juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Christ Church, Barbados

**Christ Church** is a parish of Barbados. It has a land area of .  It is found at the southern end of the island.

The parish has the Sir Grantley Adams International Airport.  It also has the last remaining mangrove swamp in the country, the Graeme Hall Nature Sanctuary. Another notable area of Christ Church is Saint Lawrence Gap.  It is the most lively tourist area on the island. Many of the taverns and clubs in St. Lawrence are used by locals and tourists alike.

## Notable persons

- Shirley Chisholm, the first black woman elected to the United States House of Representatives, lived in Christ Church with her maternal grandmother for a large part of her childhood.
- Doug E. Fresh, the famous beatboxer and rapper (prominent in the 80's and 90's) was born here.
- Jaicko Lawrence, contemporary pop music singer/songwriter.
- Jefferson Jones (cricketer) (1954- ), born at Christ Church before moving to England where he played cricket for Berkshire.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Christ Church
- **settlement type**: Parish
- **image skyline**: Christ Church, Barbados 008.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image map**: Barbados-Christ Church.png
- **mapsize**: 100px
- **map alt**: Map of Barbados showing Christ Church
- **map caption**: Map of Barbados showing Christ Church
- **coordinates**: =inline
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Barbados
- **established title**: First settlement
- **established date**: 1627
- **established title1**: Independence
- **seat type**: Parliament of Barbados, Parliamentary seats
- **seat**: 5
- **parts type**: House constituencies
- **parts style**: coll
- **parts**: 5
- **p1**: Christ Church-East
- **p2**: Christ Church-Centre East
- **p3**: Christ Church-Centre West
- **p4**: Christ Church-West
- **p5**: Christ Church-South
- **government type**: Parliamentary democracy
- **area total km2**: 57
- **population as of**: 2000
- **population total**: 55,800
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Eastern Caribbean Time Zone, Eastern Caribbean
- **utc offset1**: -4
- **area code type**: Country code top-level domain, ccTLD
- **area code**: .bb
- **postal code type**: List of country calling codes, Area code
- **postal code**: Area code 246, +1 (246)
- **blank name sec1**: Largest town
- **blank info sec1**: Oistins, Christ Church, Barbados, Oistins
Saint Andrew, Barbados

**Saint Andrew** ("St. Andrew") is one of eleven parishes of Barbados. It is in the northern area in the country. Saint Andrew has the country's highest natural elevation, the  Mount Hillaby at the southern part of the parish.

The parish is named after the patron saint, Saint Andrew.  He is also the basis of the name for Barbados' highest national award "The Order of Saint Andrew".

During the colonial years under Britain, the British thought the area looked like the hills and fields of Scotland. Now is nicknamed the "Scotland District".

Saint Andrew is on the eastern coastline of Barbados.  There the Atlantic Ocean tends to be more turbulent. The parish is home to several natural reserves including the Turner's Hall Woods.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Saint Andrew
- **settlement type**: Parish
- **image skyline**: Saint Andrew, Barbados 011.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image alt**: Saint Andrew Parish Church
- **image caption**: Saint Andrew Parish Church
- **image map**: Barbados-Saint Andrew.png
- **mapsize**: 100px
- **map alt**: Map of Barbados showing Saint Andrew
- **map caption**: Map of Barbados showing Saint Andrew
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Barbados
- **seat type**: Parliament of Barbados, Parliamentary seats
- **seat**: 1
- **government type**: Parliamentary democracy
- **area total km2**: 36
- **population as of**: 2008 est.
- **population total**: 5580
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: Largest village
- **blank info sec1**: Belleplaine
Gestational diabetes

**Gestational diabetes** (or **gestational diabetes mellitus**, **GDM**) is a condition in which females who previously didn't have diabetes exhibit higher than normal levels of blood sugar while pregnant. The illness usually shows few signs/symptoms. It is usually found during pregnancy medical checks. Up to 16% of pregnant women are affected by GDM.  Pregnant women with family history of having diabetes and ethnic background have higher chances of getting the disease.

Gestational diabetes is caused when a pregnant woman's body does not produce enough insulin, leading to higher than normal blood sugar levels. Some women with GDM are treated with drugs. However, healthy eating and regular exercise can help to lower the chances of getting GDM.

It is still unclear what causes gestational diabetes. It may be due to the action of pregnancy hormones, blocking the action of insulin to its receptors. This prevents cells to take in glucose properly. This causes sugar to remain in blood, where it continues to rise.

Babies born to mothers with  gestational diabetes can have many problems, such as, being larger than average (which may make childbirth difficult), lower than normal blood glucose, or being born too early.  More serious problems include brain problems or dead before birth. In addition, women with gestational diabetes have higher risk of getting Type 2 diabetes (or, in fewer cases, Type 1 diabetes) after pregnancy.

In most cases, children belonging to mothers having gestational diabetes are at higher risk of childhood obesity and Type 2 diabetes later in life. This can be stopped through healthy eating and regular  exercise.

## Risk factors

Common risk factors for developing gestational diabetes are:
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- Having gestational diabetes previously
- Family history with Type 2 Diabetes
- Mother's age-  risk increases with age (especially for women 35 years of age)
- Ethicity: African-Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, Native Americans, Hispanics, Pacific Islanders, and people originating from South Asia
- Being overweight or obese
- First child being born large (high birth weight).
- Previous poor pregnancy experience
- Smoking during pregnancy

## Standard Medical Test

A basic test is carried out during the first visit to the doctor during pregnancy. The doctor or nurse will ask certain questions to check if the mother is at high risk of getting gestational diabetes.

Woman found with higher chance of getting GDM will be offered a blood glucose test. This allows the doctor to check the correct sugar levels in the mother's blood.

## Prevention

Light exercise and stop smoking during pregnancy can greatly help pregnant women to avoid getting GDM.
Zhou Enlai

**Zhou Enlai** (; 5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China. He served from October 1949 until his death in January 1976. Zhou served under Mao Zedong and was an important leader in the Communist Party of China.

A skilled and able diplomat, Zhou served as the Chinese foreign minister from 1949 to 1958. He believed in getting along with Western countries after the Korean War. He participated in the 1954 Geneva Conference and helped organize Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China. He helped make policies regarding the disagreements with the U.S., Taiwan, the Soviet Union (after 1960), India and Vietnam. Zhou is best known as the long-time top aide to Mao Zedong. His specialty was foreign policy. Mao and Zhou's different personalities made them an effective team, according to Henry Kissinger, the American diplomat who dealt with both men

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Zhou Enlai
- **native name lang**: zh-Hans-CN
- **image**: Zhou Enlai in 1940s(color).jpg
- **order**: 3rd
- **office**: Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of ChinaFirst Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China
- **term start**: 30 August 1973
- **term end**: 8 January 1976
- **1blankname**: Chairman
- **1namedata**: Mao Zedong
- **predecessor**: Lin Biao (1971)
- **successor**: Hua Guofeng
- **order1**: Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China
- **term start1**: 28 September 1956
- **term end1**: 1 August 1966
- **1blankname1**: Chairman
- **1namedata1**: Mao Zedong
- **order2**: 1st Premier of the People's Republic of China
- **president2**: Mao Zedong (until 1959)
Liu Shaoqi (until 1968)
vacant and abolished
- **leader2**: Mao Zedong <small>(Chairman of the Communist Party of China)</small>
- **1namedata2**: Dong Biwu
Chen Yun
Lin Biao
Deng Xiaoping
- **term2**: 1 October 1949 – 8 January 1976
- **successor2**: Hua Guofeng
- **order3**: 1st Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China
- **term3**: 1 October 1949 – 11 February 1958
- **premier3**: Himself
- **predecessor3**: None
- **successor3**: Chen Yi (marshal), Chen Yi
- **birth place**: Huai'an, Jiangsu, Qing dynasty, Qing China
- **death place**: Beijing, People's Republic of China
- **children**: Sun Weishi, Wang Shu (both adopted)
- **party**: Communist Party of China
- **alma mater**: Nankai University
- **occupation**: Politician
Strategist
Revolutionary
Diplomat
- **signature**: Zhou Enlai Signature.svg
Jean-Marc Ayrault

**Jean-Marc Ayrault** (born 25 January 1950) is a French politician. He was the Prime Minister of France from 15 May 2012 to 31 March 2014. He was the Mayor of Nantes from 1989 to 2012. He was appointed prime minister by François Hollande following the defeat of the UMP president and the resignation of that government.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jean-Marc Ayrault
- **image**: Jean-Marc Ayrault et Alain Kouck (13293393834) (cropped).jpg
- **office**: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development (France), Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Development
- **president**: François Hollande
- **primeminister**: Manuel Valls<br/ > Bernard Cazeneuve
- **term start**: 11 February 2016
- **term end**: 17 May 2017
- **predecessor**: Laurent Fabius
- **successor**: Jean-Yves Le Drian
- **office1**: Prime Minister of France
- **president1**: François Hollande
- **term start1**: 16 May 2012
- **term end1**: 1 April 2014
- **predecessor1**: François Fillon
- **successor1**: Manuel Valls
- **office2**: Leader of the Socialist, Republican & Citizen, Socialist, Radical, Citizen and Miscellaneous Left
- **term start2**: 12 June 1997
- **term end2**: 19 June 2012
- **predecessor2**: Laurent Fabius
- **successor2**: Bruno Le Roux
- **office3**: Mayor (France), Mayor of Nantes
- **term start3**: 20 March 1989
- **term end3**: 21 June 2012
- **predecessor3**: Michel Chauty
- **successor3**: Patrick Rimbert
- **office4**: Mayor (France), Mayor of Saint-Herblain
- **term start4**: 14 March 1977
- **term end4**: 20 March 1989
- **predecessor4**: Michel Chauty
- **successor4**: Charles Gautier
- **office5**: Member of the National Assembly (France), National Assembly
for Loire-Atlantique's 3rd constituency
- **term start5**: 23 June 1988
- **term end5**: 20 July 2012
- **predecessor5**: Constituency established
- **successor5**: Jean-Pierre Fougerat
- **term start6**: 14 March 1977
- **term end6**: 20 March 1989
- **predecessor6**: Jean-Pierre Fougerat
- **successor6**: Jean-Pierre Fougerat
- **birth place**: Maulévrier, France
- **party**: Socialist Party (France), Socialist Party
- **children**: Ysabelle
Élise
- **alma mater**: University of Nantes
University of Würzburg
Slade in Flame

***Slade in Flame*** is a 1975 movie directed by Richard Loncraine. The story follows a band's rise to fame and their decline, showing the dark side of the music business.

The band released a soundtrack in late 1974 under the same name.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Slade in Flame
- **director**: Richard Loncraine
- **producer**: Gavrik Losey
- **writer**: Andrew Birkin (screenplay), Dave Humphries (additional dialogue)
- **starring**: Noddy Holder, Dave Hill, Don Powell, Jim Lea, Tom Conti, Alan Lake
- **music**: Slade
- **cinematography**: Peter Hannan
- **editing**: Michael Bradsell
- **distributor**: Visual Programme Systems (1975 UK) (theatrical)
Shout! Factory (2004 USA) (DVD)
- **released**: January 1985 (UK)
- **runtime**: 91 min.
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
Ingénieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile

The **IEEAC** is the corps of the **Ingénieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile** (Civil Aviation Operations Engineer). It is the sixth corps of the French civil aviation authorities in terms of numbers with 777 IEEAC out of 13,076 agents the 1st of July 2011.

The third-year training of IEEAC is performed at the _École nationale de l'aviation civile_ (French civil aviation university) of Toulouse.

They work for French civil aviation authorities.

## Further reading

- Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson et Cyril Lazerge, _50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation_, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
- ENAC’s Engineers
Joseph Monier

**Joseph Monier** (November 8, 1823, Saint-Quentin-la-Poterie, France—March 13, 1906, Paris) was a French gardener. He was one of the inventors of reinforced concrete.

Monier did experiments with iron-wire reinforcement for his cement and concrete tubs and basins. He made the idea in 1867 and put his invention on exhibition the same year at the Paris Exposition.

At the age of 17 (1840) he was hired by the Duke of Uzès to work in the gardens of the Duke's mansion in Paris. In 1846 he took a job at the famous Tuileries Gardes of Paris where he was responsible for the orangery. Here he began his work with concrete that would result in the invention of reinforced cement.
Menarche

**Menarche** is the first menstrual cycle for female human beings. It is the central event of female puberty, as it signals the possibility of fertility. Girls experience menarche at different ages. The timing for menarche is influenced by female biology, in addition to genetic and environmental issues, particularly nutritional factors. The average age of menarche for the United States is near 12.5 years and 12.75 years for Canada.
Viper

**Vipers** are a family of venomous snakes, the **Viperidae**. All have long, hinged fangs that dig deep into their prey and inject venom. The venom causes internal bleeding. There are four subfamilies of the Viperidae.

## Description

All vipers have a pair of long hollow fangs which are used to inject venom from glands found in the back of the upper jaws. The venom is a kind of protease, a destroyer of protein.

Almost all vipers have ridged scales, a well built body with a short tail and, to make room for the venom glands, a triangular-shaped head.  Their slit-shaped pupil<nowiki/>s can open wide to open most of the eye, or close almost completely.  This helps them to see in a wide range of light levels.  Vipers are nocturnal, meaning that they sleep in the day and wake up at night to go hunting.

Like other snakes, vipers are predators, meaning that they eat other animals. Their main diet is birds (including bird eggs), amphibians, such as frogs and toads, and other small reptiles like lizards and smaller snakes.

### Reproduction

Most viper species are ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young, but a few lay eggs. The word "viper" is derived from Latin _vivo_ = "I live" and _pario_ = "I give birth".

## Where they live

Viper snakes are found in Americas, Africa, Eurasia. In the Americas they live from southern Canada, through the United States, Mexico, Central America, and into South America. The only type of viper which lives in the United Kingdom are the adders.

## Subfamilies

|bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Subfamily|bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Taxon author|bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Genera|bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species|bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Common name|bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Geographic range|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Azemiopinae|Liem, Marx & Rabb, 1971|align="center"|1|align="center"|1|Fea's viper|style="width:40%"|Myanmar, southeastern Tibet across southern China (Fujien, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Kweichow, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang) to northern Vietnam.||||
|Causinae|Cope, 1859|align="center"|1|align="center"|6|Night adders|Subsaharan Africa|||||
|Crotalinae|Oppel, 1811|align="center"|18|align="center"|151|Pit vipers|In the Old World from eastern Europe eastward through Asia to Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, peninsular India and Sri Lanka. In the New World from southern Canada southward through Mexico and Central America to southern South America.|||||
|Viperinae|Oppel, 1811|align="center"|12|align="center"|66|True or pitless vipers|Europe, Asia and Africa.|||||
Type genus = _Vipera_—Laurenti, 1768
Abdelbaset al-Megrahi

**Abdelbaset Ali Mohmed al-Megrahi** (1 April 1952 – 20 May 2012) was a Libyan man who was convicted for the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland. Megrahi was the head of security for Libyan Arab Airlines, Libya's national airline, and was accused of being a spy. He was born in Tripoli.

Megrahi was the only person convicted in connection with bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, which happened on 21 December 1988. He was held under armed guard in Libya from 1991 until 1999, when he was moved to the Netherlands. His trial began in May 2000 in a special court in the Netherlands. On 31 January 2001, he was convicted of 270 counts of murder. He was sentenced to life imprisonment.

He was held in Scottish prisons until he was released on compassionate grounds on 20 August 2009 because he had terminal prostate cancer. He returned to Tripoli that day and died of the disease there.
Tony Hancock

**Anthony John Hancock** (12 May 1924 – 24 June 1968) was a British comedian and actor. He worked on radio, on television and in movies. He was best known for appearing in the BBC radio comedy _Hancock's Half Hour_ (1954–1961). He worked with comedian Sid James until 1960.

Hancock was born in Hall Green, Birmingham. He grew up in Bournemouth, Hampshire and was educated in Swanage, Dorset and Reading, Berkshire.

Hancock was a depressed alcoholic. In 1968, he died by suicide with an overdose of amphetamines and vodka in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Chōwa

was a   after _Kankō_ and before _Kannin._  This period started in December 1012 and ended in April 1017. The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Chōwa_ era

- **1012** (_Chōwa 1, 8th month_): Emperor Sanjō marries a daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga.  Michinaga was the _kampuku_ in the court hierarchy.
- **1016** (_Chōwa 4, 11th month_): A great fire broke out in the Imperial palace; and it was reduced to cinders.
- **10 March 1016** (_Chōwa 5, 29th day of the 1st month_): In the 5th year of Emperor Sanjō's reign, the emperor abdicated; and the succession (_senso_) was received by a cousin.  Soon after, Emperor Go-Ichijō's role as monarch was confirmed in ceremonies (_sokui_).

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Chōwa|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1012|1013|1014|1015|1016|1017|
Kannin

was a   after _Chōwa_ and before _Jian._  This period spanned the years from April 1017 through February 1021. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Kannin_ era

- **5 June 1017** (_Kannin 1, 9th day of the 5th month_): Former-Emperor Sanjō died at the age of 42.
- **22 January 1018** (_Kannin 2, 3rd day of the 1st month_): The emperor celebrated his coming-of-age ceremony.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kannin|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1017|1018|1019|1020|1021|
Jian (era)

was a , also known as **Chi'an**,  after _Kannin_ and before _Manju._  This period started in February 1021 and ended in July 1024. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Jian_ era

- **1023** (_Jian 3, 4th month_): A major epidemic in Kyoto; disease spread throughout the country.
- **1023** (_Jian 3, 10th month_): Fujiwara no Michinaga visited Mount Koya.
- **29 December 1023** (_Jian 3, 14th day of the 11th month_): a lunar eclipse.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Jian|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1021|1022|1023|1024|
Tawang

**Tawang district** is one of the 16 Districts of Arunachal Pradesh in the North-east India. The area is historically Tibetan territory and is claimed by China as a part of South Tibet. It is the eighth least populous district in the country (out of 640).
Clara Petacci

**Clara Petacci** (28 February 1912 – 28 April 1945) was the last mistress of Benito Mussolini, who was 28 years older. She was born in Rome.

Mussolini tried to escape to Switzerland, with some of his helpers. After being captured Petacci was given an opportunity to flee, which she declined. She was shot, with the other prisoners.The bodies were then hung head down in Milan.
Filippo Raciti

**Filippo Raciti** (17 January 1967–2 February 2007) was an Italian police officer who was killed in a fight between Calcio Catania fans outside a stadium in Catania. Raciti's death was in the news around the world. All of the Italian football matches, even the national team, were suspended for a week.
Natural law

**Natural law** is the idea that there are forms of law that exist by themselves in nature, regardless of whether people exist or recognise them or not. Unlike other forms of law (called _positive laws_) that have been agreed on by society, such laws would be given to all, and would not be possible to go against. Such rights are called natural. In modern times, human rights are often seen as coming from natural law, but the idea goes back to Ancient Greece.

Natural law is often founded on the following:
- God, who created natural law with creating the world
- Logos, an idea from philosophy; this is interpreted to be divine law
- Part of natural law inside human beings (called Self-knowledge, sometimes conscience)
- Certain laws that can be deduced from the natural sciences
- Nature itself
- Reason

Important philosophers who developed natural law include Aristotle, Plato, Seneca the Younger, Thomas Aquinas, and Immanuel Kant. People who criticized this approach include Jeremy Bentham and Hans Kelsen.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Divine law
- Jurisprudence
- Natural rights and legal rights
- Rechtsstaat
Robert Zemeckis

**Robert Lee Zemeckis** (born May 14, 1952) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Chicago and raised in the community area of Roseland, Chicago.

Zemeckis directed _Romancing the Stone_, _Back to the Future_, _Who Framed Roger Rabbit_, _Back to the Future Part II_, _Back to the Future Part III_, _Death Becomes Her_, _Forrest Gump_, _Contact_, _What Lies Beneath_, _Cast Away_, _The Polar Express_, and _A Christmas Carol_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Robert Zemeckis
- **image**: Robert Zemeckis by David Shankbone.jpg
- **caption**: Robert Zemeckis at Tribeca Film Festival 2010
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **occupation**: movie director, movie producer, screenwriter
Offensive guard

In American and Canadian football, a **guard** (**G**) is a player that lines up between the center and the tackles on the offensive line of a football team.

The guard's job is to protect the quarterback from the incoming defensive line and linebackers during pass plays, as well as creating openings (holes) for the running backs to run through.
Center (American football)

**Center** (**C**) is a position in American football and Canadian football.  The center is the innermost lineman of the offensive line on a football team's offense.  The center is also the player who passes (or "snaps") the ball between his legs to the quarterback at the start of each play.

Besides that centers protect the quarterback and block for the running back during a play.
Joseph Epstein

**Joseph Epstein** (born January 9, 1937 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American academic, writer and editor.  He is best known as an editor of _The American Scholar_ from 1975 to 1997.  He was given the National Humanities Medal in 2003.

## Selected works

In an summary based on writings by and about Joseph Epstein, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 60+ works in 135 publications in 6 languages and 21,000+ library holdings.
- _Divorced in America: Marriage in an Age of Possibility_ (1974)
- _Familiar Territory: Observations on American Life_ (1979)
- _Ambition: The Secret Passion_ (1980)
- _Middle of My Tether: Familiar Essays_ (1983)
- _Plausible Prejudices: Essays on American Writing_ (1985)
- _Once More Around the Block: Familiar Essays_ (1987)
- _Partial Payments: Essays on Writers and Their Lives_ (1988)
- _A Line Out for a Walk: Familiar Essays_ (1991)
- _Pertinent Players: Essays on the Literary Life_ (1993)
- _With My Trousers Rolled: Familiar Essays_ (1995)
- _Life Sentences: Literary Essays_ (1997)
- _Narcissus Leaves the Pool: Familiar Essays_ (1999, paperback 2007)
- _Snobbery: The American Version_ (2002)
- _Envy_ (2003)
- _Friendship: An Exposé_ (2006)
- _Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy's Guide_ (2006)
- _In a Cardboard Belt!: Essays Personal, Literary, and Savage_ (2007)
- _Fred Astaire_ (2008)
- _Gossip: The Untrivial Pursuit_ (2011)

## Honors

- National Humanities Medal, 2003
Bram Cohen

**Bram Cohen** (born October 12, 1975) is an American computer programmer. He made the first torrent client, called BitTorrent.
Icy Tower

***Icy Tower*** is a freeware computer game. It involves a small avatar (or character) with a winter hat, jumping across platforms in an icy tower. The goal of the game is to climb as high as you can up the tower.

The game was released in 2001. It was pretty successful and is known for its fast game pace and funny sounds.
Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile

In France, the corps of **Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile** (TSEEAC, Civil aviation opérations Technicians) of the French civil aviation authorities is a B-class job on the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing.

Also called _TSA fonctionnaires_ (TSA civil servants), perform a two-year training at the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation university).

TSEEAC can do many jobs at the French civil aviation authorities (DGAC) : technical assistant, aerodrome air traffic controller, ramp manager (at Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport), aeronautical information operator, officer of the regional offices of information and assistance in flight, investigation assistant, ...

## History

The corps of TSEEAC has several name changes since the 1960s :
- 1962 : TNA : _Technicien de la Navigation Aérienne_ (Air navigation Technician) including the operations air traffic controller and the Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel.
- 1964 : scission of the corps: the corps of the TNA remains, despite the departure of air traffic controllers and electricians, respectively to the new corps of "_Officiers Contrôleurs de la Circulation Aérienne_" (OCCA) - became air traffic controller after that - dans those of electricians - became Air Traffic Safety Electronics Personnel.
- 1975 : TNA becomes TAC, _Techniciens de l'Aviation Civile_ (Civil aviation technicians).
- 1993 : TEEAC : _Technicien des Etudes et d'Exploitation de l'Aviation Civile_.
- 2000 : TSEEAC : _Technicien Supérieur des Etudes et d'Exploitation de l'Aviation Civile_.
- 2011 : The initial training at ENAC of TSEEAC is opened to non civil servant and renamed  TSA (_Technicien supérieur de l'aviation_).

## Related pages

- Technicien supérieur de l'aviation (TSA)
- Technicien supérieur de l'aviation (civilian) (TSA civil)

## Further reading

- Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson et Cyril Lazerge, _50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation_, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
- Décret n°93-622 du 27 mars 1993 concerning the corps of _techniciens supérieurs des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile_
- TSEEAC on ENAC website
Babak (given name)

**Babak** () is an Iranian name coming from the Middle Persian Pāpak. Babak means "father" in Persian.

## People

- Babak Khorramdin, director (1974-2021)
On the Buses

***On the Buses*** is a British sitcom set in fictional Luxton in Essex. It ran from 28 February 1969 until 6 May 1973.

The show stars Reg Varney as bus driver Stan Butler, Bob Grant as his conductor and best friend Jack Harper and Stephen Lewis as their inspector Blakey. Anna Karen plays Stan's sister Olive Rudge and Michael Robbins plays her husband Arthur Rudge. The role of Stan's widowed mother Mabel Butler was played by Cicely Courtneidge in series 1 and by Doris Hare in the other series.
Hyperactivity

**Hyperactivity** (word derived from  "hyper" and  "to act") can be described as a physical state.

People who have it can not control their overactive behavior and are abnormally active.
Manju (era)

was a  after _Jian_ and before _Chōgen._  This period started in July 1024 and ended in July 1028. The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Manju_ era

- **1024** (_Manju 1_): Fujiwara no Kintō withdrew from his public duties; and he retired to Kitayama in the north of Kyoto.
- **4 May 1026** (_Manju 3, 15th day of the 4th month_): a partial lunar eclipse.
- **1027** (Manju 4): Fujiwara no Michinaga died at age 62.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Manju|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1024|1025|1026|1027|1028|
Amy Heckerling

**Amy Heckerling** (born May 7, 1954) is an American movie director. Her movies include: _Fast Times at Ridgemont High_, _Johnny Dangerously_, _National Lampoon's European Vacation_, _Look Who's Talking_, _Look Who's Talking Too_, _Look Who's Talking Now_, _Clueless_, _A Night at the Roxbury_ and _Loser_.

Heckerling was born in The Bronx and spent her childhood there, before moving to Queens.
Chōgen

was a  after _Manju_ and before _Chōryaku._  This period started in 1028 and ended in April 1037.  The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Chōgen_ era

- **15 May 1036** (_Chōgen 9, 17th day of the 4th month_): In the 9th year of Go-Ichijō's reign, the emperor died; and the succession (_senso_) was received by a his son.

- **1036** (_Chōgen 9, 7th month_): Emperor Go-Suzaku's role as monarch was confirmed in ceremonies (_sokui_).

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Chōgen|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1028|1029|1030|1031|1032|1033|1034|1035|1036|1037|
Chōryaku

was a  after _Chōgen_ and before _Chōkyū._  This period spanned the years from April 1037 through 1040.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Chōryaku_ era

- **1037** (_Chōryaku 1, 2nd day of the 7th month_): The eldest son of Emperor Go-Suzaku (Prince Chikihito, who was would become Emperor Go-Reizei) has his coming of age ceremony.
- **1037** (_Chōryaku 1, 17th day of the 8th month_): Go-Suzaku formally names Chikihito as his heir and Crown Prince.
- **1038** (_Chōryaku 2, 1st day of the 9th month_): Fujiwara no Chikaie was killed by a servant during an  attempted robbery; and all the greats of the Fujiwara went into mourning.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Keichō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1037|1038|1039|1040|
Mercenary (band)

**Mercenary** is a heavy metal band from Aalborg, Denmark.

### Current

- Martin Buus - Lead guitar, keyboards, backing vocals (since 2002)
- Jakob Mølbjerg - rhythm guitar (since 1995)
- René Pedersen - Bass guitar, vocals (since 2006)
- Peter Mathiesen - drums (since 2011)

### Former

- Nikolaj Brinkman (lead guitar 1993-2000)
- Signar Petersen (lead guitar 2000-2002)
- Hans Jørgen Andersen (rhythm guitar 1991-1993)
- Henrik "Kral" Andersen (bass 1993-2006, also harsh vocals 1991-2006, lead guitar 1991-1993)
- Andreas W. Hansen (bass 1991-1993)
- Jakob Johnsen (drums 1991-1993)
- Rasmus Jacobsen (drums 1992-2002)
- Mike Park Nielsen (drums 2002-2009)
- Morten Sandager (keyboards 2002-2009)
- Mikkel Sandager (vocals 2002-2009)
- Morten Løwe (drums 2009-2011)

### Studio albums

- _First Breath_ (1998)
- _Everblack_ (2002)
- _11 Dreams_ (2004)
- _The Hours that Remain_ (2006)
- _Architect of Lies_ (2008)
- _Metamorphosis_ (2011)
- _Through Our Darkest Days_ (2013)
- _Soundtrack For The End Times_ (2023)

### EPs

- _Supremacy_ (1996)

### Compilations

- _Mercenary_ (2006)

### Demos

- _Domicile_ (1993)
- _Gummizild_ (1994)

## Videography

- Firesoul (from 11 Dreams)
- My World is Ending (from The Hours that Remain)
- Isolation (from Architect of Lies)
- The Endless Fall (from Architect of Lies)

## Other websites

- Official Mercenary website
- Mercenary Myspace

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mercenary
- **image**: Mercenary SN2007 02.JPG
- **caption**: Mercenary in 2007
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Aalborg, Denmark
- **years active**: 1991–present
- **current members**: Jakob Mølbjerg
Martin Buus
René Pedersen
Martin Nielsen
- **past members**: Hans Jørgen Andersen
Henrik "Kral" Andersen
Nikolaj Brinkman
Andreas W. Hansen
Jakob Johnsen
Mike Park
Signar Petersen
Mikkel Sandager
Morten Sandager
Morten Løwe
Rasmus Laulund Jacobsen
Peter Mathiesen
Accept (band)

**Accept** is a heavy metal band from Solingen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was formed in 1968 by Udo Dirkschneider. The band played an important role in the development of speed metal.

### Current members

- Wolf Hoffmann – guitars, backing vocals
- Mark Tornillo – lead vocals
- Uwe Lulis – guitars
- Christopher Williams – drums
- Philip Shouse – guitars
- Martin Motnik – bass, backing vocals

### Former members

- Peter Baltes – bass, backing vocals * Udo Dirkschneider – lead vocals
- Frank Friedrich – drums
- Dieter Rubach - bass
- Gerhard Wahl – guitars
- Jörg Fischer – guitars
- Stefan Kaufmann – drums
- Herman Frank – guitars
- David Reece – lead vocals
- Stefan Schwarzmann – drums
- Michael Cartellone  – drums

### Live members

- Ken Mary – drums
- Jim Stacey – guitars
- Rob Armitage – lead vocals
- Michael White – lead vocals

## Studio albums

- _Accept_ (1979)
- _I'm a Rebel_ (1980)
- _Breaker_ (1981)
- _Restless and Wild_ (1982)
- _Balls to the Wall_ (1983)
- _Metal Heart_ (1985)
- _Russian Roulette_ (1986)
- _Eat the Heat_ (1989)
- _Objection Overruled_ (1993)
- _Death Row_ (1994)
- _Predator_ (1996)
- _Blood of the Nations_ (2010)
- _Stalingrad_ (2012)
- _Blind Rage_ (2014)
- _The Rise of Chaos_ (2017)
- _Too Mean to Die_ (2021)
- _Humanoid_ (2024)

## Other websites

- Accept's official website acceptworldwide.com

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Accept
- **img**: Accept vuonna 2022.jpg
- **img capt**: Accept performing in Finland, 2022
- **img size**: 800
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Solingen, Germany
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, speed metal
- **years active**: 1968–1989
1992–1997
2004–2005
2009–present
- **label**: Nuclear Blast
Epic Records, Epic/Sony BMG, Sony
 PolyGram
Passport
- **url**: [http://www.acceptworldwide.com/ Offeecial Wabsteid]
- **current members**: Wolf Hoffmann
Mark Tornillo
Uwe Lulis
Christopher Williams
Martin Motnik
Philip Shouse
- **past members**: Herman Frank
Peter Baltes
Stefan Schwarzmann
Michael Wagener
Udo Dirkschneider
Jörg Fischer
Frank Friedrich
Stefan Kaufmann
David Reece
Jan Koemmet
Jim Stacey
Gerhard Wahl
Rob Armitage
Michael Cartellone
Dieter Rubach
Autumn (band)

**Autumn** is a Dutch gothic metal band formed in 1995.

### Current members

|Name|Instrument(s)|Membership|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Marjan Welman|vocals|2008–present|
|Jens van der Valk|guitar, backing vocals|2002–present|
|Mats van der Valk|guitar, backing vocals|2005–present|
|Jan Munnik|keyboards|2006–present|
|Jerome Vrielink|bass guitar|2006–present|
|Jan Grijpstra|drum kit|1996–present|

### Former members

|Name|Instrument(s)|Membership|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Hildebrand van de Woude|drum kit|1995–1996|
|Welmoed Veersma|vocals, flute|1996–1999|
|Jeroen Bakker|guitar|1999–2001|
|Bert Ferweda|guitar|1995–2001|
|Jasper Koenders|guitar, flute|2001–2005|
|Meindert Sterk|bass guitar, vocals|1995–2006|
|Menno Terpstra|keyboards|1996–2006|
|Nienke de Jong|vocals|1999–2008|

### Studio albums

|Title|Year|Label|
| --- | --- | --- |
|_When Lust Evokes The Curse_|2002|Pink Records/Sony Music|
|_Summer's End_|2004|The Electric Co./Universal Music|
|_My New Time_|2007|Metal Blade Records|
|_Altitude_|2009|Metal Blade Records|
|_Cold Comfort_|2011|Metal Blade Records|

### Other releases

|Title|Year|Type|Label|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_Samhain_|1997|demo|self-released|
|_Gallery of Reality_|2005|single|The Electric Co./Universal Music|

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Autumn
- **image**: Autumn - Live Madrid 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Autumn in Madrid, February 2010
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Groningen (city), Groningen, Netherlands
- **genre**: Gothic metal, alternative metal
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **label**: Metal Blade Records, Metal Blade, Pink/Sony Music, The Electric Co./Universal Music
- **current members**: Jan Grijpstra
Jens van der Valk
Mats van der Valk
Jan Munnik
Jerome Vrielink
Marjan Welman
- **past members**: Meindert Sterk
Bert Ferweda
Hildebrand van de Woude
Menno Terpstra
Welmoed Veersma
Nienke de Jong
Jeroen Bakker
Jasper Koenders
Jennifer Stone

**Jennifer Lindsay Stone** (born February 12, 1993) is an American actress. She is known for playing Harper Finkle on the television series _Wizards of Waverly Place_ and Harriet Welsh in the movie _Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jennifer Stone
- **image**: Jennifer_Stone_2009.jpg
- **caption**: Stone attending "The 6th Annual Hollywood Style Awards" in Beverly Hills, California, Beverly Hills in October 2009
- **birth name**: Jennifer Lindsay Stone
- **birth place**: Arlington, Texas, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 2003–present
Jennette McCurdy

**Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy** (born June 26, 1992) is an American writer, director, podcaster, singer, and former actress. She played Sam Puckett on the Nickelodeon TV series _iCarly_ She reprised the character in the iCarly spin-off series _Sam & Cat_ She also appeared in other TV series including _True Jackson, VP_, _Malcolm in the Middle_ and _Lincoln Heights_. McCurdy grew up in Garden Grove, California.

## Early life

McCurdy was born on June 26, 1992. She was born in Los Angeles, California, and grew up in Garden Grove with her parents and three older brothers.

## Beginning career

McCurdy began acting at 8 years old. She made guest appearances on _Zoey 101._ From 2007 to 2012, she played Sam Puckett in the TV series _iCarly and the_ 2013 spin-off series _Sam & Cat._
She also made guest appearances on Malcom in The Middle.

## Movies

|scope="col"|Year|scope="col"|Title|scope="col"|Role|scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2001|_Shadow Fury_|Anna Markov||||||
|2002|_My Daughter's Tears_|Mary Fields||||||
|rowspan=2|2003|_Hollywood Homicide_|Van Family Daughter|||||
|_Taylor Simmons_|Amanda Simmons|||||||
|2004|_Breaking Dawn_|Little Girl||||||
|2005|_See Anthony Run_|Lucy|Short film|||||
|2009|_Minor Details_|Mia||||||
|2011|_The Death and Return of Superman_|Eradicator Folks|Short film|||||
|2013|_Snowflake, the White Gorilla_|Petunia|Voice role|||||
|2014|_Almost Heroes 3D_|Sue|Voice role, final project before death|||||

## TV series

- _MADtv_ - Cassidy Gifford (2000; 1 episode)
- _Malcolm in the Middle_ - Daisy / Penelope (2003, 2005; 2 episodes)
- _Law & Order: Special Victims Unit_ - Holly Purcell (2005; 1 episode)
- _Zoey 101_ - Trisha Kirby (2005; 1 episode)
- _Will & Grace_ - Lisa (2006; 1 episode)
- _iCarly_ - Sam Puckett (2007-2012; 96 episodes, lead role)
- _True Jackson, VP_ - Pinky Turzo (2009-2010; 2 episodes)
- _The Penguins of Madagascar_ - Becky (2010-2013; voice)
- _The Cleveland Show_ - Girl #1 (2010; voice, 1 episode)
- _Big Time Rush_ - Training Fan (2010; 1 episode)
- _Victorious_ - Ponnie / Linda / Fawn (2012; 1 episode)
- _Sam & Cat_ - Sam Puckett (2013-2014; lead role)

## Other websites

- Jennette McCurdy on Facebook
- Jennette McCurdy on Twitter

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **instrument**: Vocals


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jennette McCurdy
- **image**: ICarly actors at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst (cropped).JPG
- **caption**: McCurdy at the Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst in 2012
- **birth name**: Jennette Michelle Faye McCurdy
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 2000–present
Washington Senators

Since 1900, there have been two Major League Baseball teams in Washington, D.C. called the **Washington Senators**

The first Senators team played in Washington from 1901-1960, and moved to become the Minnesota Twins.

The second Senators team played in Washington from 1961-1971, and moved to become the Texas Rangers.

The current team is called the Washington Nationals.
Adder

The **adder**, _Vipera berus_ is a venomous viper that can be found throughout most of Western Europe and all the way to East Asia. It is the only venomous snake in the British Isles.

They are not highly dangerous: the snake is not aggressive and usually only bites when alarmed or disturbed. Bites can be very painful, but they are rarely fatal. The snake is not threatened, though it is protected in some countries.

## Description

Adults grow to about 60 centimeters (24 in) in length. The largest, at around 90–104 (35–41 in), are found in Scandinavia. In France and Great Britain, the maximum size is 80–87 centimeters (31–34 in), weighing from 50 grams (1.8 oz) to about 180 grams (6.3 oz).

Unusually for snakes, the sexes can be seen by their colour. Females are usually brownish with dark-brown markings, the males are pure grey with black markings.

The species has two morphs. The common pattern is the one with dark stripe with crossbars along the back, on a lighter body. The melanistic morph is very dark all over. The dark morph is more common in females. Polymorphism is usually maintained by natural selection.

The adder has a wide range. It lives in across Eurasian.In several European countries it is the only native venomous snake.

The adder's diet is mainly small mammals such as mice, voles, shrews and even weasels and moles. Sometimes, they eat slow worms and lizards. They feed on amphibia, such as frogs, newts, and salamanders. There have been reports of adders eating birds, especially nestlings and eggs. Adders are ovoviviparous. Once they reach about 30 cm (1 ft) in length, their diet becomes adult.

They are protected by law in the U.K., (Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981), and by the Berne Convention (the Berne Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats). It is a crime to harm them.
Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (movie)

***Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire*** is a 2005 fantasy movie directed by Mike Newell. It is based on J. K. Rowling's 2000 novel of the same name. It is the sequel to _Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban_ (2004) and the fourth movie in the _Harry Potter_ movie series.

It stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger.

The movie is the first of the series to receive a PG-13. It was the highest-grossing movie of 2005 and the sixth-highest-grossing movie in the _Harry Potter_ series.

The movie was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction, and won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design.

## Plot

Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger and the rest of Ron's family attend a Quidditch game. The game is attacked by a group of terrorist wizards named Death Eaters. The Death Eaters were the followers of Lord Voldemort before he died.

At Hogwarts school, Professor Dumbledore announces that the school will host the Triwizard Tournament, a game where three magical schools compete in several challenges. The contestant from each school is chosen by the Goblet of Fire. From the Bulgarian magic school, Viktor Krum is chosen. From the French magic school, Fleur Delacour is selected. However, everyone is shocked when the Goblet of Fire selects two contestants for Hogwarts: Cedric Diggory and Harry.

For the first task, the contestants must each retrieve a golden egg from a dragon. For the second task, the contestants must each rescue somebody from the Black Lake, where they are attacked by evil mermaids. In both tasks, Harry is given help by a new teacher named Professor Moody. After the task, Harry finds the dead body of Barty Crouch, an official of the Ministry of Magic (magical government). Harry and Dumbledore look into the past and find out that Barty Crouch's son (Barty Crouch Junior) is a Death Eater.

For the third task, the contestants must find the trophy, which has been hidden by Professor Moody inside a maze. Both Harry and Cedric find the trophy, but it teleports them to a graveyard. In the graveyard, Voldemort is revived by his loyal servant, Peter Pettigrew. Voldemort also kills Cedric Diggory. Voldemort tries to kill Harry but the ghosts of people that Voldemort has killed arrive to distract him so that Harry can teleport back to Hogwarts.

"Professor Moody" drags Harry into his office. It is revealed that the real Professor Moody has been locked up and is being impersonated by Barty Crouch Junior. Dumbledore announces the death of Cedric and the return of Voldemort but the Ministry of Magic denies that Voldemort has returned.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Harry Potter
- **director**: Mike Newell
- **producers**: David Heyman
- **screenplay**: Steve Kloves
- **music**: Patrick Doyle
- **cinematography**: Michael Seresin
- **editing**: Steven Weisberg
- **distributor**: Warner Bros. Pictures
- **runtime**: 142 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $130 million
- **gross**: $796.2 million
Tapaculo

The **tapaculos** (pronounced _ta-pa-COO-lo_) are a group of small passeriform birds. They have many species, and are found mostly in South America, especially in the Andean regions. Three species, the Choco, the Pale-throated and the Silvery-fronted Tapaculo, are found in southern Central America. Tapaculos nest in many places, from ground burrows to tree holes. Some make a ball nest in a bush.
Gnateater

The **gnateaters** are a bird family, **Conopophagidae**. They are made of ten small passerine species in two genera. They live in South and Central America. They are very closely related to the antbirds and less closely to the antpittas and tapaculos. Gnateaters are not studied or known as much because of their remote habitat. However, they are often watched by birdwatchers. Gnateaters feed on insects. They catch them in the understory of South American forests.
Ovenbird

The **Ovenbird** (_Seiurus aurocapilla_) is a small songbird of the order Passeriformes. Its family is Parulidae. The ovenbird was named after its domed nest with a side entrance, which looks like an oven. This migratory bird is found in eastern North America and winters in Central America, many Caribbean Islands, Florida, and northern Venezuela. The ovenbird walks, unlike most other members of its family, which hop.
Wang Ja-ji

**Wang Ja-ji** (, 1066 – May 1122)  was a Korean politician, general, musician, and ambassador during the Goryeo dynasty. His posthumous name is Jangsun (), Chinese style name was Wonjang (), first name was Sojung ().

## Related pages

- Yun Gwan
- Oh Yeonchong
- Kang Gamchan
- Seo Hee

## References

- Wang Jha-ji:Naver
- Wang Jha-ji:Koran historical person informations
- Wang Jha-ji:Nate
- Wang Jha-ji:britannica
Hemopneumothorax

**Hemopneumothorax** is a medical problem where the lung is damaged and the chest fills up with air and blood. It is treated by opening the chest and putting in a chest drain. This can only be done by paramedics or doctors. A hemopneumothorax often happens after high speed crashes and penetrating chest wounds.

## Related pages

- Emphysema
- Bullae
- Tension pneumothorax