juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Diaeresis

The **diaeresis** plural: **diaereses** is also spelled diæresis or dieresis. It is a diacritical mark: two dots ¨ put over a letter, usually a vowel.

It is most often used in this way:

- With a diacritic, one vowel is sounded separately from its neighbour. So, in the word _zöology_, it is pronounced as a long 'o' followed by a short 'o'. Without the diaeresis, it might be pronounced like the word 'zoo'. It is sometimes described as "two vowel sounds occurring in adjacent syllables". It is often used in names where the last vowel is sounded, as in _Chloë_ or _Brontë_.

- Umlauts: A diacritic above a vowel can mark a sound shift, forming a new letter Ä, Ö, Ü
Château de Saint Cloud

The **Château de Saint Cloud** was a château in Paris, France. It was sometimes called the **Palace of Saint Cloud**. It was burned down during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. It was once a private property of Queen Marie Antoinette. Since December 2006, there has been a movement to rebuild the Château de Saint-Cloud.

## Early history

The building was originally called the "_he Hôtel d'Aulnay_". In the 16h century, it was expanded into a château by the Gondi banking family. The estate was in the hands of the Gondi family till 1658. At that time it was bought by Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, the only brother of Louis XIV of France. The estate remained the personal property of the descendants of Philippe of France. It was a country residence, as opposed to the Palais Royal in the center of Paris.

## Queen Marie Antoinette

After negotiating for a long time, the Château de Saint-Cloud was bought in 1785 by Louis XVI. He bought it for Marie Antoinette. She thought that the air of Saint-Cloud would be good for her children. Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans, who had not visited the château since his morganatic marriage to his mistress Madame de Montesson, sold it for 6,000,000 livres. Marie Antoinette started changing Saint-Cloud in 1787-1788. She used her preferred architect Richard Mique. He had also decorated parts of the Palace of Versailles for the queen.

## Emperor Napoléon III

During the Second Empire, Emperor Napoléon III and Empress Eugénie held their imperial court at Saint-Cloud during the spring and the autumn. There was also a reception for Queen Victoria in honour of her 1855 visit to France. In 1859, a model railway was built in the private park. It was built for Napoléon, Prince Imperial, the 3-year-old son of emperor Napoléon III,.

## Other websites

- _Napoléon III et la reine Victoria. Une visite à l’Exposition Universelle de 1855_
- Official site of the Domaine National de Saint-Cloud
Essential oil

An **essential oil** is a liquid from a plant. Essential oils contain chemical compounds that are useful for their scent. They are used in aromatherapy. Perfumes are made with essential oils.

Around the world, essential oils are being studied in modern clinical trials to test ancient claims of healing. They are being studied for their effectiveness as antibacterial agents, fungicides, insecticides, pain relief, stress reduction, and skin problems.

## Name

The name _essential oil_ comes from theories in the Middle Ages of a fifth element. People than believed that there were four basic elements that everything was made of: fire, water, air and earth. The elusive "soul" of things was called the quintessential element or the fifth element. Over time, _quintessential_ was shortened to _essential_. Alchemists said that this element could change iron to gold. Some believed it held the planets in their orbits.

## Producing the essential oil

Most essential oils today are steam distilled. This process separates out the aromatic essential oils from the solid plant matter. With steam distillation, it can take thousands of pounds of plant matter to create just one liter of essential oil.

Other methods include expelling and solvent extraction. Expelling is using pressure to squeeze the essential oil out of the plant. This method is generally used for citrus oils. Solvent extraction uses substances such as carbon dioxide to extract the essential oil. This method is used for delicate plants such as rose and jasmine, which can be too fragile to go through the distillation process.
Birch

A **birch** tree is a thinleaved deciduous hardwood tree of the genus ***Betula***. They are in the family Betulaceae, which also includes alders, hazels, and hornbeams.

_Betula_ contains 30 to 60 species of which 11 are on the IUCN 2011 Green List of Threatened Species. They are usually rather short-lived pioneer species widespread in the Northern Hemisphere.
Joseph Weizenbaum

**Joseph Weizenbaum** (8 January 1923 - 5 March 2008) was a German-American mathematician and computer scientist. He was born in Berlin. He became famous for writing the program ELIZA, which simulated a doctor, in the 1960s. He also became well-known for having a critical attitude to what computers can and should do. Weizenbaum died of a stroke at age 85, in 2008.
Benjamin Franklin Tilley

**Benjamin Franklin Tilley** (March 29, 1848 in Bristol, Rhode Island – March 18, 1907 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was an admiral in the US Navy who served in the American Civil War and the Spanish-American War. He was the first acting governor of American Samoa.
Black Hills

The **Black Hills** are a small mountain range from the Great Plains of North America in South Dakota.

Native Americans have a long history in the Black Hills. After conquering the Cheyenne in 1776, the Lakota took over the territory of the Black Hills.

In 1868, the U.S. government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868. This exempted the Black Hills from all white settlement forever.

But, when European Americans discovered gold there in 1874, miners swept into the area in a gold rush. The US government reassigned the Lakota, against their wishes, to other reservations in western South Dakota. Unlike most of South Dakota, the Black Hills were settled by European Americans from population centers to the west and south. Miners flocked there from earlier gold boom places in Colorado and Montana.

As the economy shifted from mining and logging, the tourism industry has grown. The Black Hills have two areas: "The Southern Hills" and "The Northern Hills". The Southern Hills is home to Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Wind Cave National Park, Jewel Cave National Monument, Harney Peak (the highest point in the United States east of the Rockies), Custer State Park (the largest state park in South Dakota, and one of the largest in the US), the Crazy Horse Memorial (the largest Mountain sculpture in the world), and the Mammoth Site in Hot Springs, the world’s largest mammoth research facility.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Black Hills
- **photo**: Needles Highway 05.jpg
- **photo caption**: Needles (Black Hills), The Needles, Black Hills
- **highest**: Black Elk Peak
- **elevation ft**: 7244
- **listing**: List of the most isolated major summits of the United States, Isolated summits of the United States
- **country**: United States
- **subdivision1 type**: State
- **orogeny**: Trans-Hudson orogeny, Trans-Hudson and Laramide orogeny, Laramide
- **area mi2**: 5000
- **length orientation**: northwest-southeast
- **map**: USA
- **map alt**: Map of the USA highlighting the Black Hills in South Dakota
- **map size**: 280
- **fetchwikidata**: ALL
Corn Palace

The **Corn Palace** is an arena in Mitchell, South Dakota. The designs on the buildings are covered in corn and other grains.

The Corn Palace has concerts, sports events, exhibits and other community events. Each year, the Corn Palace is celebrated with a citywide festival, the Corn Palace Festival. Historically it was held at harvest time in September, but now it happens in August. Other popular annual events include the Corn Palace Stampede Rodeo in July and the Corn Palace Polka Festival in September. It is also where the Dakota Wesleyan University Tigers and the Mitchell High School Kernels basketball teams play their games.

## Other websites

- Corn Palace Convention & Visitors Bureau
- Corn Palace Stampede Rodeo
- Corn Palace Fan Site

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Corn Palace
- **image**: CornPalace2008.jpg
- **caption**: Street view of the Corn Palace in Mitchell, South Dakota, in 2008
- **groundbreaking date**: 1891-92
- **completion date**: 1921 (dome and minarets added in 1937)
- **building type**: multi-purpose arena/facility
- **address**: 604 North Main Street, Mitchell, South Dakota, Mitchell, South Dakota, United StatesUSA
- **roof**: (dome)
- **antenna spire**: (flagpole)
- **floor count**: 2
- **architect**: Rapp & Rapp
- **owner**: Mitchell, South Dakota, City of Mitchell
- **operator**: City of Mitchell
- **current tenants**: Mitchell HS Kernels (South Dakota High School Activities Association, SDHSAA Basketball)

Dakota Wesleyan University Dakota Wesleyan Tigers, Tigers (National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics, NAIA Basketball)
- **seating capacity**: 3,200
Chaplain–Medic massacre

The **Chaplain-Medic massacre** was a crime in the Korean War. It happened on a mountain in South Korea. Thirty unarmed, and critically wounded United States Army soldiers and an unarmed chaplain were killed by people of the North Korean army during the Battle of Taejon.
Knossos

**Knossos** is a Bronze Age archaeological site on the island of Crete. It is at modern Heraklion. It may be Europe's oldest city.

Many Roman coins found on the site had 'Knosion' or 'Knos' on one side, and an image of a Minotaur or Labyrinth on the reverse. These are symbols from the myth of King Minos, supposed to have reigned at Knossos.

The excavations at Knossos began in 1900 by the English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans (1851–1941) and his team. They worked there for 35 years. The palace was excavated and partly restored. It was large. The team discovered two ancient scripts, called Linear A and Linear B. From the layering of the palace, Evans developed an idea of the civilization that used it, which he called Minoan. The palace was built over a previous Neolithic town. During the Bronze Age, the town surrounded the hill on which the palace was built.

The palace was abandoned at some unknown time at the end of the late Bronze Age, c. 1380–1100 BC, for reasons which are not known.
Imre Nagy

**Imre Nagy** (7 June 1896 - 16 June 1958) was a Hungarian communist politician. He was born in Kaposvár. He was chairman on two occasions. He was executed by hanging in Budapest.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Imre Nagy
- **image**: Nagy Imre retouched.jpg
- **nationality**: Hungary, Hungarian
- **order**: 44th Prime Minister of Hungary
3rd List of Prime Ministers of Hungary, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic
- **term start**: 4 July 1953
- **term end**: 18 April 1955
- **predecessor**: Mátyás Rákosi
- **successor**: András Hegedűs
- **term start2**: 24 October 1956
- **term end2**: 4 November 1956
- **predecessor2**: András Hegedűs
- **successor2**: János Kádár
- **birth place**: Kaposvár, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary
- **death place**: Budapest, Hungarian People's Republic
- **spouse**: Mária Égető
- **children**: Erzsébet Nagy, Erzsébet
- **party**: Hungarian Communist Party,
Hungarian Working People's Party,
Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
Lee Trevino

**Lee Buck Trevino** (born September 1, 1939) is a retired American professional golfer who was born in Dallas, Texas.
China National Space Administration

The **China National Space Administration (CNSA)** is the national space agency of China, and is based in the Haidian District. It is in charge of the national space program and of managing different space-related activities.

The CNSA has had many successful missions, for example the Tiangong Space Station, and Tianwen-1, which landed a rover on Mars.

The agency has astronauts in space (as of 2025's fourth quarter). The Shenzhou 21 mission, has 3 astronauts at the Tiangong space station.

## Foundation and history

CNSA is a space agency made in 1993 when the Ministry of Aerospace Industry was split into the CNSA and the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation(CASC).

Later in 1998 CASC was split into smaller goverment-owned companies.

In 2011 NASA was been forced to not work with CNSA. In 2021, China started building the Tiangong space station, which has only three modules made for crew, cargo, and research. In the same year CNSA sent Tianwen-1 to Mars.

## Launch facilities

- Jiuquan Satelite Launch Center
- Taiyuan Satelite Launch Center
- Xichang Satelite Launch Center
- Wenchang Space Launch Site

## Departments

CNSA has four departments:

- Department of General Planning
- Department of System Engineering
- Department of Science, Technology and Quality Control
- Department of Foreign Affairs

## Infobox (government agency)

- **name**: China National Space Administration
- **native name**: 中国国家航天局
- **type**: Agency
- **formed**: 22 April 1993; 31 years ago
- **jurisdiction**: State Council of the People's Republic of China
- **headquarters**: Haidian, Beijing
- **website**: www.cnsa.gov.cn
Magasa, Crete

**Magasa, Crete** is a settlement on Crete.
Mamba

A **mamba** is a fast-moving venomous snake of the genus _Dendroaspis_ (means "tree asp"). It belongs to the Elapidae family.

They are native to Africa. The black mamba is one of the well-known species and is also the most feared. Other members include the eastern green mamba, western green mamba and Jameson's mamba.

## Behavior

Most mambas are arboreal, meaning they live in trees. The only exception is the black mamba, which lives on land. All mamba species hunt during the day. They prey on birds, lizards and small mammals.

There are many stories of mambas chasing humans, but these snakes usually prefer to avoid contact with humans. Humans are actually their main predators, rather than prey.

Because mambas and cobras are in the same family, they share some similarities. Like the cobra, a mamba might display a hood when threatened. However, a mamba's hood is more narrow and is longer. A mamba usually opens its mouth when threatened, so they lean forward unlike the cobra which usually stands erect.

## Venom

All mambas are very venomous. Their venom is mostly comprised of neurotoxins, which attack the nervous system. The venom can also contain cardiotoxins (which damage the heart muscle) and fasciculins (which cause muscle twitches).

The toxicity of the venom varies. Changes in the toxicity can even be caused by the weather or altitude.

All mamba species have similar venom, but the black mamba has the most toxic venom and is more aggressive.

Untreated black mamba bites are fatal.
Chanel

**Chanel** is a French fashion company created by Coco Chanel (19 August 1883 – 10 January 1971).

It designs clothing, perfumes, luxury goods and jewellery, usually of simple design. It is widely known for the "little black dress" and Chanel No. 5 perfume.
Sea Shepherd Conservation Society

The **Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (SSCS)** is an American organization that works to protect marine life. It was founded in 1977 by activist Paul Watson, a former member of  Greenpeace. One of the things they heavily campaign against is whaling.

## Other websites

- Sea Shepherd Conservation Society website
LGBT rights in Canada

**Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Canada** are some of the most advanced in the world. During the British North America era, same-sex relationships were illegal. They were punishable with capital punishment. Homosexual activity became legal in 1969. Same-sex marriage became legal in 2005.

## Legal summary

|Same-sex sexual activity legal|since 1969|
| --- | --- |
|Anti-discrimination laws in employment only||
|Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services||
|Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)||
|Recognition of same-sex couples (e.g. registered partnership or civil union, etc)|since 2000|
|Step-child adoption by same-sex couples||
|Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military||
|Same-sex marriages|since 2005|
Swinging (sexual practice)

**Swinging** is a human sexuality based on multi-partner relations. Both singles and partners engage with others for recreational purposes.

In contrast to an affair, both partners are consenting to sexual exchanges. These exchanges create a certain eroticism and even sexual arousal.

There are different types of swinging activities.
Neufchâtel-en-Bray

**Neufchâtel-en-Bray** is a commune of Seine-Maritime. It's famous as cheese production: the Neufchâtel.
Iris nebula

The **Iris nebula** is a reflection nebula in the constellation of Cepheus. It is about 1,300 light-years away from Earth.
Caldwell catalogue

The **Caldwell catalogue** is an astronomical catalogue of 109 objects. It includes star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. The list was compiled by English astronomer Patrick Moore as a complement to the Messier catalogue.

The Messier catalogue is used by amateur astronomers as a list of deep-sky objects for observation. However, it was not compiled for that purpose. It does  not include many of the sky's brightest deep-sky objects, such as the Hyades, the Double Cluster (NGC 869 and NGC 884), and the Sculptor Galaxy (NGC 253). The Messier catalogue was compiled as a list of known objects that might be confused with comets. As Messier got his list from observations in Paris, it did not include bright deep-sky objects visible in the Southern Hemisphere, such as Omega Centauri, Centaurus A, the Jewel Box, and 47 Tucanae.

So Moore compiled a list of 109 objects – to match the accepted number of Messier objects. The list was published in _Sky & Telescope_ in December 1995.
Sunflower galaxy

The **Sunflower galaxy** (Messier 63 or NGC 5055) is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Canes Venatici. It is about 37 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 6334

**NGC 6334** is an emission nebula and star-forming region in the constellation of Scorpius. It is about 5,500 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 1291

**NGC 1291** is a ring galaxy in the constellation of Eridanus. It is about 33 million light-years away.
Ring galaxy

A **ring galaxy** is a kind of galaxy that has a ring shape. Hoag's Object and NGC 1291 are two examples. The ring is made up of many massive, young blue stars, which are extremely bright. The middle of the galaxy contains far less luminous matter.

Some astronomers believe that ring galaxies are formed when a smaller galaxy passes through the center of a larger galaxy. Because galaxies are mostly made up of empty space, a collision rarely happens between stars. However, the gravitational disruptions could cause a wave of star formation to move through the larger galaxy. Other astronomers think that rings are formed around some galaxies when an accretion disc is formed. Star formation would then result from the shocks and compressions in the newly formed disc.
United States district court

The **United States district courts** are the trial courts of the federal court system.

## How they work

United States district courts hold trials, like state courts do.  However, the Constitution only gives federal courts the power to hear certain kinds of cases.  For example, federal courts can hear cases about:
- Whether a law is constitutional
- Disagreements between two or more states
- Crimes that happen at sea
- Bankruptcy
- United States Ambassadors' treaties
Swazi language

**Swati** (also known as Swazi) ( _SiSwati_) is part of the Nguni group of Bantu languages. It is spoken by about 1.5 million people in Eswatini and South Africa. It is the official language of Eswatini and one of the eleven official languages in South Africa. It is taught in the schools of Eswatini, and in some South African schools. Swati is closely related to Phuthi, a language spoken in Lesotho, and to Zulu, Ndebele and Xhosa.

Swati has four main varietes: Shiselweni, Hhohho, Manzini and Shiselweni. They correspond with the four administrative regions of Eswatini.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Swazi
- **nativename**: Polish
- **states**: Thailand, South Korea , Lithuania, Malaysia
- **speakers**: 2.3 million
- **date**: 2006–2011
- **ref**: e18
- **speakers2**: 2.4 million L2 speakers in South Africa (2002)
- **familycolor**: Niger-Congo
- **fam2**: Atlantic–Congo languages, Atlantic–Congo
- **fam3**: Benue–Congo languages, Benue–Congo
- **fam4**: Southern Bantoid languages, Southern Bantoid
- **fam5**: Bantu languages, Bantu
- **fam6**: Southern Bantu
- **fam7**: Nguni languages, Nguni
- **fam8**: Tekela languages, Tekela
- **nation**: Eswatini
 South Africa
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Swazi alphabet)
Swazi Braille
- **sign**: Signed Swazi
- **iso1**: ss
- **iso2**: ssw
- **iso3**: ssw
- **glotto**: swat1243
- **glottorefname**: Swati
- **guthrie**: S.43
- **lingua**: 99-AUT-fe
Instruction

**Instruction(s)** may refer to:
- Teaching
- Instruction (computer science)
United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

The **United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit** is one of the 13 appeals courts in the United States's federal court system.  In case citations, the Court's name is abbreviated "**5th Cir.**"

## The 5th Circuit

The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit is the appeals court that has jurisdiction, or legal power, to review cases decided by less powerful courts in the 5th Circuit.  These less powerful courts are called United States district courts.  They are federal trial courts.  If someone wants to appeal a decision that one of these courts made, they would have to appeal to the Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit.

These are the United States District Courts that are located in the 5th Circuit:

- Eastern District of Louisiana
- Middle District of Louisiana
- Western District of Louisiana
- Northern District of Mississippi
- Southern District of Mississippi
- Eastern District of Texas
- Northern District of Texas
- Southern District of Texas
- Western District of Texas

The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit handles appeals from every one of these District Courts.

## The Court

The Court has 17 judges.  The main court building is located in the John Minor Wisdom United States Court of Appeals Building in New Orleans, Louisiana.  The court clerk's office is at the Felix Edward Hébert Federal Building in New Orleans.

The Court met for the first time on June 16, 1891, in the Customs House in New Orleans.

## Famous decisions

The Court of Appeals for the 5th Circuit decided a landmark case called _Gates v. Collier_, which stopped the severe physical abuse of prisoners by "trustys" at Mississippi State Penitentiary (then called Parchman).

## Related pages

- Federal judiciary of the United States (the entire federal court system)
    - United States Supreme Court
        - United States courts of appeals
            - United States district courts
- _Gates v. Collier_

## Infobox (u.s. federal court)

- **court type**: circuit
- **court name**: United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit
- **abbreviation**: 5th Cir.
- **seal**: Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.svg
- **seal size**: 150
- **map image name**: File:5th Circuit map.svg
- **courthouse**: John Minor Wisdom United States Court of Appeals Building, John Minor Wisdom U.S. Court of Appeals Building
- **location**: New Orleans, Louisiana
- **appeals from**: Eastern District of Louisiana
- **appeals from1**: Middle District of Louisiana
- **appeals from2**: Western District of Louisiana
- **appeals from3**: Northern District of Mississippi
- **appeals from4**: Southern District of Mississippi
- **appeals from5**: Eastern District of Texas
- **appeals from6**: Northern District of Texas
- **appeals from7**: Southern District of Texas
- **appeals from8**: Western District of Texas
- **established**: June 16, 1891
- **judges assigned**: 17
- **circuit justice**: Samuel Alito
- **chief**: Carl E. Stewart
Steven Sample

**Steven Browning Sample** (November 29, 1940 – March 29, 2016) was the 10th president of the University of Southern California (USC). He became president in 1991 and was succeeded by C.L. Max Nikias on August 3, 2010.

Before he was president at USC, he held the same position at the University at Buffalo (UB) in the State University of New York (SUNY) system from 1982 to 1991.  He was succeeded by William R. Greiner.

## Personal life and death

In 2001, Sample was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, but said he still felt able to serve as president of USC.  On March 29, 2016, Sample died at the age of 75.  He had lived in San Marino, California.

## Other websites

- Steven B. Sample University at Buffalo presidential biography
- University of Southern California, President website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Steven Sample
- **image**: 091507-USCNeb-SteveSample.jpg
- **caption**: Sample with the 2007 USC Trojans football team, celebrating a victory
- **office**: 12th Chancellor (education), President of the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo
- **term start**: 1982
- **term end**: 1991
- **predecessor**: Robert L. Ketter
- **successor**: Bill Greiner, William R. Greiner
- **office2**: 10th Chancellor (education), President of the University of Southern California
- **term start2**: 1991
- **term end2**: 2010
- **predecessor2**: James Zumberge
- **successor2**: C.L. Max Nikias
- **birth name**: Steven Browning Sample
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- **alma mater**: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- **profession**: Electrical engineering, Higher education, Academic administration
Action Comics

***Action Comics*** is an ongoing comic book series. Superman first appeared in it. It is one of the longest comic series in America. It started in 1938.
Ricardo Goulart

**Ricardo Goulart Pereira** or simply **Ricardo Goulart** (; born 5 June 1991), is a Brazilian footballer who plays for Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao in the Chinese Super League as an attacking midfielder.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ricardo Goulart
- **image size**: 200
- **fullname**: Ricardo Goulart Pereira
- **birth place**: São José dos Campos, Brazil
- **currentclub**: Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao F.C., Guangzhou Evergrande
- **clubnumber**: 11
- **position**: Midfielder#Attacking midfielder, Attacking midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1998–2005
- **youthclubs1**: Moreira's Sport
- **youthyears2**: 2006–2009
- **youthclubs2**: Esporte Clube Santo André, Santo André
- **clubs1**: Esporte Clube Santo André, Santo André
- **years1**: 2008–2011
- **caps1**: 14
- **goals1**: 1
- **clubs2**: → SC Internacional, Internacional (loan)
- **years2**: 2011
- **caps2**: 10
- **goals2**: 1
- **clubs3**: Goiás Esporte Clube, Goiás
- **years3**: 2012
- **caps3**: 34
- **goals3**: 12
- **clubs4**: Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, Cruzeiro
- **years4**: 2013–2014
- **caps4**: 59
- **goals4**: 25
- **clubs5**: Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao F.C., Guangzhou Evergrande
- **years5**: 2015–
- **caps5**: 98
- **goals5**: 67
- **nationalyears1**: 2014
- **nationalteam1**: Brazil national football team, Brazil
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **club-update**: 11 August 2018
- **nationalteam-update**: 9 September 2014
Selkirk Transit

**Selkirk Transit** is a public transit system based in Selkirk, Manitoba. The operators are Selkirk and District handi bus.

## Fleet

Grande west Vicinity+1

New Flyer XE40 {Part of the rapid transit commuter line owned by Winnipeg}

## Retired

CHEVY/ARBOC?

Vicinity B30A

## History

In 2011, Selkirk Transit started with a cutaway bus.

In 2016, they have a big 30-foot bus.

In 2020 they will get an XE40 from New flyer as part of the Rapid transit commuter line owned by Winnipeg

## References

- http://mysta.ca/
Selkirk, Manitoba

**Selkirk** is a city in Manitoba. It is west of Winnipeg. It was named after the 5th Earl of Selkirk. It was incorporated as a Town in 1882 and as a City in 1998.

At the 2021 census, Selkirk's population was 10,504.

## Transportation

The City of Selkirk has 2 taxi services: Wills Taxi and First Rate Taxi.

It also has Selkirk Transit and Selkirk Mobility.

## Ecomony

Selkirk has many businesses. These include McDonald's, Dairy Queen, and A&W. It also has Sterling Press and International Pipe.

## Sports

Andrew Murray lives in Selkirk.

Selkirk is home to The MJHL Selkirk Steelers and the KJHL Selkirk Fishermen.

## Demographics

|1901||
| --- | --- |
|2,188|—|
|2,977|+36.1%|
|3,726|+25.2%|
|4,486|+20.4%|
|4,915|+9.6%|
|6,218|+26.5%|
|8,576|+37.9%|
|10,037|+17.0%|
|10,013|−0.2%|
|9,881|−1.3%|
|9,752|−1.3%|
|9,515|−2.4%|
|9,834|+3.4%|
|10,278|+4.5%|
|10,504|+2.2%|

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Selkirk
- **official name**: City of Selkirk
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Manitoba, City
- **image skyline**: Selkirk MB watertower.jpg
- **image caption**: Selkirk water tower
- **nickname**: Catfish Capital of the World
- **image map**: 447 Selkirk, Manitoba.svg
- **map caption**: City boundaries
- **pushpin map**: Manitoba
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Selkirk in Manitoba
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Canada, Province
- **subdivision type2**: List of Manitoba regions, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Manitoba
- **subdivision name2**: Interlake Region, Interlake and Winnipeg Capital Region, Winnipeg Capital
- **established title**: Settled
- **established title2**: City
- **leader title**: City Mayor
- **leader name**: Larry Johansson
- **leader title1**: Governing Body
- **leader name1**: Selkirk City Council
- **area total km2**: 24.47
- **elevation m**: 225
- **population total**: 10,504 List of cities in Manitoba, (7th)
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population density km2**: 429.3
- **population urban**: 9761
- **population density urban km2**: 1646.4
- **postal code type**: Canadian postal code#Forward sortation areas, Forward sortation area
- **postal code**: List of R postal codes of Canada, R1A
- **area code**: Area codes 204 and 431
- **leader title2**: House of Commons of Canada, MP
- **leader name2**: James Bezan
- **leader title3**: Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, MLA
- **leader name3**: Richard Perchotte
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: Central Time Zone (North America), CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **named for**: Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk
- **established title1**: Town
Dan Green

**James Hadley "Jay" Snyder** (born February 7, 1970) also known by his stage name as **Dan Green**, is an American voice actor, voice director and script adapter who is known for his work with 4Kids Entertainment, DuArt Film and Video, NYAV Post and Central Park Media. He is best known for his voice work as Yugi Mutou in the _Yu–Gi–Oh!_ franchise and as Knuckles the Echidna in _Sonic X_ and in the _Sonic the Hedgehog_ video game franchise from 2005 to 2010.

## Personal life

He married his wife Michal Lura Friedman, a singer and fellow voice actress in 2008. they were married for four years until her death in 2011, from complications during childbirth. They have two children, Jackson James Snyder and Reverie Vivian Snyder.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dan Green
- **image**: Dangreen05.jpg
- **image size**: 180
- **birth name**: James Hadley Snyder
- **occupation**: Voice actor, ADR director, ADR script writer
- **years active**: 1993-present
- **known for**: The voice of Yugi Mutou & Knuckles the Echidna, Knuckles
- **notable works**: _Sonic the Hedgehog (series)_
_Yu-Gi-Oh! (2000 TV series), Yu-Gi-Oh!_
_Pokémon (anime), Pokémon_
- **spouse**: Michal Friedman (m. 2008–2011; her death)
- **children**: 2
Zomi Baptist Church

The ***Zomi Baptist Church*** is a christian believer church. In India the  Zomi Baptist Church (ZBC) was established in 1982.

The ZBC headquarters is at Champhai, India. In Myanmar the ZBC is known as ZBCM (Zomi Baptist Church in Myanmar). Nowadays the ZBC is also present in the United States (Tulsa) and other countries in the world.
Browder v. Gayle

***Browder v. Gayle***, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956), was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The District Court ruled 2-1, with one dissenting, on June 5, 1956 that bus segregation was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment.

The state and city appealed, and the decision was upheld by the United States Supreme Court on November 13, 1956.  A motion for clarification and for rehearing was denied on December 17, 1956.

## Background

About two months after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old girl who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Black leaders had been looking for a test case to test the constitutionality of the segregation laws of the state of Alabama and the city of Montgomery. One of the attorneys, Clifford Durr, was concerned that an appeal of Mrs. Rosa Parks' case would get tied up in the Alabama state courts. They needed a way to get directly to the federal courts. Colvin and several others who were discriminated against on Montgomery busses, agreed to become plaintiffs in a federal civil action lawsuit, thus bypassing the Alabama court system. The bus company said segregation was valid on "privately owned busses" which operated according to the laws of the city and state.

### Ruling

On February 1, 1956, the case of _Browder v. Gayle_ was filed in U.S. District Court. Browder was a Montgomery housewife; W. A. Gayle was the mayor of Montgomery.

On June 13, 1956, the District Court ruled that "the enforced segregation of black and white passengers on motor buses operating in the City of Montgomery violates the Constitution and laws of the United States," because the conditions deprived people of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment. The court further enjoined the state of Alabama and city of Montgomery from continuing to operate segregated buses.

The case was not completed until it was heard later that year by the US Supreme Court, as the state and city appealed the decision. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the District Court's ruling and ordered the state of Alabama (and Montgomery) to desegregate its buses. One month later on December 20, after Mayor Gayle was handed official written notice by federal marshals, the Montgomery buses were desegregated.
Grace Poe

**Grace Poe** (born September 3, 1968) is the adopted daughter of Filipino actors Susan Roces and Fernando Poe, Jr. She served as chairperson of the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board (MTRCB) from 2010 to 2012 and in the Philippine Senate since 2013.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Grace Poe
- **image**: Grace Poe delivering a privilege speech.jpg
- **office**: Senate of the Philippines, Senator of the Philippines
- **term start**: June 30, 2013
- **office1**: Chairperson of the Movie and Television Review and Classification Board
- **term start1**: October 10, 2010
- **term end1**: October 2, 2012
- **predecessor1**: Consoliza Laguardia
- **successor1**: Eugenio Villareal
- **birth place**: Jaro, Iloilo City, Jaro, Iloilo City, Philippines
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent
- **otherparty**: Team PNoy
Partido Galing at Puso
- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: University of the Philippines Manila, University of the Philippines, Manila
Boston College
- **occupation**: Teacher
- **profession**: Businesswoman
Miriam Defensor Santiago

**Miriam Defensor Santiago** (June 15, 1945 – September 29, 2016) is a Filipino politician, known for having served in all three branches of the Philippines government – judicial, executive, and legislative. Defensor Santiago was named one of The 100 Most Powerful Women in the World in 1997 by _The Australian_.
Leni Robredo

**Maria Leonor Gerona Robredo** (born April 23, 1965) is a Filipina lawyer and politician. She was the 14th Vice President of the Philippines from June 30, 2016 tó June 30, 2022. She served under Rodrigo Duterte.

Robredo is the widow of the Philippines Interior Secretary Jesse Robredo. She served as Member of the House of Representatives from Camarines Sur's Third District. She is a member of the Liberal Party.

In October 2021, Robredo announced her candidacy for president of the Philippines in the 2022 election. She came in second place in the general election in May 2022.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, Her Excellency
- **name**: Leni Robredo
- **image**: 14th Vice President of the Philippines Leni Robredo.png
- **office1**: 14th Vice President of the Philippines
- **president1**: Rodrigo Duterte
- **term start1**: June 30, 2016
- **term end1**: June 30, 2022
- **predecessor1**: Jejomar Binay
- **successor1**: Sara Duterte
- **office2**: Co-Chairperson of the Inter-Agency Committee on Anti-Illegal Drugs
- **alongside2**: Aaron Aquino
- **president2**: Rodrigo Duterte
- **term start2**: November 6, 2019
- **term end2**: November 24, 2019
- **office3**: Chair of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (Philippines), Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
- **term start3**: July 12, 2016
- **term end3**: December 5, 2016
- **president3**: Rodrigo Duterte
- **predecessor3**: Jejomar Binay
- **successor3**: Leoncio Evasco Jr.
- **office4**: Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, Philippine House of Representatives
from Camarines Sur's Legislative districts of Camarines Sur#3rd District, 3rd District
- **term start4**: June 30, 2013
- **term end4**: June 30, 2016
- **predecessor4**: Luis Villafuerte
- **successor4**: Gabriel Bordado
- **birth name**: Maria Leonor Santo Tomas Gerona
- **birth place**: Naga, Camarines Sur, Naga, Camarines Sur, Philippines
- **party**: Liberal Party (Philippines), Liberal
- **children**: 3
- **residence**: Quezon City Reception House
- **education**: University of the Philippines Diliman
San Beda University
University of Nueva Caceres
Risa Hontiveros

**Ana Theresia Navarro Hontiveros-Baraquel** (born February 24, 1966) is a Filipino politician, socialist activist and journalist serving as a Senator since 2016. She previously served as the representative of Akbayan in the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 2004 to 2010. She is the older sister of journalists and television hosts Gringgay and Pia Hontiveros.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honorable
- **name**: Risa Hontiveros
- **image**: Risa Hontiveros 2022.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2022
- **office**: Senator of the Philippines
- **term start**: June 30, 2016
- **office1**: Chair of the Philippine Senate Committee on Women, Children, Family Relations and Gender Equality, Philippine Senate Women, Family Relations and Gender Equality Committee
- **term start1**: July 25, 2016
- **predecessor1**: Pia Cayetano
- **office2**: Chair of the Philippine Senate Committee on Health and Demography, Philippine Senate Health and Demography Committee
- **term start2**: July 25, 2016
- **term end2**: February 27, 2017
- **predecessor2**: TG Guingona, Teofisto Guingona III
- **successor2**: JV Ejercito
- **office3**: Senate Deputy Minority Leader
- **term start3**: August 3, 2022
- **leader3**: Koko Pimentel
- **office4**: Member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines, Philippine House of Representatives for Akbayan
- **predecessor4**: Etta Rosales
Mario Joyo Aguja
- **term start4**: June 30, 2004
- **term end4**: June 30, 2010
- **birth name**: Ana Theresia Navarro Hontiveros
- **birth place**: Manila, Philippines
- **nationality**: Filipino
- **party**: Akbayan (2004-present)
- **relatives**: Jose Hontiveros (grandfather)

Pia Hontiveros (sister)
- **children**: 4
- **alma mater**: Ateneo de Manila University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
- **occupation**: Politician
- **profession**: Journalist
- **signature**: Risa-hontiveros-baraquel-signature.svg
Leila de Lima

**Leila de Lima** (born August 27, 1959) is a Filipino lawyer. She was appointed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as Chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights on May 2008 and served until June 30, 2010 when she resigned and appointed by President Benigno Aquino III as Secretary of the Philippine Department of Justice. She resigned October 12, 2015 to focus on her candidacy for the Senate in the 2016 election.

She is Catholic. She is a devotee of Our Lady of Manaoag.
Adrienne Corri

**Adrienne Corri** (13 November 1930 – 13 March 2016) was a British actress. She was known for her role as Mrs. Alexander in Stanley Kubrick's _A Clockwork Orange_.

Corri died at her home in London on 13 March 2016 from coronary artery disease at the age of 84.

## Other websites

- Adrienne Corri  at HorrorStars

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Adrienne-corri-trailer.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Adrienne Corri in a trailer for _Vampire Circus_ (1972)
- **name**: Adrienne Corri
- **birth name**: Adrienne Riccoboni
- **birth place**: Glasgow, Scotland, UK
- **death place**: London, England, UK
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1949–1992
- **spouse**: Daniel Massey (actor), Daniel Massey (1961–1967) (divorced)
Shozo Awazu

**Shozo Awazu** (18 April 1923 – 17 March 2016) was a Japanese master of judo. He won the rank of Kōdōkan 9th Dan. He led the development of judo in France. He was born in Kyoto, Japan. Awazu was considered to be one of the top experts in ne waza (grappling techniques), kata and tandoku-renshu.

Awazu died in Paris, France on 17 March 2016 at the age of 92.
Miguel Hernández Agosto

**Miguel Hernández Agosto** (April 5, 1927 – March 18, 2016) was a Puerto Rican politician. He worked with the Popular Democratic Party (PPD). He started his political career as a Cabinet member, but eventually became a Senator at-large. Hernández Agosto served as President of the Senate of Puerto Rico for 12 years (1981-1993).

Agosto died in San Juan, Puerto Rico on March 18, 2016 at the age of 88.

## Other websites

- Official Biography  from the Senate of Puerto Rico

## Infobox (congressman)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Honorable
- **name**: Miguel Hernández Agosto
- **image name**: SS Migeul Hernandez Agosto.jpg
- **caption**:
- **order1**: 9th
- **office1**: President of the Senate of Puerto Rico
- **term start1**: January 2, 1981
- **term end1**: December 31, 1992
- **predecessor1**: Luis A. Ferré
- **successor1**: Roberto Rexach Benítez
- **office2**: President pro tempore of the Senate of Puerto Rico
- **term start2**: 1973
- **term end2**: 1976
- **predecessor2**: Juan Cancel Ríos
- **successor2**: Manuel Ramos Barroso
- **office3**: Member of the Senate of Puerto Rico
- **term start3**: 1970
- **term end3**: 1997
- **birth place**: Las Piedras, Puerto Rico
- **death place**: San Juan, Puerto Rico
- **spouse**: María Casanova
- **alma mater**: University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez (B.A.)
Michigan State (M.S.)
Interamerican University of Puerto Rico
University of Michigan
- **profession**: Politician, lawyer, Attorney
- **party**: Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico, Popular Democratic Party
Richard Bradford (actor)

**Richard Bradford** (November 10, 1934 – March 22, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his lead role as former CIA agent turned private eye McGill in the British TV adventure series _Man in a Suitcase_, made by ITC in 1967. He was born in Tyler, Texas.

Bradford died on March 22, 2016 at the age of 81.

## Other websites

- Richard Bradford (as Dick Bradford) at the Internet Broadway Database

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Richard Bradford
- **birth name**: Richard Edwin Bradford
- **birth place**: Tyler, Texas, U.S.
- **spouse**: Eileen Elliott (1965-2016) (His death)
- **partner**: Millie Perkins
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1953–2016
Maggie Blye

**Maggie Blye** (October 24, 1942 – March 24, 2016) was an American actress. She was born in Houston, Texas. She was in the 1967 Paul Newman movie _Hombre_ and the 1969 version of _The Italian Job_. Her later television roles included _The Rockford Files_, _Hart to Hart_ and _Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman_.

Blye died on March 24, 2016 from cancer at her home in West Hollywood, California, aged 73.

## Other websites

- Obituary -Variety

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Maggie Blye
- **image**: Margaret Blye in Hombre still.JPG
- **caption**: Blye in _Hombre_ 1967
- **birth name**: Margaret Blye
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: West Hollywood, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: actress
- **yearsactive**: 1961–2010
Roger Cicero

**Roger Marcel Cicero Ciceu** (6 July 1970 – 24 March 2016) was a German jazz and pop musician. He was born in Berlin, Germany. Cicero represented Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki his song _Frauen regier'n die Welt_ (Women rule the world). He finished 19th. Cicero made his movie debut in _Hilde_ (2009) as musician Ricci Blum.

Cicero died of a stroke in Hamburg, Germany on 24 March 2016, aged 45.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Roger Cicero
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: ESC 2007 Germany - Roger Cicero - Frauen regieren die Welt.jpg
- **caption**: Roger Cicero performing live at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007
- **birth name**: Roger Marcel Cicero Ciceu
- **birth place**: West Berlin, West Germany
- **origin**: Germany
- **death place**: Hamburg, Germany
- **genre**: German jazz, Pop music, pop
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter
- **years active**: 2003–2016
- **label**: Starwatch Music
- **website**: [http://roger-cicero.de Official site]
Esther Herlitz

**Esther Herlitz** (, 9 October 1921 – 24 March 2016) was an Israeli diplomat and politician. She served as a member of the Knesset for the Alignment between 1973 and 1977 and again from 1979 until 1981. She was also Israel's first female ambassador, having been appointed as the country's ambassador to Denmark in 1966.

Herlitz died on 24 March 2016 in Tel Aviv at the age of 94.

## Infobox (member of the knesset)

- **image**: EstherHerlitz.jpg
- **birth date**: 9 October 1921
- **birth place**: Berlin, Germany
- **year of aliyah**: 1933
- **knesset(s)**: Israeli legislative election, 1973, 8, Israeli legislative election, 1977, 9
- **party1**: Alignment (political party), Alignment
- **partyyears1**: 1974–1977
- **party2**: Alignment (political party), Alignment
- **partyyears2**: 1979–1981
Marie-Claire Kirkland

**Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain** (September 8, 1924 – March 24, 2016) was a Canadian lawyer, judge and politician. She was the first woman elected to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. She was the first woman appointed a Cabinet minister in Quebec, the first woman appointed acting premier, and the first woman judge to serve in the Quebec Provincial Court.

On March 24, 2016, she died at the age of 91.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Marie-Claire Kirkland
- **image**: Claire Kirkland-Casgrain.png
- **caption**: Marie-Claire Kirkland-Casgrain in 1971
- **birth place**: Palmer (town), Massachusetts, Palmer, Massachusetts
- **party**: Quebec Liberal Party, Liberal
- **office**: Legislative Assembly of Quebec, MLA for Jacques-Cartier
- **term start**: 1961
- **term end**: 1966
- **predecessor**: Charles-Aimé Kirkland
- **successor**: Noël Saint-Germain
- **office2**: National Assembly of Quebec, MNA for Marguerite-Bourgeoys
- **term start2**: 1966
- **term end2**: 1973
- **predecessor2**: first member
- **successor2**: Fernand Lalonde
- **spouse**: Philippe Casgrain (m. 1954, div), Wyndham Strover (m. 1989)
- **alma mater**: McGill University
- **profession**: lawyer