juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Inventions and Sinfonias (Bach)

The ***Inventions and Sinfonias*** (1720; revised 1723) are 30 pieces of keyboard music (15 each in sinfonia and invention) composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. They are sometimes known as the ***Two and Three Part Inventions***. Bach arranged the two groups of pieces in order of ascending key. Each group covers the eight major and seven minor keys. Bach wrote them as exercises and study pieces for his 12 year old son, Wilhelm Friedemann Bach. The 1720 versions are found in the boy's _Little Keyboard Book_ of 1722. The invention and sinfonias are often used as preparation for two volumes of Bach's _The Well-Tempered Clavier_.

Bach wrote in the preface to the printed edition of the _Inventions and Sinfonias_: "Honest method, by which the amateurs of the keyboard – especially, however, those desirous of learning – are shown a clear way not only (1) to learn to play cleanly in two parts, but also, after further progress, (2) to handle three obligate parts correctly and well; and along with this not only to obtain good inventions (ideas) but to develop the same well; above all, however, to achieve a cantabile style in playing and at the same time acquire a strong foretaste of composition."

## Media

All of these sinfonias are played by Randolph Hokanson.
|Key|Invention|Sinfonia|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|C major||||No. 1, BWV 787|
|C minor||||No. 2, BWV 788|
|D major||||No. 3, BWV 789|
|D minor||||No. 4, BWV 790|
|E-flat major||||No. 5, BWV 791|
|E major||||No. 6, BWV 792|
|E minor||||No. 7, BWV 793|
|F major||||No. 8, BWV 794|
|F minor||||No. 9, BWV 795|
|G major||||No. 10, BWV 796|
|G minor||||No. 11, BWV 797|
|A major||||No. 12, BWV 798|
|A minor||||No. 13, BWV 799|
|B-flat major||||No. 14, BWV 800|
|B minor||||No. 15, BWV 801|
||<span style="color: gray">To play the Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) files (Inventions), click their titles. For information on the MIDI files, click the speaker icon. These are computer-generated representations of Bach's music, and do not convey how a human pianist would perform them.</span>|colspan="2"|<span style="color: gray">All Sinfonias played by Randolph Hokanson</span>||

## References

- Woodstra, Chris (Ed.) and others. 2005. Blair Johnston in _All music guide to classical music_. All Media Guide. .

## Other websites

- Mutopia's editions of Bach's Inventions and Sinfonias
- History and analysis of Bach's inventions
- Bach – Inventions ( 43:26 minutes) at BBC's Discovering Music: Listening Library
- Overview of Inventions from Tim Smith's Website
- Graphical Motif Extraction of the Inventions and Sinfonias
Piano Sonata No. 1 (Mozart)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 1 in C major, K 279 (189d) (1774) is a sonata in three movements:
1. _Allegro_
1. _Andante_
1. _Allegro_

It takes about 14 minutes to play the entire sonata.
The Nightingale (Andersen)

"**The Nightingale**" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was published in 1844 in Andersen's _New Fairy Tales_ _(Nye Eventyr)_ with "The Angel", "The Sweethearts", and "The Ugly Duckling". The critics liked these stories. Andersen's inspiration for "The Nightingale" was Tivoli Gardens, an amusement park with Chinese decorations in Copenhagen which opened in the summer of 1843.  Another inspiration was Jenny Lind, a Swedish opera singer. Andersen was infatuated with her. She was known as the "Swedish Nightingale". Andersen began writing the tale on 11 October 1843 and completed it within 24 hours.

## Story

The nightingale is the best thing of all in the lands of the Emperor of China. The Emperor orders one brought to him. The bird charms him with her song. One day the Emperor of Japan sends the Emperor of China a mechanical bird decorated with jewels. The toy is wound up. Its song delights the Emperor. He neglects the real nightingale. She flies away to the forest. The toy bird breaks down. The Emperor becomes deathly ill. The nightingale returns to the palace. She sings and Death departs.  The Emperor recovers.

## References

- Frank, Diane Crone and Jeffrey. 2005. _The Stories of Hans Christian Andersen_. Duke UP. .
- Wullschlager, Jackie. 2000. _Hans Christian Andersen_. Knopf. .

## Other websites

- "Nattergalen" : Original Danish text
- "The Nightingale": English translation by Jean Hersholt

## Infobox (short story)

- **name**: The Nightingale
- **author**: Hans Christian Andersen
- **country**: Denmark
- **language**: Danish
- **genre**: Literary fairy tale
- **published in**: _New Fairy Tales_ _(Nye Eventyr)_
- **publication type**: Fairy tale collection
- **publisher**: C. A. Reitzel
- **pub date**: 1844
Larry Johnson (running back)

**Larry Johnson** (born November 19, 1979) is a former American Football runningback in the National Football League. He played college football for Penn State.

Johnson spent most of his career with the Kansas City Chiefs. After replacing the often-injured veteran Priest Holmes, Johnson excelled. He played very well in 2005 and 2006 and far passed the 1,000 yard mark that notable backs and receivers aim for. However, after an argument with head coach Todd Haley in 2009, he was released. He finished the season with the Cincinnati Bengals, but was not resigned.

Johnson spent portions of offseasons with the Washington Redskins and Miami Dolphins, but was cut both times.

## References

- Chiefs to cut ties with Larry Johnson , _Fantasy Knuckleheads_
- Dolphins cut Rb Larry Johnson , _Palm Beach Post_
- Johnson uses slurs for Haley, reporters _ESPN_

## Infobox (nfl player)

- **name**: Larry Johnson
- **image**: Larry Johnson KC Chiefs.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Johnson in 2007
- **number**: 34, 27, 23
- **position**: Running back
- **birth place**: Pomfret, Maryland
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lbs**: 235
- **high school**: State College Area High School, State College Area
(State College, Pennsylvania)
- **college**: Penn State Nittany Lions football, Penn State
- **draftyear**: 2003
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 27
- **pastteams**: * Kansas City Chiefs (–)
* Cincinnati Bengals ()
* Washington Redskins ()
* Miami Dolphins ()
- **highlights**: * 2× Pro Bowl (2006 Pro Bowl, 2005, 2007 Pro Bowl, 2006)
* First-team All-Pro (2006 All-Pro Team, 2006)
* Second-team All-Pro (2005 All-Pro Team, 2005)
* Maxwell Award (2002)
* Walter Camp Award (2002)
* Doak Walker Award (2002)
* Unanimous College Football All-America Team, All-American (2002 College Football All-America Team, 2002)
* First-team All-Big Ten Conference, Big Ten (2002 All-Big Ten Conference football team, 2002)
- **statlabel1**: Rushing yards
- **statvalue1**: 6,223
- **statlabel2**: Average
- **statvalue2**: 4.4
- **statlabel3**: Rushing touchdowns
- **statvalue3**: 55
- **statlabel4**: Receptions
- **statvalue4**: 154
- **statlabel5**: Receiving yards
- **statvalue5**: 1,373
- **statlabel6**: Receiving touchdowns
- **statvalue6**: 6
- **nfl**: JOH399484
- **pfr**: JohnLa00
Little Britain

***Little Britain*** is a British television sketch comedy show. It was shown on the BBC from February 9, 2003 to December 30, 2006. It was created by and stars David Walliams and Matt Lucas. It was narrated by Tom Baker. The show was about various characters in the UK.

In 2020, it was taken off streaming services due to racist humor as a result of the George Floyd protests.
Tyrod Taylor

**Tyrod Taylor** (born August 3, 1989) is an American professional football player. He plays as a  quarterback for the New York Giants of the National Football League. He played college football for the Virginia Tech Hokies. He played relatively well with Virginia Tech, where he wore number 5, but was not drafted until the 6th round by the Baltimore Ravens in 2011.

With the Ravens, Taylor moved on from a preseason injury and played in three games as the backup to starter Joe Flacco. He rushed for two yards in one game, lined up as a wide receiver in another, and completed an 18-yard pass to Anquan Boldin as well. He was on the roster when the Ravens won Super Bowl XLVII and defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31.

Taylor left Baltimore after four years for the Buffalo Bills, becoming the starter for three years. He was named to a Pro Bowl after a strong first season as the starting quarterback, then in 2017, helped the team make the playoffs for the first time since 1999. Following that season, the Bills traded him to the Cleveland Browns, where he played one year before joining the Chargers in 2019.

## Other websites

- Tyrod Taylor at NFL.com

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Tyrod Taylor
- **image**: Tyrod Taylor 2018.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Taylor during his time with the Browns in 2018
- **current team**: New York Giants
- **number**: 5
- **position**: Quarterback
- **birth place**: Hampton, Virginia
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lbs**: 217
- **high school**: Hampton High School (Virginia), Hampton (Hampton, Virginia)
- **college**: Virginia Tech Hokies football, Virginia Tech
- **draftyear**: 2011
- **draftround**: 6
- **draftpick**: 180
- **pastteams**: * Baltimore Ravens (–)
* Buffalo Bills (–)
* Cleveland Browns ()
* Los Angeles Chargers (–)
* Houston Texans ()
* New York Giants (-present)
- **status**: Active
- **highlights**: * Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl XLVII, XLVII)
* 2x Pro Bowl (2016 Pro Bowl, 2015, 2018 Pro Bowl, 2017)
* Atlantic Coast Conference football individual awards, ACC Player of the Year (2010)
- **statweek**: 18
- **statseason**: 2022
- **statlabel1**: Passing attempts
- **statvalue1**: 1,550
- **statlabel2**: Passing completions
- **statvalue2**: 952
- **statlabel3**: Touchdowns, TD–Interceptions, INT
- **statvalue3**: 60–26
- **statlabel4**: Completion percentage
- **statvalue4**: 61.4%
- **statlabel5**: Passing yards
- **statvalue5**: 10,794
- **statlabel6**: Passer rating
- **statvalue6**: 88.2
- **statlabel7**: Rushing yards
- **statvalue7**: 2,071
- **statlabel8**: Rushing touchdowns
- **statvalue8**: 19
- **nflnew**: tyrodtaylor/2495240
- **pfr**: TaylTy00
Yuja Wang

**Yuja Wang** (Chinese: 王羽佳, pinyin: Wáng Yǔjiā), born 10 February 1987, is a Chinese pianist.

Wang started to play the piano at the age of six; her earliest public concerts were at China, Germany and Australia. At the age of seven, Wang began to study at Beijing's Central Conservatory of Music before moving to the US to study at the Curtis Institute of Music at the age of fifteen.

In 1998, Wang was awarded third prize at the Ettlingen International Competition for Young Pianists in Ettlingen, Germany. In 2001, she won the third prize and the "Special Jury Prize" at the First Sendai International Music Competition in Sendai, Japan in the piano section.

In January 2009, Wang signed an exclusive recording contract with Deutsche Grammophon. She has already released four CD's: _Sonatas & Etudes_ in 2009; _Transformation_ in 2010; _Rachmaninov in 2011_; and _Fantasia_ in March 2012.

There has been a possibility that Wang released a debut CD in 1995.
French Suites

The ***French Suites*** are six suites composed by Johann Sebastian Bach between 1722 and 1725. They were written to be played on the harpsichord or clavichord.  A suite is a group of dances. Bach did not call them _French Suites_. That title was given to the group by someone else. They were called the _French Suites_ to distinguish them from another group of suites by Bach called the _English Suites_.

The _French Suites_ are largely based on Italian models, and are written in the keys of D minor, C minor, B minor, E-flat major, G major, and E major. All six suites open with an Allemagne and are followed by a Courante and a Sarabande. All six suites end with a Gigue (jig). Between the Sarabande and the Gigue are found a variety of dances that include Minuets, Bourrées, Gavottes, and others.

There is no definitive manuscript. The ornamentation varies from one manuscript to another. Two other suites  one in A minor and the other in E-flat major  sometimes appear in the manuscripts. Bach's _French Overture_ is also a suite but is not connected to the _French Suites_.
Pee

**Pee** or **PEE** may refer to:
- Urine
- Urination
- Peeblesshire, historic county in Scotland, Chapman code
- Penny or pence
- Pochonbo Electronic Ensemble, a North Korean electronica group
- "Pee" (_South Park_), an episode of _South Park_
- P.E.E., a math rock band from San Francisco
- Perm International Airport, or Bolshoye Savino Airport, IATA code PEE

## Related pages

- Peepee
Baltimore Colts

The **Baltimore Colts**  were an American football franchise in the National Football League. The team was based in Baltimore. The logo was a white horseshoe (blue uniforms). The team had success since 1953 when it began, winning four NFL championships, including Super Bowl V. The most famous player was quarterback Johnny Unitas among Pro Bowl Linebackers Bubba Smith and Ray May.  However, in 1984, Bob Irsay secretly (meaning in the middle of a March night without an announcement) moved the team to Indianapolis to begin play as the Indianapolis Colts.

## Infobox (nfl team)

- **name**: Baltimore Colts
- **wordmark**: Indianapolis Colts 2002-2020 wordmark.svg
- **established**: 1953
- **ended**: 1983
- **city**: Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
- **colors**: Royal Blue, White
- **owner**: Carroll Rosenbloom (1953–1972)
Robert Irsay (1972–1983)
- **coach**: Keith Molesworth (1953)
Weeb Ewbank (1954–1962)
Don Shula (1963–1969)
Don McCafferty (1970–1972)
John Sandusky (1972)
Howard Schnellenberger (1973–1974)
Joe Thomas (American football executive), Joe Thomas (1974)
Ted Marchibroda (1975–1979)
Mike McCormack (American football), Mike McCormack (1980–1981)
Frank Kush (1982–1983)
- **hist yr**: 1953
- **hist misc2**: * Indianapolis Colts (1984–present)
- **nfl start yr**: 1953
- **division hist**: * Western Conference (1953–1969)
** National Football League Coastal Division, Coastal Division (1967–1969)
* **American Football Conference (1970–1983)**
** **AFC East (1970–1983)**
- **no league champs**: 3†
- **no pre1970sb champs**: 1
- **no sb champs**: 1
- **no conf champs**: 5
- **no div champs**: 5
- **league champs**: * **List of NFL champions (1920–69), NFL Championships (pre-1970 AFL–NFL merger) (3)**
1958 NFL Championship Game, 1958, 1959 NFL Championship Game, 1959, 1968 NFL Championship Game, 1968
- **sb champs**: Super Bowl V, 1970
- **conf champs**: * **NFL Western:** 1958 NFL season, 1958, 1959 NFL season, 1959, 1964 NFL season, 1964, 1968 NFL season, 1968
* **AFC:** 1970 NFL season, 1970
- **div champs**: * **NFL Coastal:** 1968 NFL season, 1968
* **AFC East:** 1970 NFL season, 1970, 1975 NFL season, 1975, 1976 NFL season, 1976, 1977 NFL season, 1977
<small>† – Does not include the AFL or NFL Championships won during the same seasons as the AFL–NFL Super Bowl Championships prior to the 1970 AFL–NFL merger</small>
- **playoff appearances**: * **NFL:** 1958 NFL Championship Game, 1958, 1959 NFL Championship Game, 1959, 1964 NFL Championship Game, 1964, 1965 NFL playoffs, 1965, 1968 NFL playoffs, 1968, 1970–71 NFL playoffs, 1970, 1971–72 NFL playoffs, 1971, 1975–76 NFL playoffs, 1975, 1976–77 NFL playoffs, 1976, 1977–78 NFL playoffs, 1977
- **no playoff appearances**: 10
- **stadium years**: * Memorial Stadium (Baltimore), Memorial Stadium (1953–1983)
Cultigen

A **cultigen** is a plant that is the result of artificial selection by humans. Liberty Hyde Bailey, an American botanist was the first to use the term, in 1918. Bailey noticed that the classification Linné introduced for plants was not useful for classifying plants which came from human cultivation and selection. He called the plants which grow in the wild without human selection indigens. A cultigen was: > " ... a domesticated group of which the origin may be unknown...  [It has] such characters as to separate it from known indigens, and is probably not represented by any type specimen or exact description". The point is that a cultigen cannot always be placed in the traditional Linnean system of botanical classification.

Bailey later changed his definition to "Plant or group known only in cultivation; presumably originating under domestication; contrast with indigen", which is the definition used above. Examples of cultigens are maize and cabbage.

## Cultigens and cultivars

Cultigen and cultivar may be confused with one-another. Cultigen is a general-purpose term encompassing not only plants with cultivar names but others as well (see introductory text above). Cultivar is a formal classification category in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP).

Although in his 1923 paper Bailey used only the rank of species for the cultigen, it was clear to him that many domesticated plants were more like botanical varieties than species and so he established a new classification category for these, the cultivar, generally assumed to be a contraction of the words “cultivated” and “variety”. He defined cultivar in his 1923 paper as: > ... "a race subordinate to species, that has originated and persisted under cultivation; it is not necessarily, however, referable to a recognised botanical species. It is essentially the equivalent of the botanical variety except in respect to its origin".

This definition and understanding of cultivar has changed over time.

## Definition of cultigen

The definition has been discussed:
- The selection process is called artificial if humans cause it. This does not mean humans are not part of nature, it is simply a way to distinguish natural selection from human-influenced (artificial selection)
- What is the meaning of _altered_? The whole flora is changing because of climate change, which humans inflenced, yet no one would say that all the plants changing because of climate change are cultigens.
- Some plants are used in gardens or parks. They are the same that those that occur in nature.
- There may be gene flow from a cultigen that _escaped_ into the wild and an indigen. There may be a practical problem of how to name such plants.
- Some plants have an unknown origin; it is therefore impossible to say if they are cultigens.
- Some crossings that are used in cultivation, may also occur in the wild. This makes the classification problematic.
Oil spill

An **oil spill** is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment. Oil from ships and oil tankers can spill onto the sea water and pollute the water.

Oil poisons and harms the aquatic organisms and seabirds. The fur of sea mammals and the feathers of seabirds can be damaged by the oil. The animals may suffer, and the effect may be fatal for them.

When birds get soaked in oil, they can't fly and they can't go in water.

Most often the term is used for marine environments, where coasts, lakes, rivers and oceans are polluted. There are three main ways to combat such pollution once it has occurred:
- Use of barriers to limit the pollution to a given zone.
- Skimming of the oil with specially constructed ships
- Chemical dispersion of the oil
- Controlled burning of the oil
- Bioremediation, using microogranisms that consume the oil or oil-related products

An oil spill can not only affect the coasts, lakes, rivers, and oceans but also the environment and the ecosystems. Many animals could get injured and later die without help. Also all the vegetation could be affected by the oil.
Lenticular galaxy

A **lenticular galaxy** is a type of galaxy. These galaxies have an elliptical shape and ill-defined spiral arms. Basically, they are a combinations of spiral and elliptical galaxies. Examples include the Cartwheel Galaxy and NGC 4479. They are disk galaxies that have lost most of their interstellar matter, therefore have very little ongoing star formation. Because of this, they contain a lot of aging stars like elliptical galaxies.

Despite being different shapes and a different galaxy type, lenticular and elliptical galaxies share common properties such as spectral features and sizes. They are also early-type galaxies that are slowly evolving.

### Classification

Lenticular galaxies are unique, with a visible disk component and also a prominent bulge component.  The bulge is larger than the disk in ratio than a normal spiral galaxy.  The large bulge is what makes them look like an elliptical galaxy.  Like spiral galaxies, they can also have a central bar.

Lenticular galaxies are often considered to be a poorly understood transition state between spiral and elliptical galaxies, which makes their position in the Hubble sequence.  Having no spiral arms, they are not spiral galaxies.  The bulge is usually spherical, thus they are not elliptical galaxies.  Lenticular galaxies are divided into subclasses based on either the amount of dust present or the prominence of a central bar.  Galaxies with no central bars are S01, S02 and S03, the numbers indicate the amount of gas absorption in the disk.  Barred galaxies are SB01, SB02 and SB03.

### Bars

Like spiral galaxies, lenticular galaxies can also have a central bar. The subclasses for the barred lenticular galaxies are SB01, SB02 and SB03. Although the numbers represents the amount of gas absorption, they can also indicate the prominence of the central bar. SB01, have the least prominent bar. SB02, have a slightly prominent bar. SB03, has the most prominent bar. Examples:
Fishing industry

All activities that are concerned with growing, catching, processing or transporting fish either as a hobby or as an economic activity is called **Fishing industry**.

According to the FAO  definition it includes  recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. The commercial activity is aimed at the delivery of fish and other seafood products for human consumption or as input factors in other industrial processes. Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends on fisheries and aquaculture.
John Wesley Hillman

**John Wesley Hillman** (March 29, 1832 – March 19, 1915) was an American prospector during the California Gold Rush. He was also an explorer who was among the first European Americans to see Crater Lake in the U.S. state of Oregon. He is credited with discovering the lake.
Dorsal fin

A **dorsal fin** is a fin on the back of most marine and freshwater vertebrates.

The main function of the fin is to stabilize the animal against rolling and to help sudden turns. There are some secondary functions: some fish have dorsal fins which produce venom at the tip, for example, the spiny dogfish.

## Functions

Some species have further adapted their dorsal fins to other uses.
Pelvic fin

**Pelvic fins** or **ventral fins** are paired fins located on the ventral surface of fish.

### Structure

In actinopterygians, the pelvic fin consists of two bony girdles attached to bony radials. The lepidotrichia are positioned distally from the radials.

### Function

A pelvic fin's function is to provide powered corrective forces.

## Development

Unlike limb development in tetrapods, the pelvic fin bud emerges much later than the pectoral fin.

## References

1. <small>Shibukawa, Koichi, Dinh Dac Tran, and Loi Xuan Tran. "_Phallostethus cuulong_, a new species of priapiumfish (Actinopterygii: Atheriniformes: Phallostethidae) from the Vietnamese Mekong." _Zootaxa_ 3363.1 (2012): 45-51.</small>
Stability

**Stability** is a property of many systems. It means being at rest, not liable to change. In mechanics and dynamics, a system is stable (has stability) if it will not change motion of its own accord, and will resist small efforts to change its direction or position.

Thus an airliner in flight is dynamically stable, and will keep going in the same direction even when buffeted by uneven air pressure (wind). To change its direction, its control system must be altered. On the other hand, a fighter plane is unstable, and must be controlled at all times by a combination of the pilot and a computer.

Most nuclear isotopes are unstable, but the world is mostly made of stable ones.

In a boat stability means that it is less likely to capsize.
Type specimen

In biology, a **type specimen** is a particular specimen to which a scientific name is formally attached. For this purpose a specimen is something that can be kept, unchanging, for a long time (for centuries). A specimen may be an organism, a part of an organism, or many small organisms together.

Preferably a type specimen should be kept where researchers may have a chance to study it. Often, type specimens are kept in museums and the like. A type specimen need not be typical, that is, it need not be representative.

A type specimen can be assigned when a name is first published, or it can be assigned later. Besides type specimens there are other form of types.

One particular type specimen may have any number of scientific names attached to it. For example the names _Fabaceae_ (family), _Faboideae_ (subfamily), and _Faba_ (genus) all have the same specimen as the type. For any one circumscription, position, and rank of a taxon only one name can be correct (for a genus that includes the type specimens of the names _Vicia_ and _Faba_, both, the correct name will be _Vicia_).

A type specimen is only one of several possible kinds of type. For example, the type of the name of a genus of animals is a type species. But the type specimen is the most famous kind of type.
Gene flow

**Gene flow** or **gene migration** is the name for the transfer of alleles or genes from one population to another. The most usual cause is the movement of animals or (with plants) the movement of seeds or fruits.

Various barriers to gene flow can occur. The most usual is a geographical barrier of some kind. The beginnings of speciation often depends on the separation of populations which were once interbreeding (panmictic).
Fusion power

Nuclear fusion is when two atoms merge to form a new one. This reaction with plasma generates energy. The idea behind a **fusion reactor** is to build a nuclear power plant that uses this process to produce electricity. Nowadays,  nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce energy. Nuclear fission is not the same as nuclear fusion.

Nuclear fusion is the same type of process the Sun uses to generate heat. The most powerful nuclear weapons also use fusion.

No commercial power plants use this technology; there are a few academic ones; these include the Joint European Torus, in England. This reactor uses a principle called Tokamak. A tokamak uses magnets arranged in a doughnut shape to squish the atoms together. Another kind uses laser fusion, also called inertial confinement fusion.
First Coast

The **First Coast** is a region of the U.S. state of Florida. It is in the northern part of the state. The First Coast includes five counties around Jacksonville: Duval, Clay, Nassau and St. Johns. Its name comes from a marketing campaign in the 1980s. It is also called **Florida's First Coast**.
Gainare Tottori

is a Japanese professional football club in Tottori Prefecture.

## League position

- 2001 : Football League - 16th
- 2002 : Football League - 13th
- 2003 : Football League - 10th
- 2004 : Football League - 14th
- 2005 : Football League - 12th
- 2006 : Football League - 11th
- 2007 : Football League - 14th
- 2008 : Football League - 5th
- 2009 : Football League - 5th
- 2010 : Football League - 1st
- 2011 : J2 League - 19th
- 2012 : J2 League - 20th
- 2013 : J2 League - 22nd
- 2014 : J3 League - 4th
- 2015 : J3 League - 6th
- 2016 : J3 League - 15th
- 2017 : J3 League - 17th
- 2018 : J3 League - 3rd
- 2019 : J3 League - 7th
- 2020 : J3 League - 5th

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- List of Japanese football teams
- List of Gainare Tottori players

## Other websites

- Gainare Tottori websitge 
- J.League Club Guide

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Gainare Tottori
 ガイナーレ鳥取
- **founded**: 1983
- **ground**: Tottori Soccer Stadium, Torigin Bird Stadium
Tottori, Tottori
- **capacity**: 16,033
- **chairman**: Masaki Tsukano
- **manager**: Hideo Yoshizawa (footballer), Hideo Yoshizawa(2012-)
- **league**: J3 League
- **season**: 2024
- **position**: 9th
- **pattern la1**: _Gainare Tottori 2023 HOME FP
- **pattern b1**: _Gainare Tottori 2025 HOME FP
- **pattern ra1**: _Gainare Tottori 2023 HOME FP
- **pattern sh1**: _Gainare Tottori 2023 HOME FP
- **pattern so1**: _Gainare Tottori 2023 HOME FP
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: 00B390
- **pattern la2**: _Gainare Tottori 2024 AWAY FP
- **pattern b2**: _Gainare Tottori 2025 AWAY FP
- **pattern ra2**: _Gainare Tottori 2024 AWAY FP
- **pattern sh2**: _Gainare Tottori 2023 AWAY FP
- **pattern so2**: _Gainare Tottori 2023 AWAY FP
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: 161D3F
Matukituki River

The **Matukituki River** is found in the Southern Alps of New Zealand's South Island. It flows for 30 kilometres from Mount Aspiring National Park into the southwestern edge of Lake Wanaka.
Buddhist crisis

The **Buddhist Crisis** was a period of political and religious tension in South Vietnam. The crisis was characterized by a series of discriminating acts by the South Vietnamese government and a campaign of civil resistance mainly led by Buddhist monks.

The crisis was started when the President Ngô Đình Diệm banned the flying of the Buddhist flag. That led to the shooting of nine unarmed civilians who were protesting a ban of the Buddhist flag on May 8 and suicide by burning of Thích Quảng Đức on June 11. The crisis ended when Ngô Đình Diệm was assassinated on November 2, 1963.

## Background

A survey said that about 70-90 percent of South Vietnamese people were Buddhist. The President called it biased. A member of the Catholic minority, his government was biased towards Catholics in public service and military promotions, as well as in the allocation of land, business favors and tax concessions etc. Diem once told a high-ranking officer, forgetting that he was a Buddhist, "Put your Catholic officers in sensitive places. They can be trusted." Many officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) converted to Catholicism believing that their career prospects depended on it. Many were also refused promotion if they did not convert. Also, the distribution of firearms to village self-defense militias intended to repel Viet Cong guerrillas was done so that weapons were only given to Catholics. Some Catholic priests ran private armies, and in some areas forced conversion and looting, shelling and demolition of pagodas. Some Buddhist villages converted to receive aid or avoid being forcibly resettled by Diem's regime. The Catholic Church enjoyed special exemptions. In 1959, Ngô Đình Diệm dedicated the country to the Virgin Mary. The Vatican flag was usually flown in public services and events while the Buddhist flag was not allowed to be flown in public services and/or events.
Aizuwakamatsu

is a city in the Aizu region of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.

### Universities and colleges

- University of Aizu
- Junior Collage of Aizu

### Japanese sister cities

- Mutsu, Aomori (Since September 23, 1984)
- Naruto, Tokushima (Since October 30, 1999)
- Ina, Nagano (Since September 24, 2000)
- Yokosuka, Kanagawa (Since April 17, 2005)

### International sister cities

- Jingzhou (Since June 15, 1991)
- Saipan (Since September 22, 2006)

## Other websites

- Aizuwakamatsu official website
- Aizuwakamatsu official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Cities of Japan, City
- **image skyline**: File:Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima Oka.jpg
- **image caption**: Aizuwakamatsu skyline
- **image flag**: Flag of Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima.svg
- **image map**: Aizuwakamatsu in Fukushima Prefecture Ja.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Aizuwakamatsu in Fukushima Prefecture
- **pushpin map**: Japan
- **pushpin map caption**:  
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Japan
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Tōhoku region, Tōhoku
- **subdivision type2**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **subdivision name2**: Fukushima Prefecture
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Ichirō Kanke
- **area total km2**: 383.03
- **population total**: 121961
- **population as of**: 1 October 2017
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Japan Standard Time
- **utc offset1**: +9
- **blank name sec1**: City Symbols
- **blank1 name sec1**: – Tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Japanese Red Pine
- **blank2 name sec1**: – Flower
- **blank2 info sec1**: Alcea rosea, Common Hollyhock
- **blank3 name sec1**: – Bird
- **blank3 info sec1**: Common cuckoo
- **blank4 name sec1**: – Fish
- **blank5 name sec1**: – Insect
- **blank name sec2**: Phone number
- **blank info sec2**: 0242-39-1111
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
- **blank1 info sec2**: 3–46 Higashisakaemachi, Aizuwakamatsu-shi, Fukushima-ken 965-8601
- **website**: [http://www.city.aizuwakamatsu.fukushima.jp/ http://www.city.aizuwakamatsu.fukushima.jp/]
Concorde

**Concorde** was a passenger airplane that flew faster than the speed of sound. It was made by the French company Aérospatiale and the British company British Aircraft Corporation. Concorde carried passengers from 1976 to 2003. Twenty aircraft were built.

Concorde flew across the Atlantic Ocean in a little less than 3.5 hours. Other airplanes take about eight hours.

When Concorde was being developed, orders from airlines to buy the plane were high. At the time, passenger planes that flew faster than the speed of sound were considered to be a big technological leap.

Some people did not like the sonic booms caused by Concorde flying faster than the speed of sound. They also complained of the noise Concorde made when taking off and landing. It was twice as loud as conventional passenger jets. Concorde was not allowed to fly over certain countries because of this. There were also concerns that having many Concordes in the air at once could damage the ozone layer. The price of fuel increased many times in the 1970s, but the Concorde also consumed much more fuel than a conventional passenger jet.

Many airlines later thought Concorde was too expensive for the cost and were no longer interested in the plane. They cancelled their orders. Another supersonic airliner, the Boeing 2707 was cancelled for similar reasons.

The first scheduled flights were on 21 January 1976. Concorde flew between several different cities in Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. Concorde initially did not make a profit because of the high costs to run the plane. From the 1980s onwards, ticket prices became much higher. Concorde was mainly used by rich people who could pay the high ticket price.

The high running costs, the crash of Air France Flight 4590 in 2000 and the September 11 attacks caused Concorde to be retired in 2003.

Concorde is considered to be an engineering marvel and a symbol of pride for Britain and France.

## Other websites

- British Airways Concorde page
- Braniff Airways Concorde page
- Design Museum (UK) Concorde page
- Concorde Experience at the National Museum of Flight, Scotland
- Pathé film of 002's maiden flight from Filton to RAF Fairford on 9 April 1967

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Concorde
- **image**: File:British Concorde.jpg
- **caption**: A British Airways Concorde at Heathrow airport in London


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Supersonic airliner
- **manufacturer**: British Aircraft Corporation, BAC (now BAE Systems)
 Sud-Aviation, Aérospatiale (now EADS)
- **first flight**: 2 March 1969
- **introduction**: 21 January 1976
- **retired**: 26 November 2003
- **status**: Retired from service
- **primary user**: British Airways
- **more users**: Air France
- **number built**: 20 (including 6 non-airline aircraft)
- **unit cost**: £23 million in 1977
- **program cost**: £1.3 billion
Date, Fukushima

is a city in northern Fukushima, Japan.

There were nine towns in Date District, Fukushima. On January 1, 2006, five towns in Date District joined together and became the city of Date. These five towns were Hobara, Yanagawa, Date, Ryōzen, and Tsukidate. Hobara was in the center.

## The Date family

The Date clan was a powerful group during the Edo period. They controlled Miyagi and southern Iwate. After the Edo period, in the Meiji period, many samurai lost their land during the Meiji Restoration. The Date clan also lost their land. Part of the family went to Hokkaidõ. They started another city, Date, Hokkaidõ. The family name of Date clan came from Fukushima.

## 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

Date is about 60 km north-west of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Date is outside the area people are not allowed to live. However, radiation in the city made people, especially schoolchildren, stay indoors more.

## Other websites

- Date official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Cities of Japan, City
- **image skyline**: Date City Office Fukushima prefecture Japan.jpg
- **image caption**: Date City Hall
- **image flag**: Flag of Date Fukushima.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Date, Fukushima.svg
- **image map**: Date in Fukushima Prefecture Ja.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Date in Fukushima Prefecture
- **pushpin map**: Japan
- **pushpin map caption**:  
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Japan
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Tōhoku region, Tōhoku
- **subdivision type2**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **subdivision name2**: Fukushima Prefecture
- **leader title**: - Mayor
- **area total km2**: 265.10
- **population total**: 60916
- **population as of**: 1 October 2017
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Japan Standard Time
- **utc offset1**: +9
- **blank name sec1**: City Symbols
- **blank1 name sec1**: - Tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Pinus densiflora
- **blank2 name sec1**: - Flower
- **blank2 info sec1**: Peach
- **blank3 name sec1**: - Bird
- **blank3 info sec1**: Wagtail
- **blank4 name sec1**: - Fish
- **blank name sec2**: Phone number
- **blank info sec2**: 024-575-2570
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
- **blank1 info sec2**: 180 Hobaramachi aza Funabashi, Date-shi, Fukushima-ken 960-0692
- **website**: [http://www.city.date.fukushima.jp/ Official HP]
Canyoneering

**Canyoneering** or **canyoning** is a dangerous sport. A person who goes canyoneering is a canyoneer. A canyoneer is a person who walks, swims, or rappels (climbs down ropes) into canyons. Sometimes these canyons are very deep and very narrow. Canyons that are very narrow are called "slot canyons".

## Dangers

Canyoneering can be dangerous. Sometimes canyons flood (fill with water) when it rains. Accidents can also happen when a canyoneer is climbing down ropes. The rope can break or the canyoneer can slip. Sometimes canyons are too narrow to walk through, so you have to go back. Also, sometimes the water in canyons is so cold you can get sick. Many people have died in canyons.
Logan Lerman

**Logan Wade Lerman** (born January 19, 1992) is an American actor. He played Percy Jackson in the 2010 film _Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief_, directed by Chris Columbus. He also played "Charlie" in a movie of the book _Perks of Being a Wallflower_. Lerman's other movie roles include _Hoot_ (2006), _3:10 to Yuma_, a western (2007), _Gamer_ (2009), and _The Three Musketeers_ (2011), as d'Artagnan. He starred on the series _Jack & Bobby_ (2004 to 2005).

Lerman was born in Beverly Hills, California. His parents are both Jewish. He has two siblings, both older, and is a self-described "film geek". He would like to direct and write films in the future.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Logan Lerman
- **image**: Logan Lerman at the Apple Store Soho in New York City, July 29, 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Logan Lerman in 2013
- **birth name**: Logan Wade Lerman
- **birth place**: Beverly Hills, California, United States
Ernest Giles

**William Ernest Powell Giles** (7 July 1835 – 13 November 1897), best known as **Ernest Giles**, was an Australian explorer. He led three long expeditions in central Australia.

## Early life

Giles was born in Bristol, England. He moved to Adelaide, South Australia when he was 15. He was one of the first Europeans to explore the empty desert of central Australia during the 1870s. Giles was the first European to explore Lake Amadeus and The Olgas. He named them after Amadeus, King of Spain Olga, Queen of Wurttemberg.

## Career

He has written works about his journeys. In 1880, he published _The Journal of a Forgotten Expedition_, an account of his third expedition. In 1889, he wrote _Australia Twice Traversed: The Romance of Exploration_, the story of his five main expeditions. Giles died of pneumonia on 13 November 1897. Mount Giles, the third highest mountain in the Northern Territory was named after him.

## Other websites

- Australia Twice Traversed: The Romance of Exploration  at eBooks @ Adelaide
- William Ernest Powell Giles at Flinders Ranges Research
William Gosse

**William Christie Gosse** (1842–12 August 1881) was an explorer. He was born in Hertfordshire, England. He moved to Adelaide, Australia with his father in 1850. Gosse was one of the first Europeans to explore central Australia. He spotted Uluru on 19 July 1873 and named it _Ayers Rock_ after Sir Henry Ayers, the Chief Secretary of South Australia. Gosse was not the only explorer in the region at the time. Due to the construction of the Overland telegraph Line, the area was opened up to exploring, and Ernest Giles was also looking for a path to the West. Giles failed on his first attempt and Gosse succeeded by following Giles original track.

Gosse died of a heart attack on 12 August 1881, aged 38, after being sick for a long time.
German wine

**German wines** are those produced in Germany, one of the oldest wine producing region, and are considered to be among the best wines in the world. Wine is a popular beverage in Germany. Depending on the vintage, Germany is the world's eight largest producer of wine. Grapes are grown only in the sout-western parts of Germany in the states of Rhineland-Palatinate, Hesse an Baden-Württemberg, with more than 102,000 hectares vineyards under cultivation.
Adolphe Adam

**Adolphe Charles Adam** (24 July 1803 – 3 May 1856) was a French composer and music critic. He composed many operas and ballets. He is best known today for his ballets _Giselle_ (1841) and _Le corsaire_ (1856, his last work), and his operas _Le postillon de Lonjumeau_ (1836), _Le toréador_ (1849), and _Si j'étais roi_ (1852, often regarded as his finest work). He also composed the popular Christmas carol "Minuit, chrétiens!" ("O Holy Night") (1847). Adam was also a  teacher. Léo Delibes was among his pupils.
Henry Ayers

**Sir Henry Ayers** GCMG (1 May 1821 – 11 June 1897) was the Premier of South Australia five times between 1863 and 1873.

Ayers was born at Portsea, Hampshire, England. He moved to Australia in 1840 with his wife, Elizabeth. He worked in the mining industry. His copper mine became very important to the economy of South Australia. Ayers later went into politics. He was elected to the South Australian parliament on 9 March 1857. He stayed a member for more than 36 years. Ayers first became premier on 15 July 1863.

Ernest Giles, an explorer, named Ayers Rock after him in 1872. In the same year,  Ayers was knighted KCMG and raised to GCMG in 1894. He died in Adelaide on 11 June 1897.

## Other website

- SA Parliament - Ayers
- Daguerreotype of Sir Henry Ayers, c.1848, State Library of South Australia
Bushfood

**Bushfood** (also called **bush tucker** in Australia) is any food native to Australia eaten by the original inhabitants, the Australian Aborigines. Most bushfoods are very nutritious. Examples of native animal foods (meats) are kangaroo, emu and crocodile. These are quite common and can be found in many supermarkets and restaurants. Other animals, like lizards and grubs, were eaten by aboriginal (native) Australians, long before white people came to the area. It also includes fruits and berries. The most famous native bushfood plant is the macadamia nut. This is farmed and sold in large numbers.

By the end of the 19th century, there were only less than 100.000 Aboriginal people. Since the arrival of the settlers, the native population died from new diseases, alcohol and poverty, as their native land was taken away from them. They had to move to places where they could not live in their traditional way. Most of their languages died out. Until the 1960s, children were taken away from their families and forced to live in children's homes („Stolen Generation“). The idea was to make them „good“ Australians by educating them „properly“.

## Other websites

- Bush tucker , from Travel Northern Territory
- _Australian Bushfoods_ magazine
Station (agriculture)

**Station** is the term for a big agricultural property (owned land) that is used for raising livestock. The word is used in Australian and New Zealand English. The owner of a station is called a _grazier_. They are also sometimes called _pastoralists_. Its workers are called _stockmen_. The stations may be called _sheep stations_ or _cattle stations_, depending on what type of animal it raises.

## Related pages

- Ranch
Mikhail Fokine

**Mikhail Fokine** ( – 22 August 1942) was a Russian choreographer and dancer. He was born in St Petersburg, the son of a prosperous middle-class merchant. At the age of nine, he was accepted into the St Petersburg Imperial Ballet School. In 1898, on his 18th birthday, he debuted on the stage of the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in _Paquita_, with the Imperial Russian Ballet. In 1902, he became a teacher with the ballet school.

Fokine hoped to go beyond the older ballet traditions. To him virtuoso ballet techniques were not an end in themselves, but a means of expression. He believed that many of the ballets of his time used costuming and mime which did not reflect the themes of the ballets. Therefore, he tried to strip ballets of their artificial miming and outdated costumes. In addition, as a choreographer, he started a reform that took ballerinas out of their pointe shoes. Also, he experimented with a freer use of the arms and torso. He presented his reformist ideas to the management of the Imperial theatre, but did not get their support. Some of his early works include the ballet _Acis and Galatea_ (1905) and _The Dying Swan_ (1907), which was a solo dance for Anna Pavlova, choreographed to the music of Saint-Saëns' _Le Cygne_.

In 1909, Sergei Diaghilev invited Fokine to become the choreographer of his Ballets Russes in Paris. Fokine broke off the collaboration in 1912, jealous of Diaghilev's close relationship with Vaslav Nijinsky. He moved to Sweden in 1918 and later established his home in New York City, where he founded a ballet school and continued to appear with his wife, Vera Fokina. He became a United States citizen in 1932. Fokine died in New York on 22 August 1942.

Fokine staged more than 70 ballets in Europe and the United States. His best known works were _Chopiniana_ (later revised as _Les Sylphides_), _Le Carnaval_ and _Le Pavillon d'Armide_. Among his works for the Ballets Russes were _The Firebird_, _Petrushka_, _Le Spectre de la Rose_ and _Daphnis et Chloé_. Also, for the Ballets Russes, he created a ballet out of Rimsky-Korsakov's _Scheherazade_. His pieces are still performed by the leading ballet troupes of the world.

## References

- Beaumont C.W. _Michel Fokine and his ballets_.
- Sunday NY Times, Jack Anderson (dance critic), September 7th, 1980

## Other websites

- Fokine, Michel, 1880-1942. Papers: Guide. in the Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard College Library
- Fokine, Michel (1880 - 1942) at Australia Dancing
- The Fokine Estate archive