juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Fagales

The **Fagales** are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best known trees. The order name is derived from genus _Fagus_, Beeches. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons. The families currently included are as follows:

- Betulaceae - Birch family
- Casuarinaceae - She-oak family
- Fagaceae - Beech family, oaks
- Juglandaceae - Walnut family
- Myricaceae - Bayberry family
- Nothofagaceae - Southern beech family
- Rhoipteleaceae - Rhoiptelea family
- Ticodendraceae - Ticodendron family
Bioethics

**Bioethics** is a field of ethics in philosophy that studies the ethical, legal and social issues in medicine and biology. It is often used to study how the new discoveries in science will affect humans, animals and nature.

## Related pages

- Abortion
- Biotechnology
- Clone
- Euthanasia
- Medical ethics
- Mutation
Caricaceae

**Caricaceae** is a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, found in tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa. They are short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small trees growing to 5–10 m tall; many bear edible fruit.

The family comprises six genera and about 34-35 species:
- _Carica_ – one species _Carica papaya_ (Papaya), Americas
- _Cylicomorpha_ – two species, Africa
- _Horovitzia_ – one species, Mexico
- _Jacaratia_ – eight species, Americas
- _Jarilla_ – three species, Americas
- _Vasconcellea_ – 20-21 species, Americas
Pollen

**Pollen** is a powder made of pollen grains. They produce sperm cells (male cells used for reproduction) of seed plants. The pollen grains are actually haploid male gametophytes. This is to do with alternation of generations. All plants go through a cycle with a haploid gametophyte alternating with a diploid sporophyte. In the case of flowering plants the gametophyte stage is very small and brief.

### Development of pollen grains

The anther contains microsporangia. Each microsporangium contains pollen mother cells. These undergo meiosis, and produce pollen grains, which produce the male gametes (sperm).

The pollen is released by the opening of the anther. The pollen is carried by some agent (wind, or some animal) to the surface of the carpel of the same or another flower. This process is known as pollination. After successful pollination, the pollen grain (which is an immature microgametophyte) completes its development by growing a _pollen tube_ and undergoing mitosis to produce two male gametes.

### Pollination

There are two main kinds of pollination. One kind happens when pollen from a stamen sticks to the pistil of the same plant. That is self-pollination.

The other kind of pollination takes place when pollen from one plant travels to the pistil of another plant. Most plants use this kind of pollination. Plants need help for this kind of pollination, because they cannot move. So, they need another way to move pollen from one plant to another plant.

Wind moves pollen between plants. The pollen of some plants is very light. Wind blows it from the flowers on one plant to the flowers on another plant. The wind can move pollen a long way before the pollen hits the sticky top of a pistil.

Animals also help move pollen between plants. Many flowers are colourful and their scent attracts some animals. These flowers also make a sweet juice called nectar. Sometimes an animal, such as a bee, sees or smells a flower. Then, it lands on the flower to get nectar. As the bee drinks the nectar, the stamens brush pollen onto its body. Then, the bee flies to another flower that has a pistil. The pollen on the bee's body brushes onto the sticky top of the flower's pistil. The pollen is used as protein for the bee larvae.

The plants help feed the animal. In return, the animal helps the plants by moving pollen from flower to flower. The relationship has evolved together; it is a kind of co-evolution called mutualism or symbiosis.

### Explosive dehiscence

This is the term for when a rapid plant movement flings seeds away from the plant. In the genus  _Impatiens_, explosive dehiscence is triggered by being touched.

## References

mzn:گرده (نمین)
We Ski

***We Ski***, also known as ***Family Ski*** in Japan and Europe is a video game for the Wii. It is the first third-party game (and second game behind _Wii Fit_) released that makes use of the Wii Balance Board.

A sequel, _We Ski & Snowboard_, which adds snowboarding to the game, was released in Japan November 13, 2008.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- We Ski  at IGN

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: We Ski
- **developer**: Bandai Namco Games
- **publisher**: Bandai Namco Games
- **composer**: Hiroshi Okubo
- **genre**: Sports
- **platforms**: Wii
Denison, Texas

**Denison** is a city in Grayson County, Texas, United States. The amount of people living there was 24,479 at the 2020 census. It is one of two principal cities in the Sherman-Denison Metropolitan Statistical Area.

The city of Denison was founded in 1872 in conjunction with the MKT or "Katy" depot It was named after the rich Katy vice President George DenisonBecause the town was made at the intersection of the MKT and the Red River (both important conduits of transportation in the industrial era), it came to be an important commercial center in the 19th century American West.

## History

The name of Denison was given by French people because during the 19th century a horticulturalist from this place saved the grapes of France. During the same century a famous president of the USA, Dwight David Eisenhower was born there. The next century has contributed to Denison history because there was a conflict about some artworks that showed up in Denison in the 1980s.

## Demographics

In 2020, Denison contained a population of 24,479. For females we have 12,848 (52.5%) and for males 11,631 (47.5%). Median resident age was 40.3 years. In 2000, median house value was estimated at $52,100 and in 2008 median house hold income was estimated at $38,843.

## Politics

Denison is a city of Texas. It has its own mayor named Robert Crawley (). Denison and all the state of Texas have two representative senators: John Cornyn and Ted Cruz.

## Culture

The diversity of religions and the government laws create the spread of different cultures and arts. Therefore, Denison was designated by the Texas Commission on the Arts as one of seven pilot cities for the Texas Arts and Cultural District in September 2009.
Mentha

***Mentha*** (**mint**) is a genus of about 25 species (and many hundreds of varieties) of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae (Mint Family). Mint leaves are used for flavoring, such as in mint chocolate chip ice cream, mint chutney, and mint tea.

## Species

**Health Benefits of Mint**
1. **Nutrient Content of Mint:** Mint is a nutrient-rich herb, offering essential vitamins and minerals even in small quantities. 2 tablespoons (11.4 grams) of spearmint contain a noteworthy array of nutrients, including energy, fiber, carbohydrates, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, vitamin C, folate, and vitamin A.
1. **Digestive Aid:** Mint aids digestion by stimulating digestive juices, promoting better gut health.
1. **Relief for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS):** Peppermint oil, containing menthol, can alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) by relaxing digestive tract muscles. Studies have shown that peppermint oil capsules improve IBS symptoms significantly compared to placebo.
1. **Antioxidant Properties:** Mint is packed with antioxidants, protecting the body from free radicals and potentially inhibiting tumor formation.
1. **Oral Hygiene:** Mint's antibacterial properties make it effective in combating bad breath and mouth ulcers, enhancing oral hygiene.
1. **Anti-inflammatory Effects:** The anti-inflammatory properties of mint may help alleviate symptoms of allergies and asthma, attributed to compounds like rosmarinic acid.
1. **Skincare:** Mint's antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties make it effective against acne and scars, promoting clearer skin.
1. **Hair Health:** Mint leaf extract, rich in carotene and antioxidants, can promote hair growth and prevent hair loss.
**Caution for GERD Patients:** Individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) should be cautious with mint consumption, as it may trigger symptoms.
Lamiales

The order **Lamiales** is a taxon in the asterid group of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It includes about 11,000 species divided up into about 10 families. A few well-known members of this order are the lavender, the lilac, the olive, the jasmine, the ash tree, the teak, the snapdragon, and a number of table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary.
Lamiaceae

**Lamiaceae** or **Labiatae**, also known as the mint family, is a family of plants. It includes about 210 genera and about 3,500 species. It has been considered closely related to Verbenaceae but 1990s phylogenetic studies have shown that a lot of the genera classified in Verbenaceae belong instead in Lamiaceae, whereas the core genera of Verbenaceae are not closely related to Lamiaceae and are more closely related to other members of the Lamiales.
Nepeta

***Nepeta*** is a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae.

Some members of this group are known as **catnip** or catmint because of their effect on house cats. The oil in the leaves of some _Nepeta_ species gives cats euphoria, that is, it makes them feel good. They get a "high", roll around, and may cry out, jump and behave in an unusual way.
Angelica archangelica

**Angelica archangelica** (syn. _Archangelica officinalis_ Hoffm., _Archangelica officinalis_ var. _himalaica_ C.B.Clarke, _Angelica sativa_ Mill.) commonly known as **Garden angelica** is a biennial plant from the umbelliferous family Apiaceae. Other English names are Holy Ghost, Wild Celery, and Norwegian angelica.

People can eat the stem and roots.  It looks very similar to some poisonous species (_Conium_, _Heracleum_, and others).  Because of this it is important to know for certain it is garden angelica before eating it.

During its first year it only grows leaves.  The flowers blossom in July.  There are many small flowers that are yellowish or greenish in colour.

It grows wild in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Iceland, mostly in the northern parts of the countries.

From the 10th century on, angelica was grown as a vegetable and medicinal plant.  It is used to flavour liqueurs or aquavits, omelettes, trout and jam. The long bright green stems are also candied and used as decoration.

## Other websites

- GRIN: _Angelica archangelica_
Rosemary

**Rosemary** (__) is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaves. It is native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which also includes many other herbs.

## Cultivation

Numerous cultivars have been selected for garden use. The following are frequently sold:
- _Albus_- white flowers
- _Arp_- leaves light green, lemon-scented
- _Aureus_- leaves speckled yellow
- _Benenden Blue_ - leaves narrow, dark green
- _Blue Boy_ - dwarf, small leaves
- _Golden Rain_ - leaves green, with yellow streaks
- _Irene_ - lax, trailing
- _Lockwood de Forest_ - procumbent selection from _Tuscan Blue_
- _Ken Taylor_ - shrubby
- _Majorica Pink_ - pink flowers
- _Miss Jessop's Upright_ - tall, erect
- _Pinkie_ - pink flowers
- _Prostratus_
- _Pyramidalis_ (a.k.a _Erectus_) - pale blue flowers
- _Roseus_ - pink flowers
- _Salem_ - pale blue flowers, cold hardy similar to Arp
- _Severn Sea_ - spreading, low-growing, with arching branches; flowers deep violet
- _Tuscan Blue_ - upright
Liquorice

**Liquorice** (UK) or **licorice** (US) (see spelling differences) (, or ) is the root of _Glycyrrhiza glabra_, from which a sweet flavour can be extracted. The liquorice plant is a legume (related to beans and peas) and native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. It is an herbaceous perennial, growing to 1 m in height, with pinnate leaves about 7–15 centimetres (3–6 inches) long, with 9–17 leaflets. The flowers are 0.8–1.2 cm (1/3 to 1/2 inch) long, purple to pale whitish blue, produced in a loose inflorescence. The fruit is an oblong pod, 2–3 centimetres (about 1 inch) long, containing several seeds.
Faboideae

**Faboideae** is a subfamily of the flowering plant family Fabaceae or Leguminosae. An acceptable alternative name for the subfamily is Papilionoideae, or Papilionaceae when this group of plants is treated as a family.

This subfamily is widely distributed and members are adapted to a wide variety of environments. Faboideae may be trees, shrubs or herbs. The flowers are usually papilionaceous and root nodulation is very common. Vetch, Laburnum, and Sweet pea are all members of Faboideae.
Galegeae

**Galegeae** is a tribe of the subfamily Faboideae.  The tribe is found mostly in the northern hemisphere, but can also be found in Australia, Africa, and South America.  The type genus is _Galega_. Genetic evidence says it is paraphyletic.

## Classification

- Subtribe Alhagiinae
    - _Alhagi_ <small>Gagnebin</small>
- Subtribe Astragalinae
    - _Astragalus_ <small>L.</small>
    - _Biserrula_ <small>L.</small>
    - _Calophaca_ <small>Fisch. ex DC.</small>
    - _Caragana_  <small>Fabr.</small>
    - _Chesneya_ <small>Lindl. ex Endl.</small>
    - _Gueldenstaedtia_ <small>Fisch.</small>
    - _Halimodendron_ <small>Fisch. ex DC.</small>
    - _Oxytropis_ <small>DC.</small>
    - _Spongiocarpella_ <small>Yakovlev & N. Ulziykh.</small>
- Subtribe Coluteinae
    - _Clianthus_ <small>Sol. ex Lindl.</small>
    - _Colutea_  <small>L.</small>
    - _Eremosparton_ <small>Fisch. & C.A.Mey.</small>
    - _Lessertia_  <small>DC.</small>
    - _Oreophysa_ <small>(Bunge ex Boiss.) Bornm.</small>
    - _Smirnowia_ <small>Bunge</small>
    - _Sphaerophysa_ <small>DC.</small>
    - _Swainsona_ <small>Salisb.</small>
- Subtribe Galeginae
    - _Galega_ <small>L.</small>
- Subtribe Glycyrrhizinae
    - _Glycyrrhiza_ <small>L.</small>
Glycyrrhiza

***Glycyrrhiza*** is a genus of about 18 species in the family Fabaceae (Leguminosae). It is found in Asia, Australia, Europe, and the Americas. It is best known for liquorice (British English; licorice in American English), which is the product of _G. glabra_, a species from the Mediterranean region. Very little _G. glabra_ is grown in North America, but American Licorice _G. lepidota_ is a common native species there. Russian Liquorice (_G. echinata_) and Chinese Liquorice (_G. uralensis_, Chinese: _gāncǎo_, 甘草 lit. "sweet grass" or "sweet herb") are also grown, the latter being important in traditional Chinese medicine.

Species include:
- _Glycyrrhiza acanthocarpa_
- _Glycyrrhiza aspera_
- _Glycyrrhiza astragalina_
- _Glycyrrhiza bucharica_
- _Glycyrrhiza echinata_ - Russian liquorice
- _Glycyrrhiza eglandulosa_
- _Glycyrrhiza foetida_
- _Glycyrrhiza foetidissima_
- _Glycyrrhiza glabra_ - liquorice, licorice
- _Glycyrrhiza gontscharovii_
- _Glycyrrhiza iconica_
- _Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi_
- _Glycyrrhiza lepidota_ - American licorice
- _Glycyrrhiza pallidiflora_
- _Glycyrrhiza squamulosa_
- _Glycyrrhiza triphylla_
- _Glycyrrhiza uralensis_ - Chinese liquorice
- _Glycyrrhiza yunnanensis_
Cumin

**Cumin** (_Cuminum cyminum_) , sometimes spelled **cummin,** is a flowering plant, native from the east Mediterranean to East India. Its seeds are used in the cuisines of many different cultures. The use of cumin is very common in Indian and Pakistani foods.
Savory (herb)

***Satureja*** is a genus of aromatic plants of the family Lamiaceae, related to rosemary and thyme. There are about 30 species called **savories**, of which Summer Savory and Winter Savory are the most important in cultivation.

## Selected species

- _Satureja acinos_
- _Satureja alpina_
- _Satureja coerulea_
- _Satureja cuneifolia_
- _Satureja douglasii_ – Yerba Buena (syn. _S. chamissonis_)
- _Satureja hortensis_ – Summer Savory
- _Satureja mexicana_
- _Satureja montana_ – Winter Savory
- _Satureja multiflora_ – Chilean Shrub Mint
- _Satureja palmeri_ (believed extinct; rediscovered 2001)
- _Satureja rumelica_
- _Satureja spicigera_
- _Satureja thymbra_
- _Satureja viminea_ – Serpentine Savory
- _Satureja viminea_
- _Satureja vulgaris_ – Wild Basil
Superchunk

**Superchunk** is an American indie rock band.  Superchunk first came together in 1989 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina with Mac McCaughan singing and playing guitar, Laura Balance playing bass, Jack McCook playing guitar and Chuck Garrison playing drums.  The members of the band are now Mac McCaughan, Laura Balance,  Jon Wurster playing drums and Jim Wilbur playing guitar.

Superchunk is well known for their style of loud and fairly simple songs that are about things that happen in ordinary life.

For their self-titled first album, Superchunk was signed to Matador Records.  Starting with their next album, _No Pocky for Kitty_, they have released all of their albums on a label they made themselves called Merge Records.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Superchunk
- **img**: Superchunk live.jpg
- **img capt**: Superchunk performing at Cat's Cradle, September 1, 2006.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States, US
- **genre**: Indie rock, alternative rock, punk rock
- **years active**: 1989–present
- **label**: Matador Records, Matador, Merge Records, Merge
- **current members**: Mac McCaughan
Laura Ballance
Jon Wurster
Jim Wilbur
- **past members**: Chuck Garrison
Jack McCook
Semi-automatic

**Semi-automatic** may mean:
- A semi-automatic firearm, a firearm which automatically reloads, but will only fire one round per trigger pull
    - Semi-automatic rifle
    - Semi-automatic pistol
    - Semi-automatic shotgun
- Semi-automatic transmission, a vehicle transmission with no clutch pedal
Semi-automatic firearm

A **semi-automatic**, or **self-loading** firearm is a gun that requires only a trigger pull for each round that is fired, unlike a single-action revolver, a pump-action firearm, a bolt-action firearm, or a lever-action firearm, which require the shooter to manually chamber each successive round.  Also, unlike a double-action revolver, power from one shot is used load the next, instead of using power from pulling the trigger.
Semi-automatic rifle

A **semi-automatic rifle** is a type of rifle that fires a single bullet each time the trigger is pulled, without the need manually to operate a bolt, lever, pump or other firing or loading mechanism. Such a rifle can fire single rounds like this until the firearm's bullets in the cartridges is gone. On the other hand, a _fully_ automatic weapon (a machine gun, for example) keeps firing until the trigger is released, and can fire hundreds of shots for every trigger press.
Bolt action

A **bolt action** gun has a breech (back part of the barrel) that is opened and closed by hand with a small handle. They can only be fired once before the breech must be opened for a new round to enter the chamber, where it can then be fired from. Many older sniper rifles, as well as many hunting rifles today, work in this way.

When the bolt is opened, the first cartridge in the gun is loaded.  After firing the gun, opening the bolt takes out the empty cartridge, and closing the bolt puts in a new one. Bolt action rifles are usually the most accurate type of small arms, leading them to be used widely as marksman rifles.  The rifle won't cycle a round without the shooter doing it manually, causing less movement of parts and gases while the round is being fired.  This improves accuracy, but also increases recoil compared to automatic rifle<nowiki/>s of the same caliber.

Despite being significantly slower to fire than lever-action rifles, which were invented around the same time, militaries across the world chose to replace their muzzleloader musket<nowiki/>s with bolt action guns rather than lever action ones, because bolt action rifles are loaded over the barrel.  This allows easier loading by a shooter lying on the ground, without affecting aim.  With lever action guns, on the other hand, the ground is in the way of loading downwards, and to load the gun would mean to throw off the shooter's aim since the gun must be turned sideways.

Famous bolt action rifles include the Springfield M1903, the G98, the Lee-Enfield, and the Mosin-Nagant.
Trigger

**Trigger** may mean:
- Trigger (firearms), a mechanism that actuates the firing of firearms
- Trigger pad, a device used in electronic percussion
- USS _Trigger_ (SS-237), a submarine
- USS _Trigger_ (SS-564), a submarine
- Trigger (horse), owned by cowboy star Roy Rogers.
- Trigger (guitar), the Martin N-20 guitar played by Willie Nelson.
- Trigger (Only Fools and Horses), a fictional character from the BBC sit-com _Only Fools and Horses_

In **psychology** and **ethology**:
- An event which starts other events, or incites a response. See also _releaser_.

In **computing**:
- Trigger function in event-driven programming
- Database trigger, procedural code that is automatically executed in response to certain events on a particular table in a database
- _Trigger_ circuit, IBM's name for a flip-flop.

In **physics**:
- Trigger (particle physics), hardware or software based device for the (online-)selection of specific event classes from large datasets (see also: ATLAS trigger system)

In **music**:
- _Trigger_ (EP), an EP by the Swedish band In Flames
- "Trigger", a bonus song by The Rasmus from their 2005 album _Hide from the Sun_
Trigger (firearms)

A **trigger** is a mechanism that you pull on a firearm to shoot. Triggers almost always have levers or buttons for the index finger.
Afghanistan War

The terms **Afghan War** or **War in Afghanistan** may mean:

- Islamic conquest of Afghanistan (637-709)
- Anglo-Afghan Wars:
    - First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-1842)
    - Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1881)
    - Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
- Panjdeh Incident (1885)
- Reforms of Amanullah Khan and civil war (1928–1929)
- Afghan Civil War (1978-present):
    - Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979-1989) – Soviet involvement
    - Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) – Government collapse
    - Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) – Anarchy
    - Afghan Civil War (1996-2001) – Taliban period
    - War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) – NATO involvement
Diatomic molecules

**Diatomic molecules** are molecules made only of two atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements.
Two atoms are bonded together to form a unit known as a diatomic molecule.

Examples are hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>), nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) and oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>), and carbon monoxide (CO).
Fragile Future

***Fragile Future*** is the third studio album by Hawthorne Heights. It was released in 2008. It was their first album without Casey Calvert, because he died in late 2007. Casey was the backing vocalist who used death growls in the songs. This album has no death growls or harsh vocals at all because the band decided not to replace Casey with a new person who could do death growls.

Hawthorne Heights did not have a lot of success on the singles, but it was seen as a new start for the band.

While much of the album was inspired by things that had been happening to the band, it never says the words "Casey" or "Victory Records"

The album art includes a picture of Casey Calvert near a lamppost.

## Track listing

1. "The Business of Paper Stars" – 3:47
1. "Rescue Me" – 3:08
1. "Until the Judgement Day" – 3:45
1. "Somewhere in Between" – 3:22
1. "Sugar in the Engine" – 4:29
1. "Desperation" – 3:28
1. "Four Become One" – 3:55
1. "321" – 3:40
1. "Disaster" – 3:01
1. "Let Go of Everything You Know" – 3:25
1. "Corps of Corpses" – 3:12
1. "Come Back Home (Reprised)" – 4:11

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Fragile Future
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Hawthorne Heights
- **released**: August 5, 2008
- **recorded**: 2007
- **genre**: Emo, alternative rock, pop punk
- **length**: 43:23
- **label**: Victory
- **prev title**: If Only You Were Lonely
- **prev year**: 2006
- **next title**: Skeletons
- **next year**: 2010
Dundalk

**Dundalk** () is a town in County Louth, Republic of Ireland, near the border with Northern Ireland. It takes its name from , "Dalga's fort" and officially became a town in 1189. It is located at a ford on the Castletown River. The town's crest reads "Mé do rug Cú Chulainn Cróga"  (I gave birth to brave Cú Chulainn)
Dundalk is twinned with the town of Rezé in France.

Dundalk has a large population of 39,004 inhabitants.http://www.cso.ie/census/documents/census2006_volume_1_pop_classified_by_area.pdf  In 2003, Dundalk was amongst nine cities and towns to be given "Gateway status" in the Irish Government's "National Spatial Strategy". "Gateway towns" will be the first to get funding for improving their towns.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: Town
- **name**: Dundalk
- **image skyline**: Dundalk - Clanbrassil street.jpg
- **image caption**: Clanbrassil Street, the main thoroughfare of Dundalk
- **image shield**: Dundalk Town Crest.svg
- **motto**: _Mé do rug Cú Chulainn cróga_<small>(Irish language, Irish)</small>
"I gave birth to brave Cú Chulainn"
- **pushpin map**: Ireland
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Ireland
- **blank name sec1**: Irish Grid Reference
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Republic of Ireland, Ireland
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Ireland, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Leinster
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Ireland, County
- **subdivision name2**: County Louth
- **subdivision type3**: Dáil Éireann
- **subdivision name3**: Louth (Dáil Éireann constituency), Louth-East Meath
- **subdivision type4**: EU Parliament
- **subdivision name4**: East (European Parliament constituency), East
- **area total km2**: 24.68
- **population rank**: List of largest Settlements in Ireland (by population), 6th
- **population as of**: Census 2011
- **population urban**: 31,073
- **population rural**: 25,581
- **population blank1 title**: Combined statistical area, CSA
- **population blank1**: 56,654
- **blank name sec2**: Dialing code
- **blank info sec2**: 042, +353 42
County Louth

**County Louth** () is a county on the east coast of Ireland, on the border with Northern Ireland.

The county town is Dundalk, which is also the second largest town in Louth. Most people that live in Louth live in the two biggest towns, Dundalk and Drogheda. The 2006 Census showed that Dundalk and Drogheda as not only the largest towns in the Louth, but also the second and third largest towns in Ireland.

Louth is nicknamed "the Wee County" because it is the smallest county in Ireland ("wee" means small).

## Where the name comes from

The old Irish name of the county **Lughbhaidh** comes from the place where people worshipped  the Celtic god  whose festival was celebrated at .

The name is now spelled as **An Lú**. This is just the modern way of spelling **Lughbhaidh**. 'Lú' means 'small' in Irish, but this is not where the name comes from.

## History

The history of Louth goes back a long time. Before people wrote down histories and dates, a famous Irish story is supposed to have happened in Louth. It is called the Táin Bó Cúailnge. In this story, a famous warrior called Cúchulainn fights a whole army by himself to protect a brown bull from being stolen.

There are some old monasteries in the county including Monasterboice and Mellifont Abbey

In the fourteenth century the Scottish army of Edward Bruce lost the Battle of Faughart near Dundalk. Edward was killed in the battle. Oliver Cromwell attacked Drogheda in 1649 killing the Royalist garrison (Siege of Drogheda).

### Towns

- Ardee
- Drogheda
- Dundalk
- Dunleer
- Greenore

## Other websites

- Omeath Online - Official Site of Omeath, Co. Louth
- Carlingford Online - Carlingford Local and Tourist Site
- Dunleer Parish
- Louth Local Authorities
- Drogheda Tourism - Official Site of the Drogheda Tourist Office

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: County Louth
- **image shield**: Louth Coat of Arms.png
- **shield size**: 100px
- **motto**: _Lugh sáimh-ioldánach_<small>(Irish language, Irish)</small>
"Lugh equally skilled in many arts"
- **image map**: Island of Ireland location map Louth.svg
- **area total km2**: 826
- **area rank**: List of Irish counties by area, 32nd
- **seat type**: County town, County seat
- **seat**: Dundalk
- **blank name sec1**: Vehicle registration plates of Ireland, Car plates
- **blank info sec1**: LH
- **population**: 122808
- **population rank**: List of Irish counties by population, 18th
- **population as of**: 2011
- **government type**: Louth County Council, County Council
- **subdivision type3**: Dáil Éireann
- **subdivision name3**: Louth (Dáil Éireann constituency), Louth
- **subdivision type4**: EU Parliament
- **subdivision name4**: East (European Parliament constituency), East
- **subdivision type**: Sovereign state, Country
- **subdivision name**: Republic of Ireland, Ireland
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Ireland, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Leinster
Robot Chicken

***Robot Chicken*** is an American sketch comedy adult stop-motion animated sitcom television series. It is shown on a part of Cartoon Network called _Adult Swim_. It was created by Seth Green and Matthew Senreich.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Robot Chicken costumes (5976959041).jpg
- **caption**: Fans cosplay, cosplaying as The Mad Scientist and Robot Chicken in 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International
- **creator**: Seth Green
Matthew Senreich
- **based on**: ToyFare
- **voices**: (#Cast, Complete list)
- **opentheme**: "Robot Chicken" by Les Claypool
- **composer**: Michael Suby
- **country**: United States
- **network**: Adult Swim
- **company**: ShadowMachine Films
Stoopid Monkey, Stoopid Buddy Stoodios
Sony Pictures Digital
Williams Street
- **executive producer**: Seth Green
Matthew Senreich
Alex Bulkley
Corey Campodonico
- **num seasons**: 11
- **num episodes**: 221 (and 12 specials)
- **list episodes**: List of Robot Chicken episodes
- **related**: _Titan Maximum_
_Mad (TV series), Mad_
_Robot Chicken (2018 TV Series), Robot Chicken_
Victor Hammer (businessman)

**Victor J. Hammer** (November 1, 1901 – July 21, 1985) was a businessman, founder and owner of the Hammer Galleries in New York City. He was the younger brother of Armand Hammer.

Victor attended Princeton University, where he graduated in 1921 with a degree in Art History.

Victor was business partner to his brother Armand Hammer on several business ventures, including Hammer Galleries in New York City, founded in 1928 as a way to funnel profits made in Soviet Russia out of that country.  At one point, British Intelligence believed Hammer Galleries was a front for Soviet Intelligence.  The Hammer brothers had been in contact with Soviet authorities for a number of reasons, such as famine relief as well as when the Soviets sought a buyer for the treasures of the Hermitage as a way to earn hard currency.  Victor was responsible for acquisitions for Hammer Galleries, including the so-called Romanov Treasures and Fabergé eggs.  In 1937, Time Magazine described Victor and Armand as "Two of the most startling characters in the U. S. art world are the Brothers Armand and Victor Hammer, one with a medical degree, both friends of Soviet Russia.".

Victor Hammer was a prolific philanthropist. He, along with his brothers Harry and Armand, purchased Campobello Island and donated it to the US and Canada as the countries' first joint park, known as Roosevelt Campobello International Park

## Other websites

- Hammer Galleries, New York City
The Sun (United Kingdom)

**The Sun** is a tabloid daily newspaper published in the United Kingdom and Ireland. By circulation it is the eighth largest newspaper in any language in the world. It is published by News Group Newspapers of News International, itself a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. The Sun has many different categories, for example, Sport.

There is also a Scottish (_The Scottish Sun_), Irish (_The Irish Sun_), American (_The U.S. Sun_), and Nigerian (The Sun Nigeria) edition.

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **name**: The Sun
- **logo**: The Sun.svg
- **caption**: The Sun is the best newspaper to read it gives you all the gossip about all the celebrities.
- **type**: Daily newspaper available Monday to Sunday except Christmas Day.
- **format**: Tabloid
- **foundation**: 1964
- **owners**: News International
- **political**: Conservatism, Conservative and right-wing
- **headquarters**: Wapping, London
- **editor**: Rebekah Wade
- **website**: [http://www.thesun.co.uk/ www.thesun.co.uk]
M2 Browning

The **M2 Machine Gun**, or **Browning .50 Caliber Machine Gun** is a heavy machine gun. It was nicknamed _Ma Deuce_ by US troops or simply called "fifty-cal." due to its caliber.

John Moses Browning (1855–1926) of Ogden, Utah, was the inventor. His military arms were considered to be outstanding. German Field Marshal Hermann Göring said, "If the _Luftwaffe_ (German Air Force) had the Browning .50-caliber, the Battle of Britain would have turned out differently".

Browning began work on the .50-caliber machine gun in July 1917 and it was introduced in 1918. It was a belt-fed, automatic weapon that came in both air-cooled and water-cooled versions. The gun was capable of single-shot or fully automatic fire. The U.S. Army, Army Air Forces, and Navy all adopted it immediately.

The Browning .50 caliber machine gun has been used as a vehicle weapon and for aircraft by the United States from the 1920s to the present day. It was used during World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, as well as during operations in Iraq in the 1990s and 2000s. It is the primary heavy machine gun of NATO countries, and has been used by many other countries. It is still in use today, with only a few modern improvements. Right now, it is the longest serving machine gun in the US military.

## Infobox (weapon)

- **is ranged**: yes
- **image**: Machine gun M2 1.jpg
- **caption**: M2HB machine gun
- **name**: Browning Machine Gun, Cal. .50, M2, HB
- **type**: Heavy machine gun
- **era**: Post-WW1
- **platform**: Tripod, vehicle
- **target**: Personnel, light-armored vehicles, aircraft
- **design date**: 1918
- **production date**: 1933–present (M2HB)
- **service**: 1921
M2HB from 1933–present
- **used by**: United States, and M2 Browning machine gun#International usage, several others
- **wars**: World War II, Korean War, Vietnam War, Cambodian Civil War, Falklands War, Desert Storm,  Somali Civil War, 2003 invasion of Iraq, Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom, South African Border War
- **weight**: 38 kg (84 lb), 58 kg (128 lb) with tripod and T&E
- **length**: 1650 mm (65 in)
- **part length**: 1143 mm (45 in)
- **cartridge**: .50 BMG
- **action**: Recoil operation, Short recoil-operated
- **rate**: 450–600 rounds/min (M2HB)
 750–850  rounds/min (M2 aircraft gun)
- **velocity**: 2,910 feet per second (M33 Ball) (887.1 m/s)
- **max range (updated usmc standard)**: 6767 meters / 7400 yards; Max Effective Range = 1830 m (area target), 1500 m (point target) & 700 m (grazing fire)
- **feed**: Belt (firearm), Belt-fed (M2 or M9 links)
Stealth

**Stealth** may refer to:

Stealth technology, technology used to conceal ships, aircraft, and missiles
- Stealth aircraft, aircraft which use stealth technology
- Stealth ship, ships which use stealth technology
- Stealth mode, secretive business behavior
- Stealth game, a videogame genre
Stealth technology

**Stealth technology** also known as LOT (Low Observability Technology) is a sub-discipline of military (like Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine, Coast Guard and National Guard in the North American United States) electronic countermeasures which covers a range of techniques used with aircraft, ships and missiles, in order to make them less visible.

For example, stealth technology was developed to make aircraft difficult to detect with radar.
Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians

The **Pakistan People's Party Parliamentarians** (PPPP) is a political party created by Makhdoom Amin Fahim. The party is an electoral extension of the Pakistan Peoples Party.
Bangladesh Nationalist Party

**The Bangladesh Nationalist Party** (BNP) is a major political party in Bangladesh, founded in 1978 by Ziaur Rahman. After Rahman's assassination in 1981, Khaleda Zia led the party until her death in 2025. Currently, Tarique Rahman, their son, serves the party chairman.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Bangladesh Nationalist Party
- **native name**: বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দল
- **logo**: BNP logo.png
- **logo size**: 200px
- **international**: Asia Pacific Democrat Union
- **native name lang**: bn
- **abbreviation**: BNP
- **colors**: Red
 Green
 Blue (customary)
- **national**: Bangladesh Nationalist Front (1979)
7 Party Alliance  (1991–1999)
Jatiya Oikya Front (2018–2019)
 20 Party Alliance (1999–2022)
12 Party Alliance (2022–2024)
- **founder**: Ziaur Rahman
- **spokesperson**: Ruhul Kabir Rizvi
- **chairman**: Tarique Rahman
- **general secretary**: Mirza Fakhrul Islam Alamgir
- **leader1 title**: Senior Vice-Chairman
- **leader2 title**: Vice-Chairman
- **leader3 title**: Jatiya Sangsad leader
- **leader3 name**: Tarique Rahman
- **headquarters**: 28/1 Naya Paltan, Dhaka
- **position**: Centrism, Center
- **predecessor**: Jatiyatabadi Ganatantrik Dal
- **newspaper**: _The Daily Dinkal_
- **student wing**: Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Chatra Dal
- **youth wing**: Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Jubo Dal
- **womens wing**: Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Mohila Dal
- **wing1 title**: Farmer wing
- **wing1**: Bangladesh Jatiotabadi Krishak Dal
- **wing2 title**: Trade union wing
- **wing2**: Bangladesh Jatyatabadi Sramik Dal
- **wing3 title**: Volunteer wing
- **wing3**: Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Sechchasebak Dal
- **slogan**: Bangladesh Zindabad
- **symbol**:
**Sheaf of Paddy (politics), Sheaf of Paddy**
- **seats2 title**: Seats in Jatiya Sangsad
- **seats3 title**: Mayors in   List of City Corporations of Bangladesh, City Corporations
- **seats4 title**: Councillor in
List of City Corporations of Bangladesh, City Corporations
- **country**: Bangladesh
- **anthem**: "Bangladesh First"
()
- **wing4**: Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Olama Dal
- **flag**: File:Flag of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.svg
- **wing4 title**: Cleric wing
Rosmarinus

***Rosmarinus*** is a small genus of woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaves in the family Lamiaceae, native to the Mediterranean region.
Apiales

The **Apiales** are an order of flowering plants. The families given at right are typical of newer classifications, though there is some slight variation, and in particular the Torriceliaceae may be divided. These families are placed within the asterid group of dicotyledons.
Apiaceae

**Umbellifers** (**Umbelliferae**/**Apiaceae**) are angiosperms including cumin, parsley, carrot, coriander/cilantro, dill, caraway, fennel, parsnip, celery, anise, and other relatives. It is a large family with about 300 genera and more than 3,000 species. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,700 species in 434 genera. There are a small number of poisonous plants.  Hemlock has a paralysing effect. There are a lot of phototoxic species. Light causes changes which produce toxic chemicals. Phototoxicity causes a chemically induced skin irritation. It needs light, and does not involve the immune system. It is a type of photosensitivity.

## Flower format

The defining characteristic of the family is the inflorescence. The flowers usually grouped in terminal umbels, as shown in the photograph. They are usually compound, and called umbelliform cymes. They are groups of groups.

## Taxonomy

It was first described by John Lindley in 1836.

### Genera

This genus has many species. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website had an "approximate list" of 446 genera.
Angelica

***Angelica*** is a genus of about 50 species of tall biennial and perennial herbs in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, reaching as far North as Iceland and Lapland. They grow to 1-3 m tall, with large bipinnate leaves and large compound umbels of white or greenish-white flowers.

## Species

Some species can be found in Purple Moor and Rush Pastures.

- _Angelica ampla_ - Giant Angelica
- _Angelica archangelica_ - Garden Angelica, Archangel, Angelique
- _Angelica arguta_ - Lyall's Angelica
- _Angelica atropurpurea_ - Purplestem Angelica, Alexanders
- _Angelica breweri_ - Brewer's Angelica
- _Angelica californica_ - California Angelica
- _Angelica callii_ - Call's Angelica
- _Angelica canbyi_ - Canby's Angelica
- _Angelica cartilaginomarginata_
- _Angelica dahurica_ - _bai zhi_ in Chinese
- _Angelica dawsonii_ - Dawson's Angelica
- _Angelica dentata_ - Coastalplain Angelica
- _Angelica genuflexa_ - Kneeling Angelica
- _Angelica gigas_ - _Cham dangwi_ in Korean
- _Angelica glabra_ - synonym for _Angelica dahurica_
- _Angelica grayi_ - Gray's Angelica
- _Angelica hendersonii_ - Henderson's Angelica
- _Angelica keiskei_ -- _Ashitaba_ in Japanese
- _Angelica kingii_ - King's Angelica
- _Angelica lineariloba_ - Poison Angelica
- _Angelica lucida_ - Seacoast Angelica
- _Angelica pachyacarpa_
- _Angelica palustris_
- _Angelica pinnata_ - Small-leaf Angelica
- _Angelica pubescens_
- _Angelica roseana_ - Rose Angelica
- _Angelica sinensis_ -  Dong quai
- _Angelica scabrida_ - Charleston Mountain Angelica
- _Angelica sylvestris_ - Wild Angelica
- _Angelica tomentosa_ - Woolly Angelica
- _Angelica triquinata_ - Filmy Angelica
- _Angelica venenosa_ - Hairy Angelica
- _Angelica wheeleri_ - Utah Angelica
Blephilia

**Blephilia** (_Downy Pagoda Plant_ or _Wood Mint_) is a genus of three species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae. They are all herbaceous plants native to eastern North America. The species are most often found in thin woods and in granite and limestone soils. Blephilia hirsuta and Blephilia ciliata are considered threatened or endangered in some states.

## Species

- _Blephilia ciliata_ (Downy pagoda-plant)
- _Blephilia hirsuta_ (Hairy pagoda-plant)
- _Blephilia subnuda_ (Cumberland pagoda-plant)
Ballota

***Ballota*** (**horehound**) is a genus of about 35 species of flowering plants in the family Lamiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe, north Africa and western Asia, with the highest diversity in the Mediterranean region. They are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera including _Coleophora_ case-bearers: _C. ballotella_, _C. lineolea_ (which has been recorded on _B. nigra_) and _C. ochripennella_.

## Species

- _Ballota acetabulosa_
- _Ballota frutescens_
- _Ballota hirsuta_
- _Ballota nigra_ - Black Horehound
- _Ballota pseudodictamnus_

The genus is closely related to _Marrubium_, with some species having been included in that genus in the past.
Agastache

***Agastache***, is a genus of 9–12 species of perennial herbs in the family Lamiaceae, native to eastern Asia (one species) and North America (the rest).
Acrocephalus (plant)

***Acrocephalus*** is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae, containing about 130 species.
Acinos

***Acinos*** is a genus of ten species of annual and short-lived evergreen perennial woody plants native to southern Europe and western Asia. Its name comes from the Greek word _akinos_, the name of a small aromatic plant. They are small, tufted, bushy or spreading plants growing to 10–45 cm tall. The 2-lipped, tubular flowers are borne on erect sprikes in mid-summer.

## Species

- _Acinos alpinus_
- _Acinos arvensis_
- _Acinos corsicus_
- _Acinos rotundifolius_
- _Acinos suaveolens_
Acanthomintha

***Acanthomintha*** is a genus of the Lamiaceae, or mint family.  The _Acanthomintha_ genus is commonly referred to as **Thornmint**.  There are a number of species within this genus, including the endangered species _Acanthomintha duttonii_. All four thornmints are native to the California Floristic Province.  The origin of the genus name is from the identical Greek word meaning _thornmint_.

There are four species of _Acanthomintha_:

- _Acanthomintha duttonii_ (Abrams) Jokerst: San Mateo thorn-mint
- _Acanthomintha ilicifolia_ (Gray): San Diego thorn-mint, San Diego thornmint
- _Acanthomintha lanceolata_ (Curran): Santa Clara thorn-mint
- _Acanthomintha obovata_ (Jepson): San Benito thorn-mint
Franz von Papen

**Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen zu Köningen** (29 October 1879 - 2 May 1969) was a German nobleman, Catholic monarchist politician, General Staff officer, and diplomat. He was Chancellor of Germany in 1932 and as Vice Chancellor of Germany in 1933-1934. He was a member of the Catholic Centre Party of Germany until 1932.

Papen was one the people who believed and said that they (the conservative elite and the military) could control Adolf Hitler when he becomes Chancellor of Germany; and was responsible for his rise to power along with Reich President Paul von Hindenburg, when he persuaded Hindenburg, that the other alternative to Hitler was Communist rule, which they saw as more dangerous.

As a result, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor on 30 January 1933. But von Papen's belief in controlling Hitler and his assurances to Hindenburg did not happen, because Hitler started to control them and gain more power. In March Hindenburg signed the Enabling Act of 1933 which gave special powers to Hitler and his government, and he became a dictator. Von Papen and the conservatives lost all influence, though most of them stayed as members in Hitler's cabinet with no powers, until the fall of the Third Reich.

Before and during World War II he was an ambassador, from 1934 to 1938 in Austria, and from 1939 to 1944 in Turkey.

Von Papen was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. The court decided he was not guilty.

## Infobox (chancellor)

- **name**: Franz von Papen
- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-S00017, Franz von Papen.jpg
- **order**: 22nd Chancellor of Germany, Chancellor of the German Reich
<small>13th Weimar Republic, Chancellor of the Weimar Republic</small>
- **president**: Paul von Hindenburg
- **term start**: 1 June
- **term end**: 17 November 1932
- **predecessor**: Heinrich Brüning
- **successor**: Kurt von Schleicher
- **order2**: Vice-Chancellor of Germany, Vice-Chancellor of the German Reich
- **term start2**: 30 January 1933
- **term end2**: August 1934
- **chancellor2**: Adolf Hitler
- **preceded2**: Hermann R. Dietrich
- **succeeded2**: Vacant
<small>Franz Blücher (1949)</small>
- **order3**: Minister President of Prussia
- **term start3**: 20 July
- **term end3**: 3 December 1932
- **preceded3**: Otto Braun
- **succeeded3**: Kurt von Schleicher
- **term start4**: 30 January
- **term end4**: 10 April 1933
- **preceded4**: Kurt von Schleicher
- **succeeded4**: Hermann Göring
- **birth place**: Werl
- **death place**: Sasbach, Germany
- **allegiance**: German Empire (to 1918)
Weimar Republic (to 1933)
Nazi Germany (to 1945)
- **occupation**: Soldier, spy, diplomat, nobleman
- **party**: Centre Party (Germany), Centre Party (until 1932)
Nazi Party, Nazi party (until 1945)
Lemon balm

**Lemon balm** (_Melissa officinalis_) is a perennial herb in the mint family Lamiaceae, native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean region. It grows to 70–150 cm tall. The leaves have a gentle lemon scent, related to mint. At the end of the summer, little white flowers full of nectar appear and attract bees.  Its flavour comes from the terpenes citronellal, citronellol, citral, and geraniol.
Bronchitis

**Bronchitis** is inflammation of the bronchi caused by irritation. It may also refer to acute bronchitis or chronic bronchitis. Bronchitis is an obstructive pulmonary disease. It can be caused by infection or other causes such as smoking, or being exposed to cigarettes.

## Symptoms

- Cough
- Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear, white, yellowish-gray or green in color — rarely, it may be streaked with blood

## Other websites

- NIH entry on Bronchitis
- MedlinePlus entries on Acute bronchitis and Chronic bronchitis

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Bronchitis
- **diseasesdb**: 29135
- **image**: Bronchitis.jpg
- **caption**: Figure A shows the location of the lungs and bronchial tubes in the body. Figure B is an enlarged, detailed view of a normal bronchial tube. Figure C is an enlarged, detailed view of a bronchial tube with bronchitis. The tube is wikt:en:inflamed, inflamed and contains more mucus than usual.
- **icd10**: -,
- **icd9**: , ,
- **medlineplus**: 001087
- **emedicinesubj**: article
- **emedicinetopic**: 807035
- **meshid**: D001991
- **meshnumber**: I