juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alph River

The **Alph River** is a river in Antarctica.  The river was named by Griffith Taylor during the British Antarctic Expedition from a poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge.  The Xanadu Hills that are close by are also named after this poem.
Escapology

**Escapology** is the practice of escaping from restraints or other traps. Escapologists (also called **escape artists**) escape from handcuffs, straitjackets, cages, steel boxes, barrels, bags, burning buildings, fish-tanks and other such traps, usually doing more than one of these at once. One well-known escapologist is Harry Houdini.

## Related pages

- List of magicians
Burke County, North Carolina

**Burke County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina.  In 2020, 87,570 people lived there.  Its county seat is Morganton.

## History

The county was made in 1777 from Rowan County.  In 1791 parts of Burke County and Rutherford County were made into Buncombe County.  In 1833 parts of Burke County and Buncombe County were made into Yancey County.  In 1841 parts of Burke County and Wilkes County were made into Caldwell County.  In 1842 more parts of Burke County and Rutherford County were made into McDowell County. And in 1861 parts of Burke County, Caldwell County, McDowell County, Watauga County, and Yancey County were made into Mitchell County.

## Government

Burke County is part of the local Western Piedmont Council of Governments.

## Connected counties

These counties are connected to Burke County:
- Caldwell County, North Carolina - north
- Catawba County, North Carolina - east
- Cleveland County, North Carolina - south-southeast
- Rutherford County, North Carolina - south-southwest
- McDowell County, North Carolina - west
- Avery County, North Carolina - northwest

## Cities and towns

These cities and towns are in Burke County:
- Connelly Springs
- Drexel
- Glen Alpine
- Hildebran
- Morganton
- Rhodhiss
- Rutherford College
- Valdese

## Other websites

- Burke County government official website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Burke County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **founded**: 1777
- **named for**: Thomas Burke (governor), Thomas Burke
- **seat wl**: Morganton
- **largest city wl**: Morganton
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 514.24
- **area land sq mi**: 506.24
- **area water sq mi**: 8.00
- **area percentage**: 1.56
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 87570
- **population density sq mi**: 172.98
- **web**: www.burkenc.org
- **ex image**: Burke County Courthouse, Morganton, NC.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Burke County Courthouse (North Carolina), Burke County Courthouse
- **district**: 14th
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **motto**: "All About Advancing"
Rezovski Creek

**Rezovski Creek** (Bulgarian: _Rezovski Potok_ \'re-zov-ski po-'tok\) is a melt-water stream that can be found in Livingston Island, Antarctica.  It is 500 meters long.  It flows through the northwestern slope of the Balkan Snowfield found between Hesperides Hill, Atlantic Club Ridge, Krum Rock and Sinemorets Hill in eastern Livingston Island.

## Other websites

- Reference Map
Raidió Teilifís Éireann

**Raidió Teilifís Éireann**, called **RTÉ** for short, is an Irish public service Broadcaster.

The company name is in the Irish language. In English it might be translated as Ireland's Radio and Television.

RTÉ make programmes for TV, Radio and online, they also show programmes on TV, Radio and online.

On 1 January 1926 RTÉ started there radio station. On 31 December 1961 television began.

It is one of the oldest broadcasters in the world, they have not stopped broadcasting since 1926.

It is main office is in Donnybrook in Dublin, with offices across different parts of Ireland.

## How to Get RTÉ

RTÉ Television is only available in Ireland, but you can access it online on their on-demand service.

RTÉ Radio is fully available international on their website and by satellite. In Ireland their main stations are also available for free on Radio.

### How do RTÉ Make Money

RTÉ get money from the TV Licence Fee. The license fee is paid by everyone in Ireland who has a TV. It costs €160. Many people are unhappy with RTÉ an refuse to pay, they do this risking a fine or going to Jail.

RTÉ also sell advertising on TV and Radio to make money.

## Television

In the Republic of Ireland, RTÉ One and RTÉ2 are RTÉ's main channels. RTÉ also have a news channel, called RTÉ News, and a children's channel, called RTÉjr.

RTÉ's programme _The Late Late Show_, is the longest running chat show in the world.

## Radio

RTÉ Radio has four stations. There are also many digital stations.

- RTÉ Radio 1
- RTÉ 2fm
- RTÉ lyric fm
- RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta

## Other

RTÉ has many other services.

### RTÉ Concert Orchestra

The _RTÉ Concert Orchestra is a_ classical musical group.

## Other websites

- RTÉ website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ)
- **logo**: RTÉ logo.svg
- **foundation**: June 1, 1960
- **industry**: Radio, Television and Internet
- **hq location city**: Donnybrook, Dublin, Montrose, Donnybrook, Dublin
- **hq location country**: Republic of Ireland
- **area served**: Republic of Ireland,
Northern Ireland,
Rest of the world <small>(via internet, satellite, digital and analogue services)</small>
RTE

**RTE** may refer to:

- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 1954), President of Turkey
- RTÉ, abbreviation for _ Raidió Teilifís Éireann_, the public broadcasting service of Ireland.
Onyx River

The **Onyx River** is a meltwater stream that flows to the west through the Wright Valley between the Wright Lower Glacier to Lake Vanda.  The Onyx River is one of the sites studied by the US Antarctic Program of the National Science Foundation.   It is the longest river in Antarctica. It is 32 kilometers long.
Wailua River

The **Wailua River** is a river on the island of Kauai in the U.S. state of Hawaii.  It is very active and gets attention from people visiting Hawaii.  It is also the only river that a vessel bigger than a boat can travel up.
Waimea River (Kauai)

The **Waimea River** is a river on the island of Kauai in the U.S. state of Hawaii.  It is about  long. Lots of people used to live in the valleys of the Waimea River and its tributary, the Makaweli River.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Waimea
- **image**: Waimea River, Hawaii (5535233654).jpg
- **pushpin map**: Hawaii
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of mouth
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: United States
- **subdivision type2**: State
- **subdivision name2**: Hawaii
- **subdivision type3**: Region
- **subdivision name3**: Kauai
- **source1**: Alakai Wilderness Area, Alaka'i Swamp (confluence of the Waiahulu and Po'omau streams)
- **mouth location**: Waimea, Kauai County, Hawaii
- **tributaries left**: Makaweli River
Cabarrus County, North Carolina

**Cabarrus County** is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2020, 225,804 people lived there.  Its county seat is Concord.

## History

The county was made in 1792 from Mecklenburg County.

## Government

Cabarrus County is part of the local Centralina Council of Governments.

## Schools

The Cabarrus County Schools runs all the public schools in the county except for parts of Kannapolis, which has its own school district.

The county also has Barber-Scotia College, the Cabarrus College of Health Sciences (a four-year college), and a branch of Rowan-Cabarrus Community College.  UNC Charlotte is in Mecklenburg County but is close Cabarrus and is easy to get to by driving on Interstate 85.

## Connected counties

These counties are connected to Cabarrus County:
- Rowan County, North Carolina - north
- Stanly County, North Carolina - east
- Union County, North Carolina - south
- Mecklenburg County, North Carolina - west
- Iredell County, North Carolina - northwest

## Cities and towns

These cities and towns are in Cabarrus County:
- Concord
- Harrisburg
- Kannapolis
- Mount Pleasant
- Midland

## Lowe's Motor Speedway

The county is home to Lowe's Motor Speedway, which has three NASCAR events every year (the NASCAR All-Star Challenge, the Coca-Cola 600, and the Bank of America 500).

## Other websites

- Cabarrus County government official website
- Cabarrus County official tourism website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Cabarrus County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **founded**: 1792
- **named for**: Stephen Cabarrus
- **seat wl**: Concord
- **largest city wl**: Concord
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 363.93
- **area land sq mi**: 361.23
- **area water sq mi**: 2.70
- **area percentage**: 0.74
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 225804
- **population density sq mi**: 625.10
- **web**: www.cabarruscounty.us
- **ex image**: Old Courthouse Concord 1.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Old Cabarrus County Courthouse
- **district**: 8th
- **district2**: 12th
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **motto**: "America Thrives Here"
ZX Spectrum

The **ZX Spectrum** was a range of home computers based on the Z80 microchip and sold by Sinclair Research Ltd, the business company owned by British inventor Sir Clive Sinclair. The computer was first produced in April of 1982 as part of a project to sell computers for a low price that any family could afford. The ZX sold more than any other computer at that time in Britain and Spain. The first ZX was especially known for being very small and relatively cheap. The keyboard was made of rubber and the casing was made of plastic.

Sinclair's company produced seven different ZX computers, but other companies had deals with Sinclair Research to build their own version of ZX computers. The biggest of those companies was the American electronics manufacturer Timex who produced three different ZX based computers. Timex were selling between 18,000 and 20,000 of the ZX Spectrum based home computer every month by June 1981 but the Timex computer did not work properly so they had to stop selling them in 1983. Timex were the manufacturers who made most of the Sinclair Research ZX for Europe but the European versions worked correctly. The Sinclair Research version of ZXs were made until 1990 but other companies around the world copied the ZX and made many versions after that. When Sinclair Research stopped making the ZX Spectrum there had been more than 10,000 different games available and lots of peripheral equipment. Some companies still sell new games for the ZX.

## ZX Spectrums

- 16k ZX Spectrum, (1982-1983)

- 48k ZX Spectrum, (1983-1984)

- ZX Spectrum+, (1984-1985)

- ZX Spectrum 128k, (1985-1987)

- ZX Spectrum+2, (1987-1990)

- ZX Spectrum+2A, (1988-1990)

- ZX Spectrum+3, (1988-1990)

## ZX Spectrum ancestors

- ZX80

- ZX81

## Timex ZX based computers

- TS1000, (1982-1983), based on ZX81

- TS1500, (1983), based on ZX81

- TS2068, (1983)

- TC2068,

- TC2048

## Other websites

- Sinclair Research , Sir Clive Sinclairs company website of new and unusual inventions
- The World of Spectrum, a complete reference site for ZX Spectrums and a collection of almost all the ZX software (these old games can now be played on any PC computer with the emulators on the website)
- Old Computers , ZX page in a museum of old computers
- Z80 Website, the microchip in the ZX
Home computer

A **home computer** is the name given to early personal computers made in the 1970s and 1980s that could be plugged into a television set. They were used for playing video games and doing school work and were usually owned by teenagers. At that time, most adults did not own a computer at all.

Typically, home computers can produce colored graphics, have several sound channels and a keyboard. They use a tape recorder or floppy disk drive to load and store programs. Optionally, home computers may be used with a printer, a game cartridge, a modem, joysticks and a mouse. Many of them display an interactive BASIC prompt at start-up.

Home computers were made possible through the introduction of the microprocessor in the early 1970s. It made computers small, affordable, reliable and power efficient enough that they could be used in homes.

In contrast to home computers, computers used by businesses were either bulky minicomputers or gigantic mainframes. Those computers came with much more memory, with hard disks, one or more computer terminals and a proper operating system.  However, such machines needed a lot of space, were very noisy and also were far too expensive for private consumers at the time.

## Makers of home computers

- Commodore
- Atari
- Apple (popular in the US)
- Tandy (popular in the US)
- Sinclair Research Ltd (popular in Europe)
- Amstrad (popular in Europe)
- ASCII Corporation and Microsoft (creators of the MSX, popular in the East Asia and Southeast Asia)
- North Star Computers (active in the US)
- Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (Altair 8800)
Z80

The **Z80** microchip was one of the  most popular CPU microchips for computers in the 1980s. The Z80 was created by the Zilog company in 1976. Zilog made less than 50% of all Z80s. They are made by Sharp (company), Toshiba, NEC and many other manufacturers around the world. As of 2010, it is still manufactured for use in embedded systems.

## Other websites

- Z80 website
Caldwell County, North Carolina

**Caldwell County** is a county in the state of North Carolina.  In 2020, 80,652 people lived there.  Its county seat is Lenoir.

## History

The county was made in 1841 from parts of Burke County and Wilkes County.

In 1847 parts of Caldwell County, Iredell County, and Wilkes County were put together to make Alexander County.  In 1849 parts of Caldwell County, Ashe County, Wilkes County, and Yancey County were put together to make Watauga County.  In 1861, parts of Caldwell County, Burke County, McDowell County, Watauga County, and Yancey County were put together to make Mitchell County.  And in 1911 parts of Caldwell County, Mitchell County, and Watauga County were put together to make Avery County.

## Government

Caldwell County is part of the local Western Piedmont Council of Governments.

## Connected counties

These counties are connected to Caldwell County:
- Watauga County, North Carolina - north
- Wilkes County, North Carolina - northeast
- Alexander County, North Carolina - east
- Catawba County, North Carolina - southeast
- Burke County, North Carolina - south
- Avery County, North Carolina - northwest

## Cities and towns

These cities and towns are in Caldwell County:
- Blowing Rock
- Cajah's Mountain
- Cedar Rock
- Collettsville
- Gamewell
- Granite Falls
- Hudson
- Lenoir
- Sawmills
- Northlakes

## Other websites

- Caldwell County government official website

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Caldwell County
- **state**: North Carolina
- **founded**: 1841
- **named for**: Joseph Caldwell
- **seat wl**: Lenoir
- **largest city wl**: Lenoir
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 474.61
- **area land sq mi**: 471.89
- **area water sq mi**: 2.72
- **area percentage**: 0.57
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 80652
- **population density sq mi**: 170.91
- **web**: www.caldwellcountync.org
- **district**: 5th
- **district2**: 10th
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **ex image**: Caldwell County Courthouse - Lenoir, NC.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Caldwell County Courthouse in Lenoir
- **nickname**: The Gateway To The Blue Ridge
Sinclair Research Ltd

**Sinclair Research Ltd.** is a business company who sells inventions. They are known for making new technology for a low price. They specialise in transport devices like wheelchairs, scooters and underwater scooters. They invented a wheelchair that can raise the passenger up on two wheels and climb up stairs.

## Famous Sinclair products

- ZA20 Wheelchair Drive Unit, a special wheelchair drive unit that can balance on two wheels and climb stairs

- Segway technology, a sort of scooter on two wheels based on their wheelchair technology

- ZX Spectrum computers, one of the most popular computers in Europe in the 1980s

- Folding scooters, Sinclair Research Ltd has produced some of the smallest scooters in the world

## Other websites

- Sinclair Research Ltd.
Hipparchus

**Hipparchus** (greek

- ca. 190 BC – ca. 120 BC) was a Greek astronomer, geographer, and mathematician. He lived in the Hellenistic period. He was born in Nicaea (now Iznik, Turkey), and probably died on the island of Rhodes. He worked as an astronomer at least from 147 BC to 127 BC. Hipparchus is considered the greatest ancient astronomical observer. Some people see him as the greatest overall astronomer of antiquity.

Hipparchus was the first Greek whose quantitative and accurate models for the motion of the Sun and Moon survive. To do this, he used the observations and perhaps the mathematical techniques accumulated over centuries by the Chaldeans from Babylonia. He had a trigonometric table. It looks like he  solved some problems of spherical trigonometry with the table. With his solar and lunar theories and his trigonometry, he was perhaps the first to develop a reliable method to predict solar eclipses.  His other well-known achievements include the discovery of precession, and the compilation of the Hipparchus Catalog, the first comprehensive star catalog of the western world.

He might also have invented the astrolabe, and the armillary sphere which first appeared during his century and which he used in making the star catalog. It would be three centuries before Claudius Ptolemaeus' synthesis of astronomy would make the work of Hipparchus obsolete; it is heavily dependent on it in many areas.

Craters on the Moon and on Mars are named for Hipparchus, as are an asteroid and the Hipparcos satellite.
Battle of Verdun

The **Battle of Verdun** was a battle of World War I that started when the German Fifth Army attacked French positions, near Verdun, on February 21, 1916. It ended on December 18, but the front line had not changed very much.  Both sides lost about 337,000 soldiers each. Never before had industrialization been so visible in war. The Battle of Verdun is considered the largest and longest in world history and has been called the "Hell of Verdun" or the "Blood Pump".

The battle had more men than any other, and the battlefield was not even 10 km (6 mi) long.  There were many attacks and counterattacks; one small village changed hands 16 times.  The battle, which lasted 303 days caused over an estimated 700,000 casualties, and about 300,000 deaths. From a strategic point of view, there can be no justification for these terrible losses. The battle lowered the prestige for the two nations, and started being fought for the sake of fighting and honor, according to the German commander, Paul von Hindenburg.

The French commander, Marshall Philippe Pétain, used a system of rotation by which every division in France fought for a short time at Verdun. After the battle, the landscape was left as one of the worst battlegrounds on all of France and was filled with craters of the artillery, the trenches, the odor left by the dead, etc.  During the battle, the chief of the German General Staff, Erich Von Falkenhayn, was relieved from duty and sent to lead a joint Austro-Hungarian, German and Bulgarian attack on Romania, which left Hindenburg as Chief of Staff.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Verdun
- **partof**: the Western Front (World War I), Western Front of the First World War
- **image**: French trench battle.jpg
- **caption**: A French trench in north-east France
- **date**: 21 February – 18 December 1916
- **place**: Verdun, France
- **result**: French victory
- **combatant1**: French Third Republic
- **commander1**: Philippe Pétain
 Robert Nivelle
- **commander2**: Erich von Falkenhayn
 William, German Crown Prince, Crown Prince Wilhelm
- **strength1**: 75 divisions (1,140,000 soldiers)
- **strength2**: 50 divisions  (1,250,000 soldiers)
- **casualties1**: 542,000.–400,000; 163,000 of those died.
- **casualties2**: 434,000.–355,000; 143,000 of those died
Bank of America Tower

The **Bank of America Tower** is a skyscraper in New York City, United States.  It is 452.4 meters (1,484 feet) tall and has 101 floors.  It was built in 2003. It is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in the world
- List of tallest buildings in New York City

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - Bank of America Tower
- SkycraperPage.com – Bank of America Tower

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Bank of America Tower
- **image**: BankOfAmericaTower.jpg
- **location**: New York City
United States
- **floor count**: 101
- **completion date**: 2003
- **antenna spire**: 452.4 m (1,484ft)
The New York Times Building

**The New York Times Building** is a skyscraper in New York City, United States.  It is  tall and has 52 floors.  It was built in 2007 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world. The architect of the building is Renzo Piano.

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in the world
- List of tallest buildings in New York City

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Emporis.com – New York Times Building
- SkycraperPage.com – New York Times Building

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: New York Times Building
- **image**: Ny-times-tower.jpg
- **location**: New York City
United States
- **floor count**: 52
- **completion date**: 2007
- **antenna spire**: 319 m (1046 ft)
GameShark

A **GameShark** is a cheating device for console video game systems and Microsoft Windows computers. It lets the player of a video game do things that the game does not normally let players do, like walk through walls or have unlimited items. To use it, players load cheat codes through a disk or cartridge, then load the game to use them.
70 Pine Street

**70 Pine Street** (also the **American International Building**) is a skyscraper in New York City, United States.  It is a 67-floors, 952-foot (290 m) office building located at the corner of Pearl Street and running to Cedar Street in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States. It was built in 1932 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in the world
- List of tallest buildings in New York City

## References

- . (Excerpt).

## Other websites

- 70 Pine Street  on CTBUH Skyscraper Center
- Gallery of photographs
- American International Building at Emporis.com
- American International Building  at in-Arch.net
- American International Building on Skyscraperpage.com

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: American International Building
- **image**: AmericanInternationalBuilding.jpg
- **location**: 70 Pine Street
Manhattan, New York City, New York (state), NY, United States, USA
- **start date**: 1930
- **completion date**: 1932
- **architect**: Clinton and Russell; Holton & George
- **owner**: Eastbridge Group
- **floor count**: 67
- **building type**: Residential
(converted from offices)
- **architectural style**: art deco
- **elevator count**: 24
- **structural engineer**: Taylor Fichter Steel Construction
- **main contractor**: James Stuart & Co. Builders
- **developer**: Rose Associates.
- **antenna spire**: 290 m (952 ft)
King penguin

The **king penguin** (_Aptenodytes patagonicus_) is a type of penguin. It is the second largest species of penguin, as it is smaller and shorter than the emperor penguin.

## Appearance

King penguins are usually 70 centimeters (0.7 meters/30 inches) tall and weigh 9 to 15 kilograms (20 to 30 pounds). They have silvery-grey backs, black heads, and bright orange patches of feathers on the sides of their necks. While they look like emperor penguins, they are different in the fact that king penguins have longer beaks, orange coloration on their chest, and are thinner than the emperor penguin. Males and females of the species look the same.

## Life

The king penguin eats krill, small fish, squid, and plankton. In particular, they seem to enjoy eating lanternfish, which makes up most of their diet. They are able to dive to almost 300 meters (about 985 feet) for up to 15 minutes in order to catch their food. King penguins can also swim at 10 kilometers (6 miles) per hour, and their special eyesight helps them see in the dark.

Unlike most penguins, the king penguin cannot hop, but can only use its feet to walk or run. However, they also use their feet to warm their children, instead of a nest.

Baby king penguins are dark brown and fluffy. They are usually raised in a crèche, or group of penguin children kept together for protection.

The king penguin's main predators, or creatures that eat it, are the leopard seal and killer whale. Other birds may attack the penguin's breeding, or nesting, grounds and take away eggs or young penguin chicks.

## Other websites

- Penguin World
- King Penguins – Wildlife of Antarctica
- Nature.ca
Citigroup Center

**Citigroup Center** is a skyscraper in New York City, United States.  It is 279 meters (915 feet) tall and has 59 floors.  It was built in 1977 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in the world
- List of tallest buildings in New York City

## Other websites

- Emporis.com - Citigroup Center
- SkycraperPage.com – Citigroup Center

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Citigroup Center
- **image**: Citigroup center.jpg
- **location**: New York City
- **location country**: United States
- **floor count**: 59
- **completion date**: 1977
- **antenna spire**: 279 m (915 ft)
Industrial engineering

**Industrial engineering** is a type of engineering. It is one of the fastest growing areas of engineering. It looks at what makes organizations work best. An industrial engineer tries to find the right combination of human and natural resources, technology, equipment, information and finance to do the work best. Industrial engineering is important to finding the answers to many important problems in manufacturing, distribution of goods and services, health care, utilities, transportation, entertainment, and the environment. Industrial engineers design and change how things are done to increase quality, safety and productivity.

## Related pages

- Systems engineering
Trump World Tower

**Trump World Tower** is a skyscraper in New York City, United States.  It is 262 meters (861 feet) tall and has 72 floors.  It was built in 2001 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

## Related pages

- List of tallest buildings in the world
- List of tallest buildings in New York City

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Emporis.com - Trump World Tower
- SkycraperPage.com – Trump World Tower

## Infobox (skyscraper)

- **building name**: Trump World Tower
- **image**: Trumpworldtower 23may2005.jpg
- **location**: New York City
- **location country**: United States
- **floor count**: 72
- **completion date**: 2001
- **antenna spire**: 262 m (861 ft)
Roger Taney

**Roger Brooke Taney** (March 17, 1777 – October 12, 1864) was the fifth Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1836 until his death in 1864. He came after John Marshall and despite the many influential things done by his predecessor, still was able to write several major opinions. His decision in Dred Scott to send a slave living in a free state back to his master in a slave state canceled out several compromises that had been keeping the Union together. When president Abraham Lincoln began using powers not normally given to the presidency to put certain rights on hold, Taney kept on trying to overrule him. These attempts were ignored and rumored to have almost led to Taney's arrest.

When Taney County, Missouri was officially organized in 1837, it was named in his honor. At the time Abraham Lincoln became president, Taney swore in Lincoln.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Roger Brooke Taney
- **image**: Roger Taney - Healy.jpg
- **order**: 5th
- **title**: Chief Justice of the United States
- **term start**: March 28, 1836
- **term end**: October 12, 1864
- **nominator**: Andrew Jackson
- **predecessor**: John Marshall
- **successor**: Salmon P. Chase
- **order2**: 12th
- **title2**: United States Secretary of the Treasury
- **president2**: Andrew Jackson
- **term start2**: September 23, 1833
- **term end2**: June 25, 1834
- **predecessor2**: William John Duane
- **successor2**: Levi Woodbury
- **order3**: 11th
- **title3**: United States Attorney General
- **president3**: Andrew Jackson
- **term start3**: July 20, 1831
- **term end3**: November 14, 1833
- **predecessor3**: John M. Berrien
- **successor3**: Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer), Benjamin Franklin Butler
- **birth place**: Calvert County, Maryland, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Washington, D.C., United States, U.S.
- **party**: Federalist Party (United States), Federalist, Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **spouse**: Anne Arnold Phoebe Charlton Key Taney
- **profession**: Politician, Lawyer, Judge
- **alma mater**: Dickinson College
Supreme court

A **supreme court** also known as a **court of last resort** and **court of final appeal**, is generally the highest court in a country. This means that, decisions made by the Supreme Court can't be challenged at other courts. However, not all highest courts are named as such. Civil law countries do not tend to have only one high court. Additionally, the highest court in some jurisdictions is not named the "Supreme Court". For example, the High Court of Australia. In some places the court named the "Supreme Court" is not the highest court. Examples include the New York Supreme Court, the Supreme Courts of several provinces and territories of Canada and the former Supreme Court of Judicature of England and Wales. Decisions made in these courts are all subject to higher courts of appeal. Some countries have a separate constitutional court, a high court that deals with issues regarding that country's constitution.

## Political issues

Many, like the Supreme Court of the United States, at times become involved in political issues. These include the Supreme Courts of Egypt, Pakistan, Israel, India and Kuwait. One of the most controversial political decisions was _Bush v. Gore_, 531 U.S. 98 (2000), a United States Supreme Court decision that resolved the dispute surrounding the 2000 United States presidential election. There has been a good deal of controversy over the European Court of Justice reviewing decisions made by member state governments. The president of the Supreme Court of Israel, Aharon Barak, has been criticized for, along with others, dominating the government of Israel.

## Other websites

- U.S. Court Is Now Guiding Fewer Nations, New York Times
- Constitutional courts versus supreme courts
- The Relationship between National Supreme Courts and Supranational Courts in Europe
Lee Chaolan

**Lee Chaolan** is a video game character in _Tekken_. The first time he was in Tekken was the first Tekken game.

## Character

Lee Chaolan was an orphan before the first game started, but was adopted as a child by Heihachi Mishima.

Kazuya Mishima, Heihachi's son, was Lee's arch nemesis since they were children. Kazuya always won against Lee. Lee is now in a world of hate because of this experience. He holds a constant grudge against Kazuya.

Lee Chaolan's fighting style uses mostly feet. Using his long legs and quick feet, he can take down any foe that comes his way. Kazuya uses a balanced force of fist and foot to take down his foes. Balance is Kazuya's key to victory over his rival Lee.

He turned 48 in Tekken 5 but the creators made him look younger.
Scooter

A **scooter** is a bicycle or tricycle with very small wheels. Some scooters have a motor, some have pedals, and some are pushed with the foot. Scooters with motors are called _motor scooters_. There are many different kinds of scooters. They include motor scooters and kick scooters.

Some scooters have four wheels. People who don't have much balance can drive that kind.

In some places, riders of motor scooters need a driver's license for driving a motorcycle. In other places, they only need a licence for driving a moped. Some scooters can hold two people.
Tricycle

A **tricycle** is a vehicle with three wheels. It can be also called a **trike**. Tricycles can have pedals, an electric motor or a petrol engine.

## Human powered

A child's tricycle is best known, but adult tricycles are becoming more common.  The adult trikes will have a chain, gears and are recumbent (the feet are in front of the body).  They come in two main styles: **tadpole** with two wheels up front and one in back and **delta** with two wheels in the back and one wheel in the front.  Almost always the front wheel or wheels steer the bike, and power goes to the back wheel or wheels.

Some trikes are _fully faired_ (covered in a shell to cut wind resistance).  These are called **velomobiles**.

Other trikes are built to carry cargo or passengers (also called a _cycle rickshaw_ or _pedicabs_).

## Motor driven

Motorcycles also come in three wheeled versions.  Some people like them for better balance or more room.

## Related pages

- Tandem trike
ECW World Heavyweight Championship

The  **ECW World Heavyweight Championship**, later known simply as the **ECW Championship** was a professional wrestling world championship. It was competed for in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) from 1992 to 2001 and in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) from 2006 to 2010, on their ECW brand.

## Other websites

- Title History at WWE.com

## Infobox (pro wrestling championship)

- **name**: ECW World Heavyweight Championship
- **image**: Jack Swagger Chicago IL 011909.jpg
- **caption**: Jack Swagger with the final belt design of the ECW Championship
- **promotion**: Extreme Championship Wrestling
(1992–2001)
WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
(2006–2010)
- **created**: April 25, 1992
- **retired**: February 16, 2010
- **firstchamp**: Jimmy Snuka
- **finalchamp**: Ezekiel Jackson
- **mostreigns**: The Sandman (wrestler), The Sandman (List of ECW World Heavyweight Champions, 5)
- **longestreign**: Shane Douglas (List of ECW World Heavyweight Champions, 406 days)
- **shortestreign**: Ezekiel Jackson (>5 minutes)
- **oldest**: Vince McMahon, Mr. McMahon (61 years, 248 days)
- **youngest**: Mikey Whipwreck (22 years, 146 days)
- **heaviest**: Big Show ()
- **lightest**: Jerry Lynn ()
- **pastnames**: * ECW Heavyweight Championship
(1992–1993)
* NWA-ECW Heavyweight Championship
(1993–1994)
* ECW World Heavyweight Championship
(1994–2001, 2006)
* ECW World Championship
(2006–2007)
* ECW Championship
(2007–2010)
- **brand**: ECW (WWE), ECW
(2006–2010)
The Golden Compass (movie)

***The Golden Compass*** is a fantasy movie, which was released on December 5, 2007 by New Line Cinema and Warner Bros. The movie is based on the book _Northern Lights_ (also known as _The Golden Compass_), the first novel in Philip Pullman's trilogy _His Dark Materials_.

The cast includes Dakota Blue Richards, Nicole Kidman, Ian McKellen, Christopher Lee, Daniel Craig, Ian McShane, and Sam Elliott.

## Plot

Lord Asriel has found something called "dust" that separates us and another universe.  People do not believe this idea.  The Magisterium, a very large and strong group, try to kill him by poisoning his drink.  Lyra, his niece, was playing, heard someone coming, hid, and saw a priest try to poison the drink.  She then ran out and saved Asriel before he could drink.  Asriel later goes to the North Pole to find this dust.

Lyra is also given something called a golden compass.  The person says that it's the only one in the world and that only a few people know how to use it.

A woman named Mrs. Coulter then tries to get Lyra in with her.  She promises her that they will go to the Arctic.
Independent body

An **independent body** is a group employed to give a view without bias. Independent bodies are mainly employed to review public services. Some news groups claim to be independent bodies. In the United States, they are called an **independent agency** or an independent regulatory agency.

## Characteristics

1. **Impartiality**: Independent bodies must operate without bias, providing fair and objective assessments or decisions.
1. **Autonomy**: They are not controlled by the government, political parties, or business interests, ensuring that their operations remain free from external influence.
1. **Transparency**: Their work is often conducted openly, with clear processes and public access to their decisions and reports.
1. **Accountability**: While independent, they are still accountable to the law and the public to ensure that they serve the public interest.
Limbourg brothers

The **Limbourg brothers**, or in Dutch _Gebroeders van Limburg_ (**Herman**, **Paul**, and **Johan**; fl. 1385 – 1416), were famous Dutch Renaissance miniature painters from the city of Nijmegen. They were active in the early 15th century in France and Burgundy.  They created what is certainly the best known late medieval illuminated manuscript, _Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry_.
Anthony Head

**Anthony Stewart Head** (born 20 February 1954) is an English actor and musician who has appeared in theatre, television and movies. He is most well known for his role as Rupert Giles in the American television drama series _Buffy the Vampire Slayer_, as the Prime Minister in the British comedy show _Little Britain_, as Dr. Frank N Furter in the London revival of _The Rocky Horror Show_ and for a series of coffee adverts in the United Kingdom and the United States. He is credited by his full name on American television, and sometimes as **Tony Head** elsewhere. He also played Phil Norton in 5 episodes of the first season _Howards' Way_.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Anthony Head
- **image**: Head, Anthony Stewart (2007).jpg
- **caption**: Head in 2007
- **birth place**: Camden Town, London, England
Uluru

**Uluru**, also called **Ayers Rock**, is a name given to a huge rock near Alice Springs in the Australian Outback and located in Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. This is a holy place for some Aboriginal Australians. It is in the Western Desert, in the middle of Australia. It was listed as a World Heritage site in 1987 because of its geology. In 1997 it was again listed as a World Heritage site, this time because of its importance to the Anangu people. It was the second place in the world to be listed as culturally significant, and it is one of the few places in the world to have two listings.

## History

The Anangu people believe that Uluru, and the rest of Central Australia, was formed by ancestral beings at the beginning of time. The Anangu are directly descended from these ancestors.

Modern science shows that they have lived around Uluru for more than 40,000 years They continued to live their traditional life until the 1930s. This was a nomadic life, moving around to hunt and gather food according to the seasons. They have a complex ceremonial life based around Uluru. They are one of the oldest human societies on earth.

The first Europeans to see Uluru were explorers led by William Christie Gosse. He saw Uluru on 19 July 1873 and   named it Ayers Rock after Sir Henry Ayers, who was Chief Secretary of South Australia. The land was too dry and remote for farming, and very few people came to Uluru until the mid 20th century.

## Geography

See geography of Uluru and Kata Tjuta.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **official name**: Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park
- **criteria**: v,vi,vii,ix
- **id**: 447
- **year**: 1987
- **child**: yes


## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Uluru
- **other name**: Ayers Rock
- **photo**: Uluru (Helicopter view)-crop.jpg
- **photo alt**: 2007 aerial view of Uluru
- **photo caption**: 2007
- **map**: Northern Territory#Australia
- **location**: Northern Territory, Australia
- **elevation m**: 863
- **prominence m**: 348
- **isolation**: y
- **type**: Inselberg
- **age**: 550–530 Megaannum, Ma
- **geology**: Arkose
Colubrid

A **colubrid** (from Latin _coluber_, snake) is a snake that is a member of the **Colubridae** family. Colubridae is the largest snake family, and includes about two-thirds of all known living snake species. However, colubrids are _certainly not a natural group_, and many are more closely related to other groups, such as elapid<nowiki/>s, than to each other. This family has classically been a dumping ground for snakes that do not fit anywhere else. There is on-going mitochondrial DNA research which will sort out the familial relations within this group.

A colubrid's body is almost completely covered in scales. Most colubrids are not venomous and are normally harmless. A few groups, such as genus _Boiga_, can produce medically significant bites. In addition, the Boomslang and African twig snake have both caused human fatalities. The venom-injecting fangs associated with venomous colubrids are almost always in the back of the mouth, in contrast to vipers and elapids.

## Selected species

- Boomslang
- Brown tree snake
- Dice snake
- Garter snake
- Kingsnake
- Rat snake
- Smooth snake
- Water snake
- Mussurana
Central Finland

**Central Finland**, _Keski-Suomi_, is a region of Finland with about 270,000 inhabitants. Neighbouring regions are Pirkanmaa, Southern Ostrobothnia, Central Ostrobothnia, Northern Ostrobothnia, Northern Savonia, Southern Savonia and Päijänne Tavastia.

## Municipalities

There are 27 municipalities in Central Finland. Cities and towns are marked in bold.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Central Finland
- **native name**:

- **settlement type**: Regions of Finland, Region
- **image flag**: Keski-suomi lippu.svg
- **image shield**: Keski-Suomi Coat of Arms.svg
- **image map**: Keski-Suomi in Finland.svg
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **map caption**: Central Finland on a map of Finland
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Finland
- **subdivision type1**: Historical provinces of Finland, Historical province
- **subdivision name1**: Tavastia (historical province), Tavastia, Satakunta (historical province), Satakunta area_total_km2          = 19950.38
- **population total**: 275491
- **population as of**: 2013
- **population density km2**: auto
- **blank name sec1**: NUTS of Finland, NUTS
- **blank info sec1**: 193
- **blank name sec2**: Regional bird
- **blank info sec2**: Capercaillie
- **blank1 name sec2**: Regional fish
- **blank1 info sec2**: -
- **blank2 name sec2**: Regional flower
- **blank2 info sec2**: Leucanthemum vulgare, Oxeye daisy
- **website**: [http://www.keskisuomi.fi/ keskisuomi.fi]
Archduke

The title of **Archduke** (feminine: **Archduchess**) (German: _Erzherzog_, feminine form: _Erzherzogin_) is a rank above Duke and under King. It is very rare. It was used only by males of the House of Habsburg.

## Ruler style

The English word is recorded only since 1530, derived from Middle Latin _archidux_, from _arch(i)-_ (primary or chief) + _dux_ 'duke' .

Archduke (_Erzherzog_) is a title distinct from Grand Duke (_Großherzog_ or _Großfürst_) that is used in some other German royal houses and still in sovereign Luxemburg.

## Fictional archdukes

- Poggle the Lesser was the Archduke of Geonosis, a planet from the Star Wars universe.

## Famous archdukes and duchesses

- Empress Maria Theresa was Archduchess of Austria.
- Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria is better known as "Marie Antoinette" and was a daughter of Maria Theresa and the wife of Louis XVI of France.
- Maria Teresa of Austria was the wife of Louis XIV of France and is better known as "Marie Thérèse".

## Related pages

- Grand Duke

## Other websites

- EtymologyOnLine
- Use of the title "archduke" in contemporaneous documents
Port-de-Paix

**Port-de-Paix** (Kréyòl: _Pòdepè_ or _Pòdpè_; in English means "Peace Port") is a city and the capital of the département of Nord-Ouest in Haiti on the Atlantic coast.

The city is close to the mouth of the river Trois-Rivières, one of the most important river in Haiti. It has a population of 115,000 (2003 census), with 25,000 living in the city.

Christopher Columbus came to this region on 15 December 1492 and he gave it the name _Valle del Paraíso_ or _Valparaiso_ (Spanish for "Paradise Valley") because he found that this was a very beautiful valley.

A ferry operates between the town and Tortuga Island (La Tortue) situated just across the water.

The town was founded in 1665 by French buccaneers (a kind of pirates in the Caribbean) from Tortuga Island when they had to leave the island. In 1676 the town saw the first black slave revolt; its leader was _Padre Jean_ (also _Padrejean_ and _Pedro Juan_) and who was killed by buccaneers in 1679 in the mountains close to Port-de-Paix.

The area saw great success during the 19th century and Port-de-Paix was an important port; from here, bananas and coffee were sent to other countries. In 1902 the town was almost entirely destroyed by fire.

Port-de-Paix is also the chief town of an arrondissement (a part of a department) of the same name. The arondissement consists of four communes (like municipalities): Port-de-Paix, Bassin Bleu, Chansolme and Tortuga Island.

## Media

Le Novateur

### Radio

- Radio 4VTS FM
- Radio Balade FM
- Radio Cascade FM a Chamsolme
- Radio Etincelle
- Radio Melodie FM
- Radio New Star
- Radio Planete FM
- Radio Sonic
- Radio Television du Nord-Ouest
- Radio Universelle
- Voix de la Paix

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Port-de-Paix
- **native name**: _Pòdepè_
- **pushpin map**: Haiti
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Port-de-Paix in Haiti
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Haiti
- **subdivision type1**: Province, Département
- **subdivision name1**: Nord-Ouest Department, Nord-Ouest
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1665
- **population as of**: 2003
- **population total**: 115,000
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Port-de-Paisien
(female, Port-de-Paisienne)
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone (North America), Eastern
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Time Zone (North America), Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: -4
Device controller

A device controller is a system that handles the incoming and outgoing signals of the CPU by acting as a bridge between CPU and the I/O devices.  A device is connected to the computer via a plug and socket, and the socket is connected to a device controller. Device controllers use binary and digital codes. An I/O device contains mechanical and electrical parts. A device controller is the electrical part of the I/O device.

## Device-Operating System Communication

The Device Controller receives the data from a connected device and stores it temporarily in some special purpose registers (i.e. local buffer) inside the controller. Then it communicates the data with a Device Driver. For each device controller there is an equivalent device driver which is the standard interface through which the device controller communicates with the Operating Systems through Interrupts. Device controller is a hardware whereas device driver is a software.
The controller's job is to convert the serial bit stream to block bytes and perform any error correction necessary.
Each device controller is in charge of a specific type of device (for example disk drives, audio devices, or video displays). Each device controller has a local buffer.
Crypto.com Arena

**Crypto.com Arena**, originally known as **Staples Center**, is an indoor multi-purpose arena in downtown Los Angeles, California.  It is home to two basketball teams—the Los Angeles Lakers the NBA and Los Angeles Sparks of the WNBA—plus the Los Angeles Kings of the NHL in ice hockey. It was also home of the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers before that team moved to the new Intuit Dome in suburban Inglewood after the 2023–24 season. They have the Grammy Awards here every year. The building hosted World Wrestling Entertainment's pay-per-view WrestleMania 21 in 2005.

On December 25, 2021, the arena was renamed Crypto.com Arena, for a Singapore-based cryptocurrency exchange that bought the naming rights.

## Home teams

- Los Angeles Kings (NHL)
- Los Angeles Lakers (NBA)
- Los Angeles Sparks (WNBA)