano. In the Collegiate Church, where there were already many frescoes, he painted a picture of Saint Sebastian.
- At St. Augustine's Church, he painted another picture of Saint Sebastian. Saint Sebastian was the saint who people asked to help when plague was making people in the town sick.
- Benozzo then painted one of his most important works, a series of frescos in the "chancel" (main chapel) of the church, showing the life of Saint Augustine. There are 17 large pictures, each one telling a scene from the saint's life.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters

## References

- Rosella Vantaggi, _San Gimignano, Town of the Fine Towers_, Plurigraf (1979)
- Diane Davies (editor), _Harrap's Illustrated Dictionary of Art and Artists_, Harrap (1990).
- Ilan Rachum, _The Renaissance, and Illustrated Encyclopedia_, Octopus (1979).
I Am... Sasha Fierce

***I Am... Sasha Fierce*** is the third studio album by American singer Beyoncé. It was released on November 12, 2008 by Columbia Records. It featured a more of a pop and R&B sound with heavy usage of dance music and ballads in its musical direction.

## Background

Knowles worked on the album for almost one year. This is longer than she had spent on her previous solo albums and records with her old group Destiny's Child. She said that she has co-written and co-produced over 70 songs.

In a statement released on Knowles official website, she wrote: > I am in a different place right now and I wanted people to see the many sides of me.  The music is upbeat for the dance, fun side and it is reflective, passionate and serious for the personal side.  I have taken risks here.  I am not afraid and my music will explain it all.  There is no label or tag on my sound.  It's me and I am so excited to share it with the world on November 18.

### Platinum edition

In September 2009, an enhanced two-disc version of the album was released, its first disc featuring 16 tracks from the original version with four bonus audio tracks, and its second disc, the video collection from _Above and Beyoncé_, including seven music videos.

## Singles

|width="20"|#|Cover||||Alternate cover|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1.||"If I Were a Boy"|October 8 2008 <small>(Radio)</small> October 14 2008 <small>(Music video)</small> October 21 2008 <small>(Digital download)</small> November 10 2008 November 11 2008 <small>(CD single)</small>|* <small>(United World Chart)</small> - **1** *  <small>(Euro 200)</small> - **1** *  <small>(Polish National Top 50)</small> - **1** *  <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - 3|||
|2.||"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"|October 8 2008 <small>(Radio)</small> October 14 2008 <small>(Music video)</small> February 9 2009|* <small>(United World Chart)</small> - 3 *  <small>(Euro 200)</small> - 11 *  <small>(Polish National Top 50)</small> - 5 *  <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - **1**|||
|3.||"Halo"|December 22 2008 <small>(Music video)</small> January 20 2009 February 11 2009 February 21 2009 March 9 2009|* <small>(United World Chart)</small> - *  <small>(Euro 200)</small> - *  <small>(Polish National Top 50)</small> - 17 *  <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - 44|||
|4.||"Diva"|December 22 2008 <small>(Music video)</small> February 10 2009|* <small>(United World Chart)</small> - *  <small>(Euro 200)</small> - *  <small>(Billboard 200)</small> - 20|||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: I Am… Sasha Fierce
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Beyoncé
- **released**: November 12, 2008
- **recorded**: 2007–2008
- **length**: 41:46 (standard edition)
- **prev title**: Love Letters
(2008)
- **next title**: Above and Beyoncé (Video Collection & Dance Remixes)
 (2009)
Gary Shearston

**Gary Reht Shearston** (born January 9, 1939) is an Australian singer and songwriter. He was a leading figure of the folk music scene of the 1960s. He is important as a singer of Australian traditional folk songs. He scored a Top 10 hit in the United Kingdom in 1974 with version of the Cole Porter classic "I Get A Kick Out Of You".

## Early life

Shearston was born in Inverell. His father served in World War II so Shearston and his mother lived with his grandparents at Tenterfield. At the age of 11 his family moved to Sydney. He attended Newington College from 1950 to 1955.

## Working life

Shearston began work as a newspaper writer with United Press. His first show business job was with the Tintookies, the Australian travelling puppet show. He joined the Hayes Gordon Ensemble Theatre working as an actor and stage manager. He was the host of a children's quiz show on television called _Name That Tune._

## Music career

Shearston played guitar and sang English, American and Australian folk songs. At 19 he become a full time singer. He worked in hotels and sang at _The Folksinger_. He sang with the American gospel and blues singer Brother John Sellers. In 1962 Shearston signed a recording contract with _Leedon_. The next year Leedon's distributor, _Festival_, signed him to CBS. In March 1965 Sydney radio stations started playing a song from his record, _Australian Broadside_. His song _Sydney Town_ hit the Top 10 in his home city. In 1966 and 1967, Shearston was Australia's biggest selling folk singer. He had his own national television show, _Just Folk_. Peter, Paul and Mary recorded a song he wrote called _Sometime Lovin_. They invited Gary to go to America. He spent a year in London and then 4 years on the East Coast of the United States of America. In 1972 he went back to England and recorded some songs for the album _Dingo_. He had big hit with his deadpan (flat, no emotion) version of Cole Porter's _I Get A Kick Out Of You_. In 1990 he received the Tamworth Songwriters' Association's prize for "Bush Ballad of the Year".

## Church career

Shearston returned to Australia in 1989. He is now an Anglican Church minister in country Australia.

## Selected recordings

- Sometime Lovin' - 1965
- Sydney Town - 1965
- I Get A Kick Out Of You - 1974

## Other websites

- Gary Shearston's Official Website
- Howlspace article
- Pop Archives – I Get A Kick Out of You feature
- Undercover Music
- SMH Album Review 3 August 2007
- /Photo of Gary Shearston

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: Gary Shearston
- **image**: Gary Shearston (1939-2013), SAFA Fundraiser, Paddington Town Hall, 21 January, 1965 - The Tribune (20703217680).jpg
- **caption**: SAFA Fundraiser, Paddington Town Hall, 21 January, 1965
- **birth place**: Inverell, New South Wales
- **occupation**: Singer, Minister
The Flame in All of Us

***The Flame in All of Us*** is the fifth studio album by Thousand Foot Krutch. It was released on September 18, 2007. It has more of a rock sound than earlier albums, but also has some softer songs. The band recorded with producer Ken Andrews in the spring of 2007. The album began at #58 on The Billboard 200 charts.

Five songs from _The Flame in All of Us_ were put on the internet before the album actually released. One of them, Falls Apart was a single for the band.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Flame in All of Us
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Thousand Foot Krutch
- **released**: September 18, 2007
- **recorded**: Spring (season), Spring 2007
- **genre**: Hard rock, alternative metal, Christian rock
- **length**: 47:30
- **label**: Tooth and Nail
- **producer**: Ken Andrews
- **prev title**: The Art of Breaking
- **prev year**: 2005
Falls Apart

"**Falls Apart**" was a single released by Thousand Foot Krutch in 2007. It was made available online in July 2007. It is on their album The Flame in All of Us.

## Music video

The "Falls Apart" video starts off showing the band in a dark wood room, with lots of rope around them. The members only have enough room to play their instruments. Eventually a man and a woman are shown and they are being held together by ropes. The man walks over to the woman and puts his arm around her. After a while she gets up and starts walking away, but then the ropes come off around everyone (the band and the couple alike). Because of this all of the body parts of the couple lie on the floor. But the man's hand crawls to the woman's hand and they hold each other while the band ends the song.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Falls Apart
- **artist**: Thousand Foot Krutch
- **album**: The Flame in All of Us
- **released**: November, 2007
- **recorded**: 2007
- **genre**: Alternative metal
- **length**: 3:48
- **label**: Tooth and Nail Records
- **writer**: Trevor McNeaven
- **producer**: Ken Andrews
- **prev title**: Breathe You In
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: Favorite Disease
- **next year**: 2007
Network computing

**Network computing** is when computers work together over a network. Network computing is "_Storing and/or running applications in servers in a network_" This means that the network may use the power from all the networked computers to perform complex tasks. The network could also be for sharing files so that they can be looked at on any computer in the network easily.

Network computing is the opposite to _Stand-alone computing_. This is where computers are not connect to a network. Most laptops and home computers do their jobs alone and are stand-alone computers.

## References

- Network Computing  at network-computing.net
Bandwidth (computing)

In computer network and computer science, **digital bandwidth** or just **bandwidth** means the amount of data that can be sent from one point to another in a certain period of time. It is measured as a bit rate expressed in bits per second (bits/s) or multiples of it (kbit/s Mbit/s etc.)

Digital bandwidth should not be confused with:
- **Network throughput**: which is the average rate of _successful_ data transfer through a connection.
- **Data transfer**: which is the quantity of data transferred over a given period of time.

## Bandwidth in web hosting

In web hosting, the term "bandwidth" is often used to describe the amount of data transferred to or from the website within a defined period of time. Another more specific phrase used for this meaning of **bandwidth** is **monthly data transfer**.

Web hosting companies often quote a **monthly data transfer** for a website, for example 500 gigabytes per month. If the total amount of data downloaded from the website in a particular month reaches this limit, the hosting company may shut off further public access to the site.

## Internet connections bandwidths

|**Bandwidth**|**Connection type**|
| --- | --- |
|56 kbit/s|Modem / Dialup|
|1.544 Mbit/s|T1|
|10 Mbit/s|Ethernet|
|11 Mbit/s|Wireless 802.11b|
|43.232 Mbit/s|T3|
|54 Mbit/s|Wireless-G 802.11g|
|100 Mbit/s|Fast Ethernet|
|155 Mbit/s|OC3|
|300 Mbit/s|Wireless-N WiFi|
|622 Mbit/s|OC12|
|1000 Mbit/s|Gigabit Ethernet|
|2.5 Gbit/s|OC48|
|9.6 Gbit/s|OC192|
|10 Gbit/s|10 Gigabit Ethernet|

### Broadband

Sometimes, the word "broadband" is used to mean "high-speed", especially with high-speed internet connections.  "Broadband" means "wide band", and suggests high-speed.  However, the term is not clear;  "high-speed" is more clear. A dial-up telephone connection is most often thought to be low-speed, at less than 56,000 bit/s (bits per second). High-speed is usually 200,000 bit/s or faster. DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) or Cable modem connections are usually high-speed.

## Other websites

Bandwidth -Citizendium
Niki FM

"**Niki FM**" is a song by Hawthorne Heights. It is one of their most famous songs, and their second hit.

The band's singer, JT, says it is his most personal song from the album _The Silence in Black and White_, and is his favourite song to perform live in concert. They still play it at concerts, although without the harsh vocals that are on the single.

## Music video

The music video for Niki FM starts with a room with a lot of people in. JT is at the front, and someone in the audience is touching someone's leg. The video also includes JT being kissed by another woman. It shows him in a room tearing a picture in two and he stares at it. He has a radio and goes outside the young woman's house to match with the lyrics "I'm outside of your window, with my radio". The girl walks away and leaves him, and the song finishes.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Niki FM
- **artist**: Hawthorne Heights
- **album**: The Silence in Black and White
- **released**: 2004
- **recorded**: 2004
- **genre**: Emo, alternative rock
- **length**: 3:26
- **label**: Victory
- **prev title**: Ohio Is for Lovers
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: Saying Sorry
- **next year**: 2006
Gears of War 2

***Gears of War 2*** is a third-person shooter video game made by Epic Games and published by Microsoft. It can only be played on Microsoft's own Xbox 360 console. It is the sequel to the popular Xbox 360 game _Gears of War_. The game was released around the world on November 7 2008. By November 12 it had already sold over 2 million copies.
Epic Games

**Epic Games** is a video game company based in North Carolina, USA. They are famous for making the _Fortnite_, _Unreal Tournament_, and _Gears of War_ series of video games.

Epic games has also developed an app to buy and launch games called the Epic Games Launcher.
Riemann sum

In mathematics, the **Riemann sum** is a method of approximating the integral of a function over an interval. One representation of the integral, is the area under a curve in a graph.  The Riemann sum is calculated   by splitting the region into equal parts. In each part, the function is replaced by a shape. Shapes that are commonly used are rectangles, trapezoids, parabolas and cubics.The area of the similar shape can then be calculated. This method is often used when finding the closed form integral is difficult or impossible. The shapes used also influence how accurate the approximation is. More complex shapes give a higher accuracy, but this also means that calculating the approximation becomes more difficult.

Because the region filled by the small shapes is usually not exactly the same shape as the region being measured, the Riemann sum will differ from the area being measured. This error can be reduced by dividing up the region more finely, using smaller and smaller shapes. As the shapes get smaller and smaller, the sum approaches the Riemann integral.

The Riemann sum  may also be used to define the integration operation. The sum is named after a German mathematician who was called Bernhard Riemann.

## Definition

You divide the horizontal length under the part of the function you want to evaluate into "n" equal pieces.  That is the n on top of the Σ (Greek letter sigma).  The (x<sub>i</sub>-x<sub>i-1</sub>) represents the size of one horizontal segment that is created from dividing the whole by the "n".  The f(y<sub>i</sub>) is a y value in an "n" segment.  Since the area of a rectangle is _length_ × _width_, the multiplication of x<sub>i</sub> and f(y<sub>i</sub>) is the area of a rectangle for that part of the graph.  The Σ means we add up all of these small rectangles to get an approximation of the area under the segment of a function.

## Other websites

- A simulation showing the convergence of Riemann sums
Beatitudes

The **Beatitudes** (from Latin _beatus_, meaning "blessed" or "happy") are a list of traits that Christians should follow told by Gospel of Matthew and Gospel of Luke. Some of these include humbleness, meekness, and making peace.

Jesus Christ taught these ideas as part of a three lesson sermon; the Sermon on the Mount.
Asceticism

- _Ascetic redirects here. You might also be looking for acetic acid. The term should not be confused with aestheticism._

**Asceticism** (Greek: _askēsis_) is a word that describes a certain way of living. In this kind of life, a person gets rid of worldly pleasures for religion or spirituality. A person might not have sex or drink alcohol. One might spend much of their time in prayer or meditation. Often, the reason is to follow goals of Christianity and the Indian religions (including yoga). These teach that salvation and freedom involve a process of changing one's mind and body. This is done by limiting speech, what one thinks and does with the body.

The earliest people who practiced Buddhism, Jainism, and the Christian hermits, lived very simply and without luxury. They rejected sensual pleasures and keeping money. This did not mean that life could not be enjoyed. But spiritual and religious goals are hindered by such indulgence.
Museo Nazionale di San Marco

**Museo Nazionale di San Marco** is a church and Dominican convent. in Florence, Italy. The church also has the Museum of St. Mark (Museo di S. Marco) which shows paintings by Fra Angelico.

## History

The Domincan Convent was begun in the early 1400s. The first "prior" (head man) was St. Antoninus of Florence. The famous painter known as Fra Angelico was one of the first of the Dominican Friars to live and work there. He later became the prior. The land for the convent was given to the friars by Cosimo Medici.  The monks lived in small rooms called "cells". Cosimo had a cell built for himself, where he could stay sometimes. Between 1447 and 1452 Cosimo got his favourite architect, Michelozzo, to build a large new library and improve other parts of the building. In the late 1700s, the facade (front) of the building was rebuilt in a Classical style.

In 1490, the prior of St. Marks was a famous Domincan called Savonarola. He lived in the cell that had once belonged to Cosimo Medici. He was a great preacher. He disliked Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo Medici, who was often called "Lorenzo the Magnificent" (Lorenzo il Magnifico). He thought that Lorenzo had too much power and was acting like a prince. He preached against Lorenzo, against the Pope and against the Roman Catholic Church. He told everyone that the end of the world was near. Many people became frightened or depressed by the things that he said. Pope Alexander VI had Savonarola arrested. He was tortured and put to death in 1498. 60 years later, the Church agreed that, in fact, he had said nothing wrong.

## Treasures

The Library of St. Mark's contains many illuminated manuscripts. Some were probably decorated by Fra Angelico's brother Benedetto. Some may even have been painted by Fra Angelico.

The Museum has a collection of paintings by Fra Angelico. On of the most famous is _The Descent from the Cross_, which shows the body of Jesus being taken down from the cross where he was crucified. The convent also contains many paintings by Fra Angelico. They are frescos, and decorated many walls, including a painting in each friar's cell.

Another famous fresco is _The Last Supper_ painted in the refectory (dining room) by Domenico Ghirlandaio.

## Related pages

- Florence Cathedral

## References

- Anne Mueller von der Haegen and Ruth Strasser, _Art and Architecture of Tuscany_, Konemann (2001),
Sadhu

In Hinduism, **sadhu** is a common term for an ascetic or someone who practices yoga (_yogi_). Sadhus have given up trying to achieve the first three Hindu goals of life: kama (enjoyment), artha (practical objectives) and even dharma (duty). The sadhu is solely dedicated to achieving moksha (liberation) through meditation and contemplation of God. Sadhus often wear ochre-colored clothing, as a symbol that they have given up many things in life.
Digambar

**Digambar** (sky-clad) is one of the two main sects of Jainism, the other is Svetambar. The word digambara is made up of two words 'dig' and 'ambar',  the person whose clothes (ambar) is the directions (dig). The digambar have a stricter interpretation of Jainism than other sects.

## Vows of a monk

Every Digambara monk is required to follow **28 vows** (vrats) compulsory.
|Number|Vows of Digambar Monk|
| --- | --- |
|1-5|Five great vows (Mahavrat)|
|6-10|Fivefold regulation of activities|
|11-15|Strict Control on five senses|
|16-21|Performing six essential duties|
|22|Not to take bath|
|23|Not to use tooth powder to clean teeth|
|24|To take rest only on earth or wood pallet|
|25|Eat food in standing posture|
|26|To consume food & water once in a day|
|27|To pull out hair by hand|
|28|To be nude (digambar)|

- **Fivefold regulation of activities (_samiti_)**
1. Control of speech - Not to criticise anyone.
1. Control of thought
1. Regulation of movement - To prevent killing of small living beings.
1. Care in lifting things
1. Examining food and drink before consuming.
Squidward Tentacles

**Squidward J. Quincy Tentacles** is one of the main characters of _SpongeBob SquarePants_. He is SpongeBob SquarePants' grumpy neighbor and coworker. He is a turquoise octopus. He lives in a moai. His moai is between SpongeBob SquarePants' pineapple house and Patrick Star's rock. Squidward gets annoyed by SpongeBob and Patrick having fun with each other.

Squidward is not happy with his boring life. He always wants to be famous and well-known by everyone. He wants to show everyone about his talent as a musician or painter, even though he has no talent on either of them. He enjoys to play the clarinet. However, he has to work as a cashier at the Krusty Krab restaurant. Squidward hates working at the Krusty Krab, because he dislikes his greedy boss Mr. Krabs and is annoyed that he has to work with SpongeBob.

Squidward is voiced by Rodger Bumpass.

## Infobox (character)

- **series**: SpongeBob SquarePants
- **name**: Squidward Tentacles
- **colour**: #40E0D0
- **image**: File:Squidward Tentacles.svg
- **occupation**: Cashier of Krusty Krab, Artist, Musician and Sculptor at his Home
- **first**: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants), Help Wanted (1999)
Squidward & Spongebob (1987)
- **relatives**: **Parents**: Mrs. Tentacles, Mrs. and Jeff Tentacles</br/>**Grandparents**: Grandma Tentacles, Grandma and Grandpa Tentacles</br/>**Cousin**: Squidmund Tentacles
- **portrayer**: Rodger Bumpass
Jeff Bennett (1987-1995)
- **gender**: Male
- **fullname**: Squidward J. Quincy Tentacles
- **species**: Octopus
Adam Mickiewicz

**Adam Bernard Mickiewicz** (; 24 December 179826 November 1855) was a heavily influential national Polish Romantic poet, generally regarded as the greatest figure in Polish literature, especially known for his epic poem _Pan Tadeusz_. At the later phase of his life he was also a political activist, an ideologue and a Messianic philosopher who lectured Slavic languages at Collège de France.

### Early years

Adam Mickiewicz was born on 24 December 1798, either at his paternal uncle's estate in Zaosie (now Zavosse) near Navahrudak (in Polish, _Nowogródek_) or in Navahrudak itself in what was then part of the Russian Empire and is now Belarus.

## Works

In many literary critics' opinion, Mickiewicz is among the most important writers such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, George Byron and Homer.

<poem>::::Lithuania, my country! You are as good health:
            - How much one should prize you, he only can tell
            - Who has lost you.</poem>

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Adam Mickiewicz
- **image**: AMickievic.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth name**: Adam Bernard Mickiewicz
- **birth place**: Zavosse, Zaosie, Lithuania Governorate, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Constantinople, Ottoman Empire
- **resting place**: Wawel Cathedral, Kraków
- **occupation**: Poet
- **language**: Polish language, Polish
- **nationality**: Poles, Polish
- **period**: 19th century, 19th
- **genre**: Romanticism
- **notableworks**: _Sir Thaddeus, Pan Tadeusz_
_Dziady (poem), Dziady_
- **spouse**: Celina Szymanowska (1834–55; six children; her death)
- **signature**: Autograph-AdamMickiewicz.svg
Altaic languages

**Altaic** is a language system that includes  Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages. That is probably the meaning attributed to "Altaic" by most general linguists.

It has disputed language families, but only a few linguists still believe that it existed. It supposedly had 66 languages that are now spoken by about 348 million people, mostly in and around Central Asia and northeast Asia.

However, since the publication of Gustaf John Ramstedt's _Einführung_ in 1952–1957, most Altaicists have included Korean in Altaic. Since the publication of Roy Andrew Miller's _Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages_ in 1971, some also included Japanese (Nicholas Poppe) or Japonic, consisting of Japanese and Ryukyuan.

A few linguists (such as (Street 1962)) even count Ainu with the Altaic languages but as part of a node including Korean and Japanese, in contrast to a Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic node, with Korean-Japanese-Ainu and Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic, in turn, forming a higher-level node.

The core version of Altaic, consisting of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic, is sometimes referred to as "Micro-Altaic," and the expanded version, including Korean and sometimes Japanese, is referred to as "Macro-Altaic," but even the core version is very controversial.

## Other websites

- Altaic family tree _Ethnologue_
- Altaic languages  _MSN Encarta_
- Monumenta altaica  Altaic linguistics website
- Altaic etymology section in StarLing databases
- Defense of Altaic  by Alexis Manaster Ramer (1994)

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Altaic
- **altname**: (discredited)
- **mapcaption**: Distribution of the Altaic languages across Eurasia.
- **region**: East Asia, East, Asia, North, Central Asia, Central, and Middle East, West Asia and Eastern Europe
- **familycolor**: Altaic
- **family**: Proposed major language family
- **child1**: Turkic languages, Turkic
- **child2**: Mongolic languages, Mongolic
- **child3**: Tungusic languages, Tungusic
- **child4**: Koreanic languages, Koreanic (sometimes included)
- **child5**: Japonic languages, Japonic (sometimes included)
- **child6**: Ainu language, Ainu (sometimes included)
- **iso2**: tut
- **iso5**: tut