São Miguel Island

**São Miguel Island**, named for the Archangel Michael (), is also referred to locally as **"The Green Island"**, is the largest and most populous island in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The island has around 138,000 inhabitants and its largest city, and in the archipelago, is Ponta Delgada.

## History

In 1427, São Miguel became the second of the islands discovered by Gonçalo Velho Cabral to be settled by people from continental Portugal.

The first capital of the island was Vila Franca do Campo, which was devastated by a major earthquake and landslides in 1522. The tragedy helped to elevate Ponta Delgada to the administrative and economic status of capital and business centre from 1546.

With the Portuguese Restoration War (1640), the island became a commercial centre, establishing new contacts in Brazil. Some of the island’s historic buildings, including mansions and churches, date from this period; the island's development came from revenues from the export of oranges, mainly to Great Britain.

The period after the Liberal Wars allowed the economy to flourish, and the port of Ponta Delgada expanded, through the export of new crops such as tea, pineapple, and tobacco. The development of the fishing industry, cultivation of staple food and expansion of the dairy industry permitted the growth of many of the towns on the island.

## Geography

The São Miguel Island has an area of . It is a narrow island; it is  long (from southeast to northwest) and  wide (from southwest to northeast).

### Relief

The island, of volcanic nature and subject to seismic activity, presents many mountains, mainly in the interior, dominated by the _Pico da Vara_; those mountains are cut by valleys, gullies and streams - the only waterways because there are not rivers.

The island consists of an ancient massif in the eastern end, and three stratovolcanoes: **Sete Cidades**, **Fogo** and **Furnas**. The stratovolcano of Sete Cidades is known for its large caldera () of  in diameter and  of mean depth; in it there are two small lakes (_Lagoa Verde_ to the south and _Lagoa Azul_ to north).

In the eastern part of the island is the Pico da Vara () - the highest mountain of the island - with  of altitude. In the central area, is the Sierra de Água de Pau with 940 m height and on the west lies the Caldeira das Sete Cidades, 850 m altitude.

Lying at the eastern end of the island, Pico da Vara is the focus of a Special Protection Area containing the largest remaining laurisilva forest on the island, which is home to the endemic and critically endangered bird, the Azores Bullfinch.

Its fertile lands produce cereals, tea, grapes (for wine), fruits and food for cattle.

### Climate

Similar to other islands in the Azores archipelago, São Miguel is influenced by ocean currents and winds, in particular, the Gulf Stream. It functions as a moderating force in the islands, keeping temperatures hovering between  throughout the year. Rainfall is distributed evenly throughout the year, although it is most abundant in the cool season. The island's location also makes it susceptible to many Atlantic storms.

The Köppen climate classification subtype for the climate of Sâo Miguel Island, in Ponta Delgada, is **Csb** (Mediterranean Climate).

### Human geography

Most towns and cities are in plains, some along the coast and a few in the interior of the island. There are several communities within ancient craters (such as Sete Cidades, Furnas or Povoação), river valleys (such as Ribeira Chã, Pilar da Bretanha) or coastal deltas (Mosteiros).

There are two cities in the islands: Ponta Delgada and Ribeira Grande.

## Administrative division

The island is divided in six municipalities ():
|_Concelho_|Population|Area <small>(km<sup>2</sup></small>) !! Density <small>(inhab./km<sup>2</sup>)</small> !! Notes|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Lagoa**|14,442|45.6||The youngest of the municipalities of São Miguel.|
|**Nordeste**|4,937|101.5||Well known for an abundance of natural vegetation and the highest point on the island, Pico da Vara.|
|**Ponta Delgada**|68,809|233.0||It includes not only the industrial/commercial city of Ponta Delgada, but also many rural parishes, as well as the large crater of Sete Cidades.|
|**Povoação**|6,327|106.4||Home to the first colony on the island, Povoação is in the southeast corner of the island, and includes active and dormant volcanic features, including Furnas and the crater of Povoação|
|**Ribeira Grande**|32,112|180.2||The second largest municipality, created in 1981, and has an extensive area of the northern coast.|
|**Vila Franca do Campo**|11,229|78.0||Once the seat of the historical capital of São Miguel (until it was almost destroyed by earthquake and landslides in 1522), it is located along the southern coast between Lagoa and Povoação.|

## Other websites

- Sâo Miguel - Azores

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: São Miguel Island
- **native name**: Ilha de São Miguel
- **sobriquet**: The Green Island
- **image name**: São Miguel, Azores ESA399763.jpg
- **image caption**: <small>Satellite image of the island</small>
- **image map**: Sao Miguel-pos.png
- **image map caption**: Location of the island of São Miguel in the archipelago of the Azores
- **location**: Atlantic Ocean
- **archipelago**: Azores
- **area km2**: 744.55
- **coastline km**: 224.52
- **elevation m**: 1105
- **highest mount**: Pico da Vara
- **country admin divisions title**: Autonomous Regions of Portugal, Autonomous Region
- **country admin divisions**: Azores
- **country admin divisions title 1**: Municipalities of Portugal, Municipalities
- **country admin divisions 1**: * Lagoa Municipality (Azores), Lagoa
* Ponta Delgada Municipality, Ponta Delgada
* Povoação Municipality, Povoação
* Nordeste Municipality, Nordeste
* Ribeira Grande (Azores), Ribeira Grande
* Vila Franca do Campo Municipality, Vila Franca do Campo
- **country capital and largest city**: Ponta Delgada
- **country largest city population**: 68,809
- **population**: 133,295
- **population as of**: 2021
- **languages**: Portuguese language, Portuguese
- **ethnic groups**: Portuguese people, Portuguese
- **timezone1**: UTC−01:00