Eurovision Song Contest

The **Eurovision Song Contest** (sometimes shortened to **ESC** or simply **Eurovision**) is an international song contest held every year by the European Broadcasting Union since 1956. Each year, different singers representing countries in Europe perform a song and the winner is decided through voting.

Between 160 million and 200 million people watch every year. This makes it the largest music competition in the world. Eurovision has had many famous winners in the past including ABBA, Céline Dion, Sandie Shaw, Bucks Fizz, Alexander Rybak, Conchita Wurst, Netta Barzilai, Duncan Laurence and Måneskin. Other famous contestants that did not win include Olivia Newton-John, Bonnie Tyler, Blue, Jedward, Engelbert Humperdinck and Rosa Linn.

## Creation

Eurovision started on 24 May 1956. The Eurovision Song Contest was created by the European Broadcasting Union to experiment live television and broadcasting across multiple countries. It was inspired by RAI's Sanremo Music Festival. The first contest was held in 1956 with the aim of uniting the countries of Europe following World War II. Seven countries took part in the first contest, which was hosted in Lugano. It was won by Lys Assia, who was representing Switzerland.

## Expansion of the contest

More countries began to join very quickly. In the 1970s, countries from outside Europe began to participate (such as Israel). Morocco also participated once (and is the only African country to do so). The early 1990s saw the fall of both the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia, with both split into multiple countries (all in Eastern Europe). All of these new countries wanted to join so the 1993 contest had a separate contest held beforehand between seven new Eastern European countries. The three winners of the contest would participate in the actual Eurovision Contest.

### Relegation system (1994—2003)

The 1994 contest introduced a relegation system. This meant that each year, the countries that ranked lowest would not be allowed to participate the following year in order to allow other countries to enter. Eurovision 1999 introduced a new rule where the United Kingdom, Spain, France and Germany (this group was called the "Big Four") were given the right to participate in every contest, even if they ranked at the bottom.

### Semi-finals (2004—present)

The relegation system was used until the Eurovision Song Contest 2004, which introduced a semi-final. The Big 4 and the ten highest-scoring acts of the previous contest would automatically qualify to the final while the rest would have to participate in a semi-final (the ten winners of the semi-final would join the others in the final).

In 2008, a second semi-final was introduced. Now, the ten highest-ranking countries from each semi-final join the host country and the Big Four in the Grand Final. The Big Four expanded to the "Big Five" when Italy re-joined the contest.

## Current competition format

Each year, every country taking part will send in one song which is performed by up to six singers. Each song is performed in a large arena in front of an audience of fans. The winner is decided through a complicated system of voting.

### Participation

In the first few years of the contest, a small group of countries competed against each other in one show. As more countries wanted to join, it was eventually decided that there would be two semi-finals, where the ten highest-ranked countries from each semi-final would go into the final. The United Kingdom, France, Spain, Germany and Italy automatically qualify for the final because they give a lot of money to the contest. In addition to this, the host country also automatically makes it to the final. This makes an average of 26 finalists (25 if the host country is a member of the Big Five).

### Voting and winner selection

Until the late 1990s, the winner was decided by experts from each country, called a jury. The juries awarded points to their favourite songs. The way that the points were awarded changed many times over the years until 1975, where it was decided that each jury awarded 12, 10 and 8—1 points to ten songs (with their favourite getting 12 points, second getting 10 and third to tenth getting 8—1 points).

In the late 1990s, televoting was introduced for some countries while others used juries. From 1998 to 2008, only televoting was used with the same system which had been used since 1975.

In 2009, it was decided that the juries would come back because countries kept voting for their neighbours (a system known as bloc voting). From 2009 to 2015, the rankings of each country's jury vote and public vote were added together and the top ten songs were awarded with 12, 10 and 8—1 points.

In 2016, a new system was introduced where each country's jury and public awarded separate points to their top ten favourite songs. This meant that countries started scoring far higher than before.

In 2023, the "Rest of the World" vote was introduced for the public vote, which allowed viewers from other countries to vote. This gave the public 50.6% say in the voting while the juries now have 49.4%.

## Hosting

According to the Eurovision rules, the winner of each contest will host the next year's contest. This rule has been applied most of the time, with a notable exception being the 2023 contest, which was hosted in the United Kingdom because the previous year's winner, Ukraine, was unable to host.

Each year, the contest is hosted by a number of presenters. Usually, these are celebrities from the hosting country or can also be past winners and contestants.

The presenters will usually speak in English or the language of the host country. In addition to the presenters, each participating country has a "commentator" who narrates the event for the viewers in their language.

## Contestant selections

In order for a country to participate, it must be a part of the European Broadcasting Union. This includes all of Europe, some Asian and African countries as well as Australia. Each country has a television channel (called broadcasters) which broadcasts the Contest in that country. The only European countries which have never participated are Liechtenstein and the Vatican. The Middle Eastern countries to have ever participated was Morocco and Turkey.

### Entry selections

There are three main types of selections which choose who will represent what country:

- An **internal selection** is when the channel showing the Contest in a country chooses the contestant and song. For example, the BBC (which airs the Contest in the UK) has chosen the song and contestant without involving the public for several years.
- A **national selection** is where a country holds its own competition to decide who will represent them in Eurovision. For example, Sweden's national selection is Melodifestivalen, which is the most watched national selection.
- A **combination of both selections** is a rare method. It is often when the broadcaster chooses the contestant and lets the public vote on the song.

## Recent history

The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first time the contest was cancelled. It was replaced by a replacement show called _Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light_. It showed the selected entries in place of the Grand Final on 16 May 2020. The BBC also organised an all-stars contest, where ABBA's "Waterloo" was voted best Eurovision song. That same year, a film named _Eurovision Song Contest: The Story of Fire Saga_ was released starring Will Ferrell and Rachel McAdams.

## Slogans

Starting in the Eurovision Song Contest 2002, each contest was given a different theme and slogan. This stopped when it was announced that the same slogan "_United By Music_" would be used every year starting from the Eurovision Song Contest 2024.
|Year|Slogan|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2002|_A Modern Fairytale_|||
|2003|_A Magical Rendez-vous_|||
|2004|_Under The Same Sky_|||
|2005|_Awakening_|||
|2006|_Feel The Rhythm_|||
|2007|_True Fantasy_|||
|2008|_Confluence of Sound_|||
|2010|_Share The Moment_|||
|2011|_Feel Your Heart Beat_|||
|2012|_Light Your Fire_|||
|2013|_We Are One_|||
|2014|_#JOINUS_|||
|2015|_Building Bridges_|||
|2016|_Come Together_|||
|2017|_Celebrate Diversity_|||
|2018|_All Aboard!_|||
|2019|_Dare To Dream_|||
|2020|rowspan="2"|_Open Up_||
|2021||||
|2022|_The Sound Of Beauty_|||
|2023|rowspan="2"|_United By Music_||
|2024||||

## List of contests

The first Contest was won by Swiss singer Lys Assia with the song "Refrain". The first man to win (André Claveau) won the third Contest. ABBA was the first group to win. The first person to win the Contest twice was Johnny Logan. The first woman to win twice was Loreen, who got her second victory in 2023.
|rowspan="2"|Year|rowspan="2"|Host city|colspan="3"|Winner||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1956|Lugano||Lys Assia|_Refrain_|||
|1957|Frankfurt||Corry Brokken|_Net als toen_|||
|1958|Hilversum||André Claveau|_Dors, mon amour_|||
|1959|Cannes||Teddy Scholten|_Een beetje_|||
|1960|London||Jacqueline Boyer|_Tom Pillibi_|||
|1961|Cannes||Jean-Claude Pascal|_Nous les amoureux_|||
|1962|Luxembourg||Isabelle Aubret|_Un premier amour_|||
|1963|London||Grethe & Jørgen Ingmann|_Dansevise_|||
|1964|Copenhagen||Gigliola Cinquetti|_Non ho l'età (per amarti)_|||
|1965|Naples||France Gall|_Poupée de cire, poupée de son_|||
|1966|Luxembourg||Udo Jürgens|_Merci, Chérie_|||
|1967|Vienna||Sandie Shaw|_Puppet on a String_|||
|1968|London||Massiel|_La, la, la_|||
|rowspan="4"|1969|rowspan="4"|Madrid||Frida Boccara|_Un jour, un enfant_|
||Lennie Kuhr|_De troubadour_|||||
||Salomé|_Vivo cantando_|||||
||Lulu|_Boom Bang-a-Bang_|||||
|1970|Amsterdam||Dana|_All Kinds of Everything_|||
|1971|Dublin||Séverine|_Un banc, un arbre, une rue_|||
|1972|Edinburgh||Vicky Leandros|_Après toi_|||
|1973|Luxembourg||Anne-Marie David|_Tu te reconnaîtras_|||
|1974|Brighton||ABBA|_Waterloo_|||
|1975|Stockholm||Teach-In|_Ding-a-Dong_|||
|1976|The Hague||Brotherhood of Man|_Save Your Kisses for Me_|||
|1977|London||Marie Myriam|_L'oiseau et l'enfant_|||
|1978|Paris||Izhar Cohen & Alphabeta|_A-ba-ni-bi ()_|||
|1979|Jerusalem||Gali Atari & Milk and Honey|_Hallelujah ()_|||
|1980|The Hague||Johnny Logan|_What's Another Year?_|||
|1981|Dublin||Bucks Fizz|_Making Your Mind Up_|||
|1982|Harrogate||Nicole|_Ein bißchen Frieden_|||
|1983|Munich||Corinne Hermès|_Si la vie est cadeau_|||
|1984|Luxembourg||Herreys|_Diggi-loo diggi-ley_|||
|1985|Gothenburg||Bobbysocks!|_La det swinge_|||
|1986|Bergen||Sandra Kim|_J'aime la vie_|||
|1987|Brussels||Johnny Logan|_Hold Me Now_|||
|1988|Dublin||Céline Dion|_Ne partez pas sans moi_|||
|1989|Lausanne||Riva|_Rock Me_|||
|1990|Zagreb||Toto Cutugno|__|||
|1991|Rome||Carola|__|||
|1992|Malmö||Linda Martin|_Why Me?_|||
|1993|Millstreet||Niamh Kavanagh|_In Your Eyes_|||
|1994|Dublin||Paul Harrington & Charlie McGettigan|_Rock 'n' Roll Kids_|||
|1995|Dublin||Secret Garden|_Nocturne_|||
|1996|Oslo||Eimear Quinn|_The Voice_|||
|1997|Dublin||Katrina and the Waves|_Love Shine a Light_|||
|1998|Birmingham||Dana International|_Diva ()_|||
|1999|Jerusalem||Charlotte Nilsson|_Take Me to Your Heaven_|||
|2000|Stockholm||Olsen Brothers|_Fly on the Wings of Love_|||
|2001|Copenhagen||Tanel Padar, Dave Benton & 2XL|_Everybody_|||
|2002|Tallinn||Marie N|_I Wanna_|||
|2003|Riga||Sertab Erener|_Everyway That I Can_|||
|2004|Istanbul||Ruslana|_Wild Dances_|||
|2005|Kyiv||Helena Paparizou|_My Number One_|||
|2006|Athens||Lordi|_Hard Rock Hallelujah_|||
|2007|Helsinki||Marija Šerifović|_Molitva ()_|||
|2008|Belgrade||Dima Bilan|_Believe_|||
|2009|Moscow||Alexander Rybak|_Fairytale_|||
|2010|Oslo||Lena Meyer-Landrut|_Satellite_|||
|2011|Düsseldorf||Ell & Nikki|_Running Scared_|||
|2012|Baku||Loreen|_Euphoria_|||
|2013|Malmö||Emmelie de Forest|_Only Teardrops_|||
|2014|Copenhagen||Conchita Wurst|_Rise Like a Phoenix_|||
|2015|Vienna||Måns Zelmerlöw|_Heroes_|||
|2016|Stockholm||Jamala|_1944_|||
|2017|Kyiv||Salvador Sobral|__|||
|2018|Lisbon||Netta Barzilai|_Toy_|||
|2019|Tel Aviv||Duncan Laurence|_Arcade_|||
|2020|—|—|—|—|||
|2021|Rotterdam||Måneskin|__|||
|2022|Turin||Kalush Orchestra|_Stefania_|||
|2023|Liverpool||Loreen|_Tattoo_|||
|2024|Malmö||Nemo|_The Code_|||
|2025|Basel||JJ|_Wasted Love_|||
|_2026_|Vienna|colspan=4|||||

## International versions

There are some other versions of Eurovision including:

- Junior Eurovision Song Contest
- Eurovision Dance Contest
- Turkvision Song Contest
- American Song Contest
- Eurovision Young Musicians
- Eurovision Young Dancers
- OTI Festival
- AfriMusic Song Contest
- Bundevision Song Contest
- Eurovision Asia Song Contest

## Notes

1. In 1969 four countries were joint winners as there was no rule for a tie.
1. Cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Replaced by a programme called Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light.

## Other websites

- Eurovision.tv - the official website of the Eurovision Song Contest
- ebu.ch - the official website of the European Broadcasting Union
- The Official Eurovision Shop - Selection of Eurovision items
- The Eurovision History - National Finals & Eurovision Entries

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Eurovision Song Contest heart (2014–2025).svg
- **caption**: Eurovision's "heart logo"
- **genre**: Music competition
- **creator**: European Broadcasting Union
- **based on**: Sanremo Music Festival
- **presenter**: Various presenters
- **country**: Various participating countries
- **language**: Various; primarily English and French
- **location**: Various host cities
- **runtime**: ~2 hours (semi-finals)
~4 hours (finals)
- **company**: European Broadcasting Union
Various national broadcasters
- **last aired**: present
- **related**: Junior Eurovision Song Contest
Eurovision Young Musicians
Eurovision Dance Contest
_American Song Contest_
- **italic title**: no