juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Floor

A **floor** is a horizontal surface inside a building. People walk on a floor. A floor can be made of many different materials, including concrete, tiling, or wooden floorboards. People often put carpets on a floor.

The word "floor" can also mean the level in a building. Another word for this is "storey".

The way these levels are numbered may be different in different countries. In Britain and most of Europe, the ground level floors are called the "ground floor", the next level is called the "first floor". In most of the United States, Russia and China, the floor at ground level is called the "first floor", the next level is called the "second floor". This can be confusing for people visiting other countries.

Gymnasts also perform an event on floor. The women perform a routine to music, and the men perform a routine without music.
Only Fools and Horses

***Only Fools and Horses*** is a British comedy series sitcom. It is set in Peckham, south London. It was shown on BBC One and GOLD from 1981 to 2003.

## Cast

- David Jason as "Del Boy"
- Nicholas Lyndhurst as Rodney
- Buster Merryfield as Uncle Albert
- Lennard Pearce as Grandad
- Roger Lloyd Pack as Trigger
- John Challis as Boycie
- Tessa Peake-Jones as Raquel
- Kenneth McDonald as Mike Fisher
- Gwyneth Strong as Cassandra Trotter
- Paul Barber as Denzil Tulser
- Sue Holderness as Marlene Boyce
- Patrick Murray as Mickey Pearce
- Roy Heather as Sid
- Jim Broadbent as Roy Slater
- Benjamin Smith & Doulgas Hodge as Damien Trotter
- Denis Lill as Alan Perry
- Gerry Cowper as Lisa

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 30–95 minutes
- **creator**: John Sullivan (writer), John Sullivan
- **producer**: Ray Butt, Gareth Gwenlan
- **starring**: David Jason
Nicholas Lyndhurst
Lennard Pearce
Buster Merryfield
Roger Lloyd-Pack
John Challis
Tessa Peake-Jones
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **network**: BBC One
- **num episodes**: 64
Ateneo de Manila University

The **Ateneo de Manila University** (also called "**Ateneo de Manila**" or simply "the **Ateneo**") is a private university run by the Society of Jesus in the Philippines. Its main campus is at Loyola Heights in Quezon City, Metro Manila. It offers elementary, secondary, undergraduate, and graduate level education. It teaches many things, for example Arts, Humanities, Business, Law, Social Sciences, Theology, and Pure and Applied Sciences.

## Institution

The Ateneo de Manila University has three campuses in Metro Manila. Several thousand teachers teach students of different ages, from elementary to postgraduate. The Loyola Schools have around 7,500 undergraduate students and around 3,000 graduate students, making the Ateneo small, in number of students, compared to many other Philippine universities.

The university began in 1859 when the City of Manila turned over the Escuela Municipal, a public primary school in Intramuros, to Spanish Jesuits. The school took the name _Ateneo_ when it began teaching secondary education in 1865, and it has since grown into a university.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Ateneo de Manila University
- **image**: Ateneojf1859 04.JPG
- **motto lang**: Latin
- **mottoeng**: Light in the Lord
- **established**: 1859
- **type**: Private
- **president**: Bienvenido Nebres
- **students**: 11,465
- **undergrad**: 7,533
- **postgrad**: 3,932
- **city**: Quezon City, Metro Manila
- **country**: Philippines
- **athletics**: UAAP
- **colors**: Blue  White
- **nickname**: Blue Eagles
- **mascot**: Blue Eagle
- **academic affiliation**: ACUCA, ASEACCU, AUN, JCEAO, UAAP, UPEACE
- **website**: [http://www.ateneo.edu www.ateneo.edu]
Cyanide

**Cyanides** are chemicals that contain the _cyano-group_ C≡N. Organic compounds that contain the CN group are called nitriles. In that group a carbon atom has three chemical bonds to a nitrogen atom. The group is present in many substances. Those substances that can release the compound CN are very poisonous.

Certain bacteria, fungi and algae are able to produce cyanides. Cyanides are also found in certain foods or plants, such as cassava. The cyanides serve as a defense against being eaten by herbivores.

In popular culture, cyanides are said to be very toxic. There are some cyanides that  are, but others that are not. Prussian blue, a cyanide compound, is given as a treatment to poisoning with thallium and caesium, for example.

The poisons referred to are usually hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and the chemicals which are similar to it, like potassium cyanide (KCN), and sodium cyanide (NaCN). They are derivatives of hydrogen cyanide. The single most hazardous compound is hydrogen cyanide, which is a gas and kills by inhalation. cyanide smells like bitter almonds when near.

## Antidote

Hydroxocobalamin reacts with cyanide to form cyanocobalamin, which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys. This antidote kit is sold under the brand name _Cyanokit_ and was approved by the U.S. FDA in 2006.
Kindergarten

**Kindergarten**, literally meaning "children's garden", is the first stage in the move from home to formal education. Children learn through play. In most countries kindergarten is part of the pre-school system. In North America and some parts of Australia kindergarten is the first year of school. Kindergarten children are usually between four and six years of age. Kindergarten ages vary from country to country. In Malaysia, for example, kindergarten children are six and when they are seven years old they go to primary school.
While in the United States, to start kindergarten students must turn five before September 1st. Kindergarten for students in the U.S. has significantly moved away from children learning through play. Children are held to a high standard and are now expected to know the letters of the alphabet and their sounds. By the end of the year, students are expected to know how to read CVC, CCVC, and CVCC words. Play time in the U.S. for students in Kindergarten has become limited to around thirty minutes a day while all other times are devoted to learning.

Learn how you can help your child prepare for Kindergarten

The name kindergarten was coined by Friedrich Fröbel (1782–1852). His work influenced early-years education around the world.

## Pre-Kindergarten

Sometimes, children go to pre-kindergarten for a year, before they go to kindergarten. Pre-kindergarten is more common in United States, Canada, and Turkey than other countries. It normally begins at four years old.

Pre-Kindergartens are becoming more popular in the United States. School systems now host Pre-K classes for students who turn 4 before September 1st. Pre-Kindergarten is similar to what Kindergarten use to look like, students learn through play and social interactions. These programs are working to help prepare students for Kindergarten.
Crash Bandicoot (character)

**Crash Bandicoot** is a video game character from the video game series with the same name, where he is the hero. He is a bandicoot who acts like a human, wearing blue jeans and trainers.

## Other websites

- Crash on _Naughty Dog.com_
- Official site of the Vivendi Universal
- European site of the Vivendi Universal

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Crash Bandicoot
- **series**: Crash Bandicoot (series), Crash Bandicoot
- **first**: _Crash Bandicoot (video game), Crash Bandicoot_ (1996)
- **creator**: Andy Gavin
Jason Rubin
- **designer**: Charles Zembillas
Joe Pearson
- **species**: Eastern barred bandicoot
- **gender**: Male
- **family**: Coco Bandicoot
Crunch Bandicoot
- **nationality**: n
Elbląg

**Elblag** ( ) is a city in northern Poland on the eastern edge of the Żuławy region with 124,257 inhabitants (December 31, 2011). Elbląg is one of the oldest cities in the province and in Poland.

## Geometry

Elbląg is located about 55 kilometres (34 miles) south-east of Gdańsk and 90 km (56 mi) south-west of Kaliningrad, Russia. The city is a port on the river Elbląg, which flows into the Vistula Lagoon about 10 km (6 mi) to the north, thus giving the city access to the Baltic Sea via the Russian-controlled Strait of Baltiysk. The Old Town (Polish: Stare Miasto) is located on the river Elbląg connecting Lake Drużno to the Vistula Lagoon, about 10 km (6 mi) from the lagoon and 60 km (37 mi) from Gdańsk.

## Famous people who live there

- Hans von Bodeck (1582–1658), diplomat and Chancellor of Brandenburg
- John Amos Comenius (1592–1670), educator
- Ursula Karusseit (1939– ), actress

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Elbląg
- **image skyline**: Elbląg waterfront.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Port and the Old Town
- **image flag**: POL Elbląg flag.svg
- **image shield**: POL Elbląg COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Warmian-Masurian
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: _city county_
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Witold Wróblewski
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1237
- **established title3**: City rights
- **established date3**: 1246
- **area total km2**: 79,82
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 124 257
- **population density km2**: 1588.2
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 82-300 to 82-315
- **area code**: +48 055
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: NE
- **website**: http://www.umelblag.pl
500 Series Shinkansen

The **500 Series Shinkansen** is a high-speed train in Japan.  They run on the Shinkansen lines. They were retired from the primary _Nozomi_ service in 2010.  They now run the all-stations _Kodama_ service between Shin-Osaka and Hakata.

All 500 Series have 16 cars. Each train cost about 5 billion yen. Only nine were built.

## Infobox (train)

- **name**: 500 series
- **image**: JRW-500-nozomi.jpg
- **designer**: Alexander Neumeister
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: 16-car 500 series on a _Nozomi_ service, May 2008
- **service**: – present
- **manufacturer**: Hitachi, Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Kinki Sharyo, Nippon Sharyo
- **replaced**: 0 Series Shinkansen, 0 series
- **yearconstruction**: 1995–1998
- **yearservice**: 1997
- **refurbishment**: 2008–2010
- **numberbuilt**: 144 vehicles (9 sets)
- **numberservice**: 48 vehicles (6 sets)
- **numberpreserved**: 2 vehicles
- **numberscrapped**: 78 vehicles
- **formation**: 8 (originally 16) cars per trainset
- **operator**: JR-West
- **depots**: Hakata
- **lines**: Sanyo Shinkansen, Hakata-Minami Line, Tokaido Shinkansen (1997–2010)
- **carbody**: Aluminium alloy, Honeycomb structure
- **doors**: Two plug doors per side (intermediate cars)
One plug door per side (end cars)
- **acceleration**:
 (High acceleration mode)
- **traction**: (AC) WMT204 64 ×  (set W1)/ (set W2 onward)
- **poweroutput**: (set W1),  (set W2 onward)
- **electricsystem**: 25 kV AC, 60 Hz overhead catenary
- **safety**: ATC-NS
Balaton

**Balaton** is the largest lake in Hungary and in Central Europe. Every year many tourists come to Balaton from Germany. There are many places to be visited. Balaton is a shallow lake, because its average depth is 3.2 meters and its maximum depth is 12.2 meters. The northern part of Balaton is deeper than the southern part.

The so-called capital of the Lake Balaton is Siófok. During the summer the streets are full of life, and at night there are several discos.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Lake Balaton
- **image lake**: Fonyód.jpg
- **image bathymetry**: Location of Balaton.PNG
- **caption bathymetry**: Location of Lake Balaton in Hungary
- **location**: Hungary
- **type**: Rift lake
- **inflow**: Zala River
- **outflow**: Sió
- **basin countries**: Hungary
- **residence time**: 2 years
- **cities**: Keszthely, Siófok, Balatonfüred (_see #Towns and villages, list_)
Ceres (dwarf planet)

**Ceres**, also known as **1 Ceres** (symbol: ), is the smallest dwarf planet in the Solar System and the only one in the main asteroid belt.

It was discovered on 1 January 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, and is named after the Roman goddess Ceres, as the goddess of growing plants, the harvest, and motherly love. After about 200 years from its discovery, the International Astronomical Union decided to upgrade Ceres from an asteroid (or minor planet) to dwarf planetary status in 2006.

With a diameter of about 950 km, Ceres is by far the largest and most massive object in the asteroid belt, and has about a third of the belt's total mass. It was once thought to be smaller than Vesta, which is brighter.  The asteroid is spherical, unlike the irregular shapes of smaller bodies with lower gravity. At its brightest it is still too dim to be seen with the naked eye. Ceres is located at 2.8 AU (257 million miles) from the Sun, which makes it the closest dwarf planet to the Sun. It is also the only dwarf planet in the Solar System that has no moons.

On September 27, 2007, NASA launched the Dawn space probe to explore Ceres and Vesta. In 2015, Dawn became the first spacecraft to visit a dwarf planet, arriving at Ceres a few months before NASA's New Horizons spacecraft visited Pluto, another dwarf planet.

Ceres has an unusual crater, Occator which contains bright salts.

## Related pages

- Ceres
- List of planets

## Infobox (planet)

- **minorplanet**: yes
- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: Ceres
- **symbol**:
- **image**: Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater (22381131691).jpg
- **caption**: Ceres, photographed by the _Dawn_ mission
- **discoverer**: Giuseppe Piazzi
- **discovered**: January 1, 1801
- **mp name**: **1 Ceres**
- **alt names**: A899 OF; 1943 XB
- **mp category**: dwarf planet
main belt
- **epoch**: November 26, 2005
(Julian day, JD 2453700.5)
- **aphelion**: 447,838,164 km
2.987 Astronomical unit, AU
- **perihelion**: 381,419,582 km
2.544 AU
- **semimajor**: 414,703,838 km
2.765 956 424 AU
- **eccentricity**: 0.07976017
- **period**: 1679.819 days
4.599 julian year (astronomy), years
- **avg speed**: 17.882 km/s
- **mean anomaly**: 108.509°
- **inclination**: 10.586712°
- **asc node**: 80.40696°
- **arg peri**: 73.15073°
- **flattening**: 0.067 ± 0.005
- **mass**: 9.46 ± 0.04 kg
- **density**: 2.08 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
- **surface grav**: 0.27 Acceleration, m/s²
0.028 g-force, g
- **escape velocity**: 0.51 km/s
- **sidereal day**: 0.3781 d
9.074 h
- **albedo**: 0.113 (geometric albedo, geometric)
- **temp name1**: Kelvin
- **mean temp 1**: ~167 K
- **max temp 1**: 239 K
- **spectral type**: G-type asteroid, G
- **magnitude**: 6.7 to 9.32
- **abs magnitude**: 3.34
- **angular size**: 0.84" to 0.33"
Aquarium

An **aquarium** (plural _aquariums_ or _aquaria_) is a place where fish and other animals that live in water are kept by humans. An aquarium can be a small tank, or a large building with one or more large tanks.

Keeping an aquarium is a popular hobby around the world. Careful aquarists (people who keeps aquariums) make sure their fish live in an environment similar to their natural habitats. This means caring about water quality, lighting, and food.

Large public aquariums are often popular with tourists. They show the fish and other animals they keep in large tanks, and also often protect species that are close to extinction. An example of a public aquarium is Sydney Aquarium, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

## History

The artificial fish habitat  have existed since ancient times. Sumerians kept fishes in ponds before cooking them.
Earle Page

**Sir Earle Christmas Grafton Page** (8 August 1880 – 20 December 1961) was the eleventh Prime Minister of Australia. He became Prime Minister when Joseph Lyons died in office. He remained until a new leader, Robert Menzies, was elected by the United Australia Party.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rt Hon Sir Earle Page
- **image**: EarlePage.jpg
- **order**: 11th Prime Minister of Australia
- **term start**: 7 April 1939
- **term end**: 26 April 1939
- **predecessor**: Joseph Lyons
- **successor**: Robert Menzies
- **birth place**: Grafton, New South Wales
- **party**: National Party of Australia, Country Party
Ronin

**Ronin** (浪人) is the word used to describe a kind of samurai without a master. Hundreds of years ago in Japan, it was very important for every samurai to have a master. It also refers to somebody who has failed their university entrance exams and is studying for the next year's exams.

## Etymology

The word rōnin is often translated as 'drifter' or 'wanderer.' It combines two kanji: rō (浪), meaning "wave" or "unrestrained," and nin (人), meaning "person." Originally, it referred to serfs who had escaped their masters during the Nara and Heian periods. Later, it described samurai without a master. In medieval times, rōnin were seen as the shadowy figures of samurai, lacking honor and belonging.
İsmet Özel

**İsmet Özel** (born 19 September 1944, in Kayseri) is a Turkish poet. He was born in Kayseri, Turkey.

He started his university degree at Political Science Faculty of Ankara University. He graduated from the French language department at Hacettepe University.

In 1970, he published a literature magazine _Halkın Dostları_ with Ataol Behremoğlu, a Turkish poet and Russian linguist. In fact, Ataol Behramoğlu purified his poetry by leaving out crude propaganda and naive didacticism.
Acarology

**Acarology** is the study of mites and ticks. A person who studies acarology is an acarologist. Acarologists are zoologists who specialize in this field. They may also be parasitologists because many mites and ticks are parasitic.
Fredrik Reinfeldt

**John Fredrik Reinfeldt** (born August 4, 1965) was the Prime Minister of Sweden from 2006 to 2014. He was also the leader of the Moderate Party. The Moderate Party is the largest of the four political parties in the Swedish government, but the second largest in the parliament following the Swedish Social Democratic Party and their leader Stefan Löfven.

Reinfeldt lost his re-election to Stefan Löfven as Prime Minister. Reinfeldt also announced that he was resigning his position as leader of the Moderate Party.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Fredrik Reinfeldt
- **image**: Fredrik Reinfeldt 2014-07-16.jpg
- **office**: Leader of the Opposition (Sweden), Leader of the Opposition
- **term start**: 3 October 2014
- **predecessor**: Stefan Löfven
- **term start1**: 25 October 2003
- **term end1**: 6 October 2006
- **primeminister1**: Göran Persson
- **predecessor1**: Bo Lundgren
- **successor1**: Göran Persson
- **office2**: 32nd Prime Minister of Sweden
- **monarch2**: Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf
- **deputy2**: Maud Olofsson
Jan Björklund
- **term start2**: 6 October 2006
- **term end2**: 3 October 2014
- **predecessor2**: Göran Persson
- **successor2**: Stefan Löfven
- **office3**: Leader of the Moderate Party
- **deputy3**: Gunilla Carlsson
- **term start3**: 25 October 2003
- **predecessor3**: Bo Lundgren
- **office4**: President of the European Council
- **term start4**: 1 July 2009
- **term end4**: 1 December 2009
- **predecessor4**: Jan Fischer (politician), Jan Fischer
- **successor4**: Herman Van Rompuy
- **birthname**: John Fredrik Reinfeldt
- **birth place**: Österhaninge, Sweden
- **party**: Moderate Party
- **spouse**: Filippa Reinfeldt, Filippa Holmberg
- **children**: Gustaf
Eric
Ebba
- **alma mater**: Stockholm University
- **signature**: Fredrik Reinfeldt signatureRT.svg
Coat of arms of Russia

**The coat of arms of Russia** (Russian: Герб России/Transkription Gerb rossi) has been used since the year 1993 as the coat of arms of Russia. Since the year 2000 it was defined by court decision as the coat of arms of Russia. It is based on the coat of arms used before the Soviet Union. It has been changed many times, but can be traced back for centuries.

### Double Eagle

The double eagle was added by Ivan IIII after his marriage with the Byzantine princess Sophia Paleologue. She was the niece of Constantine XI, the last Byzantine Emperor. The double-headed eagle was the symbol of the Byzantine Empire. The orb and scepter held by the eagle are heraldic symbols of sovereign power and autocracy.

### Other part

The horse's rider is Saint George fighting a dragon. The three crowns were added in 1625.  Through time, their meaning has changed. They have been seen as the conquered kingdoms of Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberia, or as the coming together of 'All the Russias' - _Grand Russia_ (Russia), _Little Russia_ (today's Ukraine) and _White Russia_ (Belarus). In the modern time, they became the symbol for the three parts of government: Executive, legislative and Judiciary.
Fat-tailed gerbil

The **fat-tailed gerbil** (_Pachyuromys duprasi_) is a species of gerbil. Its tail becomes fatter when it eats something. Then it uses it when food becomes scarce. They can live 5 to 7 years in captivity. It is from Africa.

They can survive a long time without drinking because they are adapted to a dry climate.

They bury themselves under the sand until night so that there are not as many predators that will attack them.
Goku

**Goku** is a fictional character. He is the protagonist of the manga and anime _Dragon Ball_ created by Akira Toriyama. He is a Saiyan who likes having a great challenge towards enemies.

## Appearances

Goku is the main protagonist of the _Dragon Ball_ franchise, which started December 3, 1984. He starts off as young boy and meets a teenage girl named Bulma.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Goku
- **color**: Orange
- **series**: Dragon Ball
- **image**: File:2016-07-07 14-19-30 ILCE-6300 DSC02633 (28001497560).jpg
- **caption**: A cosplayer dressed up as Goku.
- **voice**: Sean Schemmel (Funimation dub)
- **motion actor**: Justin Chatwin
- **alias**: Kakarot
- **species**: Saiyan
- **gender**: Male
- **relatives**: Raditz (brother)

Bardock (father)

Gine (mother)
- **home**: Kame house
- **creator**: Akira Toriyama
- **occupation**: Martial artist
- **children**: Gohan
Goten
- **fullname**: Son Goku
- **spouse**: Chi-Chi
Flowers for Algernon

***Flowers for Algernon*** is a book written by Daniel Keyes in 1960.

The main character of the book is Charlie Gordon, an unintelligent but lovable person. Charlie is used in part of a new experiment to triple his IQ.  He becomes intelligent, and learns to read and enjoy the world around him better.  But later, people stop liking him as much because he makes them feel bad.  He learns that it is more important to be a good person than a smart person. He frequents a class for feeble minded folks taught by a teacher named Miss Kinnian. While Charlie's IQ grows so does his love for her. He finds himself in a state of depression, unhappy and unsatisfied with his new artificial IQ.

The title of the book comes from a mouse in the story named Algernon who also has the experiment done on him.

_Flowers for Algernon_ is on many schools' lists of books that students must read.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Flowers for Algernon
- **author**: Daniel Keyes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Harcourt (publisher), Harcourt, Brace & World
- **release date**: April 1959 (short story)
March 1966 (novel)
- **media type**: Print (hardback & paperback)
- **pages**: 311 (novel)
- **isbn**: 0-15-131510-8
- **oclc**: 232370
Soapstone

**Soapstone** or **steatite** is a metamorphic rock.  It has a large amount of the mineral talc.

Steatite is softer than most stones.  Because steatite feels like soap, people call it "soapstone".  People have been making things out of soapstone for thousands of years.

Soapstone is very good at holding heat. For this reason it is used as a cover for wood stoves. The soapstone soaks up the heat of the fire while it is burning, and stays warm for a long time after the fire goes out. It has also been used to make cooking pots, especially in Norway during the Viking Age.

Soapstone has been a major component of ceramics used as electrical component insulators for many years. It is easily formed or carved into shapes.

During the Harappan/Indus civilization (2500 BC1750 BC) soapstone was used in the manufacture of seals. These people used to import steatite from Shaher-i-sokhta and the Kirthar hills.
Treaty of Tordesillas

The **Treaty of Tordesillas** was a treaty between Portugal and Spain in 1494. The countries decided to divide up all the land in the Americas between Portugal and Spain. However, Natives had no say in this treaty. The Spanish Pope Alexander VI was the Pope at the time of the treaty. The Pope drew an imaginary line on a map. This line was 2,193 kilometers to the west of the Cape Verde Islands. He gave Portugal the land to the east of this line and gave Spain the land to the west of this line. The purpose of the treaty was to resolve conflict.

Defined as empire-by-treaty, this Treaty split in the world, excluding Europe, in two and established the two largest Empires the world has ever seen, lasting for over a hundred years. Through this treaty, Spain and Portugal laid the foundation for centuries of colonial dominance and European global exploration.

King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella of Castile of Spain signed this treaty in Tordesillas, Spain. This is where the treaty got its name. Spain governed the territories West of the line and Portugal governed the territories east of the line. The two countries mostly followed the treaty.

This treaty was an important event during the age of discovery and colonization. Natives did not acknowledge the treaty. The treaty also connected to the discovery doctrine. This doctrine said that European Christians had the right to colonize new lands. It did not matter who lived there first. It only mattered that a Christian first settled there. So the first Christian to settle in land would have a right to that land. Both Portugal and Spain respected this doctrine.

Great Britain (1600) and the Netherlands (1602) soon joined the Portuguese and Spanish in exploring the world at the beginning of the 17th century. With these new countries, the Treaty was broken and more or less 'canceled'. By this time, Portugal's limited resources made it weaker. Portugal could no longer control its Asian colonies. It no longer had trading superiority. In time, the French, Danes, Swedes and later the Americans joined the earlier Europeans in colonizing South and East Asia. Protestantism did not regard the Pope's authority in the treaty.

The Treaty lasted a short time, but had indirect impacts. It changed Spanish and Portuguese exploration of the New World. The treaty in part explains why the Portuguese-speaking part of South America became one country called Brazil. The regions in South America more to the West speak Spanish.The Spanish-speaking colonies split up into many different independent countries including Argentina, Colombia, and many others.
Second (disambiguation)

Second stands for:
- a unit for time; See: Second
- Two is the **second** positive whole number.
- Arcsecond, a unit of angle
- Second of right ascension, in astronomy
- Second (parliamentary procedure), to support a proposal
- Second, the agent of a participant in a duel or a cornerman in combative sports such as boxing

## Music

- Diminished second, or unison
- Minor second, or semitone
- Neutral second, or three-quarters-tone (i.e., one-and-a-half semitones)
- Major second, or whole tone (i.e., two semitones)
Mr. Magoo

**Mr. Quincy Magoo** is a popular cartoon character from the late 1940s until the 1970s. Jim Backus was the voice of Mr. Magoo.  Mr. Magoo was not able to see well because he was very nearsighted.

## History

The first cartoon with Mr. Magoo was _The Ragtime Bear_ (1949).

## Magoo family

- **Mister Quincy Magoo,** an old, nearsighted man.
- **Waldo Magoo,** Magoo's nephew.
- **Mother Magoo,** Magoo's mother (her actual name is Linda Magoo).
- **Tycoon Magoo,** Magoo's rich uncle.
- **Justin Magoo,** Magoo's 12-year-old nephew from _Kung Fu Magoo_.

## Supporting Characters

- **Charlie,** Magoo's houseboy from China.
- **Prezly,** Waldo's best friend.
- **Wheeler and Dealer,** two children Magoo and his mom often baby sit.
- **Bowser,** Magoo's cat, also called Cicero.
- **Caesar,** Magoo's dog from _The Mr. Magoo Show_.
- **Hamlet,** Magoo's hamster.
- **Worcestershire,** Tycoon's butler.
- **Angesis McBarker,** Magoo's dog from _What's New, Mr. Magoo?_.
Jam

**Jam** is a condiment. It is usually made from pressed fruit, sugar, and sometimes pectin. Most jams are cooked. After making, jam is normally put into an airtight jar.

Usually a jam contains as much sugar as it contains fruit. The two parts are then cooked together to form a gel.

In the European Union, the jam directive (Council Directive 79/693/EEC, 24 July 1979) sets minimum standards for the amount of "fruit" in jam.  It also expanded the definition of fruit.  This was done to take several unusual kinds of jam made in the EU into account.  For this purpose, "fruit" is considered to include fruits that are not usually treated as fruits, such as tomatoes; fruits that are not normally made into jams, such as melons and watermelons; and vegetables that are sometimes made into jams, such as: rhubarb (the edible part of the stalks), carrots, sweet potatoes, cucumbers, and pumpkins.  This definition continues to apply in a later directive, Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001).

According to Canadian food and drug regulation (CRC), jam and jam products must at least have 45% of the named fruit and 66% of water-soluble solids. In addition, it may contain added pectin, pectinous preparation, or acid ingredient. Also, reasonable amount of a Class II preservative, a pH adjusting agent, and an antifoaming agent is acceptable. However, the jam product shall not contain apple or rhubarb.

Marmalade is jam made from oranges and tends to have pulp and peels.

Jelly is different from jam as it is made from mostly juice instead of fruit.

Fruit butters are made from slow cooking fruit to a smooth consistency.

Joan Miró used blackberry jam as an art medium.

As a gel, jam is neither a solid or a liquid. It can contain chunks of fruit which are solids. Once opened and out of the fridge the gel becomes more like a liquid, and is able to decay.

## Other websites

- National Center for Home Food Preservation - How do I...Jam & Jelly
- Council Directive 2001/113/EC (20 December 2001)
Neiße

The word **Neisse** or **Neiße** (German) or **Nysa** (Polish) is the name of three rivers and one city.

- Lausitzer Neiße
- Glatzer Neisse
- Wütende Neiße

- A city in Poland, See: Nysa
Penalty kick

A **penalty kick** (short **pen**) is a type of free kick in football. The ball is 11 meters away from the goal post. A penalty kick is taken by the team which has been fouled if the violent act is made in the penalty box.

## Penalty shootout

Penalties can also happen in a penalty shootout, when there is a draw in a match even after added extra time.
Vanilla

**Vanilla** is a spice and a flavoring. The plant it grows on is the orchid _Vanilla_, which is a vine.

The main species picked for vanilla is called _Vanilla planifolia_. Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés is credited with introducing both vanilla and chocolate to Europe in the 1520s.

Today, most of the flavoring is done in chemical laboratories because real vanilla beans are expensive. The pure (man-made) form of the flavoring is known as 'vanillin'.

## History

The plant was brought to Europe by the Spanish in the 1520s. Vanilla was a well-regarded spice in Mesoamerica.

The first people to grow vanilla were the Totonac people.  They lived the east part of Mexico, by the sea. The Totonac people say that the vanilla plant was first made when a royal daughter and her lover were killed.

In the 15th century, Aztecs fought a war with the Totonacs.  The Totonacs lost the war.  The Aztecs liked the taste of vanilla. They named the fruit _tlilxochitl_, which means "black flower", because vanilla fruits turn black and dry after they are picked.

Until the mid-19th century, Mexico was the biggest producer of vanilla. In 1819, however, French businessmen shipped vanilla to the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in hope of growing vanilla there. Vanilla did not grow well there, because these places did not have the right kind of bees to take pollen between the plants. A young slave, Edmond Albius, discovered how to do pollination of the flowers quickly by hand. Then vanilla began to grow well in the new places.  Soon, vanilla plants were sent from Réunion Island to the Comoros Islands and to Madagascar. By 1898, Madagascar, Réunion, and the Comoros Islands produced 200 metric tons of vanilla fruits, about 80% of the vanilla grown in the world.

In the 1930s, businesses made a group to choose prices.  The price of vanilla rose very high in the late 1970s after a big storm hurt important croplands. Prices remained high through the early 1980s, but then the group ended.  Prices dropped 70% in a few years, to nearly US$20 for one kilogram. In 2000, prices rose sharply again after another big storm struck Madagascar. The storm, political problems, and poor weather in the third year drove vanilla prices up to US$500 for one kilogram in 2004.  In 2005, the price went down to about $40 for one kilogram.  By 2010, prices were down to US$20 for one kilogram. It remains one of the most expensive spice<nowiki/>s.

Today, most Bourbon vanilla and vanilla fruit is produced in Indonesia.  Madagascar also grows a lot of vanilla.  Mexico, once the biggest producers of natural vanilla, used to grow 500 tons of vanilla in a year. In 2006, it made only 10 tons of vanilla.

About 95% of "vanilla" foods are flavored with man-made vanillin instead of with vanilla fruits.  Vanillin can be produced synthetically from lignin, a natural polymer found in wood.
Pepper

**Peppers** are plants, but there are many unrelated genera
- The genus _Piper_. It contains Black pepper, a plant that is grown to produce the peppercorn, the dark powder known as pepper is made of.
- The genus _Capsicum_. It contains the Chili pepper which is most often used as a vegetable
- Sichuan pepper, a condiment that is different from black pepper, and unrelated to it.
- Brazilian pepper, a shrub that is native to South America. It is widely used as an ornamental plant in frost-free regions. Its fruit is sometimes sold as _pink peppercorns_. It is poisonous in larger quantities.
- Tasmanian pepper, or _Mountain pepper_, an evergreen flowering plant of Australia and New Zealand
- Ukrainian Red Midget, a plant that produces _peppers_ sometimes referred to at _Thai Hot_.
Glatzer Neisse

The **Glatzer Neiße** (Polish **Nysa Kłodzka**) is a river that flows into the Oder river from the left.

It is 150 km long, and flows through the cities of the central forest (Miedzylesie): Habelschwerdt (Bystrzyca Kłodzka) and Glatz (Kłodzko). It then runs eastward. Other cities on the river are Patschkau (Paczków), Ottmachau (Otmuchów), Lausitzer Neiße (Lewin Brzeski) and Schurgast (Skorogoszcz). Finally, it flows at the village of Riebnig (Rybna) southeast from Brieg (Brzeg) into the Oder.

## Floods

The Glatzer Neiße has often left its banks and flooded nearby cities, at times destroying them completely. City chronicles from Kłodzko mention floods in the following years:

- 14th century: 1310

- 15th century: 1441, 1464, 1474

- 16th century: 1500, 1522, 1524, 1560, 1566, 1570, 1587, 1589, 1591, 1598,

- 17th century: 1602, 1603, 1605, 1610, 1611, 1612, 1625, 1646, 1652, 1655, 1689, 1693, 1696

- 18th century: 1702, 1703, 1713, 1724, 1735, 1736, 1740, 1755, 1763, 1767, 1775, 1785, 1787, 1789, 1799

- 19th century: 1804, 1806, 1827, 1828, 1829, 1831, 1850, 1854, 1879, 1881, 1883, 1891, 1897

- 20th century: 1900, 1903, 1907, 1938, 1952, 1997, 1998
Oder

The **Oder River** (; Czech/) is a river in Central Europe. It starts in the Czech Republic and flows through Poland and Germany. It forms 187 kilometers of the border between Poland and Germany. The river is 854 kilometres long and ends in the Szczecin Lagoon in the Baltic Sea.

Some bigger towns the Oder passes are Wrocław, Eisenhüttenstadt, Frankfurt on the Oder, Szczecin and Police. The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław, in Lower Silesia, Poland.

## Names

The Oder River has different names in different languages. Most of these names are very similar, or almost the same:
- English and
- Czech, Polish, and
These names come from the Latin language names. In Medieval Latin the river was called _Od(d)era_. In Renaissance Latin, which was invented in 1534, the river was called _Viadrus_.

In the Old Church Slavonic language, the name of the river was Vjodr.

## Geography

The Oder is 854 km long. 112 km pass through the Czech Republic. 742 km pass through Poland. 187 km make up part of the border between Germany and Poland.

The Oder is the second-longest river in Poland. (The Vistula is the longest river.)

It begins in a watershed in the Oder Mountains that is 118,861 km². This basin is mostly in Poland, but a little bit is in the Czech Republic and Germany. The river runs through five voivodeships in Poland, and two states in Germany.

The river ends in the Szczecin Lagoon near Police, Poland. Here the Oder splits into three other rivers: the Dziwna River, the Świna River, and the Peene River. These three rivers start in Szczecin Lagoon and end Bay of Pomerania in the Baltic Sea.

The biggest city on the Oder River is Wrocław in Lower Silesia, Poland.

## Cities

The Oder passes through 28 major cities and towns. These are:
- Ostrava – Bohumín – Racibórz – Kędzierzyn-Koźle – Krapkowice – Opole – Brzeg – Oława – Jelcz-Laskowice – Wrocław – Brzeg Dolny – Ścinawa – Szlichtyngowa – Głogów – Bytom Odrzański – Nowa Sól – Krosno Odrzańskie – Eisenhüttenstadt – Frankfurt (Oder) – Słubice – Kostrzyn – Cedynia  – Schwedt – Vierraden – Gartz – Gryfino – Szczecin – Police

After the river splits, the Dziwna River branch passes through 3 towns:
- Wolin – Kamień Pomorski – Dziwnów

The Świna River branch passes through:
- Świnoujście

The Peene River branch passes through:
- Usedom – Lassan – Wolgast

These towns sit on the Szczecin Lagoon:
- Nowe Warpno – Ueckermünde

## Related pages

- 2022 Oder environmental disaster
- Oder-Neisse line

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Oder
- **image**: WyspaRedzinska-GK.JPG
- **image size**: 275
- **image caption**: Oder in the city of Wrocław, Poland.
Rędzińska Island before the construction of the Rędziński Bridge.
- **map**: Oder.png
- **map caption**: Polen = Poland, Deutschland = Germany, and Tschechien = Czech Republic
- **subdivision type1**: Countries
- **discharge1 location**: Mouth
- **source1 location**: Fidlův kopec, Oderské vrchy, Olomouc Region, Czech Republic
- **mouth**: Szczecin Lagoon
- **mouth location**: Baltic Sea, Poland
Odra

**Odra** can be any of the following:

- Oder River, a river in Central Europe
- Name of several Polish football clubs, e.g. Odra Wodzislaw
- Odra River (Croatia)
- Odra River (Spain)
- Odra, Silesian Voivodeship, village in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
Lecture

A **lecture** is when someone talks to a group of people about something interesting.  It is like a lesson.  At college or university, students go to lectures to learn things.  The person who is teaching (talking to the group) is called the **lecturer** or **professor**.  The lecturer may accept questions from the audience.

Sometimes, we say that someone was "given a lecture".  This means that they were told off for doing something wrong.
Mosel

**Mosel** may mean the following:

- Moselle, a European river, named _Mosel_ in German
- Mosul, a city in Iraq

## Related pages

- Moselle (disambiguation)
Clara Schumann

**Clara Schumann** (born Leipzig 13 September, 1819; died Frankfurt am Main 20 May, 1896), was the wife of composer Robert Schumann. She was a famous pianist and composer.

Clara was born Clara Wieck. Her father taught her the piano and music theory. She was a prodigy and by the time she was thirteen her father was taking her on concert tours.

She was only nine years old when Robert Schumann came to Leipzig to study law at the university. Robert Schumann’s family had told him that he had to study law, but he wanted to be a musician. He took piano lessons from Clara’s father, Friedrich Wieck.

Clara not only learned the piano, she also studied singing, the violin, instrumentation, score reading, counterpoint and composition. By 1835 she was famous in the whole of Europe and was admired by Goethe, Mendelssohn, Chopin, Paganini and, of course, Robert Schumann.

Clara’s father did not want them to marry. He did everything he could to stop the marriage. For several years life was very difficult for them, but in the end, by 1840, they were married.they married by court permission

They had a happy marriage and had eight children. Clara played her husband’s piano works (Schumann had a hand injury and had to stop playing the piano). She ran the household and earned money by teaching and performing. Life was not always easy. When they went on tours together Clara was more famous than her husband, and this was difficult for him. Robert often had depression. They both taught at the Leipzig Conservatorium and Clara also taught privately in Dresden and Düsseldorf.

Robert Schumann died in 1856 after two years in a mental asylum. Clara was left with seven small children to bring up. Nevertheless, she continued her career as a pianist and often travelled to other countries, especially England, where she played Robert’s piano works. She was great friends with Brahms and often performed his works, too.

Clara’s own compositions are all from her early years. She was a very gifted composer. In those days people thought that women should not be composers. Playing the piano was one thing, but a woman was not expected to be a professional composer. Clara knew this, and devoted more time to her playing, and to editing her husband’s music.

Clara’s compositions include more than 20 piano works, a piano concerto, some chamber music and several songs.
Four Noble Truths

The **Four Noble Truths** are a Buddhist teaching. They show Buddhists why they should follow the Middle Way.

### The First Noble Truth

The first noble truth is called _Dukkha_, which means _suffering_. It says that life is full of suffering. To say it in a different way, in life, there is sickness, poverty (being poor), old age, and death. People can not keep what they want. People can not avoid what they do not want. If that is all a person learns, they suffer.

### The Second Noble Truth

The second noble truth is _Samudaya_, which says that there is a reason for suffering in the world. It says that the reason there is suffering is that people want things. It also says that the reason there is suffering is that people want what they think is real. They do this because they are ignorant. People do wrong actions because they want things and because they do not see what is real. Those evil actions lead to suffering.

### The Third Noble Truth

The third noble truth is _Nirodha_. It says that people can be free from suffering when they no longer want things.

### The Fourth Noble Truth

The fourth noble truth is called _Marga_. It says that for a person to stop wanting things, they must follow a set of rules. The rules are called the Noble Eightfold Path.

## The Eightfold Path

- _See main article: Noble Eightfold Path_

The eightfold path says that truth is found in the Middle Way. A person can get to the Middle Way by following the eightfold path. The eight parts are:

- _Right Vision_. A person should try to see things the way they really are.
- _Right Values_. A person should try to turn their mind away from the world and towards the Dharma.
- _Right Speech_. A person should try to be truthful and kind when they talk.
- _Right Actions_. A person should try to do good things. If they cannot do a good thing, then they should try to not do a bad thing.
- _Right Livelihood_. A person should not work at something that can hurt themselves or other people.
- _Right Effort_. A person should try to increase their goodness and get rid of their evil.
- _Right Mindfulness_. A person must remember the Dharma and use it all the time
- _Right Meditation_. A person must try to reach enlightenment through meditation.

## Other websites

- The Four Noble Truths: A Study Guide

- The Sixteen Aspects and Sixteen Distorted Ways of Embracing the Four Noble Truths
Composition

**Composition** means literally _putting together_. It may refer to:

- Composition (music), putting notes together to make a piece of music
- Composition (visual arts), the way that colors or shapes are put together
- Composition (language), in literature and rhetoric, producing a work for speech or written discourse
Theory of relativity

The **theory of relativity** is a  theory Albert Einstein created in the early 1900s. There are two theories of relativity. The first is special relativity and the second is general relativity.

The theory tries to solve problems which could not be solved by Classical physics, or by 19th century physics. Some things, like the orbit of Mercury or the way light from distant sources bends as it passes a star, cannot be explained by the physics of 1900. Einstein tried to change the basic ideas of physics. He came up with two theories to do that. The first was called Special relativity and the second was called General relativity.

## References

- Hawking, Stephen. _The Universe in a nutshell_. Bantam Books, 2001.

## Other websites Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity In Words of Four Letters or  New times and new technologies survey the experiments of Sobral and Príncipe ess wayback machine

- Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity In Words of Four Letters or Less
- New times and new technologies survey the experiments of Sobral and Príncipe.
- Relativity Calculator – Learn Special Relativity Mathematics  The mathematics of special relativity presented in as simple and comprehensive manner possible within philosophical and historical contexts.
BIOS

**BIOS**, computing, stands for **Basic Input/Output System**. The BIOS is a computer program embedded on a chip on a computer's motherboard that recognizes and controls various devices that make up the computer. The purpose of the BIOS is to make sure all the things plugged into the computer can work properly. It brings life to the computer, and the term is a pun on the Greek word , _bios_ meaning "life".

"Booting", sometimes called "Booting up" is the process that the computer completes to get it ready to use when it is first turned on. When the computer turns on, the BIOS starts up and performs a Power-On Self Test (POST). During the POST, the BIOS will check various devices in the computer like the computer processor, memory, the video card and others to make sure they are present and functioning. Once the POST has completed successfully, the BIOS looks for an operating system to load, which is usually located on the computer's hard drive. When it finds one, it starts to load it. At this point, the operating system takes over control of the system.

## Overclocking

Some people try to configure their computer to run faster than it was designed to do. This is called "overclocking". Since the BIOS controls the computer processor, entering the BIOS setup screen while it is booting up gives people access to advanced computer settings. For most computers, pressing the delete or F12 button while the computer is booting up will bring up the BIOS setup screen. There are many ways a computer can be overclocked to run faster, but most involve simply turning up the speed of the computer processor. Doing this will usually make your computer run much hotter, though, and can sometimes break your computer, which is why overclocking will usually void your computer's warranty. Only people who are computer hardware experts should attempt to overclock their computers.