juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Advanced Encryption Standard

In cryptography, the **Advanced Encryption Standard** (**AES**), is a symmetric-key, block cipher algorithm that was selected by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001. It was selected for encrypting data. It is commonly used around the world. The Advanced Encryption Standard has replaced the Data Encryption Standard (DES).

As of 2008, AES is one of the most popular algorithms used in symmetric key cryptography. It is available to programmers and the general public with various software packages.

## History

AES is a type of Rijndael () block cipher developed by Belgian programmers, Vincent Rijmen and Joan Daemen.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology held a competition for a publicly available symmetric-key encryption algorithm and started accepting entries in 1997.

In 1998, fifteen algorithms were selected for the first round in the First AES Conference. After asking for comments, the NIST held the Second AES Conference where the top five algorithms were MARS, RC6, Rijndael, Serpent, and Twofish.

By 2000 and the end of the Third AES Conference, the NIST selected Rijndael for the AES proposal. For AES, NIST selected three members of the Rijndael family, each with a block size of 128 bits, but three different key lengths: 128, 192 and 256 bits.

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was published as a Federal Information Processing Standard on November 26, 2001.

## Details

AES has a fixed block sizes of 128 bits and three values of key size 128, 192, or 256 bits.> "The design and strength of all key lengths of the AES algorithm (i.e., 128, 192 and 256) are sufficient to protect classified information up to the SECRET level. TOP SECRET information will require use of either the 192 or 256 key lengths. The implementation of AES in products intended to protect national security systems and/or information must be reviewed and certified by NSA prior to their acquisition and use."

AES is fast in both software and hardware, is relatively easy to implement, and requires little memory.

## Standard

The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is defined in:

- FIPS PUB 197: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
- ISO/IEC 18033-3: Block ciphers

## Related pages

- DES-X
- Data Encryption Standard (DES)
- Triple DES (TDES)
Shōnen manga

**Shōnen** is a type of manga or anime meant for young teen boys usually between the ages of about 12 and 18. It often refers to manga. Examples include _Dragon Ball_, _Bleach_, _One Piece_, _InuYasha_, Detective Conan, _Naruto_, _YuYu Hakusho_, _Yu-Gi-Oh!_, _JoJo's Bizarre Adventure_, _JuJutsu Kaisen_,  and  Fairy Tail

Shounen is usually noticed by its high amounts of fighting. It often has humorous plots with male characters. It often has themes of friendship. Fighting teams and similar groups are often shown. Attractive  female characters are also common, but not always present. The art style of shounen is usually less pretty than shōjo.

Beyond shōnen manga, manga for men (age 18+) is called seinen manga. Very few seinen manga have been published outside of Japan. In Japan, many older men read shounen magazines. Because of this, in Japan, shounen manga magazines are the most popular manga magazines.

## Other websites

- The Girls of Shonen Manga  by Shaenon K. Garrity
The Amazing Race

***The Amazing Race*** is an American reality television/game show. It is broadcast on CBS, there is also an Australian version that is broadcast in Australia on Network 10.

## The Race

In _The Amazing Race_, 11 or 12 teams of two people race around the world for $1,000,000, with information provided by "clues", or Route Info. There are certain "legs" of the race, culminated by "Pit Stops". At Pit Stops, teams check in for a mandatory 12 hour rest period, although sometimes the period can be 24 hours, 36 hours, or even once 60.  Usually, the first team to arrive at a Pit Stop will receive a prize, such as a trip to a Caribbean country.  On most of the Pit Stops on the race, the last team to arrive is eliminated from the race.  However, two or three of those points are non-elimination.  In Seasons 1-4, there was no penalty for coming in last in a non-elimination.  From Seasons 5-9, teams had to give up all of their money and start the next leg without money.  Even stricter, in Seasons 7-9, teams had to turn over all of their luggage.  In Seasons 10 and 11, teams would start the next leg "Marked for Elimination".  That meant that if they did not come in first at the next Pit Stop, they would have to wait out a 30-minute penalty.  Starting from Season 12, teams coming in last on Non-Eliminations have to do a Speed Bump.  A Speed Bump is a task that no other teams have to do.

## Tasks

_The Amazing Race_ has several different tasks that teams must complete.

### Detour

A Detour is a choice between two tasks.  The team can choose which one it wants to complete.  Teams are allowed to switch between Detour choices, in the American version there is a harsh 6-hour penalty if you quit a Detour, in the Australian version it is only 1 hour.

### Roadbock

A Roadbock is a task where only one member of the team can perform. Teams cannot switch the member performing the task. There is a 4-hour penalty if teams quit.

### Fast Forward

A Fast Forward is a task in order for a team to skip tasks and head directly to the Pit Stop.

## History

_The Amazing Race_ was created by Bertram van Munster and Elise Doganieri in 2001.  It has been airing from 2001 to present.

## Production

_The Amazing Race_ is seen as hard to produce.  Producers need to find places, come up with tasks and pick teams.  Cameramen have to keep up with the teams, and people are not allowed to give away the results.  However, _The Amazing Race_ has won 6 Emmy awards.

## Versions

Besides the original American version, _The Amazing Race_ has generated several versions from around the world.
- Australia (with New Zealand included in 2014 Season)
- Asia
- Central Europe (cancelled)
- Brazil
- China
- France
- Israel
- Latin America
- Norway
- Philippines
- Vietnam
- Ukraine
Detritivore

Detritivores are animals that eat dead plants and animals. They also eat waste from other animals. They help to break down dead things and turn them into soil. This helps plants to grow. Detritivores are important for the environment. Some examples of detritivores are earthworms, millipedes, and woodlice, they live in the soil and eat dead leaves and other things. In the ocean, there are also detritivores like crabs and sea cucumbers, they eat dead things on the bottom of the ocean.

## Difference from Decomposers

Detritivores are different from decomposers. Decomposers are things like bacteria and fungi. They break down dead things by absorbing them. Detritivores eat the dead things and break them down inside their bodies.

## Importance

Detritivores are important for recycling nutrients in the environment. Detritivores also play an important role in food webs. They eat dead things and turn them into nutrients for plants. Then, herbivores eat the plants and get energy from them. Carnivores eat the herbivores and get energy from them. This is how energy flows through a food web. They also help to keep the soil healthy and help to clean up dead things, so they don't spread disease.

## Eating Habits

Detritivores also have different ways of finding food. Some, like earthworms, use their sense of touch to find food in the soil. Others, like crabs, use their sense of smell to find food in the water.

Detritivores have different ways of eating dead things. Earthworms swallow the dead things whole. Others, like millipedes, have special mouthparts to chew the dead things. Some detritivores, like woodlice, can even eat cellulose, which is a tough part of plants.

## Reference

[1] Merriam-Webster (n.d.). _Detritivore Definition & Meaning_.

[2] BD Editors. (2019, March 27). Detritivore - Definition, Function and Examples | Biology Dictionary. Biology Dictionary. https://biologydictionary.net/detritivore/

[3] Kanchwala, H. (2019, March 23). Detritivore: Definition, Function and Examples. Science ABC. https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/what-are-detritivores.html

[4] Detritivore | Definition, Role, & Examples. (n.d.). Tutors.com. https://tutors.com/lesson/detritivore-definition-examples
Skid Row (American band)

**Skid Row** is a Hard rock band from Toms River, New Jersey. They were active from 1986 to 1996, then reunited in 1999.

## Discography

Skid Row have released 5 albums:

|Year|Album|
| --- | --- |
|1989|_Skid Row_ One of Skid Rows songs became a hit 18 and life this song was based on a newspaper article saying a 18-year-old boy named Ricki shot his friend by mistake|
|1991|_Slave to the Grind_|
|1995|_Subhuman Race_|
|2003|_Thickskin_|
|2006|_Revolutions per Minute_|
|2022|_The Gang's All Here_|

## Other websites

- Skid Row's Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Skid Row
- **img**: Skid Row.jpg
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Toms River, New Jersey, Toms River, New Jersey, United States
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, hard rock
- **years active**: 1986-1996, 1999-present
- **url**: [http://www.skidrow.com Skid Row Website]
- **current members**: Rachel Bolan
Dave "The Snake" Sabo
Scotti Hill
Johnny Solinger
Rob Hammersmith
White House Chief of Staff

The **White House Chief of Staff** is the highest-ranking member of the Executive Office of the President of the United States and a senior aide to the President. The CoS does things previously done by the President's private secretary. Susie Wiles became White House Chief of Staff on January 20, 2025.

## List of White House chiefs of staff

|class=unsortable|Image|Name|Start|End|Duration|colspan=2|President|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
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||_Vacant_|||||||||
|rowspan=2||rowspan=2||rowspan=2||rowspan=2||rowspan=2||
|rowspan=3 style="background: ;"||rowspan=3||||||||
||_Vacant_||||rowspan=3 style="background: ;"||rowspan=3|||
||||||rowspan=4 style="background: ;"||rowspan=4|||
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||||||rowspan=2 style="background: ;"||rowspan=2|||
||||Incumbent||style="background: ;"|||||

## Living former White House Chiefs of Staff

As of November 2025, there are twenty-two living former White House Chiefs of Staff, the oldest being James A. Baker III, who served under President Ronald Reagan from 1981-1985 and under President George H. W. Bush from 1992-1993. The most recent death of a former White House Chief of Staff was that of Dick Cheney, who served under President Gerald Ford from 1975-1977, on November 3, 2025.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: White House Chief of Staff
- **insignia**: The White House logo under Trump 2.0.jpg
- **insigniasize**: 150
- **image**: Susie Wiles July 2025.jpg
- **incumbent**: Susie Wiles
- **incumbentsince**: January 20, 2025
- **department**: Executive Office of the President
White House Office
- **reports to**: President of the United States
- **appointer**: President of the United States
- **first**: John R. Steelman
- **formation**: 1946 (Assistant to the President)
1961 (White House Chief of Staff)
Edmund Randolph

**Edmund Jennings Randolph** (August 10, 1753 September 12, 1813) was a Founding Father of the United States, attorney, and the seventh Governor of Virginia. As a delegate from Virginia, he attended the Constitutional Convention and helped to create the national constitution while serving on its Committee of Detail. He was appointed the first United States Attorney General by George Washington and subsequently served as the second Secretary of State during the Washington administration.

In 1775, with the start of the American Revolution,  Randolph's father, an active Loyalist, fled with his family to Britain. Son Edmund stayed in America, where he joined the Continental Army as an aide-de-camp to General George Washington.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Edmund Randolph
- **image**: Edmund Randolph (3x4 cropped).jpg
- **office**: 2nd United States Secretary of State
- **president**: George Washington
- **term start**: January 2, 1794
- **term end**: August 20, 1795
- **predecessor**: Thomas Jefferson
- **successor**: Timothy Pickering
- **office1**: 1st United States Attorney General
- **president1**: George Washington
- **term start1**: September 26, 1789
- **term end1**: January 26, 1794
- **predecessor1**: _Position established_
- **successor1**: William Bradford (Attorney General), William Bradford
- **office2**: 7th Governor of Virginia
- **term start2**: December 1, 1786
- **term end2**: December 1, 1788
- **predecessor2**: Patrick Henry
- **successor2**: Beverley Randolph
- **office3**: 1st Attorney General of Virginia
- **term start3**: July 4, 1776
- **term end3**: November 30, 1786
- **predecessor3**: John Randolph (loyalist), John Randolph (for Colonial Virginia)
- **successor3**: James Innes (Virginia), James Innes
- **birth name**: Edmund Jennings Randolph
- **birth place**: Williamsburg, Virginia, Williamsburg, Colony of Virginia, Virginia, British America
- **death place**: Millwood, Virginia, U.S.
- **party**: Federalist Party, Federalist
- **relatives**: Peyton Randolph (uncle)
- **children**: Peyton Randolph (governor), Peyton Randolph
- **education**: College of William & Mary, College of William and Mary
- **signature**: Edmund Randolph Signature.svg
- **parents**: John Randolph (loyalist), John Randolph
- **caption**: Portrait by Casimir Gregory Stapko
John R. Steelman

**John Roy Steelman** (June 23, 1900 – July 14, 1999) was the first Assistant to the President of the United States serving President Harry S. Truman from 1946 to 1953. The office later became the White House Chief of Staff.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Portrait of John R. Steelman as Director, United States Conciliation Service, Department of Labor.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of John R. Steelman as Director, United States Conciliation Service, Department of Labor.
- **office**: Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization

- **president**: Harry S. Truman
- **term start**: March 31, 1952
- **term end**: September 8, 1952
- **predecessor**: Charles Edward Wilson (General Electric executive), Charles Wilson
- **successor**: Henry H. Fowler
- **office1**: 1st White House Chief of Staff
- **president1**: Harry S. Truman
- **term start1**: December 12, 1946
- **term end1**: January 20, 1953
- **predecessor1**: Position established
- **successor1**: Sherman Adams
- **birth name**: John Roy Steelman
- **birth place**: Thornton, Arkansas, U.S
- **death place**: Naples, Florida, U.S.
- **restingplace**: Arlington National Cemetery
- **education**:
Vanderbilt University
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
James Baker

**James Addison Baker, III** (born April 28, 1930) is an American attorney, politician, political administrator, and political adviser.

He served as the Chief of Staff in President Ronald Reagan's first administration and in the final year of the administration of President George H. W. Bush. Baker also served as Secretary of the Treasury from 1985 to 1988 in the second Reagan administration, and Secretary of State in the George H. W. Bush administration.

## Namesake

James Baker is the namesake of the James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: James Baker
- **image**: James A. Baker III, U.S. Secretary of State (2380044355).jpg
- **office**: 10th and 16th White House Chief of Staff
- **president**: George H. W. Bush
- **term start**: August 24, 1992
- **term end**: January 20, 1993
- **predecessor**: Samuel K. Skinner
- **successor**: Mack McLarty
- **president1**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start1**: January 20, 1981
- **term end1**: February 3, 1985
- **predecessor1**: Jack Watson (Presidential adviser), Jack Watson
- **successor1**: Donald Regan
- **office2**: 61st United States Secretary of State
- **president2**: George H. W. Bush
- **term start2**: January 25, 1989
- **term end2**: August 23, 1992
- **deputy2**: Lawrence Eagleburger
- **predecessor2**: George P. Shultz
- **successor2**: Lawrence Eagleburger
- **office3**: 67th United States Secretary of the Treasury
- **president3**: Ronald Reagan
- **term start3**: February 4, 1985
- **term end3**: August 17, 1988
- **predecessor3**: Donald Regan
- **successor3**: Nicholas F. Brady
- **deputy3**: Richard G. Darman
M. Peter McPherson
- **office4**: United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce, United States Under Secretary of Commerce
- **president4**: Gerald Ford
- **term start4**: August 2, 1975
- **term end4**: May 7, 1976
- **predecessor4**: John Tabor
- **successor4**: Edward Vetter
- **birth name**: James Addison Baker III
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic (before 1970)
Republican Party (United States), Republican (1970–present)
- **spouse**:

- **education**: Princeton University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Texas at Austin (Bachelor of Laws, LLB)
- **signature**: James Addison Baker, III Signature.svg
- **serviceyears**: 1952–1954 (active)
1954–1958 (United States Marine Corps Reserve, reserve)
- **rank**: Captain (United States O-3), Captain
National Library of China

The **National Library of China** is one of the world's largest libraries found in Beijing, China.  It has a large collection of ancient Chinese documents and books, as well as contemporary literature.

## Other websites

- National Library of China

## Infobox (library)

- **library name**: National Library of China
- **image**: National Library of China pic.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **location**: Beijing, China
- **collection size**: 37 million (December 2017)
- **annual circulation**: library does not publicly circulate
- **pop served**: members of the public
- **director**: :zh:韩永进, Han Yongjin
Chris Sutton

**Chris Sutton** (born 10 March 1973) is an English former footballer. He has played for the English national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1990–91||rowspan="4"|Norwich City||rowspan="2"|First Division||2||0
|-
|1991–92||21||2
|-
|1992–93||rowspan="2"|Premier League||38||8
|-
|1993–94||41||25
|-
|1994–95||rowspan="5"|Blackburn Rovers||rowspan="5"|Premier League||40||15
|-
|1995–96||13||0
|-
|1996–97||25||11
|-
|1997–98||35||18
|-
|1998–99||17||3
|-
|1999–00||Chelsea||Premier League||28||1

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="6"|Celtic||rowspan="6"|Premier League||24||11
|-
|2001–02||18||4
|-
|2002–03||28||15
|-
|2003–04||25||1
|-
|2004–05||27||12
|-
|2005–06||8||3

|-
|2005–06||Birmingham City||Premier League||10||1
|-
|2006–07||Aston Villa||Premier League||8||1
278||85
130||64
408||149
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1997||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}
Uwe Seeler

**Uwe Seeler** (;5 November 1936 – 21 July 2022) was a German football player. He played for Hamburger SV and West Germany national team.

Seeler died on 21 July 2022 in Norderstedt, Germany at the age of 85.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|German Championship|colspan="2"|DFB-Pokal|colspan="2"|Europe|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="19"|Hamburger SV|1954–55|rowspan="9"|Oberliga Nord|26|28|5|1|1|2|–|32|31|
|1955–56|29|32|5|4|2|2|–|36|37|||||
|1956–57|26|31|4|2|1|0|–|31|33|||||
|1957–58|24|22|4|2|–|–|28|26||||||
|1958–59|27|29|4|5|1|0|–|32|34|||||
|1959–60|26|36|7|13|1|0|–|34|49|||||
|1960–61|23|29|6|8|–|7|5|36|42|||||
|1961–62|28|28|2|4|–|–|30|32||||||
|1962–63|28|32|6|2|4|6|–|38|40|||||
|1963–64|rowspan="9"|Bundesliga|30|30|–|2|2|6|5|38|37|||
|1964–65|19|14|–|1|1|–|20|15||||||
|1965–66|23|11|–|2|1|–|25|12||||||
|1966–67|23|10|–|5|3|–|28|13||||||
|1967–68|30|12|–|1|0|9|8|40|20|||||
|1968–69|33|23|–|3|1|4|3|40|27|||||
|1969–70|30|17|–|2|0|2|0|34|17|||||
|1970–71|25|9|–|2|3|1|0|28|12|||||
|1971–72|26|11|–|4|3|–|30|14||||||
|Cork Celtic|1977–78|League of Ireland|1|2|–|–|–|1|2|||||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="17"|Germany|1954|3|0|
|1955|0|0|||
|1956|1|0|||
|1957|0|0|||
|1958|9|5|||
|1959|5|6|||
|1960|5|4|||
|1961|6|5|||
|1962|7|2|||
|1963|3|3|||
|1964|3|4|||
|1965|1|1|||
|1966|12|7|||
|1967|3|1|||
|1968|1|0|||
|1969|3|0|||
|1970|10|5|||

## Honours

**Hamburger SV**
- German football championship: 1959–60
- DFB-Pokal: 1962–63

**West Germany**
- FIFA World Cup runner-up: 1966; third place: 1970

**Individual**
- Ballon d'Or third place: 1960
- Footballer of the Year (Germany): 1960, 1964, 1970
- FIFA XI (Reserve): 1963
- Bundesliga Top Scorer: 1964
- FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1966
- _kicker_ Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1969–70
- FIFA 100
- Member of Germany's Sports Hall of Fame

## Literature

- Becker, Robert: _Uwe Seeler und seine goldenen Tore_. Copress, München 1991,
- Seeler, Uwe: _Danke, Fußball! – Mein Leben._ Rowohlt-Verlag, Reinbek 2003,  (auch als Hörbuch auf 1 CD, Hörbuch Hamburg, Hamburg 2003, )

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Uwe Seeler
- **image**: Uwe Seeler 1966 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Seeler in 1966
- **birth place**: Hamburg, Germany
- **death place**: Norderstedt, Germany
- **height**: 1.70 m
- **position**: Striker (association football), Striker
- **youthyears1**: 1946–1953
- **youthclubs1**: Hamburger SV
- **years1**: 1953–1972
- **years2**: 1978
- **clubs1**: Hamburger SV
- **clubs2**: Cork Celtic F.C., Cork Celtic
- **caps1**: 476
- **goals1**: 404
- **caps2**: 1
- **goals2**: 2
- **totalcaps**: 477
- **totalgoals**: 406
- **nationalyears1**: 1953–1954
- **nationalteam1**: Germany national youth football team, West Germany U-18
- **nationalcaps1**: 10
- **nationalgoals1**: 15
- **nationalyears2**: 1954–1970
- **nationalteam2**: Germany national football team, West Germany
- **nationalcaps2**: 72
- **nationalgoals2**: 43
Herbert Chapman

**Herbert Chapman** (19 January 1878 – 6 January 1934) was an English football player and manager.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Herbert Chapman
- **fullname**: Herbert Chapman
- **birth place**: Kiveton Park, Yorkshire, England
- **death place**: Hendon, Middlesex, England
- **position**: Inside forward
- **years1**: –1896
- **years2**: 1896–1897
- **years3**: 1897
- **years4**: 1897–1898
- **years5**: 1898–1899
- **years6**: 1899
- **years7**: 1899–1900
- **years8**: 1900–1901
- **years9**: 1901–1902
- **years10**: 1902–1903
- **years11**: 1903–1905
- **years12**: 1904–1905
- **years13**: 1905–1907
- **years14**: 1907–1909
- **clubs1**: Kiveton Park F.C., Kiveton Park
- **clubs2**: Ashton North End F.C., Ashton North End
- **clubs3**: Stalybridge Rovers F.C., Stalybridge Rovers
- **clubs4**: Rochdale A.F.C. (1896), Rochdale
- **clubs5**: Grimsby Town F.C., Grimsby Town
- **clubs6**: Swindon Town F.C., Swindon Town
- **clubs7**: Sheppey United F.C., Sheppey United
- **clubs8**: Worksop Town F.C., Worksop Town
- **clubs9**: Northampton Town F.C., Northampton Town
- **clubs10**: Sheffield United F.C., Sheffield United
- **clubs11**: Notts County F.C., Notts County
- **clubs12**: → Northampton Town F.C., Northampton Town (loan)
- **clubs13**: Tottenham Hotspur F.C., Tottenham Hotspur
- **clubs14**: Northampton Town F.C., Northampton Town
- **caps5**: 10
- **goals5**: 4
- **caps6**: 3
- **goals6**: 2
- **caps9**: 22
- **goals9**: 14
- **caps10**: 21
- **goals10**: 2
- **caps11**: 7
- **goals11**: 1
- **caps13**: 42
- **goals13**: 16
- **manageryears1**: 1907–1912
- **manageryears2**: 1912–1918
- **manageryears3**: 1921–1925
- **manageryears4**: 1925–1934
- **managerclubs1**: Northampton Town F.C., Northampton Town
- **managerclubs2**: Leeds City F.C., Leeds City
- **managerclubs3**: Huddersfield Town A.F.C., Huddersfield Town
- **managerclubs4**: Arsenal F.C., Arsenal
Denis Compton

**Denis Compton** (23 May 1918 in Hendon, Middlesex – 23 April 1997 in Windsor, Berkshire) was an English cricketer and football player. He played cricket for the England cricket team and football for Arsenal.

## Infobox (cricketer)

- **name**: Denis Compton
- **image**: Denis Compton 1936.jpg
- **caption**: Compton in about 1936
- **country**: England
- **fullname**: Denis Charles Scott Compton
- **birth place**: Hendon, Middlesex, England
- **death place**: Windsor, Berkshire, Windsor, Berkshire, England
- **heightft**: 5
- **heightinch**: 10
- **batting**: Right-handed
- **bowling**: Left arm unorthodox spin
- **family**: Leslie Compton (brother)
Richard Compton (cricketer), Richard Compton (son)
Patrick Compton (son)
Ben Compton (cricketer), Ben Compton (grandson)
Nick Compton (grandson)
Charlotte Compton (daughter)
Victoria Compton (daughter)
- **international**: true
- **testdebutdate**: 14 August
- **testdebutyear**: 1937
- **testdebutagainst**: New Zealand
- **testcap**: 297
- **lasttestdate**: 5 March
- **lasttestyear**: 1957
- **lasttestagainst**: South Africa
- **club1**: Marylebone Cricket Club
- **year1**: 1936–1964
- **club2**: Middlesex County Cricket Club, Middlesex
- **year2**: 1936–1958
- **club3**: Europeans cricket team, Europeans
- **club4**: Madhya Pradesh cricket team, Holkar
- **year4**: 1944/45
- **columns**: 2
- **column1**: Test cricket, Test
- **matches1**: 78
- **runs1**: 5,807
- **bat avg1**: 50.06
- **100s/50s1**: 17/28
- **top score1**: 278
- **deliveries1**: 2,710
- **wickets1**: 25
- **bowl avg1**: 56.40
- **fivefor1**: 1
- **tenfor1**: 0
- **best bowling1**: 5/70
- **catches/stumpings1**: 49/–
- **column2**: First-class cricket, First-class
- **matches2**: 515
- **runs2**: 38,942
- **bat avg2**: 51.85
- **100s/50s2**: 123/183
- **top score2**: 300
- **deliveries2**: 36,640
- **wickets2**: 622
- **bowl avg2**: 32.27
- **fivefor2**: 19
- **tenfor2**: 3
- **best bowling2**: 7/36
- **catches/stumpings2**: 416/–
- **date**: 15 August
- **year**: 2022
- **source**: http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/10777.html Cricinfo
Mark Hopley

**Mark Hopley** (born 1 May 1984) is a rugby union player for Northampton Saints in the Guinness Premiership. He was born in Crewe, Cheshire. He plays as a flanker.

## Other websites

- Guinness Premiership profile
Formentera

**Formentera** is the smallest of the 4 Balearic Islands with population.

## Geography and population

It is located south of Ibiza (about 10 kilometers), south-west of Mallorca (about 50 kilometers).
Its area is 83.24 km² (32.14 sq mi).
Formentera has about 7,500 inhabitants.
The island was built by volcano eruptions.
It has two high areas in the east and the south and a falt area in between.
Main town is Sant Francesc Xavier.

## History

First people, who settled on Formentera, were the Carthaginians, later the Romans came there. Often the island lost its complete population, for example after the Vandals came there.
In the middle ages Arabs governed the balearic island, then Catalans took over the island, Formentera became part of the new kingdom of Mallorca.
Later that kingdom became a part of Spain.

## Economy

The island lives mainly on tourism. Most tourists are from Germany, the United Kingdom and Italy and France.
Even the other economic activities like fishing deal with tourism.

## Other websites

- Town council website
- The Official Tourism Portal of Formentera
- Local government website
Menorca

**Menorca** (Spain, Catalan: _Menorca_) is the most east of the Balearic Islands.

## Geography

Menorca is located east of Mallorca. It has an area of . About 88,000 people live there. The main town is Mahón, which has about 27,000 people.

## History

Menorca was influenced by the Minoan<nowiki/>s. Later it was ruled by Carthage, and by Rome after the Punic Wars. From the 5th century AD there was a seat of a bishop on Menorca. The Vandals invaded but the Byzantine Empire recovered Menorca in 534. The Moors took over in 903. In 1287 the Christians took it back and enslaved the Muslims.

Later Menorca was ruled by the Kingdom of Mallorca. In 1334 it became part of Aragon, which later became part of Spain. In 1713 the British conquered Menorca but in 1781 the Spanish recovered it in the American Revolutionary War.

## Economy

Menorca lives mainly on tourism. There is one airport near the main city.

## Other websites

- Menorca Facebook Page
- Pictures Photographs of Menorca
- Island government of Minorca
- UNESCO's Minorca Biosphere Reserve
Sajid Mahmood

**Sajid Iqbal Mahmood** (born 21 December 1981 in Bolton, Greater Manchester) is an English cricketer of Pakistani Janjua Rajput descent. He is a right-arm fast bowler who plays international cricket for England and county cricket for Lancashire.
Flag of Sri Lanka

The **Flag of Sri Lanka**, also called the **Lion Flag**, has a gold lion passant, holding a sword in its right fore paw, in front of a crimson background with four golden bo leaves in each corner. Around the background is a yellow border, and to its left are two vertical stripes of equal size in saffron and green, with the saffron stripe closest to the lion.

It became the flag in 1950 following the recommendations of a committee appointed by the 1st Prime Minister of Sri Lanka D.S. Senanayake.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Sri Lanka
- **image**: Flag of Sri Lanka.svg
- **use**: 110100
- **proportion**: 1:2
- **adoption**: May 22, 1972
- **design**: Dark red rectangular panel bordered yellow containing a yellow lion passant holding a sword upright in its right fore paw, and four pipul leaves, one in each corner, and next to the hoist two vertical stripes, green and orange, also bordered yellow together.
- **type**: National
- **image2**: Naval Ensign of Sri Lanka.svg
- **use2**: 000001
- **proportion2**: 1:2
- **adoption2**: 1972
- **design2**: White with the national flag in the canton.
General Electric

**General Electric** is a big and multinational company based in the United States. It was created in 1892 by Thomas Edison through merging several companies that initially made electrical things. In the middle 20th century it became a major maker of turbojet engines and now makes many things.

As of 2008, they are the third biggest company in the world. In May 2020, it sold its light bulb business.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: General Electric Company
- **logo**:
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **isin**: US3696041033
- **industry**: Conglomerate
- **founded**: , in Schenectady, New York, Schenectady, New York (state), New York through the merger of Thomas Edison#Menlo Park laboratory (1876-1886), Edison General Electric Co. by Thomson-Houston Electric Company, Thomson-Houston Electric
- **hq location**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **area served**: Global
- **key people**: H. Lawrence Culp Jr.

- **num employees**: 205,000
Blowfish (cipher)

**Blowfish** is a method of hiding information using keys and a  symmetric block cipher. It was made in 1993 by Bruce Schneier. Since 1993 it  has been included  in a large number of security products. Blowfish is fast and has never been cryptanalytic broken. However, the AES method is more common.

Schneier made Blowfish as a general-purpose algorithm, to be used as a replacement for the old DES algorithm and to remove the problems and difficulties of other encryption algorithms. At the time Blowfish was released, many other algorithms were proprietary, or were secrets. Schneier has said that, "Blowfish is unpatented, and will remain so in all countries. The algorithm is hereby placed in the public domain, and can be freely used by anyone."

Main features of the design include key-dependent S-boxes and a very complex key schedule. Blowfish is one of the fastest block ciphers used by many people, except when changing keys. Each new key needs to be pre-processed which takes the same time as encrypting about 4 kilobytes of text, which is very slow compared to other block ciphers. This stops its use in certain applications (such as in the smallest embedded systems like the early smartcards), but it is not a problem in other applications. In one of the applications, it is actually good: the password-hashing method used in OpenBSD uses an algorithm that comes from Blowfish which makes use of the slow key schedule; the idea is that the extra computational effort required gives protection against dictionary attacks. _See_ key strengthening.

Blowfish has a 64-bit block size and a variable key length from 0 up to 448 bits. It is a 16-round Feistel cipher and uses large key-dependent S-boxes. It is similar in structure to CAST-128, which uses fixed S-boxes.

In 1996, Serge Vaudenay found a known-plaintext attack needing 2<sup>8_r_ + 1</sup> known plaintexts to break, where _r_ is the number of rounds. Moreover, he also found a class of weak keys that can be detected and broken by the same attack with only 2<sup>4_r_ + 1</sup> known plaintexts. This attack cannot be used against the regular Blowfish; it assumes knowledge of the key-dependent S-boxes. Vincent Rijmen, in his Ph.D. papers, introduced a second-order differential attack that can break four rounds and no more. Still there is no known way to break the full 16 rounds, apart from a brute-force search. A sign extension bug in one of the published C code has been found in 1996.

There is no good cryptanalysis on the full-round version of Blowfish known publicly till 2008. However, in 2007, Bruce Schneier noted that while Blowfish is still in use, he recommended using the new Twofish algorithm instead

## Related pages

- Advanced Encryption Standard
- eSTREAM - An evaluation of new stream ciphers being conducted by the EU.
- Twofish
- MacGuffin

## Other websites

- Official Blowfish website
- List of products using Blowfish
- SCAN's entry for Blowfish
- Blowfish PHP and JavaScript implementation with online demo
- Blowfish JavaScript implementation and Page Encryption
- Blowfish PHP implementation
- Blowfish Java implementation (LGPL)
Hal Colebatch

**Sir Harry Pateshall Colebatch** (29 March 1872 – 12 February 1953) was the 12th Premier of Western Australia from 17 April to 17 May 1919. He was from the Nationalist Party. He was Premier for the shortest time in Western Australian history. This was because he was a member of the upper house of Parliament and it was usual for the Premier to be from the lower house. When he could not find a position in the lower house he resigned.
Henry Lefroy

**Sir Henry Bruce Lefroy** (24 March 1854 – 19 March 1930) was the 11th Premier of Western Australia from 28 June 1917 to 17 April 1919. He was from the Nationalist Party. He became premier after the Australian Labor Party split over the issue of conscription. Labor politicians led by John Scaddan agreed to join the Nationalist Party if Lefory was the leader, not Frank Wilson. He found it diificult to keep control over a government formed by different political parties. When it was discovered that he had used his casting vote in a Cabinet meeting to keep the leadership, he was forced to resign. He lost his seat in the 1921 elections and retired back to his farm.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Henry Lefroy
- **image**: Henry Lefroy.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Henry Lefroy
- **order**: 11th
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 28 June 1917
- **term end**: 17 April 1919
- **predecessor**: John Scaddan
- **successor**: Hal Colebatch
- **constituency**: Moore, Western Australia
- **birth date**: 24 March 1854
- **birth place**: Perth, Western Australia
- **death date**: 19 March 1930
- **death place**: Walebing, Western Australia
- **party**: Nationalist Party of Australia
- **spouse**: Rose Agnes Wittenoom (died 1902)
Madeline Emily Stewart Walford
- **occupation**: Farmer
Chevvy Pennycook

**Chevvy Pennycook** (born 6 April 1987 in Bristol, England) is a rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as a flanker.

## Other websites

- Bristol Rugby profile
John Scaddan

**John Scaddan** (4 August 1876 – 21 November 1934) was the 10th Premier of Western Australia from 7 October 1911 to 27 July 1916. He was from the Labor Party. He was only 35 when he won a record majority of seats in the 1911 elections, making him the youngest premier of Western Australia.

His parents were from Cornwall and had moved to Moonta to work in the large copper mines. They later moved to Eaglehawk, near Bendigo, where Scaddan worked in the gold mines and studied to be an engine driver. In 1896, he moved to the Western Australian goldfields. He was elected to parliament in 1904, where he became famous for his long speeches, some going for me than three hours. He became the premier when the Labor Party won the 1911 election. He believed that the government should own and control businesses and he set up state owned shipping lines, brickworks, sawmills, trams, abattoirs, fishing, quarries, and even a hotel. While many of these were well run, many were not, and a costly failure at the Wyndham freezing works led to a loss of support. At the next election, he only won by two seats. When one ALP member disappeared, and another resigned in 1916, the Country Party were able to form a new government with help from the Liberal Party.

When the Labor Party split on conscription, Scaddan who supported it, joined the new National Labor Party. He later joined the Country Party. He was elected in and out of parliament over the next 15 years. He felt Western Australia was not treated fairly by the government of Australia, and was on a committee which looked at how Western Australia could become an independent country. He died suddenly from a Cerebral hemorrhage in 1934.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Scaddan
- **image**: John Scaddan.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: John Scaddan
- **order**: 10th
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 7 October 1911
- **term end**: 27 July 1916
- **predecessor**: Frank Wilson
- **successor**: Frank Wilson
- **birth date**: 4 August 1876
- **birth place**: Moonta, South Australia
- **death date**: 12 November 1934
- **death place**: Perth, Western Australia
- **party**: Australian Labor Party
- **otherparty**: National Labour Party
 National Party
 Country Party
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Falkner (died 1902)
 Henrietta Edwards
- **occupation**: Miner
 Engine driver
 Businessman
Frank Wilson

**Frank Wilson** (12 May 1859 – 7 December 1918) was the 9th Premier of Western Australia from 16 September 1910 until 7 October 1911 and then again from 27 July 1916 until 28 June 1917. He was a member of the various conservative political parties which were formed in Western Australia, including the Liberal Party, the Liberal League, and the Ministerialist Party. He was defeated by the Australian Labor Party in the elections of October 1911. He was able to form a group of anti-labor members in 1916 and become premier a second time. He lost this support when the Country Party was able to form a National Party to support the war effort. He lost his seat in the parliament to the County Party by only four votes in October 1917. Seriously ill with cancer, he died a few months later.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Frank Wilson
- **image**: Frank Wilson (1859-1918).jpeg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Frank Wilson
- **order**: 9th
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 16 September 1910
- **term end**: 7 October 1911
- **predecessor**: Newton Moore
- **successor**: John Scaddan
- **term start2**: 27 July 1916
- **term end2**: 28 June 1918
- **predecessor2**: John Scaddan
- **successor2**: Henry Lefroy, Sir Henry Lefroy
- **birth date**: 12 May 1859
- **birth place**: Monkwearmouth, Durham, England
- **death date**: 7 December 1918
- **death place**: Claremont, Western Australia
- **party**: Ministerialist
 Liberal League
- **occupation**: Coalmine owner
 Company director
Newton Moore

**Sir Newton James Moore** (17 May 1870 – 28 October 1936) was the 8th Premier of Western Australia from 7 May 1906 until 16 September 1910. He became the premier when Rason resigned. He resigned as premier in 1910 and moved to London to become agent-general for Western Australia. During World War I he joined the Australian Army as an officer. After the war he was elected to the British House of Commons, taking over former Australian Prime Minister Sir George Reid's seat. In his first speech to the parliament he said that women should be able to become members of parliament.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Newton Moore
- **image**: Newton Moore (1870-1936).jpeg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Sir Newton Moore
- **order**: 8th
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 7 May 1906
- **term end**: 16 September 1910
- **predecessor**: Cornthwaite Rason
- **successor**: Frank Wilson
- **constituency**: Bunbury, Western Australia
- **birth date**: 17 May 1870
- **birth place**: Fremantle, Western Australia
- **death date**: 28 October 1936
- **death place**: London, England
- **party**: Ministerial Party (Conservative)
- **spouse**: Isabel Lowrie
- **occupation**: Surveyor
 Company director
Soldier
Mathew Turner

**Mathew Turner** (born 18 January 1988 in Cape Town) is a South African rugby union player for Bristol Rugby in the Guinness Premiership. He plays as on the wing.

## Other websites

- Bristol Rugby profile
Andrew Card

**Andrew Hill "Andy" Card Jr.** (born May 10, 1947) is an American politician and lobbyist, former United States Cabinet member, and head of George W. Bush's White House Iraq Group. Card served as U.S. Secretary of Transportation under George H. W. Bush and the White House Chief of Staff under his son. He announced his resignation as Chief of Staff March 28, 2006, effective April 14, 2006.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Andy Card
- **image**: President Andrew Card (cropped).jpeg
- **office**: 5th President of Franklin Pierce University
- **term start**: January 12, 2015
- **term end**: August 1, 2016
- **predecessor**: James Birge
- **successor**: Kim Mooney
- **office1**: Acting Dean of the Bush School of Government and Public Service
- **term start1**: July 5, 2011
- **term end1**: August 1, 2013
- **predecessor1**: Ryan Crocker
- **successor1**: Ryan Crocker
- **office2**: 21st White House Chief of Staff
- **president2**: George W. Bush
- **term start2**: January 20, 2001
- **term end2**: April 14, 2006
- **predecessor2**: John Podesta
- **successor2**: Joshua Bolten
- **office3**: 11th United States Secretary of Transportation
- **president3**: George H. W. Bush
- **term start3**: February 24, 1992
- **term end3**: January 20, 1993
- **predecessor3**: Samuel K. Skinner
- **successor3**: Federico Peña
- **office4**: White House Deputy Chief of Staff
- **president4**: George H. W. Bush
- **term start4**: January 20, 1989
- **term end4**: February 3, 1992
- **predecessor4**: M. B. Oglesby
- **successor4**: Henson Moore
- **state house5**: Massachusetts
- **district5**: 7th Plymouth
- **term start5**: 1979
- **term end5**: 1983
- **predecessor5**: Charles Decas
- **successor5**: Emmet Hayes
- **state house6**: Massachusetts
- **district6**: 8th Norfolk
- **term start6**: 1975
- **term end6**: 1979
- **predecessor6**: Charles McGowan
- **successor6**: Bill Keating (politician), Bill Keating
- **birth name**: Andrew Hill Card Jr.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Kathleene Card
- **children**: 3
- **education**: University of South Carolina (Bachelor of Science, BS)
United States Merchant Marine Academy
Harvard University
Eton College

**Eton College**, or just **Eton**, is a British independent school for boys between the ages of 1318. It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI, as the King's College of Our Lady of Eton.

Eton College is in Eton, near Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is known as the Ampleforth of the south. It is north of Windsor Castle. The school is one of the original nine English "public schools" as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. The school is a member of the Eton Group of independent schools in the United Kingdom. The current Headmaster is Simon Henderson. For every 8 pupils there is one teacher.

Eton is a full boarding school. All pupils live at the school. It is one of four such remaining boys' public schools (the others being Winchester College, Harrow School, and Radley College). Eton has educated many British and foreign aristocrats. Prince William and his brother Prince Harry went there.

The list of graduates includes twenty former prime ministers, including David Cameron and Boris Johnson. _The Good Schools Guide_ called the school "the number one boys' public school", adding "The teaching and facilities are second to none". The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group. It is registered as a charity.

## Other websites

- Eton College official website
PuTTY

**PuTTY** is a terminal emulator application which can act as a client for the SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw TCP computing protocols. The word "PuTTY" has no meaning, though 'tty' is  sometimes used to refer to the Unix terminals, as an acronym for **'t**ele**ty**pe'.

PuTTY was first written for Microsoft Windows, but it has been ported to other operating systems including some Unix-like platforms. Mac OS and Mac OS X are still being ported, while unofficial ports have been ported it to the Symbian and Windows Mobile operating systems.

PuTTY is currently beta software. Licensed under the MIT License, and it is free and open source software.

## Features

Some features of PuTTY are:
- Unicode support.
- Control over the SSH encryption key and protocol version.
- Command-line SCP and SFTP clients, called "pscp" and "psftp" respectively.
- Control over port forwarding with SSH (local, remote or dynamic port forwarding), including built-in handling of X11 forwarding.
- Emulates most xterm, VT102 control sequences, as well as much of ECMA-48 terminal emulator.
- IP Version 6 support.
- Supports 3DES, AES, Arcfour, Blowfish, DES.
- Public-key authentication support.
- Support for local serial port connections.

## Main Programs

The versions available are made up of some or all of the following programs:
- <samp>PuTTY</samp> - the Telnet and SSH client itself;
- <samp>PSCP</samp> - an SCP client, i.e. command-line secure file copy;
- <samp>PSFTP</samp> - an SFTP client, i.e. general file transfer sessions much like FTP;
- <samp>PuTTYtel</samp> - a Telnet-only client;
- <samp>Plink</samp> - a command-line interface to the PuTTY back ends;
- <samp>Pageant</samp> - an SSH authentication agent for PuTTY, PSCP and Plink;
- <samp>PuTTYgen</samp> - an RSA and DSA key generation utility;
- <samp>pterm</samp> - a standalone terminal emulator.

## Related pages

- W-PuTTY-CD
- FreeOTFE - Disk encryption
- Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) - Email encryption

## Other websites

- Project home page
- Development libraries related to PuTTY
    - W-PuTTY-CD, PuTTY Communications in a Microsoft Windows™ DLL
- Other versions of PuTTY (for Windows):
    - KiTTY
    - PuTTY Tray
    - QuestPutty
    - ExtraPuTTY (Portable PuTTY for USB sticks,TestStand Step, Win32 API,PuTTY Communications in a Microsoft Windows™ DLL ....)
    - PuTTYcyg
    - Portable PuTTY for USB sticks
- Other programs related to PuTTY
    - PuTTY Connection Manager
    - PuTTY Session Manager

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: PuTTY
- **screenshot**: PuTTY.PNG
- **caption**: PuTTY main configuration dialog on Microsoft Windows, Windows
- **developer**: Simon Tatham
- **latest release version**: 0.78
- **operating system**: Cross-platform
- **programming language**: C (programming language), C
- **genre**: computer terminal, Terminal emulator
- **license**: MIT License
- **website**: [https://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/ PuTTY website]
Secure copy

**Secure Copy** or **SCP** is a method of securely transferring computer files between a local and a remote host or between two remote hosts, using the SSH protocol.

## References

- How the SCP Protocol Works