juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Ashikaga shogunate

The , also known as the , was a feudal Japanese feudal military government. The heads of government were the shoguns. Each was a member of the Ashikaga clan.

These years are known as the Muromachi period.  The period takes gets its name from the district in Kyoto where the Ashikaga shoguns lived.

## History

In 1336, the Ashikaga Takauji and the Ashikaga clan established a military government in Kyoto.

### Fall of the Shogunate

The 13th Shogun Ashikaga Yoshiteru, was killed by Miyoshi Triumvirs, and Oda Nobunaga led the army to Kyoto, it caused Shogun Yoshiaki plot a campaign against Oda, but exiled by Nobunaga at the end.

### List of Ashikaga Shoguns

1. Ashikaga Takauji, ruled 1338–1358
1. Ashikaga Yoshiakira, r. 1359–1368
1. Ashikaga Yoshimitsu, r. 1368–1394
1. Ashikaga Yoshimochi, r. 1395–1423
1. Ashikaga Yoshikazu, r. 1423–1425
1. Ashikaga Yoshinori, r. 1429–1441
1. Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, r. 1442–1443
1. Ashikaga Yoshimasa, r. 1449–1473
1. Ashikaga Yoshihisa, r. 1474–1489
1. Ashikaga Yoshitane, r. 1490–1493, 1508–1521
1. Ashikaga Yoshizumi, r. 1494–1508
1. Ashikaga Yoshiharu, r. 1521–1546
1. Ashikaga Yoshiteru, r. 1546–1565
1. Ashikaga Yoshihide, r. 1568
1. Ashikaga Yoshiaki, r. 1568–1573

## Related pages

- Kamakura shogunate
- Tokugawa shogunate

## Other websites

- Ashikaga Bakufu from Washington State University website
- Kyoto City Web
Weiyang District

**Weiyang District** (, pinyin: Wèiyāng Qū) is in the north of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Xianyang Municipality is to the west and north. Lianhu District and Xincheng District are to the south. Baqiao District is to the east. The name is from Weiyang Square. The district covers . As of November 2010, 806,811 people lived there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Weiyang District
- **translit lang1**: Chinese language, Chinese
- **translit lang1 info2**: Wèiyāng Qū
- **translit lang1 type**: Traditional Chinese character, Traditional
- **translit lang1 info**: 未央區
- **translit lang1 type1**: Simplified Chinese character, Simplified
- **translit lang1 info1**: 未央区
- **translit lang1 type2**: Pinyin
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the People's Republic of China
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **settlement type**: District (PRC), District
- **map caption**: Map of the Village Development Committees in Rolpa District
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: China
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of China, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Shaanxi
- **subdivision type2**: Prefecture-level city, Prefecture
- **subdivision name2**: Xi'an
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: China standard time
- **utc offset**: +8
Baqiao District

**Baqiao District** (, pinyin: Bàqiáo Qū) is a district in the eastern part of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. The main work there is spinning. Its name is from Ba River. It covers . As of November 2010, 595,124 people live there.
Dario Fo

**Dario Fo** (Sangiano 3 March 1926 – 13 October 2016) was an Italian playwright, theatre actor and composer. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1997. It highlighted him as a great writer "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden".

His plays often depend on improvisation, _Commedia dell'arte_ style. Fo owned and operated a theatre company with his wife, actress Franca Rame. His most famous works are _Mistero buffo_ and _Accidental Death of an Anarchist_.

Fo died on 13 October 2016 at a hospital in Milan, Italy from a serious lung disease, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Dario Fo  at Nobelprize.org

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Dario Fo
- **caption**: Dario Fo
- **image**: Dario Fo portrait.jpg
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **birth place**: San Giano, Italy
- **nationality**: Italian
- **death place**: Milan, Italy
- **awards**: Nobel Prize in Literature (1997)
Lianhu District

**Lianhu District** (, pinyin: Liánhú Qū, meaning Lotus lake District) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the center, a little northwest of Xi'an. Its name is from Lianhu park. The Xi'an government is also here. The district covers . As of November 2010, 698,513 people live there.
Perverse incentive

A **perverse incentive** is an incentive that creates an unplanned and unwanted result.  The outcome is not helpful or contrary to the interests of the incentive makers.  Perverse incentives are a type of unintended consequences. The results are sometimes called **cobra effects**. People are told to make the problem worse.  Horst Siebert, an economist used this term in 2001. At the time, he was talking about an anectote of the British Raj. The government was concerned that there were too many cobras in Delhi. So it offered a reward for every dead cobra. At first, this strategy was successful, and the number of snakes decreased. Later, peopel saw that they could breed cobras, because it would give them extra income. When the government became aware of this, the reward program was stopped, and the cobra breeders set their snakes free, leading to an overall increase in the wild cobra population.

## Other examples

- In Thailand, the Bangkok police had the problem of too many small mistakes by its officers.  The police tried to solve the problem by using tartan armbands as a badge of shame.  Instead, the armbands were treated as valuable collectables. Since 2007, the Bangkok police has tried using pink armbands with the cute Hello Kitty cartoon character.
- In Vietnam during the colonial period, Hanoi had the problem of too many rats.  The French tried to solve the problem by paying for dead rats.  This was intended to bring down the number of rats. Instead, it led to the breeding of rats.

## Related pages

- Conflict of interest
- Invasive species
- Moral hazard
- Tragedy of the commons
Flounder

**Flounders** are a group of flatfish. The term is used for a number of flatfish who only related by being in the suborder Pleuronectoidei: (families Achiropsettidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae, Paralichthyidae, and Samaridae). It is a "form name", which means they are not necessarily _close_ relations, they just look alike.

Flounders live at the bottom of coastal lagoons and estuaries of the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. When flounder are hatched they have one eye on each side of its head. As they grow one eye moves until they have both eyes on the same side of the head.

Industrial overfishing has reduced the population to one-tenth of its original size, and the individuals left are smaller. They rarely have the time to grow to full size.

## Habitat

Flounder feed at soft muddy areas of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks and coral reefs. They have been found at the bottom of the Mariana trench, the deepest known ocean canyon. Swiss scientist Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lt. Don Walsh reached a depth of .  They were surprised to discover flounder about 30 cm long.

A flounder's food is mainly fish spawn, crustaceans, polychaetes and small fish.  Flounder normally grow to a length of , and as large as . Their width is about half their length.

### Camouflage

Flounders are highly camouflaged, often more so than these examples. But they are fished by bottom trawls which scrape them off the sea-bed into the net.

## Taxonomy

Flounder is a general term for many species.

- Western Atlantic
    - Gulf Flounder - _Paralichthys albigutta_
    - Southern flounder - _Paralichthys lethostigma_
    - Summer flounder (also known as _fluke_) - _Paralichthys dentatus_
    - Winter flounder - _Pseudopleuronectes americanus_

- European waters
    - European flounder - _Platichthys flesus_

- Northwestern Pacific
    - Olive flounder - _Paralichthys olivaceus_
Tecnológico de Antioquia

**Tecnológico de Antioquia - University Institution** (**TdeA**), also known as **Tecnológico de Antioquia**, is an institution of higher education in Colombia, located in the department of Antioquia, which offers technical training programs, technological, professional and advanced training university . Its headquarters are located in the city of Medellín.

## References

- Tecnológico de Antioquia
- TdeA-tv
- Tecnológico de Antioquia on Twitter
Rossendale Valley

The **Rossendale Valley** (also called the _Forest of Rossendale_) is an area North West England, in Lancashire. The area is in Rossendale. It is made up of the steep valleys of the River Irwell and its tributaries. These flow from the Pennines. They then go south into Greater Manchester. They cut through the open moorland. The area has a lot of these, even though a long time ago they were called "forests".

There are two Marilyns in the hills. These are Hail Storm Hill and Freeholds Top.

The geology of the area is layers of gritstone, coal and sand and gravel left behind by glaciers. These rocks were cut by rivers, the Irwell and its tributaries, to make steep valleys. These are 600 feet high. Woodland on the steep slopes includes remnants of ancient woodland but other areas are more recently planted.

The Rossendale Valley is recognised by the steep valley of the River Irwell and its tributaries. Textile mills and chimneys and gritstone houses are what most buildings are. Roads are mostly found in the narrow valley.

The valley was part of the medieval Forest of Rossendale. People living there in the Middle Ages would have been in "booths" or farmsteads and movement into the forest would have turned them into small hamlets.

## Other websites

- Higher Mill Textile Museum
Herc's Adventures

***Herc's Adventures*** is a puzzle video game released for the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn by LucasArts Entertainment in 1997. While the PlayStation release was international, the Sega Saturn version was exclusive to North America.
Evolutionary grade

An **evolutionary grade** is a group of species at the same level of organisation.

It refers to a group of animals or plants which are very similar, but which are not a clade. They have a similar morphological or physiological complexity, and they are often adapted to the same way of life.

The term was coined by Julian Huxley, to contrast with clade, which is a strictly phylogenetic unit. The use of 'grade' as a term in biology was strongly supported by Ernst Mayr, who also pointed out that the term had been used for some time before cladism.

## Background

An evolutionary grade is a group of species united by similarities. These similarities led to their being given a name. But now to be a clade, the whole group from the first known member to the present day must be included.

The most commonly cited example is that of reptiles. In the early 19th century, tetrapods were put in the four familiar classes of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. In this system, reptiles are defined by traits such as laying cleidoic eggs, having skin covered in scales or scutes, and having a 'cold-blooded' metabolism.

However, we now know that amphibia gave rise to early egg-laying amniotes. These gave rise to sauropsids (the ancestors of reptiles and birds) and synapsids (the ancestors of mammals. 'Reptile' is just a common term for those sauropsids which survived to the present day, minus the birds. As an everyday word, everyone understands it. But as a modern _scientific_ term, it is no longer good, and is less used.

Paraphyletic and polyphyletic taxa often represent evolutionary grades. In some cases paraphyletic taxa are united simply by not being part of any other groups, and give rise to so-called wastebasket taxa.

## Examples

- Bryophytes were long considered a natural group, defined as those land plants which lacked vascular systems. Molecular evidence shows that the bryophytes are not monophyletic since mosses, liverworts and hornworts are in fact separate lineages, with mosses closest to vascular plants.  However, the three clades have a similar degree of complexity, and the "bryophyte grade" is a useful benchmark when analysing early plants  it gives information about the status of fossils which cannot always be classified into living groups.
- Fish represent a grade, as they have given rise to the land vertebrates. In fact, the three traditional classes of fish (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes) all represent evolutionary grades. Obviously, everyone will go on using the word fish; this just makes the point that they are not a monophyletic clade.
- Dinosaurs plus birds are a proper monophyletic group. Otherwise they are not.
- Labyrinthodonts are an evolutionary grade, and the group is no longer a term in taxonomy.
- Synapsids cannot be a clade unless the mammals are included.
- Nautiloids. Cladistically speaking, nautiloids are a paraphyletic group with shared primitive features not found in derived cephalopods. In other words, they are an evolutionary grade which is thought to have given rise to both ammonoids and coleoids.
Flag of Belgium

The national **flag of Belgium** has three equal vertical bands of black, yellow, and red. The colours were taken from the colours of the Duchy of Brabant.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Belgium
- **image**: Flag of Belgium.svg
- **use**: 111000
- **proportion**: 13:15
- **design**: A vertical tricolour of black, yellow, and red. Technically the national flag, but rarely seen.
- **adoption**: January 23, 1831
- **image2**: Flag of Belgium (civil).svg
- **use2**: 111100
- **proportion2**: 2:3 or similar
- **design2**: As above. Much more common than the official version.
- **image3**: Government_Ensign_of_Belgium.svg
- **use3**: 000010
- **proportion3**: 2:3
Kumaso Province

was a very old province of Japan in the area of Hyūga Province on the island of Honshū.  Its boundaries are within Miyazaki Prefecture.

## History

Komaso is part of the tale of Yamato Takeru which is recorded in the _Kojiki._  The history of Komaso started and ended before the Taihō Code was established at the beginning of the 8th century.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Coat of arms of Belgium

**The coat of arms of Belgium** has a lion as its charge. It is called the Leo Belgicus, Latin for the Belgian lion.  The colors used are red, yellow and black, the same as on the flag.  The motto is "Unity makes strength".

## Infobox (coat of arms)

- **name**: Coat of arms of Belgium
- **image**: Great_Coat_of_Arms_of_Belgium.svg
- **image width**: 220
- **caption**: Greater version
- **middle width**: 200px
- **middle caption**: Lesser version
- **lesser width**: 100px
- **lesser caption**: Escutcheon-only version
- **armiger**: Albert II of Belgium, Albert II, Monarchy of Belgium, King of the Belgians
- **year adopted**: 17 March 1837
- **crest**: A Helmet (heraldry), helmet with raised visor or crowned with a Crown (heraldry), Royal Crown of Belgium
- **mantle**: mantling Sable doubled
- **shield**: Sable (heraldry), Sable, a Lion (heraldry), lion rampant Or (heraldry), or, armed and langued Gules with two crossed sceptres (a hand of justice and a lion) or behind a shield. The grand collar of the Order of Leopold (Belgium) surrounds the shield
- **supporters**: Two lions guardant proper each supporting a lance Gules point or with two National Flag of Belgium, Flags of Belgium (Tierced per pale Sable, or and Gules.
- **compartment**: Underneath the compartment is placed the ribbon Gules with two stripes Sable charged with the motto
- **motto**:

- **orders**: Order of Leopold
- **other elements**: The whole is placed on a mantle Gules with ermine lining, fringes and tassels Or and ensigned with the Crown (heraldry), Royal Crown of Belgium. Above the mantle rise banners with the arms of the nine Provinces of Belgium, provinces that made Belgium in 1837. They are (from right to left) Antwerp (province), Antwerp, West Flanders, East Flanders, Liège (province), Liège, Duchy of Brabant, Brabant, Hainaut (province), Hainaut, Limburg (Belgium), Limburg, Luxembourg (Belgium), Luxembourg and Namur (province), Namur
Unity makes strength

"**Unity makes strength**" (, ; ; ) is the national motto of Belgium.  It was also taken on by Bulgaria and Haiti.

### Belgium

The motto was used by Belgium after its Revolution of 1830.  It was first only in its French form "L'union fait la force". But later the Dutch and German versions were also incorporated. The phrase "unity makes strength" symbolises the unity of the French speaking population (Wallonia) and Dutch speaking population (Flemish).

### Netherlands

The motto was first used in 1550. It came from the Latin phrase "concordia res parvae crescunt" (small states flourish by concord). The new Dutch Republic took over the phrase as its motto. It was on several of its coins and coats of arms.

The French were in the Netherlands from 1795 to 1813, first as the Batavian Republic then the Kingdom of Holland. Early on the national motto was changed to "Gelykheid, Vryheid, Broederschap" (Equality, Liberty, Fraternity). From 1802 to 1810 'Unity makes strength' was used again. In 1816, it switched to the House of Orange motto 'Je maintiendrai'.

### Haiti

The motto was chosen  by the Republic of Haiti  after  the revolution and subsequent independence of  the  slaves of the French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1803. The newly created state of Haiti became officially independent on January 1st,1804 following the capitulation of the French troops at the Battle of Vertieres of November 18,1803. The coat of arms of the republic of Haiti carries the french version of the motto  "L'Union fait la force". The Republic of Haiti is often referred to as the world's First Black Republic.

### USA

The motto of Brooklyn, a borough of New York City started by Dutch settlers, is still "Eendraght maeckt maght". The motto _Eendragt maakt magt_ also appears on the badge of the police force of Holland, Michigan.

### Bulgaria

After Ferdinand of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha took over the throne of the Principality of Bulgaria,  the country started to use Belgium's motto of _L'union fait la force_ (in Bulgarian: Съединението прави силата). Although _Unity makes strength_ meet in various projects on the coat of arms of Bulgaria in the post-liberation years, it officially became part of it only in 1927. After 1948, the motto dropped from the new Dimitrov Constitution, but remained on the facade of the National Assembly. Following the changes in 1989 and the adoption of a new Constitution of Bulgaria in 1991, the motto has been restored.

### South African Republic

On 17 January 1852 the United Kingdom, ruler of the Cape Colony, made the South African Republic free. "Eendragt maakt magt" was the motto on the new state's shield. In 1888 the republic decided Dutch was its official language.

### Malaysia

An early design of the coat of arms used between 1948 and 1963 used a variation of the motto, "Unity is Strength".  It was in both English and Jawi. After three more states were added into the federation in 1963, the English motto of the arms was replaced by a rough Malay translation, _Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu_ (literally "Unity Improves Quality"). The Jawi motto remained unchanged.
Belgians

**Belgians** are people from the Kingdom of Belgium, a federal state in Western Europe.

## Related pages

- List of Belgians

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Belgians
- **image**: Van Damme Cannes 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Jean-Claude Van Damme, Belgian actor
- **population**: Circa, c. 11 million
- **regions**: 9,782,239<small>
(Belgian nationality only, 1 January 2010)</small>
- **pop1**: 360,642
- **pop2**: 168,915
- **pop3**: 50,000-100,000
- **pop4**: 20,000-50,000
- **pop5**: 10,000-50,000
- **pop7**: 6,000
- **languages**: Dutch language, Dutch, Belgian French, French, German language, German
- **religions**: Predominantly Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic, with some Protestantism, Protestants)
- **related**: Walloons, Flemish people, Dutch people, French people, Germans, Luxembourgers
Monarchy of Belgium

**Monarchy in Belgium** is constitutional and popular in nature. The monarch is the head of state.  The Monarch is officially called **King of the Belgians**. The current leader is Philippe I.  Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was the first King of the Belgians.  To date all have belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

## List

This is a **list of Belgian monarchs** since 1831.

## House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

|#|Name|Portrait|Birth and death|Reign started|Reign ended|Marriages|Succession right|||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|1|align="center"|**Leopold I**|align="center"||align="center"|16 December 1790 Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld – 10 December 1865 Laeken (aged 74)|align="center"|21 July 1831|align="center"|10 December 1865|align="center"|(1) Princess Charlotte 2 May 1816 [1 child (stillborn)] (2) Queen Louise 9 August 1832 [4 children]|align="center"||
|align="center"|2|align="center"|**Leopold II**|align="center"||align="center"|9 April 1835 Brussels – 17 December 1909 Laeken (aged 74)|align="center"|17 December 1865|align="center"|17 December 1909|align="center"|Queen Marie-Henriette 22 August 1853 [4 children]|align="center"|Son of Leopold I|
|align="center"|3|align="center"|**Albert I**|align="center"||align="center"|8 April 1875 Brussels – 17 February 1934 Marche-les-Dames (aged 58)|align="center"|23 December 1909|align="center"|17 February 1934|align="center"|Queen Elisabeth 2 October 1900 [3 children]|align="center"|Nephew of Leopold II|
|align="center"|4|align="center"|**Leopold III**|align="center"||align="center"|3 November 1901 Brussels – 25 September 1983 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert (aged 81)|align="center"|23 February 1934|align="center"|16 July 1951 (_abdicated_)|align="center"|(1) Queen Astrid 4 November 1926 [3 children] (2) Princess Lilian 6 December 1941 [3 children]|align="center"|Son of Albert I|
|align="center"|—|align="center"|Prince Charles <small>_Regent for Leopold III_</small>|align="center"||align="center"|10 October 1903 Brussels – 1 June 1983 Ostend (aged 79)|align="center"|20 September 1944|align="center"|20 July 1950|align="center"|Unmarried [childless]|align="center"|Son of Albert I / Brother of Leopold III|
|align="center"|5|align="center"|**Baudouin**|align="center"||align="center"|7 September 1930 Laeken – 31 July 1993 Motril (Spain) (aged 62)|align="center"|17 July 1951|align="center"|31 July 1993|align="center"|Queen Fabiola 15 December 1960 [childless]|align="center"|Son of Leopold III|
|align="center"|6|align="center"|**Albert II**|align="center"||align="center"|Laeken|align="center"|9 August 1993|align="center"|21 July 2013|align="center"|Queen Paola 2 July 1959 [3 children]|align="center"|Son of Leopold III / Brother of Baudouin|
|align="center"|7|align="center"|**Philippe I**|align="center"||align="center"|, Laeken|align="center"|21 July 2013|align="center"|Present|align="center"|Queen Mathilde 2 July 1959 [4 children]|align="center"|Son of Albert II/|
Prime Minister of Belgium

The **prime minister of Belgium** or the **premier of Belgium** is the head of the federal government of Belgium, and the most powerful person in Belgian politics.

Although Leaders of Government (French: ) had been appointed since the independence of the country, until 1918 the king of the Belgians often led over the Council of Ministers, so the modern era of the "Premiership" started after World War I with Léon Delacroix.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Prime Minister
- **body**: the Kingdom of Belgium
- **insignia**: State Coat of Arms of Belgium.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Coat of arms of Belgium, Coat of arms
- **flag**: Government Ensign of Belgium.svg
- **flagcaption**: State ensign
- **image**: BartDeWever.jpg
- **incumbent**: Bart De Wever
- **incumbentsince**: 3 February 2025
- **department**: Cabinet of Belgium, Executive branch of the
Belgian Federal Government
- **style**: Mr Prime Minister
Excellency, His Excellency
- **residence**: _Le Lambermont_, Brussels
- **seat**: 16, Rue de la Loi, Brussels
- **appointer**: Monarchy of Belgium, Monarch of Belgium
- **termlength**: No term limit
- **formation**: (de facto)
 (de jure)
- **first**: Étienne Constantin de Gerlache, Étienne de Gerlache
- **unofficial names**: Premier of Belgium
- **salary**: €236,900 annually
- **website**: [https://www.premier.be/ premier.be]
Belgian Federal Parliament

The **Belgian Federal Parliament** is a bicameral parliament.  It has the Chamber of Representatives and the Senate. It sits in the **Palace of the Nation**.

## Chamber of Representatives

The number of seats in the **Chamber** is 150.  They are elected from 11 districts. The districts are divided along linguistic lines: 5 Flemish (79 seats), 5 Walloon (49 seats), and the bilingual district of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde (22 seats).

To be elected a person must be at least 21 years old, have Belgium citizenship, and live in Belgium.

## Senate

Till the general elections of 2014, the Senate had 71 members. There were four categories of senators: directly elected senators, community senators, co-opted senators and senators by right. Co-opted senators were 10 representatives elected by the first two groups of senators. Senators by right were the children of the current monarch.

Since 2014, the Senate has 60 members. There are only two categories of senators: community senators (50) and co-opted senators (10).

Eligibility requirements for the Senate are the same as for the Chamber.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **background color**: #F5F9D6
- **text color**: #663300
- **name**: Belgian Federal Parliament
- **native name**:

- **house type**: Bicameral
- **houses**: Belgian Senate, Senate
Belgian Chamber of Representatives, Chamber of Representatives
- **leader1 type**: List of Presidents of the Belgian Senate, President of the Senate
- **leader1**: Christine Defraigne
- **party1**: Mouvement réformateur, MR
- **election1**: October 14, 2014
- **leader2 type**: List of Presidents of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, President of the Chamber
- **leader2**: Siegfried Bracke
- **party2**: Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie, N-VA
- **election2**: October 14, 2014
- **members**: **210**
60 senators
150 representatives
- **chamber1**: Belgian Senate, Senate
- **chamber2**: Belgian Chamber of Representatives, Chamber
- **last election1**: Belgian general election, 2014, May 25, 2014
- **last election2**: Belgian general election, 2014, May 25, 2014
- **session room**: Brussel Parlementsgebouw.jpg
- **session res**: 300px
- **meeting place**: Palace of the Nation, Brussels
- **website**: [http://www.fed-parl.be/index.html www.fed-parl.be]
AFC U-23 Asian Cup

The **AFC U-23 Asian Cup** is a football competition between the best international under-23 teams in Asia. It is ran by the Asian Football Confederation. The teams are selected based on good performances in the qualification matches.

## Format

The competition format in the 2013 tournament is:

- Sixteen teams will play in the final tournament, including the hosts who automatically qualify.
- Teams are seeded based on the result of the 2010 AFC U-19 Championship.
- Three or four stadiums in at most two cities will be needed to host the tournament.

The host country will be rotated by regions: the region for the first tournament will be decided by draw.

## Results

|width=7%|Year|width=15%|Host|width=15%|Winner|width=10%|Score|width=15%|Runners-up|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2013 _Details_||Iraq|**1-0**|Saudi Arabia||||||

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: AFC U-23 Asian Cup
- **country**: Asia
- **founded**: 2011
- **number of teams**: 16
- **current champions**: _To start in 2013_
- **season**: 2013
Francesco Maria Piave

**Francesco Maria Piave** (18 May 1810 – 5 March 1876) was an Italian writer. He wrote the librettos (the story and words) for many operas. He is most famous for the librettos he wrote for operas composed by Giuseppe Verdi.

## Life

Piave was born in Murano, an island in Venice. At first, he studied to be a Catholic priest. He stopped studying to be a priest and went to Rome. In Rome, he studied philosophy and writing. He wrote poems and stories for newspapers  but he is most famous for his opera librettos. He wrote more than 60 librettos. The first one was for Giovanni Pacini's opera, **' in 1842. In 1844, he wrote the libretto for Verdi's opera _Ernani_. Piave and Verdi became very good friends, For twenty years, they wrote many letters to each other. Piave wrote nine more opera librettos for Verdi. The last libretto he wrote for him was **'.

Piave also worked as a stage director (someone who decides how plays and operas are performed). He worked as a stage director for the Teatro La Fenice in Venice. Later (1859), he worked as a stage director at La Scala in Milan.  In 1867, Piave had a stroke (a problem in the brain caused by lack of blood). He lived for eight more years, but he could not move or speak. Verdi gave money to help Piave's wife and family. In 1876, Piave died in Milan. Verdi paid for his funeral.

## Piave's librettos for Giuseppe Verdi

- _Ernani_ (1844)
- **'(1844)
- _Attila_ (1846)
- _Macbeth_ (1847)
- **' (1848)
- __ (1850)
- _Rigoletto_ (1851)
- _La traviata_ (1853)
- _Simon Boccanegra_ (1857)
- _La forza del destino_ (1862)

## Sources

- Budden, Julian (2008). _Verdi_, 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
- . "Piave, Francesco Maria". Treccani
- Phillips-Matz,  Mary Jane (1993). _Verdi: A Biography_. Oxford University Press.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Francesco Maria Piave
- **image**: Francesco Maria Piave.jpg
- **birth place**: Murano, Venice
- **death place**: Milan
- **nationality**: Italy, Italian
- **occupation**: Poet and libretto, librettist
Chang'an District, Xi'an

**Chang'an District** (, pinyin:Cháng'ān Qū) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the south part of Xi'an. Yanta District and Xianyang Municipality are to the north. Shangluo Municipality and Ankang Municipality are to the north. Lantian County is to the east. Huyi District is to the west. The southeast part of Chang'an District is higher than northwest part. From north to south is , from east to west is . The district covers . As of November 2010, 1,083,285 people lived there.

On June 2, 2002. Chang'an County was renamed to Chang'an District.
Yanliang District

**Yanliang District** (, pinyin:Yánliáng Qū) is a district of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. Its name is shortened from "Luyan Liangshan" (闾阎良善, meaning "good for living place"). It is in northeast of Xi'an, and  from the center of Xi'an. Weinan Municipality is to the east and north. Xianyang Municipality is to the west. Lintong District is to the south. It is famous for making airplanes. It is far from center of Xi'an, but its economy is good. The district covers . As of November 2010, 278,604 people lived there.
Video game collecting

**Video game collecting** is the hobby of collecting video games and related things. It may be connected with animation, movies or comic books collecting. Collectors may focus on collecting some type of things, such as retro consoles. Collecting video games differs from other hobbies, because the collectible is interactive. So it can be enjoyed as long as it still functions. Nostalgia plays a large role, as those who grew up with a certain generation of games may have stronger appreciation for them.

## Related pages

- Collecting
- Video game
- Hobby
Prägraten am Großvenediger

**Prägraten am Großvenediger** is a village in the district of Lienz in Tyrol in Austria. More than 1,300 People live there. Most of the 180,36 km² large area is mountainous.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Prägraten am Großvenediger
- **image skyline**: Praegraten mit Pfarrkirche.jpg
- **image shield**: Wappen at praegraten.png
- **shield size**: 80x110px
- **pushpin map**: Austria
- **pushpin mapsize**: 270
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Austria
- **image map**: Praegraten am Grossvenediger.png
- **mapsize**: 260x260px
- **map caption**: Location within Lienz district
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Austria
- **subdivision type1**: States of Austria, State
- **subdivision name1**: Tyrol (state), Tyrol
- **subdivision type2**: District (Austria), District
- **subdivision name2**: Lienz District, Lienz
- **parts style**: para
- **leader title**: Burgomaster, Mayor
- **leader name**: Anton Steiner
- **elevation m**: 1312
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset**: +1
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **registration plate**: Vehicle registration plates of Austria, LZ
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Austria, Postal code
- **postal code**: 9974
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Austria, Area code
- **area code**: 04877
- **website**: [http://www.praegraten.info www.praegraten.info]
Toyo Province

was an very old province of Japan, in the area of Buzen and Bungo Provinces.  The ancient entity was in what is modern Ōita Prefecture and northeastern Fukuoka Prefecture. It was divided into Buzen and Bungo in 683. It was sometimes called .

## History

The history of the province started and ended before the Taihō Code was established at the beginning of the 8th century.

According to the _Nihongi_, the Aka clan was established in Toyo during the reign of Emperor Ankan.

## Related pages

- Provinces of Japan
- Prefectures of Japan
- List of regions of Japan
- List of islands of Japan

## Other websites

- Murdoch's map of provinces, 1903
Curve (album)

***Curve*** is the eighth studio album by Canadian alternative rock band, Our Lady Peace. _Curve_ was released on April 3, 2012. Canadian heavyweight boxer George Chuvalo is featured on the cover of the album and vocal excerpts from him are also featured on the album's final track "Mettle". The band started recording the album six months after the release of their seventh studio album, _Burn Burn_. _Curve_ debuted at #9 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Curve
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Our Lady Peace
- **released**: April 3, 2012
- **recorded**: January 2010—February 2012
- **genre**: Alternative rock, art rock
- **length**: 41:39
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Warner Music Group, Warner Music
- **producer**: Jason Lader
Raine Maida
- **prev title**: Burn Burn (album), Burn Burn
- **prev year**: 2009
Wimbledon (movie)

***Wimbledon*** is a 2004 British romantic comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Richard Loncraine. It stars Paul Bettany as Peter Colt and Kirsten Dunst as Lizzie Bradbury. They are tennis players who meet at the Wimbledon Championships at which they are both competing. Sam Neill plays Lizzie's father Dennis Bradbury. The film was released in the United States in September 17, 2004.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Wimbledon
- **director**: Richard Loncraine
- **writer**: Adam Brooks (filmmaker), Adam Brooks
Jennifer Flackett
Mark Levin (director), Mark Levin
- **starring**: Paul Bettany
Kirsten Dunst
Sam Neill
Jon Favreau
Austin Nichols
- **producer**: Tim Bevan
Eric Fellner
Liza Chasin
Mary Richards
- **music**: Edward Shearmur
- **editing**: Humphrey Dixon
- **cinematography**: Darius Khondji
- **studio**: StudioCanal
Working Title Films
- **distributor**: Universal Studios, Universal Pictures
- **budget**: $31 million
- **gross**: $41,512,007
- **runtime**: 98 minutes
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
Forest Whitaker

**Forest Steven Whitaker** (born July 15, 1961) is an American actor, producer, and director. He has been known to study characters for movies like _Bird_ and _Ghost Dog: The Way of the Samurai_, and for playing Jon Kavanaugh on _The Shield_. Whitaker won an Academy Award for playing Ugandan dictator Idi Amin in the 2006 film _The Last King of Scotland_. Whitaker has also won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: ForestWhitaker.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Forest Whitaker, February 2009
- **birth name**: Forest Steven Whitaker
- **birth place**: Longview, Texas, United States, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Cal Poly Pomona, University of Southern California, Drama Studio London, New York University
- **occupation**: Actor, producer, director
- **years active**: 1982–present
- **spouse**: Keisha Nash (1996–present)
- **children**: 2
Wimbledon

**Wimbledon** may refer to:

- Wimbledon, London, a suburban area of south-west London
- Wimbledon Championships, a tennis tournament
- Wimbledon F.C., a former association football team
- AFC Wimbledon, an association football team, founded by former supporters of Wimbledon F.C.
- _Wimbledon_ (movie), a 2004 British movie
- Wimbledon station, a railway station
Chelsea

**Chelsea** may refer to:

- Chelsea, London
- Chelsea, Iowa
- Chelsea, Manhattan
- Chelsea, Massachusetts
- Chelsea, Oklahoma
- Chelsea Bridge
- Chelsea F.C.
- Chelsea (name)
David Vamplew

**David Vamplew** (born 1 September 1987, Fife, Scotland) is a professional poker player. He has earned nearly 3 million dollars in tournaments, with over 4 million total career earnings.  Vamplew lives in Edinburgh, Scotland.  He got a degree in maths from Edinburgh University  in 2009.

The first time he won money in a professional tournament was for 106th-place finish in the 2010 World Series of Poker. He earned $2,500. He won the championship of the European Poker Tour in London, 2010. For this win, he earned $1.400,00. The next day, he won the UK & Ireland Poker Tour "Champion of Champions" title.

In the 2013 World Series of Poker, he came 2nd for $342,450 in event 2, losing heads-up to Trevor Pope, 16th in event 45 for $7,697, and 2nd in event 53 for $413,157 losing again heads-up to Brett Shaffer.

## Other websites

- Statistics from _Card Player_
Rikkokushi

, also romanized ***Rokkokushi***, is a general term for Japan's six earliest national histories.   These six books chronicle the mythology and history of Japan from the earliest times to AD 887.

## History

The six histories were written at the Imperial court during the eighth and ninth centuries.  These works include
- _Nihon shoki_ (Chronicle of Japan, also called _Nihongi_), 720
- _Shoku Nihongi_ (Continued Chronicle of Japan, also called _Shokki_), 797
- _Nihon kōki_ (Later Chronicle of Japan), 840
- _Shoku Nihon kōki_ (Continued Later Chronicle of Japan), 869
- _Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku_ (True Record of Emperor Montoku of Japan; also called _Montoku jitsuroku_), 879
- _Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku_ (True Record of Three Generations [of Emperors] of Japan; also called _Sandai jitsuroku_), 901

## Related pages

- _Nihon Odai Ichiran_
- Kokushi genzaisha

## Further reading

- Sakamoto, Tarō. (1991). _The Six National Histories of Japan_ (tr. John S. Brownlee). Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
Belgian Revolution

The **Belgian Revolution** was the secession of the Southern provinces from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.  It made an independent Kingdom of Belgium.

The people of the southern part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands were mostly Roman Catholic and the elite was French-speaking.  They did not like the Protestant King William I's rule, or that he had revoked certain special privileges granted to the Catholic Church.

On August 25, 1830 riots started in Brussels and shops were looted. There was an opera playing about liberty of the fatherland, and the theater-goers joined the rioters. The King sent troops to stop the riots.

A battle took place in Brussels. The French came to support the breakaway province of Belgium.  Belgium won the battle and became an independent country.  Leopold I was made "King of the Belgians" in 1831.  It took until 1839 for the Dutch to say Belgium was independent.  They signed the Treaty of London.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **image**: Wappers - Episodes from September Days 1830 on the Place de l’Hôtel de Ville in Brussels.JPG
- **caption**: _Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830_, Egide Charles Gustave Wappers, Gustaf Wappers (1834), <span style="white-space:nowrap;">(Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Museum of Modern Art, Brussels)</span>
- **conflict**: The Belgian Revolution
- **date**: 25 August 1830 – 14 July 1831
- **place**: Northwestern Europe the Netherlands and Belgium
- **result**: Belgian victory
- **combatant1**:  United Kingdom of the Netherlands
- **combatant2**:  Kingdom of Belgium, Southern Provinces
  July Monarchy, Kingdom of the French
- **commander1**: William I of the Netherlands
- **commander2**: Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier
Charles Latour Rogier
 Étienne Maurice Gérard
United Kingdom of the Netherlands

The **United Kingdom of the Netherlands** (1815–1839) is the unofficial name used for the **Kingdom of the Netherlands**.  This was after it was first made from part of the First French Empire and before the new Kingdom of Belgium split off from it in 1830. Most of it is still today the Kingdom of the Netherlands.  It was made up of the former Dutch Republic to the north, the former Austrian Netherlands to the south, and the former Prince-Bishopric of Liège. The House of Orange-Nassau were the monarchs.Also unites Benelux.

The United Kingdom of the Netherlands ended after the 1831 Belgian Revolution. William I, King of the Netherlands did not recognize a Belgian state until 1839.  He was made to sign the Treaty of London. Only at this time were borders agreed.In the treaty was sad it that Belgium was neutral.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**:

- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of the Netherlands
- **common name**: Netherlands
- **era**: Early modern period
- **government type**: Constitutional monarchy
- **event start**: Congress of Vienna
- **year start**: 1815
- **date start**: 15 March
- **event end**: Treaty of London (1839), Treaty of London
- **year end**: 1839
- **date end**: 19 April
- **event1**: Constitution of the Netherlands, Constitution adopted
- **date event1**: 24 August 1815
- **event2**: Belgian Revolution
- **date event2**: 25 August 1830
- **p1**: First French Empire
- **flag p1**: Flag of France.svg
- **s1**: Netherlands
- **flag s1**: Flag of the Netherlands.svg
- **s2**: Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)
- **flag s2**: Limburg_provinciewapen_oud.svg
- **s3**: Luxembourg
- **flag s3**: Flag of Luxembourg.svg
- **s4**: Belgium
- **flag s4**: Flag of Belgium (civil).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of the Netherlands.svg
- **flag**: Flag of the Netherlands
- **image coat**: Royal Coat of Arms of the Netherlands (1815-1907).svg
- **symbol**: Coat of arms of the Netherlands
- **national motto**: _Je maintiendrai_
<small>"I will maintain"</small>
- **national anthem**: _Wien Neêrlands Bloed_
<small>"Those in whom Dutch blood"</small>
- **image map**: Map-Europe 1815-Netherlands.svg
- **image map caption**: Map of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815
- **capital**: Amsterdam and Brussels
- **religion**: Protestant Church, Protestant, Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic
- **common languages**: Dutch language, Dutch, French language, French
- **currency**: Dutch guilder
- **leader1**: William I of the Netherlands, William I
- **year leader1**: 1815–1839
- **title leader**: list of monarchs of the Netherlands, King
- **legislature**: States-General of the Netherlands, States-General
- **house1**: Senate of the Netherlands, Senate
- **house2**: House of Representatives of the Netherlands, House of Representatives
Alan McDonald

**Alan McDonald** (Belfast, 12 October 1963 – Lisburn, 23 June 2012) was a Northern Irish footballer and manager. He played in the Northern Ireland national football team, and scored one goal, against Denmark. He died suddenly on 23 June 2012.

## Career statistics

- _Scores and results list Northern Ireland's goal tally first._
|#|Date|Venue|Opponent|Score|Result|Competition|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1.|26 March 1986|Windsor Park, Belfast||**1**–0|1–1|Friendly|
|2.|11 September 1991|Landskrona IP, Landskrona||**3**–0|5–0|Euro 1992 qualifier|
|3.|17 February 1993|Qemal Stafa Stadium, Tirana||**2**–0|2–1|1994 World Cup qualifier|

### Managerial

**Glentoran**
- County Antrim Shield: 2007–08
- IFA Premiership: 2008–09

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Alan McDonald
- **image**: Alan McDonald.jpg
- **caption**: McDonald while manager of Glentoran F.C., Glentoran
- **birth place**: Belfast, Northern Ireland
- **death place**: Lisburn, Northern Ireland
- **height**: 1.88 m
- **position**: Centre back
- **youthyears1**: 1979–1981
- **youthclubs1**: Queens Park Rangers F.C., Queens Park Rangers
- **years1**: 1982–1997
- **clubs1**: Queens Park Rangers F.C., Queens Park Rangers
- **caps1**: 402
- **goals1**: 13
- **years2**: 1983
- **clubs2**: → Charlton Athletic F.C., Charlton Athletic (loan)
- **caps2**: 9
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 1997–1998
- **clubs3**: Swindon Town F.C., Swindon Town
- **caps3**: 33
- **goals3**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 444
- **totalgoals**: 14
- **nationalyears1**: 1986–1996
- **nationalteam1**: Northern Ireland national football team, Northern Ireland
- **nationalcaps1**: 52
- **nationalgoals1**: 3
- **manageryears1**: 2007–2010
- **managerclubs1**: Glentoran F.C., Glentoran
Game Oriented Assembly Lisp

**Game Oriented Assembly Lisp** (or **GOAL**) is a video game programming language developed by Andy Gavin and Naughty Dog. It was written using Allegro Common Lisp and used to develop the _Jak and Daxter_ series of games.

GOAL's first use was for the _Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy_ game. Earlier, the Game Oriented Object Lisp (GOOL) was also developed by Andy Gavin for _Crash Bandicoot_ game.
Treaty of London (1839)

The **Treaty of London** **of 1839**, also known as the **First Treaty of London**, the **Convention of 1839** or the **London Treaty of Separation**, was a treaty that was signed on 19 April 1839 between the European great powers, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Kingdom of Belgium.

The treaty was needed because the Netherlands refused to sign the 1831 Treaty of the XXIV Articles. The Treaty of London statated that Belgium was its own country, and it also confirmed the independence of the German-speaking part of Luxembourg. The most important parts of the treaty were that Belgium should always be neutral and that it would be protected by the countries that signed the treaty.

The treaty is said to be one of the causes of World War I. When the German Empire invaded Belgium, the United Kingdom declared war that day, on 4 August 1914. Many countries then began to declare war on one another.