juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sigrid Sköldberg-Pettersson

**Sigrid Sköldberg-Pettersson**, born 7 October 1870 in Stockholm, Sweden, dead 15 October 1941 in Oscar Parish, Stockholm, Sweden was a Swedish song lyricist. She has written many children's songs. One of her most famous works is the lyrics for the Christmas song _Raska fötter springa tripp, tripp, tripp_ ("Liten julvisa"). The music music was composed by Emmy Köhler.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **name**: Sigrid Sköldberg-Pettersson
- **image**: Porträtt av flicka, Sigrid Sköldberg, med kortklippt hår - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0048898.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **death place**: Oscar Parish, Stockholm, Sweden
- **genre**: children's music, children
- **occupation**: song lyricist
- **associated acts**: Emmy Köhler
Emmy Köhler

**Emmy Köhler**, born 22 May 1858 in Stockholm, Sweden, died 2 February 1925 in Fresta, Sweden was a Swedish hymnwriter and writer. Among her more famous works is the Christmas carol _Nu tändas tusen juleljus_ and the music for the children's Christmas song _Raska fötter springa tripp, tripp, tripp_ ("Liten julvisa"). The lyrics of the later mentioned song were written by Sigrid Sköldberg-Pettersson.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **name**: Emmy Köhler
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **death place**: Fresta, Sweden
- **genre**: children's music, children, Christian hymns
- **occupation**: composer
- **associated acts**: Sigrid Sköldberg-Pettersson
Anna-Lisa Frykman

**Anna-Lisa Frykman** born Anna Elisabet Frykman on 4 January 1889 in Stockholm, Sweden, dead 14 June 1960 in Stockholm, Sweden was a Swedish composer, song lyricist and teacher. One of her most famous works is the children's song _Kungens lilla piga_. She also wrote the Christmas song _Julpolskan_. She was also active under the pseudonym "Eolus".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **name**: Anna-Lisa Frykman
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth name**: Anna Elisabet Frykman
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **genre**: children's music, children
- **occupation**: composer, song lyricist, teacher
Kristdala

**Kristdala** is a locality in Oskarshamn Municipality in Kalmar County in Sweden. In 2010, 945 people lived there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Kristdala
- **pushpin map**: Sweden
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Oskarshamn Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Kalmar County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Småland
- **area total km2**: 1.40
- **population as of**: 31 December 2010
- **population total**: 945
- **population density km2**: 673
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Curly Sue

***Curly Sue*** is a 1991 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It is about a homeless man and his daughter who move from Detroit to Chicago. Alisan Porter plays Curly Sue. Kelly Lynch plays Grey. The movie received negative reviews from critics.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Curly Sue
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **director**: John Hughes (filmmaker), John Hughes
- **producer**: John Hughes
- **writer**: John Hughes
- **starring**: James Belushi
Kelly Lynch
Alisan Porter
John Getz
Fred Dalton Thompson
- **music**: Georges Delerue
- **cinematography**: Jeffrey L. Kimball
- **editing**: Peck Prior
Harvey Rosenstock
- **studio**: Hughes Entertainment
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **runtime**: 102 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $25 million
- **gross**: $33,691,313
Jorgelina Aranda

**Jorgelina Julia Aranda** (19 August 1942 – 10 January 2015) was an Argentine actress, model and singer. She was known for her role in _Il Gaucho_. Aranda was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Aranda died of cancer in Buenos Aries, aged 72.
Hara Patnaik

**Hara Pattanaik** (, 12 October 1958 – 13 January 2015) was an Indian movie actor, director, and screenplay writer. He has acted in over 60 Oriya movies and directed about 19 others. Patnaik was known for his roles in _Sathire_ (2004), _Ganga Jamuna_ (1997), and _Nari Bi Pindhipare Rakta Sindura_ (1997).

Parranaik died on 13 January 2015 of cancer.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hara Pattanaik
- **image**: Hara_Patnaik.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Hara Pattanaik
- **birth place**: Cuttack, Odisha
- **death place**: India
- **yearsactive**: 1977-2013
- **occupation**: Actor, Movie director, Director, screenplay writer, Singer
- **spouse**: Jharana Pattanaik
Michelle Ryan

**Michelle Ryan** (born 22 April 1984) is an English actress. She is known for portraying the role of Zoe Slater on the BBC soap opera _EastEnders_ (2000–2005).
She also played Lady Christina de Souza in 2009 on _Doctor Who_.

She was born in Enfield, Greater London.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michelle Ryan
- **image**: Michelle Ryan at the BAFTA's.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Michelle Ryan at the 2009 British Academy of Film and Television Arts, BAFTA Awards in London
- **birth place**: London Borough of Enfield, Enfield, Greater London, England
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 2000–present
The Buffalo Club (album)

***The Buffalo Club*** is the only studio album by The Buffalo Club. The album was released on March 25, 1997.
The Buffalo Club

**The Buffalo Club** is an American country music group formed in 1996.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _The Buffalo Club_ (1997)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Buffalo Club
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville, Tennessee, United States, USA
- **genre**: Country music, Country
- **years active**: 1996–1997
- **label**: Rising Tide
- **past members**: John Dittrich
Ron Hemby
Charlie Kelley
James B. Adams

**James Blackburn Adams** (December 21, 1926 – April 25, 2020) was an American attorney and politician. He served as an acting director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation from February 15, 1978 through February 23, 1978.  He was born in Corsicana, Texas.

Adams died on April 25, 2020 in Kerrville, Texas of a suspected heart attack, aged 93.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Jbadams.jpg
- **office**: Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation
- **status**: Acting
- **president**: Jimmy Carter
- **term start**: February 15, 1978
- **term end**: February 23, 1978
- **predecessor**: Clarence M. Kelley
- **successor**: William H. Webster
- **birth name**: James Blackburn Adams
- **birth place**: Corsicana, Texas, Corsicana, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: Kerrville, Texas, Kerrville, Texas, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **education**: Baylor University (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Bachelor of Laws, LLB)
Whiplash (2014 movie)

***Whiplash*** is a 2014 American drama movie about a jazz student and his teacher in New York City. It was written and directed by Damien Chazelle, and starring Miles Teller, J. K. Simmons and Paul Reiser. Filming of the movie took less than a month. It received positive reviews.
Freejack

***Freejack*** is a 1992 science fiction and action movie directed by Geoff Murphy. This movie is set in the year 2009. It is about very wealthy people becoming immortal. Rene Russo plays Julie. Mick Jagger plays Victor. Emilio Estevez plays Alex.

The movie got very bad reviews from movie critics.
Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness

***Mellon Collie and the Infinite Sadness*** is the third studio album by American alternative rock band the Smashing Pumpkins. It was released by Virgin Records on October 24, 1995 in the United Kingdom, and one day later in the United States. Billy Corgan produced the album with Mark Ellis and Alan Moulder. The double album has 28 songs. It has many different types of music, such as alternative rock, progressive rock, electropop, country folk and thrash metal.

The album went to number one on the _Billboard_ 200. In one week, over 240,000 copies of the album were sold. One of the most popular songs from the album was "Bullet with Butterfly Wings". It was the lead single from the album. The album had four other singles: "1979", "Zero", "Tonight, Tonight", and "Thirty-Three". The RIAA gave the album a diamond certification.

The band recorded many songs when making the album. They did not put all of these songs on the album. They reused some of these songs on future albums. Many music critics praised the record, and said it was one of the band's best albums. The album was nominated for seven Grammy Awards.

## Track listing

- Track 8 is named "An Ode to No One" on some versions of the album.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Mellon Collie and the
Infinite Sadness
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: the Smashing Pumpkins
- **recorded**: March–August 1995
- **genre**: * Alternative rock
* grunge
* alternative metal
* symphonic rock
* art pop
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **producer**: * Alan Moulder
* Billy Corgan
* Flood (producer), Flood
- **prev title**: Vieuphoria
- **prev year**: 1994
- **next title**: The Aeroplane Flies High
- **next year**: 1996
Florence Chadwick

**Florence May Chadwick** (November 9, 1918 – March 15, 1995) was an American swimmer. She was known for long-distance swimming. At age 10 she was the first child to swim the Catalina Channel. Chadwick was the first woman to swim the English Channel in both directions. She set a time record each time. She was the first woman to swim the Straits of Gibraltar, the Bosporus (one way), and the Dardanelles (round trip).
Songs from the West Coast

***Songs from the West Coast*** is the 26th studio album by Elton John and was released on 1 October 2001. It went to top 20 in Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. It was nominated for an Grammy Award in 2002.

## Track listing

All songs written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Songs from the West Coast
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Elton John
- **border**: yes
- **released**: 1 October 2001
- **recorded**: 18 September 2000 – 30 April 2001
- **length**: 54:06
- **producer**: Patrick Leonard
- **prev title**: Elton John One Night Only – The Greatest Hits
- **prev year**: 2000
- **next title**: Greatest Hits 1970–2002
- **next year**: 2002
United States Attorney

**United States Attorneys**, aka **federal prosecutors** or as **United States District Attorneys**, represent the United States federal government. They do this in U.S. district courts and U.S. courts of appeals. There are 93 U.S. Attorneys in the United States, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and Guam.

U.S. Attorneys and their offices are a part of United States Department of Justice.

## Job description

Each U.S. Attorney is the boss of their district, and although they are the boss they still can have hundreds of lawyers and staff to help them. All U.S. Attorneys is appointed by the President and is confirmed by the Senate of the United States and they keep their job for 4 years.

Current law says that when there is no U.S. Attorney in a district the Attorney General can appoint one for 120 days.

## U.S. Attorney appointment controversy

There was an issue in 2006 where a law was passed which said the Attorney General could appoint a U.S. attorney to serve for as long as needed, which in a way went around the Senate confirmation process. The issue was fixed with a law passed in 2007.

The Office of the United States Attorney was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789.

## Infobox (official post)

- **name**: United States Attorney
- **post**: United States Attorney
- **insignia**: Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Seal of the Department of Justice
- **flag**: Flag of a United States Attorney.svg
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the United States Attorney
- **department**: Department of Justice
- **reports to**: Attorney General
- **abbreviation**: U.S.A
- **appointer**: President of the United States
- **termlength**: 4 Years
- **unofficial names**: U.S. Atty
- **website**: https://www.justice.gov/usao
Regency era

The **Regency era** was nine years from 1811 to 1820 in Great Britain. It was the time when the future George IV of the United Kingdom was Prince Regent during the long illness of his father, George III. George IV was crowned after George III's death in 1820. The Regency era was notable for its excesses, its political uncertainty, and its style. Beau Brummell, Lord Byron and the architect John Nash were important people.

The final defeat of Napoleon happened during this era. Parliament became more powerful. A rapid growth in population led to the growth of criminal slums in cities like London. It was a great time for architecture.
Frederik H. Kreuger

**Frederik Hendrik Kreuger** (14 May 1928 – 10 January 2015) was a Dutch high voltage scientist, writer, and inventor. He was a professor at the Delft University of Technology in Delft. He wrote about technical literature, nonfiction books, and thrillers. He also wrote a biography of the master forger Han van Meegeren.

Kreuger was born in Amsterdam, North Holland. He went to the Delft University of Technology.

On 10 January 2015, _NRC Handelsblad_ announced Kreuger died in Delft, aged 86.
Statutory rape

The term **statutory rape** means sexual activity with a minor that is not forced. It usually refers to when adults engage in sex with someone below the age of consent.

## Situation

In 95% of the cases, the victim is female. Very few jurisdictions actually use the term _statutory rape_.

## Alternative words

Words such as _unlawful sex with a minor_ or _unlawful carnal knowledge_ are used.
Minor (law)

In the law, a **minor** is someone who has not yet reached the age of majority. In many countries, a person becomes an adult at age 18, so a minor is a person who is 17 years old or younger.

"Minor" can also mean a person who is not old enough to do a particular activity, for example, while 18 is the age of majority in the United States, the minimum age to buy alcoholic beverages (such as beer, wine, and liquor) in the United States is 21, so in this context, a minor is a person who is 20 years old or younger. The term "minor" also has a non age-based definition, meaning a person of reduced intellectual or developmental capacity and who is a dependant.
AT&T Corporation

**AT&T Corporation,** commonly referred to as **AT&T,** an abbreviation for its former name, the **American Telephone and Telegraph Company,** was an American telecommunications company that provided voice, video, data, and Internet telecommunications and professional services to businesses, consumers, and government agencies.

## History

The company was formed in 1885 as American Telephone and Telegraph. In 1900 the company introduced the Bell System. The company quickly gained a monopoly on the phone industry. The government was going to investigate, but World War 2 started, so they were distracted. In 1964 the name of American Telephone and Telegraph was changed to AT&T Corporation.

In 1983 the company was forced to spin-off the Bell System into seven new companies. One of the new companies was SBC Communications. SBC united a majority of the companies until 2005, when they bought AT&T itself (they would take the name of the company.) Another company (Bell Atlantic) would form Verizon.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: AT&T Corporation
- **logo**:
- **logo caption**: AT&T Corporation's logo used from 1983 until 1999.
- **image**: Sony Gebaeude.JPG
- **image caption**: AT&T Corporation's former headquarters at 550 Madison Avenue in New York City
- **former name**: American Telephone and Telegraph Company (1885–1994)
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **industry**: Telecommunications
- **fate**: Acquired by SBC Communications
- **predecessor**: American Bell
- **successor**: AT&T
- **founded**: in New York City, United States
- **founder**: Theodore Newton Vail
- **hq location city**: Bedminster, New Jersey, Bedminster, New Jersey
- **hq location country**: United States
- **area served**: United States
- **products**: Telephone line, Telephone services
Long-distance calling
Internet service provider, Internet services
- **parent**: American Bell (1885–1899)
AT&T (2005-2024)
- **subsid**: AT&T Communications (1984–2010), AT&T Communications
YWCA-YMCA of Sweden

**YWCA-YMCA of Sweden** () is the Sweden-branch of YMCA and YWCA. It was established in 1966 when YMCA of Sweden and YWCA of Sweden merged.

In 2011 the organization decided to use the term "KFUM" in promotion with "M" standing for "människor" ("people"). Earlier the "m" stood for "män" (men)

YWCA-YMCA of Sweden has 60 000 members. It has 4 000 local associations.

Several Swedish YWCA-YMCA associations have been successful in sports.

## Other websites

- official website

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: YWCA-YMCA of Sweden
- **native name**: KFUK-KFUM Sverige
- **type**: Christianity, Christian youth organization
- **headquarters**: skeppsbron, Skeppsbron 28, Stockholm, Sweden
- **methods**: ecumenism, sports, music
- **membership**: 60 000
- **language**: Swedish language, Swedish
- **leader title**: chairman, chairperson
SummerSlam (2006)

**SummerSlam (2006)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 20, 2006 at TD Banknorth Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. It was the nineteenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE. This was the first inter-branded pay-per-view that featured the ECW brand.

The main match for the _Raw_ brand saw Edge defeat John Cena and successfully defend his WWE Championship. Edge defeated Cena by pinfall after he hit Cena in the back of the head with a pair of brass knuckles. The main match for the _SmackDown!_ brand was a match between Batista and King Booker for the World Heavyweight Championship. Batista won the match by disqualification after Queen Sharmell interfered in the match. Since Batista won by disqualification, he did not win the championship. The main match for the _ECW_ brand saw The Big Show defeat Sabu in an Extreme rules match for the ECW World Championship. Big Show won the match by pinfall and retained the title after he chokeslammed Sabu through a table.

## Matches

|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**#**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Matches**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Stipulations**|style="border-style: none none solid solid; background: #e3e3e3"|**Times**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1<sup>D</sup>|Carlito defeated Rob Conway|Singles match|4:20|||||
|2|Chavo Guerrero defeated Rey Mysterio|Singles match|11:00|||||
|3|Big Show (c) defeated Sabu|Extreme Rules match for the ECW World Championship|8:30|||||
|4|Hulk Hogan defeated Randy Orton|Singles match|10:56|||||
|5|Ric Flair defeated Mick Foley (with Melina)|"I Quit" match|12:47|||||
|6|Batista defeated King Booker (c) (with Queen Sharmell) by disqualification|Singles match for the World Heavyweight Championship|10:30|||||
|7|D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) defeated Mr. McMahon and Shane McMahon|Tag team match|13:02|||||
|8|Edge (c) (with Lita) defeated John Cena|Singles match for the WWE Championship|15:40|||||
|colspan="4" align=center|(c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match D – indicates that the match was a dark match|||||||

## Other websites

- Official SummerSlam 2006 website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: SummerSlam (2006)
- **tagline**: The Biggest Party of the Summer
- **theme**: "The Enemy (Godsmack song), The Enemy" by Godsmack
"Cobrastyle" by Teddybears feat. Mad Cobra
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **date**: August 20, 2006
- **venue**: TD Garden, TD Banknorth Garden
- **city**: Boston, Massachusetts
- **lastevent**: The Great American Bash (2006)
- **nextevent**: Unforgiven (2006)
- **event**: SummerSlam
- **lastevent2**: SummerSlam (2005)
- **nextevent2**: SummerSlam (2007)
Sons of the Desert

**Sons of the Desert** was an American country music band founded in 1989 in Waco, Texas. It was started by brothers Drew Womack (lead vocals, rhythm guitar) and Tim Womack (lead guitar, background vocals). They were joined by Scott Saunders (keyboards), Doug Virden (bass guitar, background vocals) and Brian Westrum (drums). The band released _Whatever Comes First_ for Epic Records Nashville in 1997. They recorded a second album for Epic which was not released. _Change_ followed in 2000. Counting two singles from the unreleased album, Sons of the Desert charted eight times on the _Billboard_ Hot Country Songs charts, including the top ten hit "Whatever Comes First".

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Whatever Comes First_ (1997)
- _Change_ (2000)
William R. Cosentini

**William Randolph Cosentini** (June 12, 1911 - January 28, 1954) was an American mechanical engineer and businessman. He founded Cosentini Associates.

## Biography

Cosentini was born in 1911 to Italian immigrant parents, Eugenio and Vincenza Cosentini. He had an older brother, John (born 1909) and a younger sister, Mary (born 1913).

Cosentini attended New York University. There he earned his M.A. degree in mechanical engineering. In 1944, he married Rose DeStefano. They had two children together. Rose died in 1947 at 36 years of age.

In 1951, he started W.R. Cosentini & Associates. The company later became known as Cosentini Associates. In the early days of the company, he worked on several notable projects. Those included installing the heating and air conditioning system in the Chrysler Building.

Cosentini died of appendicitis on January 28, 1954 at 42 years of age.

## Other websites

- http://www.acutherm.com/media/docs/DevNewYork_Cosentini.pdf
- http://www.cosentini.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: William Randolph Cosentini
- **imagesize**: 225px
- **caption**: Cosentini in 1951
- **birth name**: William Randolph Cosentini
- **birth date**: June 12, 1911
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York (state), New York
- **death date**: January 28, 1954
- **death place**: Queens, New York (state), New York
- **other names**: William Cosentini
Bill Cosentini
- **known for**: Cosentini Associates
- **spouse**: Rose Cosentini (1944-1947)
- **children**: 2
- **occupation**: Mechanical engineer, entrepreneur
- **citizenship**: United States, American
Genevieve

**Saint Genevieve** is a saint in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition. She is the patron saint of Paris. Her feast day is kept on January the 3rd.

In 451 she led a "prayer marathon" in Paris that was said to divert Attila's Huns away from the city. In 464 Childeric I besieged the city and conquered it. She negotiated to collect food and convinced Childeric to release his prisoners.

Clovis I founded an abbey where Genevieve could minister. She was later buried there. The church witnessed numerous miracles at her tomb. Genevieve was canonised.

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Genevieve
- **birth date**: c. 419–422
- **death date**: 502–512 (aged 79–93)
- **feast day**: 3 January
- **venerated in**: Roman Catholic Church,
 Eastern Orthodox Church
- **image**: StGenevieve.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Saint Genevieve, seventeenth-century painting, Musée Carnavalet, Paris
- **birth place**: Nanterre, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **canonized date**: Pre-congregation
- **patronage**: Paris
Arthur E. Chase

**Arthur E. Chase** (February 4, 1930 – January 5, 2015) was an American businessman and politician. He represented the Worcester District in the Massachusetts Senate from 1991–1995.  He co-founded the Central Massachusetts Legislative Caucus. In 1991 he designed the Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science at WPI and in 1992 sponsored legislation to create it. He was the Republican nominee for Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1994, but lost in the general election to William F. Galvin.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Arthur E. Chase.jpeg
- **name**: Arthur E. Chase
- **birth place**: Worcester, Massachusetts
- **death place**: Worcester, Massachusetts
- **restingplace**: B'nei Brith cemetery, Worcester, Massachusetts
- **nationality**: United States
- **occupation**: Businessman
Politician
- **residence**: Naples, Florida
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Wynne L. Chase and later Elaine Kaufman Chase
- **alma mater**: Worcester Junior College
- **title**: Member of the Massachusetts Senate from the Worcester District
- **term start**: 1991
- **term end**: 1995
- **predecessor**: Thomas P. White
- **successor**: Robert A. Bernstein
Slobodan Martinović

**Slobodan Martinovic** (25 July 1945 – 10 January 2015) was a Serbian chess Grandmaster. He began in 1963, and played until his death in 2015.

Martinović played 269 master games that were tracked by FIDE. Of them, 83 (31%) he won, 157 (58%) were draws, and 29 (11%) he lost.
Jack Hayward

**Sir Jack Arnold Hayward**  (14 June 1923 – 13 January 2015) was an English businessman, property developer, and philanthropist. He was the president of football club Wolverhampton Wanderers from 1990 until 2007.

Hayward was born in Wolverhampton. He married Jean Mary Forder in 1948 and had two sons, Rick and Jonathan, and a daughter Susan.

Hayward died on 13 January 2015 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. He was 91.
Double Dare (1976 game show)

***Double Dare*** is an American television game show. It was produced by Mark Goodson—Bill Todman Productions and ran from December 13, 1976 to April 29, 1977 on CBS. Alex Trebek was the host. Johnny Olson and later Gene Wood were the announcers.

## Format

Two contestants (players) would compete in a game of knowledge. One was a returning winner from a previous game, the other a new challenger. A contestant was given the chance to answer the question and win money. Or, they could challenge the other contestant to answer the question. If the second contestant answered the question correctly, he or she won the money. If answered incorrectly, the first contestant got double the money. Questions were answered from an isolation booth.
Zhang Wannian

**Zhang Wannian** (; August 1928 – January 14, 2015) was a Chinese general. He was born in Longkou, Shandong, China.

He was a deputy to CPC's 9th National Congress, and an alternative member of 12th and 13th CPC's central committee. He became an alternate member of the 12th and 13th and a member of the 14th and 15th CPC's Central Committees, and a Politburo member and Secretary of the Secretariat in 15th central committee.

He was promoted to lieutenant general in September 1988, and to general in June 1993. He retired in 2003.

Wannain died in Beijing, China, aged 86.
Robert White (ambassador)

**Robert E. White** (September 21, 1926 – January 13, 2015) was an American career diplomat. He served as U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay from 1977 until 1980 and to El Salvador from 1980 until 1981. He later became president of the Center for International Policy.

White was born in Melrose, Massachusetts. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1944 to 1946. He was married to Mary-Anne White and had five grown children.

White died on January 13, 2015 in Arlington, Virginia from prostate and bladder cancer, aged 88.
Birdman (movie)

***Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)*** is a 2014 black comedy-drama movie directed, produced, and written by Alejandro González Iñárritu. It stars Michael Keaton, Zach Galifianakis, Edward Norton, Emma Stone, Amy Ryan, Andrea Riseborough, Lindsay Duncan, and Naomi Watts. It was released for a limited time on October 17, 2014. It received very positive reviews. The movie won the Academy Award for Best Picture, along with Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Cinematography from a total of nine nominations, tying it with _The Grand Budapest Hotel_ for the most nominated and awarded movie at the Academy's 87th annual awards ceremony with four wins per movie.
Bob Boyd (basketball)

**William Robert "Bob" Boyd** (June 7, 1930 - January 14, 2015) was an American former collegiate man's basketball coach. He was head coach at Seattle University, the University of Southern California (USC) and Mississippi State University.

Boyd died of natural causes in Palm Desert, California, aged 84.
Johannes de Villiers Graaff

**Johannes de Villiers Graaff** (also known as **Jan de Van Graaff** or **Jannie Graaff**; 19 February 1928 – 6 January 2015) was a South African neoclassical welfare economist. He was a former chairman of Nedbank.  Graaff was known for his work on optimal savings rates and contributions to the creation of the social welfare function.

Graaff graduated from the University of Cape Town and then went on to complete his PhD in economics at St John's College, Cambridge in 1950.

On 30 June 1951, he married Lillian Clare Thomson, daughter of Sir George Paget Thomson. They had six children.

He was the youngest son of Sir David Graaff, 1st Baronet. His eldest brother is Sir De Villiers Graaff, 2nd Baronet.

Graaff was one of South Africa's most active and accomplished mountaineers, pioneering mountain climbing routes in East Africa and the Himalayas.

He died on the 6 January 2015 in Kenilworth, Cape Town, aged 86.

## Other websites

- The History of Economic Thought – Jan de Van Graaff homepage
- Theoretical Welfare Economics: A Comment, M. W. Reder, 5 MAY 2007

## Infobox (scientist)

- **image**: Johannes de Villiers Graaff.jpg
- **name**: Johannes de Villiers Graaff
- **birth place**: Cape Town, Union of South Africa
- **death place**: Cape Town, South Africa
- **nationality**: South African
- **field**: Welfare Economics
- **workplaces**: Nedbank
- **alma mater**: St John's College, Cambridge (Pd.D.)
University of Cape Town (B.A.)
- **influences**: Abram Bergson
Spire

A **spire** is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, particularly a church tower. Etymologically, the word comes from the Old English word _spir_, meaning a sprout, shoot, or stalk of grass.

Symbolically, spires have two effects. One is to show strength and power. A spire, with its spear point, gives the impression of strength. The other is to reach up toward the skies as a religious gesture. This is one reason for its association with religious buildings, and a similar reason has been given for the large pyramids in Egypt and early American civilisations. However, the tallest spires today are secular places of business or hotels, such as The Shard.

As an architectural ornament, spires are most often found on Christian churches.
Trevor Colbourn

**Harold Trevor Colbourn** (24 February 1927 – 13 January 2015) was an Australian professor and academic administrator. He was the second President of the University of Central Florida (formerly named Florida Technological University) from 1978 until 1989.

Colbourn was born in Armidale, New South Wales. He was an Episcopalian. He married Beryl Evans in 1949, and had two daughters.

Colbourn died on 13 January 2015 in Winter Park, Florida, United States, aged 87.
Regnal year

A **regnal year** is a year of the reign of a monarch. It is from the Latin _regnum_ meaning kingdom or rule. Some of the oldest dating systems were in regnal years. A regnal year usually begins on the date of a monarch's accession to the throne. Year one is counted from day one to the end of the first year of a monarch's reign. Then a second year of rule, a third, and so on. They would not have a zero year of rule. It is displayed as an ordinal, not a cardinal number.

## Date problems

Every year of a monarch's reign falls within two calendar years, unless the reign began on the first day of the calendar year. When converting a regnal year in history to a calendar year, this can cause an error of one year. In England, from the 10th century until the late 13th century, the practice was to count the regnal year from the date of coronation. This was usually a later date than when a monarch was proclaimed king or queen. The current practice of dating from the date of accession began in the late 13th century when the heir was out of the country. Henry III of England died on 16 November 1272 which some sources date as the beginning of Edward I of England's rule. His reign actually began when he was proclaimed king at the New Temple on 20 November 1272. Here the date error between sources would be only four days.

## Related pages

- Year
- Julian calendar
- Gregorian calendar

## Other websties

- Regnal Chronologies
- Calculate dates based on regnal years
Bettino Craxi

**Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi** (; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000) was an Italian politician. He was Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987.

## Early life

Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934. His father was a Sicilian lawyer.

## Other websites

- Craxi Foundation website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Bettino Craxi Official Portrait.jpg
- **order**: 45th
- **office**: Prime Minister of Italy
- **president**: Sandro Pertini
Francesco Cossiga
- **deputy**: Arnaldo Forlani
- **term start**: 4 August 1983
- **term end**: 17 April 1987
- **predecessor**: Amintore Fanfani
- **successor**: Amintore Fanfani
- **order1**: Italian Socialist Party#Leadership, Secretary of the Italian Socialist Party
- **term start1**: 15 July 1976
- **term end1**: 11 February 1993
- **predecessor1**: Francesco De Martino
- **successor1**: Giorgio Benvenuto
- **order2**: Member of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy), Chamber of Deputies
- **term start2**: 5 June 1968
- **term end2**: 15 April 1994
- **constituency2**: List of Italian constituencies#Milan–Pavia, Milan
List of Italian constituencies#Naples–Caserta, Naples
- **order3**: Member of the European Parliament, Member of the European Parliament
- **term start3**: 18 June 1989
- **term end3**: 30 February 1992
- **constituency3**: North-West Italy (European Parliament constituency), North-West Italy
- **term start4**: 10 June 1979
- **term end4**: 4 August 1983
- **constituency4**: North-West Italy
- **birth name**: Benedetto Craxi
- **birth place**: Milan, Lombardy, Kingdom of Italy
- **death place**: Hammamet, Tunisia
- **party**: Italian Socialist Party
- **children**: Bobo Craxi
Stefania Craxi
- **alma mater**: University of Milan
- **signature**: Bettino Craxi Signature.svg
Rame Peninsula

The **Rame Peninsula**  is a peninsula in southeast Cornwall, England, in the United Kingdom. The peninsula is surrounded by the English Channel to the south. Plymouth Sound is to the east. The estuary of the River Lynher lies to the north.  The largest settlement is Torpoint. It is on the eastern coast, facing Devonport in Plymouth, Devon.
The peninsula is named after Rame Head, to the south of the peninsula. The peninsula also includes the village and parish of Rame. The whole area of the peninsula is designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

## Settlements in the Rame Peninsula

Other places on the peninsula include: Antony, Crafthole and Cremyll. Fourlanesend is the location of Fourlanesend School, the local primary school for the Rame Peninsula. Kingsand and Cawsand are protected by the headland. Much of the peninsula is owned by the Mount Edgcumbe estate which also includes Mount Edgcumbe Country Park.

## Other websites

- Pictures of the Rame Peninsula as it is today
- Pictures of Rame from yesteryear
- Rame Peninsula - official site of Rame's AONB status
Kestrel

The name **kestrel** is given to several different members of the falcon genus, _Falco_. Kestrels hover about  over open country, and swoop down on prey, usually small mammals, lizards or large insects. Other falcons are more adapted to active hunting on the wing. In addition, kestrels have much brown in their plumage.

Kestrels can fly in stationary air, even indoors in barns. While hovering they face towards any slight headwind. This leads to the common kestrel being called a "windhover" in some areas.

Unusually for falcons, plumage often differs between male and female, although as usual with monogamous raptors the female is slightly larger than the male. This allows a pair to eat slightly different prey on their home range. Kestrels are bold, and have adapted well to humans. They nest in buildings and hunt by main roads. Kestrels do not build their own nests, but use nests built by other birds.

Most kestrels form a distinct clade among the falcons, as suggested by comparison of mtDNA cytochrome _b_ sequence data  and morphology. This clade diverged from other _Falco_ around the Miocene to Pliocene about 7–3.5 million years ago (mya). The most basal "true" kestrels are three species from Africa and its surroundings.

About 2.5–2 mya, the main lineage of true kestrels emerged. This too seems to have evolved in Africa and subsequently spread across the Old World until they reached Australia some time during the Middle Pleistocene, less than one million years ago. This group contains several taxa found on Indian Ocean islands. A group of three mainly grey species from Africa and Madagascar are usually considered kestrels by their general shape and habits, but are probably distinct from the true kestrels discussed above.

There is only one kestrel in the Americas, with a wide range of habitats. It is _Falco sparverius_. The male is more brightly coloured than usual for kestrels, with a reddish back and tail.
Cytochrome

**Cytochromes** are haemoproteins (or proteins containing haem groups). They make ATP by electron transport.

They are found either as single (monomeric) proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) or as part of bigger enzyme complexes which catalyze redox reactions.

The haem group does the redox reactions. These include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed. In general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons.

## History

Cytochromes were described in 1884 as respiratory pigments. They include (haemoglobin, myoglobin, haemocyanin, haemoerythrin and  chlorocruorin. In the 1920s, Keilin rediscovered these respiratory pigments. He called them the cytochromes, or “cellular pigments”, and classified them as haem proteins.

## Types

Several kinds of cytochrome exist and can be distinguished by spectroscopy. Three types of cytochrome are distinguished by their prosthetic groups.
In mitochondria and chloroplasts, these cytochromes are often combined in electron transport and related metabolic pathways.
Rosemary's Baby

***Rosemary's Baby*** is a 1968 American horror movie directed by Roman Polanski. It is set in New York City. It is based on the novel of the same name. This movie is about a young housewife who has a baby. The baby turns out to be a child of the Devil. Mia Farrow plays Rosemary. Ruth Gordon plays Minnie.

The movie was well received by critics upon its release.

## Cast

- Mia Farrow as Rosemary Woodhouse
- Roy Barcroft as Sun-Browned Man (uncredited)
Enver Hoxha

**Enver Hoxha** (16 October 190811 April 1985) was an Albanian politician who was dictator of Albania. Ideologically a communist, Hoxha served as prime minister of Albania from 1944 until 1954, and First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1941 until his death.

Under his regime, thousands of opponents ("dissidents") were executed, and tens of thousands more were imprisoned in forced labour camps.

## Early life and Career

Hoxha was born in Gjirokastër, a city in southern Albania (then under the Ottoman Empire) that has been home to many prominent families. He was the son of Halil Hoxha, a Bektashi Tosk cloth merchant who traveled widely across Europe and the United States and Gjylihan (Gjylo) Hoxha. He was raised a member of a wealthy Muslim family of landowners and merchants. He went to the best schools in Albania in the 1920s. He was given one of the few scholarships to a foreign college. In 1931 he attended the University of Montpellier in France. He lost his scholarship in 1934 for poor performance and moved to Paris. During World War II, Hoxha participated in Guerrilla Activities against Germany from 1943 until Albania was Liberated in 1944 by the Soviet Red Army.

In 1944, near the end of the Second World War, he became prime minister of the Democratic Government of Albania, and later, the Socialist Republic of Albania.

## Rule (1944 – 1985)

Enver Hoxha was the leader of Albania during that time, known for his isolationist policies and the creation of a tightly controlled state. His rule was marked by suppression of dissent, strict censorship, and a focus on ideological purity. Albania became one of the most isolated and repressive countries in the world under his leadership.

### Later Years and Death

In his later years, Evner Hoxha faced health issues including heart problems and diabetes. He passed away on April 11, 1985, due to complications from respiratory and cardiac issues.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Enver Hoxha
- **image**: HODŽA druhá míza.jpg
- **nationality**: Albanian people, Albanian
- **order1**: First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania
- **term start1**: 8 November 1941
- **term end1**: 11 April 1985
- **successor1**: Ramiz Alia
- **order2**: 2nd Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Albania
- **term start2**: 24 October 1944
- **term end2**: 18 July 1954
- **predecessor2**: Ibrahim Biçakçiu (as Prime Minister of Albania)
- **successor2**: Mehmet Shehu
- **birth place**: Gjirokastër, Ergiri (Gjirokastër), Janina Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
- **death place**: Tirana, People's Socialist Republic of Albania
- **party**: Party of Labour of Albania
- **spouse**: Nexhmije Hoxha
- **children**: Ilir Hoxha, Ilir
Sokol Hoxha, Sokol
Pranvera Hoxha, Pranvera
- **caption**: Hoxha in c.1971-1972
Saw II

***Saw II*** is a 2005 Canadian-American horror movie. _Saw II_ is a sequel to 2004's _Saw_. It is the second installment in the seven-part _Saw_ franchise. It was released October 28, 2005. The movie was directed and co-written by Darren Lynn Bousman. It was Co-written with series creator Leigh Whannell. Saw II stars Donnie Wahlberg, Franky G, Dina Meyer, Erik Knudsen, and Tobin Bell as Jigsaw.
Ervin Drake

**Ervin Maurice Druckman** (April 3, 1919 – January 15, 2015), better known as **Ervin Drake**, was an American songwriter. His works include such American Songbook standards as "I Believe" and "It Was a Very Good Year".

He wrote in many styles and his work has been recorded by musicians from all over the world in many styles. In 1983, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

On January 15, 2015, Drake died at his home in Great Neck, New York due to complications from bladder cancer. He was 95.

## Other websites

- Interview with Ervin Drake

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Ervin Drake
- **image**: Ervin Drake.jpg
- **caption**: Drake in January 2006
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **birth place**: Manhattan, New York City, New York (state), New York
- **death place**: Great Neck, New York
- **occupation**: Songwriter
- **years active**: 1931–2015
Joseph Wapner

**Joseph Albert Wapner** (November 15, 1919 – February 26, 2017) was an American judge and former television "judge." He is the first star of the ongoing reality courtroom series _The People's Court_.

Wapner died on February 26, 2017 under hospice care in Los Angeles after suffering from respiratory failure, aged 97.

## Other websites

- Joseph A. Wapner Archive of American Television Interview

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joseph Wapner
- **birth name**: Joseph Albert Wapner
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California
- **death cause**: Respiratory failure
- **alma mater**: University of Southern California,
USC Gould School of Law
- **occupation**: Television personality
Judge
- **years active**: 1959–2010
- **known for**: _The People's Court_
- **children**: Fred Wapner
Jerry Sheindlin

**Gerald "Jerry" Sheindlin** (born November 19, 1933) is an American author and television personality. He was a short-lived judge on the television program _The People's Court_ from 1999 to 2000.

Before that, he served on the New York State Supreme Court. He is the author of two books, _Genetic Fingerprinting: The Law and Science of DNA Evidence_ and _Blood Trail_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jerry Sheindlin
- **birth name**: Gerald Sheindlin
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **known for**: The People's Court <small>(1999–2001)</small>
- **occupation**: Judge, television personality, author
- **spouse**: Judith Sheindlin <small>(1977–90; divorced, remarried 1991)</small>
Judy Sheindlin

**Judith Susan Sheindlin** (née **Blum**; October 21, 1942), better known as **Judge Judy**, is an American lawyer, judge, television personality and writer. From 1996-2021, Sheindlin has had her own successful Daytime Emmy Award winning reality courtroom series named after her, _Judge Judy_.

She is of Jewish descent.

## Other websites

- Judge Judith Sheindlin at the Notable Names Database
- Judge Judy marks 10 years laying down the law , CTV News, February 15, 2006
- Biographical article from _The Guardian_, October 9, 2008

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Judy Sheindlin
- **image**: Judge Judy Sheindlin VF 2012 Shankbone.JPG
- **caption**: Sheindlin at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival
- **birth name**: Judith Susan Blum
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **other names**: Judge Judy
Judy
- **years active**: **Attorney**:
1965–present
**Judge**:
1982–present
**Television personality**:
1996–present
- **known for**: _Judge Judy_ <small>(1996–present)</small>
- **education**: American University, BA
New York Law School, Juris Doctor, JD
- **occupation**: Lawyer, judge, television personality, author, arbitrator
- **spouse**: Ronald Levy <small>(1964–1976)
(divorced)</small>
Jerry Sheindlin <small>(1977–1990; divorced, remarried 1991–present)</small>
- **website**: [http://www.whatwouldjudysay.com/ Whatwouldjudysay.com]
Kim Fowley

**Kim Vincent Fowley** (July 21, 1939 – January 15, 2015) was an American record producer, singer and musician. He was best known for his role behind a string of novelty and cult pop rock singles in the 1960s, and for managing The Runaways in the 1970s. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

Fowley died of bladder cancer in West Hollywood, California at the age of 75.

## Other websites

- Fowley's MySpace page
- "Dead Man Rockin'" Interview with Kim Fowley 2013 Rocker Magazine

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **genre**: Pop, rock, glam rock, protopunk, alternative rock (as solo artist)


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kim Fowley
- **image**: Kim Fowley.jpg
- **birth name**: Kim Vincent Fowley
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death place**: West Hollywood, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Hollywood Forever Cemetery
- **spouse**:

- **occupation**: Record producer, impresario, songwriter
- **years active**: 1959–2014
Evelyn Sanguinetti

**Evelyn Pacino Sanguinetti** (born November 12, 1970) is an American politician. On January 12, 2015, she became the 47th Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. Before being elected alongside Governor Bruce Rauner on November 4, 2014, she served on the Wheaton City Council. On April 22, 2019, Sanguinetti announced her candidacy for the 2020 election in Illinois's 6th congressional district, challenging first-term Democratic incumbent Sean Casten. She dropped out of the race in October 2019.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Evelyn Sanguinetti
- **image**: Evelyn Sanguinetti 2015.jpg
- **order**: List of lieutenant governors of Illinois, 47th Lieutenant Governor of Illinois
- **term start**: January 12, 2015
- **term end**: January 14, 2019
- **governor**: Bruce Rauner
- **predecessor**: Sheila Simon
- **successor**: Juliana Stratton
- **birth place**: Miami, Florida, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Raymond Sanguinetti
- **residence**: Wheaton, Illinois