juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Triode

A **triode** (“valve” in British English) is a type of empty tube with wires in it (vacuum tube). It is not a vacuum tube diode, which has only two wires (electrodes), but has a third electrode, called the grid between the 2 wires (cathode  and anode).

The word “triode” comes from the word parts “tri” (three) + “ode” (way, road).

## How it works

When the cathode becomes hot, it gives out electricity particles (electrons). These electrons are then taken by the anode. This makes an electric movement (current), which is controlled by the grid. The grid “checks” how many electrons can pass through, and “eats” the extra ones. The grid lets the triode to be used as an electric amount changer (amplifier).

The grid can also quickly change the amount of electrons it lets through, so it can also be part of an oscillator and wave taker (detector).

## History

Philipp Lenard created the “grid” idea in 1902 to make an electron taker. The diode (Fleming valve) was created by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904.  Lee De Forest and Robert von Lieben created the triode in 1908 from his original Audion diode of 1906. The triode is used as an amplifier (electric amount changer).  The name triode was created because people needed to know which kind of vacuum tube it is, rather than a diode, tetrode, or pentode.

People wanted to talk to people far away. They used triodes to talk, by triode radio receiver<nowiki/>s and triode radio transmitter<nowiki/>s. At first they only sent Morse code but better triodes later allowed talking by radio.

The triode transmitters were so good that they replaced the crystal transmitters to make the new listening devices (earphones).

This made the first way of talking far away, creating the beginning of radio broadcasting around 1920. This made far away telephones better.

Then the Bell Telephone group made even better telephones that can catch waves that traveled about 800 miles. They put the first transcontinental telephone line on January 25, 1915 .

Then people started putting more wires inside, to 4 wires (tetrode, by Walter Schottky in 1916) to 5 wires (pentode, by Gilles Holst and Bernandus Dominicus Hubertus Tellegen in 1926).

The triode was used in other devices (radios, television<nowiki/>s, and audio systems) until it was beaten by the transistor in 1947, ending the time of the triode.

Today triodes are used in wave throwing and hot making. Triodes are also starting to be used in good electric audio machines and music machines. They are also used in glow makers (vacuum florescent displays, (VFDs), and there are different types of glow makers, but all use triodes.

## What it can be used for

Radios and telephones are also wave takers, so it is used in them. But it is too big, so from 1960 to 1969, the transistor has mostly replaced it. It is an ancestor of the transistor. It is still used in vacuum tube amplifiers.

Today, the triode is still used in iPods and radios and heaters to heat and to take waves.

## Other websites

- "Introduction to Thermionic Valves"
Suvarnabhumi Airport

**Suvarnabhumi Airport** (; IATA: **BKK**, ICAO: **VTBS**), also unofficially known as **Bangkok Airport**, is the main international airport of Bangkok, Thailand. It is located in Bangchoung, Rachatawa, Noungprue and Bangphli district Samutprakarn province. The area of the airport is about . It is six times bigger than Don Mueang International Airport, the other international airport serving Greater Bangkok.

## Budget

The Thai government gave a budget of about 150,000 million baht (US$4.9 billion or 3.7 billion euro) to build this international airport. This included investment of Government service and State Enterprises of 137,000 million baht ($4.46 billion), and private company about 13,000 million baht ($423 million). The airport could support the passengers more than 45 million people. It was designed by Helmut Jahn.

## International airlines

International airlines included of 102 airways and 142 cities. There are:

- Aeroflot
- Air Astana
- Air Austral
- Air China
- Air France
- Air India
- Air Koryo
- Air Macau
- Air Madagascar
- All Nippon Airways
- Asiana Airlines
- Austrian Airlines
- Biman Bangladesh Airlines
- British Airways
- Cathay Pacific
- Cebu Pacific
- China Airlines
- China Eastern Airlines
- China Southern Airlines
- Condor
- Delta Air Lines
- EgyptAir
- El Al Israel Airlines
- Emirates

- Ethiopian Airlines
- Etihad Airways
- EVA Air
- Finnair
- Garuda Indonesia
- Gulf Air
- Hainan Airlines
- Hong Kong Airlines
- IndiGo
- Japan Airlines
- Jeju Air
- Jet Airways
- Jetstar Airways
- Jetstar Pacific
- Juneyao Airlines
- Kenya Airways
- KLM Royal Dutch Airlines
- Korean Air
- Kuwait Airways
- Lao Airlines
- Lufthansa
- Mahan Air
- Malaysia Airlines
- MIAT Mongolian Airlines

- Myanmar Airways International
- Okay Airways
- Philippine Airlines
- Qantas Airways
- Qatar Airways
- Qeshm Airlines
- Royal Brunei Airlines
- Royal Jordanian
- S7 Airlines
- Shanghai Airlines
- Shenzhen Airlines
- Singapore Airlines
- SpiceJet
- Spring Airlines
- SriLankan Airlines
- Swiss International Air Lines
- Tigerair
- Transaero
- Turkish Airline
- T'way Airlines
- U Airlines
- UTair Aviation
- Uzbekistan Airways
- VietJet Air
- Vietnam Airlines
- Xiamen Airlines

## Domestic airlines

Most domestic airlines fly from Don Mueang Airport, but the following airlines fly from Suvarnabhumi:

- Asia Atlantic Airlines (hub)
- Bangkok Airways (hub)
- Business Air
- Jetstar Asia (hub)
- Orient Thai Airlines (hub)
- Thai Airways (hub)
- Thai Smile (hub)
Sanam Luang

**Sanam Luang** is a big field in front of Wat Phra Kaew and the Grand Palace in Bangkok, Thailand. Sanam Luang has another name, Tung Pra Me'ru (meaning cremation field). It was used for cremation of the King and his royal relatives. In 1855, King Rama IV changed the field's name to Sanam luang, announcing that the old name was thought unlucky.

King Rama I used Sanam Luang to officiate ceremonies. Then in King Rama V's era, Sanam Luang was extended and the buildings around it were destroyed. The people used Sanam Luang to perform ceremonies instead of growing rice.

In King Rama VI's era, Sanam Luang was used for horse racing and part of the field was turned into a golf couse.

At present, the Thai people still use Sanam Luang to officiate royal ceremonies for the King, princes and princesses. Sanam Luang is an important national site.
Baltistan

**Baltistan** or **Baltiyul** (Balti: སྦལཏི་ཡུལ།), also known as **Nang-Kod** (ནང་ཀོང) by the Tibetans and **Tibet-i-Khurd** (Little Tibet) by the Mughals, is a historical region in northeastern Pakistan. It borders Xinjiang Autonomous Region and Tibet of China.  It lies in the Karakoram mountains just to the south of K2, the world's second highest mountain. It is an extremely mountainous region, with an average altitude of over 3,350 m (11,000 ft). It is inhabited principally by Balti Tibetan people following Islam.

Baltistan has always been divided into many sovereign kingdoms and states ruled by different dynasties, like the Khaplu Kingdom ruled by the Yabgo dynasty and the Shigar Kingdom ruled by the Amacha dynasty. It was united under a single empire "Makpon Empire" by Gyalpo Ali Senge Anchan. In 1840 after the decline of Makpon Kingdom, Baltistan came under the Dogra rule, but the principalities of Shigar and Khaplu continued their nominal rule.

## Related pages

- Ladakh

## Other websites

- The Changing Northern Areas
- Pakistan's Northern Areas dilemma
- Tourism Northeran Areas
- Pakistan's Northern Areas
Raja

**Raja** ( (**rājā**)) is a Sanskrit word for _king_ and is used as a title for monarchs in South Asia and South East Asia.

The title has a long history in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, as it is found in the Rigveda. It can also be used as a name for non-royal people in South Asia.
In Pakistan, Raja is still used by many Muslim Rajput clans as hereditary titles. _Raja_ is also used as a name by Pakistani Muslims and Indian Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims. It is also used as a name and title by Bengali Muslims.

## Rajas in the Malay world

- The ruler of the state of Perlis, Malaysia is titled the Raja of Perlis. Most of the other state rulers are titled Sultans. But the Raja has equal status with the other rulers and is one of the electors who designate one of their number as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong every five years. Many Muslim Malay rulers in the medieval times adopted the title of _Raja_.

## Related pages

- Maharaja

## Other websites

- Indian Princely States, the most comprehensive, specialised site on (princely) (e)states in British India
- RoyalArk (more elaborate, on a smaller number of dynasties)- here India
- WorldStatesmen- Indian princely states, here K-Z
Raja (disambiguation)

A **Raja** is a type of monarch. This is sometimes spelled "Rajah".

**Raja** may also refer to:

- Rajan, the Sanskrit for "king, ruler"
- Raja Yoga, one of the four major Yogic paths of Hinduism
- _Raja_ (genus), a genus of rays

In **popular culture**:
- Raja Casablanca, a Moroccan sports club
- Raja (actor), an Indian movie actor who works in Tollywood
- _Raja_ (1975 movie), a Bollywood movie with Rishi Kapoor
- _Raja_ (1995 movie), a Bollywood movie starring Sanjay Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit
- _Raja_ (2003 movie), a French/Moroccan movie directed by Jacques Doillon
- Raja (_Phantasy Star IV_), a fictional character in the video game _Phantasy Star IV_
- _Raja_ (album), an album by Finnish thrash metal band Stam1na

**Raja**is the given name or surname of:
- M. Raja, Indian director
- Raja Bell, Basketball player

## Related pages

- Rajah (disambiguation)
- Rajput
Rajah (disambiguation)

**Rajah** may refer to:

- Rajah, an other spelling of Raja, meaning an Indian monarch
- Rajah (comics), a fictional character in the Marvel Universe
- Rajah (dog), famed New Zealand German Shepherd police dog

## People

- Indranee Rajah, a Deputy Speaker of Singapore's Parliament
- Rajah Humabon, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century
- Rajah Lakandula, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century
- Rajah Muthiah Chettiar, Tamil banker, educationist, philanthropist, and politician
- Rajah Sulayman, Muslim king of the Philippines, during the 16th century

## Places

- Ayer Rajah, an area in the Queenstown Planning Area in the southwest part of Singapore
- Rajah Buayan, a municipality in the Philippines
- Rajah Buayan, Maguindanao, a municipality in the Philippines

## Things

- Ayer Rajah Expressway, a Singapore expressway
- Culex rajah, a type of mosquito
- Nepenthes rajah, a carnivorous pitcher plant species native to Malaysia
- Rajah Broadcasting Network, a Philippine media network
- Rajah Motors, former automobile manufacturer in India
- Rajah Scops Owl, a type of owl
- Rajah Solaiman Movement, a terrorist organization
- Rajah Spiny Rat, a species of rodent
- _The Rajah_, a 1919 movie starring Harold Lloyd

- HMS Rajah (D10), an escort aircraft carrier
- Toxorhynchites rajah, a type of mosquito

## Related pages

- Rajput
Pushim

**PUSHIM** is a Japanese reggae singer. Her real name is Paku Pushin. She was born in Osaka on 16 November 1975, and started to sing in 1995. She released her first single in 1999. She has strong and deep voice. Her younger sister, YOUNGSHIM, is also a reggae singer.

## Career

She began performing in the Kansai reggae scene in 1995. In 1998, she did back-up vocals for the Refugee Camp's "It's Too Late", a Carroll King cover. After signing with Sony Music Japan, she recorded and released her first single called "Brand New Day" on 19 June 1999. It receive a lot of critical acclaim. In September 1999, she released a second single called "Strong Woman". It was also a success and she sold many copies. The following spring, her debut album "Say Greetings" was released. Her latest album is "Sing A Song... Lighter!". It was released in 2006, with Luciano appearing on one track.

### Extended plays

|**Date of Release**|**Title**|**Label**|**Chart positions**|**JP sales**|**Certification**||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|19 June 1999|_Brand New Day_|Sony Music Japan|align="center"|4|16,000||
|10 April 2002|_Pak's Groove_|Sony Music Japan|align="center"|29|15,000||

### Studio Albums

|**Date of Release**|**Title**|**Label**|**Chart positions**|**JP sales**|**Certification**||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|8 March 2000|_Say Greetings!_|Sony Music Japan|align="center"|4|36,000||
|4 July 2001|_COLORS_|Sony Music Japan|align="center"|13|73,000||
|3 May 2003|_Pieces_|Sony Music Japan|align="center"|10|127,000||
|4 August 2004|_QUEENDOM_|Sony Music Japan|align="center"|6|88,000||
|26 July 2006|_Sing A Song... Lighter!_|Sony Music Japan|align="center"|9|57,000||

## Other websites

- PUSHIM's official homepage
- Sony Music Online Japan PUSHIM's page on her label's website
Headset

A **headset** is a headphone with a microphone. People can listen to sound with headphone and can record sound with a microphone. A headset is easy to use because it can be used without hands, just like a telephone. A person only needs to put the headset on his/her head and then can talk with a mic. Many people use headsets at the computer so they can converse and type easily. Headsets normally have only one speaker like a telephone, but also can be made with speakers for both ears.

## New type of Headset

Nowadays there are wire headset and wireless headset, which means there's no wire between the computer and the headset.  It works by radio waves.  A wireless headset can be put in a pocket or a bag easily due to its small size.  This can be used for soundproofing.

## History

The inventor of the headset is Nathaniel Baldwin, but his version could not be sold to people. The second headset is the US Army's headset for airplane pilots in World War I.

## How headsets work?

Headset is made up of two parts. They are input part and output part. From input part, headset receive sound signal. And from output part, headset receive sound signal and generate sound.
Endoscopy

**Endoscopy** means to _look inside_. This often means looking inside the body for medical reasons with an **endoscope**.

An endoscope is a medical instrument that is made to see parts inside a patient's body. This has the advantage that observations and certain operations can be done without opening up the body. Whatever precautions are taken, an open body part is always at risk of infection.

The endoscope has a long tube to enter the patient's body and a tiny camera or lens attached to the front of this tube. Sometimes the tube is guided through the body using outside imaging.

It is usually inserted into patient's nose, mouth, or anus, so surgeons can see what is there. If necessary, action can be taken, like getting a tissue biopsy.

## Parts

An endoscope has at least some of these parts:
- a rigid or flexible tube.
- a light, which is usually outside the body and delivered by an optical fibre system.
- a lens system which takes the image from the objective lens to the viewer. This can be done by a relay lens system in the case of rigid endoscopes or a bundle of fiberoptics in the case of a fibrescope.
- an eyepiece. Modern instruments may be videoscopes, with no eyepiece. In these a camera transmits image to a screen. This has the advantage that the image can be seen by all in the operating theatre.
- an additional channel to carry medical instruments or manipulators.

## Uses

Endoscopy can involve
- The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract):
    - esophagus, stomach and duodenum
    - small intestine
    - colon
    - Bile duct
- The respiratory tract
    - The nose
    - The lower respiratory tract (bronchoscopy)
- The urinary tract
- The female reproductive system
    - The cervix
    - The uterus
    - The Fallopian tubes
- Normally closed body cavities (through a small incision):
    - The abdominal or pelvic cavity
    - The interior of a joint
    - Organs of the chest
- During pregnancy
    - The amnion
    - The foetus
- Plastic Surgery
- Panendoscopy (or triple endoscopy)
    - Combines larynx, esophagogus, and bronchoscopy
- Non-medical uses for endoscopy
    - The planning and architectural community have found the endoscope useful for pre-visualization of scale models of proposed buildings and cities
    - Internal inspection of complex technical systems
    - Endoscopes are also a tool helpful in the examination of improvised explosive devices by bomb disposal personnel.
    - The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses endoscopes for conducting surveillance in tight spaces.

## Related pages

- nuclear medicine
Supercomputer

A **supercomputer** is a computer with great speed and memory. This kind of computer can do jobs faster than any other computer of its generation. They are usually thousands of times faster than ordinary personal computers made at that time. Supercomputers can do arithmetic jobs very fast, so they are used for weather forecasting, code-breaking, genetic analysis and other jobs that need many calculations. When new computers of all classes become more powerful, new ordinary computers are made with powers that only supercomputers had in the past, while new supercomputers continue to outclass them.

Electrical engineers make supercomputers that link many thousands of microprocessors.

Jupiter (supercomputer) is the fastest supercomputer in Europe, according to media (2025's third quarter).

## Types

Supercomputer types include: shared memory, distributed memory and array. Supercomputers with shared memory are developed by using a parallel computing and pipelining concept. Supercomputers with distributed memory consist of many (about 100~10000) nodes. CRAY series of CRAYRESERCH and VP 2400/40, NEC의 SX-3 of HUCIS are shared memory types. nCube 3, iPSC/860, AP 1000, NCR 3700, Paragon XP/S, CM-5 are distributed memory types.

An array type computer named ILIAC started working in 1972. Later, the CF-11, CM-2, and the Mas Par MP-2 (which is also an array type) were developed. Supercomputers that use a physically separated memory as one shared memory include the T3D, KSR1, and Tera Computer.

### Supercomputing centers, organizations

_Organizations_
- CINECA; Its "... infrastructure [... is made] of several supercomputers, [... including] Leonardo (picture)), ... Pitagora, Galileo100, and ADA Cloud", according to media; CINECA Interuniversity Consortium, Italy

### Specific machines, general-purpose

- Linux NetworX press release: Linux NetworX to build "largest" Linux supercomputer
- ASCI White press release
- MCR @ LLNL Linux NetworX **Supermicro** based Supercomputer "3rd largest supercomputer in 2004"
- Article about Japanese "Earth Simulator" computer
- "Earth Simulator" website (in English)
- NEC high-performance computing information
- Superconducting Supercomputer
- Blue Waters Petascale Computing System

### Specific machines, special-purpose

- Papers on the GRAPE special-purpose computer
- More special-purpose supercomputer information
- Information about the APEmille special-purpose computer
- Information about the apeNEXT special-purpose computer
- Information about the QCDOC project, machines

## Related pages

- Cluster (computing)
- Grid computing
Standard-definition television

**Standard-Definition Television** is a kind of television system that provides lower resolution than SDTV and higher resolution than analog TV does.
The word 'SDTV' is generally used at the digital television broadcasting system that has a similar or little bit higher state of resolution to the 'analog television system'. Digital broadcasting system uses digital signals when they receive sound and movie. It is compared to analog TV that uses analog signals.

## Broadcasting

According to an NTSC standard, SDTV broadcasts in three ways.
First, at ratio of length and width 16:9 and resolution 720x480.
Second, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 704x480
Lastly, at ratio 4:3 and resolution 640x480.
The first one has best quality, second one is next, and the last one is the worst.
The screen's frame can be 24, 30, 60 per second. These are similar level with DVD.
As mentioned at the 'Definition' tab, it has a better resolution than analog TV system, and has lower resolution than HDTV.
Because it is a kind of digital broadcasting system, it can broadcast not only analog TV programs but also HDTV program (Of course there exists a difference in resolution).

## Merit

SDTV has a similar state of resolution compared to analog TV, but SDTV is more vivid than
analog TV because it has less noise and it has better sound. The point that SDTV uses a digital broadcasting system makes SDTV have many accompaning functions. For example, multitasking, electronic program guide, and so on. This functions are
impossible at analog TV. Compared to SDTV, it has lower resolution. But in fact, SDTV programs are not spread widely yet, and the cheaper price of SDTV makes consumers to use SDTV.

## Comparison

Generally, there are three types of TV. They are analog TV, SDTV and SDTV.
Price : AnalogTV < SDTV < SDTV
Quality : AnalogTV ≒ SDTV < SDTV
AnalogTV only can be compatible with analog signals, but both SDTV and SDTV can be compatible with not only analog but also digital signals.

## Digital definition resolution

|**Video Format**|**Resolution**|**Pixel Aspect Ratio**|'''Equivalent square-pixel resolution|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|PAL 4:3|704×576|12:11|768×576|
|PAL 4:3|720×576|12:11|786×576|
|PAL 16:9|704×576|16:11|1024×576|
|PAL 16:9|720×576|16:11|1048×576|
|NTSC 4:3|704×480|10:11|640×480|
|NTSC 4:3|720×480|10:11|654×480|
|NTSC 16:9|704×480|40:33|854×480|
|NTSC 16:9|720×480|40:33|872×480|
Thermocouple

A **thermocouple**, TC for short, is a device that converts heat directly into electricity. A thermocouple can also work in reverse - using an electric current to transform into heat as well as cold.

## How do thermocouples work?

Imagine that two wires made of different types of metal are connected at one end. If the junction of the two wires is heated, electricity will flow through the wire.

Electrons, when heated, will begin to cross the junction on their own. Because of the different properties of the different metals, the electrons will lose potential energy and gain kinetic energy, just like a ball rolling over a hill to a lower area. Although the voltage created by a thermocouple is very small (in the millivolt range), many thermocouples can be hooked together to make a larger voltage. This is called a thermopile.

Thermocouples can also generate heat from electricity, and even cold from electricity, acting as a refrigerator. If two different wires are connected at both ends, and some voltage source makes current flow through the loop, one junction will get hot and the other junction will become cold. The electrons at the hot junction are gaining kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the metal hot. The electrons at the cold junction are losing kinetic energy as they cross the junction. This is why they make the junction cold.

It is difficult to measure the precise voltage that a thermocouple is producing when heat is applied to its junction. This is because any voltmeter wires that are connected to the thermocouple will probably be made of a different material than the wires of a thermocouple. This means that the connection between the voltmeter and the thermocouple is itself another thermocouple. Engineers designing microchips face the problem that virtually every electrical connection on a microchip is a thermocouple whether they want it to be or not.

## Use of thermocouple

Gas heaters with pilot flames are one of the most famous examples for the use of thermocouples. Thermocouples are stacked to make a thermopile, which can generate enough voltage from the heat of the pilot flame to keep the gas valve open which in turn supplies the gas for the pilot flame. If the gas runs out, the flame extinguishes and the voltage across the thermopile decreases, which causes the electric gas valve to close. Many space probes get their electric power from a thermocouple in a radioisotope thermoelectric generator.

Thermocouples are also used in other ways. For instance, they monitor temperatures in air conditioning and refrigerators, and of CPUs in computers, which could be destroyed by overheating.

## Some kinds of thermocouple

There are hundreds of thermocouples, but only eight of them are standardized internationally.
Type E (chromel–constantan), type J (iron–constantan), type N (nicrosil–nisil), type T (copper–constantan) and type K (chromel–alumel) are base metals.
Types B, R, and S thermocouples use platinum or a platinum–rhodium.
Control engineering

Many processes in nature regulate themselves. This means that based on some measurement, they change a setting or a variable, so that it is more or less constant. Examples in nature are animals that have a constant body temperature, blood pressure, or blood sugar level. The predator-prey equations are another example.

**Control engineering** is about the same thing: Building a system that can regulate one parameter (usually: keep it constant), often with a feedback loop that allows the value of the parameter to be measured.  It is a field of engineering. It uses mathematical models of dynamic systems, and control theory. If they are well-designed, the controllers will cause the system to behave in some desired, predictable manner. Modern control engineering is closely related to electrical, electronic, and computer engineering.  As engineering continues to develop, control engineering is often wanted.

In most cases, control engineers make use of feedback when designing control systems. For example  a machine's speed is continuously checked and fed back to the system, which then adjusts the motor's spin power. Recently, control systems are also used in nanotechnology. In chemical engineering, control engineering is known as process control. Many advancements in science, finance, and even human action, can be attributed to control engineering.

Many control systems rely on feedback. However, there are also control systems that work without feedback. Such a system is known as an open-loop control. An open-loop controller, also called a non-feedback controller, relies only on the model and the input signal fed to the system.  An example of open-loop control can be found in washing machines, which work by running pre-programmed cycles but, most importantly, do not rely on any measurements of the speed of the barrel or water volume to adjust the machine.
DKNY

**DKNY** (**D**onna **K**aran **N**ew **Y**ork) is the label of fashion designer Donna Karan.
Lanett, Alabama

**Lanett** is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 6,970. Lanett is located in eastern Alabama, on the Chattahoochee River, northeast of Montgomery. One of the major industries is cotton milling. The city's name is derived from Lanier and Bennett, founders of the West Point Pepperell Co.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Lanett
- **settlement type**: City (Alabama), City
- **motto**: "The Gateway to Alabama"
- **image skyline**: Lanett, Alabama Fountain.JPG
- **image caption**: Downtown Lanett
- **image map**: File:Chambers County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Lanett Highlighted 0141296.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Lanett in Chambers County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Chambers County, Alabama, Chambers
- **government type**: Mayor – Council Form of Government
- **area total km2**: 16.17
- **area total sq mi**: 6.24
- **area land km2**: 16.17
- **area land sq mi**: 6.24
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 591
- **elevation m**: 180
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 6970
- **population density km2**: 431.11
- **population density sq mi**: 1116.63
- **timezone**: Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 36863
- **area code**: Area code 334, 334
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-41296
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0151988
- **unit pref**: Imperial
La Fayette, Alabama

**LaFayette** is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States.  It is 47 miles (76 km) northwest of Columbus, Georgia. It is the county seat of Chambers County. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 2,684.

## Education

The Chambers County School District provides public education for LaFayette. Within the city limits are two high schools (Lafayette High School and the Chambers County Career Technical School), one middle school (JP Powell Middle School), and one elementary school (Eastside Elementary School).

Chambers Academy (grades pre-K through 12) is a private school in LaFayette.

## Notable residents

- James Thomas "Cotton Tom" Heflin, member of the United States House of Representatives and original sponsor of Mothers Day legislation
- Johnson J. Hooper, author and humorist
- Joe Louis, Heavyweight boxing champion
- Hoyt L. Sherman, art professor and principle mentor to pop artist Roy Lichtenstein

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: LaFayette
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Chambers County, AL Courthouse (NRHP).JPG
- **image caption**: The Chambers County Courthouse Square Historic District, Chambers County Courthouse Square in LaFayette.
- **area total km2**: 23.01
- **area land km2**: 22.94
- **area water km2**: 0.07
- **area total sq mi**: 8.88
- **area land sq mi**: 8.86
- **area water sq mi**: 0.03
- **image map**: File:Chambers County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas La Fayette Highlighted 0140672.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of La Fayette in Chambers County, Alabama.
- **established title1**: Incorporated
- **established date1**: January 7, 1835
- **named for**: Marquis de Lafayette
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Chambers County, Alabama, Chambers
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2684
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: Central Time Zone (North America), CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation ft**: 843
- **elevation m**: 257
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 36862
- **area code**: Area code 334, 334
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-40672
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0164071
- **population density sq mi**: 303.04
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population density km2**: 117.00
Leeds, Alabama

**Leeds** is a city in Jefferson, St. Clair, and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, 12,324 people lived there.

## Famous natives

- Charles Barkley, Basketball Hall of Famer

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Leeds, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: File:Jefferson County and Shelby County and St. Clair County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Leeds Highlighted 0141968.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Leeds in Jefferson County and Shelby County and St. Clair County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, Counties
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Jefferson County, Alabama, Jefferson, St. Clair County, Alabama, St. Clair, Shelby County, Alabama, Shelby
- **established date**: 1887
- **area total sq mi**: 22.99
- **area land sq mi**: 22.76
- **area water sq mi**: 0.23
- **elevation ft**: 627
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 12324
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 35094
- **area code**: Area codes 205 and 659, 205 & 659
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-41968
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0152018
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 59.55
- **area land km2**: 58.95
- **area water km2**: 0.60
- **population density km2**: auto
William C. Oates

**William Calvin Oates** (either November 30 or December 1, 1833 – September 9, 1910) was a Confederate colonel during the American Civil War. He became a brigadier general in 1898, and also fought in the Spanish–American War.

In between he was a Democratic member of the Alabama House of Representatives from 1870 to 1872, a member of the United States House of Representatives for Alabama from 1881 to 1894, and Governor of Alabama from 1894 to 1896.

William C. Oates was born in Pike County, Alabama. He studied law and passed the bar examination, opening a practice in Abbeville. Oates died in Montgomery, Alabama, and was buried there in Oakwood Cemetery.

## Sources

- William C. Oates, _The War Between the Union and the Confederacy_,  The Neale Publishing Company, 1905.
- Glenn W. LaFantasie, _Gettysburg Requiem: The Life of William C. Oates_, Oxford University Press, 2005.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: William C. Oates
- **image**: Official portrait of William Calvin Oates, twenty-ninth governor of Alabama (cropped).jpg
- **office**: 29th Governor of Alabama
- **term start**: December 1, 1894
- **term end**: December 1, 1896
- **predecessor**: Thomas G. Jones
- **successor**: Joseph F. Johnston
- **state2**: Alabama
- **term start2**: March 4, 1881
- **term end2**: November 5, 1894
- **predecessor2**: William J. Samford
- **successor2**: George Paul Harrison, Jr.
- **office3**: Member of the Alabama House of Representatives
- **term3**: 1870–1872
- **birth place**: Pike County, Alabama
- **death place**: Montgomery, Alabama
- **resting place**: Oakwood Cemetery
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
Walter Jones (American football)

**Walter Junior Jones** (born January 19, 1974) is an American football former professional offensive tackle. He played twelve seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played his entire career for the Seattle Seahawks.

He was selected by the Seattle Seahawks with the sixth overall pick in the first round of the 1997 NFL Draft, a pick obtained from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in a trade. Jones left Florida State University prior to his senior season after being selected to the second team College Football All-America Team. On April 29, 2010, He announced on his Twitter account that he was retiring.

On February 1, 2014, Jones was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

## Other websites

- Walter Jones on Twitter

## Infobox (nfl player)

- **name**: Walter Jones
- **image**: Walter-Jones-2008-11-02-vsEagles.jpg
- **caption**: Jones in November 2008
- **position**: Offensive tackle
- **number**: 71
- **birth place**: Aliceville, Alabama
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 5
- **weight lbs**: 325
- **draftyear**: 1997
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 6
- **high school**: Aliceville High School, Aliceville (Aliceville, Alabama)
- **college**: Florida State Seminoles football, Florida State
- **pastteams**: * Seattle Seahawks (–)
- **highlights**: * 9× Pro Bowl (2000 Pro Bowl, 1999, 2002 Pro Bowl, 2001–2009 Pro Bowl, 2008)
* 4× First-team All-Pro (2001 All-Pro Team, 2001, 2004 All-Pro Team, 2004, 2005 All-Pro Team, 2005, 2007 All-Pro Team, 2007)
* 2× Second-team All-Pro (2006 All-Pro Team, 2006, 2008 All-Pro Team, 2008)
* National Football League 2000s All-Decade Team, NFL 2000s All-Decade Team
* Seattle Seahawks, Seattle Seahawks No. 71 retired
* Second-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference, ACC (1996)
* Second-team All-American (1996)
- **statlabel1**: Games played
- **statvalue1**: 180
- **statlabel2**: Games started
- **statvalue2**: 180
- **statlabel3**: Fumbles recovered
- **statvalue3**: 3
- **nfl**: JON795619
- **pfr**: JoneWa00
- **hof**: walter-jones
George T. Anderson

**George Thomas Anderson** (February 3, 1824 – April 4, 1901) was a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Nicknamed "Tige," Anderson was noted as one of Robert E. Lee's hardest-fighting subordinates. He was wounded at the Battle of Gettysburg.

After the war he worked as a policeman and a tax collector. He is buried in the Edgemont Cemetery, Anniston, Alabama.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: George Thomas Anderson
- **image**: GTAnderson.jpg
- **nickname**: "Tige"
- **placeofbirth**: Covington, Georgia
- **placeofdeath**: Anniston, Alabama
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
Confederate States of America
- **serviceyears**: 1861–65
- **rank**: Brigadier General#United States,  Brigadier General
- **battles**: American Civil War
*Battle of Yorktown (1862),  Battle of Yorktown
*Seven Days Battles
*Second Battle of Bull Run
*Battle of South Mountain
*Battle of Antietam
*Battle of Fredericksburg
*Battle of Gettysburg
*Siege of Knoxville
*Battle of the Wilderness
*Battle of Spotsylvania Court House
*Battle of Cold Harbor
*Siege of Petersburg
William Clark Falkner

**William Clark Falkner** (July 6, 1825 or 1826 – November 6, 1889) was a soldier, lawyer, politician, businessman, and author in northern Mississippi.  He is most notable for the influence he had on the work of his great-grandson, author William Faulkner.

Although born in Knox County, Tennessee, Falkner lived with his family in Missouri and Pontotoc, Mississippi before settling at the age of 17 in Ripley, Tippah County, Mississippi.  He served in the Mexican-American War and, when the American Civil War broke out, he raised a company of men and was made colonel in the Second Mississippi Infantry of the Confederate Army.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Other websites

- Biography at Mississippi Writers Project, source of most of this article
- Information from University of Michigan
Islamic terrorism

**Islamic terrorism** (Arabic: تَرُورِىسِمْ اسْلَامَى) is a kind of terrorism. The terrorists claim their religion, Islam, or how they interpret it is their motives.

## Critique

Some Islamic scholars say that it is wrong to kill innocent people. Some Islamic terrorist groups are Al-Qaeda, Taliban, and the Islamic State. However, there are hundreds of such groups and many more terrorist attacks alleged to be linked to those groups.

However, it is stated in the Qur'an that "You must not go too far; Allah loves not those who do.""You must resist them until the persecution is done away, and prayers are only to Allah; if they cease fighting, you must not invade anyone but the unrighteous." Islamic terrorists use these verses as their justification to commit acts of terror against non-Muslims as well as Muslims from other branches of Islam.

## Related pages

- Islamic terrorism in Europe

- Known terrorist groups:

- ISIS
    - Hamas
    - Houthis
    - Al-Qaeda
    - Hezbollah
- September 11 attacks
- 2016 Berlin truck attack
- _Charlie Hebdo_ shooting
- November 2015 Paris attacks
- April 2017 Champs-Élysées attack
Daniel Weisiger Adams

**Daniel Weisiger Adams** (May 1, 1821 – June 13, 1872) was a noted lawyer and a brigadier general in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War.

## Sources

- _Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume 1607-1896._ Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, 1963.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Daniel Weisiger Adams
- **image**: Daniel W. Adams.jpg
- **placeofbirth**: Lynchburg, Virginia
- **placeofdeath**: New Orleans, Louisiana
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
Confederate States of America
- **branch**: Confederate Army
- **serviceyears**: 1861–65
- **rank**: Brigadier General (CSA), Brigadier General
- **commands**: 1st Louisiana Regulars
- **battles**: American Civil War
-Battle of Shiloh
-Battle of Perryville
-Battle of Stones River
-Battle of Chickamauga
-Battle of Selma
- **relations**: Brother of William Wirt Adams
Lynchburg, Virginia

**Lynchburg** is an independent city in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is in the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains along the banks of the James River. Lynchburg is known as the "City of Seven Hills" and "The Hill City". It is sometimes called "A City Unto Itself" because of the city's historical avoidance of State and Federal entanglements.

At the 2020 census, 79,009 people lived in Lynchburg.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lynchburg, Virginia
- **settlement type**: Independent city (United States), Independent city
- **image skyline**: Lynchburg, Virginia downtown skyline.jpg
- **image caption**: Downtown Lynchburg
- **nickname**: City of Seven Hills, The Hill City
- **image seal**: Seal of Lynchburg, Virginia.png
- **image blank emblem**: Logo of Lynchburg, Virginia.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **image map**: Lynchburg-Location.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Virginia
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Lynchburg
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **government type**: Council-Manager government, Council–Manager
- **leader title1**: Mayoralty in the United States, Mayor
- **leader title2**: Vice Mayor
- **leader title3**: City council, Council
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1786
- **established title1**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated (town)
- **established date1**: 1805
- **established title2**: Incorporated (city)
- **established date2**: 1852
- **named for**: John Lynch (1740–1820), John Lynch
- **area total sq mi**: 49.53
- **area land sq mi**: 48.97
- **area water sq mi**: 0.55
- **area total km2**: 128.27
- **area land km2**: 126.84
- **area water km2**: 1.43
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 79,009
- **population urban**: 125,596 (US: List of United States urban areas, 268th)
- **population metro**: 261,593 (US: List of United States metropolitan statistical areas, 190th)
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population rank**: List of cities in Virginia, 11th in Virginia
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Lynchburger
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone (North America), EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **elevation m**: 192
- **elevation ft**: 630
- **postal code type**: ZIP code(s)
- **postal code**: 24501, 24502, 24503, 24504, 24505, 24551
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code(s)
- **area code**: Area code 434, 434
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 51-680
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1479007
Electronic engineering

**Electronic engineering** is an engineering discipline that investigates the use of electricity and magnetism.  Electronic engineers are concerned with such processes as: the use of radio wave<nowiki/>s, the design of electronic circuits, the design of computer systems, and the development of control system<nowiki/>s such as aircraft autopilots and other embedded systems.

The term 'electronic engineering' started to emerge increasingly in the late 1950s.  Before World War II, electronic engineering was most commonly known as a 'radio engineering'.  At that time, studying radio engineering at a university was part of a physics degree.  Later, as other electronic devices were developed, the field broadened to include radar, television, audio systems, Hi-Fi and later computers and microprocessor<nowiki/>s.  In the mid to late 1950s, the term 'radio engineering' gradually gave way to the name 'electronic engineering', which then became a stand-alone university degree subject.

Engineers must study the sciences of physics and mathematics as these help to understand systems and make them better.  Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use computer-aided technologies when designing electronics systems.  Some electronic engineers work in robotics.
George Armstrong Custer

** George Armstrong Custer** (December 5, 1839 – June 25, 1876)  was a United States Army officer and cavalry commander in the American Civil War and the Indian Wars.

At the start of the Civil War, Custer was a cadet at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and his class's graduation was accelerated so that they could enter the war. Custer graduated last in his class and served at the First Battle of Bull Run as a staff officer for Major General George B. McClellan in the Army of the Potomac's 1862 Peninsula Campaign. Early in the Gettysburg Campaign, Custer's association with cavalry commander Major General Alfred Pleasonton earned him a brevet promotion from First Lieutenant to Brigadier General of United States Volunteers at the age of 23.

Custer remained in the Army after the Civil War and served as an officer in the Indian Wars. He died with all this men in the Battle of Little Big Horn in 1876.

## Other websites

- Custer Battlefield Museum
- Little Bighorn History Alliance
- Custerwest.org:Site For Traditional Scholarship
- Kenneth M Hammer Collection on Custer and the Battle of the Little Big Horn, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: George Armstrong Custer
- **placeofbirth**: New Rumley, Ohio
- **placeofdeath**: Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, Little Bighorn, Montana
- **image**: G a custer.jpg
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
Union (American Civil War), Union
- **branch**: United States Army
Union Army
- **serviceyears**: 1861–76
- **rank**: Major General#United States, Major General of Volunteers
Lieutenant colonel (United States), Lieutenant Colonel (Regular Army (United States), Regular Army)
- **commands**: Michigan Brigade
3rd Cavalry Division
7th Cavalry Regiment (United States), 7th U.S. Cavalry
- **battles**: American Civil War
* First Battle of Bull Run
* Peninsula Campaign
* Battle of Antietam
* Battle of Chancellorsville
* Gettysburg Campaign
** Battle of Gettysburg
* Overland Campaign
** Battle of the Wilderness
** Battle of Yellow Tavern
** Battle of Trevilian Station
* Valley Campaigns of 1864
* Siege of Petersburg
Indian Wars
* Battle of Washita River, Battle of the Washita
* Battle of the Little Bighorn
Irvine, North Ayrshire

**Irvine** (Gaelic: _Irbhinn_) is a coastal new town in North Ayrshire, Scotland.

## History

Irvine was the site of Scotland's 12th century Military Capital and former headquarters of the Lord High Constable of Scotland, Hugh de Morville. It also served as the Capital of Cunninghame.

The town was once a haunt of Robert Burns, after whom two streets in the town are named: Burns Street and Burns Crescent. He is known to have worked in a flax mill on the Glasgow Vennell. Despite being classed as a new town, Irvine has had a long history stretching back many centuries and was classed as a Royal Burgh. There are also conflicting rumours that Mary, Queen of Scots, was briefly involved in the town's history. Some say she stayed briefly at Seagate Castle. To this day there is still an annual festival, called Marymass, held in the town.

## People

Irvine is the birthplace of the present Deputy First Minister of Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon and the former First Minister of Scotland, Jack McConnell. Its twin town is Saint-Amand-les-Eaux in northern France just outside Lille.