juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Artificial general intelligence

**Artificial general intelligence** (**AGI**) is when a computer can do many different kinds of tasks as well as a human, or even better. Currently some tasks can only be done by humans, who can use learning, thinking, and planning to take actions. AGI is when computers can handle many types of tasks, such as solving problems, understanding new information, or learning new skills, at a level similar to humans.

AGI is different from "narrow" Artificial Intelligence (narrow AI). Narrow AI is built to do a specific task well, like recognising a face, or playing a game of chess. AGI would be able to do many tasks that it wasn’t specifically programmed to do.

Building on AGI is the idea of **Artificial superintelligence (ASI)**, where computers could be much smarter than humans.

People working at companies such as OpenAI and Meta are trying to develop computers that can solve general problems. They say that making AGI is an important goal.

## History

In 2020, a study found 72 AGI research and development projects were being worked on in 37 countries.

People have different ideas about when computers could reach AGI skill levels. In 2023, some experts predicted AGI could be reached within decades, while others thought it might take over a century—or never happen at all.  Geoffrey Hinton, an expert in machine learning, is very worried about how fast progress is happening. He thinks AGI could be created much sooner than most people expect.

People have different ideas about the definition of AGI. Some researches claimed that computer systems that we have now (GPT-4) could be an early form of AGI.

AGI is a common idea in science fiction stories and in studies about what the future might be like.

There is a debate about how dangerous AGI could be. Some think AGI could be very dangerous, while others think people are worrying too much or too soon.

Many AI experts believe it is important to address the risk that AGI could cause humanity to no longer exist. They think it is important for people around the world to work together to address this risk. Others think that making computers that can reach AGI level will not happen soon and say it is not a risk to humans.
Grand Tour (disambiguation)

The **Grand Tour** was the name of travel through Europe by rich European (mostly British) young men between 1660 until about 1840.

**Grand Tour** may mean:

### Music

- _Grand Tour_ (Big Big Train album)
- _The Grand Tour_ (album), 1974 album by George Jones
- _The Grand Tour_, a 1993 album by Aaron Neville
- "The Grand Tour" (song), title track from Jones' 1974 album
- _The Grand Tour_ (musical), a 1979 Broadway musical
- _Grand Tour_, a 1959 musical with music by David Shire
- _Grand Tour: The Classic_, a 2013 Asian live concert tour of South Korean boyband Shinhwa
- _Grand Tour: The Return_, a 2012 Asian live concert tour of South Korean boyband Shinhwa

### Other entertainment

- Grand Tour (novel series) (1985–2017), series of science fiction novels by Ben Bova
- _Grand Tour: Disaster in Time_, a 1992 science fiction film (a.k.a. _Timescape_)
- _The Grand Tour_, a British motoring television series
- _The Grand Tour Game_, a 2019 video game

## Other uses

- Grand Tour (cycling), collective term given to three European cycling races
- Grand Tour (data visualisation), a technique used to explore multivariate statistical data
- Grand Tour (film), a 2024 film by Miguel Gomes
- Grand Tour program, NASA mission that visited the outer planets
- Corris Railway Grand Tour, tourist service in Wales between 1886 and 1930, connecting the Corris and Talyllyn Railways

## Related pages

- Grand tourer, a type of car
- GT (disambiguation)
- Gran Turismo (disambiguation)
JAC X8

The **Sehol X8** is a mid-size Crossover SUV made by the Chinese car company JAC Motors. Under the Sehol sub-brand It was first introduced as the JAC Jiayue X8 but was later rebranded as Sehol.

## History

The Sehol X8 was first announced in May 2020 and was officially revealed at the Chengdu Auto Show in July 2020.   It became available for sale in China starting in October 2020.

## Markets

The Sehol X8 is also sold in other countries under different names. In Russia, it is sold as the Moskvitch 8. In Mexico, it is sold as the JAC Sei 7 Pro, and in Italy, it is marketed as the EVO 7.

## Features

The Sehol X8 has a 1.5-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine that produces 135 kW (184 horsepower). It comes with a standard 6-speed manual transmission, with an optional 6-speed dual-clutch transmission.

## Sehol X8 Plus

The Sehol X8 Plus is an updated version of the Sehol X8. It was launched in July 2022 and is slightly larger and more premium than the original X8. The main change is a redesign of the front and rear of the car, adding 10 mm to its total length.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: JAC X8
- **image**: Sehol X8 002.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Sehol (JAC Motors)
- **aka**: JAC JS8
JAC Jiayue X8
JAC Sei 7 Pro (Mexico)
EVO 7 (Italy)
Moskvitch 8 (Russia)
- **production**: 2020–present
- **assembly**: China: Hefei
 Russia: Moscow (Moskvitch)
- **class**: Crossover (automobile), Mid-size crossover SUV
- **body style**: 5-door SUV
- **related**: Sehol X7
- **powerout**: 135 kW (184 hp; 187 PS)
- **transmission**: 6-speed Manual transmission, manual
Continuously variable transmission, CVT
Jimmy Buffett's Margaritaville

**Jimmy Buffett's Margaritaville** is a United States–based hospitality company. It manages and franchises a casual dining American restaurant chain, retail stores selling Jimmy Buffett-themed merchandise, and hotels. It is named after Buffett's hit song "Margaritaville" and is owned by Margaritaville Holdings LLC. It was founded in 1985.
African-American literature

African American literature encompasses the body of works created in the United States by authors of African descent. Olaudah Equiano (circa 1745–1797) was an African individual who authored "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano," an autobiography released in 1789 that emerged as one of the earliest significant texts addressing the transatlantic slave trade and the lived experiences of enslaved Africans. This publication occurred sixteen years after the works of Phillis Wheatley (circa 1753–1784), an enslaved African woman recognized as the first African American to publish a volume of poetry, which was released in 1773. Her collection was entitled "Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral." Their writings helped shape early African American literature and influenced many later authors.
African-American art

**African-American art** is known visual artworks made by African-Amercian people. Some people have drawn traditions in Africa. Slave owners hired out many skilled African slave artisans.

#### Harlem Renaissance

<small>(Selection was limited by availability.)</small>
African-American Jews

**African-American Jews** are people who belong to two groups. They are African American, and they are Jewish. This status comes from mixed ancestry (family history) or from conversion (the act of changing one's religion). African-American Jews may be Jewish from the time of their birth. Or, they may be converts (people who choose to join a new religion) to Judaism. Many African-American Jews have mixed family background. They have family members from the past who are African-American but not Jewish. They also have ancestors who are Jewish but not Black. Many African-American Jews describe themselves as Jews of color. However, some of them do not describe themselves this way. There are Black American Jews from Africa. One example is the Beta Israel group from the country of Ethiopia. These people may identify as African-American Jews. However, they may also choose not to use that name.
Mantis (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

**Mantis** is a character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), portrayed by actress Pom Klementieff. Based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, she first appears in _Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2_, which was released in 2017. Mantis is presented as a member of the Guardians of the Galaxy, and her character has a unique ability to sense and manipulate the emotions of others, which plays a significant role in various interactions throughout the film.

## Fictional character biography

Mantis is introduced as a servant of Ego the Living Planet, who is actually a villain in the story. She eventually joins Star-Lord (Chris Pratt), Gamora (Zoe Saldaña), Drax (Dave Bautista) , Rocket (Bradley Cooper), and Groot (Vin Diesel) in their quest to confront Ego. Mantis' empathic abilities allow her to help the Guardians, particularly in handling Ego and the emotional turmoil surrounding the group.

Mantis has a distinct appearance, characterized by her green skin, antennae, and a unique fighting style that combines her combat proficiency with her empathetic powers. Following her debut in _Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2_, she also appears in _Avengers: Infinity War_ (2018) and _Avengers: Endgame_ (2019), where her powers contribute to the team's efforts against Thanos.

## Reception

The character has been well-received by fans, thanks in part to Klementieff's performance, which brings a mix of humor, innocence, and strength to Mantis. In the upcoming projects, she is expected to continue her journey within the MCU, contributing to the overall narrative established by the Guardians and the larger universe.

### Movie appearances

|Year|Movie|Portrayed by||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2017|_Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2_|rowspan="5"|Pom Klementieff|
|2018|_Avengers: Infinity War_|||
|2019|_Avengers: Endgame_|||
|2022|_Thor: Love and Thunder_|||
|2023|_Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3_|||

### Television appearances

|Year|Television series and specials|Portrayed by|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2022|_The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special_|Pom Klementieff|
Ancient Armenian translated literature

**Ancient Armenian translated literature** consists of works translated into Armenian between the 5th and 18th centuries. This tradition began during a cultural renaissance in Armenia, closely tied to the invention of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in the early 5th century. Translation was seen as a way to preserve and enrich Armenian identity during periods of foreign domination.

## Historical context

Origins: In 387 CE, Armenia was divided between the Roman Empire and Persia, leading to cultural and religious suppression. The invention of the Armenian alphabet allowed Armenians to translate religious, historical, and philosophical texts, promoting cultural unity and resilience.
Golden Age of Translations: The 5th century, known as the "Golden Age" of Armenian literature, produced translations of the Bible and Greek classics. These works laid the foundation for Armenian literary and spiritual development.

## Key features

- Languages translated: The majority of works were translated from Greek, followed by Syriac and later Persian and Arabic.
- Genres: Translated texts included religious scriptures, philosophical treatises, historical chronicles, and scientific works.
- Style: Early translations adhered closely to the original text, creating a "Greek-influenced Armenian language" used primarily by scholars.

## Notable contributions

Religious Texts: The Armenian Bible, translated by Mesrop Mashtots and his disciples, is considered one of the finest translations of the era.
Greek Influence: The works of philosophers like Aristotle and Plato were studied and translated, influencing Armenian intellectual traditions.

## Legacy

The translated literature helped Armenia maintain its cultural and spiritual heritage despite centuries of external pressures. Institutions like the Matenadaran, a repository of ancient manuscripts in Yerevan, continue to preserve and study these texts.
Byzantine fortifications

**Byzantine fortifications** refer to defensive structures developed by the Byzantine Empire, which existed from the late Roman period (4th century) to the fall of Constantinople in 1453. These structures were critical in defending the empire's vast territories across Europe, Asia, and Africa, reflecting advancements in engineering, architecture, and military strategy.

## Historical development

1. Roman Foundations: Byzantine fortifications evolved from earlier Roman fortification systems, including the famous limites (border defense lines) and fortresses. Early Byzantine walls, such as those in Constantinople, utilized Roman techniques like thick masonry and multiple defensive layers.
1. Early Byzantine Era: Under Emperor Justinian I (527–565), many fortifications were repaired or built, including the restoration of Constantinople's famous Theodosian Walls. His reign marked significant developments in defensive architecture, particularly in regions prone to invasions, like North Africa and the eastern provinces.
1. Dark Ages and Middle Period: During the 7th to 10th centuries, the empire faced attacks from Arabs, Slavs, and Bulgars, prompting the construction of smaller fortifications like kastra (fortified towns). These protected both military and civilian populations.
1. Late Byzantine Era: In response to growing threats from the Seljuk Turks and later the Ottomans, Byzantine fortifications became more sophisticated. Castles and urban walls were enhanced with towers, moats, and artillery platforms.

## Key examples

- Theodosian Walls: A triple-layered wall system protecting Constantinople, including towers and gates, which endured multiple sieges.
- Fortresses in Anatolia: Defended eastern borders against Persian and later Turkish invasions.
- Monemvasia: A fortified city built on a rocky peninsula, serving as a naval and trade hub in southern Greece.

## Theoretical and aesthetic aspects

- Design and Materials: Byzantine engineers used stone, bricks, and mortar, often reinforced with lime and ceramic tiles.
- Aesthetic Considerations: Although functional, some fortifications displayed decorative elements, showcasing imperial power.

## Legacy

Byzantine fortifications influenced military architecture in Europe and the Islamic world. Their techniques and designs, particularly in Constantinople, served as benchmarks for medieval and Renaissance fortifications.
Volkolak

The **Volkolak** is a werewolf-like creature in Slavic mythology, often depicted as a human who transforms into a wolf. The term is sometimes used synonymously with lycanthropy, the mythical ability to transform into a wolf either voluntarily or as a curse. Stories about volkolaks vary across Slavic cultures, with some portraying them as cursed individuals and others as sorcerers who take on wolf form.

## Mythological characteristics

- Transformation: Volkolaks are believed to transform through spells or curses, often during specific times like a full moon. In some stories, the transformation is temporary, lasting only at night, while in others, it may endure for months.
- Abilities: As wolves, volkolaks possess superhuman strength, speed, and night vision. Their wounds in wolf form carry over to their human bodies, which is often how they are identified.
- Origins: Some legends describe volkolaks as people cursed due to their sins or specific circumstances, such as encountering wolves during pregnancy or eating meat tainted by a wolf.

## Role in Slavic folklore

The volkolak appears in many Slavic myths as a feared figure, both for its predatory nature and its connection to the supernatural. It often represents the duality of human nature—balancing civilized and wild instincts. Similar creatures exist in neighboring cultures, like the Lithuanian "vilkatakiai" and the Greek "vrykolakas," showcasing shared mythological themes.

## Cultural impact

While volkolaks are primarily figures of myth, their stories influence modern folklore, literature, and even media, reflecting humanity's fascination with transformation and the boundary between man and beast. They are comparable to the Western concept of the werewolf but have distinctly Slavic roots.
Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova

**Zinaida Nikolaevna Nekrasova** (1846–1915) was the wife of Russian poet Nikolay Nekrasov. Known also by her birth name Feokla Anisimovna Viktorova, her life intertwined with the poet's later years and legacy. After his death, she became a notable figure among his admirers and in literary circles.

### Early life

Details about Zinaida’s origins are debated. Some contemporaries believed she was the daughter of a military scribe, while others suggested connections to minor nobility. Her life before meeting Nekrasov remains unclear, but accounts describe her as strong-willed and intelligent.

### Life with Nekrasov

Zinaida met Nekrasov in the 1860s and became his companion and later his wife. Their relationship was marked by periods of happiness and difficulty, especially as Nekrasov suffered from ill health. She supported him during his final years and played a role in preserving his legacy after his death in 1877.

### Later years

After Nekrasov’s death, Zinaida lived modestly but continued to receive support from literary funds like the Literary Fund, which helped widows and relatives of prominent writers. She remained a custodian of Nekrasov’s memory, contributing to the understanding of his life and works.

### Legacy

Zinaida is buried at Voskresenskoe Cemetery in Saratov. Her life reflects the challenges and roles of women connected to literary figures in 19th-century Russia. She is remembered as a significant figure in the story of Nekrasov’s life and the preservation of his work.
Portrait of Dmitry Andreevich Furmanov

The **Portrait of Dmitry Andreevich Furmanov** is a painting by Russian artist Sergey Malyutin, created in 1922. It is part of the collection at the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow. Furmanov, a prominent Soviet writer and political figure, is best known as the author of the novel Chapayev, which depicted the Russian Civil War.

Dmitry Furmanov (1891–1926) was an influential writer, political commissar, and key figure during the Civil War. His experiences as a commissar inspired his literature, particularly the famous novel _Chapayev_. Furmanov’s life was marked by his contributions to Soviet politics and his literary work.

## Creation of the portrait

Sergey Malyutin, known for his diverse artistic works, painted the portrait shortly after Furmanov gained prominence. Malyutin emphasized Furmanov’s intensity and intellectual depth, portraying him with sharp features and a direct gaze, reflective of his political and literary persona.

## Artistic style

Malyutin’s approach combined realism and subtle touches of early Soviet artistic ideals. His ability to capture the personality of his subjects made this portrait a significant example of early 20th-century Soviet portraiture. The portrait aligns with the evolving aesthetics of the time, bridging traditional Russian painting and emerging socialist realism.

## Legacy

The painting is considered an important cultural artifact, representing not only Furmanov’s legacy but also the broader cultural shifts of post-revolutionary Russia. It remains an iconic piece in the Tretyakov Gallery, symbolizing the intersection of art and politics during a transformative era.
Sergey Malyutin

**Sergey Vasilyevich Malyutin** (1859–1937) was a Russian artist, architect, and illustrator known for his contributions to painting, applied arts, and set design. He is especially famous for creating the first design for the matryoshka doll in collaboration with woodturner Vasily Zvyozdochkin in 1890.

### Early life and education

Born in Moscow into a merchant family, Malyutin moved to Voronezh as a child. He was inspired to pursue art after attending an exhibition by the Peredvizhniki (Wanderers). From 1883 to 1886, he studied at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture under prominent teachers like Illarion Pryanishnikov and Vladimir Makovsky. He graduated with a silver medal and was recognized as a "Free Artist" in 1890.

### Career highlights

- Illustration and folk art: Malyutin worked as an illustrator for Russian folktales and the works of Alexander Pushkin. His style combined traditional Russian motifs with modern techniques, reflecting his deep appreciation for folklore.
- Set design: He designed sets for operas and ballets at the Private Opera of Savva Mamontov, including productions like The Nutcracker at the Mariinsky Theater.
- Architectural work: In the early 1900s, Malyutin joined the Talashkino art colony, where he designed the famous "Teremok" building and worked on religious and folk-inspired architectural projects. He also contributed to the construction of the Pertsov House in Moscow, an example of the Russian Revival style.
- Teaching and later work: Malyutin taught at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture from 1903 to 1917. After the 1917 Revolution, he was involved in creating propaganda posters, known as ROSTA Windows, and co-founded the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia in 1922.

## Famous works

- Matryoshka Dolls: Malyutin painted the first design, which depicted a peasant woman holding a black rooster, nested with smaller figures inside.
- Portraits: His works include the Portrait of Dmitry Furmanov (1922).
- Architecture: The "Teremok" building and the Church of the Holy Spirit in Talashkino are notable examples of his designs blending folk and modern aesthetics.

## Legacy

Malyutin’s influence extends across multiple disciplines, including fine art, architecture, and folk crafts. His work remains celebrated for its role in shaping Russian cultural identity during a transformative period.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Sergey Malyutin
- **image**: Sergey Malyutin - selfportrait.jpeg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Self-portrait (1918)
- **native name**: Сергей Малютин
- **native name lang**: Russian
- **birth name**: Sergey Vasilyevich Malyutin
- **birth place**: Moscow, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **known for**: Painting, architecture
- **notable works**: Matryoshka doll
- **movement**: Arts and Crafts Movement, Arts and Crafts
Medieval Estonia

**Medieval Estonia** spans the period from the 13th century to the mid-16th century, when the territory was part of Livonia. This era began with the Northern Crusades, during which Estonia was subjugated by foreign powers, including the Danish Kingdom, the Livonian Order, and various bishoprics.

## Northern Crusades and Conquest

In the early 13th century, Estonia was invaded during the Northern Crusades. Local Estonians fiercely resisted but faced superior military forces and lacked centralized leadership.

Key events include:
- The Battle of Lyndanisse (1219), where Danish forces, led by Valdemar II, established control over northern Estonia, founding Tallinn (then called Reval).
- In 1227, the Livonian Order conquered the islands of Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, completing the subjugation of Estonian lands.

By 1238, Estonia was divided among the Danish crown, the Livonian Order, and various bishoprics under the Terra Mariana confederation.

## Livonian Confederation

From the 13th century to 1561, Estonia was part of Livonia, a confederation comprising:
- The Livonian Order,
- The Archbishopric of Riga,
- Bishoprics such as Dorpat (modern Tartu) and Oesel-Wiek. This governance system combined military, religious, and feudal authority, heavily influenced by Germanic knights and clergy.

## Social and economic changes

Under foreign rule, Estonians became serfs, with limited rights. German-speaking elites dominated the social and political systems. Key economic activities included agriculture and trade through the Hanseatic League, with Tallinn serving as a vital port.

## Rebellions and decline

Local uprisings, such as the St. George's Night Uprising (1343–1345), showcased Estonian resistance to feudal oppression, but they were ultimately unsuccessful.
By the mid-16th century, internal conflicts and external pressures, including the Livonian War, weakened the region, leading to its eventual partition among neighboring powers.

## Legacy

The medieval period shaped Estonia’s linguistic, cultural, and social structures. Many medieval castles, churches, and towns, particularly in Tallinn, remain as historical landmarks today.
Maria Alexandru

**Maria Alexandru** (née **Golopența**; 30 December 1939 – 27 November 2024) was a Romanian table tennis player. From 1957 to 1980 she won several medals in singles, doubles, and team events in the Table Tennis European Championships. Between 1953 and 1979, she played in 12 World Championships, winning three gold medals in the doubles competition. She was born in Plugova, Romania.

Alexandru died on 27 November 2024, at the age of 84.
Thomas Hylland Eriksen

**Geir** **Thomas Hylland Eriksen** (6 February 1962 – 27 November 2024) was a Norwegian anthropologist. He was known for his writings on globalization, identity, ethnicity, and nationalism. He was Professor of Social Anthropology in the Department of Social Anthropology at the University of Oslo. He was the President of the European Association of Social Anthropologists from 2015 to 2016. He was also an editor of _Samtiden_ and _Journal of Peace Research_. Hylland Eriksen was born in Oslo, Norway.

Hylland Eriksen died on 27 November 2024 in Oslo from pancreatic cancer, aged 62.

## Other websites

- Overheating website
- CULCOM website
- Home page on UiO
- Personal website
Birgitta Dahl

**Rut Birgitta Dahl** (20 September 1937 – 26 November 2024) was a Swedish politician. She was a member of the Social Democratic Party. Dahl was a Member of Parliament from 1969 to 2002. She was Minister for Energy from 1982 to 1990 and Minister for the Environment from 1986 to 1991.

Dahl was the Speaker of the Parliament from 1994 to 2002. She was the chairman of the Swedish section of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) between 2005 and 2011.

Dahl died from heart failure on 26 November 2024 in Uppsala, Sweden at the age of 87.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Birgitta Dahl
- **image**: Birgitta Dahl 1990.jpg
- **caption**: Dahl in 1990
- **birth place**: Härryda Municipality, Härryda, Sweden
- **death place**: Uppsala, Sweden
- **office3**: Minister for the Environment (Sweden), Minister for Energy
- **term start3**: 8 October 1982
- **term end3**: 27 February 1990
- **predecessor3**: Carl-Axel Petri
- **successor3**: Rune Molin
- **primeminister3**: Olof Palme
Ingvar Carlsson
- **office2**: Minister for the Environment (Sweden), Minister for the Environment
- **term start2**: 12 March 1986
- **term end2**: 4 October 1991
- **predecessor2**: Ingvar Carlsson
- **successor2**: Olof Johansson
- **primeminister2**: Ingvar Carlsson
- **office**: Speaker of the Riksdag
- **term start**: 3 October 1994
- **term end**: 30 September 2002
- **monarch**: Carl XVI Gustaf
- **predecessor**: Ingegerd Troedsson
- **successor**: Björn von Sydow
- **party**: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Social Democrat
- **alma mater**: Uppsala University
Speaker of the Riksdag

The **speaker of the Riksdag** is the presiding officer of the national unicameral legislature in Sweden.

Since 1975, the speaker, and no longer the monarch, appoints and fires the prime minister.

The current speaker is Andreas Norlén, who has held the gavel since September 2018.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Speaker of the Riksdag
- **native name**: _Riksdagens talman_
- **flag**: Flag of Sweden.svg
- **flagsize**: 120px
- **flagcaption**: Flag of Sweden
- **insignia**: Coat of arms of the Swedish Parliament.svg
- **insigniasize**: 100px
- **insigniacaption**: Coat of Arms of the
Swedish Parliament
- **department**: Riksdag, The Riksdag
- **image**: Andreas Norlén in 2019.jpg
- **incumbent**: Andreas Norlén
- **incumbentsince**: 24 September 2018
- **style**:
(English: "Mr Speaker")
- **seat**: Parliament House, Stockholm, Parliament House
- **nominator**: Riksdag
- **appointer**: Father of the House#Sweden, The Alderman
- **termlength**: Four years (_de facto_)
- **inaugural**: Henry Allard
- **deputy**: _See List of Deputy Speakers of the Riksdag, List of Deputy Speakers_
- **salary**: 2,112,000 Swedish krona, kr annually
Henry Allard

**Karl Åke Henry Allard** (21 November 1911 – 23 October 1996) was a Swedish Social Democrat politician. He was a member of the Riksdag from 1943 until 1979.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Henry Allard
- **image**: Henry-allard-1984-05-01.jpg
- **caption**: Allard in May 1984
- **office**: Speaker of the Riksdag
- **term start**: 15 January 1971
- **term end**: 1 October 1979
- **successor**: Ingemund Bengtsson
- **birth name**: Karl Åke Henry Allard
- **birth place**: Örebro, Sweden
- **death place**: Örebro, Sweden
- **party**: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Social Democratic
Ingemund Bengtsson

**Sten Bertil Ingemund Bengtsson** (30 January 1919 – 12 April 2000) was a Swedish Social democratic politician. He was the Speaker of the Riksdag from 1979 to 1988.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: File:Ingemund-Bengtsson-former-speaker-S-politician-Vintage-photo-352359622918.jpg
- **office**: Speaker of the Riksdag
- **term start**: 1 October 1979
- **term end**: 3 October 1988
- **predecessor**: Henry Allard
- **successor**: Thage G. Peterson
- **office1**: Minister for Rural Affairs (Sweden), Minister for Agriculture
- **primeminister1**: Tage Erlander
Olof Palme
- **term start1**: 25 January 1969
- **term end1**: 3 November 1973
- **predecessor1**: Eric Holmqvist
- **successor1**: Svante Lundkvist
- **office2**: Minister of the Interior (Sweden), Minister of the Interior
- **primeminister2**: Olof Palme
- **term start2**: 3 November 1973
- **term end2**: 31 December 1973
- **predecessor2**: Eric Holqvist
- **successor2**: _Position abolished_
- **office3**: Minister for Employment (Sweden), Minister for Employment
- **primeminister3**: Olof Palme
- **term start3**: 1 January 1974
- **term end3**: 8 October 1976
- **predecessor3**: _Position established_
- **successor3**: Per Ahlmark
- **office4**: Member of the Riksdag
- **term start4**: 11 January 1971
- **term end4**: 3 October 1988
- **constituency4**: Halland County (Riksdag constituency), Halland County
- **office5**: Andra kammaren, Member of the Second Chamber
- **term start5**: 1951
- **term end5**: 1971
- **constituency5**: Halland County (Riksdag constituency), Halland County
- **birth place**: Veddige, Sweden
- **death place**: Varberg, Sweden
Thage G. Peterson

**Thage Edvin Gerhard Peterson** (born 24 September 1933) is a Swedish Social Democrat politician. He was a member of parliament from 1971 to 1998. He was speaker from 1988 to 1991. He was known for being the minister of industry from 1982 to 1988 and as minister of defence from 1994 to 1997.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: File:File-Thage_G._Peterson.jpg
- **office**: Speaker of the Riksdag
- **term start**: 3 October 1988
- **term end**: 30 September 1991
- **monarch**: Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, Carl XVI Gustaf
- **predecessor**: Ingemund Bengtsson
- **successor**: Ingegerd Troedsson
- **office1**: Minister for Justice (Sweden), Minister for Justice
- **term start1**: 7 June 1988
- **term end1**: 30 September 1988
- **primeminister1**: Ingvar Carlsson
- **predecessor1**: Anna-Greta Leijon
- **successor1**: Laila Freivalds
- **office2**: Minister of Defence (Sweden), Minister of Defence
- **term start2**: 7 October 1994
- **term end2**: 1 February 1997
- **primeminister2**: Ingvar Carlsson
 Göran Persson
- **predecessor2**: Anders Björck
- **successor2**: Björn von Sydow
- **office3**: Minister for Enterprise (Sweden), Minister of Industry
- **term start3**: 8 October 1982
- **term end3**: 30 September 1988
- **primeminister3**: Olof Palme
 Ingvar Carlsson
- **predecessor3**: Nils G. Åsling
- **successor3**: Ivar Nordberg
- **office4**: Riksdag, Member of the Riksdag
- **term start4**: 1971
- **term end4**: 1998
- **constituency4**: Stockholm County (Riksdag constituency), Stockholm County
- **birth place**: Berg, Sweden
Ingegerd Troedsson

**Ingegerd Troedsson** (5 June 1929 – 3 November 2012) was a Swedish Moderate Party politician. She was the first female Speaker of the Riksdag from 1991 to 1994. She was the deputy Minister for Social Affairs from 1976 to 1978.
Andreas Norlén

**Per Olof Andreas Norlén** (; born 6 May 1973) is a Swedish politician. He is a member of the Moderate Party. He has been the Speaker of the Riksdag since September 2018. He has been a member of parliament (MP) for Östergötland County since October 2006.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Andreas Norlén
- **image**: 20240612 Estocolmo Visita al Parlamento Sueco-Juan Diego Cano06616 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Norlén in 2024
- **office**: Speaker of the Riksdag
- **monarch**: Carl XVI Gustaf
- **term start**: 24 September 2018
- **predecessor**: Urban Ahlin
- **office1**: Member of Parliament (Sweden), Member of the Riksdag
- **term start1**: 2 October 2006
- **constituency1**: Östergötland County (Riksdag constituency), Östergötland County
- **birth name**: Per Olof Andreas Norlén
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **party**: Moderate Party
- **children**: 1
Urban Ahlin

**Urban Christian Ahlin** (; born 13 November 1964) is a Swedish Social Democratic Party politician. He was Speaker of the Riksdag from September 2014 to September 2018. He was a Member of the Riksdag (MP) for the Västra Götaland County East constituency from 1994 to 2018. In 2023, he became the Ambassador of Sweden to the United States.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Urban Ahlin
- **honorific-suffix**: Riksdag, MP
- **image**: Urban Ahlin.jpg
- **caption**: Ahlin in 2014
- **office**: List of ambassadors of Sweden to the United States, Ambassador of Sweden to the United States
- **monarch**: Carl XVI Gustaf
- **term start**: 15 August 2023
- **predecessor**: Karin Olofsdotter (diplomat), Karin Olofsdotter
- **office1**: List of ambassadors of Sweden to Canada, Ambassador of Sweden to Canada
- **monarch1**: Carl XVI Gustaf
- **term start1**: February 2019
- **term end1**: 14 August 2023
- **predecessor1**: Per Sjögren
- **successor1**: Signe Burgstaller
- **office2**: Speaker of the Riksdag
- **monarch2**: Carl XVI Gustaf
- **term start2**: 29 September 2014
- **term end2**: 24 September 2018
- **predecessor2**: Per Westerberg
- **successor2**: Andreas Norlén
- **office3**: Member of the Riksdag
- **term start3**: 3 October 1994
- **term end3**: 24 September 2018
- **constituency3**: Västra Götaland County East
- **birth name**: Urban Christian Ahlin
- **birth place**: Mariestad, Sweden
- **party**: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Social Democrats
- **children**: 1
- **alma mater**: Karlstad University
Per Westerberg

**Per Erik Gunnar Westerberg** (; born 2 August 1951) is a Swedish politician. He was Speaker of the Riksdag from 2006 to 2014. He was a Member of the Riksdag from 1979 to 2014. He was Sweden's Minister for Industry and Trade from 1991 to 1994.

## Other websites

- Per Westerberg on the Moderate Party website
- Per Westerberg on the Riksdag website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Per Westerberg (18767532004) (cropped).jpg
- **name**: Per Westerberg
- **caption**: Per Westerberg in 2015
- **birth place**: Nyköping, Sweden
- **office**: Speaker of the Riksdag
- **monarch**: Carl XVI Gustaf
- **term start**: 2 October 2006
- **term end**: 29 September 2014
- **predecessor**: Björn von Sydow
- **successor**: Urban Ahlin
- **office2**: Commerce minister, Minister for Industry and Commerce
- **primeminister2**: Carl Bildt
- **term start2**: 4 October 1991
- **term end2**: 7 October 1994
- **predecessor2**: Rune Molin
- **successor2**: Sten Heckscher
- **office3**: Member of the Riksdag
for Södermanland County
- **term start3**: 1979
- **term end3**: 2014
- **successor3**: Erik Bengtzboe
- **alma mater**: Stockholm School of Economics
- **occupation**: Politician
 businessman
- **party**: Moderate Party
Björn von Sydow

**Björn Gustaf von Sydow** (born 26 November 1945) is a Swedish politician. He was the speaker of the Riksdag from 2002 to 2006. He is a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party. He had been Minister of Defence in Göran Persson's government between 1997 and 2002.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Björn von Sydow
- **image**: Bjorn von Sydow, talman Sveriges riksdag.jpg
- **caption**: von Sydow in November 2004
- **office2**: Minister of Defence (Sweden), Minister for Defence
- **primeminister2**: Göran Persson
- **term start2**: 1 February 1997
- **term end2**: 30 September 2002
- **predecessor2**: Thage G. Peterson
- **successor2**: Leni Björklund
- **office1**: Speaker of the Riksdag
- **term start1**: 30 September 2002
- **term end1**: 2 October 2006
- **monarch1**: Carl XVI Gustaf
- **predecessor1**: Birgitta Dahl
- **successor1**: Per Westerberg
- **office3**: Minister of Commerce and Industry (Sweden), Minister of Commerce and Industry
- **primeminister3**: Göran Persson
- **predecessor3**: Mats Hellström
- **successor3**: Leif Pagrotsky
- **term start3**: 22 March 1996
- **term end3**: 31 January 1997
- **party**: Swedish Social Democratic Party, Social Democratic
- **occupation**: Politician
History of Indonesia during the era of Christian Kingdoms

The **Christian Kingdoms in the region of modern Indonesia** emerged from the 16th century, influenced by European traders, particularly the Portuguese and Spanish. These kingdoms played a significant role in the spread of Christianity, especially in eastern Indonesia, as part of the colonial and religious efforts of European powers.

## Key historical developments

1. Spread of Christianity:
    1. The Portuguese arrived in the Maluku Islands (Spice Islands) in the early 16th century, bringing Christianity as ## part of their colonial strategy. The religion gained footholds in places like Ternate and Ambon.
    1. The VOC (Dutch East India Company) later introduced Protestantism during its colonial rule, establishing mission schools and churches, particularly in eastern Indonesia.
1. Notable Christian Kingdoms: Kingdom of Larantuka: Located on Flores Island, it became a prominent Catholic center, known as "Kota Reinha" (City of the Queen) after its rulers converted to Christianity. The Portuguese influence was significant here, and the kingdom became a religious hub.

## Resistance and decline

The dominance of Christian kingdoms was challenged by the rise of Islamic kingdoms, as well as changing colonial priorities. Christianity remained influential, but many regions saw a decline in its dominance compared to earlier periods.

## Cultural and social impact

Christian missionaries introduced Western-style education, healthcare, and governance. These efforts led to shifts in local societies, including new cultural practices and a stronger colonial influence. However, the limited resources of European missionaries often left communities without sustained religious support.

## Legacy

The Christian kingdoms left a lasting legacy in the Nusantara, with areas like Larantuka and parts of the Maluku Islands still maintaining strong Christian traditions today. This period marked the beginning of Indonesia's multi-religious society.
Asmodeus

**Asmodeus** (/ˌæzməˈdiːəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἀσμοδαῖος, _Asmodaios_) or **Ashmedai** (/ˈæʃmɪˌdaɪ/; Hebrew: אַשְמְדּאָי, <small>romanized:</small> _ʾAšmədāy_; Arabic: آشماداي; see below for other variations) is a prince of demons in the legends of Solomon and the constructing of Solomon's Temple.
Illinois's 9th congressional district

The **9th congressional district of Illinois** covers parts of Cook, Lake, and McHenry counties as of the 2020 census. It covers many of Chicago's northern suburbs. Democrat Jan Schakowsky has represented the district since January 1999.

## Infobox (u.s. congressional district)

- **state**: Illinois
- **district number**: 9
- **image caption**: Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
- **representative**: Jan Schakowsky
- **party**: Democratic
- **residence**: Evanston
- **english area**: 172.3
- **percent urban**: 100.0
- **percent rural**: 0.0
- **population**: 742,949
- **population year**: 2023
- **median income**: $90,087
- **percent white**: 59.2
- **percent hispanic**: 13.0
- **percent black**: 8.6
- **percent asian**: 14.9
- **percent more than one race**: 3.6
- **percent other race**: 0.7
- **cpvi**: D+19
Livonian-Lithuanian Union

The **Livonian-Lithuanian Union** (Latin: _Unio Livoniae cum Magno Ducatu Lithuania_, Latvia: _Livonijas un Lietuvas reālūnija_) was a political and administrative union formed between the Livonian Confederation and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on December 26, 1566. It was established under the Union of Grodno, during a period of political upheaval and conflicts in the Baltic region. The union made the Lithuanian Grand Duke the ruler of Livonia, creating a semi-autonomous Livonian Duchy under Lithuanian governance.

## Historical background

Preceding Conflicts: The 16th century saw frequent wars between Livonia, Lithuania, and Muscovy (Russia). The Livonian Order, weakened by defeats in the Livonian War (1558–1583), sought alliances to protect itself. The earlier Treaty of Vilnius (1559) laid the groundwork for integrating Livonia into Lithuania's sphere of influence.

Union of Grodno (1566): The union was finalized during the Seimas (assembly) of Grodno in 1566. Under this agreement, Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus of Lithuania became the ruler of Livonia, appointing Jan Hodekiewicz as its first governor. Livonia retained a degree of autonomy while aligning politically and militarily with Lithuania.

## Governance and symbolism

- Coat of Arms: The union introduced a new emblem for the Livonian Duchy, featuring a silver griffin with a sword, symbolizing Livonia’s loyalty to Lithuania and its ruler, Sigismund II Augustus.
- Administration: Livonia was governed by Lithuanian-appointed officials who managed its defense, economy, and foreign relations. However, Livonia faced challenges in unifying its various regions and maintaining stability.

## Outcome and legacy

The Livonian-Lithuanian Union marked a turning point in Livonia's history, providing protection against Muscovy’s expansion while linking the region to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which would emerge in 1569. Despite its short-lived nature, the union contributed to the eventual integration of Livonia into the Commonwealth, shaping its political and cultural identity.
BYD Destroyer 05

The **BYD Destroyer 05** is a hybrid compact sedan made by BYD.

## Overview

The Destroyer 05 was unveiled on Guangzhou Auto Show in November 2021, and launched on the Chinese market in March 2022. The 120 km (75 mi) pure electric range version of the Destroyer 05 supports 25 kW fast charging and charging from 30 percent to 80 percent takes 25 minutes. Destroyer 05 is powered by DM-i hybrid EHS system in two variants with two battery sizes. Both versions powered by 1,5 liter BYD476ZQA petrol engine producing 81 kW (109 hp), combined output is 177 or 194 hp.

## Infobox (electric vehicle)

- **name**: BYD Destroyer 05
- **image**: BYD Destroyer 05 006.jpg
- **manufacturer**: BYD Auto
- **production**: 2022–present
- **class**: Compact car (C-segment, C)
- **body style**: 4-door Sedan (automobile), sedan
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
- **platform**: BYD e platform 3.0 PHEV
- **range**: 1200 km (746 mi)
- **electric range**: 55-120 km (34-75 mi)
- **transmission**: E-CVT
- **drivetrain**: Plug-in hybrid
- **related**: BYD Qin#Pro, BYD Qin Pro/Plus
- **designer**: Wolfgang Egger
Yuanzheng Pan (exterior)
Historical pharmacies in Stockholm

**Stockholm's historical pharmacies** developed between the late 16th and early 20th centuries. These pharmacies not only provided medicine but also played a central role in public health and the city’s cultural history. Many of the original establishments have changed over time, with some becoming museums or modern pharmacies.

## Early pharmacies

- _Apoteket Lejonet_ (The Lion Pharmacy): Established in 1575 as Stockholm’s first public pharmacy, originally named "Slottsapotek." Its symbol was a reclining lion, and it provided medicine for royalty and citizens during significant health crises, like the plague.
- _Apoteket Morianen_ (The Moor’s Pharmacy): Founded in 1670, this pharmacy operated at various locations, including Drottninggatan. It was known for its exotic emblem and connection to maritime medicine for Swedish ships.
- _Apoteket Markattan_ (The Monkey Pharmacy): Established in the early 1600s, this pharmacy later became "Leoparden" (The Leopard), reflecting its long legacy and evolution.

## Role during plagues

Several pharmacies, including _Apoteket Lejonet_ and _Hvita Björnen_ (White Bear Pharmacy), were designated as "plague pharmacies" during outbreaks. These provided specific medicines for pestilent diseases, although treatments were often ineffective. A notable remedy was the "Golden Egg," an expensive concoction made of herbal mixtures, though it had no real medicinal value.

## Pharmaceutical practices

In the 17th century, pharmacies held exclusive rights to sell medicinal spices, oils, and even luxury items like wines. The _Pharmacopoeia Holmensis_ listed hundreds of required substances, ranging from minerals to unusual animal products like lion’s heart and rhinoceros horn. Over time, regulations and modern medicine phased out such ingredients.

## Modernization and state control

By the mid-20th century, Swedish pharmacies were nationalized under _Apoteksbolaget_, a government-owned company, to ensure public access to medicine. In 2009, the market was deregulated, allowing private companies to compete. Today, many historic pharmacy names survive, but the operations are modernized.
JAC QX

The **Sehol QX** is a compact Crossover made by JAC Motors under the Sehol brand. It was introduced in 2021 and is the first new model of the Sehol brand. The car was initially known as the Sol QX before the brand name was changed to Sehol outside China the car is known as **JAC JS6**.

## History

The Sehol QX was launched at the 2021 Auto Shanghai event.  During its development, it was identified with the internal code S811. The car was developed on JAC's modular platform and was assembled in Hefei, China. Additionally, in Iran, the QX was produced by KMC in Bam.

## Features

The Sehol QX features a 1.5-liter turbocharged engine producing 184 horsepower (137 kW) and 300 Nm of torque. It comes with front-wheel drive and offers a choice between a six-speed manual transmission or a dual-clutch transmission.

## Sehol QX PHEV

In 2023, JAC Motors introduced a plug-in hybrid version of the Sehol QX in China.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Sehol QX
- **image**: Sehol QX 010.jpg
- **caption**: Sehol QX
- **manufacturer**: Sehol (JAC Motors)
- **production**: 2021–present
- **class**: Crossover (automobile), Compact crossover SUV (C-segment, C)
- **body style**: 5-door SUV
- **powerout**: 137 kW (184 hp; 187 PS)
- **predecessor**: JAC Refine S5