juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nunavut

**Nunavut** is a territory in Canada. It is the newest, largest, and northernmost territory of Canada. It was founded on April 1, 1999 when many Inuit living in the Northwest Territories wanted to have an independent province and government. Its capital is named Iqaluit. It is in the north of Canada, and has a particularly cold climate for much of the year. It has many native people (mainly Inuit).

The main form of transportation is the snowmobile. For the first week of being a separate unit, it was the Province of Nunavut, but after a week it was renamed Nunavut Territory.

A symbol of the territory is the Eskimo Dog (__). Even today, some people still use these dogs.

## Infobox (province or territory of canada)

- **settlement type**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Territory
- **government type**: Parliamentary system, with Consensus government in Canada, consensus government
- **other name**: Inuktitut syllabics ᓄᓇᕗᑦ
- **image flag**: Flag of Nunavut.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Nunavut.svg
- **motto**: ()
"Our land, our strength"
""
- **image map**: Nunavut in Canada 2.svg
- **label map**: yes
- **capital**: Iqaluit
- **largest city**: Iqaluit
- **official lang**: Inuit languages, Inuit (Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun)
English
French
- **viceroytype**: Commissioner
- **viceroy**: Eva Aariak
- **premiertype**: Premier
- **premier**: John Main (politician), John Main
- **premierparty**: consensus government
- **legislature**: Legislative Assembly of Nunavut
- **houseseats**: 1
- **senateseats**: 1
- **former**: District of Franklin, Keewatin Region, District of Mackenzie
- **admittanceorder**: 13th
- **admittancedate**: April 1, 1999
- **area footnotes**:  (2021 – land, 2020 – water)
- **area rank**: 1st
- **area total km2**: 2093190
- **area land km2**: 1836993.78
- **area water km2**: 160930
- **percentwater**: 8.1
- **roads**: 850
- **population demonym**: Nunavummiut
wikt:Nunavummiuq, Nunavummiuq (_sing._)
- **population rank**: 13th
- **population total**: 36,858
- **population as of**: 2021 Canadian census, 2021
- **population est**: 41919
- **pop est as of**: 2025 Q4
- **densityrank**: 13th
- **density km2**: 0.019
- **gdp year**: 2017
- **gdp total**: C$2.846 billion
- **gdp rank**: 12th
- **gdp per capita**: C$58,452
- **gdp per capita rank**: 6th
- **timezone link**: Time in Nunavut
- **timezone1**: Mountain Time Zone, MST
- **utc offset1**: −07:00
- **utc offset1 dst**: −06:00
- **timezone2**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset2**: −06:00
- **utc offset2 dst**: −05:00
- **timezone3 location**: Southampton Island (Coral Harbour)
- **timezone3**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset3**: −05:00
- **timezone4**: Eastern Time
- **utc offset4**: −04:00
- **utc offset4 dst**: −04:00
- **postalabbreviation**: NU
- **postalcodeprefix**: List of postal codes of Canada: X, X0A, X0B, X0C
- **iso code**: CA-NU
- **website**: https://www.gov.nu.ca/
- **flower**: Saxifraga oppositifolia, Purple saxifrage
- **tree**: n/a
- **bird**: Rock ptarmigan
- **hdi**: 0.930 – <span style="color:#090">Very high</span>
- **hdi rank**: 4th
- **hdi year**: 2021
Bamboo

**Bamboo** is a name for over 1,400 species of giant grasses in 115 different genera. All bamboos have wood-like stems. Bamboo mainly grows in Africa, America and in Asia but can easily grow in Europe.

Bamboo grows in clumps (although running varieties exist). The runners can be up to 40 metres (130 feet). David Farrelly, in his book _The Book of Bamboo_, says that bamboo has been measured to grow  1.21 meters (47.6 inches) in a 24-hour period. However, most bamboos (used for gardening) will grow more like 3 cm to 5 cm (1-2 inches) a day.

Almost all species of bamboo have hollow stems divided into nodes or joints. The stem can be up to 30 cm (a foot) in diameter. Each of the nodes has one side bud. Not all of those buds develop into branches, but some do. This makes bamboo one of the few grasses that have a branch structure. Bamboo rarely flowers. Some species only flower once, and then die off. The distance of two joints in a bamboo is the basis of a traditional Japanese unit of measurement, _shaku_.

## Uses

Bamboo is used to make lots of things and is a construction material. The stems of larger trees are used to build houses, bridges, and other things that have to be constructed such as boat and wickerwork. It can be used for scaffolding. Bamboo is an easy construction material and not expensive.

Bamboo is almost the only food of giant pandas. The shoots can also be used as human food. Bamboo shoots are usually cooked before being eaten. Most temperate bamboos can be eaten without cooking if they are not too bitter.
As some may contain cyanogens, cooking is better. The only _Phyllostachys_  known to have potentially toxic concentrations of cyanogens is _Ph. heterocycla pubescens_.
Cruise ship

A **cruise ship** (or **cruise liner** or **ocean liner**, though the latter mainly refers to large vessels designed for mass leisure travel which cross the ocean) is a large ship with sleeping cabins and other facilities that takes people on holiday and vacation trips. Hundreds of thousands of people take cruises each year.

Today's cruise ships are like floating hotels. They have a complete "hospitality staff" (to serve food and help passengers in other ways) as well as the usual ship's crew. The largest cruise ships have casinos, shops, many restaurants, theaters for both live entertainment and movies, several pools, day care, a gym, and a running track. The most expensive cruises often have more crew and staff than passengers. This means that the people who control the cruise can give many personal services.

Today, hundreds of cruise ships sail all over the world. Some carry over 3,000 passengers. These are some of the largest ships ever built. For some places, such as Antarctica, because it lacks other methods of regular transport, cruise ships are one of the few ways for tourists to visit.

There's also cruise type vessels that have permanent residences. Like the World Ship and MS Utopia.
Windows Media Player

**Windows Media Player** is a digital media player made by Microsoft. It is already installed on Microsoft Windows operating systems, and an older version is available for some Apple Macintosh operating systems. The program allows people to watch certain video files and play music files that are in a compatible file format. How the program looks can also be changed with skins, and it can be made small enough to fit on the taskbar.

## Other websites

- Windows Media Player
- A little Windows Media Player History

## Infobox (software)

- **title**: Windows Media Player
- **logo**: Media Player Windows 11 logo.svg
- **logo size**: 64
- **caption**: Media Player running on Windows 11 in Light mode
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **latest preview version**: Windows 11: 11.2212.31.0
- **operating system**: Windows 10, Windows 11
- **replaces**: Groove Music
Microsoft Movies & TV
Windows Media Player Legacy, Windows Media Player
Listen Up

***Listen Up!*** was a 2004 CBS television series. It was a sitcom starring Jason Alexander as Tony Kleinman, a sportscaster from the fictional "_Listen Up!_" His cohost is named Bernie, and is a hall of famer. Jason has a wife, Dana, and two kids, one named Mickey. Mickey is very good at golf, but gets low grades.

The series only lasted for one season, 22 episodes.
Jurassic Park III

***Jurassic Park III*** is a 2001 American movie and the third _Jurassic Park_ movie. It follows _The Lost World: Jurassic Park_. Paul Kirby, who says he is a rich business owner, convinces Coop Burtonburger and his assistant, Mister Brennigan, to take him and his wife to Isla Sorna as a vacation and serve as a guide. Actually, Kirby and his wife want to search for their son, who was stranded on Isla Sorna while on a parasailing trip. After crashing on the island, they are attacked by a _Spinosaurus_, who kills several members of their party. After escaping, the remaining people start hiking for the coast, fighting many dinosaurs, including the _Spinosaurus_, along the way.

_Jurassic Park III_ is followed by _Jurassic World_.
Laura Dern

**Laura Elizabeth Dern** (born February 10, 1967) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. Born in Los Angeles, she is the daughter of Bruce Dern and Diane Ladd.

Dern received an Oscar and Golden Globe Award for her performance as Rose in _Rambling Rose_. For the HBO film _Afterburn_, she received an Emmy Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award. She has also won Independent Spirit Awards for _Blue Velvet_ and _Smooth Talk_. She is perhaps most famous for playing Dr. Ellie Sattler in _Jurassic Park_. She used to date Jeff Goldblum. In 2020, she won another Oscar for her role in _Marriage Story_.

## Movies

- _Jurassic Park 3_ (2001)
- _October Sky_ (1999)
- _A Perfect World_ (1993)
- _Jurassic Park_ (1993) - played Dr. Sattler
- _Rambling Rose_ (1991)
- _Wild at Heart_ (1990)
- _Haunted Summer_ (1988)
- _Blue Velvet_ (1986)
- _Mask_ (1985)
- _Teachers_ (1984)
- _Ladies and Gentlemen, the Fabulous Stains_ (1981)
- _Foxes_ (1980)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Laura Dern
- **image**: Laura Dern Is This Thing On-21 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Dern at the 2025 New York Film Festival
- **birth name**: Laura Elizabeth Dern
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, USA
- **occupation**: Actor
- **children**: 2
- **father**: Bruce Dern
- **mother**: Diane Ladd
- **signature**: Laura Dern signature.svg
Trailer (movie)

A **movie trailer** (also called a **preview** or **coming attraction**) is a short showing of a future (not yet released) movie. They are shown in a theater before the current movie starts. They are often later shown in advertisements for DVD releases, and broadcasts of the movie on television.
Michael Crichton

**Michael Crichton** (October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was an American author of many books. His books were usually in the science fiction, medical fiction, and thriller genres. He was also a producer, director, and doctor.

Crichton is well known for writing novels that later became well-known Hollywood movies. His most famous work was _Jurassic Park._ Other examples of Crichton's novels that later went on to become big-budget films include Congo, The Lost World, Rising Sun, and Sphere.

Crichton has also created the _ER_ television show.

Crichton was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was 69" tall. He was married five times. He had a daughter from his fourth marriage.

On November 4, 2008, he died of throat cancer and lymphoma in Los Angeles, California, aged 66. He was looked down on by some as a "climate change denier" In February 2009, his widow gave birth to his only, posthumous son, John Michael Todd Crichton.

## Other websites

- The Official Crichton Archives
- YouTube video archives
- Micheal Crichton Speeches The Internet Archive
Trailer

**Trailer** has the following definitions:

- Trailer (vehicle), an unpowered vehicle pulled by one with an engine
- Trailer (movie) or _theatrical trailer_, an advertisement for an upcoming movie
Uno (card game)

***Uno*** (stylized on usual branding as **UNO**) is an American board game that was made by Merle Robbins in 1971. It has since been bought by a company named Mattel. It uses 108 special cards made just to play _Uno_. It is similar to Crazy Eights.

The cards are put into four different groups: Red cards, green cards, blue cards and yellow cards. There are also some other cards called: Skip, Reverse, Draw +2, Wild, and Wild +4 cards allows players to do something they cannot normally do, such as pick up two more cards.

Each player starts off with seven cards, randomly assigned. A card from the main deck is then placed in the center for everyone to see. The first player must put down a card that is either the same color or number, then the next person in turn order has to put down another card of the same color or number, and it keeps on going in order. When a skip card is played, the next player loses the turn. A reverse card reverses the order of the game. A wild card (Card with four colours) can be placed above any colour, and the player chooses what colour they want everyone to continue with until someone puts down a card with the same number but a different color or a wild card. +2 cards force the next player to draw two cards, but +4 cards force the next player to draw four cards and the current player gets to pick a new color of their choice.

|Card|Effect when played from hand|
| --- | --- |
|Reverse|The next player in the direction of the game will have their turn skiped and the direction will switch to be the other direction.|
|Skip|The next player will lose their turn and be forced to wait until the next round of the game to play their hand.|
|Pick up 2/ Plus 2|The next player in the direction of the game will have to pick up two cards from the deck.|
|Pick up 4/ Plus 4|The next player in the direction of the game will have to pick up four cards from the deck.|
|Wild/Color changing|The player who plays this card will have to pick a new color to change the game to. The player may pick the same color and use this card anytime due to the color of the card being black and not Red, Yellow, Green, or Blue.|
|Wild Draw 4|The wild draw 4 card lets a player pick a new color while the next person in the direction of play must pick up four cards.|

## Related pages

- ONO 99

## Infobox (game)

- **title**: Uno
- **players**: 2-10 players
- **playing time**: Varies
UNO

**Uno** can mean:
- The number one in the Spanish language or Italian language
- Uno (card game), a card game played with a special deck of cards. It is made by the Mattel company. The name originated from the word uno which mean the number one in Spanish which is what you say when you have one card remaining.
- Uno, a happy-go-lucky llama character from the preschool program _Neon Paradise_

**UNO** is an acronym for:
- United Nations Organization; see: United Nations
Electrical engineering

**Electrical engineering** is a subject of engineering. Its goal is to develop (think and make) different things that use electricity in a helpful way. Electrical engineers fix or design new and better ways of using devices that use electricity.

Big subjects in electrical engineering include power generation, automation and control of robots, digital systems, and information technology (using radio and computers to move and use data). To meet new needs, electrical engineering produced new specialties, such as electronic engineering and software engineering.

## History

Early universities taught this as philosophy and later as science. As the industrial revolution began they had to start teaching new parts of these sciences to keep up with the demand for new resources.

When the industrial era began, we needed to study mathematics, physics and chemistry to help support it.  These subjects are "applied" (or, used in the real world) using engineering. In the late 19th century when electricity was used to make electric motors and to send messages to far away places, a new branch called electrical engineering was invented. When radio became important, many engineers worked at it, and their branch was later expanded to cover electronic engineering.

## Other websites

- IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
- IEEE Virtual Museum
- EE HomePage.com Educational & career development resources
Design

**Design** is the visual appearence or shape given to an object. Design aims to make things prettier, more comfortable, or better in some way by making them work well and look good.

Good design decisions can make a space, for example, a hospital or an airport, more accessible or an image more attractive for advertisements, adding value in the market.

Designers use knowledge and rules from geometry and art to create their designs.

Design is sometimes divided to sub-categories, including graphic design, interior design, vehicle design, furniture design, product design, type design, fashion design and web design, to name a few.

Design does not always lead to physical objects; it can involve applications, websites, prototypes, presentations, or serve as a plan for creating something else. Design is also a concept used to create an object (virtual or not). Design is picturing things using the imagination; as to using perception or memory.

## Related pages

- Universal design
- Lierna Chair
Orphanage

An **orphanage** is an institution that takes in and cares for orphans.  It can also mean the state of being an orphan.

Historically it was very often the church or the state who cared for orphans. Children in orphanages may have suffered from child abuse or trauma from their parents.

## Related pages

- Child abandonment
- Foster care
- Adoption
Democracy Now!

***Democracy Now!*** is a radio and TV program.  It is entirely paid for through donations from listeners, viewers, and foundations and does not accept advertisers, corporate underwriting, or government funding. It is one of the biggest independent news organizations in the United States.

## Other websites

- Official Website
National Union of Teachers

The **National Union of Teachers** was the largest teachers' union in the United Kingdom. It has a policy of campaigning on educational issues as well as the conditions of service of its members.

In 2017 it joined with the Association of Teachers and Lecturers to form the National Education Union.

## Other websites

- National Union of Teachers website
Socialist Party

**Socialist Party** is the name of several different political parties around the world with a variety of different political views. These include:

- Albania - Socialist Party of Albania
- Argentina - Socialist Party (Argentina)
- Australia - Socialist Party (Australia)
- Belgium
    - Socialist Party (francophone Belgium)
    - Socialistische Partij - Anders (Flemish Socialist Party)
- Bulgaria - Bulgarian Socialist Party
- Chile - Socialist Party of Chile
- European Union - Party of European Socialists
- France - Socialist Party (France)
- Georgia - Socialist Party (Georgia)
- Germany - Die Linke
- Greece - Panhellenic Socialist Movement
- India - Party of Democratic Socialism (India)
- Republic of Ireland|Ireland - Socialist Party of Ireland (CWI affiliate)
- Italy - Partito Socialista Italiano
- Latvia - Latvian Socialist Party
- Netherlands - Socialistische Partij
- Portugal - Socialist Party (Portugal)
- Puerto Rico - Partido Socialista Puertorriqueño
- San Marino - Partito Socialista Sammarinese
- Senegal - Socialist Party (Senegal)
- Spain - Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
- Switzerland - Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (also known as the Swiss Socialist Party)
- Ukraine - Socialist Party of Ukraine
- United Kingdom
    - Socialist Party (England and Wales)
    - Socialist Party of Great Britain
    - Scottish Socialist Party
- United States
    - Socialist Party of America
    - Socialist Party USA

## Related pages

- Social Democratic Party (a disambiguation page)
Dave Grohl

**David Eric** "**Dave**" **Grohl** (born January 14, 1969) is an American rock musician and singer. He is best known as the lead singer, occasionally drummer, and guitarist of rock band Foo Fighters and the drummer of the grunge band Nirvana from 1990 to 1994. He has also been part of thirty different bands in his life, including one from the 1980s called Scream.  Other bands he has played in include Nine Inch Nails and Tenacious D.

### Early life

Dave Grohl lived most of his early life in Springfield, Virginia. He played in many local punk bands, on guitar. By 15 years old he was a drummer in the hardcore punk band, Scream. Scream toured all over the United States and Europe but broke up in 1989. After they broke up he tried out to be a drummer in a small band called Nirvana.

### Nirvana

Grohl joined Nirvana in 1990, along with Krist Novoselic and Kurt Cobain. They went on to be one of the most successful bands of the decade, selling over 50 million albums worldwide. Grohl joined shortly before the release of _Nevermind_. _Nevermind_ proved to be a classic album, one that is still a big influence on the alternative metal and alternative rock scene. The band only recorded one more studio album though, In Utero in 1993. On April 8, 1994, Kurt Cobain's body was found at his home in Seattle. He had shot himself in the head with a shotgun. This event ended Nirvana and Grohl started his own band Foo Fighters in 1995.

### Foo Fighters

The original Foo Fighters album was recorded entirely by Grohl himself. He recorded the parts for each instrument one at a time and then combined them. Foo Fighters are now a multi Grammy Award winning rock band and sell out huge arenas when they are on tour.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dave Grohl
- **image**: Musician Dave Grohl during a Global Music Diplomacy Initiative Launch Event (53220578259) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Performing in 2023
- **birth name**: David Eric Grohl
- **other names**: Late!
- **birth place**: Warren, Ohio, U.S.
- **years active**: 1981–present
- **children**: 4
1740

**1740** (MDCCXL) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- God Save the Queen first performed.
- Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve writes and publishes the folk story _Beauty and the Beast_.
Embryo

An **embryo** is the earliest stage in the development of a fertilised egg (the zygote). It is the term used for any animal or plant, from the first cell division until birth, or hatching, or germination in plants.

In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization, and from then until birth it is called a foetus (US: fetus).

The development of the embryo is called **embryogenesis**, and the study of embryos is called embryology. The development of an embryo passes through various stages: the blastula, a hollow ball of cells; the gastrula, migration of cells; morphogenesis; tissue differentiation, and so on.

In organisms that reproduce sexually, once a sperm fertilizes an egg cell, the result is a cell called the zygote, which has DNA from each of the two parents. In plants, animals, and some protists, the zygote divides by mitosis to produce an  **embryo**.

## Related pages

- Developmental biology

## References

he:עובר#התפתחות עובר האדם
WordPad

**WordPad** is a word processor application. It is made by Microsoft. WordPad is a basic word processor. It has simple formatting functions. The software comes free with Microsoft Windows operating systems. WordPad is similar to Notepad but lets the user format text, something users cannot do in Notepad. However, WordPad is very basic compared to normal word processors like Microsoft Word or OpenOffice Writer. Wordpad saves documents in Rich Text Format, unlike Notepad's use of simple text files, allowing users to change the alignment and color of the font, and add things like bullets and font effects.
Microsoft Paint

**Microsoft Paint**, also called **MS Paint** or simply **Paint** is a computer program made by Microsoft. It allows people to create picture files as well as edit picture files saved on their computer. Microsoft Paint is also a program for adding texts to images saved on a computer. There are various tools to help people edit photos, including:
- the paint bucket
- pencils
- spray can
- eraser
- line and curved line tools
- multiple shape tools
- text tool
- cut out tool

The program has a color palette displayed on the bottom left of the screen, as well as an "Edit Colors..." menu, allowing users to create all the shades they need.

Using the selection tools (the 2 tools at the top if the tools bar), users can select all or part of an image and then cut, copy, delete and paste it.

Many digital artists or editors prefer programs like Photoshop, but many on a tighter budget or with less time on their hands use Paint. Because of this, there are many Internet tutorials to help enhance the creative skill of every Microsoft Painter.
My Computer

**My Computer** is seen on the Microsoft Windows computers. My Computer allows the user to access the local drives, such as the local disk, also known as the C: Drive. The user can also access external drives. Examples of an external drive are a floppy disk drive (A: Drive) and the CD Drive (D:). My computer also lets the user access My Documents and other files.
Whenever any external drive is attached to the computer, the user can directly access that drive from My Computer menu. "My Computer" gives us an overview about different types of drives present in the computer. The My Computer folder is a gateway to all the data stored on the computer, attached devices, and the network -- as well as a shortcut to most of your system information.
Trilogy

A **trilogy** (**threelogy**)is a set of three dramatic or literary works.. For example, The Godfather series of movies is a trilogy because there are three movies in the series: _The Godfather_, _The Godfather Part II_, and _The Godfather Part III_.

The trilogy was originally a tradition of Ancient Greek theatre, where three plays and one satyr play would be played.
Series

A **series** is a group of similar things that are all related to the same topic.

In mathematics, a **series** is the adding of a sequence, a list of (usually never-ending) mathematical objects (such as numbers). It is sometimes written as , which is another way of writing .

For example, the series  corresponds to the following sum:

Here, the dots mean that the adding does not have a last term, but goes on to infinity.

If the result of the addition gets closer and closer to a certain limit value, then this is the sum of the series. For example, the first few terms of the above series are:

From these, we can see that this series will have 2 as its sum.

However, not all series have a sum. For example. a series can go to positive or negative infinity, or just go up and down without settling on any particular value. In which case, the series is said to diverge. The harmonic series is an example of a series which diverges.

## Related pages

- List of mathematical series
- Sequence
- Series acceleration
- Taylor series
Synesthesia

**Synesthesia**, or **synaesthesia**, is a condition where the brain mixes up the senses. People who have synesthesia are called **synesthetes**.

Synesthesia is usually inherited (called **congenital synesthesia**), but exactly how people inherit it is unknown.

Synesthesia is sometimes reported by people using psychedelic drugs, after a stroke, or during an epileptic seizure. It is also reported to be a result of blindness or deafness. Synesthesia that comes from events unrelated to genes is called **adventitious synesthesia**. This synesthesia results from some drugs or a stroke but not blindness or deafness. It involves sound being linked to vision or touch being linked to hearing.

Synesthesia was investigated a lot in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but in the middle of the 20th century, it was less studied. Only recently has it been studied again in much detail.

Some musicians and composers have a form of synesthesia that allows them to "see" music as colors or shapes. This is called chromesthesia. Mozart is said to have had this form of synesthesia. He said that the key of D major had a warm "orangey" sound to it, while B-flat minor was blackish. A major was a rainbow of colors to him. This may explain why he wrote some of his music using different colors for different music notes, and why much of his music is in major keys.

Another composer who had color-hearing was the Russian composer Alexander Scriabin. In 1907, he talked with another famous composer, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who had synesthesia, and they both found that some musical notes made them think of certain colors. Scriabin worked with a man named Alexander Mozer who made a color organ.

## Experiences

The same type of synesthesia may have different effects (pronounced and less pronounced) on different people.

Synesthetes often say that they did not know their experiences were unusual until they found out that other people did not have them. Others report feeling as if they had been keeping a secret their entire lives. Most synesthetes consider their experiences a gift—a "hidden" sense. Most synesthetes find out in their childhood that they have synesthesia. Some learn to apply it in daily life and work. For example, they might use their gift to memorize names and telephone numbers or do mental arithmetic. Many people with synesthesia use their experiences to help them be more creative, for example, in making drawings and music.

More than 60 types of synesthesia have been reported, but only a small number have been studied by scientists.
Some common types of synthesia include:
- _Grapheme–color synesthesia_: Letters or numbers are seen to have colors of their own.
- _Ordinal linguistic personification_: Numbers, days of the week, and months of the year are felt to have their own personalities.
- _Spatial sequence_: Numbers, months of the year, and/or days of the week are located in specific places in space. For example, 1980 may be "farther away" than 1990. Or a year may be seen three-dimensionally as a map.
- _Visual motion → sound synesthesia_: Hearing sounds in response to seeing motion.
Moose

A **moose** (_Alces alces_; called **elk** in Europe) is a large deer. Some authorities put the American moose in a different species, _Alces americanus_.

A male moose is called a _bull_, a female moose is called a _cow_, and a young moose is called a _calf_. A group of moose is called a _herd_. The plural form of moose is "moose”.

Moose live in northern Europe, Asia, and in North America. Moose live mainly in the taiga forest, especially in areas with lakes, marshes and swamps. They also live in mountain ranges.

## Range

Moose live in North America and also range from northern Europe to Siberia. In Europe they live in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Poland and the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). In North America they live in Canada, Alaska and northern parts of the United States. In 2008 they were re-introduced to Scottish Highlands from Scandinavia.

### Population

There are about 115,000 moose in Finland, and about the same number in Norway. Alaska has about 200,000. Canada and Russia each have between 500,000 and one million. There are also some in the continental United States. The animal is widely distributed.

## Life

Moose are active during the day. They live alone, but in winter they sometimes form small groups. Moose eat grass, leaves, twigs, willow, birch, maple shoots and water plants. After a pregnancy of 8 months, the female gives birth to one or two calves. Females can first become pregnant when they are between two and three years old. Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone. Moose usually live to fifteen years old, but they can reach as old as twenty-seven years old. A mother moose will aggressively protect her young. Moose calves are hunted by bears and wolves.

## Predators

A full-grown moose has few natural enemies. Siberian tigers prey on adult moose. Wolves also pose a threat, especially to females with calves. Brown bears are known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own. American black bears and cougars can take moose calves and can sometimes kill adult cows. Wolverine are most likely to eat moose as carrion but have killed moose, including adults, when the moose are weakened by harsh winter conditions. Killer whales are the moose's only known marine predator. They have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands off North America's northwest coast.

### Moose and humans

Moose have been hunted by humans since the Stone Age.

Because of their dark coloured fur, moose are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night. They are sometimes hit by cars. In some countries like Canada, Finland; and Sweden there are moose warning signs on roads and motorways are fenced.

## Other websites

- goMoose
Kyoto Protocol

The **Kyoto Protocol** is a plan created by the United Nations for the _United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change_ that tries to reduce the effects of climate change, such as global warming. The plan says that countries that adopt (follow) the Kyoto Protocol have to try to reduce how much carbon dioxide (and other "greenhouse gases" that pollute the atmosphere) they release into the air.

## Establishment

The full name of the Kyoto Protocol is the **Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change**. It is called the _Kyoto_ Protocol because it was made in Kyoto, Japan. The Kyoto Protocol was officially put into "full force" on February 16, 2005. On February 16, Russia began to follow (ratify) the Kyoto Protocol and it was decided to be put into "full force". As of 2020, 192 countries have agreed to follow the Kyoto Protocol.

## Adoption status

There are still 29 countries which have not yet adopted it. Croatia and Kazakhstan have signed the treaty, but have not ratified it (made it a law they have to follow). Donald Trump and The United States of America has signed it but said that they will not ratify it. Australia has only recently ratified the Kyoto Protocol under the previous Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. Both of these countries have said that the fact that China and India are using exceptions to the treaty (those countries believe parts of the treaty do not apply to them and they will not follow those parts) in the name of industrialization is unfair and that they will not ratify because of this, although it is believed that the U.S. and Australia are protecting their economic interests by not ratifying. The countries' leaders say that changing their use of greenhouse gases will make their people lose jobs. The twenty four other countries have neither signed nor ratified the treaty.

## Related pages

- Paris Agreement

## Other websites

- The Kyoto Protocol
Movie director

A **movie director** is a person who leads the making of a movie (or _film_). They take care of the artistic things in the movie. They give instructions to the actors and direct the people that work on the movie.

Directors give many of their responsibilities to other members of their movie-making team (called a movie crew).  For example, the person who is responsible for the lighting is told by the director what style of lighting he wants and he then creates the lighting for him. It is common for movie directors to work closely with a movie producer. Movie producers are people who control the non-artistic side of movie making. For example, they control all the money that is used for making the movie.

The amount of control a director has in creating their movie is different for each director. It is most common for directors to have some control, while the rest of the movie-making is controlled by the movie studio, and by the people who pay for making the movie. This was very common for American movies made in the 1930s to 1950s. There are a small number of directors who are given complete control over making their movies. For example, Stanley Kubrick, Jean-Luc Godard, Steven Spielberg and James Cameron all had a great amount of control in making their movie.
1860s

The **1860s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1860 and ended on December 31, 1869. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1861 and ended on December 31, 1870.

## The most important events

- The Civil War in the United States

## Sports

College football is first played in 1869.

## World leaders

- Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
- Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
- Emperor Napoleon III (Second French Empire)
- King William I, German Emperor (Germany)
- King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
- Pope Pius IX
- Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
- Queen Isabella II (Spain)
- Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
- President James Buchanan (United States)
- President Abraham Lincoln (United States)
- President Andrew Johnson (United States)
- President Jefferson Davis (Confederate States of America)
- President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
- Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
- Emperor Kōmei (Japan)
- Emperor Meiji (Japan)
- Emperor Xianfeng (China)
- Emperor Tongzhi (China)
Jubal Early

**Jubal Anderson Early**  (November 3, 1816 – March 2, 1894) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War.  He commanded a corps in Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. He invaded the north in 1864.  After the war, he was one of the major defenders of the Confederate.
Lewis Carroll

**Lewis Carroll** was the pen name of **Charles Lutwidge Dodgson** (Daresbury, Cheshire, 27 January 1832 – Guildford, Surrey, 14 January 1898). Dodgson was an Oxford don, a logician (mathematics expert), a writer, a poet, an Anglican clergyman, and a photographer. He is most famous for his story _Alice's Adventures in Wonderland_ which he told to a young friend, Alice Liddell, when he took the girl and two sisters on a boat trip. Alice enjoyed the story and asked Dodgson to write it down. Carroll then wrote a second story about Alice called _Through the Looking-Glass_. Both stories are still popular all over the world.

Dodgson was a Fellow of Christ Church, Oxford, specialising in logic and mathematics. He wrote a number of books and pamphlets on the subject. He died of pneumonia in Guildford, Surrey.

### Literary works

- _La Guida di Bragia_, a ballad opera for the marionette theatre (around 1850)
- _Alice's Adventures in Wonderland_ (1865)
- _Phantasmagoria_, and other poems (1869). A collection of poems.
- _Through the Looking-Glass, and what Alice found there_ (includes "Jabberwocky" and "The Walrus and the Carpenter") (1871)
- _Pillow Problems_
- _The Hunting of the Snark_ (1876)
- _Rhyme? and Reason?_ (1883) A collection of poems, including _Phantasmagoria_ and _The Hunting of the Snark_
- _A Tangled Tale_ (1886)
- _Sylvie and Bruno_ (1889)
- _Sylvie and Bruno Concluded_ (1893)
- _Three Sunsets and other poems_
- _What the Tortoise said to Achilles_ (1895)

### Mathematical works

- _A syllabus of Plane Algebraic Geometry_ (1860)
- _The Fifth Book of Euclid treated algebraically_ (1858 and 1868)
- _The Alphabet Cipher_.
- _An elementary treatise on determinants, with their application to simultaneous linear equations and algebraic equations_
- _Euclid and his modern rivals_ (1879), both literary and mathematical in style
- _Symbolic Logic Part I_
- _Symbolic Logic Part II_ (published posthumously)
- _The Game of Logic_
- _Some popular fallacies about vivisection_
- _Curiosa Mathematica I_ (1888)
- _Curiosa Mathematica II_ (1892)
- _The Theory of Committees and Elections_, collected, edited, analyzed, and published in 1958, by Duncan Black

## Further reading

- Bowman, Isa 1899. _The Story of Lewis Carroll, told by the real Alice in Wonderland_. Dent, London
- Cohen, Morton N. 1995. _Lewis Carroll: a biography_. London: Macmillan.
- Clark, Ann 1979. _Lewis Carroll: a biography_. London: J.M. Dent)
- Collingwood, Stuart Dodgson 1898. _The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll_. London: T. Fisher Unwin
- De La Mare, Walter 1932. _Lewis Carroll_. Faber & Faber, London.
- Dodgson, Charles L. _The Pamphlets of Lewis Carroll_, v.1 The Oxford Pamphlets (1993) ; v.2 The Mathematical Pamphlets (1994) ; v.3 The Political Pamphlets (2001) ; v.4 The Logic Pamphlets (2010)
- Lennon, Florence Becker 1947. Lewis Carroll: a biography. Cassell, London.
- Williams _et al_ 1979. _The Lewis Carroll handbook_. Dawson, Kent. List of literature by and about Dodgson.
1935

**1935** (MCMXXXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar.

## Events

- April 15 – Roerich Pact signed in Washington D.C.

## Births

- January 8 – Elvis Presley, musician (d. 1977)
- January 22 – Saloma, Malaysian actress and singer, wife of P. Ramlee.
- February 5 – Hank Aaron, professional baseball player (d. 2021)
- March 31 – Herb Alpert, musician
- July 17 – Donald Sutherland, actor (d. 2024)
- August 30 - John Phillips, American guitarist (The Mamas & the Papas) (d. 2001)
- September 29 – Jerry Lee Lewis, musician (d. 2022)
- October 12 - Luciano Pavarotti, opera singer (The Three Tenors) (d. 2007)
- November 30 – Woody Allen, movie maker and actor

- People who were born in this year but their day of birth is unknown
- Mike O'Malley, English actor

## Death

- November 9 - Santadasji Kathia Baba, Hindu Philosopher  (b. 1859)

## Nobel Prizes

- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Hans Spemann, a German doctor and zoologist.

## Movies released

- _The Turn of the Tide_

## Hit songs

- "Lullaby of Broadway" – by Al Dubin and Harry Warren, from the movie _Gold Diggers of 1935_, won the Academy Award for the best song.
Michael Landon

**Michael Landon** (October 31, 1936 - July 1, 1991) was an American actor. He is best known for his roles on the TV shows, _Bonanza_, _Little House on the Prairie_, and _Highway to Heaven_.

## Other websites

- Little House Wiki: Michael Landon
Titanic

|style="color: white; height: 30px; background: gray;"|Career|style="color: white; height: 30px; background: gray;"||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center" colspan="2"|<small>The _Titanic_ arriving at Cobh harbour on 11 April 1912.</small>|||
|**Owners**:|White Star Line|||
|**Builders**:|Harland and Wolff shipyard, Belfast, Northern Ireland|||
|**Captain**:|Edward John Smith|||
|**Laid down**:|31 March 1909|||
|**Christened**:|N/A|||
|**Maiden voyage departure**:|Southampton, England, on 10 April 1912|||
|**Maiden voyage arrival:**|New York City, USA, 18 April 1912, via RMS _Carpathia_|||
|**Fate**:|Hit iceberg at 11:40 <small>PM</small> on 14 April 1912. Sank on 15 April 1912, at 2:20 <small>AM</small>; wreck discovered in 1985 by Dr. Robert Ballard.|||
|**Current Location**:||||
|**Expense**:|$7,500,000 ($223,537,886.60)|||
|**Gross tonnage (weight)**:|46,328 GRT|||
|**Displacement**:|52,310 Long Tons|||
|**Length**:|882 foot 9 inches (269 m)|||
|**Beam**:|92 foot 6 inches (28 m)|||
|**Draught**:|34 foot 7 inches (10.5 m)|||
|**Power**:|Able to reach speeds of 26 miles per hour|||
|**Propulsion (energy)**:|Two bronze triple-blade side propellers.  One bronze triple-blade central propeller.|||
|**Maximum Speed**:|23 knots (26.5 mph; 42.6 km/h)|||
|**Passengers and crew (first and only voyage)**:|* **Capacity**: 3,320 * **First Class**: 324 * **Second Class**: 285 * **Third Class**: 708 * **Crew**: 908 ** **Passengers and crew who survived**: Unknown precisely but estimates place the figure at just over 700 ** **Passengers and crew who died**: Unknown precisely but estimates place the figure at about 1,500 casualties. ** **Total number of passengers:** Unknown precisely but estimates place the figure around 2,220 to 2,240 passengers.|||
The **RMS Titanic** was a British steam ship. She was built by ship builders Harland and Wolff, in Belfast, for the White Star Line  company. The Titanic sank during her first trip at sea, after hitting an iceberg. After striking the iceberg, the Titanic sank to the seabed of the North Atlantic Ocean.
The Velvet Underground

**The Velvet Underground** was an American rock band from New York City. It was formed in 1964.

The original line-up was Lou Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker. They were discovered by the famous artist Andy Warhol, who produced and designed the cover for their first album _The Velvet Underground and Nico_, which paired them with another discovery of his: German model and singer Nico. The album was never really a hit when it was released, but it is now considered a classic.

Later, the group broke up with Warhol and Nico after being a part of Warhol's Factory for a while. The group released several more albums, _White Light/White Heat_ (1967), _The Velvet Underground_ (1969) and _Loaded_ (1970), before finally breaking up. Lou Reed later had a successful solo career and is considered one of the founders of the "punk" movement.

The group got back together for a reunion tour in the 1990s.

## Discography

- Studio albums
- _The Velvet Underground & Nico_ (1967)
- _White Light/White Heat_ (1968)
- _The Velvet Underground_ (1969)
- _Loaded_ (1970)
- _Squeeze_ (1973)
- _Scepter Studios Sessions_ (2012)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Velvet Underground
- **img**: Velvet Underground 1968 by Billy Name.png
- **img capt**: by Billy Name, 1968
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **alias**: The Warlocks, The Falling Spikes
- **genre**: Art rock, experimental rock, rock and roll, protopunk,
- **years active**: 1964-1973, 1990, 1992-1994, 1996
- **label**: Verve Records, Verve, MGM Records, MGM, Atlantic Records, Atlantic, Polydor, Mercury Records, Mercury, Sire Records, Sire
- **past members**: Lou Reed
John Cale
Sterling Morrison
Angus MacLise
Maureen Tucker
Doug Yule
Walter Powers
Willie Alexander
Jyväskylä

**Jyväskylä** (; ) is a city and municipality in Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland. It is located about 150 km north-east from Tampere, the third largest city in Finland; and about 270 km north from Helsinki, the capital of Finland. The Jyväskylä sub-region includes Jyväskylä, Hankasalmi, Laukaa, Muurame, Petäjävesi, Toivakka, and Uurainen. Other border municipalities of Jyväskylä are Joutsa, Jämsä and Luhanka.

Jyväskylä is the largest city in the region of Central Finland and in the Finnish Lakeland; as of , Jyväskylä had a population of . The city has been one of the fastest-growing cities in Finland during the 20th century,
when in 1940, there were only 8,000 inhabitants in Jyväskylä. Since 2009, Korpilahti became a part of Jyväskylä.

Elias Lönnrot, the compiler of the Finnish national epic, the _Kalevala_, gave the city the nickname "Athens of Finland". This nickname refers to the major role of Jyväskylä as an educational centre. The works of the most famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto can be seen throughout the city. The city hosts the Neste Oil Rally Finland, which is part of the World Rally Championship. It is also home of the annual Jyväskylä Arts Festival.

## Other websites

- Jyväskylä page, _english_
- Jyväskylä page, _finnish_

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Jyväskylä
- **official name**:

- **nickname**: Athens of Finland; Capital of Finnish Rap music, rap; Capital of Sport in Finland, Finnish sport
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Jyväskylä collage2.jpg
- **imagesize**: 280px
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top-left: Lutakko Square, _Äijälänsalmi_ Strait, apartments in Lutakko, a courtyard in downtown Jyväskylä, the Jyväskylä City Church, and the old power station of Vaajakoski
- **image shield**: Jyväskylä.vaakuna.svg
- **pushpin map**: Finland
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Jyväskylä in Finland
- **pushpin mapsize**: 230
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Finland, Region
- **subdivision name1**:  Central Finland
- **subdivision type2**: Sub-regions of Finland, Sub-region
- **subdivision name2**: Jyväskylä sub-region
- **leader title**: City manager
- **leader name**: Timo Koivisto
- **established title**: Charter
- **established date**: 1837
- **area urban km2**: 99.25
- **population urban**: 117,974
- **population density urban km2**: 1188.7
- **blank2 name**: Unemployment rate
- **blank2 info**: 11.8%
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +02:00
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +03:00
- **website**: [http://www.jyvaskyla.fi/ www.jyvaskyla.fi]
1659

## Events

- February 16 – The first known cheque (400 pounds) is written.
- May 21 – The Kingdom of France, the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of The Hague.
- Thomas Hobbes publishes _De Homine_.
- Drought occurs in India.
- Christiaan Huygens writes _Systema Saturnium_.

- Abel Tasman, Dutch explorer