juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
.va

**.va** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the State of the Vatican City.

## Infobox (top level domain)

- **name**: .va
- **image**: Emblem of the Papacy.svg
- **image alt**: Vatican crest
- **introduced**: 1995
- **type**: Country code top-level domain
- **status**: Active
- **registry**: Internet Office of the Holy See
- **sponsor**: Holy See Secretariat of State (Vatican), Secretariat of State
- **intendeduse**: Entities connected with
- **actualuse**: Used for the official Vatican / Holy See site
- **restrictions**: No public registrations are available
- **structure**: Only official sites of the Vatican are in this domain; they are at second-level names, as well as within vatican.va
- **disputepolicy**: None needed since registrations are unavailable outside Vatican administration
- **website**: [https://www.vatican.va/ www.vatican.va]
.ws

**.ws** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Samoa. It is administered by SamoaNIC, for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Government of Samoa.

## References

- .ws domain registration
- IANA .ws whois information
Zango

**Zango** (used to be **180solutions**) was a controversial software company founded in 1999. It went out of business after a British company called blinkx bought it. It was controversial for installing adware, or a type of software that displayed ads without your permission, on your computer.
Tropical Storm Alma

**Tropical Storm Alma** was a tropical cyclone in the 2008 Pacific hurricane season. It formed off the coast of Costa Rica on May 29. At first, it was forecast to be a weak storm, However, it quickly gained strength. It then hit land on Nicaragua.

Alma was the first tropical storm to ever hit the Pacific coast of Nicaragua. Lots of rain from the storm caused flooding, and eleven people were killed in the area. The remains later became Tropical Storm Arthur in the Atlantic.

## Related pages

- Lists of tropical cyclone names
Herne Hill railway station

**Herne Hill railway station** is a train station in Herne Hill, a location in the London Borough of Lambeth, South London, England. Its location is .

Transport for London has thought of making the Victoria line go to Herne Hill to give faster turnaround at the southern end of the line. The extension is not a high thing for TfL as it has a weaker business case than other projects.

## Services

The station is looked after by Southeastern train operating company. The off-peak service pattern  is:

- Two trains per hour (tph) to Luton around Elephant & Castle
- 2 tph to St Albans around Elephant & Castle
- 4 tph to London Victoria around Brixton
- 4 tph to Orpington around Beckenham Junction
- 2 tph to Sutton around Wimbledon
- 2 tph to Sutton around Mitcham Eastfields

On Sunday, northbound Sutton Loop trains change between stopping at Blackfriars and Luton. Late-night Sutton loop services (21:57 onwards) run to Bedford from Monday-Saturday and finish at Blackfriars on Sunday.

First Capital Connect and Southeastern jointly have extra peak trains from Herne Hill to Beford (morning and evening peaks), Beckenham Junction Kent House, Rochester and Swanley (evening peak only).

## Buses

Herne Hill has buses by London bus which routes are 3, 37 (24 hours), 68, 196, 201, 322, 468, N3 and N68. The nearest London Underground station is Brixton.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Herne Hill
- **image name**: Herne Hill Station Main 2012.jpg
- **manager**: Southeastern (train operating company), Southeastern
- **fare zone**: 2
- **fare zone 1**: 3
- **locale**: Herne Hill
- **borough**: London Borough of Lambeth
- **symbol**: rail
- **events1**: Opened
- **platforms**: 4
- **railexits1314**: 3.308
- **railexits1415**: 3.397
- **railexits1516**: 2.971
- **railint1516**: 1.688
- **railexits1617**: 2.873
- **railint1617**: 1.655
- **railexits1718**: 2.952
- **railint1718**: 1.734
- **railcode**: HNH
- **dft category**: C2
- **access**: yes
- **gridref**: TQ319744
- **original**: London, Chatham and Dover Railway
- **pregroup**: South Eastern and Chatham Railway
- **postgroup**: Southern Railway (UK), Southern Railway
Sparkling wine

**Sparkling wine** is the name for a number of wines which have a lot of carbon dioxide in them. This will make the wine fizzy. The carbon dioxide may be the result of the fermentation process, or it may have been added later. One of the best-known examples is probably Champagne, but there are many other such wines. In Spain such wines are called _Cava_, in Italy _Asti_ or _Spumante_ and in German _Sekt_. In French the terms "Mousseux" or "Crémant" are used for such wines, as well, especially for those which are not produced in the Champagne. Crémant d'Alsace, Blanquette de Limoux and Clairette de Die are  examples of sparkling wines made in France outside the Champagne region.

Most sparkling wines are made from white wine or rosé.

Sparkling wines are produced in many countries around the world, each using different grape varieties and techniques. For example, _Prosecco_ is a popular sparkling wine from Italy made primarily with the Glera grape, often using the tank (Charmat) method. In South Africa, a traditional method sparkling wine is called _Méthode Cap Classique_. The United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom have also developed recognized sparkling wine industries.

Sparkling wine is typically served chilled and is associated with celebrations such as weddings, New Year's Eve, and other festive events. The pressure inside the bottle can be up to six times that of atmospheric pressure, which is why special corks and wire cages are used to seal the bottles securely.
Crémant d'Alsace

**Crémant d'Alsace** is a protected designation of origin for sparkling wines made in Alsace, France.

A big part of the wine production in Alsace is used to make Crémant d'Alsace. About 18% of the region's vineyards used for this purpose. 223 942 hectoliter of Crémant d'Alsace, about 30 million bottles, were produced in 2006.

Crémant d'Alsace has been produced in Alsace since about 1900.  Julien Dopff successfully tried to make wines using the "champagne method" then.

## Other websites

- The Official Alsace wines home page
Clairette de Die

**Clairette de Die** is a kind of sweet white sparkling wine made from the Muscat Blanc à Petits Grains (75% minimum) and Clairette (25% maximum) grape varieties. It is produced in the Drôme department of France, in a part of the Rhône valley near the town of Die (pronounced "Dee"). The vineyards are some of the highest in France, between 400 and 700 metres above sea level. The region has a very long history of wine-growing, going back to Roman times.

The wine is bottle fermented. The muscat grapes which ripen first are kept separate from the clairette grapes. The grape juice is kept a low temperature, about 7°C, which means the fermentation will be slow and takes time. After filtering, but leaving some yeast the juice is blended in the bottle. It must be fermented in the bottle for at least another four months. The wine is then filtered again and put into new bottles for sale.
Interchange

**Interchange** may refer to:

## Transport

- Interchange (road), a collection of ramps, exits, and entrances between two or more highways
- Interchange (freight rail), the transfer of freight cars between railroad companies
- Interchange station, a railway station where two or more routes meet and allow passengers to change trains
- Cross-platform interchange, the transfer between trains across a station platform
- Transport interchange or transport hub to include jointly operated interchange flights by two or more airlines

## Other uses

- _Interchange_ (de Kooning), a 1955 painting by Willem de Kooning
- _Interchange_ (album), a 1994 album by guitarist Pat Martino
- Interchange (Australian rules football), a team position in Australian rules football
- Interchange circuit, a circuit that facilitates the exchange of data and signaling information
- Interchange fee, a fee paid between banks in the payment card industry
- _Interchange_ (film), a 2016 Malaysian fantasy thriller film
- Interchange of limiting operations, the commutativity of certain mathematical operations
- Interchange, a series of ESL educational books
- Interchange, an alternative name for Substitution (sport)

## Related pages

- Great American Interchange
Shinkichi Kikuchi

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Toshimi Kikuchi is also a former footballer.

## Biography

Kikuchi was born in Tono on April 12, 1967. After graduating from Tono High School, he joined Japan Soccer League club Yomiuri (later _Verdy Kawasaki_, _Tokyo Verdy_) in 1986. The club won league champions 3 times, JSL Cup 1 time and Emperor's Cup 2 times. In Asia, the club also won 1987 Asian Club Championship. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and founded new league J1 League. The club won the league champions in 1993 and 1994. The club also won 1992, 1993, 1994 J.League Cup and 1996 Emperor's Cup. He was a central player in golden era in the clubs history. In 1999, he lost opportunity to play behind Kenji Honnami. In 2000, Kikuchi moved to Kawasaki Frontale on loan. In 2001, he returned to Tokyo Verdy and retired with his rival Honnami end of the 2001 season.

On September 27, 1994, Kikuchi debuted for the Japan national team against Australia. In October, he played all matches at 1994 Asian Games. He was also selected Japan for 1995 King Fahd Cup. But he did not play in the match, as he was the team's reserve goalkeeper behind Shigetatsu Matsunaga. He played 7 games for Japan until 1995.

## Statistics

|-
|1986/87||rowspan="6"|Yomiuri||rowspan="6"|JSL Division 1||22||0||5||0||0||0||27||0
|-
|1987/88||10||0||4||0||1||0||15||0
|-
|1988/89||9||0||3||0||1||0||13||0
|-
|1989/90||8||0||0||0||1||0||9||0
|-
|1990/91||22||0||2||0||2||0||26||0
|-
|1991/92||6||0||0||0||5||0||11||0
|-
|1992||rowspan="8"|Verdy Kawasaki||rowspan="8"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||5||0||9||0||14||0
|-
|1993||28||0||3||0||8||0||39||0
|-
|1994||39||0||2||0||2||0||43||0
|-
|1995||36||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||39||0
|-
|1996||30||0||5||0||15||0||50||0
|-
|1997||11||0||2||0||6||0||19||0
|-
|1998||33||0||2||0||4||0||39||0
|-
|1999||0||0||0||0||2||0||2||0
|-
|2000||Kawasaki Frontale||J1 League||6||0||0||0||0||0||6||0
|-
|2001||Tokyo Verdy||J1 League||16||0||3||0||2||0||21||0
276||0||39||0||58||0||373||0
276||0||39||0||58||0||373||0
|}

|-
|1994||5||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Shinkichi Kikuchi
- **fullname**: Shinkichi Kikuchi
- **birth place**: Tono, Iwate, Tono, Iwate Prefecture, Iwate, Japan
- **position**: Goalkeeper
- **youthyears1**: 1983–1985
- **youthclubs1**: Tono High School
- **years1**: 1986–2001
- **clubs1**: Tokyo Verdy
- **caps1**: 280
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2000
- **clubs2**: →Kawasaki Frontale (loan)
- **caps2**: 6
- **goals2**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 286
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1994–1995
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 7
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Blanquette de Limoux

**Blanquette de Limoux** is the name given to a number of sparkling wines from the Languedoc, in France.

## Sparkling Wine

Blanquette de Limoux is probably the oldest known sparkling wine in France.

According to a text at a local abbey, Livy praised the wines from Limoux, which were not sparkling wines at the time.

## Benedictine Monks

Benedictine monks of the abbey of Saint Hilaire found out how to make sparkling wine from white wine.

### Dom Pérignon

Dom Pérignon brought back the method of making sparkling wines to his abbey in Champagne, at the end of the 16th century.

He started to experiment with it in the vineyards of the abbey.
Albert Goldfield

The **Albert Goldfield** is an area of 1300 square kilometres (500 square miles) where gold was discovered in the outback of New South Wales in 1880. Gold was found at Mount Browne, which is  south west of Tibooburra. There were other finds at Good Friday, Easter Monday, Nuggerty, Pioneer Reef and Warratta Creek.

This is a very hot and dry area of Australia. Because of the shortage of water, towns were started at Milparinka and Tibooburra where there was water available. Towns at Albert and Mount Browne did not last for long because of the lack of water. By 1881 there were more than 2000 people living on the gold diggings or in the towns. Geologist William Henry John Slee was appointed resident Goldfield Warden.  The miners had to either take their dirt to one of the towns to use water to pan for the gold, or use a method called dry blowing. Dry blowing means breaking the dirt into fine particles and letting the wind blow away the dirt leaving the heavier gold behind. Life on the goldfields was hard, water was scarce, fresh fruit and vegetables were not available, and basics like flour were very expensive. Disease, including dysentery and typhoid were common.

By 1893 the gold rush had ended and most people had left the goldfields.

## Other websites

- Mount Browne
Edward Bawden

**Edward Bawden**, , <span style="font-size:88%">RA</span> (10 March 1903 – 21 November 1989) was a British painter and an artist who drew pictures and graphics. He was also famous for his prints, book covers, posters, and metal garden furniture. During an interview, Edward Gorey said that Bawden was one of his trusted artists, making the fact interesting that not many people knew or know about this fine artist well.
Cross-City Line

The **Cross-City Line** is a suburban railway line in the West Midlands region of England. It runs from Redditch, Worcestershire, its southern terminus, to Lichfield, Staffordshire, its northern terminus. It goes through Birmingham New Street. It services on the line are currently operated by West Midlands Trains.
Book cover

A **book cover** is any protective covering used to bind together the pages of a book. The covering may be of paper, or hard paper boards, or even plastic. The boards may be covered with paper, cloth or leather. They may be laminated, with a plastic layer onto paper.

There is a distinction between hardbacks and softbacks, which are usually sold at different prices. Hardbacks may be covered with a dust jacket designed to attract readers. Softbacks are almost always designed to attract sales in bookshop displays.

The evolution of printing methods has made the production of books very much cheaper than was the case with early printed works. As a result, books are bought and read in great numbers. They compete against each other in the marketplace. The function of book design is partly to help the reader, but even more to persuade the reader to buy the book.
Lawn mower

A **lawn mower** (or **lawnmower**) is a machine that uses blades to cut a lawn. There are different types of lawn mowers. The smallest are pushed by a human, they are good for small lawns and gardens. Ride-on mowers are good for larger lawns. The largest are pulled behind a tractor, they are made for grass at places like golf courses, parks, and even fields. Always wear safety equipment while working with these machines.

A lawn mower functions by spinning either a thin blade or a small piece of cable, to cause _lacerations_ on the stems of grass & other plants. Severing the plant and reducing the height of the plant to a more pleasing appearance.

There are several types of lawn mowers available in the market. Some of the most common types are Push mowers, Self-propelled mowers, Riding mowers, Robotic mowers, Tractor mounted mowers, and Hover mowers.
Golf course

A **golf course** is where the game of golf is usually played. It is made up of a series of 'holes', each consisting of certain key areas. A teeing ground is used to start playing the hole. A Fairway is the area between the tee and the green, where the grass is kept short for ball play. The green (or putting green) is a closely mowed area of grass surrounding the hole. It has a flagstick so the golfer can see the hole at longer distances. The hole itself has a diameter of 4¼ inches (108mm). Other areas of a golf course are called hazards. These include sand hazards and water hazards. Hazards are designed to make the game more challenging.

A standard round of golf consists of playing eighteen holes. Many golf courses are designed with eighteen holes.  Some, however, only have nine holes, and the course is played twice per round.
Tom Eckersley

**Tom Eckersley** (30 September 1914, Lancashire – 4 August 1997) was an English poster artist and teacher of design.

## Other websites

- Online exhibit from Eckersley's archival collection
- Brief biography with design examples
- Visual database of Eckerlsey work commissioned by Transport for London
- 'Take your gas mask everywhere' poster image
Leaf blower

A **leaf blower** is a gardening tool uses air to move yard debris like leaves. Some leaf blowers can also suck leaves through a vacuum, and shred (break into small pieces) them into a bag.
Hose

A **hose** is a tube made to take fluids  or gasses from one place to another. Hoses are also called tube or pipes. The shape of a hose is usually cylindrical.
Watering can

A **watering can** is a container that is used to water plants by hand.
Irrigation sprinkler

**Sprinkler irrigation** is a way of artificially watering plants. A sprinkler irrigation system is a pressurized system, which means it needs water under pressure to work. There are many different types of irrigation sprinklers. Some are used in home gardens, and some are used on farms.

## Permanent systems

A permanent sprinker system is made of a pump to take water and create pressure, and a network of pipes leading to the sprinkler heads. Usually the sprinkler head is on a small pipe that comes out of the ground.
Doctor

**Doctor** could refer to:

- Doctor (title), someone who has a doctorate. This can include:
    - Medical doctor
- Doctor (_Doctor Who_), a fictional character in the TV show _Doctor Who_
- Doctor (_Star Trek_), a fictional character in the TV show _Star Trek: Voyager_
- "The Doctor", nickname of basketball player Julius Erving
Skagit River

The **Skagit River** is a river in Canada and the United States. It flows about  from British Columbia to the state of Washington, where it flows into the Pacific Ocean north of Seattle. The river begins by flowing south. It then enters North Cascades National Park, where it is dammed by Ross Dam, which forms Ross Lake, a reservoir.

## Geography

The river then leaves the lake and flows into Diablo Lake, also a reservoir. It then keeps flowing southwest through a deep river canyon, known as the Skagit Gorge. It then meets its largest tributary, the Sauk River, and then turns west. The Sauk is about 45 miles long, flowing northwest.

After turing west, the Skagit parallels the North Cascades Highway, leaving the national park. It meets another tributary, the Baker River, from the north. The Baker flows south about 30 miles and is dammed twice, in Baker Lake and Lake Shannon. The river then flows out to the sea near Mount Vernon, Washington. The total extent of the basin is 1,505 square miles (3,900 square kilometers).
North Cascades National Park

**North Cascades National Park** is a national park in the U.S. state of Washington. It was established on 2 October 1968. The park covers  of the Cascade Range (specifically the North Cascades).

## Geography

The Park is split in half by the Skagit River, which flows south then southwest through the park. Another primary watercourse of the park is the Baker River which flows into the Skagit and the Stehekin River (which flows into Lake Chelan in the southeast).

North Cascades National Park features the rugged mountain peaks of the North Cascades Range. This is the most expansive glacial system in the mainland United States. The Park also has the headwaters of numerous waterways, and vast forests with the highest degree of flora biodiversity of any US national park.

## History

The region was first settled by Paleo-Indian Native Americans. By the time white explorers arrived it was inhabited by Skagit tribes.
Green River

The **Green River** is a river in the states of Wyoming and Utah, in the United States. It is the largest tributary of the Colorado River, at about 730 miles (1,175 km) long. Its headwaters are in the west part of Wyoming, in a subrange of the Rocky Mountains known as the Wind River Range. From there, it flows south, then turns east for a short while, then flows south, west, and south into the Reservoir, formed by Fontenelle Dam, and Flaming Gorge Reservoir, which is formed by the Flaming Gorge Dam.

After it exits the dam, it flows east around the Uinta Mountains, and enters the desert-like Colorado Plateau. Here, it flows in a series of deep and spectacular canyons. It meets both of its largest tributaries, the White River and the Yampa River, from the east. In Canyonlands National Monument, it meets the Colorado. Shortly after the two rivers meet, they flow into Lake Powell, formed by Glen Canyon Dam.

## Related pages

- Green River Formation
Mono Lake

**Mono Lake** is a saline lake on the east side of the Sierra Nevada, in the U.S. state of California. It is endorheic, meaning that it does not connect with the sea. It is fed by streams flowing off the east side of the mountain range, including Rush Creek, Lee Vining Creek and Mill Creek. Lee Vining Creek has its headwaters near Tioga Pass, near Yosemite National Park.

The lake covers 69 square miles (180 square kilometers) and is about  long. It is a very ancient lake, and is thought to have formed 760,000 years ago. In the 20th century, the city of Los Angeles began to take water from the streams feeding Mono Lake. This caused the lake to fall, exposing unique tufa formations.
Thelyphonida

**Thelyphonida** is an order of arachnids commonly known as **vinegarroons**.

They give out a vinegar-like mist (containing mostly acetic acid). The Vinegarroon is not venomous and is not a true scorpion. It is related to spiders, true scorpions, and ticks. They are also known as whip scorpions because they look like true scorpions and because of their whip like tails.
Mount Shasta

**Mount Shasta** is a dormant volcano in northern California in the United States.

The volcano is part of the Cascade Range. It has a smaller peak abutting it, Shastina, and seven glaciers. The mountain stands alone in a large expanse of flatter land, rising 9,822 feet above the surrounding terrain. The Sacramento River flows south near the west edge of the mountain. The town of Mount Shasta and Shasta Lake Reservoir, formed by Shasta Dam, are all named for Mount Shasta. This stratovolcano is expected to erupt again someday.
Zhu Xi

**Zhu Xi** or **Chu Hsi** (, 18 October 1130 – 23 April 1200) was a Confucian scholar during the Song Dynasty. Zhu Xi was one of the three most important Confucian philosophers. He organized the classic works of Confucianism and contributed to the philosophy of Neo-Confucianism.He was from Fujian province in China.

## Life

Zhu Xi was born Wu Yuan, North East Jiangxi province. His father died when he was at the age of thirteen. He continued his studies until he passed the test for a government job. He taught for many years in the Wuyi Mountains and he is also remembered for the time he spent teaching at the Yuelu Academy in Changsha and at his retreat near the White Deer Grotto in Lushan. In his life his ideas were not generally accepted and he was fired from quite a lot of official positions. After his death nearly 1000 people were at his funeral and his tablet was put in a Confucian temple.

## The Four Books

During the Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi's teachings were considered to be unorthodox. Rather than focusing on the _Book of Changes_ like other Neo-Confucians, he chose to emphasize the Four Books: the _Great Learning_, the _Doctrine of the Mean_, the _Analects of Confucius_, and the _Mencius_ as the core curriculum (thing to learn) for aspiring scholar officials. For all these classics he wrote extensive commentaries (big reviews) that were not widely recognized in his time; however, they later became accepted as their standard commentaries. The Four Books served as the basis of civil service examinations all the way down to 1905.

## Knowledge and action

According to Zhu Xi, knowledge and action were indivisible components of truly intelligent activity. Although he did distinguish (tell apart) between the priority of knowing, since intelligent action requires forethought (thought before), and the importance of action, as it produces a discernible effect, Zhu Xi said "Knowledge and action always require each other. It is like a person who cannot walk without legs although he has eyes, and who cannot see without eyes although he has legs. With respect to order, knowledge comes first, and with respect to importance, action is more important."
Plym Valley Railway

The **Plym Valley Railway** is part of the closed South Devon and Tavistock Railway near Plymouth. It is a branch line of the Great Western Railway in Devon.
Swanage Railway

The **Swanage Railway** is a six-mile (10 km) long heritage railway in the Purbeck district of Dorset, England.  The railway follows the route of the Purbeck branch line between Norden railway station, Corfe Castle railway station, Harman's Cross railway station, Herston Halt railway station and  Swanage. The line was  re−connected to the mainline at Wareham, Dorset along a stretch of the branch line. This had previously only remained open to freight traffic until 2005. Trains operate on the Swanage Railway between Swanage and Norden Park & Ride every weekend and Bank Holiday from mid-February to the end of the year. From April to October, they operate all seven days in the week; with Santa Special services in December. The link between the Swanage Railway and the main line at Wareham has been used used for materials deliveries, special excursions. The line has now reopened to its first through traffic from London with occasional special services.
Mangapps Railway Museum

The **Mangapps Railway Museum** (previously Mangapps Farm Railway Museum) is a heritage railway located near Burnham-on-Crouch in Essex. The  stretch of standard gauge track and museum are owned and operated by the Jolly family. They are assisted by a dedicated staff of volunteers.  It was never part of the national rail network.
West Somerset Railway

The **West Somerset Railway** (WSR) is a heritage railway. It runs along the edge of the Quantock Hills in Somerset, England, between Bishops Lydeard and Watchet. However, occasionally services run the full length of the line to Norton Fitzwarren where the railway joins the mainline. The line then turns inland to Washford. It then returns to the coast for the run to Minehead. The Exmoor National Park is nearby.
Vale of Glamorgan Railway

The **Vale of Glamorgan Railway Company** are a Welsh railway preservation society originally called the **Butetown Historic Railway Society**.

In 1979, the **Butetown Historic Railway Society** was formed at Bute Road Station in the docklands are of Cardiff. The aim was to restore the then derelict Taff Vale Railway station, and establish a steam hauled passenger service to Cardiff Queen Street station. By 1994, a short section of track existed, and the steam locomotive _Sir Gomer_ hauled short passenger trains.

By 1997, the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was in charge of the redevelopment of Butetown, and dismissed the idea of a rejuvenated steam railway as part of their plans.

Even prior to 1997 the railway started negotiations with the Vale of Glamorgan Council and moved in during 1998 to its new base at Barry Island Railway. It renamed it self the **Vale of Glamorgan Railway Company** and were based there till early 2009 operating heritage services both steam and diesel over an expanding network of lines.

Following the December 2007 decision by landlords, the Vale of Glamorgan Council to terminate the £65,000 funding of the Barry Island Railway, the society maintain a service. However less than six months after withdrawing financial support, the council with out warning decided to put the railway site out to tender under a long term lease.  There were three bids submitted with the sucsefull bidder being the commercial company Cambrian Transport who have been the councils railway adviser and contractor since the Barry Railway Project started.

The other bidder NEWCO was submitted by Graham Lee owner of the LH Plant, Hunselt Engine Company, Statfold Barn Railway and Mike Thomson owner of Arrowvale who make black boxes for the rail industry.  NEWCO had spoken to the VGR in advance and agree a method of working together.  Had this bid been successfully the VGR would have continued operating at Barry.

The Railway has recently sold assets following the break down of talks with Cambrian Transport which an has been forced to leave Barry. It is now the intention for the railway to relocate to the Bridgend Valleys Railway, with some stock also going to the Dean Forest Railway and further a field.

The Railway is now working with the Bridgend Valleys Railway to develop the 4.5 miles of line in place north of Bridgend.
Northampton & Lamport Railway

The **Northampton & Lamport Railway** is a standard gauge heritage railway in Northamptonshire, England. It is based at Pitsford and Brampton station, near the villages of Pitsford and Chapel Brampton. This is roughly  north of Northampton.
Ecclesbourne Valley Railway

The **Ecclesbourne Valley Railway** is a heritage railway in Derbyshire. Its operations are based at Wirksworth station. It is currently planned to extend the railway along the former Midland Railway branch line which joined the main-line at Duffield.

When complete it will be one of the few Heritage Railways that operates a whole branch line in its original form and entire length.

The line is operated by diesel locomotives, which haul former multiple unit trailer cars and also uses heritage diesel multiple units.

### Origin

The "Wirksworth Branch" was the product of early nineteenth century railway rivalry. Since 1835 Wirksworth's citizens had been promoting the idea for a branch line from the North Midland Railway (later the Midland Railway) at Duffield. The Midland was initially uninterested, but then realised that the branch could be extended to Rowsley. This was difficult, but the branch could avoid the section from Ambergate, on its Manchester, Buxton, Matlock and Midlands Junction Railway, which was shared with its rival the London and North Western Railway.
Crossrail 2

The **Chelsea-Hackney (or "Chelney") line** is a safeguarded route for an underground railway running from south-west London to north-east London. As of 2008, the plan is being developed by Cross London Rail Links Ltd. who are the developers of Crossrail. It is therefore sometimes known as **Crossrail 2**.
River Lee

The **River Lee** or **River Lea** is a river in England. It begins in Leagrave Park, Leagrave, Luton in the Chiltern Hills. It flows generally southeast, east, and then south to London where it meets the River Thames. The last section is known as Bow Creek.
A section of the river runs through Hertford castle and shares a valley with the river Beane at Hartham common. Morgans School, in Hertford, have named one of their houses after the river Lea.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Lea
- **name other**: Lee
- **image**: HertfordBasin.jpg
- **image caption**: River Lea at Hertford Basin
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: United Kingdom
- **subdivision type3**: Counties
- **subdivision name3**: Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire, Essex, Greater London
- **subdivision type5**: Towns
- **subdivision name5**: Leagrave, Luton, Harpenden, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertford, Ware, Hertfordshire, Ware, Hoddesdon, Broxbourne, Waltham Abbey, Enfield Town, Edmonton, London, Edmonton, Tottenham, Clapton, London, Clapton, Stratford, London, Stratford, Bow, London, Bow, Canning Town
- **discharge2 location**: Luton Hoo, Luton
- **discharge3 location**: Feildes Weir, Hoddesdon
- **source1 location**: Leagrave, Luton
- **mouth location**: Bow Creek (England), Bow Creek, River Thames
- **custom label**: Designation
Naval mine

A **naval mine** is a bomb placed in water to destroy ships or submarines. Unlike depth charges, mines are put in the water and left to wait until they make contact with a ship. Naval mines can be used offensively, to make it harder for enemy ships to sail easily, or trap them into a harbour. They can also be used defensively, to protect friendly ships and create "safe" zones.

Mines can be laid in many ways: by specially built minelayers, refitted ships, submarines, aircraft, or even by dropping them into a harbour by hand. They are a cheap weapon with a basic mine costing as little as US$1000. There are very advanced mines which can cost millions and have several kinds of sensors, and deliver a warhead by rocket or torpedo.

International law says that nations have to say when they put mines in an area. This is to make it easier for civil shipping to avoid the mines. The warnings do not have to be specific; during World War II, Britain said simply that it had mined the English Channel, North Sea, and French coast.
Alan Fletcher (graphic designer)

**Alan Gerard Fletcher** (27 September 1931 – 21 September 2006) was a British graphic designer. He was described by _The Daily Telegraph_ as "the most highly regarded graphic designer of his generation, and probably one of the most prolific".
The Edge Chronicles

***The Edge Chronicles*** are books of young-adult and fantasy written by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell. It contains three trilogies. All in the books is surrealist. Characters, cities, places, monuments, animals, plants, transportation and more were invented by the writers.

## Books

The books are in the chronological order of the story.

### The Quint Saga

- Tome 7 :  _The Curse of the Gloamglozer_ (2001)
- Tome 8 : _The Winter Knights_ (2005)
- Tome 9 : _Clash of the Sky Galleons_ (2007)

### The Twig Saga

- Tome 1 : _Beyond the Deepwoods_ (1998)
- Tome 2 : _Stormchaser_ (1999)
- Tome 3 : _Midnight Over Sanctaphrax_ (2000)

### The Rook Saga

- Tome 4 : _The Last of the Sky Pirates_ (2002)
- Tome 5 : _Vox_ (2003)
- Tome 6 : _Freeglader_ (2004)

### Standalone books

- _Cloud Wolf_ : 2001, published for World Book Day

- _The Stone Pilot_ : 2006, published for World Book Day

- _The Lost Barkscrolls_ : 2008, contains the _Cloud Wolf_ and _The Stone Pilot_

- _The Immortals_ : February 5, 2009

- _The Edge Chronicles Maps_ : September 2, 2004

## Other websites

- New official website
- Old official website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Edge Chronicles
- **image caption**: Books from the Edge Chronicles Series
- **author**: Paul Stewart
- **illustrator**: Chris Riddell
- **language**: English language, English
- **genre**: High fantasy
Adventure
- **publisher**: Doubleday
- **release date**: 1998 - 2009
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover, Hardback & Paperback)
Rake

A **rake** is an garden and farm tool. People use rake to gather loose things like leaves, hay, and grass.

In gardening, a rake loosens soil, and removes weed and dead grass from lawns.
Scythe

A **scythe** (, from Old English _siðe_.) is an agricultural tool for mowing grass or reaping crops.  It was replaced by horse-drawn machines and then tractors, but is still used in some areas of Europe and Asia.

## Related pages

- Sickle
Francisco Correa de Arauxo

**Francisco Correa de Arauxo** (or **Araujo**) (b. Seville, 1584; d. Segovia, 1654) was an important Spanish organist, composer, and theorist in the last years of the Renaissance and early years of the Baroque period.

## Life

We do not know very much about Correa de Araujo.  He was probably born in 1584.  He may have been of Portugese origin.  In 1599 he got a job as organist in Seville.  It must have been an important job because he earned a lot of money.  Many years later he seems to have become a priest.  He may have been made a priest because he was a good organist.  In 1630 he organized a protest when priests were made to work harder wothout being paid more money.  Because he argued about this he was sent to prison for a time.  By 1635 his health was very bad.  In spite of earning a high salary he often had no money.

After 37 years in Seville he took a job as organist in Jaén Cathedral.  He was there until 1640 when he went to Segovia Cathedral.  He worked there until 1653, by which time he was too ill to work.  When he died the following year he was very poor.

## His music

Correa only seems to have published one collection of organ works.  It was called _Libro de tientos y discursos de música practica, y theorica de organo intitulado Facultad organica_ (1626).  This was a collection of organ music, as well as a discussion about music theory.  It is one of the few books we have which shows us what musical composition was like in Spain at that time.  His organ music uses a divided keyboard (medio registro), so that the upper and lower parts of the keyboard (high notes and low notes) can use different stops (making different sounds).  The organ pieces in the collection are arranged in order of difficulty.  The pieces at the end are very hard indeed. He uses a lot of dissonances, and he expects the performer to put in lots of ornaments, even if they are not shown in the music.  He uses glosa (ornamental figuration), although he also uses counterpoint.  His harmony shows the influence of composers such as Cabezon and Aguilera de Heredia.

## References

- The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;
Collaboration

**Collaboration** is when people work with each other to complete a task. It involves co-operation and teamwork and the sharing of ideas, knowledge and skills to reach the same objective. The objective is usually creative in nature. Most collaboration needs leadership or some kind of co-ordination, although responsibilities can be shared within an egalitarian group.

Each person plays a tightly or loosely defined role in the process of collaboration. For instance, to make a movie a writer, director, producer and actors are needed. There may also be a need for a costumer, a cameraman (if the director cannot do it all), an audio engineer, and a film editor if the project is big enough and the schedule tight enough.

Not only individuals collaborate; groups also do it. Large construction projects are usually done by collaborations between corporations, wars are often fought between alliance<nowiki/>s of countries, and political parties often collaborate in government.

## Related pages

- Critical thinking
Apollo 14

**Apollo 14** was the eighth crewed mission in the Apollo program. It was the third mission to land on the Moon. The nine-day mission left the Earth on January 31, 1971, and landed on the Moon on February 5. The Lunar Module landed in the Fra Mauro formation; this had been the target of the ill-fated Apollo 13 mission. During the two walks on the Moon's surface,  of moon rock was collected. Several experiments, including seismic studies, were carried out. Commander Alan Shepard famously hit two golf balls on the lunar surface with a makeshift club he had brought from Earth. Command Module Pilot Stuart Roosa took several hundred seeds on the mission, many of which were planted on return, resulting in the so-called Moon trees. The pilot of the Lunar Module was Dr. Edgar Mitchell.

## LRO finds the site

In June 2009, the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter was able to photograph the Apollo 14 landing site. The base of the lunar module and the astronauts footprints on the Moon's surface could be clearly seen.

## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: orbiter
- **object**: Moon, Lunar
- **component**: Apollo command and service module, Command and service module
- **orbits**: 34
- **arrival date**: February 4, 1971
- **departure date**: February 7, 1971


## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: lander
- **object**: Moon, Lunar
- **component**: Lunar module
- **arrival date**: February 5, 1971
- **departure date**: February 6, 1971
- **location**: Fra Mauro formation, Fra Mauro

- **surface evas**: 2


## Infobox (spaceflight/dock)

- **docking target**: LM
- **docking type**: dock
- **docking date**: February 1, 1971
- **undocking date**: February 5, 1971


## Infobox (spaceflight/dock)

- **docking target**: LM ascent stage
- **docking type**: dock
- **docking date**: February 6, 1971
- **undocking date**: February 6, 1971


## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: Apollo 14
- **image**: Apollo 14 Shepard.jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **image caption**: Shepard and the American flag on the Moon during Apollo 14 in February 1971
- **insignia**: Apollo_14-insignia.png
- **mission type**: Crewed lunar landing
- **operator**: NASA
- **mission duration**: 9 days, 1 minute, 58 seconds
- **manufacturer**: CSM: Rockwell International, North American Rockwell
LM: Grumman
- **launch rocket**: Saturn V
- **launch site**: Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39, LC-39A
- **landing site**: South Pacific Ocean

- **orbit reference**: Lunar orbit, Selenocentric
- **orbit period**: 120 minutes
- **apsis**: cynthion
- **crew size**: 3
- **crew photo**: Apollo14_crew_high_resolution.jpg
- **crew photo size**: 250
- **crew photo caption**: Left to right: Mitchell, Shepard, Roosa
- **previous mission**: Apollo 13
- **next mission**: Apollo 15
- **programme**: Apollo program
Yoshio Kikugawa

is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Kikugawa was born in Fujieda on September 12, 1944. After graduating from Meiji University, he joined Mitsubishi Motors in 1968. The club won Japan Soccer League champions in 1969, 1973. The club won 1971 and 1973 Emperor's Cup. He retired in 1974. He played 94 games and scored 2 goals in the league. He was selected Best Eleven in 1969.

In October 1969, Kikugawa was selected the Japan national team for 1970 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on October 12, he debuted against South Korea. He also played at 1970 Asian Games. He played 16 games for Japan until 1971.

After retirement, in 1982, Kikugawa signed with new club Chuo Bohan (later _Avispa Fukuoka_) based in his local Fujieda and became a manager. In 1991, he promoted the club to Japan Soccer League Division 2. He resigned end of 1994 season. In 1999, he became a manager for Avispa Fukuoka as Takaji Mori successor and managed in 1 season.

## Statistics

|-
|1968||rowspan="7"|Mitsubishi Motors||rowspan="7"|JSL Division 1||12||2
|-
|1969||14||0
|-
|1970||13||0
|-
|1971||13||0
|-
|1972||14||0
|-
|1973||18||0
|-
|1974||10||0
94||2
94||2
|}

|-
|1969||2||0
|-
|1970||12||0
|-
|1971||2||0
|-
!Total||16||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Yoshio Kikugawa
- **fullname**: Yoshio Kikugawa
- **birth place**: Fujieda, Shizuoka, Fujieda, Shizuoka Prefecture, Shizuoka, Japan
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **youthclubs1**: Fujieda Higashi High School
- **youthyears2**: 1964–1967
- **youthclubs2**: Meiji University
- **years1**: 1968–1974
- **clubs1**: Urawa Reds, Mitsubishi Motors
- **caps1**: 94
- **goals1**: 2
- **totalcaps**: 94
- **totalgoals**: 2
- **nationalyears1**: 1969–1971
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 16
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1982–1994
- **managerclubs1**: Avispa Fukuoka, Chuo Bohan
- **manageryears2**: 1999
- **managerclubs2**: Avispa Fukuoka
Libyan Premier League

**Libyan Premier League** is a football league which is top division in Libya.

## Club 2009/10

- Al-Ittihad Tripoli
- Al-Ahly Benghazi
- Al-Ahly Tripoli
- Al-Akhdar
- Al-Nasr Benghazi
- Khaleej Sirt
- Al-Tersana Tripoli
- Al-Shawehly Misourata
- Al-Madina Tripoli
- Al-Olympic Az-Zwiyah
- Al-Shat Tripoli
- Al-Hilal Benghazi
- Al-Najma Benghazi
- Al-Tahaddy Benghazi

## Champions

|Season|Champions|Runner-up|Third place|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2001/02|Al-Ittihad Tripoli|Al-Nasr Benghazi|Al-Hilal Benghazi|
|2002/03|Al-Ittihad Tripoli|Al-Nasr Benghazi|Al-Hilal Benghazi|
|2003/04|Al-Olympic Az-Zwiyah|Al-Ittihad Tripoli|Al-Ahly Tripoli|
|2004/05|Al-Ittihad Tripoli|Al-Urouba Ajelat|Al-Olympic Az-Zwiyah|
|2005/06|Al-Ittihad Tripoli|Al-Ahly Tripoli|Al-Akhdar|
|2006/07|Al-Ittihad Tripoli|Al-Ahly Tripoli|Al-Madina Tripoli|
|2007/08|Al-Ittihad Tripoli|Al-Ahly Tripoli|Al-Ahly Benghazi|
|2008/09|Al-Ittihad Tripoli|Al-Ahly Benghazi|Al-Ahly Tripoli|

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Libyan Premier League
- **country**: Libya
- **confederation**: CAF
- **founded**: 1963
- **level**: 1
- **number of teams**: 14
- **relegation to**: Libyan Second Division
- **current champions**: Al-Ittihad Tripoli
- **season**: 2008/09
- **most successful club**: Al-Ittihad Tripoli (15)
Zola

**Zola** can mean:

**People**:
- Zola (entertainer), South African entertainer
- Émile Zola (1840-1902), French writer
- Arlette Zola, Swiss singer
- Calvin Zola (born 1984), Congo DR footballer
- Gianfranco Zola (born 1966), Italian football manager and current manager of West Ham United
- Irving Zola (1935-1994), American activist & writer
- Salvatore Luigi Zola C.R.L., former bishop of Lecce, Italy
- Zola Budd (born 1966), South African athlete
- Zola Glassman, French actress
- Zola Levitt (1938-2006), American religious leader
- Zola Matumona (born 1981), Congo DR footballer
- Zola Shuman, South African musician
- Zola Taylor (born 1934), American singer

**Places**:
- Zola, Soweto, a township in South Africa
- Zola Predosa, an Italian commune in the province of Bologna
- Zola, a village on the Greek island of Kefalonia
- Zola (crater) is a crater on Mercury

In **fiction**:
- Arnim Zola, a fictional character in the Marvel Comics universe
- Zola, a villain in the _Dick Tracy_ comic strip
- Zola, a creature in _The Legend of Zelda_ video game series.
- Zola, a character in the TV series _Charmed_
- A female mercenary and party member in the video game _Blue Dragon_
- Zola, a planet in the animated video series _Macross Dynamite 7_
- Zola, a character in the _Battle Arena Toshinden_ fighting game series

**Other**:
- Typhoon Zola, the name used for two tropical cyclones in the northwestern Pacific
Éldis Fernando Damasio

**Éldis Fernando Damasio** (born 13 January 1981) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2004||rowspan="3"|Gamba Osaka||rowspan="3"|J. League 1||28||10||4||1||7||2||colspan="2"|-||39||13
|-
|2005||34||7||2||0||11||3||colspan="2"|-||47||10
|-
|2006||19||6||0||0||2||0||6||5||27||11
|-
|2007||rowspan="2"|Shimizu S-Pulse||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||33||9||2||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||39||9
|-
|2008||13||1||0||0||3||2||colspan="2"|-||16||3
|-
|2008||Kyoto Sanga||J. League 1||16||3||1||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||3
|-
|2009||Oita Trinita||J. League 1||15||3||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||3
|-
|2010||Vegalta Sendai||J. League 1||||||||||||||||||||
158||39||11||1||27||7||6||5||202||52
158||39||11||1||27||7||6||5||202||52