juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Deux-Sèvres department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Deux-Sèvres are:

|INSEE code !!Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population (2014) !! width=70px |Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(Inh./km²)</small> !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|791|Bressuire|Bressuire|96,703|1,622.6||53|
|792|Niort|Niort|212,425|2,791.6||163|
|793|Parthenay|Parthenay|64,425|1,585.1||77|

## History

Since its creation, the Deux-Sèvres department has had some changes:
- 1790 : creation of the department, with six districts: Melle, Niort, Parthenay, Saint-Maixent, Thouars and Châtillon (now Mauléon). The capital of the department was Niort alternating with Parthenay and Saint-Maixent but soon was changed and Niort was kept as the only capital.
- 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Melle, Niort, Parthenay and Thouars. Saint-Maixent and Châtillon were left out.
- 1804 : the subprefecture of Thouars is moved to Bressuire.
- 1926 : the arrondissements of Bressuire and Melle were eliminated.
- 1942 : the Bressuire was made again an arrondissement.

## Related pages

- List of arrondissements of France
Randall Woolf

**Randall Woolf** (born 23 August 1959) is an American composer. He studied at Harvard University. Woolf received Guggenheim Fellowship in 1999. One of his piaces is called _White Heat_. He is a long time collaborator of Welsh musician John Cale. He arranged Cale's score for Mary Harron's movie _American Psycho_. His wife Kathleen Supové is a pianist.

## Other websites

- Official website
Arosio, Switzerland

**Arosio** is a village and former municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 13 March 2005 the former municipalites of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio merged into the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.
Envelopment

**Envelopment** is the military tactic of attacking the enemy's flank or rear while keeping the enemy's attention focused on its front by the use of diversionary attacks. The envelopment makes the enemy fight in a direction for which it is the least prepared. The maneuver requires a flank that can be attacked. Unlike a flanking maneuver, which uses the enemy's forward movement to create an attackable flank, envelopment depends on the enemy's defensive position, any obstacles and the terrain.

Envelopment has both advantages and disadvantages. Advantages include being able to capture or defeat all or part of an opposing army and offering less risk than other offensive maneuvers. Disadvantages include the possibility of an enemy counterattack on the weakened center or on the other flank.

## Types of envelopment

- **Turning movement** is to "turn" the enemy from his defensive position and force it to act.
- **Single envelopment** is an attack on one flank or the enemy rear from one direction while holding their attention to its front.
- **Double envelopment**, also called a pincer movement, requires three forces. One holds the center, and the other two attack the right and left flanks. Once both flanking attacks reach the rear, the enemy is encircled.
- **Vertical envelopment** is an envelopment from the sky. First thought of by Benjamin Franklin, it was not practical until the invention of the airplane.  Vertical envelopment uses paratroopers or other soldiers that arrive by air on the enemy's flank or rear.

## Historic examples

Famous examples of the single envelopment include Alexander the Great, who used it at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC. Robert E. Lee used the tactic during the American Civil War at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. During World War II, German General Erwin Rommel used it successfully at the Battle of Gazala, which led directly to his capture of Tobruk in 1941.

Some of the famous double envelopments include Hannibal's defeat of the Roman army in 216 BC. During the American Revolutionary War, American General Daniel Morgan used it in 1781 successfully against British General Banastre Tarleton and caused many of the British soldiers to surrender.  In the 1944 Falaise Gap, during Operation Overlord of World War II, German troops were caught in a double envelopment by British and American forces .

## Other websites

- Rome 2 - Advanced Tactics - Double Envelopment at Cannae; YouTube
Knap of Howar

**Knap of Howar** is a neolithic settlement on Papa Westray (one of the Orkney Islands) in Scotland. The farm was occupied from about 3700 to 2800 BC. The farm consists of two buildings: One has been interpreted as house where people lived, the other as a workshop of sorts.The houses have no windows, both entries face the sea. It is believed that the houses where lit by fires.
Sèvre Nantaise

The **Sèvre Nantaise** is a river in western France, a left tributary of the Loire river.

It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Niortaise river that flows through Niort) and ends in the city of Nantes (and is the origin of the second part of the river's name).

## Geography

The Sèvre Nantaise river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Nantes, where the Sèvre Nantaise joins the Loire river.

**Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Nantes**

### Course

The Sèvre Nantaise starts in the _Gâtines_ plateau, _commune_ of Neuvy-Bouin, near the _commune_ of Secondigny in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée, Maine-et-Loire and Loire-Atlantique.

Finally, the river flows into the Loire river in the city of Nantes.

The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 4 departments and 44 _communes_:
- Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
    - Deux-Sèvres: 15 _communes_.
- Pays de la Loire region
    - Vendée: 15 _communes_.
    - Maine-et-Loire: two _communes_.
    - Loire-Atlantique: 12 _communes_.

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Sèvre Nantaise river are:

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Banque Hydro - Station M7502410 - La Sèvre Nantaise à Nantes
- Visite virtuelle du basin de la Sèvre Nantaise

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Sèvre Nantaise
- **image**: Sèvre_Nantaise_near_Le_Longeron.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **map**: Sèvre Nantaise.png
- **image caption**: The Sèvre Nantaise, near Tiffauges
- **source1 location**: Deux-Sèvres
- **mouth location**: Loire
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
Ricardo Lucarelli

**Ricardo Samuel Lucarelli Santos de Souza** (born February 14, 1992) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He is a member of the Brazil national volleyball team and Brazilian club Funvic Taubaté. He competed on the winning volleyball team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.

## References

- http://poland2014.fivb.org/en/competition/teams/bra-brazil/players/ricardo-lucarelli-santos-de-souza?id=40937
Aaron Russell

**Aaron Russell** (born June 4, 1993) is an American volleyball player. He is a member of the United States men's national volleyball team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He won a bronze medal. Since late 2015, he plays for an Italian volleyball club.

## Other websites

- Bio in Centre Daily Times
- FIVB profile
Artem Volvich

**Artem Aleksandrovich Volvich** (born 22 January 1990) is an Russian volleyball player. He is a member of the Russian National Volleyball Team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

## Other websites

- FIVB profile
Lazarus

**Lazarus** is a given name and surname (family name). The pronunciation of the name is [ **laz**-er-_uh_s ]. It is derived from the Hebrew אלעזר, Elʿāzār (Eleazar) meaning "God has helped". This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People with the given name Lazarus

- Lazarus (rapper), U. S. rapper, songwriter and physician from Detroit
- Lazarus of Bethany, a figure in the Gospel of John, which describes him being raised by Jesus from the dead
- Rich man and Lazarus, a parable of Jesus which is unrelated to the Lazarus raised from the dead
- Lazarus of Persia (died 326), Persian martyr
- Saint Lazarus of Aix (died 441), bishop and saint
- Saint Lazarus (bishop of Milan), reigned 438 to 449
- Lazarus Zographos (died 867), Christian saint
- Lazarus Chakwera (born  1955), Malawi religious figure and politician
- Lazarus Ekwueme, Nigerian musician

## People with the surname Lazarus

- Abraham Lazarus (1911–1967), British politician
- Bob Lazarus (1956–2009), comedian from the USA
- Celestine Lazarus (born 1992), Nigerian footballer
- Charles Lazarus, businessman, founder of Toys "R" Us
- Edward Lazarus (born 1959), author and lawyer from the USA
- Emma Lazarus (1849–87), poet from the USA
- Fred Lazarus, Jr. (1884–1973), businessman from the USA
- Glenn Lazarus (born 1965), Australian politician and former rugby league footballer
- Henry Lazarus (1815–95), British clarinettist
- John Lazarus (born 1947), Canadian writer of dramas
- Joseph Lazarus (1903–43), U.S. Olympic boxer
- Leon Lazarus (1919–2008), comics writer
- M. E. Lazarus (1822–95), anarchist from the USA
- Mark Lazarus (born 1938), football player
- Mell Lazarus (1927-2016), cartoonist
- Moritz Lazarus (1824–1903), German philosopher
- Richard Lazarus (1922–2002), psychologist and creator of the coping theory
- Richard Lazarus, professor of law at the Harvard Law School
- Stephanie Lazarus (born 1960), U.S. police officer convicted of murdering a romantic rival
Cagiallo

**Cagiallo** is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 15 October 2001 the former municipalities of Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio merged to form the new municipality Capriasca.
Sala Capriasca

**Sala Capriasca** is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Tesserete and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.
Tesserete

**Tesserete** is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

In 1976 the neighboring municipality Campestro was incorporated into Tesserete.

On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.
Ardfern

**Ardfern** ( = "the head-land of alder-trees") is a village in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is on the south coast of the Craignish peninsula, facing Loch Craignish.
Rosh Chodesh

**Rosh Chodesh** or **Rosh Hodesh** (; trans. _Beginning of the Month_; lit. _Head of the Month_) is the name for the first day of every month in the Hebrew calendar, marked by the birth of a new moon. It is considered a minor holiday, like the middle days of Passover and Sukkot.

When a Hebrew calendar month is 30 days long, day 30 is considered Rosh Chodesh of the next month. Then Rosh Chodesh is two days long: day 30 of the old month and day 1 of the new month.
Sèvre Niortaise

The **Sèvre Niortaise** is a river in western France, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.

It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Nantaise) and flows through Niort (that is the origin of the second part of the river's name).

## Geography

The Sèvre Niortaise river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is  at Niort.

**Average monthly discharge (m<sup>3</sup>/s) at Niort**

### Course

The Sèvre Niortaise starts in the _commune_ of Sepvret in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée and Charente-Maritime.

Finally, the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean to north of the city of La Rochelle.

The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 3 departments and 38 _communes_:
- Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
    - Deux-Sèvres: Sepvret, Chey, Exoudun, La Mothe-Saint-Héray, Saint-Maixent-l'École, La Crèche, François, Chauray, Saint-Gelais, Échiré, Saint-Maxire, Sciecq, Niort, Magné, Coulon, Arçais
    - Charente-Maritime: Marans, Charron
- Pays de la Loire region
    - Vendée: Damvix, Maillé, L'Île-d'Elle.

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the  Sèvre Niortaise river are:

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Banque Hydro - Station N4300623 - La Sèvre Niortaise à Niort (La Tiffardière)

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Sèvre Niortaise
- **image**: Sèvre niortaise.jpg
- **image caption**: The Sèvre Niortaise near Niort
- **pushpin map**: France#France Nouvelle-Aquitaine
- **source1 location**: Deux-Sèvres
- **mouth location**: Atlantic Ocean
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
Intersectionality

**Intersectionality** or **intersectional theory** studies the relation between the many different ways that people are kept in a lower social position, controlled, and left out of important parts of society because of their differences. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw gave the name "intersectionality" to this concept in 1989.

Sometimes, a society decides that a group of people is different from itself. When they do this, they _other_ that group or marginalize them. Intersectionality points out that people are often othered for more than one reason.

These reasons might be

- gender
- race
- class
- ability
- sexual orientation
- religion
- caste
- age
- nationality
- language
- or other parts of identity.

Because of this, it suggests that these types of othering cannot be looked at by themselves. They must be looked at together. For example, a person can be othered because they are a woman, a person of color, a poor person, and a disabled person at the same time. These different forms of othering make each other worse, shape, and prop each other up. This means that the experience of being othered for all of these reasons differs from what would happen if you added them. Because of this, fighting each one alone would not help the people who experience many of them together.

Intersectionality says that the different ways people are othered and forced into a lower social position, such as racism, sexism, classism, ableism, homophobia, transphobia, xenophobia and bigotry based on belief, create an entire system. In this system, each of the ways people are held down by society contributes to the other. So if someone wanted to understand how society began to other a group of people as a race apart from themselves (racialization), they would have to look into the ways that gender, class, sexuality, and other parts of identity shaped this process.

Intersectionality began as a way to understand how women of color in American society were othered. The women who developed the theory were challenging the feminism of their time. They saw it as being too focused on the issues of wealthy white women. They felt this left behind the women who needed feminism the most and only helped the women who already had the most power. They were also criticizing the Civil Rights Movement. They saw it as being too focused on men and leaving women of color behind. They believed they had a place in both of these movements and that these parts of their lives could not be separated. The intersectional theory quickly grew to include the relation between the many other ways people are othered and kept in a lower social position, such as sexuality, ability, and the gender binary.
Thouet

The **Thouet** is a river in western France, flowing through the Deux-Sèvres and Maine-et-Loire departments, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Pays de la Loire regions.

It is one of the last left tributary of the Loire river.

## Geography

The Thouet river has a length of  and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

### Course

The Thouet starts in the _Gâtine_ plateau, west of the Deux-Sèvres department, in the _commune_ of Le Beugnon, near Secondigny and close to the source of the Sèvre Nantaise river, at an elevation of about . From the source to Parthenay the river flows in a generally southwest-northwest direction. To the east of Parthenay, the river turns north and flows on a generally northward direction for the rest of its course.

Finally, the river flows into the Loire river in the city of Saumur.

The Thouet flows through 2 regions, 2 departments and 34 _communes_; some of them are:
- Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
    - Deux-Sèvres: Le Beugnon, Secondigny, Parthenay, Saint-Loup-Lamairé, Airvault, Thouars, Saint-Martin-de-Sanzay.
- Pays de la Loire region
    - Maine-et-Loire: Montreuil-Bellay, Chacé, Artannes-sur-Thouet, Saumur.

## Main tributaries

The main tributaries of the Thouet river are:

**Left tributaries**:
- Palais - 24 km
- Cébron - 29 km
- Thouaret - 52 km
- Argenton - 71 km

**Right tributaries**:
- Viette - 61 km
- Losse - 17 km
- Dive - 75

## Related pages

- List of rivers of France

## Other websites

- Banque Hydro - Station L8102120 - La Sèvre Niortaise à Tallud
- Histoire & Patrimoine des Rivières & Canaux

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Thouet
- **pushpin map**: France#France Pays de la Loire
- **mouth location**: Loire
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: France
Darwin–Wallace Medal

The **Darwin–Wallace Medal** is awarded by the Linnean Society of London for "major advances in evolutionary biology".

The medals have been awarded every 50 years, beginning in 1908. That year marked 50 years after the joint presentation of papers by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. These were _On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties_; and _On the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection_. The papers were both about natural selection as the main cause of evolution. The papers were presented to the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858.

Wallace was one of the first to get of the medal. In his case it was made of gold, rather than the silver versions given to the six other medallists. However, in 2008 the Linnean Society announced that due to the continuing importance of evolutionary research, the medal will be awarded on an annual basis beginning in 2010.

### 1908

The first award was of a gold medal to Alfred Russel Wallace, and silver medals to six other distinguished scientists:

- Joseph Dalton Hooker
- August Weismann
- Ernst Haeckel
- Francis Galton
- E. Ray Lankester
- Eduard Strasburger

### 1958

20 silver medals were awarded:

- Edgar Anderson
- Yevgeny Pavlovsky
- Maurice Caullery
- Bernhard Rensch
- Ronald A. Fisher
- G. Gaylord Simpson
- Carl Rudolf Florin
- Carl Skottsberg
- Roger Heim
- H. Hamshaw Thomas
- J.B.S. Haldane
- Erik Stensiö
- John Hutchinson
- Göte Turesson
- Julian Huxley
- Victor van Straelen
- Ernst Mayr
- D.M.S. Watson
- H.J. Muller
- John Christopher Willis (posthumously)

### 2008

13 silver medals were awarded, including 2 posthumously:

- Nick Barton
- M.W. Chase
- Bryan Clarke
- Joseph Felsenstein
- Stephen Jay Gould (posthumously)
- Peter R. Grant
- Rosemary Grant
- James Mallet
- Lynn Margulis
- John Maynard Smith (posthumously)
- Mohamed Noor
- H. Allen Orr
- Linda Partridge

### From 2010

- Brian Charlesworth (2010)
- James A. Lake (2011)
- Loren H. Rieseberg (2012)
- Godfrey Hewitt (2013)
- Dolph Schluter (2014)
- Roger Butlin (2015)
- Pamela S. Soltis and Douglas E. Soltis (2016)
Khan Academy

**Khan Academy** is a non-profit educational organization. It has been created by Sal Khan. Khan Academy is available on the internet for free. Khan Academy teaches by using YouTube videos of short lectures of certain topics, as well as by using practice exercises and tools that help with learning. It is available in many different languages, but mostly English.

Khan Academy teaches mostly about mathematics, but also teaches biology, chemistry, physics, history, astronomy, cosmology, American civics, art history, economics, music, computer programming and computer science, healthcare, medicine, and finance. In the YouTube videos that Khan Academy makes, they record diagrams being drawn from a tablet using the screen capture software called Camtasia Studio.
Untersteckholz

**Untersteckholz** was a municipality in Aarwangen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2010 the Untersteckholz became part of Langenthal.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Untersteckholz
- **municipality name**: Untersteckholz
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Untersteckholz COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Aarwangen (district), Aarwangen
- **postal code**: 4916
- **municipality code**: 0343
- **area**: 2.8
- **elevation**: 492
- **neighboring municipalities**: Busswil bei Melchnau, Langenthal, Switzerland, Langenthal, Melchnau, Obersteckholz, Pfaffnau (LU), Roggwil, Bern, Roggwil
Ursenbach

**Ursenbach** is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ursenbach
- **municipality name**: Ursenbach
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Ursenbach COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Oberaargau (administrative district), Oberaargau
- **postal code**: 4937
- **municipality code**: 0344
- **area**: 9.2
- **elevation**: 582
- **population**: 909
- **populationof**: Dec 2014
- **popofyear**: 2014
- **website**: www.ursenbach.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Kleindietwil, Leimiswil, Ochlenberg, Oeschenbach, Rohrbachgraben, Walterswil, Bern, Walterswil
Urtenen-Schönbühl

**Urtenen-Schönbühl** is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official website of Shoppyland Schönbühl

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Urtenen-Schönbühl
- **municipality name**: Urtenen-Schönbühl
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Urtenen-Schönbühl COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Urtenen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Bern-Mittelland (administrative district), Bern-Mittelland
- **postal code**: 3322
- **municipality code**: 0551
- **area**: 7.2
- **elevation**: 525
- **population**: 5741
- **populationof**: Dec 2011
- **popofyear**: 2011
- **website**: www.urtenen-schoenbuehl.ch
- **mayor**: Heinz Nussbaum
- **executive name**: Gemeinderat
- **executive number of members**: 7
- **mayor title**: Gemeindepräsident
- **places**: Urtenen, Schönbühl
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ballmoos, Bolligen, Jegenstorf, Mattstetten, Moosseedorf, Wiggiswil
- **twintowns**: Binn (Switzerland), Dačice, Dacice (Czech Republic)
Uttigen

**Uttigen** is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Kienersrüti merged into the municipality of Uttigen.

## Other websites

- Official website of Uttigen

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Uttigen
- **municipality name**: Uttigen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Uttigen COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Bern
- **iso-code-region**: CH-BE
- **district**: Thun (administrative district), Thun
- **postal code**: 3628
- **municipality code**: 0885
- **area**: 3.06
- **elevation**: 544
- **population**: 1847
- **populationof**: Dec 2012
- **popofyear**: 2012
- **website**: www.uttigen.ch
- **mayor**: Andreas Epprecht
- **neighboring municipalities**: Heimberg, Switzerland, Heimberg, Jaberg, Kiesen, Kirchdorf, Switzerland, Kirchdorf, Uetendorf
Political general

A **political general** is a term used by historians and most often applies to the American Civil War. In this context, it means a General officer who does not have formal military training or experience and who gained his position through political influence. To a lesser degree, it can also mean generals who engaged in politics during or after their time as a general. A "political general" can seem to be a contradiction in terms in a country such as the United States where by law the military is under civilian authority. An example was Dwight D. Eisenhower, who graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in the class of 1915. He was an experienced staff officer who commanded the invasions of North Africa and Western Europe. Eisenhower developed the political skills to deal with his British and American officers as well as political leaders. He later became President of the United States.

## Background

In history, many great generals were also political leaders. Julius Caesar was a general who became the dictator of Rome in 44 BC. Genghis Khan was the son of a Mongol chieftain who became a general and then the leader of the Mongol Empire. As a general, Alexander the Great never lost a battle. He was a king who was also a general. In the British Army of the 17th and 18th centuries, the officers were often aristocrats and most obtained their rank by purchase.

In American history up to the Civil war, there had been a long line of amateur military leaders going back to the colonial militias. Before he led the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, George Washington had little military experience. Andrew Jackson only had experience in the American Indian Wars. But he successfully defeated a larger and more professional British army at the Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812.

During the American Civil War, two great armies were raised that were made up largely of citizen-soldiers. There simply were not enough trained generals to lead all these men. Both Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis appointed political generals, some of whom later proved to be incompetent. Others proved to be good or even great generals. Many of these generals had very little or no military training before being commissioned a general. Confederate general Patrick Cleburne was such a leader. He earned his nickname as the "Stonewall Jackson of the West" by being a great general. One of the worst examples was Union general Daniel Sickles. He was a Tammany Hall politician who used his influence to rise to the rank of major general. Sickles nearly lost the Battle of Gettysburg for the North yet, after 34 years of lobbying, managed to get himself awarded the Medal of Honor.

## Other websites

- The Civil War in Four Minutes: Political Generals; YouTube
E. Ray Lankester

**Sir E. Ray Lankester** KCB, FRS (15 May 1847 – 13 August 1929) was a British zoologist, born in London.

Ray Lankester was an invertebrate zoologist and evolutionary biologist. He was Professor of Zoology at University College London and Oxford University. He was the third Director of the Natural History Museum, and was awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society.

E. (Edwin: his first name was never used) Ray Lankester was the son of Edwin Lankester, a coroner and doctor-naturalist who helped abolish cholera in London. Ray Lankester was probably named after the naturalist John Ray.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Sir E. Ray Lankester
- **image**: PSM V73 D096 Edwin Ray Lankester.jpg
- **image size**: 210px
- **caption**: Sir E. Ray Lankester in 1908
- **birth place**: London
- **death place**: London
- **nationality**: British
- **field**: Zoology
- **work institutions**: University College London
Oxford University
British Museum (Natural History)
- **alma mater**: Christ Church, Oxford
- **known for**: Evolution, Rationalism
- **author abbrev bot**: Lank.
- **influences**: Thomas Henry Huxley, August Weismann, Anton Dohrn
- **influenced**: Edwin Stephen Goodrich, E.S. Goodrich
Walter Frank Raphael Weldon, W.F.R. Weldon
August 2016 Central Italy earthquake

The **August 2016 Central Italy earthquake** was a natural disaster that struck Central Italy on 24 August 2016 at 03:36 CEST. Its epicentre was close to Accumoli. It was followed by 40 strong aftershocks.

More than 250 people were killed by the earthquake.

## Infobox (earthquake)

- **map**: Shakemap Earthquake 24 Aug 2016 Italy.jpg
- **pushpin map**: Italy Umbria#Italy
- **local-time**: 03:36 CEST
- **anss-url**: us10006g7d
- **isc-event**: 611462212
- **magnitude**: 6.2 ± 0.016 Moment magnitude scale, M<sub>w</sub>
- **type**: Fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults, Dip-slip (normal)
- **intensity**: Mercalli intensity scale, IX (_Violent_)
- **casualties**: 299 deaths
 388 injured
4,500 homeless
- **title**: August 2016 Central Italy earthquake
- **map alt**: USGS shakemap of the earthquake.
- **timestamp**: 2016-08-24 01:36:32
- **countries affected**: Italy
Nihal Naj Ali Al-Awlaqi

**Nihal Naj Ali Al-Awlaqi** or **Nihal Naji Ali Al Awlaki** (Arabic: نهال ناجي علي العولقي  ) is a Yemeni lawyer. She is Yemen’s Minister of Legal Affairs.  In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life

Al-Awalqi is from the Shabwah Governorate in Yemen. At the time of her appointment as Minister of Legal Affairs, on September 9, 2016, she was 39 years old. Al-Awalqi received a Doctor of Laws degree with honors from Mohammed V University in Morocco. She also received a Master of Law and a Bachelor of Legal Sciences from Mohammed V. University.   She speaks Arabic, English, and French.

## Work

Al-Awalqi was an assistant law professor at the University of Aden, where she worked on research and training on the status of women.
She was a member of the comprehensive national dialogue conference state-building team.  She was a member of the constitution drafting committee.  She was a member of the government negotiating team in Geneva.

On September 9, 2016, Yemen President Abd Rabbo Mansour Hadi appointed al-Awaqi as Minister of Legal Affairs ( وزيراً للشؤون القانونية  ).

## Other websites

- 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Limarí Province

**Limarí Province** () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV). Its capital is the city of Ovalle.

It is named after the main river of the province: the Limarí River.

## Geography

The Limarí province has an area of , the second largest province in the Coquimbo region.

Limarí is bordered on the north by the Elqui province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Choapa province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

The main river of the province is the Limarí river that is  long.

## Population

(last national census), there were 156,158 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Ovalle, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 66,405 inhabitants.

## Administration

As a province, Limarí is a second-level administrative division, consisting of five communes (_comunas_). The city of Ovalle serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

|Code|Comuna|Capital|Area <small>(km²)</small>|Population <small>(2002)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|04301|**13** Ovalle|Ovalle|align="right"|3,834.5|align="right"|98,089|
|04302|**11** Combarbalá|Combarbalá|align="right"|1,895.9|align="right"|13,483|
|04303|**12** Monte Patria|Monte Patria|align="right"|4,366.3|align="right"|30,276|
|04304|**14** Punitaqui|Punitaqui|align="right"|1,339.3|align="right"|9,539|
|04305|**15** Río Hurtado|Río Hurtado|align="right"|2,117.2|align="right"|4,771|
|colspan=3 align="right"|**Total of the Limarí province**|align="right"|**13,553.2**|align="right"|**156,158**||

## Other websites

- Territorial division of Chile
- Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website
- Province of Limarí website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Limarí Province
- **native name**: Provincia de Limarí
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **image seal**: Logotipo de la Gobernación de Limarí.svg
- **image map**: Provincia de Limarí.svg
- **mapsize**: 160px
- **map alt**: Location in the Coquimbo Region
- **map caption**: Limarí, in red, in the Coquimbo Region
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Coquimbo Region, Coquimbo
- **parts type**: Communes of Chile, Comunas
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Combarbalá
- **p2**: Monte Patria
- **p3**: Punitaqui
- **p4**: Río Hurtado
- **p5**: Ovalle
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Ovalle
- **government type**: Province, Provincial
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Wladimir Pleticosic Orellana
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 13553.2
- **population total**: 156158
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **area code**: 56 +
- **website**: [http://www.gobernacionlimari.gov.cl/ Official website]
Choapa Province

**Choapa Province** () is one of three provinces of the Chilean region of Coquimbo Region (IV). Its capital is the city of Illapel

## Geography

The Choapa province has an area of , the smallest province in the Coquimbo region.

Choapa is bordered on the north by the Limarí province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the  Valparaíso region and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

## Population

(last national census), there were 81,681 people living in the province, giving it a population density of  inhabitants/km².

The largest city of the province is Illapel, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 30,355 inhabitants.

## Administration

As a province, Limarí is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes (_comunas_). The city of Illapel serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

|Code|Comuna|Capital|Area <small>(km²)</small>|Population <small>(2002)</small>|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|04201|**2** Illapel|Illapel|align="right"|2,629.1|align="right"|30,355|
|04202|**1** Canela|Canela|align="right"|2,196.6|align="right"|4,379|
|04203|**3** Los Vilos|Los Vilos|align="right"|1,860.6|align="right"|17,453|
|04204|**4** Salamanca|Salamanca|align="right"|3,445.3|align="right"|24,494|
|colspan=3 align="right"|**Total of the Choapa province**|align="right"|**10,131.6**|align="right"|**81,681**||

## Other websites

- Territorial division of Chile
- Gobierno Regional de Coquimbo Official website
- Province of Choapa website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Choapa Province
- **native name**: Provincia de Choapa
- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **image seal**: Logotipo de la Gobernación de Choapa.svg
- **image map**: Provincia de Choapa.svg
- **mapsize**: 160px
- **map alt**: Location in the Coquimbo Region
- **map caption**: Choapa, in red, in the Coquimbo Region
- **pushpin map**: Chile
- **pushpin map narrow**: yes
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Coquimbo Region, Coquimbo
- **parts type**: Communes of Chile, Comunas
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Illapel
- **p2**: Salamanca, Chile, Salamanca
- **p3**: Los Vilos
- **p4**: Canela, Chile, Canela
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Illapel
- **government type**: Province, Provincial
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Alex Patricio Trigo Rocco
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 10131.6
- **population total**: 81681
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: -3
- **area code**: 56 + 53
- **website**: [http://www.gobernacionchoapa.gov.cl/ Official website]
LGBT rights in Tunisia

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Tunisia may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Homosexuality is illegal in the Republic of Tunisia and the law does not include sexual orientation or gender identity in its civil rights laws and there is no legal recognition for same-sex couples. According to the 2013 Pew Global Attitudes Project, 93% of Tunisian adults do not believe that homosexuality is acceptable by society.

Tunisia is socially conservative when it comes to such issues as homosexuality. There are a few led organised LGBT Human rights movements such as the movement named "Shams". Mostly Tunisians are generally Muslims with traditional values, and traditional Islamic attitudes and mores look down upon Homosexuality and cross-dressing as signs of decadence and Immorality. But Tunisian Cross-dressers are not expressly Illegal in the country. Male prostitution workers occur in some Tunisian tourist resorts. The so-called Minister for Human Rights Samir Dilou stated that "Freedom of Speech has its limits", Homosexuality is a "perversion", and gay people needed to be "treated medically" for this. His comments were condemned by many in Tunisian society who posted pro-LGBT pictures on social networking sites. In June 2012, Dilou rejected the recommendation of the United Nations Human Rights Committee for Tunisia to decriminalise same-sex sexual acts, stating that the concept of "Sexual orientation is specific to the west" which is not true and is overridden by Tunisian Law, which "clearly describes Tunisia as an fellow Arab Muslim country".

In May of 2016, several LGBTI Associations organised a small, discreet Gay Pride reception in Tunis. Associations also organised events and public demonstrations to mark the International Day against Homophobia in May.

Public Tunisian Opinion:

Public opinion regarding its LGBT Human rights is complex. According to a 2014 Survey Poll by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, 18% of Tunisian people were in favour of legalising Same-sex marriages, with 62% being opposed to such legislation of legalisation.

## Summary table

|Same-sex sexual activity legal|Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Legalisation Proposed)|
| --- | --- |
|Equal age of consent||
|Anti-discrimination laws in employment||
|Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services||
|Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)||
|Same-sex marriage||
|Recognition of same-sex couples||
|Step-child adoption by same-sex couples||
|Joint adoption by same-sex couples||
|Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military||
|Right to change legal gender||
|Access to IVF for lesbians||
|Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples||
|MSMs allowed to donate blood||
Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse

**Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse** (**INSA Toulouse**, National Institute of Applied Sciences of Toulouse) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Toulouse (Southern France).

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :
- **Ingénieur INSA Toulouse** (INSA Toulouse Graduate engineer Masters level program)
- **Masters Recherche** & **Doctorat** (**PhD** doctorate studies )
- **Mastères Spécialisés** (**MS**)

Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at INSA Toulouse.

## Research labs

Research activities at INSA Toulouse relate to the following topics:
- Nano and Multifunctional Materials for Machines and Structures
- Extreme Measurements, Non-Destructive Testing
- Microbial Systems, Biotechnologies, Water and Processes
- Energy Conversion and Optimised Energy Management
- Modelling, Simulation and Statistics for Physics, Engineering and Biology
- Cyber-Physical Systems, Micro-NanoSystems for Health, Aeronautics and Space

## Further reading

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Institut national des sciences appliquées de Toulouse
- **established**: 1963
- **type**: Public, Graduate engineering school
- **students**: 2800
- **city**: Toulouse
- **country**: France
- **affiliations**: Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées
Toulouse Tech
University of Toulouse
Institut au service du spatial, de ses applications et technologies, ISSAT
- **website**: http://www.insa-toulouse.fr
Prosopis tamarugo

***Prosopis tamarugo***, commonly known as **tamarugo**, is a species of flowering tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is found only in the dry northern regions of Chile.

## Description

_Prosopis tamarugo_ are trees that could grow up to  tall but usually they are, on average,  tall and the trunk is  wide. The young branches have spines. Flowers grow together in inflorescences and their pollination is made by bees.

## Where it grows

The plant grows only in the Pampa del Tamarugal, some  east of the city of Iquique.

The Pampa del Tamarugal is a plain between 19°33' S and 21°50' S, and an altitude from .

Even if the Pampa del Tamarugal is very dry, the _Prosopis tamarugo_ can use the relatively shallow ground water.

## Uses

The wood and dry leaves of _Prosopis tamarugo_ are used as firewood; the wood is also used for lumber. Leaves and fruits are used as food to animals, mainly to ruminants as cattle, sheep and goats.

Fruits are sweet and people can eat them.
Margaret Anstee

**Margaret Anstee** (June 26, 1926 - August 25, 2016) was a British diplomat. She worked with the United Nations for over 40 years, and became the first woman to reach the post of Under-Secretary-General. She was the Director-General of the UN office in Vienna. She also worked as the Director-General's Special Representative to Angola. She wrote an autobiography called _Never Learn to Type._
Maria Eugénia

**Maria Eugénia Pinto do Amaral** (April 1, 1927, Lisbon - August 25, 2016, Lisbon) was a Portuguese actress and singer. She became known as the **Radio Girl** when she starred in the movie of the same name directed by Arthur Duarte in 1944.
Justin du Fresne

**Justin du Fresne** (died August 25, 2016) was a New Zealand radio broadcaster, known as the **Voice of Wellington**. He began his career in 1960 working for the New Zealand Broadcasting Service. After a break, he returned to radio in 1984 as a morning talk show host, and retired in 2013. He died from cancer in 2016.
Warren Hinckle

**Warren Hinckle** (October 28, 1938, San Francisco - August 25, 2016, San Francisco) was an American journalist. He became famous as the editor of Ramparts magazine in the 1960's. Hinckle was known for his no holds barred writing style (later called gonzo journalism), and as a supporter of the political left.
Neo-futurism

**Neo-futurism** is a 21st-century movement in the arts, design, and architecture with an attitude of post-modernism and represents an idealistic future and "a need to periodize the modern rapport with the technological".  Neo-futurism has absorbed sоme of the high-tech concept themes аnd ideas and incorporating elements of high-tech industry аnd technology.

## Artists of Neo-futurism movement

Neo-futurist artists include Erin Sparler, Marlow Rodale, Panayiotis Terzis, Miguel Ovalle, British Olivia Peake, Yuima Nakazato, and Simon Stålenhag.

Neo-futurism in the 21st century has been creatively inspired by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava, the British architect Zaha Hadid,  and by Vito DiBari.

## Related pages

- Futurism

## Further reading

- Rowena Easton, The NeoFuturist Manifesto, 2008 http://www.neofuturist.org/manifesto.php
- A History of Neo-Futurism, Erica Anne Milkovich, 2010 - Avant-garde (Aesthetics)
- Gunther Berghaus, From Futurism to Neo-Futurism, in Avant-garde/Neo-avant-garde, 2005, published by Dietrich Scheunemann, Rodopi BV http://www.rodopi.nl/senj.asp?BookId=Avant+17
Appeal to emotion

**Appeal to emotion** is a logical fallacy. It happens when the argument is designed to trigger an emotional response instead of giving reasons. An example of this would be "we have to donate to charity X; think of the children!", where instead of giving a reason why we should donate to charity, an emotive trigger is used instead- "think of the children". It is also called _argumentum ad passiones_ or appeal to feeling.

Aristotle recognized that if you triggered someone's emotions, they were easier to persuade. He said this in his book, Rhetoric.
Appeal to tradition

**Appeal to tradition** (also known as _argumentum ad antiquitatem_, appeal to antiquity, or appeal to common practice) is a common fallacy.

In this fallacy, an idea is claimed to be right because it is the way it was often done in the past. The appeal takes the form of "this is right because we've always done it this way".

An example of appeal to tradition is, "drinking boiling hot water (and never cold water) is always healthy because Chinese people have done it for thousands of years."

An appeal to tradition essentially makes two mistakes:

- The tradition might be entirely based on incorrect grounds.
- The circumstances may have changed; so past justifications for the tradition may be invalid.
In the case of drinking boiling water, traditional Chinese medicine claims that the health benefits come from re-balancing one's own qi, rather than the fact than un-boiled or un-chilled water may have dangerous germs in it.

The opposite of an appeal to tradition is an appeal to novelty, claiming something is good because it is _new_.
Red herring

A **red herring** is something that misleads or distracts from an issue.

There are two ways in which it is used. One, it may be used as logical fallacy during an argument so that someone arguing does not have to answer a difficult question. For example, if a journalist asks a politician if the politician used any taxpayer money for his or her personal use, the politician may instead talk about the importance of increasing the pay of government officials without ever answering the question.

Two, it can be used as a literary device that tricks readers or audiences into thinking that something is true when it really is not. It is common in stories like detective mystery books. For example, a character may own or hold a weapon similar to the weapon used to kill a character, but then it turns out that character was not the killer. The weapon was only a red herring.

It has long been thought that the phrase came from kippers (a strong-smelling smoked fish) to train dogs to follow a scent, or to distract them from the correct route when hunting. However, most researchers today believe that the term was probably invented in 1807 by English polemicist William Cobbett. He may have been talking about a time which he had used a kipper to distract dogs from chasing a hare, and that hunters never actually used kippers to train dogs. The phrase was later borrowed to give a formal name for the logical fallacy and literary device.

## Related pages

- Ad hominem
- Divide and conquer
- Hate speech
- Identity politics
- Pork barrel
- Psychological warfare
- Smear campaign
Appeal to popularity

An **appeal to popularity**, also called **argumentum ad populum** (Latin for "**appeal to the people**"), is a logical fallacy. It happens when someone tries to argue that something is right because lots of people believe in it.

An example is saying "many people buy extended warranties, therefore we should buy one for our new computer".

## Related pages

- Argumentum ad hominem