juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sidney Myer

**Sidney Myer** created Myer’s, one of the biggest department stores in Australia. He emigrated from Russia at the age of 20 and started off as a small merchant and went on to be the owner of a large chain store.

## Early life

Simcha (Sidney) Myer Baevski was born on the February 8, 1878, in the Jewish section of Kritchev, Russia.  He was the youngest of eleven children.  He attended a primary school for Jewish children.  While at school, he managed his mother’s shop and helped the shop be very successful.

When Myer was 20, he and his older brother, Elcon, moved to Australia.  Myer arrived in Melbourne, Australia, as a Jewish refugee in August of 1899.  He did not know English, and had almost no money and no visa.  Soon after arriving, he changed his name to Sydney Myer in order to be more Australian.

## Achievements

The Myer brothers moved to Bendigo, a city in Victoria, Australia.  There they started a small drapery business, where they sold fabrics of all different styles, colors, and sizes.  Because they disagreed about whether their store should be open on Sundays, the brothers decided to stop working together.  Sidney bought his brother's share of the business, and Elcon moved on to Melbourne.

As Myer's business became more successful, he opened a larger store in Bendigo, and new stores in Melbourne and Adelaide.  Today, Myer's is one of Australia’s biggest department stores.  Myer's is known for having fashionable clothing made by many different designers.

After he went to a performance at the Hollywood Bowl, a famous outdoor theater in California, Myer created the Sidney Myer Music Bowl.  In 1929, Myer began to arrange free outdoor concerts by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, held at the Music Bowl.  These free concerts are still held today, and are very popular.

Myer died on September 5, 1934.  After his death, Myer's family set up the Myer Foundation, which receives millions of dollars every year from the Myer family.  The Foundation supports programs that benefit Australia and help Australians in need.

## Other websites

- http://www.racismnoway.com.au/teaching-resources/factsheets/38.html
- http://www.myerfoundation.org.au/about-us/index.cfm?loadref=31
- http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/myer-simcha-sidney-7721
Marcus Oliphant

**Sir Marcus Laurence Elwin** "**Mark**" **Oliphant**,  (8 October 1901 – 14 July 2000), commonly known as **Marcus Oliphant**, was an Australian physicist and humanitarian. He helped to develop nuclear weapons. He was involved with the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion.

## Biography

Oliphant was born on 8 October 1901 in Kent Town, Adelaide, Australia. His father, Harold George “Baron” Oliphant, was a civil servant. His mother, Beatrice Edith Fanny Oliphant, was an artist.

After graduating from Adelaide High School in 1918, he was unable to get money to pay for university. He got a job cleaning floors at a jewelry store. He was soon able to study at the University of Adelaide. He was interested in medicine, but Kerr Grant, the physics professor, offered him a place in the Physics Department. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1921.
Oliphant attempted to build a  cyclotron at the University of Birmingham. The completion of it was postponed by the World War II in Europe in 1939.

He was involved with the development of radar with John Randall and Harry Boot. They created a completely new design, the cavity magnetron, which made microwave radar possible.

His most important achievement was being involved with the development of the atomic bomb. He reported that it was possible, and achievable as early as 1943. He spread his research in the United States, which led to the development of the Manhattan Project, led by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.

Oliphant died on 14 July 2000 in Canberra, Australia.

## Achievements

Many places and things are named after Oliphant. There is the Oliphant building at the Australian National University, the Mark Oliphant Conservation Park, a South Australian high schools science competition, the Oliphant Wing of the Physics Building at the University of Adelaide, and a high school in Munno Para West, South Australia.

He is known for the co-discovery of deuterium, tritium, helium-3 and nuclear fusion and for the development of microwave radar.

## Awards

He achieved many awards over the course of his life.
- 1937 Elected Fellow of the Royal Society
- 1943 Awarded Hughes Medal by the Royal Society
- 1946 Awarded Silvanus Thomson Medal, Institute of Radiology
- 1948 Awarded Faraday Medal by the Institution of Engineers
- 1954 Elected (Foundation) Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science
- 1954 Elected (Foundation) President of the Australian Academy of Science
- 1955 Invited to deliver the Bakerian Lecture by the Royal Society
- 1955 Invited to deliver the Rutherford Memorial Lecture by the Royal Society
- 1956 Received Galathea Medal from King Frederick IX of Denmark
- 1959 Created Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
- 1977 Appointed Companion of the Order of Australia

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Marcus Laurence Elwin Oliphant
- **honorific prefix**: Sir
- **other names**: Mark
- **birth date**: 8 October 1901
- **birth place**: Adelaide, Australia
- **death date**: 14 July 2000
- **nationality**: Australian
John H. Sununu

**John Henry Sununu** (born July 2, 1939) served as the 75th Governor of New Hampshire (1983–89) and later White House Chief of Staff under President George H. W. Bush.

He is the father of John E. Sununu, a former senator from New Hampshire and Chris Sununu, the Governor of New Hampshire. Sununu was the chairman of the New Hampshire Republican Party from 2009 to 2011.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: John Henry Sununu
- **image**: John Sununu 2015.jpg
- **office1**: Chair of the Republican Party of New Hampshire
- **term start1**: January 17, 2009
- **term end1**: January 22, 2011
- **predecessor1**: Fergus Cullen
- **successor1**: Jack Kimball
- **order2**: 14th
- **office2**: White House Chief of Staff
- **term start2**: January 20, 1989
- **term end2**: December 15, 1991
- **president2**: George H.W. Bush
- **predecessor2**: Ken Duberstein
- **successor2**: Samuel K. Skinner
- **order3**: 75th
- **office3**: Governor of New Hampshire
- **term start3**: January 6, 1983
- **term end3**: January 4, 1989
- **predecessor3**: Vesta M. Roy
<small>as Acting Governor</small>
- **successor3**: Judd Gregg
- **birth place**: Havana, Cuba
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Massachusetts Institute of Technology <small>(B.S.,M.S.,Ph.D.)</small>
- **profession**: Mechanical engineering, Mechanical engineer
Brian Schweitzer

**Brian David Schweitzer** (born September 4, 1955) is an American politician. He served as the 23rd Governor of Montana from January 5, 2005 to January 7, 2013. Schweitzer formerly served as chair of the Western Governors Association as well as the Democratic Governors Association. He also served as president of the Council of State Governments.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Brian Schweitzer
- **image**: Brian Schweitzer official photo.jpg
- **order**: 23rd List of Governors of Montana, Governor of Montana
- **lieutenant**: John Bohlinger
- **term start**: January 3, 2005
- **term end**: January 7, 2013
- **predecessor**: Judy Martz
- **successor**: Steve Bullock
- **birthname**: Brian David Schweitzer
- **birth place**: Havre, Montana, Havre, Montana, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Nancy Hupp
- **alma mater**: Colorado State University
Montana State University, Montana State University, Bozeman
Roy Romer

**Roy R. Romer** (born October 31, 1928) is an American politician. He was the 39th Governor of Colorado. He also served as the superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2001 to 2006. His son is Nobel Prize winner Paul Romer. He was born in Garden City, Kansas.

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Roy R. Romer
- **image**: Roy Romer at ASU GSV Summit 2019-5022.jpg
- **image size**: 255px
- **caption**: Romer in 2019
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **order**: 39th
- **office**: Governor of Colorado
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democrat
- **term start**: January 13, 1987
- **term end**: January 12, 1999
- **lieutenant**: Mike Callihan (1987–1994)
Samuel H. Cassidy
(1994–1995)

Gail Schoettler
(1995–1999)
- **preceded**: Richard Lamm
- **succeeded**: Bill Owens (Colorado politician), William F. Owens
- **office2**: Colorado State Treasurer
- **term start2**: 1977
- **term end2**: 1987
- **preceded2**: Sam Brown (activist), Sam Brown
- **succeeded2**: Gail Schoettler
- **office3**: Superintendent (education), Superintendent Los Angeles Unified School District, of the Los Angeles Unified School District
- **term start3**: 2001
- **term end3**: 2006
- **preceded3**: Ramon C. Cortines
- **succeeded3**: David L. Brewer III, David Brewer
- **birth place**: Garden City, Kansas
- **spouse**: Beatrice Romer
- **children**: 7 children
- **alma mater**: (B.A.) Colorado State University
(J.D.) University of Colorado Law School
- **residence**: Holly, Colorado
- **branch**: United States Air Force
- **battles**: Korean War
Richard Lamm

**Richard Douglas "Dick" Lamm** (August 3, 1935 – July 29, 2021) was an American politician, writer, Certified Public Accountant, college professor, and lawyer. He served three terms as 38th Governor of Colorado as a Democrat (1975–1987) and ran for the Reform Party's nomination for President of the United States in 1996.

He was the Co-Director of the Institute for Public Policy Studies at the University of Denver.

Lamm died on July 29, 2021 in Denver, Colorado from problems caused by a pulmonary embolism, one week before his 86th birthday.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Richard Douglas Lamm
- **image**: Richard Lamm.jpg
- **order**: 38th
- **office**: Governor of Colorado
- **term start**: January 14, 1975
- **term end**: January 13, 1987
- **lieutenant**: George L. Brown (1975–1979)
Nancy E. Dick (1979–1987)
- **predecessor**: John David Vanderhoof
- **successor**: Roy Romer
- **birth place**: Madison, Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- **alma mater**: University of Wisconsin-Madison
- **death place**: Denver, Colorado
- **profession**: Co-Director of the Institute for Public Policy Studies at the University of Denver
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **branch**: United States Army
- **serviceyears**: 1957-1959
- **rank**: First Lieutenant
Walter Dale Miller

**Walter Dale "Walt" Miller** (October 5, 1925 – September 28, 2015) was an American politician with the Republican Party. He served as 29th Governor of South Dakota from 1993 to 1995. He assumed the duties of the governorship upon the death of George S. Mickelson.

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Walter Dale Miller
- **image**: Walter Miller.png
- **order**: 29th
- **office**: Governor of South Dakota
- **term start**: April 19, 1993
- **term end**: January 7, 1995
- **lieutenant**: Steve T. Kirby
- **predecessor**: George S. Mickelson
- **successor**: Bill Janklow
- **order2**: 34th
- **title2**: Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota
- **term start2**: 1987
- **term end2**: 1993
- **predecessor2**: Lowell C. Hansen II
- **successor2**: Steve T. Kirby
- **title3**: South Dakota State Legislature, South Dakota House of Representatives
- **term start3**: 1975
- **term end3**: 1986
- **birth place**: Viewfield, South Dakota
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Pat Miller
- **profession**: Politician, Rancher
- **alma mater**: South Dakota School of Mines
Frank Farrar

**Frank Leroy Farrar** (April 2, 1929 – October 31, 2021) was an American politician. He was the 24th Governor of South Dakota. A Republican. He served as the state's attorney general from 1963 to 1969, and as governor from 1969 to 1971.

Farrar died on October 31, 2021 in Pierre, South Dakota at the age of 92.

## Other websites

- National Governors Association: Frank Farrar
- KDLT News: "Frank Farrar: A Man Made of Iron"
- Ironman: "Meet Frank Farrar, Kona's Last Official Finisher in 2002"

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Frank Farrar
- **image**: Frank Farrar.png
- **order**: 24th
- **office**: Governor of South Dakota
- **term start**: January 7, 1969
- **term end**: January 5, 1971
- **lieutenant**: James Abdnor
- **predecessor**: Nils Boe
- **successor**: Richard F. Kneip
- **birth place**: Britton, South Dakota
- **death place**: Pierre, South Dakota
- **alma mater**: University of South Dakota (BS, 1951, LLB 1953)
- **profession**: Lawyer, judge
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
Philip H. Hoff

**Philip Henderson Hoff** (June 29, 1924 – April 26, 2018) was an American politician. He is from the U.S. state of Vermont. He served as the 73rd Governor of Vermont from 1963 to 1969. At the time of his election, he was the first Democrat elected Governor of Vermont in 108 years.

Hoff was born in Turners Falls, Massachusetts. His father worked in the insurance industry and at the Massachusetts General Court. Philip was a star high school football player at Turners Falls High School.

Hoff went to Williams College and  Connecticut College and graduated cum laude in 1948.  Hoff married Joan Brower in 1948.  He later attended Cornell Law School, graduating in 1951. The Hoffs moved to Burlington, Vermont in 1951.

Hoff died at a retirement center in Shelburne, Vermont on April 26, 2018 at the age of 93.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Philip Hoff
- **image**: Philip h hoff 20041012.jpg
- **order**: Governor of Vermont
- **lieutenant**: Ralph A. Foote, Ralph Foote
John J. Daley, John Daley
- **term start**: January 10, 1963
- **term end**: January 9, 1969
- **predecessor**: F. Ray Keyser, Jr., Ray Keyser
- **successor**: Deane C. Davis, Deane Davis
- **birth place**: Turners Falls, Massachusetts, Turners Falls, Massachusetts, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Shelburne, Vermont, Shelburne, Vermont, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Joan Brower
- **alma mater**: Williams College
Cornell Law School
F. Ray Keyser Jr.

**Frank Ray Keyser** (August 17, 1927 – March 7, 2015) was an American lawyer and politician from Vermont.  He served as Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1959 to 1961, and 72nd Governor of Vermont from 1961 to 1963.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: F. Ray Keyser, Jr..jpg
- **order1**: 72nd Governor of Vermont
- **lieutenant1**: Ralph A. Foote, Ralph Foote
- **term start1**: January 5, 1961
- **term end1**: January 10, 1963
- **predecessor1**: Robert Stafford
- **successor1**: Philip H. Hoff, Philip Hoff
- **office2**: Member of the Vermont House of Representatives
- **term2**: 1955–1961
- **birth name**: Frank Ray Keyser Jr.
- **birth place**: Chelsea, Vermont, U.S.
- **death place**: Brandon, Vermont, U.S.
- **restingplace**: Highland Cemetery, Chelsea, Vermont
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**:

- **alma mater**: Tufts University
Boston University School of Law, Boston University
Emerson, Lake and Powell (album)

***Emerson, Lake and Powell*** is the debut and only studio album by Emerson, Lake and Powell. The album was released in 1986.
2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted

"**2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted**" (sometimes called "**Gangsta Party**") is the second single from American rapper 2Pac's fifth studio album _All Eyez on Me_. The song was a duet sung by 2Pac and Snoop Dogg. It was released as a promotional single and was written by 2Pac, Snoop Dogg and Daz Dillinger.

It is sometimes referred to as "Gangsta Party" because of the line _ain't nuthin but a gangsta party_ in the chorus. The song was also featured on 2Pac's _Greatest Hits_ in 1998 and a remix of the song was featured on the album _Nu-Mixx Klazzics_ in 2003.

On April 15, 2012, the song was played at the Coachella Festival with Snoop Dogg performing a duet with a virtual version of 2Pac.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: 2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted
- **artist**: Tupac Shakur, 2Pac featuring Snoop Dogg
- **album**: All Eyez on Me
- **released**: May 7, 1996
- **recorded**: October 19, 1995
- **length**: * 4:05 (album version)
* 5:31 (music video)
- **writer**: * Tupac Shakur
* Snoop Dogg, Calvin Broadus
* Daz Dillinger, Delmar Arnaud
- **producer**: Daz Dillinger
- **chronology**: Tupac Shakur, 2Pac chronology
- **prev title**: California Love
- **prev year**: 1995
- **next title**: How Do U Want It
- **next year**: 1996
Kristin Cavallari

**Kristin Cavallari** (born January 5, 1987) is an American television and movie actress. She was in the television series _Laguna Beach_. She was also in the series _The Hills_.

Cavallari was born in Denver, Colorado. She was raised in Barrington, Illinois.
Lyndsy Fonseca

**Lyndsy Fonseca** (born January 7, 1987) is an American actress. She acts in both movies and television. She played Colleen Carlton in _The Young and the Restless_. She also played Alexandra in _Nikita_.

Fonseca was born in Oakland, California.
Kit Carson

**Christopher Houston "Kit" Carson**, (December 24, 1809 – May 23, 1868) was an American frontiersman, a career that involved four chief occupations: mountain man, guide, Indian agent, and officer in the US Army. He helped to open the American West to settlement. In his day, he was a celebrity known far and wide in the United States. In modern America, he is still remembered as a folk hero, but he has been criticized for killing Native Americans.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **allegiance**:
Union (American Civil War), Union
- **branch**: Union Army
- **rank**: Brevet (military), Brevet Brigadier General
- **commands**: 1st Regiment New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry, 1st New Mexico Volunteer Cavalry Regiment
- **battles**: Mexican–American War
* Battle of San Pasqual
Jicarilla War
* Battle of Ojo Caliente Canyon
American Civil War
* Battle of Valverde
Navajo Wars
* Battle of Canyon de Chelly
American Indian Wars, Plains Indian Wars
* First Battle of Adobe Walls


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kit Carson
- **image**: Kit Carson photograph restored.jpg
- **caption**: Carson on a visit to Washington, DC, in early 1868
- **birth place**: Richmond, Kentucky
- **death place**: Fort Lyon, Colorado
- **resting place**: Kit Carson Cemetery
Taos, New Mexico
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Mountain man, frontiersman, guide, Indian agent, US Army officer
- **known for**: Opening the American West to European settlement
Carson City, Nevada namesake
- **signature**: Kit Carson signature.svg
- **signature size**: 225px
San Juan, Metro Manila

**San Juan** is a city in Metro Manila, Philippines. It is the smallest city in the country in terms of land area.
Valenzuela

**Valenzuela** may refer to:

## Places

- Valenzuela, Paraguay
- Valenzuela, Philippines
- Valenzuela, Spain

## Other

- Ricardo Valenzuela - birth name of the Mexican-American musician Ritchie Valens
Pasay

**Pasay**, officially the **City of Pasay** (), is a city in Metro Manila, Philippines. It was one of the original four cities of Metro Manila.
Metro Manila

**Metropolitan Manila** (), commonly known as **Metro Manila**, is the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines. The seat of government is Manila. It has more people than most regions and metropolitan areas of the country.

## Cities of Metro Manila

There are 16 cities in Metro Manila. They include Manila, Caloocan, Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Quezon City, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela, as well as the municipality of Pateros.

|scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable"|Cities municipality|scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" class="unsortable"|Image|scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;white-space:nowrap;" class="unsortable" colspan=2|Population|scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" colspan=2|Lawak|scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;" colspan=2|Density|scope="col" style="border-bottom:none;"|Date of Cityhood|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1,583,978; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1962|||||||
||588,894; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1997|||||||
||582,602; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1995|||||||
||365,525; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|2001|||||||
||386,276; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1994|||||||
||1,780,148; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1571|||||||
||450,741; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1996|||||||
||504,509; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1995|||||||
||249,463; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|2007|||||||
||664,822; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1998|||||||
||416,522; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1947|||||||
||755,300; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1995|||||||
||63,840; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|_Hindi pa isang lungsod_|||||||
||2,936,116; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1939|||||||
||122,180; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|2007|||||||
||804,915; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|2004|||||||
||620,422; 12,877,253|||style="text-align:center;"|1998|||||||

## Related articles

- List of roads in Metro Manila
- Metro Cebu
- Metro Davao

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Metro Manila
- **native name**: Kalakhang Maynila
- **official name**: Metropolitan Manila
- **settlement type**: Metropolitan area, Metropolitan
- **nickname**: Manila
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Philippines
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Luzon
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of the Philippines, Region
- **subdivision name2**: South Luzon
- **subdivision type3**: Regional center
- **subdivision name3**: Manila
- **subdivision type4**: Largest city
- **subdivision name4**: Quezon City
- **subdivision type5**: Subdivisions
- **blank name sec1**: Languages of the Philippines, Language
- **blank info sec1**: Filipino language, Filipino (Manila dialect)
- **blank name sec2**: Feast
- **blank info sec2**: Metro Manila Festival
Monoceros

**Monoceros** () is a constellation on the celestial equator. Its name is Greek for 'unicorn'. It was described by 17th-century Dutch cartographer Petrus Plancius.

## Location

Orion is to the west of Monoceros. Gemini is to the north. Canis Major is to the south. Hydra is to the east.

Other constellations next to Monoceros are Canis Minor, Lepus and Puppis.

### Stars

Monoceros is hard to see with the naked eye. Its brightest star, Alpha Monocerotis, has a visual magnitude of 3.93. It is brighter than Gamma Monocerotis at 3.98.

Monoceros does have some interesting features to look at with a small telescope. Beta Monocerotis is a triple star system. The three stars form a triangle which looks to be in one spot. William Herschel commented that it is "one of the most beautiful sights in the heavens".

V838 Monocerotis, a binary star system that used to be a triple star system, was known for a sudden outburst in size and brightness, originating from two stars merging.

Monoceros also has Plaskett's Star. It is a big binary system. Its whole mass is said to be that of almost 100 Suns put together. It is as hard to find as the Cancer constellation.

## Other websites

- VISTA Reveals the Secret of the Unicorn — ESO Photo Release
- The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Monoceros
- The Constellations Web Page - Monoceros
- Star Tales – Monoceros
- Monoceros Constellation at Constellation Guide

## Infobox (constellation)

- **name**: Monoceros
- **abbreviation**: Mon
- **genitive**: Monocerotis
- **pronounce**: ,
genitive
- **symbolism**: the Unicorn
- **ra**: 7.15
- **dec**: −5.74
- **family**: Orion Family, Orion
- **quadrant**: NQ2
- **areatotal**: 482
- **arearank**: 35th
- **numbermainstars**: 4
- **numberbfstars**: 32
- **numberstarsplanets**: 16
- **numberbrightstars**: 0
- **numbernearbystars**: 2
- **brighteststarname**: Beta Monocerotis, β Mon
- **starmagnitude**: 3.76
- **neareststarname**: Ross 614
- **stardistancely**: 13.3
- **stardistancepc**: 4.09
- **numbermessierobjects**: 1
- **meteorshowers**: December Monocerids
Alpha Monocerids
- **bordering**: Canis Major
Canis Minor
Gemini (constellation), Gemini
Hydra (constellation), Hydra
Lepus (constellation), Lepus
Orion (constellation), Orion
Puppis
- **latmax**: 75th parallel north, 75
- **latmin**: 90th parallel south, 90
- **month**: February
Petrus Plancius

**Petrus Plancius** (1552 – May 15, 1622) was a Flemish astronomer,  cartographer  and clergyman. He was born as **Pieter Platevoet** in Dranouter, now in Heuvelland, West Flanders. He studied theology in Germany and England. At the age of 24 he became a minister in the Dutch Reformed Church.

## Cartography

In 1592 he published his best known world map named "Nova et exacta Terrarum Tabula geographica et hydrographica". He wrote journals and shipping maps. He made a new way for finding longitude. He was the first to use the Mercator projection for navigational maps.

He was one of the founders of the Dutch East India Company. He drew over 100 maps.

Plancius knew Henry Hudson. Hudson was an explorer of the New World.

Plancius made the map, _Exacta & accurata delinatio… regionibus China, Cauchinchina, Camboja, sive Champa, Syao, Malacca, Arracan & Pegu,_ that was in Jan Huygen van Linschoten’s popular book, _Itinerario_ (1596).

## Other websites

- Star Tales – the constellations of Petrus Plancius
- Minor planet 10648 Plancius
Edward R. Hauser

**Edward R. Hauser** (August 29, 1916 – September 8, 2014) was an American animal scientist. He was professor and chairman of the Department of Meat and Animal Science at University of Wisconsin–Madison. Hauser was born in La Crosse, Wisconsin.

Hauser died from natural causes in Fitchburg, Wisconsin, aged 98.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Edward R. Hauser
- **image**: Edward_R._Hauser,_Professor,_University_of_Wisconsin,_1916-2014.jpg
- **birth place**: La Crosse, Wisconsin, La Crosse, Wisconsin
- **death place**: Fitchburg, Wisconsin, Fitchburg, Wisconsin
- **nationality**: United States
- **field**: Animal Science
- **work institutions**: University of Wisconsin–Madison, Clemson University
- **alma mater**: University of Wisconsin–Madison
- **doctoral advisor**: Gordon E. Dickerson
- **known for**: reproductive physiology, beef cattle management
Boris Khimichev

**Boris Petrovich Khimichev** (Борис Петрович Химичев; 12 January 1933 – 14 September 2014) was a Ukrainian-born Russian actor. He was named a People's Artist of Russia in 1993. Khimichev was known for his roles in _Aty-baty, shli soldaty..._, _The Ballad of the Valiant Knight Ivanhoe_, and in _TASS Is Authorized to Declare..._.

Khimichev died at the age of 81 from a brain tumor.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Boris Khimichev
- **image**: Boris_Himichev.jpg
- **birth place**: Khmelnytskyi Oblast, Ukraine
- **death place**: Moscow, Russia
- **nationality**: Russian
- **occupation**: Actor
Yitzhak Hofi

**Yitzhak Hofi** (‎; 25 January 1927 – 15 September 2014) was an Israeli spy and general. He was a member of the Palmach. He was also the head of the  Israeli Northern Command and the director of Mossad.

Hofi died on 15 September 2014, aged 87.

## Infobox (spy)

- **name**: Yitzhak Hofi
- **image**: Yitzhak Hofi 1982 - 1990.jpg
- **caption**: Yitzhak Hofi in 1982
- **allegiance**: State of Israel
- **service**: Haganah, Palmach, Israel Defense Forces, Mossad
- **serviceyears**: 1944-1948 (Haganah and Palmach)
1948-1974 (IDF)
1974-1982 (Mossad)
- **rank**: Aluf
- **birth date**: 25 January 1927
- **birth place**: Tel-Aviv, Mandate Palestine
- **death place**: Ramat Gan, Israel
- **nationality**: Israelis, Israeli
- **occupation**: Director of Mossad
Eugene I. Gordon

**Eugene Irving Gordon ** (September 14, 1930 – September 15, 2014) was an American physicist.  He was Director of the Lightwave Devices Laboratory of Bell Labs.

Gordon was born on September 14, 1930 in New York City. He graduated from the City College of New York in 1952 with a B.S. in physics, and completed his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1957.

He became director of the Lightwave Devices Laboratory of Bell Labs. He married Renate Albrecht on December 31, 1991. He died on September 15, 2014 in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, aged 84.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Eugene Irving Gordon
- **image**: Eugene I. Gordon.jpg
- **caption**: Eugene Irving Gordon
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, New York
- **death place**: Scotch Plains, New Jersey
- **nationality**: American
- **fields**: Physics
- **alma mater**: City College of New York
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- **awards**: IEEE Edison Medal
Lepus (constellation)

**Lepus** is a constellation south of the celestial equator. Its name is Latin for hare.  The hare is not from any figure in Greek mythology. Lepus was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. It is one of the 88 modern constellations. It is below the constellation Orion (the hunter). It is known as a hare being chased by Orion.

This constellation should not be mixed up with Lupus, the wolf.

### Deep-sky objects

- IC 418 is a planetary nebula located about 1,100 light years away.
- There is one Messier Object in Lepus, M79. It is a globular cluster of magnitude 8.0, 42,000 light-years from Earth. It is one of the few globular clusters seen in the Northern Hemisphere winter.

## Further reading

- Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). _Stars and Planets Guide_, Collins, London. . Princeton University Press, Princeton. .

## Other websites

- Hundred metre virtual telescope captures unique detailed colour image — ESO's Organisational Release
- The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Lepus
- Star Tales – Lepus
- Lepus Constellation at Constellation Guide

## Infobox (constellation)

- **name**: Lepus
- **abbreviation**: Lep
- **genitive**: Leporis
- **pronounce**: , or colloquially ; genitive
- **symbolism**: the Hare
- **ra**: 6
- **dec**: −20
- **family**: Orion Family, Orion
- **quadrant**: NQ2
- **areatotal**: 290
- **arearank**: 51st
- **numbermainstars**: 8
- **numberbfstars**: 20
- **numberstarsplanets**: 3
- **numberbrightstars**: 2
- **numbernearbystars**: 3
- **brighteststarname**: Alpha Leporis, α Lep (Arneb)
- **starmagnitude**: 2.58
- **neareststarname**: Gliese 229
- **stardistancely**: 18.83
- **stardistancepc**: 5.77
- **numbermessierobjects**: 1
- **meteorshowers**: None
- **bordering**: Orion (constellation), Orion
Monoceros
Canis Major
Columba (constellation), Columba
Caelum
Eridanus (constellation), Eridanus
- **latmax**: 63rd parallel north, 63
- **latmin**: South Pole, 90
- **month**: January
Puppis

**Puppis** is a constellation that can be seen in the southern sky. It is one of the 88 modern constellations recognized by the International Astronomical Union.

## Notable features

Argo Navis was sub-divided in 1752 by the French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille, forming Puppis.

## Other websites

- The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Puppis
- Star Tales – Puppis
- Puppis Constellation at Constellation Guide

## Infobox (constellation)

- **name**: Puppis
- **abbreviation**: Pup
- **genitive**: Puppis
- **pronounce**: , genitive the same
- **symbolism**: the Poop deck, Poop Deck
- **ra**: 7.5
- **dec**: −30
- **family**: Heavenly Waters (astronomy), Heavenly Waters
- **quadrant**: SQ2
- **areatotal**: 673
- **arearank**: 20th
- **numbermainstars**: 9
- **numberbfstars**: 76
- **numberstarsplanets**: 6
- **numberbrightstars**: 1
- **numbernearbystars**: 3
- **brighteststarname**: Zeta Puppis, ζ Pup (Naos)
- **starmagnitude**: 2.25
- **neareststarname**: LHS 1989
- **stardistancely**: 19.67
- **stardistancepc**: 6.03
- **numbermessierobjects**: 3
- **meteorshowers**: Pi Puppids
Zeta Puppids
Puppid-Velids
- **bordering**: Monoceros
Pyxis
Vela (constellation), Vela
Carina (constellation), Carina
Pictor
Columba (constellation), Columba
Canis Major
Hydra (constellation), Hydra
- **latmax**: 40th parallel north, 40
- **latmin**: South Pole, 90
- **month**: February
AFC Cup

The **AFC Cup** is a football competition run by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC). It is available to clubs from AFC-affiliated countries that fall into the AFC's "developing nations" category per the _Vision Asia_ document.
Jessy Schram

**Jessica "Jessy" Schram** (born 15 January 1986) is an American actress. She played Hannah Griffith in _Veronica Mars_. She also played Susan Davis in the _Jane Doe_ television series on the Hallmark Channel.

Schram was born in Skokie, Illinois.
Dranouter

**Dranouter** is a village in the municipality of Heuvelland in West Flanders, Belgium.
Super Junior-M

**Super Junior-M**, often referred to as **SJ-M**, is a Mandopop boy band, under SM Entertainment. They are the first international music group in the Chinese music industry to have members of both Chinese and Korean descent.

Super Junior-M is the third subgroup of Super Junior and the most successful.

### Current members

- Sungmin
- Eunhyuk
- Donghae
- Siwon
- Ryeowook
- Kyuhyun
- Zhou Mi
- Henry

### Former members

- Han Geng

### Studio albums

- _Me_ (2008)
- _Break Down_ (2013)

### Original Soundtracks

- _Skip Beat!_ (2012)

### Extended plays

- _Super Girl_ (2009)
- _Perfection_ (2011)
- _Swing_ (2014)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Super Junior-M
- **image**: Super Junior at press conference of Super Junior M Breakdown in Bangkok.JPG
- **caption**: Left to right: Ryeowook, Henry, Donghae, Kyuhyun, Eunhyuk, Zhou Mi, Siwon. Not pictured: Sungmin.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Seoul, South Korea
- **years active**: 2008–present
- **current members**: *Sungmin
*Eunhyuk
*Lee Donghae, Donghae
*Choi Siwon, Siwon
*Ryeowook
*Kyuhyun
*Zhou Mi (singer), Zhou Mi
*Henry Lau, Henry
- **past members**: Han Geng
Dree Hemingway

**Dree Hemingway** (born December 4, 1987) is an American fashion model and actress. She is the daughter of Mariel Hemingway and niece of Margaux Hemingway. She did editorials for _Harper's Bazaar_ and for _Vogue_.

Dree Hemingway was born in Idaho.
Han Geng

**Han Geng** (; Hangul: 한경; born February 9, 1984) is a Chinese Mandopop singer and actor. He was a member of South Korean boy bands, Super Junior and Super Junior-M.

## Infobox (chinese)

- **child**: yes
- **p**: Hán Gēng


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: temporary
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **label**: S.M. Entertainment <small></small>
Yuehua Entertainment
(China, 2010-present)
- **associated acts**: SM Town, Super Junior, Super Junior-M


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Han Geng
- **image**: Hangeng.JPG
- **caption**: Han Geng in Jakarta, Indonesia
- **birth place**: Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China
- **alma mater**: Central University for Nationalities
- **years active**: 2005–present
Tim Hudson

**Timothy Adam Hudson** (born July 14, 1975) is a retired American professional baseball player. He played the pitcher position.

The first professional team that Hudson played for was the Oakland Athletics. He has also played with the Atlanta Braves and San Francisco Giants.

## Early life

Hudson attended Glenwood School in Phenix City, Alabama.  In his senior year, his team went to the 1993 AISA state championship.  He finished his high school year with 12 wins and one loss.  He had a 1.78 earned run average.  Even with his great statistics, Hudson was not drafted or offered a scholarship to a big college.  Hudson decided to go to a local two-year college.  He went to Chattahoochee Valley Community College (CVCC).

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Tim Hudson
- **image**: Tim Hudson on July 10, 2014.jpg
- **image size**: 300
- **position**: Starting Pitcher
- **birth place**: Columbus, Georgia
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **debutdate**: June 8
- **debutyear**: 1999
- **debutteam**: Oakland Athletics
- **finaldate**: October 1
- **finalyear**: 2015
- **finalteam**: San Francisco Giants
- **stat1label**: Win–loss record (pitching), Win–loss record
- **stat1value**: 222-133
- **stat2label**: Earned run average
- **stat2value**: 3.49
- **stat3label**: Strikeouts
- **stat3value**: 2,080
- **stat4label**: Shutout (baseball), Shutouts
- **stat4value**: 13
- **teams**: * Oakland Athletics (–)
* Atlanta Braves (–)
* San Francisco Giants (–)
- **awards**: * 4× MLB All-Star Game, All-Star (2000 MLB All-Star Game, 2000, 2004 MLB All-Star Game, 2004, 2010 MLB All-Star Game, 2010, 2014 MLB All-Star Game, 2014)
* MLB Comeback Player of the Year Award, NL Comeback Player of the Year (2010)
* List of Major League Baseball wins champions, AL wins champion (2000)
Hamdeen Sabahi

**Hamdeen Sabahi** (, ; born 5 July 1954) is an Egyptian left-wing politician, journalist and poet. He is the leader of the Egyptian Popular Current. He also leads National Salvation Front with Amr Moussa. Sabahi is a Nasserist.

## Early life

Sabahi was born in a small town to a peasant father.
Wanderlei Silva

**Wanderlei César da Silva** ( ; ; born July 3, 1976) is a Brazilian retired mixed martial artist. He is nicknamed "_The Axe Murderer_" and "_Cachorro Louco_". Silva is best known for his time in Pride Fighting Championships and the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) promotions. He is the record holder for most wins, knockouts, title defenses, and longest winning streak in PRIDE history. He has a black belt in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and black prajied in Muay Thai. He is known for his aggressive fighting style with the most of his fights ending in either a knockout or referee stoppage because of strikes.

On 22 October 2013, he was announced as a coach for _The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3_, where he would compete against his long-time rival Chael Sonnen. Silva was suppose to have a bout with Sonnen, which was briefly attached to UFC 173. and then at The Ultimate Fighter: Brazil 3 Finale was expected to take place on July 5, 2014 at UFC 175. UFC president Dana White would later say that the fight had to be moved back when Silva injured his hand and back during a brawl with Sonnen which happened during the filming of the show. Silva was pulled from the fight entirely because he had failed to submit an application to fight in the state of Nevada, as well as him refusing to undergo a random drug test. Silva was replaced by Vitor Belfort. On June 10, 2014, Chael Sonnen was reported to have failed a drug test and was not allowed to fight on the UFC 175 card, due to his failed drug test, Sonnen announced that he was retiring from the sport the next day.

On September 19, 2014, Silva announced that he was retiring from mixed martial arts.

## Other websites

- Official website
- UFC profile
Lofa County

**Lofa County** is a county in Liberia.

The county is bordered by Bong County to the south and Gbarpolu County to the west. The northwestern parts of Lofa border the nation of Sierra Leone. The northeastern parts border Guinea. Mount Wuteve, the highest mountain in Liberia, is in the county.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lofa County
- **settlement type**: Counties of Liberia, County
- **nickname**: Tambah Nyumah
- **image flag**: Flag of Lofa County.svg
- **image map**: Lofa in Liberia.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Liberia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Liberia
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Voinjama
- **subdivision type2**: Districts
- **subdivision name2**: 6
- **leader title**: Superintendent
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1964
- **area total km2**: 9982
- **population as of**: 2008
- **population total**: 270114
- **population density km2**: 27.1
- **timezone**: GMT
- **utc offset**: +0
John Mercer Langston

**John Mercer Langston** (December 14, 1829 – November 15, 1897) was a dean at Howard University. He helped create the department of law at the university.

Langston was born a free black in Virginia. His mother used to be a slave. His father was English. He was elected town clerk in Ohio. This made him the first black person to hold a public office (a job where the people vote for you). In 1888, he was elected to the U.S. Congress. He was the first black congressman from Virginia.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jhon Mercer Langston
- **image**: John Mercer Langston - Brady-Handy.jpg
- **state**: Virginia
- **term start**: September 23, 1890
- **term end**: March 3, 1891
- **predecessor**: Edward Carrington Venable
- **successor**: James F. Epes
- **office1**: United States Ambassador to Dominican Republic, United States Minister Resident to the Dominican Republic
Acting
- **president1**: Chester A. Arthur
Grover Cleveland
- **term start1**: March 26, 1884
- **term end1**: June 23, 1885
- **predecessor1**: Position established
- **successor1**: John E. W. Thompson, John Thompson
- **office2**: United States Ambassador to Haiti, United States Minister Resident to Haiti
- **president2**: Rutherford B. Hayes
James A. Garfield
Chester A. Arthur
Grover Cleveland
- **term start2**: November 27, 1877
- **term end2**: June 30, 1885
- **predecessor2**: Ebenezer Bassett
- **successor2**: George Washington Williams
- **birth name**: John Mercer Langston
- **birth place**: Louisa, Virginia, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Caroline Wall
- **children**: 5
- **education**: Oberlin College (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Masters of Arts, MA)
- **signature**: Signature of John Mercer Langston.png
Michelin Guide

The **Michelin Guide** (French: _Guide Michelin_) is a series of annual guide books published by the French company _Michelin_ for over a century. It lists good restaurants and hotels.

The term normally refers to the Michelin **Red Guide**, the oldest and best-known European hotel and restaurant reference guide. A team of experts gives **Michelin stars** for excellence to a select few establishments. The gain or loss of a star can have a big effect on the success of a restaurant.

The guides cover western Europe in detail, major cities in the USA, Japan and Hong Kong Macau. _Michelin_ was and is a tyre company, and the guides were originally meant to be packed in the car as you went touring through France. That is why they cover hotels as well as restaurants.
Drive Angry

***Drive Angry*** is a supernatural 2011 action movie. It stars Amber Heard and Nicolas Cage. The movie is about criminals and fast cars.

The movie got mixed reviews by critics. It made less than its budget.
Shaukat Tarin

**Shaukat Tarin** or **Shaukat Tareen** (born 1 January 1953) is a senior Pakistani banker. He was Pakistan's finance minister from 2009 to 2010.
Alf Ivar Samuelsen

**Alf Ivar Samuelsen** (28 February 1942 – 16 September 2014) was a Norwegian politician for the Centre Party. Samuelsen served as Mayor of Flakstad. He served as mayor from 1986 through 1987. Samuelsen was born in Flakstad. He was elected to the Parliament of Norway from Nordland in 2005. He was not re-elected in 2009.

Samuelsen died in a tractor accident on 16 September 2014 in Flakstad. He was 72.
Andriy Husin

**Andriy Leonidovych Husin** (; 11 December 1972 – 17 September 2014) was a professional Ukrainian football player and coach.

He played in the Ukraine national football team. He was one of Ukraine's most capped players. He was a member of Ukraine's 2006 World Cup Squad, and played several games in the 2006 World Cup.

Husin was killed in a motorcycle crash in Kyiv on 17 September 2014.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Andriy Husin
- **image**: Матч «Динамо-2» - «Металлург» З. 11 сентября 2011 года — 186830.jpg
- **fullname**: Andriy Leonidovych Husin
- **birth place**: Zolochiv, Lviv Oblast, Soviet Union
- **death place**: Kyiv, Ukraine
- **position**: Defensive midfielder
- **years1**: 1991
- **clubs1**: FC Skala Stryi, Karpaty Kamianka-Buzka
- **caps1**: 2
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1992
- **clubs2**: FC Hazovyk Komarne, Hazovyk Komarne
- **caps2**: 16
- **goals2**: 3
- **years3**: 1992–1993
- **clubs3**: FC Karpaty Lviv, Karpaty Lviv
- **caps3**: 17
- **goals3**: 4
- **years4**: 1993–2005
- **clubs4**: FC Dynamo Kyiv, Dynamo Kyiv
- **caps4**: 170
- **goals4**: 22
- **years5**: 1995–1996
- **clubs5**: → FC CSKA Kyiv, CSKA-Borysfen Kyiv (loan)
- **caps5**: 27
- **goals5**: 9
- **years6**: 2005–2007
- **clubs6**: FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, Krylia Sovetov
- **caps6**: 39
- **goals6**: 9
- **years7**: 2008
- **clubs7**: FC Saturn Ramenskoe
- **caps7**: 13
- **goals7**: 0
- **years8**: 2009
- **clubs8**: FC Khimki
- **caps8**: 0
- **goals8**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 284
- **totalgoals**: 47
- **nationalyears1**: 1993–2006
- **nationalteam1**: Ukraine national football team, Ukraine
- **nationalcaps1**: 71
- **nationalgoals1**: 9
- **pcupdate**: 26 June 2009
- **manageryears1**: 2007–2008
- **managerclubs1**: FC Saturn Ramenskoe (assistant coach)
- **manageryears2**: 2010
- **managerclubs2**: FC Anzhi Makhachkala (assistant coach)
- **manageryears3**: 2010–2013
- **managerclubs3**: FC Dynamo-2 Kyiv
- **manageryears4**: 2013
- **managerclubs4**: FC Krylia Sovetov Samara (assistant coach)
- **manageryears5**: 2013–2014
- **managerclubs5**: FC Anzhi Makhachkala (assistant coach)
China Zorrilla

**China Zorrilla** (, **Concepción Matilde Zorrilla de San Martín Muñoz**; 14 March 1922 – 17 September 2014) was an Uruguayan theater, movie, and television actress. She was known for her roles in _La maffia_, _Esperando la carroza_, _Besos en la Frente_, _Conversations with Mother_, and in _Elsa & Fred_.

Zorrilla died on 17 September 2014 from pneumonia in a hospital in Montevideo, Uruguay, aged 92.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: China Zorrilla
- **image**: China Zorrilla Uruguayan Actor.jpg
- **caption**: Zorrilla in 1970
- **image size**: 180px
- **birthname**: Concepción Zorrilla de San Martín Muñoz
- **birth place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **death place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **occupation**: Actress
Linwood Holton

**Abner Linwood Holton, Jr.** (September 21, 1923 – October 28, 2021) was an American and attorney. He served as the 61st Governor of Virginia. He served as governor from 1970 to 1974. He was the first Republican governor since Reconstruction. Holton, Jr. was born in Big Stone Gap, Virginia.

His daughter, Anne Holton, is married to United States Senator of Virginia Tim Kaine.

Holton died on October 28, 2021 in Kilmarnock, Virginia at the age of 98.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birth name**: Abner Linwood Holton, Jr.
- **image**: Linwood Holton (1971 Bugle).png
- **office**: Assistant Secretary of State for Legislative Affairs
- **president**: Richard Nixon
- **term start**: February 28, 1974
- **term end**: January 31, 1975
- **predecessor**: Marshall Wright (diplomat), Marshall Wright
- **successor**: Robert J. McCloskey
- **order1**: 61st Governor of Virginia
- **lieutenant1**: J. Sargeant Reynolds, Sargeant Reynolds
Henry Howell
- **term start1**: January 17, 1970
- **term end1**: January 12, 1974
- **predecessor1**: Mills E. Godwin, Jr.
- **successor1**: Mills E. Godwin, Jr.
- **birth place**: Big Stone Gap, Virginia, Big Stone Gap, Virginia, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Kilmarnock, Virginia, Kilmarnock, Virginia, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **children**: Anne Holton, Anne
Woody Holton, Woody
Dwight
Tayloe
- **alma mater**:
Harvard Law School, Harvard University
Constitution of Chile

The **Political Chilean Constitution ** () is the main source about the actual structure of the government and laws in Chile. It was approved in a plebiscite in 1980 and effective in 1981. The main editor of the constitutional text was Jaime Guzmán. The original text contains 120 articles, with 29 transitional provisions. It was reformed in 1989, 1991, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007 and the last constitutional reform was made in 2008. Now the actual text contains 129 articles and 21 transitory provisions.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutionalism

## Other websites

- The Chilean Constitution in Wikisource
- Official translation of the original 1980 Constitution  (PDF file)
- "Untying the knot" (The Economist)