Renaissance man

The term **Renaissance man** or **polymath** is used for a very clever man who is good at many different things. It is named after the Renaissance period of history (from the 14th century to the 16th or 17th century in Europe). Two of the best-known people from this time were Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Leonardo da Vinci was a famous painter but was also a scientist, philosopher, engineer, and mathematician.  Michelangelo was an extraordinary sculptor, painter, architect, and poet. They are known as two of the highest examples of Renaissance men.

However, the term "Renaissance man" is also often used for extraordinary people not from the Renaissance period. It can be used for anyone who is very clever at many different things, no matter when the person lived. Albert Schweitzer was a 20th-century "Renaissance man" who was a theologian, musician, philosopher and doctor. Benjamin Franklin was an  18th-century "Renaissance man" who was an author, printer, politician, scientist, inventor, and soldier.

Over the centuries the term has broadened from its original application.  The most precise definition true to its origin is a man who is educated and accomplished in both the arts and the sciences.

## Renaissance period

(Italian: "Universal Man") was the original concept of the Renaissance man and was an ideal of the Italian Renaissance. One example is the saying by Leone Battista Alberti that "a man can do all things if he will." Many Renaissance men from this time are still famous today:

- **Leonardo da Vinci** (1452–1519) Italian painter, sculptor, engineer, astronomer, anatomist, biologist, geologist, physicist, architect, musician, philosopher, and humanist.
- **Michelangelo** (March 6, 1475 – February 18, 1564) was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, engineer, and theologian.
- **Niccolò Machiavelli** (1469–1527) was a Florentine statesman, philosopher, poet, author, playwright, songwriter, classicist, military scientist, political thinker, and historian.
- **Leone Battista Alberti** (1404–1472) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer.
- **Galileo Galilei** (1564–1642) was an Italian scientist, mathematician, astronomer, physicist, and philosopher.

### Ancient history

- **Aristotle** (Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης, Aristotle) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher who studied and wrote about many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology.
- **Archimedes**  (Greek: Ἀρχιμήδης; c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC) was a Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer.

### Medieval history

- **Abū Alī ibn Sīnā (Avicenna)** (980–1037) was a Persian physician, pharmacologist, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, chemist, Hanafi jurist and theologian, scientist, statesman and soldier.
- **Ibn Rushd (Averroes)** (1126–1198) was an Andalusian Arab philosopher, physician, jurist, astronomer, mathematician, and theologian.
- **Roger Bacon, O.F.M.** (c. 1214–1294), also known as Doctor Mirabilis (Latin: "wonderful teacher"), was an English Franciscan friar who was a philosopher, theologian and scientist. He was one of the first people to perform scientific experiments in a modern manner.

### Modern history

- **Johann Wolfgang von Goethe** (1749–1832) was a German writer, poet, critic, playwright, and novelist.
- **Robert Hooke** (1635–1703) was an English scientist, mathematician, natural philosopher, and architect.
- **Isaac Newton** (1643–1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, theologian, natural philosopher, and alchemist. His development of calculus and his three laws of motion were landmarks in applied mathematics.
- **Gottfried Leibniz** (1646–1716) was a German philosopher, theologian, physicist, mathematician, historian, librarian, and inventor.
- **Mikhail Lomonosov** (1711–1765) was a Russian poet, artist, physicist, chemist, and educator.
- **Thomas Jefferson** (1743–1826). American president who was a horticulturist, architect, archaeologist, and inventor and the founder of a university.
- **Rabindranath Tagore** (7 May 1861 – 7 August 1941) was a Bengali poet, artist, playwright, novelist, educator, social reformer, nationalist, business-manager, and composer.
- **Albert Einstein** (14 March 1879 – 15 April 1955) was a German-American physicist, mathematician, cosmologist, professor, refrigeration engineer (patent), patent analyst, essayist, activist, pianist, and recital violinist.
- **G. Spencer-Brown** (2 April1923 -25 August 2016)) was an English mathematician and writer of _Laws of Form_.

## Further reading

- Polymath: A Renaissance Man
- Polymath -Citizendium
- "History", "Mathematic", "Polymath" and "Polyhistor" in one or more of: _Chamber's Dictionary of Etymology_, _The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories_, _The Cassell Dictionary of Word Histories_