juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
United States Secretary of State

The **United States secretary of state** (**SecState**) is the head of the United States Department of State. This department deals with foreign affairs. The secretary is a member of the presidential cabinet and the highest-ranking cabinet secretary both in presidential line of succession and order of precedence. The U.S. Senate must agree with and confirm with the choice for the person to become the secretary of state.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: United States Secretary
- **body**: State
- **flag**: Flag of the United States Secretary of State.svg
- **flagborder**: yes
- **flagsize**: 130
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the secretary of state
- **insignia**: Seal of the United States Secretary of State.svg
- **insigniasize**: 120
- **insigniacaption**: Seal of the secretary of state
- **image**: Official portrait of Secretary Marco Rubio.jpg
- **incumbent**: Marco Rubio
- **incumbentsince**: January 21, 2025
- **department**: United States Department of State
- **style**: Mr. Secretary (informal)
The Honourable#United States, The Honorable (formal)
Excellency, His Excellency (diplomatic)
- **member of**: Cabinet of the United States
United States National Security Council
- **reports to**: President of the United States
- **seat**: Harry S Truman Building
Washington, D.C.
- **appointer**: The President of the United States, President
- **appointer qualified**: with United States Senate, Senate advice and consent
- **precursor**: United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Secretary of Foreign Affairs
- **first**: Thomas Jefferson
- **succession**: United States presidential line of succession, Fourth
- **deputy**: United States Deputy Secretary of State
- **salary**: Executive Schedule, Executive Schedule, Level I
- **abbreviation**: SecState
- **termlength**: No fixed term
Johann Most

**Johann Joseph Most** (5 February 1846 in Augsburg – 17 March 1906 in Cincinnati) was a German-American anarchist and orator. He is best known for accepting the strategy of "propaganda of the deed," which promoted direct action against a single person or institution (including the use of violence) to force revolutionary change and inspire further action by others. He travelled in Europe, and he lived in countries such as France and United Kingdom. In 1906, in Ohio, he fell sick because of a chronic case of erysipelas, a bacterial skin infection, in an era without any antibiotic treatments. Most died in a few days.

## Related pages

- List of anarchists

## References

- _Memoiren_ (New York, 1903).

## Other websites

- Johann Most Page  Anarchist Encyclopedia
Francesco Saverio Merlino

**Francesco Saverio Merlino** (born 9 September 1856 in Naples; died 30 June 1930 in Rome) was an Italian lawyer, anarchist activist and theorist of libertarian socialism.

## Life

Merlino started to participate in the anarchist movement in Italy during his university studies.

In 1884 he went into exile in England and also travelled to the USA. After he returned to Italy in 1894, he was arrested and had to spend two years in prison.

In the following years, he developed his theory of libertarian socialism in arguments with his friend Errico Malatesta.

## Main works

- Socialismo o monopolismo? (1887)
- L’Italie telle qu’elle est (1890)
- gli opuscoli Necessità e basi di un accordo (1892)
- L’individua-lismo nell’anarchismo (1893)
- Pro e contro il socialismo (1897)
- L’utopia collettivista e la crisi del “socialismo scientifico” (1898)
- Formes et essence du socialisme (1898)
- Fascismo e democrazia (1924)
- Politica e Magistratura dal 1860 ad oggi in Italia (1925)
- Il socialismo senza Marx. Studi e polemiche per una revisione della dottrina socialista (1897-1930), Massimiliano Boni, Bologna 1974.
- Il problema economico e politico del socialismo. (1948)

## Related pages

- List of anarchists
Carlo Tresca

**Carlo Tresca** (1879 - January 11, 1943, New York City) was an Italian-born American anarchist, newspaper editor, and labor agitator. Tresca was famous for the fight and the opposition to the fascism, stalinism, and the mafia. Tresca was part of the defense committee for accused murderers Sacco and Vanzetti, and frequently spoke in their defense at rallies and in articles. During the 1930s, Tresca became an outspoken opponent of Soviet Communists and Stalinism, particularly after the Soviet Union had engineered the destruction of the anarchist movement in Catalonia and Aragon during the Spanish Revolution. Before this, Tresca had supported the Bolsheviks, with the excuse of that a Communist state was preferable to a capitalist state. In early 1938 Tresca publicly accused the Soviets of kidnapping Juliet Poyntz to prevent her defection from the Communist Party USA. Tresca said that, before she had disappeared, Poyntz had talked to him about her disgust over Joseph Stalin's Great Terror.  In 1941 Tresca, in a revealing moment, admitted to Max Eastman that Nicola Sacco was guilty of the crime with which he was charged, though Vanzetti was innocent. In New York, Tresca also began a public campaign of criticism of the Mafia in his weekly newspaper, _Il Martello_. Tresca was killed probably by the mafia, with a gun shot. Others have thought that Tresca was eliminated by the NKVD because of the criticism of the Stalin regime of the Soviet Union.

## Related pages

- Industrial Workers of the World
- List of anarchists

## Other websites

- Review of _All the Right Enemies: The Life and Murder of Carlo Tresca_ from Washington Monthly

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Carlo Tresca
- **image**: Carlo-tresca-1910.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **birth date**: 1879
- **birth place**: Italy
- **death place**: New York City, United States
- **occupation**: Newspaper editor and Labor movement, labor leader.
Benjamin Tucker

**Benjamin Ricketson Tucker** (April 17, 1854 – June 22, 1939) was a leading proponent of American individualist anarchism in the 19th century, and editor and publisher of the individualist anarchist periodical _Liberty_. In 1906, he opened Tucker's Unique Book Shop in New York City. In 1908 the books were destroyed by a fire. Tucker closed the shop. Tucker died in Monaco in 1939

## Online publications

- _Instead of a Book, by a Man Too Busy to Write One_ (1893, 1897)
- _Travelling in Liberty_ : a complete online archive of Tucker's journal _Liberty_ (1881–1908)
- Several works by Tucker at  Anarchy Archives
- State Socialism and Anarchism. How far they agree and wherein they differ (1886)
- Liberty and Taxation From the magazine Liberty 1881-1908

## Related pages

- List of anarchists

## Other websites

- Tucker on Property, Communism and Socialism
- BlackCrayon.com: People: Benjamin Tucker
- Benjamin Tucker Anarchy Archives
- _Benjamin Tucker, Liberty, and Individualist Anarchism_ by Wendy McElroy
- _Benjamin Ricketson Tucker_ from "CLASSicalLiberalism" archive
- Benjamin Tucker, Liberty and Taxation
- _Memories of Benjamin Tucker_ by J. William Lloyd (1935)
- _An Interview With Oriole Tucker_  Tucker's daughter reveals biographical information, by Paul Avrich
- _Benjamin R Tucker & the Champions of Liberty - A Centenary Anthology_  Edited by Michael E. Coughlin, Charles H. Hamilton and Mark A. Sullivan

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Benjamin Tucker
- **image**: BenjaminTucker.jpg
- **birth date**: April 17, 1854
- **birth place**: Massachusetts, United States, US
- **death date**: June 22, 1939
- **death place**: Monaco
- **occupation**: writer
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **genre**: non fiction
- **subject**: political philosophy
John Zerzan

**John Zerzan** (born in 1943) is an American anarchist and primitivist philosopher and author. His works speaks about agricultural civilization. Some of his criticism has extended as far as challenging domestication, language, symbolic thought (such as mathematics and art) and the concept of time. His five major books are _Elements of Refusal_ (1988), _Future Primitive and Other Essays_ (1994), _Running on Emptiness_ (2002), _Against Civilization: Readings and Reflections_ (2005) and _Twilight of the Machines_ (2008). Zerzan is currently one of the editors of _Green Anarchy_, a journal of anarcho-primitivist and insurrectionary anarchist thought.

## Related pages

- List of anarchists

## Other websites

- John Zerzan's website
- Green Anarchy web site
- Insurgent Desire – John Zerzan writings and interviews can be read online
- Primitivism.com  – Writings by Zerzan and other primitivist authors and essayists
- Creel Commission  – June 2006 conversation with John Zerzan and the UK band
- Guide to John Zerzan's papers at the University of Oregon
- John Zerzan's Turkish articles

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Zerzan
- **image**: John Zerzan - mod.jpg
- **caption**: Zerzan in Belgrade, Serbia
- **birth date**: 1943
- **birth place**: Salem, Oregon, United States
- **occupation**: Philosopher, author
2014 FIFA World Cup

**The 2014 FIFA World Cup** was the 20th FIFA World Cup being held in Brazil. It was the second time that Brazil hosted the World Cup and the fourth time that a South American country hosted the FIFA tournament. Germany won the tournament after defeating Argentina 1–0. The defending champions, Spain, were eliminated from the World Cup after losing to the Netherlands and Chile in the group stage and the host country Brazil, were eliminated after a record-breaking 1–7 loss to Germany

## Infobox (international football competition)

- **tourney name**: FIFA World Cup
- **year**: 2014
- **other titles**: Copa do Mundo da FIFA
Brasil 2014
- **image**: Philipp Lahm lifts the 2014 FIFA World Cup.jpg
- **size**: 250px
- **caption**: Germany lifting the World Cup trophy.
- **country**: Brazil
- **dates**: June 13 – July 13
- **confederations**: 6
- **num teams**: 32
- **venues**: 12
- **cities**: 12
- **champion**: Germany
- **count**: 4
- **second**: Argentina
- **third**: Netherlands
- **fourth**: Brazil
- **matches**: 64
- **goals**: 171
- **attendance**: 3429873
- **top scorer**: James Rodriguez
(6 goals)
- **prevseason**: 1980 FIFA World Cup, 2010
- **nextseason**: 1988 FIFA World Cup, 2018
Ephedrine

**Ephedrine** (or EPH) is an alkaloid found in plants of the genus Ephedra. It can also be found in other plants like wolfsbane or the Euopean yew.

## Uses

Ephedrine has effects on the human body. It can be used as a stimulant or a decongestant. It is also used to treat certain forms of low blood pressure or to help hunger. Ephedrine is like amphetamine and methamphetamine.

The herb _má huáng_ (麻黄, _Ephedra sinica_) is used in traditional Chinese medicine. It has ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in it. Nagayoshi Nagai was the first person to take ephedrine from _Ephedra vulgaris_ in 1885. The substance called soma, mentioned in old Hindu books such as the Rig Veda, may have been ephedra extract.

Ephedrine is sometimes used for doping, usually together with caffeine and salicylic acid.There have been lots of controversies related to ephedrine.

The production of ephedrine in China has become a multi-million dollar industry. Companies extract $13 million worth of ephedrine from 30,000 tons of ephedra per year, 10 times the amount that is used in traditional Chinese medicine.

## Related pages

- Pseudoephedrine
- List of chemicals in doping cases in sport
Emiliano Zapata

**Emiliano Zapata Salazar** (August 8, 1879 – April 10, 1919) was a leader in the Mexican Revolution, which started in 1910.

He was ambushed and shot by Mexican troops in 1919. He is a folk hero in Mexico to this day.

He was born to Gabriel Zapata and Cleofas Jertrudiz Salazar of Anenecuilco, Morelos. Zapata's family were Mexicans of Nahua and Spanish ancestry. He was the ninth of ten children.
Pseudoephedrine

**Pseudoephedrine** (commonly abbreviated as PSE) is a decongestant. The salts **pseudoephedrine hydrochloride** and **pseudoephedrine sulfate** are found in many over-the-counter drugs either as single-ingredient preparations, or more commonly in combination with antihistamines, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and/or ibuprofen. Sudafed is a trademark for a common brand which contains pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, though Sudafed PE does not. Drugs containing pseudoephedrine are commonly used as a treatment for Rhinitis (an inflammation of the mucous mebranes in the nose)

Unlike antihistamines, which modify the systemic histamine-mediated allergic response, pseudoephedrine only relieves nasal congestion commonly associated with colds or allergies.

The advantage of oral pseudoephedrine over topical nasal preparations, such as oxymetazoline, is that it does not cause rebound congestion (rhinitis medicamentosa); however, it is more likely to cause adverse effects, including high blood pressure.

Some countries started to replace pseudoephedrine by other drugs, such as phenylephrine. The reason for this is that pseudoephedrine can be used to make methamphetamine, which is an illegal drug.

## Related pages

- List of chemicals in doping cases in sport
Scion

**Scion** was a brand of Japanese carmaker Toyota Motor Corporation, represented in the American market. The brand was founded in 2003 and is positioned for youth. 2002-2016

In early February 2016, it became known that Toyota has decided to close the brand in August that year. Since the 2017 model year, the FR-S, iA and iM models have been sold under the Toyota brand and are called 86, Yaris iA and Corolla iM respectively.

## Former Models

|colspan="2"|Model|Year introduced|Year discontinued|Platform|Vehicle description|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**iQ**||||||
|2012|2015|N/A|Front-engine, front-wheel drive three-door hatchback city car.|||
|**xA**||||||
|2004|2006|Toyota NBC platform|Subcompact hatchback, rebadged Toyota Ist.|||
|**xB**||||||
|2003|2015|Toyota NBC platform Toyota New MC platform|Subcompact hatchback (2003-2006), compact hatchback (2007-2015). Rebadged Toyota bB (first generation) and Toyota Corolla Rumion (second generation).|||
|**xD**||||||
|2007|2014|Toyota B platform|Subcompact hatchback based on Toyota Urban Cruiser. Replaces xA|||
|**FR-S**||||||
|2012|2016|N/A|Front-engine, rear-wheel drive 2+2 sports coupe. Rebadged Toyota 86.|||
|**iA**||||||
|2016|2016|Mazda DJ platform|Subcompact sedan, rebadged Mazda2.|||
|**iM**||||||
|2016|2016|Toyota New MC platform|Compact hatchback, rebadged Toyota Auris.|||
|**tC**||||||
|2004|2016|Toyota MC platform|Compact hatchback coupe. A rebadged version was available as the Toyota Zelas from 2011-2013.|||

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Scion
- **logo**: Scion logo.png
- **caption**: Logo uses from 2003 to 2016
- **type**: Division (business), Division of Toyota
- **location**: Torrance, California, U.S.
- **key people**: Andrew Gilleland <small>(vice president, VP, US)</small>
- **fate**: Absorbed back into Toyota
- **area served**: United States and Canada
- **industry**: Automotive industry
- **parent**: Toyota
Flag of Christmas Island

The **flag of Christmas Island** was adopted in 1986. It was designed by Tony Couch of Sydney, Australia.

## Symbol of the Island

The blue field means the sea that surrounds the island while the green field means the plants of the island. The southern cross appears in the blue field, showing Christmas Island's connection with Australia as well as its location in the southern hemisphere. The bird is a Golden Bosun, native to the island. The yellow disc means the island's history in mining. There is a map of the island in the centre of the disc.

### Creation

In 1986, the Christmas Island Assembly held a competition for people to create a flag and coat of arms for Christmas Island. There was a prize of 100$ for the winner. Around 69 entries were submitted to the competition. The winning submission was made by Tony Couch, a man who lived in Sydney. The new flag was announced on April 14, 1986 by the Christmas Island Assembly.

### Use of the Flag

The flag became the official (government accepted) flag of Christmas Island on January 26, 2002. This day is also Australia Day.
Philippsburg

**Philippsburg** is a city in Germany. It is in the district of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Philippsburg
- **art**: City
- **image photo**: Philippsburg_Bf.jpg
- **image coa**: Wappen Philippsburg.svg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **regbzk**: Karlsruhe (region), Karlsruhe
- **district**: Karlsruhe (district), Karlsruhe
- **population**: 12562
- **pop ref**: [http://www.statistik.baden-wuerttemberg.de/ source]
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08215066
- **area**: 50.56
- **elevation**: 100
- **postal code**: 76661
- **area code**: 07256
- **licence**: KA
- **mayor**: Stefan Martus
Ainsworth, Wisconsin

**Ainsworth** is a town in Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States. About 477 people live in Ainsworth as of the year 2020.

## Geography

The town has a total area of 72.1 square miles, according to the United States Census Bureau.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Ainsworth, Wisconsin
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image map**: WIMap-doton-Ainsworth.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Ainsworth, Wisconsin
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Wisconsin
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wisconsin, County
- **subdivision name2**: Langlade County, Wisconsin, Langlade
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 186.8
- **area land km2**: 179.5
- **area water km2**: 7.2
- **area total sq mi**: 72.1
- **area land sq mi**: 69.3
- **area water sq mi**: 2.8
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2020, 2020
- **population total**: 477
- **population density km2**: 2.7
- **population density sq mi**: 6.9
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 468
- **elevation ft**: 1535
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 55-00625
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1582662
Bex

**Bex** () is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It is in the district of Aigle. It has an area of 96.60 km², an altitude of 424 m, and a population of about 5709. It is a few miles south of its sister town municipality of Aigle.

## Geography

Bex sits on the east side of the Rhône river in a big valley bordered on the east by the Bernese Alps and west by the Chablais Alps. Famous Swiss and French ski resorts are nearby. It is on Swiss National Route 9. Bex is connected to Les Diablerets by the mountain pass Col de la Croix

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bex
- **municipality name**: Bex
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: 20020807 bex rue du cropt.jpg
- **image caption**: Rue du Cropt in Bex
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bex COA.svg
- **map**: Karte_Gemeinde_Bex.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Aigle (district), Aigle
- **postal code**: 1880
- **municipality code**: 5402
- **area**: 96.56
- **elevation**: 424
- **population**: 5751
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.bex.ch
- **mayor**: Pierre Rochat
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **neighboring municipalities**: Chamoson (VS), Collonges, Switzerland, Collonges (VS), Conthey (VS), Fully (VS), Gryon, Lavey-Morcles, Leytron (VS), Massongex (VS), Monthey, Switzerland, Monthey (VS), Ollon, Ormont-Dessus, Saint-Maurice, Switzerland, Saint-Maurice (VS)
- **twintowns**: Tuttlingen (Germany)
Erwitte

**Erwitte** is a town in the district of Soest. It is found in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Erwitte
- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Erwitte COA.svg
- **image plan**: Erwitte in SO.svg
- **state**: NRW
- **region**: Arnsberg
- **district**: Soest Rural District, Soest
- **elevation**: 105
- **area**: 73.79
- **population**: 15771
- **stand**: 2009-06-30
- **postal code**: 59597
- **area code**: 02943 02945
- **licence**: SO, LP
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 9 74 016
- **divisions**: 15
- **mayor**: Peter Wessel
- **party**: CDU
John Krasinski

**John Burke Krasinski** (born October 20, 1979) is an American actor, director and writer. He is best known for portraying Jim Halpert on NBC's _The Office_ and for directing and starring as Lee Abbott in the 2018 horror film _A Quiet Place_. He also portrayed Hannibal in the 2021 film adaptation of _G.A Henty's The Young Carthigan_.

Krasinski married Emily Blunt in Como, Italy on July 10, 2010. The couple's daughter was born in 2014.

## Infobox (actor)

- **image**: Johnkrasinski06.jpg
- **imagesize**: 160px
- **caption**: Krasinski in 2006
- **birthname**: John Burke Krasinski
- **birth place**: Newton, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **awards**: **Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Ensemble - Comedy Series**
2006 _The Office (U.S. TV series), The Office_
2007 _The Office_
- **spouse**: Emily Blunt (m. 2010-present)
- **height**: 191 cm
- **children**: 2
United States Department of State

The **United States Department of State** is a U.S. federal executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and diplomatic relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs of other countries, its primary duties are advising the U.S. president on international relations, administering diplomatic missions, negotiating international treaties and agreements, protecting citizens abroad and representing the U.S. at the United Nations.

Established in 1789, it is headed by the U.S. secretary of state, who reports directly to the U.S. president and is a member of the presidential cabinet. The position is currently held by Marco Rubio since 2025.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: United States Department of State
- **seal**: US Department of State official seal.svg
- **seal width**: 175
- **seal caption**: Seal of the Department of State
- **logo**: Flag of the United States Department of State.svgborder
- **logo width**: 175
- **logo caption**: Flag of the Department of State
- **picture**: United States Department of State headquarters.jpg
- **image caption**: Department of State headquarters
- **preceding1**: Department of Foreign Affairs
- **jurisdiction**: Federal government of the United States, U.S. federal government
- **headquarters**: Harry S Truman Building,
Northwest (Washington, D.C.), Northwest, Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **employees between them the  official havaa headmaster fitzgerald and for firts time in the all history this so important charges is occuped  by foreings human being with three -3- nacionalities  firts to all native from spain them hava had lived for a long tine in caracas venezuelan where obteined the grade of journalism also since several years have been lived in israel where got also the grade of languagues proffesor cumlaudem in fact**: 80,214 (total)
14,399 United States Foreign Service, Foreign Service employees
12,831 United States federal civil service, Civil Service employees
50,703 local employees
- **budget**: USD 58 billion (FY 2025)
- **chief1 name**: Marco Rubio
- **chief1 position**: United States Secretary of State, Secretary;
- **chief2 name**: Christopher Landau
- **chief2 position**: United States Deputy Secretary of State, Deputy Secretary;
- **chief3 name**: Michael Rigas
- **chief3 position**: Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources, Deputy Secretary for Management and Resources;
- **chief4 name**: Allison Hooker
- **chief4 position**: Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs, Under Secretary for Political Affairs;
- **agency type**: United States federal executive departments, Executive department
United States Attorney General

The **United States attorney general** (**AG**) is the head of the United States Department of Justice and serves as the chief law enforcement officer of the U.S. federal government. The attorney general acts as the principal legal advisor to the president of the United States on all legal matters.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: United States Attorney General
- **flag**: Flag of the United States Attorney General.svg
- **flagborder**: yes
- **flagsize**: 125
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the attorney general
- **insignia**: Seal of the United States Department of Justice.svg
- **insigniasize**: 125
- **insigniacaption**: Seal of the Department of Justice
- **image**: File:Pam Bondi official portrait.jpg
- **incumbent**: Pam Bondi
- **incumbentsince**: February 5, 2025
- **department**: United States Department of Justice
- **style**: Madam Attorney General (informal)
The Honorable (formal)
- **member of**: United States Cabinet, Cabinet
United States National Security Council, National Security Council
United States Homeland Security Council, Homeland Security Council
- **reports to**: President of the United States
- **seat**: Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
Washington, D.C.
- **appointer**: The President of the United States, president
- **appointer qualified**: with United States Senate, Senate advice and consent
- **termlength**: No term limits
- **formation**: September 26, 1789
- **first**: Edmund Randolph
- **succession**: United States presidential line of succession, Seventh
- **deputy**: United States Deputy Attorney General, Deputy Attorney General
- **salary**: Executive Schedule, Executive Schedule, LevelI
United States Secretary of Homeland Security

The **United States secretary of homeland security** is the head of the United States Department of Homeland Security. The position was created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

The current secretary of homeland security is Kristi Noem, since 2025.

## List of living former secretaries

As of September 2025, there are nine living former secretaries of education, the oldest being Tom Ridge, the first ever person to fill the position (served 2003-2005). This is the only cabinet position in which all former occupants of the position are still living.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: United States Secretary
- **body**: Homeland Security
- **insignia**: Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Seal of the Department of Homeland Security
- **flag**: Flag of the United States Secretary of Homeland Security.svg
- **flagborder**: yes
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the secretary
- **image**: Official Portrait of Secretary Kristi Noem.jpg
- **incumbent**: Kristi Noem
- **incumbentsince**: January 25, 2025
- **department**: United States Department of Homeland Security, Department of Homeland Security
- **style**: Madam Secretary (informal)
The Honorable (formal)
- **member of**: Cabinet of the United States, Cabinet
United States Homeland Security Council, Homeland Security Council
United States National Security Council, National Security Council
- **reports to**: President of the United States
- **seat**: St. Elizabeths Hospital, St. Elizabeths West Campus, Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **appointer**: The President of the United States, president
- **appointer qualified**: with United States Senate, Senate advice and consent
- **termlength**: No fixed term
- **first**: Tom Ridge
- **succession**: United States presidential line of succession, Eighteenth
- **deputy**: United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security, Deputy Secretary
- **salary**: Executive Schedule, Executive Schedule, Level I
United States Department of Homeland Security

The **United States Department of Homeland Security** (**DHS**) is the U.S. federal executive department. Its missions involve anti-terrorism, civil defense, immigration and customs, border control, cybersecurity, transportation security, maritime security and sea rescue, and the prevention of weapons of mass destruction.

DHS started operations on March 1, 2003, after the passing of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, in response to the September 11 attacks. With more than 240,000 employees DHS is the third-largest cabinet department, after the departments of Defense and Veterans Affairs.

Homeland security policy is located at the White House by the Homeland Security Council. Other agencies with significant homeland security responsibilities include the departments of Health and Human Services, Justice, and Energy.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: United States Department of Homeland Security
- **seal**: Seal of the United States Department of Homeland Security.svg
- **seal width**: 175
- **seal caption**: Seal of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
- **logo**: Flag of the United States Department of Homeland Security.svgborder
- **logo width**: 175
- **logo caption**: Flag of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
- **picture**: DHS St Elizabeth's Building 1.jpg
- **picture caption**: Headquarters of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in Washington D.C.
- **jurisdiction**: Federal government of the United States, U.S. federal government
- **headquarters**: St. Elizabeths Hospital#West Campus, St. Elizabeths West Campus, Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **employees**: 240,000 (2018)
- **budget**: United States dollar, $103.2 billion (FY 2024)
- **chief1 name**: Kristi Noem
- **chief1 position**: United States Secretary of Homeland Security, Secretary
- **chief2 name**: Troy Edgar
- **chief2 position**: United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security, Deputy Secretary
- **keydocument1**: Homeland Security Act of 2002
- **agency id**: 7000
United States Department of Commerce

The **United States Department of Commerce ** is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting economic development. It was originally created as the **United States Department of Commerce and Labor** on February 14, 1903. It was subsequently renamed to the Department of Commerce on March 4, 1913, and its bureaus and agencies specializing in labor were transferred to the new Department of Labor. The Headquarters of the Department of Commerce are located at the Herbert C. Hoover Building in Washington D.C.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: United States Department of Commerce
- **logo**: Flag of the United States Department of Commerce.svgborder
- **logo width**: 175
- **logo caption**: Flag of the U.S. Department of Commerce
- **seal**: Seal of the United States Department of Commerce.svg
- **seal width**: 175
- **seal caption**: Seal of the U.S. Department of Commerce
- **picture**: Commerce Building view from Mall 2.jpg
- **picture caption**: The Herbert C. Hoover Building, the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
- **headquarters**: Herbert C. Hoover Building
1401 Constitution Avenue Northwest, Washington, D.C., NW, Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **region code**: US-DC
- **employees**: 46,608 (2018)
- **budget**: US$9.67 billion (2018)
US$14.2 billion (est. 2010)
US$9.3 billion (est. 2011)
US$8.6 billion (2014)
- **chief1 name**: Howard Lutnick
- **chief1 position**: United States Secretary of Commerce, Secretary
- **chief2 name**: TBD
- **chief2 position**: Deputy Secretary of Commerce, Deputy Secretary
- **jurisdiction**: United States of America
United States Department of the Interior

The **United States Department of the Interior** (**DOI**) is a Cabinet department of the United States government that manages and conserves most federally owned land. These responsibilities are different from other countries' Interior Departments or ministries, which tend to focus on police or security.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: United States Department of the Interior
- **agency type**: Department
- **logo**: Flag of the United States Department of the Interior.svgborder
- **logo width**: 175px
- **logo caption**: Flag of the U.S. Department of the Interior
- **seal**: Seal of the United States Department of the Interior.svg
- **seal width**: 175px
- **seal caption**: Seal of the U.S. Department of the Interior
- **picture**: Department of the Interior by Matthew Bisanz.JPG
- **picture caption**: Main Interior Building
- **headquarters**: Main Interior Building
1849 C Street Northwest, Washington, D.C., NW
Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **employees**: 70,003 (2012)
- **budget**: $20.7 billion (2013)
- **chief1 name**: Doug Burgum
- **chief1 position**: United States Secretary of the Interior, Secretary
- **chief2 name**: Elizabeth Klein (nominee)
- **chief2 position**: United States Deputy Secretary of the Interior, Deputy Secretary
United States Department of Justice

The **United States Department of Justice** (**DOJ**) is a federal executive department of the U.S. government that oversees the domestic enforcement of federal laws and the administration of justice. The department is headed by the U.S. attorney general, who reports directly to the president of the United States and is a member of the president's cabinet. Pam Bondi has served as U.S. attorney general since February 4, 2025.

The Justice Department contains most of the United States' federal law enforcement agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the U.S. Marshals Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the Federal Bureau of Prisons.

The department also has eight divisions of lawyers who represent the federal government in litigation: the Criminal, Civil, Antitrust, Tax, Civil Rights, Environment and Natural Resources, National Security, and Justice Management Divisions. The DOJ includes the U.S. Attorneys' offices for each of the 94 U.S. federal judicial districts.

The U.S. Congress created the Justice Department in 1870, during the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant. The DOJ's functions began in 1789, when Congress created the office of the Attorney General.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: United States Department of Justice
- **seal**: Seal of the United States Department of Justice.svg
- **seal width**: 175
- **seal caption**: Seal of the U.S. Department of Justice
- **logo**: Flag of the United States Department of Justice.svgborder
- **logo width**: 175
- **logo caption**: Flag of the U.S. Department of Justice
- **picture**: U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) (53840386529).jpg
- **picture caption**: The Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building, Robert F. Kennedy Building is the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Justice. (2024)
- **jurisdiction**: U.S. federal government
- **headquarters**: Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building
950 Pennsylvania Avenue Northwest (Washington, D.C.), NW
Washington, D.C., United States
- **motto**: "_Qui Pro Domina Justitia Sequitur_" (Latin: "Who prosecutes on behalf of justice (or the Lady Justice)")
- **employees**: 113,114 (2019)
- **budget**: $37.52 billion (FY 2024)
- **chief1 name**: Pam Bondi
- **chief1 position**: United States Attorney General, Attorney General
- **chief2 name**: Todd Blanche
- **chief2 position**: United States Deputy Attorney General, Deputy Attorney General
- **chief3 name**: _Vacant_
- **chief3 position**: United States Associate Attorney General, Associate Attorney General
- **chief4 name**: D. John Sauer
- **chief4 position**: Solicitor General of the United States, Solicitor General
- **agency type**: United States federal executive departments, Executive department
United States Department of Agriculture

The **United States Department of Agriculture** (also called the **Agriculture Department**, or **USDA**) is a United States Federal Executive Department (or _Cabinet Department_). Its purpose is to develop and execute policy on farming, agriculture, and food.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: United States Department of Agriculture
- **logo**: USDA_logo.svg
- **logo width**: 140px
- **logo caption**: Logo of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
- **picture**: Flag of the United States Department of Agriculture.svgborder
- **picture caption**: Flag of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
- **seal**: Seal of the United States Department of Agriculture.svg
- **seal width**: 140px
- **seal caption**: Seal of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
- **formed**:
Cabinet status: February 15, 1889
- **preceding1**: Agricultural Division
- **jurisdiction**: Federal government of the United States, U.S. federal government
- **headquarters**: Jamie L. Whitten Building
1301 Independence Avenue (Washington D.C.), Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C.
- **employees**: 105,778 (June 2007)
- **budget**: United States dollar, US$151 billion (2017)
- **chief1 name**: Brooke Rollins
- **chief1 position**: United States Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary
- **chief2 name**: Jewel H. Bronaugh
- **chief2 position**: United States Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, Deputy Secretary
United States federal executive departments

The **United States federal executive departments** are among the oldest primary units of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States–the Departments of State, War, and the Treasury all being established within a few weeks of each other in 1789.

## Departments

|Department|Creation|Order of succession|class="unsortable"|Modifications since creation|2007 Budget in billions of dollars|Employees (2007)|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|nowrap|State|align=center|1789|align=right|1||align= right nowrap|9.96|align=center|30,266|
|nowrap|Treasury|align=center|1789|align=right|2||align= right nowrap|11.10|align=center|115,897|
|nowrap|Defense|align=center|1947|align=right|3||align= right nowrap|439.30|align=center|3,000,000|
|nowrap|Justice|align=center|1870|align=right|4|Position of Attorney General created in 1789, but had no department until 1870|align= right nowrap|23.40|align=center|112,557|
|nowrap|Interior|align=center|1849|align=right|5||align= right nowrap|10.70|align=center|71,436|
|nowrap|Agriculture|align=center|1862|align=right|6||align= right nowrap|77.60|align=center|109,832|
|Commerce|align=center|1903|align=right|7|Originally named Commerce and Labor; Labor later separated|align= right nowrap|6.20|align=center|36,000||
|nowrap|Labor|align=center|1913|align=right|8||align= right nowrap|59.70|align=center|17,347|
|nowrap|Health and Human Services|align=center|1953|align=right|9|Originally named Health, Education, and Welfare; Education later separated|align= right nowrap|543.20|align=center|67,000|
|nowrap|Housing and Urban Development|align=center|1965|align=right|10||align= right nowrap|46.20|align=center|10,600|
|nowrap|Transportation|align=center|1966|align=right|11||align=right nowrap|58.00|align=center|58,622|
|nowrap|Energy|align=center|1977|align=right|12||align=right nowrap|21.50|align=center|116,100|
|nowrap|Education|align=center|1979|align=right|13||align=right nowrap|62.80|align=center|4,487|
|nowrap|Veterans Affairs|align=center|1989|align=right|14||align=right nowrap|73.20|align=center|235,000|
|nowrap|Homeland Security|align=center|2002|align=right|15||align=right nowrap|44.6|align=center|208,000|
|colspan="3" align=right|**Total budget (fiscal year 2007):**||nowrap|1,523.42|align=center|4,193,144|||||

### Past departments

|Department|Dates of Operation|Notes|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|nowrap|War|nowrap|1789–1947|by Department of Defense, renamed Department of the Army|
|nowrap|Post Office|nowrap|1792–1971|Reorganized as quasi-independent agency, United States Postal Service|
|nowrap|Navy|nowrap|1798–1947|Subsumed by Department of Defense|
|nowrap|Commerce and Labor|nowrap|1903–1913|Divided between Department of Commerce and Department of Labor|
|nowrap|Health, Education, and Welfare|nowrap|1953–1979|Divided between Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Education|
United States Department of Labor

The **United States Department of Labor** is a Cabinet department of the United States government responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance benefits, re-employment services, and some economic statistics.  Many U.S. states also have such departments.  The department is headed by the United States Secretary of Labor.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: United States Department of Labor
- **logo**: Flag of the United States Department of Labor.svg
- **logo width**: 175
- **logo caption**: Flag of the U.S. Department of Labor
- **seal**: USDOL Seal circa 2015.svg
- **seal width**: 175
- **seal caption**: Seal of the U.S. Department of Labor
- **picture**: Frances Perkins Building.JPGborder
- **picture caption**: The Frances Perkins Building, which serves as the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Labor
- **headquarters**: Frances Perkins Building
200 Constitution Avenue Northwest, Washington, D.C., NW
Washington, D.C., U.S.
- **region code**: US-DC
- **employees**: 17,450 (2014)
- **budget**: $12.1 billion (FY 2012)
- **chief1 name**: Lori Chavez-DeRemer
- **chief1 position**: United States Secretary of Labor, Secretary
- **chief2 name**: Julie Su
- **chief2 position**: United States Deputy Secretary of Labor, Deputy Secretary
Raster image processor

A **Raster image processor** is a part in some printers. The raster image processor receives the data in a description language, like Postscript, PCL, or PDF and changes it to a bitmap or raster image.

Raster image processing can be done in two ways: as Software running as part of the operating system, or as a special microprocessor inside the printer. Cheaper printers use a solution called host-based printing, where this is done in the operating system, more expensive printers, and those that support PCL, Postscript or a similar language have a Raster image processor inside the printer.

## Stages of RIP

1. **Interpretation**: This is the stage where the supported PDLs (Page description languages) are translated into a private internal representation of each page. Most RIPs make pages one after another so the current machine state is only for the current page. They do one page at a time. Once a page has been output the page state is discarded to make the RIP ready for the next page.
1. **Rendering**: this is how the private internal representation is turned into a continuous tone bitmap. Note that in practical RIPs interpretation and rendering are frequently done together. Simple languages (mostly the most ancient) were designed to work on minimal hardware so tend to "directly drive" the renderer.
1. **Screening**: In order to print, a continuous-tone bitmap is converted into a halftone (pattern of dots).  Two screening methods or types are _Amplitude Modulation_ (AM) screening and _stochastic or Frequency Modulation_ (FM) screening. In AM screening, dot size varies depending on object density -- tonal values; dots are placed in a fixed grid. In FM screening, dot size remains constant and dots are placed in random order to create darker or lighter areas of the image; dot placement is precisely controlled by sophisticated mathematical algorithms.

## Other website

- RIP Software Definition
Sligo Rovers F.C.

**Sligo Rovers** are an association football team in Ireland. They were founded in 1928 and now play in the League of Ireland Premier Division.

## Current team

Rovers have plenty of players who have played in England and the Rovers' manager Ian Baraclough is the only English manager in the UEFA Champions League.

## History

Sligo Rovers were founded in 1928 and have been active ever since. They were founded after the merger of Sligo town and Sligo blues. The all time top goalscorer of the English league Dixie Dean played for Rovers in the 1930s. The last FAI cup competition Rovers won was in 2011. The Rovers have won the league three times in 1937, 1977 and 2012. They won the cup in 1983, 1994, 2010 and 2011 and the first division in 1994 and 2005. During the 2008 season it was confirmed that Rovers were in financial difficulty and needed to pay 130,000 euro, but they are now one of the richest clubs in Ireland.

## Stadium

Sligo Rovers play in The Showgrounds, Sligo. The ground can hold 5,500 people with seats for 4,000. There are two training pitches, and one of them is made from astroturf. In the car park for part of the year there is a fun fair.

## Shirt Sponsors

Sligo Rovers have two main sponsors, Joma and Connolly's Volkswagen.

## Lawrie Sanchez

Lawrence Philip Sanchez (born October 22, 1959 in London, England) is a Northern Irish football manager and former player. He became player-manager of League of Ireland club Sligo Rovers in 1994. In his first season he led them to the semi-final of the 1995 FAI Cup. He also managed them in the Cup Winners' Cup against Bruges FC. He went on to manage Fulham F.C. and the Northern Ireland national team.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Sligo Rovers
- **fullname**: Sligo Rovers Football Club
- **nickname**: Bit O'Red
- **founded**: 1928
- **ground**: Showgrounds,
Sligo,
County Sligo
- **capacity**: 5,500  (2,400 seats)
- **chairman**: Michael Toolan
- **manager**: John Russell (footballer), John Russell
- **league**: League of Ireland Premier Division
- **season**: 2012
- **position**: 1st
- **pattern la1**: _red stripes
- **pattern b1**: _red stripes
- **pattern ra1**: _red stripes
- **leftarm1**: FF0000
- **body1**: FF0000
- **rightarm1**: FF0000
- **shorts1**: ffffff
- **socks1**: ffffff
- **pattern b2**: _thinsidesonwhite
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FF
- FFFF
- **shorts2**: FF0000
- **socks2**: FFFFFF
League of Ireland

The **Eircom football league** was a football league in the Republic of Ireland. It existed from 1921 until 2006. In 2007, it was replaced with the League of Ireland Premier Division.
Sligo

**Sligo** is a town in County Sligo, Republic of Ireland. It is not the largest town in the country but is the second largest urban area in Connacht after Galway city. It is home to Sligo Rovers F.C. who play in the League of Ireland Premier Division and won the League in 2012. It is also home to the Sligo G.A.A team. Sligo Rugby Club is in Strandhill.  Sligo has a population of around 20,000 and has many tourist attractions. Sligo is at the end of the railway line from Dublin.

## Notable people

- Neil Jordan, Irish film director
- Kian Egan, member of the Boy band, Westlife
- Mark Feehily, member of Westlife
- Shane Filan, member of Westlife
- William Butler Yeats, poet
- Constance Markievicz, first woman elected as a Member of Parliament in the United Kingdom
Fort Campbell

**Fort Campbell** is a United States Army post on the border of Tennessee and Kentucky. It is west of Clarksville and northwest of Nashville.

The fort is named after William Bowen Campbell, the last Whig Governor of Tennessee.

## Other websites

- Fort Campbell Home Page  - official site

## Infobox (military structure)

- **name**: Fort Campbell
- **location**: Ten miles northwest of downtown Clarksville, Tennessee and ten miles south of Hopkinsville, Kentucky
- **caption**: Shoulder sleeve insignia of units stationed at Fort Campbell
- **type**: Army post
- **built**: 1941
- **used**: 1941–Present
- **controlledby**: United States Army, U.S. Army
- **garrison**: 101st Airborne Division
160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment
5th Special Forces Group
Harlem

**Harlem** is a big neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It was a village independent of New York City until 1873. Most of the people in Central Harlem are African-American. Most of the people in West and East Harlem are Hispanic.

It started as a Dutch village called Nieuw Haarlem. It was named for the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands.

In the 19th century it became an industrial suburb. In the 1920s the Harlem Renaissance happened in Harlem.

There is a lot of crime in Harlem, and it reportedly increased by 44% in 2022. The most common cause of death for young black males there is getting murdered.
Taxane

**Taxanes** are poisonous alkaloids produced by Yew plants. Alkaloids are made by a large variety of organisms, but taxanes are produced only by plants of the genus _Taxus_.

Taxanes work mainly by disrupting the function of cell microtubules. Microtubules are essential to cell division, so taxanes are essentially mitotic inhibitors. This explains why taxanes have been used to produce chemotherapy drugs.
Brooch

A **brooch** is a piece of jewelry that is attached to clothes. It is usually made of metal, silver or gold but sometimes bronze and decorated with gemstones.

Brooches called "fibulae" were used for many centuries to fasten clothing. In recent centuries people more often use buttons and belts for that, so brooches have become only decorative.