juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
E Prime

**E Prime** (it means **English Prime**) defines a way of speaking English without using the verb "to be" in any way ("be, is, am, are, was, were, been, and being"). Instead, an E Prime speaker or writer uses different verbs like "to become," "to remain," and "to equal" or they might choose to rearrange the sentence to show that the "thing" does not actually "act". For example, in E Prime, a writer would change the statement "Mistakes were made" to "Joe made mistakes." This change in wording reveals an actor (Joe) where the previous form concealed the actor. Users of E Prime would consider the changed sentence more accurate.

## What E Prime is

D. David Bourland, Jr. first suggested E Prime in 1965. Bourland had studied the discipline (way of thinking) of General Semantics. The main idea of General Semantics is that people can only know what they observe and experience when they see, hear, touch, taste, smell, think, and feel, and furthermore, that what they observe and experience can affect how they observe and experience in the future. Because each person has different experiences throughout their lives, they interpret their experiences differently.

Students of General Semantics and users of E Prime contend that to say "This cat **is** soft" leaves out many other attributes, and implies that the outside "object" of the cat is the "same as" the inside experience of "softness". Instead, E Prime users say "This cat **feels** soft TO ME" to remind themselves of the following:
1. That their experience of "softness" involves both the outside "object" called "cat" and the eyes, hands, brain and nervous system of the observer.
1. That someone else might experience different aspects of the cat.
1. That they themselves might experience something different at a different time or in different circumstances. (The cat might scratch them, or look or feel wet or matted with dirt.)

## What E Prime is not

Although languages like Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Cantonese do not always use a separate verb for "to be," they do have the idea of "being." For example, an English speaker might say "This apple is red." An Arabic speaker might say "This apple red." Most languages can be used to express the idea of a red apple. An E Prime user chooses to say "This apple looks red to me" to remind themselves that "seeing red" involves both the apple and the eye and brain of the person looking at the apple.

Many teachers of English encourage students to use verbs other than "to be." To them, using more active verbs makes writing clearer and more interesting. These teachers want to improve their students' writing and may not agree with the ideas of General Semantics or E Prime.

## Different functions of 'to be'

In English, 'to be' can have different functions:
1. It talks about identity: _The cat is my only pet_, _The cat is Garfield_
1. It talks about belonging to a class, or a group: _The cat is an animal_
1. It can talk about properties: _The cat is furry_
1. It can be an auxiliary verb: _The cat is sleeping_, _The cat is bitten by the dog_
1. It can talk about existence: _There is a cat_
1. It can talk about location: _The cat is here_
Einstein on the Beach

***Einstein on the Beach*** is an opera written by the minimalist composer Philip Glass and theater director and designer Robert Wilson. It was first acted for an audience in Avignon, France in 1976.

It is a single act opera, about five hours long with no intermission. Because of the length and the minimalist (repetitive) nature of the music, audience members are free to enter and leave the opera as they wish. Glass's music tends to cycle round, but does not exactly repeat itself. Admittedly, he has described himself as a composer of "music with repetitive structures". Though his earlier music fits what is normally called "minimalist", he has since evolved stylistically.
English

**English** can mean:
- From or about the country England
- English people
- English language
- The Amish word for somebody who is not in their group
- Avoirdupois, a system of measurement sometimes called "English".
- English opening, a chess opening
- English, Indiana, the county seat of Crawford County
Ethnic group

An **ethnic group** is a group of people who are considered to be the same in some or multiple ways. They may all have the same ancestors, speak the same language, or have the same culture, which could sometimes include religion. They often live in the same or surrounding area.

Sometimes almost all of the people in one country are of the same ethnic group, but not always. Often one country may have several different ethnic groups, or the people of one ethnic group may live in several different countries.

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ensures the rights of ethnic groups in Article 27 and also gives them the right to use their own language.

An example of an ethnic group is the Slavic peoples and Roma people.

## Related terms

- Supraethnicity or supra-ethnicity: a grouping of several interrelated ethnicities that have similar but unique cultures.

## Related pages

- Ethnic groups of the United States
- Minority group
Ewe

**Ewe** might mean:

- A female sheep
- Ewe language
Everything2

**Everything2** or **E2** is a website.  It lets people make pages about many different things, and some people use it as a diary.

E2 users create pages called _nodes_ and add stuff in _writeups_.  Only logged-in users can create writeups.  Only the person who created the writeup or someone who the website owners (called "gods") choose can edit the writeup.  On the other hand, on Wikipedia, anyone can edit pages, but on Everything2 only those who can edit the writeup can edit pages.

Everything2 does not require a neutral point of view like Wikipedia does. So, it is possible to have more than one article (writeups) under the same title (node), each by different authors, and presenting different points of view.

## Other websites

- Everything2 website
- Everything2.com article about Wikipedia
Editor

An **Editor** is a person who makes _edits_ (changes) to documents.

More specifically the word _editor_ can  mean:
- a person who changes texts; see copy editing.
    - a newspaper or magazine editor is a person who prepares articles for printing and sometimes chooses which articles to put in the newspaper. The main editor of a newspaper or magazine is called the "editor-in chief".
- a Wikipedia user who makes changes (also called "edits") to pages (articles, templates, categories, etc)
- text editor, an application program for editing an electronic text or media document
- one who, or that which, edits photos
    - film editor, a person who edits movies
    - a human or machine for movie film or video editing
Ecological yield

**Ecological yield** is the harvestable growth of an ecosystem.  It is most commonly measured in forestry - in fact sustainable forestry is defined as that which does not harvest more wood in a year than has grown in that year, within a given patch of forest.

However, the concept is also applicable to water, and soil, and any other aspect of an ecosystem which can be both harvested and renewed - the so-called renewable resources.  The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is reduced over time if more than the amount which is "renewed" (refreshed or regrown or rebuilt).
Experience economy

The **experience economy** is the intangible service economy that customers experience directly.  In moral purchasing, Natural Capitalism and other theories of how consumers make choices, they are actually choosing experiences or comprehensive outcomes of their choices.  For instance to buy local is to choose a whole experience of local suppliers, such as in a farmers market or Slow Food, that is quite different than the experience associated with factory food or fast food.
Flesch Reading Ease

The **Flesch Reading Ease** (FRES) score says how easy something is to read. J. Peter Kincaid and others made this formula for the U.S. Navy in 1975.

## How it works

The FRES test works by counting the number of words, syllables, and sentences in the text. It then calculates the average number of words per sentence and the average number of syllables per word. The idea is that shorter words and shorter sentences are easier to read. The higher the score, the easier the text is to  understand. The formula is:

Some points of reference for the score are:

|Score|School level|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- |
|100.00-90.00|5th grade|Very easy to read. Easily understood by an average 11-year-old student.|
|90.0–80.0|6th grade|Easy to read. Conversational English for consumers.|
|80.0–70.0|7th grade|Fairly easy to read.|
|70.0–60.0|8th & 9th grade|Plain English. Easily understood by 13- to 15-year-old students.|
|60.0–50.0|10th to 12th grade|Fairly hard to read.|
|50.0–30.0|College|Hard to read.|
|30.0–0.0|College graduate|Very hard to read. Best understood by university graduates.|

The highest score possible is 121.22. It is gained if every sentence only has a one-syllable word.
"The cat sat on the mat" scores 116. There is no lower limit to this score. Some very complicated
sentences can have negative scores.

The Flesch score is usually lower for technical documentation because the topic itself is complicated.
Someone who uses the test regularly will develop a sense of a reasonable score for this type of writing.
They can then aim to align with this score.

The Flesch score for this subsection is 74.

## Tools

Tools to calculate the Flesch Reading Ease include:

- Microsoft Word's grammar check
- Abiword (open source)
- KWord (open source)
- koRpus

## Other websites

- CheckText.org  ; A website that calculates Flesch Reading Ease
- Rudolf Flesch, the developer of the test, provides some background information on how to write plain English .
- readabilityofwikipedia.com : a website that calculates the score for Wikipedia
FAQ

**FAQ** is an abbreviation for "Frequently Asked Question(s)". The term is used for a list of questions and answers. All of the questions are supposed to be asked often and they all are about the same thing. Since the acronym was first used in written form, there are different ways it is said; both "fak" and "F.A.Q." are commonly used.

## Other websites

- FAQ definition, Jargon7767819960
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Frequently Asked Questions And Answer
Flame (disambiguation)

A flame is the part of a fire that can be seen. **Flame** might also mean:

- Flaming (internet) - Insult sent over the internet on purpose
- Flame polishing
- Flame retardant, a kind of material that resists heat and flame.
- Flame Nebula, a star in Orion's Belt

## Organizations

- Calgary Flames, Canadian ice hockey team
    - Atlanta Flames, original name of the Calgary Flames
- Guildford Flames, English ice hockey team
- Northumbria Flames, Northumbria University's ice hockey team
- Westchester Flames F.C., American football (soccer) team
- Canterbury Flames, New Zealand netball team
- Florida Flame, American basketball team
- Black Flame, publishing company

## Wilflife

- Flame (moth), a kind of moth
- Flame Skimmer, a kind of dragonfly
- Flame maple, a kind of maple tree
- Flame Robin, a kind of robin

## Other

- Flame gun
- Flame cell
Financial capital

**Financial capital** is a form of capital. It is things that have value, but do not do anything by themselves. They are only valuable because people value (want) them. For example, money is a form of financial capital. You cannot do anything with money but it still has value.

Financial capital is used to pay for things, this is because there is always more of it and people always want it. This means that financial capital has a stable value and can be traded in most places and with most people.

Some forms of financial capital, such as stocks, gold or bonds are not wanted by everybody. However they can be traded with people for money or another type of financial capital. Because of this, these forms of financial capital do not have a stable price. This means that some people try to make a profit by buying and selling these types of financial capital in a market.

Some things are treated as financial capital, even though they do have a use. For example, some people buy and sell land but are not interested in doing anything with it. Some people think this sort of trade is bad because the land should be used and not just treated like money. Other types of capital, such as social capital and human capital are rarely treated like financial capital. This may be because they involve people. Treating useful capital like financial capital is called comodification.

In politics, a common question is how often the government should use financial capital. In particular, should the government use financial capital to make a profit? Traditionally, liberal politicians do not mind this kind of trading for profit, but socialist or conservative politicians are against it.
Fecund universes

**Fecund universes** is a multiverse theory of Lee Smolin.  It relies on models of our universe and statistics from astrophysics but is more correctly a theory of cosmology.

In this theory, collapsing stars, or black holes, are always creating new universes with slightly different laws of physics.  Because these laws are only slightly different, each is assumed to be like a mutation of the original universe, as if each universe was a kind of single-celled organism.  It would reproduce by "splitting" in some sense.

This theory relies on many models of our universe to model these "mutated" alternative universes, the ones that Smolin supposes are generated or "spun off" by black holes.

No human can ever be part of any of these "other" universes.  Observations from astrophysics can only say if the black holes exist or are common, and give some idea of how much the laws of physics can vary and still let the new universes produce new black holes.

Smolin predicts that there would be many black holes in the universe humans can see, since they are likely in a very late born universe, by simple probability.  If there are many black holes, that is evidence for his theory,

As this shows, cosmology has a very different standard of evidence and burden of proof than is required for models of our universe only, which humans (using mathematics) can observe and exchange knowledge on.

It is hard to separate science from religion on such questions.  It may be a simple matter of preference whether one wants to see one's universe as part of a system like biology or like mechanics - clockwork.  Smolin's theory is important mostly because it challenges the mechanistic paradigm.

Even if it is wrong, it raises the idea that living beings might have to see their universe as also living to be able to understand or care about it at all.  Some compare Smolin's theory to Gaia philosophy which combines biology, geology and ecology to explain the Earth, our planet, as a living thing.  If both are right, humans are on a living planet in a living universe.  This idea is very appealing - which does not mean it is really "right".
Fine

If someone is found guilty of a crime, their punishment may be to pay a **fine**, a certain amount of money. In many countries, fines can be ordered by police, court judges and some government officers.

When agreeing to a contract with a business, a customer may agree to certain rules. If the customer breaks the rules, then they agree to pay a fine for doing so. For example, when somebody hires a car and agrees to return it by Friday, they agree that if they do not return the car by Friday, they must pay a $50 fine to the business.
Frying

**Frying** is cooking food in hot butter or vegetable oil or other fat. We can fry food in a small amount of fat in a pan or in a lot of oil in a pot. Some restaurants use deep frying to fry a large amount of food.
Foot (human)

- _Foot is also the name of a unit of measurement. See foot (unit).

A **foot** (one _foot_, two or more **feet**) is a body part on the end of a leg. It is used when walking. It is also important for balance: it helps people stand straight. People also use it to kick, in both fighting and sports, football being an example.

People's hands and feet have the same shape: they both have five _digits_ (the fingers and toes). Many other animals with backbones also have five digits. The part of the foot which joins it to the leg is called the _heel_. The bottom of the foot is called the _sole_.

Most land vertebrate<nowiki/>s have feet, and there are many different sorts of foot. The feet of monkeys are much like the hands. The hard foot of an ungulate is a hoof. When an animal has soft feet, or feet with soft parts on the underside, it is called a _paw_. Many invertebrates also have feet.

Many use footwear to protect themselves from weather and dirt. There are multiple kinds of footwear, for example _sandals_, _shoes_, and _boots_.  When people do not remove footwear, especially in hot places or when they are very active, their feet can smell badly (_foot odour)_.  Wearing footwear that is too big or small can be bad for the feet, causing blisters. People who have foot, leg, and back problems can also get help from special shoes.

People have different traditions in different parts of the world for when to wear footwear.  For example, in many countries, usually do not wear their shoes or boots in a home.  In the United States people often wear shoes inside a home.  In Japan, people do not wear shoes in homes, and floors are often made of very soft materials. In Japan it is also important to keep the floors clean. In cultures where people always wear shoes, people sometimes think it is bad not to wear them.  Not wearing shoes can be good for the feet, especially if they are damaged.

Conditions like Athlete's foot affect the feet, causing the feet to feel dry and cracked.  Doctors who work with people's feet are _podiatrists_ or _chiropodists''.

## Bones

Half the bones in a human body are in the foot.  There are 26 bones there.  They are 14 phalanges (toes), 5 metatarsals (arch of the foot), and 7 tarsals (ankle bones).
Farm

A **farm** is a piece of land used to grow crops  and/or raise animals.

People who grow these plants or raise these animals are called farmers. This work is called farming.

Land that is used to grow plants is called farmland.  Land that is used to feed animals with its grass is called pasture.  Land that can be used to grow plants for food is called arable land.

Many farms are very large and can cause damage.  In some places farms are many and small, and can also cause damage.  Farms provides most of the food for people.  Some people farm to eat the food they produce (subsistence agriculture). Other farms, including large ones, sell their produced crops or animals, like horses, to markets far away in urban areas (commercial or industrial farming). Most subsistence farms are in poorer countries, while industrial farms are in richer countries.

## Kinds of farms

- A farm that produces fruits or nuts is called an _orchard_.
- A farm that produces grapes is called a _vineyard_.
- A farm that raises and trains horses is called a _stable_.
- A farm that produces milk and dairy products is called a _dairy farm_.
- If the animals are raised for meat it is a ranch.
- A large farm that produces non-essential crops like tobacco, coffee, cotton or sugarcane is called a plantation.
- A farm that produces rice and taro is called a paddy field.

## Related pages

- Farming
- Ranch
Glass

**Glass** is a hard material that can be made in many shapes. It is usually transparent, but it can also be made in colours. Glass is mainly made of silica; glass made of silica only is called silica glass.

Glass used to make windows and bottles is a specific type called soda-lime glass, composed of about 75% silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>), sodium oxide (Na<sub>2</sub>O) from sodium carbonate (Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>), calcium oxide, also called lime (CaO), and several minor additives.

By changing the proportions, and adding different ingredients, many kinds of glass can be made. Coloured glass is made by adding small amounts of metal oxides. For example, a blue colour is given by tiny amounts of cobalt oxide.

Crystal glass is made by adding lead and zinc oxides. It is not actually a crystal because all glass is a non-crystalline solid. Crystal glass is called cut glass if it has been cut by hand:
- " 'Cut glass' is glass that has been decorated entirely by hand by use of rotating wheels. Cuts are made in an otherwise completely smooth surface of the glass by workers holding and moving the piece against various sized metal or stone wheels".

Because glass is used to make lenses, the word "glasses" often means eyeglasses.

The myth that glass is actually a liquid comes from the fact that old windows in houses and churches (200–300 years old) are sometimes a little out of shape: thicker at the bottom than the top. This is actually due to the process of glass making in the past which led to the glass pane being thicker at one edge than the other. It was sensible to install the windows with the thick edge at the bottom. Sometimes a window can be found with the thick edge at the top of the window.

Glass can be recycled over and over. Glass bottles and jars can easily be recycled to make new glass bottles and jars or used in industry as aggregate (building material) or sand.

## Other websites

- Corning Museum of Glass
- A comprehensive guide to art glass and crystal around the world
- Working Description Furnace & Moleria - Murano Glass
- Informative website about the glass industry
- Substances used in the Making of Colored Glass
- Almost 400 articles and images about glass (mostly art glass)
God's eye view

**God's eye view** is a name for a point of view where the speaker or writer assumes they have knowledge only God would have. It appears several ways:

- In religion, when an institution claims to speak for a divine being.

- In writing, when a writer leaves the point of view of the main actor to start writing about things they could not know if the story were in real life.

- In science, when a scientist ignores the way a subject-object problem affects statistics or an observer effect affects experiment.

- In medicine when a doctor makes a claim that The Gaze they use on a patient, actually sees the problem, rather than making a guess at a problem.

- In ethics when a statement is made about who or what is right, without an honest attempt to make the process of deciding this consider all points of view.

A special case of the last is in a wiki with a GodKing.  Often this person can get others to believe what they say about what is right, without making any special effort to be fair to other views.

Many people think René Descartes took a God's eye view when he said cogito ergo sum.  George Berkeley argued that optics from Isaac Newton and Johannes Kepler also had this problem.
Gallon

A **gallon** is a volumetric unit of measurement. People have used many different gallons throughout history. Only two gallons are still commonly used, which are the imperial and U.S. liquid gallon. 1 imperial gallon is 4.5 litres and 1 U.S. liquid gallon is 4.4 litres

## Sale of petrol

Petrol, also known as gasoline, is sold by the imperial gallon in four British Overseas Territories (Anguilla, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands, and Montserrat) and six countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines). All of the countries and territories just mentioned also use miles per hour for speed limits and drive on the left side of the road.

Gasoline is sold by the U.S. gallon in Belize, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Liberia, Nicaragua, and Peru, as well as in the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau.

## Sizes

|1 imperial gallon|= 4.54609 litres (exactly)|
| --- | --- |
||= 8 imperial pints|
||= 160 imperial fluid ounces|
||≈ 1.20 U.S. wet gallons|
||≈ 1.03 U.S. dry gallons|
||= 10 pounds of pure water at 62° Fahrenheit|
|1 U.S. wet gallon|= 231 cubic inches = 3 in × 7 in × 11 in **This is the gallon commonly used in the US.**|
||= 128 U.S. fl. oz.|
||= 8 U.S. wet pints|
||=  of a U.S. oil barrel|
||= 3.785411784 litres (exactly)|
||≈ 0.83 imperial gallons|
||≈ 0.86 U.S. dry gallons|
||≈ 8.33 pounds of pure water at room temperature|
|1 U.S. dry gallon|= 268.8025 cubic inches **Occasionally used in the US.**|
||= 8 U.S. dry pints|
||=  of a U.S. bushel|
||= 4.40488377086 litres (exactly)|
||≈ 0.97 imperial gallons|
||≈ 1.16 U.S. wet gallons|
Geometry

**Geometry** (from Ancient Greek: Γεωμετρία (romanized: _Geometria_ (English: "Land measurement") derived from Γη (romanized: Ge; English: "Earth" or "land") and also derived from Μέτρον) (romanized: _Métron_; English: "A measure")) is a branch of mathematics that studies the size, shapes, positions and dimensions of things. We can only see shapes that are flat (2D) or solid (3D), but mathematicians (people who study math) are able to study shapes that are 4D, 5D, 6D, and so on.

Squares, circles and triangles are some of the simplest shapes in flat geometry. Cubes, cylinders, cones and spheres are simple shapes in solid geometry.

## Uses

Plane geometry can be used to measure the area and perimeter of a flat shape. Solid geometry can measure a solid shape's volume and surface area.

Geometry can be used to calculate the size and shape of many things. For example, geometry can help people find:
- the surface area of a house, so they can buy the right amount of paint
- the volume of a box, to see if it is big enough to hold a liter of food
- the area of a farm, so it can be divided into equal parts
- the distance around the edge of a pond, to know how much fencing to buy.

## Origins

Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. Geometry began as the art of surveying of land so that it could be shared fairly between people. The word "geometry" is from a Greek word that means "to measure the land". It has grown from this to become one of the most important parts of mathematics. The Greek mathematician Euclid wrote the first book about geometry, a book called _The Elements_.

## Non-Euclidean geometry

Plane and solid geometry, as described by Euclid in his textbook Elements, is called "Euclidean Geometry". This was simply called "geometry" for centuries. In the 19th century, mathematicians created several new kinds of geometry that changed the rules of Euclidean geometry. These and earlier kinds were called "non-Euclidean" (not created by Euclid). For example, hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry come from changing Euclid's parallel postulate.

Non-Euclidean geometry is more complicated than Euclidean geometry but has many uses. Spherical geometry for example is used in astronomy and cartography.

## Examples

Geometry starts with a few simple ideas that are thought to be true, called axioms. Such as:
- A **point** is shown on paper by touching it with a pencil or pen, without making any sideways movement. We know where the point is, but it has no size.
- A **straight line** is the shortest distance between two points. For example, Sophie pulls a piece of string from one point to another point. A straight line between the two points will follow the path of the tight string.
- A **plane** is a flat surface that does not stop in any direction. For example, imagine a wall that extends in all directions infinitely.

## Related pages

- Topology
Goatee

A **goatee** is a beard formed by a tuft of hair under the chin, resembling that of a billy goat.

## Other websites

- Information on goatees
Herm

**Herm** is the smallest of the Channel Islands that is open to the public.

Herm is only 1 miles long. Cars are banned from the small island just like its Channel Island neighbour, Sark. Unlike Sark, bicycles are banned too. The sandy white beaches make Herm a walker's paradise.

Population: 60 (2002).

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Herm
- **native name**: _Haerme_
- **common name**: Herm
- **image flag**: Flag of Herm.svg
- **image coat**: Blason Ile Herm.svg
- **alt coat**: Coat of arms
- **symbol type**: Coat of arms
- **image map**: Uk map guernsey.png
- **national motto**: none
- **national anthem**: _Sarnia Cherie_
- **leader title1**: Chief of state
- **leader name1**: Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II, Duke of Normandy
- **leader title2**: Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey, Lt Governor
- **leader name2**: Peter Walker (RAF officer), Peter Walker
- **leader title3**: List of tenants of Herm, Tenants
- **leader name3**: John and Julia Singer
- **area km2**: 2
- **area sq mi**: 0.77
- **percent water**: negligible
- **population census**: 60
- **population census year**: 2002
- **population density km2**: 30
- **population density sq mi**: 77.7
- **currency**: Pound sterling<sup>a</sup>
- **currency code**: GBP
- **time zone**: GMT
- **utc offset**: +0
- **time zone dst**: Western European Summer Time, WEST
- **utc offset dst**: +1
- **cctld**: .gg
- **footnote a**: The States of Guernsey, of which Herm is a dependency, issue their own Pound sterling, sterling coins and banknotes; see Guernsey pound.
Harbor

A **harbor** (American English) or **harbour** (British English) is a place where ships may shelter. Some harbors are used as port<nowiki/>s to load and unload ships. The port will have quays or piers where the ships may be tied up and a transport system for taking goods inland. Often railway and road transport will be used. Goods also move by pipeline transport and by smaller ships on rivers.

Harbor means to shelter or keep safe. Harbors can be natural as in San Francisco or artificial as in ancient Carthage or a mix of both. During the D-Day operations of 1944, two artificial harbors (named mulberry) were built just off the beaches where the invasion was happening.

## Related pages

- Dock
- Marina
- Naval base
- Quay
- Seaport
- Transport
- Wharf
Hawaii (island)

The **Island of Hawaiʻi** is the largest U.S. Hawaiian Island, and it is the farthest south. It is also called the "Big Island." Its area is 4,038 sq. miles (10,458 km2). The widest part of the island is 93 miles (150 km) across.
The Big Island has more than half (~62%) of the total land area of State of Hawaii. It is part of County of Hawaii.

The island is seven separate shield volcanos that erupted more or less one at a time, one partly covering the other. These are (from oldest to youngest): Kohala (extinct), Mauna Kea (dormant), Hualalai (dormant), Mauna Loa (active), Kulani (extinct, mostly buried), and Kilauea (very active). The volcanos were caused by the Pacific oceanic tectonic plate moving over a hotspot. There lava from the Earth's lower mantle or upper core is close to the surface.

The largest city on the island is Hilo. Hilo has many historic buildings, interesting shops, parks, many performances, festivals and events. It is on the rainy, east side of the island. The city of Kailua-Kona is on the dry, west side of Hawaii, and is popular with tourists.

## References

- MacDonald, G. A., and A. T. Abbott. 1970. _Volcanoes in the Sea_. Univ. of Hawaii Press, Honolulu. 441 p.
- History and culture of Hilo. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.hiloliving.com/Hilo_Culture.html
Hawaii Ponoi

"**Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī**" (; "Hawai's Sons") is the state song of Hawaii. The words were written by King David Kalakaua, the music by Prof. Henry Berger, the Royal Bandmaster. "Hawai`i Ponoi" was also the anthem of the Kingdom of Hawai`i and the Territory of Hawai`i.

## Lyrics

|Hawaiian original|IPA transcription|English translation|
| --- | --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|<poem>Hawaii's own true sons, Loyal to thy king be. Thine only ruling chief, Thy liege and lord. <small>**Chorus:**</small> _Royal father,_ _Kamehameha._ _We shall defend,_ _With the spear._ Hawaii's own true sons, Honor give to thy chiefs, Of kindred race are we, Younger descent. <small>***Chorus***</small> Hawaii's own true sons, People of this our land, Duty calls fealty, Guide in the right. <small>***Chorus***</small></poem>|

## Infobox (anthem)

- **title**: Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī
- **english title**: Hawai's Sons
- **image**: Cover of Hawaii Ponoi1.jpg
- **prefix**: State
- **country**: Hawaii
- **author**: Kalākaua
- **composer**: Henry Berger
- **adopted**: 1874 (as national anthem of Hawaiian Kingdom)

1967 (as Hawaii state song)
- **until**: 1893 (as national anthem of Hawaiian Kingdom)
- **sound title**: Hawaiʻi ponoʻī
Healing

**Healing** is a process that happens in the body. Through healing, cells are able to repair damaged tissue.
There are two different ways healing can happen:
- The damaged tissue is replaced with tissue of the same kind. This is called _regeneration_.
- The damaged tissue is replaced with scar tissue. This is called _repair_

Most healing processes combine both ways of healing.

## Other websites

- How wounds heal and tumors form  With this simple Flash demonstration, Harvard professor Donald Ingber explains how wounds heal, why scars form, and how tumors develop. Presented by Children's Hospital Boston.
- Wound Healing
- Wound Healing and Repair
- Lorenz H.P. and Longaker M.T.  Wounds: Biology, Pathology, and Management .  Stanford University Medical Center.
- Romo T. and McLaughlin L.A. 2003. Wound Healing, Skin.  Emedicine.com.
- Rosenberg L. and de la Torre J. 2003. Wound Healing, Growth Factors.  Emedicine.com.
Height

**Height** is the distance between the lowest end and highest end of an object.

For example, it is said the bottom of the foot is a person's lowest end, and the top of the head is a person's highest end. If the distance between the bottom of a person's foot and the top of that person's head is 64 inches, then that person's height is 64 inches.

Height is measured in 3D objects. 2D objects do not have height; they only have length and width.

## Related pages

- Depth
- Elevation
- Volume
Historian

A **historian** is someone who studies history.  Historians use written sources to understand past events and societies.

## Education

Professional historians often get a Master's degree or PhD. A Master's degree student spends most of their time in the classroom. A PhD student needs to write a long research paper known as a thesis to graduate. Classes focus on learning about history, not teaching history. However, most historians do need to teach history.

## As a job

Professional historians are often professors of history and teach it at colleges and universities. They share their ideas about history by writing books and articles.

Other historians work in public history. They may work in museums or at landmarks where important historic events happened.

## Related pages

- List of historians

### Sources

<div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
- Richard B. Todd, ed. (2004). _Dictionary of British Classicists, 1500–1960_, Bristol: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004 .
- Kelly Boyd, ed. (1999). _Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing_. London [etc.] : Fitzroy Dearborn
- Lateiner, D. (1989). _The historical method of Herodotus_. Phoenix, 23. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
- John Cannon et al., eds. (1988). _The Blackwell Dictionary of Historians_. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1988 .
- Hartog, F. (1988). _The mirror of Herodotus: the representation of the other in the writing of history_. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Erik Christiansen (1970). _The Last Hundred Years of the Roman Republic_, Odense: Andelsbogtrykkeriet
- Gottschalk, L. R. (1950). _Understanding history; a primer of historical method_. New York: Knopf
- Barnes, M. S. (1896). _Studies in historical method_. Heath's pedagogical library. Boston: D.C. Heath & Co.
- Taylor, I. (1889). _History of the transmission of ancient books to modern times, together with the process of historical proof: or, a concise account of the means by which the genuineness of ancient literature generally, and authenticity of historical works especially, are ascertained, including incidental remarks upon the relative strength of the evidence usually adduced in behalf of the Holy Scriptures_. Liverpool: E. Howell.
- Herodotus, Rawlinson, G., Rawlinson, H. C., & Wilkinson, J. G. (1862). _History of Herodotus_. A new English version. London: John Murray.
- Véricour, L. R. d. (1850). _Historical analysis of Christian civilisation_. London: J. Chapman.
- Taylor, I. (1828). _The process of historical proof_. London: Printed for B. J. Holdsworth.
- Elizabeth Kostova "The Historian"
</div>
Home page

The **home page** of a website is the document that a web server sends to another computer's web browser application when it has been contacted without a request for specific information.  That is, when one enters only a domain name in the Address box without specifying a directory or a file, the _home page_ is usually the first part of the website one would be taken to.  The Home Page is also called the Main Page.

A properly written home page will tell a user about the information available on the website, and how to view different parts of the website.

The home page of _simple.wikipedia.org_ can be found at this link.

**Home Page** was a popular computer application used for composing web pages.

## In Linux servers

In Linux-based servers, the homepage is default.html, default.php, etc. This is a problem for website administrators to install website applications like MediaWiki. Mainly because most website applications are created with the homepage as index.php for PHP applications.

## In Windows servers

Similarly, in Windows-based servers, the homepage is default.html, default.php, etc.
If

**If** is a word to describe a statement where one thing depends on something else.

For example:
- We can call this true _if_ there is proof.
- We will play outside _if_ it does not rain.

---
***If*** is also a poem written by Rudyard Kipling. It appeared in the _Brother Square Toes_ chapter of Kipling's book _Rewards and Fairies_. In a 1995 BBC opinion poll, it was voted Britain's favourite poem. It is arguably Kipling's most famous poem.
Island

An **island** is a piece of land that is surrounded by a body of water such as a lake, river, sea or ocean. Islands are smaller than continents. Although there are many Islands that are surrounded by fresh water, the vast majority of them are surrounded by oceans.

Greenland and Australia are huge islands, but they are built of continental rock, and the latter is generally considered a continent. The most ancient part of continental rock is far older and chemically more complex than the rock of the sea floor.

The heart of continents is their cratons, which are the most ancient and stable parts of the Earth's crust. In the cratons are all the rare elements needed for electronic equipment. They were swept up as the Sun moved through areas where supernovae had exploded. The rare elements we need were all got indirectly from supernovae explosions. The Sun's energy  comes from turning hydrogen into helium.

There are some islands which do have rare elements, and that is a sign that they were once part of a large supercontinent. So Great Britain was once part of a supercontinent. The oldest rocks are 2,700 million years old, and include many rare elements only found in cratons. Britain is a snapped-off piece of the _Old Red Sandstone continent_, now known as Laurasia.

Other islands that were formed from the ocean floor, as Japan, and Hawaii were, lack most of the rare elements. Japan has for many years since WWII imported iron ore from Australia. Its seizing of Manchukuo (~Manchuria) and the infamous attack on Pearl Harbour no doubt had many reasons. Lack of raw materials was one of these  Now it looks  for potential in its nearby deep-sea muds.

### In Europe

- Great Britain 218,995 km²
- Iceland 101,826 km²
- Ireland 81,638 km²
- The island in the north of Novaja Zemlja 47,079 km²
- Spitsbergen 38,981 km²
- The island in the south of Novaja Zemlja 33,246 km²
- Sicily 25,662 km²
- Sardinia 23,812 km²
- Nordaustlandet (archipelago of Svalbard, Norway) 14,247 km²
- Corsica 8,741 km²

### Other places

- Australia 7,662,000 km²
- Cyprus 9,234 km²
- Greenland 2,130,800 km²
- New Guinea 785,753 km²
- Borneo 748,138 km²
- Madagascar 587,041 km²
- Baffin 507,451 km²
- Sumatra 442,658 km²
- Honshu 233,000 km2
- Victoria Island 217,000 km2
- Ellesmere Island 196,000 km2
- wsp
IELTS

The **International English Language Testing System** (IELTS) tests how fluent you are in the English language. People who take the test take the Academic Module or the General Training Module. The academic one is for people who want to go to university. The general one is for people who want to do other training or want to get work experience. People who want to emigrate to a country that uses English also take the general one.

Most universities in Australia, Britain, Canada, New Zealand and the United States accept the IELTS. Many professional companies do as well.

## Other websites

- IELTS Web Site
- IELTS Exams
Ink

**Ink** is a liquid that is used to write, draw, print, or make marks. The word ink is from Latin and means "colored water". Ink is used in pens, in some computer printers, and in printing presses. In some countries, people write by using ink and brushes. People usually write or print using black ink, but ink can be any color. The first ink was used in Egypt about 2600 BC.

The first inks were carbon inks, made from soot, which is 80% carbon, water and gum arabic. Red ink would need iron oxide (such as haematite) from ground rocks instead of soot. Later, in Europe, people used iron gall ink. This is the kind of ink Johann Sebastian Bach and Leonardo da Vinci used. Now ink colours are produced by man-made dyes.

A disadvantage of many kinds of ink is that they may smudge when wet, spoiling the picture or writing. If water-based ink is used, the writing situation needs to be stable, with the writer seated at a table. Ink in a ballpoint pen (biro) is a kind of gel. It is held in a thin long cylinder (tube) inside the pen. The ink does not fall out of the cylinder as it sticks to the sides of the tube. Therefore, ballpoint pens can be used in a wider range of circumstances compared to water-based inks.

## References

- .
Inch

The **inch** is a unit of length in the Imperial system and the United States customary system. The abbreviation for inches is **in** or **"**. There are 12 inches in a foot. One inch is equal to 2.54 centimetres.

The word "inch" came from Middle English _unche_, which came from Old English _ynce_, from Latin _uncia_ meaning "a twelfth part".

An **inch** (symbol: in or ″) is a fundamental unit of length in the imperial and United States customary measurement systems. While most of the world has adopted the metric system, inches remain the standard for many applications in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

## History

The inch was originally defined as 3 barleycorns. The inch was finally standardised in the International Yard and Pound Treaty in 1959 between the United States, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. The international yard was made equal to 0.9144 metres. From this, subdivisions and multiples of the yard were specifically defined.

## Usage

In Britain and the United States, people use inches more than they use millimetres or centimetres. In the rest of the world, international units are almost always used. The inch is not used by scientists.

In the United Kingdom, road signs that show how high a vehicle can be in order to pass through a tunnel are required to be in feet and inches. Theme parks and drive thru signs usually show it in metres. People regularly measure their height in feet and inches. Official medical records, however, are required to record people's height in metric measurements only.

In Canada, a mix of centimetres and inches are used in height. Older generations, especially, use Imperial units. A lot of exposure to Americanized phrases leads to younger generations often having a good understanding of both the Imperial and metric systems.

In the United States, height is always in feet and inches. Science is the only field to use metric measurements.

Other Commonwealth countries, including Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Jamaica use inches to varying degrees. From every day use to exclusively the older community.

## Length

|International|Thou|Inch|Foot|Yard|Centimetre|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Inch|1000|1|||2.54|
Pint

The **pint** (abbreviated **pt**) is a unit of volume in imperial units and United States customary units. There are three types of pints used in different countries. An imperial pint and US pint both equal  of a quart and  of a gallon.

An imperial fluid ounce is approximately 4% smaller than a US fluid ounce although an imperial pint has 4 more fluid ounces than a US pint, making an imperial pint approximately 20% larger than a US pint.

## Imperial Pint

The imperial pint is the pint used in England, Canada, Ireland, and Burma. The unit may appear in other Commonwealth. Confusion in Canada often arises as liquids are occasionally sold in U.S. pints, near the border, although the official and only pint that is legal in Canada is the imperial pint. The imperial system has no dry pint and volume in dry units, since solid objects are measured by mass. 1 imperial pint equals 568,261.25 mm<sup>3</sup>.

An imperial fluid ounce is approximately 4% smaller than a US fluid ounce although an imperial pint has 4 more fluid ounces than a US pint, making an imperial pint approximately 20% larger than a US pint.

|Units|Gallons|U.S. Fluid Ounces|U.S. Pints|Millilitres|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Pint||19.2152|1.20095|568.26125|

## US Wet Pint

The US wet pint, or more commonly 'pint', is the unit used to measure volume in the United States. It is more common than the dry pint which is used for non-liquid volume measurements. 1 US pint is exactly equal to 473,176.473 mm<sup>3</sup>, defined by the international yard and pound agreement.
|Units|Fluid ounces|Gills|Cups|Pints|Quarts|Gallons|Imperial pints|Millilitres|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Pint|16|4|2|1|||0.832674|473.176473|

## US Dry Pint

The US dry pint was a unit used for measuring the volume of solid objects instead of mass or quantity.
|Units|dry quarts|dry gallons|bushels|dry hogshead|US wet pints|imperial pints|millilitres|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Pint|||||≈1.16|≈0.97|550.6104713575|

## Usage

- The wet U.S. pint is still commonly used in the United States.
- In Canada, it is commonly used for alcohol although a pint can vary from 12 fl oz to 20 fl oz and is sometimes incorrectly given in US fl oz.
- In England and Ireland, only milk and pure ethanol are sold in pints; however, milk must have litres next to pints.
- In England, milk is often sold in metric quantities near to imperial pints.
Italian

The word **Italian** may mean:
- Anything related to the country of Italy
    - Italians, people of Italy
    - Italian cuisine, food of Italy
    - Italian language
Italians

**Italians** ( ) are a Romance ethnic group native to the Italian peninsula. Italians have a common culture, history, ancestry and language.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Italians
- **flag**:
- **flag caption**: Flag of Italy, The national flag of Italy
- **regions**: 55,551,000
- **languages**: Italian language, Italian and other languages of Italy
- **religions**: Christianity (Catholic Church)
- **related groups**: Greeks, Maltese people and other Romance peoples
ISO 19011

**ISO 19011** is the new global accounting standard, replacing accounting standards that were part of ISO 14001 and ISO 9001.  It is the most likely basis for accounting reform which could put an end to accounting scandals.

The standard offers four resources to organizations to "save time, effort and money":

- A clear explanation of the principles of management systems auditing.
- Guidance on the management of audit programs.
- Guidance on the conduct of internal or external audits.
- Advice on the competence and evaluation of auditors.
India

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of India
| common_name            = India
| native_name            = {{native name|hi|भारत गणराज्य}}
{{resize|85%|{{transliteration|hi|Bhārat Gaṇarājya}}}}
{{collapsible list
  |titlestyle = text-align:center; font-size:85%;
  |title = {{nobold|Scheduled languages:}}
  |{{Infobox|subbox=yes|bodystyle= font-size:80%;
    | rowclass1 = mergedrow| label1 = Assamese: | data1 = {{lang|as|ভাৰতৰ গণৰাজ্য}}