juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Frederick II of Denmark

**Frederick II** (1 July 1534 – 4 April 1588), was the king of Denmark-Norway and duke of Schleswig from 1559 to his death. He was the son of King Christian III of Denmark and Norway and Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg.

He is often seen as the typical Renaissance ruler of Denmark. As a person, he was described as hot-headed, proud, brave and ambitious. He loved hunting, wine and feasts. At his death, many people thought that it had been caused by his drinking.

He rebuilt Kronborg Castle, in Helsingør, between 1574 and 1585. In 1567, he founded Fredrikstad, Norway. It was a time of wealth and growth in Danish history.
Emperor Suinin

was the 11th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider Emperor Suinin to be a legendary person; and the name Suinin_-tennō_ was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

The _Gukanshō_ records that Suinin he ruled from the palace of _Tamaki-no-miya_ at Makimuku in what will come to be known as Yamato province.

## Traditional history

Suinin is almost certainly a legend; but the _Kojiki_ and _Nihonshoki_ record his name and genealogy. He was the third son of Emperor Sujin.

## Events of Suinin's life

The limited information about Suinin does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

One of Suinin's daughters was Yamatohime-no-mikoto. She established a site for  ceremonies honouring the Shinto sun goddess (Amaterasu Omikami). In the region of Ise, she founded the Ise Shrine. She became the first Saiō at Ise.

The records of Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji describe events in this time frame. The earliest Shinto ceremonies in honour of Konohanasakuya-hime were in the 3rd year of the reign of Emperor Suinin (垂仁天皇3年).

_Nihonshoki_ describes a wrestling match during his era. This was the origin of Sumo wrestling.

### After his death

This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Suinin.

The actual site of his grave is not known.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (_misasagi_) at Nara.

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree

## Other websites

- Ise Shrine - Naiku, official website

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Suinin
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **reign**: legendary
- **predecessor**: Emperor Sujin, Sujin
- **successor**: Emperor Keikō, Keikō
- **birth date**: legendary
- **death date**: legendary
- **burial place**: _Sugawara no Fushimi no higashi no misasagi_ (Nara)
Freudenberg

**Freudenberg** can refer to several things:

## Companies

- Enterprise Group Freudenberg

## Geography

- Municipalities in Germany:
    - Freudenberg, Westphalia, in the Siegen-Wittgenstein district, North Rhine-Westphalia
    - Freudenberg, Bavaria, in the Amberg-Sulzbach district, Bavaria
    - Freudenberg am Main, in the Main-Tauber district, Baden-Württemberg
- Municipalities in France:
    - Freudenberg, Moselle, a village in the French département of Moselle
- the German exonym for the town Priekuļi, Latvia

## People

- James Freudenburg (1875-1944) Chairman of the Board at a Frankfurt subsidiary of Allianz. He was deported and murdered in Auschwitz in 1944
- Ute Freudenberg, musician
- Karl Freudenberg, professor of chemistry at Heidelberg University, 1926 onward.
- Graham Freudenberg, speechwriter for the Australian Labor Party.
- Hubertus Prinz zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg
Samoyed dog

The **Samoyed** is a dog breed that are usually white in color but they can be grey or cream too. They can get between 2-3 feet in height. The Samoyed breed is known for having a curled tail, much like a Husky. They have a thick coat of fur to protect them from the cold because they were used to drag sleighs in the cold. Samoyeds are really friendly, so they will not make good guard dogs because they are too cute and fluffy and are really friendly.
Emperor Hanzei

was the 18th emperor of Japan,  according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Hanzei to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Hanzei_-tennō_ was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history

According to _Nihonshoki_ and _Kojiki_, he was a son of Emperor Nintoku.  The eldest son would become known as Emperor Richū.

Hanzei was the brother of Richū.  Hanzei's enthronement by-passed Richū's two sons.  Few other details have survived.

## Events of Hanzei's life

Very little is known about the events of Hanzei's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

Hanzei's reign is described as a time of peace. He died quietly in his palace.

### After his death

This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Hanzei.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (_kofun_) at Sakai.  Hanzei is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (_misasagi_) which is associated with the burial mound.

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree
- Kofun period

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Hanzei
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **reign**: legendary
- **predecessor**: Emperor Richū, Richū
- **successor**: Emperor Ingyō, Ingyō
- **birth date**: legendary
- **death date**: legendary
- **burial place**: _Mozu no Mimihara no naka no misasagi_  (Osaka)
Title role

The **title role** in a play or an opera is the role (the part) that is also the title of the play or opera. The actor, singer, or dancer who performs that part is said to have the "title role." For example, in the opera _Carmen_ by Georges Bizet, the part played by the girl Carmen is the title role. A singer may be said to take the title role in the opera _Carmen_. That means that she sings the part of Carmen in the opera.

The title role is often but not always the most important role in the play or opera.

A few other well-known example in which the performance is named after one of the characters are the operas _Aida_ by Giuseppe Verdi, _Madame Butterfly_ by Giacomo Puccini and _Peter Grimes_ by Benjamin Britten, the ballets _Coppélia_ by Léo Delibes and _Petrushka_ by Igor Stravinsky, and the plays _Othello_ or _Hamlet_ by William Shakespeare.

The **title character** is the character whose name is in the title (or suggested in the title), such as Harry Potter in _Harry Potter_ books by J.K. Rowling or Simba in Disney's _The Lion King_ (Simba is the Lion King).

## Related pages

- Character actor
- Leading actor
- Supporting actor
- Bit part
- Extra (acting)
Character actor

A **character actor** is an actor who plays a particular kind of character in a play, movie, television program, opera, or ballet. The character actor is not the main part and is not the lover or hero. The character actor has a character that helps support the leading actors who play the main characters and with it the story.

Character roles may be roles such as the faithful servant, the maid, the villain, the mother-in-law, or the priest. They may or may not be comic characters.

For example, in _The Wizard of Oz_, the main character is Dorothy. The Scarecrow, the Lion, and the Tin Man are character roles.

Some actors or singers prefer character roles to main roles. That may be because the role suits their personality or their singing voice. Some actors or singers nearly always play the same kind of character role and are then "typecast". Some actors are happy to remain typecast, but others wish to broaden their repertoire and take on different roles.

## Related pages

- Title role
- Leading actor
- Supporting actor
- Bit part
- Extra (acting)
Giulio Caccini

**Giulio Caccini** (born Rome, 8 October 1551; died Florence, 10 December 1618), also known as **Giulio Romano**, was an Italian composer and singer. He lived at the very end of Renaissance period and the beginning of the Baroque period. It was the time when opera was starting, and he was one of the first composers to write an opera. His daughter, Francesca Caccini, also became a composer.

## Life

We do not know much about his life. He was born in Rome. His father was a carpenter. He learned to play the lute, the viol and the harp, and soon became known as a singer. In the 1560s, Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Florence, was impressed with his talent, so he took him to Florence to study.

By 1579, Caccini was singing at the Medici court. He was a tenor, and he was able to accompany himself on the viol or the archlute; he sang at weddings and other important occasions. He worked closely with the Florentine Camerata, a famous group of people who met at the home of Count Giovanni de' Bardi, and tried to bring the tradition of Greek dramatic music back to life. They liked monody, which means a tune with a simple accompaniment. This was different from polyphony in which several things are being sung at once. Monody made it easy to tell a story because the words could be heard clearly. This was necessary for opera, where it became heard in a simple form called recitative.

Caccini went to Rome, but in Rome the musicians were not so interested in change.

Caccini often got involved in arguments because he was envious and jealous. He often got people into trouble, and he rushed his own opera _Euridice_ into print before Peri's opera on the same subject could be published, while telling his own singers not to have anything to do with Peri's opera.

He died in Florence and is buried in the church of St. Annunziata.

- _Ave Maria_ by Coro Universitario Complutense Madrid

## References

- Article "Giulio Caccini", in _The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians_, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 2001.
- Gustave Reese, _Music in the Renaissance_. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.
- Manfred Bukofzer, _Music in the Baroque Era_. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947.
- Giulio Caccini, _Le nuove musiche_, tr. John Playford and Oliver Strunk, in Source Readings in Music History. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1950.
Free Soil Party

The **Free Soil Party** was, for a short duration, a political party in the United States. It was active in the 1848 and 1852 president elections, and in some state elections. It got lots of its strength from New York. Most of the important party members were former anti-slavery  members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was stopping slavery from spreading into the western lands, arguing that free men on free soil had a morally and economically better system than slavery.  Also, many workers feared that slave labor would take away work for white workers.

The party membership was largely taken over by the Republican Party in 1854.

## Further reading

- Frederick J. Blue; _Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics_ 1987
- Frederick J. Blue. _The Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848-54_ (1973)
- Martin Duberman; _Charles Francis Adams, 1807-1886_ 1968.
- T. C. Smith, _Liberty and Free Soil Parties in the Northwest_ (New York, 1897)
The Jungle

***The Jungle*** is a 1906 novel written by journalist Upton Sinclair. Inspired by the Union Stock Yards in Chicago, Sinclair wrote this book to show the sufferings of the working class and to show the corruption of the American meatpacking industry during the early-20th century. The book writes about the poverty, bad living and working conditions, and sorrow among the working class. The sad state of turn-of-the-century work is placed for the American public to see, suggesting that something needed to be changed to get rid of American "wage slavery". The novel is also an important example of the "muckraking" tradition begun by journalists such as Jacob Riis.

Upton Sinclair came to Chicago with hopes of writing _The Jungle_. When he came to the lobby of the Chicago Transit House, a hotel, he was quoted as saying, "Hello! I'm Upton Sinclair, and I'm here to write the _Uncle Tom's Cabin_ of the Labor Movement!". He rented living quarters and immediately began walking its streets, talking to its people and taking pictures. One Sunday afternoon, he worked his way into a group of Lithuanian immigrants getting together for a wedding party, "Behold, there was the opening scene of my story, a gift from the gods". He was welcomed there and was with them until two in the morning.

_The Jungle_ was first published in a series in 1905. "After five rejections", its first edition as a book was published by Doubleday, Page & Company on February 28, 1906, and it became an immediate best seller and has been in print ever since.

## Plot

The main character is Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian man who emigrates to the United States with his fifteen year old fiance Ona Lukoszaite and their extended family. He marries her in Chicago and then soon gets a job at Durham's, a factory in Chicago. The factory mistreats him and Ona and their family. Eventually Ona dies of blood loss because the greedy midwife will not help her because the Rudkus family do not have enough money. Stanislovas, a child in the family who worked in a factory, is killed by an accident while working. Jurgus turns to drinking and Marija Barynczykas, a member of his extended family, becomes a prostitute.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Jungle
- **author**: Upton Sinclair
- **language**: English language, English
- **country**: United States
- **genre**: Political fiction
- **publisher**: Doubleday (publisher), Doubleday, Jabber & Company
- **image**: File:The Jungle (1906) cover.jpg
- **caption**: First edition
- **release date**: February 26, 1906
- **media type**: Print (hardcover)
- **pages**: 475
- **oclc**: 149214
James Francis Edward Stuart

**James, Prince of Wales** (known as **James Francis Edward Stuart**; "**The Old Pretender**" or "**The Old Chevalier**"; 10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766) was the son of James II of England (James VII of Scotland) and his second wife, Mary of Modena. Because of this, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as **James III** of England and Ireland and **James VIII** of Scotland) from the death of his father in 1701. He was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France. When he died in 1766 in Rome, his son, Charles Edward Stuart, followed him in the Jacobite Succession.
Invitation to William

The ***Invitation to William*** was a letter sent by seven famous Englishmen. They were later named the **Immortal Seven**. They sent this letter to William III, Prince of Orange, received by him on 30 June 1688 (Julian calendar, 10 July Gregorian calendar). In England a Catholic male heir to the throne, James Francis Edward Stuart, had been born. The letter asked William to force the ruling king, his father-in-law James II of England to make William's Protestant wife Mary, James's oldest daughter, the heir. This might possibly be done by saying that the newborn Prince of Wales was not really James' son.

The letter told William that if he were to land in England with a small army, they would rise up and support him. The Invitation shortly told him about their complaints against King James. They said that the King's son was not really the King's son and that the English people generally believed him to be false. They complained that William had sent a letter to James congratulating him on the birth of his son. It was carried to William in The Hague by Rear Admiral Arthur Herbert (the later Lord Torrington) disguised as a common sailor. It was read by a secret code.

The invitation made William decide to carry out his existing plans to land with a large Dutch army. This ended in the Glorious Revolution.  James was allowed to escape and was replaced by William and Mary as joint rulers.

## The signatories

Those who signed the invitation were:
- The Earl of Danby
- The Earl of Shrewsbury
- The Earl of Devonshire
- The Viscount Lumley
- The Bishop of London (Henry Compton)
- Edward Russell
- Henry Sydney (who wrote the Invitation)

## References

- Ashley, Maurice, _The Glorious Revolution of 1688_, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1966.  .
- Harris, Tim, _Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720_, Penguin Books, Ltd., 2006.  .
Válber Costa

**Válber da Silva Costa** (born 6 December 1971) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="2"|Yokohama Flügels||rowspan="2"|J. League 1||32||11||2||0||1||0||35||11
|-
|1997||31||20||0||0||10||5||41||25
|-
|1999||Yokohama F. Marinos||J. League 1||17||4||3||1||4||1||24||6
80||35||5||1||15||6||100||42
80||35||5||1||15||6||100||42
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Válber
- **fullname**: Válber da Silva Costa
- **birth place**: São Luís, Brazil
- **position**: Striker (association football), Striker
- **years1**: 1992
- **years2**: 1993
- **years3**: 1994
- **years4**: 1995
- **years5**: 1996
- **years6**: 1996
- **years7**: 1997
- **years8**: 1998
- **years9**: 1998
- **years10**: 1999
- **years11**: 2000–2001
- **years12**: 2001–2003
- **years13**: 2003
- **years14**: 2004
- **clubs1**: Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube, Mogi Mirim
- **clubs2**: Sport Club Corinthians Paulista, Corinthians
- **clubs3**: Yokohama Flügels
- **clubs4**: Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, Palmeiras
- **clubs5**: Sport Club Internacional, Internacional
- **clubs6**: Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama, Vasco da Gama
- **clubs7**: Yokohama Flügels
- **clubs8**: Goiás Esporte Clube, Goiás
- **clubs9**: Associação Atlética Ponte Preta, Ponte Preta
- **clubs10**: Yokohama F. Marinos
- **clubs11**: Clube Atlético Paranaense, Atlético Paranaense
- **clubs12**: Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube, Mogi Mirim
- **clubs13**: Santa Cruz Futebol Clube, Santa Cruz
- **clubs14**: Mogi Mirim Esporte Clube, Mogi Mirim
Royal house

A **royal house** or **royal dynasty** is a family title, or family name of sorts. It is used by royalty.  It usually means the members of a family in old and young people, who are loosely related. Unlike most western people, a great number of the world's royal families do not have family names, and those that have them do not use them often.  They are referred to instead by their titles, often related to an area ruled or once ruled by that family. Royal Houses still exist today.

## Deposed or extinct sovereign Houses

The majority of these nations are now republics or part of republics. The Princely Houses of Germany often have given their own names to the states they ruled.
    - House of Saumell i Zafra Prince of Achaea. Aragon Dinasty https://bop.diba.cat/temp/12-092889999.pdf#page=160  http://www.chatelet-theatre.com/2009-2010/ciam-remerciements,m,5 Dinastia Aragon http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_gTQCiRKlM-U/SnqWxShkwgI/AAAAAAAALmE/lHBSMaFgshs/s400/soberano_de_Arag%25C3%25B3n%5B1%5D.svg http://www.copyrightdepot.com/cd6/00048374.htm
Andre Luis Neitzke

**Andre Luis Neitzke** (born 24 November 1986) is a Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2006||Cerezo Osaka||J. League 1||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0
|-
|2006||rowspan="3"|Tokushima Vortis||rowspan="3"|J. League 2||17||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||17||2
|-
|2007||20||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||21||0
|-
|2008||11||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||0
48||2||1||0||0||0||49||2
48||2||1||0||0||0||49||2
|}
Yu Hasegawa

**Yu Hasegawa** (born 5 June 1987) is a former Japanese football player.

## Club statistics

_Updated to 1 March 2019_.
|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|League Cup|colspan=2|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2006|Kashiwa Reysol|J2 League|1|0|-|-|1|0||
|FC Gifu|JRL (Tokai)|0|0|0|0|-|0|0||
|2007|Kashiwa Reysol|J1 League|0|0|-|0|0|0|0|
|Avispa Fukuoka|J2 League|9|0|0|0|-|9|0||
|2008|Montedio Yamagata|39|13|2|0|-|41|13||
|2009|J1 League|31|10|1|0|5|0|37|10|
|2010|25|1|2|1|4|0|31|2||
|2011|23|2|2|2|2|0|27|4||
|2012|Omiya Ardija|30|5|3|1|5|1|38|7|
|2013|27|4|3|0|6|1|36|5||
|2014|17|2|4|2|6|0|27|4||
|2015|Tokushima Vortis|J2 League|36|3|4|3|-|40|6|
|2016|9|1|-|-|9|1||||
|Shimizu S-Pulse|6|0|3|1|-|9|1|||
|2017|J1 League|16|2|3|3|3|0|22|5|
|2018|9|0|1|0|4|2|14|2||

## Other websites

- Montedio Yamagata

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Yu Hasegawa
 長谷川 悠
- **fullname**: Yu Hasegawa
- **birth place**: Masuho, Yamanashi, Japan
- **currentclub**: Nankatsu SC
- **position**: Forward (association football), Striker
- **youthyears1**: 2003–2005
- **youthclubs1**: Ryutsu Keizai Univ.
Kashiwa High School
- **years1**: 2006–2009
- **clubs1**: Kashiwa Reysol
- **caps1**: 1
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2006
- **clubs2**: → FC Gifu (loan)
- **caps2**: 4
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 2007
- **clubs3**: → Avispa Fukuoka (loan)
- **caps3**: 9
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2008–2009
- **clubs4**: → Montedio Yamagata (loan)
- **caps4**: 70
- **goals4**: 23
- **years5**: 2010–2011
- **clubs5**: Montedio Yamagata
- **caps5**: 48
- **goals5**: 3
- **years6**: 2012–2014
- **clubs6**: Omiya Ardija
- **caps6**: 74
- **goals6**: 11
- **years7**: 2015–2016
- **clubs7**: Tokushima Vortis
- **caps7**: 45
- **goals7**: 4
- **years8**: 2016–2018
- **clubs8**: Shimizu S-Pulse
- **caps8**: 31
- **goals8**: 2
- **years9**: 2019
- **clubs9**: V-Varen Nagasaki
- **caps9**: 13
- **goals9**: 2
- **years10**: 2020
- **clubs10**: Wollongong United FC, Wollongong United
- **years11**: 2021
- **clubs11**: Sydney Olympic FC, Sydney Olympic
- **caps11**: 12
- **goals11**: 2
- **years12**: 2022–
- **clubs12**: Nankatsu SC
- **caps12**: 4
- **goals12**: 0
- **pcupdate**: 04:40, 14 October 2022 (UTC)
Alex Oliveira

**Alexandro Marques de Oliveira** (born 17 June 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club statistics

|colspan=3|Club performance|colspan=2|League|colspan=2|Cup|colspan=2|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2005|Ventforet Kofu|J2 League|8|2|0|0|8|2|

## References

- jsgoal.jp

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Alex Oliveira
- **fullname**: Alexsandro Marques de Oliveira
- **birth place**: Campinas, Brazil
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **years1**: 1997–1998
- **years2**: 1998
- **years3**: 1998
- **years4**: 1999
- **years5**: 2000–2002
- **years6**: 2003
- **years7**: 2004
- **years8**: 2005
- **years9**: 2005
- **years10**: 2007
- **clubs1**: AA Ponte Preta, Ponte Preta
- **clubs2**: EC Santo André, Santo André
- **clubs3**: Campinas FC, Campinas
- **clubs4**: AA Portuguesa Santista, Portuguesa Santista
- **clubs5**: AA Ponte Preta, Ponte Preta
- **clubs6**: CR Vasco da Gama, Vasco da Gama
- **clubs7**: Associação Portuguesa de Desportos, Portuguesa Desportos
- **clubs8**: Villa Rio EC, Villa Rio
- **clubs9**: Ventforet Kofu
- **clubs10**: Jeju United FC, Jeju United
- **caps9**: 8
- **goals9**: 2
- **caps10**: 1
- **goals10**: 0
Lê (footballer, born 1979)

**Leandro Cesar de Souza** (born 6 July 1979) is a former Brazilian football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2004||Ventforet Kofu||J. League 2||6||0||0||0||6||0
6||0||0||0||6||0
6||0||0||0||6||0
|}
Hiroshi Hirakawa

is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Hirakawa was born in Kanagawa Prefecture on January 10, 1965. After graduating from Juntendo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Nissan Motors (later _Yokohama Marinos_) in 1987. From 1988 to 1990, the club won all three major title in Japan; Japan Soccer League, JSL Cup and Emperor's Cup for two years in a row. During the 1990s, the club won the 1990 JSL Cup, 1991 and 1992 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won the 1991–92 and 1992–93 Asian Cup Winners' Cups. Toward the end of his career, he played for Yokohama Flügels in 1995 and Consadole Sapporo in 1996. He retired in 1996.

In March 1985, Hirakawa was selected the Japan national team for 1986 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on March 21, he debuted against North Korea. After he joined Nissan Motors, he was selected Japan again in 1988 and 1989. In 1992, he also played 1 game for the first time in 3 years. He played 13 games for Japan until 1992.

## Statistics

|-
|1987/88||rowspan="5"|Nissan Motors||rowspan="5"|JSL Division 1||20||1||||||0||0||20||1
|-
|1988/89||12||1||||||5||2||12||1
|-
|1989/90||14||0||||||4||0||18||0
|-
|1990/91||0||0||||||0||0||0||0
|-
|1991/92||22||0||||||3||1||25||1
|-
|1992||rowspan="3"|Yokohama Marinos||rowspan="3"|J1 League||colspan="2"|-||0||0||9||1||9||1
|-
|1993||31||2||3||0||5||0||39||2
|-
|1994||11||0||0||0||0||0||11||0
|-
|1995||Yokohama Flügels||J1 League||13||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
|1996||Consadole Sapporo||Football League||5||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||5||0
128||5||3||0||26||4||157||9
128||5||3||0||26||4||157||9
|}

|-
|1985||6||0
|-
|1986||0||0
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||4||0
|-
|1989||2||0
|-
|1990||0||0
|-
|1991||0||0
|-
|1992||1||0
|-
!Total||13||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Hiroshi Hirakawa
- **fullname**: Hiroshi Hirakawa
- **birth place**: Kanagawa Prefecture, Kanagawa, Japan
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender, Midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1980–1982
- **youthclubs1**: Chigasaki High School
- **youthyears2**: 1983–1986
- **youthclubs2**: Juntendo University
- **years1**: 1987–1994
- **clubs1**: Yokohama F. Marinos, Yokohama Marinos
- **caps1**: 110
- **goals1**: 4
- **years2**: 1995
- **clubs2**: Yokohama Flügels
- **caps2**: 13
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 1996
- **clubs3**: Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo, Consadole Sapporo
- **caps3**: 5
- **goals3**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 128
- **totalgoals**: 5
- **nationalyears1**: 1985–1992
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 13
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Satoshi Tezuka

is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Tezuka was born in Tochigi Prefecture on September 4, 1958. After graduating from Chuo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club Fujita Industries in 1981. The club won the league champions in 1981. He retired in 1991. He played 167 games and scored 42 goals in the league.

On June 11, 1980, when Tezuka was a Chuo University student, he debuted for the Japan national team against China. He played at 1986 World Cup qualification, 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics qualification. He played 25 games and scored 2 goals for Japan until 1988.

After retirement, Tezuka started coaching career at Fujita Industries (later _Bellmare Hiratsuka_, _Shonan Bellmare_) in 1991. In 2003, he moved to Mito HollyHock and became an assistant coach. In 2005, he moved to Thespa Kusatsu and became a manager. In 2007, he signed with Japanese Regional Leagues club Fagiano Okayama. He promoted the club to Japan Football League in 2008 and J2 League in 2009. In 2010, he moved to Fukushima United FC and managed until 2011.

## Statistics

|-
|1981||rowspan="10"|Fujita Industries||rowspan="9"|JSL Division 1||15||5
|-
|1982||10||3
|-
|1983||13||0
|-
|1984||14||6
|-
|1985/86||21||8
|-
|1986/87||21||5
|-
|1987/88||22||4
|-
|1988/89||11||1
|-
|1989/90||20||5
|-
|1990/91||JSL Division 2||21||4
167||42
167||42
|}

|-
|1980||2||0
|-
|1981||6||0
|-
|1982||0||0
|-
|1983||0||0
|-
|1984||0||0
|-
|1985||2||0
|-
|1986||4||0
|-
|1987||8||2
|-
|1988||3||0
|-
!Total||25||2
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Satoshi Tezuka
- **fullname**: Satoshi Tezuka
- **birth place**: Tochigi Prefecture, Tochigi, Japan
- **position**: Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1974–1976
- **youthclubs1**: Imaichi High School
- **youthyears2**: 1977–1980
- **youthclubs2**: Chuo University
- **years1**: 1981–1991
- **clubs1**: Shonan Bellmare, Fujita Industries
- **caps1**: 167
- **goals1**: 42
- **totalcaps**: 167
- **totalgoals**: 42
- **nationalyears1**: 1980–1988
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 25
- **nationalgoals1**: 2
- **manageryears1**: 2005
- **managerclubs1**: Thespakusatsu Gunma, Thespa Kusatsu
- **manageryears2**: 2007–2009
- **managerclubs2**: Fagiano Okayama
- **manageryears3**: 2010–2011
- **managerclubs3**: Fukushima United FC
Hiromitsu Horiike

is a Japanese professional athlete.  He is best known as an association football player.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1994||rowspan="5"|Tokyo||rowspan="5"|Football League||30||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|1995||27||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||28||0
|-
|1996||26||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||27||0
|-
|1997||8||0||6||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|1998||30||0||3||0||colspan="2"|-||33||0
|-
|1999||rowspan="2"|Tokyo Gas||J. League 2||16||0||0||0||4||0||20||0
|-
|2000||J. League 1||1||0||1||0||0||0||2||0
138||0||15||0||4||0||157||0
138||0||15||0||4||0||157||0
|}
Toshihiro Uchida

**Toshihiro Uchida** (born 12 August 1972) is a former Japanese football player.
Understudy

In theater, an **understudy** is an actor or singer who studies the part of one of the main actors or singers in cases when they can't perform.

If a main performer is unable to perform, the understudy will take their place. The understudy is often a member of the chorus who might have had a small part in the performance anyway.  Sometimes an understudy is called a "standby".  A standby is usually not a member of the chorus or ensemble.  They may be required to be present in the theatre during the performance, or part of it, in case of a problem.

Sometimes an understudy will become famous when they unexpectedly have to perform instead of the usual lead person.
Lady Anne Hyde

**Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York** (22 March 1638 – 31 March 1671) was the first wife of James, Duke of York (the future King James II of England and VII of Scotland). She was also and the mother of two queens, Mary II of England and Scotland and Anne of Great Britain.

## Early years

She was born on 12 March 1638 (Old Style) or 22 March 1638 (New Style), at Windsor, Berkshire of the Hyde family.

The royal family stayed in exile after the English Civil War. Anne's father served as the Royalist chief adviser to the future King Charles II of England, James's older brother. Anne was Maid of Honour to Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, sister of Charles and James. It was during this time that James seduced Anne while she was in his sister's service and Charles forced James to marry Anne. He said that her strong character would be a good influence on his weak-willed brother.

## Duchess of York

The couple went through an official marriage ceremony on 3 September 1660, in London, after the English Restoration of the monarchy. Anne was not a beautiful woman. In fact, Samuel Pepys slights her as being quite plain. However, the French Ambassador described her as having "courage, cleverness, and energy almost worthy of a King's blood".
Steinitz

**Steinitz** is the surname of several notable people:
- Wilhelm Steinitz, world chess champion.
- Paul Steinitz, organist and conductor.
Emperor Seimu

was the 13th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider Emperor Seimu to be a legendary  person, and the name Seimu_-tennō_ was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history

Seimu is almost certainly a legend; but the _Kojiki_ and _Nihonshoki_ record his name.

## Events of Seimu's life

The limited information about Seimu does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

### After his death

This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Seimu.

The actual site of his grave is not known.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (_misasagi_) at Nara.

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Seimu
- **succession**: Emperor of Japan
- **image**: Emperor Seimu.jpg
- **reign**: 131–191 (traditional)
- **predecessor**: Emperor Keikō, Keikō
- **successor**: Emperor Chūai, Chūai
- **father**: Emperor Keikō
- **mother**: Yasakairihime
- **birth date**: 84
- **place of burial**: _Saki no Tatanami no misasagi_  (Nara)
Emperor Chūai

was  the 14th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider Emperor Chūai to be a legendary person, and the name Chūai_-tennō_ was created for him posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history

Chūai is almost certainly a legend; but the _Kojiki_ and _Nihonshoki_ record his name.  He was a grandson of Emperor Keikō.

Chūai's wife is known as Empress Jingū.  Her son would become known as Emperor Ōjin.

## Events of Chūai's life

The limited information about Chūai does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

### After his death

This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Chūai.

The actual site of his grave is not known.  According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (_misasagi_) at Fujiidera of Osaka Prefecture.

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Chūai
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **image**: Tennō Chūaii thumb.gif
- **reign**: legendary
- **predecessor**: Emperor Seimu, Seimu
- **successor**: Emperor Ōjin, Ōjin
- **birth date**: legendary
- **death date**: legendary
- **burial place**: _Ega no Naganu no nishi no misasagi_  (Osaka)
Empress Jingū

, also known as  was a legendary empress of Japan. Although her name was once included in the traditional order of succession, she is now considered as a regent.

Historians consider details about the life of Empress Jingū to be mythical; and the name Jingū_-tennō_ was created for her posthumously by later generations.

No certain dates can be assigned to this empress's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history

Jingū is almost certainly a legend; but the _Kojiki_ and _Nihonshoki_ record her name.

Jingū was the principle wife of Emperor Chūai. Her son would become known as Emperor Ōjin. The _Gukanshō_ mentions her, but she is not included on the list of persons born within the line of Imperial descent.

## Events of Jingū's life

The limited information about Jingū does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

After the death of Chūai, Jingū also served as regent, according to the oracle of Sumiyoshi-jinja, until her son was old enough to be emperor.

### After her death

This empress' official name after her death (her posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Jingū.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the empress's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (_kofun_).  Jingū is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (_misasagi_) at Nara.

- 1883: Empress Jingū was the first portrait and the first woman to be featured on the Japanese paper currency; however, the representation of Jingū which was created by Edoardo Chiossone is imagined.

In the centuries before the Meiji period, Jingū was known as the 15th Japanese imperial ruler, according to the traditional order of succession.  However, Jingū's name is now removed from the official list of emperors of Japan. Jingū's son, Emperor Ōjin, is today considered to have been the 15th emperor in the order of succession.

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of Emperors of Japan
- Japanese Imperial family tree
- Jingū Seamount
- Japanese empresses
- Seven-Branched Sword
- Sumiyoshi-jinja - a shine created by her

## Other websites

- Bank of Japan: Empress Jingū on bank note (1883)
- Stamp library: Empress Jingū on 10-yen violet postage stamp (1924)
- Stamp library: Empress Jingū on 10-yen green postage stamp (1924)

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Jingū
- **title**: Empress of Japan
- **image**: Kaiserin_Jingū.jpg
- **caption**: Empress Jingū
- **reign**: legendary
- **predecessor**: Emperor Chūai, Chūai
- **successor**: Emperor Ōjin, Ōjin
- **birth date**: legendary
- **death date**: legendary
- **burial place**: _Saki no Tatanami no ike no e no Misasagi_  (Nara)
Hypermodern

The **hypermoderns** were a school of chess players who set out to rethink some of the principles of chess openings. The name was given to them by the Polish-French grandmaster Tartakower.

The key idea was, in reaction to the older ideas of Siegbert Tarrasch, to dispute control of the centre by more subtle methods. Whereas old theory was to occupy the centre with two or three pawns immediately, the hypermoderns concentrated more on attacking the opponent's centre. A characteristic first move was 1Nf3 with White, or 1...Nf6 with Black, especially in reply to 1d4. To 1e4 they favoured an asymmetric defence such as 1...e6 or 1...c5 rather than the classical reply 1...e5.

Nimzovich was the founder, and Alekhine, Tartakower, Réti, Grünfeld, and  Bogolyubov all took part. All were top grandmasters of the 1920s and 30s. Several modern openings owe their popularity to this group: Alekhine's Defence (1e4 Nf6); Réti's Opening (1Nf3); the King's Indian Defence (1d4 Nf6 2c4 g6 3Nc3 Bg7); the Grünfeld Defence (1d4 Bf6 2c4 g6 3Nc3 d5) and the Modern Defence (1...g6).<sup>p178</sup>
Emperor Richū

was the 17th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Richū to be possibly legendary, but probable.  The name Richū_-tennō_ was created for him posthumously by later generations.

Some scholars identify him with King San in the Book of Song. King San sent messengers to the Song Dynasty at least twice in 421 and 425; and this historical person was succeeded by his younger brother.

No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign.  The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

## Traditional history

According to _Nihonshoki_ and _Kojiki_, he was the first son of Emperor Nintoku.

Richū had two sons; but he was followed on the throne by his brother, who would become known as Emperor Hanzei. The enthronement of Hanzei by-passed Richū's two sons.  Few other details have survived.

Two of Richū's grandsons would attain the throne as Emperor Kenzō and as Emperor Ninken.

## Events of Richū's life

Very little is known about the events of Richū's life and reign.  Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

In his sixth year of his reign, Richū died.

### After his death

This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Richū.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus (_kofun_) at Sakai.  Richū is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (_misasagi_) which is associated with the burial mound.

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese Imperial family tree
- Kofun period

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Richū
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **reign**: legendary
- **predecessor**: Emperor Nintoku, Nintoku
- **successor**: Emperor Hanzei, Hanzei
- **birth date**: legendary
- **death date**: legendary
- **burial place**: _Mozu no Mimihara no naka no misasagi_  (Osaka)
Jacobitism

**Jacobitism** was (and, to a much smaller extent, is) the political movement that tried to put the Stuarts back onto the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland. It took its name from the Latin form _Jacobus_ of the name of King James II and VII.

Jacobitism began after James II and VII was deposed in 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II jointly with her husband, William of Orange, who was also her first cousin. The Stuarts lived on the European Continent and sometimes tried to get back the throne with the help of France or Spain. The most important places of Jacobitism were Ireland and Scotland, especially the Scottish Highlands. In England, Jacobitism was strongest in the North. There was some support also in Wales.

Many Catholics supported Jacobitism and hoped the Stuarts to end the laws against them. Many others helped Jacobite military campaigns for all sorts of reasons such as in the hope of improve their fortunes. In Scotland, the Jacobite cause became a lasting romantic memory.

## Further reading

- Ruvigny & Raineval, Marquis de (Melville Henry Massue) (comp.). _The Jacobite Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage & Grants of Honour_. Edinburgh: T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1904.
- _The Lion in the North_, John Prebble, Penguin Books 1973
- _Maritime Scotland_, Brian Lavery, B T Batsford Ltd., 2001,
- _Scotland, A Concise History_, Fitzroy Maclean, Thames and Hudson 1991,
- _Bonnie Prince Charlie_, Fitzroy Maclean, Canongate Books Ltd. 1989
- _The Jacobites, Britain and Europe 1688 – 1788_, Daniel Szechi, Manchester University Press 1994
- _The Myths of the Jacobite Clans_, Murray G. H. Pittock, Edinburgh University Press 1995
- _Came ye o'er frae France_ – folk-rock version by Steeleye Span.
- _Georgian Monarchy: Politics and Culture, 1714-60_, Hannah Smith, Cambridge University Press 2006
Tadao Horie

was a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team.

## Biography

Horie was born in Hamamatsu on September 13, 1913. He played for Waseda WMW, which was consisted of players from his alma mater, Waseda University. At that club, he played with many futures Japan national team players, such as Motoo Tatsuhara, Yasuo Suzuki, and others.

In May 1934, when Horie was a Waseda University student, he was selected by the Japan national team for the Far Eastern Championship Games in Manila. At that competition, on May 15, he debuted against Philippines. In 1936, he was also selected by Japan for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. At the 1936 Summer Olympics, he played against Sweden, and Japan completed a come-from-behind victory. It was the first victory in the Olympics for Japan and a historic victory over one of the powerhouses, the team became later known as the "Miracle of Berlin" (ベルリンの奇跡) in Japan. In 2016, the team was selected for the Japan Football Hall of Fame. However, he fractured his right arm in the match, and could not play in the next game against Italy. He played three games for Japan until 1936.

After 1936 Summer Olympics, Horie retired from his playing career and joined the Asahi Shimbun. In 1951, he became a professor at his alma mater, Waseda University. He also became a manager for Waseda University and instructed many international players like Shigeo Yaegashi, Saburo Kawabuchi, Masakatsu Miyamoto, Kunishige Kamamoto, and others.

On March 29, 2003, Horie died of pneumonia in Nakano, Tokyo at the age of 89.

## Statistics

|-
|1934||2||0
|-
|1935||0||0
|-
|1936||1||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

## Other websites

- Japan Football Hall of Fame (Japan team at 1936 Olympics) at Japan Football Association

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Tadao Horie
- **fullname**: Tadao Horie
- **birth place**: Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture, Shizuoka, Japan
- **death place**: Nakano, Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo Metropolis, Tokyo, Japan
- **position**: Defender (football), Defender
- **youthyears1**: ????
- **youthclubs1**: Hamamatsu Kita High School, Hamamatsu Daiichi High School
- **youthyears2**: ????–1935
- **youthclubs2**: Waseda University
- **clubs1**: Waseda WMW
- **nationalyears1**: 1934–1936
- **nationalteam1**: Japan national football team, Japan
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Pierre Njanka

**Pierre Njanka** (born 15 March 1975) is a Cameroonian professional football player. He has played for Cameroon national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1998–99||Neuchâtel Xamax||Nationalliga A||24||0

|-
|1999–00||rowspan="4"|Strasbourg||rowspan="2"|Division 1||25||0
|-
|2000–01||20||0
|-
|2001–02||Division 2||0||0
|-
|2002–03||Ligue 1||9||0
|-
|2002–03||rowspan="3"|Sedan Ardennes||Ligue 1||9||0
|-
|2003–04||rowspan="2"|Ligue 2||23||0
|-
|2004–05||20||0
|-
|2005–06||Istres Ouest Provence||Ligue 2||14||0

|-
|2005–06||Stade Tunisien||Ligue Professionnelle 1||5||0
24||0
120||0
5||0
149||0
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1998||6||1
|-
|1999||4||1
|-
|2000||11||0
|-
|2001||8||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||4||0
|-
!Total||37||2
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Pierre Njanka
- **fullname**: Pierre Djaka Njanka-Beyaka
- **height**: 1.81 m
- **birth place**: Douala, Cameroon
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **years1**: 1993
- **clubs1**: Tigre Douala
- **years2**: 1994
- **clubs2**: Rail Douala
- **years3**: 1995–1998
- **clubs3**: Olympic Mvolyé
- **caps3**: 87
- **goals3**: 1
- **years4**: 1999
- **clubs4**: Neuchâtel Xamax FCS, Neuchâtel Xamax
- **caps4**: 24
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2000–2003
- **clubs5**: Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace, Strasbourg
- **caps5**: 54
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 2002
- **clubs6**: Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace, Strasbourg B
- **caps6**: 5
- **goals6**: 0
- **years7**: 2003–2005
- **clubs7**: CS Sedan Ardennes, Sedan
- **caps7**: 52
- **goals7**: 0
- **years8**: 2006
- **clubs8**: FC Istres, Istres
- **caps8**: 14
- **goals8**: 0
- **years9**: 2006
- **clubs9**: Stade Tunisien
- **caps9**: 5
- **goals9**: 0
- **years10**: 2006–2007
- **clubs10**: Club Africain
- **caps10**: 26
- **goals10**: 0
- **years11**: 2007–2008
- **clubs11**: Al-Wahda (Mecca), Al-Wehda
- **years12**: 2008–2009
- **clubs12**: Persija Jakarta
- **caps12**: 27
- **goals12**: 0
- **years13**: 2009–2010
- **clubs13**: Arema FC, Arema Indonesia
- **caps13**: 38
- **goals13**: 10
- **years14**: 2010–2011
- **clubs14**: Aceh United F.C., Aceh United
- **caps14**: 12
- **goals14**: 2
- **years15**: 2011–2012
- **clubs15**: Mitra Kukar F.C., Mitra Kukar
- **caps15**: 11
- **goals15**: 1
- **years16**: 2012–2013
- **clubs16**: Bali United F.C., Persisam Putra Samarinda
- **caps16**: 29
- **goals16**: 2
- **nationalyears1**: 1994–2004
- **nationalteam1**: Cameroon national football team, Cameroon
- **nationalcaps1**: 47
- **nationalgoals1**: 2