juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nobuyuki Abe

, also known as **Noboyuki Abe**,  was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea, and 36th Prime Minister of Japan from August 30, 1939 to January 16, 1940.

## Early life

Abe was born into an ex-samurai family in Kanazawa city, Ishikawa Prefecture.

Abe attended Tokyo No.1 Middle School (Tokyo Metropolitan Hibiya High School) followed by No.4 High School. While still a student, he volunteered for military service during the First Sino-Japanese War.

After the war, Abe graduated from the Imperial Japanese Army Academy.  He was part of the 19th class of the Army War College.

## Military career

Abe became commander of the 3rd Field Artillery Regiment from 1918-1921. In August 1918, his regiment was sent to Siberia during Japan's Siberian Intervention, but was never in combat.

Abe was appointed commander of the 4th Infantry Division on  December 22, 1930.

He later served as instructor in the Army War College followed by chief of the Military Affairs Bureau and as Vice Minister of the Army.

In 1933, Abe was promoted to full general.  He was Commander-in-Chief of the Taiwan Army.

In 1936, he was placed on the reserve list.

## Politician

Abe Nobuyuki became 36th Prime Minister on August 30, 1939.

Abe was replaced by Mitsumasa Yonai in January 1940.

Abe joined the House of Peers in 1942.

He was appointed the 10th (and last) Governor-General of Korea in 1944 and 1945.

After World War II, Abe was arrested by the Americans under General Douglas MacArthur. He was not charged with any war crimes and he was soon released.

## Related pages

- Shōwa period

## Other websites

|-

|-
Femminiello

A ***femminiello***, also spelled ***femmeniello*** is an Italian word for a male with feminine nature and behaviour, and part of an old tradition in Neapolitan culture. They are believed to bring luck in gambling and are known to participate in games such as bingo and also some traditional events.

## Related pages

- LGBT rights in Italy

## Other websites

- The _femminiello_ in Neapolitan culture
Bourrée

The **Bourrée** is a quick double time dance of French origins. It is similar to a Gavotte, but has  a 1 beat anacruis (upbeat), where the gavotte has a 2 beat anacrusis.

It often has a rhythm with a strong beat followed by two weaker ones. For example, an accented crochet followed by two quavers. This is called dactylic.
North London Collegiate School

**North London Collegiate School** is an independent school for girls between the ages of 4-18. It is located in Harrow, London. It was established by Frances Mary Buss in 1850. Frances Mary Buss originally opened the school in her own home in Camden Town, London. It later moved to Canons, Edgware in the 1930s. It is thought to be the first girls' school in the United Kingdom, and the first to give girls the same chances to learn things as boys were given.
Girls travel from all over London to attend the school. Famous women who were pupils there include Anna Wintour, Susie Orbach, and Rachel Weisz.

In September 2011 NLCS opened a new school in Jeju, South Korea. NLCS Jeju is a mixed school.

## Infobox (uk school)

- **name**: North London Collegiate School
- **established**: 1850
- **type**: Independent school (UK), Independent day school
- **head label**: Headmistress
- **head**: Bernice McCabe
- **chair label**: Chairman of the Governors
- **chair**: Tim Suter
- **founder**: Frances Mary Buss
- **street**: Canons Drive
- **city**: Edgware
- **county**: London
- **country**: England
- **postcode**: HA8 7RJ
- **lea**: Harrow
- **dfeno**: 310/6075
- **enrollment**: 1,066 (2008)
- **gender**: Girls
- **lower age**: 4
- **upper age**: 18
- **colours**: Sky blue
- **free label 1**: Former pupils
- **free 1**: Old North Londoners
- **website**: http://www.nlcs.org.uk/
- **website name**: www.nlcs.org.uk
Jacques Villiers

**Jacques Villiers**, (26 August 1924 – 13 March 2012) is a French aerospace engineer and public servant. He is the founder of the _Centre d'études de la navigation aérienne_ (French air navigation center) and co-founder of the CAUTRA system, the computer system of the French air traffic management.

In the words of Michel Wachenheim: "We can consider Jacques Villiers as one of the main
founders of "the French school of air navigation" with everything
it has scientific expertise, know-how
technological and operational experience. He quickly understood
that France could and should play a leading role in this
sector, because of its aviation history, its ability to
train highly qualified specialists, but also its global ambitions
and European geography. He retained confident until the end that we could provide leadership in technical
international level, I am reminded of conversations with him on this
subject. The best tribute to him is certainly to continue
in this way."

## Bibliography

- In partnership with Paul Funel, _Le transport aérien français : rapport au ministre d'État, ministre des Transports_, La documentation française, Paris 1982 ()
- Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, _Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique_, Le Cherche-Midi, June 2005, 782 p. (), p. 523, Villiers, Jacques
- Sophie Poirot-Delpech, _Mémoire et histoires de l'automatisation du contrôle aérien : Sociobiographie du CAUTRA_, L'Harmattan Editions, 11th of September 2009

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jacques Villiers
- **caption**: Jacques Villiers
- **birth name**: Villiers
- **birth date**: 26th of August 1924
- **birth place**: Vaucresson
- **death date**: 13th of March 2012
- **death place**: Paris
- **nationality**: France, French
- **citizenship**: France, French
- **education**: Aerospace engineer
- **alma mater**: École Polytechnique
 École nationale de l'aviation civile
Entity–relationship model

In software engineering, an **entity–relationship model** is a conceptual model of data. Very often, the term is shortened to **ER model**. ER models are used to create relational databases. They show how the different parts of a data model interact with each other.

Peter Chen proposed to use this modelling approach in an article he wrote in 1976. Chen was not the first to have this idea. After the publication of the article, the idea was modified as well.

## ER modelling

In an ER model, there are three different types of objects:
- An entity exists in the real world; for example: an employee called Smith, or a project with number 1234.
- A _relationship_ shows how two entities relate to each other
- Both entities and relationships can have _attributes_. Anything that is useful to know about an entity or a relationship is an _attribute_.
Since the database must be able to find an entity or a relationship, it must be able to identify it with a set of attributes that is unique. This set of attributes is usually called _primary key_.
After all the relations have been mapped, they are usually also revised to include cardinalities; a cardinality specifies the number of entities related in a relationship. This information is needed when the database is created. Depending on cardinality and the level of database normalisation, it may be necessary to introduce additional entities and relationships.

## Creating a database

When everything has been described, it is easy to create a relational database, as follows:
- Every type of entity can directly be mapped to a relation ("database table")
- Every type of attribute can directly be mapped to attributes ("columns" in the database table)
- Attributes can directly be mapped to attributes ("columns" in the database table)

## Limitations

An ER model describes the relations between entities. It is adapted to represent relational data. Data that cannot easily be put into this form should not be modelled with an ER model. ER is aimed at designing a database from scratch; using it to describe and change a database that already exists may be more difficult to do.

Even where it is suitable in principle, ER modeling is rarely used as a separate activity.
One reason for this is that there are many tools that allow diagramming and that have other design support directly on relational database management systems.
These tools can extract database diagrams that are very close to ER diagrams from existing databases, and they provide alternative views on the information contained in such diagrams.

In a survey, Brodie and Liu could not find a single instance of entity–relationship modeling inside a sample of ten Fortune 100 companies.  Badia and Lemire blame this lack of use on the lack of guidance but also on the lack of benefits, such as lack of support for data integration.
Andrew Wiles

**Sir Andrew John Wiles**, KBE, FRS (born Cambridge, 11 April 1953) is an Abel Prize-winning British mathematician and a Royal Society Research Professor at Oxford University. He specializes in number theory. He is most famous for proving Fermat's Last Theorem.

He is a foreign member of the United States National Academy of Sciences since 1996. He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2015.

## The proof of Fermat's Last Theorem

In the summer of 1986, Wiles decided to prove the theorem. Gerhard Frey, Jean-Pierre Serre and Ken Ribet had done successful research in the last few years. Wiles realised that he could prove a limited form of the modularity theorem. So, he decided to solve this problem. This was done somewhat secretly. In 1993, he presented his proof to the public for the first time at a conference in Cambridge. In August 1993, however, it turned out that the proof contained a gap. Wiles tried to fill in this gap. But the error he made was a very basic one. Wiles got the crucial idea for avoiding, rather than closing this gap. This came to him on 19 September 1994. Together with his former student Richard Taylor, he published a second paper. This avoided the error and thus completed the proof. Both papers were published in 1995 in a special volume of the _Annals of Mathematics_.

## Recognition by the media

Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem was scrutinized by mathematical experts. Wiles was interviewed for an episode of the BBC documentary series _Horizon_ that focused on Fermat's Last Theorem. This was renamed "The Proof". It was made an episode of the Public Broadcasting Service's science television series _Nova_.
Richard Taylor (mathematician)

**Richard Lawrence Taylor** (born 19 May 1962) is a British mathematician. He works in number theory. He was a former research student of Andrew Wiles. He returned to Princeton to help Wiles complete the proof of Fermat's last theorem.

Taylor received the 2007 Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences. This for his work on the Langlands program. He did this work with Robert Langlands.

## Career

Taylor received his B.A. from Clare College, Cambridge. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1988. From 1995 to 1996 he held the Savilian Chair of Geometry at Oxford University. He was also a Fellow of New College, Oxford. Currently, he is the Herchel Smith Professor of Mathematics at Harvard University.

He received the Whitehead Prize in 1990, the Fermat Prize and the Ostrowski Prize in 2001. He also got the Cole Prize of the American Mathematical Society in 2002, and the Shaw Prize for Mathematics in 2007. He was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1995.

## Work

There are two papers which have the complete proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. One of them was written by Taylor with Andrew Wiles.

In his later work, Taylor (along with Michael Harris) proved the local Langlands conjectures. A simpler proof was suggested almost at the same time by Guy Henniart.

Later, together with Christophe Breuil, Brian Conrad, and Fred Diamond, he completed proving the Taniyama–Shimura conjecture, by performing very difficult computations.

Recently, Taylor, following the ideas of Michael Harris, developed on his work with Laurent Clozel, Michael Harris, and Nick Shepherd-Barron. He has announced that he proved the Sato–Tate conjecture, for elliptic curves with non-integral j-invariant. This partial proof of the Sato–Tate conjecture uses a theorem of Wiles.

## Personal life

Taylor is married to Christine Taylor . She is a mathematical biologist. They have two children: Jeremy and Chloe.  He is also the son of  British physicist, John C. Taylor.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Richard Taylor
- **image**: Richard Taylor (mathematician).jpg
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **field**: Mathematics
- **work institutions**: Harvard University
- **alma mater**: Princeton University
Clare College, Cambridge
- **doctoral advisor**: Andrew Wiles
- **doctoral students**: Kevin Buzzard
Ana Caraiani
Ashley Jarvis
David Savitt (mathematician), David Savitt
- **prizes**: Whitehead Prize (1990)
Fermat Prize (2001)
Ostrowski Prize (2001)
Cole Prize (2002)
Shaw Prize (2007)
The Tudors

***The Tudors*** is a historical drama television series set primarily in the 16th-century England, they going to hail Henry VIII as a victory. The series broadcast started a production on April 1, 2007, it was shown aired on BBC Two in the United Kingdom until June 11, 2010, Canadian Television in Canada until November 23, 2010, and Showtime in the United States.
Yi Bok-nam

**Yi Bok-nam** (; born June 28, 1555 in Gangneung - died August 16, 1597 in Namwon) was an army general and politician of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. He was one of Korea's generals in the Imjin War.

## References

- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=888269
- http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOb_A9999_1_0009571&curSetPos=0&curSPos=0&isEQ=true&kristalSearchArea=B
- http://koreandb.nate.com/history/people/detail?sn=1045
Algebraic equation

In mathematics, an **algebraic equation**, also called **polynomial equation** over a given field is an equation of the form
where _P_ and _Q_ are polynomials over that field, and have one (univariate) or more than one (multivariate) variables. For example:
is an algebraic equation over the rational numbers.

Two equations are called equivalent if they have the same set of solutions. This means that all solutions of the second equation must also be solutions of the first one and vice versa. The equation  is equivalent with . So the study of algebraic equations is equivalent to the study of polynomials.

If an algebraic equation is over the rationals, it can always be converted to an equivalent one, where all the coefficients are integers. For example, in the equation given above, we multiply by 42 = 2·3·7 and group the terms in the first member. The equation is converted to

The solutions of an equation are the values of the variables for which the equation is true. But for algebraic equations there are also called **roots**. When solving an equation, we need to say in which set the solutions are allowed. For example, for an equation over the rationals, one can find solutions in the integers.  Then, the equation is a diophantine equation. One may also look for solutions in the field of complex numbers. One can also look for solutions in real numbers.

Ancient mathematicians wanted the solutions of univariate equations (that is, equations with one variable) in the form of radical expressions, like  for the positive solution of . The ancient Egyptians knew how to solve equations of degree 2 (that is equations in which the highest power of the variable is 2) in this manner. During the Renaissance, Gerolamo Cardano solved the equation of degree 3 and Lodovico Ferrari solved the equation of degree 4. Finally Niels Henrik Abel proved in 1824 that the equation of degree 5 and the equations of higher degree cannot always be solved by using radicals. Galois theory, named after Évariste Galois, were introduced to give criteria deciding if an equation is solvable using radicals.
Algebraic solution

An **algebraic solution** is an algebraic expression which is the solution of an algebraic equation in terms of the coefficients of the variables. It is found only by addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and the extraction of roots (square roots, cube roots, etc.).

The most well-known example is the solution of the general quadratic equation.

(where _a_ ≠ 0).

There is a more complicated solution for the general cubic equation and quartic equation.  The Abel-Ruffini theorem states that the general quintic equation does not have an algebraic solution. This means that the general polynomial equation of degree _n_, for _n_ ≥ 5, cannot be solved by using algebra. However, under certain conditions, we can get algebraic solutions; for example, the equation  can be solved as
Sylvie Faucheux

**Sylvie Faucheux** (born 29 May 1960 in the 20th arrondissement of Paris) is a French professor and politician. She specialized in the fields of economy of the natural environment and sustainable development. She was President of the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_ from 2002 till the 12 April 2012.

Faucheux graduated from the Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University which she founded in 1995. She managed the Center for economics and ethics environment and sustainable development, which, in 2002, became a joint research unit between UVSQ and the _Institut de recherche pour le développement_ (IRD) (Institute of Development Research).

Faucheux is a politician as well as an educator. She was a SP candidate at the parliamentary elections for the first district of Yvelines in June 2007.

In December 2002, she was named President of the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_. She was president until 12 April 2012, when Jean-Luc Vayssière was made president. She is the current head of _Université du grand ouest parisien_. Faucheux is a member of the Board of Research and Higher Education in France. She has been a member since 2002. She is responsible for the working group on sustainable development.

Sylvie Faucheux is Chevalier of the _Ordre des Palmes Académiques_ (14 July 2004 promotion), Chevalier of the _Ordre national du Mérite_ (14 November 2005 Decret), Chevalier of the Legion of Honour and owner of the _Marianne d'Or_ 2009 for her actions in favor of the sustainable development.

## Further reading

- Sylvie Faucheux, Jean-François Noël, _Économie des ressources naturelles et de l'environnement_, Armand Colin, 1999, 320 p. ()
- Sylvie Faucheux, H. Joumni, _Économie des changements climatiques_, La découverte - slf, 2005, 128 p. ()
- Sylvie Faucheux, Catherine Moulin, _T.I.C. et développement durable_, De Boeck, 2010 ()
- Who’s Who in France 2011, 2010 ()
- Who’s Who in France 2012, 2011 ()

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sylvie Faucheux
- **image**: Sylvie Faucheux.jpg
- **caption**: Faucheux in 2022
- **birth place**: 20th arrondissement of Paris
- **known for**: Former President of the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_
- **education**: Doctorate in economy of natural environment and natural resource
- **alma mater**: Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University
- **occupation**: professor and politician
- **predecessor**: Dominique Gentile
- **successor**: Jean-Luc Vayssière
Derivative (finance)

In finance, a derivative is a special type of contract. In it, the two parties agree to sell (or to buy) certain goods, at a given price, on a given date. Derivatives can be used in two ways. The first is called speculation: One party hopes that the _market price_ differs from the _price agreed upon in the contract_, so that they can make the difference between the two. The second is called hedging: One party wants to make sure that the market price doesn't go in a direction that would hurt their profits, so they make sure that the price is agreed upon a long time before the transaction takes place. For a seller, hedging means that they can be certain to receive the agreed upon price, and for the buyer, hedging means that they can be certain not to pay more than the agreed upon price.

One of the oldest derivatives is rice futures, which have been traded on the Dojima Rice Exchange since the eighteenth century.

Derivatives can take many forms, but some of the most common types are Futures, Contracts for Difference and Options. They can also be structured on a range of different assets including Forex, Equities, Commodities, and interest rates.
Mickey

"**Mickey**" is a song by US singer Toni Basil. It was a top 5 hit when it was released in 1982. It is was covered in 1999 by Lolly, who also had a top 5 hit with the song. The top 10 2005 hit by Gwen Stefani - "Hollaback Girl" and 2012 top 40 hit by Madonna ft Nicki Minaj & MIA - "Give Me All Your Luvin'" also had musical influences from this song, Toni Basil's version was released by Radialchoice and Lolly's version was released by Polydor.

Contrary to popular belief, the song does  refer to Mickey Mouse
Jeff Daniels

**Jeffrey Warren Daniels** (born February 19, 1955) is an American actor. He was born in Athens, Georgia. He grew up in Chelsea, Michigan.

Daniels starred in _Something Wild_, _Terms of Endearment_, _Arachnophobia_ and _Dumb and Dumber_. He won an Emmy Award in 2013.
Joe Pesci

**Joseph Frank "Joe" Pesci** (born February 9, 1943) is an American actor. He was born in Newark, New Jersey and is of Italian descent. He was raised in Belleville, New Jersey.

## Awards

- Best Newcomer to Film British Academy Award, New York Film Critics Circle Best Supporting Actor, National Society of Film Critics Best Supporting Actor, National Board of Review Best Supporting Actor, for _Raging Bull_, 1980

- Best Supporting Actor Academy Award, Los Angeles Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor, National Board of Review Best Supporting Actor, for _Goodfellas_, 1990

- Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture (Leading Role) American Comedy Award, for _My Cousin Vinny_, 1992

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1961|_Hey, Let's Twist!_|Dancer at the Peppermint Lounge, NYC|Uncredited||
|1976|_The Death Collector_|Joe Salvino|||
|1980|_Raging Bull_|Joey LaMotta|||
|rowspan=2|1982|_I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can_|Roger||
|_Dear Mr. Wonderful_|Ruby Dennis||||
|rowspan=2|1983|_Eureka_|Mayakofsky||
|_Easy Money_|Nicky Cerone||||
|rowspan=2|1984|_Once Upon a Time in America_|Frankie Minaldi||
|_Everybody in Jail_|Corrado Parisi||||
|1987|_Man on Fire_|David Coolidge|||
|rowspan=2|1988|_Moonwalker_|Frankie Lideo||
|_The Legendary Life of Ernest Hemingway_|John Dos Passos||||
|1989|_Lethal Weapon 2_|Leo Getz|||
|rowspan=4|1990|_Catchfire_|Leo Carelli|Uncredited cameo|
|_Betsy's Wedding_|Oscar Henner||||
|_Goodfellas_|Tommy DeVito||||
|_Home Alone_|Harry Lyme||||
|rowspan=2|1991|_The Super_|Louie Kritski||
|_JFK_|David Ferrie||||
|rowspan=4|1992|_My Cousin Vinny_|Vincent LaGuardia Gambini||
|_Lethal Weapon 3_|Leo Getz||||
|_The Public Eye_|Leon Bernstein||||
|_Home Alone 2: Lost in New York_|Harry Lyme||||
|1993|_A Bronx Tale_|Carmine|Cameo||
|rowspan=2|1994|_Jimmy Hollywood_|Jimmy Alto||
|_With Honors_|Simon Wilder||||
|1995|_Casino_|Nicky Santoro|||
|rowspan=2|1997|_8 Heads in a Duffel Bag_|Tommy Spinelli||
|_Gone Fishin_'|Joe Waters||||
|1998|_Lethal Weapon 4_|Leo Getz|||
|2006|_The Good Shepherd_|Joseph Palmi|Cameo||
|2010|_Love Ranch_|Charlie Bontempo|||
|2015|_A Warrior's Tail_|Mosquito|Voice||
|2019|_The Irishman_|Russell Bufalino|||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: person


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joe Pesci
- **image**: JoePesci-2009.jpg
- **alt**: A head shot of Pesci, unshaven, wearing dark sunglasses, hat, shirt, and leather jacket
- **caption**: Pesci in 2009
- **birth name**: Joseph Frank Pesci
- **birth place**: Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
- **children**: 1
Naoto Ohshima

is a Japanese video game designer. At one time, he worked for Sega. Ōshima designed and created the characters for Sonic the Hedgehog and Dr. Eggman. Yuji Naka and Hirokazu Yasuhara are often given credit for his work on the _Sonic_ series because of their close association with the Sonic name. Ōshima became well known at Sega's Sonic Team for creating characters and playing an important part in the development of games like _Phantasy Star_, _Sonic CD_, _Nights into Dreams..._, and _Sonic Adventure_.

After he left Sonic Team, he created his own game company called Artoon. Since then, he left from the position of president in the company and was replaced by Yutaka Sugano. From there he went on to work on games like _Pinobee_ and _Blinx: The Time Sweeper_, and in 2004, the sequel to _Blinx_, _Blinx 2: Masters of Time & Space_. In 2010, Artoon was turned into AQ Interactive. In 2010, he and other main members of Artoon left to create Arzest. He was given a "Special Thanks in the game Sonic Generations.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Naoto Ōshima
- **image**: Naoto ohshima gdc 2018.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Ohshima at the 2018 Game Developers Conference
- **birth place**: Japan
- **occupation**: Game designer
Dennis Franz

**Dennis Franz** (born October 1944) is an American television and movie actor. His movies include _Die Hard 2_. He has starred in many television series, including _NYPD Blue_.
Rafinha

**Márcio Rafael Ferreira de Souza** (born 7 September 1985) more commonly known as **Rafinha** is Brazilian footballer. He plays for Flamengo in the Bundesliga.

## Career

Rafinha was born in Londrina, Brazil on 7 September, 1985. At the age of 7, he joined his local futsal team, Gremio Londrinense. In 2001, when he was 16, he moved to Coritiba. He also joined the Brazilian under-20 national football team. He was then signed by FC Schalke04 on a four-year contact for what is widely believed to be a transfer fee of €5 million

In August 2010, Rafinha signed with Genoa. One year later, he signed with Bayern Munich on a three-year contract for €5.5 million. He has made 31 appearances for Bayern Munich up-to-date.

## International career

Rafinha has been called up to the senior Brazil squad once and has made a combined total of 16 appearances in the Under-20 and Under-23 sides.
Second moment of area

The moment of force (also called the first moment of force) about any point is the product of the force and perpendicular distance between them. If this first moment is again multiplied by the perpendicular distance between them, the product so obtained is called the **second moment of force** or moment of moment of the force.

If instead of force, the area of the figure or mass of the body is considered, it is called the **second moment of area** or second moment of mass. They are also termed broadly as **moments of inertia**.

There is no physical significance for moment of inertia. It is just a mathematical expression usually denoted by

## Related pages

- Polar moment of inertia
Jean-Luc Vayssière

**Jean-Luc Vayssière**, born in 1956, is a French professor, specializing in genetics and cell biology. He was President of the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_ from the 12th of April 2012 until April 2016.

Jean is also a graduate from the Paris Diderot University in molecular biology, he started his career as assistant at the _Collège de France_ in the year 1990. In 1994, he became lecturer at the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_. In 2001, he was appointed as the head of training at the _École pratique des hautes études_ before entering in 2006 as teacher at the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_. Alongside his teaching activities, he is a researcher at the Laboratory of Genetics and Cell Biology, responsible of the "stress and cell death" team.
The 12th of April 2012, he is elected President of the _Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines_, succeeding Sylvie Faucheux. He is replaced by Dider Guillemot in May 2016.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jean-Luc Vayssière
- **birth name**: Vayssière
- **birth date**: 1956
- **nationality**: France, French
- **education**: Doctorate in Biochemistry
- **alma mater**: Paris-Diderot University, Paris Diderot University
- **employer**: Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines
- **occupation**: President of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines from the 12th of April 2012 to April 2016
- **predecessor**: Sylvie Faucheux
- **successor**: Didier Guillemot
Denying the correlative

**Denying the correlative** is a mistake in logic where a person tries to create a third possibility where there are only two. It is based on the concept of correlative conjunctions, pairs of statements where one statement must be true and the other must be false. For example 1. Ginger is a cat. 2. Ginger is not a cat. If a person claims that Ginger is something else than a cat or not a cat, then he is making a logically impossible claim, and denying the correlative. It is the opposite of the false dilemma, which tries to reduce options to only two. Another is if a person were asked if he killed someone and said, "I fought with him". That does not answer the question.
William Smith O'Brien

**William Smith O'Brien** (; 17 October 1803 – 18 June 1864) an Irish nationalist Member of Parliament (MP) and a leader of the Young Ireland movement. He also encouraged the use of the Irish language. He was convicted of sedition for his part in the Young Irelander "Famine Rebellion" of 1848 but his sentence of death was commuted to deportation to Van Diemen's Land.  In 1854, he was released on the condition of exile from Ireland, and he lived in Brussels for two years. In 1856 Smith O'Brien was pardoned and returned to Ireland, but he was never active again in politics.  At one point he was a member of the British Parliament. Later on he was a nationalist and leader of the Young Ireland movement and led a rebellion against British rule in the 1840s during the Potato Famine. He was convicted of treason, a felony, and could have been executed, but he was exiled to Van Diemen's Land instead. In 1856, he was pardoned and allowed to return.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: The Honourable, The Hon. William Smith O'Brien
- **image**: Portrait of William Smith O'Brien P1934.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait by George Francis Mulvany
- **birth date**: 17 October 1803
- **birth place**: Dromoland, Newmarket on Fergus, County Clare, Ireland
- **resting place**: Rathronan Cemetery, Ardagh, County Limerick, Ireland
- **education**: Trinity College, Cambridge
- **death place**: Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales
- **known**: Irish nationalist MP, leader of the Young Ireland movement
False dilemma

**False dilemma**, also called the **either-or fallacy**, **us vs. them fallacy**, **black-or-white fallacy**, **false dichotomy**, or the **fallacy of false choice**, is a mistake in logic that allows only two possibilities when more than two exist.

For example, there is "either-or fallacy" in saying that an apple must be green or red.  The premise is that the apple is either one color or another; but this beginning is a mistake because some apples—not most—are other colors.  In other words, most apples are red or green, but some are also yellow.

A "fallacy of false choice" may hide a deliberate attempt to eliminate agreement on an issue. Eldridge Cleaver used this tactic when he said: "You're either part of the solution or part of the problem."

A false dilemma may also be used for comedic effect. Stephen Colbert used this tactic when he asked guests on The Colbert Report: "George Bush... great president or the greatest president?"

## Related pages

- Fuzzy logic
- Denying the correlative
- Apples and oranges
- Falsifiability
- _Ipse dixit_

## Further reading

- entry in _The Fallacy Files_
Countess Dracula

***Countess Dracula*** is a 1971 Hammer horror movie. It is based on Countess Elisabeth Bathory-Nadasdy and her alleged crimes in late 16th and early 17th century Hungary. In it she kills young women to look young again by bathing in their blood. Countess Nadasdy is played by Ingrid Pitt in the movie. Other characters include her lover and henchman Captain Dobi, Captain Imre Toth a soldier for her late husband who she tries to seduce by pretending to be her daughter, and Fabio, her court historian who begins to suspect her and Dobi.

Pitt became a kind of cult icon for her role in this movie.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Countess Dracula
- **caption**: Film poster
- **director**: Peter Sasdy
- **producer**: Alexander Paal
- **writer**: Jeremy Paul
- **starring**: Ingrid Pitt
- **music**: Harry Robinson (musician), Harry Robertson
- **cinematography**: Kenneth Talbot
- **editing**: Henry Richardson (film editor), Henry Richardson
- **distributor**: Hammer Film Productions
Warner Bros.
- **runtime**: 93 minutes
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
John Mitchel

**John Mitchel** (; 3 November 1815 – 20 March 1875) was an Irish nationalist leader who helped lead a rebellion against British rule in the island in 1848. He was born in Camnish, near Dungiven, County Londonderry. His _Jail Journal_ is one of the most famous works in Irish nationalism.
Phytoremediation

**Phytoremediation** is fixing environmental problems through the use of plants.
A type of this is _phytomining_, which is a method of extraction. Some plants absorb copper compounds through their roots. They concentrate these compounds as a result of this. The plants can be burned to produce an ash that contains the copper compounds.
Wanderlust

***Wanderlust*** is a 2012 American comedy movie starring Paul Rudd and Jennifer Aniston. It is about a Manhattan couple who move to a commune in Georgia. It was released in early 2012.
Sukhoi Su-30MKI

The **Sukhoi Su-30MKI**(NATO reporting name: **Flanker-H**) is a fighter plane made by Sukhoi and HAL for the Indian Air Force. It is a version of the Su-30. It first flew in 2000 and entered service in 2002. It is one of the heaviest fighters in the world and can fly very far.

The Indian Air Force plans to have 272 of these planes by 2020. They will form the backbone of Indian Air Force from then.

It is considered a 4++ generation fighter plane and has similar features to the Sukhoi Su-35.

## Infobox (aircraft)

- **name**: Su-30MKI
- **image**: File:SU-30MKI-g4sp - edit 2(clipped).jpg
- **caption**: An Indian Air Force Su-30MKI
- **type**: Air superiority fighter
- **manufacturer**: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (under licence from Sukhoi)
- **design group**: Sukhoi Design Bureau
- **national origin**: Russia / India
- **first flight**: IAF Su-30МК: 1 July 1997
Su-30MKI: 2000
- **introduced**: 27 September 2002
- **number built**: 200 as of August 2014
- **status**: In service
- **primary user**: Indian Air Force
- **produced**: 2000–present
- **developed from**: Sukhoi Su-30
- **versions**: Sukhoi Su-30MKM
Hindustan Aeronautics Limited

The **Hindustan Aeronautics Limited** is an aerospace company of India. Its headquarters are in Bangalore. It is one of Asia's major aerospace companies.

It is managed by the Ministry of Defence of the Indian Government. It builds and modifies military and civil aircraft. In addition, it is also involved in maintaining airports.
200 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **200 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

## Events

<onlyinclude>

#### Seleucid Empire

- Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine.

#### Greece

- Philip V of Macedon's fleet defeat the Rhodians at Lade. His forces then advance into Pergamum, plundering Pergamese territory and attacking cities in Caria.
- The Acarnanians, with Macedonian support, invade Attica.
- The Roman ambassador to Greece, Syria, and Egypt, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus delivers an ultimatum to Philip V warning Macedonia not to make war on any Greek state. Philip decides to reject the Roman ultimatum and the Romans declare war on Macedon, thus starting the Second Macedonian War.
- The Roman consul, Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus, asks Attalus I and his fleet to meet up with the Roman fleet off the Greek Aegean coast and they conduct a naval campaign against Philip V, harassing Macedonian possessions in and along the Aegean.

#### Roman Republic

- Roman forces defeat the Gauls of Cisalpine Gaul in the Battle of Cremona.
- The bacchanalia are wild and mystic festivals of the Roman god Bacchus which are introduced into Rome from lower Italy by way of Etruria (approximate date).

#### Bactria

- Euthydemus I of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom dies and is succeeded by his son Demetrius I of Bactria (approximate date).

#### South America

- The city of Tiwanaku is founded as a village near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (approximate date).
- The Early Horizon period in the Andes comes to an end as the Chavin culture vanishes and is succeeded by the Nazca culture (approximate date).

#### China

- The construction of the Wei-Yang Palace in the Han Dynasty capital (Chang'an) begins.
- The Hsiung-nu appear on the western borders of China.
- The Han emperor Gaozu is defeated by the Xiongnu in the Battle of Baideng.
- The Great Wall of China was completed.

#### Art

- _Alexander the Great_, head from a Hellenistic copy of a statue, possibly after a 4th century BC original by Lysippos is made. It is now kept at the Archeological Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.
- Lost-wax casting is known in China and Mesopotamia (approximate date).
- Roman artists begin trying to produce the illusion of thin slabs of colored marble covering the walls, which are set off by actual architectural moldings and columns, in private houses. These attempts last for 120 years.

#### Astronomy

- The first good measurement of the distance between Earth and the Sun is made by Eratosthenes (approximate date). By studying lunar eclipses, his result is roughly 150 000 000 km. The currently accepted value is 149 597 870 691 ± 30 metres.
</onlyinclude>

## In fiction

- This year is used as the fourth time world (Amazon Jungle) in the video game _The Lost Vikings II_.
- The Tribunal in Marianne Curley's _Guardians of Time Trilogy_ is set up near Athens.

## Births

- Jia Yi, Chinese statesman and poet (d. 169 BC)

## Deaths

- Euthydemus I, King of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom from 223 BC (approximate date)
101 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **101 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

## Events

<onlyinclude>

#### Roman Republic

- The Roman consuls Gaius Marius and Manius Aquillius defeat the Cimbri in the Battle of Campi Raudii (or Battle of Vercellae).

#### Libya

- Ptolemy Apion inherits the kingdom of Cyrenaica.
</onlyinclude>

## Deaths

- Cleopatra III of Egypt assassinated by her son Ptolemy X Alexander I (b. 161 BC)
- Boiorix, king of the Cimbri tribe, killed at the Battle of Vercellae.
Amado Boudou

**Amado Boudou** (born November 19, 1963) is an Argentine businessman.  He was the 35th Vice President of Argentina from December 2011 through December 2015. Before he was Minister of the Economy from 2009 to 2011.

In 2012 he was accused of influence peddling and money laundering. He was sentenced to five years and ten months in prison, and banned for life from holding public office.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Amado Boudou
- **image**: Amado Boudou en ejercicio de la presidencia.png
- **office**: List of Vice Presidents of Argentina, Vice President of Argentina
- **president**: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
- **term start**: 10 December 2011
- **term end**: 10 December 2015
- **predecessor**: Julio Cobos
- **successor**: Gabriela Michetti
- **office2**: Minister of Economy of Argentina, Minister of the Economy
- **president2**: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
- **term start2**: 8 July 2009
- **term end2**: 10 December 2011
- **predecessor2**: Carlos Rafael Fernández
- **successor2**: Hernán Lorenzino
- **office3**: Executive Director of ANSES
- **president3**: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
- **term start3**: 5 May 2008
- **term end3**: 7 July 2009
- **predecessor3**: Claudio Moroni
- **successor3**: Diego Bossio
- **birth place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **nationality**: Argentine
- **party**: Front for Victory
Justicialist Party
- **spouse**: Agustina Kämpfer (fiancée)
- **alma mater**: National University of Mar del Plata
University of CEMA, Center for Macroeconomic Studies of Argentina
Russian Air Force

The **Russian Air Force** is the air wing of the Russian Military. It is the world's second largest air force after the United States Air Force. It is also the only air force other than the United States Air Force who use modern strategic bombers. The Russian Navy also has its own Naval Aviation force.

## History

During the Cold War, the Soviet Air Force (and Air Defense Force) were as big as the United States Air Force. However, after the collapse of Soviet Union, the Russian Air Force was made much smaller because Russia did not have enough money to keep everything. However, spending on the Russian Air Force increased in the early 21st century.
Ricardo Lorenzetti

**Ricardo Luis Lorenzetti** (born 19 September 1955) is a member of the Supreme Court of Justice of Argentina. He was elected President of the high court by his peers on November 7, 2006.

Lorenzetti was born in Rafaela, Santa Fe Province.  He is the son of a primary school teacher and a travelling salesman. He went to school at the National University of the Littoral.  He became a lawyer in 1978.

## Infobox (judge)

- **name**: Ricardo Luis Lorenzetti
- **image**: Ricardo Lorenzetti.jpg
- **office**: Supreme Court of Argentina, President of the Supreme Court
- **nominator**: Néstor Kirchner
- **term start**: 1 January 2007
- **term end**: 1 October 2018
- **predecessor**: Enrique Petracchi
- **successor**: Carlos Rosenkrantz
- **office1**: Supreme Court of Argentina, Minister of the Supreme Court
- **nominator1**: Néstor Kirchner
- **term start1**: 12 December 2004
- **predecessor1**: Adolfo Vázquez
- **birth place**: Rafaela, Santa Fe Province, Santa Fe, Argentina
- **education**: National University of the Littoral (LLB, Doctor of Juridical Science, JSD)
Alessandro Manzoni

**Alessandro Manzoni** (Milan 7 March 1785 – Milan 22 May 1873) was an Italian writer and poet. His most famous book is _The Betrothed_, a novel that is a symbol of the Risorgimento, both for its patriotic message and because it was a fundamental milestone in the development of the modern Italian language. Alessandro also worked for king Bronzon in 1854 as a servant.

## Partial Bibliography

- _Inni sacri_ (_Sacred Hymnes_, 1815)
- _Osservazioni sulla morale cattolica_ (_Observations about catholic moral_, 1819)
- _Il conte di Carmagnola_ (1819)
- _Il cinque maggio_ (_The fifth of May_, 1821)
- _Adelchi_ (1822)
- _I promessi sposi_ (_The Betrothed_, 1827)
- _La colonna infame_ (_Infamous column_, 1842)
Football in Argentina

Football (or soccer in the U.S) is the most popular sport in Argentina. According to FIFA there are 2,658,811 players total; with 3,377 clubs and 37,161 officials. It is played from childhood into old age. 90% of Argentines say they have a favorite Argentine football club.

Football started in Argentina at the end of the 19th century. It was started by the British immigrants in Buenos Aires. The first Argentine league began in 1891. This makes it the third oldest league (after Great Britain and the Netherlands). The Argentine Football Association (AFA) was formed in 1893. It is the eighth oldest in the world.

The Argentin national team has won the football World Cup. They won in 1978 and 1986. They were runner-up in 1930 and 1990. They have also won the top continental tournament, the Copa América, fourteen times. The Argentina Olympic football team has won two Gold Medals. At club level, Argentine teams have won the most Intercontinental Cups (9) and the most Copa Libertadores (22).

Women's football has a national league since 1991. It is named the Campeonato de Fútbol Feminino. The female national representative qualified for the World Cup for the first time in 2007.

In futsal, Argentina were FIFUSA/AMF Futsal World Cup champions in 1994. They also compete in the FIFA code of futsal, where they finished third in the 2004 FIFA Futsal World Cup. The team also won the FIFA Futsal Copa América in 2003. Argentina was world champion in futsal for the visually impaired in 1998.

Argentina also compete in the beach football World Cup. Their best finish was third in 2001.
Pato

**Pato** is a game played on horseback.  It adds ideas from polo and basketball. It is the national sport of Argentina.

**' is Spanish for "duck".  The early games used a live duck inside a basket instead of a ball. Pato has been written about since 1610. The playing field would often go between neighboring ranches. The first team to reach its own ranch house with the duck was the winner.

Pato was banned several times during its history.  This was due to the violence—not only to the duck; many gauchos were trampled underfoot.  Some lost their lives in knife fights started in the heat of the game. In 1796, a Catholic priest said that pato players who died this way should not get Christian burial. Laws saying people could not play pato were common in the 19th century.

During the 1930s, pato had rules added by ranch owner Alberto del Castillo Posse.  He made a set of rules based on modern polo. President Juan Perón made pato Argentina's national game in 1953.

## Gameplay

In modern pato, two four-member teams ride on horses.  They try to get a ball which has six handles.  They score by throwing the ball through a ring that is vertical. The rings have a 100 cm (3.3 ft) diameter.  They are on 240 cm (7.9 ft) high poles. A closed net, going up for 140 cm (4.6 ft), holds the ball after goals are scored.

The winner is the team with most goals scored after the time is done.  Game time is six 8-minute "periods".

The field is: length 180 to 220 m (196.9 to 240.6 yd), width 80 to 90 m (87 to 98 yd). The ball is made of leather, with an inflated rubber chamber and six leather handles. Its diameter is 40 cm (15.7 in) handle-to-handle.  The weight is 1050 to 1250 g (2.3 to 2.8 lbs).

The player that has control of the **' (i.e. holds the ball by a handle) must ride with his right arm outstretched.  He offers the pato so rival players have a chance of tugging the pato and stealing it. Not holding his arm out while riding with the pato is an offense called **' (refusal).

During the tug itself, or **', both players must stand on the stirrups and not sit on the saddle. The hand not tugging must hold the reins. The tug is usually the most exciting part of the game.

Pato is similar to the game of horseball played in France, Portugal, and other countries.