juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Manon

***Manon*** is a French opera in five acts by Jules Massenet, first performed at the Opéra-Comique in Paris, on March 19, 1884, libretto by Henri Meilhac et Philippe Gile, after the Abbé Antoine-François Prévost's _L'histoire du Chevalier des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut_. An immediate success, it has remained one of the most popular of French operas.

## Principal roles and voice types

- Manon - soprano
- Chevalier des Grieux - tenor
- Lescaut - baritone
- Comte des Grieux - bass
- Guillot de Morfontaine - tenor
- Monsieur de Brétigny - baritone

## Sources

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Vikings Books, 1989.
Desensitized (Drowning Pool album)

***Desensitized*** is the second studio album by American alternative metal band Drowning Pool. It was their first album after the death of vocalist Dave Williams as well as the first and only album to feature Jason 'Gong' Jones as vocalist. The album debuted at #17 on the Billboard 200 chart.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Desensitized
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Drowning Pool
- **released**: April 20, 2004
- **recorded**: December 2003-March 2004
- **genre**: Alternative metal, post-grunge, hard rock
- **length**: 38:33
- **label**: Wind-up
- **producer**: Johnny K
Achillobator

***Achillobator*** is a dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous period of what is now Mongolia. It lived about 90 million years ago.

It was probably an active predator, hunting with the large sickle-shaped claw on the second toe of each foot. It was a large dromaeosaurid: the first and only individual specimen found is estimated at being 5 meters (17 feet) long. The name comes from Achilles, a famous ancient Greek warrior of the Trojan War. It refers to the large Achilles tendon needed to use the sickle claw on the foot, which was the major weapon of dromaeosaurids. The one species is named _A. giganticus_ because it is much larger than other dromaeosaurids.
Full Circle (Drowning Pool album)

***Full Circle*** is the third album from hard rock band Drowning Pool. It is their first release with former Soil singer Ryan McCombs, who joined the band after the departure of Jason 'Gong' Jones in 2005.  It was released on August 7, 2007. This album has more of a post-grunge sound compared to the last two releases by the band and is less heavy as well. The first single off the album, "Soldiers," is dedicated to all the men and women of the United States Army.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Full Circle
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Drowning Pool
- **released**: August 7, 2007
- **recorded**: Dallas, Texas 2006-2007
- **genre**: Post-grunge
Alternative metal
- **length**: 49:02
- **label**: Eleven Seven Records
- **producer**: Ben Schigel
Nikki Sixx
DJ Ashba
Sinner (Drowning Pool album)

***Sinner*** is the first album by the nu metal band Drowning Pool. The album is the band's most popular and reached platinum only six weeks after it came out. This was thought to be because of the song "Bodies", often known as "Let The Bodies Hit The Floor", which remains the band's most well-known song. It was the only album to have the lead singer Dave Williams. While touring in support of _Sinner_, he died on August 14, 2002 from heart failure. The album debuted at #14 on the Billboard 200 chart.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Sinner
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Drowning Pool
- **released**: June 5, 2001
- **recorded**: 1999-2001
- **genre**: Nu metal
- **length**: 37:29
- **label**: Wind-up Records, Wind-up
- **producer**: Jay Baumgardner
Drowning Pool (album)

***Drowning Pool*** is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Drowning Pool. It was released on April 27, 2010 and marks the band's first album not to feature a new singer, as Ryan McCombs remained with Drowning Pool from their 2007 release.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Drowning Pool
- **type**: Studio Album
- **artist**: Drowning Pool
- **released**: April 27, 2010
- **recorded**: 2009
- **length**: 39:35
- **genre**: Alternative metal, hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal, post-grunge
- **label**: Eleven Seven
- **producer**: Kato Khandwala
Turn So Cold

"**Turn So Cold**" is a single from the successful band Drowning Pool.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Turn So Cold
- **artist**: Drowning Pool
- **album**: Drowning Pool (album), Drowning Pool
- **released**: July 19, 2010
- **recorded**: 2009
- **genre**: Alternative metal
Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
Post-grunge
- **length**: 3:38
- **label**: Eleven Seven Records
- **writer**: Ryan McCombs
Noel Gallagher

**Noel Thomas David Gallagher** (born 29 May 1967) is a British musician and singer-songwriter.

Gallagher is lead guitarist and main songwriter for the band Oasis. He left the band in 2009 following an argument with his younger brother and Oasis' frontman Liam. And as announced on August 27th 2024, he will rejoin Oasis for a 2025 live tour.

In 2011 he released his first solo album _Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds_. The band's second album _Chasing Yesterday_ was released 2 March 2015.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Noel Gallagher
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: Noel Gallagher playing Champagne Supernova.jpg
- **birth name**: Noel Thomas David Gallagher
- **birth place**: Manchester, England
- **genre**: * Rock music, Rock
* Pop music, Pop
* Britpop
* Psychedelic rock, Psychedelic
* Baroque music, Baroque
* Alternative rock, Alternative
* Dance music, Dance
* Disco
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1991–present
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar, Bass guitar, bass, piano, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, sitar, melodica, mellotron, violin, banjo, Drum kit, drums
- **label**: Creation Records, Creation, Big Brother Recordings, Big Brother, Epic Records, Epic, Sour Mash
- **associated acts**: Oasis (band), Oasis, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, The Rain, Tailgunner (band), Tailgunner, Smokin' Mojo Filters, Inspiral Carpets
Future of the Earth

The **future of the Earth** will depend on many things, including increases in the brightness of the Sun, loss of heat energy from the Earth's core and change of the planet's orbit by the other things in the Solar System. The Milankovitch theory says the planet will continue to go into glaciation cycles because of the planet's difference in orbit from a perfect circle, the axis of the planet tilting, and pushing of the Earth's orbit. As part of the supercontinent cycle, plate tectonics may create a supercontinent within 250 million–350 million years. Some time in the next 1.5 billion–4.5 billion years, the axis's tilt may begin to change into bad versions, with changes in the axis's tilt of up to 90°.

One billion to two billion years in the future, the increase in solar radiation caused by the helium build-up at the core of the Sun will result in the loss of the oceans and the cessation of continental drift. Four billion years from now, the increase in the Earth's surface temperature will cause a bad greenhouse effect. By that point, most if not all the life on the Earth will be gone. The most likely fate of the planet is being destroyed by the Sun in about 7.5 billion years, after the star has entered the red giant phase and expanded to cross the planet's orbit.

## Human influence

Humans now play a top role in the biosphere, with the large amount of people in many of Earth's ecosystems. This has caused a widespread, ongoing extinction of other species known as the Holocene extinction. The Holocene extinction event is the result of habitat destruction, the large distribution of invasive species, hunting and climate change.

## Solar evolution

The energy generation of the Sun is based upon changing of hydrogen into helium. This occurs in the core region of the star.

When the Sun first became a main sequence star, it radiated only 70% of the current luminosity. The luminosity has increased in a nearly linear fashion to the present, increasing by 1% every 110 million years. In three billion years the Sun is expected to be 33% more luminous. The hydrogen fuel at the core will finally be limited in 4.8 billion years, when the Sun will be 67% more luminous than at present. Thereafter the Sun will continue to burn hydrogen in a shell surrounding its core, until the increase in luminosity reaches 121% of the present value. This marks the end of the Sun's main sequence lifetime, and thereafter it will be into a red giant.

## Related pages

- Habitable zone
- Planetary habitability
- Risks to civilization, humans and planet Earth
- Stability of the Solar System
American Library Association

The **American Library Association** (**ALA**) is an organization which does not receive money. It is in the United States. It helps libraries and library education all over the world. It is the oldest and largest library association in the world. It has more than 62,000 members.
Justin Winsor, Charles Ammi Cutter, Samuel Swett Green, James L. Whitney, Melvil Dewey, Fred B. Perkins and Thomas W. Bicknell began the organization in 1876. It began in Philadelphia, but its head office is in Chicago now. Anybody can join, but most of its members are librarians. Most members live and work in the United States. Members from other countries make up about 3.5% of the members.

## Other websites

- American Library Association
- ALA Freedom to Read Statement
- ALA Intellectual Freedom Q&A
- ALA's "Resolution on the USA Patriot (sic) Act and Related Measures that Infringe on the Rights of Library Users"
About Charles Ammi Cutter
B.o.B

**Bobby Ray Simmons Jr.** (born November 15, 1988 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina) is an American rapper and record producer, known professionally **B.o.B**. In 2006, B.o.B was signed to Jim Jonsin's label Rebel Rock Entertainment.

## Studio albums

B.o.B has released 3 studio albums:
|Year|Title|
| --- | --- |
|2010|_B.o.B Presents: The Adventures of Bobby Ray_|
|2012|_Strange Clouds_|
|2013|_Underground Luxury_|

## Other websites

- B.o.B's Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: B.o.B 2023 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: B.o.B in 2023
- **birth name**: Bobby Ray Simmons Jr.
- **birth place**: Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.
- **origin**: Decatur, Georgia, U.S.
- **years active**: 2006–present
Pontiac Firebird

The **Pontiac Firebird** was a car built by the Pontiac division of General Motors from 1967 to 2002 and they made four generations of it. The Firebird was succeeded by the Pontiac GTO.

## Other websites

- Pontiac Firebird heritage at Pontiac.com
Craig Newmark

**Craig Alexander Newmark** (born December 6, 1952 in Morristown, New Jersey) is the founder of Craigslist. He currently lives in San Francisco.

Newmark is Jewish, which he mentioned in a interview.

Newmark achieved a Bachelor of Science degree in 1975 and a Master of Science degree in 1977 while attending Case Western Reserve University.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Craig Newmark
- **image**: Craig-newmark.jpg
- **birth name**: Craig Alexander Newmark
- **birth place**: Morristown, New Jersey, United States, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States
- **alma mater**: Case Western Reserve University
- **occupation**: Internet entrepreneur
- **known for**: Founding Craigslist
- **website**: [http://www.cnewmark.com/ Personal weblog]
[http://www.craigslist.com/ Craigslist]
Dromornis

***Dromornis*** is a genus of fossil flightless birds. It lived in Australia from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene. This means early humans never met this animal.

_Dromornis_ had a huge beak and jaw capable of great force. It did not have the typical beak and claws of a carnivore, and its life style is not certain. Though they looked like giant emus, the _Dromornis_ are more closely related to geese.

_Dromornis stirtoni_ was three metres (10 feet) tall and weighed up to half a ton (500 kilos). It inhabited subtropical open woodland in Australia during the late Miocene. It may have been partly carnivorous. It was heavier than the  Moa and taller than _Aepyornis_.

_D. stirtoni_ had a long neck and stub-like wings, so it was flightless. Its legs were powerful, but it was not a fast runner. The bird's beak was large and immensely powerful, leading early researchers to believe that it was used to shear through tough plant stalks. However, others have argued that the size of the beak suggests that the bird was a carnivore. There were forests and a permanent water supply where the _Dromornis_ birds lived, although the climate was unpredictable.

_Dromornis_ are part of a family of giant birds called Dromornithidae that lived from 15 million years ago until less than 30,000 years ago. Australasia had started to separate from other continents as Gondwana started to break up in the Mesozoic era.

Australia's last connection with Antarctica broke about 40 million years ago. Since then the animals of Australasia (Australia and New Guinea) evolved slowly in almost complete isolation from the animals of other continents, except for the occasional immigrant species from Asia.

## Large birds

- Elephant birds
    - _Aepyornis_
- Moa
    - _Dinornis_
- Terror birds
    - _Phorusrhacos_
    - _Brontornis_
- _Gastornis_ (_Diatryma_)
Justin Gabriel

**Phillip Paul Lloyd** (born March 3, 1981) is a South African professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where he wrestled under the ring name **Justin Gabriel**. He is currently wrestling for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) and Global Force Wrestling (GFW) under the ring name **PJ Black**.

Lloyd was the first South African wrestler to compete in the WWE. While performing in Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), he was a one-time FCW Florida Heavyweight Champion and a one-time FCW Florida Tag Team Champion with Kris Logan. He is a former member of The Nexus and The Corre. His finishing move is the 450° splash.

Gabriel had his last televised WWE match on the January 14, 2015 episode of _Main Event_ in a loss to Rusev. On January 24, 2015, it was reported by the Wrestling Observer Newsletter that Gabriel had quit WWE, which was a day before the 2015 Royal Rumble which he was scheduled to appear in before he was replaced in the match. The next day, WWE confirmed his release.

On May 6, 2015, Global Force Wrestling (GFW) announced that they had added PJ Black to their roster.

On August 12, Black was a part of an angle, where GFW invaded Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He would go on to defeat Lashley, Chris Mordetzky, Eric Young and Robbie E in a King of the Mountain match and win the vacant TNA King of the Mountain Championship. On August 19, Black faced off against EC3 for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship.

## Other websites

- GFW profile

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: PJ Black
- **image**: PJ Black PWA 2019.jpg
- **caption**: PJ Black in February 2019
- **birth name**: Phillip Paul Lloyd
- **names**: The Bunny
 Justin Angel
Justin Gabriel
Paul Lloyd
Paul Pidoras
Paul Lloyd Jr.
**PJ Black**
- **birth place**: Cape Town, South Africa
- **billed**: Cape Town, South Africa
- **trainer**: Paul Lloyd
Alex Shane
Mark Sloan (wrestler), Mark Sloan
- **debut**: 1997
Lead(II) oxide

**Lead(II) oxide**, also known as **plumbous oxide** and **litharge**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbO. It has lead in the +2 oxidation state. It also contains oxide ions.

## Properties

It is a yellow or red solid. When it is heated with charcoal it makes liquid lead metal. It is a crystalline solid. It is highly toxic since it has lead in it. It reacts with acids to make other lead(II) salts and bases to make plumbites.

## Preparation

It can be made by heating lead strongly in air. It can be also made by heating lead carbonate or lead nitrate.

## Uses

It is made when lead is taken from its ores. The lead sulfide in galena is changed to lead(II) oxide, which is heated with charcoal to make liquid lead. It is used to make lead glass. It used to be used in lead paint.

## Related pages

- Lead(II) chloride
- Lead(IV) oxide
- Lead(II,IV) oxide
Yoshihiro Tajiri

**Yoshihiro Tajiri** (born September 29, 1970 in Tamana, Kumamoto, Japan) is a Japanese professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with WWF/E and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). Tajiri is currently wrestling on the independent circuit under SMASH.

## Championships

Tajiri has won many belts with different wrestling promotions:

- **Big Japan Pro Wrestling**
    - BJW Junior Heavyweight Championship - (one time)
    - BJW Tag Team Championship - (two times) with Ryuji Yamakaw
- **Combat Zone Wrestling**
    - CZW World Heavyweight Championship (one time)
- **Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre**
    - CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)
- **Extreme Championship Wrestling**
    - ECW World Tag Team Championship (one time) with Mikey Whipwreck
    - ECW World Television Championship (one time)
- **Fight Club Finland**
    - FCF Finnish Heavyweight Championship (one time)
- **International Wrestling Association**
    - IWA Hardcore Championship (one time)
- **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
    - PWI ranked him #23 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 2002
- **Tokyo Sports Grand Prix**
    - Special Award (2001)
- **World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment**
    - World Tag Team Championship (one time) with William Regal
    - WCW Cruiserweight Championship (one time)
    - WCW United States Championship (one time)
    - WWE Tag Team Championship (one time) with Eddie Guerrero
    - WWF/E Cruiserweight Championship (one time)
    - WWF Light Heavyweight Championship (one time)

## Other websites

- Tajiri's Official website

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Yoshihiro Tajiri
- **names**: Aquarius
Kikkoman
Tajiri
Yoshihiro Tajiri
Tajiri Yoshihiro
**TAJIRI**
- **image**: Hustle 2008-07-27 TAJIRI.jpg
- **caption**: Tajiri wrestling for HUSTLE
- **birth place**: Tamana, Kumamoto, Japan
- **billed**: Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- **trainer**: Animal Hamaguchi
Kendo Nagasaki
Great Kabuki
Great Kojika
Bill DeMott
Ricky Santana
- **debut**: September 19, 1994
Lead(II,IV) oxide

**Lead(II,IV) oxide**, also known as **lead tetroxide**, **minium**, **red lead**, or **triplumbic tetroxide**, is a chemical compound. It contains some lead atoms in the +2 oxidation state and some in the +4 oxidation state. It is used in batteries, paints, and glass. It dissolves in acids. It is made by heating lead(II) oxide in air. It is toxic because it contains lead.

Its formula is Pb3O4. It is commonly said "Sandur".

## Related pages

- Lead(IV) oxide
- Lead(II) oxide
- Lead oxide
Monster Energy

**Monster Energy** is the name of a brand of energy drinks manufactured by Hansen Natural and distributed by Anheuser-Busch (United States), PepsiCo Canada (Canada), Pepsi (Germany), Grupo Jumex (Mexico) and Schweppes (Australia).

In 2020, Monster Energy had a market share of 39% in the energy drink industry. This is the second-largest after Red Bull.

Monster Energy has sponsored many sporting events like the X Games and pays many sportspeople to wear their logo by _And1_.

Monster Energy has 260 calories in

Dududhdd a can.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official Canadian website. .
Peter Rabbit

**Peter Rabbit** is a fictional animal character in many children's stories by Beatrix Potter. Peter was different from the traditional hero of that time. He is small, emotional, easily scared, and a not very wise animal. He first came out in _The Tale of Peter Rabbit_ in 1902. After that, he came out in five more books between 1904 and 1912. Potter made a soft doll shaped like Peter Rabbit, and soon dishes and wallpaper showed pictures of him. He appears as a character in the 1971 ballet movie, _The Tales of Beatrix Potter_ and in the BBC series _The World of Peter Rabbit and Friends_. He was inspired by Potter's pet rabbit, Peter Piper. In stories, he wears human clothes and walks standing up. His mother is Mrs. Josephine Rabbit, and he has three sisters, Flopsy, Mopsy, and Cotton-tail. His popularity made Potter say in 1917, "All rabbits _are_ called Peter now" – but she added "either Peter or Brer Rabbit."

In 2018, a live-action animated movie was released with James Corden voicing Peter Rabbit.

## Further reading

- Mackey, Margaret (2002), Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit: A Children's Classic at 100, Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., ISBN  0810-84197-5
Bouldering

**Bouldering** is a type of rock climbing. Bouldering comes without gear, belayer, and associated distractions. As such, it allows a climber to focus completely on the terrain and their movement. It is climbing heights at which the climber does not usually suffer serious injuries in case of a drop. To protect from injuries there are usually special bouldering mats underneath the climber. It is usually practiced on large natural boulders and in climbing gyms.

## Bouldering basics

Boulder routes are called "problems", because this style is like solving climbing-problems. The height of boulder problems is rarely higher than . Otherwise the risk of injuries is too high. Often other climbers, who stand on the ground, spot the climbers to protect them from hitting the ground with the head or the spine.

## Equipment

The equipment used by boulderers is not much. They use special climbing shoes, a bouldering mat, some brushes to clean the grips and sports tape.

## History

Bouldering was invented in the late 19th century. It has been first documented in France, England and Switzerland. It has been practiced for a long time but in the 1930s and 1940s it was practiced for its own sake in Fontainebleau in France.

Today many rock climbers are specialized boulderers and it is their favourite style of climbing.
1979 (song)

"**1979**" is a song by the American alternative rock band The Smashing Pumpkins.  It was released as the second single from their third studio album, _Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness_.  "1979" was written by frontman Billy Corgan, and features loops and samples that were not like previous Smashing Pumpkins songs. The song was popular with critics and fans; Allmusic's Amy Hanson called it a "somewhat surprising hit". The song was nominated for the Record of the Year and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the Grammy Awards.  They won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Alternative Video.

## Chart positions

|Chart|Peak position||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|width="50%"|{| class="wikitable"||||
|align="left"|Australian Singles Chart|align="center"|16||
|align="left"|Belgian (Flanders) Singles Chart|align="center"|37||
|align="left"|Belgian (Wallonia) Singles Chart|align="center"|21||
|Canadian Singles Chart|align="center"|2|||
|Canadian ‘’RPM’’ Rock/Alternative Chart|align="center"|1|||
|Dutch Top 40|align="center"|29|||
|Finnish Singles Chart|align="center"|11|||
|French Singles Chart|align="center"|38|||
|Irish Singles Chart|align="center"|6|||
|New Zealand Singles Chart|align="center"|9|||
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart|align="center"|16||
|align="left"|US _Billboard_ Hot 100|align="center"|12||
|align="left"|US Mainstream Rock Tracks|align="center"|1||
|align="left"|US Modern Rock Tracks|align="center"|1||
|align="left"|US Top 40 Mainstream|align="center"|10||
|align="left"|US Hot Dance Music/Club Play|align="center"|17||
|align="left"|US Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales|align="center"|47||
|align="left"|US Adult Top 40|align="center"|30|}|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: 1979
- **artist**: The Smashing Pumpkins
- **album**: Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness
- **released**: January 23, 1996
- **recorded**: 1995
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **length**: 4:24
- **label**: Virgin Records
- **writer**: Billy Corgan
- **producer**: Flood (producer), Flood, Alan Moulder and Billy Corgan
- **prev title**: Bullet with Butterfly Wings
- **prev year**: 1995
- **next title**: Zero (song), Zero
- **next year**: 1996
Peugeot 407

The **Peugeot 407** is a mid-size car produced by the French automaker Peugeot between 2004 and 2011. Designed to succeed the Peugeot 406, the 407 was a part of Peugeot's strategy to compete in the D-segment, with rivals such as the Ford Mondeo, Volkswagen Passat, and Renault Laguna. The 407 was offered in several body styles, including a 4-door sedan, a 2-door coupe, and a station wagon (SW), The 407 was facelifted in 2008 and remained in production until it was replaced by the Peugeot 508 in 2011,

### Petrol

- _1.8 16V_ 85 kW (115 hp) and 92 kW (125 hp)
- _2.0 16V_ 100 kW (136 hp) and 103 kW (140 hp)
- _2.2 16V_ 116 kW (158 hp) and 120 kW (163 hp)
- _3.0 V6_ 155 kW (211 hp)

### Diesel

- _1.6 HDi_ 80 kW (109 hp)
- _2.0 HDi_ 100 kW (136 hp), 103 kW (140 hp) and 120 kW (163 hp)
- _2.2 HDi_ 125 kW (170 hp)
- _2.7 HDi_ 150 kW (204 hp)
- _3.0 HDi_ 177 kW (241 hp)
Volkswagen Caddy

The **Volkswagen Caddy** is a van produced by Volkswagen in four generations since 1979.

## First generation (1979–1996)

The first generation Caddy was built from 1979 until 1996. It was based on the Volkswagen Golf Mk1.

In North America, Volkswagen launched the **Volkswagen Rabbit Pickup**, it was made from 1978 to 1984.

## Second generation (1995–2004)

The second generation was made from 1995 to 2004. Two models were available: a van based on the Volkswagen Polo Mk3, and a pickup truck based on the Škoda Felicia.

## Third generation (2003–2020)

The third generation was built from 2003 to 2020. It is based on the Volkswagen Golf Mk5.

In 2004, Volkswagen launched a leisure vehicle called the **Caddy Life**.

In 2010 and 2015, the model was improved at the front and back, It had a new grille, new bonnet, new bumper and new headlamps.

## Fourth generation (2020–present)

The fourth generation Caddy was launched in October 2020. The van version is also called **Caddy Cargo** and **Caddy Commerce** and the leisure vehicle is called the **Caddy Life.**. It is based on the Volkswagen Golf Mk8.

### Ford Tourneo Connect

In 2021, the Ford Tourneo Connect was launched, it is a Volkswagen Caddy Life with a different badge and different interior.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Volkswagen Caddy
- **image**: Volkswagen Caddy Maxi postfacelift in Deidesheim.jpg
- **caption**: 2015 Caddy after improvements
- **manufacturer**: Volkswagen Group
- **aka**: Volkswagen Rabbit Pickup
SEAT Inca (1996-2004)
Volkswagen Van
Ford Tourneo Connect (2021–present)
- **production**: 1980–present
- **class**: Leisure activity vehicle (M-segment, M)
- **body style**: 3-/4-door van
3-door panel van
4-door minivan, MPV
2-door coupé utility
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, front-wheel-drive / Front-engine, four-wheel-drive layout, four-wheel-drive (4motion)
- **predecessor**: Volkswagen Type 147 Kleinlieferwagen, Volkswagen Type 147
- **sp**: uk
- **successor**: Volkswagen Taro (for pickup models, after 1995)
Volkswagen Amarok
SummerSlam (2010)

**SummerSlam (2010)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on August 15, 2010 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the 23rd SummerSlam event held by WWE. There were 6 matches on the card. The main event saw the surprise return of Daniel Bryan, who joined team WWE to fight his former stable The Nexus.

## Results

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**#**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Matches**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3" width="30%"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Evan Bourne defeated Zack Ryder|Singles match|N/A||||||
|Dolph Ziggler (c) vs Kofi Kingston ended in a no contest|Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship|07:05||||||
|Melina defeated Alicia Fox (c)|Singles match for the WWE Divas Championship|05:20||||||
|The Big Show defeated The Straight Edge Society (CM Punk, Joey Mercury and Luke Gallows)|3-on-1 Handicap Match|06:45||||||
|Randy Orton defeated Sheamus (c) by disqualification|Last chance match for the WWE Championship.|18:55||||||
|Kane (c) defeated Rey Mysterio|Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship|13:31||||||
|Team WWE (John Cena, John Morrison, R-Truth, Bret Hart, Edge, Chris Jericho and Daniel Bryan) defeated The Nexus (Wade Barrett, David Otunga, Justin Gabriel, Heath Slater, Darren Young, Skip Sheffield and  Michael Tarver)|Seven-on-seven elimination tag team match|35:19||||||
|colspan="4"||||||||

- 7-on-7 Elimination Tag Team Match
|Elimination|Wrestler|Team|Eliminated by|Time||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Darren Young|rowspan="2" bgcolor="yellow"|Nexus|Daniel Bryan|00:42|
|2|Michael Tarver|John Morrison|03:42|||
|3|John Morrison|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"|WWE|Skip Sheffield|07:32|
|4|R-Truth|Skip Sheffield|07:59|||
|5|Bret Hart|DQ|12:08|||
|6|Skip Sheffield|rowspan="2" bgcolor="yellow"|Nexus|Edge|13:13|
|7|David Otunga|Chris Jericho|19:13|||
|8|Chris Jericho|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#FFBBBB"|WWE|Heath Slater|20:05|
|9|Edge|Heath Slater|20:38|||
|10|Heath Slater|bgcolor=yellow|Nexus|Daniel Bryan|29:02|
|11|Daniel Bryan|bgcolor=#FFBBBB|WWE|Wade Barrett|29:32|
|12|Justin Gabriel|rowspan="2" bgcolor="yellow"|Nexus|John Cena|34:50|
|13|Wade Barrett|John Cena|35:15|||
|colspan="4" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|John Cena (Team WWE)|||||

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: SummerSlam (2010)
- **theme**: "Rip It Up (Jet song), Rip It Up" by Jet (band), Jet
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **date**: August 15, 2010
- **venue**: Staples Center
- **city**: Los Angeles, California
- **lastevent**: Money in the Bank (2010)
- **nextevent**: Night of Champions (2010)
- **event**: SummerSlam
- **lastevent2**: SummerSlam (2009)
- **nextevent2**: SummerSlam (2011)
- **brand**: WWE Raw, Raw
SmackDown
TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2009)

**TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2009)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), that took place on December 13, 2009 at the AT&T Center in San Antonio, Texas. It was the first TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs event held by the WWE and was created to replace the Armageddon in the December slot of WWE's pay-per-view calendar.

## Results

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3;"|**#**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3;"|**Matches**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3;"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3;"|**Time**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Dark|R-Truth defeated CM Punk|Singles match|N/A|||||
|1|Christian (c) defeated Shelton Benjamin|Ladder match for the ECW Championship|18:05|||||
|2|Drew McIntyre defeated John Morrison (c)|Singles match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship|10:19|||||
|3|Michelle McCool (c) (with Layla) defeated Mickie James|Singles match for the WWE Women's Championship|7:31|||||
|4|Sheamus defeated John Cena (c)|Tables match for the WWE Championship|16:19|||||
|5|The Undertaker (c) defeated Batista|Chair match for the World Heavyweight Championship|13:14|||||
|6|Randy Orton defeated Kofi Kingston|Singles match|13:11|||||
|7|D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) defeated Chris Jericho and The Big Show (c)|Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match for the Unified WWE Tag Team Championship|22:32|||||
|colspan="5"||||||||

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
- **theme**: "Hello Hurricane, Bullet Soul" by Switchfoot
- **promotion**: World Wrestling Entertainment
- **date**: December 13, 2009
- **attendance**: 15,226
- **venue**: AT&T Center
- **city**: San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- **lastevent**: Survivor Series (2009)
- **nextevent**: Royal Rumble (2010)
- **event**: WWE TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs, TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs
- **lastevent2**: First
- **nextevent2**: TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2010)
Two of Us (song)

"**Two of Us**" is a song by The Beatles. It was written by Paul McCartney, but it is credited to Lennon/McCartney. Lennon and McCartney sang the song as a duet. It was written for Linda Eastman, McCartney's soon to be wife. It sometimes sounds like it is addressing Lennon, whose relationship with McCartney was tense at that time.

### Intro

At the beginning of the recording Lennon says, > "'I Dig a Pygmy', by Charles Hawtrey and the Deaf Aids... Phase One, in which Doris gets her oats!" The joke was mixed in by Phil Spector for the _Let It Be_ album and also appeared in the _Let It Be_ film, both released in 1970. "I Dig a Pygmy" is an obvious reference to Lennon's song "Dig a Pony" that follows in the album's track order. "The deaf aids" – a British term for hearing aids at the time – was also the nickname given to the Beatles' Vox amplifiers.

### Composition

"Two of Us" was originally a hard rock song. In the _Let It Be_ film, McCartney and Lennon sing the song "rocker" style into the same microphone. McCartney had never been satisfied with this style, which he said was "chunky." And so on 24 January, he and the band reworked it. Lennon had ideas about how the song might sound if Stevie Wonder performed it, and just before revisiting the song, the band had run through the Everly Brothers hit "Cathy's Clown". With these influences and a move from electric guitar to acoustic, the song transformed into the gentler, stripped-down version that fans know today. The Beatles performed a finished version of the song live at Apple Studios on 31 January 1969; this performance was included in both the _Let it Be_ film and album.

The song was originally titled "On Our Way Home". In May 1969, McCartney produced a recording of the song using this title by the group Mortimer, a New York City trio that briefly recorded for Apple, but this recording was never released.

## Writing credit

In his 1980 interview with _Playboy_, when asked who wrote the song, Lennon said "mine", but he may have been distracted at the time by a previous question about "Don't Let Me Down."

- **Playboy**: "Don't Let Me Down"?
- **Lennon**: That's me, singing about Yoko.
- **Playboy**: "Two of Us"?
- **Lennon**: Mine. By the way, Rod Stewart turned "Don't Let Me Down" into [sings] 'Maggie don't go-o-o.' That's one the publishers never noticed...

In fact, in his 1972 interview with the Hit Parader, Lennon said that Two of Us was written by McCartney.

## Personnel

- John Lennon – harmony vocal, acoustic guitar, and whistling.
- Paul McCartney – lead vocal, acoustic guitar and whistling.
- George Harrison – bass-line (played on electric guitar).
- Ringo Starr – drums

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Two of Us
- **artist**: The Beatles
- **album**: Let It Be (album), Let It Be
- **released**: 8 May 1970
- **recorded**: 31 January 1969
- **studio**: Apple Studios
- **genre**: Folk rock
- **length**: 3:33
- **label**: Apple Records, Apple
- **writer**: Lennon/McCartney
- **producer**: Phil Spector
Dig a Pony

"**Dig a Pony**" is a song by The Beatles.

## Composition

John Lennon was the song's composer and singer but the song was credited to Lennon/McCartney. It was originally called "All I Want Is You". Lennon would later comment that he thought the song was "a piece of garbage," though he has shown similar scorn for many of his songs. It was written for his soon-to-be wife Yoko Ono, and featured a multitude of strange, seemingly nonsense phrases which were strung together, culminating in the chorus "All I want is you", aimed at Yoko.

The song was one of the songs on _Let It Be_ that was recorded at the rooftop concert. It begins with a false start, with Ringo Starr yelling "hold it!" to halt the other band members because he was holding a cigarette and had only one drum stick in his hand.

## Personnel

- John Lennon – lead vocal, rhythm guitar
- Paul McCartney – backing vocal, bass
- George Harrison – backing vocal, lead guitar
- Ringo Starr – drums

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Dig a Pony
- **artist**: The Beatles
- **album**: Let It Be (album), Let It Be
- **released**: 8 May 1970
- **recorded**: 30 January 1969
- **genre**: Blues rock, hard rock
- **length**: 3:52
- **label**: Apple Records, Apple, EMI
- **writer**: Lennon/McCartney
- **producer**: Phil Spector
Not Afraid

"**Not Afraid**" is a 2010 hip hop song by the American rapper Eminem, and is the first single from his seventh studio album _Recovery_, which was released in April 27, 2010. The song was written by Eminem, Boi-1da, Luis Resto, J. Evans and M. Burnett.

The song is about how Eminem tried to overcome the troubles in his life from the past few years and mainly his drug addiction and rehabilitation.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Not Afraid
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Eminem
- **album**: Recovery (Eminem album), Recovery
- **recorded**: April 2010
- **studio**: Effigy Studios <small>(Ferndale, Michigan)</small>, Encore Studios <small>(Burbank, California)</small>, Boi-1da Studios <small>(Ajax, Ontario)</small>
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **length**:

- **prev title**: Drop the World
- **prev year**: 2010
- **next title**: Love the Way You Lie
- **next year**: 2010
Recovery

***Recovery*** is the seventh studio album by American rapper Eminem. It was released on June 18, 2010 by Aftermath Entertainment and Shady Records. The album got very good sales and reviews. Four singles were released from the album: "Not Afraid", "Love the Way You Lie", "No Love", and "Space Bound". It won the 2011 Grammy Award for Best Rap Album.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Recovery
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Eminem
- **recorded**: July 2009–May 2010
- **prev title**: Relapse (Eminem album)#Relapse: Refill, Relapse 2 and Recovery, Relapse: Refill
- **prev year**: 2009
- **next title**: The Marshall Mathers LP 2
- **next year**: 2013
Joan Sutherland

**Dame Joan Alston Sutherland** <small>OM AC DBE</small> (7 November 1926 – 10 October 2010) was an Australian operatic soprano, particularly associated with bel canto repertory and French operas. She possessed a voice of great beauty and considerable power combined with extraordinary agility and a brilliant upper register. She was called _La Stupenda_ by the Italian press, which means _The Stupendous One_.

## Life and career

Born in Sydney, Australia, she studied first with her mother and later with John and Aida Dickens. After a few public appearances, notably in Henry Purcell's _Dido and Aenas_ and Eugene Goossens' _Judith_, she left for London, England in 1951 to continue her vocal studies with Clive Carey.

She was hired by the Royal Opera House as a utility soprano, making her debut in 1952, as the First Lady in Mozart's _The Magic Flute_. She went on singing a wide variety of roles such as Amelia (_Un ballo in maschera_), Aida (_Aida_), Agathe (_Der Freischutz_) and Eva (_Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg_), and also created the role of Jennifer in Michael Tippett's _The Midsummer Marriage_ in 1955.

She met and married fellow countryman and accompanist Richard Bonynge in 1954, who recognized her potential for the bel canto repertoire and guided her in that direction. This led to her appearance in Donizetti's _Emilia di Liverpool_ and Handel's _Alcina_ in 1957, and eventually the title role in _Lucia di Lammermoor_ at the Royal Opera House in 1959, which proved a sensational success and launched her international career.

She was rapidly invited to appear at most of the great opera houses of the world (Milan, Paris, New York, etc.) to great acclaim. Some of her most famous roles include; Rossini's _Semiramide_, Bellini's _La sonnambula_, _Norma_, _Beatrice di Tenda_, _I puritani_, Donizetti's _Lucrezia Borgia_, _Maria Stuarda_, Verdi's _La traviata_, amongst many others. She also resurrected some long neglected works like Massenet's _Le Roi de Lahore_ and _Esclarmonde_.

Sutherland retired from the stage in 1990. She was made a Dame of the British Empire (DBE) in 1978. She died of cardiopulmonary failure at her home near Montreux, Switzerland, at the age of 83. She was buried at the nearby cemetery of Clarens.

## References

- _The New Everyman Dictionary of Music_, Eric Blom, revised by David Cummings, D.M. Dent & Sons Limited, 1988.
Love the Way You Lie

"**Love the Way You Lie**" is a 2010 hip hop song by the American rapper Eminem and featured Barbadian singer Rihanna, and is the second single from his seventh studio album _Recovery_, which was released in 2010. The song was written by Eminem, A. Grant, H. Hafferman, M. Riddick.

H. Hafferman is Holly Brook Hafermann who now writes and records as Skylar Grey.

The song's music video stars Megan Fox and Dominic Monaghan as a couple in a violent abusive love-hate relationship.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Love the Way You Lie
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Eminem featuring Rihanna
- **album**: Recovery (Eminem album), Recovery
- **recorded**: April–May 2010
- **studio**: *Effigy, Ferndale, Michigan
*Sun, Dublin, Ireland
- **chronology**: Eminem
- **prev title**: Not Afraid
- **prev year**: 2010
- **next title**: No Love
- **next year**: 2010
Chicken Huntin'

"**Chicken Huntin**'" is a 1995 midwest hip hop song by the American Horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse and is the first single from their third studio album _Riddle Box_, which was released in 1995. The song was produced by Insane Clown Posse and Mike Clark.

The song is about meeting and killing multiple racist rednecks, who the band referred to as 'Chickens'.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Chicken Huntin'
- **artist**: Insane Clown Posse
- **album**: Riddle Box
- **released**: August 28, 1995
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **writer**: Insane Clown Posse, ICP
Mike E. Clark, Mike Clark
Halls of Illusions

"**Halls of Illusions**" is a 1997 midwest hip hop song by the American horrorcore band Insane Clown Posse. It is the first single from their fourth studio album _The Great Milenko_ (1997). The song was produced by Insane Clown Posse and Mike Clark. It featured Slash on guitar.

The song is about the band's hatred towards child abuse and domestic violence.
The song has swearing but is loved by many Juggalos.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Halls of Illusions
- **artist**: Insane Clown Posse featuring Slash (musician), Slash
- **album**: The Great Milenko
- **released**: 1997
- **genre**: Midwest hip hop, horrorcore, rap metal
- **length**: 4:21
- **writer**: * Violent J, Joseph Bruce
* Mike E. Clark
* Shaggy 2 Dope, Joseph Utsler
- **producer**: * Mike E. Clark
* Insane Clown Posse
Little ground squirrel

The **little ground squirrel** (_Spermophilus pygmaeus_) is a species of rodent in the Sciuridae family. It is found in Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

The Caucasian mountain ground squirrel, _Spermophilus musicus_, was previously a subspecies, but is now a separate species.

This species is diurnal and lives in grassland, uncultivated ground, field edges and roadside verges. It avoids areas with dense long vegetation. It lives in colonies and builds burrows. It makes permanent burrows for hibernation and reproduction and temporary burrows for shelter. Before hibernation, all exits from the burrow are plugged by soil. In March or April the entrances are opened, the burrows cleaned and new construction starts. It uses mounds on the surface as look-out points.
Montserrat Caballé

**Montserrat Caballé** (12 April 1933 – 6 October 2018) was a Spanish (Catalan) operatic soprano. She was one of the greatest opera singers of the 20th century. She possessed a voice of remarkable beauty and considerable power, range and agility enabling her to sing a wide variety of roles. After her sensational success as Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia,  she was particularly associated with the bel canto repertoire in which she was considered one of the finest modern exponents.

## Life and career

Caballé was born in Barcelona, Spain. She studied at the Music Conservatory there and graduated in 1954 with a gold medal. She began her professional career in Basel in 1956 as Mimi in _La bohème_. She then joined the Bremen Opera. She sang from 1959 to 1962 in a wide variety of roles.

International recognition came in 1965, when she appeared in a concert performance of Donizetti's _Lucrezia Borgia_ at Carnegie Hall in New York City as a replacement for an indisposed Marilyn Horne. The performance won her great acclaim from the public and critics alike, and it made her an overnight sensation. Her success led to her first performance at the Metropolitan Opera that same year as Marguerite in Gounod's _Faust_.

She was later invited to sing at most of the major opera houses and festivals of the world. She was especially admired in works by composers such as Rossini, Donizetti, Bellini and Verdi. She revived a number of long-neglected works by these composers.

In 1987, she duetted with Queen frontman Freddie Mercury for the hit single _Barcelona_. That single became a hit again in 1992 during the Olympics that were being held there.

From 1964 until her death, she was married to tenor Bernabé Martí. They had two children.

Caballé died on 6 October 2018 at the age of 85 from a gallbladder infection in Barcelona.

## Sources

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
- _Le Guide de l'Opéra_, Roland Mancini & Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, Fayard, 1986.
Maria Callas

**Maria Callas** (December 3, 1923 – September 16, 1977) was a Greek soprano. She was one of the most famous and most controversial opera singers of the 20th century. She had a very distinctive voice of great range, power and agility enabling her to sing a wide variety of roles and was a singer-actress of great dramatic intensity. She was dubbed _La Divina_ (_The Divine One_) by her admirers. She was mainly associated with the Italian repertoire, particularly Bellini's _Norma_, Donizetti's _Lucia di Lammermoor_, Verdi's _La traviata_ and Puccini's _Tosca_.

## Life and career

Maria was born **Maria Kalogeroupoulou** at Terence Cardinal Cooke Health Care Center in New York City, to Greek parents, she returned to Greece in 1937, with her mother and older sister. There, she studied singing with Elvira de Hidalgo, and made her debut while still a teenager with the Athens Opera in 1941.

During a short return to America to visit her father in 1945, she auditioned at the Metropolitan Opera without success. Her first major break came with her Italian debut in Verona in 1947, as _La Gioconda_. There, she met conductor Tullio Serafin who became her mentor and guided her towards the bel canto repertoire. She sang her first _Norma_ in Florence in 1948, and the following year, as a last minute replacement, she appeared as Elvira in Bellini's _I puritani_ in Venice, which was to be her first great success.

In 1949, she married industrialist Giovanni Battista Meneghini who became her manager. She was sometimes known as Maria Meneghini Callas after her marriage.

Shortly after, she made her debut at La Scala in Milan, where the major part of her career and greatest triumphs were to take place. In collaboration with conductors like Carlo Maria Giulini, Leonard Bernstein, Gianandrea Gavazzeni, and directors like Franco Zeffirelli and Luchino Visconti, lavish productions of works such as Cherubini's _Medea_, Spontini's _La Vestale_, Bellini's _La sonnambula_ and _Norma_, Donizetti's _Anna Bolena_ and _Poliuto_, Verdi's _La traviata_ and _Un ballo in maschera_, were made especially for her to great acclaim.

She also made guest appearances at the Royal Opera House in London, the Berlin State Opera, the Paris Opéra, the Lyric Chicago Opera, the Dallas Opera and  the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.

In 1958, she met Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis which led to her divorce from Meneghini, and slowly began to withdraw from the stage. Her final appearance was in _Tosca_ in London in 1965. She made a last world concert tour in 1973–74 with her often partner tenor Giuseppe Di Stefano, but by then her voice was almost gone.

Callas died of a heart attack in Paris, France, at the age of 53.

## Reference

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
- Broadcast  auditions (2) “Maria Callas” (cycle “From collection of the rare recordings” by Maxim Malkov – in Russian).