juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Throat

The **throat** is a part of the body. The throat is connected to the mouth at the top and to the stomach at the bottom. The throat is where food travels after being eaten and chewed by the teeth. Fluid drinks, such as water, also travel through the throat to the stomach and on to the rest of the body.

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Throat
- **latin**: :wikt:gula#Latin, gula
jugulum
- **image**: Throat anatomy diagram.svg
- **caption**: The human throat.
- **width**: 210
- **image2**: Medical X-Ray imaging EJE04 nevit.jpg
- **caption2**: X-ray showing the throat, seen as a dark band to the front of the spine.
Safe

The word **safe** has more than one meaning.
- **Safe** is the state a person or object is in when they are not in danger.
- In the sport of baseball, a player is **safe** after he gets to a base without being touched by another player with the baseball.
- A **safe** is a place where people put important things to protect them from fire, theft, or both. A safe is usually a box-shaped container with a lock (although safes designed to protect from fire only sometimes don't have a lock). It is usually heavy and made of a strong substance such as steel. It is designed to resist attack from crowbars, hammers, drills, and other tools.
Jelly

- _This article is for the dessert, Jelly. See **jam** for the condiment._
**Jelly** or **Gelatin desert** is a dessert item. It comes in different taste choices, or flavors, depending on what fruit or artificial flavor has been added. Jelly is a cold and solid food that is normally made from hot water and powder. The powder is made from gelatin and various additives.

Jelly can be added to foods like a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.

## Naming and Spelling

Depending on where you live, gelatin may be called different things. In the United States and Canada, jelly is often called 'Jell-O'.  Jell-O is a brand of gelatin that has become a generic, or typical, name for gelatin desert.  In Commonwealth Nations like the United Kingdom and New Zealand, almost all gelatin is called jelly. Also, it is spelled gelatine.

## 'Jell-O Shots'

Sometimes, alcohol is added to jelly. You can make jello shots with almost any type of alcohol. Jello shots can be served in small glasses and can be any color depending on the other ingredients put into the Jell-O shot. The jello shot is also known as the poison rainbow.
Biophysics

**Biophysics** is a science where the laws of physics are used to study biology, the science on life and living things. Unlike biochemistry and molecular biology, sciences where macromolecules or "large" groups of molecules are studied, biophysicists study single or small groups of molecules.

## Related pages

- Bionics
- Computational biology
- Database of Molecular Motions
- Nanotechnology
Macromolecule

A **macromolecule** is a molecule with a large number of atoms. The word is usually used only when describing polymers, molecules which are made up of smaller molecules called monomers. All organic monomers are based on carbon, usually with hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. There are inorganic macromolecules based on other monomers.

## Examples

- Proteins, composed of amino acids.
- Nucleic acids.
    - DNA, composed of nucleotides.
    - RNA, similarly composed, differently structured
- Carbohydrates, composed of monosaccharide sugars.
- Lipids or fats  composed of fatty acids and triglycerides.
- Nylon, composed of polyamides.
- Polythiazyl, composed of polymeric sulphur nitride (SN)<sub>x</sub>.
Dendrology

**Dendrology** is the science of trees and other woody plants (plants that make wood) such as shrubs or lianas. The word "dendrology" comes from Greek words δένδρον meaning "tree" and λόγος meaning "study".

Botany and dendrology are not very different, since woody plants come from many different plant families. Those families can also have species that are not woody. Dendrology usually focuses on identifying woody plants that are bought and sold. It also focuses on how all the woody plants taxonomically relate to each other. Dendrologists study species that are native in the area, and species that are not native in the area.

Dendrology used to include the natural history of woody species in specific areas, but that is now under ecology. Dendrologists also help to conserve woody plants that are endangered.
Entomology

**Entomology** is the science of insects. People who study insects are called entomologists. Insects have been studied since prehistoric times, but it was not until as early as the 16th century that insects were scientifically studied.

Some entomologists study how insects are related to each other. Others study how insects live and reproduce because we do not know very much about some kinds of insects. Other entomologists study ways to keep insects away from crops that people use for food. There are billions of unknown species throughout the world and taxonomists categorize the newly found.

Entomologists meet to talk about their study of insects and to share ideas, just as all scientists do.

## Related pages

- Arachnology
Henry III of England

**Henry III** (1 October 1207 — 16 November 1272), also known as **Henry of Winchester** and nicknamed **the Pious**, **the Wise** and later **the Saint**. was the King of England from 1216 until his death in 1272. He was considered one of England's best kings. His long and mostly-successful 56-year reign was the longest in mediaeval English history.

Throughout his reign, England would experience peace, stability and prosperity. Henry was extremely helpful, pious, and religious. He helped the poor people in England. He upgraded Westminster Abbey and reisssued Magna Carta. However in 1258, Henry became unpopular, as the barons forced him to give up some of his power to them. In 1263, Simon de Montfort, a baron who was Henry's brother-in-law by he married one of Henry's sisters, defeated and imprisoned him and became the disputed ruler of the country. However, Henry, with the help of his son, Crown Prince Edward, managed to escape captivity, and Montfort was killed. Henry regained his powers from the barons, which made him popular again. However, in 1264, the barons rebelled against him and started the Second Barons' War. However, Henry defeated the barons again in 1267.

Henry continued to be helpful, pious and religious by continuing to help the poor. He continued to rebuild Westminster Abbey and to improve life and health care in England.

In early 1272, Henry's health started to decline, and in November of that year, he died at the age of 65. He was buried at Westminster Abbey.

Because Henry was such a religious person, he was canonised only two months after his death on 26 February 1273 by Pope Gregory X. Many historians view Henry as a weak but great king overall.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Henry III
- **image**: Henry III of England - Illustration from Cassell's History of England - Century Edition - published circa 1902.jpg
- **caption**: Henry III - Illustration from Cassell's History of England
- **succession**: List of English monarchs, King of England
- **moretext**: (Style of the British sovereign#English sovereigns, more...)
- **reign**: October 19, 1216 — November 16, 1272
- **predecessor**: John of England, John
- **successor**: Edward I of England, Edward I
- **house**: House of Plantagenet, Plantagenet
- **father**: John of England
- **mother**: Isabella of Angoulême
- **birth place**: Winchester Castle, Hampshire
- **death place**: Palace of Westminster, London
- **burial place**: Westminster Abbey
- **religion**: Catholic Church, Roman Catholicism


## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Henry III of England
- **titles**: Saint, Defender of the Faith, Protector of the Weak, King
- **canonized date**: 26 February 1273
- **canonized place**: Rome
- **canonized by**: Pope Gregory X
- **major shrine**: Westminster Abbey, London
- **feast day**: 16 November
- **venerated in**: Catholic Church and Church of England
- **patronage**: England, Monarchy of the United Kingdom
Cell nucleus

The **cell nucleus** (plural: cell nuclei) contains the cell's genes and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. It has a double layered nuclear membrane round it. The nucleus is usually the most prominent organelle in a cell. The nucleus is small and round, and works as the cell's control center. It contains chromosomes which house the DNA. The human body contains billions of cells, most of which have a nucleus.

All eukaryote organisms have nuclei in their cells, even the many eukaryotes that are single-celled. Bacteria and Archaea, which are prokaryotes, are single-celled organisms of a different type and do not have nuclei. Cell nuclei were first found by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century.

The nucleus has a membrane around it but the things inside it do not. Inside it are many proteins, RNA molecules, chromosomes and the nucleolus. In the nucleolus ribosomes are put together. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA into proteins.

When a cell is dividing or preparing to divide, the chromosomes become visible with a light microscope. At other times when the chromosomes are not visible, the nucleolus will be visible.

## Nuclear membrane

Large molecules cannot get through the double-layer nuclear membrane. However, nuclear pores exist. They control the movement of molecules across the membrane. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel. The larger molecules are actively transported by carrier proteins, and there is free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes.

## Nucleolus

Within the nucleus is a structure called a nucleolus. It is made at a nucleolus organizer region (NOR). This is a chromosomal region around which the nucleolus forms. Inside the nucleolus ribosomes are made. These are exported through the nuclear pore complexes to the cytoplasm. There they  work to build proteins. They become attached to the endoplasmic reticulum if they are making membrane proteins.
Scotland Yard

**Scotland Yard** (officially **New Scotland Yard**) is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London.

## Duties

This police force is responsible for the security in Greater London. They are not responsible for the square mile of the City of London, which is covered by the City of London Police. Also, they are not responsible for the London Underground and National Rail networks, which are the responsibility of the British Transport Police.

The name "New Scotland Yard" comes from the original Metropolitan Police headquarters at 4 Whitehall Place. This had a rear entrance on a street called Great Scotland Yard. The Scotland Yard entrance became the public entrance to the police station, and over time the street and the Metropolitan Police became synonymous.

_The New York Times_ wrote that, just as Wall Street gave its name to New York's financial district, Scotland Yard became the name for police activity in London.

## Buildings

The force moved from Great Scotland Yard in 1890 to a newly completed building on the Victoria Embankment right next to the Ministry of Defence. The name "New Scotland Yard" was adopted for the new headquarters. An adjacent building was completed in 1906. A third building was added in 1940.

In 1967, the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) moved its headquarters from the three-building complex to a tall, newly constructed building on Broadway in Victoria. In summer 2013, it was announced that the force would move to a building on New Scotland Yard's previous site (1890–1967). The headquarters were renamed as 'Scotland Yard.' In November 2016, MPS moved to its new headquarters.
The words "New Scotland Yard" (in tall letters) can be seen in a photograph of the front of the building.

### 4 Whitehall Place

The Metropolitan Police was formed by Robert Peel with the implementation of the Metropolitan Police Act, passed by Parliament in 1829. Peel selected the original site on Whitehall Place for the new police headquarters. Previously a private house, 4 Whitehall Place () backed onto a street called Great Scotland Yard.

New Scotland Yard is in a 20-storey office block on Broadway and Victoria Street in Westminster, about 450 metres away from the Houses of Parliament. The famous rotating sign, which is seen on television and in films, is outside the main doors on Broadway.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Scotland Yard
- **native name**: New Scotland Yard
- **image**: New Scotland Yard sign.jpg
- **image caption**: The iconic sign outside the New Scotland Yard building on Victoria Embankment, City of Westminster.
- **address**: * (1829–1890) 4 Whitehall Place, St James's, City of Westminster

* (1890–1967) Norman Shaw Buildings, Victoria Embankment, Victoria, London, Victoria, City of Westminster
* (1967–2016) 8-10 Broadway, London, Broadway, City of Westminster
* (2016–present) New Scotland Yard (building), New Scotland Yard, Victoria Embankment, Victoria, London, Victoria, City of Westminster
- **location city**: City of Westminster, Greater London
Buckingham Palace

**Buckingham Palace** is a palace in London. It is in the City of Westminster, in central London.

The Palace is the main official residence where the British monarch lives and works. The palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.

Buckingham Palace was built in 1703 by John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normandy, as a townhouse residence in London. It was bought by the British royal family in 1761. It became the official London home of the family in 1837 and was greatly expanded in the 19th century. It has 775 rooms, 19 staterooms, and 79 bathrooms. Leading up to it is a ceremonial road called The Mall. A German bomb damaged the Palace during the London blitz.

The Palace's guard is changed every day at 11:01am.
Amherst, Massachusetts

**Amherst** is a town in the American state of Massachusetts. It is in Hampshire County. There are three colleges in Amherst. It is named after Sir Jeffrey Amherst. It has a population of about 40,000 people.

## Other websites

- Town of Amherst Official Site
- University of Massachusetts Amherst
- Amherst College
- Hampshire College
- Amherst Bulletin newspaper
- Amherst Area Chamber of Commerce

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Amherst, Massachusetts
- **official name**: Town of Amherst
- **nickname**: "The People's Republic of Amherst"
- **image seal**: Seal of Amherst, Massachusetts.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Amherst, Massachusetts.png
- **image map**: Amherst_ma_highlight.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Hampshire County in Massachusetts
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Massachusetts
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Massachusetts, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hampshire County, Massachusetts, Hampshire
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1703
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: February 13, 1759
- **named for**: Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst
- **government type**: Council–manager
- **area total km2**: 71.8
- **area land km2**: 71.5
- **area water km2**: 0.3
- **population as of**: 2020
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in Massachusetts, City
- **population total**: 39263
- **population density km2**: 549.1
- **elevation m**: 90
- **elevation ft**: 295
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 01002, 01003 (UMass), 01004 (post office boxes), 01059 (North Amherst post office)
- **area code**: Area code 413, 413
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 25-01325
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0618195
Conservative (disambiguation)

**Conservative** means wishing or tending to save something old. Thus, culturally conservative is saving cultural heritage. Other kinds of conservative include:
- Conservative, political view.
    - Conservatism
    - Conservative Party (Empire of Brazil)
    - Conservative Party (UK)
    - Conservatives in the United States
    - Conservative Party of Canada
Pierre de Fermat

**Pierre de Fermat** (17 August 1601 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the _Parlement_ of Toulouse, southern France, and a mathematician. Many people see him as the father of modern calculus.

His method of finding the biggest and smallest ordinates of curved lines also makes him a contributor to differential calculus, which was not known at that time. His studies in the theory of numbers give him the rank of the founder of the modern theory. He also made notable contributions to analytic geometry, probability and optics.

He is also famous for making a simple mathematical statement (known as Fermat's Last Theorem) that he said he could prove, but he never wrote down his proof. Mathematicians tried to prove it for hundreds of years before finally managing it. Fermat probably did not really have a proof for this theorem, and only thought he did.

He proposed his principle on light which states that light selects the path which takes least time to travel.This principle was famous as Fermat principle.
Optimism

**Optimism** is a philosophy and a way of life. Optimists believe that the world is generally a positive place to be in. In the view of an optimist, people and things are good. Many liberal optimists do not believe in original sin.

Optimism basically looks on the positive side, believing things will work out in the end. When a person is optimistic, it doesn't mean that they never doubt themselves. They might have a bad day or two. They recognize that they can make things better; there is a lesson to be learned from this, and they will move on.

The opposing theory is called pessimism. Gottfried Leibnitz was a famous optimist. Arthur Schopenhauer is often considered to be a famous pessimist.

Optimism is associated with the idea of a glass looking "half full", instead of looking "Half empty". Optimism is also a habit of looking on the bright side of a situation.
Pessimism

**Pessimism** is an attitude of mind and a way to look at life. Pessimists believe that generally things are bad, and the world people live in is the worst possible world.

Someone who uses the philosophy is called a pessimist, they are the opposite of an optimist.

An example of pessimism is seeing that a glass of water is "half empty", not "half full".

## Related pages

- Antinatalism
- Childfree
- _Ecclesiastes_
- Existential crisis
- Emil Cioran
- Giacomo Leopardi
- Arthur Schopenhauer
- Misanthropy
- Nihilism
Fenrir

In Norse mythology, **Fenrir** (Old Norse: “he who dwells in the marshes”), also known as **Fenrisúlfr** (Old Norse: “Fenrir's wolf”), or **Vanargand** ("Monster of the River Van"), is a giant, monstrous wolf, son of Loki and the giantess Angrboða, and the brother of Hel and Jörmungandr.

Fenrir was tied up by the gods but was destined to break free from his bonds and devour Odin during Ragnarök, after which he is killed by Odin's son, Víðarr.

Fenrir has two sons, Hati ('hate') and Skoll.

## The Legend of Fenrir

Odin found out about a prophecy that the children of Loki and Angora would cause trouble for the gods. He had Fenrir brought to him along with its brother Jörmungandr and its sister Hel.

After throwing Jörmungandr into the sea and sending Hel into the land of the dead, Odin had the wolf raised among the Æsir. Only the god Týr was brave enough to feed the growing monster. The wolf got stronger and stronger. The gods were scared that he would eventually destroy them. They tried to chain it up. He agreed to be chained two times. Both times he easily broke the chains.

Odin had the dwarfs make the chain Gleipnir ("deceiver" or "entangler"). It looked like a silken ribbon but was made of six magical ingredients: the sound of a cat's step, the beard of a woman, the roots of a mountain, bear's sensibility, fish's breath, and bird's spittle.

The gods challenged Fenrir to break this chain as well. The wolf saw how thin and well made Gleipnir was and thought it was a trick. He agreed to try and break the chain, but only if one of the gods would put his hand in the wolf's mouth. He believed this would force them to free him if he could not break the chain. Only Týr was willing to put his hand in the wolf's mouth. Fenrir tried to break the chain. The more he tried, the tighter the chain held him. When the gods would not free him, the wolf bit off Týr's hand at the wrist.

It is said that at Ragnarök, the wolf will break free. He will join forces with the enemies of the gods and will then eat Odin. After that Viðarr, Odin's son, will slay that wolf to avenge his father's death.

## Other names and spellings

- Fenrisúlfr
- Vanargand, (anglicized), "Monster of The River"
- Hróðvitnir, 'the famous wolf'
- Fenris Wolf (an English translation of _Fenrisulfr_)
- Fenrisulf (an Anglicized form)
- Fenris (not found in the Old Norse sources)
- Fenrisulven (modern Norwegian, Swedish and Danish form)pir
- Fenrisúlvur (Faroese)
Russell Crowe

**Russell Ira Crowe** (born 7 April 1964) is an actor with New Zealand citizenship who lives in Australia. He is most well known for the movie _Gladiator_. This movie gave him his fame in America. He won the academy award (Oscar) for Best actor in 2001, for acting in _Gladiator_. He also starred as Jor-El in the 2013 movie _Man of Steel_.

Crowe had attended Auckland Grammar School before moving to Australia.

He is married to Danielle Spencer. She is an Australian singer, songwriter and actress. They have two sons, Charles Spencer Crowe (born 2003) and Tennyson Spencer Crowe (born 2006).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Russell Crowe
- **image**: Russell_Crowe_at_diff_in_2015.jpg
- **caption**: Crowe at the Dublin International Film Festival in 2015
- **birthname**: Russell Ira Crowe
- **birth place**: Wellington, New Zealand
- **occupation**: Actor
- **citizenship**: New Zealand
- **years active**: 1972–present
- **spouse**: Danielle Spencer (Australian actress), Danielle Spencer
(m. 2003-present)
- **children**: Charles Spencer Crowe (b. 2003)
Tennyson Spencer Crowe (b. 2006)
- **known for**: * **Decimus Meridius** in _Gladiator (movie), Gladiator_
* **John Forbes Nash Jr.** in _A Beautiful Mind (movie), A Beautiful Mind_
* **Robin Longstride / Robin Hood** in _Robin Hood (2010 movie), Robin Hood_
* **Jor-El** in _Man of Steel (movie), Man of Steel_
- **height**: 6’0
- **parents**: John Crowe
Jocelyn (née Wemyss)
- **awards**: **Academy Awards**
* Academy Award for Best Actor, Best Actor
:2000 _Gladiator (movie), Gladiator_
**Golden Globe Awards**
* Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama, Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama
:2002 _A Beautiful Mind (movie), A Beautiful Mind_
**BAFTA Awards**
* BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Best Actor in a Leading Role
:2001 _A Beautiful Mind_
**AFI Awards**
* Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Actor in a Supporting Role
:1991 _Proof (1991 movie), Proof_
* Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Best Actor in a Leading Role
:1992 _Romper Stomper_
* Global Achievement Award
:2001
* Australian Movie Institute International Award for Best Actor, Best Actor - International
:2005 _Cinderella Man_
**SAG Awards**
* Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role - Motion Picture, Outstanding Actor - Motion Picture
:2001 _A Beautiful Mind_
**Broadcast Movie Critics Association Award for Best Actor, Critics Choice Award for Best Actor**
:1999 _The Insider (movie), The Insider_
:2000 _Gladiator_
:2001 _A Beautiful Mind_
* **National Board of Review Award for Best Actor, NBR Award for Best Actor**
:1999 _The Insider_
Renin

**Renin** is an enzyme that is made by the kidneys. It is released into the circulatory system to raise blood pressure. This causes more blood to be sent to the kidneys.

## Related pages

- Peptide hormone
Knight

A **knight** is a person who is given an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch, church, or country.

During the Middle Ages, knights were professional heavy cavalry soldiers.  Knights were the best soldiers in the kingdom. They fought for lords or nobles, and got land in return. They thought honour was very important, and they had a code of honour called chivalry.  A knight usually had a coat of arms, also called an armorial achievement.

Although they no longer fight as elite warriors, knights still exist. Today, King Charles III names Knights of the Commonwealth Realms.

## Knights in the Middle Ages

Knights were first used in the 8th century in the late Roman armies.<sup>[_citation needed_]</sup> The era of the knights lasted until the 16th century.  After that, national armies replaced feudal armies. Many knights were recruited as officers in the new armies.

## Knights today

Modern-day Knights of the Commonwealth Realms are named by the British monarch, King Charles III.  To knight a person, he taps their shoulders with the flat side of a sword during a ceremony.  Bill Gates, Clint Eastwood, Michael Caine, Elton John, and George H.W. Bush have all been knighted.

Some British orders of knighthood still exist, like the Order of the British Empire. Today, knights are called “Sir” followed by their first name.

Many members of nobility are descended from knights. For example, Wijerd Jelckama is descended from a knight who died at the siege of Antioch in 1199.

## Related pages

- Heraldry
- Knight Bachelor
- Order of the Garter
- Feudalism
- Manorialism
Kuiper belt

The **Kuiper belt** is an area of the Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune (at 30 astronomical units) to 50 AU from the Sun.

The objects within the Kuiper Belt together with the members of the _scattered disk_ beyond, are together called trans-Neptunian.

Many objects such as dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt are much bigger than the ones in the asteroid belt and are round. At least some Kuiper belt objects are icebound.

The first objects in the Kuiper belt to be found were Pluto and Charon but the belt was only identified and named in 1992 when more **Kuiper belt objects** (**KBOs**) were found. A few thousand have since been discovered and more than 70,000 KBOs over 100 km (62 mi) in diameter are thought to exist.
Mole

**Moles** are small mammals adapted to a burrowing (under the ground) lifestyle. This lifestyle is called _fossorial_.

Moles are found in North America, Europe and Asia. They eat insects, larvae or worms. Moles have velvety, soft fur. They have powerful front paws so they can dig. A mole has an extra thumb.

The family includes the shrew moles and the desmans. There are
three subfamilies, 17 genera and 46 species in total in this very common group of mammals. Moles have poor vision.

The largest type of mole is the Russian desman. The smallest type of mole is the American shrew mole.

## Related pages

- Marsupial mole
Terence Tao

**Terence Chi-Shen Tao**  (born 17 July 1975) is a Chinese-Australian mathematician who currently resides in the United States. In 2006, Tao won the Fields Medal for his work in number theory. Tao shared the award with three other mathematicians. He also won the FRS in 2007. He is known for his studies in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, combinatorics, analytic number theory and representation theory. Tao teaches math at UCLA.

## Life

Tao was born in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. His parents are Han. Tao is the youngest person to be in the International Mathematical Olympiad.

Ever since he was a young child he had shown great skills in mathematics and logic.
His father claimed that at the age of 2, during a family gathering, the infant Tao taught a 5-year-old child mathematics and English. According to Smithsonian Online Magazine, Tao taught himself arithmetic by the age of two. When asked by his father how he knew numbers and letters, he said he learned them from "Sesame Street". Aside from English, Tao speaks fluent Cantonese, but does not write Chinese. He was promoted to a full professor at age 24. He currently lives with his wife and son in Los Angeles, California.

## Other websites

- Terence Tao's home page
- Clay Research Award Announcement
- Australian wins highest maths prize , by Charisse Ede, August 22, 2006, from AAP
- BBC story
- New York Times story
- Mozart of Maths, Sydney Morning Herald, Deborah Smith, August 26, 2006.
- Maths Architect of Beauty , Seed Magazine, by Jordan Ellenberg, Posted September 21, 2006
Fritz Lang

**Fritz Lang** (5 December 1890 – 2 August 1976) was an Austrian director, screenwriter, and movie producer. His movies include _Metropolis_ and _M_. He is one of the most famous German expressionist filmmakers.

Lang was born in Vienna. He died in Beverly Hills, California.

## Other websites

- Biographie
- Senses of Cinema - Biography
- Lang and Metropolis - the first Science Fiction film
- Interview with Fritz Lang from 1967
Scattered disc

The **scattered disc** (or **scattered disk**) is a distant part of the solar system. The area has small icy minor planets known as **scattered disc objects** (SDOs).  The part of the scattered disc closest to the sun is in an area of space called the Kuiper belt. The Oort cloud lies beyond the scattered disc. The first SDO was found in 1995 by Spacewatch.

The scattered disc is still not understood well. Astronomers believe that it was created when objects in the Kuiper belt were "scattered" by the gravity of the outer planets, mainly Neptune. Unlike most objects in the Solar System which move in a round and flat path, scattered disc objects go every which way. Different SDOs have different orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination.
Flatworm

**Flatworms** (**Platyhelminthes**, Greek "platy"': flat; "helminth": worm) are a phylum of invertebrates. They are relatively simple animals. They have soft bodies.

With about 25,000 known species, they are the largest phylum of animals without a body cavity.  Flatworms can be found in marine, freshwater, and even damp terrestrial environments.

A troublesome terrestrial example is the New Zealand flatworm, _Arthurdendyus triangulatus_.  It is an invasive species which colonized large areas of Ireland and Scotland. It was brought there by accident in the 1960s. Since then, it has destroyed most of the indigenous earthworms.

Most free-living flatworms found in Britain are very small ranging from 5mm to less than 1 cm. They are usually black and can easily be mistaken for debris. These are mostly found in freshwater rivers or streams and are of the Turbellaria class.

Most flatworms (over 50%) are parasitic on other animals. There are four classes:
- Trematoda (Flukes): internal parasites.
- Cestoda (Tapeworms): internal parasites.
- Monogenea: external parasites.
and
- Turbellaria: free-living flatworms, sometimes called 'Planarians'. _Planaria_ is actually a genus.

Flatworms are one of the invertebrate groups which are studied in school biology. The main reason for this is that they may infect humans, pets and farmyard animals. Some do enormous harm to humans and their livestock. Schistosomiasis, caused by one genus of trematodes, is the second most devastating of all human diseases caused by parasites, surpassed only by malaria.  Effective treatments are now available for these infections. Also, in first-world countries, regulations on domestic cattle prevent infected meat from reaching the human hosts.

## Related pages

- List of animal phyla
- _Fasciola hepatica_
- _Planaria_
Trematode

The **Trematodes** are a class of flatworms in the phylum Platyhelminthes. They are called **flukes**, and are internal parasites of molluscs and vertebrates. Most trematodes have a complex life cycle with at least two hosts. The primary host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate. The intermediate host, which is the agent of dispersal, is usually a snail.

The trematodes or flukes are estimated to include 18,000 to 24,000 species.
Fluke

**Fluke** can refer to different things:
- A type of flatfish, esp. the flounder
- A type of flatworm, the Trematodes
- The tail of a whale, porpoise, or dolphin
- An unusual outcome or event that is unlikely to happen again, such as a bad player scoring an unexpected goal, or something unknown making a science experiment give a strange result.
Monogenea

**Monogenea** are a type of flatworm. They are parasites which means that they always need another creature to live on. They live on the outside of their host. Some parasites, like tapeworms, live on the inside of a larger creature.

## Ecology and life cycle

Monogenea are especially common on the skin, fins and gills of fish. Less commonly, they can be found in the urinary bladder and rectum of cold-blooded vertebrates. No types of Monogenea infect birds, but one (_Oculotrema hippopotami_) infects mammals. It is a parasite in the eye of a hippopotamus.

Monogenea are usually hermaphrodites. This means that they have both sexes. First they are males, and only later do they become females as well. They have direct life-cycles with no asexual reproduction (unlike the Digenea). In those types of Monogenea that lay eggs, the young ones grow to a larval stage called an _oncomiracidium_. It is at the _larva_ stage that they are able to travel from one host creature to another. When they are adults, Monogenea eat the blood, mucus, and epithelial cells of their host creature.
Turbellaria

**Turbellaria** are a class of free-living flatworms. Most of them are carnivores. They actively search for food. Most of them are small, less than 60 cm in size. Almost all of them are aquatic. Some also live on land, in damp places.

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Bifröst

In Norse mythology, **Bifröst** is the bridge between the land of mortals, Midgard, and the land of the gods, Asgard. The gods cross it every day to meet and decide things at Urdarbrunn (Well of Urd) under the tree Yggdrasill. The bridge is a rainbow. It was built by the Æsir and is guarded by the god Heimdall.

Only the thunder god Thor was not allowed to use the rainbow, because he may break it. The bridge will be destroyed at the end of the world, Ragnarök, when the relentless army of giants and the dead run on it to attack Asgard.

Alternative names: **Bilröst**, **Ásbrú**, **Bifrost**.
Mendoza Province

**Mendoza** is a Province of Argentina. It is in the region called Cuyo. The province borders San Juan in the north, San Luis and La Pampa in the east, Neuquén in the south, and Chile to the west.

It is the major wine producer of Argentina and has many other crops. It has the highest mountain in the country, Aconcagua.

Mendoza has a population of 1,579,651 people (2001). Spanish is the main language but many people also speak English, Italian and Portuguese.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Mendoza Ministry of Tourism and Culture
- Discover Mendoza - Turism in Mendoza
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
- Map of Mendoza
- Pictures of Mendoza
- Mendoza at the Great Wine Capitals
Dosimeter

A **dosimeter** is a tool that can measure different levels of hazardous environments. Common dosimeters are those used for sound (They measure how loud a certain noise is) and radiation (they measure how much radiation there is in an environment).

There are many uses for dosimeters. For example, workers in nuclear power plants use them to track their radiation exposure. Doctors, especially ones using X-rays, use them too.

## Related pages

- Geiger counter
Geiger counter

A **Geiger counter** (sometimes called **Geiger-Müller counter**) is an instrument that measures ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. It is best known as a hand held radiation survey instrument, but it can also be used as a bench instrument or permanently installed.

The original operating principle was discovered in 1908 and since the subsequent development of the Geiger-Müller tube in 1928 the counter has been a very popular instrument due to its robust sensing detector and element and relatively low cost.

## Principle of operation

The radiation sensor is a Geiger-Müller tube which gives out an electronic signal when radiation is present.
The readout is counts or radiation dose. The counts display is commonly "counts per second". Radiation dose rate is displayed in a unit such as the sievert.

The readout can be analogue or digital, and modern instruments have communications with a computer or network.

There is usually an option to produce audible  representing the radiation intensity. This allows the user to concentrate on manipulation of the instrument without looking at the display.

## Types and applications

For alpha particles and low energy beta particles the "end window" type of GM tube is used as these particles have a limited range even in free air and are easily stopped by a solid material.

Geiger counters can be used to detect gamma radiation, and for this the windowless tube is used. A special type of the Geiger tube is used to measure neutrons.

### Physical design

For hand-held units there are two fundamental physical configurations: the "integral" unit, with both detector and electronics in the same unit, and the "two-piece" design which has a separate detector probe and an electronics module connected by a short cable.
There is a particular type of gamma instrument known as a "hot spot" detector which has the detector tube on the end of a long pole or flexible conduit. These are used to measure  high radiation gamma locations whilst protecting the operator by means of distance shielding.

## History

In 1908 Hans Geiger, developed a technique for detecting alpha particles that would later be used in the Geiger-Müller tube. This counter was only capable of detecting alpha particles but in 1928 Geiger and Walther Müller developed the sealed Geiger-Müller tube which could detect more types of ionizing radiation and it became a practical radiation sensor. Once this was available, Geiger counter instruments could be produced relatively cheaply.

## Related pages

- Dosimeter - Device used by personnel to measure radiation dose they have received
- Radioactive decay - Description of where much radiation originates from

## Other websites

- How a Geiger counter works.
Wide area network

A **worldwide area network**, or **WAN**, is made up of several computer networks connected together, often over the Internet. In most cases, the networks in WANs all belong to the all same company or school.

## Usage

WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide connections from an organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are often built using leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. Leased lines can be very expensive. Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built using less costly circuit switching or packet switching methods. Network protocols including TCP/IP deliver transport and addressing functions. Protocols including Packet over SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the "grandfather" of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of X.25 are still in use today (with upgrades) by Frame Relay.

## Studies

Academic research into wide area networks can be broken down into three areas: mathematical models, network emulation and network simulation.

## Improvements

Performance improvements are sometimes delivered via WAFS or WAN optimization.
Corporate network

A **corporate network** is a group of computers, connected together in a building or in a particular area, which are all owned by the same company or institutions.
Disk

A **disc** or **disk** generally refers to a round flat object, although the usage varies between different variants of English. Common types of disc include:

- Flying disc or, more specifically, a Frisbee, a disk-shaped toy
- Intervertebral disc, between the bones in the spines of vertebrates
- Parking disc, or parking disc machine
- Tax disc, a vehicle licence

## Audio and video recording media

- transcription disc (gramophone record or "phonograph record" in U.S. English)
- Optical disc, the most common of which are:
    - Compact Disc
    - Digital Versatile Disc or Digital Video Disc (DVD)
- Blu-ray Disc
- HD DVD

## Magnetic recording media

- Hard disk, also known as a _hard drive_
- Floppy disk, or _diskette_
- RAM disk
- Laserdisc
- MiniDisc
- Also (perhaps erroneously) to refer to tape drives and flash memory cards for both music and computer data

## Science

- Accretion disk, in astrophysics
- Protoplanetary disk
- Debris Disk
- Scattered disc
- Disc (galaxy)

## Acronyms

- The DISC assessment (or personal profile system), a psychological test
- DISCs  - _Domestic International Sales Corporations_ in US law
- Death Inducing Signaling Complex
- DİSK, the Confederation of Revolutionary Trade Unions of Turkey

## Related pages

- Discus throw
- Disco
- Disc jockey
- Disc brake, a type of brake
Noodle

**Noodles** are thin strips of pasta which are made from dough. The dough for the noodles can be made in different ways:
- _Egg noodles_ are made of eggs and wheat flour. Asian egg noodles, Italian type pastas or Reshteh are made this way.
- _Wheat noodles_- Mee pok, Lamian, Ramen, Udon, Champon, and Yakisoba-type noodles
- _Rice noodles_ - Asian bihun, Vietnamese Pho
- _Glass noodles_ are made of Mung bean or potato starch
- _Buckweat noodles_ - Japanese Soba
- _Ba mee_ - a noodle dish from Thailand

Noodles are usually cooked in boiling water. Sometimes, after boiling, noodles are fried in a pan with other ing
redients while being moved around in order to be mixed well, which is called stir frying.

## Kinds of noodles (especially in Japan)

- Ramen
- Udon chicken chow mein
- Spaghetti
- Linguine
- Soba
- Somen
- Tsukemen
- Cup noodle
Gaia Online

**Gaia Online** is a website created around anime and chatting. In Gaia, users can work on an online economy, chat with other people with the same interests, and even play online games found around the site. Also, you have to be 13 and older to join.

## Other websites

- Gaia Online
Jotunheim

**Jötunheimr** (or **Jotunheim**) is the land of the giants in the Norse mythology. Two kinds of giants (or Jotuns) live in Jötunheimr, rock giants and frost giants. From here they can attack the humans in Midgard and the gods in Asgard. Jotunheim is ruled by King Thrym.
Princess Leia

**Princess Leia Organa**, born **Leia Amidala Skywalker**, is a character from the _Star Wars_ universe. Leia was played by Carrie Fisher in the original three _Star Wars_ movies: _A New Hope_, _The Empire Strikes Back_, and _Return of the Jedi_. She is also a main character in many novels that are set in the _Star Wars_ universe.

## Character history

Organa is the daughter of Padmé Amidala and Anakin Skywalker. She has a twin brother, Luke Skywalker. Her mother died giving birth to her and her brother. The twins were taken at birth and given to different families to raise. Leia was raised by the family of Alderaan's Senator Bail Organa as his daughter.

Leia was in a romantic relationship with Han Solo and both have a child Ben Solo. Kylo Ren becomes evil and becomes the main villain in Star Wars sequel trilogy.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Princess Leia
- **image**: SWC4 - Costume Pageant- Princess Leia (514396508).jpg
- **caption**: Cosplay of Leia Organa.
- **series**: Star Wars
- **first**: _Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, Star Wars_ (1977)
- **creator**: George Lucas
- **alias**: Boushh (_Return of the Jedi_)
- **gender**: Female
- **spouse**: Han Solo
- **lbl21**: Homeworld
- **data21**: Alderaan
Polis Massa
Adriano Emperado

**Adriano Emperado** (June 16, 1926 - April 4, 2009) is a Filipino-Hawaiian martial artist. He is one of five martial artists who developed a system of self-defense called Kajukenbo.

## Childhood

As a young man in Honolulu, Hawaii, Emperado began his early training in the Filipino art of Escrima. That had a huge impact on his development of Kajukenbo. Emperado later became interested in Kenpo Karate. After years of training, he earned a fifth-degree black belt under the direction of William K.S Chow.

## Later life

The first school of Kajukenbo was directed by Adriano Emperado and his brother, Joe Emperado. In 1959, Emperado began combining Wushu into Kajukenbo. Adriano Emperado's life has been about teaching the martial arts. _Black Belt Magazine_ named him its Instructor of the Year 1991.
Paramaribo

**Paramaribo** (, nickname: **Par′bo**) is the capital city of Suriname. About 250,000 people live in the city. It is at the Suriname River about 15 km before the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean.

Paramirbo used to be called in French "Bourg nommé des Juifs" because so many Jewish people lived there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Paramaribo
- **nickname**: Par'bo
- **image skyline**: Paramaribo-Waterkant.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: The street Waterkant in Paramaribo
- **area total km2**: 182
- **population as of**: 2012 census
- **population total**: 240924
- **population density km2**: auto
- **pushpin map**: Suriname
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **map caption**: The location of Paramaribo in Suriname
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Suriname
- **subdivision type1**: Districts of Suriname, District
- **subdivision name1**: Paramaribo District
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1603
- **elevation m**: 3
- **timezone**: ART
- **utc offset**: -3
Ancient Domains of Mystery

***Ancient Domains of Mystery*** (***ADOM***) is a computer game. More specifically, it's a Roguelike.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: _Ancient Domains of Mystery_
- **developer**: Thomas Biskup
- **latest release version**: 1.12.1
- **latest release date**: 2015
- **operating system**: AmigaOS, BeOS, MS-DOS, Linux, Mac OS X, OS/2, Microsoft Windows, Windows
- **genre**: Roguelike
- **license**: Postcardware
- **website**: [http://www.ancientdomainsofmystery.com/ www.ancientdomainsofmystery.com], [http://www.adom.de/ www.adom.de]
Jagdterrier

**Jagdterriers** are a breed of dogs. Their full name is **Deutscher Jagdterrier**. This translates to German terrier to mean a hunting dog.
Erwin Schrödinger

**Erwin Schrödinger** (Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger, 12 August 1887, Vienna-Erdberg  4 January 1961, Vienna) was an Austrian physicist and theoretical biologist. He was one of the founding fathers of quantum theory and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933.

## Life

Schrödinger went to the Academic Gymnasium from 1898 to 1906.
Afterwards he studied mathematics and physics in Vienna and wrote his habilitation up from 1910.

He was a soldier in World War I. Afterwards he got professorships in Zürich, Jena, Breslau and Stuttgart. In 1920 he married.
In 1927 he went to Berlin to fellow Max Planck.

After the take-over of power by the Nazis, Schrödinger left Germany and got a new professorship in Oxford.
In 1933 he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Three years later he returned to Austria and became professor in Graz.
In 1938 he had to leave Austria, because the Nazis had taken over government.
He went to Dublin and became director of the School for Theoretical Physics.

In 1956 he returned to Vienna and got a professorship for Theoretical Physics.
He died of tuberculosis in 1961.

## Important work

Schrödinger's most important work is the wave mechanics – a formulation of quantum mechanics, and especially the Schrödinger equation. He also worked on the field of biophysics. He invented the concept of negentropy and helped to develop molecular biology.

## Related pages

- Schrödinger's cat

## Other websites

- Biography in the Österreichische Zentralbibliothek für Physik (Austrian Central Library of Physics)
- Original sound from the Austrian Mediathek: Erwin Schrödinger, Was ist Materie?
- Are there quantum jumps? (Schrödingers opinion on quantum physics 1950)