juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Over the Limit (2011)

**Over the Limit (2011)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It took place on May 22, 2011 at the KeyArena in Seattle, Washington. It was the second Over the Limit event held by WWE.

### Raw matches

The main event for the Raw side of the PPV was decided on the May 9 edition of Raw. The Miz, Alberto Del Rio and Rey Mysterio faced off in a triple threat match where the winner would face John Cena for the WWE Championship at Over the Limit. The Miz won the match by rolling up Mysterio. After the match was over, as had been announced, Cena came out to announce what type of match he had chosen. He told Miz, if he wants his title back, it's simple, you only "have to make me say two words", thus he announced the match would be an "I Quit" match.

Also on Raw, carrying over from their WrestleMania and Extreme Rules matches, Jerry Lawler challenged Michael Cole to one final match at Over the Limit, where if he lost he would personally induct Cole into the WWE Hall of Fame and give him his Hall of Fame ring. Cole initially said no and started bragging about his Mother's Day with his mother the day before in front of Lawler, whose mother died in February. This prompted King to try and attack Cole who was in his "Cole Mine" (a Plexiglas box meant to protect Cole from Lawler). As King went to attack him, he was attacked from behind by Cole's mentor Jack Swagger. A little later in the show, Lawler came back out and attacked Cole through the holes cut in the "Cole Mine" by yanking Cole's head repeatedly against the plexiglas by his tie. After he was saved, Swagger accepted the match against Lawler on behalf of Cole, much to Cole's displeasure.

## Related pages

- WWE Over the Limit

## Other websites

- Official Over the Limit website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: Over the Limit (2011)
- **theme**: "Help Is On the Way" by Rise Against
- **promotion**: WWE
- **date**: May 22, 2011
- **venue**: Climate Pledge Arena, KeyArena
- **city**: Seattle, Washington
- **lastevent**: Extreme Rules (2011)
- **nextevent**: WWE Capitol Punishment, Capitol Punishment
- **event**: WWE Over the Limit, Over the Limit
- **lastevent2**: Over the Limit (2010)
- **nextevent2**: Over the Limit (2012)
- **brand**: WWE Raw, Raw
SmackDown
Balkan Wars

The **Balkan Wars** were a series of wars fought in the Balkan Peninsula in 1912 (First Balkan War) and 1913 (Second Balkan War).

The First Balkan War was fought by Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria (the Balkan League) against the Ottoman Empire. The main objective of the Balkan League was to annex the European territories of the Ottoman Empire, because large numbers of the people of the Balkan League lived under Ottoman Turkish rule. The war was a success and the Ottoman Empire lost almost its entire European territories.

The Second Balkan War was fought by Greece, Serbia, the Ottoman Empire and Romania against Bulgaria. Because Bulgaria felt that Greece and Serbia got more lands than they deserved, Bulgaria declared war on Greece and Serbia, which repelled the attacks. The Ottoman Empire and Romania declared war on Bulgaria, because they wanted to gain Bulgarian territories, and by the end of the Second Balkan War Bulgaria had lost almost all its gains from the First Balkan War.

The Balkan Wars resulted in huge casualties. The Bulgarians lost around 65,000 men, the Greeks 9,500, the Montenegrins, 3,000, and the Serbs at least 36,000. The Ottomans lost as many as 125,000 dead. In addition, tens of thousands of civilians died from disease and other causes.
After the Treaty of Istanbul in 1913, a population exchange was made by the Ottoman Empire with the Kingdom of Bulgaria, 9714 Muslim's (Turks and Xoraxane Roma) from Haskovo in North Thrace, was expelled to Ottoman Empire, and 9472 Orthodox Christian Bulgarian from Edirne in East Thrace was expelled to Kingdom of Bulgaria.

## Related pages

- Balkan Campaigns during World War I
- Balkan Campaigns during World War II

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Balkan Wars
- **image**: Prilep Battle 1912 Postcard.jpg
- **caption**: Battle of Prilep, depicted in a Serbian postcard from 1912
- **date**: 8 October 1912 – 18 July 1913
()
- **result**: First Balkan War:
* Balkan League victory
* Treaty of London, 1913, Treaty of London
Second Balkan War:
* Greek, Serbian, Montenegrin, Ottoman and Romanian victories
* Treaties of Treaty of Bucharest, 1913, Bucharest and Treaty of Istanbul (1913), Istanbul
- **combatant1**: **First Balkan War**

**Support**
- **combatant1a**: **Second Balkan War**

- **combatant2**: **First Balkan War**

Balkan League:

**Support**

- **combatant2a**: **Second Balkan War**
Derecho and tornado outbreak of April 4–5, 2011

The **April 2011 derecho and tornado outbreak** was a large scale event where tornadoes and derechoes, or widespread straight-line winds, damaged parts of 3 states resulting in 9 fatalities. The event happened from April 4 to April 5th.

## History

On April 3, supercells formed in Illinois, and a squall line of severe thunderstorms formed in Iowa. The severe thunderstorms made large hail, and strong wind, and potentially tornadoes. Then, heavy rain formed west of the severe thunderstorms but the line kept producing severe weather. On April 4, the supercells also turned into a squall line of severe thunderstorms. The storms produced tornadoes.  Then, supercells formed in Tennessee and produced tornadoes. By the night of April 4, the 2 lines of storms collided and moved East. By April 5, the severe thunderstorms were in New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida and moved out to sea. The storm produced a lot of tornadoes. Plenty of severe thunderstorm and tornado watches and warnings were issued.

### Illinois

Supercells impacted Illinois with large hail and strong winds, and possible tornadoes. Hail up to 4-5" in diameter fell and made damage as well as the winds. Tornadoes were als possible.

### Iowa

A squall line of severe thunderstorms impacted the area also with large hail and strong winds. Hail up to 3-4" in diameter fell there along with strong winds. Tornadoes were unlikely but possible.

### Indiana

supercells and squall lines impacted Indiana with numerous reports of large hail and strong winds. An EF0 tornado dropped down in Indiana along with hail up to 2-3" in diameter and damaging winds.

### Ohio

An EF1 tornado in a supercell dropped down in Ohio and did some damage. In that severe thunderstorm with the tornado, strong winds were a problem along with hail up to 1-2" in diameter.

### Pennsylvania

An EF2 tornado in a supercell dropped down in south-central PA. The tornado did damage along with hail up to 1/2 to 1" in diameter.

### Tennessee

An EF3 tornado destroyed much of the area where the tornado dropped down. Along with the tornado there were strong winds and 1/4 to 1/2" in diameter hail

### New Jersey

Severe thunderstorms impacted the state. the severe thunderstorms produced 1/10 to 1/4 inch in diameter hail and strong winds. Tornadoes were unlikely but possible.

### Maryland

A possible  tornado did some damage to an area where the tornado possibly dropped down.  Otherwise hail and wind were a problem.

## Snow and sleet

Snow fell acros much of New York State to even NYC and Northern New Jersey. New York City and Northern New Jersey just saw a few snowflakes and sleet flakes, while places north of NYC saw heavy sleet, and New York State saw a general 1-2" of snow. Some places saw as much as 4-5" of snow.
36 Crazyfists

**36 Crazyfists** is an American heavy metal band from Anchorage, Alaska. 36 Crazyfists has four members in the band; the current band members are Brock Lindow, Steve Holt, Mick Whitney, and Kyle Baltus. The name of the band comes from the Jackie Chan movie, _Jackie Chan And The 36 Crazy Fists_. The band now originates in Portland, Oregon.

## Band members

- Current
- Brock Lindow – Vocals (1994–present)
- Steve Holt – Guitar (1994–present)
- Mick Whitney – Bass (1996–2008, 2012–present)
- Kyle Baltus – Drums (2012–present)

- Former
- JD Stuart – bass (1994–1996; died in a car accident)
- Ryan Brownell – guitar (1994–1996)
- Thomas Noonan – drums (1994–2012)
- Brett "Buzzard" Makowski – bass (2008–2012)

### Albums

- _Bitterness the Star_ (2002)
- _A Snow Capped Romance_ (2004)
- _Rest Inside the Flames_ (2006)
- _The Tide and Its Takers_ (2008)
- _Collisions and Castaways_ (2010)
- _Time and Trauma_ (2015)
- _Lanterns_ (2017)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: 36 Crazyfists
- **img**: 36 Crazyfists.jpg
- **img capt**: Brock Lindow, the vocalist for 36 Crazyfists
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Anchorage, Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska,
United States
- **genre**: Metalcore, alternative metal, nu metal
- **years active**: 1994-_present_
- **label**: Spinefarm Records, Spinefarm, Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner, DRT Entertainment, Ferret Music, Ferret
- **associated acts**: Killswitch Engage, Skinlab, Straight Line Stitch, Witness the End, Twelve Tribes (band), Twelve Tribes
- **url**: [http://www.36crazyfists.com 36 Crazyfists Website]
- **current members**: Brock Lindow
Steve Holt (musician), Steve Holt
Mick Whitney
Kyle Baltus
- **former members**: JD Stuart (deceased)
Ryan Brownell
Thomas Noonan
Brett Makowski
Sound effect

A **sound effect** or **audio effect** is a sound used for movies, television, apps, music, or other types of media. There are lots of sound effects that we hear everyday. One of the techniques used to make a sound is banging or hitting a wall, a table, or desk.
WWE Over the Limit

**Over the Limit** was a professional wrestling event that was held yearly by WWE, and aired live only on pay-per-view (PPV). The first one was held in 2010, taking the place of Judgment Day in the May slot of WWE's pay-per-view calendar. The last event took place on May 20, 2012 at the PNC Arena in Raleigh, North Carolina. It was replaced by WWE Battleground in 2013.

As is the case with most lower level PPV's made by WWE, the event was held only in arenas in the United States. Championship bouts were scheduled on every card, with the lower level title matches on the undercard and the top level featured on the main card. Under the Brand Extension, WWE assigned its performers to either Raw or SmackDown which caused matches to be set up between wrestlers on the same show. However, the brand extension ended in August 2011, and therefore the 2012 event was held without it.

## Dates and venues

|style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=11%|Event|style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=9%|Date|style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=11%|City|style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=11%|Arena|style="background: #e3e3e3;" width=39%|Main event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Over the Limit (2010)|May 23, 2010|Detroit, Michigan|Joe Louis Arena|John Cena (c) vs. Batista in a "I Quit" match for the WWE Championship||||||
|Over the Limit (2011)|May 22, 2011|Seattle, Washington|KeyArena|John Cena (c) vs. The Miz in an "I Quit" match for the WWE Championship||||||
|Over the Limit (2012)|May 20, 2012|Raleigh, North Carolina|PNC Arena|John Laurinaitis vs. John Cena in a No Disqualification match||||||
|colspan="5"||||||||||

## Related pages

- List of WWE pay-per-view events

## Other websites

- Official Over the Limit website

## Infobox (wrestling ppv series)

- **name**: WWE Over the Limit
- **caption**: WWE Over the Limit 2012 logo
- **alt**: WWE Over the Limit logo in 2012
- **promotions**: WWE
- **brands**: WWE Raw, Raw (2010–2011)
SmackDown (2010–2011)
- **firstevent**: Over the Limit (2010), 2010
- **lastevent**: Over the Limit (2012), 2012
Osamu Tezuka

**Osamu Tezuka** (, Tezuka Osamu, November 3, 1928 – February 9, 1989) was a famous Japanese manga artist, animator, producer and Doctor of Medicine, although he never practiced medicine. He was born in Osaka Prefecture. He created _Astro Boy_, _Kimba the White Lion_ and _Black Jack_. He is often credited as the "Father of Anime", and is often considered the Japanese equivalent to Walt Disney, who was a major inspiration for Tezuka.

Tezuka began what was known as the manga revolution in Japan with his New Treasure Island published in 1947. His legendary output would spawn some of the most influential, successful, and well received manga series including the children's manga series Astro Boy, Princess Knight and Kimba the White Lion, and the adult oriented series Black Jack, Phoenix, and Buddha, all of which won several awards.

Tezuka died of stomach cancer in 1989. His death had an immediate impact on the Japanese public and other cartoonists. A museum was constructed in Takarazuka dedicated to his memory and life works, and Tezuka received many posthumous awards. Several animations were in production at the time of his death along with the final chapters of Phoenix, which were never released.

Osamu Tezuka:
,"Manga is virtual. Manga is sentiment. Manga is resistance. Manga is bizarre. Manga is pathos. Manga is destruction. Manga is arrogance. Manga is love. Manga is kitsch. Manga is sense of wonder. Manga is … there is no conclusion yet."
Automobili Turismo e Sport

**ATS** (**Automobili Turismo e Sport**, which roughly translates in English to "Tourism and Sports Cars") was an Italian car maker and briefly, a constructor in Formula One. The team ran in F1 in 1963, and made cars from 1963 to 1965. The company was founded by Carlo Chiti and Giotto Bizzarrini, intended to compete directly with Ferrari.

The two most well-known cars were the ATS 2500 GT, a sports car, and The **Tipo 100**, a Formula One car, which was a virtual copy of the Ferrari 156, which was a Formula One car in 1961. Unfortunately, with the cars being frequently withdrawn and technical problems through the season, the F1 team was shut down after 1963. In fact, out of the 10 entries ATS qualified for (Five races, two cars per race), only two cars were classified at the end of the race, albeit very slow, with Giancarlo Baghetti being classified at 23 laps down (23 laps behind the eventual race winner, Jim Clark). By contract, Phil Hill (with no relation to Graham Hill) finished seven laps down.

## Formula One Results

(key)
|Year|Chassis|Engine|Tyres|Drivers|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|Points|WCC|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"||rowspan="3"|ATS 100|rowspan="3"|ATS 1.5 L V8|rowspan="3"|||||||||||
|rowspan="3"|**0**|rowspan="3"|**18th**||||||||||||||
|align="left"|Phil Hill|WD|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"|Ret|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"|Ret|WD|WD|WD|bgcolor="#CFCFFF"|11|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"|Ret|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"|Ret|WD|
|align="left"|Giancarlo Baghetti|WD|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"|Ret|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"|Ret|WD|WD|WD|bgcolor="#CFCFFF"|15|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"|Ret|bgcolor="#EFCFFF"|Ret|WD|
Framlingham

**Framlingham** is a small town in the Suffolk Coastal local government district of Suffolk, England.

Framlingham Castle is a large hill-top castle found in the town.  It has a population of 3,114 at the 2001 census. There used to be a railway station there but it is now closed.
Westerfield

**Westerfield** is a small village near Ipswich in Suffolk.  It is about two miles north of the centre of Iswich. The village is served by Westerfield railway station on the Ipswich-Lowestoft East Suffolk Line. The village is home to two pubs, as well as the church, shown adjacent.

The area of the Village south of the railway is inside the borough of Ipswich, although the area North of the railway is inside Suffolk coastal. The railway is around 500 metres from the centre of the village The railway service provides Ipswich, Felixstowe and Woodbridge, and further afield.

The village holds a Scout fete, and a church fete, each year. These fetes include traditional games, incorporating many locals from in and around the local area.

The Village used to be home to a local primary school, as well as a small post office. Despite this the village is still home to a nice village hall, that is home to the 1st Westerfield scout group, as well as a Beaver and Cub group.

Despite this there are speeding issues along Westerfield road, driving through the centre of the village.

## Other websites

- Westerfield Village website
Cocculus carolinus

***Cocculus carolinus*** otherwise known as _Carolina Coralbead_, _Redberry Moonseed_ or the _Carolina snailseed_. It is indigenous to several states along the South to Midwest. It gets its name from the bright red color of the marble like berry that protrudes from the leaves of the plant.

## Description

The Carolina Coralbead is a deciduous, woody vine that can twines along the trunks of several trees or along the ground. It occurs in timberline areas, rocky woods, glades, fence rows and ponds. Carolina Coralbead can grow 10–12 ft (3–3.6 m) and usually spaced within 3–4 ft (90–120 cm) of one another. If ingested in large amounts, the berry on Cocculus carolinus can be poisonous, but the overall toxicity of its berries do not prove to be fatal. In areas in Little Rock, Arkansas, the Carolina Coralbead is referred to as an invasive weed system which seedlings have been spread by birds. Once a root system has been established, it is hard to remove the plant, so planting in new areas has been a point of concern for this plant. The best ornamental features of the plant are its foliage and its attractive red berries in fall.  _Cocculus carolinus_ can grow in temperatures between from -3.8 °C (25 °F) to -28.8 °C (-20 °F). Its leaves are covered in short hairs and should not be confused with the species _Smilax bona-nox_,which has tendrils and prickles.

## Distribution

The Carolina Coralbead has been reported in the following states of Alabama, Arkansas, Kansas, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Locations of the plant range from opening of forests, to the beginning of streams.

## Cultivation

The flowers are small and plentiful. At a young age, Carolina Coralbead appear greenish. Then plant blooms in late spring. It matures by late summer. They grow in tight abundant amounts of bright red berries.  By using its scarlet fruits for aesthetic effects, landscapers allow it to be grown on trellises, fences or let naturally flourish through other weeds and shrubs. The berries should not be eaten by people but are eaten by a large number of birds.  Each fruit has a single seed that resembles a small snail shell which is protected by the hard endocarp, also known as the inner section of the ovary wall.
Solar time

**Solar time** is a calculation of the passage of time based on the position of the Sun in the sky. The fundamental unit of solar time is the synodic day. Traditionally, there are three types of time reckoning based on astronomical observations: **apparent solar time** and **mean solar time**, and _sidereal time_, which is based on the apparent motions of stars other than the Sun.

## Related pages

- Sidereal time
- Solar calendar
Mark St. John

**Mark Leslie Norton** (February 7, 1956 – April 5, 2007), better known as **Mark St. John**, was a guitarist known for his brief work with the rock band Kiss. He was only with Kiss a short time, but he was featured on the album _Animalize_, the second album of the "unmasked" period. St. John's only video appearance with Kiss is in the video for the hit single "Heaven's on Fire". After leaving Kiss, he formed a band called White Tiger. Mark St. John died on the morning of April 5, 2007, of a cerebral hemorrhage.
Bruce Kulick

**Bruce Howard Kulick** (born December 12, 1953 in Brooklyn, New York), also known as **Bruce H. Kulick** or **Bruce Kulick**, is an American musician and guitarist. He is known as the lead guitarist for the rock band Kiss from 1984 to 1996.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bruce Kulick
- **img**: Bruce Kulick live in São Paulo, Brazil 2016.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Bruce Howard Kulick
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York, United States, US
- **instrument**: Guitar, Bass guitar, bass, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, piano, synthesizers, Singing, vocals
- **genre**: Hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter
- **years active**: 1977–present
- **associated acts**: Kiss (band), Kiss Billy Squier, Blackjack (band), Blackjack, Union (band), Union, Eric Singer Project, Daniel MCCartney, Grand Funk Railroad, Meat Loaf, Lordi
- **url**: http://www.kulick.net
SMRT Trains

**SMRT Trains Limited** () is a rail operator in Singapore and a wholly owned subsidiary of SMRT Corporation. It was first known as Mass Rapid Transit Corporation (MRTC) when the company was founded in 6 August 1987. It was renamed Singapore MRT Limited before becoming its current name, SMRT Trains in 2004.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: SMRT Trains
- **type**: Public
- **foundation**: Singapore ()
- **location city**: City Hall
- **location country**: Singapore
- **area served**: Singapore
- **key people**: Saw Phiak Hwa, CEO
 Koh Yong Guan, Chairman
- **industry**: Public Transport Operator
- **services**: Railways
- **parent**: SMRT Corporation
- **homepage**: http://www.smrt.com.sg
Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award

In Major League Baseball, the **Rookie of the Year Award** is given each year to one player from each league as voted on by the Baseball Writers Association of America (BBWAA). The award was start in 1940 by the Chicago chapter of the BBWAA.  They selected a winner every year from 1940 through 1946. The award became national in 1947; Jackie Robinson, the Brooklyn Dodgers' first baseman, won the first award. One award was presented for both leagues in 1947 and 1948; since 1949, the honor has been given to one player each in the National and American League. At first, the award was known as the J. Louis Comiskey Memorial Award, named after the Chicago White Sox owner of the 1930s. The award was renamed the **Jackie Robinson Award** in July 1987, 40 years after Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color line.

Of the 128 players named Rookie of the Year, 19 have been selected for the National Baseball Hall of Fame—Jackie Robinson, seven American League players, and eleven others from the National League. The award has been shared twice: once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979. Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any team (with 16).  This is twice the total of the New York Yankees (eight), who have won the most in the American League. Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year. Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year. Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award, at age 32, 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki (also 32). Michael Harris III of the Atlanta Braves and Julio Rodríguez of the Seattle Mariners are the 2022 winners.
Testament (band)

**Testament** is an American thrash metal band from Berkeley, California, formed in 1983. They are often credited as one of the most popular bands of the 1980s thrash metal scene. In the  years since its inception, Testament has had numerous lineup changes, and guitarist Eric Peterson has been the only constant member, although the band currently features three original members.

### Studio albums

|Year|Title|
| --- | --- |
|1987|_The Legacy_|
|1988|_The New Order_|
|1989|_Practice What You Preach_|
|1990|_Souls of Black_|
|1992|_The Ritual_|
|1994|_Low_|
|1997|_Demonic_|
|1999|_The Gathering_|
|2008|_The Formation of Damnation_|
|2012|_The Dark Roots of Earth_|
|2016|_Brotherhood of the Snake_|
|2020|_Titans of Creation_|
|2025|_Para Bellum_|

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Testament
- **img**: Testament Sweden Rock 2008.jpg
- **img capt**: Testament in 2008
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Legacy (1983–1986)
- **origin**: Berkeley, California, Berkeley, California, US
- **genre**: Thrash metal
- **years active**: 1983–present
- **label**: Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Megaforce Records, Megaforce, Spitfire Records, Spitfire, Burnt Offerings, Nuclear Blast
- **associated acts**: Alex Skolnick Trio, Dragonlord (band), Dragonlord, Dublin Death Patrol, Exodus (band), Exodus, Megadeth, Slayer
- **url**: [http://www.testamentlegions.com www.testamentlegions.com]
- **current members**: Chuck Billy (vocalist), Chuck Billy
Eric Peterson (musician), Eric Peterson
Greg Christian
Alex Skolnick
Paul Bostaph
Demonic (album)

***Demonic*** is the seventh studio album by American heavy metal band Testament. It was released in 1997. The lyrics deal with occult themes more like their 1980s efforts instead of the political topics covered on more recent releases.

Musically, Testament takes a slower, almost death metal oriented approach with grinding guitar riffs and Chuck Billy's vocal work consisting primarily of death growls.

This album also marked the first time, as Testament, that the band used the old Legacy pentagram graphic.

## Track listing

1. "Demonic Refusal" – 5:21
1. "The Burning Times" – 5:15
1. "Together as One" – 4:17
1. "Jun-Jun" – 3:43
1. "John Doe" – 3:11
1. "Murky Waters" – 3:00
1. "Hatred's Rise" – 3:15
1. "Distorted Lives" – 3:36
1. "New Eyes of Old" – 3:00
1. "Ten Thousand Thrones" – 4:37
1. "Nostrovia" – 1:32
1. "Rapid Fire" (Judas Priest cover) (2008 reissue bonus track) - 3:42

## Credits

- Chuck Billy: Vocals
- Eric Peterson: Guitar
- Derrick Ramirez: Bass
- Gene Hoglan: Drums
- Glen Alvelais: Lead guitar on track 9
- Dave McKean: Album cover artwork

Bonus Track: Rapid Fire
- Greg Christian: Bass
- James Murphy: Lead guitar
- Chris Kontos: Drums

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Demonic
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Testament (band), Testament
- **released**: June 24, 1997
- **genre**: Thrash metal
 Death metal
- **length**: 40:44
- **label**: Burnt Offerings
- **producer**: Eric Peterson (musician), Eric Peterson, Chuck Billy (vocalist), Chuck Billy
- **prev title**: The Best of Testament
 (1996)
- **next title**: Signs of Chaos
 (1997)
Rainbow (band)

**Rainbow** (also known as **Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow** or **Blackmore's Rainbow**) were an English hard rock band, controlled by guitarist Ritchie Blackmore from 1975 to 1984 and 1994 to 1997. It was originally established with former Elf members, though over the years Rainbow went through many line-up changes with no two studio albums featuring the same line-up. In addition to lead singers Ronnie James Dio, Graham Bonnet, Joe Lynn Turner and Doogie White, the project consisted of numerous backing musicians. The band started out combining mystical lyric themes with neo-classical metal, but went in a more streamlined commercial style following Dio's departure from the group.

Rainbow was ranked #90 on VH1's _100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock_.

## Band members

- Core member
- Ritchie Blackmore – guitar (1975–1984, 1994–1997)
- Other members
- Ronnie James Dio – lead vocals (1975–1978)
- Craig Gruber – bass (1975)
- Micky Lee Soule – keyboards (1975)
- Gary Driscoll – drums (1975)
- Jimmy Bain – bass (1975–1977)
- Tony Carey – keyboards (1975–1977)
- Cozy Powell – drums (1975–1980)
- Mark Clarke – bass (1977)
- Bob Daisley – bass, backing vocals (1977–1978)
- David Stone – keyboards (1977–1978)
- Jack Green – bass (1978–1979)
- Graham Bonnet – lead vocals (1979–1980)

- Roger Glover – bass, backing vocals (1979–1984)
- Don Airey – keyboards, backing vocals (1979–1981)
- Joe Lynn Turner – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1980–1984)
- Bobby Rondinelli – drums (1980–1983)
- David Rosenthal – keyboards (1981–1984)
- Chuck Burgi – drums (1983–1984, 1995–1997)
- Doogie White – lead vocals (1994–1997)
- Greg Smith – bass, backing vocals (1994–1997)
- Paul Morris – keyboards (1994–1997)
- John O'Reilly – drums (1994–1995)
- John Micelli – drums (1997)

## Discography

- _Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow_ (1975)
- _Rising_ (1976)
- _On Stage_ (1977)
- _Long Live Rock 'n' Roll_ (1978)
- _Down to Earth_ (1979)
- _Difficult to Cure_ (1981)
- _Straight Between the Eyes_ (1982)
- _Bent Out of Shape_ (1983)
- _Finyl Vinyl_ (1986)
- _Stranger in Us All_ (1995)

## Other websites

- The Rainbow Fanclan Legacy

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rainbow
- **img**: Rainbow in performance (27 09 1977 02 500b).jpg
- **img capt**: Ronnie James Dio and Ritchie Blackmore in Norway, 1977
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **years active**: 1975–1984
1994–1997
- **origin**: England
- **genre**: Hard rock, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **label**: Polydor Records, Polydor, BMG
- **associated acts**: Deep Purple, Elf (band), Elf, Black Sabbath, Dio (band), Dio, Michael Schenker Group, Yngwie Malmsteen, Yngwie Malmsteen's Rising Force, Blackmore's Night
- **alias**: Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow
Blackmore's Rainbow
- **past members**: See: #Band members, Member history
New Taiwan dollar

The **New Taiwan dollar** () (currency code **TWD** and common abbreviation **NT$**), or simply **Taiwan dollar**, is the official currency of Taiwan. It was used since 1949, when it replaced the Old Taiwan dollar. It was first printed by the Bank of Taiwan, it has been printed by the Central Bank of the Republic of China since 2000.

## Infobox (currency)

- **currency name in local**: 新臺幣 / 新台幣 <small></small>
- **iso code**: TWD
- **using countries**: Republic of China
- **inflation rate**: 2.34%,3.7% (CIA World Factbook, 2008 est.)
- **inflation source date**: [http://www.cbc.gov.tw/EngHome/Esecretariat/PressRelease/mdate/news_inpage.asp?no=498 Central Bank of the Republic of China], Jul-Dec 2007
- **inflation method**: Consumer price index, CPI
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/10
- **subunit name 1**: 角
- **subunit inline note 1**: Jiao, but no official translation
- **subunit ratio 2**: 1/100
- **subunit name 2**: Cent (currency), cent (分, Fen)
- **subunit inline note 2**: Subunits used only in stocks and currencies
- **symbol**: Dollar sign, $ or NT$
- **nickname**: kuài (塊)
- **nickname subunit 1**: máo (毛)
- **plural**: dollars (English only)
- **plural subunit 2**: cents (English only)
- **frequently used coins**: $1, $5, $10, $50
- **rarely used coins**: $20
- **frequently used banknotes**: $100, $500, $1000
- **rarely used banknotes**: $200, $2000
- **issuing authority**: Central Bank of the Republic of China
- **issuing authority website**: www.cbc.gov.tw
- **printer**: China Engraving and Printing Works
- **printer website**: www.cepp.gov.tw
- **mint**: Central Mint of China
- **mint website**: www.cmc.gov.tw
Crown of thorns (plant)

The **crown of thorns** (also known as  **Christ plant,** or **Christ thorn,** called **Corona de Cristo in Latin America**) is a woody, succulent species of Euphorbia native to Madagascar. The species name commemorates Baron Milius, once governor of Réunion, who introduced the species to France in 1821. It is suspected that the species was introduced to the Middle East in ancient times, and legend associates it with the crown of thorns worn by Jesus.
Joseph Romm

**Joseph J. Romm** (born June 27, 1960) is an American physicist, writer and environmentalist. He has an interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and global warming. He is also interested in energy security through energy efficiency and green energy technologies.

Romm's 2006 book was _Hell and High Water: Global Warming — the Solution and the Politics — and What We Should Do_.

In December 2008, Romm was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.  In March 2009, _Rolling Stone_ magazine named Romm as one of "100 People Who Are Changing America".  In September 2009, _Time_ magazine named him one of its "Heroes of the Environment".

## Related pages

- Amory Lovins
- Christopher Flavin
- Energy conservation
- Peak oil
- Renewable energy commercialization
Spiritual (music)

**Spirituals** (or **Negro spirituals**) are the songs which were sung by the black slaves in the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries.  More and more Africans were becoming Christian, so the words to many Negro spirituals have Christian themes. They sung these spirituals as a way to cope with the pain of slavery. Negro spirituals combine traditional West African musical style with the style of Christian hymns from Europe.

## Related pages

- Gospel music
Stamford, Lincolnshire

**Stamford** is a town and civil parish in Southern Lincolnshire, a county in England. It is on the River Welland and is located in the borough of South Kesteven. The town centre is 92 miles (148 km) north of London, the capital city.

The town is located very close to the borders with Cambridgeshire, Rutland and Northamptonshire. The town is in Lincolnshire, but has a Peterborough post code, a city in Cambridgeshire.

It is a very old town. Many 17th and 18th-century buildings and old timber-framed buildings still stand in the town. It also has five medieval churches.

There are over 600 listed buildings in the town and surrounding area.

The Sunday Times rated the town the best place to live in a survey in 2013.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Stamford
- **country**: England
- **region**: East Midlands
- **static image name**: High_Street_St_Martin's,_Stamford_-_geograph.org.uk_-_76286.jpg
- **static image caption**: High Street, St Martin's
- **static image alt**: High Street, St Martin's, Stamford
- **static image 2 name**: File:Stamford_arms.png
- **static image 2 width**: 100px
- **static image 2 caption**: Coat of arms of Stamford
- **population**: 19,701
- **os grid reference**: TF0207
- **map alt**: Map of Lincolnshire, with a red dot showing the location of Stamford
- **label position**: top
- **post town**: STAMFORD
- **postcode area**: PE
- **postcode district**: PE9
- **dial code**: 01780
- **civil parish**: Stamford
- **constituency westminster**: Grantham and Stamford (UK Parliament constituency), Grantham and Stamford
- **unitary england**: South Kesteven
- **lieutenancy england**: Lincolnshire
University of Concepción

The **University of Concepción** is a university in Concepción, Chile. It is the oldest university in the south of Chile.

## History

This university was founded by Enrique Molina Garmendia in 1919.

## Other websites

- University of Concepción Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Concepción
- **native name**: Universidad de Concepción
- **image**: Escudo udec.gif
- **motto**: Por el desarrollo libre del espíritu.
- **mottoeng**: For the free development of the spirit.
- **established**: May 14, 1919
- **type**: Private (with State contributions)
- **budget**: US dollar, US$66 million
- **chancellor**: Sergio Lavanchy Merino
- **academic staff**: 1.164
- **students**: 23.130
- **postgrad**: 1.597
- **city**: Concepción, Chile, Concepción
- **country**: Chile
- **campus**: Urban
- **colors**: Blue and yellow
- **sports**: C.D. Universidad de Concepción, University of Concepción F.C.
- **website**: [http://www.udec.cl www.udec.cl]
Jotunheimen

**Jotunheimen** is a large mountain range in Norway. It is named after Jötunheimr. Its highest peak, Galdhøpiggen (2469 metres) is the highest mountain in Scandinavia.

## Weblinks

- ['great find in Jotunheimen'] https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/i/jlE7Gb/to-piler-fra-bronsealderen-funnet-i-jotunheimen-ekstremt-godt-bevart. VG.no. 2023-10-02
Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception

The **Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception** is a university located in Concepción, Chile. It is one of the universities in the south of Chile.

## History

This university was created and founded on 1991 by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Concepción.

## Other websites

- Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Catholic University of the Most Holy Conception
- **native name**: Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción
- **image**: San_andres_ucsc.JPG
- **caption**: UCSC
- **established**: July 10th, 1991
- **type**: Public university, Public
- **affiliation**: Roman Catholic Church, Catholic
- **rector**: Juan Miguel Cancino Cancino
- **chancellor**: Monseñor Ricardo Ezzati
- **students**: 5,314
- **city**: Concepción, Chile, Concepción
- **country**: Chile
- **address**: Caupolicán #491
- **affiliations**: Chilean Traditional Universities
- **website**: [http://www.ucsc.cl www.ucsc.cl]
R2-D2

**R2-D2** (phonetically spelled Artoo-Detoo, and called "**R2**" for short), is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe. An astromech droid, R2-D2 is a major character throughout all seven Star Wars films. Along with his droid companion C-3PO, he joins or supports Anakin Skywalker, Luke Skywalker, and Obi-Wan Kenobi in various points in the saga. R2-D2 was played by Kenny Baker.
Star anise

**Star anise** (_Illicium verum_) is a spice plant which tastes like anise. The star shaped fruits are harvested before they start ripening.

Japanese star anise (_Illicium anisatum_), a similar tree, is not edible because it is "highly toxic"; instead, it may be burned as incense in Japan.

## Use as medicine

Star anise has been used in a tea, and the seeds are sometimes chewed after meals for digestion.

Star anise is grown in four places in China and harvested between March and May. It is also found in the south of New South Wales.
Thubten Zopa Rinpoche

**Thubten Zopa Rinpoche** (born 1946 – 13 April 2023) was a lama from Nepal. He took his monks vows at Dungkar Monastery in Tibet and has received teachings from many high lamas. Lama Zopa is the co-founder, with Lama Yeshe, of Kopan Monastery and the FPMT. After the 1984 death of Lama Yeshe, Lama Zopa served as the FPMT's spiritual director. Zopa's books are published by Wisdom Publications. Free books and a vast online collection of his teachings are available from the Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive. There is an extensive biography of him in the book 'The Lawudo Lama' , by Jamyang Wangmo. He died on 13 April 2023, at the age of 76.

## Related pages

- Dalai Lama
- Tibetan Buddhism

## Other websites

- Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive
- FPMT
Simon Cziommer

**Simon Cziommer** (; born 6 November 1980) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.

## Career

He started his career in his local football club FC Schüttdorf 09. Soon he went to the Netherlands   where he played for Twente Enschede, AZ Alkmaar, and FC Utrecht. 2003- 2006 he played for Schalke 04 in the German Bundesliga. Since 2009 he plays for F. C. Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga. He also played for the German U20-team.

## Honours

**Schalke 04**
- UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2003

**Red Bull Salzburg**
- Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2009–10, 2011–12
- Austrian Cup: 2011–12

## Other websites

- Players profile Official Homepage FC Red Bull Salzburg(German)
- Players profile Austrian Soccer Board(German)

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Simon Cziommer
- **image**: Simon Cziommer(2).JPG
- **upright**: 1.1
- **caption**: Cziommer with FC Red Bull Salzburg, Salzburg in 2010.
- **birth place**: Nordhorn, West Germany
- **height**: 1.78 m
- **position**: Midfielder
- **youthclubs1**: FC Schüttorf 09
- **youthyears2**: 1994–1999
- **youthclubs2**: FC Twente, Twente
- **years1**: 2000–2003
- **clubs1**: FC Twente, Twente
- **caps1**: 55
- **goals1**: 9
- **years2**: 2003–2006
- **clubs2**: FC Schalke 04, Schalke 04
- **caps2**: 2
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2004–2005
- **clubs3**: → FC Twente, Twente (loan)
- **caps3**: 26
- **goals3**: 4
- **years4**: 2006
- **clubs4**: → Roda JC Kerkrade, Roda JC (loan)
- **caps4**: 15
- **goals4**: 8
- **years5**: 2006–2009
- **clubs5**: AZ Alkmaar, AZ
- **caps5**: 38
- **goals5**: 8
- **years6**: 2008–2009
- **clubs6**: → FC Utrecht, Utrecht (loan)
- **caps6**: 24
- **goals6**: 2
- **years7**: 2009–2012
- **clubs7**: FC Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **caps7**: 70
- **goals7**: 11
- **years8**: 2012–2013
- **clubs8**: SBV Vitesse, Vitesse
- **caps8**: 21
- **goals8**: 1
- **years9**: 2013–2015
- **clubs9**: Heracles Almelo
- **caps9**: 51
- **goals9**: 2
- **totalcaps**: 302
- **totalgoals**: 45
- **nationalteam1**: Germany national under-17 football team, Germany U-17
- **nationalcaps1**: 12
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
Kopan Monastery

**Kopan Monastery** is a Tibetan Buddhist monastery near Boudhanath, on the outskirts of Kathmandu, Nepal. It belongs to the FPMT, an international network of Gelugpa dharma centers, and once served as its headquarters.

The monastery was established by the FPMT founders, Lamas Thubten Yeshe and Thubten Zopa Rinpoche, who bought the property from Nepal's royal astrologer in 1969. Its name comes from the name of the hill on which it was built.

Kopan has become famous for teaching Buddhism to visiting Western foreigners. The first of what would become annual month-long (November-December) meditation courses was held in 1971. These courses generally combine traditional Lam Rim teachings with informal discussion, several periods of guided meditation, and a vegetarian diet.
Las Condes

**Las Condes** is a commune and city in Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile. At the 2002 census, 249,893 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Municipality of Las Condes

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Las Condes
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **image skyline**: Stgo Abril.jpg
- **flag alt**: Flag
- **image shield**: Escudo de Las Condes.svg
- **shield alt**: Coat of arms
- **image map**: Comuna de Las Condes.svg
- **mapsize**: 175px
- **map alt**: Map of Las Condes commune in Greater Santiago
- **map caption**: Map of Las Condes commune in Greater Santiago
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Santiago Metropolitan Region
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Santiago Province, Chile, Santiago Province
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader party**: Independent Democratic Union, UDI
- **leader name**: Francisco De La Maza Chadwick
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 99.4
- **population total**: 249893
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Urban area, Urban
- **population blank1**: 249893
- **population blank2 title**: Rural area, Rural
- **population blank2**: 0
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 110,916
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 138,977
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **area code**: 56 +
Red Bull Bragantino II

**Red Bull Brasil**, also known as **RB Brasil**, is a Brazilian association football club from Campinas, São Paulo. The club was founded in 2007 by initiative of energy drink-maker Red Bull GmbH. Red Bull Brasil plays in the top tier of Campeonato Paulista, the São Paulo state league. In 2017, Red Bull Brasil makes their second appearance in the fourth tier of Campeonato Brasileiro (the first was in 2015).

## Head coaches

- Paulo Sérgio   (2008)
- Ricardo Pinto   (2008–2009)
- José Luis Fernandes (2009)
- Jair Picerni (2009)
- Márcio Fernandes: (2010–2011)
- Luciano Dias(2011–)

## Season's results

- 2008: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
- 2009: Campeonato Paulista Segunda Divisão (IV)
- Champion
- 2010: Campeonato Paulista Série A3 (III)
- Champion
- 2011: Campeonato Paulista Série A2 (II)

## Related pages

- New York Red Bulls
- F.C. Red Bull Salzburg
- RB Leipzig

## Other websites

- Official Homepage Red Bull Brasil

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Red Bull Brasil
- **fullname**: Red Bull Brasil
- **founded**: 19 November 2007
- **ground**: Estádio Moisés Lucarelli,Campinas, Sao Paulo
- **capacity**: 19 722
- **chairman**: Stefan Kozak
- **manager**: Luciano Dias
- **league**: Campeonato Paulista Série A1
- **season**: 2009/10
- **position**: 1st  Campeonato Paulista Série A3
promoted to Campeonato Paulista Série A2
Eomaia

***Eomaia*** ('dawn mother') is an early fossil eutherian mammal. It is exceptionally well preserved for a 125 million-year-old specimen.

## Discovery

The fossil was discovered in rocks of the Yixian Formation in China's Liaoning Province. These rock stratas date from the Late Jurassic period to the Cretaceous about 125 million years ago (mya).

## Description

The fossil is  in length and virtually complete. It weighed between . Although the fossil's skull is squashed flat, its teeth, tiny foot bones, cartilages and even its fur are visible.

The _Eomaia_ fossil shows clear traces of hair. However this is not the earliest clear evidence of hair in the mammalian lineage, as fossils of the docodont _Castorocauda_, discovered in rocks dated to about 164 mya, also have traces of fur.

## Type of mammal

_Eomaia_ is a eutherian. The eutherians are the placental mammals plus some extinct mammals which had not developed a placenta.

What distinguishes the Eutheria from metatherians, a group that includes modern marsupials, are various features of the feet, jaws and teeth.

The _Eomaia_ fossil's discoverers sampled 268 characters from all major Mesozoic mammal clades and principal eutherian families of the Cretaceous period. Based on their results, they claimed _Eomaia_ is at the root of the eutherian "family tree" with a few other fossils.

### Features

_Eomaia_ is not a true placental mammal as it lacks some features that are specific to placentals. _Eomaia_ has:
- variations in the shin and ankles.
- an ancestral eutherian dental formula.
- a wide opening at the bottom of the pelvis, which allows the birth of large, well-developed offspring. Marsupials have and non-placental eutherians had a narrower opening that allows only small, immature offspring to pass through.
- _Eomaia_ has epipubic bones extending forwards from the pelvis. These are not found in any placental mammal, but are found in all other mammals, even in the cynodont therapsids that are closest to mammals. Their function is to stiffen the body during locomotion. This stiffening would be harmful in pregnant placentals, whose abdomens need to expand.

## Related pages

- _Juramaia_
- _Sinodelphys_

## Other websites

- New Scientist article on original find.
- Nat. Geo. article