juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Vengaboys

The **Vengaboys** are a Dutch pop music group. The group is made up of DJ Danski and DJ Delmondo. They toured Spanish beach parties in a bus. The group formed in 1992. They added four dancers in 1995-1996 and toured through Europe. Their first song was _Up & Down_.  It was released in March 1997. The group is popular across Europe and have had some popularity in the United States. Their music is Eurodance.

## Other websites

- http://www.discogs.com/artist/Vengaboys

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Vengaboys
- **img**: Vengaboys on stage.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Rotterdam, Netherlands
- **genre**: Eurodance, Dance-pop
- **years active**: 1997–2004
2006–present
- **label**: Breakin' Records/Violent Music
- **url**: [http://www.vengaboys.com/ www.vengaboys.com]
- **current members**: Kim Sasabone
 Denise Post-Van Rijswijk
Robin Pors
- **past members**: Roy den Burger
Mark van Dale
Lynn Allien
 Donny Latupeirissa
Yorick Bakker
Guan Yu

**Guan Yu** (? – 220) was a Chinese general. He helped Liu Bei to fight the dynasty of Wei, which had seized the throne from the last Han emperor. He was also the best friend of Zhang Fei, another warrior of Liu Bei.

They conquered the Southwest of China and founded a Dynasty named Shu Han because Liu Bei claimed to be the rightful heir of the Han Dynasty. They also battled with Eastern Wu, another Chinese dynasty at the time, and during one of the battles, Guan Yu was captured by the Wu general Lü Meng and executed by Sun Quan, along with his son Guan Ping.

In later centuries, Guan Yu became a Chinese deity and was given the name Guan Gong, meaning "Lord Guan."
Subsistence farming

**Subsistence farming** is farming done by farmers who have small plots, or little water, or otherwise grow enough only for themselves. Literally, no extra food is produced to sell or trade. This means farming doesn't give them money to buy things. However, today true subsistence farmers are few. Most also do trading to some degree. From time to time they may need money to buy essential things to keep going.

Subsistence farmers may also move from place to place for nomadic herding (see nomadic people).

Examples:
- A family has only one cow to give milk only for that family.
- A farmer grows only enough wheat to make bread for his or her family.

## Challenges faced by subsistence farming

Subsistence farmers are those who grow crops and raise animals for their own consumption and to meet the basic needs of their families or communities. They do not produce surplus food for trade or sale. The size of the crop depends on weather and other factors. When crops are small, the farm does not provide as much food, and the usual result is famine.

Subsistence farming is common in rural areas of developing countries, where farmers may lack access to modern agricultural technologies, markets, and financial resources. However, it can also be found in other parts of the world, including some rural communities in developed countries where people still engage in traditional farming practices.

Subsistence farming can provide food security, sustainability, community building, and resilience for the farmers and their families. However, it also faces a number of challenges, such as:

- The impacts of climate change: Climate change can affect the availability and quality of water, soil, and seeds, as well as the frequency and intensity of natural disasters, such as droughts, floods, and pests. These can reduce the crop yields and livestock productivity of subsistence farmers, and increase their vulnerability to food insecurity and poverty.
- Low levels of education: Many subsistence farmers have limited access to formal education and literacy, which can limit their ability to acquire new skills and knowledge, and to adopt innovative methods to improve their farming practices and livelihoods.
- Lack of knowledge regarding innovative methods to increase productivity and sustainability: Subsistence farmers may not be aware of or have access to improved seeds, fertilizers, irrigation systems, pest management, and other modern agricultural technologies that can help them increase their crop yields and quality, and reduce their environmental impact.
- A shortage of labour skills to ensure the succession of subsistence farming: Subsistence farming is often a family or community activity, where the elders pass on their knowledge and skills to the younger generations. However, due to urbanization, migration, and changing aspirations, many young people may not be interested in or able to continue the subsistence farming tradition, which can threaten the future of this type of farming.
River Clyde

The **River Clyde** (, ) is a river in Scotland. It  flows through Glasgow before opening up into the Firth of Clyde.

## Other websites

- River Clyde: Source to Firth Panorama Project
- The Clyde-built ships data base - lists over 22,000 ships built on the Clyde
- Clyde Waterfront regeneration
- Clyde Waterfront Heritage
- Glasgow Digital Library: Glimpses of old Glasgow
- In Glasgow Photo Gallery of pictures of the River Clyde
- Clydebank Restoration Trust

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: River Clyde (In Scotland)
- **image**: Sunset on the Clyde (geograph 3562321).jpg
- **image size**: 288
- **image caption**: The River Clyde running through the city of Glasgow
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Scotland
- **subdivision type4**: Council areas
- **subdivision name4**: South Lanarkshire, North Lanarkshire, Glasgow, Renfrewshire, West Dunbartonshire, Inverclyde, Argyll and Bute
- **subdivision type5**: City
- **subdivision name5**: Glasgow
- **source1**: Lowther Hills in South Lanarkshire
- **source1 location**: South Lanarkshire, Scotland, United Kingdom
- **mouth**: Firth of Clyde
- **mouth location**: Inverclyde, Argyll, Scotland, United Kingdom
- **custom label**: Designation
Argyroxiphium

***Argyroxiphium*** is a small genus of plants in the sunflower family, Asteraceae.  Its members are known by the common names of **silversword** or **greensword** due to their long, narrow leaves and the silvery hairs on some species.

The Silversword plant grows only at high elevations on the Island of Maui in Hawaii.

It is a noticeable, round-shaped rosette plant with rigid (swordlike), succulent leaves densely covered by silver hairs. When a plant flowers at the end of its life, it produces a spectacular flowering stalk 0.5-2.0 m (1.6-6.4 ft) tall, typically with hundreds of maroon sunflowerlike flower heads. This plant receives more attention from visitors to Haleakala National Park than any other plant or animal because of its striking appearance and restricted distribution.

The strikingly beautiful Haleakala silversword has always aroused the curiosity of human visitors to Haleakala Volcano. In pre-park days, plants were often removed by travelers to Haleakala Volcano as proof that the party had reached the summit, a practice that eventually seriously affected the silversword population. Browsing by feral goats and domestic cattle was also a significant factor in the silversword decline, but it was not a species preferred by these animals. By the 1920s, silversword numbers were so depleted that the Maui Chamber of Commerce sent a petition to Washington, DC, requesting that a serious effort be made to save the species (Loope and Crivellone 1986).
Mr. Pacman

**Mr. Pacman** is an American pop music band from Colorado. They use sounds from old video games to create their music. Mr. Pacman has recorded 2 CDs & made 4 music videos.

## Other websites

- http://myspace.com/mrpacman/ _- official website_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: **Mr. Pacman**
- **img capt**: From left: White Tiger, Anarchy Dragon, Mr. Pacman, Silver Ghost.
- **img size**: (Only use for images smaller than 220 pixels)
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Denver, Colorado, USA
- **genre**: Bitpop/gamewave
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **current members**: Mr. Pacman
- **past members**: Silver Ghost, White Tiger, Anarchy Dragon,
Cockroach 3030 (former name of Anarchy Dragon)
Music video

A **music video** or **music clip** is a short movie that represents a song on a television screen. Most music videos feature the artist who recorded the song singing or lip-syncing it on screen. TV network channels that are famous for playing music videos are MTV, VH1, BET, and CMT.

In most countries in East Asia, music videos are called PVs. PV stands for "Promotional Video."
Sumo

is a Japanese full-contact sport.

In sumo, a wrestler (_rikishi_) attempts to force another wrestler out of a circular ring (the _dohyō_) 4.55 metres in diameter. Also, the _rikishi_ try to use their skill to force an opponent to touch the ground with anything other than the soles of his feet.

Sumo tournaments (_basho_) take place in Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya and Fukuoka. There are a total of 6 major professional tournaments (known as _honbasho_) per year, in January, March, May, July, September and November.

A tournament normally lasts for 15 days and features matches from different divisions. The top 5 ranks are known as the "Top division", also called the _Makuuchi_ (幕内) or _Makunouchi_ (幕の内). It is fixed in size and always contains 42 _rikishi_.

The ranks included in the top division are yokozuna, ozeki, sekiwake, komusubi and maegashira.

## Rikishi

Sumo wrestlers (_rikishi_) are ranked into a hierarchy based on win-loss statistics in competitive tournaments.

### Grand champions

Those who have earned the highest rank are grand champions (_yokuzuna_).
- Akashi, 16th century
- Maruyama, (1712-1749)
- Tanikaze (Kajinosuke, 1750-1795)
- Onagawa (1758-1805)
- Ao no Matsu (1791-1851)
- ...
- Chiyonofuji Mitsugu (born 1955)
- Takanosato (born 1952)
- Futahaguro Koji (born 1963)
- Hokuto-umi, (born 1963)
- Onokuni (born 1962)
- Asahifuji (born 1960)
- Akebono (born 1970)

For a full list of those rikishi who have held the title of _Yokozuna_, see List of yokozuna.

### Foreign-born competitors

Sumo has changed in modern times. Foreign-born wrestlers are part of the sport. For example, Konishiki and Akebono are Hawaiian-born athletes who earned places for themselves.

In 2008, Kotooshu from Bulgaria won a championship. In that same year, two top wrestlers, Asashoryu and Hakuho, were Mongolian. Hakuho won the Nagoya tournament with no losses, 15-0.
Bremen (state)

**Bremen** is the smallest and least populous state  in Germany.  It is a city-state with an area of . Bremen has a population of around 664,000 people.

The official name is "Freie Hansestadt Bremen".  This is because Bremen used to be in the _Hanseatic League_ which was a group of cities which did a lot of trading.  Many goods were sent from the port of Bremen or bought from the port from other countries.  "Free" means it was independent of the local dukes and princes.

Bremen has two major cities, these cities are Bremen and Bremerhaven. The local football club is named Werder Bremen.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Free Hanseatic City of Bremen
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: States of Germany, State
- **image skyline**: Bremen Town Hall - 2019-07-24-1.jpg
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **image caption**: Bremen City Hall
- **image flag**: Flag of Bremen.svg
- **flag size**: 120px
- **image shield**: Bremen greater coat of arms.svg
- **shield size**: 110
- **mapsize**: 155px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Germany
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Bremen
- **governing body**: Bürgerschaft of Bremen
- **leader party**: SPD
- **leader title**: President of the Senate and Mayor of Bremen, Senate President and Mayor
- **leader name**: Andreas Bovenschulte
- **leader title1**: Governing parties
- **leader name1**: /  /
- **leader title2**: Bundesrat of Germany, Bundesrat votes
- **leader name2**: 3 (of 69)
- **total type**: City
- **area total km2**: 419.38
- **population total**: 680,130
- **population as of**: 2020-12
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **blank name sec1**: Gross regional product, GRP (nominal)
- **blank info sec1**: €34 billion (2019)
- **blank1 name sec1**: GRP per capita
- **blank1 info sec1**: €49,000 (2019)
- **blank2 name sec2**: Human Development Index, HDI (2018)
- **blank2 info sec2**: 0.959
 · List of German states by Human Development Index, 4th of 16
- **iso code**: DE-HB
- **blank name sec2**: First level NUTS of the European Union#Germany, NUTS Region
- **blank info sec2**: DE5
- **website**: [http://www.bremen.de/ bremen.de]
Saxony-Anhalt

**Saxony-Anhalt** (, (; Low German: ) is a Bundesland (state) in Germany. It has an area of . 2,580,626 people live there. The capital is Magdeburg.

Some big cities and towns in Saxony-Anhalt are:
- Bitterfeld-Wolfen
- Dessau
- Halberstadt
- Halle
- Wittenberg
- Magdeburg (capital)
- Merseburg
- Naumburg (Saale)
- Quedlinburg
- Stendal
- Weißenfels

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Saxony-Anhalt
- **native name**: Sachsen-Anhalt
- **settlement type**: States of Germany, State
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_(state).svg
- **flag size**: 120px
- **image shield**: Wappen Sachsen-Anhalt.svg
- **shield size**: 75px
- **image map**: Locator map Saxony-Anhalt in Germany.svg
- **mapsize**: 155px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Germany
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Magdeburg
- **governing body**: Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt
- **leader party**: Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU
- **leader title**: Minister-President
- **leader name**: Reiner Haseloff
- **leader title1**: Governing parties
- **leader name1**: /  /
- **leader title2**: Bundesrat of Germany, Bundesrat votes
- **leader name2**: 4 (of 69)
- **total type**: Total
- **area total km2**: 20,451.58
- **population total**: 2,208,321
- **population as of**: 31 December 2018
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset1**: +1
- **timezone1 dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +2
- **blank name sec1**: Gross regional product, GRP (nominal)
- **blank info sec1**: €64 billion (2019)
- **blank1 name sec1**: GRP per capita
- **blank1 info sec1**: €29,000 (2019)
- **iso code**: DE-ST
- **blank name sec2**: First level NUTS of the European Union#Germany, NUTS Region
- **blank info sec2**: DEE
- **blank2 name sec2**: Human Development Index, HDI (2018)
- **blank2 info sec2**: 0.908
 · List of German states by Human Development Index, 16th of 16
- **website**: [http://www.sachsen-anhalt.de/ sachsen-anhalt.de]
Magdeburg

**Magdeburg** (;  ) is the capital of the state of Saxony-Anhalt, in Germany. The city covers an area of . About 236,000 people live there (2016).

A demonstration of air pressure (called the Magdeburg spheres) was done here by Otto von Guericke in 1656. Also, the 18th century composer Georg Philipp Telemann was born here.

## Other websites

- Official page
- Magdeburg water cross

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: City
- **image flag**: Flagge Magdeburg.svg
- **image coa**: Wappen Magdeburg.svg
- **state**: Sachsen-Anhalt
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 43
- **area**: 200.95
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 15003000
- **population**: 231021
- **stand**: 2014-01-01
- **postal code**: 39104–39130
- **area code**: 0391
- **licence**: MD
- **divisions**: 40 boroughs
- **website**: [https://www.magdeburg.de/ www.magdeburg.de]
- **mayor**: Simone Borris
- **party**: Independent
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Mayor
Church Square Park

**Church Square Park** is a park in Hoboken, New Jersey between Garden Street and Willow Avenue and 5th and 6th Streets. The Hoboken Public Library is on its north side.
Demand

**Demand** is the total amount of goods or services which people want to buy, for a set price. The demand for an item indicates how much it is needed or wanted. This is important in economics, because the law of supply and demand will decide the price at which something will be bought and sold.

Demand is the amount of goods that people want to buy at a given price. Prices go up when supply is less, and demand is more. It follows the law of demand where as price increases, demand decreases and vice versa showing an inverse relationship between quantity demanded and price. This is known as the law of demand which assumes that the consumer will want more. Demand forecasting tries to predict how demand will change in the future.

Sometimes the demand does not change much no matter what the price is. One example is when people are addicted to illegal drugs.  These people need to get their drugs, they will pay any price they can afford. This effect is known as elasticity.
Transaction

A **transaction** is usually an exchange. Sometimes other things are referred to as transactions.

A business transaction is one where money, goods, or services are bought, sold or traded.

A bank transaction is when money is taken out of, put into, or moved around inside of a bank.

A database transaction is one where data is changed inside a computer system.
Pipeline

A **pipeline** is a long tube, that is used to transport liquids or gases over long distances. Pipelines are made of metal. While the transport of liquids and gases is common, some pipelines are used to transport coal or iron ore, which are mixed with mud. Such pipelines are sometimes called slurry pipelines. Even though a pipeline is very expensive to build, the low operating cost often makes it the cheapest transport.

Many stadiums use a central tank for beer. Each bar is served by a pipeline from the central tank.

Even though mail and other goods can also be delivered that way, the system is generally not referred to as _pipeline_. In this case, capsules are used. These are propelled by air.

## Technology

Pipeline networks are made of different components. These are:
- The supply station is where the pipeline starts. Very often, there are  tanks that act as a buffer
- There are several pumps and compressors, which move the product through the pipeline.
- Partial delivery stations allow to deliver part of the product
- Block valve stations use valves to isolate the pipeline into independent segments.
- Regulator stations are used to release some of the pressure
- The final delivery station is where the product is delivered to the consumer. Very often tanks are used as a buffer.
Avocado

The term **avocado** refers to a type of berry. It has medium dark green or dark green bumpy or smooth skin depending on the variety. The flesh of an avocado is deep chartreuse green in color near the skin and pale chartreuse green near the core. It has a creamy, rich texture. The word, Avocado came from an Aztec word meaning testicle. Avocado trees come from Central America and Mexico. They can grow in many places, as long as it is not too cold.

Avocados have much more fat than most of the other fruits, but its fat is healthy to eat (monounsaturated fat). Avocados have lots of potassium, B vitamins, and vitamin E and K. The Mexican food called guacamole is made of avocados. Many other foods are also made from avocado. Avocado is poisonous to some animals. Many animals will get very sick or die if they eat avocado. Avocado grows there where the climate is a little windy.

## Other websites

- Avocado info
- Avocado health benefits
1492

It was an important year in the history of the world.

The most important events centred around Spain. Muslim forces were finally expelled (sent away) from Spain. This ended 780 years of Muslim control in Al-Andalus.

Jews were also expelled. With the backing of the King of Spain, Christopher Columbus set off on the voyage by which he would discover the "New World", by which was meant the Americas.

Fall of Granada: Muhammad XII, the last Emir of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of the Catholic Monarchs (Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) after a long siege.

These discoveries and changes made Spain a large empire, not just a country in Europe.
Virtues of Harmony

***Virtues of Harmony*** was a sitcom that ran in Hong Kong from 2001 until February 2005. _Virtues of Harmony One_ was set in ancient China during the Ming Dynasty. It follows the lives of the Kam family. The allure of the series was the humorous storylines and how the good always wins. The star of the show was Nancy Sit, a kind hearted matriarch with the best intentions.

Following the success of _Virtues of Harmony One_, _Virtues of Harmony Two_ was set in modern Hong Kong with a similar cast.
Ashford, Kent

**Ashford** is a large town in Kent in England. Many villages in are nearby and Ashford attracts lots of locals for its shopping. The Ashford international railway station is connected by the Channel Tunnel to mainland Europe. Ashford is an established and populated area of Kent with lots of houses. The UK Government is going to build many more houses in the town and will double its population in a few years. About 120,000 people live there.

There's also an Ashford Designer Outlet Shopping Centre nearby.
Song

A **song** is a piece of music which contains lyrics and words. Songs may be made by songwriters. Other songs are folk songs, which are songs created by people long ago that have been sung as tradition.

Some people form bands which write and record songs to make money from it. When two or three singers sing the song it is called a duet or trio. Some people also make parodies of songs, which is usually changing the words of the song but keeping the tune. Parodies are usually made to make fun of a song or its writer/singer (parody artist "Weird Al" Yankovic is an example of this).

The word "song" is often used to describe any piece of music, even one without words or lyrics. The proper word for a piece of music without words is "_instrumental_".
Dan Brown

**Dan Brown** (born June 22, 1964) is an American writer. His best-known book is _The Da Vinci Code_.

Dan Brown lives in the United States. His father was a math teacher and his mother was a church organist. Before Dan Brown wrote books, he was an English teacher. Dan Brown's wife, Blythe, is an artist. Sometimes she is known to help him with his books.

Dan Brown also likes to write about codes and secrets. Sometimes he writes about real secrets, but he mostly writes fiction.

Hollywood director Ron Howard made a movie about one of Brown's books. Tom Hanks is the movie's star actor. It was released in theaters in May 2006.

Brown's next book was supposed to be called _The Solomon Key_, but then the name was changed to _The Lost Symbol_. When the book _The Da Vinci Code_ came out in the United States, there were some puzzles hidden in the art of the book cover. Brown said that the answers to those puzzles give hints about what would be in his next book. Two of the puzzles are about a famous sculpture called _Kryptos_, which is in the middle of the CIA Headquarters building in Washington D.C.

This is a list of Dan Brown's books:

- _Digital Fortress_ (1997)
- _Angels and Demons_ (2000)
- _Deception Point_ (2001)
- _The Da Vinci Code_ (2003)
- _The Lost Symbol_ (2009)
- Inferno (2013)
- Origin (2017)

## Other websites

- Official Dan Brown website
Thurso

**Thurso** is a town in north Scotland. The town has a population of 8,721 (2001 census)
Penzance

**Penzance** () is a town and port in Cornwall, South West England. It is near Land's End and the most westerly major town in England. Many people live and work in Penzance. In 2001, there were 21,168 people living in Penzance. The main Cornish railway line ends at Penzance. The fishing port of Newlyn is close to Penzance.
The Tonight Show

***The Tonight Show*** is a popular late night television talk and comedy show in the United States. It appears on the NBC television network. The show started in 1954 and was hosted by Steve Allen. In 1957, Jack Paar became the host, with Ernie Kovacs hosting on some nights.

In 1962, Johnny Carson took over and stayed until 1992, with announcer Ed McMahon as sidekick, and Doc Severinsen as bandleader. Carson, McMahon, and Severinsen retired from _The Tonight Show_ in 1992, when Jay Leno became host. Leno left the show in 2009, and Conan O'Brien (of _Late Night_ and _Saturday Night Live_ fame) became host from June 2009 to January 2010 before leaving due to controversy with _The Tonight Show_'s timeslot. Jay Leno became the host of the show again on March 1, 2010. Leno retired in 2014 when Jimmy Fallon took over.

## 2009 timeslot controversy

In late 2009, NBC said that they would be moving the _Jay Leno Show_ to 11:35 PM, the time usually slotted for _The Tonight Show_. The _Jay Leno Show_ would be 30 minutes long. _The Tonight Show_ would be moved to 12:05 AM, but would still be a full hour long. NBC did this because Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien were not getting enough viewers, and they believed that moving _The Jay Leno Show_ to late night would increase their prime time viewers.

After being told this, Conan O'Brien said that he would be leaving _The Tonight Show_. He said that he believed that moving the show to 12:05 would ruin it, and that it would be unfair to _Late Night_, which would have been moved to 1:05 AM. The deal was made that O'Brien would receive $33 million and that his staff of almost 200 people would receive $12 million. Conan O'Brien's last show aired on January 22, 2010.

## Music and announcers

Jimmy Fallon began hosting _The Tonight Show_ on February 17th, 2014. His band, The Roots, joined him, and also announcer Steve Higgins. Fallon has sometimes had guests to help him host the show, with the first co-host being Cardi B and she co-hosted on April 9th, 2018, Kevin Hart co-hosted on September 19th, 2018. Dave Grohl co-hosted on May 24th, 2021, Jimmy Kimmel hosted on April 1st, 2022, (with Fallon switching to guest host _Jimmy Kimmel Live.)_ Shawn Mendes co-hosted on April 29th, 2022, Megan Thee Stallion co-hosted on August 11, 2022, Demi Lovato co-hosted on August 17th, 2022. Jack Harlow co-hosted on October 6th, 2022, and Bad Bunny co-hosted on January 13th, 2025.

## See also

- Late night television
Vessel

**Vessel** or **vessels** may refer to:

- Blood vessel, a tube that carries blood around the body
- Lymph vessel, a thin walled, valved structure that carries lymph
- Vessel element, a narrow tube that carries water in plants (such as the xylem)
- Bowl, a common open-top container
- Drinking vessel, for holding drinkable liquids
- Marine vessel, any kind of boat or ship
Five solas

In Europe in the 16th century, there was a big change in the Christian religion. During the Protestant Reformation, hundreds of thousands of people left the Catholic Church to form Protestant churches all over Europe.

"The Five solas" are an important part of reformed theology for the Protestant leaders:

- **Sola scriptura** (meaning "The Bible only"): Protestants believe that they need only to read the Bible to find out what God wants, instead of listening to the Pope or the Catholic Church.

- **Solus Christus**  (meaning Christ only"): Protestants believe that the only way to heaven is by Jesus dying on the cross, thus they do not have to pray to Mary, saints, or angels.

- **Sola Gratia** (meaning "grace only:" Protestants believe that God lets people into heaven, but no one deserves it.

- **Sola fide** (meaning "faith only"): Protestants believe that people must trust Jesus for him to let them into heaven.

- **Soli Deo Gloria** (meaning "only glory to God"): Protestants believe that God alone should be worshipped, not the Pope or priests, and people should not trust the Church to get to heaven.

The words "Sola Scriptura", "Solus Christus", "Sola Gratia", "Sola Fide" and "Soli Deo Gloria" are in Latin.

## Other websites

- Articles on the Five _Sola_s—from a conservative Calvinistic perspective
- FiveSolas.com—a Reformed page devoted to the _Sola_s
Göran Persson

**Göran Persson** (born January 20, 1949) was the Prime minister of Sweden between 1996 and 2006. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party, but quit in March 2007. He was replaced by Mona Sahlin as leader of the party, the party's first woman to do so.

## Other websites

- Government Offices of Sweden - Göran Persson

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Göran Persson
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Sweden, 31st Prime Minister of Sweden
- **monarch**: Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf
- **image**: Goran Persson, Sveriges statsminister, under nordiskt statsministermotet i Reykjavik 2005.jpg
- **deputy**: Lena Hjelm-Wallén
Margareta Winberg
Marita Ulvskog
Lars Engqvist
Bo Ringholm
- **term start**: 22 March 1996
- **term end**: 6 October 2006
<small>()</small>
- **predecessor**: Carl Bildt
- **successor**: Fredrik Reinfeldt
- **order3**: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Leader of the Social Democrats
- **term start3**: 22 March 1996
- **term end3**: 17 March 2007
<small>()</small>
- **predecessor3**: Ingvar Carlsson
- **successor3**: Mona Sahlin
- **order4**: Minister for Finance (Sweden), Minister for Finance
- **primeminister4**: Ingvar Carlsson
- **term start4**: 7 October 1994
- **term end4**: 22 March 1996
<small>()</small>
- **predecessor4**: Anne Wibble
- **successor4**: Erik Åsbrink
- **order5**: Minister for Education (Sweden), Minister for Schools
- **primeminister5**: Ingvar Carlsson
- **term start5**: 12 March 1989
- **term end5**: 4 October 1991
<small>()</small>
- **predecessor5**: Bengt Göransson
- **successor5**: Beatrice Ask
- **order6**: Member of Parliament, Member of the Swedish Parliament
for Södermanland County
- **term start6**: 1 October 1979
- **term end6**: 11 June 1985
<small>()</small>
- **term start7**: 5 October 1991
- **term end7**: 30 April 2007
<small>()</small>
- **birth place**: Vingåker, Södermanland County, Södermanland, Sweden
- **party**: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party
- **spouse**: Gunnel Claesson
<small>(1978-1994; divorced)</small>
Annika Barthine
<small>(1994-2003; divorced)</small>
Anitra Steen
<small>(m. 2003-present)</small>
- **alma mater**: Örebro University, Örebro University College
- **residence**: Övre Torp, Södermanland
- **cabinet**: Persson Cabinet, Cabinet of Persson
- **signature**: Göran Persson signature.svg
- **caption**: Göran Persson in 2005
Jane Fonda

**Jane Seymour Fonda** (born December 21, 1937) is an American actress, writer, political activist and former fashion model. She is the daughter of Henry Fonda, the sister of Peter Fonda and the aunt of Bridget Fonda, both of whom are actors. She won two Academy Awards. Fonda made instructional videos on exercise and aerobics. She was also known for her nude scene in _Circle of Love_, which was the first by a major American actress in a foreign movie.

## Personal life

Fonda was born on December 21, 1937 in New York City. She is the daughter of actor Henry Fonda (1905–1982) and the Canadian-born socialite Frances Ford Seymour (1908–1950). According to her father, their surname comes from Italian ancestors who immigrated to the Netherlands. There they intermarried and began to use Dutch given names. She is also of English, Scottish, French-Canadian, German, and Norwegian ancestry. She was named after the third wife of English king Henry VIII, Jane Seymour. Her mother is distantly related to Jane Seymour. Her brother was actor Peter Fonda (1940–2019) and through him, her niece was his daughter Bridget. In 1950, her mother committed suicide when Jane was 13.

In the early 1950s, Fonda taught dance at Fire Island Pines, New York. She attended the Emma Willard School in Troy, New York, and Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York, but dropped out to become a fashion model.

## Health

Fonda was diagnosed with breast cancer and osteoporosis in her later years. She had a lumpectomy in November 2010, and has recovered. In April 2019, Fonda revealed she had a cancerous growth removed from her lower lip in March 2018 and had pre-melanoma growths removed from her skin.

In September 2022, Fonda announced that she has been diagnosed with Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Jane Fonda Cannes 2018.jpg
- **caption**: at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival
- **birth name**: Jayne Seymour Fonda
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, writer, activist
- **years active**: 1954–present
- **spouse**: Roger Vadim
(1965–1973, divorced)
Tom Hayden
(1973–1989, divorced)
Ted Turner
(1991–2001, divorced)
- **children**: Vanessa Vadim
Troy Garity
- **parents**: Henry Fonda
Frances Ford Seymour
- **relatives**: Peter Fonda (brother; deceased)
Bridget Fonda (niece)
Degree

**Degree** generally means to have a level in something.

**Degree** can mean:
- Academic degree  awarded by a university to people who graduate from it
- A degree is a unit of how we measure temperature
- Degree (angle) in geometry, 1/360th of a circle
- Degree (mathematics), the highest power of x occurring inside a polynomial
High school

**High school** is a kind of school, a place where people go to learn skills for use in life. In a three-part system such as in the United States, children go to high school after middle school ("junior high"). In a two-part system such as in South Africa and the United Kingdom, the change is from primary school to secondary school at around 12 years and 11 years of age respectively. High school is also sometimes called an **senior high school** or just _senior high_.

In the United States, a high school is a school that students go to usually for grades 9 through 12, from the ages of about 14-15 to about 17-18. It is also the last school that the law requires the student to go to. However, students with behavioral issues that are too much for the school to handle cannot attend. This is called expulsion. Some states have an age or certain grade where a student does not have to attend school, this is called the compulsory age, for example in New York, students below 17 years of age are required to attend school unless the child is excused. Some people may choose to take some tests called GED (General Education Development) as another way to finish high school. A student is allowed by law to stop going to high school after a certain age without having graduated. In most this is 16, however, in a few states, it is 18 or higher, for example, Wisconsin.

In the United Kingdom, the law requires the student to go to school until 16. The term 'high school' is only used in Scotland.
The term 'secondary School' is used for most of the UK instead of 'high school'.
'Secondary school' is the school year between 7-11; which are pupils aged 11-16.

There are public high schools and private high schools in the United States and many other countries.
Public school

A **public school** means different things in different countries:

## USA and Canada

In the United States and Canada, public schools are schools that are paid for by the government. They are open to all students who live nearby without any charge. They are usually paid for through property taxes that are applied to everyone who owns buildings in the area around the school.

Public schools greatly expanded  in the United States in the 19th century. Every U.S. state now has free public schools.

Some people think that public schools have done a bad job of education in the United States. One solution has been to give "vouchers" to parents that help them send their children to private schools. Critics say this takes money away that could go to improving public schools.

See British public school, where the meaning is different.

## Philippines

In the Philippines, a public school is a school managed by the Department of Education and funded by the national government, generally tuition-free or charge minimal fees for certain activities or materials. These schools aim to provide education to all Filipino children and are a crucial component of the country's education system. Due to high enrollment rates, public schools may have larger class sizes compared to privately-owned schools.

## Related pages

- Co-education
Welfare state

In a **welfare state**, the government has a duty to provide some level of basic support for the welfare of its citizens, including Social Security and pensions for retirees.

## Examples

The government provides scholarships to people who do not have as much as most other people in terms of education. The state may also give homes to people who do not have them, particularly those who cannot afford homes due to lack of education. The state has a system in place to monitor the progress of above such aids.

To make this happen, there have to be economical reformation, and the state and organisations must come together to achieve it. The state also will aid in tax audits initially to put such a measure in place. The taxes vary and the pyramid information will be available for such a complex socio-political structure.

A welfare state could also be paid for if the government borrows money from people, mainly by selling bonds. It is run by the government which helps the poor and the needy out.

Scholarship schemes at varying levels would be introduced to the school and university pupils so a healthy yet connected growth of youth happens. Thus a seamless transition happens in a way the future generations stand as self sustaining individuals and contribute back to the state welfare through sense of giving back and also giving forward to their next generation. Double profit in an investment made for the betterment.

### Welfare states

The most known welfare states are Nordic countries.  The United Kingdom, United States, Canada, and France, Spain,  Italy, and Japan are some other examples of welfare states.

#### United States

Welfare state programs in the United States include:

- Social security (for oneself and/or on behalf of a dependent child)
- Department of Veterans' Affairs benefits (except Veteran's pension)
- Workers' compensation (financial support for people who get hurt at work)
- Unemployment insurance compensation
- Supplemental Security Income (SSI)
- Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP; also called "food stamps")
- Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
- Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

## Related pages

- Constitutional economics
- Economic, social and cultural rights
- Social democracy
- Big government
Athlete (band)

**Athlete** are an English band from South London. Their second album is widely regarded as their breakthrough and they have released two singles so far from the album.

### Albums

1. _Vehicles and Animals_ – (7 April 2003)  **#19** UK
1. _Tourist_ – (31 January 2005) **#1** UK
1. _Beyond the Neighbourhood_ – (3 September 2007) **#5** UK

### Singles

|width="40"|Year|Song|width="40"|<small>UK Singles Chart</small>|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|2002|"Athlete (EP)"|align="center"|85|_ _|
|align="center"|2002|"You Got the Style"|align="center"|37|_Vehicles and Animals_|
|align="center"|2002|"Beautiful"|align="center"|41|_Vehicles and Animals_|
|align="center"|2003|"El Salvador"|align="center"|31|_Vehicles and Animals_|
|align="center"|2003|"Westside"|align="center"|42|_Vehicles and Animals_|
|align="center"|2003|"You Got the Style" re-issue|align="center"|42|_Vehicles and Animals_|
|align="center"|2005|"Wires"|align="center"|4|_Tourist_|
|align="center"|2005|"Half Light"|align="center"|16|_Tourist_|
|align="center"|2005|"Tourist"|align="center"|43|_Tourist_|
|align="center"|2005|"Twenty Four Hours" / "Stand In the Sun"|align="center"|42|_Tourist_|
|align="center"|2007|"Hurricane"|align="center"|31|_Beyond the Neighbourhood_|
|align="center"|2007|"Tokyo"|align="center"|198|_Beyond the Neighbourhood_|
|align="center"|2008|"The Outsiders EP|align="center"||_Beyond the Neighbourhood_|

### Compilations

Athlete tracks have appeared on the following compilation CDs:
|Year||Compilation||Track|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2002|The Album Vol. 4|"Westside"|||
|2004|The Alternative Album Vol. 2|"Westside"|||
|2004|The Best Bands in the World...Ever|"Beautiful"|||
|2004|The Best Bands 2004|"You Got The Style"|||
|2005|The Alternative Album Vol. 3|"Shake Those Windows"|||
|2005|The Album: Music from EMI|"Wires"|||
|2005|Acoustic Vol.5: Acoustic 05|"You Got The Style"|||
|2005|The Album Vol. 6|"Half Light"|||
|2006|The Last Kiss Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|"El Salvador"|||
|2006|The Ultimate Bands - The Classic Anthems|"Wires"|||
|2006|Relaxing Songs 2006|"Wires"|||
|2007|The Saturday Sessions|"God Only Knows" (Cover)|||
|2007|Top Gear: Seriously Cool Driving Music|"El Salvador"|||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Athlete
- **img**: AthleteBandApril2008.jpg
- **img capt**: Athlete performing in 2008
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Deptford, London, England
- **genre**: Indie rock
Alternative rock
- **years active**: 1999–present
- **label**: Parlophone (UK)
Astralwerks (USA)
- **url**: http://www.athlete.mu/
- **current members**: Joel Pott
Carey Willets
Steve Roberts
Tim Wanstall
Proton

A **proton** is part of an atom. They are found in the nucleus of an atom along with neutrons. The periodic table groups atoms according to how many protons they have. A single atom of hydrogen (the lightest kind of atom) is made up of an electron moving around a proton. Most of the mass of this atom is in the proton, which is almost 2000 times heavier than the electron. Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of every other kind of atom. In any one element, the number of protons is always the same. Scientists discovered in the early 20th century that an atom's atomic number is equal to the number of protons in that atom.

A proton is made up of 3 quarks, two up quarks and one down quark. One down quark has a charge of -1/3, and two up quarks have a charge of +2/3 each. This adds to a charge of +1. A proton has a very small mass. The mass of the proton is about one atomic mass unit. The mass of the neutron is also about one atomic mass unit. The size of a proton is determined by the vibration of the quarks that are in it, and these quarks effectively form a cloud. This means that a proton is not so much a hard ball as an area that contains quarks.

## Related pages

- Proton decay
- Neutron
- Electron
- Quarks
1774

## Events

- January 21 – Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid I.
- May 10 – Louis XVI becomes King of France.
- June 2 – Intolerable Acts: The Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to let  British soldiers into their homes, is reenacted.
- June 11 – Jews in Algier escape the attack of the Spanish army.
- July 21 – Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji ending six years of war. The treaty does give Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics to protect its Christian subjects.
- September 5 – First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
- The British pass the Quebec Act setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America.
- The Sardinian pika becomes extinct.

## Births

- September 26 – Johnny Appleseed
Spaghetti Western

**Spaghetti Westerns** were a name given to low-budget Western movies, which were made by Italian movie companies in the late 1960s. They were different from the American western movies, usually filmed in Italian, had limited budgets, filmed on location in Spain and Italy with minimal sets, and many close-ups and artistic shots. Perhaps the most well-known of these movies is "The Man with No Name" trilogy: _A Fistful of Dollars_ (1964), _For a Few Dollars More_ (1965), and _The Good, the Bad and the Ugly_ (1966). All three of these movies were directed by Sergio Leone, featured music by Ennio Morricone, and starred American actor Clint Eastwood as the main character.

## Other websites

- Spaghetti Western Database
Boroughs of Berlin

The German capital Berlin is subdivided into 12 **boroughs** (German: _Stadtteile_/ _Bezirke_). The boroughs are called _Bezirke_ in German. The 12 boroughs have political rights like a town community but they are not a legal city.

On January 1, 2001 there was a Berlin borough reform. The reform cut the number of Berlin's boroughs from 23 to 12. This was the result of combining several of the old boroughs. The reform was done in order to cut down administration costs.

Here are the old and the new boroughs:

||New borough name|Old borough names|Area|Population|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**I**|Mitte|Mitte, Tiergarten, Wedding||320,420|
|**II**|Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg|Friedrichshain, Kreuzberg||256,419|
|**III**|Pankow|Prenzlauer Berg, Weißensee, Pankow||348,412|
|**IV**|Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf|Charlottenburg, Wilmersdorf||315,054|
|**V**|Spandau|Spandau (unchanged)||225,856|
|**VI**|Steglitz-Zehlendorf|Steglitz, Zehlendorf||288,285|
|**VII**|Tempelhof-Schöneberg|Tempelhof, Schöneberg||335,171|
|**VIII**|Neukölln|Neukölln (unchanged)||306,214|
|**IX**|Treptow-Köpenick|Treptow, Köpenick||233,923|
|**X**|Marzahn-Hellersdorf|Marzahn, Hellersdorf||252,602|
|**XI**|Lichtenberg|Lichtenberg, Hohenschönhausen||258,455|
|**XII**|Reinickendorf|Reinickendorf (unchanged)||246,118|

_(the data in the table is March 2004)_
Superhuman

**Superhuman** means something that is beyond what people are naturally able to do. It is a word most used in fiction such as superhero comic books, but also sometimes in science fiction and fantasy movies and books.

Any character in books or movies that is much stronger than any real person, or can do things such as fly like Superman, is said to be superhuman or to have superhuman powers.

The word "superhuman" may also mean something that is not human but can do something that humans cannot, like a robot that can think faster than a person can.
Some examples of these are having incredible memory, not needing sleep, being able to run for hours or being able to smell colours.
1874

**1874** (MDCCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Births

- March 29 – Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States (d. 1944)
- August 10 – Herbert Hoover, thirty-first President of the United States (d. 1964)
- September 13 – Arnold Schoenberg
- November 30 – Winston Churchill, sixty-first and sixty-third Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1965)
Bigfoot

**Bigfoot**, also called **Sasquatch**, is a creature in folklore. It is said that they are primates living in remote areas of Canada and the United States (US), most commonly in the Pacific Northwest.

## Spotting

There have been many claims of Bigfoots being seen, but no one has ever captured one, or found a dead body. So, most people do not believe in Bigfoot. Bigfoot is said to be very tall, from 7 to 9 feet (about 2 to 2.75 meters) and covered in brown, black, red, or sometimes even white fur or hair. They are said to have very big feet, about 13 inches long (0.3 meters), which is the reason why they are named Bigfoot.

## Naming

The name **Sasquatch** comes from the Halkomelem language, a Central Salish language in the Salish language family. Stories of this type of creature are known among a number of First Nations groups in south-western British Columbia, Canada.

## Similar mythical creatures

Bigfoot is similar to another mythical creature, the Yeti of the Himalayas.

## Infobox (paranormal creatures)

- **creature name**: Sasquatch
- **image name**: Pie Grande.jpg
- **image caption**: An artist's depiction of Bigfoot.
- **grouping**: Cryptid
- **possibilities**: Hominid, Hybrid, Ape, Bear, Alien
- **aka**: Bigfoot
- **country**: United States, Canada
- **region**: California, Oregon, Washington
- **habitat**: Forests, Swamps, Mountains
- **first reported**: In folklore
The Da Vinci Code

***The Da Vinci Code*** is a 2003 book by Dan Brown.
The book talks about a religious group called Opus Dei, a famous artist named Leonardo da Vinci, and some famous paintings he made called the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.

According to Sharan Newman in _The Real History behind the Da Vinci Code_, Dan Brown based _The Da Vinci Code_ on a book called _Holy Blood, Holy Grail_ by Baigent and Leigh. This book was based on some papers found in the National Library of France, and which were forgeries. The papers were written to show that the man who wrote them was really the true king of France and head of an ancient secret society.

In 2006, Columbia Pictures made a movie version. It was directed by Ron Howard and stars Tom Hanks as Robert Langdon.