Akbar

**Akbar** (Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar, 15 October 1542 – 27 October 1605), also known as **Akbar the Great** was the 3rd Mughal Emperor. He was the son of 2nd Mughal Emperor Humayun. Akbar is considered one of the greatest emperors in Indian history.

Akbar grew up in a Hindu household and was born in a fortress of local Hindu ruler of Amarkot (modern-day Umerkot, Sindh, Pakistan). Akbar became the _de jure_ (by Law) king in 1556 at the age of 13 when his father died. Akbar was too young to rule, so Bairam Khan was appointed as Akbar's regent and chief army commander. Soon after coming to power Akbar defeated Hemu, the general of the Afghan forces, in the Second Battle of Panipat. After a few years, he ended the regency of Bairam Khan and took charge of the kingdom. He initially offered friendship to the Hindu kings. However, he had to fight against the Rajputs who opposed him. In 1576 he fought Maharana Pratap of Mewar in the Battle of Haldighati, who defeated Akbar later and reconquered most of his territories in Battle of Dewair. Akbar's wars made the Mughal empire more than twice as big as it had been before, covering most of the Indian subcontinent except the south (excluding the Deccan Plateau).

## Administration

Akbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the Delhi Sultanate, but the functions of various departments were reorganized with detailed regulations for their functioning
- The revenue department was headed by a _Wazir_, responsible for all finances and management of _Jagir_ and _Inamdar_ feudal lands.
- The head of the military was called the _Mir Bakhshi_, appointed from among the leading nobles of the court. The _Mir Bakhshi_ was in-charge of intelligence gathering, and also made recommendations to the emperor for military appointments and promotions.
- The _Mir Atish_, under the Mughal Empire, was the head of Ordinance department.
- The _Mir Bahar_, was the head of Customs, Ferry Taxes, Boats and Port Duties in coastal towns.
- The _Mohtasib/Muhtasab_, was the regulator of Public Business and enforced Islamic Injunctions. This title was also given to the Religious Officers.
- The _Mir Saman_ was in-charge of the imperial household, including the Harems, and supervised the functioning of the court and royal bodyguard.
- The judiciary was a separate organization headed by a chief _Qazi_, who was also responsible for religious beliefs and practices.

## Military campaigns

Akbar conquered Gujarat and expanded his reign into much of northern and Central India by having conquered Malwa. Later he expanded his realm into Rajputana  Beginning in 1561, the Mughals of delhi actively engaged the Hindu rulers in warfare and diplomacy. A few states accepted Akbar's suzerainty; however, the rulers of Mewar and Marwar—Udai Singh II and Chandrasen Rathore—remained outside the imperial fold.  Later akbar conquered the Indus valley. Due to his liberal policies and conversion to Din-I-Ilahhi, Afghans of kabul had rebelled against him, To supress the revolt akbar first sent Raja Birbal, When he died, Akbar sent Raja Man singh who successfully conquered Kabul.

## Religious policy

Akbar was a Muslim. He realized that to establish a strong empire, he had to gain the confidence of his Hindu people who were the majority in India.

Din-i-ilahi (_Religion of God_) was a religious path suggested by Akbar. It was a code of moral conduct which reflected Akbar's secular ideas and he desire to achieve peace, unity, tolerance in his empire. Belief in one god, worship of source of light, non-killing of animals, Having peace with all were some features of Din-i-ilahi. It didn't have any rituals, holy books, temples or priests.

Male circumcision was not to be done before the boy was 12 years old, and after that it was optional. It was a Jewish custom adopted by Islam. Akbar's rule was that it should be made optional and should be done, if at all, at an age when boys could understand what it was. Here Akbar gave every man a choice and opportunity to have a play of his reason. Indeed, the boy of reason as he was, he could not deny it to others.

When he was at Fatehpur Sikri, he held discussions as he loved to know about others' religious beliefs. On one such day, he got to know that the religious people of other religions were often bigots (intolerant of others religious beliefs). This led him to form the idea of the new religion, Sulh-e-kul meaning _universal peace_. His idea of this religion did not discriminate other religions and focused on the ideas of peace, unity and tolerance. This gesture of his made the Hindus and people of other religions call him with different names and start loving him.

## Personality

Akbar's reign was chronicled by his court historian Abul Fazal in the books _Akbarnama_ and _Ain-i-Akbari_. Other sources of Akbar's reign include the wod Sirhindi. Akbar was an artisan, warrior, artist, armourer, administrator carpenter, emperor, general, inventor, animal trainer, technologist. He became emperor at the age of 13.

## Navaratnas

Akbar had Navaratnas (_nine jewels in Sanskrit_) in his court which include Abul Fazl, Faizi, Tansen, Birbal, Raja Todar Mal, Raja Man Singh, Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, Fakir Azizudin and Mohd Shakil Hasan

## Akbarnama

(Pronounced as _Akbar-e-Namah_)
The Akbarnāma means the _Book of Akbar_. It is the official biographical account of Akbar written by Abu Fazl. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times. It also includes the information about the flora, fauna, life of the people of his reign, and the places Akbar used to visit.

The work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by Abul Fazl, one of the Navratnas (Nine Jewels) of Akbar's royal court. The book took seven years to complete. An illustration was done in the Mughal school of painting. A part of this is _Ain-i-Akbari_.

## Death

On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentery, from which he never recovered. Twelve days after his sixty third year he died on 27 October 1605, after which his body was buried at a mausoleum in Sikandra (Agra): Akbar's tomb.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **image**: Portrait of Emperor Akbar Praying.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of Akbar praying to Sun God
- **name**: Akbar
- **title**: Padishah
Ghazi
  (King of kings of India)
- **succession**: 3rd Mughal dynasty, Mughal Emperor
- **reign**: 11 February 1556 – 27 October 1605
- **coronation**: 14 February 1556
- **predecessor**: Humayun
- **successor**: Jahangir
- **regent**: Bairam Khan (1556–1560)
- **spouse-type**: Consorts
- **spouses-type**: Wives
- **issue-link**: #Issue
- **full name**: Abu'l-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar
- **posthumous name**: Arsh-Ashyani ()
- **father**: Humayun
- **mother**: Hamida Banu Begum
- **birth name**: Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar
- **birth date**: 15 October 1542
- **birth place**: Amarkot, Rajputana
(modern-day Umerkot, Sindh, Pakistan)
- **death place**: Fatehpur Sikri, Agra Subah, Mughal Empire
 (modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
- **burial date**: November 1605
- **burial place**: Akbar's tomb, Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra, Agra, India
- **religion**: Sunni Islam
 Din-i-Ilahi(Later converted)