juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Michelle Williams (actress)

**Michelle Williams** (born September 9, 1980) is an Academy Award-nominated American actress. Williams first appeared in the teen series _Dawson's Creek_ and later acted in full length movies, such as _Brokeback Mountain_, for which she was nominated for an Oscar as Best Supporting Actress.

In 2018, Williams was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for her role as Gail Getty in _All the Money in the World_.

In 2023, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in _The Fabelmans_.

She was nominated for the Orange Rising Star Award in 2006.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michelle Williams
- **image**: Michelle Williams by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Williams at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International, Comic-Con in San Diego
- **birth name**: Michelle Ingrid Williams
- **birth place**: Kalispell, Montana, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **partner**: Heath Ledger (2004–2007)
Jason Segel (2012–2013)
- **children**: Matilda Ledger
- **yearsactive**: 1993–present
Pernilla Wiberg

**Pernilla Wiberg** (born October 15, 1970 in Norrköping) is one of the most successful Swedish alpine skiers. She won the giant slalom in the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville and the Alpine combination at the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer as well as 24 wins in the Alpine skiing World Cup between 1991 and 1999. She was elected a member of the International Olympic Committee in 2002. In club competitions, she represented Norrköpings SK.
Ebba von Sydow

**Ebba von Sydow** (born February 18, 1981 in Gothenburg, Sweden) is a Swedish journalist and author. She is the great-granddaughter of Swedish prime minister Oscar von Sydow, and also related to actor Max von Sydow and politician Björn von Sydow.
Howard University

**Howard University** is a private historically black university in Washington, D.C.. The university was founded in 1867.

## Other websites

- Howard University
Tanuki

**Tanuki** is a word for the Raccoon dog in Japanese. Tanukis are in Japanese folk tales. In Japan, it is said that tanukis deceive a person, and that the ability is superior to a fox.
Megalibgwilia

***Megalibgwilia*** is a genus of echidna only known from fossils from Australia, it contains the oldest known echidna species.

## References

- Long, J., Archer, M., Flannery, T. and Hand, S. 2002. _Prehistoric Mammals of Australia and New Guinea: One Hundred Million Years of Evolution_. Johns Hopkins University Press.  pp 45–47.
- Griffiths, M., Wells, R.T., and Barrie, D.J. 1991. Observations on the skulls of fossil and extant echidnas (Monotremata:Tachyglossidae),. _Australian Mammalology_ 14:87-101
Mantle

**Mantle** is a word with various meanings:

- Mantle (geology) = Earth's mantle, below crust, above core
- Mantle (vesture) = Ecclesiastic cloak
- Mantle (mollusc) = Cloak-like part of molluscan anatomy
Ajax the Great

**Ajax the Great** or **Aias** () son of Telamon, was a hero from the Trojan War. He was a cousin of Achilles. Ajax died by suicide. This happened after Achilles died and Ajax was in a contest with Odysseus to see who would receive Achilles's armour. Ajax lost the contest.

## Related pages

- Ajax the Lesser
Phoenicia

**Phoenicia** was a civilization to the north of Canaan. that existed from 1200 to 900 BC. People from Phoenicia had their own language, Phoenician, which is the origin of most of the world's alphabets.

Phoenicians set up colonies in the Mediterranean region and beyond, Carthage being one of them. Phoenician traders went as far as the British Isles to buy tin. At their peak, the Phoenicians were a major power in the Mediterranean.They were similar to the ancient Greeks in that they were a collection of City states
Seattle Seahawks

The **Seattle Seahawks** are a professional American football team in Seattle, Washington, USA. They started playing football in 1976. They are currently members of the Western Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Seahawks have played in four Super Bowls, winning two of them. The Seahawks have retired five jersey numbers: #80, #71, #96, #45, and #12. The number 12 was retired in honor of the Seahawks fans, often referred to as the 12th Man, while the other four were retired in honor of former players. The Seahawks play their home games at Lumen Field (formerly known as Seahawks Stadium, Qwest Field, and CenturyLink Field).

## Infobox (nfl team)

- **name**: Seattle Seahawks
- **current**: 2025 Seattle Seahawks season
- **wordmark**: Seattle Seahawks wordmark.svg
- **first season**: 1976 Seattle Seahawks season, 1976
- **city**: Lumen Field
Seattle, Seattle, Washington
- **misc**: **Headquartered** in the Virginia Mason Athletic Center
Renton, Washington
- **colors**: College Navy, Action Green, Wolf Grey
- **coach**: Mike Macdonald
- **owner**: Paul Allen
- **chairman**: Jody Allen
- **ceo**: Peter McLoughlin
- **president**: Chuck Arnold
- **general manager**: John Schneider (American football executive), John Schneider
- **mascot**: Blitz (mascot), Blitz, Boom, Taima the Hawk (live Augur buzzard, Augur hawk)
- **hist yr**: 1976
- **nicknames**: * The 'Hawks
* The Dark Side (Seattle Seahawks), The Dark Side (defense, 2025-present)
* The Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks), Legion of Boom (secondary, 2011-2018)
* The Blue Wave (1984–1986)
- **nfl start yr**: 1976
- **division hist**: * American Football Conference (1977–2001)
** AFC West (1977–2001)
***National Football Conference (1976, 2002–present)**
****NFC West (1976, 2002–present)**
- **no league champs**: 2
- **no sb champs**: 2
- **no div champs**: 12
- **no conf champs**: 4
- **sb champs**:  (Super Bowl XLVIII, XLVIII),  (Super Bowl LX, LX)
- **conf champs**: * **NFC:** 2005–06 NFL playoffs, 2005, 2013–14 NFL playoffs, 2013, 2014–15 NFL playoffs, 2014, 2025–26 NFL playoffs, 2025
- **div champs**: * **AFC West:** ,
* **NFC West:** , , , , , , , , ,
- **playoff appearances**: * **NFL:** 1983–84 NFL playoffs, 1983, 1984–85 NFL playoffs, 1984, 1987–88 NFL playoffs, 1987, 1988–89 NFL playoffs, 1988, 1999–2000 NFL playoffs, 1999, 2003–04 NFL playoffs, 2003, 2004–05 NFL playoffs, 2004, 2005–06 NFL playoffs, 2005, 2006–07 NFL playoffs, 2006, 2007–08 NFL playoffs, 2007, 2010–11 NFL playoffs, 2010, 2012–13 NFL playoffs, 2012, 2013–14 NFL playoffs, 2013, 2014–15 NFL playoffs, 2014, 2015–16 NFL playoffs, 2015, 2016–17 NFL playoffs, 2016, 2018-19 NFL plsyoffs, 2018, 2019-20 NFL playoffs, 2019, 2020-21 NFL playoffs, 2020, 2022–23 NFL playoffs, 2022, 2025–26 NFL playoffs, 2025
- **no playoff appearances**: 21
- **stadium years**: * Kingdome (1976–1999)
* Husky Stadium (2000–2001)
***Lumen Field (2002–present)**
Salisbury

**Salisbury** is a city in Wiltshire, South West England. It is the only city in Wiltshire and is its second largest settlement.  It sits at the joining of five rivers: the Nadder, Ebble, Wylye, and Bourne, which are tributaries to the Hampshire Avon, which flows to the south coast and into the sea at Christchurch in Dorset.

To the north of Salisbury is an old settlement surrounded by mounds and ditches for protection. It is called Old Sarum. Today there are only a few ruined stone foundations. This was the original town that was first occupied about 5,000 years ago. Experts think it was built there because it was close to the River Avon for water and it was near major trackways across the country.

Salisbury Cathedral has a copy of Magna Carta.

Salisbury has 45,000 people. Salisbury is about 15 kilometers (9.5 miles) from Stonehenge.
Lincoln, England

**Lincoln** is an old city in Lincolnshire, England. Lincoln has a population of about 100,000 people. It is the county town of Lincolnshire, in the East Midlands of England.

Lincoln developed from the Roman town of _Lindum Colonia_. Before then it was an Iron Age settlement. Lincoln's major landmarks are Lincoln Cathedral, a famous example of English Gothic architecture, and Lincoln Castle, an 11th-century Norman castle.

The city has the University of Lincoln and Bishop Grosseteste University. Lincoln is north of London, and by the River Witham, in the East Midlands.
Burj el-Barajneh

**Burj el-Barajneh** is a settlement in Beirut, Lebanon. It was set up as a Palestine refugee camp in 1948. It was laid siege to by the Israeli army and local Christian Phalangists during 1982, after Israel invaded Lebanon earlier that year.

## Other websites

- Burj el-Barajneh Camp: A Photo Essay . Alternative Media Centre of Québec (CMAQ), 7 November 2005.
- UN.org profile of Burj el-Barajneh refugee camp
- February 23, 1987 _TIME_ article
- Burj el-Barajneh Camp: A Photo Essay
Coelacanth

A **coelacanth** is a type of fish in the Sarcopterygii, the lobe-finned fishes. They are a sister group to those fish which evolved into tetrapods. Their fossil record goes back 400 million years, before any land vertebrates had evolved.

There are at least two species of coelacanths living in the Indian Ocean. Scientists thought they had been extinct for 80 million years until one was caught off the east African coast in 1938. However, fisherman in the Comoros islands had been catching it for a very long time and called it _gombesa_.

## Characteristics

The coelacanths are the closest link between fish and the first amphibians which made the transition from sea to land in the Devonian period (408–362 million years ago). Whereas the fishapods lived near the shore in muddy water, the coelacanths lived in open water. The modern species are predators that live in the deep ocean.

### _Latimeria_

_Latimeria_ is the only living genus of the otherwise fossil coelacanth fish. It is probably the best-known Lazarus taxon. That such a creature could have been unrecorded for so long is rare, but perhaps the cold depths of the West Indian ocean (in which the Coelacanth lives), and the few predators it has, may have helped the species survive. Its disgusting taste means that fishermen did not deliberately try to catch it, that is, before scientists started offering rewards.

The population living off Tanzania is threatened by Japanese trawlers, but the fish is not edible. They are simply caught in trawls by accident. More than 20 have died this way, and their total numbers cannot be large.

#### Scientific study

_Latimeria_ was first found by scientists in 1938 by Marjorie Courtenay Latimer, the curator of a small museum in the South African port town of East London. She was visiting a fisherman who would let her search through his boat's catch for interesting specimens. Another one was found off the Comoros islands in 1952. The largest specimen was about 1.8 metres (~6 ft).
Tent city

A **tent city** is used to describe a variety of temporary housing facilities made using tents. Informal tent cities may be set up without authorization by homeless people or protesters. As well, state governments or military organizations set up tent cities to house refugees, evacuees, or soldiers. Tent cities set up by homeless people may be similar to shanty towns, which are informal settlements in which the buildings are made from of scrap building materials.

## Environmental disasters and homeless people

Since Hurricane Katrina made landfall in August of 2005, the term has been used to describe temporary housing sites set up for Gulf Coast residents who were left homeless by the storm. Some of the tents that were built by Seabees and funded by FEMA are wooden structures covered by tents. With the exception of indoor plumbing, most of the tents have heat, air, and lights. The tent city can hold as many as 250 occupants. Displaced residents are only expected to stay for three to six months. In late December 2006, the St. Vincent de Paul Society in Saint Petersburg, Florida established an encampment on their property when dozens of homeless moved off of public land across the street from the society. In early January 2007, city officials noted city codes that prohibit living in tents and gave the society one week to evict the occupants of the tent city.

## For travelers on The Hajj to Mecca

Every year, the Saudi Arabian government's Ministry of Hajj sets up a tent city to support Muslim pilgrims in the village of Mina, where the ritual Stoning of the Devil takes place as part of the overall Hajj pilgrimage to Meccahttp://www.hajinformation.com/main/j50.htm. A tent city is also established annually at Mount Arafat, another essential stop during the Hajj http://www.hajinformation.com/main/j30.htm . Because up to four million pilgrims may be performing the Hajj annually, the tent cities are densely inhabited with 20-40 people per tent. As such, fire and disease outbreaks are constant concerns. Since the late 1990s, Saudi authorities have started using fireproof tents to reduce the risks of a major fire.

## Military uses

In the military, the term "tent city" usually refers to temporary living quarters erected on deployed military bases, such as those found in Bosnia or Iraq. Depending on the branch of service and the length the tent city has been in place, the living space may have most modern amenities. For sanitary reasons, military tent cities place toilet, shower, and laundry facilities at least 50 feet (15m) from living quarters. Also, tents are typically divided into clusters of 8-10 to prevent the rapid spread of fire, which is of utmost concern because of the tent and bedding materials.
Norwegian Refugee Council

**The Norwegian Refugee Council** (NRC) (Norwegian: _Flyktninghjelpen_) is an independent, non-governmental organisation in Norway which helps refugees and internally displaced persons around the world.

The NRC protects the rights of people who have been forced to leave their countries, or their homes within their countries. It is the only Norwegian group that specialises in international efforts for these types of people.

The NRC was established in 1946 with the name "Aid to Europe", to help refugees in Europe after World War II. Today, the NRC is an independent, private organisation. It works closely with the United Nations and other organisations around the world, as well as in Norway.

## What the NRC does

The group focuses on five main activities:

- Building homes and schools
- Giving food and non-food relief items
- Giving information, counselling and legal assistance
- Camp management
- Education

## Other websites

- Official website (English version)
Euphemism

**Euphemism** is the use of a word (or phrase) that replaces another one that one thinks to be too offensive or vulgar.

It also may be a replacement of a name or a word, that could reveal a secret or holy and sacred names to the uninitiated. It may also be used to obscure the identity of the subject of a conversation from potential eavesdroppers. A well known example for many is the replacement of _Lord Voldemort's_ name by "You-Know-Who" or "He-Who-Must-Not-Be-Named" in Harry Potter. Some euphemisms are intended to be humorous.

## Usage

When a phrase is used as a euphemism, it often becomes a metaphor whose literal meaning is dropped. Euphemisms may be used to hide unpleasant or disturbing ideas, even when the literal term for them is not necessarily offensive. This type of euphemism is used in politics.

## Common examples

Examples for euphemisms are:
- _restroom_ for _toilet_ (the word _toilet_ was itself originally a euphemism). This is an Americanism.
- _making love to_, _doing it_, or _sleeping with_ for having sex
- _mature_ or _ golden years_ for old age or elderly
- _police action_ for undeclared war
- _in the club_ for pregnant
- _tired and emotional_ for drunk (mostly British)
- _self-charging hybrid_ for a hybrid vehicle without the ability to charge the battery from an external power source.
    - All plug-In hybrids are also self-charging hybrids, just like  all squares are rectangles, but not the other way around.
- _unibody_ = Non-replaceable mobile phone battery.
- _passed away_ for died

## Related pages

- Dysphemism
- Metaphor
Boscobel House

**Boscobel House** is a house on the Shropshire/Staffordshire border, near Wolverhamptonand Albrighton, England. It was built around 1632 when landowner John Gifford of White Ladies Priory turned a farmhouse into a hunting lodge. Charles II famously hid in a tree at the Boscobel House to escape discovery by Parliamentary soldiers after the Battle of Worcester in 1651.  The tree became known as the Royal Oak

42 days after the Battle of Worcester, Charles escaped to France on a coal ship called _Surprise_. Nine years later, Charles ll was invited back to England to become king. In 1660, he came back to England to be the king and Charles named that day "Oak apple day".

## Related pages

- Escape of Charles II

## Other websites

- BBC on Boscobel House
- English Heritage entry: Boscobel House
- Roland Film's Documentary on the Restoration of Boscobel House
- Postcard images from a personal site
Wismar

**Wismar** () is a town in northern Germany. It is on the Baltic Sea, in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. It is about  east of Lübeck, and  north of Schwerin. It has a university and a harbor.

Till September 4, 2011, Wismar was an urban district.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Town
- **image photo**: Wasserkunst Wismar.jpg
- **image caption**: Market Square with the History of water supply and sanitation, waterworks from 1602 (_Wasserkunst_), landmark of Wismar
- **image coa**: DEU Wismar COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flag_of_Wismar.svg
- **image plan**: Wismar in NWM 2011.svg
- **state**: Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
- **district**: Nordwestmecklenburg
- **elevation**: 15
- **area**: 41.36
- **population**: 44397
- **stand**: 2010-12-31
- **postal code**: 23952, 23966, 23968, 23970
- **area code**: 03841
- **licence**: HWI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 13 0 74 087
- **mayor**: Thomas Beyer
- **party**: SPD
Dysphemism

**Dysphemism** means using of an harsh or rude word or phrase instead of a polite one. It is more or less the opposite of euphemism.

Examples of dysphemism are “dead tree edition” for the paper version of an online magazine, or the American soldiers calling their common breakfast of creamed chipped beef on toast “shit on a shingle”.

## Etymology

The word _dysphemism_ came from the Greek elements _dys_ δύς "mis-" and _pheme_ φήμη "speech, voice, reputation" in the late 19th century. Related terms can include _malphemism_ (from the Latin _malus_ "bad"), and _cacophemism_ (from the Greek _kakos_ κακός "bad")

## Usage

A dysphemism is a marked form (standing out as unusual or divergent) which expresses a speaker's view or attitude towards the listener or group.

## Related pages

- Hyperbole
- Metaphor
- Euphemism
Prose

**Prose** is the ordinary form of the written, or spoken, language. It is not poetry. On the written page it looks like a cluster of paragraphs. It does not need any special format, such as lists and tables. In writing, it is without special rhythm. It is similar to everyday communication. That is what makes it different from poetry and from theatrical works such as plays.

## Origin

_Prose_ comes from the Latin word _prosa_, meaning straightforward. Prose writing is usually used to describe facts or to discuss whatever one's thoughts are in free flowing speech. It may be used for newspapers, novels, magazines, encyclopedias, letters, stories, history, philosophy and biography.

## Forms

Prose generally has no formal structure, like meter or rhyme, that is often found in poetry. Therefore, it is used to describe literature which is non-poetic, and non-theatrical. There is, however, a blend of the two forms of literature known as _prose poetry_.
Caper story

The **caper story** is a special sort of  crime story.  In the typical caper story,  one or more crimes happen (especially thefts, swindles, or occasionally kidnappings) in full view of the reader.  The actions of the police or detectives may also be told, but  are not that important for the story.

The typical elements of caper stories are humor, adventure, or unusual cleverness or audacity.

## Examples of the caper story

The _Dortmunder_ stories of _Donald E. Westlake_ are very funny tales where unusual thefts happen; in another story, Dortmunder's gang steals the same gem several times, steals an entire branch bank, and kidnaps someone from an asylum by driving a stolen train onto the property.

### Television

- _Firefly_, created by Joss Whedon, particularly the episodes "Serenity", "The Train Job", "Ariel" and "Trash" (2002 - 2003)
14 BC

Year **14 BC** was either a common year starting on Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Crassus and Lentulus**.

## Events

- Augsburg is founded by the Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus
- Beeroth (modern Beirut) becomes a colonia

## Births

- Agrippina the elder, daughter of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Julia the Elder (approximate date) (d. AD 33)
- Claudia Pulchra, daughter of Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and Claudia Marcella Minor (d. AD 26)
- Ma Yuan, Chinese general of the Han Dynasty (d. AD 49)
City of Wakefield

The **City of Wakefield** is in West Yorkshire, England. As well as Wakefield there are five other medium-sized towns - Normanton, Pontefract, Featherstone, Castleford and Knottingley - and some smaller towns in the City area. Most people who live in those towns will tell other people that they live in those towns, instead of telling them that they live in Wakefield. The City of Wakefield has a population of about 320,000 people.

There is a mulberry tree in the exercise yard of the Wakefield Prison. It is believed that the prisoners made up the song "Here we go round the mulberry bush" as they walked around and around the tree.
Io (moon)

**Io** is a moon of the planet Jupiter. It is Jupiter's third biggest moon with a diameter of 3642 km, slightly bigger than Earth's moon.

Io has about 400 active volcanos. It is the most volcanically active body in the Solar System. This is due to tidal heating because of friction between Jupiter and the other moons, Callisto, Ganymede, and Europa. Volcanoes erupt massive volumes of silicate lava, sulphur and sulphur dioxide. This constantly changes Io's appearance.

The picture of Jupiter's moon Io was produced by combining the best images from both the Voyager 1 and Galileo Missions. Superbly detailed Voyager 1 images cover longitudes from 240 W to 40 W and the nearby southern latitudes.

Io has highest density of any moon, the strongest surface gravity of any moon, and the lowest amount of water of any known astronomical object in the Solar System.

Due to the same tidal locking that makes the Moon have the same side always facing Earth, Io always has the same side facing Jupiter. Io is a prolate spheroid, pulled out of round by tidal stress from Jupiter’s gravity.

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Io
- **alt names**: Jupiter I
- **adjectives**: Ionian
- **image**: Io highest resolution true color.jpg
- **image alt**: True-color image taken by the _Galileo_ orbiter
- **caption**: _Galileo (spacecraft), Galileo_ spacecraft true-color image of Io. The dark spot just left of the center is the erupting volcano Prometheus (volcano), Prometheus. The whitish plains on either side of it are coated with volcanically deposited sulfur dioxide frost, whereas the yellower regions contain a higher proportion of sulfur.
- **bgcolour**: #a0ffa0
- **discoverer**: Galileo Galilei
- **discovered**: 8 January 1610
- **mean orbit radius**: ()
- **periapsis**: ()
- **apoapsis**: ()
- **period**: (, )
- **inclination**: 0.05° (to Jupiter's equator)
2.213° (to the ecliptic)
- **satellite of**: Jupiter
- **mean radius**: (0.286 Earths)
- **dimensions**: 3,660.0 × 3,637.4 × 3,630.6 km
- **surface area**: (0.082 Earths)
- **volume**: (0.023 Earths)
- **mass**: (0.015 Earths)
- **surface grav**: (0.183 g-force, g)
- **moment of inertia factor**: (estimate)
- **escape velocity**: 2.558 km/s
- **magnitude**: 5.02 (Opposition (astronomy), opposition)
- **rotation**: synchronous rotation, synchronous
- **rot velocity**: 271 km/h
- **temp name1**: Surface
- **min temp 1**: 90 Kelvin, K
- **mean temp 1**: 110 Kelvin, K
- **max temp 1**: 130 K
- **atmosphere**: yes
- **surface pressure**: 5 to 40 nbar
- **atmosphere composition**: 90% sulfur dioxide
Cormorant

**Cormorants** are a family of seabirds. There are about 40 different species of Cormorants. In some areas, they are also known as **shags**.

## Description

Cormorants range in size from as little as 45 cm (18 in) and 340 g (12 oz) to a maximum size 100 cm (40 in) and 5 kg (11 lbs). Most cormorants, including nearly all northern hemisphere species, have mainly dark feathers. Some southern hemisphere species are black and white. A few species are very colorful. Many species have areas of colored skin on the face. These areas can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow. They usually become more brightly colored in the breeding season. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet have webbing between all four toes.
Cormorants can dive for 4 minutes looking for food.

## Habitat

Cormorants breed on rocky headlands and islands as well as near inland lakes, marshes and reservoirs. The birds spend the winter on coasts, estuaries, rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

## Related pages

- Great cormorant
- Indian cormorant
- Little cormorant
- Pygmy cormorant
Beth Phoenix

**Beth Copeland** ( **Kociański**; born November 24, 1980), better known by her ring name **Beth Phoenix**, is an American professional wrestler and commentator. She works for WWE as a color commentator.

Phoenix is a former 3-time WWE Women's Champion and won a Slammy Award in 2008 for _Diva of the Year_. She is the actual WWE Divas Champion, she defeated to Kelly Kelly with her "Glam Slam" at Hell in a Cell 2011.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- OVW Profile

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **child**: yes
- **names**: **Beth Phoenix**
Fabulous Firebird
Firebird
Phoenix
- **height**: 5 ft 7 in
- **weight**: 150 lb
- **billed**: Buffalo, New York
- **trainer**: Ron Hutchison
Joey Knight
The All-Knighters, Robin Knightwing
Ohio Valley Wrestling
- **debut**: May 2001


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Beth Phoenix
- **image**: Beth-Phoenix-T4.jpg
- **caption**: Phoenix in December 2011
- **birth name**: Elizabeth Kociański
- **birth place**: Elmira, New York, U.S.
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
Cartridge (firearms)

A **cartridge** (also called a **round**, sometimes a **shell**) is a type of ammunition, consisting of a cylindrical casing (made of metal, usually brass) that has inside of it a bullet, gunpowder and primer. It is made to fit neatly in the chamber of a gun. This kind of cartridge became usual in the 19th century.
Hong Kong Island

**Hong Kong Island** is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong SAR (Special Administrative Region). Most of the city of Hong Kong was built on the island. Hong Kong Island is  in size.

In 2008, 1,289,500 people lived on Hong Kong Island (16,390 people per square kilometre). Years ago, when the British first took over Hong Kong Island, 3,000 people were living there in fishing villages. China officially gave the island to the United Kingdom in 1842. The British built a city on it, which they called the city of Victoria.

The northern part of the island has the southern shore of Victoria Harbour.  This area is the historical, political, and economic centre of Hong Kong. The northern part of Hong Kong Island and Kowloon form the central urban area of Hong Kong. The island also includes the area of Aberdeen.

There are many famous places on the island, like Victoria Peak and Repulse Bay. There are places that are important to history and large shopping centres. People like to hike on the mountains around the island.
Giordano Bruno

**Giordano Bruno** (January 1548 – 17 February 1600) was an Italian friar of the Dominican Order.  He was also a philosopher and mathematician. He is best known for believing in the infinity of the universe.  His cosmological theories went beyond the Copernican model.

Bruno thought the Sun was just one of an infinite number of independently moving heavenly bodies. He is the first man to have thought the stars we see at night are identical in nature to the Sun. For publishing beliefs contrary to Roman Catholic dogma about transubstantiation, trinity and other matters, he was burnt at the stake as a heretic by the Inquisition of the Roman Catholic Church.

Bruno also wrote extensive works on the art of memory, a loosely organized group of mnemonic techniques and principles.

## The charges

The Catholic Church made the following accusations against Bruno:
- Holding opinions contrary to the Catholic Faith and speaking against it and its ministers.
- Holding wrong opinions about the Trinity, about Christ's divinity and Incarnation.
- Holding wrong opinions about Christ.
- Holding wrong opinions about Transubstantiation and Mass.
- Claiming the existence of a plurality of worlds and their eternity.
- Believing in the transmigration of the human soul into brutes.
- Dealing in magics and divination.
- Denying the Virginity of Mary.

Bruno did accept and promote Copernicus' idea that the Earth revolves round the Sun. Many believe this was one of main reasons for his downfall; others think his theological beliefs were more critical. In 1584 he published two dialogues which argued for his idea on astronomy. Eight years later he was arrested, and his trial took another eight years. His accusers demanded complete recantation of all his 'erroneous' beliefs. He refused, and went to his death. Later the Inquisition used his example to terrify Galileo into withdrawing his works from publication.

## Related pages

- Galileo Galilei
- Heliocentrism
- Nicolaus Copernicus

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **name**: Giordano Bruno
- **image**: Giordano Bruno.jpg
- **caption**: Modern portrait based on a woodcut from "Livre du recteur", 1578
- **birth name**: Filippo Bruno
- **birth place**: Nola, Kingdom of Naples
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **death cause**: Execution by burning
- **era**: Renaissance philosophy
- **region**: Western philosophy
- **school tradition**: Renaissance humanism
Neoplatonism
Neopythagoreanism
- **main interests**: Philosophy, cosmology, and mathematics
- **notable ideas**: Cosmic pluralism
- **influences**: Averroes, Nicolaus Copernicus, Nicholas of Cusa, Nicolaus Cusanus
- **influenced**: Galileo Galilei, James Joyce, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Molière, Arthur Schopenhauer, Baruch Spinoza
Shalom

**Shalom** (שלום) is a Hebrew word which means "peace". It is also used as a method of greeting like "hello" and "goodbye".

Similar to its use in English, it can mean peace between two persons or entities. It also means inner peace, being calm or the quietness of a person, well-being, welfare or safety of an individual or a group.

The root of the word "shalom" can be related to "_shalem_" which means "wholeness", or to _le-shalem_ which means "to complete, to reward, to pay, to compensate". This means that it is more than the absence of conflict or struggle or the breaking of unfriendliness: It also means a return to the balance, to justice, and to the complete equality.

In general, one uses the word "shalom" as the short form of the sentence "Shalom Aleichem" (exactly  "Peace is with you") that can be translated as "good day (morning, afternoon, high noon,...)" (a greeting). This is very similar to the Arabic phrase "Salam Alaykum" (سلام عليكم) which is again a greeting meaning "Peace be with you". When someone says "Shalom Aleichem", they say Aleichem Shalom which means (Unto to you peace) back to them. This is due to the Talmud saying that anybody who does not at least say the greeting back is a considered a thief in traditional Jewish laws.

## Related pages

- Salam, the Arabic version of Shalom
- As-salamu alaykum, the Arabic version of Shalom Aleichem
Villa Gordiani

**Villa Gordiani** is a park in Rome. Several Roman ruins, some of them still well preserved, are in the park.
Number line

A **number line** is a line with integers (simply ordinary numbers, ...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...) on it extending forever in both directions. Usually, zero (0) is placed in the middle of the line. The numbers have an equal space from each other. Other numbers in between the numbers on the line represent rational, irrational, and other types of real numbers.

There is another **number line**, equally valid and useful, that extends vertically through 0 (the origin) at right angles to our traditional number line and uses imaginary numbers (_i_). These so-called **imaginary numbers** extend above and below the traditional number line and are used in very real calculations in many areas of science and technology and also extend in both directions forever (into infinity).

## Different forms

A number line is usually drawn as a simple horizontal line. Another form is the helical number line. If the line of numbers is wrapped around a cylinder following an upward helical path, it becomes a helical number line.
If the circumference of the cylinder is equal to the length occupied by ten numbers on the number line, it then becomes a decimal helical number line, and the numbers arrange themselves into columns, each number in a particular column having the same number ending.

## Related pages

- Real number
- Complex plane
Tunicate

**Tunicates** (**sea squirts** or **Urochordata**) are a subphylum of the Chordates.

They are sea filter-feeders: they live mainly on plankton. They are called tunicates because the adult form is covered by a leathery tunic. This tunic supports and protects the animal. The adults are sessile, stuck to rocks.

Many tunicates are colonial or semi-colonial in their adult stage. They are quite a large group, containing about 3,000 species. The adults live mostly on the sea floor, in the littoral zone.

## Feeding

The sea squirt has two openings in its small body. One opening, called the _oral siphon_, sucks water into the animal; the other opening, called the _atrial siphon_, squirts water out of the animal. Inside is a little basket-like sieve which traps food: so these sea squirts are filter feeders. The Sea squirt can close the holes in its siphons, like a drawstring can close the opening in a bag.

## Life cycle

When in its larval state, it looks like a tadpole and is sometimes called a _tadpole larva_. Like many sea creatures, a sea squirt larva looks very different from an adult sea squirt. The larva swims for a short time and then attaches itself to something on the sea floor, like a rock, transforming into its adult form. It usually stays in one place for the rest of its life.

## Relationships

Tunicates are more closely related to craniates (hagfish, lampreys, jawed vertebrates) than to lancelets, echinoderms, hemichordates, or other invertebrates.

## Discoveries

Chemical substances which might help fight diseases like cancer or  various viruses have been found in some species.

Scientists have also found out that some species can heal some damage done to them, over several generations. A similar process might be possible for humans.

## Related pages

- Salp: these are noticed in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. Their huge swarms may outnumber the krill.

## References

- Solomon E. Berg L. & Martin D. 2002. _Biology_. Brooks/Cole.
Georg Büchner Prize

The **Georg Büchner Prize** (German: Georg-Büchner-Preis) is the most important literary prize of Germany. It was created in 1923 in memory of German writer Georg Büchner and was only given to artists who came from or were closely tied to Büchner's home of Hesse.

In 1951, the prize changed to a general literary prize, given yearly by the _Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung_. It goes to German language authors, and the annual speech by the recipient takes place in Darmstadt. Since 2002, the prize has been endowed with 40,000 Euros.

## Famous recipients of the literary prize, since 1951

- 2004 Wilhelm Genazino (1943-2018)

- 1998 Elfriede Jelinek (born 1946)

- 1986 Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990)

- 1973 Peter Handke (born 1942)

- 1972 Elias Canetti (1905–1994)

- 1967 Heinrich Böll (1917–1985)

- 1965 Günter Grass (1927-2015)

## Famous recipients 1923-1950

- 1947  Anna Seghers (1900-1983)

## Other websites

- http://www.deutscheakademie.de/preise_buechner.html
- _The spell of a tender eel_, on 2006 prizewinner Oskar Pastior
Brigham Young University–Hawaii

**Brigham Young University Hawaii**, or _BYU-Hawaii_ for short, is an undergraduate university that educates 2,400 students from Asia, the Pacific islands, the United States, and other parts of the world.

The campus is in Laie, Hawaii. It is owned and operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It was founded in 1955 by the President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints - David O. McKay.
Australopithecus africanus

***Austalopithecus africanus*** (abbreviated _A. africanus_) is an extinct hominid. Based on current data, _A. africanus_ existed between 3.03 and 2.04 million years ago.

## Discovery

The first _A. africanus_ fossil was discovered by Raymond Dart in 1925. He found the well-preserved skull of an australopithecine who was three to four years old. This skull is often called the Taung Child after Taung, South Africa, where it was found. It is perhaps the most complete skull of _A. africanus_ known to exist.

## Description

_A. africanus_ had a dish-shaped facial structure with teeth that were larger than modern humans'. While its front teeth were larger than its back teeth, the emphasis was on back tooth grinding.

Males had a sagital crest on the tops of their skulls. Large muscles were attached to this ridge that helped to support the heavy jaw.

## Related pages

- Taung Child
- Human evolution
Homo

***Homo*** is a genus of upright primates that walk on two legs. The only living species in this genus is _Homo sapiens:_ modern humans.

## Ancestry

The genus began about 2.3 million years ago. Its ancestors were almost certainly some line of Australopithecine apes. Compared to them, species of _Homo_ have:
1. A larger brain (above 900ml)
1. Improved walking and running ability.

## Evolution

As the genus evolved, the forehead became more vertical, the skull became rounder, the teeth got smaller, the arms got shorter and the legs got longer. The skeleton became more delicate, particularly in our species.

All _Homo_ species used stone tools, but there is no evidence of when language developed. Human evolution remains a much-studied topic.

## Extinct species

- _Homo habilis_
- _Homo rudolfensis_
- _Homo ergaster_
- _Homo erectus_
- _Homo floresiensis_
- _Homo rhodesiensis_
- _Homo georgicus_
- _Homo naledi_
- _Homo antecessor_
- _Homo cepranensis_
- _Homo heidelbergensis_
- _Homo neanderthalensis_
- _Denisovans_
Poverty in India

**Poverty in India** is an issue that has been important in India however the population of those in poverty has started to decrease.

The Government of India says that the poverty line for rural areas is **₹ 816** per month and **₹ 1000** per month in urban areas. This means that many people do not have enough money. India's proposed but not yet adopted official poverty line is ₹972 (US$14) a month in rural areas or ₹1,407 (US$21) a month in cities.

In India, the average calorie requirement of an average man is 2400 calories per day in Rural area and 2100 calories per day in Urban area.

In 2012, the latest report by the Planning Commission of India (Tendulkar Committee) reported that 26% of all people in India fall below the international poverty line of US$1.25 per day. Over the last decade, poverty has been witnessed a consistent decline with the levels dropping from 37.2% in 2004-05 to 29.8% in 2009-10. The number of poor people is now estimated at 250 million.

## Analysis

In 1947 the average income in India was similar to South Korea. South Korea became a developed country by the 2000s, but India did not.

For the first 40 years, India followed the Soviet-style economic planning, nationalization programs and government ownership of industry. Its economic growth averaged about 3.5%, while Asian economies such as South Korea grew on average more than twice that rate annually. Adjusted for population growth in India, its  income per head grew at 1.49% annually, while incomes of South Koreans - rich and poor - rose rapidly.

India's Soviet-style economy included the "Licence Raj": the elaborate licences, regulations and red tape needed to set up and run a business in India between 1947 and 1990. The License Raj was a result of India's decision to have a planned economy, where all aspects of the economy are controlled by the state. Licences were only given to a select few. Corruption flourished under this system. Under this system, the country created few jobs and little wealth. Widespread poverty remained.
The Christian Community

**The Christian Community** (original German name: _Die Christengemeinschaft_) is a Christian denomination. It was founded in 1922 in Dornach (Switzerland) by a group of theologians and pastors, led by the Protestant pastor Friedrich Rittelmeyer. He was helped by Rudolf Steiner, the Austrian philosopher and founder of anthroposophy.

## Other websites

- The Christian Community in North America with extensive introductory articles
- The Christian Community in the UK and Ireland also with introductory articles
Flag of Kurdistan

The **Flag of Kurdistan** (Kurdish: _Alaya Kurdistanê_) has three colours and are placed horizontally. The top colour is red, the middle is white and the bottom is green. In the middle of the white is a sun with 21 rays. The 21 rays represent Navruz.
Vector graphics

**Vector graphics** (also called **graphical modeling**, or **object-oriented graphics**) is a type of computer graphics. Vector graphics uses geometrical objects, like points, lines, curves, and polygons to model the image. Mathematics can be used to describe the graphics. Most often vectors and matrices are used. The first major use of vector graphics was in the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air defense system.

The other way to model computer graphics is to use raster graphics. Raster graphics model images as a collection of pixels. Unlike raster images, vector-based images can be scaled indefinitely without loss of quality. Vector graphics are most often used for diagrams, and other things that can be described using simple shapes. Photographs are most often raster images.

## Related pages

- Raster graphics
Silence (band)

**Silence** is a German rock - heavy metal band. It was founded in 1995 in Bavaria, Germany. Its founding members were Stefan Mueller (guitar), Holger Kronester (drums), and the brothers Bernd (guitar) and Marco Wolf (bass). They played a mix of rock and metal music. Their music always had a dark, depressive side.

The band's first successful album was _Enola_. It was listed as "Album of the month" in German Metal-Hammer. The album was released in 2000. Three years later they recorded _the p/o/u/r letters_. It got very good reviews all over Germany and Europe. In 2007 they released their 5 track EP _The Badtime Stories_. With this album they got a record deal with the German record label Biohazzard Records, a sublabel of Danse macabre.

In 2010 they released the follow-up full-length album to _the p/o/u/r letters_. It was titled _Life: Failed_.

The today's members of the band consists of Stefan (singer), Bernd (guitar), Sebastian (keyboard), Bastian (guitar), Oliver (bass) and Bastian (drums).

## Discography

- 1996 _Empty Souls_ (Demo)
- 2000 _Enola_
- 2003 _The p/o/u/r letters_
- 2007 _The Badtime Stories_
- 2010 _Life: Failed_

## Other websites

- Official website
- Myspace-Site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Silence
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Bavaria, Germany
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **label**: Biohazard records
- **url**: [http://www.worldinsilence.de Worldinsilence.de]
- **current members**: Stefan Mueller
Bernd Wolf
Sebastian
Bastian
Oliver
Bastian
- **past members**: Holger Kronester
Marco Wolf
Ludwig Büchner

**Friedrich Karl Christian Ludwig Büchner** (29 March 1824 – 1 May 1899) was a German philosopher, physiologist and physician who became one of the exponents of 19th century scientific materialism.

Büchner was born at Darmstadt, Germany, on 29 March 1824. From 1842 to 1848 he studied physics, chemistry, botany, mineralogy, philosophy and medicine at the University of Giessen. In 1852 he became lecturer in medicine at the University of Tübingen, where he published his great work _Kraft und Stoff: Empirisch-naturphilosophische Studien_ (Force and Matter: Empiricophilosophical Studies, 1855). In this work, he sought to demonstrate the indestructibility of matter and force. The extreme materialism of this work excited so much opposition that he was compelled to give up his post at Tübingen. He retired to Darmstadt, where he practiced as a physician and contributed regularly to pathological and physiological magazines.

He died at Darmstadt on 1 May 1899.

Ludwig Büchner was the brother of Georg Büchner, a famous playwright.

## Other websites

- Some brief excerpts from Büchner's _Force and Matter_
Goitre

A **goitre** or **goiter** (Latin: _struma_), also called a **bronchocele**, is a swelling in the neck (just below Adam's apple or larynx).  It happens when the thyroid gland gets larger (usually because the body is not getting enough iodine). Goitre and associated deaf-muteism was widespread in Switzerland until the 1920s, when iodised salt was introduced.

## Classification

Goitres are classified in different ways (put into different categories):

- A _diffuse goitre_ is a goitre that has spread through all of the thyroid.  A diffuse goitre can be a "simple goitre" or a "multi nodular goitre."
- _Toxic goiter_ is a goitre with hyperthyroidism.  These most commonly caused by Graves disease, but they can also be caused by inflammation or a multinodular goitre.
- Any other type of goitre is called a _non-toxic goitre_.  These may be caused by lithium, some kinds of autoimmune diseases, or other problems.  People with non-toxic goiters have low thyroid levels (hypothyroidism) or normal thyroid levels.

## Causes

Some of the causes of goitre include:
- Thyroid cancer
- Iodine deficiency (not having enough iodine in the body)
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- Graves-Basedow disease
- Congenital hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism that babies have when they are born, caused by errors in the way the body makes thyroid hormone)
- Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid gland)
- Side effects of certain medications

New research says that some people may be more vulnerable to goitre (more likely to have goiters) because they inherited that vulnerability (it was passed down to them from their parents).

## Famous goitre sufferers

- Within two years of each other, President George H. W. Bush and his wife Barbara Bush both were diagnosed with Graves disease and larger-than-normal thyroid glands.  President Bush's disease caused hyperthyroidism and cardiac dysrhythmia (irregular heart rate).

## Related pages

- David Marine conducted substantial research on the treatment of goitre with iodine.
- Endemic goitre
- Struma ovarii—a kind of teratoma
- Thyroid hormone receptor

## Other websites

- National Health Services, UK
- Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency
- Network for Sustained Elimination of Iodine Deficiency  - alternate site at Emory University's School of Public Health
Cincinnati Reds

The **Cincinnati Reds** are a Major League Baseball team from Cincinnati, Ohio, are the oldest team in professional baseball, established in 1869. The team was known as the Cincinnati Red Stockings until 1878, when the team changed the name to the current Cincinnati Reds. The Reds joined the National League in 1876 The Reds have won World Series championships in 1919, 1940, 1975, 1976 and 1990. The strong Reds teams of the 1970s were nicknamed "The Big Red Machine".  From 1912 to 1970, the Reds home stadium was Crosley Field, from 1970-2002 home games were played at Riverfront Stadium. Since 2003 the Reds have played home games at Great American Ball Park.

## Other websites

- Official Website
Josh Beckett

**Joshua Patrick Beckett** (born May 15, 1980) is an American former Major League Baseball starting pitcher. He has played for the Florida Marlins, Boston Red Sox, and the Los Angeles Dodgers.