juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Need for Speed

***The Need for Speed*** is a racing video game made by Electronic Arts. It is the 1st game in the _Need for Speed_ series. It was released on the 3DO, PlayStation and Sega Saturn.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: The Need for Speed
- **developer**: EA Vancouver, EA Canada
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
 Electronic Arts Studios (MS-DOS/Windows versions)
- **producer**: Hanno Lemke
- **programmer**: Brad Gour
- **artist**: Markus Tessmann
- **composer**: Jeff van Dyck, Saki Kaskas
- **series**: _Need for Speed_
- **platforms**: 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, 3DO, MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation (console), PlayStation, Sega Saturn
- **released**: **3DO***'MS-DOS***'PlayStation****Windows**
June 1996
**Sega Saturn**
- **genre**: Racing game, Racing
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
Louis de Broglie

**Louis Victor Pierre Raymond, (7th) Duke of Broglie**, (August 15, 1892 in Dieppe – March 19, 1987 in Louveciennes) was a French physicist. He discovered that electrons are similar to both particles and waves. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929.
Las Galeras

**Las Galeras** is a Dominican Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná province. It is on the east coast of the Samaná Peninsula, on the _Rincón Bay_ that is found between _Cabrón_ and _Samaná_ capes.

_Las Galeras_, in English _The Galleys_ (a galley was a war ship where prisoners and slaves were used to move the ship), because two galleys stayed here during the 16th Century.

## Population

In the last national census (2010), the district had a total population of 6,929: 3,800 men and 3,129 women. The urban population was only 13.41% of the total population.

## Economy

The most important economic activities of the province are agriculture, fishing and tourism.

The region is famous for its beautiful beaches with palms. There is a beach at the seafront of Las Galeras itself, as well as a white sand beach, "La Playita" ("The Small Beach") within walking distance from the town. It is possible to take a boat to visit "Playa Rincón" ("Rincón Beach"), another beautiful beach in the region.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Las Galeras
- **settlement type**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Municipal District
- **image skyline**: Playa La Playita.JPG
- **image caption**: La Playita beach, Las Galeras
- **pushpin map**: Dominican Republic
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Samaná Province, Samaná
- **area total km2**: 127.38
- **population total**: 6929
- **population as of**: 2010
- **total type**: Total
- **population urban**: 929
- **population density km2**: 54
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **blank name sec1**: Distance
- **blank info sec1**: to Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná
The Beyoncé Experience: Live

***The Beyoncé Experience: Live*** is a live DVD by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles to be released in the US on November 20, 2007. It was filmed in Staples Center, Los Angeles, California which was shot on September 2, 2007 during her worldwide tour The Beyoncé Experience. It also includes guest appearances from Jay-Z on "Upgrade U" and former Destiny's Child mates Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland on "Survivor."

1. Intro (The Beyoncé Experience Fanfare)
1. Crazy in Love (Crazy Mix)
1. Freakum Dress
1. Green Light
1. Baby Boy (Reggae Medley)
1. Beautiful Liar
1. Naughty Girl
1. Me, Myself and I
1. Dangerously In Love (He Loves Me Mix)
1. Flaws and All
1. DC Medley (Cops and Robbers Intro)
1. Independent Women Part I
1. No No No Part 2
1. Bootylicious
1. Bug A Boo (H-town Screwed Down Mix)
1. Bills, Bills, Bills
1. Cater 2 U
1. Say My Name
1. Jumpin' Jumpin'
1. Soldier (Soldier Boy Crank Mix)
1. Survivor (Destiny's Child Reunion)
1. Speechless
1. Ring the Alarm Intro Skit (Jailhouse Confessions)
1. Ring the Alarm
1. Suga mama
1. Upgrade U (feat. Jay-Z)
1. '03 Bonnie & Clyde (Beyoncé's Prince Mix)
1. Check on It (Special Tour Ver.)
1. Déjà vu
1. Get Me Bodied
1. Welcome to Hollywood
1. Deena/DreamGirls
1. Listen
1. Irreplaceable
1. Beyoncé B'Day Surprise
Induno Olona

**Induno Olona** is a city in northern Italy, in the Lombardy region, near Varese. It has 10,000 inhabitants.
Swordfish

**Swordfish** (***Xiphias gladius***), also known as **broadbills** in some countries, are large predatory fish with a long, flat bill.  They are a popular sport fish.  Swordfish are elongated, round-bodied, and lose all teeth and scales by adulthood.

The International Game Fish Association's all-tackle angling record for a swordfish was a 1,182 lb (535.15 kg) specimen taken off Chile in 1953.

They are the only member of their family, **Xiphiidae**.

## Features

The swordfish is named after its sharp bill, resembling a sword (Latin **gladius**), which together with its streamlined physique (smooth body) allows it to cut through the water with great ease and agility. Swordfish are fast predators of other fish.

The "sword" is not used to spear, but may be used to slash at its prey to injure the prey animal, to make for an easier catch.

Mainly, the swordfish relies on its great speed and agility in the water to catch its enemy. It is among the fastest fish.

## As food

Swordfish is a particularly popular fish for cooking. Since swordfish are large animals, meat is usually sold as steaks, which are often grilled. The color of the flesh varies by diet, with fish caught on the east coast of North America often being rosier.

However, many sources including the United States Food and Drug Administration warn about potential toxicity (how poisonous it is) from high levels of methylmercury in swordfish.

## References

- Michael Hopkin (2005): Swordfish heat their eyes for better vision. Nature, 10 January 2005
- Fritsches, Kerstin A., Brill, Richard W., and Warrant, Eric J. (2005): Warm Eyes Provide Superior Vision in Swordfishes .  Current Biology 15, 55−58
- FDA Consumer:Mercury In Fish:Cause For Concern?

## Other websites

- http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/Gallery/Descript/Swordfish/Swordfish.html
- More info on FDA Mercury Advice from Oceana
- http://www.fenton.com/pages/3_ourwork/4_casestudies/environment/swordfish.htm
- http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_SwordfishReport.pdf
Carreño de Miranda

**Juan Carreño de Miranda** (25 March 1614 – 3 October 1685) was a Spanish painter of the Baroque period.

Born in Avilés in Asturias, he was the son of a painter with the same name, Juan Carreño de Miranda. His family moved to Madrid in 1623, and he trained in Madrid during the late 1620s as apprentice of Pedro de Las Cuevas and Bartolomé Roman. He came to the notice of Velazquez for his work in the cloister of doña María de Aragón y en la iglesia del Rosario, he was asked to help paint in the Royal Palace of Madrid with frescoes on mythological fables. He was named "Painter of the King" in 1669. In 1658 Carreño was hired as an assistant on a royal commission to paint frescoes in the Alcázar palace, now the Royal Palace of Madrid. In 1671 he was appointed court painter to the queen (pintor de cámara) and began to paint primarily portraits. In 1671, upon the death of Sebastian de Herrera, he was named chamber painter. He refused to be knighted in the order of Santiago, saying "Painting needs no honors, it can give them to the whole world". He is mainly remembered as a painter of portraits. His main pupilswere Mateo Cerezo, Cabezalero, Donoso, Ledesma y Sotomayor. He died in Madrid.
Late Old Japanese

**Late Old Japanese** (中古日本語) is an old form of the Japanese language. It was used in the time known as the Heian Period, between 794 and 1185. The form of Japanese that was used before that is called Old Japanese.

Old Japanese was the first form of the Japanese language. The script (the way it was written) came from the Chinese script. This was all based on characters which were like little pictures (called kanji today, e.g. 中古日本語). During the Late Old period two new scripts were invented: Hiragana and Katakana. These were much simpler and described the sound of the syllables. It made reading and writing much easier. Famous books were written during this period such as _The Tale of Genji_, _The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter_, _The Tales of Ise_ and many others.

Many changes took place to the way the language was pronounced during this period. Consonants that had been spoken through the nose became voiced, some long vowels were added, some consonants slid into one another. The syllables became simpler: instead of 88 there were only 66. Instead of two types of -i, -e, and –o there were only one. Some verbs ended in a consonant, others in a vowel. The changes in grammar included different ways that adjectives could be declined.

## Related pages

- Old Japanese

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Early Middle Japanese
- **nativename**: 中古日本語
- **region**: Japan
- **era**: Evolved into Late Middle Japanese at the end of the 12th century
- **familycolor**: Altaic
- **fam1**: Japonic languages, Japonic
- **fam2**: Japanese language, Japanese
- **ancestor**: Old Japanese
- **script**: Hiragana, Katakana, and Chinese characters, Han
- **iso3**: ojp
- **iso3comment**: (Old Japanese)
- **linglist**: ojp
- **lingname**: Described as "The ancestor of modern Japanese. 7th–10th centuries AD." The more usual date for the change from Old Japanese to Middle Japanese is ca. 800 (end of the Nara era).
- **glotto**: none
- **notice**: IPA
Old Japanese

**Old Japanese** (, Yamatəkətəba) is the oldest known form of the Japanese language.

It is difficult to give a precise date when Old Japanese started.  The date when the Old Japanese period is said to have finished is 794.  That was the start of the Heian period.

The Japanese writing system came from the Chinese.  Wooden tablets have been found with writing on.  The oldest extended piece of writing we know of dates from 712. This is the start of the Nara period (710-794).

The earliest texts found in Japan are written in classical Chinese. However, some of them show the influences of Japanese grammar (e.g. word order). Sometimes bits of Chinese characters are used to make the sound of the small Japanese words called “particles”. This helps us to make some guesses about how it used to be pronounced.

Many changes in the Japanese language took place over the centuries. The spoken form of Japanese changed much more quickly than the written form.

## Related pages

- Late Old Japanese

## References

**Notes**

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Old Japanese
- **nativename**:
- **region**: Japan
- **era**: 701—794
- **familycolor**: altaic
- **fam1**: Japonic languages, Japonic
- **script**: Regular script
Man'yōgana
- **image**: Genryaku Manyosyu.JPG
- **imagealt**: Manuscript in standard Chinese characters (standing for Old Japanese syllables), annotated in a cursive style
- **imagecaption**: Manuscript of the _Man'yōshū_, recording Old Japanese using Chinese characters
- **iso3**: ojp
- **linglist**: ojp
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: oldj1239
- **glottorefname**: Old Japanese
- **glottofoot**: no
Tynwald

**Tynwald** (), or more formally, the **High Court of Tynwald** () or **Tynwald Court**, is claimed to be the oldest parliament in continuous existence in the world, dating back over 1000 years.

## Overview

It rules the Isle of Man, and while the island is a Crown dependency, this ancient form of government enjoys a large amount of political power.

Tynwald is separated into 2 houses (this is called a "Bicameral" parliament, meaning it has 2 chambers) - the House of Keys, which is elected by the people of the Isle of Man, and the Legislative Council, which is not directly elected - instead, other members of the Legislative Council elect members of the House of Keys (MHK's) to sit on it.

Both houses of Tynwald sit at the same time on Tynwald day, at the site of the original parliament - Tynwald Hill - in St. John's, a small village near Peel, and once a month at Parliament House in the Island's capital, Douglas.   The rest of the time, they sit separately at Parliament House, with the House of Keys making most of the laws, and the Legislative Council doing most of the work of changing and revising them.

King Charles III  is acknowledged as the Lord of Mann.

Tynwald can trace its descent from the Viking and Norse that first colonized the Isle of Man.
Possum

The **possum** is an Australasian marsupial which was later introduced to China and New Zealand. There are about 69 species alive today.

Possums are members of the **Phalangeriformes**. This is a suborder of the Diprotodonts, a large order which includes the kangaroos and its relatives.

Possums are native to Australia and are protected there.  Possums spend the first four months of their lives in their mother's pouch. By the time they are six months old, the young possums live outside the pouch.

They are nocturnal and at least partly arboreal. Some of the smaller species are gliders. They have sharp claws and a keen sense of smell. They eat the leaves of trees, insects, berries and bird's eggs.

The first possums were brought to New Zealand in 1837 from Australia. In New Zealand, possums have no natural enemies, so possum numbers increased quickly. It is thought of as a pest in New Zealand.
The possum has done a lot of damage to the native plants, animals and birds. So, there are Possum Removal taking place like in Adelaide, However Possums are protected under the Wildlife Act 1975. Although relocation of problem possums is prohibited, other control options are available.

## Other websites

- Kiwi Conservation Club
1130

## Events

- December 25 – Roger II becomes the first king of Sicily

## Deaths

- November 11 – Teresa of Leon, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso VI of Castile and Leon (b. 1080)
Gotha

**Gotha** is a town in Thuringia, in Germany. It is the capital of the District of Gotha. The population was 46,205 in 2004.

## History

The town has existed at least since the 8th century, when its name was mentioned in a document signed by Charlemagne, in which it appears as _Villa Gotaha_ ("Good Waters"). In 1640 Gotha became the capital city of Saxe-Gotha. In the 18th century the French philosopher Voltaire stayed for a long time, and the Royal court became one of the centres of the Enlightenment in Germany. From 1826 to 1918, Gotha was one of the two capitals of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

Gotha has played an important role in the Germany's workers' movement: the German socialist party (SPD) was founded in Gotha in 1875, when the Social Democratic Workers' Party, led by August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht, and the General German Workers' Association, founded by Ferdinand Lassalle joined together. The compromise was known the _Gotha Program_ and was opposed by Karl Marx.

Gotha has also been traditionally a centre of publishing. The firm of Justus Perthes (now called Hermann Haack) began publishing the _Almanach de Gotha_ in 1763. The almanach was a very important directory of the world's major ruling dynasties and Europe's high nobility.

From 1949 to 1990 the city of Gotha was in the German Democratic Republic.

## Sights

- The main attraction in the town is the **Schloß Friedenstein**, the former ducal palace, built in 1643-1655. It is Germany’s oldest early Baroque palace. The palace also houses the Museum of Regional History including the historic **Ekhof Theatre**, the oldest preserved baroque theatre in the world.
- Town Hall, built between 1567 and 1577 in Renaissance style, noteworthy for a richly decorated façade in its north side.
- A Market place (_Hauptmarkt_) surrounded by restored patrician houses with Baroque doorways.
- Augustinian Church (Gothic, 13th century), with former abbey.
- St Margaret’s Church (Margarethenkirche), from the end of the 15th century.
- Gotha is host to the annual Freakstock Christian music festival.

## Sister cities

- Martin
- Gastonia, North Carolina
- Kielce Poland
- Martin
- Romilly-sur-Seine
- Salzgitter

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official website
- Tram in Gotha

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Gotha
- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Gotha.JPG
- **image caption**: Top left: St Margarethen, Top right: Marstall, Middle left: Water feature in front of Friedenstein Castle, Middle right: Rathaus Gotha in Hauptmarkt, Bottom left: View of Christmas illumination event in Hauptmarkt, Bottom centre: Porch in St Margarethen Church, Bottom right: Bruhl Street
- **image coa**: DEU Gotha COA.svg
- **image plan**: Gotha in GTH.svg
- **state**: Thuringia
- **district**: Gotha
- **elevation**: 300
- **area**: 69.58
- **population**: 45410
- **stand**: 2015-12-31
- **postal code**: 99867
- **area code**: 03621
- **licence**: GTH
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 16 0 67 029
- **divisions**: 11
- **mayor**: Knut Kreuch
- **party**: SPD
Great Palm Island

**Palm Island**, also known as **Great Palm Island** or by the Aboriginal name **Bukaman**, is an island in Australia with about 2,000 people living on it.

## Names

The small town on the island has many names such as Palm Island, the Mission, Palm Island Settlement and Palm Community.

## Location

The island is  north-west of Townsville, on the east coast of Queensland, Australia. It is the largest  of the _Greater Palm_ group of islands.  It has small bays, sandy beaches and steep forested mountains rising to  high. Other nearby islands outside the Palm group include Rattlesnake Island and Magnetic Island.

## History

Palm Island is often called a "tropical paradise" because of its natural beauty, but it has had a sad past since Europeans arrived in Australia.  For much of the 20th century, it was used by the Queensland Government as a town for Aboriginals who were thought to be guilty of such crimes as being "disruptive", being pregnant to a white man or being born with "mixed blood".

The community that has been created by that history has many problems and is often debated about by political and social writers. Major concern are the lack of jobs and housing. Since it became a Aboriginal reserve, Palm Island has been a symbol of aboriginal hardship and violence.  Meanwhile, it has been at the centre of political campaigning to improve the lives and the treatment of Australia's Indigenous peoples and to sewk people to recognise the bad history that has led today's the Palm Island.

## References

- ''

## Other websites

- Bwgcolmacom Community School website
- Local Council information
- Palm Island PCYC webpage
- Database of Agreements to which the Palm Island Aboriginal Shire Council are parties
- Joyce Palmer Health Service webpage
- Dunn, Peter "WW2 Palm Island naval base" Australia @ War, 22 May 2004 <small>(and updated since)</small>
- Queensland Government information webpage on Palm Island and alcohol management
- Queensland Government information webpage on Community Renewal on Palm Island
- Queensland Government map of alcohol restriction zone
- Australian Government Shared Responsibility Agreement - Palm Island our horses, our responsibility

### Articles produced by The Brisbane Institute think tank

- Professor Steffen Lehmann Lessons from Palm Island  The Brisbane Institute, 17 November 2005
- Boe, Andrew Palm Island: something is very wrong  The Brisbane Institute, 21 April 2005
- Boe, Andrew Palm Island Inquest findings – the unacceptable political inertia  The Brisbane Institute, 06 October 2006
100 Greatest Britons

***100 Greatest Britons*** was a BBC programme broadcast in 2002. The list was the result of a poll. The top ten people on the list were:

1. Sir Winston Churchill, (1874–1965), Prime Minister during the Second World War, politician, soldier, author, speaker, artist
1. Isambard Kingdom Brunel, (1806–1859), engineer, creator of Great Western Railway and other significant works
1. Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997), first wife of HRH Charles, Prince of Wales (1981–1996) and mother of Princes William and Harry of Wales
1. Charles Darwin (1809–1882), naturalist, originator of the theory of evolution through natural selection and author of _The Origin of Species_
1. William Shakespeare (1564–1616), English poet and playwright, thought of by many as the greatest of all writers in the English language
1. Sir Isaac Newton (1643–1727), physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and alchemist, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science
1. Queen Elizabeth I of England (1533–1603), monarch, (reigned 1558–1603)
1. John Lennon (1940–1980), musician with The Beatles, philanthropist, peace activist, artist
1. Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson (1758–1805), naval commander
1. Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), Lord Protector

The complete list can be found on the BBC website.
Igrejinha

**Igrejinha** is a Brazilian city of the state of Rio Grande do Sul. It has 31 389 inhabitants. It has an area of .

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Município de Igrejinha
- **website**: [http://www.igrejinha.rs.gov.br/ Prefeitura de Igrejinha]
- **image skyline**: Igrejinha2007-panoramica.jpg
- **image flag**: Bandeira de Igrejinha.svg
- **image seal**: Brasão de Igrejinha.svg
- **image map**: RioGrandedoSul Municip Igrejinha.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Brazil, Region
- **subdivision type2**: States of Brazil, State
- **subdivision name**: Brazil
- **subdivision name1**: South Region, Brazil, South
- **subdivision name2**: Rio Grande do Sul
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Elir Domingo Girardi (Brazilian Labour Party (current), PTB)
- **established title**: Emanciped
- **established date**: June 1, 1964
- **area total km2**: 136.816
- **population as of**: 2006 est.
- **population total**: 31389
- **population density km2**: 229.4
- **timezone**: UTC, UTC-3
- **utc offset**: -3
- **timezone dst**: UTC, UTC-2
- **utc offset dst**: -2
- **elevation m**: 18
Arroyo Barril

**Arroyo Barril** is a Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná province in the Dominican Republic.  It is on the south coast of the Samaná Peninsula, on the coast of Samaná Bay.

It was made a municipal district on May 1, 2003.

## Population

In the last national census (2010), the district had a total population of 11,007: 5,591 men and 5,416 women. The urban population was 22% of the total population.

## Economy

The most important economic activities of Arroyo Barril are the same of the province: agriculture, fishing and tourism.

The Arroyo Barril Airport is in this place; it is a national airport with flights to other airports in the country.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Arroyo Barril
- **settlement type**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Municipal District
- **pushpin map**: Dominican Republic
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Samaná Province, Samaná
- **established title**: Founded
- **established title2**: Municipality since
- **established date2**:
2003
- **area total km2**: 35.43
- **population total**: 11007
- **population as of**: 2010
- **total type**: Total
- **population urban**: 2417
- **population density km2**: 311
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **blank name sec1**: Distance
- **blank info sec1**: to Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná
Intolerable Acts

The **Intolerable Acts** Is an alternate name for the Coercive Acts, a set of laws passed by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1774.

The British Parliament passed these laws in part to punish the Massachusetts Bay Colony for the Boston Tea Party.
- One of the laws closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid for the destroyed tea.
- The Quartering Acts allowed Britain to house troops wherever it wanted.  All of the Thirteen Colonies were required to follow this rule, not just Massachusetts.
- The Administration of Justice Act allowed the trials of accused royal officials to take place in Great Britain if the Governor decided that the defendant could not get a fair trial in Massachusetts.
- The Quebec Act gave the Ohio country to Canada.

These laws were so harsh that the colonists called them the Intolerable Acts.

Other colonies offered Massachusetts their support. They sent supplies to Boston. The Committees of Correspondence also called for a meeting of all colonies in order to decide what to do about their problems with Britain. This led to the Continental Congress.

## Other websites

- Text of the Quartering Act
- Text of the Quebec Act
Mike Zambidis

**"Iron" Mike Zambidis** (born July 15, 1980) is a Greek kickboxer.  He is known in the kickboxing community as K.O. artist and for his explosive fighting style.
Indo-Greek Kingdom

The **Indo-Greek Kingdom** was a Hellenic kingdom in present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and parts of northern India from 180 BCE to around 10 CE, and was ruled by a succession of more than thirty Hellenic kings.

## Other websites

- News story of the latest archaeological discovery of artefacts dated back to Indo-Greek period
- Indo-Greek history and coins
- Ancient coinage of the Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Greek kingdoms
- Text of Prof. Nicholas Sims-Williams (University of London) mentioning the arrival of the Kushans and the replacement of Greek Language.
- Wargame reconstitution of Indo-Greek armies
Dassault Mirage 2000

The **Mirage 2000** is a French-built multirole fighter jet manufactured by Dassault Aviation. It first flew in 1978, and was introduced in 1984. Originally it was designed in the late seventies as a lightweight fighter for the Armée de l'Air.

It evolved into a successful multirole aircraft. It is in service in 8 countries (as of 2025) with more than 600 airplanes built.

Ukraine's military got some of those airplanes in 2025.

## Related pages

- Mirage III
Helensburgh, New South Wales

**Helensburgh** is a small town in New South Wales, Australia. It has  more than 5000 people. It is about half-way between Sydney and Wollongong, at the southern end of the Royal National Park. The area was first settled by Europeans in 1815, when farmers began to move their cattle to graze on the grasslands around Wollongong. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney.
Hugo Award

The **Hugo Award** is an award given each year for the best science fiction or fantasy works of the previous year. The award is named after Hugo Gernsback, the founder of the science fiction magazine _Amazing Stories_. Hugo Awards have been given out every year since 1953, except 1954. Hugo Award winners are chosen by members of the Worldcon convention each year. The ceremony where the awards are given out is a main part of the convention.

The Hugo Award trophy was co-designed by Benedict Jablonski.

The 2006 Hugo Awards ceremony was held at the 64th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) on Saturday, August 26 in Anaheim, California. The 2007 Awards were presented at the 65th World Science Fiction Convention in Yokohama, Japan on 1 September.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Most honored Hugo Award nominees
- Hugo Award Gallery
- Hugo history at a glance  – graphical overview of when individual persons were nominated; until 2004
- Excerpts and summaries of all Hugo winning and nominated novels
Firewall (disambiguation)

**Firewall** may refer to:
- Firewall (networking), a device which prevents unwanted communication between private and public networks
- Firewall (movie), a 2006 action movie starring Harrison Ford

eu:Suhesi
Schlenkerla

**Schlenkerla** is a famous old brewery and tavern in Bamberg, Bavaria, Germany. It is known for its smoked beer which is called "Aecht Schlenkerla Rauchbier" ("real Schlenkerla smoked beer").  It is a strong, darkish beer with a slightly smokey taste which is rather like bacon.  The alcohol content is 5.1%.  There is another speciality which is called "Urbock" ("Ur" means "original" and "Bock" is actually a male goat).  The Urbock is stronger: 6.5% alcohol and is only served in the season known as the "Starkbierzeit" ("Strong beer time") which is from October to 6 January.  The beer is served from oak barrels.  This is a very old tradition which is not often found nowadays.

The name Schlenkerla comes from the word "schlenken" which means: "to dangle" ("to hang loosely", or "swing").

## Other websites

- Brauereiausschank Schlenkerla  - Official website of the Schlenkerla historical brewery and tavern
- Bamberger-Bier.de - everything you have to know about Bambergs brewing tradition (German, English)
Gabelmann

The **Gabelmann** ("Fork man") is a statue with a fountain in Bamberg, Germany. It is a Baroque statue of Neptune, the ancient Roman god of the sea, who is holding his three-pronged fork. This is why he has the name Gabelmann.

The Gabelmann stands in the part of the pedestrian precinct called "Grüner Markt" ("Green Market"). In the local Franconian dialect he is called **Goblmoo**. There is a well-known poem about him written in the dialect.

The Gabelmann is a favourite place for people to meet in Bamberg.
Bamberg Symphony Orchestra

The **Bamberger Symphoniker** (**Bamberg Symphony Orchestra**) is a world-famous orchestra from the city of Bamberg, Germany. It was formed in 1946. Most of the musicians who formed the orchestra were Germans who had been forced to leave Czechoslovakia after the World War II. Most of them had previously been members of the German Philharmonic Orchestra of Prague.

The Bamberger Symphoniker have a large modern concert hall in Bamberg which was opened in 1993. They give many concerts there, but they also do a lot of touring to all parts of the world. Their conductor is Jonathan Nott who is an English conductor. Every three years the orchestra organize a "Gustav Mahler Conducting Prize". This is a competition for young conductors. The competition first took place in 2004.

The orchestra have made several CD recordings.

## Principal conductors

- Jonathan Nott (2000-_present_)
- Horst Stein (1985-1996)
- Witold Rowicki (1983-1985)
- James Loughran (1979-1983)
- Eugen Jochum (1969-1973)
- Joseph Keilberth (1949-1968)

## Other websites

- Bamberger Symphoniker official website
Lübeck law

The **Lübeck law** () was one of a few charters for town privileges. The Lübeck law said there should be a city council (_Rat_). There should be 20 council members, which were usually elected for 2 years.  They were elected by the guilds.  People often stayed as members for many years.

The first document about the law is from 1226.  It was still used in Northern and Northeastern Germany until 1900.

About 100 cities around the Baltic Sea used this law.

Many cities in the Hanseatic League used this law.
Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez Castelao

**Alfonso Daniel ** (30 January 1886 – 7 January 1950), also known as **Castelao**, was a Spanish writer on Galician language and one of the main symbols of Galicia. As a politician, caricaturist, and writer, he is one of the leading figures of Galician culture and identity.

## (1886–1929) Early life

In 1886, Alfonso Daniel Rodríguez de Castelao was born on 30 January in Rianxo, Galicia, Spain.

Castelao spent his childhood and adolescence in Santa Rosa de Toay, Argentina. In 1900, the Castelao family returned to Rianxo. In 1908, he obtained his degree in Medicine from the University of Santiago de Compostela. The next year, he passed his doctorate in Madrid, where he started to become known as a caricaturist, and settled down in Rianxo, joining the political movement Action Galicia (_Acción Gallega_ in Spanish). As a caricaturist, Castelao focussed on the everyday in a humorous way, although after the cruelty and tragedy of the Spanish Civil War, he turned to using his art to denounce the misery of Fascism.

In 1916, he moved to Pontevedra, where he joined the Irmandades da Fala and participated in the _Asembleia Nazonalista de Lugo_, signing an important national declaration. In 1920, he became editor of the magazine _Nos_ and travelled through France, the Netherlands and Germany. In 1922, he wrote the novel _Un Ollo de Vidro_ and in 1924 he joined the _Seminario de Estudos Galegos_ and founded the _Coral Polifonica de Pontevedra_. Two years later he published _Cousas_, and in 1929 he travelled to Brittany to study its stone crosses and publish _As Cruces de Pedra na Bretaña_.
Emilia Pardo Bazán

**Emilia Pardo Bazán** (16 September 1851 – 12 May 1921) (also known as _Emilia, countess de Pardo Bazán_) was a Spanish author and scholar.

## Life

Bazán was born in A Coruña (also known as La Coruña or Corunna), part of the region of Galicia, and the culture of that area was incorporated into some of her most popular novels, including _Los pazos de Ulloa_ (_The Manors of Ulloa_) and its sequel, _La Madre Naturaleza_ (_Mother Nature_). She was also known for bringing naturalism to Spanish literature, for her detailed descriptions of reality, and for her role in feminist literature of her era.

Married at eighteen to Sr D. Jos Quiroga, a Galician country gentleman, she interested herself in politics, and is believed to have taken an active part in the underground campaign against Amadeo of Spain and, later, against the republic. In 1876 she came into notice as the successful competitor for a literary prize offered by the municipality of Oviedo, the subject of her essay being the Benedictine monk, Benito Jerónimo Feijoo. This was followed by a series of articles inserted in _La Ciencia cristiana_, a magazine of the purest orthodoxy, edited by Juan M. Orti y plana.

## Other websites

- Biography and list of works (Spanish language)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Emilia Pardo Bazán y de la Rúa-Figueroa
- **image**: Emilia Pardo Bazan (1896).jpg
- **image size**: 215px
- **caption**: Portrait by  (1896)
- **nationality**: Spain, Spanish
- **birth place**: A Coruña, Spain
- **death place**: Madrid, Spain
- **occupation**: Novelist, short story writer, journalist, critic
- **period**: 19th century
- **genre**: Novel
- **movement**: Literary realism, Realism and Naturalism (literature), Naturalism
- **spouse**: José Antonio de Quiroga y Pérez de Deza
- **children**: 3
Hypothalamus

The **hypothalamus** is a brain part at the base of the brain. It connects the endocrine system to the nervous system. The word _hypothalamus_ is a Greek word which means "under the thalamus"; it is used because hypothalamus is below the thalamus, and above the brain stem.

The hypothalamus contains many different nuclei which separately control body temperature, hunger, thirst and circadian cycles.
It is the control system which regulates the pituitary gland, the 'master gland' of the body. It is also involved in regulating sex drive.

The thalamus sits above the hypothalamus, and the hypothalamus sits above the pituitary gland. That area at the base of the brain down to the pituitary is the centre of neurosecretion. Some neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus produce hormones such as oxytocin and vasopressin. These hormones are released into the blood in the posterior pituitary. It is the main way the nervous system controls the hormones in our bodies. The hypothalamus sends signals to the endocrine system to control other systems in the body.
Square yard

A **square yard** (sometimes written yd² ) is the United States and British unit of measurement for area. It is the area inside a square that has each side equal to one yard (3 feet or 36 inches). This measurement can be found by squaring the measure of one side of the square.

It was formerly used in most of the English-speaking world, but now is generally replaced by the square metre. However, it is still  used in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Pakistan and India.
Ahmednagar

**Ahmednagar** is a city of Ahmednagar District in the state of Maharashtra, India, on the left bank of the Sina river, about 120 kilometres northeast of Pune and 120 kilometres from Aurangabad.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ahmednagar
- **native name lang**: mr
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: ChandBibiTomb.jpg
- **image caption**: Tomb of Salabat Khan
- **pushpin map**: India Maharashtra
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name1**: Maharashtra
- **subdivision name2**: Ahmednagar District, Ahmednagar
- **established date**: 1490
- **founder**: Ahmad Nizam Shah I in 1490.
- **government type**: Mayor–council government, Mayor–Council
- **leader title**: Mayor of Ahmednagar, Mayor
- **leader name**: Babasaheb wakale ,  Babasaheb wakale (Bhartiy janata party)
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 39.30
- **elevation m**: 649
- **population total**: 350905
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population rank**: List of most populous cities in India, 124th
- **population demonym**: Nagarkar / Nagari (Marathi)
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: Marathi language, Marathi
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 414001 , 414003
- **area code**: 0241
- **area code type**: Telephone codethe
- **registration plate**: MH 16,17
- **leader title2**: Municipal Commissioner
Steering wheel (ship)

The **wheel** of a ship is the modern method of changing the angle of the rudder to change the direction of the boat or ship. It is also called the galver, together with the rest of the steering mechanism.

The wheel is typically connected to a mechanical or hydraulic system.

The idea of tractors, automobiles, and similar land vehicles having a steering wheel probably evolved directly from the ship's wheel.
Grumman F-14 Tomcat

The **F-14 Tomcat** is a fighter plane made for the American Navy. It first flew in 1970 and started to replace the F-4 Phantom II in 1973. It could carry 6 of AIM-54 Phoenix missiles and two AIM-9 Sidewinders. The plane can go supersonic and has variable-sweep wings. In 2006, the Navy stopped using it. Iran uses the F-14, but they are rumored to be in poor condition.

## Related pages

- F/A-18 Hornet
- F-15 Eagle
- F-16 Fighting Falcon
- F-4 Phantom II
General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon

The **General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falco** is a one-engine multirole combat aircraft. It was originally designed and built by General Dynamics, which is now part of Lockheed Martin. The United States Air Force (USAF) ordered the F-16 in 1972. The airplane first flew four years later in 1976. Over 4,600 F-16s have been built since then. The airplane has been used by more than 25 air forces around the world. It is also used by the Thunderbirds, the USAF's aerobatics team. As of 2015, there are more F-16s in military use than any other fixed-wing aircraft.

## Capabilities

The F-16 is able to fly at twice the speed of sound. It is armed with a M61 Vulcan Gatling gun and has eleven places where weapons or other equipment can be attached. It was the first production combat airplane to be designed to be unstable to be easier to turn, and has easier controls to make it highly agile in the air. Its designers also used many other new ideas such as a bubble canopy to help the pilot see better and a control stick on the side of the cockpit to make it easier to steer during tight turns and high g-forces.

The F-16's official name is "Fighting Falcon", but it is often called the "Viper" by its pilots and crews. The nickname came from the fact that the viper snake is known for its deadly fangs and venom, and because the Colonial Viper spacecraft from _Battlestar Galactica_ was popular when the airplane was introduced to the USAF.

## Users

- , has "F-16AM/BM models" or fourth-generation F-16 airplanes (since 2024's third quarter)

### Past users

- – Italian Air Force leased up to 30 F-16As and 4 F-16Bs from the US Air Force from 2001 until 2012.

## Related pages

- F-15 Eagle
- F-14 Tomcat

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: F-16 Fighting Falcon
- **image**: File:F-16 June 2008.jpg
- **caption**: A US Air Force F-16C over Iraq in 2008
- **alt**: Airplane flying over desert, carrying fuel and weapons


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Multirole fighter, air superiority fighter
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: General Dynamics
Lockheed Martin
- **first flight**: (unplanned)
 (official)
- **status**: In service
- **primary user**: United States Air Force
- **more users**: 25 other #Operators, users
- **produced**: 1973–2017, 2019–present
- **number built**: 4,604 (June 2018)
- **unit cost**: F-16A/B:  (1998)
F-16C/D:  (1998)
- **developed into**: Vought Model 1600
General Dynamics F-16XL
Mitsubishi F-2
M1 Garand

The **M1 Garand** is a semi-automatic rifle that was mostly used by the US Army during World War II and the Korean War. It replaced the M1903 Springfield rifle in 1936, as the main US service rifle. It has an internal eight-bullet box magazine, which is loaded with clips of 8 bullets. When the last round is shot, the empty clip is ejected, making a "ping" sound. A common misconception (seen in video games such as Call of Duty) is that the clip can only be removed by shooting all the bullets, but the clip may be removed at any time (but it is hard to do). General George Patton described it as the greatest battle implement ever designed. It was replaced by the M14 battle rifle in the late 1950's.

## Users

- 1950s
    - Captured from U.S. Army in World War 2.
    - Captured from U.S.Army during World War 2. See also: Type 4/5 Rifle
    - Captured from South Korean Army and U.S.Army during Korean War.

## Other websites

- WW2DB: M1 Garand
- M1 Garand - Encyc
Hydrogen atom

A **hydrogen atom** is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen.

Its parts are a single negatively-charged electron that circles a single positively-charged nucleus of the hydrogen atom. The nucleus of hydrogen consists of only a single proton (in the case of hydrogen-1 or _protium_), _or_ it may also include one or more neutrons (giving deuterium, tritium, and other isotopes). The electron is bound to the nucleus by the Coulomb force. Hydrogen-1, also known as protium or "light hydrogen" is the main component of natural hydrogen.

## Related pages

- Hydrogen
- quantum mechanics

## References

Section 4.2 deals with the hydrogen atom specifically, but all of Chapter 4 is relevant.

## Other websites

- Physics of hydrogen atom on Scienceworld
- Visualizing Atomic Orbitals
- Applet which allows viewing of all sorts of hydrogenic orbitals
- The Hydrogen Atom: Wave Functions, Probability Density "pictures"
- Basic Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom
Live at Wembley (album)

***Live at Wembley*** is a DVD/CD by American R&B singer Beyoncé Knowles. It was released on April 27, 2004.

### CD

1. What's It Gonna Be (Album Version)
1. My First Time (Album Version)
1. Krazy In Luv (Maurice's Nu Soul Remix)
1. Baby Boy (Junior's World Mixshow Beyonce)
1. Naughty Girl (Calderone Quayle Club Mix)

### DVD

1. Baby Boy
1. Naughty Girl
1. Fever
1. Hip Hop Star
1. Yes
1. Work It Out
1. Gift From Virgo
1. Be With You
1. Speechless
1. Destiny`s Child's Medley
1. Me, Myself and I
1. Summertime
1. Dangerously in Love 2
1. Crazy In Love

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Live at Wembley
- **type**: live
- **longtype**: / Video album
- **artist**: Beyoncé
- **recorded**: November 10, 2003
- **venue**: Wembley Arena

- **director**: Janie Valentine
- **prev title**: True Star: A Private Performance
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: B'Day (Beyoncé album), B'Day
- **next year**: 2006
Leo von Caprivi

**Georg Leo von Caprivi**, later **Georg Leo _Graf_ von Caprivi de Caprara de Montecuccoli** (), (24 February 1831–6 February 1899) was a German major general and politician, who succeeded Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor of Germany. Caprivi was German Chancellor from March 1890 to October 1894.

## Biography

Born in Charlottenburg, Berlin to a family of Italian and Slovenian origin, Caprivi joined the army in 1849 and fought in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 and the Franco-Prussian War in 1870.

He liked Bismarck, and once said "What jackass would dare to succeed Bismarck?". Kaiser Wilhelm II was arguing with Bismarck about changes to the government. In February 1890 the Kaiser told Caprivi to come back to Berlin. Caprivi was told that he would take over from Bismarck if Bismarck did not do what the Kaiser wanted. Caprivi became chancellor on 18 March 1890.

Caprivi's government was friendlier to the Social Democrats and to the United Kingdom. The Zanzibar treaty of July 1890, meant Germany gave control of Zanzibar, an island near German East Africa to Britain in return for the island of Heligoland in the North Sea . Caprivi also got the Caprivi Strip added to German South West Africa. This is a narrow strip of land that links German South West Africa (now called Namibia), to the Zambezi River.

In 1892 Caprivi resigned as Prussian Minister President and was replaced by Count Botho zu Eulenburg. Prussia was so powerful in the German Empire that having different people as Imperial Chancellor and Minister President made it hard to govern the country. Caprivi and Eulenburg were dismissed in 1894 and Prince Chlodwig of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst took both jobs.

## Other websites

- _Die Reden des Grafen von Caprivi im deutschen Reichstage, preussischen Landtage und besondern Anllasen_ "Speeches of Count von Caprivi in the German Reichstag, Prissian Landtag, and other places" in German at google Books.

## Infobox (chancellor)

- **name**: Count Leo von Caprivi
- **image**: Leo von Caprivi.jpg
- **order**: Chancellor of Germany
- **term start**: 1890
- **term end**: 1894
- **predecessor**: Otto von Bismarck, Prince Bismarck
- **successor**: Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Hohenlohe
- **birth place**: Berlin, Prussia
- **death place**: Skórzyn, Germany
- **party**: None