Ainu language

The **Ainu language** is the language of the Ainu people in northern Japan. It was not written until the 19th century. Since then, it has been written in katakana or the Latin alphabet.

In the 19th century, Ainu was spoken in Ezo (including Hokkaidō Island and the southern part of Chishima Islands), the southern part of Karapto (Sakhalin) and the northern part of Chishima Islands (Kuril Islands). Now it is only spoken in Hokkaidō.

Ainu had many dialects, including _Chitose_, _Saru_, and _Karapto_. Now only the Hokkaidō dialect survives. The dialects were so different from one another that a speaker of one dialect could not understand a speaker of another dialect.

Historically, speakers of Ainu lived near speakers of Japanese and Itelmen (from Kamchatka). The Nivkh, which was spoken in the northern part of Sakhalin, is another isolated language.

## Grammar

Ainu has subject-object-verb word order, like Japanese. Ainu phrases have left-branching structures: the word for a property is before the word for a person or thing.

## Sample words

The word _ainu_ means "human being" and is the name used by the Ainu to refer to themselves. In contrast, _kamuy_ means "god". The Ainu think that all existence that has mind and plays a role in this world are _kamuy_. Sparrows or standing trees are _kamuy_. In the Ainu perspective of the world, all goes well and human being can also be happy if _ainu_ and _kamuy_ help each other.

Most linguists think that the Ainu numeral system is based on twenty.

|number|Ainu (in Saru dialect)|Nivkh|Japanese|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|siné|ñaqř|hi||
|tu|meqř|hu||
|re|ţaqř|mi||
|íne|nəkř|yo||
|asíkne|t‘oqř|itsu||
|iwán||mu||
|árwan||na||
|tupésan||ya||
|sinépesan||ko||
|wan|mxoqř|tō||
- Ape - fire.
- Iyomante - A festival to send a bear's soul to heaven.
- Kunnechupu - The moon.
- Kotan - village.
- Konru - ice.
- Sumari - (pronounced as in "Shumari") - fox.
- Seta - dog.
- Tonoto - sake.
- Nonno- flower.
- Huci - (pronounced as in "Hoochi") - grandmother, Old women.
- Pone - bone.
- Pirka - Beauty, cute.
- wakka - "drinkable" water.

## Relations with other language families

The Ainu language is classificated as language isolate, although there are several theories about a genetic relation. Some linguists suggest a relation to Altaic languages while others suggest a link to Indo-European languages. Some similarities also exist with northern native american languages.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Ainu
- **nativename**: _Aynu=itak_
- **states**: Japan
- **region**: Hokkaido
- **ethnicity**: 15,000 Ainu people in Japan (no date)
- **speakers**: 10
- **date**: 2007
- **familycolor**: isolate
- **family**: Language isolate
- **script**: Katakana, Latin script, Latin
- **iso3**: ain
- **image**: Multilingual sign at Ainu Museum (Shiraoi).JPG
- **map**: Historical expanse of Ainu.png
- **mapcaption**: The historically-attested range of the Ainu (solid red) and the suspected former range (pink) based on toponymic evidence (red dots) [Vovin 1993], Matagi villages (purple dots), and Japanese dialects#Eastern Japanese, Japanese isoglosses
- **imagecaption**: Multilingualism, Multilingual sign in Japanese language, Japanese, Ainu, English language, English, Korean language, Korean and Chinese language, Chinese. Ainu is the second language from the top on the right side of the sign.
- **notice**: IPA
- **glotto**: hokk1243
- **glottorefname**: Ainu (Japan)