juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Neuried, Bavaria

**Neuried** (Central Bavarian: _Neiriad ba Minga_) is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Neuried (at Munich)
- **image photo**: Neuried Gautinger Straße 9 Kirche St. Nikolaus.jpg
- **image caption**: Church of Saint Nicholas
- **image coa**: DEU Neuried COA.svg
- **image plan**: Neuriedlkrm.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberbayern
- **district**: Munich
- **elevation**: 559
- **area**: 9.63
- **population**: 7823
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 82061
- **area code**: 089
- **licence**: M
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 84 132
- **mayor**: Harald Zipfel
- **party**: CSU
Oberhaching

**Oberhaching** (Central Bavarian: _Obahaching_) is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Oberhaching-1.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Oberhaching COA.svg
- **image plan**: Oberhachinglkrm.svg
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Upper Bavaria
- **district**: Munich
- **elevation**: 576
- **area**: 26.60
- **population**: 12377
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 82041
- **area code**: 089
- **licence**: M
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 84 134
- **divisions**: 3 Ortsteile, 6 Hamlet (place), Weiler
- **mayor**: Stefan Schelle
- **party**: CSU
Upper Bavaria

**Upper Bavaria** (, ; ) is one of seven government regions in Bavaria, Germany.

|width="50%"|_Landkreise_ (Rural districts)|width="50%"|_Kreisfreie Städte_ (Urban districts)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|valign="top"|# Altötting # Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen Rural District # Berchtesgadener Land Rural District # Dachau # Ebersberg # Eichstätt # Erding # Freising # Fürstenfeldbruck # Garmisch-Partenkirchen # Landsberg # Miesbach # Mühldorf # Munich (_Landkreis München_, _Landkroas Minga_) # Neuburg-Schrobenhausen Rural District # Pfaffenhofen # Rosenheim # Starnberg # Traunstein # Weilheim-Schongau Rural District|valign="top"|# Ingolstadt # Munich (_München_, _Minga_) # Rosenheim|

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Upper Bavaria
- **native name**: Oberbayern
- **native name lang**: de
- **settlement type**: Regierungsbezirk
- **image map**: Locator map RB Oberbayern in Bavaria.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Bavaria highlighting Upper Bavaria
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Germany
- **subdivision type1**: States of Germany, State
- **subdivision name1**: Bavaria
- **extinct title**: Disestablished
- **seat type**: Region seat
- **seat**: Munich
- **area total km2**: 17529.41
- **population density km2**: auto
- **website**: [http://www.regierung.oberbayern.bayern.de regierung.oberbayern.bayern.de]
- **image flag**: Flagge Oberbayern.svg
- **image shield**: DEU Oberbayern COA.svg
- **flag size**: 150px
Rosenheim

**Rosenheim** (; ) is a city in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It does not belong to a rural district, but it is an urban district itself. The rivers Inn and Mangfall come together in Rosenheim.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Rosenheim
- **image photo**: Rosenheim,_X,_aufgehellt.jpeg
- **image caption**: 2010 aerial photo of Rosenheim and Simssee.
- **image flag**: Flagge Rosenheim.svg
- **image coa**: Wappen Rosenheim Neu.svg
- **state**: Bavaria
- **regbzk**: Upper Bavaria
- **district**: List of German urban districts, Urban district
- **population**: 60465
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09163000
- **area**: 37.22
- **elevation**: 440
- **postal code**: 83001-83028
- **area code**: 08031
- **licence**: RO
- **mayor**: Gabriele Bauer
- **party**: CSU
Ansbach

**Ansbach** (; ; East Franconian: _Anschba_) is a city in Middle Franconia, Germany.

## Other websites

- (German, English, French)
- Ansbach information

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Ansbach Centre.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Ansbach COA.svg
- **image flag**: File:Flagge Ansbach.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Middle Franconia
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 405
- **area**: 99.92
- **postal code**: 91522
- **area code**: 0981
- **licence**: AN
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 5 61 000
- **website**: [https://www.ansbach.de/ www.ansbach.de]
- **mayor**: Thomas Deffner
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: CSU
Passau

**Passau** (; ) is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany. It is also called the Three River City because there are three rivers in the city.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Passau_Altstadt_Panorama_5.jpg
- **image caption**: Donaulände and _Old town_
- **type**: Stadt
- **image flag**: Flagge Passau.svg
- **image coa**: Wappen Passau.svg
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Lower Bavaria
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 294-447
- **area**: 69.58
- **population**: 50507
- **stand**: 2006-06-30
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09262000
- **postal code**: 94001–94036
- **area code**: 0851
- **licence**: PA
- **website**: [https://www.passau.de/ www.passau.de]
- **mayor**: Jürgen Dupper
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: SPD
Kempten

**Kempten** (Central Bavarian: _Kempten_ _im_ _Allgai_, Swabian: _Kempte im Allgai_) is a town in Swabia, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Kempten
- **image photo**: File:Basilika St. Lorenz Kempten (Foto Hilarmont).jpg
- **image caption**: Church St. Lorenz Basilica
- **image coa**: DEU Kempten (Allgäu) COA.svg
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Swabia (Bavaria), Swabia
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 674
- **area**: 63.29
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09763000
- **population**: 64625
- **stand**: 2012-12-31
- **postal code**: 87401–87439
- **area code**: 0831
- **licence**: KE
- **website**: [http://www.kempten.de/ www.kempten.de]
- **mayor**: Thomas Kiechle
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: CSU
Landshut

**Landshut** (; ) is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany. there's also an song about Landshut "Landshut L.A"

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Town
- **image photo**: Ensemble_Altstadt_Landshut.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Town centre with St. Martin's Church, Landshut, St. Martin's Church
- **image flag**: Flagge Landshut.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Landshut COA.svg
- **elevation**: 445
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Lower Bavaria
- **district**: urban
- **area**: 65.7
- **population**: 76000+
- **stand**: 2023-7-16
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09261000
- **postal code**: 84028-84036
- **area code**: 0871
- **licence**: LA
- **mayor**: Alexander Putz
- **party**: CSU
- **year**: 1204
Weiden in der Oberpfalz

**Weiden in der Oberpfalz** (<small>German pronunciation:</small> [vaɪ̯dən   ɪn   de:ɐ̯   o:bɐp͡falt͡s]; official name: **Weiden i.d.OPf.**; Northern Bavarian: _Weidn in da Owapfalz_ or _d Wein_)  is a city in the Upper Palatinate in Bavaria, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Weiden rathaus.jpg
- **image caption**: Old Town Hall
- **name**: Weiden in der Oberpfalz
- **image coa**: DEU Weiden in der Oberpfalz COA.svg
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Upper Palatinate
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 397
- **area**: 68.50
- **population**: 42577
- **stand**: 2007-09-30
- **postal code**: 92637
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09363000
- **area code**: 0961
- **licence**: WEN
- **website**: [https://www.weiden.de/ www.weiden.de]
- **mayor**: Kurt Seggewiß
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: SPD
Straubing

**Straubing** (Bavarian: _Strauwing_) is a city in Lower Bavaria, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Straubing COA.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 322
- **area**: 67.58
- **population**: 44633
- **stand**: 2005-12-31
- **postal code**: 94301–94315
- **area code**: 09421
- **licence**: SR
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 63 000
- **mayor**: Markus Pannermayr
- **party**: CSU
- **image photo**: Straubinger Stadtbild.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Straubing.
Memmingen

**Memmingen** (Swabian: _Memmenge_) is a city in Swabia in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the border to Baden-Württemberg.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Town
- **image flag**: Flagge Memmingen.svg
- **image coa**: Wappen Memmingen.svg
- **image photo**: MemmingenRathaus3.jpg
- **image caption**: The Renaissance town hall of Memmingen.
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Swabia (Bavaria), Swabia
- **district**: urban
- **elevation**: 601
- **area**: 70.17
- **population**: 41021
- **stand**: 2007-12-31
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09764000
- **postal code**: 87700
- **area code**: 08331
- **licence**: MM
- **website**: [https://www.memmingen.de/ Memmingen.de]
- **mayor**: Manfred Schilder
- **party**: Christian Social Union in Bavaria, CSU
Kaufbeuren

**Kaufbeuren** (Bavarian: _Kaufbeiren_, Swabian: _Kaufbeire_) is a city in Swabia in Bavaria, Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Townhall kaufbeuren de.JPG
- **image caption**: Town hall
- **image coa**: DEU Kaufbeuren COA.svg
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Swabia (Bavaria), Swabia
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 681-860
- **area**: 40.02
- **population**: 43845
- **stand**: 2005-12-31
- **postal code**: 87571–87600
- **area code**: 08341
- **licence**: KF
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 7 62 000
- **divisions**: 5 districts
- **mayor**: Stefan Bosse
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
USA Today

***USA Today*** is a daily newspaper founded by Al Neuharth. It has the most readers of any daily newspaper in the United States. About 2.25 million copies are sold on a weekday. It comes second worldwide. _The Times of India_ sells about 2.6 million copies on a weekday.

The paper was founded in 1982. It is more colorful than other national newspapers, like _The New York Times_ or _Wall Street Journal_. Its use of graphics makes its content rather like a tabloid.

The paper takes national polls before elections. It is connected, through its owners Gannet Company, to the TV show _USA Today_. It also has a news website.
Cologne Cathedral

**Cologne Cathedral** (German: _Hohe Domkirche St. Petrus_ or commonly _Kölner Dom_) is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Cologne, Germany. It is the cathedral church for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cologne.

The cathedral has a height of 157.25 metres. This makes it the second-highest in Germany and the third-highest in the world. The cathedral in Ulm, the Ulm Minster at 161 metres is the highest in the world. The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace of Yamoussoukro is also higher, at 158 metres, but it only has the status of a minor basilica, it is not a cathedral.
The cathedral is also the third-biggest church, built in Gothic architecture. The Seville Cathedral in Seville, Spain, and the Milan Cathedral in Milan, Italy are bigger.

The Cologne Cathedral was built in Gothic style from 15 August 1248. It was planned to make the cathedral like the one in Amiens. The choir was consecrated in 1322. The first bell could be hung in one of the towers shortly after 1410. Around 1510, the construction was stopped, because people had lost interest. The last payment for its construction was made in 1560.

For 300 years, Cologne had an unfinished cathedral. The cathedral was finished in 1880, still following the original plans.

The cathedral became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996.

The cathedral is one of the most popular sights in Germany. In 2001, there were five million visitors, in 2004, there were six million visitors. Pope Benedict XVI visited the cathedral in 2005.
T.N.T. (album)

***T.N.T.*** is the second studio album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC, released in Australia December 1975.

## Track listing

1. "It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll)" – 5:15
1. "Rock 'n' Roll Singer" – 5:04
1. "The Jack" – 5:52
1. "Live Wire" – 5:49
1. "T.N.T." – 3:35
1. "Rocker" – 2:51
1. "Can I Sit Next to You, Girl" (Young, Young) – 4:12
1. "High Voltage" – 4:22
1. "School Days" (Chuck Berry) – 5:21

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: T.N.T.
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: AC/DC
- **released**: December 1975 (Australia only)
- **recorded**: July 1975, Albert Studios, Sydney
- **genre**: Hard rock, blues rock, rock and roll
- **length**: 41:55
- **label**: Albert Productions, Albert
- **producer**: Harry Vanda, George Young (rock musician), George Young
- **prev title**: High Voltage (1975 album), High Voltage
(1975)
- **next title**: High Voltage (1976 album), High Voltage
(1976)
Taxi (TV series)

***Taxi*** is an American sitcom. It originally aired from 1978 to 1982 on ABC, and from 1982 to 1983 on NBC. The show is about the employees of a taxi company in Manhattan, New York City.
Amiens Cathedral

**Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of Amiens** is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Amiens, France. It is most commonly called **Amiens Cathedral**. The cathedral was built between 1220 and 1270.

Amiens Cathedral was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981. It is known for the quality and quantity of early 13th-century Gothic sculpture.

With the cathedrals of Chartres and Reims it is considered one of the classical French cathedrals of the Middle Ages.
Auburn University

**Auburn University** is a university in the U.S. state of Alabama. Auburn University is in the city of Auburn, Alabama. People can usually just say _Auburn_ for short when they are talking about the University. There are about 33,000 students in school at Auburn.

Auburn opened February 1, 1856 but was named the **East Alabama Male College**. The university changed the name many times until 1960 when it was named Auburn University. Auburn is one of three large universities in Alabama. The University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Alabama has the same number of students and the University of Alabama at Birmingham in Birmingham, Alabama is the third largest. Auburn University has 12 colleges on campus, including agriculture, architecture, business, education, engineering, forestry, human sciences, liberal arts, nursing, pharmacy, mathematics, and medicine.

The Auburn University sports teams are named the Auburn Tigers and the mascot is a tiger named Aubie.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Auburn University
- **image**: AuburnALAbove.jpg
- **caption**: Campus from above
- **motto**: "For the advancement of science and arts"
- **established**: 1856
- **type**: Public
- **endowment**: $1.1 billion (2023)
- **president**: Christopher B. Roberts
- **faculty**: 1,432 (2021)
- **administrative staff**: 3,915 (2021)
- **students**: 33,015
- **undergrad**: 26,874
- **postgrad**: 6,141
- **city**: Auburn, Alabama, Auburn
- **state**: Alabama
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Suburban
- **sporting affiliations**: NCAA Division I FBS
- **nickname**: Tigers
- **mascot**: Aubie the Tiger

Oak Ridge Associated Universities, ORAU, Southeastern Conference, SEC
- **website**: [http://www.auburn.edu/ www.auburn.edu]
Baltimore Orioles

The **Baltimore Orioles** are a Major League Baseball team from Baltimore, Maryland. They compete in the American League's AL East division. They began play in the early 1900s as the **St. Louis Browns**, a rival to the St. Louis Cardinals. They moved to Baltimore in 1954 and became the Orioles.

The "Baltimore Oriole" is an orange-and-black bird which is often seen in Maryland. "Orioles" has been a traditional nickname for Baltimore baseball teams. There was a Baltimore Orioles (19th century) in the major leagues. There was also a minor league baseball team called the Orioles which played from the early 1900s until the Browns moved to Baltimore.

The Browns were not a very successful team. They only won one league championship, in 1944. The Orioles have won several league championships and also won the World Series in 1966, 1970 and 1983.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (mlb)

- **established**: 1894
- **misc**: Based in Baltimore since 1954
- **current league**: American League
- **y1**: 1901
- **division**: American League East, East Division
- **y2**: 1969
- **colors**: Black, orange, white, grey

- **name**: Baltimore Orioles
- **y3**: 1954
- **nicknames**: The O's, The Birds, Why Not? Orioles (1989), The Buckle Up Birds (2012), The Birdland Power Co. (2016–2017), Chaos/Chaos Comin' (2022)
- **pastnames**: *History of the St. Louis Browns, St. Louis Browns (1902–1953)
*Milwaukee Brewers (1894–1901)
- **ballpark**: **Oriole Park at Camden Yards**
- **y4**: 1992
- **pastparks**: * Memorial Stadium (Baltimore), Memorial Stadium (–)
* Sportsman's Park (–)
* Lloyd Street Grounds (–)
- **ws**: (3)
- **league**: AL
- **p**: (7)
- **div**: AL East
- **dv**: (9)
- **wc**: (3)
- **owner**: Peter Angelos
- **manager**: Brandon Hyde
- **gm**: Mike Elias
- **president**: John P. Angelos (CEO)
Arizona Diamondbacks

The **Arizona Diamondbacks** are a Major League Baseball team based in Phoenix, Arizona. They were started in 1998. They play their home games at Chase Field. In 2001, they beat the New York Yankees to win their first (and only, so far) World Series, becoming the fastest new team to do this.

The team is also called the "D-Backs". They are named for the Diamondback Rattlesnake.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (mlb)

- **name**: Arizona Diamondbacks
- **established**: 1998
- **uniformlogo**: Arizona Diamondbacks black cap logo (2012 to 2023).svg
- **current league**: National League
- **y1**: 1998
- **division**: National League West, West Division
- **y2**: 1998
- **colors**: Sedona Red, Sonoran Sand, Black, Teal, White

- **y3**: 1998
- **nicknames**: The D-backs, The Snakes, The Rattlesnakes
- **ballpark**: Chase Field
- **y4**: 1998
- **pastparks**: ** a.k.a. Bank One Ballpark (–)
- **ws**: (1)
- **league**: NL
- **p**: (1)
- **pennants**: 2001 National League Championship Series, 2001
- **div**: West
- **dv**: (5)
- **wc**: (1)
- **owner**: Ken Kendrick
- **manager**: Torey Lovullo
- **gm**: Mike Hazen
- **presbo**: Mike Hazen
Colorado Rockies

The **Colorado Rockies** are a Major League Baseball team in Denver, Colorado. They are named for the Rocky Mountains, which are often called "The Rockies". Denver itself is within the Rocky Mountains, a mile above sea level.

The team began play in 1993. In 1995, they moved into their current ballpark, Coors Field.  They made the playoffs five times, each time as a wild card.  In 2007, the Rockies played in the World Series for the first (and so far, only) time.  They were swept by the Boston Red Sox.

## Other websites

- Official Website
Miami Marlins

The **Miami Marlins** are a Major League Baseball team in Miami, Florida. The team began play in 1993. They were called the **Florida Marlins** through the 2011 baseball season. In November 2011, after the end of the season, they were renamed the Miami Marlins.

The marlin is a large sport fish that lives in warm parts of the ocean. There was once a minor league baseball team called the Miami Marlins. The major league team was named the "Marlins" in honor of the minor league team.

The Marlins' first home was Sun Life Stadium. They opened a new stadium in 2012 called Marlins Park, which became LoanDepot Park in 2021.

The Marlins won two World Series in 1997 and 2003.

## Other websites

- Official Website
Houston Astros

The **Houston Astros** are the professional baseball team based in Houston, Texas. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB). They began to play in 1962. They were originally called the "Houston Colt .45s" or the "Houston Colts". They changed their name to "Astros" in 1965. The Astros left the National League and joined the American League in 2013. They were the first team to switch leagues since the Milwaukee Brewers left the American League to join the National League in 1998. The Astros play their home games at Daikin Park in Houston.

With the move to the American League in 2013, the Astros are the first team in Major League Baseball to win the pennant for both leagues. The Astros are generally considered one of the most dominant teams in baseball over the recent years.

In 2005, the Astros played in the World Series for the first time, where they were swept by the Chicago White Sox.  They returned to the World Series in 2017.  This time, they defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games to capture their first World Series title in the wake of Hurricane Harvey.  They returned to the World Series in 2019 and 2021, but lost to Washington Nationals and the Atlanta Braves, respectively.  In 2022, the Astros returned to the World Series again and defeated the Philadelphia Phillies in six games to capture their second championship title in franchise history.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (mlb)

- **name**: Houston Astros
- **established**: 1962
- **logo**: Houston-Astros-Logo.svg
- **current league**: American League
- **y1**: 2013
- **division**: American League West, West Division
- **y2**: 2013
- **past league**: National League
- **y7**: 1962
- **y8**: 2012
- **pastleaguediv1**: National League Central, Central Division
- **y9**: 1994
- **y10**: 2012
- **pastleaguediv2**: National League West, West Division
- **y11**: 1969
- **y12**: 1993
- **colors**: Navy blue, orange, white

- **y3**: 1965
- **nicknames**: 'Stros
- **pastnames**: * Houston Colt .45s (–)
- **ballpark**: Daikin Park
- **y4**: 2000
- **pastparks**: * Astrodome (–)
* Colt Stadium (–)
- **ws**: (1)
- **league**: AL
- **p**: (1)
- **misc1**: **NL Pennants** (1)
- **other pennants**: 2005 National League Championship Series, 2005
- **div**: AL West
- **dv**: (6)
- **misc5**: **NL West/Central Division titles** (6)
- **wc**: (3)
- **misc6**: The Astros also qualified for the postseason in the 1981 Major League Baseball strike, strike-split 1981 Major League Baseball season, 1981 season, losing to the 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers season, Los Angeles Dodgers in the 1981 National League Division Series, NLDS.
- **owner**: Jim Crane
- **manager**: Joe Espada
- **gm**: Jeff Luhnow
- **presbo**: Reid Ryan
Dizzy Gillespie

**John Birks "Dizzy" Gillespie** (October 21, 1917 – January 6, 1993) was an American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, singer and composer.

As an instrumentalist, bandleader, singer, and composer, Gillespie was the youngest of nine children. His father was a local bandleader, so instruments were made available to him at an early age. He started to play the piano at the age of 9.

Nicknamed Dizzy because of how he acts during performances, Gillespie set new standards for trumpet players with his innovative rhythmic and harmonic explorations. This definitive change moved American jazz from swing to 'bebop'. Together with Charlie Parker, he was a major figure in the development of modern jazz.

Gillespie died on January 6, 1993 at age 75 from pancreatic cancer. At the time of his death Gillespie had two funerals. One was a Bahá´í funeral at his request, at which his closest friends and colleagues attended. The second was at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City open to the public where everyone can attend.

## Other websites

- The African American Registry - The heart of jazz, Dizzy Gillespie
- Dizzy Gillespie's  "The Cult of Bebop"
- Dizzy Gillespie Talking to Les Tomkins in 1973

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dizzy Gillespie
- **img**: Dizzy Gillespie playing horn 1955.jpg
- **img capt**: Dizzy Gillespie in 1955
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: John Birks Gillespie
- **birth place**: Cheraw, South Carolina, United States, U.S.
- **death date**:
Englewood, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: Trumpet
- **genre**: Jazz
- **occupation**: Musician, composer
- **years active**: 1935–1993
- **associated acts**: Charlie Parker, Cab Calloway
Ganz Midwest-CBK

**Ganz** is a Canadian company best known for distributing plush animals and collectables. The headquarters of the company are north of Toronto in Woodbridge, Ontario. The company has many subsidiaries and offices. It is the manufacturer of _Webkinz_, the toy with an Internet site.

Ganz was founded in Toronto in 1950 by Holocaust survivors Samuel Ganz and his sons Jack and Sam. Then it was called _Ganz Bros. Toys Limited_. It is now run by the founder's grandson, Hoard Ganz.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Ganz
- **logo**: Ganz_LOGO_current.png
- **logo caption**: Logo since 2019 (first seen in 2018)
- **former name**: Ganz Bros (1950-1996)

Ganz Toys (1996-2000)

Ganz Gifts (2000-2018)

Ganz (2000-2018, 2019-present)

Ganz Midwest-CBK (2018-present)
- **genre**: Home décor and toy manufacturer
- **foundation**: 1950
- **founder**: Samuel Ganz and children Sam, Jack and Miriam
- **location city**: Woodbridge, Ontario, Woodbridge, Ontario
- **location country**: Canada
- **industry**: Manufacturer / Importer
- **products**: Webkinz
- **divisions**: Ganz World (2005-present)
- **subsid**: Midwest-CBK (2012-2018)
- **homepage**: http://www.ganz.com/
John Dowland

**John Dowland** (born 1563; buried 20 February 1626) was an English composer and lutenist. He is best known for some beautiful songs which express his unhappiness such as "Come, heavy sleep", "Come Again, Sweet Love" and "Flow my tears".  His instrumental music became very popular again in the 20th century.

## Life

We hardly know anything about Dowland's early life. He was probably born in London. He went to Paris in 1580 where he worked for the ambassador to the French court. He became a Roman Catholic at this time.

In 1594, the job of royal lutenist to Queen Elizabeth I became available. Dowland did not get the job. He said later that it was because he was a Catholic, but there were other Catholic musicians at the English court, so that may not have been the real reason.

Dowland continued to work in Europe instead. He worked for the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg in Wolfenbüttel. He went to Italy where he wanted to study with Luca Marenzio in Rome. He went to Venice and Florence but never got as far as Rome. He published a book of lute music in 1597 which made him the most important English composer for the lute. However, he still did not get a job at the English court so he went to Denmark where he worked for King Christian IV of Denmark who paid him very well.

Dowland seems to have been married and he had children, although we do not know how many. His wife and family always stayed in England.

Dowland returned to England in 1606 and in 1612 got the job as one of James I's lutenists. Strangely, he does not seem to have composed anything between that time and his death in London in 1626.  We do not know the date he died, but we do know the date when he was buried.

## His Music

Most of Dowland's music is for his own instrument, the lute. It includes several books of music for solo lute, songs for one voice and lute, part-songs with lute accompaniment, and several pieces for viol consort with lute.

Many of his best-known songs are full of sadness. One lute song is called "Flow My Tears". A very well-known instrumental work is _Lachrimae_ (the Latin word for "tears"), a set of seven songs for five viols and lute, each based on the tune of his song "Flow My Tears." It became one of the best known pieces of consort music in his own time. His pavane "Lachrymae antiquae" was also one of the big hits of the seventeenth century.

Dowland's music often shows the melancholia that was so fashionable in music at that time. He wrote a consort piece called _Semper Dowland, semper dolens_ (always Dowland, always unhappy).

Many later musicians have been inspired by Dowland's music, including Benjamin Britten and the pop musician Sting.

## References

- Peter Holman/Paul O'Dette: "John Dowland", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 5 May 2008), (subscription access)
Partsong

A **partsong** is a piece of music to be sung by two or more voices without accompaniment.  Many partsongs are written for four voices: normally soprano, alto, tenor and bass.  Such a partsong can be performed just by four people, but it can also be performed by a larger group (a choir) which has divided into these four parts.

The term "partsong" can refer to music such as a glee, madrigal or unaccompanied anthem, but it is usually used in English when talking about short, secular (non-religious) songs without accompaniment.  In other languages there is no word which means quite the same thing.

Partsongs were very popular in the 17th century in England.  They were often fun pieces to be sung at parties or in pubs.  They were often rounds, catches or quodlibets.  In the 19th century the madrigal came into fashion again and so many composers started writing partsongs.  Composers such as Sterndale Bennett, Arthur Sullivan, Parry, Charles Villiers Stanford and Edward Elgar wrote many partsongs, and later Finzi, John Ireland and Moeran.

In Europe many 19th century and early 20th century composers wrote songs which could be described as partsongs: Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Saint-Saëns, Debussy and Ravel.

## References

- Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed 5 May 2008), (subscription access)
Nin Cathedral

**Nin Catheral** is a cathedral in Nin, Croatia. It is probably the smallest cathedral ever built. It was built around 800, and probably was the seat of the local bishop at the time.

The small cathedral was built on the area of a former Roman basilica, destroyed during the barbarian invasions of Dalmatia in the VI century.
It measures  by  by  inside.
Neume

A **Neume** is a way to write music. Neumes were mainly in the Middle Ages before the modern system of musical notation was developed. Sometimes they are also called **neum** in English.  Neumes are different from modern notation:
- There is no exact idea of how high or low tune should be sung; there are only indications.
- Neumes do not show rhythm, extra symbols are used to show rhythm or intonation

Today, neumes are still used for some chants in Christian Churches, especially Catholic and Eastern Orthodox ones
Masovian Voivodeship

**Masovian Voivodeship** is one of the 16 Voivodeships of Poland. It can be found in the east-central part of Poland. It is mostly in the historical land of Masovia. The capital of the Voivodeship is Warsaw.

The province was created on January 1, 1999. Kampinos National Park is in the province.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Masovian Voivodeship
- **native name**: Województwo mazowieckie
- **settlement type**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **image flag**: POL województwo mazowieckie flag.svg
- **image shield**: POL województwo mazowieckie COA.svg
- **image map**: Mazowieckie (EE,E NN,N).png
- **map caption**: Location within Poland
- **image map1**: Mazowieckie-administracja.png
- **map caption1**: Division into counties
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Warsaw
- **parts type**: Powiat, Counties
- **parts**: 5 cities, 37 land counties *
- **p1**: Ostrołęka
- **p2**: Płock
- **p3**: Radom
- **p4**: Siedlce
- **p5**: Warsaw
- **p6**: Białobrzegi County
- **p7**: Ciechanów County
- **p8**: Garwolin County
- **p9**: Gostynin County
- **p10**: Grodzisk Mazowiecki County
- **p11**: Grójec County
- **p12**: Kozienice County
- **p13**: Legionowo County
- **p14**: Lipsko County
- **p15**: Łosice County
- **p16**: Maków County
- **p17**: Mińsk County
- **p18**: Mława County
- **p19**: Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki County
- **p20**: Ostrołęka County
- **p21**: Ostrów Mazowiecka County
- **p22**: Otwock County
- **p23**: Piaseczno County
- **p24**: Płock County
- **p25**: Płońsk County
- **p26**: Pruszków County
- **p27**: Przasnysz County
- **p28**: Przysucha County
- **p29**: Pułtusk County
- **p30**: Radom County
- **p31**: Siedlce County
- **p32**: Sierpc County
- **p33**: Sochaczew County
- **p34**: Sokołów County
- **p35**: Szydłowiec County
- **p36**: Warsaw West County
- **p37**: Węgrów County
- **p38**: Wołomin County
- **p39**: Wyszków County
- **p40**: Żuromin County
- **p41**: Zwoleń County
- **p42**: Żyrardów County
- **coor pinpoint**: Warsaw
- **area total km2**: 35579
- **total type**: Total
- **population total**: 5164612
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population urban**: 3343231
- **population blank1 title**: Rural
- **population blank1**: 1821381
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: W
- **website**: http://www.mazovia.pl/
- **footnotes**: * further divided into 314 gminas
Steelyard

The **Steelyard** was a place in London for trading. It was commonly used by the Hanseatic League in the Middle Ages. Many of the buildings were damaged during the Great Fire of London in 1666.

It is on the North bank of the River Thames and is now used as a railway station.
Hazard symbol

**Hazard symbols** are special symbols. They were made to warn people about dangers. Usually they are pictograms. Pictograms are small drawings that show what is happening (or what is going to happen, or what should happen) in a way that is easy to understand.

## European hazard symbols

The European Union has made a few symbols that warn of dangers and that should be easy to understand. These are the **hazard symbols for chemicals**:

The **'n**' in Harmful (**Xn**) stands for the French word _nocif_ (harmful) and the Italian word _nocivo_ (noxious).
Pictogram

A **pictograph**  (sometimes also called **pictogramme** or **pictogram**) is a small drawing.  Today, pictograms are used very often. Because they are independent of the language, they are often used where there are people who need to understand things, even if they do not read or speak the language. Pictograms are also often used where it is important to understand something fast. Sight is faster than reading. That way, pictograms are often used for signalling in emergency situations, such as showing emergency exits.

Common uses include those for road signs, airports, and train station, and warning signs.
Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

**Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship** is one of the 16 voivodeships of Poland. The name of the voivodeship came from local mountains called the Świętokrzyskie Mountains. The capital city of Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship is Kielce.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship
- **native name**: Województwo świętokrzyskie
- **settlement type**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **image flag**: POL_województwo_świętokrzyskie_flag.svg
- **image shield**: POL województwo świętokrzyskie COA.svg
- **image map**: Swietokrzyskie (EE,E NN,N).png
- **map caption**: Location within Poland
- **image map1**: Swietokrzyskie powiaty.svg
- **map caption1**: Division into counties
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Kielce
- **parts type**: Powiat, Counties
- **parts**: 1 city, 13 land counties *
- **p1**: Kielce
- **p2**: Busko County
- **p3**: Jędrzejów County
- **p4**: Kazimierza County
- **p5**: Kielce County
- **p6**: Końskie County
- **p7**: Opatów County
- **p8**: Ostrowiec County
- **p9**: Pińczów County
- **p10**: Sandomierz County
- **p11**: Skarżysko County
- **p12**: Starachowice County
- **p13**: Staszów County
- **p14**: Włoszczowa County
- **coor pinpoint**: Kielce
- **area total km2**: 11672
- **total type**: Total
- **population total**: 1263176
- **population as of**: 30-06-2014
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population urban**: 581322
- **population blank1 title**: Rural
- **population blank1**: 700474
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: T
- **website**: https://www.kielce.uw.gov.pl/
- **footnotes**: * further divided into 102 gminas
Commensalism

**Commensalism** is a type of relationship between two organisms. In commensalism, one organism is helped while the other is not affected. In practice, it is difficult to show that the passive organism is not harmed. For example, some birds live in holes in trees. Does this damage the tree? Mites, which cannot fly, often hitch a ride on insects. Does this affect the
insect's fitness? There is no definite answer to such questions.

Orchids, mosses, and lichens all grow on tropical trees. They need sunlight, and by being higher up they get to the sunlight. All that can be said for sure is that the trees continue to live and reproduce, and so it is assumed that these epiphytes do not affect their host plant.

Pierre-Joseph van Beneden (18091894) introduced the term into evolutionary biology and ecology in the 1870s.

## Amensalism

Amensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism is harmed or inhibited and the other is unaffected. Examples of amensalism include the shading out of one plant by a taller and wider one and the inhibition of one plant by the secretions of another (known as allelopathy).

## Related pages

- Mutualism
- Symbiosis
- Parasitism
820s

The **820s** was a decade that began on 1 January 820 and ended on 31 December 829. It is distinct from the decade known as the **83rd _decade**_ which began on January 1, 821 and ended on December 31, 830.

## Events

- The Saracens attacked Crete and invade Sicily.
- The Kingdom of Navarre is created.
Lindane

**Lindane** is an insecticide. It can be used to kill insects. The European Union allows its use as an insecticide since 2008. This is because it takes a very long time to decay. Checks are now getting done to see how bad to humans it really is. It can cause diseases such as Cancer or Parkinson's disease.

The World Health Organization classifies Lindane as "Moderately Hazardous". International trade with it is restricted and regulated under the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent. Over 50 countries have banned it. It might be included in Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants.  This would make it illegal to produce or use it all over the world.
Fumaric acid

**Fumaric acid** is a chemical substance that occurs in various plants. It also occurs as a by-product at various times in the human body. In chemistry it is used for food preservation. It is known as **E 297**. Usually it replaces citric acid. In medicine, it is used to treat various diseases of the skin, such as Psoriasis.

Albert Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1937 because of his work on Fumaric acid.
Tinia

**Tinia** (also spelled **Tin**, **Tinh**, **Tins** or **Tina**) was the supreme deity in Etruscan mythology. He was the god of the sky and lightning, equivalent to the Roman Jupiter and the Greek Zeus. He was the husband of Thalna or Uni and the father of the hero Hercle. The element tin was named after Tinia.

## Related pages

- Jupiter - Roman mythology equivalent to Tinia
- Zeus - Greek mythology equivalent to Tinia
- Odin - Norse mythology equivalent to Tinia
Endospore

An **endospore** is a structure made by bacteria for survival purposes. Bacteria turn to endosporea when they undergo stress, such as an increase in heat or lack of nutrients. This process is known as sporulation. Endospores are small, rounded, resting cells that form inside bacteria when conditions become unbearable. They have a tough coating which makes it resistant to radiation (like X-rays and UV light), chemicals, heat, salt concentration and extreme pH. Endospores have calcium dipicolinate in them, which keeps the DNA stable.  It is not fully understood what causes it to be so resistant.

A bacterial cell will make an endospore when it is low on food so it can survive until there is more food available in the environment. An endospore will actually contain all of the important parts of the bacterial cell, such as its DNA. Only two genera of bacteria can undergo sporulation to form endospores. They are the _Bacillus_ and _Clostridium_ species. Bacteria that can form endospores but are not in the endospore state are known to be in their vegetative state.

Endospores are highly dangerous bio-terrorist weapons. This is because they are smaller than the vegetative state. A bacterium, in itself, is already smaller than a eukaryotic cell. Therefore, considering the small size of endospore, a small volume of it can already contain a large quantity of it. Endospores are hard to eradicate.

The bacteria cell does fission and conjugation. Fission is a form of reproduction. Conjugation is not considered reproduction.
WonderSwan Color

The **WonderSwan Color** is a handheld video game system. It was made by Bandai in 2000. It was a little bigger than the old WonderSwan.

## Colors

The an Color came in 5 basic colors: Pearl Blue, Crystal Pink, Crystal Black, Crystal Blue, and Crystal Orange.
Gel electrophoresis

**Gel electrophoresis** is a technique used to separate mixtures like DNA and proteins. The separation is based on how positively or how negatively charged a molecule is, and its size. Gel electrophoresis uses a gel (like gelatin) and an electric field is put through the gel.

The word electrophoresis comes from –**electro**, because an electric field is used, and –**phoresis**, which means movement.

## Gel

The gel is made up of large and branched molecules called polymers. The amount of branches in the gel determines how easily molecules can squeeze through, depending on their size.

If there are a lot of branches, small molecules will be able to move through easily while big molecules will move through slowly or not at all. If there are few branches, both big and small molecules can move through more easily.

## Charge on the molecule

If a large molecule has a big charge, its attraction to the opposite charge is also large. But, since the molecule is large, it will have a difficult time moving through the thick gel. In gel electrophoresis, large molecules are going to move slower.

A small charged molecule will move through the gel more easily. Shorter molecules move faster and move further than longer ones because shorter molecules get through the pores of the gel more easily. This phenomenon is called _sieving_.

If the molecule does not have any charge, it will not move.

## Visualization

After the gel has been run by applying the electric field, you can look to see where the molecules have moved to. To do this, different stains can be applied to the gel: this allows the molecules to be seen. The stain makes the places where the molecules moved to appear as colored bands. Stains that are used to look at proteins, such as Coomassie blue, can often been seen by the human eye under normal light. Stains that are used to look at DNA, such as ethidium bromide and GelGreen, can only be seen with the help of an ultraviolet lamp.

### DNA separation

Gel electrophoresis is the most commonly used technique to study DNA. DNA is a very large molecule that contains genetic information. DNA can be broken down to smaller pieces of different sizes and these pieces are then separated using gel electrophoresis.  DNA always has a negative charge, and moves towards the anode.

Proteins are large and complex molecules made of amino acids. Proteins can be studied by gel electrophoresis in two ways. One way is to take a mixture of proteins and separate them in the gel. The other way is to break down a single protein into smaller pieces. The smaller pieces can then be separated in the gel.  Proteins can be positively or negatively charged.  To separate proteins by size only, protein mixtures can be coated with a chemical called sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) to give all proteins a negative charge before putting the mixture into the gel.

### Medicine

In medicine, there is a special type of electrophoresis called iontophoresis. Iontophoresis uses the same idea of gel electrophoresis to deliver drugs into the human body through the skin without using needles to inject the drug.
Heinrich Schliemann

**Heinrich Schliemann** (January 6, 1822, in Neubukowin, Germany - December 26, 1890, in Naples) was a German archaeologist. He is famous for his work in discovering the ancient city of Troy.

## Life

Heinrich Schliemann was born in Neubukowin, Germany. His father, Ernst Schliemann, was a minister. His mother, Luise Therese Sophie Schliemann, died in 1831 when Heinrich was 9 years old. When his mother died, Heinrich lived with his uncle in Neustrelitz. He went to a grammar school in the town for about a year. His father paid the school fees. Heinrich was very interested in history and was encouraged by his father to read history books. After he left school, he worked in a shop in Fürstenberg for about five years. He worked hard as an apprentice, but he continued to read in his spare time.

He was not able to work as an archaeologist at this time, so he moved to a company which imported and exported products. In this job, he visited many different countries around the world, and learnt to speak English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish. His ability to speak languages was very important in his job. He later studied Latin and Ancient Greek in Paris.

In 1850, Heinrich's brother, Ludwig Schliemann, died, having got rich in the California Gold Rush. He moved to Sacramento, where he opened a bank, just like his brother. The new bank bought gold dust and sold it on to make money. In six months, the bank bought and sold millions of dollars' worth of gold dust.

Heinrich married his wife, Ekaterina, in 1852, but the marriage was troubled. Ekaterina kept encouraging her husband to make more money, but Heinrich felt that they were rich enough.

## His work

Nobody knows how Heinrich became an archaeologist, but he continued to travel to see famous historical icons around the world. He even disguised himself to get into Mecca, the holy Muslim city. He became very interested in Troy, which was involved in a big dispute at the time. He was inspired by many people in the city, especially Ferdinand Fouqué and Frank Calvert, who he met in 1868.

Many reports have said Heinrich buried a 'treasure' he found in Troy, dubbed Priam's gold.
Toilet paper

**Toilet paper** is soft paper, used to wipe urine or feces after using the toilet. It is usually sold in white rolls, made up of square sheets. Modern toilet paper is very absorbent (and also very thin) and is designed to break up in the sewage system. The paper is often available in different textures and colours. One square sheet of toilet paper is called a "ply". 4-ply toilet paper has a thickness of 4 square sheets of toilet paper.
There was a shortage in 2020 because of the COVID-19 virus, its shortage was also caused by people rushing to buy toilet paper.

## History

In former times people had no toilet paper and used other things. The Greeks, for example, used stones or human hair, Germans used leaves and straw. Some people used maize leaves. Some used sand instead of toilet paper.
In the Middle Ages people used moss and the rich ones preferred sheep wool. In the 6th century AD, people in China were the first to use paper for hygiene, but at the time it wasn't specially designed to clean feces. The first toilet paper was produced in China in the 14th century. In 1857 Colton Blakeslee produced toilet paper in cartons in the USA. The first rolls of toilet paper were produced in 1890 in Great Britain. In many parts of the world, newspaper is used instead of toilet paper.
Fox Interactive

**Fox Interactive** was a video game publisher and developer that made games based on 20th Century Fox works, such as _The Simpsons_. The company was founded in December 1994. It went out of business in 2006.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Fox Interactive
- **type**: Defunct Subsidiary
- **foundation**: 1994
- **defunct**: 2006
- **location**: Los Angeles, California, United States, USA
- **industry**: Video game industry, Software & Programming
- **parent**: 20th Century Fox (1992-2006)