juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hydride

A **hydride** is a compound with hydrogen bonded to other elements. Except for a few of the Noble gases, all of the elements in the periodic table can form hydrides. The properties of hydrides can be very different, but some of the hydrides have similar properties.

_Metallic hydrides_: compounds with ionic bonding. They are very reactive, making them difficult to dissolve. Most alkali metals and alkaline earth metals form ionic hydrides.

_Metallic_ or _Interstitial hydrides_: These have metallic properties like good electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. They are called interstitial because hydrogen can enter the metallic lattice (framework of metal atoms). Metallic hydrides are mostly formed from the metals in the groups 3 to 5 of the periodic table. Some of these are used in the nickel metal-hydride battery.

_Covalent hydrides_: These have covalent bonds between hydrogen and the other element. Most of the p-block elements form covalent hydrides. Many of these hydrides are unstable in air or water or when heated. Hydrocarbons are the hydrides of carbon, ammonia is a hydride of nitrogen, and water is a hydride of oxygen.
Horse the Band

**Horse the Band** is an American hardcore rock band from Lake Forest, California that was started in 1999. They are famous for using video-game style music in their songs.

### Current

- Nathan Winneke - vocals (2003-present)
- David Isen - guitars, (1999-present)
- Erik Engstrom - keyboard (1999-present)
- Daniel Pouliot - drums, (2008-present)

### Former

- Dashiell Han Arkenstone- bass (2005-2008)
- Eli Green – drums (2005-2006)
- Andy Stokes – bass (2001-2005)
- Jason Karuza – drums, (1999-2003)
- Christopher Prophet - drums, (2007-2008)
- Adam Crook – vocals (1999-2003)

### Albums

- _Secret Rhythm of the Universe_ (2001)
- _R. Borlax_ (2003, Pluto Records)
- _The Mechanical Hand_ (2005, Combat Records; re-release, 2007, Koch Records)
- _A Natural Death_ (2007, Koch Records)
- _Desperate Living_ (2009, Vagrant Records)

### EPs

- _I Am a Small Wooden Statue on a Patch of Crabgrass Next to a Dried Up Riverbed_ (2001)
- _Beautiful Songs by Men_ (2002)
- _Pizza_ (2006, Combat Records / LIF Records)

### DVDs

- _The Effing 69 World Tour_ tour footage (2004)

### Demos

- _Scabies, The Kangarooster, and You_ (1999)
Face (professional wrestling)

In professional wrestling, a **face** is a good guy.

A face should not cheat and most will not use weapons. They often try to make the crowd happy and excited.

Often, a face will fight a heel (bad guy), so the crowd will cheer the face and boo the heel.

de:Liste von Wrestling-Begriffen#F
Fagaceae

The family **Fagaceae**, also called **beech family**, is a family of flowering plants. It has about 900 species of evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs. They have alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins, and fruit in the form of nuts.

All the oaks, beeches and chestnuts are in this family.
Heat sink

A **heat sink** is an object that cools another part that is too hot. It works with a CPU fan to do this. The heat sink is in contact with the part that should be cooled. It takes heat away and dissipates it, for example into the air around it.

Heat sinks are found in most computers. The chips inside a computer can get very hot. Therefore, they need to be cooled, so that they don't break. This is usually done with a heat sink. Heat sinks are also found in most high fidelity audio amplifiers.

pt:Dissipador
Haka

The **haka** (; plural _haka_, in both Māori and English) is a ritual dance of the Maori, the native people of New Zealand. Sometimes, a haka is performed to excite friends and to scare enemies. In peace time, a haka is performed as a challenge.

A haka can include:
- voice (chanting)
- feet (stamping and leaping)
- hand (slapping, waving and clapping)
- eyes (rolling)
- tongue (poking out)

There are many different haka. Each tells a story. The most famous haka is _Ka Mate_. The Ka Mate haka is performed by many New Zealand sports teams before games. Another famous haka is 'Kapo O Pango' which is performed by New Zealand's rugby union team. This team is called the All Blacks.

Women are not usually allowed to perform haka. Instead, they sing and chant in support.
Crisis on Infinite Earths

**Crisis on Infinite Earths** was a story told in American comic books in the year 1985. It lasted for 12 issues. Marv Wolfman wrote it and George Pérez drew it. It changed much about the history of the DC Universe, and allowed the editors of DC Comics to simplify  their then 55 year old history.
Four-stroke engine

The **four-stroke engine** is an internal combustion engine. The four strokes are:
|Stroke|Alias|Piston|Intake valve|Exhaust valve|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|suck|opens, sucks in air + fuel|open|closed||
|squeeze|closes, compressing the air + fuel|closed|closed||
|bang|opens, because air + fuel combust, expanding gas in cylinder|closed|closed||
|blow|closes, blowing out the used gasses|closed|open||

## Related pages

- Two-stroke engine
Pecan

The **pecan** (_Carya illinoinensis_) is a species of hickory nut, native to south-central North America, in the United States from southern Iowa, Illinois and Indiana east to western Kentucky, North Carolina and western Tennessee, south through Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Oklahoma and Arkansas; and in Mexico from Coahuila south to Jalisco and Veracruz.

"Pecan" is from an Algonquian word, meaning a nut requiring a stone to crack.

Pecans are often used in cooking in the Southern United States. A common dessert there is pecan pie.
Tariff

A **tariff** is a tax charged on goods as they pass between one country and another. A tariff can be placed on goods being brought into the country (imports), and goods being exported from the country to another. It is usually done to make money for the government. It may also be done for protectionism. Protectionism makes it easier for local products to sell by making products from foreign countries more expensive.

Often, one government will have an agreement with another not to place any tariffs on goods that are traded between them. This kind of agreement is called free trade. Several states may agree to form a larger customs union.

The same word, tariff, is often used for the pricing  of gas and electricity.

## Related pages

- Customs
- Indirect tax
- International trade
German Confederation

The **German Confederation** replaced the Holy Roman Empire in Central Europe. After the Holy Roman Empire fell, Germany had fallen into over 350 different small kingdoms. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna decided that these weak kingdoms were not strong enough to keep France from trying to conquer them, which it had already done once under Napoleon. The Congress decided to keep the 39 larger countries that Napoleon had created in his Confederation of the Rhine. He joined all those little countries into 39 larger countries, which were still very small compared to the powerful countries of Europe.

The problem was that the Congress did not want to make them too strong, or they might conquer other countries. So they put the 39 countries into a confederation which meant that they were all separate countries, but they agreed to help defend each other, and in some ways acted like one big country. The Confederation would not be strong enough to attack another country; only strong enough to preserve the European balance of power.

The German Confederation lasted until 1866, when the members fought each other. The winners formed a new North German Confederation. In 1871 after winning the Franco-Prussian War, Otto von Bismarck, chancellor of Prussia, combined all the countries of Germany into the German Empire.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Deutscher Bund_
- **conventional long name**: German Confederation
- **common name**: Germany
- **status**: Confederation
- **year start**: 1815
- **year end**: 1866
- **date start**: June 8
- **date end**: August 23
- **event start**: Congress of Vienna, Established
- **event end**: Peace of Prague (1866), Disestablished
- **p1**: Confederation of the Rhine
- **p2**: Austrian Empire
- **flag p2**: Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg
- **p3**: Kingdom of Prussia
- **flag p3**: Flag of Prussia (1803).gif
- **s1**: North German Confederation
- **flag s1**: Flag of the German Empire.svg
- **s2**: Austrian Empire
- **flag s2**: Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg
- **s3**: Kingdom of Bavaria
- **flag s3**: Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg
- **s4**: Kingdom of Württemberg
- **flag s4**: Flagge Königreich Württemberg.svg
- **s5**: Grand Duchy of Baden
- **flag s5**: Flagge Großherzogtum Baden (1871-1891).svg
- **s6**: Grand Duchy of Hesse
- **flag s6**: Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg
- **s7**: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
- **flag s7**: Flag of Luxembourg.svg
- **image coat**: Wappen Deutscher Bund.svg
- **symbol type**: Coat of arms (from 1848)
- **image map**: Map-GermanConfederation.svg
- **image map caption**: The German Confederation in 1820. The two major powers - the Austrian Empire (yellow) and the Kingdom of Prussia (blue) - were not totally enclosed by the confederation's borders (red)
- **capital**: Frankfurt, Free City of Frankfurt
- **title leader**: Presidency
- **leader1**: Habsburg Monarchy, Austria
- **title deputy**: Federal Assembly
- **deputy1**: Bundesversammlung (German Confederation), Federal Assembly in Frankfurt, Free City of Frankfurt
Ice pellets

**Ice pellets** are known as **sleet** in North America, and **hail** in Great Britain. They are a type of frozen precipitation, little balls of ice. Large ice pellets are called hailstones.  Sometimes, ice pellets bounce when they hit the ground.
Howitzer

A **howitzer** is a special type of big gun used by an army. It has a short barrel, and is used to fire a shell over a short distance. The barrel length of a howitzer is 15 to 25 times of the caliber.

Howitzers are special because they're made to fire higher than a cannon but lower than a mortar. Howitzers are almost always used to shoot at targets on the ground, but they can be used for targets on water, or in the air.

The name _howitzer_ comes from an old Czech word, _haufnice_, which was a catapult that could fire many stones.

The sinking of the USS _Maine_ was most responsible for causing the Spanish-American War. On February 15th, 1898, the _Maine_ exploded in Havana Harbor and sank, killing over 260 of those stationed to the boat.

## Related pages

- List of howitzers
John Updike

**John Hoyer Updike** (March 18, 1932 - January 27, 2009) was an American author of works including _Rabbit, Run_ and _Couples_. He was born in Reading, Pennsylvania. He died of lung cancer in Danvers, Massachusetts in January 2009.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: John Updike, author at PEN Congress, cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Updike in 1986
- **birth name**: John Hoyer Updike
- **birth place**: Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Danvers, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **genre**: Literary realism
- **notableworks**: Rabbit Angstrom novels: _Rabbit, Run_ (1960)
_Rabbit Redux_ (1971)
_Rabbit is Rich_ (1981)
 _Rabbit at Rest_ (1990)
Henry Bech stories
_The Witches of Eastwick_
- **signature**: John Updike signature.svg
- **education**: Harvard University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Ruskin School of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford
Clog (shoe)

A **clog** is a kind of shoe. There are different kinds of clogs. They can be shoes, sandals or completely made out of wood.
Dendrite

**Dendrites** are the branches of neurons that receive signals from other neurons. The signals go into the cell body (or soma).

A cell may have hundreds of dendrites, but may have only one axon. The dendrites carry signals from other neurons into the soma, and the axon carries a single signal from the soma to the next neuron or to a muscle fiber.

A dendrite from one neuron and an axon from another neuron meet at a synapse, which is a very narrow gap between the two cells. When electrical impulses reach the end of an axon, they trigger the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters. These chemicals cross the synapse to the dendrite, where they trigger the flow of ions into or out of the cell.

The movement of the charged ions in the dendrite causes an electrical current, which spreads to the soma briefly before being restored to normal.

If the dendrites get lots of signals from axons, then it sets off a chain reaction. The chain reaction is a strong electrical current called an action potential that flows down the axon to the next synapse.

Fully differentiated neurons do not divide. However, stem cells in the adult brain may regenerate functional neurons throughout the life of an organism. Generally, once born, neurons do not divide. Many will live the whole lifetime of the animal.
Red Hat

**Red Hat** is an American software company. It makes open source software products. The company was founded in 1993. Red Hat has its headquarters in Raleigh, North Carolina, with other offices worldwide.

## Other websites

- Red Hat contributions

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Red Hat, LLC
- **image**: Red Hat Tower (formerly headquarters of Progress Energy Inc.) -- 20 May 2012 (panoramio.com) (cropped).jpg
- **image caption**: Red Hat Tower, the headquarters of Red Hat
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **founder**: Bob Young (businessman), Bob Young
Marc Ewing
- **hq location city**: Raleigh, North Carolina
- **hq location country**: U.S.
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: Paul Cormier (engineer), Paul Cormier (President (corporate title), President and CEO)
- **industry**: Computer software
- **num employees**: 13,400 ()
- **parent**: IBM
Mischief night

**Mischief night** is a tradition in some parts of the world; a night when people do mischief to their neighbours. This is usually 30 October, the day before Halloween night.
However in some parts of the North of England it is the night before Bonfire Night i.e.the 4th November.

## Traditional practice

Traditional mischiefs:

- Knocking and tapping on doors and windows
- Throwing paint
- Putting treacle on door handles
- Tying door handles together to stop them opening
- Moving gates
- Egging houses
- Toilet papering houses

## Current Day Practice

Sometimes combined with Trick or Treat.

In Detroit and other parts of Michigan, October 30 is called Devil's Night and includes vandalism and arson.

In southern New Jersey and the Philadelphia region, October 30 is referred to as "Mischief Night," where mischievous teens soap car windows, egg houses, adorn trees with toilet paper, and run away after ringing doorbells. In other parts of New Jersey, October 30 is also known as "Cabbage Night" or "Goosey Night."  In Camden, New Jersey.  Over 130 arsons were committed in that city on the night of October 30, 1991.

It is known as "Gate Night" in Trail, British Columbia, Winnipeg, Canada and as Mat Night in Quebec, Canada, always on the 30 October, the eve of Halloween. It is also commonly known as "Devil's Night" in many places throughout Canada.

In Yorkshire, it is also known as "mischievous night", "Miggy Night", "Tick-Tack Night", "Corn Night", "Trick Night" and "Micky Night".

Modern mischief includes toilet papering gardens and buildings, flouring and egging of cars, people, and homes, "forking" gardens, setting off fireworks and smashing pumpkins and jack-o'-lanterns.  Local shops do not sell eggs to chavs around the time of Halloween.  Sometimes the damage includes spray-painting of buildings and homes.

People play "Ding-Dong Ditch": in this 'game', people knock on doors and then run and hide.

## Media

A 2006 film Mischief Night is based on a night in Leeds, UK.

## References

- Confessions from a Mischief Night brat  BBC Yorkshire report — November 2006
- Police Patrol for Mischief Night BBC Merseyside report — November 2006
- Dialect Survey Results  US terms;prevalence and distribution
Shrove Tuesday

**Shrove Tuesday** is a holiday in which Christians have ash put on their heads in the shape of a cross in the United Kingdom, Canada, The United States and Australia for the day before Ash Wednesday. Ash Wednesday is the first day of the Christian season of prayer and fasting called Lent.

On Shrove Tuesday people traditionally cook and eat pancakes in Britain. The reason for this was to use up foods such as fat, eggs and milk before Lent.

It is also called **Pancake Tuesday** or **Pancake Day** in Britain. In some other countries, such as the United States, it is called Mardi Gras.

In some cultures it has close ties with Mischief night.
Wright County

**Wright County** is a county in three different states of the United States:

- Wright County, Iowa
- Wright County, Minnesota
- Wright County, Missouri
Sicilian language

The **Sicilian language** (__) is a language spoken in Sicily island and central Calabria. It is spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of Sicily and by emigrants.

## Speakers

10 million people speak the language. It has three stocks: the Sicilian, the Calabro-Sicilian and Salentinu.

## Differences with Italian

Compared to Italian, it is a distinctly separate form of verbal communication patterned by many years of foreign influence. Efforts to force Sicilians to speak conventional Italian include schools, television and radio. Italians maintain that Sicilian is simply a subset dialect of Italian, while Sicilians see their spoken word as a true and separate language.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Sicilian
- **states**: Sicily, Calabria (Central and Southern), Campania (Cilento), Apulia (Salento, Lecce), Malta
- **speakers**: 6.8 million
- **date**: 2010
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Latino-Faliscan languages, Latino-Faliscan
- **fam4**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam5**: Italo-Dalmatian languages, Italo-Dalmatian
- **iso2**: scn
- **iso3**: scn
- **lingua**: 51-AAA-re & -rf
(mainland 51-AAA-rc & -rd)
- **map**: Dialetti italiani meridionali estremi.jpg
- **notice**: IPA
Portmanteau word

A **portmanteau word** () is made of other words, or parts of words. It comes from putting  two (or more) other words together, like _motel_, from _motor_ and _hotel_.

## Origin

_Portmanteau_ originally meant a type of suitcase with two separate parts for storage.
The first use as a word combination appeared in Lewis Carroll's book _Through the Looking-Glass_. There Humpty Dumpty explains that some of the unusual words in _Jabberwocky_ are other words packed together into one word, as two parts of a portmanteau suitcase are packed together.

## Examples

_Portmanteau_ itself is an example, combining the French words for carry (porter) and coat (manteau) into a coat carrier. _Wikipedia_ is a portmanteau of wiki (Hawaiian for fast) and encyclopedia.

## Related pages

- Neologism
- Blend word
Installation (computer programs)

**Installation** means to put a program on a computer so that the computer can run it.

Most programs are stored in special ways to make them smaller, or to gather all the different pieces of a program up into one big piece. Before it can be used, though, the program needs to have these changes undone. Some programs also need to know extra information about the computer it is going to run on, so while it is installing, it will figure out what it needs to know and write it down for later.
Laplace transform

The **Laplace transform** is a way to turn functions into other functions in order to do certain calculations more easily. This way of turning functions to other functions is very similar to U Substitution. The aim of this change is to be able to turn the hard work of integration into a simple algebraic addition and subtraction, just as logarithms allow one to add and subtract instead of multiplying and dividing. An example of its use is in ruin theory, which is a subject of actuarial science with regards to insurance.

Functions usually take a variable (say _t_) as an input, and give some output (say _f_). The Laplace transform converts these functions to take some other input (_s_) and give some other output (_F_). Because of certain shared properties of Laplace transforms, this makes it very easy to manipulate the original function into something useful.

In many kinds of engineering, especially electrical engineering and signal processing, the original function is said to be in the _time domain_ and the new function given by the Laplace transform is said to be in the _frequency domain_.

The Laplace transform of a function , written as  or , is often formulated as:

where:
- _f(t)_ is the input function
- _t_ is the old domain
- _s_ is the new domain

## Related pages

- Fourier transform
Lorentz factor

The **Lorentz factor** is the factor by which time, length, and mass change for an object moving at speeds close to the speed of light (relativistic speeds). It is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Lorentz.

The equation is:
where v is the speed of the object and c is the speed of light. The quantity (v/c) is often labeled  (beta) and so the above equation can be rewritten:

## Classical relativity

Classical or Galilean relativity is the idea that if you throw a ball at 50 mph while running at 5 mph, the ball travels 55 mph. Of course, the ball still moves away from you at 50 mph, so if one were to ask you, you _saw_ the ball traveling 50 mph. Meanwhile, your friend Rory saw that you happened to be running at 5 mph. He would say that the ball was traveling 55 mph. Both of you are right, you just happened to be moving _with_ the ball.

The speed of light, c, is 670,616,629 mph. So if you are in a car traveling half the speed of light (0.5c) and you turn on your headlights, the light moves away from you at 1 c... or is it 1.5 c? It ends up that c is c no matter what. The next section explains why it's not c - 0.5c.

## Time dilation

When a clock is in motion, it ticks slower by a tiny factor of . The famous twin paradox says that if there were two twins and twin A stayed on earth while twin B traveled near c for a few years, when twin B got back to earth, he would be many years younger than twin A (because he experienced less time). For example, if twin B left when he was 20 and traveled at .9c for 10 years, then when he got back to earth, twin B would be 30 (20 years + 10 years) and twin A would be almost 43:
Twin B would not notice that time had slowed at all. To him, if he looked out a window, it would seem like the universe was moving past him, and therefore slower (remember, to him, he's at rest). So time is relative.

## Length contraction

Things get shorter in the direction of movement when they travel at speeds", which means fast enough that relativity effects can be observed. During twin B's journey, he would notice something strange about the universe. He would notice that it got shorter (contracted in the direction of his motion). And the factor by which things get shorter is .

## Relativistic mass

Relativistic mass also increases. It makes them harder to push. So by the time you reach 0.9999c, you need a very big force to make you go faster. This makes it impossible for anything to reach the speed of light.

Still, if you travel a bit slower, say 90% of the speed of light, your mass only grows by 2.3 times. So, while it may be impossible to reach the speed of light, it may still be possible to get close to it—that is, if you have enough fuel.
Cyperaceae

The family **Cyperaceae**, or the **sedges**, is a taxon of flowering plants. They look like grasses or rushes, but are not. They are monocot plants (as are grasses), but belong to a different family.

The family is large, with some 5,500 species described in about 109 genera. The largest is the _Carex_ genus of "true sedges", with over 2,000 species.

Sedges include many wild marsh and grassland plants, and some cultivated ones such as water chestnut (_Eleocharis dulcis_) and papyrus sedge (_Cyperus papyrus_). These species are widely distributed, with many in tropical Asia and tropical South America. Sedges may be found growing in almost all environments. Many are wetlands, or have poor soils. Ecological communities dominated by sedges are known as sedgelands.

Members of the sedge family have stems with triangular cross-sections (there are occasional exceptions). Their leaves are spirally arranged in three ranks (grasses have alternate leaves forming two ranks).
Objective-C

**Objective-C** is an object-oriented programming language used to make computer programs for macOS and iOS devices.

## History

Objective-C was created in the early 1980s by two programmers named Brad Cox and Tom Love. However, it didn't become popular until it was bought by NeXT in 1988 for their NeXTSTEP operating system. After NeXT was bought by Apple in 1996, it became the main programming language for Mac OS X and later the iPhone, iPod Touch and iPad. In recent years, Swift has been more popular than Objective-C.

## Basics

Objective-C is a strict superset of C, meaning that any code that can be written in C can be used in Objective-C programs without changing it. However, it adds some features of its own that can't be used in a traditional C program.

### Messages

In Objective-C, functions are called using messages, a feature inspired by the SmallTalk programming language. Messages look like "blocks" of code similar to the one shown below:

These blocks can be nested inside of each other as well, for example:

### Interfaces and Implementations

Unlike other programming languages such as C and Java, Objective-C _classes_ are divided into two separate parts:
- Interface, which contains the initial declarations of variables and functions.
- Implementation, which contains the actual code for functions.

Usually, these are put in two different files, with the interface using the ".h" extension and the implementation using the ".m" extension.

## Variations

Objective-C has variants that add features to the original Objective C programming language.

### Objective-C++

Objective-C++ allows for C++ code to be used in Objective-C applications.

### Objective-C 2.0

Objective-C 2.0 is an improved version of Objective-C. It adds many features, such as garbage collection (automatic memory management), fast enumeration and properties (the automatic generation of variable methods).

## Infobox (programming language)

- **name**: Objective-C
- **file ext**: .h, .m, .mm, .M
- **avatar**: reflection (computer science), Reflective, class-based programming, class-based object-oriented programming, object-oriented
- **family**: C (programming language), C
- **designer**: Tom Love and Brad Cox
- **latest release version**: 2.0
- **typing**: Static typing, static, Dynamic typing, dynamic, Weak typing, weak
- **implementations**: Clang, GNU Compiler Collection, GCC
- **influenced by**: C (programming language), C, Smalltalk
- **influenced**: Groovy (programming language), Groovy, Java (programming language), Java, Nu (programming language), Nu, Objective-J, TOM (object-oriented programming language), TOM, Swift (programming language), Swift
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **website**: [https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/Introduction/Introduction.html developer.apple.com]
- **wikibooks**: Objective-C Programming
ATLAS experiment

**ATLAS** (**A** **T**oroidal **L**HC **A**pparatu**S**) is the biggest experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC).

It is one of the seven particle detector experiments (ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, TOTEM, LHCb, and LHCf) built at the LHC.  LHC is a new particle accelerator at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland. ATLAS is 46 metres long and 25 metres in diameter, weighing about 7,000 tonnes. The project is led by Fabiola Gianotti. The project has 2,000 scientists and engineers at 165 institutions in 35 countries.  The project began operation on 10 September 2008. ATLAS studies highly massive particles which could not be studied using earlier lower-energy accelerators. ATLAS may start new theories of particle physics beyond the Standard Model.
Taser

A **Taser** is a weapon that is not meant to kill.  Tasers use electricity to shock people so they fall on the ground. If a person is shot by a Taser, they feel like they are hurt and cannot move their arms and legs. Tasers are used by police officers to stop people who want to hurt them, and to stop people who are running away.

## How Tasers work

Tasers shoot two small pieces of metal called prongs.  These prongs are connected to long pieces of metal string.  When the Taser is shot, the prongs hit the person and electricity moves along the metal string to shock the person.

If a person is very close, the prongs do not have to shoot but they will still shock.

## Safety

Even though a Taser is a weapon that is not meant to kill, the prongs can still hurt people.  There are some times when people die after they are shot with a Taser.  This is because some people get hurt differently by electricity.

## Owning Tasers

In many places, people cannot own a Taser. There are special rules to follow to own a Taser.  This is because it is considered a weapon.

In Canada, France, Israel and the United Kingdom only police officers can have a Taser, but in the United States of America and Poland, most people can own a Taser.
Wallpaper

**Wallpaper** is a kind of paper used to cover walls inside of houses and buildings.  Wallpaper is used to decorate the inside of buildings instead of paint.  It is sold in rolls and are put onto a wall using wallpaper paste. Wallpapers can come either plain (so that it can be painted), or with pictures or patterns.

"Wallpaper" is also a word for a picture on a computer monitor.

Photo wallpapers are wallpapers with an image applied to them. Consist of parts (the number of parts depends on the size). The image is applied using large-format printers (plotter) or offset printing.

## History

Wallpaper was first used in Europe around the year 1500.  In the time of Henry VIII the English aristocrats could not get as many tapestries from France, so they used more English wallpaper instead.  During The Protectorate, the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell banned wallpaper.  However, by 1750 people made great use of wallpaper and made better wallpaper.

### Water

Water is the easiest way to get rid of wallpaper.  Water makes the wallpaper paste become not sticky, then the wallpaper falls off.

### Chemicals

Sometimes the wallpaper paste is too strong for water, then special chemicals need to be used to make the paste not sticky.  Most of the time only new wallpaper has to be taken off with chemicals.

### Steam

Hot water makes it easier to remove wallpaper.  There are special machines that people can use to make water into steam and use it to remove wallpaper.
Animal trapping

**Animal trapping**, or simply **trapping**, is the use of a device to catch an animal. Animals may be trapped for a variety of purposes, including food, wildlife management, hunting and pest control. Each year, over 5 million wild animals, including coyotes, foxes and bobcats, are caught and killed in wild traps, mainly in the US, Canada and Russia, although trapping does occur in other countries too on a smaller scale. Traps are indiscriminate, catching the first animal to step on them. Countless dogs and cats, deer, birds and other animals—including threatened and endangered animals—are also injured and killed each year by the traps. Trap checking times range from once every 24 hours to once every 14 days. The regulations on trapping are weak and extremely difficult to enforce, which means untold amounts of animal suffering goes undocumented and uninvestigated.

Many animals die trying to free themselves, next to dehydration, blood loss and hypothermia. Often animals become so desperate, they resort to chewing or wringing off their own trapped limb in order to escape, breaking teeth and bones in the process. Some may die from blood loss or shock but most animals will be trapped for days before the trapper returns to kill them.

There are many kinds. For a deadfall trap, a trapper digs a deep hole in the ground and hides it so the animal falls in the hole and can not get out. A snare is a noose that tightens around the neck or other part of the animal.

Over 100 countries, including the EU and China, have prohibited the use of the steel-jaw leghold trap. But in the United States, steel-jaw traps are not only legal, they are the go-to tool for trappers who capture and kill millions of wild animals a year for the global fur market. In September 2019, California became the first state in the US to ban trapping for commercial and recreational purpose.
Minnetonka, Minnesota

**Minnetonka** is a suburb in Hennepin County, Minnesota. It is 9 miles to the west of Minneapolis. It is the eighteenth largest city in Minnesota. The name Minnetonka comes from the Dakota Sioux _mni tanka_, and it means "great water". It has a population of 53,781 as of the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Minnetonka
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: MinnCommCtr.jpg
- **image caption**: Minnetonka Community Center
- **image map**: Hennepin County Minnesota Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Minnetonka Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Minnetonka
within Hennepin County, Minnesota, Hennepin County, Minnesota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Minnesota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Minnesota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hennepin County, Minnesota, Hennepin
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1852
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1956
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 72.39
- **area total sq mi**: 27.95
- **area land km2**: 69.71
- **area land sq mi**: 26.91
- **area water km2**: 2.69
- **area water sq mi**: 1.04
- **elevation m**: 271
- **elevation ft**: 889
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 53781
- **population rank**: MN: List of cities in Minnesota, 17th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 55305, 55343, 55345, 55391
- **area code**: Area code 952, 952
- **blank info**: 27-43252
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0647949
- **website**: https://www.minnetonkamn.gov
Building material

**Building material** is any material which is used for a construction purpose. Many naturally occurring substances, such as clay, sand, wood and rocks, even twigs and leaves have been used to construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products are in use, some more and some less synthetic.

Bricks are man-made, and so is plaster, concrete, stucco and many other materials. However, they are usually still made out of natural materials, bricks being a good example. They are based on clay. Steel is based on natural types of iron.

One example of a man-made imitation is scagliola, which can imitate more expensive natural materials such as marble.
Leone Battista Alberti

**Leon Battista Alberti** (February 18, 1404 – April 25, 1472) was an Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, philosopher, and cryptographer, and general Renaissance humanist polymath.  In Italy, this first name is usually spelled "_Leone_", but Alberti is known as Leon.  Alberti's life was described in Giorgio Vasari's _Vite_.
Alberti is often seen as a model of the Renaissance "universal man“.-
He was born in Genoa, because the Albertis had been expelled from their native city, Florence.  When he was a child the family moved to Venice. In 1428 Leon visited Florence at first time.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Leon Battista Alberti
- **image**: Leon Battista Alberti.jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Late statue of Leon Battista Alberti.  Courtyard of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence
- **birth name**: Leon Battista Alberti
- **birth place**: Genoa, Italy
- **death place**: Rome
- **nationality**: Italy, Italian
- **field**: Architecture, Linguistics, Poetry
- **movement**: Italian Renaissance
- **works**: Tempio Malatestiano, Palazzo Rucellai, Santa Maria Novella
Bernardo Rossellino

**Bernardo di Matteo Gamberelli** (1409–1464), better known as **Bernardo Rossellino**, was an Italian Florentine sculptor and architect, the elder brother of the sculptor Antonio Rossellino. He was part of the second generation of Renaissance artists and had helped further define the new change in art style.

He had worked to rebuild Pienza from a village called Corsignano.
Greek cross

The **Greek cross** is a type of Christian cross that is used especially by Eastern Orthodoxy and Early Christianity. It is also known as the ***crux immissa quadrata***. It has all arms of equal length. Often the arms curve wider as they go out.

## Related pages

- Christian cross
- Latin cross
- Celtic cross
Pumice

**Pumice** is a term for a lightweight volcanic rock.

It is a solidified frothy lava, created when highly-heated, pressured molten rock is shot out from a volcano. Its light weight is due to air spaces, which are caused by fast cooling and loss of pressure. The loss of pressure makes bubbles by lowering the boiling point of the lava (like the bubble-creation when a carbonated drink is opened). The  cooling then freezes the bubbles in the matrix.

## Uses

Most famously, pumice stone has been used as a skin-scraper. It is used in  pedicure to remove excess skin from the bottom of the foot, and on calluses (tough areas of skin).

It has also been used to make lightweight blocks for building, and as a powdered ingredient in polishing.
Giuliano da Sangallo

**Giuliano da Sangallo** (c. 1443 – 1516) was an Italian sculptor, architect and military engineer active during the Italian Renaissance.
Antonio da Sangallo the Younger

**Antonio da Sangallo the Younger**, born **Antonio Cordiani** (April 12, 1484 - August 3, 1546) was an Italian architect active during the Italian Renaissance.
Giulio Romano

**Giulio Romano** (c. 1499 – November 1, 1546) was an Italian painter and architect. He was a pupil of Raphael. His differences from high Renaissance classicism help define the 16th century style known as Mannerism.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters
Carlo Maderno

**Carlo Maderno** (1556 - January 30, 1629) was an Italian-Swiss architect, born in Ticino. He is remembered as one of the fathers of Baroque architecture. His façades of Santa Susanna, St. Peter's Basilica and Sant'Andrea della Valle were important in the evolution of the Italian Baroque. He is often referred to as the brother of sculptor Stefano Maderno, but this is not universally agreed upon.
Giacomo della Porta

**Giacomo della Porta** (1532 – 1602) was an Italian architect and sculptor, who worked for many important buildings in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica.

## Other websites

- Catholic Encyclopedia
Domenico Fontana

**Domenico Fontana** (1543 – 28 June 1607) was a Swiss-born Italian architect of the late Renaissance.
Travertine

**Travertine** is a terrestrial sedimentary rock. It is a natural chemical precipitate of carbonate minerals; aragonite or calcite. This happens from solution in ground and surface waters, and/or  geothermally heated hot-springs. Similar (but extremely porous) deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa.

The Colosseum built by the Romans, was made of travertine.
Agostino Cornacchini

**Agostino Cornacchini** (August 27, 1686 – 1754) was an Italian sculptor and painter of the Rococo period, active mainly in Rome.
Alabaster

**Alabaster** is a name applied to varieties of two distinct minerals. Gypsum is a hydrous sulfate of calcium, and calcite is a carbonate of calcium. Gypsum is the alabaster of the present day; calcite is generally the alabaster of the ancients. Both are easy to work. They are attractive to look at. Both have been used for making a variety of artworks and objects, especially small carvings.

The two kinds are easy to tell apart. One is harder than the other. Calcite is hard (Mohs hardness 3). Gypsum is soft (Mohs hardness 1.5 to 2). It can be easily scratched by a fingernail. Also, calcite effervesces when it is treated with hydrochloric acid. Gypsum does not.
Information security

**Information security** is about protecting information so that people who should not have access to it cannot distribute, see, change, or delete it. Although this has a lot in common with computer security, information risk management and information assurance, it is different from them. For example, computer security can focus on making sure that the computer is available when it is needed and that it works correctly but may not have anything to do with the data that it stores.

Information security has to do with the confidentiality, integrity and availability of data in any form e.g. electronic, print, or other forms. Organizations, including governments, private businesses and others have much information stored and processed on computers. Data that is lost or released to the wrong people or that is not properly secured could lead to legal and ethical problems for the organization.

For an individual person, information security has a big effect on privacy, which is viewed very differently by people in different cultures.

## Other websites

- - " Secure Computing Mode (SCM)." is a special operating mode of the Elbrus processor in which the processor hardware controls memory access at the object level. The paper focused on the use of SCM to ensure security at critical information infrastructure (CII) facilities by detecting software errors and vulnerabilities. The MCST specialist discussed the specifics of porting and operating software using SCM and demonstrated the technology.
- Information security -Citizendium
San Pietro in Montorio

**San Pietro in Montorio** is a church in Rome, which includes in its courtyard _The Tempietto_ (a small commemorative martyrium) built by Donato Bramante.

## The Tempietto

The _Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio_ is a small commemorative martyrium built by Donato Bramante, possibly as early as 1502, in the courtyard of _San Pietro in Montorio_. It is considered a masterpiece of High Renaissance architecture.
Helena, mother of Constantine I

**Flavia Julia Helena** (; AD c. ), or **Saint Helena** was Constantine the Great's mother and a Roman empress (). Helena was a wife or concubine of Constantius I before he became a Roman emperor. In Christianity, Helena is a saint because Christian historians during Late Antiquity wrote that she found the relics of the True Cross in Jerusalem. Helena's tomb was the Mausoleum of Helena outside Rome.

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Helena
- **feast day**: August 18 (Roman Catholic Church); May 21 (Lutheran & Orthodox Churches); May 19 (Lutheran Church); Pashons 9 (Coptic Orthodox liturgics), 9 Pashons (Coptic Orthodox Church)
- **venerated in**: Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Churches
Oriental Orthodoxy
Anglican Communion
Lutheran Church
- **image**: Brosen icon constantine helena.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Eastern Orthodox icon of _Saint Constantine the Great and his mother Saint Helena_
- **birth place**: Drepanum, Bithynia, Asia Minor
- **death place**: Rome
- **titles**: Empress; Mother of Constantine the Great
- **canonized date**: Pre-congregation, Pre-Congregation
- **attributes**: Cross
- **patronage**: archeologists, converts, difficult marriages, divorced people, empresses, Helena, the capital of Montana
- **major shrine**: The shrine to Saint Helena in Saint Peter's Basilica
Saint Longinus

**Longinus** is the name given in medieval and modern Christian traditions to the Roman soldier who pierced Jesus in his side with a lance while he was on the Cross. The Longinus legend further identifies this soldier as the centurion present at the Crucifixion, who testified, "In truth this man was son of God." Longinus' legend grew over the years to the point that he was said to have converted to Christianity after the Crucifixion, and he is traditionally venerated as a saint in various Christian denominations.

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Longinus
- **birth date**: 1st century
- **death date**: 1st century
- **feast day**: October 16: Eastern Orthodox Church, Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Catholic Churches; October 22: Armenian Apostolic Church.
- **venerated in**: Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Armenian Apostolic Church
Eastern Catholic Churches
- **image**: Meister_der_Nea-Moni-Kirche_in_Chios_005.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth place**: Cappadocia
- **death place**: Cappadocia
- **attributes**: Military attire
- **major shrine**: Inside the Basilica di San Pietro, in the Vatican City, Vatican.
Saint Veronica

**Saint Veronica** or **Berenice**, according to the _"Acta Sanctorum"_ published by the Bollandists (under February 4), was a pious woman of Jerusalem. She moved with pity as Jesus carried his cross to Golgotha, gave him her veil that he might wipe his forehead. Jesus accepted the offering and after using it handed it back to her, the image of his face miraculously impressed upon it.

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Veronica
- **birth date**: 1st century AD
- **death date**: 1st century AD
- **feast day**: 0ctober 23; February 4
- **venerated in**: Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church
- **image**: Hans Memling 026.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: _Saint Veronica_, by Hans Memling.
- **birth place**: Caesarea Philippi or Jerusalem, Palaestina
- **titles**: Confessor
- **attributes**: woman holding a cloth that bears the image of Christ's face
- **patronage**: laundry workers; photographers
Cheesesteak

A **cheesesteak** is a type of sandwich made in Philadelphia.  It is made of a long hoagie roll, cut in half and filled with thin slices of steak and covered with melted cheese. The cheese is either provolone or cheddar in the form of whiz. Some cheesesteaks also have onions or green peppers.  Pat's King of Steaks and Geno's Steaks are two famous places in Philadelphia that make cheesesteaks. Pat's is thought to be the place that popularized the cheesesteak.
Laminar flow

**Laminar flow,** in fluid dynamics, is characterized by the smooth flow of a liquid. This tends to happen at low velocities when there are few disturbances, such as in a straight, smooth pipe. In laminar flow through a pipe, it is assumed that the velocity of the fluid is zero at the boundaries of the pipe and is at a maximum in the center; mathematically, the velocity profile is parabolic.

Microscopically, the particles or pieces of the liquid flow in a straight line along the direction of the pipe and do not mix with other layers of fluid. The layers slide past one another like playing cards. This is in contrast to turbulent flow, when a fluid swirls around. Even though there is no mixing, there is still some friction in the flow. This friction will cause a pressure drop and its numerical value is given by the Hagen-Poiseuille equation.
Juglandaceae

The **Juglandaceae**, also known as the Walnut Family, is a family of trees, or sometimes shrubs, in the order Fagales. The leaves are pinnately compound, or ternate, and usually 20-100 cm long.

There are eight genera in the family, including the commercially important nut-producing trees walnut (Juglans), pecan (Carya illinoinensis), and hickory (Carya).
Farid Suleman

**Farid Suleman** has been the chairman _(the person who leads the group of people that controls the company)_ and CEO of Citadel Broadcasting since 2002.  Before working at Citadel, he spent 16 years as CEO of Infinity Radio, owned by Viacom.

In late 2004, Suleman was in the news for cutting Howard Stern's radio show from four Citadel stations because of Stern's frequent discussions about Stern's move to Sirius Satellite Radio.

In 2007, he was put forward to get the Group Executive of the Year award by Radio & Records magazine. Other people who were close to getting the award included John Hogan of Clear Channel, Peter Smyth of Greater Media, David Field of Entercom, Lew Dickey of Cumulus, and Don Benson of Lincoln Financial.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Farid Suleman
- **occupation**: CEO and chairman of Citadel Broadcasting