juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
John Edwards

**Johnny Reid "John" Edwards** (born June 10, 1953) is an American politician. He served one term as U.S. Senator from North Carolina.

## Early life

Johnny Edwards was born at Prisma Health Oconee Memorial Hospital in Seneca, South Carolina, He was the son of Wallace Edwards and Catharine Edwards, He studied Clemson University and North Carolina State University,  He graduated with a Bachelor's degree of textile technology in 1974, After that he graduated as a Doctor of Law at University of North Carolina School of Law .

## Lawyer

Before his time in the Senate, he was a lawyer. He argued and won several big cases about doctors who gave bad care and caused harm to patients. He also won lawsuits for people who had been injured by negligence of businesses or by using their products.

His best known case was for a Cary, North Carolina three year old girl. She was badly injured by being sucked into an open drain in a swimming pool playpool for toddlers. Her family won enough money from the drain company to pay for her medical care for the rest of her life.

## Political career

Edwards served for one term in the United States Senate from 1999 to 2005, serving his state of North Carolina. He decided not to run for re-election as he was running for president, and later vice-president, in the 2004 election cycle. He ran for President of the United States twice, in 2004 and 2008, but was defeated by John Kerry and Barack Obama in the Primaries.  He was later chosen to be the Democratic candidate for Vice-President in 2004 on the Kerry ticket, but he was defeated by incumbent Vice-President Dick Cheney.

## Personal life

In 2008, he admitted to having an affair while his wife, Elizabeth was dying.  He has written several books.

## Other websites

- John Edwards for President  official campaign website

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Edwards
- **image**: John Edwards, official Senate photo portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: North Carolina
- **term start**: January 3, 1999
- **term end**: January 3, 2005
- **predecessor**: Lauch Faircloth
- **successor**: Richard Burr
- **birth name**: Johnny Reid Edwards
- **birth place**: Seneca, South Carolina, Seneca, South Carolina, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **partner**: Rielle Hunter (2006–2015)
- **children**: 5, including Cate Edwards, Cate
- **education**: Clemson University
 (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of North Carolina, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Juris Doctor, JD)
- **signature**: John Edwards Signature.svg
Fuller Theological Seminary

The **Fuller Theological Seminary** is in Pasadena, California. It is one of North America's largest seminaries. The Seminary has over 4,300 students from over 67 countries and 108 denominations.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Fuller Theological Seminary
- **image**: 2008-1226-Pasadena-005-FullerTS.jpg
- **caption**: Payton Hall on the Pasadena campus
- **established**: 1947
- **type**: Private
- **president**: Richard Mouw
- **postgrad**: 4,300
- **city**: Pasadena, California, Pasadena
- **state**: California
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban
- **website**: [http://www.fuller.edu/ www.fuller.edu]
Bachelor of Divinity

In Western Christian theology, a **Bachelor of Divinity** (BD or BDiv) is usually an undergraduate academic degree given for courses taken in the study of divinity. At some institutions, the BD is a higher degree than the Bachelor of Arts.

## Related pages

- Bachelor of Arts
- Master of Arts
Freespire

**Freespire** is a Linux distribution made with parts from Ubuntu. It was made to make using free software easy, while giving the choice to use non-free (not open source) parts. These parts might be programs, drivers, or codecs. Linspire, a commercial Linux distribution, is made from Freespire.

## Related pages

- List of Linux distributions

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: Freespire
- **screenshot**: Freespire-2.0.8.png
- **caption**: Freespire's desktop without any changes.
- **developer**: [http://www.linspire.com/ Linspire, Inc.] and the Freespire community.
- **family**: Linux
- **working state**: Current
- **source model**: GPL
- **language**: English language, English
- **kernel type**: Monolithic
- **ui**: KDE
- **license**: GPL with proprietary components
Spiritual gift

In Christianity, the **spiritual gifts** are gifts given to Christians. Each Christian has his or her own gift (or gifts). They are talked about in the New Testament, mainly in First Corinthians 12, Romans 12, and Ephesians 4. Some believe that they only worked in early Christianity.

## Related pages

- Charisma
- Divine grace
Sanctification

The word **sanctification** refers to the act of making holy or setting apart as special. The word is used five times in the Authorized Version of the New Testament (1 Corinthians 1:30, 1 Thessalonians 4:3,1 Thessalonians 4:4, 2 Thessalonians 2:13, and 1 Peter 1:2).

To **sanctify** means “to set apart for special use or purpose,” and “to make holy or sacred,” and etymologically from the Latin verb 'sanctificare' which in turn is from _sanctus_ “holy” and _facere_ “to make.”

When an object or place is made holy, usually a ceremony is performed. Then people see that it is a special object or place and treat it with respect.  A person may also be "set apart for special purpose", as when a priest or pastor is ordained.

Sanctification can also refer to how a person becomes a good moral person, or  someone with a close relationship to God.  This may not include any ceremony.  Persons who achieve this holiness are sometimes called Saints.  Some churches have a list of saints who have been recognized as having been especially holy persons.

Generally in Protestant teaching, all Christians are considered saints.  All are expected to become people who are close to God and who live a life like that which Jesus taught.  Reading the Bible, prayer, worshiping God and Jesus and telling others about their faith are important in becoming sanctified.

In Christianity, sanctification may be seen as one part of salvation. Forgiveness of sin, becoming holy, and going to heaven are the three parts of salvation.
Glossolalia

**Glossolalia**, or **speaking in tongues**, is speaking rapid speech-like syllables which cannot be understood. In some cases it is part of religious practice. Some consider it as a part of a sacred language. It is a common practice amongst Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity.

## Linguistics

In 1972 a linguist from the University of Toronto published an assessment of Pentecostal glossolalia. His assessment was based on a large sample of glossolalia recorded in public and private Christian meetings in Italy, the Netherlands, Jamaica, Canada and the US.

Samarin found that glossolalic speech is like human language in some respects. The speaker uses accent, rhythm, intonation and pauses to break up the speech into distinct units. Each unit is itself made up of syllables. The syllables are formed from consonants and vowels taken from a language known to the speaker:
> It is verbal behaviour that consists of using a certain number of consonants and vowels... in a limited number of syllables that in turn are organized into larger units that are taken apart and rearranged pseudogrammatically... with variations in pitch, volume, speed and intensity.<sup>p120</sup>

Samarin found that the resemblance to human language was just on the surface. He concluded that glossolalia is "only a facade of language".<sup>p128</sup> The syllable string did not form words, the stream of speech was not internally organized, and – most importantly of all – there was no systematic relationship between units of speech and concepts. Humans use language to communicate but glossolalia does not. Therefore, he concluded that glossolalia is not "a specimen of human language because it is neither internally organized nor systematically related to the world man perceives".<sup>p128</sup> On the basis of his linguistic analysis, Samarin defined Pentecostal glossolalia as "meaningless but phonologically structured human utterance, believed by the speaker to be a real language but bearing no systematic resemblance to any natural language, living or dead".<sup>p2</sup>
Christian hedonism

**Christian hedonism** is a controversial Christian doctrine in some evangelical churches, partly those of the Reformed tradition. This term was made by Baptist pastor John Piper in his 1986 book _Desiring God_. Piper talks about this philosophy of the Christian life as "God is most glorified in us when we are most satisfied in Him."
Yucatec language

**Yucatec Maya** ("Maaya T'aan" in the revised orthography of the _Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala_) is a Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula. It is also spoken in northern Belize and parts of Guatemala. To native speakers, it is known only as Maya - "Yucatec" is a label linguists use to distinguish it from other Mayan languages (such as K'iche' and Itza' Maya).

In the Mexican states of Yucatán, northern Campeche and Quintana Roo, Maya remains many speakers' first language today, with approximately 800,000 speakers.
Uxmal

**Uxmal** is a large pre-Columbian city. The ruins are in Mexico today, in the state of Yucatán. According to the records of the Maya, the city was built around the year 500 AD. According to current research, about 25.000 people lived there. Most of the buildings that can be seen today were built between 700 and 1100. After 1200, there seems to be no new construction. The ruling family moved their capital elsewhere, and the population of the city declined.

According to the documents of the Spanish conquerors, the city still had some importance in the 1550s. It was probably abandoned soon afterwards, as the Spanish built no city nearby.
Tayasal

**Tayasal** is a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site from the Postclassic period.  The site is in the southern Maya lowlands on a small island in Lake Petén Itzá. This island is now part of the Department of Petén in northern Guatemala.  Tayasal was the capital of one of the last independent Maya polities to be conquered by the Spanish _conquistadores_ and colonizers, along with Zacpeten (the capital of the Ko'woj Maya) and Eixequil (the Yalnain capital), in 1697.

As an archaeological site, it was heavily damaged by the Spanish after its fall.  The capital city of the modern Petén department, Flores, has been built over the island and the nearby shores of the lake.

The Itza left the Yucatán region in the 13th century and built the city later known as Tayasal as their capital. They called it _Noh Petén_, or literally "City Island". It was also called _Tah Itzá_, or Place of the Itzá.

In 1541, Hernán Cortés came to the island, on route to Honduras, but needed to move on and did not try to conquer it due to its very good defensive position.

The Spanish were not able to conquer the island until 1697, after several attempts, that begun in 1629, when they marched in, from Corozal in Belize, Yucatán and Alta Verapaz, attacked with boats, and destroyed it. Many Itzá people hid in the jungle for years. The structures of Noh Petén were turned into the Roman Catholic Church and other buildings in the city of Flores.

## Related pages

- Spanish conquest of Yucatán

## Other websites

- History and Photos from Tayasal, Zacpetén and Queixil Islands
Archaeological site

An **archaeological site** is a place where physical remains of the past survive. The archaeologists working there will carefully record what they find. They may also change the site so that what has been found can be preserved better.

The site will have trenches so that people can excavate better. To start the excavation, the topsoil will be removed. Special tools like pickaxes and mattocks are used to break up and remove very hard compacted soil. Shovels and spades are used to clear away bulk debris. Other hand tools used in bulk cleanup work are hoes, rakes, forks, and the wheelbarrow to cart it away.

## Famous sites

There are several famous prehistoric archaeological sites. One is Olduvai Gorge, where _Homo habilis_ lived around 1.9 million years ago. Another is Stonehenge, a monument built in the Neolithic era that is around 5,000 years old.

Other famous archaeological sites around the world include:

- The Great Wall of China
- Chichén Itzá
- The Great Pyramids
- The Acropolis of Athens
- The Colosseum
- Angkor Wat
- Machu Picchu
- Teotihuacán
- Pompeii
- Mohenjo-daro
- Alexandria
- Carthage

## Related pages

- Cultural heritage
- Ruins
Copán

**Copán** was a Maya city. Today, the ruins are in Honduras, near the border to Guatemala. The kingdom of Copan flourished from the 5th to the 9th century. The people would hire slaves to build houses. If they hired 80 - 100 workers it would usually take them around 2-3 months to finish it
Stephenie Meyer

**Stephenie Meyer** (born December 24, 1973 in Hartford, Connecticut) is an American author. She was raised in Phoenix, Arizona. She is the author of the _Twilight_ series. _The Host_, Meyer's first adult novel, was released on May 6, 2008.

## Critical reception

Meyer's first novel, _Twilight_, has won numerous honors, including:

- A _New York Times_ Editor's Choice
- A Publishers Weekly Best Book of the Year
- An Amazon.com "Best Book of the Decade...So Far"
- A _Teen People_ "Hot List" pick
- An American Library Association "Top Ten Best Book for Young Adults" and "Top Ten Books for Reluctant Readers”
- Translation into 20 languages

## Other websites

- Stephenie Meyer's official website
- The Twilight Series's official website
- The Twilight Lexicon
- Stephenie's IMDB page

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Stephenie Meyer
- **image**: Stephenie Meyer Eclipse Tour.jpg
- **birth place**: Hartford, Connecticut, United States
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **genre**: Fantasy, Romance novel, Romance, Young adult fiction, Young Adult
Flora Thompson

**Flora Jane Thompson** (5 December 1877 – 21 May 1947) was an English novelist and poet that was famous for her semi-autobiographical trilogy about the English countryside, _Lark Rise to Candleford_.

She was born in _Juniper Hill_, a hamlet in north-east Oxfordshire. She was the eldest of six children of the stonemason Albert and the nursemaid Emma Timms. In her books her favourite brother, Edwin, is mentioned as important companion during her childhood. He was killed near Ypres in 1916. Flora was educated in the village _Cottisford_ and worked in various post offices in southern England. The first of these was _Fringford_, a village about four miles north-east of Bicester. Flora started work here in 1891, as assistant to the postmistress, Mrs. Kezia Whitton. Among other post offices where Flora worked was that at _Grayshott_, in Hampshire, and she later moved to Bournemouth. In 1903, she married John William Thompson, with whom she had two sons and a daughter.

Flora benefited from good access to books when the public library opened in Winton, in 1907. Not long after, in 1911, she won an essay competition in _The Ladies Companion_ for a 300-word essay on Jane Austen. She later wrote extensively, publishing short stories and magazine and newspaper articles. She was a keen self-taught naturalist and many of her nature articles were anthologised in 1986.

Her most famous works are the _Lark Rise to Candleford_ trilogy, which she sent as essays to _Oxford University Press_ in 1938 and which were published soon after. The books are a, if autobiographical, but fictionalised social history of rural English life in the late 19th and early 20th century and are now considered minor classics.

Flora Thompson died in 1947 in _Brixham_, Devon and is buried at Longcross Cemetery, Dartmouth, Devon.

### Verse

- _Bog Myrtle and Peat_ (1921)

### Novels

- _Lark Rise_ (1939)
- _Over to Candleford_ (1941)
- _Candleford Green_ (1943)
- _Lark Rise to Candleford_ (1945, above three novels published as a trilogy)
- _Still Glides the Stream_ (1948, published posthumously)
- _Heatherley_ (sequel to Lark Rise to Candleford written c.1944 - published posthumously first in A Country Calendar 1979 along with some _Peverel Papers_ and some poems; then as single volume 1998)
- _Gates of Eden_ (serialised in _The Peverel Monthly_ edited by Flora in the late 1920s but never published as a separate volume)

### Nature articles

- _The Peverel Papers_ (1986, published posthumously)

## Other websites

- Flora Thompson website
- Lark Rise to Candleford website
ClamWin

**ClamWin Free Antivirus** is a free, open source antivirus software for Microsoft Windows. It provides a graphical user interface to the ClamAV engine.

ClamWin is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License and can be downloaded from the official website for free.

## Other websites

de:ClamAV#ClamWin für Windows

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: ClamWin  Free Antivirus
- **logo**: ClamWin Logo.png
- **screenshot**: ClamWin on Ubuntu.png
- **caption**: ClamWin 0.93
- **collapsible**: yes
- **developer**: ClamWin Pty Ltd
- **platform**: ClamAV
- **latest release version**: 0.99.1
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows
- **programming language**: C++ and Python (programming language), Python
- **genre**: Antivirus software, Anti-virus
- **license**: GNU General Public License
Masonry

**Masonry** is the building of structures from individual units laid in and bound together by mortar. The term "masonry" can also refer to the units themselves.

The common materials of masonry construction are brick, stone such as marble, granite, travertine, limestone; concrete block, glass block, and tile. Masonry is generally a highly durable form of construction.

## Applications

Masonry is commonly used for the walls of buildings, retaining walls and monuments. Brick is the most common type of masonry. Concrete block masonry is rapidly gaining in popularity as a comparable material.

## Related pages

- Castle
- Defensive wall
- Stonemasonry
- Freemasonry

## Other websites

- Mason Contractors Association of America
- MasonrySystems.org
- International Masonry Institute
- International Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers
- Masonry Advisory Council
- National Concrete Masonry Association
Lark Rise to Candleford

***Lark Rise to Candleford***  is a trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels set in the English countryside in the late 19th century. They were written by Flora Thompson, and first published in that form in 1945. The trilogy includes the previously published stories _Lark Rise_ (1939), _Over to Candleford_ (1941) and _Candleford Green_ (1943).

The stories relate to three communities, a hamlet, the nearby village and the nearest town in Oxfordshire, England. The stories are loosely based around Flora's childhood experiences. The books describe village life through the seasons of the year.

## The plays

The television scriptwriter and playwright Keith Dewhurst adapted Thompson’s trilogy into two plays, _Lark Rise_ and _Candleford_, which were performed in the Cottesloe auditorium of London’s National Theatre in 1978–9. Dewhurst selected just two days: the first day of harvest for _Lark Rise_ and the first hunt meet of the new year, a winter’s day in January, for _Candleford_. The plays try to make the audience recognize the value of a way of life, close to the land and countryside, that they could never know for themselves. “It will send most spectators out wiser and happier human beings...one of those rare theatrical occasions with a genuine healing quality”,  wrote theatre critic Michael Billington of _The Guardian_.

## Television

A ten-part BBC adaptation, starring Dawn French and others, began on BBC One in the UK on 13 January 2008.

## Other websites

- Lark Rise Visited   The Soundtrack from the TV show.
- Great War Fiction Commentary from a resident of Juniper Hill—the real village of “Lark Rise”.
Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series)

***Lark Rise to Candleford*** is a British television costume drama series, adapted by the BBC from Flora Thompson's trilogy of semi-autobiographical novels about the English countryside. The first episode aired on 13 January 2008 on BBC One and BBC HD. Its cast includes actors from other late 2007 and early 2008 BBC costume dramas such as _Sense and Sensibility_ and _Cranford_.

The story set in Oxfordshire. It is about Laura Timmins, a teenage girl from the village of Lark Rise who is sent by her parents to work as an assistant at the post office in the nearby town of Candleford.  The post office is run by Miss Dorcas Lane, who is a cousin of Laura's mother.  Laura's father, the stonemason Robert Timmins, at first misses her but later becomes proud of her for doing well in her new job.  Laura's friend Alf Arless is in love with her, but, as Laura becomes used to life in Candleford, he realises that she will never return his feelings.

The other post office workers are the postman, Thomas Brown, a very religious man who tries not to get involved in any kind of mischief or fun; the maid Zillah, who has been with Miss Lane for many years and considers herself in charge of the household; and Mrs Macey, the senior assistant who decides to leave when other people find out that her husband has been in prison.

A second series began in January 2009, introducing some new characters. These include a new maid, Minnie, and a rich hotel-owner, James Dowland, who falls in love with Dorcas Lane.

In the end, the series had a four season run. The BBC stopped a fifth season, because the team felt that after four seasons, the time was right to bring in new dramas. It was said they hoped viewers would love the new programmes in the same way.  The last episode on BBC was in early 2011.

## Changes from source material

The Debtors Act of 1869 abolished putting people in prison for debt they could not pay.  The series makes much of Mrs Arless', played by Dawn French, imprisonment for debt. In the novels the events are played out in the 1880s and later. So imprisonment for debt would therefore be a mistake in the chronology of time.

## Other websites

- _Lark Rise to Candleford_ at bbc.co.uk
- Lark Rise Visited   The Soundtrack from the TV show.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Drama
- **writer**: Bill Gallagher (screenplay)
- **starring**: Julia Sawalha
Dawn French
Olivia Hallinan
Olivia Grant (1983 British actress), Olivia Grant
Ben Miles
Claudie Blakley
Brendan Coyle
Matilda Ziegler
Victoria Hamilton
Linda Bassett
Karl Johnson
- **narrated**: Sarah Lancashire
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English language, English
- **num series**: 4
- **num episodes**: 40
- **list episodes**: #Episodes
- **executive producer**: Bill Gallagher
Susan Hogg
- **producer**: Grainne Marmion
- **cinematography**: Balazs Bolygo
- **runtime**: 60 min.
- **network**: BBC One, BBC HD
Cinnabar

**Cinnabar** is a mineral. It is the main ore of mercury and is made up of the chemical mercuric sulphide (HgS).

Cinnabar exists in two crystal forms. Red cinnabar is used for the pigment vermilion. It is poisonous, and may go black with age. The other crystal form is black, and does not react chemically to anything except strong acids. Cinnabar has a Mohs hardness of 2–2.5.

Cinnabar has been mined since the Neolithic age.
Rattlesnake

The **rattlesnake** is a kind of snake, a reptile. About 50 species of rattlesnakes are known: they are a kind of pit viper.

There are two groups of rattlesnakes: the genera _Crotalus_ and _Sistrurus_. All  have a venomous bite, and some are much more dangerous than others. Pit vipers  have a set of heat-sensing "pits" on their heads which help them find prey and move towards it, even in the dark.

The name _rattlesnake_ is used because they have a special tail with several parts on the end that can make a loud _bzzzz_ sound, or rattle. This defends them against predators and large animals. It acts as a warning signal.

Rattlesnakes are native to the Americas from southwest Canada to central Argentina. They usually live in dry areas.  They eat small animals such as birds and rodents.

When they are young, many are eaten by birds. When they are adult, they have a particular enemy: the common kingsnake, _Lampropeltis getula_, a colubrid snake.
12 Rounds (movie)

***12 Rounds*** is a 2009 movie. It is directed by Renny Harlin and produced by WWE Films. The actors include John Cena, Steve Harris, Aidan Gillen, and Brian J. White. Filming took place in New Orleans between February 25 and May 12, 2008. It was released in the United States on March 27, 2009.

## The Story

The movie follows Danny Baxter (Cena), a New Orleans police detective, as he begins a 12-round battle of wits to recover his kidnapped girlfriend, Janine, from criminal master Miles Jackson III.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: 12 Rounds
- **director**: Renny Harlin
- **producer**: Mark Gordon
Josh McLaughlin
Michael Lake
Vince McMahon
Becki Trujillo
- **writer**: Dan Kunka
- **starring**: John Cena
Steve Harris (actor), Steve Harris
Aidan Gillen
Brian J. White
- **distributor**: Fox Atomic
- **released**: March 13, 2009
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $6.7 million
- **gross**: $17.3 million
Miami Seaquarium

The **Miami Seaquarium** is an aquarium on Virginia Key, in Miami, Florida. The park has animals such as dolphins, whales, snakes, crocodiles, alligators, sharks, fish, parrots, turtles or sea turtles, etc. It has been open since 1955.

The main attraction is Lolita, the world's oldest captive orca. She is now the park's only orca. Animal rights activists have long argued that the tank does not meet federal minimum requirements (Animal Welfare Act). The USDA has recently made statements in support of the activists' argument. However, Lolita is a special case.
Winter solstice

The **winter solstice** is the time when the sun has the biggest distance to the Tropic of Cancer. After this, the sun is going to move to back in the direction of the equator.

The Earth revolves around the Sun. The sunlight reaches the Earth at an angle. On each day of the year, the sun will be perpendicular at a given latitude. At the start of spring and at the start of autumn it passes over the equator. On the June Solstice it is over the Tropic of Cancer, at 23.5 degrees north. In the Northern Hemisphere this is the longest day of the year, which has the shortest night and is called the Summer Solstice. In the Southern Hemisphere this is the shortest day of the year, which has the longest night and is called the Winter Solstice. On the December Solstice it is over the Tropic of Capricorn, at 23.5 degrees south. In the Southern Hemisphere this is the longest day of the year, which has the shortest night and is called the Summer Solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere this is the shortest day of the year, which has the longest night and is called the Winter Solstice.

For the northern hemisphere, the Winter solstice is around 21 December. This means that the sun is at the southern tropic. For the southern Hemisphere, the winter solstice is around 21 June. This means that the sun is at the northern tropic.

The word solstice comes from Latin _Sol_ (sun) and _sistere_ (to not move), winter solstice meaning Sun standstill in winter.

The earth prone and moves in an elliptic way around the sun. Because of this, the point from where the sun is shining moves between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer.

The winter solstice is celebrated around 21 December since 1582, when Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar.

## Related pages

- Yule
Sergio Castillo

**Sergio Castillo** (13 May 1925 – 19 August 2010 in Santiago, Chile) was a sculptor.

He began as an architect. In 1948 he travelled to Paris and took painting courses. After returning to Chile he attended the Faculty of Arts of the University of Chile, where he studied with two known teachers, Lily Garafulic and Marta Colvin. In 1956 he studied at the Art Student League of New York. From 1967 he taught at the University of Chile. He lived and worked for many years at San Lorenzo del Escorial, Spain. In 1985 he joined the faculty of Boston University, in the US. He built several large pieces on the campus of Boston University.

He won the National Award in Art (1997). “50 años creando mis animales en acero” (50 years making my steel animals) is his recent exposition, including things that look a little like animals.

## Other websites

- Some of his works
Summer solstice

The **summer solstice** is when the Sun is at its highest point in the sky during a year. The solstice itself is one moment, but many use the word to mean the day when the solstice happens. The summer solstice does not always happen on exactly the same day.

The word solstice comes from Latin and means that "the Sun stands still".

For the northern hemisphere, the summer solstice is around 21 June (20, 21 or 22 of June). This means that the sun is at the northern tropic. For the southern hemisphere, the summer solstice is around 21 December. This means that the sun is at the southern tropic.
Bearded dragon

**Bearded dragons** are agamid lizards in the genus ***Pogona***.

The **central bearded dragon** is the common name for _Pogona vitticeps_, which lives in dry areas of Australia The name "bearded dragon" refers to the fringes around and under the head. The underside of the throat turns black if they are stressed or see a potential rival.

## Description

Central bearded dragons can grow to about 2 feet long. Half of the length of a bearded dragon's body is its tail. Females are usually smaller than males. If a bearded dragon is scared, it will flatten its body against the ground, puff out its spiky throat, and open its jaws to make itself look larger. Bearded dragons sometimes open their mouths wide to allow hot air to warm them better when they are lying in the sun. They also open their mouths to help them cool down; the warm air and heat escapes through their mouths. This behavior is similar to panting.

## Diet

Central bearded dragons eat small and large insects, such as crickets and worms. They also eat leaves, fruit, vegetables and flowers.(they need calcium too!)They get most of their water from the food they eat, but they also need to drink sometimes. One can also give them horn worms (tomato worms) once or twice every week as a treat.

## Other websites

- Bearded dragon advice page
- Bearded Dragons as Pets
- Bearded Dragons Important Charts & Lists
Mensa International

**Mensa International** (or just ***Mensa***) is the largest, oldest and most famous high-IQ group of people in the world. The non-profit organization only has members with high IQs. They must score at the 98th percentile or higher on a standardized, supervised intelligence test. In many cases the IQ you have to have to join is 130.

## Related pages

- List of Mensans
- Intertel
- Triple Nine Society

## Other websites

- Mensa Education and Research Foundation
- Mensa for Kids
- Example of tests similar to Mensa tests
Mensa

**Mensa**, meaning _table_ in Latin, could mean:

- Mensa International, an organization for people with a high IQ
- Mensa (constellation), a southern star constellation
- Mensa (geology), a term used by geologists to refer to an extraterrestrial mesa
- Mensa, a nightclub promoter known for Saturday night raves at Sterns Nightclub
- Mensa Records, a record label
- mensa, the German and Dutch term for "cafeteria"
- mensa, the Spanish term for "stupid"
- **mensa**, the table top of an altar

When a plural exists, it is often **Mensae**, such as Cydonia Mensae.
Intertel

**Intertel** is the second oldest and third largest high IQ society. Members must score in the top one percentile on a standardized, supervised IQ test.

Intertel was founded in 1966. The name was originally "_The International Legion of Intelligence_" and members are called _ILIans_.

Today it has more than 1700 members from over forty countries.

## Related pages

- Mensa International
- Triple Nine Society
Coweta (disambiguation)

**Coweta** can mean:

- Coweta, Oklahoma, United States
- Coweta County, Georgia, United States
Dow Jones Industrial Average

The **Dow Jones Industrial Average** (, also called the **DJIA**, **Dow 30**, **The Dow Jones** or **The Dow**) is a stock market index. It was created by Charles Dow, who started the _Wall Street Journal_ newspaper and later Dow Jones & Company.

The stock prices of 30 companies are used to calculate the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The 30 companies are picked by experts who work for Dow Jones. They are supposed to  represent the general economy of the United States. The rules to pick companies say that all the companies must be from the USA. The rules also say the companies' stocks must be traded on either the NYSE or the Nasdaq Exchange.

In the past the companies were all heavy industries companies and made things like steel, oil, autos, and appliances. Now the it has many different kinds of companies including some that offer products and services like medicine or software.

Since 2020, these are the companies that currently make up the Dow Jones:
|Company|Exchange|Symbol|Industry|Date Added|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|3M|NYSE|MMM|Conglomerate|1976-08-09|as Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing|
|American Express|NYSE|AXP|Consumer finance|1982-08-30||
|Amgen|NASDAQ|AMGN|Pharmaceuticals|2020-08-31||
|Apple|NASDAQ|AAPL|Consumer Electronics|2015-03-18||
|Boeing|NYSE|BA|Aerospace and Defense contractor|1987-03-12||
|Caterpillar|NYSE|CAT|Construction and Mining equipment|1991-05-06||
|Chevron|NYSE|CVX|Oil & gas|2008-02-19|also 1930-07-18 to 1999-11-01|
|Cisco Systems|NASDAQ|CSCO|Computer networking|2009-06-08||
|Coca-Cola|NYSE|KO|Beverages|1987-03-12|also 1932-05-26 to 1935-11-20|
|DuPont|NYSE|DD|Chemical industry|1935-11-20|also 1924-01-22 to 1925-08-31|
|General Electric|NYSE|GE|Conglomerate|1907-11-07||
|Goldman Sachs|NYSE|GS|Banking, Financial services|2013-09-20||
|The Home Depot|NYSE|HD|Home improvement retailer|1999-11-01||
|Honeywell|NYSE|HON|Conglomerate|2020-08-31||
|Nvidia|NASDAQ|NVDA|Semiconductors|2024-11-08||
|IBM|NYSE|IBM|Computers and technology|1979-06-29|also 1932-05-26 to 1939-03-04|
|Johnson & Johnson|NYSE|JNJ|Pharmaceuticals|1997-03-17||
|JPMorgan Chase|NYSE|JPM|Banking|1991-05-06||
|McDonald's|NYSE|MCD|Fast food|1985-10-30||
|Merck|NYSE|MRK|Pharmaceuticals|1979-06-29||
|Microsoft|NASDAQ|MSFT|Software|1999-11-01||
|Nike|NYSE|NKE|Apparel|2013-09-20||
|Procter & Gamble|NYSE|PG|Consumer goods|1932-05-26||
|Salesforce|NYSE|CRM|Software|2020-08-31||
|Travelers|NYSE|TRV|Insurance|2009-06-08||
|UnitedHealth Group|NYSE|UNH|Managed health care|2012-09-24||
|United Technologies|NYSE|UTX|Conglomerate|1939-03-14|as United Aircraft|
|Verizon|NYSE|VZ|Telecommunication|2004-04-08||
|Visa|NYSE|V|Consumer banking|2013-09-20||
|Wal-Mart|NYSE|WMT|Retail|1997-03-17||
|Walt Disney|NYSE|DIS|Broadcasting and entertainment|1991-05-06||

For a list of companies that have once been a part on the Dow Jones but are no longer part of it, see this list.
Old Major (Animal Farm)

**Old Major** is a character in the book _Animal Farm_.  He is an award winning elderly Middle White boar. He is twelve years of age, and had 400 piglets. Old Major has a wise and benevolent look but his tushes are never cut. He had given inspiration to the other pigs about the fair rules on the farm once the farmers were gone, before Old Major died. Old Major is based on Marx and Lenin of the Russian Revolution, whose ideas changed into Communism.

## Role in the Story

One evening, Old Major said that he had a dream the night before. Because of the dream, a meeting was to be held in the big barn at night. At the meeting, he talked with the other animals about the cause of their suffering, Man. He gave them the way to end their problem, rebellion. Later, he told the farm animals about his dream. In the dream he saw the Earth after Man was no longer on it. He also remembered a song sung by the animals of old, "Beasts of England", which the animals learned very fast.

While the animals were singing "Beasts of England", the sound woke their owner Mr. Jones. He fired his gun six times. This ended the meeting immediately.  Old Major died peacefully in his sleep 3 days later.
Yanomami

The **Yanomami** (also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama) is a local tribe living in southern Venezuela (Amazonas department) and northern Brazil (Amazonas state and Roraima). There are approximately 35,000 Yanomami people who live in some 200–250 villages. They live in _shabonos_, which are villages made with wood, straw and palm leaves.
They are also called Yanomamo and Yanam.
The word "Yanomami" means "human being".

The Yanomami tribe have lived in the rain forests of South America for centuries.
They live in small groups, and shelter in one huge house and it is called a Yanos which can hold up to 250 Yanomami.

The Yanomami tribe is also known as the Yanomamo. There is an average of 20,000 Yanomami.
About 12,000 of them are Yanomamo. They eat plantains which is the most important food. The Yanomami love to hunt. Most of the child
raising is done by the females of the family. Yanomami tribe villages sometimes have different languages so people from one may not understand the others. Rituals are a very important part of being a Yanomami. There are about 200-250 Yanomami villages in the area between the tropic of cancer to Capricorn.
Oasis

In geography, an **oasis** is an isolated place in the desert where there is vegetation. Most often, this occurs around a source of water. Oases provide a habitat for animals and are a source of water in the desert.

The knowledge of the location of oases has been important for trade and transportation routes in desert areas. Caravans must travel via oases so that supplies of water and food can be refilled. Thus, political or military control of an oasis has in many cases meant control of trade on a particular route. For example, the oases of Awjila, Ghadames and Kufra, in modern-day Libya, have at various times been vital to both North-South and East-West trade in the Sahara Desert.

The word _oasis_ came into English via Greek ὄασις , which was borrowed from Egyptian _wḥ3t_ or Demotic _wḥỉ_. It was not borrowed from Coptic _ouaḥe_ (/waħe/), as is sometimes suggested; the Greek word is attested several centuries before Coptic existed as a written language.
Ancient Near East

The **Ancient Near East** is the name given to early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq and Syria), Persia (modern Iran), Anatolia (modern Turkey), the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and Cyprus), and Ancient Egypt, from the rise of Sumer in the 4th millennium BCE until the region's conquest by Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCE, or covering both the Bronze Age and the Iron Age in the region. As such, it is a term widely used in the fields of Near Eastern archaeology, ancient history and Egyptology.
Some would exclude Egypt from the ancient Near East as a geographically and culturally distinct area. However, because of Egypt's intimate involvement with the region, especially from the 2nd millennium BCE, this exclusion is rare.

The ancient Near East is considered the cradle of civilization. It was the first to practice intensive year-round agriculture; it gave the rest of the world the first writing system, invented the potter's wheel and then the vehicular- and mill wheel, created the first centralized governments, law codes and empires, as well as introducing social stratification, slavery and organized warfare, and it laid the foundation for the fields of astronomy and mathematics.
Boxer (Animal Farm)

**Boxer** is a character from the book Animal Farm by George Orwell.  He is a horse, and is nearly eighteen hands high. In the book he is as strong as two horses put together. He has a white stripe down his nose, and that gives him a strange appearance. But still he was respected for his great power in work and his good character. He works as a cart-horse, as does Clover. And, though well hidden, Benjamin does actually admire Boxer for his courage and considers him a good friend and companion who he wishes to spend the rest of his time with in Animal Farm (though that wish is unfortunately unachievable).

In the book Boxer falls into the quarry when he was pulling a cart full of rock and is sent to a veterinarian on another farm by Napoleon. Squealer, Napoleon's spokesman, then claims he died peacefully, but Benjamin realizes he has actually gone to the knacker's (slang for slaughterhouse, where animals are killed). Boxer was the most hard-working animal in the farm and was respected by all. When Boxer tried to support Snowball against Squealer, Napoleon tries to attack Boxer with his dogs but Boxer easily crushes the dog. Boxer is an ideal character showing loyalty along with his great hard work.

His slogans are:
- "I will always work harder."
- "Napoleon's always right."

He is a very loyal, caring character, but he is flawed in his lack of intelligence and does not see the real truth behind situations.

- Boxer represents the loyal communist working class.
- Him being slaughtered represents Stalin getting rid of the workers that are too old or too ill to participate in labor.
- The windmill represents them building the Industries and Boxer getting up early represents the working class working extremely hard.
- His gullibility represents the working class being gullible and doing what they are told for promises in the future.
- His slogan “I will work harder” represents the working class's belief in Communism. “Napoleon is always right” represents their trust in the political system.
Benjamin (Animal Farm)

In the fictional story _Animal Farm_, published by George Orwell in 1945, **Benjamin** the donkey, is the oldest animal on Manor Farm, and very cool-tempered. He seldom speaks, except to make some cynical remark. He is the only animal on the farm that never laughs, saying that there was nothing to laugh at when asked about it. In addition to that he is one of the few animals that can read. Without admitting it, Benjamin is devoted to Boxer, grazing with him in a small paddock near the orchard on Sundays.  He was not changed by the rebellion that took place towards the beginning of the novel.
Remote control

A **remote control** is a device used to issue commands (controlling it) from a distance to televisions, DVD players, doorbells  and so on.

A **remote controller** is not connected with a wire to the controlled device.
It can be held by hand. It has buttons for volume, changing television channels and more.

Infrared or radio signals are used to communicate with the devices. Batteries make remote controls and controllers work. Mostly AAA, AA or coin battery size batteries are used.
Spacewar!

***Spacewar!*** is one of the first known video games. It was released in 1962. It was made by Steve Russell and others. In this game, the player has to shoot the other spaceships while flying around a star. The spaceships shoot missiles (rockets) which were unaffected (nothing happened) by the gravity. Each spaceship had only a few missiles and only a little bit of fuel. The hyperspace could be used to avoid being hit by a missile but the spaceship would reappear at a random place. The more the player used hyperspace, the bigger the chance that the spaceship would explode.
Pliny the Younger

**Gaius** or **Caius Plinius Caecilius Secundus**, born **Gaius** or **Caius Plinius Caecilius** (61/63 in Como - ca. 113), better known as **Pliny the Younger**, was a lawyer, a remarkable writer, an author, and natural philosopher of Ancient Rome. Pliny's uncle, Pliny the Elder, helped raise and educate him and they were both witnesses to the eruption of Vesuvius on August 24th, 79 AD.

## Other websites

- Pliny's first Letter to Tacitus  Describes how his uncle sailed across the bay to save some people
- Pliny's second letter to Tacitus  Tells how Pliny himself barely escaped.
- First letter, latin original#16_C._PLINIUS_TACITO_SUO_S.) (Letters, Book 6, Letter 16), in  Wikisource
- Second letter, Latin Original#20_C._PLINIUS_TACITO_SUO_S.) (Letters, Book 6, Letter 20), in Wikisource

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Pliny the Younger (_Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus_)
- **image**: Como - Dome - Facade - Plinius the Elder.jpg
- **caption**: Medieval statue of Pliny the Younger on the façade of Cathedral of S. Maria Maggiore in Como.
- **birth date**: 61 AD
- **birth place**: Como
- **death date**: c. 112 AD (aged 51)
- **death place**: Bithynia
- **occupation**: Politician and Author
- **parents**: Lucius Caecilius Cilo and Plinia Marcella
Moura Photovoltaic Power Station

The **Moura Photovoltaic Power Station** is in the municipality of Moura, in the interior region of Alentejo, Portugal. It has an installed capacity of 62 MWp. The first stage of construction was finished in 2008 and the second and final stage was finished in 2010. Together with the construction of the power station, a solar panel factory is currently being built and there are plans for a research lab dedicated to solar energy.

The brainchild of Prof Mario Baptista Coelho, the founding partner of Renatura and a Professor of Geostrategy of Natural Resources at the Faculty of Sciences of Lisbon, Moura was the first step in proving the feasibility of Very-Large Scale Photovoltaic Plants.

Originally conceptualized in 1999, Moura is a stepping stone in addressing the issue of carbon dioxide by way of solar energy.

Moura is currently operated by Acciona, which purchased the project in 2007.

Coped with Moura is the Sunflower Sustainability Project, as in integrated package of the paradigm of sustainability and Zero-Carbon Communities (www.sunflower-project.net).

## Infobox (power station)

- **name**: Moura Photovoltaic Power Station
- **country**: Portugal
- **location**: Amareleja
- **status**: O
- **commissioned**: Phase-1: 2008
Phase-2: 2010
- **cost**: Euro, €250 million
- **solar type**: PV
- **ps units operational**: 376,000
- **ps electrical capacity**: 62 Megawatt, MW