juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Holism

**Holism**  is the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) and their properties, should be viewed as wholes, not as collections of parts. This often includes the view that systems somehow function as wholes and that their functioning cannot be fully understood solely in terms of their component parts.

Reductionism is often viewed as the opposite of holism. Reductionism in science says that a complex system can be explained by _reduction_ to its fundamental parts. For example, the processes of biology are reducible to chemistry and the laws of chemistry are explained by physics.

Social scientist and physician Nicholas A. Christakis explains that "for the last few centuries, the Cartesian project in science has been to break matter down into ever smaller bits, in the pursuit of understanding. And this works, to some extent...but putting things back together in order to understand them is harder, and typically comes later in the development of a scientist or in the development of science".

## Related pages

- Gestalt psychology
- Interdisciplinarity
- Theory of everything
The Lone Ranger (TV series)

***The Lone Ranger*** is an American half-hour western television series. It stars Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger and Jay Silverheels as The Lone Ranger's Indian pal Tonto. The series was one of the highest-rated series in television's early years and ABC's first true "hit". Its first run lasted from September 15, 1949 to June 8, 1957. Its first five seasons were broadcast in black and white. Its last season aired in color. There was a total of 221 episodes.

George Trendle and Fran Striker were producers. John Hart briefly took the role of The Lone Ranger while Moore was tied-up in a salary dispute with producers. Oil millionaire Jack Wrather bought the show in 1954. Wrather's other television
properties included the hit series _Lassie_ and _Sgt. Preston of the Yukon_. Two feature-length movies were produced after the show was canceled, _The Lone Ranger_ (co-starring Wrather's wife Bonita Granville Wrather) and _The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold_.

Some episodes are available on video and DVD. The series is sometimes seen in reruns. The series was known for its use of classical music collected from many sources. Especially famous was the series's opening and closing music, a part of Gioachino Rossini's _William Tell Overture_. Equally well known were the cries heard at the end of each episode of "Who was that masked man?" and The Lone Ranger's "Hi-Yo, Silver! Away!". Much merchandise was manufactured during the series run such as toys, games, costumes, guns and holsters, and comic books.
Pembroke College, Cambridge

**Pembroke College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1347 on Christmas Eve. This was when Edward III gave Marie de St Pol the right to build a new college. She was the wife of the Earl of Pembroke, who died in 1327. The name of the college comes from him. However, it used to be called _Hall of Valence Mary_ and only in 1856 the name was changed to the current one.

Pembroke College has about 700 students. The buildings within the college are of very different age. The oldest ones are from the 14th century, including the Chapel. The Hall was built later in the 1850s, and many of the student's rooms after the 1950s. It is found on Trumpington Street, which is near King's Parade, the main street in Cambridge.

Some very important people have studied here, like John Sulston (he won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) and Edmund Spenser (a poet).

## Other websites

- Official website
William Dean Howells

**William Dean Howells** (March 1, 1837 – May 11, 1920) was an American author and literary critic. His works include the Christmas story "Christmas Every Day" and the novel _The Rise of Silas Lapham_. He married Elinor Mead and had three children.

## Works

- _Venetian Life_ (1866)
- _Italian Journeys_ (1867)
- _Suburban Sketches_ (1871)
- _Their Wedding Journey_ (1872)
- _A Counterfeit Presentment_ (1877)
- _The Lady of The Aroostook_ (1879)

The following were written during his residence in England and in Italy, as was _The Rise of Silas Lapham_ in 1885.

- _The Undiscovered Country_ (1880)
- _A Fearful Responsibility_ (1881)
- _Dr. Breen's Practice_ (1881)
- _The Sleeping Car_ (1882)
- _A Modern Instance_ (1882)
- _A Woman's Reason_ (1883)
- _Three Villages_ (1884)
- _Tuscan Cities_ (1885)
- _The Rise of Silas Lapham_ (1885)

He returned to the United States in 1886. He wrote various types of works, including fiction, poetry, and farces, of which _The Sleeping Car, The Mouse-Trap, The Elevator_; _Christmas Every Day_; and _Out of the Question_ are characteristic.

- _Indian Summer_ (1886)
- _The Minister's Charge_ (1886)
- _Annie Kilburn_ (1887/88)
- _Modern Italian Poets_ (1887)
- _April Hopes_ (1888)
- _Mark Twain's Library of Humor_ (1888, in conjunction with Mark Twain)
- _A Hazard of New Fortunes_ (1889)
- _The Shadow of a Dream_ (1890)
- _Criticism and Fiction_ (1891)
- _Christmas Every Day_ (1892)
- _The Quality of Mercy_ (1892)
- _An Imperative Duty_ (1892)
- _The Coast of Bohemia_ (1893)
- _My Year In a Log Cabin_ (1893)
- _A Traveler from Altruria_ (1894)
- _Stops of Various Quills_ (1895)
- _The Story of a Play_ (1898)
- _Ragged Lady_ (1899)
- _Their Silver Wedding Anniversary_ (1899)
- _The Flight of Pony Baker_ (1902)
- _The Kentons_ (1902)
- _Questionable Shapes_ (1903)
- _Son of Royal Langbrith_ (1904)
- _Editha_ (1905)
- _London Films_ (1905)
- _Certain Delightful English Towns_ (1906)
- _Between the Dark and the Daylight_ (1907)
- _Through the Eye of the Needle_ (1907)
- _Heroines of Fiction_ (1908)
- _The Landlord At Lion's Head_ (1908)
- _My Mark Twain: Reminiscences_ (1910)
- _New Leaf Mills_ (1913)
- _Seen and Unseen at Stratford-upon-Avon: A Fantasy_ (1914)
- _The Leatherwood God_ (1916)
- _Years of My Youth_ (autobiography) (1916)

## References

- Fryckstedt, Olov W. 1958. _In Quest of America: A Study of Howells’ Early Development as a Novelist._ Upsala, Sweden: Thesis.
- Goodman, Susan and Carl Dawson. _William Dean Howells: A Writer's Life_. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
- Lynn, Kenneth S. _William Dean Howells: An American Life_. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1970.
- Olsen, Rodney. _Dancing in Chains: The Youth of William Dean Howells_. New York: New York University Press, 1991.

## Other websites

- Essays by William Dean Howells at Quotidiana.org
- William Dean Howells Society includes a biographical sketch of Howells, links to his works (including the "Editor's Study" columns), questions and replies, bibliographies, and pictures.
- Realism in American Literature at the Literary Movements site
Doughboy

**Doughboy** was a nickname given to the 85,000 American soldiers who fought in France during World War I. Their leader was John J. Pershing.

The word "doughboy" was well known almost 100 years before World War I in Britain and America. Doughboy had a different meaning then. Soldiers in Spain, America, and Britain were all familiar with fried doughnuts called doughboys. Because of the occasional contact of the nation's armed force and transatlantic migration, it seems likely that this usage was known to the members of the U.S. Army by the early 19th century.

Though the first person to use the term is unclear, it was in use as early as the 1840s. One place that may have used "doughboy" first was during the Mexican–American War. Infantry forces, the army, were always covered with dust from marching through Mexico. This made the men look like uncooked dough. Another idea is the dusty infantry men looked like the mud bricks used in the area called adobes. Another idea is that doughboys were named this was because of their way of cooking field servings in the 1840s and 1850s when they baked doughy flour and rice mixtures in the ashes of a fire, but this does not explain why only army men had the doughboy name.
Colourful Radio

**Colourful Radio** is a commercial radio station in London. It broadcasts to Birmingham and Manchester on DAB Digital Radio. It also plays over the Internet. Colourful Radio's output is split between news, current affairs and music. The type of music the station plays is a combination of afrobeat, soul, rnb, reggae, and jazz-funk.

Colourful Radio was officially founded in 2002 by Kofi Kusitor. It went public in 2004 as the UK's first internet audio stream. It played various shows over the internet until it joined Sky satellite in 2006.

Colourful Radio began broadcasting on DAB on 2 March 2009. By then Mr Kusitor had appointed as Head of Station, Gordon Mac (formerly of KISS FM) and as Head of Programmes Henry Bonsu (former presenter of BBC London 94.9) to ran the station.

## Other websites

- Colourful Radio website
Cootie

***Cootie*** is a roll-and-move-, 3-dimensional, table-top children's game for 2 to 4 players. At the roll of the die, the player selects a component of the cootie such as the head or the tongue. The winner is the first to complete his cootie. Schaper's plastic bug has become an icon. For some, it is a symbol for the baby boomer generation.

The game was invented in 1948 by William Schaper. It sold in the millions after being launched in 1949. There were many games called "Cootie" in the early years of the 20th century. Only Schaper's game had a free-standing cootie though. The game is now produced by Hasbro subsidiary Milton Bradley. In 2003, _Cootie_ was named to the Toy Industry Association's "Century of Toys List".

## References

- Jane C. Hu. A Brief History of Cooties［N].   Smithsonian Magazine.May 2019.
Play-Doh

**Play-Doh** is a children's modeling compound made of wheat flour, water, salt, boric acid, and mineral oil. It was first made in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S., as a wallpaper cleaner in the 1930s. Children began using it as a modeling compound. It was changed and marketed to schools in the middle 1950s. Play-Doh was used at an educational convention in 1956. Important department stores opened retail accounts. Advertisements on many children's television shows in 1957 brought more sales. Play-Doh has much spinoff merchandise, such as The Fun Factory. In 2003, the Toy Industry Association named Play-Doh in its "Century of Toys List".

## Origin

The non-toxic, non-staining, reusable modeling compound that came to be known as "Play-Doh" was a stretchy, putty-like substance made by Noah McVicker of Cincinnati-based soap manufacturer Kutol Products. It was made at the request of Kroger Grocery, who wanted a product that could clean coal residue from wallpaper. Following World War II, with the change from coal-based home heating to natural gas and the resulting decrease in coal soot, and the introduction of washable vinyl-based wallpaper, the market for wallpaper cleaning putty decreased quite a lot.
McVicker's nephew, Joe McVicker, joined Kutol to save the company from bankruptcy. Joe McVicker was the brother-in-law of nursery school teacher Kay Zufall, who had seen a newspaper article about making art projects with the wallpaper cleaning putty. Her students enjoyed it, and she persuaded Noah McVicker and Joe McVicker to manufacture it as a child’s toy. Zufall and her husband came up with the name Play-Doh; Joe McVicker and his uncle Noah had wanted to call it "Rainbow Modeling Compound".

## Infobox (toy)

- **name**: Play-Doh
- **caption**: Play-Doh Retro Canister
- **type**: Modelling clay, Modeling clay
- **inventor**: Kay Zufall
Brian Joseph McVicker
Bill Rhodenbaugh
- **country**: United States
- **company**: Kutol Products Company, Kutol
 (1955)
Rainbow Crafts
 (1956–1971)
Kenner
 (1971–1991)<br/ > Hasbro
 (1991–present)
- **from**: 1956
- **to**: present
- **website**: playdoh.hasbro.com
Onslow, Nova Scotia

**Onslow** is a small Canadian rural community in central Colchester County, Nova Scotia. It is an unincorporated community. The community is located along the north bank of the Salmon River. It is on the opposite side of the river from the town of Truro. It is largely a farming area. It is in a region first settled by Europeans as Onslow Township (1761).

An important highway interchange is in the community. It is where Highway 102 ends at Highway 104.

Onslow is home to Central Colchester Junior High School. The school is operated by the Chignecto-Central Regional School Board. Onslow also contains a small corner store, a John Deere dealership and a volunteer fire department. The area is mostly farmland but people live here also and the community is expanding somewhat. In the fall and spring, migrating Canada Geese are attracted to the farmlands and corn fields. Onslow is in an area with high winds. This makes it an excellent place for wind turbines. Some farmers in the area have put up wind turbines to power their farms.

Nova Scotia Power has a power distribution point in Onslow where it interconnects the Halifax Regional Municipality with Cape Breton, South Shore and New Brunswick Power Transmission System.
Mugur Sundar

**Mugur Sundar** ()  is an Indian dance choreographer. He works in South Indian cinema. He has directed dance sequences for more than 1000 south-Indian movies. Sundar was born in _Mugur_, a village in Mysore district, Karnataka. He has three sons, Prabhu Deva, Raju Sundaram and Nagendra Prasad, who are established dance masters. One of his sons is a judge on the television program AATA 4. Sundaram was a judge on Vijay TV's programsJodi No.1 and Jodi No.1 Season Two. His fellow judges were Silambarasan and Sangeetha.

In 2001, he directed his first Kannada movie _Manasella Neene_. It was a remake of Telugu movie _Manasanthaa Nuvve_. His son, Nagendra Prasad, played a lead role in the movie.

Sundar played a guest role in a Kannada movie _Thabbali_. He also choreographed a song for the same movie.

Mugur Sundar is also known for mentoring many upcoming dancers and choreographers in the South Indian film industry. His unique choreography style blends classical Indian dance with modern cinematic movements, influencing generations of performers. Beyond films and television, Sundar has been invited to cultural events and dance reality shows across India, where he is respected as a pioneer in popularizing dance in mainstream cinema. His legacy continues through not only his children but also through numerous artists who consider him their inspiration.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mugur Sundar
- **birth name**: Mugur Sundar
- **birth place**: Mugur, Mysore, Mysore State, British India
- **othername**: Sundaram
- **occupation**: Choreographer, film director, actor
Douglas Jackman

Air Marshal **Sir Harold Douglas Jackman**,  (26 October 1902 – 15 June 1991) was a senior Royal Air Force officer. He became Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF Maintenance Command.

## RAF career

Jackman joined the Royal Air Force in 1926. He initially served as a Stores Officer. He served in World War II as an Administrative Staff Officer at Headquarters RAF Middle East. Then as Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Mediterranean Air Command. Next he became assistant Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Air Forces and then Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Balkan Air Force.

After the War he was appointed Director of Movements and then Director of Organisation (Forecasting and Planning) at the Air Ministry. He went on to be Air Officer Commanding No. 40 Group in 1952. He became Director-General of Equipment at the Air Ministry in 1955. Then in 1958 he was appointed Air Officer Commanding RAF Maintenance Command. It was here he laid the foundation stone for a new Headquarters at Andover before retiring in 1961.

In retirement he became Chief Co-ordinator of the Anglo-American Community Relations Scheme in the UK.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Sir Douglas Jackman
- **birth date**: 26 October 1902
- **death date**: 15 June 1991
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **serviceyears**: 1926–1961
- **rank**: Air Marshal
- **commands**: No. 40 Group RAF, No. 40 Group
RAF Maintenance Command
- **battles**: World War II
- **awards**: Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Companion of the Order of the Bath
Kurt Koffka

**Kurt Koffka** (18 March 1886 – 22 November 1941) was a German psychologist. He was one of the founders of Gestalt psychology.

Koffka was born and educated in Berlin and earned his PhD there in 1909 as a student of Carl Stumpf. Koffka also spent one year at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland where learnt English, a skill that later served him well. Koffka worked at the University of Frankfurt when Max Wertheimer arrived in 1910 and invited Koffka to take part as a subject in his research on the phi phenomenon.

Koffka left Frankfurt in 1912 to take a position at the University of Giessen, where he worked for over eleven years. Koffka then travelled to the United States, where he was a visiting professor at Cornell University from 1924 to 1925, and two years later at University of Wisconsin–Madison. Eventually, in 1927, he accepted a position at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, where he remained until his death in 1941.

## Major works

- 1921. _Die Grundlagen der psychischen Entwicklung_. Osterwieck am Harz, Zickfeldt. ('The growth of the mind').
- 1922. Perception: an introduction to the Gestalt theory. _Psych. Bulletin_ **19**, 531–585.
- 1924. _Growth of the mind: an introduction to child-psychology_, transl. R.M. Ogden. 2nd revised edition 1928. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. and New York: Harcourt, Brace.
- 1935. _Principles of gestalt psychology_. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Advanced textbook, 720 pages.

## Other websites

- Gestalt psychology website of the international Society for Gestalt Theory and its Applications - GTA
- Boeree, C. George 2000. Gestalt Psychology website with biographies of leading figures

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kurt Koffka
- **birth date**: 18 March 1886
- **birth place**: Berlin, German Empire
- **death date**: 22 November 1941
- **death place**: Northampton, Massachusetts
- **nationality**: German
- **known for**: Gestalt psychology
Diassodou

** Diassodou ** is a town and a sub-prefecture in the Beyla Prefecture. It is in the Nzérékoré Region of south-eastern Guinea.
Standard Time Act

The **Standard Time Act** is also known as the **Calder Act**. It was the first United States federal law implementing standard time and Daylight saving time in the United States. It authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to define each time zone.

The section concerning daylight saving time was repealed by the act titled _An Act For the repeal of the daylight-saving law_.
Cable TV Privacy Act

The **Cable TV Privacy Act** of 1984 became effective on December 29, 1984. It provides for the privacy of personal information. It prohibits cable TV providers from disclosing personally identifiable information. It also allows users to view and verify their information.
Lewis F. Powell Jr.

**Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr.** (September 19, 1907 – August 25, 1998) was an American politician and judge. He was the Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

Powell was born on September 19, 1907 in Suffolk, Virginia. He was a Presbyterian. Powell studied at Washington and Lee University, at Washington and Lee University School of Law, and at Harvard Law School. He was married to Josephine Pierce Rucker and had three daughters and one son. Powell died on August 25, 1998 in Richmond, Virginia from pneumonia, aged 90.

## Other websites

- The Powell Memo (as text, with notation).
- Attack on American Free Enterprise System  (pdf)
- A Call to Arms for Class War: From the Top Down

## Infobox (judge)

- **image**: US Supreme Court Justice Lewis Powell - 1976 official portrait.jpg
- **office**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- **nominator**: Richard Nixon
- **term start**: January 7, 1972
- **term end**: June 26, 1987
- **predecessor**: Hugo Black
- **successor**: Anthony Kennedy
- **birth name**: Lewis Franklin Powell Jr.
- **birth place**: Suffolk, Virginia, Suffolk, Virginia, U.S.
- **death place**: Richmond, Virginia, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.
- **children**: 4
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **education**:
Harvard University
- **serviceyears**: 1942–1945
- **battles**: World War II
- **mawards**: Bronze Star Medal, Bronze Star
Legion of Merit
Croix de Guerre
East Pakistan Rifles

After the partition of the Indian sub-continent ‘Eastern Frontier Rifles’ was re-grouped and renamed **East Pakistan Rifles**. It was the primary border protection force of the then East Pakistan provincial region. A number of Metropolitan Armed Police of Calcutta and some 1,000 ex-soldiers of West Pakistan merged into this force. Officers from the army were transferred to command and reorganize EPR. In 1958, it was also assigned the anti-smuggling duties on top of its primary role as the border guards. In 1965 India Pakistan war this force fought valiantly and successfully in a number of skirmishes in Lathitila, Dohogram, Laksmipur, Assalong and Boroibari. Major Tofael was awarded the highest military award of erstwhile Pakistan, ‘Nishan-e-Haider’, for his action in the Laksmipur Operation. The strength of the force was 13,454 during March 1971. Its headquarters was siauted in dhaka . After the fall of dhaka EPR was dissloved
Harry Blackmun

**Harry Andrew Blackmun** (November 12, 1908 – March 4, 1999) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 until 1994. Appointed by Republican President Richard Nixon, Blackmun ultimately became one of the most liberal justices on the Court. He is best known as the author of the Court's opinion in _Roe v. Wade_, which prohibits many state and federal restrictions on abortion.

Blackmun studied at Harvard College, at Harvard Law School. Blackmun was never married. He had no children. Blackmun died on March 4, 1999 in Arlington County, Virginia from natural causes, aged 90.

## Other websites

- Excerpt from Blackmun's _Callins_ opinion, and Justice Scalia's response
- NPR series on Justice Blackmun's Files
- Blackmun's Papers at the Library of Congress
- Transcript:  The Justice Harry A. Blackmun Oral History Project

## Infobox (judge)

- **birthname**: Harry Andrew Blackmun
- **image**: Justice Blackmun Official.jpg
- **office**: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court
- **termstart**: June 9, 1970
- **termend**: August 3, 1994
- **nominator**: Richard Nixon
- **predecessor**: Abe Fortas
- **successor**: Stephen Breyer
- **office2**: United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
- **termstart2**: September 21, 1959
- **termend2**: June 8, 1970
- **nominator2**: Dwight D. Eisenhower
- **predecessor2**: John B. Sanborn, Jr.
- **successor2**: Donald Roe Ross
- **alma mater**: Harvard College
Harvard Law School
- **birth place**: Nashville, Illinois, Nashville, Illinois, United States
- **death place**: Arlington County, Virginia, Arlington County, Virginia, United States
National Socialist Council of Nagaland

The **Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland** (**NSCN**) is a nationalist paramilitary group. It operates mainly in Northeast India, and sometimes in Myanmar. Its members are Christian Naga people. The main aim of the organization is to establish a sovereign state, "Nagalim". This would cover all areas inhabited by the Naga people.

The NSCN has been declared as a terrorist organisation in India.
Havaily District

**Havaily District** () is part of Azad Kashmir in Pakistan.
Hattian Bala District

**Hattian District** () is part of Azad Kashmir in Pakistan.
Anointing of the sick

**Anointing** **of the Sick** is a sacrament (a sacred ceremony) in Roman Catholicism and other Christian denominations.  It is given to people who are "in danger due to sickness or old age".

A person does not have to be dying to receive the Anointing of the Sick.  It can be done for anyone with a medical problem which they could die from.

Anointing of the Sick is also called **Unction**.  In the past, it was called **Extreme Unction.**  ("Anointing" and "Unction" are both words for putting oil on a person.  Oil is an important part of the ceremony.)

## Beginnings

All four Gospels in the Bible say that Jesus healed many people.  Catholics believe that even after his death, Jesus is still able to heal people through the power of the sacraments.

The main part of the Bible that talks about anointing of the sick is : "Are any among you sick? They should call for the elders of the Church and have them pray over them, anointing them with oil in the name of the Lord.  And their prayer offered in faith will heal the sick, and the Lord will make them well. And if they have committed sins, these will be forgiven." ,  and  also talk about the anointing of the sick.

## The sacrament

The Anointing of the Sick sacrament is done by a priest.  The priest brings oil, which he has blessed.  Usually, the oil is olive oil or another pure plant oil.  The priest rubs the blessed oil on the patient's forehead, and sometimes other parts of the body.  While he does this, he says special prayers that are meant for the Anointing of the Sick sacrament.

Catholics believe the Anointing of the Sick sacrament can:
- Give comfort to the sick person (make them feel better)
- Give the sick person the courage and strength they will need to go through the pain or suffering of their illness
- Make the soul stronger
- Make the body stronger (sometimes)
- Help the person get ready to live with Christ forever after death
- Forgive the person's sins, if the person is too sick to make a confession (tell the priest about the sins he has done in his life, ask for forgiveness, and say prayers to show he is sorry)

Several other Christian churches have similar rituals.

## Last rites

The Anointing of the Sick is one of the three sacraments that make up the last rites.  In Catholicism, last rites are a set of sacraments that are given to people who are dying.

The steps in the last rites are:
1. Penance: The dying person repents their sins (says they are sorry for the sins they have done), and asks God to forgive them.
1. The Anointing of the Sick
1. Viaticum: This is one final Holy Communion.  The dying person is given a small piece of bread, or even a tiny crumb if they cannot eat.  A priest has blessed this bread.  Catholics believe this special blessing turns the bread into the body of Christ.

## Related pages

- Catechism of the Catholic Church
- Charismatic
- Lourdes
People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak

The **People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak** (PREPAK) is an armed insurgent group in Manipur demanding a separate and independent homeland. PREPAK was formed under the leadership of R. K. Tulachandra on October 9, 1977.
Stranded Pakistanis

**Stranded Pakistanis**, also known as **Biharis**, describes the people mainly of the Biharis ethnic group currently residing in Bangladesh who immigrated to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) with the hopes of joining Pakistan but after the East Pakistan seceded and became Bangladesh were unable to re-immigrate (due to the large distances) in 1971 and continue to claim Pakistani citizenship.
Olga Yakovleva (basketball, born 1963)

**Olga Yakovleva** (born 15 December 1963) is a Russian former basketball player. She was born in Leningrad. She was part of the Soviet team which won a bronze medal in the 1988 Summer Olympics.
Michael Cassidy

**Michael Cassidy** (1837 – March 18, 1908) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He received the U.S. military's highest decoration called the Medal of Honor. He got the medal for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

## Biography

Cassidy was born in 1837 in Ireland. He immigrated to the United States and was living in New York when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a landsman on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, _Lackawanna_ engaged the  at close range. Cassidy distinguished himself as the sponger on a gun crew. For this action, he was presented the Medal of Honor four months later on December 31, 1864.

Cassidy's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
> Served on board the U.S.S. _Lackawanna_ during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram _Tennessee_, in Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Displaying great coolness and exemplary behavior as first sponger of a gun, Cassidy, by his coolness under fire, received the applause of his officers and the guncrew throughout the action which resulted in the capture of the prize ram _Tennessee_ and in the destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

Cassidy died on March 18, 1908, at age 70 or 71. He was buried at Hampton National Cemetery in Hampton, Virginia.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Michael Cassidy
- **birth date**: 1837
- **death date**: March 18,
- **birth place**: Ireland
- **placeofburial**: Hampton National Cemetery, Hampton, Virginia
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **allegiance**: United States
- **branch**: United States Navy
- **rank**: Landman (rank), Landsman
- **battles**: American Civil War
 Battle of Mobile Bay
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
Alison Lohman

**Alison Marion Lohman** (September 18, 1979 in Palm Springs, California) is an American movie and television actress. She has been in theatrical features, including _White Oleander_ and the erotic 2005 biography _Where the Truth Lies_ (the latter was given an NC-17 rating by MPAA; it was later released unrated). Lohman has also been in TV programs, including _7th Heaven_ and She is Voiced by Katherine in Flicka.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alison Lohman
- **image**: Alison Lohman 2011.jpg
- **birthname**: Alison Marion Lohman
- **birth place**: Palm Springs, California, U.S.
- **yearsactive**: 1998–2009
- **spouse**: Mark Neveldine (2009–present)
- **children**: 1 son
- **occupation**: Actress
Haapanen

**Haapanen** is a Finnish surname. Some people with this surname are:
- Aatto Haapanen (1899–1976), Finnish writer
- Aimo Haapanen (1928–1988 ), Finnish politician
Hec Lalande

**Hector Joseph Lalande** (November 24, 1934 – August 18, 2010) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 5 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL).

Lalande played in the NHL with the Chicago Blackhawks for 4 seasons and with the Detroit Red Wings for 1 season. Even though he played in the NHL, he was most successful in the minor league with the Clinton Comets of the Eastern Hockey League. During his time with the Comets, he recorded two back-to-back 100 point seasons and won both the Atlantic City Boardwalk Trophy Winner and the James J. Walker Trophy Winner in the 1963–64 season. He also won the Calder Cup when he was playing with the Hershey Bears in the 1957–58 and 1958–59 AHL seasons.

He died on August 18, 2010.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shot**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 9
- **weight lb**: 157
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
Detroit Red Wings
- **birth place**: North Bay, Ontario, North Bay, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1953
- **career end**: 1968
Erkkilä

**Erkkilä** is a Finnish surname. Some people with this surname are:

- Mika Erkkilä, Finnish icehockey player
- Eeli Erkkilä, Finnish politician
- Minna-Leena Erkkilä, Finnish writer
Mike Hudson

**Michael Hudson** (born February 6, 1967 in Guelph, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player that played a total of 11 seasons in the NHL.

In the NHL, he played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Edmonton Oilers, New York Rangers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Toronto Maple Leafs, St. Louis Blues and Phoenix Coyotes. He also played in the DEL for 2 seasons; 1 season with Augsburger Panther and 1 season with Adler Mannheim.

He won the Stanley Cup with the Rangers in the 1993–94 NHL season.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 185
- **played for**: **National Hockey League, NHL**:
Chicago Blackhawks
Edmonton Oilers
New York Rangers
Pittsburgh Penguins
Toronto Maple Leafs
St. Louis Blues
Phoenix Coyotes
**Deutsche Eishockey Liga, DEL**:
Augsburger Panther
Adler Mannheim
- **birth place**: Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- **draft**: 140th overall
- **draft year**: 1986
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **career start**: 1987
- **career end**: 1999
Kansallis-Osake-Pankki

**Kansallis-Osake-Pankki** was a merchant bank in Finland in 1889–1995. The bank's sign was blue squirrel.

## Chief executive officers

- Otto Hjelt (1889–1892)
- Fredrik Nybom (1892–1914)
- J. K. Paasikivi (1914–1934)
- Mauri Honkajuuri (1934–1948)
- Matti Virkkunen (1948–1975)
- Veikko Makkonen (1975–1983)
- Jaakko Lassila (1983–1991)
- Pertti Voutilainen (1991–1995)
Taco John's

**Taco John's International** is a franchisor of a chain of fast food restaurants serving Tex-Mex food, along with its trademark side dish, Potato Olés, which are disc-shaped tater tots with a company-secret and spicy Tex-Mex flavor baked in. The chain is headquartered in Cheyenne, Wyoming.

Taco John's was started in 1969 by Harold Holmes and Jim Woodson, with the name "John" referring to John Turner, who founded the concept and sold it to the two other men to franchise it.  The chain has about 400 restaurants. It is usually found in smaller to medium-sized cities, rather than everywhere like competitor Taco Bell is.
Mytilus (genus)

***Mytilus*** is a common genus of medium to large-sized marine mussels. They are bivalve molluscs of the family Mytilidae. Mussels are edible, and are used in various stews and soups. In life, they are attached to the substrate (rocks etc) by byssus threads.

## Species

Species within the genus _Mytilus_ include:
- the _Mytilus edulis_ complex:
    - _Mytilus edulis_ <small>Linnaeus, 1758 </small> – blue mussel, edible blue mussel
        - _Mytilus edulis platensis_ <small>d'Orbigny, 1846 </small>= _Mytilus chilensis_ <small>(Hupé, 1854)</small> – Chilean mussel (controversial)
    - _Mytilus galloprovincialis_ <small>Lamarck, 1819 </small> – Mediterranean mussel
    - _Mytilus trossulus_ <small>Gould, 1850 </small> – foolish mussel
- _Mytilus californianus_ <small>Conrad, 1837 </small> – California mussel
- _Mytilus coruscus_ <small>Gould, 1861 </small>

## Human use

_Mytilus_ mussels are widely used as food. In California they were eaten by coastal Native American people for almost 12,000 years.

## References

- McDonald J.H; Seed R. and Koehn R.K. 1991. Allozymes and morphometric characters of three species of Mytilus in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. _Marine Biology_ 111: 323-333.
Mytilus coruscus

***Mytilus coruscus***  is the scientific name for the **Korean mussel**. It is also called the **hard-shelled mussel**. It is a species of mussel and a marine bivalve mollusc. It is in the family Mytilidae. This species is heavily used as a food item via mariculture in Korea. and in China

## Distribution and habitat

This species lives along the coasts of the subtropical western Pacific Ocean. It is found in the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. It can also be found as far north as the Peter the Great Gulf. This mussel generally inhabits the upper part of the sublittoral zone.
Embryophyte

**Embryophytes** are **land plants**. They are the most familiar kinds of plants, the bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants. Only a few embryophytes are water plants.

They don't include the algae. They include the Bryophyte<nowiki/>s and the vascular plant<nowiki/>s.

Embryophytes started sometime between the mid-Cambrian and the Ordovician period. Their ancestors were green algae.
Chanterelle

A **chanterelle** is a mushroom that is used in cooking. It is yellow. A chanterelle looks much like some other mushrooms. About 25% of its dry weight is protein.
Rubber band

A **rubber band** is a stretchable band. They can be different sizes, colours and shapes. Stephen Perry patented the rubber band in England in 1845. It is useful when is need to keep two or more items together. They are made out of latex.
Chinese scholar's rocks

**Chinese scholars' rocks**	(供石 or **gōngshí**), also known as **scholar stones** or **viewing stones**, are small naturally shaped rocks which are traditionally valued by Chinese scholars.

Scholars rocks can be any color. There are a wide variety of sizes. Scholars rocks can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Chinese gardens.

## History

Four important qualities for the rocks were recognized in the Tang dynasty.  They are: thinness (_shou_), openness (_tou_), perforations (_lou_), and wrinkling (_zhou_).

Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of _suseok_ in Korea and _suiseki_ in Japan.

## Origin

The origin of the stone is a notable feature.

- Lingbi stone (_Lingbishi_) from Lingbi, Anhui province, limestone

- Taihu stone (_Taihushi_) from Lake Tai, Jiangsu province, limestone

- Yingde stone (_Yingshi_ or _Yingdeshi_) from Yingde, Guangdong province, limestone

## Evaluation

The evaluation of a scholar's rock identifies subtlety of color, shape, markings and surface.  The qualities which are prized include
- awkwardness or odd symmetry
- resonance or ringing when struck
- represents  or resemblance to landscape or figure
- texture
- moistness or glossy surface

The stone may be displayed on a wooden base that has been carved specifically for the stone. The stones are a traditional subject of Chinese paintings.

## Related pages

- Suiseki
- Bonsai
- Penjing
- Standing stone

## Other websites

- Scholar's rock at Metropolitan Museum of Art
Common kingfisher

The **common kingfisher** (_Alcedo atthis_), also known as the **Eurasian kingfisher** and **river kingfisher**, is a small kingfisher. Like most kingfishers, it needs a perch to do its fishing. Usual is to see it on a tree branch overlooking a river.

There are seven subspecies in its wide distribution across Eurasia and North Africa. It is resident over much of its range, but migrates from areas where rivers freeze in winter.

This sparrow-sized bird has the typical short-tailed, large-headed kingfisher profile; it has blue upperparts, orange underparts, and a long bill. It feeds mainly on fish caught by diving, and has special visual adaptions to see its prey underwater. The glossy white eggs are laid in a nest at the end of a burrow in a riverbank.
Wattieza

***Wattieza*** is the earliest known tree.

Their fossils were found in New York State.
They stood 8 m (34 ft) or more tall, and looked like the modern tree ferns.

They lived in the mid-Devonian, about 385 million years ago. They were cladoxylopsids, close relatives of modern ferns and horsetails.

The crown of _Wattieza_, discovered in 2005, was united with its root and trunk, known since 1870. The fossilized grove of "Gilboa stumps" had been described as _Eospermatopteris_, though the complete plant remained unknown.

_Wattieza_ had fronds rather than leaves, and reproduced with spores.

## References

- CNN.com: Oldest tree had fronds, not leaves.
Susan

The name **Susan** [ **soo**-z_uh_n ] is a female given name, based around the name **Susanna**; the name was extremely popular in the United States during earlier parts of the 20th century. The name Susan means "lily." Its etymology (roots) can be traced back to the Hebrew term "shoshan," which also means "lily." In biblical references, the lily symbolizes purity and innocence and is frequently associated with the Virgin Mary.  Famous people with the name include Susan Lucci and Susan Sarandon. Susan Collins is a United States Senator from Maine; she has been so since 1994. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Susan Rice, American diplomat, policy advisor, and public official
- Susan Polgar, Hungarian chess player
- Susan Sarandon, American actress and activist

## Infobox (given name)

- **name**: Susan
- **gender**: Female
- **origin**: Egyptian, Persian, Greek and Hebrew
- **meaning**: Lily, Pure, Lotus flower
- **nickname**: Susie, Sue
Suiseki

is the Japanese term for small naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are traditionally appreciated.  They are similar to Chinese scholar's rocks.

_Suiseki_ can be any color. There are a wide variety of sizes. _Suiseki_ can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Japanese gardens.

## History

Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of _suiseki_ in Japan.  The history of _suiseki_ in Japan begins during the reign of Empress Suiko.  The small objects were brought to Japan as gifts from the Chinese Imperial court.

## Evaluation

The evaluation of _suiseki_ recognizes color, shape, markings and surface.  According to  in ,
> It is not a silly thing at all to enjoy a stone in a tray. I see the whole world in a tiny stone. Some objects in this world are huge, and others are small, and they come in all shapes, but they are not that different when you look at their essence.

Some types of _suiseki_ suggest a mountain, a waterfall, an island, a thatched hut or an animal.

## Related pages

- Suseok
- Bonsai
- Penjing
- Standing stone

## Other websites

- Nippon Suiseki Association
- "Viewing Stones" at National Bonsai Foundation
Prudential Tower

The **Prudential Tower**, also called the **Prudential Building** or **The Pru**, is a skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts. The building is the 2nd-tallest building in Boston. It was designed by Charles Luckman and Associates for Prudential Insurance and was completed in 1964. It is  tall and has 52 floors. With its radio mast, the tower is  and is the tallest building in Boston. It has an observation deck, called the "Prudential Skywalk", on its 50th floor. It is currently the highest observation deck in New England that is open to the public. The building also has a restaurant on the 52nd floor, called "Top of the Hub."

## History

Construction on the Prudential Tower began in 1960. When it was completed in 1964, it was the tallest building in the world outside of New York City.

Since the Prudential Tower was built, other tall buildings have been built in Boston. Today, it is not one of the fifty tallest buildings in the USA.

## Ownership

Boston Properties currently owns the Prudential Tower.

## Broadcast tenants

The main rooftop mast has two FM master antennas, and a television antenna. The roof also has a smaller tower with standby antennas. These antennas broadcast several Boston radio stations.

## List of tenants

- Accenture
- Ropes & Gray, 17 floors, mostly above 26th floor; reception on 48th floor.
- Partners HealthCare, several floors; head office is on the 11th
- SAS, 22nd floor
- Robins, Kaplan, Miller & Ciresi, L.L.P., 25th floor
- Posternak, Blankstein & Lund LLP, 32nd-33rd floors
- Exeter Group, 35th floor
- St. Francis Chapel, ground floor of the Prudential Center Complex
- NStar
- Rapid7

## Other websites

- PrudentialCenter.com
- Boston Properties - The Prudential (Tower)
- Boston Properties - The Prudential Center

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Prudential Tower
- **image**: Prudential Tower Panorama.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Vertical panoramic view of the Prudential Tower
- **location**: 800 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- **floor count**: 52
- **start date**: 1960
- **completion date**: 1964
- **building type**: Office, Observation, Restaurant
- **floor area**: 1.2 million square feet (111,484 m²)
- **architect**: Charles Luckman, The Luckman Partnership
- **developer**: Boston Properties
Suseok

**Suseok** (수석) is the Korean term for small naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are traditionally valued.  They are similar to Chinese scholar's rocks.

_Suseok_ can be any color. There are a wide variety of sizes. _Suseok_ can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Korean gardens.

## History

Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of _suseok_ in Korea.

## Evaluation

The evaluation of _suseok_ recognizes color, shape, markings and surface.

## Related pages

- Suiseki
- Bonsai
- Penjing
- Standing stone

## Other websites

- Suseok at KoreanViewingStones.com via Internet Archive
- Bucheon Museum of Suseok at Bucheon.go.kr
Division of Werriwa

The **Division of Werriwa** is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.

The name _Werriwa_ is the local Aboriginal name for Lake George. The lake was in the division when the boundaries were drawn in 1900. The division was one of the original 75 divisions for Australia's first federal election in 1901. It covered a large rural area from the south west of Sydney to the northern part of what is now the ACT.

Over the years, the population around Sydney increased. The boundaries were redrawn and Werriwa became smaller in area. By 1913 Lake George was no longer included in the Division. Werriwa become a south-western Sydney suburban electorate over 150 km away from Lake George. It has kept the name of Werriwa, because it is an original Federation electorate. The Australian Electoral Commission tries to keep the names of original Federation electorates.

Werriwa now covers the suburbs of Austral, Bardia, Bow Bowing, Casula, Claymore, Denham Court, Edmondson Park, Eschol Park, Glenfield, Horningsea Park, Hoxton Park, Ingleburn, Leppington, Lurnea, Macquarie Fields, Minto, Minto Heights, Prestons, Raby, St Andrews and Varroville and parts of Liverpool, Leumeah and West Hoxton.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Alfred Conroy|Free Trade|1901–1906||
|||David Hall|Labor|1906–1912||
|||Benjamin Bennett|Labor|1912–1913||
|||Alfred Conroy|Commonwealth Liberal|1913–1914||
|||rowspan="3"|John Lynch|Labor|1914–1916|
|||National Labor|1916–1917|||
|||Nationalist|1917–1918|||
|||rowspan="2"|Hubert Lazzarini|Labor|1919-1931|
|||Lang Labor|1931–1931|||
|||Walter McNicoll|Country|1931–1934||
|||rowspan="2"|Hubert Lazzarini|Lang Labor|1934–1936|
|||Labor|1936–1952|||
|||Gough Whitlam|Labor|1952–1978||
|||John Kerin|Labor|1978–1994||
|||Mark Latham|Labor|1994–2005||
|||Chris Hayes|Labor|2005–2010||
|||Laurie Ferguson|Labor|2010–2016||
|||Anne Stanley|Labor|2016–present||
It is a very safe seat for the Australian Labor Party (ALP), which has held it without a break since 1934.

Werriwa was the electorate (1952–78) of former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. From 1994 to 2005 the Werriwa was held by one of Whitlam's former aides, Mark Latham. Latham was the leader of the ALP and Leader of the Opposition from 2003–2005.

In a by-election in March 2005, Labor's Chris Hayes was elected with over 55% of the vote. There were 16 other candidates but none got more than 8% of the vote.

## References

- Division of Werriwa – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites

- Laurie Ferguson's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Werriwa
- **image**: Division of Werriwa 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Werriwa (green) in New South Wales
- **party-colour**: Labor
- **mp**: Anne Stanley
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **state**: nsw
- **created**: 1901
- **namesake**: Lake George (Australia), Lake George (Indigenous Australians, Aboriginal name)
- **area**: 159
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Zadar

**Zadar** is a small city in Croatia with around 75000 people. It is a city because it has a cathedral, dedicated to Saint Anastasia.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome

**Cyclic vomiting syndrome** (US English) or **cyclical vomiting syndrome** (UK English), abbreviated CVS, is a medical condition whose main symptoms are nausea and repeated vomiting. CVS happens more often in children but it can occur at any age.

CVS is one of the _childhood periodic syndromes_. This is a group of migraines syndromes that happen to children. Children who have one of these _childhood periodic syndromes_  like cyclic vomiting, will when they get older, usually get one of the other types of migraine that affect adults

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Cyclic vomiting syndrome
- **diseasesdb**: 34706
- **omim**: 500007