juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pistosaurus

**Pistosaurus** is a genus of marine sauropterygian reptiles. It is a Nothosaur, a relative of the plesiosaurs.

_Pistosaurus_ was a advanced nothosaur-like body with a plesiosaur-like head. Is presently known only from the Middle Triassic. Even if it is a nothosaur it is acknowledged to be closely related to the ancestors of plesiosaurs.

The head also resembled that of a plesiosaur, but with the primitive palate of a nothosaur, and numerous, sharp teeth ideal for catching and eating fish.

Although it is unlikely that _Pistosaurus_ was a direct ancestor of the plesiosaurs, the mixture of features suggests that it was closely related  to that group.
Party

A **party** is a social gathering for celebration and recreation. Some are to celebrate a special day, person, or event.

## Related pages

- Celebration
- Festival
    - White Nights Festival
    - Spring Festival
LNER Class A4

The **LNER Class A4** was a type of steam locomotive made in England in 1935. It was designed by Sir Nigel Gresley for the London North Eastern Railway. 35 locomotives were built in total.They were designed to be very fast and had a very sleek shape. One of them, 4468 "Mallard", is the fastest steam locomotive ever made. It set a world speed record of 126 mph (202.7 km/h) on July 3, 1938 before the start of World War 2 in 1939 .Six A4s still exist today. The rest were scrapped when steam stopped being used to power trains in Britain in the 1960’s while one locomotive was destroyed by the German Wehrmacht (Military)’s Luftwaffe (Air Force) back in 1942 during World War 2 . 4 are preserved in Britain in Europe while 2 are preserved in North America (1 in Canada and 1 in America)

## Other websites

- LNER Encyclopedia Page covering the history and development of the LNER A4 Pacifics

## Infobox (locomotive)

- **name**: LNER Class A4
- **powertype**: Steam
- **image**: Up Capitals Limited express on the ECML at Wymondley, south of Hitchin 2282866.jpg
- **imagesize**: 330px
- **caption**: 60009 _LNER Class A4 4488 Union of South Africa, Union of South Africa_ in 1951
- **designer**: Nigel Gresley, H. N. Gresley
- **builder**: LNER Doncaster Works
- **builddate**: 1935–1938
- **totalproduction**: 35
- **whytetype**: 4-6-2
- **uicclass**: 2'C1h
- **fueltype**: Coal
- **cylindercount**: Three
- **maxspeed**: in Regular Service ( maximum recorded)
- **locobrakes**: Vacuum
- **trainbrakes**: Vacuum
60009, 60007 & 60019 have been fitted with air brakes
- **operator**: London and North Eastern Railway, LNER, British Railways, BR
- **operatorclass**: A4
- **powerclass**: BR: 8P6F
- **numinclass**: 35
- **fleetnumbers**: LNER: 2509–2512, 4462–4469, 4482–4500, 4900–4903,
LNER 1–34 (not in order),
BR: 60001–60034
- **nicknames**: "Streak"
- **withdrawndate**: 1942, 1962–1966
- **disposition**: 6 preserved
Old Firm

The **Old Firm** is the name given to the relationship between two football teams in Scotland, Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C.

## Head to head record

|Competition|Played|Rangers|Draw|Celtic|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Scottish League|288|112|82|94|
|Scottish Cup|46|16|8|22|
|League Cup|45|23|2|20|
<small>1888-1999 statistics obtained from RSSSF. Remaining stats obtained from Soccerbase </small>

## History

The Old Firm have a lot of history, possibly dating back to around 1888, Celtic's first match, which was against Rangers, when a newspaper report stated that both sets of players "got on so well that you would believe that they were old firm friends." However, William J. Murray states that the term comes from the commercial benefits of the two clubs' rivalry, which were viewed with distaste in some parts in the early days of the game

The two clubs are the most successful in Scotland, having won between them 63 Scottish Cups and 93 Scottish Premier League championships (as of 2007). The two clubs normally compete four times a year in the SPL and are regularly drawn against each other in the two Scottish cup competitions.

The clubs' have large support bases around Glasgow, but also have supporters clubs in most towns throughout Scotland and in many cities around the world. The presence of Rangers and Celtic has been estimated to be worth £120 million to the Scottish economy.

The two clubs' fan bases have historically been divided on religious lines. Celtic are supported by Catholics, while Rangers are supported by Protestants.

## Players

There have been many high profile players to play for both sides of the Old Firm. The most recent players to do so are Kenny Miller, Maurice Johnston, Steven Pressley, Mark Brown and Barry Robson. Kenny Miller is the first player in the modern era to cross the Old Firm divide twice, having played for Rangers then Celtic, then moving back to Rangers.
Gretna F.C.

**Gretna Football Club** is a former Scottish football club from Gretna, Dumfries and Galloway that was founded in 1946.

Despite being based in Scotland, the club played in English football between 1947 and 2002. The club was elected to the Scottish Football League at the third attempt in 2002. Under the ownership of businessman Brooks Mileson, who invested millions of pounds in what was a village team, the club went from the Third Division side to the Scottish Premier League (SPL) in less than five years.

While in the SPL, however, the club were placed in administration after Mileson withdrew his financial support. The club finished in the relegation position in the SPL. At the end of the season, all of the club's staff were made redundant and the club was initially relegated to the Third Division due to their inability to guarantee fulfilment of their 2008-09 fixtures.

After this demotion, the one remaining potential buyer withdrew their offer to buy the club. In the belief that Gretna has ceased to exist, they resigned their place in the Scottish Football League on June 3.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Gretna F.C.
- **fullname**: Gretna Football Club
- **founded**: 1946-2008
- **ground**: Raydale Park,
Gretna
- **capacity**: 3,000
- **leftarm1**: 000000
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: 000000
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- pattern_la2
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: 0000FF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: 0000FF
- **socks2**: 0000FF
Labour

**Labor** might mean:
- Labour (economics)
- Labour (constituency), a constituency in Hong Kong
- Labor Day, a holiday in Canada and the United States
- Childbirth, the process of a mother about to give birth

## Political parties

- Australian Labor Party
- Labour Party (UK), a British political party
- Labour Party (Ireland)
- Labour Party (Netherlands)
- New Zealand Labour Party
- Norwegian Labour Party

## Related pages

- Work (a disambiguation page)
- The Labors of Herakles
Pillar (band)

**Pillar** is a Grammy-nominated Christian rock band from Tulsa, Oklahoma.  Pillar has used several genres, such as hard rock, rapcore, and alternative metal.

### Albums

- _Metamorphosis_ (1999)
- _Original Superman_ (2000)
- _Above_ (2000)
- _Fireproof_ (2002)
- _Where Do We Go From Here_ (2004)
- _The Reckoning_ (2006)
- _For the Love of the Game_ (2008)
- _Confessions_ (2009)
- _One Love Revolution_ (2014)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Pillar
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Tulsa, Oklahoma, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Christian metal, Christian rock, hard rock, post-grunge, alternative metal, rapcore (early)
- **years active**: 1998 – present
- **label**: Sony BMG
Essential Records (Christian), Essential Records <small>(2007-Present)</small>
Flicker Records <small>(1998-2007)</small>
- **associated acts**: Stars Go Dim
- **url**: [http://www.pillarmusic.com/ pillarmusic.com]
- **current members**: Rob Beckley
Noah Henson
Lester Estelle, Jr.
Michael Wittig (AKA Kalel)
- **past members**: Brad Noone : Drums (left 2002)
Travis Jenkins : Guitar (left 2001)
Dustin Adams : Guitar (left 1999)
Joey Avalos : Guitar (2006-07)
Captain (sports)

In team sports, a **captain** is a title given to the member of the team who has to make choices about strategy and teamwork while a game is happening.

This is most important when a game's rules say that the coach of a team cannot tell the players what they should do while a game is being played.

In some sports, team captains may have to talk with game officials about the way the rules are applied.
RAR (disambiguation)

**RAR** may refer to the following:

- RAR, a proprietary file format for data compression and archiving for computers
- Rarotonga International Airport
- Remote Access Router
- Rock Against Racism
- Rock am Ring and Rock im Park, a German rock music festival
- Royal Anglian Regiment, a unit of the British Army
- Royal Australian Regiment, a unit of the Australian Army
- Resource Adapter aRchive, a specific file format defined in the J2EE/Java EE Connector Architecture specifications
- Romantic Air Recording Company, a record label
Zip

**zip** or **ZIP** may mean:

- Zipper, a device used for temporarily joining two edges of fabric.
- ZIP (file format), a file format for lossless data compression.
- ZIP code, the system of postal codes used in the United States.
ZIP (file format)

The **ZIP** file format is a popular lossless data compression and archival format created by Phil Katz, founder of PKWARE. A ZIP file contains one or more files that have been compressed, to reduce their file size, or stored as-is. A number of compression algorithms are permitted in zip files but in 2008 only DEFLATE is widely used and supported.

## Usage

ZIP files generally use the file extensions ".zip" or ".ZIP" and the MIME media type `application/zip`. Some software uses the ZIP file format as a wrapper for a large number of small items in a specific structure. Generally when this is done a different file extension is used.

## Infobox (file format)

- **name**: ZIP
- **icon**: The Unarchiver zip.png
- **caption**: A zip archive icon from the Torchlight (icon set), Torchlight icon set.
- **extension**: .zip
- **mime**: application/zip
- **uniform type**: com.pkware.zip-archive
- **magic**: `PK\003\004 or PK\005\006 (empty archive)` (unless a bootstrap script is present)
- **owner**: Phil Katz
- **genre**: Data compression
Ben Roethlisberger

**Benjamin Todd Roethlisberger** (born March 2, 1982, in Lima, Ohio), nicknamed **Big Ben**, is an American football quarterback. He played for the Pittsburgh Steelers in the National Football League.

Roethlisberger was the captain of his high school's football team, basketball team, and baseball team. He did not play football as a quarterback until his last year in high school.

Roethlisberger played college football for Miami University in Oxford. In 2003, Roethlisberger led his team to an unbeaten record, a Number 10 ranking in the Associated Press poll and a 49-28 victory over Louisville in the 2003 GMAC Bowl.

Roethlisberger was chosen by the Steelers in the 2004 NFL Draft. He earned the National Football League's "Rookie of the Year Award" in 2005.

On February 5, 2006, Roethlisberger became the youngest quarterback in NFL history to win a Super Bowl. He helped the Steelers to a 21-10 victory over the Seattle Seahawks in the fortieth Super Bowl. He was only 23 years old at the time. He played in his first Pro Bowl in 2007. Roethlisberger led the Steelers to a second Super Bowl title in four seasons as they defeated the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII, 27-23, after he made a game-winning touchdown pass to Santonio Holmes in the final 35 seconds.

On January 27, 2022, Roethlisberger announced that he was retiring from the NFL.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Ben Roethlisberger
- **image**: Ben Roethlisberger Steelers cropped.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **current team**: Pittsburgh Steelers
- **number**: 7
- **position**: Quarterback
- **birth place**: Lima, Ohio
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 5
- **weight lbs**: 240
- **high school**: Findlay High School, Findlay (Findlay, Ohio)
- **college**: Miami RedHawks football, Miami (OH)
- **draftyear**: 2004
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 11
- **pastteams**: * Pittsburgh Steelers (–)
- **status**: Active
- **highlights**: * 2× Super Bowl champion (Super Bowl XL, XL, Super Bowl XLIII, XLIII)
* 6× Pro Bowl (2008 Pro Bowl, 2007, 2012 Pro Bowl, 2011, 2015 Pro Bowl, 2014–2018 Pro Bowl, 2017)
* 2× List of National Football League season passing yardage leaders, NFL passing yards leader (2014 NFL season, 2014, 2018 NFL season, 2018)
* National Football League Rookie of the Year Award, NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year (2004 NFL season, 2004)
* PFWA All-Rookie Team (PFWA All-Rookie Team#2004, 2004)
* Vern Smith Leadership Award (2003)
* Mid-American Conference football individual awards#Offensive Player of the Year, MAC Offensive Player of the Year (2003)
* Mid-American Conference football individual awards#Freshman Player of the Year, MAC Freshman of the Year (2001)
* Miami RedHawks#Retired numbers, Miami RedHawks No.7 retired
- **statseason**: 2018
- **statlabel1**: Passing attempts
- **statvalue1**: 7,168
- **statlabel2**: Passing completions
- **statvalue2**: 4,616
- **statlabel3**: Percentage
- **statvalue3**: 64.4
- **statlabel4**: Touchdowns, TD–Interception, INT
- **statvalue4**: 363–190
- **statlabel5**: Passing yards
- **statvalue5**: 56,194
- **statlabel6**: Passer rating
- **statvalue6**: 94.2
- **nfl**: ROE750381
- **pfr**: R/RoetBe00
Bubble

**Bubble** could mean:

## Traditional bubbles

- Liquid bubble, a globule of one substance encased in another, usually air in a liquid
    - Soap bubble, a bubble formed by soapy water
    - Antibubble, a droplet of liquid surrounded by a thin film of gas

## Arts and Literature

- _Bubbles_ (painting), a painting by Sir John Everett Millais
- Bubbles Yablonsky, the protagonist in a series of mystery novels
- Dome, an architectural element representing the upper half of a sphere
- Speech bubble, a graphic convention used primarily in comics and cartoons
- Bubbles, a monkey in the Dragon Ball series

## Economics

- Bubble (economics), a situation where market prices are unsustainably high
    - Dot-com bubble
    - Real estate bubble
    - Stock market bubble
    - "South Sea Bubble"

## Film

- _The Bubble_ (1966 film), a science fiction film
- _Bubble Boy_, a 2001 comedy film directed by Blair Hayes
- _Bubble_ (film), a 2006 improvised thriller directed by Stephen Soderbergh
- _The Bubble_ (2006 film), an Israeli drama about a gay romance

## Food and Drink

- Bubble and squeak, a traditional English vegetable dish
- Bubble tea, a Taiwanese beverage
- A colloquial term for sparkling wine, particularly champagne
- Bubble gum, a candy often used to chew and blow bubbles.

## Television

- Bubble, a character in the TV series _Absolutely Fabulous_
- Bubbles, a character in the animated TV series _Jabberjaw_
- Bubbles (_The Powerpuff Girls_)
- Bubbles (_Trailer Park Boys_ character)
- Bubbles (_The Wire_)
- Bubbles the Clown, a doll used in a BBC test card
- Bubbles DeVere, a character in the TV series _Little Britain_
- Bubbles (The Adventures of Little Carp),an anthropomorphic fish from The Adventures of Little Carp.

## Video games

- _Bubble Bobble_
- _Bubbles_ (video game)
- The main character in the video game _Clu Clu Land_
- An enemy in the _Legend of Zelda_ video game series

## People and animals

- Bubble Eye, a variety of goldfish
- Bubbles (chimpanzee), a chimpanzee who lived with Michael Jackson
- Pamela Harmsworth, Viscountess Rothermere, an English socialite and actress
- William Milbourne James, the child model for the painting and soap advertisement _Bubbles_
- Beverly Sills, opera singer

## Other meanings

- Bubble (automobile), a special sedan also called a Hi-Riser
- Bubble (computing), an error in program execution
- Bubbles (band), a Swedish girl group
- Bubble Act, an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain requiring all joint-stock companies to have a Royal Charter
- Bubble chamber, a particle detector in physics
- Bubble wrap, a packaging material
- Westminster Bubble, a term used to describe isolation among United Kingdom government employees
- A symbol used in logic gate diagrams
- A term used in poker tournaments for the last finishing position before entering the payout structure (_See Glossary of poker terms_)
- Refers to a college basketball team that has a significant, but not assured, chance to be awarded an at-large bid to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship or NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Championship
Staphylococcus aureus

**Staphylococcus aureus** (**also _S. aureus**_, from the Greek σταφυλόκοκκος, “grape-cluster berry”, Latin aureus, “golden”) is a gram-positive, round shaped bacterium appearing in grape-like clusters, often living on the skin or in the nose of a person, as well as in the lower reproductive tract of women. It is anaerobic, which means that it can grow without an oxygen atmosphere. Although _S. aureus_ lives as a normal inhabitant on the human body, it can become an opportunistic pathogen. This means that if people have a weakened immune system, they can become ill from _S. aureus_ infections. It causes a variety of illnesses, from skin and joint infections to respiratory infections. Some of the diseases caused can be life threatening, like meningitis, bacteremia and toxic shock syndrome. _S. aureus_ is a very common cause of infection in hospitals.

_S. aureus_ infections can spread both in and out of hospital, from people through skin-to-skin contact, or contact with objects touched by an infected person, and through contact with pus from an infected wound. It can also live on surfaces or in non-sterile breathing tubes. As symptoms begins to show, the patient is contagious for 2 weeks, with the illness lasting overall a few weeks. If untreated, the infection can be deadly. To avoid _S. aureus_ infections, hygiene measures such as daily showers or baths and frequent hand washing with soap are advised.

Some strains of _S. aureus_ have become increasingly resistant to antibiotic treatment, for example methicillin-resistant _S. aureus_ (MRSA). No vaccine for _S. aureus_ has been developed.

_S. aureus_ was discovered in 1880 by a Scottish surgeon, Alexander Ogston. He called it Staphylococcus because of its round, grape-like appearance under a microscope. In 1884, Friedrich Julius Rosenbach identified the Staphylococcus aureus strain from a related bacterium. Before 1940, infections with this pathogen were fatal. However, as penicillin was developed, doctors found that it could cure _S. aureus_ infections. By the end of the decade, _S. aureus_ became widely resistant to penicillin.

The evolution of _S. aureus_ enabled it to be carried in human hosts without causing infections, allowing it to be widespread among the population. There are many health factors that affect this, which may include age, sex, diabetes and smoking, alongside genetic variations. Therefore, whether strains of _S. aureus_ become invasive depends on human factors.
Seabed

The **seabed** (also **sea floor**, **seafloor**, or **ocean floor**) is the bottom of the ocean. The ocean floor has been explored by submarines and to some extent scuba divers. The water there is bottom water.
Housing

A housing may mean an enclosure containing some equipment or mechanism.

Housing means places to live, such as dwellings and houses.  In many countries governments will make rules about housing.

Housing may be owned by the people who live in - owner-occupiers.  They may have taken out debt<nowiki/>s - mortgage - to buy it.

It may be rented from a private landlord who owns it.

It may be public housing, owned or managed by the government.  This is usually affordable housing,  places to live that the average person can afford to purchase or rent

Tied housing means a house which goes with a job.

People who cannot live on their own may be put in residential accommodation.

## Cities

Housing in the centres of cities in many countries is becoming very expensive - so expensive that people with children cannot afford to live there.

See also
- Homelessness
- Homeless shelter
- Right to housing
- Warming center
The Telling

***The Telling*** is a 2000 science fiction book that was written by Ursula K. Le Guin and is set in her fictional world called the _Hainish Cycle_. It tells the story of Sutty, an Earthling sent to be an Ekumen observer, on the planet Aka, and her experiences.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Telling
- **author**: Ursula K. Le Guin
- **illustrator**: Victor Stabin
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **published**: 2000 (Harcourt Trade Publishers, Harcourt)
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **pages**: 264
- **awards**: Locus Award for Best Science Fiction Novel (2001)
- **isbn**: 0-15-100567-2
- **dewey**: 813/.54 21
- **congress**: PS3562.E42 T45 2000
- **oclc**: 43662164
- **preceded by**: Four Ways to Forgiveness
Athanasian Creed

The **Athanasian Creed** is a Christian statement of faith. It is also often referred to as **Quicumque vult** (can be translated as _Whoever wants_, the first two words of the statement in Latin). It is the first known creed to mention the Trinity. The creed has been in use since the 6th century, mainly in Western Christianity. It is no longer used very much since the Nicene Creed has largely replaced it.

From about the 9th century, people thought that Athanasius had written it, who lived in the 4th century in Egypt.
Today, that view is largely seen as false for the following reasons:
1. The original text is in Latin. Athanasius wrote mainly in Greek.
1. Neither Athanasius nor other people who lived at the same time as him mentioned it.
1. It menions problems that were discovered only after Athanasius' death.

Today, most people think it came from Gaul around the year 500. Its positions are similar to those taken by Ambrose of Milan, Augustine of Hippo and Vincent of Lérins. J.N.D. Kelly, a contemporary patristics scholar, believes that Vincent of Lérins was not its author, but he suggests that it may have come from the same bacground, namely the area of Lérins, in southern Gaul. Caesarius of Arles is one of the possible authors.

The oldest surviving manuscripts of the Athanasian Creed date from the late 8th century.

Martin Luther said there were three statements of faith: the Nicene Creed (_Credo in unum deum_, _I believe in one god.._), the Te Deum (_Te Deum Laudamus,..._, _Thee, O Lord, we praise_), and the Athanasian Creed.

The Athanasian Creed starts:

It explains the Trinity in such a way to stand against positions such as Arianism. It has the Filioque clause.

It ends:
Acanthopholis

***Acanthopholis*** (meaning "spiny scales") was an armoured ankylosaurian dinosaur. This quadrupedal plant-eating dinosaur had its armour in rows of oval plates set into its skin. It also had spikes jutting out of its neck and shoulder area along the spine. It was about 15 feet long (4 m) and weighed roughly 380 kg.

The first specimen was found in 1865 by fossil collector John Griffiths on the shoreline at Folkestone. The stratum was Cambridge Greensand, a formation in the Lower Cretaceous of southern England. At the time England was part of a huge tropical river delta, and the Greensand was laid down just offshore. It seems that dinosaurs were on the shoreline or the river delta, and sometimes their bodies washed out to sea.

## References

- Carpenter, Kenneth 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of Ankylosauria. In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed): _The armored dinosaurs_. Indiana University Press, 455–480.
Noasaurus

**Noasaurus** was a small meat-eating dinosaur. It lived at a time when some of the biggest dinosaurs ever to live were roaming South America. Although it had some of the same characteristics as raptors that lived in North America and Asia, it was not a close relative. This little hunter is a good example of how dinosaurs filled lots of roles in the environment. Not only were dinosaurs the biggest hunters, but they were also among the smallest.

It was discovered by Jaime Powell and José Bonaparte in northwestern Argentina. Its unique foot claw has caused a great deal of discussion regarding the evolutionary lineage of this dinosaur.
Astrodon

***Astrodon*** (meaning "star-tooth") was a long-necked plant-eating dinosaur, a relation of _Brachiosaurus_. The sauropod was about 30 feet (9 m) long. It lived during the Lower Cretaceous period, about 130 million to 120 million years ago. _Astrodon_ is known from teeth and scattered bones found in Maryland. Astrodon is the state dinosaur of Maryland. _Astrodon_ was named by Johnston in 1859. The type species is _A. johnstoni_. _Astrodon_ may be the same as _Pleurocoelus_.

Carpenter and Tidwell (2005) accepted Hatcher's argument that there is only one species of sauropod dinosaur known from the Arundel Formation and that _Astrodon johnstoni_ is it. Interestingly, the majority of the bones of _Astrodon_ are of juveniles, and Carpenter and Tidwell considered the two species named by Marsh, _P. nanus_ and _P. altus_, as different growth stages of _Astrodon johnstoni_.
Dirty

**Dirty** could mean:
- being like dirt (and the word meaning not clean)
- violating accepted standards or rules: cheating
- a sexually proactive person.
- considered morally corrupt: dishonesty, ethics
- considered obscene or indecent: see obscenity
- _Dirty_, a song by Korn from their album Issues
- Dirty, an album by Sonic Youth
- Dirty (group), a rap duo from Alabama
- "Dirrty", a song by Christina Aguilera
- Dirty, a song by Lemon Interrupt
- Dirty Records, a record label
- _Dirty_ (film), a 2004 crime-drama
- Dirty data, a computing term
- Dirty cache, a computing term
- Corrupt, illegal, or improper.
- dirty bomb
- dirty dancing
- dirty word: see profanity
Mill (currency)

A **mill**, **mil** or **mille** is 1/10th of a US cent or 1/1000th of a US Dollar. In the United States, it is most used in gasoline prices.  For example $4.119 per US gallon.  $0.009 is equal to nine mils. It is also used when discussing taxes on land and prices of electricity.
OpenSUSE

**openSUSE** () is a community project, sponsored by Novell and AMD, to develop and maintain a general purpose Linux distribution. After taking over SUSE Linux in January 2004, Novell decided to release the SUSE Linux Professional product as a 100% open source project, involving the community in the development process.  The initial release was a beta version of SUSE Linux 10.0, and as of January 2016 the current stable release is openSUSE Leap 42.1

## System requirements

OpenSUSE 11.1 has full support for 32-bit i586 and 64-bit x86-64 PC hardware, as well as PowerPC (PPC) processors. The basic requirements for non-PPC hardware is as follows:

- CPU: Intel—Pentium 1-4 or Xeon; AMD—Duron, Athlon, Athlon XP, Athlon MP, Athlon 64, Sempron or Opteron
- RAM: 256 MB minimum, 512 MB recommended, upper limit of 64 GB on 32-bit version
- Hard drive: 500 MB for minimal system; 3 GB recommended for standard system

Older processors that still belong to the i586 family can be used, for example the AMD K6/2. When extra language/translation files and documentation are removed and X is not needed, decent console-based router systems can be made using 300 MB disk space. Most console workloads also cope with 128 MB of RAM at the cost of increased swap activity in tight situations.

## Package

OpenSUSE's official software package repository includes, for example, UNetbootin.

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: openSUSE Linux
- **logo**: OpenSUSE Logo.svg
- **screenshot**: OpenSUSE 15.1 KDE default.png
- **caption**: openSUSE 15.2 with KDE Plasma 5
- **website**: [http://www.opensuse.org www.opensuse.org]
- **developer**: openSUSE Project
- **family**: Unix-like (based on SUSE Linux)
- **source model**: Open source
- **latest release version**: 15.1
- **marketing target**: Consumer, Small Business, Development, Developers
- **language**: English, German, Russian, Italian, many others
- **kernel type**: Monolithic kernel, Monolithic (Linux kernel, Linux)
- **ui**: KDE Plasma 5
- **license**: Free software licenses
(mainly GPL)
- **working state**: Current
- **supported platforms**: IA-32, x86-64
- **updatemodel**: ZYpp (YaST)
- **package manager**: RPM Package Manager
Boer War

**Boer War** might mean:

- First Boer War, 16 December 1880 to 23 March 1881
- Second Boer War, 11 October 1899 to 31 May 1902
Pioneer movement

**Pioneer movements** are movements for children and adolescents. They were founded in countries where there is a Communist party. Many of the ideas are taken from the scout movement.
In most communist countries, people can choose if they want to be members of the pioneer movement or not. There are many differences between a pioneer movement, and the scout movement. Scout movements are independent of governments. They are also not controlled by the state. For example, there were no separate organizations for boys and girls. During the time of the USSR, thousands of Young Pioneer camps and Young Pioneer Palaces were built. These could only be used by Young Pioneers. The camps and palaces were also free of charge, it did not cost any money to use them. The government and trade unions sponsored them. There were many newspapers and magazines published for Young Pioneers. Some sold millions of copies.

Certain features, however, are similar to the Scout movement. The two movements share some principles like preparedness and promotion of sports and outdoor skills. The pioneer movement also includes teaching of communist principles. Opponents of Communist states claim that this is a form of indoctrination.

A member of the movement is known as a pioneer, and a scarf – typically red, but sometimes light blue – is the traditional item of clothing worn by a pioneer. The pioneer organization is often named after a famous party member that is considered a suitable role model for young communists.

In the USSR it was Lenin; in East Germany, it was Ernst Thälmann. The Thälmann pioneers were taught the slogan "Ernst Thälmann is my role model. We wear our red scarf with pride."Albania, which had severed diplomatic relations with the USSR since 1961, also had a certain variant of Pioneer organization, called Pioneers of Enver, named after the communist ruler of Albania, Enver Hoxha.

Today, the following countries have pioneer movements:
- Belarus (Belarusian Republican Pioneer Organization)
- Belgium (Pioneers of the Workers Party of Belgium)
- People's Republic of China (Young Pioneers of China)
- Cuba (José Martí Pioneer Organization) Established in 1961; in 2001 it was elected to the Global 500 Roll of Honour of the United Nations Environment Programme for its environmental activities.
- Cyprus (EDON)
- Finland (Democratic Union of Finnish Pioneers)
- The Czech Republic – Nowadays Pionýr is a non-political organization organizing leisure time for children, part of the IFM-SEI.
- North Korea (Young Pioneer Corps)
- Russia
- Spain (Pioneers of the Communist Party of the Basque Homelands)
- Tajikistan (King Somoni Inheritance)
- Syria (Baath Party Pioneers)
- Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh Young Pioneers, established on May 15, 1941)

Older children could continue in other communist organizations, but that would typically be done only by a limited number of people.

## Related pages

- Scout movement

## Other websites

- Pioneers (Belgium)
- Rules of Thälmann Pioneers (GDR)
- Young Pioneers (People's Republic of China)
- Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union (Vietnam)
Knoppix

**Knoppix**, stylized **KNOPPIX**, is a Linux distribution based on Debian designed to be started directly from a CD / DVD. Knoppix is one of the best-known Live Distros. It was developed by Linux consultant Klaus Knopper. When starting a program it is loaded from the optical disc and decompressed into a RAM drive. The decompression is transparent and on-the-fly.

## Related pages

- List of Linux distributions

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: KNOPPIX
- **logo**: Knoppix logo.svg
- **screenshot**: VirtualBox KNOPPIX Desktop GER 26 01 2021 20 20 47.png
- **caption**: KNOPPIX 8.6
- **developer**: Klaus Knopper
- **family**: Unix-like
- **source model**: Open-source software, Open source
- **working state**: Current
- **language**: German language, German and English language, English
- **kernel type**: Monolithic kernel, Monolithic (Linux kernel, Linux)
- **userland**: GNU Core Utilities, GNU
- **ui**: LXDE
- **updatemodel**: Long-term support, LTS
- **package manager**: APT (software), APT (frontend); dpkg (maintenance)
- **license**: Free software licenses
(mainly GPL)
Clavicle

The **clavicle**, or **collarbone**, is a long bone that is part of the shoulder. It connects the arm to the main part of the body. It is a support for the scapula bone and helps the arm to hang freely. This allows the arm to have a lot of movement. The clavicle is made from sponge-like bone, called cancellous bone, and is covered with a hard shell of bone. Most mammals and many other land vertebrates have clavicles.

_Clavicle_ is a formal scientific term. Normally we use the term _collarbone_, both in everyday speech and literary fiction.

## Other websites

- Image of the clavicle
Emergency contraception

**Emergency contraception** is a form of contraception that can be taken by the woman after sex. Emergency contraception can not protect against sexually transmitted diseases like condoms. Emergency contraception may prevent a pregnancy. It is also known as **morning-after pill**.

Emergency contraception needs to be applied (taken) soon after the unprotected sex. If it is not applied within about 3 days (72 hours) after the event, it will no longer help to prevent pregnancy. The sooner the drug is taken after unprotected sex, the more effective it is.

Most emergency contraception methods use hormones. This is similar to some of the other forms of contraception for women. Despite this, emergency contraception should not be used in the place of regular contraception pills.

## As a drug

The drugs that are used for emergency contraception are based on hormones.

Often the drugs are available in pharmacies. In some countries, the affected person needs to talk to a healthcare professional (a doctor or a pharmacist). After this counseling, the drugs can be obtained.

## How they act

The contraception works via the following mechanisms (ways that they act):
- Stopping or delaying ovulation, the ovaries from releasing an egg or ovum;
- Preventing sperm from fertilising any egg already released; or
- Stopping a fertilised egg from attaching itself to the lining of the womb.

## How good they work

It is estimated that these drugs (their efficacy) may prevent 85% of expected pregnancies.

### Stages of development (pregnancy)

The drugs will not work if the woman is already pregnant.  The drugs will also not work for preventing pregnancy from unprotected sex again in the same menstrual cycle.

## Abortion

Emergency contraception  is not a form of abortion. Abortion is only possible when a pregnancy has started. This means that the ovum has been fertilized, and that it has attached itself to the lining of the womb.

### Contraception

Contraception is about preventing a pregnancy. There are certain pills, for example those containing  Mifepristone which are taken as a form of abortion.

## Related pages

- Rape
- Contraception, and miscarriage (a form of abortion)

## Other websites

- WHO Factsheet on Emergency contraception
- The Emergency Contraception Website (not-2-late.com)  – by the Office of Population Research at Princeton University and the Association of Reproductive Health Professionals
- International Consortium for Emergency Contraception
- Go 2 EC  – Emergency Contraception News
- The Morning-After Pill Conspiracy – A United States group whose goal is to have Plan B available over the counter (not just behind pharmacy counters) to women of all ages.
- Emergency contraception  by the Adolescent Medecine Committee, Canadian Pediatric Society (CPS), _Paediatrics and Child Health_ ACSA-CAAH
Reason

**Reason** or reasoning is a way of thinking that uses logic and facts.  People can use reason to decide what is true or best.  It is different from obeying tradition or emotions to decide what things are best or true.  In common English, it is using your head instead of your heart.

Reason has been an important part of philosophy since Ancient Greece.  Many philosophers have thought about what reason is, and how to think using reason (Logic). Also, they have thought if religious thinking and faith are ways of reasoning, what we can know if we only use reason (Epistemology), and if animals or computers can think using reason.

## Related pages

- Rationalism
Paul Kruger

**Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger** (or just **Paul Kruger**) (10 October 1825–14 July 1904) was the president of the South African Republic (sometimes incorrectly referred to as the Transvaal) from 1883 to 1900. He became famous for leading the Boers against the British at the time of the Second Boer War.

## Early life

Kruger grew up on his grandfather's farm. He worked as a commando (a soldier defending farms), and became a respected leader.

## First Boer War

In 1877 the British Army took control of Transvaal, and Kruger became the leader of the resistance (the people who wanted to fight British control). On 30 December 1880, the government of the South African Republic (Transvaal) elected (chose) him to be president. In 1881 Kruger negotiated (talked with the enemy) to agree the peace.
Kruger travelled to Europe, where many people respected him.

## Second Boer War

The Second Boer War began in 1899, and Kruger had to escape to Europe in October 1900. He moved to Clarens in Switzerland, where he died in 1904. People took his body back to South Africa and buried him in Church Street Cemetery in Pretoria.
Bridgeview, Illinois

**Bridgeview** is a village in Illinois in the United States.  It is the home of the Major League Soccer team the Chicago Fire.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bridgeview, Illinois
- **settlement type**: Village
- **image skyline**: Bridgeview City Hall.jpg
- **image caption**: Village Hall
- **image map**: File:Cook County Illinois Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Bridgeview Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location of Bridgeview in Cook County, Illinois.
- **image map1**: Illinois in United States (US48).svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Illinois in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision type3**: Civil township, Townships
- **subdivision name1**: Illinois
- **subdivision name2**: Cook County, Illinois, Cook
- **subdivision name3**: Lyons Township, Cook County, Illinois, Lyons, Palos Township, Cook County, Illinois, Palos, Worth Township, Cook County, Illinois, Worth
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1947
- **government type**: Mayor-trustee government, Mayor-Trustee
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 10.70
- **area total sq mi**: 4.13
- **area land km2**: 10.70
- **area land sq mi**: 4.13
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **area water percent**: 0
- **population total**: 17027
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 1590.83
- **population density sq mi**: 4119.77
- **demographics1 title1**: Per capita income
- **postal code type**: ZIP code, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">ZIP code(s)</span>
- **postal code**: 60455
- **area code**: area codes 708 and 464, 708/464
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, <span style="white-space:nowrap;">Area code(s)</span>
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 17-08225
Xfce

**Xfce** () is a free software desktop environment for Unix and other Unix-like platforms, such as Linux, Solaris and BSD. It is made to be fast and lightweight, while still looking nice and easy to use.

The current version, 4.12, is modular and reusable. It is based on the GTK+ 2 toolkit (formerly used in GNOME). It uses the Xfwm window manager, described below. Its configuration is entirely mouse-driven, and the configuration files are hidden from the casual user.

## History

Olivier Fourdan started the project in 1996. The name "Xfce" originally stood for "XForms Common Environment", but after that Xfce has been rewritten twice and no longer uses that toolkit. The name survived, but it is no longer capitalized as "XFCE", but rather as "Xfce".

### Xfwm

Xfwm is the window manager of Xfce. Starting with version 4.2, Xfwm integrates its own _compositing manager_. Other compositing managers exist, but have been very unstable, and Xfce was the first to put its own compositing manager into the window manager. At its beginning, many users called it the most stable one available, though at the time, in late 2004, xcompmgr was the only other compositing manager available.

## Prevalence

While not as common in Linux distributions as the KDE and GNOME desktop environments, there are still some distributions where Xfce is the default desktop environment, and most support it as an optional part.

These distributions include Xfce in their default environment:
- ALTLinux 4.0 Lite (CD)
- Archie
- Debian Xfce CD
- Dreamlinux
- dyne:bolic
- Fedora Xfce Spin
- FreeSBIE (FreeBSD LiveCD)
- Gentoo Linux 2008.0 installation
- KateOS
- Linux Mint Xfce
- Mythbuntu
- Myah OS
- SAM Linux
- Slackware
- SLAX _Popcorn Edition_
- VectorLinux Standard Edition
- Wolvix
- Xubuntu
- Zenwalk Linux
- Gentoo Linux for the PlayStation 3

## Other websites

- Xfce website

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: XFCE
- **logo**: Xfce logo.svg
- **logo alt**: logo XFCE
- **screenshot**: XFCE 4.14 on Debian 11 (Bullseye).png
- **screenshot alt**: screenshot XFCE with customized panel and whisker menu 4.14 on debian 11
- **caption**: XFCE 4.14 with customized panel and Whisker Menu on Debian 11
- **author**: Olivier Fourdan
- **developer**: Free software community
- **programming language**: C (programming language), C (GTK)
- **platform**: Unix-like
- **genre**: Desktop environment
- **license**: GNU General Public License, GPL, GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL, BSD licenses, BSD
Dilong paradoxus

**Dilong** ('emperor dragon') is a genus of small carnivorous dinosaur. The only known species is _Dilong paradoxus_. It is from Lower Cretaceous near Lujiatun, Beipiao, in the western Liaoning province of China. It lived about 130 million years ago.

The animal had a covering of simple feathers or protofeathers. The feathers were seen in fossilized skin impressions from near the jaw and tail. They are not identical to modern bird feathers: they lack a central shaft. Their likely function was to retain body warmth. They could not have been used for flight. Adult tyrannosaurs found in Alberta and Mongolia have skin impressions which appear to show the pebbly scales typical of other dinosaurs.
Eddie Giacomin

**Edward Giacomin** (June 6, 1939 – September 15, 2025) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the New York Rangers and Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League, as well as for the Providence Reds of the American Hockey League. Giacomin's sweater number, #1, was the second one retired by the Rangers, after Rod Gilbert.

## Early life

Giacomin grew up in Gatchell, a small town near Sudbury. When Giacomin was a teenager, a kitchen stove exploded and heavily burned him. The doctors advised him to stop hoping to play hockey professionally.

## Achievements and facts

- Added to the NHL First All-Star Team in 1967 and 1971.
- Added to the NHL Second All-Star Team in 1968, 1969 and 1970.
- Played in the All-Star Game in 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 and 1973.
- 25th in career wins by a goaltender with 289.
- 19th in career shutouts with 54.

## Death

Giacomin died on September 15, 2025, at the age of 86.

## More readings

- _Eddie, A Goalie's Story_ by Hugh Delano

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 180
- **played for**: New York Rangers
Detroit Red Wings
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **birth place**: Greater Sudbury, Sudbury, Ontario, ON, Canada
- **career start**: 1966
- **career end**: 1978
- **halloffame**: 1987
National Hockey Association

The **National Hockey Association** (**NHA**), officially the **National Hockey Association of Canada Limited**,  was a professional ice hockey league with teams in Ontario and Quebec, Canada. It is directly related to today's National Hockey League.

## Infobox (sports league)

- **sport**: Ice hockey
- **founded**: December 2, 1909
- **inaugural**: 1910
- **folded**: December 11, 1918
- **teams**: 11
- **champion**: Montreal Canadiens
- **most champs**: Montreal Canadiens (2), Ottawa Senators (original), Ottawa Senators (2), Quebec Bulldogs (2)
- **founder**: Ambrose O'Brien
Gray

**Gray**, also spelled **grey**, is the color of black and white mixed together.

Gray is the color of an elephant, cement, pencil writing, and rain clouds. Gray often looks like someone made black lighter, but not so light that it is white.

Gray color represents neutrality, ambiguity and balance. When it is not clear whether something is legal or illegal, acceptable or not acceptable, it is said it is in a "gray zone".

The first recorded use of _gray_ as a color name in English was in 700.

## Meaning of gray

- The color gray represents _pessimism_; its opposite, _optimism_, is represented by the color rose. It also represents metal.

## Shades of gray color comparison chart

The chart below shows those shades of gray that are major web colors.

|HTML Color Name|Sample||Hex triplet||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|{||||||||
||<small>(rendered by name)</small>|<small>(rendered by hex triplet)</small>|||||
|gainsboro|style="background:gainsboro;"||style="background:#dcdcdc;"||#DCDCDC||
|lightgray|style="background:lightgray;"||style="background:#d3d3d3;"||#D3D3D3||
|silver|style="background:silver;"||style="background:silver;"||#C0C0C0||
|darkgray|style="background:darkgray;"||style="background:darkgray;"||#A9A9A9||
|gray|style="background:gray;"||style="background:gray;"||#808080||
|dimgray|style="background:dimgray;"||style="background:dimgray;"||#696969||
|lightslategray|style="background:lightslategray;"||style="background:#778899;"||#778899||
|slategray|style="background:slategray;"||style="background:#708090;"||#708090||
|darkslategray|style="background:darkslategray;"||style="background:#2f4f4f;"||#2F4F4F|}|

## Tones of gray color comparison chart

<li style = "background-color: #f5f5f5;"> White Smoke (Hex: F5F5F5) (RGB: 245, 245, 245)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #e5e4e2;"> Platinum (Hex: E5E4E2) (RGB: 229, 228, 226)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #dbd7d2;"> Timberwolf (Hex: DBD7D2) (RGB: 219, 215, 210)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #c0c0c0;"> Silver (Light gray) (Hex: C0C0C0) (RGB: 192, 192, 192)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #bebebe;"> Gray (X11 Gray) (Hex: BEBEBE) (RGB: 190, 190, 190)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #808080;"> Gray (Hex: 808080) (RGB 128, 128, 128)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #2a3439; color: #ffffff"> Gunmetal (Hex: #2A3439) (RGB: 42, 52, 57)</li>
<li style = "background-color: #343434; color: #ffffff"> Jet (Hex: #343434) (RGB: 52, 52, 52)</li>

|colspan=2||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||**Warm gray**||**Cool gray**|
||Mixed with 6% yellow.||Mixed with 6% blue.|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Cent (currency)

In many currencies, the **cent** is a monetary unit that is the same as 1/100 of the normal unit. In the United States, it is also called a penny. The penny has the image of Abraham Lincoln on it.

Several countries no longer produce coins of such small value.

## Infobox (currency sign)

- **mark**: ¢ c
- **currency**: various
- **unicode**: