juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bantustan

A **Bantustan** (also known as a **Bantu homeland**, **black homeland**, **black state**, or simply **homeland**) was a territory set aside for South Africa's black inhabitants during apartheid. Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa and ten more in South West Africa (now Namibia), with the goal of creating nation states for the black tribes of Africa. The term _Bantustan_ comes from _Bantu_ (meaning "people" in the Bantu languages) and _-stan_ (meaning "land" in Persian).

The founders of apartheid tried hard to make the Bantustans recognised internationally, but this never happened, and most blacks did not like the Bantustans. They were unpopular because:

- The borders of the Bantustans were drawn to exclude valuable land.
- The large number of reassigned citizens combined with the small size of the Bantustans meant that a lot of people had to share small amounts of land, compared to how people lived in the rest of South Africa.
- Becoming citizens of the new territories meant losing citizenship of South Africa, where the majority of candidates for reassignment of citizenship lived and worked. This would cause them to lose what few rights and privileges they had as citizens of South Africa.

The Bantustans were dissolved in 1994 and their territory incorporated into the Republic of South Africa. From 1994, most parts of the country were redivided into new provinces.

### Bantustans in South Africa

- Transkei (declared independent on 26 October 1976)
- Bophuthatswana (declared independent on 6 December 1977)
- Venda (declared independent on 13 September 1979)
- Ciskei (declared independent on 4 December 1981)
- Gazankulu
- Lebowa
- QwaQwa
- KaNgwane
- KwaNdebele
- KwaZulu

Lesotho and Swaziland were not Bantustans, but former British colonies granted independence by Great Britain and internationally recognised.
Four of the South African Bantustans, Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei  (also called the "TBVC States") were granted independence from South Africa, but were never internationally recognised. The other six had a high amount of autonomy.

### Bantustans in South West Africa

- Bushmanland
- Damaraland
- East Caprivi (self-rule 1976)
- Hereroland (self-rule 1970)
- Kaokoland
- Kavangoland (self-rule 1973)
- Namaland
- Ovamboland (self-rule 1973)
- Rehoboth
- Tswanaland

Beginning in 1968, ten Bantustans were established in South West Africa. Unlike the Bantustans in South Africa, only four Bantustans in South West Africa were granted autonomy, and none were granted independence. The Bantustans were abolished in May 1989 in the transition to independence.
Coloured

In South African, Namibian, Zambian, Botswanan, and Zimbabwean context, the term **Coloured** (***Kleurlinge*** in Afrikaans) is used to refer to people of mixed European, Khoisan, Bantu, Indian or Cape Malay ancestry.

They are the biggest group in the Northern Cape and Western Cape populations. Most Coloureds speak Afrikaans as their first language, although there are some native English speakers. The majority of Coloureds living in Cape Town are able to speak both languages.

Because of South Africa's history of racial discrimination, many feel that the term _coloured_ is derogatory. The official term is "Coloured people", but many prefer to call themselves "Black", "White", "Bantu", "Khoisan", "Afrikaner", "Anglo", "Indian", "Cape Malay" or just "South African".

The majority of coloureds are found in the Western Cape, but are prevalent throughout the country. According to the 2022 South African census, Coloureds represent 8.15% of people within South Africa, while they make up 42.1% of the population in the Western Cape and 41.6% in the Northern Cape, representing a plurality of the population in these two provinces of South Africa. In the Western Cape, a distinctive Cape Coloured and affiliated Cape Malay culture developed. Genetic studies suggest the group has the highest levels of mixed ancestry in the world.

## Apartheid

During apartheid, people were classified into four groups: White, Black, Coloured, and Asian. The Cape Malays, who are of Southeast Asian descent, were not classified as Asians, but as Coloureds, since only South Asians can be classified as Asians, not East Asians or Southeast Asians.

Although they were discriminated against by the government, many Coloureds and Asians got to enjoy certain rights during the apartheid era. For example, they did not have to carry around a passbook, had limited political representation, and were considered citizens of South Africa.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Coloureds
- **image**: Coloured-family.jpg
- **image caption**: Extended coloured family with roots in Cape Town, Kimberley, Northern Cape, Kimberley, and Pretoria.
- **population**: ~ 6,285,300
- **popplace**: South Africa (Western Cape and Northern Cape), Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe
- **pop1**: 4,832,900 <small>(2015; estimated)</small>
- **pop2**: 143,799
- **pop3**: 17,923
- **pop4**: 3,000
- **langs**: Afrikaans, South African English, English
- **rels**: predominantly Christianity, other religions
- **related**: Afrikaners, Cape Dutch, Cape Coloureds, Cape Malays, San people, Khoikhoi, Xhosa people, Xhosa, Demographics of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Saint Helenians, Rehoboth Basters, Tswana people, Tswana
Sami Gayle

**Sami Gayle** (born January 22, 1996) is an American actress. She co-stars as Nicky Reagan in the CBS series _Blue Bloods_.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: File:Sami Gayle 2013 TIFF (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Gayle in 2013
- **birth place**: Weston, Florida, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2009–present
Endless Love (2014 movie)

***Endless Love*** is an American romantic drama movie. It was released February 2014 in the United States and the United Kingdom. The movie is about a charismatic boy and wealthy girl. Her parents want them separated. This movie was rated PG-13 in the United States, for language, sexual content and brief nudity.

It is a remake of the movie of the same name from 1981. They are both based on the novel of the same name.
Tension headache

A **tension headache** is a common form of headache. Tension headaches affect the head, eyes and nearby areas of the body. They are very common with adults. Females are twice as likely as males to have them.

Tension headaches may be caused by:

- stress
- irregular or changing meal times
- too much caffeine
- depression or anxiety
Crowbar (wrestler)

**Christopher "Chris" Ford** (born March 4, 1974 in Rutherford, New Jersey) is an American professional wrestler. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1999 to 2001 under the ring name **Crowbar**. He has also competed in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He currently wrestles on the independent circuit under the ring names **Crowbar** and **Devon Storm**.

## Championships

- **Century Wrestling Alliance**
    - CWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
- **East Coast Pro Wrestling**
    - ECPW Heavyweight Championship (one time)
    - ECPW Tag Team Championship (two times) (with Ace Darling (one) and Timothy Plazma (one))
- **East Coast Wrestling Association**
    - ECWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
- **Eternity Wrestling Association**
    - EWA Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
- **Independent Superstars of Professional Wrestling**
    - ISPW Heavyweight Championship (two times)
- **International Fighting Network**
    - IFN Heavyweight Championship (one time)
- **Mid-Eastern Wrestling Federation**
    - MEWF Mid-Atlantic Championship (one time)
    - MEWF Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Mark Schrader)
- **NWA 2000**
    - NWA 2000 Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
- **NWA New Jersey**
    - NWA New Jersey Hardcore Championship (one time)
    - NWA New Jersey State Heavyweight Championship (one time)
    - NWA United States Tag Team Championship (New Jersey version) (one time) (with Ace Darling)
    - NWA World Light Heavyweight Championship (New Jersey version) (one time)
- **NWA New York**
    - NWA New York Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
    - NWA New York Television Championship (one time)
- **New Jack City Wrestling**
    - NJCW Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)
- **Richmond Championship Wrestling**
    - RCW Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Ace Darling)
- **World Championship Wrestling**
    - WCW Cruiserweight Championship (one time)<sup>1</sup>
    - WCW Hardcore Championship (one time)
    - WCW World Tag Team Championship (one time) (with David Flair)
- **World Wrestling All-Stars**
    - WWA Hardcore Championship (one time)

<small><sup>1</sup>During his reign, he held the championship with Daffney.</small>

## Other websites

- Crowbar's profile on the Internet Wrestling Database

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Crowbar
- **names**: **Devon Storm**
**Crowbar**
Salem
Judas
Tempest
Storm
- **birth place**: Rutherford, New Jersey, Rutherford, New Jersey
- **billed**: Rutherford, New Jersey
"The other side of sanity"
- **trainer**: Mike Sharpe
- **debut**: January 1992
About Last Night (1986 movie)

***About Last Night*** is a 1986 American romance-comedy-drama movie. Two people begin a relationship from a one-night stand after meeting in a Chicago bar. Demi Moore plays Debbie. Rob Lowe plays Danny. Megan Mullally plays Pat.

This movie was released on July 2, 1986. It got very good reviews. A remake was released in 2014.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: About Last Night
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: Edward Zwick
- **music**: Miles Goodman
- **cinematography**: Andrew Dintenfass
- **editing**: Harry Keramidas
- **studio**: Delphi V Productions
- **distributor**: TriStar Pictures
- **runtime**: 113 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $8.5 million
- **gross**: $38.7 million
About Last Night (2014 movie)

***About Last Night*** is a 2014 American romantic comedy movie. It is a remake of the 1986 movie of the same name. It is about romantic encounters in Los Angeles. Paula Patton is in the cast.

The original movie was set in Chicago. This one is set in Los Angeles and has an all-black cast. The remake was released in mid February of 2014. It was rated R. The original romance movie was also rated R.
Sabotage (2014 movie)

***Sabotage*** is a 2014 action and crime thriller movie. It is about DEA officials busting safe houses of drug lords. An assassin begins to target them later on. Arnold Schwarzenegger plays John. Terrence Howard plays Sugar.

The movie was released on March 28, 2014.
Natasha Henstridge

**Natasha Henstridge** (born August 15, 1974) is a Canadian model turned actress. She is best known for playing the extraterrestrial-human hybrid antagonist Sil in the 1995 science-fiction horror movie, _Species_, which was her movie debut. She played Lisa Rayborn in the 1998 comedy movie, _You Lucky Dog_. She also played Dawn in the television series, _The Secret Circle_.

Henstridge was born in Newfoundland. She was raised in Fort McMurray, Alberta.

## Infobox (person)

- **birth name**: Natasha Tonya Henstridge
- **image**: Natasha_Henstridge_in_March_2012_crop.jpg
- **birth place**: Springdale, Newfoundland and Labrador, Springdale, Newfoundland, Canada
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **spouse**: Damian Chapa (1995–1996)
Darius Campbell (2011–2013)
- **partner**: Liam Waite (1996–2004)
- **children**: 2
Emma Rigby

**Emma Catherine Rigby** (born 26 September 1989) is an English actress. She is best known for portraying the role of Hannah Ashworth in the Channel 4 soap opera _Hollyoaks_ (2005–2010, 2024–present). She later portryed Gemma Roscoe in _Prisoners' Wives_.

Rigby was born in St Helens, Merseyside, England.
Dancing Crazy

**"Dancing Crazy"** is a popular single sung by singer Miranda Cosgrove. The song is about being involved in parties and having a lovely time. Avril Lavigne was the co-writer of this song.

The music critics didn't accept "Dancing Crazy". It was, however, moderately strong in certain music charts. It was released in December 2010.
Mass murder

The term **mass murder** refers to when a murder of four people or more happens by the same person or group at the same time. Usually the murders happen at the same time or over a relatively short period of time.

## Definition

The FBI defines mass murder as the killing of many people without any cooling-off period. By comparison a serial killer has a cooling-off period between murders. Murder can be done by a person, a gang, a terrorist group, a government or police.

## Causes

Mass murderers commit their crime for many reasons. Examples of why they do it include: politics, religion, ethnicity, sadism and mental disorders. In many cases, the killer commits suicide or is killed by police. The University of Texas massacre in August 1966, the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, the September 11 attacks, the Virginia Tech massacre, the 2012 Aurora shooting and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting are some examples of mass murders that have happened in the United States.

## Examples

The United Kingdom's mass murders include the Denmark Place fire in London in 1980, the Hungerford massacre in Hungerford, Berkshire in 1987 and the Pan Am Flight 103 Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988. Australia's mass murders include the Port Arthur massacre in 1996. France's include the November 2015 Paris attacks. Turkey's include the 2015 Ankara bombings.
Sexual violence

**Sexual violence** a sexual act or attempt to get sex by force, violence, unwelcome harassment or advances.

## Impact

Sexual violence can cause sexually transmitted conditions and mental troubles. Sexual violence happens mostly to females. Males can also be victims.
Speed badminton

**Speed Badminton** (or "**Speedminton**") is a form of badminton played without a net. It is faster than ordinary badminton. It combines rules from different sports like badminton, squash and tennis. Today, Speedminton is played all around the world. There are about 3,000 registered players that compete internationally and about 2 million players around the world.

There is no net in between players. There is also no firm rules about where it is played. It can be played on tennis courts, streets, beaches, fields or gyms. The court is two squares of 5.50–metre (18 ft) length. They are fixed opposite to each other at a distance of 12.8 m (42 ft).

There are tournaments all over the world. Tournaments are organized into a growing number of clubs. In some countries, associations are already established, for example the German Speed Badminton Association (DSBV) and the Swiss Speed Badminton (SSB). On August 25, 2011 the international Speed Badminton Organization (ISBO) was founded in Berlin.
System file

A **system file** is an important file which an operating system needs to be able to work properly. System files are found mainly in computers and device drivers. They can contain important information. They can contain information which enables a computer to start. They can also contain information which tells the computer how to run properly as you use it. Deleting a system file can damage a computer or make it unusable. System files in a Windows operating system are found in the System32 folder, the most important folder on the computer's hard drive. Most system files cannot be edited or deleted as they are always in use by the system.
Marquinhos

**Marquinhos** (real name **Marcos Aoás Corrêa**, born 14 May 1994 in São Paulo) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays as a defender for Paris Saint-Germain F.C. in France.

_The Guardian_ newspaper think that he is one of the 10 best young football players in the world.

He was bought by his current club from A.S. Roma for €32 million in 2013.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Marquinhos
- **image**: Brasil conquista primeiro ouro olímpico nos penaltis 1039278-20082016- mg 4916 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Marquinhos celebrating his gold medal with Brazil national under-23 football team, Brazil at the Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament, 2016 Summer Olympics
- **fullname**: Marcos Aoás Corrêa
- **birth place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **height**: 1.83 m
- **position**: Defender (association football), centre-back, Defender (association football), right-back, Midfielder (association football), defensive-midfielder
- **currentclub**: Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Paris Saint-Germain
- **clubnumber**: 5
- **youthclubs1**: Sport Club Corinthians Paulista (youth), Corinthians
- **youthyears1**: 2002–2011
- **clubs1**: Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, Corinthians
- **years1**: 2012
- **caps1**: 14
- **goals1**: 0
- **clubs2**: → A.S. Roma, Roma (loan)
- **years2**: 2012–2013
- **caps2**: 16
- **goals2**: 0
- **clubs3**: A.S. Roma, Roma
- **years3**: 2013
- **caps3**: 10
- **goals3**: 0
- **clubs4**: Paris Saint-Germain F.C., Paris Saint-Germain
- **years4**: 2013–
- **caps4**: 277
- **goals4**: 24
- **nationalyears1**: 2011
- **nationalteam1**: Brazil national under-17 football team, Brazil U17
- **nationalcaps1**: 14
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 2014
- **nationalteam2**: Brazil national under-20 football team, Brazil U20
- **nationalcaps2**: 5
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalyears3**: 2016
- **nationalteam3**: Brazil national under-23 football team, Brazil U23
- **nationalcaps3**: 6
- **nationalgoals3**: 1
- **nationalyears4**: 2013–
- **nationalteam4**: Brazil national football team, Brazil
- **nationalcaps4**: 82
- **nationalgoals4**: 7
- **club-update**: 06:24, 26 October 2023 (UTC)
- **nationalteam-update**: 04:28, 18 October 2023 (UTC)
Daily Star

The ***Daily Star*** is a tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It was first published on 2 November 1978. In 2011, it made 706,757 copies every day. It is quite similar to _The Sun_. It tries to be cheaper so more people buy it than _The Sun_. Although other newspapers have their favourite political party, the _Daily Star_ does not. However, it was against Labour Prime Minister Gordon Brown in 2009. To attract women and teenage girls the _Daily Star_  has a horoscope column.
Kill la Kill

is an anime series written by Kazuki Nakashima and directed by Hiroyuki Imaishi. It is produced by Trigger. The anime began airing on October 3, 2013 and ended on March 27, 2014. There is also a manga that is illustrated by Ryō Akizuki. On September 3, 2014, an original video animation episode will be released along with the ninth volume.

## Plot

The series follows Ryuko Matoi, a student at a high school in Tokyo Bay set in post-apocalyptic Japan called Honnouji Academy. The academy is run by the student council which wear special uniforms called Goku Uniforms. The uniforms give them superhuman abilities and they use them to rule over the rest of the students and staff of the academy. Ryuko Matoi owns one-half of a scissor-shaped longsword and transferred to the academy to look for the owner of the other half of the scissor blade, the person that killed her father. When she attempts to interrogate the leader of the student council Satsuki Kiryuin about the killer, she is defeated. After her defeat, she finds a sentient sailor uniform which she names Senketsu. Ryuko is able to use Senketsu's powers to fight Satsuki and her henchmen, the Elite Four.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official website

## Infobox (animanga/header)

- **name**: Kill la Kill
- **ja kanji**: キルラキル
- **ja romaji**: Kiru Ra Kiru
- **genre**: Action (genre), Action, comedy, magical girl


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: tv
- **director**: Hiroyuki Imaishi
- **writer**: Kazuki Nakashima
- **music**: Hiroyuki Sawano
- **studio**: Trigger (company), Trigger
- **network**: Mainichi Broadcasting System, MBS, Tokyo Broadcasting System, TBS, Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting, CBC, BS-TBS
- **first**: October 4, 2013
- **last**: March 28, 2014
- **episodes**: 24
- **episode list**: List of Kill la Kill episodes


## Infobox (animanga/print)

- **type**: manga
- **illustrator**: Ryō Akizuki
- **publisher**: Kadokawa Shoten
- **demographic**: _Seinen manga, Seinen_
- **magazine**: Young Ace
- **first**: October 4, 2013
- **last**: March 4, 2015
- **volumes**: 3


## Infobox (animanga/video)

- **type**: ova
- **title**: Goodbye Again
- **director**: Hiroyuki Imaishi
- **writer**: Kazuki Nakashima
- **music**: Hiroyuki Sawano
- **studio**: Trigger
- **released**: September 3, 2014
- **runtime**: 25 minutes


## Infobox (animanga/footer)
Dinu Cocea

**Constantin** "**Dinu**" **Cocea** (22 September 1929 – 26 December 2013) was a Romanian actor, screenwriter, and award-winning director.

He was born in Periș, Ilfov County, Romania. Cocea graduated from Gheorghe Lazăr National College before he began his acting career in 1958. However, he made his mark as a director and screenwriter, most notably directing _Haiducii lui Șaptecai_. In 2010 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award of Excellence at the Iasi International Film Festival.

Dinu Cocea died from heart failure on 26 December 2013, aged 84, in Paris, France, where he had lived since 1986. He was survived by his daughter, Oana.

## Filmography

Film directed by Dinu Cocea:
- The Outlaws (1966)
- Outlaws Revenge (1968)
- Kidnapping virgins (1968)
- Week Fools (1971)
- Haiducii lui Şaptecai (1971)
- Dowry Lady Ralu (1972)
- Paratroopers (1972)
- Oak extreme emergency (1973)
- Do not stop fan (1976)
- The chain mishandling (1976)
- The court Reserves (1976)
- Ecaterina (1978)
- Iancu Jianu zapciul / Iancu Jian, zapciul (1980)
- Iancu Jianu outlaw (1981)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dinu Cocea
- **birth name**: Constantin Cocea
- **birth place**: Periș, Ilfov County, Romania
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **education**: Gheorghe Lazăr National College (Bucharest), Gheorghe Lazăr National College
- **occupation**: Actor, director, screenwriter
- **children**: 1
- **years active**: 1958–1982
Jan Skopeček

**Jan Skopeček** (19 September 1925 – 27 July 2020) was a Czech actor and playwright.

## Early life and career

He was born in Litoměřice, Czechoslovakia. Skopeček began his acting career in 1949, appearing in a number of plays. He was married to actress Věra Tichánková. The two remained together until Tichánková's death in January 2014.

He died on 27 July 2020 in Prague, aged 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jan Skopeček
- **image**: J Skopeček 2013.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Jan Skopeček in November 2013.
- **birth place**: Litoměřice, Czechoslovakia
- **death place**: Prague, Czech Republic
- **occupation**: Actor, playwright
- **spouse**: Věra Tichánková (widowed)
- **years active**: 1949–2020
Richard Bull

**Richard Bull** (June 26, 1924 – February 3, 2014) was an American movie, stage, and television actor.

He is best known for his role as Nels Oleson on the NBC TV series _Little House on the Prairie_ which aired from 1974 to 1983 and "Doc" on _Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea_.

Bull died on the morning of February 3, 2014 at the Motion Picture Television Fund campus in Calabasas, California from pneumonia. He was 89 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Richard Bull
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Richard Bull
- **birth place**: Zion, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Calabasas, California
- **nationality**: American
- **television**: _Little House on the Prairie_
- **occupation**: Movie, theatre, stage, television actor
- **yearsactive**: 1956–2014
- **spouse**: Barbara Collentine (1948–2014, his death)
Bill Sinkin

**William R. "Bill" Sinkin** (May 19, 1913 – February 3, 2014) was an American community activist for equality, international cooperation and alternative energy in San Antonio, Texas. He created the company _Solar San Antonio_.

Sinkin died on February 3, 2014 from natural causes in San Antonio, Texas, aged 100.

## Other websites

- Interviews with William "Bill" Sinkin, June 30 1995, January 17, 2005, University of Texas at San Antonio: Institute of Texan Cultures: Oral History Collections, UA 15.01, University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries Special Collections.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: William Sinkin
- **image**: Bill Sinkin 2010.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: <small>Solar San Antonio: founder and chairman of Solar San Antonio</small>
- **birth place**: San Antonio, Texas, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
- **occupation**: founder, Solar San Antonio Build San Antonio Green Goodwill San Antonio
- **education**: Attended University of Texas, Austin, 1933–1934
- **spouse**: Fay Bloom
- **children**: Lanny Sinkin
Wu Ma

**Wu Ma** (real name: ) (22 September 1942 – 4 February 2014) was a Chinese-Hong Kong actor, director, producer and writer.

Wu Ma's career began in 1963. He made over 180 appearances to his name (plus 38 directorial credits within a twenty-five year period). Wu Ma is mostly known for appearing in many movies about the history of Hong Kong Cinema. He is best known as the Taoist ghosthunter in _A Chinese Ghost Story_.

Wu Ma died on 4 February 2014 in Hong Kong from lung cancer, aged 71.

## Other websites

- A short biography and filmography
- A detailed biography - bottom of page
- A Chinese Ghost Story  - commentary by Bey Logan
- Interview in Chinese

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Wu Ma
- **birth place**: China
- **death place**: Hong Kong
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **occupation**: Actor, writer, director, producer
- **years active**: 1963-2013
Jack Steinberger

**Hans Jakob "Jack" Steinberger** (25 May 1921 – 12 December 2020) was a German-born American physicist of Jewish descent. He co-discovered the muon neutrino, along with Leon Lederman and Melvin Schwartz. He was given the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics. Steinberger now lives in Switzerland.

He studied at the Illinois Institute of Technology and the University of Chicago.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1991.

Steinberger was an atheist, and a member of the International Academy of Humanism.

Steinberger died on 12 December 2020 in Geneva, Switzerland at the age of 99.

## Books

- Steinberger, J.,  W. K. H. Panofsky & J. Steller. "Evidence for the Production of Neutral Mesons by Photons", Radiation Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (April 1950).
- Panofsky, W. K. H., J. Steinberger & J. Steller.  "Further Results on the Production of Neutral Mesons by Photons", Radiation Laboratory, University of California-Berkeley, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (October 1, 1950).
- Steinberger, J.  "Experimental Survey of Strange Particle Decays", Columbia University, Nevis Laboratories, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (June 1964).

## Other websites

- Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
- Autobiography (at the Nobel Prize web site)
- official web site for the Nobel Prize in Physics
- CERN web site for Jack Steinberger

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Jack Steinberger
- **image**: Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPG
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Jack Steinberger
- **birth name**: Hans Jakob Steinberger
- **birth place**: Bad Kissingen, Germany
- **death place**: Geneva, Switzerland
- **nationality**: Germany-United States-Switzerland
- **workplaces**: University of California, Berkeley
Columbia University
CERN
- **field**: Physics
- **known for**: Discovery of the muon neutrino
- **academic advisors**: Edward Teller
Enrico Fermi
- **notable students**: Eric L. Schwartz
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physics in 1988
- **spouse**: Cynthia Alff
Leon Lederman

**Leon Max Lederman** (July 15, 1922 – October 3, 2018) was an American experimental physicist. He received, along with Martin Lewis Perl, the Wolf Prize in Physics in 1982. He won the prize for their research on quarks and leptons, and the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1988. He received the prize along with Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, for their research on neutrinos.

Lederman was of Jewish descent. He was an atheist.

Lederman died on October 3, 2018 at a care-facility in Rexburg, Idaho from complications of dementia at the age of 96.

## Books

- _What We'll Find Inside the Atom_ by Leon Lederman is an essay he wrote for the September 15, 2008 issue of Newsweek

## Other websites

- Education, Politics, Einstein and Charm  _The Science Network_ interview with Leon Lederman
- Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
- Fermilab's Leon M. Lederman webpage
- The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988
- Video Interview with Lederman from the Nobel Foundation
- Leon M. Lederman – Autobiography
- Timeline of Nobel Prize Winners in Physics webpage for Leon Max Lederman
- _Story of Leon_ by Leon Lederman
- Honeywell – Nobel Interactive Studio
- 1976 Cresson Medal recipient  from The Franklin Institute.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **birth name**: Leon Max Lederman
- **name**: Leon M. Lederman
- **image**: Leon M. Lederman.jpg
- **caption**: Lederman on May 11, 2007
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Rexburg, Idaho, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States
- **field**: Physics
- **known for**: Seminal contributions to Neutrinos, bottom quark
- **awards**: Nobel Prize in Physics (1988)
Wolf Prize in Physics (1982)
National Medal of Science (1965)
Vannevar Bush Award (2012)
William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement (1991)
- **workplaces**: Columbia University
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory
Illinois Institute of Technology
- **alma mater**: City College of New York
Columbia University
- **spouse**: Florence Gordon (3 children)
Ellen Carr
Melvin Schwartz

**Melvin Schwartz** (November 2, 1932 – August 28, 2006) was an American physicist of Jewish descent.

He shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon M. Lederman and Jack Steinberger for their development of the neutrino beam method and their demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino.

Schwartz died on August 28, 2006 in Twin Falls, Idaho from Parkinson's disease and hepatitis C, aged 73.

## Books

- Samios, N. P., Plano, R., Prodell, A., Schwartz, M. and J. Steinberger. "The Parity of the Neutral Pion and the Decay pi{sup 0} Yields 2e{sup +} + 2e{sup -}", Nevis Cyclotron Laboratory, Columbia University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), Office of Naval Research, (January 1962).
- Lee, T. D., Robinson, H., Schwartz, M. and R. Cool. "Intensity of Upward Muon Flux Due to Cosmic-Ray Neutrinos Produced in the Atmosphere", Nevis Cyclotron Laboratory, Columbia University, United States Department of Energy (through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission), (June 1963).

## Other websites

- Photograph, Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
- 1988 Nobel Physics winners
- Nobel autobiography

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Melvin Schwartz
- **image size**: Melvin Schwartz
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Twin Falls, Idaho
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **fields**: Particle physics
- **workplaces**: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Stanford University
Columbia University
- **alma mater**: Columbia University
- **known for**: neutrinos
- **awards**: Nobel Prize in Physics (1988)
- **spouse**: Marilyn (3 children)
Martin Lewis Perl

**Martin Lewis Perl** (June 24, 1927 – September 30, 2014) was an American physicist of Jewish descent. Perl won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 for his discovery of the tau lepton.

Pearl died at Stanford University Hospital on September 30, 2014 from a heart attack at the age of 87.

## Other websites

- Nobel autobiography
- Nobel Prize press release, explaining the significance of Perl's work
- Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
- Personal blog: Reflections on Physics
- U.S. Patent 5943075  Universal fluid droplet ejector (Martin Lewis Perl)
- U.S. Patent 5975682  Two-dimensional fluid droplet arrays generated using a single nozzle (Martin Lewis Perl)

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Martin Lewis Perl
- **image**: Martin Perl - tau.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Martin Lewis Perl
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Palo Alto, California, Palo Alto, California
- **nationality**: United States
- **field**: Physics
- **work institutions**: University of Michigan
 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)
 University of Liverpool
- **alma mater**: NYU-Poly and Columbia University
- **doctoral advisor**: I. I. Rabi
- **doctoral students**: Samuel C. C. Ting, Valerie Halyo
- **known for**: Tau lepton
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995
Patrice Munsel

**Patrice Munsel** (May 14, 1925 – August 4, 2016) was an American coloratura soprano. She was the youngest singer who ever starred at the Metropolitan Opera. She was sometimes called **"Princess Pat"**.

Munsel was born in Spokane, Washington on May 14, 1925. She died on August 4, 2016 in Schroon Lake, New York, aged 91.

## Other websites

- Cover of _Time_ magazine, December 3, 1951
- Article in _Time_ magazine, December 3, 1951
- Cover of _Life_ magazine, March 3, 1952
- Metropolitan Opera's "Opera News Online"
- Patrice Munsel personal website
Avar

**Avar** might mean:
- Avar people
- Avar language
George Fernandes

**George Fernandes** (3 June 1930 – 29 January 2019) was the former Indian trade unionist, politician, journalist, agriculturist, and member of _Rajya Sabha_ from Bihar. He was a key member of the Janata Dal (United), and is the founder of the Samata Party.

Fernandes suffered from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and in January 2010 was underwent treatment at Baba Ramdev's ashram at Haridwar He died of complications from the diseases on 29 January 2019 in New Delhi, aged 88.

## Other websites

- Ongoing news coverage from The Times Network
- George Fernandes: Rebel without a pause from _Gulf News_

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: George Fernandes
- **image**: George Fernandes (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: George Fernandes in 2002
- **nationality**: Indian
- **birth place**: Mangalore, South Canara, British Raj
 (now in Karnataka, India)
- **death place**: New Delhi, India
- **office**: Minister of Defence (India), Minister of Defence
- **term start**: 21 October 2001
- **term end**: 22 May 2004
- **primeminister**: Atal Bihari Vajpayee
- **predecessor**: Jaswant Singh
- **successor**: Pranab Mukherjee
- **term start1**: 19 March 1998
- **term end1**: 16 March 2001
- **primeminister1**: Atal Bihari Vajpayee
- **predecessor1**: Mulayam Singh Yadav
- **successor1**: Jaswant Singh
- **office2**: Minister of Railways (India), Minister of Railways
- **term start2**: 2 December 1989
- **term end2**: 10 November 1990
- **primeminister2**: V. P. Singh
- **predecessor2**: Madhav Rao Scindia
- **successor2**: Janeshwar Mishra
- **constituency mp3**: Bihar (Rajya Sabha)
- **parliament3**: Indian
- **term start3**: 4 August 2009
- **term end3**: 7 July 2010
- **constituency mp4**: Muzaffarpur (Lok Sabha constituency), Muzaffarpur
- **parliament4**: Indian
- **term4**: 2004–2009
- **predecessor4**: Jainarain Prasad Nishad
- **successor4**: Jainarain Prasad Nishad
- **term5**: 1989-1996
- **predecessor5**: Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi
- **successor5**: Jainarain Prasad Nishad
- **term6**: 1977-1984
- **predecessor6**: Nawal Kishore Sinha
- **successor6**: Laliteshwar Prasad Shahi
- **constituency mp7**: Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency), Nalanda
- **parliament7**: Indian
- **term start7**: 1996
- **term end7**: 2004
- **predecessor7**: Vijoy Kumar Yadav
- **successor7**: Nitish Kumar
- **party**: Janata Dal (United)
- **spouse**: Leila Kabir
- **children**: #Family and personal life, 1 son
- **signature**: George Fernandes Autograph.svg
Charles K. Kao

**The Honorable Sir Charles Kuen Kao**, <small>GBM, KBE, FRS, FREng</small> (November 4, 1933 – September 23, 2018) was a Chinese-born American and British electrical engineer and physicist.

He helped discover  the development and use of fiber optics in telecommunications. Kao was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "_groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication_". Kao holds dual citizenship of the United Kingdom and the United States. Kao is known as the "_Godfather of Broadband_".

Kao was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2002 and had speech difficulty. He died on September 23, 2018 from complications of the disease in Sha Tin, Hong Kong at the age of 84.

## Books

- K. C. Kao, T. W. Davies (1968), "_Spectrophotometric Studies of Ultra Low Loss Optical Glasses – I: Single Beam Method_", _Journal of Scientific Instruments_ (_Journal of Physics E_) **2** (1): 1063–1068.
- K. C. Kao (June 1986), "1012 bit/s Optoelectronics Technology", _IEE Proceedings_ **133**, Pt.J, No 3, 230–236.
- K. C. Kao, A Time And A Tide (Autobiography of Charles K. Kao)
- K. C. Kao (July 2005)《潮平岸闊——高錕自述》(translated by 許迪鏘) Joint Publishing (Autobiography of Charles K. Kao)

## Other websites

- 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics information
- BBC: Lighting the way to a revolution
- IEEE Oral-History: Charles Kao
- Mountain View Voice: The legacy of Charles Kao
- Man who lit up the world – Professor Charles Kao CBE FREng  _Ingenia_, Issue 43, June 2010

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: <small>The Honorable</small>
Sir Charles Kuen Kao
高錕
<small>Recipient of the Grand Bauhinia Medal, GBM Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, KBE Fellow of the Royal Society, FRS Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, FREng</small>
- **image**: Charles K. Kao cropped 2.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth place**: Shanghai, Republic of China (1912–1949), China
- **death place**: Sha Tin, Hong Kong
- **citizenship**: United States
United Kingdom
Hong Kong
- **fields**: Physics
- **workplaces**: The Chinese University of Hong Kong
ITT Corporation
Standard Telephones and Cables
- **alma mater**: University College London (PhD 1965, issued by University of London)
 University of Greenwich, Woolwich Polytechnic (BSc 1957, issued by University of London)
- **doctoral advisor**: Harold Barlow
- **known for**: Fiber optics
 Fiber-optic communication
Auguste Deter

**Auguste Deter** (; 16 May 1849 – 8 June 1906) was a German woman.

She is the first person to be diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Auguste had a normal life. However, during the late 1890s, she started showing symptoms of dementia, such as: loss of memory, delusions, and even temporary vegetative states. She would have trouble sleeping, would drag sheets across the house, and even scream for hours in the middle of the night.

She died on 8 June 1906 from Alzheimer's in Frankfurt, aged 57.

## Other websites

- Who Named It? - Alois Alzheimer
- Alzheimer's: 100 years on
- Alois Alzheimer's Biography, International Brain Research Organization
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease Research - Prof. Dr. Christian Haass
- Bibliography of secondary sources on Alois Alzheimer and Alzheimer's disease, selected from peer-reviewed journals.
- Graeber Manuel B. "Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915)"  International Brain Research Organization

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Auguste Deter
- **image**: Auguste D aus Marktbreit.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: Kassel, Germany
- **death place**: Frankfurt, Germany
- **spouse**: Karl Deter
- **nationality**: German
- **known for**: First diagnosis of "Alzheimer's"
Keith Allen (ice hockey)

**Courtney Keith Allen** (August 21, 1923 – February 4, 2014) was a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman and former National Hockey League (NHL) head coach and general manager. He was born in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. He was the executive vice president of the Philadelphia Flyers.

Allen died at an assisted living facility on February 4, 2014. He was 90 years old. He had suffered from dementia in his later years.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Keith Allen
- **image**: Keith Allen Saskatoon Quakers.png
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Keith Allen pictured with the Saskatoon Quakers, circa 1941
- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **played for**: Detroit Red Wings
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 190
- **birth place**: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- **death place**: Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania, USA
- **career start**: 1941
- **career end**: 1957
- **halloffame**: 1992
D. J. Augustin

**Darryl Gerard "D. J." Augustin, Jr.** (born November 10, 1987 in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American professional basketball player. He plays for the Orlando Magic of the NBA. He played point guard for the University of Texas Longhorns from 2006 to 2008. He was drafted ninth overall by the Charlotte Bobcats of the National Basketball Association in 2008. Augustin is listed as 6'0" (1.83 m) by the NBA but stands 5'11" (1.78 m) barefoot according to the 2008 pre-draft measurements.

## Other websites

- Profile at TexasSports.com

## Infobox (nba biography)

- **name**: D. J. Augustin
- **image**: DJ Augustin Magic.jpg
- **caption**: Augustin in 2017
- **position**: Point guard
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 183
- **league**: National Basketball Association, NBA
- **team**: Orlando Magic
- **number**: 14
- **birth place**: New Orleans, Louisiana
- **nationality**: American
- **high school**:
Hightower High School, Hightower (Missouri City, Texas)
- **college**: Texas Longhorns men's basketball, Texas (2006–2008)
- **draft year**: 2008
- **draft round**: 1
- **draft pick**: 9
- **draft team**: Charlotte Bobcats
- **career start**: 2008
- **years1**: –
- **team1**: Charlotte Bobcats
- **team2**: Indiana Pacers
- **team3**: Toronto Raptors
- **team4**: Chicago Bulls
- **team5**: Detroit Pistons
- **years6**: –
- **team6**: Oklahoma City Thunder
- **team7**: Denver Nuggets
- **years8**: –present
- **team8**: Orlando Magic
- **highlights**: * NBA All-Rookie Second Team (2008–09 NBA season, 2009)
* Bob Cousy Award winner (2007–08 NCAA Division I men's basketball season, 2008)
* Consensus first-team NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans, All-American (2008 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans, 2008)
* First-team All-Big 12 Conference, Big 12 (2008)
* Second-team All-Big 12 (2007)
* Big 12 All-Rookie Team (2007)
* Progressive Legends Classic Tournament MVP (2007)
* McDonald's All-American Game, McDonald's All-American (2006 McDonald's All-American Boys Game, 2006)
- **bbr**: augusdj01
- **profile**: dj_augustin
Tony Snell

**Tony Rena Snell, Jr.** (born November 10, 1991 in Los Angeles, California) is an American professional basketball player. He plays for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

## Other websites

- NBA.com Profile
Child's Play 2

***Child's Play 2*** is an American horror movie released in 1990. The movie is about a serial killer doll named Chucky that is causing violent terror in Chicago. Brad Dourif plays Chucky.

This movie was released in November 1990 across North America. The reviews were mixed. The box office was successful.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Child's Play 2
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: John Lafia
- **producers**: David Kirschner
- **writer**: Don Mancini
- **music**: Graeme Revell
- **cinematography**: Stefan Czapsky
- **editing**: Edward Warschilka
- **studio**: Living Doll Productions
- **distributor**: Universal Pictures
- **runtime**: 84 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $13 million
- **gross**: $35.8 million
Věra Tichánková

**Věra Tichánková** (7 December 1920 – 9 January 2014) was a Czech actress. She was born in Zarnovická Hut, Nová Bana, Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). Tichánková studied at the Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague. She began her acting career in 1940 which lasted over seventy years. Věra Tichánková died on 9 January 2014, aged 93, in Prague, Czech Republic. She was survived by her husband, actor and playwright Jan Skopeček.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Věra Tichánková
- **birth place**: Žarnovica, Zarnovická Hut, Nová Bana, Czechoslovakia (present-day Slovakia)
- **death place**: Prague, Czech Republic
- **alma mater**: Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague
- **occupation**: Actress
- **spouse**: Jan Skopeček
- **years active**: 1940–2014
Billy McColl (actor)

**William Collins** (15 November 1950 – 11 January 2023), better known by his stage name **Billy McColl**, was a Scottish actor. He was born in Hamilton, Scotland, McColl began his career in 1978. He had many different roles on British television shows such as _Doctor Who_, _Hamish MacBeth_, _The Bill_ and _Taggart_. Billy McColl died on 11 January 2023, aged 72, in New York, USA. He was survived by his daughter, Maud.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Billy McColl
- **birth name**: William Collins
- **birth place**: London, UK
- **death place**: New York (state), New York, USA
- **occupation**: Actor
- **children**: 1
- **years active**: 1978–2013
Tito Mora

**Carlos García Romero** (25 June 1940 – 30 December 2013), better known by his stage name **Tito Mora**, was a Spanish pop singer. Mora was born in Madrid. He began his career in the 1950s as a singer for Los Brujos, one of Spain's first pop music groups. He recorded his final album in 1996. Tito Mora died from a long pulmonary illness on 30 December 2013, aged 72, at a hospital in Madrid.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tito Mora
- **birth name**: Carlos García Romero
- **birth place**: Madrid, Spain
- **death place**: Madrid, Spain
- **other names**: Carlos García
- **occupation**: Pop singer
- **years active**: 1950s–1996
Urban history

**Urban history** is the study of the history of urbanism. It looks into why and how cities developed. Urban history also studies the social, political, cultural and economic aspects of cities. Most urban historians focus on the larger or more important cities. There is much less attention to small cities, towns and suburbs. Urban history involves several other fields of study as they affect cities. These include archaeology, architecture, sociology, and the political and economic aspects of cities over time.

## Related pages

- Journal of Planning History
- Danish Centre of Urban History
- International Planning History Society
- Society for American City and Regional Planning History

## Other websites

- Gilbert A. Stelter, "Introduction to the Study of Urban History" (1996)
- The Urban History Association
- Centre for Urban History, University of Leicester, U.K.
- Centre for Urban History, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Urban History of East Central Europe, Lviv, Ukraine