juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Darius Milhaud

**Darius Milhaud** (pronounced "DAR-yus MEE-oh") (born Marseille, 4 September 1892; died Geneva 22 June 1974) was a French composer. He was a member of the group called _Les Six_. He is one of the most important French composers of the 20th century. He wrote more than 400 compositions. His music is often influenced by jazz and polytonality (music in more than one key at once).

## Life

Milhaud's family were Jewish. He grew up in Aix-en-Provence. His father was an almond dealer. When he was very small he often listened to the songs that were being sung by the women who were sorting out the nuts. They were folksongs from the Provence. When he was a young man he liked to go for walks in the Provence country. This was an important part of his life.

Milhaud's parents liked music. His father was a pianist and often played at local music gatherings. His mother had a nice contralto voice. When he was seven he learned to play the violin. He loved the music of Claude Debussy, whom he met once.

Milhaud studied in Paris at the Paris Conservatory where he met Arthur Honegger and Germaine Tailleferre who were also to become members of Les Six. He studied composition under Charles-Marie Widor and harmony and counterpoint with André Gédalge. He also studied privately with Vincent d'Indy. He taught himself to play the piano. In Paris he was able to listen to music by a lot of great composers.

He was terribly sad when a close friend was killed in World War I. He decided to go to Brazil. He worked there for nearly two years, deciphering codes. He liked the sounds of the jungle. These sounds were to have an impact on his music. The other great influence was jazz, which he heard in 1922 in New York.

Milhaud returned to France and worked very hard. He often travelled. In 1940, he had to emigrate to the United States because the Nazis were arresting Jewish musicians. In America he gave lectures.

His health became poor. He had rheumatoid arthritis for nearly all his adult life, and by 1948 he was in a wheelchair. He still continued to travel, and to teach, for as long as possible. Probably his most famous student was Dave Brubeck.

In 1925, Milhaud married his cousin, an actress called Madeleine Milhaud. She often performed speaking parts in her husband's musical works. In his final years, she devoted herself to looking after him. She died in Paris on 17 January 2008 at the age of 105.

## His works

Milhaud's most popular works include _Le Boeuf sur le Toit_ (ballet), _La création du monde_ (a ballet for small orchestra with solo saxophone, influenced by jazz), _Scaramouche_ (for Saxophone and Orchestra, also for two pianos), and _Saudades do Brazil_ (dance suite). His autobiography is called _Notes Sans Musique_ (_Notes Without Music_), later rewritten as _Ma Vie Heureuse_ (_My Happy Life_).

## References

- Groves Dictionary online
Saône

The **Saône** is a river in eastern France. It is a right tributary of the Rhône river. It starts in the Vosges department and joins the Rhône in the city of Lyon.

Two French departments has the name of the river in their names: Haute-Saône and Saône-et-Loire, both in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

## Geography

The Saône river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Couzon-au-Mont-d'Or in the Metropolitan Lyon.

**Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Couzon-au-Mont-d'Or (13 years)**

### Course

The Saône river starts  in the _commune_ of Vioménil in the Vosges department, at an altitude of about . The river flows in general to the south-southwest.

The Saône river flows through the 3 regions and 6 departments. It flows through the following _communes_, among others:
- Grand Est region
    - Vosges department: Darney, Monthureux-sur-Saône, Châtillon-sur-Saône.
- Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region
    - Haute-Saône: Jonvelle, Corre, Jussey, Port-sur-Saône, Scey-sur-Saône, Gray;
    - Côte-d'Or: Auxonne, Saint-Jean-de-Losne, Seurre;
    - Saône-et-Loire: Verdun-sur-le-Doubs, Chalon-sur-Saône, Tournus, Mâcon, Crêches-sur-Saône.
- Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
    - Ain: Thoissey, Jassans-Riottier, Trévoux;
    - Rhône: Belleville-sur-Saône, Villefranche-sur-Saône, Anse;
    - Metropolitan Lyon: Neuville-sur-Saône, Fontaines-sur-Saône, Caluire-et-Cuire, Lyon, La Mulatière.

The Saône river flows into the Rhône river as a right tributary in the city of Lyon.

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries, over 40 km long,  of the Saône river are:

**Left tributaries**:
- Côney - 55.2 km
- Lanterne - 64.3 km
- Durgeon - 42.4 km
- Ognon - 213.6 km
- Doubs - 452.8 km
- Seille - 100 km
- Reyssouze - 75.1 km
- Veyle - 66.8 km
- Chalaronne - 52.3 km

**Right tributaries**:
- Amance - 46.3 km
- Salon - 71.6 km
- Vingeanne - 93.3 km
- Tille - 82.7 km
- Ouche - 95.4 km
- Dheune - 66.7
- Grosne - 95.6 km
- Azergues - 61.9 km

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Saône
- **image**: Lyon-quais-Saône-pont-La-Feuillée-nord-nuit.jpg
- **image caption**: The Saône in Lyon by night
- **map**: La Saône (rivière) - carte.png
- **map caption**: Course of the Saône
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
- **source1**: Vioménil
- **source1 location**: Vosges
- **mouth**: Rhône
- **mouth location**: Lyon, France
- **tributaries left**: Doubs (river), Doubs, Lanterne (river), Lanterne
- **tributaries right**: Azergues, Morgon (river), Morgon
Hereford

**Hereford** (pronounced  or )  (pronounced  "Henforth") is a city and civil parish in the West Midlands of England, close to the border with Wales and on the River Wye. It is the county town of Herefordshire.

The name _Hereford_ comes from the Anglo Saxon _here_, meaning an army and _ford_ which is a place where soldiers could cross.

Hereford has had a cathedral since 1059.

In 1997, Hereford Council lost its status as a city council, and had to appoint Charter Trustees. Its ancient city traditions are recognised and carried on by the parish council, which is led by the City Mayor.

### Road

The A49, A438, A465, A480, A4103, A4110, B4399, B4224 and B4359 roads pass through Hereford.

### Rail

Hereford has a train station.

### Bus

Hereford has a city bus station, for routes in the city, and a country bus station, for routes out of the city.

## Related pages

- Hereford Cathedral

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Hereford
- **civil parish**: Hereford
- **population**: 55,800
- **unitary england**: Herefordshire
- **region**: West Midlands
- **lieutenancy england**: Herefordshire
- **constituency westminster**: Hereford and South Herefordshire (UK Parliament constituency), Hereford and South Herefordshire
- **post town**: HEREFORD
- **postcode area**: HR
- **postcode district**: HR1, HR2, HR3, HR4
- **dial code**: 01432
- **os grid reference**: SO515405
- **london distance**: 135.7m
- **static image**: HerefordSkyline.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Hereford Cathedral and Wye Bridge</small>
The finger

**The finger** (also called "**the bird**", or most commonly "**the middle finger**") is a common insulting hand signal in some countries.

If you put your middle finger up, you are saying something like "**fuck you**" or "**fuck off**". However, it may also be used humorously, for example between people who are close friends. Context is everything in these non-verbal gestures.

The gesture dates back to ancient Greece and it was also used in ancient Rome. Historically, it represented the phallus.
Ariel (moon)

**Ariel** is a moon of Uranus found on October 24, 1851 by William Lassell. It was found at the same time as **Umbriel**.

The moon is named after the leading sylph in Alexander Pope's poem _Rape of the Lock_. It is also the name of the spirit who serves Prospero in Shakespeare's _The Tempest_.
Trondheim

is a city and municipality in the county of Sør-Trøndelag, Norway. With  people that live there (as of August 2023), Trondheim is Norway's third largest municipality. It is also has the fourth biggest urban area in Norway, with a population of about .

Culture: Posten Moderne (PoMo) is an art museum.

## History

The city of Trondheim was founded in 997. It was frequently used as the seat of the king, and was capital of Norway until 1217. In the Middle Ages, Trondheim was the site of several battles, including the battle between King Sverre and Erling Skakke, in 1179. The city has experienced several major fires - the most devastating in 1651 and 1681. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of the buildings in Trondheim, and the 1681 fire led to a total reconstruction of the city.

The city of Trondheim became a municipality January 1, 1838. The rural municipalities of Byneset, Leinstrand, Strinda and Tiller were joined into Trondheim on January 1, 1964.

Since 1981, caves surrounding the city have been home to materiel from the Marine Corps Prepositioning Program-Norway.

## Other information

The mayor, Kent Ranum, is elected until late 2027.

## Related pages

- List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027

## Other websites

- Municipality website (Norwegian only)
- Trondheim.no, Trondheim's official website in Norwegian  and English

## Infobox (settlement)

- **other name**: Stiftstaden (English: "The Diocese City")
- **name**: Trondheim
- **image flag**: Flag of Trondheim.svg
- **image shield**: Trondheim komm.svg
- **settlement type**: City
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 997
- **population total**: 212660
- **population urban**: 186364
- **image caption**: <small>**From upper left:** view of the outer city from the sky, Verftsbrua bridge, Trondheim Central Station, and the inner city with Nidaros Cathedral.</small>
Ajax

**Ajax** can mean different things:

- AFC Ajax, a football club from Amsterdam
- Ajax the Great, a hero from the Trojan war
- Ajax the Lesser, another hero in the Trojan war
- Ajax (programming), a technique used in web application development
- Ajax, Ontario, a town in the Canadian province of Ontario
Trondheim Region

The **Trondheim Region** is a statistical metropolitan area in the counties of Sør-Trøndelag (population: 223,363) and Nord-Trøndelag (23,388) in Norway. It is centered around the city of Trondheim.

|Municipality|Population|Area¹|Density²|County||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Trondheim|158,613|322|493|align=left valign=top rowspan=9|Sør-Trøndelag|
|Melhus|14,176|655|22|||
|Malvik|12,213|162|75|||
|Rissa|6,417|588|11|||
|Skaun|6,146|213|29|||
|Midtre Gauldal|5,873|1,807|3|||
|Orkdal|10,632|594|18|||
|Klæbu|5,353|175|31|||
|Selbu|3,940|1,141|3|||
|Stjørdal|19,892|913|27|align=left valign=top rowspan=2|Nord-Trøndelag|
|Leksvik|3,496|400|9|||
<small>1/ km²
2/ Population per km², population data from ssb ;
3/ Orkdal has been added to region due to new road completed</small>
Christine Teipel

**Christine Teipel** (1621 – 4 May 1630) was a 9 year old child who was executed as a witch. This execution happened in Schmallenberg-Oberkirchen in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Life

She was questioned on March 7, 1630. She told about 15 other people who had taken part in a Witches' Sabbath, at night. There were 8 men, 6 women, and a little girl. During that year, there were 7 processes, from April to June of that year. During these processes, 58 people were sentenced to burn at the stake for witchcraft. 22 people of these were men, 2 were children.

Christine Teipel was sentenced and executed in the third of seven rounds of trials.

Near Oberkirchen there is a place where commemorative inscriptions have been erected.

### Pact with the devil

_"bekend guetlich, daß Johan Bell...vor etzlicher zeit, weiß nit, wieviel jar, in Stephans backhaus sie die zauberei gelert, ...(Sie) Hette auch austrucklich dem teuffel zugesagt, waruf der teuffel in eins wackern jungen gestalt, ...zu ir kommen, ... zu ir gesagt, ob sie im auch stehen [zu ihm stehen] wolte. Sie im druff geandwortet: ja, wen er ir etzwas guts tun wölte, wilches er ir auch zu tun versprochen."_

Approximate translation:

_"confesses, that Johan Bell (...) had taught her to do magic, some time ago; she does not know how long ago.  This happened in Stephan's bakery. She had also committed to serving the devil. The devil had then appeared in the form of a vigorous young boy. The boy had asked her if she wanted to commit herself to him; she had agreed, under the condition that he should do something good for her, which he had promised (...)_

### Attending a Sabbat

_"Sein boel (Teufelsbuhle) hett mit ir gedanzt... Der tanz hette woll zwei stunde geweret"_

Translation:
_"Her mate (sex partner) had danced with her... The dance had lasted about two hours"_

### Sex with the devil

_"bekend, daß der bol (Teufelsbuhle) ein ding furm leib gehabt, damit ihr in ir schamb etc., hab kein freud dabei gehabt, were gewesen, als wens holz gewest; und so oft sie zum tanz gezogen, hette er erst zu ihr kommen und boliret [= Geschlechtsverkehr haben], und wen sie´s nit leiden wolten, hette er ir zu schlagen gedrauwet" [= gedroht]._

Translation:
_"confesses, that the mate (sex partner) had had a thing before him, to put into her (etc), that she did not enjoy it at all, it was like this thing were wood; And whenever she wanted to dance, he had first come, and had had sex; and when she did not want to, he had threatened to beat her (..)"_

## Books

(All of them are in German)

- Alfred Bruns, Die Oberkirchener Hexenprotokolle, in: Schieferbergbau-Heimatmuseum Schmallenberg- Holthausen: Hexen- Gerichtsbarkeit im kurkölnischen Sauerland, Dokumentation zur Ausstellung vom 21.7.- 4.8.1984, „Christinichen Teipeln aus Oberkirchen“, S. 26 ff
- Tobias A. Kemper: "...der allnoch anwachsenden bluenden jugend zum abscheulichen exempel...". Kinderhexenprozesse in Oberkirchen (Duchy of Westphalia). In: SüdWestfalen Archiv Jg.4/2004. S.115-136.

## Other websites

- Pact with the devil
Ajax (programming)

**AJAX** (sometimes spelled "Ajax") stands for **Asynchronous JavaScript and XML**. It is a technique used to make webpages faster to use. If they are programmed with AJAX, they seem to react faster. They only send small pieces of information to the web server. That way, the whole web page does not need to reload, only small parts of it.

## Good things

- There is a clear separation between what the page shows (its content), how it looks (its style), and what it does (its function). Programmers that change what the page does do not need to concern themselves with how the page looks.
- Pages done with Ajax only load small pieces of information from the server. Most of the time, they execute code on the client. This makes the program load first so it can respond faster.
- Ajax can be used to read XML or JSON, among other file formats.

## Problems

There are also some problems with Ajax. These are among other things:
- It uses JavaScript. Some people have JavaScript disabled.
- Because it does not reload the full page, it breaks the _history_ function of the Web browser. The _Back button_ does not work any more.
- If the network is slow (there is a high latency), this becomes more obvious when the whole page needs to be reloaded. Users might not expect these delays.
- Some web browsers do not support Ajax well, if at all.
Lithuanian litas

**Lithuanian litas** (Lithuanian: _litas_) was the national currency of the Republic of Lithuania. Litas became a currency of Lithuania in 1922, then again in 1993. In present days, there are 8 coins (1, 2, 5, 10, 50 cents and 1, 2 and 5 LTL) and 6 banknotes (10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 LTL) in use. It stopped being in use in 2015.

## General information

- **ISO 4217 Code**: LTL
- **Inflation**: 3.6 % (2006 estimate)
- **Subunit**: 1/100 (1 cent (_centas_))
- **Symbol**: Lt
- **Central bank**: Bank of Lithuania

## Infobox (currency)

- **image 1**: 500 litai (2000).jpg
- **image title 1**: 500 litai banknote (observe and reverse)
- **iso code**: LTL
- **iso number**: 440
- **iso exponent**: 2
- **using countries**: None, previously:
 Lithuania
- **inflation rate**: 1.4%
- **inflation source date**: [http://www.ecb.int/stats/prices/hicp/html/inflation.en.html European Central Bank], April 2013
- **inflation method**: Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices, HICP
- **erm since**: 28 June 2004
- **erm fixed rate since**: 2 February 2002
- **erm fixed rate**: 3.45280 Lt
- **erm band**: pegged in practice, 15% _de jure_
- **euro replace cash**: 1 January 2015
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **subunit name 1**: Cent (currency), centas
- **symbol**: Lt (litas), ct (centas)
- **plural**: _litai_ (nom. pl.) Lithuanian grammar#Noun modification by numeral, or _litų_ (gen. pl.) or _litu_ (nom. dl. in pre-war period)
- **plural subunit 1**: _centai_ (nom. pl.) Lithuanian grammar#Noun modification by numeral, or _centų_ (gen. pl.) or _centu_ (nom. dl. in pre-war period)
- **used coins**: 1 centas, 2, 5 centai, 10, 20, 50 centų, 1 litas, 2, 5 litai
- **coin article**: Coins of the Lithuanian litas
- **used banknotes**: 10 litų, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 litų
- **banknote article**: Banknotes of the Lithuanian litas
- **issuing authority**: Bank of Lithuania
- **obsolete notice**: yes
Maria Holl

**Maria Holl** (* 1549 in Altenstadt near Geislingen an der Steige, in Germany; † 1634) was an inn-keeper in Nördlingen. She was accused of witchcraft, but she did not confess to a crime, despite the torture. After this, she was released, and cleared of the accusations.

Because she was very successful running the tavern, she was accused of witchcraft. In total, she was tortured 62 times. At all times she only confessed to God. No matter what was done to her, she could not be made to say to have a pact with the devil. Many citizens of Nördlingen were in favour of her. She was cleared of the accusations on October 11, 1594. She was among the last people to be tried for Witchcraft, in Nördlingen.

Maria Holl died in 1634, probably from the Plague.
Duduk

The **Duduk** is a traditional woodwind instrument of Armenian origins.

## History

The duduk is one of the oldest double reed instruments in the world which dates back over 3,000 years. Many different duduks can be found in Armenia and the Caucasus. The roots of Armenian duduk music go back to the times of the Armenian king Tigran the Great (95-55 BC). The instrument is seen in many Armenian manuscripts of the Middle Ages.

UNESCO declared the Armenian duduk and its music a Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity in 2005.

## Other websites

- Jivan Gasparyan, "Eshkhemed"
- Jivan Gasparyan & Nune Yesayan "Dle Yaman"
- Jivan Gasparyan "Tribute"
- Jivan Gasparyan "Horovel"
- Jivan Gasparyan "Hin U Nor Husher"
- Vatche Hovsepyan "Duduk"
- Duduk.com
- Duduk.co.uk
Droopy Dog

**Droopy Dog** is a cartoon character created by Tex Avery for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1943. It first appeared on a cartoon titled _Dumb Hounded_ (1943).

## Other media

The following lists are about the Droopy Dog media which were spin-offs and cameos of the series.

### Television shows

- _Tom and Jerry Kids_ (1990–1994)
- _Droopy, Master Detective_ (1993)
- _Tom and Jerry Tales_ (2006–2008)
- _The Tom and Jerry Show_ (2014-2021)
- _Tom and Jerry Singapore_ (2023-present)
- Untitled _Droopy_ animated series (TBA)

### Theatrical movies

- _Tom and Jerry: The Movie_ (1992)
- _Tom and Jerry_ (2021)

### Direct-to-video films

- _Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring_ (2002)
- _Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes_ (2010)
- _Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz_ (2011)
- _Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and his Merry Mouse_ (2012)
- _Tom and Jerry's Giant Adventure_ (2013)
- _Tom and Jerry: Spy Quest_ (2015)
- _Tom and Jerry: Back to Oz_ (2016)
- _Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory_ (2017)
- _Droopy One and Only_ (2026)
- _Droopy Part 2_ (2026)
- _Droopy, The Final Chapter_ (2026)
Biohazzard Records

**Biohazzard Records** is a German based Independent record label. It was founded by music journalist Sascha Bahn and Alexander C.H. Lorenz (publisher of "MUMM" compilation). He has more as 20 years experience in management of bands. The label is distributed through "Alive!", edel.net (Digital Distribution) and DanseMacabre (Das Ich). They focus at Gothic, Gothic Metal and some kinds of Electro.

## Releases

- 2000:  **Sinnflut** - Vergessene Melodien
- 2001:  **Sinnflut** - Wortlosigkeit
- 2003:  **Silence** - The p/o/u/r letters
- 2003:  **Sinnflut** - Gefüge (Part I & II)
- 2004:  **Sinnflut** - Im Anblick meines Augenblicks
- 2006:  **Eisenfunk** - Funkferngesteuert
- 2006:  **Sanity Obscure** - Resurrection
- 2007:  **Silence** - the badtime stories e.p.
- 2007:  **Eisenfunk** - Eisenfunk
- 2007:  **adoptedCHILD** - geliebt-getötet

## Artists

- Eisenfunk
- PISCIDE
- adoptedCHILD
- Sanity Obscure
- Silence
- Sinnflut
- Die Braut
- Concrete/Rage
- Agapèsis
- Scarelett
- S.C. Inc

## Other websites

- Biohazzard Records
- Biohazzard Records@myspace
Iraqi dinar

The **Iraqi dinar** is the currency of Iraq. One dinar equals 1000 fils (فلس).
Massoud Barzani

**Massoud Barzani** (born 16 August 1946) was the first president of Iraqi Kurdistan. He became president on 14 June 2005.

Masoud Barzani succeeded his father, the Kurdish nationalist leader Mustafa Barzani, as the leader of KDP in 1979. Working closely with his brother Idris Barzani until Idris's death, Barzani and various other Kurdish groups fought the forces of the Iraqi government in Baghdad during the Iran–Iraq War. For much of this time, the Kurdish leadership was exiled to Iran.

Barzani was born in Iranian Kurdistan, during the short-lived Republic of Mahabad.
Nechervan Idris Barzani

**Nechervan Idris Barzani** (Kurdish:نێچیرڤان بارزانی, Nêçîrvan Îdrîs Barzanî) (born 21 September 1966) has been the Prime Minister of Iraqi Kurdistan since March 2006.
Credit card

**Credit card** is a type of card that allows purchase of items without cash. Credit cards tend to be small plastic cards with a unique number attached to a bank account. Most are magnetic stripe cards. Many have an EMV chip for use by card readers. Paying with a credit card means borrowing the money in an unsecured loan which must be repaid in a specified time.

If the bill is left unpaid for some time, the customer will have to pay interest for the amount that is left unpaid.Users failing to repay in time may have to pay much more. Payment using a credit card is one of the most common methods of electronic payment. A debit card similarly allows paying without cash, but it pays with money in the user's bank account.

## Features

Each card has a unique number. Using this number, plus other details on the card, such as the validity date, or a code, the client can buy goods or services. The issuer of the card automatically transfers the money to the seller. The person using the card gets a credit. The customer has a certain amount of time to pay the credit card bill.

Additional features of credit cards may include rewards points, cashback, travel rewards, and purchase protection. Many credit cards also offer fraud protection and the ability to dispute charges. Modern credit cards can be used for contactless payments using NFC technology. Some cards allow users to manage their spending and make payments via mobile apps.

## Interest and fees

Credit cards typically charge interest on unpaid balances. Interest is calculated based on the annual percentage rate (APR), which varies by issuer and user credit history. Late payments, exceeding the credit limit, or cash advances may result in additional fees. Some credit cards offer a grace period during which no interest is charged if the balance is paid in full each month.

## Credit limit

Each credit card has a credit limit, which is the maximum amount that can be borrowed at one time. The limit is determined by factors such as income, credit history, and spending patterns. Exceeding the credit limit can result in fees and may negatively affect the user's credit score.

## Usage

Credit cards are widely accepted worldwide, both in physical stores and online. They provide convenience and security for transactions. Responsible use of a credit card can help build a positive credit score, which is important for obtaining loans, mortgages, and other forms of credit.

## Calculating interest and minimum payments

Credit card holders can estimate the interest they will pay on unpaid balances and determine minimum monthly payments using online calculators. These tools generally require information such as the outstanding balance, annual percentage rate (APR), and desired monthly payment. By entering these values, users can see how long it will take to pay off their balance and how much interest will accrue over time. Such calculators can help in planning payments and avoiding excessive interest charges.

## Related pages

- Debit card
- Bank
- Credit score
Mosul

**Mosul** ( __, , ) is a city in the north of Iraq. Under the Ottoman Empire, it was the capital of northern Iraq and is now capital of the Nineveh Governorate. More than a million people lived there when the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant captured it in early June 2014. In July 2017, the Iraqi Army with help from Kurdish Peshmerga troops and other militias took the city back.

## Further reading

- Published in the 19th century

- Published in the 20th century

- Published in the 21st century

## Other websites

- ninava-explorer
- Iraq Image – Mosul Satellite Observation
- Detailed map of Mosul by the National Imagery and Mapping Agency, from lib.utexas.edu

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Mosul
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Iraq, City
- **image skyline**: مدينة الموصل.jpg
- **imagesize**: 275
- **image caption**: The Old Bridge of Mosul, with the Mosul Grand Mosque in the background
- **nickname**: Nīnwē ܢܝ݂ܢܘܹܐ
- **pushpin map**: Iraq#Asia
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Mosul within Iraq
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type2**: Governorate
- **subdivision name2**: Nineveh Governorate
- **area total km2**: 180
- **elevation m**: 223
- **elevation ft**: 732
- **population total**: 664,221
- **population as of**: 2015
- **population urban**: Unknown (estimates range between 750,000 and 1,500,000
- **population demonym**: Moslawi
- **population note**: UNData 1987
- **area code**: 60
- **timezone**: Arabia Standard Time, AST
- **utc offset**: +3
Mayonnaise

**Mayonnaise** (Commonly spelt Nayonnnaisne) is a thick sauce. It is an emulsion of vegetable oil and egg yolk, with either lemon juice or vinegar. It is often used as a condiment for food such as salads, sandwiches and french fries.
Germaine Tailleferre

**Germaine Tailleferre** (born Saint Maur Des Fossés, France, 19 April 1892; died Paris, 7 November 1983) was a French composer.  She was one of the members of the famous group Les Six.

## Early years

She was called Marcelle Taillefesse when she was born. When she was grown up she changed her last name to "Tailleferre" just to annoy her father because he had refused to let her study music.  She studied piano with her mother at home, composing short works of her own and then began studying at the Paris Conservatoire.  There she met Louis Durey, Francis Poulenc, Darius Milhaud, Georges Auric and Arthur Honegger. She won several prizes at the Conservatoire.  She often met with her friends who became known as Les Six.

## Works

In 1923 Tailleferre began to spend a great deal of time with Maurice Ravel at his home in Monfort-L'Amaury. Ravel encouraged her to enter the _Prix de Rome_ Competition. In 1925, she married Ralph Barton, an American caricaturist, and moved to Manhattan, New York. She stayed in the United States until 1927 when she and her husband returned to France. They divorced shortly afterwards.

Tailleferre wrote many of her most important works during the 1920s, including her 1st Piano Concerto, The Harp Concertino, the Ballets "Le Marchand d'Oiseaux" (the most often performed ballet in the repertoire of the Ballets Suédoises during the 1920s) and "La Nouvelle Cythère" which Diaghilev had asked her to write for his ballet company.

In the 1930s she composed the Concerto for Two Pianos, Choeurs, Saxophones and Orchestra, the Violin Concerto, the Operas "Zoulaïna" and "Le Marin de Bolivar", and her masterwork, "La Cantate de Narcisse", which she wrote with Paul Valéry. Her work in film music included "Le Petit Chose".

When World War II started she had to escape across Spain to Portugal and from there to America.

After the war, in 1946, she returned to her home in France where she composed a lot more music, much of which was not published until after her death.  She was accompanist at a children's music and movement class.  She wrote shorter pieces towards the end of her life because her arthritis made writing difficult.

Tailleferre carried on composing until a few weeks before her death in November 1983.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Germaine Tailleferre
- **image**: Germaine Tailleferre et Mario Hacquard 1.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Germaine Tailleferre with singer Mario Hacquard
- **birth name**: Marcelle Taillefesse
- **birth place**: Saint Maur Des Fossés, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **occupation**: Composer
Kimbo Slice

**Kevin Ferguson** also known as **Kimbo Slice** (February 8, 1974 – June 6, 2016) was a Bahamian-born American mixed martial arts fighter. He began fighting in a series of web videos. He fights in backyards, airplane hangars, and nuclear power plants. He was trained by Bas Rutten. He was born in Nassau, Bahamas.

Slice had six children. He used to work as a bodyguard.

Slice died of heart failure at a hospital in Margate, Florida on June 6, 2016, aged 42.
Pangaea

**Pangaea** was the global supercontinent which formed in the Palaeozoic era. The process started about 450 million years ago (mya) and was complete by 210 mya. So, apart from some volcanic islands (not proven, but very likely), all the land areas were collected together in one big supercontinent.

Pangaea was the latest of a series of global supercontinents. They formed at various times since plate tectonics began on Earth. **Panthalassa** was the name of the huge global ocean which surrounded Pangaea.

## Formation

The collisions between continental plates formed the greatest mountain ranges in the history of the Phanerozoic eon. The mountain building included the Caledonian orogeny, the Alleghenian orogeny and the Variscan orogeny. The low mountains of Scotland, Scandinavia and eastern North America are the ground-down remains of these vast events.

## Break-up

There were three major phases in the break-up of Pangaea. The first signs of rifting came in the Triassic before Pangaea was completely formed.

Pangaea broke up about 180/200 million years ago, in the early middle Jurassic. It broke into supercontinents Laurasia and Gondwana before each of these broke into the present continents. One rift resulted in a new ocean, the North Atlantic Ocean.

The second major phase in the break-up of Pangaea began in the Lower Cretaceous (150–140 mya), when Gondwana separated into continents (Africa, South America, India, Antarctica, and Australia).

The third major and final phase of the break-up of Pangaea occurred in the early Cenozoic (Paleocene to Oligocene). Laurasia split when North America (Laurentia) broke free from Eurasia, opening the Norwegian Sea about 60–55 mya. The Atlantic and Indian Oceans continued to expand, closing the Tethys Ocean.

The break-up of Pangaea continues today in the Great Rift Valley in East Africa and Arabia.

## Other sources

- <small>Matte P. 2001. The Variscan collage and orogeny (480-290 mya) and the tectonic definition of the Armorica microplate: a review. _Terra Nova_ **13**, 122-128.</small>
- <small>Stampfli G.M; Raumer J.F. von & Borel G.D. 2002. Paleozoic evolution of pre-Variscan terranes: from Gondwana to the Variscan collision. _Geological Society of America_ Special Paper **364**, pp. 263–280.</small>
- <small>Torsvik T.H. _et al_ 1996. Continental break-up and collision in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic - a tale of Baltica and Laurentia. _Earth-Science Reviews_ **40**, pp. 229–258.</small>
- <small>Ziegler P.A. 1990. _Geological atlas of western and central Europe_. 2nd ed, Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V. </small>
Fatah

**Fatah** is a Palestinian nationalist political party. Fatah is an acronym for Harakat At-Tahriri Al-Filistiniya. That means Palestinian National Liberation Movement in English. It was created by Yasser Arafat in the late 1950s.

In 1968 Fatah joined the Palestinian Liberation Organization, and in 1969 it got a leadership role. When it was founded, it did not accept the existence of Israel, but now the group officially does.

The political part of the party is not considered a terrorist group by any country, but its military part, the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades is considered a terrorist group. Fatah says that the Brigades are not a part of the party but Israel says that Fatah supports the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades.

## Fatah and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades

Leaders of the brigades, and other members have said they are a military group that is a part of Fatah. On their website, and on posters they post the Fatah Emblem. Leaders of Fatah have said they did not create the brigades, or make them the military of Fatah. Since 2002 leaders in Fatah have tried to get the brigades to stop attacking Israeli citizens.

## Infobox (political party)

- **country**: Palestine
- **name english**: Fatah
- **leader3 title**: PLO leader
- **leader3 name**: Mahmoud Abbas
- **leader4 title**: Chief negotiator
- **leader4 name**: Saeb Erekat
- **ideology**: Ba'athism
Palestinianism
Palestinian nationalism
- **headquarters**: West Bank, Palestine
Balkh

**Balkh** () is a city in Balkh Province of Afghanistan. It was a big city hundreds of years ago, but it was ruined by Mongols. It was not ruined forever, though. In 1850 it was captured by Dost Mohammad Khan.

## Related pages

- Balkh Province

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Balkh
- **native name**: بلخ
- **native name lang**: fa
- **image skyline**: 15c green mosque.jpg
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **image caption**: A mosque in Balkh
- **pushpin map**: Afghanistan
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Afghanistan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Afghanistan, Province
- **subdivision type2**: District
- **subdivision name1**: Balkh Province
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **elevation m**: 365
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population blank1 title**: City
- **population blank1**: 77,000
- **population blank2 title**: Religions
- **timezone**: + 4.30
Hessischer Rundfunk

The **Hessischer Rundfunk** (***HR***) is a German television and radio broadcasting company based in Frankfurt am Main in the State of Hesse.

HR is a member of the group of German public-broadcasting institutions that makes up ARD.

The HR produces the regional television service _HR Fernsehen _ (which used to be called HR Fernsehen ) and six regional radio channels.

## Other websites

- Official website _in German_
Sulaymaniyah Governorate

**As Sulaymaniyah** (, ) is a province in the east of Iraq. The capital is Sulaymaniyah. The area is . Almost 1,800,000 people live there.
Erbil Governorate

**Erbil** (,  **Hewlêr**; also written **Arbil** or **Irbil**) is a province which is part of the autonomous Kurdistan Region located in the north of Iraq. The area is . Its capital is the city of Erbil which is also the capital city of the entire Kurdistan Region. According to Erbil governorate census in 2009, Erbil population was 1,720,000.
Duhok Governorate

**Duhok** (also **Dohuk** or **Dahuk**, , , Duhok, Assyrian: **ܢܘܗܕܪܐ**, Nohadra) is a province of the Kurdistan Region located in northern Iraq. The capital is also called Duhok. 510,000 people live in the province and the vast majority of them are Kurds.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Duhok Governorate
- **native name**: محافظة دهوك
پارێزگای دھۆک
ܗܘܦܲܪܟܝܵܐ ܕܕܸܗܘܟ
- **other name**: Duhok Province
- **settlement type**: Governorate
- **image skyline**: Collage_of_Dohuk_Governorate.jpg
- **image map**: Duhok in Iraq.svg
- **image map1**: Kurdistan_governorates_2015.png
- **map caption1**: Dohuk Governorate within Kurdistan Region
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision type2**: Capital
- **subdivision name2**: Duhok
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Farhad Azad
- **area total km2**: 10,955.91
- **population total**: 1,011,585
- **population as of**: 2017
- **blank name sec2**: Human Development Index, HDI (2017)
- **blank info sec2**: 0.679
Babil Governorate

**Babil** () is a province in Iraq. The area is . 2,000,000 people live in the province. The capital is Al Hillah  a Shia

It contains the ancient city of Babylon.

The name Babil is the Arabic name for Babylon.
Coruscant

**Coruscant** is a fictional planet in the _Star Wars_ movies. It has been the capital of the Galaxy for many years, and during that time, the planet has become one big city. It's most notable appearance was in the prequel trilogy.
Digital Video Broadcasting

**Digital Video Broadcasting** (often shortened to **DVB**) is a series of standards for sending digital content, like Television using digital technology.  Compression of the data stream allows carrying several video channels in one analog television channel.

There are different standards, some of them are
- DVB-S, DVB-S2: Use Satellites to broadcast
- DVB-C: Use a coaxial cable
- DVB-T, DVB-T2: Use a terrestrial signal, relayed thorough various stations

Digital Audio Broadcasting is similar, but for audio.

## Related pages

- Digital Multimedia Broadcasting
Baghdad Governorate

**Baghdad** () is a province in Iraq. The capital is also called Baghdad.

The area is . The province is the smallest province in Iraq.
Linguine

**Linguine** are a form of Italian pasta. Sometimes they are also called **Linguini** (this is an English-language form, and is not Italian).
They are flat, like fettuccine and trenette, but narrow like spaghetti.

The name means "little tongues" in Italian - the word being derived from Latin _lingua_ "tongue" with the suffix _-ine_ which indicates that an item is smaller or lesser.

Linguine _alle vongole_ (with clams) is a popular use of this sort of pasta.
Basra Governorate

**Basra** or **Al Basrah** () is a province in the southeast of Iraq. It has an area of . The capital is also called Basra. 2,565,893 people live in the province.
Egg (food)

Most **eggs** that are eaten by humans have an eggshell. There are multiple parts to the egg: the egg white, the egg yolk and various thin membranes,  Every part of the **egg** is edible, although the eggshell is usually thrown away. Eggs are a good source of protein.

Roe and caviar are edible eggs produced by fish. They do not have an eggshell, since they hatch underwater. They also are much smaller and do not have a white or yolk.

## Egg as a food ingredient

Birds' **eggs** are a common food source. The most commonly used bird eggs are those from the chicken, the duck, and the goose. Smaller eggs such as quail eggs are sometimes used as a fancy ingredient, as are the largest bird eggs, from ostriches.

Most of the chicken eggs sold for human consumption are unfertilized. The hens are kept without any roosters. Fertile eggs can be bought and eaten as well. There is no difference in the food value of fertilised and unfertilised eggs. Fertile eggs for eating do not have a baby bird inside. This is because eggs have to be kept cool before they are sold, and the cold stops the young inside from starting to grow.

Chicken eggs are widely used in many types of cooking. Recipes that use eggs include sweet and savoury dishes. Eggs can be used and cooked in many different ways. They can be hard-boiled, soft-boiled, scrambled, fried, combined with flour in cakes or eaten raw. Roasted eggs are used at the Jewish holiday of Passover. Pickled eggs are hard-boiled and then put in vinegar. They are often sold in UK fish and chip shops.

Eating raw eggs is not recommended for some people. This is because the egg may be contaminated with bacteria (like salmonella) that could cause illness. This could be serious for the elderly, the infirm, or pregnant women.

The body can use about 91% of the protein of a cooked egg, nearly twice as much as from a raw egg.

## Color

There is no difference in taste or food value between white or brown eggs.  The color of a chicken's egg depends on the breed.

In most of the United States, eggs are generally white; while in the northeast of that country and in the United Kingdom, eggs are generally light-brown. People in Brazil and Poland prefer brown or reddish eggs, because white eggs are thought of as "industrial", that is, for use in commercial bakeries.  The reason some people prefer one colour of egg and other people prefer a different colour is probably because of what the colours are linked with in their minds.  For example white is linked with purity, and brown-shelled eggs with greater wholesomeness.

Carotenoids can affect how intense the color of the yolk is.

## Related pages

- Egg (biology)
- List of egg dishes

## References

- Stadelman W.J. and Cotterill O.J. 1995. _Egg science and technology_. 4th ed, New York: Food Products Press.

## Other websites

- 9 Health Benefits of Eggs
- Nutritional values of eggs
- Nutritional value of free range eggs compared with factory eggs
- Criticism of the validity of the "Animal Care Certified" logo used by United Egg Producers(UEP)
- British Egg Industry and the Lion Mark
- 10 Health Benefits of Eggs
Dhi Qar Governorate

**Dhi Qar** () is a province in south east of Iraq, with an area of . The capital is An Nasiriyah and 1,454,200 people live in the province.
Diyala Governorate

**Diyala** () is a province in east of Iraq. Its area is . The capital is Baqubah. 1,271,000 people live in the province.
Leitmotif

A **leitmotif** (pronounced , “LITE-mow-teef”) (also spelled **leitmotiv**), is a German word meaning **leading motif**.  It is a little musical theme that is often repeated in a piece of music, very often in opera. The leitmotif is linked in the musical story with a person or a thing or an idea.  The leitmotif might be a short tune, but it can also be a rhythm or just a chord.

The word “leitmotif” is sometimes used in other things such as literature.  In a book it might be an idea that keeps coming during the story.  It can also be used in movies or video games.

The word “leitmotif” is particularly associated with the operas of Richard Wagner.  The leitmotif helps to make the story dramatic and bind it together, because it makes the music easier to understand.  Sometimes a leitmotif will change during an opera as the character changes.  Various dramatic effects can be made with leitmotifs. For example, a leitmotif might be played before a character comes onstage, so the audience will know who is coming before the actor can be seen.  Three examples of leitmotifs from Wagner's Ring Cycle  _Der Ring des Nibelungen _ are: the leitmotif for the chief god Wotan (a person), the leitmotif for the Tarnhelm, the invisibility helmet, (a thing), and the leitmotif for the Renunciation of Love (an idea).

The use of leitmotif was not completely new in the 19th century.  For example: the first four notes of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony are used like a leitmotif during the whole symphony.  It was, however, Carl Maria von Weber who first used it a lot in his operas.  A music critic called F. W. Jähns used the word to describe Weber’s work.  Hector Berlioz wrote a symphony called _Symphonie Fantastique_ which has a tune which he called **idée fixe** (“fixed idea”) to represent the love between the two characters.

Wagner did not actually use the word “leitmotif”.  He preferred to call such themes “Grundthema” (basic idea) or simple “Motiv”.  Some people, such as Eduard Hanslick, who did not like Wagner’s music, thought that Wagner’s use of leitmotifs made the music too simple.  Claude Debussy said the use of leitmotifs in operas was like having a world where crazy people would always use "visiting cards" to introduce themselves and then start singing their names to be sure everyone knew what was going on.

Many other composers used leitmotifs in a similar way to Wagner, e.g. Richard Strauss in his operas, Elgar in his oratorios _The Kingdom_ and _The Apostles_ or Alban Berg in his opera _Lulu_.

Leitmotifs or music themes are also used to dramatise movies. For example, the famous Jaws theme uses a leitmotif for the shark.
Karbala Governorate

**Karbala** () is a province in Iraq, with 710,274 people living there. The capital of the province is also called Karbala, that is a holy city for Shi'a Muslims.
Maysan Governorate

**Maysan** () is a province in southeastern Iraq, bordering Iran. The capital is Amarah. 785,068 people live in the province.
Najaf Governorate

**Najaf** () is a province in southwestern Iraq. The province has an area of 28,824 km². The capital is also called Najaf. 1.477.134 people live in the province.
Nineveh Governorate

**Ninawa** (, , Assyrian: **ܢܝܢܘܐ** **Nîněwâ**) is a province in north of Iraq It has an area of 37,323 km². The capital is Mosul which lies near the Tigris river. 2,600,000 people live in the province. The ancient Biblical city of Nineveh is also in this province.  The name Ninawa is the Arabic name for Nineveh.
Muthanna Governorate

**Al Muthanna** (also **Muthanna**, ) is a province in southern Iraq, bordering Saudi Arabia. The province has an area of 83,268 km², and 1.035.000 people live there. The capital is Samawah.
Kirkuk Governorate

**Kirkuk Governorate** ( ,  _Parêzgay Kerkûk_,  , ) or **Kirkuk Province** is a governorate in northern Iraq, with an area of .

The capital is also called Kirkuk, and **1,597,876** people live in the Governorate.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Kirkuk Governorate
- **native name**: محافظة كركوك
Kerkük ili
ܟܪܟ ܣܠܘܟ
پارێزگای کەرکووک
- **settlement type**: Governorate
- **image map**: Kirkuk in Iraq.svg
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type3**: Capital
- **subdivision type4**: Governor
- **subdivision name3**: Kirkuk
- **area total km2**: 10282
- **population total**: 1,597,876
- **population as of**: 2018
- **blank name sec2**: Human Development Index, HDI (2021)
- **blank info sec2**: 0.705