juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Canis Minor

**Canis Minor** is a constellation in the northern sky.  It is Latin for "smaller dog" or "the lesser dog".  The astronomer Ptolemy listed it when he made a list of 48 constellations in the 2nd century. Both Canis Minor and Canis Major (which means "larger dog" in Latin) represent dogs that follow the hunter named Orion in Greek Mythology.

The main shape of Canis Minor is made by two stars, which are named Procyon (Alpha Canis Minoris) and Gomeisa (Beta Canis Minoris).  These stars are the only stars in Canis Minor that have a magnitude that is brigher than 4.  Procyon has a magnitude of 0.39, which means that it is the seventh brightest star in the night sky.  It is also very close to Earth, since it is only 11.4 light years away.  Procyon is a binary star, which means that it actually has two stars that orbit each other. It has a white dwarf star and a white type F5 main-sequence star.  Gomeisa has a magnitude of 2.9.  Its temperature is 11,500°K, which means that it is very hot.  It is a blue type B8 main-sequence star.  It is 3 times the mass of the sun and 250 times more luminous than the sun.

## Infobox (constellation)

- **name**: Canis Minor
- **abbreviation**: CMi
- **genitive**: Canis Minoris
- **pronounce**: , genitive
- **symbolism**: the lesser Dog
- **ra**: 8
- **dec**: +5
- **family**: Orion Family, Orion
- **quadrant**: NQ2
- **areatotal**: 183
- **arearank**: 71st
- **numbermainstars**: 2
- **numberbfstars**: 14
- **numberstarsplanets**: 1
- **numberbrightstars**: 2
- **numbernearbystars**: 4
- **brighteststarname**: Procyon (α CMi)
- **starmagnitude**: 0.34
- **neareststarname**: Procyon (α CMi)
- **stardistancely**: 11.41
- **stardistancepc**: 3.50
- **numbermessierobjects**: 0
- **meteorshowers**: Canis-Minorids
- **latmax**: north pole, 90
- **latmin**: 75th parallel south, 75
- **month**: March
1007

## Events

<onlyinclude>

#### Europe

- Aethelred buys two years of peace with the Danes for 36,000 pounds of silver.
- One of Mt. Vesuvius's many eruptions.

#### Asia

- Songjiang County, the later city of Shanghai, is founded (approximate date).
- King Sharaban is killed by his vizier
- Prince Kacalukia becomes king of Persia
- The vizier and his army invaded Babylon, Persia
- Snow falls in the city of Baghdad.

#### Religion

- Henry II of Germany founds the Diocese of Bamberg.
</onlyinclude>

## Births

- Isaac I Comnenus, Byzantine emperor (died 1062)
- Gruoch, wife of King Macbeth (died 1060)
- Ouyang Xiu, Chinese historian, essayist and poet (died 1072)
- Saint Paul, founder of Saint Paul's Cathedral in London, England (died 1072)

## Deaths

- Uno of Greek MIIV
1006

#### Oceania

- A major eruption of Mount Merapi volcano covers all of central Java with volcanic ash. This caused devastation throughout central Java, and destroyed a Hindu kingdom on the island of Java.

#### Europe

- Holmgang (dueling) is declared illegal in Iceland.

#### Asia

- Granaries for famine relief are set up across China.

#### Religion

- Aelfheah (St. Alphege) goes to Pope John XVIII at Rome for his pallium and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.

#### Astronomy

- May 1 – The brightest supernova ever recorded, SN 1006, occurs in the constellation of Lupus. It is observed and described in China, Japan, the Middle East, Europe, and elsewhere.

## Births

- Constantine X, emperor of Byzantium (d. 1067)

## Deaths

- Gisela of Burgundy
Abraham Cowley

**Abraham Cowley** (1618-1677) was an English writer, a poet and essayist. He wrote and published his first book of poetry at the young age of fifteen years, when he was still at school.

His most famous book was a collection of love poems, _The Mistress_ (1647). Later, he also published a collection of essays in 1668, which was also quite popular.
Men's major golf championships

There are four major championships in men's golf:

- The Open Championship
- U.S. Open (golf)
- PGA Championship
- The Masters Tournament
Thomas Fuller

**Thomas Fuller** (1608–1661) was an English writer, historian and clergyman.

After taking a Master of Arts degree from Cambridge University he decided to join the church. He used to write to share his ideas with people.

He wrote many books like _The History of the Holy War_ (1639), _The Holy State and Profane State_ (1642), _Good Thoughts in Bad Times_ (1645), _Good Thoughts in Worse Times_ (1647), _A History of the University of Cambridge_ (1659) and _Mixed Contemplations in Better Times_ (1660).

Thomas Fuller strongly supported the English Royalist party and was very loyal to King Charles I of England. He suffered a lot after his defeat but later on, after the English Restoration, he became Chaplain to King Charles II of England.
The Lock

***The Lock*** is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted around 1776-79. The picture measures 71 × 92 cm (28 × 36.2 in). It hangs in the Louvre. Fragonard is (and was) famous for mildly erotic scenes. After his marriage in 1769, he painted family scenes.
Favelas

A **favela** () is the term for a slum in Brazil. They are mostly found on the outskirts of urban areas. The people living in the favelas are the poor, and the rich people live in the city. Most of the buildings in favelas are made out of cheap materials, like plastic, wood, glass and scrap. The people usually build their houses themselves and invite their friends to help them build. Crime is not common in favelas,only 1% of residents are criminals or involved in criminal activity. The favelas themselves are also considered illegal, because the people do not pay tax.

## Related pages

- Slum
Explanation

An **explanation** is an attempt to answer the question "why". Asked of a person, it is a question about motive: "why did you do this?". Asked of a natural event, it is a question about natural causes (causation).

In science, an explanation is the link between an event which is a cause, and a second event, which is an effect. The phrase "cause and effect" refers to this. The relationship between the two events is known as causality. The philosopher Mario Bunge said, "We do not rest content with finding facts but wish to know why they should occur rather than not".

As a general rule, explanations move from what we know to what we do not know. This is important because it explains why different kinds of people may need different explanations. "A child, a lay person and an expert may need different explanations of the same thing, since what is already familiar to them will differ".

The asking of questions depends on language, and is peculiar to humans. It starts very soon after a child learns how to speak. A kind of game which young children play with adults is the 'why game'. Every parent gets the experience of their child asking a never-ending stream of why questions, until at last the adult says "Well, it just ***is!***"

There can be plenty of argument about whether or not an explanation is appropriate, and if so, whether it is correct. If one asks why the sun gives out heat and light, to say "because it is daytime" is not appropriate, even if it might indeed be daytime. The real answer was not known until the 20th century. Before then peoples like the ancient Egyptians thought it was caused by a god (Aten).

## Types

Different kinds of why questions need different kinds of explanations.  including:

### General explanations

These add something to human knowledge.
- explanations which are based on a principle or theory.
    - "It is often said that a key difference between historians and political scientists is that historians tend to construct narrative-based explanations while political scientists ... tend to construct theory-based explanations".

### Personal explanations

A personal question like "Why did you do that?" clearly asks for an explanation. What that explanation might be depends on context: it all depends on circumstance. This type of question about motives only applies to the people concerned.
- explanations which relate to goals or purposes.
    - _Why are you doing that?_ Explanation: _Because I'm going to build a boat_.

Many kinds of explanations are made up of more than one type. An explanation can be valid or invalid or a combination of both. Some explanations may appear reasonable, but turn out to be misleading or wrong.

## Related pages

- Argument
Mrs. Thomas Gainsborough, nee Margaret Burr

***Mrs. Thomas Gainsborough, nee Margaret Burr*** is an oil painting by Thomas Gainsborough. It was painted about 1778. It measures 76.6 cm x 63.8 cm. It hangs in the Courtauld Institute Galleries in England. The subject is the artist's wife.
Mr. and Mrs. Andrews

***Mr. and Mrs. Andrews*** is an oil painting on canvas by Thomas Gainsborough. It was painted circa 1748-1750. It measures 69.8 × 119.4 cm (27.5 × 47 in). It hangs in the National Gallery, London, England.
Fourth Geneva Convention

The **Fourth Geneva Convention** (full title: **Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War**) is an international treaty signed in 1949. These treaties are known as Geneva Conventions, because they were originally signed in Geneva. The fourth geneva convention protects civilians in a war zone and prohibit forced migration in general. Currently, 194 countries are party to this treaty of international law.

In 1993, the United Nations Security Council adopted a report from the Secretary-General and a Commission of Experts; this report stated that the Geneva Conventions had passed into the body of customary international law. If this is the case, the treaties are binding even to countries who did not sign them,whenever they engage in armed conflicts.
John Roxborough Norman

**John Roxborough Norman** was a British ichthyologist. He was born in 1898 and died on 26 May 1944 in London.

He started as a clerk in a bank. He was in the military during the First World War. He got rheumatic fever during this time, and had it his whole life. He entered the British Museum in 1921 where he worked for Charles Tate Regan (1878-1943). From 1939 to 1944, he was in charge of the Natural History Museum at Tring. Norman wrote _A History of Fishes_ (1931) and _A Draft Synopsis of the Orders, Families and Genera of Recent Fishes_ (1957).

## References

- Aldemaro Romero Home Page (Archived on 14 September 2006)
994

#### Europe

- Sweyn Forkbeard marries Sigrid the Haughty.
- Otto III reaches his majority and begins to rule Germany.
- Aethelred II pays £16,000 of Danegeld to Olaf Trygvasson.

#### Middle East

- September 15 – Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid victory over a Byzantine army led by Michael Bourtzes

## Births

- November 7 – Ibn Hazm, Arab philosopher (d. 1069)
- Simeon, first Norman abbot of Ely Abbey
- Imam Bayhaqi Scholar of Islamic Faith

## Deaths

- Margrave Leopold I of Austria
- Sigeric the Serious
- John Weir the Great, King of the Nords
993

#### Religion

- July 4 – Saint Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized.

## Births

- Samuel ibn Naghrela, assistant to the Berber king in Granada

## Deaths

- King Conrad of Burgundy

## In fiction

- The fantasy role-playing game _Dragon Warriors_ is set in a fantasy world called "Legend" modeled on medieval Europe in an era near this year.
- In the _Harry Potter_ series, Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry is built and founded sometime around this year.
992

#### Africa

- The Ghana Empire captures the Berber town of Awdaghost.

#### Europe

- Boleslaus I becomes Duke of Poland.
- Battle of Conquereuil: Fulk Nerra defeats Conan I of Rennes, who is killed in the battle.
- Viking settlers start a mint in Dublin to make silver pennies.

## Deaths

- February 1 – Jawhar as-Siqilli, Fatimid politician
- February 29 – Oswald of Worcester, Archbishop of York and Bishop of Worcester
- May 25 – Mieszko I, duke of Polans
- Borrell II, Count of Barcelona
- Conan I of Rennes (in battle)
991

#### Europe

- Battle of Maldon: The Anglo-Saxons are beaten by Viking invaders led by Olaf Tryggvason, later Olaf I of Norway.
- Sweyn I of Denmark gets his throne back.

## Births

- Sigurd Hlodvirsson, Earl of Orkney
- Abdullah Yousef, of Kuwait

## Deaths

- Theophanu, empress, mother of Otto III (b. 956)
- Emperor En'yū, emperor of Japan (b. 959)
Betty Fussell

**Betty Harper Fussell** (born July 28, 1927) is an American writer and food historian. She as write many books about food history, recipes, and her memoir. She is also a critic and educator. Fussell worked with the New York Times, The New Yorker, and the Los Angeles Times. During her career, she won many awards and received many honors. In 2009, she was made a member of _Who’s Who of Food & Beverage in America_.

Fussell was born in Riverside, California. She was raised in both in California and in New York City. She studied at Pomona College, Radcliffe College, and Rutgers University. Fussell was married to American writer Paul Fussell from 1949 until they divorced in 1981. They have two children. She now lives in New York  City.

## Other websites

- Betty Fussell's web site http://www.bettyfussell.com
Charioteer of Delphi

The ***Charioteer of Delphi*** is a Greek bronze sculpture from the early Classical period, about 477 BC. It stands 1.8 m tall.

It was discovered in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi during excavations by French archaeologists in 1896. With the statue were found fragments of a sculpted chariot, sculpted horses, and a small, sculpted person, presumably the charioteer's groom. All would have been part of a large monument. The charioteer monument was commissioned by Polyzalos, a Sicilian tyrant, to commemorate his victory in the chariot races about 477 BC. At some point, according to Greek practice, the statue was buried, probably because of irreparable damage.
Dylan Olsen

**Dylan D. Olsen** (born January 3, 1991 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is an American born-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the South Carolina Stingrays of the ECHL. He also played for the Chicago Blackhawks and Florida Panthers of the NHL

He was drafted with the 28th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He began his hockey career when he was drafted by the Medicine Hat Tigers in the 2006 WHL Bantam Draft. He instead played for the Camrose Kodiaks of the AJHL for three seasons before he left to play college hockey. He played college hockey at the University of Minnesota Duluth with the Bulldogs.

After he finished his college hockey career, he played for the Chicago Blackhawks' AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs for 2 seasons. On November 14, 2013, the Blackhawks traded Olsen along with Jimmy Hayes to the Florida Panthers for Kris Versteeg and Philippe Lefebvre.

His father was also an ice hockey player that played one game in the NHL with the Calgary Flames in the 1991-92 NHL season.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Dylan Olsen Hawks.JPG
- **image size**: 230px
- **team**: South Carolina Stingrays
- **league**: ECHL
- **former teams**: Chicago Blackhawks
Florida Panthers
Nottingham Panthers
HK Nitra
- **position**: Defenseman, Defense
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 223
- **birth place**: Salt Lake City, Utah, U.S.
- **draft**: 28th overall
- **draft year**: 2009
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **career start**: 2010
Joseph Heller

**Joseph Heller** (May 1, 1923 - December 12, 1999) was an American novelist and playwright. He was born in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. He was most famous for the satirical war novel _Catch-22_ (1961). He died of a heart attack in East Hampton, Long Island, New York.
Harita Kaur Deol

Flt. Lt. **Harita Kaur Deol** (1972 – 25 December 1996) is a pilot with the Indian Air Force (IAF). She was the first woman pilot to fly solo in the IAF. The flight was on 2 September 1994. She was 22 years old at the time.

Harita is originally from Chandigarh. She joined the Air Force in 1992, when it advertised for the first time 8 jobs for women pilots.

She flew an Avro aircraft. She landed at the Yelahanka Air Force Station, near Bangalore. Two more women, Flight Cadets Archana Kapoor and Bindu Sebastian, did their solo flights on the Avro after Harita.

There had been other female pilots in India before, but Harita was the first time a woman was flying for the Air Force.

She died in a air crash in 1996.
Paul Verhoeven

**Paul Verhoeven** (born 18 July 1938) is a Dutch movie director, producer and writer. He was born in Amsterdam. He directed American movies _RoboCop_, _Total Recall_, _Basic Instinct_, _Showgirls_ and _Starship Troopers_. He wrote and directed Dutch movie _Black Book_.

During his youth Verhoeven was for a short time a Pentecostal Christian. Although he is an atheist,  he takes a great interest in Jesus. He is a member of the Jesus Seminar and wrote "_Jesus of Nazareth_" in 2007, a liberal view on Jesus. He is intending to make a movie about Jesus.

Many of his movies are provocative, and were controversial when they were released.In his movies, Verhoeven is often criticizing social norms. He does this either by intentionally breaking taboos,  or by including social satire. Verhoeven's movies are also often confrontational, deliberately showing sexual or violent content graphically, without holding back.
Emmeline Pankhurst

**Emmeline Pankhurst** (née **Goulden**; 15 July 1858 – 14 June 1928) was the leader of the British suffragette movement which helped women win the right to vote.

In 1999 _Time_ named Pankhurst as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, stating: "she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back." She was widely criticized for her militant tactics, but her work helped to achieve women's suffrage in Britain.

After her husband died in 1898, Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), an organisation dedicated to "deeds, not words". The group became infamous when its members smashed windows and assaulted police officers. Pankhurst, her daughters, and other WSPU activists were sentenced to repeated prison sentences, where they staged hunger strikes to secure better conditions. As Pankhurst's oldest daughter Christabel took the helm of the WSPU, antagonism between the group and the government grew. Eventually arson became a common tactic among WSPU members, and more moderate organisations spoke out against the Pankhurst family. In 1913 several prominent individuals left the WSPU, among them Pankhurst's daughters Adela and Sylvia. The family rift never healed.

With the advent of the First World War, Emmeline and Christabel called an immediate halt to militant suffrage activism in support of the British Government's stand against the "German Peril". They urged women to aid industrial production and encouraged young men to fight. In 1918 the Representation of the People Act granted votes to women over the age of 30 and the WSPU was disbanded.

Pankhurst transformed the WSPU machinery into the Women's Party, dedicated to promoting women's equality in public life. In her later years she became concerned with the 'Bolshevik menace' and – unhappy with the political alternatives – joined the Conservative Party. She died in 1928, 17 days before women got equal voting rights and was commemorated two years later with a statue in London's Victoria Tower Gardens.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Emmeline Pankhurst
- **image**: Emmeline Pankhurst2.jpg
- **caption**: Emmeline Pankhurst (c. 1913)
- **birth date**: 15 July 1858
- **birth place**: Moss Side, Manchester, England
- **death date**: 14 June 1928 (aged 69)
- **death place**: Hampstead, London, England
- **party**: Women's Party (UK), Women's Party (1917–1919)
 Conservative Party (UK), Conservative Party (1926–1928)
983

#### Asia

- Wood carvers paid by China's Song Dynasty completed a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing (130,000 total blocks are made).
- The reign of Amir Adhad ad-Dowleh of Buwayhid ended.
- Sharaf ad-Dawla became Amir Buwayhid.
- The Khazar Empire ended.
- Emperor Shengzong of the Liao Dynasty led an expedition against the Zubu.
- One of the _Four Great Books of Song_, the encyclopedia _Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era_ is finished in 1,000 volumes of 4.7 million written Chinese characters.

#### Europe

- Otto III became the King of Germany after Otto II died.
- _Veronese donation_ during the diet of Verona. Otto gave the Rheingau to the archbishopric of Mainz.

#### Religion

- December – Pope John XIV becomes the 136th pope after Pope Benedict VII died.

## Births

- Wulfnoth Cild
- Odo II, Count of Blois

## Deaths

- 'Adud al-Daula
- Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor
- Pope Benedict VII
- Mu'ayyad al-Daula
- Patriarch Anthony III of Constantinople
982

#### Americas

- Greenland is discovered by Erik the Red (the first known European contact with North America).

#### Europe

- July 13 – The Kalbids troops of the emir of Sicily defeat the imperial German army of Otto II near Crotone.

#### Asia

- Yelu Longxu becomes the sixth emperor of the Liao Dynasty.
- 'Adud al-Dawla, a Buyid ruler, start what was soon to become the most important hospital of Baghdad.

#### Religion

- Adalbert of Prague becomes bishop of Prague.

## Births

- Emma of Normandy
- Atisha, Bengali Buddhist saint

## Deaths

- Emperor Jingzong of Liao Dynasty
- July 13 – Pandulf II of Salerno and Landulf IV of Benevento, at the Battle of Stilo near Crotone
Saif al-Arab Gaddafi

**Saif al-Arab al-Gaddafi** (1982 - April 30, 2011) was one of the sons of the former Libyan dictator Muammar al-Gaddafi. His name meant "Sword of the Arabs." He was killed in an air strike by NATO on 31 April 2011.

## References

es:Muamar el Gadafi#Familia Gadafi
Overcoat

An **overcoat** is a long coat which is worn over other clothes. Overcoats are made from a warm, heavy cloth or even animal fur. They go below the knee in length. A coat that is knee length is known as a **topcoat**. Overcoats have been worn for hundreds of years. Many armies dressed their soldiers in overcoats during the winter.

There are many styles and types of overcoats. These include:

||The **Greatcoat**, a very large overcoat with shoulder capes. These were worn by European armies including the former Soviet Union.|
| --- | --- |
||The **Redingote** (_riding coat_), a long fitted coat for men or women.|
||**Frock overcoat**, a very formal daytime overcoat, worn with a frock coat. It had a narrow fitting waist.|
||The **Ulster coat**, a working daytime overcoat. At first it had a cape top covering sleeves. It was called a **polo coat** when it had no cape.|
||The **Inverness coat**, a formal evening or working day overcoat, with winged sleeves.|
||The **Paletot coat**, a coat shaped with sidebodies. It was a less formal overcoat.|
||The **Paddock coat** had very little shaping.|
||The **Chesterfield coat**, a long overcoat.|
||The **Covert coat**, a single breasted country coat that became accepted for wear in the city with a suit as well as with tweed.|
Carbonyl group

A **carbonyl** is the group C=O in a molecule. It is a carbon and an oxygen atom with a double bond between them. Carbon has another two bonds, which can in general be with any other group. For example, a carbonyl is the C=O bit of a ketone, aldehyde or ester.

Because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, the electrons in the bond are more towards it. This means that in acid, a proton will go on the oxygen atom. Both the carbon and the oxygen in the group are sp<sup>2</sup> hybridized.

The carbonyl is a very important functional group, because chemists can do many reactions with it. It is easy to do nucleophilic additions to it, which makes the molecule bigger. It is also easy to do redox reactions, for example forming an alcohol. The alcohol then is also a very useful group.

Carbonyls are found in many natural substances and also in drugs and medicines. It is easy to check if a carbonyl is in a molecule. It gives a very strong signal in infrared spectroscopy. In carbon NMR spectroscopy, the signal is usually at very high frequency, away from many other peaks.
Ester

An **ester** is a molecule that includes a carbon atom, double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and single-bonded to another oxygen atom that is bonded to a carbon atom. In other words, a carbonyl with an ether group on the carbon atom. The formula can be written as RCOOR', where R can be a hydrogen atom, alkyl group, or aryl group and R' can be an alkyl group or aryl group, but not a hydrogen atom (if it is a hydrogen atom, then it will be a carboxylic acid). They can be made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol with some acid.

Esters are a very important functional group. They can be found in many substances. They are very common in fats and oils. They sometimes have a very strong, nice smell. They can be used to make perfumes. Polyesters are found in plastics.

Esters can also do many reactions. It is very easy to change the ether part of the molecule with another similar one. It is also possible to reduce the ester to a ketone or an alcohol, which can do many different reactions. Nucleophilic addition is also a good reaction, though a bit more difficult than with ketones.

There are many ways to find out if a molecule has an ester group. Infrared spectroscopy gives very sharp signals, which are different from other carbonyls. Carbon NMR spectroscopy has similar characteristics.
Sandra Oh

**Sandra Oh** (born July 20, 1971) is a Canadian-American actress and producer. She is best known for her starring roles as Rita Wu in the HBO comedy series _Arliss_ (1996–2002), Cristina Yang in the ABC medical drama series _Grey's Anatomy_ (2005–2014), and Eve Polastri in the critically acclaimed BBC spy thriller series _Killing Eve_ (2018–2022). She has received numerous accolades, including two Golden Globe Awards and four Screen Actors Guild Awards, and twelve Primetime Emmy Award nominations.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Sandra Oh
- **image**: Sandra Oh WGA adjusted.jpg
- **imagesize**: 180px
- **caption**: Sandra Oh in November 2007
- **birthname**: Sandra Oh
- **birth place**: Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- **yearsactive**: 1989–present
- **spouse**: Alexander Payne (2003–2006)
- **partner**: Andrew Featherston (2007–present)
Green iguana

The **green iguana** or **common iguana** (_Iguana iguana_) is a lizard native to Central and South America and the Caribbean. It is an arboreal herbivorous species that belongs to the genus _Iguana._

## Distribution

The green iguana ranges over a large geographic area, from southern Brazil and Paraguay as far north as Mexico. Also the Caribbean islands, especially Puerto Rico, where they are very common throughout the island; and in the United States in South Florida (including the Florida Keys), Hawaii, and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas.

## Other websites

- Green Iguana Society
- Melissa Kaplan's Green Iguana Information Collection
- International Iguana Foundation
David Strathairn

**David Russell Strathairn** (born January 26, 1949) is an American actor and entertainer. He was nominated for an Academy Award in 2006 for his role as Edward R. Murrow in _Good Night, and Good Luck_. He is also known for his role as Secretary of State William H. Seward in the 2012 movie _Lincoln_. He won an Emmy Award in 2010.

Strathairn was born on January 26, 1949 in San Francisco, California. His grandparents were Scottish. He studied at Redwood High School, at Williams College, and he studied to become a clown at Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Clown College. Strathairn has been married to Logan Goodman since 1980. They have two children. He now lives in Poughkeepsie, New York.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: David Strathairn (5974348391).jpg
- **birth name**: David Russell Strathairn
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, San Francisco, California,
United States, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **spouse**: Logan Goodman (1980–present)
- **known for**: **Edward R. Murrow** in _Good Night, and Good Luck_,
**William H. Seward** in _Lincoln (movie), Lincoln_
- **children**: 2
- **occupation**: Actor, entertainer
- **years active**: 1980–present
- **awards**: **Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor** (2010)
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin

**Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin** (2 November 1699 – 6 December 1779) was an 18th-century French painter. He is considered a master of still life. He is also noted for paintings which depict women and children engaged in domestic activities.
Assemblies of God

The **Assemblies of God** is a United States-based Christian denomination; a large group of Pentecostal churches. There are over 64 million members in over 200 countries.

## Beliefs

The AG is Trinitarian. They view the Bible as divinely inspired. The Bible provides the rules of faith and conduct. Baptism by immersion is practiced. Baptism is understood as an outward sign of an inward change. The change is from being dead in sin to being alive in Christ. Communion is also practiced. The Assemblies of God also places a strong emphasis on the fulfillment of the Great Commission and believes that this is the main calling of the church.

The most recent World congress was held in Springfield, Missouri in August 2014.

## Other websites

- World AOG Site

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Assemblies of God
- **formation**: April 1914
- **type**: Pentecostal * Christianity
- **headquarters**: Springfield, Missouri
- **location**: Worldwide
- **membership**: 65 million
- **leader title**: General Superintendent
- **leader name**: Douglas E. Clay
- **website**: http://ag.org
Denis McDonough

**Denis Richard McDonough** (born December 2, 1969) is an American politician. He was the 11th United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs from February 9, 2021 until January 20, 2025. McDonough is the second non-veteran to serve in this position. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

He was the 26th White House Chief of Staff from 2013 to 2017 during the Barack Obama presidency.

In December 2020, then President-elect Joe Biden nominated McDonough to serve as the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs in his administration. On February 8, 2021, the United States Senate confirmed McDonough to be Secretary of the VA in a vote of 87-7, with 6 senators absent.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Denis McDonough
- **image**: Secretary McDonough, official photo.jpg
- **office**: 11th United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs
- **president**: Joe Biden
- **deputy**: Donald Remy
Tanya J. Bradsher
- **term start**: February 9, 2021
- **term end**: January 20, 2025
- **predecessor**: Robert Wilkie
- **successor**: Doug Collins (politician), Doug Collins
- **office1**: 26th White House Chief of Staff
- **president1**: Barack Obama
- **term start1**: January 20, 2013
- **term end1**: January 20, 2017
- **predecessor1**: Jack Lew
- **successor1**: Reince Priebus
- **office2**: Deputy National Security Advisor (United States), United States Deputy National Security Advisor
- **president2**: Barack Obama
- **term start2**: October 20, 2010
- **term end2**: January 20, 2013
- **predecessor2**: Thomas E. Donilon
- **successor2**: Tony Blinken
- **office3**: Chief of Staff of the United States National Security Council,  National Security Council
- **president3**: Barack Obama
- **1blankname3**: Leader
- **1namedata3**: James L. Jones, James Jones
- **term start3**: October 20, 2009
- **term end3**: October 20, 2010
- **predecessor3**: Mark Lippert
- **successor3**: Brooke D. Anderson, Brooke Anderson
- **birth name**: Denis Richard McDonough
- **birth place**: Stillwater, Minnesota, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Karin Hillstrom
- **children**: 3
- **education**: College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University, St. John's University, Minnesota (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Georgetown University (Master of Science, MS)
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

**Ellen Johnson Sirleaf** (born 29 October 1938) is the 24th President of Liberia serving from 2006 through 2018. Sirleaf is the first elected female head of state in Africa.

Sirleaf was awarded the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Leymah Gbowee of Liberia and Tawakel Karman of Yemen. The women were recognized "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work."

In December 2021, James Sirleaf one of the sons of Ellen Sirleaf died in his residence in Liberia under unknown circumstances.

## Other websites

- Liberia Executive Mansion _official government website_
- Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority salutes member Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
    - Biography
- Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Liberia  includes final report
- Ellen Johnson Sirleaf  at C-SPAN
- Ellen Johnson Sirleaf collected news and commentary at _Forbes_
- Ellen Johnson Sirleaf collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Ellen Johnson Sirleaf at the Notable Names Database
- Speeches
- Address to US Congress in Joint Session 15 March 2006 TXT PDF
- Sirleaf Speaks at U.S. Institute of Peace  21 March 2006 (audio archive available)
- Liberian President Speaks to Georgetown Community  17 October 2006
- Profiles and interviews
- Profile: Liberia's 'Iron Lady' on BBC News Online, 23 November 2005
- Iron Ladies of Liberia, Independent Lens on PBS, 2007
- Follow the Leader , interview with Ellen Johnson Sirleaf by the International Museum of Women, April 2008
- The 'Remarkable Life' Of Liberia's 'Iron Lady', Dave Davies, interview on Fresh Air, April 2009
- Top 100 Women in Politics: Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, Ermine Saner, _The Guardian_, 8 March 2011

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
- **image**: Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf, April 2010.jpg
- **office**: 24th President of Liberia
- **vicepresident**: Joseph Boakai
- **term start**: 16 January 2006
- **term end**: 22 January 2018
- **predecessor**: Gyude Bryant
- **successor**: George Weah
- **birth place**: Monrovia, Liberia
- **party**: Unity Party (Liberia), Unity Party
- **alma mater**: Wisconsin School of Business, University of Wisconsin, Madison
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
Mia Kirshner

**Mia Kirshner** (born January 25, 1975) is an actress that stars primarily on television. She starred as Jenny Schecter in _The L Word_ and Mandy in _24_. She has, however, starred in some movies. She was born next to Toronto.
Latona Fountain

The **Latona Fountain** (Fr: _Bassin de Latone_) is a fountain. It lies on the east-west alignment between the Palace of Versailles, the Apollo Fountain, the Green Carpet, and the Grand Canal. Latone faces west. The fountain was designed by Le Nôtre in 1666. The fountain figures were executed in lead by the Marsy brothers between 1668 and 1670. In 1686 Hardouin-Mansart altered the fountain. He had the figure of Latona (which originally faced the palace) turned 180 degrees. He also raised her pedestal.

The fountain is designed in the wedding cake style. On the top tier, there is a statue of the goddess Latona. In addition to the goddess Latona are her young children, Apollo and Diana. The second and third tiers of the fountain have frogs. The lowest tier has turtles and alligators. Latona turned the Lycean peasants into frogs when they mocked her and refused to give her water in her flight from the jealous and angry Juno.

## Sources

- Pérouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie. 1991. _Versailles_ Abbeville Press.
Cookie's Fortune

***Cookie's Fortune*** is a 1999 crime comedy with Julianne Moore, Glenn Close and Patricia Neal heading the cast. The subject for this comedy-drama is southern hospitality. It was shot around north central Mississippi, where _Cookie's Fortune_ is mainly set. Liv Tyler is also in the cast.
Aud the Deep-Minded

**Aud the Deep-Minded** (834–900 AD) was an early settler in Iceland.
Josephine Baker

**Josephine Baker** (June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975) was an African American-born French dancer, singer, and actress. She was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri. Fluent in both English and French, Baker became an international musical and political icon. She was given such nicknames as the "Bronze Venus", the "Black Pearl", and the "Créole Goddess".

Baker was the first African-American female to star in a major motion picture, _Zouzou_ (1934), and to become a world-famous entertainer.

She tried to integrate an American concert hall, and is noted for her contributions to the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. She was offered the unofficial leadership of the movement by Coretta Scott King in 1968 following Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, but turned it down.

Baker became a citizen of France in 1937. She helped the French Resistance during World War II, and was awarded the Croix de Guerre, the Légion d'Honneur and the Rosette of the Résistance after the war.

## Career

When Josephine came to Paris in the 1920s for _La Revue Nègre_, it was a turning point in her career. Her career thrived, and when _La Revue Nègre_ closed, Josephine starred in _La Folie du Jour_ at the Follies-Bergère Theater. Her performance, and her banana costume made her a celebrity. Josephine rivalled Gloria Swanson and Mary Pickford as the most photographed woman in the world: by 1927 she earned more than any entertainer in Europe. She starred in two movies in the early 1930s, _Zou-Zou_ and _Princess Tam-Tam_, and moved her family from St. Louis to Les Milandes, her estate in Castelnaud-Fayrac, France.

- "A 1936 return to the United States to star in the Ziegfeld Follies proved disastrous, despite the fact that she was a major celebrity in Europe. American audiences rejected the idea of a black woman with so much sophistication and power, newspaper reviews were equally cruel (The New York Times called her a "Negro wench"), and Josephine returned to Europe heartbroken".

In later shows in Paris she was often accompanied on stage by her pet cheetah, Chiquita, who was adorned with a diamond collar. The cheetah frequently escaped into the orchestra pit, where it terrorized the musicians, adding another element of excitement to the show.

## Personal life

Baker had 12 children through adoption. She bore only one child herself, stillborn in 1941. Josephine Baker was married four times.

## Infobox (person)

- **child**: yes
- **spouse**: Willie Wells (1919)
Willie Baker (1921)
Jean Lion (1937)
Jo Bouillon (1947)
- **children**: adopted 12


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Josephine Baker 1950.jpg
- **caption**: Josephine Baker in 1950
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Freda Josephine McDonald
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **genre**: Cabaret, Music hall
- **occupation**: Dancer, singing, singer, actress, Civil Rights Movement, civil rights activist, spy
- **website**: [http://www.cmgww.com/stars/baker/ Josephine Baker profile]
Clare of Assisi

**Clare of Assisi** (July 16, 1194 – August 11, 1253), born Chiara Offreduccio, is an Italian saint. She was one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. Saint Clare of Assisi was of noble birth, her father, Favorone Offreduccio, was the Count of Sasso-Rosso and her mother, Ortolana di Fiumi, was from aristocratic descent. She was born as Chiara Offreduccio di Favaronne in Assisi. She was promised in marriage at age of 12, but it was canceled due to her father's death. She was the oldest child in her family.

When she was 18 years old, she heard Francis of Assisi preaching. She was extremely moved by his sermon, so she ran away to join him. Francis didn't have a place for women to stay, so he sent her to the Benedictine convent in San Paulo. Clare's relatives found out where she was staying, but when they arrived to take her back home, she clung to the altar saying she would only wed Christ. When she was staying in another monastery in Panzo, she was reunited with her younger sister, Agnes. Later, when she was 21, she was moved to another convent next to the San Damiano church, where she was appointed the superior for 40 years. In that church, she was reunited with her mother and her other sister named Beatrice.

Saint Clare of Assisi will be remembered for founding the "Order of Poor Ladies", later named “Poor Clares.” The order of Poor Clares was an order that had strict rules, such as silence vows, poverty, and strict fasting. The Poor Clares was an order for women so they could become closer to God.
Catherine of Siena

**Saint Catherine of Siena**  (March 25, 1347 – April 29, 1380) was a saint. She was born in Sienna and died in Rome. She promoted peace in Italy and is one of the two patron saints of Italy; the other being Saint Francis of Assisi

She was born Katerina de Benincasa in western Italy, the 25th of 25 children. She was born at the time of the Black Death, or Bubonic Plague. Although it probably killed many she knew, she herself did not contract the disease and survived the epidemic. She had a twin sister, who died several months later. Her family was part of the lower classes and she did not become literate until 1378.

At the age of six, Catherine had a vision of Jesus Christ. She continued to receive many visions throughout her life. At age 12, Catherine cut off her hair and was obligated to serve her family, living in small quarters in the basement. At the age of 16, she entered the Third Order of Saint Dominic and later became a Dominican nun. At age 28 she received the stigmata when praying next to a crucifix.

She wrote a book called _Dialogue_, which taught that if you love your neighbors it is loving God. She also devoted her life to improving the Catholic church, helping the ill, poor, and spiritually underprivileged. Catherine persuaded the pope to return from Avignon, France and back into Rome. She also tried to start a new Crusade to the holy land, Jerusalem. She died of “holy anorexia”, as she ate very little in the name of God. She became a saint in 1461, and was later made a Doctor of the Church in 1970 by Pope Paul VI and a patron of  Europe in 1999.

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Catherine of Siena
- **feast day**: April 29; April 30 (Roman Calendar, 1628–1969)
- **venerated in**: Roman Catholic Church; Anglican Communion; Lutheranism
- **image**: Giovanni Battista Tiepolo 096.jpg
- **caption**: _St. Catherine of Siena_,
 by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
- **birth place**: Siena, Republic of Siena
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **titles**: Virgin; Doctor of Church
- **canonized date**: 29 June 1461
- **canonized by**: Pope Pius II
- **attributes**: Dominican Order, Dominican Religious habit, tertiaries' habit, lilium, lily, book, crucifix, heart, crown of thorns, stigmata, ring, dove, rose, skull, miniature church, miniature ship bearing Ecclesiastical heraldry, Papal coat of arms
- **patronage**: against fire; bodily ills; diocese of Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA; Europe; illness; Italy; miscarriages; people ridiculed for their piety; sexual temptation; sick people; sickness; nurses
- **major shrine**: Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome and , Siena
Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany

**Eleanor the "Fair Maid of Brittany"** (c. 1184 – 10 August 1241) was a member of the nobility of England. She was the eldest daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Constance, Duchess of Brittany. She was seen as a potential threat to the throne by her uncle, John of England, and cousin, Henry III of England. She was put in prison from 1202, and so became the longest imprisoned member of an English royal family except for Wulfnoth Godwinson. Although still treated honorably as a princess, she was never released or permitted to marry.

In 1268, Henry III ordered Amesbury to commemorate Arthur and Eleanor along with kings and queens.
Pope Joan

**Pope Joan**, **Johannas**, **Iohannas** or **Joanna**, was a legendary female Pope. Said to have ruled for two years during 855–857, her story first appeared in 13th century chronicles, then spread throughout Europe through the writings of preachers and story tellers. For centuries she was widely believed to be real; however, today religious scholars think her story is legend. Whether she is real or made up is subject to debate.

The Pope Joan story states that she was German and arrived in Rome dressed in men's clothes, managing to convince people that she was in fact a man. Her alleged male name was John Anglicus. She started out in the clergy as a curiae notary; next she became a cardinal, and then finally she became the Pope. She served as pope  for about two and a half years but her true gender was exposed when she became pregnant. The birth of her child was thought to have taken place either on the road that separated the Colosseum and St. Clement's or in the church. Her death and punishment are unknown.
Vannozza dei Cattanei

**Vannozza dei Cattanei** (13 July 1442 – 24 November 1518) was an Italian noblewoman. She was one of the many mistresses of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, future Pope Alexander VI. Among them, she was the one whose relationship with him lasted the longest.
Photorealism

**Photorealism** is a style of painting or drawing. The picture is done with a lot of detail to make it look exactly like a photograph. The subjects pictured were often boring, without any special interest. Photorealism developed as an art style in the 1960s and 1970s. The famous photorealist artists are Richard Estes and Chuck Close and Ralph Goings.

## History of Photorealism

Once, a style called abstract expressionism was the most popular type of art in the United States. Then, there came photorealism, which was very different from abstract expressionism. It started because some artists didn't like abstract art and wanted to make art that looked real. They began in the late 1960s. There weren't many of them at first, but their style became very popular in the 1970s.

When Photorealism was included in the Realism part of the Documenta exhibition in 1972, it was a big deal. This exhibition was organized by Harald Szeemann and Jean-Christophe Ammann in Kassel, West Germany. It helped Photorealism get noticed all around the world.

## Famous artists

- Robert Bechtle
- Charles Bell
- Chuck Close
- Robert Cottingham
- Richard Estes
- Jeff Koons
- Richard McLean
My Name Is Skrillex

***My Name Is Skrillex*** is the first EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex. _My Name Is Skrillex_ was released on June 7, 2010 on his MySpace profile.

The album is the first solo EP by Sonny Moore under the alias Skrillex. He released a previous album titled _Gypsyhook_ under his first name.

## Other websites

- My Name Is Skrillex at Discogs

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: My Name Is Skrillex
- **type**: ep
- **artist**: Skrillex
- **released**: June 7, 2010
- **recorded**: May 4, 2010
- **genre**: Dubstep, electro house, electronic rock
- **length**: 28:34
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Self-released
- **producer**: Skrillex
- **prev title**: Gypsyhook EP
- **prev year**: 2009
- **next title**: Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites
- **next year**: 2010
Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites

***Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites*** is the second EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.

_Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites_ was released on October 22, 2010. Skrillex said that he recorded the EP in 2010 at his apartment using a laptop. The EP and song's name was inspired from the 1980 David Bowie album and song _Scary Monsters (and Super Creeps)_.

The EP won two Grammys at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Dance Recording and for Best Dance/Electronica Album. The EP also received generally positive reviews from music critics and reached #49 on the Billboard 200 as well as #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart.

## Other websites

- Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites at Discogs

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites
- **type**: ep
- **artist**: Skrillex
- **released**: October 22, 2010
- **recorded**: 2010
- **genre**: Dubstep, electro house
- **length**: 44:02
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Big Beat Records (Atlantic Records subsidiary), Big Beat Records
- **producer**: Bare Noize, Foreign Beggars, Noisia, Skrillex, Zedd (producer), Zedd
- **prev title**: My Name Is Skrillex
- **prev year**: 2010
- **next title**: More Monsters and Sprites
- **next year**: 2011