juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tim O'Brien

**Tim O'Brien** (born March 16, 1954) is an American musician. He was raised in Wheeling, West Virginia, the youngest in a family of five children. At the age of 12, he first heard a Bob Dylan record, played by his older sister Mollie, afterwards deciding to take up music.  Throughout his teens, he taught himself to play guitar, violin, and mandolin. He is an American country and bluegrass musician. In addition to singing, he plays the guitar, fiddle, mandolin, banjo, bouzouki and mandocello.

He has released more than ten studio albums, in addition to charting a duet with Kathy Mattea entitled "The Battle Hymn of Love", a No. 9 hit on the _Billboard_ Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts in 1990. In November 2013 he was inducted into the West Virginia Music Hall of Fame.

Tim O'Brien was born on March 16, 1954, and raised in Wheeling, West Virginia, the youngest in a family of five children. At the age of 12, he first heard a Bob Dylan record, played by his older sister Mollie, afterwards deciding to take up music.  Throughout his teens, he taught himself to play guitar, violin, and mandolin.

O'Brien started his own record label, Howdy Skies Records, in 1999.
Kenny Smith (bluegrass)

**Kenny Smith** (born September 19, 1967) is an American musician who plays bluegrass music. He plays the guitar and sings.

## Biography

Kenny Smith was born in Nine Mile, Indiana. He started playing guitar when he was 4 years old. He learned by listening to the music of Norman Blake.

In 1993, he started playing music with Claire Lynch. Later, in 1996, he joined a famous bluegrass band called The Lonesome River Band. While he was in that band, he was named the best bluegrass guitar player of the year twice. He left the band in 2001.

Kenny met his wife, Amanda Smith, at a concert. They started making music together and got married. They have a band called the Kenny and Amanda Smith Band. In 2003, they were named the best new bluegrass artists of the year.

Kenny has also made his own music without the band. He released his first solo album in 1997.

He is also part of another band called Band Of Ruhks with his friends Don Rigsby and Ronnie Bowman.

He lives in Lebanon, Tennessee with his wife Amanda and their daughter.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kenny Smith
- **birth place**: Nine Mile, Indiana
- **genre**: Bluegrass music
- **occupation**: Musician
- **instrument**: Guitar, vocals
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **label**: Sugar Hill Records (bluegrass label), Sugar Hill, Rebel Records, Rebel, Gat3, Farm Boy
- **associated acts**: Claire Lynch, Lonesome River Band, Kenny & Amanda Smith Band, Band of Ruhks
- **module**: 1948 Regal Musical Instrument Company, Regal Milord
Mbalmayo

**Mbalmayo** is a town in the Centre Region of Cameroon. In 2012, it had a population of 60,091 people. It is the main town (capital) of the Nyong-et-So'o Division. Mbalmayo is located on the banks of the Nyong River, between the cities of Ebolowa and Yaoundé. It is known as a farming center.
Nilpotent

In ring theory, a field of mathematics, an element of a ring is called **nilpotent** if it can be raised to an whole number power (called the **degree** of the element) to get the ring's additive identity.

The additive identity itself is always nilpotent. For the rings of integers using modular arithmetic, non-trivial nilpotent elements exist if and only if the modulus  is not square-free.

## Examples

In modular arithmetic, an element is nilpotent if and only if it is a multiple of the radical of the modulus. For example, the radical of  is , so all multiples of 6 are nilpotent on , the ring of integers modulo 72.

## Properties

A nilpotent element is always a zero divisor, but not all zero divisors are nilpotent.
Alsodes vittatus

The **Malleco spiny-chest frog**  (_Alsodes vittatus_) is a frog.  It lives in Chile.

## Home

Scientists are not sure whether this frog lives in forests, grassy places, or other places.  They found it near small streams. Scientists saw this frog between 1000 and 1610 meters above sea level.

## Danger

Scientists say they do not know if this frog is in danger of dying out.  Human beings change forests to grow pine trees, but scientists are not sure if the frogs live in those forests.
Shelf (storage)

A **shelf** (plural: **shelves**) is a flat, horizontal surface used to hold items that are stored or displayed in various environments such as homes, businesses, and stores. Shelves are usually raised off the floor and may be fixed to walls or incorporated into free-standing units. They can be supported using brackets, dowels, nails, or other anchoring hardware, and may also rest on columns or pillars.

## Overview

Shelves may be part of larger furniture items such as cabinets, bookcases, or entertainment centers. Alternatively, they can be independent structures, either wall-mounted or free-standing. Most shelving units contain two to six shelves stacked vertically. When shelves are mounted on a wall using concealed brackets, they are referred to as **floating shelves**.

Shelves specifically designed for storing books are called bookshelves.

## Materials

- Wood
- Metal (such as steel or aluminum)
- Glass
- Plastic

In DIY (do-it-yourself) projects, unconventional materials such as old doors, pencils, books, or even 3D-printed elements may be used. Adjustable shelving systems allow vertical spacing to be changed to accommodate different object heights.

## Pipe shelving

**Pipe shelving** is a modern style of shelving that combines wooden boards with steel gas pipes (black or galvanized). These systems may be wall-mounted or floor-supported using flanges. Though copper pipes are sometimes used for aesthetics, they are not ideal for heavy loads.

Pipe shelving is often seen in:

- Retail clothing displays
- Restaurants and cafes
- Industrial-themed homes and offices
- Reclaimed architecture projects such as those involving shipping containers

## Design and installation

- The width of a shelf should generally not exceed 1.4 times the width of the supporting brackets.
- The vertical height of a bracket should be at least 1.2 times the shelf width.
- For long shelves, bracket spacing should not exceed four times the shelf's breadth.
- For concrete walls, screws should penetrate at least one-tenth the shelf's width.

Some modern systems include wall braces that allow bracket attachment without the need for screws.

## Uses

- Organizing household items
- Displaying decor
- Storing products in commercial spaces
- Holding books or media
- Creating customized furniture solutions

## See also

- Bookcase

## Other websites

- Shelf definition at Wiktionary
- Media related to shelves at Wikimedia Commons
Ideal (ring theory)

In ring theory, a type of mathematics, an **ideal** is a subset of a ring that generalizes some properties of sets defined by divisibility, like the even numbers.

## Definition

If  is a ring, then  is an ideal in  if it is **absorptive** under the multiplication operator . This means that multiplying any element of the ideal by any element of the ring gives an element of the ideal.

On non-commutative rings, ideals can be **left ideals** or **right ideals**. This depends on the order of multiplication, with left ideals being **left absorptive**

and right ideals being **right absorptive**

An ideal which is both a left ideal and a right ideal is a **two-sided ideal**. All ideals of commutative rings are two-sided.

## Special cases

Every ring has two trivial two-sided ideals, the **zero ideal** containing only the additive identity, and the **unit ideal**, another name for the ring itself. Other ideals are called **proper ideals**. A ring with no proper two-sided ideals is called a simple ring.

A maximal ideal is an ideal that is not a subset of any other ideals except the unit ideal. A minimal ideal is an ideal that has no ideals as subsets except the zero ideal.

A prime ideal is an ideal that has the additional property
In words, this says that if the product of two elements is in the ideal, then at least one of the elements must be in the ideal.

A principal ideal is an ideal containing exactly all the multiples of a single element :
Democratization

**Democratization**, or **democratisation**, is the government transition from an authoritarian government to a more democratic political direction.

How democratization happens has also been used to explain other political events, such as whether a country goes to a war or whether its economy grows.
New Future Democratic Party

The **New Future Democratic Party** is a South Korean political party formed by a group that split up from the Democratic Party led by former Prime Minister Lee Nak-yon. Originally **New Future Party**, the party was renamed on 7 September 2024.

## Infobox (political party)

- **native name**: 새미래민주당
- **logo**: Korean New Future Democratic Party typeface logo.png
- **native name lang**: ko
- **logo size**: 250px
- **leader**: Jun Byung-hun
- **leader2 title**: Chair of the Policy Planning Committee
- **leader2 name**: Jang Duck-chun
- **founded**: 4 February 2024
- **founder**: Lee Nak-yon
- **split**: Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015), Democratic Party of Korea
- **ideology**: Centrist reformism
- **seats1 title**: National Assembly (South Korea), National Assembly
- **seats2 title**: Metropolitan Mayors and Governors
- **seats3 title**: Municipal Mayors
- **seats4 title**: Provincial and Metropolitan Councillors
- **seats5 title**: Municipal Councillors
- **colours**: Turquoise
- **country**: South Korea
Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)

The **Progressive Party** (), formerly known as the **Minjung Party** (, ) until June 2020, is a left-wing progressive and left-wing nationalist political party in South Korea.

Democratic socialists in South Korea, including the Labour Party, criticize the Justice Party and Progressive Party for allegedly being liberal rather than progressive. Some see the Progressive Party as centre-left.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Progressive Party
- **native name lang**: ko
- **logo**: 진보당 (2017년) 로고.svg
- **logo size**: 150
- **leader**: Kim Jae-yeon (politician), Kim Jae-yeon
- **leader2 title**: Co-leaders
- **leader3 title**: Chair of the Policy Planning Committee
- **leader3 name**: Jang Jin-sook
- **secretary general**: Shin Chang-hyun
- **national**: Democratic Alliance of Korea (2024)
- **headquarters**: 130 Sajik-ro, Jongno District, Seoul
- **position**: Left-wing politics, Left-wing
- **slogan**: _든든한 우리편_
('Always reliable and at our side')
- **seats1 title**: National Assembly of South Korea, National Assembly
- **seats2 title**: Metropolitan Mayors and Governors
- **seats3 title**: Municipal Mayors
- **seats4 title**: Provincial and Metropolitan Councillors
- **seats5 title**: Municipal Councillors
- **country**: South Korea
- **leader1 name**: Yoon Jong-oh
- **leader1 title**: Floor Leader


## Infobox (korean name)

- **hangul**: 진보당
- **hanja**: 進步黨
- **rr**: Jinbodang
- **mr**: Chinbodang
- **othername1**: Former name
- **hangul1**: 민중당
- **hanja1**: 民衆黨
- **rr1**: Minjungdang
- **mr1**: Minjungdang
Rebuilding Korea Party

The **Rebuilding Korea Party** (**RKP**; , ) is a South Korean political party founded by former Minister of Justice Cho Kuk for the 2024 South Korean legislative election. The name of the party can be pronounced as 'Cho-kuk Hyuk-sin Dang' in Korean.

The word 'Cho-kuk' means 'Motherland (Korea)', could also mean the name of the party founder Cho Kuk.

Cho Kok resigned as party leader in December 2024 after the Supreme Court decision to support his two-year prison sentence.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Rebuilding Korea Party
- **logo**: 조국혁신당 로고.svg
- **logo size**: 200
- **leader**: Kim Sunmin
- **position**: Centre-left politics, Centre-left
- **headquarters**: 93 Jandari-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- **country**: South Korea
- **abbreviation**: RKP
- **founder**: Cho Kuk
- **slogan**: _3년은 너무 길다!_
('3 Years is Too Long!')
- **flag**: Rebuilding Korea Party banner.svg
- **native name lang**: ko
- **membership**: 57,000
- **membership year**: 2024
- **split**: Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015), Democratic Party
- **seats1 title**: National Assembly (South Korea), National Assembly
- **seats2 title**: Metropolitan mayors and governors
- **seats3 title**: Municipal mayors
- **seats4 title**: Provincial and metropolitan councillors
- **seats5 title**: Municipal councillors
- **leader1 title**: Floor Leader
- **leader1 name**: Hwang Un-ha
- **leader2 title**: Chair of the Policy Planning Committee
- **leader2 name**: Seo Wang-Jin
- **secretary general**: Hwang Hyun-seon
Generalization (mathematics)

In mathematics, **generalization** is the idea of taking some of the properties of some physical or mathematical object and examining just those specific properties, without relying on other things about the objects they came from.

Generalization is an important mathematical tool because it allows for statements to be made about large groups of mathematical objects at once.

Many classes of mathematical objects are defined by having specific properties that generalize the behavior of specific objects. Abstract algebra studies many algebraic structures that generalize properties of important sets like the integers, the real numbers, the 2D plane , and the 3D space .

## Example: Properties of numbers

The simplest case of generalization is talking about numbers themselves instead of numbers of objects. The statement "four is divisible by two" is more general than "if you have four apples, you can give an equal amount of apples to two people".

A property of mathematical objects defines a set or proper class of objects with that property. Generalization allows us to make statements about the whole class that apply to everything in it: "even numbers are divisible by two" generalizes the more specific statements "four is divisible by two" and "six is divisible by two".

## Example: Groups

Addition has many important properties on the integers. Group theory looks at four in particular:
- **Associativity:** The sum of three numbers doesn't depend on the order addition is performed:
- **Additive identity:** There is an element, 0, which can be added to any element to get the same element.
- **Closure:** Adding two integers always gives another integer.
- **Additive inverse:** For any integer , there is another integer  such that

A group is any operation over any set that has these same properties. In the notation of group theory, we say that the integers and addition form the group . Any theorem about groups in general applies to addition on the integers specifically.
IPad Air (6th generation)

**iPad Air 6th generation** (also known as **iPad Air 6** or **iPad Air M2**) is a tablet computer developed by Apple. It was announced on 7 May 2024. It was released on 15 May 2024. It has two screen sizes like 11-inch and 13-inch. It has a Apple M2 chipset, 7600mAh battery capacity, 12MP HDR wide back camera, 8GB RAM and USB-C.

## Software

The iPad Air 6 used iPadOS 17 for the first time, it can upgrade to other versions like iPadOS 18 or iPadOS 26 when they come out.

## Colors

It has four colors such as Blue, Purple, Space Gray and White.

## Infobox (information appliance)

- **name**: iPad Air (6th generation)
- **caption**: Front of the iPad Air 13-inch with laptop cover and Apple Pencil running iPadOS 18
- **image**: About iPad Air 13-inch (M2).jpg
- **logo**:
- **aka**: iPad Air 6, iPad Air M2, iPad Air (11 inch) (3rd generation), iPad Air (13 inch) (1st generation)
- **developer**: Apple Inc.
- **manufacturer**: Foxconn
- **family**: iPad Air
- **type**: Tablet computer
- **generation**: 6th
- **soc**: Apple M2
- **memory**: 8GB
- **storage**: 128 GB, 256 GB, 512 GB and 1 TB
- **display**:

- **sound**: Stereo speakers
- **input**: Multi-touch touch screen, screen, headset controls, Proximity sensor, proximity and low-key lighting, ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, magnetometer, digital compass, dual microphone, Touch ID fingerprint reader, barometer
- **power**: **11":** 28.9 watt-hour lithium-polymer battery

**13":** 36.6 watt-hour lithium-polymer battery
- **camera**: Front: 12 MP, ƒ/2.4 aperture, 1080p HD video recording

Rear: 12 MP, ƒ/1.8 aperture, 2160p 4K 60fps video recording
- **dimensions**: **11":** 247.6 mm (9.74 in) (h)

178.5 mm (7 in) (w)

6.1 mm (0.24 in) (d)

**13":** 280.6 mm (11.04 in) (h)

214.9 mm (8.46 in) (w)

6.1 mm (0.24 in) (d)
- **weight**: **11" Wi-Fi/Wi-Fi + Cellular:** 461/461 g (1.02/1.02 lbs)

**13" Wi-Fi/Wi-Fi + Cellular:** 617/618 g (1.36/1.36 lbs)
- **predecessor**: iPad Air (5th generation)
- **successor**: iPad Air (7th generation)
- **service**: App Store (iOS), App Store, iTunes Store, Apple Books, Books, iCloud, Game Center, Apple Arcade
- **ramtype**: LPDDR5 SDRAM
- **alt**: Picture of iPad Air 13-inch running iPadOS 18
Maleic anhydride

**Maleic anhydride** is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is the acid anhydride of maleic acid. Maleic anhydride is used to make some plastics.

## Chemistry

Maleic acid is a dienophile, a type of chemical used in the Diels-Alder reaction with dienes. The Dies-Alder reaction of maleic anhydride and butadiene or isoprene makes tetrahydrophthalic anhydrides, which can be hydrogenated to hexahydrophthalic anhydrides. These can be used as curing agents in epoxy resin.
Acetic anhydride

**Acetic anhydride** is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is the acid anhydride of acetic acid.

## Production

Acetic anhydride can be produced by adding a molecule of carbon monoxide to methyl acetate (carbonylation). This is analogous to the production of acetic acid from methanol in the Monsanto process, but is more complex in practice because of changes in byproducts and a need for anhydrous (water-free) conditions.
Greta Bösel

**Greta Bösel** (born Mueller, 9 May 1908 in Elberfeld – 3 May 1947 in Hameln) was a German trained nurse who served as a Nazi camp guard at Ravensbrück concentration camp. She began working there in August 1944 as an Arbeitseinsatzführerin (Work Input Overseer), acting as a senior assistant in the camp’s labor office. Bösel took part in selecting prisoners for the gas chamber or for transfer to Uckermark, and was notorious for saying, "If they prisoners cannot work, let them rot".

When the Red Army neared Ravensbrück, Bösel fled with her husband but was soon captured by British forces. She stood trial at the first Ravensbrück proceedings in Hamburg, was convicted of war crimes-including abuse, murder, and participation in selections-and was executed by hanging on 3 May 1947.

Her responsibilities included Command (military) prisoner work assignments and participating in the selection of prisoners for the gas chambers or transfer to Uckermark. She would patrol the camp yards and assess prisoners' ability to work; those deemed too weak or unfit for labor were chosen for the gas chambers.

Methods of punishment included whipping, confinement in the camp prison (the "Bunker"), and other severe penalties.

She was executed by British executioner Albert Pierrepoint.

## References

- Greta Bösel biography
- Greta Bösel at findagrave
Matthew Thompson

**Matthew Thompson** (1750-April 1790) was one of the Mutineers in the Mutiny on the _Bounty_, a ferocious, anti-social bully, he was hated and feared by most everyone on the ship. During the Bounty's five-month stay in Tahiti (1788-89), Commander William Bligh had him flogged (a dozen lashes) for "insolence and disobedience of orders". Thompson was among the first to join Fletcher Christian in the mutiny on April 28, 1789, and was most effective in guarding the Bounty's arms chest from the loyalists. Back on Tahiti he was a one-man terror, randomly raping and killing the natives. In April 1790, mutineer Charles Churchill, who had been made a Tribal Chief, tried to quell Thompson's crime spree by arranging to have his weapons stolen. Thompson confronted Churchill about this and shot him to death. The killing of a Chief had to be avenged, so Churchill's tribe pretended to hail Thompson as their new leader and invited him to a feast to celebrate. After getting him good and drunk, the natives overpowered Thompson and beat him to death with rocks.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Matthew Thompson
- **birth date**: 1750
- **birth place**: Isle of Wight
- **death date**: April 1790
- **death place**: French Polynesia
- **death cause**: Stoned to Death
- **burial place**: HMS Pandora wrecksite
Northern Peninsula Area Region, Queensland, Australia
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Able-bodied Seaman
Uranium hexafluoride

**Uranium hexafluoride** is a chemical compound made of uranium and fluorine. It has the chemical formula . Uranium hexafluoride is important in uranium enrichment, which separates isotopes of uranium to make nuclear fuel and nuclear weapons.

Uranium hexafluoride is a white solid at room temperature, but turns into a gas at the relatively low .

## Uses

Fluorine has only one stable isotope, meaning that any change in molecular mass between molecules of  is because of the uranium atom. This allows isotopes to be physically separated based on their mass.

Gas centrifuges are used to separate different isotopologues of , producing a stream containing "enriched" uranium-235 (and other fissile isotopes) and another containing "depleted" uranium-238.
Oswald Pohl

**Oswald Pohl** (1892–1951) was a high-ranking SS official who played a central role in the administration and economic exploitation of the Nazi concentration camp system.

## Other websites

- Pohl
- Pohl
Edestus

***Edestus*** is an extinct genus of eugeneodontid fish from the Pennsylvanian of the UK, Russia, and the United States. Similar to _Helicoprion_, it had tooth whorls which were embedded in the lower jaw. However, it also had teeth on its upper jaw. The largest species, _E. heinrichi_, is estimated to have reached greater than 6.7 m (22 ft) in length, around the size of the largest known great white shark, possibly making it the largest marine predator to have ever existed up to that point.

## Description

Its skeleton was made of cartilage. So if it decayed, it would vanish, unless preserved by exceptional circumstances.

The teeth of _Edestus_, much like the more famous _Helicoprion_, are serrated and located on a structure known as a tooth whorl.

### Asymmetric crowns

- _E. triserratus_ <small>Newton, 1904</small> (syn _Edestus minusculus_ <small>Hay, 1909</small>, _Edestodus kolomnensis_ (<small>Lebedev, 2001</small>) Late Bashkirian to Moscovian, United States, United Kingdom and Russia
- _E. minor_ <small>Newberry in Newberry and Worthen, 1866</small> (syn _E. mirus_ <small>Hay, 1912</small>_E. pringlei_ <small>Watson, 1930</small>) Late Bashkirian to Moscovian, United States and United Kingdom

### Symmetric crowns

- _E. heinrichi_ <small>Newberry and Worthen, 1870</small> (syn _E. protopirata_ <small>Trautschold, 1879</small>, _Protopirata centrodon_ <small>Trautschold, 1888</small>, _E. karpinskyi_ <small>Missuna, 1908</small>, _E. crenulatus_ <small>Hay, 1909</small>, _E. serratus_ <small>Hay, 1909</small>) Moscovian of the United States and Russia
- _E. vorax_ <small>Leidy, 1856</small> (syn _E. giganteus_ <small>Newberry, 1889</small>) Moscovian of the United States

## Related pages

- Helicoprion
Center for American Progress

The **Center for American Progress** (**CAP**) is a public policy research and lobbying organization. They are liberal in their economic and social issues. The headquarters for CAP are in Washington, D.C.

Neera Tanden is their president and chief executive officer. She is a democrat and she used to be a government official. The first president and CEO of the company was John Podesta. He was the White House Chief of Staff to US President Bill Clinton. He was also the chairman of the 2016 presidential campaign of Hillary Clinton. He quit when he joined the Obama White House staff in December 2013.

## Other websites

- Center for American Progress Action Fund
- Campus Progress
- Climate Progress
- ThinkProgress
- Neera Tanden on Bloomberg

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Center for American Progress
- **logo**: File:CAP logo Nov 2021.svg
- **logo size**: 150
- **type**: Public policy think tank
- **tax id**: 30-0126510
- **status**: 501(c)(3) organization
- **abbreviation**: CAP
- **founder**: John Podesta
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Neera Tanden
- **headquarters**: 1333 H Street, Washington, D.C., US
- **revenue**: $46.1 million
- **revenue year**: 2023
- **expenses**: $49 million
- **expenses year**: 2023
Catalogue of Life

The **Catalogue of Life** (**CoL**) is an online database. This database has all of the known species of animals, plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It was created in 2001. It combined the Species 2000 and the American Integrated Taxonomic Information System. The Catalogue is used by scientists, educators, and policy makers. The Catalogue is also used by the Biodiversity Heritage Library, the Barcode of Life Data System, _Encyclopedia of Life_, and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility. The Catalogue uses data from 165 other peer-reviewed databases.  the COL Checklist has 2,067,951 of the world's 2.2m species that taxonomists know about.

## Related pages

- ARKive
- Encyclopedia of Life
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility
- Integrated Taxonomic Information System
- Wikispecies

## Further reading

- Blundell N (2005). There's more to life on Earth. Telegraph Online, 8 Dec 2005 (retrieved 2012-05-03).

## Other websites

- Catalogue of Life: historical checklist downloads
- 2022 Annual Checklist, 2,065,448 species – https://doi.org/10.48580/dfq8
- 2021 Annual Checklist, 2,008,947 species – https://doi.org/10.48580/dfq8
- 2019 Annual Checklist, 1,900,983 species (incl. 63,418 extinct species)
- 2018 Annual Checklist, 1,803,488 species (incl. 59,284 extinct species)
- 2017 Annual Checklist, 1,713,852 species (incl. 49,346 extinct species)
- 2016 Annual Checklist, 1,640,969 species
- 2015 Annual Checklist, 1,606,554 species
- 2014 Annual Checklist, 1,578,063 species
- 2013 Annual Checklist, 1,352,112 species
- 2012 Annual Checklist, 1,404,038 species
- 2011 Annual Checklist, 1,347,224 species
- 2010 Annual Checklist, 1,257,735 species
- 2009 Annual Checklist, 1,160,711 species
- 2008 Annual Checklist, 1,105,589 species
- 2007 Annual Checklist, 1,008,965 species
- 2006 Annual Checklist, 884,552 species
- 2005 Annual Checklist, 526,323 species
- A list of contributing databases

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: The Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life
- **screenshot size**: 180px
- **caption**: Cover of DVD version of database
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: Taxonomic catalogue
- **language**: English
- **registration**: Not required
- **current status**: Active
Uranium-232

**Uranium-232** (****) is an isotope of uranium. It has a half-life of about 69 years. It is also made in the thorium cycle. Some scientists wanted to use <sup>233</sup>U as the fissile material(something that does nuclear fission when it is hit by a neutron) for nuclear proliferation. However, <sup>233</sup>U turns into Uranium-232 during nuclear fission, which turns into <sup>208</sup>Tl. This isotope then emits a lot of gamma radiation. The gamma radiation makes <sup>233</sup>U difficult to handle.

## Infobox (isotope)

- **symbol**: U
- **mass number**: 232
- **num neutrons**: 140
- **num protons**: 92
- **image**: Uranium-232.svg
- **decay product**: Thorium-228
- **decay symbol**: Th
- **decay mass**: 228
- **parent**: Plutonium-236
- **parent symbol**: Pu
- **parent mass**: 236
- **parent decay**: a
- **parent2**: Neptunium-232
- **parent2 symbol**: Np
- **parent2 mass**: 232
- **parent2 decay**: b+
- **parent3**: Protactinium-232
- **parent3 symbol**: Pa
- **parent3 mass**: 232
- **parent3 decay**: b-
North Aurora, Illinois

**North Aurora** is a village in Kane County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Aurora. In the 2020 census, the population was 18,261.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: North Aurora, Illinois
- **settlement type**: List of villages in Illinois, Village
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **etymology**: Location relative to Aurora, Illinois
- **image map**: Kane County Illinois Incorporated and Unincorporated areas North Aurora Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of North Aurora in Kane County, Illinois
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Illinois
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Illinois, County
- **subdivision name2**: Kane County, Illinois, Kane
- **subdivision type3**: Civil township, Townships
- **subdivision name3**: Aurora Township, Kane County, Illinois, Aurora, Batavia Township, Kane County, Illinois, Batavia, Blackberry Township, Kane County, Illinois, Blackberry, Sugar Grove Township, Kane County, Illinois, Sugar Grove
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1834
- **established title1**: Named
- **established date1**: Prior to 1880 US Census
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1905
- **government type**: Trustee/Administrator
- **governing body**: Village Board
- **leader title**: Village Mayor
- **leader name**: Mark Gaffino
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 7.81
- **area land sq mi**: 7.56
- **area water sq mi**: 0.25
- **area total km2**: 20.22
- **area land km2**: 19.57
- **area water km2**: 0.65
- **elevation ft**: 709
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 18261
- **population density sq mi**: 2416.44
- **population density km2**: 932.99
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 60524, 60542
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area codes
- **area code**: Area codes 630 and 331#United States, 630 and 331
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2399508
Florida's 19th congressional district

**Florida's 19th congressional district** is a U.S. congressional district in Southwest Florida. It includes the cities of Cape Coral, Fort Myers, Fort Myers Beach, Sanibel, Bonita Springs, Naples and Marco Island.

It has been represented by Republican Byron Donalds since 2021.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Florida
- **district number**: 19
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Byron Donalds
- **party**: Republican
- **residence**: Naples
- **english area**: 1,367
- **percent urban**: 96.3
- **percent rural**: 3.7
- **population**: 809,197
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $76,248
- **percent white**: 69.7
- **percent hispanic**: 19.1
- **percent black**: 5.9
- **percent asian**: 1.8
- **percent more than one race**: 2.9
- **percent other race**: 0.7
- **cpvi**: R+14
Fort Myers Beach, Florida

**Fort Myers Beach** is a town on the north end of Estero Island in Lee County, Florida, United States. The town is on the Gulf of Mexico. It is part of the Cape Coral-Fort Myers, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 5,582 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Fort Myers Beach, Florida
- **settlement type**: Town (Florida), Town
- **image skyline**: File:Florida - Fort Myers Beach - Harbor.jpg
- **image caption**: Harbor at Fort Myers Beach
- **image seal**: Fort_Myers_Beach_Seal.jpg
- **seal size**: 100px
- **image map**: Lee_County_Florida_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Fort_Myers_Beach_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Lee County, Florida, Lee County and the state of Florida
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States of America
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Florida
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Florida, County
- **subdivision name2**: Lee County, Florida, Lee
- **government type**: Council–manager government, Council-Manager
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Dan Allers
- **leader title1**: Vice Mayor
- **leader name1**: Jim Atterholt
- **leader title2**: City Council, Council Members
- **leader name2**: John R. King,
 Scott Safford,
 and Karen Woodson
- **leader title3**: City Manager, Town Manager
- **leader name3**: Andrew Hyatt
- **leader title4**: City Clerk, Town Clerk
- **leader name4**: Amy Baker
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: December 31, 1995
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 15.98
- **area land km2**: 7.20
- **area water km2**: 8.78
- **area total sq mi**: 6.17
- **area land sq mi**: 2.78
- **area water sq mi**: 3.39
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 5582
- **population density km2**: 774.84
- **population density sq mi**: 2006.47
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 1
- **elevation ft**: 3
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 33931-33932
- **area code**: Area code 239, 239
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 12-24150
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0282701
Jason Smith (politician)

**Jason Thomas Smith** (born June 16, 1980) is an American businessman and Republican politician. He has been the U.S. representative for Missouri's 8th congressional district since 2013. Before, Smith served in the Missouri House of Representatives.

## Other websites

- Congressman Jason Smith
- Jason Smith for Congress

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jason Smith
- **image**: Rep Jason Smith - 2024.jpeg
- **office**: Chair of the United States House Committee on Ways and Means, House Ways and Means Committee
- **term start**: January 3, 2023
- **predecessor**: Richard Neal
- **office1**: Ranking Member of the United States House Committee on the Budget, House Budget Committee
- **term start1**: January 3, 2021
- **term end1**: January 3, 2023
- **predecessor1**: Steve Womack
- **successor1**: Brendan Boyle
- **office2**: Republican Conference Secretary of the United States House of Representatives, Secretary of the House Republican Conference
- **leader2**: Paul Ryan
Kevin McCarthy
- **term start2**: January 3, 2017
- **term end2**: January 3, 2021
- **predecessor2**: Virginia Foxx
- **successor2**: Richard Hudson (American politician), Richard Hudson
- **state3**: Missouri
- **term start3**: June 4, 2013
- **predecessor3**: Jo Ann Emerson
- **office4**: Member of the Missouri House of Representatives
- **term start4**: November 14, 2005
- **term end4**: June 4, 2013
- **predecessor4**: Frank Barnitz
- **successor4**: Shawn Sisco
- **constituency4**: 150th district (2005–2013)
120th district (2013)
- **birth name**: Jason Thomas Smith
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **education**: University of Missouri (Bachelor of Science, BS)
Oklahoma City University (Juris Doctor, JD)
Colorado's 1st congressional district

**Colorado's 1st congressional district** is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Colorado. It is mainly in the City and County of Denver in the central part of the state.

The district has been represented by Democrat Diana DeGette since 1997.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Colorado
- **district number**: 1
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Diana DeGette
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Denver
- **percent urban**: 100
- **percent rural**: 0
- **population**: 722,087
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $93,793
- **percent white**: 54.4
- **percent hispanic**: 27.8
- **percent black**: 8.5
- **percent asian**: 3.8
- **percent more than one race**: 4.2
- **percent other race**: 1.2
- **cpvi**: D+29
Zahid Hasan

**Zahid Hasan** (born 4 October 1967) is a Bangladeshi actor and television director. He has worked in many popular TV shows in Bangladesh.

## Personal Life

Zahid Hasan born in Sirajganj, Bangladesh.Zahid Hasan is married to Sadia Islam Mou, a Bangladeshi model and actress. They have two children.
Louisiana's 1st congressional district

**Louisiana's 1st congressional district** is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Louisiana. The district is made up of the northern shore of Lake Pontchartrain south to the Mississippi River delta. It covers most of New Orleans' suburbs.

The district is currently represented by Republican House majority leader Steve Scalise.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Louisiana
- **district number**: 1
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2025
- **representative**: Steve Scalise
- **party**: Republican
- **residence**: Jefferson
- **percent urban**: 86.02
- **percent rural**: 13.98
- **population**: 770,713
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $72,467
- **percent white**: 69.0
- **percent hispanic**: 11.7
- **percent black**: 12.1
- **percent asian**: 2.3
- **percent more than one race**: 3.8
- **percent other race**: 1.1
- **cpvi**: R+19
Missouri's 1st congressional district

**Missouri's 1st congressional district** is in the eastern part of the state. It includes all of St. Louis City and much of northern St. Louis County, including the cities of Maryland Heights, University City, Ferguson and Florissant.

Its current representative is Democrat Wesley Bell, who was first elected in 2024.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Missouri
- **district number**: 1
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Wesley Bell
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Clayton
- **percent urban**: 99.21
- **percent rural**: 0.79
- **population**: 741,792
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $61,562
- **percent white**: 40.4
- **percent hispanic**: 4.5
- **percent black**: 46.1
- **percent asian**: 3.8
- **percent more than one race**: 4.3
- **percent other race**: 0.8
- **cpvi**: D+29
Eric Burlison

**Eric Wayne Burlison** (born October 2, 1976) is an American politician. He has been the U.S. representative from Missouri's 7th congressional district since 2023. He was the representative for District 133 in the Missouri House of Representatives. He is a Republican.

## Other websites

- Congressman Eric Burlison official U.S. House website
- Eric Burlison for Congress

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Eric Burlison
- **image**: Eric Burlison portrait 118th.jpg
- **state**: Missouri
- **term start**: January 3, 2023
- **predecessor**: Billy Long
- **state senate1**: Missouri
- **district1**: 20th
- **term start1**: January 9, 2019
- **term end1**: January 3, 2023
- **predecessor1**: Jay Wasson
- **successor1**: Curtis Trent
- **state house2**: Missouri
- **district2**: 30th
- **term start2**: January 5, 2009
- **term end2**: January 4, 2017
- **predecessor2**: B. J. Marsh
- **successor2**: Kevin Austin
- **birth place**: Springfield, Missouri, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Angie Burlison
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Missouri State University (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Master of Business Administration, MBA)
- **birth name**: Eric Wayne Burlison
Wesley Bell

**Wesley Jonell-Cleavon Bell** (born November 5, 1974) is an American attorney and politician. He has been the U.S. representative for  since 2025. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was the Prosecuting Attorney of St. Louis County from 2019 until 2025.

## Political career

Before entering congress, Bell was the prosecuting attorney for St. Louis County, Missouri, from 2019 to 2025. He was the county's first black prosecutor.

In an upset victory, he beat long-time county prosecutor Bob McCulloch in the August 2018 Democratic primary election. He took office in January 2019.

In June 2023, Bell announced his candidacy for the U.S. Senate in the 2024 election. In October 2023, he instead decided to run for the U.S. House seat of Missouri's 1st congressional district, beating incumbent Cori Bush in the Democratic primary in August 2024. He won the general election in November.

## Personal life

Bell was raised in northern St. Louis County, Missouri. He is the son of a police officer father and civil servant mother. Bell studied at Lindenwood University, and University of Missouri School of Law.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Wesley Bell
- **image**: Wesley Bell, official portrait (119th Congress).jpg
- **alt**: Official House portrait of Bell smiling in front of the U.S. flag, wearing a black suit, white shirt, and light green plaid tie.
- **state**: Missouri
- **term start**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Cori Bush
- **office1**: Prosecuting Attorney of St. Louis County, Missouri, St. Louis County
- **term start1**: January 1, 2019
- **term end1**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor1**: Bob McCulloch (prosecutor), Bob McCulloch
- **successor1**: Melissa Price Smith
- **birth name**: Wesley Jonell-Cleavon Bell
- **birth place**: St. Louis County, Missouri, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
New Jersey's 1st congressional district

**New Jersey's 1st congressional district** is a congressional district in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The district, which includes Camden and South Jersey suburbs, has been represented by Democrat Donald Norcross since November 2014.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: New Jersey
- **district number**: 1
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Donald Norcross
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Camden
- **percent urban**: 98.2
- **percent rural**: 1.8
- **population**: 777,528
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $40,450 (per capita income $20,043)
- **percent white**: 59.5
- **percent hispanic**: 14.9
- **percent black**: 15.9
- **percent asian**: 5.3
- **percent more than one race**: 3.7
- **percent other race**: 0.6
- **cpvi**: D+10
Donald Norcross

**Donald W. Norcross** (born December 13, 1958) is an American politician and labor leader who is the U.S. representative for  since 2014. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

In 2020, Norcross was mentioned as a possible candidate for secretary of labor under President Joe Biden.

## Other websites

- Congressman Donald Norcross official U.S. House website
- Donald Norcross for Congress official campaign website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Donald Norcross
- **image**: Donald Norcross official portrait.jpg
- **alt**: Official portrait, 2017
- **state**: New Jersey
- **term start**: November 12, 2014
- **predecessor**: Rob Andrews
- **state senate1**: New Jersey
- **district1**: New Jersey's 5th legislative district, 5th
- **term start1**: January 19, 2010
- **term end1**: November 12, 2014
- **predecessor1**: Dana L. Redd
- **successor1**: Nilsa Cruz-Perez
- **state assembly2**: New Jersey
- **district2**: 5th
- **term start2**: January 12, 2010
- **term end2**: January 19, 2010
- **predecessor2**: Nilsa Cruz-Perez
Joseph J. Roberts
- **successor2**: Gilbert "Whip" Wilson, Whip Wilson
- **birth place**: Camden, New Jersey, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Andrea Doran
- **children**: 3
- **relatives**: George Norcross (brother)
John C. Norcross (brother)
- **education**: Camden County College (Associate of Science, AS)
Rutgers University–Camden
Suzanne Bonamici

**Suzanne Marie Bonamici** ( ; born October 14, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician. She has been the U.S. representative for Oregon's 1st congressional district since 2012. She is a Democrat. Bonamici represented the 17th district in the Oregon State Senate from 2008 to 2011. She was first elected to the Oregon House of Representatives in 2006.

## Other websites

- Congresswoman Suzanne Bonamici official U.S. House website
- Suzanne Bonamici for Congress

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Suzanne Bonamici
- **image**: Suzanne Bonamici.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2012
- **state**: Oregon
- **term start**: January 31, 2012
- **predecessor**: David Wu
- **state senate1**: Oregon
- **district1**: Oregon's 17th Senate district, 17th
- **term start1**: May 19, 2008
- **term end1**: November 21, 2011
- **predecessor1**: Brad Avakian
- **successor1**: Elizabeth Steiner Hayward, Elizabeth Steiner
- **state house2**: Oregon
- **district2**: Oregon's 34th House district, 34th
- **term start2**: January 2, 2007
- **term end2**: May 19, 2008
- **predecessor2**: Brad Avakian
- **successor2**: Chris Harker
- **birth name**: Suzanne Marie Bonamici
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Michael H. Simon, Michael Simon
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Lane Community College
University of Oregon (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Juris Doctor, JD)
- **signature**: Signature of Suzanne Bonamici.svg
- **relatives**: Neil Simon (through marriage)
Oregon's 3rd congressional district

**Oregon's 3rd congressional district** covers most of Multnomah County, including Gresham, Troutdale, and most of Portland.

The district has been represented by Democrat Maxine Dexter since 2025.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Oregon
- **district number**: 3
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Maxine Dexter
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Portland
- **english area**: 1,021
- **metric area**: 2,644
- **percent urban**: 93.12
- **percent rural**: 6.88
- **population**: 681,430
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $84,057
- **percent white**: 64.5
- **percent hispanic**: 14.2
- **percent black**: 5.5
- **percent asian**: 7.5
- **percent more than one race**: 6.5
- **percent other race**: 1.9
- **percent blue collar**: 25
- **percent white collar**: 59.4
- **percent gray collar**: 15.5
- **cpvi**: D+24
Utah's 1st congressional district

**Utah's 1st congressional district** is in the northern area of Utah. It includes the cities of Ogden, Logan, Layton, Clearfield, parts of Park City and Salt Lake City, and the northern half of the Great Salt Lake.

The current member of the United States House of Representatives from the district is Republican Blake Moore.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Utah
- **district number**: 1
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Blake Moore
- **party**: Republican
- **residence**: Salt Lake City
- **population**: 855,830
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $93,572
- **percent white**: 78.7
- **percent black**: 1.1
- **percent asian**: 2.1
- **percent hispanic**: 13.2
- **percent other race**: 1.3
- **percent more than one race**: 3.6
- **cpvi**: R+10
Utah's 3rd congressional district

**Utah's 3rd congressional district** is a congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. It is located in southern and eastern Utah and includes the cities of Orem and Provo.

The current Representative is Republican Mike Kennedy, who was elected in 2024.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Utah
- **district number**: 3
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Mike Kennedy (politician), Mike Kennedy
- **party**: Republican
- **residence**: Alpine
- **population**: 818,995
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $94,844
- **percent white**: 77.8
- **percent black**: 0.7
- **percent asian**: 2.3
- **percent native american**: 1.7
- **percent native hawaiian**: 0.8
- **percent hispanic**: 12.4
- **percent other race**: 0.4
- **percent more than one race**: 4.0
- **cpvi**: R+10