juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Rockford, Alabama

**Rockford** is a town in Coosa County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 349. The town is the county seat of Coosa County.

## History

Coosa County was formed on December 18, 1832.  The first name of the town was Lexington. In 1835 the name was changed to Rockford.

## Education

Public education in Rockford is provided by the Coosa County Board of Education. There are four schools located in Rockford: Central High School (grades 9 through 12), Central Middle School (grades 5 through 8), Central Elementary School (grades (K through 4), and Coosa County Science and Technology Center (grades 9 through 12).

## Fred the Town Dog

In 1993, a sick dog wandered into Rockford. The animal was called "Fred" and was nursed back to health by town residents. For the next ten years, Fred was the town mascot.

Fred gained popularity through a regular newspaper column, "A Dog's Life," about his activities and encounters.  He was on a television show on cable TV's _Animal Planet_.

Fred died on December 23, 2002 in a Birmingham animal hospital, from a mysterious animal bite. He was buried behind the town's old jailhouse. A full-size grave marker, donated by a Montgomery businessman, was added in May, 2003. Fred was inducted into the Alabama Veterinary Medical Association Animal Hall of Fame in 2004.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Rockford, Alabama
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Rockford Alabama Downtown.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Rockford, Alabama in 2011
- **image map**: Coosa County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Rockford Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Rockford in Coosa County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name2**: Coosa County, Alabama, Coosa
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1832
- **area total km2**: 8.60
- **area total sq mi**: 3.32
- **area land km2**: 8.57
- **area land sq mi**: 3.31
- **area water km2**: 0.03
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **elevation m**: 225
- **elevation ft**: 738
- **population total**: 349
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 40.74
- **population density sq mi**: 105.53
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 35136
- **area code**: Area code 256, 256
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-65472
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0153189
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Covington County, Alabama

**Covington County, Alabama**, is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of 2020, 37,570 people lived there.  Its county seat is Andalusia.

## History

Covington County was formed on December 17, 1821.  Its name is in honor of Brigadier General Leonard Covington of Maryland. The county was declared a disaster area in September 1979 due to damage from Hurricane Frederic.  It was a disaster area again in October 1995 due to Hurricane Opal.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.3%) is water.

### Major highways

- U.S. Highway 29
- U.S. Highway 84
- U.S. Highway 331
- State Route 54
- State Route 55

### Border counties

- Butler County and Crenshaw County (north)
- Coffee County and Geneva County (east)
- Walton County, Florida (southeast)
- Okaloosa County, Florida (southwest)
- Escambia County and Conecuh County (west)

### National protected area

- Conecuh National Forest (part)

### Cities and towns

- Andalusia
- Babbie
- Carolina
- Florala
- Gantt
- Heath
- Horn Hill
- Libertyville
- Lockhart
- Onycha
- Opp
- Red Level
- River Falls
- Sanford

### Unincorporated communities

- Antioch
- Beck
- Beda
- Bethlehem
- Beulah
- Blairs
- Blue Springs
- Boston
- Boykin
- Brooks
- Cedar Grove
- Clear Springs
- Clearview
- Coldwater
- County Line
- Dunns
- Duvall
- Eoda
- Estothel
- Fairfield
- Flaco
- Five Points
- Friendship
- Green Bay
- Harmony
- Howells
- Huckaville
- Loango
- McRae
- Opine
- Rawls
- Red Oak
- Rome
- Rose Hill
- Stanley
- Stedman
- Straughn
- Valley of Shiloh
- Wiggins

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Covington County
- **state**: Alabama
- **founded year**: 1821
- **founded date**: December 17
- **seat wl**: Andalusia
- **largest city wl**: Andalusia
- **area total sq mi**: 1044
- **area land sq mi**: 1030
- **area water sq mi**: 13
- **area percentage**: 1.3
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 37570
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.covcounty.com
- **named for**: Leonard Covington
- **ex image**: Alabama-Covington County Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: The Covington County Courthouse in Andalusia
Crenshaw County, Alabama

**Crenshaw County** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of 2020, 13,194 people lived there.  Its county seat is Luverne.

## History

Crenshaw County was formed from Butler, Coffee, Covington, Lowndes and Pike counties on November 30, 1866. Its name is in honor of a judge, Anderson Crenshaw.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.3%) is water.
Much of the land is covered by forests that are used for logging.

### Major highways

- U.S. Highway 29
- U.S. Highway 331
- State Route 10
- State Route 97
- State Route 106

### Border counties

- Montgomery County (north)
- Pike County (east)
- Coffee County (southeast)
- Covington County (south)
- Butler County (west)
- Lowndes County (northwest)

## Cities and towns

- Brantley
- Dozier
- Glenwood
- Highland Home
- Honoraville
- Luverne
- Petrey
- Rutledge

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Crenshaw County
- **state**: Alabama
- **founded year**: 1866
- **founded date**: November 30
- **seat wl**: Luverne
- **largest city wl**: Luverne
- **area total sq mi**: 611
- **area land sq mi**: 609
- **area water sq mi**: 2.1
- **area percentage**: 0.3
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 13194
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Central
- **ex image**: Crenshaw County Alabama Courthouse.JPG
- **ex image cap**: Crenshaw County courthouse in Luverne
- **named for**: Anderson Crenshaw
Pastygate

**Pastygate** is the name given to a political scandal in the United Kingdom in March 2012. The government had said that it was going to place a 20% VAT charge on hot pasties.

A Labour Member of Parliament asked the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Conservative MP George Osborne, about when he last ate a Cornish pasty. Osborne answered that he had no idea when he had last eaten one. This answer has been used to show how out of touch with ordinary people the Conservative party had become. The Prime Minister David Cameron later said that he had recently eaten a Cornish pasty at Leeds railway station "and that it was very good". However, The Sun newspaper then reported that there was no place to buy Cornish pasties at Leeds railway station at the time David Cameron claimed to have eaten one there.

The issue, which at first appeared to be unimportant, was then taken up by several other newspapers and political commentators. They pointed out that the Conservatives seemed not to know that the pasty was a basic food eaten by many ordinary people in the country. The VAT rise on the pasty would affect both these customers and the pasty industry itself. These newspapers and commentators made fun of David Cameron's attempt to show himself as a regular pasty eater (i.e. as one of the people) and that George Osborne's did not know what a pasty was.
Eastern black-and-white colobus

The **eastern black-and-white colobus monkey**, or **mantled gueraza** (Colobus guereza) is a species of monkey. It can be as big as over  long (excluding tail) and up to . In the wild, they live about 20 years.

Colobus monkeys are vegetarian. They have a three-chambered stomach to help digest leaves.
Cullman County, Alabama

**Cullman County** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. Its name is in honor of Colonel John G. Cullmann.  As of 2020, 87,866 people lived there.  Its county seat is the town of the same name, Cullman, Alabama.

## History

The historic Cherokee and Choctaw lived here at the time of European encounter. The Echota Cherokee are a recognized tribe still here.

Cullman County was formed by German American immigrants from Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1877.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (2.7%) is water.

### Major highways

- Interstate 65
- U.S. Highway 31
- U.S. Highway 278
- U.S. Highway 231
- State Route 67
- State Route 69
- State Route 91
- State Route 157

### Rail

- CSX Transportation

### Border counties

- Morgan County (north)
- Marshall County (northeast)
- Blount County (east)
- Walker County (southwest)
- Winston County (west)
- Lawrence County (northwest)

## Cities and towns

- Arab (part - most of Arab is in Marshall County)
- Ardell
- Arkadelphia
- Baileyton
- Battleground
- Berlin
- Bethel
- Bremen
- Birdsong
- Bolte
- Brooklyn
- Brushy Pond
- Bug Tussle
- Central
- Clifty
- Colony
- Corinth
- Crane Hill
- Cullman
- Dodge City
- East Point
- Etha
- Fairview
- Garden City (part - part of Garden City is in Blount County)
- Goldridge
- Good Hope
- Goodwin
- Hanceville
- Harmony
- Holly Pond
- Jones Chapel
- Joppa
- Logan
- Panama
- Providence
- Riverside
- Simcoe
- South Vinemont
- Thrasher Crossroads
- Trade
- Trimble
- Walter
- Welti
- West Point
- Wheat
- Wilburn

## Education

Public education in Cullman County is provided by two systems: the Cullman City School Board and the Cullman County School Board, which governs all municipalities except the City of Cullman.
- Cullman High School - under the governance of the Cullman City School Board

Private educational institutions in the county include:
- Christ Covenant School - in Cullman (Grades K-2)
- Cullman Christian School - in Cullman (Grades K-12)
- Sacred Heart of Jesus Catholic Elementary School - in Cullman (Grades PreK-6)
- St. Bernard Preparatory School - in Cullman (Grades 7-12)
- St. Paul's Lutheran School - in Cullman (Grades K-6)
- Vinemont Christian Academy - in South Vinemont (Grades PreK-12)

Cullman is also the home of the state-owned and operated Wallace State Community College in Hanceville. It was named for the former Governor of Alabama, George C. Wallace.  His father and his wife, Governor Lurleen B. Wallace, also had junior colleges named for them.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Cullman County
- **state**: Alabama
- **founded year**: 1877
- **founded date**: January 24
- **seat wl**: Cullman
- **largest city wl**: Cullman
- **area total sq mi**: 755
- **area land sq mi**: 735
- **area water sq mi**: 20
- **area percentage**: 2.7
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 87866
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.co.cullman.al.us
- **ex image**: Cullman County Courthouse May 2013 2.jpg
- **ex image cap**: The Cullman County Courthouse
- **named for**: John G. Cullmann
Dolores

**Dolores**, also spelled **Delores**, is a female given name. It is pronounced [ d_uh_-**lawr**-is, -**lohr**- ].The Spanish name Dolores has its roots in the Latin word "dolor," which translates to "pain" or "sorrow." This name is quite common in Spanish-speaking nations and is frequently used as a way to refer to the Virgin Mary.  This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Dolores O'Riordan, Irish musician
- Dolores Hope, American singer, entertainer, philanthropist (1909-2011)
- Dolores Claman, Canadian composer (1927-2021)

## Infobox (given name)

- **name**: Dolores
- **gender**: Female
- **meaning**: Sorrows
- **alternative spelling**: Delores
Freeway (movie)

***Freeway*** is a 1996 crime drama movie. It stars Reese Witherspoon as Vanessa, Brooke Shields as Mimi and Brittany Murphy as Rhonda. This melodramatic thriller was released into theaters on August 23, 1996 and received very positive reviews from critics. _Freeway_ was originally rated NC-17 for graphic language. It was trimmed to obtain an R before release.
Dale County, Alabama

**Dale County** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. Most of the Fort Novosel U.S. Army Aviation Center for Excellence is in Dale County. Its name is in honor of General Samuel Dale.  As of the 2020 census, 49,326 people lived there.  Its county seat and largest city is Ozark.

## Geography

Dale County is in the southeastern corner of the State of Alabama. According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.3%) is water.

### Major highways

- U.S. Highway 84
- U.S. Highway 231
- State Route 27
- State Route 51
- State Route 85
- State Route 92
- State Route 123
- State Route 134

### Border counties

- Barbour County (north)
- Henry County (east)
- Houston County (southeast)
- Geneva County (southwest)
- Coffee County (west)
- Pike County (northwest)

## Municipalities and census-designated places

- Ariton
- Clayhatchee
- Daleville
- Dothan (part - most of Dothan is in Houston County, with additional portions in Henry County)
- Enterprise (part - most of Enterprise is in Coffee County)
- Fort Novosel (U.S. Army base, treated as a census-designated place)
- Grimes
- Level Plains
- Midland City
- Napier Field
- Newton
- Ozark
- Pinckard

## Unincorporated communities

- Arguta (southwest of Blue Springs)
- Asbury (northeast of Ozark)
- Barefield Crossroads (west of Abbeville)
- Barnes (southeast of Abbeville)
- Beamon (northeast of Ozark)
- Bells Crossroads (northwest of Clayton)
- Bertha (southeast of Blue Springs)
- Bethel (southwest of Clio)
- Browns Crossroad (northeast of Newton)
- Clopton (southeast of Blue Springs)
- Dill (north of Ozark)
- Dillard (northwest of Ozark)
- Dykes Crossroad (southwest of Blue Springs)
- Echo (east of Ozark)
- Ewell (southeast of Ozark)
- Gerald (northwest of Daleville)
- Kelly (southwest of Newton)
- Mabson (east of Ozark)
- Marley Mill (northwest of Ozark)
- Plainview (north of Newton)
- Roberts Crossroads (south of Blue Springs)
- Rocky Head (southwest of Clio)
- Skipperville (northeast of Ozark)
- Sylvan Grove (northeast of Midland City)
- Waterford (north of Newton)

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Dale County
- **state**: Alabama
- **ex image**: Daleville historical marker.JPG
- **ex image size**: 300px
- **ex image cap**: Daleville historical marker
- **founded year**: 1824
- **founded date**: December 22
- **seat wl**: Ozark
- **largest city wl**: Ozark
- **area total sq mi**: 563
- **area land sq mi**: 561
- **area water sq mi**: 1.6
- **area percentage**: 0.3
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 49326
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.dalecountyal.org
- **named for**: Samuel Dale
Dallas County, Alabama

**Dallas County** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. The county seat is Selma.

## History

Dallas County was formed on February 9, 1818. It was named for U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander J. Dallas of Pennsylvania. At first the county seat was at Cahaba. In 1865, the county seat was moved to Selma.

## Geography

Dallas County is in the Black Belt region. The Alabama River is in the county.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (1.5%) is water.

### Border Counties

- Chilton County (north)
- Autauga County (northeast)
- Lowndes County (southeast)
- Wilcox County (south)
- Marengo County (west)
- Perry County (northwest)

### National protected areas

- Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail (part)
- Talladega National Forest (part)

### Major highways

- U.S. Highway 80
- State Route 5
- State Route 14
- State Route 22
- State Route 41
- State Route 89

### Airports

- Craig Field (SEM) in Selma
- Skyharbor Airport (S63) in Selma

### Cities

- Selma
- Valley Grande

### Towns

- Orrville

### Census-designated places

- Selmont-West Selmont

### Unincorporated communities

- Beloit
- Browns
- Cahaba
- Carlowville
- Crumptonia
- Elm Bluff
- Marion Junction
- Minter
- Plantersville
- Pleasant Hill
- Richmond
- Safford
- Sardis
- Summerfield
- Tyler

## Education

Areas not in Selma are served by Dallas County Schools. Areas in Selma are served by Selma City Schools.

## Notable residents

- James Abercrombie, (1795–1861), United States Congressman from Alabama, lived here for a time.
- Shwetak Patel, (1981-), born in Selma, a professor of Computer Science and Engineering and Electrical Engineering at the University of Washington

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Dallas County
- **state**: Alabama
- **founded year**: 1818
- **founded date**: February 9
- **seat wl**: Selma
- **largest city wl**: Selma
- **area total sq mi**: 994
- **area land sq mi**: 979
- **area water sq mi**: 15
- **area percentage**: 1.5
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 38462
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.dallascounty-al.org/
- **ex image**: Dallas County Courthouse Selma Alabama 001.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Dallas County Courthouse in Selma. Built in 1901, it was given an extensive modern makeover in 1960
- **named for**: Alexander J. Dallas (statesman), Alexander J. Dallas
DeKalb County, Alabama

**DeKalb County** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of 2020, 71,608 people lived there.  Its county seat is Fort Payne.

## History

DeKalb County was formed on January 9, 1836. It was named for Major General Baron Johann de Kalb, a hero of the American Revolution.

DeKalb County was the one time home of the famous Cherokee Sequoyah.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.2%) is water.

### Major highways

- Interstate 59
- U.S. Highway 11
- State Route 35
- State Route 68
- State Route 75

### Rail

- Norfolk Southern Railway

### Border counties

- Jackson County, Alabama - north
- Dade County, Georgia - northeast
- Walker County, Georgia - east
- Chattooga County, Georgia - east
- Cherokee County, Alabama - southeast
- Etowah County, Alabama - south
- Marshall County, Alabama - west

### National protected area

- Little River Canyon National Preserve (part)

## Cities and towns

- Collinsville (part - part of Collinsville is in Cherokee County)
- Crossville
- Dawson
- Dogtown
- Fort Payne
- Fyffe
- Geraldine
- Hammondville
- Henagar
- Ider
- Lakeview
- Mentone
- Pine Ridge
- Powell
- Rainsville
- Sand Rock (part - part of Sand Rock is in Cherokee County)
- Shiloh
- Sylvania
- Valley Head

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: DeKalb County
- **state**: Alabama
- **founded year**: 1836
- **founded date**: January 9
- **seat wl**: Fort Payne
- **largest city wl**: Fort Payne
- **area total sq mi**: 779
- **area land sq mi**: 777
- **area water sq mi**: 1.6
- **area percentage**: 0.2
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 71608
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: http://www.dekalbcountyal.us
- **ex image**: DeKalb County Alabama Courthouse 20120329.jpg
- **ex image cap**: DeKalb County courthouse in Fort Payne
- **named for**: Johan DeKalb
Elmore County, Alabama

**Elmore County** is a county of the State of Alabama. As of 2020, 87,977 people lived there. The county seat is Wetumpka.

## History

Elmore County was formed on February 15, 1866.  It was created from portions of Autauga, Coosa, Tallapoosa, and Montgomery Counties. Its name is in honor of General John A. Elmore.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (5.9%) is water.

### Major highways

- Interstate 65
- U.S. Highway 82
- U.S. Highway 231
- State Route 9
- State Route 14
- State Route 63

### Border counties

- Coosa County (north)
- Tallapoosa County (northeast)
- Macon County (southeast)
- Montgomery County (south)
- Autauga County (west)
- Chilton County (northwest)

## Cities and towns

- Blue Ridge
- Coosada
- Deatsville
- Eclectic
- Elmore
- Equality (part of Equality is in Coosa County)
- Millbrook
- Prattville (part - most of Prattville is in Autauga County)
- Tallassee (part of Tallassee is in Tallapoosa County)
- Wetumpka

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Elmore County
- **state**: Alabama
- **founded**: February 15, 1866
- **seat wl**: Wetumpka
- **largest city wl**: Millbrook
- **area total sq mi**: 657
- **area land sq mi**: 618
- **area water sq mi**: 39
- **area percentage**: 5.9
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 87977
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.elmoreco.org
- **demonym**: Elmorean
- **ex image**: Elmore County Alabama Courthouse.JPG
- **ex image cap**: County courthouse in Wetumpka
- **named for**: John Archer Elmore, John A. Elmore
Escambia County, Alabama

**Escambia County** is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. As of 2020, 36,757 people lived there.  Its county seat is Brewton.

## History

Escambia County was formed after the American Civil War, on December 10, 1868.  This was during the Reconstruction era. The name "Escambia" may come from the Creek name _Shambia_, meaning "clearwater", or the Choctaw word for "cane-brake" or "reed-brake".

In September 1979, the county was declared a disaster area due to damage from Hurricane Frederic, and again in September 2004 due to damage from Hurricane Ivan.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which  is land and  (0.8%) is water.

### Major highways

- Interstate 65
- U.S. Highway 29
- U.S. Highway 31
- Alabama State Route 21
- Alabama State Route 41
- Alabama State Route 113

### Border counties

- Conecuh County (north)
- Covington County (east)
- Okaloosa County, Florida (southeast)
- Santa Rosa County, Florida (south)
- Escambia County, Florida (southwest)
- Baldwin County (west)
- Monroe County (northwest)

### National protected area

- Conecuh National Forest (part)

## Cities and towns

- Atmore
- Brewton
- East Brewton
- Flomaton
- Foshee
- Pollard
- Riverview

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Escambia County
- **state**: Alabama
- **founded year**: 1868
- **founded date**: December 10
- **seat wl**: Brewton
- **largest city wl**: Atmore
- **area total sq mi**: 953
- **area land sq mi**: 945
- **area water sq mi**: 8.1
- **area percentage**: 0.8
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 36757
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.co.escambia.al.us
- **ex image**: Escambia County Alabama Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Escambia County, Alabama Courthouse
20th Television

**20th Television** (formerly **20th Century Fox Television**) is an American television production and former syndication company that was created in 1992 by 20th Century Fox Film Corporation. It is a division of the Fox Entertainment Group, part of The Walt Disney Company. On August 10, 2020, the syndication division of TCFTV was Absorbed into Disney Media Distribution, forming the production incarnation of 20th Television replacing 20th Century Fox Television.

20th Television the television shows like _The Simpsons_, _Futurama_ and _Family Guy_, among others.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: 20th Television
- **type**: Division (business), Division
- **key people**: Karey Burke

- **industry**: Television production
- **products**: Television programs
- **owner**: The Walt Disney Company
- **parent**: Disney Television Studios
- **subsid**: Regency Enterprises#New Regency Television International, New Regency Television International (50%)
- **hq location city**: Los Angeles, California
- **hq location country**: United States
Grey's crowned guenon

The **Grey's crowned guenon** (_Cercopithecus pogonias grayi_), also known as the **crowned guenon**, **crowned monkey**, **golden-bellied guenon**, or **golden-bellied monkey**, is a species of monkey. They are mainly found in Central Africa which includes countries like Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and Nigeria. Mona monkeys get up to  in length and weigh . The lifespan of the crowned guenon is 20 years in captivity. They feed on mostly fruit, leaves, shoots, insects, and crops.
Axiom of choice

In mathematics the Axiom of Choice, sometimes called AC, is an axiom used in set theory.

The Axiom of Choice says that if you have a group of sets, each containing at least one object, it is possible to take one object out of each of these smaller sets and make a new set, even if there is no rule for selecting objects.

You do not always need to use the Axiom of Choice to do this. You do not need to use the Axiom of Choice if the starting set is finite or if the starting set is infinite and has a rule built in for how it can be divided. For example, you could select the smallest number in a group of sets without using the Axiom of Choice even if there are infinite sets because there is a rule for selection. A non mathematical example would be for any (infinite or finite) collection of pairs of shoes, you can identify and pick out the left shoe from each pair. However, for an infinite collection of identical pairs of equal socks, where there is no way to tell apart the socks in each pair, you could not pick from each pair as there is no left or right sock. Therefore there is no rule of selection and so you would need the Axiom of Choice to create a new set.

Accepting the Axiom of Choice leads to several important results in set theory and mathematics, which include:

- Zorn's Lemma, which tells us that there is always a "largest" or "most complete" element in certain partially ordered sets,
- Well-Ordering Theorem, which tells us that any collection of objects can be arranged in a specific order so that every group of objects has a "smallest" member,
- Banach-Tarski Paradox, a mathematically valid proof that shows how a solid sphere can be split into pieces and rearranged (without stretching) to form two identical copies of the original sphere,
- Tychonoff's Theorem, which is important in physics and engineering, that tells us if each of many small spaces is "compact" (roughly meaning limited in size and well-behaved), the combined space they share is also compact.

If the Axiom of Choice is not accepted, some mathematical results may not hold, such as:

- In algebra, some sets of numbers or functions might not have a simplest way to describe them, making them harder to study,
- Some sets might not have a logical way to arrange them so that every group of elements has a smallest member,
- Some useful tools in mathematics stop working, as many proofs rely on the Axiom of Choice,
- Infinity behaves differently, because the Axiom of Choice helps us describe infinite sets and their behaviors.

Most modern branches of mathematics will accept the Axiom of Choice, but some areas prefer to work without it to focus on explicit and constructible methods.
CSI: Miami

***CSI: Miami*** (***Crime Scene Investigation: Miami***) is an American TV series that aired from 2002-2012 on CBS. It is the second series in the _CSI_ franchise.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: * Police procedural, Crime
* Drama
- **runtime**: * Approx. 39–45 minutes
* Approx. 63 minutes (2 episodes)
- **company**: * Jerry Bruckheimer, Jerry Bruckheimer Television
* Alliance Atlantis
(2002–2008)
(seasons 1–6)
* CBS Productions
(2002–2006)
(seasons 1–4)
* CBS Paramount Network Television
(2006–2009)
(seasons 5–7)
* CBS Television Studios
(2009–2012)
(seasons 8–10)
- **creator**: * Anthony E. Zuiker
* Ann Donahue
* Carol Mendelsohn
- **producer**: Marc Dube
- **starring**: * David Caruso
* Emily Procter
* Adam Rodríguez
* Khandi Alexander
* Rory Cochrane
* Kim Delaney
* Sofia Milos
* Jonathan Togo
* Rex Linn
* Tyler Hoechlin
* Colton Haynes
* Erin Sanders
* Eva LaRue
* Megalyn Echikunwoke
* Eddie Cibrian
* Omar Benson Miller
* Arielle Vandenberg
- **opentheme**: "Won't Get Fooled Again" by The Who
- **composer**: * Jeff Cardoni
* Kevin Kiner
* Graeme Revell
* Clint Mansell
* Youssef Guezoum
* Alexander Judd
* David E. Russo
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **executive producer**: * Carol Mendelsohn
* Jerry Bruckheimer
* Anthony E. Zuiker
* Ann Donahue
* Barry O'Brien
* Stephen Zito
* Danny Cannon
* Jonathan Littman
* Nancy Miller
* Sam Strangis
* David Black
* Sunil Nayar
- **network**: CBS
- **num seasons**: 10
- **num episodes**: 232
- **list episodes**: List of CSI: Miami episodes
- **related**: * _CSI: Crime Scene Investigation_
* _CSI: NY_
* _CSI: Cyber_
* _CSI: Vegas_
Chang Taek-sang

**Jang Taek-Sang** (장택상, 1893–1969) was a Korean nationalist politician. He was a Korean independence activist against Japanese imperialism. After the liberation, he was 1st Foreign Minister and 3rd Prime Minister. This was during the 2–5th National Assembly of South Korea.

## Work book

- South Koreas founding and me(대한민국 건국과 나, 1969)

## References

- 100.naver.com
- Changrang Changtaeksang's memorial museum
Bound (movie)

***Bound*** is a 1996 American romantic crime thriller starring Jennifer Tilly and Gina Gershon. In the film, Violet (Tilly) is the girlfriend of a mafia mob member, but she wants to leave the mafia life. She meets Corky (Gershon), and together, they enter a lesbian relationship and plan on stealing 2 million dollars from the Mafia. _Bound_ received positive reviews from critics who praised its humor and strong style and its portrayal of lesbian relationships in a mainstream motion picture. It was rated R in the United States and Australia for sexual content and intense violence. It was released October 4, 1996 in the United States.
Gina Gershon

**Gina L. Gershon** (born June 10, 1962) is an American actress, singer and writer. She has been in many movies, including the 1995 movie _Showgirls_. She has also been in many television programs and sitcoms. She was born in Los Angeles.
Gwon Sang-ha

**Gwon Sang-ha** (1641 - September 2, 1721) was a politician and Neo Confucian scholar, teacher, and writer of the Joseon Dynasty. He was second leader of Noron Partys, disciple of Song Siyeol, Song Jun-gil and ideological successor of founder Noron Party and his teacher Song Siyeol. Nicknames was **Suam**, **Hansujae**.

## Work book

- Hansujaejip (한수재집, 寒水齋集)
- Samseojipui (삼서집의, 三書輯疑)
- Gibaegitaeyeonpyo (기백이태연표 箕伯李泰淵表)
- Hyeongchamgwongeukhwapyo (형참권극화표 刑參權克和表)
- Busagwaisukpyo (부사과이숙표 副司果李塾表)

## Related pages

- Noron
- West man
- Song Siyeol
- Song Jun-gil
- Yun Jeung
Powys Castle

**Powys Castle** (or Powis Castle or Welsh: Castell Coch) is a mediaeval castle, fortress and grand country mansion near the town of Welshpool, in Powys, Mid Wales. It is the residence of the Earl of Powis. The castle is built of sandstone.  The rock is from New Red Sandstone of the Permian or Triassic periods.

The castle has extensive, attractive formal gardens, terraces, parkland, deerpark and landscaped estate. The property is under the care of the National Trust, who operate it under the name "Powis Castle and Garden".
Queen Victoria visited the castle during her tour through England and Wales in 1832.

## Other websites

- Powis Castle & Garden information at the National Trust
- Castle Wales: Powis Castle
Islam in China

**Islam in China** has a rich and longstanding history in the country. Islam has been practiced in China since the 7th century CE. There are an estimated 17–25 million Muslims in China, less than 2 percent of the total population. Though Hui Muslims are the most numerous group, the greatest concentration of Muslims reside in northwestern China’s Xinjiang autonomous region, which contains a significant Uyghur population. Lesser yet significant populations reside in the regions of Ningxia, Gansu and Qinghai. Of China's 55 officially recognized minority peoples, ten of these groups are predominantly Sunni Muslim.

Manchu officials in the Qing executed a Muslim family in 1784  in Xinjiang because their relatives revolted  in Gansu despite the fact they had no idea their relatives were revolting.

Hundreds of thousands of Turkic Muslims have been detained in Xinjiang.

There is a policy of stripping Muslim buildings of Arabic features all over China, and in some cases replacing them with traditional Chinese designs. During Deng Xiaoping’s liberal era, a new mosque-building boom began, with a fashion for domed prayer halls and tall, slender minarets.  Xi Jinping became General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party as well as the top leader of China in 2012.  In 2017, the Islamic Association of China said “Mosque architecture needs to be in harmony with our national characteristics.”  In 2019 the  “Five-Year Plan on the Sinicisation of Islam”,  set out to standardise Chinese style in everything from Islamic clothing to ceremonies and architecture. It called for the “establishment of an Islamic theology with Chinese characteristics”. At least 1,714 mosques had Arabic-style features removed between 2018 and 2023.

The government also removed crosses from the roofs of over a thousand Christian churches and demolished a vast church — the Golden Lampstand Church in Shanxi province — in 2018.  The government is also trying to stop under-18s from entering religious sites, or even practising religion at all.

## Other websites

- "A Sketch of the Islamic Law" is an old book, from the year 1797, made in China
Campbell Newman

**Campbell Kevin Thomas Newman** (born 12 August 1963) was the 38th Premier of Queensland. He is from the Liberal National Party of Queensland. He became Premier on 26 March 2012 after his party won the state election. Prior to that he was the 15th Lord Mayor of Brisbane from 2004 to 2011. At the Queensland state election on Saturday 31 January 2015, Newman lost his seat of Ashgrove to his predecessor Kate Jones. Newman will retire from politics after he lost his own parliamentary seat and on 14 February 2015, Annastacia Palaszczuk was sworn in as Premier.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Campbell Newman
- **honorific-prefix**: Major (Australia), Major The Honourable
- **image**: File:Campbell Newman being interviewed (cropped) b.jpg
- **caption**: Newman  2012
- **deputy2**: Jeff Seeney
- **office2**: Liberal National Party of Queensland, Leader of the Liberal National Party
- **predecessor2**: John-Paul Langbroek
- **party**: Liberal Democratic Party (Australia), Liberal Democrats (2021–present)
- **otherparty**: Liberal Party of Australia (Queensland Division), Liberal Party (2004–2008) Liberal National Party of Queensland (2008–2021)
- **deputy1**: Jeff Seeney
- **monarch1**: Elizabeth II
- **governor1**: Penelope Wensley
Paul de Jersey
- **office1**: 38th Premier of Queensland
- **predecessor1**: Anna Bligh
- **successor1**: Annastacia Palaszczuk
- **successor2**: Lawrence Springborg
- **birth name**: Campbell Kevin Thomas Newman
- **birth place**: Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, A.C.T., Australia
- **nationality**: Australian
- **spouse**: Lisa Newman (née Monsour)
- **relations**: Kevin Newman (politician), Kevin Newman (father)
Jocelyn Newman (mother)
- **children**: Rebecca
Sarah
- **alma mater**: Royal Military College, Duntroon
University of New South Wales
University of Queensland
Launceston Church Grammar School
- **profession**: Civil engineer
- **nickname**: Noddy
- **branch**: Australian Army
- **serviceyears**: 1981–1993
- **rank**: Major
- **unit**: Royal Australian Engineers
- **awards**: Australian Defence Medal
- **term start1**: 26 March 2012
- **term end1**: 14 February 2015
- **term start2**: 2 April 2011
- **term end2**: 7 February 2015
- **constituency mp3**: Electoral district of Ashgrove, Ashgrove
- **parliament3**: Queensland
- **term start3**: 24 March 2012
- **predecessor3**: Kate Jones
- **successor3**: Kate Jones
- **term end3**: 31 January 2015
- **office4**: 15th Lord Mayor of Brisbane
<small>Elections: 2004 Brisbane City Council election, 2004, 2008 Brisbane City Council election, 2008</small>
- **term start4**: 27 March 2004
- **term end4**: 3 April 2011
- **deputy4**: David Hinchliffe (2004–2008)
Graham Quirk (2008–2011)
- **predecessor4**: Tim Quinn
- **successor4**: Graham Quirk
- **signature**: Campbell Newman signature 2010.svg
New Red Sandstone

The **New Red Sandstone** is a sandstone rock in Britain and elsewhere. It was laid down in desert conditions from the Permian (280 million years ago) to the beginning of the Triassic (240 million years ago). It underlies the Jurassic Lias, which are marine rocks such as the Blue Lias.

The term distinguishes it from the Old Red Sandstone, which is largely Devonian in age. The New Red Sandstone is much brighter and redder in colour than the Old Red Sandstone, as the examples show. The colour is caused by iron oxides in the rock.

the red sand stone was formed from 416 million to 359.2 million years ago . it was washed up on the beach
Glee season 2

The **second season** of the musical comedy-drama television show _Glee_ originally premiered on September 21, 2010 and ended on May 24, 2011 on FOX in the United States. The second season had 22 episodes and was produced by 20th Century Fox Television and Ryan Murphy Television. Dante Di Loreto became the executive producer while Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk, the show co-creators, remained writing the episodes along with Ian Brennan. The second season features the "New Directions" glee club at the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio. It also shows the glee club in several competitions; local, regional and nationals which was held in New York City. The club members in this season began dealing with relationship, sexuality and social issues.

The second season's main cast were; director of glee club Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison), cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch), guidance counselor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays), and glee club members Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith), Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer), Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley), Noah "Puck" Puckerman (Mark Salling), Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron), Rachel Berry (Lea Michele), Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) and Will's ex-wife Terri (Jessalyn Gilsig). Kurt's father Burt (Mike O'Malley) becomes a main character in this season.

Each episode of the second season received positive reviews from music and television journalists, however, the entire season was given a more mixed reception. The musical performances in the second season had more dance numbers and cover versions than the first season. The show released five soundtrack albums and over one hundred digital singles. The cast broke the record for "most charted songs by an act" in the 52-year history of the _Billboard_ Hot 100 chart. The singles "Teenage Dream" (originally recorded by Katy Perry) and "Loser Like Me" (an original song), were the first to have over 200,000 downloads in their first week of release in the US. Both had also charted in the top ten in the US and Canada, and were certified Gold in the US. The second season was nominated for twelve Emmy Awards, five Golden Globe Awards, five Satellite Awards and over fifty other awards. There has been three DVDs to have been released with episodes from the season: _Glee - Season 2, Volume 1_ which includes episodes one through ten, _Glee - Season 2, Volume 2_ which includes episodes eleven through twenty-two, and _Glee - The Complete Second Season_.
Chris Colfer

**Christopher Paul "Chris" Colfer** (born May 27, 1990) is an American actor, singer, and author. He plays the role of Kurt Hummel on the FOX television show _Glee_. _Time magazine_ called Colfer one of the "100 most influential people" in the world in 2011. He has won a Golden Globe Award and has been nominated two times for a Emmy Award. Colfer wrote the beloved children's fantasy series The Land of Stories and its prequel series, A Tale of Magic, among other books.

Colfer was born in Clovis, California. He is of Irish ancestry. He is openly gay.

### Films

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2009|_Russel Fish: The Sausage and Eggs Incident_|Russel Fish|Short film|
|2010|_Marmaduke_|Drama Dog #2|English dub, voice role|
|2011|_Glee: The 3D Concert Movie_|Kurt Hummel|Concert film|
|2012|_Struck by Lightning_|Carson Phillips|Writer and executive producer|
|2016|_Absolutely Fabulous: The Movie_|Christopher||
|TBA|_The Potters_|Asher Potter|_Pre-production_|

### Television

|scope="col"|Year|scope="col"|Title|scope="col"|Role|scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2009–2015|_Glee_|Kurt Hummel|Main role; 116 episodes Also writer on "Old Dog, New Tricks"|||||
|2009–2010|_Entertainment Tonight_|Himself||||||
|2011|_The Cleveland Show_|Kurt Hummel|Voice|||||
|2011|_Saturday Night Live_|Himself||||||
|2012|_8_|Ryan Kendall|TV movie|||||
|2012|_The Glee Project_|Himself|Guest mentor|||||
|2012–2014|_The Talk_|Himself||||||
|2013|_Bitter Party of Five_|Himself||||||
|2014|_Hollywood Game Night_|Himself|1 episode|||||
|2014, 2015|_Hot in Cleveland_|Tony Chase|Episodes: "Straight Out of Cleveland", "All About Elka"|||||
|2017|_Julie's Greenroom_|Himself|Episode: "The Write Stuff!"|||||
|2018|_RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars_|Himself|Episode: "My Best Squirrelfriend's Dragsmaids Wedding Trip"|||||
|2020|_Visible: Out On Television_|Himself|Episode: "The New Guard"|||||
|2021|_Ridley Jones_|Kosy|Episode: "Dinner with Ismat"|||||
Mash-up

A **mash-up** is when a musician performs two or more songs as a single composition. Some mashups are called "remixes" or sometimes indirectly called "duets" if sung by two musicians. In popular music, some musicians sing two cover versions and blend them together (transformation) into a new song.

## Further reading

- Paul Morley (2003). _Words and Music: A History of Pop in the Shape of a City_. Bloomsbury. .
- Jeremy J. Beadle (1993). _Will Pop Eat Itself?_ Faber & Faber. .
- Roseman, Jordan (2006). _Audio Mashup Construction Kit_. .
- Hughes, J. & Lang, K. (2006). Transmutability: Digital Decontextualization, Manipulation, and Recontextualization as a New Source of Value in the Production and Consumption of Culture Products. In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences - Volume 08.
- Sinnreich, Aram (2010). _Mashed Up: Music, Technology & the Rise of Configurable Culture_ http://www.mashed-up.com . .
Subplot

A **subplot**, sometimes called a "B story" or a "C story", is a secondary plot that sometimes has to do with the main story. Subplots may connect to main plots, in either time and place. Subplots often involve supporting characters, those besides the protagonist or antagonist.
National Alliance on Mental Illness

The **National Alliance on Mental Illness** (NAMI), formerly known as the **National Alliance for the Mentally Ill**, is an American non-profit national advocacy organization founded in 1979 for people affected by serious mental illnesses and their families. NAMI has over 200,000 members, offices in all 50 states, and 1200 affiliates across the United States. NAMI is a :en:grassroots organization that is run primarily by volunteers.

## NAMI Family-to-Family

The NAMI Family-to-Family Education Program is a free 12-week course targeted toward family and friends of individuals with mental illness. The courses are taught by a NAMI-trained family member of a person diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. Family-to-Family is taught in 44 states, and two provinces in Canada. The program was developed by Clinical Psychologist Joyce Burland, PhD.

### Purpose

The Family-to-Family program provides general information about mental illness and how it is currently treated. The programs cover mental illnesses including schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, etc.), as well as the benefits and side effects of medications. Family-to-Family, like the rest of NAMI programs, takes a biologically-based approach to explaining mental illness and its treatments.

In addition to providing information on mental illness, the Family-to-Family program teaches coping skills and the power of advocacy to students. Empathy is hoped to be gained by students' better understanding of the subjective experience of living with a mental illness. Special workshops also teach problem solving, listening, and communication techniques. Family-to-Family also provides advocacy support, offering family members guidance on locating support and services within surrounding areas, and information on current advocacy initiatives dedicated to improving available services.

### Evidence based

The NAMI Family-to-Family program has been shown to empower families in the way they solve internal problems, and reduced the anxiety of participants in randomized controlled trials, a finding which was shown to persist 6 months later. These studies confirm preliminary findings that Family-to-Family graduates describe a permanent transformation in the understanding and engagement with mental illness in themselves and their family. Because a :en:randomized controlled trial is at risk of poor :en:external validity by :en:confirmation bias, Dixon and colleges sought out to strengthen the evidence basis by confirming the benefits attributed to Family-to-Family with a subset of individuals who declined participation during initial studies

### Program origins

The NAMI Family-to-Family program was found to be effective in increasing schizophrenia patient caregivers' self-efficacy while reducing a subjective burden and need for information.  In light of recent research, Family-to-Family was added to the National Registry of Evidence-Based Programs and Practices.

## Other websites

- NAMI.org - Official NAMI website
- NAMIsanDiego.org - San Diego NAMI website
- NAMIsfv.org - San Fernando Valley (Los Angeles area) NAMI website
Chūō, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Chūō City" in English.

## History

On March 15, 1947, the ward was formed by combining the wards of Kyōbashi and Nihonbashi.

## Geography

Chūō is in central Tokyo. It borders Tokyo Bay on the south.  Minato is on the ward's southwestern border. Chiyoda is on the northwestern border. Sumida and Kōtō are on the east.

The most famous districts in Chūō are Ginza and Nihonbashi.  Other districtsare Kabutochō and Tsukiji.

In area, Chūō is the second-smallest ward in Tokyo. Only Taitō is smaller.

## Related pages

- List of special wards of Tokyo
- Capital of Japan

## Other websites

- http://www.city.chuo.lg.jp/foreign/english/index.html , [http://www.city.chuo.lg.jp/ ]
- Chuo City Tourism Association, http://www.chuo-kanko.or.jp/english/index.html , [http://www.chuo-kanko.or.jp/ ]
- Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards

## Infobox (city japan)

- **name**: Chūō
- **official name**: Chūō City
- **settlement type**: Special wards of Tokyo, Special ward
- **image skyline**: Sumida river02s3072.jpg
- **image caption**: Skyline of Chūō Ward by Sumida River
- **region**: Kantō region, Kantō
- **prefecture**: Tokyo, Tokyo Metropolis
- **area km2**: 10.21
- **population**: 141,454
- **population as of**: May 1, 2015
- **density km2**: 13,850
- **mayor**: Taito Yamamoto
- **tree**: Willow
- **flower**: Azalea
- **image flag**: Flag of Chuo, Tokyo.svg
- **image symbol**: Emblem of Chuo, Tokyo.svg
- **symboldescription**: Emblem
- **city hall postal code**: 104-8404
- **city hall address**: Tsukiji 1-1-1 Chuo-ku, Tokyo
- **image map**: Chuo-ku in Tokyo Prefecture Ja.svg