juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kaunas

**Kaunas**, also known by several other names, is the second biggest city in Lithuania and used to be a temporary capital. Kaunas is found at the point where the two biggest Lithuanian rivers, the Nemunas and the Neris, meet. It is also near the Kaunas Lagoon, the largest body of water in Lithuania.

## History

In 1361, Kaunas was first mentioned in annals of the Teutonic Knights. The knights were preparing to attack Kaunas Castle.

In 1408, Vytautas the Great gave the city Magdeburg Rights.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kaunas
- **nickname**: Temporary capital of Lithuania, Laikinoji sostinė, Heart of Lithuania, The Little Paris of Interwar period, interwar
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Kaunas montage.jpg
- **image caption**: Top to bottom, left to right: Kaunas Castle, House of Perkūnas, Town Hall, Kaunas, Kaunas Town Hall, Kaunas Reservoir, Christ's Resurrection Church, Kaunas, Our Lord Jesus Christ's Resurrection Basilica and St. Michael the Archangel Church, Kaunas, Church of Saint Michael the Archangel
- **image map**: Kaunas city in Lithuania.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Kaunas
- **image flag**: LTU Kaunas flag.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Kaunas.svg
- **motto**: _Diligite justitiam qui judicatis terram_
(Latin: Cherish justice, you who judge the earth)
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Lithuania
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Lithuania, Ethnographic region
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Lithuania, County
- **subdivision name2**: Kaunas County
- **subdivision name3**: Kaunas city municipality
- **subdivision type3**: List of municipalities of Lithuania, Municipality
- **subdivision type6**: Capital (political), Capital of
- **subdivision name6**: Kaunas County
- **parts type**: Elderships of Lithuania, Elderships
- **p1**: Aleksotas
- **p2**: Centras (Kaunas), Centras
- **p3**: Dainava (Kaunas), Dainava
- **p4**: Eiguliai
- **p5**: Gričiupis
- **p6**: Panemunė (Kaunas), Panemunė
- **p7**: Petrašiūnai
- **p8**: Šančiai
- **p9**: Šilainiai
- **p10**: Vilijampolė
- **p11**: Žaliakalnis
- **government type**: City council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Visvaldas Matijošaitis
- **established date**: 1361
- **established title**: First mentioned
- **established date2**: 1408
- **established title2**: Granted Magdeburg rights, city rights
- **population total**: 312,120
- **population as of**: 2018-01-01
- **population metro**: 570,163
- **blank name**: GDP (nominal),
Kaunas county
- **blank info**: 2015
- **blank1 name**:  - Total
- **blank1 info**: €7.4 billion
- **blank2 name**:  - Per capita
- **blank2 info**: €12,700
- **area total km2**: 157
- **area metro km2**: 8089
- **elevation m**: 48
- **population density km2**: 1935
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 44xxx - 52xxx
- **area code**: (+370) 37
- **website**: [http://en.kaunas.lt/ www.kaunas.lt]
Warp drive

**Warp drive** (also called **warp technology**) is a hypothetical technology created in science fiction. As far as we know, it does nor exist. Its invention allowed writing books and making television and film media.

If it takes centuries or thousands of years to get anywhere in space, then the limitations of human life becomes an obstacle.  That's even assuming we could travel without humans being riddled with holes by radiation of various kinds. We are so protected on planet Earth that we forget what it's like in deep space, which is flooded with radiation.

So warp drive is invented, and so is its cousin wormholes in space. _There are no wormholes_, or if they exist, we don't know it.

Warp drive and wormholes are the inventions of smart guys who make media. It is a way of moving objects faster than the speed of light. There are many examples of how this idea is used. A well-known one is found in the _Star Trek_ universe, where faster-than-light travel is needed to tell the story.

Current technology does not allow anything or anyone to go at, or faster than, the speed of light. Unless the current theories are proven wrong, this will always be true. However, warp technology as a fictional idea has been an interesting way of shaping the story line to let spaceships move at speeds greater than 186,000 miles per second (speed of light through a vacuum: the known limit of speed in the universe).

Warp technology, as the name implies, 'warps space' in effect bringing a destination closer by bending space rather than the traditional 'thruster' means of propelling a spacecraft at high speeds.

Warp technology allows ships to move at **warp speed**. In the _Star Trek_ universe, for example, the measurement of the speed that the spaceship is moving is called the **warp factor**. However, thrusters and impulse power propel spaceships at sub-light speed. Warp factor 1 is equal to the speed of light. The speed ranges up to warp factor 9.99. In some circumstances _Star Trek_ spaceships can go faster than warp 10, although rarely.

Most of that is pure science fiction, and no evidence has been produced of any "warp drive".

In the field of quantum mechanics physicists have produced tiny wormholes, but they don't warp space time in the same way the "warp drive" concept does, rather they connect two separate points of spacetime through quantum entanglement.
Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters

|72 Feronia|May 29, 1861|
| --- | --- |
|75 Eurydike|September 22, 1862|
|77 Frigga|November 12, 1862|
|85 Io|September 19, 1865|
|88 Thisbe|June 15, 1866|
|92 Undina|July 7, 1867|
|98 Ianthe|April 18, 1868|
|102 Miriam|August 22, 1868|
|109 Felicitas|October 9, 1869|
|111 Ate|August 14, 1870|
|112 Iphigenia|September 19, 1870|
|114 Kassandra|July 23, 1871|
|116 Sirona|September 8, 1871|
|122 Gerda|July 31, 1872|
|123 Brunhild|July 31, 1872|
|124 Alkeste|August 23, 1872|
|129 Antigone|February 5, 1873|
|130 Elektra|February 17, 1873|
|131 Vala|May 24, 1873|
|135 Hertha|February 18, 1874|
|144 Vibilia|June 3, 1875|
|145 Adeona|June 3, 1875|
|160 Una|February 20, 1876|
|165 Loreley|August 9, 1876|
|166 Rhodope|August 15, 1876|
|167 Urda|August 28, 1876|
|176 Iduna|October 14, 1877|
|185 Eunike|March 1, 1878|
|188 Menippe|June 18, 1878|
|189 Phthia|September 9, 1878|
|190 Ismene|September 22, 1878|
|191 Kolga|September 30, 1878|
|194 Prokne|March 21, 1879|
|196 Philomela|May 14, 1879|
|199 Byblis|July 9, 1879|
|200 Dynamene|July 27, 1879|
|202 Chryseïs|September 11, 1879|
|203 Pompeja|September 25, 1879|
|206 Hersilia|October 13, 1879|
|209 Dido|October 22, 1879|
|213 Lilaea|February 16, 1880|
|234 Barbara|August 12, 1883|
|249 Ilse|August 16, 1885|
|259 Aletheia|June 28, 1886|
|261 Prymno|October 31, 1886|
|264 Libussa|December 22, 1886|
|270 Anahita|October 8, 1887|
|287 Nephthys|August 25, 1889|
**Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters** (September 19, 1813 – July 18, 1890) was a German-American astronomer, and one of the first to find asteroids.

He was born in Schleswig-Holstein, then part of Denmark but later part of Germany, and later studied under Carl Friedrich Gauss. He spoke many languages and spent time in Italy and Ottoman Turkey before going to the United States in 1854.

Working at Hamilton College in Clinton, New York (near Utica), he was a good finder of asteroids, finding 48 of them, beginning with 72 Feronia in 1861 and ending with 287 Nephthys in 1889.

He was involved in litigation in 1889 with his old assistant Charles A. Borst, and the "Great Star-Catalog Case" _Peters v. Borst_ went before the Supreme Court of New York. The judge sided with Peters, but many astronomers and newspapers sided with Borst. Peters died not long after the trial end. After his death, the judgement was ultimately reversed on appeal and a new trial was ordered, but it never took place.

Besides asteroids, he co-found the Periodic comet 80P/Peters-Hartley, and also found different nebulae and galaxies.

## Other websites

- Biography
World Games

The **World Games** are an international multi-sport event. The sports played at The World Games are sports which are not played in the Olympic Games. They are governed by the International World Games Association.

The first World Games were held in 1981 in Santa Clara, California. Since then, they are held every four years, the year after the Summer Olympics.

## Official sports and disciplines

42 sports are part of The World Games. There are many disciplines for some sports. Not all of the sports are played at every World Games event.
Peace of Westphalia

The **Peace of Westphalia** refers to the pair of peace treaties, the Treaty of Osnabrück and the Treaty of Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of 1648, which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. The treaties involved Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes, Spain, France, Sweden and representatives of the Dutch Republic. The Treaty of the Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ending the war between France and Spain, is also often considered part of the overall agreement.

## Locations

The peace negotiations were held in the cities of Münster and Osnabrück, which lie about 50 km apart from each other, in the present German states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. Sweden had favoured Osnabrück because of its Protestant background, France chose Münster because of its Catholic background. In any case, two locations were required because the Protestant and Catholic leaders refused to meet each other. The Catholics used Münster, and the Protestants used Osnabrück.

## Results

Spain accepted the independence of the Dutch Republic.

The power that Ferdinand III had taken for himself against the Holy Roman Empire's constitution was stripped. That meant that the rulers of the German states could again determine the religion of their lands.

- All parties would now recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 by which each prince would have the right to determine the religion of his own state, whether Catholicism, Lutheranism or now Calvinism.
- Christians living in principalities in which their denomination was _not_ the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will.

There were also territorial adjustments.

## Related pages

- Eighty Years' War
- Thirty Years' War

## Other websites

- Treaty Text
- Treaty Text (Yale University)
- Texts of the Westphalian Treaties
- High Resolution Map of Germany after the Treaty of Westphalia
- Peace Treaty of Osnabrück (Full Text)
- Peace Treaty of Münster (Full Text)

hu:Harmincéves háború#A vesztfáliai béke
Flanimals

***Flanimals*** is a children's and adults' book written by comedian Ricky Gervais. The book was illustrated by Rob Steen. It has 35 different characters described as species of animal which form an imaginary world.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Pictures from the book in the BBC website
- _Flanimals_ on Ricky Gervais's site
- _Flanimals_ on Rob Steen's site
- Faber and Faber  - UK publisher of all the 'Flanimals' books
- Flanimals on MySpace

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Flanimals
- **author**: Ricky Gervais
- **illustrator**: Rob Steen
- **cover artist**: Rob Steen
- **country**: England
- **language**: English
- **series**: Flanimals Series
- **subject**: Creatures
- **genre**: Humour
- **publisher**: Faber and Faber
- **release date**: 2004
- **isbn**: 0-399-24397-6
- **dewey**: [Fic] 22
- **congress**: PZ7.G3265 Fl 2005
- **oclc**: 57311839
- **followed by**: More Flanimals, Flanimals of the Deep
Trolleybus

A **trolleybus** (also known as **trolley bus**, **trolley coach**, **trackless trolley**, **trackless tram** or simply **trolley**) is a bus which runs on electricity. It gets its power for the electric motors that drive the wheels from a pair of power lines above the street.

On the roof of the bus are two "trolley poles" from which electric current flows between the wires and the bus. One wire is for the positive current and the other is for the negative (return) current.

Because trolleybuses do not usually have engines which burn diesel or other fossil fuels, they are much cleaner and quieter than "normal" buses. They also do not use tracks, so they are more flexible than trams. However, most of these buses can only go where the wires go. Some are made as a hybrid vehicle, or with a battery so they can go a short distance on ordinary roads.

Trolleybuses cost more money to make than other types of buses, so there are not many companies that build this type of bus. Some of these companies are:
- VanHool
- MAN
- Hess
- Solaris
- Škoda Electric
- Neoplan
- Volvo
Van Hool

**Van Hool** is a Belgian company, which builds buses. It was founded in 1947 by Bernard Van Hool.

The headquarters are in Koningshooikt (Antwerp).

They have got 15 different buses for the city. 9 of them have got a normal engine, 4 have got an engine that works with gas, and 2 buses have got an electric engine, they are called Trolleybus.
List of all types of Low-Floor-Bus (Citybus):
- A 308
- A 320
- A 300
- A 360
- A 330
- AG 300
- AG 500
- AGG 300

- A 300 CNG (gas engine)
- A 320 CNG (gas engine)
- A 330 CNG (gas engine)
- AG 300 CNG (gas engine)

- A 300 T (Trolleybus)

- AG 300 T (Trolleybus)

Also they have got 13 different kinds of coachbuses.
List of all types of coachbuses:
- 913 CL
- 915 CL
- 915 TL
- T 911 Alicron
- T 915 Alicron
- T 915 Acron
- T 917 Acron
- T 917 Astron
- T 916 Altano
- T 917 Altano
- T 918 Altano
- TD 924 Astromega
- TD 927 Astromega
Haripur

**Haripur** can be any of the following:

- Haripur, Pakistan - main town in Haripur district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Haripur District  - district in Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- Haripur, Bardhaman- town in Asansol subdivision of Bardhaman District of West Bengal, India
Spirited Away

is a 2001 anime movie directed by Hayao Miyazaki. It was first released in Japan. The movie was a success, and went on to win an Academy Award for animation.

Based on 153 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes, it is the second-best animated movie, having a 97% rating on the site.  The movie occupies the rank of #60 on the IMDb Top 250 Movies list as of December 2008.  The Anime Critic gave it a 4 and 1/2 out of five stars.

## Plot

Chihiro Ogino and her parents are trapped in a spirit world, when they arrive. Chihiro meets a young apprentice named Haku, who tells him that she  must return to the human world. Chihiro meets Yubaba, the owner of the bathhouse and Haku's master. Yubaba allows Chihiro to stay by having her sign a contract, causing her name to change into Sen. After days of working and solving past memories, Chihiro returns to the normal world, after her parents reverted into humans.

### Original soundtrack listing

||Track|Author|Duration|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|||3:09|
|2||2:07||
|3||3:15||
|4||2:00||
|5||2:12||
|6||2:33||
|7||3:00||
|8||3:30||
|9||2:02||
|10||3:13||
|11||2:26||
|12||4:01||
|13||2:45||
|14||1:18||
|15||3:47||
|16||3:38||
|17||1:38||
|18||1:29||
|19||4:53||
|20||3:20||
|21|||3:35|

### Image album track listing

1. by Umi (3:54)
1. by Joe Hisaishi (4:25)
1. by Shizuru Otaka (3:55)
1. by Tsunehiko Kamijō (3:56)
1. by Joe Hisaishi (3:20)
1. by Monsieur Kamayatsu (3:41)
1. by Rieko Suzuki and Hiroshi Kondo (3:49)
1. by Joe Hisaishi (3:22)
1. by Rikki (3:33)
1. by Joe Hisaishi (3:20)

## References

- Notes

## Other websites

- _Spirited Away_ at Metacritic
- _Spirited Away_ at Rotten Tomatoes
- _Spirited Away_ at SparkNotes
- _Spirited Away_ at the Japanese Movie Database

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Spirited Away
- **image**: Sen to Chihiro no kamikakushi title.jpg
- **director**: Hayao Miyazaki
- **producer**: Toshio Suzuki (producer), Toshio Suzuki
- **writer**: Hayao Miyazaki
- **music**: Joe Hisaishi
- **cinematography**: Atsushi Okui
- **editing**: Takeshi Seyama
- **studio**: Studio Ghibli
- **distributor**: Toho
- **runtime**: 125 minutes
- **country**: Japan
- **language**: Japanese
- **budget**: (US$15–19.2 million)
Old French

**Old French** was the Romance dialect continuum spoken in the northern half of modern France and parts of modern Belgium and Switzerland from around 1000 to 1300. It was then known as the langue d'oïl. This was different from the langue d'oc (Occitan language, also then called Provençal), whose territory bordered that of Old French to the south.

The Old Frankish language added many words to Old French after the conquest by the tribe of the Franks, of the portions of Roman Gaul that are now France and Belgium, during the Migration Period.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Old French
- **nativename**: , ,
- **pronunciation**: , ,
- **region**: northern France in the Middle Ages, France, parts of Belgium (Wallonia), Norman England, England, Norman Ireland, Ireland, Kingdom of Sicily, Principality of Antioch, Kingdom of Cyprus
- **era**: evolved into Middle French by the 14th century
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam5**: Gallo-Romance languages, Gallo-Romance
- **fam6**: Gallo-Rhaetian
- **fam7**: Langue d'oïl, Oïl
- **iso2**: fro
- **iso3**: fro
- **glotto**: oldf1239
- **glottorefname**: Old French
- **notice**: IPA
Deborah Sampson

**Deborah Sampson** was a woman who dressed as a man, so that she could join the American soldiers in the Revolutionary War. The Revolutionary War was a war between Great Britain and the thirteen original colonies. Deborah Sampson came from a poor family. She worked as an indentured servant from the age of eight to the age of eighteen. She worked for no pay for a family, but that family let her study with and spend time with their sons.

Sampson wanted to serve in the war against the British, but **the American Army** would only take men. She dressed as a man, and she got into the Continental Army. She went by the name of Robert Shurtleff.
She later got married. She worked as a teacher. She also spoke in public about her experiences in the war.

During her time in war she went to extremes to keep her identity a secret. She once got slashed in the head by an enemy, yet bandaged it up herself. She also got shot in the leg twice. But, in order to not let people find out who she was, she pulled the bullets out of her own leg. In war, she collapsed from fever. She went to the hospital because of it and this is where her peers and boss found out about her being a woman.

Even if she lied to get into the army, her bravery was recognized and she was honored by her General and Congress as well.

## In books

- Alma Bond and Lucy Freeman, _America's First Woman Warrior: The Courage of Deborah Sampson_
- Susan Casey, “Women Heroes of the Revolution"
- Samuel Willard Crompton, “Deborah Sampson"
- Ann McGovern and Katherine Thompson, _The Secret Soldier: The Story Of Deborah Sampson_

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Deborah Sampson
- **image**: DeborahSampson.jpg
- **caption**: Frontispiece of _The Female Review: Life of Deborah Sampson, the Female Soldier in the War of Revolution_.
- **birth place**: Plympton, Massachusetts
- **death place**: Sharon, Massachusetts
- **placeofburial**: Rock Ridge Cemetery, Sharon, Massachusetts
- **branch**: Continental Army
- **unit**: Light Infantry Company, 4th Massachusetts Regiment
- **rank**: Private (rank)#United States Army, Private
- **serviceyears**: 1782–1783
- **battles**: American Revolutionary War
- **spouse**: Benjamin Gannett
- **relations**: 3 children (Earl, Mary, Patience)
- **laterwork**: Teacher
Weaver
Soldier
Lecturer
Farmer
Groundskeeper Willie

**Groundskeeper Willie** is a fictional character in the long-running cartoon show _The Simpsons_.

## Role in _The Simpsons_

Willie works at Springfield Elementary as the head janitor or groundskeeper. He is portrayed as an angry Scotsman. He shows some hate towards Principal Skinner and Bart Simpson. He lives in a shack in the grounds of Springfield Elementary.

## Infobox (simpsons character)

- **name**: Groundskeeper Willie
- **gender**: Male
- **job**: Janitor at Springfield Elementary School
- **relatives**: **Cousin:** Gravedigger Billy
- **appearance**: "Principal Charming" (1991)
- **voiceactor**: Dan Castellaneta
Dialectic

In philosophy, **dialectic** is a debate or an argument between different individuals. In medieval Europe, dialectics (or logic) was one of the three beginning liberal arts known as the _trivium_ altogether, while the others were grammar and rhetoric.

## Purposes

The goal of the dialectical process (_dialectic_ or _dialectics_) is to resolve a dispute by rational discussions, and the search for the truth in the matter.

## Main ideas

Dialectics has three main ideas:

- 1: Everything is made out of opposing forces/opposing sides
- 2: Gradual changes lead to turning points, where one force overcomes the other
- 3: Change moves in spirals not circles

## Related pages

- Text grammar
- Socratic method
- Discourse analysis
- Medieval philosophy
- Ancient Greek philosophy
- Мета Dialectic
Hans Luther

**Hans Luther** (10 March 1879 – 11 May 1962) was a German politician. He was a Chancellor of Germany. a law of July 1925 extended workmen's compensation coverage to all accidents from and to places of work, and vocational care was introduced that same month. In addition, a decree of May 1925 established compensation for occupational diseases.<nowiki>

In 1922 he became government minister of food and agriculture, and in 1925 Minister of Finance.

From January 1925 to May 1926 he was Chancellor. During a brief period he was also acting President.

Luther ran the Reichsbank from 1930 to 1933 and later became ambassador to the United States from 1933 to 1937.

## Infobox (chancellor)

- **name**: Hans Luther
- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1969-008A-07, Hans Luther.jpg
- **order**: 18th Chancellor of Germany
<small>9th Chancellor of the Weimar Republic</small>
- **term start**: 15 January 1925
- **term end**: 12 May 1926
- **president**: Friedrich Ebert, **Hans Luther** (acting), Walter Simons (acting), Paul von Hindenburg
- **predecessor**: Wilhelm Marx
- **successor**: Wilhelm Marx
- **order2**: Reich President, President of the German Reich (acting)
- **term start2**: 28 February 1925
- **term end2**: 12 March 1925
- **predecessor2**: Friedrich Ebert
- **successor2**: Walter Simons (acting)
- **birth place**: Berlin,Prussia,Germany
- **death place**: Düsseldorf,North Rhine-Westphalia,West Germany
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **party**: None
Crossover (music)

A **crossover** is a term in music. It is when a piece of music appears on music charts for different types of music. For example, a song might be on music charts for both pop music and country music.
Crossover

**Crossover** may refer to:

- Crossover thrash
- Audio crossover
- Crossover SUV
Gospel of Matthew

The **Gospel of Matthew** is a book of the Bible. (Its full name is the **Gospel According to Matthew**, but it is often called the **Gospel of Matthew** or just **Matthew**).  It is one of the four gospels of the New Testament that tell the story of Jesus' life and teachings.

It is _not_ thought to have been written by the apostle Matthew, who was one of Jesus' twelve apostles (see below). The Gospel of Matthew is called one of the synoptic gospels because it has some of the same stories and language as the Gospels of Mark and Luke.

Matthew wrote the gospel mainly for the Jewish people, to show them that Jesus is really the Messiah. Like the Gospels of Mark and Luke, Matthew tells many stories about Jesus' life. Matthew's gospel also talks about Jewish scripture.

## Date and author

Early Christian tradition attributes the gospel to the apostle Matthew. This is now rejected by modern scholars. The name of the author is not known. Likely it was written in Syria, in the last quarter of the first century AD.  Because it spread rapildly, it was likely written in a city. A city commonly cited is Antioch on the Orontes. the mdern-day city of Antakya. The writer was likely the head of a community. The Gospel of Mark was the first one to be written down. It is dated to the 40s, or perhaps 50s AD. The gospels of Luke and Mark used it as a source. But Matthew did not simply copy Mark, he used the text to show that Jesus had his place in Jewish tradition. He also included details that cannot be found in the Gospel of Mark. In addition, Matthew probably used a collection of sayings, known as the Q source, which is now lost.

## Related pages

- Bible
- Beatitudes
- Bethlehem
- Magi
- _St Matthew Passion_
Gospel of Mark

**The Gospel of Mark** is a book of the Bible. It is the second book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew even though it may have been written before it. The writer is believed to have been John Mark, a friend of Simon Peter, who was one of the Twelve apostles of Jesus.

The four gospels tell the story of the life of Jesus. The word "gospel" means "good news". The Gospel of Mark moves quickly, and the story shows how much Jesus worked during his short 3-year ministry. Mark's gospel tells many things about Jesus which are also found in the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke.  Matthew, Mark and Luke are called "Synoptic gospels" for this reason.

Most scholars date Mark AD 65-75. It is thought to be the first of the gospels to be written.  Mark's gospel may have been written with Gentiles in mind.  It gives the meaning of some of Jesus' words in Greek that would have been known to Jews but not to other people.  Mark's leaves out many details in the other gospels, such as the stories about the birth of Jesus.  He includes many stories of Jesus doing miracles, more than any other Bible writer.

In telling about the arrest of Jesus to be crucified, the book mentions a young man who was almost caught by the guards, but who slipped out of his robe and got away.  Some think this young man was Mark himself, since there is no other reason to include such a small detail.  If it was Mark, means that Mark was a follower of Jesus who probably saw him crucified and come back to life after three days.

The last chapter of Mark has some verses after verse 8 that may not have been part of the original gospel, as they are missing is some early hand written copies of the book.  However, they give further information about what Jesus said after his resurrection. These sayings  are similar to what the other gospels record.

## Related pages

- Jesus
- Bible
- Christianity
Gospel of Luke

The **Gospel of Luke** is a book of the Bible. Like the other gospels, the _Gospel of Luke_ tells the stories of the life and teachings of Jesus. It is the third and longest book of the New Testament and comes after the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Mark. The gospel is believed to be written by Luke, who was a friend of the Apostle Paul.

Luke was a doctor. He wrote his gospel for a man he calls 'most excellent Theophilus' (1:3). Luke wrote another book which is fifth in the New Testament, the Acts of the Apostles which tells what Jesus' disciples did after his rise back to Heaven.

Unlike the gospel writers Matthew, Mark and John, Luke was probably not Jewish but was Greek. He wrote the gospel mainly for non-Jewish people, (who were called Gentile by the Jews). Luke wrote to prove that Jesus is the Son of God. Luke's gospel contains many similar stories of Jesus. He tells more about the Virgin birth of Jesus than the other gospel writers.

## Related pages

- Jesus
- Bible
- Christianity
- Christmas
- Emmaus
Sofia Rotaru

**Sofia Mihailovna Evdokimenko-Rotaru** (born in Marshintsy, Novoselitskiy Rayon, Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine on August 7, 1947), simply known as **Sofia Rotaru**, is a popular Russian, Ukrainian, Moldavian and formerly Soviet singer, actress and producer.

Rotaru now lives in Ukraine. She has made many albums over the years; some of the more famous ones are _Ballade About Violins_, _Lavender_ (_Lavanda_), and _I Still Love You_.
Epistle to the Romans

**The Epistle to the Romans** or **Letter to the Romans**, is one of the letters written by the Apostle Paul to churches in different cities. Here, the letter is addressed to the early church in Rome, Italy.

Paul wrote the letter to the Romans to explain a very important point in Christianity. He proves, by quoting the Old Testament, that all humankind is guilty of sin before God.  People whom God calls righteous can only do so by trusting in God's ways, and not by their own effort. Only by believing in Jesus, who is the Christ and who died for humanity for their sins, can people be saved.

Once this belief is had, the believer receives the Holy Spirit, who helps the believer live a new life.  Paul asks the Romans to observe Christian ethics and submit themselves to authorities.

The letter remains very influential in explaining to non-Christians and new Christians what their Christian belief is all about.
Moe Szyslak

**Moammar Morris "Moe" Szyslak** is a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Hank Azaria. He is the bartender of Moe's Tavern. He speaks with a rough voice.

## Role in _The Simpsons_

Moe is the owner and only worker at Moe's Tavern. On some occasions he has had temporary help. The most notable of these occasions being in "Homer the Moe". His two most loyal customers are Barney Gumble and Homer Simpson.

## Other websites

- The Moe Szyslak File  at The Simpsons Archive

## Infobox (simpsons character)

- **name**: Moe Szyslak
- **full name**: Morris "Moe" Szyslak
- **gender**: Male
- **hair**: Curly and black, later grey
- **job**: Owner and proprietor of Moe's Tavern
- **relatives**: _unknown_
- **appearance**: "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire"
- **voiceactor**: Christopher Collins (Original)
 Hank Azaria (Current)
First Epistle to the Corinthians

**The First Epistle to the Corinthians**, or the **First Letter to the Corinthians**, is a long letter written by the Apostle Paul to the church in Corinth.

Paul wrote to the Corinthian church for a number of reasons.  He realizes the church at Corinth is divided and explains that although himself and a few disciples had helped start the church, the church was really headed by Christ Jesus Himself.  "I planted the seed, Apollos watered it, but God has been making it grow." (TNIV)

Paul scolds the church members there for sexual immorality and asks for these immoral people to be thrown out of the church.

He gives instructions for marriage, against worshipping worthless idols (idolatry), for spiritual gifts like prophecy. Paul praises the superior way of love and urges the church to be united.

At the end, Paul states that the resurrection of Christ is true.  He supports it with testimonies from "more than five hundred of the brothers and sisters" and it is this very truth which makes certain the believers will have eternal life.

Finally Paul tells of his plans to visit the Corinthians, and that Timothy, his co-worker, is coming to their church very soon.
Epistle to the Hebrews

**The Epistle to the Hebrews** or **Letter to the Hebrews** is one of the letters of the New Testament. Although it is believed by many to be written by the Apostle Paul, many others think it might have been written by one group of early Christians to a general group of Jews (also called Hebrews), or to a church with Jewish members.

The letter explains that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is the perfect sacrifice for human sinners. He is superior to angels and is our High priest in the order of Melchizedek. Jesus is the Messiah whose coming gives us the superior New Covenant, as compared to the Old Covenant of Abraham and
Moses. The writers state that if the Old Covenant was faultless, God would not have sent his Son to start a new one.

By stating that people are called righteous through their faith and belief in God's ways, the writers urge the readers to receive God's grace by accepting Jesus Christ.
Cleo Lemon

**Cleotha Lemon, Jr.** (born August 16, 1979) is an American football coach and former professional football quarterback. He is the wide receivers coach for the Jackson State Gamecocks. He played for parts of 3 years in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the San Diego Chargers, Miami Dolphins, Baltimore Ravens and Jacksonville Jaguars. He also played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the Memphis Xplorers of the AF2.

He started playing in the NFL for the Baltimore Ravens in 2002. Lemon played for the San Diego Chargers from 2003 to 2005. He then played for the Miami Dolphins until the 2007 season. He played for the Jacksonville Jaguars in 2008 before being cut from the team. He joined the Toronto Argonauts of Canadian Football League (CFL) and played for them from March 17, 2010 until he was released on September 6, 2011.

He played college football at Arkansas State. Lemon retired from playing professional football in 2011.

## Other websites

- Profile on NFL.com

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Cleo Lemon
- **image**: Cleo Lemon (3840446725).jpg
- **caption**: Lemon at Baltimore Ravens training camp on August 20, 2009
- **number**: 12, 17, 1, 8
- **position**: Wide receivers coach
- **current team**: Jacksonville State Gamecocks
- **birth place**: Greenwood, Mississippi, U.S.
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lbs**: 215
- **high school**: Greenwood High School (Mississippi), Greenwood (Greenwood, Mississippi)
- **college**: Arkansas State Red Wolves football, Arkansas State
- **undraftedyear**: 2001
- **pastteams**: * Green Bay Packers ()*
* Baltimore Ravens ()*
* Memphis Xplorers ()
* San Diego Chargers ()
* Miami Dolphins ()
* Jacksonville Jaguars ()
* Baltimore Ravens ()*
* Toronto Argonauts ()
- **pastcoaching**: * Pearl River Community College, Pearl River CC (2016-2017)
Offensive coordinator
* Jacksonville State Gamecocks football, Jacksonville State (2017–present)
Wide receivers coach
- **statlabel1**: Touchdown, TD–Interception, INT
- **statvalue1**: 8–7
- **statlabel2**: Passing yards
- **statvalue2**: 2,185
- **statlabel3**: Passer rating
- **statvalue3**: 71.8
- **nfl**: cleo-lemon
Reformed churches

The **Reformed churches** are a group of Christian Protestant denominations that are historically related by a doctrine that is identical or similar to Calvinism. It developed in the Swiss Reformation led by Huldrych Zwingli and John Calvin, but soon afterwards appeared in nations throughout Western Europe. Each nation in which the Reformed movement was originally established had its own church government. Several of these local churches have expanded to worldwide denominations and most have experienced schisms into multiple denominations.

## History

The first Reformed Churches were established in Europe in the 1500s, in the wake of the Protestant Reformation.

## Form of doctrine

Reformed doctrine is expressed in various texts]. Some of them are used by many denominations. Different denominations use different confessions, usually based on historical reasons. Some of the confessions still commonly in use are (with year of writing):
- French Confession (1559),
- Scots Confession (1560),
- Three Forms of Unity
    - Heidelberg Catechism (1563),
    - Belgic Confession (1566),
    - Canons of Dordrecht (1619),
- Second Helvetic Confession (1566)
- Westminster Standards
    - Westminster Confession of Faith (1646)
    - Westminster Shorter Catechism (1649)
    - Westminster Larger Catechism (1649)
- Baptist
    - London Baptist Confession of Faith (1689)

## Form of governance

Reformed churches have two main forms of ecclesiastical polity:
- Presbyterian polity or Synodal government - rule by assemblies of ordained officers.
- Congregationalist polity, e.g. Congregational churches

## Other websites

- World Communion of Reformed Churches
    - * World list of Reformed Churches
- Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals
- _Leben, a journal of Reformed Life_
- Reformed Online  - Comprehensive resource
Augsburg Confession

The ***Augsburg Confession***, also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name, _Confessio Augustana,_ is the most important confession of faith of the Lutheran Church. The Augsburg Confession is normative to all Lutheran Churches everywhere and in all times. It is also one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation. The Augsburg Confession was presented by a number of German rulers and free-cities at the Diet of Augsburg on June 25, 1530.

## Other websites

- The Augsburg Confession (1530) in Latin with a parallel English translation and with notes on the differences in the 1540 edition; from Philip Schaff's _Creeds of the Evangelical Protestant Churches_ at the Christian Classics Ethereal Library
- The Roman Confutation (1530) , in an English translation, compares each articles of the confession to Catholic beliefs.
- An Orthodox Response - Summary of Orthodox Patriarch Jeremias II's letter of 15 May 1576, in which he compares each article of the confession to Orthodox Christian beliefs.
Brainin

**Brainin** (Брайнин, also Brainen, Brajnin, Braynen, Breinin) is Russian-Jewish surname. It may refer to:

- Boris Brainin (Sepp Österreicher, 1905–1996), Austrian poet and translator
- Danny Brainin (?–), movie actor (Xtro, Yentl, Street Smart)
- David Brainin (1905–1942), French painter and dancer, died in Auschwitz
- Elisabeth Brainin (1949), Austrian psychoanalyst and scientific writer
- Fritz (Frederick) Brainin, (1913–1992) Austrian/American poet
- Grégoire Brainin, (Moineau, 1933) French poet and philosopher
- Harald Brainin (1923–2006), Austrian poet and writer
- Jerome (Jerry) Brainin (1916–2000), American jazz composer, the author of a song "The Night Has a Thousand Eyes"
- Max Brainin (1909–2002), Austrian/American commercial graphic artist and violinist
- Norbert Brainin (1923–2005), Austrian/British violinist, the founder of Amadeus Quartet
- Peter Brainin (?–), American saxophonist and jazz composer
- Reuben Brainin (1862–1939), Hebrew publicist, biographer and public figure
- Risa Brainin (?–), American theater manager
- Simon Brainin (1854–?), Russian/American physician and public figure
- Teodor Brainin (1905–?), Russian movie actor, the most known movie: Benya Krik (1926)
- Valeri Brainin (1948), Russian/German musicologist, music manager and poet

Other spellings:

- Bob Brainen (?–), American DJ (WFMU Radio)
- Raymond Breinin (1910–2000), Russian/American painter and designer
- Zofia (Sofie, Sophie) Röhr-Brajnin (1861–1937), Polish/German soprano
Norbert Brainin

**Norbert Brainin** (12 March 1923 in Vienna – 10 April 2005 in London) was the first violinist of the Amadeus Quartet, one of the world's most famous string quartets.

Because of Brainin's Jewish origin, he was driven out of Vienna after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938, as were the violinist Siegmund Nissel and violist Peter Schidlof. Brainin and Schidlof met in a British internment camp.  Like many Jewish refugees who came to the UK for safety, they became "aliens" and were kept in confinement.

Brainin was made free after a few months, but Schidlof stayed in the camp, where he met Nissel. Finally Schidlof and Nissel were freed, and the three of them were able to study with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. It was through Rostal that they met cellist Martin Lovett, and in 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet, which was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948.

The Amadeus was one of the best-known quartets of the 20th Century, and its members were given many honours, including:

- The Order of the British Empire, presented by the Queen.
- Doctorates from the Universities of London, York, and Caracas.
- The highest of all German awards, the Grand Cross of Merit.
- The Austrian Cross of Honour for Arts and Sciences.

The quartet stopped playing together in 1987 after Schidlof died, because the others thought that no other violist would fit in to the group so well.  Norbert Brainin continued to perform as a soloist, often performing with pianist Günter Ludwig.

His instruments included the "Rode" Guarnerius del Gesu of 1734, the "Chaconne" Stradivarius of 1725 and the "Gibson" Stradivarius of 1713.

## Other websites

- Martin Lovett remembering Norbert Brainin
Amadeus Quartet

The **Amadeus Quartet** was a world famous string quartet founded in 1947. First violin - Norbert Brainin, second violin - Siegmund Nissel, viola - Peter Schidlof, cello - Martin Lovett.

Violinists Norbert Brainin, Siegmund Nissel and  Peter Schidlof were forced to leave Vienna for London because of their Jewish origin after Hitler's Anschluss of 1938. When World War II broke out they were sent to internment camps because they were "enemy aliens" (foreigners from a country that Britain was fighting against).  The three violinists met up in camp and spent a lot of time playing music together.  Soon they were set free because they were "distinguished artists" (actually they were unknown at the time). They studied with violin teacher Max Rostal, who taught them free of charge. Another student of Rostal was Suzanne Rozsa, who was married to the cellist Martin Lovett.  Peter Schidlof changed to playing the viola, and they played string quartets together.  In 1947 they formed the Brainin Quartet.  Nissel then thought of the name "Amadeus Quartet".  He thought it sounded better than calling the group by the name of the first violinist.  The quartet was renamed the Amadeus Quartet in 1948 (Amadeus was one of Mozart's names).

The group gave its first performance as the Amadeus Quartet in the Wigmore Hall, London on Jan. 10, 1948. They were soon performing in concerts, festivals and masterclasses all over the world.  The quartet made about 200 recordings, among them the complete quartets of Ludwig van Beethoven, Johannes Brahms, and W. A. Mozart. They also performed works by such 20th-century composers as Béla Bartók and Benjamin Britten (who wrote his third quartet especially for them).

The Amadeus was one of the most celebrated quartets of the 20th century.

They had always agreed that if one of them became ill or died, the quartet would not play with any other person.  The quartet stopped playing in 1987 after the death of the violist Peter Schidlof.

Norbert Brainin died in 2005 and Siegmund Nissel in 2008.

## More information

- Muriel Nissel, _Married to the Amadeus: Life with a String Quartet_, [], Giles de la Mare Publishers Limited
'The Amadeus Forty Years in Pictures and Words' compiled by Suzanne Rozsa-Lovett available from beares1@btconnect.com

## References

- Siegmund Nissel; Obituary: The Independent, 26 May 2008 p. 33
Valeri Brainin

**Valeri Brainin** (born 27 January 1948) is a Russian/German musicologist, music manager, composer, and poet. Born in Nizhny Tagil, Russia, in the family of Austrian poet and translator, political émigré Boris Brainin (Sepp Österreicher), who belonged to the well-known Viennese Brainin family. He lives at the moment both in Hanover, Germany, and in Moscow. Brainin is of Jewish descent.

## Positions

President (from 2004) of the Russian Federation Society for Music Education (RussSME) – National Affiliate of the International Society for Music Education (ISME), a member of UNESCO. Head of the Laboratory of New Technologies in Music Education, Moscow State Pedagogical University. Art Director of Classica Nova International Music Competition. Art Director of the net of Brainin Music Schools (Brainin-Musikschulen), Germany. He has directed seminars/master courses at conservatoires and universities in Austria, Columbia, Germany, Italy, Russia, USA, etc. In addition he offered weekly music talks on Radio Liberty from Munich and Prague, and has literary, critical and scientific musical publications in Russian, German, English, and Italian.

## Music activities

Brainin is a full Member of the International Teacher's Training Academy of Science (Moscow), and of other scientific/pedagogical societies, he studied mathematics, linguistics, musical pedagogics, music theory and composition. He has had works performed in the Bolshoi Theatre, Moscow, and taught at Moscow's Gnessin Music School for specially gifted children. The Brainin Teaching Method for ‘development of musical intelligence in children’ became a standard part of the curriculum. He is also a noted piano teacher for children. Among his former students there are some prize-winers of national and international competitions.

## Literary activities

Russian poet (also known as Valeri (Willi) Brainin-Passek), a pupil of Arseny Tarkovsky, a member (1985-1990) of Moscow Club „Poezia“ together with Yury Arabov, Jewgenij Bunimovitch, Mikhail Epstein, Alexandr Eremenko, Sergej Gandlevskij, Nina Iskrenko, Timur Kibirov, Alexei Parshchikov, Dmitri Prigov, Lev Rubinstein, a. o.
Most essential poetry publications:

Russian:

literary magazines "Znamya" (Moscow), "Novy Mir" (Moscow), "Arion" (Moscow), "Ogonyok" (Moscow), "Grani" (Frankfurt-am-Main), "Dvadtsat dva" (Jerusalem), "Kreshchatik" (Kiev), anthologies "Verses of the Century" (Moscow, compiled by Yevgeny Yevtushenko) and "Verses of the Century-2" (Moscow).

English:

literary magazine "Partisan Review" (Boston).

## Well-known relatives

- Elisabeth Brainin (1949), Austrian psychoanalyst and scientific writer
- Fritz Brainin (1913-1992), Austrian/American poet
- Harald Brainin (1923-2006), Austrian poet and writer
- Max Brainin (1909-2002), Austrian/American commercial graphic artist and violinist
- Norbert Brainin (1923–2005), Austrian/British violinist, the founder of Amadeus Quartet
- Reuben Brainin (1862–1939), Hebrew publicist, biographer and public figure
See also Brainin.
Partisan Review

***Partisan Review*** was an American political and literary quarterly published from 1934 to 2003, though it suspended publication between October 1936 and December 1937.  It was founded by William Phillips and Philip Rahv.  It grew out of the John Reed Club as an alternative to _New Masses_, the publication of the American Communist Party, but became anti-Communist after Stalin.  Many of its early authors were the children of Jewish immigrants from Europe. The journal reached its peak influence from the late 1930s to the early 1960s, but then gradually lost its relevance to modern American culture.  Phillips died in September 2002 at age 94.  The journal continued under his wife Edith Kurzweil until April 2003.

In 1949, _Partisan Review_ awarded George Orwell £357 for the year's most significant contribution to literature, _Nineteen Eighty-Four_.

Classic stories and articles first published in ***Partisan Review***:

- Saul Bellow's "Two Morning Monologues"
- two of T. S. Eliot's "Four Quartets"
- Leslie Fiedler's "Come Back to the Raft Ag’in, Huck Honey"
- Clement Greenberg's "Avant-Garde and Kitsch"
- George Orwell's "Such, Such Were the Joys"
- Delmore Schwartz's "In Dreams Begin Responsibilities"
- Isaac Bashevis Singer's "Gimpel the Fool"
- Susan Sontag's "Notes on "Camp""

## Bibliography

- Bloom, Alexander, _Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals & Their World_, Oxford University Press, 1986.

## Other websites

- http://slate.msn.com/id/2081610
- http://chronicle.com/free/2003/04/2003041603n.htm
- _Partisan Review_ online Archive 1996–2003
Blue-eyed soul

**Blue Eyed Soul** is a term used to describe Soul and R&B music sung by white people. The term was first used in the 1960s about white artists performing music which was similar to the music being performed by Motown artists. It is sometimes called **white soul**.

## Famous singers

- The Animals
- David Bowie
- Hall & Oates
- Taylor Hicks
- Elton John
- Justin Timberlake
- Robert Palmer
- Rick Astley
- Tom Jones
- Lonnie Mack
- George Michael
- The Rascals
- The Righteous Brothers
- Dusty Springfield
Recherswil

**Recherswil** is a municipality in the district Wasseramt, in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Recherswil
- **image photo**: Recherswil 01 09.jpg
- **municipality name**: Recherswil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Recherswil COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Solothurn
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SO
- **district**: Wasseramt (district), Wasseramt
- **postal code**: 4565
- **municipality code**: 2530
- **area**: 3.37
- **elevation**: 458
- **population**: 1657
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.recherswil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Halten, Heinrichswil-Winistorf, Koppigen (BE), Kriegstetten, Obergerlafingen, Willadingen (BE)