juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Battle

A **battle** is a fight between two or more groups where each group is trying to defeat (beat) the others.  Battles are most often fought during wars.  A small battle fought by only a small part of the armies is called a skirmish.  Series of battles are called military campaigns.  The ground on which a battle is fought is called a battlefield.

Battles can very important, for example the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, which was a draw in military terms, and the 1798 Battle of the Nile which the French lost, changed the history of  Europe and the world.

## Land battles

- 300 Spartans at Thermopylae: Battle of Thermopylae 480 BC
- Siege of Carthage: 149146 BC
- Battle of Hastings – 1066
- Battle of Kosovo – 1389
- Battle of Waterloo – 1815
- The Battle of Trenton 1776 saved the American Revolutionary cause.
- Battle of Gettysburg – 1863
- Battle of Verdun – 1916
- Battle of the Bulge – 1944
- The firebombing of Tokyo on the night of March 9-10, 1945.
- Battle of Inchon – 1950, Korean War
- Tet Offensive – 1968, Vietnam War

### Naval battles

- Battle of Trafalgar – 1805
- Battle of Midway – 1942

## Related pages

- Siege
Device

**Device** could mean:
- A machine or part of one
- A tool or part of one
- An information appliance, such as a cell phone
- _Device_ implying computer hardware
- A peripheral device attached to a computer
- A display device (or graphics device), for visual or tactile presentation of images and/or text
- An electronic component
- A device file, in computing
- _Device No.1_ (Flint album), an album by Flint
- Heraldic device, part of a coat of arms
- An attachment to a medal's ribbon denoting special service, participation in a battle, or additional awards. Examples include a service star and the oak leaf cluster.

**Devise** could mean:
- To invent
- A disposition of real property in a will, like a bequest
Edward IV of England

**Edward IV** (28 April 1442 — 9 April 1483) was the King of England from 1461 until he was deposed in 1470 and again from 1471, when he was restored to the throne, to his death. He was one of the main figures in the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England that were fought between the House of York and the House of Lancaster between 1455 and 1487.

Edward became the leader of the Yorkists when his father, Richard, Duke of York, died at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460. Edward and his forces beat the Lancastrian armies at Mortimer's Cross and Towton in early 1461. Then, he deposed King Henry VI and became King of England.  In 1464, he married Elizabeth Woodville., which led to conflict with his chief advisor, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known as the "Kingmaker". Warwick wanted Edward to marry a princess from another country. In 1470, Warwick and Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence led a revolt and briefly reinstalled Henry VI as king.

Edward fled to Flanders, where he gathered support. His forces invaded England in March 1471. After winning the Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, he became king again. Soon afterward, Henry VI was found dead in the Tower of London. Edward ruled in relative peace for the next twelve years. He died suddenly in April 1483.

He was succeeded by his son Edward V, but Edward IV's brother Richard III soon took the throne.

## Popularity and appearance

Edward was seen as a strong and popular king.  He was also tall at . That was very tall for a man in the 15th century. The only taller monarch was the later Peter I of Russia, who was  tall.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Edward IV
- **image**: King Edward IV.jpg
- **caption**: Posthumous painting,  1540
- **succession**: List of English monarchs, King of England
- **moretext**: (Style of the British sovereign#English sovereigns, more...)
- **reign-type**: First reign
- **coronation**: 28 June 1461
- **cor-type**: britain
- **reign**: 4 March 1461 — 3 October 1470
- **predecessor**: Henry VI of England, Henry VI
- **successor**: Henry VI
- **reign-type1**: Second reign
- **reign1**: 11 April 1471 — 9 April 1483
- **predecessor1**: Henry VI of England, Henry VI
- **successor1**: Edward V of England, Edward V
- **issue-link**: #Marriage and children
- **issue-pipe**: Among
others
- **house**: House of York, York (House of Plantagenet, Plantagenet)
- **father**: Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York, Richard, Duke of York
- **mother**: Cecily Neville
- **birth place**: Rouen, Normandy, France
- **death place**: Westminster, Middlesex, England
- **burial date**: 18 April 1483
- **burial place**: St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, St George's Chapel
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism
- **signature**: Edward IV signature.svg
- **title**: His Very Royal Highness, King of England, Wales, and France, 4th Duke of Yorkshire and Lord of Ireland and France.
- **birth name**: Edward of Rouen, Son of The Duke.
- **regnal name**: Edward IIII of The West European Kingdoms of France and England
- **house-type**: House
- **occupation**: King/Duke
Mozilla (web browser)

**Mozilla** was a web browser that was made open source. It was developed by Mozilla Foundation. It was the base of Mozilla Firefox.

## Other websites

- Mozilla's official website

## Related pages

- Internet Explorer
- Google Chrome
Bagel

**Bagels** are a type of bread made with flour. They look like doughnuts, and they are leavened with yeast. They have a crisp, shiny crust and a dense inside. Bagels are glazed, and in a ring-shaped roll. They are different from doughnuts because they are boiled before baked. Bagels are sometimes called "the cement doughnuts".
The bagel is regarded as a special kind of Jewish food. They are eaten usually for breakfast or a snack.

## Overview

Bagels are made from the basic bread ingredients of flour, yeast, salt, and sweet kinds of spices. Flour gives the bread its chewy taste, which can be made more light by eggs, milk, and butter. They are the only bread product that is boiled before it is baked. Bagels are often toasted in a toaster and then paired with foods like cream cheese (a soft cheese that tastes a little sweet) and jam, or with butter. Bagels can also be used to make sandwiches, with meat (for example smoked salmon) and egg and cheese. Bagel sandwiches are usually eaten for breakfast or lunch.

## History

Bagels were formally an obscure ethnic treat found only in the city's Jewish neighourhoods. Bagels were first sold in grocery stores in the 1950s. Frozen bagels were first introduced in 1960. When Polish Jews went away to America, they brought the beugel with them. The first beugel bakeries were founded in New York City in the 1920s. Later the name was changed and called a bagel. Bagels have been used as a symbol of the continuous cycle of life—without beginning and without end. In the East End of London, the bagel is known as a beigel, and poplar in many of the areas where many Jewish immigrants first arrived in London in the 19th century, such as Whitechapel and Spitalfields, and Brick Lane in particular, home to the Beigel Bake.
Doughnut

A **doughnut** (spelled **donut** in various marketing sectors) is a type of deep fried dessert food made out of dough or batter.

## How they are made

Round ringed doughnuts are made by joining the ends of a long, thin piece of dough into a ring or by using a doughnut cutter, which perfectly cuts the outside and inside shape, leaving a doughnut-shaped piece of dough and a doughnut hole from dough removed from the center. This smaller piece of dough can be cooked or re-added to the batch to make more doughnuts. A disk-shaped doughnut can also be stretched and molded into a torus until the center breaks to form a hole. Or, a doughnut depositor can be used to place a circle of liquid dough (batter) into the deep fryer. Doughnuts can be made from a yeast-based dough for more puffy doughnuts or a special type of cake batter. Yeast-raised doughnuts contain about 25% oil by weight, whereas cake doughnuts' oil content is around 20%, but they have extra fat in the batter before frying. Cake doughnuts are fried for about 90 seconds at about 190 °C to 198 °C, turning once. Yeast-raised doughnuts absorb more oil because they take longer to fry, about 150 seconds, at 182 °C to 190 °C. Cake doughnuts normally weigh between 24 g and 28 g, whereas yeast-raised doughnuts normally are 38 g and are mostly larger when finished. Some types of cake doughnuts are also baked,  as opposed to fried, which greatly reduces the fat content.

## Types

The two most common types of doughnut are ring doughnuts, which are shaped like rings, and filled doughnuts, which are round and have jam, jelly, custard, whipped cream, or chocolate inside them. There are also "doughnut holes" or "munchkins" which come in the shape of small balls. Most doughnuts have an icing (also called a "frosting") made with icing sugar, water, and flavourings (such as chocolate). Some doughnuts are rolled in sweet foods such as sugar or shredded coconut.

## Serving

Doughnuts are often eaten in the morning, along with a cup of hot coffee. Doughnuts are sold at doughnut shops, bakeries, or grocery stores. People also eat doughnuts as a dessert, or as a snack. Canadians eat more doughnuts per person than any other nation and has more doughnuts shops per person than any other nations.

## Related pages

- Pastry
- Cake
- Dough
Goal

**Goal** can mean more than one thing. These meanings are listed as follows.
- A goal can be a task.
- Game Oriented Assembly Lisp
- Goal (sport), the result of a score. It can also be the actual thing the player aims at to make a score, e.g. a goalpost in football.
Guanajuato City

**Guanajuato** is a Mexican city. It is one of Mexico's safest cities. Guanajuato is the capital of Guanajuato state.
Bathurst, New South Wales

**Bathurst** is a city in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is about 200km west of Sydney. Bathurst has a campus of Charles Sturt University and a cathedral.

Bathurst is famous for Mount Panorama racetrack. Every year the Bathurst 1000 motor race happens over Easter. The race is a 1000 km event. The racetrack is 6.213km. It usually takes drivers about 7 hours to complete the race.

Bathurst has passenger trains to and from Sydney.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Bathurst
- **state**: nsw
- **image**: Bathurst skyline.jpg
- **caption**: Bathurst skyline
- **postcode**: 2795
- **pop**: 35,020
- **est**: 1814
- **elevation**: 650
- **maxtemp**: 19.8
- **mintemp**: 6.8
- **rainfall**: 638.4
- **fedgov**: Division of Calare, Calare
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Bathurst, Bathurst
- **dist1**: 203
- **location1**: Sydney
- **dir1**: NW
- **relief**: 1
- **logo**: Bathurst, NSW-coat of arms.jpg
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Songhai Empire

The **Songhai Empire** dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th century.

At its peak, the empire was one of the largest in both Islamic and African history. The Songhai people were the ruling elite in the empire. Gao was the capital of the empire. Other important cities in the empire were Timbuktu and Djenné, conquered in 1468 and 1475 respectively. Trade flourished in those towns.

Initially, the empire was ruled by the Sonni dynasty (c. 1464–1493), but it was later replaced and then ruled by the Askiya dynasty (1493–1591). After, the death of Sonni Ali and Askia Mohammed the empire was ruled by weak leaders and the Moroccans weakened and destroyed the empire.
SeaMonkey

**SeaMonkey** is a free and open source Internet application suite, which uses the Gecko rendering engine.  It works on many operating systems.  It is very useful, and includes an e-mail client, a calendar, a HTML editor, an IRC client, and a web browser. It is made by the SeaMonkey Council, formerly by Mozilla Foundation.

## History

On March 10, 2005 the Mozilla Foundation said that they will not develop the **Mozilla Application suite**, including the Netscape web browser, because Firefox and Thunderbird were more popular. The SeaMonkey Council renamed the project **SeaMonkey** and continued its development.

## Features

The web browser of SeaMonkey contains a lot of features used in new web browsers like tabbed browsing, pop-up blocking, e-mail, newsgroups, web editing software, spell checking, and an address book.

Optionally included in the SeaMonkey suite is an IRC chat application.

## Related pages

- List of IRC clients

## Other websites

- Seamokey project site
- SeaMonkey Wiki
- SeaMonkey Download

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: SeaMonkey
- **screenshot**: Seamonkey 2.53.17.1 screenshot.png
- **logo**: Seamonkey Suite Logo.png
- **logo size**: 250px
- **caption**: SeaMonkey Navigator 2.53.17.1 on Windows 10
- **developer**: SeaMonkey Council
- **programming language**: C++, XUL, XBL, JavaScript
- **engines**: Gecko (layout engine), Gecko, SpiderMonkey
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows, Windows, macOS, Linux
- **language**: Belarusian, Catalan, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Dutch, English (US), English (British), Finnish, French, Galician, German, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Lithuanian, Norwegian (Bokmål), Polish, Portuguese (Portugal), Russian, Slovak, Spanish (Argentina), Spanish (Spain), Swedish, Turkish, Ukrainian
- **language count**: 26
- **genre**: Internet suite
- **license**: Mozilla Public License, MPL-2.0
Proceratosaurus

***Proceratosaurus*** was a small dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic, about 165 million years ago. It was found in Gloucestershire, England, in 1910. It was a  carnivorous theropod.

_Proceratosaurus_ was first believed to be an early ancestor of _Ceratosaurus_, but it was actually an ancestor of the coelurosaurs. Thus, it was an early ancestor of _Tyrannosaurus_ and its relatives in the Upper Cretaceous.

The animal in life was about 3m long and weighed up to 60kg.
Fusion

**Fusion** means to merge or combine. It could also mean:

- Nuclear fusion, in physics
    - Fusion power, energy generated by nuclear fusion reactions
- Fusion (student movement), Christian charity that serves students
- Electoral fusion, in politics _fusion_ refers to two parties with the same candidate
- Fusion (music), especially Jazz fusion
- Fusion cuisine, combines elements of various traditions of cooking
- A type of car
    - Ford Fusion (Americas)
    - Ford Fusion (Europe)
Fir

**Firs** (_Abies_) are about 45-55 species of evergreen trees in the family _Pinaceae_. Fir trees can reach heights of 10–80 m tall and trunk diameters of 0.5–4 m when mature. The difference between firs and other members of the pine family is that their needle-like leaves are attached to the twig by a base that resembles a small suction cup, and by erect, cylindrical female cones 5–25 cm long that release the winged seeds. The male cones are normally much smaller and spread through the tree so that the wind can help pollinate the female cones.

Like all members of the pine family, these trees have a sticky sap called resin.

Fir wood is not good to use in buildings because it is not very resistant to insects and decay. It is usually cut or squeezed into thin sheets or pieces and made into plywood or chipboard for indoor or temporary outdoor use. However, fir trees are used widely in gardening. They can be used as shelter trees to protect other plants from wind or grown alone as decorative trees.

|Image|Distribution|Scientific Name|Common Name|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Abies alba|Silver Fir|
|||Abies amabilis|Pacific Silver Fir|
|||Abies balsamea|Balsam Fir|
|||Abies beshanzuensis|Baishanzu Fir|
|||Abies borisii-regis|Bulgarian Fir|
|||Abies bracteata|Santa Lucia Fir|
Conifer cone

A **confier cone**, or **pine cone**, is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers). It is the part of a tree that lets the tree reproduce. Its name in botany is **strobilus**, plural _strobili_.

The familiar woody cone is the female cone, which makes seeds. The male cones, which make pollen, are usually smaller and much less easy to see, even when fully grown. The smaller plates of a cone are known as scales.

The **male cone** (**microstrobilus** or **pollen cone**) is similar across all conifers, differing only in small ways across each species, mostly in scale arrangement. Extending out from a central axis are **microsporophylls** (modified leaves). Under each microsporophyll is one or many **microsporangia** (pollen sacs).

Conifer cones and their seeds have been used for lots of different purposes. They are often used for decorations. Some seeds, such as the seeds of pinyon pines, are used in prepared foods and baking.

Most mature cones are closed when wet and open when dry. In a few species, it takes fire to open the cones.
Spike Spiegel

**Spike Spiegel** is the main character from the manga and anime _ Cowboy Bebop_.

Spiegel is a bounty hunter and he pilots the spaceship Bebop. He smokes cigarettes and was born on Mars. His main rival is Vicious, a former partner of Spiegel's in the Red Dragon Syndicate.

In his former life, Spiegel was a member of the triad Red Dragon Syndicate. During his time with them, he fell in love with Julia, Vicious's girlfriend and they tried to leave together. Spiegel ended up faking his own death to escape with her but she went into hiding instead. During the finale, Spike reunites with Julia but she is killed by the Red Dragon Syndicate. Spike faces them and Vicious at their headquarters. Spike fights his way to the top and shoots Vicious before collapsing from gunshot wounds. When asked, _Cowboy Bebop_ director Shinichirō Watanabe said that he can't say if Spike actually died or not.

Spike was voiced by Kōichi Yamadera in Japanese and by Steve Blum in English. John Cho played Spike in the Netflix live-action version.

Spike has been well liked by critics with IGN putting him on their Top 25 Greatest Anime List, ranking him #4 in 2009 and #2 in 2014. _Animage_ named him Best Male Character at their Anime Grand Prix in both 1998 and 1999.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Spike Spiegel
- **series**: Cowboy Bebop
- **first**: "Stray Dog Strut" (April 1998;
TV Tokyo)
"Asteroid Blues" (October 1998; in order)
- **creator**: Hajime Yatate
Shinichirō Watanabe
- **voice**: Kōichi Yamadera (Japanese)
Steve Blum (English)
- **portrayer**: John Cho
- **designer**: Toshihiro Kawamoto
Ein

**Ein** or **EIN** can have different meanings:

- Employer Identification Number - a number assigned by the United States Internal Revenue Service to all employers.

- _Ein_ means "a" or "one (of something)" in some Germanic languages for nouns with masculine or neuter grammatical gender in the nominative case. The feminine form is "_eine_". Example: in German "" is "A dog" ("" is "an ash" (the tree)). Not to be confused with "__," which means "(the number) one".

- Ein also means "a" and "one" in Faroese in the male and female grammatical genders but not in the neuter. Example "".

- Ein is a character in the Anime-series _Cowboy Bebop_.
- Ein is a character in the Anime series Phantom: Requiem from the Phantom
Punch and Judy

***Punch and Judy*** is a very popular puppet show in Britain. It is traditionally performed at the seaside in a small booth which can easily be transported. The characters are all glove puppets. The story is told by a man who calls himself “The Professor”. He cannot be seen, but he wears the puppets on his hand like gloves and makes them move.

## Characters

Punch wears a jester's motley. He is hunchbacked and his hooked nose almost meets his curved chin. He has a big stick and hits the other characters with his stick, saying "That's the way to do it!". He speaks in a funny way called a _swazzle_. There is also a baby, a crocodile, a policeman and a string of sausages. The simple kind of humour used is called “slapstick”.

## History

The Punch and Judy show has its origins in the 16th century Italian commedia dell'arte. This sort of comedy always had the same people in the stories (“stock characters”). The figure of Punch comes from the stock character of Pulcinella, called _Punchinello_ in English. Punch's wife was originally "Joan".

May 9, 1662 is said by 'Professors' to be Punch's UK birthday, for that was the first known date on which the figure who later became Mr. Punch was seen in Britain. The diarist Samuel Pepys saw a puppet show using an early version of the Punch character near St. Paul's Church in London's Covent Garden.

The British show developed into "Punch and Judy". In other countries the stories developed differently.  In Germany, Punch is called "Kasper" and Judy is "Grete". The characters date back to the 18th century in German-speaking countries. In The Netherlands Punch is called _Jan Klaassen_ and Judy is _Katrijn_; in Denmark _Mester Jackel_; in Italy _Pulcinella_ (with _Teresina_ as the female part); in Russia _Petruschka_; in Romania _Vasilache_; and in France _Polichinelle_.

In 1827, _The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Punch and Judy_ became the first published Punch and Judy script. In 2006, the Punch and Judy show was named one of 12 icons of Englishness by the British government’s Department for Culture, Media and Sport.
Boomerang (TV network)

**Boomerang** is an American cable television network owned by The Cartoon Network, Inc., a sub-division of the Warner Bros. Discovery Networks division of Warner Bros. Discovery. The network primarily broadcasts animated programming from the Warner Bros. Animation library, including Warner Bros. Cartoons and Hanna-Barbera productions among others.

Boomerang debuted in 1992 as a programming block on Cartoon Network dedicated to classic animation. The block eventually spun-off into its own separate network in 2000, and by the late 2000s, began airing more modern and contemporary programming, including reruns of Cartoon Network original series. A 2015 relaunch aimed to promote Boomerang as a "second flagship" brand alongside Cartoon Network, and saw the network produce its own original programming, with a focus on contemporary reboots of franchises such as _Looney Tunes_ and _Scooby-Doo_. In 2017, as the cable network lost coverage, Boomerang launched a standalone SVOD over-the-top streaming service, which operated until 2024.

As of November 2023, Boomerang is available to approximately 26 million pay television households in the United States — down from its peak of 47 million households in 2019.

## Other websites

- Official website
- BoomerangTV.co.uk - Official UK website
- BoomerangTV.de - Official DE website
Boomerang

A **boomerang** is a flying tool that is best known for its ability to return to the thrower. In the past, it was made of wood, but most of the modern boomerangs are made of other materials.

Despite being an Australian icon, ancient boomerangs have also been discovered elsewhere in Africa, the Americas, and Eurasia.

## History

Most people know that Australian Aborigines used boomerangs for hunting. But the oldest boomerang was found in a cave in Poland and is more than 20,000 (twenty thousand) years old. This kind of boomerang does not return to the thrower, but it can fly longer distances and more stably than other things which can be thrown. These days (returning) boomerangs are usually used for recreation.

## Technical aspects

Most of the boomerangs do not have the classical "L"-shape. The modern boomerang is special in that it will return to the one who threw it, if it is thrown correctly. However, some boomerangs do not return because their wings do not have the right profile. Most of the boomerangs are made for right-handed use. Left-handed people have to use other boomerangs that are mirror-inverted, or have to throw with their right hand.

## Throwing instructions

A boomerang is **not** thrown like a frisbee. It has to be thrown almost vertically, with an inclination of about 10–20 degrees and with a lot of rotation (spin). When facing the wind, throw with an angle of 30–45 degrees to the right (left-handed: to the left) of the wind. Be sure to choose a field that is big enough. Watch out for passers-by, and do not throw when people are standing in the range of the boomerang. See also the link provided in the section below.

## Clubs

There are a lot of boomerang clubs in many countries all over the world. These clubs organise workshops and tournaments. The best boomerang-throwers come from Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland and the United States of America. A few years ago, the International Federation of Boomerang Associations (IFBA) was founded to help to spread knowledge about boomerangs.

## Other websites

- Illustrated throwing instructions
- International Federation of Boomerang Associations
- United States Boomerang Association
- British Boomerang Society
Niflheim

**Niflheim** is the world of frost and cold of Norse Mythology. Frost Giants live there. The river Hvergelmir also is there. Yggdrasil has one of its roots in the spring of the river. The serpent Nidhogg gnaws at this root.

Niflheim is ruled by the Giantess Angrboda.
Baldur

**Baldr** (also **Balder**, **Baldur** or **Baldor**) is the god of light and radiance, joy and purity, peace and forgiveness in Norse mythology. A member of the Æsir, he is the son of Odin and Frigg, and twin brother to the blind god of darkness, Höðr. His wife is called Nanna, with whom he had a son named Forseti, god of justice. Prior to his death, Baldr possessed a ship called Hringhorni, said to be the largest ship ever built. His hall is called Breidablik.
Based on the Merseburg charms, one of his German names may have been **Phol**.

Baldr once had a nightmare that he would be killed. His mother, Frigg, made all the things across the Nine Realms vow not to hurt him. The mistletoe did not vow, however, as Frigg considered it to be so unimportant that she thought nothing of it. Loki found out that the mistletoe had not vowed, and thus made a spear out of the dreaded plant, and tricked Höðr into throwing it at Baldr. Beings from all across the Nine Realms will come to attend his funeral, and Baldr's wife Nanna soon dies of grief. Loki is soon caught and sentenced to punishment; he is bound by the entrails of one of his sons, to face torture as the venom of a massive serpent drips from its fangs onto Loki's eyes. This causes him unimaginable pain, writhing in agony. (The goddess Skaði is responsible for placing the serpent above him). His wife Sigyn is stationed nearby, collecting the drips of venom into a bowl. When the bowl is full, she leaves to empty it, and when she does, the venom drips onto the trickster and gradually eats away at his flesh. Loki's escape from this predicament is the catalyst of Ragnarök, as upon his being freed, he will lead the forces of Jötunheimr and Svartálfheimr in a final assault against the gods.

During Ragnarök, the veils/barriers between the realms will be broken, so Baldr will be able to escape from Helheimr. After the death of Odin at the fangs of the monstrous wolf Fenrir, Baldr and Höðr came back to life, meeting with the other survivors in the_ _fields of **Iðavöllr** (Old Norse: _Iðavǫllr_ - "splendour-plain"), where Asgard once lay. There, they shall rule in place of their father.
Cell (disambiguation)

A **cell** can mean:

- The **cell**, the basic structure of a biological organism
- Prison cell, a room in a prison or jail where people are kept.
- Cell (_Dragon Ball_), a character from the manga series _Dragon Ball_
- Cell (novel), a 2005 horror novel by Stephen King.
- Battery
- Mobile phone
Ornithomimus

***Ornithomimus*** was a lightly built fast-running North American feathered dinosaur.

_Ornithomimus_ had three toes on each foot, long arms and  neck, but a small head. It also had claws on each hand and foot. It had no teeth and weak jaws, which might mean it was omnivorous.

_Ornithomimus edmonticus_ was the largest species, 12 ft (3.5 meters) long, 7 feet (2.10 meters) high and weighed about 100-150 kg. It walked on two legs and looked slightly like an ostrich, except for its long tail.

There has been trouble with naming. Some specimens are put in other genera, like ***Dromiceiomimus*** and _Struthiomimus_.

## Feathers

In 1995, 2008 and 2009, three _O. edmontonicus_ specimens with evidence of feathers were found. Two adults had quill knobs on the lower arm, indicating the former presence of bird-like feather shafts. A juvenile had impressions of long fluffy feathers in the form of hair-like filaments covering the rump, legs and neck.

The feather imprints were found in sandstone, previously thought to not be able to support such impressions.

## Other websites

- _Ornithomimus_ in The Dinosaur Encyclopaedia  at Dino Russ' Lair
Book of Job

The **Book of Job** () is the 18th book in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament. It is one of the books in the class of poetry.

## Beginning

The Bible says "In the land of Uz" there lived a man whose name was Job. He feared God and shunned evil. Job had seven sons and three daughters, and he owned seven-thousand sheep, three-thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen and five hundred donkeys, and had a large number of servants. He was the greatest man among all the people of the East."
"When a period of feasting had run its course, Job would send and have them purified. Early in the morning he would sacrifice a burnt offering for each of them, thinking, "Perhaps my children have sinned and cursed God in their hearts. This was Job's regular custom."
The Bible also says that Job was a pious, rich, loyal and a man who loved God.

## Satan and God

One day Satan and the Angels of God went to God. God tells Satan about his servant Job and how good he is. Satan says that the only reason he is like that is because God was good to him and gave him sons and daughters and many animals. Satan asks if he can test Job and God lets him. God tells Satan not to kill Job.

In the initial test, Satan killed each of Job's children as they enjoyed a meal, snatched up all of Job's animals, and killed the servants who were caring for the animals. Job did not curse God as Satan would have had Job do, despite all that Satan had done to him.

Satan and the Angels went to meet God again. Like before, God talked about how good his servant Job is. Satan says that Job will curse God if he makes Job sick, which he did. This is the last meeting with Satan, the Angels.

Satan afflicted sores all over Job's body. Job's wife told him to curse God and die. Job told her that if he said that, that would be foolish. Even though Job lost everything he had and suffered from painful sores all over his body, he did not sin against God by cursing him. Satan had failed in trying to make him sin. This is the final time Satan is mentioned in the Book of Job.

## Job's friends

When Job's friends heard about the things that happened to him they went to comfort him. Most of the book tells of Job and his friends talking. The names of his friends are Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar. Towards the end of the book, Job's friends start to think that Job is not good because a lot of bad things are happening to him. Job keeps on saying that he is good but he starts to wonder if God really is good.

## Job and God

After God speaks to Job and his three friends, God asks Job where he was when He created the earth and filled it with amazing things (meaning that it is not possible for man to understand God's ways). God gets very angry at Job's friends for thinking that Job was not a good man and for saying things about God they did not know about, and Job prays for his friends: God answers his prayer. God blesses Job because he did not curse Him. God gives him more than he had before.

## Other websites

- Book of Job in the King James Version
- Book of Job in the New International Version
- Book of Job at Scriptures.lds.org
Abide with Me

"**Abide with Me**" is a religious song or hymn. It was written by Henry Lyte in 1847, and is typically associated with funerals and solemn events of remembrance. The song is sung at the start of the FA Cup finals.

## Lyrics

Abide with me; fast falls the eventide;

The darkness deepens; Lord with me abide.

When other helpers fail and comforts flee,

Help of the helpless, O abide with me.

Swift to its close ebbs out life’s little day;

Earth’s joys grow dim; its glories pass away;

Change and decay in all around I see;

O Thou who changest not, abide with me.

Not a brief glance I beg, a passing word;

But as Thou dwell’st with Thy disciples, Lord,

Familiar, condescending, patient, free.

Come not to sojourn, but abide with me.

Come not in terrors, as the King of kings,

But kind and good, with healing in Thy wings,

Tears for all woes, a heart for every plea—

Come, Friend of sinners, and thus bide with me.

Thou on my head in early youth didst smile;

And, though rebellious and perverse meanwhile,

Thou hast not left me, oft as I left Thee,

On to the close, O Lord, abide with me.

I need Thy presence every passing hour.

What but Thy grace can foil the tempter’s power?

Who, like Thyself, my guide and stay can be?

Through cloud and sunshine, Lord, abide with me.

I fear no foe, with Thee at hand to bless;

Ills have no weight, and tears no bitterness.

Where is death’s sting? Where, grave, thy victory?

I triumph still, if Thou abide with me.

Hold Thou Thy cross before my closing eyes;

Shine through the gloom and point me to the skies.

Heaven’s morning breaks, and earth’s vain shadows flee;

In life, in death, O Lord, abide with me.

## Other websites

- The Cyber Hymnal™  (lyrics, MIDI, sheet music, pictures & history)
Studio

A **studio** is a place where an artist can work. Studios can be used for many things, such as photography, broadcasting, painting, making movies, television shows, cartoons, or music.

## Movie studio

A movie studio is most often a company that makes movie<nowiki/>s. The place where movies are made may also be called a studio, or sometimes a "sound stage" because it also records the sound.

## Television studio

A television studio is where video production takes place. It usually contains cameras, microphones, speakers, and spotlights. It is similar to a movie studio.

## Recording studio

A recording studio is used for recording music, speech, or other kinds of sound. They are typically divided into three areas: an "isolation room" that has soundproofing for playing instruments and to prevent echo, a "live room" for general recording, and a "control room" to store the recording equipment that DJ's use.
Vicious

The word **vicious** has several meanings:
- It is the adjective of vice, meaning full of vice
- Sid Vicious, a musician.
- Vicious, a character in the Cowboy Bebop Anime
Ash

The term **Ash** can have different meanings:
- What remains after a fire. Those things are called debris, and remain after incineration.
- Volcanic ash, the material ejected by a volcano.
- Fly ash and bottom ash. What remains after burning coal.

- Ash trees are trees generally of the genus _Fraxinus_.
- European Ash is a species of ash tree
- Mountain Ash is another tree, generally not in that genus.

- Various place-names in the United Kingdom or the United States.
- A surname, see Ash (surname).
- Ash Wednesday, a special day for many Christians.
- The letter **Æ** (capital) / **æ** (lower case).
- The alternative rock band Ash (band) from Downpatrick, Northern Ireland.
Ash tree

**Ash trees** are medium to large trees of the genus ***Fraxinus*** of the family Oleaceae (Olive-tree like). The family contains between 45 and 65 species. Some of them are evergreen, but most are deciduous. They grow in most parts of the world. The seeds are commonly known as _keys_ in English. They are a type of fruit known as a samara. Most of the ash species have light-green, oval shaped, pinnate leaves. The central stem of the compound leaf has 9 – 13 leaflets (small leaves) in pairs, with one at the tip. There are no stalks to the side leaflets. The leaflets are pointed and toothed, with hairs on the lower surface. The leaves appear relatively late in spring, and are amongst the first to be shed in autumn.

The buds are black, sooty or velvety in appearance and are sometimes compared to a Bishop’s Mitre in shape.

Ash wood is used to make various tools, handles, baseball and softball bats and bows. It also makes very good firewood. Ash trees are also perfect material for old fashion shafts for bow and arrows.

In Norse Mythology, the world tree Yggdrasil is commonly thought to be an ash tree. The first man, Askr, was formed from an ash. The first woman was made from an alder.

## Threats

The emerald ash borer (_Agrilus planipennis_) is a wood-boring beetle. It was accidentally introduced to North America from Asia by solid wood packing material in the late 1980s. It has killed tens of millions of trees in 15 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario in Canada. Research is being done with three Asian wasps which are natural predators of the beetle biological control.

The European ash, _Fraxinus excelsior_, has been affected by the fungus  which causes "ash dieback". The disease has infected about 90% of Denmark's ash trees. In October 2012 ash dieback was found in mature woodland in Suffolk. In 2016, the ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe.
Ash Wednesday

**Ash Wednesday** is the first day of Lent in the Western Christian calendar. It occurs 46 days before Easter. The date is different each year because the date of Easter varies. It can fall as early as February 4 and as late as March 10.

Those able to and willing to should fast voluntarily between Ash Wednesday and Easter. There are exceptions, though. Pregnant women, sick people, children, and the old usually don't have to.

Ash Wednesday is a very important part of Lent.

## Dates

The dates of Ash Wednesday are:
||2000|March 8|
| --- | --- | --- |
||2001|February 28|
||2002|February 13|
||2003|March 5|
||2004|February 25|
||2005|February 9|
||2006|March 1|
||2007|February 21|
||2008|February 6|
||2009|February 25|
||2010|February 17|
||2011|March 9|
||2012|February 22|
||2013|February 13|
||2014|March 5|
||2015|February 18|
||2016|February 10|
||2017|March 1|
||2018|February 14|
||2019|March 6|
||2020|February 26|
||2021|February 17|
||2022|March 2|
||2023|February 22|
||2024|February 14|
||2025|March 5|
||2026|February 18|
||2027|February 10|
||2028|March 1|
||2029|February 14|
||2030|March 6|

## Related pages

- Advent
- Carnival
- Lent
- Easter
- Pentecost
- Trinity Sunday
Valkyrie

The **Valkyries** (Old Norse: _Valkyrjur,_ singular _valkyrja_ - “choosers of the slain”) are female figures in Norse mythology; they are a group of female warriors of Odin who do not get married.

## Profile

Alternatively the Valkyries are servants to Freya.  She negotiated with One Eye that her shield maidens would sort the honourable dead on the battlefield. Freya had first choice of half of the dead to come to Sessrumnir, the other half were to be delivered to One Eye at Valhall.

Freya had fierce and respected warriors. They are responsible for choosing who lives and dies in battle, singling out those worthy of paradise. After battle, the Valkyries carry those whom they have chosen off to Valhalla, an enormous and majestic hall that lies in Asgard. Once there, these eïnherjar, as they are now called, are shared between Odin and Freyja, with half of them going to Valhalla and the other to Fólkvangr, Freyja's realm. In Valhalla, the eïnherjar feast as they are served and cared for by the Valkyries themselves.

The old Norse people thought that Valkyries rode giant wolves, and that they had black wings like ravens; these two creatures both scavenge corpses on the battlefield symbolizing death and destruction. With the spread of Christianity the idea of what a Valkyrie was like changed more and more to a  Romantic description of a beautiful woman.

## Operas

Richard Wagner composed some operas featuring Valkyries (German: _Walküren_, singular: _Walküre_). These operas are _Die Walküre_, _Siegfried_, and _Götterdämmerung_. They feature a story of a Valkyrie Brünnhilde, her punishment for disobeying her father, and her falling in love with Siegfried.  The music for the opening of Act Three of _Die Walküre_ is very famous. It is called the _Ride of the Valkyries_.

## Related pages

- _Nibelungenlied_
- _Der Ring des Nibelungen_
Zosterops

**Zosterops** is a type of bird. There are many different species of Zosterops around the world.
Dimorphodon

***Dimorphodon*** was a prehistoric flying pterosaur from the early Jurassic period. It had a big head, a small brain, a tall beak, and two types of teeth. Variation in teeth is rare in pterosaurs.

Like _Rhamphorhynchus_, _Dimorphodon_ is only found in Jurassic strata. It was the first pterosaur found in England, by Mary Anning, in 1828.

Most of the known specimens were found in the Jurassic chalk of the south coast of England in the 19th century. Another species of _Dimorphodon_ has been found in La Boca Formation in Tamaulipas, Mexico, from the Lower Jurassic.
Cryolophosaurus

***Cryolophosaurus*** is a theropod dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period. It is the only theropod to be found in Antarctica. _Cryolophosaurus_ was discovered in the Jurassic Hanson Formation in the Transantarctic Mountains. The find of this dinosaur was significant because it proves that the dinosaurs lived on all  continents and that high latitude climates were tolerated by dinosaurs at that time.

_Cryolophosaurus_ is also significant because it is the oldest known tetanuran from any continent: it is the only one from the early Jurassic.

_Cryolophosaurus_ had a large crest on the top of the skull, above the eyes. It extends upwards from the skull.

_Cryolophosaurus_ was found about  from the South Pole but then it was about  or so farther north. Also found were the remains of _Glacialisaurus_ (a large basal sauropodomorph), a crow-sized pterosaur, synapsids, and another unknown theropod. There are also the remains of many plant genera around the same age as fossils of _Cryolophosaurus_, proving that dense plant matter had once grown on Antarctica's surface before it drifted southward.
Coloborhynchus

***Coloborhynchus*** was a pterosaur. It has been found in Lower Cretaceous rocks in England and Brazil. It is a similar genus to _Anhanguera_ and _Ornithocheirus_.

The type specimen of _Coloborhynchus_ is known only from a partial upper jaw. It can only be distinguished from its relatives by its unique combination of tooth socket positions. In _Coloborhynchus_, the two front teeth pointed forward and were higher on the jaw than the other teeth, while the next three pairs of teeth pointed to the sides. The final two pairs of teeth in this specimen point downward. Finally, a unique oval depression was located below the first pair of teeth.

The possible species _Coloborhynchus capito_ is the largest toothed pterosaur known. A specimen from the Cambridge Greensand has a very large upper jaw tip which displays the typical teeth which distinguish _C. capito_ from other species. The jaw tip is nearly 10 cm tall and 5.6 cm wide, with teeth up to 1.3 cm in base diameter. If the proportions of this specimen was the same as other known species of _Coloborhycnhus_, the total skull length could have been up to 75 cm, leading to an estimated wingspan of .
Alder

**Alder** is the common name for about 30 kinds of trees and shrubs of the ***Alnus*** genus. They are a part of the birch family (_Betulaceae_). Most of them are smaller in size. Leaves are mostly deciduous, only very few alders are evergreen.

Alder trees are found in all parts of the northern hemisphere and they are often found on poor and/or wet soil. Alders have alternate simple leaves with a toothed edge. The male flowers are in the form of hanging catkins and the female flowers are much smaller catkin-like structures _(see image)._ The pollen is transferred from the male to the female flower by the wind. The female flower parts develop into little, green, rounded cone-like fruits which turn brown in autumn and open to release the seeds.

The best known species are the Black Alder, which can be seen throughout Europe. The largest is probably the Red Alder, native to North America. It reaches about 32–35 metres in height. The widespread Green Alder is a shrub, rarely more than 5m high. The commonest alder in the UK is the Black Alder, also called the Common Alder or European Alder.

Alder is a preferred tree for bees, especially in spring. It is also used to make charcoal.
Futabasaurus

***Futabasaurus*** was a plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. A complete skeleton of one has not been found. It is not known very well.

_Futabasaurus_ is the first elasmosaurid found in Japan. The type species is _F. suzukii_.  Many of the bones of the type specimen show apparent scavenging or predation by sharks.
Ovum

An **ovum** (Latin: "egg", plural: **ova**) is the name for the haploid female reproductive cell, or ***gamete***. Both animals and land plants (embryophytes) produce ova.

### Humans

Ova are made and released by a female's ovaries. At birth, a female has all of her eggs, and from puberty, she releases an egg once a month until none are left. This is called **oogenesis**.

When the ovum is fertilised by a male's sperm, it becomes a zygote, which develops into a new organism. The ovum is fertilized inside the female body, and the embryo then develops inside the uterus, being fed by the mother's placenta.

The ovum is the largest cell in the human body. You can see it without a microscope. The human ovum is between 100 and 200 µm long. They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds, which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb.

### Other mammals

The sexual cycle is quite different in other mammals, whose females are only receptive during the 'heat' part of their estrous cycle when eggs are released from the ovary. Sexual activity then continues for a few days, then ceases entirely until the next heat.

### Plants

In many plants, ova are made inside archegonia through meiosis. The archegonium has a long 'neck' with the egg cell inside. When the egg is mature, the neck opens and sperm swims in to fertilize the egg.

In flowering plants, the female gametes are made of only eight cells, called the embryo sac, inside the ovule. The cell closest to the opening of the embryo sac becomes the egg cell. When pollinated, sperm swims into the embryo sac and fertilizes the egg. The zygote then develops into an embryo inside the ovule.

## Related pages

- Cleidoic egg
- Egg (biology)
- Fertilisation
- Pollination
- Sperm
- Zygote

## Other websites

- The Ovarian Kaleidoscope Database  Describing the genes involved in making eggs

## Infobox (cell)

- **name**: Egg cell
- **latin**: ovum
- **greek**: ωάριον (ōárion)
- **image**: Gray3.png
- **caption**: A human egg cell with surrounding Corona radiata (embryology), corona radiata
Ovule

**Ovules** produce the female reproductive cells which get fertilized during sexual reproduction in seed plants. The word literally means "small egg."

The megagametophyte (also called the _embryo sac_ in flowering plants) is inside the ovule. The megagametophyte produces the egg cell.
Valhalla

In Norse mythology, **Valhalla** (Old Norse: _Valhöll_ - “hall of the slain”) is an enormous and majestic hall in Asgard, headed by Odin. Described as a "warrior's paradise," it is here that the souls of those who are slain in battle go, chosen and guided by the Valkyries, a group of warrior maidens in service to Odin.

Once they are there, these eïnherjar, as they are known, make revelry, as they feast on the beast known as Sæhrímnir, having their fill of mead made from the udders of the female goat Heiðrún. The feast is prepared by Andhrímnir (Old Norse: “the one exposed to soot”), the cook of the gods, in his cauldron, Eldhrímnir (Old Norse: “fire-sooty”). Outside of Valhalla’s doors, lies **Glasir** (Old Norse: “gleaming”), a massive tree that grows golden leaves, while its ceiling is adorned with golden shields. The tree **Læraðr** stands atop the great hall, where both Heiðrún and the stag Eikþyrnir (Old Norse: “oak-thorny”) graze its foliage. During Ragnarök, the eïnherjar will aid Odin in his battle against Surtr and his forces.