juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Goms District

**Goms** is a district of the canton of Valais in Switzerland.

It includes the following municipalities:

- Bellwald
- Binn
- Blitzingen
- Ernen
- Fiesch
- Fieschertal
- Grafschaft
- Lax
- Münster-Geschinen
- Niederwald
- Obergesteln
- Oberwald
- Reckingen-Gluringen
- Ulrichen
Shavo Odadjian

**Shavo Odadjian** () (born April 22, 1974, Yerevan, Armenia as **Shavarsh Odadjian**) is the bassist for the Armenian American-based alternative metal band, System of a Down. He also scored summer blockbuster hit, "Babylon, A.D." alongside with The Rza and Hans Zimmer. He is a multi-instrumentalist, painter, DJ, and director.

## Biography

In his youth, Shavo used to spend his time skateboarding and listening to punk rock and heavy metal music. He started managing the band _Soil_ with Malakian and Tankian in 1993 after meeting them in a recording studio. In 1995, Shavo became the permanent bassist of the band. They then named themselves "System of a Down" after a poem titled "Victims of a Down" authored by bandmate Daron Malakian.

Odadjian is a popular DJ in the LA area met by "Dj Tatic", taking part in such events as the "Rock/DJ Explosion" on March 2, 2001 at The Roxy in Hollywood and collaborating with bandmate Tankian on SerArt, the singer's side project with Armenian musician Arto Tunçboyacıyan.

### System of a Down

- 1998: _System of a Down_
- 2001: _Toxicity_
- 2002: _Steal This Album!_
- 2005: _Mezmerize_
- 2005: _Hypnotize_

### Achozen

- 2008: Untitled

## Awards

- In 2006, System of a Down won their first Grammy for Best hard rock performance for B.Y.O.B.
- In 2006, they won the "MTV Good Woodie Award" for their song "Question!"
- In 2006, they were #14 on the VH1 Top 40 Metal Songs with "Toxicity"
- In 2007, they were nominated for a Grammy Award in Best Hard rock performance for their song Lonely Day

## Other websites

- Shavo's MySpace page
- The Official System of a Down Site
- Shavo's page at SOADFans
- Shavo's page at SOADTalk
- Achozen's Myspace page
Aspartame

**Aspartame** (also known as **E951** or **NutraSweet**) is an artificial sweetener. It was discovered in 1965 by James M. Schlatter.  It can be used to replace some kinds of sugar. It is not based on sugars. It is not like saccharin.

## Problems

- People with Phenylketonuria cannot take Aspartame
- Aspartame may cause problems with the skin, such as rashes, or dermatitis
- It may cause  headache or migraine.
Saccharin

**Saccharin** is the oldest artificial sweetener that exists. It can be used to replace certain kinds of sugar. It was discovered in 1878 by Constantin Fahlberg. It is also known as **E954**.

Saccharin has no calories and no nutritional value.  It is safe to take for people with diabetes.
Isomalt

**Isomalt** is a natural substitute for sugar. It is a kind of sugar alcohol. It is used mainly to replace sugar in some products, like bubble gum, candies,chocolate or ice cream. This makes it different from other artificial sweeteners. It is also known as **E563**.
Sloth

**Sloths** are Xenarthran mammals from Central and South America. They are part of the order Pilosa. There are two families of sloths: two-toed sloth and three-toed sloth. Most scientists call these two families the **Folivora**, while some call them the **Phyllophaga**. They live in trees, but in the past there were giant ground sloths.

The biogeographic origins of the Pilosa is still unclear, but they can be traced back in South America as far as the early Tertiary, about 60 million years ago. The presence of these animals in Central America is explained by the Great American Interchange.

## Physical description

Sloths are active at night and sleep curled up with their head placed between the arms and the feet drawn close together, or hanging upside down with the help of their hook- like claws. This disguises them as part of a tree so that its enemies like the jaguar do not see them. Sloths rarely climb down from the trees, and when they are on the ground they can only crawl awkwardly. However, when there is a forest flood, they are very good swimmers. Sloths can live for up to 30 years. They mostly just eat leaves and flowers, which take a very long time to digest. Sloths move slowly; their name comes from the word "slow".

## Related pages

- Megatherium
- Ground sloth
Jura

Places named **Jura** include:

- Jura, Scotland, Scottish island, in the Inner Hebrides
- Jura Mountains, on the French-Swiss-German border
    - Franconian Jura, the part of the Jura mountains in South Eastern Germany
- Jura (department), France
- Jura (canton), Switzerland
- Jura, Afghanistan
- Jura, Transnistria, a village in Transnistria, Moldova
- Al-Jura, a former village in pre-1948 Palestine near Ashkelon.

Rivers named **Jura** include:
- Jūra, river in Lithuania
- Jura River (Papua New Guinea), river near Agaun
- Jura River (California), now dry river, formerly contained gold
- Jura River (Paris), mythological river

## Other

- Jura federation, a late nineteenth century anarchist collective based in the Jura Mountains.
- Isle of Jura Single Malt
Oberon (moon)

**Oberon** is the farthest big moon of the planet Uranus. It is made of about half ice and half rock.
With a mean radius of about 760 km, Oberon is the second biggest moon of Uranus's 27 moons. It orbits Uranus about every 13.4 days.

It was found on January 11, 1787 by William Herschel, in the same year he found Titania. It was named after a Oberon, King of the Fairies, a character in William Shakespeare's play A Midsummer Night's Dream.

Oberon has several large impact craters where it has been hit by meteorites. These were photographed by the Voyager 2 spacecraft in 1986 as it flew passed. Scientists also believe there is a mountain that could be   high on the moon.

## Surface features

Craters on Oberon are named after characters in the plays of William Shakespeare.

|scope="col"|Feature|scope="col"|Named after|scope="col"|Type|scope="col"|Length (diameter), km|scope="col"|Coordinates|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Mommur, from French folklore|Chasma|style="text-align: center;"|537|||||||
|Mark Antony|rowspan="9"|Crater|style="text-align: center;"|47||||||
|Julius Caesar|style="text-align: center;"|76||||||||
|Coriolanus|style="text-align: center;"|120||||||||
|Falstaff|style="text-align: center;"|124||||||||
|Hamlet|style="text-align: center;"|206||||||||
|King Lear|style="text-align: center;"|126||||||||
|Macbeth|style="text-align: center;"|203||||||||
|Othello|style="text-align: center;"|114||||||||
|Romeo|style="text-align: center;"|159||||||||

## Other websites

- Information and photos of Oberon
- USGS: Oberon nomenclature
Delémont District

The **district of Delémont** is one of three districts in Jura, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Delémont. The district is nearly all French-speaking and is home to a population of 35,175 (end of 2005).

Delémont is divided into 28 municipalities:
<div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;">
|colspan="1" align=left bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="190"|**Municipality**|colspan="1" align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="100"|**Population** <small>(31 Dec 2005)</small>|colspan="1" align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="100"|**Area, km²**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Bassecourt|3328|15.57||||
|Boécourt|833|12.28||||
|Bourrignon|288|13.56||||
|Châtillon|433|5.33||||
|Corban|458|7.87||||
|Courchapoix|418|6.40||||
|Courfaivre|1561|12.40||||
|Courrendlin|2360|11.07||||
|Courroux|2979|19.71||||
|Courtételle|2218|13.56||||
|**Delémont**|11,266|22.03||||
|Develier|1300|12.42||||
|Ederswiler|124|3.32||||
|Glovelier|1195|14.34||||
|Mervelier|578|9.70||||
|Mettembert|126|2.41||||
|Montsevelier|519|7.75||||
|Movelier|408|8.01||||
|Pleigne|400|17.83||||
|Rebeuvelier|375|8.42||||
|Rossemaison|569|1.89||||
|Saulcy|264|7.89||||
|Soulce|257|14.68||||
|Soyhières|467|7.55||||
|Undervelier|306|14.00||||
|Vellerat|69|2.04||||
|Vermes|332|18.32||||
|Vicques|1744|12.75||||
|**Total**|**35,175**|**303.10**||||
</div>
Xavier Rudd

**Xavier Rudd** (born 1978) is an Australian musician. He grew up in the small town of Torquay, Victoria, Australia. When Rudd was young, he learned to play the didgeridoo on a vacuum cleaner hose.

Rudd is known for playing at music festivals and concerts in Australia and in North America. He has many fans in Australia, his home, as well as Canada, where he has recorded a few live albums.

Some of his songs have political themes that deal with the father of 2 sons environment and the rights of Aboriginal Australians.

## Personal life

Rudd also describes himself as a full-time "barefooter", which means that he does not own any shoes or other footwear. Rudd is also a vegetarian.

### Studio albums

- _To Let_ (2002)
- _Solace_ (2004)
- _Food in the Belly_ (2005)
- _White Moth_ (2007)
- _Dark Shades of Blue_ (2008)
- _Koonyum Sun_ *with Izintaba (2010)
- _Spirit bird_ (2012)

### Live albums

- _Live in Canada_ (2001)
- _Live at the Grid_ (2003)
- _Good Spirit_ (2005)

## Other websites

- Xavier Rudd web site
- Xavier Rudd Tour Dates and Gossip
- Live Shows on archive.org
- Live concert from Amsterdam on Fabchannel
- Undercover news story
- Xavier Rudd Article
- Xavier Rudd interview at Bonnaroo 2007

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Xavier Rudd
- **img**: XavierRudd.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth date**: 1978
- **origin**: Torquay, Victoria, Australia
- **instrument**: Vocals, Guitar,
Harmonica,
Didgeridoo,
Banjo,
Lapsteel
- **genre**: Blues-rock, Blues'n Traditional music, Roots
Alternative rock, Alternative
- **occupation**: Musician, Songwriter
- **years active**: 2000 in music, 2000 - present
- **label**: Universal Music Group, Universal Music Australia
SaltX Records
ANTI- Records (US)
- **website**: [http://www.xavierrudd.com/ Official website]
Nicolás de Ovando

**Nicolás de Ovando** (Brozas, 1460 – Seville, 1511) was a Spanish soldier from a noble family and a knight of the Order of Alcántara. He was governor of Hispaniola from 1502 until 1509.

## Early life

Nicolas de Ovando was born in 1460 in the town of Brozas, in Extremadura, Spain. His family was very religious and, when young, he joined the military religious _Order of Alcantara_ where, in 1478, he was named _Comendador de Lares_ (_Commander of Lares_), a very important position in the Order.

## Governor of Hispaniola

As _Commander of Lares_, he was very appreciated by the Spanish Catholic Kings and, in particular, by Queen Isabella. On 3 September 1501 (Oviedo said in 1502), he was named as Governor of Hispaniola and of all lands discovered in America.

On 13 February, 1502 he went out of the port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain to go to the Hispaniola island with a fleet of 32 ships. On the fleet, there were 2,500 people, including priests, soldiers and colonists (some of them with their families), who were going to live in the Hispaniola. Among those colonists was Bartolomé de las Casas, later known as the _Protector of the Indians_, and also Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Inca Empire.

The plan of Ovando was to develop the West Indies economically and expand the Spanish influence in the region.

Ovando got in Santo Domingo on 15 April 1502.

## Administration

The administration of Ovando in Hispaniola was one of great cruelty toward the Taíno Indians. When the Spaniards came to the island in 1492, the native population was 400,000 (estimated) but in 1508 there were only 60,000 Indians.

Because the new colonists needed more workers for the gold mines and farms, they brought, as slaves, Indians from the _Lucayas_ (now, the Bahamas) islands. Then they brought slaves from Spain (_Ladinos_, that is, of Africa origin but born in Spain); those were the first African slaves brought to America.

Ovando founded several cities (or ordered their foundations) on Hispaniola, among them: Compostela de Azua (or Azua de Compostela), Santa María de la Vera Paz, Bayajá (today, Fort Liberté, in Haiti), Salvatierra de la Sabana (today, Les Cayes, in Haiti), Salvaleón de Higüey, Cotuí, Puerto Plata, Santa Cruz de Hicayagua (today, Santa Cruz del Seibo, Dominican Republic).

Ovando sent Andrés Morales to explore completely the Hispaniola island. Morales made the most complete map of the island. Sebastián de Ocampo was sent to find out if Cuba was an island or part of the continent; after 8 or 10 months, Ocampo came back with the information that Cuba was an island. In 1508, Juan Ponce de León was sent with 50 men to conquer the island of San Juan (now the island of Puerto Rico).

In 1509, Ovando went back to Spain where he was made _Comendador Mayor_ ("Head Commander") of the Order of Alcantara. During a meeting of the Order in Seville, Spain, he died on 29 May 1511 (Oviedo said in 1518). He was buried in the Church of San Benito, in the city of Alcántara, Extremadura, Spain.
Abelsonite

**Abelsonite** (nickel porphyrin) is a mineral that can be pinkish-brown, purple, or reddish-brown in color and is formed from porphyrin crystals. It is found in plates like mica and fragile.

Porphyrins are organic ring compounds like haeme, the pigment in red blood cells.

It is found in the Green River Formation of Utah, in the United States.
Abenakiite-(Ce)

**Abenakiite-(Ce)** is a pale brown mineral and made from crystals. It was named for the Abenaki Indian Tribe, the people that lived in the area where this mineral was found. It is somewhat radioactive and it is easily scratched with fluorite. It was found in a quarry in Canada.
Abernathyite

**Abernathyite** is a pale, yellow-colored mineral that forms crystals.  It was named for Jess Abernathy, the person who found the first samples of this mineral.  It is found in a mine in Emery County, in the United States.  It is highly radioactive.

Chemically, it is a hydrate of potassium uranyl arsenate. It has the chemical formula .
Abhurite

**Abhurite** is a colorless crystalline mineral that forms on ship-wrecked tin ingots (nuggets).  It is named for where it is found.  It is found in a cove in the Red Sea.  It is not radioactive.
Animal Liberation Orchestra

**Animal Liberation Orchestra** (also known as **ALO**) is an American rock and jam band from Southern California. They first formed several years ago as a group calling themselves **Django**. Over the years, they changed their name to Animal Liberation Orchestra and were signed to Jack Johnson's record label Brushfire Records.

### Albums

|rowspan="1"|Year|rowspan="1"|Title|rowspan="1"|Label|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|2005|align="left"|_Fly Between Falls_|align="left"|Lagmusic|
|align="center"|2006|align="left"|_Fly Between Falls_ (Re-Issue)|align="left"|Brushfire|
|align="center"|2007|align="left"|_Roses & Clover_|align="left"|Brushfire|
|align="center"|2010|align="left"|_Man of the World_|align="left"|Brushfire|
|align="center"|2012|align="left"|_Sounds Like This_|align="left"|Brushfire|
|align="center"|2015|align="left"|_Tangle of Time_|align="left"|Brushfire|

## Other websites

- Animal Liberation Orchestra's official website
- ALO at YahooGroups - discussion
- ALO on archive.org's Live Music Archive
- ALO at MySpace
- Brushfire Records
- ALO at Tribe - discussion

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Animal Liberation Orchestra
- **img**: ALO Live.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: ALO
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
Jam band
- **label**: Brushfire Records
Lagmusic Records
- **url**: [http://www.alomusic.com www.alomusic.com]
- **current members**: Zach Gill
Steve Adams
David Brogan
Dan Lebowitz
Leftover Salmon

**Leftover Salmon** is an American Rock and jam band from Boulder, Colorado.

#### Leftover Salmon

|rowspan="1"|Year|rowspan="1"|Title|rowspan="1"|Label|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|1993|align="left"|_Bridges to Bert_|align="left"|-|
|align="center"|1995|align="left"|_Ask the Fish_|align="left"|-|
|align="center"|1997|align="left"|_Euphoria_|align="left"|Hollywood|
|align="center"|1999|align="left"|_The Nashville Sessions_|align="left"|Hollywood|
|align="center"|2002|align="left"|_Live_|align="left"|Compass|
|align="center"|2004|align="left"|_Leftover Salmon_|align="left"|Compendia|

#### Other

- _O' Cracker Where Art Thou?_ (Pitch A Tent), 2003 (with Cracker)

### Videos

- _Years In Your Ears ...a Story of Leftover Salmon_ (2006, DVD)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Leftover Salmon
- **img**: Leftover Salmon at Red Rocks 2016.jpg
- **img capt**: at Red Rocks 2016
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Boulder, Colorado
- **genre**: Polyethnic Cajun Rock music, SlamBluegrass music, grass
- **years active**: 1989–2005
2007 (reunion)
- **associated acts**: Great American Taxi
Drew Emmitt Band
Punch Brothers
- **url**: [http://leftoversalmon.com/ www.leftoversalmon.com]
- **current members**: Vince Herman
Drew Emmitt
Noam Pikelny
Greg Garrison
Bill McKay
Jeff Sipe
- **past members**: Mark Vann
Tye North
Jose Martinez
Michael Wooten
Internet meme

An **internet meme** is a phrase, video, or picture that is shared across the Internet.

## Traits

Internet memes are based on the concept of a _meme_. A meme is a piece of information that is spread between groups, often changing when it is spread.
Coaxial cable

A **Coaxial cable** is a special electrical cable. It is used to transmit signals. The cable is specially insulated. This makes it quite stiff. Today, coaxial cables are used for things like Cable TV. Coaxial cables can also be used for computer networks, but this became rare in the 21st century, as twisted pair cables can be used more easily.

Such cables are usually made of a conducting wire. Then there is some insulation, then there is another layer of conducting material. Finally there is the (insulating) mantle. Such cables are used as a high-frequency transmission line to carry a high-frequency or broadband signal. Because the electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists (ideally) only in the space between the inner and outer conductors, it cannot interfere with or suffer interference from external electromagnetic fields.

There are different types of coaxial cables, which satisfy different standards.

## Timeline

- 1880 — Coaxial cable patented in England by Oliver Heaviside, patent no. 1,407.
- 1884 — Siemens & Halske patent coaxial cable in Germany (Patent No. 28,978, 27 March 1884).
- 1894 — Oliver Lodge demonstrates waveguide transmission at the Royal Institution.
- 1929 — First modern coaxial cable patented by Lloyd Espenschied and Herman Affel of AT&T's Bell Telephone Laboratories.
- 1936 — First closed circuit transmission of TV pictures on coaxial cable, from the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin to Leipzig.
- 1936 — World's first underwater coaxial cable installed between Apollo Bay, near Melbourne, Australia, and Stanley, Tasmania. The 300 km cable can carry one 8.5-kHz broadcast channel and seven telephone channels.
- 1936 — AT&T installs experimental coaxial telephone and television cable between New York and Philadelphia, with automatic booster stations every ten miles. Completed in December, it can transmit 240 telephone calls simultaneously.
- 1936 — Coaxial cable laid by the General Post Office (now BT) between London and Birmingham, providing 40 telephone channels.
- 1941 — First commercial use in USA by AT&T, between Minneapolis, Minnesota and Stevens Point, Wisconsin. L1 system with capacity of one TV channel or 480 telephone circuits.
- 1956 — First transatlantic coaxial cable laid, TAT-1.

## Other websites

- Coaxial Cable Specifications
- What does "RG-6" mean?
- Coaxial Cable FAQ Wire Guide
- Coaxial Cable Selection Guide
- Is There an Ideal Impedance? — Wired for Sound: Steve Lampen
Abswurmbachite

**Abswurmbachite** is a black or dark brown metallic mineral. It is named after Irmgard Abs-Wurmbach, who is a German mineralogist.  It is found in Mili, Avia or Andros Island, Greece.  It is not radioactive.

## Other websites

- Mindat.org
- Webmineral.org
Acanthite

**Acanthite** is a mineral that can be lead gray, gray, or coal in color and is made from crystals. Its name comes from the Greek word, akanta, meaning "arrow", or the Latin word _argentum_, meaning "silver". It is made of silver(I) sulfide.

It is found in Freiberg, Schneeberg, and Annaberg, Germany. Acanthite is not radioactive.
Seven Lucky Gods

The , commonly called the **Seven Lucky Gods** in English, refer to the seven gods of good fortune in Japanese mythology and folklore. They are often the subject of netsuke carvings.

Each has a traditional characteristic:

1. Ebisu, god of fishers or merchants, often shown carrying a cod or sea bass.
1. Daikokuten (Daikoku), god of wealth, commerce and trade. Ebisu and Daikokuten are often paired and represented as carvings or masks on the walls of small retail shops.
1. Bishamonten, god of warriors.
1. Benzaiten (Benten-sama), goddess of knowledge, art and beauty, especially music.
1. Inconsistent one
    1. Fukurokuju, god of happiness, wealth and long life.
    1. Kisshōten, goddess of wealth
1. Hotei, the fat and happy god of abundance and good health.
1. Jurōjin (Gama), god of long life.

Many figures in Japanese myth were transmitted from China (some having entered China from India), including all of the Seven Lucky Gods except Ebisu. Another god, Kichijōten, goddess of happiness, is sometimes found depicted along with the seven traditional gods, replacing Jurōjin.

The seven gods are often pictured on their ship, the Takarabune (宝船), or "Treasure Ship."  The tradition says that the seven gods will arrive in town on the New Year and distribute fantastic gifts to worthy people.  Children often receive red envelopes bearing the Takarabune which contain gifts of money around the New Year.  The Takarabune and its passengers are often shown in art in different locations, from the walls of museums to cuddly caricatures.

## References in popular culture

- Happy Seven is an anime about a school club made up of seven girls, having each one a different power of the Seven Gods of Fortune.
- The Seven Gods of Fortune appear in the video game Pocky & Rocky 2 for the Super Nintendo.
- The main group of villains in the Ranma 1/2 movie _Big Trouble in Nekonron, China_ call themselves the Seven Lucky Gods Martial Artists and are based on them, but with different names.
- A song with the name 七福神 with a background movie parodying the Seven Gods of Fortune is available in Drummania V3 http://www.konami.jp/bemani/gfdm/gfdmv3/music/022.html
- A character in Dan Brown's _Deception Point_ prays to the "seven deities of good luck" at one point, but uses the term _shichigosan_, which refers to the festivals for children of the ages of seven, five, and three.
- _Pink film_ directors Toshiya Ueno, Shinji Imaoka, Yoshitaka Kamata, Toshiro Enomoto, Yuji Tajiri, Mitsuru Meike and Rei Sakamoto are known collectively as the .

## Other websites

- Information on Japanese deities
Acetamide

**Acetamide** is a chemical compound made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. It has the formula . It is the primary amide of acetic acid.

**Acetamides** are chemicals related to acetamide. Normally these have more carbon attached to the nitrogen atom (as in acetanilide) but non-carbon atoms can also replace hydrogen on the carbon atom (as in chloroacetamide).

## Mineral

Acetamide can be found as a mineral that is either colorless or gray in color, and is made of a crystalline crust on black shale.  It is named for acetic acid and ammonia.  It can be found in Russia and is not radioactive.
17 (number)

**17** (**seventeen**) is a number. It comes between sixteen and eighteen, and is an odd number.  It is also the 7th prime number, after 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, and 13. In Italy, 17 is considered an unlucky number.

In Roman numerals, 17 is written as **XVII**.

## Infobox (number)

- **number**: 17
- **numeral**: septendecimal
- **factorization**: prime number, prime
- **prime**: 7th
- **divisor**: 1, 17
Pectin

**Pectin** is a food supplement. It is a source of dietary fiber. It is used to make jellies and jams. Usually it comes in the form of a white powder. It is made from parts of fruit, like oranges. People use pectin to thicken things, like jelly and jam.

It is also seen as a large polysaccharide molecule found in the cell wall of many cells.
Pectobacterium carotovorum

***Pectobacterium carotovorum*** (syn _Erwinia carotovora_) is a rod-shaped bacterium originally isolated from carrots. It is a plant pathogen and opportunistic human pathogen, causative agent of soft rot and blackleg potato (_P. atrosepticum_) diseases.

## Pectobacteria

- _P. carotovorum_ subsp. _atrosepticum_, blackleg agent
- _P. carotovorum_ subsp. _betavasculorum_,
- _P. carotovorum_ subsp. _carotovorum_, soft rot
- _P. carotovorum_ subsp. _odoriferum_,
- _P. carotovorum_ subsp. _wasabiae_,
- _P. cacticidum_,
- _P. chrysanthemi_, (new classification as _Dyckeya chrysanthemi_)
- _P. cypripedii_.

## Sources

- Waldee E.L. 1945 Comparative studies of some peritrichous phytopathogenic bacteria. _Iowa State Journal of Science_,  19, 435-484.

## Other websites

- Young, J. M., Saddler, G. S., Takikawa, Y., De Boer, S. H., Vauterin, L., Gardan, L., Gvozdyak, R. I. & Stead, D. 1996. Names of plant pathogenic bacteria 1864–1995. _Rev. Plant Pathol._ 75, 721–863
- Mee-Ngan Yap, Jeri D. Barak, and Amy O. Charkowski 2004 Genomic Diversity of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Its Correlation with Virulence _Applied and Environmental Microbiology_, 70, 3013-3023
- List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature
Burger

**Burger** may refer to the following:
- Hamburger
- Cheeseburger
- Ground beef
- Burger diagram
- Fish burger
    - Salmon burger
Jesus with erection

**Jesus with erection** is a picture that was made by students at the University of Oregon and published in the March 2006 edition of the _Student Insurgent_. It caused debates in the United States in 2006. The picture shows a naked Jesus Christ on the Cross with an erection.

## Context

In 2005, the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published 12 cartoons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The paper said that this was to add to the debate about criticism of Islam and self-censorship. Danish-Muslims said that they did not like them because Islam teaches that it is wrong for people to make any picture of Muhammad and also because they felt that the pictures showed disrespect to Muhammad. This led to protests in many Islamic countries, some of which became violent and led to more than 100 deaths.

The students of the University of Oregon said that they made the pictures of Jesus because they want to show how people who are religious feel when people make pictures that may be offensive to Jesus. They wanted to get Muslims and Christians to talk and understand each other better.

## Reactions

Some people disliked the picture of Jesus with erection. The president of the Catholic League, William Donohue, said that the president of the Oregon University, Dave Frohnmayer, is partially responsible for the pictures. William Donohue said that the picture was one of the worst attacks on Christianity he had ever seen. Other people who disliked the picture said that the University's President David B. Frohnmayer should not work for the University any more. However, the Oregon Daily Emerald and the Oregon Commentator, said that the students' right to free speech and the University's decision to defend the student newspaper, citing the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States like the Southworth case. This case said that universities could support student groups (such as newspapers) that other students did not agree with without hurting the rights of the students who do not like the groups.

## Related pages

- Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy

## Other websites

- The Student Insurgent Online
Bell P-39 Airacobra

The **P-39 Airacobra** was a fighter aircraft made by Bell Aircraft. It first flew in 1939, and was introduced in 1941. While it had good weapons, it was known for being very unstable and could lose control easily. It was fast but not very good above 5000 m (15,000 feet) as it lacked turbocharger. The Soviet Union used it during World War II as a fighter interceptor as most air battles at the Eastern front were fought at low heights. Very near the ground the Airacobra became extremely maneuverable and could out-turn any German airplane. The Russians liked the plane, and they often removed the wing guns to make it even more maneuvreable. Several Soviet pilots became fighter aces on P-39. The main weapon of P-39, a 37 mm cannon, was so powerful that it could destroy almost any airplane on a single hit.

The pilot who scored the most aerial victories was Grigori Rechkalov of the Soviet Air Force. He shot down 57 Germans with Airacobra. His squadronmate Aleksandr Pokryshkin had 59 victories, of which 47 were with Airacobra.

The P-39 was different from most aircraft in World War II. It had "tricycle" landing gear, doors that opened like a car (pilots would climb out of most fighters of the time) and the engine was behind the pilot. The "Q" version could go 375 miles per hour (600 km/h), had four 12.7mm machine guns, and one 37mm cannon.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: P-39 Airacobra
- **image**: File:P-39N Airacobra of the 357th Fighter Group at Hamilton Field in July 1943.jpg
- **caption**: P-39Q _42-1947_, "Saga Boy II" of Lt. Col. Edwin S. Chickering, CO 357th Fighter Group, July 1943


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Fighter
- **manufacturer**: Bell Aircraft
- **national origin**: United States
- **first flight**: 6 April 1938
- **introduced**: 1941
- **status**: Retired
- **primary user**: United States Army Air Forces
- **more users**: Soviet Air Force
Royal Air Force
- **produced**: 1940 – May 1944
- **number built**: 9,588
- **unit cost**: United States dollar, US$50,666 (1944)
- **variants with their own articles**: Bell XFL Airabonita
Bell P-63 Kingcobra
Air Canada

**Air Canada** is Canada's largest airline. It flies from Canada to the United States, Europe, Asia, Australia, and some Caribbean countries. Air Canada began on September 1, 1937. It was first called _Trans-Canada Air Lines_. The first flight was from Vancouver to Seattle. The airline's name changed to _Air Canada_ in 1964. Air Canada was privatized in 1989. A large strike was launched by Air Canada pilots in September 1998. The airline became a founding member of Star Alliance since 1997 alongside Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines, Thai Airways International and United Airlines. Air Canada bought Canadian Airlines in 2000. Since the early 2000s Air Canada has had many financial problems.

## Fleet

Air Canada's fleet includes:
- Embraer 190
- Airbus A319
- Airbus A220
- Airbus A320
- Airbus A321
- Airbus A330
- Boeing 737 MAX
- Boeing 767
- Boeing 777
- Boeing 787 Dreamliner

Air Canada has ordered the Boeing 737 MAX airplanes for the future. It is still receiving more Embraers and Boeing 787s. In the past, Air Canada had Airbus A340s, Boeing 727s, Boeing 737s, Boeing 747s, Douglas DC-8s, Douglas DC-9s and Embraer 170s.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Air Canada
- **image**: Air Canada 2017.svg
- **iata**: AC
- **icao**: ACA
- **callsign**: AIR CANADA
- **hubs**: Calgary, Montreal-Trudeau International Airport, Montreal, Toronto-Pearson International Airport, Toronto
- **frequent flyer**: Aeroplan
- **alliance**: Star Alliance
Actinolite

**Actinolite** is a mineral that can be green, green-black, gray-green, or black in color and is made of crystals. It is common around the world. The environment it lives in is in metamorphic rocks. It is named after the Greek word aktinos (meaning "ray") because of the nature of Actinolite.  Actinole is not radioactive.

Actinolite is a crystal found in countries like the US, Brazil, China, and Canada. Actinolite is commonly used in industrial applications such as in the production of asbestos because it has similar properties to asbestos fibers. It is sometimes used as a gemstone, but it is not suitable for jewelry. Some types of actinolite are rare, which makes it an attractive to some collectors.

Actinolite is a member of a series that contains varying amounts of calcium, magnesium, iron, and aluminum. Tremolite is the Mg end, and ferroactinolite the Fe end, with actinolite in the middle. Actinolites with more than 50% Fe are very rare. Catseye actinolite exists; when chatoyant material is cut, it exhibits a fine eye. Actinolite is easy to cleave and hard to cut and would make a poor jewelry stone. Actinolite is the chief constituent of nephrite (jade). Smaragdite is a chrome-rich tremolite from Tanzania.
Buoy

A **buoy** is a floating device that can have many uses. It is usually anchored in a certain place. The word is most commonly said () (as in _buoyant_),  but in American English it is often pronounced .

### Navigational aids

Buoys are used by ships to navigate or sail safely from place to place. They are used to mark a safe channel on a river, lake or harbour. They are used to mark dangerous rocks and other items which ships have to keep clear of. They can also be used to mark a shipwreck, pipelines or swimming areas.

### Other uses

Buoys are used as marker for fishing, moorings for boats, yacht or dinghy racing, diving or weather stations and may be marked on charts as "Superbuoys".
Gulf Coast of the United States

The **Gulf Coast** region of the United States is made up of the coasts of states which border the Gulf of America. The states of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida are known as the **Gulf States**. All Gulf States are in the Southern region of the United States.

## Other websites

- A historical map from 1639 of the Gulf Coast
Florida Panhandle

The **Florida Panhandle** is the region of the state of Florida which includes the westernmost 10 to 18 counties in the state. It is a narrow strip lying between Alabama and Georgia to the north and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. While some definitions only include the counties west of the Apalachicola River, others include the eight counties east of the Apalachicola that are part of the Big Bend region. Culturally and in terms of history and climate, the region is more closely tied to the Deep South than to peninsular Florida.

## Related pages

- Panhandle
Loop Current

Part of the Gulf Stream, the **Loop Current** is a warm ocean current in the Gulf of Mexico that flows northward between Cuba and the Yucatán Peninsula, moves north into the Gulf of Mexico, loops west and south before exiting to the east through the Florida Straits.

Around 1970, it was believed that the Loop Current exhibited an annual cycle in which the Loop feature extended farther to the north during the summer.  Further study over the past few decades, however, has shown that the extension to the north (and the shedding of eddies) does not have a significant annual cycle.

The Loop Current and its eddies may be detected by measuring sea surface level.  Sea surface level of both the Eddies and the Loop on September 21, 2005 was up to  higher than surrounding water, indicating a deep area of warm water beneath them.
Misery Guts

***Misery Guts*** is a book by the award winning Australian author Morris Gleitzman.

This is a story about a kid named Keith who lives in London and his parents who own a fish and chip shop. This parents for a long time have not had many customers. Keith is dedicated to trying to make the store better and cheer up his parents so they won't be Misery Guts for the rest of their lives. He tries everything including some crazy stunts.

The story continues in the hilarious sequel _Worry Warts_.

The book did not sell very well. As of November 2007, the "Misery Guts/Worry Warts" combination was ranked #3,465,204 in books sold by Amazon. A television series was made based on this book.

## Other websites

- Misery Guts on Amazon.com
Arsenal

An ***arsenal*** is a place where guns and ammunition are made, repaired or stored.

Some arsenals include:

- The Kyiv Arsenal factory in Kyiv, Ukraine, which gave its name to the Kyiv Arsenal mutiny of 1918 (also known as the _January Rebellion_).
- The Arsenal in the Moscow Kremlin.
- L'Arsenal, now a quarter in Paris.
- The Rock Island Arsenal, Rock Island, Illinois, United States.
- The Warsaw Arsenal
- The Woolwich Arsenal, London, UK.
- The Venetian Arsenal, Venice, Italy.
- Arsenal, Arkansas
- Arsenal de l'Aéronautique, French military aircraft manufacturer

Several places, landmarks and buildings have been named after arsenals:

- The Arsenal Center for the Arts in Watertown, Massachusetts, United States.
- Several places called Arsenal Hill.
- The Arsenal Oak in Augusta, Georgia, United States.
- Arsenal Street in Hong Kong.

**Arsenal** is used in the name of several football clubs:

- Arsenal F.C., from North London.
- Arsenal de Sarandí, from Avellaneda, Argentina.
- Arsenal L.F.C., a women's football club from London
- FC Arsenal Kyiv, from Kyiv, Ukraine.
- FC Arsenal Kharkiv, from Kharkiv, Ukraine.
- Berekum Arsenal, from Berekum, Ghana.
- Arsenal FC, from Roatan, Honduras.
- Arsenal Tula, from Tula, Russia.
- Arsenal Wanderers, from Mauritius.
- FK Arsenal, from Montenegro.
- FK Arsenal, from Serbia.
- Arsenal (Maseru), from Maseru, Lesotho.

In arts, music and culture, **Arsenal** can refer to:

- _Arsenal_, a Ukrainian film from 1928.
- _The Arsenal Stadium Mystery_ a British murder mystery film from 1939.
- _Your Arsenal_, a 1992 album by Morrissey.
- _Arsenal of Megadeth_, a compilation album by Megadeth.
- In comic books, Arsenal is an alias of Roy Harper, the original Speedy (sidekick to Green Arrow).
- The "Arsenal of Democracy" is a famous fireside chat by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940.
- "The Arsenal of Freedom", an episode of _Star Trek: The Next Generation_.
- Arsenal (band) is the name of a Belgian music band.
- Arsenal (Chicago band), another band.

There are also several man-made objects with **Arsenal** in their name:

- The Arsenal, an automobile manufactured in the late 1890s.
- The Arsenal VG-33, a WW2 French fighter aircraft.
- Kiev-Arsenal (photo camera) a Soviet brand of camera manufactured by the Arsenal Factory in Kyiv, Ukraine.
- Arsenal Shipka, a Bulgarian submachinegun.
- Arsenal Gear, a fictional weapon in the video game Metal Gear Solid 2

Railway stations with **Arsenal** in their name include:

- Arsenal tube station, a station on the London Underground in Highbury, named after Arsenal FC.
- Woolwich Arsenal railway station, a mainline station in Woolwich, London, named after the Woolwich Arsenal.
- Arsenalna (Kyiv Metro), a station on the Kyiv Metro

Companies with **Arsenal** in its name include:
- Arsenal Real Estate Funds, LLC
Medal of Honor

The **Medal of Honor** is the highest award given to members of the United States Military. It is given to people who show a lot of bravery in wartime. Because of this, many people who get the Medal of Honor die earning it. It was first given in 1863 during the American Civil War.

The Medal of Honor has been given to 3,458 different people, including
- Dakota L. Meyer, who is the youngest and most recent living recipient

- Jacob Parrott, who was the first man to be awarded the medal in 1863
- Mary Walker, who was the first and only woman awarded the medal.

- Leslie H. Sabo Jr., who is the most recent person to receive the medal in 2012.

According to Medal of Honor recipient Retired Army Maj. Gen. Patrick Brady who flew more than 2,500 combat missions over Vietnam and helped rescue more than 5,000 wounded, "it is harder to wear it than to earn it".

## Gallery

- Army

- Navy

- Air Force

## Other websites

- Congressional Medal of Honor Society website
- Medal of Honor  at the United States Army Center of Military History
Asynchronous Transfer Mode

**Asynchronous Transfer Mode** is a set of protocols used for computer networks. It is mostly used for Wide Area Networks (WAN). It splits the data, and encodes it into packets of a fixed size. Each packet can be routed differently, along virtual paths set up in the network.

ATM has been very successful in WANs, as well as in Local Area Networks (LAN). Today, many ADSL implementations use ATM technology.

Standards like Ethernet (which is used for LANs) usually are quite simple. When there is little traffic on the network they work well. However, when there is a lot of traffic it is difficult to predict how an Ethernet network will behave. For this reason, Ethernet cannot give any service guarantees. It is not possible to say that an Ethernet packet will take a maximum delay, but after that time it is guaranteed to arrive.

ATM is more complex, but this complexity allows to give guarantees as to data rate, maximum delay, and jitter. These are usually called Quality of Service.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) defines several types of connections and services to cater to various networking needs.

## Types

- Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)
- Switched Virtual Circuit (SVC)
- Point-to-Point Connection
- Point-to-Multipoint Connection
- Class of Service (CoS)
Trance music

**Trance music** is a kind of electronic music. It centers around a synthesizer and bass drum on each beat and melodies with themes. Most trance music usually have 140 beats per minute. Trance music is commonly played in clubs. The genre takes insipiration from techno, house music, and other kinds of electronic music.

Trance refers to an altered state of consciousness as, for example, achieved by hypnosis. Trance music is characterised by unusually long tracks of highly repetitious music. Group dancing makes the effect stronger, as it does with some types of traditional African music. The general idea has been many times used in religious ceremonies. Nobody knows who introduced the term to electronic music.

## Important sub-genres

- Acid trance
- Psychedelic trance
- Uplifting trance
- Tech trance

## Famous Trance DJs (selection)

- ATB
- Armin van Buuren
- DJ JamX
- DJ Tiesto
- George Acosta
- Oliver Lieb
- Pascal F.E.O.S.
- Paul van Dyk
- Piet Blank
- Spacekid
- Ferry Corsten
- Push
- Cosmic Gate
- Andrew Rayel
- Paul Oakenfold

## Famous Trance performers (selection)

- B.B.E.
- Blank & Jones
- Dance Nation
- Dumonde
- Genlog
- Gouryella
- Hybrid
- Kai Tracid
- Lost Witness
- Matt Darey
- Nalin Inc.
- M.I.K.E.
- Sequential One
- Timo Maas
- Yves Deruyter
- Hailiene
- Susana
- That Girl

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Trance
- **color**: black
- **bgcolor**: Yellow
- **instruments**: Computer, Synthesizer, drum machine, Keyboard instrument, keyboard, Turntable, Computer
- **other topics**: Dance music, electronic music
Acuminite

**Acuminite** is a colorless mineral made from crystals.  It is named for the Latin word "acuminis" (meaning "sharp point" or "spearhead") for the way the crystals are made.  It is easily found in Greenland in the Ivigtut cryolite deposit.  It is easily scratched with a copper penny.
Warthog

**Warthogs** (_Phacochoerus africanus_) are members of the pig family. They are found in most of Africa south of the Sahara and are widely distributed in East Africa. They are the only pigs able to live in areas without water for several months of the year. By tolerating a higher-than-normal body temperature, the warthog is perhaps able to conserve moisture inside its body that might otherwise be used for cooling.Camels and desert gazelles have developed a similar mechanism for survival in hot dry places..

## Description

The common warthog is a large bodied animal. Males are bigger than females. Both sexes have tusks which they use for fighting and defending themselves. They weigh between .

## Behavior

Common warthogs live in groups called sounders. Females live in sounders with their young and with other females.  Males live alone when they become adults.  Both males and females have two facial glands: the tusk gland and the sebaceous gland. Common warthogs of both sexes begin to mark around six to seven months old. Males tend to mark more than females. They mark sleeping and feeding areas and waterholes.

They are seasonal breeders.

Common warthogs live for an average of 7 to 11 years in the wild.  In captivity they can live 21 years.

## Habitat

Warthogs are found in moist and arid savannas. They avoid rainforest, deserts and high mountains.
Moraine

**Moraines** are accumulations of debris that are found in regions where there are glaciers or were glaciers formerly.

Moraines which are found far off from existing glaciers were created during a past ice age.  The debris may have been taken off the valley floor as a glacier moved or fallen off the valley walls as a result of weathering.  Moraines may be made of silt like glacial flour to large boulders. Moraines may be on the glacier’s surface or deposited as piles or sheets of debris where the glacier has melted.  Moraines may also develop when a glacier or iceberg reaches the sea and melts, dropping rocks that it has carried.

## Related pages

- Landform
- Long Island

## References

- Easterbrook, D. J. (1999) _Surface processes and landforms._ (Second Ed). Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Silt

**Silt** is soil or rock that develops from granular material between the size of sand and clay.

Silty soil has much smaller particles than sandy soil, so it is smooth to the touch. When moistened, it is soapy slick. When rolled between the fingers, dirt is left on the skin.

Silty soil holds water longer, but it can’t hold on to many nutrients, though it’s fairly fertile. Due to its moisture-capturing quality, silty soil is cold and drains poorly.

## Grain size criteria

Silt particles range between a  and  mm (3.9 to 62.5 μm), larger than clay but smaller than a sand.  Silt is chemically distinct from clay, and unlike clay, grains of silt are about the same size in all dimensions.

Silt may occur as a soil or alternatively as suspended sediment in a water column of any surface water body.  It may also exist as deposition soil at the bottom of a water body after it is eroded elsewhere and transported by a stream or by a current.  Silt is easily transported in water and is fine enough to be carried long distances by air as 'dust'. Thick deposits of silty material that result from _wind_ deposition are often called _loess_ (a German term) or _limon_ (French).  Silt and clay contribute to more particles in the water.
Silt (disambiguation)

**Silt** is a type of soil or earth material.  It may also refer to:

- Silt, Colorado, a town in the United States
- Silt elimia, a type of gastropod
- _Silt_ (Mistle Thrush album)

## Related pages

- Silt'e language, a Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia
Catalytic converter

A **catalytic converter** is a device in the exhaust pipe of a car, near its engine. It is used to clean up the exhaust the car sends out into the atmosphere. It works by using a catalyst material, usually made of Platinum, Palladium, and Rhodium. The catalytic converter converts carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, all of which make the air dirty and make people sick, into carbon dioxide, water, and Nitrogen, all of which are less harmful, but unfortunately many of the harmful gases still escape into the atmosphere as a result of deficiencies. These chemicals, however, are still large contributors to global warming. The US auto industry was investigated by the US Department of Justice for “conspiracy” for 15 years of colluding to withhold the technology between 1953 and 1969 while smog devastated urban centers’ air quality. A catalytic converter reduces carbon monoxide by contacting it with oxygen, creating carbon dioxide, which is less harmful.  Because hydrocarbons are unburned fuel particles that are put into the catalytic converter, they burn up in the catalytic converter, making it very hot.
Adamite

**Adamite** is a mineral that can be either yellow, purple, green, pink, or yellowish-green in color and is made from crystals.  It is very easy to break and it can be scratched by a copper penny.  Adamite is not radioactive.  It is named for the French mineralogist Gilbert Joseph Adam (1795-1881), who was the person who discovered it.   It is mainly found in the Atacama Desert in Chile. Adamite is also used for other commercial resources.
Adamsite-(Y)

**Adamsite-(Y)** is a mineral that can be white, pale pink, pale purple, or is colorless in color and is made of crystals.  It is named for Professor Frank Dawson Adams (1859-1942) of McGill University, Montreal, Quebec and is found in the Poudrette quarry in Quebec.  It's environment is in a pegmatite dike that is greatly heated.  It is barely radioactive, and is easily scratched with calcite and it also breaks easily.