juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tiffany & Co.

**Tiffany & Company** (better known as Tiffany or Tiffany's) is an American luxury goods company. Their main store is in New York City.

Tiffany sells jewelry, sterling silver, china, crystal,  perfumes, watches and personal accessories, as well as some leather goods. Many of these goods are sold through direct-mail as well as at Tiffany stores. Tiffany is particularly known for its diamond jewelry. Tiffany markets itself as an judge of taste and style.

Founded in New York City in 1837,  the store sold a wide variety of items as "Tiffany, Young and Ellis" in Manhattan. The name was shortened to Tiffany & Company in 1853 when Charles Tiffany took control. He established the firm's emphasis on jewelry.

## Related pages

- Tiffany lamp

## Other websites

- Tiffany & Company official website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Tiffany & Company
- **logo**: Tiffany & Co. wordmark 2003.svg
- **type**: Public
- **traded as**:
S&P 500, S&P 500 Component
- **industry**: Jewellery, Jewelers, silversmiths
- **founder**: Charles Lewis Tiffany, John B. Young
- **location**: 727 Fifth Avenue

- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: Michael J. Kowalski
Chairman
Frederic Cumenal
CEO
- **assets**: US$3.79 billion (2013)
- **equity**: US$2.32 billion (2013)
- **num employees**: 10,600 (2014)
- **website**: [http://www.tiffany.com/ tiffany.com]
Francine Hughes

**Francine Hughes** (August 17, 1947 – March 22, 2017) is an American woman who suffered domestic abuse from her ex-husband named Mickey Hughes. She ended up killing him by setting fire to his bed on March 9, 1977. Mickey was killed and the house was destroyed in the fire. The story was made into a book and a movie. In No Child of Mine (where 35 year old Linda abused everyone), 35 year old Linda was acting like Mickey who lived with 13 year old Kerry (who didn't do anything wrong) in and for 13 years.

## Background

Hughes had suffered over a decade of beatings and verbal abuse from her husband. She divorced him, but every time she tried to keep him out of the house, he kept beating her.

After Mickey was in a serious car accident, she visited him in the hospital. She then allowed him back in the house to recover from his injuries. He started drinking and beating her again.

## The Burning Bed

On the day he died, he beat her badly then burned her textbooks for classes she was taking. That night Hughes poured gasoline on her husband's bed and set him on fire. She then drove to the police station so she could confess to the killing. After trial in Lansing, Michigan, Hughes was found not guilty by reason of temporary insanity.

Francine Hughes' story was made into a book by Faith McNulty. It was later made into a movie in 1984 titled _The Burning Bed_. It starred Farrah Fawcett.

## Other websites

- Dansville, Michigan: The Burning Bed
- "The Burning Bed": A turning point in fight against domestic violence
Andrzej Ciechanowiecki

**Andrew Stanislaus (Andrzej Stanisław) Ciechanowiecki** (28 September 1924 – 2 November 2015) was a Polish art historian, philanthropist, art collector, and antique dealer.

He is the founder of the Ciechanowiecki Foundation at the Royal Castle in Warsaw (1986). He was an Honorary Professor of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was honored with the Order of the White Eagle in 1998, Grand Cross of Polonia Restituta, war medals, Gloria Artis Gold Medal and other awards.

Ciechanowiecki died in London at the age of 91.
Ahmed Chalabi

**Ahmed Abdel Hadi Chalabi** (‎; 30 October 1944 – 3 November 2015) was an Iraqi politician. He was interim Minister of Oil in Iraq serving from  16 April 2005 to 1 January 2006. He served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1 May 2005 to 20 May 2006. Chalabi failed to win a seat in parliament in the December 2005 elections.

Chalabi died on 3 November 2015 from a heart attack at his home in Kadhimiya, Baghdad, aged 71.

## Related pages

- List of scientists from Asia

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ahmed Chalabi
- **image**: chalabi.jpg
- **office**: Deputy Prime Minister of Iraq
- **primeminister**: Ibrahim al-Jaafari
- **term start**: 1 May 2005
- **term end**: 20 May 2006
- **predecessor**: Rowsch Shaways
- **successor**: Barham Salih
- **office1**: Ministry of Oil (Iraq), Minister of Oil
- **primeminister1**: Ibrahim al-Jaafari
- **term start1**: 16 April 2005
- **term end1**: 1 January 2006
- **predecessor1**: Ibrahim Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum, Bahr al-Ulloum
- **successor1**: Hussain al-Shahristani
- **office2**: Prime Minister of Iraq, President of the Iraqi Governing Council, Governing Council of Iraq
- **leader2**: Paul Bremer
- **term start2**: 1 September 2003
- **term end2**: 30 September 2003
- **predecessor2**: Ibrahim al-Jaafari
- **successor2**: Ayad Allawi
- **birth name**: Ahmed Abdel Hadi Chalabi

- **native name**: أحمد الجلبي
- **native name lang**: ar
- **birth place**: Kadhimiya, Kingdom of Iraq, Iraq
- **death place**: Kadhimiya, Baghdad, Iraq
- **party**: Iraqi National Congress
- **spouse**: Leila Osseiran
- **alma mater**: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
University of Chicago
We Shall Overcome (Bernie Sanders album)

***We Shall Overcome*** is an album of folk music recorded and released by Bernie Sanders in 1987. It was done when he was mayor of Burlington, Vermont. The album has since been released on iTunes and has attained a new wave of popularity as a result of Sanders' ongoing presidential campaign.

## Background

In 1987, Burlington-based musician Todd Lockwood was sipping coffee at Leunig's Bistro when he came up with the idea to ask the city's mayor, Bernie Sanders, to record a musical project at his studio, White Crow Audio. Lockwood called the mayor's office and left Sanders a message with a secretary. Sanders later called back to set up a meeting, where he told Lockwood "I have to admit to you this appeals to my ego."

Sanders made a list of ten songs he would be willing to record, five of which made the cut for the album.

## Other websites

- Video of Bernie Sanders singing 'This Land Is Your Land' at YouTube.com

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: We Shall Overcome
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Bernie Sanders
- **released**: December 12, 1987
- **recorded**: November 1987;
White Crow Audio
<small>(Burlington, Vermont, United States)</small>
- **genre**: Folk music, Folk
- **label**: BurlingTown
Matt Bevin

**Matthew Griswold "Matt" Bevin** (born January 9, 1967) is an American businessman and politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He became the Governor of Kentucky on December 8, 2015. He left office on December 10, 2019.

## Career

Bevin became the President of Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company in 2011.

In Kentucky's 2014 Senate election, Bevin was a Republican candidate and primary challenger to Mitch McConnell. At that time, McConnell was the Senate Minority Leader.

On November 3, 2015, Bevin was elected Governor of Kentucky.

On November 5, 2019, Bevin lost his re-election bid to State Attorney General Andy Beshear by less than 5,000.

## Other websites

- Waycross Partners business website
- Matt Bevin for Governor

## Infobox (governor)

- **name**: Matt Bevin
- **image**: Matt Bevin.jpg
- **order**: 62nd Governor of Kentucky
- **lieutenant**: Jenean Hampton
- **term start**: December 8, 2015
- **term end**: December 10, 2019
- **predecessor**: Steve Beshear
- **successor**: Andy Beshear
- **birth name**: Matthew Griswold Bevin
- **birth place**: Denver, Colorado, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 10
- **education**: Washington and Lee University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Central Michigan University
- **signature**: MattBevinSignature.jpg
- **serviceyears**: 1989–1993
- **rank**:  Captain (United States O-3), Captain
- **unit**:  5th Infantry Division (United States), 5th Infantry Division
Bill Saluga

**William "Bill" Saluga** (September 16, 1937 – March 28, 2023) was an American comedian. He was born in Youngstown, Ohio. He was a founding member, along with Fred Willard, Michael Mislove,  George Memmoli, and Patti Deutsch of the improvisational comedy troupe Ace Trucking Company.

Saluga was best known for his cigar-smoking, zoot-suit-wearing television character “Raymond J. Johnson, Jr.”. He was famous for his catchphrase "You can call me Ray, or you can call me Jay, or you can call me Raymond J. Johnson, but you doesn't hasta call me Johnson!"

Saluga died of cardiopulmonary arrest in Los Angeles, California on March 28, 2023, at the age of 85.

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Bill Saluga
- **birthname**: William Saluga
- **birth place**: Youngstown, Ohio, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Comedian, Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1960-2023
- **notable work**: founding member of the Ace Trucking Company comedy troupe
created the stage character Ray J. Johnson
- **medium**: Stand-up comedy, Stand-up, movies, television
- **genre**: Sketch comedy, Improvisational comedy, Character comedy
- **subject**: Self-deprecation, Everyday life
- **influenced**: David Steinberg, Jerry Seinfeld, Robert Townsend (actor), Robert Townsend, Tim Allen
- **influences**: Redd Foxx, Billy Barty, Fred Willard, Slappy White
Pete du Pont

**Pierre Samuel "Pete" du Pont IV** (January 22, 1935 – May 8, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician. He was born in Wilmington, Delaware.

He was the United States Representative for Delaware's at-large congressional district from 1971 to 1977. He then served as the 68th Governor of Delaware from 1977 to 1985. He is a member of the Republican Party.

du Pont ran for President of the United States in the 1988 U.S. presidential election. He lost the primaries to Vice President George H. W. Bush.

du Pont died on May 8, 2021 in Wilmington at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States 
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress 
- Delaware's Governors 
- Political Graveyard 
- OpinionJournal.com: Who we are 
- Delaware Historical Society; website ; 505 North Market Street, Wilmington, Delaware 19801; (302) 655–7161
- University of Delaware; Library website; 181 South College Avenue, Newark, Delaware 19717; (302) 831–2965

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Pierre Samuel du Pont IV
- **image**: petedupont.jpg
- **order**: 68th
- **office**: Governor of Delaware
- **lieutenant**: James D. McGinnis
Michael Castle, Michael N. Castle
- **term start**: January 18, 1977
- **term end**: January 15, 1985
- **predecessor**: Sherman W. Tribbitt
- **successor**: Michael Castle, Michael N. Castle
- **state2**: Delaware
- **district2**: Delaware's At-large congressional district, At-large
- **term start2**: January 3, 1971
- **term end2**: January 3, 1977
- **predecessor2**: William V. Roth, Jr.
- **successor2**: Thomas B. Evans, Jr.
- **birth place**: Wilmington, Delaware, Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
- **death place**: Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
- **spouse**: Elise Ravenel Wood
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Princeton University
Harvard Law School
- **profession**: Lawyer
Universal Kids

**Universal Kids** was a brand for preschool-oriented programmes distributed by DreamWorks Animation, satellite and television network owned by the NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group subsidiary of NBCUniversal, itself a division of Comcast.

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: Universal Kids
- **logo**: Universal Kids 2019 Logo.svg
- **logo size**: 210px
- **logo caption**: Final Universal Kids logo used from April 11, 2019 to May 6, 2025
- **picture format**: 1080i HDTV

- **owner**: PBS (2005–2013)
Sesame Workshop (2005–2013)
HiT Entertainment (2005–2013)
Apax Partners (2005–2012)
Mattel (2012-2013)
NBCUniversal
(Comcast)
- **parent**: NBCUniversal Media Group
- **slogan**: _Adventure On!_
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Spanish
- **area**: Nationwide
- **headquarters**: 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City, New York, U.S.
- **replaced by**: MeTV Toons
- **former names**: Sprouter (1997-2005)
PBS Kids Sprout (2005–2013)
Sprout (2009–2017)
A Fall of Moondust

***A Fall of Moondust*** is a science fiction novel written by Arthur C. Clarke. It was first published in 1961 and has been reprinted many times.

## Plot

The story takes place on the Moon in the near future. A group of tourists are travelling on the surface of the moon, which is covered by a thin layer of very fine dust, a fine powder drier (it contains less water) than a desert on Earth. The tourists are travelling in a vessel called  _Selene_, that skims along the surface.

A 'moonquake' (similar to an earthquake) causes the dust to collapse, and _Selene_ sinks below the surface. They cannot make contact with Control to call for help, and they only have enough air for a few days. The people are also generating heat, which is dangerous.

Captain Pat Harris and his stewardess Sue Wilkins try to keep the passengers occupied while waiting to be rescued. They are helped by a retired explorer, Commodore Hansteen.

Back at control, Chief Engineer Lawrence prepares to search for the lost tourists, although he doesn't think it can be done in time.  But the trail left by Selene is seen by telescope from a satellite high above the Moon. The rescue attempt goes ahead.

Lawrence and his team do find the sunken ship and dig down through the dust to cut a hole in the hull. The tourists are able to climb out to safety, but with seconds to spare before Selene fills with dust and also catches fire.

Pat Harris and Sue Wilkins get married.
Nintendo entertainment system clone

**Nintendo entertainment system clone**s are hardware clones of the Nintendo Entertainment System and are rarely licensed. Nintendo has been cracking down on their production. Most of these consoles are manufactured in east Asia and are only sold in certain stores depending on their legality level. For example,a clone with pirated software built in is only sold at places like malls and flea markets. Ones that have original software built in are sold in places like dollar stores and pharmacies. Consoles that have no software built in and are intended to be a non-collector alternative to retro gamers are sold at used game stores.

## Manufacturers

- Sinango
- DreamGEAR, LLC
- Qishenglong
- Trump grand
- Subor
- ABL
Razem

**Partia Razem** (, eng. _Together Party, also just Razem, eng. Together_) is a left-wing Polish political party created in May 2015. It is one of the many parties that were involved in the Polish parliamentary election of 2015. The party supports labor rights and is against deregulation. It is democratically socialist and socialdemocratic. During the 2015 elections it has achieved 3.62% of the votes, but that was not enough to gain a seat in the parliament.

The colour of the party is red-violet (alizarin carmine)

During the 2019 general elections, the Together party introduced its first electoral representatives to the Sejm, running in coalition with the New Left and other smaller parties. The same happened in the 2023 elections, but then the Together Party introduced more electoral representatives. It then operated as Left Together. In 2024, it withdrew from the coalition with New Left and reverted to the name Together Party. In 2025, it fielded its presidential candidate, who was Together Party founder and co-chairman Adrian Zandberg. He outperformed the New Left candidate in this election and thus achieved the best result among all candidates of the left, receiving 4.86 % of the vote, bringing his result close to the electoral threshold for the Sejm, which is 5 %. Since the 2025 presidential campaign, the party has seen an increase in popularity and membership from around 3,000 to several thousand members. Shortly after the presidential election, in which the Together Party recorded a huge increase in popularity on social media, a record number of people willing to become Party members signed up to the Party. In just a few weeks, several thousand people expressed their desire to do so, which is a record for the Third Republic of Poland. Currently, the party's support is oscillating around the 5% electoral threshold and they are experiencing a steady increase in popularity, with the New Left stagnating or even (according to some polls) declining. They are preparing to run in 2027.
Warren Commission

**The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy**, known unofficially as **the Warren Commission**, was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963. Its purpose was to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963.

## Commission report

The Commission took its unofficial name—the Warren Commission—from its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren. According to published Transcripts of Johnson's presidential telephone conversations, some major officials did not want to form this commission. Also that several commission members took part only reluctantly. One of their chief reservations was that a commission would create more controversy and people's fears would be proved valid.

The 88th U.S. Congressional session passed Senate joint resolution 137 authorizing the Presidential appointed Commission to report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
Its 889-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964. It was made public three days later. It concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. They also stated that Oswald acted entirely alone. The commission said that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later. The Commission's findings have proven controversial. They have been both challenged and supported by later studies.

## Members

- Committee
- Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States (chairman) (1891–1974)
- Richard Russell, Jr. (D-Georgia), U.S. Senator, (1897–1971)
- John Sherman Cooper (R-Kentucky), U.S. Senator (1901–1991)
- Hale Boggs (D-Louisiana), U.S. Representative, House Majority Whip (1914–1972)
- Gerald Ford (R-Michigan), U.S. Representative (later 38th President of the United States), House Minority Leader (1913-2006)
- Allen Welsh Dulles, former Director of Central Intelligence and head of the Central Intelligence Agency (1893–1969)
- John J. McCloy, former President of the World Bank (1895–1989)

- General counsel
- J. Lee Rankin (1907-1996)

## Other websites

- Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy
- The Truth Behind JFK's Assassination, Newsweek
Sebastian Nerz

**Sebastian Matthias Nerz** (born 13 July 1983) is a German politician and bioinformatician. He was the leader of the Pirate Party Germany (Piratenpartei Deutschland) from May 2011 to April 2012. He left the Pirate Party Germany in February 2014. He has since joined the Free Democratic Party.

## Biography

Nerz is the son of the physicians Rolf-Dieter and Christiane Uta Nerz, née Fiedler. He finished his high school education at Geschwister-Scholl-Schule in 2002. Nerz began his studies of bioinformatics at University of Tübingen in 2003 after finishing his mandatory civil service. In 2001 he became a member of the German Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in Tübingen, which he left in 2009. In June 2009 before the German federal election, he joined the Pirate Party, becoming a board member of its then newly founded Tübingen district assembly (). He also became the coordinator for regional politics in the Baden-Württemberg party association. From April 2010 to May 2011 he was the head of the regional party association. In 2010, he graduated with a diploma in bioinformatics. Nerz was elected the head of the party in May 2011. He was succeeded by Bernd Schlömer on April 28, 2012. Nerz left the Pirate Party Germany in February 2014.

## Other websites

- Sebastian Nerz verlässt die Piratenpartei

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sebastian Nerz
- **image**: Sebastian Nerz 2011.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth place**: Reutlingen, Baden-Württemberg
- **party**: Christian Democratic Union (Germany), Christian Democratic Union (2001-2009)<br/ >
Pirate Party Germany (2009-2014)<br/ >
Free Democratic Party of Germany, Free Democratic Party (2015-)
- **alma mater**: University of Tübingen
- **profession**: Bioinformatician
- **website**: [http://www.tirsales.de/ Personal website]
Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

The **Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées** is a public university in Toulouse. UFTMP has 14 schools and it has 15 academic departments and gives much importance to scientific and technological research.

## Schools

- Université Toulouse 1 Capitole
- Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès
- Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier
- Institut national polytechnique de Toulouse
- Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse
- Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
- Institut d'études politiques de Toulouse
- Centre universitaire Jean-François-Champollion
- École nationale supérieure des mines d'Albi-Carmaux
- École nationale de l'aviation civile
- École nationale supérieure d'architecture de Toulouse
- École nationale supérieure de formation de l’enseignement agricole
- Toulouse Business School
- Institut catholique d'arts et métiers

## Other websites

- UFTMP, official web site
Howard Coble

**John Howard Coble** (March 18, 1931 – November 3, 2015) was an American politician. He served as a U.S. Representative for , serving from 1985 to 2015. He was a member of the Republican Party.

Coble had skin cancer for many years. He was admitted to ICU in September 2015 after complications from skin cancer surgery. Coble died on November 3, 2015, in Greensboro, North Carolina at the age of 84 from complications of the surgery.

## Other websites

- Profile  at SourceWatch

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Howard Coble
- **image**: Howiecoble.jpeg
- **state**: North Carolina
- **term start**: January 3, 1985
- **term end**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor**: Charles Robin Britt, Robin Britt
- **successor**: Mark Walker (North Carolina politician), Mark Walker
- **birth name**: John Howard Coble
- **birth place**: Greensboro, North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Greensboro, North Carolina, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Appalachian State University
Guilford College
University of North Carolina School of Law, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
- **branch**: United States Coast Guard
- **serviceyears**: 1952–1956
1977–1978
1960–1982 (United States Coast Guard Reserve, USCGR)
- **rank**:  Captain (United States O-6), Captain
- **battles**: Korean War
René Girard

**René Noël Théophile Girard** (; ; December 25, 1923 – November 4, 2015) was a French-American historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science. His writings were based on anthropological philosophy. Girard was the author of nearly thirty books with his writings spanning many academic domains. His work was based on literary criticism, critical theory, anthropology, theology, psychology, mythology, sociology, economics, cultural studies, and philosophy.

## Other websites

- Colloquium on Violence & Religion
- , founded in 2006.
- Imitatio , founded in 2008. <small>Accessed 24 November 2008 </small>
- The Raven Foundation. This foundation "seeks to promote healing, hope, reconciliation and peace by offering insight into the dynamics of conflict and violence".
- Theology and Peace, founded in 2008. "An emerging movement seeking the transformation of theological practice through the application of mimetic theory".
- Preaching Peace founded in 2002 as a website exploring the Christian lectionary from a mimetic theoretical perspective, 2007 organized as a non-profit in Pennsylvania committed to "Educating the church in Jesus' vision of peace."

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: René Girard
- **image**: René Girard.jpg
- **image size**: 225px
- **caption**: René Girard in 2007
- **birth name**: René Noël Théophile Girard
- **birth place**: Avignon, France
- **death place**: Stanford, California, United States, U.S.
- **workplaces**: Duke University,
Bryn Mawr College,
Johns Hopkins University,
University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, State University of New York at Buffalo,
Stanford University
- **alma mater**: École nationale des chartes (Master's degree)
Indiana University (Ph.D)
- **notable students**: Peter Thiel
- **known for**: #Mimetic desire, Mimetic desire
Scapegoat mechanism as origin of sacrifice and foundation of human culture
- **influences**: Claude Lévi-Strauss
- **awards**: Académie française (List of members of the Académie française#Seat 37, Seat 37)
Knight of the Légion d’honneur
Commandeur of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
- **signature**: Signature René Girard.svg
Meningococcal disease

**Meningococcal disease**, also called **meningococcal meningitis**, is infections caused by the bacterium meningococcus (_Neisseria meningitidis_). If left untreated, the death rate is high. However, it can be prevented by vaccines. The disease is best known for causing meningitis. It also causes blood infection, which then leads to sepsis.

There are over 2,600 cases of bacterial meningitis in the United States per year. In developing countries, there are over 333,000 cases per year. The case death rate is between ten and twenty percent.

Meningococcal disease is not as spreadable as the common cold. However, it can be passed between people through saliva.
Eric Hobsbawm

**Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm**, CH, FBA, FRSL (; 9 June 1917 – 1 October 2012) was a British Marxist historian. He worked on the rise of industrial capitalism, socialism, and nationalism. His best-known works include his trilogy about what he called the "long 19th century" (_The Age of Revolution: Europe 1789–1848_, _The Age of Capital: 1848–1875_ and _The Age of Empire: 1875–1914_), _The Age of Extremes_.

## Other websites

- Eric Hobsbawm page  at David Higham.
- Profile in the London Review of Books
- Maya Jaggi, "A question of faith", _The Guardian_, 14 September 2002.
- Richard W. Slatta, "Eric J. Hobsbawm’s Social Bandit: A Critique and Revision" , _A Contracorriente_, 2004.
- http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=7315
- Interview with Eric Hobsbawm and Donald Sassoon: European Identity and Diversity in Dialogue , Barcelona Metropolis, Spring 2008.
- Eric Hobsbawm interviewed by Alan Macfarlane , 13 September 2009 (film).
- Where have the rebels gone? An interview with Eric Hobsbawm (video), _Books & Ideas_, 21 January 2010.
- World Distempers: interview with Eric Hobsbawm, _New Left Review 61_, January–February 2010.
- Brief bio and links to articles, Spartacus Educational
- "Professor Eric Hobsbawm" on _Desert Island Discs_, 10 March 1995.
- Remembering Eric Hobsbawm, Historian for Social Justice. Eric Foner for _The Nation._ 1 October 2012.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Eric Hobsbawm
- **image**: Eric Hobsbawm.jpg
- **caption**: Hobsbawm in 2011
- **birth name**: Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm
- **birth date**: 9 June 1917
- **birth place**: Alexandria, Sultanate of Egypt
- **death date**: 1 October 2012 (aged 95)
- **death place**: London, England
- **occupation**: Historian, social theorist and author
- **citizenship**: British
- **genre**: World history, Western World, Western history
- **spouse**: Muriel Seaman (1943–1951);
Marlene Schwartz
- **children**: Joshua Bennathan, Julia and Andy Hobsbawm
- **alma mater**: King's College, Cambridge, King's College, Cambridge University
Christmas carol

A **Christmas carol** (also called a **noël**, from the French word meaning "Christmas") is a carol (song or hymn) whose lyrics are on the theme of Christmas. They are traditionally sung on Christmas itself or during the surrounding holiday season.

## History

Carols were first sung thousands of years ago in Europe. They were sung by pagans at the celebration of the Winter solstice. Later, medieval carols were sung in elaborate formal rituals (such as the Catholic Mass). As they are known today, Christmas carols date back to about the 19th century. The tradition of going from house to house was not a part of Christmas caroling at first. It dates back further to Anglo-Saxon traditions. the word _wassail_ comes from the Anglo-Saxon toast _Wæs þu hæl_, meaning "be in good health". Wassailing likely predates the Norman conquest in 1066. The wishing of good fortune to neighbors produced the song "Here We Come-A-Wassailing". Another song, "We Wish You a Merry Christmas", also comes from the Wassailing tradition. The two forms, singing and wassailing, came together during the Victorian era in England. They produced the modern custom of Christmas caroling. Today Christmas carols are a very known tradition.

## Christmas carols in classical music

In the 1680s and 1690s, two French composers added carols into their works. Louis-Claude Daquin wrote 12 noels for the organ. Marc-Antoine Charpentier wrote a few instrumental versions of noels, plus one major choral work "Messe de minuit pour Noël". Other examples include:

- Ralph Vaughan Williams: _Fantasia on Christmas Carols_, 1912.
- Victor Hely-Hutchinson: _Carol Symphony_, 1927.
- Benjamin Britten: _A Ceremony of Carols_ (for choir and harp), 1942
- Christina Rossetti's poem "In the Bleak Midwinter" has been set to music by (amongst others) Gustav Holst (1905) and Harold Darke (1911).
- Polish composer Krzysztof Penderecki quotes the Christmas carol "Silent Night" in his Second Symphony, nicknamed the _Christmas Symphony_.

## Other websites

- Here We Come a-wassailing, YouTube
- 30 Favourite Christmas Carols - Their Origins and History
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology

**Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology (TJHSST, TJ, Jefferson)** is a high school in Virginia, United States. The school is a public school. It is part of the Fairfax Country Public Schools (FCPS). TJHSST is a selective school, which means that only a small group of people can go to the school. To decide who can go to the school, applicants (people who wants to go to the school) need to take an admission test, get a teacher recommendation, write essays, write a resume (a paper telling about who you are), and have good grades before. TJHSST is a very good school. _U.S. News & World Report_ said that the school was the best public high school in the country from 2007 to 2013. In 2014 and 2015, TJHSST was first place again in Newsweek's "America's Top Schools" ranking.

## Further reading

- Lindsey, Drew. "Success Factory: Inside America’s Best High School", _Washingtonian_, October 1, 2009.

## Other websites

- TJHSST Homepage

## Infobox (school)

- **name**: Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology
- **streetaddress**: 6560 Braddock Road
- **city**: Alexandria, Virginia, Alexandria
- **state**: Virginia
- **zipcode**: 22312
- **schooltype**: Magnet school, magnet High school#United States, high school
- **fundingtype**: Public school (government funded), Public
- **founded**: 1985
- **district**: Fairfax County Public Schools
- **principal**: Ann Bonitatibus
- **teaching staff**: 107.52 (on a Full time equivalent, FTE basis)
- **ratio**: 16.93
- **grades**: 9–12
- **enrollment**: 1,820
- **enrollment as of**: 2014-15
- **conference**: AAA National District, National District
Region 5C
- **team name**: Colonials
- **accreditation**: SACS CASI
- **sat**: 2198
- **sat year**: 2016
- **newspaper**: _tjTODAY_
- **yearbook**: Techniques
- **communities**: Northern Virginia
- **graduates**: 99%
- **usnwr ranking**: 1 (2020)
- **feeders**: Northern Virginia schools
- **campus**: Suburban
- **colors**: Red, white, and navy
Legal proceeding

A l**egal proceeding** is any legal matter that is before a judge or tribunal. Legal proceedings refer to all parts of a trial or hearing.

Legal proceedings for United States courts of appeals are called the **Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure**. They apply to all courts of appeal and since December 4, 1967 to the United States Supreme Court.
Power kracker

The **Power kracker** (known as "Powerzone" before 2011 and "Power blaster" before 2012) are a line of unlicensed  Nintendo entertainment system clones manufactured by Sinango and released in 2010. It has a sticker on it saying "76000 in 1" and shows large amounts of false advertising (Screenshots from existing modern games,uncredited reviews,ETC)and contains 76 pirated Nintendo Entertainment System games repeated circa 1,000 times. The Power Kracker has been reported as a common Famiclone to find at swap meets\flea markets. The console resembles an Xbox 360 controller and includes a lightgun, while the Powerzone resembles a Penguin.
Garret Dillahunt

**Garret L. Dillahunt** (born November 24, 1964) is an American actor. He has played the role of Burt Chance on the Fox sitcom _Raising Hope_. Dillahunt played the role of Ty Walker in the sixth season of _Justified_.

## Biography

Dillahunt was born on November 24, 1964 in Castro Valley, California. He grew up in Washington State. Dillahunt was a journalism major at the University of Washington. He then earned a Master's degree in Fine Arts (MFA) at New York University.

Dillahunt began acting in television in the early 1990s. He made several guest appearances in programs such as
_NYPD Blue_ and _The X-Files_. He later got a regular role playing two different characters on the HBO Network show _Deadwood_. Dillahunt was cast to play Jesus Christ in the series _The Book of Daniel_.
Molecular geometry

**Molecular geometry** is the way atoms are arranged in a molecule. The three-dimensional arrangement determines many properties of that molecule. There are many different molecular structures. They are organised by the number of atoms involved and the angles between the bonds.

## Types of molecular geometry

The wide variety of different molecular structures depends on the number of atoms involved as well as the number of electron pairs, and these also determine the bond angles of the atoms. For example, a linear molecule will have a bond angle of 180° because the two atoms bonded to the central atom of a molecule are separated at a maximum angle of 180° equally opposite to each other. Bent molecules will have a bond angle of less than 180° but still have only two atoms bonded to the central atom of a molecule. That is because bent molecules have got electron pairs in the central atom that count as the electrons that will be separated from other atoms bonded to it.

Other shapes include:

- Trigonal planar – three atoms and no electron pairs.
- Trigonal pyramidal – three atoms and one electron pair.
- T-shaped – three atoms and two electron pairs.
- Tetrahedral – four atoms and no electron pairs.
- Trigonal bipyramidal – five atoms and no electron pairs.
- Square pyramidal – five atoms and one electron pair.
- Pentagonal planar – five atoms and two electron pairs.
- Octahedral – six atoms and no electron pairs.
Stade Vélodrome

The **Stade Vélodrome** is an association football stadium. It is in Marseille, France. It can hold 67,000 people. It was built in 1937 for the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France. It has been worked on many times, and has slowly turned into the stadium it is today. It is almost always used for Olympique Marseille matches. It was also used for the UEFA Euro 2016 in France.
Alfonso und Estrella

***Alfonso und Estrella*** (_Alfonso and Estrella_), D. 732, is an German opera with music by Franz Schubert, and libretto by Franz von Schober. It was composed on 1821-22 in Vienna. And later was first performed in Weimar, on June 24, 1854.

## Principal characters

- Alfonso - tenor
- Estrella - soprano
- King Froila - baritone
- Mauregato - baritone

## Discography

- 1978: Peter Schreier (Alfonso), Edith Mathis (Estrella), Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Froila), Hermann Prey (Mauregato); Rundfunkchor Berlin, Staatskapelle Berlin, Otmar Suitner - (EMI Classics/Berlin Classics)
- 2004: Rainer Trost (Alfonso), Eva Mei (Estrella), Markus Werba (Frolia), Jochen Schmeckenbecher (Mauregato); Coro e Orchestra del Teatro Lirico di Cagliari, Gérard Korsten - (Dynamic)

## Sources

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Adriana Campos

**Adriana Campos** (February 27, 1979 – November 3, 2015), was a Colombian television, movie and stage actress. She worked with RCN Televisión and Caracol Televisión as an actress of telenovelas. She was known for her role as Nicole Aguilar in _Vecinos_.

Campos died in a car accident in Salgar, Antioquia with her husband, aged 36.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Adriana Campos
- **image**: Adriana_Campos_(1979-2015).jpg
- **birth place**: Chaparral, Tolima, Colombia
- **death place**: Salgar, Antioquia, Colombia
- **nationality**: Colombian
- **years active**: 2000–2010
- **occupation**: Actress
Nora Brockstedt

**Nora Brockstedt** (20 January 1923 – 5 November 2015) was a Norwegian singer. She was born in Oslo. Brockstedt represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1960 and 1961, with the memorable songs "Voi-voi" and ["summer in Palma"] "Sommer i Palma".

Brockstedt died in hospital in Oslo from a long illness, aged 92.

## Other websites

- Short recording of Nora Brockstedt singing

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nora Brockstedt
- **image**: NoraBrockstedt.jpg
- **image size**: 210px
- **birth place**: Oslo, Norway
- **death place**: Oslo, Norway
- **occupation**: Singer
Mating

**Mating** is the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphrodite organisms. It is usually for sexual reproduction. Some definitions limit the term to pairing between animals. Other definitions extend the term to crossing in plants and fungi. It is usual for mating in plants or fungi to be called cross-fertilization, or "crossing" if the offspring have DNA from both genetic sources.

Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for internal fertilization. Fertilization is the actual fusion of gametes.

Mating may also lead to external fertilization. This is done by amphibians, most fish, many lower animals, and plants. Many aquatic species just spread their eggs and sperm in the water at one specific time of year. That time varies between species.

For some hermaphroditic species, copulation is not needed because the parent organism can self-fertilize (autogamy). In some flowering plants self-pollination can happen within the same flower, and some hermaphrodite animals self-fertilize. Many gastropods are hermaphrodite, and do simultaneous copulation in pairs. So do earthworms.

In some birds, mating includes behaviors such as nest-building and feeding offspring. The human practice of artificial insemination of domesticated animals is part of animal husbandry.
Neptune Township, New Jersey

**Neptune Township, New Jersey** is a township in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
Melissa Mathison

**Melissa Marie Mathison** (June 3, 1950 – November 4, 2015) was an American movie and television screenwriter and an activist for Tibetan freedom. Her last movie produced and written was Disney's _The BFG_ (2016).

She was best known for writing the screenplays for the movies _The Black Stallion_ (1979); _E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial_ (1982), for which she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay; and _Kundun_ (1997), a biographical-drama movie about the Dalai Lama, the exiled political and spiritual leader of Tibet.

From 1983 to 2004, Mathison was married to Harrison Ford. She died on November 4, 2015 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 65 from neuroendocrine cancer, a rare form of pancreatic cancer.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Melissa Mathison
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Mathison in 1996
- **birthname**: Melissa Marie Mathison
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Neuroendocrine cancer
- **occupation**: Screenwriter
- **yearsactive**: 1979–2015
- **spouse**: Harrison Ford
(m. 1983-2004, divorced)
George Barris

**George Barris** (November 20, 1925 – November 5, 2015) was an American designer. He build many famous Hollywood custom cars, most notably the Munster Koach and 1966 Batmobile.

Barris was married to Shirley Nahas from 1958 until her death in 2001. They had two children. He died on November 5, 2015, in his sleep at his home in Encino, California from cancer, at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: George Barris
- **image**: George Barris.jpg
- **caption**: Barris at the 64th Grand National Roadster Show in Los Angeles, January 25, 2013
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Encino, California, Encino, California, U.S.
- **field**: Hot-Rod art, automobile customizing and pinstriping
- **movement**: Kustom Kulture
Woodbridge Township, New Jersey

**Woodbridge Township, New Jersey** is a township in the U.S. state of New Jersey.

On February 6, 1951, 85 people died when a train derailed in the town. It was one of the United States' deadliest rail accidents.
Hans Mommsen

**Hans Mommsen** (5 November 1930 – 5 November 2015) was a German historian. He was the twin brother of historian Wolfgang Mommsen. Mommsen was known for his studies in German social history, and for his opinions of the Third Reich. He argued that Hitler was a "weak dictator". He also studied the Holocaust.

He was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 1993.

## Other websites

- _The Genesis of the Holocaust: An Assessment of the Functionalist School of Historiography_, Jacqueline Bird
- Portrait of Hans Mommsen
- An Interview with Professor Hans Mommsen

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hans Mommsen
- **image**: Hans Mommsen 2009.jpg
- **birth place**: Marburg, Weimar Germany, Germany
- **death place**: Tutzing, Germany
- **occupation**: Historian
- **nationality**: Germany, German
This Land Is Your Land

"**This Land Is Your Land**" is one of the best known folk songs in the United States. Its lyrics were written by American folk singer Woody Guthrie in 1940, based on a melody that already existed. Guthrie's melody was very similar to the melody of "Oh, My Loving Brother". This was a Baptist gospel hymn that had been recorded by the Carter Family as "When the World's On Fire", and had inspired their "Little Darlin', Pal of Mine." He used the same melody for the chorus and the verses.

Guthrie did not like Irving Berlin's song "God Bless America", sung at that time by Kate Smith. Guthrie was angry with the positive (smug) attitude of the song. He thought it was not realistic and the words sounded too proud of the country. The song was popular and was being played on the radio all the time. Tired of hearing it on the radio, he wrote a response originally named "God Blessed America For Me".

Guthrie rewrote the lyrics and the title over time and the song finally became "This Land Is Your Land".  He sometimes added more overtly political verses in line with his views of communism than appear in recordings or publications.

Although Guthrie wrote the song in 1940, he did not record it until 1944. The song was not published until 1945, when it was included in a mimeographed booklet of ten songs with typed lyrics and hand drawings. The booklet was sold for twenty-five cents, and was copyrighted in 1951.

The first known professionally printed publication was in 1956 by Ludlow Music (now a unit of The Richmond Organization), which administered the publishing rights to Guthrie's song. Ludlow later issued versions with piano and guitar accompaniments.

In 2002, it was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry.

## Other websites

- Library of Congress download
- The Bound for Glory  exhibit at the Museum of Musical Instruments includes images of Guthrie
- 1972 published version
- lyrics as copyrighted in 1956
- Lyrics
- Woody Guthrie's copyright notice at City of Sound
Toms River, New Jersey

**Toms River, New Jersey** is a township in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is the county seat of Ocean County.

Toms River was originally known as Dover Township. It was called Toms River so much that they voted to officially change the name of the town on November 7, 2006.
Shafiqa Quraishi

**Shafiqa Quraishi** is an Afghan activist for women's rights. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life

Shafiqa Quraishi graduated from the police academy in Kabul in 1982. In 2002, she started to rise inside the police department, after the fall of the Taliban.

Quraishi did not work from 1996 until 2001. Because of the Taliban in Afghanistan, women could not work.

## Work

In 2010, Quraishi became a police colonel and the director of Gender, Human and Child Rights in the Ministry of the Interior of Afghanistan.

In 2011, Quraishi became Afghanistan's most senior policewoman.

Quraishi started a group on the Afghan National Gender Recruitment Strategy.  The goal of the group is to get 5,000 women to work in the Ministry of the Interior.

She also worked to help women with child care, health care, maternity care, security, and skills training. Quraishi got promotions for women in the Afghan National Police who were unfairly passed over for years.

## Awards

In 2010, Quraishi won the International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State.

## Other websites

- 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Readhimer, Louisiana

**Readhimer** is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States.
Paris-Saclay University

The **University of Paris-Saclay** (**UPSaclay**) is a public university in Paris, France. UPSaclay has nine schools and two colleges. The university also has seven research departments. Called a mega-university, their goal is to reach the same level of excellence as MIT, Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Universities. It is a center for scientific and technological research. UPSaclay students, graduates, and faculty members are famous for being given many awards. The university was started in 2014. It is one of the most selective universities. The most popular major is engineering. It has already been called the "French Silicon Valley". Since October 2023, the university has been a partner of IPSA for double degrees in aerospace.

## Other websites

- UPS, official web site
Genome editing

**Genome editing**  is a type of genetic engineering.

DNA is inserted, replaced, or removed from a genome using artificially engineered nucleases, or "molecular scissors". The nucleases make specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) at desired places in the genome. The cell’s own mechanisms repair the induced break(s) by natural processes.

At present there are four families of engineered nucleases being used.

To understand the function of a gene or a protein one interferes with it in a sequence-specific way, and watches its effects on the organism. However, in some organisms it is difficult or impossible to do site-specific mutation. Therefore more indirect methods have to be used. Examples are:

- Silencing the gene of interest by short RNA interference (siRNA). Yet gene disruption by siRNA can be variable and incomplete.

- Genome editing with nucleases such as ZFN. This is different from siRNA. The engineered nuclease (the enzyme which cuts the DNA) is able to modify DNA-binding. This way it can (in principle) cut any targeted position in the genome, and introduce change in sequences for genes which cannot be specifically targeted  by conventional RNAi.

Genome editing was chosen by Nature Methods as the 2011 Method of the Year. The technique is already being used, but implanting modified embryos into a woman is not yet permitted.

## The CRISPR/Cas9 method

In 2017 this system was announced as one of the biggest scientific achievements of the year. Cas9 is an enzyme which, with a guide RNA, can put a new sequence of DNA into a genome. Sir John Skehel said "That might allow you to knock out a particular gene in a cell, or introduce a particular gene, or correct a particular mutated gene that you want to work better".