juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Sindhi language

**Sindhi** (سنڌي, _Sindhī_) is an Indo-Aryan language of the Sindh region of the Indian subcontinent, which is a province of Pakistan. It is spoken by about 41 million people in Pakistan and 2 million in the Republic of India.

## Dialects

Sindhi has many dialects like:

- **Uttaradi**: spoken in Uttar north region of Sindh.
- **Vicholi**: spoken in central region of Sindh. It is the standard and literary dialect of Sindhi.
- **Lari**: it is spoken in "Lar" region of Sindh.
- **Lasi**: spoken mainly in Lasbela district of balochistan, also spoken in Kirthar mountains of Sindh, in Sindh it is called as Kohistani.
- **Siroli/Siraiki**: it is spoken in small numbers throughout Sindh, but mainly in northmost Sindh districts along the border of South Punjab.
- **Thareli**: spoken north eastern thar desert called Nara desert, but mainly spoken in Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, India.
- **Jadgali**: this dialect of Sindhi is spoken in balochistan region of Pakistan and Iran, while some speakers are also found in Oman.

## Related pages

- Languages of Pakistan

## Other websites

- Sindhi Tutorial
- SindhiLanguage.com
- Sindhi Script History and Script
- Daily Sindh Hyderabad A Newspaper in sindhi Language

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Sindhi
- **nativename**: सिन्धी
- **states**: Pakistan and India
- **region**: Sindh, Balochistan and Gujarat
- **speakers**: 54.3 million
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Northwestern Zone
- **script**: Arabic alphabet, Arabic, Devanagari
- **nation**: Sindh, Sindh, Pakistan
Gujarat, Gujarat, India
- **agency**: Sindhi Language Authority (Pakistan)
- **iso1**: sd
- **iso2**: snd
- **iso3**: snd
- **notice**: Indic
Burig

The **Burig** (or **Purik**), are a group of Tibetan Muslims, who live south of the Balti in Ladakh. Most of them live in Ladakh and Baltistan, mostly in Kargil, although many live in Leh.
Firozpur district

**Ferozepur** () founded by Firuz Shah Tughluq is a district in the Indian state of Punjab. The district is the oldest British district of Punjab. It was created in 1833 as district headquarters and was part of the earstwhile Lahore Division (now in Pakistan).

Ferozepur has easy access by road and rail to other places such as Lahore, Okara, Kasur, Multan. The area is a center of many holy shrines and historic places. At the city of Zira, a Jain Swetambar Temple with very old brass icons and beautiful wall murals is located.

In addition to cotton and grain cultivation and agriculture-related services, Firozpur has some light manufacturing. Commercial progress is limited because it is very near the border between India and Pakistan.

## Administration

The district is administratively divided into the following tehsils:

- Guru Har Sahai Tehsil
- Firozpur Tehsil
- Zira Tehsil
Pathankot

**Pathankot** (, ) is a city and a municipal committee in Gurdaspur district in the Punjab State of India. It is the fifth largest city in the state of Punjab in terms of population.

Pathankot is a meeting point of the Punjab region and considered a disputed territory by the United Nations. It is the last city in Punjab on the national highway that connects Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of Pakistan and India. This bestows strategic importance on the city. It is a major base for the defence forces, the Indian army and air force. It has the largest military base in the whole of Asia.

Due to its ideal location, Pathankot serves as a travel hub for the three northerly states. In the scenic foothills of Kangra and Dalhousie, with the river Chakki flowing close by, the city is often used as a rest-stop before heading into the Himalayan mountains of Kashmir, Dalhousie, Chamba, and Kangra.
Yonex

() is a Japanese maker of  sporting equipment for badminton, golf and tennis, making racquets, clubs, shoes, shuttlecocks, and other equipment for those sports.

## Other websites

- Official company website

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Yonex Co., Ltd.
- **company type**: Public company, Public
- **foundation**: 1946
- **location**: Tokyo, Japan
Taiwan
- **key people**: Minoru Yoneyama, founder
- **industry**: Sporting goods
- **products**: Racquets, shuttlecocks, golf club (equipment), clubs, snowboards, shoes, clothing, apparel, accessories
- **num employees**: 1,200 approx.
- **homepage**: [http://www.yonex.com/ www.yonex.com]
Bangladesh Liberation War

The **Bangladesh Liberation War** ( _Muktijuddho_) was a revolutionary war for the independence of Bangladesh in 1971. The war was between East Pakistan (later with the help of India) and West Pakistan and lasted nine months. West Pakistan is called Pakistan today.

Because of the war, 10 million refugees left the country and 30 million people left their homes. Between 300,000 and 3 million people were killed, majority of them civilians, by the Pakistan Army. Many Bengali women were raped, and there are documented cases of forced prostitution. Between 200,000  and 400,000 Bengali women were raped. Pakistan's leaders openly supported the crime by labelling Bengali freedom fighters as "Hindus" and Bengali women as "the booty of war". But in reality, more than 80 percent of the Bengali people were Muslim at that time. The Pakistani Army committed genocide on larger parts of the Bengali population. This is known as the 1971 Bangladesh atrocities today. The Bengali Hindus bore the brunt of the massacres committed by the Pakistan Army as they began systemically targeting and exterminating Hindu villages.

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's party won the Pakistan elections of 1970 and the military junta that ruled the country decided he must not be Prime Minister. The resulting war started on 26 March 1971 and finished on 16 December. A category 3 cyclone also happened during the war.

Ghulam Azam and Motiur Rahman Nizami were convicted for war crimes. Azam died before a final hearing. Nizami was executed for his crimes in May 2016.

## Sources

---
Princess Iman

- Princess Iman bint Al Hussein
- Princess Iman bint Hussein bin Abdullah
Peter Potamus

***Peter Potamus*** is a cartoon made by Hanna-Barbera.  It was first shown on television on September 16, 1964. The main characters are a friendly purple hippopotamus called Peter Potamus and his friend So-So the monkey.  Together they explore the world in a time-traveling hot-air balloon.  Peter has a special "Hippo Hurricane Holler" that helps him blow away his enemies.
Muscovy duck

The **Muscovy duck** (_Cairina moschata_) is a duck from the Americas, from Texas in the north to Uruguay in the south. Feral Muscovy ducks are found in New Zealand, Australia, and in Central and Eastern Europe.

## Ecology

The Muscovy duck is non-migratory species which normally lives in forested swamps, lakes, streams, nearby grassland, and farm crops, and usually roost in trees at nighttime. The duck's diet consists of roots, stems, leaves, seeds of aquatic plants and grasses as well as terrestrial plants including agricultural crops obtained by grazing or dabbling in shallow water. It may also eat small fish, amphibians, reptiles, crustaceans, insects, millipedes, and worms. The Muscovy is an aggressive duck; males tend to fight over food, territory or mates. The females fight with each other less often. Some adults will peck at the ducklings if they are eating at the same food source.
Soar

**Soar** could mean:
- Soaring, a mode of flight
- _Soar_ (album), the second album (released 1991) by the American band Samiam
- Hank Soar (1914–2001), an American football player, baseball umpire and basketball coach
- Soar (cognitive architecture)
- 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne), a US Army regiment
- Soap on a Rope (SoaR), a webcomic
- Smalltalk on a RISC, a project to develop a specialized RISC CPU for the execution of Smalltalk bytecode
- Safe Operating Area, typically used to describe power limitations of electronic components
- Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope
- SOAR (camp), a Girl Guide camp held in British Columbia every three years
- Any of several places in the United Kingdom:
    - The River Soar, a river in the English East Midlands
    - Soar, Anglesey, Wales
    - Soar, Nottinghamshire, England
    - Soar, Devon, England
    - Soar, Gwynedd, Wales
    - Soar, Powys, Wales
    - Old Soar Manor, England
Soaring

**Soaring** might mean:
- Lift (soaring)
- Gliding
- Hang gliding
- Paragliding
- _Soaring_ (magazine), published by the Soaring Society of America

## Related pages

- Bird flight
Hino

**Hino** could mean:
- Hino, Shiga
- Hino, Tokyo
- Hino, Tottori
- Hino District, Tottori
- Hino Motors, Ltd.
- Lake Hino in Estonia
Feliformia

**Feliformia** is a suborder in the mammal order Carnivora. It contains all the Felidae, which are cat-like animals. The suborder also contains the relatives of the cats, which includes hyaenas, civets, Asiatic linsangs, and more. There are six families, twelve subfamilies, 56 genera and 114 species in the Feliformia suborder now.

Molecular phylogeny shows the Feliformia is monophyletic. The other suborder of Carnivora is the dog-like Caniformia.

## Taxonomy

- Suborder **Feliformia** ("cat-like")
    - Family Eupleridae: _Fossa_ and others
    - Family Felidae: Cats
        - Subfamily Felinae
        - Subfamily Pantherinae
    - Family Nandiniidae:
        - Genus _Nandinia_: African palm civet
    - Family Viverridae: Civet cats, Genets etc.
    - Family Hyaenidae: Hyaenas
        - Subfamily Hyaeninae
        - Subfamily Protelinae
    - Family Herpestidae: Mongooses
    - Family Primodontidae: Asiatic linsang
    - Family Eupleridae: Varied group, endemic to Madagascar

- †Barbourofelidae: Miocene "false" sabre-tooths
- †Nimravidae: "false" sabre-tooths, from Eocene to end Miocene.
- †Stenoplesictidae: Civet-like animals
- †Percrocutidae: hyaena-like forms from the Miocene to later Pliocene

## References

<span id="ExRefs"></span>
- 1. Taxonomic references extant species (a); supporting descriptive information and pictures: Diversity Web (online) - Feliformia.
- 2. Taxonomic references extant species (b): ITIS Integrated Taxonomic Information System
- 3. Fossil record data (with taxonomic references) extant and extinct species: The Paleaobiology Database
- 4. Supporting taxonomic references extant and extinct species: Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification - Suborder Feliformia
- 5. Gina D. Wesley-Hunt and John J. Flynn 2005: Phylogeny of The Carnivora
- 6a. Anne D. Yoder and John J. Flynn 2003: Origin of Malagasy Carnivora
- 6b. Yoder, A., M. Burns, S. Zehr, T. Delefosse, G. Veron, S. Goodman, J. Flynn. 2003: Single origin of Malagasy Carnivora from an African ancestor – Letters to Nature
- 7. Philippe Gaubert, W. Chris Wozencraft, Pedro Cordeiro-Estrela and Géraldine Veron. 2005 - Mosaics of Convergences and Noise in Morphological Phylogenies: What's in a Viverrid-Like Carnivoran?
Crack

**Crack** frequently refers to:

- Crack, a fracture or discontinuation in a body
- Crack, in geology, a fracture (geology) in a rock
- Crack, short for crack cocaine, the freebase form of cocaine that can be smoked

## Other uses

- Cracking (chemistry), the process whereby complex organic molecules are broken down into simpler molecules
Eared seal

An **eared seal** or **otariid **is Phocidae's family **Otariidae**.

## Taxonomy

- Family **Otariidae** (Eared seals)
    - Genus _Arctocephalus_ (Fur seals)
    - Genus _Callorhinus_
        - Northern Fur Seal (_Callorhinus ursinus_)
    - Genus _Eumetopias_
        - Steller Sea Lion or Northern Sea Lion (_Eumetopias jubatus_)
    - Genus _Neophoca_
        - Australian Sea Lion (_Neophoca cinerea_)
    - Genus _Otaria_
        - South American sea lion or Southern Sea Lion (_Otaria flavescens_, formerly _Otaria byronia_)
        - _Otaria fischeri_
    - Genus _Phocarctos_
        - New Zealand Sea Lion (_Phocarctos hookeri_)
    - Genus _Zalophus_
        - California Sea Lion (_Zalophus californianus_)
Earless seal

The **earless seals** or **true seals** are Otariidae's family **Phocidae**, one of the three pinniped families.

## Taxonomy

- Family **Phocidae**
    - Subfamily **Monachinae**
        - Tribe **Monachini**
            - Genus _Monachus_
                - Mediterranean Monk Seal (_Monachus monachus_)
                - Hawaiian Monk Seal (_Monachus schauinslandi_)
                - Caribbean Monk Seal (_Monachus tropicalis_) †
            - Genus _Mirounga_: Elephant seals
                - Northern Elephant Seal (_Mirounga angustirostris_)
                - Southern Elephant Seal (_Mirounga leonina_)
        - Tribe **Lobodontini**
            - Genus _Ommatophoca_
                - Ross Seal (_Ommatophoca rossii_)
            - Genus _Lobodon_
                - Crabeater Seal (_Lobodon carcinophagus_)
            - Genus _Hydrurga_
                - Leopard Seal (_Hydrurga leptonyx_)
            - Genus _Leptonychotes_
                - Weddell Seal (_Leptonychotes weddellii_)
    - Subfamily **Phocinae**
        - Genus _Cystophora_
            - Hooded Seal (_Cystophora cristata_)
        - Genus _Erignathus_
            - Bearded Seal (_Erignathus barbatus_)
        - Genus _Histriophoca_
            - Ribbon Seal (_Histriophoca fasciata_)
        - Genus _Phoca_
            - Spotted Seal (_Phoca largha_)
            - Common Seal or Harbor Seal (_Phoca vitulina_)
            - Harp Seal (_Phoca groenlandica_, formerly _Pagophilus groenlandicus_)
        - Genus _Pusa_
            - Ringed Seal (_Pusa hispida_, formerly _Phoca hispida_)
            - Caspian Seal (_Pusa caspica_, formerly _Phoca caspica_)
            - Nerpa or Baikal Seal (_Pusa sibirica_, formerly _Phoca sibirica_)
        - Genus _Halichoerus_
            - Grey Seal (_Halichoerus grypus_)
Ernst Mayr

**Ernst Walter Mayr** (July 5, 1904, Kempten, Germany – February 3, 2005, Bedford, Massachusetts), was a German American scientist. He was one of the 20th century's leading evolutionary biologists. He was also a well-known taxonomist, tropical explorer, ornithologist, historian of science, and naturalist. He was a leading contributor to the modern evolutionary synthesis. He was especially interested in how new species formed.

Mayr joined the faculty of Harvard University in 1953, where he also served as director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970. He retired in 1975 as emeritus professor of zoology, showered with honors.

After his retirement, he went on to publish more than 200 articles, in a variety of journals—more than some reputable scientists publish in their entire careers; 14 of his 25 books were published after he was 65. Even as a centenarian, he continued to write books.

Mayr was awarded the Linnean Society's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1958. He was never awarded a Nobel Prize, because there is no such prize for evolutionary biology. He commented that Darwin would not have received one, either. Mayr did win a 1999 Crafoord Prize. That prize honors basic research in fields that do not qualify for Nobel awards, and is administered by the same organization as the Nobel Prize.

## Speciation

Neither Darwin nor anyone else in his time knew the answer to the _species problem_: how species could evolve from a single common ancestor.

Ernst Mayr approached the problem with a definition for the concept **species**. He wrote that a species is not just a group of individuals that look similar, but a group that can breed only among themselves.

When populations of organisms get isolated, the sub-populations will start to differ as time goes by. This way, they will evolve into new species. The most rapid genetic reorganization occurs in small populations which have been isolated. This happens if a species gets trapped on an island, for example. Or, perhaps, if the species lives in more than one environment.

Today, it is accepted that reproductive isolation is by far the most frequent cause of species splitting, and that geographical separation is the most frequent cause of this isolation. This was Mayr's most characteristic idea. Debate continues over the extent to which speciation occurs when a population is not so isolated.

### Some books

- Mayr, Ernst and William B. Provine (eds) 1980. _The evolutionary synthesis_. Harvard University Press, reprinted 1998 with new preface as .

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Ernst Mayr
- **image**: Ernst Mayr PLoS.jpg
- **caption**: Ernst Mayr
- **birth place**: Kempten im Allgäu, Kempten, German Empire
- **death place**: Bedford, Massachusetts, United States
- **nationality**:  Germany
- **field**: evolutionary biology
Ovis

***Ovis*** is a genus of the subfamily Caprinae, of the family Bovidae. The wild sheep and domestic sheep and other animals like it belong to this genus. There are 5 or more animals in this genus.

## Taxonomy

- Genus ***Ovis***
    - _Ovis orientalis_ group
        - _Ovis orientalis_
            - Mouflon (_Ovis orientalis orientalis_ group)
                - Domestic sheep (_Ovis aries_ or _Ovis orientalis aries_)
            - Urial (_Ovis orientalis vignei_ group)
        - Argali or mountain sheep (_Ovis ammon_)
    - _Ovis canadensis_ group
        - Snow sheep (_Ovis nivicola_)
        - Thinhorn sheep (_Ovis dalli_)
            - Dall sheep (_Ovis dalli dalli_)
            - Stone sheep (_Ovis dalli stonei_)
        - Bighorn sheep (_Ovis canadensis_)

These are the main species of ovis.

||_Ovis ammon_|Argali|
| --- | --- | --- |
||_Ovis orientalis aries_|Domestic sheep|
||_Orientalis orientalis orientalis_ group|Mouflon|
||_Ovis orientalis vignei_ group|Urial|
||_Ovis canadensis_|Bighorn sheep|
||_Ovis dalli_|Thinhorn sheep|
||_Ovis nivicola_|Snow sheep|
Gunnar Nordström

**Gunnar Nordström** (12 March 1881, Helsinki – 24 December 1923, Helsinki) was a Finnish physicist. He is best known for his theory of gravitation, which was a competitor of Albert Einstein's general relativity. In 1914, Nordström added a space dimension to his theory. This described gravity and electromagnetism at the same time. Unluckily, Theodor Kaluza and Oskar Klein have got most attention on this subject. Nordström is not well known in his own home country, but what he has done is known well in other countries. Some Finnish authors call Nordström as _Finnish Einstein_.

Nordström was born in Helsinki, the capital of Finland during the time when Finland was part of Russian Empire). He studied at University of Helsinki and completed his dissertation in 1908. Before this, he studied for some time in Göttingen where he met the world's best scientists. After this, he became a professor at the university. In 1910, he started his trip in Europe. He visited at Zürich, Berlin, Vienna, and Leyden. During his time in the Netherlands, he married Cornelia van Leeuwen. They had three children.

Nordström was very close friend to Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr. He died at Helsinki in 1923 because of radioactivity. In that time, radioactivity was thought to have healing effects.
Pope Pius XI

**Pope Pius XI** (; , 31 May 1857–10 February 1939),  born **Achille Ratti**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 260th Pope from 1922 to 1939.

## Priest

Ratti was ordained as a priest in 1875.

Father Ratti was a professor at the Padua Seminary from 1882 to 1888. He worked at Ambrosian Library of Milan from 1888 to 1911; and at the Vatican Library from 1911-1914.

## Bishop

In 1919, Pope Benedict XV made Ratti a Bishop of Lepanto.

In 1921, Benedict named him Archbishop of Milan.

## Cardinal

In 1921, Ratti was made a cardinal.

## Pope

Cardinal Ratti was elected pope on February 6, 1922; and he chose the name Pope Pius XI.

Some of his decisions were controversial. He made 18 concordats (treaties) with foreign governments. They included the Lateran Concordat with Italy in 1929; and the Reichskoncordat with Germany in 1933.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Vatican webpage, Pius XI biography 
- Catholic hierarchy, Pope Pius XI
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Ratti

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope
- **name**: Pius XI
- **image**: Pius XI, by Nicola Perscheid (retouched).jpg
- **motto**: Raptim Transit (It goes by swiftly)
Pax Christi in Regno Christi (The Peace of Christ in the Realm of Christ)
- **birth name**: Achille Ratti
- **term start**: 6 February 1922
- **term end**: 10 February 1939
- **birth date**: 31 May 1857
- **birth place**: Desio, Lombardy-Venetia, Austrian Empire
- **death date**: 10 February 1939
- **death place**: Apostolic Palace, Vatican City
- **predecessor**: Pope Benedict XV
- **successor**: Pope Pius XII
- **other**: Pius
Defender (association football)

A **defender** in association football is a player that plays in at the back of the formation. There are many positions classed as a defender, mainly:
- Left back
- Central defender
- Right back
- Sweeper
- Full back
- Wing back

The defenders are the first number when referring to formations, for example:

- **4-3-3** is the formation. This formation shows that there are four **defenders**, three midfielders and three attackers.
- **4-4-2** is the formation. This formation shows that there are four **defenders**, four midfielders and two attackers.
- **3-4-3** is the formation. This formation shows that there are three **defenders**, four midfielders and three attackers.

## Famous defenders

|Player|Position|Current Club|Former Clubs|Best Ballon d'Or Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Dani Alves|Right-Back|UNAM|Barcelona, Juventus, Paris Saint-Germain, São Paulo|19th (2011)|
|Paolo Maldini|Left-Back Center-Back|Retired|AC Milan|3rd (1994, 2003)|
|Franz Beckenbauer|Sweeper|Retired|Bayern Munich, New York Cosmos|Winner (1972, 1976)|
|Carles Puyol|Center-Back|Retired|Barcelona|11th (2010)|
|Lilian Thuram|Center-Back|Retired|AS Monaco, Parma, Juventus, Barcelona|25th (1997)|
Defender

A **defender** is usually somebody who participates in a legal defense (legal).

**Defender** can also refer to:

- Defender (football), a position in association football (soccer)
- Defendant, in Scots law for civil cases
- Public defender, in American law
- Windows Defender, an anti-spyware technology

## Related pages

- Defenceman
- Defender of the Faith
Midfielder

A **midfielder** in football is a player who usually plays in the centre of the field. There are usually a number of midfielders in each team of football, and are normally split into three: attacking; central; and defending.

The midfielders are always the middle parts of the formation numbers, for example:

An **attacking midfielder** is a midfielder who is often positioned between the central midfielders and the forwards. They often have a primarily offensive role. **Playmakers** are a type of attacking midfielders. Some famous Attacking Midfielders include Kaká, Diego Maradona, Zico, and Zinedine Zidane.

A **winger** is a type of midfielder. They often join the strikers when the team creates attacks. Wide midfielders are a variation of a winger. Some famous wingers include Neymar, Arjen Robben, Ronaldinho, and Lionel Messi
Forward

A **forward** (or **striker**) is a football player who is the closest to the other team's goal. The forwards are the players that are known to score the most goals.

Coaches usually send a forward that scores all the goals (_the centre forward_) and sends another forward that makes the assists (_second striker_).

The attackers are normally the last part of the formation numbers, for example:

- **4-3-3** is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, three midfielders and three **attackers**.
- **4-4-2** is the formation. This formation shows that there are four defenders, four midfielders and two **attackers**.
- **3-4-3** is the formation. This formation shows that there are three defenders, four midfielders and three **attackers**.

## Famous strikers

- **German Bundesliga:**
    - Gerd Müller: 365 goals
    - Klaus Fischer: 265 goals
    - Jupp Heynckes: 220 goals
- **Premier League:**
    - Alan Shearer: 260 goals
    - Andrew Cole: 187 goals
    - Thierry Henry: 174 goals
- **La Liga (Spain):**
    - Hugo Sánchez: 234 goals
    - Raúl: 228 goals
- **Ligue 1 (France)**:
    - Carlos Bianchi: 179 goals
- **FIFA World Cup**
    - Miroslav Klose (Germany): 16 goals
    - Ronaldo (Brazil): 15 goals
    - Gerd Mülle<nowiki/>r (Germany): 14 goals
- **UEFA Champions League**
    - Raúl: 71 goals
    - Ruud van Nistelrooy: 60 goals
    - Andriy Shevchenko: 59 goals
    - Thierry Henry: 51 goals
    - Alfredo Di Stéfano: 49 goals
Lollywood

**Lollywood** () is the name of Pakistani movie industry that is based in the city of Lahore. The name is a combination of the city's first letter with the name "Hollywood". The word "Lollywood" was first used in the summer of 1989.

## Languages used in Lollywood movies

The movies made in Lollywood are usually in Urdu. Some are made in Punjabi, which is the main and official language of the province of Punjab, where Lollywood is located. Some are also in English.

## Related pages

- Bollywood ("Indian Hollywood" - Hindi, Urdu and Marathi cinema)
- Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema)
- Mollywood (Malayalam cinema)
- Tollywood (Telugu cinema)
- Hollywood

## Other websites

- IMDb - A database of Pakistani movies
- IMDb - A database of Urdu language movies
- IMDb - A database of Punjabi language movies
- IMDb - A database of Pashtu language movies
- IMDb - A database of Sindhi language movies
- IMDb - A database of Balochi language movies
- IMDb - A database of Kashmiri language movies
Mugger crocodile

The **mugger crocodile** (_Crocodylus palustris_) is also known as the marsh crocodile, broad-snouted crocodile and mugger.

It lives in the Indian subcontinent and nearby countries. In Pakistan's coastal regions of the Makran and delta marshlands of Sindh, it is known as the Indus crocodile.  The name "Mugger" is a corruption of the Hindi word magar which means "water monster".  It is one of three crocodilians in India, the others are the saltwater crocodile (_C. porosus_) and gharial (_Gavialis gangeticus_).

Mugger crocodile hatchlings are pale olive with black spots. Adults are dark olive to grey or brown. The head is rough without any ridges.

The mugger crocodile is a medium-sized crocodilian. It has a strong tail and webbed feet. It has good sense of smell, sight and hearing. Adult female muggers are 2 to 2.5 m (6 ft 7 in to 8 ft 2 in) on average. Adult male muggers are 3 to 3.5 m (9 ft 10 in to 11 ft 6 in). They rarely grow up to 5 m (16 ft 5 in). The largest known muggers measured 5.63 m (18 ft 6 in).

## Distribution and habitat

The mugger crocodile can be found in southern Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, India and Sri Lanka, but is probably extinct in Bangladesh. It lives in freshwater lakes, rivers and marshes. It prefers slow-moving, shallow water bodies. It is also known to live in artificial reservoirs and irrigation canals.

## Behaviour

The mugger crocodile is a very strong swimmer that uses its tail and hind feet to move forward, change direction and go under the water. Its belly touches the ground at the bottom of waterbodies and on land. During the hot dry season, it walks over land at night to find better wetlands. It spends most of the day under the water. During the cold season it basks on riverbanks and they tolerate one another during this period. They are more aggressive during the mating season.

The mugger crocodile has an optimal body temperature of 30 to 35 °C (86 to 95 °F). It will die of freezing or hyperthermia when exposed to temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) or above 38 °C (100 °F). It digs burrows to get away from extreme temperatures. Burrows are between 0.6 and 6 m (2.0 and 19.7 ft) deep. Temperatures inside the burrows keep constant.
Banbury

**Banbury** is a market town on the River Cherwell in northern Oxfordshire, England.  It had a population of 43,867 at the 2001 census. Although this figure has increased greatly in recent years.  Banbury is part of the Cherwell district. The Member of Parliament for Banbury is Victoria Prentis. Banbury played an important part in the English Civil War prior to the Battle of Edge Hill, as shown by The Reindeer inn (December 2005).

Heavy clay and Ironstone deposits surround Banbury.

The Oxfordshire Ironstone Railway (the O.I.R.) was the local railway line from Banbury to the nearby ironstone quarry at Wroxton. It was open from 1917 to 1967.
Mecha

**Mecha**, also known as **mechs** and spelled "**meka**" or "**meks**", are walking vehicles often shown in science fiction. Stories about mecha often focus on mecha fighting other mecha, or fighting against monsters or aliens. Some stories, such as the Manga Patlabor and American miniatures game Battletech, also show mecha doing civilian purposes such as heavy construction work, police topics, or firefighting.
Tautology

**Tautology** could mean:
- Tautology (logic), a statement of propositional logic which holds for all truth values of its atomic propositions
- Tautology (rhetoric), use of redundant language
Kochi

**Kochi** could mean:
- Kochi, India, a city in the state of Kerala, India, formerly known as Cochin
- Kingdom of Kochi, also known as the Kingdom of Cochin, a princely state in pre-independence India
- INS Kochi, A warship of Indian Navy
- Kōchi Prefecture, a prefecture in Japan
- Kōchi, Kōchi, the capital city of Kochi Prefecture
- Kochi, Hiroshima, a former town in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan
- Kochi font
Glyph

A **glyph** is an element of writing. Example: the ligature **æ** in archæology represents **a** and **e** letters.

More exactly, a glyph is an element in an agreed set of symbols. A mark used in a language is a glyph, but in another language it may not be a glyph. For example, an **n** with tilde, **ñ**, is used in Spanish, as in piñata. It is not a glyph in English.

## Other websites

- Unicode
- Font
Tilde

The **tilde** ( ~ ) can be many things, such as a diacritic. Many languages use tildes. Two of these are Spanish and Portuguese. Others are Basque, and Breton.

In Spanish, the tilde, which is only put over the N ( Ñ ), makes it sound like [ɲ] (like 'ny' in _canyon_) instead of [n].

The tilde also appears in Portuguese where it is used to nasalise (meaning to sound them through the nose) the vowels "a" (ã) and "o" (õ).

In UNIX operating systems, a tilde represents the user's "home" directory.

The tilde is also used to denote when something is an estimate, such as ~24 meaning approximately 24.

On most QWERTY keyboards, you can type a tilde by holding down the shift key and pressing the "`" (single back quote). This key is in the upper left corner of the keyboard, below the esc (escape) key and to the left of the key that you use to type the number 1 or an exclamation mark (!).

Wikipedia editors sign their comments on Talk pages with four tildes ().
Burlington, Iowa

**Burlington** is a city in Des Moines County, Iowa, United States. The population was 23,982 at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- Official City Website
- Burlington Public Library

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Burlington, Iowa
- **native name**: Shoquoquon
- **other name**: Flint Hills
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: BurlingtonIA Skyline cropped.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Burlington from Mississippi River
- **image map**: Des_Moines_County_Iowa_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Burlington_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in the state of Iowa
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, County
- **subdivision name2**: Des Moines County, Iowa, Des Moines
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1833
- **area total km2**: 39.29
- **area land km2**: 37.32
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area water km2**: 1.98
- **area total sq mi**: 15.17
- **area land sq mi**: 14.41
- **area water sq mi**: 0.76
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 23982
- **population density km2**: 642.68
- **population density sq mi**: 1664.49
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Burlingtonian
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **elevation m**: 185
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation ft**: 696
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 52601
- **area code**: Area code 319, 319
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-09550
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0454995
Regis High School (Cedar Rapids)

**Regis Catholic High School** was a Catholic high school in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It is at 735 Prairie Drive NE. It merged with LaSalle High School to form Xavier High School in 1998.

## Notable alumni

- Kurt Warner (1989), NFL quarterback, 1999 Super Bowl MVP
- Zach Johnson (1994), professional golfer, 2007 Masters champion

## Infobox (school)

- **name**: Regis High School
- **religion**: Roman Catholic
- **principal**: Beth Globokar
- **schooltype**: Secondary school, Secondary
Catholic
- **fundingtype**: Private school, Private
- **streetaddress**: 735 Prairie Drive NE
- **city**: Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Cedar Rapids
- **state**: Iowa
- **country**: United States
- **opened**: 1958
- **closed**: 1998
- **conference**: WAMAC
Mississippi Valley Conference (Iowa), MVC
- **colours**: Red and Yellow
Cedar Rapids, Iowa

**Cedar Rapids** () is the second largest city in the U.S. state of Iowa. It is the county seat of Linn County.

## Other websites

- City of Cedar Rapids

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Cedar Rapids, Iowa
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: The fifth season is a time to enjoy life, to enjoy the other four seasons.
- **image skyline**: Cedar Rapids Skyline (2022).jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown
- **image flag**: Flag of Cedar Rapids, Iowa.svg
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Cedar Rapids
- **pushpin map**: Iowa#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Cedar Rapids
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Iowa, County
- **subdivision name1**: Iowa (U.S. state), Iowa
- **subdivision name2**: Linn County, Iowa, Linn
- **government type**: Home Rule
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1849
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 74.26
- **area total km2**: 192.32
- **area land sq mi**: 73.03
- **area land km2**: 189.14
- **area water sq mi**: 1.23
- **area water km2**: 3.18
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 137710
- **population density sq mi**: 1885.72
- **population density km2**: 728.08
- **population urban**: 192,844 (US: List of United States urban areas, 198th)
- **population density urban sq mi**: 2,241.6
- **population metro**: 276520 (US: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 179th)
- **population rank**: List of United States cities by population, 201st in the United States
List of largest Iowa cities by population, 2nd in Iowa
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation m**: 247
- **elevation ft**: 810
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 52227, 52228, 52233, 52324, 52338, 52401-11, 52497-99
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 319, 319
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 19-12000
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0465941
University of Northern Iowa

The **University of Northern Iowa** is a public university in Cedar Falls, Iowa.

## Other websites

- Official site of the University of Northern Iowa
- Official site of UNI athletics
- UNI Alumni Association

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of Northern Iowa
- **image**: UNI_Lang_Hall.JPG
- **caption**: Lang Hall
- **motto**: "Students first"
- **established**: 1876
- **type**: Public
- **endowment**: $51.6 million
- **president**: Benjamin Allen
- **undergrad**: 12,607
- **postgrad**: 1,600
- **city**: Cedar Falls
- **state**: Iowa
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
- **athletics**: NCAA Division I FCS
- **nickname**: Puma, Panthers
- **mascot**: TC Panther
- **website**: [http://www.uni.edu/ www.uni.edu]
Bowling

**Bowling** is a sport where people roll a heavy ball. It was invented centuries ago when grenades were heavy iron balls. Two main kinds of bowling arose. In one kind the bowler rolls a ball near a target and knocks away the ball of another bowler. This kind includes lawn bowling.

In the more common kind nowadays, the bowler rolls the ball down a wooden bowling lane trying to knock down bowling pins. This kind includes ten-pin bowling, which is so commonplace that it is often simply called "bowling". Some people bowl at smaller pins, called "duck pins" or "candle pins" with slightly different rules.

## Ten-pin

The usual kind of bowling ball has three holes, where the player puts two fingers and the thumb. The person on the lane swings the ball and lets it go to roll along the lane, attempting to knock down ten wooden pins. If the bowler does not do it right, the ball might not knock all the pins down or might roll into the gutter and hit none. Players take turns rolling their ball down the lane to see who gets the highest score.

Ten-pin bowling scores can be as low as 0 or as high as 300. Players get 10 chances to knock down all of the pins; each chance is called a frame. In each frame, players can try to knock down all of the pins up to two times. Players who do not knock down all of the pins after two tries get up to 9 points for the frame. One point is given for every pin knocked down, if any are knocked down at all. If players are able to knock down all of the pins on the first or second try, they are given 10 points for the frame plus bonus points. Frames in which a player knocks down all of the pins on the first try are scored as a strike. A strike is worth 10 points plus the number of pins knocked down by the player during their next two tries. If players do not score a strike but knock down all remaining on their second try, the frame is scored as a spare. A spare is worth 10 points plus the number of pins knocked down on the next try.

Players who score a strike or spare on their 10th frame are allowed to roll the ball up to two additional times to score their bonus points. This is the only frame where it is possible to get a strike **and** a spare. It is also possible to roll 3 strikes in this frame.
Abbot Suger

**Abbot Suger** (c. 1081 – January 13, 1151) was one of the last French abbot-statesmen. He was also a historian, the first patron of Gothic architecture, advisor to kings Louis VI of France and Louis VII of France and regent of France.

## Life

Suger was part of a poor family, and in 1091, he was brought to the abbey of Saint-Denis. Among his schoolmates were Louis Capet, the future King of France, with whom he would become friends. He became secretary to the abbot of Saint-Denis in 1104. When Louis VI became king in 1108, Suger began to advise him. Suger advised the young king to become a patron of Saint Denis, the patron saint of France who was martyred for bringing Christianity to Gaul in 272.

In1122 Suger was elected abbot of Saint-Denis. When Holy Roman Emperor Henry V invaded France in 1124, Louis VI rode into battle carrying the Oriflamme, the banner of Saint-Denis, which normally rested in the church along with the relics of the saint. As a result of his appeal to the nobility’s veneration for the saint, he was followed by a larger army of nobles than had ever previously pledged their allegiance to him or to his father. The army of Louis VI and the Oriflamme were so formidable that Henry V retreated without battle.

When Louis VI in 1137, his son Louis VII did initially rejected Suger as an advisor. During this time is when Suger began to rebuild the decaying church in Gothic form, one of the first of this type of architecture.

Louis VII seized the lands of Theobald II, Count of Champagne. Suger became acted as a mediator an negotiated peace. When Bernard of Clairvaux urged Louis VII to take up arms and lead a crusade as penance for the war with Theobald, Suger advised against it. When Louis VII left for the Hoy Land in 1147, Suger was appointed regent during the king's absence. In 1150 Suger and Bernard began making plans for a third crusade. However, Suger contracted malaria and died in 1151. He was interred at Saint-Denis.

## Other websites

- Gothic Art and Abbe Suger
Arch of Constantine

The **Arch of Constantine** () is an arch in Rome, found between the Colosseum and the Palatine Hill. It was built in honour of Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge on October 28, 312. It is the latest of the triumphal arches in Rome.

## Inscriptions

The main inscription was made of bronze letters. It says (identically on both sides):
- **IMP · CAES · FL · CONSTANTINO · MAXIMO · P · F · AVGUSTO · S · P · Q · R · QVOD · INSTINCTV · DIVINITATIS · MENTIS · MAGNITVDINE · CVM · EXERCITV · SVO · TAM · DE · TYRANNO · QVAM · DE · OMNI · EIVS · FACTIONE · VNO · TEMPORE · IVSTIS · REM-PVBLICAM · VLTVS · EST · ARMIS · ARCVM · TRIVMPHIS · INSIGNEM · DICAVIT**

- _To the Emperor Caesar Flavius Constantinus, the greatest, pious, and blessed Augustus: because he, inspired by the divine, and by the greatness of his mind, has delivered the state from the tyrant and all of his followers at the same time, with his army and just force of arms, the Senate and People of Rome have dedicated this arch, decorated with triumphs._

Two short inscriptions on the inside of the central archway say:
- **LIBERATORI VRBIS** (liberator of the city) — **FUNDATORI QVIETIS** (founder of peace)

Over each of the small archways, inscriptions say:
- **VOTIS X — VOTIS XX**
- **SIC X — SIC XX**

## Other websites

- The Arch of Constantine , a detailed article on the arch
- Inscriptions
- Google Maps satellite image
Great hall

A **great hall** was the main room of a royal palace, a nobleman's castle or a large manor house in the Middle Ages. At that time the word _great_ meant _big_. Great halls were found in France, England and Scotland and some other European countries.

## Appearance

A great hall was a rectangular room between 1.5 and 3 times as long as it was wide, and also higher than it was wide. At night some members of the household might sleep on the floor of the great hall.

## Examples

Two very large surviving royal halls are Westminster Hall and the Wenceslas Hall in Prague Castle. Penshurst Place in Kent, England has a hall from the 14th century. There are lots of 16th century and early 17th century halls in England, Wales and Scotland, for example those at Longleat (England), Burghley House (England), Bodysgallen Hall (Wales), Muchalls Castle (Scotland) and Crathes Castle (Scotland); however, by the late 1700s the great hall was beginning to lose its purpose over time.
Louis VI of France

**Louis VI** (16 April 1080 — 1 August 1137), nicknamed **the Fat** (French: _le Gros_), or **the Fighter** (French: _le Batailleur_) was the King of France from 1108 until his death in 1137. He was the second child and the only son of King Philip I of France and  his first wife, Bertha of Holland. Louis was a great warrior king. He fought against King Henry I of England at the Battle of Brémule. Even though Louis lost the battle, he was still very active fighting in battles.

He would spend most of his 29 year reign fighting and even though in his later years he became very fat and heavy for his horse to carry, he was still active in battles. His got his nickname "the Fat" because of how fat he was. But because he was very active in fighting, he also got the nickname, "the Fighter". Louis died in 1137 due to dysentery at the age of 57. He was succeeded by his 17-year-old son, Louis VII.

Louis was undoubtedly one of France's greatest kings. He became one of the first great, strong, and powerful king of France since Charlemagne. He made France a military power and bought stability to France. The economy grew and that he managed to avoid English domination in France unlike under the reign of his successor, Louis VII where King Henry II of England would dominate over France forming the Angevin Empire.

## Marriages and children

He married in 1104: 1) Lucienne de Rochefort — the marriage was cancelled.
- **Their child:**
    - 1) Isabelle (c.1105 – before 1175), married (_ca_ 1119) William of Vermandois, seigneur of Chaumont

He married in 1115: 2) Adélaide de Maurienne (1092–1154)

- **Their children: **
        1. Philip (1116 – October 13, 1131), King of France (1129–31), not to be confused with his brother of the same name; died from a fall from a horse.
        1. Louis VII (1120 – November 18, 1180), King of France
        1. Henry (1121–75), archbishop of Reims
        1. Hugues  (born _ca_ 1122)
        1. Robert  (_ca_ 1123 – October 11, 1188), count of Dreux
        1. Constance (_ca_ 1124 – August 16, 1176), married first Eustace IV, count of Boulogne and then Raymond V of Toulouse.
        1. Philip (1125–61), bishop of Paris. not to be confused with his elder brother.
        1. Peter of France (_ca_ 1125–83), married Elizabeth, lady of Courtenay

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Louis VI
- **image**: Blondel - Louis VI of France.jpg
- **caption**: An artist's :en:wikt:depiction, depiction of Louis
- **succession**: List of French monarchs, King of the Franks
- **moretext**: (Style of the French sovereign, more...)
- **reign**: 29 July 1108 — 1 August 1137
- **coronation**: 3 August 1108
- **predecessor**: Philip I of France, Philip I
- **successor**: Louis VII of France, Louis VII
- **issue-type**: Issue (genealogy), Issue
- **issue-link**: #Marriages and children
- **issue-pipe**: more...
- **house**: House of Capet, Capet
- **father**: Philip I of France
- **mother**: Bertha of Holland
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Béthisy-Saint-Pierre, France
- **burial place**: Saint Denis Basilica
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism
Gatehouse

A **gatehouse** was a strong building built over the gateway to a city or castle. A gatehouse is found on European castles, manor houses and mansions.

Sometimes gatehouses defended a town by being built across a bridge, a river or a moat, as in Monmouth.

## English gatehouses

- Ightham Mote
- Nottingham Castle
- Stokesay Castle
- Stanway Hall, Stanway, Gloucestershire
- Westwood, Worcestershire
- Burton Agnes Hall, Yorkshire
- Hylton Castle, Hylton, Sunderland
- Hertford Castle

## French gatehouses

- Château de Suscinio
- Château de Trécesson
- Château de Vitré