Francis Crick

**Francis Harry Compton Crick** OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British physicist, biologist and humanist.

He is one of those who worked out the structure of DNA. Using X-ray crystallography results from Maurice Wilkins' biophysics team at King's College London, Crick and James Watson discovered that DNA has what is called a "double helix structure".

This means that DNA is made of two chains wound round each other to make a spiral. Only one of the chains carries information, but the two chains together makes the molecule more stable. DNA is the basis of heredity for almost all forms of life today.

Crick, Watson and Wilkins won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1962. Their work sparked a huge amount of research in molecular and cell biology and, as a result, many subsequent Nobel awards have been made.

### Molecular biology

During the mid-to-late 1950s Crick helped sort out the way proteins are synthesized. In 1958, Crick's listed all the key features of the protein synthesis process:
- genetic information stored in the sequence of DNA molecules
- a messenger RNA molecule to carry the instructions for making one protein to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
- adaptor molecules ("they might contain nucleotides") to match short sequences of nucleotides in the RNA messenger molecules to specific amino acids
- ribonucleic-protein complexes that catalyse the assembly of amino acids into proteins according to the messenger RNA

The adaptor molecules were eventually shown to be tRNAs and the catalytic "ribonucleic-protein complexes" became known as ribosomes. An important step was later realization (in 1960) that the messenger RNA was not the same as the ribosomal RNA.

The next fundamental question was the exact nature of the genetic code. In his 1958 article, Crick speculated, as had others, that a triplet of nucleotides could code for an amino acid. Crick also used the term "central dogma" to summarize an idea that implies that genetic information flow between macro molecules would be essentially one-way:

- **DNA → RNA → Protein**

In his thinking about the processes linking DNA genes to proteins, Crick made clear the distinction between the materials involved, the energy required, and the information flow. Crick was focused on this third component (information) and it became the organizing principle of what became known as molecular biology.

### Neurophysiology

In the final phase of his career, Crick, Watson and Christof Koch published a series of articles on consciousness (1990–2005).

Crick decided to focus his work on how the brain generates visual awareness within a few hundred milliseconds of viewing a scene. Crick's book _The Astonishing Hypothesis_ made the argument that neuroscience now had the tools required to begin a scientific study of how brains produce conscious experiences.

### The Francis Crick Institute

The Francis Crick Institute is a £660,000,000 biomedical research centre in London. The Francis Crick Institute is a partnership between Cancer Research UK, Imperial College London, King's College London, the Medical Research Council, University College London (UCL) and the Wellcome Trust. It is the largest centre for biomedical research and innovation in Europe.

The Institute is next to St Pancras station on the Euston Road. It has an annual budget of over £100 million. The building’s vaulted roof is arranged into two shells and is fitted with solar panels. A third of the building is below ground to reduce its visible mass. RIP Francis

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Francis Crick
- **image**: Francis Crick 1995.jpg
- **caption**: Francis Crick in 1995
- **birth date**: 8 June 1916
- **birth place**: Weston Favell, Northamptonshire, England
- **nationality**: British
- **death place**: La Jolla, San Diego, California, United States, U.S.
- **death cause**: Colon cancer
- **field**: Physics, Molecular biology
- **work institutions**: Institute for the Furtherment of Genetic Studies
- **alma mater**: University College London
University of Cambridge
- **doctoral advisor**: Max Perutz
- **known for**: DNA, DNA structure, consciousness
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize (1962)