juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Union organizer

A **union organizer** (or **union organiser**) is a type of trade union official. In most unions, the organizer's role is to hire groups of workers under the organizing model. In other unions, the organizer's role is largely that of servicing members and enforcing work rules, similar to the role of a shop steward. In some unions, organizers may also take on industrial/legal roles such as making representations before Fair Work Australia, tribunals, or courts.

In North America, a union organizer is a union representative who "organizes" or unionizes non-union companies or work sites. Organizers are mainly there to help non-union workers in forming groups of locals, usually by leading them in their efforts.

A union organizer is either elected or appointed. Most unions appoint rather than elect their organizers.

## Other websites

- National Labor Relations Board
- AFL-CIO Organizing
- National Labor College
- What is the Employee Free Choice Act?
Hebei

**Hebei** (Hanzi: 河北 ; pinyin: Héběi) is a province in China that wraps around the cities of Beijing and Tianjin, two of China's four "municipalities". The name Hebei means "North of the (Yellow) River" in Chinese. It was formed in 1928 after the central government dissolved Chihli province. The old name, Chihli or Zhili, which means "directly administered" referred to its status under the Qing dynasty. Hebei province borders Liaoning province on the northeast. On the north it borders Inner Mongolia. To the west it borders Shanxi province. It borders the provinces of Henan to the south and Shandong to the southwest. Shijiazhuang is the capital of the province.

The abbreviated name of Hebei is Ji (冀), since there is another province that also has the syllable "He" (河) in it, Henan (河南). Due to Hebei completely surrounding Beijing and Tianjin, the municipalities of Beijing and Tianjin and the province of Hebei are often lumped together and called Jingjinji, with the "Jing" being Beijing, the "Jin" being Tianjin, and the "Ji" being the abbreviation of Hebei.

## Other websites

- [How to say (pronounce) _Hebei_], https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zh-Hebei.ogg

- Hebei Government website
Drakensberg

**Drakensberg** (derived from Afrikaans **Drakensberge**, literally: Dragon mountains) is the highest mountain range in Southern Africa. The highest peak is in Lesotho, where they are called **Maloti**. The drakensberg are also known for their many waterfalls, and cave paintings done by the San people.UKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, which was created in 2000, is an UNESCO World Heritage Site which covers part of the range.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: uKhahlamba
- **etymology**: Dragon's Mountain (modern day) and Crazy Carriers Mountain from Voortrekkers (historical)
- **photo**: South Africa - Drakensberg (16261357780).jpg
- **country type**: Countries
- **highest**: Thabana Ntlenyana
- **elevation m**: 3482
- **length km**: 1000
- **length orientation**: SW to NE
Moodle

**Moodle** is a free and open-source learning management system written in PHP and distributed under the GNU General Public License. It was designed for education as online learning space.

The name _moodle_ stands for "Module Object Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment".

It was developed by Martin Dougiamas.

## Development

Moodle has continued to evolve since 1999 (since 2001 with the current architecture). It has been translated into over 100 different languages and is accessible in many countries worldwide. Institutions can add as many Moodle servers as needed without having to pay license fees. The Open University of the UK currently uses a Moodle installation for their 200,000 users while the UK government uses a Moodle installation for their Civil Service Learning platform serving half a million employees.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Moodle
- **logo**: Moodle-logo.svg
- **screenshot**: 1 MyHomeExample.png
- **caption**: Screenshot of a Student's My home page from the Mount Orange demo site moodle.org/demo
- **author**: Martin Dougiamas
- **developer**: Martin Dougiamas
Moodle HQ
Moodle Community
- **programming language**: PHP
- **genre**: Course management system
- **license**: GPLv3+
Thomas Bibb

**Thomas Bibb** (May 8, 1783 – September 20, 1839) was the second Governor of Alabama. He was born in Amelia County, Virginia in 1783. Bibb was president of the Alabama Senate when his brother, Governor William Wyatt Bibb, died in office on July 10, 1820. The new state constitution specified the president of the senate was next in line as governor. So he took over the rest of his brother's term of office. Bibb served as acting Governor from July 25, 1820 to November 25, 1821. He decided not to run for the governorship again. Bibb was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1828 and 1829. He was the director of the Huntsville branch of the Alabama State Bank. Bibb was married to Parmelia Thompson.
Deaths in February 2016

The following is a list of **notable deaths in February 2016**. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months".  Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

- Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, nationality, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and most importantly a source.
__TOC__
Francisco Flores Pérez

**Francisco Guillermo Flores** (October 17, 1959 – January 30, 2016) was a Salvadoran politician. He served as President of El Salvador serving from 1999 to 2004 as a member of the conservative Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) replacing Armando Calderón Sol. He was born in Santa Ana, El Salvador. At the time of his death, Flores was being investigated for corruption charges.

Flores died on January 30, 2016, at the age of 56. He died in a hospital in San Salvador from a Cerebral hemorrhage after having surgery to treat it.

## Other websites

- Biography and tenure, by CIDOB Foundation  (in Spanish)
Councillor

A **councillor** is a member of a local government council. In the United Kingdom all local authorities are overseen by elected councillors. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, most larger borough, unitary authority or county councils pay their councillors basic allowances and pay for their expenses.

**Councilmember**, **councilman**, **councilwoman**, **councilor**, or **councillor** is a title for a member of a council used in the United States.

## Related pages

- Alderman
District health authority

A **district health authority** was a division of the National Health Service in England and Wales. It was introduced by the National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973. It was created in 1974 and disestablished in 1996. There were 205 when they were established in 1974, but some were later merged. In 1979 there were 199.

The district health authority worked alongside a Family Health Services Authority, which was responsible for managing primary care services such as general practice, pharmacy and dentistry. The districts were reorganised on a number of occasions in the 1990s. In 1996 new single-tier health authorities replaced districts and areas and the regions were again reorganised. In 2002, Health Authorities were replaced by Primary Care Trusts.
National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers

The **National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers** (NUTGW) was a trades union in the United Kingdom. The union was founded as the **Tailors and Garment Workers' Union** (T&GWU) in 1920. In 1932, it was joined by the Amalgamated Society of Tailors and Tailoresses and renamed itself as the "National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers". The NUTGW had 118,700 members in 1945, making it the tenth largest union in Britain. The NUTGW merged into the General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trades Union in 1991.
Harringay

**Harringay**  (pronounced ) is a housing area in the London Borough of Haringey in north London, in England. It is centred on the section of Green Lanes running between the New River, where it crosses Green Lanes by Finsbury Park, and Duckett's Common, near Turnpike Lane.
2015 Labour Party leadership election (UK)

The **2015 Labour Party leadership election** was election to choose the leader of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. It won by Jeremy Corbyn. The election was held because Ed Miliband resigned on 8 May 2015, after the party's defeat at the 2015 general election. Harriet Harman, the Deputy Leader, became Acting Leader but announced that she would resign after the leadership election.

## Candidates

Four candidates were successfully nominated to stand in the election: Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper, Jeremy Corbyn and Liz Kendall. The voting process began on Friday 14 August 2015 and closed on Thursday 10 September 2015. The results were announced on Saturday 12 September 2015. Voting was by Labour Party members and registered supporters. They voted using the alternative vote system.

## Results

When Corbyn entered the election, he was considered unlikely to win. However, support for him increased quickly. Opinion polls showed him leading against the other candidates. This led to warnings from people such as Gordon Brown, Tony Blair, Jack Straw, David Miliband, and Alastair Campbell. Many of them claimed that Corbyn's election as leader would leave the party unable to win elections. Corbyn won the election in the first round, with 59.5% of the votes.

## Infobox (election)

- **election name**: Labour Party leadership election, 2015
- **type**: legislative
- **ongoing**: no
- **previous election**: Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 2010
- **previous year**: 2010
- **next election**: 2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK)
- **next year**: 2016
- **turnout**: 422,871
(76.3%)
- **image1**:
- **candidate1**: **Jeremy Corbyn**
- **1data1**: **59.5%**
- **popular vote1**: **251,417**
- **image2**:
- **candidate2**: Andy Burnham
- **1data2**: 19.0%
- **popular vote2**: 80,462
- **image4**:
- **candidate4**: Yvette Cooper
- **1data4**: 17.0%
- **popular vote4**: 71,928
- **image5**:
- **candidate5**: Liz Kendall
- **1data5**: 4.5%
- **popular vote5**: 18,857
- **1blank**: Percentage
- **title**: Leader of the Labour Party (UK), Leader
- **before election**: Harriet Harman (acting)
Ed Miliband (elected)
- **after election**: Jeremy Corbyn
Camden New Journal

The ***Camden New Journal*** is a free, independent newspaper that covers the London Borough of Camden. It was created because of a strike in the 1980s supported by campaigning journalist Paul Foot, Holborn and St Pancras MP Frank Dobson and the paper's editor Eric Gordon. It has a lot of influence in Camden because of its news content, investigations and high number of readers.

It was named _Free Newspaper of The Year_ at the Press Gazette's national industry awards in 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2010. It was nominated in 2002 and 2004.

## Other websites

- Official site
Annual

**Annual** may refer to:
- Annual publication, something published once each year
    - Yearbook
    - Literary annual
    - Annual report
- Annual plant, a plant that lives for a year or less
- Annual average daily traffic
- Annual percentage rate
- Annual leave, a set amount of time given off work by an employer
- Annual giving
- Annual, Morocco, a town in northeastern Morocco
- Annuals (band), a musical group
Private Finance Initiative

The **private finance initiative** (**PFI**) is a way of creating partnerships between the public and private parts of the economy. It involves paying for public building projects (such as infrastructure) with money from private companies. It was created by the governments of Australia and the United Kingdom. It was used there and in Spain. PFI and its variants have now been used in many countries as part of the wider programme of privatisation and financialisation. This has been because of an increased need for accountability and efficiency for the spending of public money. PFI has also been used simply to avoid reporting costs and debt on the balance sheets.
HM Revenue and Customs

**His Majesty's Revenue and Customs** (**HM Revenue and Customs** or **HMRC**) is a department of the United Kingdom Government. It is responsible for the collection of taxes, the payment of some types of welfare, and the management of other regulations such as the minimum wage. Its headquarter is located in 100 Parliament Square.

HMRC was formed when the Inland Revenue and Her Majesty's Customs and Excise were combined. This happened on 18 April 2005. The department's logo is the St Edward's Crown enclosed within a circle.
Senegambia

**Senegambia** was a region of West Africa occupying the area of present day Senegal and Gambia. The 20th century
**Senegambia Confederation**, was a loose confederation between Senegal and Gambia. The term Senegambia was used by the British as early as 1765. They used it to refer to their settlements on the islands off the coast of present day Senegal. The modern use of the term Senegambia means the region that includes both Senegal and Gambia.

## Senegambian history

There is little known about the early history of the area. By about 1000 AD the Soninke, Mandinka and Fula peoples had formed settlements along the Gambia River.  The Toucouleur people were settled in east and central Senegal. Kingdoms such as the Jolof and the Sere settled in the area north of the Gambia River. The first Europeans, Portuguese sailors, arrived about 1455. Portugal controlled the area between the Sénégal and Gambia Rivers until the British, Dutch and French moved into the area. They traded goods such as salt, iron, guns and gunpowder for gold, ivory, ebony and slaves.

## Senegambia and the Middle Passage

About 24% of the African slaves brought to America, were from Senegambia. The Africans from Senegambia were found nearly everywhere in the United States before the American Civil War, both in the North and South.Senegambia was strongly Muslim. This means that many African slaves in the US had been exposed to Islam much more than the rest of the Americas.

Because of the need for field workers up to two-thirds of Africans taken captive were men. In the Senegambia region due to the high demand by buyers, men and boys were taken from all over the region. Women, however, being in less demand, were taken from the easily accessed coastal areas. Most of them belonged to the Jolof people and so, unlike the men, they had a common language. Due to the fear of slaves revolting, men were kept below decks and in chains. Women were usually kept on deck and were sometimes allowed to move around. Some historians say that it was the women who organized many of the slave uprisings at sea.
Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013

The **Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013** (c. 30) is an Act passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It legalises same-sex marriage in England and Wales.

After the 2010 General Election, in September 2011, Liberal Democrat Parliamentary Under-Secretary for Equalities, Lynne Featherstone, announced they would try to make same-sex marriage legal from March 2012. The session closed in June 2012 and, in December 2012, the new Minister for Women and Equalities, Maria Miller, announced that the Government would be introducing a law before the next election. She also said that they were trying to get this done within parliament's current session.

The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill was introduced into Parliament on 24 January 2013. The leaders of the three main political parties in the United Kingdom gave their MPs a free vote. This means they would not be made to vote in favour or against it; they could vote however they wanted.
Labour Briefing

***Labour Briefing*** is a monthly political magazine made by members of the British Labour Party. The magazine was started in 1980 as ***London Labour Briefing***.

Throughout the 1990s, _London Labour Briefing_ lost supporters and influence as New Labour's hold over the Labour Party increased. This was also because control inside the Labour Party was centralised, and the role played by activists was reduced.

_London Labour Briefing_ was renamed _Labour Briefing_ and was then known as _Labour Left Briefing_. In 2008 it was changed back to _Labour Briefing_ on merging with _Voice of the Unions_. It supports the Socialist Campaign Group of Members of Parliament, and aims to promote and build the network of local Campaign Groups.
Parliamentary select committees of the United Kingdom

A parliamentary **select committee** in the United Kingdom can be appointed from the House of Commons, like the Foreign Affairs Select Committee; from the House of Lords, or as a joint committee of Parliament drawn from both of them. Some of the committees are near-permanent and some are set up for some special work and then stop.  Most of the Commons committees look at the work of government department<nowiki/>s and agencies but the Lords committees mostly look at big subjects.

Committees may be nearly permanent), or as "ad-hoc" committees with a specific timeline by which to complete their work, after which they stop existing, such as the recent Lords Committee on Public Service and Demographic Change.

Both Houses have their own committees to review drafts of European Union directives: the European Union Committee in the House of Lords, and the European Scrutiny Committee in the House of Commons.
Department for Social Security

The **Department of Social Security** (DSS) was a government department in the United Kingdom.

The department was created in 1988. The Department of Health and Social Security was divided into two departments, one of which was the DSS. During 2001, the department was largely replaced by the Department for Work and Pensions. The other responsibilities of the department were assumed by the Treasury and the Ministry of Defence.
London Regional Select Committee

The **London Regional Select Committee** was one of nine regional select committees of the House of Commons in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The House of Commons agreed to create the committee on 25 June 2009, after committees for the eight other regions of England were created in November 2008. 'Regional ministers' were appointed by Gordon Brown when he was made Prime Minister in June 2007. The committee was created on 1 January 2009. It ceased to exist upon the dissolution of Parliament on 12 April 2010.
Justice Select Committee

The **Justice Select Committee** is a committee made up of a small number of members of the British House of Commons. The committee looks at the policy, management and spending of the Ministry of Justice. It also looks at the work of the Law Officers of the Crown, the Serious Fraud Office, and the Crown Prosecution Service. It gives reports with opinions and advice.

The committee also reviews draft Sentencing Guidelines issued by the Sentencing Guidelines Council.
15 February 2003 anti-war protests

On February 15, 2003, there was a day of protests across the world. The protests were to express people's opposition to the imminent invasion of Iraq. They were held in more than 600 cities. It was part of a series of protests and political events that had begun in 2002 and continued as the war took place. Social movement researchers have described the 15 February protest as "the largest protest event in human history."

Sources vary in their estimations of the number of participants involved. According to BBC News, between six and eleven million people took part in protests in up to sixty countries over the weekend of the 15th and 16th. Other estimates range from eight million to thirty million.

Some of the largest protests took place in Europe. The protest in Rome involved around three million people, and is listed in the 2004 _Guinness Book of World Records_ as the largest anti-war rally in history. Madrid hosted the second largest rally with more than 1.5 million people protesting the invasion of Iraq; Mainland China was the only major region not to see any protests on that day, but small demonstrations, attended mainly by foreign students, were seen later.
Iraq Inquiry

The **Iraq Inquiry** is a public inquiry into the United Kingdom's role in the Iraq War. It is also called the **Chilcot Inquiry** after its chairman, Sir John Chilcot.

The inquiry was announced on 15 June 2009 by Prime Minister Gordon Brown. The original announcement was that the inquiry would take place in private. This decision was later reversed after receiving criticism in the media and the House of Commons.

On 6 July 2016, Sir John Chilcot announced the report's publication, more than seven years after the inquiry was announced. It referred to as the Chilcot report by the news media, the document stated that Saddam Hussein was not an urgent threat and that the Iraq War was not necessary.
Andrew Murray (trade unionist)

**Andrew Murray** (born 1958) is a British campaigner and journalist. He was Chair of the Stop the War Coalition from its formation in 2001 until September 2011, and again from September 2015 after Jeremy Corbyn resigned.

Murray has been a senior official for several trade unions over many years.
All-party parliamentary group

An **all-party parliamentary group** (**APPG**) is a grouping in the British Parliament that is made up of politicians from all political parties.

If a parliament consists of both a lower house and an upper house, all-party parliamentary groups can usually include members of both houses. In the British Parliament, for example, APPGs include members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

In the British Parliament, an **associate parliamentary group** is similar to an all-party parliamentary group except that it is made up of not only members of the House of Commons or Lords but can also include members from outside Parliament.
Chagossians

The **Chagossians** (also **Îlois** or **Chagos Islanders**) are people who previously lived on the Chagos Islands. They are of African, Indian and Malay ancestry. They lived on Diego Garcia, Peros Banhos and the Salomon island chain, as well as other islands. They were forcibly removed from the islands by the British government in the late 1960s and early 1970s. This was done at the request of the United States government, so that Diego Garcia could become a military base. Most Chagossians now live in Mauritius and the United Kingdom. No Chagossians live in the Chagos Islands anymore, as it is now the site of the military base Camp Justice.

The Chagossians are mostly descended from African people, particularly from Madagascar, Mozambique and Mauritius. There is also a significant proportion of Indian and Malay ancestry. The French brought some to the Chagos islands as slaves from Mauritius in 1786. Others arrived as fishermen, farmers, and coconut plantation workers during the 19th century.

The Chagossians speak Chagossian Creole, a creole language based on French. It has words that come from various African and Asian languages. It is part of the Bourbonnais Creole family. Chagossian Creole is still spoken by some of their descendants in Mauritius and Seychelles. Chagossian people living in the UK speak English.

The British government separated the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius, creating a new colony in Africa, the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). To avoid accountability to the United Nations for its continued colonial rule, the UK falsely claimed that the Chagos had no permanent population.

resettlement, and the identity of the Chagossian people remains an unresolved issue

On 22 May 2019, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution [86] asking the United Kingdom to surrender the Chagos Archipelago to Mauritius within six months.

A Chagossian resettlement plan, supervised by international experts, will be discussed in June 2025

In June 2025, UN experts called for the suspension of a recently signed agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius, warning that it failed to protect the rights of the displaced Chagossian people. “By maintaining a foreign military presence of the United Kingdom and the United States on Diego Garcia and preventing the Chagossian people from returning… the agreement appears to be in contradiction with the Chagossian right of return,” according to the experts. The experts criticized the lack of provisions allowing access to cultural sites or the preservation of the Chagossian heritage. They called on the two countries to renegotiate the restitution agreement, stating, “We call for the suspension of ratification of the agreement and the negotiation of a new agreement that fully guarantees the rights of the Chagossian people”.
Chagos Archipelago

The **Chagos Archipelago** ( or ) or **Chagos Islands** (formerly the **Bassas de Chagas**, and later the **Oil Islands**) is a group of seven atolls in the Indian Ocean. The atolls are made up of more than 60 individual islands. The islands are located about  south of Maldives.

The British government separated the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius, creating a new colony in Africa, the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). To avoid accountability to the United Nations for its continued colonial rule, the UK falsely claimed that the Chagos had no permanent population.

On 25 February 2019, in an advisory opinion, the International Court of Justice found that the United Kingdom illegally separated the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius after its independence in 1968.

The UN General Assembly adopted a resolution on May 22, 2019, commanding Great Britain to return the Chagos Archipelago to the Republic of Mauritius within six months, which would allow Chagossians to recover their land, but Great Britain refused to comply.

On 3 October 2024, the UK Government made a joint statement with the Mauritian government that they had negotiated for the sovereignty of the Chagos Islands following two years of negotiation whilst still enabling the running of the American military base in occupied Diego Garcia. Chagossians weren’t directly involved in the negotiations.

Following resumed negotiations a treaty was signed on 22 May 2025 that will formally transfer the sovereignty of the territory to Mauritius once it comes into effect, while the Diego Garcia military base remains under British control during a 99-year lease. On May 23, 2025, India welcomed the agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius for the transfer of sovereignty over the Chagos Islands, describing it as an important step in completing the decolonization of the island nation "in the spirit of international law and a rules-based order".

The agreement may be renewed for an additional 40 years after the initial 99-year period, and for an additional period thereafter.

In June 2025, UN experts called for the suspension of a recently signed agreement between the United Kingdom and Mauritius, warning that it failed to protect the rights of the displaced Chagossian people. “By maintaining a foreign military presence of the United Kingdom and the United States on Diego Garcia and preventing the Chagossian people from returning… the agreement appears to be in contradiction with the Chagossian right of return,” according to the experts. The experts criticized the lack of provisions allowing access to cultural sites or the preservation of the Chagossian heritage. They called on the two countries to renegotiate the restitution agreement, stating, “We call for the suspension of ratification of the agreement and the negotiation of a new agreement that fully guarantees the rights of the Chagossian people”.

## Related pages

- Chagossians
Brighton hotel bombing

The **Brighton hotel bombing** was an attack at the Grand Hotel in Brighton, England. It happened on 12 October 1984. A time bomb was planted in the hotel by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) member Patrick Magee. The purpose was to kill Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and her ministers, who were staying at the hotel for the Conservative Party conference. Patrick Magee, an IRA volunteer, stayed in the hotel under the pseudonym "Roy Walsh" on the weekend of 14–17 September. During his stay, he planted the bomb under the bath in his room.

The bomb brought down a five-ton chimney stack, which crashed down through the floors into the basement.

Thatcher narrowly escaped injury. Five people were killed, including the Deputy Chief Whip Sir Anthony Berry, and 31 were injured.   Margaret Tebbit, wife of Norman Tebbit had to use a wheelchair for the rest of her life.

At 4am Thatcher  gave an impromptu interview to the BBC saying that the conference would go on as usual.   Marks & Spencer opened early at 8:00 am so those who had lost their clothes in the bombing could purchase replacements.

The bombing was called "the most audacious attack on a British government since the Gunpowder Plot".  It "marked the end of an age of comparative innocence. From that day forward, all party conference<nowiki/>s in this country have become heavily defended citadels".

## Infobox (terrorist attack)

- **title**: Brighton hotel bombing
- **partof**: the Troubles
- **image**: Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg
- **caption**: The Grand Hotel on the morning after the bombing
- **location**: Brighton, England, UK
- **target**: Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet of the United Kingdom, cabinet
- **date**: 12 October 1984
- **time**: 02:54
- **timezone**: GMT
- **type**: Bombing
Assassination attempt
- **weapons**: Time bomb
- **fatalities**: 5
- **injuries**: 31
- **perp**: Provisional IRA
Flexagon

In geometry, a **flexagon** is a flat model, usually made by folding a piece of paper, so that when 'flexed' (folded), one or more hidden faces will be revealed (shown) from within the model.

Flexagons are usually square or rectangular (**tetraflexagons**) or hexagonal (**hexaflexagons**).  A prefix can be added to the name to show the number of faces that the model can display, including the two faces (back and front) that are visible before flexing.  For example, a hexaflexagon with a total of six faces is called a hexahexaflexagon.

### Discovery and introduction

Arthur H. Stone, a British man, is said to have first discovered the flexagon in 1939. At the time, he was a student at Princeton University in the United States. His new American paper would not fit in his English binder so he cut off the ends of the paper and began folding them into different shapes. One of these formed a trihexaflexagon.

Other students became interested in these shapes. They included Bryant Tuckerman, Richard Feynman, and John Tukey. Together, they formed the Princeton Flexagon Committee. Tuckerman worked out a topological method, called the "Tuckerman traverse", for revealing all the faces of a flexagon.

Flexagons were introduced to the general public by the recreational mathematician Martin Gardner in 1956. He wrote about in the first _Mathematical Games_ column that he wrote for _Scientific American_ magazine.

### Attempted commercial development

In 1955, Russell Rogers and Leonard D'Andrea of Homestead Park, Pennsylvania applied for a patent. In 1959 they were granted U.S. Patent number 2,883,195 for the hexahexaflexagon, under the title "Changeable Amusement Devices and the Like."

Their patent imagined possible ways that the device could be used as a toy, an device for advertising, or as a device for learning about geometry."  A few such novelties were produced by the Herbick & Held Printing Company in Pittsburgh. The device, marketed as the "Hexmo", were not very successful.
Schlager music

**Schlager music** is a kind of pop music, where the text often talks about sentiments. Schlager started with operetta music, at the end of the 19th century. In the 1920s, Jazz music influenced it. Musically, Schlager music often has simple structures. Very often, Schlager songs are commercially successful.
Serotonin syndrome

**Serotonin syndrome**, also known as **serotonin poisoning**, **serotonin sickness**, and many other names, is a medical condition that can happen if there is too much serotonin in your brain or other parts of your nervous system. Serotonin syndrome can be mild (doesn't make you very sick), but in rare situations, it can kill you. Serotonin syndrome can happen if you use some drugs that can increase the amount of serotonin in your nervous system. Some examples of drugs that can make you have serotonin syndrome are antidepressants, opioids, CNS stimulants, 5-HT<sub>1</sub> agonists (a drug that changes the receptors of serotonin), psychedelics, herbs, and many others.

## Signs and symptoms

When someone has too much serotonin in their body, they can start to feel sick very quickly. This sickness can show up in many different ways, like having a fast heartbeat, shivering, sweating, big pupils, and jerking or twitching muscles. Sometimes, these problems come from taking too much medicine, not just from having too much serotonin.

When someone only gets a little ill, they might get loud stomach noises, high blood pressure, and start to feel very hot. People might also have trouble sleeping and feel very alert or anxious. Their muscles might twitch more in their legs than in their arms.

If someone gets very sick, their heart can beat very fast, and blood pressure can get very high. They might get an extremely high temperature, which is very dangerous. Other serious problems can include muscle breakdown, seizures, kidney failure, and bleeding issues, usually because of the high temperature.

The symptoms often come in three groups:

1. **Thinking Problems**: Headache, feeling very agitated, confused, seeing things that aren't there, or even going into a coma.
1. **Body Problems**: Shivering, sweating, feeling very hot, fast heartbeat, feeling sick, and diarrhea.
1. **Muscle Problems**: Muscle twitching and shaking.
Keith Morrison

**Keith Morrison** (born July 2, 1947) is a Canadian broadcast journalist. He has been a writer for _Dateline NBC_ since 1995. In 1988 he joined NBC News as a west coast writer for the _NBC Nightly News_ and _Today Show_.

## Other websites

- NBC News biography
- Anchor away: Journalist Keith Morrison has found success south of the border  from the _Saskatoon Star-Phoenix_, July 2, 2003

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Keith Morrison
- **birth place**: Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, Canada
- **education**: University of Saskatchewan
- **occupation**: NBC News Correspondent
- **spouse**: Suzanne Langford (1981- present)
- **children**: 6
- **nationality**: Canadians, Canadian
- **years active**: 1966 – present
- **credits**: _CTV National News_
Gail Halvorsen

Colonel **Gail Seymour "Hal" Halvorsen** (October 10, 1920 – February 16, 2022) was an American career officer and command pilot in the United States Air Force.  He was well known as the original Candy Bomber or the "Rosinenbomber" in Germany and a recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal. He piloted C-47s and C-54s during the Berlin airlift ("Operation Vittles") from 1948–1949.

Halvorsen was born in Salt Lake City, Utah. In October 2020, he turned 100. Halvoersen died at a hospital in Provo, Utah on February 16, 2022 from respiratory failure at the age of 101.

## Other websites

- "Candy Bomber" Gail Halvorsen launches his memoirs in Berlin
Władysław Szpilman

**Władysław "Wladek" Szpilman** (; 5 December 19116 July 2000) was a Polish pianist and classical composer.

Szpilman is known as the main character of the Roman Polanski movie _The Pianist_ (2002). This movie is based on the book of the same name. It recounts Polanski's survival of the German occupation of Warsaw and the Holocaust.

Szpilman died in Warsaw, Poland on 6 July 2000 at the age of 88.

## Other websites

- Władysław Szpilman information and biography
- In Loving Memory Of Władysław Szpilman
- Information on Szpilman's works at Boosey & Hawkes
- "Szpilman's Warsaw: The History behind _The Pianist_" at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
- Interview with Dr. Halina Grzecznarowska-Szpilman, widow of Władysław Szpilman, first part
- Interview with Dr. Halina Grzecznarowska Szpilman, widow of Władysław Szpilman, second part
- Władysław Szpilman  at culture.pl
- Information on Wladyslaw Szpilman at Polish Biographical Dictionary by Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 2013
- Uri Caine – performance of songs by Władisław Szpilman

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Władysław Szpilman
- **image**: Władysław Szpilman.jpg
- **birth place**: Sosnowiec, Congress Poland, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Warsaw, Poland
- **resting place**: Powązki Military Cemetery, Warsaw
- **nationality**: Poland, Polish
- **known for**: The Pianist (2002 film), _The Pianist_
- **occupation**: Composer, pianist, author
- **years active**: 1930–2000
- **spouse**: Halina (Grzecznarowski) Szpilman
(1950–2000; his death)
- **children**: Christopher Szpilman, Andrzej Szpilman
Dewlap

A **dewlap** is a flap of skin that hangs beneath the neck of many animals.
It can also be used to mean other things such as a double chin on a person or the vocal sac of a frog. The term dewlap can also be used to mean a _caruncle_, defined as "a small, fleshy excrescence that is a normal part of an animal's anatomy". At times the appearance of a dewlap indicates a stage in an animal's development. For example, the appearance of a dewlap on a female rabbit indicates she is of breeding age.
Radio galaxy

**Radio galaxies** and their relatives, radio-loud quasars and blazars, are types of active galaxy that are very luminous at radio wavelengths. They have luminosities up to 10<sup>39</sup> W between 10 MHz and 100 GHz.

The radio emission is due to the synchrotron process. The observed structure in radio emission is determined by the interaction between twin jets and the external medium, modified by the effects of relativistic beaming. Radio galaxies are almost exclusively large elliptical galaxies. _Radio-loud_ active galaxies can be detected at large distances, making them valuable tools for observation. Recently, much work has been done on the effects of these objects on the intergalactic medium, particularly in galaxy groups and clusters.
Tony Skyrme

**Tony Hilton Royle Skyrme** (; 5 December 1922, Lewisham – 25 June 1987) was a British scientist who worked on the atom.

## Birth

He was born in Lewisham , a suburb of London. His father was a bank clerk. He first went to a school in Lewisham, but was so good at maths that he was given a scholarship (free place) to Eton college.

## Education

There he was also good at math and won prizes in the subject. He got a place at Cambridge University and again was better than his fellow students leaving with the best degree, a first class degree.

## Works

When he left Cambridge in 1943 World War Two was at its height and he was told by the government to work on atomic energy under another scientist Rudolf Peierls to help win the war.

When America began to secretly build the atomic bomb these two men and a few other Britons went to America to help them achieve their goal. Tony Skyrme did important work towards the two atomic bombs that ended the war.

He then worked back in Britain on studying atoms. He used a way of understanding how atoms work by inventing an atom sized thing called a skyrmion. It is still used today to understand atoms.
Marvel

**Marvel** may refer to:

## Places

- Marvel, Colorado, an unincorporated community
- Marvel, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
- Marvel Cave, Missouri
- Mount Marvel, Oates Land, Antarctica

## People

- Marvel (name), a list of people and fictional characters with either the surname or given name

## Business

- Marvel Comics, a comic book publisher
- Marvel Entertainment, an American entertainment company
    - Marvel Studios a motion picture studio based in Burbank, California
        - Marvel Television, a television and film studio subsidiary
        - Marvel Animation Studios, an animation production company
        - Marvel Music, a music publishing arm
Biggin Hill

**Biggin Hill** is a small town, just on the edge of Greater London.

Biggin Hill has an airport that is famous for being used during World War 2, as well as it's yearly air show.

## Other websites

- Biggin Hill Local News, Information and Forum
Skyrmion

A **skyrmion** is an quantum entity in atomic physics that can occur in some materials like solids and Bose–Einstein condensates. They are made up from a persistent vortex that is a quantum superposition of baryons and resonance states. These vortices behave like particles but are not. They are called quasiparticles and have mass just like a real particle.

They were first though of mathematically by the British scientist  Tony Skyrme in 1962 and named after him in 1982. In 2009 physicists from the Technical University of Munich were able to create and see skyrmions for the first time in a very cold magnetic solid.

Skyrmions are important in  the emerging solid state technology of spintronics where they promise data storage at much higher densities than ever before.
Chrono (series)

The ***Chrono*** is a series of video games by Square Enix. The original game, _Chrono Trigger_, was released in 1995. The games are role-playing games. The other major game in the series is _Chrono Cross_. As of March 2011, the two games have sold over 5.3 million units.
Texas Instruments

**Texas Instruments Inc.** (**TI**) is a electronics company that makes semiconductors and other electronics, such as calculators. The company started in 1924 in Tulsa, Oklahoma as "Geophysical Research Corporation", a subsidiary of Amerada Petroleum. In 1930, they started a new independent company called Geophysical Service, Incorporated. It became a subsidiary of General Instruments in 1951. The same year the name was changed to Texas Instruments (TI). The company is headquartered in Dallas, Texas. Today TI is the third largest manufacturer of semiconductors in the world after Intel and Samsung. It is the second largest supplier of chips for cellular handsets after Qualcomm. TI is the largest producer of digital signal processors (DSPs) and analog semiconductors. They also make a wide range of other semiconductor products.
Shah Alam II

**Shah Alam II**, (25 June 1728 – 19 November 1806) was the eighteenth Mughal Emperor and the son of Alamgir II. He became the emperor of the Mughal Empire; his power was so depleted during his reign that it led to a saying in the Persian language, _Sultanat-e-Shah Alam, Az Dilli ta Palam_, meaning, 'The kingdom of Shah Alam is from Delhi to Palam', Palam being a suburb of Delhi.
Battle rap

**Battle rap** (or **rap battling**) is a type of rapping that includes boasting and bragging. Rap battles are often performed as live contests in front of an audience. Two or more rappers compete to see who has the better verses. The raps can be rehearsed or freestyled. A freestyle battle is where the rappers use improvised lyrics. Battling can also occur on recorded songs.

Each competitor's goal is to insult their opponent through clever lyrics. They must also convince the audience that they are the better rapper. Judges have been used in formal contests. Without judges, the rapper who receives the best response from the audience is viewed as the winner.

## ERB

The YouTube channel Epic Rap Battles of History is based on the idea of famous people from history and well-known fictional characters battle rapping
Alley Mills

**Alley Mills** (born May 9, 1951) is an American actress. She was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 9. Mills has appeared in the television shows _Yes, Dear_, _Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman_, _Strong Medicine_ and _Sabrina the Teenage Witch_. She has appeared in theater productions.  Mills plays the character Pam Douglas in _The Bold And The Beautiful_.

## Personal life

She met her husband, Orson Bean, at a reading of a play in Los Angeles. They married on April 18, 1993.

## References

- _The Bold and the Beautiful_, CBS, 2016.
- _Live with Regis and Kathie Lee_, episode #173, aired 5-9-1990
Benoît Violier

**Benoît Violier** (22 August 1971 – 31 January 2016) was a French-Swiss chef. He owned the three Michelin star Restaurant de l'hôtel de Ville from 2012 until his death. The restaurant was first on La Liste in December 2015.

Violier was born in Saintes, Charente-Maritime. He studied in Paris. He moved to Switzerland in 1996 to work for Philippe Rochat. He became a Swiss citizen in 2014.

Violier was found dead from a gunshot wound on 31 January 2016 in Crissier. He was 44. His death was reported as a suicide.
Lewis V. Baldwin

**Lewis V. Baldwin**  (born 1949) is a professor of religious studies at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. He is an award-winning historian and author of a number of books on Martin Luther King, Jr.

## Education

He was born and raised in Camden, Alabama. In 1971 he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in History. Baldwin studied at Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School from 1971 to 1975. He received his Master of Arts degree in 1973. In 1975 he received his Master of Divinity degree in Theology. In the autumn of 1975 he entered the Ph.D. program at Northwestern University. He completed his degree in 1980. In 1978 he was ordained a minister in Greenville Alabama by his father, Pastor L. V. Baldwin, Sr. On June 16, 1987, Baldwin became a deacon in the United Methodist Church.

## Teaching career

Dr. Baldwin taught at the College of Wooster in Wooster, Ohio. He has also taught at Colgate University and Colgate Rochester Crozer Divinity School in New York. He was a professor at Fisk University and American Baptist College in Nashville before coming to Vanderbilt University. He lives in Nashville, Tennessee.

## Bibliography

Dr. Baldwin is the author of over 60 articles and several books. These include:
- _"Invisible" Strands in African Methodism: A History of the African Union_(1983)
- _Union American Methodist Episcopal Churches, 1805-1980_(1983)
- _The Mark of a Man: Peter Spencer and the African Union Methodist Tradition_ (1987)
- _There Is a Balm in Gilead: The Cultural Roots of Martin Luther King, Jr._ (1991)
- _To Make the Wounded Whole: The Cultural Legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr._ (1992)
- _The legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr.: the boundaries of law, politics, and religion_ (1992)
- _Freedom is Never Free: A Biographical Portrait of E.D. Nixon, Sr._ (1992)
- _Toward the Beloved Community: Martin Luther King, Jr. and South Africa_ (1995)
- (co-author with Amiri YaSin Al-Hadid) _Between Cross and Crescent: Christian and Muslim Perspectives on Malcolm and Martin_ (2002)
- _The Voice of Conscience: The Church in the Mind of Martin Luther King, Jr._ (2010)
- _Never to Leave Us Alone: The Prayer Life of Martin Luther King, Jr._ (2010)
- _"Thou, dear God" : prayers that open hearts and spirits_, Martin Luther King, edited by Lewis V. Baldwin (2012)
- _"In a single garment of destiny" : a global vision of justice_, Martin Luther King, edited by Lewis V. Baldwin (2012)

## Awards

He received the "American Theological Library Association Award" for his book _"Invisible" Strands_.  Baldwin won the "Midwest Book Achievement Award" of the Midwest Independent Publishers Association. This was for his book _A Balm in Gilead_.

## Other websites

- Vanderbilt's webpage about Dr. Baldwin
Little owl

The **little owl** (_Athene noctua_) is a bird that lives in  the temperate and warmer parts of Europe, Asia (east to Korea), and North Africa. It was introduced into Britain at the end of the nineteenth century, and into the South Island of New Zealand in the early twentieth century.

This owl is a member of the Strigidae, which contains most species of owl. The other group is the barn owls, Tytonidae.

The little owl is a small, mainly nocturnal species. It is found in a range of habitats such as farmland, woodland fringes, steppes and semi-deserts. It is camouflaged, and especially hard to see if the background is wood or stone covered with lichen. It feeds on insects, earthworms, other invertebrates and small vertebrates such as mice and shrews.

Males have territories which they defend against intruders. This owl is a cavity nester and a clutch of about four eggs is laid in spring. The female does the incubation and the male brings food to the nest, first for the female and later for the newly hatched young. As the chicks grow, both parents hunt and bring them food, and the chicks leave the nest at about seven weeks of age.

There are thirteen recognized subspecies of little owl spread across Europe and Asia.