juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Virtual pet

A **virtual pet** (also known as a digital pet or an artificial pet) are pets that exist only in computers. A good example of a game with digital pets is Nintendogs. People may keep virtual pets as a replacement for real pets.
Emperor Go-Toba

was the 82nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign started in 1183 and ended in 1198.

This 12th century sovereign was named after Emperor Toba and  means "later". He is sometimes called the later Emperor Toba. In some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Toba the Second" or as "Toba II".

## Traditional history

Before he became the monarch, his personal name (_imina_) was , or Takanari_-shinnō._ He was the fourth son of Emperor Takakura.

## Events of Go-Toba's life

Go-Toba was placed on the throne at the age of three.
- **8 September 1183** (_Juei 2, 20th day of the 8th month_): In the 3rd year of Antoku_-tennō_ 's reign, the emperor and his court fled the capital. In the emperor's absence, former-Emperor Go-Shirakawa made Antoku's younger brother emperor by decree. A ceremony which marked the young prince's acceptance of the abdication (_juzen_).
- _1184** (_Juei 3_): Emperor Go-Toba is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
- **1192** (_Kenkyū 3_): Go-Shirakawa died.  Go-Toba was the grandson of Emperor Go-Shirakawa.
- **1198** (_Kenkyū 9_): In the 15th year of Go-Toba's reign, he abdicated.  His successor was his eldest son who became known as Emperor Tsuchimikado.
- **1210** (_Jōgen 4_):  Go-Toba's 3rd son was named emperor; and he became known as Emperor Juntoku.
- **1221** (_Jōkyū 3_): Go-Toba and his supporters tried and failed to take power from the Kamakura shogunate. This  was known as the Jōkyū War (_Jōkyū no hen_)  Go-Toba was exiled to the Oki Islands where he stayed until his death.
- **13 May 1221** (_Jōkyū 3, 20th day of the 4th month_): Go-Toba's 4-year-old grandson was made emperor; and he became known as Emperor Chūkyō.
- **14 January 1222** (_Jōkyū 3, 1st day of the 12th month_): Go-Toba's nephew was made emperor; and he became known as Emperor Go-Horikawa.
- **1239_' (_En'ō 1, 2nd month_): Go-Toba died at age 60.

### After his death

Go-Toba was buried on Dōgo Island in the Oki Islands group. Later a part of his body was re-buried in Kyoto.

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum (_misasagi_) of Go-Toba is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at _Ōhara no Misasagi_.

## Eras of Go-Toba's reign

The years of Go-Toba's reign are marked by more than one era name:.
- _Juei_           (1182–1184)
- _Genryaku_       (1184–1185)
- _Bunji_          (1185–1190)
- _Kenkyū_  (1190–1199)

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree
- Insei

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Go-Toba
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **image**: Emperor Go-Toba.jpg
- **reign**: 1183-1198
- **predecessor**: Emperor Antoku, Antoku
- **successor**: Emperor Tsuchimikado, Tsuchimikado
- **father**: Emperor Takakura, Takakura
- **birth date**: 6 August 1180
- **birth place**: Heian Kyō
- **death date**: 28 March 1239
- **death place**: Oki Island
- **burial place**: Ōhara no _Misasagi_ (大原陵) (Kyoto)
Toys "R" Us

**Toys "R" Us** is an American toy, clothing, and baby product company. It is owned by Tru Kids, Inc. (as Tru Kids Brands) and others. The company was founded in 1957. Its first store was built in April 1948. The headquarters of the company is in Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey. It is in the New York metropolitan area.

At one time, Toys "R" Us was the most important toy store. killer, The rise of mass merchants and online sellers cost Toys "R" Us its control of the toy market. The company filed for bankruptcy in 2017 and 2018. It closed all of its stores in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia. Two US stores were opened in 2019 in New Jersey and Texas, but they both closed in 2021. In other international markets such as Asia and Africa there were less negative effects. Stores in Canada, parts of Europe and Asia were sold to other companies.

In August 2021, WHP Global said that Toys "R" Us would be opening over 400 stores inside Macy's stores. They would start doing this 2022. In December 2021, WHP announced they will be opening a Toys “R” Us location in New Jersey at the American Dream Mall. In July 2023, WHP also announced that a Babies "R" Us store would open in the same mall.

On March 22, 2018, the founder of the company, Charles Lazarus, died at age 94 years.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Toys "R" Us
- **logo**: Toys R Us 1980s.svg
- **type**: Privately held company, Private
- **founder**: Charles Lazarus
- **defunct**: in Germany, Austria and Switzerland (taken over by Smyths and rebranded)
 in United Kingdom
 in United States
 in Australia
 in France
- **fate**: Chapter 11 Bankruptcy
- **hq location city**: 5 Wood Hollow Road Parsippany-Troy Hills, NJ
- **hq location country**: United States
- **industry**: Retail
- **num employees**: 64,000
- **foundation**: (as Children's Supermart)
 (as Toys "R" Us)
- **website**: Corporate
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Succession to the Spanish throne

The **line of succession to the Spanish throne** is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Spain.

## History

Spanish royal succession follows a system of male-preference primogeniture.

## Order of succession

In 2020, the current order of succession is clear.
        - **(1)** Leonor, Princess of Asturias (b. 2005)
        - **(2)** Infanta Sofía (b. 2007)
    - **(3)** Infanta Elena, Duchess of Lugo (b. 1963)
        - **(4)** Felipe de Marichalar y Borbón (b. 1998)
        - **(5)** Victoria de Marichalar y Borbón (b. 2000)
    - **(6)** Infanta Cristina (b. 1965)
        - **(7)** Juan Urdangarín y de Borbón (b. 1999)
        - **(8)** Pablo Urdangarín y de Borbón (b. 2000)
        - **(9)** Miguel Urdangarín y de Borbón (b. 2002)
        - **(10)** Irene Urdangarín y de Borbón (b. 2005)

## Related pages

- Order of succession

## Other websites

- Royal Household, official website; Royal family tree
Lake Blanche

**Lake Blanche** is a large salt lake in the north east corner of South Australia. It is normally dry, but can be filled by local flooding or when the Strzelecki Creek flows into it. It covers an area of about . When Lake Blanche was first seen by the explorer Edward John Eyre in 1840, he believed it was part of a large horse shoe shaped lake at the end of the Flinders Ranges. This lake stopped the explorers from being able to travel any further to the north. When Charles Sturt visited the lake shore in 1845 he also thought it was part of a larger lake. In 1858 the explorer Augustus Charles Gregory was the first European to find a path between Lake Blanche and Lake Callabonna. Lake Blanche was named after the wife of the Governor of South Australia, Sir Richard Graves McDonnell. The area near the lake had been called Blanchewater Plains by explorer Benjamin Herschel Babbage in 1856. In August 1857, Captain Freeling attempted to explore the flooded lake by boat. The water was not deep enough to float the boat, and even after walking more than  into the lake it was still only ankle deep.

The area around Lake Blanche is now being explored for development of a uranium mine.
Greece at the Olympics

**Greece at the Olympics** is a history which began in ancient times.  Greece was home of the Ancient Olympic Games.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Greece is GRE.

## History

Greece  hosted the revival of the modern **Olympic Games** in 1896. They have been at every Summer Olympic Games since then.  They are one of only four countries to compete in all modern Summer games.  Greece has been in most Winter Olympic Games since 1936. During the Parade of Nations at the Opening Ceremony, Greece is always called first, due to its status as being the founder of the Olympic Games.

Greece hosted the games in 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics, both in Athens. The National Olympic Committee for Greece is the Hellenic Olympic Committee, formed in 1894 and recognized in 1895.

### Medals by Summer Games

According to official data of the International Olympic Committee.

<span style="border:1px solid #aaa; background:#ccf;">    </span> **Host nation**
|style="width:4.5em; font-weight:bold;"|Rank|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1896 Athens|10|17|19|**46**|_2_|
|1900 Paris|0|0|0|**0**|-|
|1904 St. Louis|1|0|1|**2**|_8_|
|1908 London|0|3|0|**3**|_15_|
|1912 Stockholm|1|0|1|**2**|_15_|
|1920 Antwerp|0|1|0|**1**|_19_|
|1924 Paris|0|0|0|**0**|-|
|1928 Amsterdam|0|0|0|**0**|-|
|1932 Los Angeles|0|0|0|**0**|-|
|1936 Berlin|0|0|0|**0**|-|
|1948 London|0|0|0|**0**|-|
|1952 Helsinki|0|0|0|**0**|-|
|1956 Melbourne|0|0|1|**1**|_35_|
|1960 Rome|1|0|0|**1**|_21_|
|1964 Tokyo|0|0|0|**0**|-|
|1968 Mexico City|0|0|1|**1**|_42_|
|1972 Munich|0|2|0|**2**|_29_|
|1976 Montreal|0|0|0|**0**|-|
|1980 Moscow|1|0|2|**3**|_22_|
|1984 Los Angeles|0|1|1|**2**|_30_|
|1988 Seoul|0|0|1|**1**|_46_|
|1992 Barcelona|2|0|0|**2**|_26_|
|1996 Atlanta|4|4|0|**8**|_16_|
|2000 Sydney|4|6|3|**13**|_17_|
|2004 Athens|6|6|4|**16**|_15_|
|2008 Beijing|0|2|2|**4**|_59_|
|2012 London|0|0|2|**2**|_75_|

### Medals by sport

|Total|30|42|38|110|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Athletics|6|12|11|**29**|
|Weightlifting|6|5|4|**15**|
|Gymnastics|4|3|3|**10**|
|Shooting|3|4|3|**10**|
|Sailing|3|2|2|**7**|
|Fencing|2|1|1|**4**|
|Wrestling|1|3|7|**11**|
|Swimming|1|3|3|**7**|
|Cycling|1|3|0|**4**|
|Taekwondo|1|3|0|**4**|
|Judo|1|0|1|**2**|
|Diving|1|0|0|**1**|
|Tennis|0|1|1|**2**|
|Water polo|0|1|0|**1**|
|Rowing|0|1|2|**3**|

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Greece at Olympic.org
- Andorra profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: GRE
- **nocname**: Hellenic Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 33
- **silver**: 43
- **bronze**: 40
- **seealso**: Greece at the 1906 Intercalated Games, 1906 Intercalated Games
Malta at the Olympics

**Malta at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1928.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Malta was MAT. It is now MLT.

## History

Teams from Malta have been in 18 Summer Olympic Games and 3 Winter Olympic Games.

As of 2025 no Maltese athlete has won an Olympic medal.

The Maltese Olympic Committee was formed in 1928 and recognized by the IOC in 1936.

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: MLT
- **nocname**: Malta Olympic Committee
- **games**: Olympics
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 0
- **bronze**: 0
Itraconazole

**Itraconazole** (i tra ko' na zole) is a medication used to treat fungal infections of the lungs and other parts of the body.

## How the medication is given

Itraconazole comes as a pill (capsule) and also as a liquid (solution) and they are taken by mouth.

## How to get the medication

Itraconazole is prescribed by a doctor and sold by a pharmacist.
Donkey Kong Land

***Donkey Kong Land*** is a video game released for the Game Boy system in 1995. It is a semi-sequel to _Donkey Kong Country_ as it takes place after _Donkey Kong Country_, but yet is part of a different portion of the _Donkey Kong_ series. Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong are once again the playable characters in the game.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Donkey Kong Land
- **developer**: Rare
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: _Donkey Kong (series), Donkey Kong_
- **released**: **Game Boy:**
**Virtual Console (_3DS_):**

- **genre**: Platformer
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: Game Boy, Virtual Console (Nintendo 3DS)
Moldova at the Olympics

**Moldova** first took part at the **Olympic Games** as an independent nation in 1994. It has sent athletes to every Games since then. Moldovan athletes were a part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988. Moldova was part of the Unified Team in 1992.

Moldovan athletes have won a total of seven medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won medals in five different sports.  The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games.

The National Olympic Committee for Moldova was created in 1991. It was accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

### Medals by Games

|align=center colspan=5|Summer Games||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1996 Atlanta|0|1|1|2|
|2000 Sydney|0|1|1|2|
|2004 Athens|0|0|0|0|
|2008 Beijing|0|0|1|1|
|2012 London|0|0|2|2|

|align=center colspan=5|Winter Games||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1994 Lillehammer|0|0|0|0|
|1998 Nagano|0|0|0|0|
|2002 Salt Lake City|0|0|0|0|
|2006 Turin|0|0|0|0|

### Medals by sport

|Total|0|2|5|7|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Canoeing|0|1|0|1|
|Shooting|0|1|0|1|
|Boxing|0|0|2|2|
|Wrestling|0|0|1|1|
|Weightlifting|0|0|2|2|

## Medalists

Moldova has won 7 medals, all in the Summer Olympics
|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:10em"|Name|style="width:8em"|Games|style="width:7em"|Sport|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Nicolae Juravschi Viktor Reneysky || 1996 Atlanta || Canoeing || Men's C-2 500 metres||||||||
||Serguei Moureiko|1996 Atlanta|Wrestling|Men's Greco-Roman super heavyweight|||||
||Oleg Moldovan|2000 Sydney|Shooting|Men's 10 metre running target|||||
||Vitalie Gruşac|2000 Sydney|Boxing|Men's welterweight|||||
||Veaceslav Gojan|2008 Beijing|Boxing|Men's bantamweight|||||
||Cristina Iovu|2012 London|Weightlifting|53kg Women's weightlifting|||||
||Anatoli Ciricu|2012 London|Weightlifting|94kg Men's weightlifting|||||
Bronchiolitis

**Bronchiolitis** is a medical condition where the smaller parts of the lung (called bronchioles) are irritated. This makes it very hard to move air in and out of the lungs, causing problems breathing.  Many things can cause bronchiolitis. The most common is the respiratory syncytial virus.  The disease Bronchiolitis is not the same as Bronchitis. The medicine used to treat bronchitis may not be the same as those used to treat bronchiolitis. The disease is more common in children.

## Treatment

Usually treatment for bronchiolitis is to make the person as comfortable as possible.  This can sometimes be giving them oxygen through tubes sitting on their nose (_nasal cannula_).  A doctor may also use medicines such as epinephrine or dexamethasone.
Respiratory syncytial virus

**Human respiratory syncytial virus** (RSV) is a virus that causes lung infections, (usually called respiratory tract infections). It is the major cause of lung infections and hospital visits in babies and children. There is a medicine that can help prevent the virus in babies that have not been born yet if the doctor is worried the baby may get the virus.
Lake Alexandrina

**Lake Alexandrina** is a large lake about  south east of Adelaide, South Australia. The lake covers an area of . The Murray River flows into the north of the lake near Wellington. Water from the lake enters the sea through an opening into Encounter Bay. In 1940 a number of walls were built to stop sea water from flowing back into the lake which would stop the lake from being salty. These walls separate the lake from the Murray River's estuary lagoon, called the Coorong.

Lake Alexandrina and the Coorong are a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Many bird species live around the lake including Curlew Sandpiper, Banded Stilt, Red-capped Plover, Masked Lapwing, Redkneed Dotterel, Black Swan, Cape Barren Goose, Musk Duck, Straw-necked Ibis, Royal Spoonbill, Rufus Night Heron and the Australian Pelican. Rare species such as the Orange Bellied Parrot and the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges Emu Wren have been seen. The large Murray Cod can also be found in the lake.

The Ngarrindjeri, an Indigenous Australian people, have lived around the lake and the wetlands for thousands of years. The first Europens to find the lake were people hunting seals along the south east coast of Australia in 1828. In 1830, the explorer Charles Sturt reached the lake by boat after a long journey down the Murrumbidgee, the Darling and the Murray Rivers. Sturt named the lake after Princess Alexandrina, who later became Queen Victoria.

Lake Alexandina became important during the 1870s when paddle steamers began to use the Murray River system to carry goods around New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. The town of Milang, on the lake, became an important port. It is now popular as a place for holidays with activities including sailing, power boating, fishing and swimming.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Lake Alexandrina
- **image lake**: LowerLakes2004.jpg
- **caption lake**: Lake Alexandrina is the largest of the Lower Lakes
- **location**: South Australia
- **inflow**: Murray River, Murray, Bremer River (South Australia), Bremer, River Angas, Angas, and Finniss River (South Australia), Finniss Rivers
- **outflow**: Murray Mouth
- **basin countries**: Australia
- **cities**: Milang, South Australia, Milang
Jurchen

**Jurchen** may mean:

- Jurchen people, Tungusic people who lived in the region of Manchuria until the 17th century
- Jurchen script, writing system of Jurchen people
- Jurchen language, extinct language spoken by Jurchen people
- Jin Dynasty, also known as the Jurchen Dynasty
Emperor Fushimi

- _For the 124th emperor also known as Hirohito, see Hirohito_

**Emperor Fushimi** (伏見天皇 _Fushimi-tennō_) (10 May 1265 – 8 October 1317) was the 92nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.  His reign started in 1287 and ended in 1298.

## Traditional history

Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name (_imina_) was .

- _Note_: Although the Roman-alphabet spelling of the name of this 13th-century emperor is the same as the personal name of Emperor Shōwa, the kanji are different:
        - Emperor Fushimi, formerly Prince Hirohito (熈仁)
        - Emperor Shōwa, formerly Prince Hirohito (裕仁)

Prince Hirohito was the second son of Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

## Events of Fushimi's life

Hirohito_-shinnō_ was named Crown Prince.  He became heir to Emperor Go-Uda.
- **1287** (_Kōan 10, 10th month_): In the 13th year of Go-Uda_-tennō_ 's reign, he abdicated.  The succession (the _senso_) was received by his cousin.
- **1288** (_Kōan 11_): Emperor Fushimi is said to have accepted the monarch's role and duties and powers (_sokui_).  This was confirmed in ceremonies.
- **1289** (_Shōō 2, 4th month_): Fushimi adopted the son of his younger brother; and this new son was named Crown Prince and heir.
- **19 April 1290** (_Shōō 3, 9th day of the 3rd month_): Assassins failed in an attempt to kill the emperor in his palace.
- **1298** (_Einin 6, 7th month_): In the 11th year of Fushimi's reign, he abdicated.  His heir became known as Emperor Go-Fushimi.
- **1301** (_Shōan 3, 1st month_): In the 5th year of Go-Fushimi's reign, the adopted son of Fushimi was forced to abdicate.
- **1308** (_Tokuji 3, 8th month_): In the 8th year of Emperor Go-Nijo's reign, the young ruler died at age of 24.  Fushimi's grandson was named as Go-Nijo's successor.  Go-Fushimi's son became known as Emperor Hanazono.
- **1313** (_Shōwa 2, 10th month_): Retired Emperor Fushimi shaved his head and became a Buddhist monk.
- **1317** (_Bunpō 1, 9th month_): Former-Emperor Fushimi died at age 53.

### After his death

According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum  (_misasagi_) of Kammu is in Kyoto.  The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at  _Fukakusa no kita no misasagi_ (深草北陵) in Fushimi-ku in Kyoto.

## Eras of Fushimi's reign

The years of Fushimi's  reign are marked by more than one era name.
- _Kōan_ (1278–1288)
- _Shōō_         (1288–1293)
- _Einin_             (1293–1299)

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Fushimi
- **title**: Emperor of Japan
- **image**: Emperor Fushimi.jpg
- **caption**: Fushimi, _Tenshi Sekkan Miei_
- **reign**: 1287–1298
- **predecessor**: Emperor Go-Uda, Go-Uda
- **successor**: Emperor Go-Fushimi, Go-Fushimi
- **birth date**: May 10, 1265
- **death date**: October 8, 1317 (aged 52)
- **burial place**: Fukakusa no kita no _Misasagi_ (Kyoto)
Rodney King

**Rodney Glen King** (April 2, 1965 - June 17, 2012) was an African-American man who was beat up by police officers on camera in 1991. When a jury did not find the officers guilty of beating him up, large riots started in Los Angeles, California.

## Early and personal life

King was born in Sacramento, California to Odessa and Ronald King, who had four other children. His father was an alcoholic who died in 1984 aged 42. King grew up in Altadena, California.

In November 1989, King robbed a store in Monterey Park, California. King was carrying an iron bar, which he threatened the Korean store owner with. He hit the owner and stole $200. He was convicted of robbery and sentenced to two years imprisonment. He was released after a year.

## Beating

On March 3, 1991, King was driving after drinking alcohol. Police officers tried to pull him over, but King would not stop. The officers chased him for miles. King finally stopped. One of the officers shot two electronic darts at King because they thought he might hurt them. King ran at one of the officers. The officers beat King while he was on the ground with a baton more than 50 times.

A man named George Holliday, who lived nearby, saw what was going on. He used a camcorder to record a video of the beating. The video later went on television.

## Trial and riots

The jury in the California state trial of four police officers involved in King's beating was deadlocked on the excessive force charge for one officer, while they found the other three officers not guilty of all charges. With large public protest, rioting began in Los Angeles, during which more than 50 people were killed, thousands were hurt, and one billion dollars worth of property damage occurred.

In a federal civil rights trial, the United States government later found two of the officers guilty.

## Death

King was found dead by his fiancée at the bottom of his swimming pool in the early morning hours of June 17, 2012 in Rialto, California. An autopsy was performed and the results said that King died of accidental drowning and that alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana were all found in his blood which were a contributing factor in his death.

## Related pages

- Civil Rights Movement
- 1992 Los Angeles riots

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: CynthiaKelleyRodneyKingApr2012 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: King in 2012
- **birth name**: Rodney Glen King
- **birth place**: Sacramento, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Rialto, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Drowning
- **nationality**: American
- **known for**: Criminal Brutality
- **spouse**: Crystal Waters (divorced),
Danetta King (divorced)
- **partner**: Cynthia Kelly (fiancée)
- **children**: 3 daughters
Pyongyang Metro

**Pyŏngyang metro system** is the rapid transit system in Pyongyang, North Korea. It has two lines with 17 station. It is estimated that between 300,000 and 700,000 people ride the system every day.

Chŏllima Line (red)
1. Pulgunbyol
1. Chonu
1. Kaeson
1. Tongil
1. Sungni
1. Ponghwa
1. Yonggwang
1. Puhung

Hyoksin Line (green)
1. Kwangbok
1. Konguk
1. Hwaggumbol
1. Konsol
1. Hyoksin
1. Chonsung
1. Samhung
1. Kwangmyong
1. Rakwon
Tung Chung Line (MTR)

The **Tung Chung Line** is one of the 10 lines of the MTR system in Hong Kong. It links Tung Chung with Hong Kong Island. A part of the Tung Chung Line was built along with the two bridges and two mountains, Kap Shui Mun Bridge and the Tsing Ma Bridge. It currently travels through eight stations in 27 minutes along its route, which is indicated in **orange**.
Wiggler (synchrotron)

A **wiggler** is an insertion device in a synchrotron. It is a series of magnets designed to repeatedly laterally deflect ('wiggle') a beam of charged particles inside a storage ring of a synchrotron. These deflections release synchrotron radiation. Although synchrotrons give off such radiation anyway as magnets work to bend the particles on a circle-like path, a wiggler release more intense radiation than the bending magnets.

A wiggler has a broader spectrum of radiation than an undulator. In a wiggler, the period and the strength of the magnetic field is not tuned to the frequency of radiation produced by the electrons. So, every electron in the electron bunch radiates independently. This makes a broad radiation spectrum. A wiggler can be considered to be series of bending magnets stuck together, and its radiation intensity goes up as the number of magnetic poles in the wiggler goes up.

Typically the magnets in a wiggler are arranged in a Halbach array. The design shown above is usually known as a Halbach wiggler.
Gold coin

A **gold coin** is a coin made entirely (or almost entirely) of gold. Gold has been used since the invention of coins. It is used because gold is an easy metal to use, and because gold is very valuable. So, a person could have a small quantity of gold coins but still buy many things. Gold is also a very dense metal, making gold coins hard to fake. Gold is good for storing coins because it does not rust.

### Antiquity

People have used gold to trade since the Bronze Age. However, gold coins have only existed since the 6th century BC, in Anatolia (Turkey) then in Roman Empire (_aureus_). Gold coins were also used in China.

### Middle Ages

In the Middle Ages, gold coins were common because of the Florin and the Guilder, two important gold coins. Coins of the ducat ware also made.

### Modern History

Between 1873 and the early 1900s, gold coins were the main way to pay. Countries stopped using gold coins in 1933 because of the Great Depression. People were collecting and keeping the coins, so there were not enough for the economy to work. Today, many countries make gold coins, but they are for collectors.

## Coin collecting

Many people enjoy collecting coins. The rarest (most rare) coins are the most expensive. Usually, very few of these coins were made, or they have mistakes, or they are very old. Some countries have made very large coins for collectors.

## Investing

When people want to buy gold as a way to store money, they can buy gold coins. These coins are called _Bullion coins_. These coins are usually very pure and have exact weights, for example one troy ounce. Many people who buy bullion coins hope they become more expensive in the future so they can be sold.
Matt Ryan (American football)

**Matthew Thomas** "**Matt**" **Ryan** (born May 17, 1985), nicknamed "**Matty Ice**", is the former American football quarterback for the of the National Football League (NFL). He was the 3rd person drafted in the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Boston College. He was a studio analyst for NFL Today on CBS.

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Matt Ryan
- **image**: Washington Football Team at Atlanta Falcons (3 October 2021) DSC 4628 (51555290664) (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 222
- **current team**: Atlanta Falcons
- **position**: President of Football Operations
- **birth place**: Exton, Pennsylvania
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 4
- **weight lbs**: 217
- **high school**: William Penn Charter School
(Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
- **college**: Boston College Eagles football, Boston College
- **draftyear**: 2008
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 3
- **pastteams**: * Atlanta Falcons (–2021)
* Indianapolis Colts ()
- **status**: Active
- **highlights**: * 4× Pro Bowl (2011 Pro Bowl, 2010, 2013 Pro Bowl, 2012, 2015 Pro Bowl, 2014, 2017 Pro Bowl, 2016)
* First-team All-Pro (2016 All-Pro Team, 2016)
* NFL Most Valuable Player (2016)
* NFL Offensive Player of the Year (2016)
* Bert Bell Award (2016)
* NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award, NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year (2008)
* List of National Football League annual passer rating leaders, NFL passer rating leader (2016)
* List of National Football League annual pass completion percentage leaders, NFL completion percentage leader (2012)
* First-team College Football All-America Team, All-American (2007 College Football All-America Team, 2007)
* First-team All-Atlantic Coast Conference, ACC (2007)
* Atlantic Coast Conference football individual awards#Player of the Year, ACC Player of the Year (2007)
* Manning Award (2007)
* Johnny Unitas Golden Arm Award (2007)
- **statweek**: 9
- **statseason**: 2021
- **statlabel1**: Passing attempts
- **statvalue1**: 7,714
- **statlabel2**: Passing completions
- **statvalue2**: 5,053
- **statlabel3**: Percentage
- **statvalue3**: 65.5
- **statlabel4**: Touchdowns, TD–Interceptions, INT
- **statvalue4**: 360–164
- **statlabel5**: Passing yards
- **statvalue5**: 57,581
- **statlabel6**: Passer rating
- **statvalue6**: 94.5
- **statlabel7**: Rushing touchdowns
- **statvalue7**: 11
- **nflnew**: Matt-Ryan
- **pfr**: RyanMa00
Tim Tebow

**Timothy Richard "Tim" Tebow** (born August 14, 1987) is a retired American football quarterback. He is currently an analyst for the SEC Network. Tebow played college football for the Florida Gators. In 2007, he became the first sophomore (second-year) player to win the Heisman Trophy. Tebow was the 25th person drafted in the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at The University of Florida. He is known for his running ability and strong Christian beliefs (made "Tebowing, or Tebow's version of kneeling in prayer, famous), as well as late-game heroics. During the 2011 season, Tim Tebow played 7 games including his OT win over the Steelers in the playoffs. On March 21, 2012, Tebow was traded by the Broncos to the New York Jets. He then played briefly for the New England Patriots in 2013 and Philadelphia Eagles in 2015. He created a gesture called "Tebowing".

## Infobox (nflactive)

- **image**: Tim Tebow Tebowing.jpg
- **currentteam**: Free Agent
- **number**: 15, 5
- **position**: Quarterback
- **birth place**: Makati City, Philippines
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 236
- **college**: University of Florida, Florida
- **draftyear**: 2010
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 25
- **pastteams**: * Denver Broncos (2010–2011)
* New York Jets (2012)
* New England Patriots (2013)*
* Philadelphia Eagles (2015)*
* Jacksonville Jaguars (2021)*
- **status**: Free Agent
- **highlights**: * 2× SEC Championship Game, SEC Championship (2006 SEC Championship Game, 2006, 2008 SEC Championship Game, 2008)
* 2× BCS National Championship Game, BCS National Championship (2007 BCS National Championship Game, 2007, 2009 BCS National Championship Game, 2009)
* 2× First-team All-American (2007 College Football All-America Team, 2007, 2008 College Football All-America Team#Offense, 2008)
* 1× Second-team All-American (2009 College Football All-America Team, 2009)
* 3× First-team All-Southeastern Conference, SEC (2007, 2008, 2009)
* Associated Press, AP Player of the Year (2007)
* Davey O'Brien Award (2007)
* 2× Maxwell Award (2007, 2008)
* Heisman Trophy (2007)
* Touchdown Club of Columbus, NCAA QB of the Year (2007)
* Manning Award (2008)
* William V. Campbell Trophy (2009)
- **nflnew**: TEB603856
- **pfr**: TeboTi00
- **statweek**: 15
- **statseason**: 2011
- **statlabel1**: Touchdown, TD-Interception (football), INT
- **statvalue1**: 16-5
- **statlabel2**: Passing yards
- **statvalue2**: 2,138
- **statlabel3**: Passer rating, QB Rating
- **statvalue3**: 83.2
Adrian Peterson

**Adrian Lewis Peterson** (born March 21, 1985) is an American former professional football running back. He played fifteen seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Minnesota Vikings, New Orleans Saints, Arizona Cardinals, Washington Redskins, Detroit Lions, Tennessee Titans, and Seattle Seahawks.

He was the 7th person drafted in the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.

Peterson last played professional football in 2021. He said that he would officially retire from football if he did not sign to a team in 2023. He did not sign with a team but has not officially retired yet.

## References

- Adrian Peterson in his life story

## Infobox (nfl biography)

- **name**: Adrian Peterson
- **image**: Adrian Peterson 2018 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Peterson with the Redskins in 2018
- **number**: 28, 23, 26, 8, 21
- **position**: Running back
- **birth place**: Palestine, Texas
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lbs**: 220
- **high school**: Palestine High School (Texas), Palestine (Palestine, Texas)
- **college**: Oklahoma Sooners football, Oklahoma
- **draftyear**: 2007
- **draftround**: 1
- **draftpick**: 7
- **pastteams**: * Minnesota Vikings (–)
* New Orleans Saints ()
* Arizona Cardinals ()
* Washington Redskins (–)
* Detroit Lions ()
* Tennessee Titans ()
* Seattle Seahawks ()
- **highlights**: * 7× Pro Bowl (2008 Pro Bowl, 2007–2011 Pro Bowl, 2010, 2013 Pro Bowl, 2012, 2014 Pro Bowl, 2013, 2016 Pro Bowl, 2015)
* 4× First-team All-Pro (2008 All-Pro Team, 2008, 2009 All-Pro Team, 2009, 2012 All-Pro Team, 2012, 2015 All-Pro Team, 2015)
* 3× Second-team All-Pro (2007 All-Pro Team, 2007, 2010 All-Pro Team, 2010, 2013 All-Pro Team, 2013)
* NFL Most Valuable Player (2012)
* National Football League Offensive Player of the Year Award, NFL Offensive Player of the Year (2012)
* Pro Bowl MVP (2008 Pro Bowl, 2007)
* 2× Bert Bell Award (2008, 2012)
* National Football League Rookie of the Year Award, NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year (2007)
* 3× NFL rushing champions, NFL rushing yards leader (2008, 2012, 2015)
* 2× List of National Football League season rushing touchdowns leaders, NFL rushing touchdowns leader (2009, 2015)
* NFL record 296 rushing yards in a game
* Unanimous College Football All-America Team, All-American (2004 College Football All-America Team, 2004)
* 3× First-team All-Big 12 Conference, Big 12 (2004–2006)
* Hall Trophy (2003)
- **statleague**: NFL
- **statlabel1**: Rushing yards
- **statvalue1**: 14,918
- **statlabel2**: Rushing average
- **statvalue2**: 4.6
- **statlabel3**: Rushing touchdowns
- **statvalue3**: 120
- **statlabel4**: Reception (gridiron football), Receptions
- **statvalue4**: 305
- **statlabel5**: Receiving yards
- **statvalue5**: 2,474
- **statlabel6**: Receiving touchdowns
- **statvalue6**: 6
- **nfl**: PET260705
- **pfr**: P/PeteAd01
Iceland at the Olympics

**Iceland at the Olympics** is a history which began in 1912.

The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Iceland was ICE.  It is now ISL.

## History

Iceland was first at the **Olympic Games** in 1912. Then they missed the next four Games. After returning in 1936, the nation has been in every Summer Olympic Games since.

Iceland has also been in all but one Winter Olympic Games since 1948.  They were not at the 1972 Winter Games.

Icelandic athletes have won a total of four medals. The National Olympic Committee for Iceland was formed in 1921 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1935.

## Medalists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|Name|style="width:10em"|Games|style="width:6em"|Sport|style="width:11em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||Vilhjálmur Einarsson|1956 Melbourne|Athletics|Men's triple jump|||||
||Bjarni Friðriksson|1984 Los Angeles|Judo|Men's half heavyweight|||||
||Vala Flosadóttir|2000 Sydney|Athletics|Women's pole vault|||||
||National team: <span class="nowraplinks" style="font-size:90%">Sturla Ásgeirsson, Arnór Atlason, Logi Eldon Geirsson, Snorri Steinn Guðjónsson, Hreiðar Guðmundsson, Róbert Gunnarsson, Björgvin Páll Gustavsson, Ásgeir Örn Hallgrímsson, Ingimundur Ingimundarson, Sverre Andreas Jakobsson, Alexander Petersson, Guðjón Valur Sigurðsson, Sigfús Sigurðsson, Ólafur Stefánsson</span> || 2008 Beijing || Handball || Men's competition||||||||

### Medals by sport

|Total||0||2||2||4|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Athletics|0|1|1|2|||||
|Handball|0|1|0|1|||||
|Judo|0|0|1|1|||||

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- National Olympic and Sports Association of Iceland
- Iceland profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: ISL
- **nocname**: National Olympic and Sports Association of Iceland
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 0
- **silver**: 2
- **bronze**: 2
Autoethnography

**Autoethnography** is a method of social research whose defining characteristic is that the author links personal experience and autobiography with social, political, and cultural concepts. Its difference from ethnography is the high degree of subjectivity that is introduced to the study, and the fact that the perspective of the author shows personal involvement with the subject much more than participant observation invites.

## Different definitions of auto-ethnography

Maréchal defines auto-ethnography as “a form or method of research that involves self-observation and reflexive investigation in the context of ethnographic field work and writing”. In the 1970s it was more simply defined as “insider ethnography”, referring to the fact that the group of study is the ethnographer’s own.

## Benefits and concerns regarding auto-ethnography

The most significant element that auto-ethnography introduces to the study of culture and society is the shift from a depersonalized, “seen from a vantage point” and neutrally distanced narrative to a storyline with which the audience can engage morally, aesthetically, and intellectually, and, thus, co-participate in the events described. Especially for ethnographers who use multiple informants, auto-ethnography introduces an alternative way of writing where “the distinction between ethnographer and ‘others’ is unclear”, thereby challenging “imposed identities and boundaries”.

However, auto-ethnographers should avoid some dangerous pitfalls that could undermine the credibility and usefulness of their work. Chang identifies the following: "(1) excessive focus on self in isolation from others; (2) overemphasis on narration rather than analysis and cultural interpretation; (3) exclusive reliance on personal memory and recalling as a data source; (4) negligence of ethical standards regarding others in self-narratives; and (5) inappropriate application of the label autoethnography".

## References

- Chang, Heewon. (2008). Autoethnography as method. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.
- Hayano, D. (1979). Auto-ethnography: Paradigms, problems and prospects. Human Organization, 38(1), 99-104.
- Khosravi, Shahram. 'Illegal' Traveller: an Auto-ethnography of Borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
- Maréchal, G. (2010). Autoethnography. In A. J. Mills, G. Durepos & E. Wiebe (Eds.), Encyclopedia of case study research (Vol. 2, pp. 43-45). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Pratt, Mary Louise. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge, 1992.
Cape Girardeau, Missouri

**Cape Girardeau** is a city in eastern Missouri. It is next to the Mississippi River.
Homo sacer

**Homo sacer** (Latin for the ‘sacred man’ or ‘accursed man’) is a phrase taken from Roman law. It is
used to describe someone who is banished, and may be killed by anybody but not used in a religious killing
(sacrifice). Described by Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben in his book _Homo Sacer_; ‘sovereign
power and bare life’ as a person who is living a ‘naked life’ and is an outcast of society.

## Occurrence

Someone becomes Homo Sacer by breaking a legal agreement or oath; people who
illegally cross the borders between countries have often been referred to and treated as Homo
Sacer. In Shahram Khosravi’s book _Illegal traveller_ he talks about how someone
forced to leave their country to find a better life elsewhere can become ‘homo sacer’, which can
lead to a feeling of separation from the rest of society.

## Consequences

This makes the person an outlaw; they have no civil rights and lose their protection
from the state. They are often victims of abuse and unfair treatment both through this loss of rights
but also from everyday citizens.

## References

- http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/homo-sacer/
- http://www.16beavergroup.org/monday/archives/000374.php
- Giorgio Agambens’ ‘Homo Sacer: Sovereign power and bare life, Stanford University Press; 1 edition (April 1, 1998)
- Shahram Khosravi’s ‘illegal traveller’ first published 2010 by Palgrave Macmillan
Israel at the Olympics

**Israel** has been at the **Olympic Games** as a nation since 1952.  Its National Olympic Committee was formed in 1933 during the British Mandate of Palestine.  As the team represented the Jewish community, it boycotted the 1936 Games in Germany in protest of the Nazi Party's anti-Semitic policies.  Israel has sent a team to each Summer Olympic Games since 1952 (except the 1980 Summer Olympics) and to each Winter Olympic Games since 1994.  In 1972, 11 members of the Israeli delegation were murdered by Black September terrorists.

## List of medalists

|style="width:6em"|Medal|style="width:10em"|Name|style="width:10em"|Games|style="width:7em"|Sport|style="width:14em"|Event|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||1992 Barcelona|Judo|Women's half middleweight||||||
|||1992 Barcelona|Judo|Men's lightweight||||||
|||1996 Atlanta|Sailing|Men's sailboard||||||
|||2000 Sydney|Canoeing|Men's K-1 500 metres||||||
|||2004 Athens|Judo|Men's half heavyweight||||||
|||2004 Athens|Sailing|Men's sailboard||||||
|||2008 Beijing|Sailing|Men's sailboard||||||
|||2016 Rio de Janeiro|Judo|Women's half middleweight||||||
|||2016 Rio de Janeiro|Judo|Men's heavyweight||||||

### Medals by Games

|Total||1||1||7||9|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1992 Barcelona|0|1|1|2|||||
|1996 Atlanta|0|0|1|1|||||
|2000 Sydney|0|0|1|1|||||
|2004 Athens|1|0|1|2|||||
|2008 Beijing|0|0|1|1|||||
|2012 London|_No medals won_||||||||
|2016 Rio de Janeiro|0|0|2|2|||||

### Medals by sport

|Total||1||1||7||9|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Sailing|1|0|2|3|||||
|Judo|0|1|4|5|||||
|Canoeing|0|0|1|1|||||

## Athletes killed in the 1972 Olympics

The eleven members of Israel's 1972 Olympic team killed during the Munich massacre:

- David Berger, 28, weightlifter
- Ze'ev Friedman, 28, weightlifter
- Yossef Gutfreund, 40, wrestling referee
- Eliezer Halfin, 24, wrestler
- Yossef Romano, 31, weightlifter
- Amitzur Shapira, 40, track coach
- Kehat Shorr, 53, shooting coach
- Mark Slavin, 18, wrestler
- Andre Spitzer, 27, fencing coach
- Yakov Springer, 51, weightlifting judge
- Moshe Weinberg, 33, wrestling coach

## Related pages

- List of IOC country codes

## Other websites

- Olympic Committee of Israel
- Israel at SportsReference.com
- Israel profile at London2012.com

## Infobox (country at games)

- **noc**: ISR
- **nocname**: Olympic Committee of Israel
- **games**: Olympics
- **website**:  
- **gold**: 1
- **silver**: 1
- **bronze**: 7
Totemism

**Totemism** is a belief about the relationship between people and nature. The term totem comes from an Ojibwe word meaning “a relative of mine”. It was first written about in 1791 by a trader, James Long. It has been recorded across native tribes of America, Africa and Australia. It has been the subject of much research into ethnic groups. Usually, totems of a kinship group will be animals or plants. They will be represented in sacred objects and will belong exclusively to them.

## Early records

Totemism was considered a primitive religion by many European thinkers in the 1800s. It was thought to be related to beliefs about food and incest taboos. In 1869, John Ferguson McLennan said that "there is no race of men that has not come through this primitive stage of speculative belief".  Early thinkers had the idea that beliefs in totemism came from indigenous clans being uneducated about the difference between humans and animals. This is not still talked about as true in modern discussions on totemism.

## Totem poles

Totem poles are carved with symbols on large trees, mostly cedar or spruce, by native northwest North American clans. Totem poles are also found in Alaska. They are not for worship, but early missionaries had them burned down. This was a mistake because the poles just tell stories about the clan they belong to. Eagles or ravens are carved at the highest level. Lower down the pole are carved beavers, foxes, bears and frogs.  A carving of a person is located on top. He is the watchman, who warns about approaching danger in the village.

## History of totemic theory

Émile Durkheim said in 1915 that totemism was just a way of thinking about groups in society. Durkheim decided this because he spent time working with Aboriginal Australian clans. Each clan had its own totem, which could be any natural feature such as animals, plants or rivers. These totems and symbols of them were worshiped and protected. This was because only as long as the totem was healthy would the clan stay healthy. Durkheim decided that the worship of the totems was a type of self-worship for the clan.

Claude Lévi-Strauss published _Totemism_ in 1962. In this book he says that totemism is a way that humans tend to classify people into similar groups. Once a population has made rules like exogamy (marrying outside the group) it becomes important to keep the clan different from others. But humans themselves do not have different features like wolves or birds do, so giving the identity of an animal to the clan makes its member distinctly different. This makes social boundaries.

## References

- Frazer, J.G. (1910) _Totemism and Exogamy_ (4 vols) London: Macmillan
- Levi Strauss, C. (1962) (1969) _Totemism_, Harmondsworth: Penguin
- Barfield, Thomas (ed) (1997) _The Dictionary of Anthropology_, Blackwell
- Bernard, Alan and Spencer, Jonathan (eds) (1996) _Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology_, Routledge
Neocolonialism

**Neocolonialism** is a system where empires pretend to let their colonies be free, but they continue to run them secretly. The term "neo" means "new", so it means that the system is a new version of colonialism. The word neocolonialism was carefully explained by socialists in the 1960s, who were afraid their countries wouldn't really be independent. The socialists mostly talked about the old empires controlling the politics and economy of their countries, but some people also talk about neocolonialism as a way to control culture too.

Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana after it became independent from the British Empire, wrote a well-known book about neocolonialism. Many people have heard of the idea because of his book. Che Guevara is another famous opponent of neocolonialism.

Most people who use the word neocolonialism and believe it describes the world today are socialists, anti-imperialists, and other types of leftists. Liberals and right-wing people tend to disagree with the idea of neocolonialism.

The Defense Agreements between France and French-speaking African countries established close cooperation, particularly in defense and security matters. Often accompanied by secret clauses, they allowed France to intervene militarily: to rescue regimes in order to establish the legitimacy of political powers favorable to its interests, to fight jihadism, particularly in the Sahel, or to put an end to civil wars. The departure of French troops from the African continent signals the end of a world, that of interventions in Chad, Togo, Gabon, Rwanda, Djibouti, Zaire, Somalia, Ivory Coast, Mali, Libya, and Cameroon. It also marks the end of "Françafrique".

## Related pages

- Imperialism