juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rani Lakshmibai

**Lakshmana,** the **Rani** of **Jhansi** (19 November 1828 — 18 June 1858) was an Indian queen and warrior.

She was one of the greatest leaders of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and, became for Indian nationalists a symbol of resistance to British rule in India.

## Biography

Manikarnika is born into a Maratha family. She was married to Gangadhar Rao, the Maharaja of Jhansi, in 1842, and became the Rani of Jhansi. After her marriage, Manikarnika became Lakshmibai, named in honour of the goddess Lakshmi. Before her marriage, she was known as Chabili (meaning "jolly ways"). In September 1851, Rani Lakshmibai had a son, Damodar Rao. He died at the age of four months. On the day before the Raja's death in November 1853, he adopted his cousin's child. His name was Anand Rao but, was renamed Damodar Rao, after their actual son. The Raja wrote a letter to the British government of India requesting that his widow should be recognised as the ruler of Jhansi after his death during her lifetime. After the death of her husband the head of the British government refused to allow her adopted son to become raja and Jhansi was ruled by the British. This was done by the "Doctrine of lapse" - if an Indian ruler died without a male child his adopted son would not succeed him; but the personal property of that king goes to his adopted son.

After all the British in Jhansi had been killed by Indian troops in June 1857 the Rani took over the administration provisionally until the British returned. She had to form an army to defeat the invading forces of Orchha and Datia. In March 1858, British forces led by Sir Hugh Rose came to Jhansi to take back the city from the Rani who now wanted independence. Jhansi was besieged and taken after strong resistance. Many of the people of the city were killed in the fighting and afterwards. The Rani escaped to Kalpi and jointly with the Maratha general Tantya Tope then seized Gwalior. In the battle of Kotah ki Serai in which their army was defeated Rani Lakshmibai was wounded and died on 18th June 1858.

## More information

- Edwardes, Michael (1975) _Red Year: the Indian Rebellion of 1857_. London: Sphere; pp. 111-126
- Meyer, Karl E. & Brysac, Shareen Blair (1999) _Tournament of Shadows_. Washington, DC: Counterpoint; pp. 138-145

## Other websites

- Timeline from the birth of Lakshmibai until her death
- Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi
- Rani Laxmi Bai

## Infobox (monarch)

- **image**: Rani of jhansi.jpg
- **caption**: The Rani attired in war gear
- **birth name**: Manikarnika
- **birth place**: Varanasi, India
- **death date**: 18 June 1858
- **death place**: Kotah ki Serai, Gwalior, India
- **occupation**: Queen, General
- **title**: Rani of Jhansi
- **predecessor**: Rani Rama Bai
- **successor**: British Raj
- **father**: Moropant Tambe
- **mother**: Bhagirathibai Tambe
- **spouse**: Jhansi Naresh Maharaj Gangadhar Rao Newalkar
- **issue**: Damodar Rao, Anand Rao
Ukrainian hryvnia

**Hryvnia** is the national currency of Ukraine.

## Other websites

- History of Hryvnia
- National Bank of Ukraine announcement of Hryvnia Sign
- Proposed symbols for hryvnia during design competition
- Pictures of hryvnia bills introduced in 1997
- First Ukrainian Money
- Ukraine monetary reform. Numismatics.htm)
- How hryvnia was born

## Infobox (currency)

- **image 1**: 1 Hryvnia 1995 front.jpg
- **image title 1**: 1000 hryvnias banknote
- **image 2**: 1 hryvnia coin of Ukraine, 2018.jpg
- **image title 2**: 1 hryvnia coin
- **inflation rate**: 8.6% (03.2019 y-o-y)
- **inflation source date**: NBU, 2019, May
- **inflation method**: Consumer Price Index, CPI
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **subunit name 1**: kopiyka (копійка)
- **symbol**: Hryvnia sign, ₴  or грн
- **plural**: hryvni (Nominative case, nom. Plural, pl.), hryven (Genitive case, gen. pl.)
- **plural subunit 1**: kopiyky (nom. pl.), kopiyok (gen. pl.)
- **used coins**: 10, 50 kopiyok; ₴1, ₴2, ₴5, ₴10
- **used banknotes**: ₴1, ₴2, ₴5, ₴10, ₴20, ₴50, Ukrainian one hundred-hryvnia note, ₴100, ₴200, ₴500, ₴1,000
- **issuing authority**: National Bank of Ukraine
- **printer**: National Bank of Ukraine
- **mint**: National Bank of Ukraine
- **iso code**: UAH
- **iso number**: 980
- **iso exponent**: 2
Chronos

**Chronos** (Ancient Greek: , "time", also written as **Khronos** or **Chronus**) is the Greek God of time. He is the personification of time in philosophy before Socrates, and in later literature. Chronos controls the past, present, and future of everything. Without Chronos, the other Greek Gods would have never existed.

In the Orphic cosmogony, Chronos never ages. He gives birth to Aether and Chaos, and made a silvery egg in the divine Aether. It produced the god Phanes, who is a hermaphrodite. Phanes gave birth to the first generation of gods and is the creator of the cosmos.
Speyer

**Speyer** (English formerly _Spires_) is a city in  the state of Rhineland-Palatinate with about 50,000 inhabitants on the Rhine river. It lies  south of Ludwigshafen and Mannheim. Around the year 500 the town gets the name _Spira_, named after the stream _Speyerbach_ which flows into the Rhine river here.

The center of Speyer is dominated by the Speyer Cathedral. Here are the tombs of several of the Salian emperors: the bodies, however, are believed to have gone missing during one of the French invasions during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

## Other websites

- speyer.de  the city website (partly in English)
- museum.speyer.de  Historical Museum of the Palatinate (in English)
- dom-speyer.de website of Speyer Cathedral (in German)
- Model Map of Medieval Speyer
- Technical (Transport) Museum

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Speyer HDR.jpg
- **image caption**: Speyer: Maximilianstraße with the Speyer Cathedral in the background
- **image coa**: DEU Speyer COA.svg
- **state**: Rheinland-Pfalz
- **district**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **elevation**: 92
- **area**: 42.58
- **population**: 50648
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 67346
- **area code**: 06232
- **licence**: SP
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 07 3 18 000
- **divisions**: 4 _Stadtteile_
- **mayor**: Hansjörg Eger
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: CDU


## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Reichsstadt Speyer_
- **conventional long name**: Imperial City of Speyer
- **common name**: Speyer
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: City-state
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Republic
- **year start**: 1294
- **year end**: 1792
- **event pre**: Founded
- **date pre**: _ca_ 10 BC
- **event start**: Gained _Reichsfreiheit_
- **event1**: Diet (assembly), Diet at Speyer confirms
    Edict of Worms
- **date event1**:  
April 19, 1529
- **event2**: Protestation at Speyer
- **date event2**: April 20, 1529
- **event3**: War of the Grand Alliance, City razed
- **date event3**: 1688
- **event end**: French Revolutionary Wars: Campaigns of 1792, Annexed by First French Republic, France
- **event post**: Annexed to Kingdom of Bavaria, Bavaria
- **date post**: 1816
- **p1**: Bishopric of Speyer
- **image p1**:
- **s1**: French First Republic
- **flag s1**: Flag of France.svg
- **capital**: Speyer
Goethe University Frankfurt

|colspan="2" align="center" style="color:#FFFFFF;"|Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main|
| --- | --- |
|Foundation:|1912/1914|
|City:|Frankfurt am Main|
|studies:|170|
|faculties:|16|
|employers:|approx. 4600 <small>_(2009)_</small>|
|professors:|approx. 535 <small>_(2009)_</small>|
|students:|approx. 37.353 <small>_(2009)_</small>|
|students from foreign countrys: || 3954 <small>_(2005)_</small>||
|Budget:|267,9 Mio. € <small>_(2006)_</small>|
|address:|Senckenberganlage 31 60325 Frankfurt am Main Telefon: +49 69 798-0 Fax: +49 69 798-28383 E-Mail: [mailto:webmaster@uni-frankfurt.de webmaster@uni-frankfurt.de]|
|Website:|www.uni-frankfurt.de|

The **Goethe University Frankfurt** (German: _Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main_) opened in 1914. With 38.000 students it belongs to the five largest universities in Germany and has the biggest library of them. The university has more than 600 teaching and researching professors; 16 faculties offer 170 courses of study.
Thayer Academy

**Thayer Academy** is a private school that prepares people for college. It is in Braintree, Massachusetts. People from Grades 6–12 can become students there. The school was made in 1871, at the request of General Sylvanus Thayer. Thayer Academy is one of Greater Boston's most well respected private school's.

## Thayer Academy

|Established|1877|
| --- | --- |
|Type|private coeducational|
|Headmaster|Ted Koskores|
|Students|451|
|Grades|6-12|
|Location|Braintree, Massachusetts, USA|
|Campus|Suburban|
|Colors|Black and Orange|
|Mascot|Bengal Tiger|

## Well known students

- Tiffany Kelly, Miss Massachusetts USA 2006
- Tony Amonte, professional hockey player
- Jeremy Roenick, professional hockey player
- Mike Jones, college basketball player
- John Cheever, Pulitzer Prize winning writer
- Dave Silk, 1980 US Olympic hockey team member (gold medal)
- Sally Weston, Famous interior designer
- Brooks Orpik, Professional ice hockey player (Pittsburgh Penguins)

## Other websites

- School Web page
Siegfried

- _This page is about the character in the book called the Nibelungenlied. For Wagner's opera see Siegfried (opera).

**Sigurd** (Old Norse: **Sigurðr**) is a strong hero in the _Nibelungenlied_, an epic poem written about the year 1200. He killed the dragon Fafnir and took its treasure, the _Nibelungenschatz_. After killing the dragon, he bathed in its blood and so changed his skin, so that he could not be wounded any more. The earliest extant representations for his legend come in pictorial form from seven runestones in Sweden and most notably the Ramsund carving (c. 1000) and the Gök Runestone (11th century).

But a leaf fell from a linden tree above while he was bathing and landed on his back, and the little patch of skin that it covered did not touch the dragon's blood, so that Siegfried remained vulnerable (he could be hurt) in that one spot.

Siegfried wants to marry Kriemhild, the sister of Gunther, kin of the Burgundians in Worms. But before he is allowed to marry her he has to help Gunther to win against Brünhild, the queen of Iceland. He does it with the help of a cloak which lets him become invisible.

After their marriage Siegfried and Kriemhild live in Siegfried's kingdom for some years. Then they come to visit Worms and Kriemhild's family again. Brünhild, the wife of Gunther, and
Kriemhild argue about who is of higher rank. Now Kriemhild tells Brünhild that Siegfried helped Gunther in his fight against her and that he gave a proof of this victory to Kriemhild. Therefore, Brünhild becomes so furious that she decides that Siegfried must be killed. This is done by Hagen, one of Gunther's men, while Siegfried is drinking from a well during a hunt in the Odenwald. Hagen also takes the treasure of Siegfried from Kriemhild and throws it into the Rhine.

The name Siegfried in German means "victory peace".

Siegfried appears in two of the four operas in Wagner's Ring cycle: the third opera is called _Siegfried_ and the fourth one is called _Götterdämmerung'' although originally Wagner called it "Siegfrieds Tod" ("The Death of Siegfried"). Wagner makes several changes to the story.
Fichtelgebirge

The **Fichtelgebirge** is a mountain range in northeastern Bavaria, Germany. It extends from the valley of the Red Main River to the Czech border, where it is continued by the much higher Ore Mountains.

The highest mountain is the **Schneeberg** (1051 m). Rivers rising from the Fichtelgebirge are the White Main (German: Weißer Main), the Saxon Saale, the Ohře (German: Eger) and the Fichtelnaab which later joins the Waldnaab. Cities on the edge of the mountains include Bayreuth and Hof.

The mountains slope gradually away to the north and the south, but there is a steep slope to the west, where the Red Main forms the boundary of the mountains.

The Fichtelgebirge attracts many tourists both during summer and winter, mainly for hiking and skiing, but also to see the large rock formations.
Ore Mountains

The **Ore Mountains** (German _Erzgebirge_, Czech _Krušné hory_) are a mountain range in Germany and the Czech Republic. They form the border between both countries for 150 km, extending from the western border of Saxony to the Elbe river. They are named for their plentiful metal ores.

The Ore Mountains are famous for many Christmas traditions. As the ores silver and tin were not found any more in the mines, former miners had to look for new ways to feed their families. In addition to lace making and weaving, the inhabitants went into wood carving. Nutcrackers, "smoking men", "pyramids" (carousels with figures of the Christmas story or from mining) and _Schwibbogen_ (wooden arcs with candles in the windows, symbolising the opening of a mine) are some of many Christmas goods made in the Ore Mountains. _Seiffen_ in the East Ore Mountains was a centre of the wooden toy industry.
Manifest (transportation)

A **manifest** or **ship's manifest** is a document that lists the cargo, passengers, and crew of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle. It is made for the use of customs and other officials. If the list is just a list of passengers, it is a **passenger manifest** or **passenger list**. A list of cargo is a **cargo manifest** or **cargo list**. The manifest may be used by people having an interest in the transport to ensure that passengers and cargo listed as having been placed on board the transport at the beginning of its passage continue to be on board when it arrives at its destination.

## Related pages

- Passenger name record
Stenonychosaurus

***Stenonychosaurus*** (meaning "narrow claw lizard") is a genus of troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada based on a foot, fragments of a hand, and some caudal vertebrae.

A 2017 description had redeemed the validity of _Stenonychosaurus_ and had informalised the genus **"Troodon"**, synonymising it with _Latenivenatrix_.

## Description

_Stenonychosaurus_ was a small dinosaur, up to  in height,  in length, and up to  in mass.They, like most related dromaeosaurs such as _Velociraptor_ and _Deinonychus_ had retractable sickle-like claws on their feet.
Henry IV of England

**Henry IV** (3 April 1367 – 20 March 1413) was a King of England.  He was born at Bolingbroke Castle, in Lincolnshire, and so he was often called **Henry Bolingbroke**.

## Rise to power

Henry's father, John of Gaunt, was the third son of King Edward III and had a lot of power in the reign of King Richard II.

Henry and Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, argued in 1398. Richard ordered Henry to live outside England for ten years with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt, but Thomas de Mowbray was exiled from England for life.

The next year John of Gaunt died, and Richard would not allow Henry to inherit Gaunt's land. Instead, Henry had to ask for the lands from Richard.

Henry met with the exiled Thomas Arundel, former Archbishop of Canterbury. Both of them returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland.

With Arundel as his advisor, Henry began a military campaign, took land from those who opposed him and ordered his soldiers to destroy much of Cheshire.

Henry gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV. He sent King Richard to prison and is believed to have been killed there. Henry bypassed Richard’s seven-year-old heir presumptive, Edmund de Mortimer.

Henry was crowned on 13 October 1399. It was the first time since the Norman Conquest in 1066 that the monarch made a public speech in English. Henry consulted with Parliament frequently but was sometimes at odds with it, especially over religious matters.

On Arundel's advice, Henry was the first English king to allow the burning of heretics, mainly to suppress the Lollard movement.

William Shakespeare wrote two plays about the Henry's life: _Henry IV, Pt. 1_ and _Henry IV, Pt. 2._

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Henry IV of England
- **title**: King of England and Wales; Lord of Ireland
- **image**: British - Henry IV - Google Art Project.jpg
- **succession**: List of English monarchs, King of England and Kingdom of Gwynedd, Gwynedd
- **reign**: 14 February 1400 – 20 March 1413
- **coronation**: 13 October 1400
- **predecessor**: Richard II of England, Richard II
- **successor**: Henry V of England, Henry V
- **spouse**:

- **issue**: Henry V of England, Henry V, King Of England
Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence, Thomas, Duke of Clarence
John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford, John, Duke of Bedford
Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester
Blanche of England, Blanche, Electorial Princess Palatine
Philippa of England, Philippa, Queen of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
- **house**: House of Lancaster
- **father**: John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
- **mother**: Blanche of Lancaster
- **birth place**: Bolingbroke Castle, Lincolnshire
- **death place**: Westminster, London
- **burial place**: Canterbury Cathedral, Kent
- **full name**: Henry Bolingbroke of Lancaster, 3rd Duke Of Lancaster.
Thalassodromeus

***Thalassodromeus*** was a pterosaur found in northern Brazil. It was 60 cms long and had a wingspan of 1 metre and a head crest on its skull.
Oratorio

An **oratorio** is a piece of music for orchestra, choir and solo singers.  It usually tells a story from the Old Testament.  An oratorio may be about two hours long: a whole concert.  It is rather like an opera, but whereas an opera is acted out in costume on a stage, an oratorio is sung and played in a concert hall or church.  The oratorio as we know it was created in the 18th century.  The words were normally in the composer’s own language, not in Italian like most operas were at that time.

The word "oratorio" had been used many centuries ago for music-dramas performed in churches in western Europe.  In Italy oratorios and operas were both being composed in the 17th century.  In Germany composers like Heinrich Schutz and, later, Johann Sebastian Bach were writing Passions which tell the story of the crucifixion.  These are not usually called “oratorios” but they are similar.

The first important composer of oratorios was George Frideric Handel.  Handel, who was born in Germany, had become English.  Handel had written a lot of operas, but in 1732 he started to write oratorios instead and quite suddenly people became very interested in oratorios.  He used the same sort of music as in his operas: the work would start with an overture (an introduction on the orchestra) and then there would be recitative (the bits that told the story), arias (songs for the solo singers) and choruses for the choir.  The chorus was very important in oratorios: they got more to sing than in most operas.  This meant that choral societies became very popular, and this tradition spread from England (where Handel lived) to other countries in Europe.  Handel’s most famous oratorio is _Messiah_. Unlike most of his other oratorios, the story is not from the Old Testament.   It tells the story of the birth, life and death of Jesus.  In Britain Handel’s _Messiah_ is traditionally performed around Christmas.  Other oratorios by Handel include: _Deborah_, _Saul_, _Samson_, _Judas Maccabaeus_ and _Solomon_.  Handel composed all these oratorios to English texts.

In the 19th century the oratorio was very popular. At the turn of the century Joseph Haydn wrote some of his best music in his two oratorios:  _Die Schöpfung_ (_The Creation_) (1798) and _Die Jahreszeiten_  (_The Seasons_) (1801). Mendelssohn wrote _St Paul_, _Elijah_ and the _Hymn of Praise_.  Dvořák, Berlioz and Gounod are among the most important Romantic composers of oratorio, and in the 20th century famous oratorios include Elgar’s _Dream of Gerontius_ (1900), Walton’s _Belshazzar’s Feast_ (1931) and Tippett’s _Child of our Time_ (1941).
Pterodactylus

***Pterodactylus*** (Pterodactylus Antiquus) was a small pterosaur. It lived in the later Jurassic period, at the same time as many dinosaurs. _Pterodactylus_ is typical of the short-tailed pterosaurs. The sub-order continued to the end of the Cretaceous, but _Pterodactylus_ is only known from the latest Jurassic.
The first specimens were found at Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. Also found in these strata was the famous _Archaeopteryx_.

These carbonate strata formed in warm lagoons. _Pterodactylus_ may have lived on small islands in the lagoon, or on the coast. Perhaps it lived further inland and was blown here in a storm. The high salinity would support little life, so the pterosaurs would have fed in some other area.

The first specimen was found in the 18th century, and a description published in 1784. Later, Georges Cuvier worked out that it was a flying reptile. A juvenile pterosaur came to light in 1817, and showed clearly that Cuvier had been right. Now, 30 specimens of the genus are known.
Rutiodon

**Rutiodon** was a type of phytosaur. Phytosaurs were crocodile-like animals that lived during the time of dinosaurs. Its nostrils were far back on the head, close to the eyes. It was shown in the movie _When Dinosaurs Roamed America_ trying to catch a Coelophysis. It jumped out of the water. and roared without warning.
When Dinosaurs Roamed America

***When Dinosaurs Roamed America*** is a 2001 television movie from the Discovery Channel. The movie is narrated by John Goodman. This movie tells us about species of dinosaurs that lived in North America through the ages of the Mesozoic era. The backgrounds of the movie are real places of America.

### Late Triassic Segment

- _Coelophysis_
- _Rutiodon_
- _Desmatosuchus_
- _Icarosaurus_
- _Traversodon_
- Unidentified mammal, probably _Morganucodon_ or _Megazostrodon_
- quoll (live-acted, probably appeared by accident)
- locust (animated)

### Early Jurassic Segment

- _Dilophosaurus_
- _Megapnosaurus_ (identified as _Syntarsus_, which it was called at the time)
- _Anchisaurus_ (in terms of size and general appearance it resembles a _Massospondylus_)

Late Jurassic Segment
- _Camarasaurus_
- _Allosaurus_
- _Apatosaurus_
- _Stegosaurus_
- _Dryosaurus_
- _Ceratosaurus_
- Unidentified pterosaur, probably _Pterodactylus_

### Middle Cretaceous Segment

- _Nothronychus_
- _Dromaeosaurus_ (identified as dromaeosaur)
- _Zuniceratops_
- _Coelurosaurus_ (identified as coelurosaur)

### Late Cretaceous Segment

- _Tyrannosaurus_
- _Triceratops_
- _Anatotitan_
- _Quetzalcoatlus_
- _Purgatorius_ (live-acted by opossum)
- _Ornithomimus_ (not identified, revealed on web)
- Spider (live-acted)

## Other websites

- Video Gallery
Cigar

A **cigar** is a form in which tobacco is smoked.  It is usually larger than a cigarette.  Cigars are made of different types of tobacco which are cured in many different way to produce unique flavors and fragrances.  Most quality cigars are rolled using a tobacco leaf, though more and more cigars have been rolled using different types of paper to replace the tobacco leaf.  This results in a cleaner looking cigar.  Commercially produced cigars are rolled and packed using machinery, and quality control and smokeability cannot be truly verified.  Hand rolled cigars prove to still be the best option, but are more costly.
Cuba is known worldwide for their cigars, which are famously hard to get in the United States because of an embargo against Cuba.  Many other countries also produce cigars, most notably in the Central America and Caribbean island areas.
Bahá'u'lláh

**Bahá'u'lláh**, also spelled **Bahaullah**, which means "Glory of God", was an Iranian nobleman who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith.

He was born Mirza Husayn-'Alí in the city of Tehran, in Iran, in 1817 and died in Acre, now in Israel, in 1892. His followers consider him a messenger of God. His teachings included that all men and women are equal and that all the religions believe in the same God.

## Other websites

- The Life of Bahá'u'lláh – A Photographic Narrative
`Abdu'l-Bahá

**`Abdu'l-Bahá** was a Persian man who was born on 23 May 1844 and died on 28 November 1921. His father was Bahá'u'lláh who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith.

`Abdu'l-Bahá spent most of his adult life in prison or under arrest, because of his father's new religion.  Bahá'u'lláh called him the "Expounder" of his word, meaning that only `Abdu'l-Bahá had the right to say what Bahá'u'lláh's writings mean.  This was to prevent different people from splitting the religion up because they thought Bahá'u'lláh meant different things, the way many other religions have split up.
Shoghi Effendi

**Shoghi Effendi** (1 March 1897-4 November 1957) was a Persian man. He was the great-grandson of Bahá'u'lláh who founded the religion known as the Bahá'í Faith.

After Bahá'u'lláh died, Shoghi Effendi's grandfather, `Abdu'l-Bahá led the Bahá'ís.  When `Abdu'l-Bahá died, he left a "will and testament" that said that Shoghi Effendi was the "Guardian", and that his job was to guard and lead the Bahá'í Faith.  `Abdu'l-Bahá's will said that only Shoghi Effendi could interpret `Abdu'l-Bahá's or Bahá'u'lláh's books and letters.  This was to prevent different people from splitting the religion up because they thought Bahá'u'lláh or `Abdu'l-Bahá meant different things, the way many other religions have split up.
Will (law)

A **will** or **testament** is a legal document that explains the last wishes of someone after they die. It is sometimes called a "last will and testament".

A person writes a will and testament before they die, and usually writes what they want to happen to their estate (money and their things) after they die. A will may also provide for other issues including,
- Stating preferences for funeral arrangements,
- Designating a guardian for a minor child,
- Preventing will contests, and
- Making gifts to charities.

When a person passes away, the person's will may be probated, meaning that a probate court will authorize a representative to carry out the deceased person's wishes. Depending upon where probate occurs, the representative may be called a _personal representative_, _executor_ or _administrator_.
Uhlan

**Uhlan** is the name for a type of Polish soldier of light cavalry, armed with lance (a kind of spear). The respect for such Polish troops caused that in the beginning of the 19th century great part of European armies created similar military units. In most European armies, the units of that kind took the name of lancers. In the Russian, Austrian, and German armies, the units of Polish lancers had kept the original name of Uhlans.
Not

The word **not** negates the meaning of the word or phrase following it; see No.

**Not**, **NOT**, **NOTs**, or **NOTS** may also refer to:

- ... Not!, an expression used to contradict a statement before it, popular during the early 1990s
- Negation, unary operator in logic depicted as **~**, **¬**, or **!**
- NOT gate, a digital logic gate (commonly called an inverter)

## Related pages

- And (disambiguation)
- Negative (disambiguation)
- Knot
Chin

The **chin** is the bottom part of the face. It is under the mouth and is the forward part of the jaw.

The chin is unique to present-day humans, our species. It is not present in the anthropoid apes, nor in any other hominin. Neanderthals did not have a human-type chin. In medical anatomy, the chin is called the "mental eminence".

Its absence in _Homo floresiensis_ is grounds for thinking that small hominin was not of our species.

It is thought that our chin may have become shaped like this to improve the muscle attachments of the lips and tongue. Chins can be larger or smaller, depending on the person. Even though chin sizes vary a lot, it is usually further forward than the rest of the face in normal humans.
Anne, Queen of Great Britain

**Anne of Great Britain** (6 February 1665 – 1 August 1714) was the Queen of England (which included Wales), Scotland and Ireland. During her reign, the kingdoms of England and Scotland came together to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain (the first form of the United Kingdom). For this reason, she is the first monarch to rule over the UK.

## Becoming Queen

Anne was born during the reign of her uncle, King Charles II. After Charles' death, Anne's father James II became King of England. James was unpopular because he was Catholic. James was replaced by Anne's older sister, Mary II and her husband William III. Mary and William had no children. Anne became Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland on 8 March 1702 after the death of William.

## Kingdom of Great Britain

In her first speech to the Parliament of England, Anne said it was important to unite England and Scotland. In 1707, they both formed to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.

## Personal life

Anne was married to Prince George of Denmark, who died in 1708. Anne was pregnant 17 times but none of her children survived to adulthood. In her 30s, she became very ill and obese.

## Death

Queen Anne died on 1 August 1714. Doctors say she died because of stress and overall poor health as well as being overweight. Because of the Act of Settlement and the fact that Anne had no surviving children, the next King of Britain was George I, her cousin.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Anne of Great Britain
- **image**: Dahl, Michael - Queen Anne - NPG 6187.jpg
- **succession**: List of British monarchs, Queen of Great Britain and Monarchy of Ireland, Ireland
- **reign**: 8 March 1702 – 1 August 1714
- **coronation**: 23 April 1702
- **predecessor**: William III of England, William III & II
- **successor**: George I of Great Britain, George I
- **spouse**: Prince George of Denmark
- **issue**: Prince William, Duke of Gloucester
- **house**: House of Stuart
- **father**: James II of England
- **mother**: Lady Anne Hyde
- **birth place**: St James's Palace, London
- **death place**: Kensington Palace, London
- **burial place**: Westminster Abbey, London
Kind

**Kind** has different meanings:

- Kind means a group of things or people that/who have same features or category.
- Kind means friendly.
Knot

A **knot** is a fixed looping of a piece of string or rope. Knots are often used for binding things together. While a knot is often made from rope, it can also be made from many other things. In fact, a knot is actually the condition a long flexible object is in. For example, hair can be tied in a knot. The ends of balloons are tied in a knot to prevent the air from escaping. The average person over 5 or so years of age is likely capable of tying a knot; most of these knots people tie are probably with their shoelaces. Ribbons are also tied in a knot so as to appear pretty, as when wrapped around a gift. In addition, knots are also made by sailors in many different forms and for many different purposes. There are even people who have adopted knot-making as a hobby.

## Related pages

- List of knots
Flensburg

**Flensburg** (Danish and Low Saxon: _Flensborg_, Frisian: _Flensburch_, North Frisian: _Flansborj_) is a city in Germany. It is next to the border with Denmark. About 90,164 people live in Flensburg. The city has a university. A very well known part of Flensburg is Mürwik. There lies a small navy harbour. Flensburg lives on tourism, students and the German navy forces.

## History

There was a first settlement about 1200 A.D., which became a city in 1284. In the following century, Flensburg became the economic centre of the Duchy of Schleswig. In 1409 there were battles between people of the Duchy of Holstein and the Danish crown about the control of Schleswig. In 1412 and 1500 there were bad plagues in Flensburg. In 1485, there was a big fire in the city.

Between 1460 and 1864 Flensburg was the second most important harbour in Denmark after Copenhagen. Since the 16th century Flensburg was an important place for trade. Flensburg became part of Prussia in 1864, after the Danish-Prussian War.

In 1920, there was an election in Schleswig. The vote was to decide whether people wanted to belong to Denmark or Germany. Flensburg and regions south of the city decided to stay German, while regions north of the city chose to become Danish.

In 1945, many Germans were driven out of their homes in the eastern German provinces. These people went to Flensburg. The city had more than 100,000 inhabitants for a couple of years. Nowadays Flensburg has about 85,000 inhabitants.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Flensburg, Germany
- **type**: Town
- **image photo**: Luftbild Flensburg Schleswig-Holstein Zentrum Stadthafen Foto 2012 Wolfgang Pehlemann Steinberg-Ostsee IMG 6187.jpg
- **image caption**: Flensburg Harbour in 2012
- **image coa**: DEU Flensburg COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Flensburg.svg
- **state**: Schleswig-Holstein
- **district**: urban
- **elevation**: 12
- **area**: 56.38
- **population**: 85942
- **stand**: 2015-12-31
- **postal code**: 24901–24944
- **area code**: 0461
- **licence**: FL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 01 0 01 000
- **divisions**: 13 Stadtbezirke
- **mayor**: Simone Lange
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Germany, SPD
Goslar

**Goslar** is a historic city in Germany. About 43,000 people live there.

## History

The German Emperor Henry I founded Goslar in 922. In the 11th century Goslar became seat of a Pfalz, a temporary seat of the Emperor. In 1253 Goslar became a Free City (that means without being ruled a Duke) in the Holy Roman Empire and joined the Hanseatic League.

Henry 4th, a Holy Roman Emperor, came from Goslar.

In the Thirty-year War Goslar belonged to the loyalists of the Emperor, although its territory belonged to a Protestant region. The Swedish King Gustav II Adolph punished Goslar for supporting the imperial forces. After 1642 Goslar came under the rule of the Welfs.

In 1803 Goslar lost its status as a Free City and belonged to Prussia. Napoleon made Goslar a part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. After the Napoleonic Wars it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover.

In the 19th century Goslar lost its economic base. Now it lives mainly on tourism.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Goslar COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Goslar.svg
- **image photo**: Гослар9.jpg
- **image plan**: Goslar in GS.svg
- **state**: Lower Saxony
- **district**: Goslar
- **elevation**: 255
- **area**: 163.71
- **stand**: 2012-12-31
- **postal code**: 38640, 38642, 38644
- **area code**: 05321, 05325
- **licence**: GS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03153017
- **divisions**: 18 districts
- **mayor**: Dr Oliver Junk
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: CDU


## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **part of**: Mines of Rammelsberg, Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water Regale, Upper Harz Water Management System
- **image**: GoslarMaltermeister.jpg
- **caption**: View to the North with the Hildesheim downs in the background. Photograph taken from the Maltermeister Tower
- **criteria**: Cultural: i, iv
- **id**: 623-001
- **year**: 1992
- **extension**: 2010
- **area**: 363.3 ha
- **buffer zone**: 376.1 ha
MTV

| channels = MTV
MTV2
Tr3s
MTV Classic en Español

MTVU
**MTV** (originally an acronym for **Music Television** until 2010) is an American cable television network. They are based in New York City. The channel launched on August 1, 1981. They used to only show music videos. However they mostly show reality shows like Ridiculous nowadays. The first music video shown on MTV was _Video Killed the Radio Star_ by The Buggles. Today, the channel shows many different television programs aimed at adolescents and young adults.

## Other websites

- Website

## Infobox (tv channel)

- **name**: MTV
- **logo**: MTV 2021 (brand version).svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **logo caption**: MTV logo
- **picture format**: 1080i (High-definition television, HDTV)
 480i (Standard-definition television, SDTV)
- **owner**: ViacomCBS Domestic Media Networks (ViacomCBS)
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **headquarters**: New York City
- **former names**: MTV: Music Television (August 1, 1981–February 8, 2010)
- **sister channels**: MTV2, Tr3́s, mtvU, VH1, Nickelodeon, TeenNick, Comedy Central, MTV India
- **web**: [http://www.mtv.com/ mtv.com]
- **sat serv 1**: DirecTV
- **sat chan 1**: 331 (SD & HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
1331 (On Demand) (exp. 8/2/22)
- **sat serv 2**: Dish Network
- **sat chan 2**: 160 (SD)
1333 (HD)
- **cable serv 1**: Available on many U.S. cable providers
- **cable chan 1**: Check local listings for channel numbers
- **iptv serv 1**: Verizon FiOS
- **iptv chan 1**: 210 (SD)
710 (HD)
- **iptv serv 2**: AT&T U-verse
- **iptv chan 2**: 1502 East / 1503 West (HD) (exp. 8/2/22)
502 East / 503 West (SD) (exp. 8/2/22)
- **broadcast area**: United States
Canada
Bundesautobahn 45

The **Bundesautobahn 45** (_in German: A 45_), is a Motorway from the Ruhr area till Hanau.

The highway begins in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia and crosses Hesse. The **A 45** ends in Bavaria.

## Cities along the A 45

- Dortmund
- Hagen
- Lüdenscheid
- Siegen
- Wetzlar
- Gießen
- Hanau

## Exits on the A 45

- _Waltrop (planned)_
- (2) Dortmund-Nordwest
- (3) Castrop-Rauxel-Ost
- (4) Dortmund-Hafen
- (5) Dortmund-West
- (6) Dortmund-Eichlinghofen
- (7) Dortmund/Witten
- (8) Dortmund-Süd
- (9) Westhofen
- (10) Schwerte-Ergste
- (11) Hagen
- (12) Hagen-Süd
- Rölveder Mühle/Kaltenborn
- (13) Lüdenscheid-Nord
- (14) Lüdenscheid-Mitte
- Sauerland
- (15) Lüdenscheid-Süd
- (16) Meinerzhagen
- (17) Drolshagen
- (18) Olpe
- (19) Olpe-Süd
- (20) Freudenberg
- Siegerland
- (21) Siegen
- (22) Siegen-Süd
- (23) Wilnsdorf
- (24) Haiger/Burbach
- (25) Dillenburg
- Dollenberg
- (26) Herborn-West
- (27) Herborn-Süd

List incomplete

- ()

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: DEU
- **type**: A
- **route**: 45
- **map**: Bundesautobahn 45 map.png
- **length km**: 257
- **direction a**: North
- **terminus a**:  BAB 2, A 2 in Dortmund
- **direction b**: South
- **terminus b**:  BAB 3, A 3 in Seligenstadt
- **states**: North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Bavaria
- **previous type**: A
- **previous route**: 44
- **next type**: A
- **next route**: 46
AFC Ajax

**Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax** (**Ajax Amsterdam**, **AFC Ajax**, or simply **Ajax**) is a football club from Amsterdam, Netherlands. They play in the Eredivisie, which is the highest football competition in The Netherlands. Players like Johan Cruyff, Van Basten, Frank Rijkaard, Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Jari Litmanen played for this club.

## History

The club was founded on March 18, 1900. The founders were Floris Stempel, Carel Reeser  and Johan Dade. It was the second attempt to found Ajax. In 1894 they tried it too. Ajax is named after the mythological hero Ajax the Great.

Ajax promoted to the highest level in 1911. Their coach was Jack Kirwan. Because Sparta Rotterdam had almost the same kit (clothes), they had to change it.

### Stadium

The name of the stadium is Amsterdam ArenA and has an attendance (which means the number of seats) of about 52.000. The Amsterdam ArenA was opened on 14 August 1996 by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. Their previous stadium was named De Meer.

### League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Eredivisie|3rd|
|2001/02|Eredivisie|Champions|
|2002/03|Eredivisie|2nd|
|2003/04|Eredivisie|Champions|
|2004/05|Eredivisie|2nd|
|2005/06|Eredivisie|4th|
|2006/07|Eredivisie|2nd|
|2007/08|Eredivisie|2nd|
|2008/09|Eredivisie|3rd|
|2009/10|Eredivisie|2nd|
|2010/11|Eredivisie|Champions|
|2011/12|Eredivisie|Champions|
|2012/13|Eredivisie|Champions|
|2013/14|Eredivisie|Champions|
|2014/15|Eredivisie|2nd|
|2015/16|Eredivisie|2nd|
|2016/17|Eredivisie|2nd|
|2017/18|Eredivisie|2nd|
|2018/19|Eredivisie|Champions|
|2019/20|Eredivisie|Champions (Season Abandoned)|
|2020/21|Eredivisie|Champions|
|2021/22|Eredivisie|Champions|
|2022/23|Eredivisie|3rd|
|2023/24|Eredivisie|5th|
|2024/25|Eredivisie|2nd|

#### Retired numbers

- **14** –  Johan Cruyff (Forward, 1964–73, 1981–83). _Number retired on 25 April 2007 at Cruyff's 60th birthday celebration match._
- **34** –  Abdelhak Nouri (Midfielder, 2016–17)

**Apres Maccabi Tel Aviv * Red Bull Slazbourg  ou vas Joue Oscar Gloukh ( apres Euro 2024 - Paris 2024 ou Word Cup 2026 qui vas  Joue avec Israel )  בזרת השם *****

**1. Ajax Amsterdam ( Eredivisie)**

**2. Genova Fc ou Inter Milan ( Series A)**

**3. Paris St Germin (  Uber ligue 1 )**

**4.  Olympiacos ( Grece Supe Ligue)**

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: AFC Ajax
- **fullname**: Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax NV
- **ground**: Johan Cruyff Arena
Amsterdam
- **capacity**: 52,960
- **chairman**: Frank Eijken
- **league**: Eredivisie
- **season**: 2024-2025
- **position**: Eredivisie, 2nd
- **website**: http://www.ajax.nl/
- **pattern la1**: _ajax2021h
- **pattern b1**: _ajax2021h
- **pattern ra1**: _ajax2021h
- **pattern sh1**: _adidasred
- **pattern so1**: _3_stripes_red
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FF0000
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _ajax2021a
- **pattern b2**: _ajax2021a
- **pattern ra2**: _ajax2021a
- **pattern sh2**: _ajax2021a
- **pattern so2**: _ajax2021a
- **leftarm2**: 0B614B
- **body2**: 0B614B
- **rightarm2**: 0B614B
- **shorts2**: 004080
- **socks2**: 004080
- **stadium**: Johan Cruyff ArenA
Fungicide

A **fungicide** is a poison. It is used to kill fungi that are considered unwanted.
Chad Kroeger

**Chad Robert Turton** (better known as **Chad Kroeger**) is a Canadian singer and guitarist for the rock band, Nickelback. He was born on November 15, 1974, in Hanna, Alberta, Canada.

Kroeger is of English, German, Irish, Norwegian, Scottish, Swiss-German, and Welsh descent. Kroeger became engaged to Canadian singer Avril Lavigne in 2012. The couple married in 2013 and separated in 2015.

Nickelback consists of four band members. Chad Kroeger (vocals, lead guitar), Mike Kroeger (bass guitar), Ryan Peake (rhythm guitar) and Daniel Adair (drums).

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Chad Kroeger
- **img**: Chad kroeger stuttgart.jpg
- **img capt**: Kroeger in 2005
- **birth name**: Chad Robert Turton
- **birth place**: Hanna, Alberta, Hanna, Alberta, Canada
- **instrument**: Guitar, Singer, vocals
- **background**: solo_singer
- **genre**: Post-grunge, hard rock, heavy metal music, heavy metal, alternative rock, alternative metal
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, Record producer, producer, entrepreneur
- **years active**: 1995-present
- **associated acts**: Nickelback
- **website**: [http://www.nickelback.com/ Nickelback's official webpage]
Consecutive integer

**Consecutive numbers** are numbers that follow each other in order. They have a difference of 1 between every two numbers. In a set of consecutive numbers, the mean and the median are equal.

If _n_ is a number, then the next numbers will be _n+1_ and _n+2_.

- Examples

Consecutive numbers that follow each other in order:

- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
- -3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
- 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

## Consecutive even numbers

Consecutive even numbers are even numbers that follow each other. They have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.

If _n_ is an even integer, then _n,_ _n_+2, _n_+4 and _n_+6 will be consecutive even numbers.

For example - 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,18 etc.

## Consecutive odd numbers

Consecutive odd numbers are odd numbers that follow each other. Like consecutive odd numbers, they have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.

If _n_ is an odd integer, then _n,_ _n_+2, _n_+4 and _n_+6 will be consecutive odd numbers.

- Examples

3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, etc.

−23, −21, −19, −17, −15, -13, -11
Beowulf (hero)

**Beowulf** is the hero of the Anglo-Saxon poem _Beowulf_. He was the son of Ecgþeow, a banished warrior of the Wægmundings. Ecgþeow had killed a man from another clan and had to flee to the Danes. The Danish king Hroðgar accepted him as one of his warriors. The king also paid to repay the blood feud that was threatening Ecgþeow.

When King Hroðgar came upon difficulties because his land was raided by the giant Grendel- a descendant of Cain, and cursed-, Ecgþeow's son Beowulf came to help him with twelve warriors. During the night, Grendel arrived to attack the sleeping men. Grendel gruesomely slaughtered one man before anyone awoke, but Beowulf attacked him. Beowulf had earlier decided to fight without his sword because he thought it would be shameful to fight with unequal weaponry. He, however, outmatched Grendel in strength and tore off his arm. Grendel fled back to his cave, where he died and his arm was fixed to the wall like a trophy. During the following night, Grendel's Mother arrived and Beowulf had an even harder fight against her, as she stole back her son's arm and retreated to her underwater cave. Beowulf followed her and spent a day sinking to the bottom of the lake, and they fought it out a while before Beowulf saw a sword, which conveniently was the only sword that could possibly kill Grendel's mother. He stabbed her with it, and she died. The sword dissolved and he found and beheaded Grendel's body. He brought back the head as a trophy. Beowulf was greatly rewarded for both of these feats, and he and his men were showered in glory and riches. All the gold was presented to their king, and Beowulf was rewarded with a great sword, land, a hall, and the throne of the Geats when the current king dies.

Later on in life, Beowulf ruled over his native Geatland for 50 years until a dragon attacked after a golden goblet was stolen from its cave by a slave. He travels to its cave and successfully slays it, but is severely injured in the melee. He was bitten in the neck, and the venom will kill him. The dying Beowulf then crowns a young warrior called Wiglaf as his successor (as he himself does not have children and all his predecessors have died). Wiglaf is one of the 12 soldiers he took with him to fight the dragon, but the only one who stayed when they saw he was losing. He is then burned on a pyre with all of his gold he won by slaying the dragon.

## In Adaptions

There have been many fictional books and films made based on _Beowulf_. Beowulf appeared in most of them.
- In 2007, a movie was made about Beowulf.
Clan

A **clan** is a group of people who – following a tradition – belong to the same kin. The word comes from the Goidelic languages, and means 'family'. It is similar in meaning to the more general word tribe.

In Europe, the best-known clans system is that in Scotland, which still has some effects today, especially in the Scottish Highlands and Islands. It existed before the land was unified under a Scottish king, and continued long afterwards. Clans also
existed in Ireland.