juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Italian Social Republic

The **Italian Social Republic** ( or **RSI**) was a provisional government sponsored by and allied with Nazi Germany. It was led by Benito Mussolini and his Republican Fascist Party. In name, it controlled northern Italy but, in fact, the land was under German military control. The country had another informal name, **Salò Republic** (), after where their headquarters was located. Before 25 November 1943, the official name of the country was widely called **Republican State of Italy** and **Republican National State** (). It was the second and last Fascist Italian state.

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Repubblica Sociale Italiana_
- **conventional long name**: Italian Social Republic
- **common name**: Italy
- **era**: World War II
- **status**: Puppet state
- **empire**: Nazi Germany
- **event pre**: Gran Sasso raid
- **date pre**: 12 September 1943
- **event start**: Operation Achse, Mussolini's Restoration
- **year start**: 1943
- **date start**: 23 September
- **event2**: Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, Allied offensive
- **date event2**: 25 April
- **event end**: Surrender
- **year end**: 1945
- **date end**: 2 May
- **p1**: Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
- **flag p1**: Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg
- **s1**: Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
- **flag s1**: Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Italy.svg
- **flag type**: Flag
- **image map**: Italian Social Republic within Europe 1943.svg
- **map caption**: Italian Social Republic in 1943
- **image map caption**: From the Winter Line, Gustav Line to the Gothic Line
- **symbol type**: Coat of arms
- **flag caption**: Top flag:Flag
Bottom flag:War flag
- **image flag2**: War flag of the Italian Social Republic.svg
- **image coat**: Coat of Arms of the Italian Social Republic.svg
- **capital**: Salò _(de facto)_
Rome _(claimed)_
- **national anthem**: _Giovinezza_
<small>"Youth"</small>
- **common languages**: Italian language, Italian
- **government type**: Various
- **title leader**: Duce
- **leader1**: Benito Mussolini
- **year leader1**: 1943–1945
- **title representative**: Plenipotentiary#Nazi Germany, Plenipotentiary
- **representative1**: Rudolf Rahn
- **year representative1**: 1943–1945
- **currency**: Republican Lira (_de jure_)
Italian lira (_de facto_)
Mukden Incident

The **Mukden Incident**, also known as the **Manchurian Incident**, was an event set up by Japanese soldiers as a reason for invading the northern part of China known as Manchuria in 1931.

On September 18, 1931, a small amount of dynamite was blown up by a Japanese soldier near Japan's South Manchuria Railway near Mukden. Although the explosion was so weak that the rail was still usable, the Japanese army, blaming the action on the Chinese people, fully invaded Manchuria, leading to its occupation. Japan set up its puppet state of Manchukuo six months later. Soon the world knew the event, leading Japan to diplomatic isolation and its withdrawal from the League of Nations.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Manchurian Incident
- **image**: Mukden 1931 japan shenyang.jpg
- **caption**: Japanese troops entering Shenyang during the Mukden Incident.
- **date**: September 18, 1931 – February 18, 1932
- **place**: Inner Manchuria, Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China
- **result**: Japanese victory
- **combatant1**: Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China
- **combatant2**: Empire of Japan
- **commander1**: Zhang Xueliang,
  Ma Zhanshan,
  Feng Zhanhai
- **commander2**: Shigeru Honjō,
  Jirō Minami
- **strength1**: 160,000
- **strength2**: 30,000 – 66,000
- **casualties1**: ?
- **casualties2**: ?
Alexei Ponikarovsky

**Oleksiy Volodymyrovych "Alexei" Ponikarovsky** (born 9 April 1980 in Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union) is a Ukrainian-Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He played parts of 15 season in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Pittsburgh Penguins, Los Angeles Kings, Carolina Hurricanes, New Jersey Devils, and Winnipeg Jets. He also played in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) for Donbass Donetsk, SKA Saint Petersburg, and Kunlun Red Star.

He was drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs with the 87th overall pick in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the NHL for the Toronto Maple Leafs for 9 seasons, the Pittsburgh Penguins for 1 season, the Los Angeles Kings for 1 season, the Carolina Hurricanes for 1 season, the New Jersey Devils for 1 season and the Winnipeg Jets for 1 season. He was traded back to the Devils on February 13, 2013 in exchange for a 4th round pick and a 7th round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

He is nicknamed "The Poni Express", "The Ukraine Train" and "Poni". He currently lives in Toronto with his wife Inna, daughter Jessica, and sons Alex and Maxim. He also became a Canadian citizen on June 7, 2007.

## Career

In the 1998 NHL Draft, he was selected in round 4 under a total of 87 by the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Has Canadian and Russian citizenship.

In 2010 he was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins. In the summer of 2010, as a free agent, he signed a contract with the Los Angeles Kings for a period of 1 year.

In the summer of 2011, he changed Los Angeles to Carolina Hurricanes, signing a one-year agreement worth $ 1.5 million.

In January 2012, before the expiration of his contract, he was traded to the New Jersey Devils.

In the offseason 2012, signed a one-year contract with the Winnipeg Jets for $ 1.5 million

Due to the NHL lockout in 2012, he signed a contract with the newcomer of the KHL, the Donbass club. After the end of the lockout he returned to the Winnipeg Jets, but after 12 games on 14 February 2013 he returned to the New Jersey Devils.

In August 2016, he signed a contract with the Kunlun Red Star Kontinental Hockey League debut.

In November 2017, he joined the Putin Team movement

## Family

Married. He has three children.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Alexei Ponikarovsky
- **image**: PoniCanes12.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **shot**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lb**: 220
- **played for**: Krylya Sovetov Moscow, Krylya Sovetov
HC Dynamo Moscow, Dynamo Moscow
Toronto Maple Leafs
HC Khimik Voskresensk, Khimik Moscow Oblast
Pittsburgh Penguins
Los Angeles Kings
Carolina Hurricanes
New Jersey Devils
HC Donbass, Donbass Donetsk
Winnipeg Jets
SKA Saint Petersburg
Kunlun Red Star
- **ntl team**: Ukraine
- **birth place**: Kyiv, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian SSR,
Soviet Union
- **draft**: 87th overall
- **draft year**: 1998
- **draft team**: Toronto Maple Leafs
- **career start**: 1998
- **career end**: 2018
Hoobastank

**Hoobastank** is an American rock band from Agoura Hills, California. Hoobastank has four members; the current band members are Doug Robb, Dan Estrin, Chris Hesse and Jesse Charland.

## Band members

- Current
- Doug Robb – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1995–present)
- Dan Estrin – lead guitar (1995–present)
- Chris Hesse – drums (1995–present)
- Jesse Charland – bass (2009–present)

- Former
- Jeremy Wasser – saxophone (1995–2000)
- Derek Kwan – saxophone (1997–1999)
- Markku Lappalainen – bass (1995–2005)
- Josh Moreau – bass (2006–2008)
- David Amezcua – bass (2008)

## Discography

So far as of 2011, Hoobastank has released 4 studio albums:

### Albums

- _Hoobastank_ (2001)
- _The Reason_ (2003)
- _Every Man for Himself_ (2006)
- _For(N)ever_ (2009)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Hoobastank
- **img**: Hoobastank MAA.jpg
- **img capt**: Hoobastank in 2006
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Agoura Hills, California,
United States
- **genre**: Alternative rock, post-grunge
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **label**: Island Records, Island
- **url**: [http://www.hoobastank.com Hoobastank Website]
- **current members**: Doug Robb
Dan Estrin
Chris Hesse
Jesse Charland
- **past members**: Markku Lappalainen
Jeremy Wasser
Derek Kwan
Josh Moreau
David Amezcua
Sensory receptor

A **sensory receptor**, or sense organ, is the part which responds to a stimulus in the internal or external environment of an organism. It is the input to the sensory system. In response to stimuli the sensory receptor fires off a nerve fibre which goes to the central nervous system.

In order to detect changes in the environment organisms need receptors. Organisms have various receptors, ranging from simple light or touch sensitive cells to complex nervous systems.

Receptors are generally specialised for the detection of a specific type of stimulus.
- Mechanoreceptor: Respond to mechanical stress or strain such as those found in the hair cells of the cochlea.
- Thermoreceptor: Respond to temperature, either heat, cold or both. The skin of most animals contains these receptors.
- Photoreceptor: Respond to changes in light. Examples include those found in the retina.
- Chemoreceptor: Detect certain chemical stimuli in the environment, such as those found in the nose and on the tongue.
- Magnetoreceptor: Allows an organism to sense direction, altitude or location by detecting a magnetic field.
Parietal lobe

The **parietal lobe** is a part of the brain positioned above  the occipital lobe and behind the frontal lobe.

The parietal lobe brings together information from different senses, particularly spatial sense and navigation. For example, it uses input about touch, balance and the visual system.  This enables the parietal cortex to map seen objects in relation to the body (into 'body coordinate positions'). This makes it possible for a person to reach out and handle objects.

The name derives from the overlying parietal bone, which is named from the Latin _pariet-_, = 'wall'.

## Infobox (brain)

- **name**: Parietal lobe
- **latin**: lobus parietalis
- **caption**: Principal fissures and lobes of the cerebrum viewed laterally. (Parietal lobe is shown in yellow)
- **image2**: Gray726 parietal lobe.png
- **caption2**: Lateral surface of left cerebral hemisphere, viewed from the side. (Parietal lobe is shown in orange.)
- **ispartof**: Cerebrum
- **artery**: Anterior cerebral artery, Anterior cerebral
 Middle cerebral artery, Middle cerebral
- **vein**: Superior sagittal sinus
- **pronunciation**: )
Frontal lobe

The **frontal lobe** is an area in the brain of humans and other mammals, at the front of each cerebral hemisphere. It is in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the temporal lobes.

The frontal lobes includes Broca's area and takes action based on sensory information (sight, sound, touch) from the three rear areas of the cerebrum. The action is moderated by the influence of the pre-frontal cortex. The system is a delicate balance between the need to satisfy urges from the most ancient parts of the brain, such as hunger, self-defence and sex, with the need to act in a way which is socially acceptable.

The precentral gyrus, forming the back of the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex. This controls voluntary movements of specific body parts.

## Evolution

For many years, many scientists thought that the frontal lobe was comparatively larger in humans than in other primates. They thought that this was an important feature of human evolution and was the main reason why human cognition is different from that of the other primates.

However, this view has been challenged by later research. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to find the volume of the frontal cortex in humans, all living ape species and several monkey species. The human frontal cortex is _not_ relatively larger than the cortex in the other great apes, but it is relatively larger than the frontal cortex in the lesser apes and the monkeys.

## Infobox (brain)

- **name**: Frontal lobe
- **latin**: Lobus Frontalis
- **image**: LobesCaptsLateral.png
- **caption**: Principal fissures and lobes of the cerebrum viewed laterally. (Frontal lobe is shown in pale green.)
- **image2**: Gray729.png
- **ispartof**: Cerebrum
- **artery**: Anterior cerebral artery, Anterior cerebral
 Middle cerebral artery, Middle cerebral
- **acronym**: FL
Temporal lobe

The **temporal lobe** is a region of the cerebral cortex that is under the Sylvian fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.

The temporal lobe is involved in auditory perception and is home to the primary auditory cortex. It is also important for the processing of semantics (meaning) in both speech and vision. The temporal lobe contains the hippocampus and plays a key role in the formation of long-term memory.

An area in the Sylvian fissure is the first place where auditory signals from the cochlea reach the cerebral cortex. This part of the cortex (primary auditory cortex) is involved in hearing. Other areas of the temporal lobes are involved in high-level auditory processing. In humans this includes speech, for which the left temporal lobe in particular seems to be specialized. Wernicke's area, which spans the region between temporal and parietal lobes, plays a key role (with Broca's area, which is in the frontal lobe). The functions of the left temporal lobe extends to comprehension, naming, verbal memory and other language functions.

The underside of the temporal lobes do high-level visual processing of faces and scenes. Front parts of this area are involved in object perception and recognition.

Deep inside the medial temporal lobes lie the hippocampus, which is essential for memory function – particularly the transfer from short to long term memory and control of spatial memory and behaviour.

## Infobox (brain)

- **name**: Temporal lobe
- **latin**: Lobus temporalis
- **caption**: Lobes of the human brain (temporal lobe is shown in green)
- **image2**: Gray730.png
- **caption2**: Section of brain showing upper surface of temporal lobe.
- **ispartof**: Cerebrum
- **artery**: Middle cerebral artery
 Posterior cerebral artery
- **vein**:
Inferior anastomotic vein
The Little Drummer Boy

**"The Little Drummer Boy"** is a very popular Christmas carol. It was recorded in 1955 by the Trapp Family Singers. It was made more popular three years later by the Harry Simeone Chorale. This song has been covered by others, including Johnny Mathis, Johnny Cash, Bing Crosby and Rosemary Clooney throughout the years.
Ex nihilo

**Creatio ex nihilo** is an idea found in certain faiths. It means that a creator god created the world, "from nothing", without any conditions.  It is the opposite of creatio ex materia.
Cochlea

The **cochlea** is the auditory portion of the inner ear. It is a spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth, making 2.5 turns around its axis.
A core component of the cochlea is the Organ of Corti, the sensory organ of hearing, which is distributed along the partition separating fluid chambers in the coiled tapered tube of the cochlea.

The name is from the Greek κοχλίας _kokhlias_ ("snail, screw"), from κόχλος _kokhlos_ ("spiral shell"). This is in reference to its coiled shape: the cochlea is coiled in most mammals, monotremes being the exceptions.

## References

nl:Oor#Binnenoor

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Cochlea
- **latin**: Cochlea
- **image**: Cochlea-crosssection.svg
- **caption**: Cross section of the cochlea
- **image2**: 1404 The Structures of the Ear.jpg
- **caption2**: Parts of the inner ear, showing the cochlea
- **system**: Auditory system
- **part of**: Inner ear
Limit (roller coaster)

**Limit** is an inverted roller coaster at Heide-Park Soltau, Germany. It is a standard _Suspended Looping Coaster_ built by Dutch roller coaster builder Vekoma and opened in 1999. Limit has 5 inversions, has a length of 689 meter, a maximum speed of 80 kilometers per hour. One round takes 1 minute and 36 seconds.

Limit has 2 trains with each 10 cars. 1 car can hold 2 riders, which gives a total of 20 riders per train. The maximum capacity is 1040 riders per hour.

## Infobox (roller coaster)

- **name**: Limit
- **image**: Limitheidepark.jpg
- **imagedimensions**: 250px
- **caption**: Limit's Layout and navigating the final turn before the brakes.
- **location**: Heide Park
- **section**: Transilvania
- **type**: Steel
- **type2**: Inverted
- **status**: Open
- **opened**: 1999
- **manufacturer**: Vekoma
- **model**: Suspended Looping Coaster, SLC (689m Standard)
- **lift**: Chain lift
- **height ft**: 109.3
- **drop ft**: 91
- **length ft**: 2260.5
- **speed mph**: 49.7
- **inversions**: 5
- **duration**: 1:28
- **capacity**: 1040
- **restriction in**: 51-76.7
- **trains**: 2
- **carspertrain**: 10
- **rowspercar**: 1
- **ridersperrow**: 2
- **rcdb number**: 987
Survivor Series (2011)

**Survivor Series (2011)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It took place on November 20, 2011 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. It was the 25th Survivor Series event held by WWE and the third held at Madison Square Garden (after the 1996 and 2002 editions).

In the main event, The Rock wrestled his first match since 2004. He and John Cena  defeated The Miz and R-Truth. Also, CM Punk defeated Alberto Del Rio by submission to win his second WWE Championship. This would be the start of the sixth longest WWE Championship reign in history.

### Survivor Series elimination tag team match

|Eliminated|Wrestler|Eliminated by|Method|Times|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Dolph Ziggler|Randy Orton|Pinfall|1:32|||
||Sin Cara|N/A|Unable to continue after suffering an injury|3:44|||
||Mason Ryan|Cody Rhodes|rowspan="2"|Pinfall|08:52||
||Kofi Kingston|Wade Barrett|14:06||||
||Sheamus|N/A|Disqualification|18:30|||
||Jack Swagger|rowspan="2"|Randy Orton|rowspan="3"|Pinfall|19:33|
||Hunico|21:38|||||
||Randy Orton|Wade Barrett|rowspan="2"|22:10|||
||colspan="4"|Wade Barrett and Cody Rhodes (Team Barrett)|||||

## Other websites

- Official Survivor Series website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: Survivor Series (2011)
- **tagline**: Never Before. Never Again
- **theme**: "Good Feeling" by Flo Rida
- **promotion**: WWE
- **date**: November 20, 2011
- **venue**: Madison Square Garden
- **city**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **lastevent**: Vengeance (2011)
- **nextevent**: TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2011)
- **event**: Survivor Series
- **lastevent2**: Survivor Series (2010)
- **nextevent2**: Survivor Series (2012)
Super Size Me

***Super Size Me*** is a 2004 American documentary movie directed by and starring Morgan Spurlock, which was released on May 7, 2004. It is about an experiment where Spurlock ate nothing but food from McDonald's for thirty days. He ate at McDonald's three times a day, eating an average of 5,000 kcal per day. This experiment lasted from February 1 to March 2, 2003. This experiment was bad for his own physical and psychological health.

During the experiment, Spurlock gained 24½ lbs., had a 13% body mass increase, his cholesterol level went to 230, and he had mood swings, sexual dysfunction, and had fat accumulation in his liver. After the experiment, he recovered with a vegan diet his then-future wife prepared for him (she is a gourmet vegetarian cook).

This experiment was conducted because of the obesity epidemic in the United States, and because of a case in which two teenage girls sued McDonald's who claimed they became obese as a result of eating food from McDonald's.

Spurlock also uses this movie to criticize McDonald's and the fast food industry, ranging from the sale of unhealthy food to corporate marketing and to the personal profit of these organizations. Spurlock later revealed during an interview in 2017 that he had been abusing alcohol during the making of the documentary. It raised questions about if the alcohol was the main factor for Spurlock's health problems.
Brussels Airport

**Brussels Airport** (IATA _BRU_) is the national airport of Belgium. It is the biggest airport in Belgium. It has more than 17 billion travelers each year. It is 18 km from Brussels, the capital of Belgium.

The airport is used by a lot of airlines such as Brussels Airlines, Thomas Cook Airlines and Jetairfly.

On 22 March 2016, two bombs exploded at the airport.

## Terminals

The airport has two terminals. (A terminal is a building where passengers wait to get on planes.) One terminal is used for flights to the Schengen Area. The second terminal is used for flights to countries out of the Schengen Area.
Ray Kroc

**Raymond Albert Kroc** (October 5, 1902 – January 14, 1984) was an American entrepreneur. He was best known for turning the McDonald's restaurant chain into a franchise company.

Kroc's life while franchising McDonald's was made into a movie called _The Founder_ with Michael Keaton playing Kroc.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ray Kroc
- **image**: Ray kroc 1976.jpg
- **birth name**: Raymond Albert Kroc
- **birth place**: Oak Park, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: San Diego, California, United States, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart failure
- **resting place**: El Camino Memorial Park
San Diego, California, United States, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Predominant establisher of the McDonald's, McDonald's Corporation
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Ethel Fleming (1922–1961, divorced)
Jane Dobbins Green (1963–1968, divorced)
Joan Kroc, Joan Smith Kroc (1969–1984, his death)
Non-Newtonian fluid

A **non-Newtonian fluid** is a thixotropic fluid which changes its viscosity when the forces on it change.

Other flow properties may also be affected. Most commonly viscosity of such fluids is not independent of the shear rate or the shear rate history. Examples of such fluids are blood, quicksand and certain components of cement. Many lubricants, ketchup, and oobleck. Also certain forms of dough and pudding also have this property.

The other kind of fluids that do not show this behavior is called Newtonian fluids.

It is very simple to make a non-Newtonian fluid at home. All one needs is water and cornstarch. Mix these two ingredients together at a rate of one part cornstarch and one and a half parts water. That makes a non-Newtonian fluid called oobleck.

## Related pages

- Mudslide
- Avalanche
Newtonian fluid

A **Newtonian fluid** is a fluid, where the ratio between shear stress changes linearly in proportion to the stress it is exposed to. This proportion is known as viscosity. Note that the inverse is not true; there are fluids with constant viscosity, that are Non-Newtonian fluids: one example is the Boger fluid.
Airblue

**Airblue Limited** (styled as **airblue**) is a private airline. Its head office is in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is Pakistan's second largest airline (after Pakistan International Airlines). It has over 20% of Pakistan's market.

Airblue operates scheduled flights operating 30 daily services, linking four domestic destinations and international services to Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Sharjah, Muscat and Manchester. It carried 1.4 million passengers on domestic flights in the 2006–2007 season. Its main hub is Jinnah International Airport in Karachi, Pakistan.

The airline started its operations on June 2004. It had 3 leased Airbus A320-200 airplanes serving three daily domestic flights. In 2007, the company started flights to Manchester via a fuel stop at Trabzon in Turkey. This route is the longest route operated by an A320 family airplanes in the world. It is also the longest scheduled route operated by an Airbus narrow-body airplanes.

## Other websites

- Airblue- official company website
Superstition

A **superstition** is a belief that has no logical explanation or scientific evidence. There are many superstitions believed in around the world. Many people believe superstitions to be complete nonsense while others live their lives according to superstitions such as avoiding black cats, looking for four leaf clovers and avoiding mirrors.

## Related pages

- Apotropaism, a ritual to turn away evil
- Amulet, a charm against bad luck
MC Ren

**Lorenzo Jerald Patterson** (born June 16, 1969) is an American rapper. He is best known by his stage name **MC Ren**. MC Ren was a member of the gangsta rap group N.W.A.

## Childhood and early life

Like all N.W.A members (except Ice Cube) he was born and raised in Compton, California.

## Rapping career

He joined N.W.A after completing his senior year of high school. He was with N.W.A on all their studio and EP releases. Problems over money caused N.W.A to end. MC Ren and all the other members of N.W.A went solo.

Using Eazy E's record label, Ruthless Records, Ren released his first album _Shock of Tha Hour_ in 1993.

## Albums

- _Shock Of Tha Hour_ (1993)
- _The Villain In Black_ (1996)
- _Ruthless For Life_ (1998)
- _Reincarnated_ (2009)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: MC Ren
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Lorenzo Jerald Patterson
- **birth place**: Compton, California, Compton, California, United States, U.S.
- **years active**: 1987–2022
Captain & Tennille

**Captain and Tennille** were an United States pop music group. The group was a husband and wife duo. The members were **Daryl "Captain" Dragon** and **Toni Tennille**. They are based out of California. The duo is best known for the song "Love will Keep Us Together". They have many other notable hit records.

## Albums

- Love Will Keep Us Together (1975)
- Song of Joy (1976)
- Come In from the Rain (1977)
- Dream (1978)
- Make Your Move (1979)
- Keeping Our Love Warm (1980)
- More Than Dancing (1982)
- The Secret of Christmas (2007)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Captain & Tennille
- **img**: Captain and tennille 1976.jpg
- **img alt**: Captain & Tennille
- **img capt**: Captain and Tennille, 1976.
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: United States
- **genre**: Soft rock, pop music, pop
- **years active**: 1974–2013
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M, Casablanca Records, Casablanca, Mirage Records, Mirage
- **url**: [http://captainandtennille.net/ Official Website]
- **past members**: Daryl Dragon <small>(deceased)</small>
Toni Tennille
Hurricane Ernesto

**Hurricane Ernesto** was a very damaging hurricane during the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm moved across Haiti and Dominican Republic as a minor hurricane. Then, the storm moved over Florida while a tropical storm. It later struck North Carolina, when the storm was almost a hurricane. It killed eleven people. The total damage from Ernesto was $500 million (2006 USD).
Burl Ives

**Burl Icle Ivanhoe Ives** (June 14, 1909 - April 14, 1995) was an American actor and folk singer. He was born in Hunt City, Illinois. He acted on stage and in many movies. He was a folk music singer. He died from mouth cancer in Anacortes, Washington.

## Related pages

- List of country musicians from Illinois
UPC Tirol Liga

The **UPC Tirol Liga** (also called Tiroler Landesliga or Tiroler Liga) is the highest class in Tyrolian football; it is the 4th division in Austrian man football league system. The champion is qualified for the Regionalliga West, the last to teams are relegated in the Landesliga West or Ost. The league is named after the main sponsor, an Austrian telecommunication provider.

## 2010/11 season

- Champion SV Hall
- **Relegation**:SK Jenbach; SK Hippach
- **Scorers**:
    - Wolfgang Spanring SC Kundl 30 goals
    - Marco Hesina SV Hall 23 goals
    - Stefan Klausner  SV Matrei 21 goals

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: UPC Tirol Liga
- **country**: Austria
- **confederation**: UEFA
- **level**: 4
- **number of teams**: 16
- **promotion to**: Regionalliga West
- **relegation to**: Landesliga East or west
Thixotropy

**Thixotropy** is the property of certain gels or fluids that are viscous (thick) under normal conditions, but flow (become thin, less viscous) when shaken, agitated, or otherwise stressed.

In more technical language:
some Non-Newtonian fluids show a change in viscosity; the longer the fluid undergoes shear stress, the lower its viscosity.  A thixotropic fluid is a fluid which takes a finite time to attain equilibrium viscosity when introduced to a step change in shear rate. Many gels and colloids are thixotropic materials, exhibiting a stable form at rest but becoming fluid when agitated.

Some fluids are anti-thixotropic: constant shear stress for a time causes an increase in viscosity or even solidification. Constant shear stress can be applied by shaking or mixing. They are much less common.

## Natural examples

It is a common experience walking on sand that in places it liquifies as one walks on it. This is a thixotropic response to pressure. In extremes, a quicksand may be danger to people and animals.

Some clays are thixotropic, and their behaviour is of great importance in structural and geotechnical engineering. Landslides, such as those common in the cliffs around Lyme Regis, Dorset and in the Aberfan disaster in Wales are evidence of this. Similarly, a lahar is a mass of earth liquefied by a volcanic event, which rapidly solidifies once coming to rest.

Drilling muds used in geotechnical applications can be thixotropic. Honey from honey bees may also exhibit this property under certain conditions.(Heather honey).

Another example of a thixotropic fluid is the synovial fluid found in joints between some bones.

Some clay deposits found in the process of exploring caves exhibit thixotropism: an initially solid-seeming mudbank will turn soupy and yield up moisture when dug into or otherwise disturbed. These clays were deposited in the past by low-velocity streams which tend to deposit fine-grained sediment.

These properties are often used in commercial products which are applied to surfaces, such as paint or toothpaste. With paint, the fluidity vanishes quickly and the surface sets permanently as water (or oil) evaporates.
Super Mario 3D Land

***Super Mario 3D Land*** is a 2011 game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS. It was released on November 3, 2011 in Japan, November 13, 2011 in America, November 18 in Europe, and November 24 in Australia. In it, you can become Tanooki Mario, Boomerang Mario and you can also get the old power-ups (Super Mushroom, Fire Flower, Super Star). A sequel, titled _Super Mario 3D World_, was released for the Wii U in November 2013.

## Reviews

The game got praise from many critics. It was rated 9.5 out of 10 by IGN, and 94% by Official Nintendo Magazine, but GameSpot gave the game a lower score of 8/10. Overall, the game received a 90/100 on Metacritic.

## Other websites

- http://ie.faqs.ign.com/objects/099/099437.html
- _Super Mario 3D Land_ Review - IGN. .

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Super Mario 3D Land
- **collapsible**: no
- **developer**: Nintendo EAD Tokyo
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Koichi Hayashida
- **producer**: Yoshiaki Koizumi
- **composer**: Asuka Hayazaki
Mahito Yokota
Shigetoshi Gohara
Takeshi Hama
Yuya Takezawa
- **series**: _Super Mario_
- **released**: **Original release:**
**Nintendo eShop:**
**Nintendo Selects:**

- **genre**: Platformer
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Nintendo 3DS
Coke (fuel)

**Coke** is a fuel used mainly in blast furnaces to reduce iron oxide to produce iron. It contains carbon, and is similar to coal. It is made from coal by cooking out things that are not carbon. Coke is a product of destructive distillation of coal. This is done in an airless furnace or oven (kiln) at temperatures as high as  but usually around . This baking drives off volatile parts of the coal, such as water, gas, and tar.

Coke is an almost pure form of carbon. The calorific value (heat energy produced when a fuel is burnt) of coke is about 56,000 kilojoules/kilogram.

Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace.  The carbon monoxide produced by its combustion reduces iron oxide (hematite) to the iron product.

Although coke is more expensive than coal, it can be used in households as a clean fuel, relatively free of smoke and impurities. At the present day its use in domestic heating has been less than oil or gas, but in the 20th century it was often used in kitchen stoves.
Pope Urban V

**Pope Urban V** (; 1310 – December 19, 1370), born **Guillaume Grimoard**, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 201st Pope from 1362 until his death in 1370.

He was the sixth of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

## Early life

Grimoard was born in Grizac in the Languedoc region of France.

## Benedictine

He became a Benedictine monk; and he was ordained at Chirac.

Grimoard became the abbot of Saint-Victor in Marseille.

## Cardinal

He was not a cardinal. There were several Popes who were not Cardinals. Some of these were Pope Urban IV and Pope Urban VI.

## Pope

Grimoard was elected pope on September 28, 1362; and he chose to be called Pope Urban.

Pope Urban was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

In 1367, the pope traveled from Avignon to Rome. He returned to Avignon in where he died in 1370.

### After his death

In 1870, Urban V  was beatified by Pope Pius IX.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- Avignon Papacy

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Urban V
- GCatholic, Pope Urban V

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Urban V
- **image**: Simone dei crocifissi, urbano V, 1375 ca., forse dalla cattedrale di s. pietro 01 (cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Guillaume Grimoard
- **birth date**: 1310
- **birth place**: Grizac
- **death place**: Avignon
- **term start**: September 28, 1362
- **term end**: December 19, 1370
- **predecessor**: Pope Innocent VI
- **successor**: Pope Gregory XI
- **other**: Urban
Squad automatic weapon

A **Squad automatic weapon** (**SAW**, also known as **section automatic weapon** or **light support weapon**) is a weapon used to give infantry squads or sections automatic firepower that can easily be moved around. Weapons used for this are selective fire rifles. They usually have a bipod and a heavier barrel so that they can be used as light machine guns. SAWs usually fire the same cartridge as the assault rifles or battle rifles used by other people in the squad/section. This makes logistics easier because only one type of ammunition needs to be given to a unit. SAWs are light enough to be used by one man. However, heavy machine guns such as the Browning M2 are more powerful but need a crew to be as effective as they can be.

## Overview

Many SAWs (such as the RPK and L86) are just assault rifles or battle rifles that have been changed. They may be able to carry more ammunition and will almost always have a bipod. In the case of some assault rifles, such as the H&K G36 or Steyr AUG, the SAW is simply the usual rifle with a few parts changed. However, the Austrian Army, who uses the most Steyr AUGs, doesn't use the HBAR (heavy barrel) version of the assault rifle. Instead, they use the MG 74, which is a gun which was made from the design of the German WW2-machine gun MG 42. One of the first weapons designed for this role was the M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle. Even though it could not carry many bullets in its magazine, it was still better than the usual infantry rifle.

### Assault rifles

- HK 13E
- QBB-95
- RPK
- INSAS LMG

### Battle rifles

- FN FALO 50.41
- HK 11E
- M1941 Johnson machine gun
- Model 45A
- M1946 Sieg automatic rifle

## Related pages

- Light machine gun
- Heavy machine gun
- General-purpose machine gun
Coordinate system

A **coordinate system** is a system of numbers used to uniquely determine the position of a point. For two-dimensional systems, the numbers (scalars) are in ordered pairs. More dimensions call for more numbers.

For example, (3) is one-dimensional, (1, 4) is two-dimensional, (1, 5, 9) is three-dimensional, (2, 6, 5, 3) is four-dimensional, and (5, 8, 9, 7, 9) is five-dimensional.

## Related pages

- Analytic geometry
- Cartesian coordinate system
- Celestial coordinate system
- Geographic coordinate system
- Polar coordinate system
- Spherical coordinate system
Bonnie Bedelia

**Bonnie Bedelia Culkin**, better known as **Bonnie Bedelia** (born March 25, 1948 in New York City), is an American actress. She is best known for starring as Holly Gennero in the first two _Die Hard_ movies. She has acted in other movies as well. She is the aunt of _Home Alone_ actor Macaulay Culkin.
Impetigo

**Impetigo** is a very contagious bacterial skin infection. It is most common in pre-school children. People who play close-contact sports like rugby and American football are also at risk. Impetigo is not very common in adults. Impetigo can also be called _school sores_.
Protopunk

**Protopunk** is a term used to describe the precursors of punk rock.  Many of the artists whose sound helped pave the way for punk came from the 1960s and early 1970s.  Some have been cited by early punk musicians as influential.  These artists came from many different musical backgrounds.

## Bands

Below is a list of notable bands who influenced early punk rock.
- Peru
- Los Saicos
- United States
- The Velvet Underground
- MC5
- The Stooges
- The Modern Lovers
- The Sonics
- New York Dolls
- Lou Reed
- Television
- Death
- Captain Beefheart
- Patti Smith
- Richard Hell
- Rocket from the Tombs
- Love
- Germany
- Neu!
- Britain
- David Bowie
- The Kinks
- The Who
- Roxy Music
- Doctors of Madness
- Hawkwind
Jennifer Jason Leigh

**Jennifer Jason Leigh** (born February 5, 1962) is an American movie and stage actress. She is best known for her roles in _Fast Times at Ridgemont High_, _Single White Female_, _Last Exit to Brooklyn_, _Georgia_, _Kill Your Darlings_, _Short Cuts_ and _The Hateful Eight_.  She has had many roles in which she portrays vulnerable, abused and damaged women in her movies.

For the movie _Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle_, Leigh got a Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress and a National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress.

Leigh was born in Hollywood, California. Her Father Was Legendary Actor Vic Morrow.

## References

3. Jennifer Jason Leigh. Height Net Worth. Retrieved Dic 3, 2020.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Jennifer Jason Leigh by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **birth name**: Jennifer Leigh Morrow
- **birth place**: Hollywood, California,
United States
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1973–present
- **spouse**: Noah Baumbach
<small>(2005–present; request for divorce filed November 2010)</small>
- **children**: 1
- **parents**: Vic Morrow
Barbara Turner (actress), Barbara Turner
Locative case

The **locative** (abbreviated <small>**LOC**</small>) is a grammatical case. It indicates the location (place, place where) of something. It corresponds roughly to the English prepositions ""in", "on", "at" and "by". The locative case belongs to the general local cases together with the lative and separative case.
Exxon Valdez oil spill

The **_Exxon Valdez_ oil spill** was a shipping accident that happened off the coast of the United States on March 24, 1989. An oil tanker, the _Exxon Valdez_, hit a reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska. At the time of the disaster, the ship carried 53,094,510 U.S. gallons (44,210,430 imp gal/200,984,600 L) of crude oil. The accident caused a massive oil spill: 10.8 million U.S. gallons (9.0 million imp gal/41 million L) were spilled into the Prince William Sound. It was one of the worst man-made environmental disasters in the history of the United States.

The ship had left the shipping lanes because of icebergs. The ship never returned to the shipping lane and hit Bligh Reef at around 12:04 AM. Later, people looked at the causes, and found that the people on board were badly trained and overworked. What made things worse was the fact that the government was not prepared to handle a disaster with such large consequences for the environment. This disaster badly damaged the ecosystems of the area. An estimated 21,300 fish died after being poisoned by the crude oil. The birds that ate the fish got sick.

Some of the methods tried to clean up the oil were: burning, mechanical cleaning, and chemical dispersants.
Pope Urban VI

**Pope Urban VI** (; c. 1318 – October 15, 1389), born **Bartolomeo Prignano**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 202nd Pope from 1378 to 1389.

## Early life

Prignano was born in Naples.

## Bishop

In 1364, Prignano was made the Archbishop of Acerenza by Pope Urban V.

Pope Gregory XI made Prignano Archbishop of Bari in 1377.

## Cardinal

He was not a cardinal. There were several Popes who were not Cardinals.  One of these was Pope Urban V.

## Pope

Prignano was elected pope on April 8, 1378; and he chose to be called Pope Urban VI.

### Western schism

A period called the "Western Schism" began on 20 September 20, 1378 when Robert of Geneva (also known as Clement VII) was chosen pope by 13 French cardinals.  Clement VII is now considered to have been an antipope.

A large part of Germany, Flanders, Italy (with exception of Naples), England and Ireland recognized Urban VI as the pope; but many in Western Europe supported the papacy of Clement VII.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Urban VI
- GCatholic, Pope Urban VI

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Urban VI
- **image**: Urbanus VI.jpg
- **birth name**: Bartolomeo Prignano
- **birth date**: 1318
- **birth place**: Naples
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: April 8, 1378
- **term end**: October 15, 1389
- **predecessor**: Pope Gregory XI
- **successor**: Pope Boniface IX
- **other**: Urban
Webster (TV series)

***Webster*** was an American television sitcom which began in September 1983 and aired until March 1989 (the show aired to 1987 on ABC, and in syndication for the rest of its run). It was about an orphaned African American boy by the name of Webster who had lost his parents and was then adopted by a white family. The show _Webster_ was set in Chicago.
Rocca Petru

**Rocca Petru** (28 September 1887 – 7 June 1966) was a poet and writer from Corsica, who wanted his island free from France. At first, he supported the Corsica becoming a part of Italy, but then promoted the autonomy of Corsica after World War II.

## Life

Rocca, called Petru in Corsican, was a gifted writer since young age. He contributed in Corsica to the magazine _A Tramuntana_. During World War I, he wrote about the war and was decorated with the French Legion of Honor.

From May 1920, Rocca worked with the literary magazine _A Muvra_. During the first half of the 20th century, this was the most important Corsican publication in Italian. In 1922 he created the "Partitu Corsu d'Azione", following the model of the Italian Partito Sardo d'Azione of Sardinia that had autonomism ideals.

After that, in the late 1920s, he created the "Partito autonomista di Corsica" with the support of Domenico Parlotti and Dr. Croce, director of the Archivi di Stato della Corsica.

During the late 1930s Rocca, slowly changed his political opinions from wanting autonomy for Corsica to supporting the union of Corsica with Italy. He supported the ideals of Petru Giovacchini, an irredentist leader who created the main pro-Italian political organization in Corsica: the "Gruppi d’Azione Irredentista Corsa".

In 1938, the French government punished him for his approach to the Italian Risorgimento ideals. They took away his French Legion of Honor medal. _A Muvra_ started in 1939 to write articles against the Jews (responsible in Rocca's opinion for the French "occupation" of Corsica) and was quickly closed.

During World War II, Rocca supported Benito Mussolini's ideals about the union of Corsica to the Kingdom of Italy. When Italian troops occupied the island in 1942, Rocca was proposed to be "Governor" of a Corsica united to Italy. After the Italian defeat in September 1943, he was harassed by the French authorities.

As a consequence of this in 1946 he was sentenced to 15 years of jail and sent to French Guiana. When released, he quickly recreated his original "Partito autonomista di Corsica".

In 1953, Rocca created an academy for the defense of the Corsican language. He demanded from France the recognition of the Corsican people and language and the creation of the University of Corte. Rocca was, until his death in 1966, a strong supporter of Corsican nationalism.

## Works

- _Les corses devant l'anthropologie_, 1913
- _Pruverbii, massime è detti corsi_, 1921
- _A pignatta, cumedia di Plautu_, 1924
- _Storia populare di Corsica_, 1930
- _Una Vittoria Autonomista. L'Assemblea di i "Stati Generali di Corsica_, 1934
- _Quaderni di u Cursismu_, 1935
- _Parlà d'Aghjacciu, puesii_, 1955
- _Tempi è tempi_, 1963

## Related pages

- Corsica
- World War II
Pope Urban VII

**Pope Urban VII** (; 4 August 1521 – 27 September 1590), born **Giovanni Battista Castagna**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 229th Pope. He ruled for thirteen days in September 1590, and died before his consecration, from malaria. This makes him the shortest reigning Pope in the history of the Catholic Church.

## Early life

Castagna was of Genoan origin, although born in Rome.

## Priest

Castagna was ordained priest March 30, 1553.

## Bishop

Pope Julius III appointed him Archbishop of Rossano on March 1, 1553.

## Cardinal

In 1584, Pope Gregory XIII made Castagna Cardinal of San Marcello.

## Pope

Cardinal Castagna was elected pope on 15 September 1590. He chose the name Urban, which in Latin signifies "kind".

Pope Urban died from malaria on September 27, 1590.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes by length of reign

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Urban VII
- GCatholic, Pope Urban VII
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Castagna

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Urban VII
- **image**: Portrait of Pope Urban VII Castagna (Jacopo del Conte, Vatican Museums).jpg
- **birth name**: Giovanni Battista Castagna
- **term start**: 15 September 1590
- **term end**: 27 September 1590
- **birth place**: Rome
- **death place**: Rome
- **predecessor**: Pope Sixtus V
- **successor**: Pope Gregory XIV
- **other**: Urban
Eden Sher

**Eden Sher** is an actress who is on the television show, _The Middle_. She began acting at the age of eight. She was born on December 26, 1991 in Los Angeles, California.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: SDCC 2017 - Eden Sher (35758159240) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: at 	SDCC 2017
- **birth name**: Eden Rebecca Sher
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2001–present
Hal Bruno

**Harold Robinson Bruno, Jr.** (1928-2011) was an American political commentator and journalist.

He graduated from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1950. He worked on its college newspaper with Robert Novak and Gene Shalit. He served as an intelligence officer in the United States Army during the Korean War. Bruno received a Fulbright fellowship to study in India.

In 1959, Bruno covered the Cuban revolution from Havana.  He joined Newsweek magazine in 1960. He joined ABC News in 1978. In 1992, Bruno was political director of ABC News when he moderated a televised debate between the three candidates for Vice President: Al Gore, Dan Quayle, and James Stockdale.

After retiring from ABC News in 1999, Bruno became chairman of the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation until 2008.  He died of atrial arrhythmia.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hal Bruno
- **birth name**: Harold Robinson Bruno, Jr.
- **birth date**: October 25, 1928
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **death place**: Bethesda, Maryland
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **known for**: Moderated 1992 Vice Presidential Debate
- **occupation**: Journalist
Deep space

**Deep Space** may refer to:

- Empty regions of the universe in outer space
- _Deep Space_ (movie), a 1988 horror sci-fi movie
- _Star Trek: Deep Space Nine_, a science fiction television series
- Deep Space Network, international network of satellite ground stations
- Deep Space, a video game company and subsidiary of Sony Computer Entertainment Japan
Gunning Bedford Jr.

**Gunning Bedford, Jr.** (1747 – March 30, 1812) was an American lawyer and politician. He was from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was in the Continental Congress from 1783 to 1785. He helped the rights of small states. He was also a federal judge. Bedford was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.