juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Automotive lighting

The **lighting system of a motor vehicle** consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted on the front, rear, sides, and in some cases on the top of a motor vehicle, and lights the roadway for the driver. The lighting system also makes the vehicle more visible, especially in low light conditions. It gives warning to other drivers and pedestrians of a vehicle's presence and direction of travel. Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive lighting equipment to alert drivers and pedestrians of their rapid movement during an emergency.

## History

Vehicles have had lights for well over a hundred years. Candles lit Horse-drawn carriages. The first cars, then called _horseless-carriages_ were lit by gas lights. By 1908 electric lighting began to be used on motor vehicles. Red tail lights and yellow brake lights were in use by 1915. Sealed beam headlights were used starting in 1936. By 1940 turn signals were used. Before 1939, headlight design was not standardised. Between 1940 and 1956, all vehicles built in the U.S. were required to have 7’’ round headlights (sealed beams). As of 1956 and up, it became possible to install 4 headlights on 1 vehicle (2 lights per 1 side). In 1960 the first halogen lights were used on European cars and the technology came to the US by 1979. Replaceable car light bulbs were in use in the US beginning in 1983.

## Lights

- **Headlights** are for lighting the space in front of the vehicle. Headlights are designed to see as far forward as possible, without "blinding" oncoming cars. Most drivers learn not to "overdrive their headlights". This means not going too fast so your stopping distance is farther than the area lit by the headlights.
- **Tail lights** are red (only) and are lit when the headlights are lit. Modern vehicles are required to have two tail lights. Most tail light assemblies **stop lights** which warn other drivers that a vehicle is slowing or stopping. They also include the rear ***Marker lights** and often the **turn signals**.
- **Third brake light**. Since 1986 in the US and Canada, 1990 in Australia and New Zealand, and in most of Europe since 1998 a third brake lamp mounted higher than the vehicle's two regular stop lights is required. In the United States and Canada since 1986, in Australia and New Zealand since 1990, and in Europe and other countries applying UN Regulation 48 since 1998, a central stop (brake) lamp mounted higher than the vehicle's left and right stop lamps is also required.
- **Fog lights** are optional on many vehicles. Regular headlights reflect light and cause glare when the vehicle is operating in fog. Fog lights are aimed lower to better see the road. They also spread the light out in a wider pattern to aid the headlights in fog, rain, snow or dust.
- **Driving lights** are auxiliary lights designed to help the headlights see farther. They project a narrow beam much farther than headlights usually do.

## Other websites

- Dashboard Warning Lights
- Emergency vehicle lighting explained
Qui-Gon Jinn

**Qui-Gon Jinn** is a fictional character in the _Star Wars_ saga. He is played by Liam Neeson in the 1999 movie _Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace_. Qui-Gon is an important character in the first episode of the prequel trilogy. He is a wise and powerful Jedi Master and the mentor of Obi-Wan Kenobi. Jinn is killed by Darth Maul who pierced his body with his lightsaber.

## Other websites

- at
Boba Fett

**Boba Fett** is a fictional character in the _Star Wars_ universe. In _The Empire Strikes Back_ and _Return of the Jedi_, he is a bounty hunter hired by Darth Vader, in order to track down the Rebel Alliance. He was also added briefly to the earlier movie _A New Hope_ when the movie was digitally remastered.

Boba made his first appearance in the cartoon segment of the Star Wars Holiday Special, voiced by Don Francks.

Boba made an unknown appearance at the 1978 San Anselmo Country Fair and Parade, in which his costume was showcased to the public, two years before his theatrical debut.

Boba made his live action debut in The Empire Strikes Back, where he is hired by Darth Vader to track down the Millenium Falcon. He later delivers a captured Han Solo to the ruler of Tatooine, Jabba the Hutt.

In Return of the Jedi, Boba seemingly dies after tumbling into a Sarlacc pit following a jetpack malfunction. After some time, he awakens, and makes his escape.

_Attack of the Clones_ details his origin as an unaltered clone of the bounty hunter Jango Fett, raised as his son. After the death of his father, Boba continues his legacy, wearing his armor and becoming a fearless bounty hunter.

Boba Fett is later seen in the Disney+ series _The Mandalorian,_ following his escape from the Sarlacc_._ In the spin off series, he becomes the "daimyo" (ruler) of Tatooine after overthrowing Bib Fortuna, Jabba the Hutt's successor. In the two Disney+ series, he is played by New Zealand actor, Temuera Morrison, who also portrayed Boba's father, Jango, in Attack of the Clones.

## Other websites

- at StarWars.com
- Meet Boba Fett – screen-test footage of the prototype Boba Fett costume
- Boba Fett fan club

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Boba Fett
- **image**: DJA 7971 (9359695765).jpg
- **caption**: A Boba Fett cosplayer.
- **series**: Star Wars
- **family**: Jango Fett (father)
- **first**: _Star Wars Holiday Special_ (1978)
- **last**: _The Book of Boba Fett (2021 TV series), The Book of Boba Fett_
 "Chapter 7: In the Name of Honor" (2021)
- **creator**: George Lucas
- **occupation**: Bounty hunter
- **lbl21**: Homeworld
- **data21**: Kamino
- **species**: Human (Clone)
- **gender**: Male
- **affiliation**: Mandalorians, Bounty Hunter's Guild, Confederacy of Independent Systems, Galactic Empire (Star Wars), Galactic Empire
- **portrayer**: Jeremy Bulloch

John Morton

Mark Austin

Don Bies/Nelson Hall

Daniel Logan

Temuera Morrison
- **voice**: Don Francks
Jason Wingreen
Alan Rosenberg
Ed Begley, Jr.
Neil Ross
Tom Kane
Chris Cox (actor), Chris Cox
Temuera Morrison
Dee Bradley Baker
Daniel Logan
Trevor Devall
BB-8

**BB-8** is a robot character in the _Star Wars_ franchise, first appearing in the 2015 movie _Star Wars: The Force Awakens_. It is a sphere-shaped robot with a free-moving domed head. BB-8 is portrayed by both a rod puppet and a remote-controlled robotic unit. It is similar to R2-D2. Its owner is Poe Dameron. It is voiced by Bill Hader.

## Other websites

- BB-8 in the Official StarWars.com Encyclopedia
Rey (Star Wars)

**Rey Skywalker** is a fictional character in the _Star Wars_ franchise, played by Daisy Ridley. She is the main protagonist of the _Star Wars_ sequel trilogy.

She first appeared as one of the lead characters in _Star Wars: The Force Awakens_. Rey is a scavenger who was left behind (for protection) on the planet Jakku when she was a child, and soon becomes involved with the Resistance's conflict with the First Order after meeting Finn, a former Stormtrooper, and BB-8, the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron.

Although her background was unknown in the first two movies and her last name was not said as a decision by J. J. Abrams, it was revealed in The Rise of Skywalker that she is the granddaughter of Emperor Palpatine. This disproved fan theories,
saying that she is the daughter of Han Solo, Princess Leia or Luke Skywalker or even Obi-Wan Kenobi's granddaughter.

## Other websites

- Rey in the official StarWars.com encyclopedia

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Rey Skywalker
- **image**: Rey Palpatine at Madame Tussauds London.jpg
- **caption**: Rey Skywalker at Madame Tussauds, London
- **series**: Star Wars
- **first**: _Star Wars: The Force Awakens, The Force Awakens_ (2015)
- **portrayer**: Daisy Ridley
Cailey Fleming

- **voice**: Daisy Ridley ,
Helen Sadler
- **gender**: Female
Finn (Star Wars)

**Finn** (originally called **FN-2187**) is one of the main characters in the 2015 movie _Star Wars: The Force Awakens_. In the movie, he is a Stormtrooper for the First Order who escapes after being shocked by their cruelty in his first combat mission before joining the fight against them. He is played by English actor John Boyega.

Finn became a member of the resistance after he became friends with resistance pilot Poe Dameron. He becomes romantically attached to Rey.

## Other websites

- Finn in the official StarWars.com encyclopedia

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Finn (FN-2187)
- **series**: Star Wars
- **first**: _Star Wars: The Force Awakens, The Force Awakens_ (2015)
- **portrayer**: John Boyega
- **alias**: FN-2187 (designation)
- **nickname**: Eight-Seven
- **gender**: Male
- **affiliation**: First Order (Star Wars), First Order (formerly)
Rebel Alliance, The Resistance
Poe Dameron

**Poe Dameron** is a fictional character in the _Star Wars_ franchise. He was introduced in the 2015 movie _Star Wars: The Force Awakens_. He was played by Oscar Isaac.

Poe is an X-wing pilot for the Resistance who brings renegade stormtrooper Finn and Jakku scavenger Rey into the fight against—and eventually a victory over—the sinister First Order. He is the master of the loving android BB-8.

He is featured in _The Force Awakens_ media and merchandising, and will appear in the movie's forthcoming sequel, _Star Wars: The Last Jedi_. Isaac and the character have received positive reviews, with Poe being compared to the characterization of Han Solo (Harrison Ford) in the original _Star Wars_ movie trilogy.

## Other websites

- Poe Dameron in the Official StarWars.com Encyclopedia

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Poe Dameron
- **series**: Star Wars
- **first**: _Star Wars: The Force Awakens, The Force Awakens_ (2015)
- **portrayer**: Oscar Isaac
- **voice**: Oscar Isaac (_Disney Infinity 3.0_)
Lex Lang (_Lego Star Wars: The Resistance Rises_)
- **occupation**: X-wing fighter pilot
- **gender**: Male
- **family**: Shara Bey <small>(mother)</small>
 Kes Dameron <small>(father)</small>
Brad Fittler

**Bradley Scott Fittler** (born 5 February 1972), sometimes nicknamed "**Freddy**", is an Australian professional rugby league coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the New South Wales State of Origin team. He played mostly as a five-eighth. His career lasted from 1989 to 2004. He played for the Penrith Panthers until 1995 and later for the Sydney Roosters. He also coached the Roosters from 2007 to 2009.

Fittler was born in Auburn, New South Wales. He is of German ancestry. He has three children; two of whom with his partner Marie Liarris.

## Other websites

- Brad Fittler stats at Rugby League Project

## Infobox (rugby league biography)

- **name**: Brad Fittler
- **image**: Brad 'Freddie' Fittler at the Canungra Hotel in March 2013.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Fittler in 2013
- **fullname**: Bradley Scott Fittler
- **birth place**: Auburn, New South Wales, Australia
- **retired**: yes
- **updated**: 14 Sep 2009
- **club1**: Penrith Panthers
- **year1start**: 1989
- **year1end**: 95
- **appearances1**: 119
- **tries1**: 31
- **goals1**: 5
- **fieldgoals1**: 2
- **points1**: 136
- **club2**: Sydney Roosters
- **year2start**: 1996
- **year2end**: 04
- **appearances2**: 217
- **tries2**: 91
- **goals2**: 9
- **fieldgoals2**: 8
- **points2**: 390
- **teama**: New South Wales rugby league team, New South Wales
- **yearastart**: 1990
- **yearaend**: 04
- **appearancesa**: 31
- **triesa**: 8
- **goalsa**: 0
- **fieldgoalsa**: 2
- **pointsa**: 34
- **teamb**: Australian Kangaroos, Australia
- **yearbstart**: 1990
- **yearbend**: 01
- **appearancesb**: 38
- **triesb**: 17
- **goalsb**: 1
- **fieldgoalsb**: 1
- **pointsb**: 71
- **teamc**: City New South Wales rugby league team, NSW City
- **yearcstart**: 1991
- **yearcend**: 97
- **appearancesc**: 7
- **triesc**: 1
- **goalsc**: 0
- **fieldgoalsc**: 0
- **pointsc**: 4
- **coachyear1start**: 2007
- **coachyear1end**: 09
- **coachteam1**: Sydney Roosters
- **coachgames1**: 58
- **coachwins1**: 25
- **coachdraws1**: 1
- **coachlosses1**: 32
- **coachyearastart**: 2012
- **coachyearaend**: 17
- **coachteama**: City New South Wales rugby league team, NSW City
- **coachgamesa**: 6
- **coachwinsa**: 3
- **coachdrawsa**: 1
- **coachlossesa**: 2
- **coachyearbstart**: 2017
- **coachteamb**: Lebanon national rugby league team, Lebanon
- **coachgamesb**: 5
- **coachwinsb**: 2
- **coachdrawsb**: 0
- **coachlossesb**: 3
- **coachyearcstart**: 2018
- **coachyearcend**: present
- **coachteamc**: New South Wales rugby league team, New South Wales
- **coachgamesc**: 6
- **coachwinsc**: 4
- **coachdrawsc**: 0
- **coachlossesc**: 2
Red Simpson

**Red Simpson** (March 6, 1934 – January 8, 2016) was an American country singer-songwriter. He was best known for his trucker-themed songs such as the 1971 single "I'm a Truck". The song reached fourth on the U.S. and Canadian country charts. He began his career in 1966.

Simpson was born in Higley, Arizona. He grew up in Bakersfield, California.

In December 2015, Simpson had a heart attack and was taken to hospital. He died from problems caused by the heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Bakersfield. He was 81.
Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska

**Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska** (3 December 1922 – 2 January 2016) was a Polish actress. She began her career in 1946. She appeared in movies such as _Job, czyli ostatnia szara komórka_ (2006) and _Aftermath_ (2012). Her television credits included _Plebania_ and _Ojciec Mateusz_. She was a member of the National Theatre in Warsaw from 1969 to 1979. She was born in Garbów.

Garbowska-Kierczyńska died on 2 January 2016 in Konstancin-Jeziorna, aged 93.
Achim Mentzel

**Achim Mentzel** (15 July 1946 – 4 January 2016) was a German musician, television presenter and actor. He was best known for hosting his show _Achims Hitparade_ from 1989 to 2006. He released 23 singles and seven albums between 1978 and 2010. He was a member of the cover band, Fritzens Dampferband (), together with Nina Hagen. He appeared in the films _The Legend of Paul and Paula_ (1973) and _Der Wixxer_ (2004). He also appeared in the television shows _Das Amt_ and _SOKO Leipzig_.

Mentzel was born in Berlin. He was married four times and had eight children.

Mentzel died on 4 January 2016 in Cottbus, Brandenburg, aged 69. It is believed the cause was a heart attack or stroke.
Distributive property

**Distribution** is a concept from algebra: It tells how binary operations are to be handled. The most simple case is that of addition and multiplication of numbers.
For example, in arithmetic:
- 2 ⋅ (1 + 3) = (2 ⋅ 1) + (2 ⋅ 3), but 2 / (1 + 3) ≠ (2 / 1) + (2 / 3).

In the left-hand  side of the first equation, the 2 multiplies the sum of 1 and 3; on the right-hand side, it multiplies the 1 and the 3 individually, with the products added afterwards.
Because these give the same final answer (8), it is said that multiplication by 2 _distributes_ over addition of 1 and 3.
Since one could have put any real numbers in place of 2, 1, and 3 above, and still have obtained a true equation, we say that multiplication of real numbers _distributes_ over addition of real numbers.

## Definition

Given a set  and two binary operators ∗ and + on , we say that the operation:

∗ is _left-distributive_ over + if, given any elements , and  of ,
∗ is _right-distributive_ over + if, given any elements , and  of ,
    - and
∗ is _distributive_ over + if it is left- and right-distributive.
Notice that when ∗ is commutative, the three conditions above are logically equivalent.

## Applications

The distributive property can also be applied to:
- Real numbers
- Complex numbers
- Matrices (special rules apply)
- Vectors (special rules apply)
- Sets
- Propositional logic

## References

- Ayres, Frank, _Schaum's Outline of Modern Abstract Algebra_, McGraw-Hill; 1st edition (June 1, 1965). .
Antônio Pompêo

**Antônio Pompêo** (23 February 1953 – 5 January 2016) was a Brazilian actor. He appeared in the television shows _Balacobaco_, _Rebelde_, _A Casa das Sete Mulheres_, _O Rei do Gado_, _Mulheres de Areia_ and _Pedra sobre Pedra_. He also appeared in the movies _Xica_ (1976), _A Samba for Sherlock_ (2001) and _Que sera, sera_ (2002). He was born in São José do Rio Preto or São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo.

Pompêo was found dead on 5 January 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 62.
Ioannis Petridis

**Ioannis Petridis** (; 18 August 1931 – 6 January 2016) was a Greek economist and politician. He was a member of the New Democracy party. He served as an MP for Pieria from 1985 to 1989. He was born in Katerini.

Petridis died on 6 January 2016 in Athens, aged 84.
Anton Srholec

**Anton Srholec** (12 June 1929 – 7 January 2016) was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest, Salesian and writer. He was ordained by Pope Paul VI in 1970 but was banned under communism rule in Czechoslovakia and was jailed for ten years. He was best known for his work charity work as head of the Resota Center for homeless people in Bratislava. He was born in Skalica.

Srholec died from lung cancer on 7 January 2016 in Bratislava. He was 86.
William Astbury

**William Thomas Astbury** FRS (Bill Astbury, 25 February 1898, Longton – 4 June 1961, Leeds) was an English physicist and molecular biologist.

Astbury made early X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules. His work on keratin helped Linus Pauling discover the alpha helix. He also studied the structure for DNA in 1937 and made the first step in working out its structure.

## The road to DNA

In 1937 Torbjörn Caspersson of Sweden sent him well-prepared samples of DNA from calf thymus. The fact that DNA produced a diffraction pattern showed it had a regular structure. Astbury reported that DNA's structure repeated every 2.7 nanometres and that the bases lay flat, stacked, 0.34 nanometres apart. At a symposium in 1938 at Cold Spring Harbor, Astbury pointed out that the 0.34 nanometre spacing was the same as amino acids in polypeptide chains. Actually, the spacing of the bases in the B-form of DNA is 0.332 nm.

In 1946 Astbury presented a paper at a symposium in Cambridge in which he said: "Biosynthesis is supremely a question of fitting molecules or parts of molecules against another... one of the great biological developments of our time is the realisation that probably the most fundamental interaction of all is that between the proteins and the nucleic acids". He also said that the spacing between the nucleotides and the spacing of amino acids in proteins "was not an arithmetical accident".

Astbury was unable to propose the correct structure of DNA from his data. However in 1952 Linus Pauling used Astbury's insufficient data to propose a structure for DNA, which was also incorrect. Nevertheless Astbury's work encouraged Maurice Wilkins, Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College, London. Their X-ray crystallography results were used by Francis Crick and James D. Watson to identify the structure of DNA in 1953.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **birth name**: William Thomas Astbury
- **birth place**: Longton, Staffordshire, England
- **death place**: Leeds, England
- **citizenship**: United Kingdom, British
- **field**: Physics, Molecular biology
- **work institution**: University College London
Royal Institution
 University of Leeds
- **alma mater**: University of Cambridge
- **doctoral advisor**: William Henry Bragg
- **prizes**: Fellow of the Royal Society
Karan Brar

**Karan Brar** _(born January 18, 1999)_ is a teenage American actor. He is known from his role as "Chirag Gupta" in the movie series _Diary of a Wimpy Kid_. He is also known for co-starring role as "Ravi Ross" on the Disney Channel Original Series _Jessie_ and its spinoff series _Bunk'd_.

### Movies

|Year|Movie|Character|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2010|Diary of a Wimpy Kid|Chirag Gupta|Main Character|
|2011|Rodrick Rules|Chirag Gupta|Main Character|
|2012|Dog Days [Diary of a Wimpy Kid 3]|Chirag Gupta|Main Character|
|2012|Chilly Christmas|Caps||
|2014|Mr. Peabody & Sherman|Mason|Secondary Character|
|2015|Invisible Sister|George|Official Disney XD Movie|

### TV Shows

|Year|Show|Character|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2011-2015|Jessie|Ravi Ross|Main Character|
|2012|Austin & Ally|Ravi Ross|Guest|
|2012|Pair of Kings|Tito|Guest|
|2013-2014|Pass the Plate|Karan Brar||
|2013-Today|Sofia the First|Zender|Returning Character|
|2013|Good Luck Charlie|Ravi Ross|Guest|
|2014|Spiderman|Ravi Ross|Guest|
|2014|Lab Rats|Kal Zar|Guest|
|2015-Today|Bunk'd|Ravi Ross|Main Character|
|2016|The Night Shift|Omed|Guest|

## Achievements

|Year|Prize|Category|Job|Result||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2011|rowspan="6"|Youngest artist Prize|- Young actors|Diary of a Wimpy Kid||
|rowspan="2"|2012|Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young actors|Diary of a Wimply Kid: Rodrick Rules|||
|Best Performance in a TV Series - Supporting Young Actor|Jessie|||||
|rowspan="3"|2013|Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor|rowspan="2"|Diary of a Wimply Kid: Dog Days||
|Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Ensemble Cast||||||
|Best act in a storylined TV Show - Young actors|Jessie|||||
Otis Clay

**Otis Clay** (February 11, 1942 – January 8, 2016) was an American R&B and soul singer, who started in gospel music. He was known for his songs "Tryin' to Live My Life Without You" and "The Only Way Is Up". He was born in Bolivar County, Mississippi, but raised in Muncie, Indiana.

In 2013, Clay was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.

Clay died of a heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 73.

## Other websites

- Official website
- An interview in May 2013 at Soul Express
- An Interview in June 2015 at Soul Express

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Otis Clay
- **image**: OtisClay_LBBF1997_2.jpg
- **caption**: Otis Clay (1997)
- **background**: solo_singer
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **birth place**: Waxhaw, Bolivar County, Mississippi, United States
- **instrument**: Human voice, Vocals
- **genre**: Rhythm and blues, R&B, Soul music, soul, blues, soul blues, Gospel music, gospel
- **occupation**: Singing, Singer
- **years active**: 1957–2016
- **label**: One-Derful Records
Cotillion Records
Hi Records
Bullseye Blues
Blind Pig Records
Echo Records
- **website**: [http://www.otisclay.net/ otisclay.net]
Maria Teresa de Filippis

**Maria Teresa de Filippis** (11 November 1926 – 9 January 2016) was an Italian racing driver. She was known as being the first woman to race in Formula One. She was born in Naples. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1958, but scored no championship points.

Though largely unsuccessful in her Formula One racing career, she won races in other series and is remembered as a pioneer in the sport.

De Filippis died in Scanzorosciate, Lombardy, in January 2016 at the age of 89.
Ed Stewart

**Ed "Stewpot" Stewart** (23 April 1941 – 9 January 2016)  was a British broadcaster. He was known for his work as a DJ on BBC Radio 1 (particularly the Saturday morning _Junior Choice_) and BBC Radio 2 and as a presenter for _Top of the Pops_ and _Crackerjack_ on BBC Television.

Stewart died in Bournemouth, Dorset from a stroke at the age of 74.

## Other websites

- Archive Ed Stewart images, bio and audio from Radio Rewind website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ed Stewart
- **image**: Ed Stewart.jpg
- **caption**: Stewart in 1976
- **birth name**: Edward Stewart Mainwaring
- **birth place**: Exmouth, Devon, England
- **death place**: Bournemouth, Dorset, England
- **other names**: Stewpot
- **spouse**: Chiara Mainwaring
(m. 1974–2005, divorced)
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Broadcaster
- **known for**: BBC Radio 1
_Junior Choice_
BBC Radio 2
_Top of the Pops_
_Crackerjack (TV series), Crackerjack_
Triple Nine Society

The **Triple Nine Society** (or just ***TNS***) is a large and famous group for people with a high intelligence quotient. The non-profit organization only has members with high IQs. They must score at the 99.9th percentile or higher on a standard intelligence test. In many cases, people need an IQ of 146 or higher to join. There are now almost 2,000 members in 39 countries.

TNS publishes a journal named _Vidya._ Members write articles and poetry. Vidya also has other official business of the society.

TNS members communicate with one another online through an Internet Forum, Discord and Facebook groups, and have online meetings on Discord and Jitsi.

TNS has meetings in the US every fall ("ggg999") and meetings in Europe every spring ("egg999").

The Triple Nine Society started in 1978. It has democratic principles. TNS wants members to freely speak about their views in keeping with the Society's commitment to friendship and intellectual growth.

## Related pages

- Intertel
- Mensa International
Lyudvig Chibirov

**Lyudvig Alekseyevich Chibirov** (_Cybyrty Aleksejy fyrt Ljudvig_, , ; born November 19, 1932) is a Ossetian politician. He was born in Tskhinvali. He was the first elected-President of South Ossetia serving from 1993 through 2001.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: Lyudvig Chibirov
- **order**: President of South Ossetia
- **term start**: September 17, 1993
- **term end**: December 18, 2001
- **primeminister**: Gerasim Khugayev
Eduard Gassiyev
Vladislav Gabarayev
Valery Hubulov
Aleksandr Shavlokhov
Merab Chigoev
Dmitry Sanakoyev
- **predecessor**: Torez Kulumbegov
- **successor**: Eduard Kokoity
- **birth place**: Tskhinvali, South Ossetia
- **party**: none
Merab Chigoev

**Merab Ilyich Chigoev** (; 15 February 1950 – 9 January 2016) was a South Ossetian politician. He was the former Prime Minister serving from August 1998 until June 2001. He was also Minister of Justice in Yury Morozov's cabinet. He was born in Leningor district, South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union.

Chigoev was killed in a car crash in Tskhinvali, South Ossetia on 9 January 2016 at the age of 65.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Merab Ilyich Chigoev
<small>Мераб Ильич Чигоев</small>
- **office**: Prime Minister of South Ossetia
- **president**: Lyudvig Chibirov
- **term start**: August 1998
- **term end**: June 2001
- **predecessor**: Aleksandr Shavlokhov
- **successor**: Dmitry Sanakoyev
- **birth place**: Leningor district, Georgian SSR
- **death place**: Tskhinvali, South Ossetia
- **party**: Communist Party of South Ossetia
Bob Oatley

**Robert Ian** "**Bob**" **Oatley**  (11 June 1928 – 10 January 2016) was an Australian businessman, winemaker and yachtsman. He was perhaps best known for owning the Sydney to Hobart-winning yacht _Wild Oats XI_. He bought Hamilton Island, Queensland in 2003 for $200 million. He was also responsible for the Rosemount winery, which he founded in 1969.

Oatley was born in Mosman, Sydney, New South Wales. He was married with three children. His granddaughter is equestrian Lyndal Oatley.

Oatley died after an illness on 10 January 2016 in Sydney, aged 87.
Angus Scrimm

**Lawrence Rory Guy** (August 19, 1926 – January 9, 2016), better known as **Angus Scrimm**, was an American actor and writer. He best known for playing the Tall Man in the horror movie _Phantasm_ (1979) and its sequels, _Phantasm II_ (1988), _Phantasm III: Lord of the Dead_ (1994), _Phantasm IV: Oblivion_ (1998), and his final movie _Phantasm: Ravager_ (2016). He also appeared in the television series _Alias_. He wrote liner notes for musician such as Frank Sinatra to The Beatles. He won a Grammy Award for his liner notes.

Scrimm was born in Kansas City, Kansas. He studied at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California.

Scrimm died on January 9, 2016 in Los Angeles, aged 89.
Jim Ross (ice hockey)

**James** "**Jim**" **Ross** (May 20, 1926 – January 1, 2016) was a Scottish-Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a defenceman from 1944 until 1955. He played 62 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers.

Ross was born in Edinburgh. He later moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His wife, Margaret, died in 2008. They had four children.

Ross died on January 1, 2016 in Woodstock, Ontario, aged 89.
José María Rivas

**José María Rivas** (12 May 1958 – 9 January 2016) was a Salvadoran footballer. He played for Independiente, Atlético Marte, San Pedro, Huracán and Cojutepeque. He played for his national team 22 times. He was born in San Salvador.

Rivas died from leukemia on 9 January 2016, aged 57.
École de l'air et de l'espace

The ***École de l'air et de l'Espace*** is a military school and grande école training line officers in the French Air Force.  It is located at Salon-de-Provence Air Base in Salon-de-Provence, France.

## Degrees

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees:
- _Ingénieur École de l'air_ (_École de l'air_ Graduate engineer Masters level program) ;
- _Mastères Spécialisés_ (In partnership with the French Civil Aviation University and the _Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace_.
- Massive Online Open Course in air defense.

It trains fighter pilots, military engineers and technicians.

## Famous former students

- Caroline Aigle, French fighter pilot.
- Michel Tognini, French test pilot, astronaut, educator, writer and administrator.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: École de l'Air
- **established**: 1933
- **type**: Public, military school
- **students**: 500
- **city**: Salon-de-Provence
- **campus**: _Base aérienne 701_
- **country**: France
- **affiliations**: _Conférence des Grandes Écoles, Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space Universities, PEGASUS_
- **website**: https://www.ecole-air-espace.fr
Peter Powell (kite maker)

**Peter Trevor Powell** (c. 1932 – 3 January 2016) was an English kite maker. He developed a steerable kite in 1972, using dual lines. Powell's kites had spars made of Gonystylus which were later replaced with aluminium tubing and, later still, by glass fibre spars.

Powell's kites came with a long, hollow polyethylene tail that was inflated by the wind. The tail added stability as well as looking good when performing stunts. He was born in Gloucester, Gloucestershire.

Powell died from a stroke in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire at the age of 83.
Royal Parker

**Royal Pollokoff** (April 8, 1929 – January 8, 2016), better known by the stage name **Royal Parker**, was an American television personality. He began his career in the 1940s and would last until his retirement during the 1990s. He appeared in many roles on television, becoming a staple on television screens.

Parker was born in Baltimore, Maryland He studied at Baltimore City College. Parker began his career in radio. During his career he announced Dwight D. Eisenhower's victory in the U.S. presidential election, 1952, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon's resignation, the Iran hostage crisis and the near assassination of Ronald Reagan.

After leaving broadcasting, he ran for a seat in the Maryland House of Delegates in 1994, but lost in the primary election.

Parker died of congestive heart failure in Pikesville, Maryland at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- The Royal Parker Photo Album
Sam Rockwell

**Sam Rockwell** (born November 5, 1968) is an American actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2018.

He is known for his leading roles in _Lawn Dogs_ (1997), _Confessions of a Dangerous Mind_ (2002), _Matchstick Men_ (2003), _The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_ (2005), _Choke_ (2008), _Moon_ (2009) and _Seven Psychopaths_ (2012), as well as for his supporting roles in _The Green Mile_ (1999), _Galaxy Quest_ (1999), _The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford_ (2007),  _Frost/Nixon_ (2008), _Conviction_ (2010), _Iron Man 2_ (2010), _Cowboys & Aliens_ (2011), _The Way, Way Back_ (2013) and _Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri_ (2017).

## Other websites

- Sam Rockwell Interview

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Sam Rockwell (8279227257).jpg
- **caption**: Rockwell at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival
- **birth place**: San Mateo, California, U.S.
- **education**: Ruth Asawa San Francisco School of the Arts
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1989–present
Ka-Bar

**Ka-Bar** (trademarked as **KA-BAR**, capitalized) is a combat knife first obtained by the United States Marine Corps in November 1942. It was then designated as the 1219C2 combat knife. Later it was called the USMC Mark 2 combat knife. When the United States Navy obtained the knife they called it the U.S. Navy utility knife, Mark 2. KA-BAR is the trademark and namesake of a related knife manufacturing company, KA-BAR Knives., Inc. (formerly Union Cutlery Co.) of Olean, New York. KA-BAR Knives is a subsidiary of the Cutco Corporation.

## History

At the start of World War II, the US Marine Corps was still using the World War I issue Trench knife.  Called the knuckle knife, it was a dagger with a studded steel hand guard.  The trench knife was suited for trench warfare but it did not meet the needs of the Marines in the Pacific war. The Marine Corps purchased different designs from different knife manufacturers. The Ka-Bar, however, quickly became the marine's favorite. They were made by the Union Cutlery Company (later changed to KA-BAR Cutlery Inc.). Soon other companies were under contract to produce the Ka-Bar. The main use for the Ka-Bar combat knife was hand-to-hand combat with an enemy. However, the number of enemy soldiers killed with a Ka-Bar is thought to be very small. The knife, weighing just over , had a solid pommel (the butt end of the knife) which could be used as a hammer.The knife was used to open food cans in c-rations or k-rations. It was used for cutting wires, opening crates of ammunition and other non-combat uses.

## Modern Ka-Bars

Although KA-BAR Knives, Inc. currently makes a wide variety of knives and cutlery, it is best known for the Ka-Bar Fighting/Utility knife. It has traditionally used a 7 inch (178 mm) long blade. It is made of 1095 carbon steel with a clip point blade and a stacked leather-washer handle.  Other, more modern versions of this knife feature single or dual-edge blades. Many have synthetic handles made of Kraton (a non-slip rubber substitute). For modern outdoor survival use the Ka-Bar knives are still a proven design.

## Other websites

- All About KA-BAR Knives
- KA-BAR Knife History
- KA-BAR Fighting Knife Review
- Things to Know About Ka-Bar Becker Fixed Blade Survival Knife
Jeanne Cordova

**Jeanne Cordova** (July 18, 1948 – January 10, 2016) was an American lesbian and gay rights activist and writer. She was a founder of the West Coast LGBTQ movement. She was a columnist for _Lesbian Tide_, _Los Angeles Free Press_ and _The Advocate_. Her memoir, _When We Were Outlaws: a Memoir of Love and Revolution_, won a Lammy.

Cordova was born in Bremerhaven, Germany. She grew up in California. She was of Irish and Mexican ancestry.

Cordova died from brain cancer on January 10, 2016 in Los Angeles, aged 67.
Ralph Hauenstein

**Ralph Hauenstein** (March 20, 1912 – January 10, 2016) was an American philanthropist and businessman. His leadership has made the Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies at Grand Valley State University, the Hauenstein Parkinson's and Neuroscience Centers at Saint Mary's Hospital and the Grace Hauenstein Library at Aquinas College. He was also a colonel in the U.S. Army.

Hauenstein was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He fought for his country during World War II. He turned 100 in March 2012. His wife of 75 years, Grace Byrnes, died in 2007.

Hauenstein died from natural causes on January 10, 2016 in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was 103.

## Related pages

- Irving Kahn

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ralph Hauenstein
- **image**: Ralph Hauenstein 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Hauenstein in 2013
- **birth date**: March 20, 1912
Hernán Gamboa

**Hernán Gamboa** (18 June 1946 – 10 January 2016) was a Venezuelan musician, composer and singer. He began his career in 1956. He was a member of Serenata Guayanesa from 1971 to 1984. He was born in San Tomé, Anzoátegui.

Gamboa died from cancer on 10 January 2016 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. He was 69.
D. A. Pennebaker

**Donn Alan "D. A." Pennebaker** (/ˈpɛnibeɪkə/, July 15, 1925 – August 1, 2019) was an American documentary filmmaker. He was one of the pioneers of Direct Cinema. Performing arts and politics are his subjects. His subjects cover events of the 1960s.

In 2012, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognized his body of work with an Academy Honorary Award or "lifetime Oscar".

Pennebaker died at his home in Sag Harbor, New York on August 1, 2019, aged 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: D. A. Pennebaker
- **image**: D A Pennebaker 2 by David Shankbone.jpg
- **caption**: Pennebaker in New York City in February 2007.
- **birth name**: Donn Alan Pennebaker
- **birth place**: Evanston, Illinois, United States
- **death place**: Sag Harbor, New York, United States
- **occupation**: Documentarian, author
- **years active**: 1960s–2019
- **spouse**: Chris Hegedus
- **website**: [http://www.phfilms.com/  www.phfilms.com]
María Lorenza Barreneche

**María Lorenza Barreneche Iriarte** (3 July 1926 – 5 January 2015) was an Argentine public figure. She was the wife of the late President Raúl Alfonsín from 1949 until his death in 2009. She was First Lady of Argentina from 1983 to 1989.

Barreneche was born in Chascomús, Buenos Aires. She was of Basque ancestry. She had six children with Alfonsín.

Barreneche died after years of poor health on 5 January 2016 in Buenos Aires. She was 89.
Pat Harrington, Sr.

**Daniel Patrick** "**Pat**" **Harrington, Sr.** (February 6, 1901 – September 2, 1965) was a Canadian actor. His Broadway credits include _Panama Hattie_ (1940), _Star and Garter_ (1942), _The Front Page_ (1946), _Call Me Madam_ (1950) and _Sunday in New York_ (1961). He also appeared in the early television series _A Couple of Joes_ (1949) and _The Wonderful John Acton_ (1953).

Harrington was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was the father of American actor Pat Harrington, Jr. (1929–2016).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pat Harrington, Sr.
- **image**: Pat Harrington, Sr. 1956.jpg
- **caption**: Harrington in 1956.
- **birth name**: Daniel Patrick Harrington
- **birth place**: Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1937–1965
- **children**: Pat Harrington, Jr.
Demmus Hentze

**Demmus Hentze** (4 December 1923 – 3 January 2016) was a Faroese politician and lawyer. He was a member of the People's Party. He served as Finance Minister from 1975 to 1981. He was born in Sandur, Sandoy. He graduated from the University of Copenhagen.

Hentze died on 3 January 2016 in Tórshavn, aged 92.
Eddie Redmayne

**Edward John David "Eddie" Redmayne**, OBE (born 6 January 1982) is an English actor.

He is known for his roles in _The Good Shepherd_ (2006), _Savage Grace_ (2007), _Elizabeth: The Golden Age_ (2007), _My Week with Marilyn_ (2011), _Les Misérables_ (2012), _The Theory of Everything_ (2014), _Jupiter Ascending_ (2015), _The Danish Girl_ (2015), _Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure_ (2015), and _Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them_ (2016).

Redmayne received many awards for his role as Stephen Hawking in The Theory of Everything, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor, the BAFTA Award, the Golden Globe Award, and the Screen Actors Guild Award. He has continued to perform in theatre, most notably in the play _Red_ (2010), on Broadway, for which he won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play.

## Other websites

- Eddie Redmayne at Yahoo! Movies

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Eddie Redmayne
- **image**: Eddie Redmayne (15033887819).jpg
- **caption**: Redmayne at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth name**: Edward John David Redmayne
- **birth place**: London, England, UK
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1998–present
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Eton College
- **alma mater**: Trinity College, Cambridge
Teofil Codreanu

**Teofil Codreanu** (1 February 1941 – 10 January 2016) was a Romanian footballer. He played as an attacking midfielder. He played for Rapid Bucureşti and the Romania national football team.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Teofil Codreanu
- **birth place**: Bucharest, Romania
- **death place**: Bucharest, Romania
- **position**: Attacking midfielder
- **years1**: 1961–1973
- **clubs1**: FC Rapid Bucureşti, Rapid Bucureşti
- **caps1**: 258
- **goals1**: 39
- **nationalyears1**: 1964–1971
- **nationalteam1**: Romania national football team, Romania
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Woman on top

**Woman on top** is any sex position in which the woman is on top of her sexual partner during sexual activity. The position most commonly associated with the woman on top is often called the **cowgirl** or **riding** position, which derives its name from the image of the woman "riding" the man as a cowgirl rides a bucking horse. In that position, a man typically lies on his back with his legs closed, while the female partner straddles him, usually in a kneeling position facing either forward or back, and either the man or woman inserts the man's erect penis into the woman's vagina or anus. The cowgirl position is commonly cited as one of the more popular sex positions, especially by women, because it gives them control over the rhythm and pace of vaginal stimulation and the extent and duration of penetration and because of its ability to adequately stimulate the clitoris. There are other positions in which the woman may be on top, including the 69 position and the pompoir sex position.

In any of the woman on top positions, the woman is usually the active partner during sexual activity, and in addition to satisfying herself can stimulate or massage the man's scrotum, especially if his legs are spread. The woman may take the position in the course of sexual activity, especially if the man has attained orgasm while she has not; and in this position she or her partner may perform fingering for her to achieve orgasm.
The Walk (movie)

***The Walk*** is a 2015 American 3D biographical drama movie directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Christopher Browne and Zemeckis.

It is based on the story of French high-wire artist Philippe Petit's walk between the World Trade Center on August 7, 1974.

The movie stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Ben Kingsley, Charlotte Le Bon, James Badge Dale, Ben Schwartz, and Steve Valentine. The movie was released by TriStar Pictures on September 30, 2015, in the United States in IMAX 3D, and on October 9 in regular 2D and 3D. The film was dedicated to the victims of the September 11 attacks in 2001.
Richard Libertini

**Richard Libertini** (May 21, 1933 – January 7, 2016) was an American stage, movie and television actor.

He played character roles and could speak in many accents. Libertini acted in _Catch-22_ (1970), _The In-Laws_ (1979), _Popeye_ (1980), _All of Me_ (1984), _Fletch_ (1985), _Fletch Lives_ (1989), _Awakenings_ (1990), _Lethal Weapon 4_ (1998), and _Dolphin Tale_ (2011).

Libertini died on January 7, 2016 of cancer in Venice, California, at the age of 82.

## Other websites

- Richard Libertini at NNDB.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Richard Libertini
- **birth place**: Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **death place**: Venice, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1968-2013
- **spouse**: Melinda Dillon (1963-1978) (divorced) (1 son)
- **alma mater**: Emerson College
Nik Wallenda

**Nikolas "Nik" Wallenda** (born January 24, 1979) is an American acrobat, aerialist, daredevil, high wire artist, and author. He is known for his high-wire performances without a safety net.

He holds nine Guinness World Records for various acrobatic feats, but is best known as the first person to walk a tightrope stretched directly over Niagara Falls. He walked across a tightrope from Leo Burnett Building to both Marina City towers in Chicago in December 2014.

## Other websites

- ****
- _Nik Wallenda: Beyond Niagara_ TV program official website
- "SkyWire Live"  (Grand Canyon walk) official website
- "Skyscraper walk live"  (Chicago walk) official website

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Nik-Wallenda-Skyscraper-Live.jpg
- **caption**: Wallenda at Skyscraper Live press conference in Chicago November 2, 2014
- **other names**: The King of the Wire (nickname)
- **birth place**: Sarasota, Florida, U.S.
- **children**: 3
- **parents**: Delilah Wallenda and Terry Troffer
- **relatives**: Karl Wallenda (great-grandfather)
- **years active**: 1992–present
- **occupation**: Acrobat, daredevil, high wire artist
- **known for**: High-wire act without a net
First person to walk a tightrope directly over Niagara Falls
- **awards**: Nine-time world record holder
Philippe Petit

**Philippe Petit** (; born 13 August 1949) is a French high-wire artist. He became famous for his high-wire walk between the World Trade Center in New York City, on the morning of August 7, 1974. The 2015 movie _The Walk_ is based on his high-wire walk in New York.

## Other websites

- MSA - The Man Who Walked Between The Towers. Co-produced by Michael Sporn Animation and Weston Woods Studios
- Philippe Petit Signature visible in the 1980s
- photos of Philippe Petit crossing the Twin Towers  along with others
- Philippe Petit: The journey across the high wire , TED2012, Filmed Mar 2012, Posted May 2012.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Philippe Petit
- **image**: PhilippePetitAAFeb09.jpg
- **caption**: Petit at the 81st Academy Awards in February 2009
- **birth place**: Nemours, , France
- **occupation**: Tightrope walking, High-wire artist
George Jonas

**George Jonas**  (June 15, 1935 – January 10, 2016) was a Hungarian-born Canadian writer, poet, and journalist. He wrote 16 books. His best known book was international bestseller _Vengeance_ (1984), the story of an Israeli operation to kill the terrorists behind the 1972 Munich massacre. This was made into the movie _Munich_ (2005), directed by Steven Spielberg and starring Eric Bana. He was born in Budapest to a Jewish family.

Jonas died from Parkinson's disease on January 10, 2016, aged 69.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Other websites

- George Jonas  at The Canadian Encyclopedia
Villa Paul Poiret

**Villa Paul Poiret** in Mézy-sur-Seine, Yvelines, France, is an important example of modernist architecture. It was Cubism-inspired, and built in the early 1920s. Later Art Deco features were added. It was a private house originally designed by architect Robert Mallet-Stevens.

The house is in  of parkland to the west of Paris, overlooking the Seine Valley. It is made of reinforced concrete to a geometric style.

The villa was commissioned by fashion designer Paul Poiret in 1921. It was completed in 1925. The house fell into disrepair, and was sold by Poiret in 1930 to actress Elvira Popescu, who lived there from 1938 to 1985. Popescu hired the architect Paul Boyer in 1932 to alter the original design to the contemporary Art Deco  "ocean liner" style, converting windows to portholes, and rounding-off terrace corners. The house was listed as an historic landmark in 1984.

By 1999 the house had once more become dilapidated. It was bought by Laurent Brun. Under the direction of the two French committees responsible for listed buildings, both the outside and inside have been restored.

Villa Paul Poiret is part of the _Journées de Patrimoine_, (Heritage Days) scheme:  public and private buildings of historic importance are open to the public on the third weekend in September.
Hamada Emam

**Mohamed Yehia Emam** (‎; 28 November 1943 – 9 January 2016), better known as **Hamada Ema** (), was an Egyptian footballer. He played as a centre forward. He played for Zamalek SC in the Egyptian Premier League.

Emam was born in Cairo. His father was goalkeeper Yehia Emam. His son Hazem Emam (born 1975) also played football.

Eman died on 9 January 2016 in Cairo, aged 72.