juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Roquefort-sur-Garonne

- _For other uses, see_ Roquefort (disambiguation)
**Roquefort-sur-Garonne** is a commune of 715 people (1999). It is located in the region Occitanie in the Haute-Garonne department in the southwest of France.
Avalanche effect

The **avalanche effect** (“landslide effect”) is a property of block ciphers and cryptographic hash function algorithms. It is often desired in cryptography. The effect says that a lot of the output must change, even when the input changes only a little. In good block ciphers this means: A small change in the key or the plaintext should cause a strong change in the ciphertext.

This means that small changes can spread fast, when the algorithm uses iterations. Thus, every bit of the output depends on every bit of the input.

The term _avalanche effect_ was first used by Horst Feistel (Feistel 1973). Later, the concept was identified by _Shannon's property of confusion_.

If a block cipher or cryptographic hash function does not satisfy the avalanche effect to a significant degree, then it has poor randomization. Thus, a cryptanalyst can make forecasts about the input, if given only the output. This may be sufficient to partially or completely break (crack) the algorithm.

It is one of the primary design objectives when people create a strong cipher or cryptographic hash function. They try to build a good avalanche effect in it. Mathematically this uses the butterfly effect. This is why most block ciphers are product ciphers. It is also why hash functions have large data blocks.

## Name

The name comes from landslides. A small rock can fall down, go along with some snow and make a destructive landslide. The rock was small, but was able to cause a lot of destruction. This is the same as what this effect does. A small change in the input (the rock) should change the output (the landscape).

## Strict avalanche criterion

The **Strict Avalanche Criterion** (**SAC**; a “strong landslide criterion”) is a property of boolean functions. It is of importance to cryptography. It is satisfied if all output bits change with a probability of 50 percent, if a single input bit is changed.

The SAC was built on the concepts of evolution completeness and avalanche. It was introduced by Webster and Tavares in 1985. Nowadays it is a requirement for every modern cryptographic system. It was e.g. satisfied by all finalists of the AES competition.

## Bit independence criterion

The **Bit independence criterion** (**BIC**; a criterion independent from the bit) is a criterion. It goes: When a single input bit is changed (inverted), two output bits should change independently of each other. This applies to all bits.

It would e.g. not be satisfied, if the one output bit only changes, when the other output bit also changes. They might only change, because the input bit changed. Otherwise, the output bits would depend on each other.

## Related pages

- Confusion and diffusion

## References

- A. F. Webster and Stafford E. Tavares, "On the design of S-boxes", Advances in Cryptology - Crypto '85 (Lecture Notes in Computer Science), vol. 219, pp. 523–534, 1985.
- Practical example  (32 bits), taken from the extensive justification of the hash function HSH 11/13
- Horst Feistel, "Cryptography and Computer Privacy." _Scientific American_, Vol. 228, No. 5, 1973. (JPEG format scanned)
Rocquefort

**Rocquefort** is a commune of 270 people (1999). It is in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in the northwest of France.
BBC Radio 1Xtra

**BBC Radio 1Xtra** (also known as **1Xtra**) is a digital British contemporary black music station from the BBC. The station was launched at 6pm on 16 August 2002. It was called _Network X_ during the planning period. It is the complement station to Radio 1 and is broadcast from the same building as Radio 1 - Yalding House in central London. This is part of the BBC's massive Broadcasting House complex of radio studios and other offices.

## Music policy

The playlist generally includes British, Caribbean, African and North American hip hop, grime, bassline, garage, dubstep, funky, drum and bass, bashment, soca, reggae, gospel music, bhangra, soul and R&B. It is available on digital radio (DAB), digital satellite television, digital terrestrial television (Freeview), and the Internet. It has its own news team: 1Xtra News.

## Audience profile

1Xtra's audience is usually aged between 15 and 30 years old. The upper age range is deliberately lower than sister station Radio 1 which is closer to 35.

According to the "Submission to the Secretary of State's review of digital channels" in March 2004, 1Xtra "provides music output 24 hours a day, punctuated by bespoke BBC
news bulletins and other speech output designed specifically to be pertinent to the
audience."

## Other websites

- BBC 1Xtra at bbc.co.uk
- BBC 1Xtra - UK Music Podcast  at bbc.co.uk

## Infobox (radio station)

- **name**: BBC Radio 1Xtra
- **image**:
- **area**: United Kingdom - National
- **airdate**: 16 August 2002
- **sister stations**: BBC Radio 1
- **share**: 0.3%
- **share as of**: September 2008
- **frequency**: Digital audio broadcasting, DAB: 12B
Freeview (United Kingdom), Freeview: 701
Freesat: 701
Sky Digital (UK & Ireland), Sky: 0137
Virgin Media: 907
Tiscali TV: 601

[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/aod/1xtra.shtml?listen Live Stream] Real/WM
- **format**: Mainstream urban, electronica, soul, R&B
- **owner**: BBC,
BBC Radio
- **website**: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra]
- **slogan**: _On air. On the ground._
Barrel

**Barrel** is an old English word for a big holder of liquids, such as petrol, beer, wine or oil. Barrels are most commonly made of either wood or metal but many are plastic

Barrels are used to age wine, and other beverages such as whisky and beer. Most of those are made of oak wood.

A barrel is also used to measure liquids. One barrel of oil is 158.987 litres (42 US gallons). It is shortened as "bbl". This use may have come from the early Pennsylvanian oil fields where wooden barrels were used to store and move oil around. In 1866, the people of West Virginia started using it regularly. At this time, the amount was set to 42 American gallons. It was later world-wide for measuring amounts of oil and pricing it. Today, oil is rarely stored or transported in actual barrels, but the term "barrel" is still used to mean a 42-gallon measurement.

A barrel can also be used to measure dry goods. For example, a barrel can mean 196 pounds (about 89 kilograms) of flour.

## Different sizes

The size of some standard barrels is not the same in all countries. Some countries have different sizes for different liquids.
- In the United Kingdom, there is a standard barrel for beer. It is 36 imperial gallons (163.659 litres).
- In the United States, a standard barrel for liquids is 31.5 US gallons (about 119.2 litres). For beer, the standard barrel is 31 US gallons (117.348 litres), because of tax laws.
- A physical metal barrel for oil or chemicals usually holds 55 US gallons (208.198 litres), but the word "barrel" used as a measurement refers to a 42-gallon measurement.

## History

The first people to start using barrels were the Celts about 350 BC. The Roman Empire started using barrels after trading with the Celts. Barrels remained popular for shipping items until the 20th century.
Claudio Ulpiano

**Claudio Ulpiano** (1932-1999) was a Brazilian philosopher and expert on the work of Gilles Deleuze. He taught at the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro and Universidade Federal Fluminense.

## Bibliography

- Do saber em Platão e do sentido nos estóicos como reversão do platonismo. Dissertação de Mestrado.
- O Pensamento de Deleuze ou a Grande Aventura do Espírito . Tese de Doutorado.
- Mundo Próprio - Primeiro Movimento

## Other websites

- www.claudioulpiano.org.br
Jorge Mautner

**Henrique George Mautner** (born January 17, 1941), better known by his stage name **Jorge Mautner**, is a Brazilian writer and singer of Jewish descent. He is the creator of the Moviment of Kaos.

## Albums

- Revirão (2007) - Gege/Warner Music
- Eu não peço desculpa (2002) (with Caetano Veloso)
- Mitologia do Kaos
- O Ser da Tempestade (1999) - Dabliú Discos
- Estilhaços de Paixão (1996) - Primal Records
- Pedra Bruta (1992) - (LP) Rock Company Records
- Árvore da Vida (Jorge Mautiner and Nelson Jacobina) (1988) - LP. Geléia Geral/WEA
- Antimaldito (1985) - (LP) Nova República/Polygram
- Bomba de Estrelas (1981) - CD/Lp – WEA
- Filho Predileto de Xangô (1978) - CBS CD
- Mil e Uma Noites de Bagdá (1976) - LP Phonogram
- Jorge Mautner (1974) - LP – Polydor
- Para Iluminar a Cidade (1972) - LP Phonogram
- Radioatividade Não, não, não (1966) - RCA Victor -

## Books

- _Mitologia do Kaos - Obras Completas_, Editora Azougue - 2002
- _Floresta Verde Esmeralda_ (text included on the Mitologia do Kaos) - 2002
- _Fragmentos de Sabonete e Outros Fragmentos_, Relume-Dumará - 1995
- _Miséria Dourada_, Editora Maltese – 1993
- _Fundamentos do Kaos_, Ched Editorial – 1985
- _Sexo do Crepúsculo_, Editora Global Ground – 1982
- 'Poesias de Amor e de Morte_, Editora Global Ground – 1982
- _Panfletos da Nova Era_, Editora Global – 1978
- _Fragmentos de Sabonete_, Editora Ground Informação – 1973
- _O Vigarista Jorge_, Von Schimdt Editora – 1965
- _Narciso em Tarde Cinza_, Editora Exposição do Livro – 1965
- _Kaos_, Editora Martins – 1963
- _Deus da Chuva e da Morte_, Editora Martins – 1962

### Books about Jorge Mautner

- _Proteu ou: A Arte das Transmutações Leituras, audições e visões da obra de Jorge Mautner_ by Luís Carlos de Morais Junior, HP Comunicação – 2004
- _Jorge Mautner em movimento'', Editor César Resac – 2004

## Other websites

- Official website
Andy McKee

**Andy McKee** is a fingerstyle guitarist from Topeka, Kansas. He became famous through his YouTube videos in 2006.

## Discography

- _Nocturne_, 2001
- _Dreamcatcher_, 2004
- _Art of Motion_, 2005
- _Gates of Gnomeria_, 2007
- Split DVD with Antoine Dufour, 2007
- _The Thing That Came From Somewhere_ with Don Ross, 2008

## Other Websítes

- McKee's Personal Website
- Andy McKee's MySpace
- McKee @ Candyrat Records
- Interview @ InstruMentalCase
- Profile from honesttune.com.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Andy McKee
- **img**: Andy McKee Live.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth date**: 1979
- **birth place**: Topeka, Kansas, United States, USA
- **instrument**: Guitar, harp guitar
- **genre**: American folk music, Folk, fingerstyle, instrumental
- **occupation**: Guitarist
- **years active**: 2001 – present
- **label**: CandyRat Records
- **url**: [http://www.andymckee.com/ www.andymckee.com]
Destruction (band)

**Destruction** is a thrash metal band from Lörrach in Germany. They have been playing since 1982. Together with Kreator and Sodom they form the "triangle of German thrash metal".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Destruction
- **image**: Wacken 2007 Destruction by Caroline Lauder LOUDER IMAGES 258.jpg
- **caption**: Destruction in 2007
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Lörrach, Germany
- **genre**: Thrash metal
- **years active**: 1982 - now
- **label**: Steamhammer Records, Steamhammer, Nuclear Blast, AFM
- **url**: [http://www.destruction.de/ www.destruction.de/]
- **current members**: Marcel Schirmer
Mike Sifringer
Marc Reign
- **past members**: Thomas Rosenmerkel
Harry Wilkens
Michael "Ano" Piranio
Christian Engler
Tommy Sandmann
Oliver "Olly" Kaiser
Sven Vormann
Hans-Christian Ströbele

**Hans-Christian Ströbele** (7 June 1939 – 29 August 2022) was a German politician and lawyer.

Ströbele made his school exam abitur in Marl (Westphalia). Then he studied law in Heidelberg and Berlin (at the Free University of Berlin. He was a lawyer in Berlin (until 1990 West Berlin) from 1969. He was involved in the student revolt of 1968.  He was one of the lawyers of the Rote Armee Fraktion terrorists in the Stammheim trial.

From 1970 to 1974 he was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. Later he was one of the founders of the "Alternative List for Democracy and Environmental Protection," which later became the Berlin section of the Green Party of Germany.

He died on 29 August 2022 in Berlin, Germany from a long-illness at the age of 83.
Rodney Mullen

**Rodney Mullen** (born August 17, 1966 in Gainesville, Florida) is a professional freestyle skateboarder, and considered to be one of the most influential skaters in the history of the sport. He is credited with inventing many tricks, including the flat-ground Ollie (originally called the 'ollie pop'), the kickflip (originally called "magic flips"), the Heelflip, the 360 flip, and the Ollie Impossible (more often called the Impossible).

## Tricks he invented

Mullen has invented many tricks. These are:

<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3">
- Frontside & backside 180 kickflips
- 50-50 saran wrap
- Varial heelflip
- 50-50 sidewinders
- 360 Flip
- 360 pressure flip
- 540 double kickflip
- 540 Shove-it
- Casper 360 flip
- Casper slides
- Darkslides (Adapted from Mark Gonzales' idea)
- Double heelflips
- Flat-ground ollie
- Godzilla rail flip
- Gazelle
- Heelflip
- Helipops (360 Nollie)
- Half-cab kickflip underflip
- Half-cab impossible
- Helipop heelflips
- Handstand flip
- Kickflip underflip
- No Handed 50-50
- Ollie Kickflip
- Ollie Impossible
- Ollie nosebone
- Ollie fingerflip
- One footed ollie
</div>

## Movie appearance

Rodney Mullen did many of the skateboarding stunts for Christian Slater in the 1989 skateboarding movie _Gleaming the Cube_. He can be seen performing in order to look like Slater. At the end credits he can be seen from an overhead view riding his skateboard with the camera zooming in on his foot work.

## Video game appearances

Mullen has appeared in many video games related to the Tony Hawk Pro Skater (THPS) console games. These include:
- THPS 2, 3 and 4
- Tony Hawk's Underground, Tony Hawk's Underground 2, Tony Hawk's Underground 2 Remix
- Tony Hawk's American Wasteland
- Tony Hawk’s American Sk8land
- Tony Hawk's Project 8

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rodney Mullen
- **image**: Rodney Mullen PopTech 2013 01 (cropped).jpg
- **birth place**: Gainesville, Florida
- **education**: University of Florida   Biomedical Engineering
- **occupation**: Skateboarding
Tony Hawk

**Anthony Frank Hawk** (born May 12, 1968) is an American retired professional skateboarder and actor. He is credited with being the first recorded skater to land the 900, which consists of two-and-a-half rotations (900°) in the air before landing back on the pipe during the televised June 27, 1999 X Games, for which he received an enormous amount of attention. He is also known for his _Tony Hawk's_ video game series.

In July 2021, Hawk briefly ended his competitive retirement to participate in the Vert Best Trick event at that year's X Games, finishing in fourth place out of nine competitors.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tony Hawk
- **image**: Skater Tony Hawk.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Tony Hawk, 2006
- **birth place**: San Diego, California, United States, U.S.
- **birth name**: Anthony Frank Hawk
- **occupation**: Skateboarder
- **spouse**: Lhotse Merriam (2006-2011),
 Erin Lee (1996-2004),
 Cindy Dunbar (1990-1993)
- **children**: Riley (b. 1992),
 Spencer (b. 1999),
 Keegan (b. 2001),
 Kadence (b. 2008)
- **website**: [http://www.tonyhawk.com/ tonyhawk.com]
Winton M. Blount

**Winton Malcolm "Red" Blount, Jr.** (February 1, 1921 – October 24, 2002) was the United States Postmaster General from 1969 to 1972. He is also known as the founder and Chief Executive Officer of construction giant Blount International.

He was the last Postmaster who led the Post Office as an Executive Department and held cabinet-member rank.

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: Winton Malcolm Blount
- **image**: Winton Blount Statue.jpg
- **order**: 59th
- **title**: United States Postmaster General
- **term start**: January 22, 1969
- **term end**: January 1, 1972
- **president**: Richard Nixon
- **predecessor**: W. Marvin Watson
- **successor**: E. T. Klassen
- **birth date**: February 1, 1921
- **birth place**: Union Springs, Alabama
- **death date**: October 24, 2002 (aged 81)
- **death place**: Highlands, North Carolina
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
Richard Bache

**Richard Bache** (1737–1811) worked for the Postal Service under Benjamin Franklin  from 1775–1776, and was Franklin's successor as Postmaster General, serving from 1776–1782 during the Revolutionary War. He also served on the Board of War.

He was born in Yorkshire, England and married the only daughter of Franklin in 1767, after immigrating to New York City in 1765. His wife, Sarah Franklin Bache (1743-1808), was widely known for patriotism and benevolent activities.

Their son, Richard Bache Jr., served in the Republic of Texas Navy and was elected as a Representative to the Second Texas Legislature in 1847. Another son was Benjamin Franklin Bache (1769-1798).
Albert Gallatin

**Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin** (January 29, 1761 – August 12, 1849) was a Swiss-American ethnologist, linguist, politician, diplomat, representative, and the longest-serving United States Secretary of the Treasury. He was also a founder of New York University.

## Honors

- The Gallatin School of Individualized Study at New York University honors his founding.
- Gallatin's portrait was on the front of the $500 United States Note, which was issued in 1862 to 1863.
- Gallatin's portrait was on the standard 1¼¢ stamp from 1967 to 1973.
- Friendship Hill National Historic Site, a 661-acre estate that includes Gallatin's beautifully restored home, is run by the National Park Service and is located within the boundaries of the Albert Gallatin School District in Fayette County, Pennsylvania. It is open to the public.
- The United States Department of the Treasury's highest career service award is the Albert Gallatin Award, named in his honor.
- USCGC Gallatin (WHEC-721), a , a high-endurance United States Coast Guard cutter whose home port is in Charleston, South Carolina, is named after him.

### Placenames

- Gallatin County, Illinois
- Gallatin County, Kentucky
- Gallatin, Missouri
- Gallatin County, Montana
- Gallatin River, Montana
- Gallatin Mountain Range, Montana
- Albert Gallatin Area School District, Pennsylvania
- Gallatin, Tennessee
- Gallatin Street in Washington, D.C.
- Gallatin Street in Pico Rivera, California
- Gallatin Street in Downey, California
- Gallatin Hall at Harvard Business School in Boston, Massachusetts
- Gallatin Hall at Robert Morris University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: Albert Gallatin
- **image**: AlbertGallatin.jpeg
- **order**: 4th
- **title**: United States Secretary of the Treasury
- **term start**: May 14, 1801
- **term end**: February 8, 1814
- **predecessor**: Samuel Dexter
- **successor**: George W. Campbell
- **president**: Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)
James Madison (1809-1814)
- **birth place**: Geneva, Switzerland
- **death place**: Astoria, New York, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic-Republican Party (United States), Democratic-Republican
- **spouse**: Sophia Gallatin (desc.)
Hannah Gallatin
- **profession**: Politician, Teacher
Henry Dearborn

**Henry Dearborn** (February 23, 1751 – June 6, 1829) was an American physician, and statesman. He was a veteran of both the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812.

He represented this district as a Democratic-Republican in the Third and Fourth Congresses (1793-1797). In 1801, President Thomas Jefferson appointed him Secretary of War, a post he held for eight years until March 7, 1809.

## Legacy

In 1803, Lewis and Clark named the Dearborn River in west-central Montana after Dearborn.  Dearborn County, Indiana, Dearborn, Michigan and Dearborn, Missouri were also named for him, as was Fort Dearborn in Chicago, Illinois.

His son, Henry A. S. Dearborn, was a Congressman in 1831-1833.

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: Henry Dearborn
- **image**: Gilbert Stuart - Major-General Henry Dearborn - 1913.793 - Art Institute of Chicago.jpg
- **order**: 5th
- **title**: United States Secretary of War
- **term start**: March 5, 1801
- **term end**: March 4, 1809
- **president**: Thomas Jefferson
- **predecessor**: Samuel Dexter
- **successor**: William Eustis
- **birth date**: February 23, 1751
- **birth place**: North Hampton, New Hampshire
- **death date**: June 6, 1829
- **death place**: Roxbury, Massachusetts
Robert Smith (cabinet)

**Robert Smith** (November 3, 1757 – November 26, 1842) was the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 and the sixth United States Secretary of State from 1809 to 1811. He was the brother of Senator Samuel Smith.

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: Robert Smith
- **image**: Robert_Smith_SecNavy.jpg
- **order**: 2nd
- **title**: United States Secretary of the Navy
- **term start**: July 27, 1801
- **term end**: March 4, 1809
- **predecessor**: Benjamin Stoddert
- **successor**: Paul Hamilton
- **order2**: 5th
- **title2**: United States Attorney General
- **term start2**: March 3, 1805
- **term end2**: August 6, 1805
- **predecessor2**: Levi Lincoln, Sr.
- **successor2**: John Breckinridge (1760-1806), John Breckinridge
- **order3**: 6th
- **title3**: United States Secretary of State
- **term start3**: March 6, 1809
- **term end3**: April 1, 1811
- **president3**: James Madison
- **predecessor3**: James Madison
- **successor3**: James Monroe
- **birth place**: Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Baltimore, Maryland, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic-Republican Party (United States), Democratic-Republican
- **alma mater**: Princeton University
- **profession**: Politician, Lawyer
- **branch**: Continental Army
- **battles**: American Revolutionary War
Caesar A. Rodney

**Caesar Augustus Rodney** (January 4, 1772 – June 10, 1824) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party, who served in the Delaware General Assembly, as well as a U.S. Representative from Delaware, U.S. Senator from Delaware, U.S. Attorney General, and U.S. Minister to Argentina. He was the nephew of Caesar Rodney, the signer of the Declaration of Independence who is pictured on the Delaware state quarter.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Caesar A. Rodney
- **image**: Rodneycaesara3.jpg
- **office**: United States Senate, U. S. Senator from Delaware
- **term start**: January 10, 1822
- **term end**: January 29, 1823
- **predecessor**: Outerbridge Horsey
- **successor**: Thomas Clayton
- **office2**: U.S. House of Representatives, U. S. Representative from Delaware
Delaware's At-large congressional district, 2nd _at-large_
- **term start2**: March 4, 1821
- **term end2**: January 24, 1822
- **predecessor2**: Willard Hall
- **successor2**: Daniel Rodney
- **office3**: United States Attorney General, U.S. Attorney General
- **term start3**: January 20, 1807
- **term end3**: December 5, 1811
- **predecessor3**: John Breckinridge (1760-1806), John Breckinridge
- **successor3**: William Pinkney
- **office4**: U.S. House of Representatives, U. S. Representative from Delaware
Delaware's At-large congressional district, _at-large_
- **term start4**: March 4, 1803
- **term end4**: March 3, 1805
- **predecessor4**: James A. Bayard (elder), James A. Bayard, Sr.
- **successor4**: James M. Broom
- **birth place**: Wilmington, Delaware, Wilmington, Delaware
- **death place**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **spouse**: Susan Hunn
- **party**: Democratic-Republican Party (United States), Democratic-Republican
- **residence**: Wilmington, Delaware, Wilmington, Delaware
- **alma mater**: University of Pennsylvania
- **profession**: lawyer
Derrick Pierce

**Derrick Pierce** (born March 1, 1974) is an American porn actor. He began his career  in 2005. Pierce was born in Massachusetts. He moved to California at a young age. He grew up in the Sylmar area of the San Fernando Valley.

As of 2008, Pierce has appeared in over 100 movies, including "Chemistry 3" which is a unique reality show type of production,  and "Upload", an adult sci-fi thriller.  He has worked for just about every company that makes adult movies.

Before he started working in the adult movie industry, Pierce worked as a martial arts instructor in Southern California.

In 2008, Pierce was nominated for "Best Actor", "Best BDSM Release", "Best Couples Sex Scene", "Best Supporting Actor" and "Best Threeway Sex Scene" (twice) in the AVN Awards.
Topher Grace

**Christopher John "Topher" Grace** (born July 12, 1978) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the main character, Eric Forman, on the long-running Fox sitcom _That '70s Show_. Grace also played the villain Eddie Brock, Jr. in the movie ''Spider-Man 3.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Topher Grace
- **image**: Topher Grace 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg
- **caption**: Topher Grace in 2019
- **birthname**: Christopher John Grace
- **birth place**: New York City, US
Mirepoix (cuisine)

**Mirepoix** () is the French name for a condiment used for cooking. Mirepoix consists of onions, carrots and celery (either common Pascal celery or celeriac). Mirepoix is used in many dishes, such as stocks, soups, stews and sauces. It is used either raw, roasted or sautéed with butter.  Mirepoix is known as the holy trinity of French cooking.

These three ingredients are commonly referred to as aromatics. Similar such combinations, both in and out of the French culinary repertoire, sometimes include leeks, parsnips, garlic, tomatoes, shallots, mushrooms, bell peppers, chilies, and ginger. For the combination _mirepoix au gras_, or a _Matignon_, ham or pork belly are used as additional ingredients. In Cajun cuisine, a mirepoix or trinity is a combination of onions, celery and bell peppers.

They may be used in different combinations, as dictated by the cuisine and the dish itself.

Traditionally, the ratio for mirepoix is 2:1:1 of onions, celery, and carrots. The ratio for bones to mirepoix for stock is 10:1. When making a white stock, or _fond blanc_, parsnips are used instead of carrots to maintain the pale color.

Mirepoix derives its name, like much French cuisine, from the patron of the chef who established it, in this case one of the house of Lévis, seigneurs of Mirepoix since the eleventh century and a famous name in Languedoc. The particular member of the house of Lévis whose chef is credited by the _Dictionnaire de l'Académie française_ with giving a name to an old technique is Charles-Pierre-Gaston François de Lévis, duc de Lévis-Mirepoix (1699-1757), maréchal de France and ambassador of Louis XV.

## Other websites

- Recipe for Mirepoix
Béchamel sauce

**Béchamel sauce** ( in English,  in French,  in Italian), also known as **white sauce**, is a basic mother sauce. It can be used to make other sauces, such as Mornay sauce, which is Béchamel and cheese. This basic sauce is usually made today by whisking scalded milk gradually into a white flour-butter _roux_ (equal part clarified butter and flour), though it can also be made by whisking a kneaded flour-butter beurre manié into scalded milk. The thickness of the final sauce depends on the proportions of milk and flour.  Escoffier adds salt and an onion stuck with a clove.

It is named after Louis de Béchamel.
American Dad!

***American Dad!*** is an American uncensored adult animated sitcom produced by Underdog Productions, Fuzzy Door Productions and 20th Television.

The series was first made by Seth MacFarlane, the creator of _Family Guy_, as well as two writers, Mike Barker and Matt Weitzman. It was distributed in the United States by Fox. It premiered on February 6, 2005. It was produced as part of Super Bowl XXXIX. The regular series began on May 1, 2005, after the season premiere of _Family Guy_.

The series follows the events of CIA agent Stan Smith and his family.  Stan Smith is a CIA agent who is very patriotic, as well as being part of the Christian right.  Stan tries to be in charge of the family, but often the things he does don't work out.  Stan has a wife, Francine, and two kids, Hayley and Steve.  Hayley (Haylee) is in college and is much more liberal than her father. Steve is in high school and is always dreaming about girls.  Rounding out the family is Klaus, a talking fish with a German athlete's brain; and Roger Smith the Alien. The show moved to TBS in 2014 and will move back to FOX for the 2025-2026 season.

## Voice cast

- **Seth MacFarlane** as Stan Smith, Roger Smith, Additional Voices
- **Wendy Schaal** as Francine Smith
- **Rachael MacFarlane** as Hayley Smith, Additional Voices
- **Scott Grimes** as Steve Smith
- **Dee Bradley Baker** as Klaus, Additional Voices
- **Kevin Michael Richardson** as Principal Luis Brown, Additional Voices
- **Patrick Stewart** as Avery Bullock
- **Jeff Fischer** as Jeff Fischer

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 22-24 minutes
- **creator**: Seth MacFarlane
Mike Barker
Matt Weitzman
- **starring**: Seth MacFarlane
Wendy Schaal
Scott Grimes
Rachael MacFarlane
Dee Bradley Baker
Kevin Michael Richardson
Patrick Stewart
Jeff Fischer
Martin Mull
- **country**: United States
- **network**: Fox Broadcasting Company, FOX (2005-2014), TBS (American TV channel), TBS (2014-present)
- **last aired**: present
- **num seasons**: 21
- **num episodes**: 388
- **related**: _Family Guy_
_The Cleveland Show_
Mirepoix (disambiguation)

**Mirepoix** can be:

## Towns and villages

- Mirepoix (Ariège) is a town in Ariège departement in France built as a bastide
- Mirepoix (Gers) is a village in Gers departement

## Cooking

- Mirepoix (cuisine) is an ingredient of many sauces of French cuisine
Mirepoix, Gers

** Mirepoix ** is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

## References

- INSEE

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Mirepoix
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Château de Reveillon Mirepoix.jpg
- **caption**: Chateau of Reveillon in Mirepoix
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Mirepoix (Gers).svg
- **arrondissement**: Auch
- **canton**: Gascogne-Auscitaine
- **insee**: 32258
- **postal code**: 32390
- **mayor**: Paul Esquiro
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Cœur de Gascogne
- **elevation m**: 150
- **elevation min m**: 115
- **elevation max m**: 201
- **area km2**: 7.25
- **population**: 197
- **population date**: 2008
Landon Donovan

**Landon Donovan** (born  March 4, 1982) is an American former soccer player. He played for the Los Angeles Galaxy and United States national team, and was the captain for both of them.  He is the former captain of Los Angeles Galaxy and the men's national team.

Donovan has more assists than any other male player, and is the leader of assists for the United States men's national team, and also the second place for most appearances.

### Club

|Club|Season|League|Cup|Continental|Other|Total|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="4"|Bayer Leverkusen|1999–2000|Bundesliga|0|0|0|0|0|0|—|0|0|
|2000–01|Bundesliga|0|0|0|0|0|0|—|0|0|||
|2004–05|Bundesliga|7|0|0|0|2|0|—|9|0|||
|Bayer Leverkusen II|1999–2000|Regionalliga Nord|20|6|—|—|—|20|6||||
|2000–01|Oberliga|8|3|1|0|—|—|9|3||||
|rowspan="5"|San Jose Earthquakes (loan)|2001|Major League Soccer|22|7|2|0|—|6|5|30|12|
|2002|Major League Soccer|20|7|2|0|2|1|2|1|24|8||
|2003|Major League Soccer|22|12|1|0|2|1|4|4|27|16||
|2004|Major League Soccer|23|6|3|1|1|0|2|0|28|7||
|rowspan="12"|LA Galaxy|2005|Major League Soccer|22|12|3|2|—|4|4|29|18|
|2006|Major League Soccer|24|12|3|3|2|1|—|29|16|||
|2007|Major League Soccer|25|8|3|1|—|5|4|33|13|||
|2008|Major League Soccer|25|20|0|0|—|—|25|20||||
|2009|Major League Soccer|25|12|0|0|—|4|3|29|15|||
|2010|Major League Soccer|24|7|0|0|2|0|3|0|29|7||
|2011|Major League Soccer|23|12|1|0|8|2|4|3|36|17||
|2012|Major League Soccer|26|9|0|0|3|0|5|2|34|11||
|2013|Major League Soccer|22|10|0|0|3|0|2|0|27|10||
|2014|Major League Soccer|31|10|1|0|—|5|3|37|13|||
|2016|Major League Soccer|6|1|0|0|—|3|0|9|1|||
|Bayern Munich (loan)|2008–09|Bundesliga|6|0|1|0|0|0|—|7|0||
|Everton (loan)||2009–10|Premier League|10|2|1|0|2|0|—|13|2|
|Everton (loan)|2011–12|Premier League|7|0|2|0|—|—|9|0|||
|León|2017–18|Liga MX|6|0|2|0|—|—|8|0|||
|San Diego Sockers (indoor)|2018–19|Major Arena Soccer League|8|5|—|—|2|0|10|5|||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="15"|United States|2000|1|1|
|2001|8|0|||
|2002|20|6|||
|2003|15|7|||
|2004|14|5|||
|2005|15|6|||
|2006|11|0|||
|2007|12|9|||
|2008|9|3|||
|2009|15|5|||
|2010|8|3|||
|2011|10|1|||
|2012|6|3|||
|2013|10|8|||
|2014|3|0|||

## Coaching statistics

|rowspan="2"|Team|rowspan="2"|From|rowspan="2"|To|colspan="8"|Record|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|San Diego Loyal|align=left|March 7, 2020|align=left|December 2, 2022||||

## International career statistics

|-
|2000||1||1
|-
|2001||8||0
|-
|2002||20||6
|-
|2003||15||7
|-
|2004||14||5
|-
|2005||15||6
|-
|2006||11||0
|-
|2007||12||9
|-
|2008||9||3
|-
|2009||15||5
|-
|2010||8||3
|-
|2011||10||1
|-
|2012||6||3
|-
|2013||10||8
|-
|2014||3||0
|-
!Total||157||57
|}
Coriander

**Coriander** (_Coriandrum sativum_) (also known as **cilantro**, **Chinese parsley**, or **dhania**) is a herb from the _Apiaceae_ family. Coriander is originally from the southwestern Asia across to north Africa.

In the Sri Lankan Sinhalese language, it is called koththamuhlli. It is believed to have medicinal qualities, and is brewed and drunk to cure the common cold and fever.

A genetic mutation makes it taste like soap for many people.
Alecko Eskandarian

**Alecko Eskandarian** (born July 9, 1982) is an American former soccer player.

### Club

|-
|2003||rowspan="4"|DC United||rowspan="4"|Major League Soccer||23||3
|-
|2004||24||10
|-
|2005||12||0
|-
|2006||22||7
|-
|2007||Toronto||Major League Soccer||6||1
|-
|2007||Real Salt Lake||Major League Soccer||17||1
|-
|2008||Chivas USA||Major League Soccer||||
104||22
104||22
|}

### International

|-
|2003||1||0
|-
!Total||1||0
|}

### Player

- **Major League Soccer MLS Cup Champion (1) ** 2004
- **Major League Soccer MLS Cup MVP (1) ** 2004
- **Major League Soccer MLS All Star (2) ** 2004, 2006
- **Major League Soccer Supporter's Shield (1) ** 2006

### Head coach

- **National Premier Soccer League Champion (1) ** 2015**

### Assistant coach

- **North American Soccer League Soccer Bowl Champion (3) ''' 2013, 2015, 2016

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Alecko Eskandarian
- **image**: 1d262c830e31fe28f3296d85c1609408 large.jpg
- **caption**: Eskandarian in 2009
- **fullname**: Alecko Eskandarian
- **birth place**: Montvale, New Jersey, U.S.
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **collegeyears1**: 2000–2002
- **college1**: Virginia Cavaliers
- **collegecaps1**: 60
- **collegegoals1**: 50
- **years1**: 2003–2006
- **clubs1**: D.C. United
- **caps1**: 81
- **goals1**: 20
- **years2**: 2007
- **clubs2**: Toronto FC
- **caps2**: 6
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 2007
- **clubs3**: Real Salt Lake
- **caps3**: 17
- **goals3**: 1
- **years4**: 2008–2009
- **clubs4**: C.D. Chivas USA, Chivas USA
- **caps4**: 18
- **goals4**: 6
- **years5**: 2009–2010
- **clubs5**: Los Angeles Galaxy
- **caps5**: 3
- **goals5**: 2
- **totalcaps**: 125
- **totalgoals**: 30
- **nationalyears1**: 1999
- **nationalteam1**: United States men's national under-17 soccer team, United States U17
- **nationalyears2**: 2000–2001
- **nationalteam2**: United States men's national under-20 soccer team, United States U20
- **nationalyears3**: 2002–2003
- **nationalteam3**: United States men's national under-23 soccer team, United States U23
- **nationalyears4**: 2003
- **nationalteam4**: United States men's national soccer team, United States
- **nationalcaps4**: 1
- **nationalgoals4**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 2012
- **managerclubs1**: Philadelphia Union (assistant)
- **manageryears2**: 2013
- **managerclubs2**: New York Cosmos (2010), New York Cosmos (assistant)
- **manageryears3**: 2015–2016
- **managerclubs3**: New York Cosmos B
Smash Hits

**Smash Hits** was a pop music based magazine. It was made for children and young teenagers. The magazine was first published in the United Kingdom. It ran from 1978 to 2006 and was issued fortnightly for most of that time. The name survives as a brand for a related spin-off digital television channel, digital radio station, and website which have survived the end of the printed magazine.
Liga I

**Liga I** (previously called **Divizia A**) is the top division association football league in Romania.

## Results

|width=60|Season|width=180|Winner|width=180|Runner-up|width=180|Third Place|width=|Note|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2006–07|Dinamo București (18)|Steaua București|CFR Cluj|||||||
|2007–08|CFR Cluj (1)|Steaua București|Rapid Bucureşti|||||||
|2008–09|Unirea Urziceni (1)|FC Timișoara|Dinamo București|||||||
|2009–10|CFR Cluj (2)|Unirea Urziceni|FC Vaslui|||||||
|2010–11|Oțelul Galați (1)|FC Timișoara|FC Vaslui|||||||
|2011–12|CFR Cluj (3)|FC Vaslui|Steaua Bucureşti|||||||
|2012–13|Steaua București (24)|Pandurii Târgu Jiu|Petrolul Ploieşti|||||||
|2013–14|Steaua București (25)|Astra Giurgiu|Petrolul Ploiești|||||||
|2014–15|Steaua București (26)|ASA Târgu Mureş|CFR Cluj|||||||
|2015–16|Astra Giurgiu (1)|Steaua București|Pandurii Târgu Jiu|||||||
|2016–17|Viitorul Constanța (1)|Steaua București|Astra Giurgiu|||||||
|2017–18||||||||||

## Other websites

- Romanian Professional Football League official website
- Results and statistics since 1932

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: Liga I
- **country**: Romania
- **confederation**: UEFA
- **founded**: 1909
- **level**: 1
- **number of teams**: 16
- **relegation to**: Liga II
- **current champions**: FCSB
- **season**: 2024/25
- **most successful club**: CSA Steaua București (football), Steaua București (21 titles)
- **current season**: 2024–25 Liga I
Data integrity

**Data integrity** is a term used in computer science and telecommunications that can mean:
- Making sure that data is "whole" or complete.
- The conditions by which data are maintained during any operation (such as transfer, storage or retrieval).
- The correct storage of data for further use.
- The rules for measuring data quality.

Simply, data integrity is to make sure that data is "consistent" and "correct".
Cryptosystem

There are two different meanings of the word **cryptosystem**.
- One is used by the cryptographic community.
- The other is a general meaning which is how the word **cryptosystem** is understood by the public.

## General meaning

In this meaning, the term cryptosystem is used as shorthand,  or as an abbreviation for "cryptographic system". A cryptographic system is any computer system that involves cryptography. Such systems include for instance, a system for secure electronic mail which might include methods for digital signatures, cryptographic hash functions, key management techniques, and so on.

## Meaning in the cryptographic community

In this meaning, a cryptosystem refers to a set of algorithms needed to implement a method of encryption and decryption.

Typically, a cryptosystem consists of three algorithms:
1. Key generation algorithm.
1. Encryption algorithm.
1. Decryption algorithm.

The term _cipher_ (sometimes _cypher_) is often used to refer to a pair of (encryption/decryption) algorithms. Therefore, the term "cryptosystem" is most often used when the key generation algorithm is important.  For this reason, the term "cryptosystem" is commonly used to refer to public key techniques; however both "cipher" and "cryptosystem" are used for symmetric key techniques.

## "Cryptographic system" vs. "cryptosystem"

The _Internet Security Glossary_ RFC 2828 advises against using the term "cryptosystem", giving the following definitions.
- cryptosystem
- (D) ISDs SHOULD NOT use this term as an abbreviation for cryptographic system. (For justification, see: crypto.)
- crypto
- ISDs SHOULD NOT use this abbreviated term because it may be misunderstood. Instead, use "cryptography" or "cryptographic".
Serpent (cipher)

**Serpent** is a  symmetric key block cipher which was the second finalist in the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) contest after Rijndael. Serpent was designed by Ross Anderson, Eli Biham, and Lars Knudsen.

Serpent has a block size of 128 bits and supports a key size of 128, 192 or 256 bits. The cipher is a 32-round substitution-permutation network operating on a block of four 32-bit words.  Each round applies one of eight 4-bit by 4-bit S-boxes 32 times in parallel. Serpent was designed so that all operations can be executed in parallel, using 32 1-bit slices.  This maximizes parallelism, but also allows use of the extensive cryptanalysis work performed on DES.

Serpent was widely viewed as a more traditional approach to security than the other AES finalists choosing a larger security margin: the designers estimated 16 rounds to be sufficient against known types of attack, but specified 32 rounds as insurance against future progress in cryptanalysis.

The Serpent cipher has not been patented. It is completely placed in the public domain and can be freely used by anyone.

## Rijndael vs. Serpent

1. Rijndael is a substitution-linear transformation network with 10, 12, or 14 rounds, depending on the key size, and with block sizes of 128 bits, 192 bits, or 256 bits, independently specified.
**Serpent** is a substitution-linear transformation network which has 32 rounds, plus an initial and a final permutation to simplify an optimized implementation.
1. The round function in **Rijndael** consists of: a nonlinear layer, a linear mixing layer, and a key-mixing XOR layer.
The round function in **Serpent** consists of: key-mixing XOR, thirty-two parallel process of the same 4x4 S-box, and a linear transformation, except in the last round, in which another key-mixing XOR replaces the linear transformation.
1. The nonlinear layer in **Rijndael** uses an 8x8 S-box.
The nonlinear layer in **Serpent** uses 8 different 4x4 S-boxes.

The 32 rounds make Serpent more secure than Rijndael; however, Rijndael with 10 rounds is faster and easier to implement for small Block ciphers and on embedded system. For that reason, Rijndael was selected as the winner in the AES competition.

## Security

The XSL attack, if effective and would weaken Serpent (though not as much as it would weaken Rijndael, which became AES). However, many cryptanalysts believe that if implementations considered to overcome the XSL attack, the XSL attack would be more difficult than a brute force attack.

## Other websites

- Serpent homepage
- SCAN's entry for Serpent
- In Pellicano Case, Lessons in Wiretapping Skills NYTimes May 5 2008
Pretty Good Privacy

**Pretty Good Privacy** (PGP) is a computer program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication. PGP is often used for signing, encrypting and decrypting electronic mails (e-mails) to increase the security of e-mail communications. It was originally created by Phil Zimmermann in 1991.

PGP and other similar products follow the **OpenPGP** standard (RFC 4880) for encrypting and decrypting data.

### OpenPGP implementations

- PGP Corporation
- GNU Privacy Guard
- cGeep Pro
- OpenPGP::SDK
- Authora Inc.
- McAfee Inc.
- Feneris Solutions Inc. Canada
- EasyByte Cryptocx - Component
- Veridis
- Legion of The Bouncy Castle
- BSD Privacy Guard
- Prime Factors Inc.
- Oxford Brookes Secure Email Proxy

### Support

- PGP Corporation Support Forum  community support plus contributions from PGP Support staff
- Phil Zimmermann's Home Page
- MIT Public Key Directory for Registration and Search
- List of public keyservers
- IETF OpenPGP working group
- OpenPGP Alliance
Weak key

In cryptography, a **weak key** is a key which when used with a specific cipher, makes the cipher behave in some undesirable way, and simplifies breaking (cracking) the ciphertext.

Weak keys usually represent a very small fraction of the overall key space, which means that if someone generates a random key to encrypt a message, it is a rare condition that weak keys will cause a security problem.  However, it is considered a good design for a cipher to have no weak keys ("quality chiper"). A cipher with no weak keys is said to have a _flat_, or _linear_,  key space.

## Examples of 128-Bits weak keys

- All zeros (0x0000000000000000)
- All ones (0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF)
- Alternating '1' + '0' (0x0101010101010101)
- Alternating 'F' + 'E' (0xFEFEFEFEFEFEFEFE)
- Alternating 'E' + '1' (0xE1E1E1E1F0F0F0F0) or (0x1E1E1E1E0F0F0F0F)
XSL attack

In cryptography, the **XSL attack** is a method of cryptanalysis for block ciphers. The attack was first published in 2002 by researchers Nicolas Courtois and Josef Pieprzyk.  It was claimed that it may break the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) cipher faster than a brute force attack.

AES is already widely used in commerce and government for the transmission of secret and classified information. Finding a technique that can decrease the amount of time it takes to break the secret message without having the key could cause wide damage.

In 2004 it was shown by one of the cryptanalysts, that the algorithm does not perform as described in its published paper. In addition, the method requires long effort. Unless shortened, the technique does not reduce the effort to break AES in comparison to a brute force attack. Therefore, it does not affect the real-world security of block ciphers in the near future. However, the attack has caused some experts to insert complexities in the algebraic simplicity of the current AES.

The XSL attack relies on first analyzing the _internal design_ of a cipher then deriving a system of quadratic simultaneous equations. These systems of equations are typically very large, for example 8000 equations with 1600 variables for the 128-bit AES. Several methods for solving such systems are known. In the XSL attack, a specialized algorithm, termed **XSL** (**eXtended Sparse Linearization**), is then applied to solve these equations and compute the key.

The attack is well-known and famous for requiring only a handful of known plaintexts to perform. Previous methods of cryptanalysis, such as linear and differential cryptanalysis, often require unrealistically large numbers of known or chosen plaintexts, which make them impossible to realize.

## Other websites

- Courtois' page on AES
- "Quadratic Cryptanalysis",  an explanation of the XSL attack by J. J. G. Savard
- "AES is NOT broken" by T. Moh
- Courtois and Pieprzyk paper on ePrint
- Commentary in the _Crypto-gram_ newsletter: 1, 2, 3.
- An overview of AES and XSL
Sound the Alarm

***Sound the Alarm*** is the fifth studio album by the emo band Saves the Day. It was released by Vagrant Records on April 11, 2006. It was produced by Steve Evetts who also produced Saves the Day's first two albums, _Can't Slow Down_ and _Through Being Cool_. All of the album's lyrics were written by Chris Conley. It is their darkest album, and Chris wrote it about the black clouds in his life, and things that were eating him alive. This album was welcomed by many as something of a return to the band's classic sound, after the sonic departure of _In Reverie_ in 2003.

_Sound the Alarm_ reached number 67 on the Billboard 200 Album Chart.

_Sound the Alarm_ is part one of a three part concept that Conley described in an interview with Punknews.org. It is their trilogy about self discovery.

The "Head for the Hills" track is used on the soundtrack of the football video game _Madden NFL 07_.

## Track listing

1. "Head for the Hills" - 2:50
1. "The End" - 1:54
1. "Shattered" - 3:08
1. "Eulogy" - 3:22
1. "Dying Day" - 2:21
1. "34" - 2:22
1. "Say You'll Never Leave" - 2:20
1. "Diseased" - 2:12
1. "Don't Know Why" - 3:22
1. "Sound the Alarm" - 3:06
1. "Bones" 2:23
1. "Delusional" 2:07
1. "Hell Is Here" 3:36

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Sound the Alarm
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Saves the Day
- **released**: April 11, 2006
- **recorded**: 2005
- **genre**: indie rock, Emo
- **length**: 35:11
- **label**: Vagrant Records, Vagrant
- **producer**: Steve Evetts, Jesse Cannon
- **prev title**: Ups and Downs (album), Ups and Downs
(2004)
- **next title**: Under the Boards
(2007)