juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Bold and the Beautiful

***The Bold and the Beautiful*** is a popular American soap opera. After _The Young and the Restless_, it is the highest-rated soap opera there.

The series is shown in over 100 countries. About 300 million people watch it every day. This makes _The Bold and the Beautiful_ the most watched television series in the world. The first episode was shown on March 23, 1987 on the CBS network. The series was created by the soap opera writer William J. Bell and his wife, Lee Phillip Bell. It is the only American soap opera to have its daily episodes translated into Spanish for the Hispanic viewers in the United States.

The series is set in Los Angeles, California. It tells the story of the Forrester family, who owns a fashion empire called Forrester Creations. The major members of the family are Eric Forrester (played by John McCook), the president of Forrester Creations, his wife Stephanie (Susan Flannery), their eldest son Ridge (Ronn Moss) and Brooke Logan (Katherine Kelly Lang), who was married to both the father and the son. She owns most of Forrester Creations. This is because she created _BeLieF_, a formula which earned much money for the company. There used to be a second fashion company called Spectra Fashions. It was Forrester’s main competitor. The conflicts between the Forrester and the Spectra families was one of the major themes of the story.

## List of actors/characters on the show

|Actor|Character|
| --- | --- |
|Texas Battle|Marcus Walton|
|Brandon Beemer|Owen Knight|
|Drew Tyler Bell|Thomas Forrester|
|Don Diamont|Bill Spencer|
|Lesley-Anne Down|Jacqueline Payne Marone|
|Susan Flannery|Stephanie Forrester|
|Jennifer Gareis|Donna Logan Forrester|
|Harley Graham|Alexandria Forrester|
|Winsor Harmon|Thorne Forrester|
|Mykel Shannon Jenkins|Detective Charlie Baker|
|Ashley Jones|Dr. Bridget Forrester Marone|
|Lesli Kay|Felicia Forrester|
|Katherine Kelly Lang|Brooke Logan|
|Kyle Lowder|Rick Forrester|
|John McCook|Eric Forrester|
|Daniel McVicar|Clarke Garrison|
|Alley Mills|Pamela Douglas|
|Ronn Moss|Ridge Forrester|
|Amanda and Rachel Pace|Hope Logan|
|Ridge Perkett|R.J. Forrester|
|Heather Tom|Katie Logan|
|Hunter Tylo|Dr. Taylor Hayes Marone|
|Jack Wagner|Dominick Marone|
|Jacqueline MacInnes Wood|Steffy Forrester|

## Other websites

- Official site
- _The Bold and The Beautiful_
- _The Bold and The Beautiful_ CBS Website

## Infobox (television)

- **alt name**: B&B
- **genre**: Soap opera
- **opentheme**: "High Upon This Love"
by Jack Allocco and David Kurtz
- **num seasons**: 39
- **language**: English
- **country**: United States
- **executive producer**: Bradley Bell
- **starring**: Present cast
Past cast
- **writer**: Bradley Bell
Michael Minnis
- **director**: Michael Stich
Deveney Kelly
Cynthia J. Popp
David Shaughnessy
Jennifer Howard
- **related**: The Young and the Restless
- **network**: CBS
- **runtime**: 19 minutes (approx.) (US)
21 minutes (approx.) (International)
- **camera**: Multiple camera-setup
- **num episodes**: 9,625 (as of October 3, 2025)
- **last aired**: present
Umbilicus

The **umbilicus** (also called **navel** or **bellybutton**) is a place on the body of mammals that is left after a baby loses its umbilical cord. The umbilicus of humans is in the middle of the abdomen. It is usually only easy to see on humans, and is a thin line on many other mammals. In humans, they can be split into two different kinds, the kind that goes in (**innie**) and the kind that goes out (**outie**). Different people have different navels that can be different in size, shape, and looks, but these differences are not genetic (you do not get them from looks passed down in your family). The hepatic portal vein passes from the umbilical vein to the liver. When a person becomes fat, the fat usually goes around the umbilicus.

It marks the water shed line of the body. The venus blood & lymph do not cross the umbilical plane.

## Related pages

- Navel piercing
Offside rule

The **offside rule** is one of the oldest football rules, but is still a much discussed rule. This is probably because of the relatively complicated set of provisions provided by the sport's law-making body, the IFAB for deciding if a player in an offside position is actually guilty of an offside offence by becoming involved in active play.  It can also be a difficult decision for the referee or assistant referee to make as they need to watch the ball, the player playing the ball and also the attacker who is seeking to receive the ball at the same time.

Offside is an offence committed by the team which has the ball and is punished with an indirect free kick.
It is a common misconception that the ball must be played forward for an offside offence to be committed. This is incorrect however, as an offside offence is related to the position of the player in relation to the last two opponents, the ball and the opponent's goal line rather than the direction the ball is played. If the player is closer to the opponent's goal line than both the ball and the second-last opponent when it is played by a team mate, she or he is in an offside position.

But there are some exceptions:
- Players cannot be offside in their own half of the field.
- It is not possible to be offside from a throw-in, corner kick or goal kick.
- If the ball is deliberately played by a member of the opposing team, an attacker cannot be offside.
- A player who is behind the other team's goal line is considered to be on the goal line for the purposes of offside. It is an offence to leave or re-enter the field of play without permission but not if it is part of a natural playing movement.
- If the player is behind the ball when it is played, he or she cannot be offside.
- An attacker who is exactly in line with the 2nd last defender or the ball is not considered to be offside.
- If a player does not become involved in active play, then it is not an offside offence even if that player is in an offside position (the concept of passive offside introduced in 1924). A player can become involved in active play by touching the ball (either directly from a team mate's touch or after it rebounds off the goal frame or an opponent) or interfering with another player's ability to play the ball.
Edinburgh Airport

**Edinburgh Airport** (IATA EDI, ICAO: EGPH) is an airport in Scotland. It is one of seven airports in the United Kingdom owned by the company BAA, which also owns Glasgow Airport and Aberdeen Airport in Scotland.
 It is served by many different airlines including Scot Airways, British Airways, EasyJet, BMI, Continental Airlines, Air France, delta airlines qatar airways hainan airlines andLufthansa. The airport has good road links to the city centre with a bus running every 10 minutes from the airport to the centre of Edinburgh, a number of taxis are always available. Just over 9 million people a year use the airport, but there are plans to make the airport bigger in the future.

On 19th October 2011, BAA Limited said that it is going to sell Edinburgh Airport. This was done following a decision by the UK's Competition Commission which said that BAA needs to sell either Glasgow or Edinburgh Airport.

## Accidents

In February 2001 a Shorts 360 crashed shortly after taking off from Edinburgh Airport. Both pilots were killed but there were no passengers on board as it was a mail-carrying flight.

## Other websites

- Edinburgh Airport official website

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Edinburgh Airport
- **image-width**: 250
- **image2**: Edinburgh Airport - Taxi rank.jpg
- **image2-width**: 250
- **iata**: EDI
- **icao**: EGPH
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: Global Infrastructure Partners
- **operator**: Edinburgh Airport Ltd.
- **city-served**: Edinburgh, Glasgow, Lothian, Fife, the Scottish Borders and Central Region, Scotland, Central Scotland
- **location**: Ingliston, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- **elevation-f**: 136
- **elevation-m**: 41
- **pushpin map**: Edinburgh
- **pushpin label**: EGPH
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Edinburgh
- **metric-rwy**: Y
- **r1-number**: 06/24
- **r1-length-m**: 2,556
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt
- **stat-year**: 2018
- **stat1-header**: Passengers
- **stat1-data**: 14,294,305
- **stat2-header**: Passenger change 17–18
- **stat2-data**: 6.6%
- **stat3-header**: Aircraft movements
- **stat3-data**: 130,016
- **stat4-header**: Movements change 17–18
- **stat4-data**: 1.1%
- **footnotes**: Sources: UK Aeronautical Information Publication, AIP at National Air Traffic Services, NATS
Statistics from the Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom), UK Civil Aviation Authority
Lufthansa

**Lufthansa** ***1-818-772-6235*** is the largest airline in Germany, and the second-largest in Europe. Some of Lufthansa's hubs are Frankfurt am Main and Munich, Germany. A hub is an airport where people who fly from one city to a second city can transfer or change airplanes.

Lufthansa buys airplanes from Boeing and Airbus. Lufthansa has big airplanes for flights to North America, Asia, and Africa. These flights are called long-haul flights because they are between cities that are far apart from each other. Lufthansa also has small airplanes for flights in Europe. These flights are called short-haul flights.

Lufthansa is a founding member of the Star Alliance, alongside United Airlines, Air Canada, Scandinavian Airlines, and Thai Airways International.

The name of Lufthansa's frequent flyer program is Miles and More. People earn points for flights they travel on. When they have enough points, they can get a free flight. Lufthansa has "Miles and More" to encourage people to fly with Lufthansa.

Many regional flights are operated Lufthansa Regional with Lufthansa CityLine, Eurowings and Air Dolomiti.

## Fleet

Lufthansa uses these airplanes:

|Type|Total|Passengers (First/Business*/Economy)|Notes||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Airbus A319-100|align="center"|32 (1 order)|138||
|Airbus A320-200|align="center"|62 (41 orders)|168||
|Airbus A320neo|align="center"|0 (60 orders)|Not known||
|Airbus A321-100|align="center"|0 (40 orders)|200||
|Airbus A321-200|align="center"|42 (2 orders)|200||
|Airbus A321neo|align="center"|0 (40 orders)|Not Known||
|Airbus A330-300|align="center"|18 (1 order)|217 (8/48/161) 221 (8/48/165)||
|Airbus A340-300|align=center|28|266 (44/222) 221 (8/48/165) 247 (8/42/197)||
|Airbus A340-600 http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/html/presse/pressemeldungen/index.html?c=nachrichten/app/show/en/2006/12/636/HOM&s=0(http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/html/presse/pressemeldungen/index.html?c=nachrichten/app/show/en/2006/12/636/HOM&s=0)|align="center"|24|306 (8/60/238)||
|Airbus A380-800|align="center"|10 (4 orders)|526||
|Boeing 737-300|align="center"|13|123 126|Being phased out|
|Boeing 737-500|align="center"|9|123|Being phased out|
|Boeing 747-400|align="center"|20|330 (16/80/234) 390 (16/64/310)||
|Boeing 747-8 http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/html/presse/pressemeldungen/index.html?c=nachrichten/app/show/en/2006/12/636/HOM&s=0(http://konzern.lufthansa.com/en/html/presse/pressemeldungen/index.html?c=nachrichten/app/show/en/2006/12/636/HOM&s=0)|align="center"|9 (10 orders)||New Deliveries: 5 in 2014, 5 in 2015|
|Boeing 777-9X|align="center"|0 (34 orders)|Not known|Deliveries in 2020|

## Other websites

- Lufthansa website

Article has been lengthened.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Lufthansa
- **image**: Lufthansa Logo 2018.svg
- **image size**: 250
- **iata**: LH
- **icao**: DLH
- **callsign**: LUFTHANSA
- **hubs**: Frankfurt Airport, Munich International Airport
- **frequent flyer**: Miles and More
- **alliance**: Star Alliance
- **subsidiaries**: *Air Dolomiti
* Austrian Airlines
* Lufthansa Cargo
- **fleet size**: 275
- **destinations**: 310
- **parent**: Lufthansa Group
- **num employees**: 107,643 (2021)
Orlando Bloom

**Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Bloom** (born 13 January 1977, in Canterbury, Kent, England) is an English actor. He is most known for his first major movie role as the elf Legolas Greenleaf in _The Lord of the Rings_ movie trilogy.

In 1993, he moved to London to improve his career, doing bit parts in TV series like _Casualty_. Then he played some theatres like _The Seagull_, _Twelfth Night_, and _Trojan Women_. This is a role that he received some days before graduating the drama school in London.

On June 24, 2025, _¡Hola!_ confirmed that Katy Perry and Orlando Bloom have called off their engagement.

## Movies

Here are some movies, in which he played an important character:
- _Wilde_ (1997)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring_ (2001)
- _Black Hawk Down_ (2002)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers_ (2002)
- _Ned Kelly_ (2003)
- _The Calcium Kid_ (2003)
- _Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl_ (2003)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_ (2003)
- _Troy_ (2004)
- _Haven_ (2004)
- _Kingdom of Heaven_ (2005)
- _Elizabethtown_ (2005)
- _Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest_ (2006)
- _Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End_ (2007)
- _The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug_ (2013)
- _The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies_ (2014)
- _Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales_ (2017)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Orlando Bloom
- **image**: Orlando Bloom Cannes 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Bloom at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival
- **birth name**: Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Bloom
- **birth place**: Canterbury, Kent, England
- **education**: Guildhall School of Music and Drama
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **partner**: Katy Perry (2016–2025; engaged)
- **children**: 2
871

## Events

- Somerton becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Wessex.
- Alfred the Great succeeds as king of Wessex after Ethelred of Wessex's death.
1084

## Events

- May – Sack of Rome by the Normans of Robert Guiscard.

## Births

- David I of Scotland
Neon

**Neon** is a chemical element on the periodic table.  It is part of the noble gas group and it has an atomic number of 10. It is an odorless and tasteless gas (at 15 degrees Celsius at standard pressure).

Neon does not react with other elements, so it is found by itself. There is not much neon in the air, and it is clear, so we do not see it.

It was previously thought that Neon could not bond with any other elements, creating compounds. However, there have been a few compounds that have been made with neon, such as NeAuF and NeBeS.

## History

Two British scientists, Sir William Ramsay and Morris Travers, discovered neon, argon, krypton, and xenon.  Together they discovered a brand new gas element in 1898.  Four years before, Ramsay, a physical chemist, had found argon and was the first person to isolate helium in 1895.  The scientists froze argon, using liquid air, and then evaporated this to collect the gas that is produced.  Using a high voltage, they collected the first sample of the gas.  To their surprise, the gas illuminated the glass tubes and glowed with bright crimson light.

Upon discovery, the two scientists decided to name the new gas Neon, after the Greek word Neos, meaning the new one. While Ramsay and Travers discovered neon gas, they didn’t invent neon lamps. It wasn’t until 1902 when French engineer and inventor Georges Claude showcased the first neon light.

## Uses

Neon gas is used in gas discharge lamps. When electricity goes through the neon, it lights up red. Due to this quality, it is used in light up signs. Similar signs use other gases to make other colors, but they are also often called "neon signs". Neon is also a term referring to a type of color that is very bright, such as lime green.

## Related pages

- List of common elements
- Neon lamp

## Infobox (neon)
Silicon

**Silicon** is a chemical element. Its atomic number is 14 on the periodic table. Its symbol is **Si**. It is a hard, brittle crystalline solid. It is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table.

Silicon looks like a metal, but cannot do everything that a metal can, like conduct electricity well. Silicon is used a lot in today's computers and nearly every other electronic device as well. Germanium can also be used in computers, but silicon is much easier to find.

For example, all of the sand found at the beach is made of small cubes of  silicon dioxide also known as  silica. Glass is made by heating sand hot enough until it melts. Glass made from silicon can be made in different colours by adding colouring compounds. Many rocks and minerals are composed of compounds of silicon and oxygen called silicates.

## Silicon in computers

Silicon is a semiconductor, and much used in computers. A typical desktop computer contains several dozen integrated circuits made mostly of silicon. A super-pure isotope of silicon, silicon-28, can now be made 40 times more pure than before. It is very important for the next big development in computers. This stores "qubits" in atoms of another element, like phosphorus, embedded in a tiny layer of ultra-pure silicon-28. These qubits can simultaneously encode a one and a zero, for incredibly fast and complex calculations.

## Related pages

- List of common elements

## Infobox (silicon)
Krypton

**Krypton** is a stable noble gas. It has an atomic number of 36. The name _krypton_ comes from the Greek word _kryptos_ meaning _hidden_. It is used in fluorescent lamps, flashbulbs, and as a wavelength standard. The metre used to be defined as 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in a vacuum of krypton gas.

## Chemistry

Because it is a gas, it does not react with many elements. It is clear and has no taste or smell. The atmosphere is only about one millionth part krypton. Krypton has very few compounds.

## Uses

The main use for krypton is to make light. There is one main type of krypton light bulbs. This is called a gas discharge lamp. There are three main types of these. First is a low energy gas discharge lamp or "neon light". Low energy gas discharge lights made from krypton are near white to green. Second is a high energy short length of time gas discharge light or "flash bulb". These are mostly used for photography. They are bright blue-white. Third is a high energy gas discharge light. This third kind is mostly used to light airport runways. They are also bright blue-white.

## History

Krypton was found by Sir William Ramsay and Morris Travers in Great Britain in 1898. Ramsay was given the 1904 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on noble gases. It was a difficult gas to discover; Ramsay suspected it existed but only found it by removing other gases. This is why he gave it the name Krypton. There is no mineral called Kryptonite or planet called Krypton, which both feature in the Superman comics by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. The fictional planet is probably better known than the real chemical element called Krypton.
It took until 1962 until a chemical compound containing Krypton was found.

## Related pages

- List of common elements
- Periodic table
Noble gas

The **noble gases** are a group of elements that are all gases. These elements are all in **group 18** of the periodic table. All of them are monoatomic, meaning each molecule is a single atom. They almost never react with other elements. This is because they have a full 8 electrons outer electron shell. There are six noble gases:

- helium
- neon
- argon
- krypton
- xenon
- radon

All of these gases are found in air. They make up around 0.96% of the atmosphere. Noble gas compounds can be formed from noble gases.

When the noble gases are used in cold cathode tubes to produce light, each of them has a different colour. Since Radon is radioactive, it is usually not used for lighting. Here are pictures of what the others look like:

Oganesson (element 118) is probably the next noble gas after Radon because it is the next box down in the same group. However it has a half life of 0.89 ms, after which it decays to Livermorium (Element 116). This means its use is probably limited.

Noble gases were discovered by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay. Rayleigh won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1904 for his work on noble gas. Ramsay won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 for his work with noble gas.
Polonium

**Polonium** is a rare radioactive metalloid. It is chemical element 84 on the periodic table and its symbol is **Po**. It was discovered in 1898 by Marie and Pierre Curie.

Polonium is highly unstable, radioactive and toxic. This makes it difficult to handle. It can be dangerous, even in very small amounts. One gram of Po will self-heat to a temperature of about . It also vaporizes easily.

Polonium has 33 isotopes, and all of them are radioactive. It is a very rare element in nature because of its short half-life. It is a breakdown product of uranium, so it is found in uranium ores.

Polonium is also very important because it is the main element of nuclear bombs.
Iridium

**Iridium** is the 77th element on the periodic table. Its symbol is **Ir** and its atomic number is 77.

## Chemistry

Iridium is a metal. Like other metals in the platinum group, Iridium is a rare and expensive "noble metal" and is a transition metal. It looks like platinum and is found in asteroids and comets. It is exceptionally hard-wearing.

Iridium deposits are used to identify relative dates of collisions of foreign bodies. Iridium can fold and bend just like aluminum, and remains very shiny. Most iridium is found in the Americas, though some is mined in Myanmar, South Africa, and Russia. Iridium melts at 2410 °C, and boils at 4130 °C. It is the most corrosion-resistant metal.

Iridium is not needed in the body. It is used for the tips of pens. The main uses of iridium are the metal itself and its alloys.

## History

A man named Smithson Tennant first found it in the year 1803 and is was named after Iris in Greek mythology. Smithson Tennant found it in the remains when he left crude platinum in a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.
Transition metal

The **transition metals** are a group of metals that are found in the middle of the periodic table. The alkaline earth metals, beginning with beryllium are to the left and the boron group (triels) elements are to the right. The term "transition element" was invented for them in 1921.

The atomic numbers of these metals are from 21-30, 39-48, 72-80, and 104-112. Many elements like Zn, Cd, Hg, La, Lu, Ac, and Lr have a highly debatable position in the transition series of elements. La and Ac are also classed in the lanthanide series and actinide series respectively.

Transition metals have several general properties. They are harder and less reactive than the alkaline earth metals. They are also harder than the post transition metals. They make colorful chemical compounds with other elements. Most of them have more than one oxidation state. Like other metals, they are electrical conductors.

Some of the transition metals are necessary to keep humans healthy, such as iron, zinc, and chromium. Other elements in the transition metals can be harmful to our body, like cadmium and mercury. Other elements like gold or silver do not harm or help us. There are more transition metals than any other groups in the periodic table.

Only a few of the transition metals are colored; most of them are silver-gray or silver-bluish.
Osmium

**Osmium** is a chemical element. It is element number 76 on the periodic table. Its symbol is _Os_.

There is not much osmium on earth. There is actually such a small amount that osmium is very expensive.

Osmium is a metal and it does not react very much, and such a metal is known as a "noble metal".

Osmium is the densest (heaviest for the same amount) element on the periodic table.

It was discovered in 1804 by Smithson Tennant in London, England. He found it together with Iridium in a bit of Platinum, which he had dissolved in Aqua regia.

## Characteristics

Osmium has a blue-grey hue and is the densest stable element; it is about twice as dense as lead and slightly denser than iridium. Osmium is a hard but brittle metal that stays shiny even at high temperatures. It has a very low squeezability. Accordingly, its size module is extremely high, reported between 395 and 462 GPa, which is comparable to that of diamond (443 GPa). The hardness of osmium is moderately high at 4 GPa.  Because of its hardness, brittleness, low vapour pressure, and very high melting point, solid osmium is difficult to machine, form, or work.
Radon

_Radon_ is a chemical element in the periodic table. It is element 86 on the periodic table and its symbol is **Rn**. It is an odorless, tasteless noble gas. It is quite radioactive and can decay very quickly. 27 isotopes of Radon are known today. The most stable of them has a half life of about 3.8 days.

## Chemistry

Radon is a gas and is part of the group known as the noble gases.  It does not react with other elements, so it is found pure. Radon is radioactive, meaning that it can give off harmful rays.  Some people have high levels of radon in their houses, and this can be very dangerous.  A lot of radon can get stuck in the basement of old houses, and so people end up breathing it in.  It gets stuck in the lungs and has been known to cause cancer.  There are groups that try to make sure there is no dangerous radon in houses.

It can occur naturally on the Earth but is a very small amount. As elements like Thorium and Uranium decay, some of that gets turned into Radon.

Radon can cause lung cancer and is the second most popular cause of lung cancer straight after smoking.

## History

Radon was the fifth radioactive element to be discovered, in 1899 by Ernest Rutherford and Robert B. Owens at McGill University in Montreal, after uranium, thorium, radium, and polonium. In 1899, Pierre and Marie Curie saw that the gas given off by radium remained radioactive for a month. Later that year, Rutherford and Owens noticed different types of them when trying to measure radiation from thorium oxide.

## Uses

It is sometimes used in radiation therapy. However, it is very dangerous to use.

## Related pages

- List of common elements
- Periodic table

## Infobox (radon)
Hypertext Transfer Protocol

**Hypertext Transfer Protocol** (usually abbreviated to **HTTP**) is a communications protocol. It is used to send and receive webpages and files on the internet. It was developed by Tim Berners-Lee and is now coordinated by the W3C.

HTTP/1.1 is the most-used version today, and RFC 2616 completely explains how it should work. As of April 2023, about 39% of websites already use the next version, HTTP/2 (which works in nearly all web browsers), and over 27% of websites already work with the newest version, HTTP/3, which came out in 2022. HTTP/3 is faster for most webpages in the real world. It is faster than both HTTP/2 and HTTP/1.1, sometimes more than three times as fast as HTTP/1.1.

## HTTPS

The secure variant of HTTP is called HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure), and is used by more than 79% of websites, such as payment websites (if it's not used, **then it's a clear signal that the payment site is a scam**).

HTTPS is used by default by most web browsers (even if not requested by the user), assuming the web server supports it. If a web browser shows a website's URL starting with `http:` without an `s` before the colon (or an unlocked icon is seen), then that website is not secure, so passwords or other data sent to them can be stolen. HTTPS encrypts (hides) all the information that is both sent and received. This can, therefore, stop malicious users such as hackers from stealing the information. HTTPS uses port 443 for communication instead of port 80.

HTTP works as such: a user agent, usually meaning the web browser, connects to a (web) server. A user agent could also be a web crawler, or so-called "spider", but most users do not use such tools (they are used by search engines, such as Google). The server must be located using a URL or URI. It normally connects to port 80 on a computer.

## Request message

The request message (for HTTP/1.1 and older) contains the following (i.e. it's in plain text, meaning it is not encrypted; no longer used with HTTP/2 and later):

- Request line, such as `GET /images/logo.gif HTTP/1.1`, which requests the file `logo.gif` from the `/images` directory
- Headers, such as `Accept-Language: en`
- An empty line
- An optional message body

The request line and headers must all end with two characters: a carriage return followed by a line feed, often written <CR><LF>. The empty line must consist of only <CR><LF> and no other whitespace. In the HTTP/1.1 protocol, all headers except `Host:` are optional.

A request line containing only the path name is accepted by servers to maintain compatibility with HTTP clients before the HTTP/1.0 standard.
Ethernet

**Ethernet** is a way of connecting computers together in a local area network or LAN. It has been the most widely used method of linking computers together in LANs since the 1990s. The basic idea of its design is that multiple computers have access to it and can send data at any time. This is comparatively easy to engineer.

If two computers send data at the same time, a collision will occur. When this happens, the data sent is not usable. In general, both computers will stop sending, and wait a random amount of time, before they try again. A special protocol was developed to deal with such problems. It is called Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection or CSMA/CD.

## Different cable types

There are different Ethernet standards. Ethernet cables connect to boxes called hubs or switches. Each cable runs from a computer's network interface card (NIC) to such a box. This cable is called 10BaseT or 100BaseT, or 1000BaseT Cable.

All cable types:
- 10Base2 and 10Base5: These coaxial cables are like those used in television, but thinner.  They are also called "thinnet" or "coax". Each computer has a "T" plugged into it, and cables plug into each side of the "T". Sometimes, instead of a "T", a _vampire tap_ is used. It supports 10 MBits per second transfer speed. It was the first to be adopted, and became rare during the 21st century.
- 10BaseT: Cables look like thick phone cables, but with 8 copper wires instead of 2 or 4, and they go from each computer to a Hub or a Switch. Supported speed is 10 MBit/second.
- 10BaseF: Same as 10BaseT, but cables transmit light pulses, instead of electrical signals.
- 100BaseT:  Cables look the same as 10BaseT, but can run at up to  100 MBits per second
- 1000BaseT: Cables look the same as 10BaseT, but can run at up to 1GBit (1000MBit) per second.

Today, the cables for 10BaseT, 100BaseT, and 1000BaseT are the same. Their transmission medium is unshielded twisted pair for Category 5 (UTP-Cat5) or 5e. Shielded cable (STP-Cat5 or Cat5e) can be used when there is a lot of electrical noise, and Category 6 (UTP-Cat6 or STP-Cat6) works better with faster signals such as 1GBit or 10GBit.

## Different devices

Other devices, such as video game consoles, can also be connected using the same kind of cabling. Certain computer peripherals, for example, printers and certain hard disks, can be directly connected to the network with such cables.

## Different speeds

Ethernet can go at different speeds. In the beginning, Ethernet was at 10 MBits per second. The Ethernet most often used today is at 100 MBits per second.  Most new computers now have the NIC built in, and can go at 1GBit per second. There are also standards for 1GBit per second and 10 GBit per second.  100 MBit can usually talk to 10 MBit, and 1 GBit can talk to 100 MBit and usually to 10 MBit (both full and half duplex).
Rn

**Rn** or **RN** could mean:
- Radon, a gas that is a basic chemical element
- Registered nurse, a nursing specialist in the medical field
- Royal Navy,
Phillips Academy

**Phillips Academy** (also called **Andover,** **Phillips Andover,** or  **PA**) is a high school for boys and girls in Andover, Massachusetts, near Boston, USA.  The school is a boarding school.  75% of the students live there.

Phillips Academy is one of the oldest private boarding schools in the United States.  Two American Presidents, George H. W. Bush and George W. Bush, went to school there.

Phillips Academy was founded during the American Revolution as an all-boys school in 1778.  The great seal of the school was designed by Paul Revere. George Washington's nephews went to the school, and he once spoke at an assembly while visiting. John Hancock, the famous signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, signed the articles of incorporation.

Phillips Exeter Academy was made three years later in Exeter, New Hampshire by Samuel Phillips' uncle John.  The football teams have played against each other almost every year since 1878.  This makes their rilvalry one of the oldest high school rivalries in the country.

Paul Revere put bees, a beehive, and the sun into the school's great seal.  The school's main motto, _Finis Origine Pendet_, means "the end depends upon the beginning." It is written at the bottom of the seal. The school's second motto, _Non Sibi_ means "not for self."
Gluttony

**Gluttony** is a wasting of resources. Usually it is food that is wasted. Either one person eats too much, or the person does something so the food (or the resources) do not reach those who need it.

In Christianity, this is considered to be one of the Seven deadly sins.
Greed

**Greed** is a desire to have more goods, or more wealth than is needed. Christianity says that greed is one of the Seven deadly sins. There it is listed as _avarice_, or in Latin _avaritia_.

nl:Hoofdzonde#Avaritia
CSA

- **CSA** can mean the Confederate States of America.
- **CSA** was Czechoslovak State Airlines (now called Czech Airlines)
Fornication

**Fornication** is a word that means having sex with someone who is not your spouse. Many Christians and Muslims believe it is sinful.
Profit

**Profit** is how much money somebody (normally a company) makes. This is found by subtracting how much money they have spent (_expenditure_) from how much money they have brought in (revenue).

## An example

If John spends $15 on some ice cream cones, and then sells them for $20, he has made a profit of $5. This is because he made $20 but when the $15 he used to buy the ice cream cones is subtracted, what is left is $5. In the end, he has $5 more than he had before he bought and sold the ice cream cones.
Roasting

**Roasting** is a way of cooking. Something gets roasted if it is put over a fire, and some is burnt. The same effect can also be attained with a grill at a barbecue.

## Meat

In different countries people like to roast different things.  People usually roast meats such as pork, beef, chicken, lamb, and duck. The roasted meat, along with its accompanying vegetables, is often called **a roast**.

Most meat being roasted has to cook for a relatively long time, to ensure that it is cooked through.  Variations to this include lamb and beef, which may be left "pink" or partially uncooked towards the centre.

## Other

Other things can be roasted too. For example, vegetables, coffee and chocolate. Coffee and chocolate are always roasted.
Pancreas

The **pancreas** is an organ that makes hormones and enzymes to help digestion. The pancreas helps break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The pancreas is behind the stomach and is on the left side of the human body.

The part of the pancreas that makes hormones is called the Islets of Langerhans. The Islets of Langerhans are a small part (2%) of the total cells in the pancreas.  The Islets of Langerhans change which chemical they make depending on how much of other chemicals are already in the blood.  So, the pancreas works to keep the level of chemicals in balance in the body.  If the Islets of Langerhans stop working, a person will suffer from a disease called diabetes.

The pancreas belongs to two systems of the body: the digestive system for its role in breaking down nutrients, and the endocrine system for producing hormones.

Research: Doctors are experimenting with taking the Islets of Langerhans cells from a donor body and putting them into the pancreas of a person with diabetes to make that person well.

## Hormones

The pancreas releases these hormones:
- Insulin (_which decreases the amount of glucose or sugar in the blood_)
- Glucagon (_which increases the amount of glucose in the blood_)
- Somatostatin (_which reduces production of insulin and glucagon_)

## Digestive enzymes

The pancreas releases many different enzymes to help digestion:
- Lipase (_which breaks down fats_)
- Amylase (_which breaks down carbohydrates_)
- Trypsinogen and Chymotrypsin (_which break down proteins_)
- Erepsin, which digests peptones into amino acids.

## Other websites

- Pancreatic Cancer Info
Chloroplast

A **chloroplast** is a small organelle inside the cells of plants and algae. They absorb light to make sugar in a process called photosynthesis. The sugar can be stored in the form of starch.

Chloroplasts contain the molecule chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. In addition to chlorophyll, a chloroplast uses carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and water (H<sub>2</sub>O) to form sugar and gives off oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>).

Chlorophyll is what gives green plants their green colour. Chloroplasts also contain various yellow and orange pigments to assist in photon capture for photosynthesis.

## Structure

Each chloroplast is surrounded by a double walled semi-permeable membrane. These are collectively known as peristromia. In the layered stacks are flat disk-shaped thylakoids. They contain light-absorbing pigments, including chlorophyll and carotenoids, as well as proteins which bind the pigments. Like mitochondria, chloroplasts also contain their own DNA and ribosomes.

## Evolution

Chloroplasts are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell. They may have originated as endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This was suggested by Konstantin Mereschkowski in 1905, after an observation by Schimper in 1883 that chloroplasts closely resembled cyanobacteria.

Almost all chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event.

Mitochondria also had a similar origin, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protists. In green plants, chloroplasts are surrounded by two lipid-bilayer membranes. They may be the outer and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium. Chloroplasts have their own genome, much smaller than that of free-living cyanobacteria. The DNA which remains shows clear similarities with the cyanobacterial genome.

Plastids may contain 60–100 genes whereas cyanobacteria often contain more than 1500 genes. Many of the missing genes are encoded in the nuclear genome of the host.

In some algae (such as the heterokonts), chloroplasts seem to have evolved through a secondary event of endosymbiosis, in which a eukaryotic cell engulfed a second eukaryotic cell containing chloroplasts. This formed chloroplasts with three or four membrane layers. In some cases, such secondary endosymbionts may have themselves been engulfed by still other eukaryotes, so forming tertiary endosymbionts. In the alga _Chlorella_, there is only one chloroplast, which is bell-shaped.

In some groups of mixotrophic protists such as the dinoflagellates and some sea slugs, chloroplasts are separated from a captured alga or diatom and used temporarily. These klepto (stolen) chloroplasts may only have a lifetime of a few days and are then replaced.
Oak

The **oak tree** is a tree or shrub in the genus ***Quercus***. There are about 500 living species. They are divided into subgenera. The common name "oak" may also appear in the names of species in related genera, such as _Lithocarpus_.

Oaks have spirally arranged leaves, with rounded edges in many species; some have leaves with jagged edges or entire leaves with smooth margins. Many deciduous species do not drop dead leaves until the next Spring. In Spring, a single oak tree produces both male flowers (as catkins) and small female flowers. The fruit is a nut called an acorn, carried in a cup-like structure. Each acorn has one seed (rarely two or three) and takes 6–18 months to mature, depending on species. The so-called "live oaks" are evergreen. They are not a taxonomic group, just a life style which occurs in the genus.

The oak is a kind of hardwood forest tree. They are well known as a climax vegetation in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. That means, left untouched by humans, it would be the dominant tree. Much of England was covered by oak forests before modern farming took over the land. The last extensive oak woodlands were cut down to build ships for the Royal Navy in the 18th century.

Some kinds of oak wood are very hard. That is why people in past centuries cut them down to make ships, furniture and other things. The wood is now scarce and expensive and only used to make a few things anymore. Much cheaper are softwoods like pine.

Oak trees grow slowly and can live up to 1000 years.

## Associated animals

A mature oak tree stands about 100 feet tall (~30 metres). It is a home for more animals than any other European tree. 30 species of birds, 45 different bugs and over 200 species of moth have been found on oaks. Beetles burrow under the bark, and some drill holes into the wood. The leaves are eaten by many caterpillars. Many leaves carry strange little bumps on the underside. These are insect galls, caused by many little animals. Midges, moths, worms and tiny wasps lay their eggs in leaves or leaf buds. The leaf reacts by forming a growth around the eggs. Inside the gall, larvae develop. The leaf falls, but the larvae may come out only the next spring. Small galls only have one larva, but larger galls may contain as many as 30 larvae.

## Acorns

Oak trees produce acorns once a year which ripen in autumn. Oak trees may start producing acorns when they are about 20 years old. A mature oak may produce 90,000 acorns a year; this is several millions in its lifetime.

## Related pages

- Cork oak
Glucose

**Glucose** (****) is a simple carbohydrate, or _sugar_. It is one of several kinds of sugars. It is important because cells in an organism use it as a source of energy. Turning glucose into energy is called cellular respiration, which is done inside the cells of a living organism. Excess glucose is converted to fats and are stored in adipose tissues.

Glucose is made by plants in a process called photosynthesis.  It can also be made by animals in their liver or kidneys.

Having the right amount of glucose available in a person's body is important. Glucose is essential in the proper functioning of the brain. It can be measured with a simple blood test. People that do not have enough glucose have low blood sugar levels. This is a health condition called hypoglycemia. People with too much glucose have hyperglycemia. They might have a health condition called diabetes.

Its chemical formula is **C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>**. This means it has six carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms bonded together.

How sugars work, and how glucose can be formed, was studied by a German chemist named Emil Fischer in the 1890s. His work earned him the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

## Isomers

There are two forms of glucose, the α- and β- forms. The only difference between them is the position of the hydroxyl group, above and below the plane of the ring of the molecule.

For α-glucose, the hydroxyl (-OH) group is below the ring, while for β-glucose, the (-OH) group is above.
Cellulose

**Cellulose** is the main chemical that forms the main structure of plants.  It is the most abundant macromolecule and the most common organic compound on  Earth.  It is also a kind of fiber.  Cellulose is a very complex carbohydrate, consisting of 3,000 or more glucose units.  Cellulose was discovered by Anselme Payen in 1838.  He isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical formula. Cellulose is also a principal compound in the formation of cell walls.

## Properties

Cellulose has no taste. It is odorless and hydrophilic, meaning it attracts water.  It is insoluble in water and most organic solvents.  It is chiral and is biodegradable.

Cellulose is made from a form of glucose and makes up most of the cell wall of plant cells. This is what keeps a plant in shape. Humans and other animals cannot digest cellulose but some animals such as termites and ruminants use bacteria to digest it.

It is a polysaccharide, which is repeating units of a monosaccharide joined together by a glycosidic bond by a condensation reaction.  It is very tough because when you join beta glucose together, they are opposite ways up. The bonds are straight, forming straight chains. There are hydrogen bonds between the polymers.

These fibers are in bundles of about 40, called **microfibrils**. Microfibrils are embedded in a hydrated network of other polysaccharides. The cell wall is assembled in place. The parts are made inside the cell and then assembled by enzymes associated with the cell membrane.

## Uses

It is mainly used to make paper. It is also used to make as cotton, linen, and rayon for clothes, nitrocellulose for explosives, and cellulose acetate for films. Cellulose is used as insulation in transformers, cables, and other electrical equipment. Microcrystalline cellulose and powdered cellulose are used as inactive fillers in drug tablets. Cellulose derivatives are used as emulsifiers, thickeners and stabilizers in processed foods. Cellulose can be converted into cellophane. Cellulose is used to make water-soluble adhesives and binders such as methyl cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose.

Celluose can also be used as an anti-caking agent in some foods like pre-shredded cheese.
Wikiquote

**Wikiquote** is a sister project of Wikipedia. It is one of many projects run by the Wikimedia Foundation.

Wikiquote was based on an idea by Daniel Alston and made by Brion Vibber. The goal of the project is to produce a large reference of quotations from famous people, books, and proverbs, and to give details about them.

## Languages

The project was first created in English. Meanwhile, in July 2004, more languages were added. Some of there are:

- Afrikaans language: Wikiquote
- Arabic language: ويكي الاقتباس
- Bulgarian language: Уикицитат
- Catalan language: Viquidites
- Chinese language: 維基語錄
- Danish language: Wikiquote
- Dutch language: Wikiquote
- English language: Wikiquote
- French language: Wikiquote
- German language: Wikiquote
- Greek language: Βικιφθέγματα
- Hindi language: Wikiquote
- Hebrew language: ויקיציטוט
- Hungarian language: Wikidézet
- Italian language: Wikiquote
- Japanese language: ウィキクォート
- Korean language: 위키인용집
- Latin language: Vicicitatio
- Malayalam language: മലയാളം Wikiquote
- Marathi language: Wikiquote
- Punjabi language: Wikiquote
- Pushto language: Wikiquote
- Persian language: ویکی‌گفتاورد
- Polish language: Wikicytaty
- Portuguese language: Wikiquote
- Romanian language: Wikicitat
- Russian language: Викицитатник
- Spanish language: Wikiquote
- Tamil language: விக்கி மேற்கோள்
- Telugu language: వికీవ్యాఖ్య
- Thai language: วิกิคำคม
- Turkish language: Vikisöz
- Urdu language: Wikiquote

As of May 2016, 31 versions each have more than 1,000 articles. The largest Wikiquote is the English project with over 26,500 content pages, followed by the Italian and Polish versions, both with over 22,000 content pages. In total, 60 languages have over 100 content pages.
Musical genre

A **musical genre** is how people describe different styles of music. Some of the most common music genres are:

- Blues
- Country
- Funk
- Gospel
- Hip hop
- Jazz
- Pop
- Rock
- Rhythm and blues
- Soul music
- Alternative

Plus there are several more common music genres. Religious music is also common, such as hymns, choir music and many more.

To provide an example of cross genre descriptions; Joe Walsh is to The SteelDrivers as Metallica is to Trampled by Turtles. Furthermore, The Rolling Stones are to Flatt and Scruggs as Nickelback is to  Doyle Lawson and Quicksilver.

## Related pages

- Musicology
Dim sum

**Dim sum** is a way of serving Chinese food. A range of different foods are served to the people who are eating, including pork wontons, fried shrimp, and egg rolls.
They are served on small wooden platters, and are usually steamed.

## Other websites

- Hong Kong Tourism Board Guide to Dim Sum
- The mysterious art of dumpling cuisine , _Asia Times_, April 6, 2002