Benjamin Franklin

**Benjamin Franklin** (January 17, 1706 – April 17, 1790) was an American author, scientist, inventor, intellectual, politician, and diplomat. A leading Founding Father, he has also been known as "the First American." A very important person during the American Revolution, he helped make the Thirteen Colonies one nation.

As a leader of the Enlightenment, he influenced European scientists. He was even the first person to be associated by many Europeans with America at the time. His successful diplomacy in France was an important factor in the Americans' victory over Great Britain.

## Childhood and family

Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts. After two years of school, he stayed home as an apprentice in his father's candle-making shop. Two years later, he went to work at his brother James' printing shop. While working there, Franklin secretly wrote articles for the newspaper and labeled them as being written by "Mrs. Silence Dogood." When his brother found out, the quarrel made  Franklin at the age of 17 run away to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; then to London, England; and finally back to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Franklin loved books and reading. Franklin at the age of 21 established the colonies' first circulation library for all interested citizens. He became rich and famous as a printer, publisher, and writer. Later, he sold his businesses and became busy with science and politics.

## Political life

Franklin was very important in Pennsylvanian and early American politics. He was a leader in the city of Philadelphia, where he did many important things. He was the President of the Academy and College of Philadelphia. Later, he became a councilman, a justice of the peace, and then a representative of the city. He also started one of the first public libraries in Philadelphia. For many years, the postmaster of Philadelphia, and in 1753 became Postmaster General of the Thirteen Colonies. In 1757, he went to live in London as an agent for Pennsylvania and later for other colonies.

He was in the Continental Congress, which led the country during the American Revolutionary War, and he helped write the United States Declaration of Independence.  He controlled the postal service as Postmaster General. As an ambassador to France, he helped persuade the country to join the war against Great Britain. He also helped negotiate the peace. Later, he was a member of the Constitutional Convention, which made the Constitution of the United States.

## Publications

Franklin called himself a printer but is also known for his writings. Among some of the more well-known ones are _Poor Richard's Almanack_ and the _Pennsylvania Gazette_.

## Inventions

Franklin was a scientist and did experiments in an effort to improve or correct science. One of his greatest contributions was in the scientific theory of electricity through the Leyden jar.

Most people see Franklin as one of history's greatest inventors. For example, he invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, and the glass harmonica.

## Death

Franklin died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from pleurisy on April 17, 1790 at the age of 84.

## Legacy

Franklin left a considerable legacy. He helped advance American innovation, was a signer of the Decleration of Independence, tried to pursue peaceful resolutions with Native Americans, and performed humanitarian aid to local peoples. He build incredible civic structures like libraries, hospitals, and universities. He also created the United States Post Office.

He discovered the secret of electricity and later invented the lightning rod, which saved many people's houses and lives by protecting them from lightning strikes. He also promoted freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and freedom of speech. Ben was a critical instrument in winning the American Revolutionary War by diplomacy to France, and he raised funds and troops with the help of France. He also signed off on the Constitution.

Franklin’s funeral took place on April 21, 1790 in Philadelphia; it was one of the largest public gatherings in early American history. More than 20,000 people, nearly the entire population of the city, came to pay their respects. The funeral procession included members of the Pennsylvania General Assembly, representatives of civic and religious organizations, the American Philosophical Society, Freemasons, and ordinary citizens both black and white. His wide appeal across different segments of society was evident in the diversity and size of the crowd.

He was buried at Christ Church Burial Ground in Philadelphia beside his wife, Deborah. His grave is marked with a simple stone inscribed “Benjamin and Deborah Franklin.” News of his death spread far beyond America. In France, the National Constituent Assembly honored him by wearing black and mourning for three days. His funeral was not just a local event since it was a tribute from a grateful nation and a world that admired his intellect, diplomacy, and lifelong service to humanity.

The city of Philadelphia, where he lived, marked his 300th birthday in 2006. Many streets and a few towns are named after him.

A picture of Franklin has been on the United States one-hundred-dollar bill since 1928, the only person who was never president to do so in a bill in general circulation other than Alexander Hamilton, who is on the United States ten-dollar bill. Franklin was also on the fifty-cent coin from 1948 to 1963.

## References

- Feldman, Eve B.  _Benjamin Franklin: Scientist and Inventor_.  New York: Library of Congress, 1990.  Print.

## Other websites

- Three Hundredth Anniversary Website
- Franklin's autobiography  at Project Gutenberg
- Guide to Benjamin Franklin
- US State Department bio
- Website for PBS Franklin Television Series
- Benjamin Franklin Citizendium

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Benjamin Franklin
- **image**: BenFranklinDuplessis.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **order**: 6th List of Governors of Pennsylvania#Presidents of the Supreme Executive Council to 1790, President of Pennsylvania
- **term start**: October 18, 1785
- **term end**: November 5, 1788
- **vicepresident**: Charles Biddle
Thomas Mifflin
- **predecessor**: John Dickinson (politician), John Dickinson
- **successor**: Thomas Mifflin
- **minister from2**: United States
- **country2**: France
- **alongside2**: Arthur Lee (diplomat), Arthur Lee, Silas Deane, and John Adams
- **term start2**: September 14, 1778
- **term end2**: May 17, 1785
- **predecessor2**: _New office_
- **successor2**: Thomas Jefferson
- **appointed2**: Continental Congress
- **minister from3**: United States
- **country3**: Sweden
- **term start3**: September 28, 1782
- **term end3**: April 3, 1783
- **predecessor3**: _New office_
- **successor3**: Jonathan Russell
- **appointed3**: Congress of the Confederation
- **order4**: 1st United States Postmaster General
- **term start4**: July 26, 1775
- **term end4**: November 7, 1776
- **appointed4**: Continental Congress
- **predecessor4**: _New office_
- **successor4**: Richard Bache
- **office5**: Speaker of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly
- **term start5**: May 1764
- **term end5**: October 1764
- **predecessor5**: Isaac Norris (statesman), Isaac Norris
- **successor5**: Isaac Norris (statesman), Isaac Norris
- **office6**: Member of the Pennsylvania Assembly
- **term start6**: 1762
- **term end6**: 1764
- **term start7**: 1751
- **term end7**: 1757
- **birth place**: Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay, Massachusetts Bay
- **death place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
- **profession**: Scientist
Writer
Politician
- **spouse**: Deborah Read
- **children**: William Franklin
Francis Folger Franklin
Sarah Franklin Bache
- **nationality**: American
- **signature**: Benjamin Franklin Signature.svg