juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mansfield Town F.C.

**Mansfield Town F.C.** is a football club which plays in England.

## Name

- 1897-1906 **Mansfield Wesleyans F.C.**
- 1906-1910 **Mansfield Wesley F.C.**
- 1910-present **Mansfield Town F.C.**

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Third Division|13th|
|2001/02|Third Division|3rd|
|2002/03|Second Division|23rd|
|2003/04|Third Division|5th|
|2004/05|League Two|13th|
|2005/06|League Two|16th|
|2006/07|League Two|17th|
|2007/08|League Two|23rd|
|2008/09|Conference|12th / National|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Mansfield Town F.C.
- **fullname**: Mansfield Town Football Club
- **founded**: 1897
- **ground**: Field Mill
Mansfield
- **capacity**: 10,000
- **chairman**: Andrew Perry
- **manager**: David Holdsworth
- **league**: Football Conference, Conference
- **season**: 2008/09
- **position**: Football Conference, Conference, 12th / National
Wrexham A.F.C.

**Wrexham A.F.C.** is a football club located in Wrexham, Wales but playing in the English league system. Wrexham are also the oldest Welsh club in football. It will be playing in EFL Championship, during the 2025-26 season..

The club has received major international publicity since being purchased in November 2020 by American actor Rob McElhenney and Canadian–American actor Ryan Reynolds, with the purchase completed in February 2021. Their ownership of the club has since been the subject of the documentary series _Welcome to Wrexham_. The series airs on FX and Hulu in the United States and Disney+ in the UK and Ireland.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000–01|Second Division|10th|
|2001–02|Second Division|23rd|
|2002–03|Third Division|3th|
|2003–04|Second Division|13th|
|2004–05|League One|22nd|
|2005–06|League Two|13th|
|2006–07|League Two|19th|
|2007–08|League Two|24th|
|2008–09|Conference|10th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Wrexham A.F.C.
- **fullname**: Wrexham Association Football Club
- **founded**: 1864
- **ground**: Racecourse Ground
Wrexham
- **capacity**: 15,550
- **owner**: RR McReynolds Company LLC
(Ryan Reynolds and Rob McElhenney)
- **manager**: Phil Parkinson
Shrewsbury Town F.C.

**Shrewsbury Town Football Club** is a professional football club from Shrewsbury, the county town of Shropshire in England. They currently compete in League One, the third level of football in England. They play their home games at New Meadow. The club was founded in 1886. They are nicknamed _The Shrews_, _Salop_, _The Blues_ and _Town_.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Third Division|15th|
|2001/02|Third Division|9th|
|2002/03|Third Division|24th|
|2003/04|Conference|3rd|
|2004/05|League Two|21st|
|2005/06|League Two|10th|
|2006/07|League Two|7th|
|2007/08|League Two|18th|
|2008/09|League Two|7th|
|2017/18||League One||3rd
|}

## Current players

- _Players correct as of 17 March 2021._

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Shrewsbury Town
- **image**:
- **caption**: Shrewsbury Town FC loggerheads crest
- **fullname**: Shrewsbury Town Football Club
- **nickname**: The Shrews, Salop, The Blues, Town
- **founded**: 1886
- **ground**: New Meadow
- **capacity**: 9,875
- **chairman**: Roland Wycherley
- **manager**: Steve Cotterill
- **league**: Football League One, League One
- **season**: The Football League 2019-20, 2019–20
- **position**: Football League One, League One, 15th
Cambridge United F.C.

**Cambridge United F.C.** is an English football club based in Cambridge that currently plays in the EFL League One, the third tier of English football.

## Name

- 1912-1951 **Abbey United F.C.**
- 1951-present **Cambridge United F.C.**

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Second Division|19th|
|2001/02|Second Division|24th|
|2002/03|Third Division|12th|
|2003/04|Third Division|13th|
|2004/05|League Two|24th|
|2005/06|Conference|12th / National|
|2006/07|Conference|17th / National|
|2007/08|Conference|2nd / National|
|2008/09|Conference|2nd / National|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Cambridge United F.C.
- **fullname**: Cambridge United Football Club
- **founded**: 1912
- **ground**: Abbey Stadium
Cambridge
- **capacity**: 9,617
- **chairman**: Dave Doggett
- **manager**: Shaun Derry
- **league**: Football Conference, Conference
- **season**: 2008/09
- **position**: Football Conference, Conference, 2nd / National
Rushden & Diamonds F.C.

**Rushden & Diamonds F.C.** was a football club which played in Irthlingborough, England. The club was formed in 1992, when Rushden Town and Irthlingborough Diamonds merged. They were liquidated in 2011, and the fans decided to form a new club called AFC Rushden & Diamonds.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Conference|Champions|
|2001/02|Third Division|6th|
|2002/03|Third Division|Champions|
|2003/04|Second Division|22nd|
|2004/05|League Two|22nd|
|2005/06|League Two|24th|
|2006/07|Conference|12th / National|
|2007/08|Conference|16th / National|
|2008/09|Conference|11th / National|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Rushden & Diamonds F.C.
- **fullname**: Rushden & Diamonds Football Club
- **founded**: 1992
- **ground**: Nene Park
Irthlingborough
- **capacity**: 6,441
- **chairman**: Keith Cousins
- **manager**: Justin Edinburgh
- **league**: Football Conference, Conference
- **season**: 2008/09
- **position**: Football Conference, Conference, 11th / National
Yeovil Town F.C.

**Yeovil Town F.C.** is a football club that plays in England.

## Name

- 1895-1907 **Yeovil Casuals F.C.**
- 1907-1908 **Yeovil Town F.C.**
- 1908-1914 **Petters United F.C.**
- 1914-1946 **Yeovil & Petters United F.C.**
- 1946-present **Yeovil Town F.C.**

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2003/04|Third Division|8th|
|2004/05|League Two|Champions|
|2005/06|League One|15th|
|2006/07|League One|5th|
|2007/08|League One|18th|
|2008/09|League One|17th|
|2009/10|||
|2010/11|||
|2011/12|||
|2012/13|||
|2013/14|||
|2014/15|League One|24th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Yeovil Town F.C.
- **fullname**: Yeovil Town Football Club
- **founded**: 1895
- **ground**: Huish Park
Lufton Way
Yeovil
- **capacity**: 9,665
- **chairman**: Scott Priestnall
- **manager**: Paul Sturrock
- **captain**: Joe Edwards
- **league**: Football League One, League One
- **season**: The Football League 2009–10, 2014/15
- **position**: Football League One, League One, 24th
Peterborough United F.C.

**Peterborough United F.C.** is a football club which plays in England.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Second Division|12th|
|2001/02|Second Division|17th|
|2002/03|Second Division|11th|
|2003/04|Second Division|18th|
|2004/05|League One|23rd|
|2005/06|League Two|9th|
|2006/07|League Two|10th|
|2007/08|League Two|2nd|
|2008/09|League One|2nd|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Peterborough United F.C.
- **fullname**: Peterborough United Football Club
- **nickname**: The Posh
- **founded**: 1934
- **ground**: London Road Stadium
Peterborough
- **capacity**: 15,460
- **chairman**: Darragh MacAnthony
- **manager**: Darren Ferguson
- **captain**: Grant Mcann
- **league**: Football League One, League One
- **season**: The Football League 2012–13, 2012/13
- **position**: Football League Championship, League Championship, 22nd
Robinson Sucroe

***Robinson Sucroe***, is a French animated series created by Claude Robinson.

## Characters

- Robinson Sucroë
- Mercredi
- Uglyston
- Capitaine Courtecuisse
- Capitaine Brisk
- Dimanche Midi
- M. Floyd

## Épisodes

1. L'Île du tourteau
1. L'Île flottante
1. Courtecuisse 1<sup>er</sup>
1. Mission impossible
1. Le Concours de sieste
1. La Belle Captive
1. Diva des îles
1. Le Manuscrit volé
1. Embrouille et ratatouille
1. Coup de foudre
1. Le Perroquet de Uglyston
1. Bienvenue M. Floydd
1. L'Épave du Toulesjours
1. Robinson beach
1. Adieu Robinson
1. La Guerre des Robinson
1. Un monstre dans l'île
1. L'Île en folie
1. L'Apprenti journaliste
1. La Vie de pirate
1. Drôles de bêtes
1. L'Élixir d'amour
1. Maman a raison
1. Toute la vérité
1. Voyage organisé
1. Coup double
Christiaan Eijkman

**Christiaan Eijkman** (August 11, 1858 - November 5, 1930) was a Dutch doctor. He won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Sir Frederick Hopkins, for the discovery of vitamins

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Christiaan Eijkman
- **image**: Christiaan Eijkman.jpg
- **caption**: Christiaan Eijkman
- **birth date**: August 11, 1858
- **birth place**: Nijkerk, Netherlands
- **death date**: November 5, 1930
- **death place**: Utrecht (city), Utrecht, Netherlands
- **field**: Tropical diseases
- **alma mater**: University of Amsterdam
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1929)
Frederick Hopkins

Sir **Frederick Gowland Hopkins** <small>OM FRS</small> (20 June 1861 – 16 May 1947) was an English chemist. He won the 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Christiaan Eijkman, for the discovery of vitamins.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Frederick Gowland Hopkins
- **image**: Frederick Gowland Hopkins nobel.jpg
- **birth date**: 20 June 1861
- **death date**: 16 May 1947
- **alma mater**: University College, London
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1929)
Simon Cowell (conservationist)

**Simon Maxwell Cowell**  (19 April 1952 – 9 June 2024) was a British conservationist, television presenter, and author who hosted the Animal Planet documentary series _Wildlife SOS_. He was the co-founder of a Leatherhead, Surrey, based charity called Wildlife Aid.

In June 2005, Simon was given an MBE for his services to wildlife.

Simon lived in Leatherhead, Surrey. He received a PhD for Biological sciences at Jesus College, Cambridge.

In late June 2022, Simon Cowell was diagnosed with a bad form of terminal lung cancer during a routine doctor's appointment. His charity, Wildlife Aid, is run out of his home. He died of complications from the lung cancer on 9 June 2024, at the age of 72.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Simon Cowell
- **honorific suffix**: Order of the British Empire, MBE
- **birth name**: Simon Cowell
- **birth place**: Essex, England
- **spouse**: Jillian Geraldine Cowell (divorced)
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: Jesus College, Cambridge (PhD)
- **education**: City of London Freemen's School
- **years active**: 1983–2024
- **occupation**: TV presenter, conservationist, author
- **organization**: Wildlife Aid Foundation
Yasunari Kawabata

**Yasunari Kawabata** (14 June 1899–16 April 1972) was a Japanese writer.  He was the winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Literature.  He was the first Japanese author to receive the award.

## Related pages

- List of Nobel Prize winners by country
2018

**2018** (MMXVIII) was a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- January 1 – Estonia takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from the United Kingdom.
- January 20-22 – The United States government enters a shutdown due to a dispute over the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA)
- February did not experience a completely realized full moon this year
- February 9-25 – 2018 Winter Olympics were held in Pyeongchang, South Korea.
- March 1 – President Donald Trump announced import for tariff steel 25% and 10% of Aluminum.
- March 8 – Women Democratic Front started a 'Women's Freedom March' along with other groups to protest violence against women and other issues related to women in Pakistan.
- April 23 – A white van collided with numerous pedestrians killing nine and injuring sixteen others at Yonge Street in Toronto.
- May 9 – Mahathir Mohamad's opposition coalition wins Malaysia's general election. Mahathir previously served as the country's prime minister from 1981 to 2003.
- June 14 - July 15 — 2018 FIFA World Cup was held in Russia.
- July 1 – Andrés Manuel López Obrador is elected President of Mexico.
- July 1 – Bulgaria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union from Estonia.
- July 27 – Mars made its closest approach to Earth since 2003. It will not be as close as the 2003 opposition.
- August 11 – The final Drum Corps International World Championship to be held in the Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana, after an 11-year run.
- September 16 – Swedish general election for the Riksdag take place.
- September 28 – An earthquake and tsunami hits Sulawesi, Indonesia killing 2,256 people.
- October 23 – The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge is opened for the public to use. It is the longest bridge in the world that crosses a sea.
- November 6 – The United States mid-term elections take place.
- December 22 – A tsunami hits the Sunda Strait in Indonesia, killing more than 430 people.

### Computer and video games

Games set in 2018:
- _Fortnite_ (2018)
- _Krazy Ivan_ (1996)
- _Trauma Center: Under the Knife_ (2005)
- _Phoenix Wright: Trials and Tribulations_ (2007)

### Movies

- _Rollerball_ (1975)
- _Terminator Salvation_ (2009)
- _I Spit on Your Rave_ (2010)
- _Iron Sky_ (2011)

### Literature

- _Halting State_ (2007) by Charles Stross.

### Television series

- The storyline for the sci-fi television series _seaQuest DSV_ begins in 2018.
- The second season of Code Geass takes place in 2018.

### Science

- _1,000 petaflops 100 million core computer_
- _Driverless Cars_
- _Exomars launch_

## Births

- June 22 - Kashe Quest
2019

**2019** (MMXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- January 1 – All works published in 1923, other than sound recordings, entered the public domain in the United States. This was the first automatic extension of the public domain in the U.S. since the 1998 Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act. (Works published before 1923 were already in the public domain.)
    - Jair Bolsonaro began his four-year term as President of Brazil.
    - Unmanned space probe _New Horizons_ makes a close approach of the Kuiper belt object (KBO) (486958) 2014 MU69 at 05:33 UTC.
    - Qatar withdrew from OPEC.
    - Same-sex marriage became legal in Austria.
- January 15-January 16 — Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack
- January 18 — A pipeline explosion in Tlahuelilpan, Mexico killed 96 people and 48 are injured.
- January 19 – A magnitude 6.7 earthquake hits Coquimbo, Chile. Two people were killed, and 200,000 others were left without power.
- January 27 — 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings
- February 1 — President of the United States Donald Trump said the U.S. will leave the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
- February 12 — The Republic of Macedonia was renamed North Macedonia as it joined NATO and the European Union.
- March 10 — A plane crashed near Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, killing all 157 people on board.
- March 15 — Two mass shootings took place in Christchurch, New Zealand during a white supremacist terrorist attack and killed 51 people.
- April 21 — 2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings
- April 30 — 2019 UNCC shooting
- May 2 – Elections for the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly.
- May 11 – John Walker Lindh was released from prison.
- June 4 – 2019 Darwin shooting
- June 14 – June Spencer turned 100
- July 1 – Romania took over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union.
- July 24 — Boris Johnson replaced Theresa May as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
- August 3 — 2019 El Paso shooting
- August 4
    - 2019 Dayton shooting
    - 2019 Cairo bombing
- August 31 – Midland–Odessa shooting
- October 21 — 2019 Canadian federal election
- December 1-present : The Covid-19 pandemic began in Wuhan, China.
- December 26 – A solar eclipse is visible in South Asia.
2021

**2021** (MMXXI) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar.

Like 2020, the year 2021 was also defined by the COVID-19 pandemic.  Multiple variants emerged.  The rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, which began in late 2020, continued in this year.
2022

**2022** (MMXXII) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar.

The year saw the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic when the Omicron variant spread rapidly.  With cases and deaths decreasing, most pandemic restrictions were lifted.  The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines continued in 2022.
2024

**2024** (MMXXIV) was a leap year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar.

Over 80 countries held national elections in 2024, and all developed democracies' ruling parties lost vote share. The year saw the continuation of major wars, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Israel-Hamas War.
2025

**2025** (MMXXV) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar.

The year saw the continuation of armed conflicts, including the Russia-Ukraine war and the Gaza war.  New armed conflicts also emerged, including the India-Pakistan conflict and the Iran-Israel war.
Acid Survivors Foundation

The **Acid Survivors Foundation** is a Bangladeshi organization that helps victims of acid attacks and tries to prevent these attacks..

It was founded in 1999 with support from UNICEF and the Canadian International Development Agency. In 2005 the co-founder Monira Rahman was granted the Human Rights Award of Amnesty International.

### Acid attacks from 1999 to 2005

|rowspan=2 width="20%"|Period|rowspan=2 width="20%"|Number of incidents|colspan=2 align="center" width="60%"|Number of persons attacked|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|May-December: 1999|115|58|139|||
|2000|172|98|235|||
|2001|250|140|344|||
|2002|366|219|487|||
|2003|335|185|412|||
|2004|266|180|325|||
|2005|212|144|268|||

### Comparative statistics of 2005 and 2006

|rowspan=3 width="20%"|Months|colspan=2 width="20%"|Number of incidents|colspan=5 align="center" width="60%"|Number of persons attacked|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|width="10%"|2006|width="10%"|2005|||||
|January|10|10|7|3|4|14|12|
|February|12|16|9|2|2|13|19|
|March|12|14|12|2|4|18|18|
|April|13|18|8|7|2|17|22|
|**Total**|47|58|36|14|12|62|71|

- Source
    - Acid Survivors Foundation
Statistics of Acid Attack 1999 to 2005
Shmuel Yosef Agnon

**Shmuel Yosef Agnon** (July 17, 1888 – February 17, 1970) was an Israeli writer and winner of the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature.

He was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym **Shai Agnon.** In English, his works are published under the name **S. Y. Agnon**.

## See too

- In the Heart of the Seas

## Other websites

- Nobel Prize lecture

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Shmuel Yosef Agnon
- **image size**: 225
- **caption**: Shmuel Yosef Agnon, 1924
- **birth name**: Shmuel Yosef Halevi Czaczkes
- **birth place**: Buczacz, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Galicia
(now Buchach, Ukraine)
- **death place**: Jerusalem, Israel
- **resting place**: Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery
- **language**: Hebrew
- **nationality**: Israeli
- **genre**: Novels, short story, short stories, poetry
- **spouse**: Esther Marx
Acid throwing

**Acid throwing** or **vitriolage** is a form of violent assault. Sometimes the crime is called **acid attack**. The attackers throw acid or other corrosive substances at their victims. Usually they throw it at the targets' faces. They want to damage skin tissue, even to expose and to dissolve the bones. The consequences of these attacks include blindness and permanent scars of the face and body.

In India, the number of acid attacks have been rising. There had been 68 acid attacks in Karnataka alone (of which Bengaluru is the capital) since 1999. These are only the cases that have been reported. Unlike India, Bangladesh has introduced the death penalty for throwing acid and laws strictly controlling the sales of acids since 2002. An important role for the introduction of that legislation had the Acid Survivors Foundation.

Acid throwing is a crime in most countries in the world.  Many Islamic countries have the concept of qisas, or retributive justice. With this, a victim can ask that the attacker be disfigured in a similar way. That way, an Iranian court ordered that the attacker of a woman who was blinded by such an attack, be blinded as well.

## Epidemiology

According to researchers and activists, countries with many occurrences of acid attacks include Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, United Kingdom, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Acid attacks have been reported however in countries around the world, including:

- Afghanistan
- Australia
- Bangladesh
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Cambodia
- China
    - Hong Kong S.A.R.
- Colombia
- France
- Gabon
- Germany
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Jamaica
- Kenya
- Laos
- Mexico
- Myanmar
- Nepal
- Nigeria
- Philippines
- Pakistan
- Russia
- Sri Lanka
- Sweden
- South Africa
- Taiwan
- Tanzania
- Thailand
- Uganda
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Vietnam

Additionally, evidence for acid attacks exists in other regions of the world such as South America, Central and North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. However, South Asian countries maintain the highest incidence of acid attacks.

Police in the United Kingdom have noted that many victims are scared to come forward to report attacks, meaning the nobody knows how many attacks have happened.

## Related pages

- Domestic violence
- Monira Rahman

## Other websites

- Bangladesh: Acid Attacks in Bangladesh: A Voice for the Victims
- Cambodia: Living in the Shadows: Acid Attacks in Cambodia Report
- China: Hospital offers surgery to victim of acid attack
- South Asia: Acid attacks on the rise in South Asia
- Pakistan: A 16 year old boy was badly injured in an acid attack after he refused a Muslim cleric's sexual advances
- Thailand: 6 teens hurt in acid attack
- Iran: Woman blinded by acid wants same fate for attacker
Nelly Sachs

**Nelly Sachs** (; 10 December 1891 – 12 May 1970) was a German-Swedish poet and playwright. She is a Nobel Prize winner and of Jewish descent.

## Works

- In the Dwellings of Death

## Other websites

- Nobel Prize Lecture

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Nelly Sachs
- **image**: Nelly Sachs 1966.jpg
- **caption**: Nelly Sachs, 1966
- **birth name**: Leonie Sachs
- **birth place**: Schöneberg, Germany
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **occupation**: Poetry, Poet, Playwright
- **nationality**: German, Swedish
- **signature**: Nelly Sachs Signature.jpg
1594

## Events

- February 27 – Henry IV of France became the king of France.
- March 21 – Henry IV of France entered Paris for the first time.
2008 in science

The year 2008 in science had some important events, listed below.

## Events

- January 15 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes its first flyby of Mercury at 200 km height.
- August 1 - Total solar eclipse that could be seen in Canada, Siberia, Mongolia and northern China.
- October 6 - NASA's MESSENGER spacecraft makes the second flyby of Mercury.

## Deaths

- April 13 - John Archibald Wheeler, theoretical physicist
- April 16 - Edward Norton Lorenz, mathematician and meteorologist
- April 29 - Albert Hofmann, chemist
- May 15 - Willis Lamb, physicist, winner of the 1955 Nobel Prize in Physics
Tikrit

**Tikrit** () sometimes known as **Takrit** or **Tekrit**, is a city in Iraq, located  northwest of Baghdad and  southeast of Mosul on the Tigris River. It is the capital of the Saladin Governorate. As of 2012, it has a population of 160,000.

At least 80% majority of the people are Sunni. Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq through April 2003, was born there; he considered it his hometown. He was actually born in a village on the outskirts of Tikrit, however in a part of Tikrit municipality.

## Other websites

- How Tikrit has Changed the War - Counteroffensive in Tikrit March 2015
- Iraq Image - Tikrit Satellite Observation

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Tikrit
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Tikrit Palace.jpg
- **image caption**: Looking north along the Tigris towards Saddam Hussein's Presidential palace in April 2003
- **pushpin map**: Iraq
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Tikrit within Iraq
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Governorate
- **subdivision name1**: Saladin Governorate, Salah ad Din
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Omar Tariq Ismail
- **unit pref**: metric
- **population as of**: 2012
- **population total**: 160,000
- **elevation m**: 137
- **elevation ft**: 449
2007 in science

The year 2007 in science had some important events, listed below.

## Events

- March 3 - A total lunar eclipse happened that could be seen in some parts of America and Asia, and in all of Europe and Africa.
- March 19 - A partial solar eclipse happened that could be seen in Asia.
- April 25 - The planet Gliese 581 c was found.
- August 28 - A total lunar eclipse happened that could be seen in some parts of America and Asia, and all of Australasia and the Pacific Ocean.
- September 27 - NASA's spacecraft Dawn is launched.

## Deaths

- July 23 - Ernst Otto Fischer
White nose syndrome

**White nose syndrome** (**WNS**) is a condition which has caused many bats in the United States and Canada to die. The condition is named _white nose_ because the affected bats have a fungus around their nose which is white. It was discovered in February 2006.

The disease was first reported in January 2007 in some New York caves. It spread to other New York caves and into Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut in 2008. In early 2009 it was found in New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. West Virginia  In March 2010, it was found in Ontario, Canada, and Middle Tennessee.  In 2012, new cases showed up in northeastern Ohio, and Acadia National Park in Maine. New confirmed cases appeared in 2013 in Georgia, South Carolina, and Illinois.
2006 in science

The year 2006 in science had some important events, listed below.

## Events

- January 19 - The NASA spacecraft New Horizons was launched for a journey to Pluto.
- January 25 - The planet OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb was found.
- February 1 - The dwarf planet Eris was found to be bigger than Pluto.
- March 19 - total solar eclipse that could be seen in Brazil, Greece, mid Atlantic Ocean, Sahara, Turkey, Georgia, Russia, Kazakhstan and Mongolia.
- June 30 - scientists found 9 more natural satellites of Saturn.
- August 24 - Pluto was ordered as a dwarf planet instead of a planet.
- September 13 -  received the name Eris.

## Deaths

- May 14 - Robert Bruce Merrifield, chemist
- May 31 - Raymond Davis, Jr., chemist and physicist.
- August 9 - James Van Allen, American space scientist
Missy Peregrym

**Melissa "Missy" Peregrym** (born June 16, 1982 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian actress.

### Personal life

Peregrym lived in Surrey, British Columbia with her mom, dad, and sisters in her early childhood. She played many sports as a child and through her teenage years. She liked to play soccer, lacrosse, snowboarding and hockey. She is currently dating Ben Roethlisberger.

### Careers

Peregrym began her career as a model at the age of 18. Later, she began to do commercials. In 2002, she began acting and guest starring in a few shows, then she made her career breakthrough when she was 24 when she starred in the movie _Stick It_, where her main character was a tomboy athlete (much like herself).
Ken Follett

**Kenneth Martin Follett** <small>CBE</small> (born 5 June 1949) is a Welsh writer, known as **Ken Follett**. He was born in Cardiff, Wales. Follett has written many detective books and history novels. He has sold 100 million copies of his books.
British National Party

The **British National Party** (or BNP for short) is a far-right and fascist political party in the United Kingdom. The party was led by Nick Griffin from 1999, until 2014 and the current leader of the BNP is Adam Walker.

In 2009, the party had 2 MEPs (Members of European Parliament) out of 73 British seats in the European Parliament. Those two seats were held by Griffin and Andrew Brons. It has no seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom or the devolved assemblies.

The BNP was started in 1982, by John Tyndall (politician).

In November 2012, the British Democratic Party was started by Brons. Brons started the party after leaving the BNP in October 2012. Brons wants the BDP to end the BNP. He does not like the BNP because he thinks its ideology is not extreme enough. Griffin lost his seat in the European Parliament in 2014.

## Related pages

- Extremism
- Race (sociology)
Differentiation

**Differentiation** is a term used in different senses.

- Cell differentiation
- Derivative (mathematics)
FC Utrecht

**FC Utrecht** is a football club which plays in the Netherlands.

It was a merger of three clubs from the city of Utrecht: **Door Oefening Sterk**, **USV Elinkwijk** and **Velox** in 1970.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Eredivisie|5th|
|2001/02|Eredivisie|7th|
|2002/03|Eredivisie|8th|
|2003/04|Eredivisie|10th|
|2004/05|Eredivisie|11th|
|2005/06|Eredivisie|6th|
|2006/07|Eredivisie|9th|
|2007/08|Eredivisie|10th|
|2008/09|Eredivisie|9th|
|2009/10|Eredivisie|7th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: FC Utrecht
- **fullname**: Football Club Utrecht
- **founded**: 1970
- **ground**: Stadion Galgenwaard, Utrecht (city), Utrecht
- **capacity**: 24,426
- **chairman**: Jan Willem van Dop
- **manager**: René Hake
- **league**: Eredivisie
- **season**: 2009/10
- **position**: Eredivisie, 7th
Sparta Rotterdam

**Sparta Rotterdam** is a football club which plays in Netherlands.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Eredivisie|17th|
|2001/02|Eredivisie|17th|
|2002/03|Eerste Divisie|8th|
|2003/04|Eerste Divisie|3rd|
|2004/05|Eerste Divisie|2nd|
|2005/06|Eredivisie|14th|
|2006/07|Eredivisie|13th|
|2007/08|Eredivisie|13th|
|2008/09|Eredivisie|13th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Sparta Rotterdam
- **fullname**: Sparta Rotterdam
- **founded**: 1888
- **ground**: Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel
Rotterdam
- **capacity**: 11,026
- **chairman**: Hans van Heelsbergen
- **manager**: Frans Adelaar
- **league**: Eredivisie
- **season**: 2008/09
- **position**: Eredivisie, 13th
Road number

A **road number** is usually given to a portion of public roadway. The chosen number often depends on the type of road. The numbers will be different if the road is an interstate, a motorway, an arterial thoroughfare, a two-lane road, and so forth.

## United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the route number has a letter and a number. It is between 1 and 4 digits/numbers long. For instance, the main road from London to Edinburgh is called the A1. The "A" means it is a first class route. This also means it is more important than "B" roads. The A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 begin in London and go towards various towns around the coast. Roads which start in the area between the A1 and the A2 must start with the number 1 (A137, B1412), etc. Scotland is also divided into zones by the A7, A8 and A9 leave from Edinburgh. Motorways have the letter "M", for example the M25. Motorways have a different numbering system from "A" and "B" roads.

This system is used in other European countries (for example, Spain and France).
AFC Door Wilskracht Sterk

**AFC Door Wilskracht Sterk** is a football club which plays in Netherlands.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1958/59|Eredivisie|15th|
|1959/60|Eredivisie|10th|
|1960/61|Eredivisie|8th|
|1961/62|Eredivisie|16th|
|1963/64|Eredivisie|Champions|
|1964/65|Eredivisie|2nd|
|1965/66|Eredivisie|4th|
|1966/67|Eredivisie|8th|
|1967/68|Eredivisie|9th|
|1968/69|Eredivisie|9th|
|1969/70|Eredivisie|15th|
|1970/71|Eredivisie|12th|
|1971/72|Eredivisie|14th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: AFC Door Wilskracht Sterk
- **fullname**: Amsterdamsche Football Club
Door Wilskracht Sterk
- **founded**: 1907
- **ground**: Spieringhorn, Amsterdam
2005 in science

The year 2005 in science had some important events, listed below.

## Events

- January 26 - The European Space Agency's SMART-1 sends back close range pictures of the lunar surface.
- February 23 - Astronomers announce discovery of the new galaxy VIRGOHI21 that's made mostly of dark matter.
- November 30 - Surgeons in France did the first face transplant.

## Deaths

- February 3 - Ernst W. Mayr, important evolutionary biologist
2004 in science

The year 2004 in science had some important events, listed below.

## Events

- January 3 - NASA's Spirit rover lands on Mars.
- January 24 - NASA's Opportunity rover lands on Mars.
- March 2 - NASA says that the area where their Mars probe Opportunity landed shows unmistakable signs of contact with water in the geological past.
- March 4 - NASA's Spirit finds proof of past contact with water in volcanic rocks on Mars.
- April 20 - NASA launched the Gravity Probe B to test the general theory of relativity of Einstein.
- October 27 - The Homo floresiensis has been discovered by Peter Brown, Michael Morwood and their colleagues.
- September 13 - Astronomers from the European Southern Observatory announce images that seem to show a planet orbiting a brown dwarf about 230 light years away.
- November 15 - The SMART-1 space probe reaches orbit around the Moon. It is the first European space mission to do so.

## Deaths

- March 15 - John Pople, British Nobel Prize winning chemist
- July 3 - Andriyan Nikolayev, cosmonaut
- July 28 - Francis Crick, found the double helix in DNA
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

The **Russian Social Democratic Labour Party** (RSDLP) was a Russian political party.

The party was founded in 1898. Its program was based on Marxism and socialism. The party wanted to lead the workers of Russia and to get rid of the Tsar.

Some members of the party wanted democracy and were called "Mensheviks".

Other members of the party spoke for the dictatorship of the working class and were called "Bolsheviks". The leaders of the Mensheviks were Martov and Potresov. The leaders of the Bolshevik group were Plekhanov and Lenin.

The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was an illegal party. It fought against the autocracy, organized meetings and strikes, and printed illegal newspapers blaming the Tsar and his government. Many members of the party were arrested, put into prison, or condemned to penal servitude.

In 1917 Lenin and most other Bolsheviks became a separate political party, RSDLP(B), which later became the Russian Communist Party.

During the Russian Civil War, the RSDLP was banned by the communists. Some social democrats became Communists, others fled from Russia, and still others became political prisoners.
Signed number representations

Signed Number representations are used to solve the problem of representing negative integers in binary. The problem of trying to store the negative sign (−) of a binary number is that there are no states left to use with which to represent the negative assignment. It is not possible to just use 'off' for minus and 'on' for plus because the computer would have no way of knowing whether it was a digit or a sign.

To overcome this issue computer designers invented two methods for storing negative binary numbers: sign-and-magnitude and 2's complement. These produce alternative **representations for signed numbers**.

## Sign-and-magnitude

**Sign and Magnitude** works by changing the most significant bit (MSB - the first digit) to a 1 if the number is negative, and reduce the number by one, for example:

- 0000 0010 (2)
will become...
- 1000 0010 (-2)

This method of storing negative binary numbers does not work because binary arithmetic won't work.

## 1's complement

**1's Complement** works by swapping 1s for 0s and the 0s for 1s for example:
- 0000 0010 (2)
will become...
- 1111 1101 (-2)

Much like the sign-and-magnitude method this is easily defined as a negative number because its most significant bit is 1

## 2's complement

**2's Complement** is a more difficult way of storing negatives. There are four steps for it:

1. Your number must not be using the most significant (leftmost) bit. If it is, you need another bit to represent it.
1. Find the positive binary number (e.g. 8<sub>base 10</sub> = 0000 1000<sub>base 2</sub>).
1. Swap the 1s for 0s and the 0s for 1s (e.g. 0000 1000<sub>base 2</sub> becomes 1111 0111<sub>base 2</sub>).
    - This is known as "flipping the bits", or applying logical NOT to the original base 2 representation.
1. Add 1 (e.g. 1111 0111<sub>base 2</sub> + 1<sub>base 2</sub> = 1111 1000<sub>base 2</sub>).

This method is liked because:

- It's like sign and magnitude; a negative number starts with a 1 and a positive number starts with a 0.
- The binary arithmetic will work.
- There is only one value for 0 (0000 0000<sub>base 2</sub>).
Kingpin (character)

The **Kingpin** (**Wilson Grant Fisk**) is a fictional character in the Marvel Universe. The character first appears in _The Amazing Spider-Man_ #50 (July 1967), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist John Romita, Sr. The Kingpin often appears as an adversary of Spider-Man, Daredevil and the Punisher.

## Enemies

- Spider-Man
- Daredevil
- Punisher

## In other media

- _Police Academy: The Animated Series_ (1988 - 1989) - Kingpin appears in some episodes with the crimes gang.
- _Spider-Man_ (1994)
- _Spider-Man: The New Animated Series_
- _The Spectacular Spider-Man_
Kingpin is the main antagonist of both the 2003 movie _Daredevil_ played by Michael Clarke Duncan and the 2015 Netflix original television series _Daredevil_ set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in which he is played by Vincent D'Onofrio. D'Onofrio played Kingpin in the 2021 Disney+ series _Hawkeye_, the 2024 series _Echo,_ and reprised the role in the television series _Daredevil: Born Again_. Kingpin is also the villain of the animated movie _Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse_.
Centre Pompidou-Metz

The **Centre Pompidou Metz** is a museum of modern and contemporary art. It is in Metz, France. It shows sculptures, modern and contemporary paintings and graphic art.

The architecture of the building is inspired by a traditional Chinese hat. The carpentry is an innovative assembly made of sixteen kilometers of wood.

## Inaugural exhibition of 2010

Some elements of the inaugural exhibition were borrow by the Centre Georges Pompidou of Paris, especially:
- _La Femme à la guitare_, Georges Braque,
- _La Tristesse du Roi_, Henri Matisse,
- _L'Aubade, Nu couché et musicien_, Pablo Picasso,
- _Le Violon d'Ingres_, photographie, Man Ray,
- _La Maison tropicale_, architectural prototype conceive by Jean Prouvé.

## Other websites

- Centre Pompidou - Metz

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Centre Pompidou-Metz
- **image**: Centre Pompidouu-Metz chantier 4.png
- **building type**: Culture and leisure
- **cost**: 69.33 million Euros
- **location**: Metz, France
- **landlord**: Metz city
- **start date**: November 7, 2006
- **inauguration date**: May 12, 2010
- **main contractor**: Metz Métropole
- **architect**: Shigeru Ban
- **architecture firm**: Shigeru Ban Architects Europe
- **ren firm**: Demathieu & Bard
South Petherton

**South Petherton** is a small town in Somerset, a county in England. Over 4, 000 people live there.
It is twinned with the town of Javané, which is in France.
There are two schools in South Petheton: South Petherton Infants School, which is run by the Church of England and is for children from the age of 4 to 7, and South Petherton Junior School, which is for children aged 7 to 11.
Norwegian

**Norwegian** might mean:

- Anything related to Norway
- Norwegian Air Shuttle, an airline
- Norwegians, the people of Norway
- Norwegian language
Markup language

A **markup language** is a computer language. It is made up of a set of instructions, and of data. It is not the same as a programming language, as only programming languages can have "if" statements and other conditional statements. The first markup languages were used for printing; there was the text, and there were instructions how the text should be printed. The source code is generally done in ASCII. Then there are tags. That way, LaTeX (and with that, Wikipedia), uses the instruction  to get the symbol , the Greek letter "Mu". HTML uses  to get the same symbol.
Alan Davies

**Alan Davies** (born 6 March 1966) is an English comedian, writer and actor. He is best known for starring in Jonathan Creek and for being a panellist on QI.

Davies was born in Loughton, Essex. His childhood years were spent in Chingford, London. Davies' mother died when he was six. He graduated in Drama from the University of Kent in 1988.

In 2008, Davies was in the teen comedy _Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging_.

Davies' first book, the autobiographical _My Favourite People and Me, 1978-88_, was published by Penguin Books in late 2009.

## Personal life

Davies married writer Katie Maskell on 13 January 2007 after a 6-month engagement. The couple met backstage at _QI_ in 2005. Their first child, Susie, was born on 9 December 2009. Their second child, Robert, was born on 18 June 2011.

In late 2007 he made UK national news. _The Times_ and _Daily Telegraph_ reported that Davies was involved in a fight and bit the ear of a homeless man. Davies had just left a wake at the nearby Groucho Club. Davies is no longer allowed at the Groucho Club.

Davies is a fan of Arsenal F.C. and a season ticket holder.

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Alan Davies
- **image**: Alan Davies.jpg
- **birth place**: Loughton, Essex, England
- **nationality**: British people, British
- **active**: 1988-present
- **medium**: Television, Stand-up comedy, stand-up, film, radio
- **genre**: Stand-up, television, radio
- **spouse**: Katie Maskell
(m. 2007-present)
- **notable work**: _Jonathan Creek_
_QI_
_Whites (TV series), Whites_
Morgan Freeman

**Morgan Porterfield Freeman Jr.** (born June 1, 1937) is an Afro-American actor, director, producer and narrator.

He is also a beekeeper.

## Early life

Freeman was born in Memphis, Tennessee on June 1, 1937. He started acting when he was nine years old in a school play and at age 12 won a drama competition in his home State. Morgan worked many acting jobs until 1968 when he got his first role on Broadway in a Musical called _Hello, Dolly!_. He is known for his soft-spoken voice. He has donated several amounts of money to the Democratic Party. Once he stated that "Republicans scare me."

## Some movies

Some movies that Freeman has been in include:
- _Brubaker_ as Walter (1980)
- _Unforgiven_ as Ned Logan (1992)
- _The Shawshank Redemption_ as Red (1994)
- _Outbreak_ as Gen. Billy Ford (1995)
- _Se7en_ as Detective Lt. William Somerset (1995)
- _Deep Impact_ (1998)
- _Bruce Almighty_ as God (2002)
- _Batman Begins_ as Lucius Fox (2005)
- _Evan Almighty_ as God (2007)
- _The Dark Knight_ as Lucius Fox (2008)
- _Invictus_ as Nelson Mandela (2009)
- _RED_ as Joe (2010)
- _The Dark Knight Rises_ as Lucius Fox (2012)
- _Olympus Has Fallen_ as Speaker of the House Allan Trumbull (2013)
- _The Lego Movie_ as Vitruvius (2014)
- _Transcendence_ as Joseph Tagger (2014)
- _Ted 2_ as Patrick Meighan (2015)
- _London Has Fallen_ as Vice President Allan Trumbull (2016)
- _The Nutcracker and the Four Realms_ as Drosselmeyer (2018)

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
- **serviceyears**: 1955–1959
- **rank**:  Airman first class, Airman First Class


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Morgan Freeman
- **image**: Morgan Freeman at The Pentagon on 2 August 2023 - 230802-D-PM193-3363 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Morgan Freeman in August 2023
- **birth name**: Morgan Porterfield Freeman Jr.
- **birth place**: Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- **education**: Broad Street High School
- **organization**: Revelations Entertainment
- **years active**: 1964–present
- **works**: Morgan Freeman on screen and stage, Full list
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Morgan Freeman, Full list
- **module2**: Morgan Freeman's voice from BBC Radio 4's _The Film Programme_, September 12, 2008.
- **children**: 4
Mikhail Sholokhov

**Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov** (;  – 21 February 1984) was a Russian writer. He won the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature.

## _And Quiet Flows the Don_

Sholokhov was accused of plagiarizing _And Quiet Flows the Don_, which made his international reputation. Sholokhov's detractors claimed that it was written by Fyodor Kryukov, a Cossack and anti-Bolshevik,  who died in 1920. In 1987, several thousand pages of notes and drafts of the work were discovered and authenticated, including chapters excluded from the final draft. An analysis of the novel has unambiguously proved Sholokhov's authorship. The writing paper dates back to the 1920s: 605 pages are in Sholokhov's own hand, and 285 are transcribed by his wife Maria and sisters.

## Legacy

An asteroid in main-belt is named after him, 2448 Sholokhov.

## Related pages

- List of Nobel Prize winners by country
- List of Russian-language novelists

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
- **image**: Михаил Александрович Шолохов.jpg
- **birth place**: Vyoshenskaya, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Vyoshenskaya, Soviet Union
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **nationality**: Soviet Union, Soviet
- **signature**: Sholokhov Signature.jpg
Dire Straits

**Dire Straits** were an English rock band from London, England. They formed in 1977 and have sold more than 120 million albums worldwide and also won three Grammy Awards.

Dire Straits disbanded in 1995.

### Studio albums

- _Dire Straits_ (1978)
- _Communiqué_ (1979)
- _Making Movies_ (1980)
- _Love over Gold_ (1982)
- _Brothers in Arms_ (1985)
- _On Every Street_ (1991)

### Other albums

- _ExtendedancEPlay_
- _Encores_
- _Alchemy_
- _On the Night_
- _Live at the BBC_
- _Money for Nothing_
- _Sultans of Swing: The Very Best of Dire Straits_
- _The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler: Private Investigations_

### Official band members websites

- Mark Knopfler's official website
- David Knopfler's official website
- Hal Lindes' official website
- John Abbey Walk of Life
- Guy Fletcher's official website jnbjlonbojbikbikhb

### Other

- Mark Knopfler's authorised biography, retracing much of the band's life
- Interview with John Illsley
- Dire Straits interviews, lyrics, photos and guitar tabs

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dire Straits
- **img**: Dire straits 22101985 23 800.jpg
- **img capt**: Dire Straits live in Norway in 1985
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **years active**: 1977 – 1995
- **label**: Phonogram Records, Phonogram
Warner Bros.
Vertigo Records, Vertigo
- **associated acts**: The Notting Hillbillies
- **past members**: Mark Knopfler
David Knopfler
Hal Lindes
Jack Sonni
John Illsley
Terry Williams
Pick Withers
Alan Clark
Guy Fletcher
Kathryn Janeway

**Kathryn Janeway** is a character in the American TV series _Star Trek: Voyager_. She is the captain of the starship Voyager.
Seven of Nine

**Seven of Nine** is a character in Star Trek: Voyager. She is an ex-Borg and is the science officer on the star ship Voyager.

When she was very young, Seven of Nine was taken on an expedition by her parents, who were studying the Borg. They were all assimilated; Seven of Nine and her parents (this is when the Borg change people or other aliens into Borg).

According to the Borg, Seven of Nine is the first Borg to go back to the life she had before being assimilated.
Doctor (Star Trek)

**The Doctor** is a character on the American television show Star Trek: Voyager. He is a hologram with a database of medical knowledge and is the chief medical officer on Voyager.