juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Colobus

***Colobus*** are a genus of monkeys native to Africa. The word "colobus" comes from Greek κολοβός which means "docked". This refers to their thumbs, which are just stumps.

Colobus are herbivorous. They eat leaves, fruit, flowers, and twigs. Their habitats include primary and secondary forests, riverine forests, and wooded grasslands. Their ruminant-like digestive systems help them occupy niches which other primates do not live in.

Colobus live in territorial groups of about nine individuals, with a single male with a number of females and their offspring. Newborn colobus are completely white. Mothering is shared: other members of the troop the biological mother care for an infant.

Colobus are eaten regularly by the common chimpanzee. Jane Goodall discovered that chimps hunt and eat smaller primates such as _Colobus_ monkeys. She watched a hunting group isolate a colobus high in a tree, block all possible exits, then a chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimps at Gombe kill and eat as much as _one-third of the colobus population_ in the park each year. This was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.
Cave nebula

The **Cave nebula** is an emission nebula in the constellation of Cepheus. It is about 2,400 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 7538

**NGC 7538** is a diffuse nebula in the constellation of Cepheus. It is about 9,100 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 6946

**NGC 6946**, also known as the Fireworks galaxy, Arp 29, and Caldwell 12, is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cepheus and Cygnus. It is about 22.5 million light-years away from Earth. It was discovered by William Herschel in September 9, 1798. It's highly obscured by interestellar matter, and it's very close to the galactic plane. It has a third of the Milky Way’s size.

## Supernovae in NGC 6946

**Fireworks Galaxy** has this name because of how many supernovae happened in the galaxy. The supernovae in this galaxy occur very frequently. In the last century a total of 9 supernovae were seen from this galaxy: SN 1917a, SN 1939c, SN 1948b, SNSN 1968d, SN 1969p, SN 1980k, SN 2002hh, SN 2004et, SN2008s.

## Related pages

- Spiral galaxy
- Supernovae

## Other websites

- APOD:2005 January 25 - NGC 6946
- Gemini Observatory Welcomes 2005 with Release of Galactic Fireworks Image - Gemini Observatory

## Infobox (galaxy)

- **name**: Fireworks Galaxy
- **image**: NGC6946.jpg
- **caption**: New General Catalogue, NGC 6946 or Fireworks Galaxy is a spiral galaxy in Cepheus (constellation), Cepheus and Cygnus
- **epoch**: J2000
- **disc by**: William Herschel
- **constellation name**: Cepheus (constellation), Cepheus and Cygnus (constellation), Cygnus
- **z**: 0.000160
- **dist ly**: 22.5±7.8 Light year, Mly
- **type**: SAB(rs)cd
- **notes**: Galaxy with lots of Supernovae
- **names**: UGC 11597, Arp 29, PGC 65001, SPB93 263, 8C 2033+599, 11HUGS 410, IRAS 20338+5958, IRASF 20338+5958
NGC 7090

**NGC 7090** is a spiral galaxy in the Indus constellation. It is about 30 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 7049

**NGC 7049** is an elliptical galaxy in the Indus constellation. It is about 101 million light-years away from Earth. A dust ring surrounds the galaxy, and can be observed in silhouette. The galaxy's center in enveloped in a polar gas cloud.https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090408.html
Tadpole galaxy

The **Tadpole galaxy** is a barred spiral galaxy in the Draco constellation. It is about 420 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 5907

**NGC 5907** is a spiral galaxy in the Draco constellation. It is about 50 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 6503

**NGC 6503** is a dwarf spiral galaxy in the Draco constellation. It is about 17 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 6543

**NGC 6543**, also known as the **Cat's Eye Nebula**, is a planetary nebula in the Draco constellation. It is about 3.3 thousand light-years away from Earth.

## Related pages

- Helix Nebula
Pelican nebula

The **Pelican nebula** (also known as **IC 5067** or **IC 5070**) is an H II region in the Cygnus constellation. It is about 1,800 light-years away from Earth.
North America nebula

The **North America nebula** (also known as **NGC 7000** or **Caldwell 20**) is an emission nebula in the Cygnus constellation. It is about 1,600 light-years away from Earth. It is called the North America Nebula because its shape resembles North America. It can be found with a small telescope next to Deneb. However, it cannot be found with the naked eye. The North America Nebula is a star-forming region.
Sneaker Pimps

The **Sneaker Pimps** are a British trip hop group. They formed in Hartlepool, England in 1994. They are best known for their songs "6 Underground" and "Spin Spin Sugar".

Their song, "6 Underground", went to #7 on _Billboard_ Modern Rock Tracks chart.

The band's founding members were Liam Howe and Chris Corner. They then hired Kelli Dayton as a singer, and longtime friend Ian Pickering to write lyrics. Dayton was the original singer of the Sneaker Pimps.

After the first album, the band felt that demos for the 1999 album _Splinter_ was better for the voice of Corner. Following the tour for their first album, _Becoming X_, they kicked Dayton out of the group. Dayton later had a solo career under the name "Kelli Ali".

The Sneaker Pimps broke up in 2005. They got back together in 2015.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sneaker Pimps
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Hartlepool, United Kingdom
- **genre**: Trip hop, electronica, dance music, dance, UK garage, garage
- **years active**: 1994–2005, 2015–present
- **label**: Clean Up Records
Virgin Records
Tommy Boy Records
- **current members**: Liam Howe
- **past members**: Kelli Ali, Kelli Dayton
Chris Corner
Joe Wilson (musician), Joe Wilson
David Westlake
Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe

**Louis Alexandre de Bourbon** (Louis Alexandre Joseph Stanislas; 6 September 1747 – 6 May 1768) was the son and heir of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, grandson of Louis XIV by the king's legitimised son, Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Count of Toulouse. He was known as the _Prince of Lamballe_ from birth. He died before his father, and did not have children.

## Biography

_Louis Alexandre_ was born on 6 September 1747, at the _Hôtel de Toulouse_ in Paris. The ***prince de Lamballe***, as he was known all his life, was the couple's only surviving son. He was one of seven children.

### Marriage

His father chose his bride, the Italian born Princess _Maria Luisa_ Teresa of Savoy _"Mademoiselle de Carignan_". The wedding celebration lasted from 17 January 1767, until 27 January with feasts in Turin and Nangis. His father arranged the marriage to try and get his son to settle down as he was a well known womaniser. However after three months Louis Alexandre soon tired of his young wife and resumed his life of _débaucherie_. He eloped with _Mademoiselle de La Chassaigne_, an opera dancer, five months into his marriage. At one point, Louis Alexandre sold his wife's diamond<nowiki/>s to raise money to pay his debts.

## Death

After a dissipated short life, Louis Alexandre died on 6 May 1768, sixteen months after his marriage, of a venereal disease at the Château de Louveciennes in the arms of his wife. He died without any children. His wife inherited part of his  fortune. He was  buried at the Royal Chapel, Dreux, France by his younger sister Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon.

### Titles and styles

- **6 September 1747 – 6 May 1768** _His Serene Highness_ the Prince of Lamballe

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Louis Alexandre de Bourbon
- **image**: Charpentier - The Prince of Lamballe (cropped and edited).png
- **title**: Prince of Lamballe
- **caption**: Lamballe by an unknown artist
- **birth place**: _Hôtel de Toulouse_, Paris, France
- **death place**: _Château de Louveciennes_, France
- **spouse**: Princess Marie Louise of Savoy, Maria Luisa of Savoy
- **full name**: Louis Alexandre Joseph Stanislas de Bourbon
- **father**: Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre, Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon
- **mother**: Maria Teresa Felicitas d'Este, Maria Teresa d'Este
- **burial place**: Chapelle royale de Dreux, Royal Chapel, Dreux, France
- **religion**: Roman Catholicism
- **signature**: Signature of the Prince of Lamballe in 1765.png
Iran men's national volleyball team

The **Iran men's national volleyball team** is the national men's volleyball team of Iran. It is managed by the Islamic Republic of Iran Volleyball Federation (I.R.I.V.F.). It joins international volleyball competitions.

They are currently the strongest team in world.  They won the 2011 and 2013 Asian Volleyball Championships. They rank 10th in the FIVB World Rankings (as of September 2014). The team's home venues are Azadi Indoor Stadium and Azadi Volleyball Hall.

## Other websites

- Official website
- FIVB profile

## Infobox (national volleyball team)

- **name**: IRAN
- **federation**: IRIVF
- **website**: [http://www.iranvolleyball.com/ iranvolleyball.com]
- **confederation**: AVC
- **coach**: Roberto Piazza
- **world champs apps**: 8
- **world champs first**: 1970
- **world champs best**: 6th (2014 FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship, 2014)
- **pattern b1**: _whiteredstriped_sides
- **leftarm1**: 02BC00
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: 02BC00
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern b2**: _whitethinlines
- **leftarm2**: 02BC00
- **body2**: DD0000
- **rightarm2**: 02BC00
- **shorts2**: DD0000
Emil Keres

**Emil Keres** (9 July 1925 – 1 April 2016) was a Hungarian actor and theatre director. He started his career in 1950. He starred in over 100 stage productions. He also appeared in over ten movies, including _Twenty Hours_ (1965). He was awarded the Kossuth Prize in 1965. He was born in Szombathely.

Keres died on 1 April 2016 at the age of 90.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Keres Emil Hungarian actor 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Keres in 2010
- **name**: Emil Keres
- **birth place**: Szombathely, Hungary
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1950–2015
IC 2118

**IC 2118**, also known as the **Witch head nebula**, is a reflection nebula in the constellation of Eridanus. It is about 900 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 1300

**NGC 1300** is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation of Eridanus. It is about 61 million light-years away from Earth. It has around 110,000 light-years of diameter, about the same size of the Milky Way galaxy. It is a member of a galaxy cluster, the Eridanus Cluster, consisting of at least 200 galaxies.

It was discovered by John Herschel in 1835, and was included in the New General Catalogue as the 1300th member. The galaxy is well known for its long, bright, barred galactic bulge.

## Center

The core of larger spiral arms of NGC 1300, the nucleus shows another inner grand-design spiral structure that is about 3,300 light-years long. These cases are rare, since it requires a galaxy with a large galaxy bars, to have the inner spiral. In a nutshell, the nucleus basically has another spiral arms in it, which makes it — a spiral in another spiral. Some models suggested that the arms can be pulled inwards, shaping a spiral into the nucleus, which may be pulled by the extreme gravity of a supermassive black hole at the very center of the galaxy.

NGC 1300 is not known to have an active nucleus, indicating it is not a quasar, nor accreting matter.
NGC 6302

**NGC 6302**, also known as the **Bug Nebula** or the **Butterfly Nebula**, is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Scorpius. It is about 3.4 thousand light-years away from Earth.

The spectrum of NGC 6302 shows that its central star is one of the hottest stars in the galaxy. Its surface temperature is over 250,000 degrees Celsius. This means the star from which it formed must have been very large.

The central star, a white dwarf, was only recently discovered by the upgraded Wide Field Camera 3 on board the Hubble Space Telescope.

The star now has a mass of about 0.64 solar masses. It is surrounded by a dense disc of gas and dust. This dense disc may have caused the star's outflows to form a bipolar structure like an hour-glass. This bipolar structure shows many interesting features seen in planetary nebulae such as ionization walls, knots and sharp edges to the lobes.
Messier 7

**Messier 7**, also known as **NGC 6475** or the **Ptolemy cluster**, is an open star cluster in the constellation of Scorpius. It is about 980 light-years away from Earth.
Lagoon Nebula

The **Lagoon nebula**, also known as **Messier 8** and **NGC 6523**, is an emission nebula, H II region and interstellar cloud in the constellation of Sagittarius. It is about 4,100 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 1672

**NGC 1672** is a barred spiral galaxy in the Dorado constellation. It is about 60 million light-years away from Earth.
Owl nebula

The **Owl nebula** is a planetary nebula in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is about 2,300 light-years away from Earth.
NGC 4102

**NGC 4102** is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is about 69 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 4605

**NGC 4605** is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Ursa Major. It is about 15 million light-years away from Earth.
Messier 74

**Messier 74**, also known as **NGC 628** and **Phantom Galaxy** is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pisces. It is about 32 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 488

**NGC 488** is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pisces. It is about 90 million light years away from Earth. Its diametre isn't more than 171000 light years. This galaxy is considered a prototype galaxy with multiple arms. It has a group, the NGC 488 Group and it's the unique galaxy of the group that it's insolated.
It was discovered by William Herschel on 13 December 1784. In NGC 488 appeared 2 supernovae.

## Related pages

- Pisces (constellation)
- New General Catalogue

## Other websites

- NGC 488-Adam Block

## Infobox (galaxy)

- **name**: New General Catalogue, NGC 488
- **image**: N488s.jpg
- **caption**: NGC 488
- **epoch**: J2000
- **constellation name**: Pisces (constellation), Pisces
- **z**: 2272±1 km/s
- **dist ly**: 98.3±3.9 Light year, Mly
- **type**: Spiral galaxy
- **size v**: 5'.4 x 3'.9
- **notes**: It has multiple spiral arms
- **names**: UGC 907, PGC 4946, HIPASS J0121+05, IRAS 1191+459
NGC 520

**NGC 520** is a pair of colliding spiral galaxy in the constellation of Pisces. It is about 90 million light-years away from Earth.
NGC 3521

**NGC 3521** is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Leo. It is about 40 million light-years away from Earth. The galaxy was discovered by William Herschel in 1784.
Modulus

**Modulus** may refer to:

## Mathematics

- Absolute value
- Modulation
    - Modular arithmetic

## Physics

- Bulk modulus
- Elastic modulus
- Shear modulus
- Young's modulus
Nikolai Bayev

**Nikolai Bayev** (, _Nikoghayos Gevorkovich Bayev_; October 6, 1875 – August 5, 1949) was an Armenian architect, who worked in Baku and in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.

## Biography

Baev was born in Astrakhan in 1875. He was a relative and childhood friend of Mariinsky Theatre singer Nadezhda Papayan.  He studied in local gymnasium and then attended the Saint Petersburg Institute of Civil Engineering, from which he graduated in 1901. From 1911 to 1918 he worked as the main architect of Baku. During this period he constructed more than 100 buildings in Baku, including the Great Theatre of the Mailov Brothers (modern days Azerbaijan State Opera Theatre, 1911), Sabunchi Railway Station, a residential sector in the former Armenikend area of Baku, and other buildings.

In 1927 Bayev moved to Yerevan and from 1929 to 1930 worked as the head of _ArmSelStroy_ (Armenian agency for rural construction), where he constructed about 200 buildings, among them Pioneer's Palace of Yerevan, State Bank of Armenian SSR, Ministry of Justice, Yerevan Mechanical factory, old hall of Sundukyan Theatre, "Ararat" trust buildings, etc. In 1945 he was awarded by the Honorary diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Armenian SSR.

He was a member of Armenian Union of Architects (1942). Bayev's personal archive (1896-1949) is a part of Yerevan State Archive.

## Bibliography

- Edmond Tigranyan «Activity of Armenian architects in South Caucasus», Yerevan, 2003 - ISBN  978-99930-0-052-5
- (in Russian) Ерканян В.С. Армянская культура в 1800-1917 гг. / Пер. с арм. К.С. Худавердяна. Ер., 1985
- (in Armenian) The Historical-Cultural Heritage of the Armenian Highland, International Conference, Armenia, 2012 / The Role of Armenian Architects in the Formation of Architectural image of City Baku, by Ter-Minasyan A., National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Institute of Arts

## Other websites

- Nikoghayos Baev
- It is a taboo in Azerbaijan that some of best buildings in Baku were constructed by Armenian architects, says Yerevans major architect. Aravot daily, february 2013

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nikolai Bayev
- **caption**: Photo by Nikoghayos Ba
- **birth date**: October 6, 1875
- **birth place**: Astrakhan, Russia
- **death place**: Yerevan, Soviet Armenia
- **occupation**: Architect, civil engineer
- **nationality**: Armenian
The Sundays

**The Sundays** were an English alternative rock band. They formed in the late 1980s. They released three albums in the 1990s.

The band started when Harriet Wheeler and guitarist David Gavurin met.

The Sundays got a record deal with the Rough Trade Records. Their first single, "Can't be Sure", was released in 1989. Their first album, _Reading, Writing and Arithmetic_, was released in 1990. The album got very positive reviews. It entered the UK chart at #4. Later in 1990, the album peaked at #39 in the United States. Its success came mostly from radio stations playing "Here's Where the Story Ends".

In late October 1992, the next album, _Blind_, was released. This album was also successful when it peaked at #103 on the _Billboard_ 200. _Blind_ sold half a million copies. The reviews were positive. Some critics thought the album didn't have the quality songwriting of the first album.

In autumn 1997, after five years, their third record, _Static & Silence_, was released. It got mixed reviews. "Summertime", the first song on the album, was their most successful song the UK Charts up to that time.

The Sundays took a break after the album _Static & Silence_.
Alessandro Moreschi

**Alessandro Moreschi** (11 November 1858 – 21 April 1922) was a castrato singer of the late 19th century and the only castrato to make solo recordings.

## Recordings

All of Moreschi's recordings were made in Rome in two recording sessions for the Gramophone & Typewriter Company.  The first series of recordings were made on 3 and 5 April 1902 by Will and Fred Gaisberg.  Eighteen usable sides by the members of the Sistine Chapel Choir were made on wax. Four of them were solos by Moreschi.

Many years later Fred Gaisburg remembered making these historic first recordings in the Vatican: "Selecting a great salon with walls covered with Titians, Raphaels, and Tintorettos, we mounted our grimy machine right in the middle of the floor."

The second set of recordings was made in Rome in April 1904.

## Sistine choir

Alessandro was a member of the Sistine choir until Easter 1913.  He then retired and got a pension after thirty years' service.

## Retirement and death

In retirement, Moreschi lived in his apartment, a few minutes' walk from the Vatican.  He died there at sixty-three, possibly of pneumonia. His funeral mass was a large and public affair in the church of San Lorenzo in Damaso.

## Other websites

- 1904 Recording of Bach/Gounod: _Ave Maria_
Saga

**Sagas** are stories mostly about ancient Nordic and Germanic life. Some are entirely invented, and some have an historical basis.

They tell about early Viking voyages, the battles that took place during the voyages, about migration to Iceland and of feuds between Icelandic families. They were written in the Old Norse language, mainly in Iceland.

The texts are tales in prose which share some similarities with the epic, often with stanzas or whole poems in alliterative verse embedded in the text, of heroic deeds of days long gone, "tales of worthy men," who were often Vikings, sometimes pagan, sometimes Christian.  They are sometimes romanticised and fantastic, but always dealing with human beings one can understand.

The best sagas are recognised as fine literature. _Njál's Saga_, or the _Saga of Burnt Njál_, is one of the most famous.

In Old English (Anglo-Saxon), Beowulf is a saga written in England, and so is the later Gawain and the Green Knight, written in a West Midlands dialect. These are both works of the imagination, but Layamon's _Brut_ (about 1200 AD) is based on English history since the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_.

## Sagas of Icelanders

"The Icelandic sagas are the backbone of all ... literature" from the Nordic countries, says Roy Jacobsen  (en), a translator of Sagas of Icelanders, and author.

### List of the Sagas of Icelandic’s

- The saga of Gísli Súrsson; or Gísla saga - (two versions) of an outlaw poet – Gísla saga
- The saga of the people of Eyri; or Eyrbyggja saga
- Ljósvetninga saga
- Vatnsdøla
- _The Saga of the People of Laxárdalr_; or _Laxdøla saga_
- Valla-Ljóts saga
- The Saga of Hen-Thorir; or Hænsna-Þóris saga
- The saga of Gunnlaugr Snake-tongue; or Saga of Gunnlaugr Serpent-Tongue
- Bandamanna saga
- Egil's Saga
- Hardar saga; or Harðar saga ok Hólmverja
- Rankel saga
- _Bárðar saga Snæfellsáss_
- _Bjarnar saga Hítdœlakappa_
- _Droplaugarsona saga_
- _Eiríks saga rauða_ – Saga of Erik the Red
- _Færeyinga saga_
- _Finnboga saga ramma_
- _Fljótsdæla saga_
- _Flóamanna saga_
- _Fóstbrœðra saga_ (two versions)
- _Grettis saga - Saga of Grettir the Strong_
- _Grœnlendinga saga_ – Greenland saga
- _Gull-Þóris saga_
- _Gunnars saga Keldugnúpsfífls_
- _Hallfreðar saga_ (two versions)
- _Harðar saga ok Hólmverja_
- _Hávarðar saga Ísfirðings_ – The saga of Hávarður of Ísafjörður
- _Heiðarvíga saga_
- _Hrafnkels saga_
- _Hrana saga hrings_ (post-medieval)
- _Kjalnesinga saga_
- _Kormáks saga_
- _Króka-Refs saga_
- _Laurentius Saga_
- _Ljósvetninga saga_ (three versions)
- _Njáls saga_
- _Reykdœla saga ok Víga-Skútu_
- _Svarfdœla saga_
- _Valla-Ljóts saga_
- _Víga-Glúms saga_
- _Víglundar saga_
- _Vápnfirðinga saga_
- _Þorsteins saga hvíta_
- _Þorsteins saga Síðu-Hallssonar_
- _Þórðar saga hreðu_
- _Ölkofra saga_
Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz

The **Institut aéronautique Jean Mermoz** (IAJM) is a French airline pilot school created in 1957. It is in Rungis, Ile-de-France
The school is famous for its aviation books, published in French and also in English since 2016, thanks to a cooperation with the French Civil Aviation University.
The school is member of the International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools and is in partnership with the aerospace university IPSA to offer a double-degree MSc in aviation / airline pilot.

## Further reading

- Official
Rosendale Trestle

The **Rosendale Trestle** is a bridge in Ulster County, New York. It was completed in 1872. It also was a railroad. It is 940 feet long.

## Infobox (bridge)

- **name**: Rosendale Trestle
- **image**: Rosendale trestle early spring.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **alt**: The trestle, photographed in April 2011
- **caption**: The trestle, photographed in April 2011
- **carries**: Wallkill Valley Rail Trail, formerly Wallkill Valley Railroad
- **locale**: Rosendale, New York, United States
- **design**: Post truss
- **material**: Steel
- **spans**: 9
- **width**: 6 ft (1,829 mm) (broad gauge)
- **clearance below**: above the water
- **fabricator**: Carnegie Steel Company
- **begin**: 1870
- **complete**: 1872
- **inaugurated**: April 6, 1872
Least squares

**Least squares** is the name of a procedure in mathematics, to construct a function from a number of observed values. The basic idea is to construct the function in such a way that the sum of the difference between the observed value and its data point is minimized. Since the difference may go in either direction, the value of the difference is squared, for each value.

Carl Friedrich Gauss said he developed the method in 1795. He used it to recover the lost asteroid 1 Ceres and published it in 1807. He used ideas from Pierre-Simon Laplace. Adrien-Marie Legendre developed the same method independently, in 1805.

## Related pages

- Normal distribution
- Ordinary least squares

## Further reading

- Lawson, C. L., & Hanson, R. J. (1995). Solving least squares problems (Vol. 15). SIAM.
- Bjorck, A. (1996). Numerical methods for least squares problems (Vol. 51). SIAM.
Rights of Englishmen

The **Rights of Englishmen** is an assumed group of rights that had its roots in the basic rights granted in Magna Carta. The idea reached its peak during the British settlement of North America. By this time colonial Englishmen felt they were entitled to certain additional rights and liberties. These were over and above those already granted them by the English Monarchy. One of these perceived rights was the idea of no taxation without representation. This was a grievance of British colonists who believed that they were not directly represented in the British Parliament. They believed that any laws it passed affecting the colonists (such as the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act) were illegal under the Bill of Rights 1689, and were a denial of their rights as Englishmen. This led to the American Revolution and is expressed in the Declaration of Independence as "certain unalienable rights". They stopped thinking of themselves as Englishman and became Americans.
Gulf War oil spill

**The Gulf War oil spill** happened in January 1991 during the Gulf War when Iraq troops were retreating from Kuwait. Shortly after Coalition forces (made up of 39 countries) started the air campaign against Iraq, Iraqi soldiers opened the valves at the Sea Island oil terminal. This released between five and ten million gallons of oil into the Persian Gulf—the largest oil spill in history. The spill was an environmental disaster. It destroyed the coastal habitats and marine wildlife in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
Hadizatou Mani

**Hadizatou Mani** (born 1984) is a human rights activist from Niger. In 2009, Mani received an International Women of Courage Award.

## Life

In 1996, Mani was sold as a slave for $500. She was 12 years old.

In 2003, slavery became illegal in Niger.  Mani’s master did not tell her.  Later, he said Mani was his wife, not his slave.

Mani received her "certificate of liberation" in 2005, and she got married. Her old master took her to court for bigamy. She got a prison sentence of six months.

Mani took the case to court.  She worked with Timidria, a local NGO, and Anti-Slavery International, a British NGO. he brought the case to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).   In 2008, ECOWAS said that Niger did not protect her rights.  They said Niger had to pay her a fine of 10 million CFA francs.

## Awards

- In 2009 Mani was named one of the Time 100 people.
- In 2009 Mani received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department.
CFA franc

The **West African CFA franc** is the currency of eight countries in West Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Sénégal and Togo. CFA means _Communauté Financière d'Afrique_ ("Financial Community of Africa") or Communauté Financière Africaine ("African Financial Community").

The Central African CFA franc has the same value as the West African CFA franc.

The pegging of the CFA franc to the euro is considered by some as a guarantee of stability, while others equate it with voluntary servitude.
Reem Al Numery

**Reem Al Numery** is a children's rights activist in Yemen. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life

When Al Numery was 12 years old, she had to marry her 30-year-old cousin. She protested the wedding, but her father gagged her and tied her up. After the wedding, she tried to kill herself twice.

Al Numery's father would not let her have a divorce. A judge said she was too young to decide, and she could decide when she was 15 years old.    Al Numery went to live with her mother.  Her lawyer said she would appeal.   Reem's father said he would kidnap her but Al Numery wanted to go to school.  She got her divorce in 2010

## Awards

- In 2009 Al Numery received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department.

- In 2010 Al Numery was named one of Time Magazine's most influential people.
Veronika Marchenko

**Veronika Marchenko** is a Russian activist. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Work

Marchenko started the “Mother’s Right” Foundation in 1990 to bring attention to the deaths of Russian military people in peacetime.  The organization helps families of soldiers who die in peacetime, and works against corruption.   Many of the deaths are called suicides, so the families have trouble getting money after the death.

In 2007, lawyers from Mother’s Right helped 132 families go to court for survivor's benefits.  They also helped 5,323 families of men who died.

The organization now helps 5000 people a year. They helped a total of 80,000 people.

## Other websites

Mother's Right Foundation (English)
Foreign national

A **foreign national** is a person who is visiting or living in a country where they are not a citizen.

## European Union

The European Union has a different definition of "foreign national."  In the European Union, a person is only thought of as a foreign national if they are not a citizen of any country in the European Union.  These people are called "third party nationals," not "foreign nationals."

## The United States

The United States Department of Homeland Security says that a foreign national as a person "who is a citizen of any country other than the United States."

In other words, a foreign national is a person who:
- Was born outside the United States; and
- Is a citizen of another country; and
- Has not become a United States citizen through naturalization.
Aérocentre

**Aérocentre** is a French group of aerospace engineering companies and research centres. It is in the region of Centre-Val de Loire in the middle of France.

There are over 321 companies. About 20.000 people work there in the aviation and space flight industries.

The headquarters of Aérocentre is in Châteauroux. The chairman of the group is Jean-Michel Sanchez.

## Partners

- Agence régionale pour l'innovation
- Banque Populaire
- Airemploi
- Centre d'études supérieures industrielles of Orléans
- Électrcité de France
- Institut Polytechnique des Sciences Avancées

## Other websites

- Website of Aérocentre
Convention (meeting)

A **convention** is a meeting of individuals who meet at an arranged place and time to discuss or engage in some common interest.  The most common conventions are based upon industry, profession, and fandom.  Trade conventions are usually about an industry or industry segment. They often include keynote speakers, vendor displays, and other information and activities of interest to the event organizers and those who attend the convention.  Professional conventions focus on issues of concern to the profession. Fan conventions usually feature displays, shows, and sales based on pop culture and guest celebrities. Science fiction conventions are similar to both professional conventions and fan conventions. Conventions also exist for various hobbies, such as gaming or model railroads.
Convention

**Convention** may mean:

- Convention (norm), a custom or tradition, a standard of presentation or conduct
    - Treaty, an agreement in international law
- Convention (meeting), meeting of a (usually large) group of people and/or companies who share a common interest
    - Fan convention, a gathering of fans of a particular  genre
    - Gaming convention, has role-playing games, collectible card games, miniatures wargames, board games, video games, and the like
    - Political convention, a formal gathering of people for political purposes
- Trade fair
- Bridge convention, a term in the game of bridge
- Convention (Paris Métro), a station on line 12 of the Paris Métro in the 15th arrondissement
- "The Convention" (_The Office_ episode)
- "Convention" (_Malcolm in the Middle_ episode)

## Related pages

- Norm
- Doctrine
- Conference
- National Convention (disambiguation)
Ella Mitchell

**Ella Mitchell** (September 14, 1935 – July 2, 2024) was an American soul singer and actress. She is best remembered for playing Hattie Mae Pierce (Big Momma) in the 2000 comedy movie _Big Momma's House_. She also played the evil witch Evillene in the Broadway theatre musical _The Wiz_.

## Other websites

- The Wiz

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ella Mitchell
- **image**: https://media.gettyimages.com/videos/ella-mitchell-at-the-big-mommas-house-premiere-at-the-cinerama-dome-video-id75665969?s=640x640
- **birth place**: Ahoskie, North Carolina, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Soul singer, actress
- **notable works**: Hattie Mae Pierce (Big Momma) in _Big Momma's House_
Constitutional Convention

**Constitutional convention** may refer to:

- Constitutional convention (political meeting), a meeting of delegates to adopt a new constitution or revise an existing constitution.

## Constitutional conventions by country

- Constitutional Convention (Australia), any of four gatherings in 1891, 1897–98, 1973, 1998
    - Australian Constitutional Convention 1998
- Constitutional Convention (Ireland), established in 2012
- Constitutional Convention (Philippines)
- Scottish Constitutional Convention
- Constitutional Convention (United States)
Petra Herrera

**Colonel Petra Herrera**, also known as "Pedro Herrera", was a Mexican "soldadera".  She fought as a revolutionary in the Mexican Revolution.

## Life

Petra Herrera changed herself into "Pedro" Herrera and joined the revolutionary troops of Pancho Villa. She changed her looks and became more masculine.  She invented tricks like saying she shaved at dawn before the other soldiers were awake.  She was known for her courage, and for her specialty of blowing up bridges.

As "Pedro" Herrera, she was well-liked. She was accepted as a leader. She decided to reveal that she was a woman, but the  revolutionary leaders would not give her a military rank.

### Fight in Torreón

Herrera decided to leave Pancho Villa's group.  She created a group of women who, like her, wanted to fight at the front.   Sources say there were tens of thousands of them.

Herrera was in the biggest fight of the war to that date, the second battle of Torreón in 1914. With 400 other women, she took the city on May 30, 1914.  Cosme Mendoza Chavira, another follower of Villa, said "_Ella fue quien tomo Torreón y apago las luces cuando entraron en la ciudad_" (She was the one who took Torreón and turned out the lights when they entered the city.") Conventional history does not say anything about the participation of Petra Herrera.  Villa gave the role of Petra Herrera in the revolution to  an unknown woman.

### The end of her days

At the end of the fighting, she asked to be a general and to continue to fight, but they only gave her a promotion to colonel. Later, the women under her command were disbanded.   It is not clear how Herrera died. Some say she finished her military days as a spy. They say she was attacked by bandits and died from the wounds.  Others say she died in the cross fire between the federal soldiers and the revolutionaries in Zacatecas.  Others say she formed her own brigade of 25,000 women and lived in a camp where men could not enter without being attacked.  Still others say she ended her existence as a waitress in the city of Juarez in Chihuahua.
Bothriolepis

***Bothriolepis*** is a genus of antiarch placoderms. It was widespread and diverse in the middle to late Devonian.

_Bothriolepis_ lived in environments across every continent including near-shore marine and freshwater settings. Most species of _Bothriolepis_ were  small, benthic, freshwater detritivores. They got nutrients by eating decomposing plant/animal material. They were about  in length.  However, the largest species, _B. maxima_, had a carapace about  in length.

Over 70 species are found across the world, but this is also typical of modern bottom dwelling species around today.
Arthrodire

The **Arthrodires** (Arthrodira) are an order of extinct armoured, jawed fishes of the class Placodermi. They flourished in the Devonian period before their sudden extinction, surviving for about 50 million years and living in most marine ecological niches.

Greek for "jointed neck", the arthrodires had movable joints between armour plates surrounding the head and body. The mouth is interesting. As the lower jaw moved down, the head shield moved, allowing a large opening. Lacking distinct teeth, like all placoderms, they used the sharpened edges of a bony plate as a biting surface. The eye sockets are protected by a bony ring, a feature shared by birds and some ichthyosaurs.

Early arthrodires, such as the genus _Arctolepis_, were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. The largest member of this group, _Dunkleosteus_, was a true superpredator of the latest Devonian period, from 3 to 9 m in length. In contrast, the long-nosed _Rolfosteus_ measured just 15 cm.

A common misconception is the arthrodires were sluggish bottom-dwellers that were outcompeted by more advanced fish. But during their reign, the arthrodires were one of the most diverse and numerically successful vertebrate orders of the Devonian. They occupied a vast spectrum of roles from apex predator to detritus-nibbling bottom dweller. The arthrodires were one of many groups eliminated by the mass extinctions of the late Devonian. This let other fish such as sharks diversify into the vacant ecological niches during the Carboniferous period.
Captain Forever

***Captain Forever*** is the name for several space shooter indie games created by Jarred "Farbs" Woods. There are six total versions of the games in the series.

## Gameplay

In _Captain Forever,_ the player is the pilot of a ship that can be expanded or upgraded using parts (such as blasters or boosters) found from other defeated ships. The goal is to stay alive for as long as possible. The game advances by defeating ships of progressive difficulty (represented by color) You lose the game after the pilot is destroyed.

## Sequels

_Captain Successor_ was released in 2009, and included new parts.

_Captain Impostor_  was released in 2010 for supporters of the game, and included some updates

_Captain Jameson_ was a new project, but scrapped in 2013. This served as the framework for the next game, _Dawn Star._

_Dawn Star_ updated the game with new aesthetics and mechanics. Originally called _Captain Jameson Reboot._

_Captain Forever Remix_ was released in 2015 by Jarred "Farbs" Woods with Dean Tate and Brian Chan, working with Pixelsaurus games. _Captain Forever Remix_ added many new parts to the ship, and, allowed for parts to be unlocked, and a series of definitive levels (represented by planets in the solar system). The game also styles the pilot as a young girl imagining the game, playing against her brother, the antagonist of the game. Progression through the planets is achieved by destroying ships of a certain level.

## Awards

_Captain Forever_ won the Best Game award at China's first Independent Games Festival in 2009.
Battle of the Atlantic

The **Battle of the Atlantic** was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II to defeat the Germans in 1945. The British Royal Navy repeated the blockade of Germany of World War II, and Germany repeated its attempt to blockade Britain by using U-boat<nowiki/>s. The German Navy also tried to use surface warships in the Atlantic Ocean, but lost them in various battles.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of the Atlantic
- **place**: Atlantic Ocean, Río de la Plata, North Sea, Irish Sea, Labrador Sea, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Outer Banks, Arctic Ocean
- **partof**: the Second World War
- **result**: Allied victory
- **combatants header**: Belligerents
- **combatant1**:

- **date**: September 3, 1939 – May 8, 1945
()
- **combatant2**:
<hr>
- **commander1**: Dudley Pound
 Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope, Andrew Cunningham

Percy Noble (Royal Navy officer), Percy Noble
 Max Horton
 Frederick Bowhill
 Philip Joubert de la Ferté, Philip de la Ferté
 John Slessor
 Leonard W. Murray
 Royal E. Ingersoll
 Jonas H. Ingram
- **commander2**: Erich Raeder
 Karl Dönitz
 Günther Lütjens
 Otto Schniewind
 Alfred Saalwächter
 Wilhelm Marschall
 Theodor Krancke

- **casualties1**: 36,200 sailors killed
36,000 merchant seamen killed
3,500 merchant vessels
175 warships
741 RAF Coastal Command Aircraft lost in anti-submarine sorties
- **casualties2**: ~30,000 U-boat sailors killed
783 submarines lost
47 other warships lost
~500 killed
17 submarines lost
- **width**: 315px
- **image**: Officers on the bridge.jpg
- **caption**: Officers on the bridge of an escorting British destroyer stand watch for enemy submarines, October 1941
Paris Square (Jerusalem)

**Paris Square** (, _Kikar Pariz_, also called **France Square** = _Kikar Tzarfat)_ is a square or plaza in Jerusalem. The name France Square was established in 1959. In 2007 the city of Paris gave Jerusalem a "French Fountain" that was built in the middle of the square. From that time the square has been called "Paris Square".
Moscow Square (Jerusalem)

**Moscow Square** (, _Kikar Moskva,_ ) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. The square was dedicated in 2007 during the visit of the mayor of Moscow Yury Luzhkov in Israel. The square is the center of the Russian Compound next to the Russian church.
Rome Square (Jerusalem)

**Rome Square** (, _Kikar Roma_, ) is a public square in Jerusalem, Israel. The square was dedicated in 2009 during the visit of the mayor of Rome Gianni Alemanno. The square in located next to the Italian Jews Museum and the Italian Synagogue in Jerusalem.
Võ Thị Sáu

**Võ Thị Sáu** (Đất Đỏ, 1933 – January 23, 1952) was a Vietnamese hero. She was a schoolgirl who fought against the French. (Vietnam was a French colony until 1954.) She was a guerilla fighter.

She was born Phước Thọ Commune, Đất Đỏ District in 1933. In 1948, she started helping the Viet Minh. Many of her friends and family were part of the Viet Minh. She was a contact for the guerillas and passed information to the fighters.

When she was 14, she attacked some French soldiers. She threw a grenade at them. A Captain was killed. Twelve soldiers were hurt. She was not caught.

In 1949, she made another attack. She threw a grenade at a man who was in charge of executions (a canton chief.) The attack did not work: the grenade didn't explode. The French police caught her after the attack. She was sent to prison.

Sáu went to three different prisons. The last prison she went to was Côn Sơn Prison in the Côn Đảo Islands. She was executed (killed) on 23 January 1952. She was 18 years old.

Today, she is considered a martyr. She is buried in Hàng Dương Cemetery on Côn Sơn Island. Many Vietnamese people come to worship at her grave.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Võ Thị Sáu
- **image**: Portrait of Võ Thị Sáu.jpg
- **caption**: before 1952
- **birth date**: 1933
- **birth place**: Phước Thọ, Đất Đỏ, Vietnam
- **death date**:  (aged 19)
- **death place**: Côn Sơn Prison, Côn Sơn Island, Vietnam
- **nationality**: Vietnamese
- **occupation**: Nationalist guerilla
- **years active**: 1948-1952
- **known for**: Martyrdom
Electromagnetic hypersensitivity

**Electromagnetic hypersensitivity** (**EHS**) is a condition where a person feels unwell, which people who have it believe it to be due to being near  electromagnetic fields. Other names for it include **electrohypersensitivity**, **electro-sensitivity**, and **electrical sensitivity** (**ES**).  **Wi-Fi allergy** is a form of EHS.

According to the World Health Organization, EHS is described by vague symptoms that are different in each person. The symptoms are real and can be weak or strong and can make some disabled. There is no specific list of features to diagnose someone, and there is no scientific link between electromagnetic fields and how people feel. EHS is not a medical diagnosis. People who claim to have EHS blame it for headaches, fatigue, stress, sleep disturbances, skin symptoms like prickling, burning sensations and rashes, pain and aches in muscles, and many other health problems. Although electromagnetic fields can make the body hot, people who say they have EHS say they feel sick at very low levels.

Most experiments show that people who claim to have EHS can't correctly tell if they are near EM radiation or not, and the medical and scientific communities don't think its a real illness. Several double-blind experiments suggest that people who say they have EHS can't detect if electromagnetic fields are present, and are just as likely to report feeling sick after a phony exposure as they are after real exposure, making scientists think it is the nocebo effect.

## Popular culture

In the TV show _Better Call Saul_, Jimmy McGill's brother Chuck stays at home and believes he suffers from electromagnetic hypersensitivity.

## Related pages

- Wi-Fi Safety
Better Call Saul

***Better Call Saul*** is an American television series created by Vince Gilligan and Peter Gould. It is a spin-off another show, _Breaking Bad_. _Better Call Saul_ is set in 2002 and follows the story of a lawyer James "Jimmy" McGill (Bob Odenkirk), six years before he appeared on _Breaking Bad_.

The first season consists of 10 episodes. The show's 10-episode second season premiered on February 15, 2016. On March 15, 2016, the series was renewed for a 10-episode third season.

Like the show that came before it, _Better Call Saul_ has been praised by critics. It has been nominated for several awards, including four Primetime Emmy Awards, three Writers Guild of America Awards, two Critics' Choice Television Awards, a Screen Actors Guild Award and a Golden Globe Award. The first episode held the record for the highest-rated scripted series premiere in basic cable history.
Marie Christine de Rouvroy

**Marie Christine de Rouvroy** (May 7, 1728 - July 4, 1774) was a French noblewoman. She was later a member of the House of Grimaldi by marriage. She was a granddaughter of the famous writer, the _duc de Saint-Simon_  (1675-1755). She was known as the **Countess of Valentinois** or as **Princess Charles Maurice of Monaco**. She was a lady-in-waiting to three of the daughters of Louis XV of France and to the Countess of Provence.

## Life

Her parents were Jacques Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Ruffec (1698-1746) and his wife Catherine Charlotte Thérèse de Gramont (1707-1755). She was known as _Mademoiselle de Ruffec_ before marriage. she was formally married to Prince Charles Maurice Grimaldi of Monaco, "Count of Valentinois" on 10 December 1749. The wedding took place in the private chapel of the Hôtel Saint-Simon in Paris with the express permission of Louis XV. The couple eventually separated in 1766, having had no children.

## Titles

- May 7 1728 - 10 December 1749: _Mademoiselle de Ruffec_.
- 10 December 1749 - 1766: The Countess of Valentinois. (_Madame la comtesse de Valentinois_)

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Marie Christine de Rouvroy
- **title**: Countess of Valentinois
- **full name**: Marie Christine de Rouvroy
- **image**: Marie Christine de Rouvroy (1728-1774), Princess Charles Maurice of Monaco, "Countess of Valentinois" by Carmontelle.jpg
- **caption**: The Countess of Valentinois by Carmontelle.
- **spouse**: Prince Charles Maurice, Count of Valentinois, Charles Maurice of Monaco
- **issue**: _None_
- **father**: Jacques Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Ruffec
- **mother**: Catherine Charlotte Thérèse de Gramont
- **house**: House of Rouvroy (_by birth_)
House of Grimaldi, Grimaldi (_by marriage_)
Złotoryja

**Złotoryja** (German: Goldberg, Latin: Aurum) it's a town in southwest Poland in Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Złotoryja is a capital of Złotoryja County.

Since 1945 Złotoryja was a part of German Reich.

## History

Since 8th until 10th century in the area of Złotoryja lived people from tribe called Trzebowianie. At the end of the 12th century German miners settled here.

In 1211 Złotoryja received the city law. In 1241 miners from Złotoryja fought in Battle of Legnica against Mongols.

Złotoryja was Czech fief since 1328.