juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Haruki Murakami

is a Japanese author and translator. He was born on January 12, 1949 in Kyoto, Japan. In 2006 he won the Franz Kafka Prize for his book _Kafka on the Shore_.

### Novels

- _Hear the Wind Sing_ (1979)
- _Pinball, 1973_ (1980)
- _A Wild Sheep Chase_ (1982)
- _Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World_ (1985)
- _Norwegian Wood_ (1987)
- _Dance Dance Dance_ (1988)
- _South of the Border, West of the Sun_ (1992)
- _The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle_ (1995)
- _Sputnik Sweetheart_ (1999)
- _Kafka on the Shore_ (2002)
- _After Dark_ (2004)
- _1Q84_ (2009)
- _Colorless Tsukuru Tazaki and His Years of Pilgrimage_ (2013)

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Haruki Murakami
- **image**: HarukiMurakami.png
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **caption**: Murakami giving a lecture at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT in 2005.
- **birth place**: Kyoto, Japan
- **occupation**: Author, novelist
- **nationality**: Japanese
- **genre**: Fiction, surrealist, postmodern
Sinhala language

**Sinhala** or **Sinhalese**, earlier referred to as Singhalese, is the language of the Sinhalese. They are largest ethnic group of Sri Lanka. It belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family.

Sinhala has two varieties/forms - Spoken and Written, the former being the most popular form. Spoken Sinhala is easier to learn and use because it is so much relaxed in grammatical formality and rigidity.

Sinhala is spoken by about 19 million people in Sri Lanka, about 16 million of them are native speakers. It is one of the constitutionally-recognised official languages of Sri Lanka, with Tamil. Sinhala has its own writing system (see Sinhala script) which is an offspring of the Indian Brahmi script.

The oldest Sinhala inscriptions were written in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC; the oldest existing literary works date from the 9th century AD.

The closest relative of Sinhala is Dhivehi, the language of the Maldives, .

The word order of Sinhala language is SOV (subject-object-verb) just like Japanese, Korean and many other languages in Asia. It would be easy for people from that particular language style to learn Sinhala with a little time and practice.

Ex 1 :
       I     home   go
       Mama  gedara yanawa.
Ex 2 :
       beautiful  dress
       Lassana    anduma

Morphologically, the words are built with the stem followed by a particle. The particle can vary so that it adds more grammatical change into the word connecting it to the whole sentence.

pusa yanawa -
 kitten is going.
pusath yanawa -
 kitten is also going.

ballata denawa -
 giving (it) to the dog
ballatath denawa
 giving it to the dog as well
ballatama denawa
 giving it to the dog itself.

If you really take a good look at these sentences, you may easily find the stem of the words: pusa, pusath; ballata, ballathath, ballatama.

pusa- is the stem of the subjectival phrase. (kitten)

Pusa + th - as well

pusa + ta - to kitty

pusa + ta + th - to kitty as well

pusa + ta + ma - to kitty itself
^^

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Sinhala
- **altname**: Sinhalese
- **image**: සිංහල in Noto Serif Sinhala Black.svg
- **nativename**:
_Siṁhala_
- **states**: Sri Lanka
- **ethnicity**: Sinhalese people
- **speakers**: million
- **date**: 2012
- **speakers2**: 3 million L2 speakers (2012)
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone languages, Southern Zone
- **fam5**: Indo-Aryan languages#Insular Indic, Insular Indic
- **ancestor**: Elu
- **dia1**: Vedda language, Vedda (perhaps a creole)
- **iso1**: si
- **iso2**: sin
- **iso3**: sin
- **lingua**: 59-ABB-a
- **glotto**: sinh1246
- **glottorefname**: Sinhala
- **notice**: Indic
- **notice2**: IPA
- **region**: Sri Lankan islands
- **map**: Sinhala language distribution.svg
- **mapcaption**: Sinhala-speaking province of Sri Lanka: dark blue is spoken by the majority; light blue is spoken along with other languages.
Maldivian language

**Dhivehi**, **Divehi** or **Mahl** is an Indo-Aryan language.

It is spoken by about 350,000 people in the Republic of Maldives and Suvadives and also in the disputed island of Minicoy (Maliku), claimed by Maldivians that is annexed by neighbouring India, where it is known by another name, the Mahal language or Mahl (). In the Maldives, it is the official national language. In different atolls the words may change but have the same meaning.

Dhivehi is the main language spoken in Maldives. Since it involves the use of many English, Hindi and Arabic words, it seems to resemble many languages spoken in Sri Lanka, South East Asia and North India.

In the earlier times, people spoke "Elu", a language that was basically a form of ancient Singhalese language. This language underwent a lot of transformations and gave rise to the Dhivehi language of today. Dhivehi is written from left to right. In the olden days, the language was inscribed on the copper plates, popularly known as the "Loamaafaanu".

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Dhivehi
- **altname**: Maldivian
- **nativename**: , __
- **image**: Dhivehiscript.svg
- **states**: Maldives
Minicoy, Minicoy Island (Maliku)
- **ethnicity**: Maldivians
- **date**: 2022
- **refname**: Maldivian
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **ancestor4**: Gabulhi Thaana
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Indo-Aryan languages#Southern Zone, Southern Zone
- **fam5**: Insular Indo-Aryan
- **fam6**: Dhivehi–Sinhala language, Sinhala
- **ancestor**: Old Dhivehi
- **script**: Thaana
 Dhives Akuru until the 19th century
- **agency**: Dhivehi Academy
- **iso1**: dv
- **iso2**: div
- **iso3**: div
- **glotto**: dhiv1236
- **glottorefname**: Dhivehi
- **notice**: IPA
- **pronunciation**: [d̪iʋehi]
- **sign**: Dhivehi Sign Language
- **imagecaption**: "Dhivehi" written in the Thaana script
- **ietf**: dv-MV
- **map**: Maldives_(orthographic_projection).svg
- **mapcaption**: Maldives
Dera Ghazi Khan Division

**Dera Ghazi Khan Division** () was an administrative division of the Punjab province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. During British rule Dera Ghazi Khan Division was a district of Multan Division, after independence from Britain Dera Ghazi Khan was made into a division in its own right until abolition in 2000.It contained the following Districts: Dera Ghazi Khan, Muzaffargarh, Rajanpur, Layyah.
Bahawalpur Division

**Bahawalpur Division** () originally, Bahawalpur, was also an administrative division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, from 1955 until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.
Multan Division

**Multan Division** () was an administrative division of the Punjab of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.

## History

Multan Division was created during British Rule in the subcontinent. The division lay between 28°25' and 33°13 N and 69°19' and 73°39 E, the Sutlej divided it from Bahawalpur on the south-east, while the Indus flowed partly through the Division and partly along its border to the west. The headquarters of the Commissioner were at Multan, or,  in the hot season, at. Fort Munro. The Division was abolished in 1884, but reconstituted in 1901. According to the 1881 census of India the population of the area now included was 2,036,956, in 1891 it
had risen to 2,277,605, and in 1901 to 3,014,675. The total area was 29,520 square miles, the division was composed of the following districts:
Sahiwal Division

**Sahiwal Division** () is an administrative division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It was created in November 1988.
Bannu Division

**Bannu Division** () was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. The division was created in the 1990s when it was removed from Dera Ismail Khan Division, at abolition it contained the districts of Bannu and Lakki Marwat.
Dera Ismail Khan Division

**Dera Ismail Khan Division** () was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.

Until the 1990s it also contained Bannu Division, at abolition it contained the districts of Dera Ismail Khan and Tank.
Kohat Division

**Kohat Division** () was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. At independence in 1947, Kohat was a district of Peshawar Division. In 1976 it became a separate division and contained the districts of Karak, Kohat and Hangu.
Malakand Division

**Malakand Division** () was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.

## History

In 1969, the princely states of Chitral, Dir and Swat were incorporated into West Pakistan as the new division of Malakand with Saidu as its capital.

## Related pages

- Chitral District
- Dir (Pakistan)
- Swat District
Mardan Division

**Mardan Division** () was an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 got rid of the third tier of government. It was made up of the present-day districts of Mardan and Swabi.
Peshawar Division

**Peshawar Division** () is an administrative division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, the reforms of 2000 removed divisions - however in 2008 divisions were recreated. When Pakistan became independent from Britain in 1947, the North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955) was split into two divisions, Dera Ismail Khan and Peshawar. Until 1976, Peshawar Division contained the districts of Hazara and Kohat, when they both became divisions themselves.

## History

Peshawar Division was originally a district of the North-West Frontier Province of British India - this was between 1901 and 1947.  The district was administratively subdivided into five tehsils:

- Peshawar
- Charsadda
- Mardan
- Swabi
- Nowshera

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the tehsil of Peshawar became the new district of Peshawar and the old district became a division.

## Related pages

- Hazara Division
- Kohat Division
- Peshawar District
Hyderabad Division

**Hyderābād District** (), is a district of Sindh, Pakistan. Before, it was an administrative division of the Sindh called the **Hyderabad Division.** However, reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. Its capital is the city of Hyderabad. The Kirthar National Park is in the Hyderabad district. According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, it had a population of 4,339,445 of which 50.07% were urban (lived in a city). This makes it the second-most urbanised district of Sindh.
Bacchus

**Bacchus** was the Roman god of agriculture, wine and fertility, equivalent to the Greek god Dionysus. He is often seen with vines of grapes with him. Dionysus was said to be the last god to join the twelve Olympians. Supposedly, Hestia gave up her seat for him. His plants were vines and twirling ivy. He carried a pine cone-topped staff, and his followers were goat-footed Satyrs and Maenads, wild women who danced energetically during his festivals. Bacchus is the son of Jupiter.

## Mythical history

Bacchus was the child of Jupiter and Semélé, a human whom Juno had tricked into asking to see Jupiter as he really was. Since she was a mortal, she was burned up by the sight of Jupiter in his divine form. So Jupiter sewed the infant Bacchus into his thigh, and gave birth to him nine months later. As a child, Bacchus was tutored by Silenus, who was a great lover of wine and often had to be carried on the back of a donkey. Before he took his place at Olympus, Bacchus wandered the world for many years, going as far as India to teach people how to grow wines.

## Further reading

- _Mythology_ by Lady Hestia Evans, published by Candlewick Press.

## Related pages

- Dionysus - Greek mythology version of Bacchus
SportsCenter

***SportsCenter*** is the daily sports news program of ESPN. It is widely spread out in the whole world, with famous citations in movies and international editions, as the _SportsCenter Brasil_ (the Brazilian edition), the _SportsCenter Asia_ and the _Sportscentre_ (Canada). The _SportsCenter Brasil_ has recently completed 3000 editions.
Mythology (book)

***Mythology: Greek Gods, Heroes, & Monsters*** is a book written by Dugald Steer and published in 2007. It written as the "travel journal" of the fictional Lady Hestia Evans. It records a trip to Greece that she took in 1825. The book is more similar to an encyclopedia than a story. It talks about the wonders of the ancient world and the gods and heroes of ancient mythology. It has notes added by John Oro, another fictional character who is a friend of Lady Hestia and also traveled to Greece.
Larkana Division

**Larkana Division** () was an administrative division of the Sindh Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 got rid of the third level of government.
Tom Boonen

**Tom Boonen** (; born 15 October 1980) is a Belgian road bicycle racer. He won the 2005 World Cycling Championship. Boonen is a member of the  team, He is a sprinter.

## Infobox (cyclist)

- **name**: Tom Boonen
- **image**: Gent - Omloop Het Nieuwsblad, 28 februari 2015 (E04).JPG
- **caption**: Boonen at the 2015 Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
- **fullname**: Tom Boonen
- **birth place**: Mol, Belgium, Mol, Belgium
- **currentteam**: Retired
- **discipline**: Road
- **role**: Rider
- **ridertype**: Classics specialist
Sprinter
- **proyears1**: 2002
- **proyears2**: 2003–2017
- **majorwins**: **Grand Tour (cycling), Grand Tours**
:**Tour de France**
::Points classification in the Tour de France, Points classification (2007 Tour de France, 2007)
::6 individual stages (2004 Tour de France, 2004, 2005 Tour de France, 2005, 2007 Tour de France, 2007)
:**Vuelta a España**
::2 individual stages (2008 Vuelta a España, 2008)
**Race stage, Stage races**
:Tour of Belgium (2005)
:Tour de Picardie (2004)
:Tour of Qatar (2006, 2008 Tour of Qatar, 2008, 2009 Tour of Qatar, 2009, 2012 Tour of Qatar, 2012)
:World Ports Classic (2012)
**Classic cycle races, One-day races and Classics**
:UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race, World Road Race Championships (2005 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race, 2005)
:
:Tour of Flanders (2005 Tour of Flanders, 2005, 2006 Tour of Flanders, 2006, 2012 Tour of Flanders, 2012)
:Paris–Roubaix (2005 Paris–Roubaix, 2005, 2008 Paris–Roubaix, 2008, 2009 Paris–Roubaix, 2009, 2012 Paris–Roubaix, 2012)
:E3 Harelbeke (2004 E3 Prijs Vlaanderen, 2004, 2005 E3 Prijs Vlaanderen, 2005, 2006 E3 Prijs Vlaanderen, 2006, 2007 E3 Prijs Vlaanderen, 2007, 2012 E3 Harelbeke, 2012)
:Gent–Wevelgem (2004 Gent–Wevelgem, 2004, 2011 Gent–Wevelgem, 2011, 2012 Gent–Wevelgem, 2012)
:Scheldeprijs (2004 Scheldeprijs, 2004, 2006 Scheldeprijs, 2006)
:Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne (2007, 2009, 2014 Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne, 2014)
:Dwars door Vlaanderen (2007 Dwars door Vlaanderen, 2007)
:Paris–Brussels (2012, 2016)
:Münsterland Giro (2015)
:London-Surrey Classic (2016 RideLondon–Surrey Classic, 2016)
Mirpur Khas Division

**Mirpur Khas Division** () was an administrative division of the Sindh Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government.
Sukkur Division

**Sukkur Division** (), originally Khairpur, was a division of Pakistan until the divisions of Pakistan were dissolved in 2000.
Baluchistan States Union

The **Baluchistan States Union** existed between 3 October 1952 and 14 October 1955 in modern southwest Pakistan. It was formed by the states of Kalat, Kharan, Las Bela and Makran with the capital at the town of Kalat. The area of the Union was roughly the western half of the modern province of Balochistan. The Union was separate from the Chief Commissioners Province of Baluchistan which comprised areas to the northeast of the Union. The Union did not include the enclave of Gwadar City which was part of the Sultanate of Oman. The four state rulers continued in office but some matters became the responsibility of the Council of Rulers.
Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)

**The Chief Commissioners Province of Baluchistan** was a former province of British India. It was in the northern parts of the modern Pakistani province of Balochistan.
Interwar period

The **interwar period** was a time in history from 9 November 1918 to 1 September 1939, between the two world wars, World War I and World War II.

The period began with many changes internationally. The League of Nations was created, which was made to bring peace to the world, but did not prevent problems with Nazi Germany, which soon left the League. Also occurred was the growing threat of Japan, which invaded China. Soon the Soviet Union and Italy had begun to rise as international powers. All of that happened in the 21 years and soon triggered World War II.

## Related pages

- League of Nations
- Russian Civil War
- Chinese Civil War
- Spanish Civil War
- Second Sino-Japanese War

## References

- McDonough, Frank (1997). The Origins of the First and Second World Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
Victorian era

|Preceded by||
| --- | --- |
|colspan=2 align=center||
|colspan=2 align=center|Queen Victoria, after whom the Victorian period is named. **1837 - 1901**|
|Georgian era||
|Edwardian period||

The **Victorian era** of the United Kingdom was a time of Queen Victoria's rule from 1837 to 1901. This time was very prosperous for the British people. Trade was at its best. A well educated middle class ruled the country and the British Empire. Other countries also prospered but Britain became the greatest great power.

The Industrial Revolution continued to increase productivity and prosperity, especially in the middle and later parts of Victoria's reign. Making iron and steel was a basic industry. The furnaces were fired with coal. Shipbuilding was a major industry. Canals and steam railways connected all parts of the country, and British steamships connected the world. Cotton and wool were made into cloth and exported. Ceramics were also a major industry.

One important change in the Victorian era was the creation of the sewage system in London. In 1829 photography was invented. Gas lighting was important too. Streetlights became common first, followed by lights in public buildings and   home. In the 1880s people began making power stations and distribution systems to feed the new electric lightbulbs.

## Economic changes

Britain began ruling its trading colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean. The British Empire now extended all over the world. It used new technologies like the railways and electric telegraph to communicate across these regions. Many British citizens moved to the colonies to make their fortune.

Industrialisation brought with it a rapidly growing middle class. They were not aristocrats and landowners, but on the other hand they were not unskilled workers. They were the people who created, managed and ran the new industrial factories.

## Social changes

In the Victorian era, the middle class people owned their own houses. The family home often included three generations.  The concept of "privacy" became a mark of the middle class life. What went on in those homes was the themes of many mid-century novelists.

The printing press became faster in the nineteenth century and paper was cheaper too. The "taxes on knowledge" on newspapers and printed advertisements were lifted. This made magazines and newspapers cheaper. The government tried to improve literacy rates by starting schools for the poor. More books were written for, and read by, the newly educated middle classes.

## Entertainment

More theatres opened in London. Orchestras and symphonies played, and operas were widely attended. Gambling at cards and new casinos became popular during the period. In the middle of the 19th century saw The Great Exhibition of 1851, the first World's Fair, and showed the greatest creations of the century.

## Related pages

- Imperialism
- Colonialism
De-Stalinization

**De-Stalinization** is the way that the Soviet Union tried to undo Joseph Stalin's politics and the heroic image he created of himself using propaganda.
After Stalin died, a group led the Soviet Union for a while. Georgi Malenkov was the Premier of the Soviet Union; Lavrentiy Beria, head of the Ministry of the Interior; and Nikita Khrushchev was First Secretary of the Central Committee.

Because Stalin had so prominent a control over the Soviet Union,  he was placed on a pedestal both at home and among communists abroad. In the years 1953–1955, a period of "silent de-Stalinization" took place, as the revision of Stalin's policies was done in secret, and often with no explanation.

## Revisionism

In 1954, Nikita Khrushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union. He attempted to reform the Soviet government and change how socialism in the country should be run. In order to do this, he had to change the way the public thought of Stalin, this is called revisionism. He removed Stalin's corpse out of the mausoleum in Red Square and he changed the name of Stalingrad (which was named after Stalin) to Volgograd. Some people disliked Khrushchev’s reform and those who oppose revisionism are called anti-revisionist.
Pomelo

The **Pomelo** (_Citrus maxima_ or _Citrus grandis_), is a citrus fruit from South East Asia. It is pale green or yellow when ripe. Its flesh is sweet and white. The rind is very thick and spongy. It is the largest citrus fruit, usually  in diameter. It weighs .

Other names for the pomelo are **pummelo** and **pommelo.**
Leiden University

**Leiden University** (Dutch: _Universiteit Leiden_), shortened to **LEI**, is a public university in Leiden, a city in the province of South Holland, the Netherlands.

Leiden University was established on 8 February 1575 and is the oldest university of the Netherlands.

It has about 29,500 students.

Its focus is on all sorts of sciences.

## Related pages

- Leyden jar
University of Amsterdam

The **University of Amsterdam** (Dutch: _Universiteit van Amsterdam_), shortened to **UvA**, is a public university in Amsterdam, a city in the province of North Holland and also capital to the Netherlands.

The University of Amsterdam was established in 1877 (its predecessor in 1632).

It has about 31,000 students.

Its focus is on all sorts of sciences.
Wouter Bos

**Wouter Jacob Bos** (born July 14, 1963) was a Dutch minister of finance, deputy Prime Minister and leader of the Dutch Labour Party. He won the election of Dutch Labour Party leader, defeating Jouke de Vries. He led the party until March 12, 2010, the day he left. His successor is Job Cohen, who used to be the mayor of Amsterdam. He left because he wanted to spend more time with his family.

He left as minister of finance and deputy Prime Minister because the government felt over the decision of Uruzgan. The Dutch Labour Party was in the coalition, together with Christen Democraten Appèl and the ChristenUnie, both Christian parties. The Dutch Labour Party did not agree and stepped out of the coalition.

## References

- Bio at Parlement.com

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Wouter Bos
- **image**: Bos Dutch politician kabinet Balkenende IV.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **office**: Ministry of Finance (Netherlands), Minister of Finance
- **term start**: February 22, 2007
- **term end**: February 23, 2010
- **primeminister**: Jan Peter Balkenende
- **predecessor**: Gerrit Zalm
- **successor**: Jan Kees de Jager
- **office2**: Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Deputy Prime Minister
- **term start2**: February 22, 2007
- **term end2**: February 23, 2010
- **primeminister2**: Jan Peter Balkenende
- **alongside2**: André Rouvoet
- **predecessor2**: Gerrit Zalm
- **successor2**: André Rouvoet (Only)
- **office3**: Party leader
 Labour Party (Netherlands), Labour Party
- **term start3**: November 17, 2002
- **term end3**: April 25, 2010
- **predecessor3**: Ad Melkert
- **successor3**: Job Cohen
- **office4**: Parliamentary group leader, Parliamentary leader – Labour Party (Netherlands), Labour Party
 House of Representatives of the Netherlands, House of Representatives
- **term start4**: November 19, 2002
- **term end4**: February 22, 2007
- **predecessor4**: Jeltje van Nieuwenhoven
- **successor4**: Jacques Tichelaar
- **office5**: House of Representatives of the Netherlands, Member of the House of Representatives
- **term start5**: May 23, 2002
- **term end5**: February 22, 2007
- **office6**: State Secretary (Netherlands), State Secretary for Ministry of Finance (Netherlands), Finance
- **term start6**: March 24, 2000
- **term end6**: July 22, 2002
- **primeminister6**: Wim Kok
- **predecessor6**: Willem Vermeend
- **successor6**: Steven van Eijk
- **office7**: House of Representatives of the Netherlands, Member of the House of Representatives
- **term start7**: May 19, 1998
- **term end7**: March 24, 2000
- **birth place**: Vlaardingen, Netherlands
- **birthname**: Wouter Jacob Bos
- **nationality**: Netherlands, Dutch
- **party**: Labour Party (Netherlands), Labour Party
- **spouse**: Barbara Bos <small>(since 2002)</small>
- **residence**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **alma mater**: Vrije Universiteit <small>(Master of Arts, M.A. in Political Science and Economics)</small>
- **occupation**: Politician
 Management consultant
Hughes Medal

The **Hughes Medal** is awarded by the Royal Society of London for original discoveries in electricity and magnetism or their applications.
J. J. Thomson

**Sir Joseph John "J.J." Thomson**, OM, FRS (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was a British physicist and Nobel laureate. He discovered the electron and isotopes, and invented the mass spectrometer. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1906 for his discovery of the electron and his work on  how electricity works in gases. Joseph John Thomson in 1893 said: "There is no other branch of physics which affords us so promising an opportunity of penetrating the secret of electricity."

In 1897, Thomson showed that cathode rays were made of a previously unknown negatively charged particle of very small mass compared to its electric charge. It was later called the electron and was the first subatomic particle to be found. Thomson also found the first evidence for isotopes of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, while studying anode rays (positive cations).

In atomic theory he suggested the idea that atoms were spheres of evenly spread positive charge, where an individual negatively charged electron resided.  He later concluded there was more than one negatively charged particle in an atom.

Many of the young men who studied and worked with him at University of Cambridge also became famous physicists.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: J. J. Thomson
- **image**: Jj-thomson3.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Sir Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940)
- **birth date**: 18 December 1856
- **birth place**: Cheetham Hill, Manchester, United Kingdom, UK
- **death place**: Cambridge, United Kingdom, UK
- **nationality**: British
- **fields**: Physics
- **workplaces**: Cambridge University
- **alma mater**: University of Manchester
University of Cambridge
- **academic advisors**: John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, John Strutt (Rayleigh)
- **notable students**: Ernest Rutherford
Francis William Aston
 J. Robert Oppenheimer
William Henry Bragg
Max Born
T. H. Laby
Paul Langevin
Balthasar van der Pol
- **known for**: Plum pudding model
electron, Discovery of electron
isotopes, Discovery of isotopes
mass spectrometer, Mass spectrometer invention
Mass-to-charge ratio, First m/e measurement
Waveguide (electromagnetism), Proposed first waveguide
Thomson scattering
Thomson (unit)
- **signature**: jjthomson_sig.png
- **footnotes**: Thomson is the father of Nobel laureate George Paget Thomson.
Johann Wilhelm Hittorf

**Johann Wilhelm Hittorf** (March 27, 1824 – November 28, 1914) was a German physicist who was born in Bonn and died in Münster, Germany. He was the first to compute the electric capacity of charged atoms and molecules (ions).

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/article/abs/johann-wilhelm-hittorf-and-the-material-culture-of-nineteenthcentury-gas-discharge-research/82D6CB70E783CFF7A993DAFE8219F1F2

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Johann Wilhelm Hittorf
- **image**: Hittorf portrait from Festschrift 1904.jpg
- **caption**: Johann Wilhelm Hittorf
- **birth date**: March 27, 1824
- **birth place**: Bonn
- **death date**: November 28, 1914
- **death place**: Münster, Germany
- **nationality**: Prussia, Prussian
- **field**: Physics
- **doctoral advisor**: Julius Plücker
- **signature**: Johann Wilhelm Hittorf signature 1904.png
Flor-de-Lis

**Flor-de-Lis** are a folk music group from Lisbon, Portugal. They competed in the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 with the song _Todas as ruas do amor_ where they finished 15th.

## Members

- Daniela Varela
- Paulo Pereira
- José Camacho
- Jorge Marques
- Ana Sofia Campeã
- Rolando Amaral
- Pedro Marques

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Flor-de-Lis
- **img**: Esc port.jpg
- **img capt**: Daniela Varela at the ESC 2009 final
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Lisbon, Portugal
- **genre**: Fado, Folk music, Folk, Acoustic music, Acoustic
- **years active**: 2004present
- **current members**: Daniela Varela
Paulo Pereira
José Camacho
Jorge Marques
Ana Sofia Campeã
Rolando Amaral
Pedro Marques (musician), Pedro Marques
Terraforming

**Terraforming** is changing a planet or large natural satellite that we cannot live on at present without spacesuits and similar technology. The idea is to change it so some life from Earth could exist there. It would need a suitable atmosphere (air), heat, and water. "Paraterraforming" or "worldhousing" is a variant of terraforming that would involve building domes over the majority of a planet or moon.

Some think it is possible to terraform Mercury, Venus, Mars, Ceres, Pluto, our Moon, Titan, Callisto.

It is arguable that we have already succeeded in terraforming right here on Earth. Thanks to modern technology, humans can now thrive in places that should be impossible to live in such as deserts and the Arctic.

A related concept is **paraterraforming** or **worldhousing** which would involve constructing greenhouse-style geodesic domes and similar structures to cover most of, if not the entire surface of the planet or moon.
Felixstowe

**Felixstowe** is a town in Suffolk, England. It has the largest container ports in Europe.

About 30,000 people live in Felixstowe.

## Other websites

- Felixstowe Town Council
Malcolm Lowry

**Clarence Malcolm Lowry** (; 28 July 1909 – 26 June 1957) was a British writer from the Wirral. He is most famous for his 1947 novel _Under the Volcano_ about an alcoholic Consul in Mexico. Lowry was himself an alcoholic and a lot of his writings were about the effect alcohol had on his life and on the lives of his characters.

## References

- _Under the Volcano_ by Malcolm Lowry. Penguin edition 2000 (Introduction by Michael Schmidt)
Torn Curtain

***Torn Curtain*** is a 1966 movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Paul Newman and Julie Andrews. It is set mainly in East Germany during the Cold War and tells the story of a scientist (played by Newman) who pretends to betray his country, the United States of America to the USSR in order to gain vital information about a new weapon which the Soviet Union is building.
Frenzy

***Frenzy*** is a 1972 British crime thriller movie set in London. It is directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Jon Finch and Barry Foster. It tells the story of an innocent man, played by Finch who is wrongly believed to be a serial killer by the police and his efforts to avoid capture and bring the real killer to justice. This was the second to last movie that Hitchcock made before he died in 1980 and the first time in many years he had made a movie in the United Kingdom.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Frenzy
- **director**: Alfred Hitchcock
- **producer**: Alfred Hitchcock
- **writer**: Anthony Shaffer (writer), Anthony Shaffer
- **starring**: Jon Finch
Alec McCowen
Barry Foster (actor), Barry Foster
- **music**: Ron Goodwin
- **cinematography**: Gilbert Taylor
Leonard J. South
- **editing**: John Jympson
- **distributor**: Universal Pictures
- **runtime**: 116 minutes
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $2 million
- **gross**: $12.6 million
Marnie

***Marnie*** is a 1964 American mystery drama movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and based on the novel of the same name. It starred Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery. It tells the story of Marnie, a compulsive thief and liar, played by Hedren. She is befriended by and later marries a rich businessman called Mark Rutland, played by Connery. He tries to find out more about the tragic events which took place in her past and finally forces her to face up to these events and the secret which her mother kept from her since she was a child.
Shadow of a Doubt

***Shadow of a Doubt*** is a 1943 American movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock starring Theresa Wright and Joseph Cotten. It tells the story of a naïve young girl called Charlie (played by Wright) who lives in a sleepy town in California with her well-meaning parents, and how her life is put in danger when her sinister uncle (played by Cotten) comes to stay with the family. Over the course of the movie, Charlie discovers that her uncle is a wanted serial killer who has murdered a lot of rich widows for their money. When her uncle finds out that Charlie has discovered his secret he sets out to murder her before she exposes him.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Shadow of a Doubt
- **image**: Shadow of a Doubt (1942 poster - Style C).jpg
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster, StyleC
- **director**: Alfred Hitchcock
- **producer**: Jack H. Skirball
- **story**: Gordon McDonell
- **music**: Dimitri Tiomkin
Franz Lehár
- **cinematography**: Joseph Valentine, Joseph A. Valentine
- **editing**: Milton Carruth
- **studio**: Skirball Productions
- **gross**: $1.2 million (U.S. rentals)
- **distributor**: Universal Studios, Universal Pictures
- **runtime**: 108 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Rope (movie)

***Rope*** is a 1948 American drama movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It stars James Stewart, John Dall and Farley Granger. It tells the story of two young intellectuals, played by Dall and Granger, who murder one of their friends in an apartment in Manhattan. They do it in order to prove that it is possible to commit the perfect murder. Then they hold a dinner party at which they invite the parents of the victim as well as their former teacher, played by Stewart. During the dinner party they come close to boasting about their crime and arouse the suspicions of the teacher who eventually exposes them and alerts the police. The movie is famous for seemingly being made in one long shot without changing the camera angle. It is also known for implying a homosexual relationship between the two intellectuals at a time when homosexuality was rarely mentioned in movies or popular American culture.
Early modern period

The **early modern period** of human history, is a time from 15001800 (roughly). This time follows the Middle Ages. It is the start of recognizable nations that we know today.

In the history of Europe, the early modern period follows the Medieval period. It begins around the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and includes the Renaissance period, and the Age of Discovery. It includes the discovery of America, and the discovery of the sea route to the East. It ends around the French Revolution in 1789.

## Europe

In 1453 Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Empire. Science, transport, and communications improved. This is also called the Renaissance. For European countries with many ships, this was the Age of Discovery. Europe was beginning to expand to the New World. Trade with Asia was common, after Europeans found their way around Africa and into the Indian Ocean. Late in this period the European countries started setting up colonies there.

## Asia

The Mughal Empire began in 1526. This Empire had a orderly government, widespread economic prosperity and religious tolerance. At this time Asia was flourishing in Math and Science. Also the Ottoman Empire was ruling the Middle East, along with the Persian Empire.

## Related pages

- Renaissance

## References

- Discussion of the medieval/modern transition from the introduction to the pioneering _Cambridge Modern History_ (1903)
- Society for Renaissance Studies
National Assembly

The **National Assembly** is a type of legislature in some countries. The best known National Assembly, and the first legislature to be known by this title, was established during the French Revolution in 1789, known as the _Assemblée Nationale_. Almost every country in Africa has a National Assembly. However, outside of Africa there are not that many countries with National assembly. In Europe there is Britain, France, Germany etc. In Asia there is China, Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan,Bangladesh, and South Korea.
Kenneth Clarke

**Kenneth Harry Clarke, Baron Clarke of Nottingham**,  (born 2 July 1940), often known as **Ken Clarke**, is a British politician. He was the Justice Secretary in the coalition government. Clarke has had a long career in politics and has served in the cabinets of Margaret Thatcher and John Major. On February 26, 2017, Clarke became Father of the House after the death of Gerald Kaufman.

## Early life and politics

Clarke was born in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, England and was educated at the University of Cambridge. He became the Member of Parliament for Rushcliffe at the 1970 general election and became a Queen's Counsel in 1980. He held a number of lower positions in government under Margaret Thatcher until she promoted him to Health Secretary in 1988. He became Education Secretary in 1990 and when Thatcher resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced with John Major he stayed on as Health Secretary until 1992 when he was promoted to Chancellor of the Exchequer. He stayed as Chancellor until 1997 when the Conservatives were defeated in the General Election.

## In opposition

John Major resigned as leader of the Conservative Party soon after he was defeated in the general election and Clarke stood for election to replace him as leader and therefore become the Leader of the Opposition. However he was defeated by William Hague in this contest. When Hague himself resigned after losing the 2001 General Election Clarke again stood for leader but was defeated by Iain Duncan Smith. In 2005 he stood for the leadership for a third time but was defeated by David Cameron. It is thought that Clarke was unable to become leader because many in the Conservative Party do not wish to see the United Kingdom replace the pound with the Euro as the main currency whereas Clarke has always been very much in favour of this policy.

## As Shadow Business Secretary

Clarke returned to the Conservative front bench in 2009 as the Shadow Business Secretary where he has the job of monitoring the performance of the current Business Secretary Peter Mandelson. When the coalition government was formed on 11 May 2010 Clarke was made the Justice Secretary.
Swansea City A.F.C.

**Swansea City AFC** are a Welsh football (soccer) team who have played in the English Premier League since 2011. Before being promoted to the Premier League for the 2011–12 season, they had played in the English Football League since 1920. They were founded in 1912 as Swansea Town and played at the Vetch Field ground until 2005 when they moved to the Liberty Stadium. Their most successful period as a team was in the early 1980s under their manager John Toshack when they played in the old First Division from 1981-1983 (which was the highest tier of English football at the time). Swansea play their home games in an all white strip. Their main rivals are Cardiff City and a match between the two sides is known as the South Wales derby. As well as competing in the English League they have also won the Welsh Cup ten times and the Football Association of Wales Premier Cup twice. In 2011, they were promoted to the Premier League after winning the Football League Championship play-offs after finishing third in the league. They avoided relegation in their first Premier League season ending up in 11th place.

## Name

- 1912-1970 **Swansea Town F.C.**
- 1970-present **Swansea City A.F.C.**

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Second Division|23rd|
|2001/02|Third Division|20th|
|2002/03|Third Division|21st|
|2003/04|Third Division|10th|
|2004/05|League Two|3rd|
|2005/06|League One|6th|
|2006/07|League One|7th|
|2007/08|League One|Champions|
|2008/09|League Championship|8th|
|2010/11|League Championship|3rd|
|2011/12|Premier League|11th|
|2012/13|Premier League|9th|
|2013/14|Premier League|12th|
|2014/15|Premier League|8th|
|2015/16|Premier League|12th|
|2016/17|Premier League|15th|
|2017/18|Premier League|18th|
|2018/19|EFL Championship|10th|
|2019/20|EFL Championship|6th|
|2020/21|EFL Championship|4h|

## References

- http://www.swanseacity.net/page/Welcome  - Club home page

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Swansea City A.F.C.
- **fullname**: Swansea City Association Football Club
- **founded**: 1912
- **ground**: Liberty Stadium, Swansea, Liberty Stadium
Landore, Swansea
- **capacity**: 20,532
- **chairman**: Julian Winter
- **manager**: Russell Martin
Hartlepool United F.C.

**Hartlepool Utd F.C** are an English football team playing in the English Football League. They were founded in 1908 as ‘Hartlepools Utd’ and currently play at the Victoria ground. The well known football manager Brian Clough started his career as a manager with Hartlepool in 1965 before leaving to go on and manage Derby County.

## References

- Club homepage
Tippi Hedren

**Tippi Hedren** (born Nathalie Kay Hedren, January 19, 1930) is an American actress. Her paternal grandparents were Swedish immigrants. Her maternal ancestry is German and Norwegian. She is best known for her performances in two movies directed by Alfred Hitchcock: _The Birds_ and _Marnie_. She is the mother of actress Melanie Griffith and has acted in movies with her daughter.
Japanese morning glory

**Japanese morning glory**, also called the _Ipomoea nil_, is an attractive cultivated plant, a climbing annual commonly with white edges, also named white-edge morning glory. It is found in US Florida to South America, also in Galapagos Islands.

## Other websites

- Plants and classification of genus Ipomoea
- Morning glories, moonflowers, and their relatives
- Decoding the genome of the Japanese morning glory
Pyrrhic victory

A **Pyrrhic victory** is battle won at too great a cost. It is one in which the side that won the victory suffers very badly.

A Pyrrhic victory may take place when the victorious army has lost a huge number of men or when the enemy army has reinforcements about to arrive which greatly outnumber the winning army and mean that the chances of a second victory are very low. A Pyrrhic victory is named after King Pyrrhus of Epirus. He won a battle against the Romans in 280 BC but many of his men and most of his friends and top commanders died in the battle.
Iain Duncan Smith

**Sir George Iain Duncan Smith** (born 9 April 1954 in Edinburgh, Scotland) is a British politician who is the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2016 - 2016. He was the leader of the Conservative Party from September 2001 to November 2003 and is the Member of Parliament (MP) for the constituency of Chingford and Woodford Green.

Iain Duncan Smith served in the Scottish part of the British Army, the Scots' Guard from 1975 to 1981. He became a Conservative Party MP at the 1992 General Election for the constituency of Chingford (called Chingford and Woodford Green from 1997). He became a member of William Hague's shadow cabinet in 1997 and became Shadow Defence Secretary in 1999. When Hague resigned in 2001, Iain Duncan Smith was elected leader of the Conservative Party, defeating Kenneth Clarke and Michael Portillo. In November 2003, Conservative Party MPs passed a Vote of No Confidence in Iain Duncan Smith because they believed he could not win the general election. He was replaced by Michael Howard. After the 2010 General Election, Iain Duncan Smith was made the Secretary of State for Work and Pensions. He resigned in March 2016.

Iain Duncan Smith was the first leader of the Conservative Party to have been Roman Catholic and was the first to have been born in Scotland since Arthur Balfour.

## Other websites

- - Official site
Bill Hicks

**William 'Bill' Hicks** (16 December 1961 – 26 February 1994) was an American stand-up comedian known for his controversial act which made fun of religion and politics amongst other areas. Since then, many other stand-up comedians in the United States and United Kingdom have said they have been very influenced by his work, which is still very popular today.

Hicks was born in Valdosta, Georgia and raised in Houston, Texas. He died of pancreatic cancer in Little Rock, Arkansas.

## References

- True, Cynthia (2002). American Scream: The Bill Hicks Story. New York, NY: HarperCollins. .
Exeter City F.C.

**Exeter City F.C.** is an English association football club currently competing in the English Football League. They were founded in 1904 and currently play at the St James Park ground.

Possibly their most famous game was when they drew 0-0 against Manchester United in an FA Cup match in 2005 at United's home ground of Old Trafford.

## Other websites

- Official website
Water opossum

The **water opossum** (_Chironectes minimus_) is also  known as the **yapok**. It is an aquatic marsupial and a member of the opossum family. It has black and grey waterproof fur and webbed hind feet. It is _the only living marsupial where both sexes have a backward-pointing pouch_.

The animal is found in the freshwater streams and lakes in Mexico, Central and South America. The water opossum lives in bankside burrows. It comes out after dusk to search for fish, crustaceans and other aquatic animals, which it eats on the bank.

The yapok's webbed back feet helps it chase its prey in the water.