Library of Alexandria

The **Great Library of Alexandria** was a large and significant library of the ancient world. It was founded in Alexandria, Egypt. The Library flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty and functioned as a major center of scholarship. It was built in the third century BC.

In ancient Latin, the library was known as the <small>"ALEXANDRINA BYBLIOTHECE"</small> (_see image at right_). The Greek term _bibliotheke_ (_βιβλιοθήκη_), used by many historians of the era, refers to the collection of books, not to any building. This complicates the history and chronology.

The library was conceived and opened either during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter or during the reign of his son Ptolemy II.

## The Library as a research institution

According to the earliest source of information, the library was initially organized by Demetrius of Phaleron, a student of Aristotle, under the reign of Ptolemy I Soter (ca.367 BC—ca.283 BC).

The library comprised a _peripatos_ (walk), gardens, a room for shared dining, a reading room, lecture halls and meeting rooms.  However, the exact layout is not known. This model's influence may still be seen today in the layout of university campuses. The library itself is known to have had an acquisitions department (possibly built near the stacks, or for utility closer to the harbour), and a cataloguing department. The hall contained shelves for the collections of scrolls (as the books were at this time on papyrus scrolls), known as _bibliothekai_ (_βιβλιοθῆκαι_). It was rumored that carved into the wall above the shelves, a famous inscription read: _The place of the cure of the soul._

The Library was charged with collecting all the world's knowledge. It did so through an aggressive and well-funded royal mandate involving trips to the book fairs of Rhodes and Athens and a policy of pulling the books off every ship that came into port. They kept the original texts and made copies to send back to their owners. Alexandria, because of its man-made bidirectional port between the mainland and the Pharos island, welcomed trade from the East and West, and soon found itself the international hub for trade, as well as the leading producer of papyrus and, soon enough, books.

The library was also home to a host of international scholars. The library filled its stacks with new works in mathematics, astronomy, physics, natural history and other subjects. It hosted serious textual criticism. Books often existed in several different versions. The editors at the Library of Alexandria are especially well known for their work on Homeric texts. The more famous editors generally also held the title of head librarian. These included, among others,
- Zenodotus (early third century BC)
- Callimachus, (early third century BC), the first bibliographer and developer of the Pinakes - the first library catalog.
- Apollonius of Rhodes (mid-third century BC)
- Eratosthenes (late third century BC)
- Aristophanes of Byzantium (early second century BC)
- Aristarchus of Samothrace (late second century BC).
- Euclid.

Already famous in the ancient world, the library's collection became even more storied in later years. Papyrus scrolls comprised the collection, and although parchment codices were used predominantly as a more advanced writing material after 300 BC.

A single piece of writing might occupy several scrolls. King Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309–246 BC) is said to have set 500,000 scrolls as an objective for the library. Mark Antony supposedly gave Cleopatra over 200,000 scrolls (taken from the great Library of Pergamum) for the library as a wedding gift. No index of the library survives, and it is not possible to know with certainty how large and how diverse the collection may have been.

According to Galen, Ptolemy III requested permission from the Athenians to borrow the original scripts of Aeschylus, Sophocles and Euripides, for which the Athenians demanded the enormous amount of fifteen talents as guarantee. Ptolemy happily paid the fee but kept the original scripts for the library.

## Related pages

- Bibliotheca Alexandrina