juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cycle of abuse

**Cycle of abuse** is the name of a theory that was developed to explain certain patterns in an abusive relationship, and in domestic violence. Lenore Walker developed the theory in the 1970s, after she had observed that there is a pattern that repeats in such relationships:
1. Tension building phase - This occurs before an aggression
1. Acting-out phase - There are violent incidents, some of the incidents may also be abusive
1. Reconciliation/Honeymoon phase - The parties either get together again and there is an apology, or the incidents are simply ignored.
1. Calm phase - During this phase, the relationship looks normal; there will be some difficulties. These difficulties lead to another tension-building phase.
Walker's cycle of abuse theory was regarded as a revolutionary and important concept in the study of abuse and interpersonal violence. However, researchers have occasionally criticised Walker's methodology, preconceptions or findings.
Sköll

In Norse mythology, **Sköll** is a wolf that chases the sun (Sól) through the sky every day, trying to eat her. Sköll has a brother, Hati, who chases Máni, the moon. At Ragnarök, both Sköll and Hati will succeed in their quests.
Roy Rockwood

**Roy Rockwood** is the pseudonym created by the Stratemeyer Syndicate for the team of ghostwriters who wrote the syndicate's boys' adventure books. The name is best remembered for the Bomba the Jungle Boy and the Great Marvel series.

## Series

- Deep Sea (1905–1908)--Later reused as part of _Dave Fearless_ series
- Great Marvel (1906–1935)--Volumes 1-5 and 8 ghostwritten by Howard R. Garis
- Speedwell Boys (1913–1915)
- Dave Dashaway (1913–1915)
- Dave Fearless (1926–1927)
- Bomba, the Jungle Boy (1926–1937), many ghostwritten by John William Duffield

In addition to Garis and Duffield, some of these books were also written by Leslie McFarlane and W. Bert Foster. Edward Stratemeyer had earlier used the pseudonym "Roy Rockwood"  for the book _The Wizard of the Sea; or a Trip Under the Ocean_, published by the Mershon Company in 1900.
Light Years (Kylie Minogue album)

***Light Years*** is the seventh studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. It was released on 25 September 2000 by Parlophone Records. The album contains five singles, "Spinning Around", "On a Night Like This",  the duet "Kids" with Robbie Williams, "Please Stay" and "Your Disco Needs You". The album reached number one on the Australian charts.

## Other websites

- _Light Years_ on Kylie Minogue's official website

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Light Years
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Kylie Minogue
- **recorded**: 1999–2000
- **genre**: Dance-pop, Europop, Disco, nu-disco
- **length**: 58:16
- **label**: Parlophone Records
- **producer**: Steve Anderson, Guy Chambers, Johnny Douglas, Julian Gallagher, Mark Picchiotti, Steve Power, Mike Spencer, Graham Stack, Richard Stannard, Mark Taylor
- **prev title**: Impossible Princess
- **prev year**: 1997
- **next title**: Fever (Kylie Minogue album), Fever
- **next year**: 2001
Cockburn Town

**Cockburn Town** is the capital city of the Turks and Caicos Islands.

## Geography

Cockburn Town is in the Grand Turk Island, the largest island in the Turks Islands archipelago. Historic 18th and 19th century Bermudian architecture can be seen on Duke and Front Streets in the town. The town is known for its long, narrow streets and old street lamps.

The closest area where ships can come near the city is Hawk's Nest Anchorage, which, though protected from the wind, should only be entered in good light because of reefs near the entrance.

## History

The seat of government ever since 1766, Cockburn Town was the first permanent settlement on any of the islands, founded in 1681 by salt collectors who arrived in the Turks and Caicos Islands. The city supposedly lies on the place where Juan Ponce de León first landed on the island.

### National Museum

Cockburn Town is home to the Turks & Caicos National Museum, which is housed in the colonial-era Guinep House, on Front Street.  The house is believed to be over 180 years old and is named after the large and old Guinep tree that is in front of the building.  The site was donated to the Museum in 1990.

Some of the exhibits detail the history of the Lucayans (the original people of the islands), the Space Race, Turks and Caicos postage stamps, slavery and the history of the slave trade, the sisal and salt industries, royal events, as well as a general history of the islands. The museum also maintains a garden, which is adjacent to the Guinep House.

Also of interest are the museum's research projects, including its "Message in a Bottle" Project, recording nearly 40 years' worth of messages found in bottles on the beaches of Grand Turk.

## Other websites

- Grand Turk, Turks and Caicos Island
- Cockburn Town (Grand Turk)
- Cockburn Town in Wikimapia

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Cockburn Town
- **type**: Capital city
- **image skyline**: Cockburn_Town.jpg
- **image caption**: Street in Cockburn Town
- **image map1**: Turks caicos islands sm04.png
- **map caption1**: Map showing Cockburn Town's position
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: British overseas territories, Overseas territory
- **subdivision name1**: Turks and Caicos Islands
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Grand Turk Island
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1681
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population total**: 4,831
Abdullah Gül

**Abdullah Gül** (born 29 October 1950) is a Turkish politician. He was the President of Turkey, He served from 2007 to 2014. He was Prime Minister from 2002 to 2003, and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2007.

Gül was born on 29 October 1950 in Kayseri, Turkey. He studied at Istanbul University and at the University of Exeter. Gül has been married to Hayrünnisa Gül since 1980. They had three children.

## Other websites

- Presidency of the Republic of Turkey

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Abdullah Gül
- **image**: Abdullah Gül 2011-06-07.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **office**: List of Presidents of Turkey, 11th President of Turkey
- **term start**: 28 August 2007
- **term end**: 28 August 2014
- **primeminister**: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
- **predecessor**: Ahmet Necdet Sezer
- **successor**: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
- **office2**: List of Prime Ministers of Turkey, Prime Minister of Turkey
- **president2**: Ahmet Necdet Sezer
- **term start2**: 18 November 2002
- **term end2**: 14 March 2003
- **predecessor2**: Bülent Ecevit
- **successor2**: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
- **office3**: Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey
- **term start3**: 28 March 2003
- **term end3**: 28 August 2007
- **primeminister3**: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
- **predecessor3**: Mehmet Ali Şahin
- **successor3**: Cemil Çiçek
- **office4**: List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey, Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start4**: 14 March 2003
- **term end4**: 28 August 2007
- **primeminister4**: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
- **predecessor4**: Yaşar Yakış
- **successor4**: Ali Babacan
- **birth place**: Kayseri, Turkey
- **spouse**: Hayrünnisa Gül <small>(m. 1980)</small>
- **children**: Ahmet Münir, Kübra, Mehmet Emre
- **alma mater**: Istanbul University
University of Exeter
- **otherparty**: Welfare Party, Welfare (1991–1997)
Virtue Party, Virtue (1997–2001)
Justice and Development Party (Turkey), Justice and Development (2001–2007)
- **signature**: Abdullah Gül's signature.png
- **signature alt**: Abdullah Gül
- **website**: [http://www.tccb.gov.tr/ tccb.gov.tr]
Turgut Özal

**Turgut Özal** (October 13, 1927 – April 17, 1993) was Prime Minister of Turkey (1983–1989) and President of Turkey (1989–1993). As Prime Minister, he transformed the economy of Turkey by paving the way for the privatization of many state enterprises.

Özal was born on October 13, 1927 in Malatya, Turkey. He studied at Istanbul Technical University. Özal was married to Ayhan İnal from 1952 until they divorced a few months later in 1952. Then he was married to Semra Özal from 1954 until his death in 1993. He had three children.

Özal died on April 17, 1993 in Ankara, Turkey from a suspected heart attack. He was 65 years old. Many people thought that his death was an assassination. Then in 2012, experts later performed an autopsy and was confirmed that poison was found in his body. The current cause of his death is a heart attack.

A trial charging retired general Levent Ersöz with his murder began in September 2013.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Turgut Özal
- **image**: Turgut Özal as Turkish Prime Minister.jpg
- **imagesize**: 225px
- **order**: List of Presidents of Turkey, 8th President of Turkey, President of the Republic of Turkey
- **term start**: November 9, 1989
- **term end**: April 17, 1993
- **predecessor**: Kenan Evren
- **successor**: Süleyman Demirel
- **office3**: Prime Minister of Turkey
- **deputy3**: Ali Bozer
- **term start3**: December 13, 1983
- **term end3**: October 31, 1989
- **president3**: Kenan Evren
- **predecessor3**: Bülend Ulusu
- **successor3**: Yıldırım Akbulut
- **birth place**: Malatya, Turkey
- **death place**: Ankara, Turkey
- **spouse**: Ayhan İnal (m. 1952, div. 1952)
 Semra Özal (m. 1954)
- **children**: 3
- **party**: Motherland Party (Turkey), ANAP
- **alma mater**: Istanbul Technical University
- **signature**: Turgut Özal Signature.svg
Süleyman Demirel

**Süleyman Gündoğdu Demirel**, better known as  **Süleyman Demirel** (1 November  1924 – 17 June 2015), was a Turkish politician. He was Prime Minister of Turkey seven times. He was the ninth President of Turkey from 1993 to 2000.

Demirel was born on 1 November 1924 in İslamköy, Atabey, Isparta. He studied at Istanbul Technical University. Demirel was married to Nazmiye Demirel from 1948 until her death in 2013. He died after suffering from a lung infection in Ankara, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Official Website of the Presidents of the Republic of Turkey

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Süleyman Demirel
- **nationality**: Turkish
- **image**: Suleyman Demirel 1998.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **order**: List of Presidents of Turkey, 9th President of Turkey
- **term start**: 16 May 1993
- **term end**: 16 May 2000
- **primeminister**: Tansu Çiller
Necmettin Erbakan
Mesut Yılmaz
Bülent Ecevit
- **predecessor**: Turgut Özal
- **successor**: Ahmet Necdet Sezer
- **order2**: Prime Minister of Turkey
- **term start2**: 20 November 1991
- **term end2**: 16 May 1993
- **president2**: Turgut Özal
- **predecessor2**: Mesut Yılmaz
- **successor2**: Erdal Inönü
- **term start3**: 12 November 1979
- **term end3**: 12 September 1980
- **president3**: Fahri Korutürk
- **predecessor3**: Bülent Ecevit
- **successor3**: Bülent Ulusu
- **term start4**: 21 July 1977
- **term end4**: 5 January 1978
- **president4**: Fahri Korutürk
- **predecessor4**: Bülent Ecevit
- **successor4**: Bülent Ecevit
- **term start5**: 31 March 1975
- **term end5**: 21 June 1977
- **president5**: Fahri Korutürk
- **predecessor5**: Sadi Irmak
- **successor5**: Bülent Ecevit
- **term start6**: 21 October 1965
- **term end6**: 16 March 1971
- **president6**: Cemal Gürsel
 Cevdet Sunay
- **predecessor6**: Suat Hayri Ürgüplü
- **successor6**: Nihat Erim
- **birth place**: İslamköy, Atabey, Isparta Province, Isparta
- **death place**: Ankara, Turkey
- **spouse**: Nazmiye Demirel
 <small>(m. 1948-2013; her death)</small>
- **party**: Justice Party (Turkey), Justice Party, True Path Party (now Democratic Party (Turkey, current), Democratic Party)
- **alma mater**: Istanbul Technical University
- **signature**: Süleyman Demirel signature.png
Abdalá Bucaram

**Abdalá Jaime Bucaram Ortiz** (born February 20, 1952) is an Ecuadorian politician and lawyer who was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1996 to 6 February 1997.

As President, Abdalá Bucaram was nicknamed **"El Loco"** ("the crazy one"). During his presidency, Bucaram didn't fix anything in Ecuador. This led to many people saying that he was not a good leader. Many members of congress thought he was crazy. Almost six months into his presidency, Bucaram was removed from office after being declared mentally unfit to rule by the National Congress of Ecuador.

## Early life

Bucaram was born on February 20, 1952 into a tough neighborhood in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

## Presidency

Abdalá Bucaram was President from August 10, 1996 to February 6, 1997. His cabinet was put together by the Vice President Rosalía Arteaga. Within months, Bucaram was accused of stealing millions of dollars of public funds.

After he took office, Bucaram tried to fix the state, which included trying to fix the stock process started by Osvaldo Hurtado (1980, Popular Democracy Party), and supported by the next three presidents: León Febres Cordero (1984, PSC), Rodrigo Borja Cevallos (1988, Democratic Left) and Sixto Durán Ballén (1992, ex-PSC).

In 1996, he invited Lorena Bobbitt who had been acquitted of crimes relating to her cutting her husband's penis in the United States, to an official dinner. The two later became godparents to each other's children.

The constitutional court said the congressional resolution to be anti-constitutional and rejected it. The congress ignored the constitutional court decision and continued to confirm Fabian Alarcon as acting president.

## Personal life

He was exiled from Ecuador as a punishment for his crimes in Ecuador.

## Other websites

- Extended biography (in Spanish) by CIDOB Foundation
- Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
- Dalo y Gaby Asambleistas,PRE la nueva Era

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Abdalá Bucaram
- **image**: Abdala Bucaram.jpg
- **imagesize**: 230px
- **nationality**: Ecuadorian
- **order**: President of Ecuador
- **term start**: August 10, 1996
- **term end**: February 6, 1997
- **predecessor**: Sixto Durán Ballén
- **successor**: Rosalía Arteaga
- **birth place**: Guayaquil, Ecuador
- **party**: Ecuadorian Roldosist Party
- **vicepresident**: Rosalía Arteaga
- **office2**: Mayor of Guayaquil
- **term start2**: 1984
- **term end2**: 1985
- **predecessor2**: Bolívar Cali Bajaña
- **successor2**: Jorge Norero González
Rodrigo Borja Cevallos

**Rodrigo Borja Cevallos** (19 June 1935 – 18 December 2025) was an Ecuadorian politician. He was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1988 to 10 August 1992.

He focused on Ecuador's economic problems during his presidency, and he increased collaboration with other countries in the Americas.

Cevallos was born on 19 June 1935 in Quito, Ecuador. He was a direct descendant of Pope Alexander VI.

Cevallos died in Quito on 18 December 2025, at the age of 90.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rodrigo Borja
- **image**: González y Borja (cropped).jpg
- **nationality**: Ecuadorian
- **order**: President of Ecuador
- **term start**: 10 August 1988
- **term end**: 10 August 1992
- **predecessor**: León Febres Cordero
- **successor**: Sixto Durán Ballén
- **birth place**: Quito, Pichincha Province, Ecuador
- **death place**: Qutio, Pichincha Province, Ecuador
- **party**: Democratic Left (Ecuador), Party of the Democratic Left
- **vicepresident**: Luis Parodi Valverde
León Febres Cordero

**León Esteban Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra** (9 March 1931 – 15 December 2008) was an Ecuadorian politician. He served as President of Ecuador from 1984 to 1988.

## Early life

Cordero was born **León Esteban Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra ** on 9 March 1931 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He studied at the Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey. Cordero married María Eugenia Cordovez in 1958. Their marriage would last until his death in 2008.

## Presidency

He was known in the Ecuadorian media as **LFC** or by his surname (Febres-Cordero). He was President of Ecuador of Ecuador for a four-year term. He was inaugurated on 10 August 1984. He succeeded Osvaldo Hurtado. During his Presidency he sought to introduce market-oriented reforms, and also led a security crackdown on a guerilla group, ¡Alfaro Vive, Carajo!. He was known for being a close ally to President of the United States Ronald Reagan.

In 1987 Febres Cordero was kidnapped for 11 hours by members of the air force demanding the freedom of General Frank Vargas Pazzos, who had been imprisoned after leading two uprisings in March 1986, aimed at toppling the Minister of Defense.

Congress approved a resolution granting Vargas amnesty, but Febres Cordero refused to publish the resolution, thus denying it the force of law. It was only after his January 1987 kidnapping that he signed the amnesty and released Vargas.

Cordero's presidency ended in 10 August 1988. He was succeeded by Rodrigo Borja Cevallos.

## Mayor of Guayaquil

Shortly after his presidency, Cordero became Mayor of Guayaquil. He was inaugurated on 10 August 1992. Cordero succeeded Harry Soria Lamán. His term would last until his retirement in 10 August 2000. He was succeeded by Jaime Nebot.

## Personal life

Cordero lived in Guayaquil. He had four children with his wife of fifty years. Cordero was a smoker. He made many visits to the United States and Columbia. He once met with Ronald Reagan to discus foreign relations.

## Death

Cordero died on 15 December 2008 in Guayaquil, Ecuador from lung cancer and emphysema, aged 77.

## Other websites

- Conmemorial video
- Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
- Edufuturo
- Amnesty International

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: León Febres-Cordero
- **image**: León Febres Cordero.jpg
- **caption**: Febres-Cordero in 1985
- **office**: President of Ecuador
- **term start**: 10 August 1984
- **term end**: 10 August 1988
- **office2**: Mayor of Guayaquil
- **term start2**: August 10, 1992
- **term end2**: August 10, 2000
- **predecessor2**: Harry Soria Lamán
- **successor2**: Jaime Nebot
- **predecessor**: Osvaldo Hurtado
- **successor**: Rodrigo Borja Cevallos
- **birth place**: Guayaquil, Ecuador
- **death place**: Guayaquil, Ecuador
- **restingplace**: Parques de la Paz, Guayaquil
- **party**: Social Christian Party (Ecuador), Social Christian Party
- **signature**: Firma de León Febres-Cordero Ribadeneyra.jpg
Rosalía Arteaga

**Lupe Rosalía Arteaga Serrano de Fernández de Córdova** (born December 5, 1956) is an Ecuadorian politician. She was the country's first female president for only two days in 1997. Arteaga became president when Abdalá Bucaram left office.

Arteaga was born in Cuenca, Ecuador.

## Other websites

- Encyclopædia Britannica - About the Editorial Board
- Short Biography

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rosalía Arteaga
- **image**: R Arteaga.jpg
- **office**: President of Ecuador
<small>Caretaker government, Interim</small>
- **term start**: February 9, 1997
- **term end**: February 11, 1997
- **predecessor**: Fabián Alarcón <small>(Acting)</small>
- **successor**: Fabián Alarcón <small>(Acting)</small>
- **office2**: Vice President of Ecuador
- **term start2**: February 11, 1997
- **term end2**: March 30, 1998
- **successor2**: Pedro Aguayo Cubillo
- **term start3**: August 10, 1996
- **term end3**: February 9, 1997
- **predecessor3**: Eduardo Peña Triviño
- **birth place**: Cuenca, Ecuador, Cuenca, Ecuador
- **party**: Alfarista Radical Front
Cuenca, Ecuador

**Cuenca** (full name **Santa Ana de los cuatro ríos de Cuenca**) is the capital of the Azuay Province. It is located in the highlands of Ecuador at about 2500 m above sea level. The center of the city is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Trust site because of its many historical buildings.
Jamil Mahuad

**Jorge Jamil Mahuad Witt** (born July 29, 1949) is an Ecuadorian lawyer and politician and the 51st President of Ecuador from August 10, 1998 to January 21, 2000.

Mahuad was born on July 29, 1949 in Loja, Ecuador. He studied at Harvard University.

## Other websites

- Extended biography (in Spanish) by CIDOB Foundation
- Text of the Rio Protocol
- Mahuad and Fujimori
- James Carville's relationship with Mahaud and the effect and consequences of the conversion to the dollar from the sucre

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jamil Mahuad
- **order**: President of Ecuador
- **image**: JamilMahuad.jpg
- **term start**: 10 August 1998
- **term end**: 21 January 2000
- **predecessor**: Fabián Alarcón
- **successor**: Gustavo Noboa
- **office2**: Mayor of Quito
- **term start2**: August 10, 1992
- **term end2**: August 10, 1998
- **predecessor2**: Rodrigo Paz
- **successor2**: Roque Sevilla
- **birth name**: Jorge Jamil Mahuad Witt
- **birth place**: Loja, Ecuador, Loja, Ecuador
- **vicepresident**: Gustavo Noboa
- **party**: Democracia Popular, Democracia popular
Alfredo Palacio

**Luis Alfredo Palacio González** (22 January 1939 – 22 May 2025) served as President of Ecuador from April 2005 to January 2007. From 15 January 2003 to 20 April 2005, he served as vice president, after which he was appointed to the presidency when the Ecuadorian Congress removed President Lucio Gutiérrez from power following a week of growing unrest with his government.

Palacio was born on 22 January 1939 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He studied at Case Western Reserve University. Palacio was married to María Beatriz Paret.

Palacio died on 22 May 2025 in Guayaquil at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- Presidencia de la República – Presidente  Biography as president
- BBC Mundo | América Latina | ¿Quién es Alfredo Palacio? (BBC News)
- Ecuador's Balancing Act: Palacio, the People and the IMF  The Council on Hemispheric Affairs
- http://www.explored.com.ec/noticias-ecuador/dahik-posesiona-a-palacio-26852.html

## Infobox (medical details)

- **profession**: Physician
- **field**: Cardiology
- **work institutions**: University of Guayaquil
- **prizes**: Order of the Sun of Peru (Grand Cross)


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alfredo Palacio
- **honorific-suffix**: Order of the Sun of Peru, OSP
- **image**: Alfredo Palacio Presidente de Ecuador.jpg
- **order**: 44th
- **office**: President of Ecuador
- **vicepresident**: Alejandro Serrano
- **term start**: 20 April 2005
- **term end**: 15 January 2007
- **predecessor**: Lucio Gutiérrez
- **successor**: Rafael Correa
- **order1**: 44th
- **office1**: Vice President of Ecuador
- **president1**: Lucio Gutiérrez
- **term start1**: 15 January 2003
- **term end1**: 20 April 2005
- **predecessor1**: Pedro Pinto Rubianes
- **successor1**: Alejandro Serrano
- **office2**: Minister of Health
- **president2**: Sixto Durán Ballén
- **term start2**: 11 November 1994
- **term end2**: 10 August 1996
- **predecessor2**: Patricio Abad
- **successor2**: Marcelo Cruz
- **birth name**: Luis Alfredo Palacio González
- **birth place**: Guayaquil, Ecuador
- **death place**: Guayaquil, Ecuador
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent
- **alma mater**: Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University
- **spouse**: María Beatriz Paret
- **father**: Alfredo Palacio Moreno
Lucio Gutiérrez

**Lucio Edwin Gutiérrez Borbúa** (born March 23, 1957) served as President of Ecuador from January 15, 2003 to April 20, 2005. He unsuccessfully ran for president again in the 2021 election.

Gutiérrez was born on March 23, 1957 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was married to Ximena Bohórquez.

## Other websites

- Biography by CIDOB Foundation
- Presidencia de la República
- Seeking asylum in Colombia
- Arrest

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Lucio Gutiérrez
- **order**: President of Ecuador
- **image**: Lucio Gutiérrez.jpg
- **term start**: January 15, 2003
- **term end**: April 20, 2005
- **predecessor**: Gustavo Noboa
- **successor**: Alfredo Palacio
- **birth place**: Guayaquil, Ecuador
- **spouse**: Ximena Bohórquez <small>(currently in divorce arrangements)</small>
- **party**: Patriotic Society Party
- **vicepresident**: Alfredo Palacio
Eloy Alfaro

**José Eloy Alfaro Delgado** (June 25, 1842 – January 28, 1912) served as President of Ecuador from 1895 to 1901 and from 1906 to 1911. He became one the strongest opponents of pro-Catholic conservative President Gabriel García Moreno. For his central role in the Liberal Revolution of 1895 and for having fought conservatism for almost 30 years, he is known as the _Viejo Luchador_.

Alfaro was born on June 25, 1842 in Montecristi, Ecuador. He was married to Ana Paredes y Arosemena until his death in 1912. On January 28, 1912, a mob broke out and busted into the prison cell where Alfaro was held at. They dragged him along the streets of Quito, Ecuador. Alfaro was killed during the attack, aged 69.

## Other websites

- Official Website of the Ecuadorian Government about the country President's History
- Enciclopedia del Ecuador

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: José Eloy Alfaro Delgado
- **nationality**: Ecuadorian
- **image**: Eloy Alfaro2.jpg
- **birth place**: Montecristi, Ecuador, Montecristi, Ecuador
- **death place**: Quito, Ecuador
- **spouse**: Ana Paredes y Arosemena
- **office**: President of Ecuador
- **term start**: January 16, 1906
- **term end**: August 12, 1911
- **predecessor**: Lizardo García
- **successor**: Carlos Freile Zaldumbide
- **office2**: President of Ecuador
- **term start2**: August 23, 1895
- **term end2**: September 1, 1901
- **predecessor2**: Vicente Lucio Salazar
- **successor2**: Leónidas Plaza
- **office3**: Supreme Chief of Manabí & Esmeraldas, in rebellion
- **term start3**: February, 1883
- **term end3**: October 11, 1883
- **signature**: Firma de Eloy Alfaro.svg
María Ángeles Calderón González

**Maria Angeles Calderon Gonzalez** (born October 27, 1974 in Madrid) is a goalball player from Spain.  She is blind and is a type B2 goalball player. She works for ONCE selling coupons. She played goalball at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  Her team was second.
Juan José Flores

**Juan José Flores y Aramburu** (July 19, 1800 – October 1, 1864) was a Venezuelan military general who became Supreme Chief, and later the first President of the new Republic of Ecuador. He later served two more terms from 1839 to 1843 and from 1843 to 1845, and is often referred to as "The Founder of the Republic". His son Antonio Flores Jijón would soon become President of Ecuador.

Flores was born on July 19, 1800 in Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. He was married to Mercedes Jijón de Vivanco y Chiriboga. Flores died on October 1, 1864 in Puná Island, Ecuador from uremia caused by kidney failure, aged 64.

## Other websites

- http://www.enciclopediadelecuador.com/temasOpt.php?Ind=879&Let=Ar
- Presidential biography  (Spanish language).  Accessed May 16, 2005.
- Presidential terms and events (Spanish language).  Accessed May 16, 2005.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Juan José Flores
- **nationality**: Venezuelan
- **image**: Juanjoseflores.jpg
- **birth place**: Puerto Cabello, Venezuela
- **death place**: Puná Island, Ecuador
 <small>Under house arrest abroad his ship</small>
- **spouse**: Mercedes Jijón de Vivanco y Chiriboga
- **order**: List of heads of state of Ecuador, 4th President of Ecuador
- **term start**: April 1, 1843
- **term end**: March 6, 1845
- **vicepresident**: Francisco Marcos (1843–1845)
- **predecessor**: Interim Presidency
- **successor**: José Joaquín de Olmedo
- **order2**: Interim List of heads of state of Ecuador, President of Ecuador
- **term start2**: January 15, 1843
- **term end2**: April 1, 1843
- **order3**: List of heads of state of Ecuador, 3rd President of Ecuador
- **term start3**: February 1, 1839
- **term end3**: January 15, 1843
- **vicepresident3**: Francisco Javier Aguirre (1839–1843)
- **predecessor3**: Vicente Rocafuerte
- **successor3**: Interim Presidency
- **order4**: 1st List of heads of state of Ecuador, President of Ecuador
- **term start4**: September 22, 1830
- **term end4**: September 10, 1834
- **vicepresident4**: José Joaquín Olmedo (1830–1831)
Modesto Larrea y Carrión (1831–1834)
- **predecessor4**: None
- **successor4**: Vicente Rocafuerte
- **order5**: Provisional List of heads of state of Ecuador, President of Ecuador
- **term start5**: August 14, 1830
- **term end5**: September 11, 1830
- **order6**: List of heads of state of Ecuador, Supreme Chief of Ecuador
- **term start6**: May 13, 1830
- **term end6**: August 14, 1845
Galo Plaza

**Galo Plaza Lasso** (February 17, 1906 – January 28, 1987) was an Ecuadorian politician and statesman. He was President of Ecuador from 1948 to 1952 and Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 1968 to 1975. He is the son of former Ecuadorian President Leonidas Plaza.

Plaza was born on February 17, 1906 in New York City, New York. He studied at University of Maryland, at the University of California, Berkeley, and at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. Plaza was married to Rosario Pallares. They had six children. Plaza died on January 28, 1987 from a heart attack in Quito, Ecuador, aged 80.

## Other websites

- Galo Plaza's biography at the Ecuadorian government's website
- Plaza's obituary in the NY Times

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Galo Plaza
- **image**: Galo Plaza Lasso.jpg
- **order**: 4th
- **office**: Secretary General of the Organization of American States
- **term start**: 1968
- **term end**: 1975
- **predecessor**: José A. Mora
- **successor**: Alejandro Orfila
- **office2**: President of Ecuador
- **term start2**: September 1, 1948
- **term end2**: August 31, 1952
- **predecessor2**: Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, Carlos Julio Arosemena
- **successor2**: José María Velasco Ibarra, José María Velasco
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Quito, Ecuador
- **nationality**: Ecuadorian
- **spouse**: Rosario Pallares
- **alma mater**: University of Maryland, College Park, University of Maryland
University of California, Berkeley
Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University
Concepción Dueso Garcés

**Concepción Dueso Garcés** (born October 27, 1967 in Huesca) is a goalball player from Spain.  She is blind and is a type B3 goalball player. She played goalball at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.  Her team was second.
Michelle Alonso Morales

**Michelle Alonso Morales** (born 15 September 1994) is a para swimmer from Spain. She has an intellectual disability and is an S14 type swimmer.  As of 2012, she lived in Tenerife. She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, England. She finished first in the 100 meter breaststroke. She has been dubbed by the media as _"The Little Mermaid of the Canary Islands"_. She is also considered one of the most important personalities of Spanish sport.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Michelle Alonso
- **image**: Michelle Alonso 01.JPG
- **full name**: Michelle Alonso Morales
- **birth place**: Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
- **show-medals**: yes
Josefa Benítez Guzman

**Josefa Benitez Guzman** (born August 30, 1969 in Barcelona) is a cyclist from Spain.  She has a physical disability.  She competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the road race.
John Henry Newman

**John Henry Newman**,  (21 February 1801 – 11 August 1890) was an important person in Victorian Christianity in England. He was part of the Oxford Movement in Anglicanism which pushed for a more Catholic faith. He finally converted to the Roman Catholic Church in 1845. He was made a cardinal. He was beatified in 2010. He wrote many books, including an autobiography, and _The Dream of Gerontius_.

## Early life and education

Newman was born on 21 February 1801 in the City of London,

### Evangelical

At the age of 15, during his last year at school, Newman was converted, an incident of which he wrote in his _Apologia_ that it was "more certain than that I have hands or feet".

## Other websites

- Newman reader

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: Cardinal
- **honorific-prefix**: Saint
- **name**: John Henry Newman
- **honorific-suffix**: Congregation of the Oratory, Cong. Orat.
- **title**: Cardinal Deacon of San Giorgio in Velabro
- **image**: John Henry Newman by Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Bt.jpg
- **alt**: John Henry Newman by Sir John Everett Millais
- **caption**: Portrait of Newman by
 John Everett Millais, 1881
- **appointed**: 12 May 1879
- **term end**: 11 August 1890
- **predecessor**: Tommaso Martinelli
- **successor**: Francis Aidan Gasquet
- **other post**: Oxbridge Fellow, Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, Oriel College, University of Oxford, Oxford; provost (religion), Provost of the Birmingham Oratory
- **cardinal**: 12 May 1879
- **rank**: Cardinal deacon
- **created cardinal by**: Pope Leo XIII
- **birth place**: London, England,
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom
- **death place**: Edgbaston, Birmingham, England, United Kingdom
- **buried**: Oratory House,
Rednal, West Midlands, England, United Kingdom
- **nationality**: British
- **parents**: John Newman and Jemina Fourdrinier
- **alma mater**: Trinity College, Oxford
- **coat of arms**: Coat of arms of John Henry Newman.svg
- **beatified date**: 19 September 2010
- **beatified place**: Cofton Park, Birmingham, England
- **beatified by**: Pope Benedict XVI
- **attributes**: Cardinal's attire
- **patronage**: Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham
- **shrine**: Birmingham Oratory,
Edgbaston, England
2013 Stockholm riots

The **2013 Stockholm riots** started on 19 May 2013 in the Husby area of Stockholm, Sweden. The riots led to several injuries. They happened in response to the fatal shooting of a 69-year-old man by Stockholm police. The incident was ongoing as of May 28.
Joseph Campbell

**Joseph Campbell** (March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was a writer known for his work on myth and religion.

## Quotes

"I think the person who takes a job in order to live- that is to say, for the money- has turned himself into a slave."

## Other websites

- Folkstory biography

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Joseph Campbell
- **birth name**: Joseph John Campbell
- **birth place**: White Plains, New York, United States
- **death place**: Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Scholar
- **spouse**: Jean Erdman (1938–1987; his death)
- **alma mater**: Columbia University (BA, 1925; MA, 1927)
North Dakota State University

**North Dakota State University** is a university in Fargo. This school was established in 1890 as the **North Dakota Agricultural College**. The school name was changed to North Dakota State University around 1960.
Quail

**Quail** [pronounced Kwāl] is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds in the order Galliformes. The birds in this group are often referred to as "fowl".

Old World quail are in the family Phasianidae, and New World quail are found in the family Odontophoridae. Many of the common larger species are farm-raised for table food or egg consumption, and are hunted on game farms or in the wild, where they may be released to supplement the wild population, or extend into areas outside their natural range. Quail are also raised as pets.

The collective noun for a group of quail is a flock, covey or bevy.

## Other websites

- Quail forever
- Recipes
Carl Bloch

**Carl Heinrich Bloch** (23 May 1834 – 22 February 1890) was a Danish painter. Bloch studied painting at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Today he is mostly known for the Genre and History painting he did.

## Related pages

- List of Danish painters
Aérospatiale SA-321 Super Frelon

The **Aérospatiale SA-321 Super Frelon** is a transport and ASW helicopter designed and built in France. The design was first built by Sud Aviation, and later by Aérospatiale. It's built under chineses licence like **Avicopter AC313**.

Some were used by Israel and South Africa.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Aérospatiale SA-321 Super Frelon
- **image**: File:Super_Frelon_3.jpg
- **caption**: French Navy Super Frelon.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Helicopter
- **national origin**: France
- **manufacturer**: Sud Aviation and after Aérospatiale.
- **first flight**: December 7th, 1962.
Martial law

**Martial law** represents the imposition of rule by military authorities on an emergency basis, such as foreign invasion, rioting, or natural disaster. It is usually imposed on a temporary basis if the civilian government fails to function properly. Military forces may be deployed for various purposes such as to stop looting, maintain order, impose a curfew, and secure buildings of the government.
Saturnalia tupiniquim

***Saturnalia*** is an extinct genus of basal prosauropod  dinosaur from the Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. The deposits are dated to the early Upper Triassic, about 225 million years ago (mya). The dinosaur grew to about 1.5 meters (5 ft) long.

## Phylogeny

_Saturnalia_ is primitive, and its mixture of characteristics, has made it difficult to classify. It is one of the oldest true dinosaurs yet found.

The first (1999) description of the genus assigned it to the Sauropodomorpha. However, in a 2003 paper, Langer noted that features of its skull and hand were more similar to the sister group of sauropodomorphs, the theropods. Also that _Saturnalia_ could be a member of the sauropodomorph "stem-lineage", rather than a true member of that group.

José Bonaparte and colleagues, in a 2007 study, found _Saturnalia_ to be very similar to the primitive saurischian _Guaibasaurus_. Bonaparte placed the two in the same family, Guaibasauridae. Like Langer, Bonaparte found that these forms may have been primitive sauropodomorphs, or an assemblage of forms close to the common ancestor of the sauropodomorphs and theropods. Overall, Bonaparte found that both _Saturnalia_ and _Guaibasaurus_ were more theropod-like than prosauropod-like.

However, all more recent cladistic analyses found it to be a very basal sauropodomorph,
360

__NOTOC__

At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Iulianus** (or, less often, **year 1113 _Ab urbe condita**_).

#### Roman Empire

- February – Julian, Roman Caesar, is proclaimed emperor by the Gallic legions in Lutetia (modern Paris) at the Thermes de Cluny. They refuse to support the eastern campaign against king Shapur II of Persia and revolted.
- The Alamanni raid Raetia (Switzerland), but are pushed back behind the Rhine and into the Black Forest by Julian.
- King Shapur II continues his campaign against the Roman fortresses. His armies capture Singara, Bezabde and Nisibis.
- Emperor Constantius II and Julian send several letters to each other. They are both hoping to avoid a civil war.

#### Europe

- Thousands of Huns invade Europe. They spread terror as they take over territories held for generations by Alans, Heruls, Ostrogoths and Visigoths.

#### Asia

- Japan begins a 30-year period of great influence in Korea.

#### Agriculture

- Roman authorities in Britannia export wheat to supply the legions on the Rhine. They have encouraged production of wheat for that purpose.

#### Religion

- First Council of Constantinople: Emperor Constantius II requested a church council, at Constantinople, and both the eastern and western bishops attend the meeting. Wulfila also attends the council and endorses the resulting creed. After the council, several homoiousian bishops are deposed or banished, including Macedonius I of Constantinople and Cyril of Jerusalem.

## Births

- John Cassian, Desert Father and Christian saint (approximate date)
- Saint Mesrob, Armenian monk and theologian (approximate date)
- Saint Ninian, missionary to Scotland (approximate date)
- Tao Sheng, Chinese Buddhist scholar (approximate date)
- Wang Fahui, empress during the Jin Dynasty (d. 380)

## Deaths

- Eustathius of Antioch, Patriarch of Antioch (approximate date)
- Murong Jun, emperor of the Former Yan (b. 319)
Misery (movie)

***Misery*** is a 1990 American psychological horror thriller movie set in Colorado. It is based on Stephen King's 1987 novel of the same name. The movie stars James Caan, Kathy Bates, Lauren Bacall, Frances Sternhagen, and Richard Farnsworth. It was directed by Rob Reiner.

Bates plays an abusive woman psychopath who imprisons and tortures a novelist (Caan) in her rural home. She does this after he accidentally crashes his car and she pretends that she is going to look after him until he recovers from his injuries.

Bates won the Academy Award for Best Actress. The movie was well received by critics and audiences. King has stated that _Misery_ is one of his top ten favorite movie adaptations.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Misery
- **director**: Rob Reiner
- **producer**: Rob Reiner
Andrew Scheinman
Jeffrey Stott
Steve Nicolaides
- **screenplay**: William Goldman
- **based on**: **Misery (novel), Book:**
Stephen King
- **starring**: James Caan
Kathy Bates
Lauren Bacall
Richard Farnsworth
Frances Sternhagen
- **music**: Marc Shaiman
- **cinematography**: Barry Sonnenfeld
- **editing**: Robert Leighton (movie editor), Robert Leighton
- **studio**: Castle Rock Entertainment
Nelson Entertainment
- **distributor**: Columbia Pictures
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
- **runtime**: 107 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $20 million
Edward "Tug" Wilson

**Edward "Tug" Wilson** (1921 – 2009) was a British colonel. He started the Abu Dhabi Defense Force. He was also really good friends with Sheikh Zayed.

## Early life

He was born on January 18, 1921 in West Hartlepool, Yorkshire in England. His birth name was Edward Bearby Wilson. Tug was a nickname. He attended Constantine College. In 1945 he was a wireless operator at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He liked to play rugby and cricket.

## Military work

He started working in the Worcestershire Regiment. He then worked for the 1st Battalion of the British Army of the Rhine. Then he worked for the 2nd Division Signal Regiment. He was a part of the Berlin airlift and the Malayan Emergency. He went to Korea and in 1952 moved to Hara Mura, Japan to teach British soldiers at the Battle School. A grenade blew up while he was teaching soldiers and he hurt his shoulder.

He became a Major. In 1961 he started looking over a squadron of the Trucial Oman Scouts. He was working at the Buraimi Oasis, Al Ain. He became good friends with Sheikh Zayed after the Sheikh became ruler of the United Arab Emirates. During this time Wilson founded the Abu Dhabi Defense Force. He was leader of that force until 1968.

## Retirement and death

He left Abu Dhabi in 1969. He started teaching at the Old Royal Naval College. Then he taught at the Staff College, Camberley. He retired from the Army in 1971. He started a trout fish farm. Wilson then moved back to Abu Dhabi, at the invitation of Sheikh Zayed, to run the royal stables. He ran the stables until the Sheikh died. He participated in the London To Peking Motor Challenge in 1990. He was awarded the Abu Dhabi Award. He died on January 2, 2009.
Black hair

The term **Black hair** refers to the darkest of all human hair colors. It is a dominant and genetic trait, and found in people of all ethnic groups. Caucasian people with black hair are usually referred to as brunettes. Black hair carries extreme amounts of eumelanin and is less dense than the other hair colors.
Mekelle

**Mekelle** (, ) or **Mekele** a city in Ethiopia. It is the capital city of the Tigray Region. It is in the north of the region. It had 219,818 people as of 2012.

The city was founded in the 13th century according to historians. It was one of the major cities of Enderta province. It was chosen as the capital of Yohannes IV's realm. There was a riot that broke out between Ethiopian Orthodox and Adventist worshipers on 29 December 2002. The riot resulted in five deaths and three others were seriously injured. The city is one of the country's principal economic and educational centers.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: **Mek'ele**
- **native name**: መቐለ
- **native name lang**: lang-ti
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: ET Mekele asv2018-01 img09 Selam Street.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: A street in Mek'ele
- **pushpin map**: Ethiopia
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin map caption**: Where Mek'ele is located in Ethiopia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Tigray Region, Tigray
- **subdivision type2**: Zone
- **subdivision name2**: Debubawi (Southern)
- **area total km2**: 24.44
- **elevation m**: 2084
- **population total**: 219818
- **population density km2**: auto
- **pop est as of**: 2012
- **timezone1**: East Africa Time, EAT
- **utc offset1**: +3
- **area code**: (+251) 34
Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Gazi

**Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Gazi** (; about 1437 – 1513) was a Moroccan mathematician from the Maghreb. He wrote poems about the work of other mathematicians, including Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi. He used lattice multiplication in his math writing.

## Related pages

- List of scientists
Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka

**Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka** is a Buddhist canon from the Jin Dynasty. It is written in the Chinese language.

It was first called the Jin Triptaka. It was written at the Tianning Temple around the year 1149. A woman named Cui Fazhen and some of her friends gave the money to make the book. Kublai Khan brought it to the Guangsheng Temple. It was found there in 1933. The canon was renamed Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka because the Guangsheng Temple is located in Zhaocheng.

The canon has about 7,000 chapters. It's the biggest book published in the Jin Dynasty. It has some canons and sections that are not found in later copies of the book.
Massasoit

**Massasoit ** (c. 15811661),
was the Native American leader of the Wampanoag and "Massasoit" tribes.  His name means _Great Leader_.

## Early years

Massasoit was born in a Pokanoket village at the site of today's Rhode Island. His village was near a spring of water which is named after him.  He was liked by seven leaders.  In March 1621, a Native American named Samoset entered Plymouth Colony and said to the Pilgrims in English, "Welcome Englishmen".  He had learned some words from the English fishermen and traders that had visited his tribe. He said he was sent by Massasoit, “the greatest leader of the country.” After a few days, Massasoit came in person and was received with great friendship.

Massasoit made a treaty with the Pilgrims.  They promised to protect each other against unfriendly Native Americans. They  promised not to hurt each other.  They also promised to help each other as friends. Massasoit told the pilgrims that there was much sickness where the colonist were now living and that many had died. The treaty was kept as long as Massasoit lived.

## Peace treaty

Massasoit helped the people of Plymouth Colony in many ways, including how to plant corn.  He became friends with the all of the colonial leaders.

## Children

During this time, Massasoit had five children.  His oldest son, "Moanam" or Wamsutta, died within a year after his father, and his brother Metacom (Philip) became chief in 1662.

## Alliance

There was some bad feeling for a time when the Plymouth leaders refused to give up Squanto to Massasoit.  He believe that Squanto had betrayed him.  This was settled when Edward Winslow visited him in March 1623. Massasoit was ill and Winslow took care of him.  After he got better, Massasoit said the English are my friends and love me. He also said that while he lives he would never forget the kindness they have showed me."

The Wampanoag and the English maintained a friendship until Massasoit's death. During this time, Massasoit sold lands to the English that they needed. When Roger Williams, was sent away from the Massachusetts colony, he spent many weeks with Massasoit. Massasoit was friendly and honest and always kept his word. He warned the pilgrims of any Native Americans who were not their friends.

Massasoit died as early as 1660.  When he died, his son Wamsutta became chief. When Wamsutta died Metacom (Philip) took his place. Of Massasoit's five children, the only child to survive King Philip's War in 1676 was his daughter, Amie, wife of Tispaquin.

## References

- "Native People" (page), "Massasoit (Ousamequin) Sachem" (section), _MayflowerFamilies.com_, webpage: MFcom-Native .
- Nathaniel Philbrick, _Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War,_ New York 2006.

## In fiction

Massasoit was a character in "The Mayflower Voyagers", a 1988 episode of the Peanuts television series, _This is America, Charlie Brown_.

At the beginning of the 1995 movie adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthorne's _The Scarlet Letter_, Massasoit dies and his tribe cremates him.