juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Seymouria

***Seymouria*** was an amphibian tetrapod from the early Permian of North America and Europe, about 280 to 270 million years ago (mya). It was small, only 2 ft (60 cm) long.

As an adult animal, _Seymouria_ was well adapted to life on land, with many reptilian features. It was for quite a long time thought to be a primitive reptile. It is now known that its early life stages were in water. Apparently, it is an _amphibian_ whose adult stage was adapted for life in a dry climate.

The discovery of its amphibian nature was a considerable surprise.
- "... the discovery of larval stages... demonstrated conclusively that the seymouriamorphs were not biologically amniotes". Fossil larvae have been found of three related genera, from the Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian of five European countries.
- "It has been shown conclusively that seymouriamorphs had an amphibian-type life history, with aquatic young stages that lost their external gills after metamorphosis.... Seymouriamorphs were definitely not amniotes themselves". This means they were _not_ reptiles.

The adult skeletons were first found in the red beds of Texas and Oklahoma. These beds were laid down in the huge delta complex of a large river flowing towards a coast, much like the Mississippi of today. The species found in Germany and New Mexico, _Seymouria sanjuanensis_, had massive legs and held its body well off the ground. This shows an "effective adaptation to terrestrial locomotion".

A simplified life cycle might be: eggs laid in water, larval stages in water, young animal with limbs climbs out and instinctively moves to higher ground. All its life lived as a carnivore on dry land, returning to water occasionally to drink and to breed. The adults would be able to operate in a fairly dry climate.
Karaikal

**Karaikal** is a port city in the south-eastern coast of India. It is also a municipality and headquarters of the Karaikal district. France got control over Karaikal in 1674 and ruled it for over 280 years until Pondicherry became independent in 1954.

After the independence, Karaikal was also joined with Yanam, Mahe, and Pondicherry forming the Puducherry Union territory. Karaikal and other surrounding parts like Tirumalairayanpattinam, Thirunallar, Nedungadu, Kottucherry, Neravy, Varichikudy etc. form the Karaikal district. This district divides the Nagapattinam district into two. This makes Nagapattinam district as the only district to be divided into two in India.

The rivers of Arasalar River, Virasolanar River, Tirumalairajanar River, Vikramanar River and tributary rivers of Arasalar River flow into the sea through Karaikal.

Karaikal is in the Kaveri river delta region. The land around Karaikal is rich in alluvium, which makes it fertile land.

Karaikal is where Karaikal Ammaiyar, one of the 63 nayanmars, was born and lived. She is one of the renowned saints, who showed her devotion to Lord Shiva. She was also known as the mother of southern music.

Karaikal has many temples like the Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple. The grand and famous festival of Mangani festival is celebrated in Karaikal. The other temples are Kailasanathar Kovil, Sri Nithyakalyana Perumal temple etc.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Karaikal
- **native name**: காரைக்கால்
- **native name lang**: tamil
- **other name**: Karikal
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Karaikal main road.JPG
- **image caption**: A main road in Karaikal
- **pushpin map**: India
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, Union territory
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name1**: Puducherry (union territory), Puducherry
- **subdivision name2**: Karaikal district, Karaikal
- **subdivision type3**: Region
- **subdivision name3**: Tamil Nadu
- **government type**: Municipality
- **governing body**: Karaikal Municipality
()
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code type**: Postal Index Number, PIN
- **postal code**: 609602
- **area code**: +91-04368
- **area code type**: Telephone code
- **registration plate**: PY 02
- **demographics1 info1**: Tamil language, Tamil, French language, French
- **demographics1 title2**: Additional
- **demographics1 info2**: English language, English
Melksham

**Melksham** () is a small-sized English town, on the River Avon in the county of Wiltshire. It is  east of the city of Bath and  south of Chippenham. Melksham is  west of Devizes and  north of Warminster on the A350 national route.

The name is thought to come from "meolc", the Old English word for milk, and "sham", meaning fake. On John Speed's map of Wiltshire (1611), the name is spelt both Melksham (for the hundred) and Melksham (for the town itself). There are nine schools in Melksham. Melksham also has an unpopular football and rugby team that play competitive matches in a small league. The population of Melksham in 2019 is 19,357. In Melksham there is a park called King George, it has a tennis court and a football court all together in one. It has a massive field with lots of apertures and swings.

Melksham has very very poor transport infrastructure, with less than one train every 2 hours to nearby towns. The bus services are also as infrequent.

The main attraction in Melksham is its array of supermarkets, including Asda, Aldi, Lidl, Waitrose, Sainsburys and Iceland. It has the highest supermarket density in mainland Britain. There isn’t, however, a Tesco (except a small Tesco Metro) or Morrisons.

Cooper Tyres was a main employer but has recently let a lot of staff go.

## Preschools

- ABC Day Pre-School
- Bowerhill Pre-school
- King Fishers Pre-School
- Little Joeys
- Little Robins
- Queensway Chapel
- Sunflowers Pre-School

## Shops

- Aldi
- Boots
- Co-op
- Factory Shop
- Garden Centre
- Greggs
- Iceland
- Leeks
- Lidl
- Mc Donalds
- Melksham Flower Shop
- Peacocks
- Sainsburys
- Savers
- Specsavers
- Sports Bug
- Starbucks
- Toy master
- Waitrose
- Whitehall

## Restaurants

- Bear
- Kings Arms
- Mc Donalds
- Milk Churn
- Reffa Tandori
- Water Meadow
- Weather Spoons

## Walks in Melksham

- Conigre Mead
- Melksham Forest
- River Avon
Nan Chiau High School

Nan Chiau High School is a co-educational secondary school in Singapore. It is one of the 11 schools in Singapore that offer the Special Assistance Plan (SAP) Special/Express stream.

The school is affiliated to Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan (also known as the Singapore Hokkien Association).

## Brief History

- Nan Chiau High School was originally Nan Chiau Teachers' Training School which started in 1941 by Tan Kah Kee, at Kim Yam Road in River Valley.
- During World War II, the school was used as the headquarters and training grounds for Dalforce, against the invading Japanese.
- In 1947 Nan Chiau Teachers' Training School was changed into Nan Chiau Girls' High School.
- In 1965, Nan Chiau Girl's High School was rebuilt at a cost of 2 million dollars. On 8 March 1969, the new school building was opened by then education minister Ong Pang Boon 8 March 1969.
- In 1974, the school was further expanded due to high number of students.
- In 1980 the school became an English medium school.
- In 1984, the school started to take in boys. The school was renamed "Nan Chiau High School"
- In 2000, Nan Chiau High School was relocated to Sengkang New Town. The primary section separated to form Nan Chiau Primary School
- In November 2010, Nan Chiau High School was announced by the Ministry of Education to become the 11th Special Assistance Plan (SAP) school from January 2012.

## Notable Alumni

- Peh Chin Hua
    - Member of Paliament of Singapore, 1988 to 2001.
- Dr. Leong Chan-Hoong
    - Deputy Head, Social Lab, Lee Kuan Yew Institute of Policy Studies, National University of Singapore
- Han Kim Ling
    - Product Lifecycle Manager, Volex
    - Former Project Manager, Tyco Electronics
- Goh Lay Kuan
    - Singapore pioneer dance choreographer and arts educator
    - Recipient of the Singapore Cultural Medallion, 1995
    - Co-founder of Singapore Performing Arts School
Promenade MRT station

**Promenade Station (CC4/DT15)** is an MRT Station in Singapore. It is an underground interchange station along Circle MRT Line and Downtown MRT Line. It is the deepest station in Singapore at  below ground. The deepest platform is at Basement 7.

## Timeline

- 17 April 2010: Station opened along Circle Line
- 22 December 2013: Downtown Line was opened, making Promenade the deepest MRT interchange station.
- 27 December 2015: Downtown Line Platforms changed from A and B to C and D

## Unusual Layout

It is the only station to have four separated stacked side platforms on its own levels -

- Basement 2: Circle Line towards Dhoby Ghaut or Marina Bay
- Basement 4: Circle Line towards HarbourFront
- Basement 6: Downtown Line towards Expo
- Basement 7: Downtown Line towards Bukit Panjang
This is due to lack of space and the tight corridor at Temasek Avenue area. The two levels were restricted (B3 and B5).

## Exits

- A: The Helix Bridge towards Marina Bay Sands, The Float @ Marina Bay, Singapore Flyer, Conrad Centennial Singapore, F1 Pit Building, Mandarin Oriental, Marina Promenade, Marina Square, Raffles Boulevard, Ritz-Carlton Marina
- B: Millenia Walk, Centennial Tower, Millenia Tower
- C: Suntec City
Jurong East MRT station

**Jurong East Station (NS1/EW24)** is an MRT station in Singapore. It is an interchange station along North South MRT Line and East West MRT Line. The station is a terminus for the North South MRT Line, and is currently the only elevated station to have triple island platforms.

## History

This station was opened on 5 November 1988. The Branch MRT Line was opened on 10 March 1990, and it merged with North South MRT Line on 10 February 1996. The station code was originally W9. Two additional platforms were opened on 27 May 2011.

## Following stations

- East West Line
Previous: Clementi (EW23)
Next: Chinese Garden (EW25)

- North South Line
Previous: N/A
Next: Bukit Batok (NS2)

## Platforms

|colspan="2" align="center"|**Platforms at Jurong East MRT Station in Level 3**|
| --- | --- |
|Platform A|towards Marina South Pier|
|Platform B and C (formerly Platform A)|towards Pasir Ris|
|Platform D and E (formerly Platform C and D)|towards Marina South Pier|
|Platform F (formerly Platform B)|towards Tuas Link|
|colspan="2"|Note: Jurong East Platforms A and B are only opened from 7am to 10am and 5pm to 8pm on weekdays.|

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Rapid transit
- **image**: NS1EW24 Jurong East MRT Station platform E 202412.jpg
- **image caption**: Platforms E of Jurong East.
- **address**: 10 Jurong East Street 12
Singapore 609690
- **other**: Jurong East Bus Interchange, Taxi
- **structure**: Elevated
- **platform**: 6 (3 island platforms)
 Stacked side (JRL)
- **levels**: 1
- **tracks**: 4
- **parking**: Yes (Jem, Singapore, Jem, Westgate (Singapore), Westgate)
- **bicycle**: Yes
- **opened**: <small>(Platforms **C (Eastbound)**, **D (Southbound)**, **E (Southbound)** & **F (Westbound)**)</small>
 <small>(Platforms **A (Southbound/Peak hour only)** & **B (Eastbound/Peak hour only)**</small>
- **opening**: (Jurong Region line)
- **electrified**: Yes
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation) (North South and East West Lines)
- **former**: Jurong, Jurong Town
Russell Westbrook

**Russell Westbrook Jr.** (born November 12, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for the Sacramento Kings. Westbrook has previously played for the Oklahoma City Thunder, Washington Wizards, Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Clippers, and the Denver Nuggets  of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Westbrook played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins. Westbrook ispoint guard and stands . He was named the 2017 NBA MVP (Most Valuable Player) after finishing the season averaging a triple double, the first player to do so since Oscar Robertson during the 1961-1962 season. Russell Westbrook was named the 46th best player in the NBA’s 75th Anniversary Team. Westbrook was also the three-time Shaqtin a Fool MVP, making him the first and only active player to win it.

## Infobox (nba biography)

- **name**: Russell Westbrook
- **image**: Russell Westbrook (32077032673).jpg
- **caption**: Westbrook with the Oklahoma City Thunder in 2017
- **position**: Point guard
- **height**: 191 cm
- **weight**: 91 kg
- **league**: National Basketball Association, NBA
- **team**: Sacramento Kings
- **number**: 18
- **nationality**: American
- **birth place**: Long Beach, California, USA
- **high school**: Leuzinger High School, Leuzinger (Lawndale, California)
- **college**: UCLA Bruins men's basketball, UCLA (2006–2008)
- **draft year**: 2008
- **draft round**: 1
- **draft pick**: 4
- **draft team**: Seattle SuperSonics
- **career start**: 2008
- **years1**: –
- **team1**: Oklahoma City Thunder
- **highlights**: * NBA Most Valuable Player ()
* 8× List of NBA All-Stars, NBA All-Star (–, –)
* 2× NBA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award, NBA All-Star Game MVP (, )
* 2× All-NBA First Team (, )
* 5× All-NBA Second Team (–, , )
* All-NBA Third Team ()
* 2× NBA annual scoring champion, NBA scoring champion (, )
* 2× List of National Basketball Association annual assists leaders, NBA assists leader (, )
* NBA All-Rookie First Team ()
* Third-team List of All-Pac-12 Conference men's basketball teams, All-Pac-10 (2008)
* Pac-12 Conference Men's Basketball Defensive Player of the Year, Pac-10 Defensive Player of the Year (2008)
- **nba profile**: russell_westbrook
- **bbr**: westbru01
- **team2**: Houston Rockets
- **years2**: –present
Lyubomir Ivanov

**Lyubomir Lalov Ivanov ** is a Bulgarian mathematician, geographer, linguist and politician.

Chairman of the "Mathematical Logic" section at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1990-2011). Chairman of the Bulgarian Antarctic Place-names Commission since 1994, and national representative to the International Committee on Antarctic Geographic Information. President of the Manfred Wörner Foundation since 1994. Chairman of the Atlantic Club in Bulgaria (2001–2009).

## Biography

Lyubomir Ivanov was born on 7 October 1952 in Sofia. In the period 1986-1988 he organized a successful dissident campaign against the candidacy of Sofia for hosting in the city and adjacent Vitosha Mountain the Winter Olympics of 1992 and 1994.

He was an activist of the independent association _Ecoglasnost_ in 1989. Author of _Charter '89 for the preservation of Bulgarian natural heritage_. Co-founder of the association _Wilderness Fund_ and the Green Party, 1989. Participant in the National Round Table, 1990. Member of the National Coordination Council of the Union of Democratic Forces (1990-1991). Member of the VII Grand National Assembly. He authored scientific works in the field of mathematics, linguistics and toponymy, which have been applied in particular in designing the Streamlined System for the Romanization of Bulgarian. Ivanov suggests using his approach to Cyrillic transliteration also for other alphabets, notably Russian. Participant in several Antarctic expeditions and author of the first Bulgarian topographic maps of Antarctica. Leader of the topographic survey Tangra 2004/05, noted by Discovery Channel as a timeline event in Antarctic exploration.

## Awards

In 1987 he was awarded the prize _Nikola Obreshkov_ – the highest national award for achievements in mathematics, given for his monograph _Algebraic Recursion Theory_. UNHCR Award for his contribution to refugee studies.

## Other websites

- Lyubomir Ivanov on ResearchGate

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Lyubomir Ivanov
- **image**: Lyubomir-Ivanov-2.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **birth place**: Sofia
- **citizenship**: Bulgarian
- **nationality**: Bulgarians, Bulgarian
- **fields**: mathematics, geography, linguistics
- **workplaces**: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
- **alma mater**: Sofia University
- **thesis title**: Iterative Operative Spaces
- **thesis year**: 1980
- **doctoral advisor**: Dimiter Skordev
- **spouse**: Penka Dobreva
Alissa Rubin

**Alissa Johannsen Rubin** is an American journalist who writes about war. She is of Jewish descent. She is the bureau chief for _The New York Times_ in Paris. In 2016, she received a Pulitzer Prize for her stories about women in Afghanistan.

## Work

Rubin worked for _The Congressional Quarterly_, _The Wichita Eagle_, and _The American Lawyer_ magazine.

In 1997, Rubin went to work at _The Los Angeles Times_, where she wrote about Iraq, Afghanistan and the Balkans.

In 2007, she went to work for _the New York Times_, where she wrote about Iraq and France.  She worked in the Baghdad bureau as a journalist, and then she became chief. In 2009, she became chief of the bureau in Kabul, Afghanistan.

## Awards

- 2016 Pulitzer Prize for international reporting
- 2016 Michael Kelly Award for reports on the treatment of women in Afghanistan
- 2015 John Chancellor Award

## Other websites

- "Flawed Justice after a mob killed an Afghan woman", by Alissa J. Rubin.  This story about the death of Farkhunda Malikzada won her the Pulitzer Prize.
- Alissa J. Rubin on Twitter
Suraya Pakzad

**Suraya Pakzad** is an Afghan activist.  She started Voice of Women, an organization that helps women in Afghanistan. In 2008 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

## Life

Pakzad was born in Herat, Afghanistan. She received a degree in literature from Kabul University in 1990.

When Pakzad was 12 years old, she saw a gunman kill the headmistress of her school.  A few weeks later, a bomb hit her school and killed a girl in her class.

## Work

Pakzad started Voice of Women in 1998.  Its main office is in the city of Herat, but it has other offices in three provinces. The organization continued during the time of the Taliban rule, mostly in the city of Kabul.  The organization helps women with housing.  It helps women who get out of jail, women who run away from violent men, and girls who run away from forced marriages.

During the time of the Taliban, the organization had secret schools for girls in Kabul.  After the end of the Taliban in 2001, Voice of Women was the first women’s NGO to register with the new government.

In 2014 Pakzad started a women-only restaurant in Herat Province.

## Awards

- International Women of Courage Award, 2008, U.S. State Department.
- National Medal (Malali Medal), 2008, President of Afghanistan.
- "Time 100" most influential people, 2009.
- Women, Power and Peace Award, 2009.
Spotswood, New Jersey

**Spotswood** is a town in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

## History

Its first settler James Johnston originally called the place "Spotteswoode", named for his old place of residence in Scotland. The settlement dates back to 1685.

Spotswood was originally part of East Brunswick Township, but decided to become its own town on April 15, 1908.

## Geography

The town had a total area of 2.415 square miles (6.25 km<sup>2</sup>).

## Population

As of the 2020 United States Census there were 8,163 people, 3,196 households, and 2,191 families residing in the borough.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Spotswood, New Jersey
- **settlement type**: Borough (New Jersey), Borough
- **image skyline**: Spotswood_Church.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250x200px
- **image caption**: St. Peter's Church
- **image map**: Middlesex_County_New_Jersey_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Spotswood_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Spotswood in Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex County highlighted in red (left). Inset map: Location of Middlesex County in New Jersey highlighted in orange (right).
- **image map1**: Census_Bureau_map_of_Spotswood,_New_Jersey.png
- **mapsize1**: 250x200px
- **map caption1**: Census Bureau map of Spotswood, New Jersey
- **pushpin map**: USA New Jersey Middlesex County#USA New Jersey#USA
- **pushpin label**: Spotswood
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex County##Location in New Jersey##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New Jersey, County
- **subdivision name2**: Middlesex County, New Jersey, Middlesex
- **government type**: Mayor–Council (Faulkner Act)
- **governing body**: Borough Council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City manager, Administrator
- **leader title2**: Municipal clerk
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: May 12, 1908
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 6.27
- **area land km2**: 5.99
- **area water km2**: 0.28
- **area total sq mi**: 2.42
- **area land sq mi**: 2.31
- **area water sq mi**: 0.11
- **area water percent**: 4.46
- **area rank**: 380th of 565 in state
20th of 25 in county
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 8163
- **population rank**: 288th of 565 in state
20th of 25 in county
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: 3538.4
- **population density rank**: 191st of 565 in state
15th of 25 in county
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: −05:00
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, Eastern (EDT)
- **utc offset dst**: −04:00
- **elevation ft**: 36
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 08884
- **area code**: Area codes 732 and 848, 732
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 3402369810
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0885405
Bokeo Province

**Bokèo** (Laotian: ບໍ່ແກ້ວ;) is a northern province of Laos. It has the fewest people. Bokeo Province is the smallest of the country's provinces, covering an area of .

## History

Bokeo ("gem mine") was named after the sapphires gems that is found in the province.

## Geography

Bokeo Province is the smallest of the country's provinces, covering an area of .

## Protected areas

The Bokeo Nature Reserve was created as protection for the black crested gibbon (also known as "black-cheeked gibbon"), discovered in 1997, previously thought to be extinct. Elephants and wild water buffalo migrate through the reserve; bears and tigers are also present.

Other than the gibbons the wildlife in the reserve reported are: tigers, bears, otters and wild cattle.

## Demographics

Its population was 145,000 in 2007, in 36 townships, more than 400 villages. The province has more than 34 ethnicities.

## Economy

Houay Xay, the capital city of the province, has a lot of eco nomic activity. The province produces a lot of maize. Also there is a big industry for precious stones and gold

_Paa beuk_, a catfish, the largest freshwater fish in the world, is found in the Mekong river. It grows to  in length and could weigh up to 300 kg. It is an economic resource for the people as it has a high price in the market, the meat of this endangered fish being a delicacy.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name lang**: lo
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Laos, Province
- **image skyline**: Bokeo montage.jpg
- **image map**: Map of Bokeo Province, Laos.jpg
- **map caption**: Map of Bokeo Province
- **image map1**: Bokeo Province-Laos.svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Bokeo Province in Laos
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **established title**: Established
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Ban Houayxay
- **area total km2**: 6,196
- **population total**: 145263
- **population as of**: 2005 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC+07
- **iso code**: LA-BK
Tempora

**Tempora** is the codeword for a computer system  used by the British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). It collects most internet communications from fibre-optic cables. The data base of messages can be searched later as required. The system went into action in autumn 2011.

Tempora uses intercepts on the fibre-optic cables that make up most of the internet. It gets large amounts of internet users' personal data, without any individual suspicion or targeting.

The existence of Tempora was revealed by Edward Snowden. He is a former American intelligence contractor who leaked information to former _Guardian_ journalist Glenn Greenwald in May 2013. This was part of Snowdon's revelations of government-sponsored mass surveillance programs. Data collected by the Tempora program is shared with the National Security Agency of the United States.
USA3000 Airlines

**USA3000 Airlines** was an airline from the United States. The original name of the airline was _Brendan Airways_. For commercial reasons, the airline chose to be known as _USA3000 Airlines_. It was started by Apple Vacations in 2001. The airline started charter (irregular) flights to Cancún and Punta Cana in December of 2001.
 Scheduled (planned) flights were started in 2002. The airline flew mostly new Airbus A320 family airplanes. In 2011, Apple Vacations said it would stop USA3000 Airlines from flying. The last flight was on January 30, 2012. All of the airline's planes were sold to other airlines, such as Frontier Airlines and VivaColombia.
Pathum Thani province

**Pathum Thani** (, ) is one of the central provinces (_changwat_) of Thailand.

The province is north of Bangkok.

## Geography

Many canals are in the province. They are used to feed the rice paddies.

## History

In 1815, King Rama II visited the city. He was given a lot of lotus flowers. Because of this, the king decided to rename the city to "Pathum Thani". It means "the lotus flower town".

## Education and technology

Pathum Thani has a very high concentration of higher education institutions, especially ones in the field of science and technology. This, together with a large number of industrial parks and research facilities (including those in Thailand Science Park), make the region the educational and technology hub of the area.

- Academic institutes
- There are 10 of them.

- Research bodies
- There are 9 of them.

- Industrial parks
- Several

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Pathum Thani
- **native name**: ปทุมธานี
- **native name lang**: th
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Thailand, Province
- **image seal**: Seal Pathum Thani.png
- **image map**: Thailand Pathum Thani locator map.svg
- **mapsize**: frameless
- **map caption**: Map of Thailand highlighting Pathum Thani Province
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Pathum Thani town
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Narongsak Osotthanakorn (since 2021-present)
- **area total km2**: 1525.9
- **area rank**: List of provinces of Thailand by area, Ranked 69th
- **population total**: 1,074,058
- **population as of**: 2014
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density rank**: List of provinces of Thailand by population density, Ranked 4th
- **timezone1**: UTC+07:00, ICT
- **utc offset1**: +7
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:TH, TH-13
Bible of Borso d'Este

The **Bible of Borso d'Este** or **Bibbia di Borso d’Este** is a famous illuminated Latin Bible from the Renaissance period in the history of Europe. It was made in 1455-61 for Borso d'Este, the Duke of Ferrara. It has more than 600 pages and more than 1000 small paintings. It has many pictures of plants and animals as well as pictures showing life in the fifteenth century, including pictures of music and dance. In 1937 the Bible of Borso d'Este was reproduced in a limited edition by Bestetti Edizioni d'Arte which today has a high auction value considered as a work of art.

## Style

Northern Italy had a tradition of miniature painting for many years. The French Bible of Niccolò III was painted in this tradition. It was a model for Borso's miniatures. Niccolò's Bible was written in 1434.  It is now in the Vatican.

## History

The Bible of Borso d'Este was made between 1455 and 1461. A group of artists made the drawings.  Taddeo Crivelli and Franco dei Russi were the leaders of the artists.  Other artists were Girolamo da Cremona, Marco dell’Avogadro, and Giorgio d’Alemagna. Pietro Paolo Marone, a scribe from Bologna, did the writing.

In 1598, the Estense family moved to Modena, after the Pope took control of Ferrara.  They took the Bible with them to Modena. In 1859, the city of Modena became part of Italy, and Francesco V d’Austria-Este went to Vienna with the Bible.  In 1923, Giovanni Treccani degli Alfieri bought the Bible in a Paris bookstore.  He returned the Bible to the Biblioteca Estense in Modena, Italy.

The Bible of Borso d'Este is now in the Biblioteca Estense (Este Library) in the Palazzo dei Musei, a museum and art gallery.  The museum building was originally a poorhouse called Grande Albergo dei Poveri, built from 1767 to 1771.  In 1788 the building became an art gallery.   In 1883, the government got the building. The Bible of Borso d'Este is one of the most famous books in the museum.

## Other websites

- Biblioteca Estense Universitaria
    - Biblia Latina , v.1
    - Biblia Latina , v.2
- World Digital Library
Purple Rain (song)

**"Purple Rain"** is a pop and rock song by the musician Prince. The song is from the 1984 album of the same name. It was the third single off that album.

On the _Billboard_ Hot 100, the album reached #2 for two weeks. It was certified as Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. One million copies were shipped in the United States.

Prince won an Academy Award for Best Original Song Score for "Purple Rain".

The original version is eight minutes/forty five seconds long. The song was shortened to four minutes before it was released as a single.
When Doves Cry

**"When Doves Cry"** is a 1984 rock–pop ballad from the musician Prince. It was the lead single off his 1984 album _Purple Rain_. It was a worldwide hit. It was also his first American #1 hit song. It topped the charts for five weeks.

According to _Billboard_ magazine, "When Doves Cry" was the top selling single of the year. It was certified as Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. Over two million copies were shipped in the United States.

The song is one of Prince's signature songs.
Hans-Jochen Vogel

**Hans-Jochen Vogel** (3 February 1926 – 26 July 2020) was a German politician. Vogel was born in Göttingen. In December 1972, Chancellor Willy Brandt made Vogel Minister for Regional Planning, Building, and Urban Development. Brandt's successor, Helmut Schmidt, made him Minister of Justice in 1974. From 1987 to 1991, Vogel was also the Leader of the Social Democratic Party. He was an MP in the _Bundestag_ until 1994. He was the mayor of Munich from 1960 through 1972 and served as Mayor of Berlin in 1981.

Vogel died of Parkinson's disease-related problems on 26 July 2020 in Munich, aged 94.

## Other websites

- Short biography
Georg Kronawitter

**Georg Kronawitter** (21 April 1928 - 28 April 2016) was a German politician. He was a member of the SPD. He was mayor of Munich from 1972 to 1978 and from 1984 to 1993. He joined the SPD in 1961 and was elected to the Landtag of Bavaria in 1966. In the 1972 local elections, he was elected Mayor of Munich with 55.9 percent of the votes.

Kronawitter was born in Oberthann, a part of Schweitenkirchen, in the district of Pfaffenhofen.

He died in Munich, aged 88.

## Other websites

- Homepage of Georg Kronawitter (in German language)
Academy Award for Best Original Song

The **Academy Award for Best Original Song** is one of the awards given every year by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). It is given to the songwriters who write the best original song specifically for a movie. Only songs that are "original and written specifically for the motion picture" can win.

The award category was first given at the 7th Academy Awards. That ceremony was for 1934 movies. Nominations are made by Academy members who are songwriters and composers. All Academy members vote for the winner.
Mount & Blade: Warband

***Mount & Blade: Warband*** is an expansion to the action role-playing game video game _Mount & Blade_. First announced in January 2009, the game was made by TaleWorlds Entertainment and was published by Paradox Interactive on March 30, 2010. The game can be downloaded from the TaleWorlds Website and on Steam or through DVD.

_Warband_ adds to the Mount & Blade by introducing another faction to the game and also allows players to use political options, and allows the player to start their own faction. _Mount & Blade: Warband_ also has some multiplayer modes. Reviews of the game are often good, often stating the like for multiplayer.

## Gameplay

The main changes to the game was the adding of multiplayer , the adding of a sixth faction, Sarranid Sultanate, and the change of the game map. The adding of political options. A player who is not with a faction to capture a town or castle and start their own faction. The player can travel the map, and fight along the way. The goal is to have one faction controlling all of the map.

### Multiplayer

The multiplayer mode removes all of the RolePlaying and the map from the single-player mode. It focus' more on direct combat with other players. Each player starts new with a basic character, later players can buy weapons, horses and armour, with gold earned by playing. The player's multiplayer and single-player characters are not linked, they were 8 modes.

### _Napoleonic Wars_

_Napoleonic Wars_ is a multiplayer-only DLC developed by Flying Squirrel Entertainment for _Mount & Blade: Warband._  It _was_ set during the last years of the Napoleonic Wars. The servers can hold up to 200 players it has five selectable nations. It was released on April 19, 2012.

The multiplayer has different game modes such as team deathmatch, siege, capture the flag, duel, battle, and commander battle, for players to battle on. There are also community-organized events that pit player-created "regiments" against one another. Most of these regiments are based on actual regiments from the Napoleonic Wars. The regiments work together to create organized events, such as line-battles, sieges and groupfighting.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Mount & Blade: Warband
- **image**: Mount & Blade Warband logo.png
- **developer**: TaleWorlds Entertainment
- **publisher**: Paradox Interactive
- **engine**: Dazubo
- **platforms**: Microsoft Windows, Android (operating system), Android, Mac OS X, Linux
- **released**: **Microsoft Windows**
**Mac OS X**, **Linux**

- **genre**: Action RPG, Strategy, Simulation
- **modes**: Single-player, Multi-player
- **designer**: Armağan Yavuz
Steve Negus
Cem Çimenbiçer
Camp David

**Camp David** is an official residence of the President of the United States. It is northwest of Washington D.C., in Catoctin Mountain park. Staffing is provided by the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps. Its official name is **Naval Support Facility Thurmont**.

## History

President Franklin D. Roosevelt had it built to escape the hot summers in Washington, D.C. At the time he called it "Shangri-La. In 1953 President Dwight D. Eisenhower renamed it Camp David after his grandson David Eisenhower. During the presidency of Jimmy Carter, The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on  17 September 1978. This followed twelve days of secret meetings at Camp David.

## Security problems

- On September 14, 2005, an 81 year old former worker who helped build Camp David walked onto the grounds to voice his concerns over security problems. He was later fined $15.
- On July 2, 2011, an F-15 escorted a small two-seat plane out of the area of the camp, while Barack Obama was staying there. They were released without charge.
- On July 10, 2011 an F-15 escorted another small two-seater plane out of the area of the camp, while Obama stayed there.
Tiruchirappalli district

**Tiruchirapalli district** is one of the 32 districts of Tamil Nadu. The district's capital, Tiruchirappalli, is one of the largest in Tamil Nadu. It is located along the Kaveri River. The district's old name is Trichinopoly.

It is in the heart region of the state. The area of the district is 4,404 square kilometers. The population of the district is 27,22,290.
Changi Airport MRT station

**Changi Airport Station (CG2)** is an MRT Station in Singapore. It is along the East West MRT Line Changi Airport branch. The station is located in Singapore Changi Airport. It is one of the few stations on the MRT to have the faregates on the same level as the platform. The station opened on 8 February 2002. The former code was E14, later renumbered to EW29 after the system map revamp. The code is now used for Joo Koon MRT Station.

## Following Stations

Previous: Expo (CG1/DT35)
Next: Terminus

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) terminus
- **image**: File:CG2 Changi Airport MRT platforms 20200919 212555.jpg
- **image caption**: Changi Airport station with the illuminated linkbridge spanning over the platform
- **address**: 70 Airport Boulevard
Singapore 819661
- **other**: Changi Airport Bus Terminal, taxi
- **structure**: Underground
- **platform**: 2 (1 island platform)
- **levels**: 1
- **tracks**: 2
- **parking**: Yes (Changi Airport, Jewel Changi Airport)
- **bicycle**: Yes (Changi Airport)
- **passengers**: 4799 per day
- **pass year**: July 2020
- **opened**: (as Changi Branch line)
- **opening**: (Thomson–East Coast MRT line, Thomson–East Coast line)
- **electrified**: Yes
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SMRT Trains, SMRT Trains Ltd (SMRT Corporation) (East West & Thomson-East Coast lines)
- **map type**: Singapore Rail
- **map dot label**: Changi Airport
- **map caption**: Changi Airport station in Singapore
- **map alt**: Singapore MRT/LRT system map
- **map size**: 300px
- **map label position**: top
Marsiling MRT station

**Marsiling MRT station (NS8)** is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South Line in Woodlands, Singapore. It opened on 10 February 1996. It was first named Woodlands West Station.

## Former Codes

From 1996-2001 the code for Marsiling Station was N18.

## Related pages

- Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore)

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Rapid transit
- **image**: NS8 Marsiling MRT Station exterior 202412.jpg
- **image caption**: A train departing Marsiling MRT station.
- **address**: 71 Woodlands Avenue 3
Singapore 739044
- **other**: Bus, Taxi
- **structure**: Elevated
- **platform**: 2 (1 island platform)
- **levels**: 1
- **tracks**: 2
- **parking**: Yes (External)
- **bicycle**: Yes
- **electrified**: Yes
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation)
- **former**: Woodlands West
Grenoble School of Management

**Grenoble School of Management** is a European higher studies establishment. The school is in 2 places, in Grenoble and in Paris. It has been created in 1984.

GEM is specialist in the fields of economics, social sciences and management.

## Further reading

- Official
Branch MRT Line

The **Branch MRT Line** was the third line of the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network in Singapore.

The 6.5-km line and three of the four stations on it opened in March 1990. Trains ran as a branch line of the East West Line. The trip from one end of this line to the other took about ten minutes. The line used six-car Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 and Siemens C651 trains as its rolling stock.

In February 1996, the North South Line was extended to Woodlands. The Branch MRT Line was merged into the North South MRT Line.

## Stations

|**Station Number**|**Station Name**|**Interchange**|
| --- | --- | --- |
|W9|Jurong East|East West Line|
|B1|Bukit Batok||
|B2|Bukit Gombak||
|B3|Choa Chu Kang|Bukit Panjang LRT Line|
Bukit Panjang MRT/LRT station

**Bukit Panjang Station (BP6/DT1)** is an MRT Station in Singapore. It is along the Bukit Panjang LRT Line and Downtown MRT Line.  It is located at the boundary of Bukit Panjang, Bukit Batok, and Choa Chu Kang planning areas. It is the terminus station for the Downtown MRT Line.

It is one of the stations that is not connected to Downtown line. The station transit area is public. One has to use the paid linkway and another one had a prominent shopping mall to take a rest - Bukit Panjang Plaza.

Formerly the station was called **Petir MRT Station**. Due to confusion, the name was changed to **Bukit Panjang MRT Station** in 2009.

## History

This station was opened on 6 November 1999, as a LRT station. The former code was A6 until 2001. Later on, on 27 December 2015, the Downtown Line opened. On 21 November 2017, cash top ups are no longer accepted at the Passenger Service Centre at this station.

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore), Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) / Light Rail Transit (Singapore), Light Rail Transit (LRT) interchange and terminus
- **image**: DT1 Bukit Panjang MRT Platforms 20220503 130900.jpg
- **image caption**: DTL platforms of Bukit Panjang station
- **address**: 950 Upper Bukit Timah Road
Singapore 678213 (DTL)
11 Petir Road
Singapore 678268 (BPLRT)
- **other**: Bus, taxi
- **structure**: Elevated (Bukit Panjang LRT line)
Underground (Downtown line)
- **platform**: 4 (1 island platform, 2 side platforms)
- **levels**: 2
- **tracks**: 4 (2 MRT, 2 LRT)
- **parking**: Yes (Hillion Mall)
- **passengers**: 21,007 per day
- **pass year**: July 2020
- **opened**: (Bukit Panjang LRT line)
 (Downtown line)
- **electrified**: Yes
- **accessible**: Yes
- **operator**: SBS Transit, SBS Transit Rail Pte Ltd (ComfortDelGro Corporation) (Downtown line)
SMRT Trains, SMRT Trains Ltd (SMRT Corporation) (Bukit Panjang LRT line)
- **former**: Petir, Tenth Mile, Zhenghua
- **map type**: Singapore Rail
- **map caption**: Bukit Panjang station in Singapore
- **map dot label**: Bukit Panjang
- **map alt**: Singapore MRT/LRT system map
- **map label position**: bottom
- **map size**: 300px
Tanah Merah MRT station

**Tanah Merah Station (EW4/CG)** is an MRT Station in Bedok, Singapore. It is along the East West MRT Line.

The station is situated between Simei and Bedok. It is a cross-platform interchange for trains heading towards Changi Airport. Passengers going to Expo or Changi Airport may board the train from platforms C and D. Similar to other stations on the eastern section of the East West Line, the station's design consists of white-washed walls, curved pillars and a dome-shaped ceiling. Exclusive to this station, there is a glass roof running along the middle of the station.

Tanah Merah MRT is also officially assigned the station code "CG", to differentiate the station's operations on the Main Line and the Changi Airport Branch Line.

## History

The station was originally not going to be open with the rest of the East West Line in between 1988 and 1989 as there were only private houses surrounding it, but increasing pressure from Members of Parliament and the public forced SMRT to open this station. When it opened on 4 November 1989, the demand was extremely stagnant, with only private houses, Bedok South housing estates and Fengshan housing estates to cater to. The demand increased when Singapore Expo and the MRT line to Changi Airport opened.

The addition of a new platform was announced by Land Transport Authority on 25 August 2014 to allow trains to arrive and depart at shorter intervals and an improvement in waiting times with the enhancements. On 26 October 2016, the Land Transport Authority awarded the civil contract to Lum Chang Building Contractors Pte. Ltd. to build a new platform at Tanah Merah Station and viaducts for a contract sum of S$325 million. In addition to the new platforms, the existing East-West Line tracks will be extended to connect the line to the new four-in-one East Coast Integrated Depot at Changi. When completed in 2024, it will be the second station to have triple island platforms after Jurong East.

## Infobox (station)

- **type**: Rapid transit
- **image**: Tanah Merah MRT Station Changi Branch.jpg
- **image caption**: A R151 train at the station bound for Changi Airport MRT station, Changi Airport terminal.
- **address**: 920 New Upper Changi Road
Singapore 467356
- **other**: Bus, Taxi
- **structure**: Elevated
- **platform**: 4 (2 island platforms)  (2 proposed)
- **levels**: 2
- **tracks**: 3 (1 proposed)
- **bicycle**: Yes
- **opened**: <small>(Platforms **C (Airport-bound)** & **F (Westbound)**</small>
 <small>(Platforms **D (Airport-bound)** & **E (Airport-bound)** </small>
- **opening**: <small>(New Platforms **A (Eastbound)** & **B (Airport-bound)**</small>
- **electrified**: Yes
- **ada**: Yes
- **operator**: SMRT Trains (SMRT Corporation)
- **former**: Bedok, Changi
Sengkang LRT Line

The **Sengkang LRT Line** is a LRT line in Sengkang, Singapore. The 10.7 km line partially opened on 18 January 2003.

Trains operating on the line are Mitsubishi Crystal Movers.

## Timeline

- 18 January 2003: Line opened along East Loop
- 29 January 2005: West Loop opened except Cheng Lim, Farmway and Kupang
- 15 November 2007: Farmway (SW2) opens
- 31 October 2012: LTA begins two car operation
- 1 January 2013: Cheng Lim (SW1) opens
- 27 June 2015: Kupang (SW3) opens

## Stations

Sengkang , interchange with the North East Line

- East Loop
Compassvale

Rumbia

Bakau

Kangkar

Ranggung

- West Loop
Cheng Lim

Farmway

Kupang

Thanggam

Fernvale

Layar

Tongkang

Renjong
Lonnie Mack

**Lonnie McIntosh** (July 18, 1941 – April 21, 2016), known by his stage name, **Lonnie Mack**, was an American rock, blues, and country singer-guitarist. As a featured artist, his recording career lasted from 1963 to 1990. He remained active as a performer into the early 2000s.

Mack is also called one of the finer "blue-eyed soul" singers of his era.

Mack died of natural causes in Smithville, Tennessee on April 21, 2016, aged 74. He was buried at his hometown in Aurora, Indiana near the Ohio River.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Lonnie Mack
- **image**: LonnieMackRisingSun.jpg
- **caption**: Mack in Rising Sun, Indiana, 2003.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Lonnie McIntosh
- **birth place**: West Harrison, Indiana, United States
- **death place**: Smithville, Tennessee, United States
- **instrument**: Vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, bass guitar
- **genre**: Blues rock, blues, country music, country, southern rock, rockabilly, blue-eyed soul, Bluegrass music, bluegrass, Gospel music, gospel
- **occupation**: Musician, singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1954–2010
- **label**: Alligator Records, Alligator, Elektra Records, Elektra, Fraternity Records, Fraternity, Capitol Records, Capitol, Flying V Records, Jewel Records (Cincinnati record label), Jewel, King Records (USA), King, Ace Records (US), Ace, Epic Records, Epic, Sage Records, Dobbs Records
Gato Barbieri

**Leandro "Gato" Barbieri** (28 November 1932 – 2 April 2016) was an Argentine jazz tenor saxophonist and composer. He became famous during the free jazz movement in the 1960s. He was known for his Latin jazz recordings of the 1970s.  His nickname, Gato, is Spanish for "cat".

Barbieri died of pneumonia in New York City on 2 April 2016 at the age of 83.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Gato Barbieri
- **image**: Gato Barbieri.JPG
- **caption**: Barbieri in 1970
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Leandro Barbieri
- **birth place**: Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
- **death place**: New York City, U.S.
- **instrument**: Tenor saxophone
- **genre**: Jazz, Latin jazz, smooth jazz
- **occupation**: Musician, bandleader
- **years active**: 1961–2016
- **label**: Impulse! Records, A&M Records, Flying Dutchman Records, United Artists Records, ESP-Disk, Durium Records, Columbia Records