juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Euclid

**Euclid of Alexandria ** () (about 325 BC–265 BC) was a Greek mathematician who lived in Alexandria, Egypt and worked at the Library of Alexandria. Little is known about this person, but people think he lived there when Ptolemy I was Pharaoh. It is not known where and when he was born.

## The Elements

Euclid collected together all that was known of geometry, which is part of mathematics. His _Elements_ is the main source of ancient geometry. Textbooks based on Euclid have been used up to the present day. In the book, he starts out from a small set of axioms (that is, a group of things that everyone thinks are true). Euclid then shows the properties of geometric objects and of whole numbers, based on those axioms.

The _Elements_ also includes works on perspective, conic sections, spherical geometry, and possibly quadric surfaces. Apart from geometry, the work also includes number theory. Euclid came up with the idea of _greatest common divisors_. They were in his _Elements_. The greatest common divisor of two numbers is the greatest number that can fit evenly in both of the two numbers.

The geometrical system described in the _Elements_ was long known simply as geometry, and was considered to be the only geometry possible. Today that system is referred to as Euclidean geometry to distinguish it from other so-called non-Euclidean geometries which mathematicians developed in the 19th century.

## Other works

In addition to the _Elements_, at least five works of Euclid have survived to the present day. They follow the same logical structure as _Elements_, with definitions and proved propositions.
- _Data_ deals with the nature and implications of "given" information in geometrical problems; the subject matter is closely related to the first four books of the _Elements_.
- _On Divisions of Figures_, which survives only partially in Arabic translation, concerns the division of geometrical figures into two or more equal parts or into parts in given ratios. It is similar to a third century AD work by Heron of Alexandria.
- _Catoptrics_, which concerns the mathematical theory of mirrors, particularly the images formed in plane and spherical concave mirrors. The attribution to Euclid is doubtful. Its author may have been Theon of Alexandria.
- _Phaenomena_, a treatise on spherical astronomy, survives in Greek; it is quite similar to _On the Moving Sphere_ by Autolycus of Pitane, who flourished around 310 BC.

## Tributes to Euclid

- An asteroid, is named after Euclid.
- A crater on the moon is named after Euclid.
Guadeloupe

**Guadeloupe** is part of France in the Caribbean Sea. It is made up of five islands. The capital is Basse-Terre.

Arawak native Americans first lived on the islands. Most died when Europeans came. Guadeloupe was first governed by the French Company of the American Islands. It was then taken over by England, given to Sweden, and given back to France.

Today, most of the people in Guadeloupe are Roman Catholic and are of African descent.

- 71%: African or Multiracial (European, African, Chinese, East Indian, Amerindians, and others).
- 15%: East Indian
- 9%: European
- 2%: Middle Easterns
- 3%: Chinese

## Related pages

- Martinique, French island in the Caribbean
- Saint Barthélemy, French island in the Caribbean
- Saint Martin, French island in the Caribbean

## Other websites

- Guadeloupe Tourism Authority
1770

## Events

- March 5 – Boston Massacre: 5 Americans killed by British troops in an event that would help start the American Revolutionary War 5 years later.
- May 14 – Marie Antoinette arrives at the French court.
- May 16 – 14-year old Marie Antoinette marries 15-year old Louis-Auguste (who later becomes Louis XVI King of France).
- May 16 – Fireworks at the wedding of the crown prince of France in Paris cause a fire – 800 dead
- June 3 – Gasper de Portola and Father Junipero Serra establish Monterey, which was the capital of California from 1777-1849.
- July 1 – Comet Lexell (D/1770 L1) passes the Earth
- August 22 – James Cook claimed for Great Britain the eastern coast of New Holland (Australia)
- Joseph Priestley, British chemist, recommends the use of a rubber to remove pencil marks.
- Joseph Louis Lagrange proves Bachet's Conjecture.

## Births

- December 17 – Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised).
1616

## Events

- War between Austria and Venice.

## Births

- May 25 – Carlo Dolci, Italian artist

## Deaths

- April 23 – Miguel de Cervantes
- April 23 – William Shakespeare, English playwright and poet
Albany

**Albany** can be any of the following:

## Geography

- Australia
- Albany, Western Australia
- Albany Creek

- Canada
- Albany, Nova Scotia
- Albany, Ontario
- Albany, Prince Edward Island
- Fort Albany, Ontario

- New Zealand
- Albany, New Zealand

- South Africa
- Albany, South Africa

- United Kingdom
- Albany, Tyne and Wear

- United States of America
- Albany, Alabama
- Albany, California,
- Albany, Georgia,
- Albany, Illinois
- Albany Park, Chicago, Illinois
- Albany Township, Illinois
- Albany, Indiana
- Albany, Iowa
- Albany, Kentucky
- Albany, Louisiana
- Albany Township, Maine
- Albany, Minnesota
- Albany Township, Minnesota
- Albany, Missouri
- Albany Township, Nebraska
- Albany, New Hampshire
- Albany, New York, the capital of New York and the most populous city in this list
- Albany County, New York
- Albany, Ohio
- Albany, Oklahoma
- Albany, Oregon
- Albany Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania
- Albany Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania
- Albany, Tennessee
- Albany, Texas
- Albany, Vermont
- Albany, Wisconsin
- Albany, Green County, Wisconsin
- Albany, Pepin County, Wisconsin
- Albany, Wyoming
- Albany County, Wyoming

## Rivers

- Albany River, in Canada

## People

- Duke of Albany, a Scottish, and later, British Peerage title

## Other

- Albany Records, a record label in Albany, New York
Augusta

**Augusta** may refer to:

### In Australia

- Augusta, Western Australia
- Port Augusta, South Australia
- Shire of Augusta-Margaret River

### In Canada

- Augusta, Ontario
- North Augusta, Ontario

### In Europe

- Augusta, Sicily, Italy

### In the United States

- Augusta, Arkansas
- Augusta, Georgia
- Augusta, Illinois
- Augusta, Kansas
- Augusta, Kentucky
- Augusta, Maine (capital city of Maine)
- Augusta, Michigan
- Augusta, Minnesota
- Augusta, Missouri
- Augusta, Montana
- Augusta, New Jersey
- Augusta, New York
- North Augusta, South Carolina
- Augusta, West Virginia
- Augusta, Wisconsin
- Augusta County, Virginia
- Augusta Charter Township, Michigan
- Augusta Township, Lac qui Parle County, Minnesota

## People

- Augusta (given name)
Berkeley

**Berkeley** could mean:

- Berkeley, California, USA
    - University of California, Berkeley
- Berkeley Software Distribution
Charleston

**Charleston** might mean:

## Places

- Cities in the United States
- Charleston, Arkansas
- Charleston, Illinois
- Charleston, South Carolina
- Charleston, West Virginia

## Other

- Charleston (dance), a dance
- Charleston Battery, a soccer club based in Charleston, South Carolina

## Related pages

- Charlestown, Indiana
Anthropomorphism

**Anthropomorphism** is the addition of human traits to something that is not a human. For example, the non-human might have human feelings, needs, and wants. It is common for people to use anthropomorphism.

Anthropomorphism is often used in stories and art. The story of the "Three Little Pigs" has a wolf and three pigs who talk and act like humans. Disney's Mickey Mouse also talks and acts like a human. Some people act and dress like anthropomorphic animals, and call themselves "furries".

The novel _The Call of the Wild_ also uses anthropomorphism. The main character is a dog named Buck. Many other characters are dogs and wolves. In the story, the animals think and act more like humans than dogs.

## In Fairy tales and mythology

For thousands of years, people have told stories and made art with anthropomorphic characters. Egyptian mythology has many gods who are part animal and part human. Roman mythology has a story about a minotaur, which is part bull and part human. The werewolf of European mythology is part wolf and part human. There is also Aesop's fables, that usually have animal characters talking in them.

## Cartoons and video games

Many cartoons, shows, and movies have anthropomorphic characters. Examples include:

- Looney Tunes,
- Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles,
- Kung Fu Panda,
- My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, and
- Zootopia.

Many video games also have anthropomorphic characters. A few examples:

- Jak and Daxter,
- Ratchet and Clank,
- Crash Bandicoot,
- Sonic the Hedgehog, and
- Star Fox.

## Reasons for anthropomorphism

Humans can usually explain why humans do things. Humans are not as good at explaining why non-human things do things. This can lead to people assuming non-human things will do things like humans.

Humans learn about other humans early in life. They know more about humans than about things that are not humans, and they can remember it better.

## Related pages

- Furry: A section of anthropomorphism where animals and legendary creatures are shown as human-like in stories and art, It's a modern name given for Anthropomorphic Animals.
Apostrophe

The **apostrophe** (**Ↄ**, **ↄ**, **’**), also known as the **apostrophus**, is a punctuation mark used in writing. It is also a diacritic.

In English, it has two jobs:
- To show where one or more letters have been left out, as in the abbreviation (contraction) of _do not_ to _don't_.
- To show the possessive case, as in _the cat’s whiskers_.

### Its versus it's

The most common grammatical mistake in written English is to put _it's_ where _its_ is correct.

***Its***: a possessive adjective and pronoun of the personal pronoun _it_.
- _The cat chased its tail_. (correct)
- _The tyre lost it's grip_. (wrong)

***It's***: a contraction of the verbal phrase _it is_ or _it has_.
- _It's mine_. (correct; check: _It is mine_)
- _It's been here_. (correct; check: _It has been here_)
- _The cat chased it's tail_. (wrong; cannot be expanded to _it is_)

The same applies to _yours_, _theirs_ and _ours_ because these are also possessive adjectives of personal pronouns.
- _The colour is ours_.
- _That book is hers_ (or _his_).
- _Theirs was the responsibility_.

### Possession

Apostrophes are also used to show something belongs to someone (or something). Again, correct uses can be expanded:
- _Mike's car_. (correct; the car that belongs to Mike)
- _The dog's ball_. (correct; the ball that belongs to the dog)
- _Those dog's are large_. (wrong; here "dogs" is a plural word)

### The intrusive apostrophe

Comes in plurals which don't (_do not_) need it. Do not put an apostrophe in word ending in **<big>s</big>**, such as a plural. Put an apostrophe, or 's, at the end of the word instead.
- _Mr. Jones' hat_ or _Mr. Jones's hat_. (both correct)
- _Both of my parents' birthdays_. (correct)
- _CD's_ and _DVD's_ (wrong; not possessive. See "Plural" section below)
- _Apple's_ and _pear's_ (wrong; not possessive)

### Writing dialogue or titles

Apostrophes are also used when other words are shortened, as in slang:
- _Go get 'em tiger!_ or _Li'l Bow Bow_.
This is just a version of the abbreviation function.

### Plural

To make a word that doesn't (_does not_) usually exist as a plural into a plural, an apostrophe is occasionally used. See these examples:
- _How many A's did you get this year?_ Here it is wrong because it is not needed.
- _The poll received many yes's and very few no's._ Here it is sensible because without it the words 'yess' and 'nos' look quite peculiar. However, you may find 'yeses' and 'noes' are appropriate as plurals. General rule: if an apostrophe is not needed, do not use it.
Ryan North

**Ryan M. North** (born October 20, 1980) is a Canadian writer. He is the author of the comic strip Dinosaur Comics, as well as Whispered Apologies and several other projects. He is also the programmer of ohnorobot, a web comic search engine. Ryan North is also a member of The Ryans, a group dedicated to being called Ryan and making comics.

## Other websites

- _Dinosaur Comics_
- _Whispered Apologies_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Ryan North
- **image**: Ryannorth.jpg
- **birth place**: Ottawa, Ontario
- **occupation**: Comic writer, computer programmer
- **nationality**: Canada
- **period**: 2000–present
- **genre**: Humour
- **movement**: Webcomic
- **notableworks**: _Dinosaur Comics,_ _Adventure_Time#Comic_books, Adventure Time_
By-election

A **by-election** or **bye-election** is a type of special election. These elections are held in between general elections. General elections are elections for all members of an elected body. By-elections are elections for just some members. A by-election could be needed if a member dies or resigns while in political office. They are also used if a person is removed from office for some reason, for example if he/she is guilty of a crime or is not qualified to be a member anymore.

By-elections in the United States and the Philippines are called "special elections". In India, they are called "bypolls".

In the 1980s, all 12 of the Unionist MPs in the British House of Commons resigned and all of the elections happened on the same day. Although unusual, these were still only by-elections. It is also defined as an election held in a single political constituency to fill a vacancy that has happened during a government's term of office.
Secretary

A **secretary** is a person who is employed to help in an office, and help the people in charge of the office do their job.

By definition, the main task of a secretary is to keep organized documents and electronic files for the business, school, hospital, or government agency they work for. Other common jobs that secretaries do are answering telephones; typing and writing letters; plan and schedule meetings with guests; and manage the website of their office.

In different workplaces, and for different reasons, a secretary may also be called an **administrative assistant**, **receptionist**, **clerk**, or **executive assistant**.

In the past, most secretaries were men. Today, 98% of secretaries are women, according to the US Census.

In 1952, several groups, for example the National Secretaries Association , founded Secretary's Day. It is celebrated in the 4th week of April. It has been renamed "Administrative Professional's Week" to represent the more challenging roles of secretaries today.

## Other secretaries

In government, secretaries are important people who hold high positions in government. Many secretaries in government are in charge of government agencies.

Most members of the United States Cabinet are called "Secretary" including the United States Secretary of State, who deals with other countries.

In the United Kingdom, a **Secretary of State** is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a Government Department.

In the US,  United States Secretary Defense is the head of the US Department of Defense.
Happiness

**Happiness** is a feeling of pleasure and positivity. When someone feels good, proud, excited, relieved or satisfied about something, that person is said to be "happy". Feeling happy may help people to relax and to smile.

Happiness is usually thought of as the opposite of sadness. However, it is very possible to feel both at once, often about different things, or sometimes even about the same thing. You are often excited when you are happy. Happiness can also be inspired too.

Many philosophers have said that people in the world go back and forth between times of happiness and sadness, but there is nobody who is always happy or always sad. Happiness sometimes causes people to cry when they laugh because the emotion takes control of them. Happiness was thought of as the key to love in ancient civilizations such as the Inca and the Maya.

## Other websites

- Dr Tal Ben-Shahar | Happiness Studies Academy on YouTube
Charlie Parker

**Charlie Parker** (August 29, 1920 in Kansas City, Missouri – March 12, 1955 in New York City), also known as "Bird" or "Yardbird", was considered one of the greatest jazz saxophonists, specifically alto saxophonist. Parker was thought to have created bebop.

Parker died in New York City at the age of 34 from cirrhosis, internal bleeding and pneumonia caused by a heart attack.
Mount Price

**Mount Price** (sometimes **Price Mountain**) is a volcanic mountain in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, in British Columbia, Canada.

It is 2,049 meters (6,722 feet) tall. The mountain was formed 1.2 million years ago and is made of lava. It is not known to have been active in thousands of years, but it could be active again. If it did, it could cause problems for people who live nearby. There are teams that are prepared to help people if Mount Price becomes active.

## Other websites

- Mount Price information from Natural Resources Canada
Bun

A **bun** is a type of food made out of bread.

A bun can be either savoury (like a hot dog) or sweet (like a hot cross bun or a bun with icing and a cherry on top).
Goldfinger (band)

**Goldfinger** is an American punk band founded in 1994. The Goldfinger released their self-titled first album in 1996. They were named after the Ian Fleming book and 1964 movie _Goldfinger_ based on the James Bond franchise.

Their line-up is as follows:

- John Feldmann ‒ vocals, guitar
- Charlie Paulson ‒ gibson, fender, camel
- Dangerous Darrin Pfeiffer ‒ drums, vocals
- Simon Williams ‒ bass, vocals

## Studio albums

1. _Goldfinger_ ‒ 1996
1. _Hang ups_ ‒ 1997
1. _Stomping ground_ ‒ 1999
1. _Open your eyes_ ‒ 2002
1. _Disconnection notice_ ‒ 2005
1. _Hello destiny_ ‒ 2008

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Goldfinger
- **img**: Goldfinger live 2006.jpg
- **img capt**: Goldfinger live in 2006.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- **genre**: Pop punk, ska punk
- **years active**: 1994present
- **label**: Universal Records, Universal, Mojo, Jive Records, Jive, Maverick, Side One Dummy
- **associated acts**: Electric Love Hogs, The Salads, Black President (band), Black President, Reel Big Fish
- **current members**: John Feldmann
Kelly LeMieux
Darrin Pfeiffer
Charlie Paulson
- **past members**: Simon Williams
Brian Arthur
Salamanca

**Salamanca** is a city in central Spain. It is the capital city of the province with the same name.
The city has a very important university started in 1218. It has two cathedrals and a famous Plaza Mayor (Main Square) built in the 18th century.

Frogs are a mascot of Salamanca.  Souvenirs of frogs can be found in almost every shop in the Plaza Mayor.

The Battle of Salamanca was an important defeat for France in the Napoleonic Wars.

## Other websites

- Official Tourist Information Office
- Wiki of the city of Salamanca
- General information on Salamanca
- General information about events in Salamanca
- Salamanca travel guide
- Salamanca: Spain's answer to Oxford by _The Guardian_
- Salamanca city guide at HitchHikers Handbook

**Museums**
- Art Nouveau and Art Decó Museum Casa Lis
- Car History Museum
- Cathedral Museum

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Salamanca
- **image skyline**: Reflejos de la Catedrales de Salamanca.jpg
- **imagesize**: 317px
- **image caption**: View of Salamanca
- **image flag**: Bandera de Salamanca.svg
- **image shield**: Escudo de Salamanca.svg
- **image map**: Salamanca, Spain location.png
- **map caption**: Location of Salamanca in Spain
- **flag size**: 120px
- **shield size**: 75px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **subdivision name1**: Castile and León
- **subdivision type2**: Province
- **subdivision name2**: Province of Salamanca, Salamanca
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Alfonso Fernando Fernández Mañueco (People's Party (Spain), Partido Popular)
- **area total km2**: 38.6
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: metropolitan:213,399 city:154,462
- **population density km2**: 4034
- **timezone**: CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 802
- **postal code**: 37001-37010
- **area code**: 34 (Spain) + 923 (Salamanca)
- **website**: [http://www.salamanca.es/ www.salamanca.es]
1440s

The **1440s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1440 and ended on 31 December 1449. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***145th decade*** which began on January 1, 1441 and ended on December 31, 1450.

## Events

- The Coptic Church of Ethiopia contacts the Roman Catholic Church for the first time.
- The empire of the Maya breaks up into many little kingdoms.
- The Ottoman Empire starts to become weak.
- The Korean alphabet, the Hangul, is invented.

## Births

- King Ivan III of Russia
- King Edward IV of England
- Margaret Beaufort, mother of Henry VII of England
- Sandro Botticelli, Italian painter
- Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia, king in the Solomonid dynasty.

## Deaths

- Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan
- Jan van Eyck, Dutch painter
- Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden
Elizabeth Blackwell

**Elizabeth Blackwell** (3 February 182131 May 1910) was a British physician. She was the first female doctor in the United States and Europe.

She was born in Bristol, England, on 3 February 1821.  When she was young, her family moved to America.  At first, she was a teacher.  She became a doctor in 1849.  She founded her own hospital in New York. In 1874 she started a medical school for women in London with Sophie Jex-Blake and promoted women's rights.

She never married and opposed slavery.

In 2013 the University of Bristol launched the Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research.

Elizabeth Blackwell lost sight in one eye in 1851.
Blackwell wrote many books including Medicine as a Profession for Women and Address on the Medical Education for women.

## Other websites

- An online history at the National Institutes of Health, including copies of historical documents
- An online biography  of Elizabeth Blackwell, with links to more articles on Blackwell and others in her famous family, plus links to many resources on the Internet
- Biography from the National Institutes of Health

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Elizabeth Blackwell
- **image**: Elizabeth Blackwell.jpg
- **birth place**: Bristol, England
- **death place**: Hastings, England
- **nationality**: British and American
- **education**: Geneva Medical College
The Jam

**The Jam** was an English rock band formed in Woking, Surrey in 1972. The members were Paul Weller (guitar, vocals), Bruce Foxton (bass guitar, vocals), and Rick Buckler (drums). Having come out of from the short Punk movement they went on to become one of the UK's top bands. They had four number one hits which were Going Underground, Start!, Town Called Malice and Beat Surrender.

The Jam disbanded in 1982. Lead singer Paul Weller went on to have hits with The Style Council during the remainder of the 1980s. During the 1990s he had a successful solo career.

## Studio albums

- _In the City_ (1977)
- _This Is the Modern World_ (1977)
- _All Mod Cons_ (1978)
- _Setting Sons_ (1979)
- _Sound Affects_ (1980)
- _The Gift_ (1982)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Jam
- **img**: Thejam.gif
- **img capt**: The Jam in concert in Newcastle during their _Trans-global Unity_ tour in March 1982.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Woking, Surrey, England
- **genre**: Punk rock, mod revival, New Wave music, New Wave
- **years active**: 1972–1982
- **label**: Polydor Records, Polydor
- **associated acts**: The Style Council, From the Jam, Time UK (band), Time UK, Sharp (band), Sharp
- **past members**: Paul Weller
Bruce Foxton
Rick Buckler
Steve Brookes
Alchemy

**Alchemy** is the very old study and philosophy of how to change basic substances (such as metals) into other substances. It also studied how substances (and how they are changed into other substances) were related to magic and astrology. People who studied alchemy were called _alchemists_. Some things alchemists tried to do were change lead or mercury into gold, make the philosopher's stone, and make the "elixir of life," which they thought could cure (make better) any disease and make someone young again.

Alchemists believed that substances, mind, philosophies, religion, magic, and astrology were related to each other. They tried to find connections between them. They tried to understand one by understanding the other. Some alchemists used metals (like gold or silver) to represent spiritual or occult ideas. People in many different countries studied alchemy.

In the 1600s and 1700s, people started to study only the properties of substances without trying to relate them to secret, old knowledge. They did experiments and wrote down what they discovered so other people could learn from them. One of the important people who did these experiments was Robert Boyle. People called the new study of substances chemistry.

Scientists have since discovered how to change one kind of element (the simplest kind of chemical substance) into another. In 1980, an American scientist named Glenn Seaborg discovered how to change a very tiny amount of bismuth into gold with a nuclear reactor. Making gold this way is much more difficult and expensive (costs a lot of money) than mining or recycling it.
Goldfinger (movie)

***Goldfinger*** is a 1964 spy movie based on the seventh James Bond book written by Ian Fleming. _Goldfinger_ is the third James Bond movie in the series. It is also third to star Sean Connery as the British Secret Service agent James Bond. Shirley Bassey sings the title song of the movie.

## Plot

In this movie, the main bad guy is named Auric Goldfinger, and he likes gold a lot. In the movie, James Bond tries to find out what Goldfinger's bad plan is, and in the end James Bond wins and stops Goldfinger.  His plan is to blow up Fort Knox so that the price of gold will go up.  Goldfinger has a sidekick called Oddjob who throws his metal hat at people.

It is noted for the character with the unusual name _Pussy Galore_, played in the movie by Honor Blackman.

## Cast

- Sean Connery as James Bond
- Gert Fröbe as Auric Goldfinger
- Honor Blackman as Pussy Galore
- Harold Sakata as Oddjob
- Cec Linder as Felix Leiter
- Shirley Eaton as Jill Masterson
- Tania Mallet as Tilly Masterson
- Desmond Llewelyn as Q
- Bernard Lee as M
- Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny
- Burt Kwouk as Mr. Ling
- Martin Benson as Mr. Solo
- Raymond Joung as Sierra
- Nadja Regin as Bonita
- Alf Joint as Capungo
- Michael Mellinger as Kisch
- Margaret Nolan as Dink
- Bill Nagy as Mr. Midnight
- Hal Galili as Mr. Strap
Scar

A **scar** is the natural result of a healing process in the human body. When the dermis is hurt by a wound, the wounded tissue will be replaced by scar tissue. Scar tissue is not identical to the tissue it replaces. A scar will look different (and have different characteristics) than the surrounding tissue.

Scar tissue is composed of the same protein (collagen) as the tissue that it replaces, but the fiber composition of the protein is different; instead of a random basketweave formation of the collagen fibers found in normal tissue, in fibrosis the collagen cross-links and forms a pronounced alignment in a single direction. This collagen scar tissue alignment is usually of inferior functional quality to the normal collagen randomised alignment. For example, scars in the skin are less resistant to ultraviolet radiation, and sweat glands and hair follicles do not grow back within scar tissues. A myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, causes scar formation in the heart muscle, which leads to loss of muscular power and possibly heart failure. However, there are some tissues (e.g. bone) that can heal without any structural or functional deterioration.
Warcraft

***Warcraft*** is a video game series made by Blizzard Entertainment. The games in this series are real-time strategy games, where players play as their characters and gain experience to level up.

## Series

The different games from the series are _Warcraft: Orcs and Humans_, _Warcraft 2: Battle.net edition_ (with an expansion pack) and _Warcraft 3_ and its expansion pack, _The Frozen Throne_. The most successful game of the series is _The Frozen Throne_ expansion pack, which sold more than 12 million copies. The MMORPG _World of Warcraft_ is based on these games. Blizzard Entertainment also created _World of Warcraft_, which was published by Vivendi Games.

## Other websites

- The History of _Warcraft_
- _Warcraft_ series official website

## Infobox (video game series)

- **title**: Warcraft
- **developer**: Blizzard Entertainment
- **publisher**: Blizzard Entertainment
- **creator**: Allen Adham
Frank Pearce (businessman), Frank Pearce
Michael Morhaime
- **platforms**: MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Sega Saturn, PlayStation (console), PlayStation, iOS, Android (operating system), Android
- **genre**: Real-time strategy, Massively multiplayer online role-playing game, MMORPG, collectible card game
- **first release version**: _Warcraft: Orcs & Humans_
- **first release date**: November 23, 1994
- **latest release version**: _World of Warcraft: Shadowlands_
- **latest release date**: November 23, 2020
Deutsches Institut für Normung

**DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V.** (DIN German Institute for Standardization) is the German national organization for standardization.

It publishes on average 2,000 standards per year in almost all fields of technology and increasingly in non-technical fields (e.g. services).

## Example of DIN standards

- DIN 476: international paper sizes (now ISO 216 or DIN EN ISO 216). Specifies the System where the paper size DIN A4 is from. In short, there are different series (A,B,C,..). Each series has a number of different sizes. If you go up one with the number, you halve the size. DIN A3 is as large as two pages of DIN A4. The biggest in that series is DIN A0. See Paper size for more.
- DIN 1301: International System of Units (better known as the SI System of units)
- DIN 5007: Rules for sorting words alphabetically. Also tells what to do with special characters, like _ä_ or _ß_.
- DIN 5008: Rules for writing a (German) letter. Specifies how the letter as a whole should look. Also looks at things like correctly writing a date, or a time.
- DIN 72552: electric terminal numbers in automobiles
- DIN 31635: transliteration of the Arabic language.
Envelope

An **envelope** is a form of packing. Envelopes are used for sending letters or documents using regular postal mail. Envelopes are usually made of paper or hardened paper.

An envelope may be small enough to make you need to fold the paper going into it, or it can be as large as the paper so that you do not need to fold it. A large envelope is called a _manila envelope_, usually colored a color in between yellow and orange, and is used to send several pages of papers when a regular envelope would be too small. Another reason a manila envelope would be used would be to send important papers (e.g. birth certificates) that are better left unfolded.

To pay to send the mail, a stamp is usually attached to the envelope.

## Related pages

- Electronic mail
- Letter (paper)
- Letter box
- Postcard
- Telegram
Francis Hutcheson

**Francis Hutcheson** (born 8 August 1694, died 8 August 1746) was an Irish philosopher and one of the founding fathers of the Scottish Enlightenment.
Yasser Arafat

**Yasser Arafat**  (24 August 1929 – 11 November 2004) was Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969 to 2004. In 1993, he also became president of the Palestinian National Authority (PA).

Arafat was born in Jerusalem, Gaza or Cairo. He studied civil engineering at Cairo University. He worked as an engineer in Kuwait.

In 1994, Yasser Arafat won the Nobel Peace Prize along with two others. .

Some people see him as a hero, who fought for the cause of the Palestinian people. Others see him as a terrorist, who promoted the use of violence to destroy Israel.

Arafat died in Paris from a cerebral hemorrhage. The next day he was buried at his compound, with a funeral in Ramallah on November 12.

## Related pages

- List of Nobel Prize winners by country

## Other websites

- Life in Palestine after Arafat, Situation worse, not what Bush and Sharon planned
- The Real Obstacle to Peace was Ariel Sharon, not Yasser Arafat
- Death of Arafat, burial and reburial November 13 2004
- .theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/01/israel-acknowledges-killing-palestinian-deputy Israel acknowledges killing Yasser Arafat's deputy Khalil al-Wazir in 1988 raid

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Yasser Arafat
- **native name**: ياسر عرفات
- **native name lang**: ar
- **birth name**: Mohammed al-Qudwa al-Husseini
- **image**: ArafatEconomicForum.jpg
- **imagesize**: 225px
- **caption**: Yasser Arafat speaking at the World Economic Forum in 2001
- **nationality**: Palestinian people, Palestinian
- **order**: 1st President of the Palestinian National Authority
- **term start**: 5 July 1994
- **term end**: 11 November 2004
- **successor**: Rawhi Fattouh <small>(interim)</small>
- **order2**: Third Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization
- **term start2**: 4 February 1969
- **term end2**: 29 October 2004
- **predecessor2**: Yahya Hammuda
- **successor2**: Mahmoud Abbas
- **birth place**: Cairo, Kingdom of Egypt, Egypt
- **death place**: Clamart, Hauts-de-Seine, France
- **resting place**: Mukataa#Arafat's compound, Arafat's compound, Ramallah, State of Palestine, Palestine
- **party**: Fatah
- **profession**: Civil engineer
- **signature**: Yasser Arafat signature.svg
Yitzhak Rabin

**Yitzhak Rabin** (1 March 1922 – 4 November 1995) was an Israeli politician and general. He was born in Jerusalem. He was the fifth Prime Minister of Israel from 1974 until 1977 and again from 1992 until his assassination in 1995 by Yigal Amir, a right-wing extremist who had strongly opposed Rabin's signing of the Oslo Accords and to peace with Palestine. He was the first local-born Prime Minister of Israel, the only Israeli Prime Minister to be killed and the second to die in office (following Levi Eshkol).
Yitzhak Rabin was one of the three recipients of the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize.  The others were Yasser Arafat and Shimon Peres. All three got the prizes for trying to make peace in the Middle East.

## Death

Yitzhak Rabin was gunned down in Tel Aviv on November 4, 1995. He was 73 years old. He was buried at Helkat Gdolei Ha'uma in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Yitzhak Rabin
- **image**: Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Life of Lt. Gen. Yitzhak Rabin, 7th IDF Chief of Staff in photos (11).jpg
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Israel, 5th
- **office**: Prime Minister of Israel
- **term start1**: 13 July 1992
- **term end1**: 4 November 1995
- **president1**: Chaim Herzog
Ezer Weizman
- **predecessor1**: Yitzhak Shamir
- **successor1**: Shimon Peres
- **term start2**: 3 June 1974
- **term end2**: 22 April 1977
- **president2**: Ephraim Katzir
- **predecessor2**: Golda Meir
- **successor2**: Menachem Begin
- **office3**: Ministry of Defense (Israel), Minister of Defense
- **term start3**: 13 September 1984
- **term end3**: 15 March 1990
- **primeminister3**: Shimon Peres
Yitzhak Shamir
- **predecessor3**: Moshe Arens
- **successor3**: Moshe Arens
- **term start4**: 13 July 1992
- **term end4**: 4 November 1995
- **primeminister4**: **Himself**
- **predecessor4**: Moshe Arens
- **successor4**: Shimon Peres
- **birth place**: Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine, British Mandate of Palestine
- **death place**: Tel Aviv, Israel
- **death cause**: Gunshot wounds
- **party**: Alignment (political party), Alignment, Israeli Labor Party, Labor Party
- **spouse**: Leah Rabin
- **children**: Dalia Rabin-Pelossof
Yuval Rabin
- **profession**: Officer (armed forces), Military officer
- **signature**: Yitzhak Rabin Signature.svg
- **branch**: Haganah

- **rank**: Lieutenant General
- **serviceyears**: 1941–1967
- **battles**: Syria-Lebanon Campaign
Israeli War of Independence
Six-Day War
General (disambiguation)

**General** is a word with many meanings:

- The military rank of General officer, also in paramilitary, etc.
- The equivalent ecclesiastical position of general superior.
- Of or relating to a genus.
- A blue-collar worker who does many different services, often called simple a "General" or "General Employee".  This is most often found in food service careers.
- The corrupt leader of military regime in Capcom's Mega Man X4.
- General snus is a brand of snus manufactured in Sweden by Swedish Match
- General (Freeware game), a freeware strategic game developed by Russian NewGame Software
- General Tire, a brand of tire owned by German tire manufacturer Continental AG
- General Records, a record label
- The second strongest piece in Stratego.
Pleasure

**Pleasure** is an emotion. It is the opposite of pain. Humans and many other mammals feel pleasure. People feel pleasure when they do something that is fun or that feels good.

## Pleasure in neuroscience

Pleasure is studied in neuroscience. Neuroscientists have mapped pleasure "hotspots" in the brain. Pleasure is important for a person's mental health and well-being. The loss of pleasure is common in people with mental illnesses like depression, schizophrenia, and addiction.

## Pleasure in psychology

Pleasure is studied in positive psychology. How much pleasure someone feels changes from person to person. Pleasure depends how special something is. There is no rule that says what pleasure is for every person.

Sigmund Freud wrote about the "pleasure principle" in the 1920 essay _Beyond the Pleasure Principle_. According to Freud, the pleasure principle is what drives people to do things that give them a feeling of immediate gratification.

## Pleasure in philosophy

The ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus said that people feel the most pleasure possible when they have no suffering.

Hedonism is another philosophy that is focused on pleasure. It says that pleasure is good. In Hedonism, people focus on pleasure and avoid pain.

Utilitarianism is a philosophy that focuses on pleasure. It says that morality requires that people do what has the most utility for the most people.

## Related pages

- Happiness
After

**After** might mean"
- _After_ (novel), a book by Francine Prose
- _After..._ (visual novel), a visual novel
- _After..._ (movie), a 2006 thriller film about urban exploration
Kettle

- A **kettle** is a type of pot that is used in a kitchen. It is used to make water hot or to boil water. It comes from the Latin word _catillus_ ("deep pan or dish for cooking").
- The electric kettle was invented in 1891

In the past, kettles were made of metal bins like copper. Kettles were put on a rack or a hook above the fire to become hot. Now, metal kettles are put on the stove or rangetop. Sometimes they are made of ceramic or clay.

Now, some people have electric kettles. These kettles plug into the wall and use electricity to generate heat. They are usually plastic or metal. They heat water faster than kettles on a stove. Kettles are often used to make tea.

They are more common in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth than in other places like the United States.
Herbicide

A **herbicide** is a poison that kills plants. There are many kinds of herbicides, from weedkillers for gardens to Agent Orange which was used to destroy forests in the Vietnam War.
Urination

**Urination** (peeing) is how organisms remove urine from their bodies.  Urine is the scientific term for pee, the liquid bodily waste filtered out of the bloodstream by kidneys and from the liquids that a person drinks. The bladder temporarily holds the waste fluid and lets it out through the urethra. Urethras are tubes of the body to pass urine from the bladder outside of the body.

Both men and women have bladders and urethras to let urine out. But men's urethras are longer and more narrow than women's, because men's urethras have to go along the entire length of their penis. Men's urethras have to carry both urine when they pee - and semen when they have sex. Because of this organ at the front men can usually pee when they stand. Women don't have penises, and their urethras open between their legs in their vulvas. Vulvas are women's outside sex organs. Woman usually pee when they sit or squat: if they stand, pee may make their legs wet.

## Related pages

- Urinary system
Nyctalopia

**Nyctalopia** (Greek for **Night blindness**) is a disease of the human eyes.The eyes of people who are night-blind cannot adapt to situations where there is relatively little light; as a result, they have trouble seeing in such situations.

There are a number of conditions that can cause this; most commonly:
- lack or deficiency of Vitamin A
- Several genetic conditions, most notably retinitis pigmentosa
- Wounds of the eye
Martinique

**Martinique** is an French island in the Caribbean Sea. It has an area of 1,128 km². Nearly 400,000 people live there.

Martinique was known by indigenous peoples of the Caribbean as Madiana or Madinina. It was colonized by the French in the 17th century, and they introduced racist slavery there as they spread it all around the world. France still claims to own the island today, even though there has been an independence movement.

The capital city is Fort-de-France. Other towns include Sainte-Anne and St. Pierre (which was destroyed by a volcano named Mont Pelée in 1902 and killed 30,000 people).

Martinique is well known for its zouk music. Artists such as Kassav' have made it famous over the years. Frantz Fanon, an important anti-colonial revolutionary, was born there.

The ethnic makeup of the country is: 90% African and Mixed African with anything from Chinese, East Indian or White. and 10% White, Amerindian, Chinese and East Indian.

## Related pages

- Guadeloupe, French island in the Caribbean
- Saint Barthélemy, French island in the Caribbean
- Saint Martin, French island in the Caribbean

## Other websites

- Martinique Tourism Authority
PHP

**PHP** (**Hypertext Preprocessor**; used to stand for **Personal Home Page**) is a scripting language that helps people make web pages more interactive by allowing them to do things that can't be done with technologies running on the visitors computer. PHP code is run on the web server (the website's computer). It is called a _preprocessor_ because it builds the information before sending it to the computer that visits the web page.

A website programmed with PHP can have pages that are password protected. A website without PHP or similar technologies can't do this, as the visitor can find a way to access the page. For example, by finding where the password is stored. Standard PHP file extensions are (but not only): .php, .php3, and .phtml, but a web server can be set up to use any extension.

Its structure was influenced by many languages like C, Perl, Java, C++, and even Python. It is considered to be free software by the Free Software Foundation.

Multiple PHP frameworks are available today, such as Laravel, Symfony, CodeIgniter, and Phalcon, which offer developers a more structured approach via pre-built components and the ability to streamline the process. Laravel is currently the only PHP framework used in the development of more than 1,723,068 websites globally.

## History

PHP was first created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1995. It is now developed and improved by a large team of people. Its name at first stood for **Personal Home Page**, but it was later changed to **PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor**; using its old acronym .

## Example

An example Hello World program:

It is common to put PHP code inside a HTML document (or any other type of data), for example:

## Other websites

- Official PHP website
- PHP Tutorial  for beginners
- PHP Tutorial  for beginners
- [./Https://webtopfree.blogspot.com/2021/07/php-what-is-php-in-hindi-technology.html  https://webtopfree.blogspot.com/2021/08/How-to-learn-PHP.html ] what is PHP

- PHP.orgPHP tutorials for beginners

## Infobox (programming language)

- **name**: PHP
- **logo**:
- **caption**: PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor
- **file ext**: `.php`, `.phtml`, `.php4`, `.php3`, `.php5`, `.php7`, `.phps`, `.php-s`, `.phar`
- **paradigm**: Imperative programming, imperative, Object-oriented programming, object-oriented, procedural programming, Procedural, Reflective programming, reflective
- **designer**: Rasmus Lerdorf
- **developer**: The PHP Group
- **latest release version**: 7.3.6
- **typing**: Dynamic typing, Dynamic, weak typing, weak
- **implementations**: Zend Engine, Phalanger (compiler), Phalanger, Quercus (software), Quercus, Project Zero, HipHop Virtual Machine, HHVM
- **influenced by**: C (programming language), C, C++ (programming language), C++, Java (programming language), Java, Perl, Tcl
- **influenced**: Hack (programming language), Hack
- **programming language**: C (programming language), C
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **license**: PHP License
- **wikibooks**: PHP Programming
- **tags**: `<?php`, `<?` (not enabled by default), `<?=` (shortcut of the echo function), `?>` (closing tag for all the other ones)
Hello world program

A **Hello world program** is usually a program made by computer programmers that are new to a programming languages, or to test if the compiler for this language is working correctly.
It will simply put the text ***Hello, World!*** on the screen.

## Other websites

- helloworld.org
- The Hello World Collection
- codepad.org  - Can compile some of the programs
1720s

The **1720s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1720 and ended on 31 December 1729. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***173th decade*** which began on January 1, 1721 and ended on December 31, 1730.

## Events and trends

- The oldest pianos still in existence today are from the 1720s.

## World leaders

- Louis XV, King of France (king from 1715 to 1774)
- Shahs of the Safavid dynasty in Persia:
1. Husayn, 1694–1722
1. Tahmasp II, 1723–1732
- George I, King of Great Britain (king from 1714 to 1727)
- George II, King of Great Britain (king from 1727 to 1760)
- Philip V, King of Spain (king from 1700 to 1746)
2030s

The **2030s** (pronounced "twenty-thirties" or "two-thousand-thirties") is the next decade in the Gregorian calendar. It will begin on January 1, 2030, and end on December 31, 2039. It is distinct from the decade known as the 204th decade which will begin on January 1, 2031 and end on December 31, 2040.

## The decade as a whole

The Roman number will be MMXXX.

## Events to happen

- Voyager 2 will stop transmitting back to Earth.
- January 19, 2038 - 32-bit clocks will return to December 13, 1901.
- April 25, 2038 - the latest date Easter falls on for the first time since 1943.
- September 1, 2039, will be the 100th anniversary of Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland (the start of World War II).
- The 2030 World Cup will be hosted in Spain, Portugal and Morocco and anniversary games played in Uruguay, Argentina, and Paraguay.
- The 2034 World Cup will be hosted in Saudi Arabia.
- The 2038 World Cup will be hosted in TBD.
- Olympics 2032 and 2036 will be hosted.
DarkBASIC

**DarkBASIC** is a programming language that is very easy to create games in so people do not need to worry about DirectX. People now use the more powerful DarkBASIC Professional.

## "Hello World" in DarkBASIC

print "Hello, World!"

## Other websites

- DarkBASIC
- DarkBasic - The Gaming Language