juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Art Garfunkel

**Art Garfunkel** (born November 5, 1941) is an American singer of Jewish descent. Along with Paul Simon, he was part of the duo Simon and Garfunkel, a popular group in the 1960s and early 1970s. After that, he made several solo albums. He has also acted in a few movies.

## Albums

- _The Animal's Christmas_ - (1986) with Amy Grant, the London Symphony Orchestra and the Kings College School Choir, songs by Jimmy Webb.
- _Angel Clare_ (1973)
- _Breakaway_ (1975)
- _Watermark_ (1978)
- _Fate For Breakfast_ (1979)
- _Scissors Cut_ (1981)
- _The Art Garfunkel Album_ (1984)
- _Garfunkel_ (1988)
- _Lefty_ (1988)
- _Up 'Til Now_ (1993)
- _Across America_ (1996)
- _Songs From A Parent To A Child_ (1997)
- _The Best of Art Garfunkel_ (1998)
- _Everything Waits To Be Noticed_ (2002)
- _Some Enchanted Evening_ (2007)

## Movies

- _Catch-22_ (1970), directed by Mike Nichols, with Alan Arkin, Orson Welles, Martin Sheen, Anthony Perkins, Martin Balsam and Jon Voight.
- _Carnal Knowledge_ (1971), directed by Mike Nichols, with Jack Nicholson.
- _Bad Timing - A Sensual Obsession_ (1980), by Nicholas Roeg, with Theresa Russell and Harvey Keitel.
- _Good to Go_, also called _Short Fuse_ (1986), by Blaine Novak.

## Other websites

- The official Art Garfunkel website
Plattsburgh, New York

**Plattsburgh** is a town in New York in the U.S.  It is in upstate New York, near Lake Champlain.
WTC

WTC can mean:
- World Trade Center (1973–2001), the name of several large buildings in New York destroyed in 2001.
- World Trade Center (2001–present), the new complex built at the same place as the old one.
- Wu-Tang Clan, a group of hip-hop singers.
- Well-Tempered Clavier, music written by Bach.
Only Time

**Only Time**, is a song by Celtic new age singer, Enya. It is one of her most famous songs.
George Rodrigue

**George Rodrigue** (March 13, 1944 – December 14, 2013) was an American artist who grew up in New Iberia, Louisiana. He went to an all-boys high school and then later studied at two art colleges, one in Louisiana and one in California. He later trained in New York. He began by painting outdoor scenes at family gatherings, using an oak tree as his main subject in hundreds of paintings. Later he started abstract painting of Louisiana legends and the history of its people.

He is best known for his Blue Dog series of paintings. He modeled the Blue Dog after his own pet named Tiffany. She had died a couple years before the first painting was ever made. That first painting was made for the cover of a scary book. It was a little eerie, the subject being a pale scruffy dog with red eyes. Eventually they became friendlier images of the Blue Dog. He died of prostate cancer on December 14, 2013, aged 69.
JSGF

**JSGF** stands for **Java Speech Grammar Format** or the **JSpeech Grammar Format**.  It is a special format used to describe a set of text that fits into a certain language.
Ocean pollution

**Ocean pollution** is pollution in the sea. It is a form of water pollution. "Ocean pollution" and "marine pollution" mean the same thing.

## Ocean pollution

**Marine pollution** occurs when harmful effects result from the entry into the ocean of chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise, or the spread of invasive organisms. Most sources of marine pollution are land based. The pollution often comes from nonpoint sources such as agricultural runoff, wind-blown debris and dust. Nutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters, in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algae growth.

Many potentially toxic chemicals adhere to tiny particles which are then taken up by plankton and benthos animals, most of which are either deposit or filter feeders. In this way, the toxins are concentrated upward within ocean food chains.

When pesticides are incorporated into the marine ecosystem, they quickly become absorbed into marine food webs. Once in the food webs, these pesticides can cause mutations, as well as diseases, which can be harmful to humans as well as the entire food web.

Toxic metals can also be introduced into marine food webs. These can cause a change to tissue matter, biochemistry, behaviour, reproduction, and suppress growth in marine life. Also, many animal feeds have a high fish meal or fish hydrolysate content. In this way, marine toxins can be transferred to land animals, and appear later in meat and dairy products.

Every time we wash a car or use fertilizer on our lawns we are polluting the ocean. People often think that water pollution comes from big factories, but most of the pollution comes from everyday people doing everyday things. This kind of pollution is called _nonpoint-source pollution_ because we cannot point out where it came from directly. All waste water, in time, enters a body of water (usually a stream). Every stream leads to a river, and every river leads to an ocean.

### Oil spills

Because so many people use oil, large ships must take billions of barrels of it across the oceans. If it is not handled carefully, these trips can be very bad. In 1989, the United States experienced a large oil spill in Prince William Sound, a waterway on the Alaskan coast. The _Exxon Valdez_, a very big ship, hit a reef and spilled more than 260,000 barrels of oil. The results were very bad. A great number of animals were covered in oil and began dying immediately. Animals that ate these oil-filled animals also died. Many Alaskans who lived by fishing these animals lost their businesses. Even though many animals were saved, and the Exxon Oil Company spent 2.5 billion dollars trying to clean up the oil, Alaska's wildlife still suffers.

## Other websites

- Mercury pollution
- How Oil Spill Absorbent Products Work
- Facts about Marine Mercury Pollution from Oceana.org
- Science News / Marine Pollution Spawns 'wonky Babies'
Stewie Griffin

**Stewie Griffin** is a character in the television comedy _Family Guy_.

## Overview

He is the youngest child of Lois and Peter Griffin. He has two older siblings, Meg and Chris. They are an American family, although Stewie is the only one in his family with a British accent. Seth MacFarlane, is the man responsible for voicing (imitating) and creating the voice for Stewie Griffin. Seth said in an interview that Stewie's voice was inspired by that of Rex Harrison's voice.

Stewie is known for his evil scheme-plotting. During the earlier seasons of Family Guy, Stewie often planned on killing Lois, however, this has since stopped. Stewie built his own time machine that is stored in his room. In the time machine, he has gone to places such as Leonardo da Vinci's house, Poland during the beginning of World War 2, and even traveled back to the 1st of January 1999 (the first ever episode of Family Guy).

Stewie is often with his stuffed teddy bear called Rupert.

With Stewie being a baby, only a few main characters can actually understand him. The characters that can understand him include: Brian Griffin and Chris Griffin. There is much debate over which characters in _Family Guy_ can understand Stewie. In an interview, the shows creator Seth MacFarlane said that everyone can understand him, but they ignore him or just think to themselves "oh how cute" when he talks.

However, at the 2011 Comic-Con panel, he would say that Brian always hears Stewie, and more recently so does Chris, but the writers usually try to have Peter, Lois, and Meg not hear him.

Once Stewie leaves the house, the question of who can hear him depends on the story. MacFarlane also states that these rules can be broken for the sake of comedy, so this usually changes from one episode to another.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Stewie Griffin
- **series**: Family Guy
- **image**:
- **first**: "Death Has a Shadow"
- **creator**: Seth MacFarlane
- **voice**: Seth MacFarlane
- **fullname**: Stewart Gilligan Griffin
- **gender**: Male
- **occupation**: Supervillain (formerly)
Preschool, Preschool student
- **nationality**: American
Tikkakoski

**Tikkakoski** is a town in Jyväskylä, Finland. In 2010, 6,000 people live in Tikkakoski. 2,321 of them live in Tikkakoski's downtown.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Tikkakoski
- **settlement type**: District of Jyväskylä
- **image map**: Tikkakosken koulu.jpg
- **map caption**: Tikkakoski Secondary School
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Finland, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Western Finland
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of Finland, Region
- **subdivision name2**: Central Finland
- **subdivision type3**: Sub-regions of Finland, Sub-region
- **subdivision name3**: Jyväskylä sub-region
- **subdivision type4**: Municipalities of Central Finland, City
- **subdivision name4**: Jyväskylä
- **subdivision type5**: Jyväskylä#Administrative division, Ward
- **subdivision name5**: Tikkakoski-Nyrölä
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 6000
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 41160 TIKKAKOSKI
MSX

**MSX** was the name of a home computer in the 1980s. It was Microsoft's attempt to create a standard for hardware makers, conceived by Microsoft Japan executive Kazuhiko Nishi. Even with Microsoft's involvement, MSX machines were rare in the United States and Britain, but they were popular in other markets. Eventually 5 million MSX-based units were sold worldwide.
Family Computer Disk System

The **Family Computer Disk System**, **Famicom Disk System**, **FCD**, **FCDS** or **FDS** is a disk drive add-on for the Family Computer video game console that was released in Japan and Hong Kong. It used floppy disks which made it very easy for piracy to occur.

## Other websites

- Video of Disk System features at Powet.TV
- More Disk System video at Powet.TV
- Video Game Den - Disk System game reviews, screenshots, boxart
- Famicom World - More information on the Disk System
- N-sider.com - NintendOnline  - 4 page article about Nintendo's online history
ColecoVision

The **ColecoVision** was a second generation home video game console known mostly for its expansion packs including the **Expansion Module #1** which gave it the largest library of games for its time by having compatibility with Atari 2600 games.  The system competed with other game systems popular at the time such as Atari 2600 and the Intellivision. The ColecoVision offered arcade-quality graphics and gaming style, and the means to expand the system's basic hardware. River West Brands currently owns the ColecoVision brand name. It was released in 1982 and was discontinued in 1985. The CPU was a Zilog Z80A at 3,58 MHz. It contained 1 KB RAM, 8 IN ROM and 16 KB VRAM. Thanks to it's GPU, a TMS9918, it could display arcade type graphics.

## Related pages

- Video game console
Fashion in the 15th century

**Fashion in the 15th century**, in Europe was characterized by a series of extremes and extravagances, from the voluminous gowns called houppelandes with their sweeping floor-length sleeves to the revealing doublets and hose of Renaissance Italy. Hats, hoods, and other headdresses assumed increasing importance, and were swagged, draped, jewelled, and feathered. Full-bodied houppelandes with voluminous sleeves worn with elaborate headdresses are characteristic of the earlier 15th century.

As Europe continued to grow more prosperous, the urban middle classes, skilled workers, began to wear more complex clothes that followed, at a distance, the fashions set by the elites. National variations in clothing seem on the whole to have increased over the century.

Wool was the most popular fabric for all classes by far, followed by linen and hemp. Wool fabrics were available in a wide range of qualities, from rough undyed cloth to fine, dense broadcloth with a velvety nap; high-value broadcloth was a backbone of the English economy and was exported throughout Europe. Wool fabrics were dyed in rich colours, notably reds, greens, golds, and blues, although the actual blue colour achievable with dyeing with woad (and less frequently indigo) could not match the characteristic rich lapis lazuli pigment blues depicted in contemporary illuminated manuscripts such as the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry.

Silk-weaving was well-established around the Mediterranean by the beginning of the century, and figured silks, often silk velvets with silver-gilt wefts, are increasingly seen in Italian dress and in the dress of the rich throughout Europe. Stately floral designs featuring a pomegranate or artichoke motif had reached Europe from China in the previous century and became a dominant design in the Ottoman silk-producing cities of Istanbul and Bursa, and spread to silk weavers in Florence, Genoa, Venice, Valencia and Seville in this period.

Fur was worn, mostly as a lining layer, by those who could afford it. The grey and white squirrel furs of the Middle Ages, vair and miniver, went out of style except at court, first for men and then for women; the new fashionable furs were dark brown sable and marten. Toward the end of the century, wild animal furs such as lynx became popular. Ermine remained the prerogative and hallmark of royalty.
Markov chain

A **Markov chain** is a model of some random process that happens over time. Markov chains are called that because they follow a rule called the Markov property. The Markov property says that whatever happens next in a process only depends on how it is right now (the state). It doesn't have a "memory" of how it was before. It is helpful to think of a Markov chain as evolving through discrete steps in time, although the "step" doesn't need to have anything to do with time.

Markov chains can be discrete or continuous. Discrete Time Markov Chains are split up into discrete time steps, like t = 1, t = 2, t = 3, and so on. The probability that a chain will go from one state to another state depends only on the state that it's in right now. Continuous Time Markov Chains are chains where the time spent in each state is a real number. The amount of time the chain stays in a certain state is randomly picked from an exponential distribution, which basically means there's an average time a chain will stay in some state, plus or minus some random variation.

An example of a Markov chain are the dietary habits of a creature who only eats grapes, cheese or lettuce, and whose dietary habits conform to the following (artificial) rules:
- It eats exactly once a day.
- If it ate cheese yesterday, it will eat lettuce or grapes today with equal probability for each, and zero chance of eating cheese.
- If it ate grapes yesterday, it will eat grapes today with probability 1/10, cheese with probability 4/10 and lettuce with probability 5/10.
- Finally, if it ate lettuce yesterday, it won't eat it again today, but will eat grapes with probability 4/10 or cheese with probability 6/10.

This creature's eating habits can be modeled with a Markov chain since its choice depends on what it ate yesterday, not additionally on what it ate 2 or 3 (or 4, etc...) days ago. One statistical property one could calculate is the expected percentage of the time the creature will eat cheese over a long period.

Another classical example of a Markov chain is the 1995 model of cocaine use in Los Angeles designed by the RAND Corporation. The model is governed by a series of equations, which describe the probability of a person being a non-user, light user (L) or heavy user (H) of cocaine at time _t_+1, given their prior probabilities at time _t_:

_L(t+1)_ = _I_(_t_)_-aL(t) +fH(t)-bL(t)_

_H(t+1)_ = _bL(t)-fH(t)-gH(t)_

_I(t)_+_L(t)_+_H(t)_=1
Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis

**Bach-Werke-Verzeichnis** (BWV) is a list of all the pieces of music by Johann Sebastian Bach that are known.  In English it means **Bach Works Catalogue**.

The catalogue was made by Wolfgang Schmieder in 1950. He took all the music that is known by Johann Sebastian Bach (some of Bach's music has been lost) and gave each piece a number. Each piece of music by Bach therefore has a BWV number. For example, the _Mass in B minor_ is BWV 232. Giving each piece a number helps musicians to know exactly which piece of music we are talking about. For example, there are several Preludes and Fugues in G major, but putting _Prelude and Fugue in G major, BWV 550_ makes it clear which one it is.

The BWV numbers are not listed chronologically (in the order they were written). They are grouped according to what kind of music it is: all the cantatas together, all the concertos together, etc.

Some pieces of music may be written by Bach, but we are not sure. Those doubtful pieces of music are listed separately as _BWV Anhang_ (BWV appendix). Some of what Schmieder wrote in 1950 has been updated because some new music by Bach has been discovered.  Other pieces of music have now been proved not to be by Bach.

Bach, like many composers from long ago, did not use opus numbers, because very few of his works were published during his lifetime.

Some older books write "S" instead of "BWV" (S for Schmieder), but Schmieder did not want this.  He wanted Bach's name to be used, not his own.

## Other websites

- BWV catalogue (downloadable PDF)
WWE One Night Stand

***WWE One Night Stand***, also known as ***ECW One Night Stand*** and ***One Night Stand: Extreme Rules*** was a yearly professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) from 2005 to 2008. The matches during these events usually centered around hardcore wrestling.

The first two editions were reunion events for the original Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) promotion, which was active from 1992 until 2001. WWE purchased it in 2003 and made a documentary, called _The Rise and Fall of ECW_. Its popularity led to the company making ECW One Night Stand, featuring WWE and former ECW wrestlers. In May 2006, WWE brought back ECW as their third brand, alongside Raw and SmackDown!.

The 2007 and 2008 editions were called _WWE One Night Stand: Extreme Rules_, as WWE began calling their hardcore matches "Extreme Rules matches" since the restart of ECW. In 2009, Extreme Rules was established as its own pay-per-view, replacing One Night Stand.

## Events

|#|Event|Date|City|Venue|Main Event|Ref.|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|ECW One Night Stand (2005)|June 12, 2005|rowspan="2"|New York, New York|rowspan="2"|Hammerstein Ballroom|The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray and D-Von Dudley) vs. Tommy Dreamer and The Sandman||
|2|ECW One Night Stand (2006)|June 11, 2006|John Cena (c) vs. Rob Van Dam in an Extreme Rules match for the WWE Championship||||||
|3|One Night Stand (2007)|June 3, 2007|Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena|John Cena (c) vs. The Great Khali in a Falls Count Anywhere match for the WWE Championship||||
|4|One Night Stand (2008)|June 1, 2008|San Diego, California|San Diego Sports Arena|Edge vs. The Undertaker in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match for the vacant World Heavyweight Championship||||
|colspan="10"|||||||||

## See also

- Extreme Championship Wrestling
- List of WWE pay-per-view events
- WWE Extreme Rules

## Other websites

- Official One Night Stand website

## Infobox (wrestling ppv series)

- **name**: WWE One Night Stand
- **caption**: WWE One Night Stand logo
- **othernames**: ECW One Night Stand (2005–2006)
WWE One Night Stand: Extreme Rules (2007–2008)
- **promotions**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **brands**: WWE Raw, Raw (2007–2008)
SmackDown (2007–2008)
ECW (WWE), ECW (2005–2008)
- **firstevent**: ECW One Night Stand (2005), 2005
- **lastevent**: One Night Stand (2008), 2008
- **gimmick**: Hardcore wrestling
Han Fei

**Han Fei Zi** (281 BC – 233 BC) was an early Chinese philosopher.  He is part of a group said to have created of doctrine of the _School of Law_ or Legalism.
Américo

**Domingo Jonhy Vega Urzúa** (December 24, 1977, Arica, Chile), commonly known as  **Américo**, is a Chilean singer. He became known when he started leading the band _Américo y la Nueva Alegría_. He is the son of the boleros singer Melvin "Corazón" Américo, who sings duets with his wife, Marcela Toledo.

### Studio albums

- With _La Nueva Alegria_
- _Así Es_ (released May 15, 2008; peaked #2 Chile)
- _A Morir_ (released October 25, 2008; peaked #1 Chile)

### Singles

- With _La Nueva Alegria_
- _El Embrujo_ (#1 Chile)
- _Traicionera_ (#9 Chile)
- _Te Vas_ (#2 Chile)
- _Que Levante La Mano_ (#3 Chile)

## Other websites

- Official Americo's website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Américo
- **img**: Américo.svg
- **img capt**: Américo's logotype.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Domingo Jonhy Vega Urzúa
- **alias**: Américo
- **origin**: Arica,
- **instrument**: Vocal (music), Vocal
- **genre**: Tropical music, Tropical, cumbia
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1985-present
- **label**: Feria Music
- **associated acts**: Américo#Américo y La Nueva Alegría, Américo y La Nueva Alegría
- **url**: [http://www.americo.cl Official website]
Castling

**Castling** is a special move in chess that uses both a rook and the king. In castling, the king is moved two squares toward the rook, and the rook moves past the king to the square right next to the king.

Castling takes one move, and is the only way for a player to move two of his own pieces on the same move. Castling can be done on either side of the board.

## Rules for castling

Castling is only possible if each of the following things are true:

- Neither the king nor the rook being used to castle have moved in the game.
- The king is not in check, and is not moving into check or through check. (It is okay if the rook is being attacked, though).
- There are no pieces between the king and the rook.

## Benefits of castling

Good players castle in most of their games. It is normally a good idea because it often moves the king into a safer place. The middle of the board is normally not a safe place for the king to be in the game. Castling also makes it easier to get the rook into the game. Castling kingside is generally viewed as being safer, and is more common than castling on the queenside.

Castling was part of the changes made to the original version of chess. As the power of the pieces were increased, the kings had to be given a means of escape. Instead of being in the heat of battle, they needed to be tucked safely away. These changes were made in the 15th century (see the history of chess).
False consensus

**False consensus** or the **effect of the false consensus** is the tendency for people to assume that everyone else thinks the same way they do.

It is a cognitive bias in which a person overestimates the "agreement grade" that the other people have with them. In other words, people tend to think that others agree with them. Most of the time, a person thinks that their own attitudes, beliefs, values and habits are the most common ones. In reality, the person's thoughts may not be shared by others.

Another effect which can occur with false consensus is called pluralistic ignorance. In pluralistic ignorance, people support a norm or a belief in public, even though they really think it is wrong.

## Related pages

- Intensity of preference

## Other websites

- Changing minds: the false consensus effect
- False Consensus Effect - Not Everyone Thinks the Same Way As You
Cherry cake

A **cherry cake** is a soft, creamy cake with firm bread and ripe cherries inside it. It is served with cherry icing, made of icing sugar, butter, and water. Sometimes, pink food coloring is added to the icing, to make it look like it is made of cherries.

## Variation

Cherry cakes may also be presented with sprinkled icing, and desiccated coconut.
Walnut cake

**Walnut cake** is a cake made of walnuts. It is a lightly golden, thick, creamy cake made of coffee cream and chocolate hazelnut spread. Unfilled Walnut cakes can be preserved and for one month.

Walnut cakes may also be served with a punnet of strawberries, reserving four berries for decoration. Also, strawberry cream can be spread over the top and sides of the cake.
Eudimorphodon

***Eudimorphodon*** is a recently discovered pterosaur, and comes from shale laid down Upper Triassic rocks in Italy.

A nearly complete skeleton was found in 1973. This showed it was a member of the long-tailed sub-order of pterosaurs, the Rhamphorhynchoidea. _Eudimorphodon_ was small in size, with 110 teeth packed into a jaw only 6 cms long. Teeth at the front are fangs, further back the teeth are small and multipointed, many with five cusps. This is unique among pterosaurs, whose teeth are usually of a simple conical form.

Stomach contents showed it had eaten a small fish, _Parapholidophorus_. The top and bottom teeth of _Eudimorphodon_ came into direct contact with each other when the jaws were closed, especially at the back of the jaw. The teeth were multi-cusped, and tooth wear shows that _Eudimorphodon_ was able to crush or chew its food to some degree. Wear along the sides of these teeth suggests that _Eudimorphodon_ also fed on hard-shelled invertebrates.

Juvenile _Eudimorphodon_ had somewhat different and fewer teeth, and may have eaten insects.

An unsolved puzzle is the flexibility of the tail, which lacks the very long stiffening vertebral extensions other long-tailed pterosaurs have. This flexibility is a basal trait; its functional significance in this genus is unknown. However, it is known that the stiffened tail of _Rhamphorhynchus_-like pterosaurs is a device which adds stability to their flight. Without this stability, the animal would be more manoeuvrable, but their flight would need more control by the brain.
Myall Creek massacre

The **Myall Creek Massacre**  was an incident which involved the murders of approximately 30 Wirrayaraay indigenous people by European settlers.  It happened on 10 June 1838 at the Myall Creek near Bingara in northern New South Wales.
Nuclear chemistry

**Nuclear chemistry** is the part of chemistry dealing with radioactivity and other parts of atoms.
Siren Song of the Counter Culture

***Siren Song of the Counter Culture*** is the third album by American punk rock band Rise Against. It was released on August 10, 2004. It is the band's first release on a major label. The album sold very well, mainly because of the success of its single, "Swing Life Away", which reached number 12 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks, making it the band's highest-ranking single at the time. Also faring well were the album's other three singles, "Give It All" (number 37) and "Life Less Frightening" (number 33) and "Paper Wings". Despite its big commercial success, Siren Song of the Counter Culture is not Rise Against's highest charting album on the Billboard 200, peaking at number 136; subsequent albums The Sufferer & The Witness and Appeal to Reason both charted higher, peaking at number 10 and number 3. The album was awarded Gold by the RIAA on March 10, 2009.

## Track listing

1. "State of the Union" – 2:19
1. "The First Drop" – 2:39
1. "Life Less Frightening" – 3:44
1. "Paper Wings" – 3:43
1. "Blood to Bleed" – 3:48
1. "To Them These Streets Belong" – 2:49
1. "Tip the Scales" – 3:49
1. "Anywhere But Here" – 3:38
1. "Give It All" – 2:50
1. "Dancing for Rain" – 4:01
1. "Swing Life Away" – 3:20
1. "Rumors of My Demise Have Been Greatly Exaggerated" – 4:14

### Bonus tracks

13. "Obstructed View" - 2:01

14. "Fix Me (Black Flag cover)" - 0:54

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Siren Song of the Counter Culture
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **released**: August 9, 2004 <small>(United Kingdom, UK)</small>
August 10, 2004 <small>(United States, US)</small>
- **recorded**: 2004 at Plumper Mountain Sound in Gibsons, British Columbia, Gibsons, British Columbia and The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver
- **genre**: Melodic hardcore, hardcore punk
- **length**: 40:54
- **label**: Geffen Records, Geffen
- **producer**: Garth Richardson
- **prev title**: Revolutions per Minute (Rise Against album), Revolutions per Minute
- **prev year**: 2003
- **next title**: The Sufferer & the Witness
- **next year**: 2006
Redbone Coonhound

A **Redbone Hound** is a breed of dog. The breed is used for hunting bear, raccoon, and other wild game.
Roger Goodell

**Roger Goodell** (born February 19, 1959) is the current commissioner of the National Football League (NFL). He has held this position since August 8, 2006 when he took over duties for the retiring Paul Tagliabue.

As the commissioner, he has focused on how players behave off of the field, making more rules that can lead to players who get into trouble off of the field or with the law being fined or suspended. He also expanded teams to big market cities and made the league a global phenomenon.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Roger Goodell
- **image**: RG Ravens V Browns (53328383012) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Goodell in 2023
- **order**: 6th
- **office**: Commissioner of the NFL
- **term start**: September 1, 2006
- **predecessor**: Paul Tagliabue
- **birth name**: Roger Stokoe Goodell
- **birth place**: Jamestown, New York, U.S.
- **children**: 2
- **father**: Charles Goodell
- **relatives**: Samuel K. Skinner, Samuel Skinner (father-in-law)
Andy Goodell (cousin)
- **education**: Washington and Jefferson College (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Pepperjack cheese

**Pepper jack cheese** is a type of Monterey Jack cheese that is made with spicy hot peppers for flavor. Pepper jack is a spicy, buttery cheese that is soft and has a tart flavor.

## History

Although the origins of Pepper jack cheese is undocumented, it is rumored to have been created in California in late 19th century by Mexican-American cheesemakers who created Monterey Jack cheese with Jalapeño peppers for additional flavor.
Nick Jr.

**Nick Jr.** is an abbreviation of _Nickelodeon Junior_. It was launched on 1988 in the United States.

### United States

Launched on January 4, 1988. The US version did not had the similar graphs, promos or design as the UK, Italy or Australia except the logo. The mascots was _Moose A. Moose_ and _Zee_. Currently it airs some early and late Nick Jr. shows. The new logo is a lot different then the block's logo.
- _64 Zoo Lane_
- _The Adventures of Spot_
- _Barney & Friends_
- _Bear in the Big Blue House_
- _Boohbah_
- _Brum (TV series)_
- _The Busy World of Richard Scarry_
- _Connie the Cow_
- _Dora the Explorer_
- _Franklin (TV series)_
- _Hi-5 (American band)_
- _LazyTown_
- _Little Bear (TV series)_
- _Maggie and the Ferocious Beast_
- _Maisy_
- _Make Way for Noddy_
- _Miffy and Friends_
- _Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends_
- _The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh_
- _Oswald (TV series)_
- _Peppa Pig_
- _Play with Me Sesame_
- _Pocket Dragon Adventures_
- _Rolie Polie Olie_
- _Rubbadubbers_
- _The Save-Ums!_
- _Sesame Street_
- _The Shoe People_
- _Stoked (TV series)_
- _Square One Television_
- _Teletubbies_
- _Timon & Pumbaa (TV series)_
- _Tiny Planets_
- _Tweenies_
- _Ultraman Kids_
- _The Upside Down Show_
- _Yo Gabba Gabba!_

### United Kingdom

Launched on September 1, 1999 as the first Nick Jr. channel. Until 2005 it aired from 6:00a.m. to 8:00p.m. Then in 2005 a classic children's programming block called **Nick Jr. Classics** was launched, airing was also increased to 10:00p.m. After Nick Jr. Classics was dropped, it began airing for 24 hours.
- _64 Zoo Lane_
- _Connie the Cow_
There is a similar service titled **Nick Jr. Too**. It launched in April 2006 as **Nick Jr. 2**, but the name was changed in November 2014.

### Australia

Launched on March 2004. The Australian version includes some PBS Kids series like _WordWorld_, _Sid the Science Kid_, or _Martha Speaks_, and original programming like _Ollie_.

### France

Similar to the US version. Launched on January 26, 2010. Name stylized as **Nickelodeon Junior**.

## Infobox (tv channel)

- **name**: Nick Jr.
- **logo**: Nick Jr. logo 2023 (outline).svg
- **logosize**: 300px
- **launch date**: January 4, 1988 (Block)
 February 2, 1999 (Channel)
- **owner**: Viacom, Viacom International (1999-2005)
 Viacom (2005-present)
- **slogan**: _It's Like Preschool on TV_
- **former names**: Channel: Noggin (February 2, 1999-September 28, 2009) (USA only)
- **sister channels**: Nickelodeon, TeenNick, Nicktoons
- **website**: https://web.archive.org/web/20070831025552/nickjr.com
- **sat serv 1**: DirecTV (US only)
- **sat chan 1**: Channel 301
Channel 1301 (VOD)
- **sat serv 2**: Dish Network
- **sat chan 2**: Channel 169
- **cable serv 1**: Verizon FiOS
- **cable chan 1**: Channel 256
- **cable serv 2**: AT&T U-verse
- **cable chan 2**: Channel 320
- **cable serv 3**: Available on most cable systems
- **cable chan 3**: Check local listings for channels
Joey Tempest

**Joey Tempest** (born **Rolf Magnus Joakim Larsson**; August 19, 1963) is the singer and main songwriter of the Swedish rock band Europe.

## Solo albums

- _A Place to Call Home_ (1995)
- _Azalea Place_ (1997)
- _Joey Tempest_ (2002)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **background**: solo_singer
- **name**: Joey Tempest
- **img**: Joey Tempest - Enrico Dal Boni 2 cropped.jpg
- **birth name**: Rolf Magnus Joakim Larsson
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, hard rock, glam metal, country rock
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, Bass guitar, bass, piano, violin
- **associated acts**: Europe (band), Europe
- **label**: Polar Music, Polar, Polydor, Sonet Records, Sonet
- **years active**: 1979–present
- **website**: [http://www.europetheband.com/ europetheband.com/]
Commune

**Commune** is a word that can have different meanings:

- In many languages, especially those coming from Latin, it can stand for an administrative division, see municipality.
- In the Mass of many Christian groups, it stands for a number of texts that are common among different forms of Mass, see common (liturgy)
- A larger number of people who have similar ideas or values, sometimes form what is called an intentional community.
- A medieval commune
Computus

**Computus** (Latin for "computation") is the method for calculating the date of Easter. In the early 4th century there was confusion about when Christian Easter or the Resurrection should be celebrated.

### Background

At the Arles Council, in 314, all of Christianity was obliged to celebrate Easter on the same day. This date was to be assigned by the Pope, who would send epistles to all the churches in the world with the necessary instructions. However, not all the congregations followed those precepts.

### Nicaea Council

In the First Council of Nicaea, in 325, this question was resolved.

It was established that the Resurrection Easter had to be celebrated fulfilling some norms:
- Easter had to be celebrated on Sunday.
- It could not coincide with the Jewish festival of Passover, celebrated independently which day of the week it was.
- Christians could not celebrate Easter twice the same year. This was because the new year started in the spring equinox, so the celebration of Easter before the real equinox was prohibited.

However, there still were discussions between the Roman Church and the Alexandrian Church, while the Nicaea Council said that the Alexandria Church was right, they had to calculate the date (in Alexandria), then communicate it to Rome. The Roman Church had to spread the _computus_ to the rest of the Christianity.

## Calculation

Let's define 5 variables, _a_, _b_, _c_, _d_, and _e_; and two constants, _M_ and _N_. For the years between 1900 and 2100, M and N take the values 24 and 5, respectively (see table below). We'll call _A_ the year that we want to calculate the Easter date.

- _a_ is the remainder of the division , or technically according to the modular arithmetic we should say ,

- _b_ is the remainder of the division ,

- _c_ is the remainder of the division ,

- _d_ is the remainder of the division ,

- _e_ is the remainder of the division .

If _d_ + _e_ < 10, the Easter date will be in March (_d_ + _e_ + 22). If opposed (_d_ + _e_ > 9), will be in April (_d_ + _e_ − 9).

There are 2 exceptions:

- If the obtained date is April 26, the Easter date will be April 19, **not** April 26.
- If the obtained date is April 25, with _d_ = 28, _e_ = 6 and _a_ > 10, then the Easter date will be April 18.

The values for M and N for years before 1900 or after 2100 can be obtained from the following table:

|style="background:#efefef"|Years|style="background:#efefef"|M|style="background:#efefef"|N|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1583-1699|22|2||||
|1700-1799|23|3||||
|1800-1899|23|4||||
|1900-2099|24|5||||
|2100-2199|24|6||||
|2200-2299|25|0||||

## Further reading

- Mosshammer, Alden A. _The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era_. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. .
Cardenal Caro

**Cardenal Caro** is a Chilean province. Is the only province in the Region of O'Higgins that has instant access to the sea. It has a population of 41,160 inhabitants. It has a surface of 3.295,07 km². Its capital is Pichilemu, main turistic place of the region during the summer months. In the past, it was part of the Province of Colchagua. The province is named after José Maria Caro, the first Chilean Catholic cardinal.

## Communes of the province

The province has 6 communes:
- Pichilemu (capital)
- La Estrella
- Litueche
- Marchigüe
- Navidad
- Paredones

## Related pages

- José María Caro
Punta de Lobos

**Punta de Lobos** () is a Chilean beach 6 km south of Pichilemu and 177 km southwest of Rancagua, in the Province of Cardenal Caro, Region of O'Higgins.

It has a fine and gray sand. The beach is surrounded by In addition to its fine gray sand, its principal characteristic is that its surrounded by cliffs that are 50 metres high. The famous rocks of the beach are frequently visited by sea-lions. The beach is perfect for bathing and shore fishing. It is also a good place for surfing and kiteboarding practice, especially in winter. The sea waves at the beach oscillate between the two and three height meters, and allows the surfers to select their perfect waves.
Henry Fielding

**Henry Fielding** (22 April 1707 – 8 October 1754) was an English writer and magistrate. He was born in Sharpham, Somerset, attended Eton College then later the University of Leiden in Holland. He left Leiden in debt and eventually drifted to London to work in the theatre, and was a prolific playwright, becoming one of London's most popular writers until 1737 when his career was ended by The Licensing Act, which required all plays to be performed only in patent theatres and to be approved by the Lord Chamberlain. Fielding's sharp satire was one of several reasons the First Minister Wapole pushed through The Act.

Fielding then turned to the law and trained to be a barrister. During this time he continued writing and editing.

During his later writing career he produced three novels and is considered, along with Samuel Richardson, a founder of the modern novel. _Tom Jones_ and _Joseph Andrews_ were written in a picaresque style.  _Amelia_, his last novel, was more sombre. He as well published in1743 a work of extended political irony, The Life and Death of the Late Jonathan Wild, the Great - a political satire.

In 1749 he was made justice of the peace and magistrate for Westminster and Middlesex where he, and later with his half brother John Fielding, introduced innovations in criminal apprehension, gathering a small band of "thief takers" who were supported with money from the secret service. These men were known as "Mr Fielding's people", afterwards nicknamed "the Bow Street runners" (named after the Bow Street house where Fielding lived and held court, which later became Bow Street Magistrate's Court) and eventually evolved into The Metropolitan Police Force.

Henry had suffered from gout and most probably cirrhosis of the liver (he was a very heavy drinker despite his remarkable energy and abilities) from his late 30s and by 1753 was very ill, his health made worse by overwork and long hours in the courtroom. In 1754 he resigned his post as magistrate, which was taken over by his half-brother John Fielding (later Sir John Fielding) and journeyed to Lisbon, Portugal to try to recover, but soon thereafter died and is buried in the English Cemetery. His last gift to the world was a humorous account of the travails of travel and sea,_The Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon_ - a triumph of courage and humour in the face of his fatal illness.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Henry Fielding
- **image**: Henry Fielding.png
- **pseudonym**: "Captain Hercules Vinegar", "H. Scriblerus Secundus"; some work published anonymously
- **birth place**: Sharpham, Somerset, England
- **death place**: Lisbon, Kingdom of Portugal
- **occupation**: novelist, dramatist and essayist
- **nationality**: English
- **relatives**: Sarah Fielding, John Fielding
- **period**: 1728–1754
- **genre**: comedy, satire, picaresque
- **movement**: Age of Enlightenment, Enlightenment, Augustan literature, Augustan Age
- **education**: Eton College
A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story

***A Girl Like Me: The Gwen Araujo Story*** is a 2006 LGBT biography television movie that was directed by Agnieszka Holland and was shown on the Lifetime Television network. The story is about the real life murder of Gwen Araujo, a transgender teenager who was murdered after some people that she knew found out that she had male sex organs. Scenes showing the murder trial are shown alternating with the story of Gwen's life.

The movie stars J.D. Pardo as Gwen, Mercedes Ruehl as her mother, and Avan Jogia as her brother, Danny. It first aired on the Lifetime Television network on June 19, 2006.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Rolling Stone article about the real life events

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: A Girl Like Me:
The Gwen Araujo Story
- **caption**: Official poster
- **director**: Agnieszka Holland
- **producer**: Fran Rosati
- **writer**: Shelley Evans
- **starring**: J. D. Pardo
Mercedes Ruehl
- **music**: Jan A.P. Kaczmarek
- **cinematography**: David Frazee
- **editing**: Michael John Bateman
- **distributor**: Lifetime Television
- **released**: June 19, 2006
- **runtime**: 96 min.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
OCLC

**OCLC**, Inc. is a library service and research organization. It helps people find more information and helps libraries work. It was started on July 6, 1967 as the not-for-profit Ohio College Library Center. Later its name changed to **Online Computer Library Center** as it grew. In 2017, its name changed to OCLC, Inc. 30,000+ libraries in 100+ countries are members of OCLC. The organization was started by Fred Kilgour. Its head office is in Dublin, Ohio, U.S.A. It makes WorldCat, a very big online catalog (a list of books and things like books).

## OCLC control numbers

OCLC gives a special number (called "OCN" for "OCLC Control Number") to every new record in WorldCat. A record is metadata about books and things like books. Every record has a different number. There are more than a billion numbers, and there are more every day. Old numbers are small and new numbers are big.

OCNs help find books and things like books that do not have ISBNs. Many books from before 1970 do not have ISBNs. OCNs are often used for books in Wikipedia and Wikidata.

## Infobox (cooperative)

- **name**: OCLC, Inc.
- **type**: Cooperative, Nonprofit membership cooperative
- **location city**: Dublin, Ohio
- **key people**: :en:Skip Prichard, Skip Prichard, President and CEO
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **industry**: Library services
- **revenue**: $217.8 million
- **revenue year**: 2020–21
- **members**: 30,000+ libraries in 100+ countries
- **homepage**: [http://www.oclc.org oclc.org]
Belinda

**Belinda** can mean:

- _Belinda (book)_, by Maria Edgeworth
- Belinda (moon)

**People:**
- Belinda (entertainer)
Life Less Frightening

"**Life Less Frightening**" was the third single from the Chicago punk rock band Rise Against, from their 2004 album, _Siren Song of the Counter Culture_. It is the third track on the album. It runs about 3 minutes and 44 seconds.

The lyrics of the song tell of the horrors of the world and a longing for a "life less frightening" ("...I'm soaking with the sins of knowing what's gone wrong...") and tells that lack of action will only cause the problems to worsen ("Time again I have found myself stuttering/Foundations pulled out from under me.").

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Life Less Frightening
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **album**: Siren Song of the Counter Culture
- **released**: 2005
- **studio**: Plumper Mountain Sound in Gibsons, British Columbia, Gibsons, British Columbia, BC and The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver, BC
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **length**: 3:44
- **label**: Geffen Records, Geffen
- **writer**: Rise Against, Tim McIlrath
- **producer**: GGGarth
- **prev title**: Swing Life Away
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: Paper Wings (song), Paper Wings
- **next year**: 2005
The Sufferer & The Witness

***The Sufferer & the Witness*** is the fourth album by American punk rock band Rise Against. The album was released on July 4, 2006.  It was their second release on popular label, Geffen Records. The album follows 2004's _Siren Song of the Counter Culture_. It sold 48,000 copies in its first week, debuting at number 10 on the Billboard 200. It has been awarded Gold by the RIAA.

The song "Drones" was used for WWE's 2007 Royal Rumble's theme song.

## Making the album

After the good reviews of their big label debut, _Siren Song of the Counter Culture_, and its single, "Swing Life Away", Rise Against came back to the studio in January 2006 to start their fourth studio album. The band had been writing songs and ideas during the _Siren Song of the Counter Culture_ tour and had finished five songs by early December 2005. Also in December, it was said that Bill Stevenson would make the album at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado. The band began in January 2006 in Chicago. It was made with Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore for 12 weeks between January and April 2006. The band talked about the sound and release date of the album in April, saying, "_We're pretty excited and can't wait for you to hear it. You won't find any acoustic guitar on this one, but perhaps a few other surprises and curveballs await your curious ears...look for an early summer release._" The album's name was told in the same news release. It would be called _The Sufferer & the Witness_. The album was mixed by Chris Lord-Alge in Los Angeles. It was finished in April 2006.

## Track listing

1. "Intro/Chamber the Cartridge" – 3:35
1. "Injection" – 3:19
1. "Ready to Fall" – 3:47
1. "Bricks" – 1:30
1. "Under the Knife" – 2:45
1. "Prayer of the Refugee" – 3:19
1. "Drones" – 3:01
1. "The Approaching Curve" – 3:44
1. "Worth Dying For" – 3:20
1. "Behind Closed Doors" – 3:15
1. "Roadside" – 3:21
1. "The Good Left Undone" – 4:10
1. "Survive" – 3:40

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Sufferer & the Witness
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Rise Against
- **released**: July 4, 2006
- **recorded**: January–April 2006 at The Blasting Room, Fort Collins, Colorado, Fort Collins, Colorado
- **genre**: Punk rock, melodic hardcore
- **length**: 42:46
- **label**: Geffen Records, Geffen
- **producer**: Bill Stevenson (musician), Bill Stevenson, Jason Livermore
- **prev title**: Siren Song of the Counter Culture
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: This Is Noise
- **next year**: 2007
Alameda County, California

**Alameda County** is a county in the San Francisco Bay Area in state of California, USA. According to the 2020 population census, 1,682,353 people live in Alameda County. It is seventh biggest county in the state of California by population. Its county seat and largest city is Oakland.

The county was formed in 1853, from part of Contra Costa County. It was named for the largest river in the county, Alameda Creek. In Spanish, an _alameda_ is a road lined with trees.

## Cities in Alameda County

- Alameda, founded in 1916
- Albany, founded in 1908, renamed Albany in 1909
- Berkeley, founded in 1878
- Dublin, founded in 1982
- Emeryville, founded in 1896
- Fremont, founded in 1956
- Hayward, founded in 1928
- Livermore, founded in 1876
- Newark, founded in 1955
- Oakland, founded in 1852
- Piedmont, founded in 1907
- Pleasanton, founded in 1894
- San Leandro, founded in 1872
- Union City, founded in 1959