juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pope Benedict XI

**Pope Benedict XI** (; 1240–7 July 1304), born **Nicholas Boccasini**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 195th Pope from 1303 to 1304.

## Early life

Boccasini was born in Treviso.

## Dominican monk

In 1254, Boccasini became a Dominican friar at the age of 14. He rose in the ranks of the Order; and was elected General or Master of the Order of Preachers in 1296.

## Cardinal

Pope Boniface VIII raised Boccasini to the rank of cardinal.  In 1298, he was named Cardinal of Santa Sabina.

In 1300, Cardinal Boccasini was named Bishop of Ostia and Velletri.

In 1302, he was the diplomatic representative of Boniface VIII in Hungary.

## Pope

Cardinal Boccasini was elected pope on October 22, 1303; and he chose to be called Benedict XI. He was pope for only eight months.

Benedict was a supporter of the Ultamontane policies of Pope Boniface VIII.

In a conciliatory gesture, Benedict released the King of France from excommunication.

Pope Benedict died suddenly at Perugiain July 1304.

## Beatification

Benedict XI was beatified in 1773.

## Select works

Benedict XI was the author of a volume of sermons and commentaries on the Gospel of Matthew, on the Psalms, the Book of Job, and John's Apocalypse_.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- "St. Benedict XI., Pope and Confessor", _Butler's Lives of the Saints''
- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Benedict XI
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Boccasini

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Benedict XI
- **image**: 39 Benedetto XI (cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Nicholas Boccasini
- **birth date**: 1240
- **death date**: 7 July 1304 (aged 63-64)
- **term start**: 22 October 1303
- **term end**: 7 July 1304
- **predecessor**: Pope Boniface VIII
- **successor**: Pope Clement V
- **other**: Benedict
Bell Centre

The **Bell Centre** () is a sports arena in Montreal, Quebec. The arena opened on March 16, 1996, and is the current home to the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). The arena was originally known as **Molson Centre** () from 1996 to 2002. Bell Canada currently has naming rights for the arena.

The arena has also held several WWE events, which includes the Survivor Series in 1997, where the infamous Montreal Screwjob between Bret Hart, Vince McMahon and Shawn Michaels took place, as well as other pay-per-views including No Way Out in 2003 and Breaking Point. All Elite Wrestling (AEW) have also hosted episodes of their weekly television shows _Dynamite_, _Rampage_, _Collision_ on December 5 and 6, 2023.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Bell Centre
- **image**:

- **location**: 1909 De la Gauchetière Street, Avenue des Canadiens-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H4B 5G0
- **broke ground**: June 22, 1993
- **opened**: March 16, 1996
- **expanded**: 1981
- **owner**: Molson family
- **operator**: Molson family
- **construction cost**: Canadian dollar, C$270 million
- **architect**: LeMay & Associate, LLC.
- **project manager**: IBI/DAA Group
- **structural engineer**: Dessau (engineering), Dessau
- **services engineer**: SNC-Lavalin
- **general contractor**: Hunt Construction Group, Huber, Hunt & Nichols
- **former names**: Nouveau forum de Montréal/New Montreal Forum (before construction–1996), Centre Molson/Molson Centre (1996–2002)
- **tenants**: Montreal Canadiens (National Hockey League, NHL) (1996–present)
Montreal Impact (1992–2011), Montreal Impact (National Professional Soccer League II, NPSL) (1997–2000)
Montreal Rocket (Quebec Major Junior Hockey League, QMJHL) (2001–2003)
Montreal Express (National Lacrosse League, NLL) (2002)
- **seating capacity**: Ice hockey, Hockey: 21,273 (1996-2014)
21,287 (2014-2017)
21,302 (2017-2021)
21,105 (2021-present)
Basketball: 22,114
Concerts: 15,000
Amphitheatre: 10,000 to 14,000
Theatre: 5,000 to 9,000
Hemicycle: 2,000 to 3,500
Mixed Martial Arts, MMA: 16,000 to 23,152
Pope Adrian

**Pope Adrian** may mean

- Pope Adrian I (772-795)
- Pope Adrian II (767–872)
- Pope Adrian III (884-885)
- Pope Adrian IV (1154–1159), English pope
- Pope Adrian V (1276)
- Pope Adrian VI (1522–1523), Dutch pope
Santa Claus Is Comin' to Town

**"Santa Claus is Coming to Town"** is a Christmas themed song. It was first written and recorded in 1934. The song was adapted to a television special around 1970. It has been recorded by multiple singers, including though not limited to Bruce Springsteen, Chicago, Dolly Parton, The Jackson 5, The Crystals, Mariah Carey, Michael Bublé and Beach Boys since it was introduced.
America's Most Wanted

***America's Most Wanted*** is an American television program about wanted criminals that airs on Lifetime. The program is about catching people wanted for catching serious crimes. It aired on Fox from its debut until Fox canceled it on June 18, 2011. Six months later, Lifetime brought the show back.  The creator and host is John Walsh.

On May 2, 2008, the program's website said it made its 1,000th capture.
Waunfawr

**Waunfawr** is a village in the small town of Aberystwyth in Wales. It has a big secondary school called Penglais Comprehensive School, a community hall and a park. It also has an old people's home, two shops and a chippy. There are many houses in Waunfawr.
Decompression chamber

A **decompression chamber** is a large container that divers can enter after they have surfaced to help their bodies return to normal atmospheric pressure. It is also called a "recompression chamber" or "hyperbaric oxygen therapy chamber".

When a diver returns to the surface too quickly, he can suffer from decompression sickness (also know as "the bends".) To prevent this divers would stop at various points as they returned toward the surface to allow their bodies to adjust to the pressure change.  If a driver uses a chamber, the diver will adjust in the chamber rather than stop at various depths underwater. This eliminates many of the risks of long decompressions underwater, in cold or dangerous conditions.
Herbal

A **herbal** is a collection of plant descriptions: Very often, it also lists the properties of each plant, or its use, for example for medicine or alchemy. A herebal can also classify the plants it describes. One of the oldest known herbals is the Vienna Dioscurides dating from the 6th century. Physicians and Apothecaries were the main users of such books. Herbals were also important for the study of botany. Hieronymus Bock descrived the plants of southwestern Germany, in his 16th century herbal; he was the first to mention certain morphological features.

## Related pages

- Herbarium or Herbar - a collection of plant specimens
Lindsay Wagner

**Lindsay Wagner** (b. June 22, 1949 near Los Angeles) is an Emmy Award winning television and movie actress. She is best known as the main character in the television series _The Bionic Woman_. She has done many other programs and movies since then.
Dennis Ritchie

**Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie** (September 9, 1941October 12, 2011), was an American computer scientist who "helped shape the digital era."  He created the C programming language and, with long-time colleague Ken Thompson, the UNIX operating system.  Ritchie and Thompson received the Turing Award from the ACM in 1983, the Hamming Medal from the IEEE in 1990 and the National Medal of Technology from President Clinton in 1999.  Ritchie was the head of Lucent Technologies System Software Research Department when he retired in 2007.  He was the 'R' in K&R C.

## Other websites

- Dennis Ritchie's home page at Bell Labs
    - Biography
    - Bibliography
- Williamson, Marcus, "Obituary: Dennis Ritchie: Computer software pioneer", _The Independent_ (UK), Monday, 17 October 2011
- "Obituary"_The Economist_ (UK), 20 October 2011
- Transcript of an interview with Dennis Ritchie – Interview by Michael S. Mahoney
- Interview with Dennis M. Ritchie – By Manuel Benet (published in LinuxFocus.org in July 1999)
- "The C Family of Languages: Interview with Dennis Ritchie, Bjarne Stroustrup, and James Gosling" -  article in Java Report, 5(7), July 2000 and C++ Report, 12(7), July/August 2000
- - "The Guru" - article in Linux Magazine, June 2001
- Unix.se DMR interview published February 7. 2003
- Ritchie and Thompson Receive National Medal of Technology from President Clinton
- _The future according to Dennis Ritchie_ – LinuxWorld.com 12/4/00
- The Limbo Programming Language by Dennis M. Ritchie
- Dennis Ritchie's video interview June 2011

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie
- **image**: Dennis Ritchie 2011.jpg
- **caption**: Dennis Ritchie, 1999
- **birth place**: Bronxville, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, U.S.
- **field**: Computer science
- **work institutions**: Lucent Technologies
Bell Labs
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
- **known for**: ALTRAN
B (programming language), B
BCPL
C (programming language), C
Multics
Unix
- **prizes**: Turing Award
National Medal of Technology
Blossom (TV series)

***Blossom*** was an American television situation comedy that aired on NBC from January 1991 to May 1995. The main stars were Mayim Bialik and Joey Lawrence. Bialik played Blossom Russo, a teenage girl living with her father and two brothers after her mother left to pursue her own career.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Blossom TV show logo.png
- **caption**: _Blossom_ title card, seasons 3–4
- **genre**: Situation comedy, Sitcom
- **creator**: Don Reo
- **starring**: Mayim Bialik
Joey Lawrence
Michael Stoyanov
Jenna von Oÿ
Ted Wass (actor), Ted Wass
- **theme music composer**: Stephen Geyer
Mike Post
- **opentheme**: "My Opinionation" performed by Dr. John
- **composer**: Frank Denson
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 5
- **num episodes**: 114
- **list episodes**: List of Blossom episodes
- **executive producer**: Don Reo
Paul Junger Witt
Tony Thomas (producer), Tony Thomas
Gene Reynolds
David Amico
Judith D. Allison (seasons 4–5)
Rob LaZebnik (season 4)
Allan Katz (season 5)
- **camera**: Multi-camera setup, Multi-camera
- **runtime**: 22–24 minutes
- **company**: Impact Zone Productions
Witt/Thomas Productions
Touchstone Television
- **channel**: NBC
Mia Farrow

**Mia Farrow** (born **Maria de Lourdes Villiers Farrow**; February 9, 1945) is an American singer, actress and humanitarian worker. She has won many awards, including a Golden Globe. She has been in almost 50 movies. Farrow is also known for her extensive humanitarian work. _Time_ magazine named Farrow one of the most influential people in the world. She gained further recognition for her subsequent short-lived marriage to Frank Sinatra. She later married André Previn after she became pregnant with his child. She has dated Woody Allen.

## Career

Farrow's first main role in a movie was as Rosemary Woodhouse in _Rosemary's Baby_ and starred in the television series _Peyton Place_. It was released in 1968. She won several awards for it. She became the first American actress to join the Royal Shakespeare Company. In the 1980s and early 1990s Farrow acted in nearly all of the movies released by her boyfriend Woody Allen. She last acted in the 2011 movie _Dark Horse_.

## Personal life

Farrow married singer Frank Sinatra on July 19, 1966. He divorced Farrow in 1969.

In 1980 Farrow started dating Woody Allen. In 1992 Farrow found naked pictures of her adopted daughter Soon-Yi Previn in Allen's house. Farrow and Allen broke up after this.

### Children

She has thirteen living children and nine grandchildren. Two of her daughters have died. Farrow has seven adopted children.

In 2014, Dylan Farrow wrote an open letter in the _New York Times_, saying that her adoptive father Woody Allen had sexually abused her when she was a child. Allen wrote a response in which he quoted Moses Farrow, “My mother drummed it into me to hate my father for tearing apart the family and sexually molesting my sister."

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Pulitzer2018-mia-farrow-20180530-wp.jpg
- **caption**: Farrow in 2018
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **birth name**: María de Lourdes Villiers Farrow
- **occupation**: Actress, activist
- **years active**: 1964–present
- **spouse**: Frank Sinatra
(m. 1966–1968; divorced)
André Previn
(m. 1970–1979; divorced)
- **partner**: Woody Allen (1980-1992)
- **children**: 15 (4 biological, 11 adopted)
So What (Pink song)

**"So What"** is a 2008 song performed by American pop rock singer Pink. The single was the first off her fifth album _Funhouse_ and became her first solo #1 hit in the United States.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: So What
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Pink (singer), Pink
- **album**: Funhouse (Pink album), Funhouse
- **b-side**: Could've Had Everything
- **recorded**: 2008
- **studio**: Maratone Studios
(Stockholm, Sweden)
House of Blues Studios
(Los Angeles, California, United States)
- **length**: 3:35
- **label**: LaFace Records, LaFace
- **producer**: Max Martin
- **prev title**: Leave Me Alone (I'm Lonely)
- **prev year**: 2007
- **next title**: Sober (Pink song), Sober
- **next year**: 2008
Cheetos

**Cheetos** is a snack brand food consisted of cheese curls made through Frito-Lay. The product has been sold using different mascots. This was made by Elmer Doolin in 1948.

## Infobox (brand)

- **name**: Cheetos
- **logo**:
- **logo size**: 180
- **image**:
- **caption**: An image of Cheetos
- **type**: Cheese curl, Popcorn
- **currentowner**: PepsiCo (via Frito-Lay)
- **origin**: United States
- **introduced**: 1948
- **markets**: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Lithuania, Macedonia, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, North America, Pakistan, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, South Africa, South America, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey, Spain, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
- **previousowners**: The Frito Company
Frito-Lay

**Frito-Lay North America** is an American company connected under PepsiCo, Inc. The company creates potato chips, corn chips and other snack foods. It was founded around 1965. Its headquarters is in Plano, TX.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Frito-Lay, Inc.
- **type**: Wholly owned subsidiary
- **predecessor**: F-L, inc. (1961–1994), The Frito Company
H.W. Lay & Company
- **location city**: Plano, Texas, Plano, Texas
- **location country**: United States, US
- **key people**: Steven Williams (Chief executive officer, CEO)
- **area served**: United States
- **industry**: Food products
- **products**: Lay's, Fritos, Doritos, Ruffles, Cheetos, Marke Es Delende Chipps, Sun Chips, Tostitos, Rold Gold, Funyuns, Master Sun
- **revenue**: (2017)
- **parent**: PepsiCo
Abbas II

**Abbas II** (14 July 1874 – 19 December 1944) was the last Khedive of Egypt and Sudan (1892-1914). He was largely a puppet of the United Kingdom. The British removed him from power because of his support for the Sultan of Turkey in the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Turkey was an ally of Germany fighting Great Britain.
Belgian Congo

**Belgian Congo** was a Belgian colony in central Africa. It was formed in 1908. The government of Belgium took over the previously separate kingdom of Belgium's monarch Léopold II; the Congo Free State. Today it is called the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It existed between Léopold II's formal transfer of his personal control to Belgium on 15 November 1908, and Congolese independence on 30 June 1960.

## Other websites

- Belgian Congo) article in _Encyclopædia Britannica_ 1922 extension.
- Oasis Kodila Tedika and Francklin Kyayima Muteba. _Sources of growth in Democratic Republic of the Congo before independence. A cointegration analysis._ _Revue congolaise d’économie_ / _Congo Economic Review_. Document de Travail / Working Paper. WP02/10 — July 2006.

de:Geschichte der Demokratischen Republik Kongo#Belgisch-Kongo

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Colony of the Belgian Congo
- **status**: Colony (Belgian monarchy)
- **status text**: Colony of Belgium
- **event start**: Annexed by Belgium
- **year start**: 1908
- **date start**: 15 November
- **event end**: Congo Crisis, Independence declared
- **year end**: 1960
- **date end**: 30 June
- **p1**: Congo Free State
- **flag p1**: Flag of the Congo Free State.svg
- **s1**: Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)Republic of the Congo
- **flag s1**: Flag of the Republic of the Congo-Léopoldville (1960–1963).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of the Congo Free State.svg
- **flag**: Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- **image coat**: Greater Coat of Arms of the Belgian Congo.svg
- **coa size**: 120px
- **national anthem**: La Brabanconne, National Anthem of Belgium
- **image map**: Belgian Congo locator map.png
- **image map caption**: The Belgian Congo (dark green) shown alongside Ruanda-Urundi (light green), 1935
- **capital**: Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Boma
Kinshasa, Léopoldville
- **national motto**: _Travail et Progrès_

- **currency**: Congolese franc#First franc, 1887–1967, Belgian Congo franc
- **religion**: Catholic Church in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Catholicism (_de facto_)
- **leader1**: Leopold II of Belgium, Leopold II
- **year leader1**: 1908–1909
- **leader2**: Albert I of Belgium, Albert I
- **year leader2**: 1909–1934
- **leader3**: Leopold III of Belgium, Leopold III
- **year leader3**: 1934–1951
- **leader4**: Baudouin of Belgium, Baudouin I
- **year leader4**: 1951–1960
- **title leader**: List of Belgian monarchs, King
- **representative1**: Théophile Wahis
- **year representative1**: 1908–1912
- **representative2**: Hendrik Cornelis
- **year representative2**: 1958–1960
- **title representative**: List of colonial governors of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo#Belgian Congo, Governor-General
- **stat year1**: 1960
- **stat area1**: 2344858
- **stat pop1**: 16,610,000
Roger Casement

**Sir Roger Casement** (1 September 1864 – 3 August 1916) was an Irish nationalist and British diplomat. He served as British consul in Boma, the capital of the Congo Free State and reported human rights abuses there. He helped a campaign against King Léopold II of Belgium's rule in the Congo Free State, which led him to relinquish his African kingdom to the Belgian Parliament in 1908.

He then became an Irish revolutionary. After participating in the 1916 Easter Rrising, he was executed for treason by hanging by the British.

His role in the rising was in the importation of guns from Germany. He was arrested in Tralee, County Kerry.

At his trial he was outed as gay, this was discovered through his diary.
Saving Grace (movie)

***Saving Grace*** is a 2000 British comedy movie set in Cornwall. Brenda Blethyn stars in the movie. It premiered at Sundance Film Festival. Critical reaction to this movie was positive. The movie received favorable notice for an independent British comedy; it was nominated for awards.
Lukas Katnik

**Lukas Katnik** (born 31 July 1989) is an Austrian footballer. He plays for FC Pasching in Austrias Regionalliga Mitte as striker.

## Career

He started playing football in the local clubs FC Mäder and FC Köblach in the Austrian province of Vorarlberg. 2006 he went to FC Lustenau where he made his professional debut in 2007. In 2010, he went to FC Dornbirn where he scored 10 goals in the first part of the season. In January 2011, he went on to Red Bull Juniors but went at once to USK Anif on loan. In 2011/2012 he came back to the Juniors and is mostly part of the starting team in the Regionalliga West, which is the 3rd division in Austrian football.

After a cooperation with FC Pasching Katnik, he was transferred to this club on loan.

## References

- Players profile Transfermarkt.at
Pope Benedict IX

**Pope Benedict IX** (; c. 1012–1056), born **Teofilatto** or **Theophylactus** of Tusculum, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 145th Pope from 1032 to 1045.  He is listed as the 147th Pope in 1045.  Also, he was the 150th Pope in 1047-1048. He was most likely 12 years old when he became pope the first time.

## Early life

Teofilatto was born in Rome c. 1012. He was the son of Alberic III of the noble Tusculum family.

He was the nephew of both Pope Benedict VIII and Pope John XIX.

## Cardinal

John XIX raised Teofilatto to the rank of a cardinal; but the date is unknown.

## Pope

In 1032, Alberic III used his money and influence to make his son the pope. This was called simony.  Pope Benedict chose his name in honor of his uncle, Benedict VIII.

Benedict is usually recognized as having had three terms or reigns as pope

### First term

Benedict's first period as pope lasted from 1032 to 1044 when a revolt in Rome forced Benedict out of the city; and an antipope was elected with the name of Sylvester III.

### Second term

Benedict's second period as pope lasted from his return six months later to 1045 when he sold his title to John Gratianus, who was then made pope with the name of Gregory VI.  Benedict abdicated or resigned.

In 1046, there were three men with the title of pope.  The problem was solved by electing a new pope with the name of Pope Clement II, who died a short time later.

### Third term

When the death of Clement II in 1047, Benedict IX tried to claim the papacy again, but was driven out of Rome by German troops.  The timely election of Pope Damasus II became unimportant when he died 23 days later.

After 1048, Benedict's importance faded; and Pope Leo IX was elected in 1049.

### After his death

Benedict IX was buried in the Abbey of Grottaferrata c. 1056.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes from the Tusculum family
- List of ages of popes
- Abdication

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Teofillato

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Benedict IX
- **image**: Benoit IX.jpg
- **birth name**: Teofilatto or Theophylactus
- **birth date**: c. 1012
- **death date**: January 1056
- **death place**: Papal States
- **term start**: October 1032 (first term)
- **term end**: July 1048 (third term)
- **predecessor**: Pope John XIX
Pope Sylvester III
Pope Clement II
- **successor**: Pope Sylvester III
Pope Gregory VI
Pope Damasus II
- **other**: Benedict
Shooting

**Shooting** is when a rifle, shotgun or other weapons which fire a projectile, such as bows or crossbows, are fired. Even the firing of artillery, rockets and missiles can be called shooting. A person who is very good at shooting is a marksman. Shooting can take place in a shooting range or in the field in hunting, in shooting sports or in combat. Shooting is also an Olympic sport.

## Uses

Shooting is used for hunting birds such as grouse or pheasant, rabbits etc. Sometimes "shooting" just means "hunting".

## Violence

Shooting is also used in warfare, self-defense, crime, and law enforcement. When someone commits mass shooting of innocent people, it is sometimes caused by misanthropy – the hate of mankind.

## Competitive shooting

In several countries, rifle clubs have been made since the 19th century. Soon, international shooting events were started, including shooting at the Summer Olympics (from 1896) and International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) World Shooting Championships (from 1897). The ISSF is in charge of Olympic and non-Olympic rifle, pistol and shotgun competitions. However, there are also many national and international shooting sports which other groups are in charge of.

## Shooting supplies

In most countries, those who want to use firearms need a license. Firearms can usually be bought from registered shops.

## Related pages

- Gun
- Gun control
Tom McNeeley

**Thomas William McNeeley, Jr.** (February 27, 1937 – October 25, 2011) was a professional boxer. He was son of Tom McNeeley, Sr., who was also a professional boxer.  McNeeley attended Michigan State University where he played football.

His first professional fight was on July 17, 1958.  He fought 25 times without losing. On December 4, 1961, McNeeley fought Floyd Patterson for the World Heavyweight Championship. Patterson retained his title.  McNeeley retired after a June 14, 1966 fight. He later served on the Massachusetts Boxing Commission for eight years. He was also a U.S. Marshall. Later, he worked in the athletic department of the Massachusetts prison system and as a counselor for state employees.

McNeeley's son, Peter McNeeley was also a professional boxer. Peter fought Mike Tyson.

## Infobox (boxer)

- **name**: Tom McNeeley
- **nickname**: Jr
- **weight**: Heavyweight
- **height**: 6′ 2″ (188 cm)
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **birth place**: Cambridge, Massachusetts
- **death place**: Weymouth, Massachusetts
- **style**: Orthodox
- **total**: 51
- **wins**: 37
- **draws**: 0
- **losses**: 14
- **no contests**: 0
- **ko**: 28
The Waitresses

**The Waitresses** were an American experimental new wave music group. They were from Akron, Ohio. The group formed in the early 1980s. Their song _I Know What Boys Like_ was released in 1980 but did not chart until 1982. They also represented the theme song for the television series _Square Pegs_ in 1982-1983. The group broke up in 1984. Their lead singer died due to lung cancer in 1996.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Waitresses
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Akron, Ohio, United States
- **genre**: New Wave music, New Wave
- **years active**: 1978–1984
- **label**: ZE Records, Polydor Records, Polydor
- **associated acts**: Tin Huey
- **past members**: Chris Butler (musician), Chris Butler
Patty Donahue
Billy Ficca
Dan Klayman
Mars Williams
Dave Hofstra
Ariel Warner
Tracy Wormworth
Ralph Carney
Holly Beth Vincent
Pope John

**Pope John** may mean:

- Pope John I (523–526)
- Pope John II (533–535)
- Pope John III (561–574)
- Pope John IV (640–642)
- Pope John V (685–686)
- Pope John VI (701–705)
- Pope John VII (705–707)
    - Antipope John VIII
- Pope John VIII (872–882)
- Pope John IX (898–900)
- Pope John X (914–928)
- Pope John XI (931–935)
- Pope John XII (955–964)
- Pope John XIII (965–972)
- Pope John XIV (983–984)
- Pope John XV (985–996)
    - Antipope John XVI
- Pope John XVII (1003)
- Pope John XVIII (1003–1009)
- Pope John XIX (1024–1032)
    - Pope John XX
- Pope John XXI (1276–1277)
- Pope John XXII (1316–1334)
    - Antipope John XXIII
- Pope John XXIII (1958–1963)

_See also:_
- Pope John Paul I (1978)
- Pope John Paul II (1978-2005)
Deck the Halls

**"Deck the Halls"** is a Christmas and New Year's themed song. The "fa-la-la" refrains were played earlier on harps. The tunes of this song are that of old Welsh air. Various singers have covered the song, including James Taylor and Nat King Cole.
Silver Bells

**"Silver Bells"** is a classic Christmas song. The lyrics represent Christmas in the city rather than rural. It was first performed via Bob Hope. The first recorded version was done by Bing Crosby and released in October 1950. Other musicians, including though not limited to The Supremes, Johnny Mathis and Andy Williams have done their versions of this Christmas carol.
Andy Williams

**Andy Williams** (December 3, 1927 - September 25, 2012) was an American singer. He had many gold and several platinum albums and songs, including 8 Christmas albums.

Williams was born in Wall Lake, Iowa. Some sources say he was born in 1927, others say 1928. Williams was married to Claudine Longet from 1961 until they divorced in 1975. He was later married to Debbie Meyer from 1991 until his death in 2012. Williams had 3 children. In November 2011, Williams was diagnosed with bladder cancer. Williams died on September 25, 2012 in Branson, Missouri from the cancer, aged 84.

In _The Simpsons_ episode "Moonshine River", was dedicated to his memory.
Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!

**"Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!"** (also known as **"Let It Snow!"**) is a holiday oriented song that is played during the Thanksgiving, Christmas and New Years holidays' season, although it does not mention any holiday within the lyrics. It was originally written by Sammy Cahn. It has been covered by many singers, including though not limited to Ella Fitzgerald, Dean Martin and Anne Murray throughout the decades.
Kung Fu (1972 TV series)

***Kung Fu*** is an American television series created by Ed Spielman, and starring David Carradine as Kwai Chang Caine. The show was nominated for 2 Golden Globes.

## Plot

_Kung Fu_ follows the adventures of a Shaolin monk named Kwai Chang Caine traveling through the Old West of the United States as the only weapon, using his skills in martial arts and inner strength of his philosophy of life. Its purpose was to find his half-brother, Danny Caine, and start a new family, as Kwai Chang had fled China after the authorities put a price on his head.

63 episodes of the series were filmed between 1972-1975, including the 90-minute TV pilot.

## References

- Action TV: tough-guys, smooth operators and foxy chicks, by Bill Osgerby,Anna Gough-Yates
- Cinephilia: movies, love and memory, by Marijke de Valck,Malte Hagener

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Kung Fu (1972 TV series) logo.svg
- **runtime**: 48–51 minutes
- **creator**: Ed Spielman
- **executive producer**: Jerry Thorpe
- **starring**: David Carradine
Keye Luke
Philip Ahn
Radames Pera
- **country**: United States
- **network**: American Broadcasting Company, ABC
- **num seasons**: 3
- **num episodes**: 63
Stoichiometry

**Stoichiometry** is a branch of science that studies and measures the amount of matter in chemical reactions. It can be used to predict the amount of things that will be made in a chemical reaction. It uses the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite composition and the law of multiple proportions in balancing chemical equations.
Occupy London

**Occupy London** (also known as **Occupy London Stock Exchange**) was a peaceful protest and demonstration. The aims of the protest was to demand dialogue and to draw attention to several different issues such as the widening gap between rich and poor people in the UK as well as the great influence that companies and business groups have on decisions made by the UK government.

## Location and History

The protest was mostly found in a group of tents in the grounds of St Paul's Cathedral in London, United Kingdom. The Cathedral is just in front of the London Stock Exchange. The protest started on 15 October 2011 with the Occupy Wall Street protests in New York, United States. On 22 October 2011 another protest was set up in Finsbury Square which is about 1 km away. By June 2012 all the tents had gone.

## Organisation and Events

The protesters are not part of a political party and they do not have a leader.  They said they were protesting against  an "unjust and undemocratic" system. They called for "real global democracy".

## References

- The Occupy London website and blog
Gustav Kirchhoff

**Gustav Robert Kirchhoff** (12 March 1824 – 17 October 1887) was a German physicist who contributed to the fundamental understanding of electrical circuits, spectroscopy, and radiation by heated objects. He coined the term black body radiation in 1862.

He proposed two sets of independent concepts in both circuit theory and thermal emission. They are all called 'Kirchhoff's laws' after him, as well as a law of thermochemistry. The Bunsen–Kirchhoff Award for spectroscopy is named after him and his colleague, Robert Bunsen. He also discovered rubidium with Bunsen in 1861.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Gustav Kirchhoff
- **image**: Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Gustav Kirchhoff
- **birth place**: Königsberg, Kingdom of Prussia
- **death place**: Berlin, Kingdom of Prussia
- **nationality**: Prussian
- **field**: Physics
- **work institutions**: University of Berlin
 University of Breslau
 University of Heidelberg
- **alma mater**: University of Königsberg
- **doctoral advisor**: Franz Ernst Neumann
- **known for**: Kirchhoff's circuit laws
 Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
Kirchhoff's laws of spectroscopy
Kirchhoff's law of thermochemistry
- **prizes**: Rumford medal
Carol of the Bells

**"Carol of the Bells"** is a very popular song. It was composed by Mykola Leontovych, a Ukrainian composer. It is played during the Christmas season of every year. It has been featured in many movies, in parodies and in television programs. It has also been performed by many musicians, such as Johnny Mathis, The Carpenters, Destiny's Child and Jessica Simpson.
Valentín Paz-Andrade

**Valentín Paz-Andrade** (Pontevedra, 23 April 1898 – Vigo, 19 May 1987) was a Galician lawyer, writer, politician, journalist, poet, businesspeople and economist.

Galician Literature Day is dedicated to him in 2012.

## Works

- _Pranto matricial_ (1955) .
- _Los derechos sobre el espacio marítimo_ (1960) .
- _La anunciación de Valle-Inclán_ (1967) .
- _Sementeira do vento_ (1968) .
- _La marginacíón de Galicia_ (1970) .
- X. R. Barreiro Fernández, F. Díaz-Fierros ..., _Los Gallegos_, (1976), _La sociedad y la economía_, (1975), pp. 45–93.
- _A galecidade na obra de Guimarães Rosa_ (1978) .
- _Cen chaves de sombra_ (1979) .
- _Castelao na luz e na sombra_ (1982) .
- _O legado xornalístico de Valentín Paz-Andrade_ (1997) .
- _Epistolario_, (1997) .

### Further information

- Freixanes, Víctor F. (1982), _Unha ducia de galegos_. .
- Calvo, Tucho (1998), _Valentín Paz-Andrade, a memoria do século_. .
- Rodríguez Vidales, Francisco (1999), _VPA, Valentín Paz-Andrade_. .

## Other websites

- _Enciclopedia Galega Universal_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Valentín Paz-Andrade
- **image**: Valentín Paz Andrade.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **caption**: Valentín Paz-Andrade, ca. 1937.
- **birth name**: Valentín Paz-Andrade
- **birth date**: April 23, 1898
- **birth place**: Pontevedra, Galicia (Spain), Galicia
- **death place**: Vigo, Galicia
- **occupation**: Lawyer, writer, politician and businessperson
- **language**: Galician language, Galician
- **nationality**: Galician
- **education**: Law
- **alma mater**: University of Santiago de Compostela
- **spouse**: Pilar Rodríguez de Prada
- **children**: Afonso Paz-Andrade
- **relatives**: Inmaculada Paz-Andrade (niece)
Pope Innocent

**Pope Innocent** may mean:

- Pope Innocent I (401–417), saint of the Roman Catholic Church
- Pope Innocent II (1130–1143)
- Pope Innocent III (1198–1216)
    - Antipope Innocent III
- Pope Innocent IV (1243–1254)
- Pope Innocent V (1276)
- Pope Innocent VI (1352–1362)
- Pope Innocent VII (1404–1406)
- Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492)
- Pope Innocent IX (1591)
- Pope Innocent X (1644–1655)
- Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689)
- Pope Innocent XII (1691–1700)
- Pope Innocent XIII (1721–1724)

de:Innozenz
Reactivity (chemistry)

**Reactivity** is a measure of how much a substance tends to react  with other things. Some substances are more reactive, and others are less reactive. Reactivity is set by several factors:
- the range of circumstances (conditions that include temperature, pressure, or presence of catalysts) in which the substance reacts,
- the range of substances that will react with it,
- the equilibrium point of the reaction (that is, the extent to which all of it reacts), or
- the speed of the reaction.

Reactivity involves both the thermodynamics and kinetics of the particular chemical reaction. A reaction will be more reactive if the total energy of the products is less than the total energy of the reactants. A reaction will be more reactive if the energy of its transition is low.

Lithium reacts with water and air. Gold does not react with water or air. Gold is nonreactive, thus low on the reactivity series. Lithium is reactive. There are several ways to measure reactivity. Some substances are reducing agents, and others can be oxidizing agents. Some absorb water easily. Some break down easily.

## Related pages

- Stereochemistry
Gandhi (disambiguation)

**Mahatma Gandhi** was the leader of the Indian independence movement. He was also known as Mohandas Karam Chandra Gandhi.
**Gandhi** or **Ghandhi** may also refer to:

- Kanchi Natarajan Gandhi
- Gandhi (band)
- Gandhi (movie)
AKUT Search and Rescue Association

**AKUT Search and Rescue Association** _(Turkish: AKUT Arama Kurtarma Derneği)_ is a non-governmental and volunteer organization in Turkey, which was established in 1996 by a group of mountaineers. The association has established 27 teams in different regions of Turkey and has participated in more than 1000 search and rescue operations in and out of Turkey. It's also a member of the International Rescue Dogs Organization and United Nations' International Search and Rescue Advisory Group (INSARAG).

In 2011 the association participated in INSARAG's classification event and since then it's a "medium search and rescue group".

## Other websites

- Official webpage
- Official webpage of Ankara Team  _rev. 6. Nov. 2011_
- INSARAG USAR Directory _rev. 6. Nov. 2011_
- _IRO - Mitgliedsorganisationen_  _rev. 6. Nov. 2011 (in German)_
The Twelve Days of Christmas (song)

**The Twelve Days of Christmas** is an English Christmas carol which was published around 1780 but may predate the publication by centuries.  It is a cumulative carol. It depicts a succession of gifts given (a variety of birds and five golden rings) and people and activities having to do with a Twelve Days of Christmas feast holiday (from Christmas Day to Epiphany), possibly in a royal court. (There have been claims on social media that)  it was written by Catholics in hiding during the days of Queen Elizabeth I of England's persecution. (The claim is that) it was invented (evidence needed of origin) to help teach children articles of the Catholic faith without drawing attention from government officials, using imagery as a tool to help the children remember. (However the articles of faith listed existed in both the Catholic faith and Church of England and this claim appears to be debunked.)  The song represents increasingly grand gifts given during each of The Twelve Days of Christmas. In the claim the following meanings were attached: The partridge in a pear tree symbolizes Christ on the Cross. The two turtledoves represent his Human and divine nature, the two books of the Old and New Testament, and the two tablets the Ten Commandments were carved on. The three French hens symbolize the Trinity of the Catholic faith: God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Ghost, as well as the three Cardinal virtues of Faith, Hope and Charity. The four calling birds were the four Evangelists who wrote the gospels, etc.
This Christmas song has been subject to parody numerous times and has been covered by multiple musicians, including though not limited to Connie Francis, Natalie Cole, and the Muppets over many years.
Orthacanthus

***Orthacanthus*** was an ancient Permian shark that had a long spine growing from the back of its skull. It had a very long dorsal fin, which ran all along the sharks back, giving it an eel-like appearance.

_Orthacanthus_ was an apex terror of freshwater swamps in prehistoric North America. Its body reached nearly 10 feet in length, and its powerful jaws were lined with double-fanged teeth.

_Orthacanthus_ lived from roughly 280 million years ago during the end of the Permian period. They were around before the dinosaurs evolved. This makes _Orthacanthus_ one of the most famous predators of all time. Males and females were highly different, but no one really knows if males and females were ever present in the species _Orthacanthus_.

_Orthacanthus_ may have been sometimes a cannibal, feasting on others of its kind. This is also shown in some animals of the present day.

## Media

_Orthacanthus_ has appeared inactive in a Lost World novel. It also appeared in a episode of the series Primeval, where it was named as a species of shark from the future.
Tim Cook

**Timothy Donald "Tim" Cook** (November 1, 1960) is the chief executive officer of Apple Inc.. He joined the company in March 1998. On August 24, 2011, he was made the CEO of Apple after the resignation of Steve Jobs, who died on October 5, 2011 from pancreatic cancer.

## Early life and Education

Cook grew up in Robertsdale, Alabama, near Mobile. His father was a shipyard worker, and his mother was a homemaker. Cook finished high school at Robertsdale High School, earned a B.S. degree in industrial engineering from Auburn University in 1982, and his M.B.A. from Duke University's Fuqua School of Business in 1988.

## Career

Cook spent six months at Compaq as the Vice President for Corporate Materials before he was hired by Steve Jobs to join Apple. At first, he was the Senior Vice President for Worldwide Operations.  Before that, Cook was the chief operating officer (COO) of the computer reseller division of Intelligent Electronics and spent 12 years in IBM's personal computer business as the director of North American Fulfillment.

Cook was praised for pulling Apple out of working by closing factories and warehouses around the world. This helped the company get lower inventory levels and make its supply chain easy, making margins a lot bigger. In January 2007, Cook was promoted to COO.

Cook served as Apple CEO for two months in 2004, when Jobs was healing from pancreatic cancer surgery. In 2009, Cook was made Apple CEO again for several months while Jobs had to leave for a liver transplant.

In January 2011, Apple's Board of Directors allowed Jobs to leave again for medical reasons. During that time, Cook was responsible for most of Apple’s day-to-day operations while Jobs made most big decisions. After Jobs retired, Cook was made permanent CEO of Apple on August 25, 2011.

Cook is also on the board of directors of Nike. In 2014, he became the first and only CEO of a Fortune 500 company to come out as gay.

## Other websites

- Executive Biography of Tim Cook at Apple

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Timothy D. Cook
- **image**: Visit of Tim Cook to the European Commission - P061904-946789.jpg
- **caption**: Cook in 2023
- **birth date**: November 1, 1960
- **birth place**: Mobile, Alabama, Mobile, Alabama,
United States
- **occupation**: CEO, Apple Inc.
- **alma mater**: Auburn University <small>(B.S.)</small>
Duke University <small>(Master of Business Administration, M.B.A.)</small>
- **signature**: Signature Tim Cook.svg
Persian language in the Indian subcontinent

Before the British found India, **Persian language** was the country's second official language. It was also thought of as the cultural and scientific language. However, after the British found India in 1832, they replaced it with English.

## Persian inscript

There are many stone carved or plastered Persian inscript in India and thousands of hand written books.

## References

- http://www.iranchamber.com/literature/articles/persian_parsi_language_history.php
- http://www.soas.ac.uk/southasia/research/nilc/indopersian/

## Related pages

- Persian language
- Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments
Santa Baby

**"Santa Baby"** is a holiday themed song about a person who wants extravagant things for the Christmas season. It was first recorded in 1953 by Eartha Kitt, and many other musicians, including though not limited to Pussycat Dolls, Kylie Minogue, Taylor Swift, Ariana Grande and Madonna have covered this melody throughout the decades.

## Original recording

"Santa Baby" was originally recorded by Eartha Kitt with Henry René and his orchestra in New York City in July 1953. The song was a huge hit for Kitt, and she later said that it was one of her favorite songs to record.

## Ariana Grande version

**"Santa Baby"** is a song recorded by American recording artist Ariana Grande, featuring a guest appearance from American actress Liz Gillies. The song was released by Republic Records on December 10, 2013, as the fourth single from Grande's EP _Christmas Kisses_.

### Track listing

- **Digital download**
1. "Santa Baby (feat. Liz Gillies)" – 2:51

### Charts

|Chart (2013)|Peak position|
| --- | --- |
|style="text-align:center;"|155|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Santa Baby
- **artist**: Eartha Kitt
- **b-side**: "Under the Bridges of Paris"
- **released**: October 2, 1953
- **recorded**: July 1953
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA Victor
- **chronology**: Eartha Kitt singles
- **prev title**: I Want To Be Evil
- **prev year**: 1953
- **next title**: Lovin' Spree
- **next year**: 1954
Blue Christmas

**"Blue Christmas"** is a melancholy holiday themed song first recorded under Doye O'Dell around 1948 and made popular via Ernest Tubb in 1949. The song was featured in several Christmas specials and recorded by numerous other musicians, most notably Celine Dion, Elvis Presley, Kenny Rogers and countless others.
Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood

The **Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood** (also known as the **Pre-Raphaelites**) was a group of English painters, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by William Holman Hunt, John Everett Millais and Dante Gabriel Rossetti. The three founders were soon joined by William Michael Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner to form a seven-member "brotherhood". After they had broken up, John William Waterhouse painted in their style. Their influence shrank as the impressionists and post-impressionists became more important.

The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the 'mechanistic approach'. This was first adopted by the Mannerist artists who succeeded Raphael and Michelangelo. The Brotherhood believed that the Classical poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academic teaching of art. So, they are called Pre-Raphaelites.

In particular, they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts, whom they called "Sir Sloshua". To the Pre-Raphaelites, according to William Michael Rossetti, "sloshy" meant "anything lax or scamped in the process of painting ... and hence ... any thing or person of a commonplace or conventional kind".  In contrast, they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of Quattrocento Italian and Flemish art.

The Pre-Raphaelites continued to accept the idea of history painting, and the imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. Despite this, they were a reform movement: they created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, _The Germ_, to promote their ideas. Their debates were recorded in the _Pre-Raphaelite Journal_.

The Brotherhood were highly praised by the art critic John Ruskin, and in turn they were influenced by his ideas. Rossetti's wife Elizabeth Siddal was their favourite model, and she developed into  an excellent artist herself.
Pretty Vacant

"**Pretty Vacant**" is a song by the English punk rock band The Sex Pistols.  It was released in 1977, as the third single from their album _Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols_.

The song is infamous for vocalist John Lydon's phrasing of the word "vacant", emphasizing the last syllable making it sound like the vulgar word "cunt".

The B-side is a cover of The Stooges' "No Fun" which they played on the spot without a proper rehearsal.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Pretty Vacant
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Sex Pistols
- **album**: Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols
- **b-side**: No Fun
- **released**: 1 July 1977 (UK)
27 October 1977 (US)
15 October 2007 (30th anniversary re-issue)
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **length**: 3:15
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin (UK)
Warner Music Group, Warner (US)
- **writer**: Paul Cook, Steve Jones (musician), Steve Jones, John Lydon, Glen Matlock
- **producer**: Chris Thomas (record producer), Chris Thomas, Bill Price, Dave Goodman (record producer), Dave Goodman
- **prev title**: God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song), God Save the Queen
- **prev year**: 1977
- **next title**: Holidays in the Sun (song), Holidays in the Sun
- **next year**: 1977