Scriptio continua

***Scriptio continua*** (Latin for "continuous script") is a style of writing that does not use spaces, different letter cases, or punctuation to tell apart words, phrases, or sentences. It was a common way of writing for texts in Ancient Greek and Classical Latin.

Although spoken Greek and Latin did use punctuation to tell words apart, _scriptio continua_ was used to save space and ink.

Use of _scriptio continua_ became less common after the fall of the Roman Empire, and spaces began to appear between words. The first known documents that used spacing were Irish and Anglo-Saxon Bibles and Gospels. However, _scriptio continua_ is still used for the writing systems for several modern languages, including Southeast Asian abugidas like Thai, Lao, Khmer, Burmese, Javanese, Balinese, and Tibetan. Languages that use the Chinese character system like Chinese and Japanese sometimes use _scriptio continua_, even though modern Chinese and Japanese stopped using it when they adopted punctuation during the 19th and 20th centuries.

## Growth of universal literacy

One of the things to be noticed is the change from professional scribes to general literacy, which occurred in all languages. In other words, writing went from being something only a few people were trained to being something most people would be able to do. The growth of literacy is the main indirect reason why most modern languages have punctuation.

### Latin

The first sentence below is the first sentence of Ovid's Metamorphoses written in Latin using _scriptio continua_ writing, the second is the same sentence written in Latin using spaces, punctuation and cases, and the third is an English translation. In all the Latin sentences, all the letter U's have been replaced with letter V's.
1. INNOVAFERTANIMVSMVTATASDICEREFORMASCORPORA​DICOEPTISNAMVOSMVTASTISETILLAS​ADSPIRATEMEISPRIMAQVE​ABORIGINEMVNDIADMEAPERPETVVMDEDVCITETEMPORACARMEN
1. In nova fert animvs mvtatas dicere formas corpora; di, coeptis (nam vos mvtastis et illas) adspirate meis primaqve ab origine mvndi ad mea perpetvvm dedvcite tempora carmen!
1. I want to speak about bodies changed into new forms. You, gods, since you are the ones who alter these, and all other things, inspire my attempt, and spin out a continuous thread of words, from the world's first origins to my own time.

### English

The first sentence is the biblical verse John 3:16 in the King James Version written in English using _scriptio continua_ writing, and the second is the same sentence written in English using spaces, punctuation and cases.
1. FORGODSOLOVEDTHEWORLDTHATHEGAVEHISONLYBEGOTTENSON​THATWHOSOEVERBELIEVETHINHIM​SHOULDNOTPERISH​BUTHAVEEVERLASTINGLIFE
1. For God so loved the world, that he gave his only begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
Due to the internet, modern English developed a form of _scriptio continua_ through email and URL web addresses. Since spaces are invalid characters, the URL for the website "Example Fake Website" would be **examplefakewebsite.com**.

### Chinese

Chinese had no sort of punctuation until the 20th century, and only added punctuation because of their interactions with Western countries. Chinese is still fairly readable even without punctuation and spacing because each Chinese character represents an entire word or morpheme (the smallest meaningful units of language) instead of single sounds like an alphabet.

The first sentence below is a sentence written in modern Chinese, the second is the same sentence using _scriptio continua_ writing, the third is the sentence written with spaces in between the words, the fourth is the sentence written in Hanyu Pinyin, and the fifth is the sentence translated into English.
1. 北京在中国北方；广州在中国南方。
1. **北京在中国北方广州在中国南方**
1. 北京　在　中国　北方；　广州　在　中国　南方。
1. Běijīng zài Zhōngguó běifāng; Guǎngzhōu zài Zhōngguó nánfāng.
1. Beijing is in Northern China; Guangzhou is in Southern China.

### Japanese

Like Chinese, Japanese also does not use spacing in its writing. Even though Japanese also uses many Chinese characters (called kanji in Japanese) in its writing, the two languages are actually very different from each other. When Japanese was first written, it was written entirely in kanji and man'yogana (kanji used only for writing the sounds of Japanese). Chinese characters could be used to either tell a words' pronunciation or its meaning, so it made Japanese very hard to read. Even native Japanese speakers had a hard time reading ancient Japanese writings.

Later during the 10th century, the Japanese created different sound-based systems to write more quickly and to tell apart phonetic-loan characters and semantic-based characters more easily. These writing systems are called kana.

Today Japanese uses three different writing systems, kanji for showing the meanings of words, and hiragana and katakana for showing the sounds of words. While Japanese does not use spacing, native Japanese speakers can still tell apart words quickly because the three different types of writing look quite different from each other, and each writing system is usually used for a certain kind of word. Kanji is usually used to write native Japanese words, Chinese loanwords, and the roots of content words (nouns, adjective, adjectives, adverbs). Hiragana is usually used for common phrases, particles, and the inflections of content words. Katakana is usually used for loanwords from languages other than Chinese, onomatopoeia, and for extra emphasis.

Also like Chinese, it used no punctuation until after it had major interactions with Western countries, and it did not have any punctuation until the Meiji Period, when Japan quickly modernized.

The first sentence below is sentence written in Japanese using hiragana, katakana and kanji without spaces between words. The second is written in hiragana, katakana and kanji with spaces in between words (including particles). The third is written only in hiragana and katakana. The fourth is written entirely in romaji (Japanese written in the Latin alphabet). The fifth is the sentence translated translated in English. The sixth is written using _scriptio continua_ entirely in kanji and man'yōgana.
1. ベサニー・ヒルズと高森昭は東京に住んでいます。
1. ベサニー・ヒルズ　と　高森　昭　は　東京　に　住んでいます。
1. ベサニー・ヒルズ　と　たかもり　あきら　は　とうきょう　に　すんでいます。
1. Besanī Hiruzu to Takamori Akira wa Tōkyō ni sundeimasu.
1. Bethany Hills and Akira Takamori are living in Tokyo.
1. 邊三仁伊日流頭吐高森昭歯東京仁須無弟位麻須

### Thai

Unlike most modern languages, Thai is still written without punctuation or spaces most of the time. Only clauses, rather than single words or phrases, are set apart by spaces. Since Thai has strict syllable structure rules, trained readers of Thai can recognize single words even without spaces. The syllable structure of a Thai word is C¹(C²)V(C³), which means that only two consonants can come before the vowel and one consonant can come after the vowel. For example, the clause สวัสดีครับ _s(à)wàtdeekráp_ is made of four syllables, but if they were written with spaces between syllables, it would be written as ส วัส ดี ครับ _s(à) wàt dee kráp_. The syllable structure of the four words in the same order are

1. C¹V
1. C¹VC³
1. C¹V
1. C¹C²VC³

Even if a word or syllable is spelled without any vowels written, an inherent vowel must still be spoken. For example, the word มด would be written as _md_ if written the Roman alphabet, but it must be pronounced as _mót_ /mot/, since the vowel /ɔ/ or /a/ must be spoken for any Thai word with no written vowel.

Below is a greeting in Thai, first written in Thai with no spaces, second written in Thai with spaces, third written in Thai written in the Roman alphabet, fourth an English translation.

1. สวัสดีครับ ผมเป็นสมชายครับ ยินดีที่ได้รู้จักครับ
1. ส วัส ดี ครับ ผม เป็น สม ชาย ครับ ยิน ดี ที่ ได้ รู้ จัก ครับ
1. s(à) wàt dee kráp p(ŏ)m bpen sŏm chaai kráp yin dee têe dâai róo jàk kráp
1. Hello. I am Somchai. Nice to meet you.