juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chef

A **chef** is a person who cooks food as their job. They usually work in restaurants or hotels.

## Full explanation

The chef is responsible for everything about the food in a restaurant. He is responsible for buying the food, hiring and supervising the kitchen workers, creating the menus for the customers, and deciding the recipes (the details of how the cooking is done). Some chefs are trained and some are not trained.

The **sous-chef** (sometimes called an assistant chef) is the chef's main helper. A **chef de partie** is a 'line chef', in charge of a station in the kitchen. The **commis chef** works under a chef de partie. It is usually a training position.

The lines or stations in a big kitchen are:
- Sauté chef
- Fish chef
- roast chef
- grill and/or fry chef
- vegetable chef
- roundsman (fills in where needed)
- pantry chef
- butcher
- pastry chef

## Related pages

- Celebrity chef

## Other websites

- free chefs resource guide built by chefs for chefs
- Official certification levels of the American Culinary Federation
St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana

**St. Bernard Parish** (; ) is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 43,764. The parish seat and largest community is Chalmette. The parish was formed in 1807.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the parish has a total area of , of which  is land and  (83%) is water. It is the second largest parish in Louisiana by total area and has the largest percentage of area in water of any parish.

### Bodies of water

- Lake Borgne  (north)
- Mississippi River  (southwest)
- Gulf of Mexico  (east)

### State park

- St. Bernard State Park

## Other websites

- Official website of the St. Bernard's Parish Government
- Official website of the St. Bernard Parish Tourist Commission
- St. Bernard Chamber of Commerce
- The Isleños of St. Bernard Parish
- H.O.P.E. Project of Violet, Louisiana
- Post-Katrina cleanup and volunteer efforts
- Hurricane Katrina Journal by Samantha Perez of St. Bernard Parish
- St Bernard Health Statistics, History, and Vital Information
- Chalmation.net  St. Bernard Internet Portal

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: St. Bernard Parish
- **state**: Louisiana
- **type**: List of parishes in Louisiana, Parish
- **flag**: Flag of St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana.gif
- **seal**: St Bernard Seal.png
- **seat wl**: Chalmette
- **largest city wl**: Chalmette
- **area total km2**: 5582
- **area land km2**: 978
- **area water km2**: 4604
- **area percentage**: 82.5
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 43764
- **population density sq mi**: 115.9
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.sbpg.net
- **founded**: March 31, 1807
- **named for**: Bernardo de Galvez
- **ex image**: StBernardParishCthouseJan07.jpg
- **ex image cap**: St. Bernard Parish Courthouse
- **district**: 1st
- **area codes**: Area code 504, 504
Slidell, Louisiana

**Slidell** is the largest city in St. Tammany Parish in Louisiana. It is on the northeast shore of Lake Pontchartrain.
As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 28,781.

## Other websites

- City of Slidell
- "Slidell Sentry News"
- _St. Petersburg Times_ Travel article
- Photographs of Hurricane Katrina's destruction in Slidell
- Information About the City of Slidell

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Slidell, Louisiana
- **official name**: City of Slidell
- **settlement type**: List of municipalities in Louisiana, City
- **image skyline**: Heritage Park Slidell, La.jpg
- **image caption**: Heritage Park
- **nickname**: The Camellia City (official), The Dell
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Slidell
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: Parish
- **subdivision name2**: St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, St. Tammany
- **named for**: John Slidell
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Randy Fandal (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 39.83
- **area total sq mi**: 15.38
- **area land km2**: 38.96
- **area land sq mi**: 15.04
- **area water km2**: 0.87
- **area water sq mi**: 0.34
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 28781
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: −6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: −5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 70458, 70459, 70460, 70461, 70469
- **area code type**: Area code(s)
- **area code**: Area code 985, 985
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 22-70805
St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana

**St. Tammany Parish** (French: _Paroisse de Saint-Tammany_) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana, in the New Orleans metropolitan area. The population was 264,570 in 2020, making it the fourth-most populous parish in Louisiana. The parish seat is Covington. The parish was founded in 1810.

## Other websites

- St. Tammany Parish government's website
- St. Tammany school board's website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: St. Tammany Parish
- **state**: Louisiana
- **type**: List of parishes in Louisiana, Parish
- **seat wl**: Covington
- **largest city wl**: Slidell
- **area total km2**: 2838
- **area land km2**: 2189
- **area water km2**: 648
- **area percentage**: 22.9
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 264570
- **population density sq mi**: 313
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.stpgov.org
- **founded**: October 27, 1810
- **named for**: Indian Chief Tamanend
- **ex image**: CovingtonJusticeCenterMarch2009.JPG
- **ex image cap**: St. Tammany Parish Justice Center
- **district**: 1st
- **area codes**: Area code 985, 985
Chewing gum

**Chewing gum** is a type of candy flavored with natural sugar or artificial sweeteners and also flavors such as mint. Gum is made to be chewed, and not swallowed. People chew gum for personal enjoyment and also to help clean teeth. Before it is chewed, the gum comes either soft and chewy or hard and then softens in your mouth. People are usually finished with gum once all the flavor is extracted, or their mouth becomes sore. Once people are done with gum, they throw it away.

## History

**Chewing gum** was invented at least 5000 years ago and in many places, made from many different plants.
|Ancient civilization|Chewing gum precursor|
| --- | --- |
|Ancient Greece|Mastic tree bark|
|Ancient Maya|Chicle|
|Chinese|Ginseng plant roots|
|Inuit|Blubber|
|Native Americans|Sugar pine and spruce sap|
|South Americans|Coca leaves|
|South Asia (India)|Betel nuts|
|Tropical West Africa|Kola nuts|
|United States (early settlers)|Tobacco leaves|

The first commercial chewing gum, called The State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum, was made in 1848. In 1850 the first gum made from paraffin wax was produced.  It was often eaten with powdered sugar. The first flavored chewing gum was created in the 1860s by John Colgan, in Louisville, Kentucky. About the same time modern chewing gum was first developed when chicle was brought from Mexico by the former president, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna.  It was  marketed as Adams New York Chewing Gum in 1871. Black Jack, which is flavored with licorice started in 1884, Chiclets (1899), and Wrigley's Spearmint Gum were early popular gums that quickly dominated the market and are all still around today.

American soldiers in WWII were supplied with chewing gum as a ration. They traded it with locals which widened the market. Chewing gum is less popular now.

### Stick Gum

- In a stick form
- In different flavors but mostly in refreshing, tropical ones

### Bubble gum

- Is the best gum to make bubbles with
- In many fruit flavors
- Mostly common in cubes

### Jawbreaker Gum

- In small hard shape (mostly sphere) with a soft center

### Functional Gum

- They have medical function
- It has vitamins or different minerals in it

### Nicotine Gum

- It tries to help people stop smoking
- It gives old smokers something to do instead of smoking
- It contains a small amount of nicotine
- Is not an alternative to smoking

### Health

The effects of chewing gum on health vary. Sugar free chewing gum is sometimes recommended by dentists, because it can clean the teeth. Chewing gum which contains sugar can, depending on the kind of sugar, harm the teeth. Gum can help to avoid snacks.

### Environment

The new version of chewing gum has environmental effects, because it cannot rot easily. Also, it is hard to clean up if it sticks somewhere.

### Other

Chewing gum can have a good effect on concentration. There are many other effects on people coming from different new invented chewing gums, like dry mouth gum, or energy gum.
Herat

**Herat** (, Herāt) is a city in Afghanistan. As of 2012, about 436,300 people live there. It is the third-largest city in Afghanistan. It is the capital of Herat Province. It is in the west of the country, close to the border of Iran. The spoken language in the city is called Herati Persian or just Herati.

## History

Herat dates back to very old times. Avesta, the old book of Zoroastrianism mentions Herat as "Haroyu" and lists it as the sixth land of the sixteen perfect lands created by Ahura Mazda, the Zoroastrian god. In Achaemenid times (ca. 550-330 BC), the surrounding district was known as "Haraiva" (in Old Persian). Ancient Greeks called it "Aria" and "Artacoana" was the capital of Aria. Alexander the Great took Artacoana in 330 BC and destroyed it. He later built another city near Artacoana and named it "Alexandria in Ariana", today's city of Herat. After him Parthians and Sassanians took over. Sassanians called the city “Harēv”.

Arabs took Herat in 660 AD, and it became a center of the Muslim world. Herat has a long history as a centre for Sufism, the mystical branch of Islam. It became part of the area then known as Khurasan, which reached its peak of civilization in the twelfth century. In 1221 AD, it was taken by the Mongols and later destroyed by Genghis Khan and Timur, the Turkic conqueror, took it in about 1393 AD. Herat’s greatest era was during the Timurid rule, when it was a centre of science and culture. As the capital of the Timurid empire, it boasted many fine religious buildings and was famous for its sumptuous court life and musical performance and its tradition of miniature paintings. Later Persians and Afghans fought over the control of the city and Herat changed hands several times before it (under British interference) permanently became part of Afghanistan in 1857 under the Treaty of Paris.

In March 1979, an anti-Communist uprising in Herat, left 25,000 civilian deaths. Between 1978 and 1992, communist forces in Herat city fought resistance forces holding the countryside. In 1995 the area came under the control of Pashtuns of the Taliban movement. After the United States' invasion of Afghanistan, on November 12, 2001, it was liberated from the Taliban by the Northern Alliance.
Relay race

A **relay race** is a track and field event in which athletes run a pre-set distance carrying a baton before passing it onto the next runner. Often, a relay team is a team of four sprinters.

In athletics, the two standard relays are the 4x100 meter relay and the 4x400 meter relay. Traditionally, the 4x400 meter relay finals are the last event of a track meet.

Nowadays, long distance relays have become increasingly popular with runners of all skill-levels. These runners typically have 5 to 36 legs, each between 5 and 10 kilometers (3-6 miles) long.

## Related pages

- Middle distance race
- Long distance race
- Walking race
- Hurdle race
- Sprint
- Steeplechase
- Cross-country race
- Marathon
Bayou La Batre, Alabama

**Bayou La Batre** ( is a city in Mobile County, Alabama, United States. It is included in the Mobile metropolitan statistical area. At the 2020 census, the population was 2,204.

## Other websites

- Bayou La Batre Chamber of Commerce
- The Bayou La Batre Historical Homepage

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bayou La Batre, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image map**: File:Mobile County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Bayou La Batre Highlighted 0104684.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of in Mobile County, Alabama
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Mobile County, Alabama, Mobile
- **area total km2**: 19.77
- **area total sq mi**: 7.63
- **area land km2**: 19.40
- **area land sq mi**: 7.49
- **area water km2**: 0.37
- **area water sq mi**: 0.14
- **elevation ft**: 10
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2204
- **population density km2**: 113.62
- **population density sq mi**: 294.26
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 36509
- **area code**: Area code 251, 251
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-04684
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2403828
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Bay St. Louis, Mississippi

**Bay Saint Louis** is a city in Hancock County, Mississippi. It is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, 9,284 people lived there. It is the county seat of Hancock County. Like several other upper Gulf Coast cities, Bay Saint Louis was devastated by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bay St. Louis, Mississippi
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: The_Bay_St._Louis_bridge_from_above.jpg
- **image caption**: The Bay of St. Louis and the city of Bay St. Louis (upper part of photo)
- **image map**: Hancock_County_Mississippi_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Bay_St._Louis_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Bay St. Louis, MS
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Mississippi
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Mississippi, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hancock County, Mississippi, Hancock
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 68.95
- **area land km2**: 38.05
- **area water km2**: 30.90
- **area total sq mi**: 26.62
- **area land sq mi**: 14.69
- **area water sq mi**: 11.93
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 9284
- **population density km2**: 243.99
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation m**: 7
- **elevation ft**: 23
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 39520, 39521, 39522
- **area code**: Area code 228, 228
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 28-03980
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0666588
- **population density sq mi**: 631.91
Waveland, Mississippi

**Waveland** is a city in Hancock County, Mississippi, on the Gulf of Mexico. It is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, 7,210 people lived there. On August 29, 2005, Waveland was nearly destroyed by Hurricane Katrina.

Before Traversing Waveland MS, type in HonorYourOath on a YouTube search bar. Watch what happens to a sober veteran on the courthouse steps. 8.8 million views.

## Other websites

- City of Waveland, Mississippi , Official Web Site of the City of Waveland
- Waveland practically wiped off map by force of Katrina , an August 31, 2005 article about the damage from Hurricane Katrina
- Katrina town fights for survival, BBC report, December 2, 2005
- Turtles in Action, Tulpe Lodge of the Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America, has been to Waveland as part of the relief effort.
- The Giving Circle, Inc., carries out Operation: Waveland, MS, helping to rebuild Waveland.
- alexwrege.com , blog entries and images about a volunteer operation from The University of Toledo.
- Mission to Mississippi , group started in Wayland, Massachusetts to help rebuild Waveland.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Waveland, Mississippi
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "America's Small Beach Town"
- **image map**: Hancock_County_Mississippi_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Waveland_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Waveland, Mississippi
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Mississippi
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Mississippi, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hancock County, Mississippi, Hancock
- **established date**: 1972
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 22.36
- **area land km2**: 21.99
- **area water km2**: 0.37
- **area total sq mi**: 8.63
- **area land sq mi**: 8.49
- **area water sq mi**: 0.14
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 7210
- **population density km2**: 327.90
- **population density sq mi**: 849.23
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation m**: 5
- **elevation ft**: 16
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 39576
- **area code**: Area code 228, 228
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 28-78200
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0679394
Pass Christian, Mississippi

**Pass Christian** is a city in Harrison County, Mississippi, United States, along the Gulf of Mexico.  It is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 5,686 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Pass Christian, Mississippi
- **settlement type**: City
- **image flag**: Flag of Pass Christian, Mississippi.png
- **image map**: Harrison_County_Mississippi_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Pass_Christian_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250x200px
- **map caption**: Location of Pass Christian, MS
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Mississippi
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Mississippi, County
- **subdivision name2**: Harrison County, Mississippi, Harrison
- **area total km2**: 39.6
- **area land km2**: 21.8
- **area water km2**: 17.8
- **area total sq mi**: 15.3
- **area land sq mi**: 8.4
- **area water sq mi**: 6.9
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2020, 2020
- **population total**: 5686
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 4
- **elevation ft**: 13
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 39571
- **area code**: Area code 228, 228
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 28-55400
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0675482
Long Beach, Mississippi

**Long Beach** is a city (incorporated August 10, 1905) in Harrison County, Mississippi, USA. It is part of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, 16,780 people lived there. It also the home of Alphonso Campbell.

## Other websites

- City of Long Beach, MS

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Long Beach, Mississippi
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: The Friendly City
- **image map**: Harrison_County_Mississippi_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Long_Beach_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Long Beach in Mississippi
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Mississippi
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Mississippi, County
- **subdivision name2**: Harrison County, Mississippi, Harrison
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
Municipal incorporation, Incorporated
- **established date**:
August 10, 1905
- **area total sq mi**: 13.99
- **area total km2**: 36.23
- **area land sq mi**: 10.24
- **area land km2**: 26.53
- **area water sq mi**: 3.75
- **area water km2**: 9.70
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 16780
- **population density km2**: 632.53
- **population density sq mi**: 1638.19
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation m**: 8
- **elevation ft**: 26
- **website**: [http://www.cityoflongbeachms.com/ City of Long Beach official website]
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 39560
- **area code**: Area code 228, 228
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 28-41680
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0672794
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Gulfport, Mississippi

**Gulfport** is the second largest city in the U.S. state of Mississippi, after the state capital Jackson. It is the larger (population wise) of two, aom cities of the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, Mississippi Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the city of Gulport had a population of 72,926. Gulfport is co-county seat with Biloxi of Harrison County, Mississippi. Gulfport is the east coast home to the US Navy Seabees, and also the birthplace of American football player Brett Favre.

On August 29, 2005, Gulfport was hit by the strong east side of Hurricane Katrina, and much of Gulfport was flooded or destroyed. Much of Gulfport was also severely damaged by Hurricane Camille on August 17, 1969.

## Other websites

- City of Gulfport's Official web site
- History of Gulfport's Jewish community  (from the Institute of Southern Jewish Life)

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gulfport, Mississippi
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: Where Your Ship Comes In
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top: Downtown Gulfport, Mississippi Aquarium, Dan M. Russell Jr. Courthouse
- **image flag**: Flag of Gulfport, Mississippi.svg
- **image blank emblem**: Logo of Gulfport, Mississippi.svg
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Gulfport
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Mississippi, County
- **subdivision name2**: Harrison County, Mississippi, Harrison
- **government type**: Mayor–council government#Strong-mayor government form, Strong mayor–council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Billy Hewes
- **leader party**: Republican Party (United States), R
- **established title**: Founded
- **established title2**: Municipal incorporation, Incorporated
- **area total sq mi**: 64.01
- **area total km2**: 165.79
- **area land sq mi**: 55.62
- **area land km2**: 144.06
- **area water sq mi**: 8.39
- **area water km2**: 21.73
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 72926
- **population metro**: 416,259 (US: Metropolitan statistical area, 129th)
- **population density km2**: 506.21
- **population density sq mi**: 1311.08
- **population urban**: 236,344 (List of United States urban areas, US: 167th)
- **population density urban sq mi**: 1,401.5
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation m**: 6
- **elevation ft**: 20
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 39501-39503, 39505-39507
- **area code**: Area code 228, 228
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 28-29700
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0670771
- **website**: [http://www.gulfport-ms.gov/ City of Gulfport]
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **governing body**: Gulfport City Council
Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, Mississippi Combined Statistical Area

The **Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula Combined Statistical Area** was made up of five counties in the Mississippi Gulf Coast region. It is not listed as a combined statistical area today.

The statistical area consisted of the Gulfport-Biloxi Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Pascagoula Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2000, the CSA had a population of 396,754. The area was significantly impacted by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. A July 1, 2006 estimate placed the population at 380,309. Prior to the hurricane, the area had experienced steady to moderate population growth.
Gulfport-Biloxi metropolitan area

The **Gulfport-Biloxi Metropolitan Statistical Area** is a metropolitan area in the Mississippi Gulf Coast region that covers four counties – Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, and Stone. At the 2023 estimate, its population was 421,916.

At the 2000 census, the MSA had a population of 246,190. The area was significantly impacted by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. A July 1, 2006, estimate placed the population at 227,904.  Prior to the hurricane, the area had experienced steady to moderate population growth. It is also part of the larger Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula Combined Statistical Area.
Biloxi, Mississippi

**Biloxi** ( ; ) is the second most populous city in Harrison County and the fourth most populous in the U.S. state of Mississippi, in the United States. The 2020 census recorded the population as 49,449. Biloxi is co–county seat with the larger city Gulfport, in the Gulfport-Biloxi, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area, which is included in the Gulfport-Biloxi-Pascagoula, Mississippi Combined Statistical Area.

The beachfront of Biloxi lies directly on the Mississippi Sound, with barrier islands scattered off the coast and into the Gulf of Mexico.

## Other websites

- Official web page
- Photographs of Hurricane Katrina's destruction on Mississippi's Gulf Coast from davidmetraux.com
- History of Biloxi's Jewish community  (from the Institute of Southern Jewish Life)
- _The Sun-Herald_

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Biloxi, Mississippi
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: BiloxiLightHouseandVisitorsCenter.jpg
- **image caption**: The Biloxi Visitors Center and the Biloxi Lighthouse, the city's signature landmark, in November 2011
- **blank emblem type**: Logo
- **image map**: Harrison County Mississippi Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Biloxi Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Harrison County, Mississippi, Harrison County and the state of Mississippi
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Mississippi, County
- **subdivision name2**: Harrison County, Mississippi, Harrison
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Andrew Gilich (R)
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: in 1838 as a township
- **area land km2**: 111.20
- **area water km2**: 64.16
- **area total sq mi**: 67.71
- **area total km2**: 175.36
- **area land sq mi**: 42.94
- **area water sq mi**: 24.77
- **elevation m**: 6
- **elevation ft**: 20
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 49449
- **population metro**: 416259 (US: Metropolitan statistical area, 129th)
- **population density km2**: 444.67
- **population density sq mi**: 1151.69
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **postal code type**: ZIP Codes
- **postal code**: 39530–39535, 39540
- **area code**: Area code 228, 228
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 28-06220
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0667173
El Toro (Six Flags Great Adventure)

**El Toro**, a Spanish term meaning **The Bull**, is a wooden roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, United States. It was opened on June 11, 2006. It had the steepest drop of any wooden roller coaster in the world, at 76 degrees, until Goliath at Six Flags Great America opened in 2014. It is 188 feet tall, a world record breaking drop on a wooden roller coaster, and goes at a maximum (highest possible) speed of 113 km/h. The speed can sometimes be different. At the beginning of the day, it starts slow, but it goes faster and faster throughout the day. It begins at 108 km/h and by the end of the day it travels at 118 km/h. It has 4,400 feet of track, and the trains are known to not really slow down much through the whole ride. El Toro is also known for its strong _airtime_ (when riders would be thrown out of the seats if the restraints were not there).

## Construction

El Toro is quite different than most other wooden roller coasters because it is made out prefabricated track, which means that the pieces of track were cut in a factory and do not need to be cut by hand. This makes the time to build El Toro much shorter. Since it uses prefabricated track, the ride is very smooth. Most wooden roller coasters are known to be quite rough.

## Infobox (roller coaster)

- **name**: El Toro
- **image**: KingdaEltoro.JPG
- **caption**: El Toro, with Kingda Ka and Rolling Thunder (roller coaster), Rolling Thunder in the background
- **location**: Six Flags Great Adventure
- **section**: Plaza del Carnaval
- **previousattraction**: Viper (Six Flags Great Adventure), Viper
- **type**: Wood
- **status**: Operating
- **soft opened**: June 11, 2006
- **opened**: June 12, 2006
- **cost**: $28 million (USD)
- **manufacturer**: Intamin
- **model**: Wooden Coaster (Prefabricated Track)
- **designer**: Werner Stengel
- **track**: Out and Back roller coaster, Out and Back
- **lift**: Cable lift hill
- **capacity**: 1500
- **height ft**: 181
- **drop ft**: 176
- **inversions**: 0
- **speed mph**: 70
- **length ft**: 4,400
- **duration**: 1:42
- **angle**: 76
- **gforce**: 4.4
- **restriction in**: 48-77
- **trains**: 2
- **carspertrain**: 6
- **ridersperrow**: 2
- **rowspercar**: 3
- **virtual queue name**: Flash Pass
- **virtual queue image**: Fastpass availability icon.svg
- **virtual queue status**: available
- **rcdb number**: 3183
Galatea (moon)

|bgcolor="#a0ffa0" colspan="2"|Discovery|
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2" align="center"||
|bgcolor="#000000" colspan="2" align="center"||
|Stephen P. Synnott||
|July 1989||
|colspan="2"|<small>Epoch 18 August 1989 </small>|
|61 953 ± 1 km||
|0.00004 ± 0.00009||
|0.42874431 ± 0.00000001 d||
|0.052 ± 0.011°  (to Neptune equator) 0.06° (to local Laplace plane)||
|Neptune||
|204×184×144 km (±~10 km)||
|2.12 ± 0.08  kg||
|0.75 ± 0.1 g/cm<sup>3</sup>||
|assumed synchronous||
|~zero presumably||
|0.08||
|~51 K mean (estimate)||
|none||

- _There is also an asteroid called 74 Galatea._

**Galatea** or **Neptune VI**, is the fourth closest moon to Neptune. It is named after Galatea, one of the Nereids of Greek legend.

Galatea was found in late July 1989 from the images taken by the _Voyager 2_ probe. It was given the designation **S/1989 N 4**. The discovery was said (IAUC 4824) on August 2, 1989, but the text only talks of "10 frames taken over 5 days", giving a discovery date of sometime before July 28. The name was given on 16 September 1991.

It is not a sphere and shows no sign of any geological changes.

## Other websites

- Galatea Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Nguyen Hue

**Nguyen Hue** (1753–1792) was a general, an emperor of the Tay Son Dynasty in the history of Vietnam. He was born in Tay Son, Binh Dinh Province. His notable victories included: Victory over a Siamese army in Rach Gam and over Qing's army invasion in Dong Da, Thang Long.
Mikoyan MiG-29

The **MiG-29 Fulcrum** is a fighter aircraft made by Russian aircraft company Mikoyan. It first flew in 1977, and was introduced in 1983. It was made by the Soviet Union during the Cold War so it could fight new American fighters like the F-16 Fighting Falcon and F/A-18 Hornet. It is still used by the Russian Air Force and other countries in Europe, Asia and Africa.

## MiG-29s for trying things

There are some versions of the MiG-29 that are for trying things out.

- The **MiG-33 Super Fulcrum** is another MiG-29 that is meant for trying things like ground bombing.

- The **MiG-35 Fulcrum-F** is meant for trying new technology.

## External Video

- Russian Multirole fighter 『MiG-35 (NATO reporting name: Fulcrum-F)』Official Video
    - - Sponsored by ROSOBORONEXPORT,JSC

## Related pages

- Su-27 Flanker
Emmy Rossum

**Emmanuelle Grey "Emmy" Rossum** (born September 12, 1986) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Laura Chapman in the 2004 movie _The Day After Tomorrow_ and as Christine Daae in _The Phantom of the Opera_. She is also known for her role as Fiona Gallagher in the comedy-drama televisions series _Shameless_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Emmy Rossum
- **image**: Emmy Rossum cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Rossum in 2010
- **birth name**: Emmanuelle Grey Rossum
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, singer, songwriter
- **years active**: 1996–present (actress)
1993–present (singer)
- **spouse**: Justin Siegel (m. 2008–2010)
Bedouin

**Bedouins** are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the Arabian, Syrian and Saharan Deserts.

They call themselves the _people of the tent_, because they travelled around, living in tents. Bedouin were camel raisers and drivers, sheep and goat nomads, cattle driving nomads, and merchants. Today many Bedouin have given up the nomadic life and live and work in towns. The Bedouin are the original Breeders of the Arabian Horse.

## Related pages

- Arab people
- Tribe of Arabia
Hmong

**Hmong** might mean:

- Hmong people, an Asian ethnic group
- Hmong language, the language of the Hmong people
26 (number)

**26** (**twenty-six**) is a number. It comes between twenty-five and twenty-seven, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 13, and 26.

## Infobox (number)
27 (number)

**27** (**twenty-seven**) is a number. It comes between twenty-six and twenty-eight, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 3, 9, and 27.

## Infobox (number)
28 (number)

**28** (**twenty-eight**) is a number. It comes between twenty-seven and twenty-nine. Twenty-eight is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28. 28 is a perfect number. The perfect number before twenty-eight is six.

## Infobox (number)
29 (number)

**29** (**twenty-nine**) is a number. It comes between twenty-eight and thirty, and is an odd number.  It is also the 10th prime number, after 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, and 23.

## Science

29 is the atomic number of copper.

## Infobox (number)
31 (number)

**31** (**thirty-one**) is a number. It comes between thirty and thirty-two, and is an odd number.  It is also the 11th prime number, after 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,  23, and 29.

The factors of thirty-one are 1 and 31.

In Roman Numerals, 31 is written as **XXXI**.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 31
32 (number)

**32** (**thirty-two**) is a number. It comes between thirty-one and thirty-three, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16, and 32. It is also a power of two.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 32
- **divisor**: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
33 (number)

**33** (**thirty-three**) is a natural or counting number. It comes between thirty-two and thirty-four, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 3, 11, and 33.

## In movies

The 33 is a Spanish movie about workers struggle to survive after a disaster strikes in copper and gold mine.

## In religion

In the Bible, Noah's name was mentioned 33 times when God made a promise or covenant with him. In superstitions, 33 is believed to be an angel number  which means growth and development.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 33
- **divisor**: 1, 3, 11, 33
34 (number)

**34** (**thirty-four**) is a number. It comes between thirty-three and thirty-five, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 17, and 34.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 34
- **divisor**: 1, 2, 17, 34
35 (number)

**35** (**thirty-five**) is a number. It comes between thirty-four and thirty-six, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 5, 7, and 35.

## Infobox (number)
36 (number)

**36** (**thirty-six**) is a number. It comes between thirty-five and thirty-seven, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 36. 36 is the 6th square number after 1, 4, 9, 16, and 25.

## Infobox (number)
37 (number)

**37** (**thirty-seven**) is a number. It comes between thirty-six and thirty-eight, and is an odd number.  It is also the 12th prime number, after 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,  23,  29, and 31.

## Infobox (number)
Jewitchery

**Jewitchery** is a modern religion which has been based on minority beliefs.  It started in the New Age beliefs of the 1970s.
Larissa (moon)

|bgcolor="#a0ffa0" colspan="2"|Discovery|
| --- | --- |
|bgcolor="#000000" colspan="2" align="center"|<span style="color:white;"><small>Two views of Larissa by _Voyager 2_</small></span>|
|Harold J. Reitsema, William B. Hubbard, Larry A. Lebofsky,  and David J. Tholen||
|May 24, 1981||
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<small>Epoch 18 August 1989 </small>|
|73 548 ± 1 km||
|0.001393 ± 0.00008||
|0.55465332 ± 0.00000001 d||
|0.251 ± 0.009°  (to Neptune equator) 0.205° (to local Laplace plane)||
|Neptune||
|216×204×164 km (± ~10 km)||
|~4.2 kg (estimate)||
|~1.2 g/cm<sup>3</sup> (estimate)||
|assumed synchronous||
|~zero presumably||
|0.09||
|~51 K mean (estimate)||
|none||

**Larissa** or **Neptune VII**, is the fifth closest moon to Neptune. It is named after Larissa, a lover of Poseidon (Neptune) in Greek mythology.

It was first found by Harold J. Reitsema, William B. Hubbard, Larry A. Lebofsky and David J. Tholen based on ground-based stellar occultation observations on May 24, 1981, and given the designation **S/1981 N 1** and said on 29 May 1981. The moon was refound and confirmed to be the only object in its orbit during the _Voyager 2_ flyby in 1989 after which it received another designation **S/1989 N 2** on August 2, 1989.

Larissa is not a sphere and appears to be cratered a lot, with no sign of any geological changes. Little else is known about it.

## Other websites

- Larissa Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Borat Sagdiyev

**Borat Sagdiyev ** (Kazakh and Russian: **Борат Сагдиев**) is a fictional Kazakh journalist, created and portrayed by the English comedian Sacha Baron Cohen.
Dermatology

**Dermatology** is a branch of medicine that deals with skin, hair, sweat glands, etc.

**Dermatologists** are doctors who diagnose and treat diseases and tumors of the skin, hair, and sweat glands.

Dermatologists help treat acne, eczema, skin cancer, and other skin conditions.
Maria Röhl

**Maria Christina Röhl**, (1801-1875), was a Swedish artist. She was a sketch artist and drew portraits of many famous people. In Sweden, her name is spelled as Maria Röhl.

Her paintings are displayed at the national museum at in Stockholm, and in the royal library, there are one thousand eight hundred of her portraits.

She was born in a rich family, but in 1822, her parents died, and she became poor. She then thought that she would become a teacher, but the artist Christian Forsell taught her to draw portraits of people like an artist.

She made portratis of friends of the rich family she lived with, and soon, it had become popular to go to her when you wanted to have a picture of yourself. This was before photography, and it was cheaper than having your portrait painted in oil.

The king made her a court-painter in 1843, and in 1843-1846, she studied in Paris. She worked as a portrait-drawer for thirty years. Eventually, however, the new art of photography led to less assignments for her.
Proteus (moon)

**Proteus** or **Neptune VIII**, is the second biggest moon of Neptune, and its biggest close moon. It is named after Proteus, the shape-changing sea god of Greek mythology.

Proteus was found from the images taken by _Voyager 2_ probe during the Neptune flyby in 1989. It got the designation **S/1989 N 1**. Stephen P. Synnott and Bradford A. Smith said (IAUC 4806) its discovery on July 7, 1989, speaking only of “17 frames taken over 21 days”, which gives a discovery date of sometime before June 16. The name was given on 16 September 1991.

Proteus is more than 400 kilometres in diameter, bigger than Nereid, another moon of Neptune. However, it was not found by Earth-based telescopes because it is so close to the planet that it is lost in the glare of reflected sunlight.

Proteus is one of the darkest objects in the solar system. Like Saturn's moon Phoebe, it reflects only 6 percent of the sunlight that hits it. Proteus is very cratered, showing no sign of any geological changes. It is also not a sphere; scientists believe Proteus is about as big as a body of its density can be without being pulled into a spherical shape by its own gravity. Saturn's moon Mimas has much more spherical shape despite being less massive than Proteus.

## Other websites

- Proteus Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration
- IAU Circular describing the discovery of S/1989 N 1 <small>(with mandatory IAU web policy statement)</small>
- Proteus page on _The Nine Planets_
- Proteus, A Moon Of Neptune on _Views of the Solar System_
- Ted Stryk's Proteus Page

## Infobox (planet)

- **name**: Proteus
- **image**: Proteus (Voyager 2).jpg
- **bgcolour**: #a0ffa0
- **discoverer**: Voyager 2
 Stephen P. Synnott
- **discovered**: ~June 16, 1989
- **epoch**: 18 August  1989
- **semimajor**: 117,647 ± 1 kilometre, km (0.00079 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.00053 ± 0.00009
- **periapsis**: 117,584 ± 10 kilometer, km
- **apoapsis**: 117,709 ± 10 kilometer, km
- **period**: 1.12231477 ± 0.00000002 day, d
- **avg speed**: 7.623 km/s
- **inclination**: 0.524°  (to Neptune equator)

0.026 ± 0.007° (to local Laplace plane)
- **satellite of**: Neptune (planet), Neptune
- **dimensions**: 440×416×404 km (± ~15 km)
- **volume**: 3.4 ± 0.3 cubic kilometer, km³
- **mass**: ~4.4 kilogram, kg (estimate)
- **density**: ~1.3 g/cm³ (estimate)
- **surface grav**: ~0.06 Acceleration, m/s<sup>2</sup> (0.006 g)
- **escape velocity**: ~0.16 km/s
- **rotation**: synchronous rotation, synchronous
- **axial tilt**: zero
- **albedo**: 0.096
- **magnitude**: 20.3
- **single temperature**: ~51 Kelvin, K mean (estimate)
Nereid (moon)

**Nereid** or **Neptune II**, is a moon of Neptune.

Nereid was found on 1 May 1949 by Gerard Kuiper, who suggested the name in the report of his discovery.  It is named after the Nereids, sea-nymphs of Greek mythology.

It was the farthest of Neptune's known moons for a long time (Halimede through Neso have since taken that honour), and is the third biggest, with a diameter of 340 km.  Its orbit averages 5,513,400 km in radius, but is very eccentric and varies from 1,353,600 to 9,623,700 kilometres.  For a long time this was the most highly eccentric orbit of any known moon in the solar system, but Bestla, a more recently discovered moon of Saturn has a more eccentric orbit.  The unusual orbit suggests that it may be a captured asteroid or Kuiper belt object, or possibly that it was perturbed during the capture of Neptune's largest moon Triton.  Very little else is known of Nereid.

Nereid was too far to be properly imaged by the _Voyager 2_ probe when it visited the Neptune system in 1989. Photos sent back show only its very non-spherical shape, and no surface features could be seen at the resolution available.

## Other websites

- Nereid Profile  by NASA's Solar System Exploration

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #a0ffa0
- **name**: Nereid
- **image**: Nereid-Voyager2.jpg
- **discoverer**: Gerard P. Kuiper
- **discovered**: May 1, 1949
- **semimajor**: 5,513,400 kilometre, km (0.03685 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.7512
- **periapsis**: 1,353,600 kilometer, km (0.00905 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **apoapsis**: 9,623,700 kilometer, km (0.06433 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **period**: 360.1362 days, d
- **avg speed**: 1.12 km/s
- **inclination**: 5.07° (to Ecliptic)
 32.55° (to Neptune's equator)
 7.232° (to the local Laplace plane)
- **satellite of**: Neptune (planet), Neptune
- **mean radius**: 170 km
- **mass**: 3.1 kilogram, kg
- **density**: 1.5 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
- **rotation**: 0.48 d (11 h 31 min)
- **albedo**: 0.14
- **single temperature**: ~51 Kelvin, K mean (estimate)
38 (number)

**38** (**thirty-eight**) is a number. It comes between thirty-seven and thirty-nine, and is an even number.  It is divisible by 1, 2, 19, and 38.

## Infobox (number)
39 (number)

**39** (**thirty-nine**) is a number. It comes between thirty-eight and forty, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 3, 13, and 39.

## Infobox (number)
41 (number)

**41** (**forty-one**) is a number. It comes between forty and forty-two, and is an odd number.  It is also the 13th prime number, after 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,  23,  29, 31, and 37.

## Infobox (number)
Ocean Springs, Mississippi

**Ocean Springs** is a city in Jackson County, Mississippi, USA, about 2 miles east of Biloxi. It is part of the Pascagoula, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 18,429 at the 2020 census.

## Other websites

- Ocean Springs Archives
- Ocean Springs Chamber of Commerce
- Scharr-Ello Music Foundation of Ocean Springs

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ocean Springs, Mississippi
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: City of Discovery
- **image seal**: Seal of Ocean Springs, Mississippi.jpg
- **image map**: Jackson_County_Mississippi_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Ocean_Springs_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Ocean Springs, Mississippi
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the contiguous United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Mississippi
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Mississippi, County
- **subdivision name2**: Jackson County, Mississippi, Jackson
- **government type**: Council-manager government, Mayor-council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader title1**: City Council, Aldermen
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Unofficially incorporated (settlement)
- **established date**: April 1699
- **established title1**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated (village)
- **established date1**: 1843
- **established title2**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated (city)
- **established date2**: September 9, 1892
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 39.38
- **area land km2**: 29.92
- **area water km2**: 9.47
- **area total sq mi**: 15.21
- **area land sq mi**: 11.55
- **area water sq mi**: 3.66
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 18429
- **population density km2**: 616.04
- **population density sq mi**: 1595.58
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation m**: 7
- **elevation ft**: 23
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 39564-39566
- **area code**: Area code 228, 228
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 28-53520
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0675137
- **website**: [http://www.oceansprings-ms.gov/ www.oceansprings-ms.gov]