juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont

**Victor Amadeus of Savoy** (Vittorio Amedeo Filippo Giuseppe; 6 May 1699 – 22 March 1715) was the eldest son of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans. He was the Heir apparent of Savoy from his birth and as such was styled as the _Prince of Piedmont_. He acted as Regent of Savoy from September 1713 till September 1714 in the absences of his father. He died of smallpox at the age of 15.

## Biography

He was the fifth child and first son of his parents and was baptised with the names Vittorio Amadeo Giovanni Filippo. The eldest son he would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him. Though his parents were not close he also had a close relationship with his mother

The Prince of Piedmont was born in Turin in May 1699. He would remain close to his father all his life who in turn adored his son who was named after him. He was also close to his mother. From birth he was styled as the _Prince of Piedmont_. He was the brother of the Princess Maria Adelaide and Queen Maria Luisa of Spain. He acted as regent of the duchy of Savoy in 1713.  He was the heir to the Kingdom of Sardinia. There were plans for him to marry Elisabetta Farnese thus linking the duchies of Savoy and Parma by marriage but a union would never take place Elisabetta later marrying Philip V of Spain. Prior to 11 April 1713 the young prince was entitled to the style of "Highness" however after this date he was raised to the style of _Royal Highness_.

Piedmont died in Turin on 22 March 1715 having caught smallpox. He was buried at the Cathedral of Saint Giovanni Battista and later moved to the Basilica of Superga outside Turin.

### Titles and styles

- **6 May 1699 – 11 April 1713** _His Highness_ the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]
- **11 April 1713 – 22 March 1715** _His Royal Highness_ the Prince of Piedmont [Prince of Savoy]

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Victor Amadeus
- **image**: Victor Amadeus of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont (1699-1715).jpg
- **title**: Prince of Piedmont
- **birth place**: Royal Palace of Turin, Turin
- **death place**: Royal Palace of Turin, Turin
- **father**: Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy
- **mother**: Anne Marie d'Orléans
- **full name**: Vittorio Amedeo Filippo Giuseppe di Savoia
- **place of burial**: Royal palace, Royal Basilica of Superga, Turin
Hermannsdenkmal

The **Statue of Herman** () is a monument in the Southern part of the Teutoburg Forest,  in the district of Lippe, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.

The monument commemorates the Cherusci war chief Hermann or Armin (Latin: Arminius) and the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD when the Germanic tribes under Arminius fought three Roman legions and other troops under Varus.

The sword has the following inscription:

- __
- _German unity (is) my strength - my strength (is) Germany's might._

## History

The monument is 53.46 m (173.39 ft) tall and was built according to plans by the sculptor Ernst von Bandel.

Building for the  statue was started in 1841, but was not finished until 1875 with the help of a lot of money from the state of Prussia.

When building was started Germany was made up of lots of small countries.  Most of these were united into the Second German Empire in 1871, after the Franco-Prussian War.  The monument was seen as one of those helping to remind people of Germany's history and  national pride.

## Tourism

The statue is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Germany with over 130,000 visitors a year. It is possible to climb up onto the base of the statue to look around the countryside

A similar Hermann Heights Monument exists in New Ulm, Minnesota, a town settled by German immigrants.

## Related pages

- Walhalla (Hall of the Slain, Regensburg, Germany)
- Ruhmeshalle (Hall of Fame, Munich, Germany)
- Befreiungshalle (Hall of Liberation, Kelkheim, Germany)
- Heldenberg Memorial (in Austria)
Mercury(II) bromide

**Mercury(II) bromide**, also known as **mercuric bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgBr<sub>2</sub>. It has mercury and bromide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

Mercury(II) bromide is a colorless solid. It is very toxic and similar to mercury(II) chloride. It can form explosive mixtures with potassium. It also reacts violently with indium at high temperatures. It is corrosive.

## Preparation

It can be made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with hydrobromic acid or by disproportionation of mercury(I) bromide.

## Uses

It is used as a reagent in a reaction in organic chemistry. It is also used to test for arsenic. The arsenic is reacted with hydrogen to make arsine, which reacts with mercury(II) bromide to turn it yellow or brown.

## Related pages

- Sodium bromide
- Mercury(II) sulfate
Babirusa

The **babirusas** are a genus ***Babyrousa***, in the pig family (Suidae). They live in Wallacea, or the Indonesian islands of Sulawesi, Togian, Sula and Buru.

They are often called **deer pigs**. All members of this genus were part of a single species. After the split into several species, _Babyrousa_ is restricted to the Buru babirusa from Buru and Sula, whereas the best-known species, the north Sulawesi babirusa is named _B. celebensis_.

The name "pig-deer" has sometimes also been used in English, and is a direct translation of the Indonesian babi-rusa.
Mercury(II) fluoride

**Mercury(II) fluoride**, also known as **mercuric fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgF<sub>2</sub>. It has mercury and fluoride ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

Mercury(II) fluoride is a white solid. It reacts with water to make hydrofluoric acid. It breaks down when heated strongly.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting mercury(II) oxide with hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid.

## Related pages

- Mercury(I) fluoride
- Mercury(II) chloride
Mercury(I) bromide

**Mercury(I) bromide**, also known as **mercurous bromide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg<sub>2</sub>Br<sub>2</sub>. It has mercury and bromide ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Mercury(I) bromide is a white crystalline solid. It is highly toxic. It easily disproportionates to mercury(II) bromide and mercury metal.

## Occurrence

It is found very rarely as kuzminite, a mercury(I) bromide and chloride.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting a bromide like potassium bromide or sodium bromide with mercury(I) nitrate. It can also be made by reacting mercury and bromine.

## Related pages

- Mercury(II) chloride
- Mercury(II) oxide
Mercury(I) fluoride

**Mercury(I) fluoride**, also known as **mercurous fluoride**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Hg<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>. It has mercury and fluoride ions in it. The mercury is in its +1 oxidation state.

## Properties

Mercury(I) fluoride is a light yellow solid. It evaporates at 240°C. It turns black when light is shined on it. It reacts with water to make mercury metal, mercury(II) oxide, and hydrofluoric acid. It is highly toxic.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting mercury(I) carbonate with hydrofluoric acid.

## Related pages

- Mercury(II) fluoride
- Mercury(I) chloride
Mercury(II) sulfide

**Mercury(II) sulfide**, also known as **cinnabar**, **mercuric sulfide**, and **mercury sulfide**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is HgS. It has mercury and sulfide ions in it. The mercury is in its +2 oxidation state.

## Properties

Mercury(II) sulfide is a red or black solid. It is found in two forms; cinnabar (alpha form) and metacinnabar (beta form). The alpha form is more common. The beta form is made when a mercury(II) salt like mercury(II) chloride reacts with hydrogen sulfide. It reacts with only the strongest acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a mercury(II) salt again. It does not dissolve in water. It breaks down to sulfur dioxide and mercury metal when heated.

## Occurrence

Mercury(II) sulfide is found as the mineral cinnabar. It is the most common mercury mineral and mercury ore. It is a bright red mineral. It is soft and heavy.

## Uses

Mercury(II) sulfide is what makes the pigment vermilion. It has been used as a pigment and as a mercury ore. It was used to make lacquerware, containers covered with lacquer. It is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

## Related pages

- Mercury(II) oxide
- Mercury(I) chloride
Yousuf Karsh

**Yousuf Karsh**  (December 23, 1908 – July 13, 2002) was a Canadian photographer. He had Armenian heritage. He was a portrait painter. His work includes portraits of statesmen, artists, authors, musicians, film directors, scientists, and other people that do important things. He was celebrated by a festival in 2009.

## References

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Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)

**Louis d'Orléans** (4 August 1703 – 4 February 1752) was the Duke of Orléans and a _prince du sang_. At his father's death, he became the First Prince of the Blood (_Premier Prince du Sang_). Known as _Louis le Pieux_ and also as _Louis le Génovéfain_, Louis was a pious, charitable and cultured prince, who took very little part in the politics of the time.

Louis d'Orléans was born at the Palace of Versailles in 1703 to Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest legitimised daughter of Louis XIV and of his mistress Madame de Montespan. At his birth, he was given the courtesy title of Duke of Chartres.

He was brought up by his mother and his grandmother, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate. Louis was very close to his younger sister Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans. Upon the death of his father on 2 December 1723, he became Duke of Orléans.

## Marriage

He married Johanna of Baden-Baden (1704–1726), the daughter of Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden and his wife Sibylle Auguste of Saxe-Lauenburg, on 18 June 1724. The couple were very happy but Joanne died in childbirth in 1726 and Louis mourned her intensely. He never remarried.

He died in 1752, at the age of forty-eight, at the Abbaye de Sainte Geneviève, having lost most of his sanity. He was buried at the Val-de-Grâce in Paris.

## Children

1. Louis Philippe d'Orléans (12 May 1725 – 18 November 1785) married Louise Henriette de Bourbon in 1743 and had issue.
1. Louise Marie d'Orléans (5 August 1726 – 14 May 1728) died young.

## Titles and styles

- **4 August 1703 – 2 December 1723** _His Serene Highness_ the Duke of Chartres
- **2 December 1723 – 4 February 1752** _His Serene Highness_ the Duke of Orléans
- **Monsieur le Prince**

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Louis
- **title**: Duke of Orléans
First Prince of the Blood
- **image**: Portrait de Louis, duc d'Orléans (Bgw19 0712).jpg
- **full name**: Louis d'Orléans
- **caption**: Louis by Alexis Simon Belle held at the Schloss Rastatt
- **issue-link**: #Issue
- **spouse**: Margravine Johanna of Baden-Baden, Johanna of Baden-Baden
- **issue**: Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans
Louise Marie, Mademoiselle
- **royal house**: House of Orléans
- **father**: Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France
- **mother**: Françoise Marie de Bourbon
- **birth place**: Palace of Versailles, France
- **death place**: Abbey of Sainte Geneviève, Paris, France
- **burial place**: Val-de-Grâce, Paris, France
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **signature**: Signature of Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans at the wedding of Louis, Dauphin of France to Marie Thérèse of Spain on 23 February 1745.png
9×19mm Parabellum

A **9×19mm Parabellum** is a nine millimeter wide bullet. It is usually used in handguns or submachine guns. The nine millimeter is often referred to as a "nine", "9mm", or "9×19". It is one of the most widely used bullets in history originating with the 9×19 Luger, invented in Germany. Many guns fire the 9mm, including the Luger, Walther P38, the Sten Mk II, the MP-40, the Uzi, the MP5, the Beretta 92, and the Glock 18. It is the standard handgun bullet for all NATO countries.
A Dangerous Path (Warriors)

***A Dangerous Path*** is the fifth book in the _Warriors_ series by Erin Hunter. It focuses on a cat named Fireheart, who is a member of a group of cats called ThunderClan.

## Plot

Fireheart to struggle to care for ThunderClan, one of the five warrior Clans in the forest. Tigerstar, leader of ShadowClan tries to destroy ThunderClan. ThunderClan's leader, Bluestar, is no help at all, because she has gone insane from Tigerstar's previous betrayal. Tigerstar plans to use a pack of dogs to kill ThunderClan. He kills rabbits in ThunderClan territory, and leaves a trail from some rocks to the ThunderClan camp, with the body of a cat named Brindleface at the end, in order to lure the dogs to kill the warriors of ThunderClan. Once Fireheart discovers this, he takes ThunderClan to hide. A line of fast warriors lead the dogs to their deaths in a gorge (a hole that goes very far down, with water at the bottom). Fireheart is the last in line, and has a good run until Tigerstar leaps out of a bush and holds Fireheart down, letting the dogs catch Fireheart. Fireheart is trapped by the lead dog, but is rescued by Bluestar. She runs into the lead dog, who releases Fireheart, and the two fall down into the gorge. Fireheart saves Bluestar from the gorge and brings her to the shore, where she dies. Fireheart is filled with sadness for his dead leader, and he is scared because he must become the new leader of ThunderClan.

## Infobox (book)

- **genre**: Children's literature
Fantasy novel
- **preceded by**: Rising Storm (Warriors), Rising Storm
- **isbn**: 978-0-06-052565-1
- **pages**: 336
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **release date**: 1 June 2004
- **publisher**: Avon, HarperCollins
- **series**: Warriors (novel series)
- **name**: A Dangerous Path
- **language**: English
- **country**: United States/United Kingdom
- **author**: Erin Hunter
- **followed by**: The Darkest Hour
Hamiltonian mechanics

**Hamiltonian mechanics** is a mathematical way of understanding the way something  mechanical will behave. It was invented  in 1833 by Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton.

The value of the Hamiltonian is the total energy of the thing  being described. For a closed system, it is the sum of its  kinetic and potential energy. There will be  a set of differential equations known as the Hamilton equations which show how the thing changes through time.

Hamiltonians can be used to describe such simple systems as a bouncing ball, a pendulum or an oscillating spring in which energy changes between  kinetic and  potential energy and back again over time. Hamiltonians can also be used to study the orbits of planets and in the behaviour of atoms using the principles of quantum mechanics.
Robert Del Naja

**Robert Del Naja** (pron. ; born 21 January 1966, in Bristol, England), also known as **3D**, is an English artist and musician.  Originally famous as a graffiti artist and a member of the Bristol group known as "The Wild Bunch", Del Naja went on to become a founding member of the band Massive Attack where he is active to this day. However he has also admitted that he got his own way by "being stubborn, throwing tantrums — the usual fucking childish behaviour."

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Robert Del Naja
- **img**: Robert Del Naja@Barcelone (cropped).jpg
- **img capt**: concert in Barcelona (September 2007)
- **background**: solo_singer
- **alias**: 3D, Delge
- **origin**: Bristol, England
- **genre**: Trip hop, Electronica
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **associated acts**: Massive Attack
The Wild Bunch (sound system), The Wild Bunch
UNKLE
Sue Gardner

**Sue Gardner** (born May 11, 1967) is the former Canadian executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in San Francisco from 2007 to 2014. She was the director of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation's website and online news outlets. She is currently the executive director of The Markup.

## Life and journalism career

Gardner grew up in Port Hope, Ontario, Canada. She is the daughter of an Anglican minister and school principal. Gardner earned a degree in journalism from Ryerson University. She began her career on Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) radio in 1990. She worked on the program _As It Happens_ at first. Gardner  worked for more than a decade as a producer, reporter and documentary-maker for CBC Radio current-affairs. She also worked for Newsworld International. Her time at Newsworld dealt mainly with pop culture and social issues.

In March 2006, she replaced Claude Galipeau as Senior Director. She was in charge of 150 people who worked on CBC.ca, the CBC website.

### Wikimedia and recent work

In May 2007, Gardner left CBC. Soon after that, she started working with the Wikimedia Foundation. She helped as an advisor on how the foundation worked and how it was governed.

In December 2007, she was hired as the Foundation's Executive Director.  Over the next two years, the number of employees of the foundation grew. This included the addition of a fundraising team. She also guided the foundation as it moved its office from Tampa to San Francisco.

In October 2009, the _Huffington Post_ said Gardner was as one of ten 'media game changers of the year'. They said this because of the effect she had on new media because of her work for Wikimedia.

## Other websites

- Sue Gardner's personal blog
- "Sue Gardner to lead Wikipedia"  Canadian Broadcasting Company
- Radio documentary by Gardner about Al Purdy, Canadian poet, for _This Morning Sunday_
- "Wikipedia struggles with funding" , United Press International
- Wikipedia's Librarian to the World _Fast Company_ interview

**Interviews**
- Video interview with Gardner on CNET News
- Audio (RAM-file) interview with Gardner  on radio station Sounds Like Canada, April 8, 2008
- Interview  with Gardner on the Wikipedia Weekly community podcast from Wikimania 2008
- Journalism is going to look different  (CanadaEast.com)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sue Gardner
- **image**: Sue Gardner Feb 2013 portrait crop 2.jpg
- **caption**: Sue Gardner in 2012
- **image size**: 260px
- **birth place**: Barbados
- **nationality**: Canada, Canadian
- **alma mater**: Ryerson University
- **title**: Executive Director of Wikimedia Foundation (2007–2014)
Chiba Lotte Marines

**Chiba Lotte Marines** are the baseball team in Chiba, Japan. Their stadium, QVC Marine Field, is placed in Makuhari, Chiba Prefecture.

## History

They were founded in 1950 as the "Mainichi Orions". In 1958, they changed their name to the "Daimai Orions", the "Tokyo Orions" in 1964, the "Lotte Orions" in 1969, and finally the Chiba Lotte Marines since 1992. Chiba Lotte Marines has been a Pacific league champion six times, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1974, 2005, and 2010. Then, 4 times they won Japan series, 1950, 1974, 2005, and 2010.

## Players

Tsuyoshi Nishioka entered into Chiba Lotte Marines in 2002 and played for 8 years in Japan. He was a captain of Chiba Lotte Marines in the 2010 season. He transferred to the Minnesota Twins after Chiba Lotte Marines won the Japan series in 2010. He is well known as switch hitter and recorded high averaged hitting in WBC-2006.
Na+/K+-ATPase

**Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase** is an enzyme found in the plasma membrane.  It is **sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase**, also known as the 'Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> pump', 'sodium-potassium pump', or simply 'sodium pump', for short. It was first discovered by Jens Christian Skou who won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997.

The enzyme moves Na<sup>+</sup> (sodium) ions out of the cell and replaces them with K<sup>+</sup> (potassium) ions. This keeps the Na+ ions outside of the cell membrane, and keeps the K+ ions on the inside of the cell membrane. The process works in the opposite direction of diffusion.

For every three sodium ions that get pumped out of the cell, two potassium ions get pumped into the cell. One phosphate group is still bound to the pump.
Man Bites Dog

***Man Bites Dog*** is a 1992 Belgian mockumentary crime movie. It was released in 1993 in the United States. This movie is rated NC-17 due to strong graphic violence.

The story of the movie is a crew of movie makers who follow a serial killer. They record his horrific crimes for a documentary they are making. At first they are only watching. Then they find themselves caught up in the increasingly chaotic and nihilistic violence. Since its release the picture has become an international cult film.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Man Bites Dog
- **director**: Rémy Belvaux
André Bonzel
Benoît Poelvoorde
- **producer**: Rémy Belvaux
André Bonzel
Benoît Poelvoorde
- **screenplay**: Rémy Belvaux
André Bonzel
Benoît Poelvoorde
Vincent Tavier
- **story**: Rémy Belvaux
- **music**: Jean-Marc Chenut
Laurence Dufrene
Philippe Malempré
- **cinematography**: André Bonzel
- **editing**: Rémy Belvaux
Eric Dardill
- **studio**: Les Artistes Anonymes
- **distributor**: Acteurs Auteurs Associés (AAA)
Roxie Releasing
Palisades Tartan, Metro Tartan Films
- **runtime**: 95 minutes
92 minutes
- **country**: Belgium
- **language**: French
- **budget**: Belgian franc, BEF1 million
- **gross**: USD$205,569
Basin (geology)

A geological **basin** is a large low-lying area. It is often below sea level.

Geological basins are one of the two most common places inland which collect sediment (the other is lakes). The type of rocks which form there tell about the palaeoclimate of the continent. The geology is of interest to oil prospectors, hydrologists and palaeontologists.

## Causes

1. One cause is stretching of the lithosphere (crust + upper mantle). Examples: North Sea; Nevada basin; Death Valley; Red Sea.
1. Overthrusting of a continental plate, at a plate boundary, causes the plate to flex. Part goes up, and part goes down. The downward part becomes a _foreland basin_. Examples: the Ebro basin next to the Pyrenees in Spain; the Molasse and Po River basins next to the Alps.
1. Rifting can cause basins, as with the Dead Sea rift.

### Death Valley example

Starting around 16 million years ago in the Miocene, and continuing into the present, a large part of the North American Plate has been stretched by being pulled apart.<sup>p611</sup> The result has been the creation of a large and still-growing region of relatively thin crust; the region grew an average of  per year initially and then slowed to  per year in the last 5 million years. Geologists call this region the Basin and Range Province.

Pulling forces causes rock at depth to stretch like silly putty and rock closer to the surface to break along normal faults into downfallen basins called grabens.

## Sediment

Because the basin is low-lying, it collects sediment. Rivers may run down into the basin from surrounding mountains. Floods or lakes may form with no outlet to the sea. Evaporation occurs; more sediment arrives, and so on. The strata which forms gives clues as to the palaeoclimate.

Other terms that are used to describe a basin are: _drainage basin_, _catchment_, _catchment area_, _catchment basin_, _drainage area_, _river basin_, _water basin_, _endorheic basin_ and _watershed_.

## Drainage

Some basins, such as the Great Basin, do not drain to the sea. The water may drain into underground aquifers, or evaporate to form salt lakes.

Most basins, however, are drainage basins with rivers bringing their water into the sea. Many such rivers meander through a web of islands at the river delta, and bring along a huge amount of sediment in the form of mud, clay and sand. The Amazon and the Mississippi river systems are like this. The strata which form are quite different from inland basin lakes.
Auger electron spectroscopy

**Auger electron spectroscopy** is a way of telling what chemical elements are at the surface of an object.

When an electron is removed from a core level of an atom, a higher energy level electron may fall in the vacancy. If the energy released by the fall is transferred to another electron, the latter (called Auger electron) will be emitted from the atom, in what is called the Auger effect, after the French physicist who discovered the phenomenon, Pierre Auger. The kinetic energy levels of the Auger electrons depend on the type of the atoms from which the electrons were ejected, and the chemical environment of the atoms. AES consists of bombarding a sample with energetic electrons and measuring the energy of the Auger electrons, obtaining a spectra that can be used to get information about the identity and environment of the emitting atoms.
The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover

***The Cook, the Thief, His Wife & Her Lover*** is a 1989 British independent movie starring Richard Bohringer, Alan Howard, Michael Gambon and Helen Mirren and directed by Peter Greenaway. This movie was originally tagged by the MPAA under an X rating, due to which commercial distribution of this movie was limited. The X rating was then surrendered, and this movie was released with no rating. It was later released onto video with two versions, one rated NC-17, and the other under an R rating.
Howard Zinn

**Howard Zinn** (August 24, 1922 – January 27, 2010) was an American historian and professor from Brooklyn, New York. Zinn considered himself to be a radical. In 1980 he wrote _A People's History of the United States_, which is a book that tells the history of the United States from the perspective of common people instead of people who were in power. This included people who were oppressed. As of the time of Zinn's death, the book had sold almost two million copies.

Zinn died of a heart attack while swimming on January 27, 2010 in Santa Monica, California, aged 87.
Rickettsia

***Rickettsia*** is a unique genus classified between a virus and a bacteria. The organism is unique in that it has a cell wall and exists only in living cells like a virus, but is susceptible to antibiotics like bacteria.

The method of growing _Rickettsia_ in chicken embryos was invented by Ernest William Goodpasture and his colleagues at Vanderbilt University in the early 1930s.
Richard Holbrooke

**Richard Charles Albert Holbrooke** (April 24, 1941 - December 13, 2010) was an American diplomat. He became well-known when he helped broker the Dayton peace agreement, together with Carl Bildt. This agreement of 1995 helped end the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

He died of a torn aorta on December 13, 2010.

## Early life

Holbrooke was born to Dan and Trudi Holbrooke on April 24, 1941 in Manhattan, New York. He had a brother, Andrew, who

He attended Scarsdale High School, before going to Brown University and the Princeton University.
Ryan Johnson

**Ryan M. Johnson** (born June 14, 1976) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who is currently a free agent in the National Hockey League. Johnson also played for the Florida Panthers from 1996 to 2000, the Tampa Bay Lightning in 1999 to 2001, another stint with the Florida Panther from 2001 to 2003, the St. Louis Blues from 2002 to 2008, the Vancouver Canucks from 2008 to 2010 and the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.

## Career statistics

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1993–94|Thunder Bay Flyers|USHL|48|14|36|50|28|—|—|—|—|—|
|1994–95|University of North Dakota|WCHA|38|6|22|28|39|—|—|—|—|—|
|1995–96|University of North Dakota|WCHA|21|2|17|19|14|—|—|—|—|—|
|1996–97|Carolina Monarchs|AHL|78|18|24|42|28|—|—|—|—|—|
|1997–98|Beast of New Haven|AHL|64|19|48|67|12|3|0|1|1|0|
|1997–98|Florida Panthers|NHL|10|0|2|2|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|1998–99|Beast of New Haven|AHL|37|8|19|27|18|—|—|—|—|—|
|1998–99|Florida Panthers|NHL|1|1|0|1|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|1999–00|Florida Panthers|NHL|66|4|12|16|14|—|—|—|—|—|
|1999–00|Tampa Bay Lightning|NHL|14|0|2|2|2|—|—|—|—|—|
|2000–01|Tampa Bay Lightning|NHL|80|7|14|21|44|—|—|—|—|—|
|2001–02|Florida Panthers|NHL|29|1|3|4|10|—|—|—|—|—|
|2002–03|Florida Panthers|NHL|58|2|5|7|26|—|—|—|—|—|
|2002–03|St. Louis Blues|NHL|17|0|0|0|12|6|0|2|2|6|
|2003–04|St. Louis Blues|NHL|69|4|7|11|8|3|0|0|0|0|
|2004–05|Missouri River Otters|UHL|29|7|14|21|12|6|1|0|1|13|
|2005–06|St. Louis Blues|NHL|65|3|6|9|33|—|—|—|—|—|
|2006–07|St. Louis Blues|NHL|59|7|4|11|47|—|—|—|—|—|
|2007–08|St. Louis Blues|NHL|79|5|13|18|22|—|—|—|—|—|
|2008–09|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|62|2|7|9|12|10|1|1|2|2|
|2009–10|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|58|1|4|5|12|4|0|0|0|2|
|2010–11|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|34|1|5|6|8|6|0|1|1|2|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Ryan Johnson
- **image**: RyanJohnson18012009.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 199
- **played for**: Florida Panthers
Tampa Bay Lightning
St. Louis Blues
Vancouver Canucks
Chicago Blackhawks
- **birth place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- **draft**: 36th overall
- **draft year**: 1994
- **draft team**: Florida Panthers
- **career start**: 1996
- **career end**: 2011
Louis, Duke of Burgundy

**Louis of France** (16 August 1682 – 18 February 1712) was the eldest son of Louis, Dauphin of France, known as _le Grand Dauphin_ and, as such, was known as _le Petit Dauphin_. He became Dauphin of France upon his father's death in 1711.

## Biography

**Louis de France** was born in the Palace of Versailles, the eldest son of Louis, _le Grand Dauphin_, and his wife Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria. At birth, he received the  title of Duke of Burgundy.

Louis grew up with his younger brothers; Philippe, Duke of Anjou and Charles, Duke of Berry.

At the age of 15, he married his second cousin, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus II, Duke of Savoy and Anne Marie d'Orléans. This match had been decided as part of the Treaty of Turin, which ended Franco-Savoyard conflicts during the Nine Years' War. The marriage took place on 7 December 1697 at the Palace of Versailles. The two were in love with one another, a rarity at the court of Versailles.

Louis became Dauphin of France upon the death of his father in 1711.

In February 1712, his wife contracted measles and died on the 12th of that month.

The Duke of Burgundy, who dearly loved his wife and who had stayed by her side throughout the fatal illness, contracted the disease and died on 18 February, six days after her at the Château de Marly. Both of his sons also became infected, the eldest, Louis, Duke of Brittany, the latest in a series of Dauphins, succumbed to it on 8 March. The only one to survive was the two-year old Duke of Anjou, the future King Louis XV of France.

## Children

1. **Louis of France, Duke of Brittany** (25 June 1704 – 13 April 1705) died of convulsions;
1. **Louis of France, Duke of Brittany** (8 January 1707 – 8 March 1712) died of measles;
1. **Louis XV of France** (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774) first engaged to Mariana Victoria of Spain; married Marie Leszczyńska and had issue; died of smallpox.

### Titles and styles

- **16 August 1682 – 14 April 1711** _His Royal Highness_ The Duke of Burgundy
- **14 April 1711 – 18 February 1712** _His Royal Highness_ The Dauphin of France

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Louis
- **title**: Duke of Burgundy
- **succession**: Dauphin of France
- **reign**: 14 April 1711 – 18 February 1712
- **reign-type**: tenure
- **image**: Louis Duke of Burgundy after Joseph Vivien.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Louis after Joseph Vivien
- **spouse**: Princess Marie Adélaïde of Savoy, Marie Adélaïde of Savoy
- **issue**: Louis, Dauphin of France (1707-1712), Louis, Duke of Brittany
Louis XV of France
- **issue-link**: #Issue
- **issue-pipe**: Among others
- **full name**: Louis de France
- **house**: House of Bourbon, Bourbon
- **father**: Louis, Grand Dauphin
- **mother**: Maria Anna Victoria of Bavaria, Marie Anne Victoire of Bavaria
- **birth place**: Palace of Versailles, France
- **death place**: Château de Marly, Marly-le-Roi, Marly, France
- **burial date**: 23 February 1712
- **burial place**: Basilica of St Denis, France
- **signature**: Signature of Louis of France, Duke of Burgundy in 1695.png
Dauphin of France

The **Dauphin** was the heir apparent to the throne of France from 1350–1791, and from 1824–1830.

## History

Guy VIII, Count of Vienne, had a dolphin on his coat of arms and had been nicknamed _le Dauphin_ (French for _dolphin_). The title of Dauphin of Viennois descended in his family until 1349, when Humbert II sold his signeurie, called the Dauphiné, to King Philippe VI on condition that the heir of France assumed the title of _le Dauphin_ and govern this territory. The Dauphin retained the title only. The estates belonged to the crown. On the death of the Dauphin, his eldest son inherits the title. If there is no son, his oldest brother succeeds him. If the king does not have a son the title does not go to anyone. It is never given to a brother of the king. The wife of the Dauphin was known as the _Dauphine_. The first French Dauphin was Charles V. The title is roughly equivalent to the English title _Prince of Wales_. The Dauphin was entitled to the use of the style of Royal Highness but this was only ever used in written form.

The title of _Dauphin of Auvergne_ was used by the Count of Clermont.

## Dauphins of France, 1349–1830

1. Charles V of France 1349–1364
1. Charles, eldest son and heir of Charles V; future Charles VI 1368–1380
1. Charles 1389
1. Charles 1392–1401
1. Louis, 1401–1415
1. John, 1415–1417
1. Charles VII of France  1417–1422
1. Louis XI of France 1423–1461
1. Charles VIII of France 1470–1483
1. Edward of Middleham (disputed) 1483–1484
1. Charles Orland 1492–1495
1. Charles 1496
1. François 1497–1498
1. François 1518–1536
1. Henry II of France 1536–1547
1. Francis II of France 1547–1559
1. Louis XIII of France 1601–1610
1. Louis XIV of France 1638–1643
1. Louis, _Grand Dauphin_ 1661–1711
1. Louis, _Petit Dauphin_ 1711-1712
1. Louis 1712
1. Louis XV of France 1712–1715
1. Louis 1729–1765
1. Louis XVI of France 1765–1774
1. Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 1781–1789
1. Louis XVII of France 1789–1791 (_in 1791 his title was changed to "Prince Royal"_)
1. Louis XIX of France 1824–1830

## Related pages

- Prince of Wales
- Titles of European royal heirs
Puzzle Bobble 2

***Bust-A-Move 2*** is the first sequel to _Bust-A-Move_, and is also known as ***Puzzle Bobble 2*** outside Europe and North America. Released into the arcades in 1995, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Nintendo 64 and PC conversions followed. The game was included in _Taito Legends 2_, but the US arcade version was included on US PS2 version instead. The game is a spin-off from _Bubble Bobble_.

The game builds on the original by adding a tournament style variation on the two player game for play against the computer and by adding a branching map to the one player game, allowing the player to periodically select one of two groups of five levels to play next, leading to different game endings. Some of the contestants in the new tournament mode are based on characters from Bubble Bobble, including variations on a _Monsta_ and a _Mighta_.

Some versions of the game, including the PlayStation, feature time trial competitions in which a single player attempts to finish simple rounds quickly enough to beat previous time records or two players simultaneously attempt to beat the records and each other.

Completion of the single player game gives the player a code which can be entered to unlock 'Another World' for the single player game, which features subtle changes to the existing levels to increase their difficulty and changes to all backdrops to resemble levels from Bubble Bobble. The various enemies from Bubble Bobble also make an appearance in the background of the credits sequence.

## Bust-A-Move 2X

Taito later repacked _Bust-A-Move 2_ with an optional alternative set of levels and some new attract mode animations (including holiday-themed ones) as _Bust-A-Move 2X_ (Also known as _Puzzle Bobble 2X_).

Ports of _Bust-A-Move 2_ to the PC and Sega Saturn are of _Bust-A-Move 2X_ and additionally include a level editor/designer. A port of 2X was made to the PlayStation but was not released until some time after a port of _Bust-A-Move 2_ was released; therefore, it is not so well known.

## Cover art

This game has become notorious for one version of its cover art. The original US version of the Saturn edition featured a picture of several large balls with screaming, blue, human faces with white sticks forcing their eyes open. This cover earned it a place on Gamespy.com's Top Ten Worst Covers list.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Bust-A-Move 2
- **developer**: Taito Corporation/Probe Entertainment
- **release**: 1995

- **genre**: Puzzle game
- **modes**: Up to 2 players simultaneously
- **cabinet**: Upright
- **arcade system**: Neo Geo (console), Neo Geo, Taito F3 System
- **display**: Raster graphics, Raster, standard resolution
- **platforms**: Arcade game, Arcade, PlayStation (console), PlayStation, Sega Saturn, Nintendo 64, IBM PC, PC, Game Boy, PlayStation Network
Staple (fastener)

A **staple** is a fastener that is usually made out of metal and is used to fasten paper to other paper or paper to special walls called bulletin boards. Some large staples may be used for industrial uses, such as masonry, roofing, corrugated boxes and other heavy-duty uses.
W and Z bosons

**W and Z bosons** are a group of elementary particles. They are bosons, meaning they have a spin of 0 or 1. Both had been found in experiments in the year 1983. Together, they are responsible for a force known as "weak force." The weak force is called weak because it is not as strong as the strong force. There are two W bosons with different charges, the normal W<sup>+</sup>, and its antiparticle, the W <sup>–</sup>. Z bosons are their own antiparticle.

## Naming

W bosons are named after the weak force that they are responsible for. The weak force is what physicists believe is responsible for the breaking down of some radioactive elements, in the form of Beta decay. In the late '70s, scientists managed to combine early versions of the weak force with electromagnetism, and called it the electroweak force.

## Creation of W and Z bosons

W and Z bosons are only known to be created under Beta decay, which is a form of radioactive decay.

### Beta Decay

Beta decay occurs when there are a lot of neutrons in an atom. The simplified diagram hints that a neutron corresponds to one proton and one electron. When there are too many neutrons in one atomic nucleus, one neutron will split and form a proton and an electron. The proton stays where it is, and the electron will be launched out of the atom. This resulting Beta radiation is also harmful to humans.

The weak force is believed to be able to change the flavor of a quark. For example, when it changes a down quark in a neutron into an up quark, the charge of the neutron becomes +1, since it would have the same arrangement of quarks as a proton. The three-quark neutron with a charge of +1 is no longer a neutron after this, as it fulfills all of the requirements to be a proton. Therefore, Beta decay will cause a neutron to become a proton (along with some other end-products).

### W boson decay

When a quark changes flavor, as it does in Beta decay, it releases a W boson. On average, W bosons only last for 3 x 10<sup>-25</sup> seconds before themselves decaying into other particles, which is why they were not discovered them until less than half a century ago. Surprisingly, W bosons have a mass of about 80 times that of a proton. Keep in mind that the neutron that it came from has almost the same weight as the proton. In the quantum world, it is not uncommon for a more massive particle to come from a less massive particle; the extra mass comes from stored energy via Einstein's famous formula, . After 3 x 10<sup>-25</sup> seconds have passed, a W boson decays into one electron and one neutrino. Since neutrinos rarely interact with matter, they can ignored from now on. The electron is propelled out of the atom at a high speed. The proton that was produced by the Beta decay stays in the atom nucleus, and raises the atomic number by one.

### Z boson decay

Z bosons are also predicted in the Standard Model of physics, which successfully predicted the existence of W bosons. Z Bosons decay into a fermion and its antiparticle, which are particles such as electrons and quarks which have spin in units of half of the reduced Planck constant.
J/ψ particle

**J/ψ mesons** (pronounced jeɪ/saɪ, English jay/sigh) are subatomic particles made of one charm quark and one charm antiquark. Mesons are a family of composite particles which are made of one quark and one antiquark. It was discovered by Burton Richter and Samuel C. C. Ting. The discovery of J/ψ mesons was huge because it revealed the existence of the fourth known quark of the time, the charm quark. J/ψ mesons were used in an attempt to learn more about quark-gluon plasmas, but no conclusive results were found. The name J/ψ comes from the chosen names from the two labs that found them, one of which chose the letter J, while the other chose the Greek letter ψ (psi).
Kids (movie)

***Kids*** is a 1995 American movie set in New York City. The movie is directed by Larry Clark and written by Harmony Korine. It is about teenagers, drugs and HIV. The movie caused serious controversy when it was released. Starring in the movie are Chloë Sevigny and Rosario Dawson. This movie was rated NC-17, though the rating was surrendered and the movie was released with no rating.
Henry & June

***Henry & June*** was a 1990 American movie. It is based on a book by French writer Anaïs Nin. The movie is about Nin's relationship with American writer Henry Miller and his wife June. The movie stars Fred Ward, Uma Thurman, and Maria de Medeiros. It was the first movie to be given the MPAA's rating of NC-17.  The movie was released during the autumn of 1990.
John Ford

**John Ford** (February 1, 1894 – August 31, 1973) was an American movie director. He is best known as a director of western movies. He was born in Cape Elizabeth, Maine.

## The Navy

Ford was a soldier in World War II. He served for the United States Navy as the leader of the photography division. On D-day, Ford and his soldiers crossed the English Channel. The soldiers arrived at Omaha Beach and watched the first boats land on the shore. Ford went on to the beach and filmed the battle take place.

## Directing career

Ford started directing movies in 1917 after he moved to California. His first movies were made during The Silent Era, an era where there was no recorded sound in any movies. In 1956, Ford finished making a popular movie called _The Searchers_. The movie starred John Wayne as the hero. _The Searchers_ is widely known today for its cultural and historical significance.

## Death

In the early 1970s, Ford broke his hip and had to be put in a wheelchair. Ford died on August 31, 1973 at his home Palm Desert, California from stomach cancer, aged 79.

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **allegiance**: United States
- **branch**: United States Navy, U.S. Navy
United States Navy Reserve, U.S. Naval Reserve
- **serviceyears**: 1942–45 (active)
1946–62 (reserve)
- **rank**: Commander (active)
Rear Admiral (reserve)
- **battles**: World War II
* Battle of Midway
* Battle of Normandy


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Ford
- **image**: John Ford 3 Allan Warren.jpg
- **caption**: Ford in May 1973
- **birth name**: John Martin Feeney
- **birth place**: Cape Elizabeth, Maine, U.S.
- **death place**: Palm Desert, California, Palm Desert, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1913–1966
Hōtō

is a noodle from Yamanashi, Japan. It is made by stewing flat udon noodles and vegetables in miso soup. Though _hōtō_ is a type of _udon_, locals do not consider it to be an _udon_ dish because the dough is prepared like dumplings rather than noodles.

## Hoto of other prefectures

The adjoining prefectures, Nagano, Shizuoka and Gunma have similar noodle dishes with soy sauce. They are called "Okkirikomi", "Niboutou" etc. More recently, such Hoto culture has been promoted to encourage profit from tourism.

## History

There are many different stories about the history of Hoto. In the old days, in Yamanashi, rice fields were replaced by mulberry fields, to grow silkworms. Then, cultivation of wheat become popular and dishes which use flour developed. In all of the dishes, Hoto was economical because it used many vegetables and stock. Also, its taste was good. Therefore, Hoto spread throughout Yamanashi.

## How to cook

First, knead flour with a little water in a bowl. Then spread the dough with a stick. Fold the dough and cut widely. You do not need to let it sit, or add salt. Nowadays, you can buy Hoto noodles around Yamanashi prefecture. The soup tastes like soybean paste. Adding pumpkin paste into the soup is popular. The stock is made from dried small sardines. The main ingredient is vegetables. In summer, leeks, onions, potatoes and so on are used. In winter, pumpkins, taro, carrots, napa cabbage and so on are used. Sometimes pork or chicken are used.
Labyrinthodont

**Labyrinthodont** is a term which was used for fossil amphibia. Although it is no longer a formal term in taxonomy, it is still useful as an evolutionary grade, a kind of catch-all term. _Labyrinth_ mean a maze and _dont_ means tooth.

Labyrinthodonts are often called Temnospondyls.
The Labyrinthodontia is not a clade, because it is not monophyletic. It has been replaced in the classification by more correct terms.

The labyrithodonts were some of the dominant animals from the Devonian to the Lower Triassic (about 390 to 210 million years ago). The group is an evolutionary grade (a polyphyletic or paraphyletic group) of species which look rather similar.

The name describes the pattern of infolding of the dentine and enamel of the teeth, which often fossilise. They are also have a heavily armoured skull roof (so they also have an even older name "Stegocephalia"), and complex vertebrae.

## Characteristics

The labyrinthodonts flourished for more than 200 million years. Although there was much variation, these traits make their fossils distinct and easy to recognise:

- **Strongly folded tooth surface**, so that a cross section resembles a classical labyrinth (or maze).
- **Massive skull roof**, with openings only for the nostrils, eyes and a parietal 'third eye'. The skull was rather flat with thick dermal armour, accounting for the older term for the group: _Stegocephalia_. The amniotes (Sauropsids and Synapsids) developed deeper skulls.
- **Otic notch** behind each eye at the back edge of the skull. In the primitive waterbound forms it may have formed an open spiracle, and may possibly have held an ear-drum in some advanced forms.
- **Complex vertebrae** made of 4 pieces.

## What the term included

- †**Ichthyostegalia** : term no longer used; see 'Fishapods', below.
- †**Temnospondyli** (possible ancestors of modern amphibians)
- †**Lepospondyli** (possible ancestors of modern amphibians)
- †**Reptiliomorpha** (ancestors of reptiles): now referred to the Amniote stem-group or the Sauropsida.

### Specifically excluded

- Lissamphibians: modern amphibia
- Amniotes: The terrestrial cleidoic egg-laying animals, the Sauropsida and Synapsida.

## Fishapods

Early tetropods are now classified as lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii). This is because we now know they were aquatic when the limbs first evolved (see Tetrapod).

The informal term _fishapods_ is often used for this group of Devonian animals.

A more formal term, used by Clack, is "stem-group tetrapods".
Puntland

**Puntland** is an Autonomous state of Somalia in the Horn of Africa. Officially it is called the Puntland State of Somalia. Its capital is Garowe. To the east of Puntland is Khatumo. To the south is Galmudug.

The economy is centered around the city of Bosaso. Livestock, fishing, and frankincense are major businesses. The province covers about a third of Somalia, and about a third of the population of Somalia live there.  Puntlanders want some degree of autonomy, but Puntlanders also want to stay within Somalia, and find a solution for the whole country.

Although it is a federal state, Puntland politicians often call themselves a government. The people inside Puntland are called Puntites or Puntlanders. The area of Puntland is part of the areas of Waqooyi meaning north or Bari meaning east. The president is usually of the Majeerteen clan and the vice-president is usually of the reer darawiish tribe. Puntland plans to introduce regional currency in 2025.