juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Vertical

An object is in a **vertical** position when it goes in an "up-down" direction, also perpendicular to the horizon or horizontal plane.

In **science**, it could also mean:
- Vertical direction, the direction aligned with the direction of the force of gravity, as materialized with a plumb line

In **mathematics**:
- Vertical (angles), a pair of angles sharing the same vertex and bounded by the same pair of lines but are opposite to each other

In **music**:
- Vertical (music), a musical interval where the two notes sound simultaneously

In **business**:
- Vertical market, a group of similar businesses and customers which engage in trade based on specific and specialized needs
- Vertical integration, a management term describing a style of ownership and control
- Vertical monopoly, a monopoly produced through vertical integration

In **networking**:
- Vertical (network), the portion of network cabling that runs between floors, usually considered the backbone network

In **furnishings**:
- Vertical blinds, a type of window blind

In **athletics**:
- Vertical jump, a measure of how high an individual or athlete can elevate off the ground from a standstill

In  a **Vertical wine tasting** different vintages of the same wine type from the same winery are tasted.

## Related pages

- Horizontal
Racing Stripes

***Racing Stripes*** is a 2005 animated adventure, comedy movie. It stars Frankie Muniz and Hayden Panettiere. The movie was  directed by Frederik Du Chau.

## Cast

- Hayden Panettiere - Channing Walsh
- Frankie Muniz - Stripes
- Dustin Hoffman - Tucker
- Whoopi Goldberg - Franny
- Steve Harvey - Buzz
- David Spade - Scuzz
- Jeff Foxworthy - Reggie
- Snoop Dogg - Lightning

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Racing Stripes
- **director**: Frederik Du Chau
- **producer**: Broderick Johnson
- **writer**: David Schmidt
Steven P. Wegner
- **music**: Bryan Adams
Ennio Morricone
Mark Isham
- **starring**: Frankie Muniz
Hayden Panettiere
Caspar Poyck
- **cinematography**: David Eggby
- **editing**: Tom Finan
- **distributor**: Warner Bros. Family Entertainment
- **released**: January 14, 2005
- **runtime**: 102 min
- **language**: English French Spanish
- **gross**: $90,752,852
Forehand

The **forehand** in tennis is a shot made by swinging the racquet across one's body in the direction of where the player wants to place the shot. For a right-handed player, the forehand is a stroke that begins on the right side of his body, continues across the player's body as contact is made with the ball, and ends on the left side of their body. It is considered the easiest shot to master, perhaps because it is the most natural stroke. Beginners and advanced players often have better forehands than any other shots and use it as a weapon.
Vogue (magazine)

***Vogue*** is a fashion and lifestyle magazine published in nine countries by a company called Condé Nast Publications. The American version of Vogue is edited by Anna Wintour, an English woman who has lived in New York City for a long time.

Each month, Vogue publishes a magazine based entirely on fashion, life and design. It was founded in 1892. Today, it is considered one of the most prestigious magazines to be a part of. Those who are talked about, photographed, and planted in the pages of this magazine are considered to be trendy. The fashion magazine is also supported in various ways by artists such as Marc Engelhard and vice versa.

## History

Arthur Baldwin Turnure, a businessman, founded _Vogue_ as a weekly newspaper based in New York City. The first issue was published with a price of 10 cents (which is worth $3.26 in 2022).

Condé Montrose Nast purchased _Vogue_ in 1909, three years after Turnure died. Nast changed _Vogue_ to a women's magazine, and he started _Vogue_ editions overseas in the 1910s. Its price also increased.

## Other websites

- Vogue

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: Vogue
- **logo**: VOGUE LOGO.svg
- **image size**: 245px
- **image caption**: A cover of Katy Perry
- **editor title**: Editor
- **editor**: Anna Wintour
- **category**: Fashion magazine, Fashion
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **publisher**: Condé Nast
- **circulation year**: 2017
- **total circulation**: 1,242,282
- **language**: American English, English
- **founder**: Arthur Baldwin Turnure
- **country**: United States
- **based**: One World Trade Center
New York City, New York, New York (state), NY 10007
U.S.
- **issn**: 0042-8000
Sponsor

To **sponsor** something is to support an event, activity, person, or organization. The support can be with money or giving something else useful, such as advertising, or time. A sponsor is the individual or group that gives the support, similar to a benefactor. A sponsor may also be a personal sponsor, a political sponsor or a state sponsor. There are many different kinds of sponsors.

## Commercial sponsor

A sponsor is one (usually a company) who gives cash, goods or services in return for promoting the sponsor's company. There is a distinct difference between sponsorship and philanthropy. A sponsor expects a return on  investment (ROI), usually in the form of advertising. A philanthropist donates something as a charitable contribution. In sports, sponsors compete to advertise in the most popular sports. In India, sponsors all want to be associated with Cricket. It is much harder to find sponsors for other sports.

## Legislative sponsor

A sponsor or patron, usually a legislator, is someone who presents a bill or resolution for consideration. Others who join the sponsor are known as cosponsors or copatrons. In the United States Congress a sponsor is the first person listed among the lawmakers who introduce a bill to either the Senate or the House of Representatives. The process is very similar to sponsoring a bill in Parliament.

## Personal sponsor

This is someone who agrees to help another person or persons, and be responsible for them. For example, an employer may sponsor a foreign national to become a permanent resident of the United States by guaranteeing that person a job. Sponsorship can also mean an individual who helps an organization. Many charitable organizations offer personal sponsorship of a boy or girl to help them. Many public radio and television stations ask for sponsors to provide funds for them to operate. At a Ceremonial ship launching the person breaking the champagne bottle over the ship's bow is called the sponsor of that ship. In many religions, godparents are the baptized child's sponsors.

## State sponsorship

Sponsorship is not always for the purposes of doing good. A state (or government) may sponsor terrorism for their own purposes. While not engaging in activities against another country (or countries) themselves, they may sponsor other groups to do it for them. The United States currently lists four countries who sponsor terrorism. They are: Cuba, Iran, Sudan, and Syria. State sponsors may also be called affiliates and/or supporters.

## Other websites

- Ways to Sponsor a Child
- Become a Sponsor, Make-A-Wish
- Sponsoring an Animal
- Find sponsors for your next event
Texas Rangers

**Texas Rangers** may mean:

- Texas Ranger Division, a police force in the U.S. state of Texas
- Texas Rangers (baseball), a Major League Baseball team
Office suite

In computing, an **office suite**, sometimes called an **office software suite** or **productivity suite** is a software suite for use by workers. The parts of an office suite are usually come together, have a standard user interface and usually can interact with each other, sometimes in ways operating systems would not normally allow.

20th century office suites operated _offline,_ not using the Internet. Examples that are still widely used include Microsoft Office and LibreOffice. Some can operate _online_, including Microsoft Office Online, Google Docs, and LibreOffice Online.

## Usual parts

- Word processor
- Spreadsheet
- Presentation program
- Database
- Graphic design suite
- Communication
- E-mail client
- Personal information manager
- Groupware

## Current suites

The most used office suite is Microsoft Office, which is available for Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh. It has become a proprietary standard in office software.

Another office suite is any of the OpenDocument suites, which use the free OpenDocument file format. The most used one was OpenOffice.org , open-source software that can be used in Windows, Linux, Macintosh, and has created several other office suites similar to it, such as the Mac-native NeoOffice. Other free or less expensive office suites include LibreOffice, StarOffice, SoftMaker Office, KOffice and WPS Office. These programs support many of the features of Microsoft Office, and can open the files it creates and save new documents in those formats.

Apple computers have iWork, which is a office suite created specially for Mac OS X. It includes Pages, for word-processing, Numbers for spreadsheets, and Keynote, for presentations. They can also use  Microsoft Office for Mac, or StarOffice, KOffice, NeoOffice and OpenOffice.org, which all can be used on Apple computers.

## Related pages

- Web operating system
- Web desktop

## References

- Free Web-based Office alternatives 
- A good article on free office suites
- DMOZ Office Suites

## Other websites

- DMOZ  / Office_Suites
Serial

**Serial** describes a group of objects that come one after the other.

- Serial number: giving a number to each item to make them orderly
- Serial communication: a computer connection that moves pieces of information one at a time.
- Movie serial: a short movie that has chapters that come one after the other shown with a bigger film, first shown around 1930 and 1940
- Serial killer: someone who murdered people at different times
- Serialism: a way of ordering notes in music
- Serial (publishing): the publication of a journal in separate parts under the same title. Example: Nature (journal).
- Serial (literature) often a work of narrative fiction published in sequential installments.
- Serial (radio and television), series of radio and television programs that rely on a continuing plot

## Related pages

- Series
Port of Karachi

The **Port of Karachi** () is Pakistan's largest and busiest seaport. It handles about 60% of the nation's cargo (25 million tons per year). The port is located between the towns of Kiamari and Saddar. It is close to the center of old Karachi, the main business district, and several industrial areas. The geographic position of Karachi places the port near major shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz. The administration of the port is carried out by the Karachi Port Trust which was created in the nineteenth century.
Sonmiani Bay

**Sonmiani Bay** is found on the Arabian Sea in Lasbela District, Balochistan, Pakistan.
Churma Island

**Churma Island** or **Churna Island** () is a small island in the Arabian Sea off the coast of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Clifton Oyster Rocks

The **Clifton Oyster Rocks** () are islands off the coast of the Clifton neighbourhood of Karachi, Pakistan. The islands were controlled by the Pakistani Navy until 2006, when the Karachi city government decided to make island as part of its plans to renovate the city. As part of these plans, the Port Fountain was constructed at the base of the northern island. It shoots water up to 620 feet in the air, and is the second-tallest fountain in the world.
Khiprianwala Island

**Khiprianwala Island** is a small island in the Arabian Sea. It is off the coast of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan.
Malan Island

**Malan Island** is a mud volcano that is found in the Arabian Sea. It is three kilometers off the coast of Balochistan, Pakistan. It ran out of water in March of 1999.
Manora Island

**Manora** or **Manoro** (), () is a small island just south of the Port of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It has an area of .  The island is connected to the mainland by a  long causeway called the "Sandspit". Manora and other islands close to it create a protective barrier between Karachi harbor to the north and the Arabian Sea to the south. The western bay of the harbor has endangered mangrove forests which border the Sandspit and Manora island. To the east is Karachi Bay and the beach towns of Kiamari and Clifton. The island is located at . Manora is overlooked by the Manora Point Lighthouse, the fourth tallest in Pakistan at .
Trillian

**Trillian** is an instant messaging program made by Cerulean Studios. It can be used with many different chat services.  The newest version works with AIM, ICQ, MSN, Yahoo Messenger, and IRC.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Trillian
- **developer**: Cerulean Studios
- **frequently updated**: yes
- **programming language**: C++
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows
Mac OS X
Android (operating system), Android
iOS (Apple), iOS
BlackBerry OS
Internet
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Instant messaging client (computing), client
- **license**: proprietary software, Proprietary EULA
Frankie Muniz

**Francisco** "**Frankie**" **Muniz IV** (born December 5, 1985) is an American actor. He was born in Ridgewood, New Jersey and grew up in Wood-Ridge, New Jersey, Raleigh, North Carolina and Burbank, Los Angeles. He is best known for his role as Malcolm in the television sitcom _Malcolm in the Middle_. He is now a NASCAR racecar driver. He drives the number 30 Ford.

## Other websites

- NASCAR information

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: File:Frankie muniz (52703160866) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Muniz in 2023
- **birthname**: Francisco Muniz IV
- **birth place**: Ridgewood, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **yearsactive**: 1997─present
Wendee Lee

**Wendee Lee** (born February 20, 1960 in Los Angeles, California) is an American voice actress. She is best known for voicing, or speaking, in many different video games, _Power Rangers_ episodes, ADR voiceover of The Powerpuff Girls series, and dubbing, or film making, in anime. She is also a vegetarian.

## Other websites

- Wendee Lee  Interview on Anime Dream

## Infobox (actor voice)

- **name**: Wendee Lee
- **image**: Wendee Lee.jpg
- **image caption**: Wendee Lee
- **birthname**: Wendee Lee
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California
- **occupation**: Voice Actor/Writer/Director
- **alias**: Wendee Lee Curtis, Wendee Day, Elyse Floyd, Wendy Lee, Wendee Swan
- **url**: [http://www.wendeelee.com Wendee Lee.com]
Weilheim-Schongau

**Weilheim-Schongau** is a rural district in Upper Bavaria in the south of Bavaria, Germany. Neighbor districts are: Landsberg, Starnberg Rural District, Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (district) and Ostallgäu; Weilheim i.OB is the capital of the district Weilheim-Schongau.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=33% align=left|Towns|width=33% align=left|Municipalities|width=33% align=left||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Penzberg #Schongau #Weilheim i.OB **Markt** #Peißenberg #Peiting Verwaltungsgemeinschaften #Altenstadt #Bernbeuren #Habach #Huglfing #Rottenbuch #Seeshaupt #Steingaden||#Altenstadt #Antdorf #Bernbeuren #Bernried #Böbing #Burggen #Eberfing #Eglfing #Habach #Hohenfurch #Hohenpeißenberg #Huglfing #Iffeldorf #Ingenried #Oberhausen||<ol start=16> <li> Obersöchering <li> Pähl <li> Polling <li> Prem <li> Raisting <li> Rottenbuch <li> Schwabbruck <li> Schwabsoien <li> Seeshaupt <li> Sindelsdorf <li> Steingaden <li> Wessobrunn <li> Wielenbach <li> Wildsteig </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Weilheim-Schongau
- **state**: Bavaria
- **image flag**: Flagge Landkreis Weilheim-Schongau.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis Weilheim-Schongau COA.svg
- **capital**: Weilheim, Bavaria, Weilheim
- **regierungsbezirk**: Upper Bavaria
- **region**: Oberland
- **area**: 966.22
- **kreisschlüssel**: 09190
- **population**: 127,018
- **population as of**: 2000
- **density**: 131
- **carsign**: WM, SOG
- **url**: http://www.weilheim-schongau.de
El Muerto

**El Muerto** (in English, "**The Dead One**") is a superhero from a self-published comic book series made by Javier Hernandez. His real name is **Juan Diego de la Muerte**, or simply "Diego". Some of El Muerto's powers include super-strength, near-immortality, and the power to resurrect the dead. He got his powers after being kidnapped by the Aztec gods of death and destiny and being sacrificed in an ancient ritual.

## Publication

El Muerto was first published in a comic book titled, "_Daze of the Dead: The Numero Uno Edition_" at the 1998 Alternative Press Expo in San Diego, California. The character has had much success since then, and has appeared in several different mediums such as a 2007 independent film.

## History

Juan Diego de la Muerte was born and raised in Whittier, California. He became fascinated with Aztec mythology and the Dia de los Muertos ("_Day of the Dead_") traditions in Mexico. Raised Catholic, Diego often wondered what the Aztecs thought when their religion was replaced with what the Spanish conquerors believed. On his 21st birthday, Diego is excited for an upcoming Dia de los Muertos festival. Unfortunately his friends could not join him and Diego was forced to go alone. Borrowing his friend's car, Diego is dressed as an undead Mariachi. To celebrate the occasion, he got a tattoo of an Aztec skull days earlier. Unknown to him, the skull is actually a symbol of death representing the Aztec death god. The car crashes into a tree, killing Diego. He later wakes up in the land of the dead, Mictlan, where the Aztec gods Mictlantecuhtli and Tezcatlipoca sacrifice him. His heart is removed, and his facepaint is burned into his skin. He is told that he must fulfill an ancient prophecy and is sent back to the land of the living one year after his death. After he learns that he is truly dead, he finds out he has supernatural powers and decides to use them to help people.

## Movies

- El Muerto (film) (2007)

## Other websites

- Official site
- Official fansite
Bill

**Bill** is a male name.
It may also refer to:
- Bill (proposed law), a proposed law in a legislature
- Bill, a nickname for a banknote
- Bill, an invoice specifying payment due, such as a phone bill
- Bill, a bird's beak.

## Related pages

- Billi
Thomas Mitchell

**Thomas Livingstone Mitchell** (June 15, 1792 – October 5, 1855) became Surveyor-General of New South Wales and laid out many Australian towns and roads. He also went on four main expeditions to explore south eastern Australia.

## Early life

Thomas Mitchell was born in Craigend, now part of Glasgow, Scotland on June 15, 1792. He worked in his uncle's colliery (coal mine) business. He joined the British Army in 1811 with the rank of lieutenant. He fought in the Peninsula War in Spain against Napoleon. As well as actual fighting, he worked as a surveyor and made maps. After the war he made maps of the battlefields. He was made a Major in 1826, but was then put on half pay.

## Surveyor-General

Mitchell was given a job as a surveyor in New South Wales in September 1827. His job was to map roads, and join existing small maps into one big map that showed all of New South Wales. After John Oxley died in 1828, Mitchell was made the Surveyor-General, in charge of all the survey work. He planned and improved the layout of roads, bridges, towns, and public reserves.

## References

- Australian Encyclopaedia Vol. 6, pgs. 110-112, Angus and Roberston, 1958

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Thomas Livingstone Michell
- **image**: Thomas Mitchell.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Thomas Mitchell
- **birth date**: June 15, 1792
- **birth place**: Craigend, Stirlingshire, Scotland
- **death date**: October 5, 1855
- **death place**: Sydney, New South Wales
- **occupation**: Surveyor, Explorer
- **spouse**: Mary Blunt
Wagga Wagga

**Wagga Wagga** is a small city on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River in New South Wales, Australia. The name Wagga Wagga is a Wiradjuri Indigenous Australian word. Wagga Wagga means _place of many dances and celebrations_.

Wagga Wagga has a humid subtropical climate (_Cfa_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

Wagga Wagga has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Wagga Wagga
- **state**: nsw
- **image**: Baylis Street, Wagga Wagga.jpg
- **caption**: Looking down Baylis Street
- **lga**: City of Wagga Wagga
- **county**: Wynyard County, New South Wales, Wynyard & Clarendon County, New South Wales, Clarendon
- **parish**: South Wagga Wagga
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Wagga Wagga, Wagga Wagga
- **fedgov**: Division of Riverina, Riverina
- **elevation**: 147
- **maxtemp**: 22.1
- **mintemp**: 9.0
- **rainfall**: 573.4
- **postcode**: 2650
- **pop**: 54411
- **poprank**: 26th
- **est**: 1829 (explored)
1847 (village)
1849 (surveyed)
1849 (town)
1870 (municipality)
1946 (city)
- **timezone**: Australian Eastern Standard Time, AEST
- **utc**: +10
- **timezone-dst**: Australian Eastern Daylight Time, AEDT
- **utc-dst**: +11
- **dist1**: 452
- **location1**: Sydney
- **dist2**: 456
- **location2**: Melbourne
- **dist3**: 244
- **location3**: Canberra
- **dist4**: 147
- **location4**: Albury
- **dist5**: 27
- **location5**: Collingullie
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Low Countries

The **Low Countries** is a term used to refer to a geographical region, especially during the Middle Ages. This region is around the deltas of the Rhine, the Scheldt and the Meuse (_Maas_). Today,  the Low Countries consists of the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the parts of Lower-Saxony (in Germany) that are in the region. Sometimes, the French Netherlands (Nord-Pas-de-Calais) are included as well.

The Dutch name of the Netherlands is _Nederland_, which literally means _low country_. The region was usually referred to as _de Nederlanden_.

The term _Low Countries_ historically referred to the region under the Dukes of Burgundy, who distinguished it from their geographically separated territories, such as the Duchy of Burgundy, by calling it *les pays de par deçà* ("the lands over here"). Over time, this evolved into *Pays-Bas* ("Low Countries"). Today, the term often aligns with the political boundaries of the Benelux countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
Palestine Liberation Organization

The **Palestine Liberation Organization** (**PLO**) is a political group that advocates for the creation of a state for the Palestinian people. The group was created in 1964. It represents Palestinians in diplomatic relations to other countries. It has held observer status at the United Nations since 1974. Since the First Intifada, it has ran the PNA.

Founded as a result of Israel's win in the six-day war, the PLO defended themselves by trying to liberate the Palestinian territories. It was initially founded by Shukeiri in 1964, thriving under the leadership of Arafat from 1969 to 2004, making Fatah as one of the largest branches of the PLO. The group became involved in Black September, the Lebanese Civil War, the First Intifada, and the Second Intifada at the time of Yasser Arafat. After the First Intifada, the PLO and Israel signed the Oslo Accords, leading to creating the PA and transitioning the Palestine Liberation Organization into a political party. Arafat died during the Second Intifada, causing Mahmoud Abbas to become the current leader.

Since the Second Intifada, Fatah has maintained control over the PLO and the group has largely avoided violent combat. The Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) sometimes clashes with the Palestine Liberation Organization during incursions into the West Bank, part of an unofficial conflict. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), minor PLO factions are said to have participated in the war with Israel in 2023.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Palestine Liberation Organization
- **native name**:

- **logo**: Emblem of the PLO Vector Graphic.svg
- **colorcode**: #FFA315
- **abbreviation**: PLO
- **native name lang**: ar
- **leader1 title**: Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization, Chairman
- **leader1 name**: Mahmoud Abbas
- **founded**: 28 May 1964
- **international**: United Nations General Assembly observers#Non-member observers, United Nations non-member observer
- **position**: Left-wing politics, Left-wing
- **anthem**: Fida'i
- **flag**: Flag of Palestine - short triangle.svg
- **affiliation1 title**: Members
- **seats1 title**: Palestinian Legislative Council
- **website**: http://www.plo.ps/en
- **country**: Palestine
- **country dab1**: Politics of the Palestinian National Authority
- **parties dab1**: List of political parties in the State of Palestine
- **elections dab1**: Elections in Palestine
Dome of the Rock

The **Dome of the Rock** (, transliteration: _Masjid Qubbat As-Sakhrah_) is one of two buildings used for Islamic prayers in the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound in East Jerusalem.

Al Aqsa is a historic religious site, which many Israelis and Christians Zionists believe is the location of the Temple Mount.

It was built from 691 from 692 by Caliph Abd al-Malik. It is built on the spot where the Jewish Temple is believed to have been, and where Muslims believe Muhammad went up to heaven. The rock on which the building stands is believed by Jews, Christians, and Muslims to be one of the holiest places on Earth.
Illegal prime

An **illegal prime** is a special prime number. Such prime numbers are called illegal, because they break the law. A famous example is a number that can be changed so that it becomes something illegal: a program to circumvent the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. One of the first people to find such a prime was Phil Carmody. In 2001, he found a prime that contains the gzip compressed source code for a program that can circumvent the Content Scrambling System.  The Content Scrambling System is used as a way to prevent DVDs from being copied. Later, other primes were found that resulted in directly runnable programs.

The United States and other countries made it illegal to publish or circulate computer programs that can circumvent copy protection. Since prime numbers are a concept from mathematics, their knowledge cannot be made illegal easily.

Any information that can be represented in binary form can be represented as a number. The first illegal prime was

8565078965 7397829309 8418946942 8613770744 2087351357 9240196520 7366869851
3401047237 4469687974 3992611751 0973777701 0274475280 4905883138 4037549709
9879096539 5522701171 2157025974 6669932402 2683459661 9606034851 7424977358
4685188556 7457025712 5474999648 2194184655 7100841190 8625971694 7970799152
0048667099 7592359606 1320725973 7979936188 6063169144 7358830024 5336972781
8139147979 5551339994 9394882899 8469178361 0018259789 0103160196 1835034344
8956870538 4520853804 5842415654 8248893338 0474758711 2833959896 8522325446
0840897111 9771276941 2079586244 0547161321 0050064598 2017696177 1809478113
6220027234 4827224932 3259547234 6880029277 7649790614 8129840428 3457201463
4896854716 9082354737 8356619721 8622496943 1622716663 9390554302 4156473292
4855248991 2257394665 4862714048 2117138124 3882177176 0298412552 4464744505
5834628144 8833563190 2725319590 4392838737 6407391689 1257924055 0156208897
8716337599 9107887084 9081590975 4801928576 8451988596 3053238234 9055809203
2999603234 4711407760 1984716353 1161713078 5760848622 3637028357 0104961259
5681846785 9653331007 7017991614 6744725492 7283348691 6000647585 9174627812
1269007351 8309241530 1063028932 9566584366 2000800476 7789679843 8209079761
9859493646 3093805863 3672146969 5975027968 7712057249 9666698056 1453382074
1203159337 7030994915 2746918356 5937621022 2006812679 8273445760 9380203044
7912277498 0917955938 3871210005 8876668925 8448700470 7725524970 6044465212
7130404321 1826101035 9118647666 2963858495 0874484973 7347686142 0880529443.
Temple Mount

The **Temple Mount** is a religious site in the Old City of Jerusalem. It is a holy place in Judaism and Islam.

In Judaism it is the location of the two Jewish Temples, and is believed to be the place where Adam was born, where Adam built an altar for God, where Cain and Abel offer their sacrifices, and where Abraham offered Isaac as a sacrifice. In Hebrew it is called **' () or **' ().

In Islam, the Temple Mount is believed to be the place where Muhammad ascended to Heaven. In Arabic it is known as the **Haram** (, _al-Ḥaram al-Šarīf_), which means "Noble Sanctuary".

It is also associated with Biblical prophets who are venerated in Judaism, Christianity and Islam.

## Other websites

- Templemount.org
- New Evidence of the Royal Stoa and Roman Flames  Biblical Archaeology Review
- Virtual Walking Tour of Al-Haram Al-Sharif ("The Noble Sanctuary")
- Mount Sifting Project

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Temple Mount
- **other name**: **Hebrew:** __
- **photo**: Israel-2013(2)-Aerial-Jerusalem-Temple Mount-Temple Mount (south exposure).jpg
- **photo caption**: <small>view of Temple Mount</small>
- **photo size**: 250
- **elevation m**: 743
- **map caption**: Judaean Mountains
Of the
- **label position**: right
- **location**: Jerusalem
Content Scramble System

The **Content Scrambling System** (or **Content Scramble System**) is a system to encrypt and copy-protect DVDs. Such systems are generally called Digital Rights Management (or _DRM_) systems. CSS uses symmetric cryptography. It was introduced in 1996; today, it is considered ineffective.

In October 1999, Jon Lech Johansen and two other people (who remained anonymous) broke the system. CSS uses 40-bit cryptographic keys; because of different design problems, the effective key length is only about 16 bits. A 450 MHz processor, current at the time could brute force crack this in less than a minute. A modern processor such as the Core i7 or Athlon 64 can crack it in a few seconds.

CSS requires special information in the lead-in (a special area) of the disc. Since the lead-in cannot be changed on recordable DVDs these cannot have CSS protection (with a few exceptions, some professional drives allow writing CSS keys to recordable discs).

## Open source implementations

Libdvdcss is an open-source implementation used by many DVD software players, including VLC Media Player. Libdvdcss is region-free; it can read foreign-region DVDs even when the keys can't be read from the drive, by using a brute-force attack.
Yahya Khan

**Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan** (February 4, 1917 – August 10, 1980) was the third president of Islamic Republic of Pakistan from 1969 to 1971, following the resignation of Ayub Khan. He has one son, Ali Yahya and one daughter, Yasmeen Khan.

Yahya served in World War II and escaped from a Prisoner of War camp in Italy on his 3rd attempt, returned to independent Pakistan and fought for Pakistan in 1965.

General Yahya became the Military Dictator of Pakistan in 1969, he was in charge of hosting free and fair general elections. The winner of the election was an East Pakistani Politician by the name of Mujibur Rahman, whose support was in East Pakistan, while the second biggest party headed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto had its support in West Pakistan. Zulfiqar pressured Yahya to not hand power. The unwillingness of handing over power and general frustration culminated in the March 25th Massacre or Operation Searchlight ordered by Yahya Khan, marking the beginning the Bangladesh Liberation war. 9 months later Pakistan's rival India joined the war with simultaneously resulted in an Indo-Pakistani war occurring during its own Civil War. The war ended with the Surrender of East Pakistani Forces and a ceasefire in West Pakistan.

Following the war, Yahya Khan handed over the presidency to Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, he was under house arrest till 1979. He lived a quiet life in Rawalpindi and eventually died in 1980.

## Other websites

- Official profile at Pakistan Army website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan
- **office**: President of Pakistan
- **order**: 3rd
- **image**: Yahya Khan in October 1970.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **predecessor**: Ayub Khan
- **primeminister**: Nurul Amin (1971)
- **successor**: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
- **deputy2**: Abdul Hamid Khan (general), Abdul Hamid Khan
- **office2**: Commander in Chief (Pakistan Army)
- **predecessor2**: Muhammad Musa Khan Hazara
- **party**: None
- **successor2**: Gul Hassan Khan, Gul Hassan
- **birth place**: Chakwal, Punjab (British India), Punjab, British India
(now in Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan)
- **death place**: Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
- **resting place**: Pakistan
- **resting place coordinates**: Peshawar
- **nationality**: British Indian
Pakistan
- **relations**: Mistress 'Akleem Akhtar' or 'General Rani'
- **honorific-prefix**: General officer, General
- **term start**: 25 March 1969
- **term end**: 20 December 1971
- **term start2**: 18 June 1966
- **term end2**: 20 December 1971
Pakistan People's Party

The **Pakistan Peoples Party** (**PPP**, )  is a centre-left Islamic Socialist political party in Pakistan affiliated to the Socialist International. To date, its leader has always been a member of the Bhutto family. The Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP) is a party formed in 2002 by the PPP for the purpose of complying with electoral rules governing Pakistani parties.

The party was founded on November 30 1967 by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto who was also its first chairman. The party creed is: "Islam is our faith; democracy is our politics; socialism is our economy; all power to the people."

Although its center lies in the southern province of Sindh, it also has considerable support in the more densely populated province of Punjab and even Azad Jammu and Kashmir as Azad Kashmir People's Party (Pakistan People's Party Jammu and Kashmir). It is currently in power and has been running the government since 2008; this is the 4th time the party has been in power since the Partition of Pakistan.
Aksai Chin

**Aksai Chin** (, , Ākèsàiqīn) is a region of Kashmir .  37,555 km² (16,481 sq mi) which lies at the juncture of China, Pakistan, and India. It consists of about one fifth of Kashmir and one of the driest place and true desert in the world that receive less rain than the Polar desert.

It is ruled by China but claimed by the Republic of India. Aksai Chin is one of the two main border disputes between India and China. The other is the dispute over Arunachal Pradesh. Aksai Chin (the name literally means "Chin's desert of white stones") is a very large high-altitude hot desert of salt with sand dunes and yareta (a type of cushioned plants)  that reaches heights up to 4,500 metres. It covers an area of 37,555 km² (16,481 sq mi) of the disputed territory. Geographically part of the Tibetan Plateau, Aksai Chin itself is a plateau and  it is often called the "Soda Plain". The region is almost uninhabited, has no permanent settlements, and receives no rain or snow as the Himalayan and other mountains block the rains from the Indian monsoon. Pakistan recognizes it as part of China, however India has objected to this and claims all the territory. In boundary talks in 1960 Chinese officials shown a map drawn by General Staff of the Chinese Army in 1918 shows the territory as part of China. However the map was not published hence its authenticity is doubtful although another document in 1943 created by Bureau of Survey of Chinese Ministry of National Defence shows all of the territory as part of China.

## Related pages

- Line of Actual Control
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim

---

### نام و نسب

محمد بن قاسم بن محمد بن حکم ثقفیؒ کا تعلق قبیلہ **ثقیف** سے تھا۔ وہ مشہور اموی حاکم **حجاج بن یوسف ثقفی** کے بھتیجے اور داماد تھے۔

### پیدائش

- سنِ پیدائش: تقریباً **695ء**
- مقامِ پیدائش: **طائف** (موجودہ سعودی عرب)

### ابتدائی زندگی و تربیت

محمد بن قاسم نے کم عمری ہی میں فوجی تربیت حاصل کی۔ حجاج بن یوسف نے ان کی تعلیم و تربیت پر خاص توجہ دی۔ وہ عربی، فقہ، جنگی حکمتِ عملی اور نظم و نسق میں غیر معمولی مہارت رکھتے تھے۔

### سندھ پر حملے کا پس منظر

سندھ کے راجہ **داہر** کے دور میں عرب تاجروں کے جہاز لوٹے گئے اور کچھ مسلمان عورتوں اور بچوں کو قید کر لیا گیا۔ حجاج بن یوسف نے راجہ داہر سے رہائی کا مطالبہ کیا، انکار پر سندھ پر لشکر کشی کا فیصلہ ہوا۔

### سندھ کی فتح (712ء)

محمد بن قاسم کو صرف **17 سال** کی عمر میں سندھ کی مہم کا سپہ سالار مقرر کیا گیا۔

#### اہم فتوحات:

- **دیبل** (موجودہ کراچی کے قریب)
- **نیرون کوٹ** (حیدرآباد)
- **سیہون**
- **اروڑ** (راجہ داہر کا دارالحکومت)

راجہ داہر جنگ میں مارا گیا اور سندھ پر اسلامی حکومت قائم ہوئی۔

### طرزِ حکومت

محمد بن قاسم نے مفتوحہ علاقوں میں:

- مذہبی آزادی دی
- مندروں اور عبادت گاہوں کو تحفظ فراہم کیا
- غیر مسلموں پر انصاف پر مبنی قوانین نافذ کیے
- مقامی لوگوں کو انتظامی امور میں شامل کیا

انصاف اور رحم دلی کی وجہ سے مقامی آبادی نے انہیں قبول کیا۔

### اسلام کی اشاعت

محمد بن قاسم نے زبردستی اسلام قبول کروانے کے بجائے **اخلاق، عدل اور حسنِ سلوک** سے اسلام پھیلایا۔ بڑی تعداد میں لوگوں نے رضاکارانہ طور پر اسلام قبول کیا۔

### واپسی اور وفات

جب خلیفہ **ولید بن عبدالملک** کا انتقال ہوا تو ان کے جانشین **سلیمان بن عبدالملک** نے حجاج بن یوسف کے تمام قریبی افراد کو معزول کر دیا۔

- محمد بن قاسم کو واپس بلا کر قید کیا گیا
- سنِ وفات: **715ء**
- عمر: تقریباً **20 سال**
- مقامِ وفات: **واسط** (عراق)

### تاریخی اہمیت

- برصغیر میں اسلام کے بانی
- کم عمری میں عظیم سپہ سالار
- عدل و انصاف کی روشن مثال
- سندھ کی تہذیب اور اسلامی تہذیب کے ملاپ کی بنیاد

### مؤرخین کی رائے

محمد بن قاسم کو تاریخ اسلام کے عظیم ترین نوجوان فاتحین میں شمار کیا جاتا ہے۔ ان کی شخصیت بہادری، تدبر اور انصاف کا حسین امتزاج تھی۔
United States Army Air Force

The **United States Army Air Forces** (**USAAF**) was the military aviation arm of the United States of America during and immediately after World War II. It was the direct precursor to the United States Air Force, established in 1947. At its peak strength in 1944, the USAAF had over 2.4 million men and women in service, nearly 80,000 aircraft and 783 permanent bases, and operated from more than 2,000 airfields worldwide.

## History

The Air Corps became the Army Air Forces in June 1941 to provide the air arm a greater autonomy in which to expand more efficiently, and to provide a structure for the additional command echelons required by a vastly increased force. Although other nations already had separate air forces independent of the army or navy (such as the British Royal Air Force and the German Luftwaffe), the USAAF remained a part of the United States Army.
Baron

**Baron** is a title of honour in many European peerage systems. It is often a hereditary title that ranks as the one of the lower titles in a peerage. In the UK peerage system, the five peerage titles from highest to lowest are duke, marquess, earl, viscount and baron. Baronets and knights are not members of the peerage although a baron may also be a knight. In the feudalism of medieval England a baron was a tenant-in-chief who held his lands directly from the king. During the 13th century barons were summoned by royal writ to attend Parliament.

The word baron comes from Old French _baron_, itself from Frankish _baro_ meaning "freeman, warrior". It later merged with Old English _beorn_ meaning "nobleman." The lands of a baron are called a barony. The female title for a baron is ***baroness***. The form of address for a baron is "Lord" and for a baroness "Lady".

List of English and Irish Barons
Telephone box

A **telephone box** or **phone booth** is a public kiosk enclosing a payphone. It is usually an item of street furniture, though some may be inside a building.

United Kingdom telephone boxes were designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott and were common in the UK, Malta and Gibraltar. The colour red was chosen to make them easy to spot. Because of the growth of mobile phones, telephone boxes are steadily being removed.

## Related pages

- Payphone

## Other websites

- Gallery of UK telephone kiosks
- Picture guide to UK telephone boxes
- Telephone Box website
- Kiosk website
- Red telephone kiosks in Oxford, England
- Red phone boxes in the Welsh landscape
- Existing red phone boxes around the city of Liverpool
Running gag

A **running gag** is an humorous joke or reference that is used several times in a work or series of works. A famous example of a running gag is the Couch gag in the opening of The Simpsons.
Harran

**Harran**, also known as **Carrhae**, is a district of Şanlıurfa Province in the southeast of Turkey.

Harran is an ancient city which was a major Mesopotamian commercial, cultural, and religious center. It is a valuable archaeological site. It is often identified as the place in which Abraham lived before he reached Canaan.

The city was the chief home of the Mesopotamian moon-god Sin, under the Babylonians and even into Roman times.

Carrhae is an ancient town on the site that doesn't exist anymore. It gave its name to the Battle of Carrhae (53 BC), fought between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire.

Harran's ruins are from Roman, Sabian, and Islamic times. T. E. Lawrence surveyed the site, and an Anglo-Turkish excavation was begun in 1951. Today, Harran is populated by Arabs.

## References

- Chwolsohn, Daniil Abramovic, _Die Ssabier und der Ssabismus_, 2 vols. St. Petersburg, 1856. [Still a valuable reference and collection of sources]
- Green, Tamara, _The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran_. Leiden, 1992.
- Heidemann, Stefan, _Die Renaissance der Städte in Nordsyrien und Nordmesopotamien: Städtische Entwicklung und wirtschaftliche Bedingungen in ar-Raqqa und Harran von der beduinischen Vorherrschaft bis zu den Seldschuken_ (Islamic History and Civilization. Studies and Texts 40). Leiden, 2002 .
- Rice, David Storm, "Medieval Harran. Studies on Its Topography and Monuments I", _Anatolian Studies_ 2, 1952, pp. 36–84.

## Other websites

- Pictures of the city
- More pictures
- Harran Guide and Photo Album
- Livius.org: Harran (Carrhae)
Toronto Blue Jays

The **Toronto Blue Jays** (nicknamed the **Jays**) is a Major League Baseball team in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They are part of the Eastern Division of Major League Baseball's American League. This means that they use the designated hitter rule in most of their games. Its president & CEO is Mark Shapiro, its general manager is Ross Atkins, and its coach and manager is John Schneider. The team plays 162 games every year, which can be seen on television and heard on radio all across Canada.

The Blue Jays were founded in 1977 and are the only MLB team from Canada or anywhere outside of the United States, but they have not been the only one or even the first. There were also the Montreal Expos, which was formed in 1969, eight years before the Jays. However, the Expos moved to Washington, D.C. in 2004 (becoming the Washington Nationals). As part of the National League, which does not use the designated hitter rule, the Expos became rivals to the Blue Jays. People loved to see the two teams play against each other, since they were the only two MLB teams from Canada. The two teams played in a rivalry called the Pearson Cup, which lasted until the Expos moved.

The first stadium used by the Blue Jays was Exhibition Stadium, part of Exhibition Place, in Downtown Toronto, near the waterfront. The team became popular, and in 1989 they moved to a larger stadium to the east, the "SkyDome". It was the first in the world to have a retractable roof, and is just a few blocks away from the Air Canada Centre and Union Station. The SkyDome hosted the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in 1991. It is now called Rogers Centre, taking its name from Rogers Communications, a telecommunications company who owns the team. And in 2005, The name was changed from SkyDome to Rogers Centre.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Blue Jays played their home games in the United States because of border restrictions in Canada. They would first play at TD Ballpark in Dunedin, Florida. This is also the spring training park for the Blue Jays. The Jays would also play at Sahlen Field in Buffalo, New York, home of the Jays' Triple-a affiliate Buffalo Bisons. This would last until July 30, 2021 when the Jays returned to Canada and the Rogers Center.

The Blue Jays won the World Series twice, first in 1992 against the Atlanta Braves and again the next year, in 1993. They won their second World Series on Joe Carter's walk-off home run against the Philadelphia Phillies in the last inning of Game 6 on October 23, 1993, for a final score of 7-6. In both of those years, the team won American League East division titles (having the best win-loss record in their division). Others years in which the Jays won division titles were in 1985, 1989, 1991, 2015 and most recently in 2025. They also went to the playoffs as a wild card team in 2016, 2020, 2022, and 2023. The Blue Jays lost to the LA Dodgers in the 2025 MLB World Series.
Toronto Raptors

The **Toronto Raptors** are a Canadian professional basketball team  in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They are based in Toronto. They were started in 1995. They play their home games at Scotiabank Arena. They are the only NBA team currently playing in Canada.

For the 2019 season, the Raptors won the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time in the team's history. Because of this, they also got the chance to play in the NBA Finals for the first time in their history. They won the NBA Finals against the two-time defending champion Golden State Warriors in six games and became the first Canadian team to win an NBA Final. Kawhi Leonard was named the Finals MVP for the second time in his career.

On November 2, 2024, the Raptors retired Vince Carter's No. 15 jersey number. Carter became the first player from the team's history to have his jersey retired.

## Infobox (basketball club)

- **name**: Toronto Raptors
- **current**: 2025–26 Toronto Raptors season
- **logo**: Toronto raptors-wordmark.png
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **conference**: Eastern Conference (NBA), Eastern
- **division**: Atlantic Division (NBA), Atlantic
- **founded**: 1995
- **history**: **Toronto Raptors**
1995–present
- **arena**: Scotiabank Arena
- **location**: Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
- **colours**: Red, black, silver, gold, white

- **sponsor**: Sun Life Financial
- **owner**: Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment
- **president**: Vacant
- **gm**: Bobby Webster
- **coach**: Darko Rajakovic
- **affiliation**: Raptors 905
- **league champs**: **1** (2019 NBA Finals, 2019)
- **conf champs**: **1** (2019 NBA playoffs, 2019)
- **div champs**: **7** (2006–07 NBA season, 2007, 2013–14 NBA season, 2014, 2014–15 NBA season, 2015, 2015–16 NBA season, 2016, 2017–18 NBA season, 2018, 2018–19 NBA season, 2019, 2019–20 NBA season, 2020)
- **ret nums**: **1** (Vince Carter, 15)
- **1 title**: Association
- **1 pattern b**: _torontoraptors_association
- **1 pattern s**: _torontoraptors_association
- **2 title**: Icon
- **2 pattern b**: _torontoraptors_icon
- **2 pattern s**: _torontoraptors_icon
- **3 title**: Statement
- **3 pattern b**: _torontoraptors_statement
- **3 pattern s**: _torontoraptors_statement