juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Eroticism

**Eroticism** is the quality of sexual excitement. In other words, if something is sexually exciting, then it is said to be _erotic_. Eroticism is an _erotic_ feeling. It is named after Eros, the Ancient Greek god of love.

Many types of things can be part of _eroticism_. Things that make a person feel erotic (sexually aroused or excited) include the sight, touch, smell, and sound of another person. A person may feel erotic when they see or touch or smell, or hear someone that they love in a sexual way.

Sometimes _eroticism_ has nothing to do with another person. A person might feel erotic from watching a movie, looking at pictures in a magazine, listening to a piece of music, reading a story or article, or just thinking their own thoughts, or being aware of their own body. In fact, everything can be eroticism for someone.

## What makes eroticism?

Some things are designed and made especially to make people feel erotic. Things that are designed to make people feel erotic are called "erotica". This word is most often used for art, books and magazines.

- _Art_ - Sometimes artists create erotic works of art such as drawings, paintings and sculpture. They might do this because they want to make a record of a person or a relationship that is special to them. But more often, artists make erotic art for people who would like to buy it.
- _Books_ - Many books have been written that tell erotic stories, or which give advice about how to make love in an erotic way.
- _Movies_ - Many people enjoy watching erotic movies.
- _Magazines_ - Many magazines have lots of photos of people naked or in sexy clothing, and with erotic expressions and gestures (actions).
- _Avertising_ - Erotic photos are often used for advertising. For example, a beautiful young woman with an erotic expression on her face might be used to advertise hair products, clothes, chocolates, cars, and all sorts of other things.
- _Clothing_ - Some clothing is designed to look erotic. Some underwear, in particular, is especially designed to look erotic.
- _Food_ - Some food is said to make people feel erotic. Food can also be used as an erotic sign or be eaten in an erotic way.
- _Perfume_ - Many perfumes have substances in them that effect the human brain in a way that makes a person feel erotic.

## Eroticism and pornography

Most people believe there is a difference between _erotica_ and _pornography_, but some people have argued that all _erotica_ is "pornographic". (In other words, some people believe that all pictures, movies or writing which are sexually exciting are rude and wrong, and should not be made.)

People who have studied this subject say that erotica is not harmful to anyone, and may be helpful with people's loving relationships. The same writers say that pornography, which generally shows a person being treated without respect or love, is not helpful with people's loving relationships.

## Related pages

- Sex
- Pornography
- Romance (love)
- Ecchi
- Sexual attraction
- Physical attractiveness
Tarantella

A **Tarantella** is a very fast dance in 6/8 time. The name comes from the town of Taranto in Italy. People used to believe that if someone was bitten by a tarantula spider they needed to do this dance in order to drive out the poison. The dancer would get more and more excited until he (or she) seemed mad.

Some people think that maybe these people never really believed this, but that it was an excuse to dance at a time when the church said that dancing was not allowed. The spider is, in fact, only a little bit poisonous.

Some composers enjoyed writing fast pieces in 6/8 time which they called "Tarantella". Mendelssohn wrote one as the last movement of his Symphony no 4 (the Italian). Chopin and Liszt also wrote Tarantellas.

## Related pages

- Arachnophobia
Fermo

**Fermo** () is a _comune_ and city in the Marche region, in central Italy. Fermo is the capital of the province of Fermo.

Fermo is on a hill only a few miles from the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It is region with a high population density near seaports like Porto San Giorgio and Porto Sant'Elpidio.

## Geography

Fermo is on a hill, the _Sabulo_,  high, at about  from the Adriatic Sea. It has an area of  and its altitude is .

The _comune_ borders with the following _comuni_ː Altidona, Lapedona and Monterubbiano to the south; Ponzano di Fermo to the southwest; Grottazzolina, Magliano di Tenna and Rapagnano to the west; Torre San Patrizio to the northwest; Monte Urano, Sant'Elpidio a Mare and Porto Sant'Elpidio to the north. To the east is Porto San Giorgio and the Adriatic Sea.

The _comune_ has two small exclavesː the largest (_Gabbiano_) has an area of  and is surrounded by Mogliano (province of Macerata), Francavilla d'Ete, Massa Fermana and Montegiorgio; and the smallest (_Boara_) has an area of  and is surrounded by Montegiorgio, Magliano di Tenna, Grottazzolina and Belmonte Piceno.

### _Frazioni_

The following _frazioni_ (hamlets) are part of Fermoː Camera, Campiglione, Cantagallo, Casabianca, Capodarco, Cartiera di Tenna, Concerie, Contrada Boara, Ete Palazzina, Faleriense, Gabbiano, Girola, Lido di Fermo, Madonnetta d'Ete, Marina Palmense, Moie, Molini Tenna, Montesecco, Montone, Parete, Pompeiana, Ponte Ete Vivo, Sacri Cuori, Salette, Salvano, San Biagio, San Girolamo, San Lorenzo, San Marco, San Michele, Lido San Tommaso, Torre di Palme and Villa San Claudio.

## Population

There are 37,396 persons living in the _comune_ in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population**

The people from this _comune_ are known, in Italian, as _fermani_.

## Twinned towns

Fermo is twinned with:
- Berat, Albania
- Bahía Blanca, Argentina
- Ansbach, Germany
- León, Mexico

## Other websites

- Fermo official website

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Fermo
- **official name**: Città di Fermo
- **image skyline**: Fermo Panorama.JPG
- **image caption**: Panorama of Fermo.
- **image map**: Map of comune of Fermo (province of Fermo, region Marche, Italy).svg
- **map caption**: Fermo within the Province of Fermo
- **region**: Marche
- **province**: Province of Fermo, Fermo (FM)
- **frazioni**: see #Frazioni, list
- **mayor party**: Lista civica, Civic List
- **mayor**: Paolo Calcinaro
- **area total km2**: 124
- **population total**: 37732
- **population as of**: 30 June 2015
- **population demonym**: Fermani
- **elevation m**: 319
- **saint**: St. Maria Assunta
- **day**: August 15
- **postal code**: 63900
- **area code**: 0734
Macerata

**Macerata**  is a city and _comune_ in the Marche region, central Italy. It is the capital of the province of Macerata.

The football team is A.C. Maceratese.  They play in the D League.

## Geography

The historical city centre is on a hill between the Chienti and Potenza rivers. The _comune_ of Macerata has an area of  and its altitude is .

Macerata borders with the  _comuni_ Corridonia, Montecassiano, Pollenza, Appignano, Treia, Montelupone, Morrovalle, Recanati and Tolentino (a small part).

### _Frazioni_

The following _frazioni_ (hamlets) are part of Macerataː Acquesalate, Acquevive, Botonto San Giacomo, Botonto Sant'Isidoro, Cervare, Cimarella, Cincinelli, Collevario, Colleverde, Consalvi, Corneto, Helvia Recina, Isola, Madonna del Monte, Montanello, Piediripa, Sforzacosta, Valle, Vallebona, Valteia, Villa Potenza.

## Population

There are 42,209 persons living in the _comune_ in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population**

The people from this _comune_ are known, in Italian, as _maceratesi_.

## Twinned towns

Macerata is twinned with:
- Weiden in der Oberpfalz, Germany, since 1963
- Issy-les-Moulineaux, France, since 1982
- Floriana, Malta, since 2007
- Kamëz, Albania, since 13 March 2010
- Sheffield, UK, since 2013

## Other websites

- Macerata official website

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Macerata
- **official name**: Comune di Macerata
- **image skyline**: PanoramaMaceraty2010.JPG
- **image alt**: Historical center of Macerata
- **image caption**: A view of the historical center of Macerata
- **image shield**: Macerata-Stemma.svg
- **image map**: Map of comune of Macerata (province of Macerata, region Marche, Italy).svg
- **map alt**: Macerata in the province
- **map caption**: The _comune_ Macerata, in red, in its province.
- **region**: Marche
- **province**: Province of Macerata, Macerata (MC)
- **frazioni**: see #Frazioni, list
- **mayor**: Romano Carancini
- **area total km2**: 92.53
- **population total**: 42209
- **population as of**: January 2017
- **population demonym**: Maceratesi
- **elevation m**: 315
- **elevation min m**: 58
- **elevation max m**: 320
- **saint**: Julian the Hospitaller
- **day**: 31 August
- **postal code**: 62100
- **area code**: 0733
Ban

- _For the policy on Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Blocks and bans._
A **ban** is an action used to stop people from doing something, either bad or dangerous. Ban can also be made on products. For example, Singapore, a country, bans chewing gum. Ban may sometimes be made on the Internet, where an administrator or a moderator with higher powers than other members can stop vandals from causing harm to others. Sometimes, users of a website say that moderators or administrators have banhammers that they use to ban bad users.
Neurology

**Neurology** is a medical specialty that deals with the disorders of the nervous system. Neurology is about the medical diagnosis and treatment of conditions and illnesses of the nervous system. This can include both the physical condition of the brain, nerves, and brain messages between the body and the nervous system. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neurobiology, which is the scientific study of the nervous system.

World Federation of Neurology coordinates neurology researches.

Neurology also references to animals, not only to humans.

## Some common neurological conditions

These conditions are usually treated by a neurologist.
- Dementia. There are many different kinds of dementia. The most common kinds of dementia are Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia and vascular dementia.
- Epilepsy
- Parkinson's disease
- Stroke
- Cerebral palsy
- Migraine

## Other websites

- BrainTalk Support Groups for all Neurological conditions and diseases
- European Federation of Neurological Societies
Karlstad

**Karlstad** is a city in Värmland, Sweden. About 58,544 people live there. Karlstad has a University and a Cathedral.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Karlstad
- **image shield**: Karlstad vapen.svg
- **nickname**: city of the Sun, Sun city
- **pushpin map**: Sweden Värmland#Sweden
- **subdivision type**: list of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name1**: Värmland
- **subdivision name2**: Värmland County
- **subdivision name3**: Karlstad Municipality
- **founder**: King Charles IX of Sweden, Charles IX
- **leader title**: Chairman of the Executive Board
- **leader name**: Per-Samuel Nisser
- **area total km2**: 30.31
- **elevation m**: 64
- **population total**: 61492
- **population as of**: 2015 (city); 2015 (metro)
- **population density km2**: 2035
- **population metro**: 90882
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 65x xx
- **area code**: (+46) 54
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Search and seizure

**Search and seizure** is an act that police and other law enforcement authorities are allowed to do. It is when they search a place for evidence of a crime. If they find that evidence, they may take it. They usually knock the door down with a search warrant. Warrants are a document stating that the government has permission to go into a building due to found evidence.
Impulse (physics)

In classical mechanics, an **impulse** is defined as the integral of a force with respect to time:

where
- **I** is impulse (sometimes marked **J**),
- **F** is the force, and
- _dt_ shows it is with respect to time.

Impulse is also described as the change in momentum. If the force and the mass of the object do not change, impulse can be simply expressed as:
where
- **F** is the _constant_ total net force applied,
- Δ_t_ is the time over which the force is applied,
- _m_ is the _constant_ mass of the object,
- Δ**v** is the change in velocity produced by the force in the time that passed, and
- Δ**p** is the change in linear momentum.

## Related pages

- Specific impulse
Ruler

A **ruler** (or 'rule') is an instrument of measurement. Rulers measure length. Length is how long or short something is. Most rulers work by having numbers (parallel to the measuring edge) and little lines (perpendicular to the measuring edge). Rulers can also be used as a straight edge to draw lines with.

Rulers come in many different forms. They can be made of plastic, wood and metal, and other materials. Rulers also come in a variety of lengths. For example, there are 1 metre rulers, 30 centimetre rulers, 20 centimetre rulers and 15 centimetre rulers. These are examples of metric rulers. You can also get 1 yard rulers, 18 inch rulers and 6 inch rulers, etc. These are examples of imperial rulers.
Mutation

In biology, a **mutation** is a change in the genetic material. This means changes to the DNA or to the chromosomes which carry the DNA. These changes are heritable (can be passed on to the next generation) unless they have lethal effects.

Mutations can happen for several reasons. It can happen because of errors when _meiosis_ produces the gametes (eggs & sperms). Damage by radiation, or by certain chemicals may cause mutations. Mutations occur at random.

Also, by derivation, an individual carrying the mutation may be called a **mutant** or a _mutation_. So is the trait (character) most obviously affected by the mutation.

### DNA mutations

When DNA is copied mistakes are sometimes made – these are called mutations. There are four main types of mutations:
- _Deletion_, where one or more DNA bases are left out.
- _Insertion_, where one or more extra base is put in.
- _Substitution_, where one or more bases are changed for another base in the sequence.
- _Duplication_, where whole genes are copied.

### Chromosome mutations

These terms are explained in the third diagram.
- _Deletion_: a piece of chromosome is lost, together with any genes which may be on it.
- _Duplication_: part of a chromosome is repeated
- _Inversion_: part of a chromosome is reversed end to end
- _Insertion_: a smaller chromosome is added into a longer chromosome
- _Translocation_: part of a chromosome gets moved onto another chromosome

## Results of mutation

Mutations may be bad for the organism, or neutral, or benefit the organism. Sometimes mutations are fatal for the organism – the protein made by the 'new' DNA does not work at all, and causing the embryo to die. On the other hand, evolution is moved forward by mutations, when the new version of the protein works better for the organism.

Mutations are the ultimate source of variation, upon which _natural selection_ acts. What happens is that some mutations affect the organism's ability to live and reproduce. This is an important part of the theory of evolution. The amount of heritable variation carried by a population can be huge, and as a result natural populations can change and adapt to conditions in their environment.

## Related pages

- Bioethics
- Variation
Södermanland

**Södermanland** is a province of Sweden. A part of Stockholm is in Södermanland.
Dalarna

**Dalarna**, **Dalercarlia** or the **Dales** is a province in Sweden. The province was part of Svealand before Sweden was consolidated in the 11th century.
Stingray

The **stingrays** are a large suborder of the rays. They are cartilaginous fish related to sharks. They are in the suborder **Myliobatoidei** of the order Myliobatiformes, which consists of nine families.

Most stingrays have one or more barbed stings on the tail, which is used _only_ for self-defence. The sting may reach about 35 cm, and its underside has two grooves with venom glands. The sting is covered with a thin layer of skin, the sheath, in which the venom is held. A few members of the suborder, such as the manta rays and the porcupine ray, do not have stings.

Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world. There are species in warm temperate oceans, and some found in the ocean. Some live in fresh water. Most stingrays live at or near the bottom of the water, but some are pelagic.

## Lifestyle

Stingrays settle on the bottom while feeding, often leaving only their eyes and tail visible. Coral reefs are favorite feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide.

The flattened bodies of stingrays allow them to hide themselves. Stingrays agitate the sand and hide beneath it. Their eyes are on top of their bodies and their mouths on the undersides. Stingrays  use smell and electro-receptors (like those of sharks) to find their prey.

Stingrays feed mostly on molluscs, crustaceans, and occasionally on small fish. Some stingrays' mouths have two powerful, shell-crushing plates, while other species have sucking mouthparts that bring in the plankton.

### Reproduction

Stingrays are ovoviviparous, bearing live young in 'litters' of five to thirteen. The female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta. Instead, the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac, and after the sac is depleted, the mother provides uterine 'milk'.

At the Sea Life London Aquarium two female stingrays have delivered seven baby stingrays, although the mothers have not been near a male for two years. "Rays have been known to store sperm and not give birth until they decide the timing is right".

Like all fish, stingrays get little  parasites (such as flukes or copepods) on their gills or body. A cleaner fish helps the stingrays by eating the parasites it can get at.

## Families

There are eight families in the stingray group. They are:
1. Hexatrygonidae (sixgill stingray),
1. Plesiobatidae (deep water stingray),
1. Urolophidae (stingarees),
1. Urotrygonidae (round rays),
1. Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays),
1. Potamotrygonidae (river stingrays),
1. Gymnuridae (butterfly rays), and
1. Myliobatidae (eagle rays).
Turbot

The **turbot** (_Scophthalmus maximus_) is a relatively large flatfish found in the Atlantic, Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.

Turbot are fished for food, and have a delicate flavour. They are farmed in a number of countries, and are quite expensive in restaurants.

When caught, professional fishermen often make small cuts through the bone near the tailfin. This lets the blood out and keeps the meat white. Storing the Turbot upside down also helps in keeping the underside of the fish white.
William Gallas

**William Gallas** (born 17 August 1977) is a French football player. He plays for Arsenal in England. He plays as a Defender.

Before joining Arsenal, Gallas has played for Olympique Marseille of France and Chelsea of England. He also played for France in the 2006 World Cup, winning the runner-up. In 2006, he turned to join Arsenal.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="2"|Caen||Division 2||16||0||||||||||||||16||0
|-
|1996/97||Division 1||18||0||||||||||||||18||0
|-
|1997/98||rowspan="4"|Olympique Marseille||rowspan="4"|Division 1||3||0||||||||||||||3||0
|-
|1998/99||30||0||||||||||||||30||0
|-
|1999/00||22||0||||||||||||||22||0
|-
|2000/01||29||2||||||||||||||29||2

|-
|2001/02||rowspan="5"|Chelsea||rowspan="5"|Premier League||30||1||||||||||||||30||1
|-
|2002/03||38||4||||||||||||||38||4
|-
|2003/04||29||0||||||||||||||29||0
|-
|2004/05||28||2||||||||||||||28||2
|-
|2005/06||34||5||||||||||||||34||5
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="4"|Arsenal||rowspan="4"|Premier League||21||3||2||0||0||0||6||0||29||3
|-
|2007/08||31||4||2||0||1||0||8||0||42||4
|-
|2008/09||23||2||4||1||0||0||9||3||36||6
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||||||
118||2||||||||||||||118||2
234||21||8||1||1||0||23||3||266||25
351||23||8||1||1||0||23||3||383||27
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2002||3||0
|-
|2003||8||0
|-
|2004||15||0
|-
|2005||11||1
|-
|2006||15||1
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||10||0
|-
|2009||9||2
|-
|2010||6||0
|-
!Total||84||4
|}
Euler's identity

**Euler's identity**, sometimes called **Euler's equation**, is this equation:

It features the following mathematical constant<nowiki/>s:

- , pi
- , Euler's Number
- ,  imaginary unit

It also features three of the basic mathematical operations: addition, multiplication and exponentiation.

Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. It is not clear that he invented it himself.

Respondents to a _Physics World_ poll called the identity "the most profound mathematical statement ever written", "uncanny and sublime", "filled with cosmic beauty" and "mind-blowing".

## Mathematical proof of Euler's Identity using Taylor Series

Many equations can be written as a series of terms added together. This is called a Taylor series.

The exponential function  can be written as the Taylor series

As well, the sine function can be written as

and cosine as

Here, we see a pattern take form.  seems to be a sum of sine and cosine's Taylor series, except with all of the signs changed to positive. The identity we are actually proving is .

So, on the left side is , whose Taylor series is

We can see a pattern here, that every second term is _i_ times sine's terms, and that the other terms are cosine's terms.

On the right side is , whose Taylor series is the Taylor series of cosine, plus _i_ times the Taylor series of sine, which can be shown as:

if we add these together, we have

Therefore,

Now, if we replace x with , we have:

Since we know that  and , we have:
which is the statement of Euler's identity.

## Related pages

- −1 (number)
- Euler's formula

## References

pl:Wzór Eulera#Tożsamość Eulera
SuSE Linux

**SUSE** is a main version of a Linux distribution, produced in Germany and owned by Attachmate Group. SUSE is also a founding member of the Desktop Linux Consortium. Starting from version "10.2 Alpha 3" its official name is **openSUSE**. The current mascot of SUSE is a chameleon called "Geeko".

## History

The SUSE Linux distribution was originally a German translation of Slackware Linux. The Slackware distribution was founded by Peter MacDonald, and was the first distribution to contain X and TCP/IP. S.u.S.E was founded in 1992 as a UNIX speaking group, which among other things regularly released software packages that included SLS and Slackware, and printed UNIX/Linux manuals. In 1994 the group released the first CD version of SLS/Slackware, under the name "S.u.S.E Linux 1.0." Then in 1996, SuSE Linux gained many aspects from Red Hat Linux. The name "SUSE Linux" came in September 2003.

On 4 November 2003, Novell announced it would buy SuSE. They planned to release the administration program YaST2 under the GPL license and add a community project, openSUSE. The openSUSE desktop  environment can be GNOME or KDE. Most parts of the program were "open"—not completely, but more than before. The version "10.0" was the first version that had public beta testing. The philosophy changed from before. There were multiple versions of the "10.0" Linux distribution for download. They are "OSS" (completely open source), with all programs "free" and without proprietary softwares, and "eval" (has both open source and proprietary applications).

## Versions

|colspan="2"|Main Versions|
| --- | --- |
|1.0|- April 1994|
|1.0.9|- July 1994|
|11/94|- November 1994|
|4/95|- April 1995|
|8/95|- August 1995|
|11/95|- November 1995|
|4.2|- May 1996|
|4.3|- September 1996|
|4.4|- May 1997|
|4.4.1|- February 1997|
|5.0|- June 1997|
|5.1|- November 1997|
|5.2|- 23 March 1998|
|5.3|- 10 September 1998|
|6.0|- 21 December 1998|
|6.1|- 7 April 1999|
|6.2|- 12 August 1999|
|6.3|- 25 November 1999|
|6.4|- 27 March 2000|
|7.0|- 27 September 2000|
|7.1|- 24 January 2001|
|7.2|- 15 June 2001|
|7.3|- 13 October 2001|
|8.0|- 22 April 2002|
|8.1|- 30 September 2002|
|8.2|- 7 April 2003|
|9.0|- 15 October 2003|
|9.1|- 23 April 2004|
|9.2|- 25 October 2004|
|9.3|- 16 April 2005|
|10.0|- 6 October 2005|
|10.1|- 11 May 2006|
|10.2|- 7 December 2006|
|10.3|- 4 October 2007|

## Official website

- SUSE

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: SUSE Linux
- **screenshot**: OpenSUSE 102.png
- **caption**: openSUSE Linux 10.2 desktop with KDE
- **developer**: Novell, openSUSE Project
- **family**: Linux
- **source model**: Open source
- **working state**: Current
- **latest release version**: 12.2
- **latest release date**: 5 September 2012
- **kernel type**: Monolithic kernel
- **license**: Free software licenses
(mainly GPL)
- **website**: [http://www.novell.com/linux www.novell.com/linux]
[http://www.opensuse.org www.opensuse.org]
- **supported platforms**: i386, PowerPC, AMD64, IA-64
- **updatemodel**: RPM Package Manager, RPM
- **package manager**: YaST, Yet Another Setup Tool
Walter Moers

**Walter Moers** (born 24 May 1957 in Mönchengladbach, Germany) is one of the best-known and most commercially successful German comic book creators and authors.

## Works available in English translation

- _Little asshole_, 1991 (English Edn)
- _The 13½ Lives of Captain Bluebear_, 2000 (UK) / 2005 (US)
- _A Wild Ride Through the Night_, 2004
- _Rumo and His Miraculous Adventures_, 2004
- _The City of Dreaming Books_, 2006.
- _The Alchemaster’s Apprentice_, 2009 (English Edn).  978-1-846-55222-9
- _The Labyrinth of Dreaming Books_, 2012 (English Edn)

## Other websites

- Official page
Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger

**Dorothy Marie "Dottie" Metcalf-Lindenburger** (born on May 2, 1975 in Colorado Springs, Colorado) is an American astronaut. She works for NASA.

She is married to Jason Metcalf-Lindenburger, who was a 7th grade school teacher at the time.

## NASA experience

Metcalf-Lindenburger was selected by NASA in May 2004 and began training. Astronaut Candidate Training includes tours, many scientific and technical meetings, much learning about the Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 flight training, and water and wilderness survival training.

She successfully finished this training in February 2006. This qualified her as a NASA Astronaut.

## Education

- Fort Collins High School, Fort Collins, Colorado.
- Bachelor of Arts, Geology with honors and cum laude, Whitman College, Washington, 1997.

## Organization

- Phi Beta Kappa
- National Education Association

## Honors

- 1999 Outstanding Teacher Preparation Candidate at Central Washington University.
- 1997 Whitman College Leed's Geology Award
- 1997 Whitman College Order of the Waiilaptu
- 1996 GSA Field Camp Award
- 1995-1996 NAIA Academic All-American in Cross Country and Track
- 1996 NAIA Conference Champion in the 10K.

## Infobox (astronaut)

- **name**: Dorothy M. Metcalf-Lindenburger
- **image**: Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger JSC2004-E-40090.jpg
- **birth place**: Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.
- **insignia**:
- **missions**: STS-131
- **occupation**: Teacher (Secondary education in the United States, Middle and High school, Earth science and astronomy)
- **selection**: List of astronauts by selection#2004, 2004 NASA Group
- **space time**: 15d 02h 47m
- **type**: NASA Astronaut
Worker

A **worker** is a person who does a job. This usually means a person who does manual labour( such as manufacturing goods,farming,etc). In economics,there are three factors of production. These are _labour_ (the work done by workers), land (usually people need some space to produce something), and capital (it will cost resources, or money, to produce something).

People who work, usually get paid for the work they do. This is either called wages (if it is bound to a time period, like an hour), or a salary (if it is independent of the time taken).

May Day is an international holiday for workers' rights.

## Related pages

- Working class
- Workers of the world, unite!
Actinium

**Actinium** is chemical element 89 on the periodic table. Its symbol is **Ac**. Actinium's mass is 227 g/mol.

Actinium is a silver radioactive, solid metal in actinide group. It is so radioactive that it glows in the dark. Even a small amount of actinium is dangerous to people.

## History

Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist.  In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium.

## Properties

Actinium is a soft, silvery-white, radioactive metal. Its estimated shear modulus is similar to that of lead. Because its strong radioactivity, actinium glows in the dark with a pale blue light.

Actinium reacts quickly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that stops the actinium from oxidizing.

## Isotopes

Actinium that is found in nature is made up of two radionuclides <sup>227</sup>Ac and <sup>228</sup>Ac. Thirty-six radionuclides of actinium have been found. The most stable is <sup>227</sup>Ac which has a half-life of 21.772 years. The shortest-lived known isotope of actinium is <sup>217</sup>Ac which has a half-life of 69 nanoseconds.

## Occurence

Actinium is only found in trace amounts in uranium ores. For example, one tonne of uranium ore contains about 0.2 milligrams of <sup>227</sup>Ac. Thorium ores contain about 5 nanograms of <sup>228</sup>Ac per one tonne of thorium.

## Uses

<sup>225</sup>Ac is now being studied for use in cancer treatments. <sup>227</sup>Ac is studied for use as an active element of radioisotope thermoelectric generators. <sup>225</sup>Ac is used in medicine to make <sup>213</sup>Bi in a reusable generator. It can be used in radiation therapy.

## Infobox (actinium)
Alyson Michalka

**Alyson Renee "Aly" Michalka** (born March 25, 1989) is an American actress and musician. She works with Disney Channel and takes part in duo group 78violet with her sister, Amanda Michalka. She is most well known for playing the part of Keely Teslow on the Disney series Phil of the Future.

## Early life

Alyson Michalka was born in Torrance, California, United States on March 25, 1989 to Mark Michalka and Carrie Begley-Michalka. She was raised mostly in the city of Seattle, Washington. She has two dogs named Saint and Bandit.

## Later life

She began to be home schooled. She started acting for Disney Channel on _Phil of the Future_, then began her singing career. She says on _Disney 411_ that she started playing guitar with her sister at the ages of 12 and 10. She lives in a multimillion-dollar California mansion.

## Musical career

Michalka has been singing since her sister was able to speak and sing. Then, for the movie _Now You See It..._ her sister and she started a band and created a music video called _Do You Believe In Magic?_. The band is called 78violet. Then they left Disney Channel to "take off" with their musical career.

## Acting career

Soon she started acting for Disney Channel in the show _Phil of the Future_, which she had quit in 2006. She has been seen in many movies, outside of Disney channel, she worked with WB and NBC with TV dramas with her sister. She was most known for playing _Keely Teslow_ in _Phil of the Future_ on Disney Channel, though now has gained popularity being in a band. She has been in other Disney Channel productions like _Now You See It..._ and _Cow Belles_. She is half of the musical duo 78violet, with her sister.

### Filmography

- _Phil of the Future_ (2004-2006)-- _Keely Teslow_
- _Now You See It..._ (2005 movie)-- _Allyson Miller_
- _Cow Belles_ (2006 movie)-- _Taylor Callum_
- _Bandslam_ (2009 movie) -- _Charlotte Barnes_
- _Hellcats_ (2010 movie)--

### Discography

- _Do You Believe In Magic?_–2005
- _No One_–_Ice Princess_, 2005
- _Walking on Sunshine_–_Herby: Fully Loaded_, 2005
- _Into the Rush_–_Twitches_, 2005
- _Chemicals React_–2006
- _Pontential Break Up Song_–2007

## Other websites

- Hollywood Records's Aly & AJ Bio

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Alyson Michalka
- **img**: Alyson Michalka.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Alyson Renae Michalka
- **alias**: Aly
- **origin**: Torrance, California, United States
- **instrument**: Guitar, singer, vocals
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop rock
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 2004-present
- **associated acts**: 78violet
- **url**: [http://alysonmichalka.org Official Website]
Racket

**Racket** might mean:

- A loud noise
- A scheme to cheat people
- A racquet, a tool used in sports like tennis, badminton and squash
Guide dog

**Guide dogs** are dogs trained to help blind  or vision impaired people live on their own.  They are sometimes called "Seeing Eye" dogs. Guide dogs are one type of assistance animals, which are animals trained to help people with a disability to lead more complete lives.

The blind person (sometimes called a "handler") and the dog need to work together. Both the dog and the handler must take special training to learn how to work as a team. The handler needs to let the guide dog know the direction they want to go. The dog can lead the person around things that may be dangerous, such as moving cars or other things. Also, guide dogs may be taught to press buttons to work elevators or get things for their handler.  Because dogs cannot see colors as well as people, they cannot read traffic signals, so the handler must use ways to tell if it is safe to cross a street.

Because the guide dog and handler will be in public, it is important that the dog stays calm in busy or loud areas. In many countries, guide dogs are allowed inside places where animals normally are not allowed, such as restaurants, stores, buses and trains.

## History

Germany started the first guide dog schools during World War 1, to help soldiers who were blinded in the war. By 1931, schools and organizations such as The Seeing Eye in Morristown, New Jersey in the United States and the British Guide Dog Association in the United Kingdom were founded.

## Related pages

- Blindness
Chocolate cake

A **chocolate cake** is a cake made with chocolate or cocoa. The ingredients are put into a bowl and mixed together; then the mixed ingredients are put into a cake tin and put in an oven until it is fully cooked. Then the cake is taken out of the oven and placed on a cooling stand. If the cake maker wants to, they can ice the cake, when it has cooled down, by spreading thick icing on it. Chocolate cakes are sold in shops as well as made at home. They are a sweet food and should not be eaten all the time, which would be unhealthy.

There are many different types of chocolate cake, depending on the recipe and different types of chocolate used. Different countries have different recipes for chocolate cakes. In France, _gâteau au chocolate_ is popular. In Germany, _Sachertorte_ is popular.

## History

In 1828 Conrad Van Houten of the Netherlands made a mechanical extraction method for taking away the fat from cacao liquor resulting in cacao butter and the mostly de-fatted cacao. It was a compacted mass of solids that could be sold as it was "rock cacao" or ground into powder. The processes made chocolate from an luxury to an cheap daily snack. A process for making smoother chocolate called conching was made in 1879 by Swiss Rodolphe and made it easier to bake with chocolate as it "_amalgamates smoothly and completely with cake batters_." Until 1890 to 1900 chocolate recipes were mostly for drinks.
In the U.S., chocolate decadence cakes were popular in the 1980s; in the 1990s, single-serve chocolate cakes with liquid chocolate centers were popular.
Ten Who Dared

***Ten Who Dared*** is a movie made by Disney in 1960. It tells the real story of an officer of the United States Army called John Wesley Powell who was the first to travel up the Colorado river with other nine men to make a map of the region, and the dangers they had to face in their trip.

Some people say it is one of the worst movies made by Disney.

## Other websites

- _Ten Who Dared_ at Rotten Tomatoes
- _Ten Who Dared_ at AllMovieGuide
- _Ten Who Dared_ at Yahoo! Movies

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Ten Who Dared
- **director**: William Beaudine
- **producer**: Walt Disney,
James Algar
- **writer**: John Wesley Powell (journal),
Lawrence Edward Watkin
- **music**: Oliver Wallace
- **cinematography**: Gordon Avil
- **editing**: Norman Palmer, Cotton Warburton
- **starring**: Brian Keith,
Ben Johnson,
John Beal
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Pictures
- **released**: November 1, 1960 (USA)
- **runtime**: 92
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Phycology

**Phycology** (or **algology**), a part of botany, is the study of algae. Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are different from the higher plants by a lack of "normal" roots, stems or leaves. Many types have one cell and are very small or microscopic (including plankton and other microalgae); many others have many cells; some of these are very big, like seaweeds such as kelp and _Sargassum_.

Phycology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. Some microscopic algae are also in lichens.

A ***phycologist*** is a person who studies phycology...
Snorkeling

**Snorkeling** is swimming while using a tube to breathe underwater.

## Overview

Snorkeling is a very popular activity, particularly in places with clear, calm, warm oceans. It allows people to see underwater life in a natural setting, without the complicated equipment and training required for scuba diving.

## Activity

Generally, people snorkel in shallow reefs ranging from sea level to 4 meters (13 feet) deep. Snorkelers can also explore deep water reefs. However, to see deeper reefs, a snorkeler has to hold their breath and dive down to the reef to see it. This kind of snorkeling takes more skill and fitness than shallow water snorkeling. It is also more dangerous than shallow water snorkeling. Snorkelers use masks so they can see underwater. This allows them to see fish, coral reefs and other forms of sea life.

## History

Man has always been interested by what is under the ocean. Evidence shows that people have been free diving for at least 5,000 years.  The earliest known free divers were sponge farmers in Crete, who lived around 3000 B.C.E. These farmers used free diving to collect underwater sponges. They used hollow reeds like modern snorkels, to allow them to breathe while underwater.

## Equipment

Snorkelers use three basic pieces of equipment:
- A snorkel: A curved plastic tube that snorkelers can breathe through while underwater
- A mask: Snorkeling masks protect the nose and face, and allow snorkelers to see underwater
- Diving fins: Snorkelers wear these on their feet to make it easier to swim.  Free divers also use them to make it easier to dive to deep levels

## Differences with scuba diving

Snorkeling is swimming on the surface of the water, with the head and nose under the water, using a diving mask, snorkel, and diving fins. Scuba diving is swimming with the whole body underwater.  Scuba divers breathe through an oxygen tank, which allows them to breathe underwater for long periods at a time. Scuba divers also wear a tight diving suit, a diving mask, and diving fins.

Before a person can scuba dive, they have to get training how to use the breathing equipment and dive to deep waters. Snorkeling does not require any training. People who cannot swim can still snorkel if they use a life jacket to keep them floating on the water.

## Other websites

- http://www.tropicalsnorkeling.com/first-time-snorkeling.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20111021065205/http://www.npca.org/marine_and_coastal/coral_reefs/snorkeling.html
- PIehl, Galen and Nicole Atkins. "First Time Snorkeling Tips - Avoid These Beginner Mistakes". TropicalSnorkeling.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 23 May 2016
- How To Snorkel Safely
- Snorkeling With Kids
Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World

**Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World** is an aquarium in Auckland, New Zealand. It is all underground and within the walls of Auckland City's sewage holding tanks, unused since 1961. It opened on January 25, 1985.

Kelly Tarlton, an avid diver, treasure hunter and undersea explorer, was responsible for the Underwater World concept and construction.

Construction took 10 months and cost $3 million. Kelly Tarlton died suddenly of a heart attack on March 17, 1985, seven weeks after the Underwater World opened.

Large sharks, stingrays and 1500 fish of forty different species may be viewed through a 114 metre-long underwater plexiglass tunnel in a figure-of-eight shape. The plexiglass is 7 centimetres thick.

## Other websites

- Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World
Grave (mass)

The **grave** (symbol: **gv**), was the word that was used to describe mass before the word _kilogram_ was introduced. _Grave_ comes from the word _gravity_ and was first used in 1793 in France. The name _kilogram_ was introduced in 1795 but was not the official word for mass until 1875.

In order to have full consistency in the International System of Units (SI), many people think that the kilogram should be called something different. Using the word _kilogram_ creates a problem because it is a base unit that has the prefix "kilo" already in its name. To fix the problem, some people have suggested using the word _grave_ again.

## Other websites

- http://www.bipm.org/en/si/history-si/name_kg.html
- http://www.utc.fr/~tthomass/Themes/Unites/hist/Histoire%20du%20systeme%20metrique.pdf
- http://www.utc.fr/~tthomass/Themes/Unites/prehist/GBigourdan.pdf
The Smiths

**The Smiths** were an English rock band from Manchester. They formed in 1982 and split up in 1987. They released four studio albums. The band consisted of Morrissey (singing), Johnny Marr (guitar), Andy Rourke (bass) and Mike Joyce (drums). Critics have called them the most important alternative rock band to emerge from the British independent music scene of the 1980s. _Q_ magazine writer Simon Goddard wrote that The Smiths were the one truly important group of the 1980s, "the most influential British guitar group of the decade" and the first independent group to become successful in the main music scene.

The band was based on the songwriting partnership of Morrissey and Marr. They signed to the independent record label Rough Trade Records. On this, they released four studio albums: _The Smiths_ (1984), _Meat Is Murder_ (1985), _The Queen Is Dead_ (1986) and _Strangeways, Here We Come_ (1987). They have also released several compilations, and many singles that were not released on any of their studio albums.

The Smiths had several singles reach the UK top twenty. All four of their albums reached the UK top five, including one which topped the charts. They won a large following of fans. The band had limited commercial success outside the UK while they were still together. The band broke up in 1987 and have refused several offers to reunite.

The music focuses on a guitar, bass and drum sound. They blend 1960s rock and post-punk. This sounded very different to the synthesiser-based contemporary dance pop that was popular in the early 1980s. Marr's guitar playing on his Rickenbacker often had a jangly sound influenced by Roger McGuinn of the 1960s group The Byrds. It influenced later bands from Manchester, such as The Stone Roses and Oasis. Morrissey's lyrics combined stories about ordinary people's lives with a sense of humour.

## Band members

- Morrissey (lead singer)
- Johnny Marr (guitar)
- Andy Rourke (bass) (deceased, 2023)
- Mike Joyce (drums)

## Discography

- The Smiths (1984)
- Hatful of Hollow (1984)
- Meat Is Murder (1985)
- The Queen Is Dead (1986)
- The World Won't Listen (1987)
- Louder Than Bombs (1987)
- Strangeways, Here We Come (1987)
- Rank (1988)

## Other websites

- Morrisey on ¡ponte los cascos! article about Morrisey and Eurovision

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: The Smiths
- **img**: Morrissey Live at SXSW Austin in March 2006.jpg
- **img capt**: Morrisey, the lead singer of The Smiths in 2007
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Manchester, England
- **genre**: Jangle pop, Indie pop, indie rock, post-punk, alternative rock
- **years active**: 1982–1987
- **label**: Rough Trade Records, Rough Trade
 Warner Bros. Records
- **associated acts**: Electronic (band), Electronic
 Modest Mouse
 Freebass
- **current members**: Morrissey
Johnny Marr
Andy Rourke
Mike Joyce
- **past members**:
Craig Gannon
Allotheria

The **Allotheria** are an extinct infraclass or superorder of mammals. They are related to the prototheria and theria.

The allotheres was a branch of successful Mesozoic mammals. The most important characteristic was the presence of lower molariform teeth with two longitudinal rows of cusps.

Allotheres also had a narrow pelvis, indicating that they gave birth to tiny, helpless young as marsupials do.

The Haramiyida from the Triassic period were the earliest group, and the Multituberculates survived until the Oligocene, 35 million years ago.
Multituberculate

The **multituberculates** were a group of rodent-like mammals which survived for about 166 million years – the longest fossil history of any mammal line.

They were eventually outcompeted by rodents, becoming extinct during the late Eocene.

At least 200 species are known, ranging from mouse-sized to beaver-sized. These species occupied many  ecological niches, ranging from burrow-dwelling to squirrel-like tree-dwelling.

Multituberculates are usually placed outside both the two main groups of living mammals, the Theria (placentals and marsupials), and monotremes. Some cladistic analyses put them closer to Theria than to monotremes.

## Biology

The multituberculates had a head anatomy similar to rodents. They had cheek-teeth separated from the chisel-like front teeth by a wide tooth-less gap (called the _diastema_). Each cheek-tooth displayed several rows of small cusps (or tubercles, hence the name) which worked against similar rows in the teeth of the jaw. It was an efficient chopping device.

Most small multituberculates would have eaten seeds and nuts, supplemented with insects, worms, and fruit.

The structure of the pelvis in the Multituberculata suggests that they gave birth to tiny helpless young, similar to modern marsupials.
Gondwanatheria

**Gondwanatheria** is an extinct group of mammals that lived during the Upper Cretaceous to the Miocene. They lived in the Southern Hemisphere continents which had been part of the supercontinent Gondwana.

These mammals are known only from isolated teeth and a few lower jaws. Because of these fragmentary remains, their relationships are unclear. Later finds have improved our knowledge of them. It was thought previously that climate changes at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary had caused their extinction.

Fossils have come from South America, India and Antarctica, where gondwanatherids lived in the lush forests which once covered much of the world.
Taichung

**Taichung City** ( or ; POJ: Tâi-tiong) is a city in west-central Taiwan with a population of over 2.7 million people, making it the second largest city on the island.  The city's name is Chinese for "Central Taiwan". The average temperature of Taichung City is about 23°C, and average rainfall is about 1.7 m per year.

## Districts

- Beitun District (北屯區)
- Central District (中區)
- East District (東區)
- Nantun District (南屯區)
- North District (北區)
- Xitun (Situn) District (西屯區)
- South District (南區)
- West District (西區)
Majuro

**Majuro** is the capital city of the country of the Marshall Islands. Built on 64 islands, Majuro has a port and an international airport. It has a population of 25,400 (2004). Majuro is located at 7°7'30" North, 171°4' East (7.125, 171.0667).

The atoll of Majuro has a land area of only 3.75 mi² (9.7 km²), and is surrounded by lagoon of 113.92 mi² (295 km²). Sport fishing and underwater diving are popular. During World War II, on January 30, 1944, United States troops attacked Majuro (controlled by Japan).