juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Areopagitica

***Areopagitica*** is a book written by English poet John Milton in 1644.  He wrote it to protest against censorship. Its full title is _Areopagitica: A speech of Mr. John Milton for the liberty of unlicensed printing to the Parliament of England_. Today, his book is called a tract. In the tract, Milton tries to defend the freedom of expression. Today, many people see it as one of the best defenses of the freedom of press ever written.

The tract is named after a speech by Isocrates, a Greek orator of the 5th century. The Areopagus is a hill in Athens, where many councils and tribunals were held. Isocrates wanted to restore one of these tribunals when he wrote the speech. In the  speech,Milton argued that the Licensing Order of 1643 should be abolished; censorship had not been part of Greek or Roman societies. Milton uses many passages from the Bible to strengthen his argument. Milton had been censored himself when he tried to publish tracts which were in favor of allowing people to get divorced.

In _Areopagitica_, Milton argues that the status that was there before had worked best: By this law, all publications needed an authors name or that of a publisher. According to Milton, it is easy to find the authors or the publishers with this system. So if anything libelous is published, the books can still be destroyed after the fact.
Defamation

**Defamation** is saying or writing something about another person that hurts their reputation. Usually, when people use the word _defamation_, it means that the statement is not true. In this case, it is against the law. A statement that is defamation is called _defamatory_.

In order to be defamatory, a statement has to claim to be a fact instead of an opinion. For example, saying, "Mr. Jones is mean" cannot be defamatory, because it is someone's opinion. However, if someone says, "Mr. Jones steals candy from children", then the statement is defamatory _if_ it is not true, because it would be a fact, not an opinion.

If a defamatory statement is written, such as in a book or in a newspaper, it is called **libel**. If it is spoken out loud, it is called **slander**. Somebody who is the victim of defamation can sue the person who wrote or said it.

Defamation is a tool of bullying.

## Defamation laws

Defamation laws are not the same in every country. In most countries it is a civil wrong or tort. In some it is a crime. In many countries the burden of proof is on the person claiming that somebody is defaming them. This means they have to prove that the thing that was said about them is false. However, in England, it is the other way around. If somebody claims that a statement is defamation, the person who made the statement has to prove the statement is true.
Sue

**Sue** may mean:

- The act of filing a lawsuit
- Sue (dinosaur), the largest Tyrannosaurus rex fossil ever found
Seikima-II

**Seikima-II** (read as "seikimatsu", which means "The End of the Century") is a Japanese heavy metal band formed by Damian Hamada in 1982.

Their music could be described as similar to the music of other heavy metal bands like Iron Maiden and Judas Priest.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Seikima-II
- **img**: Japan Expo 2010 - Concert Seikima-II - P1470365.jpg
- **img capt**: Seikima-II at Japan Expo in Paris, France
 on July 4, 2010
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Shinjuku, Tokyo, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, hard rock
- **years active**: 1982–1999, 2005, 2010
- **label**: Fitzbeat, Sony Records, Sony, BMG Japan,
 Avex Group#Music labels, HPQ/Avex
- **associated acts**: Canta, RX, Face to Ace, Cats in Boots
- **url**: [http://www.seikima-ii.com/html/index.html Official site]
- **current members**: Demon Kogure, Demon Kogure/Demon Kakka
Jail O' Hashi
Luke Takamura
Xenon Ishikawa
Raiden Yuzawa
**Support member:**
　Yuichi Matsuzaki
- **past members**: Damian Hamada
Ace Shimizu
Zod Hoshijima
Zeed Iijima
Jagy Furukawa
Giantonio Babayashi
Gandhara Sangeria Tigris-Euphrates Kaneko
 Majo Ryoko
**Support member:**
　Wrector H
Northern United States

The **Northern United States**, commonly referred to as the **American North** or simply **the North**, may be either a geographic or a historical term.

Geographically, the term includes the U.S. states and regions of the United States that are located across the northernmost part of the country. It includes but is not limited to states along the Canada–United States border.

## Census Bureau

The United States Census Bureau divides some of the Northern United States into the Midwest Region and the Northeast Region. The Census Bureau also includes the northernmost states of the Northwest, those that are in the West.

## Historical term

Before 19th century westward expansion, the term "Northern United States" was considered to be New England. By the 1830s, New England meant part of the Northeastern United States.

### American Civil War

During the American Civil War, the "Northern United States" meant the states that remained in the United States and were also called the Union states. In that context, the "Southern United States" meant the states that seceded to form the Confederate States. However, some slave states remained in the Union; called the "border states," they may be counted on either side.

## Related pages

- Southeastern United States
- Yankee
Heterochrony

**Heterochrony** (= _different time_) is any change in the timing of development in an animal or plant. It is a key concept in developmental biology and evolution, introduced by Ernst Haeckel in 1875. It applies to the time a trait appears in the growth of an organism, or to the timing of gene expression in development.<sup>p203</sup>

Its importance in biology is to explain the way closely related animals may come to have quite large differences in shape, and size, whilst nevetheless having a rather similar genome. The main components are the time a process starts and stops in development, and the rate at which the process works.

In his book _Embryos and evolution_ (1930) Gavin de Beer stressed the importance of heterochrony, and especially **paedomorphosis**, in evolution. Changes to the genes which control timing in development can produce quite striking changes in the adult. de Beer also conceived the idea of _clandestine evolution_, which helped to explain the sudden changes in the fossil record which were apparently at odds with Darwin's gradual theory of evolution. If a novelty were to evolve gradually in an animal's juvenile form, then its development might not appear in the fossil record at all. Then, if the species were to undergo neoteny, the feature would appear suddenly in the fossil record, despite having evolved gradually. Stephen Jay Gould commented on de Beer's book:
- "In a series of remarkable books that established the synthetic theory of evolution, Gavin de Beer's _Embryology and evolution_ was the first and the shortest (1930; expanded and retitled _Embryos and ancestors_, 1940; 3rd ed 1958). In 116 pages de Beer brought embryology into the developing orthodoxy... for more than forty years, this book has dominated English thought on the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny." Stephen Gould

## Related terms

- **Paedomorphosis**: a change in the genotype so the adults of a species retain traits previously seen only in juveniles.
    - **Neoteny**: in which bodily development is slowed, but sexual development continues at the same rate. This results in a sexually mature juvenile or larval form. See Axolotl.
    - **Progenesis**: in which development is halted before full maturity.
    - **Postdisplacement**: in which the start of development is delayed.
Neoteny

**Neoteny** is a type of heterochrony. It is a change in the timing of development in an animal. It is where bodily development is slowed, but sexual development goes on at the same rate. At the extreme, this results in a sexually mature juvenile or larval form. A classic example of that is the Axolotl salamander.

It has often been suggested that the human species is an example of neoteny. There are features of adult humans that are more like those of juvenile apes than adult apes.

These are some of the neotenous traits in humans:
1. Flattened face, broadened face, large brain,
1. Hairless body, hairless face, small nose,
1. Reduction of brow ridge, small teeth, small upper jaw (maxilla), small lower jaw (mandible),
1. Thinness of skull bones, limbs proportionately short compared to torso length, longer leg than arm length,
1. Larger eyes,
1. Upright stance.

In some texts these differences may be called paedomorphosis, meaning "like a child". The term "K-selection" is sometimes used to describe this evolutionary process. The process is all part of a situation where the species benefits from the longer-lasting of juvenile features into adult life.

If we continue the list into physiology and behaviour, we find:
1. Longer period of brain growth
1. Longer period of learning
1. Culture passed on through generations
1. Mating deferred to older ages than apes
1. Longer life
1. Origin of articulate speech
1. Larger social groups

This second list shows how the first list becomes the basis for the larger groups of modern man and their better transmission of experiences to later generations.
Gavin de Beer

Sir **Gavin Rylands de Beer** FRS (1899–1972) was a British evolutionary embryologist. He was Director of the London Natural History Museum, President of the Linnean Society, and received the Royal Society's Darwin Medal for his studies on evolution.

In the First World War he served in the Grenadier Guards. Later, he taught at Oxford University zoology department. In 1938, he was made Reader in Embryology at University College London. During the Second World War de Beer again served with the Grenadier Guards reaching the rank of temporary lieutenant colonel. He worked in military intelligence, propaganda and psychological warfare. Also during the war, in 1940, he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society.

In 1945, de Beer became Professor of Zoology and was, from 1946 to 1949, President of the Linnean Society. Then he was Director of the British Museum (Natural History) from 1950 until his retirement in 1960. He was knighted in 1954, and awarded the Darwin Medal of the Royal Society in 1957.

## Books

de Beer wrote 25 books, of which these are still noteworthy:
- _An introduction to experimental embryology_ — 1926
- _Early travellers in the Alps_ — 1930
- _Embryology and evolution_ — 1930 (later editions bore the title _Embryos and ancestors_)
- _The elements of experimental embryology_ — 1934 (co-written with Julian Huxley)
- _The development of the vertebrate skull_ — 1937
- _Archaeopteryx lithographica_ – 1954
- _Darwin's journal: Darwin's notebooks on the transmutaion of species_ — 1959
- _Reflections of a Darwinian_ — 1962
- _Homology, an unsolved problem_ — 1971
- _Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his world_ — 1972
Province of Castellón

**Province of Castellón** () or **Castelló** (Valencian/Catalan) is a province in the northern part of the Valencian Community, Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Valencia, Teruel, Tarragona, and the Mediterranean Sea.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Castellón
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image seal**: Escut de la Província de Castelló.svg
- **image map**: Castellon in Spain.svg
- **mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: Province of Castellón within Spain
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Castellón de la Plana
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Josep Pasqual
- **area total km2**: 6,632
- **population total**: 587,632
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 88.61
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 12xxx
- **area code type**: Area code
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:ES, ISO 3166-2
- **blank info sec2**: ES-CS
- **blank1 name sec2**: Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, NUTS code
- **blank1 info sec2**: ES522
Asturias

The **Principality of Asturias** (, ) is a autonomous community in the kingdom of Spain.  Its area was the old Kingdom of Asturias in the Middle Ages. It is on the Spanish north coast facing the Cantabrian Sea. It is formed by only one province, Asturias, which is equal to the autonomous community. The capital of the autonomous community is Oviedo. Gijón is the biggest city. There is an airport in Asturias, from where you can fly to a few places in Spain and in Europe. The region has borders with Galicia (Lugo province), Castile and León (León province) and Cantabria.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Asturias
- **official name**:

_Principao d'Asturias_
- **settlement type**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **image flag**: Flag of Asturias.svg
- **flag size**: 125px
- **flag alt**: Flag of Asturias
- **image shield**: Escudo de Asturias (oficial).svg
- **shield size**: 100x100px
- **shield alt**: Coat-of-arms of Asturias
- **anthem**:

<div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"></div>
- **image map**: File:Asturias in Spain (plus Canarias).svg
- **map alt**: Map of Asturias in Spain
- **map caption**: Location of Asturias (red) within Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
Largest city
- **seat**: Oviedo
Gijón
- **subdivision name1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **government type**: Devolution, Devolved government in a constitutional monarchy
- **leader title2**: Congress of Deputies (Spain), Congress of Deputies
- **leader name2**: 7 Deputies (of 350)
- **leader title3**: Senate of Spain, Senate
- **leader name3**: 6 Senators (of 265)
- **area total km2**: 10604
- **population total**: 1018784
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Asturian
- **demographics type1**: Gross domestic product, GDP
- **demographics1 footnotes**:  (nominal; 2018)
- **demographics1 info1**: €23.3 billion
- **demographics1 title2**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info2**: €24,400
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **website**: [http://www.asturias.es/ asturias.es]
Castile and León

**Castile and León** (), known formally as the **Community of Castile and León**, is one of the 17 autonomous communities of Spain.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Castile and León
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **image flag**: Bandera de Castilla y León.svg
- **flag size**: 125px
- **flag alt**: Flag of Castile and León king
- **image shield**: Escudo de Castilla y León - Versión heráldica oficial.svg
- **shield size**: 100x100px
- **shield alt**: Coat-of-arms of Castile and León
- **image map**:
- **map caption**: Location of Castile and León within Spain
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Spain
- **seat type**: Capital
Province of A Coruña

**A Coruña** (;  ; historical ) is the most northwestern Atlantic-facing province of Spain. It is one of the four provinces which make up the autonomous community of Galicia. This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north. The Pontevedra Province surrounds it to the south and the Lugo Province to the east.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: A Coruña
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of the Province of A Coruña.svg
- **image map**: A Coruna in Spain.svg
- **map caption**: Location of the Province of A Coruña within Spain
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, Autonomous community
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: A Coruña
- **governing body**: Deputación da Coruña
- **leader party**: Socialists' Party of Galicia
- **leader title**: President of the Deputación
- **leader name**: Valentín González Formoso
- **area total km2**: 7,950
- **population rank**: 10th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Coruñés (m), Coruñesa (f)
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 15---
- **iso code**: ES-C
- **blank name sec1**: Legislature
- **blank1 name sec1**: Galician Parliament, Parliament
- **blank1 info sec1**: 24 deputies (out of 75)
- **blank2 name sec1**: Congress of Deputies (Spain), Congress
- **blank2 info sec1**: 9 deputies (out of 350)
- **blank3 name sec1**: Spanish Senate, Senate
- **blank3 info sec1**: 4 senators (out of 264)
- **website**: http://www.dicoruna.es/
Province of Córdoba (Spain)

**Córdoba** (, **'), called **Cordova''' in English, is a province of southern Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Málaga, Sevilla, Badajoz, Ciudad Real, Jaén, and Granada. Its area is 13,769 km². It is majority Muslim with a large Catholic minority.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Córdoba
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Spain, Province
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image flag**: Provincia de Córdoba - Bandera.svg
- **image seal**: Coat of Arms of Córdoba Province (Spain).svg
- **image map**: Cordoba in Spain.svg
- **mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: Province of Córdoba within Spain
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Autonomous communities of Spain, A. community
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Córdoba
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Antonio Ruiz
- **area total km2**: 13,771
- **population total**: 777,622
- **population as of**: January 1, 2021
- **population density km2**: 56.47
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 14xxx
- **area code type**: Area code
- **blank name sec2**: ISO 3166-2:ES, ISO 3166-2
- **blank info sec2**: ES-CO
- **blank1 name sec2**: Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, NUTS code
- **blank1 info sec2**: ES613
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit

***Law & Order: Special Victims Unit*** (simply known as ***Law & Order: SVU*** or ***SVU***) is an American police procedural crime drama television series created by Dick Wolf for NBC. The first spin-off of _Law & Order_, expanding it into the _Law & Order_ franchise, _Law & Order: Special Victims Unit_ follows the detectives of the Special Victims Unit as they investigate and prosecute sexually based crimes. Some of the episodes are loosely based on real crimes that have received media attention.

The series has received 108 award nominations, winning 59 awards. Hargitay was the first regular cast member on any _Law & Order_ series to win an Emmy Award when she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2006.

## Cast

- Christopher Meloni as Elliot Stabler
- Mariska Hargitay as Olivia Benson
- Richard Belzer as John Munch
- Dann Florek as Donald Cragen
- Michelle Hurd as Monique Jeffries
- Stephanie March as Alexandra Cabot
- Ice-T as Odafin Tutuola
- BD Wong as George Huang
- Diane Neal as Casey Novak
- Tamara Tunie as Melinda Warner
- Adam Beach as Chester Lake
- Michaela McManus as Kim Greylek
- Danny Pino as Nick Amaro
- Kelli Gaddish as Amanda Rollins
- Raul Esparza as Rafael Barba
- Peter Scanavino as Dominick Carisi Jr.
- Philip Winchester as Peter Stone
- Jamie Grey Hyder as Katriona "Kat" Tamin
- Demore Barnes as Christian Garland
- Octavio Pisano as Joe Velasco

## Other websites

- Official websites for the show from NBC

## Infobox (television)

- **name**: Law & Order:
- **image**: Law & Order Special Victims Unit (logo).svg
- **creator**: Dick Wolf
- **narrated**: Steven Zirnkilton
- **theme music composer**: Mike Post
- **composer**: Mike Post
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 27
- **num episodes**: 586
- **list episodes**: List of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episodes
- **camera**: Single-camera setup, Single-camera
- **runtime**: 40–44 minutes
- **network**: NBC
- **last aired**: present
- **related**: Law & Order (franchise), _Law & Order_ franchise
- **opentheme**: "Theme of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit"
Alfred Waterhouse

**Alfred Waterhouse** (19 July 1830 – 22 August 1905) was an English architect, particularly associated with the Victorian Gothic revival. He is perhaps best known for his design for Manchester Town Hall and the Natural History Museum in London, although he also built a wide variety of other buildings throughout the country. Financially speaking, Waterhouse was probably the most successful of all Victorian architects. Though expert within Gothic and Renaissance styles, Waterhouse never limited himself to a single architectural style.
Victoria and Albert Museum

The **Victoria and Albert Museum** (often abbreviated as the **V&A**) in London is the world's largest museum of applied art (decorative arts and design). Named after Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, it was founded in 1852.

The V&A has a permanent collection of over 4.5 million objects. It covers  and 145 galleries. Its collection spans 5000 years of art, from ancient times to the present day, in virtually every medium, from the cultures of Europe, North America, Asia and North Africa. The museum is sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport.

The holdings of ceramics, glass, textiles, costumes, silver, ironwork, jewellery, furniture, medieval objects, sculpture, prints and printmaking, drawings and photographs are among the largest and most comprehensive in the world.

The museum possesses the world's largest collection of post-classical sculpture, the holdings of Italian Renaissance items are the largest outside Italy. The departments of Asia include art from South Asia, China, Japan, Korea and the Islamic world. The East Asian collections are among the best in Europe, with particular strengths in ceramics and metalwork, while the Islamic collection, with the Musée du Louvre and Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, is amongst the largest in the world.

The V&A is in what is called London's "Albertopolis", an area of immense cultural, scientific and educational importance. Near it are the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, Imperial College, the Albert Hall and the Albert Memorial.

Since 2001, the Museum has embarked on a major £150m renovation program which has seen a major overhaul of the departments including the introduction of newer galleries, gardens, shops and visitor facilities. As with other national UK museums, admission to the museum is free.
Faber Drive

**Faber Drive** is a Juno award nominated band from Canada. They became a band in 2004 when they were discovered by Nickelback frontman, Chad Kroeger and later released their debut album _Seven Second Surgery_. They are signed to 604 records which is the area code of the lower mainland of Vancouver.

Their name comes from the lead singer, Dave Faber's last name.

Their newest album is _can'T keEp A SecrEt_ (sylized to say "TEASE"), which came to stores in 2009.

## Albums

- **Seven Second Surgery** (2007)
    - Singles include: "_G-Get Up and Dance_", "_Give Him Up_" and "_You and I Tonight_"
- **can'T keEp A SecrEt** (2009)
    - Singles include: "_Second Chance_", "_Tongue Tied_", "_When I'm With You_" and "_Sleepless Nights (Never Let Her Go)_"

## Websites

Faber Drive's Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Faber Drive
- **img**: BedJumpFD.jpg
- **img capt**: Current Faber Drive members. Left to right: Stricko, Krikit, Faber and JP.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Mission, British Columbia, Canada
- **genre**: Alternative rock
Pop rock
New wave music, New wave
synthpop (new material)
Post-grunge
- **years active**: 2004–present
- **label**: 604 Records, 604
- **url**: [http://www.faberdrive.com/ www.faberdrive.com]
- **current members**: Dave Faber
Jeremy "Krikit" Liddle
Jordan "JP" Pritchett
Andrew Stricko
- **past members**: Ray Bull
David Hinsley
Calvin Lechner
Abubakari Yakubu

**Abubakari Yakubu** (13 December 1981 – 31 October 2017) was a Ghanaian football player. He has played for the Ghanaian national team. He was born in Tema, Ghana.

Yakubu died on 31 October 2017 at the age of 35.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1999–00||rowspan="5"|Ajax||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||5||0
|-
|2000–01||13||0
|-
|2001–02||21||0
|-
|2002–03||15||0
|-
|2003–04||11||0
|-
|2004–05||rowspan="5"|Vitesse||rowspan="5"|Eredivisie||31||0
|-
|2005–06||22||0
|-
|2006–07||4||0
|-
|2007–08||17||0
|-
|2008–09||6||0
145||0
145||0
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||5||0
|-
|2006||5||0
|-
!Total||16||0
|}
Gymnocalycium

***Gymnocalycium*** is a genus of plants in the family Cactaceae.

All of these plants are succulents without leaves. The plants grows in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay). In total, there are 50-80 species.

Stems of these plants are round, their diameter is 7–30 cm, their height is 3–25 cm. The color of stems is grey-green or brown-green or grey-brown.

Plants of this genus are popular houseplants.

## Other websites

- NCBI: _Gymnocalycium_
- CactiGuide: _Gymnocalycium_
Prayer of the Refugee

"**Prayer of the Refugee**" is the second single from the punk rock band Rise Against's album _The Sufferer & the Witness_. It was released worldwide in 2006. The song was first called "Diaspora", with advance copies of the album using that name instead of "Prayer of the Refugee." The song is shown as a re-recorded bonus track in the video game _Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock_. The song is also showed in "Slednecks 9" DVD. It's used in "The Compound" segment of the movie.

The album version of the song is available as DLC for the Rock Band series along with "Savior" and "Re-Education (Through Labor)".

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Prayer of the Refugee
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **album**: The Sufferer & the Witness
- **released**: 2006
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **length**: 3:21
- **label**: Geffen
- **writer**: Rise Against, Tim McIlrath
- **producer**: Jason Livermore, Bill Stevenson
- **prev title**: Ready to Fall
- **prev year**: 2006
- **next title**: The Good Left Undone
- **next year**: 2007
Physical fitness

**Physical fitness** is the ability to be physically active, to move and respond to the environment. People can take various tests to measure their physical performance. Such tests are necessary for some occupations, such as soldiers and firefighters.

Physical fitness has two components: **general fitness** (a state of health and well-being) and **specific fitness** (the ability to perform specific aspects of sports or occupations).

## Components of physical fitness

The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports — a study group sponsored by the United States Government — declines to offer a simple definition of physical fitness. Instead, it developed the following chart:
|Physiological|Health-related|Skill related|Sports|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Metabolic|Body composition|Agility|Team sport|
|Morphological|Cardiovascular fitness|Balance|Individual|
|Bone integrity|Flexibility|Coordination|Lifetime|
|Other|Endurance|Power|Other|
||Muscle strength|Speed||
|||Reaction time||
|||Other||

**Health-related components**: those factors that are related to how well the systems of your bodywork.

**Body composition** is the relative percentage of body fat compared to lean body mass (muscle, bone, water, etc)

**Cardiovascular fitness**: the ability of the circulatory system (heart and blood vessels) to supply oxygen to working muscles during exercise.

**Flexibility**: the range of movement possible at various joints.

Accordingly, a general-purpose physical fitness program must address those issues.

## Related pages

<div style="-moz-column-count:4; column-count:4;">
- Aerobics
- Calisthenics
- Equilibrioception
- Flexibility training
- Healthy lifestyle
- Jogging
- Strength training
- Physical education
- Bodybuilding
- Swim
- Training
- Weight training
- Winter swimming
- Boxing
- Fitness types
</div>
Mercè Rodoreda

**Mercè Rodoreda i Gurguí** (October 10, 1908 – April 13, 1983) was a Spanish Catalan novelist.
Nadap

<mapframe latitude="47.204642" longitude="19.599609" zoom="2" width="200" height="100">
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  "features": [
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      "type": "Feature",
      "properties": {},
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</mapframe>The village of **Nadap** lies on the eastern slopes of Velencei Hills, it is a well oriented, self-contained settlement, with charming rural atmosphere. It is only two kilometers both from the recreation facilities of Lake Velencei and from the M7 motorway, therefore it is easily accessible from Budapest and from Székesfehérvár, too. Each house in the settlement has a great panorama.

## Local sights

The settlements around Lake Velencei are overwhelmed with the spirit of Mihály Vörösmarty. Nadap is not different either, the poet was baptised in the village on 3 December 1800. The baptistery is still in the church today. The inhabitants of the village expressed their admiration for the memory of the poet with a sculpture erected in the Millenium Park.

Nadap also hosts a key cartographical and architectural specialty; it is the home of the etalon for measuring heights in Hungary, called Nadapi szintezési ősjegy (Levelling mark of Nadap).

## Other website

- Nadap.hu
Pázmánd

**Pázmánd** is a village in Gárdony District of Fejér County. Its population in 2024 was 2280.

## History

Archaeological artefacts prove that the village was already been populated the in Iron Age. The name of the village comes from the period when the State was founded; the area was probably awarded as a gift to Knight Pázmány to function as a summer residence.
Little is known about the history of the settlement in the Middle Ages. One thing is sure: when the Turks were expelled from Hungary the fleeing troops slaughtered the families living here, destroyed the Romanesque church and set the village on fire.
At the beginning of the 18th century Tót people (Slovakians) were settled in the area, the village was even called Tót-Pázmánd for some time. The inhabitants of the village declared themselves Hungarians already in the 19th century but their Slovakian roots are still noticeable in their conventions (Sibálás - Easter lashing).

## Other websites

- Pázmánd.hu
Socratis Kokkalis

**Socratis Kokkalis** (born May 27, 1939) is a Greek businessman who has been a member of the Forbes 500 list of the world's 500 richest people. He is the Chairman, CEO and majority shareholder of Intracom Holdings. Intracom is one of the largest multinational technology groups in South-Eastern Europe, and the Chairman and majority shareholder of Intralot S.A., the world's leading gaming technology supplier and lottery licensed operator. He was also the owner and president of Olympiacos CFP, until his retirement in 2010. CFP is the most successful and most supported Greek football club in Greece. He is the President of the Kokkalis Foundation. This is a non-profit organization that promotes education and training, culture and social welfare, medical research and information technology, and athletics, both in Greece and abroad.

## Other websites

- The Kokkalis Foundation

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Socratis Kokkalis
- **birth place**: Athens, Greece
- **nationality**: Greek people, Greek
- **networth**: US$ 1.6 billion
- **occupation**: Chairman of:  Intracom,Olympiacos CFP
- **alma mater**: Athens University, University of Tübingen
Hate speech

**Hate speech** is communicating in a way that is meant to offend and hurt somebody. It is usually based on a factor such as somebody's race, gender, ethnic group, orientation,  identity, disability or religion. Some places have laws that make it illegal to use hate speech. Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." Countries such as Canada, France and Germany have stricter laws against hate speech than the United States, where hate speech is usually legal because its Constitution says that people have freedom of speech.

## Related pages

- Ad hominem
- Divide and conquer
- Identity politics
- Psychological warfare
- Red herring
- Smear campaign
Beatification

**Beatification** (from Latin _beatus_, blessed, Greek μακάριος, _makarios_ and Latin _facere_, make) is a recognition given by the Catholic Church of a dead person's entrance into Heaven and power to help people who pray in his or her name. Beatification is the third of the four steps in the canonization process.  A person who is beatified is given the title "Blessed".

## Other websites

- List of all Blesseds in the Catholic Church by Giga-Catholic Information.
Reading railway station

**Reading railway station** (formerly **Reading General**) is a major rail junction and station in the English town of Reading. It is on the northern edge of the town centre, close to the main retail and commercial areas, and also the River Thames. Next to the railway station is a bus interchange, served by most of Reading's urban and rural bus services.

Reading was opened on 30 March 1840, by the Great Western Railway. It is a major junction point on the National Rail system, and as a consequence the railway station is a major transfer point as well as serving heavy  local traffic. The station is sponsored by the bank ING Direct and the University of Reading. There are many local buses, regional buses and a coach to Heathrow Airport. South West Trains, First Great Western and CrossCountry serve the station.

## Infobox (uk station)

- **name**: Reading
- **image**: Reading railway station MMB 65 458011 458017.jpg
- **caption**: A South Western Railway train stopped at Reading station with a service to Waterloo station
- **railcode**: RDG
- **manager**: Network Rail
- **latitude**: 51.4594
- **longitude**: -0.9732
- **locale**: Reading, Berkshire, Reading
- **borough**: Borough of Reading
- **platforms**: 15
- **start**: 1840
- **original**: Great Western Railway
Dreamworks Records

**DreamWorks Records** was an American record label. Started in 1996 by David Geffen, Steven Spielberg and Jeffrey Katzenberg as a split from DreamWorks SKG. The label worked until 2005 when it was shut down. The label itself also showed a Nashville, Tennessee based subsidiary, DreamWorks Nashville, which worked specifically in country music and was also shut down in 2005. The company's logo was designed by Roy Lichtenstein and was his last commission before his death in 1997.

## Infobox (record label)

- **name**: DreamWorks Records
- **parent**: Universal Music Group
- **founded**: 1996
- **founder**: David Geffen
- **status**: Defunct since 2005
- **distributor**: USA: Geffen, Interscope
International: Polydor Records, Polydor (starting in 1999)
- **genre**: Various
- **country**: USA
The Good Left Undone

"**The Good Left Undone**" is the third single from the American punk rock band Rise Against's fourth album, _The Sufferer & the Witness_. In June 2007, they said that they would be holding a contest to see who could make the best video for the song. They released a bulletin board over their MySpace account giving information about the contest.

The song got to number six on the _Billboard_ alternative rock chart, making it the band's second top 10 single (the first being the last single "Prayer of the Refugee") and highest charting single from the album. The song has spent 30 weeks on the chart before its peak, making it the band's slowest climb to the chart's Top 10.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Good Left Undone
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **album**: The Sufferer & the Witness
- **released**: June 25, 2007
- **recorded**: Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- **genre**: Melodic hardcore
- **length**: 3:03
- **label**: Geffen Records, Geffen
- **writer**: Rise Against\Tim McIlrath
- **producer**: Jason Livermore
Bill Stevenson
- **prev title**: Prayer of the Refugee
- **prev year**: 2006
- **next title**: Behind Closed Doors
- **next year**: 2007
Revolutions per Minute

***Revolutions per Minute*** is the second album by the American punk rock band Rise Against. It has the singles "Heaven Knows" and "Like the Angel" as well as a cover of Journey's single, "Any Way You Want It."

The album had a limited release on vinyl (217 of which were on red vinyl) which is now out of print. It was the band's last release under Fat Wreck Chords before to their move to Geffen Records. This is where they released _Siren Song of the Counter Culture_ in 2004. It is interesting to note that inside the album cover, there is a copyright to Transistor Revolt, the band's name before they changed it to Rise Against.

## Track listing

- All music was written by Rise Against; all lyrics were written by Tim McIlrath, unless stated
1. "Black Masks and Gasoline" – 2:59
1. "Heaven Knows"  – 3:23
1. "Dead Ringer" – 1:31
1. "Halfway There" – 3:41
1. "Like the Angel" – 2:46
1. "Voices off Camera" – 2:17
1. "Blood-Red, White, and Blue" – 3:38
1. "Broken English" – 3:25
1. "Last Chance Blueprint" – 2:14
1. "To the Core" – 1:33
1. "Torches" – 3:41
1. "Amber Changing" – 3:39
1. "Any Way You Want It" (Journey cover)  – 2:57
- Track 13 is a hidden track

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Revolutions per Minute
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **released**: April 8, 2003
- **recorded**: Nov–Dec 2002
- **studio**: Blasting Room, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
- **genre**: Post-hardcore, punk rock
- **length**: 37:42
- **label**: Fat Wreck Chords
- **producer**: Bill Stevenson
Jason Livermore
- **prev title**: The Unraveling
- **prev year**: 2001
- **next title**: Siren Song of the Counter Culture
- **next year**: 2004
Wicked (musical)

***Wicked*** is a Broadway musical. It is loosely based on characters and concepts created by L. Frank Baum in his children's series of Wizard of Oz books, the 1939 MGM movie, _The Wizard of Oz_, and the 1995 novel, Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West.

Winnie Holzman wrote the musical's book. Stephen Schwartz wrote the music and lyrics. _Wicked_ premiered on Broadway at the Gershwin Theatre in September 1997. It won several awards, including three Tonys. _Wicked (musical)_: is a soundtrack to the film _Wicked (musical)_, released on November 25, 1997, Distributed by _Columbia_. _Wicked (musical)_ is released in theaters in the United States on December 26, 1997, by Columbia Pictures. _Wicked (musical)_ is released on VHS in North America on March 17, 1998, by Columbia TriStar Home Video. _Wicked (musical)_ is released on DVD in USA on September 18, 2001, by Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment. A film of the same name will be released in two parts. The first part was released in November 2024, and the second part will be released a year later in November 2025.

## Infobox (musical)

- **name**: Wicked
- **image**: Wicked, Orpheum Theatre, San Francisco, August 2009.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: _Wicked_, Orpheum Theatre, San Francisco, August 2009
- **music**: Stephen Schwartz
- **lyrics**: Stephen Schwartz
- **book**: Winnie Holzman
- **basis**: _Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West_ by Gregory Maguire
_The Wizard of Oz_ (1939 movie)
Oz series of book by L. Frank Baum
- **productions**: Broadway, September 1997
- **awards**: 3 Tony Awards
6 Drama Desk Awards
Grammy Award (cast album)
Fat Wreck Chords

**Fat Wreck Chords** is a San Francisco, California based independent record label, made for punk rock. It was started by Fat Mike (lead singer and bassist of the punk rock band NOFX) and his wife, Erin, in 1990.

They have made material for bands such as Descendents, Me First and the Gimme Gimmes, Propagandhi, Rise Against, Lagwagon, Strung Out, No Use for a Name, Less Than Jake, Against Me!, Anti-Flag, Facing The Giants, Return To The Wars, Hallowed Ground, and his own band NOFX.

## Infobox (record label)

- **founded**: 1990
- **founder**: Fat Mike, Michael Burkett
- **country**: United States, U.S.
- **location**: San Francisco, California
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **url**: http://www.fatwreck.com/
PGL (company)

**PGL** is an activity holiday company started by Peter Gordon Lawrence in 1957. They run holidays for schools, individual children, youth groups and families, in the UK, France, Spain, Austria and other places.
Minato, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Minato City" in English.

## History

On 15 March 1947, the ward of Minato was formed by combining the wards of Akasaka, Azabu, and Shiba.

## Geography

Minato is on Toyko Bay. It borders Shinagawa on the south.  Meguro is southwest of the ward. Shibuya is on the ward's western border. Shinjuku, Chiyoda and Chūō are on the northern border.

## Related pages

- List of special wards of Tokyo
- Capital of Japan

## Other websites

- Minato website 
- Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Special wards

## Infobox (place symbols)

- **embedded**: yes
- **tree**: _Cornus florida_
- **flower**: _Hydrangea macrophylla_
 _Rose, Rosa_


## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Minato
- **official name**: Minato City
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Special wards of Tokyo, Special ward
- **image skyline**: Shiodome Area from Tokyo Tower.jpg
- **image caption**: The skyscrapers of Shiodome in Minato Ward
- **image flag**: Flag of Minato, Tokyo.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Minato, Tokyo.svg
- **seal type**: Emblem
- **image map**: Minato-ku in Tokyo Prefecture Ja.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Minato in Tokyo
- **pushpin map**: Japan
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Japan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Japan
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Kantō region, Kantō
- **subdivision type2**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **subdivision name2**: Tokyo
- **subdivision type3**: Districts of Japan, District
- **extinct title**: Now part of
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Ai Seike
- **leader title1**: Vice Mayor
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 20.37
- **population total**: 260,486
- **population as of**: 1 October 2020
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Japan Standard Time, JST
- **utc offset1**: +09:00
- **blank name sec1**: City hall address
- **blank info sec1**: 1-5-25 Shibakōen,
Minato, Tokyo
105-8511
Afghan Hound

The **Afghan Hound** is a dog from Afghanistan. Other names for them are _Kuchi Hound_, _Tāzī_, _Balkh Hound_, _Baluchi Hound_, _Barutzy Hound_, _Shalgar Hound_, _Kabul Hound_, _Galanday Hound_, or sometimes, incorrectly, _African Hound_. This is a very old dog breed, believed to have existed for thousands of years. It is a type of sighthound , a hunting dog which uses its eyes to spot and chase small animals, like rabbits. They are closely related to other sighthounds, like the Greyhound. Afghan Hounds can run very quickly, and can run short distances at up to 75 kilometers per hour. Nowadays, they are kept as pets, compete as show dogs, and participate in a dog sport called lure coursing, which is similar to rabbit hunting.

## Appearance

Their face is long and skinny, with ears that drop down on the sides of their head. The Afghan Hound is tall and thin, with a long tail that curls and is held high up in the air.

## Behavior

The Afghan Hound is one of the most difficult types of dogs to train. Unlike many kinds of dogs, they do not like to listen to commands, and would rather make their own choices. In _The Intelligence of Dogs_, the Afghan Hound came in last place for "working intelligence." This does not mean that the Afghan Hound is stupid; it means that it is easier to encourage other dogs to follow instructions than the Afghan Hound.

They like to run, and because they can run very fast, they need to be kept on a leash or in a fenced area. Fences need to be very high to keep the Afghan Hound from escaping, because they can easily jump several meters in the air. Afghan Hounds cannot live in the same house as a cat or any other small animal, as they will try to chase or hunt it.

This is a quiet dog for indoors, but needs to have regular exercise and play time. They need to have the chance to run in a safe, fenced area at least once a week. If an Afghan gets bored, it can tear things up. This is a friendly dog that is not shy with people or other dogs. Many people who own Afghan Hounds say that they are "clownish" and silly, because they are very playful. Afghan Hounds are known to be very sensitive to injuries and complain a lot when they have them.

## Health

Afghan Hounds are mostly very healthy dogs, but do get some diseases more often than others. Because their tails are very long and thin, they can hurt them quite easily. These dogs are very sensitive to anesthetic, so if they are getting an operation, the vet must be very careful with the amount of anesthetic given. Their eyes can develop cataracts, which will make the dog blind if they are not removed.

## Infobox (dog breed)

- **image**: File:Afghane.jpg
- **image caption**: Afghan Hound, fully coated
- **name**: Afghan Hound
- **country**: Afghanistan
- **fcistd**: http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/228g10-en.pdf
- **coat**: Long and fine
- **litter size**: 6–8 puppies
- **life span**: 11–13 years
Africanis

The **Africanis** is a group of rare South African dogs. They are not recognized as a breed. The Swahili name for the breed is __. This means _common_ or _mixed-breed_ or "traditional dog".

## Description

The Africanis is a medium-sized dog. It is well-muscled and is a bit longer than it is tall. It has a short coat of fur that can be of any color. This dog can run very fast and also is trainable.

## References

- Africanis Society of Southern Africa

## Other websites

- University of Johannesburg (scientific study)
- Breed standard (KUSA)

## Infobox (dogbreed)

- **image**: Africanis (1).jpg
- **name**: Africanis
- **country**: South Africa
- **altname**: African Dog
 Bantu Dog
 Hottentot Hunting Dog
 Khoikhoi Dog
 Zulu Dog
 Umbwa Wa Ki-Shenzi
- **notrecognized**: no standards available
Earthquake engineering

**Earthquake engineering** is the study of the behavior of building structures subject to earthquake impacts. It is a subset of civil engineering.

## Objectives of the earthquake engineering

The main goals of earthquake engineering are:
- Understand what happens between buildings and the ground.
- Understand what strong earthquakes or tsunamis might do to building structures.
- Design, build and maintain structures to last during an earthquake while following building codes.

## Tools

A properly engineered structure does not necessarily have to be extremely strong or expensive.

The most powerful and affordable tools of earthquake engineering are vibration control technologies and, in particular, base isolation.

To test seismic performance of a building structure with experiments, it may be put on a shake-table that behaves like the earth shaking. The earliest shake-table experiments were performed more than a century ago.

## Tsunami preparedness and protection

**Tsunami** or a chain of fast moving waves in the ocean caused, mostly, by powerful earthquakes is a very serious challenge for people's safety and for tsunami protection of buildings and civil infrastructure. Those waves can flood coastal areas, destroy houses and even swipe away whole towns.

Though tsunami can not be prevented, there are warning systems developed recently which warn the population before the big waves reach the land to let them enough time to rush to safety.

## Notes

Ahmadi Maleki, M., Emami, M. Application of SVM for investigation of factors affecting compressive strength and consistency of geopolymer concretes. _Journal of civil Engineering and Materials Application_, 2019; 3(2): 95-101. doi: 10.22034/jcema.2019.92507

## Related pages

- Seismology