juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nut (fruit)

A **nut** is a hard-shelled fruit of some plants. They are an important part of the diet. Many dried seeds and fruits are called 'nuts' in English, but only some are nuts to a botanist.

Nuts are made of the seed and the fruit. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are released from the fruit. But nuts have a stony fruit wall which keeps the seed inside.

## Definition

In common speaking, many so-called nuts, like pistachios and Brazil nuts, are not nuts in a biological sense. Everyday usage of the term often means any hard-walled, edible kernel.

A nut in botany is a simple dry fruit with one seed (rarely two). The ovary wall is hard (stony or woody) when it matures, and the seed is stuck to the ovary wall.

## Types of nuts

Types of nuts include the oak, hickory, chestnut, stone-oak, birch, hazelnut, and acorn. The peanut, coconut, almond, macadamia, pistachio, pecan, walnut and cashew are not true nuts, but are used like nuts in cooking.

## Nutrition

Nuts have nutrients that are important for growing a new plant. They have protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Nuts also give these nutrients to humans and wildlife that eat them. However, some people are allergic to nuts.

## Other websites

- Linus Pauling Micronutrient Information Centre Nuts
Richard Roxburgh

**Richard Roxburgh** (born January 1, 1962) is an Australian actor. He has starred in many Australian movies and has appeared in supporting roles in a number of Hollywood productions. Roxburgh normally plays the role of villains.

## Filmography

- _Romulus, My Father Director (2007)
- _Like Minds_ (2006)
- _Fragile_ (2005)
- _Stealth_ (2005)
- _Van Helsing_ (2004)
- _League of Extraordinary Gentlemen_ (2003)
- _The One and Only_ (2002)
- _The Touch_ (2002)
- _The Hound of the Baskervilles_ (2002) (TV)
- _Moulin Rouge!_ (2001)
- _Mission: Impossible II_ (2000)
- _Passion: The Story of Percy Grainger_ (1999)
- _In The Winter Dark_ (1998)
- _Thank God He Met Lizzie_ (1997)
- _Children of the Revolution'' (1996)

## TV

- The Silence
- Frontier
- The Last of the Ryans
- Gluttony: Seven Deadly Sins
- Tracks of Glory
- Police Rescue
- The Saint: Fear in Fun Park
- Riddle of the Stinson
- The Ordinary Man
- One Way Ticket for Twisted Tale
- The Paper Man
- Blue Murder

## Awards

**Australian Film Institute**
- 2006 – nominated: The Silence (TV)
- 2001 – nominated: Moulin Rouge!
- 1999 – nominated: Passion
- 1997 – won: Doing Time for Patsy Cline

**Film Crities Circle of Australia Awards**
- 1998 – won: Doing Time for Patsy Cline

## Other websites

- Richard Roxburgh CV at PFD
- Romulus My Father website
Speed of sound

The **speed of sound** is  per hour or  per second in dry air in room temperature.  It travels at 1500 meters per second through water.  Sound moves faster through liquids and solids than air, since they have a larger specific modulus, meaning they are stiffer. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum, which is a space without any air or matter.  The speed of sound is affected by temperature. It travels slower at low temperatures, for example in the stratosphere.

You can calculate the speed of sound like this:

Where:

- is the ratio of specific heat<nowiki/>s (1.4 for air)
- R is the gas constant ( for air)
- T is temperature (in Kelvin<nowiki/>s)

The speed of sound is also known as Mach 1. Things that go faster are supersonic, and things that go five times that speed (Mach 5) are hypersonic.

## Other websites

- Calculate the speed of sound in air and the temperature
- Speed of sound - temperature matters, not air pressure
Sigfrid Karg-Elert

**Sigfrid Karg-Elert** (born Oberndorf am Neckar, 21 November 1877; died Leipzig, 9 April 1933) was a German composer.  He wrote in a late Romantic style.  He is mainly remembered for his music for organ and harmonium, his favourite instrument.  He wrote a set of 66 Chorale improvisations for organ, the best known of which is called _Nun danket alle Gott_ (_Now thank we all our God_).
Louis-Claude Daquin

**Louis-Claude Daquin** (born in Paris, 4 July 1694; died in Paris, 15 June 1772) was a French composer.  He was writing in the last part of the Baroque period and the early part of the Classical music period.  He was a virtuoso organist and harpsichordist.  He wrote a lot of excellent music for organ and for harpsichord. His most popular piece is called _Le Coucou_ (_The Cuckoo_).
John Bull (composer)

**John Bull** (born 1562 or 1563; died 15 March 1628) was an English composer, musician, and organ builder. He was famous for playing the harpsichord and organ. Most of his compositions were written for keyboard instruments. He became a Gentleman, and then organist, at the Chapel Royal. He was also known for getting into trouble for adultery. He went to Europe and may have worked as a spy. He died in Antwerp.

Together with Sweelinck and William Byrd he was one of the great composers of keyboard music in the early 17th century. Many of his works are in the collection called the _Fitzwilliam Virginal Book_.
Poliomyelitis

**Poliomyelitis**, or **polio**, is a virus that causes a serious disease. It is spread from person to person.

Most of the time, polio has no symptoms unless the polio virus gets into the blood. It is uncommon for the virus to enter the brain or spinal cord. If this does happen, it can cause muscles to become paralyzed. Some people get better from the paralysis. Others will be disabled. Depending on which muscles have been affected, these people may need a mobility aid or a wheelchair; they may have difficulty using their hands; or they may even have trouble breathing.

About 15 out of every 10,000 adults who get polio die.  (This means an adult has a 0.015% chance of dying from polio.)

Vaccination with polio vaccines could stop the disease all over the world. Organizations like the World Health Organization have been trying to vaccinate as many people as possible against polio. Vaccinations have eliminated polio from most countries in the world.

Worldwide, polio has become much less common in the past few decades.  In 1988, there were about 350,000 cases of polio in the world.  By 2007, the number of cases of polio in the world had decreased by over 99.9%, to just 1,652 cases.
The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine; however, multiple doses are required for it to be effective. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends polio vaccination boosters for travellers and those who live in countries where the disease is endemic.

The 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, had polio.  He is the only President of the United States to have had this disease.

## Prevention

The way to prevent polio has been known for many years:

- Vaccine given 6, 12 and 16 weeks old as part of a six-in-one vaccine.
- Three years and four months old as part of a 4-in-one pre-school booster
- 14 years old as a part of the 3-in-one teenage booster.

The child has to have ALL of these to be fully protected. This explains why polio is still around. In endemic areas, wild polioviruses can infect virtually the entire human population. Not all, however, develop paralysis or any other sign of the infection.

The vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk in the 1950s.

## Related pages

- Spina bifida
Dystopia

A **dystopia** is the opposite of a utopia (a place everyone enjoys living in). It is an imagined place or society in which people do not enjoy living in because it often has many problems, such as poverty, pollution, or a cruel ruler with main aspects such as terror, war, surveillance, oppression and more. Dystopian worlds are used to depict real-world issues or potential future scenarios and while utopias usually show a vision of a perfect society or place, dystopias show and warn about the potential paths humanity might take.

Famous examples of dystopias include George Orwell's book _1984_ that offers a view of a totalitarian state under constant surveillance and Aldous Huxley's book _Brave New World_ presenting a controlled society by technology and conditioning.
Centre (department)

**Centre** is one of the ten departments (French: _départments_, singular _départment_) of Haiti. It is in the center of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic. It is the only department of Haiti that does not border the sea.

## Geography

The _Départment du Centre_ has an area of 3,675 km². It is bordered to the northeast by the Nord-Est Department, to the northwest by the Nord Department, to the west by the Artibonite Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east.

The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the _Montagnes Noires_ (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the _Chaine du Trout d'Eau_.

Lake Peligre, the second largest lake in Haiti, is in this department; it is an artificial lake created with the construction of the Peligre Dam on the Artibonite river.

The main rivers of the department are Boucan Carré, Fer-à-Cheval, Libon, Macacia, Thomonde and La Tombe, and all are tributaries of the Artibonite.

## Population

The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 581,505 persons: 289,028 men and 292,477 women, with only 94,619 (16.27%) living in cities and towns.

The main city is Hinche, the capital of the department.

## Administrative division

The department is divided into four _arrondissements_ (like districts) and 12 _communes_ (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:

1. Cerca la Source
    1. Cerca-la-Source
    1. Thomassique
1. Hinche
    1. Hinche
    1. Cerca-Cavajal
    1. Maïssade
    1. Thomonde
1. Lascahobas
    1. Lascahobas
    1. Belladère
    1. Savanette
1. Mirebalais
    1. Mirebalais
    1. Saut-d'Eau
    1. Boucan-Carré

## Infobox (settlement)

- **type**: departments of Haiti, department
- **name**: Centre
- **native name**: Sant
- **native name lang**: ht
- **image map**: Centre_in Haiti.svg
- **map caption**: Centre in Haiti
- **area total km2**: 3487.41
- **population as of**: 2015
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population total**: 746236
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**:  Haiti
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Hinche
- **iso code**: HT-CE
- **utc offset1**: -5
- **timezone1**: Eastern Time Zone (North America), Eastern
- **population urban**: 151488
- **population rural**: 594748
- **government type**: Departmental Council
Aswan Low Dam

The **Aswan Low Dam** or **Old Aswan Dam** is a dam across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. It is built of masonry and held in place just by gravity. It was the first dam across the Nile, and was built by the British between 1899 and 1902. When it was done, it was the largest masonry dam in the world. This type of dam is called a buttress dam.

The dam was built at the former first cataract of the Nile, and is about 1000 km up-river and 690 km (direct distance) south-southeast of Cairo. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever been attempted.

The dam was designed to provide storage of annual floodwater. The water was used to help dry season flow and support more irrigation. Its height was originally limited because of concern  for the Temple of Isis at Phillae (Philae Temple). That temple was later moved to Agilkia Island in Lake Nasser.

The dam provided inadequate storage capacity for planned development and was raised twice, between 1907–1912 and again 1929–1933. These heightenings still did not meet irrigation demands and in 1946 it was nearly over-topped by water in an effort to maximize pool elevation.

This eventually led to the construction of the Aswan High Dam  upstream.

The second function of the dam is to provide electricity. The dammed water drives a water turbine and generator. It still works today. This technology (hydroelectricity) had been invented in the 19th century in England and Germany, and was by 1900 used in the USA and most European countries.
Egypt got access to the technology because she was, at that time, under British control.   The Khedive was Abbas II, who usually had to do what the British wanted.
Billboard (magazine)

***Billboard*** is an international American music and entertainment magazine. It is most famous for the _Billboard_ charts, which lists the top albums and singles of the week.

The magazine was started on November 1, 1894 in Cincinnati, Ohio by William H. Donaldson and James Hennegan. It was originally called _Billboard Advertising_.

## International editions

- _Billboard Argentina_ (2013–present)
- _Billboard Brasil_ (2009–2019, 2023–present)
- _Billboard Canada_ (2023–present)
- _Billboard China_ (2016–2019, 2022–present)
- _Billboard Japan_ (2008–present)
- _Billboard Philippines_ (2016–2018, 2023–present)
- _Billboard Việt Nam_ (2017–present)
- _Billboard Greece_ (launched 2011; defunct)
- _Billboard Indonesia_ (launch 2018; defunct)
- _Billboard Thailand_ (launched 2016; defunct)
- _Billboard Türkiye_ (2006–2010)

## Other websites

- Official _Billboard_ website

## Infobox (magazine)

- **logo**: Billboard logo.svg
- **logo size**: 220px
- **publisher**: Lynne Segall
- **editor**: Hannah Karp
- **previous editor**: Lee Zhito, Tony Gervino, Bill Werde, Tamara Conniff
- **language**: English
- **founded**: (as _Billboard Advertising_)
- **frequency**: Weekly
- **category**: Entertainment industry, Entertainment
- **total circulation**: 17,000 magazines per week
15.2 million unique visitors per month
- **country**: United States
- **based**: New York City
- **issn**: 0006-2510
- **title**: Billboard
Tom Brosseau

**Thomas Anderson "Tom" Brosseau** (born November 3, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist.

## Life

He was born and grew up in Grand Forks, North Dakota. His song "How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" was covered by Chris Thile, who released a 2006 album of the same name.

Right now, Brosseau is touring the United States playing his new album, _Cavalier_.

## Albums

- _North Dakota_ (2002)
- _Late Night at Largo_ (2004)
- _What I Mean To Say Is Goodbye_ (2005)
- _Empty Houses Are Lonely_ (2006)
- _Tom Brosseau_ (2006)
- _Grand Forks_ (2007)
- _Cavalier_ (2007)

## Other websites

- Tom Brosseau official website
- Official MySpace page

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tom Brosseau
- **image**: Tom Brosseau 01.JPG
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Thomas Anderson Brosseau
- **origin**: Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: Guitar, Vocals
- **genre**: Folk music
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 2001 - present
- **label**: Fat Cat
- **associated acts**: The American Folksingers, Les Shelleys
- **url**: [http://www.tombrosseau.com/ www.tombrosseau.com]
The Strokes

**The Strokes** are an American band formed in 1998. They became famous in the early 2000s as a leading group in the garage rock revival. The members of the band are Julian Casablancas, Nick Valensi, Albert Hammond Jr., Nikolai Fraiture and Fabrizio Moretti. The band has released six studio albums, but their first album, _Is This It_ is their most famous.

## Band history

Casablancas, Moretti and Valensi were the first members of the band and started playing together when they were still in high school. In 1998, Hammond joined the band. They spent two years playing live in New York City, but no one really listened to them. They recorded some songs and sent them to record labels, but their offers were not accepted. On October 2000, the band went to Gordon Raphael's studio and recorded songs, but with no extra effects. Rough Trade Records founder Geoff Travis found out the songs and released them as _The Modern Age_ EP. The Strokes were also featured in a famous magazine, the _NME_. Because of these, the band was noticed by a lot of people, but most of those people were in the UK.

## Discography

- _Is This It_ (2001)
- _Room on Fire_ (2003)
- _First Impressions of Earth_ (2006)
- _Angles_ (2011)
- _Comedown Machine_ (2013)
- _The New Abnormal
_ (2020)

## Other websites

- The Strokes Official Website
- The Strokes on imeem
- The Strokes Official MySpace
- NME Artist page
- Guardian Unlimited bio from December 16, 2001

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Strokes
- **img**: TheStrokes.jpg
- **img capt**: The Strokes performing in March 2006
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: New York City, United States, USA
- **genre**: Garage rock
- **years active**: 1998– present
- **label**: Sony BMG
RCA Records, RCA
Rough Trade Records, Rough Trade
- **url**: [http://thestrokes.com/ thestrokes.com]
- **current members**: Julian Casablancas (singer, Vocals)
 Nick Valensi (Guitar)
 Albert Hammond, Jr. (Guitar)
 Nikolai Fraiture (Bass guitar)
Fabrizio Moretti (drums)
Henry Head Battery

The **Henry Head Battery** is found on the La Perouse side of the inlet to Botany Bay near the edge of a cliff that drops down into the ocean on Henry Head, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia.

## History

This fort and bunker building was built in-between 1892 - 1895 with a large disappearing gun emplacement (a special hole in the ground that the cannon shoots from and then disappears into). The fort was used until 1910, upon which the fort became useless.

The fort that had 2 six inch gun emplacements and special lookout positions was reused during World War II to protect the entrance to Botany Bay. The underground bunker and tunnels inside the fort had vaulted weapons storage rooms with double walls and ceilings. The doubling up of walls and ceilings was a special way of stoppng the walls from collapsing if the fort suffered a direct hit from a missile (rocket) fired from an enemy ship. The battery is currently not in use.
Virgin Records

**Virgin Records** is a British record label. It was started by Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell in 1972. They sold it to Thorn EMI. In 2006, they came together with Capitol Records to become Capitol Music Group.

In 2013, the British Virgin Records joined Mercury Records to start a new label: Virgin EMI.
Death Cab for Cutie

**Death Cab for Cutie** (**Death Cab** or **DCFC**) is an American indie band. The band was started in 1997 in Bellingham, Washington. The band members are Ben Gibbard (singer, guitar), Dave Depper (singer, guitar), Chris Walla (guitar, production), Nick Harmer (bass) and Jason McGerr (drums).

The band's name was taken from the song "**Death Cab for Cutie**", written by Neil Innes and Vivian Stanshall and performed by their band the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band in The Beatles' 1967 film _Magical Mystery Tour_.

## Members

- Ben Gibbard - vocals, guitar, piano (1997-present)
- Dave Depper - guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (2016-)
- Nick Harmer - bass (1997-present)
- Jason McGerr - drums (2003-present)
- Zac Rae – keyboards, guitar (2016–present)

**Former**
- Nathan Good - drums (1997-1999)
- Michael Schorr - drums (2000-2003)
- Chris Walla - guitar, production, piano (1997-2014)

### Studio albums

- _Something About Airplanes_ (1998)
- _We Have the Facts and We're Voting Yes_ (2000)
- _The Photo Album_ (2001)
- _Transatlanticism_ (2003)
- _Plans_ (2005)
- _Narrow Stairs_ (2008)
- _Codes and Keys_ (2011)
- _Kintsugi_ (2015)
- _Thank You for Today_ (2018)

## Other websites

- Death Cab for Cutie at the Internet Archive's Live Music Archive

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Death Cab for Cutie
- **img**: Death Cab for Cutie, Long Divsion European tour.jpg
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **img capt**: Death Cab for Cutie performing "Summer Skin" on their "Long Division" European tour, at Carling Academy Sheffield on November 17, 2008. Left to right: Harmer, McGerr, Gibbard, Walla.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Bellingham, Washington, Bellingham, Washington, United States
- **genre**: Indie rock
 Indie pop
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **label**: Warner Music
Atlantic Records
Barsuk Records
Fierce Panda Records
 Sub Pop Records
- **associated acts**: ¡All-Time Quarterback!
The Postal Service
Martin Youth Auxiliary
The Revolutionary Hydra
The Long Winters
Dntel
- **url**: [http://www.deathcabforcutie.com/ Official website]
- **current members**: Ben Gibbard
Chris Walla
Nick Harmer
Jason McGerr
- **past members**: Nathan Good
Jayson Tolzdorf-Larson
Michael Schorr
Dave Matthews Band

**Dave Matthews Band** (**DMB**) is a band from the United States. In 1991, Dave Matthews started the band in Charlottesville, Virginia. The other band members are Stefan Lessard, Boyd Tinsley, and Carter Beauford. Saxophone player LeRoi Moore was in the band until he died in 2008. Since 1998, they usually performed with Butch Taylor, too. Rashawn Ross also performed with the band from 2006-2007. Dave Matthews Band has written 235 songs (included cover songs). They have sold over 31 million albums in the United States, and are one of the Top 100 Highest Selling Music Acts of all time.  The Dave Matthews band has a unique style that stretches across many genres.  Thus, they have a fan-base that stretches across many generations and types of people.

## Chicago River incident

In August 2004, about 800 pounds of human waste was dumped from the band's tour bus into the Chicago River and onto passengers aboard a sightseeing boat below. The band donated $50,000 to the Friends of the Chicago River and $50,000 to the Chicago Park District as part of the legal settlement.

## Studio albums

- Under the Table and Dreaming (1994)
- Crash (1996)
- Before These Crowded Streets (1998)
- Everyday (2001)
- Busted Stuff (2002)
- Stand Up (2005)
- Big Whiskey & the GrooGrux King (2009)
- Away from the World (2012)
- Come Tomorrow (2018)
- Walk Around the Moon (2023)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dave Matthews Band
- **img**: DMBSummer2006.jpg
- **img capt**: Dave Matthews Band during the 2006 Summer Tour at the Toyota Pavilion at Montage Mountain in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: DMB
- **origin**: Charlottesville, Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Bluegrass music, bluegrass, world music, funk rock
- **years active**: 1991–present
- **label**: RCA Records, RCA  (US),
V2 Records, V2 (international)
- **associated acts**: Dave Matthews & Friends, Dave Matthews & Tim Reynolds, Béla Fleck and the Flecktones, Yukon Kornelius
- **current members**: Dave Matthews
Carter Beauford
Stefan Lessard
Boyd Tinsley
- **past members**: LeRoi Moore
Peter Griesar
Kalidasa

**Kālidās** (Devanāgarī: कालिदास) was an Indian Sanskrit playwright and the author of _Meghadoot_, _Shākuntal_ and other Sanskrit works. He has a similar place in Sanskrit as a poet and a dramatist, as Shakespeare in English.

Kālidās's plays and poetry are based on Hindu mythology and philosophy.

## Life

There is very little known for certain about the life of Kālidās. It is not clear where he lived, and the time he might have lived is anywhere from 130 BC to 600 CE.

Kālidās did not mention in his works any king as his patron.

### Plays

Kālidās wrote three plays: _Mālawikāgnimitra_ ("Mālavikā and Agnimitra"), _Abhijñānashākuntala_ ("The Recognition of Shakuntala"), and _Vikramorwasheeya_ ("Pertaining to Vikram and Urwashi"). Abhijñānashākuntala, that is regarded as a masterpiece was the first to be translated into English and German.

_Mālawikāgnimitra_ tells the story of King Agnimitra, who falls in love with the picture of an exiled servant girl named Mālavikā. When the queen discovers her husband's passion for a servant girl, she becomes very angry and orders that this girl is sent to prison; but it turns out that the girl is a princess, therefore the affair is accepted in the end.

_Abhijñānashākuntala_ tells the story of a king, _Dushyanta_, who meets in the forests _Shakuntalā_, the adopted daughter of a wise man who lives with him in a cottage in the forests.
Dushyanta and Shakuntalā fall in love with each other and get married. Dushyanta stays with Shakuntalā in the forests for while until he gets called back to his court for some pressing matter. After many difficulties there follows a happy end.

_Vikramōrwasheeya_ is more mystical than the above two plays.

### Poetry

Kālidās wrote two very good epic poems, _Raghuvamsha_ ("Dynasty of Raghu") and _Kumārasambhawa_ ("Birth of Kumar Kartikeya"), and the lyrical _Meghadoota_ ("Cloud Messenger") and _Rutusamhāra_ ("The Exposition on the Seasons").

Some historians credit Kālidās with a few other works, including the following; however, scholars commonly believe that they were the creations of some other authors writing under the name Kālidās:

- ShrungaraTilaka
- ShrungaraRasāshta
- SetuKāwya
- KarpuraManjari
- PushpabānaWilāsa
- ShyāmalaDandaka
- PrashnottaraMālā
- JyotirWiddyābharana

## Further reading

- K.D. Sethna. Problems of Ancient India, p. 79-120 (chapter: "The Time of Kalidasa"), 2000 New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan.  (about the dating of Kalidasa)

## Other websites

- _Kalidasa: Translations of Shakuntala and Other Works_ by Arthur W. Ryder
- Biography of Kalidasa
- Kalidasa and Ancient India
- Clay Sanskrit Library  publishes classical Indian literature, including the works of Kalidasa with Sanskrit facing-page text and translation. Also offers searchable corpus and downloadable materials.
- Kalidasa  at _The Online Library of Liberty_
Water organ

The **water organ** or **hydraulic organ** is a kind of pipe organ.  As in the pipe organ, the sound is made by air blowing through the pipes, but power to make the air blow does not come from bellows or from electricity as in the modern organ, but from water, for example from a waterfall.

A hydraulis is an early type of pipe organ that was powered by water.  It was invented in the 3rd century B.C., probably by  the Hellenistic scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria.  It was the world's first keyboard instrument.  Many centuries later it developed into the modern pipe organ.

The water organ works by having water and air arriving together in the camera aeolis (wind chamber). Here, water and air separate and the compressed air is driven into a wind-trunk on top of the camera aeolis, to blow the organ pipes.  Two perforated ‘splash plates’ or ‘diaphragms’ stop the water spray from getting into the organ pipes.

The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the camera aeolis at the same speed as it enters.  It then drives a water wheel, which in turn drives the musical cylinder and the movements attached.  To start the organ, the tap above the entry pipe is turned on and, given a continuous flow of water, the organ plays until the tap is closed again.

During the Renaissance many Italian gardens had water organs.  The most famous water organ of the 16th century was at the Villa d'Este in Tivoli. It was about 6 metres high and was powered by a beautiful waterfall.  It could play three pieces automatically, but there was also a keyboard.
User interface

A **User interface** allows a user to interact with a machine. User interfaces mainly provide two things:
- input The user can change things; he or she can change how the machine works, or give more information to the machine.
- output After the user has given some input, the machine will do something, and then provide some output

Many machines can be very dangerous. A machine should have a user interface that can be handled easily, even if the person operating the machine has panicked. The user interface should therefore be intuitive, and simple to use. An example of such a user interface is that of the kill switch. A kill switch must shut off the machine **at all costs** - the idea is to avoid injury or harm to people. This is very different from shutting off the machine at the end of the shift, or when it is no longer needed.

According to EN ISO 13850, the kill switch has to be red on a yellow background.

The colors used to mark different states are close to those used by signals used on the road.

|colspan="4" align="center"|Display||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:red;"||Red|Danger|Alerting of possible danger or of states which make it very important to act immediately|
|style="background:yellow;"||Yellow|Something is not normal|If nothing is done, the situation may become dangerous.|
|style="background:blue;"||Blue|Something needs to be done|The person operating the machine needs to do something|
|style="background:green;"||Green|Everything is normal|Used to show safe conditions, also used to start a new process.|
|style="background:white;"||White|Neutral|Confirmation, also used for things that cannot be expressed by red, yellow, blue or green.|
|colspan="5" align="center"|Operating panel|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:red;"||Red|Operate in an emergency|Kill switch, stop, also used for fighting fire|Must not be used for stating/putting the machine into operation|
|style="background:yellow;"||Yellow|Something needs to be done to get back to normal|Re-start, Operation to avoid anormal condition or unwanted change.|Must not be used for either starting or stopping a machine.|
|style="background:blue;"||Blue|Start something new|Start, Reset||
|style="background:green;"||Green|Start the usual/common procedure|Start from a safe state|Must not be used for stopping/switching off|
|style="background:white;"||White|rowspan="3"|meaning underermined|Start/On (preferred), Stop/Off|
|style="background:gray;"||Grey|Start/On,  Stop/Off|||
|style="background:black;"||Black|Stop/Off (preferred), sometimes Start/On|||

There may be additional symbols, for example:
|style="background:#E0E0E0;"|Symbol|style="background:#E0E0E0;"|What it does|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"||Start||
|align="center"||Stop||

In many cases, such symbols are better, because some people are color blind. They need to be explained, like warnings, though.
Pizza Hut

**Pizza Hut** is an American pizza restaurant, also serves salads, pastas and bread sticks. In 2008, Pizza Hut serves chicken wings as a part of the Wingstreet restaurant franchise logo. Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney. The company is known for its Italian-American cuisine menu, including pizza and pasta, as well as side dishes and desserts.

## History

Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas, by Dan and Frank Carvey. The first Pizza Hut location was at an intersection in Wichita.

## Other websites

- Official website
- PiDubai website
- Official Pizza Hut Indonesia website

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Pizza Hut, Inc.
- **company logo**: Pizza Hut Old Logo.png
- **company type**: Wholly owned subsidiary
- **foundation**: Wichita, Kansas (1958)
- **location**: Plano, Texas, U.S.
- **key people**: Dan and Frank Carney (Founders)
- **industry**: Restaurants
- **products**: cafe company, pizza shop
- **num employees**: 30,000+
- **homepage**: [http://www.pizzahut.com/ pizzahut.com]
Intersection (road)

An **intersection** is where two or more roads come together. Intersections are also known as _junctions_. At an intersection, there can be stop signs on one or both sides of the intersection. There can also be a traffic light.

## Kinds of intersections

There are two major types of intersections.
- 3-way intersection
- Also called a _T intersection_, 3-way intersections make a T-like shape.
- 4-way intersection
- 4-way intersections make a cross- or +-like shape.

## Related pages

- Interchange (road)
Package

**Package** or **packaging** can mean:
- a container such as a box or parcel
- Software package, in computing, a type of file format where software programs and installation material are grouped together
    - Java package, a concept in computer programming where related classes and interfaces are grouped together
- Chip carrier, in electronics, the material added around a component or integrated circuit so it can be handled without damage and put into a circuit
- Automotive package, in automobile building and advertising, a group of features all sold together
- Package holiday, in tourism, a holiday or package tour where travel and accommodation are advertised and sold together
- Movie packaging, in movie industry terminology, when a top talent agency starts a film or television project using its own talent
- Media packaging, a set of clips about one particular story, often used in news broadcasts and narrated by an anchor or a field reporter
- as a verb, meaning packing
Chrysalis

A **chrysalis** is the pupa of a butterfly.  The word _chrysalis_ comes from the Greek language word for gold because butterflies often have a brighter pupa than other insects.

## Related pages

- Cocoon
Artibonite (department)

**Artibonite** is one of the ten departments (French: _départments_, singular _départment_) of Haiti. It is named Artibonite because the Artibonite river flows across the department from east to west. Its capital is Gonaïves.

The independence of Haiti was proclaimed in the _Place d'Armes_ of Gonaïves on 1 January 1804 by Jean Jacques Dessalines.

## Geography

The _Départment de l'Artibonite_, with an area of 4,895 km², is the largest department of Haiti.

The main river of the department is the Artibonite. Other rivers are Ennery, de l'Estère, Montrouis, Quinte.

The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the _Chaine de Terre-Neuve_ and the _Montagnes Noires_ (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the _Chaine des Mattheux_.

It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the north and northeast by the Nord Department, to the east by the Centre Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west.

## Population

The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 1,299,398 persons: 625,690 men and 673,708 women, with 422,476 (32.51%) living in cities and towns.

The main cities are Gonaïves (the capital) and Saint-Marc.

## Administrative division

The department is divided into five _arrondissements_ (like districts) and 15 _communes_ (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are:
1. Dessalines
    1. Desdunes
    1. Dessalines
    1. Grande Saline
    1. Petite Rivière de l'Artibonite
1. Gonaïves
    1. Ennery
    1. Estère
    1. Gonaïves
1. Gros-Morne
    1. Anse Rouge
    1. Gros-Morne
    1. Terre-Neuve
1. Marmelade
    1. Marmelade
    1. Saint Michel de l'Attalaye
1. Saint-Marc
    1. La Chapelle
    1. Saint-Marc
    1. Verettes

## Economy

Most of the rice of Haiti is grown in the Artibonite department, along the valley of the River Artibonite.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **type**: Departments of Haiti, Department
- **name**: Artibonite
- **native name**: Latibonit
- **native name lang**: ht
- **image map**: Artibonite in Haiti.svg
- **map caption**: Artibonite in Haiti
- **area total km2**: 4986.94
- **population as of**: 2015
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population total**: 1727524
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**:  Haiti
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Gonaïves
- **iso code**: HT-AR
- **utc offset1**: -5
- **timezone1**: Eastern Time Zone (North America), Eastern
- **population urban**: 739787
- **population rural**: 987737
- **government type**: Departmental Council
Henry Willis

**Henry Willis** (born: 27 April 1821, London - died: 11 February 1901, London) was a British builder of pipe organs. He built a very large number of organs, many of them for big cathedrals and concert halls in Britain, such as St. Paul's Cathedral, Truro Cathedral, and the Royal Albert Hall. He also built an organ for Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle. Many of the organs that he built are in other parts of the world, especially in countries that belonged to the British Empire.

Many organists who gave organ recitals liked Henry Willis’s organs because they had lots of different sounds which helped to make the organ sound like an orchestra. He made organs for churches where the architects were getting rid of the central screen so that the organ could be heard better in the main part of the church (the nave). He used ideas that had been created by the French organ builder Cavaillé-Coll and by Barker. He made several inventions himself, including the thumb piston, which made it possible for an organist to change the combination of stops without taking his hands off the keyboard.

Four generations of the Willis family continued the family tradition of organ building until 1997, when Henry Willis IV retired and the new Managing Director of the firm was not a member of the Willis family. The Company, founded in 1845, Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd. still makes organs in Liverpool.

## Other websites

- Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd., Organ Builders
- Biography
- Groves Music Online
Drug addiction

Drug addiction, also called **substance dependence **or **dependence syndrome**, is a condition where a person feels a strong need to take a drug. Addiction also involves other behaviors. These include finding it difficult to control the need to use the drug and feeling the use of the drug to be more important than more normal things such as family or work. When the person does not use the drug for an amount of time, they may suffer from withdrawal.

When a person is addicted, they are usually addicted to a class (a specific kind) of drug. For example: Heroin is a drug that is in the Opiate class. Which means that a person addicted to Heroin may also be seen to have an addiction to other opiates such as Morphine.

A person who may easily become addicted to drugs is said to have an addictive personality. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines drug addiction as a mental disorder. Drug addiction is often linked with other mental disorders.

## Symptoms

- Neglecting responsibilities at school, work, or home in favor of drug.
- Wanting to quit using drugs, but being unable to stop.
- Experiencing significant cravings or irritability when not using drugs.
- Using drugs despite the impact on relationships, jobs, finances, and physical and mental health it may cause.
- Using more of a substance than intended, or needing to use more of a substance in order to achieve the same result/feeling as when you first began using, which is referred to as tolerance.
- Experiencing mental and/or physical withdrawal symptoms when you stop using drugs, which is referred to as dependence. drugs also make people lash out

The health effects of drug abuse are not just a concern for the individual using drugs. In the case of a woman who is abusing drugs while pregnant, the long-term health of the child can be adversely affected as well. A study from Pediatrics reports that babies born to women who abuse drugs during pregnancy may have physical, emotional, and mental health issues during childhood and even throughout their lives, including:

- Slowed or impeded physical growth.
- Delayed development of language abilities.
- Long-term neurological impairments such as chemical imbalances, slowed cognitive development, learning disabilities, and decreased intellectual capabilities.
- Increased risk of behavioral issues, including hyperactivity, attention deficit, and delinquency.
- Increased risk of mental health disorders later in life, including substance abuse.

## Related pages

- Alcoholism - addiction to ethanol
- Substance abuse

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Drug addiction
- **icd10**: .2-.2
- **icd9**: -
- **meshid**: D019966
Aristide Cavaillé-Coll

**Aristide Cavaillé-Coll** (born in Montpellier, 4 February 1811; died in Paris, 13 October 1899) was a French organ-builder. He invented many new mechanical devices and his organs changed the way that composers could write for the instrument. César Franck, Alexandre Guilmant, and Charles-Marie Widor, in particular, were strongly influenced by the new type of organ that he was building.

Cavaillé-Coll grouped the stops of the organ into different families, so that the result was similar to the families of instruments in an orchestra.  He made the lowest of the manuals (keyboards) the most important one.  It was called the “Great” (French: “Grande Orgue”).  The other manuals - there were usually two others, but sometimes three - could be “coupled” to the Great.  He made changes to the English swell box, improved its operation, and divided the windchests on which the pipes were resting.  This made it possible to have louder reed stops because of the higher wind pressure.

## Other websites

- Association Aristide Cavaille-Coll
Gottfried Silbermann

**Gottfried Silbermann** (born Kleinbobritzsch, 14 January 1683; died Dresden, 4 August 1753) was a very important German builder of keyboard instruments. He built harpsichords, clavichords, organs, and pianos.

## Life

He was born in Kleinbobritzsch. He learnt to build organs from his brother in Straßburg. In 1711 Silbermann opened his own workshop in Freiberg. Then, in 1723 got the title "Honorary Court and State Organ Builder to the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony" from Frederick Augustus I. Gottfried Silbermann designed and built approximately 50 organs. He had different ideas about organ building from Arp Schnitger who was an organ builder in the north of Germany. Silbermann's organs were some of the best instruments in the south of Germany, some of them still exist. The Hofkirche organ and that of Freiberg Cathedral are considered his greatest works.

## Silbermann's pianos

Silbermann also played a big role in the history of the piano. He built the first German fortepiano in 1732. During the 1740s, King Frederick the Great of Prussia became familiar with Silbermann's pianos and bought a number of them. He employed Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach who was playing Silbermann fortepianos and wrote music for this particular fortepiano model. They were also played by Johann Sebastian Bach during his visit to Potsdam where during his second visit Silbermann pianos met Bach's "complete approval".

## Other websites

- www.silbermann.org  Gottfried-Silbermann-Society
Gulf of Gonâve

The **Gulf of Gonâve** () is a large gulf along the western coast of Haiti. It is at . Port-au-Prince, the capital city of Haiti, is on the coast of the gulf. Other cities on the gulf coast include Gonaïves, Saint-Marc, Miragoâne, and Jérémie.

Several islands are in the gulf; the largest is Gonâve Island, followed by the much smaller Cayemites. The Artibonite River flows into this gulf.

Gonâve Island splits the gulf in two channels (a channel is a narrow part of the sea): the _Saint-Marc Channel_ to the north and the _Gonâve Channel_ to the south.
Arp Schnitger

**Arp Schnitger** (born 2 July 1648; buried 28 July 1719) was a German builder of pipe organs. He mostly worked in Northern Europe, especially the Netherlands and Germany, where a number of his instruments survive to the present day. His organs are different from those of Gottfried Silbermann who worked in south Germany. Arp Schnitger had great influence on later organ builders, in particular in the 20th century when people wanted a change from the Romantic 19th century organs and tried to make instruments that sounded like they had done in the Baroque period.

## Other websites

- Organs of Arp Schnitger
Hello Kitty

**Hello Kitty** is a Japanese character of a cat. It was made in 1974 by a Japanese company named Sanrio. Her real name is Kitty White. The character has a large head. She usually has a red bow between her ears. She has no mouth. Sanrio said that she was not given a mouth because she communicates by using the heart instead of speaking one particular language. Hello Kitty is known all over the world.

Hello Kitty became very popular with young schoolgirls during the 1980s. In the 1990s, Sanrio made more products with pictures of the cat which would appeal to teenagers and young women.

Hello Kitty has become very successful. The character's picture is on over fifty thousand products sold in most countries.  Sanrio’s amusement park Puroland opened in 1990. It is visited by more than 1.5 million visitors each year. Hello Kitty has been an animated character, such as in _Hello Kitty’s Furry Tale Theatre_, shown on United States television during 1987 and 1991.

Famous stars such as Mariah Carey and Britney Spears were photographed with products that had her picture. Hello Kitty is an example of a Japanese _kawaii_ (cute in English) character.

### Kitty White

Kitty was born in London, England on November 1st, and to this day she lives there with her family. She likes the apple pie her mother makes. Her mother has her wear a ribbon on her left ear, in order to tell the difference between twins Kitty and Mimmy. She enjoys baking cookies and playing the piano; she aspires to be a pianist or a poet when she is older. Her height is as same as five apples and her weight is as same as three apples. Her childhood friend is Daniel Starr.

### Mimmy White

She is the twin sister of Kitty White. She wears a yellow ribbon on her right ear. She is shy and feminine.

### Daniel Starr

He is Kitty's childhood friend, born on May 3rd. He is often called "Dear Daniel", resembling "Hello Kitty". He has a naïve and loving personality. His favorite foods are cheesecake and yogurt, and his talents include dancing and playing the piano. He wishes to be a photographer someday.

### Mary White

Mary is Kitty and Mimmy's mother. She is very generous and good at cooking, cleaning and washing. Her birthday is September 14th.

### George White

George is Kitty and Mimmy's father. He is a very reliable and humorous man. His birthday is June 3rd.

## Related pages

- Sanrio

## References

- The Independent, 21 May 2008 pp22–23.
- Sanriotown website

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Puroland
- https://www.sanrio.co.jp
Herman's Hermits

**Herman's Hermits** were a rock band from England. They were part of the "British Invasion" of bands during the 1960s, and were most popular in that decade. Their business manager was an American named Allen Klein, who also worked for Donovan, The Animals, and later The Rolling Stones and The Beatles.
None of the members was really named Herman. Lead singer Peter Noone (pronounced "noon") was nicknamed Herman, because his bandmates thought he looked like Sherman, from _The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show_. Noone was an actor before he became a singer. The other band members were Derek "Lek" Leckenby (guitar), Keith Hopwood (guitar, keyboards), Karl Green (bass guitar) and Barry Whitwam (drums). The band began as amateurs, playing at parties for friends, but turned professional as they improved. They made records, appeared on television, and also made movies.

The Hermits's hit records included "I'm Into Something Good", "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat?", "There's A Kind Of Hush (All Over The World)", "I'm Henry VIII, I Am", "Listen People", and cover versions of "Silhouettes", "Sea Cruise", and "The End Of The World". "Hold On" was the title song of their first movie. "Mrs. Brown, You've Got A Lovely Daughter" was a hit song first, that was later fitted to a movie storyline.

Herman's Hermits stopped having hits as music trends changed, but their old songs were well loved. They are still played today. The band members went on to other careers in the 1970s. Peter Noone went back to acting, but still appeared as a singer.

In the 1980s, Leckenby and Whitwam formed a new band, to tour under the old name. The singer sounded like Noone, and many fans did not know the difference. Other original members also sometimes rejoined. During the 1990s, Noone took over the name for his band, that appeared with him at oldies concerts.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Herman's Hermits
- **img**: Hermans Hermits 1965.jpg
- **img capt**: Herman's Hermits in 1965.
 At the Top: Peter Noone
 On the Middle: Barry Whitwam, Derek Leckenby
 On the Bottom: Keith Hopwood, Karl Green
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Manchester, England
- **genre**: Beat music, Beat, pop music, pop, British invasion
- **years active**: 1963–present
- **label**: Columbia (EMI), MGM Records, MGM
- **current members**: **Herman's Hermits starring Barry Whitwam**
Barry Whitwam
Kevan Lingard
Paul Cornwell

**Herman's Hermits starring Peter Noone**
 Peter Noone
Vance Brescia
Billy Sullivan
Rich Spina
Dave Ferrara
- **past members**: Derek Leckenby
Keith Hopwood
Karl Green