juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John Ashcroft

**John David Ashcroft** (born May 9, 1942) is an American consultant, lobbyist and politician. He was the 79th United States Attorney General. He served during the first term of President George W. Bush from 2001 until 2005. Ashcroft was previously the Governor of Missouri (1985–1993) and a U.S. Senator from Missouri (1995–2001). Ashcroft was born in Chicago, Illinois.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Ashcroft
- **image**: John Ashcroft.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2001
- **office**: 79th United States Attorney General
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **deputy**: Robert Mueller (acting)
Larry Thompson (lawyer), Larry Thompson
James Comey
- **term start**: February 2, 2001
- **term end**: February 3, 2005
- **predecessor**: Janet Reno
- **successor**: Alberto Gonzales
- **jr/sr1**: United States Senator
- **state1**: Missouri
- **term start1**: January 3, 1995
- **term end1**: January 3, 2001
- **predecessor1**: John Danforth
- **successor1**: Mel Carnahan (elect)
Jean Carnahan
- **office2**: Chair of the National Governors Association
- **term start2**: August 20, 1991
- **term end2**: August 4, 1992
- **predecessor2**: Booth Gardner
- **successor2**: Roy Romer
- **order3**: 50th List of governors of Missouri, Governor of Missouri
- **lieutenant3**: Harriet Woods (1985-1989)
Mel Carnahan (1989-1993)
- **term start3**: January 14, 1985
- **term end3**: January 11, 1993
- **predecessor3**: Kit Bond
- **successor3**: Mel Carnahan
- **office4**: 38th Missouri Attorney General, Attorney General of Missouri
- **governor4**: Joseph P. Teasdale, Joseph Teasdale
Kit Bond
- **term start4**: December 27, 1976
- **term end4**: January 14, 1985
- **predecessor4**: John Danforth
- **successor4**: William L. Webster
- **office5**: 29th State Auditor of Missouri, Auditor of Missouri
- **governor5**: Kit Bond
- **term start5**: January 8, 1973
- **term end5**: January 14, 1975
- **predecessor5**: Kit Bond
- **successor5**: George W. Lehr
- **birth name**: John David Ashcroft
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Yale University, University of Chicago
- **spouse**: Janet Ashcroft
- **signature**: Handwritten signature of John Ashcroft (Attorney General of the United States of America), presumably dated 9-13 July 2002.jpg
Key space

In cryptography, the **key space** of an algorithm refers to the set of all possible keys that can be used to initialize the cryptographic algorithm. For example, if an algorithm works using a key that is a string of 10 bits, then its key space is the set of all binary strings of length 10 bits; i.e. we have key space of size 2<sup>10</sup> = 1024.

To avoid attackers from guessing the key using a brute-force attack, the key space is usually designed to be very large. Another needed attribute is that the key space designed to be _flat_, having no or very few weak keys.

## Examples

The block cipher Rijndael/AES uses a key of up to 256 bits, resulting in a key space containing about 2<sup>256</sup> which is over 1.1579 × 10<sup>77</sup> keys.  This makes it _computationally infeasible_ to check each possible key by brute force.

In the DES block cipher, a 56-bit key is used, resulting in a relatively small key space of size 2<sup>56</sup>.

The ROT13 cipher is only designed to prevent people from accidentally reading messages (e.g. movie plot details). As there is no key, the key space is therefore empty.
Roger Williams (theologian)

**Roger Williams** (March 1683) was an English-born New England minister, theologian, author, and founder of the Providence Plantations, which became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations and later the State of Rhode Island. He was a staunch advocate for religious liberty, separation of church and state, and fair dealings with the Native Americans.

## Famous descendants

These are some famous descendants of Roger Williams:
- Nelson Rockefeller
- Gail Borden
- Charles Eugene Tefft
- Michelle Phillips
- Julia Ward Howe
- Sarah Palin
- Bill Gore

## Further reading

- Brockunier, Samuel. _The Irrepressible Democrat, Roger Williams_, The Ronald Press Company, New York, 1940.
- Gaustad, Edwin, S., ed., _Liberty of Conscience: Roger Williams in America_. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 1991.
- Miller, Perry, _Roger Williams, A Contribution to the American Tradition_, The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc, Indianapolis and New York, 1953.
- Settle, Mary Lee, _I, Roger Williams: A Novel_, W. W. Norton & Company, Reprint edition (September 2002).
- Winslow, Ola Elizabeth, _Master Roger Williams, A Biography_. The Macmillan Company, New York, 1957.
- Peattie, Donald Culross, _Roger Williams- First Modern American_. The Reader's Digest. December 1946.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: The Reverend
- **name**: Roger Williams
- **image**: Roger_Williams_statue_by_Franklin_Simmons.jpg
- **caption**: Statue of Roger Williams (U.S. Capitol), _Roger Williams_ (1872)
- **order1**: 9th
- **office1**: President of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
- **term start1**: 1654
- **term end1**: 1657
- **predecessor1**: Nicholas Easton
- **successor1**: Benedict Arnold (governor), Benedict Arnold
- **office3**: List of colonial governors of Rhode Island#Governor of Providence, Governor of Providence Plantations
- **term start3**: 1636
- **term end3**: 1644
- **predecessor3**: _position established_
- **successor3**: Himself <small>(as Chief Officer)</small>
- **office2**: List of colonial governors of Rhode Island#Chief Officer under the Patent of 1643 (Providence and Warwick), Chief Officer of Providence and Warwick
- **term start2**: 1644
- **term end2**: 1647
- **predecessor2**: Himself <small>(as Governor)</small>
- **successor2**: John Coggeshall <small>(as List of colonial governors of Rhode Island#Presidents under the Patent of 1643, President)</small>
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death date**: between 21 January and 15 March 1683 (aged 79)
- **death place**: Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Providence Plantations
- **occupation**: minister, statesman, author
- **spouse**: Mary Bernard
- **children**: 6
- **signature**: Roger Williams signature.svg
Roger Williams (disambiguation)

**Roger Williams** (1603–1683) was an English theologian, author, and the founder of Rhode Island.

**Roger Williams** may also refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

- Roger Williams (actor) (1898–1964), American film actor
- Roger Williams (pianist) (1924–2011), American pianist
- Roger Williams (organist) (born 1943), British (Welsh) organist and musicologist
- Roger Ross Williams (born 1962), American television director, producer and writer
- Roger Williams (playwright) (born 1974), Welsh playwright and screenwriter
- Roger Williams (Christian musician) (born 1979), American musician with Roger Williams and the All Mixed-Up Quartet
- Roger Williams (author), American science fiction author

## Law and politics

- Roger Williams (Assemblyman) (1836–1916), American politician
- Roger Williams (Georgia politician) (1933–2019), American politician, member of the Georgia House of Representatives
- Roger Williams (British politician) (born 1948), British politician
- Roger Williams (Texas politician) (born 1949), American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Texas

## Military

- Roger Williams (soldier) (1539/40–1595), Welsh soldier of fortune and military theorist
- Roger D. Williams (1856–1925), American army officer
- Roger Q. Williams (1894–1976), American army air force pilot and aviation pioneer

## Science and medicine

- Roger Williams (chemist) (1890–1978), American chemist at Du Pont; Perkin Medal recipient
- Roger J. Williams (1893–1988), American biochemist
- Roger Williams (hepatologist) (1931–2020), British liver specialist
- Roger L. Williams, American structural biologist

## Others

- Roger Lawrence Williams (1923–2017), American historian
- Roger Williams (professor), Welsh educationalist
United States National Security Council

The White House **National Security Council** (**NSC**) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials and is part of the President's Executive Office. It began under President Harry S. Truman.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: United States National Security Council
- **seal**: Seal of the Executive Office of the President of the United States 2014.svg
- **seal width**: 140px
- **headquarters**: Eisenhower Executive Office Building
- **chief1 position**: President of the United States
- **chief1 name**: Joe Biden
- **chief2 position**: Vice President of the United States
- **chief2 name**: Kamala Harris
- **chief3 position**: United States Secretary of State, Secretary of State
- **chief3 name**: Antony Blinken
- **chief4 position**: United States Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of the Treasury
- **chief4 name**: Janet Yellen
- **chief5 position**: United States Secretary of Defense, Secretary of Defense
- **chief5 name**: Lloyd Austin
- **chief6 position**: United States Attorney General, Attorney General
- **chief6 name**: Merrick Garland
- **chief7 position**: United States Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Energy
- **chief7 name**: Jennifer Granholm
- **chief8 position**: United States Secretary of Homeland Security, Secretary of Homeland Security
- **chief8 name**: Alejandro Mayorkas
- **chief9 position**: Director of National Intelligence
- **chief9 name**: Avril Haines
- **parent agency**: Executive Office of the President of the United States
- **website**: [https://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/ National Security Council Website]
Stephen Hadley

**Stephen John Hadley** (born February 13, 1947) is an American attorney who served as the 20th U.S. national security advisor under George W. Bush from 2005 to 2009. Hadley was also U.S. deputy national security advisor from 2001 to 2005.

Hadley served as the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy under George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1993. In that position, he had responsibility for defense policy toward NATO and Western Europe on nuclear weapons and ballistic missile defense, and arms control.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Stephen Hadley
- **image**: Portrait Stephen J. Hadley, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy.jpg
- **caption**: Hadley in 1989
- **office**: 20th National Security Advisor (United States), United States National Security Advisor
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **deputy**: Jack Dyer Crouch II
James Franklin Jeffrey
- **term start**: January 26, 2005
- **term end**: January 20, 2009
- **predecessor**: Condoleezza Rice
- **successor**: James L. Jones
- **office1**: 21st Deputy National Security Advisor (United States), United States Deputy National Security Advisor
- **president1**: George W. Bush
- **term start1**: January 20, 2001
- **term end1**: January 26, 2005
- **predecessor1**: James Steinberg
- **successor1**: Jack Dyer Crouch II
- **office2**: 3rd Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Strategic Affairs, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Policy
- **president2**: George H. W. Bush
- **term start2**: June 23, 1989
- **term end2**: January 20, 1993
- **predecessor2**: Ronald F. Lehman
- **successor2**: Ash Carter
- **birth name**: Stephen John Hadley
- **birth place**: Toledo, Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Ann Hadley
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Cornell University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Yale University (Juris Doctor, JD)
Deputy National Security Advisor

The **Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs**, commonly referred to as the **Deputy National Security Advisor**, is a member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, serving as deputy to the President's National Security Advisor.

Among other responsibilities, the Deputy National Security Advisor serves as Executive Secretary to the National Security Council Principals Committee, and as Chairman of the National Security Council Deputies Committee.

## List of Deputies

|No.|Picture|Name|Term|President||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1||Walt Rostow|1961|rowspan=2|John F. Kennedy|
|2||Carl Kaysen|1961–1963|||
|3||Robert Komer|1965|rowspan=2|Lyndon B. Johnson|
|4||Francis M. Bator|1965–1967|||
|5||Richard V. Allen|1969|rowspan=2|Richard Nixon|
|6||Alexander Haig|1970–1973|||
|7||Brent Scowcroft|1973–1975|rowspan=2|Gerald Ford|
|8||William G. Hyland|1975–1977|||
|9||David L. Aaron|1977–1981|Jimmy Carter||
|10||James W. Nance|1981–1982|rowspan=7|Ronald Reagan|
|11||Robert McFarlane|1982–1983|||
|12||John Poindexter|1983–1985|||
|13||Donald Fortier|1985–1986|||
|14||Peter Rodman|1986|||
|15||Colin Powell|1986–1987|||
|16||John Negroponte|1987–1989|||
|17||Robert Gates|1989–1991|rowspan=2|George H. W. Bush|
|18||Jonathan Howe|1991–1993|||
|19||Sandy Berger|1993–1997|rowspan=2|Bill Clinton|
|20||James Steinberg|1997–2001|||
|21||Stephen Hadley|2001–2005|rowspan=3|George W. Bush|
|22||Jack Dyer Crouch II|2005–2007|||
|23||James Jeffrey|2007–2008|||
|24||Thomas E. Donilon|2009–2010|rowspan=4|Barack Obama|
|25||Denis McDonough|2010–2013|||
|26||Tony Blinken|2013–2015|||
|27||Avril Haines|2015–2017|||
|28||K. T. McFarland|2017|rowspan=5|Donald Trump|
|29||Ricky L. Waddell|2017–2018|||
|30||Mira Ricardel|2018|||
|31||Charles Kupperman|2019|||
|32||Matthew Pottinger|2019–2021|||
|33||Jonathan Finer|2021–2025|Joe Biden||
|34||Alex N. Wong|2025|Donald Trump||

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Deputy National Security Advisor
- **insignia**: The White House logo under Trump 2.0.jpg
- **incumbent**: Vacant
- **incumbentsince**: May 1, 2025
- **department**: Executive Office of the President
- **member of**: United States National Security Council, National Security Council
Homeland Security Council
- **reports to**: President of the United States
United States National Security Advisor
- **appointer**: President of the United States
- **constituting instrument**: National Security Presidential Memorandum
- **first**: Walt Rostow
- **formation**: 1961
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

**Director of the Central Intelligence Agency** (**D/CIA**) serves as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency, which is part of the United States Intelligence Community. He/She reports to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI).

The Director is assisted by the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Director is nominated by the President, with the concurring or nonconcurring recommendation from the Director of National Intelligence  and must be confirmed by majority vote from the Senate.

## List of directors

What follows is a list of Directors of the Central Intelligence Agency (in chronological order).

|No.|class=unsortable|Image|Name|Start|End|colspan=2|President||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|||||rowspan=2 style="background: ;"||rowspan=2|(2001–2009)|
|2|||||||||
|3|||||rowspan=5 style="background: ;"||rowspan=5|(2009–2017)|
|–|||||||||
|4|||||||||
|–|||||||||
|5|||||||||
|–|||||rowspan=3 style="background: ;"||rowspan=3|(2017–2021)|
|6|||||||||
|7|||||||||
|–|||||rowspan=2 style="background: ;"||rowspan=2|(2021–2025)|
|8|||||||||
|–|||||rowspan=2 style="background: ;"||rowspan=2|(2025–present)|
|9||||present|||||

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Director
- **body**: the Central Intelligence Agency
- **insignia**: Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Seal of the Central Intelligence Agency
- **flag**: Flag of the United States Central Intelligence Agency.svg
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the Central Intelligence Agency
- **image**: Official Portrait of CIA Director John Ratcliffe.webp
- **incumbent**: John Ratcliffe (American politician), John Ratcliffe
- **incumbentsince**: January 23, 2025
- **acting**: no
- **department**: Central Intelligence Agency
- **abbreviation**: D/CIA
- **reports to**: Director of National Intelligence (DNI)
- **seat**: George Bush Center for Intelligence, Langley, Virginia, Langley, Fairfax County, Virginia, Fairfax County, Virginia
- **appointer**: President of the United States, President
- **appointer qualified**: with United States Senate, Senate advice and consent
- **termlength**: No fixed term
- **precursor**: Director of Central Intelligence
- **formation**: December 17, 2004
- **first**: Porter J. Goss
- **deputy**: Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Deputy director
- **salary**: $225,700 Executive Schedule, Executive Schedule, Level II
Procopius

**Procopius of Caesarea** (, c. 500 – c. 565) was a prominent Eastern Roman scholar. He took part in the wars of the Emperor Justinian I, and was the major historian of the 6th century AD, writing the _Wars of Justinian_, the _Buildings of Justinian_ and the celebrated _Secret History_. He is commonly held to be the last major historian of the ancient world.

## Writings

The writings of Procopius are the primary source of information for the rule of the Roman emperor Justinian. Procopius was the author of a history in eight books of the wars fought by Justinian I, with information on Justinian's public works throughout the empire, and a book known as the _Secret History_ (Greek: _Anekdota_) that claims to report the scandals that Procopius could not include in his published history.

A number of historical novels based on Procopius' works (along with other sources) have been written, of which the best, _Count Belisarius_, was written by poet and novelist Robert Graves in 1938.

## Further reading

- Greatrex, Geoffrey: _Recent work on Procopius and the composition of Wars VIII_; in: Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 27 (2003), 45-67.
- Treadgold, Warren: _The Early Byzantine Historians_, Basingstoke 2007, 176-226.

## List of selected works

- _Procopii Caesariensis opera omnia_.  Edited by J. Haury; revised by G. Wirth.  3 vols.  Leipzig: Teubner, 1976-64.  Greek text.
- _Procopius_.  Edited by H. B. Dewing.  7 vols.  Loeb Classical Library.  Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press and London, Hutchinson, 1914–40.  Greek text and English translation.
- Procopius, _The Secret History_, translated by G.A. Williamson. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1966. A readable and accessible English translation of the _Anecdota_.

### Texts of Procopius

- Complete Works, Greek text (Migne Patrologia Graeca)  with analytical indexes
- The Secret History , English translation (Atwater, 1927) at the Internet Medieval Sourcebook
- The Secret History, English translation (Dewing, 1935) at LacusCurtius
- The Buildings, English translation (Dewing, 1935) at LacusCurtius
- The Buildings, Book IV  Greek text with commentaries, index nominum, etc. at Sorin Olteanu's LTDM Project
- Dewing's Loeb edition of the Wars, books 1 and 2 at the Internet Archive
- Dewing's Loeb edition of the Wars, books 3 and 4 at the Internet Archive
- Complete Works 1, Greek ed. by Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, Latin trans. by Claude Maltret in _Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Pars II Vol. 1_, 1833. (_Persian Wars I-II, Vandal Wars I-II_)
- Complete Works 2, Greek ed. by Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, Latin trans. by Claude Maltret in _Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Pars II Vol. 2_, 1833. (_Gothic Wars I-IV_)
- Complete Works 3, Greek ed. by Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, Latin trans. by Claude Maltret in _Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae Pars II Vol. 3_, 1838. (_Secret History, Buildings of Justinan_)

_This article is based on an earlier version  by James Allan Evans, originally posted at Nupedia._
Porter Goss

**Porter Johnston Goss**  (born December 10, 1938) is an American politician. He was the last Director of Central Intelligence and the first Director of the Central Intelligence Agency following the passage of the 2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, which abolished the DCI position. A CIA officer in Latin America during the Cold War, he served as a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1989 until he took up his post at the agency.

## Infobox (congressman)

- **name**: Porter Johnston Goss
- **image**: Porter goss.jpg
- **state**: Florida
- **district**: Florida's 13th congressional district, 13th and Florida's 14th congressional district, 14th
- **term start**: January 3, 1989
- **term end**: January 3, 1993 (13th)January 3, 1993 – September 23, 2004 (14th)
- **preceded**: Connie Mack IIIHarry Johnston
- **succeeded**: Dan Miller (U.S. politician), Dan MillerConnie Mack IV
- **order2**: 19th Director of Central Intelligence/Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
- **term start2**: September 24, 2004
- **term end2**: May 5, 2006
- **president2**: George W. Bush
- **preceded2**: George Tenet
- **succeeded2**: John Negroponte (as United States Director of National Intelligence, DNI)Michael Hayden (as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Director of the CIA)
- **birth place**: Waterbury, Connecticut, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
George Tenet

**George John Tenet** the son of  Greek northern Epirus immigrants was born in January 5, 1953.  He was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency and is Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at Georgetown University.  Tenet held the position as the DCI from July 1997 to July 2004, making him the second-longest serving director in the agency's history — behind Allen Welsh Dulles — as well as one of the few DCIs to serve under two U.S. presidents of opposing political parties.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: George John Tenet
- **image**: George Tenet portrait headshot.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **order**: 18th
- **office**: Director of Central Intelligence
- **term start**: July 11, 1997
- **term end**: July 11, 2004
- **president**: Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
- **predecessor**: John M. Deutch
- **successor**: Porter J. Goss
- **birth date**: January 5, 1953 age 55
- **birth place**: Queens, New York City, New York
Peer Steinbrück

**Peer Steinbrück** (born 10 January 1947) is a German politician.

Steinbrück was born in Hamburg. From 1968 to 1969 he was training as a reserve officer of the Bundeswehr (German army). From 1970 to 1974 he studied national economy in Kiel. After that he worked in different ministries.

In 1969 he joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). In 1993 he became Secretary for Economy and Infrastructure in the State of Schleswig-Holstein. In 1998 he changed to the State of North Rhine-Westphalia and became Secretary for Infrastructure, up from 2000 Secretary of Finance. In 2000 he was elected into the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia.

He was Minister President (Ministerpräsident) of North Rhine-Westphalia from November 2002 to June 2005.

On the state election on 22 May 2005 Steinbrück failed to be reelected as Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia. His successor was Jürgen Rüttgers (CDU).

Since November 2005 he has been finance minister of Germany and Vice chief of SPD.
Wolfmother

**Wolfmother** are an Australian rock band. They won a Grammy award in 2007 for their song 'Woman'. Musically they are similar to blues rock bands like Led Zeppelin.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Wolfmother
- **img**: Wolfmother closeup.JPG
- **img capt**: Wolfmother in 2007.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: White Feather (early 2009)
- **origin**: Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- **genre**: Hard rock, heavy metal music, heavy metal, stoner rock, neo-psychedelia, psychedelic rock, alternative rock, blues rock
- **years active**: –present
- **label**: Modular Recordings, Modular, Interscope Records, Interscope, Island Records, Island, Universal Music Group, Universal
- **associated acts**: The Slew, The Mooney Suzuki, Resin Dogs, Pangaea (band), Pangaea
- **current members**: Andrew Stockdale
Ian Peres
Vin Steele
Elliott Hammond
Hamish Rosser
- **past members**: Chris Ross
Myles Heskett
Dave Atkins
Aidan Nemeth
Will Rockwell-Scott
Defense Intelligence Agency

The **Defense Intelligence Agency**, or **DIA**, is the central producer and manager of foreign military intelligence for the United States. As one of the principal members of the U.S. Intelligence Community, the agency works to answer national-level defense objectives for the President, the Secretary of Defense, and senior U.S. policymakers.

Although the DIA is designated a Department of Defense combat support agency, the majority of its 16,500 employees (65%) are civilian and its intelligence operations in support of U.S. national strategic planning extend far beyond the zones of combat. The agency has its own Clandestine Service, which conducts espionage activities around the world, particularly in countries where the military has better access or more specialized military experts than the Central Intelligence Agency. Further, DIA leads the Intelligence Community in collection and production of measurement and signature intelligence.

The agency was established in 1961 under President John F. Kennedy by Defense Secretary Robert McNamara. The Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency - who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate - chairs the Military Intelligence Board, which coordinates activities of the entire defense intelligence community.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Defense Intelligence Agency
- **motto**: Committed to Excellence in Defense of the Nation
- **seal**: Seal of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency.svg
- **seal width**: 200px
- **seal caption**: Seal of the Defense Intelligence Agency
- **headquarters**: Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters, DIA Headquarters, Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling, Washington, D.C.
- **employees**: Classified information, Classified
Approx. 17,000 (75% civilian and 25% military)
- **budget**: Classified information, Classified
- **chief1 name**: Lieutenant general (United States), LTG Robert P. Ashley Jr.
- **chief1 position**: Director
- **chief2 name**: Melissa A. Drisko
- **chief2 position**: Deputy Director
- **parent agency**: United States Department of Defense, Department of Defense
Makenna Cowgill

**Makenna Gabrielle Cowgill** (born 11 September 1998) is an American actress. She has provided voices for many animated movies.

## Filmography

- _Bambi II_ (2006)
- _Meet the Robinsons_ (2007)
- _The Time Traveler's Wife_ (2009)
- _Diary of a Wimpy Kid_ (2010)
- _Monsters University_ (2013)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Makenna Cowgill
- **birth name**: Makenna Gabrielle Cowgill
- **birth place**: Marin County, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2006–2020
African bush elephant

The **African bush elephant** (_Loxodonta africana_) is the larger of the two species of African elephant. It is the largest living terrestrial animal, with fully grown males reaching an average shoulder height of  and a body mass of ; the largest recorded specimen had a shoulder height of  and an estimated body mass of . The African bush elephant is characterised by its long trunk.

The population of bush elephants has drastically declined in the last thirty years. It is hunted for its ivory and meat. Protection by game wardens has been only partly successful.

This large elephant is well adapted to the grassland plains of East Africa, and it is sometimes called the **African savannah elephant.**

The African bush elephant occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa including Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Angola.

It moves between a variety of habitats. These include subtropical and temperate forests, dry and seasonally flooded grasslands and woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land from sea level to mountain slopes. In Mali and Namibia, it also lives at times in desert areas.
Binda

**Binda** is a village in the Southern Tablelands region of New South Wales, Australia in Upper Lachlan Shire.

It is about 261 km south-west of Sydney and 19 km north of Crookwell. Other near-by towns or locations are:
- Crooked Corner
- Peelwood
- Redground
- Wheeo
- Narrawa North

In 2006, the population of Binda was 131 people.

## History

The word Binda is thought to be from the Gandangara Aboriginal word for deep water.

The first Europeans in the Binda area were the explorers James Meehan and John Oxley in 1820. People began living in the area in the 1840s. Police were based at Binda in 1840 to protect local farmers from bushrangers. The town was begun in 1851. Blocks of land in the town were made ready for sale in 1852. It was the first town in the area to have a school, post office, police station and a courthouse. At Funny Hill, a sheep farm, a racing track for horses was made and the Binda Picnic Races began in 1848.

On Boxing Day, December 26, 1864, the bushrangers Ben Hall, John Gilbert and John Dunn rode into the town with 3 local girls. They robbed a shop owned by Edward Morriss. They locked all the local people into the Flag Hotel. They made everyone dance to celebrate Boxing Day. Morriss got out of the hotel at 2.00 a.m. and set off to tell the police. Hall set fire to Morriss's shop and burned it down.
Hollister

**Hollister** can mean:

## Places in the United States

- Hollister, California
- Hollister, Florida
- Hollister, Idaho
- Hollister, Missouri
- Hollister, Oklahoma
- Hollister Ranch, a ranch north of Santa Barbara, California
- Hollister, North Carolina, center of the Haliwa-Saponi Native American tribe

## Other uses

- Hollister Co., a clothing brand from Abercrombie & Fitch
- Hollister Inc, a medical device company
- USS _Hollister_ (DD-788), a United States Navy Gearing Class destroyer
- Hollister (family name), an English family name
Hollister Co.

**Hollister Co.** is a clothing company owned by Abercrombie & Fitch. The kind of clothing they sell is _casual_, meaning that it is for informal use. It also has a theme based on the surfing cultural movement of Southern California. The first Hollister store opened in July 2000 in Columbus, Ohio. Even though Hollister opened in 2000, many of their items say it was created in 1922. This is based on a story that is not real. On October 25, 2008 Hollister opened the first store outside the U.S. and Canada in Brent Cross, London.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Hollister Co.
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **foundation**: July 2000
- **location city**: New Albany, Ohio
- **location country**: United States
- **key people**: Mike Jeffries (CEO), Michael S. Jeffries, Chairman & Chief Executive Officer, CEO
Bruce Weber (photographer), Bruce Weber, photographer
John Urbano, marketing film director
- **area served**: United States, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico, United Kingdom, Germany, Spain, Italy, United Arab Emirates, Ireland, Japan, People's Republic of China, China, Sweden, Netherlands
- **industry**: Fashion retail
- **owner**: Abercrombie & Fitch
- **homepage**: http://www.hollisterco.com
Ron Simmons

**Ronald "Ron" Simmons** (born May 15, 1958) is an American retired professional wrestler and American football player. He competed under his real name and the ring names **Faarooq Asaad** and **Faarooq**. He is currently signed to the WWE under a Legends program.

He competed in the National Wrestling Association (NWA), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment (WWF/E). During his time in WCW, he became the first African American to win the World Heavyweight Championship when he defeated Big Van Vader on August 2, 1992. In the WWF, he is known for being one-half of the Acolytes Protection Agency along with Bradshaw and was also a member of The Nation of Domination. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Bradshaw in 2012.

Simmons played college football at Florida State University. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2008. He played one season in the National Football League (NFL) with the Cleveland Browns and one season in the Canadian Football League (CFL) with the Ottawa Rough Riders.

## Other websites

- An interview with Ron Simmons, conducted by Thomas Chamberlin
- WWE Profile
- Ron Simmons at Accelerator3359.com
- Ron Simmons at Canoe.ca
- Ron Simmons at Online World of Wrestling
- Solie's title histories
- Florida State University Year-By-Year Photos
- Florida State University Official Athletic Site
- Heisman Trophy

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Ron Simmons
- **image**: Ron Simmons Photo Op GalaxyCon Richmond 2020 (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Simmons at GalaxyCon Richmond in 2020
- **names**: **Ron Simmons**
Faarooq Asad
**Faarooq**
- **weight**: 270lb
- **birth place**: Perry, Georgia
- **billed**: Warner Robins, Georgia
- **trainer**: Hiro Matsuda
- **debut**: October 1986
- **retired**: 2010
Fire services in the United Kingdom

The **fire service in the United Kingdom** operates under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

## Fire services

In England, there is a fire service for each county and large city, although some cover two counties. Wales is divided between three fire services. Scotland has had only one fire service since 2013. Northern Ireland has had only one fire service since 1973.

Fire services are known as _fire and rescue services_, or _fire services_ for short, or by the older phrase _fire brigades_. Most of them now have the name "[Place] Fire and Rescue Service", e.g. Oxfordshire Fire and Rescue Service. There are a few that do not: London Fire Brigade, Cleveland Fire Brigade and West Midlands Fire Service.

## How fire services work

There are two main types of firefighter:
- Wholetime firefighter: Those who work full-time as firefighters. They usually work during some days and during some nights. When they are on duty, they wait at the fire station to be called to an emergency. Wholetime firefighters are found in towns and cities. In the largest cities, all firefighters work wholetime.
- Retained firefighter: Those who are called out to do firefighting work a few times a week, or less. They do not work full-time in the fire service, and many have full-time jobs somewhere else. However, they are paid some money. They spend long periods of time on call. When called to an emergency, they drive to the fire station in their cars and bring out the fire engine. In villages, all firefighters are retained. Some fire stations (especially in medium-sized towns) have both wholetime firefighters and retained firefighters.
Some fire stations are **day-crewed**, meaning they are covered by wholetime firefighters during the day and by retained firefighters at night. A few places have volunteer firefighters, who are like retained firefighters but are not paid at all.

Wholetime firefighters work as part of a 'watch'. This is a group of 5-15 firefighters who work the same hours at the same fire station. A fire station's watches are usually named with a colour (e.g. red watch, white watch, blue watch, green watch,etc).

The fire service has ranks. In most fire services, these are, from lowest to highest:
- Firefighter (FF)
- Crew Manager (CM)
- Watch Manager (WM)
- Station Manager (SM)
- Group/Area Manager (G/AM)
- Assistant Chief Fire Officer (ACFO)
- Deputy Chief Fire Officer (DCFO)
- Chief Fire Officer (CFO)
Bleach (Nirvana album)

***Bleach*** is the debut studio album by American grunge band Nirvana. It did not become popular when it was released, but when Nirvana's second album _Nevermind_ was released in 1991, many Nirvana fans discovered _Bleach_. It is the best-selling release ever on the Sub Pop label.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Bleach
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Nirvana (band), Nirvana
- **released**: June 15, 1989 (US)
August 12, 1989 (UK)
- **recorded**: January 23, 1988
 June 30, 1988
December 24-31, 1988
January 14 & 24, 1989 (mixing)
- **studio**: Reciprocal Recording in Seattle, Washington
- **genre**: * Grunge
* sludge metal
*
* punk rock
*
- **length**: 37:19 (original release)
42:44 (1992 re-release)
1:15:22 (20th anniversary edition)
- **label**: Sub Pop
- **producer**: Jack Endino
- **next title**: Blew
- **next year**: 1989
Zub

**Zub** is a computer game made for use on the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum computers which was released in 1986 by Mastertronic. The code was written by John and Ste Pickford on the ZX Spectrum and Phillip Brian Allsopp on the Commodore 64, and the music was composed by David Whittaker.

## The plot of the game

Zub works for the Emperor Zub of the Zub galactic empire and must find the Green Eye of Zub. Zub has been permitted to use the Ancient Intergalactic Elevators which take him to other planets.  The elevators can only be reached by jumping and riding on platforms to reach the top of the sky.  The platforms and elevators are guarded by creatures (also known as Zubs) but each planet has a different sub-species - for example the first level's Zub resembles a gyroscope whilst he fourth level Zub is a fish.  The Zubs can be shot and stunned.  They will float to the top of the sky where the recover and return to attack Zub again.  The Green Eye of Zub was located on the tenth planet and once the Eye is found, Zub has to return to the first planet to give the Eye of Zub to Emperor Zub.

There are seven difficulty levels, each one increases the number of enemy Zubs per planet.

## Other websites

- Zub at World of Spectrum

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Zub
- **developer**: Binary Design
- **publisher**: Mastertronic
- **released**: 1986
- **genre**: Platform game
- **modes**: Single Player
- **platforms**: Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum
Molly Hatchet

**Molly Hatchet** is a southern rock band from Jacksonville, Florida. They were formed in 1971 by Dave Hlubek and Steve Holland.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Molly Hatchet
- **img**: Molly Hatchet at Hellfest.jpg
- **img capt**: Molly Hatchet at Hellfest 2012
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Jacksonville, Florida, USA
- **genre**: Southern rock, boogie rock, hard rock, southern metal, jam rock
- **years active**: 1975–present
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic, Capitol Records, SPV GmbH, SPV/Steamhammer
- **associated acts**: The Danny Joe Brown Band
- **url**: [http://www.mollyhatchet.com/ The official website]
- **current members**: Bobby Ingram
Phil McCormack
Dave Hlubek
John Galvin
Tim Lindsey
Shawn Beamer
- **past members**: Molly_Hatchet#Former_members, Former members
Northern Italy

**Northern Italy** (_Italia Settentrionale_, _Italia del Nord_, _Padania_, _Alta Italia_, _Norditalia_ or just _Nord_) is an area that is made up of two areas in Italy:

- North-West (_Nord-Ovest_): Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Lombardy, Liguria;
- North-East (_Nord-Est_): Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Emilia-Romagna.
Northern Italy is more a business area compared to the south and is colder. People from the south sometimes emigrate to the north because of this.
This region has 26,835,082 inhabitants and an area of 46,301 mi² (119,921 km²). The largest city is Milan. It is generally seen as having a higher wealth than the southern regions of Italy. This is due to the 'North-South' Divide which is said to split the country in half in terms of means of development.
Thermosphere

The **thermosphere** is the fourth layer of the Earth's atmosphere. It is directly above the mesosphere (middle layer) and directly below the exosphere (top layer).

The name thermosphere is taken from the Greek word "thermos" which means 'heat'. This layer has high temperatures because it absorbs X-ray<nowiki/>s and extreme ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Even though it has temperatures of 2,000 °C (3,360 °F), the density of the thermosphere is so low that it doesn't feel hot. The absorbed ionizing radiation also creates the ionosphere. Shortwave radio waves can bounce off the Kennelly-Heaviside layer (ionosphere) and go to distant parts of the Earth. This layer is very helpful in radio communication.

It is also characterized by large variability, in response to changes in solar ultraviolet radiation and solar-driven geomagnetic activity.
Anaconda (installer)

**Anaconda** is the installer for Red Hat Linux and Fedora. It is written in Python and C, with a graphical interface using GTK+ 3 and PyGObject and a text inetrface using python-newt. A kickstart file can be used to automatically configure the installation, allowing users to run it without much supervision.

Anaconda is used by RHEL, Fedora and a number of other projects, Anaconda offers a text-mode and GUI mode, so users can install on a wide range of systems.

Anacondas are lizard-eating boas, and the Caldera installation program was called "Lizard", hence this name was chosen.

## Other websites

- Anaconda home page

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Anaconda
- **screenshot**: Anaconda installation summary screen in Fedora 19.png
- **caption**: Anaconda's installation screen for Fedora (operating system), Fedora 19
- **developer**: Red Hat
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **programming language**: Python (programming language), Python and C (programming language), C
- **ui**: GTK+, GTK+ 3 using PyGObject and python-newt
- **genre**: Installer
- **license**: GNU General Public License, GPL (Free software)
- **website**: [http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda fedoraproject.org/wiki/Anaconda]
Canowindra

**Canowindra** (pronounced Can-noun-dra) is an historic town near Cowra in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. Canowindra is on the Belubula River.

## History

A post office opened in 1847. The mail came through Carcoar. It was not part of the road to the Lachlan because it didn't have a bridge.

In October 1863, bushranger Ben Hall's gang took over the village for three days. Everyone was held hostage in the hotel. The gang held a big party for everyone in the hotel. A monument to Ben Hall was put up in 1951 on the site of Robinson's hotel, the _Travellers' Rest_. New research shows that the events happened at an hotel on the other side of the river.

## Modern Canowindra

The Royal Hotel is on the site of another hotel owned by Robinson. A sign on the wall says this was where Ben Hall's gang had their party. Other important buildings include the nursing home, the Junction Hotel, Finn's Building, the Victoria Hotel, the former Bank of NSW and the former CBC Bank. The Trading Post is a homewares shop that won a tourism award for 2006.

Canowindra is also known as the Balloon Capital of Australia. One of the largest festivals in Australia used to take place here every April. This was called Marti's Fiesta, which is no longer held due to lack of money.

Australian country music star Captain Flange makes his home in Canowindra.

## Fossils

The town is the site of one of the world's great fossil discoveries. A road worker in 1956 found 360 million year old fish fossils. These were from the Devonian period in the Palaeozoic era. The "Canowindra slab" was taken to the Australian Museum, Sydney. The fish had been trapped in a pool of water that dried up. The fish found were two armoured antiarch placoderms, _Remigolepis walkeri_ and _Bothriolepis yeungae._ They also found _Canowindra grassi_, a lobe-finned crossopterygian fish, with two rare young arthrodire placoderms, _Groenlandaspis_ species.

More fossils were found in January 1993 using an excavator to dig down to the fossil layer. Many fish were preserved in detail. Specimens can be seen in the Age of Fishes Museum. This was built with support and funding from the Australian Museum.  The Canowindra site has now been listed as part of Australia's National Heritage because of its international scientific importance.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Canowindra
- **state**: nsw
- **image**: CanowindraGaskillSt.JPG
- **caption**: Gaskill Street, the main street of Canowindra
- **lga**: Cabonne Shire, New South Wales, Cabonne Shire
- **postcode**: 2804
- **est**: 1847
- **pop**: 2,258
- **elevation**: 300
- **maxtemp**: 24.7
- **mintemp**: 8.1
- **rainfall**: 602
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Orange, Orange
- **fedgov**: Division of Calare, Calare
- **dist1**: 317
- **dir1**: W
- **location1**: Sydney
- **dist2**: 59
- **dir2**: SW
- **location2**: Orange, New South Wales, Orange
- **dist3**: 32
- **dir3**: N
- **location3**: Cowra
Robert Cutler

**Robert Cutler** (1895 – 1974) was a U.S. administrator. He served as National Security Advisor between 1953 and 1955, and again from 1957 to 1958. A graduate of Harvard College and Harvard Law School and attorney and bank executive in Boston, Massachusetts before taking public office, he was the person to serve in the newly created position of National Security Advisor during the Eisenhower Administration.

## References

- "Bostonian at Work ", _Time_, June 4, 1953. Retrieved January 19, 2015

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Robert C. Cutler
- **order**: 1st National Security Advisor (United States), U.S. National Security Advisor
- **term start**: March 23, 1953
- **term end**: April 2, 1955
- **president**: Dwight D. Eisenhower
- **successor**: Dillon Anderson
- **order2**: 4th National Security Advisor (United States), U.S. National Security Advisor
- **term start2**: January 7, 1957
- **term end2**: June 24, 1959
- **president2**: Dwight D. Eisenhower
- **predecessor2**: William Harding Jackson
- **successor2**: Gordon Gray
- **birth date**: 1895
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts
- **death date**: 1974
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **occupation**: Attorney, Writer
- **profession**: Administration (government), Administrator
St. Anthony-Chapel

The **St. Anthony-Chapel** is a chapel in the district Kornelimünster of the German city of Aachen.

It was built in 1718 but destroyed by an earthquake a short time later. The abbot of the abbey at Kornelimünster ordered to rebuild the damaged building. It was completed in 1781.

The St. Anthony-Chapel belongs to a group of five chapels of Kornelimünster.

## Other websites

- Sehenswürdigkeiten in Kornelimünster
- Antoniuskapelle
United States Department of Transportation

The **United States Department of Transportation** (**DOT**) is a federal Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with transportation. It was established by an act of Congress on October 15, 1966 and began operation on April 1, 1967. It is administered by the United States Secretary of Transportation. Their current mission statement is, "_The mission of the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) is to ensure our Nation has the safest, most efficient and modern transportation system in the world, which improves the quality of life for all American people and communities, from rural to urban, and increases the productivity and competitiveness of American workers and businesses.__"_

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: United States Department of Transportation
- **seal**: US-DeptOfTransportation-Seal.svg
- **seal width**: 120 px
- **seal caption**: Seal of the Department of Transportation
- **formed**: April 1, 1967
- **jurisdiction**: United States of America
- **headquarters**: Washington, D.C.
- **employees**: 58,622
- **budget**: $58 billion USD
- **chief1 name**: Sean Duffy
- **chief1 position**: United States Secretary of Transportation, Secretary
- **chief2 name**: TBD
- **chief2 position**: Deputy Secretary
- **child1 agency**: Federal Aviation Administration
- **child2 agency**: Federal Highway Administration
- **child3 agency**: Federal Railroad Administration
- **child4 agency**: Federal Transit Administration
- **child5 agency**: Maritime Administration
- **child6 agency**: Template:DOT agencies, Additional agencies
- **website**: http://www.dot.gov
United States Department of War

The **United States Department of War**, also called the **War Office**, was the department of the United States government's executive branch responsible for the operation and maintenance of land (and later air) forces from 1789 until September 18, 1947, when it became part of the **National Military Establishment**, renamed on August 10, 1949, the Department of Defense. The War Department also had responsibility for the young nation's naval affairs until the establishment of the Navy Department in 1798.