juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1999 UEFA Cup final

The **1999 UEFA Cup Final** was a football game that took place in Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow, on 12 May 1999 between Parma A.C. (Italy) and Olympique de Marseille (France). Parma A.C. won 3-0. So Parma A.C. won their second UEFA Cup title and fourth European trophy, having previously won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and the UEFA Super Cup.

## Semi-finals in 1999 UEFA Cup

Parma A.C. defeated Atlético Madrid in the semi-finals with a 5-2 win. Olympique de Marseille defeated Bologna in the semi-finals with a 1-1 draw, but Marseille won with the penalty shootout.

## Finals in 1999 UEFA Cup

Parma A.C. defeated Olympique de Marseille with a 3-0 win, with goals by Crespo, Vanoli, and Chiesa, most of the goals in the first half.

## Infobox (football match)

- **title**: 1999 UEFA Cup Final
- **image**:
- **event**: UEFA Cup 1998–99
- **team1**: Parma F.C., Parma
- **team1score**: 3
- **team2**: Olympique de Marseille, Marseille
- **team2score**: 0
- **date**: 12 May 1999
- **stadium**: Luzhniki Stadium
- **city**: Moscow
- **referee**: Hugh Dallas (Scotland)
- **attendance**: 62,000
- **previous**: 1998 UEFA Cup Final, 1998
- **next**: 2000 UEFA Cup Final, 2000
Video High Density

**Video High Density (VHD)** was a videodisc format which was marketed predominantly in Japan by JVC. There was also an audio-only variant, Audio High Density (AHD).

## Technology

VHD discs are 25 cm (9 5/6 inches) in diameter, and store up to 60 minutes of video per side. Each disc is stored in a plastic case, similar to a CED's case, so that the user could not touch the disc itself. The entire case was put into the player, which would take out the disc, and then the now empty case could be taken back out. After one side has finished playing, the disc would have to be taken out, flipped, and put back in to continue playing.

Similar to the RCA's CED, the signal on the VHD is recorded by varying capacitance on the disc. However, unlike the CED, the VHD does not contain any groves and the needle is made of diamond instead of titanium. Instead of having grooves, the needle is kept on track electronically so the needle does not have to actually touch the disc therefore resulting in less wear on the disc and on the needle. In one rotation of the disc, 2 frames of picture and audio were read.

VHD was designed to be very interactive and was used in some video game systems as well as in car engine diagnostic tools.

## History

The VHD was first demonstrated in 1978, and after many advertisements in National Geographic magazines, It was eventually released in Japan and in the USA in 1983. However, by this time both Laserdisc and CED were already not selling well compared to the VHS and Betamax VCR systems. As a result of this, JVC did not let the VHD be sold in North America, but made it available to the general public in Japan and commercially in the UK and the US.

During the time the VHD was made, it was mostly used for karaoke systems, anime video games, and interactive training systems. In the UK, the VHD was used for training, demonstration, and fault diagnostics.

In Japan, a 3D version of the VHD utilizes double speed discs and special glasses.

## VHDs Today

The VHD was not very successful as a consumer product, but it sold well for commercial purposes. In Japan, the CED is still somewhat popular and the discs and players are both still collected.

## Other websites

- Video of a VHD player with its cover off

## Infobox (media)

- **name**: Video High Density Disc
- **type**: Video and Audio
- **capacity**: 60 minutes
- **read**: Diamond Needle
- **use**: Consumer and Commercial
Rügen

**Rügen** _(lat. **Rugia**)_ is the biggest island in Germany. There are several cities on the island. These include : Putbus, Garz, Binz, Bergen auf Rügen, Sassnitz, Glowe, Trent, Schaprode and Göhren. The island has a 77,000 population (according to the 2006 census). The island is about 926 square kilometers (or 357 square miles). The island is in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. Rügen is also one of the most famous places to go in Germany for vacation.

## Geography

Rügen is in the northeast part of Germany in the Baltic Sea. The main landmass, Muttland, is surrounded my many peninsulas. There are also two national parks located on the island : Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park and Jasmund National Park.

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Rügen
- **image name**: Schloss Ralswiek 2 crop.jpg
- **image caption**: Ralswiek Castle
- **location**: Baltic Sea
- **area km2**: 926.4
- **highest mount**: Piekberg
- **elevation m**: 161
- **length km**: 51.4
- **width km**: 42.8
- **coastline km**: 574
- **country**: Germany
- **country admin divisions title**: States of Germany, State
- **country admin divisions title 1**: Districts of Germany, District
- **country admin divisions 1**: Rügen (district), Rügen
- **population**: 77,000
- **population as of**: 2006
- **density km2**: 79
McLafferty rearrangement

The **McLafferty rearrangement** is an organic reaction seen in mass spectrometry. A mass spectrometer breaks apart the molecule being studied.  The molecule breaks apart in consistent ways that chemists can predict. Most of the time, a carbon-carbon bond breaks and the atoms do not jump across the break between the fragments. The McLafferty rearrangement is an example of a hydrogen atom jumping to the other fragment as a part of the process of the bond breaking.  It happens in an organic molecule containing a keto-group.

## The reaction

The American chemist Fred McLafferty was the first to describe the reaction in 1959.

The keto-group undergoes β-cleavage, with the gain of the γ-hydrogen atom. This rearrangement may take place by a radical or ionic mechanism.

## Related pages

- α-cleavage

## Other websites

- Fred McLafferty Faculty Webpage at Cornell University
Maska za maskou

***Maska za maskou*** (***The Mask Behind the Mask***) is the last studio album by the Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. It was released in December 2009.

## Tracklist

1. TV idylka
1. Marie, vstávej
1. Maska
1. Cizí vlasy
1. Non stop Opera
1. Pojď
1. Je večer mlha padá
1. Smrt
1. Pod křížem zůstaly ženy
1. Magorův šém
1. Jednou nohou/Vůl hvězda ranní
1. Přes práh hvězd...
1. Tygr v Praze

## Musicians

- The Plastic People of the Universe
    - Vratislav Brabenec – saxophones, vocals
    - Josef Janíček – keyboards, accordion, vocals
    - Josef Karafiát – guitars, vocals
    - Jiří Kabeš – viola, vocals
    - Eva Turnová – bass guitar, vocals
    - Ludvík Kandl – drums
    - Jaroslav Kvasnička – drums
- Quests
    - Josef Klíč – cello
    - Agon Orchestra

## Other websites

- Information

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Maska za maskou
The Mask Behind the Mask
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: The Plastic People of the Universe
- **released**: December 23, 2009
- **recorded**: June and October 2009
David Koller's studio Cox
- **label**: Guerilla Records, Guerilla
- **prev title**: Líně s tebou spím
 (2001)
- **next title**: Obešel já polí pět
(2010)
Xiaotingia

***Xiaotingia*** is an extinct genus of _Archaeopteryx_-like theropod dinosaur from early Upper Jurassic deposits of western Liaoning, China.

The Chinese team claims the fossils dated to 155 million years ago (mya), whereas the Solnhofen limestone where _Archaeopteyx_ was found is 144 mya in age. The  new fossil _Xiaotingia_ cannot be dated so accurately, as they were originally been purchased from a dealer. Prof Xu first saw the specimen at the Shandong Tianyu Museum. The other question to be asked of all early dinobirds is: could they fly?

A cladistic analysis by Xu and his team showed that _Xiaotingia_ formed a clade with _Archaeopteryx_, the Dromaeosauridae and the Troodontidae. This clade excludes other birds. They therefore (re)defined the concepts of Deinonychosauria and Avialae so _Archaeopteryx_ and _Xiaotingia_ belonged to the Deinonychosauria and _Archaeopteryx_ no longer was an avian (bird). This led to popular reports that "_Archaeopteryx_ is no longer a bird".

However, the team explicitly allowed for a traditional Aves with _Archaeopteryx_ as a specifier. Such a clade would in their opinion include the Deinonychosauria.
John Zorn

**John Zorn** (born September 2, 1953 in New York City, New York, United states) is an American avant-garde composer, arranger, record producer, saxophonist and multi-instrumentalist. He is collaborated with Lou Reed, Weird Little Boy, Laurie Anderson and others.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: John Zorn
- **img**: John Zorn, Newport Jazz Festival 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Zorn performing in 2014
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **alias**: Dekoboko Hajime, Rav Tzizit
- **birth place**: New York City, New York, USA
- **genre**: Avant-garde music, Avant-garde/experimental music
- **instrument**: Saxophone, clarinet, flute, guitar, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, double bass, drum kit, drums, percussion, theremin
- **occupation**: Composer, record producer, producer
- **years active**: 1973-present
- **label**: Tzadik (record label), Tzadik, Avant Records, Avant, DIW Records, DIW, Nonesuch Records, Elektra Nonesuch, Earache Records, Earache, Hathut Records, Hat Hut, Shimmy-Disc, Eva, Toy's Factory, Nato, Lumina, Black Saint/Soul Note, Black Saint, Subharmonic, Parachute, Yukon, Rift
- **associated acts**: Naked City (band), Naked City, Masada (band), Masada, Painkiller (band), Painkiller, Hemophiliac (band), Hemophiliac, Weird Little Boy, Lou Reed, Laurie Anderson
- **website**: [http://www.tzadik.com www.tzadik.com]
Collegium Musicum (band)

**Collegium Musicum** is a Slovak art rock band formed by Marián Varga in Czechoslovakia in late 1969. The band is reformed in 2008 and still plays.

## Discography

- 1970 _Collegium Musicum_
- 1970 EP _Hommage à J.S.Bach/Ulica plná plášťov do dažďa_
- 1971 _Konvergencie_
- 1973 _Live_
- 1975 _Marián Varga & Collegium Musicum_
- 1977 _Continuo_
- 1979 _On a Ona_
- 1981 _Divergencie_
- 1989 _Všetko je inak_
- 1997 _Collegium Musicum '97_

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Collegium Musicum
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Bratislava, Slovakia
- **years active**: 1969-1979
1997
2008-present
- **current members**: Marián Varga
František Griglák
Fedor Frešo
Martin Valihora
- **past members**: Dušan Hájek
Fedor Letňan
Pavel Váně
Peter Peteraj
Double bond

A **double bond** in chemistry is when two chemical elements are joined together in a chemical bond and share four bonding electrons instead of the usual two. The most common double bond is between two carbon atoms, and can be found in alkenes. There are many types of double bonds, such as in a carbonyl group with a carbon atom and an oxygen atom. Other common double bonds are found in azo compounds (N=N), imines (C=N) and sulfoxides (S=O). In skeletal formula the double bond is shown as two parallel lines (=) between the two joined atoms. When this formula is printed, the equals sign is used.

Double bonds are stronger than single bonds and double bonds are also shorter. The bond order is two. Double bonds are also electron-rich, which makes them more reactive.

The two pairs of electrons involved in the bond do not behave in exactly the same way. One pair of electrons forms a stronger _sigma_bond, noted by σ and drawn as a straight line between the nuclei of the bonding atoms. While the other pair form a pi bond, π, drawn as two cloud-like areas where the electrons exist, as _orbitals_.
Magny-Cours

**Magny-Cours** is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.

It is best known as the home of the _Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours_, a famous Auto racing circuit. It formerly hosted the Formula One French Grand Prix. A campus of the Institut supérieur de l'automobile et des transports is also located on the city.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Nièvre department

## References

- INSEE commune file

## Other websites

- Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Magny-Cours
- **arrondissement**: Nevers
- **canton**: Imphy
- **insee**: 58152
- **postal code**: 58470
- **mayor**: Robert Lecas
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **intercommunality**: Loire et Allier
- **elevation m**: 200
- **elevation min m**: 181
- **elevation max m**: 277
- **area km2**: 31.87
- **population**: 1486
- **population date**: 1999
I Wanna Go

"**I Wanna Go**" is a 2011 song by Britney Spears. The song is the third single from her seventh studio album, _Femme Fatale_. The song was released on June 13, 2011. It was an instant success, reaching the top ten of the _Billboard_ Hot 100 a day after debuting. This resulted in a flash mob in Times Square. Spears also shut down Times Square for an unexpected performance.

The song has currently been downloaded over 1.8 million times in the US as of 2016.

## Music video

The video premiered on June 22, 2011, and was directed by Chris Marrs Piliero.  Spears is asked questions by paparazzi in a press conference and grows tired of them, eventually saying, "Fuck you" to all but one of them.  She then goes for a joyride with actor Guillermo Diaz, known for his role in the television series _Weeds_.

### Weekly charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2011)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|25||||
|3||||
|style="text-align:center;"|12|||
|style="text-align:center;"|6|||
|align="center"|12|||
|style="text-align:center;"|43|||
|5||||
|26||||
|1||||
|8||||
|111||||

### Year-end charts

|scope="col"|Chart (2011)|scope="col"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|62|||
|style="text-align:center;"|33|||
|style="text-align:center;"|54|||
|style="text-align:center;"|45|||
|style="text-align:center;"|21|||
|align="center"|99|||
|style="text-align:center;"|22|||
|style="text-align:center;"|15|||
|style="text-align:center;"|46|||
|style="text-align:center;"|39|||
|style="text-align:center;"|31|||
|style="text-align:center;"|13|||
|style="text-align:center;"|37|||

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: I Wanna Go
- **artist**: Britney Spears
- **album**: Femme Fatale
- **written**: 2009
- **released**: June 13, 2011
- **recorded**: 2010
- **genre**: Dance-pop
- **length**: 3:30
- **prev title**: Till the World Ends
- **prev year**: 2011
- **next title**: Criminal
- **next year**: 2011
Fiat Ducato

The **Fiat Ducato** are vans and minibuses made by Fiat, It has been made from 1981 to the present day. It is built in cooperation with Citroën and Peugeot.

## First generation (1981–1993)

The first generation **Fiat Ducato** was made in July 1981.

In 1986, the following vans were made:

- **C25** by Citroën
- **J5** by Peugeot
- **AR6** by Alfa Romeo
- **Talento** by Fiat
- **Express** by Talbot
- **Ducato** by Zastava

Between 1985 and 1990, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille and different headlamps.

## Second generation (1993–2006)

The second generation **Fiat Ducato** was made in 1993,

In 1993, Citroen and Peugeot made the same vehicle but with different names, The names were: **Citroën Jumper**, **Citroën Relay** and the **Peugeot Boxer**.

In February 2002, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille, new bonnet, new bumper and different headlamps and breaklights.

## Third generation (2006–present)

The third generation **Fiat Ducato** was made in 2008.

Other vans include:

- **Jumper** made by Citroën from 2006
- **Relay** made by Citroën from 2006
- **Boxer** made by Peugeot
- **ProMaster** by Ram
- **Movano** made by Opel from 2021
- **Movano** made by Vauxhall from 2021

In 2014 and 2020, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille, new bonnet, new bumper and different headlamps and brake lights.
Jim Henson's Muppet Babies

***Muppet Babies*** is an American children's animated series produced by The Jim Henson Company,Odd Bot Animation and Marvel Productions which ran on CBS from 1984-1991. It won the Outstanding Animated Series Emmy Award for four consecutive years.

Familiar characters from The Muppets were first presented as babies in a sequence of _The Muppets Take Manhattan_. The movie featured puppet versions of Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Gonzo, Fozzie Bear, Scooter, and Rowlf as babies. The puppet versions later returned one more time, for a home movie sequence in _A Muppet Family Christmas._

## Voice cast

- Greg Berg: Baby Fozzie, Baby Scooter
- Dave Coulier (1986–1991): Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen, Baby Bean Bunny, Baby Janice, Uncle Statler and Waldorf, and Camilla (occasionally)
- Katie Leigh: Baby Rowlf, Mrs. Mitchell
- Howie Mandel (1984–1985): Baby Skeeter, Baby Animal, Baby Bunsen
- Laurie O'Brien: Baby Piggy
- Russi Taylor: Gonzo the Great, Robin and Camilla (occasionally) and Aunt Fanny
- Frank Welker: Baby Kermit, Baby Skeeter (1986–1990), Baby Beaker, Camilla and The Chief Inspector of Scotland Yard
- Barbara Billingsley: Nanny
Cyclohexene

A **cyclohexene** is a six-sided (hexagonal) shaped hydrocarbon ring made when carbon atoms join with hydrogen atoms. It is a flammable, toxic, and colourless liquid which does not dissolve in water. It will, however, dissolve in alcohol.
Ashleigh Ball

**Ashleigh Ball** (born March 31, 1983 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is a Canadian voice actress and singer who is best known for voicing "Applejack" and "Rainbow Dash" in the television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic and the character "Allura" in the television show Voltron Force. Ball is also the lead singer of the Vancouver-based indie pop/acoustic band Hey Ocean!.

She was the subject in the documentary _Brony: the Movie_, which followed her through her first interactions with the Brony community at BronyCon 2012.

## Other websites

- Ashleigh Ball at Behind The Voice Actors

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **instrument**: Vocals, flute
- **genre**: Pop, rock
- **years active**: 1996-present
- **label**: Nettwerk, Universal Music
- **associated acts**: Hey Ocean!


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ashleigh Ball
- **image**: Ashleigh Ball.jpg
- **caption**: Ashleigh Ball performing with Hey Ocean!
- **birth place**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **nationality**: Canadians, Canadian
- **occupation**: Singer, voice actress
- **known for**: A Brony Tale
- **alma mater**: Canadian College of Performing Arts
Ivan Kral

**Ivan Kral** (born **Ivan Král**; May 12, 1948 in Prague, Czechoslovakia – February 2, 2020) was a Czech-American guitarist, bass guitarist and songwriter. He has worked with Patti Smith and Iggy Pop. His songs were recorded by lots of bands and singers, including U2 and David Bowie.

## Other websites

- official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ivan Kral
- **img**: Ival Kral 1978.jpg
- **img capt**: Kral with Patti Smith in 1978
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Ivan Král
- **birth place**: Prague, Czechoslovakia
- **death place**: Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.
- **instrument**: Guitar, piano, Keyboard instrument, keyboard, Bass guitar, bass, Singing, vocals
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Pop music, pop, jazz, alternative rock, protopunk
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, record producer, film director
- **years active**: 1966–2020
- **label**: Arista Records, Arista, PolyGram, Universal Records, Universal, Chrysalis Records, Chrysalis, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony, Bertelsmann Music Group, BMG, Supraphon
- **associated acts**: Saze, Patti Smith, Iggy Pop, Blondie (band), Blondie, John Waite, John Cale, U2, David Bowie, The Blank Generation, Pankrti, Téléphone
- **website**: [http://www.ivankral.net Official website]
Tornado warning

A **tornado warning** is an alert that means that a tornado or funnel cloud has been spotted around the area, and that people should take cover. When tornadoes have been spotted, the tornado sirens make sound in that place, letting people know that they have been seen.

Tornado warnings are higher than the warning of a Tornado watch, but there is an even _higher_ level, which is a tornado emergency.
Tornado watch

A **tornado watch** is a warning that means that weather conditions are right for tornadoes to form. So people should be careful.

A tornado watch must not be confused with a tornado warning. It does not mean that a tornado has been seen; it just means that you should be careful because the weather is perfect for a tornado.
Dust devil

**Dust devils** are twirling masses of air that form in the desert and send sand spinning. The height of a dust devil can range from a few meters tall to more than  tall. They are usually harmless, but occasionally they can cause some damage to both people and property.

## Formation

A dust devil forms when hot air near the ground rises quickly through a small pocket of cooler, low-pressure air above it. If conditions are just right, then the air may begin to rotate. As the air rapidly rises, the hot air is stretched vertically and because of angular momentum, the spinning gets much more intense. Because the hot air cools when it rises, it eventually goes down to the base and expands horizontally, while more hot air shoots up the column to replace the lost air. The air that is displaced falls to the ground around the dust devil, creating a balancing force. Thus, a dust devil is formed.

Certain conditions help the formation of dust devils:

1. **Flat barren, desert terrain**: Flat terrain and hot conditions help the hot air "fuel" being always available. The dust and sand helps the dust devil be seen.

2. **Clear skies or lightly cloudy conditions**: The surface needs a lot of solar energy to heat the air.

3. **Light or no wind, and cool temperature in the atmosphere**: Without a cool atmosphere and hot surface, the dust devil with never form. Wind will not keep the dust devil stable.

A dust devil "dies" when it eventually sucks in cool air from the surface. Cool air destroys the dust devil because it quickly discourages the rising of air through the column. This usually happens when the dust devil becomes weak, or moves across a new terrain were the surface temperatures are cooler.

Similarly, when hot air rises rapidly in water bodies and if conditions are just right they are known as water sprout.

## Martian dust devils

Dust devils occur on the planet of Mars as well. They can be ten times higher than ones on Earth, and fifty times as wide. They can pose a threat to technology placed on Mars.

However, not all dust devils are damaging. Mission members keeping an eye on the Mars Spirit rover reported that on March 12, 2005, a lucky encounter with a dust devil had cleaned the solar panels of that robot. Power levels dramatically increased, and much more scientific work was able to be done.

## Related pages

- Steam Devil
- Storm
- Tornado
- Waterspout
Samaritan Pentateuch

The **Samaritan Pentateuch** or **Samaritan Torah** is a special version of the Torah used by the Samaritans. This version was created at the latest 127 BC, when the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed, and the Samaritans split from the other group in the Temple. As the name says, this version contains the first five books of Moses, or the Torah.

Scholars use the Samaritan Pentateuch when they want to find the meaning of words in the original Pentateuch or if they want to learn about the history of the different versions of the Bible. Some scrolls among the Dead Sea scrolls look like Samaritan Pentateuch.

Samaritan practices are based on their version of the Five Books of Moses, which is slightly different from the Masoretic text or the Greek Septuagint texts. Some differences are small, such as the ages of different people mentioned in genealogy, while others are major, such as the commandment to only have one wife which appears in the Samaritan text but not in the other versions. (See .)

Special importance is attached to the _Abisha Scroll_, which is used in the Samaritan synagogue of Nablus. The Samaritans claim it was penned by Abishua, great-grandson of Aaron (), thirteen years after the entry into the land of Israel under the leadership of Joshua, son of Nun. But modern scholars have observed that the scroll appears to include work by different scribes from different centuries, with the oldest texts dating to the 12th century A.D.
John Jacob Astor

**John Jacob Astor** (July 17, 1763 – March 29, 1848), born **Johann Jakob Astor**, was a German-American businessman.  He was born in Germany and moved to London and then to New York City in 1784.  He started a business trading furs.  By 1800, he had made half a million dollars trading furs.  His company was called The Pacific Fur Trading Company. In the early 1800s, his company was trading furs in Oregon.  His fur traders found the pass through which the Oregon Trail passes.  He made even more money in New York real estate.  When he died in 1848, he was worth over $50 million.  Today, his fortune would be over $150 billion.  The city of Astoria, Oregon was named for him.  So was the neighborhood Astoria, Queens and Astor Place in Manhattan.
Pi bond

In chemistry, a **pi bond** (**π bond**) is a covalent chemical bond where the orbital path of one electron crosses (overlaps) with the path of another. The electrons have a lobe shaped figure of eight path (see picture). There are two areas of overlap as the paths overlap on both lobes. Only one of the orbital's nodal planes passes through both of the involved nuclei.

The Greek letter **π** in their name refers to p orbitals. The orbital symmetry of the pi bond looks the same as the p orbital when seen down the bond axis. P orbitals usually have this sort of bonding. D orbitals are also assumed to use pi bonding but this is not necessarily what happens in reality. The idea of bonding d orbitals fits in with the theory of hypervalence.

Pi bonds are usually weaker than sigma bonds. Quantum mechanics says this is because the orbital paths are parallel so there is much less overlap between the p-orbitals.

Pi bonds happen when two atomic orbitals are in contact through two areas of overlap.  Pi-bonds are more spread out bonds than the sigma bonds. Electrons in pi bonds are sometimes called **pi electrons**. Molecular fragments joined by a pi bond cannot rotate about that bond without breaking the pi bond. The rotation destroys the parallel paths of the two p orbitals.

## Multiple bonds

Atoms that are joined by a double bond have one sigma bond and one pi bond. If they are joined by a triple bond they have  one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

A pi bond is weaker than a sigma bond, but the combination of pi and sigma bond is stronger than either bond by itself. The extra strength of a multiple bond versus a single (sigma bond) is shown in many ways. The most obvious is a contraction in bond lengths. For example in organic chemistry, carbon-carbon bond lengths are in ethane (154 pm), in ethylene (134 pm) and in acetylene (120 pm). More bonds make the total bond shorter and stronger.
Electronic configuration is based on S,P,D,and f -Block.
S has 2 electrons
P has 6 electrons
D has 10 electrons
F has 14 electrons

|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||ethane||ethylene||acetylene|

## Special cases

Pi bonds do not necessarily join a pair of atoms that are also sigma-bonded.

In certain metal complexes, pi interactions between a metal atom and alkyne and alkene pi antibonding orbitals form pi-bonds.

In some cases of multiple bonds between two atoms, there is no sigma bond at all, only pi bonds. Examples include diiron hexacarbonyl (Fe<sub>2</sub>(CO)<sub>6</sub>), dicarbon (C<sub>2</sub>) and the borane B<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>. In these compounds the central bond has only pi bonding. In order to get the most orbital overlap the bond distances are much shorter than expected.
Being and Time

***Being and Time*** (, 1927) is a book that was written by the German philosopher Martin Heidegger. It is his best known book and is said to be one of the most important philosophical works of the 20th century. It has greatly influenced 20th-century philosophy, particularly existentialism, phenomenology, hermeneutics and deconstruction.
Chesil Beach

**Chesil Beach**, sometimes called **Chesil Bank**, in Dorset, southern England is one of three major shingle structures in Britain. Its name is derived from the Old English _ceosel_ or _cisel_, meaning "gravel" or "shingle".

It is a kind of offshore barrier which has joined the mainland with Portland Bill. The lagoon between the chesil and the mainland is called **The Fleet** or The Fleet Lagoon.

The shingle beach is 18 miles long (29km), 220 yards wide  (200m) and 50 feet high (15m). The beach and the Fleet are part of the Jurassic Coast, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and the location for a book, _On Chesil Beach_ by Ian McEwan.

At the eastern end of the beach at the village of Chiswell, against the cliffs of the Isle of Portland, the beach curves round sharply to form **Chesil Cove**. This part of the beach protects the low-lying village from flooding. Westwards the shingle forms a straight line along the coast, enclosing the Fleet, a shallow tidal lagoon. The lagoon is 9½ feet (3m) at its deepest.<sup>p99</sup>

The beach provides shelter from the prevailing winds (from the west) and waves for the town of Weymouth and the village of Chiswell, which would otherwise probably not exist

Varying with the Bank's unbroken increase in height, to , above mean high water, the size of the flint and chert shingle varies from pea-sized at the north-west end (by West Bay) to orange-sized at the south-east end (by Portland). It is said that smugglers who landed on the beach in the middle of the night could judge "exactly where they were" by the size of the shingle.
Happy Valley Shanghai

**Happy Valley Shanghai** () is an amusement park in Songjiang, Shanghai,  People's Republic of China. The park is about 40 kilometers (25 miles) from downtown Shanghai. It covers an area of 863,500 square meters (213 acres). Happy Valley contains seven big areas, each with different themed zones, including Sunshine Beach, Happy Times, Typhoon Bay, Gold Mine Town, Ant Kingdom, Shanghai Beach and Shangri-la Woods. There are more than 100 rides in the park.

The park was opened on August 16, 2009. In the beginning of the park's operation, many people didn't like it because of long waiting times and being dangerous. Most of the rides were broken, the lines were too long, and many people were hurt not only from riding the rides, but from walking around the park. Three people were hurt when a big sign board fell on top of them.

The park currently has six roller coasters. Five of them were opened when the park began its operation while the mine train coaster opened in October 2009.

### Roller coasters

- _Diving Coaster_ (绝顶雄风)
- _LeLe'e Chariot_ (蚁兵战车)
- _Mega-Lite_ (蓝月飞车)
- _Mine Train Coaster_ (矿山历险)
- _Spinning Coaster_ (疯狂精灵)
- _Wooden Coaster - Fireball_ (谷木游龙)
- _Family Inverted Coaster_ (大洋历险)

## Infobox (amusement park)

- **name**: Happy Valley Shanghai
- **location**: Shanghai
- **location2**: China
- **homepage**: [http://sh.happyvalley.cn/flash/index.shtml Website] (Chinese)
- **opening date**: August 16, 2009
- **coasters**: 6
Radiator

A **radiator** is a device used to move heat from one location to another location. Some radiators are used to cool things, such as a car engine. Some radiators are used to heat
things, such as a house.

## History

The Roman hypocaust is an early example of a type of radiator for building space heating. Franz San Galli, a Prussian-born Russian businessman living in St. Petersburg, is credited with inventing the heating radiator around 1855, having received a radiator patent in 1857, but American Joseph Nason developed a primitive radiator in 1841 and received a number of U.S. patents for hot water and steam heating.

## Cooling

Most cars use a radiator to cool the engine. To produce power, engines must burn a fuel. This creates a lot of heat. If the heat is not removed, the engine will overheat and stop running. The radiator is connected to the engine with hoses.

A liquid flows into the engine. Heat is moved from the engine to the liquid. The heat moves because of Newton's Law of Cooling. This law says that heat will move from something hot to something cooler.

The liquid then moved into the radiator. The radiator has many small tubes for the liquid to flow through. Air moves around to the tubes to cool them. This cools the liquid. The liquid then return to the engine. This is a closed loop.

## Indoor heating

Many houses are located in areas that get cold. Heat needs to be added to the house so the people are comfortable. A radiator is placed in a room to add heat to the room. The heat is created by a furnace. A heating radiator works just like a cooling radiator. The heat from the furnace moves to the radiator. The room is cooler than the radiator. The heat moves from the radiator into the room to warm the room.
Luna 1

**Luna 1** (also known as the **First Cosmic Ship**, **Cosmic Rocket** and **Mechta** (, Literal translation: _Dream_)) was a space probe of the Soviet Union. It was the first mission in the Luna programme and it was the first spacecraft to reach the Moon. Luna 1 made some key scientific discoveries and it is one of the best achievements of the Soviet Union space programme.

## Design

The spacecraft was sphere-shaped. Five antennae came out of one end. Instrument ports came out of the surface of the sphere. It also had various metallic emblems with the Soviet coat of arms.

### Instruments

Luna 1 had radio equipment, a tracking transmitter and a telemetering system for communication with Earth. The spacecraft carried several scientific devices too. These included a magnetometer, a device for measuring magnetic fields, a scintillation counter (a device for detecting high energy particles) and a geiger counter (a device for measuring radiation). Luna 1 also carried a micrometeorite detector and other equipment.

## Mission

The space probe was launched on January 2, 1959 at Baikonur Cosmodrome by a SS-6 Sapwood rocket. The launch was successful and Luna 1 became the first man-made object ever to reach the escape velocity of the Earth.

On January 3, 1959, the spacecraft released a cloud of sodium gas so that astronomers could track the probe and also to serve as an experiment on the behaviour of gas in space.

Luna 1 was intended to impact the Moon's surface. However, on January 4, 1959, it passed within 5995 km of the Moon and began to orbit the Sun between the orbits of Earth and Mars, where it is still orbiting now, on a 450 day orbit. Thus, Luna 1 became the first spacecraft to orbit the Sun.

## Other websites

- (Internet Archive)

## Infobox (spaceflight/ip)

- **type**: impactor_flyby
- **object**: Moon, Lunar
- **arrival date**: 4 January 1959


## Infobox (spaceflight)

- **name**: _Mechta_
- **image**: RIAN archive 510848 Interplanetary station Luna 1 - blacked.jpg
- **image caption**: A museum replica
- **mission type**: Lunar impactor
- **operator**: Soviet Union
- **harvard designation**: 1959 Mu 1
- **cospar id**: 1959-012A
- **satcat**: 112
- **mission duration**: "Approximately 62 hours"
- **manufacturer**: OKB-1
- **launch date**:  UTC
- **launch rocket**: Luna (rocket), Luna 8K72
- **launch site**: Baikonur Cosmodrome, Baikonur Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 1, 1/5
- **last contact**: "Approximately 62 hours after launch"
- **orbit epoch**: 1 January 1959, 19:00:00 UTC
- **orbit reference**: Heliocentric orbit, Heliocentric
- **orbit periapsis**: 0.9766 AU
- **orbit apoapsis**: 1.315 AU
- **orbit inclination**: 0.01 degrees
- **orbit semimajor**: 1.146 AU
- **orbit eccentricity**: 0.14767
- **orbit period**: 450 days
- **apsis**: helion
Margaret Olley

**Margaret Hannah Olley**  (24 June 1923 - 26 July 2011) was an Australian artist. She was born in Lismore, New South Wales, and died in Paddington, New South Wales. She was well known for generous gifts of paintings and money to public art galleries in Australia. These gifts included works by Cezanne and Picasso. She is also famous for being the model for portraits. Two paintings of her won the Archibald Prize; William Dobell's painting in 1948, and Ben Quilty's in 2011. She was described by Julia Gillard, the Prime Minister of Australia, as a great artist and a true Australian national treasure.

She grew up on sugarcane farms in Queensland, and her artistic talent was noticed at school. Her teachers convinced her parents she should study art at the Brisbane Technical College. She then moved to Sydney and studied art at the East Sydney Technical College. She held the first of her 90 exhibitions in 1948. Many of her paintings were of things around her home such as flowers and bowls of fruit. In 1996 she was given Australia's highest honour, the Companion of the Order of Australia.
William Dobell

Sir **William Dobell** (24 September 1899, Newcastle, New South Wales - 13 May 1970, Lake Macquarie, New South Wales) was a famous Australian artist, well known for his portrait painting. He won the 1943 Archibald Prize with a portrait of another artist, Joshua Smith. The painting became the centre of a court case when two other artists said it was not a portrait, but a caricature. They said this meant it should not have won the prize. Dobell won the legal case, but it caused him many health problems and led to a nervous breakdown. He kept away from people and went to live in his parent's holiday house, Wangi Wangi, on the shores of Lake Macquarie.
Proteales

**Proteales** is the botanical name of an order of flowering plants. Such an order has been recognized by almost all taxonomists.
Geraniales

The **Geraniales** are a small order of flowering plants in the rosid subgroup of dicotyledons.

- Geraniaceae: The largest family in the order, with over 800 species.
- _Pelargonium_: a genus previously included in _Geranium_, and still often called geraniums.

In addition, the order includes some small families, with altogether less than 40 species. Most Geraniales are herbaceous, but there are also shrubs and small trees.
Pithole, Pennsylvania

**Pithole** or **Pithole City** is a ghost town in Cornplanter Township, Venango County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  It is about  from Oil Creek State Park and the Drake Well Museum.  The first oil well was in that area. The quick growing of Pithole and then fast decline made it one of the most famous of the oil boomtowns.

Oil was found at wells close to Pithole in January 1865.  A large number of people moved to the area.  Many of these people were land speculators.  The town was built in May. By December, the area became an official town with about 20,000 people living in it. Pithole had at least 54 hotels, 3 churches, the third biggest post office in Pennsylvania, a newspaper, a theater, a railroad, the world's first pipeline, and a red-light district "the likes of Dodge City's". By 1866, less oil was being made in Pithole. Oil was found in other towns near Pithole.  This made many people from Pithole leave to live in those places. By 1877, the town no longer existed.https://archive.org/details/historyofvenango00bell

The site was cleared of plants and was given to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in 1961. A visitors center with information about the history of Pithole, was built in the 1970s. Pithole was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.

## Other websites

- Official site of Pithole City and the Drake Well Museum
- "Pit-Hole City" (1960), folk song about Pithole from a record at YouTube
Cornales

**Cornales** is an order of flowering plants, basal among the asterids, containing about 600 species. Plants within Cornales usually have four-parted flowers, drupaceous fruits, and inferior gynoecia topped with disc-shaped nectaries. Under the APG system, Cornales includes the following families:

- Cornaceae (the dogwood family, including Nyssaceae, the tupelos)
- Curtisiaceae (cape lancewood)
- Grubbiaceae (the sillyberry family)
- Hydrangeaceae (the hydrangea family)
- Hydrostachyaceae
- Loasaceae (the stickleaf family)
Cornplanter Township, Venango County, Pennsylvania

**Cornplanter Township** is a township in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,320 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Cornplanter Township
- **settlement type**: Township (Pennsylvania), Township
- **image skyline**: PitholePA.jpg
- **image caption**: The ghost town of Pithole, Pennsylvania, Pithole in Cornplanter Township
- **image map**: Map of Venango County Pennsylvania Highlighting Cornplanter Township.PNG
- **map caption**: Map of Venango County highlighting Cornplanter Township
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Pennsylvania
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Pennsylvania, County
- **subdivision name2**: Venango County, Pennsylvania, Venango
- **government type**: Board of Supervisors
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1795
- **established title1**: Incorporated
- **established date1**: November 28, 1833
- **named for**: Cornplanter, a Seneca people, Seneca war-chief
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 98.39
- **area land km2**: 96.98
- **area water km2**: 1.41
- **area total sq mi**: 37.99
- **area land sq mi**: 37.45
- **area water sq mi**: 0.54
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2320
- **population density km2**: 23.97
- **population density sq mi**: 62.09
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **area code**: Area code 814, 814
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 42-121-16232
Venango County, Pennsylvania

**Venango County** is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.  As of the 2020 census, 50,454 people lived there.  Its county seat is Franklin.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Venango County
- **state**: Pennsylvania
- **founded date**: September 1
- **founded year**: 1805
- **seat wl**: Franklin
- **largest city**: Oil City, Pennsylvania, Oil City
- **area total sq mi**: 683
- **area land sq mi**: 674
- **area water sq mi**: 8.6
- **area percentage**: 1.3%
- **census yr**: 2020
- **pop**: 50,454
- **density sq mi**: 75
- **web**: www.co.venango.pa.us
- **ex image**: Venango County Courthouse in Franklin.jpg
- **ex image size**: 250
- **ex image cap**: Venango County Courthouse
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **named for**: Native American (U.S.), Native American word for _otter_
- **district**: 15th
- **district2**: 16th
- **leader title**: Commissioners
Kerberos (moon)

**Kerberos** (formerly known as **S/2011 (134340) 1** and informally as **P4**) is a small moon of the dwarf planet Pluto. The satellite was discovered on 28 June 2011. It is the fourth moon of Pluto to be discovered. The others are Charon, discovered in 1978, Nix and Hydra, which were discovered in 2005, and Styx, discovered in 2012.

## Discovery

The moon was discovered by a Hubble Space Telescope observing team led by Mark Showalter, while they were trying to find out if Pluto had any rings. Kerberos was first seen in a photo taken with Hubble's Wide Field Camera 3, on June 28, 2011. More photos were taken on July 3 and July 18, 2011, to confirm that it exists. The moon was officially verified and announced on July 20, 2011. Kerberos was not seen in earlier Hubble photos because the exposure times were shorter. The moon may have appeared as a very faint smudge in photos taken in 2006, but was ignored because it was not clear. Kerberos is possibly also visible in images taken in 2010. The New Horizons space probe took pictures of Kerberos and Pluto's other moons in 2015.

## Structure

Originally, scientists estimated that Kerberos had a diameter of . Later, scientists found out that Kerberos is not round, and has two "lobes", or large round parts. The bigger lobe is about  across, and the smaller one is about  across. Because of its shape, scientists think that Kerberos could have been created when two smaller objects combined together. Because of how the surface of Kerberos reflects light, scientists believe that the surface of Kerberos is covered in water ice.

Kerberos and Pluto's other moons are thought to have been created by a cosmic collision between the dwarf planet and another celestial body early in the Solar System's history.

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Kerberos
- **image**: Kerberos (moon).jpg
- **caption**: Kerberos as seen in 2015 by New Horizons
- **discoverer**: Showalter M. R. _and others_
- **discovered**: June 28, 2011
(verified July 20, 2011)
- **satellite of**: Pluto
Boomtown

A **boom town** is a place that has very quick population and economic growth. Boomtowns are usually mining towns where an important mineral resource such as gold, silver, or petroleum has been found. It can happen, for example in a gold rush. Gold rush towns usually shrink and disappear after the gold is dug up. They become ghost town<nowiki/>s.

The word can also be used for places that grow for other reasons.  This can be the town being near a major city, in a nice climate or near a popular attraction.

Some examples of California boom towns are Columbia (not the country) and San Francisco.
Alexander (2004 movie)

***Alexander*** is a 2004 epic drama war movie about Alexander III of Macedon. It was directed by Oliver Stone.

The budget of this movie was about 155 million dollars. Its box office was about 167 million dollars.

## Plot

The story is about Alexander III of Macedon and his battles against Great Persian Empire and his victories, in the beginning, movie shows early life of Alexander and what happened in his young ages and what his father King Philip II did. When Philip died Alexander was King of Macedon and decided to fight with Persian Empire and at last he conquered Persia. When he wanted conquer India in a battle he wounded and died.

## Main characters

|Actor/Actress|role|
| --- | --- |
|Colin Farrell|Alexander the Great|
|Angelina Jolie|Queen Olympias|
|Val Kilmer|King Philip II|
|Anthony Hopkins|Ptolemy I Soter|
|Jared Leto|Hephaestion|
|Rosario Dawson|Roxana|
|Christopher Plummer|Aristotle|
|Jonathan Rhys Meyers|Cassander|
|Rory McCann|Craterus|
|Gary Stretch|Cleitus|
|Ian Beattie|Antigonus|
|Neil Jackson|Perdiccas|
|Raz Degan|Darius III of Persia|
|John Kavanagh|Parmenion|
|Annelise Hesme|Stateira|
|Nick Dunning|Attalus|
|Denis Conway|Nearchus|
|Marie Meyer|Eurydice|
|Bin Bunluerit|Porus|
|Francisco Bosch|Bagoas|
|Joseph Morgan|Philotas|
|Toby Kebbell|Pausanias of Orestis|
|Erol Sander|Pharnakes|
|Elliot Cowan|Young Ptolemy I Soter|
|Connor Paolo|Young Alexander|
|Patrick Adolphe|Alexander's Servant Boy|
|Brian Blessed|Wrestling Trainer|
|Tim Pigott-Smith|Omen Reader|
|Oliver Stone|Macedonian Soldier at Zeus Statue (Uncredited)|

## Other websites

- Official website
- _Alexander_ at the Internet Movie Database

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Alexander
- **caption**: Promotional poster
- **director**: Oliver Stone
- **producer**: Moritz Borman
Thomas Schühly
Jon Kilik
Iain Smith (producer), Iain Smith
- **writer**: Oliver Stone
Christopher Kyle
Laeta Kalogridis
- **starring**: Colin Farrell
Angelina Jolie
Val Kilmer
Anthony Hopkins
Jared Leto
Rosario Dawson
Jonathan Rhys Meyers
Rory McCann
Neil Jackson
Gary Stretch
Christopher Plummer
- **music**: Vangelis
- **cinematography**: Rodrigo Prieto
- **editing**: Thomas J. Nordberg
Yann Hervé
Alex Marquez
- **studio**: Intermedia (production company), Internationale Medien und Film
Warner Bros.
Intermedia (production company), Intermedia
- **distributor**: Constantin Film
Warner Bros.
- **country**: Germany
United States
United Kingdom
- **runtime**: 175 minutes (theatrical director's cut), 167 minutes (2005 DVD cut),
 214 minutes (2007 "Alexander Revisted" The final cut)
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $155 million
- **gross**: $167,298,192