juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
FC Lustenau 07

**FC Lustenau 07** is an football club from Lustenau, Vorarlberg in Austria. They play in the Vorarlbergliga, the highest level in Vorarlberg. The club is the oldest football club in Vorarlberg.

## History

The roots of the club laid in the Turnverein Lustenau. Many of the young members of the club played football. After discussions the football section left the club and formed on 20 September 1907 at the Gasthof zur Sonne the FC Lustenau. Many of the clubs in Vorarlberg were founded with the help of players of FC Lustenau(for example FC Dornbirn 1913 and the second club from Lustenau SC Austria Lustenau ).

During the First World War there was no football in Vorarlberg. But after the war many new clubs were found. So the FC Lustenau was interested in forming a football association, which was formed in 1920.

The most important player of FC Lustenau before the Second World War was Ernst Künz.He played in the 1936 Olympic football team of Austria. The team won the silver medal.

During the Second World war there was again no football in Vorarlberg. But 1945 the team started again under the name FC Rapid Lustenau. In 1947 they got their old name FC Lustenau 07 back. In 2000 the club was promoted to the Austrian First League. 2004 they were relegated. In the 2005/06 season they won the Regionalliga West with 27 wins, 3 draws and 0 lost (104:22 goals). Till the 2012-13 season they played in the Austrian First League. Due to financial problems the club played the next season in Vorarlberg 2. Landesklasse  (Level 7). Till the 2019-20 season they reached the Vorarlbergliga (Level 4) the highest level in Vorarlberg football.

## Current squad

as on December 17th, 2021

**Goalkeepers**
- Gerd Küng
- Klaus Mendes
- Noah Küng
**Defenders**
- Markus König
- Luca Hollenstein
- Lukas Thurnher
- Maximilian König
- Alex Asiu
- Moritz Beck
- Noel-Joshua König
- Simon Häfele
- Alin Mutu
**Midfielders**
- Okan Öner
- Mikail Can
- Ajdin Celes
- Luis Bösch
- Elias Jonach
- Moritz Hollenstein
- Mark Vogel
- Vincent Scheffknecht
- Simon Grabherr
- Jakob Bösch
- Harun Erbek
- Kemal Duran
- Markus Blank
**Forwards**
- Johannes Giselbrecht
- Igor Marjanovic
- Linus Hämmerle

## Honors

- **Austrian Amateur Championship runner-up:** 1929, 1937
- **Vorarlberg Champions:** 1918, 1921–27, 1929, 1931–36, 1939
- **Vorarlberg Cup:** 1925, 1927, 1934, 1935, 1938, 1946 (als SC Rapid Lustenau), 1994, 2000, 2001, 2021
- **Bodensee-Champion:** 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913
- **Champion Arlbergliga:** 1958, 1959
- **Champion Vorarlbergliga:** 1995
- **Champion Regionalliga West:** 2000, 2001, 2006

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: FC Lustenau 07
- **fullname**: Fußball Club Lustenau 07
- **founded**: 20 September 1907
- **ground**: Stadion an der Holzstraße,
Lustenau, Austria
- **capacity**: 8,800
- **chairman**: Dr. Omer Rehman
- **manager**: Philipp Hagspiel
- **league**: Austrian Football First League, Erste Liga
- **season**: 20010–11
- **position**: Austrian Football First League, Erste Liga, **7th**
Estée Lauder

**Estée Lauder**, (July 1, 1908 - April 24, 2004), was an American businesswoman. She was the co-founder of the cosmetics company named after her, Estée Lauder. In 1998, she was be the only woman on TIME magazine's list of the 20 most influential business geniuses of the 20th century. Lauder died on April 24, 2004 at age 95.
Evans Blue

**Evans Blue** is a Canadian alternative rock band from Toronto, Ontario. Evans Blue has five members in the band; the current band members are Dan Chandler, Parker Lauzon, Vlad Tanaskovic, Joe Pitter and Mike McClure.

## Band members

- Current
- Dan Chandler - vocals (2009–present)
- Parker Lauzon - rhythm guitar (2005–present)
- Vlad Tanaskovic - lead guitar (2005–present)
- Joe Pitter - bass (2005–present)
- Mike McClure - drums (2011–present)

- Former
- Darryl Brown - drums (2005–2006)
- Danny D - drums (2006)
- Kevin Matisyn - vocals (2005–2008)
- Howard Davis - drums (2007–2011)

## Discography

So far as of 2011, Evans Blue has released 3 Studio albums:

### Albums

- _The Melody and the Energetic Nature of Volume_ (2006)
- _The Pursuit Begins When This Portrayal of Life Ends_ (2007)
- _Evans Blue_ (2009)
- _Graveyard of Empires  (2012)_

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Evans Blue
- **img**: EvansBlueLive.JPG
- **img capt**: Evans Blue in 2011
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Toronto, Ontario
Canada
- **genre**: Alternative rock, Alternative metal, Hard rock
- **years active**: 2005–_present_
- **label**: Hollywood Records, Hollywood/Pocket Recordings (2005-2008)
 Sounds + Sights (2009-present)
 F.O.F./EMI (2010-present)
- **associated acts**: Parabelle
HeavensDust
Cool for August
Switchthree
- **url**: [http://evansblue.com/ Evans Blue Website]
- **current members**: Dan Chandler
Parker Lauzon
Vlad Tanaskovic
Joe Pitter
Mike McClure
- **past members**: Darryl Brown
Danny D
Kevin Matisyn
Howard Davis
In the Realm of the Senses

***In the Realm of the Senses*** is a romantic movie which was released during 1976 in certain countries, 1977 in others. The movie is a fictional tale of sexually explicit adult behavior in 1930s Japan. This motion picture caused extremely huge controversy when it was released. Certain countries wouldn't even show the movie. Moreover, it was not available for home video until around 1990. It was originally rated X, though the rating was later converted into NC-17 in 1991.

## Cast

- Eiko Matsuda as Sada Abe
- Tatsuya Fuji as Kichizo Ishida
- Aoi Nakajima as Toku
- Yasuko Matsui as Tagawa Inn manager
- Meika Seri as Matsuko
- Kanae Kobayashi as Old geisha Kikuryû
- Taiji Tonoyama as Old beggar
- Kyôji Kokonoe as Teacher Ômiya
- Naomi Shiraishi as Geisha Yaeji
- Komikichi Hori as Mitsuwa Geisha

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: In the Realm of the Senses
- **director**: Nagisa Oshima
- **producer**: Anatole Dauman
- **writer**: Nagisa Oshima
- **starring**: Eiko Matsuda
Tatsuya Fuji
- **music**: Minoru Miki
- **cinematography**: Hideo Ito
- **editing**: Keiichi Uraoka
- **distributor**: Argos Films
- **runtime**: 108 minutes
- **country**: Japan
France
- **language**: Japanese
- **gross**: 1,424,906 Swedish krona, kr
Five Finger Death Punch

**Five Finger Death Punch** is an American heavy metal band from Los Angeles, California. Five Finger Death Punch has five members in the band; the current band members are Zoltan Bathory (originally from Hungary), Jason Hook, Chris Kael, Ivan Moody and Jeremy Spencer.

## Band members

- Current
- Zoltan Bathory – guitars (since 2005)
- Jason Hook – guitars, backing vocals (since 2009)
- Chris Kael – bass, backing vocals (since 2011)
- Ivan Moody – vocals (since 2006)
- Jeremy Spencer – drums (since 2005)

- Former
- Caleb Bingham – guitars (2006)
- Darrell Roberts – guitars, backing vocals (2006–2009)
- Matt Snell – bass, backing vocals (2006–2010)

## Discography

So far as of 2011, Five Finger Death Punch has released 4 Studio albums:

### Albums

- _The Way of the Fist_ (2007)
- _War Is the Answer_ (2009)
- _American Capitalist_ (2011)
- _The Wrong Side Of Heaven And The Righteous Side Of Hell Vol. 1_ (2013)
- _The Wrong Side Of Heaven And The Righteous Side Of Hell Vol. 2_ (2013)
- _Got Your Six_ (2015)
- _And Justice for None_ (2018)
- _F8_ (2020)
- _AfterLife_ (2022)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Five Finger Death Punch
- **img**: Five Finger Death Punch - 2017153190541 2017-06-02 Rock am Ring - Sven - 1D X II - 0713 - B70I6632.jpg
- **img capt**: Five Finger Death Punch in 2017
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: 5FDP
- **origin**: Las Vegas, Nevada
United States
- **years active**: 2005–_present_
- **label**: The Firm, Inc., Firm/EMI,
Prospect Park
Spinefarm Records, Spinefarm/Universal Music Group, Universal (UK)
- **associated acts**: U.P.O., W.A.S.P., Motograter
- **url**: [http://www.fivefingerdeathpunch.com Five Finger Death Punch Website]
- **current members**: Zoltan Bathory
Jason Hook
Chris Kael
Ivan Moody
Jeremy Spencer
- **past members**: Caleb Bingham
Darrell Roberts
Matt Snell
Sol (colloid)

A **sol** is a colloidal suspension of very small solid particles in a continuous liquid medium. They can be quite stable; examples include blood, pigmented ink, and paint.

Sols can change into viscosity quickly if they are thixotropic. Examples include quicksands and paint, both of which become more fluid under pressure.
Non-renewable resource

A **non-renewable resource** is a natural resource that is used up faster than it can be made by nature. It cannot be produced, grown or generated on a scale which can sustain how quickly it is being consumed. Once it is used up, there is no more available for the future. Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), types of nuclear power (uranium) and certain examples. Resources such as timber (when harvested sustainably) or metals (which can be recycled) are considered renewable resources. Non-renewable resources are also called exhaustible resources.

The renewable energy is the contrary notion.

## Other websites

- Non-Renewable Resources  at NASA.gov
- Electricity from Non-Hydroelectric Renewable Energy Sources at EPA.gov
- Non-renewable energy resource  at EPA.gov
- Environmental impacts of nuclear power at EPA.gov
Personal name

A **personal name** is the label which identifies an individual person. It is a proper name; and it is usually made up of a given name plus a surname.

Parents give names to the children at birth. This is called naming ceremony in some places. The names are given with meanings to show important circumstances surrounding one's birth.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child specifies that a child has the right from birth to a name.

## Related pages

- Family name
- Posthumous name
- Regnal name
Regnal name

A **regnal name**, or **reign name**, is a formal name or label which refers to the years of the reign of a monarch or a pope.

A monarch sometimes chooses a reign name which is different from his or her personal name.
- Example: Edward VII of the United Kingdom, born Albert Edward of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

A pope chooses a regnal name when he is elected. It becomes his new personal name.
- Example: Pope John Paul II, born Karol Józef Wojtyła,

The new name -- or sometimes the old one -- is followed by an ordinal number to create a unique name for the period in which the monarch is on the throne.
- Example: Elizabeth II was queen of the United Kingdom and many other Commonwealth Realms until her death in 2022
- Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603) was the 1st British queen named Elizabeth.  She ruled over "Elizabethan" England. Her time on the throne was called the "Elizabethan era" or the "Elizabethan age".

## Related pages

- Family name
- Given name
- Posthumous name
- Surname
- Japanese era names
Kimmeridge clay

The **Kimmeridge clay** formation is a sedimentary deposit of fossiliferous marine clay and mudstones. It is of Upper Jurassic age, and occurs in Europe. It gives its name to a stage in the Upper Jurassic called the **Kimmeridgian**, lasting from 157.3–152.1 million years ago.

Kimmeridge clay is perhaps the most economically important unit of rocks in the whole of Europe, because it is the major source for oil fields in the North Sea.

The clay is named after the village of Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast of England, where it is well exposed and forms part of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site. It exists across England, in a band stretching from Dorset in the south-west, north-east to East Anglia and Hull. The River Humber Bridge's foundations are in the Kimmeridge Clay deposits under the Humber estuary.

The fossil fauna of the Kimmeridge Clay includes a reptile fauna of turtles, crocodiles, dinosaurs, plesiosaurs, pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs, as well as many invertebrate species such as _Gryphaea_.

## Climate

The Kimmeridge Clay was laid down in
an environment which is not present on the Earth today. Much of Western Europe was covered by a high sea-level: this may be related to the opening of the Atlantic. As a consequence, the UK was covered by a shallow and largely anoxic sea, perhaps less than 100m deep, with occasional landmasses.

This was shallower water than the Blue Lias of the Lower Jurassic. It was often low in oxygen, which led to its organic material being only partially decomposed. The mudstones are organic-rich, and gave rise to most of the North Sea oil.
Walker Lake

**Walker Lake** is a salt lake in Nevada.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Walker Lake
- **image lake**: Aerial View of Walker Lake (Nevada).jpg
- **caption lake**: Walker Lake with Hawthorne Army Depot in the foreground
- **location**: Mineral County, Nevada, Mineral County, Nevada, Nevada, USA
- **inflow**: Walker River (Nevada), Walker River
- **outflow**: _evaporation_
- **catchment**: [http://nevada.usgs.gov/walker/ Walker River Basin]
- **basin countries**: United States
Milton Wolff

**Milton Wolff** was an American commander in the Spanish Civil War. He was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1915. He died in 2008. He was friends with the author Ernest Hemingway.
Rachel Hunter

**Rachel Hunter** (born 8 September 1969) is a fashion model and an actress from New Zealand. She worked in France, Australia, UK (London) and New Zealand. in She currently lives in the United States. She has been in the _Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Edition_ many times and has posed for other magazines. Hunter posed Playboy in 2004.

She was married to singer Rod Stewart from 1990 until 2006.
Yamasee War

The **Yamasee War** was a war between the Yamasee Indians and the South Carolina settlers from 1715–1717.
Orbital forcing

**Orbital forcing** is the effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis and shape of the orbit (see Milankovitch cycles).

These orbital changes alter the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth by up to 25% at mid-latitudes. That has a huge effect. The term "forcing" is a physical process which definitely affects the Earth's climate.

This mechanism is believed to be responsible for the timing of the ice age cycles. The timing of past glacial periods coincides very well with the predictions of the Milankovitch theory, and these effects can be calculated into the future.

Note in the graphic the strong 100,000 year periodicity of the cycles, and the striking asymmetry of the curves. Ice ages deepen by progressive steps, but the recovery to interglacial conditions occurs in one big step.
Milton Berle

**Mendel Berlinger**, better known as **Milton Berle**, (July 12, 1908 – March 27, 2002) was an American actor and comedian.

## Early life

Berle was born **Mendel Berlinger** in Manhattan, New York City. He was raised Jewish. Berle studied at Professional Children's School. His career began in 1914, when he was 5 years old.

## Career

Berle first appeared in the serial _The Perils of Pauline_. During his career he starred in numerous movies, television programs and others. He was called _Uncle Miltie_ during TV's golden age days. He was known for hosting _Texaco Star Theater_ (1948–55).

In 1949, Berle hosted the first ever telethon.

Berle retired in 2000 because of poor health. His last appearance was in a 2000 episode of _Kenan & Kel_.

## Personal life

Berle was married to Joyce Mathews from 1941 until they divorced in 1947. They remarried in 1949 only to divorce once again in 1950. Then he married Ruth Cosgrove Rosenthal from 1953 until her death in 1989. Then he married Lorna Adams in 1991. Their marriage would last until his death in 2002. Berle had three children.

Berle died from colon cancer in Los Angeles, California on March 27, 2002 at age 93. He was buried at Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery.
Karl Barth

**Karl Barth** (1886-1968) was a Protestant theologian who started a movement in theology that is now called Neo-Orthodoxy. He wrote _Church Dogmatics_ and the _Gottingen Dogmatics_, as well as a number of Biblical commentaries, most famously on the Book of Romans. He was heavily involved in the authorship of the anti-Nazi Barmen declaration in 1934.

Barth rejects Biblical inerrancy, and he also rejects stronger forms of predestination.

## Other websites

- Theopedia on Karl Barth and the Theology of Karl Barth
Janet Evans

**Janet Evans** (born August 28, 1971 in Fullerton, California) is an American swimmer. Her career started at the 1988 Summer Olympics and ended at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She did not win a medal in 1996 but she added one more highlight to her career when she was given the honors of carrying the Olympic Torch at the 1996 Summer Olympics' opening ceremony. Evans retired after the 1996 Olympics. She later said she would return to swimming with the 2012 Summer Olympics' Trials.
Shame (movie)

***Shame*** is a 2011 British erotic drama movie. The movie was written by Abi Morgan and Steve McQueen; he also directed. It was produced by Iain Canning and Emilie Sherman. It is distributed from Fox Searchlight Pictures in the United States. The movie stars Michael Fassbender as hypersexual thirty-something yuppie Brandon. He is an advertising executive who lives in New York City and is unable to manage his sex life and desires. Carey Mulligan plays his sister Sissy, who has borderline personality disorder and stays with him at his apartment. _Shame_ is rated NC-17 (no children 17 and under admitted) for explicit sexuality.
Sungai Lalang

**Sungai Lalang** is a small town in Kedah, Malaysia. It is around 5 kilometers north of Sungai Petani.
Works of Rambhadracharya

Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya (better-known as Jagadguru Rambhadracharya or Swami Rambhadracharya) is a Hindu _guru_, Sanskrit scholar, writer, poet, play writer, composer, singer, philosopher and _Katha_ artist. He is living in Chitrakoot, India. His works includes poems, plays, lectures, commentaries, religious speeches, and musical works of his works. He has written more than 90 works, including published books and unpublished hand written books, and four epic poems, a Hindi commentary on Tulsidas' Ramcharitmanas, a rhythmic Sanskrit commentary on the Ashtadhyayi, and Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi sacred books. Many of his audio and video recordings have been released. He writes in Sanskrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Maithili, and many other languages. He is blind.

_Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam_ is his most famous work. He won many awards for it, like the Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit. He has also been given many other honors and titles as a writer and poet, like _Mahakavi_ and _Kavikularatna_.

## Infobox (bibliography)

- **author**: Rambhadracharya
- **image**: Ramabhadracharya Works - Collage.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Book covers of several works of Rambhadracharya
- **alt**: Some books written by Rambhadracharya.
- **poem**: 28
- **poemlink**: Poetry
- **play**: 2
- **music**: 5
- **musiclink**: Audio and video
- **option**: 19
- **optionname**: Commentaries
- **1option**: 6
- **1optionname**: Critiques
- **2option**: 9
- **2optionname**: Discourses
Pope Clement

**Popes Clement** may mean:

- Pope Clement I saint, (88–98)
- Pope Clement II (1046–1047)
- Pope Clement III (1187–1191)
    - Antipope Clement III
- Pope Clement IV (1265–1268)
- Pope Clement V (1305–1314)
- Pope Clement VI (1342–1352)
- Pope Clement VII (1523–1534)
    - Antipope Clement VII
- Pope Clement VIII (1592–1605)
- Pope Clement IX (1667–1669)
- Pope Clement X (1670–1676)
- Pope Clement XI (1700–1721)
- Pope Clement XII (1730–1740)
- Pope Clement XIII (1758–1769)
- Pope Clement XIV (1769–1774)
Boboli's Garden

**Boboli's Garden** is a historical park in Florence, Italy near _Porta Romana_, joined with Pitti Palace and Forte di Belvedere. The garden is visited every year by 800.000 tourists. It is really famous for the beauty flowers and for the very old sculptures.

## Related pages

- List of botanical gardens
Academy maniacs

**Artyom Alexandrovich Anoufriev** (born in October 4, 1992) and **Nikita Vakhtangovich Lytkin** (born in March 24, 1993 – died in November 30, 2021) () are two serial killers from Irkutsk, Russia.

On April 5, 2011, Anoufriev and Lytkin were arrested in connection with a series of six murders and attacks on local residents in Akademgorodok of Irkutsk. The attacks, which involved a mallet and knife, began in December 2010. Anoufriev and Lytkin were arrested after a video recording showing the dead body of a woman being mutilated with a knife was found on a camera belonging to Lytkin's uncle, who had become suspicious. According to media reports, the youths had been influenced by reading about Alexander Pichushkin and the Dnepropetrovsk maniacs (Igor Suprunyuck and Viktor Sayenko) on the Internet. Anoufriev also took part in a Russian neo-Nazi march. A psychiatric examination found them to be sane, and they told doctors that they had chosen weak and drunk people as their victims. On 2 April 2013, Anoufriev was sentenced to life imprisonment and Lytkin to 24 years.

## Murder victims

- December 1, 2010 - Danil Semyonov (age 12)
- December 16, 2010 - Olga Pirog (age 69)
- January 1, 2011 - unknown homeless man
- February 21, 2011 - Alexander Maximov
- March 11, 2011 - Roman Faizullin
- April 3, 2011 - unknown homeless woman (born in 1948)

## Sources

- Detainees in the case of serial murders in Irkutsk were neo-Nazis
- Kids find and a dead body and…………
- Interview with Anoufriev
Drake equation

In 1961, Frank Drake wrote down an equation for the chance of a contactable alien civilization from another planet in the Milky Way Galaxy. This is known as the **Drake Equation** (sometimes called the **Green Bank equation** or the **Green Bank Formula**). Carl Sagan mentioned the Drake equation so often that it has been mistaken for the 'Sagan equation'.

## The equation

The Drake equation states that:

where:

- _N_ = the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which communication might be possible;

and

- _R_<sub>*</sub> = the average rate of star formation per year in our galaxy
- _f_<sub>_p_</sub> = the fraction of those stars that have planets
- _n_<sub>_e_</sub> = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planets
- _f_<sub>ℓ</sub> = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop life at some point
- _f_<sub>_i_</sub> = the fraction of the above that actually go on to develop intelligent life
- _f_<sub>_c_</sub> = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into space
- _L_ = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into space.

## Solving it

We don't know the solution to the equation.
Although written as an equation, Drake's formulation is not particularly useful for getting a value of .  The last four parameters,  and  are not known. They are very hard to guess, with values ranging over many orders of magnitude. Therefore, the SETI League says the importance of the Drake equation is not in solving it, but in thinking about it. It may be more useful to think of it as a series of questions framed as a numbers game.

## Related pages

- Fermi paradox
Voyager Golden Record

The **Voyager Golden Records** are records that contain sounds and images chosen to show the life and culture on Earth. They show photographs of life on earth, including nature, cities, people and animals. They also have greetings recorded in 55 languages, songs from around the world, and non-musical sounds. The record gives specific instructions and distance measurements that can be used to pinpoint Earth's location as well. The record was designed by a team headed by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life.

These records which were sent in Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 (both launched in 1977), are for alien life forms to see.  The outside of the record is designed so that aliens could understand, with instructions and images about how to play the record.  However, the records can be seen as a symbol rather than a serious attempt to contact alien life forms.

## Related pages

- Carl Sagan
- Fermi paradox
Pargalı İbrahim Pasha

**Pargalı İbrahim Pasha** was the most important vizier of the Ottoman Empire. He came from Parga, an ancient city of Greece.
Pope Urban IV

**Pope Urban IV** (; c. 1195  – October 2, 1264), born **Jacques Pantaléon**, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church.  He was the 183rd Pope from 1261 to 1264.

## Early life

Pantaléon was the son of a cobbler of Troyes in France.  He studied theology and common law in Paris. He served the church as a canon, as a deacon and as an archdeacon.

## Bishop

Pope Innocent IV made Pantaléon the Bishop of Verdun in 1253.

In 1255, Pope Alexander IV made him Patriarch of Jerusalem.

## Cardinal

He was not a cardinal. There were several Popes who were not Cardinals. Some of these were Pope Urban V and Pope Urban VI.

## Pope

Patriarch Pantaléon was on August 29, 1261. He chose to be called Urban IV.

As pope, he was deeply involved in the conflict between Guelphs and Ghibelines in Italy.

### After his death

He was buried in the cathedral at Perugia.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
- GCatholic, Pope Urban IV
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Anchero Cardinal Pantaléon , nephew of Urban IV

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Urban IV
- **image**: Taddeo di bartolo, s. tommaso d'aquino presenta la sua liturgia del corpus christi a urbano IV, 1403 ca. (cropped) (cropped).JPG
- **birth name**: Jacques Pantaléon
- **birth date**: 1195
- **birth place**: Troyes
- **death place**: Perugia
- **term start**: August 29, 1261
- **term end**: October 2, 1264
- **predecessor**: Pope Alexander IV
- **successor**: Pope Clement IV
- **other**: Urban
Midget

A **midget** is a word that is used to describe people who are quite short. A midget is _not_ somebody with dwarfism; a midget is a person that has the same proportions of body parts as an averaged-sized human being. The word _midget_ can also sometimes be used as an insult. Sometimes, the word is used for people a foot below the normal height of a person._<sup>[source?]</sup>_
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

**Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer** is a fictional reindeer character with a bright red nose who first appeared in 1939 in booklets. In the story, Rudolph gets teased by other reindeer until one foggy Christmas Eve Santa Claus comes around, asking him to guide Santa's sleigh.

A Christmas song based on the story has been covered by such artists as Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Barry Manilow and The Supremes over the decades. Gene Autry was the singer of the original version.
Pain disorder

**Pain disorder** is a condition where a patient experiences chronic pain in different places in the body; this pain seems to be caused by psychological stress. Treatment of the condition can be done with either therapy or drugs.
Ginger Rogers

**Ginger Rogers** (born **Virginia Katherine McMath**, July 16, 1911 - April 25, 1995) was an American actress, dancer and singer. She was born in Independence, Missouri.

During her long career, she made a total of 73 films, collaborating with Fred Astaire as a romantic lead actress and dancing partner in a series of ten Hollywood musical films that revolutionized the genre.

She achieved great success on her own in a variety of film roles and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in _Kitty Foyle_ (1940). She ranks #14 on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list of actress screen legends. She also appeared on numerous television programs. She died of a heart attack in Rancho Mirage, California.

## 1933–1939: Astaire and Rogers

Rogers was most famous for her partnership with Fred Astaire. Together, from 1933 to 1939, they made nine musical films at RKO and one at MGM. They revolutionized the Hollywood musical, introducing dance routines of unprecedented elegance and virtuosity, set to songs specially composed for them by the greatest popular song composers of the day.

### Films with Astaire

_Flying Down to Rio_ (1933)
_The Gay Divorcee_ (1934)
_Roberta_ (1935)
_Top Hat_ (1935)
_Follow the Fleet_ (1936)
_Swing Time_ (1936)
_Shall We Dance_ (1937)
_Carefree_ (1938)
_The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle_ (1939)
_The Barkleys of Broadway_ (1949)

## Other websites

- Ginger Rogers at 92 dances salsa with her grandson. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3O-o5gwi4HI
Seneca the Younger

**Lucius Annaeus Seneca** was a Roman philosopher, poet and politician. He was born about 4 BC in Córdoba in Hispania (which is now  in Spain). Seneca's father was a writer known as Seneca the Elder. Seneca's mother was called Helvia. Seneca often lived in the city of Rome. He died by suicide in year 65.

During the reign of Roman emperor Claudius, Seneca was sent in exile to the island of Corsica for nine years. This act was caused by Messalina who was the wife of Claudius. In 49 AD Claudius married his own niece Agrippina, and she called Seneca back to Rome to be a tutor for her son Nero. Nero became emperor in 54 AD, and Seneca helped him to rule the Roman Empire for the next five years. After 59 AD, Nero became like a tyrant, and Seneca lost control over him. In 65 AD Nero accused Seneca of helping the people in the Pisonian conspiracy who wanted to kill Nero. Seneca was probably innocent, but Nero forced Seneca to kill himself.

## Writings

Seneca was a very famous writer. He wrote books on philosophy, and he also wrote plays. Most of his books still exist.

His philosophy books were about Stoicism. These books include his _Letters to Lucilius_ and his _Essays_ (or "_Dialogues_"). Seneca wanted to find the right way for people to be happy, so he wrote about ethics. He believed that some emotions, including anger and grief, are bad and should be avoided. He wrote about the shortness of life, and he wrote about favours, mercy, friendship, and the need to help other people.

His plays are tragedies. They are based on Greek mythology, and have titles such as: _Hercules_, _Trojan Women_, _Phoenician Women_, _Phaedra_, and _Oedipus_.
Meredith Baxter

**Meredith Baxter** (born June 21, 1947), or **Meredith Baxter-Birney**, is an American actress. She was born in South Pasadena, California. She has been in numerous sitcoms and television movies. She is openly lesbian. She is an alcoholic and is a breast cancer survivor.
Meredith Brooks

**Meredith Brooks** (born June 12, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. She was born in Oregon City, Oregon. She is best known for her 1997 single "Bitch" which reached No.6 in the UK and No.2 in the United States.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Meredith Brooks
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Meredith Ann Brooks
- **birth place**: Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.
- **origin**: Oregon City, Oregon, U.S.
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar
- **years active**: 1976–2007 (as artist)
- **label**: Capitol Records, Capitol
Gold Circle
Kissing Booth
Ariola
- **associated acts**: The Graces (band), The Graces
- **website**: https://meredithbrooks.com/
Rohtas Fort

**Rohtas Fort** (,_Qila Rohtas_) is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. This fort is about 4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful combination of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the Indian subcontinent.

## References

- Ihsan H Nadiem, _Rohtas: Formidable Fort of Sher Shah_. Lahore:  Sang-e-Meel Publications, .
- Basheer Ahmad Khan Matta, _Sher Shah Suri: A Fresh Perspective_. Karachi: Oxford University Press, .
- Institute of Architects, Pakistan Rawalpindi-Islamabad Chapter Arch Vision 2002”.
- ”Rohtas Fort” article by Major General Mian Hayauddin

## Other websites

- UNESCO World Heritage Centre Web page. It has a panograph of the Qila Rohtas.
- Rohtas Conservation page on the Himalayan Wildlife Foundation website
- Rohtas fort latest pictures

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **image**: Rohtas Fort Gate.jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **caption**: Kabuli Gate, Rohtas Fort
- **location**: Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan
- **criteria**: (ii), (iv)
- **id**: 586
- **year**: 1997
- **locmapin**: Pakistan Punjab#Pakistan
Pope Urban VIII

**Pope Urban VIII** (; 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born **Maffeo Barberini**, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 236th Pope from 1623 to 1644.

## Early life

Maffeo Barberini was born in 1568 into the Barberini family of Florence in Italy. His studies led to a doctorate of law from the University of Pisa in 1589.

## Bishop

In 1604, Pope Clement VIII appointed Barberini Archbishop of Nazareth.  He was transferred by Pope Paul V who made him the Bishop of Spoleto in 1608.

## Cardinal

In 1606, Paul V raising Barberini to be Cardinal of _S. Pietro in Montorio_.

## Pope

Cardinal Barberini was elected pope on August 6, 1623; and took the name Urban VIII.

Pope Urban was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

During his reign, the papal palace at Castel Gandolfo was built.

Pope Urban caused the baldachin to be built over the central altar in St. Peter's Basilica.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes by length of reign

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Urban VIII
- GCatholic, Pope Urban VIII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Barberini

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Urban VIII
- **image**: Gian Lorenzo Bernini - Portrait d'Urbain VIII.jpg
- **birth name**: Maffeo Barberini
- **birth date**: 5 April 1568
- **birth place**: Florence
- **death date**: 29 July 1644
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: 6 August 1623
- **term end**: 29 July 1644
- **predecessor**: Pope Gregory XV
- **successor**: Pope Innocent X
- **other**: Urban
Hasekura Tsunenaga

was a Japanese samurai and diplomat. He was the first diplomat from Japan to visit Spain, France, Italy, and the Vatican.

The Roman Senate made Hasekura a citizen and a patrician of Rome.

## Early life

Hasekura was a retainer of Date Masamune, who was the daimyo of Sendai.

## Keichō Embassy

Hasekura headed a diplomatic mission from Japan to the Vatican. The trip lasted from 1613 to 1620 and is called the . Hasekura was the first Japanese ambassador in the Americas and in Europe.

Hasekura traveled with a group across the Pacific Ocean to Mexico. They sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe.

Hasekura returned to Japan by crossing Mexico from east to west in 1618.  The Japanese sailed from Acapulco for the Philippines. From Manila, they sailed north to Japan in 1620.

The story of Hasekura was unknown in Japan until the 19th century. His early diplomacy not included in official histories written in Japan in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Hasekura was a subject of interest in Europe. In 1615, Scipione Amati published a book about Haskeura's historic journey.  In 1616, a book about the Japanese diplomats was published in French in Paris.

## Legacy

In 1873, Japanese diplomats traveled to Europe and were surprised to learn about Hasekura. His diplomacy was forgotten because of sakoku, Japan's isolationist policy.

There are statues of Hasekura in Japan, Cuba, Spain, and Italy.

Many people in Coria del Río, Spain, have the surname "Japón" and are descendants of the Japanese travelers.

### Comet

A minor comet, 11514 Tsunenaga, was named after Hasekura in 1991.

### Memory of the World Programme

Spanish and Japanese archives have documents from the Hasekura mission. The letter carried by Hasekura to the King of Spain is in Seville, Spain. The paper proving Haskura's Roman citizenship is in Sendai, Japan.  Those bits of history are proposed for UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- The Epic journey of Hasekura Tsunenaga
Maria Shriver

**Maria Owings Shriver**, (born November 6, 1955) is an American author and journalist.

## Early life

Shriver was born on November 6, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents were Sargent Shriver and Eunice Kennedy. Her uncles were John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Ted Kennedy. Her cousins are Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Caroline Bouvier Kennedy and John F. Kennedy Jr.

## Journalism career

She was co-anchor of NBC News and covered 1988 Summer Olympics. She has won many Emmy Awards.

## Personal life

In addition, she is former First Lady of California when her husband Arnold Schwarzenegger was governor. They divorced in 2021.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Maria Shriver by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Shriver in 2018
- **office**: 35th First Lady of California
- **governor**: Arnold Schwarzenegger
- **term label**: In role
- **term start**: November 17, 2003
- **term end**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor**: Sharon Davis
- **successor**: Anne Gust Brown
- **birth name**: Maria Owings Shriver
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent (2011–present)
- **otherparty**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic (until 2011)
- **children**: 4, including Katherine Schwarzenegger, Katherine and Patrick Schwarzenegger
- **father**: Sargent Shriver
- **mother**: Eunice Kennedy Shriver, Eunice Kennedy
- **relatives**: Shriver family
 Kennedy family
Chris Pratt (son-in-law)
- **residence**: Brentwood, Los Angeles, Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **education**: Georgetown University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **signature**: Maria Shriver signature 2003.png
Mexican Revolution

The **Mexican Revolution** was a major armed struggle in Mexico that started in 1910 by an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against the long dictatorship of President Porfirio Díaz.

Under his rule, power was concentrated in the hands of a select few, and the people had no power to express their opinions or to select their public officials.  Wealth was likewise concentrated in the hands of the few, and injustice was everywhere in the cities and the countryside alike

The revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarian movements. Over time, it changed from a simple revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war.

There was less fighting after 1920, when Álvaro Obregón, the most important revolutionary leader who was still alive, became the president of Mexico.
Estée Lauder Companies

**Estée Lauder Companies** are an organization that manufactures, markets and sells perfume, skin care, hair care and cosmetics. This company was named after a person called Estée Lauder.

## Overview

It was established in 1946 in New York City.

In 1960, the office in London was opened.

In 1964, Aramis fragrance for men was presented.

In 2010, the company bought Smashbox Beauty Cosmetics, Inc.
Tanning bed

A **tanning bed** is a device that emits ultraviolet radiation to give people a tan (make their skin darker).  Like the sun, a tanning bed can also cause a sunburn if the person stays in too long.  There are many kinds of tanning beds, but most look like the one in the photo.

## History

Tanning beds became popular in Europe and America because of the work of Friedrich Wolff around 1979.  He patented his design and charged others to use his ideas. His company, "Wolff Systems" does not build the tanning beds, they research and design for the tanning lamp. Some of the early adopters of the Wolff technology include ETS, Inc., SCA, Sun Industries, Inc., Montego Bay, Sunal. Later, Friedrich sold Wolff Systems to his brother Jorg Wolff, who was the founder of Cosmedico, Ltd., another pioneer in the tanning industry.

## Design

Tanning beds use a special fluorescent lamps (16 to 32 per tanning bed) that creates visible light and ultraviolet light.  Like all fluorescent lights, they use a ballast system to limit the electricity going to each lamp, which is most often 100 watts per lamp.  The tanning beds use a special acrylic, or clear shield over the lamps.  Most clear plastics will block ultraviolet, but this special type of plastic lets most of the ultraviolet light pass through.  Most tanning beds also have a cooling fan system, to cool the electronics inside the tanning bed and keep it from getting too hot.  All tanning beds have a timer, a device to limit the amount of time the person is exposed to the ultraviolet light.  After a few minutes, the timer makes the bed turn off.

## Benefits and risks

Unlike the sun, tanning beds do not help the body produce vitamin D as their bulbs emit mostly UVA light. The human body needs UVB light to produce vitamin D. Both the sun and tanning beds can damage your skin if you stay exposed for too long.  Getting too much UV, or many sunburns can cause skin cancer, including melanoma, which can be deadly.  There is a lot of controversy due to the risks.  Most countries have many laws and rules that regulate tanning beds.
Herman Wouk

**Herman Wouk** (May 27, 1915 – May 17, 2019) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American writer. He was from New York City, New York.  Wouk had written many books including _The Caine Mutiny_. He won Pulitzer Prize award in 1952.

Wouk was Orthodox Jewish. He was known for his defence of religion, tradition, American patriotism and the Military.

Wouk died in his sleep at his home in Palm Springs, California on May 17, 2019, ten days before his 104th birthday.

## Other websites

- "Books: The Wouk Mutiny", _Time_ Magazine cover story, September 5, 1955
- Columbia 250: Herman Wouk
- Herman Wouk Papers

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **serviceyears**: 1942–1946
- **rank**: Lieutenant (navy), Lieutenant


## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Herman Wouk
- **image**: Famous writer Herman Wouk arrived in Israel (FL45728797).jpg
- **caption**: Wouk in 1972
- **birth place**: The Bronx, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Palm Springs, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Beth David Cemetery, Elmont, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Author
- **education**: Townsend Harris High School
- **alma mater**: Columbia University
- **period**: 1941–2015
- **children**: 3
- **relatives**: Victor Wouk (brother)
Quirinal Palace

The **Quirinal Palace** (known in Italian as the **Palazzo del Quirinale** or simply **Quirinale**) is a historical building in Rome, Italy.  It is the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic.

The palace is on the Quirinal Hill, the tallest of the seven hills of Rome. It housed thirty popes, four kings and eleven presidents of the Italian Republic.

## History

The current site of the palace has been in use since Roman times. The Quirinal is the highest hill in Rome.

The palace, on the _Via del Quirinale_ and facing onto the _Piazza del Quirinale_, was built beginning in 1573 by Pope Gregory XIII

Pope Paul V commissioned the completion of the work on the main building of the palace.

The palace was a papal residence until 1870.

In 1871, the palace became the official royal residence of the Kings of Italy.

In 1946, the palace became the official residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic.

## Other websites

- Official site of the Presidency of Italy (Virtual tour of Quirinal Palace)
- Satellite image of the palace and its garden

## Infobox (historic building)

- **name**: Palazzo del Quirinale
- **native name**: President of Italy, Official residence of the President of the Italian Republic
- **image**: Quirinale palazzo e obelisco con dioscuri Roma.jpg
- **caption**: The palace seen from Piazza del Quirinale
- **location town**: Rome
- **location country**: Italy
- **architect**: Domenico Fontana
 Carlo Maderno
- **client**: Pope Gregory XIII
- **completion date**: 1583
Killie pie

A **Killie pie** or **Kilmarnock pie** is a type of pie which was made famous as it is sold at Rugby Park, the home ground of association football team Kilmarnock F.C.. It can also be found in shops and chip shops. It is a steak pie.

## History

It won the award for best pie in football two years running in 1998 and 1999, and attracted quite a reputation amongst away fans for its quality.

It is made by Brownings, The Bakers of Kilmarnock.
Seneca the Elder

**Seneca the Elder** ( **Lucius** or **Marcus Annaeus Seneca**, born about 54BC, died about 39AD) was a Roman rhetorician and writer. His main work is _Controversiae_. _Controversiea_ is a ten volume work. In it, he treats 74 cases that are commonly seen by rhetoricians. His other main work is _Suasoriae_  (Councils). In it, he shows seven examples of how to respond in common cases.

He is the father of the philosopher, poet and politician, Seneca the Younger
Hearst, Ontario

**Hearst** is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Hearst was 4,794 in 2021. The mayor of Hearst is Roger Sigouin. Hearst was founded in 1913 because of the construction of the National Transcontinental Railway. It got its name from William Howard Hearst who was the then Ontario Minister of Forests and Mines and he later became Premier of Ontario. Around 85% of the population for Hearst speaks French.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Hearst
- **official name**: Town of Hearst
<small>_Ville de Hearst_ (French language, French)</small>
- **settlement type**: List of towns in Ontario, Town (List of municipalities in Ontario#Single-tier municipalities, single-tier)
- **image skyline**: Hearst Ontario.JPG
- **pushpin map**: Canada Ontario
- **pushpin mapsize**: 200
- **pushpin label position**: top
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Ontario
- **subdivision type2**: Census divisions of Ontario, District
- **subdivision name2**: Cochrane District, Cochrane
- **government type**: Town
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Roger Sigouin
- **leader title1**: Governing Body
- **leader name1**: Hearst Town Council
- **leader title2**: House of Commons of Canada, MP
- **leader name2**: Carol Hughes (politician), Carol Hughes (New Democratic Party of Canada, NDP)
- **leader title3**: Legislative Assembly of Ontario, MPP
- **leader name3**: Guy Bourgouin (Ontario New Democratic Party, NDP)
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1913
- **area land km2**: 98.06
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 4794
- **population density km2**: 48.9
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: Postal code FSA
- **postal code**: P0L
- **area code**: Area code 705, 705
- **blank1 name**: Geographical Names Board of Canada, GNBC Code
- **blank1 info**: FBMTW
- **website**: [http://www.hearst.ca/ www.hearst.ca]