juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hebrew alphabet

The **Hebrew alphabet** (,  ) is the alphabet used to write the Hebrew language. It has 22 letters.

It has no capital letters, and is used to write some other other Jewish languages, like Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian..

## Letters

Letters are down below.
|rowspan=2|<small>letter</small>|rowspan=2|<small>IPA</small>|colspan="6"|<small>Name of letter</small>|<small>Pronunciation</small>||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||,|Alef||||||When ʔ, as in _button_ [ˈbʌʔn̩] or _clipboard_ [ˌklɪʔ⁠ˈbɔɹd]||
|||Bet|||,|||b as in _black_||
|||||,|||v as in _vogue_|||
|||Gimel||rowspan="2"|rowspan="2"|||g as in _gourd_||
||<nowiki/>[ɣ]||||gh as in Arabic _ghoul_|||||
|||Dalet||,|,|||d as in _doll_||
||||||th as in _that_|||||
|||He||,||||h as in _hold_||
|||Vav||||||v as in _vogue_||
|||Zayin||,||||z as in _z__oo_||
||<nowiki/>[χ]|Chet||||||ch as in _Bach_||
|||Tet||||||t as in _tool_||
|||Yod||,||||y as in _yolk_||
|||Kaf||||||k as in _king_||
||||||||ch as in _bach_|||
||||||||k as in _king_|||
||~||||||ch as in _bach_|||
|||Lamed||||||l as in _luck_||
||rowspan=2|rowspan=2|Mem||||||rowspan=2|m as in _mother_|
||rowspan=2|rowspan=2|Nun||||||rowspan=2|n as in _night_|
|||Samekh|<big>ְ</big>|||||s as in _sight_||
||~,|Ayin||,||||When ʔ, as in _button_ [ˈbʌʔn̩] or _clipboard_ [ˌklɪʔ⁠ˈbɔɹd]. When ʕ, no English equivalent.||
|||Pe||,||||p as in _pine_||
||||,||||f as in _fine_|||
||||,||||p as in _pine_|||
||||,||||f as in _fine_|||
||rowspan=2|rowspan="2" |Tsadi|||,|||rowspan=2|ts as in _cats_|
||||,|||||||
|||Qof||,||||k as in _king_||
|||Resh||||||r as in French ⟨r⟩||
|||Shin||||||sh as in _shower_||
||||||||s as in _sour_|||
|||Tav||,|,|||t as in _tool_||
||||,|||th as in _thin_||||

## Bibliography

- ff.
- Hoffman, Joel M. 2004. _In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language._ New York: New York University Press.
- Steinberg, David. _History of the Hebrew Language._

### General

- How to draw letters
- Official Unicode standards document for Hebrew
- Unicode collation chartsincluding Hebrew letters, sorted by shape

### Keyboards

- LiteType.comVirtual & Interactive Hebrew Keyboard
- Mikledet.comFor typing Hebrew with an English keyboard (Hebrew keyboard|Hebrew layout)
- Prize Find: Oldest Hebrew Inscription  Biblical Archaeology Review

## Infobox (writing system)

- **name**: Hebrew alphabet
- **type**: Abjad primarily, alphabet
- **languages**: Hebrew language, Hebrew; derivations used for Yiddish, Judeo-Spanish, Ladino, Mozarabic language, Mozarabic, Levantine Arabic, Aramaic, Knaanic, other Jewish languages
- **time**: 2nd–1st century BCE to present
- **direction**: Right-to-left
- **fam1**: Egyptian hieroglyphs
- **fam2**: Proto-Sinaitic script
- **fam3**: Phoenician alphabet
- **fam4**: Aramaic alphabet
- **sample**: Alefbet ivri.svg
- **imagesize**: 221px
- **iso15924**: Hebr
Litochoro

**Litochoro** (, _Litóchoro_; Katharevousa: Λιτόχωρον) is a town in the southern part of Greece.

## Infobox (greek dimos)

- **name**: Litochoro
- **name local**: Λιτόχωρο
- **image map**: DE Litochorou.svg
- **map caption**: Location within the regional unit
- **periph**: Central Macedonia
- **periphunit**: Pieria (regional unit), Pieria
- **municipality**: Dio-Olympos
- **population as of**: 2011
- **pop municunit**: 7259
- **area municunit**: 169.632
- **elevation**: 293
- **postal code**: 602 00
- **area code**: 23520
- **licence**: KN
- **image skyline**: Olympmassiv-litochoro.JPG
- **caption skyline**: View from Olympus
Massader

**Massader** of Palestine is the arm of the Palestinian Investment Fund for Development of Natural Resources and Infrastructure Projects. The company plays an important role in developing large-scale strategic projects that aim to develop and use Palestinian natural resources (hydrocarbon resources and renewable resources) and provide various sources of national energy sources, in addition to developing the basic infrastructure for the electricity sector, all with the aim of establishing a firm foundation for an independent Palestinian state.

The company aims to develop the natural resources of Palestinian oil and gas, develop productive infrastructure for the electricity and water sectors, contribute to achieving economic independence in the energy and water sectors, reduce the level of dependence on imported supplies, contribute to enabling the development of heavy industries such as cement and steel.

## The Middle East Solar Energy Industries Association Award

Massader has won the award for the best solar energy project, from Middle East Solar Industry Association, for the project of installing photovoltaic panels on the roofs of 500 schools and universities throughout Palestine, for a total of 35 megawatts of solar energy.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Massader of Palestine
- **industry**: Energy Sector
- **hq location city**: Ramallah
- **hq location country**: Palestine
- **owner**: Palestine Investment Fund
When Ambrose Dared Walrus

***When Ambrose Dared Walrus*** is a 1915 silent short film directed by Walter Wright.

The film was produced by the Keystone Film Company under the working title _Fire Insurance Story._ It was distributed by Mutual Film. It was released in the United States on July 12, 1915.
Nyctimystes cryptochrysos

***Nyctimystes cryptochrysos***  is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. It lives on Fergusson Island between 900 and 1500 meters above sea level.  Scientists think it might also live in the D'Entrecasteaux Islands.

The adult male frog is 48.2 to 50.6 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 60.7 to 65.1 mm long.  Most of its back is a mixture of light brown and dark brown in color.  This frog has up-and-down lines on its lower eyelids and gold coloring on its legs and middle.

The scientific name of this species _chryptochrysos_ comes from the Greek _kryptos_ for "hidden" and _chrysos_ for "gold," meaning the gold color on the middle of this frog's body.
The Freeze-Out

***The Freeze-Out*** is a 1921 American western movie directed by John  Ford and starring Harry Carey, Helen Ferguson, Joe Harris, Charles Le Moyne. It was distributed by Universal Pictures and is a lost movie.
Boško Marinko

**Boško Marinko** (11 August 1939 – 18 July 2020) was a Serbian wrestler. He competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics and 1972 Summer Olympics.

Marinko died on 18 July 2020, aged 81.
Nina Andreyeva

**Nina Aleksandrovna Andreyeva** (, 12 October 1938 – 24 July 2020) was a Russian chemist, teacher, author, political activist, and social critic. She criticized General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev and his closest supporters for not being true communists.

Andreyeva died in St. Petersburg, Russia on 24 July 2020 at the age of 81.

## Other websites

- Full text of _I Cannot Waive Principles_ (archived) as published in Sovetskaia Rossiia on March 13, 1988
- All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks official site
Flor Isava Fonseca

**Flor Isava Fonseca** (20 May 1921 – 25 July 2020)  was a Venezuelan sportswoman, journalist and writer. She was the vice president of the Venezuelan Red Cross.

In 1981, Isava-Fonseca and Finnish Pirjo Häggman were the first women to be elected to the International Olympic Committee. She was the first woman to be on the executive board in 1990.

Fonseca died on 25 July 2020, aged 99.
José Mentor

**José Mentor Guilherme de Mello Netto** (30 September 1948 – 25 July 2020), better known simply as **José Mentor**, was a Brazilian lawyer and politician. He was a Federal Deputy from 2003 to 2019. Mentor was a member of the Workers' Party.

Mentor died on 25 July 2020 in São Paulo from COVID-19, aged 71.
Maurice Petty

**Maurice Petty** (March 27, 1939July 25, 2020) was an American NASCAR crew chief and engine builder. He worked for Petty Enterprises, of which he was part owner.  He was added into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2011.  He was honored into the NASCAR Hall of Fame in 2014. He was the first engine builder to be honored in that Hall. Petty was born in Randolph County, North Carolina. Petty was the younger brother of Richard Petty.

Petty died on the morning of July 25, 2020, at the age of 81.
Luciano Fabio Stirati

**Luciano Fabio Stirati** (15 December 1922 – 25 July 2020) was an Italian politician. Stirati was born in Gubbio, Italy. He represented the Italian Socialist Party for two nonconsecutive terms. He was a member of the Senate, from 1963 to 1968, and from 1972 to 1976.

Stirati died on 25 July 2020 at a hospital in the Province of Perugia at the age of 97.
Moisdon-la-Rivière

**Moisdon-la-Rivière** is a commune of 1,951 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.
Abbaretz

**Abbaretz** () is a commune of 2,088 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.
Bagneux, Hauts-de-Seine

**Bagneux** is a commune that is found in the Hauts-de-Seine department in France. In 2017, 40,918 people lived there.
Bois-Colombes

**Bois-Colombes** is a commune that is found in the Hauts-de-Seine department in France. In 2017, 28,239 people lived there.
Bourg-la-Reine

**Bourg-la-Reine** is a commune that is found in the Hauts-de-Seine department in France. In 2017, 20,667 people lived there.
Châtenay-Malabry

**Châtenay-Malabry** is a commune that is found in the Hauts-de-Seine department in France. In 2017, 33,286 people lived there.
Châtillon, Hauts-de-Seine

**Châtillon** is a commune that is found in the Hauts-de-Seine department in France. In 2017, 37,355 people lived there.
Chaville

**Chaville** is a commune that is found in the Hauts-de-Seine department in France. In 2017, 20,520 people lived there.
Clichy, Hauts-de-Seine

**Clichy** is a commune that is found in the Hauts-de-Seine department in France. In 2017, 61,070 people lived there.
Malakoff

**Malakoff** is a commune that is found in the Hauts-de-Seine department in France. In 2017, 30,720 people lived there.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Malakoff
- **mayor**: Jacqueline Belhomme
- **area km2**: 2.07
- **elevation max m**: 80
- **elevation min m**: 67
- **intercommunality**: Grand Paris
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **postal code**: 92240
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **insee**: 92046
- **canton**: Montrouge
- **arrondissement**: Antony
- **map caption**: Paris and inner ring départements
- **map**: Malakoff_map.svg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Malakoff (Hauts-de-Seine).svg
- **caption**: Maison des Arts
- **image**: Maison des Arts Malakoff.jpg
Ville-d'Avray

**Ville-d'Avray** is a commune that is found in the Hauts-de-Seine department in France. In 2017, 11,453 people lived there.
Motreff

**Motreff** () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France.
Névez

**Névez** () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Névez
- **native name**: Nevez
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Port-Manech-Lann-Benaven.jpg
- **caption**: The beach at Port-Manec'h
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 48
- **insee**: 29153
- **postal code**: 29920
- **arrondissement**: Quimper
- **canton**: Moëlan-sur-Mer
- **mayor**: Albert Hervet
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Concarneau-Cornouaille
- **area km2**: 25.37
Ushant

**Ushant** (, ) is an island and a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Ushant
- **native name**:

- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Ushant SPOT 1273.jpg
- **caption**: Satellite image of Ushant in 2003
- **image coat of arms**: COA fr Ouessant.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Ushant.svg
- **arrondissement**: Brest
- **canton**: Saint-Renan
- **insee**: 29155
- **postal code**: 29242
- **mayor**: Denis Palluel
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Concarneau Cornouaille Agglomération
- **elevation m**: 30
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 61
- **area km2**: 15.58
- **website**: [http://www.ouessant.fr Official website]
Pencran

**Pencran** () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Pencran
- **native name**: Penn-ar-C'hrann
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Pencran église.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: CO -fr Pencran.svg
- **elevation min m**: 1
- **elevation max m**: 175
- **insee**: 29156
- **postal code**: 29800
- **arrondissement**: Brest
- **canton**: Landerneau
- **mayor**: Jean Crenn
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Pays de Landerneau-Daoulas
- **area km2**: 8.93
Aigrefeuille-sur-Maine

**Aigrefeuille-sur-Maine** is a commune of 3,936 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France.
Ahuy

**Ahuy** is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department.
Aignay-le-Duc

**Aignay-le-Duc** is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department.
Aiserey

**Aiserey** is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department.
Boulc

**Boulc** is a commune. It is found in the Drôme department in the southeastern part of France.
Order of Queen Maria Luisa

The **Order of Queen Maria Luisa**  or "**Royal Order of Noble Ladies of Queen Maria Luisa"** was an Order created by King King Carlos IV of Spain by ryal decree in Aprile 21 1792, at the request of his dominating wife, Queen Maria Luisa, to reward noble women who distinguished themselves for their services and talents. As such, it was established as an honour reserved only for women. The "Grand Mistress" of the order was the wife and thus the queen consort of Spain. The "Grand Mistress" would decide which woman would become a member of the order. It is one of about four orders reserved for women. Others include the Order of Saint Elizabeth (Bavaria) as well as the Order of Saint Catherine (Russia) and the Order of the Starry Cross (Holy Roman Empire).

## Infobox (order)

- **title**: Order of Noble Ladies of Queen Maria Luisa
- **image**:
Badge of the Order

- **caption**: Sash o the Order, belonging tae the Empress Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse), Maria Alexandrovna of Russia
- **type**: Orders of knichthood for women, Order o knighthood for women
- **date**: April 21 1792 _De facto extinct_
- **country**: Kingdom of Spain, Spain
- **house**: Bourbons of Spain
- **ribbon**:
- **head title**: Sovereign
- **head**: Felipe VI of Spain, Keeng Felipe VI
- **head2 title**: Grand Mistress
- **head2**: ''Queen Letizia of Spain, Queen Letizia (de facto)
- **grades**: Dame-Grand Cross
Dame
- **higher**: Order of Charles III, Order of Carlos III
- **lower**: Order of Isabel the Catholic
- **first induction**: Maria Luisa of Parma, Queen Maria Luisa
- **last induction**: Queen Sofía of Spain
John Tucker Must Die

***John Tucker Must Die*** is a 2006 American teen romantic comedy movie directed by Betty Thomas. The movie is about a trio of girls who plot to break the heart of manipulative basketball star John Tucker after they learn he has been secretly dating all three and pledging each is "the one". They recruit cute wallflower Kate in their scheme to publicly humiliate the main male lead. The movie made $68 million worldwide. It stars Jesse Metcalfe, Brittany Snow, Ashanti, Sophia Bush, Arielle Kebbel, Penn Badgley, Jenny McCarthy and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Nyctimystes dux

***Nyctimystes dux***  is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea.  Scientists have only seen it near Yuwong Village on the Huon Peninsula.  Different scientists disagree about whether this frog should be in the genus _Litoria_ or _Nyctimystes_.

This frog has red eyes and pads, called nuptial pads, on its front feet.

Some scientists think that _Nyctimystes dux_ is a separate species.  Other scientists think it is the same species as _Litoria graminea_.
Rancho Cordova, California

**Rancho Cordova** is a city in Sacramento County, California.
Kerman, California

**Kerman** is a city in Fresno County, California, United States.
Nord, California

**Nord** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Butte County, California.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **area water sq mi**: 0
- **area total km2**: 5.453
- **area land km2**: 5.453
- **area water km2**: 0
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific (PST)
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **area total sq mi**: 2.105
- **elevation m**: 46
- **elevation ft**: 151
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 95973
- **area codes**: Area codes 530 and 837, 530, 837
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 1659766; 2612484
- **area land sq mi**: 2.105
- **name**: Nord
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in California
- **settlement type**: census-designated place
- **image skyline**: Aerial view of Nord (November 2023)-0102.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Nord, November 2023
- **pushpin map**: California
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **unit pref**: US
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Butte County, California, Butte County
- **population total**: 286
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population density km2**: auto
- **footnotes**: ;
Robinson Mill, California

**Robinson Mill** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Butte County, California.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Robinson Mill
- **settlement type**: census-designated place
- **pushpin map**: California
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in California
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Butte County, California, Butte County
- **population total**: 89
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: auto
- **unit pref**: US
- **area total sq mi**: 1.317
- **area land sq mi**: 1.317
- **area water sq mi**: 0
- **area total km2**: 3.411
- **area land km2**: 3.411
- **area water km2**: 0
- **area water percent**: 0
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific (PST)
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **elevation m**: 809
- **elevation ft**: 2654
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 265465; 2612487
- **footnotes**: ;
Stirling City, California

**Stirling City** is a census-designated place (CDP), in Butte County, California.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Stirling City, California
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated area, Unincorporated community
- **image skyline**: Wfm stirling city sat photo.png
- **image caption**: USGS satellite photo of Stirling City
- **pushpin map**: California#USA
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in California
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Butte County, California, Butte County
- **population total**: 284
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: auto
- **unit pref**: US
- **area total sq mi**: 1.178
- **area land sq mi**: 1.177
- **area water sq mi**: 0.001
- **area total km2**: 3.051
- **area land km2**: 3.049
- **area water km2**: 0.002
- **area water percent**: 0.07
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific (PST)
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **elevation m**: 1088
- **elevation ft**: 3570
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 95978
- **area codes**: Area codes 530 and 837, 530, 837
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 235493; 2612488
- **footnotes**: ;
Thermalito, California

**Thermalito** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Butte County, California.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Thermalito
- **settlement type**: Census designated place
- **image map**: Butte_County_California_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Thermalito_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location in Butte County, California, Butte County and the state of California
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Butte County, California, Butte
- **leader title1**: California's 1st State Senate district, State senator
- **leader title2**: California's 3rd State Assembly district, Assemblymember
- **leader title3**: California's 1st congressional district, U. S. rep.
- **unit pref**: US
- **area total sq mi**: 12.896
- **area land sq mi**: 12.728
- **area water sq mi**: 0.168
- **area total km2**: 33.399
- **area land km2**: 32.965
- **area water km2**: 0.434
- **area water percent**: 1.30
- **elevation ft**: 223
- **elevation m**: 68
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 7198
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 95965
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area codes 530 and 837, 530, 837
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
Yankee Hill, California

**Yankee Hill** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Butte County, California.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Yankee Hill
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific (PST)
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **elevation m**: 604
- **elevation ft**: 1982
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature IDs
- **blank info**: 1656414; 2612489
- **area total sq mi**: 6.03
- **area land sq mi**: 6.03
- **area water sq mi**: 0
- **area water percent**: 0
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated area, Unincorporated community
- **pushpin map**: California
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in California
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Butte County, California, Butte County
- **population total**: 260
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population density km2**: auto
- **unit pref**: US
- **footnotes**: ;
Application layer gateway

An **application layer gateway** is a special firewall which does stateful packet inspection. Some protocols such as TFTP use ports chosen at random. An application layer gateway can strengthen such a system by only allowing communication on ports which are used by one of the sessions. Note that this setup is different from a proxy firewall (also called application layer firewall). Such a firewall will also look at the payload data being transmitted.
MacOS Big Sur

**macOS Big Sur** (version 11.0) is the seventeenth major version of macOS, Apple Inc.'s desktop operating system for Macintosh computers. It is the successor to macOS Catalina. macOS Big Sur was announced at WWDC 2020 on June 3, 2020.

## Infobox (os version)

- **name**: macOS Big Sur
- **title**: macOS Big Sur
- **logo**:
- **version of**: macOS
- **developer**: Apple Inc., Apple
- **source model**: Proprietary software, Closed, with open-source software, open source components
- **update model**: Apple Software Update, Software Update
- **supported platforms**: x86-64, ARM64
- **kernel type**: Hybrid kernel, Hybrid (XNU)
- **license**: Proprietary software with open-source components
- **preceded by**: macOS Catalina
- **succeeded by**: macOS Monterey
- **tagline**: Doing it all, in new ways.
- **support status**: Unsupported as of September 26, 2023. Finder is still able to download driver updates to sync to newer devices. Drops support for Macs released from 2012 to early 2013.
NGC 4589

**NGC 4589** is an elliptical galaxy in the Draco constellation. It is about 108 million light-years away from Earth.
Raqqa Governorate

**Raqqa Governorate** ( ) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. Its capital is Raqqa. Its ethnic groups are majority Arabs with a minority of Kurds.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Raqqa Governorate
- **native name**: مُحافظة الرقة
- **native name lang**: ar
- **settlement type**: Governorates of Syria, Governorate
- **image map**: Ar-Raqqah in Syria (+Golan hatched).svg
- **map caption**: Map of Syria with Raqqa highlighted
- **coor pinpoint**: Ar-Raqqah, Raqqa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Ar-Raqqah, Raqqa
- **seat1 type**: Mintaqah, Manatiq (Districts)
- **seat1**: 3
- **parts type**: List of active rebel groups#Syria, Occupation
- **parts style**: para
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 19618
- **population total**: 944000
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset1**: +2
- **timezone1 dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +3
- **iso code**: SY-RA
As-Suwayda Governorate

**As-Suwayda** or **Al-Suwayda Governorate** ( ) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. Its capital is al-Suwayda.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Al-Suwayda Governorate
- **native name**: مُحافظة السويداء
- **native name lang**: ar
- **settlement type**: Governorates of Syria, Governorate
- **image map**: As-Suwayda in Syria (+Golan hatched).svg
- **map caption**: Map of Syria with al-Suwayda Governorate highlighted
- **coor pinpoint**: Al-Suwayda
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **parts type**: Mintaqah, Manatiq (Districts)
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: 3
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Al-Suwayda
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Amer Ibrahim Ashi
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 5550
- **population total**: 375000
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Syria#Languages, Main language(s)
- **blank info sec1**: Arabic language, Arabic
- **timezone1**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset1**: +2
- **timezone1 dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +3
- **iso code**: SY-SU
Daraa Governorate

**Dara`a Governorate** ( ) is one of the fourteen governorates of Syria. Its capital is Daraa.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dara`a Governorate
- **native name**: مُحافظة درعا
- **native name lang**: ar
- **settlement type**: Governorates of Syria, Governorate
- **image map**: Daraa in Syria (+Golan hatched).svg
- **map caption**: Map of Syria with Dar'a highlighted
- **coor pinpoint**: Daraa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **parts type**: Mintaqah, Manatiq (Districts)
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: 3
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Daraa
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Marwan Ibrahim Sharbak
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 3730
- **population total**: 1027000
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Syria#Languages, Main language(s)
- **blank info sec1**: Arabic language, Arabic
- **timezone1**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset1**: +2
- **timezone1 dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +3
- **iso code**: SY-DR
Malaysian Investment Development Authority

**The Malaysian Industry Development Authority** (MIDA) is the main government agency for improving the manufacturing and services sector in Malaysia and is listed under the Malaysia Industrial Development Authority Act. The authority assists companies that intend to invest in the industrial and services sector and facilitate the implementation of its projects. It includes the wide range of services that MIDA provides, in addition to providing information on investment opportunities, as well as facilitating companies looking for joint venture partners.

## Tasks of the Authority

- Encouraging foreign and domestic investments in the manufacturing and services sectors
- Doing industrial development planning in Malaysia
- Recommend the policies and strategies for industrial promotion and development of the Minister of International Trade and Industry
- Evaluating applications for manufacturing licenses and expatriate jobs. Tax incentives for manufacturing, tourism, research and development activities, training and software development institutions; And exemption from duties on raw materials, components and machines
- Issuing a confirmation letter for the application of import tax and / or exemption from sales tax on machinery, equipment, spare parts and consumables.
- Assisting companies in implementing and operating their projects, and providing assistance through direct consultation, consultation and cooperation with the relevant authorities at the federal and state levels
- Facilitating information exchange and coordination between institutions working in or related to industrial development
- International agreements

## Infobox (government agency)

- **name**: Malaysian Investment Development Authority
- **logo**: Mida_of_malysia.png
- **logo caption**: Logo of the MIDA
Nyctimystes eucavatus

***Nyctimystes eucavatus***  is a tree frog from eastern Papua New Guinea.  Scientists found it between 800 and 1200 meters above sea level in the eastern mountains.

This frog lays eggs that are about 2.2 mm long.
Hamilton, Georgia

**Hamilton** is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Harris County.
Ingrian language

**Ingrian**, also called **Izhorian**, is a Finnic language spoken in Ingria, Russia. It is almost extinct, as it only has about 142 native speakers left. Most of these are elderly. This has happened because many people who speak Finnish moved there, meaning most people in Ingria now speak Finnish.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Ingrian
- **states**: Russia
- **region**: Ingria
- **ethnicity**: 820 Izhorians (1989 census)
- **speakers**: 142 (379 in total)
- **date**: 2010 census
- **ref**: e18
- **familycolor**: Uralic
- **fam2**: Finnic languages, Finnic
- **fam3**: Northern Finnic languages, Northern
- **iso3**: izh
- **glotto**: ingr1248
- **glottorefname**: Ingrian
Temple City, California

**Temple City** is a city in Los Angeles County, California. As of the 2020 census, 35,558 people lived in Temple City.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Temple City, California
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in California, City
- **motto**: "Home Of Camellias"
- **image skyline**: Temple City Park.jpg
- **image caption**: Temple City Park
- **image flag**: Flag of Temple City, California.gif
- **image seal**: Seal of Temple City, California.png
- **image map**: LA County Incorporated Areas Temple City highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Temple City in Los Angeles County, California, Los Angeles County, California
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in California, County
- **subdivision name2**: Los Angeles County, California, Los Angeles
- **established title3**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date3**: May 25, 1960
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 4.00
- **area land sq mi**: 4.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area total km2**: 10.37
- **area land km2**: 10.37
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 36494
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: Pacific Daylight Time, PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **elevation m**: 122
- **elevation ft**: 400
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 91780
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 626, 626
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **named for**: Walter P. Temple
Anetz

**Anetz** is a former commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vair-sur-Loire.
Ancenis

**Ancenis** () is a former commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Ancenis-Saint-Géréon.
Sonni Hönscheid

**Sonja "Sonni" Hönscheid** (born 27 May 1981 on Sylt, Germany) is a German professional surfer. She is a three time champion in stand up paddling (SUP), and a twelve times German champion in surfing. She won the 2019 International Canoe Federation (ICF) Stand Up Paddling championship.

She won the Molokai 2 Oahu Paddleboard World Championships, in 2014, 2015 and 2016. She won the 2019 Carolina Cup.

## Other websites

- official website
Ancenis-Saint-Géréon

**Ancenis-Saint-Géréon** is a commune of 10,802 people (2017). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France. It was created on 1 January 2019 from the former communes of Ancenis (the seat) and Saint-Géréon.
Arthon-en-Retz

**Arthon-en-Retz** is a former commune. It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Chaumes-en-Retz.
Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı

**Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı** (4 October 1910 Diyarbakır – 12 October 1956 Vienna) was a Turkish poet, writer and interpreter. He was one of the important poet on Turkish Poetry in the Republic era.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı
- **birth place**: Diyarbakır, Turkey
- **death place**: Vienna, Austria
- **occupation**: Novelist, Interpreter
- **nationality**: Turkish people, Turkish
- **movement**: Garip
Ali Sami Yen

**Ali Sami Yen** (20 May 1888 – 29 July 1951) was a Turkish football player, coach and manager. He was the founder and first president of Galatasaray S.K.

When he was a student at Galatasaray High School, he and his colleagues decided to start a football club. On October 1905, they started Galatasaray S.K. and he became founding member number 1.
New and Renewable Energy Authority

**New and Renewable Energy Authority** (NREA) is the government institution which is responsible for the promotion and development of renewable energy projects which include solar and wind energy in Egypt. The main role of the authority is providing research and development for new and renewable energy projects. NREA is affiliated with many energy projects which includes Zafarana wind farm the first wind farm in Egypt and Africa, Jabal al-Zeit wind farm, Benban solar park and others.

Recently, The Authority worked in a project (The Migratory Soaring Birds (MSB)) to protect the migrating birds with the ministry of environment. In 2020 the project awarded the International Energy Prize for saving millions of birds from death by colliding with wind turbines in Jabal al-Zeit wind farm north of Hurghada.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **name**: New and Renewable Energy Authority
- **logo caption**: Logo of the NREA
- **formed**: 1986
- **headquarters**: Cairo,
Dumat Al-Jandal Wind Farm

**Dumat Al-Jandal Wind Farm** is the first wind farm in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, located in Dumat Al-Jandal in the Al-Jouf region, northwest of Saudi Arabia, about 1046 km north of the capital Riyadh. The cost of the Dumat Al-Jandal wind power plant is $ 500 million, and after the construction works are completed, the station will be able to generate sustainable energy sufficient for about 70,000 housing units. The "Dumat Al-Jandal" project was chosen as the first wind energy project in Saudi Arabia, after studies showed a strong mixture of wind capabilities at the project site, so that the expected average production for the wind station is about 1.4 Terawatts.

The project was granted based on the standard cost of electricity, which equals 2.3 cents per kilowatt hour, which was a new record for a project of this kind in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Dumat Al-Jandal wind farm will provide electric power according to a 20-year energy purchase agreement with the Saudi Energy Purchase Company, a subsidiary of the Saudi Electricity Company, the agency responsible for generating and distributing energy in Saudi Arabia.

## The Deal of the Year award for the renewable energy sector in the Middle East and Africa 2019

Dumat Al-Jandal wind farm project won the Best Renewable Project by Project Finance International (PFI) in the Middle East and Africa for the year 2019. After the project achievement of a new record of recording the lowest standard electricity generation rate of $ 0.0199 per kWh.

## The beginning of the project

Work began on the farm in the middle of the calendar year 2019, and it is expected that the project will start generating energy in the last quarter of 2020, and work on the project will end in 2022.
Arizona (movie)

***Arizona*** is a 1931 American romantic drama movie directed by George B. Seitz and is the third version of the 1899 play of the same name by Augustus Thomas. It stars John Wayne, Laura Le Plante, June Clyde, Forrest Stanley, Nina Quartero, Susan Fleming and was distributed by Columbia Pictures.
Two brothers islands

**Al-Akhawayn Islands** which means The two brothers island (Arabic: جزيرة الأخوين) sometimes called " The older brother and the younger brother islands" are one of the Red Sea islands. “Al-Akhawain” are located between Safaga and Al-Qusair, and it is one of the best coral and shark gatherings, and one of the best diving areas.

That islands were mentioned by the French marine scientist "Jacques Cousteau" in his book The Silent World, due to the nature of island which a unique scene of coral reefs and crystal clear waters, in addition to the wreckage of two sunken ships, Numidia and Aida, which made these two islands an attractive place for fans of underwater photography.

The waters around the island Characterized by the presence of whale shark (locally called "Bahloul") which is human friendly and facilitating taking photos with the divers.

The Red Sea Reserves Sector has issued guidelines to deal with the whale shark, including warnings against trying to touch, ride or chase the whale shark, as well as trying to change its movement path to allow the whale shark to move and act naturally, maintain a distance of at least 3 meters in-front of it , 4 meters behind it. the Red Sea Reserves prohibited also the use of a flash photography that annoys the shark.

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Big Brother
- **location**: Red Sea,
Red Sea Governorate,
Egypt
- **image name**: Panorama of the Big Brother Island in the Red Sea.JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **image caption**: Big Brother Island
- **area km2**: 0.78
- **population**: 0


## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Small Brother
- **location**: Red Sea
- **image name**: Small Brother island in the Red Sea surrounded by dive safari boats.JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **image caption**: Small Brother Island
- **area km2**: 0.26
- **country**: Egypt, Red Sea
Zkara

The **Zkara** or **Zakraoui** or **Izkrawiyen** (in Berber : Izkrawiyen ⵉⵣⴽⵔⴰⵓⵉⵢⵏ, Azakrawi ⴰⵣⴽⵔⴰⵓⵉ) are Zenati Berber tribe established in the northeast region of Morocco, in the eastern region, 25 km southwest of Oujda, in the Mestferki commune, not far from the closed border between Morocco and Algeria. RAMDAOUI
Aubrey de Grey

**Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey** (born 20 April 1963) is an English author and ageing researcher. He is the Chief Science Officer of the SENS Research Foundation and VP of New Technology Discovery at AgeX Therapeutics, Inc.

## Early life

De Grey was born and brought up in London, England.

### Aging

De Grey thinks that it will be possible to reverse aging. He thinks that the first human who will live more than 1,000 years was born.

### Cryonics

De Grey is a cryonicist. He signed up with Alcor.

### Terms coined by Aubrey de Grey

- Pro-aging trance

## Bibliography

- _The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging_ (1999, Cambridge University Press)
- _Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence: Why Genuine Control Of Aging May Be Foreseeable_ (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2004)
- _Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime_ (with Michael Rae) (St. Martin's Press, 2008)

## Other websites

- Aubrey de Grey at TED
- 'We will be able to live to 1,000' Interview with BBC website, outlining views
- Aubrey de Grey: "Aging is emphatically not an inescapable destiny"  Tendencias21, Mars 2013

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Aubrey de Grey
- **image**: Aubrey de Grey - How We Will Beat Aging.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: De Grey in 2018
- **birth name**: Aubrey David Nicholas Jasper de Grey
- **birth place**: London, England
- **nationality**: British
- **education**: Harrow School
- **alma mater**: Trinity Hall, Cambridge
(BA, PhD)
- **occupation**: Chief science officer of the SENS Research Foundation
VP of New Technology discovery at AgeX Therapeutics
 Adjunct professor at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
- **known for**: * Work in biogerontology
* Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence (SENS)
* Significant contribution to the Hadwiger–Nelson problem
- **parents**: Cordelia de Grey
Bergen, Limburg

**Bergen** () is a municipality in southeastern Netherlands.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bergen
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities of the Netherlands, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Nieuw-Bergen, markant torengebouw op het Raadhuisplein foto5 2016-03-26 14.34.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: View of Bergen
- **image flag**: Bergen limburg flag.svg
- **image seal**: Bergen wapen 2016.svg
- **pushpin map**: Netherlands
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Netherlands, Province
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Manon Pelzer
- **area total km2**: 103.2
- **population total**: 13,444
- **population as of**: January 1, 2001
- **population density km2**: 130.3
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code(s)
- **postal code**: 5850, 5851, 5853–5856
- **area code type**: Telephone numbering plan, Area code(s)
- **area code**: 0478, 0485
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, CIN
- **blank info sec2**: 0893
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Guy Lutgen

**Guy Lutgen** (19 April 1936 – 26 July 2020) was a Belgian politician. He was a member of Christian Social Party. He was the Minister of Agriculture from 1988 to 1999. He was a Senator  between 1977 to 1995. Lutgen was Mayor of Bastogne (1976–2000).

Lutgen was born in Noville in 1936 and died in Baillonville in 2020, aged 84.
Francisco Frutos

**Francisco "Paco" Frutos Gras** (6 September 1939 – 26 July 2020) was a Spanish politician. From 1998 until 2009, he was the Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE). He was born in Calella, Spain.

He died on 26 July 2020, aged 80.
Edmund Ansin

**Edmund N. Ansin** (March 9, 1936 – July 26, 2020) was an American billionaire. He was co-founder of Sunbeam Television. Ansin was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. In March 2014, his net worth was $1.4 billion.

Ansin died on July 26, 2020 in Miami Beach, Florida at the age of 84.
Summerfest

**Summerfest** is an annual music festival held in downtown Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was first held in 1968. Summerfest is located at Henry Maier Festival Park. Summerfest has about 800,000 people come each year. It calls itself "The World's Largest Music Festival". The title was verified by the Guinness World Records in 1999.

## Opening headliners

|Year|Headliner|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1968|George Jessel||
|1969|Dolly Parton||
|1970|Sly and the Family Stone||
|1971|Mountain||
|1972|The Doors|(sans Morrison who died in 1971)|
|1973|Steve Miller Band||
|1974|Johnny Cash||
|1975|The Beach Boys||
|1976|The Band||
|1977|Willie Nelson||
|1978|Grateful Dead|(rained out—they never played nor traveled to the fest)|
|1979|Charles Aznavour / Jane Olivor||
|1980|Kenny Loggins / Jim Messina||
|1981|George Thorogood and The Destroyers||
|1982|Santana||
|1983|Eric Clapton||
|1984|Huey Lewis and the News||
|1985|Bryan Adams||
|1986|The Go-Go's  / INXS||
|1987|Paul Simon||
|1988|Sting||
|1989|Richard Belzer||
|1989|Rod Stewart||
|1990|Cher||
|1991|Whitney Houston||
|1992|Metallica||
|1993|Bon Jovi||
|1994|Janet Jackson||
|1995|Pearl Jam||
|1996|Alanis Morissette||
|1997|Dave Matthews Band||
|1998|Shania Twain||
|1999|Paul Simon / Bob Dylan||
|2000|Britney Spears||
|2001|Destiny's Child||
|2002|Nine Inch Nails||
|2003|Kenny Chesney / Keith Urban||
|2004|Prince||
|2005|John Mellencamp||
|2006|Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers / Pearl Jam||
|2007|Steely Dan||
|2008|Stevie Wonder||
|2009|Bon Jovi / Lynyrd Skynyrd||
|2010|Tim McGraw||
|2011|Peter Gabriel||
|2012|Rascal Flatts Lady Antebellum||
|2013|The Avett Brothers / Violent Femmes||
|2014|Bruno Mars and Lady Gaga||
|2015|Florida Georgia Line / The Rolling Stones||
|2016|Selena Gomez||
|2017|Red Hot Chili Peppers||
|2018|Imagine Dragons||
|2019|Jennifer Lopez||
|2020|None|Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.|
|2021|Fall Out Boy, Green Day, and Weezer with KennyHoopla||
|2022|Jason Aldean||
Eddie Shack

**Edward Steven Phillip Shack** (February 11, 1937 – July 25, 2020), also known by his nicknames "**The Entertainer**" and "**The Nose**", was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played for six National Hockey League (NHL) teams from 1959 to 1975. He spent eight and a half seasons of his career with the Toronto Maple Leafs, with whom he won the Stanley Cup in 1962, 1963, 1964, and 1967.

He also played for the New York Rangers, Boston Bruins, Los Angeles Kings, Buffalo Sabres and the Pittsburgh Penguins. Shack was born in Greater Sudbury, Ontario.

Shack died on July 25, 2020 from throat cancer at a hospital in Toronto at the age of 83.
Janell Smith

**Linda Janell Carson** ( **Smith**, May 3, 1947 – July 25, 2020) was an American sprinter. She competed in the women's 400 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics. She was born in Killeen, Texas.

Smith died of cancer on July 25, 2020 at the age of 73.
Noel Jenke

**Noel Charles Jenke** (December 17, 1946 – July 23, 2020) was an American football linebacker in the National Football League (NFL). He played for three different teams during the 1971 through 1974 seasons. The teams were the Minnesota Vikings, Atlanta Falcons and the Green Bay Packers. Before playing professional football, Jenke was a minor league baseball player in the Boston Red Sox organization.

Jenke was born in Owatonna, Minnesota. He died on July 23, 2020 from surgery-related problems in Minneapolis at the age of 73.
Wouter Snijders

**Wouter Snijders** (26 May 1928 – 21 July 2020) was a Dutch judge and legal scholar. He was justice on the Supreme Court of the Netherlands between 1970 and 1986 and was vice president from 1986 to 1998. He was born in Hilversum, Netherlands.

Snijders died on 21 July 2020 in The Hague, aged 92.
Supreme Court of the Netherlands

The **Supreme Court of the Netherlands** (  or simply _Hoge Raad_), officially the High Council of the Netherlands, is the final court of appeal in civil, criminal and tax cases in the Netherlands. It was created on 1 October 1838 and is located in The Hague.

The Supreme Court is made up of 36 judges: a president, six vice presidents, twenty-five justices (**', literally "Lords of the Council") and four justices extraordinary (**').

All judges are appointed for life, until they retire.