juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bell 205

The **Bell 205** is a US helicopter. It is the civilian variant of the famous military UH-1D & UH-1H Iroquois. Some were built under licence in Germany, Italy, and Japan. In Italian it is called _Agusta-Bell AB-205_.
Bell 204

The **Bell 204** is a US helicopter. It is a civilian variant of UH-1B Iroquois. Some were built under licence in Italy as _Agusta-Bell AB-204_. Bell 205 is a modernized and enlarged variant.
Bell 222

The **Bell 222** is a US civilian helicopter. It has a retractable landing gear. It was popularized by the US TV series _Airwolf_. The Bell 230 is a modernized variant.

## Similar helicopters

- Aérospatiale SA-365 Dauphin 2.
- Agusta A.109.
Separatism

In a society, certain people may have ideas that are noticeably different from those of the majority. These people are called separatists (for example, the state or a religious group) recognises that their ideas are different. Very often, they also want autonomy, self-determination, and perhaps secession and independence from the main group. People may support separatism because they are of a different culture, ethnicity, religion, race or gender than the majority. It may also be because they have different ideas about governing, laws or religion.

### Ethnicity

Ethnic separatism is based more on differences in culture and language than religious or racial differences. These may also may exist, however.
- Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
- South Ossetia and Abkhazia separated from Georgia.
- Armenian separatists of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.

### Religion

Religious separatist groups and sects want to withdraw from some larger religious groups.
- In the 16th and 17th century, certain people in Great Britain wanted to become independent of the Church of England.
The separation of beliefs and/or practices is often followed by a migration. The dissident group may fear sanctions for heresy if they stay in their original homeland.

#### Physical separation of different religions

- The Partition of British India into the modern-day countries of India, Pakistan,  Bangladesh and Myanmar (which was called _Burma_ at the time). In India, most people are Hindu, in Pakistan, Islam is the state religion. In Bangladesh most people are Muslim. In Myanmar most are Buddhist.
- The Partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into Jewish and Arab nations. This has led to separatism between the Jewish nation (Israel) and the Arab nations (Jordan and the Palestinian territories).

### Race

Racial separatists are against their members marrying with other races. They want separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions or even separate societies, territories and governments.
- Black separatism is the idea to create separate institutions for black people in the United States.
- There were two wars in South Africa, where the Boer wanted to form an independent state: The First Boer War and the Second Boer War.

### Gender

Gender-based separatism includes:
- Separatist feminism is a form of feminism.

## Related pages

- Segregation, forced separation
- List of unrecognized countries
- Separatist movements of India
- Separatist movements of Pakistan
- Minority rights
- Nationalism
Ugni

***Ugni*** is a genus of plants of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). Four species belong to this genus, all from western America.

## Description

They are small evergreen shrubs. The leaves are simple, entire, opposite, elliptical; they are 1–2 cm long and 0.2-2.5 cm broad, dark green, and with a spicy scent if broken into many small pieces.

The solitary flowers are usually hanging; they are 1–2 cm diameter with four or five white or pale pink petals and many short stamens. The fruit is a small red or purple berry, 1 cm in diameter, with many seeds.

## Name

The name comes from _Uñi_ with which the Mapuches (native people from south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina) name the fruits of the best known species of the genus, _Ugni molinae_.

The genus was formerly often included in either _Myrtus_ or _Eugenia_; it is distinguished from these two genera by the hanging flowers with stamens shorter than the petals.

The Russian botanist Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow created the genus _Ugni_ in 1849.

## Where it grows

All species of this genus are found in western South and Central America, native from southern Mexico to central southern Chile and Argentina.

## Species

There are four species in this genus:'
- _Ugni candollei_ (Barnéoud) O.Berg: Chile
- _Ugni molinae_Turcz.: Chile and Argentina
- _Ugni myricoides_ (Kunth) O.Berg: Southern Mexico, Central America to Bolivia, Venezuela and northern Brazil
- _Ugni selkirkii_ (Hook. & Arn.) O.Berg: Endemic species of the Juan Fernández Islands, Chile

## Uses

_Ugni molinae_ is grown as an ornamental plant and for its edible fruits; these fruits are also used to make jams.

## Other websites

- _Ugni_ in Encyclopedia of the Chilean Flora
- _Ugni molinae_ at ChileBosque
- Flora of Chile: _Ugni_
- Trees and shrubs of Ecuador: _Ugni_
Bell X-1

The **Bell X-1** is a famous US jet aircraft. It was the first aircraft in the world that reach a speed of Mach 1 in level flight. It was the October 14th 1947. Its pilot was Chuck Yeager.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: X-1
- **image**: File:Bell X-1 46-062 (in flight).jpg
- **caption**: X-1 #46-062, nicknamed _Glamorous Glennis_.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Experimental aircraft, Experimental rocket plane
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: Bell Aircraft
- **first flight**: 19 January 1946
- **status**: Retired
- **primary user**: United States Air Force
- **more users**: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
- **number built**: 4
Bell P-63 Kingcobra

The **Bell P-63 Kingcobra** is a US fighter aircraft of World War II. It is a modernized variant of the P-39 Aircobra. Refused by the USA and UK, it was used by Free France and the USSR as a fighter-bomber. After the war some were used by Honduras. More than 3300 examples were built between 1943 and 1945.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: P-63 Kingcobra
- **image**: File:Bell P-63 Kingcobra in flight.jpgborder


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Fighter aircraft
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: Bell Aircraft
- **first flight**: 7 December 1942
- **introduced**: October 1943
- **status**: Retired
- **primary user**: United States Army Air Forces
- **more users**: Soviet Air Force
French Air Force
- **produced**: 1943–1945
- **number built**: 3,303
- **unit cost**: United States dollar, US$65,914 (1945)
- **developed from**: Bell P-39 Airacobra
Curtiss C-46 Commando

The **Curtiss C-46 Commando** is an American cargo aircraft. It was mainly used by US Army Air Force and US Navy for the World War II and after the Korean War. It was called **R5C-1** by US Navy. After 1945 many were sold to airlines across the world. It's often confused with the Douglas C-47 Skytrain.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: C-46 Commando
- **image**: File:C-46_Commando.jpgborder
- **caption**: A wartime photograph of a US Army Air Forces (USAAF) C-46 Commando


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Military transport aircraft
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: Curtiss-Wright
- **first flight**: 26 March 1940 in aviation, 1940
- **introduced**: 1941 in aviation, 1941
- **status**: Active in limited civilian use
- **primary user**: United States Army Air Forces
- **more users**: United States Air Force
United States Marine Corps
United States Navy
- **produced**: 1940–1945
- **number built**: 3,181
Dassault Super Mirage 4000

The **Dassault Super Mirage 4000** is a prototype of a fighter aircraft. It was built in France by Dassault Aviation to compete McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and Panavia Tornado. Its first flight was in 1979, but it was refused by the French Air Force. Since 1995 it is at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, near Paris.
Dassault Falcon 20

The **Dassault Falcon 20** is a French twin-turbojet aircraft. It was the first business jet built in France. It can carry two pilots and between eight and twelve passengers.

## Militaries variant

The United States Coast Guard uses a special variant for search and rescue and reconnaissance called **HU-25 Guardian**. A similar aircraft is used by French Navy as **Gardian** for operations in Overseas France.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Dassault Falcon 20
- **image**: File:Dassault_Falcon_20,_F-BTQZ,_SARL_Euralair_International.jpg
- **caption**: **Dassault Falcon 20**.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Business jet and Reconnaissance aircraft.
- **national origin**: France
- **manufacturer**: Dassault Aviation
- **first flight**: 1964
- **introduction**: 1965
- **status**: Active.
- **number built**: 508
Dassault Falcon 10

The **Dassault Falcon 10** is a French light business jet. It's a shorter variant of the Falcon 20. Between 1973 and 1985 a total of 212 examples were built. Some are used by French Navy as training aircrafts.
Gloster Gladiator

The **Gloster Gladiator** is a biplane fighter aircraft of the World War II. It was built in UK and used by Royal Air Force, especially in Malta. **Sea Gladiator** was a variant, built for operations from an aircraft carrier, and used by Fleet Air Arm. Belgium, Finland, and Norway also used it. It was the last biplane fighter in service in UK.
Leduc 0.10

The **Leduc 0.10** is an experimental jet aircraft. Built in France, it was the first aircraft in the world to fly powered just by a ramjet. It was built in 1947. In 2013 it is at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace.
Duke of Norfolk

The **Duke of Norfolk** is an aristocrat or peer in the United Kingdom. He is Earl Marshal in the House of Lords. He has a family home at Arundel Castle in West Sussex. His family have long been Catholic. They paid for the building of Arundel Cathedral. The title dates to 1397. As of 2013 the holder of the title is the 18th Duke, Edward Fitzalan-Howard. He took the title in 2002.
McDonnell FH Phantom

The **McDonnell FH Phantom** was one of the first U.S. jet fighters. It was used by the US Navy and US Marines Corps from aircraft carriers between 1947 and 1954. Mc Donnell F2H Banshee is a modernized variant.
Arundel Cathedral

**Arundel Cathedral** is a Roman Catholic church in West Sussex in Southern England. It was built in 1868. It is dedicated to Our Lady and Saint Philip Howard, the 20th Earl of Arundel, who died in the Tower of London under Queen Elizabeth I.

## Other websites

- Cathedral website
Jinsei Shinzaki

**Kensuke Shinzaki** (born December 2, 1966) is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is better known under the ring names, **Jinsei Shinzaki** and **Hakushi**.

## Career

He started in Gran Hamada's Universal Lucha Libre promotion where he competed under the name **Mongolian Yuga**.

He competed in the World Wrestling Federation in 1995 where he portrayed a Japanese villain named Hakushi (White Messenger). He debuted in a match against a young Matt Hardy which Hakushi won.

He gained victories over Aldo Montoya and 1-2-3 Kid. He embarked on a short feud with Bret Hart and also competed in the 1996 Royal Rumble but was eliminated by Bret's brother, Owen Hart.

During a match against Justin "Hawk" Bradshaw, Bradshaw hit Hakushi with a branding iron after Bradshaw defeated him and Hakushi  had been so humiliated by the branding that he (kayfabe) left the WWF.

After he left the WWF, he competed in a tag team match at Extreme Championship Wrestling's 1998 ECW Heat Wave with Hayabusa for the ECW World Tag Team Championships against Rob Van Dam and Sabu.

Shinzaki owned a restaurant in Japan but his restaurant along with his house were destroyed in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and he was forced to live in his car.

## Championships

- **All Japan Pro Wrestling**
    - AJPW All Asia Tag Team Championship (one time) (with Hayabusa)
- **Michinoku Pro Wrestling**
    - Tohoku Tag Team Championship (three times) (with Último Dragón (one) and Gaina (two))
    - Futaritabi Tag Tournament (1994) (with Super Delfin)
- **Pro Wrestling Illustrated**
    - He was ranked **#209** of the 500 best singles wrestlers by PWI during the "PWI Years" in 2003.

## Other websites

- Michinoku Pro Wrestling profile

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: Jinsei Shinzaki
- **image**: 20230122hakusi.jpg
- **birth name**: Kensuke Shinzaki
- **caption**: Shinzaki in January 2023
- **names**: Hakushi
**Jinsei Shinzaki**
Mongolian Yuga
Mr. Nihon Kamikaze
- **birth place**: Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
- **billed**: Japan (as Hakushi)
- **trainer**: Gran Hamada
- **debut**: November 19, 1992
Arundel

**Arundel** is a small town on the River Arun in West Sussex, England. It is the site of Arundel Castle, the seat of the Duke of Norfolk, and the Catholic Arundel Cathedral. It is 10 miles east of Chichester.

## Other websites

- Arundel
Flower pot

A **flower pot** is a container in which flowers and other plants are grown. They are traditionally made from terracotta, but are now often also made from plastic, wood or stone. The flower pot is filled with soil and have a plant planted in them. Often there are holes in the bottom, to allow water to flow out, sometimes into a saucer that is placed under the flowerpot. If the plant becomes too big for the pot, it is moved to a bigger one.
Bernadette Lafont

**Bernadette Lafont** (28 October 1938 – 25 July 2013) was a French actress.

Lafont won the César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role in _An Impudent Girl_ (L'Effrontée) in 1985. For her long service to the French motion picture industry, in 2003 she was awarded an Honorary César.

Lafont was born on 28 October 1938 in Nîmes, Gard, France. She has been married to Gérard Blain from 1957 until they divorced in 1959. Then she was married to Diourka Medveczky until they divorced. She had a daughter, actress Pauline Lafont (1963-1988). Lafont died on 25 July 2013 in Nîmes, Gard, France from cardiac arrest, aged 74.
Virginia E. Johnson

**Virginia Eshelman Johnson** (February 11, 1925 – July 24, 2013) was an American sexologist and psychologist, best known as the junior member of the Masters and Johnson sexuality research team.

Johnson was born on February 11, 1925 in Springfield, Missouri. She studied at Drury University.

Johnson divorced her first husband, with whom she had had two children – Scott Forstall and Lisa Evans – in 1956. Then she was married to William H. Masters from 1971 until they divorced in 1992. Johnson died on July 24, 2013 in St. Louis, Missouri from an illness, aged 88.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Virginia E. Johnson
- **birth name**: Virginia Eshelman
- **birth place**: Springfield, Missouri
- **death place**: St. Louis, Missouri
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **alma mater**: Drury University
- **known for**: Masters and Johnson human sexuality research team
- **occupation**: Sexologist and psychologist
- **spouse**: William H. Masters (1971–1992)
- **children**: Scott Forstall
Lisa Evans
William H. Masters

**William Howell Masters** (December 27, 1915 – February 16, 2001) was an American gynecologist. He was best known as the senior member of the Masters and Johnson sexuality research team. With Virginia Johnson, he did research into the nature of human sex. The work lasted from 1957 until the 1990s. It included the diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions. This was a more orthodox kind of research than that done by Alfred Kinsey.

Masters was born on December 27, 1915 in Cleveland, Ohio. He was married three times, and all the  marriages ended in divorce. Masters died on February 16, 2001 in Tucson, Arizona from Parkinson's disease, aged 85.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: William Howell Masters
- **birth place**: Cleveland, Ohio
- **death place**: Tucson, Arizona
- **death cause**: Parkinson's disease
- **education**: Lawrenceville School
Hamilton College (New York), Hamilton College
- **spouse**: Geraldine Baker Oliver (1993–2001) (his death)
 Virginia E. Johnson (1971–1992)
 Elisabeth Ellis, (div. 1971)
Married... with Children

***Married... with Children*** is an American sitcom. It aired for 11 seasons on Fox. It is about a family living in a fictional Chicago, Illinois, suburb. It stars Ed O'Neill, Katey Sagal, Amanda Bearse, Christina Applegate, David Faustino, Ted McGinley, and David Garrison. On April 22, 2012, Fox re-aired the series premiere in honor of its 25th anniversary.
According to Jim

***According to Jim*** is an American television sitcom. It stars Jim Belushi as a suburban father of three children (five children starting with the season-seven finale). It originally ran on ABC from October 1, 2001 to June 2, 2009.
George Lopez (TV series)

***George Lopez*** (also known as ***The George Lopez Show***) is an American sitcom starring comedian George Lopez. The show originally aired on ABC from March 27, 2002, to May 8, 2007. Emiliano Díez and Belita Moreno also star in the show.

## Cast

|Actor|Character|Season|
| --- | --- | --- |
|George Lopez|George Edward Lopez|All Seasons|
|Constance Marie|Angelina "Angie" Lopez (née Palmero)|All Seasons|
|Belita Moreno|Benita "Benny" Lopez (née Diaz)|All Seasons|
|Masiela Lusha|Carmen Consuelo Lopez|Seasons 1-5 Regular ; last appears in first episode of Season 6|
|Luis Armand Garcia|Maxwell "Max" Victor Roberto Magic Johnson Lopez|All Seasons|
|Valente Rodriguez|Ernesto "Ernie" Cardenas|All Seasons|
|Emiliano Díez|Victor "Vic" Palmero|Seasons 2–3 Recurring; Seasons 4–6  Regular|
|Aimee Garcia|Veronica Palmero|Season 5 Recurring; Season 6 Regular|
|Jack Blessing and Mark Tymchyshyn|Jack and Mel Powers|All Seasons|

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: George Lopez show title card.png
- **image size**: 250
- **image alt**: George Lopez show title card
- **genre**: Sitcom
- **theme music composer**: Papa Dee Allen, Thomas Allen, Harold Ray Brown, B. B. Dickerson, Morris Dickerson, Gerald Goldstein, Lonnie Jordan, Lee Levitin, Charles Miller (musician), Charles Miller, and Howard E. Scott
- **opentheme**: "Low Rider" by War (U.S. band), War
- **endtheme**: Instrumental closing theme, composed by Nicholas "Aqua" McCarrell
- **composer**: W. G. Walden, W.G. Snuffy Walden
 Nicholas "Aqua" McCarrell
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 6
- **num episodes**: 120
- **list episodes**: List of George Lopez episodes
- **location**: Los Angeles, California
- **runtime**: 22 minutes
- **network**: American Broadcasting Company, ABC
Belita Moreno

**Aurabela "Belita" Moreno** (born November 1, 1949 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress best known for her roles as Benita "Benny" Lopez on the ABC sitcom _George Lopez_ and Edwina Twinkacetti/Lydia Markham on _Perfect Strangers_.

## Other websites

- Belita Moreno profile at Starpulse.com
- Date of birth of Belita Moreno confirmed as November 1, 1949 at _Texas Births, 1926-1995. Family Tree Legends Records Collection (Online Database). Pearl Street Software, 2004-2005_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Belita Moreno
- **birth name**: Aurabela Moreno
- **birth place**: Dallas, Texas, U.S.
- **years active**: 1977–present
- **occupation**: Actress
- **spouse**: Joel Rudnick (?– present)
- **children**: 2
Emiliano Díez

**Emiliano Díez** (born 26 August 1953 in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban movie and television actor. He is best known for his role as Victor Palmero in the sitcom _George Lopez_, as well as his role as Manny Beltrán in the sitcom _Los Beltrán_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Emiliano Díez
- **image**: EmilianoDiez09.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Díez in January 2009
- **birth name**: Emiliano Diez
- **birth place**: Havana, Cuba
- **occupation**: Actor/Singer
- **years active**: 1976–present
Valente Rodriguez

**Valente Rodriguez** (born February 14, 1964 in Edcouch, Texas) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Ernesto "Ernie" Cardenas on the sitcom _George Lopez_. He currently stars as Cesar in the TV Land sitcom _Happily Divorced_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Valente Rodriguez
- **birth place**: Edcouch, Texas, United States
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1988–present
Constance Marie

**Constance Marie Lopez** (born September 9, 1965) is an American actress.

She is known for her role as Angie Lopez on _George Lopez_ (2002–2007) and for her role as Marcella Quintanilla (mother of Selena) in the 1997 movie _Selena_. She now plays Regina Vasquez on the ABC Family drama _Switched at Birth_.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Constance Pallo's Spay/neuter PSA in English

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Constance Marie
- **image**: Constance Marie.jpg
- **caption**: Marie at the 2012 Imagen Foundation Awards.
- **birth name**: Constance Marie Lopez
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, East Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1982–present
Aimee Garcia

**Aimee** **Khadija Garcia López de Ordóñez**(born November 28, 1978) is an American actress and writer. She is known for her television roles as Veronica Palmero on the ABC sitcom _George Lopez_(2006–2007), Jamie Batista on the Showtime drama _Dexter_ (2011–2013), Yvonne Sanchez on the CBS period drama _Vegas_ (2012–2013), and Ella Lopez on the Fox/Netflix drama _Lucifer_ (2016–2021).

## Other websites

- Aimee Garcia interview

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Aimee Khadija Garcia
- **birth name**: Aimee Khadija Garcia
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1996–present
Paranoia (2013 movie)

***Paranoia*** is an American drama thriller movie directed by Robert Luketic. The screenplay was written by Barry L. Levy and Jason Dean Hall, based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Joseph Finder. It stars Liam Hemsworth, Gary Oldman, Harrison Ford, Amber Heard and Josh Holloway.

It was released on August 16, 2013.
The Conjuring

***The Conjuring*** is a 2013 American supernatural horror movie. The movie is based on the real life events of Ed and Lorraine Warren. It is set in Rhode Island in 1971. It stars Patrick Wilson, Vera Farmiga, Ron Livingston, Lili Taylor, Mackenzie Foy, and Joey King. _The Conjuring_ was released in the United States and Canada on July 19, 2013, and in the United Kingdom on August 2, 2013. A prequel titled _Annabelle_ was released in October 2014. A sequel, _The Conjuring 2_ was released in 2016.
Family Weekend

***Family Weekend*** is an American comedy/drama movie. It was the first movie directed by Benjamin Epps. It stars Matthew Modine, Kristin Chenoweth, Olesya Rulin, Joey King, Shirley Jones, and Chloe Bridges. It was released on March 29, 2013.
Mick Dodson

**Michael James** "**Mick**" **Dodson**, AM (born 10 April 1950, in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an indigenous Australian activist, lawyer and teacher. He is the director of the National Centre for Indigenous Studies at the Australian National University. He is also a professor of law at the university's College of Law. He was previously director of the Indigenous Law Centre at the University of New South Wales. He was named Australian of the Year in 2009.

Dodson was born in Katherine, in the Northern Territory. He is a member of the Yawuru people, who are the traditional owners of the land around Broome, in Western Australia. His brother is Patrick Dodson, who has become a well-known Aboriginal leader as well. Their parents died when they were still children. When this happened, Mick moved to Monivae College, a boarding school in Hamilton, Victoria. He graduated in law from Monash University in 1974. He was the first indigenous person to graduate from law in Australia.

Dodson has been an important advocate of land rights and other issues affecting Indigenous Australians. He was a commissioner with the Australian Human Rights Commission from April 1993 to January 1998. From August 1988 to October 1990, he worked with the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. He is currently a chairperson of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mick Dodson
- **image**: 03P-001-4 (21399974699) (Dodson cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Dodson in 2014
- **birth name**: Michael James Dodson
- **birth place**: Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia
- **nationality**: Australian
- **education**: Monash University
- **occupation**: Lawyer, professor
- **employer**: Australian National University
- **relatives**: Patrick Dodson (brother)
- **awards**: Australian of the Year (2009)
Hume Cronyn

**Hume Blake Cronyn**, OC (July 18, 1911 – June 15, 2003) was a Canadian-American actor and writer who enjoyed a long career, often appearing professionally alongside his second wife, Jessica Tandy.

Cronyn was born in July 18, 1911 in London, Ontario, Canada. He studied at Ridley College and at McGill University.

Cronyn was married to Emily Woodruff from 1934 until they divorced in 1936. Then he was married to Jessica Tandy from 1942 until her death in 1994. Then he was married to Susan Cooper from 1996 until his death in 2003.

Cronyn died on June 15, 2003 in Fairfield, Connecticut from prostate cancer. He was 91.

He won three Emmy Awards and one Tony Award.

## Other websites

- Hume Cronyn at Virtual History
- Order of Canada Citation
- Hume Cronyn - Internet Accuracy Project

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hume Cronyn
- **honorific suffix**: Order of Canada, OC
- **image**: Hume Cronyn studio publicity portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Cronyn in the 1950s
- **birth name**: Hume Blake Cronyn Jr.
- **birth place**: London, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Fairfield, Connecticut, U.S.
- **years active**: 1934–2001
- **children**: 2
- **parents**: Hume Cronyn (politician), Hume Cronyn Sr. (father)
Edward Platt

**Edward Cuthbert Platt** (February 14, 1916 – March 19, 1974) was an American actor best known for his role as "The Chief" in the 1965-70 NBC/CBS television series _Get Smart_. With his deep voice and mature countenance, he played an eclectic mix of characters over the span of his career.

Platt was born on February 14, 1916 in Staten Island, New York City. He studied at Juilliard School of Music and at Princeton University.

Platt was married to Suzanne Belcher from 1954 until his death in 1974. They had four children. Platt died on March 19, 1974 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack, aged 58.

However, one of his sons confirmed that Platt committed suicide after two previous attempts while suffering from an undiagnosed and untreated depression that was further sparked by financial troubles. It is also said that Platt's _Get Smart_ co-star Don Adams knew the real cause of death.

## Other websites

- "Chief" places 6th on Great Secondary TV Characters list

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Edward Platt
- **image**: Virginia Brissac, Jim Backus, Ann Doran, Edward Platt and James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause trailer.jpg
- **caption**: Platt (sitting in desk) in _Cause_ trailer, 1955
- **birth name**: Edward Cuthbert Platt
- **birth place**: Staten Island, New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: Princeton University
- **education**: Juilliard School
- **known for**: **The Chief** in _Get Smart_
- **years active**: 1949 – 1974
Barbara Feldon

**Barbara Feldon** (born March 12, 1933) is an American character actress who works mostly in the theatre but is primarily known for her roles on television. Her most well-known role was that of Agent 99 on the 1960s sitcom _Get Smart_. She also worked as a model.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Barbara Feldon
- **image**: Don Adams Barbara Feldon Get Smart 1965.JPG
- **caption**: Feldon as Agent 99 with Don Adams in _Get Smart_, 1965
- **birth name**: Barbara Anne Hall
- **birth place**: Bethel Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, model, television host, writer
- **years active**: 1965–present
- **spouse**: Lucien Verdoux-Feldon (1958-1967, divorced)
- **partner**: Burt Nodella (1968-1979)
Christina Cox

**Christina Cox** (31 July 1971) is a Canadian actress. She acts in television programs and independent movies. She became known for playing Eve Logan in _The Chronicles of Riddick_. She is also a stuntwoman who did boxing stunts for Hilary Swank in _Million Dollar Baby_. Cox was born in Toronto.
Lanu-puisto

**Lanu-puisto** is a park near Pikku-Vesijärvi in Lahti, Finland. It contains 12 statues by Olavi Lanu, made of concrete. It was built 1988–1992.

## References

- Statues
- Olavi Lanu in Lahti library's pages
Headphone amplifier

A **headphone amplifier** is a sound amplifier that is designed for headphones.
Tube amplifier

A **tube amplifier** is a sound amplifier that uses vacuum tubes instead of transistors to amplify signal. Some people think the sound from tube amplifiers is better than transistor-based amplifiers. Even the measured distortion would be higher with vacuum tubes.
Distortion

To distort is to change the shape of something. Distortion may refer to:

- Distortion (signal processing) (picture), part of signal processing
- Distortion in electrical signal
- Distortion, a type of musical effect that can be controlled using an effect pedal
- Distortion (economics), a state where the agent does not maximize its profit or utility
- Cognitive distortion, irrational thought patterns
- In statistics, the bias of an estimator is sometimes called distortion
- In medicine, a Strain (injury) is called distortion
IRS tax forms

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issues **tax forms** to people and organisations who pay tax in the United States. These documents are used by taxpayers to report information about their finances. This includes information about income, which is required by the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) in order to calculate how much tax must be paid to the federal government of the United States. There are over 800 forms. The best-known of these is Form 1040 used by individual people.

## Types of forms

- Form **1040** is used by individual people. It is used to report their income, calculate how much tax they have already paid, and how much more they need to pay. These are issued every year, and each person must send the form back with their information written in. The forms are normally due by April 15 of the next year.
- Form **990** provides the public with financial information about a specific organization. It is also used by government agencies to make sure organizations that do not have to pay tax (such as non-profit organizations) comply with the rules. By doing this, they make sure that these organizations are really not making any profits.
- Form **1040NR** is used by foreign workers who have earned income from the United States.
- Informational returns report information to taxpayers to help them complete their own tax returns. They are prepared by employers and banks. Copies of them are also sent to the IRS. An example is Form **1098**, which is used to report interest that a taxpayer has paid on his or her mortgage.
- Several forms begin with the code **W**. Some examples of these include:
    - Form **W-2** is used by an employer to report wages paid to employees. It also reports the tax that was deducted from those wages. Employers must complete a Form W-2 for each employee to whom they pay a salary or wage. An employer must mail out the Form W-2 to employees on or before January 31. This gives the employees about 2 months to finish their tax returns before the April 15 due date.
    - Form **W-9** is used to request a taxpayer's identification number and certification. To apply for this, the taxpayer must give some basic information like name, marriage status, and social security number.

## Other websites

- Internal Revenue Service
Banana plug

A **banana plug** is a type of electrical connector used for joining wires to equipment.
Division of Aston

The **Division of Aston** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1984 and is named for Tilly Aston. Aston was a blind writer and teacher who helped setup the Library of the Victorian Association of Braille Writers in 1894. Aston is in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, including Rowville, Scoresby, Knoxfield, Vermont and Wantirna.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||John Saunderson|Labor|1984–1990|
|||Peter Nugent|Liberal|1990–2001|
|||Chris Pearce|Liberal|2001–2010|
|||Alan Tudge|Liberal|2010–2023|
|||Mary Doyle|Labor|2023–present|

In 2013, Alan Tudge was made the Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister, Tony Abbott.

## Other websites

- Division of Aston – Australian Electoral Commission
- Alan Tudge's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Aston
- **image**: Division of ASTON 2016.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Aston in Victoria (Australia), Victoria, as of 2016 federal election.
- **created**: 1984
- **mp**: Mary Doyle
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: Tilly Aston
- **electors**: 96010
- **electors year**: 2016
- **area**: 99
- **class**: Outer Metropolitan
Division of Batman

The **Division of Batman** was an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1906 and replaced the Division of Northern Melbourne. It was abolished in 2019 and replaced by the Division of Cooper.

It took its name from John Batman, one of the founders of the city of Melbourne. At first it covered the inner suburbs of Carlton and Fitzroy, but as the boundaries changed it moved north. It included Alphington, Clifton Hill, Northcote, Preston, Reservoir and Thornbury.

## Members

|Image|Member|Party|Term|Notes|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan=2||rowspan="2"|Jabez Coon|Protectionist|1906–1909||||
|||Commonwealth Liberal|1909–1910||||||||
||||Henry Beard|Labor|1910–1910|Previously held the Victorian Legislative Assembly seat of Jika Jika. Died in office|||||
||||Frank Brennan|Labor|1911–1931|Served as minister under Scullin. Lost seat|||||
||||Samuel Dennis|United Australia|1931–1934|Lost seat|||||
||||Frank Brennan|Labor|1934–1949|Retired|||||
||||Alan Bird|Labor|1949–1962|Died in office|||||
|||rowspan=2||rowspan=2|Sam Benson|Labor|nowrap|1962 – August 1966|rowspan=2|Retired|
|||nowrap|Independent|nowrap|August 1966 – 1969||||||
||||Horrie Garrick|Labor|1969–1977|Lost pre-selection and retired|||||
||||Brian Howe|Labor|1977–1996|Served as minister and Deputy Prime Minister under Bob Hawke and Paul Keating. Retired|||||
||||Martin Ferguson|Labor|1996–2013|Served as minister under Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard. Retired|||||
||||David Feeney|Labor|2013–2018|Previously a member of the Senate. Disqualified over dual citizenship|||||
||||Ged Kearney|Labor|nowrap|Elected in a by-election, 17 March 2018 – 11 April 2019|Transferred to the Division of Cooper after Batman was abolished in 2019||||

Brian Howe was the Deputy Prime Minister in the Hawke and Keating governments. Martin Ferguson was the leader of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) before being elected. David Feeney was elected to the Australian Senate in 2007, and resigned to take up a seat in the House of Representatives.

## Election results

- 2004 election result
- 2007 election result
- 2010 election result
- 2013 election result
- 2016 election result

## Other websites

- Division of Batman – Australian Electoral Commission
- David Feeney's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Batman
- **image**: Division of BATMAN 2016.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Batman (green) in Melbourne, Victoria
- **created**: 1906
- **abolished**: 2019
- **namesake**: John Batman
- **electors**: 108942
- **electors year**: 2016
- **area**: 66
- **class**: Inner Metropolitan
Balanced circuit

A **balanced circuit** is a way to connect electronic systems together so that they can exchange electrical signals (like sound) while avoiding interference.

To do this, one uses a cable with two or more wires. The cable is _balanced_ if the impedances of the two wires are the same. This causes the noise to be common-mode (the same on both wires). Since it is easy to remove common-mode noise, a balanced circuit is a good way to keep noise out of electronic systems.

When used to send sound, balanced cables use XLR connectors or phone connectors.  Balanced circuits first became common in early 20th century telephone lines.
Rotary switch

A **rotary switch** is an electric switch. It may have several positions. Its position can be changed by rotating.
VIC-20

**Commodore VIC-20** was a home computer released in 1980. It was made by Commodore Business Machines. It was the first computer that sold over one million units.

The Commodore VIC-20 was powered by a 6502 CPU, running at 1 MHz.  Though the system had 5KB of RAM, users only had access to about 3.5KB for BASIC programs.  It had no internal data storage, but could store programs on standard audio tapes. Later, it could use 5.25 inch floppy disks as well. In early 1985 this computer was discontinued.
Commodore 16

**Commodore 16** was a home computer made by Commodore International. It was released in 1984. It was intended to replace VIC-20 computer, but it failed. It was sold in USA, where it was a flop, but in Europe it was a sucuess, specially as a low-end games system.
The Incredible Burt Wonderstone

***The Incredible Burt Wonderstone*** is a 2013 comedy movie directed by Don Scardino. It stars Jim Carrey, Steve Carell, Steve Buscemi, Alan Arkin, Olivia Wilde, and James Gandolfini. It got positive reviews. It was released on March 8, 2013.
Flight (movie)

***Flight*** is a 2012 drama and action movie directed by Robert Zemeckis. It stars Denzel Washington, Kelly Reilly, Melissa Leo, Don Cheadle, and John Goodman. It got positive reviews. Movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie four out of four stars. It was released on November 2, 2012. It was nominated for two Academy Awards.
Kelly Reilly

**Jessica Kelly Siobhán Reilly** (born 18 July 1977) is an English actress. She is known for her roles in _Eden Lake_, _Sherlock Holmes_, _After Miss Julie_, _Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows_, and _Flight_.

Reilly was born on 18 July 1977 in Surrey, England. She has been married to Kyle Baughner since 2012.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kelly Reilly
- **image**: Kelly Reilly 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Reilly in Paris at the French premiere of _Flight (2012 film), Flight_, January 2013
- **birth name**: Jessica Kelly Siobhán Reilly
- **birth place**: Chessington, England, UK
- **height**: 168 cm
- **occupation**: Celebrity
- **yearsactive**: 1995 – present
Betsy Ross

**Betsy Ross** (January 1, 1752 – January 30, 1836) is widely known as making the first American flag.  There is, however, no evidence that the story is true.

## Other websites

- _Flag: An American Biography_ website
- Betsy Ross Homepage from ushistory.org

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Betsy Ross
- **image**: Betsy Ross sewing.jpg
- **caption**: Ross sewing the American flag.
- **birth name**: Elizabeth Griscom
- **birth place**: Gloucester City, New Jersey
- **death place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **resting place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **occupation**: Seamstress
- **known for**: Sewing the Betsy Ross Flag.
Douglas A-1 Skyraider

The **Douglas A-1 Skyraider** is an attack aircraft designed and built in the United States. Its first flight was in 1945, but it was too late to be flown in World War II. Originally designed for the US Navy, it was also used by the US Air Force, Fleet Air Arm and French Air Force. It was used by US pilots in the Korean War and Vietnam War, and by the French in the Algeria War. Some were modified for reconnaissance or electronic warfare. Before 1962, the US Navy's **A-1** were called **AD**.
North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco

The **North American Aviation OV-10 Bronco** is a twin-turboprop reconnaissance and light attack aircraft. It was designed and built in the United States. The US Air Force, US Marines Corps, and US Navy used it in the Vietnam War. It was also used by the German and Indonesian air forces.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: OV-10 Bronco
- **image**: File:NASA OV-10.jpgborder
- **caption**: A NASA OV-10 conducting research


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Light Attack aircraft, attack and Artillery observer, observation Fixed-wing aircraft, aircraft
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: North American Aviation, North American Rockwell International, Rockwell
- **first flight**: 16 July 1965
- **introduced**: October 1969
- **retired**: US (1995)
- **status**: In limited service
- **primary user**: United States Marine Corps <small>(historical)</small>
- **more users**: United States Air Force <small>(historical)</small>
United States Navy <small>(historical)</small>
Philippine Air Force
- **produced**: 1965–1986
- **number built**: 360
Spherical geometry

**Spherical geometry** is the use of geometry on a sphere. It was started for cartography, as well as for making maps of stars. It is different from Euclidean geometry (which is always on a plane), and Non-Euclidean geometry. Points are defined in the same way as they are in Euclidean geometry: A point is at a defined location on the sphere. A "straight line" is different though: It is the shortest path between two points, which stays on the surface of the plane. Some theorems of Euclidean geometry cannot be used on the sphere, many of them have been adapted though.
SPAD S.XIII

The **SPAD S.XII** is a French fighter aircraft of World War I. It was used by French pilots, but also by Belgians, British, and American pilots. More than 8400 examples were built.

## Reference

1.**SPAD S.XII Reference book. Link to Book publisher.**
Photobleaching

**Photobleaching** is when a dye or a fluorophore (a chemical that re-emits light) breaks down from exposure to strong light; similar to how the detergent chemical bleach breaks down dye in clothing.

## Other websites

- Introduction to Optical Microscopy an article about photobleaching
Aérospatiale SA-315 Lama

The **Aérospatiale SA-315 Lama** is a French helicopter designed and built for operations in mountains. It is used by both civilians and the military. It is a fuselage of Alouette II which was assembled an Alouette III's turboshaft. Many were built in India as **Cheetah**.
George H. Hitchings

**George Herbert Hitchings** (April 18, 1905 – February 27, 1998) was an American doctor. He shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sir James Black and Gertrude B. Elion for their discoveries of important steps for drug treatment.
Amazon Standard Identification Number

The **Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN)** is number used by Amazon.com to identify books. When there is a ten-digit ISBN code, the ASIN is usually the same number. The ASIN can be useful to use when a book is old and has no ISBN code.
Fuji Television

**Fuji Television** is a Japanese broadcasting company. It is part of a large media company that also owns the record label and film group Pony Canyon, the newspaper _Sankei shinbun_, and other TV networks.

## Other websites

- Fuji TV
- Pony Canyon
Division of Northern Melbourne

The **Division of Northern Melbourne** was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It was one of the first 75 divisions set up for the first Federal election in 1901. It was located in the inner northern suburbs of Melbourne, including the suburbs of Carlton, North Melbourne and Fitzroy. It was abolished in 1906 when the boundaries were redrawn and mostly replaced by the Division of Batman.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||H. B. Higgins|Protectionist|1901–1906|
The division was held by one member, H. B. Higgins. Higgins was Attorney General from 1904 to 1905. He was appointed a Justice of the High Court of Australia in 1906. Isaac Selby, who was an unsuccessful candidate in the 1901 election, became famous in 1905 when he tried to shoot a judge during a court case in San Francisco.

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Northern Melbourne
- **state**: vic
- **created**: 1901
- **abolished**: 1906
- **namesake**: Northern Melbourne
Hardware

**Hardware** may refer to:
- Household hardware, equipment sold in hardware stores
- Computer hardware, physical devices that make up a computer system
- Electronic component, a basic electronic element
- Digital electronics, the hardware used by digital computer systems that can be controlled by software
Vibe

**Vibe** may mean:

- _Vibe_ (magazine)
- Vibe (band)
- Pontiac Vibe
Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy

**Fedor Jeftichew**, better known as **Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy** (1868 - January 31, 1904) was a Russian sideshow performer. Like his father, Adrien, with whom he performed, Jo-Jo was afflicted with hypertrichosis, an abnormal growth of hair over the face and body. Jo-Jo was covered with long, silky hair and was said to resemble a Skye terrier.

Jo-Jo was born in St Petersburg, Russia in 1868. He began touring Europe in 1873. He was five feet eight inches tall, had only four or five teeth, and spoke Russian, German, and a little English. He dressed like a Russian cavalryman. He would bark at an audience, and would perform as often as 23 times a day. In 1886, he was making US$500 a week.

Jo-Jo toured Europe and Russia, playing in fairgrounds. He was discovered by Charles Reynolds in London, England. Jo-Jo was performing with his father, Adrien, who resembled a poodle. Reynolds realized the Dog-Faced Boy could be presented in a more professional manner. He took the boy to the United States on the _City of Chicago_ on 12 October 1884.

A press conference was called. Journalists were allowed to pull Jeftichew's hair to be assured it was real and not pasted on. The _New York Herald_ described Jeftichew as "the most extraordinary and absorbingly interesting curiosity that has ever reached these shores."

In 1884, Jeftichew signed with P. T. Barnum. Barnum stated (falsely) that Jo-Jo was captured by a hunter in the wilds of central Russia. Barnum advertised him as "the most prodigious paragon of all prodigies secured by P. T. Barnum in fifty years. The Human Skye Terrier, the crowning mystery of nature's contradictions."

He toured Europe with Barnum and Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth in 1901 and 1902. He died in Greece in 1904 while on tour of pneumonia. He was the subject of a song recorded by Annette Funicello in the 1960s and was referenced in an episode of the television series, _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_.

## References

- Bondeson, Jan. 2000. _The Two-Headed Boy, and Other Medical Marvels_. Cornell University Press. pp. 19–26.
- DeMello, Margo. 2012. _Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face_. ABC-CLIO. p. 176.
- Hartzman, Marc. 2006 (pbk)._American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers_. Penguin. pp. 51–52.
- Hornberger, Francine. 2005. _Carny Folk: The World's Weirdest Sideshow Acts_. Citadel Press. p. 144.
- Nickell, Joe. 2005. _Secrets of the Sideshows_. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 155–156.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy
- **image**: Fedor Jeftichew portrait.jpg
- **birth name**: Fedor Jeftichew
- **birth date**: 1868
- **birth place**: St Petersburg, Russia
- **death date**: 1903
- **death place**: Thessaloniki, Ottoman Empire
- **death cause**: Pneumonia
- **nationality**: Russian
- **employer**: P. T. Barnum
- **occupation**: Entertainer
- **children**: None known
- **parents**: Adrien Jeftichew (father)
Epiphany (holiday)

**Epiphany** is a Christian holiday or festival on January 6. It celebrates the revelation of the Christ child to the Gentiles, when the Magi ("wise men") visited Bethlehem to see Jesus, by following a star. It is recorded in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 2. Epiphany is included in the Christmas time.

## Related pages

- Bible
- Judea
- Holy Land
- Christmas
- Christianity
- Roman Empire
- Second Temple