juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Macroom

**Macroom** is a small town in County Cork, Republic of Ireland. It lies on the River Sullane, a large tributary of the River Lee.
Pecorino cheese

**Pecorino cheese** (or simply **Pecorino**) is the name for a few kinds of Italian cheeses made from sheep milk.  The word _pecora_, from which the name comes from, means _sheep_. Most of these cheeses are aged for some time. They taste rather salty.

## Types

Pecorino Romano is probably the best known outside Italy, especially in the United States. The cheese has been exported to the United States since the 19th century. Most Pecorino Romano is produced on the island of Sardinia, though its production is also allowed in Lazio and in the Tuscan Province of Grosseto.

Pecorino Sardo also comes from Sardinia. It is milder. Pecorino Toscano is from Tuscany,  Pecorino Siciliano (or **' in Sicilian) from Sicily and **Pecorino di Filiano** from Basilicata.  All come in a variety of styles depending on how long they have been matured.  The more matured cheeses, referred to as **', are harder and have a stronger flavour.  Sometimes, the cheeses are made with spices. In Sardinia, the larvae of the cheese fly are intentionally introduced into _Pecorino Sardo_ to produce a local delicacy called _casu marzu_.

Pecorino Romano is most often used on pasta dishes, like the better-known Parmigiano Reggiano (parmesan).  Its distinctive strong, very salty flavour means that it is preferred for some pasta dishes with highly-flavoured sauces, especially those of Roman origin, such as _pasta all'amatriciana_.
Pecorino romano

**Pecorino romano** is a type of Pecorino cheese. It is mostly made in the Italian state of Lazio (Rome), but it is also made in some bordering municipalities. It is aged for about 5 months. This hard and crumbly cheese similar to Parmigiano-Reggiano is usually used for grating. It is one of the most well known pecorino cheeses.
Pecorino Sardo

**Pecorino Sardo** is a type of Pecorino cheese. It is made in the Italian state of Sardinia. It is made from sheep milk, mostly from the local breed. Since 1991, it has Protected designation of origin. It is aged for a couple of months, but can also age up to 6 months. It is not as well known outside of Italy as the Romano or Toscano cheeses. It can be used for grating like other cheeses.
Pecorino Toscano

**Pecorino Toscano** is a type of Pecorino cheese. It is made in the Italian state of Tuscany. Since 1996, it has protection of designated origin. The cheese is aged for about 20 days. This firm cheese can be used for grating or it can be eaten with some Mediterranean fruits and vegetables.
Pecorino Siciliano

**Pecorino Siciliano** is a type of Pecorino cheese. It comes from the Italian state of Sicily. It comes in a cylinder like shape. It is not well known outside of Italy. Since 1996, it has protected designation of origin. It has a firm and rough texture.
Martin Brodeur

**Martin Pierre Brodeur** (born May 6, 1972, in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He was formerly an ice hockey goaltender for the New Jersey Devils in the National Hockey League (NHL) and ins currently a current team executive for the New Jersey Devils. During his 21-years with the Devils, he was a three-time Stanley Cup champion and holds more than thirty Devils team records.

On June 7, 2014, Brodeur told ESPN that he would test the free agency market for the 2014-15 season.

## Awards

- Calder Memorial Trophy — 1994
- NHL 1st All-Star Team — 2003, 2004, 2007
- NHL 2nd All-Star Team — 1997, 1998, 2006, 2008
- NHL All-Rookie Team — 1994
- NHL All-Star Game — 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008
- Olympic Gold Medal — 2002, 2010
- Primus World'Stars Challenge Bowl — 2004
- QMJHL 2nd All-Star Team — 1992
- QMJHL All-Rookie Team — 1990
- Stanley Cup — 1995, 2000, 2003
- Vezina Trophy — 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008
- William M. Jennings Trophy — 1997 (with Mike Dunham), 1998, 2003 (tied Roman Čechmánek & Robert Esche), 2004, 2010 Tied most all time with Patrick Roy
- World Cup of Hockey Championship  — 2004

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Martin Brodeur
- **halloffame**: 2018
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Brodeur with the New Jersey Devils in 2009
- **birth place**: Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 216
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **played for**: New Jersey Devils
St. Louis Blues
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **draft**: 20th overall
- **draft year**: 1990
- **draft team**: New Jersey Devils
- **career start**: 1991
- **career end**: 2015
Miikka Kiprusoff

**Miikka Sakari Kiprusoff** (pronounced "MEE-kah KIHP-roo-sawf") (born October 26, 1976) is a Finnish retired professional hockey goaltender. He played 11 seasons in the NHL mainly with the Calgary Flames.

The Calgary Flames announced on September 9, 2013 that Kiprusoff had retired.

## Awards

- He was named to the SM-liiga All-Star Team during the 1998–99 season.
- Urpo Ylönen trophy (1998–99)
- Jari Kurri trophy (1998–99)
- He was named as a First Team All-Star during the 2005-06 NHL season
- Vezina Trophy (2005–06)
- William M. Jennings Trophy (2005–06)
- Molson Cup (2005–06, 2006–07, 2008–09)

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Miikka Kiprusoff
- **image**: Miikka Kiprusoff with helmet up.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Kiprusoff in September 2005
- **birth place**: Turku, Finland
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 187
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **played for**: HC TPS, TPS
AIK IF, AIK
San Jose Sharks
Calgary Flames
Timrå IK
- **ntl team**: FIN
- **draft**: 116th overall
- **draft year**: 1995
- **draft team**: San Jose Sharks
- **career start**: 1994
- **career end**: 2013
Evgeni Nabokov

**Evgeni Viktorovich Nabokov** () (born July 25, 1975 in Ust-Kamenogorsk, U.S.S.R., now Kazakhstan), is a Kazakhstani-Russian professional ice hockey goaltender. He used to play for the San Jose Sharks, New York Islanders, and Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League. He has also played for Metallurg Magnitogorsk and SKA St. Petersburg in the Russian Superleague and Kontinental Hockey League. Nabokov played from 1991 until 2015.

## NHL

Nabokov was drafted by the San Jose Sharks with the 219th overall pick in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He played 10 seasons with the Sharks and then signed with SKA St. Petersburg in the Kontinental Hockey League in 2010. He only played in Russia for 22 games and went back to the NHL. He was signed by the Detroit Red Wings in January, 2011. He never played a game for the Red Wings and was placed on waivers. He was claimed off waivers by the New York Islanders on January 22, 2011. For three years he played for the Islanders, and then played one year with the Tampa Bay Lightning. He stopped playing hockey in 2015.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: ENabokov-sm.png
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Nabokov with the San Jose Sharks in 2008
- **birth place**: Oskemen, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 202
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **played for**: **NHL:**
San Jose Sharks
New York Islanders
Tampa Bay Lightning
**RSL/KHL:**
Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk
HC Dynamo Moscow, Dynamo Moscow
Metallurg Magnitogorsk
SKA Saint Petersburg
- **ntl team**: Kazakhstan
- **ntl team 2**: Russia
- **draft**: 219th overall
- **draft year**: 1994
- **draft team**: San Jose Sharks
- **career start**: 1991
- **career end**: 2015
Henrik Lundqvist

**Henrik Lundqvist** (born 2 March 1982) is an Swedish former professional ice hockey goaltender. He played for a total of 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played his entire NHL career for the New York Rangers. He was nicknamed "King Henrik". He also played for Team Sweden and won a gold medal with them at the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, as well as a silver medal at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.

## Career

On October 9, 2020, Lundqvist signed a one-year, $1.5 million contract with the Washington Capitals. However, he never played a game for them. He had to miss the whole 2020-2021 season because of an irregular heartbeat. In January 2021, Lundqvist announced that he was undergoing open-heart surgery.

On December 14, 2021, Lundqvist announced his retirement from playing professional ice hockey. On January 28, 2022, the Rangers retired Lundqvist's jersey number #30.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Henrik Lundqvist - New York Rangers.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Lundqvist with the New York Rangers in October 2014
- **birth place**: Åre Municipality, Åre, Sweden
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 187
- **position**: Goaltender
- **caught**: Left
- **played for**: **National Hockey League, NHL:**
New York Rangers
**Swedish Hockey League, SEL:**
Frölunda HC
- **ntl team**: SWE
- **draft**: 205th overall
- **draft year**: 2000
- **draft team**: New York Rangers
- **career start**: 2000
- **career end**: 2020
Danube Delta

The **Danube Delta** is the second largest delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta. It is one of the best preserved deltas on the continent.  Most of the Danube Delta can be found in Romania, but the northern part of the delta is in Ukraine. In Ukraine the delta is not preserved as well as it is in Romania.

In 1979, the Danube delta became a Biosphere Reserve.  The coastal ecosystem is recognized as part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Romania

## Other websites

- Trips in Danube Delta
- Tourism in Danube Delta
- List of biosphere reserves which are wholly or partially world heritage sites

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Danube Delta
- **image**: Danube delta satelite.png
- **location**: Tulcea County, Romania
- **id**: 588
- **year**: 1991
- **criteria**: Natural: vii, x
- **area**: 312,440 ha
- **locmapin**: Romania
Wallachia

**Wallachia** (also spelled **Walachia**;  or "The Romanian Land") is a historical area of Romania. Wallachia is divided into two sections, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Wallachia_ (_Ţara Românească_)
- **conventional long name**: Principality of Wallachia
- **common name**: Wallachia
- **year start**: 1317
- **year end**: 1862
- **event start**: Basarab I unifies the small voivodships in Wallachia
- **event end**: _De Jure_ Union of the Danubian Principalities
- **s1**: Romanian Principalities
- **flag s1**: Flag of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia (1859 - 1862).svg
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Wallachia.svg
- **image coat**: Coat of arms of Wallachia.svg
- **image map**: Central europe 1683.png
- **capital**: Câmpulung, Curtea de Argeş, Târgovişte, Bucureşti
- **common languages**: Romanian language, Romanian (commonly used, later official), Church Slavonic language, Church Slavonic (in early official use)
- **government type**: Principality
- **title leader**: List of rulers of Wallachia, Princes of Wallachia (Voivodes, Hospodars)
- **leader1**: Basarab I - the first
- **year leader1**: 1310-1352
- **leader2**: Alexander John Cuza - the last
- **year leader2**: 1859-1862
Romanian War of Independence

The **Romanian War of Independence** was battled in 1877.  It was against the Ottoman Empire. On , Romania and the Russian Empire signed a treaty that allowed Russian troops to pass through Romanian land, so long as the Russians respected the integrity of the Romanians.

On , in the Romanian parliament, Mihail Kogălniceanu said that it was the will of the Romanian people to be independent.  In the beginning of this war, Russia did not want to help the Romanians with the war.

## War

The Romanian Army defeated the Turks in all the battles. The battles took place in Grivitsa, Rahova, Vidin and Smârdan.

## Other websites

- The Plevna Delay  by Richard T. Trenk, Sr. (Originally published in _Man At Arms_ magazine, Number Four, August, 1997)

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Romanian War of Independence (1877–1878)
- **image**: Siege of Plevna MKL Bd. 13 1890 (128904668).jpg
- **caption**: The Siege of Plevna
- **date**: 1877–1878
- **place**: Balkans
- **result**: Russian victory
- **territory**: Congress of Berlin
- **combatant1**:
 Danubian Principalities#United Principalities, Romanian Principality
 Bulgaria, Bulgarian volunteers
- **commander1**: <small> Carol I of Romania, Carol I</small>
 <small>Nikolai Konstantinovich, Grand Duke of Russia, Grand Duke Nikolai</small>
- **commander2**: <small>Ahmed Muhtar Pasha</small>
 <small> Ghazi Osman Pasha</small>
- **casualties1**: 4,000  15,000
- **casualties2**: 152,000
Romanian Revolution

The **Romanian Revolution of 1989** was a week-long series of violent riots and fighting in Romania. It took place in late December of 1989.  The fighting began to end Nicolae Ceauşescu's control of the Communist state. In 1989, similar revolutions ended Communist governments in other countries in Eastern Europe. Revolutions in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Albania were peaceful, but in Romania, the revolution was violent and led to the deaths of many, including the Ceausescu's.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Romanian Revolution of 1989
- **partof**: the Cold War
- **image**: TimbruRevolutie.png
- **caption**: Romanian stamp commemorating the Romanian Revolution
- **date**: December 16–25, 1989
- **place**: Socialist Republic of Romania, Romania
- **result**: Revolution succeeded
Nicolas Ceauşescu and wife executed
- **combatant1**: Socialist Republic of Romania
 Securitate and other loyalist forces
- **combatant2**: Anti-Ceauşescu protesters
Romanian Armed Forces, Romanian army
Discontented Communist party members
- **commander1**: Nicolae Ceauşescu†
- **commander2**: Various independent leaders
- **casualties3**: 1,104 deaths
Dominik Hašek

**Dominik Hašek**, (born January 29, 1965) is a Czech former professional ice hockey goaltender that played a total of 16 seasons in the National Hockey League.

During his playing career he played for the Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Blackhawks, Buffalo Sabres, and the Ottawa Senators. When he was in Buffalo, he became one of the league's best goaltenders. He was nicknamed "The Dominator." His strong play has been said to have establish European goaltenders in a league dominated by North Americans.

Hašek was one of the league's most successful goaltenders of the 1990s and early 2000s. From 1993 to 2001, he won six Vezina Trophies, and in 1998 he became the first goaltender to win consecutive Hart Trophies.
During the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan, he led the Czech national ice hockey team to its first and only Olympic gold medal. The feat made him a popular figure in his home country and prompted hockey legend Wayne Gretzky to call him "the best player in the game."
While with the Red Wings in 2002, Hašek became the first European starting goaltender to win the Stanley Cup.
Doing that, he set a record for shutouts in a postseason year. He came in second in votes for the Conn Smythe Trophy for the playoff's Most Valuable Player.

Hašek was considered an unorthodox goaltender, with a special style that has labelled him a "flopper." He is best known for his concentration, foot speed, flexibility, and unconventional saves, such as covering the puck with his blocker rather than his trapper.

On June 23, 2014, Hašek was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **halloffame**: 2014
- **image**: hasek-face.png
- **caption**: Hašek with the Red Wings in 2008
- **birth place**: Pardubice, Czechoslovakia
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 166
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **ntl team**: TCH
- **ntl team 2**: CZE
- **draft**: 199th overall
- **draft year**: 1983
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **career start**: 1980
- **career end**: 2011
Televangelism

**Televangelism** is the use of modern mass media such as television or radio to speak of the faith. Usually this is done to convince other people of one's own beliefs. It is common with Christianity but also occurs with other religions. The word is a made up of television and evangelism. The term was started by _Time magazine_. Today it is also used for preachers who use modern mass media, such as radio, or the internet to spread the gospel.

Please note, that televangelism is different from watching a Christian mass (or other religious programme, for example, the blessings Urbi et Orbi of the Pope) on television, or other media.

## In Christianity

Televangelists often give speeches, or sermons. There they tell about the good news, and they ask people to do specific things. Most often, they want donations either for their organisation, or for a specific cause. Most televangelists make a connection between wonders or miracles, and the donations of the faithful. What they preach is a form of prosperity theology, and this connection is a defining characteristic.

In Christianity, televangelists often have positions that are close to those of the Charismatic Movement, or of Pentecostalism.

## In Islam

Televangelism also exists in Islam. There, the people are either Salafi Sunni Muslims, or they are Shiites or Alevites.

Yusuf al-Qaradawi is a very popular Islamic tellevangelist.

Harun Yahya is an Turkish Islamic televangelist who has creationist ideas. Politically, his ideas are close to the Gülen movement. He has a very modern interpretation; in his broadcasts, he also shows women with few clothes, which is unusual for the Islamic world.

## Criticism

Televangelism has also been critiziced: Conservative Christian theologian John Mc Arthur wrote: > „Someone needs to say this plainly: The faith healers and health-and-wealth preachers who dominate religious television are shameless frauds. Their message is not the true Gospel of Jesus Christ. There is nothing spiritual or miraculous about their on-stage chicanery. It is all a devious ruse designed to take advantage of desperate people. They are not Godly ministers but greedy impostors who corrupt the Word of God for money's sake. They are not real pastors who shepherd the flock of God but hirelings whose only design is to fleece the sheep. Their love of money is glaringly obvious in what they say as well as how they live. They claim to possess great spiritual power, but in reality they are rank materialists and enemies of everything holy."
Bernie Parent

**Bernard Marcel Parent** (April 3, 1945 – September 21, 2025), better known as **Bernie Parent**, was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He was born in Montreal, Canada.

Parent died on September 21, 2025 at his home in Avalon, New Jersey at the age of 80.
Tony Esposito

**Anthony James** "**Tony O**" **Esposito** (April 23, 1943 – August 10, 2021) was a professional ice hockey goaltender, who played in the National Hockey League. He was most known for playing for the hockey team Chicago Black Hawks. He was considered one of the pioneers of the now popular butterfly style. He was put into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1988. He was born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario.

Esposito died on August 10, 2021 at the age of 78, from pancreatic cancer.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Tony Esposito
- **halloffame**: 1988
- **image**: Tony Esposito 1973.JPG
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Esposito with the Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks in 1973
- **birth place**: Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 185
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Right
- **played for**: Montreal Canadiens
Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **ntl team 2**: USA
- **career start**: 1967
- **career end**: 1984
1973–74 NHL season

### Final standings

_Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes_

_Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold_
|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="40%"|East Division|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|GP|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|W|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|L|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|T|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%"|Pts|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%"|GF|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%"|GA|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%"|PIM|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Boston Bruins**|78|52|17|9|113|349|221|968||||||||||
|**Montreal Canadiens**|78|45|24|9|99|293|240|761||||||||||
|**New York Rangers**|78|40|24|14|94|300|251|782||||||||||
|**Toronto Maple Leafs**|78|35|27|16|86|274|230|903||||||||||
|Buffalo Sabres|78|32|34|12|76|242|250|787||||||||||
|Detroit Red Wings|78|29|39|10|68|255|319|917||||||||||
|Vancouver Canucks|78|24|43|11|59|224|296|952||||||||||
|New York Islanders|78|19|41|18|56|182|247|1075||||||||||

|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="40%"|West Division|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|GP|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|W|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|L|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|T|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%"|Pts|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%"|GF|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%"|GA|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%"|PIM|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Philadelphia Flyers**|78|50|16|12|112|273|164|1750||||||||||
|**Chicago Black Hawks**|78|41|14|23|105|272|164|877||||||||||
|**Los Angeles Kings**|78|33|33|12|78|233|231|1055||||||||||
|**Atlanta Flames**|78|30|34|14|74|214|238|841||||||||||
|Pittsburgh Penguins|78|28|41|9|65|242|273|950||||||||||
|St. Louis Blues|78|26|40|12|64|206|248|1147||||||||||
|Minnesota North Stars|78|23|38|17|63|235|275|821||||||||||
|California Golden Seals|78|13|55|10|36|195|342|651||||||||||

### Scoring leaders

_Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes_
|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30%"|Player|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="40%"|Team|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="6%"|GP|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="6%"|G|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="6%"|A|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="6%"|PTS|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="6%"|PIM|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Phil Esposito|Boston Bruins|78|68|77|145|58||||||||
|Bobby Orr|Boston Bruins|74|32|90|122|82||||||||
|Ken Hodge|Boston Bruins|76|50|55|105|43||||||||
|Wayne Cashman|Boston Bruins|78|30|59|89|111||||||||
|Bobby Clarke|Philadelphia Flyers|77|35|52|87|113||||||||

### Finals

Philadelphia Flyers defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2, winning the cup with a Game 6 1–0 victory. In doing so, the Flyers became the first expansion team to win the Cup in the post-Original Six era.

## References

- Hockey Database
- NHL.com
Billy Sunday

**William Ashley "Billy" Sunday** (November 19, 1862 in Story County, Iowa – November 6, 1935 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American athlete and religious person. He was an outfielder in baseball's National League during the 1880s. After that he became an influential American Presbyterian evangelist at the start of the 20th century.

## References

- In Rare Form: A Pictorial History of Baseball Evangelist Billy Sunday. William A. Firstenberger. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. 2005.

## Other websites

- Official _Billy Sunday_ website
- Selected Sermons
- Billy Sunday's grave
- Billy Sunday Quotes
John Newton

**John Henry Newton, Jr.** (July 24, 1725 – December 21, 1807) was a slave ship captain who became an Anglican clergyman. He was the author of many hymns, including "Amazing Grace". This hymn talks about the Divine grace which reached out to a "wretch" (evil person) like himself. After he was saved from his sinful life he worked hard to stop the transportation of slaves on English ships. He worked with the member of parliament, William Wilberforce. The slave trade was outlawed in 1807 in England and other countries soon did the same.  This law was passed just 9 months before Newton's death.

## Other websites

- Famous Quotes by John Newton
- Amazing Grace: The True Story
- Amazing Grace: John Newton information

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **name**: John Newton
- **image**: JohnNewtonColour.jpg
- **caption**: Contemporary portrait of Newton
- **occupation**: British sailor, slaver, Anglican clergyman and prominent slavery abolitionist
- **birth place**: Wapping, London, Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain
- **death place**: London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom
John Newton (disambiguation)

**John Newton** may mean:
- John Newton (1725–1807), English slaveship master and Anglican clergyman, author of “Amazing Grace”
- John Haymes Newton (born 1965), American actor
- John Newton (engineer) (1822–1895), U.S. Army engineer and Civil War general
- John Newton (soldier) (1755–1780), American Revolution soldier, fictionalized as a hero
- John T. Newton (1793–1857), American naval officer
The Beginning Place

***The Beginning Place*** is a fantasy book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin in 1980.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Beginning Place
- **author**: Ursula K. Le Guin
- **cover artist**: Griesbach Kroeber
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **genre**: Fantasy literature
- **publisher**: Harper and Row
- **pub date**: 1980
- **media type**: Book, Print (Hardback)
- **pages**: 183
- **isbn**: 0-06-012573-X
- **dewey**: 813/.54 19
- **congress**: PS3562.E42 B4 1980
- **oclc**: 5605039
Ursula K. Le Guin

**Ursula Kroeber Le Guin** () (October 21, 1929 – January 22, 2018) was an American writer. She wrote books, poetry, children's books, essays, short stories, fantasy and science fiction. She was born and educated in California. She grew up in an academic home. Her parents were an anthropologist and a psychologist. Ideas from these two subjects are important in her writing. Le Guin spent most of her life in Portland, Oregon.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Ursula Kroeber Le Guin
- **image**: Ursula_Le_Guin.jpg
- **caption**: Ursula K. Le Guin signing a book in 2013
- **birth place**: Berkeley, California, United States
- **death place**: Portland, Oregon, United States
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **nationality**: American
- **genre**: Science fiction
fantasy
Jan van Eyck

**Jan van Eyck** or **Johannes de Eyck** () (before c. 1395 – before 9 July 1441) was an early Dutch painter active in Bruges. He is thought to be one of the best Northern European painters of the 15th century. He was interested in art since he was a child and was encouraged in this career by his older brother, Hubert.

## Other websites

- Web Gallery of Art
- Jan van Eyck Gallery at MuseumSyndicate
Awana

**Awana** (an acronym for **A**pproved **W**orkmen **A**re **N**ot **A**shamed, from 2 Timothy 2:15), is an international evangelical non-profit organization. It was founded in 1950. Its headquarters is in Streamwood, Illinois. It was founded by Baptist minister Arthur Rorheim in 1950.

## Other websites

- Awana Clubs International

## Infobox (non-profit)

- **non-profit name**: AWANA
- **non-profit type**: 501(c), 501(c)3 non-profit religious
- **founded date**: 1950
- **founder**: Lance Latham, Art Rorheim
- **location**: Streamwood, Illinois, United States, US
- **key people**: Jack Eggar, President and CEO; Art Rorheim, co-founder
- **area served**: US; Int'l (108 countries)
- **num volunteers**: 12,000 US churches, 5,100 Int'l churches
- **non-profit slogan**: **A**pproved **W**orkmen **A**re **N**ot **A**shamed
- **homepage**: [http://www.awana.org www.awana.org]
Dwight L. Moody

**Dwight Lyman** (**D.L.**) **Moody** (February 5, 1837 – December 22, 1899) was an American evangelist and publisher. He started the Moody Church, Northfield School and Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts (now the Northfield Mount Hermon School), the Moody Bible Institute and Moody Publishers.

## Related pages

- Horatio Spafford - Spafford, a friend of Moody, wrote the words to the hymn _It Is Well with My Soul_.

## Other websites

- Moody Bible Institute
- Moody Church
- Sermons by D. L. Moody

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dwight Lyman Moody
- **image**: Dwight Lyman Moody c.1900.jpg
- **birth date**: February 5, 1837
- **birth place**: Northfield, Massachusetts, Northfield, Massachusetts
- **death date**: December 22, 1899
Fletcher Christian

**Fletcher Christian** (September 25, 1764 - 1793) was an English seaman on _HMS Bounty_ when it sailed to Tahiti to collect breadfruit trees in 1787. He led a mutiny (take over) to stop Lieutenant William Bligh returning to England. (See Mutiny on the Bounty). He left Bligh and 18 seaman in a small boat, and went back to Tahiti in the _Bounty_. Christian and some of the other sailors then sailed to Pitcairn Island to live. Christian was later killed in a fight between the Tahitian men and the seamen and he was also the first ruler of the Pitcairn Islands.

## Early life

Christian was born in 1764 at the family home of _Moorland Close_, near Brigham, Cumbria. He was one of 10 children of Charles Christian and Ann Dixon. He could trace his ancestry back to William the Conqueror. The name Christian is an English way of saying the Manx name "McCrystyn". Fletcher's mother came from Cumberland and he was named after his grandmother, Mary Fletcher. After his father died, Christian went to sea. He was 18 years old. He was a sailor on the ship 'Cambridge'. William Bligh was also on the ship. Christian later sailed on two trips with Bligh to Jamaica on the ship 'Britannia'.

## After the mutiny

After the mutiny, Christian wanted to settle on the island of Tubuai. The sailors were scared of the natives who lived on the island. The sailors went back to Tahiti. Christian married Maimiti, the daughter of one of the chiefs on June 16, 1789. He then left Tahiti with 8 of the mutineers, 13 Tahitian women and six men. They sailed to the remote Pitcairn Island. Sixteen sailors from the Bounty stayed at Tahiti. At Pitcairn they took everything they could from the Bounty. After that Matthew Quintal set it on fire. The sexual imbalance (more men than women) and the slavery of the Tahitian men by the mutineers led to fighting and the deaths of most of the men. Fletcher Christian was killed in the fighting. He had a son with Maimiti, Thursday October Christian and two additional children.

## Related pages

- Mutiny on the Bounty
- Pitcairn Island

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Fletcher Christian
- **image**: Fletcher Christian before the Voyage.jpg
- **birth place**: Moorland Close, Eaglesfield, Cumbria, Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England
- **death date**: Uncertain, probably
- **death place**: Uncertain, probably Pitcairn Island
- **occupation**: Master's Mate
- **children**: Thursday October Christian I
 Charles Christian
 Mary Ann Christian
- **parents**: Charles Christian
 Ann Dixon
- **relatives**: Edward Christian (brother)
 Edmund Law (uncle)
 Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough, The 1st Baron Ellenborough (cousin)
 George Henry Law (cousin)
 Thomas Law (1756-1834), Thomas Law (cousin)
 Elizabeth Parke Custis Law (cousin-in-law)
- **spouse**: Mauatua, Mauatua 'Isabella' Christian
Ichthyosaurus

***Ichthyosaurus*** was an extinct marine reptile from the Lower Jurassic. It was the first member of the order Ichthyosauria to be discovered. The first complete skeleton was discovered in the early 19th century (1810/11) by Mary Anning in the Dorset Jurassic Coast. Many more specimens were found in Europe, especially from the limestone quarries in Holzmaden, southern Germany.

Ichthyosaurus lived from about 199 to 189 million years ago (mya).
This sleek animal could perhaps swim at speeds up to 25 mph (40 km/h).

### Live birth

_Ichthyosaurus_ bore live young. This we know from fossil evidence. It was thought at first that _Ichthyosaurus_ laid eggs on land, but fossil evidence shows that the females gave birth to live young. Because they did, their life habit could be entirely aquatic. They were well-adapted to life as fully pelagic organisms because they never needed to come onto land. The babies were born tail first to prevent them from drowning in the water.

Hundreds of well-preserved, fossilised skeletons have been found in Jurassic rock at Holzmaden. Some of the bones were still articulated. Some fossils still had baby specimens inside them, indicating that _Ichthyosaurus_ was viviparous. Similar finds in the related _Stenopterygius_ also show this.

### Fins

The German fossils also featured the outline of _Ichthyosaurus_ skin, showing it had a fleshy dorsal fin on its back and a large caudal fin. Other ichthyosaur fossils proved this feature was not limited to _Ichthyosaurus_.

### Sense organs

_Ichthyosaurus_ ear bones were solid, probably transferring water vibrations to the inner ear. Still, hunting by sight was the creature's main feeding activity; it had huge, sensitive eyes, protected by bony shields.

### Feeding

Coprolites (fosillized excreta) of _Ichthyosaurus_ show its diet consisted of fish and squid.
Stenopterygius

***Stenopterygius*** was a typical, dolphin-shaped ichthyosaur of the Lower Jurassic. It is like the poster reptile of the ichthyosaur family, _Ichthyosaurus_, but with slightly narrower flippers  and a smaller head. Its name means "narrow wing".

_Stenopterygius_ was more streamlined than the earlier ichthyosaurs of the Triassic period, and likely swam faster in pursuit of prey.

Some _Stenopterygius_ fossils have been found with the remains of juveniles inside--clearly instances of mothers dying before they could give birth. As with other ichthyosaurs, _Stenopterygius_ females gave birth to live young. Their eggs developed internally before birth.

## Related pages

- _Chaohusaurus_
Temnodontosaurus

***Temnodontosaurus*** was an ichthyosaur from the early Jurassic, some 196 to 190 million years ago. It was found in England by Mary Anning, and later in Germany. It was, in fact, her first ichthyosaur. Her brother found the skull, and she found the rest of the skeleton, in about 1810. It was described in 1814.

There are four or five species of _Temnodontosaurus_. They grew to killer whale size, about 30 to 40 feet.

This huge ichthyosaur cruised the shallow seas hunting. But hunting what? A discussion by Christopher McGowan suggests that other reptiles might have been on the menu. McGowan also mentions that in the museum collections are some teeth and bones which suggest even larger ichthyosaurs existed.

## Eye size

Ichthyosaurs hold the record for eye size: the largest was 264mm in diameter (~10.4 inches), from the species _Temnodontosaurus platyodon_. This is the largest eye ever recorded for any vertebrate; the colossal squid eye is larger still. The eyes are surrounded by sclerotic rings, a kind of bony support.
Californosaurus

***Californosaurus*** was an ichthyosaur, an extinct marine reptile. It was 10 feet (3 m) long. It had four paddle-shaped flippers and sharp teeth in long, pointed jaws (looking a bit like a dolphin).

_Californosaurus_ lived during the late Triassic period in seas that covered what is now California. It fed on fish and other small marine creatures. Like other ichthyosaurs it probably never came onto dry land, and gave birth in the water.

It is the most basal known true ichthyosaur, shaped more or less like a dolphin. The long-snouted head is small in comparison with the rest of the body, as in basal ichthyosaurs such as _Mixosaurus_ and _Cymbospondylus_. The tail is sharply turned downwards, in common with more advanced ichthyosaurs, with a small vertical fluke. It may have had a small dorsal fin.
Cymbospondylus

***Cymbospondylus*** (meaning "boat vertebrae") was a large, primitive Triassic ichthyosaur of the Middle and Upper Triassic. It had a long eel-like body up to 10 meters or more in length.

_Cymbospondylus_ is known from both Germany and Nevada. No doubt, like other large marine reptiles and present-day aquatic mammals, it had a wide oceanic distribution.

## Palaeobiology

_Cymbospondylus_ was one of the largest ichthyosaurs. Fossils ranging from  long. It was also one of the least fish-like of the ichthyosaurs, lacking a dorsal fin and fluked tail. It did, however, have an elongated snout like other ichthyosaurs.

The one metre long head of _Cymbospondylus_, with large jaws, contained rows of teeth adapted for catching and holding on to fish, belemnites, and cephalopods such as ammonites. The long tail would have been excellent for swimming, and allowed _Cymbospondylus_ to move at fast speeds and efficiently hunt down shoals of swimming fish.

Adult _Cymbospondylus_ probably spent much of their time hunting in deep offshore water, only coming into shallow water to breed or to catch seasonally available prey. Like other ichthyosaurs, _Cymbospondylus_ probably gave birth to live young, as it had no way to lay eggs. These, on reaching adult size, probably had few, if any, predators that could harm them.

The eel-like tail of _Cymbospondylus_ made up almost half the total body length, and it is possible that the tail was used as a primary swimming mechanism. Like present day sea snakes, _Cymbospondylus_ probably swam by wriggling its body from side to side.
Mixosaurus

***Mixosaurus*** was a small, common and cosmopolitan Triassic ichthyosaur. It was only about a meter in length. Fossils are known from Alaska, Canada, China, Timor, Indonesia, Italy, Nevada, New Zealand, Spitsbergen, and Svalbard. Thus it lived in the Tethys Sea but also ventured further afield.

_Mixosaurus_ seems to have been a transitional form between the more primitive eel-shaped icthyosaurs such as _Cymbospondylus_ and the more advanced Shatsasaurs and Euichthyosaurs (the latter including the familiar dolphin- or porpoise-shaped icthyosaurs).
Ophthalmosaurus

***Ophthalmosaurus*** was an ichthyosaur of the Upper Jurassic (165 to 150 million years ago), named after its large eyes. Well-preserved skeletons, ranging in age from juveniles to adults, have been found in Europe, North America and Argentina.

_Ophthalmosaurus_ had the largest eyes of any vertebrate _relative to its body size_. Its eyes, 4 inches in diameter, occupied most of the space in the skull. They were protected by bony plates (sclerotic rings), which most likely assisted to maintain the shape of the eyeballs against water pressure at depth.
The size of the eyes and the sclerotic rings suggests that _Ophthalmosaurus_ hunted at a depth where there is not much light or that it may have hunted at night when a prey species was more active. Its snout was long and thin, perfect for snapping at fast, maneuverable, prey.

Calculations suggest that a typical _Ophthalmosaurus_ could stay submerged for approximately 20 minutes or more. The swimming speed of _Ophthalmosaurus_ has been estimated at 2.5 metres per second or greater. Even assuming a conservative speed of 1 m/s, an _Ophthalmosaurus_ would be able to dive to 600 meters and return to the surface within 20 minutes.

The family Ophthalmosauridae continued into the Upper Cretaceous, but this genus became extinct at the end of the Jurassic period.
Valve

A **valve** is a device that it is used to decrease or stop the flow of a fluid (like gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries). It can be installed for example in a pipe or a vessel.

There are many types of valves. Some examples are:
- globe valve
- gate valve
- butterfly valve
- safety valve.

They can be operated manually or automatically.

## Related pages

- Pipe
- Plumbing

## Other websites

- Valve Sizing and Selection
- Flow in known Design Types of Shut-off Valves
Valve (disambiguation)

A **valve** is a device that regulates the flow of fluids.

**Valve** may also refer to:
- Valve Corporation, a computer software/games company responsible for the best-selling Half-Life games
- Valve hall, a building which contains the valves of the static inverters of an HVDC plant
- Mercury arc valve, a type of electrical rectifier which converts alternating current into direct current
- Poppet valve, a valve consisting of a hole and a tapered plug on the end of a shaft
- Heart valve, valves in the heart that maintain the unidirectional flow of blood
- Vein valve, valves in veins and other fluid cords in body
- Valve Records, a record label
- Valve Recordings, a record label
- Thermionic valve, an electronic component otherwise known as a vacuum tube
- Valve, a paired clasping process on the male genitalia of a moth
- Valve is one of eight overlapping shells on a chiton mollusc
- Valve Sound System
HHH

**HHH** may refer to:

- H. H. Holmes, one of America's first modern-day serial killers
- Hash House Harriers, an international group of running clubs
- Hilton Head Airport, in South Carolina, United States
- Hilton Head Island High School, in South Carolina, United States
- Hog Hoggidy Hog, a South African band
- Holland Heineken House
- Hot Hot Heat, a Canadian band
- Hubert H. Humphrey (1911–1978), the 38th Vice President of the United States
- Hugo's House of Horrors, a computer game
- _Hungry Hungry Hippos_, a tabletop game
- Hyperornithinemia-hyperammonemia-homocitrullinuria syndrome
- Hans-Hermann Hoppe, an Austrian school economist of German origin
- Haven of Hope Hospital, a public hospital in Hong Kong
- Hunter Hunt-Hendrix, musician best known for her project Liturgy
- Hunter Hearst Helmsley, stage name of professional wrestler Paul Levesque

## Related pages

- HHHR Tower, in Dubai
- Triple H (disambiguation)
Philip Carteret

**Philip Carteret** (22 January 1733 – 21 July 1796) was an English officer in the Royal Navy. He was one of the lieutenants on John Byron's circumnavigation (sailing around) of the world in 1764. After this long voyage, he found a liking to this, and he went around the world again as part of the Royal Navy's exploration in 1766.

## Early life

Carteret joined the Royal Navy in 1747, at the age of 14. He first served on the _Salisbury,_ And he  worked with / sailed with the British admiral, John Byron. Carteret worked with John from 1751, to 1755. after finishing work on the _Salisbury,_ he set off on a world wide trip with John Bryon, and this trip lasted for 2 years. From 1764, to 1766.

## Discoveries

As soon as he had returned from his first trip, Carteret was put in charge of _HMS Swallow_ to go on a second circumnavigation with Samuel Wallis who sailed in the _HMS Dolphin_. The two ships were separated sailing around Cape Horn, so Carteret continued on alone. He discovered Pitcairn Island on 2 July 1767. He did not land on the island. He also discovered the Carteret Islands, Mururoa, and the Duke of Gloucester Islands. He got back to England in 1769. The _Swallow_ was in bad condition and the success of the long trip shows Carteret's courage and skill.

Carteret's health was ruined by his voyage of exploration. He was put on half pay, and in 1773, he wrote the story of the voyage as part of a book about the voyages of Byron, Wallis, Carteret and Cook. The book's editor John Hawkesworth, made changes to the story, so Carteret wrote his own book which was not printed until 1965. In 1779 he took the ship _HMS Endymion_ to the West Indies. This was his last trip. He was promoted to Vice-Admiral and he retired to Southhampton in 1794. His personal papers are kept in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich, England.

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: Philip Carteret
- **image**: Philip_Carteret.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Philip Carteret
- **birth name**: Philippe Carteret
- **birth date**: 23 January 1733
- **birth place**: England
- **death date**: 21 July 1796
- **death place**: Southhampton, England
- **occupation**: Sailor, Explorer
- **title**: Vice Admiral
- **spouse**: Mary Rachel Silvester
- **employer**: Royal Navy
Judeo-Aramaic languages

**Judeo-Aramaic** is a dialect of Aramaic, which was spoken by many Jews in the Second Temple period from 587 BC to 70 AD, and for a few centuries afterwards.

## Significance

There is a common belief that Judeo-Aramaic was the mother tongue of Jesus, which was influenced by Hebrew.

## Related pages

- Yiddish
- History of Jews
- Ladino language
- Hebrew language
- Aramaic language
- Judeo-Arabic dialects
Sarah Jane Smith

**Sarah Jane Smith** is a fictional character in the British television series _Doctor Who_ and its related spin-offs. She is played by Elisabeth Sladen. Sarah Jane was a companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor.
She is an investigative journalist. Sarah Jane Smith is one of the companions who travelled the longest with the Doctor; Sarah Jane is also one of the most popular and well known companions.

Sarah Jane appeared in two spin-offs: _K-9 and Company_, and the as the main character of the ongoing series _The Sarah Jane Adventures_. Sarah Jane also appeared in the new _Doctor Who_ series with the Tenth Doctor ("School Reunion", "The Stolen Earth", "Journey's End").

## History

She first appeared in 1973 in _The Time Warrior_, and then travelled with the Third Doctor. After the Doctor regenerated, she travelled with the Fourth Doctor. At the end of _The Hand of Fear_, the Doctor had to go back to Gallifrey, where Sarah Jane was not allowed to go. Sarah Jane left the TARDIS and the Doctor, and returned to Earth.

Sarah Jane was a regular companion of the Third and Fourth Doctor, on the programme from 1973 to 1976 (seasons 11 – 14). She returns in the Fifth Doctor story "The Five Doctors" (1983), the 30th anniversary story _Dimensions In Time_ (1993), and most recently in the  episodes "School Reunion" (2006), and "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End" (2008), alongside the Tenth Doctor, and other companions of his era. The Tenth Doctor also featured in her own TV series "The Sarah Jane Adventures".

## Other websites

- Sarah Jane Smith at the Tardis Index File
Fold mountain

A f**old mountains** is a mountain that is formed mainly by the effects of folding on layers in the upper part of the Earth's crust. The term is rather out of date but is still fairly common in physical geography literature.

Before plate tectonics became well understood, the term was used for mountain belts, such as the Himalayas, which are not caused by the folding of the Earth's crust. The main mechanism that causes a thickening of the crust at the sites of collisions between continents along their boundaries is thrust faulting.

Fold mountains are formed when two tectonic plates move together (a convergent plate boundary). Fold mountains are usually formed from sedimentary rocks that accumulated along the margins of continents. When plates and the continents that ride on them collide, the accumulated layers of rock may crumple and fold like a tablecloth that is pushed across a table, particularly if there is a mechanicallyweak-basal layer such as salt.

## Examples

- The Jura Mountains are a series of sub-parallel mountainous ridges formed by folding over a Triassic salt bed from thrust movements as the Alps pushed into Europe.
- The 'Simply Folded Belt' of the Zagros Mountains in Iran has both thrusts and folds occurring. The mountain range, about 1,500 km long, formed only in the past 5.000.000 years. Oil reserves and huge salt deposits are rising up from the subsurface. They emerge as salt "glaciers". That and their regular folding make those mountains unique in the world.
- The Akwapim-Togo ranges in Ghana
- Part of the Appalachians, in the Eastern United States, is known as the "Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians".

## Related pages

- Fold (geology)
Leptictidium

**Leptictidium** (meaning delicate weasel) was a genus of small prehistoric eutherian from Eocene period. this extinct species of mammal lived alongside the dinosaurs, but died out when the tropical forests opened up.

Leptictidium had long hind legs, and probably used only those two legs when moving fast. Whether it hopped on two legs or ran bipedally is still a matter of debate. It had a long, bare tail which acted as a counterbalance, and a long, mobile snout to help it find its prey.

The leptictids were found right across Eurasia. Leptictidium itself was a specialised hopper with the best preserved specimens found in the Messel shales of Germany.