juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bowil

**Bowil** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bowil
- **municipality name**: Bowil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bowil COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bowil.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3533
- **municipality code**: 0605
- **area**: 14.7
- **elevation**: 733
- **population**: 1358
- **populationof**: Dec 2010
- **website**: www.bowil.ch
- **mayor**: Moritz Müller
- **neighboring municipalities**: Linden, Switzerland, Linden, Oberhünigen, Oberthal, Switzerland, Oberthal, Röthenbach im Emmental, Signau, Zäziwil
Adriana Lecouvreur

***Adriana Lecouvreur*** is an Italian opera in four acts, music by Francesco Cilea and libretto by Arturo Colautti, after Eugène Scribe and Ernest Legouvé's play _Adrienne Lecouvreur_. It was first performed in Milan, on November 6, 1902. By far Cilea's most successful work and his only opera still regularly performed.

## Principal characters

- Adriana Lecouvreur - soprano
- Maurizio - tenor
- Princess de Bouillon - mezzo-soprano
- Prince de Bouillon - bass
- Michonnet - baritone
- Quinault - bass

## Discography

- 1950: Mafalda Favero (Adriana Lecouvreur), Nicola Filacuridi (Maurizio), Elena Nicolai (Principessa di Bouillon), Giannetto Zini (Principe di Bouillon), Luigi Borgonovo (Michonnet), Ottavio Serpo (Quinault); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro alla Scala di Milano, Federico Del Cupolo - (VAI)
- 1951: Carla Gavazzi (Adriana Lecouvreur), Giacinto Prandelli (Maurizio), Miti Truccato Pace (Principessa di Bouillon), Plinio Clabassi (Principe di Bouillon), Saturno Meletti (Michonnet), Pasquale Lombardo (Quinault); Coro e Orchestra Sinfonica di Milano della RAI, Alfredo Simonetto - (Fonit Cetra)
- 1959: Magda Olivero (Adriana Lecouvreur), Franco Corelli (Maurizio), Giulietta Simionato (Principessa di Bouillon), Antonio Cassinelli (Principe di Bouillon), Ettore Bastianini (Michonnet), Augusto Frati (Quinault); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro di San Carlo di Napoli, Mario Rossi - (Opera D'Oro)
- 1961: Renata Tebaldi (Adriana Lecouvreur), Mario Del Monaco (Maurizio), Giulietta Simionato (Principessa di Bouillon), Silvio Maionica (Principe di Bouillon), Giulio Fioravanti (Michonnet), Giovanni Foiani (Quinault); Orchestra e Coro dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Franco Capuana - (Decca)
- 1977: Renata Scotto (Adriana Lecouvreur), Plácido Domingo (Maurizio), Elena Obraztsova (Principessa di Bouillon), Giancarlo Luccardi (Principe di Bouillon), Sherrill Milnes (Michonnet), Paul Hudson (Quinault); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, Philharmonia Orchestra, James Levine - (Sony Classical)
- 1988: Joan Sutherland (Adriana Lecouvreur), Carlo Bergonzi (Maurizio), Cleopatra Ciurca (Principessa di Bouillon), Francesco Ellero d'Artegna (Principe di Bouillon), Leo Nucci (Michonnet), Bryn Terfel (Quinault); Welsh National Opera Orchestra and Chorus, Richard Bonynge - (Decca)

## Sources

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Bremgarten bei Bern

**Bremgarten bei Bern** is a municipality of the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bremgarten
- **municipality name**: Bremgarten bei Bern
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bremgarten bei Bern COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3047
- **municipality code**: 0353
- **area**: 1.90
- **elevation**: 490
- **lowest m**: 488
- **lowest**: Schlosshalbinsel
- **highest m**: 589
- **highest**: Birchiwald
- **population**: 4385
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.bremgarten-be.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bern, Kirchlindach, Zollikofen
Brenzikofen

**Brenzikofen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Brenzikofen
- **municipality name**: Brenzikofen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Brenzikofen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Brenzikofen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3671
- **municipality code**: 0606
- **area**: 2.2
- **elevation**: 583
- **population**: 519
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.brenzikofen.ch
- **mayor**: Ernst Wüthrich
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bleiken bei Oberdiessbach, Fahrni, Heimberg, Switzerland, Heimberg, Herbligen, Oberdiessbach, Oppligen
Deaths in June 2016

The following is a list of **notable deaths in June 2016**. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months".  Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

- Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, nationality, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and most importantly a source.
__TOC__
Mohamed Abdelaziz

**Mohamed Abdelaziz** (; 17 August 1947 – 31 May 2016) was the 3rd Secretary General of the Polisario Front and President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic from 1976 until his death in 2016.

Abdelaziz died on 31 May 2016 from lung cancer, aged 68.

## Other websites

- Mohamed Abdelaziz: Carta abierta al rey de Marruecos (1999)
- President of the SADR photo gallery

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mohamed Abdelaziz

- **image**: Mohamed Abdelaziz, 2005.jpg
- **office**: President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, President of the Sahrawi Republic
- **primeminister**: Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed
Mahfoud Ali Beiba
Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed
Mahfoud Ali Beiba
Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun
Mahfoud Ali Beiba
Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun
Abdelkader Taleb Omar
- **term start**: 30 August 1976
- **term end**: 31 May 2016
- **predecessor**: Mahfoud Ali Beiba
- **successor**: Khatri Addouh
- **birth place**: Marrakesh, French protectorate in Morocco, French Morocco or Smara, Spanish Sahara
- **party**: Polisario Front
- **spouse**: Khadija Hamdi
- **alma mater**: Mohammed V University
Jan Crouch

**Janice Wendell Bethany** "**Jan**" **Crouch**  (March 14, 1938 – May 31, 2016) was an American religious broadcaster. Along with her husband Paul, she co-founded the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN).

Crouch suffered a massive stroke on May 25, 2016 and was hospitalized. She died in Orlando, Florida on May 31, 2016 from complications of the stroke, aged 78.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Janice Crouch
- **birth name**: Janice Wendell Bethany
- **birth place**: New Brockton, Alabama, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Orlando, Florida, United States, U.S.
- **death cause**: Complications of a stroke
- **occupation**: Co-founder of Trinity Broadcasting Network
- **title**: Vice President and Director of Network Programming/TBN, Director/CEO of Holy Land Experience
Kazimierz Barburski

**Kazimierz Zygfryd Barburski** (7 August 1942 – 26 May 2016) was a Polish fencer. He won a bronze medal in the team épée event at the 1968 Summer Olympics. He was born in Łódź, Poland.

Barburski died on 26 May 2016 in Poland, aged 73.
T. Marshall Hahn

**Thomas Marshall Hahn, Jr.** (December 2, 1926 – May 29, 2016) was an American educator. He served as President of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University from 1962 to 1974. He was also Director of Georgia Pacific from 1983 to 1993.

Hahn died on May 29, 2016 in Blacksburg, Virginia, aged 89.

## Other websites

- President Reagan's appointment as member of the Export Council

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Thomas Marshall Hahn, Jr.
- **title**: 11th President of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- **term start**: July 1, 1962
- **term end**: December 31, 1974
- **predecessor**: Walter Stephenson Newman, Walter S. Newman
- **successor**: William Edward Lavery, William E. Lavery
- **birth place**: Lexington, Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Blacksburg, Virginia
- **alma mater**: University of Kentucky <small>(Bachelor of Science, B.S.)</small>
Massachusetts Institute of Technology <small>(Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D.)</small>
G. V. Loganathan

**Gobichettipalayam Vasudevan "G. V." Loganathan** (April 8, 1954 – April 16, 2007) was an Indian-born American professor. He was a professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental engineering, part of the College of Engineering at Virginia Tech, United States. He was born in Karatadipalayam, Gobichettipalayam.

At age 53, Loganathan was among the 32 people killed in the Virginia Tech shootings on April 16, 2007. Loganathan taught an Advanced Hydrology class in Norris Hall's Room 206. On April 16, 2007, Cho entered Norris 206 and opened fire. Loganathan was Cho's first target.

## Other websites

- Virginia Tech faculty profile: G. V. Loganathan
Liviu Librescu

**Liviu Librescu** (; ; August 18, 1930 –  April 16, 2007) was a Romanian-born Israeli and American scientist and engineer. He was a professor whose major research fields were aerodynamics and aeroelasticity. He was born in Ploiești, Romania. He was the professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics at Virginia Tech.

He was a known academic in addition to being a survivor of the Holocaust, he was most widely known for his heroic actions during the Virginia Tech shootings, in which he held off the gunman, giving all but one of his students enough time to escape through the windows. Shot and killed during the attack, Librescu was awarded the _Order of the Star of Romania_, Romania's highest civilian honor.

## Other websites

- In Memoriam , Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics
- Librescu Family Condolence Page , _Chabad on Campus Foundation_
- BBC profile
- The Librescu Jewish Student Center
Kenne Fant

**Kenne Fant** (born **Carl-Henrik Fant**; 1 January, 1923 – 30 May, 2016) was a Swedish actor, director and writer. He was born in Strängnäs. He was known for his roles as Göran Thome _The Most Beautiful on the Earth_ (1948) and as Arne in _Prison_ (1949). He directed the movie _Adventures of Nils Holgersson_ (1962).

Fant died on 30 May, 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden at the age of 93.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: FANT1.jpg
- **name**: Kenne Fant
- **birth place**: Strängnäs, Sweden
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **occupation**: Actor
Rupert Neudeck

**Rupert Neudeck** (14 May 1939 – 31 May 2016) was a German journalist and humanitarian. Neudeck, together with a group of friends, formed the committee "A ship for Vietnam" and chartered for the rescue mission the freighter "Cap Anamur". He did humanitarian work in this project that aids refugees. He also founded "Grünhelme e.V." (Green Helmets; voluntary association) for rebuilding schools, villages, and ambulances in destroyed regions.

Neudeck died on 31 May 2016 in Germany, from complications after heart surgery, aged 77.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rupert Neudeck
- **image**: Roemerberggespraeche-12-2014-rupert-neudeck-063.jpg
- **caption**: Rupert Neudeck in 2014
- **birth place**: Danzig, Free City of Danzig (nowadays Gdańsk)
- **death place**: Germany
- **nationality**: German
- **known for**: Cap Anamur
- **signature**: Rupert-neudeck-a001.jpg
Wiltz

**Wiltz** () is a commune with city status in north-western Luxembourg, capital of the canton Wiltz. Wiltz is situated along the sides of the river Wiltz.

## History

During World War II, Luxembourg was occupied 10 May 1940 (the first day of the Battle of France).
On 31 August 1942, a general strike began in Wiltz that spread throughout the country.

On 1 January 2015, Wiltz absorbed the neighboring commune of Eschweiler.

## Geography

The _commune_ is in the Oesling, a region within the greater Ardennes area. It has an area of . The altitude is  high. At the castle, the altitude  is  high.

Wiltz is surrounded by six _communes_: Wincrange to the north and northwest, Clervaux to the northeast, Kiischpelt to the east, Goesdorf to the southeast, Lac de la Haute-Sûre to the south and southwest, and Winseler to the west.

## Population

There were 6,730 persons living in the _commune_ in January 2016, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

Other towns, besides the town of Wiltz, within the _commune_ are Roullingen and Weidingen.

**Evolution of the population in Wiltz**

## Places of interest

One of the main features of the town is Wiltz Castle (, German: _Schloss Wiltz_, ) which belonged to the former Counts of Wiltz.  This castle, which is situated on  of lawns and gardens, contains hundreds of rooms.  It was completed in 1727, and the final Count died in 1793.

## Twin towns

Wiltz is twinned withː

- Celorico de Basto, Portugal, since 2005
- Zavidovići, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2008

## Related pages

- Cantons of Luxembourg
- Communes of Luxembourg
- List of cities in Luxembourg

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Wiltz
- **other name**: Wolz
- **image skyline**: Gemeng Wolz 01.JPG
- **image caption**: City and town halls, Town hall of Wiltz
- **image shield**: Coat of arms wiltz luxbrg.png
- **shield size**: 90px
- **image map**: Map Wiltz.PNG
- **map caption**: Map showing, in orange, the Wiltz _commune_
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Cantons of Luxembourg, Canton
- **subdivision name1**: Wiltz (canton), Wiltz
- **subdivision type2**: Communes of Luxembourg, Commune
- **subdivision name2**: Wiltz
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Frank Arndt
- **area total km2**: 39.3
- **population as of**: 2017
- **population total**: 6730
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation max m**: 506
- **elevation min m**: 285
- **blank name**: Local administrative unit, LAU2
- **blank info**: LU00005009
- **website**: [http://www.wiltz.lu/ Official website]
David Tod Roy

**David Tod Roy** (; 1933 – May 31, 2016) was an American professor and scholar of Chinese literature. He taught at University of Chicago from 1967 until he took early retirement in 2006.

He was known for his translation of Jin Ping Mei, or _The Plum in the Golden Vase_, one of the Four Great Novels of the Ming dynasty. It was the first complete translation into a Western language.

He was diagnosed with ALS (often known as Lou Gehrig's disease) just as he had finished the translation in 2012 and died of that disease in 2016.

## Other websites

- "芮效卫," Baidu Baike
Carla Lane

**Carla Lane** (1928 – 31 May 2016) was an English television writer. She wrote many sitcoms, including _The Liver Birds_ (co-creator, 1969–78), _Butterflies_ (1978–82), and _Bread_ (1986–91).

## Other websites

- Carla Lane(official site).  from the original on 29 October 2012.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Carla Lane
- **birth date**: 1928
- **birth place**: West Derby, Liverpool, England
- **death place**: Liverpool, England
- **occupation**: Screenwriter
- **nationality**: British
- **period**: 1969–2016
- **genre**: Television
- **notableworks**: _The Liver Birds_ <small>_(1969–78, 1996)_</small>
_Bless This House (UK TV series), Bless This House_ <small>_(1971–76)_</small>
_Butterflies (TV series), Butterflies_ <small>_(1978–83)_</small>
_Solo (TV series), Solo_ <small>_(1981–82)_</small>
_The Last Song_ <small>_(1981–83)_</small>
_Leaving_ <small>_(1984–85)_</small>
_The Mistress (TV series), The Mistress_ <small>_(1985–87)_</small>
_Bread (TV series), Bread_ <small>_(1986–91)_</small>
_Screaming_ <small>_(1992)_</small>
_Luv (television series), Luv_ <small>_(1993–94)_</small>
- **spouse**: Eric Arthur Hollins
(m. 1948–1981, divorced)
- **children**: 2 sons
Tom Lysiak

**Thomas James Lysiak** (April 22, 1953 – May 30, 2016) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was selected as the second overall pick in round 1 of the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft by the Atlanta Flames, and was selected by the Houston Aeros in round 2 of the 1973 WHA Amateur Draft (23rd overall).

In each of his last two seasons at Medicine Hat, Lysiak was awarded the Bob Clarke Trophy as the Western Canada Hockey League's leading scorer (with a total of 297 points in 135 games).

Lysiak died of leukemia in Roswell, Georgia on May 30, 2016 at age 63.

## Other websites

- 1973 NHL Amateur Draft -- Tom Lysiak

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Tom Lysiak Panini 1979.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: High Prairie, Alberta, Canada
- **death place**: Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 205
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **played for**: Atlanta Flames
Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **draft**: 2nd overall
- **draft year**: 1973
- **draft team**: Atlanta Flames
- **wha draft**: 23rd overall
- **wha draft year**: 1973
- **wha draft team**: Houston Aeros (WHA), Houston Aeros
- **career start**: 1973
- **career end**: 1986
Albinen

**Albinen** is a municipality of the district of Leuk in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Albinen
- **municipality name**: Albinen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Albinen COA alt.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Albinen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Valais
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VS
- **district**: Leuk (district), Leuk
- **postal code**: 3955
- **municipality code**: 6102
- **area**: 15.5
- **elevation**: 1300
- **population**: 266
- **populationof**: Dec 2002
- **popofyear**: 2002
- **website**: www.albinen.ch
- **mayor**: Bernhard Grand
- **neighboring municipalities**: Guttet-Feschel, Inden, Switzerland, Inden, Leuk, Leukerbad
Brienz

**Brienz** is a municipality of the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is on the northern shore of Lake Brienz.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Brienz-rothorn-Bahn
- Ballenberg openair museum
- Brienz wood carvings

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Brienz
- **municipality name**: Brienz BE
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Brienz COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Brienz.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district), Interlaken-Oberhasli
- **postal code**: 3855
- **municipality code**: 0573
- **area**: 48.0
- **elevation**: 566
- **elevation description**: Brienz village
- **lowest**: Lake Brienz shore
- **lowest m**: 564
- **highest**: Schwarzhorn
- **highest m**: 2928
- **population**: 2981
- **populationof**: Dec 2010
- **website**: www.brienz.ch
- **places**: Kienholz, Axalp, Brienz
- **neighboring municipalities**: Brienzwiler, Flühli (LU), Grindelwald, Hofstetten bei Brienz, Iseltwald, Meiringen, Oberried am Brienzersee, Schwanden bei Brienz
- **twintowns**: Brienz/Brinzauls (Switzerland), Tryavna (Bulgaria), Shimada, Shizuoka, Shimada (Japan)
Brienzwiler

**Brienzwiler** is a municipality in Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Brienzwiler

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Brienzwiler
- **image photo**: Picswiss BE-91-36 Freilichtmuseum Ballenberg-.jpg
- **image caption**: Bernese farmhouse at the Ballenberg Open Air Museum near Brienzwiler village
- **municipality name**: Brienzwiler
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Brienzwiler COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Brienzwiler.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Interlaken-Oberhasli (administrative district), Interlaken-Oberhasli
- **postal code**: 3856
- **municipality code**: 0574
- **area**: 17.6
- **elevation**: 680
- **population**: 511
- **populationof**: Dec 2010
- **popofyear**: 2010
- **website**: www.brienzwiler.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Brienz, Grindelwald, Hofstetten bei Brienz, Lungern (OW), Meiringen
Agonist

An **agonist** is a type of chemical known as a ligand. It binds to a receptor. It activates (switches on) the receptor to produce a response.

An agonist causes an action. There are also antagonists which block the action of the agonists, and there are inverse agonists which cause an action opposite to that of the agonist.

This is typical of the systems which regulate the body. Being able to control activity is the basis of homeostasis.

## Types of agonists

Receptors can be activated by either endogenous or exogenous agonists. Both types result in a biological response. Endogenous agonists include hormones and neurotransmitters. Exogenous agonists include drugs.

A substance which causes the same bodily responses, but does _not_ bind to the same receptor is called a physiological agonist.

## Examples

- The endogenous agonist for serotonin receptors is serotonin, and the endogenous agonist for dopamine receptors is dopamine.
- Morphine is an exogenous agonist. It mimics the actions of endorphins at certain receptors in the central nervous system.
Centovalli, Ticino

**Centovalli** is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009, the municipalities of Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged into the new municipality of Centovalli

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Centovalli
- **municipality name**: Centovalli
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Centovalli TI COA.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Centovalli 2009.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6657
- **municipality code**: 5397
- **area**: 51.1
- **elevation**: 708
- **population**: 1130
- **populationof**: Dec 2004
- **website**: www.comunecentovalli.ch
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ascona, Brissago, Cavaglio-Spoccia (IT-VB), Cursolo-Orasso (IT-VB), Losone, Onsernone, Re, Piedmont, Re (IT-VB), Ronco sopra Ascona, Terre di Pedemonte
Line (formation)

The **line formation** is a standard tactical formation which was used by infantry in early modern warfare.
It continued the phalanx formation or shield wall of infantry armed with polearms in use during antiquity and the Middle Ages. The line formation used soldiers standing or moving side by side forming a line.

## Frederick the Great

The line formation provided the best front for volley fire. However the line could not change direction easily and was open to attack by cavalry. Frederick the Great used the line formation, or “march by lines” as a part of his oblique order to fix this problem. The other part of the oblique order was the “attack in echelon” (change to column formation and angle slightly towards the enemy). This way his line of soldiers, usually two ranks deep, could easily change the direction they faced.

## 17th century line formation

An infantry battalion would form "in line" by placing troops in several ranks. They could range in number from two to five, with two or three being the most common. During the 17th century lines thinned out and became longer. Using this line formation required greater discipline since the two opposing armies were often only  apart.

## American Civil War

During the American Civil War the standard formation for both attacking and defending was the line formation. The line allowed the maximum number of soldiers to fire their weapons without hitting their own men. The line formation worked best in open fields. The line could not move well in wooded areas or in rough terrain. Both sides were still using tactics that were used in the American Revolutionary War. During earlier wars including the Napoleonic Wars, single-shot smoothbore muskets were used with fixed bayonets. A line would advance to about  from the enemy line and fire in volley (all at the same time). Muskets were not very accurate and by all firing at the same time they were more likely to hit enemy soldiers. After firing their one shot the soldiers would all move the line forward for a bayonet charge.

The new weapons in use at the beginning of the war made the older tactic unnecessary. Newer rifles and rifle muskets were now available that could allow the defenders to start firing at  to  yards away. The development of the Minié ball (bullet) also increased the accuracy of rifles at longer ranges.

## Modern warfare

A loose line formation is also used by many modern forces during assaults. It allows the use of maximum firepower to concentrate in one direction at once. This is useful when attacking an enemy position. It also enables the use of fire and movement.
Brügg

**Brügg** is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Brügg

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Brügg
- **municipality name**: Brügg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Brügg COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Biel/Bienne (administrative district), Biel/Bienne
- **postal code**: 2555
- **municipality code**: 0733
- **area**: 5.0
- **elevation**: 485
- **population**: 4232
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.bruegg.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aegerten, Biel/Bienne, Orpund, Port, Bern, Port, Schwadernau
Brüttelen

**Brüttelen** () is a municipality in the administrative district Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Brüttelen
- **municipality name**: Brüttelen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Brüttelen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Brüttelen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Seeland (administrative district), Seeland
- **postal code**: 3237
- **municipality code**: 0491
- **area**: 6.06
- **elevation**: 499
- **population**: 568
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **neighboring municipalities**: Finsterhennen, Ins, Switzerland, Ins, Lüscherz, Müntschemier, Treiten, Vinelz
David McNiven Garner

**David McNiven Garner** (26 November 1928 – 13 May 2016), was a New Zealand oceanographer. He worked as a published research physicist. He worked with a focus in physical oceanography and ocean circulation.

In 1962, he founded the New Zealand Oceanographic Institute of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (today known as National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research), then located in Hobson Street, Wellington, New Zealand.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: David McNiven Garner
- **image**: David-McNiven-Garner.jpg
- **caption**: David McNiven Garner, taken at Pancake Rocks, near Punakaiki, Westland, New Zealand, 19 November 2008
- **birth place**: Wanganui, New Zealand
- **death place**: Dunedin, New Zealand
- **citizenship**: New Zealand
- **nationality**: New Zealand
- **fields**: Physical oceanography
- **workplaces**: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand), Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Zealand
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
University of Auckland
- **alma mater**: Victoria University of Wellington, Victoria University
New York University
Erika Berger

**Erika Berger** (August 13, 1939 – May 15, 2016) was a German television presenter and author. She was born in Munich, Germany.

Berger worked as television presenter on German television broadcaster RTL. As writer, she wrote several books over sexuality. Berger has two children.

Berger died in Cologne, Germany on May 15, 2016, aged 76.

## Other websites

- Spiegel.de: Interview: "Worüber soll man denn sonst reden?" (German)
- Welt.de: Es wird immer mehr nackert
Marion Lambert

**Baroness Marion Lambert** (**Maron von Vries**; 1943 – 28 May 2016) was a Belgian-born Swiss art collector and philanthropist. She was the wife of Baron Philippe Lambert of the Bank Brussels Lambert banking dynasty. She was described as "one of the first collectors and patrons of contemporary photography". In a November 2004, she sold her entire collection of about 300 photographs mostly from the 1980s, entitled _Veronica's Revenge_, at Phillips de Pury in Chelsea, New York for a total of $9.2 million.

On 24 May 2016, Lambert was hit by a bus on route 73 near Bond Street tube station in London. She died from head injuries on 28 May 2016, aged 73.

## Other websites

- Lambert Art Collection, 2015 sale
Bob Williams (quarterback)

**Robert "Bob" Allen Williams** (January 2, 1930 – May 26, 2016) was an American football quarterback in the National Football League. He was born in Cumberland, Maryland. Williams played for the Chicago Bears from 1951 through 1952 and again in 1955. During his college years, he played for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish team. Williams was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1988.

Williams died on May 26, 2016 at a retirement home in Timonium, Maryland from Parkinson's disease, aged 86.

## Other websites

- NFL.com player page
Razak Khan

**Razak** (or **Razzak Khan**) (1953/1954 – 1 June 2016) was an Indian movie and television actor who was in Bollywood movies. He was known for his roles in _Baadshah_, _Hello Brother_ and in _Akhiyon Se Goli Maare_.

Khan died of a heart attack at his home in Bandra, Maharashtra on 1 June 2016, aged 62.

## Other websites

- Razak Khan Bio at the Bollywood Hungama
Asymmetry

**Asymmetry** is a state which is the absence of, or a violation of, symmetry. It is best defined like that because symmetry is relatively rare, and almost all other objects are asymmetric.

## Related pages

- Symmetry
Monteceneri

**Monteceneri** is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was created on 21 November 2010, when the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged to form the new municipality of Monteceneri.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Monteceneri
- **image photo**: 2011-03-27 Monteceneri (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 050.JPG
- **image caption**: Rivera
- **municipality name**: Monteceneri
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Monteceneri CoA.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Monteceneri 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6802 Rivera, Switzerland, Rivera
6803 Camignolo
6804 Bironico
6806 Sigirino
6809 Medeglia
- **municipality code**: 5238
- **area**: 37.04
- **elevation**: 196
- **population**: 4607
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.monteceneri.ch
- **mayor**: Emilio Filippini
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **places**: Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera, Switzerland, Rivera, Sigirino
- **neighboring municipalities**: Alto Malcantone, Cadenazzo, Camorino, Capriasca, Gambarogno, Isone, Mezzovico-Vira, Pianezzo, Ponte Capriasca, Sant'Antonino, Torricella-Taverne
Interrupt

An **interrupt** is when something happens to a microprocessor that causes it to _interrupt_ the currently running code to allow it to respond to the thing that happened. Interrupts usually occur because the processor gets a special signal from hardware, but they can also be caused by software. Many things can cause interrupts, including pressing keys on a keyboard, moving the mouse, the built-in timer going off, a data transfer taking place, or an event that was triggered which needs attention from the processor right away. Interrupts can happen at any time, no matter what program is running or where in the program's source code it is.

## How interrupts work

The purpose of an interrupt is to temporarily pause normal code execution to allow the processor to respond very quickly to the thing causing the interrupt. Once that thing has been dealt with, the processor can resume the work it was doing.

An interrupt is triggered by a hardware or software call known as an _interrupt request_ (IRQ). When an IRQ happens, the processor immediately stores the details of what it is doing on a stack for safe keeping, and then beings to follow special instructions to respond to the interrupt. These instructions form a very short program called an _interrupt handler_ or _interrupt service routine_ (ISR). The ISR must be short so the processor can get back to its original work as fast as possible. As soon as the ISR is completed, the processor goes back to the stack where it stored the _context_ of its original work on a stack, and resumes running code exactly where it left off.

Many interrupt controllers in today's processors use an _interrupt vector_ as a way to sort interrupts based on where they came from or how important they are. The vector contains the special programs (ISRs) that will run when each different interrupt happens. ISRs are generally responsible for dealing with, or "servicing", the interrupt, along with keeping itself in good working order.

## Uses of interrupts

|Use case|Practical example|
| --- | --- |
|Triggering tasks at regular intervals|Blinking a light every time a 5-second timer expires|
|Servicing an external device|Collecting a measurement from a sensor every time the sensor says a new measurement is ready|
|Triggering the operating system to take action|Reacting to a USB flash drive getting plugged into the computer|
|Increasing power efficiency|Instead of software constantly checking whether something has happened (which wastes electricity), the code can be designed differently to just wait for an interrupt to occur.|
Chandrasekhar limit

The **Chandrasekhar limit** is the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star. Building on work by others, the Indian physicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar worked on the calculation. He published series of papers between 1931 and 1935. The Chandrasekhar limit is about 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.

The Chandrasekhar limit is the mass above which electron degeneracy pressure in the star's core is not enough to balance the star's own gravitational self-attraction. Then, white dwarfs with masses over the limit would gravitationally collapse into a neutron star or black hole. However, white dwarfs usually explode before they undergo collapse. Those with masses under the limit remain stable as white dwarfs.
Marianne Gaba

**Marianne Gaba** (November 13, 1939 – May 3, 2016) was an American model, actress and beauty queen. She was born in Chicago, Illinois. She was Miss Illinois USA 1957 and _Playboy_ magazine's Playmate of the Month for its September 1959 issue. She was known for her roles as Liz in  _The Choppers_ (1961), as Animal in _How to Stuff a Wild Bikini_ (1965) and as Robot in _Dr. Goldfoot and the Bikini Machine_ (1965).

Gaba died on May 3, 2016 from brain cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 76.
Roger Enrico

**Roger Enrico** (November 11, 1944 – June 1, 2016) was an American businessman. He was born in Chisholm, Minnesota. He was known for being the Chairman of PepsiCo from 1996 to 2001 and Chairman of DreamWorks Animation SKG Inc from 2004 to 2012. He served on the Board of Directors of the National Geographic Society, the Environmental Defense Fund, the Solar Electric Light Fund, and the American Film Institute.

Enrico died of a heart attack while snorkeling at his private Cayman Islands home on June 1, 2016, aged 71.
Corry Brokken

**Cornelia Maria "Corry" Brokken** (3 December 1932 – 2 June 2016) was a Dutch singer, TV presenter and lawyer. She is known for her songs "Snip en Snap", "Voorgoed voorbij" and "Heel de wereld".

After her singing career she studied law at Utrecht University in the 1970s. Afterwards she was a lawyer and later on a judge.

Brokken died on 2 June 2016 in Laren, Netherlands at the age of 83.

## Eurovision Song Contest

Brokken was involved in the Eurovision Song Contest on four occassions.

- Brokken was a contestant in the first ever Eurovision Song Contest, representing Netherlands. She did not win.
- She returned as the Dutch entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 with her song "Net als toen". This time, she won
- She also participated in Eurovision 1958 but did not win.
- In 1976, she was the presenter for the Eurovision Song Contest 1976.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Corry Brokken
- **image**: Corry Brokken 916-8836 (cropped).jpg
- **birth place**: Breda (Netherlands), Breda, Netherlands
- **death place**: Laren, North Holland, Laren, Netherlands
- **instrument**: Singing
Yevhen Lemeshko

**Yevhen Lemeshko** (; 11 December 1929 – 2 June 2016) was a Ukrainian football coach. He was born in Mykolaiv. He was chairman of the Council of Veteran Footballers. He started his football career as a player for FC Dynamo Kyiv, but due to an injury he stopped playing and became a coach.

In 1956 Lemeshko played two games for Ukraine at the Spartakiad of the Peoples of the USSR. In 1980 he became a Merited Coach of Ukraine.

Lemeshko died on 2 June 2016 in Kyiv, Ukraine from a stroke, aged 86.

## Other websites

- Lemeshko only five years younger than Metalist (Obozrevatel, December 14, 2005)
- Brief profile at klisf
- History of Karpaty Lviv
- Interview to the Ukrainian daily "Den" (July 23, 1998)

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Yevhen Lemeshko
- **fullname**: Yevhen Pylypovych Lemeshko
- **birth place**: Mykolaiv, Ukrainian SSR
- **death place**: Kyiv, Ukraine
- **height**: 1.82 m
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **years1**: 1949
- **clubs1**: MFC Mykolaiv, Sudnobudivnyk Mykolaiv
- **years2**: 1950
- **clubs2**: FC Lokomotyv Kharkiv, Lokomotyv Kharkiv
- **years3**: 1950–1958
- **clubs3**: FC Dynamo Kyiv, Dynamo Kyiv
- **years4**: 1959
- **clubs4**: MFC Mykolaiv, Sudnobudivnyk Mykolaiv
- **years5**: 1959–1960
- **clubs5**: FC Shakhtar Donetsk, Shakhtar Stalino
- **nationalyears1**: 1956
- **nationalteam1**: Ukraine national football team, Ukraine
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1960–1966
- **managerclubs1**: FC Podillya Khmelnytskyi, FC Dynamo Khmelnytskyi
- **manageryears2**: 1967
- **managerclubs2**: FC Karpaty Lviv, Karpaty Lviv
- **manageryears3**: 1968–1970
- **managerclubs3**: FC Podillya Khmelnytskyi, FC Dynamo Khmelnytskyi
- **manageryears4**: 1971–1974
- **managerclubs4**: MFK Mykolaiv, FC Sudobudivnyk Mykolaiv
- **manageryears5**: 1977–1988
- **managerclubs5**: FC Metalist Kharkiv, Metalist Kharkiv
- **manageryears6**: 1989–1993
- **managerclubs6**: FC Torpedo Zaporizhia
- **manageryears7**: 1993
- **managerclubs7**: Metalist Kharkiv
Boyce F. Martin Jr.

**Boyce Ficklen Martin, Jr.** (October 23, 1935 – June 1, 2016) was an American judge. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the  United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. He was appointed by Jimmy Carter in 1979. Martin served as Chief Judge of the circuit from 1996 to 2003. He wrote more than 1100 opinions during his 34-year career.

Martin, Jr. died at his home in Louisville, Kentucky from brain cancer on June 1, 2016, aged 80.

## Other websites

- Biography of Boyce F. Martin on the 6th Circuit website
Andrzej Niemczyk

**Andrzej Niemczyk** (16 January 1944 – 2 June 2016) was a Polish volleyball player and coach. He was the coach of the Poland women's national volleyball team that competed at the 2005 Women's European Volleyball Championship. He was born in Łódź.

Niemczyk died in Warsaw, Poland from cancer on 2 June 2016, aged 72.
Acquarossa

**Acquarossa** is the capital of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

Acquarossa was created on 4 April 2004, when the former municipalities of Castro, Corzoneso, Dongio, Largario, Leontica, Lottigna, Marolta, Ponto Valentino and Prugiasco merged to form the new municipality of Acquarossa.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Acquarossa
- **municipality name**: Acquarossa
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Largario.jpg
- **image caption**: Largario
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Acquarossa COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Acquarossa 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Blenio (district), Blenio
- **postal code**: 6716
- **municipality code**: 5048
- **area**: 61.7
- **elevation**: 528
- **population**: 1875
- **populationof**: 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.acquarossa.ch
- **mayor**: Ivo Gianora
- **mayor title**: Sindaco
- **places**: Acquarossa, Dongio, Marogno, Motto Blenio, Corzoneso Piano, Corzoneso, Casserio, Cumiasca, Leontica, Comprovasco, Lottigna, Prugiasco, Castro, Traversa, Marolta, Ponto Valentino, Largario
- **neighboring municipalities**: Olivone, Aquila, Switzerland, Aquila, Torre, Switzerland, Torre, Malvaglia, Ludiano, Sobrio, Cavagnago, Anzonico, Faido
Buchholterberg

**Buchholterberg** is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Buchholterberg
- **municipality name**: Buchholterberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Buchholterberg COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Thun (administrative district), Thun
- **postal code**: 3615
- **municipality code**: 0923
- **area**: 15.34
- **elevation**: 1006
- **population**: 1542
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **website**: www.buchholterberg.ch
- **mayor**: Beat Haldimann
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach, Bleiken bei Oberdiessbach, Fahrni, Linden, Switzerland, Linden, Röthenbach im Emmental, Unterlangenegg, Wachseldorn
Büetigen

**Büetigen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Büetigen
- **municipality name**: Büetigen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Büetigen COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Seeland (administrative district), Seeland
- **postal code**: 3263
- **municipality code**: 0382
- **area**: 3.60
- **elevation**: 448
- **population**: 819
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **website**: www.bueetigen.ch
- **mayor**: Fritz Linder
- **mayor asof**: 2008
- **mayor party**: SVP
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **neighboring municipalities**: Busswil bei Büren, Diessbach bei Büren, Dotzigen, Lyss, Schwadernau, Studen, Bern, Studen
Erstfeld

**Erstfeld** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 3,000 people live in Erstfeld. Its area is .

## Other websites

- Official Website of Erstfeld

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Erstfeld
- **municipality name**: Erstfeld
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Erstfeld COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Erstfeld 2007.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Uri
- **iso-code-region**: CH-UR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6472
- **municipality code**: 1206
- **area**: 59.20
- **elevation**: 475
- **population**: 3774
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.erstfeld.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Attinghausen, Gurtnellen, Schattdorf, Silenen, Wassen
Flüelen

**Flüelen** is a municipality in the canton of Uri in Switzerland. Around 1,500 people live in Flüelen and it has an area of .

## Other websites

- Official Website of Flüelen

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Flüelen
- **municipality name**: Flüelen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Flüelen-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Fluelen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Uri
- **iso-code-region**: CH-UR
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6454
- **municipality code**: 1207
- **area**: 12.42
- **elevation**: 435
- **population**: 1972
- **populationof**: Dec 2015
- **website**: www.fluelen.ch
- **mayor**: Simon Arnold
- **neighboring municipalities**: Altdorf, Switzerland, Altdorf, Bauen, Bürglen, Uri, Bürglen, Isenthal, Seedorf, Uri, Seedorf, Sisikon
Büren an der Aare

**Büren an der Aare** (_Bueren on the Aare_, ) is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official Website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Büren an der Aare
- **municipality name**: Büren an der Aare
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Büren an der Aare COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Büren an der Aare.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Seeland (administrative district), Seeland
- **postal code**: 3294
- **municipality code**: 0383
- **area**: 12.70
- **elevation**: 443
- **population**: 3446
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **website**: www.bueren.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Diessbach bei Büren, Dotzigen, Grenchen (SO), Lengnau, Berne, Lengnau, Meienried, Meinisberg, Oberwil bei Büren, Rüti bei Büren, Safnern, Schnottwil (SO)
Arni, Bern

**Arni** is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne, Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Arni BE
- **municipality name**: Arni BE
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Arni BE COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Arni bei Biglen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3508
- **municipality code**: 0602
- **area**: 10.4
- **elevation**: 849
- **population**: 945
- **populationof**: December 2010
- **popofyear**: 2010
- **website**: www.arnibe.ch
- **mayor**: Kurt Rothenbühler
- **neighboring municipalities**: Biglen, Grosshöchstetten, Landiswil, Lauperswil, Oberthal, Switzerland, Oberthal, Walkringen
Büren zum Hof

**Büren zum Hof** was a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Büren zum Hof
- **municipality name**: Büren zum Hof
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Büren zum Hof COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3313
- **municipality code**: 0534
- **area**: 3.5
- **elevation**: 510
- **population**: 467
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **website**: www.buerenzumhof.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Etzelkofen, Fraubrunnen, Limpach, Switzerland, Limpach, Mülchi, Schalunen