juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chris Evert

**Christine Marie "Chris" Evert** (born 21 December 1954) is an American retired tennis player.

Evert was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, a daughter of tennis player and coach Jimmy Evert.

Evert turned professional in 1972. In singles, she won the Australian Open in 1982 and 1984. She won the French Open in 1974, 1975, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985 and 1986. She won Wimbledon in 1974, 1976 and 1981. She won the US Open in 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980 and 1982. In doubles, she won the French Open in 1974 and 1975, as well as Wimbledon in 1976. She retired in 1989.

She was engaged to Jimmy Connors in 1974. She married John Lloyd in 1979; they divorced in 1987. She married Andy Mill in 1988; they had three sons. She divorced him in 2006. She married Greg Norman in 2008; they divorced in 2009. She lives in Boca Raton, Florida.
Senate of Chile

The **Senate of Chile** is the upper house of Chile's bicameral National Congress established in the Chilean constitution.

## Related pages

- President of the Senate of Chile
- National Congress of Chile
- Chamber of Deputies of Chile

## Other websites

- The Official website of the Chilean Senate

## Infobox (legislature)

- **background color**: navy
- **text color**: navy
- **name**: Senate of the Republic of Chile
- **native name**: Senado de la República de Chile
- **legislature**: :es:LIV Período Legislativo del Congreso Nacional de Chile, 54th National Congress
- **coa pic**: Emblema Senado de la Republica Chile.png
- **coa caption**: Seal
- **house type**: Upper House
- **body**: National Congress of Chile
- **term limits**: None
- **leader1 type**: President of the Senate of Chile, President
- **leader1**: Andrés Zaldívar
- **party1**: Christian Democratic Party (Chile), Christian Democratic Party
- **election1**: March 21, 2017
- **leader2 type**: Vice-President
- **leader2**: :es:Adriana Muñoz D'Albora, Adriana Muñoz D'Albora
- **party2**: Party for Democracy (Chile), PPD
- **election2**: July 7, 2015
- **members**: 38
- **political groups1**: **Nueva Mayoría, New Majority (21)**
; Christian Democratic Party (Chile), DC (7)
; Socialist Party of Chile, PS (6)
; Party for Democracy (Chile), PPD (6)
; Broad Social Movement, MAS (1)
; Independent candidate, New Majority's independents (1)
**Chile Vamos (14)**
; Independent Democrat Union, UDI (7)
; National Renewal (Chile), RN (6)
; Chile Vamos, Chile Vamos' independents (1)
**Out of pact (3)**:
; :es:Democracia Regional Patagónica, DRP (1)
; Amplitude (political party), Amplitude (1)
; Independent (1)
- **voting system1**: Binomial System
- **structure1**: Senado de Chile actual.svg
- **structure1 res**: 300px
- **last election1**: Chilean parliamentary election, 2017, November 19, 2017
- **next election1**: Chilean parliamentary election, 2021, November 21, 2021
- **meeting place**: Senate Chamber, National Congress Building, Valparaíso, Chile
- **website**: http://www.senado.cl
Laurie Metcalf

**Laura Elizabeth "Laurie" Metcalf** (born June 16, 1955) is an American movie and television series actress. She played Jackie Harris in the sitcom _Roseanne_. She played Carolyn Bigsby in the sitcom _Desperate Housewives_ She played Debbie Salt in _Scream 2_. She played one of the characters in the _Toy Story_ franchise. Metcalf received three Emmy Awards for her performance. She was born in Carbondale, Illinois. She was married to Jeff Perry. In 2018, she won a Tony Award.
Robert Herbert

**Sir Robert George Wyndham Herbert** (1831-1905) was the first Premier of Queensland. He was premier twice, the first time when Queensland became an independent colony, from 10 December 1859 to 1 February 1866 and then again from 20 July 1866 to 7 August 1866.

He was educated at Eton College and Balliol College, Oxford.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Robert George Wyndham Herbert
- **image**: Robert Herbert.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Sir Robert Herbert
- **order**: 1st
- **office**: Premier of Queensland
- **term start**: 10 December 1859
- **term end**: 1 February 1866
- **successor**: George Macalister
- **order2**: 3rd
- **office2**: Premier of Queensland
- **term start2**: 20 July 1866
- **term end2**: 7 August 1866
- **predecessor2**: George Macalister
- **successor2**: George Macalister
- **birth date**: 12 June 1831
- **birth place**: Brighton, Sussex, England
- **death date**: 6 May 1905
- **death place**: Ickleton, Cambridgeshire, England
Lara Giddings

**Larissa Tahireh Giddings** (born 14 November 1972) was the 44th Premier of Tasmania. She became premier on 24 January 2011 when David Bartlett resigned. She is the first woman to be Premier of Tasmania, as well as the youngest woman elected to an Australian parliament.

On 15 March 2014, in the Tasmanian state election the Labor government led by Lara Giddings was defeated by the Liberals led by Will Hodgman.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Larissa Tahireh Giddings
- **image**: Lara Giddings.jpg
- **order**: 44th
- **office**: Premier of Tasmania
- **term start**: 24 January 2011
- **term end**: 31 March 2014
- **predecessor**: David Bartlett
- **successor**: Will Hodgman
- **constituency**: Franklin
- **birth date**: 14 November 1972
- **birth place**: Goroka, Papua New Guinea.
- **party**: Australian Labor Party
Bother

**Bother** may mean:

- "Bother" (song)
- _Bother! The Brain of Pooh_, a stage show
Bother (song)

"**Bother**" is the second single from the alternative metal band Stone Sour's first album _Stone Sour_. It was originally released as a solo song by frontman Corey Taylor, but the billing was later changed to Stone Sour. The song was one of Stone Sour's first songs to put them into the mainstream. The cover features Taylor's hands and rings, one of them being a Spider-Man ring which is a reference to the song being featured on the soundtrack to the film _Spider-Man_ (although the track is credited to Taylor as the performer not Stone Sour) and to Taylor being a fan of Spider-Man. The other has the number 8 on it, representing Taylor's number in Slipknot. Taylor has stated that the song is about when he moved back to Des Moines from Denver, where he hoped to try to move forward with his music.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Bother
- **artist**: Stone Sour
- **album**: Stone Sour (album), Stone Sour
- **released**: April 30, 2002
- **recorded**: 2002
- **genre**: Post-grunge
- **length**: 4:00
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **writer**: Corey Taylor
- **prev title**: Get Inside
- **prev year**: 2002
- **next title**: Inhale (song), Inhale
- **next year**: 2003
Tan (disambiguation)

**Tan** may refer to:

- Tan (color)
- Tan (goat pattern)
- Tanning
- Tan (salon)
Christopher Showerman

**Christopher Frederick Showerman** (born June 24, 1971) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for playing George in _George of the Jungle 2_, taking over from Brendan Fraser.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Interview for "The Land That Time Forgot"
- Actors Life
- Shorrisfilm.com
San'yōdō

is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

## History

_San'yōdō_ was one of the main circuits of the _Gokishichidō_ system. It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the _Gokishichido_ became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including _San'yōdō_, remained cultural markers.

## Geography

_San'yōdō_ is the southern part of southern Honshū.  The region is on the Seto Inland Sea.  It has includes eight ancient provinces,  including
- Aki
- Bingo
- Bitchū
- Bizen
- Harima
- Mimasaka
- Nagato
- Suō

The lands of four prefectures is in the region of _San'yōdō_: Hiroshima, Hyōgo, Okayama and Yamaguchi.

The modern national highway, Route 2, the San'yō Expressway, and the San'yō Main Line of the West Japan Railway Company, follow the approximate route of the San'yōdō.

## Related pages

- Chūgoku region
- Comparison of regions of Japan
George Graham (clockmaker)

**George Graham** (1673 in Cumberland, England - November 16, 1751, London)  was an English watchmaker and inventor. .He was a member of the British Royal Society. He was a close friend of the well known clockmaker Thomas Tompion. Graham invented many improvements to the pendulum clock. He invented the  mercury compensating pendulum.
George Graham (footballer)

**George Graham** (born 30 November 1944)  is a Scottish former football player and manager.

### Club

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Continental|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1961–62|Aston Villa|First Division|0|0|0|0|0|0|–|–|0|0|
|1962–63|2|1|0|0|2|0|–|–|4|1|||
|1963–64|6|1|0|0|0|0|–|–|6|1|||
|1964–65|Chelsea|First Division|30|17|5|0|7|4|–|–|42|21|
|1965–66|33|17|6|3|0|0|11|3|50|23|||
|1966–67|9|1|–|–|1|1|–|–|10|2|||
|1966–67|Arsenal|First Division|33|11|4|1|–|–|–|–|37|12|
|1967–68|38|16|5|0|8|5|–|–|51|21|||
|1968–69|26|4|1|0|5|0|–|–|32|4|||
|1969–70|36|7|2|0|4|2|11|5|53|14|||
|1970–71|38|11|6|1|5|1|8|1|57|14|||
|1971–72|40|8|9|0|4|1|6|1|59|10|||
|1972–73|16|2|–|–|3|0|–|–|19|2|||
|1972–73|Manchester United|First Division|18|1|1|0|–|–|–|–|19|1|
|1973–74|24|1|1|0|1|0|–|–|26|1|||
|1974–75|Second Division|1|0|–|–|0|0|–|–|1|0||
|1974–75|Portsmouth|Second Division|19|3|||||–|–|19+|3+|
|1975–76|39|2|||||–|–|39+|2+|||
|1976–77|Third Division|3|0|||||–|–|3+|0+||
|1976–77|Crystal Palace|Third Division|23|2|||||–|–|23+|2+|
|1977–78|Second Division|21|0|||||–|–|21+|0+||
|1978|California Surf|NASL|17|0|–|–|–|–|–|–|17|0|

### International

|-
|1971||2||1
|-
|1972||6||0
|-
|1973||4||2
|-
!Total||12||3
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: George Graham
- **image**: George Graham (1970).png
- **caption**: Graham in April 1970
- **fullname**: George Graham
- **birth place**: Bargeddie, Scotland
- **position**: Midfielder / Forward (association football), forward
- **youthyears1**: 1959–1961
- **youthclubs1**: Aston Villa Under-23s and Academy, Aston Villa
- **years1**: 1961–1964
- **clubs1**: Aston Villa F.C., Aston Villa
- **caps1**: 8
- **goals1**: 2
- **years2**: 1964–1966
- **clubs2**: Chelsea F.C., Chelsea
- **caps2**: 72
- **goals2**: 35
- **years3**: 1966–1972
- **clubs3**: Arsenal F.C., Arsenal
- **caps3**: 227
- **goals3**: 60
- **years4**: 1972–1974
- **clubs4**: Manchester United F.C., Manchester United
- **caps4**: 43
- **goals4**: 2
- **years5**: 1974–1976
- **clubs5**: Portsmouth F.C., Portsmouth
- **caps5**: 61
- **goals5**: 5
- **years6**: 1976–1977
- **clubs6**: Crystal Palace F.C., Crystal Palace
- **caps6**: 44
- **goals6**: 2
- **years7**: 1978
- **clubs7**: California Surf
- **caps7**: 17
- **goals7**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 472
- **totalgoals**: 106
- **nationalyears1**: 1964–1965
- **nationalteam1**: Scotland national under-21 football team, Scotland U23
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 1971–1973
- **nationalteam2**: Scotland national football team, Scotland
- **nationalcaps2**: 12
- **nationalgoals2**: 3
- **manageryears1**: 1982–1986
- **managerclubs1**: Millwall F.C., Millwall
- **manageryears2**: 1986–1995
- **managerclubs2**: Arsenal F.C., Arsenal
- **manageryears3**: 1996–1998
- **managerclubs3**: Leeds United F.C., Leeds United
- **manageryears4**: 1998–2001
- **managerclubs4**: Tottenham Hotspur F.C., Tottenham Hotspur
George Graham

**George Graham** may mean:

- George Graham (clockmaker), 1673-1751, from England
- George Graham (footballer), born 1944 in Scotland
San'indō

is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

## History

_San'indō_ was one of the main circuits of the _Gokishichidō_ system.  It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the _Gokishichido_ became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including _San'indō_, remained cultural markers.

## Geography

_San'indō_ is the northern part of southern Honshū.  The region is on the Sea of Japan.  It is a geographic region which has eight ancient provinces, including
- Hōki
- Inaba
- Iwami
- Izumo
- Oki
- Tajima
- Tamba
- Tango

The lands of three prefectures is in the region of _San'indō_: Kyoto, Hyōgo and Tottori.

Today, Route 9, the San'in Expressway, and the San'in Main Line of the West Japan Railway Company follow the approximate route of the San'indō.

## Related pages

- Chūgoku region
- Comparison of regions of Japan
Otitis

**Otitis** means inflammation or infection of the ear. It can happen in both humans and other animals. It can affect different parts of the ear:
- _Otitis externa_, also called "swimmer's ear," affects the outer ear and ear canal.
- _Otitis media_ affects the middle ear.
- _Otitis interna_ affects the inner ear.

Symptons include ear wax, ear-ache and headaches. It often affects sinuses and throat also.

Scientists have found signs of ear infections in the bones of humans who lived 15,000 years ago.
Synovial fluid

**Synovial fluid** is viscous non-Newtonian fluid within the cavities of synovial joints. Synovial means _yolk like_. The principal role for synovial fluid is to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of the joints during movement.
Cracking joints

**Cracking joints** consist of the action of moving joints to the point of producing popping or cracking sounds. This commonly occurs during deliberate knuckle cracking. This usually happens in the fingers. However, it can also happen in hips, wrists, elbows, ankles, knees and toes, particularly if they are moved into unusual positions. Cracking or popping usually happens due to cavitation within the joints, in particular cavitation related to synovial fluid.
Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy

"**Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy**" is a dance for a ballerina. It is the third movement in _The Nutcracker pas de deux_. This _pas de deux_ is from Act 2 of the 1892 ballet _The Nutcracker_.  It is danced by the principal female dancer. The number was choreographed by Lev Ivanov to music written by Tchaikovsky.

Choreographer Marius Petipa wanted the Sugar Plum Fairy's music to sound like "drops of water shooting from a fountain". Tchaikovsky found the ideal instrument to do this job in Paris in 1891. It was then that he came across the recently invented _celesta_. This instrument looked like a piano. It sounded like bells. Tchaikovsky wrote, "[The celesta is] midway between a tiny piano and a Glockenspiel, with a divinely wonderful sound." He wanted to use the celesta in _The Nutcracker_. He asked his publisher to buy one. He wanted to keep the purchase a secret. He did not want other Russian composers to "get wind of it and ... use it for unusual effects before me."

Tchaikovsky  introduced the _celesta_ to Russian music lovers on 19 March 1892 when the _Nutcracker Suite_ was performed for the Russian Musical Society in St. Petersburg. The instrument is forever identified with the Sugar Plum Fairy. It is heard in other parts of Act 2 of _The Nutcracker_ besides the Sugar Plum Fairy's dance. The "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy" is one of the ballet's best known musical numbers. It is often "jazzed up" for television commercials at Christmas time.

There is little information about the Sugar Plum Fairy's original choreography. In the first performances the _presto_ at the end of the dance was cut. According to Roland John Wiley, the dance appears to have consisted of short _pointe_ steps, _petite batteries_, and _attitudes_ in various combinations. He describes the dance as having "a sense of dynamic build up: from delicate angularity ... to circular shapes, to plainer but more virtuoso movements_pirouettes_ to _rounds de jambe_near the end."

The first Sugar Plum Fairy was Antonietta Dell'Era. She was a good technician, but Tchaikovsky's brother Modest described her as pudgy and unattractive. Although the Sugar Plum Fairy is the _prima ballerina_ of _The Nutcracker_, she has very little dancing to do. This was considered a major defect among early critics. Dell'Era tried to expand the role of the Sugar Plum Fairy in later performances by putting a gavotte by Czibulka into the score.

## References

- Notes

- Sources
- Anderson, Jack. 1979. _The Nutcracker Ballet_. Gallery Books.
- Brown, David. 1991. _Tchaikovsky: the final years, 1885-1893_. Norton.
- Wiley, Roland John. 1985. _Tchaikovsky's Ballets_. Oxford University Press.
- Luke Cibelli. 1985.
Black-and-white ruffed lemur

The **black-and-white ruffed lemur** (_Varecia variegata_) is a threatened species native to the eastern coasts of Madagascar. Including the tail, black-and-white ruffed lemurs are one of the largest of the lemurs in the world, being 4 feet tall and weighing 10 pounds. They can live up to 18 years in captivity. Like all ruffed lemurs, they get their name from the thick fur that surrounds their whole head.

## Diet

Black-and-white ruffed lemurs mainly eat fruits, leaves, seeds and nectar, and insects. In captivity, some zoos will include biscuits to their meals.
Pear (color)

**Pear** is a pale chartreuse yellowish color that looks like the color of the outer surface of Anjou or Bartlett pears.

## Meaning of pear

- The color pear represents something or someone that is sweet, juicy, and satisfying like the fruit.

## Tones of pear color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Pear Sorbet|style = "background-color: #f4eed7;"||#F4EED7|244|238|215|48°|57%|90%|(Pantone TPX 11-0615)|
|**Pear**|style = "background-color: #d1e231;"||**#D1E231**|**209**|**226**|**49**|**66°**|**75%**|**54%**|**(PerBang.dk)**|
|Medium Winter Pear|style = "background-color: #b0b583;"||#B0B583|176|181|131|66°|25%|61%|(Winter Pear Pantone TPX 15-0523)|
|Winter Pear|style = "background-color: #8a9a5b; color:#ffffff;"||#8A9A5B|138|154|91|75°|26%|48%|(Plochere)|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Lycopod

The **Lycopods** (**Lycopodiophyta** or **Lycophyta**) are the oldest surviving vascular plant division. This is a subdivision of the plant kingdom. Its earliest fossils are from 428–410 million years ago.<sup>p99</sup>

The Lycopods include some of the most primitive (basal) living species. They reproduce by shedding spores and have macroscopic alternation of generations. Members of Lycopodiophyta have a protostele, and the sporophyte generation is dominant.

Lycopods differ from all other vascular plants in having microphylls, leaves that have only a single vein rather than the much more complex megaphylls found in ferns and seed plants.

## The first coalfields

The lycopods, or club mosses, are the main plants in the Carboniferous rain forests. They were only partly eaten by insects and other life-forms. Mostly they formed swamplands which in the course of time became coal measures. In fact most of the coal from the Carboniferous period comes from these swamplands.

## Classification

There are around 1,200 living species of Lycopodiophyta; they are generally divided into three orders. There are also some extinct groups. There are different opinions as to how the whole group should be classified.<sup>p8</sup> Living groups are:

- Lycopodiales: Clubmosses
- Isoetales: Quillworts
- Selaginellales: Spikemosses
Marie Bashir

**Dame Marie Roslyn Bashir**  (1 December 1930 – 20 January 2026) was an Australian physician and politician who was the 37th Governor of New South Wales from 2001 until 2014. She was the first woman to hold the position. She was appointed on 1 March 2001.

In 2014, Bashir said that she would step down as governor and said that the time was right for her to go. She said she did not want to break the record of longest service New South Wales governor set by Sir Roden Cutler because she respected him as a war hero.

## Early life

Bashir was born in Narrandera, New South Wales, and later went to the Sydney Girls High School. She studied medicine and surgery at the University of Sydney, graduating in 1956. She worked in mental health, and became the Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Sydney.

## Personal life

From 1957 until his death in 2018, Bashir was married to former Sydney Lord Mayor Sir Nicholas Shehadie.

Bashir died on 20 January 2026 in Sydney, Australia at the age of 95.

## Honors

She was made an Officer of the Order of Australia in 1988 for her services to child and adolescent health.

## Infobox (governor)

- **image**: Marie-bashir-in-wahroonga-2008 Crop.jpg
- **honorific-prefix**: Professor The Honourable
- **name**: Dame Marie Bashir
- **office**: 37th Governor of New South Wales
- **term start**: 1 March 2001
- **term end**: 1 October 2014
- **lieutenant1**: James Spigelman
Tom Bathurst
- **premier**: Bob Carr
Morris Iemma
Nathan Rees
Kristina Keneally
Barry O'Farrell
Mike Baird
- **monarch**: Elizabeth II
- **predecessor**: Gordon Samuels
- **successor**: David Hurley
- **order2**: 17th List of University of Sydney people#Administration, Chancellor of the University of Sydney
- **term start2**: 1 June 2007
- **term end2**: 15 December 2012
- **2blankname2**: Vice-Chancellor
- **2namedata2**: Gavin Brown (academic), Gavin Brown
Michael Spence (academic), Michael Spence
- **predecessor2**: Kim Santow
- **successor2**: Belinda Hutchinson
- **birth place**: Narrandera, New South Wales, Australia
- **death place**: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **spouse**: Nicholas Shehadie, Sir Nicholas Shehadie
(m. 1957–2018)
- **children**: Michael Shehadie
Susan Shehadie
Alexandra Shehadie
- **residence**: Mosman, New South Wales
- **alma mater**: University of Sydney
- **occupation**: Psychiatrist
- **profession**: Medicine and Psychiatry
Cecil Woodham-Smith

**Cecil Blanche Woodham-Smith** (_née_ **Fitzgerald**; 29 April 1896 – 16 March 1977) was a British historian. She wrote _The Great Hunger_ about the history of the Potato Famine in Ireland. She was critical of the British government's handling of the famine in the book. She was particularly critical of Charles Edward Trevelyan, the man who ran the British government's relief effort in Ireland, and accused him of having anti-Irish racial sentiments.
Solenn Colléter

**Solenn Colléter** is a French novelist born in Paris in 1974. Graduate from _École nationale de l'aviation civile_ ("French civil aviation university" ; promotion 1993), she is the author of _Je suis morte et je n’ai rien appris_ ("I am dead and I learned nothing" ; _Éditions Albin Michel_) about hazing in university studies.

## Bibliography

- Solenn Colléter, _Lettres de sang sur la côte sauvage_, Alain Bargain, 2005, 541 p. ()
- Solenn Colléter, _Je suis morte et je n'ai rien appris_, Albin Michel, 2007, 359 p. ()

## Other websites

- Solenn Colléter on Albin Michel website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Solenn Colléter
- **birth date**: 1974
- **nationality**: France, French
- **education**: Aerospace engineer
- **alma mater**: École nationale de l'aviation civile
- **occupation**: Novelist
Surrogacy

**Surrogacy** means getting pregnant and carrying a child for other persons/person who will become the child's parents\parent after their birth. Some reasons why people may look for surrogacy is if a single man wants a child, pregnancy is too much of a risk, or if a woman cannot have children through their own pregnancy.  The carrier of the children is called a surrogate mother.

It may or may not involve monetary arrangements between the surrogate and the biological parents. In some countries like China, Japan, Germany and France it is considered illegal. In Australia and New Zealand commercial surrogacy is an offence. India is the main destination for this as surrogacy here is cheaper.

Many people believe that surrogacy is exploitation of women; It uses women's organs as a tool for making money.

### China

Scholars mostly say that surrogacy can lead to (or incites) social instability both for the Chinese Government and the public; That is because of civil disputes, crime, the spread of disease, and gender disproportion. However, laws have not been made against surrogacy; However, the state government's attitude is to ban surrogacy.

## Other websites

- Types of surrogacy
Manicouagan crater

The **Manicouagan crater** is one of the oldest known impact craters. It is in the Côte-Nord region of Québec, Canada.

It was caused by the impact of a  diameter asteroid about 215.5 million years ago, in the Upper Triassic.

The crater is a multiple-ring structure about  across. Its inner ring is its most prominent feature. This is a  diameter annular lake, the Manicouagan Reservoir, surrounding an inner island plateau. It is the earth's fifth largest confirmed impact crater.

## Multiple impact event

The Manicouagan crater may have been part of a multiple impact event which also formed the Rochechouart crater in France, Saint Martin crater in Manitoba, Obolon' crater in Ukraine, and Red Wing crater in North Dakota. The five craters form a chain, indicating the breakup and subsequent impact of an asteroid or comet, like the impacts of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter in 1994.

Laser argon-argon dating of the glass formed by the impacts, and stratigraphic evidence, support an age of 215 ± 25 mya. The impact places have moved far apart in the intervening 214 million years. Three of the craters—Rochechouart, Manicouagan and Saint Martin—formed a  chain at latitude 22.8° N, while Obolon' and Red Wing lay on identical declination paths with Rochechouart and Saint Martin respectively. All of the craters had previously been known and studied, but their paleoalignment had never before been demonstrated. The chance that these craters could be aligned like this accidentally are nearly zero.
−1 (number)

|colspan="2"  style="text-align:center; font:10em verdana; background:#ccc;"|**-2**−1 **0**|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan="2"||||||
|Cardinal|minus one, negative one, one below|||||
|Arabic|−<span style="font-size:150%;">١</span>|||||
|Chinese numeral|负一，负弌，负壹|||||
|Bengali|ô<span style="font-size:150%;">১</span>|||||
|Binary (byte)|{||S&M: 2sC:|style="text-align:right;"|100000001<sub>2</sub> 11111111<sub>2</sub>|}|
|Hex (byte)|{||S&M: 2sC:|style="text-align:right;"|0x101<sub>8</sub> 0xFF<sub>8</sub>|}|

In mathematics, **-1** (**negative one**, **minus one** or **one below**) is the additive inverse of 1. That is, if it is added to 1, the result is 0. It is the negative integer greater than −2 and less than 0.

-1 has some similar properties as positive one. But some are different.

-1 is related to Euler's identity. This is because the identity states e<sup>iπ</sup>=-1

In computer science, -1 is a common initial value for integers. It is also used to show that a variable has no useful information.

## Algebraic properties

Multiplying a number by -1 is the same as changing the sign on the number. This can be proved using the distributive law and the axiom at 1 is the multiplicative identity, that is, a number multiplied by 1 is the number itself. So, for x real, we have

where we used the fact that 0 multiplied by any real number x equals 0, shown by cancellation from the equation

In other words,

so (-1) · _x_ or −_x_ is the arithmetic inverse of _x_.

### Square of −1

The square of -1, i.e. -1 multiplied by -1, equals 1. So, a square of negative real numbers is positive.

To prove this with algebra, start with the equation

The first equality follows from the above result. The second follows from the definition of −1 as additive inverse of 1, that is, when added to 1, it gives 0. Now, using the distributive law, we see that

The second equality follows from the fact that 1 is a multiplicative identity, that is : . But now adding 1 to both sides of this last equation means

The above arguments hold in any ring. Ring is a concept of abstract algebra generalizing integers and real numbers.

### Square roots of −1

The complex number _i_ satisfies _i_<sup>2</sup> = −1. So it is a square root of -1. The only other complex number _x_ for which the equation _x_<sup>2</sup> = -1 holds is -_i_. In the algebra of quaternions, which has the complex plane, the equation _x_<sup>2</sup> = -1 has an infinity of solutions.

## Exponentiation to negative integers

A non-zero real number can have a negative number as its power. We define that _x<sup>-y</sup>_ = 1/_x<sup>y</sup>_. This means a number raised to a power of −1 is equal to the reciprocal of that number. The exponential law _x_<sup>_a_</sup>_x_<sup>_b_</sup> = _x_<sup>(_a_ + _b_)</sup> for a,b non-zero real numbers is true even if a or b is negative.

## Computer representation

There are many ways that −1 (and negative numbers in general) can be represented in computer systems. The most common is as two's complement of their positive form. In standard binary representation, this can also represent a positive integer.
Japanese saw

The **Japanese saw** or **** is a type of saw used in woodworking.  The saw cuts on the pull stroke (when the saw is pulled backwards), unlike many Western saws which cut on the push stroke (when the saw is pushed forward).

## Types of Japanese hand saws

There are several types of Japanese saws:
- is a type of backsaw or a saw with a stiffening strip attached to it

- is a multi-purpose carpentry saw with two cutting edges

- is a small _ryōba_ saw used for cutting into the flat surface of a board rather than from the edge

- is a thin saw used for cutting curves

- is a saw with a disposable blade
MD5

**MD5** is a special algorithm, a mathematical process, used to make computer information secure and safe. MD5 stands for **M**essage **D**igest, and was made to replace the MD4 standard.

It is mainly used for security in database systems. The algorithm generates a unique hash code for every piece of data (strings, text etc.). Any change to the data, either deliberate or accidental, will mean the hash code will also change. By comparing the codes, it is easy to see if a change has been made. MD5 was invented by Ron Rivest of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1991. An MD5 hash code provides a 32-digit hexadecimal number. By 1996, methods were developed to break the security of an MD5 algorithm. This was done by getting another program to make the same hash number for different sets of data. MD5 is no longer considered acceptable for protecting against intentional malicious changes to data, but it is still considered OK to protect from accidental changes, for example single-bit changes caused by noise on a network connection. An MD5 hash could look like: 9c677286866aad38f8e9b660f5411814. This is the hash of the string "Wikipedia".
Pimenta

**Pimenta** might mean:
- Allspice (_Pimenta dioica_)
- Adhemar Pimenta (born 1896), a Brazilian football manager
- Adriano Pimenta (born 1982), a Brazilian football player
- Saulo Estevao da Costa Pimenta (born 1974), a Brazilian football player
Tōsandō

is a Japanese term for both an ancient division of the country and the main road running through the region.

## History

_Tōsandō_ was one of the main circuits of the _Gokishichidō_ system.  It was first established during the Asuka period. Over centuries, the government functions of the _Gokishichido_ became less important. However, the traditional eight regions, including _Tōsandō_, remained cultural markers.

## Geography

_Tōsandō_ is in the central mountains of northern Honshū. It is made of eight ancient provinces,  including
- Ōmi Province
- Mino Province
- Hida Province
- Shinano Province
- Kōzuke Province
- Shimotsuke Province
- Mutsu Province
- Dewa Province

After 711, Tōsandō was understood to include Musashi province.

The lands of many prefectures are in the region of _Tōsandō_: Akita, Aomori, Fukushima, Fiu, Gunma, Iwate, Miyagi, Nagano, Shiga and Tochigi prefectures.

## Related pages

- Tōhoku region
- Comparison of regions of Japan
Mass gathering medicine

**Mass Gathering Medicine** is a field of medicine which deals with health effects/risks of mass gatherings, that generate a higher incidence of injury and illness, may be the subject to a catastrophic accident or attack with large numbers of injured or dead persons.

Such factors as the weather, duration of the event, movement of the crowd, containment of the event (fenced/contained or not), availability of alcohol/drugs, the density of the crowd et al., possibility for spreading of communicable diseases all influence the health care at mass gatherings.

Purposes of Mass Gathering Medical  Services at an event are: rapid access to the injured or ill patients, effective stabilizing and transporting injured or ill patients, on-site care for minor injuries and illnesses. Mass gathering medicine support requires planning.

The World Health Organization supports Member States hosting mass gatherings.
Spring bud

**Spring bud** is the color that used to be called _spring green_ before the X11 web color spring green was formulated in 1987 when the X11 colors were first invented.  This color is now called _spring bud_ to avoid confusion with the web color.

The color **spring bud** is also called **soft spring green** or **spring green (traditional)**.

The first written use of _spring green_ as a color name in English (meaning the color that is now called _spring bud_) was in 1766.

## Meaning of spring bud

- The color _spring bud_ is representative of and brings to mind the young buds of growing vegetation in early spring, and thus it is associated with new life.

## Tones of spring bud color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Pale Spring Bud|style = "background-color: #ecebbd"||#ECEBBD|236|235|189|59°|55%|83%|("Spring Green" (Crayola))|
|Medium Spring Bud|style = "background-color: #c9dc89"||#C9DC89|201|220|137|74°|54%|70%|(Spring Green (ISCC-NBS)) (June Green (Plochere))|
|Go Bunny Go|style = "background-color: #c2e20d"||#C2E20D|194|226|13|69°|89%|47%|(Colour [sic] Lovers 2011 Color of the Year)|
|June Bud|style = "background-color: #bdda57"||#BDDA57|189|218|87|73°|64%|60%|(ISCC-NBS) (Growth  Green (Plochere))|
|**Spring Bud**, Spring green (traditional)|style = "background-color: #a7fc00"||**#A7FC00**|**167**|**252**|**0**|**80°**|**100%**|**49%**|**(Spring Green (Maerz & Paul))**|
|Go Go Go|style = "background-color: #98df62"||#98DF62|152|223|98|94°|66%|63%|(Resene color list)|
|** ** Spring green (Prismacolor)|style = "background-color: 	#9cca3b"||#9CCA3B|156|202|59|79°|57%|51%|Prismacolor PC913 **Spring Green**|
|Dizzy Lizzy|style = "background-color: #80ca2b"||#80CA2B|128|202|43|88°|65%|48%|(Resene color list)|
|Bud Green|style = "background-color: #7bb661"||#7BB661|123|182|97|102°|37%|55%|(Pantone TPX 15-6442)|
|Groovy|style = "background-color: #5ca345"||#5CA345|92|163|69|105°|41%|45%|(Resene color list)|
|May Green|style = "background-color: #4c9141"||#4C9141|76|145|65|112°|38%|41%|(RAL 6017)|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Titian

**Tiziano Vecellio** (sometimes his last name is given as _Vecelli_, born around 1490, in Pieve di Cadore near Belluno,  died 27 August 1576 in Venice) was an Italian painter. His name in English is **Titian**. He was one of the leading painters of the 16th century Venetian school; he is also seen as one of the principal artists of High Renaissance painting of the 16th century. When he was alive, he was often called _Da Cadore_, after his place of birth.

When he was active, the Republic of Venice had a Golden Age, and was well-off economically. Aged nine, Titian went to Venice. The brothers Gentile and Giovanni Bellini taught him how to paint. In 1513, he opened his own shop, and developed into a successful painter, known all over Europe. In 1533, Charles V made him a nobleman. He also obtained a job as a painter at the court of Charles V.  In 1545, Pope Paul III invited him to come to Rome, in 1548 and 1550, Titian accompanied Charles V and his son, Philip II to the Diet of Augsburg. When Titian died of the Plague in the year 1576, he was an old man. He was also one of the most famous painters of Venetian history.

Titian was very productive: in total, he painted 676 works. He did portraits, landscapes, as well as themes from mythology and religious works. All his works are very colorful. This special use of color influenced other painters of the same period a great deal. His works influenced painters such as Peter Paul Rubens, Antoine Watteau and Eugène Delacroix.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Titian
- **image**: Titian - Self-portrait (Museo del Prado).jpg
- **caption**: Titian Self-Portrait (Titian, Madrid), self-portrait, c.1567; Museo del Prado, Madrid
- **birth name**: Tiziano Vecelli
- **birth date**: c. 1488/1490
- **birth place**: Pieve di Cadore
- **death date**: (aged 85-88)
- **death place**: Venice
- **nationality**: Italian people, Italian
- **field**: Painting
- **movement**: High Renaissance
- **works**: Assumption of the Virgin (Titian), Assumption of the The Virgin Mary, Virgin
 Pesaro Altarpiece
 Venus of Urbino
Giorgione

**Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco** ( born 1477 or 1478, died 1510) was a Venetian painter. He is commonly known as **Giorgione**. He died a little over 30, probably of the plague. Today, only about six paintings can be clearly attributed to him. This makes him one of the most mysterious painters of his time. Together with Titian he was one of the most influential painters of his period. He was one of the first Venetian Painters to use Oil Paints for a medium.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Giorgione
- **image**: Giorgione 059.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: A purported self-portrait, represented as David
- **birth name**: Giorgio Barbarelli da Castelfranco
- **birth date**: c. 1477-1478
- **birth place**: Castelfranco Veneto, Italy
- **death date**: 1510 (age 32-33)
- **death place**: Venice, Italy
- **nationality**: Republic of Venice, Venetian
- **field**: Painting
- **training**: Giovanni Bellini
- **movement**: High Renaissance
- **works**: The Tempest (painting), The Tempest
 Sleeping Venus
 Castelfranco Madonna
 The Three Philosophers
Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani

**Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani** (10 May 1940 – 30 May 2012) was a Moroccan economist and writer.

## Biography

Hamza studied Aerospace engineering at _École nationale de l'aviation civile_ (the French civil aviation university; promotion 1963) and was an economist graduate from _ENSAE ParisTech._

He is known as a writer. His work focuses on his hometown, Essaouira.

His first book, "_Une cité sous les alizés_" ("a city under the trade winds"), is a historical study of Mogador-Essaouira from prehistory to World War II. He then turned to fiction but retained a strong historical basis.

In "_Si Mogador m'était contée_" ("If Mogador could talk"), the old narrator, Lalla Aïcha, revives twenty stories from the ignored past of the city. "_Le Soldat qui venait de Mogador_" ("The soldier who came from Mogador") tells the story of the trip to Mecca of Si Taieb El Ech Chiadmi Maskali, in 1912.

"_Le Fils du Soleil_" ("Son of the Sun") is a historical novel that tells the amazing story of Mustapha Zemmouri, better known under the name Estevanico, who was a Moroccan from the Azemmour region, was kidnapped by a Spanish man as a slave and brought to America where he became one of the first discoverers of Arizona and New Mexico.

## Bibliography

- Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani, _Une cité sous les alizés : Mogador des origines à 1939_, Éditions La Porte, 1997, 356 p. ()
- Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani, _Le Fils du soleil : l'Odyssée d'Estevanico de Azemor_, Éditions La Porte, 2006, 316 p. ()
- « _Le Soldat qui venait de Mogador_ » (Ed. La Porte).
- « _Si Mogador était contée_ » (Ed. Eddif).
- « _Kaddour Benghabrit : Un Maghrébin hors du commun_ » (Ed. Marsam).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani
- **birth place**: Essaouira, Morocco
- **death place**: Rabat
- **nationality**: Morocco
- **known for**: Writer
- **education**: Aerospace engineer
 Economist
- **alma mater**: École nationale de l'aviation civile
 École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique, ENSAE ParisTech
- **occupation**: Writer
Ivan Vsevolozhsky

**Ivan Alexandrovich Vsevolozhsky** (; 1835–1909) was a Russian diplomat, theatre director, librettist, and designer. He served as Director of the Imperial Theatres for Saint Petersburg from 1886 to 1899. He commissioned Tchaikovsky to compose the ballets _The Sleeping Beauty_ (1890) and _The Nutcracker_ (1892). He wrote the libretti for both ballets with Marius Petipa. Vsevolozhsky designed costumes and scenery for 25 operas and ballets. In 1899, he was appointed Director of the Hermitage Museum. He remained in this post until his death in 1909.
Troy McClure

**Troy McClure** is a character in The Simpsons voiced by Phil Hartman. He first appeared in the episode "Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment". McClure is a washed-up actor, usually shown doing low-level work, such as hosting infomercials and educational movies. He appears as the central character in "A Fish Called Selma", in which he marries Selma Bouvier to protect his career from failing and quash rumors about his personal life. McClure also 'hosts' two episodes named "The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular" and "The Simpsons Spin-Off Showcase".

McClure was based on B movie actors Troy Donahue and Doug McClure as well as Hartman himself. Following Hartman's murder on May 28, 1998, the character no longer appeared on the show, making his final appearance in the tenth season in "Bart the Mother". McClure is often cited as one of the series' most popular characters; in 2006 IGN ranked him first on their list of the "Top 25 Simpsons Peripheral Characters".

## Other websites

- "The Stellar Acting Career of Troy McClure" at The Simpsons Archive

## Infobox (simpsons character)

- **name**: Troy McClure
- **gender**: Male
- **job**: Actor
- **relatives**: **Ex-wife:** Selma Bouvier
- **appearance**: "Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment"
- **voiceactor**: Phil Hartman
Anton Graff

**Anton Graff** (18 November 1736 – 22 June 1813) was a Swiss painter, of the period called Classicism.  He mostly did portrait painting. He was among the most important painters of his time.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Anton Graff
- **image**: Anton Graff 1765.jpg
- **caption**: With the arrival of this self-portrait (1765) on January 16, 1766, in Dresden Graff’s carrier as one of the most famous portrait artists of the Neoclassicism began
- **birth place**: Winterthur, Switzerland
- **death place**: Dresden, Germany
- **nationality**: Switzerland, Swiss
- **field**: Portrait Painting
- **training**: Johann Ulrich Schellenberg, Johann Jacob Haid, Leonhard Schneider
- **movement**: Neoclassicism
- **works**: Portrait of Frederick the Great (1781). His masterpiece
- **patrons**: Royal Courts of Prussia and Saxony
- **awards**: 1783: Honorary Member of the Akademie der Künste, Berlin, 1812: Honorary Member of the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna and the Academy of Fine Arts, Munich
Carolyn Mary Kleefeld

**Carolyn Mary Kleefeld** is an American artist and poet.
She has had numerous exhibitions and gallery and museum awards between 1981 and today in the major cities of the United States.
Since 1981, Ms. Kleefeld has created several paintings and drawings, ranging from romantic figurative to abstract.

## Life

Kleefeld was born in Catford, England, and moved to Southern California when she was a child. She currently lives in a cliffside house in Big Sur, California.

## Career

Kleefeld attended _UCLA_ from 1974 to 1978, studying art and psychology.

_Climates of the Mind_, her first book, a collection of poetry and philosophical aphorisms, was published in 1979.
In 2008, _Soul Seeds: Revelations & Drawings_, a collection of Kleefeld’s aphorisms and drawings, was published by Cross-Cultural Communications in New York.

Kleefeld is an Honorary Member of IMMAGINE&POESIA, the artistic literary movement founded in Turin, Italy, with the patronage of Aeronwy Thomas (Dylan Thomas's daughter).

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America
Birmingham Town Hall

**Birmingham Town Hall** is a Grade I listed building for concerts and meetings in Victoria Square, Birmingham 1, England.  It was built as a home for the Birmingham Triennial Music Festival which had started in 1784 in order to raise money for a hospital.

Between 2002 and 2008, it was refurbished into a concert hall and is now used for many different kinds of performances such as organ recitals, rock, pop and classical concerts and events such as graduation ceremonies for Aston University.  It has a famous pipe organ which has 90 stops.

## Infobox (venue)

- **name**: Birmingham Town Hall
- **image**: Birmingham Town Hall from Chamberlain Square.jpg
- **location**: Victoria Square, Birmingham, England
- **type**: Concert hall
- **opened**: 1834
- **renovated**: 1996–2007
- **owner**: Birmingham City Council
- **construction cost**: £25,000
- **seating capacity**: 1,100
- **website**: http://www.thsh.co.uk/
Hex editor

A **Hex editor** is a piece of software that allows one to edit binary data on a computer. The name comes from the fact that such data is usually represented as hexadecimal numbers.
Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi

**Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi** (November 16, 1894 – July 27, 1972) was an Austrian politician and philosopher, who was the founder of the first movement for the United States of Europe for integration of Europe.

He was a well known for works the founder of the _Paneuropean Union_ and his wrote book _Pan-Europa_. In 1950, he was awareded Charlemagne Prize.

## Works

- _Adel_ (1922)
- _Pan-Europa_ (1923)
- _Practical Idealism_ (1925)
- _Kampf um Paneuropa_ (3 Volumes, 1925–28)
- _The Totalitarian State Against Man_ (1939)
- _Europe Must Unite_ (1939)
- _Die Europäische Nation_ (1953)
- _Weltmacht Europa_ (1971)

## Other websites

- Paneuropean Union