juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
A major

**A major** (or the **key of A**) is a major scale with a base note of A. Its key signature has three sharps.

Its relative minor is F-sharp minor.  The key of A-major is the only key where a Neapolitan sixth chord on  needs both a flat and a natural accidental.

There are not as many symphonies in A major as in D major or G major, but more than other sharp keys. Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, Bruckner's Symphony No. 6 and Mendelssohn's Symphony No. 4 are almost all the symphonies in this key in the Romantic era. Mozart's Clarinet Concerto and Clarinet Quintet are both in A major. Mozart used clarinets in A major often.

In chamber music, A major is used a lot. Johannes Brahms, César Franck, and Gabriel Fauré wrote violin sonatas in A major. Peter Cropper said that A major "is the fullest sounding key for the violin.", when he was talking about Beethoven's Kreutzer Sonata.

According to Christian Friedrich Daniel Schubart, A major is a key that is good for "declarations of innocent love, ... hope of seeing one's beloved again when parting; youthful cheerfulness and trust in God."

When music for orchestra is in A major, the timpani are normally set to A and E a fifth apart. In most other keys, they are set a fourth apart.

## References

- Colin Lawson, _Mozart: Clarinet Concerto_, A Cambridge Music Handbook, Cambridge University Press, 1996.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: A_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: A major
- **relative**: F-sharp minor, F minor
- **parallel**: A minor
- **first pitch**: A
- **second pitch**: B
- **third pitch**: C
- **fourth pitch**: D
- **fifth pitch**: E
- **sixth pitch**: F
- **seventh pitch**: G
F-sharp minor

**F-sharp minor** is a minor scale based on F sharp. Its key signature has three sharps.

Its relative major is A major.

Many people think it is a melancholy and gloomy key.
Harry Farjeon says that F sharp minor is "light red", and that it is the key Mendelssohn uses when he is being passionate.
Johann Mattheson wrote that 'F minor, although it leads to great distress, nevertheless is more languid and love-sick than lethal. Moreover, it has something abandoned, singular, and misanthropic about it.'

## Famous music in this key

Very few symphonies are written in this key. Haydn's _Farewell Symphony_ is one famous example. George Frederick Bristow and Dora Pejačević also wrote symphonies in this key.

Many piano pieces have been written in F-sharp minor.
Mozart's only composition in this key is the second movement to his Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major. 2 of Chopin's 52 mazurkas, and 1 of his nocturnes are in this key, though he seems to have liked the related key C-sharp minor better. Scriabin's Piano Sonata No. 3 is also in this key, and the 3rd movement of Beethoven's "Hammerklavier" Piano Sonata is too.

Both Reger's and Tippett's second string quartets are in this key, and so is Shostakovich's seventh string quartet.

## References

- A. Morris, "Symphonies, Numbers And Keys" in _Bob's Poetry Magazine_, III.3 , 2006.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: A-major f-sharp-minor.svg
- **scale name**: F minor
- **relative**: A major
- **parallel**: F-sharp major, F major
- **first pitch**: F
- **second pitch**: G
- **third pitch**: A
- **fourth pitch**: B
- **fifth pitch**: C
- **sixth pitch**: D
- **seventh pitch**: E
A-flat major

**A major** or **A-flat major** is a major scale that starts on A-flat. It has the pitches of A♭, B♭, C, D♭, E♭, F, G, and A♭.

Its relative minor is F minor and its parallel minor is A-flat minor.

A-flat major is a key that sounds peaceful. It was used often by Franz Schubert. Twenty-four of Frédéric Chopin's piano pieces are in A-flat major, more than any other key.

Charles-Marie Widor considered A-flat major to be the second best key for flute music.

Beethoven chose A-flat major as the key of the slow movement for most of his C minor works. This was also followed by Antonín Dvořák in his only C minor symphony and Anton Bruckner in his first two C minor symphonies.
Since A-flat major was not often chosen as the main key for orchestral music of the 18th century, passages or movements in the key often kept the timpani tuned the same way as they were in the movement before it. For example, Beethoven's Symphony No. 5 in C minor has the timpani set to C and G for the first movement. With hand-tuned timpani, there is no time to retune the timpani to A flat and E flat for the slow second movement in A flat. In Bruckner's Symphony No. 1 in C minor, however, the timpani are retuned between the first movement in C minor and the following in A-flat major.

Edward Elgar's Symphony No. 1 in A-flat major is one of the best-known symphonies in that key. Arnold Bax's last symphony is also in the same key. A-flat major is the major key with the most flats that Domenico Scarlatti used in his keyboard sonatas, though he used it only twice– in K. 127 and K. 130. Felix Mendelssohn and John Field each wrote one piano concerto in A-flat.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: A-flat-major_f-minor.svg
- **scale name**: A
- **relative**: F minor
- **parallel**: A-flat minor, A minor
- **first pitch**: A
- **second pitch**: B
- **third pitch**: C
- **fourth pitch**: D
- **fifth pitch**: E
- **sixth pitch**: F
- **seventh pitch**: G
F minor

**F minor** is a minor scale based on F. The harmonic minor raises the E to E.  Its key signature has four flats. It has the pitches of F, G, A♭, B♭, C, D♭, E♭, and F.

Its relative major is A-flat major, and its parallel major is F major.

F minor is a key that people often link with passion. Some famous pieces in the key of F minor are Beethoven's _Appassionata Sonata_, Haydn's Symphony No. 49 in F minor, _La Passione_, and Vivaldi's The Four Seasons.

In the Baroque period, music in F minor was usually written with a three-flat key signature. Some modern printings of such music keeps it written that way.

## Notable songs

- Adele - Hello
- Máni Svavarsson - We Are Number One

## Notable compositions

- String Quartet No. 11, Op. 95 "Serioso" – Ludwig van Beethoven
- Violin Concerto _L'inverno_, RV 297, Op. 8, No. 4 – Antonio Vivaldi
- Piano Sonata No. 23, Op. 57 (Appassionata) – Ludwig van Beethoven
- Fantasia in F minor – Franz Schubert
- Fantaisie in F minor, Op. 49 – Frédéric Chopin
- Harpsichord Concerto No. 5, BWV 1056 – Johann Sebastian Bach
- Ballade No. 4, Op. 52 – Chopin
- Piano Quintet, Op. 34 – Johannes Brahms
- Piano Concerto No. 2, Op. 21 – Chopin

## E-sharp minor

The enharmonic equivalent of F minor is **E-sharp minor**. It is a minor scale based on the musical note E♯. Its key signature has eight sharps. Due to its use of more accidentals, E-sharp minor is considered impractical to use. It is usually replaced with F minor.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: A-flat-major_f-minor.svg
- **scale name**: F minor
- **relative**: A-flat major, A major
- **parallel**: F major
- **first pitch**: F
- **second pitch**: G
- **third pitch**: A
- **fourth pitch**: B
- **fifth pitch**: C
- **sixth pitch**: D
- **seventh pitch**: E


## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: G-sharp-major e-sharp-minor.png
- **scale name**: E minor
- **relative**: G-sharp major, G major
- **parallel**: E-sharp major (enharmonic F major)
- **enharmonic**: F minor
- **first pitch**: E
- **second pitch**: F
- **third pitch**: G
- **fourth pitch**: A
- **fifth pitch**: B
- **sixth pitch**: C
- **seventh pitch**: D
E major

**E major** is a major scale with a base note of E. Its key signature has four sharps. It has the pitches of E, F♯, G♯, A, B, C♯, D♯, and E. Its relative minor is C-sharp minor and its parallel minor is E minor.

E major is hard for wind instruments to play. A violin is fit for playing in E major, because two of the open strings are A and E, the tonic and subdominant notes of this scale. Other orchestral string instruments can play well in E major, as can a guitar. When writing in E major, clarinets in A are easier to play than clarinets in B-flat. This is because clarinets are transposing instruments.

Symphonies in E major are quite rare, but the key is often used for concertos. One of them is Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto.

The bells of the Clock Tower in London's Palace of Westminster are tuned to the key of E major.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: E_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: E major
- **relative**: C-sharp minor, Cminor
- **parallel**: E minor
- **dominant**: B major
- **subdominant**: A major, D major, G major, C major, F major
- **first pitch**: E
- **second pitch**: F
- **third pitch**: G
- **fourth pitch**: A
- **fifth pitch**: B
- **sixth pitch**: C
- **seventh pitch**: D
C-sharp minor

**C-sharp minor** or **C minor** is a minor scale based on C. Its key signature has four sharps. It has the pitches of C♯, D♯, E, F♯, G♯, A, B, and C♯.

Its relative major is E major, and its parallel major is C-sharp major.

## Classical music in this key

There are very few symphonies written in this key. One of them is by Joseph Martin Kraus, but he later rewrote it in C minor. Another two are Mahler's Symphony No. 5 (though only the first movement is in C-sharp minor, and the finale is actually in D major) and Prokofiev's Symphony No. 7. Shostakovich's Violin Concerto No. 2 is also in C-sharp minor.

This key occurs more often in piano music. Domenico Scarlatti wrote two keyboard sonatas in C-sharp minor, K. 246 and K. 247. But after Beethoven's famous _Moonlight Sonata_, the key became more popular for piano. Beethoven used this key again in the outer movements of his String Quartet No. 14 (Op. 131, 1826). However, Johannes Brahms rewrote his C-sharp minor Piano Quartet to be published as Piano Quartet No. 3 in C minor, Op. 60. One of the most famous pieces in this key is Chopin's _Fantaisie-Impromptu_. Other works include Chopin's Nocturnes  No. 7 (Op. 27, No. 1) and No. 20 (Op. posth.), and his "Raindrop" Prelude in D-flat major (Op. 28, No. 15). Waltz in C-sharp minor (op.64 No.2) is another well known musical piece from Chopin that uses this particular key (along with the D flat minor key). Another very famous example of a work in C-sharp minor is Rachmaninoff's Prelude in C-sharp minor (Op. 3, No. 2).

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: E_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: C minor
- **relative**: E major
- **parallel**: C-sharp major, C major
- **first pitch**: C
- **second pitch**: D
- **third pitch**: E
- **fourth pitch**: F
- **fifth pitch**: G
- **sixth pitch**: A
- **seventh pitch**: B
B-flat minor

**B minor** or **B-flat minor** is a minor scale based on B♭. Its key signature has five flats. It has the pitches of B♭ , C, D♭, E♭, F, G♭, A♭, and B♭.

Its relative major is D-flat major, and its parallel major is B-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is A-sharp minor.

B-flat minor is often seen as a "dark" key. Tchaikovsky said that the oboe solo in B-flat minor in the second movement of his Symphony No. 4 was "the feeling that you get when you are all alone".

The old valveless horn could not play easily in B-flat minor. In fact, the only example found in 18th century music is a modulation in the first minuet of Franz Krommer's Concertino in D major, Opus 80.

## In classical music

- Frédéric Chopin's Piano Sonata No. 2, Nocturne Op. 9 No. 1, and Scherzo No. 2
- Sergei Rachmaninoff's Piano Sonata No. 2
- Dmitri Shostakovich's _Symphony No. 13
- Peter Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1
- Peter Tchaikovsky's Marche Slave
- Sir William Walton's _Symphony No. 1_

## In popular music

- "Part-Time Lover" – Stevie Wonder
- "Cannonball (Damien Rice song)" - Damien Rice
- All eight songs on The Raveonettes' _Whip It On'' album are in the key of B-flat minor. Sune Rose Wagner said it was because "Shostakovich's symphony no. 13 was in B flat minor".

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: D-flat_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: B minor
- **relative**: D-flat major, D major
- **parallel**: B-flat major, B major
- **enharmonic**: A-sharp minor, A minor
- **first pitch**: B
- **second pitch**: C
- **third pitch**: D
- **fourth pitch**: E
- **fifth pitch**: F
- **sixth pitch**: G
- **seventh pitch**: A
B major

**B major** is a major scale based on B. Its key signature has five sharps.

B major's relative minor is G-sharp minor, its parallel minor is B minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is C-flat major.

The key signature for B major is the least sharp key signature with three "lines" of sharps. In the treble clef, putting the sharp for A where it looks like it should be, next to the sharp for G, would mean that a ledger line would have to be used. In the bass clef it would be possible to do this without a ledger line, but because sight reading is easier when both staves look the same, it is not usually done in piano music. In the alto clef, used in orchestral music, the B major key signature is usually written in just two "lines" of sharps.

Although B major is usually thought of as a "far away" key because it has many sharps and is quite far from C major in the circle of fifths, Frédéric Chopin thought that it was the easiest scale of all to play, as its black notes fit the natural positions of the fingers well. Because of this, it was often the first scale he taught to beginning piano students, leaving the scale of C major till last because he thought it was the hardest to play.

While B major is not too difficult to play on keyboard instruments and guitar, the key of C-flat major is easier when writing music for the harp, as it is that instrument's home key.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: B_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: B major
- **relative**: G-sharp minor, G minor
- **parallel**: B minor
- **dominant**: F-sharp major, F major
- **subdominant**: E major, A major, D major, G major, C major
- **enharmonic**: C-flat major, C major
- **first pitch**: B
- **second pitch**: C
- **third pitch**: D
- **fourth pitch**: E
- **fifth pitch**: F
- **sixth pitch**: G
- **seventh pitch**: A
G-sharp minor

**G-sharp minor** is a minor scale based on G.  For the harmonic minor, the F is raised to F.

Its key signature has five sharps.

Its relative major is B major.

The melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary.

G-sharp minor is usually not used in orchestral music except to modulate, but it is more common in keyboard music, like Scriabin's sonatas. For orchestration of piano music (writing it so an orchestra can play it), sometimes the music is transposed to G minor or A minor. If G-sharp minor must be used, B-flat wind instruments should have their part written in B-flat minor, not A-sharp minor.

In a few scores, 5-sharp key signatures in the bass clef are written with the sharp for the A on the top line.

## References

- A. Morris, "Symphonies, Numbers and Keys" in _Bob's Poetry Magazine_, III.3 , 2006.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: B_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: G minor
- **relative**: B major
- **parallel**: G major
enharmonic:
A-flat major, A major
- **enharmonic**: A-flat minor, A minor
- **first pitch**: G
- **second pitch**: A
- **third pitch**: B
- **fourth pitch**: C
- **fifth pitch**: D
- **sixth pitch**: E
- **seventh pitch**: F
G-flat major

**G-flat major** is a major scale based on G-flat.  Its key signature has six flats.

Its relative minor is E-flat minor, and its parallel minor is G-flat minor. This is usually replaced by F♯ minor because G♭ minor's two double-flats make it generally impractical to use.

Its enharmonic equivalent is F-sharp major, whose key signature also has six accidentals. In writing music in E major for B-flat instruments, it is preferable to use a G-flat rather an F-sharp key signature.

G-flat major is sometimes used as a main key for piano works, such as the impromptus of Chopin and Schubert, but rarely for orchestra.

Austrian composer Gustav Mahler liked to use G-flat major in his symphonies.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: G-flat_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: G major
- **relative**: E-flat minor, E minor
- **parallel**: G minor
enharmonic:
F-sharp minor, F minor
- **enharmonic**: F-sharp major
- **first pitch**: G
- **second pitch**: A
- **third pitch**: B
- **fourth pitch**: C
- **fifth pitch**: D
- **sixth pitch**: E
- **seventh pitch**: F
E-flat minor

**E minor** or **E-flat minor** is a minor scale based on E-flat.  Its key signature has six flats.

Its relative major is G-flat major, and its parallel major is E-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is D-sharp minor.

This key is not used much in orchestral music, and usually only to modulate. It is used in some keyboard pieces and has been most popular in Russian pieces. If piano music in this key must be arranged for orchestra, some people recommend transposing it into D minor or E minor.

In book 1 of the _Well-Tempered Clavier_ by Johann Sebastian Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following Fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor.

One of the few symphonies written in this key is Prokofiev's Symphony No. 6. A few other Soviet composers also wrote symphonies in this key, such as Eshpai, Janis Ivanovs (fourth symphony _Atlantis_, 1941), Ovchinnikov and Myaskovsky. Rachmaninov's "Elegie", Op. 3 No. 1 is in E-flat minor, as is his Études-Tableaux Op. 39 #5. These pieces are noted for being dark and mysterious, a mood this key has. This mood is shown even in the later jazz music "'Round Midnight" and "Take Five", which are also in the key.

The second movement to Gustav Mahler's Eighth Symphony has a long orchestral and choral introduction in E-flat minor. The dark orchestral introduction to Beethoven's only oratorio, Christ on the Mount of Olives, is also in this key.

## References

- A. Morris, "Symphonies, Numbers And Keys" in _Bob's Poetry Magazine_, III.3 , 2006.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: G-flat_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: E minor
- **relative**: G-flat major, G major
- **parallel**: E-flat major, E major
- **enharmonic**: D-sharp minor, D minor
- **first pitch**: E
- **second pitch**: F
- **third pitch**: G
- **fourth pitch**: A
- **fifth pitch**: B
- **sixth pitch**: C
- **seventh pitch**: D
F-sharp major

**F-sharp major** is a major scale based on **F-sharp**. Its key signature has six sharps.

Its relative minor is D minor, and its enharmonic equivalent is G major.

## Use of this key

This key is not used often in orchestral music except to modulate. It is used more often in piano music, like Scriabin's sonatas. When piano music in this key needs to be arranged for orchestra, sometimes it is better to change it to F or G major. If F-sharp major needs to be used, transposing instruments in B flat should have their music written in A-flat major, not G-sharp major.

The Presentation of the Rose scene in Act Two of Richard Strauss's opera Der Rosenkavalier is written in F-sharp major.
F-sharp major is the key of Beethoven's Piano Sonata, Op. 78, of Chopin's Barcarolle, of Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2, of Mahler's unfinished Tenth Symphony, Erich Korngold's Symphony Op. 40, and Scriabin's Fourth Sonata.

In a few scores, the F-sharp major key signature in the bass clef is written with the sharp for the A on the top line.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: F-sharp_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: F major
- **relative**: D-sharp minor, D minor
- **parallel**: F-sharp minor, F minor
- **enharmonic**: G-flat major, G major
- **first pitch**: F
- **second pitch**: G
- **third pitch**: A
- **fourth pitch**: B
- **fifth pitch**: C
- **sixth pitch**: D
- **seventh pitch**: E
D-sharp minor

**D-sharp minor** is a minor scale based on **D **.  For the harmonic minor, the C is raised to C.  Its key signature has six sharps.

E-flat minor is its enharmonic equivalent.  Its relative major is F-sharp major, and its parallel major is D-sharp major. This is usually replaced by E-flat major, because D-sharp major's two double sharps make it impractical to use.

Since D-sharp minor and its enharmonic equivalent both have key signatures of six accidentals, neither one is clearly used instead of the other. For example, using the melodic minor version of D-sharp minor on the harp is very difficult. The B-pedal can be set to the sharp position, but there is no double-sharp position to set the C-pedal at. In Book I of _The Well-Tempered Clavier_, Bach chose to write the eighth prelude in E-flat minor but the accompanying fugue in D-sharp minor. (In Book II, Bach wrote both the eighth Prelude and Fugue in D-sharp minor.)

Music written in this key is considered very difficult to read, which means that little music was written mainly in this key in the Classical era. E-flat minor is easier for many brass instruments and woodwinds.

The most famous work in this key is Scriabin's famous Etude Op. 8, No. 12. Russian composer Lyapunov must also have liked the key because he wrote the second etude of his Op. 11 set in the key, and also fifteen years later his Variations on a Russian Theme, Op. 49.  His early Piano Concerto No. 1, Op. 4 was also in the enharmonic key of E-flat minor.

In a few scores, 6-sharp key signatures in the bass clef are written with the sharp for the A on the top line. This is not done often, because it is different from the treble clef.

This key is not used often in orchestral music, but is used more in keyboard music. When arranging this piano music for orchestra, some people recommend transposing the music to D minor or E minor. If D-sharp minor must be used,  B-flat wind instruments should have their parts written in F minor, rather than E-sharp minor.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: F-sharp_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: D minor
- **relative**: F-sharp major, F major
- **parallel**: D major
enharmonic:
E-flat minor, E minor
- **enharmonic**: E-flat minor
- **first pitch**: D
- **second pitch**: E
- **third pitch**: F
- **fourth pitch**: G
- **fifth pitch**: A
- **sixth pitch**: B
- **seventh pitch**: C
A-flat minor

**A-flat minor** is a minor scale starting on A.  Its key signature has seven flats.

Its relative major is C-flat major, and its parallel major is A-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent is G-sharp minor.

A-flat minor is rarely used as the main key of a piece of music.
More often, pieces in a minor mode that have A as the tonic are written in the enharmonic key, G-sharp minor, because it has a simpler key signature.  Because of this, there are few works in A-flat minor.

In some scores, the A minor key signature in the bass clef is written with the flat for the F on the second line from the top.

## In classical music

- The Funeral March in Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 12, Op. 26
- An early section of the last movement of Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 31, Op. 110 (although the key signature of this section uses only 6 flats, not 7)
- Johannes Brahms's Fugue for organ (c. 1857)
- Max Bruch's Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra, Op. 88a (although at least one two-piano transcription of this uses a 6-flat signature, similarly to the Op. 110 Beethoven example)
- the Evocación from Book I of Isaac Albéniz's _Iberia_
- Isaac Albéniz's _La Vega_ (c. 1897)
- Leoš Janáček uses it for his violin sonata and the organ solo of his _Glagolitic Mass_.
- Moritz Moszkowski used it for his piano étude, opus 72 number 13.

- Also Polonaise in A-Flat Minor, Chopin

## In popular music

A-flat minor is also used in Frederick Loewe's score to the 1956 musical play _My Fair Lady_; the Second Servants' Chorus is set in A-flat minor.

Another example of popular music in A-flat minor is Walkin' on the Sun by Smash Mouth.

## Other websites

- Overview of Compositions with 7 Accidentals

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: C-flat-major_a-flat-minor.svg
- **scale name**: A minor
- **relative**: C-flat major, C major
- **parallel**: A-flat major, A major
- **enharmonic**: G-sharp minor, G minor
- **first pitch**: A
- **second pitch**: B
- **third pitch**: C
- **fourth pitch**: D
- **fifth pitch**: E
- **sixth pitch**: F
- **seventh pitch**: G
C-sharp major

**C major** (or **C-sharp major**) is a major scale based on C. Its key signature has seven sharps.

Its relative minor is A minor, and its parallel minor is C minor. Its enharmonic equivalent is D major.

When a harp is tuned to C-sharp major, it has all its pedals in the bottom position. Because all the strings are made shorter in this way, it makes it less resonant.

Most composers prefer to use the enharmonic equivalent D-flat major because it has just five flats. However, Johann Sebastian Bach actually chose C-sharp major for Prelude and Fugue No. 3 in both books of the _Well-Tempered Clavier_. In Hungarian Rhapsody No. 6, Franz Liszt changes key from D-flat major to C-sharp major near the beginning of the piece. Maurice Ravel used C-sharp major as the tonic key of _Ondine_ from his piano suite _Gaspard de la nuit_.

Louis Vierne used C-sharp major in the final piece of Messe solennelle.

## Other websites

- Overview of Compositions with 7 Accidentals

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: C-sharp_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: C major
- **relative**: A-sharp minor, A minor
- **parallel**: C-sharp minor, C minor
- **enharmonic**: D-flat major, D major
- **first pitch**: C
- **second pitch**: D
- **third pitch**: E (F)
- **fourth pitch**: F
- **fifth pitch**: G
- **sixth pitch**: A
- **seventh pitch**: B (C)
A-sharp minor

**A-sharp minor** or **A minor** is a minor scale based on **A-sharp**. Its key signature has seven sharps.

Its relative major is C-sharp major.  Its parallel major is A-sharp major.  This is usually replaced by B-flat major, because A-sharp major's three double sharps in the key signature makes it generally impractical.  Exceptions include Chopin's Polonaise-Fantaisie in A-flat major, Op. 61, which has a short passage of about 6 bars actually written in A-sharp major, putting in the necessary double-sharps as accidentals.  This is part of a theme in B major, which modulates to A-sharp major for a little while.

A-sharp minor has the enharmonic equivalent of B-flat minor. This is often used in most musical compositions instead of A-sharp minor, because A-sharp minor is not a useful key for compositions and is one of the least used minor keys in music. However, there were some composers in the past that have composed music in this key. Christian Heinrich Rinck wrote his Prelude No. 16 from Op. 15 in A-sharp minor.

## Other websites

- Overview of Compositions with 7 Accidentals

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: C-sharp_Major_key_signature.png
- **scale name**: A minor
- **relative**: C-sharp major, C major
- **parallel**: A major
(B-flat major, B major)
- **enharmonic**: B-flat minor, B minor
- **first pitch**: A
- **second pitch**: B
- **third pitch**: C
- **fourth pitch**: D
- **fifth pitch**: E
- **sixth pitch**: F
- **seventh pitch**: G
- **eighteenth ptich**: A
F-flat major

**F-flat major** is a major scale based on F-flat.  Its key signature has eight flats.

Its relative minor is D-flat minor, and its parallel minor is F-flat minor, usually replaced by E minor.

Part of Richard Strauss' _Metamorphosen_ uses F flat major, which one commentator has called "a bitter enharmonic parody" of the earlier manifestations of E major in the piece.

To make reading and writing music easier, F-flat major is usually written as its enharmonic equivalent of E major.

## Infobox (scale)

- **scale name**: F major
- **relative**: D-flat minor, D♭ minor
- **parallel**: F♭ minor
enharmonic:
E minor
- **enharmonic**: E major
- **first pitch**: F
- **second pitch**: G
- **third pitch**: A
- **fourth pitch**: B
- **fifth pitch**: C
- **sixth pitch**: D
- **seventh pitch**: E
D-flat minor

**D-flat minor** is a theoretical key based on the musical note D. Its key signature has eight flats.

Because it has so many flats, D minor is usually written as its enharmonic equivalent of C minor. For example, Mahler's thematic motif "der kleine Appell" ("call to order") from his Fourth and Fifth Symphonies is written in D minor in Symphony No.4, but in his Symphony No. 5 it is in C minor. In the _Adagio_ of his Symphony No. 9 a solo bassoon theme appears first in D minor, but comes back two more times notated in C minor. The _Adagio_ of Bruckner's Symphony No. 8, also has phrases that are tonally in D minor but written as C minor.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: Spacer.gif
- **scale name**: D minor
- **relative**: F-flat major, F major
- **parallel**: D-flat major, D major
- **enharmonic**: C minor
- **first pitch**: D
- **second pitch**: E
- **third pitch**: F
- **fourth pitch**: G
- **fifth pitch**: A
- **sixth pitch**: B
- **seventh pitch**: C
G-sharp major

**G-sharp major** is a major scale based on the musical note G sharp. Its key signature has eight sharps.

To make reading easier, G-sharp major is usually written as its enharmonic equivalent of A-flat major. However, it does appear as a secondary key area in several works in sharp keys, for example in the Prelude and Fugue in C sharp major from Bach's Well-Tempered Klavier, Book 1. The G sharp minor Prelude and Fugue from the same set end with a Picardy third in G sharp major.
G sharp major is used for a short time in several of Chopin's nocturnes in C sharp minor.

## Infobox (scale)

- **image name**: Gis-dur.PNG
- **scale name**: G major
- **relative**: E-sharp minor, E minor
- **parallel**: G-sharp minor, G minor
- **enharmonic**: A major
- **first pitch**: G
- **second pitch**: A
- **third pitch**: B
- **fourth pitch**: C
- **fifth pitch**: D
- **sixth pitch**: E
- **seventh pitch**: F
- **dominant**: D major
- **subdominant**: C major
Flat (music)

In music, **flat**, or ***Bemolle***, means "lower in pitch." In music notation, **flat** means "lower in pitch by a semitone (half step)," and has the symbol ().  The Unicode character _ (U+266D) is the flat sign. Its HTML entity is &#9837;.

Under twelve tone equal temperament, _C flat_ is the same as, or enharmonically equivalent to, _B natural_, and _G flat_ is the same as _F sharp_.

**Double flats** also exist, which look like  and lower a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Sometimes you will encounter half or three-quarter flats. The Unicode character '𝄫' 𝄫 (U+1D12B) represents the double flat sign.

A **triple flat** can be found, but it is very rare.  It lowers a note three semitones.

The note _A flat_ is shown in musical notation in Figure 1, together with _A double flat''.

In tuning, flat can also mean "slightly lower in pitch". If the same note is played on two instruments at the same time, the lower-pitched one is flat compared to the higher-pitched one.

A **half flat**, showing quarter tones, is sometimes shown with a flat with a slash () or a reversed flat sign. A **three-quarter flat** is represented by a half flat and a regular flat.

## Related pages

- Accidental
- Sharp
- Natural symbol (music)
- Electronic tuner
Sharp (music)

In music, **sharp**, or ***Diese***, means higher in pitch.  In musical notation, sharp means "higher in pitch by a semitone (half step)," and looks like this:().

Under twelve-tone equal temperament, _B sharp_, for instance, is enharmonically equivalent to (sounds the same as), _C natural_, and _G sharp_ is enharmonically equivalent to _A flat_.

**Double sharps** also exist; these have the symbol  and raise a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Less often there are half or three-quarter sharps.

Although very rare and used only in modern classical music, a **triple sharp** ( ) can sometimes be found. This raises a note by three semitones.

The Circle of fifths tells you how many sharps are in a key signature.

In tuning, sharp can also mean "slightly higher in pitch". If the same note is played on two instruments, and one is slightly higher, it is too sharp compared to the other.

In Unicode, the sharp symbol (♯) is at code point U+266F. Its HTML entity is &#9839;. The double sharp symbol () is at U+1D12A. Some fonts do not show these symbols.

## Related pages

- Accidental (music)
- Flat (music)
- Natural symbol (music)
- Electronic tuner
Japanese Regional Leagues

**Japanese Regional Leagues** is a football league which is fourth division in Japan.

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
- J. League Division 1
- J. League Division 2
- Japan Football League

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Japanese Regional Leagues
- **pixels**: 150px
- **country**: Japan
- **confederation**: AFC
- **founded**: 1966
- **level**: 4
- **number of teams**: 108
- **promotion to**: Japan Football League
- **relegation to**: Japanese Prefectural Leagues
- **current champions**: Sapporo University Goal Plunderers
Grulla Morioka
Yokohama Sports & Culture Club
Japan Soccer College
Yazaki Valente
Sanyo Electric Sumoto S.C., Sanyo Electric Sumoto
Sagawa Express Chugoku S.C., Sagawa Express Chugoku
Tokushima Vortis, Tokushima Vortis Second
Okinawa Kariyushi F.C., Okinawa Kariyushi
- **season**: 2009
Süper Lig

**Süper Lig** is a football league which is top division in Turkey.

## League name

- 1957-1959 : **Turkish Federation Cup**
- 1959-2001 : **First League**
- 2001-present : **Süper Lig**

## Club 2010/11

- Beşiktaş
- Sivasspor
- Trabzonspor
- Fenerbahçe
- Galatasaray
- Bursaspor
- Kayserispor
- Gaziantepspor
- İstanbul
- Konyaspor
- Eskişehirspor
- Antalyaspor
- Ankaragücü
- Gençlerbirliği
- Kardemir Karabükspor
- Manisaspor
- Bucaspor
- Kasımpaşa

## Champions

|Season|Champions|Runner-up|Third place|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2001/02|Galatasaray|Fenerbahçe|Beşiktaş|
|2002/03|Beşiktaş|Galatasaray|Gençlerbirliği|
|2003/04|Fenerbahçe|Trabzonspor|Beşiktaş|
|2004/05|Fenerbahçe|Trabzonspor|Galatasaray|
|2005/06|Galatasaray|Fenerbahçe|Beşiktaş|
|2006/07|Fenerbahçe|Beşiktaş|Galatasaray|
|2007/08|Galatasaray|Fenerbahçe|Beşiktaş|
|2008/09|Beşiktaş|Sivasspor|Trabzonspor|

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Süper Lig
- **country**: Turkey
- **confederation**: UEFA
- **founded**: 1957
- **level**: 1
- **number of teams**: 18
- **relegation to**: TFF First League
- **current champions**: Trabzonspor, Trabzon
- **season**: 2021/22
- **most successful club**: Galatasaray S.K., Galatasaray (25)
K League 1

The **K League 1**, known as the **K League Classic** until 2017, is a football league which is the top division in South Korea. It is part of the K League.

## Clubs

|Club|Hometown|Stadium|First Season in the Top Flight|Current Spell in the Top Flight|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Daegu FC|Daegu|DGB Daegu Bank Park|2003|2017-|
|Gangwon FC|Gangwon|Chuncheon Songam Stadium|2009|2017-|
|Gwangju FC|Gwangju|Gwangju Football Stadium|2011|2020-|
|Incheon United|Incheon|Incheon Football Stadium|2004|2004-|
|Jeju United|Jeju-do|Jeju World Cup Stadium|1983|2021-|
|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|North Jeolla|Jeonju World Cup Stadium|1995|1995-|
|Pohang Steelers|Pohang|Pohang Steel Yard|1983|1983-|
|Seongnam FC|Seongnam|Tancheon Stadium|1989|2019-|
|FC Seoul|Seoul|Seoul World Cup Stadium|1984|1984-|
|Suwon Samsung Bluewings|Suwon|Suwon World Cup Stadium|1996|1996-|
|Suwon FC|Suwon|Suwon Stadium|2016|2021-|
|Ulsan Hyundai|Ulsan|Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium|1984|1984-|

### 2001-

|Season|Champions|Runner-up|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2001|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Anyang LG Cheetahs|
|2002|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Ulsan Hyundai Horangi|
|2003|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Ulsan Hyundai Horangi|
|2004|Suwon Samsung Bluewings|Pohang Steelers|
|2005|Ulsan Hyundai Horangi|Incheon United|
|2006|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|Suwon Samsung Bluewings|
|2007|Pohang Steelers|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|
|2008|Suwon Samsung Bluewings|FC Seoul|
|2009|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma|
|2010|FC Seoul|Jeju United|
|2011|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Ulsan Hyundai|
|2012|FC Seoul|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|
|2013|Pohang Steelers|Ulsan Hyundai|
|2014|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Suwon Samsung Bluewings|
|2015|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Suwon Samsung Bluewings|
|2016|FC Seoul|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|
|2017|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Jeju United|
|2018|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Gyeongnam FC|
|2019|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Ulsan Hyundai|
|2020|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Ulsan Hyundai|
|2021|Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Ulsan Hyundai|

## Infobox (football league)

- **name**: K League 1
- **country**: South Korea
- **confed**: AFC
- **founded**: 1983
- **level**: 1
- **teams**: 12
- **relegation**: K League 2
- **domest cup**: Korean FA Cup
- **confed cup**: AFC Champions League
- **champions**: Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
- **season**: 2021
- **most successful club**: Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors (9)
New Zealand men's national football team

The **New Zealand national football team** is the national football team of New Zealand. They are commonly known as the **All Whites**. In New Zealand, football is often called soccer in spoken English.

## FIFA 2010

In the 2010 FIFA world cup, the All whites played in group F, along with Italy, Paraguay and Slovakia.
The All Whites played Slovakia to start off with and drew 1-1. The All Whites then played Italy, and surprisingly also drew 1-1, taking all of New Zealand by surprise. NZ then played Paraguay as the deciding match, in this game, Paraguay and New Zealand drew 0-0. This is the first world cup where New Zealand has scored a goal and the first world cup where NZ is undefeated.
The All whites have so much help by the fans, Ricki Herbert and Neil Emblen so I would like to celebrate them for all they have done and support.

## Infobox (national football team)

- **name**: New Zealand
- **nickname**: New Zealand national team nomenclature based on the "All Blacks", All Whites
- **association**: New Zealand Football (NZF)
- **confederation**: Oceania Football Confederation, OFC (Oceania)
- **coach**: Danny Hay
- **captain**: Winston Reid
- **most caps**: Ivan Vicelich (88)
- **top scorer**: Chris Wood (footballer, born 1991), Chris Wood (33)
- **home stadium**: North Harbour Stadium, QBE Stadium
Wellington Regional Stadium, Westpac Stadium
- **fifa trigramme**: NZL
- **fifa max**: 47
- **fifa max date**: August 2002
- **fifa min**: 161
- **fifa min date**: April–May 2016
- **elo max**: 39
- **elo max date**: June 1983
- **elo min**: 100
- **elo min date**: June 1997
- **pattern la1**: _nzl18h
- **pattern b1**: _nzl18h
- **pattern ra1**: _nzl18h
- **pattern so1**: _poland18h
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _nzl18a
- **pattern b2**: _nzl18a
- **pattern ra2**: _nzl18a
- **pattern so2**: _nzl18A
- **leftarm2**: 000000
- **body2**: 000000
- **rightarm2**: 000000
- **shorts2**: 000000
- **socks2**: 000000
- **first game**: 3–1
 (Dunedin, New Zealand; 17 June 1922)
- **largest loss**: 0–10
 (Wellington, New Zealand; 11 July 1936)
- **world cup apps**: 2
- **world cup first**: 1982
- **world cup best**: Group stage (1982 FIFA World Cup, 1982 and 2010 FIFA World Cup, 2010)
- **regional name**: OFC Nations Cup
- **regional cup apps**: 10
- **regional cup first**: 1973 Oceania Cup, 1973
- **regional cup best**: Champions (1973 Oceania Cup, 1973, 1998 OFC Nations Cup, 1998, 2002 OFC Nations Cup, 2002, 2008 OFC Nations Cup, 2008 and 2016 OFC Nations Cup, 2016)
- **confederations cup apps**: 4
- **confederations cup first**: 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup, 1999
- **confederations cup best**: Group stage, 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup, 1999, 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2003, 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2009 and 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, 2017
- **badge**: Flag of New Zealand.svg
Aron Nimzowitsch

**Aron Nimzowitsch** (7 November 1886 – 16 March 1935) was a Jewish Latvian-born Danish chess grandmaster, and a very influential chess writer. He was the foremost figure amongst the _hypermoderns_.

- "As a player he ranked third in the world... from about 1925 to 1930; as an innovator he founded the hypermodern school of chess; as a writer of instructional books he was unrivalled in his time".<sup>p272</sup>

He wrote an important text on chess strategy called _My system: a chess treatise_, which is still highly regarded. It is a foundation of modern positional chess, and has been read by most chess masters since then. In it he reacted against the more classical views of Siegbert Tarrasch. Later he wrote _Chess praxis_ (1929), a collection of his games showing his ideas in practice.

Nimzowitsch was the subject of a chess biography by English grandmaster Ray Keene, which was translated into Russian in 1986.

## Related pages

- Hypermodern

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Aron Nimzowitsch
- **image**: Aron Nimzowitsch.jpg
- **image size**: 220
- **birth place**: Riga, Latvia, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Copenhagen, Denmark
- **citizenship**: Denmark
- **occupation**: Chess player
- **notable works**: _My System_
Dale's Supermarket Sweep

***Dale's Supermarket Sweep*** (also ***Supermarket Sweep***) is a UK game show based on the American Supermarket Sweep TV show format. Originally hosted by Dale Winton, it ran for exactly between 1993 & 2001 and then revived 12 February and 31 August 2007 on ITV and then it hosted on ITV2 with Rylan Clark-Neal this time as host since 2019. Between 1993 & 2001 it was filmed at Central's Lenton Lane studios. As of 2007 it is filmed at Maidstone Studios.

## Other websites

- .
- .
- _Dale's Supermarket Sweep (1993-2001)_  at BFI.
- _Dale's All Star Supermarket Sweep_  at BFI.
- _Dale's Supermarket Sweep (2007)_  at BFI.
- _Dale's Supermarket Sweep_  at UKGameshows.com.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Game show
- **runtime**: 30mins <small>(inc. adverts)</small>
- **creator**: Jamie Hardwick
Al Howard
- **presenter**: Dale Winton
Rylan Clark-Neal
- **narrated**: Bobby Bragg <small>(1993-2001)</small>
Gary King (radio), Gary King <small>(2007)</small>
- **channel**: ITV <small>(ITV1/STV (TV network), STV/UTV)</small>
- **first aired**: **Original series**:
6 September 1993 – ???? 2001
**Revived series**:
12 February – 30 August 2007
- **num series**: 8
- **num episodes**: 549
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **company**: Talbot Television <small>(1993-5)</small>
Carlton Productions <small>(1995-6)</small>
Fremantle (UK) <small>(1996-2000)</small>
Reg Grundy Organisation, Grundy <small>(2001)</small>
talkbackTHAMES <small>(2007)</small>
- **producer**: Central Independent Television, Central <small>(1993-2000)</small>
Carlton Television <small>(2001)</small>
The Sims Bustin' Out

***The Sims Bustin' Out*** is a 2003 life simulation game released for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, Nintendo GameCube, Game Boy Advance, and N-Gage. It is part of _The Sims_ game series. It is the second _Sims_ game to be released on a console.

## Other websites

- _The Sims Bustin' Out_ official EA page
Goliath

**Goliath** () was a Philistine warrior in the Old Testament. He was the champion of the warriors of town of Gath. The name refers to Greek name Alyattes.

Goliath was unusually large. His height was said to be "six cubits and a span"  - some 290 cm - and he fought as armoured charioteer. The Bible describes how he challenged the Israelite warriors for single-handed duel, but nobody dared to fight with him.

David, who was fourteen years old at this time, finally answered to challenge. He was skilled on use of sling, and he found out a way how he could win him. He accurately slung a stone on Goliath's forehead, just below his helmet. The stone knocked Goliath out. He fell to the ground. David then ran to unconscious Goliath, pulled his sword off the scabbard, and cut his head off. Seeing a fourteen-year-old boy killing their champion, the Philistine army demoralized.

The Dead Sea Scrolls say Goliath's height was a more credible "four cubits and a span", in modern measurements 202 cm. At the era when man's average height was some 160 cm, he would still have looked like a giant.
Sukoró

**Sukoró** is a holiday resort in Hungary on the north coast of Lake Velencei and at the south base of Velencei Hills.  The victory at Pákozd-Sukoró in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 established the reputation of the village. The war council before the battle was held in the protected Calvinist Church of Sukoró.

## Other websites

- Sukoró.hu
Cyprus (island)

**Cyprus** is a Mediterranean island off the coasts of Syria and Turkey. It is the third-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea; Sicily and Sardinia are larger. It is slightly larger than Puerto Rico. Geographically, it is part of Asia and in the Middle East, but for political reasons, it is sometimes counted as being part of Europe. Cyprus was part of the Byzantine Empire for hundreds of years. The Greek god Aphrodite was from Cyprus. There are two states on the island:
- The Republic of Cyprus (internationally recognized) is also part of the European Union. Most of the world considers the whole island to be the Republic of Cyprus. Greek is the most spoken language in the Republic of Cyprus.
- The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is the northern part of the island. The only nation that recognizes this entity is Turkey.

These states are separated by a buffer zone, which is controlled by the United Nations. In addition to the two countries, there are Akrotiri and Dhekelia, two territories on the south zone which are under British control, and which are used as military bases.

The island has been Greek for thousands of years of recorded history, many empires have ruled Cyprus. They include Assyria, ancient Egypt Persia, Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, the Byzantines, Arab caliphates for a short period, France, the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. Cyprus is often described as an 'unsinkable aircraft carrier' due to its strategic position in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Kápolnásnyék

**Kápolnásnyék** is a village in Fejér county, Hungary.

## History

The excavations in the surroundings revealed Bronze-Age artefacts, proving that the area was already populated in ancient times.

The name of the settlement originates from the name of the Nyék tribe (coming to Hungary during the settlement of Hungarian tribes).  The first residents probably belonged to a subgroup of the tribe. When István I. defeated Koppány, Nyék became a land of the queen. The name of the settlement is mentioned first in 1193 as Neck. Later the names Kápolnás Nyék, Káposztás Nyék, and Fertőfő Nyék are used to mention this rather insignificant place located between Buda and Fehérvár, which is south of the commercial route. As a border village Kápolnásnyék suffered from double taxation during the Turkish occupation (both Hungary and the Turkish Empire collected taxes). Therefore the population of the village decreased considerably and it even became uninhabited during the Turkish campaign of 1543. People returned to the village in 1772.

During the 19<sup>th</sup> century Upper and Lower Nyék were differentiated, even after 1861, when the Southem  Railway was built. It is mentioned as an independent village first in 1871, to which Pettend was attached in 1898. Mihály Vörösmarty was born here.

The present appearance of the village was formed in the 1930s, when it became a commercial and service background for the booming tourism of Lake Velencei. The phone system, the gendarme patrol, local medical care, the railway station and the mill were established in this period. The settlement was damaged in World War II, when the majority of the population also died. The village was also behind in development, compared to other settlements of the region and it became a part of Velence by the 1970s. Kápolnásnyék declared its independence in 1990 and has gone though considerable development since then. It once again became the background for the tourism of Lake Velencei, where commercial service facilities are established and the infrastructure is developing rapidly.

## Other websites

- Kápolnásnyék.hu

## Infobox (settlement)

- **image shield**: HUN Kápolnásnyék címer.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Hungary
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **pushpin map**: Hungary
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Kápolnásnyék
- **official name**: Kápolnásnyék
- **subdivision type1**: Counties of Hungary, County
- **subdivision name1**: Fejér
- **area total km2**: 41.5
- **population total**: 3324
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population density km2**: 80.09
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 2475
- **area code**: 22
- **blank name**: Motorways
- **blank info**: M7 motorway (Hungary), M7
- **blank2 name**: Distance from Budapest
- **blank2 info**: Northeast