juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bremen

**Bremen** is a city in north Germany. It is the capital of the State of Bremen.

About 545,000 live in Bremen. It has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Koeppen climate classification). It is the 11th largest city in Germany.

The city's official name today includes the name _Hansestadt_ (Hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been important part in the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period.

Other Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Lübeck, Greifswald and Demmin.

## History

People have lived in the area of Bremen's marshes since around 12,000 BC.

In 1871, Bremen was made part of Prussia by the German Empire.

Bremerhaven became a major port for emigration from Germany and Central Europe to the Americas.

During the Second World War, Bremen was the location of nine camps of the Neuengamme concentration camp, for French, Polish, Soviet and Jewish people.

After the Second World War, Bremen and Bremerhaven were occupied by the United States.

## Geography

The river Weser flows through Bremen, which goes to the North Sea through the city's exclave, Bremerhaven.

## Politics

Bremen is currently administered by a mayor from the SPD party, Carsten Sieling.

## Population

About 545,000 people live in Bremen and it is the 11th largest city in Germany.

## Points of Interest

- Old Town (Altstadt)
- Bremen Town Musicians (Bremer Stadsmuzikanten)
- Bremen Roland Statue
- Werder Bremen Stadium (Football stadium)

## Transport

Bremen is served by an international airport.

Bremen is also served by Deutsch Bahn at its main train station.

Bremen's public transport infrastructure also includes a bus service and a light rail service.

## Events

- Freimaak

## Sports

Werder Bremen is a major football team of Bremen.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Bremen
- **type**: city
- **image photo**: Bremen montage.jpg
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top: Bremer Marktplatz, Bremen Hauptbahnhof, the Kleine Weser and Werdersee, Werdersee and the Town Musicians of Bremen, Town Musicians statue
- **image flag**: Flag of Bremen.svg
- **image coa**: Bremen Wappen(Mittel).svg
- **state**: Bremen
- **district**: urban
- **elevation**: 12
- **area**: 326.73
- **area metro**: 11627
- **population**: 548475
- **pop metro**: 2,400,000
- **stand**: 2006-11-01
- **postal code**: 28001–28779
- **area code**: 0421
- **licence**: HB <small>(with 1 to 2 letters and 1 to 4 digits)</small>
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 04 0 11 000
- **divisions**: 5 boroughs, 19 districts, 88 subdistricts
- **website**: [http://www.bremen.de/ Bremen online]
- **mayor**: Carsten Sieling
- **bürgermeistertitel**: List of mayors of Bremen, First mayor
- **party**: SPD
- **ruling party1**: SPD
- **ruling party2**: Green
Wiesbaden

**Wiesbaden** (; Hessian: _Wisbade_, Latin: _Aquae Mattiacae_)  is a German city near Frankfurt am Main. It is the capital of the federal state of Hesse. Wiesbaden is on the right (north) bank of the Rhine (German: "Rhein"), near the city of Mainz (about  away from Wiesbaden centre) the opposite side of the river, and a short distance, about , from Frankfurt am Main, to the east. About 274,000 people live in the city (2005).

Wiesbaden has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

Wiesbaden is the capital of the state Hesse, which is located in middle of Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Wiesbaden
- **type**: City
- **image photo**: Wiesbaden Montage.jpg
- **image flag**: Flagge Wiesbaden.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Wiesbaden COA.svg
- **image plan**: Hessen WI.png
- **state**: Hessen
- **region**: Darmstadt
- **district**: urban
- **elevation**: 115
- **area**: 203.9
- **postal code**: 65183–65207
55246 (Mainz-Kostheim)
55252 (Mainz-Kastel)
- **area code**: 0611, 06122, 06127, 06134
- **licence**: WI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 4 14 000
- **divisions**: 26 boroughs
- **website**: [https://www.wiesbaden.de/ www.wiesbaden.de]
- **mayor**: Gert-Uwe Mende
- **leader term**: 2019–25
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **party**: SPD
- **ruling party1**: CDU
- **ruling party2**: SPD
Mainz

**Mainz** ( or _Meenz_, () is a German city. It is the capital of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

Mainz is on the left side of the river Rhine, on the right side is the city Wiesbaden. Mainz has about 203,000 people. Its main economic product is wine. It has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Education

Mainz has some universities:

- University of Mainz
- Fachhochschule Mainz
- Catholic University of Applied Sciences Mainz

## Other websites

- Official Homepage of Mainz (in english)

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Mainz
- **art**: City
- **image photo**: Mainz altstadt.jpg
- **image caption**: Mainz Old Town View from the citadel (2003)
- **wappen**: Coat of arms of Mainz-2008 new.svg
- **image flag**: Mainz Flagge quer.svg
- **bundesland**: Rhineland-Palatinate
- **landkreis**: urban
- **höhe**: 85-285
- **fläche**: 97.75
- **einwohner**: 203671
- **stand**: 2012-08-08
- **plz**: 55001-55131
- **vorwahl**: 06131, 06136
- **kfz**: MZ
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 07 3 15 000
- **gliederung**: 15 boroughs
- **bürgermeister**: Michael Ebling
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: SPD
- **year**: 13 BC
Kiel

**Kiel** () is a city in the north of Germany. It is the capital of the state of Schleswig-Holstein. It has a population of 239,526 people. It is a port on the sea and has an oceanic climate (_Cfb_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: City
- **image photo**: KielerStadtzentrumLuftaufnahme.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of the city
- **wappen**: Wappen Kiel.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge der kreisfreien Stadt Kiel.svg
- **bundesland**: Schleswig-Holstein
- **kreis**: urban
- **höhe**: 5
- **fläche**: 118.6
- **einwohner**: 239526
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 24103 – 24159
- **vorwahl**: 0431
- **kfz**: KI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 01 0 02 000
- **gliederung**: 18 districts
- **bürgermeister**: Ulf Kämpfer
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: SPD
- **ruling party1**: SPD
- **ruling party2**: Green
Frankfurt (disambiguation)

**Frankfurt** is the name of two cities in Germany:
- Frankfurt am Main in Hesse
- Frankfurt (Oder) in Brandenburg

Historical territories and entities, centered in Frankfurt am Main:
- Grand Duchy of Frankfurt, which existed from 1810 to 1813; its center was Aschaffenburg
- the Free City of Frankfurt, which was one of four city states in the German Confederation. It existed from 1816 to 1866.

Historical territories and entititie, centered in Frankfurt (Oder):
- Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt (1815-1945)
- Frankfurt (Bezirk), was one of forteen Administrative divisions of East Germany. It existed from 1952 to 1989.

There is a city with a similar spelling:
- Frankfort, Kentucky, the capital of Kentucky, USA

**Franfurt** is the family name of:
- Harry Frankfurt, born 1929, US philiosopher
- Suzie Frankfurt,1931-2005, US designer and artist
Fred Rogers

**Fred McFeely Rogers** (March 20, 1928 – February 27, 2003) was an American television personality, musician, puppeteer, writer, producer, and Presbyterian minister. He was the creator, producer, head writer, and host of the children's television show _Mister Rogers' Neighborhood_ from 1968 until he left in 2001. He also wrote the music for the show.

In the 1950's, Rogers was not happy with the television shows that children were watching. He began to write and perform shows for children near the city of Pittsburgh. In 1968, a television company called Eastern Educational Television Network began distributing Rogers's new show, _Mister Rogers' Neighborhood,_ across the United States on the TV channel WQED. For thirty years, Rogers was a television icon of children's entertainment and education. Rogers supported many public causes. In the Betamax case, the U.S. Supreme Court used what Rogers said before a lower court to support fair use television recording. Rogers also spoke before a U.S. Senate committee to support government money for children's television.

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: The Reverend
- **name**: Fred Rogers
- **image**: Fred-Rogers 1988 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Rogers in a publicity photo for _Mister Rogers' Neighborhood_ in 1988
- **birth name**: Fred McFeely Rogers
- **birth place**: Latrobe, Pennsylvania, Latrobe, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **resting place**: Unity Cemetery, Latrobe, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **other names**: Mister Rogers
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: Dartmouth College (Transferred)
Rollins College (BM)
Pittsburgh Theological Seminary (BD)
- **occupation**: Children's television presenter, actor, puppeteer, singer, composer, television producer, author, educator, Presbyterian minister
- **years active**: 1951–2001
- **signature**: FredRogersSignature.svg
- **awards**: Presidential Medal of Freedom (2002)
Sri Yukteswar Giri

**Sri Yukteswar Giri** (May 10, 1855 - March 9, 1936) was an Indian guru and swami. His real name was **Priya Nath Karar** and was born in Serampore, West-Bengal, India.

He is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

He became known through "Autobiography of a Yogi" as the guru of the author Paramahansa Yogananda.

George Harrison, the beatle, was initiated in kriya yoga in USA in Self-Realization Fellowship, an organization created by the known writer and great spiritual master in the west Paramahansa Yogananda.

## Other websites

- kriya yoga institute
- Kriya Yoga of Mahavatar Babaji website
W. C. Fields

**William Claude Dukenfield** (January 29, 1880 - December 25, 1946) was an American actor, comedian, juggler and writer.

## Trivia

- He is one of the famous people on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: W. C. Fields
- **image**: File:W. C. Fields 1938.jpg
- **caption**: Fields in 1938
- **birth name**: William Claude Dukenfield
- **birth place**: Darby, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Pasadena, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1898–1946
- **partner**: Bessie Poole (1916–1926)
Carlotta Monti (1933–1946; his death)
- **children**: 2
Fred Astaire

**Fred Astaire** (born **Frederick Austerlitz**, May 10, 1899 – June 22, 1987), was an American dancer, actor, singer, choreographer and presenter. He was the most famous stage, movie and television dancer of his time. He has gotten many honors. He won a Honorary Academy Award, three Primetime Emmy Awards, a BAFTA Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and a Grammy Award. He was put into the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1960, American Theatre Hall of Fame in 1972, and the Television Hall of Fame in 1989. In 1999, the American Film Institute said Astaire was the fifth-greatest male star of Classic Hollywood cinema in 100 Years... 100 Stars.

Astaire's career was 76 years long. He starred in over 10 Broadway and West End musicals. He made 31 musical movies. He was also a dancer. He had very good rhythm and creativity.

## Life

Astaire started dancing on the stage with his sister Adèle, as a child, in 1905. Their Broadway career lasted from 1917 to 1932. They became world-famous after WWI, and regularly performed on both sides of the Atlantic.

When she married he started a movie partnership with Ginger Rogers. After that, he danced with a succession of talented American dancers on movie and on television. He appeared in 32 movies. His movie partners included Eleanor Powell, Ann Miller, Vera-Ellen, Cyd Charisse: all high-class dancers, and on TV with Barrie Chase. Their _An evening with Fred Astaire_ won nine Emmy Awards in 1958.

Many male dancers of the 20th century were influenced by him, and said so. He owed a lot to the choreography of Hermes Pan, but even more to his own perfectionism and relentless practice.

Astaire was also an excellent actor, and a successful, though personally modest, singer. He introduced some of the most celebrated songs from the _Great American Songbook_. He married Phyllis Potter in 1933; they had two children. After her death, he remarried in 1980 to Robyn Smith, a female jockey 45 years his junior.

### Sources

- _The Astaire Family Papers_, The Howard Gotleib Archival Research Center, Boston University, MA

## Other websites

- Astaire biography at AlsoDances.Net
- Astaire's religious views incl. many extracts from his biographers
- Astaire or Kelly: A Generation Apart at Indian Auteur
- Ava Astaire discusses her father's legacy (BBC Television—RealPlayer required)
- Radio Interview—Fred Astaire—1968
- "Fred Astaire and the art of fun": an essay on the Oxford Fred Astaire conference from TLS, July 16, 2008.
- Photographs and literature at Virtual History

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Fred Astaire
- **image**: Astaire, Fred - Never Get Rich.jpg
- **caption**: Astaire in 1941
- **birth name**: Frederick Austerlitz
- **birth place**: Omaha, Nebraska, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery
- **years active**: 1904–1981
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Adele Astaire (sister)
Game Boy Advance

The **Game Boy Advance**, commonly abbreviated as ***GBA***, is a 32-bit handheld video game console. It was manufactured by Nintendo. The predecessor to the Game Boy Advance was the Game Boy Color. The Game Boy Advance was eventually succeeded by the Nintendo DS in 2004.

The Game Boy Advance was released in Japan on 21 March 2001. Nintendo later released it in North America on 11 June 2001, in Australia on 20 June 2001, and in Europe on 22 June 2001.

## Best-sold games

Top 25 best-sold games on Game Boy Advance (sold numbers in brackets):
- 1. Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire (16.2 million)
- 2. Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen (12 million)
- 3. Pokémon Emerald (7.06 million)
- 4. Mario Kart: Super Circuit (5.91 million)
- 5. Super Mario World: Super Mario Advance 2 (5.69 million)
- 6. Super Mario Advance (5.57 million)
- 7. Super Mario Advance 4: Super Mario Bros. 3 (5.43 million)
- 8. Namco Museum (2.96 million)
- 9. Pac-Man Collection (2.94 million)
- 10. Yoshi's Island: Super Mario Advance 3 (2.83 million)
- 11. The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past (2.82 million)
- 12. Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Red Rescue Team (2.36 million)
- 13. NES Classics Series: Super Mario Bros. (2.27 million)
- 14. Wario Land 4 (2.2 million)
- 15. Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga (2.15 million)
- 16. Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land (2.1 million)
- 17. Finding Nemo (1.84 million)
- 18. Donkey Kong Country (1.82 million)
- 19. The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap (1.76 million)
- 20. Yu-Gi-Oh! The Eternal Duelist Soul (1.71 million)
- 21. Golden Sun (1.65 million)
- 22. Final Fantasy Tactics Advance (1.62 million)
- 23. Metroid Fusion (1.6 million)
- 24. Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories (1.54 million)
- 25. Sonic Advance (1.51 million)

## Infobox (information appliance)

- **title**: Game Boy Advance
- **logo**: Gameboy advance logo.svg
- **logo size**: 250px
- **image**: Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: The indigo version of the original Game Boy Advance
- **developer**: Nintendo Integrated Research & Development, Nintendo R&E
- **manufacturer**: Nintendo
- **family**: Game Boy line
- **type**: Handheld game console
- **generation**: Sixth generation of video game consoles, Sixth generation
- **releasedate**: **Game Boy Advance:**
**Game Boy Advance SP:**
**AGS-001:**
**AGS-101:****Game Boy Micro:**

- **lifespan**: 2001–2008
- **unitssold**: 81.51 million <small>()</small>
- **media**: ROM cartridge
- **power**: 2 × AA batteries
- **cpu**: ARM7TDMI @ 16.78 MHz, Zilog Z80 @ 8 or 4 MHz
- **memory**: 32 KB internal, 256 KB external, 96 KB VRAM
- **display**: TFT LCD, 240×160 pixels, 40.8×61.2 Millimetre, mm
- **topgame**: _Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire_, 16 million combined
- **compatibility**: Game Boy, Game Boy Color
<small>(GBA and GBA SP only)</small>
- **predecessor**: Game Boy Color (1998)
- **successor**: Nintendo DS (2004)
Amerie

**Amerie Mi Marie Rogers**,  (born  married name **Nicholson**, January 12, 1980), known mononymously as **Amerie** or **Ameriie**, is an American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer, model and record producer.

## Early life

Amerie was born to a South Korean mother and African American father. Her first language is Korean.

## Personal life

In 2004, Amerie began dating her manager, Lenny Nicholson. On March 1, 2010, they were engaged. The couple married on June 25, 2011, in an oceanfront ceremony in Anguilla.

## Albums

- _All I Have_ (2002) number 9 in US charts
- _Touch_ (2005) number 5 in US charts; number 28 in UK charts
- _Because I Love It_ (2007), number 7 in UK chart
- _In Love & War_ (2009)

## Singles

- "Why Don't We Fall In Love" (with Ludacris) (2002) number 23 in US charts, number 40 in UK charts
- "Talkin' To Me" (2002) number 51 in US charts
- "Paradise" (LL Cool J with Amerie) (2002) number 36 in US charts, number 18 in UK charts (2003 release)
- "1 Thing" (2005) number 8 in US, number 4 in UK, number 9 in Canada.
- "Mine" (2025)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Amerie
- **img**: AmerieMar05.jpg
- **caption**: Amerie in 2005
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Amerie Mi Marie Rogers
- **alias**: Amerie
Ameriie
- **birth place**: Fitchburg, Massachusetts, United States
- **origin**: Washington, D.C., United States
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B, hip hop soul, funk, pop music, pop
- **occupation**: Singer, Songwriter, Model, Actress, Dancer, Choreographer
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **label**: Columbia Records, Columbia, Feeniix Rising Entertainment, Island Def Jam Music Group, Island Def Jam
Ben Stein

**Ben Stein** (November 25, 1944) is an American attorney, writer, actor, comedian, and television personality.

He was a lawyer, then speech writer for Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He went into show business helping some liberal writers write accurate portrayals of conservatives for a television show. He soon turned to acting, landing his most famous role as a boring teacher in the movie _Ferris Bueller's Day Off_. He was also the main person in the 2008 movie _Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed_. His nerdy appearance and dead-pan manner have made him a popular fixture on movies and TV till this day. From 1997 to 2003 he had his own game show, _Win Ben Stein's Money_. He also wrote many books and had articles that appeared in popular magazines and newspapers. He is also spokesperson for a product named "Clear Eyes".
Soft rock

**Soft rock** is a subgenre of rock music. Some may find it lighter and more relaxing than genres like rock and roll.

## Examples

Musical ensembles involved in soft rock include Steely Dan, Michael McDonald, Bread, Earth, Wind & Fire,  The Carpenters, Air Supply and Chicago.

## Related pages

- Pop rock
- Indie rock
- Alternative rock
- Experimental rock
Chinese dragon

A **Chinese dragon** was the symbol of the Emperor of China. The dragon in the Qing Dynasty came out on national flags.

Dragons are often found in Chinese art and stories. Since people discovered dragons in Chinese art and stories, dragons are sometimes thought of as a symbol for China.

There are people inside Chinese dragons. Dragons are very popular in China.  The phoenix is a dragon that has five claws and was a powerful symbol for the emperors in China.
Robert Duvall

**Robert Selden Duvall** (January 5, 1931 – February 15, 2026) was an American actor and director.  Duvall won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in _Tender Mercies_ (1983). He has also won the Screen Actors Guild Award, several Golden Globe Awards, and a BAFTA Award.

## Early life

Duvall was born in San Diego, California. His parents were Mildred Virginia Hart and William Howard Duvall. He studied at Severn School in Severna Park, Maryland and The Principia in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated, in 1953, from Principia College in Elsah, Illinois.

## Career

Duvall's career began in 1952. His first role was as Arthur "Boo" Radley in the 1962 movie _To Kill A Mockingbird_. He then appeared on _Captain Newman, M.D._ (1963).

He landed many of his most famous roles during the early 1970s, such as Major Frank Burns in the blockbuster comedy _MASH_ (1970) and the lead role in _THX 1138_ (1971), as well as Horton Foote's adaptation of William Faulkner's _Tomorrow_ (1972). This was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films.

## Personal life

Duvall's political views are variously described as libertarian or conservative.

Duvall was married to Barbara Benjamin from 1964 until they divorced in 1975. Then, he was married to Gail Youngs from 1982 through 1985. Then he was married to Sharon Brophy from 1991 through 1996. He was married to Argentine actress Luciana Pedraza from 2005 until 2025. Duvall had no children.

Duvall died on February 15, 2026 at his ranch in Middleburg, Virginia at the age of 95.

## Movies

He has appeared in many other films including:

- _To Kill A Mockingbird_ (1962)
- _M*A*S*H_ (1970)
- _The Godfather_ (1972)
- _Tomorrow_ (1972)
- _Network_ (1976)
- _Apocalypse Now_ (1979)
- _True Confessions_ (1981)
- _Colors_ (1988)
- Slingblade (1996)
- _The Apostle_ (1997)
- _Deep Impact_ (1998)
- _The Judge_ (2014)
- _Widows_ (2018)
- Days of thunder (1990)

## Legacy

In 2015, at age 84, Duvall became the oldest person ever nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, with a nomination for the movie _The Judge._

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Robert Duvall (actor, at home, New York City apartment, 1984) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Duvall in 1984
- **birth name**: Robert Selden Duvall
- **birth place**: San Diego, California, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Middleburg, Virginia, Middleburg, Virginia, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor, director
- **years active**: 1952–2022
- **spouse**:
Littleton, Colorado

**Littleton** is a community in Colorado, near Denver. It is most famous in 1999 because of the Columbine High School massacre at Columbine High School, which is not actually in the city of Littleton, but is in a ZIP code assigned to Littleton.
Motown

**Motown** is a famous record label founded in Detroit, Michigan in the late 1950s by Berry Gordy. It is known for signing many well-known rhythm and blues singers and groups. Some of the artists who sang on the label include:
- Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
- The Temptations
- The Supremes
- The Jackson 5
- Four Tops
- Gladys Knight and the Pips
- Marvin Gaye
- Stevie Wonder
- The Isley Brothers
- Rick James
- The Dazz Band
- DeBarge
- Sean Combs

"Motown" can also refer to the city of Detroit itself, or to the genre of music made by artists like those listed above.

## Infobox (record label)

- **company name**: Motown
- **parent**: Universal Music Group
- **founded**: 1959
- **founder**: Berry Gordy Jr.
- **distributor**: The Universal Motown/Universal Republic Group (United States, U.S.)
- **genre**: Rhythm and blues, R&B, Soul music, soul, gospel music, gospel, funk, jazz, blues, disco
- **country**: United States
- **url**: [http://www.motown.com/ Official website of Motown Records]
1893

**1893** (MDCCCXCIII) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- January 2 – Webb C. Ball introduces railroad chronometers.
- February 1 – Thomas Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio in West Orange, New Jersey.
- February 24 – The American University is established in Washington, D.C.
- March 10 – Ivory Coast becomes a French colony.
- May 5 – There is a crash on the New York Stock Exchange that starts the Panic of 1893 (an economic depression).
- September 11 – Swami Vivekananda began his first conference in Parliament of World's Religions.

## Births

- January 1 – Minoru Sasaki, Japanese general
- January 5 – Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian guru
- January 10 – Vicente Huidobro, Chilean poet
- March 11 – Wanda Gág, American children's author and artist
- March 18 – Wilfred Owen, English poet, soldier
- March 19 – José María Velasco Ibarra, 24th President of Ecuador
- June 29 – Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer
- July 31 – Fatima Jinnah, founder of Pakistan
- August 17 – Mae West, American actress
Mustelid

**Mustelids** are a family of carnivorous mammals. They are the family **Mustelidae**, in the order Carnivora.

They are the largest family of mammals. They are diverse, from weasels who eat mice to wolverines that can kill prey much larger than themselves. Mustelids live in many habitats: otters for example, live mostly in the water, while one species of weasel lives in the Arctic.

One kind of mustelid, the ferret, has been tamed and used for hunting for a long time. These days it is mostly kept as a pet. Because the ferret looks a bit like a rat that has been stretched out in the middle, it is sometimes called a tube rat.

These are other well-known animals from the mustelid family.

- Ferrets
- Badgers
- Ratels (or Honey badgers)
- Martens
- Minks
- Polecats
- Sables
- Stoats
- Otters

They can be thought of as two subfamilies, the Lutrinae (the otters), and the Mustelinae (the rest)
1835

## Events

- January 1 – Ole Pedersen Hoiland breaks into the Bank of Norway and steals 64.000 dalers (Swedish dollars)
- January 30 – Unsuccessful assassination attempt against President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol – first assassination attempt against a President of the United States.
- February 20 – Concepción, Chile is destroyed by an earthquake
- March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.
- April 18 – Lord Melbourne becomes the new British Prime Minister.
- May 5 – In Belgium a railroad opens from Brussels to Mechelen. It is the first railway in continental Europe.
- May 6 – James Gordon Bennett, Sr. makes the first issue of the _New York Herald_.
- July 4 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad finishes the Thomas Viaduct, at the time the longest bridge in the United States, and the second longest in the world. (London Bridge was the longest in the world at the time)
- September 7 – Charles Darwin gets to the Galapagos Islands aboard HMS _Beagle_.
- October 2 – Texas Revolution begins: Battle of Gonzales – Mexican soldiers try to get the people of Gonzales, Texas to give up their weapons, but the Texans fight back
- December 9 – The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.
- December 16 – Fire in New York City destroys 530 buildings
- December 19 – Toledo Blade newspaper begins publishing.
- December 28 – Seminole fighter Osceola and his warriors attack U.S. government agent Thompson outside Fort King in Central Florida, starting the Second Seminole War.
- The State of Ohio and the Michigan Territory fight the Toledo War over the city of Toledo and the Toledo Strip.
- _De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestum_, Copernicus' book on the motion of the Earth, is removed from the Index of Prohibited Books.
- Samuel Colt patents the first revolver
- Civil war erupts in Uruguay between supporters of Blanco and Colorado parties
- The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.
- The French word for their language changes to français, from françois
- The Australian city of Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner.

## Art, music, theatre, and literature

- May 8 – Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first four fairy tales
- June 2 – P.T. Barnum and his circus begin their first tour of the United States
- September 26 – Donizetti's opera _Lucia di Lammermoor_ is performed for the first time

## Births

- March 15 – Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (d. 1916)
- April 9 – King Léopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
- June 2 – Pope Pius X (d. 1914)
- October 23 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (d. 1914)
- November 25 – Andrew Carnegie, American industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1919)
- November 30 – Mark Twain, American writer and humorist (d. 1910)

## Deaths

- March 2 – Emperor Francis I of Austria (b. 1768)
- April 21 – Samuel Slater, American industrialist (b. 1768)
- May 13 – John Nash, English architect (b. 1752)
- June 18 – William Cobbett, English journalist and writer (b. 1763)
- July 28 – Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, French marshal (b. 1768)
- September 23 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (b. 1801)
Jack

**Jack** is a male given name. It might also mean:

- _Jack_ (1996 movie), a 1996 movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Robin Williams
- Jack (_Tekken_), a character in the _Tekken_ series of video games
- Jack (tool), a tool used for lifting
- A playing card that has a _J_ on it
- A Phone connector
- The family Carangidae including the Pilot fish
Stuff

**Stuff** is a mass of many things listed below, matter, or events.

- Stuff (cloth), a type of woollen or worsted cloth or fabric.
- Stuffing, something that is used to fill the inside of foods
- Stuffed animal, a soft children's toy
- Stuffed or preserved animals, created through the art of taxidermy

In **computing**:
- Bit stuffing, a technique using in communication protocols
- HowStuffWorks, a website explaining how various things work

In **sports**:
- Stuff, a slang term for a pitcher's ability to make a pitch move dramatically in baseball
Ringo Starr

**Sir Richard Starkey** (or simply **Richard Starkey**) (born 7 July 1940), known as **Ringo Starr**, is an English musician and actor. He is known as a former member of the Beatles, where he mainly played drums.

## The Beatles

He joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their first drummer Pete Best. He quickly became well-liked and very popular. He sang lead on some of the band's songs including "Yellow Submarine", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "Octopus's Garden".

## Solo career

After the group broke up in 1970 he became a solo artist; his songs included "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" (written with George Harrison), "You're Sixteen" (featuring Paul McCartney and Harry Nilsson), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (with John Lennon and again with Nilsson). Ringo sang "I Want To Be A Powerpuff Girl" for the children's television show "The Powerpuff Girls".

## Acting

Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including _The Magic Christian_ (1969), _That'll Be The Day_ (1973), _Caveman_ (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the children's television series _Shining Time Station_, during its first season (1989), the comedian George Carlin later took over the role.

He also narrated the children's television series _Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends_ for the first two seasons (1984―1986).

He also made a movie with the Beatles called _A Hard Day's Night_ in 1964.

## Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band

Since the 1990s, Ringo has toured with "Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band". The band consists of Ringo and members that regularly change, usually, the members are either famous musicians, or musicians that have been associated with Ringo, The Beatles and/or the members of the band.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _Sentimental Journey_ (1970)
- _Beaucoups of Blues_ (1970)
- _Ringo_ (1973)
- _Goodnight Vienna_ (1974)
- _Ringo's Rotogravure_ (1976)
- _Ringo the 4th_ (1977)
- _Bad Boy_ (1978)
- _Stop the Smell the Roses_ (1981)
- _Old Wave_ (1983)
- _Time Takes Time_ (1992)
- _Vertical Man_ (1998)
- _Ringo Rama_ (2003)
- _Choose Love_ (2005)
- _Liverpool 8_ (2008)
- _Y Not_ (2010)
- _Ringo 2012_ (2012)
- _Postcards from Paradise_ (2015)
- _Give More Love_ (2017)
- _What's My Name_ (2019)
- _Look Up_ (2025)

## Other websites

- Ringo Starr's official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **current member of**: Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band


## Infobox (person)

- **honorific-prefix**: Knight Bachelor, Sir
- **name**: Ringo Starr
- **image**: ARTIST INTERVIEW - Ringo Starr (Former the Beatles) exclusive interview 0-14 screenshot (portrait crop).jpg
- **caption**: Starr in 2019
- **alt**: A colour photograph of Starr
- **birth name**: Richard Starkey
- **birth place**: Liverpool, England
- **years active**: 1957–present
- **children**: 3, including Zak Starkey
- **relatives**: Francesca Gregorini (stepdaughter)
- **signature**: Ringo Starr signature.svg
Oslo

**Oslo** is the capital city of Norway. It is Norway's largest city, with a population of  people in 2023. The area near the city has a total population of . The city government of Oslo and the county are the same thing.

## Oslo today

The city is a big place for economy and culture. A lot of important institutions are in Oslo. Some of these are the Norwegian government and parliament, the University of Oslo and Ullevål Stadion, which is the stadium of Norway's soccer team. The city also has many museums, theaters and concert venues. Some good cultural places are Frogner Park, the Oslo Opera House, the National Museum and the National Theatre. Travelling inside the city is easy with public transportation. Using tram, subway and bus is easy.

Oslo is a very expensive city, with high prices in bars and restaurants, as well as high prices for houses and apartments.

Oslo has a humid continental climate (_Dfb_ in the Koeppen climate classification).

## History

The Saga of Norwegian Kings (written by Snorre Sturlason) says that king Harald III Sigurdsson founded Oslo around 1048. Recent excavations have found Christian graves from before 1000. Because of these two facts, Oslo celebrated its 900-year anniversary in 1950 and its 1000-year anniversary in 2000.

One of the more famous landmarks in Oslo is Akershus Fortress. It was first built around 1290. Oslo was destroyed in fire in 1624, and the fortress was rebuilt closer to Akershus Fortress by the order of King Christian IV of Norway. The king gave the new city the name Christiania, which later also written as Kristiania. In 1925, the name of the city was changed back to Oslo.

## Related pages

- List of mayors in Norway that are elected until 2027
- Klemetsrud (former village)

## Other websites

- Oslo Kommune official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: City
- **image flag**: Flag of Oslo.svg
- **image shield**: Oslo komm.svg
- **area total km2**: 480
- **area land km2**: 454.20
- **area water km2**: 26.64
- **population as of**: August 2023
- **population total**: 709,037
- **population density km2**: auto−
- **population urban**: 1,064,235
- **population density urban km2**: auto
- **population metro**: 1,588,457
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Lincoln Thompson

**Lincoln Thompson** (10 July 1949 - 14 January 1999) was a Jamaican reggae musician, songwriter and Rastafarian. He spent 2 years in the Tartans as a teenager before working under Coxsone Dodd in the early 1970s. In 1974, he released his first record, _Humanity_. The album had popular singles but it did not sell many copies until Thompson made a deal with Ballistics Records, a part of the record label United Artists, in 1979. This album was released commercially and there were 2 other albums recorded with Ballistics. These albums were recorded in 1979 and 1980. _Experience_ was recorded in Jamaica. The next album, _Natural Wild_, was recorded in England with Joe Jackson. Ballistics went bankrupt, and Thompson returned to Jamaica. There, he recorded the album, _Ride with the Rasses_ in 1982. The next year, he took his family to live in London where he recorded a 5th album, _Rootsman Blues_. He then set up an Ital grocery shop named _The Rasses Fish and Grocery Store_ in London. Thanks to an American sponsor, a 6th album came out in 1996, called _21st century_. He died in 1999 of cancer.

## Other websites

- Album lyrics
Tom Hanks

**Tom Hanks** (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and writer.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tom Hanks
- **image**: TomHanksPrincEdw031223 (11 of 41) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Hanks in 2023
- **birthname**: Thomas Jeffrey Hanks
- **birth place**: Concord, California, United States, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American, Greece, Greek
- **yearsactive**: 1977–present
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 4, including Colin Hanks
- **parents**: Amos Hanks
Janet Marylyn (née Frager)
- **relatives**: Jim Hanks (brother)
- **awards**: **Academy Awards**
* Academy Award for Best Actor, Best Actor
:1993 _Philadelphia (movie), Philadelphia_
:1994 _Forrest Gump_
**Golden Globe Awards**
*Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama
:1994 _Philadelphia (movie), Philadelphia_
:1995 _Forrest Gump_
:2001 _Cast Away_
*Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
:1989 _Big (movie), Big_
**Emmy Awards**
* Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries, Movie or Dramatic Special, Outstanding Directing - Miniseries, Movie/Dramatic Special
:2002 _Band of Brothers_
*Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Miniseries, Outstanding Miniseries
:2002 _Band of Brothers_
Hook

**Hook** can mean:

- _Hook_ (movie), a movie based on the story of Peter Pan, starring Robin Williams and Dustin Hoffman
- Fishing hook, something used to catch fish
- A hook is something that writers put at the end of a chapter or at the beginning in a book or paper used to encourage the reader to keep reading
Sir Mix-A-Lot

**Sir Mix-a-Lot** (born **Anthony Ray** on August 12, 1963) is an American rapper and producer.

His style of music is called "hip-hop." He was born in Seattle, Washington. He is best known for his hit song "Baby Got Back". That song has catchy phrases and cheap humor, and it talks about liking women with big buttocks. This made it popular in the United States during the 1990s.

Sir Mix-a-Lot is not actually a knight but has assumed the title 'Sir' for humorous or ironic effect.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sir Mix-a-Lot
- **img**: SirMixaLotDec06.jpg
- **img capt**: Sir Mix-a-Lot in December 2006
- **img size**: 250px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Anthony Ray
- **birth place**: Seattle, Washington (state), Washington, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **years active**: 1986–2003, 2006–_present_
- **url**: [http://sirmixalot.com/ Official website]
Dick York

**Dick York** (September 4, 1928 – February 20, 1992) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Darrin Stephens on the television series _Bewitched_. York left the series in 1969 and was replaced by Dick Sargent.
James Earl Jones

**James Earl Jones** (January 17, 1931 – September 9, 2024) was an American actor. He was famous for doing the voice of Darth Vader in the _Star Wars_ movies, for doing the voice of Mufasa in _The Lion King_ and in the 2019 remake, and for the CNN tagline ("This...is CNN").  He starred in _Lincoln Portrait_ which has music by Aaron Copland.

Jones won two Tony Awards for his live theatre work on Broadway. He won an Emmy Award for his role on the television series _Gabriel's Fire_. In 1991, he became the first actor to win two Emmys in the same year.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: James Earl Jones
- **image**: James Earl Jones 1992 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: James Earl Jones in 1992
- **birth place**: Arkabutla, Mississippi, Arkabutla, Mississippi, U.S.
- **death place**: Pawling (town), New York, Pawling, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **spouse**: Julienne Marie (1968–1972; divorced)
Cecilia Hart (1982–2016; her death)
- **children**: 1
- **father**: Robert Earl Jones
- **yearsactive**: 1951–2021
Tony Randall

**Anthony Leonard Randall** (born **Aryeh Leonard Rosenberg**; February 26, 1920 – May 17, 2004) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Felix Unger on the television series _The Odd Couple_. He was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. In 1975, he won a Primetime Emmy Award. He was nominated for six Golden Globe Awards.

Randall died at a hospital in New York City from pneumonia caused by heart surgery on May 17, 2004 at the age of 84.
Lesbian

A **lesbian** is a homosexual woman. This means a woman who is sexually attracted to other women, and not to men. A woman who is sexually attracted to both women and men is bisexual or pansexual.

The word lesbian comes from Lesbos (), an island in Greece. An ancient poet, Sappho, lived on Lesbos. Sappho wrote mostly poems about love. Many of her love poems are written to women. So her name and the island where she lived make people think about women who love women. Sometimes lesbians are also called _Sapphists_ from the name Sappho. Sapphic can be used as an umbrella term for love between women, regardless of their sexual or romantic orientation.

## Lesbians and feminism

Lesbians were involved in the early feminist (a movement of women who want to be treated equally to men) movement. Feminism is the political and social movements that promote women's equality and rights. However, there was conflict between lesbians and straight (heterosexual) women in the feminist movement. In the 1960s and 1970s some straight (women who like men) feminists wanted the lesbians out of the women's rights movement. They wanted feminism to be accepted by society. They believed lesbians were less accepted by society and might hurt the feminist movement.

Eventually, the women's rights movement accepted its lesbian members. Now many important feminist leaders are out (out means that they make it known that they are lesbians) lesbians.

## Lesbians as parents

Many lesbian couples want to have children of their own. In order to raise children, they sometimes adopt. However some places do not allow homosexual couples to adopt children, so many of them want to be able to adopt children.

Some lesbian couples also have their own biological children. To do this they may have artificial insemination. This is when sperm from a donor male is placed in a woman to make a pregnancy. Some lesbian women do this at home with a friend they choose to be the donor. However many may use _sperm banks_. These are medical businesses that match couples who need donor sperm with men who will donate. Sometimes this is done _anonymously_ which means the couple does not know the donor. Sometimes this is done with the donor known and even chosen by the couple.

## Law and religion

Unlike gay sex between males, lesbian sex is not against the law in as many places. Although, Abrahamic religions usually see gay as well as lesbian relations as immoral. Saint Paul in Epistle to the Romans 1:26 describes lesbianism as 'unnatural' and 'shameful'. There are some religions, however, mostly new religious movements that accept lesbian relations.

In most parts of the world lesbian couples cannot marry. This means they do not have the legal benefits and protection of marriage.

## Related pages

- Homosexuality
1884

## Events

- December 10 – Mark Twain's _Adventures of Huckleberry Finn_ is first published, in London.

## Births

- May 8 – Harry S. Truman, thirty-third President of the United States (d. 1972)
- October 11 – Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States, wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt (d. 1962)
- December 30 – Hideki Tōjō, 40th Prime Minister of Japan, Led the Attack on Pearl Harbour (d. 1948)

## Deaths

- January 25 – Johann Gottfried Piefke, German conductor and composer (b. 1815)
- March 21 – Ezra Abbot, American Bible scholar (b. 1819)
- April 4 – Marie Bashkirtseff, Russian artist (b. 1858)
- May 12 – Bedrich Smetana, Czech composer (b. 1824)
- May 13 –  Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (b. 1809)
- June 25 – Hans Rott, Austrian composer (b. 1858)
- July 1 – Allan Pinkerton, American detective (b. 1819)
- July 10 – Paul Morphy, American chess player (b. 1837)
- November 25 – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (b. 1818)
Niuatoputapu

**Niuatoputapu** is an island in Tonga. It has a population of about 1200 people. Niuatoputapu is located in the north of the country, near to Samoa.
Davy Jones (musician)

**David Thomas "Davy" Jones** (December 30, 1945 – February 29, 2012) was an English singer and actor. He was born in Manchester, England.

His father wanted him to be a jockey, but he wanted to be a performer. He appeared in the television programme, _Coronation Street_ and in the London and Broadway versions of _Oliver!_. In 1966, he joined The Monkees, a musical group created for a television series of the same name. The series was cancelled in 1968 and the group disbanded in 1970.

Jones continued to perform until his death from a heart attack caused by atherosclerosis in 2012 in Stuart, Florida.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Davy Jones
- **image**: Davy Jones, Sydney 1968.jpg
- **caption**: Davy Jones in Sydney, in 1968.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: David Thomas Jones
- **birth place**: Openshaw, Manchester, Lancashire, England
- **death place**: Stuart, Florida, United States, U.S.
- **genre**: Pop rock, pop music, pop, rock music, rock, sunshine pop, psychedelic rock, music hall
- **occupation**: Actor, musician, recording artist, performing artist, businessman
- **instrument**: Vocals, tambourine, maracas, guitar, drums, bass guitar, Organ (music), organ
- **years active**: 1961–2012
- **associated acts**: The Monkees
- **label**: Colpix Records, Bell Records
- **website**: [http://www.davyjones.net/ www.davyjones.net]
Michael Nesmith

**Robert Michael Nesmith** (December 30, 1942 – December 10, 2021) was an American musician, songwriter, actor, producer, novelist, businessman and philanthropist.

Nesmith was born in Dallas, Texas on December 30, 1942. His mother, Bette Nesmith Graham invented Liquid Paper in 1951 and made the family very rich.

In the 1960s, Nesmith moved to Los Angeles to start a recording career. He wrote the song "Different Drum" which was a hit for Linda Ronstadt and the Stone Poneys. In 1966, he became a member of the Monkees, a made-for-TV rock band. He left the group in 1969 and started a solo career.

Nesmith is considered one of the forefathers of the country-rock movement of the 1970s with his song _Joanne_.He produced albums such as loose salute and magnetic south with the first national band. Nesmith was known for his diamond suit, hat and cowboy boots that are currently on display at the country hall of fame. He also worked as a producer and is considered one of the pioneers of the music video industry. Nesmith's 1981 video-movie _Elephant Parts_ won the first Grammy Award for a music video

Nesmith died from heart failure at his home in Carmel Valley, California on December 10, 2021, at the age of 78.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Michael Nesmith
- **image**: Michael Nesmith 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Nesmith performing at the Somerville Theatre, Somerville, Massachusetts, Somerville, Massachusetts, April 13, 2013
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Robert Michael Nesmith
- **alias**: Michael Blessing, Nez, Wool Hat, Papa Nez
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, United States
- **death place**: Carmel Valley Village, California, Carmel Valley, California
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar, bass guitar, piano, organ, harmonica
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, pop music, pop, Folk music, folk, Country music, country, pop rock, psychedelic rock
- **occupation**: Musician, composer, author, songwriter, actor, writer, director, producer, owner of Pacific Arts Corporation
- **years active**: 1965–present
- **associated acts**: The Monkees, First National Band