juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tibetan Muslims

The **Tibetan Muslims**, also known as the **Kachee** (**Kache**) in Tibet, are Tibetans who follow the religion of Islam. They are a minority in Tibet. The Tibetan word **Kachee** literally means **Kashmir** and Kashmir was known as **Kachee Yul** (Yul = Country) to the Tibetans. Islam in Tibet came through Kashmir.

Despite being in small number, Tibetan Muslims live throughout Tibet. Many of them can be found in Lhasa and Shigatse. Some also live outside the Tibet Autonomous Region. Ethnic groups such as the Baltipa and Purigpa are Tibetans too, and are known as Tibetan Muslims as well. These other groups, however, are mainly found in the Baltiyul, and Ladakh areas of Pakistan/India.

Extensive trade with Kashmir, Ladakh, and Baltistan also brought Muslims to Tibet especially after the adoption or growing presence of Islam in these regions starting from the fourteenth century. The ongoing growth of Muslims continued as an effect of the Tibetan-Ladakhi treaty of 1684 in which the Tibetan government allowed trade missions from Ladakh to enter Lhasa every three years. Many Kashmiri and Ladakhi Muslims joined these missions with some settling in Tibet.

During the reign of the Dalai Lama Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso (1617–1682), a permanent Muslim community settled down in Tibet. They were permitted to elect their own council of representatives, settle their group's legal disputes with Islamic law, and some land was donated to them for the construction of a mosque close to Lhasa. The community soon adopted aspects of Tibetan culture like dress, diet, and the Tibetan language.

## Related pages

- Islam in China
- Balti people, Muslims of Tibetan ancestry that live in Baltistan, Pakistan
- Purigpa, Muslims of Tibetan ancestry that live in Ladakh, Upper Indus Valley

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Tibetan Muslims
- **native name**: ,
- **image**: Muslim family of Amdo with Tibetan-style hats.jpg
- **image caption**: Tibetan Muslim family in Amdo, early 20th century
- **population**: 120,000-180,000
- **region1**: (Tibet Autonomous Region, Tibet AR)
- **pop1**: 5,000
- **region2**: (Kashmir division, Kashmir• Ladakh• Sikkim)
- **pop2**: 1,500+
- **pop3**: 400
- **languages**: Tibetan language, Tibetan • Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin • Kashmiri language, Kashmiri • English language, English
- **religions**: , Islam
- **related groups**: Tibetan people, Tibetan Buddhists • Balti people, Baltis • Purigpa
Lure, Haute-Saône

**Lure** is a French city in the Haute-Saône department in eastern France. About  people live there.
Burnout Paradise

***Burnout Paradise*** is the seventh video game of the Burnout series made by Criterion Games. It was released in January 2008 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and on February 5, 2009 on Microsoft Windows. It was also released on the PlayStation Store in September 2008. It has an open world set in the fictional Paradise City.

## Infobox (vg)

- **title**: Burnout Paradise
- **developer**: Criterion Games
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
- **engine**: RenderWare
- **released**: North America: January 22, 2008
Europe: January 25, 2008
- **genre**: Racing
- **modes**: Singleplayer, Multiplayer
- **platforms**: PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows
The Wave 96.4 FM

**The Wave** is a British local radio station in South Wales. It is available on 96.4 FM, digital radio and on the Internet, in Swansea, Neath, Port Talbot and South Carmarthenshire. It plays a mix of popular music and news.

## Infobox (radio station)

- **name**: The Wave
- **city**: Swansea
- **area**: Swansea, Neath Port Talbot and South Carmarthenshire
- **airdate**: 30 September 1995
- **branding**: _South Wales Number One Hit Music Station_
- **slogan**: _Today's Best Mix_
- **frequency**: FM: 96.4 megahertz, MHz
Digital Audio Broadcasting, DAB: 12A
- **format**: Current music and news for people aged between 15 and 44.
- **owner**: UTV Radio
- **website**: [http://www.thewave.co.uk 96.4 The Wave]
The Big Top 40 Show

**The Big Top 40 Show** is a commercial record chart show broadcast on radio stations in the United Kingdom. It is powered by the download company iTunes.
Henryk Szeryng

**Henryk Bolesław Szeryng** (pronounce: SHERR-ing), (born Żelazowa Wola, Poland, 22 September 1918 – Kassel, 8 March 1988) was a Polish-born violinist who later became Mexican. He is thought to be one of the greatest violinists of his time.

## Early Years

Szeryng was born in a very small village called Żelazowa Wola in Poland. The famous composer Chopin had also been born in this village. Henryk started to learn the piano from his mother when he was five. When he was seven he changed to the violin. His violin teacher was Maurice Frenkel who had been an assistant to the famous violin teacher Leopold Auer. Four years later he went to Berlin to study with Carl Flesch who was a wonderful teacher for him. Szerynk later said: “Everything I know about the violin I learned from him. After three years he went to Paris to have lessons with Jacques Thibaud at the Paris Conservatory. He got the first prize in 1937. He also studied composition in Paris with Nadia Boulanger, and continued studying with her until 1939.

## Career

He gave his first solo performance on 6 January 1933 playing the Brahms Violin Concerto with the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra. Szeryng spoke seven languages fluently, so when World War II broke out he became an official interpreter for the Polish government which was based in exile in London. He went with the prime minister to Mexico to find a home for refugees. During the war he gave more than 300 concerts for Allied troops all over the world. During one of these concerts in Mexico City he was given the job of being head of the string department of the university there.

In 1946, he became a naturalized citizen of Mexico.

Szeryng spent several years teaching the violin. Then the pianist Artur Rubinstein told him he ought to perform again, so in 1954 he started to give concerts once more. He spent the rest of his life touring all over the world playing the violin. He made many recordings, and also played many works by Mexican composers, helping them to make their music better known. He became Mexico’s special advisor at UNESCO in Paris. He continued to spend some time teaching, especially in Mexico. He owned several wonderful violins, some of which he gave away.

He died in Kassel.

## His playing

Szeryng is remembered for the beautiful tone that he made. He had an amazing technique. He always played very precisely in tune, even “bending” notes slightly to make his intonation very expressive. He could get different qualities of sound by turning the bow slightly or by changing the speed of his vibrato. He was able to play with great emotion in a very individual way.

## References

- Legendary Violinists
Elin Nordegren

**Elin Maria Pernilla Nordegren Woods** (born January 1, 1980) was a Swedish model and former wife of Tiger Woods. Nordegren and Woods divorced in 2010.
Ivana Trump

**Ivana Trump ** (born **Ivana Marie Zelníčková**; (); February 20, 1949 – July 14, 2022) was a Czech-American businesswoman  and model. She was best known for her marriage to Donald Trump, which ended in divorce. They had three children together, Donald Trump Jr, Ivanka Trump, and Eric Trump.

In 2010, she was a contestant in the British version of _Celebrity Big Brother_.

## Death

Trump died on July 14, 2022 in her Manhattan, New York City home at the age of 73. The next day, it was revealed that Trump died of "blunt impact injuries to the torso" after falling on her staircase.

She was buried at the Trump National Golf Club Bedminster in Bedminster, New Jersey.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ivana Trump
- **image**: Ivana Trump cropped retouched.jpg
- **caption**: Trump in 2007
- **birth name**: Ivana Marie Zelníčková
- **birth place**: Zlín, Gottwaldov, Czechoslovakia
(now Zlín, Czech Republic)
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **death cause**: Blunt trauma, Blunt torso trauma caused by a fall
- **citizenship**: Czech Republic
United States
- **alma mater**: Charles University
- **years active**: 1970–2022
- **notable works**: _Raising Trump_, 2017
- **television**: _Ivana Young Man_, 2006
- **partner**: Roffredo Gaetani (19972005; his death)
- **family**: Family of Donald Trump, Trump
Elasmotherium

***Elasmotherium*** is an extinct giant rhinoceros.

It lived from 2.6 million years ago (mya) to about 50,000 years ago. Fossils have been found in Europe and Asia. This giant lived and grazed on the Eurasian steppes (grasslands).

## Description

_Elasmotherium_ was a heavily-built quadruped that walked on four hoofed legs.  Its legs were longer than those of other rhinos and were adapted for galloping, giving it a horse-like gait.

It probably had a large horn on its forehead, but fossils of the horn have not been found. The teeth were tall-crowned and were covered with cement and wrinkled enamel. Its mouth at the front was a beak; there are no teeth in front of the molars.

### Morphology

The specimens of _E. sibiricum_ are up to  in body length with shoulder heights over . _E. caucasicum_ was at least  in body length with an estimated mass of . This is based on isolated molars which are larger than those of the Siberian species.

Both species were among the largest in the family Rhinocerotidae, comparable in size to the woolly mammoth and larger than the woolly rhinoceros. The feet were unguligrade, the front larger than the rear, with 4 digits at the front and 3 at the rear.
Master of Science

**Master of Science** (usually abbreviated MSc) is a postgraduate degree. It is awarded by universities. Usually, it is awarded for studies in natural sciences or Engineering. A Master of Science is usually awarded after a Bachelor of Science, and after presenting an academic thesis work. It is required for many jobs especially in research. It is usually required to start a doctorate.
Concentric zone model

The **Concentric zone model**, or **Burgess model** is a model to explain how a settlement, such as a city, will grow. It was developed by Ernest W. Burgess between 1925 and 1929. Burgess looked at the growth of Chicago in the late 19th and early 20th century. Many people moved to Chicago at that time.

The model was the first to explain why certain groups of people lived in certain areas of the city. Burgess said that there were circles around the center of the city. The circle a piece of land was in determined how it was used. Burgess saw different zones, starting at the center:
1. The _Central Business District_ - the center of the city
1. A zone of mixed use with both commercial buildings and residential ones.
1. Low-class residential homes; these were later called _inner suburbs_ - housing is cheap, standard of living is low.
1. Higher-class residential zone; later called _outer suburbs_. Better quality of life, more expensive to live there.
1. Commuter zone

Burgess saw that richer people tended to live farther away from the city center. When the city grew, the city center would grow; the rings would also shift outwards.

The model also has some problems, for example:
- It assumes that the city can grow in every direction; physical features often limit city growth, though.
- Commuter villages cannot be explained with the model; they are far from the city, but often have cheap housing.

## Related pages

- Grid plan
- Sector model
- Multiple nuclei model
- Linear city model
Packet (computing)

In Information technology, a packet is a collection of data that can be used by computers which need to communicate with each other, usually as part of a network. Some computers and networks do not use packets to communicate. But most currently do, including nearly all computers on the Internet. Packets allow many computers on a network to communicate more quickly and easily.

## Structure

A packet consists of two kinds of data: packet information and packet _data_ (or _payload_). If you think of a packet like a letter in the mail, the _control information_ is like the outside of the envelope. There's an address that says where to send the letter, and a stamp that says how to send it (fast or slow). Similarly, the computer uses the _control information_ in the packet to decide where, and how, to send the data. People aren't usually interested in the control information.

The _user data_ is like the inside of the envelope. It is the actual information the computer is trying to send. This might be any kind of digital data, such as words, pictures, music, or computer programs. It's generally for people or computers to use, but not for the packet system to use.

Different communication protocols put the control information and user information in different places, or make it look different. But they still do the same thing.

## Problems

Sometimes the computers make mistakes while transmitting data, or have trouble "hearing" each other. So many packets use a checksum or cyclic redundancy check to make sure they have the right information. This is usually one component of the control information. This helps to make sure the packets themselves have the right information. But then computers also need to get the right packets.

Designing computer networks can be difficult. Even though today's computers are very advanced, sometimes information doesn't arrive where it's supposed to. Sometimes computers try to fix this and end up sending it twice. And sometimes the information doesn't arrive in the right order. The Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP, was invented to fix these problems. But since it is complex, some computers use the User Datagram Protocol, or UDP, instead.
Errors and residuals in statistics

**Statistical errors** and **residuals** occur because measurement is never exact.

It is not possible to do an exact measurement, but it is possible to say how accurate a measurement is. One can measure the same thing again and again, and collect all the data together. This allows us to do statistics on the data. What is meant by errors and residuals is the difference between the observed or measured value and the real value, which is unknown.

If there is only one random variable, the difference between statistical errors and residuals is the difference between the mean of the population against the mean of the (observed) sample. In that case the residual is the difference between what the probability distribution says, and what was actually measured.

Suppose there is an experiment to measure the height of 21-year-old men from a certain area. The mean of the distribution is 1.75 m. If one man chosen at random is 1.80 m tall, the "(statistical) error" is 0.05 m (5 cm); if he is 1.70 tall, the error is −5 cm.

A **residual** (or fitting error), on the other hand, is an observable _estimate_ of the unobservable statistical error.  The simplest case involves a random sample of _n_ men whose heights are measured.  The _sample_ mean is used as an estimate of the _population_ mean.  Then we have:

- The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the unobservable _population_ mean is a _statistical error_, and
- The difference between the height of each man in the sample and the observable _sample_ mean is a _residual_.

The sum of the residuals within a random sample must be zero. The residuals are therefore _not independent_. The sum of the statistical errors within a random sample need not be zero; the statistical errors are independent random variables if the individuals are chosen from the population independently.

In sum:
- Residuals are observable; statistical errors are not.
- Statistical errors are often independent of each other; residuals are not (at least in the simple situation described above, and in most others).

## Related pages

- Standard error
Quartet

Generally speaking, a quartet is a group of four. In music, a **quartet** is a group of four people playing or singing four different parts to make a piece of music, such as a string quartet or a barbershop quartet.
Bank and Monument stations

**Bank** and **Monument** are interlinked stations, officially a station known operationally as the Bank-Monument complex. However, the separate names are used on station entrances, all platforms and the tube map. The station spans the length of King William Street in the City of London, turns along the loop of Mansion House and Cannon Street stations. Together, they form the eighth busiest station on the London Underground network, being served by five London Underground lines and the Docklands Light Railway (DLR).

## Sources

The two stations of the combined station take their names from nearby Bank of England on the fringe of Monument tube station and the Monument to the Great Fire of London close to the Thames bridge, London Bridge. The two stations are is in Travelcard Zone 1.

## Bus connections

London Buses routes  8, 11, 21, 23, 25, 26, 40, 43, 76, 133, 141, 242 and 388 and night bus routes N8, N11, N21, N26, N76, N133, N550 and N551 serve the station.

## Related pages

- List of London Underground stations

## Other websites

- A diagram of the Bank/Monument station complex
- Another diagram (in colour)
- Bank Station  from the Open Guide to London
- History of Bank station, including a picture just after the 1941 bomb
- London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
- More photographs of Bank station

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Bank & Monument
- **image name**: Bankwbankofengland.jpg
- **caption**: Bank
- **manager**: London Underground
- **fare zone**: 1
- **locale**: King William Street (London), King William Street
- **borough**: City of London
- **years1**: 1884
1898
1900
1900
1991
- **events1**: Opened (#Metropolitan Inner Circle Completion Railway, 1884, MICCR)
Opened (#Waterloo & City Railway, 1898, W&CR)
Opened (#City & South London Railway, 1900, C&SLR)
Opened (#Central London Railway, 1900, CLR)
Opened (#Docklands Light Railway, 1991, DLR)
- **platforms**: 10
- **tubeexits05**: 34.295
- **tubeexits06**: 38.209
- **tubeexits07**: 41.883
- **tubeexits08**: 42.82
Packet

**Packet** may refer to:
- Packet (information technology), a formatted block of data carried by a packet mode computer network
- Packet radio, a form of amateur radio data communications using the AX25 protocol
- Packet (sea transport), a packet service is a regular scheduled service, carrying valuable freight and first class passengers
- C-82 Packet, a U.S. military transport aircraft
- Packet Newspapers - newspapers with the title including the word "Packet", after a place-name.
- A small parcel e.g. Cigarette packet, Sugar packet

## Related pages

- Package
Barbican tube station

**Barbican** is a London Underground station serving the Barbican Centre in the City of London, England.  It is on the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. It is between Farringdon and Moorgate.

It is in Travelcard Zone 1. First Capital Connect trains used to stop at this station on their way to Moorgate station, but this stopped in March 2009. The outbound service towards Kings Cross calling here was abandoned many years before. Trains run between Baker Street tube station and Liverpool Street station.

## Other websites

- Babican tube station on "All in London"
- Map of the Tube

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Barbican
- **symbol**: underground
- **manager**: London Underground
- **locale**: Barbican Estate, Barbican
- **borough**: City of London
- **platforms**: 2
- **fare zone**: 1
- **railcode**: ZBB
- **image name**: Barbican tube station MMB 02.jpg
- **caption**: Looking east along the platforms.
- **map type**: Central London
- **years2**: 1 November 1910
- **years3**: 24 October 1924
- **years4**: 1 December 1968
- **years5**: 1976
- **years6**: 1982
- **years7**: 2009
- **events1**: Opened as _Aldersgate Street_
- **events2**: Renamed as _Aldersgate_
- **events3**: Renamed as _Aldersgate and Barbican_
- **events4**: Renamed as _Barbican_
- **events5**: Services from Great Northern Railway (Great Britain), Great Northern via Widened Lines cease.
- **events6**: Electrified services from Bedford line commence
- **events7**: Thameslink services cease
- **railexits0607**: 0.045
- **tubeexits09**: 9.261
Barking station

**Barking station** is an interchange station served by National Rail, London Underground and London Overground services. It is in Barking in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham in East London. The station is in Zone 4 and is managed by c2c.

## Other websites

- Station information from Transport for London
- Station information from National Rail
- Station information from c2c (broken link)

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Barking
- **symbol**: underground
- **symbol2**: rail
- **symbol3**: overground
- **manager**: c2c
- **owner**: Network Rail
- **locale**: Barking, London, Barking
- **borough**: London Borough of Barking and Dagenham
- **platforms**: 9
- **tracks**: 8
- **fare zone**: 4
- **railcode**: BKG
- **dft category**: B
- **access**: yes
- **image name**: barkinglongview.jpg
- **caption**: The station building in 2004
- **original**: London, Tilbury and Southend Railway
- **pregroup**: Midland Railway
- **postgroup**: London, Midland and Scottish Railway
- **years2**: 1902
- **years3**: 1905
- **years4**: 1908
- **events1**: Opened by LT&SR
- **events2**: District line started
- **events3**: District withdrawn
- **events4**: District line restarted
- **listing detail**: Booking hall
- **listing grade**: II
- **listing start**: 24 November 1995
- **listing entry**: 1242678
- **railexits1314**: 8.331
- **railint1314**: 0.617
- **railexits1415**: 9.675
- **railint1415**: 0.649
- **railexits1516**: 13.429
- **railint1516**: 0.777
- **railexits1617**: 12.787
- **railint1617**: 0.549
Barkingside tube station

**Barkingside tube station** is a London Underground station on the Central Line. It has been in Travelcard Zone 4 since 2 January 2007. It is on the eastern edge of Barkingside in the London Borough of Redbridge, at the end of a cul-de-sac called Station Road. The station is above ground and has two platforms - northbound and southbound.  The station is located at .

## Other websites

- London Transport Museum Photographic Archive

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Barkingside
- **image name**: Barkingside full stn building.JPG
- **manager**: London Underground
- **fare zone**: 4
- **locale**: Barkingside
- **borough**: London Borough of Redbridge, Redbridge
- **years1**: 1903
1947
1948
- **events1**: Opened (GER)
Closed (LNER)
Opened (Central Line)
- **platforms**: 2
- **tubeexits05**: 0.539
- **tubeexits07**: 0.859
Barons Court tube station

**Barons Court** is a London Underground station on the District and Piccadilly lines. It is in West Kensington, Greater London. The station is located on Gliddon Road, a short distance from Talgarth Road (A4) in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham. Barons Court station is between West Kensington and Hammersmith on the District Line, and between Earl's Court and Hammersmith on the Piccadilly Line. It is in Travelcard Zone 2.

## Related pages

- List of London Underground stations

## Other websites

- London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive
    - In the distance can be seen the Great Ferris wheel at Earl's Court exhibition ground.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Barons Court
- **image name**: Barons-court-tube.jpg
- **caption**: Barons Court
- **manager**: London Underground
- **fare zone**: 2
- **locale**: Barons Court
- **borough**: London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, Hammersmith & Fulham
- **years1**: 1874
1905
1906
- **events1**: Tracks laid (MDR)
Opened (DR)
Started (GNP&BR)
- **platforms**: 4
- **tubeexits05**: 5.917
- **tubeexits07**: 6.698
Bayswater tube station

**Bayswater** is a London Underground station. It is in Travelcard Zone 1. It is on the Circle and District lines.  It is between Notting Hill Gate and Paddington.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Bayswater
- **image name**: Bayswater Station Exterior.jpg
- **manager**: London Underground
- **fare zone**: 1
- **locale**: Queensway (London), Queensway
- **borough**: City of Westminster, Westminster
- **platforms**: 2
- **tubeexits05**: 8.557
- **tubeexits07**: 6.043
Beckton DLR station

**Beckton DLR station** is the eastern terminus of the Beckton branch of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in east London. The DLR branch from Poplar was opened on 28 March 1994.

## Other websites

- Docklands Light Railway website - Beckton station page

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Beckton
- **image name**: Beckton stn entrance.JPG
- **manager**: Docklands Light Railway
- **fare zone**: 3
- **locale**: Beckton
- **borough**: London Borough of Newham
- **platforms**: 2
Beckton Park DLR station

**Beckton Park DLR station** is a station on the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in the Docklands area of east London. The station is located by the north quay (wharf) near Royal Albert Dock (though no foot access is possible). The station is opposite Beckton District South Park, which is open space leading to housing in South Beckton.

## Other websites

- Docklands Light Railway website – Beckton Park station page

## Infobox (london station)

- **symbol**: dlr
- **name**: Beckton Park
- **image name**: Beckton Park stn entrance.JPG
- **manager**: Docklands Light Railway
- **fare zone**: 3
- **locale**: Beckton
- **borough**: London Borough of Newham
- **events1**: Opened
- **years1**: 28 March 1994
- **platforms**: 2
- **access**: yes
- **original**: Docklands Light Railway
Becontree tube station

**Becontree Station** is a London Underground station on the District Line, in Becontree. The station is in Zone 5.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Becontree
- **image name**: Becontree tube station westbound platform 2005-12-10.jpg
- **manager**: London Underground
- **fare zone**: 5
- **locale**: Becontree
- **borough**: London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, London Borough of
Barking and Dagenham
- **years1**: 1926
1932
- **events1**: opened as _Gale Street_
enlarged and renamed
- **platforms**: 2
- **tubeexits04**: 2.082
- **tubeexits07**: 2.315
Balham station

**Balham station** is the name given to the London Underground and the National Rail stations in the Balham area of south London, England.  The station is on the A24 Balham High Road in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is in Travelcard Zone 3.

## Other websites

- London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: Balham
- **symbol**: rail
- **manager**: Southern (train operating company), Southern
- **locale**: Balham
- **borough**: London Borough of Wandsworth, Wandsworth
- **platforms**: 4
- **fare zone**: 3
- **railcode**: BAL
- **image name**: Balham railway 080120.jpg
- **caption**: The National Rail entrance to Balhamstation, Balham
- **map type**: Greater London
- **original**: London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
- **pregroup**: London, Brighton and South Coast Railway
- **postgroup**: Southern Railway (Great Britain), Southern Railway
- **years1**: 1863
- **years2**: 9 March 1927
- **years3**: 6 October 1969
- **events1**: Opened as _Balham_
- **events2**: Renamed _Balham and Upper Tooting_
- **events3**: Renamed _Balham_
- **railexits0708**: 5.544
- **railexits0809**: 5.085
- **railexits0910**: 5.052
- **railexits1011**: 5.935
- **railexits1112**: 6.464
Methadone

**Methadone** is a synthetic opioid. It is used as an analgesic. Besides relieving pain, it is also used to treat addiction to certain narcotics, and some illegal drugs. Methadone can also lead to: memory loss, shortness of breath, throat pains, stomach aches, and anxiety attacks.
Red Dragon FM

**Red Dragon FM** was a radio station in South East Wales, broadcasting to Cardiff, Newport and the surrounding areas. Colleagues are The Wave 96.4 FM, 95.8 Capital FM and Gold. In 2010 the name of the company changed to Capital FM. Some of the competitions and other content w were removed as part of a clean-up process due to happen in other capitals in the United Kingdom.
Soapy Smith

**Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith II** (November 2, 1860 - July 8, 1898) was an American confidence trickster and gangster. He was a major figure in organized crime in Colorado and Skagway, Alaska.

He was born in Coweta County, Georgia. He was killed in a shootout in Skagway when he was 37.
Paul Williams (songwriter)

**Paul Hamilton Williams** (born September 19, 1940 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American musician, songwriter and actor.

As a boy, Williams auditioned for a role in a television series, _Circus Boy_, which went to another boy, young Micky Dolenz. Ten years later, Williams auditioned for _The Monkees_, and was again beaten out for a role by Dolenz. There were no hard feelings between the two, and the Monkees later recorded "Someday Man", which Williams cowrote with Roger Nichols.

Williams's songs include hits for Three Dog Night ("An Old Fashioned Love Song", "Family of Man", "Out in the Country"), Helen Reddy ("You and Me Against the World"), and the Carpenters ("Rainy Days and Mondays," "I Won't Last a Day Without You," and "We've Only Just Begun"). He wrote many songs with Kenneth Ascher, including "The Rainbow Connection", featured in _The Muppet Movie_.

His acting credits include roles in _Battle for the Planet of the Apes_, _Phantom of the Paradise_ (a retelling of _Phantom of the Opera_; Williams also wrote the music), Little Enos Burdette in _Smokey and the Bandit_, and Miguelito Loveless Jr. in _The Wild Wild West Revisited_.

He is also known for voicing The Penguin in _Batman: The Animated Series_.

In 2013, Paul Williams was revealed to be working with French electronic duo Daft Punk on their album _Random Access Memories_ singing the song "Touch" and co-wrote "Beyond".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Paul Williams
- **img**: Paul Williams Photo Op GalaxyCon Raleigh 2022.jpg
- **img capt**: Paul Williams in 2022
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Paul Hamilton Williams, Jr.
- **origin**: Omaha, Nebraska
- **instrument**: Vocals, guitar, keyboards
- **genre**: Pop folk, Pop music, Pop, Soft rock, Traditional music, Folk
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter, actor, writer and director.
- **years active**: 1960s–present
- **label**: A&M Records
- **associated acts**: The Holy Mackerel, The Muppets, The Carpenters
Injection

An **injection**, also known as a shot, is putting liquid into the body, usually with a needle and a syringe. There are many different kinds of injections, such as:
- Intradermal (just under the top layer of the skin)
- Subcutaneous (into the fat layer under the skin)
- Intramuscular (into a muscle)
- Intravenous (into a vein)
- Intraosseous (into a bone)
- Intraperitoneal (into the abdominal cavity)

Injections can be used to prevent illness or to give medicine.

Injections that prevent illness put a dead or weakened version of the virus they want to prevent into the body. The body then 'remembers' the virus to make future encounters of the virus easier to manage.
Western Desert cultural bloc

The **Western Desert cultural bloc** or just **Western Desert** is a cultural region in Australia covering about 600 000 square kilometres, including the Gibson Desert, the Great Victoria Desert, the Great Sandy Desert and Little Sandy Deserts in the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia. The Western Desert can be said to stretch from the Nullarbor in the south to the Kimberley region of Western Australia in the north, and from the Percival Lakes in the west through to the Pintupi lands in the Northern Territory.

This term is often used by anthropologists and linguists when discussing the 40 or so Aboriginal groups that live there, who speak dialects of one language, often called the Western Desert language.
Valve Corporation

**Valve Corporation** is an American video game developer and digital distributor company in Bellevue, Washington. It was started in 1996 by Gabe Newell and Mike Harrington, two Microsoft employees in the past. The company is widely known for Steam and the _Half-Life series._ Also, the company develops the SteamOS, which their all-in-one handheld hardware, called Steam Deck, uses.

## Games developed

|Name|Release year|Genre|Can be played on:||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_Half-Life_|1998|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Half-Life: Opposing Force_|1999|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Team Fortress Classic_|1999|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Ricochet_|2000|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Counter-Strike_|2000|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Half-Life: Blue Shift_|2001|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Deathmatch Classic_|2001|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Day of Defeat_|2003|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Counter-Strike: Source_|2004|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Half-Life 2_|2004|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Half-Life 2: Deathmatch_|2004|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Half-Life: Source_|2004|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Day of Defeat: Source_|2005|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Half-Life 2: Lost Coast_|2005|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Half-Life Deathmatch: Source_|2006|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Half-Life 2: Episode One_|2006|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Half-Life 2: Episode Two_|2007|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Portal_|2007|First-person shooter / Puzzle|||||||||
|_Team Fortress 2_|2007|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Left 4 Dead_|2008|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Left 4 Dead 2_|2009|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Alien Swarm_|2010|Third-person shooter|||||||||
|_Portal 2_|2011|First-person shooter / Puzzle|||||||||
|_Counter-Strike: Global Offensive_|2012|First-person shooter|||||||||
|_Dota 2_|2013|Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA)|||||||||
|_Half-Life: Alyx_|2020|First-person shooter|||||||||

## Other websites

- Valve Software - Official Website
- Steam - Official Website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Valve Corporation
- **logo**: Valve logo.svg
- **image**: Valve Lobby 2016.jpg
- **image caption**: Entrance to the offices of Valve
- **type**: Private company
- **location city**: Bellevue, Washington, Bellevue, Washington (state), Washington
- **location country**: United States
- **locations**: 2 offices
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: Gabe Newell
(CEO)
- **num employees**: ~330
- **num employees year**: 2013
- **subsid**: Valve S.a.r.l.
Sistan and Baluchestan province

**Sistān o Balūchestān**  is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is in the southeast of the country. It has borders with Pakistan and Afghanistan. Its capital is Zahedan.

The province is the largest in Iran, with an area of 181,785 km² and a population of 2.4 million. The counties of the province are Iran Shahr, Chabahar, Khash, Zabol, Zahedan, Saravan, and Nik Shahr.

The region is also home to Iran's Baloch Sunni minority.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Sistan and Baluchestan Province
- **native name**: استان سیستان و بلوچستان
- **native name lang**: fa
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Iran, Province
- **image skyline**: Sab fort.jpg
- **image caption**: Ghal'eh Sab, Saravan.
- **image map**: Locator map Iran Sistan and Baluchestan Province.png
- **map alt**: Map of Iran with Sistan and Baluchestan highlighted
- **map caption**: Location of Sistan and Baluchestan within Iran
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Iran
- **parts type**: Counties of Iran, Counties
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: 14
- **seat type**: Capital (political), Capital
- **seat**: Zahedan
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 181785
- **population total**: 2,405,742
- **population as of**: 2006-10-28
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Languages of Iran, Main language(s)
- **blank info sec1**: Baluchi language, Baluchi
 Persian language, Persian
Brahui language, Brahui
- **timezone1**: Iran Standard Time, IRST
- **utc offset1**: +03:30
- **timezone1 dst**: Iran Standard Time, IRST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +04:30
Balochistan (region)

**Balochistan** or **Baluchistan** is an arid region on the Iranian plateau. The plateau is in Southwest Asia and South-central Asia, between Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. The area is named after the Baloch people who inhabit the region. The native languages are Balochi, Pashto, Brahui, Sindhi, Hazaragi and Persian are spoken in the region. The southern part of Balochistan is known as Makran.

## Topography

Baluchistan's landscape is made of barren, rugged mountains and fertile land. During the summer, some regions of Baluchistan are the hottest. Most of the land is barren, particularly the Iranian and Afghan side of the region. Relatively few people live there. In the south (Makran) is the desert through which Alexander the Great passed with great difficulty.

## Other websites

- Persia (Iran), Afghanistan and Baluchistan is an old map, written in English, from 1897 of Baluchistan and two other areas.
- Afghanistan, Beloochistan, etc. is another old map, published by the Methodist church, in 1893
Capsaicin

**Capsaicin** is a chemical substance. It is responsible for the sense of _spiciness_ or _hotness_ found in chili peppers. In mammals, it causes a sensation of _burning_ of the tissues it comes in contact with. Capsaicin, and other similar substances called **capsaicinoids** are produced by chili peppers and other plants, probably as a protection against being eaten. Pure capsaicin is a hydrophobic, colorless, odorless, crystalline to waxy compound.

Capsaicinoids are added to food to make it have a _hot_ taste, but it can also be used as an analgesic, a painkiller. Such painkillers are often directly used on the skin. The _burning_ of the capsaicin will mask the real pain. Capsaicin is also the main agent in pepper spray.

Capsaicin is not soluble in water; it binds to oil and fat. Soap can be used to wash it off. If something too hot has been eaten, milk or yoghurt can be used.
Football team

A **football team** refers to a group of players who together play football. A football team may represent a **football club**, or their nation, group or other associations. In general, there may be 11-18 members in such a team.
West Ham station

**West Ham station** is a London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and  National Rail station. It is both on the District Line, Hammersmith & City Line, Jubilee Line and is served by c2c train services. Until 9 December 2006, it is also served by Silverlink services (now the London Overground) and is in Travelcard Zone 3, and is managed by London Underground. All open platforms have step-free access to the street towards both lifts on both lines and each other.

## Infobox (london station)

- **name**: West Ham
- **image name**: Westhamsign.jpg
- **caption**: The station sign at West Ham
- **manager**: London Underground
- **fare zone**: 3
- **locale**: West Ham
- **borough**: London Borough of Newham
- **years1**: 1901
- **years2**: 1902
- **years3**: 1999
- **years4**: 2006
- **events1**: Opened by LT&SR
- **events2**: District Line started
- **events3**: c2c and Jublilee Line started
- **events4**: North London Line service discontinued
- **platforms**: 6
- **tubeexits05**: 2.955
- **railcode**: WEH
- **tubeexits07**: 3.169
- **railexits0607**: 1.280
- **railexits0708**: 1.176
Wimbledon station

**Wimbledon station** is a National Rail, London Underground, and Tramlink station in Wimbledon in the London Borough of Merton. It is the only London station that provides an interchange between rail, Underground, and Tramlink services. The station serves as a junction for services from the London Underground's District line and National Rail operators (South West Trains and First Capital Connect), as well as Tramlink route 3, and some early morning services on the First Capital Connect route are provided by Southern. The station is in Travelcard Zone 3.

## Services

The typical off-peak service frequency is:
- South West Trains
    - 16tph (trains per hour) to Waterloo
    - 4tph to Guildford, of which
        - 2tph via Cobham
        - 2tph via Epsom
    - 2tph to Chessington South
    - 2tph to Dorking
    - 2tph to Hampton Court
    - 2tph to Shepperton
    - 2tph to Woking
    - 2tph to Waterloo via Kingston & Richmond
- First Capital Connect
    - 2tph to Luton
    - 2tph to Sutton
- London Underground
    - 6tph to Upminster via Tower Hill
    - 6tph to Edgware Road via High Street Kensington
- Tramlink
    - 8tph to New Addington

## Related pages

- Wimbledon Traincare depot – a little to the north of the station, on the west side of the main line tracks.

## Other websites

- London Transport Museum Photographic Archive
    - . This entrance has been rebuilt as part of the Centre Court shopping centre development.
- Pictures of both entrances to station

## Infobox (london station)

- **symbol**: Underground
- **symbol2**: tram
- **symbol3**: rail
- **name**: Wimbledon
- **image name**: Main Entrance to Wimbledon Railway Station (01).jpg
- **caption**: Station entrance
- **manager**: South Western Railway (train operating company), South Western Railway
- **fare zone**: 3
- **railexits1920**: 17.282
- **railexits2021**: 4.433
- **railexits2122**: 9.952
- **railexits2223**: 11.694
- **railexits2324**: 12.581
- **railint1920**: 1.076
- **railint2021**: 0.303
- **railint2122**: 0.652
- **railint2223**: 1.154
- **railint2324**: 1.065
- **ctbat0910**: 2.243
- **ctbat1011**: 2.294
- **locale**: Wimbledon, London, Wimbledon
- **borough**: London Borough of Merton
- **years1**: 21 May 1838
- **events1**: Opened (Wimbledon and Merton) with opening of the L&SWR main line
- **years2**: 22 October 1855
- **events2**: Opened (W&CR to Croydon)
- **years3**: 1 October 1868
- **events3**: Opened (TM&WR to Tooting)
- **years4**: 21 November 1881
- **events4**: Resited on the opposite side of Wimbledon Bridge
- **years5**: 3 June 1889
- **events5**: Opened (L&SWR/District to Putney)
- **years6**: 1 June 1909
- **events6**: Renamed (Wimbledon)
- **years7**: 7 July 1929
- **events7**: Opened (SR to South Merton)
- **years8**: 2 June 1997
- **events8**: Closed (Railtrack to West Croydon)
- **years9**: 30 May 2000
- **events9**: Reopened (Tramlink to Croydon)
- **platforms**: 11
- **railcode**: WIM
- **dft category**: B
Tube map

The **Tube Map**, is a map that navigates passengers around London using the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway, and Emirates Air-line. To make the map easier to read, the lines of the tunnels are made straight instead of the shape they really follow.

The Tube Map was the first map to use these simplifying techniques that are now used in transport maps across the world. Transport for London (TfL) continue to expand the Tube map as more stations, lines and methods of transport are added.
The Tube Map helps navigate over a billion journeys a year in the biggest city in Europe.
Waterloo & City line

The **Waterloo & City line**, also nicknamed **The Drain**, is a short underground railway line in London. It was opened on 11 July 1898. It has two stations, Waterloo and Bank.

## Infobox (rail line)

- **name**: Waterloo & City
- **logo**: London flag boxes - Underground Waterloo & City line.svg
- **logo width**: 250px
- **image**: Bank station Waterloo & City line train.JPG
- **image alt**: Waterloo & City line 1992 stock train at Bank tube station awaiting departure towards Waterloo.
- **caption**: A London Underground 1992 Stock, 1992 stock Waterloo & City line train at
- **type**: Rapid transit
- **system**: London Underground
- **mapcolour**: Corporate turquoise
- **mapcolourlink**: Tube map
- **stations**: 2
- **ridership2**: 15.892 million (2011/12) passenger journeys
- **open**: 8 August 1898 (line opened)
 1 April 1994 (transferred to London Underground)
- **character**: Deep Tube
- **depot**: Waterloo Underground Depot, Waterloo
- **stock**: London Underground 1992 Stock, 1992 Stock
- **linelength km**: 2.37
- **website**: [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/ tfl.gov.uk]
- **map name**: Transport for London rail lines
- **map state**: collapsed
Victoria, London

**Victoria** is an informal area of inner city London. It is in the City of Westminster. It is named after Queen Victoria.
Walthamstow

**Walthamstow** is an area in the London Borough of Waltham Forest, North East London, England. It is  northeast of Charing Cross.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **os grid reference**: TQ372891
- **official name**: Walthamstow
- **london borough**: Waltham Forest
- **region**: London
- **constituency westminster**: Walthamstow (UK Parliament constituency), Walthamstow
- **post town**: LONDON
- **postcode area**: E
- **postcode district**: E17
- **dial code**: 020
- **static image name**: Walthamstow Town Hall 20 Apr 2006.jpg
- **static image caption**: Walthamstow Town Hall
- **charingx distance mi**: 7.5
- **charingx direction**: SW
Congestion

**Congestion** may refer to:

- Network congestion, an occurrence in data networking
- Traffic congestion, an occurrence on roadways
- Nasal congestion, the blockage of nasal passages due to swollen membranes
Traffic congestion

**Traffic congestion** is when vehicles travel slower because there is too much traffic on roads. This makes trip times longer, and increases queueing. This is also known as a **traffic jam**.  Congestion may result from a decrease in capacity, for example accidents on the road or roads being closed.  Bad road layouts can also restrict capacity.  Increased traffic, for example by many cars leaving a sports stadium at the same time, can also cause congestion.

Where congestion is common, for example because of commuting in big cities, several methods are used to relieve it. Cars may be banned in certain districts or certain times, or made to carry passengers or pay a fee, or people may use public transport, such as rapid transit, which travel independently of car traffic and are not affected by traffic jams.
Private bill

A **Private bill** is a proposal for a law that would only make a change for a person or a group of people. This is the opposite of public law, which makes a change for everyone in its jurisdiction.
British Transport Commission

The **British Transport Commission** (BTC) was created by Clement Attlee's post-war Labour government. It was a part of its nationalisation programme. Its objective was to provide _an efficient, adequate, economical and properly integrated system of public inland transport and port facilities within Great Britain for passengers and goods_, excluding transport by air. The BTC came into operation on 1 January 1948. Its first chairman was Lord Hurcomb. Miles Beevor was the Chief Secretary.
Victoria line (disambiguation)

**Victoria Line** is the name of many things. They are often associated with Queen Victoria:

## Military

- The Victoria Lines are a series of defensive towers and walls in Malta.

### Bus

- Victoria Line, the name previously given to two bus routes passing Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.

#### Metro

- Victoria Line, one of several Underground lines in London (United Kingdom)
Uherské Hradiště

**Uherské Hradiště** is a town in the Czech Republic. About 26,280 people live there (2008). It is located in the South-East of the historical region Moravia in the Zlín region. It was founded on October 15 1257 by the Czech king Přemysl Otakar II.

## Partner towns

- Bridgwater, United Kingdom
- Mayen, Germany
- Trenčín, Slovakia

## Other websites

- Uherské Hradiště webpage
Ice skate

An **ice skate** is a boot with a blade in it that is used in recreation or sports to move across an ice rink.They are used for skating on ice for fun,exercise or competitive sport.The first ice skates are thought to have originated in Scandinavia  as early as 1000 Bc.
Boing

**Boing** is an Italian TV channel marketed at children and teenagers, produced and broadcast in Italy by Time Warner on its DVB-T frequencies.

## Cartoons/Anime

- The Smurfs (I Puffi) (USA/Belgium)
- Police Academy (Scuola di polizia) (USA)
- Tazmania (USA)
- Ed, Edd n Eddy (Ed, Edd & Eddy) (USA)
- Justice League (USA)
- Dexter's Laboratory (Il laboratorio di Dexter) (USA)
- Johnny Bravo (USA)
- Camp Lazlo (USA)
- Pokemon (USA)
- Animaniacs (USA)
- Tiny Toons (I favolosi Tiny) (USA)