juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
President pro tempore of the United States Senate

The **president _pro tempore**_ ( or ), or **president pro tem**, **of the United States Senate** is the longest serving senator from the majority political party in the United States Senate.  According to the Constitution, this is the fourth highest office in the United States. It is the third in the U.S. presidential line of succession (behind the vice president and the speaker of the House). Many state senates also use the office of President pro tem.

Officially the vice president is the person in charge of the Senate, but they are not a Senator.  Chuck Grassley (R-IA) is the current president pro tempore . When the vice president cannot be in charge, the president pro tempore is in charge of the Senate. Many people still think of the president pro tempore as _de facto_ president of the Senate. Benjamin Wade was only one vote away from becoming the president of the United States due to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. No president pro tempore has ever taken over the presidency.

Probably the most famous presidents pro tempore were John Langdon (first in this office), David Rice Atchison (D-MO), Benjamin Wade (R-OH), Arthur Vandenberg (R-MI), Carl Hayden (D-AZ) Richard Russell, Jr. (D-GA), Strom Thurmond (R-SC), Robert Byrd (D-WV), Daniel Inouye (D-HI), Orrin Hatch (R-UT), Chuck Grassley (R-IA) and Patrick Leahy (D-VT).

When Senator Hubert Humphrey, a former vice president, was seriously ill, the Senate showed its respect for him by creating the office of Deputy President Pro tempore for any former president or vice president who is elected to the Senate.  No vice president since Humphrey has held this.

## President pro tempore emeritus

Since 2001, the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus has been given to a Senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore. The position has been held by:

- Strom Thurmond (R-South Carolina) (2001-2003)
- Robert Byrd (D-West Virginia) (2003-2007)
- Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) (2007-2009)
- Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) (2015-2021)
- Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa) (2021-2025)
- Patty Murray (D-Washington) (since 2025)

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: President Pro Tempore
- **body**:
the United States Senate
- **insignia**: President Pro Tempore US Senate Seal.svg
- **insigniasize**: 150px
- **image**: Chuck Grassley official photo 2017 (cropped).jpg
- **incumbent**: Chuck Grassley
- **incumbentsince**: January 3, 2025
- **style**: Mr./Mrs. President
<small>(Informal and within the Senate)</small>
The Honorable
<small>(Formal)</small>
- **appointer**: Elected by the United States Senate, U.S. Senate
- **formation**: United States Constitution, U.S. Constitution
March 4, 1789
- **succession**: United States presidential line of succession, Third
- **inaugural**: John Langdon
April 6, 1789
David Tennant

**David John Tennant** (né **McDonald**; 18 April 1971) is a Scottish actor. He is known for portraying the Tenth Doctor on _Doctor Who_ from 2005 to 2010, and portraying the Fourteenth Doctor in 2023, Giacomo Casanova in the television series _Casanova, and as Crowley in the television adaptation of the book Good Omens._

In 2011, Tennant had a daughter with Georgia Moffett. Later that year, he adopted Moffett's son. The couple married in December 2011. In May 2013, the couple had a son. In November 2015, the couple had a daughter.

## Programmes he has been in

- 1994: _Takin' Over the Asylum_ — Campbell McBain
- 1998: _Duck Patrol_ — Darwin
- 2001: _People Like Us_ — Rob Harker (1 episode)
- 2002: _Foyle's War_ — Theo Howard (1 episode)
- 2004: _He Knew He Was Right_ — Rev Gibson
- 2004: _Blackpool_ — DI Carlisle
- 2005: _Casanova_ — Young Giacomo Casanova
- 2005: _The Quatermass Experiment_ — Dr Gordon Briscoe
- 2005–2010, 2013: _Doctor Who_ — The Doctor
- 2005: _Secret Smile_ — Brendan Block
- 2005: _Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire_ — Barty Crouch Junior
- 2007: _Recovery_ — Alan Hamilton
- 2008: _Einstein & Eddington — Arthur Eddington
- 2009: _Hamlet_ — Hamlet
- 2010: _Single Father_ — Dave
- 2011: _United_ — Jimmy Murphy
- 2011: _Lachlan Macquarie: The Father of Australia_ — Narrator
- 2011: _The Decoy Bride_ — James
- 2011: _The Itch of the Golden Nit_ — Stretchy McSteretch (Narrator)
- 2011: _Fright Night_ — Peter Vincent
- 2011: _This Is Jinsy_ — Mr. Slightlyman
- 2011: _The Ballad of Russell & Julie_ — Russell T. Davies • Self
- 2023: _Doctor Who'' — The Doctor

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: David Tennant
- **image**: File:2017 Wizard World Columbus - David Tennant 08 (36298748751).jpg
- **caption**: Tennant in 2017
- **birth name**: David John McDonald
- **birth place**: Bathgate, West Lothian, Scotland
- **homepage**: [http://www.david-tennant.com/ David-Tennant.com]
- **occupation**: Actor
- **known for**: _Doctor Who_
- **spouse**: Georgia Moffett (m. 2011–present)
- **children**: 5
- **parents**: Sandy McDonald (minister), Sandy McDonald
Helen McDonald
(née McLeod)
American Broadcasting Company

The **American Broadcast Company** (**ABC**) is an American television network. Along with CBS, NBC and Fox, it is one of the country's four major television networks. The network is owned by The Walt Disney Company following the acquisition of the Capital Cities/ABC by the company in 1995.

## ABC Television Shows

- _Abbott Elementary_
- _The Wonder Years_
- _Black-ish_
- _Scandal_
- _How To Get Away with Murder_
- _Will Trent_
- _Family Matters_
- _Hangin' with Mr.Cooper_
- _Scrubs (TV series)_
- _The Geena Davis Show_
- Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
- Agent Carter (TV series)
- _The Goldbergs_
- It's All Realtive
- _The Rookie_
- _American Idol_
- _Dancing with the Stars_
- _The Bachelor_
- _Say Uncle_
- _Grey's Anatomy_
- _The Good Doctor_
- _Big Sky_
- _The Rookies_
- _Dead of Summer_
- The CAPER CAT Show
- _What's Happening!!_

## Other websites

- Official site
- ABC  at the Museum of Broadcast Communications _Encyclopedia of Television_

## Infobox (broadcasting network)

- **name**: ABC
- **logo**: ABC-2021-LOGO.svg
- **logo caption**: Logo used since 2021
- **type**: Television network (1948–present)
Radio network (1943–2007, 2015–present)
- **branding**: ABC
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **available**: National and Worldwide
- **founded**:
St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
- **founder**: Louis Blanche and Edward J. Noble
- **slogan**: _The Only Place to Be, ABC_
- **headquarters**: Burbank, California (broadcasting)
Manhattan, New York City (corporate), U.S.
- **picture format**: 720p (high-definition television, HDTV)

480i (standard-definition television, SDTV 4:3/16:9)
- **launch date**: **Radio:**
**Television:**
- **replaced**: NBC Blue Network
- **former names**: NBC Blue Network
- **affiliates**: Lists:
**by state** or **market**
- **abc-espn**: ABC Sports (Defunct)
Fox Broadcasting Company

**Fox** (styled as **FOX**) is an American television network. It is owned by Fox Corporation.

## Fox Television shows

- _The Simpsons_
- _Family Guy_
- _American Dad_
- _Universal Basic Guys_
- _Futurama_
- _King of the Hill_
- _Martin_
- _In Living Color_
- _American Idol_
- _The Bernie Mac Show_
- _Malcolm in the Middle_
- _Married...with Children_
- _The Masked Singer_
- _Bob's Burgers_
- _Bless the Harts_
- _Duncanville_
- Dollhouse (TV series)
- _Archer_
- _Brickleberry_
- _Last Man Standing_
- _The Resident_
- _9-1-1_
- _9-1-1 Lonestar_

## Programming Blocks

- Animation Domination - (2005 - 2014) (2021 - Present)
- Animation Domination High-Def - (2013 - 2014)

### Children’s programming blocks

- Fox Kids - ( September 8, 1990 - September 7, 2002 )

- Xploration Station - (September 13, 2014 - Present)

## Infobox (broadcasting network)

- **name**: Fox Broadcasting Company
- **logo**: Fox Broadcasting Company logo (2019).svg
- **type**: Terrestrial television network
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Spanish (via second audio program, SAP audio feed)
- **available**: United States
 southern Canada, northern Mexico (both over-the-air only)
Worldwide
- **founder**: Rupert Murdoch and Barry Diller
- **slogan**: _TV’s #1 Network_
- **parent**: Fox Media Group
News Corp
- **key people**: Charlie Collier
(Chairman/CEO, Entertainment), Lachlan Murdoch as CEO, John Nallen COO, Viet Dinh CLO, Steve Tomsic CFO, previously 20th Century Fox (now part of Disney) Stacey Snider CEO, John Gelke VP Global Operations, J Young SVP Growth, Gerard Devan Group Executive APAC, Stephanie Gruber Group Executive Television, Christopher Greavu
Vice President of Sales.
- **launch date**: (on-air operations)
 (primetime launch)
- **picture format**: 720p (High-definition television, HDTV)
1080p via ATSC 3.0 in some markets
2160p UHDTV (select pay TV partners and via digital media player apps during selected events)
- **former names**: FBC (1986–1987)
- **affiliates**: Lists:
**List of Fox television affiliates (by U.S. state), By state**
**List of Fox television affiliates (table), By market**
- **headquarters**: 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York City, New York
- **owner**: :en:Fox Corporation, Fox Corporation
- **branding**: Fox
ABC

**ABC** are the first three letters in the Latin alphabet.

## Media

- American Broadcasting Company, a television network in the United States
- Associated Broadcasting Company, a television network in the Philippines
- Australian Broadcasting Corporation, a television network in Australia

## Music

- "ABC" (The Jackson 5 song), a 1970 hit song

## Other

- Abc notation, a musical notation language
- A-button challenge
Roman Forum

The **Roman Forum** is an area of the city of Rome which the ancient city developed around. It is the place where commerce, business, cult, and the administration of justice took place.

It was for centuries the centre of Roman public life. It was the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches. It was also the heart of commerce. Here statues and monuments mark the city's great men. It has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history.

The Forum is in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. Today it is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and excavations. It has 4.5 million sightseers each year.

## Buildings in the Forum

The Roman Forum is famous for the number of buildings and other ancient ruins that it contains. These include:
- Temple of Castor and Pollux
- Temple of Vesta
Playwright

A **playwright** is a person who writes plays for the stage. Because the name of such a text is _drama_, another word for this person is **dramatist**. Sometimes, dramas are written to be read and not played. In that case, they are called _closet dramas_.

The word _wright_ does not come from write. It is an ancient English term for a builder. For example, a _wheelwright_ makes wheels. In a similar way, a playwright makes plays. When the term was first used, it was meant as an insult. Today it has lost this meaning.

## History

The first playwrights in Western literature whose plays still exist were the Ancient Greeks. They were written around the 5th century BC. These playwrights are important as they wrote in a way that is still used by modern playwrights. Important among them are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.

The most famous playwright may be William Shakespeare. A lot of later work is based on his tragedies and comedies. For example, _Kiss Me, Kate_ is based on Shakespeare's _The Taming of the Shrew_, and his _Romeo and Juliet_ has been made again many times. Tom Stoppard created the play _Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead_ in 1966 which is a modern adaptation of _Hamlet_.

## Modern playwrights

Modern playwrights are usually less famous than past playwrights. Since television and movies were invented, theater has become less popular. Because it is less popular, not as many tickets are sold now, and producers often do not have enough money to make plays, and many playwrights are not known.
Iambe

**Iambe** was the goddess of rhyme and merriment in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Pan and Echo.

## Iambic pentameter

Iambe is said to have created the iambic pentameter verse pattern in poetry. This is a metered verse with two different sounds, and it was named after Iambe. The iambic pentameter verse is used by many poets, one of which is William Shakespeare.

## Demeter

In the myth, Demeter, was sad about losing her daughter, Persephone. It was only Iambe who was able to make Demeter laugh. She did this by using poetry and wit to cheer Demeter up. When Demeter was not sad any more, the earth became fertile again. Iambe then became Demeter's first priestess.
Triangle (musical instrument)

A **triangle** is a musical instrument with three sides and curved corners. There is always one corner where the sides do not join.  This makes it possible for the instrument to vibrate.

The player holds a small piece of string or leather from which the triangle is hanging, and they can make a sound by hitting the triangle with a triangle beater.  In orchestras, where the percussionist may be playing several percussion instruments, the triangle may hang from a stand so that the player can move quickly to another instrument.

Triangles come in different sizes. Smaller ones will sound higher than larger ones.

The triangle can always be heard clearly above the sound of the orchestra or band.
Speaker

**Speaker** could mean:

- Computer speaker
- Loudspeaker, refers to an electronic device that gives off sound
- Speaker (politics) is also the name of the person in charge of some legislatures, usually the lower house.
Bernie Little

**Bernie Little** (_born_ in McComb, Ohio on circa 1926 - _died_ April 25, 2003) was the most successful owner in Unlimited Hydroplane racing history. His _Miss Budweiser_ team won 134 of the 354 hydroplane races they entered. They won the high points championship 22 years in 40 years of competition, and the Gold Cup 14 times.

## Racing career

Little's team is also known for making an enclosed driver's seat to improve driver safety, after driver Dean Chenoweth was killed in a crash during a race in 1982.

His team employed some of the biggest names in their field, including designer Ron Jones, and driver Chip Hanauer who won more Gold Cup races than any other driver. He is second only to Bill Muncey in total races won.

## Awards and recognition

Little has been inducted into the Unlimited Hydroplane Hall of Fame, the Florida Sports Hall of Fame, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Chenoweth, Hanauer, and another driver for Little, Tom D'Eath, are also in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America.

## References

- Bernie Little obituary  - from the American Boat Racing Association website
- Bernie Little - King of Boats - by Fred Farley - APBA Unlimited Historian
Perseus

**Perseus** () is a hero in Greek mythology. He is the legendary founder of Mycenae and is most famous for killing the Gorgon Medusa. He is a demigod, the son of Zeus and the mortal princess Danaë. With his wife, the Ethiopian princess Andromeda, his children are the sons Perses, Alkaios, Sthenelos, Elektryon, and the daughter Gorgophone. Perseus is also the great-grandfather of Herakles, as well as his half-brother.

## Birth

King Akrisios of Argos was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where no one was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.

Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him.

A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.

## Perseus and Medusa

Perseus was sent to retreive Medusa's head by King Polydectes, who wanted him dead so he could marry his mother. To do this, he was advised by Athena to seek the Gray sisters, who told him how to fight Medusa when he stole their eye. Hermes lent Perseus winged sandals, Hades lent him his helm of darkness (which makes the wearer invisible), and Athena lent him a shield which he could see Medusa's reflection in, since whoever looked her in the eye would turn to stone. With all these magic items, Perseus was able to cut off Medusa's head. On the way back home, he fights a sea monster to save Andromeda, who is chained to a cliff as a sacrifice, and marries her.
Violet (plant)

The **violet** is a genus of flowering plants. The common blue violet (_Viola sororia_) is the state flower of the U.S. state of Illinois. There is also a famous poem that refers to violets. It goes "Roses are red, violets are blue", and then the poet adds his or her own lines to it. It is also February's birth flower.

Some _Viola_ species are perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs. Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their flowers.

In horticulture, the term **pansy** is  used for the multi-coloured cultivars often used in bedding by professional gardeners. The terms 'viola' and 'violet' are normally used for small-flowered annuals or perennials, and the wild species.
Aleksander Kwasniewski

**Aleksander Kwaśniewski** (; born 15 November 1954) is a Polish politician. He served as President for two terms (1995-2000 and 2000-2005).

He was born in Białogard in Northwest Poland. Before became a politician, he was a journalist. Before became president, he was minister and deputy to the Sejm. In the late 1980s, he participated in the Polish Round Table Agreement.

In 1995 election, he won in the second round, but five years later he won in the first round.

## Other websites

- Official web page

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **honorific-suffix**: Order of the Bath, GCB Order of St Michael and St George, GCMG Order of Prince Henry, GCollH
- **name**: Aleksander Kwaśniewski
- **image**: Aleksander Kwaśniewski (grudzień, 2025) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Kwaśniewski (2025)
- **nationality**: Poland, Polish
- **order**: List of Polish heads of state (1918–present), 3rd
- **office**: President of Poland
- **primeminister**: Józef Oleksy
Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz
Jerzy Buzek
Leszek Miller
Marek Belka
Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz
- **term start**: 23 December 1995
- **term end**: 23 December 2005
- **predecessor**: Lech Wałęsa
- **successor**: Lech Kaczyński
- **office1**: Leader of Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, Social Democracy
- **term start1**: 30 January 1990
- **term end1**: 23 December 1995
- **predecessor1**: Position established
- **successor1**: Józef Oleksy
- **birth place**: Białogard, People's Republic of Poland, Poland
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent <small>(1995–present)</small>
- **spouse**: Jolanta Kwaśniewska, Jolanta Konty
- **children**: Aleksandra Kwaśniewska
- **otherparty**: Polish United Workers' Party, United Workers' Party <small>(1977–1990)</small>
Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland, Social Democracy <small>(1990–1995)</small>
- **alma mater**: University of Gdańsk
- **signature**: Aleksander Kwaśniewski Signature.svg
Viola sororia

***Viola sororia***, also known as ***Viola papilionacea***, **blue violet**, **common violet**, **meadow violet** or **purple violet**, is a species of  violet. It is a perennial flowering plant that lives in most of eastern North America.

The common blue violet is the state flower of the U.S. states of Rhode Island, Illinois, and New Jersey.

In developed areas it is often said to be a weed because it grows well in lawns.

## References

- Viola sororia  from the Connecticut Botanical Society
- Viola sororia  from the Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide
NAND gate

A **NAND gate** is a logic gate used to build digital logic circuits.
It is a combination of an AND and NOT gate.
The name refers to this.
The NAND gate is a “universal gate”, that means all other types of logic gates can be obtained by wiring exclusively one or more NAND gates in a particular manner.

## Behavior

Given two inputs, A and B, A NAND B will be true if at most one of A and B is true.
In other words, A NAND B is false if both A and B are true, and true otherwise.

|**INPUT**|**OUTPUT**||
| --- | --- | --- |
|A|B|A ⊼ B|
|0|0|1|
|0|1|1|
|1|0|1|
|1|1|0|

## Symbols

There are three symbols for drawing NAND gates in electrical circuit schematics:
the "distinctive shape" symbol, the “military” symbol, and the “rectangular” symbol.
For more information see logic gate symbols.

## Application

Since a NAND gate is a universal gate, microprocessors can be built using this type of gate only.
For example:
- the negation can be represented by ¬A ≡ A ⊼ A
- and the disjunction can be obtained by A ∨ B ≡ (A ⊼ A) ⊼ (B ⊼ B)
Under the Rainbow

***Under the Rainbow*** is a 1981 comedy movie starring Chevy Chase, Carrie Fisher, Eve Arden, and Billy Barty.

The plot is loosely based on the gathering of little people in a Hollywood hotel, to audition for roles as "munchkins" in the movie _The Wizard of Oz_. The movie also has nobility, assassins, spies, and tourists.

The movie was nominated for Razzie Awards for Worst Musical Score and Worst Supporting Actor (Billy Barty).

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Under the Rainbow
- **director**: Steve Rash
- **producer**: Fred Bauer
- **screenplay**: Pat McCormick
Harry Hurwitz
Martin Smith
Fred Bauer
Pat Bradley
- **story**: Fred Bauer
Pat Bradley
- **starring**: Chevy Chase
Carrie Fisher
- **music**: Joe Renzetti
- **cinematography**: Frank Stanley
- **editing**: David Blewitt
- **studio**: Orion Pictures
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **released**: July 31, 1981
- **runtime**: 97 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $20 million
- **gross**: $18,826,490
Gillidanda

**Gilli 'गिल्ली" -danda "डन्डा"** is a game played by children in South Asia. It is usually played by using a small round stick, about as long as a baseball or cricket bat. This is the _danda_. There is another smaller stick, round in the middle and tapering towards the ends. This is the _gilli_. The game gilli-danda is similar to cricket. It is also believed to be the origin of cricket.

## Players

This game is also know as _Viti Dandu_, _Kitti Pul_ and by other variations as well. It is a sport originated from the Indian subcontinent and is also played in the rural areas as well as in small towns over southern Asia, Cambodia, Turkey, South Africa, Italy, Poland and in some Caribbean Islands like Cuba.

## Rules

To play the game, one team uses the "danda" to hit one of the tapered ends of the "gilli" with force. This causes the "gilli" to flip through the air. While the "gilli" is airborne, the opposing team's hitter attempts to smack it like one would as if playing cricket. The one who hits the "gilli" the farthest will win. It is played with two teams. One side pitches the "gilli" using the big "danda" (not bare hands), to the other team's hitter. The hitter, using his "danda" hits the "gilli". In the course of play, if the "gilli" is caught, then those players who pitched with the big "danda" to the hitter, are out of the game.If the gilli falls on the ground the fielder closest to the gilli gets an opportunity to make the hitter out.He has to throw the gilli towards the danda if the danda is been hit by the gilli it means the striker is out if not then the fielder gains 1 point.When the striker gains 1 point he will get 3 tries to hit the danda if the gilli still doesn't hit the danda the striker is out.If he is successful,the 1 point which he gained will continue.At the end who has the maximum points wins the game.It was most popularly played around 1970 to 1980 throughout India and Pakistan and is played to this day.
Southern United States

The **Southern United States** (also known as the **Southern States** or the **South**) is a term for the southeast of the United States. All of the states in the Confederacy were in the South, but not all Southern states joined the Confederacy. The slave states that did not join are called the "border states." The Southern States that are the farthest to the south are called the "Deep South."

Even though Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern California are geographically south in the United States, they are usually classified as being part of the Southwest, not the South. Their climate, culture, and ethnic makeup of the Southwest are different from those of the South.

Most of the South is a land of long, hot summers. Winters are mostly short and cool. There is much rainfall. That combination gives the South a long growing season. Important crops include cotton, tobacco, peanuts, and peaches.

Also, the cuisine of the Southern United States is distinct from those of other regions.

As defined by the United States Census Bureau, these states make up the South:
1. Alabama
1. Arkansas
1. Delaware
1. Florida
1. Georgia
1. Kentucky
1. Louisiana
1. Maryland
1. Mississippi
1. North Carolina
1. Oklahoma
1. South Carolina
1. Tennessee
1. Texas
1. Virginia
1. Washington, D.C. (although not a state)
1. West Virginia

The border state of Missouri is also sometimes considered Southern although the Census classifies it as in the  Midwest.

Except for Florida and Texas, most of the South had few immigrants, unlike the rest of the United States, in the late 19th and the 20th centuries.  Most of the people in the South are of English, Scottish, or Irish ancestry or the descendants of African-American slaves. Some Southerners identify themselves as being of "American" ancestry.
Redneck

A **Redneck** is a derogatory term for an American stereotype. It is a term for people who live in rural areas, especially on farms and ranches and is usually meant as an insult and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the Southern United States.
Greenhouse gas

**Greenhouse gas** reflects radiation that the Earth emits, preventing it from escaping into space. This occurrence is known as the "greenhouse effect".

Many greenhouse gases are natural, with water vapor being the most common and responsible for most of the greenhouse effect on Earth. Other significant greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) and ozone.

Without greenhouse gases, life as we know it on earth would likely not be possible as heat is essential for sustaining life. Natural emissions of greenhouse gases vary, and events like massive volcanic eruptions such as those which created Siberian Traps around a quarter billion years ago, might have released enough gases to contribute to the Permian–Triassic extinction which caused to destructive effects on life on earth.

However, humans are introducing additional greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect and increase in the planet's average temperature. The most significant greenhouse gas that contributed by humans is carbon dioxide, currently composing approximately 0.04% of the atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuel such as oil, coal and natural gas for transportation, energy production and industrial processes are the main sources of carbon dioxide emission.  The major contributor to these emissions is the industrial sector.   The Food and Agriculture Organization has reported that emissions associated with livestock, contribute to 7.1 gigatons (GT) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO<sub>2</sub>-eq) per year, accounting for 14.5% of all human-caused greenhouse emissions. This exceeds the 13% that contributed by global transportation (including cars and planes) each year.

Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, and it responds to climate changes. When the atmosphere is warm, it holds more water vapor, which increase the probability of cloud formation and precipitation.

In addition to burning fossil fuels, human activities also reduce the earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by deforestation. Methane emission is also increase due to the activities like raising cattle and other farm animals, including as geese, turkeys, pigs, chickens, and sheep. Scientists have shown that producing 1 kg of beef generated more CO<sub>2</sub> emissions than a three-hour drive with all household lights on. Further, human activity introduces water vapor to the atmosphere through increased evaporation from cooling towers in thermal cycle power plants and creation of artificial lakes which contributes to the  global warming.

## Other websites

- The Climate Change Guide easy-to-understand information on the Greenhouse gases
Omaha hold'em

**Omaha Hold 'Em** is a poker game, similar to Texas Hold 'Em. In Omaha, each player is given four cards. Then there is a round of betting. Then three community cards are placed on the table. Another round of betting is after that. Then a fourth community card is put down. After this, there is another round of betting. Then there is the final community card put down, there is a last round of betting, and each player uses exactly two cards from the hand and three from the table to form a five-card poker hand. Whoever has the best hand wins all the money put in the middle during betting.

## Variations

Omaha can also be played as **Omaha Hi Lo**, where the best hand and the lowest hand splits the pot.
The low hand's cards have to be 8 or lower .

## Other websites

- Omaha Holdem Poker versus Texas Holdem Poker
- Omaha Poker Strategy
Leverkusen

**Leverkusen** (Low Franconian: _Leverkuuse_) is a city near Cologne at the river Rhine in Germany. As of October 2005, about 162,000 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Leverkusen

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: City
- **image photo**: Bayer-Hochhaus Japangarten.jpg
- **image caption**: The Bayer skyscraper in Leverkusen, seen from the Japanese gardens
- **image flag**: Flagge Leverkusen.svg
- **wappen**: DEU Leverkusen COA.svg
- **bundesland**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **regierungsbezirk**: Cologne Government Region, Cologne
- **kreis**: urban
- **höhe**: 60
- **fläche**: 78.85
- **einwohner**: 161336
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **vorwahl**: 0214, 02171 & 02173
- **kfz**: LEV
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05316000
- **website**: [https://www.leverkusen.de/ www.leverkusen.de]
- **bürgermeister**: Reinhard Buchhorn
- **partei**: CDU
- **ruling party1**: CDU
- **ruling party2**: SPD
- **ruling party3**: Bürgerliste
Tocotronic

**Tocotronic** is a German indie rock band. They were founded in 1993 in Hamburg.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tocotronic
- **img**: Tocotronic on Berlin05 1.JPG
- **img capt**: Tocotronic in 2005
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Hamburg, Germany
- **genre**: Indie rock
- **years active**: 1993present
- **label**: L'Âge d'or
- **url**: [http://www.tocotronic.de/ www.tocotronic.de]
- **current members**: Dirk von Lowtzow
Jan Müller (Tocotronic), Jan Müller
Arne Zank
Rick McPhail
Bolesław Prus

**Bolesław Prus** () (20 August 1847 – 19 May 1912), real name **Aleksander Głowacki**, was a Polish writer.

He was born in Hrubieszów and died in Warsaw.  As a 15-year-old high-school student, he fought in Poland's January 1863 Uprising.

Prus is best known for his novels, _Lalka_ (The Doll) and the historical novel _Faraon_ (Pharaoh). He also wrote "Anielka," _Placówka_ (The Outpost), _Emancypantki_ (The New Woman), and many other stories and novels. He was an advocate of Positivist philosophy and social progressivism.

Prus is regarded as one of the greatest Polish writers, and one of the world's most prominent.
2040

### January

- January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1944 will enter the public domain in the United States.

### February

- February 6 – Early Macintosh computers cannot recognise dates after this day.

### May

- May 2 – Partial solar eclipse

### September

- September 8 – Major alignment of the planets

### November

- November 4 – Partial solar eclipse

### Unknown Dates

- 2040 Summer Olympics will be held.
- Tuas Port in Singapore, the first fully automated container ship terminal in the world, will be completed and operational.
- If the United States had not returned land for bases on Bermuda in 2002, a ninety-nine year lease (signed in 1941) would have expired.

## Fictional events

- The anime series _Macross Plus_ and _Bubblegum Crisis Tokyo 2040_ are both set in this year.
- In the universe of _Star Trek: The Next Generation_, the television becomes obsolete.
- A collection of _Doctor Who_ short stories, _Short Trips_, is also set in that year.
Wayne Mixson

**John Wayne Mixson** (June 16, 1922 – July 8, 2020) was an American politician. He was born in New Brockton, Alabama, but was raised in Jackson County, Florida. He was a democrat.

He served in Florida's House of Representatives. In 1978 he was elected a lieutenant governor (deputy governor) to governor Bob Graham. They were reelected in 1982. Mixson served as lieutenant governor from 1979 to 1987. During his second term he was also state Secretary of Commerce. In 1987, Graham resigned from office to become U.S. Senator. Mixson was sworn in as governor for three days, from January 3 to January 6, when governor-elect Bob Martinez (Rep.) took over.

During the 2004 presidential election, Mixson crossed party lines to endorse the re-election of President George W. Bush.

Mixson died on July 8, 2020 in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 98.
Neustadt an der Weinstrasse

**Neustadt an der Weinstraße** is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It has about 54,000 people. The main parts of the town's economy are tourism and winegrowing. Every year the town is the location of the German wine harvest festival with the election of the German wine queen.

## Districts

Its districts are
- Diedesfeld,
- Duttweiler,
- Geinsheim,
- Gimmeldingen,
- Haardt,
- Hambach,
- Königsbach,
- Lachen-Speyerdorf,
- Mußbach, and
- Winzingen.

## Culture and sights

- Hambach Castle
- Saalbau
- Elwetritsch fountain
- Railway Museum
- Villa Böhm
- Wolfscastle

## Traffic

Neustadt have two on-ramps (North and South) of the highway A 65.
Except for the central station, the town have a second railroad station (Böbig) and a third (South).

## Economy

Neustadt is the seat of the Hornbach Holding AG and Team Rosberg.

## Twin towns

- , Lincoln
- , Mâcon
- , Musange
- , Manchester, New Hampshire
- , Mersin-Yenisehir
- , Wernigerode
- , Quanzhou

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Town
- **wappen**: DEU Neustadt an der Weinstrasse COA.svg
- **bundesland**: Rheinland-Pfalz
- **landkreis**: Kreisfreie Stadt
- **höhe**: 136
- **fläche**: 117.10
- **einwohner**: 53506
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **plz**: 67433, 67434, 67435
- **vorwahl**: 06321, 06327
- **kfz**: NW
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 07 3 16 000
- **bürgermeister**: Hans Georg Löffler
- **partei**: CDU
Trabant

The **Trabant** (or _Trabi_) was a series of cars built in the German Democratic Republic. When the first cars were released, people saw them as being innovative. The cars were also easy on fuel, they did not need much fuel. Trabant had a two-stroke engine. The outside of the Trabant was not made with steel or iron, because the German Democratic Republic did not want to import steel and iron for the cars, because that would have been too expensive. Instead, the Trabant was made of Duroplast, a special kind of plastic, made by mixing formica and bakelite, and made stronger with fibres of cotton. They could afford some steel from Russia, and this was used for the engine and the floor, and to give the plastic strength. After the Berlin Wall was opened the Trabant did not sell as much as before, because the people wanted bigger cars that they could get after the wall was opened. Trabants can still be found in East Europe, for example in Hungary.

## Criticism

The Trabant was a small car, good for driving in the city. The two-stroke engine created lots of air pollution, but because of the plastic body, it was stronger and safer than western cars of the same time. It was famous for being better in a crash test than a VW Polo.

## Versions

|align="center"|**Version**||align="center"|**Years of production**||align="center"|**N° of cars produced**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**AWZ P70**|since 1954 to 1959|36.151||||||
|**Trabant P50/500**|since 1957 to 1962|131.440||||||
|**Trabant P60/600**|since 1962 to 1965|106.628||||||
|**Trabant 601**|since 1964 to 1990|2.818.547||||||
|**Trabant 1,1**|since 1989 to 1991|39.474||||||

Between 1957 and 1990, about 3 million Trabants were built. As of January 2005, about 67.000 such cars were still registered.
Postum

**Postum** is a drink first made by C. W. Post in 1895. It is a powder substitute for coffee that is mixed with water. The ingredients are wheat bran, wheat, molasses, and corn dextrin.

It is advertised as a healthier choice of drink than coffee.
Brok

**Brok nad Bugiem** (English: _Brok near Bug_) is a small town in Mazowsze Voivodship, Poland. Brok is in Ostrowian County (head town of this region is Ostrów Mazowiecka). Brok is one of the smallest places in Europe with town status (since 1500).

- Area: 28,05 km²
- Number of people (as of 2004): 1882
- Community: Brok
- Post code: 07-306
- Current Mayor: Stanisław Bębenek (since 2002)

Brok is regarded by many as one of the most beautiful places in this part of Poland. This is a tourist town near two rivers: Bug and one also named Brok.

Attractions include:
- Gothic Church (built 1560)
- Old Jewish Cemetery
- Location (Puszcza Biała, _White Wood_)
- Many old houses

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Brok
- **image skyline**: Ratusz w Broku 4.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Brok Town Hall
- **image shield**: POL gmina Brok COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Masovian Voivodeship, Masovian
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Ostrów Mazowiecka
- **subdivision type3**: Gmina
- **subdivision name3**: Gmina Brok, Brok
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Krystyna Kacpura
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 13th century
- **established title3**: Town rights
- **established date3**: 1501
- **area total km2**: 28.05
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 1859
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 07-306
- **area code**: +48 29
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: WOR
- **website**: http://www.brok.pl
1480

## Events

- March 6 – Treaty of Toledo – Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize African conquests of Afonso of Portugal and he cedes the Canary Islands to Spain
- Great standing on the Ugra river – Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde and Moscow becomes the capital of Russia.
- Ludovico Sforza becomes Regent of Milan (reigns until 1499)
- Concorts and co-rulers Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile initiate the Spanish Inquisition (looking for heretics in converted Jews)
- Leonardo da Vinci invents the parachute
- Mohamed II fails in his attempt to capture Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes
- Magdalen College School, Oxford starts.
- The Inca Empire conquers northwest Argentina.

## Births

- Ferdinand Magellan, Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail around the world.
- Pier Gerlofs Donia, a huge pirate who fought for the independence of Friesland.
- Pir Sultan Abdal, Turkish poet.
- Peter Henlein, German inventor who may have first invented the watch.

## Deaths

- Antonio Squarcialupi, Italian composer
1099

## Events

- Siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade:
    - July 8 – 15,000 starving Christian soldiers march around Jerusalem.
    - January 13 – Crusaders set fire to Mara, Syria.
    - July 15 – Christian soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult siege, killing nearly every inhabitant.
- August 12– the crusaders defeat the Fatimids at the Battle of Ascalon.
Herb Alpert

**Herb Alpert** (born March 31, 1935 in Los Angeles, California) is an American musician. He is known for his trumpet playing with his group, **Tijuana Brass**. He is also the co-founder and one of the heads of A&M Records.
Hangul

**Hangeul** () is the alphabet (or alphabetic syllabary) used for the Korean language. It was created by Sejong the Great, the 4th King of the Joseon Dynasty in 1443. It is still being used now. When Hangeul was spreading, King Sejong published _Hunminjeong'eum Haeryebon_ (). It was chosen as the 'Memory of the World' by UNESCO in 1997.

In this book, the design ideas of Hangeul and information about its use were written down in detail. The book _Hunminjeong'eum Haeryebon_ states the two design ideas of Hangeul. The first one is that the consonants of Hangeul look like vocal organs. The second one is that the vowels of Hangeul are based on Cheonji'in (). Cheonji'in refers to the three elements of philosophy which are sky (), earth () and human (). Because of these ideas, Hangeul is well known for being easy to learn.

Although it was only used by the lower classes at first, Hangeul became the official writing script of Korea in the late 19th century. Today it is the most used writing system of both North Korea and South Korea. North Korea abolished the use of Hanja, and today North Koreans write only in Hangeul. In South Korea, people write mostly in Hangeul, but sometimes Hanja is still used.

## Vowels

There are 21 letters for vowels in Hangul.
- 10 simple ones,  <big>ㅏㅓㅣㅑㅕ </big> and  <big>ㅗㅜㅡㅛㅠ</big>.
- 11 more complicated combinations:  <big>ㅐㅒㅔㅖ</big> and <big>ㅘㅙㅚㅝㅞㅟㅢ</big>.

The vowels are transliterated into the Roman alphabet as follows:

|ㅏ|ㅓ|ㅣ|ㅑ|ㅕ|ㅗ|ㅜ|ㅡ|ㅛ|ㅠ|ㅐ|ㅒ|ㅔ|ㅖ|ㅘ|ㅙ|ㅚ|ㅝ|ㅞ|ㅟ <td>ㅢ|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|a|eo|i|ya|yeo|o|u|eu|yo|yu|ae|yae|e|ye|wa|wae|oe|wo|we|wi <td>eui|
Those with two small lines are pronounced with an extra "y" first.

## Consonants

There are 14 simple consonants: <big>ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎ</big>. Some of them can also be written next to each other at the end of syllables.

Transliteration:
|rowspan="2"|letter|colspan="2"|sound|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|ㄱ|g|k||
|ㄴ|colspan="2"|n||
|ㄷ|d|t||
|ㄹ|r|l||
|ㅁ|colspan="2"|m||
|ㅂ|b|p||
|ㅅ|s|t||
|ㅇ|-|ng||
|ㅈ|j|t||
|ㅊ|ch|t||
|ㅋ|colspan="2"|k||
|ㅌ|colspan="2"|t||
|ㅍ|colspan="2"|p||
|ㅎ|h|t||
|ㄲ|kk|k||
|ㄸ|tt|t||
|ㅃ|pp|p||
|ㅆ|ss|t||
|ㅉ|jj|t||

The consonants the Korean language uses written in Latin letters are:
B, D, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, W, Y.

## Blocks

The consonants and vowels are combined into blocks of syllables. A syllable means one vowel and a few consonants, like "han" and "geul".

The blocks look like these examples: 서울 한글 평양

## Examples

|colspan=5|Seoul <big>서울</big>|width=50||colspan=6|Hangeul <big>한글</big>|width=50||colspan=8|Pyongyang <big>평양</big>||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|ㅅ|ㅓ|ㅇ|ㅜ|ㄹ||ㅎ|ㅏ|ㄴ|ㄱ|ㅡ|ㄹ||ㅍ|ㅕ|ㅇ|ㅇ|ㅑ|ㅇ|
|s|eo|-|u|l||h|a|n|g|eu|l||p|yeo|ng|-|ya|ng|
Sascha Fischer

**Sascha Fischer** (born 24 December 1970 in Stuttgart) is a German rugby union player. He started with volleyball, then he began to play rugby for DSV 1878 Hannover (Lower Saxony). Right now he is playing in France as a pro for C.A. Périgueux-Dordogne. With his former team, C.S. Bourgoin-Jallieu, he took part at Heineken Cup. He is 6 feet, 8 inches tall (2.08 meters) and one of the tallest rugby players in Europe. He is a 27 time national player for Germany. He is a very aggressive player and with his height, he can overlook the whole rugby field.
Ohio Wesleyan University

**Ohio Wesleyan University** is a private university in Delaware, Ohio and a member of the Five Colleges of Ohio. Wesleyan was founded in September 1844.
Lakshmi

**Lakshmi** is the goddess of money, wisdom and good luck in Hinduism. Most Hindus pray to her on Diwali, which is a festival in India. She is regarded as an equivalent goddess of Emoinu, her Meitei counterpart.

Lakshmi has four arms, fair skin and sits on a lotus flower and is normally surrounded by elephants. She is covered in jewellery.

She also has several avatars (means a god coming to the earth in the form of a human being or in any other form). Her husband is the Hindu god Vishnu but her other avatars are usually married to Vishnu's avatars:
- Sita, wife of Rama
- Radha, the eternal wife and chief consort of Krishna
- Rukmini, the principal wife and first queen consort of Krishna

## Related pages

- Hindu Goddess

## Other websites

- Maha Lakshmi Purana
- 108 Aspects of Wealth
- The Online mandir of Mahalakshmi
- Know about Goddess Sri Lakshmi
- Hymns and eulogies on Lakshmi
- Lakshmi Puran

## Infobox (deity)

- **devanagari**: लक्ष्मी
- **type**: Hindu
- **image**: Raja Ravi Varma - Goddess Lakshmi, 1896.jpg
- **caption**: Gajalakshmi by Raja Ravi Varma
- **alt**: painting
- **name**: Lakshmi
- **other names**: Sri, Narayani, Bhagavati, Padma, Kamala, Vaishnavi
- **siblings**: Jyestha (goddess), Jyestha or Alakshmi
- **affiliation**: Devi,Adi parashakti,Tridevi, Ashta Lakshmi
- **deity of**: Mother Goddess,
Goddess of Fortune, Wealth, Love, Prosperity, Joy, Beauty and Maya (religion), Maya
- **abode**: Vaikuntha, Manidvipa
- **mantra**: ।।ॐ श्रीं श्रियें नमः ।।
- **consort**: Vishnu
- **festivals**: Diwali (Lakshmi Puja),  Sharad Purnima, Varalakshmi Vratam
- **member of**: Tridevi
- **symbols**: Nymphaea, Mudra, Jnana Mudra Gold
- **day**: Friday
- **animals**: Elephant
- **mount**: Owl
Dreamtime

In Australian Aboriginal culture, life is based on a foundation of beliefs which are called the **Dreamtime**, or **The Dreaming**. This is a complex set of ideas with deep levels of meanings. The Dreamtime has four parts: The beginning of everything; the life and power of the ancestors; the way of life and death; and power in life. Dreamtime was all four of these things at the same time because it is more powerful than time and space. In it all things exist at once. The Aboriginal peoples call Dreamtime the all-at-once time because they think it is the past, present, and future at the same time. It is a beginning that has no end.

They meet The Dreamtime by doing special dances and singing special songs. Aboriginals believe that people have a part of them that will live forever. This part existed before a person was born and will exist after they die. It exists in The Dreamtime.

All Australian Aboriginals believe in the Dreamtime. Each group and each person has their own stories and traditions. In Central Australia, the Pitjantjatjara call it the **Tjukurpa**. The Tjukurpa provides the answers for questions about life. It also gives the rules for behaviour and how to live together. It explains the complex relationship between the people, animals, plants and the land. It teaches the how and why the land is to be looked after. It provided the information about what could be eaten, the rules of marriage, of growing up and the rituals of death. Some parts of the Dreamtime are only known to those who have inherited the right to the knowledge.

Dreamtime is often used to describe the time before time, or the time of the creation. Most Aboriginals believe that all life is connected to the great spirit ancestors of the Dreamtime. Every hill, water hole, river, the sky, every feature was created in the Dreamtime. The journeys of the ancestors across the country created the landscape, and populated it with plants and animals. These journeys are often told in cycles of stories, songs and dances, known as _iwara_, or songlines. These great spirit ancestors have not gone, they are still present, even if they can not be seen. The ceremonies of songs and dance keep the people in contact with the spirits. "Without ceremony the land soon dies..."