juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Handshake

A **handshake** is when two people hold hands for a few seconds and move them up and down before letting go.  It is often used like a greeting (like saying "Hello, Hi" or "goodbye" when people meet) or to say that two people have agreed on something. Handshakes are also used between romantic partners.

The action is ancient, and occurs (or occurred) in many cultures. There are, however, many slight differences. In some cultures, the handshake is firm, in others it is gentle. In some cultures the senior person leads the handshake. The length of time also varies between cultures. One thing is almost universal: hand shaking is done with bare hands.

Another aspect is: do men shake hands with women? In the past, in many societies, they did not. Today, in western society, handshakes are allowed if the female offers her hand. It is not done between family members, when hugs and kisses are more usual.

Some secret societies have secret handshakes to show they are part of the group.

## Related pages

- Greeting
Wave (gesture)

A **wave** is a movement of the hand that people use to greet each other or say goodbye. People wave by raising their hand and moving it from side to side. They can also wave by moving their hand up and down. The way that people wave generally depends on their culture.
Baseball bat

A **baseball bat** is a smooth wooden or metal rod used in the game of baseball to hit the ball after the ball is thrown by the pitcher.  It is not more than 2⅔ inches (70 mm) in diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) in length. It usually weighs no greater than four pounds (1.8 kg). The batter uses the bat to try to hit a pitched ball so that he may run around the bases and score points.

Bats are sometimes used as a weapon in fights or attacks. When a bat is used this way, it can be called a _club_.

Major League Baseball is using bats of pink color by players who agree during games played on Mother's Day as an event to support the pink ribbon campaign (breast cancer extermination movement).
Bat (disambiguation)

**Bat** or **Bats** may mean:
- Bat, the flying mammal

**Sports:**
- The Louisville Bats, a AAA minor league baseball team related to the Cincinnati Reds, based in Louisville, Kentucky
- Bat, a club or broad, blunt and/or club-like object
- Bat, a piece of sports equipment such as a baseball bat or cricket bat

**Entertainment:**
- _The Bat (1926 movie)_, a silent movie based on a play by Mary Roberts Rinehart and Avery Hopwood
- _The Bat (1959 movie)_, based on the same Rinehart/Hopwood play
- _Bats (movie)_ (1999), starring Lou Diamond Phillips and Bob Gunton
- The Bats, a New Zealand rock band
- The Bats (American band), a short-lived American rock band
- _The Bat_, the English name for the 1874 comic operetta _Die Fledermaus_
- "Bats" and "The Bat", nicknames of Batman

**Science:**

- The Broadly Applicable Tracking System, a tool scientists use to study small animals.

**Computing:**
- The Bat!, an email client by RitLabs for Microsoft Windows
- ".bat", the filetype extension for Microsoft Windows batch files
- Bat, metasyntactic variable

**Military:**
- Bat (guided bomb), a radar-guided, air-to-surface glide bomb
- HMS Bat, two Royal Navy ships

**Roller coasters:**
- The Bat (Canada's Wonderland), a roller coaster at Canada's Wonderland
- The Bat (Kings Island), a roller coaster at Kings Island
- Bat (Lagoon) a roller coaster at Lagoon

**Other languages:**
- Bat, an alternative transliteration of _Bata (goddess)_
- _Bat_, a Hebrew word, meaning "daughter" or "daughter of." It is also used in Jewish names such as "Rachel bat Moshe," meaning "Rachel, daughter of Moshe"
- Bats language, a Caucasian people and their language
- Bats, Landes, a commune of the Landes _département_ of France

## Related pages

- The acronym form: BAT
Buxtehude

- _For the German Baroque composer, see Dieterich Buxtehude_.

**Buxtehude** () is a town in Northern Germany. It has 39,000 inhabitants. It is by the Este river which joins the city to the important river Elbe just  away.

Buxtehude is known as "The Fairytale Capital" of the world. The tale of "The Bunny and the Hedgehog" by the Brothers Grimm is set in this town.

The _Pistennacht_ is an event where bars, restaurants and clubs in the old part of town are open all night long. The _Pfingstmarkt_ is a big fair which is held at Whitsun (Pfingsten). There is a lot to do including rides on a Ferris Wheel. On the first weekend of June there is a big feast in the old part of the town, which also has a wine festival every year.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Buxtehude
- **image photo**: Schittwedder in Buxtehude.jpg
- **image coa**: DEU Buxtehude COA.svg
- **image plan**: Buxtehude_in_STD.png
- **state**: Niedersachsen
- **district**: Stade
- **elevation**: 5
- **area**: 76.49
- **population**: 39642
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 21614
- **area code**: 04161, auch 04163, 04168
- **licence**: STD
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 03 3 59 010
- **divisions**: 15 districts
- **mayor**: Katja Oldenburg-Schmidt
- **party**: Independent
Summit Entertainment

**Summit Entertainment** is an American movie production and distribution company. It is a label of Lionsgate Films, owned by Lionsgate Entertainment. The company was founded in 1991. It is headquartered in Santa Monica, California.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Summit Entertainment, LLC
- **logo**: Summit Entertainment logo.svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: movie industry, Motion pictures
- **predecessor**: Talk:Summit Entertainment#Hills Video, Hills Video
- **founders**: Bernd Eichinger
Arnon Milchan
Andrew G. Vajna
- **location**: Universal City, California (2007–2012)
Santa Monica, California (2012–present)
- **key people**: Patrick Wachsberger
Bob Hayward
- **products**: movie, Motion pictures
- **services**: movie distribution, Movie Distribution
movie, Movie Production
- **owner**: Lionsgate, Lions Gate Entertainment
- **parent**: Lionsgate (2012–present)
- **divisions**: Summit Records
Summit Premiere
- **subsid**: #International Distribution Company, International Distribution Company, LLC
Harlem Renaissance

The **Harlem Renaissance** is the name for a movement in African-American culture in the 1920s and 1931 which has had a big influence  on African-American literature, philosophy and music. The _Harlem Renaissance_ is also called the "Black Literary Renaissance", '"The New Negro Movement" and "The flowering of Negro literature".

The movement began in Harlem, New York after World War I. In 1925 a book was published called "The New Negro", edited by Alain Locke. This book was a collection of writing by African-Americans which looked at their people's lives experiences since the Civil War. From 1925 onwards, there was a movement called the "New Negro Movement", named after the book.

The movement began to affect the thinking of many African-American writers and artists of all sorts. They challenged the thinking of many white Americans towards black Americans. They refused to be treated as if they were not equal. They refused to just copy the sorts of writing, art and music that white Americans did. They wanted to celebrate the fact that their African culture had survived through the terrible years of slavery, and was being "reborn". (The word "Renaissance" means "rebirth" and is generally used for a time from 1400 to 1600 in Europe.)

### Novels

- Jessie Redmon Fauset – _There is Confusion_ (1924), _Plum Bun_ (1928), _The Chinaberry Tree_ (1931), _Comedy, American Style_ (1933)
- Rudolph Fisher – _The Walls of Jericho_ (1928), _The Conjure Man Dies_ (1932)
- Langston Hughes – _Not Without Laughter_ (1930)
- Zora Neale Hurston – _Jonah's Gourd Vine_ (1934), _Their Eyes Were Watching God_ (1937)
- Nella Larsen – _Quicksand_ (1928), _Passing_ (1929)
- Claude McKay – _Home to Harlem_ (1927), _Banjo_ (1929), _Gingertown_ (1931), _Banana Bottom_ (1933)
- George Schuyler – _Black No More_ (1930), _Slaves Today_ (1931)
- Wallace Thurman – _The Blacker the Berry_ (1929), _Infants of the Spring_ (1932), _Interne_ (1932)
- Jean Toomer – _Cane_ (1923)
- Carl Van Vechten – _Nigger Heaven_ (1926)
- Eric Walrond – _Tropic Death_ (1926)
- Walter White – _The Fire in the Flint_ (1924), _Flight_ (1926)
- Paul Laurence Dubar - The Old Cabin (1905)

### Drama

- Charles Gilpin, actor
- Eugene O'Neill, playwright–_Emperor Jones_, _All God's Chillun Got Wings_
- Paul Robeson

### Poetry

- Langston Hughes, poet
- Jessie Fauset, editor, poet, essayist and novelist
- Countee Cullen, poet – _The Black Christ and Other Poems_ (1929)
- Claude McKay, poet
- James Weldon Johnson, poet
- Arna Bontemps, poet
- Richard Bruce Nugent, poet

### Musicians/Composers

- Nora Douglas Holt Ray
- Billie Holiday
- Duke Ellington
- Count Basie
- Louis Armstrong
- Eubie Blake
- Bessie Smith
- Fats Waller
- Aretha Franklin
- Ella Fitzgerald

### Popular entertainment

- Cotton Club
- Apollo Theater
- Black Swan Records
- Small's Paradise
- Connie's Inn
- Speakeasies
- Rent party
Third World

The "**Third World**" describes the developing countries.

The term _Third World_ was introduced during the Cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union.  At that time, there were three "worlds".  The term is now considered outdated, but until the late 20th century, it reflected economic and political divisions among nations.

## Related pages

- North-South divide
Database normalisation

**Database normalisation** is an approach to designing databases which was introduced by Edgar F. Codd in the 1970s. Certain databases, known as _relational databases_, allow data to be stored in separate groups. Each group is commonly called a _table_.  To provide useful information, these groups are connected to each other. For example, students could be stored in one group, and classes in another group. To show that a student is enrolled in a class, a "relationship" is established from one group to the other. A student could have a relationship to many classes, each of which he or she would be enrolled in, while a class would have a relationship to many students.

A traditional alternative is the "flat file database", where all of the data is grouped together like in a spreadsheet. The problem with flat file databases is that they can have a lot of blank spaces and there is a lot of information that has to be repeated for each entry. This means that the database is bigger than it has to be, and it makes it more likely that the database will contain mistakes. Relational databases, by breaking the data into groups, reduce the chance of mistakes happening and does not take up any more space than necessary. But for it to work it needs to be well designed.

Database normalization is a method of designing good relational databases, e.g. by eliminating redundancies. There are several "normal forms", each of which have rules which the database should be designed to meet. Codd originally specified three sets of criteria that different databases must meet: first, second and third normal form.

If a relation (or "database table") meets a certain normal form, it is not vulnerable to certain modifications, that will affect data integrity. The drawback of meeting such a set of criteria is usually that querying certain data from the database will become more difficult.

- First normal form
- Second normal form
- Third normal form
- Fourth normal form
- Fifth normal form
Clipboard

- ''For the clipboard in computers, see Clipboard (computing).

A **clipboard** is a thin board with a large (usually metal) clip at the top. Clipboards are a little larger than a piece of paper. They are used to support paper with one hand, while writing on the paper with the other hand. Clipboards are often used in situations where a person may not be able to find a good writing surface.

Clipboards can be made of many things. Most clipboards are made of masonite or particleboard, two types of wood. They can also be made from aluminum, steel, or acrylic, which is a type of plastic.

## Police and EMT clipboards

Many police officers and EMTs carry clipboards. These clipboards are used very often and are usually made of metal. They often have one or two sections inside for carrying papers and reports.
Ugliness

**Ugliness** is a property of physical things that are not nice to look at. This word is commonly used in when talking about someone's appearance. The opposite of ugliness is beauty. Someone who discriminates against ugly is called a  lookist or cacophobe.

Ugliness can be a matter of opinion. Two people can look at the same object and one may think it is beautiful and the other may think it is ugly. This is shown in the popular phrase _Beauty is in the eye of the beholder_.

Although _ugly_ usually means "a lack of physical beauty", the property of ugliness may also be used to describe other things such as music, literature, or human behavior. The word can also be used as an insult, even if the person does not think the person they are talking about is ugly.

## Ugliness in popular culture

- One of the most well-known examples of "ugly" in popular culture is the story _The Ugly Duckling_ by Hans Christian Andersen. The moral of this story is that ugliness is a matter of opinion.
- Movies with ugly in the title include _Coyote Ugly_ (based on New York's Coyote Ugly Saloon), and _The Good, the Bad and the Ugly_.
- Ugly dolls and troll dolls are unique because of their ugliness.
- The _Star Trek_ episode "Is There in Truth No Beauty?" had an alien race called the Medusans, who were so ugly that any human who sees one without protection would be driven insane.
- _Ugly Betty_ is the name of a television series on ABC that started in 2006.

## Related pages

- Aesthetics
Texture

The word **texture** means: what things are made of and how they feel.

Textures can be described as “rough”, “smooth”, “hard”, “soft”,  “liquid”, “solid”, “lumpy”, “gritty” etc.  The word “texture” is used for many different things.  It can even be used in abstract senses, e.g. for music and poetry.

## Food

People like or dislike food because of its taste, but the texture of the food also plays a part in whether we like it or not. We enjoy the feel of it in our mouth. Food can be hard, soft, lumpy, gritty (e.g. a cake made with ground rice). Adding some lettuce to a cheese sandwich will change the texture of the sandwich: it makes it more crunchy.

## Architecture

In architecture we often talk about “texture”.  This can mean: the things that the buildings are made of.  It can also mean: the general way it looks, e.g. whether everything is built close together or whether there is plenty of space.  This is an abstract use of the word, because it compares the way we see things to the way things feel.

## Painting

Painters talk about the texture of paintings. This can be seen clearly in pointillism which is a way of painting by using lots of little dots. This gives the painting a very interesting texture.

## Music

In music, we can talk about the texture of a piece of music.  If there are a lot of notes being played at once, we could call this a “thick” texture.  If there are just two or three notes being played so that every note can be heard clearly, we could call this a “thin” or “clear” texture.  Music may have a “polyphonic” texture or a “chordal” texture.  The word “texture”, this time, is being used to describe something we hear instead of something we feel.
Outlook Express

**Microsoft Outlook Express**, also known as **Microsoft Internet Mail and News**, is an email program and newsreader program made by Microsoft. It is a free version of Outlook, also made by Microsoft. Microsoft's Outlook Express was discontinued in 2006 with the release of its new operating system, Windows Vista, which has Windows Mail instead.

## Problems

Outlook Express needs a database to work, sometimes this database gets damaged when there are too many emails or when the database gets compacted. Compaction is needed when its size gets too large to handle well. Also, sometimes emails or attachments are infected with viruses.

## Other websites

- Moving emails from Outlook Express to Windows 8.1 - Microsoft, the company that created Outlook Express, tells how to move your old emails to a new version of Windows
- Outlook Express Help - Tips and Tricks - How to use Outlook Express
- UnDBX  online -  an open-source program that lets you save easily emails from a damaged database. The very complicated source code is at sourceforge.net

## Infobox (windows component)

- **name**: Outlook Express
- **type**: Email client, News client
- **included with**: Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003
- **replaced by**: Windows Mail
- **related components**: Internet Explorer
Michael Spinks

**Michael Spinks** (born on July 13, 1956) is a retired American boxer. He was the light heavyweight and heavyweight champion of the world.

Spinks was a member of the 1976 United States Olympics team and won a gold medal in the boxing competition. He became a professional boxer in 1977 and won the light heavyweight championship in 1981. In 1985 he fought heavyweight champion Larry Holmes and beat him for the title. It was the first time a light heavyweight champion had become heavyweight champion. He beat Holmes again in a rematch and defended his title another two times before losing to Mike Tyson in 1988. He never fought again.

Michael Spinks is the brother of heavyweight champion Leon Spinks.

## Other websites

- Boxing Record
Goodbye

**Goodbye** is a word used to express good wishes when parting. The phrase is respectful and should be used when parting another. It may originate from the phrase "God be with you".

Goodbye can also mean:

## Music

- _Goodbye_ (Cream album), an album by Cream
- _Goodbye_ (Ben & Jason album), an album by Ben & Jason
- _Goodbye_ (Dubstar album), an album by Dubstar
- _Goodbye_ (Ulrich Schnauss album), an upcoming album by Ulrich Schnauss
- "Goodbye", a song written by Lennon-McCartney in 1968 and recorded by Mary Hopkin on the Apple Records label
- "Goodbye" (Elton John song), a song written by Elton John and Bernie Taupin
- "Goodbye" (Spice Girls song), a 1998 single by Spice Girls
- "Goodbye", a 2002 song by Mudvayne from their album _The End of All Things to Come_
- "Goodbye?", a 2005 song by Grandaddy
- "Goodbye" (Def Leppard song), a single by Def Leppard
- "Goodbye", a song by Gravity Kills from their album _Gravity Kills_
- "Good Bye", a song by Japanese musician hide from the album _Psyence_
- "Goodbye", a song by Night Ranger from their 1985 album _Seven Wishes_
- "Goodbye" (Tevin Campbell song), a 1992 single by Tevin Campbell
- "Goodbye" (The Corrs song), a 2006 single by The Corrs
- "Goodbye", a 2006 single by Army of Anyone from their album _Army of Anyone_
- "Goodbye" (Everlife song), a 2007 single by Everlife
- "Goodbye" (Eurovision song), the Bosnian and Herzegovinian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1997, performed by Alma Čardžić.
Candy cane

A **candy cane** is a hard cane-shaped candy stick. It is usually white with red stripes and tastes like peppermint. It is also made in many other flavors and colors.  The candy cane is a traditional candy of the Christmas holiday in the United States, but you can find them during the rest of the year. It is a symbolic figure in the Christmas season.

In the 17th century, white sticks of candy were popular, but they were not colorful. According to legend, a choir leader in Germany asked the people that made the candy to bend the sticks so that they looked like shepherd's staffs. He then gave the candy canes to the children to keep them quiet during church services. The colors are also said to be symbolic. The white part represents purity, and the red represents the blood of Jesus.
Leon Spinks

**Leon Spinks** (July 11, 1953 – February 5, 2021) was an American boxer. He won the world heavyweight championship. He won a gold medal in the 1976 Olympics in the boxing category. He became a professional boxer. In his eighth bout, he won the heavyweight championship from Muhammad Ali. In his first defense, he lost the title back to Ali. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri.

Spinks continued boxing with little success after that. He fought Larry Holmes for the heavyweight title in 1981, but lost. He also fought for the cruiserweight championship, but he lost that fight, too. He stopped fighting in 1995.

He ws the brother of boxer Michael Spinks and the father of boxer Cory Spinks.

In December 2019, Spinks was hospitalized in Las Vegas after his prostate cancer spread to his bladder. He died on February 5, 2021 from the disease in Henderson, Nevada at the age of 67.

## Other websites

- Boxing Record
Cruiserweight

**Cruiserweight**, also referred to as **junior heavyweight**, is a weight class in professional boxing. It is between light heavyweight and heavyweight. "Light heavyweight" and "cruiserweight" used to be used interchangeably in the United Kingdom.

## Current World Champions

|Sanctioning Body|Reign Began|Champion|Record|Defenses||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|WBA|May 31, 2019|Arsen Goulamirian|26–0 (18 KO)|align=center|2|
|WBC|January 31, 2020|Ilunga Makabu|29–2 (25 KO)|align=center|2|
|IBF|September 26, 2020|Mairis Briedis|28–1 (20 KO)|align=center|1|
|WBO|March 20, 2021|Lawrence Okolie|18–0 (14 KO)|align=center|2|

#### _The Ring_

Ranking done by Ring magazine, as of  , .

|Rank|Name|Record (W–L–D)|Title(s)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Mairis Briedis|28–1 (20 KO)|IBF|
|2|Yuniel Dorticos|24–2 (22 KO)||
|3|Ilunga Makabu|29–2 (25 KO)|WBC|
|4|Lawrence Okolie|18–0 (14 KO)|WBO|
|5|Thabiso Mchunu|23–5 (13 KO)||
|6|Kevin Lerena|26–1 (13 KO)||
|7|Krzysztof Glowacki|31–3 (19 KO)||
|8|Alexei Papin|13–1 (12 KO)||
|9|Michal Cieslak|20–1 (14 KO)||
|10|Mateusz Masternak|46–5 (31 KO)||
|11|Ryad Merhy|30–1 (25 KO)||

#### BoxRec

As of  , .

|Rank|Name|Record (W–L–D)|Points|Title(s)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Mairis Briedis|28–1 (20 KO)|249.2|IBF|
|2|Ilunga Makabu|29–2 (25 KO)|140.4|WBC|
|3|Lawrence Okolie|17–0 (14 KO)|95.87|WBO|
|4|Yuniel Dorticos|24–2 (22 KO)|88.27||
|5|Thabiso Mchunu|23–5 (13 KO)|84.86||
|6|Arsen Goulamirian|26–0 (18 KO)|68.90|WBA|
|7|Michal Cieslak|20–1 (14 KO)|60.74||
|8|Krzysztof Glowacki|31–3 (19 KO)|32.71||
|9|Ryad Merhy|30–1 (25 KO)|30.14||
|10|Alexei Papin|13–1 (12 KO)|28.77||

### Longest reigning world cruiserweight champions

The table below is a list of **longest reigning cruiserweight champions** in boxing. It is measured by the individual's longest reign. Career total time as champion (for multiple time champions) does not apply.
||Name|Title reign|Title recognition|Successful defenses|Beaten opponents|Fights|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1.|Johnny Nelson|6 years, 5 months, 26 days|WBO|13|13||
|2.|Marco Huck|5 years, 11 months, 17 days|WBO|13|10||
|3.|Krzysztof Włodarczyk|4 years, 4 months, 12 days|WBC|6|5||
|4.|Denis Lebedev|4 years, 1 month, 3 days|WBA, IBF|5|5||
|4.|Guillermo Jones|4 years, 1 month, 3 days|WBA|2|2||
|6.|Juan Carlos Gómez|3 years, 11 months, 29 days|WBC|10|10||
|7.|Anaclet Wamba|3 years, 11 months, 17 days|WBC|7|7||
|8.|Yoan Pablo Hernández|3 years, 11 months,  2 weeks and 5 days|IBF|4|4||
|9.|Vassiliy Jirov|3 years, 10 months, 21 days|IBF|5|5||
|10.|Jean-Marc Mormeck|3 years, 10 months, 15 days|WBA, WBC|4|4||
|11.|Ossie Ocasio|2 years, 9 months, 18 days|WBA|3|3||
|12.|Arsen Goulamirian||WBA|4|4||
|13.|Oleksandr Usyk|2 years, 8 months, 29 days|WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO|6|6||
|14.|Ilunga Makabu||WBC|2|2||
|15.|Evander Holyfield|2 years|WBA, WBC, IBF|5|5||
- Active reign
- Reign has ended
Botanic

**Botanic** is a district of South Belfast, in the country of Ireland. It is named after Botanic Gardens, a local park dedicated to the science of botany.

## Geography

Botanic has a total area of 28 acres.
Steve Jay

**Eugene Stephen Jay** (born January 26, 1951) is a bassist best known for working with the singer-songwriter "Weird Al" Yankovic.
Minimum wage

The **minimum wage** is the least amount of salary that employees of a business can be paid. Around the world, the minimum wage is enforced as a law that every company must follow. If companies do not give their employees at least the minimum wage, the companies will be forced to pay an expensive fine for breaking the law.

Minimum wage is a relative term. Different countries have different minimum wages. Nunavut in Canada has a minimum wage of $11.00 per hour. Ontario, another place in Canada has a minimum wage of $10.25 per hour.

Some people think the minimum wage should be raised, so poor working people will have more money and enjoy more human rights. Others think it is worse because the government will not have enough money to pay all the employees, so they will raise the taxes or raise the inflation. Some people think that the minimum will drastically hurt employees because companies only hire employees whose labor is worth the price they are required to pay. They think that if the minimum wage is raised, then employees will lose their job because companies cannot afford to pay them the raised minimum wage.

New Zealand was the first country to start minimum wage in 1894.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
- Economic, social and cultural rights
Dookie

***Dookie*** is the 3rd album by the band Green Day. It was released in 1994.

## List of songs

1. "Burnout"
1. "Having a Blast"
1. "Chump"
1. "Longview"
1. "Welcome to Paradise"
1. "Pulling Teeth"
1. "Basket Case"
1. "She"
1. "Sassafras Roots"
1. "When I Come Around"
1. "Emenius Sleepus"
1. "Coming Clean"
1. "In The End"
1. "F.O.D."
1. "All By Myself" (secret song)
Renaissance art

Many of the most famous and best-loved works of art in the world were created during the time known as the Renaissance. The Renaissance began about 1400 and lasted until about 1600. Italy, and in particular the city of Florence is thought of as the home of Renaissance art.

Many Flemish painters from the area of modern Belgium were also very busy at this time. The style of their pictures, and their use of oil painting influenced the Italian painters.

## Important artworks

- **Competition for the Baptistry Doors**
- In 1401, a competition was held to find a sculptor to make a huge set of bronze door for the oldest church in Florence. Lorenzo Ghiberti, Filippo Brunelleschi and Donatello all entered the competition. Ghiberti won. When he finished the first set of doors, he had to make another set. It took fifty years. In that time, dozens of artists helped Ghiberti to make the doors.

- **Brancacci Chapel**
- On the walls of this family chapel at the church of the Carmelite Monastery, Massaccio painted pictures which were so realistic that everyone was amazed.

- **The statue of the Smug Cat**
- The most famous sculptor of the Early Renaissance was Donatello. His most important job was to make a huge _equestrian monument_ of a soldier (on horseback). The soldier's was called by his nickname, Gattamelata, meaning the Smug Cat (a Cat who is fed on Honey). Donatello had seen a huge equestrian monument before; there is one in Rome of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius. No-one had made such a big bronze statue for more than a thousand years. Donatello's statue was a huge success. It still stands outside the Basilica of Saint Antonio, in the city of Padua.

- **The painting of the Last Supper**
- Leonardo da Vinci did one of the world's most famous paintings, the Last Supper on the wall of the dining room in a monastery in Milan while he was working there for the Duke. It shows Jesus, on the night before he died, sharing a meal with his disciples. It has been reproduced and copied thousands of times.

- **The Sistine Chapel Ceiling**
- Michelangelo painted the whole ceiling of the Sistine Chapel all by himself over five years. The way that the figures were painted was to influence other artists for hundreds of years.

- **Mona Lisa**
- Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda) is a 16th century portrait painted in oil on a poplar panel by Leonardo Da Vinci during the Italian Renaissance. The work is owned by the French government and hangs in the Musée du Louvre in Paris, France with the title Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of Francesco del Giocondo.

The painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose expression is often described as enigmatic. The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination. Few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody.

## Related pages

- Renaissance architecture
- Renaissance music
Renaissance architecture

**The Dome of Florence Cathedral**
- Florence Cathedral, (called il Duomo), built by Arnolfo di Cambio, had a huge hole at the centre. The competition to build a roof over it was won by Brunelleschi who built the largest dome since Roman times. He cleverly got the whole city excited by getting teams of workers from the eight parts of the city.

- **Church of San Lorenzo**
- This church in Florence was designed by Brunelleschi using all the things he had learnt by looking at the architecture of Ancient Rome. It has arches, columns and round-topped windows in the Roman style. It looks completely different to the pointy-arched churches of the Middle Ages. Only the inside was finished. The outside is still all rough bricks and no-on knows exacly how it was meant to look. On the inside, however, Brunelleschi taught everyone a new set of architectural rule that revolutionised The Renaissance.

- **Church of Sant' Andrea**
- When the Ancient Roman Emperors came back from winning a battle, they built a Triumphal Arch as a monument to themself. There are several of these monuments in Rome and they have the same design: a big arch at the centre, and a smaller lower arch or doorway on either side. The architect Alberti used this as the design for the front of the church of Sant' Andrea in Mantua. He used the same pattern of tall and arched, low and square, all down the inside of the church as well. This was copied by many other architects.

- **Medici-Riccardi Palace**
- When it came to building palaces, the rich people of the Renaissance had different needs to the Roman Emperors, so the architects had to use the rules to make a new sort of grand building. These Renaissance palaces are usually three stories high and quite plain on the outside. On the inside there is a courtyard, surrounded by beautiful columns and windows. Architects like Michelozzo who worked for Cosimo de' Medici, looked at the Roman Colisseum (sports arena) which is three stories high with rows of arches.
- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Florence_Medici_Riccardi_Palace.jpg
- **Saint Peter's Basilica**
- The most famous church in Rome was the ancient Church that had been built over the grave of St. Peter. By 1500 it was falling down. The Pope decided that instead of repairing it, it should be pulled down and a brand new church should be built. By the time it was finished, lots of important artists had worked on the design including Michelangelo, Raphael, Bramante, Maderna and Sangallo. It was the first building to use huge columns called a "giant order". It has one of the most magnificent domes in the world. It has been copied in many countries.

- **Villa Rotunda**
This country house was built by Palladio in 1550. It is a square building which looks the same from every side. At the centre, there is a dome. On every side is a large porch, (portico), like a Greek temple. It is such an elegant design that other architects used the same style which can be seen on churches, houses and palaces, including the White House.
Fiji One

**Fiji One** is a free-to-air television channel run by Fiji Television. It is shown all across Fiji. It is paid for by advertisements. For this reason, programs on Fiji One have commercial breaks, to allow advertisers that fund the programs to showcase their products or services.

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: Fiji One
- **logo size**: 200px
- **logo caption**: Current TV One logo
- **picture format**: PAL-576i (SDTV 16:9)
- **slogan**: _Something Good to Come Home to_
- **country**: Fiji
- **language**: English language, English, Hindi, iTaukei
- **area**: National
- **headquarters**: 78 Brown Street, Suva
- **owner**: Fiji Television
- **web**: https://www.fijione.tv/
- **terr serv 1**: Analog television, Analogue
- **terr chan 1**: * **VHF Band** (Deuba, Navua, Suva, Nausori, Korovou, Coral Coast, Labasa, Savusavu, Taveuni, Nadi, Lautoka, Yasawa, Mamanuca)
Comet Group

**Comet** was a chain of shops in the UK. They were the second largest retailer of TVs, and biggest retailer of fridges, washing machines and dishwashers in England.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Comet Group Limited
- **image**: The Comet Building, George Street, Hull - geograph.org.uk - 628474.jpg
- **image caption**: The Comet Building (opened 1982), Comet Group's offices on George Street, Hull. Photo: 2007. The group's first store was established on this street in the 1950s.
- **trade name**: **Comet**
- **type**: Electrical retailer
- **industry**: Retail
- **genre**: Retail
- **fate**: Administration (insolvency), Administration
- **founder**: George Hollingbery in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire
- **location city**: United Kingdom
- **area served**: United Kingdom
- **key people**: Neville Barry Kahn, Nicholas Guy Edwards and Christopher James Farrington (administrators for Deloitte LLP)
- **products**: Major appliance, White Goods, Small appliance, Brown Goods, Telecommunications, Information technology, Home Entertainment
- **owner**: OpCapita (2012)
- **parent**: Kingfisher plc, Kingfisher/Woolworths Group PLC, Woolworths plc (Formerly)
Sainsbury's

**Sainsbury's** is the biggest supermarket chain based in the United Kingdom. Sainsbury's originally sold only food, but it now sells other things like mobile phones, clothing, and books. Sainsbury's is the second largest supermarket in the UK (after Tesco). The clothing range at Sainsbury's has changed a lot over the years. It started off with, Jeff & Co, then another range was brought in, after that Adams Kids. Now it is called TU. Sainsbury's sister store is called Argos.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Sainsbury's
- **logo**: Sainsbury's logo.png
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **foundation**: 1869
Holborn, London, United Kingdom
- **location**: 33 Holborn, City of London, London, EC1N 2HT, United Kingdom
- **key people**: David Tyler (businessman), David Tyler
()
Justin King (businessman), Justin King
()
- **locations**: 1,106 (16 March 2013)
- **subsid**: Sainsbury's Bank Plc
Sainsbury's Supermarkets Ltd.
Sainsbury's Local, Sainsbury's Convenience Stores Ltd.
- **industry**: Retailing
- **products**: Convenience/forecourt store, hypermarket/supercenter/superstore, supermarket
- **revenue**: Pound sterling, £22.294 billion (2012)
- **operating income**: £874 million (2012)
- **net income**: £598 million (2012)
- **num employees**: 152,000 (2012)
- **owner**: Judith Portrait (3.92%)
Lord Sainsbury of Turville, Lord Sainsbury (4.99%)
Sainsbury family (15%)
Qatar Investment Authority, Qatar Investment (25.999%)
- **homepage**: [http://www.j-sainsbury.co.uk Corporate Website]
[http://www.sainsburys.co.uk Consumer Website]
Venus of Willendorf

***Venus of Willendorf*** or ***Woman of Willendorf***, is an 11.1 cm (4.4 inches) high statuette of a woman or woman-like thing. Someone carved it in prehistoric times, perhaps 30,000 years ago.

Archaeologist Josef Szombathy found it in 1908 near Willendorf, a village in Lower Austria near the city of Krems. The statuette is made of a kind of limestone called oolite. There is no oolite near Willendorf, so scientists think someone carried the stone a very long way. The statue is colored with red ochre.

Today, _Venus of Willendorf_ is part of the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Viennahttp://witcombe.sbc.edu/willendorf/ .

Since 1908, archaeologists have found many more statuettes of fat women, like the Venus, so these are also called Venus figurines.

## Academic studies

A study from 1990 said the statue was made between 24,000 and 22,000 BCE. Scientists think someone in the Gravettian culture carved it using flint tools.

Another study from 2022 said that the oolite in the statue matched oolite from northern Italy, which means someone must have carried the stone over or around the Alps and Danube River.

## Related pages

- Venus (mythology)
- Venus figurines
- Prehistory

## Other websites

- Christopher L. C. E. Witcombe, "Women in Prehistory:Venus of Willendorf" .
- _The Invisible Sex: Uncovering the True Roles of Women in Prehistory_ by J.M. Adovasio, Olga Soffer and Jake Page, , gives a new 'view' of _headdress_ as possible model for weaving a basket; Laura Miller review at Salon.com: http://salon.com/books/feature/2007/03/21/cavewoman/
Acts of Supremacy

The **Acts of Supremacy** was passed by Elizabeth I in 1558. This act stated that the king, not the pope was the head of the Church of England.

When this act was originally passed by Henry VIII, in 1534, he had been the ‘Head of the Church in England’ but under Elizabeth’s reign, she was “Supreme Governor of the Church in England”.

The change may have been made to appease Catholics who could not accept the monarch as "Head of the Church", seeing the church as the Pope's domain, or it may have been made because Elizabeth was a woman. In the sixteenth century, women were regarded as inferior to men in spiritual matters, and many were uncomfortable with the idea of a woman being in charge.  This act also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take. If they did not take it, then they would lose their office.  A High Commission was established to ensure that the oath was taken.
Winston Smith

**Winston Smith** is a fictional character and the protagonist of George Orwell's 1949 novel _Nineteen Eighty-Four_. In the book, Winston is a clerk for the Ministry of Truth, where his job is to rewrite historical documents so that they match the current party line, which changes on a daily basis.

de:1984 (Roman)#Winston Smith
pt:Winston Smith
Yantai

**Yantai** is a city in Shandong province, China. It is on the coast facing the Huang Hai. The average annual temperature is 12°C. The annual rainfall is 20 mm.

The city used to be called "Chefoo" because an island close to the city was named "Chefoo". The name of the city means "Smokey Tower" (yan - smoke, tai - tower). The city is named "Yantai" because in 1398 the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty, built watch towers nearby to tell everyone if Japanese pirates were coming.

the city of Yantai and the area around it had 6,516,900 people living in it. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 343.4 billionRMB while the GDP divided by the population was 49,012RMB.
Qiemo

**Qiemo**, also called **Cherchen**, is an inland city in Xinjiang, China. About 60,000 people live in the city. It is a river town on the edge of the Taklamakan Desert. The area has been settled for a long time. A cemetery at least 3,500 years old is near the town, as well as Bronze Age rock carvings. The town was along the trade route to Tibet. Marco Polo is supposed to have passed through the town in 1273.
Ronnie James Dio

**Ronnie James Dio** (born  **Ronald James Padavona**; July 10, 1942 – May 16, 2010) was an American heavy metal singer. His parents were Italian Americans. He performed with Elf, Rainbow, Black Sabbath, and his own band Dio. He was also part of the band Heaven and Hell (named after Black Sabbath's most famous song), with some of the original Black Sabbath members. Dio was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and raised in Cortland, New York. He starred in the Tenacious D movie, _The Pick Of Destiny_.

In November 2009, Dio was diagnosed with stomach cancer, which caused his death in Houston, Texas, on May 16, 2010. He was 68.

## Other websites

- Official site of Ronnie James Dio
Chow Yun-fat

**Chow Yun-fat** <small>SBS</small> (born May 18, 1955), formerly called **Donald Chow**, is a Hong Kong actor and singer. He often worked with John Woo in the action movies _A Better Tomorrow_, _The Killer_, and _Hard Boiled_. He also acted in _Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End_, and has acted in many drama movies.

## Career

His parents were farmers and poor. He grew up on an island without electricity. While in college, Chow began training to become an actor with TVB. He first appeared on the 1980 TV series _The Bund_. Chow appeared in many TV series, but he wanted to act in movies. He acted in a few movies, but they were very bad. He finally became successful when he teamed with John Woo in _A Better Tomorrow_.

## Infobox (chinese)

- **child**: yes
- **pic**: Chow Yun-fat (Chinese characters).svg
- **piccap**: Chow's name in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
- **picupright**: 0.5
- **t**: 周潤發
- **s**: 周润发
- **p**: Zhōu Rùnfā
- **j**: Zau1 Jeon6-faat3
- **y**: Jāu Yeuhn-faat


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Chow Yun-fat
- **honorific suffix**: Silver Bauhinia Star, SBS
- **image**: Chow Yun Fat for wiki.jpg
- **caption**: Chow Yun-fat in 2007
- **native name**: 周潤發
- **native name lang**: zh
- **birth place**: Lamma Island, Hong Kong
- **other names**: Donald Chow
- **alma mater**: City University of Hong Kong
- **occupation**: Celebrity, Singer
- **years active**: 1974 - present
- **spouse**:

- **mother**: Chan Lai-fong
- **father**: Chow Yung-wan
- **awards**:
1019

## Events

- The Azdâjis ends the Kingdom of Nekor in Morocco.
- Sviatopolk I dies, and is succeeded by his brother Yaroslav I (**the Wise**). He becomes, with the support of the Novgorodians and the help of Varangian (Viking) mercenaries, the Grand Prince of Kiev. Yaroslav consolidates the Kievan state, through both cultural and administrative improvements, and military campaigns.
Joan of Acre

**Joan of Acre** (April 1272 – 7 April 1307) was a daughter of King Edward I of England and his first wife, Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290).
Atze Schröder

**Atze Schröder** is a German comedy figure played by Hubertus Albers.

## Atze Schröder

The figure "Atze Schröder" was born on 27 September 1965 in the German town Essen.

## Biography of the comedian

In public, he always acts as his pseudonym "Atze Schröder". Some sources report Emsdetten as his place of birth. He was suing a German newspaper and the German Wikipedia after they published his real name Hubertus Albers.

## Awards

- 2000: Deutscher Comedypreis – _Best Comedy Act_ for _Alles Atze_
- 2003: Deutscher Comedypreis – _Best Actor in a comedy show_ for _Alles Atze_
- 2003: Deutscher Fernsehpreis – _Best Sitcom_ for _Alles Atze_
- 2005: Deutscher Comedypreis – _Best Comedy Series_ for _Alles Atze_

## Other websites

- Official Atze Schröder homepage (German)
- Atze Schröder as a trademark
- Commentary of WikiMedia CEO
Autonomy

**Autonomy** means being able to rule without having to obey some other higher authority. Autonomy is something that philosophers often talk about.  The idea occurs in moral, political, and bioethical philosophy.  It means that someone is able to make a sensible decision without being forced to do so by someone else.  They are able to make a "free" decision.

In moral and political philosophy, autonomy is often used when discussing whether someone has a moral responsibility for what he does. One of best known philosophical theories of autonomy was developed by Kant. In medicine, doctors have to respect the autonomy of the patient, i.e. the patient has been given good information about their illness, they should be able to decide whether they want treatment.  The doctor cannot force it on them.

In politics, autonomy means self-determination that people can govern themselves instead of being ruled by someone else.

## Other page

- Bodily integrity
- Independence
- Pro-choice
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

**Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel** (August 27, 1770 – November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, Württemberg, which is now southwest Germany. He started Hegelianism and is a part of German Idealism. He influenced many writers and philosophers, including those who agreed with him (Bradley, Sartre, Küng, Bauer, Stirner, Marx), and those who did not agree with him (Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Schelling). Hegel's books are difficult to read and deal with many different ideas at the same time. He has written about history, politics, religion, art, logic and metaphysics.

## Major works

- _Phenomenology of Spirit_ (_Phänomenologie des Geistes_ Sometimes translated as _Phenomenology of Mind_) 1807 (This gives an example of the problem: The English translators of the _Phänomenologie des Geistes_ are not sure if they should translate "Geist" by "Spirit" or by "Mind", although the terms "Spirit" and "Mind" are sharply distinct in the English language.)
- _Science of Logic_ (_Wissenschaft der Logik_) 1812–1816 (last edition of the first part 1831)
- _Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences_ (_Enzyklopaedie der philosophischen Wissenschaften_) 1817–1830
- _Elements of the Philosophy of Right_ (_Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts_) 1821
- _Lectures on Aesthetics_
- _Lectures on the Philosophy of History_ (also translated as _Lectures on the Philosophy of World History_) 1830
- _Lectures on Philosophy of Religion_
- _Lectures on the History of Philosophy_

## Secondary literature

- Theodor W. Adorno, 1994. _Hegel: Three Studies_. MIT Press. Translated by Shierry M. Nicholsen, with an introduction by Nicholsen and Jeremy J. Shapiro, . Essays on Hegel's concept of spirit/mind, Hegel's concept of experience, and why Hegel is difficult to read.
- Avineri, Shlomo, 1974. _Hegel's Theory of the Modern State_. Cambridge University Press. Best introduction to Hegel's political philosophy.
- Frederick C. Beiser, ed., 1993. _The Cambridge Companion to Hegel_. Cambridge University Press. . The Cambridge Companions are a good way to start learning about a particular philosopher; this one is no exception.

## Other websites

- The new HegelWiki
- Hegel.net - resources available under the GNU FDL
- Hegel.net  - wiki article on Hegel
- Alicia Farinati -  Hegelian Works  Several articles on Hegel. Available in English, Spanish and French
- Commented link list
- Hegel mailing lists in the internet
- Explanation of Hegel, mostly in German
- The Hegel Society of America
- Hegel in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- http://www.gwfhegel.org/
- Hegel page in 'The History Guide'
- Is Hegel a Christian?
- Rethinking the Place of Philosophy with Hegel - Call for Papers for Cosmos and History

### Hegel texts online

- Philosophy of History Introduction
- Hegel's The Philosophy of Right
- Hegel's The Philosophy of History
- Hegel by HyperText reference archive
RVV Hillesluis

**Rotterdamse Voetbalvereniging "Hillesluis"** (translated:_Rotterdam's Football Society "Hillesluis"_) was a football club in Rotterdam. It was located near the Feyenoord stadium. It was created in 1932 in a Rotterdam's town with the same name. It was disestablished in 2012.

This club has 21 teams from which:
- 4 senior teams
- 6 junior teams
- 7 pupil teams
- 1 lady's team
- 1 futsal team
- 2 disabled teams

## Other websites

- RVV Hillesluis