juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Farringdon station

**Farringdon station** is a London Underground and National Rail station in Clerkenwell, located just north of the City of London in the London Borough of Islington.

It adjaced Kings Cross St. Pancras, St. Pancras International, Barbican and City Thameslink. When Crossrail opens Farringdon will serve its station between Tottenham Court Road and Barbican/Moorgate/Liverpool Street.

Crossrail will stack when the Abbey Wood branch of the Elizabeth line opens.

It is in **Travelcard Zone 1**.

## Current developments

Farringdon will, from 2017, be one of the country's busiest stations (if not the busiest station) by number of trains passing through, being served by both Crossrail and the upgraded Thameslink route, as well as the existing Underground lines.

### Thameslink upgrade

Farringdon station has been renovated, to allow longer Thameslink trains to fit, and to make other improvements to the station. The existing station building will be given a new roof canopy, and a new entrance and concourse facing Turnmill Street. Platforms will be made wider and longer, which will require the Cowcross Street bridge pillars to be moved. The bridge, along with the Cardinal Tower building, will be torn down and rebuilt once the pillars have been shifted.Cowcross Street will be made into a street for pedestrians only. Lifts will be provided throughout.

The existing ticket hall and concourse will be re-built. Interchange within the station will be improved by means of removing the existing interchange bridge and installing new stairs and lifts with access to all four platforms, thereby allowing disabled passengers to use the station.

Extending the platforms towards the north could not be done due mainly due to the steep gradient (1 in 27) of the Thameslink line immediately north of Farringdon. The platforms therefore had to be extended to the south, cutting off the two-station branch to Moorgate. As a result, since Christmas 2009 Thameslink trains no longer call at Barbican and Moorgate stations, but London Underground still serve those stations.

The new station is designed by the architects from the firm Aukett Fitzroy Robinson.

### Crossrail development

A 'Farringdon' Crossrail station is being built between Farringdon and Barbican underground (tube) stations and it will have interchanges with both of them. Access at the Farringdon end will be via the new Thameslink ticket hall. Work will not be complete until 2017.
St Pancras station

**St Pancras station**, also known since 2007 as **St Pancras International**, is a central London railway terminus celebrated for its Victorian architecture. The area is served by Eurostar and MML.

## Buildings

The Grade I listed building stands on Euston Road between the British Library, King's Cross station and the Regent's Canal. It was opened in 1868 by the Midland Railway as its southern terminus. The company became the **LMS**: the London, Midland and Scottish railway. When the station opened, the arched train shed was the largest single-span roof in the world.

## History

After escaping planned demolition in the 1960s, the complex was renovated and expanded during the 2000s at a cost of £800 million. A secure terminal area was constructed for Eurostar services to continental Europe—via High Speed 1 and the Channel Tunnel—along with platforms for domestic connections to the north and south-east of England. The restored station houses fifteen platforms, a shopping centre and a bus station, in addition to London Underground services from King's Cross St. Pancras tube station.  St Pancras is owned by London and Continental Railways along with the adjacent urban regeneration area known as King's Cross Central.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: St Pancras
- **symbol**: rail
- **alt name**: London St Pancras International
- **manager**: Network Rail, Network Rail (High Speed) for High Speed 1, HS1 Ltd
- **manager1**: Eurostar
- **manager2**: Network Rail (Thameslink platforms)
- **owner**: London and Continental Railways
- **borough**: London Borough of Camden
- **platforms**: 15
- **access**: yes
- **interchange**:

- **locale**: St Pancras, London, St Pancras
- **fare zone**: 1
- **railcode**: STP
- **railcode1**: SPX
- **dft category**: A (mainline platforms)
C1 (Thameslink platforms)
- **image name**: St Pancras Railway Station 2012-06-23.jpg
- **image alt**: St Pancras Station from Euston road
- **caption**: St Pancras station from Euston Road
- **map type**: Central London
- **years1**: 1 October 1868
- **years2**: 15 July 2006
- **years3**: 6 November 2007
- **years4**: 14 November 2007
- **years5**: 9 December 2007
- **years6**: 13 December 2009
- **events1**: Opened as terminus for Midland
- **events2**: New domestic (Midland Main Line) platforms opened
- **events3**: Relaunched by Elizabeth II, HM The Queen. Renamed St.Pancras International
- **events4**: Eurostar services transferred from Waterloo International railway station, Waterloo
- **events5**: Low-level Thameslink platforms opened
- **events6**: Southeastern high-speed domestic services introduced
- **original**: Midland Railway
- **pregroup**: Midland Railway
- **postgroup**: London Midland & Scottish Railway
- **cyclepark**: Yes – external (in car park)
- **toilets**: Yes
- **railexits1314**: 26.046
- **railexits1415**: 28.242
- **railexits1516**: 31.724
- **railexits1617**: 33.492
- **railint1314**: 3.504
- **railint1415**: 3.888
- **railint1516**: 4.474
- **railint1617**: 4.584
Blackfriars station

**Blackfriars station** is a London Underground and National Rail station in the City of London. It is close to Blackfriars Bridge at the junction of New Bridge Street and Queen Victoria Street. It is in Travelcard Zone 1. The Underground station was closed until 2011 while refurbishment and major engineering works took place.

## Demolishment

|March 2009|Station closed|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|December 2011|Station reopening consulated|||
|February 2012|Station reopened on 20 February|||
|July 2012|Resition finished|||
= wikitable
Blackfriars station is being rebuilt and the office building above it demolished and replaced as part of the Thameslink programme. The mainline station remained open during this work except for a period of around two months around Christmas 2010 when trains passed through without stopping. The Underground station was closed until late 2011.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Blackfriars
- **symbol**: underground
- **symbol2**: rail
- **alt name**: London Blackfriars
- **manager**: Thameslink and Great Northern, Thameslink;
- **manager1**: London Underground
- **owner**: Network Rail
- **owner1**: Transport for London
- **locale**: Blackfriars, London, Blackfriars, Castle Baynard
- **borough**: City of London
- **platforms**: 6 (4 National Rail)
 (2 London Underground)
- **fare zone**: 1
- **railcode**: BFR
- **dft category**: A
- **image name**: Blackfriars tube stn and Thameslink northern entrance 2012.JPG
- **caption**: Northern entrance on Queen Victoria Street, London, Queen Victoria Street after renovation in 2012
- **map type**: Central London
- **years2**: 30 May 1870
- **years3**: 1 February 1937
- **years4**: 30 November 1977
- **years5**: 20 February 2012
- **events1**: Opened as St. Paul's (LC&DR)
- **events2**: Opened (MDR)
- **events3**: Renamed as Blackfriars
- **events4**: Rebuilt (British Rail)
- **events5**: Rebuilt (Thameslink)
- **railexits1718**: 10.802
- **railint1718**: 0.920
- **railexits1819**: 12.140
- **railint1819**: 2.660
- **railexits1920**: 12.993
- **railint1920**: 2.932
- **railexits2021**: 2.100
- **railint2021**: 0.581
- **railexits2122**: 5.982
- **railint2122**: 1.500
- **interchange**: Southwark tube station, Southwark  <small>Bankside exit only</small>
- **interchange1**: Blackfriars Millennium Pier
- **original**: London, Chatham and Dover Railway
- **access**: yes
Doctor (title)

**Doctor** is an academic degree, awarded by a university or similar institution. "Doctor" may be used to refer to a person with a doctorate.

To get the degree, people need to pass a doctorate exam, or write a thesis or dissertation. The requirements vary according to the subject-matter.

There are three levels of university qualification:
- A bachelor's degree
- A master's degree.
- The doctorate.
The first level of these, the Bachelo's degree, covers the basics; the things that people will need in their job almost every day. There is very little specialization. A bacheolor's degree usually takes 3-4 years.

The second level covers specializations; usually people need a bacheolor's degree in the same branch, or a closely related one. The master's degree is about more advanced cases, and specializations. It usually takes another 1.5 to 2 years.

So, people can do a master's degree in about 4.5-5 years. People who do a doctorate write a theseis that can answer one, or a few very specific questions. With the doctorate, they show that they are capable of doing research. Usually, a doctorate takes andother 3-5 years after a master's degree.

Depending on the country, there are cases where people get what is called a professional doctorate. This is mostly the case in law, and in medicine. A professional doctorate is comparable to a master's degree.

People who have a doctor's degree may use the title "doctor", though in practice it is often used only by medical doctors. Medical doctors examine, diagnose and treat patients. They can specialize in a number of medical areas, such as pediatrics, anesthesiology or cardiology, or they can work as general practice physicians. Becoming a medical doctor requires a doctoral degree in medicine and participating in clinical training. Medical doctors need a licence, and certification may also be required for many specialists.

- Medical doctor or Doctor of Medicine, a person who practices medicine. Degrees vary: M.D. is common in the United States; MRCP is common in the UK, and they are addressed as "doctor" whatever the degree.
    - Surgeon, a doctor who performs surgery, is in the UK not called "doctor", because the legal qualification is MRCS: Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, because the profession had a different origin.
    - Physiotherapist, a physiotherapist having Doctor of Physiotherapy is also called Doctor in USA and in countries like India "traditional and conventional use of Doctor" can be used by using "PT" as suffix for B.P.T.(Bachelor of Physiotherapy) degree holders.
- Juris Doctor or Doctor of Law
- Doctor of Philosophy a general degree for any subject which offers a doctorate for research and presentation of a thesis.

- Universities may award doctorates to people who have done a lot in their fields of study: these are called honorary doctorates. There is no set rule for this. These may be abbreviated "Doctor h.c." (for "honoris causa").
Newfoundland dog

The **Newfoundland** is a large breed of dog that originated in Newfoundland.

Newfoundlands were first used by fishermen and sailors to carry goods. They would also jump overboard to save people from drowning. Newfoundlands are great swimmers because of their waterproof fur, their webbed feet and their strong muscles.

Newfoundlands are known to be very gentle and loyal. Because of their protective nature towards children, Newfoundlands have been used as watchdogs.

## Characteristics

The Newfoundland is a very large dog breed the weight is 100-180 lbs and the height is 25-28 inches.

According to the AKC males weigh 130-150 pounds and females are 100-120 pounds, the FCI states that males are 140-180 pounds and females are 120-140 pounds.

Their long coat of fur is usually black, brown or gray. Their facial hair is very short. The head is very large and the face is smooth with few wrinkles. The ears are long and wide, and reach below the jaw. The neck is strong and muscular.

The Newfoundland's chest is large and wide with a large lung capacity. Their thighs are very strong and muscular and their feet are tight, which helps them to be excellent swimmers. Their tail is very strong and is important for them to swim well.

### Health problems

Newfoundlands can suffer from a lot of health problems. They are the fifth most likely breed to have hip dysplasia.

Newfoundlands can have problems with cystinuria just as humans can. They can also inherit subvalvular aortic stenosis, which damages the heart.

They have very thick fur, so owners need to brush it once a week.
PlayStation Store

The **PlayStation Store** is an online market for users of Sony's PlayStation 3, PlayStation Portable and PlayStation Vita game consoles via the PlayStation Network.

## Other websites

- Media Go download page
- US PlayStation Store information page on PlayStation.com
- UK PlayStation Store information page on PlayStation.com
- Japan PlayStation Store information page on PlayStation.com
- European PlayStation Store updates

## Infobox (online service)

- **title**: PlayStation Store
- **logo**:
- **developer**: Sony Interactive Entertainment
- **type**: Electronic markets, Online market
Literary genre

A **literary genre** means the style of a certain piece of literature, such as a book. Several common ones are epic, comedy, tragedy, novel, and short story. There are other ways to group them, though. A piece of literature is either poetry or prose. There are three types of poetry; narrative, lyric, and dramatic. There are two types of prose; fiction and nonfiction.

## Related pages

- Literature
- Writing
- Genre
Boys Don't Cry (movie)

***Boys Don't Cry*** is a 1999 American drama movie. The stars of the movie are Hilary Swank and Chloe Sevigny. This movie is about Brandon Teena (1972-1993), a female-to-male transsexual in Nebraska who was raped and murdered.
Rubidium hydroxide

**Rubidium hydroxide** is a chemical compound. It is composed of rubidium and hydroxide ions. Its chemical formula is RbOH. It is a very strong base. It can eat through glass. It is made by dissolving rubidium oxide in water. It causes immediate burns to the skin. It gets very hot when it is dissolved in water. It is a white solid at 15 °C at standard atmosphere, and in many other situations.

## Uses

Rubidium hydroxide is not commonly used because potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide can replace rubidium hydroxide.  Metal oxide catalysts are sometimes changed with rubidium hydroxide.

## Related pages

- Potassium hydroxide
- Sodium hydroxide
- Lithium hydroxide
Rubidium oxide

**Rubidium oxide** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Rb<sub>2</sub>O. It is a yellow solid. It reacts vigorously with water to produce rubidium hydroxide, a very strong base. It is made by reduction of rubidium nitrate using rubidium metal. It can also be made by reduction of rubidium hydroxide with rubidium metal. It reacts with hydrogen to disproportionate it into rubidium hydroxide and rubidium hydride.

## Related pages

- Lithium oxide
- Calcium oxide
- Chemistry
Rubidium nitrate

**Rubidium nitrate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is RbNO<sub>3</sub>. It is a colorless crystalline solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It is made by reacting rubidium or rubidium hydroxide with nitric acid. The reaction with rubidium is very violent. It is used to make other rubidium compounds.

## Related pages

- Rubidium oxide
- Rubidium hydride
- Potassium nitrate
Rubidium hydride

**Rubidium hydride** is a chemical compound. It contains rubidium and hydride ions. Its chemical formula is RbH. It is a strong reducing agent and will react with water, air and chlorine violently. It is made by disproportionating hydrogen by reacting hydrogen with rubidium hydroxide. This process also produces rubidium oxide. It is normally made by reacting rubidium and hydrogen.

## Related pages

- Rubidium nitrate
- Hydride
- Rubidium compounds
Jane Addams

**Jane Addams** (September 6, 1860 – May 21, 1935) was an American social worker and sociologist. She was born in Cedarville, Illinois. In 1886, she founded a place called Hull House along with Ellen Gates Starr. It tried to take care of the problems poor people and immigrants faced in Chicago through social work. She wanted more peace, and more civil rights for immigrants and women against prostitution.  She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931, and was the first American woman to earn it. She was the sister of Alice Haldeman. Addams was a lesbian. She died in Chicago.

## Related pages

- List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people
Hurricane Audrey

**Hurricane Audrey** was the most powerful June hurricane in the recorded history of the Atlantic since record keeping began. This storm struck Louisiana and Texas, killing more than 500. This hurricane was a very powerful category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson scale.

This record was beaten 67 years later by Hurricane Beryl (2024).
Calcium phosphate

**Calcium phosphate** may refer to:
- Tricalcium phosphate, a chemical compound with the chemical formula of
- Dicalcium phosphate, a chemical compound with the chemical formula of
- Monocalcium phosphate, a chemical compound with the chemical formula of
Hurricane Joan–Miriam

**Hurricane Joan** was a powerful and deadly hurricane during 1988. Over 200 people died because of Joan. The hurricane reached Category 4 strength.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Joan–Miriam
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 1988
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Joan 1988-10-22 1317Z.jpg
- **image name**: Hurricane Joan making landfall in Nicaragua.
- **track**: Joan 1988 track.png
- **formed**: October 10, 1988
- **dissipated**: November 2, 1988
- **1-min winds**: 125
- **pressure**: 932
- **damages**: 2000
- **inflated**: 1
- **fatalities**: 216-334 total (all as Joan)
- **areas**: Windward Islands, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, Colombia, Venezuela, Costa Rica, Panama (as Joan), El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico (as Miriam), Nicaragua (as both)
- **hurricane season**: 1988 Atlantic hurricane season
1988 Pacific hurricane season
Richard Rusczyk

**Richard Rusczyk** is one of the creators of the Mandelbrot competition, and the founder of Art of Problem Solving (AoPS) Inc, and Beast Academy He also founded the San Diego Math Circle.

Rusczyk graduated from Princeton University in 1993.

## Other websites

- The Art of Problem Solving

## Infobox (scientist)

- **caption**: Richard Rusczyk at the 2006 International Mathematical Olympiad
- **name**: Richard Rusczyk
- **citizenship**: United States of America
- **field**: Mathematics
- **work institutions**: Art of Problem Solving
- **alma mater**: Princeton University
- **known for**: Art of Problem Solving
- **influenced**: Sam Vandervelde
- **image**: Rusczyk.jpg
Unfinished building

An **unfinished building** is a building that was being built, but was either abandoned or is on hold. There are many different reasons why buildings have not been completed. One of the biggest reasons for unfinished buildings, is when the money runs out. The National Monument in Scotland was planned to be a War Memorial for soldiers killed in the Napoleonic Wars. Building started in 1826, but the money ran out in 1829. The Sagrada Família, a church in Barcelona, Spain, was started in 1882 and is still not finished. It is not finished because the architect, Antoni Gaudí, who died in 1926 after he was hit by a tram, did not leave many plans for the building. What was left was destroyed during the Spanish Civil War. The war also meant that there was not enough money to complete the project.

## Some examples

- Duomo di Siena, Sienna, Italy
- Goodwood House, West Sussex, England
- Herrenchiemsee, Bavaria, Germany
- Szkieletor, Kraków, Poland
- Woodchester Mansion, Stroud, Gloucester, England
- Parliament House, Wellington, New Zealand
- Bishop Castle, Colorado, USA
- Boldt Castle, Thousand Islands, New York USA
- National Monument, Edinburgh, Scotland
- Ajuda National Palace, Lisbon, Portugal
- Cuenca Cathedral, Cuenca, Spain
- Winchester Mystery House, San Jose, California, USA
- Neuschwanstein Castle, Bavaria, Germany
- Torre de la Escollera, Cartagena, Colombia
- Plaza Rakyat, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sagrada Família, Barcelona, Spain
Pierre Pilote

**Joseph Albert Pierre Paul Pilote** (December 11, 1931 – September 9, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that played his playing career for the Chicago Black Hawks and Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). Pilote won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Black Hawks in 1961 and became the captain of the Black Hawks. Pilote won the Norris trophy 3 times one in 1963, one in 1964 and one in 1965.

Pilote died in Barrie, Ontario on September 9, 2017 of cancer at the age of 85.

## Awards

Pilote won many awards during his playing career:

- Norris Trophy (1963, 1964, 1965)
- 1st & 2nd all-star team (1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967)
- Stanley Cup (1961)
- Hockey Hall of Fame (1975)
- **#59** on The Hockey News' list of the 100 greatest hockey players.

## Other websites

- Pierre Pilote at LegendsofHockey.com

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Pierre Pilote - Blackhawks 2010-11 season opener - Oct 9, 2010 - crop.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
Toronto Maple Leafs
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 178
- **birth place**: Kenogami, Quebec, QC, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Barrie, Ontario, Barrie, Ontario, ON, CAN
- **career start**: 1955
- **career end**: 1969
- **halloffame**: 1975
Twinkie the Kid

**Twinkie the Kid** is the mascot for Twinkies, a cream-filled snack cake.  He is a  trademark of Interstate Bakeries Corporation and has appeared on Twinkie packaging, in commercials, and as collectible related merchandise.

## Description

Twinkie the Kid is an anthropomorphized Twinkie, which means he is a Twinkie that has been given human-like features.  He looks like a wrangler and wears boots, gloves, a kerchief, and a ten-gallon hat.

## Related pages

- Captain Cupcake
- Fruit Pie the Magician
Un medico in famiglia

***Un medico in famiglia*** (in ) is an Italian drama TV series. It aired on Rai 1 and started in 1998. It is now in its ninth season.

The TV series focuses around the lives of the Martini family. They live in Rome. Lele Martini is a doctor and a widower with three children: Maria, Francesco "Ciccio" and Anna "Annuccia". He falls in love with his sister-in-law, Alice Solari. At the end of the second season, they get married and have two twins. Lele hires Cettina as their _au pair_. Cettina is a Neapolitan woman (she comes from Mondragone) who pretends to be Polish in order to be hired. Eventually the Martinis find out that Cettina is actually Italian, but they do not fire her. At the beginning of the third season Lele, Alice and their twins leave Italy in order to live in Australia. Lele puts his children in the hands of their grandpa, Nonno Libero. Cettina falls in love with Torello, a funeral director. They get married at the end of the third season. Maria falls in love with Guido, a doctor. They get married at the end of the fourth season.

In the sixth season Lele, who divorced from Alice, returns home with his children, Bobo and Elena. Cettina is disappeared in a shipwreck: she is supposed to be dead, but this is not true. In fact, she lost her memory and became a very rich woman in the United States. She decided to go to Italy for an holiday and here she meets the Martinis. She gradually recovers her memory and joins her husband and her son, Eros. Lele in this season has two girlfriends: the doctress Funny and the chocolate seller Bianca. Eventually he decides to get engaged to Bianca. Melina, Cettina's cousin, is hires as the Martinis new _au pair_. She falls in love with Dante Piccione, a gauche man who gambles on the horses.
Chris Chelios

**Christos Kostas Tselios** (born January 25, 1962 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American retired professional ice hockey defenceman that played his playing career for the Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, Detroit Red Wings and Atlanta Thrashers of the National Hockey League (NHL). Chelios won the Stanley Cup in 2008 and was also the captain of the Chicago Blackhawks from 1995 to 1999. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on July 9, 2013.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **played for**: Montreal Canadiens
Chicago Blackhawks
Detroit Red Wings
Atlanta Thrashers
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image**: Chris chelios.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defenceman
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 191
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, IL, United States, USA
- **draft**: 40th overall
- **draft year**: 1981
- **draft team**: Montreal Canadiens
- **career start**: 1982
- **career end**: 2010
- **halloffame**: 2013
Milk chocolate

**Milk chocolate** is a type of chocolate. It contains cocoa, sugar, and milk. The term "milk chocolate" was first used in 1687, to describe a drink which came from Jamaica to London, but the milk chocolate bar did not exist until 1875, when inventor Daniel Peter mixed the ingredients together to make it.
Ed Litzenberger

**Edward Charles John "Eddie" Litzenberger** (born July 15, 1932 in Neudorf, Saskatchewan: died November 1, 2010) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He played for the Chicago Black Hawks, Montreal Canadiens, Detroit Red Wings and Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). Litzenberger won the Stanley Cup four times - onc with the Chicago Black Hawks, in 1961, and three times with the Toronto Maple Leafs, in 1962, 1963, and 1964.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **played for**: Montreal Canadiens
Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
Detroit Red Wings
Toronto Maple Leafs
- **image**: Ed Litzenberger 1950s.JPG
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right Wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 194
- **birth place**: Neudorf, Saskatchewan, Neudorf, Saskatchewan, SK, Canada, CAN
- **death place**: Etobicoke, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1952
- **career end**: 1965
7 World Trade Center

**7 World Trade Center** is a building in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is part of the new World Trade Center complex and was completed in 2006. The original 7 World Trade Center was in the same place, was completed in 1987 and destroyed on September 11, 2001 along with the other buildings in the World Trade Center.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: 7 World Trade Center
- **image**: 7 World Trade Center.jpg
- **image size**: 275px
- **caption**: The new 7 World Trade Center from the southeast (2008)
- **status**: complete
- **start date**: May 7, 2002
- **completion date**: 2006
- **opened**: May 23, 2006
- **location**: 250 Greenwich Street
Manhattan, New York (state), New York 10006, United States
- **building type**: Office
- **floor count**: 52
- **elevator count**: 29
- **architect**: David Childs Skidmore, Owings and Merrill, (SOM)
- **structural engineer**: WSP Group, WSP Cantor Seinuk
- **developer**: Silverstein Properties
- **website**: [http://www.wtc.com/about/office-tower-7 7 World Trade Center], wtc.com
Matt Birk

**Matthew Robert Birk** (born July 23, 1976 in St. Paul, Minnesota) is an American football center for the Baltimore Ravens. Lewis was drafted out of the Harvard University by the Minnesota Vikings with the 173rd pick in the sixth round of the 1998 NFL Draft. Birk formerly played for the Minnesota Vikings and signed a three-year, $12 million contract as a free agent with the Baltimore Ravens. He won Super Bowl XLVII with the Ravens when they defeated the San Francisco 49ers 34-31.

## Other websites

- Matt Birk at NFL.com

## Infobox (nfl player)

- **name**: Matt Birk
- **image**: Governor O'Malley with Matt Birk (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Birk in 2012.
- **number**: 75, 78, 77
- **position**: Center (American football), Center
- **birth place**: St. Paul, Minnesota
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lbs**: 310
- **high school**: Cretin-Derham Hall High School, Cretin-Derham Hall
(Saint Paul, Minnesota)
- **college**: Harvard Crimson football, Harvard
- **draftyear**: 1998
- **draftround**: 6
- **draftpick**: 173
- **pastteams**: * Minnesota Vikings (–)
* Baltimore Ravens (–)
- **highlights**: * 6× Pro Bowl (2001 Pro Bowl, 2000, 2002 Pro Bowl, 2001, 2004 Pro Bowl, 2003, 2005 Pro Bowl, 2004, 2007 Pro Bowl, 2006, 2008 Pro Bowl, 2007)
* 2× All-Pro (2000 All-Pro Team, 2000, 2003 All-Pro Team, 2003)
* Super Bowl, Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl XLVII, XLVII)
* Walter Payton Man of the Year Award (2011)
* 6× Minnesota Vikings, Minnesota Vikings Man of the Year Award (2002–2007)
- **statlabel1**: Games played
- **statvalue1**: 210
- **statlabel2**: Games started
- **statvalue2**: 187
- **nfl**: 2499656
Zune

**Zune** was an entertainment platform and portable media player made by Microsoft.

The Zune Marketplace was an online music, video and podcast store that integrates with Zune software, Zune devices, phones with Zune support, and Xbox 360.

In 2011, the Zune series of media players was discontinued.
Xbox Live Marketplace

**Xbox Live Marketplace** (**XBLM**) is a virtual market designed for Microsoft's Xbox 360 console that allows Xbox Live members to download purchased or promotional content.

## Other websites

- Official Xbox Live Marketplace Website
- Official Games on Demand Website
- **Gamertag Search**
Georgi Markov

**Georgi Ivanov Markov** (; 1 March 1929 – 11 September 1978) was a Bulgarian dissident writer. He was born in Sofia and was murdered in London. He was stabbed in the leg with an umbrella which injected ricin, a deadly poison. It is believed that Bulgarian security persuaded the KGB to do the job.

### Publications

- «Задочни репортажи за България» — 1978
- «Когато часовниците са спрели. Нови задочни репортажи за България» — 1991

### Books

- «Победителите на Аякс» — 1959
- «Цезиева нощ» — 1957
- «Мъже» — 1962
- «Покривът» — 2007

### Theatre

- «Последният патент» — 1965
- «Кафе с претенция» — 1966
- «Да се провреш под дъгата»
- «Комунисти»
- «Аз бях той»
- «Асансьорът» — 1967
- «Атентат в затворената улица» — 1968
- «Архангел Михаил» — 1990, 1997

### Novels

- «Анкета» — 1961
- «Между нощта и деня» — 1961
- «Портретът на моя двойник» — 1966, 1996
- «Жените на Варшава» — 1968

## Other websites

- Markov's umbrella assassin revealed. After 26 years, police hope to bring killer to justice by Nick Paton Walsh. June 6, 2005. (The Guardian)
- WNET (PBS) "Secrets of the Dead"  on investigation of the assassination.
- Georgi Markov "The Umbrella Assassination"  mvm.ed.ac.uk
- "The Poison Umbrella" Yveta Kenety, in: The New Presence 4/2006, S. 46-48
Jennie Kwan

**Jennie Trinidad Fernando Kwan** (born September 9, 1973) is an American actress and singer. She played "Kim" in the original American tour of the musical _Miss Saigon,_  and "Christmas Eve" in the original national tour of _Avenue Q_. She has made a number of television shows, and is now known for being the voice of popular anime and video game characters.

## Early life

Kwan was born and raised in Los Angeles, California. Her birth name was Jennie Trinidad Fernando. She identifies as American, and also Filipino, Spanish, German, Italian and Chinese. She is the daughter of a medical lab technician.

## Career

Kwan started singing professionally when she was 11. She was in a band called "Kids of the Century."

_Miss Saigon_ opened in London in 1989, where it played for ten years. _Miss Saigon_ opened on Broadway in 1991. The play was a "megahit," meaning it was very popular. It made over $10 million by the time it opened in Chicago, Illinois a year later. After a worldwide search, Kwan was asked to play Kim. She was still in high school.

She acted in commercials and on television shows like _Beverly Hills, 90210_.  She also had modeling jobs. She acted in a miniseries called _Wild Palms_. In _California Dreams_, Kwan plays Samantha Woo, a foreign-exchange student that is very boy crazy. Recent live-action appearances were on _New Girl_ and _Entourage_. Jennie Kwan has also appeared in many other movies, TV shows, and plays.

She has become a well-known voice actor. She played "Suki" in the Avatar: The Last Airbender television show and video game. She voiced "Satoko Houjou" for the 2007 TV show _When They Cry._ Kwan also voiced "Mayuko Nise" for the 2021 television show, _High-Rise Invasion._ She was also in _Raya and the last dragon_, and _Onward_!

## Accomplishments

Jennie Kwan has starred in multiple shows that helped her get fame, including  Kwan has also been in plays including _Miss Saigon_, where she plays Kim, a bar girl from Vietnam. Kwan has also voiced many anime and cartoons! Kwan can sing too, and wants to sing more in her future.

## Filmography

- Little Shop
- California Dreams
- Beverly Hills, 90210
- Family Matters
- The Nanny
- Trojan War
- Bare: A Pop Opera
- Faces of America
- Fear of a Punk Planet
- Avatar: The Last Airbender
- Avenue Q
- Random! Cartoons
- Late Night with Jimmy Fallon

## Music

In 2001, Jennie left acting for a while to join the girl group Nobody's Angel. However, with its popularity quickly declining, the group split up just one year later.

## Infobox (actor)

- **imagesize**: 150px
- **name**: Jennie Kwan
- **birthname**: Jennifer Trinidad Fernando
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress/Singer
- **yearsactive**: 1991 – present
- **known for**: Kim in the original production of Miss Saigon.
Playing _Samantha Woo_ on _California Dreams_ (TV)
André Sogliuzzo

**André Sogliuzzo** (born August 10, 1966) is an Italian-American voice actor. He is known for doing many voices for many characters. These include additional voices in _Open Season_, voices in _Avatar: The Last Airbender_, _American Dad!_, _Jackie Chan Adventures_, and McSquizzy in _Open Season 3_.

### Animated roles

- _American Dad!_
- _Avatar: The Last Airbender_
- _Brandy & Mr. Whiskers_
- _Boog and Elliot's Big Adventure_
- _Celebrity Deathmatch_
- _Family Guy_
- _Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law_
- _Jackie Chan Adventures_
- _Random! Cartoons_
- _SpongeBob SquarePants_
- __Star Wars: Clone Wars_
- _The Batman_
- _Wolverine and the X-Men

### Movie roles

- _Open Season_
- _Open Season 3_
- _Open Season 4_
- _The Polar Express_
- _Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen_
- _You've Got Mail_
- _The Lion King 1½_

### Video games

- _Crysis_
- _Age of Empires III_
- _Call of Duty United Offensive_
- _Company of Heroes_
- _Condemned 2: Bloodshot_
- _Crash Nitro Kart_
- _Destroy All Humans!_
- _Eat Lead: the Return of Matt Hazard_
- _EverQuest II_
- _Fantastic Four_
- _Final Fantasy X_
- _Final Fantasy XIII_
- _Ghostbusters: The Video Game_
- _Ratchet: Deadlocked
- _Scarface: The World Is Yours_
- _Shrek 2_
- _Shrek the Third_
- _SOCOM: U.S. Navy SEALs Fireteam Bravo 3_
- _Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly_
- _Spyro: Year of the Dragon_
- _Star Wars: The Clone Wars_
- _Tak: The Great Juju Challenge_
- _Tales of Symphonia_
- _The Scorpion King: Rise of the Akkadian_
- _X-Men Legends_
- _GTA: San Andreas''

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: André Sogliuzzo
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Voice actor
- **yearsactive**: 1994–present
- **website**: http://www.andresogliuzzo.com/
SoundtrackNet

**Soundtrack.Net** is a website dedicated to movie and television music.

## History

The website was founded in 1997 by David A. Koran and Dan Goldwasser at Carnegie Mellon University. In November 2005, _Time Magazine_ listed SoundtrackNet as one of the "Top 20 Music Websites of 2005". In October 2011, the site was acquired by Box Office Mojo cofounder Sean Saulsbury.

## Other websites

- Soundtrack.Net
Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges

**Hungerford Bridge**, often called **Charing Cross Bridge**, is a railway bridge. It crosses the River Thames in London from Charing Cross station across to the south, near Waterloo station.

The bridge lies between Waterloo Bridge and Westminster Bridge. It is a steel bridge with two more recent pedestrian bridges on either side. These were named the **Golden Jubilee Bridges**, but are really just footpaths alongside the railway bridge. Each footpath has steps and lift access.

The north end of the bridge is Charing Cross station. It is near Embankment Pier and the Victoria Embankment. The south end is near Waterloo station, County Hall, the Royal Festival Hall, and the London Eye.

The first version of the bridge was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, and opened in 1845. The bridge and the walkways have been reworked and expanded at various times.

## Related pages

- List of crossings of the River Thames

## Infobox (bridge)

- **image**: Hungerford Bridge, River Thames, London, England.jpg
- **bridge name**: Hungerford Bridge
- **caption**: Hungerford Bridge and Golden Jubilee Bridges, seen from the north
- **locale**: London
- **carries**: South Eastern main line (Hungerford Bridge)
Pedestrians (Golden Jubilee Bridges)
- **crosses**: River Thames
- **maint**: Network Rail
- **open**: 1864 (Hungerford Bridge)
2002 (Golden Jubilee Bridges)
- **design**: Steel truss bridge, truss
- **preceded**: Westminster Bridge
- **followed**: Waterloo Bridge
Upper Deck Company

**The Upper Deck Company, LLC** (colloquially as **Upper Deck** and **Upper Deck Authenticated, Ltd.** in the UK), founded in 1988, is a private company primarily known for producing trading cards.

## Books

- Williams, Pete. _Card Sharks: How Upper Deck Turned a Child's Hobby into a High-Stakes, Billion-Dollar Business_. Macmillan General Reference, May 1995.

## References

- General
- Hoover's Upper Deck Company, LLC Fact Sheet
- Beckett.com company profile
- Specific

## Other websites

- Upper Deck official website
- Upper Deck Entertainment website
- Upper Deck Kids website
- Upper Deck U website
- Upper Deck International website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: The Upper Deck Company, LLC
- **type**: Private company, private Limited liability company, LLC
- **foundation**: Yorba Linda, California, United States (1988)
- **founder**: Paul Sumner <small>(co-founder)</small>
Richard McWilliam <small>(co-founder)</small>
- **location city**: Carlsbad, California
- **location country**: United States
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: Paul Meyer <small>(President)</small>
 Bernd Becker<small>(VP Entertainment & Sports)</small>
- **industry**: lithograph, lithographic commercial printing, collectibles
- **products**: trading cards
- **num employees**: 250
- **homepage**: [http://www.upperdeck.com UpperDeck.com]
Car of the Century

The **Car of the Century (COTC)** was an international award given to the most important car of the Twentieth Century.  The election was run by the Global Automotive Elections Foundation. The winner was the Ford Model T. It was announced at an awards event on 18 December 1999 in Las Vegas, Nevada.

|Make|Type|Year|Country|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|AC|Cobra|1965–1967|UK/US|
|Alfa Romeo|Giulietta Sprint Coupé|1954–1968|Italy|
|Audi|Quattro|1980–1991|Germany|
|Austin|Seven|1922–1939|UK|
|BMW|BMW 328|1936–1940|Germany|
|Bugatti|T35|1926–1930|France|
|Chevrolet|Corvette Stingray|1963–1967|US|
|Citroën|Traction Avant|1934–1957|France|
|Citroën|2CV|1948–1990|France|
|Citroën|DS19|1955–1975|France|
|Ferrari|250 GT SWB Berlinetta|1959–1962|Italy|
|Fiat|500 Topolino|1936–1948|Italy|
|Ford|Model T|1908–1927|US|
|Ford|Mustang|1964–1968|US|
|Jaguar|XK120|1948–1954|UK|
|Jaguar|E-Type|1961–1975|UK|
|Mercedes-Benz|S/SS/SSK|1927–1932|Germany|
|Mercedes-Benz|300 SL Coupé|1954–1957|Germany|
|Mini|all types|1959–2000|UK|
|NSU|Ro 80|1967–1976|Germany|
|Porsche|911|1963–present|Germany|
|Renault|Espace|1984–present|France|
|Rolls-Royce|Silver Ghost|1907–1925|UK|
|Rover|Range Rover|1970–1996|UK|
|Volkswagen|Beetle|1946–present|Germany|
|Volkswagen|Golf|1974–present|Germany|
|Willys|Jeep|1941–1945|US|

## The final results

|Position|Car model|Points|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1|Ford Model T|742|
|2|Mini|617|
|3|Citroën DS|567|
|4|Volkswagen Beetle|521|
|5|Porsche 911|303|
Albert Bridge, London

**Albert Bridge** is a road bridge over the River Thames in West London. It connects Chelsea on the north bank to Battersea on the south bank.

## History

Albert Bridge was designed and built in 1873 as a cable-stayed bridge, it proved to be structurally unsound. Between 1884 and 1887 Sir Joseph Bazalgette added some elements of a suspension bridge. More work was done in 1973. As a result, the bridge today is a hybrid of three different design styles.

Built as a toll bridge, it was unsuccessful. Six years after its opening it was taken into public ownership, and the tolls were lifted. The tollbooths remained in place, and are the only surviving examples of bridge tollbooths in London. Its nickname is 'The Trembling Lady' because of its tendency to vibrate when large numbers of people walked over it. Signs at the entrances warn troops from the nearby Chelsea Barracks to break step while crossing the bridge.

With a roadway only  wide, and with serious structural weaknesses, the bridge was ill-equipped to cope with motor traffic. Despite this, Albert Bridge has remained open to vehicles, apart from brief spells for repairs. It is one of only two Thames road bridges in central London which have never been replaced.

The strengthening work did not prevent further decay of the bridge's structure. Strict traffic control limits its use and prolongs its life. It is the least busy Thames road bridge in London except for Southwark Bridge. The bridge's condition continues to get worse as the result of traffic. Also, severe rotting of the timber deck is caused by the urine of dogs using it as a route to nearby Battersea Park.

In 1992 Albert Bridge was rewired and painted in an unusual colour scheme designed to make it easy to see, and avoid being hit by shipping. At night it is lit by 4,000 bulbs, making it one of West London's most striking landmarks.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.  The Royal Barge launched from the pier at Albert Bridge.

## Related pages

- List of crossings of the River Thames

## Other websites

- Daily Mail, Thames pageant graphic;

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: Albert Bridge
- **image**: Albert Bridge from Chelsea Embankment.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **carries**: A3031 road (Great Britain), A3031 road
- **preceded**: Battersea Bridge
- **followed**: Chelsea Bridge
- **crosses**: River Thames
- **locale**: Battersea and Chelsea, London
- **designer**: Rowland Mason Ordish, Joseph Bazalgette
- **design**: Ordish–Lefeuvre system, subsequently modified to an Ordish–Lefeuvre system / suspension bridge / beam bridge hybrid design
- **spans**: 4 (3 before 1973)
- **pierswater**: 6 (4 before 1973)
- **below**: at lowest astronomical tide
- **traffic**: 19,821 vehicles (2004)
- **heritage**: listed building, Grade II* listed structure
- **maint**: Kensington and Chelsea London Borough Council
Lego Avatar: The Last Airbender

**Lego Avatar: The Last Airbender** was a Lego theme based on the Nickelodeon television show _Avatar: The Last Airbender_.

## Sets

- **Air Temple** (3828) – Includes Aang (with glider), Momo, Sokka, a Firebender, and a Fire Nation soldier.
- **Fire Nation Ship** (3829) – Includes Aang, Katara, Zuko, Firebender, and a Fire Nation soldier. Aang's glider.

## Other websites

- LEGO wikia Avatar page
Ring of Steel (London)

**Ring of steel** is the name people use for the security cordon around the City of London. Its purpose is to prevent terrorism. It was designed during the IRA 'troubles'. The city of Belfast was the first to get a _ring of steel_.

Roads entering the city are narrowed and have small chicanes to force drivers to slow down and be recorded by CCTV cameras. These roads have a concrete median with a sentry box where police can stand guard and monitor traffic. Tucked away out of sight may be police armed with submachine guns. City planners call these precautions 'fortress urbanism'.

Some roads have been closed to traffic entirely. Despite the term 'ring of steel', the roadblocks and chicanes are actually created with concrete blocks, sometimes plastic coated, that are wedged together.

The measures were introduced following a massive IRA bombing campaign in the City in the early 1990s such as the 1992 Baltic Exchange bombing and the 1993 Bishopsgate bombing. At this time the sentry posts were guarded by armed police almost continuously. Initially the ring of steel consisted of plastic cones and on duty policemen which the locals described as the 'ring of plastic'. It showed the public that the City authorities were taking seriously the threats by the IRA. This was replaced by more permanent structures consisting of concrete barriers, checkpoints and thousands of video cameras. After the IRA ceasefire the police guard was reduced.

Following the September 11 attacks, and the increased terrorist threats to the United Kingdom, security has been stepped up again. In December 2003, the Ring of Steel was widened to include more businesses in the city. Police thought a terrorist attack on the city was "inevitable".

Traffic entering London is also monitored and recorded at many places by an automatic number-plate recognition system (ANPR). It is watched all the time by police. The data is stored for five years for analysis and evidence.

## References

- City of London Police: Counter-Terrorism , January 2005
- Coaffee, Jon 2003. _Terrorism, Risk, and the City: the making of a contemporary urban_. Ashgate Publishing. , 9780754635550.
- Coaffee, Jon 2004. Rings of Steel, Rings of Concrete and Rings of Confidence: designing out terrorism in Central London pre and post September 11th , _International Journal of Urban and Regional Research_, Vol 28 Number 1 2004.
- Lipton, Eric (2005-07-24). To fight terror, New York tries London's 'Ring of Steel' _New York Times_, 24 July 2005
10 Downing Street

**10 Downing Street** is the address of the London residence and office of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The residence was presented by George II in 1733 to Robert Walpole, the first official Prime Minister of the country.

It is in Downing Street in the City of Westminster. The house is over 300 years old and has about 100 rooms.

The house is close to St James's Park, Buckingham Palace, and the Palace of Westminster (which is the meeting place of both houses of Parliament).

## Infobox (designation list)

- **embed**: yes
- **designation1**: Grade I Listed Building
- **designation1 offname**: 10, Downing Street SW1
- **designation1 date**: 14 January 1970
- **designation1 number**: 1210759


## Infobox (building)

- **name**: 10 Downing Street
- **image**: 10 Downing Street. MOD 45155532 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Front entrance of 10 Downing Street
- **location town**: City of Westminster
London, SW postcode area, SW1
- **location country**: United Kingdom
- **architect**: Kenton Couse
- **map type**: United Kingdom London Westminster
- **map caption**: Location in Westminster
- **website**: [https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/prime-ministers-office-10-downing-street gov.uk]
- **style**: Georgian architecture, Georgian