juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Southern Rhodesia

**Southern Rhodesia** was a self-governing British colony in southern Africa. It existed at various times during the 20th century. It covered territory north of the Limpopo River and south of the Zambezi River.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Southern Rhodesia
- **common name**: Southern Rhodesia
- **status**: Self-governing Evolution of the British Empire, British colony
- **empire**: United Kingdom
- **life span**: 1923–1953
1963–1965
1979–1980
- **p1**: Company rule in Rhodesia
- **flag p1**: Flag of the British South Africa Company.svg
- **p2**: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
- **flag p2**: Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963).svg
- **p3**: Zimbabwe Rhodesia
- **flag p3**: Flag of Zimbabwe Rhodesia.svg
- **s1**: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
- **flag s1**: Flag of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (1953–1963).svg
- **s2**: Rhodesia
- **flag s2**: Flag of Rhodesia (1964–1968).svg
- **s3**: Zimbabwe
- **flag s3**: Flag of Zimbabwe.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Southern Rhodesia (1924–1964).svg
- **image flag2**: Flag of Rhodesia (1964–1968).svg
- **flag type**: Flag of Rhodesia, Top
Flag (1924–1964)
Bottom
Flag (1964–1965)
- **image coat**: Coat of arms of Rhodesia.svg
- **national anthem**: God Save the Queen
- **image map**: LocationZimbabwe.svg
- **image map caption**: Location of Southern Rhodesia in southern Africa.
- **capital**: Harare, Salisbury
- **common languages**: English language, English (official)
Shona language, Shona and Northern Ndebele language, Sindebele widely spoken, some Afrikaans
- **government type**: Self-governing Crown colony
- **title representative**: Governor of Southern Rhodesia, Governor
- **representative1**: Sir John Robert Chancellor
- **year representative1**: 1923–1928
- **representative2**: Sir Humphrey Gibbs
- **year representative2**: 1959–1969<sup>b</sup>
- **representative3**: Christopher Soames, Baron Soames, Lord Soames
- **year representative3**: 1979–1980
- **title deputy**: Prime Minister of Rhodesia, PremierPrime Minister
- **deputy1**: Sir Charles Patrick John Coghlan, Charles Coghlan
- **year deputy1**: 1923–1927
- **deputy2**: Sir Godfrey Huggins, 1st Viscount Malvern, Godfrey Huggins
- **year deputy2**: 1933–1953
- **deputy3**: Ian Smith
- **year deputy3**: 1964–1979
- **event pre**: British South Africa Company, BSAC charter signed
- **date pre**: 1889
- **event start**: Self-governing colony
- **date start**: 1 October
- **event1**: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Federation
- **date event1**: 1953–1963
- **event2**: Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia), UDI
- **date event2**: 11 November 1965
- **event3**: Rhodesia, Republic declared
- **date event3**: 3 March 1970
- **event4**: Zimbabwe Rhodesia
- **date event4**: 1 June 1979
- **event end**: Lancaster House Agreement, Independence
- **date end**: 17 April
- **year end**: 1980
- **stat year1**: 1904
- **stat area1**: 372518
- **stat pop1**: 605764
- **footnote a**: Position not recognised by the Rhodesian government after 2 March 1970
- **footnote b**: Position not recognised by Rhodesian Government after 11 November 1965
Displacement

**Displacement** is a word. It means that something is moved. More specifically, this movement can be:
- A displacement vector, from the original position to the current one.
- A special move in fencing to avoid an attack.
- Forced migration - people having to move to somewhere else, because of violence, war, or another reason.
- Displacement (surgery) - When a bone is broken, this refers to moving around the different parts of the broken bone.
- Displacement (psychology) - A subconscious defense reaction.
- Displacement (ship) - the amount of water a ship displaces when it floats.
2016 Summer Olympics

The **2016 Summer Olympics**, officially known as the **Games of the XXXI Olympiad** was a major international sport and cultural event from 5 August 2016, to 21 August. The host city was Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.  The 2016 Summer Paralympic Games was also held in the same city and organized by the same organizing committee.

## Possible host cities

The bidding process for the 2016 Summer Olympic Games began on May 16, 2007. Each city had to submit an initial application to the IOC before September 13, 2007, saying they plan to make a bid. Completed official bids were submitted by each applicant city by January 14, 2008. The final candidate cities were shortlisted in June 2008, and the final selection was made by the full IOC membership, on October 2, 2009, in Copenhagen, Denmark.

**Americas**
- Chicago, United States (Eliminated in the first round)
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Chosen)

**Asia**
- Tokyo, Japan (Eliminated in the second round)

**Europe**
- Madrid, Spain

### Applicant cities

In June 2008, these cities were not chosen to continue:

**Asia**
- Baku, Azerbaijan
- Doha, Qatar

**Europe**
- Prague, Czech Republic

## Sports

- Aquatics
    - Slalom <small>(4)</small>
    - Sprint <small>(12)</small>
    - BMX <small>(2)</small>
    - Mountain biking <small>(2)</small>
    - Road <small>(4)</small>
    - Track <small>(10)</small>
    - Dressage <small>(2)</small>
    - Eventing <small>(2)</small>
    - Jumping <small>(2)</small>
    - Artistic <small>(14)</small>
    - Rhythmic <small>(2)</small>
    - Trampoline <small>(2)</small>
    - Volleyball <small>(2)</small>
    - Beach volleyball <small>(2)</small>
    - Freestyle <small>(12)</small>
    - Greco-Roman <small>(6)</small>

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 2016
- Summer
- Olympics
- **host city**: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **motto**: _A new world_
()
- **image**: Rio 2016 logo.svg
- **nations**: 207
- **athletes**: 11,238
- **events**: 306 in 28 Olympic sports, sports (41 disciplines)
- **opening**: 5 August
- **closing**: 21 August
- **opened by**: Vice President of Brazil, Acting President Michel Temer
- **cauldron**: Vanderlei Cordeiro de Lima
- **stadium**: Maracanã Stadium, Maracanã
 Estádio Olímpico Nilton Santos, Estádio Olímpico
- **summer prev**: 2012 Summer Olympics, London 2012
- **summer next**: 2020 Summer Olympics, Tokyo 2020
- **winter prev**: 2014 Winter Olympics, Sochi 2014
- **winter next**: 2018 Winter Olympics, PyeongChang 2018
Molecular biology

**Molecular biology** is the study of biology at a molecular level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly cell biology, genetics, biophysics and biochemistry.

Molecular biology tries to explain the interactions between the various systems of a cell. It studies the relationship of DNA, RNA and how proteins are made, and how these interactions are regulated.

## Relationship to other specialities

Researchers in molecular biology use specific techniques that are typical for molecular biology, but they combine these with techniques and ideas from genetics and biochemistry. This diagram shows one possible view of the relationship between the fields:

- _Biochemistry_ is the study of the chemical substances and vital processes occurring in living organisms.
- _Genetics_ is the study of inheritance: the effect of genetic differences on organisms.
- _Molecular biology_ includes the study of the structure and function of all carbon-based macromolecules. This includes the chain of events from gene to protein: replication, transcription and translation. Much of the work in molecular biology is quantitative, and recently much work has been done at the interface of molecular biology and computer science in bioinformatics and computational biology. As of the early 2000s, the study of the genome has been amongst the most prominent sub-field of molecular biology.
- _Cytology_, which includes the appearance of cells and cell structures, microscopy, and the use of stains and tags to help distinguish organelles and processes.

## Related pages

- DNA and chromosome structure
- Genome
- Cell
- Cell biology
- Cytology
- Molecular cloning
- Sequence analysis
- Transcription (genetics)
- Transformation (genetics)
- Translation (genetics)

## References

- Cohen S.N. Chang A.C.Y. Boyer H. & Heling R.B. 1973. Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids _in vitro_. _PNAS_ **70**, 3240–3244.
- Rodgers M. 1975. The Pandora's box congress. _Rolling Stone_ **189**, 37–77.

### Other reliable accounts

- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
- A brief history of molecular biology

### Personal accounts of Nobel Prize winners

- Max Perutz Freeview Video interview with Max Perutz by the Vega Science Trust.
- Frederick Sanger Freeview Video Interview/Documentary by the Vega Science Trust.
- Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard  Freeview interview by the Vega Science Trust.

### Other

- DNA from the beginning
- Scientific American Magazine (April 2004) Evolution encoded
- DNA Interactive
- _Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology_ (journal home)
Uracil

**Uracil** is a base found in RNA. It pairs with adenine and replaces thymine in DNA. Uracil, a pyrimidine, was originally discovered in 1900.
Double stopping

**Double stopping** means playing two notes at once on a bowed string instrument by drawing the bow across two strings at once while "stopping" two notes by pressing the fingers down on the fingerboard: one finger on each of the two strings being played.

On instruments such as the violin the player is mostly playing one note at a time.  It is not difficult to play two open strings at once, but fingering two strings at once can be very difficult, so double stopping is an advanced technique.  Sometimes triple or quadruple stopping is needed.  This is sometimes called multiple stopping.  It is not really possible to play three or four notes at the same time on a violin.  The bridge is curved so that the player can bow on one string without hitting the others by accident.  Multiple stopping is done by playing first two strings and then, while still letting the sound from these two ring, quickly playing the other two strings.

Multiple stopping was used a lot in Renaissance music when playing the viol.  Baroque composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach in Germany or Arcangelo Corelli in Italy often require double stopping when writing for solo string instruments. It is also used a lot in virtuoso music of composers in the Romantic period such as Niccolò Paganini.
Gold Coast (British colony)

The **Gold Coast** was a British Crown Colony on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa from 1821 until its independence in 1957.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Colony of the Gold Coast
- **common name**: Gold Coast
- **status**: Crown Colony, British colony
- **empire**: United Kingdom
- **government type**: Colonialism, Colonial
- **year start**: 1821
- **year end**: 1957
- **life span**: 1821–1957
- **event start**: Colony established
- **event end**: Independence as the Dominion of Ghana
- **date end**: 6 March
- **event1**: Incorporation of the Danish Gold Coast
- **date event1**: 1850
- **event2**: Incorporation of the Dutch Gold Coast
- **date event2**: 6 April 1872
- **event3**: Combination with local kingdoms
- **date event3**: 1901
- **event4**: Admission of British Togoland
- **date event4**: 27 December 1916
- **event5**: Incorporation of British Togoland
- **date event5**: 11 December 1956
- **p1**: Ashanti Empire
- **flag p1**: Ashanti Empire Emblem.svg
- **p2**: British Togoland
- **flag p2**: Flag of the United Kingdom.svg
- **p3**: Dutch Gold Coast
- **flag p3**: Flag of the Netherlands.svg
- **p4**: Danish Gold Coast
- **flag p4**: Flag of Denmark.svg
- **p5**: Kingdom of Dagbon
- **flag p5**: lion.svg
- **s1**: Dominion of Ghana
- **flag s1**: Flag of Ghana.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of the Gold Coast (1877–1957).svg
- **flag**: Flag of the Gold Coast
- **image coat**: Badge of the Gold Coast (1877-1957).svg
- **symbol type**: Badge
- **image map**: The agricultural and forest products of British West Africa; (1922) (17945019825).jpg
- **image map caption**: The Gold Coast in 1922
- **capital**: Cape Coast (1821–1877)
Accra (1877–1957)
- **national anthem**: God Save the Queen, God Save the King (1821–1837; 1901–1952)
 God Save the Queen (1837–1901; 1952–1957)
- **common languages**: English language, English (official)
French language, French, Ga language, Ga, Akan language, Akan, Ewe language, Dangme language, Dangme, Dagbani language, Dagbani, Dagaare language, Dagaare, Gonja language, Gonja, Kasena language, Kasena, Nzema language, Nzema widely spoken
- **religion**: Christianity, Islam, Traditional African religions
- **currency**: Gold Coast ackey British West African pound
- **stat year1**: 1924
- **stat pop1**: 2,080,208
- **today**: Ghana
- **title leader**: Monarch
- **year leader1**: 1821–1830
- **leader1**: George IV (First)
- **year leader2**: 1952–1957
- **leader2**: Elizabeth II (Last)
- **title representative**: List of governors of the Gold Coast, Governor
- **year representative1**: 1821–1822
- **representative1**: John Hope Smith
- **representative2**: Charles Arden-Clarke
- **year representative2**: 1949–1957
Saar (protectorate)

**Saar** was the name of the Saarland after World War Two, when it was under French control. It became part of West Germany in 1957.

## Related pages

- Saarland The modern German state
- Saargebiet The League of Nations's protectorate

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: Saare
- **conventional long name**: Saar
- **common name**: Saar
- **status**: Protectorate
- **empire**: France
- **status text**: Protectorate of France
- **year start**: 1947
- **year end**: 1956
- **date start**: December 17,
- **event1**: Western European Union, WEU referendum
- **date event1**: October 23, 1955
- **event end**: Saar Treaty
- **date end**: October 27
- **p1**: Allied Occupation Zones in Germany
- **flag p1**: Flag of Germany (1946-1949).svg
- **s1**: Saarland
- **flag s1**: Flag of Saarland.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Saar.svg
- **image coat**: Wappen Saarland 1948.svg
- **image map**: LocationSarre.png
- **image map caption**: Borders of post-WW2 Germany (1949). The Saar is in purple.
- **capital**: Saarbrücken
- **largest city**: capital
- **government type**: Republic
- **year leader1**: US zone
- **currency**: Saar mark, Saar franc
Hennes & Mauritz

**H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB** (**H&M**), is a Swedish clothing company. It sells fast fashion at cheaper prices. The company was created in Västerås, Sweden, in 1947 by Erling Persson. At first, the company only sold women's clothing. At that time, it was called **Hennes**, Swedish for "hers." In 1968, Persson got the building and inventory of a Stockholm hunting equipment store named Mauritz Widforss. A supply of men's clothing was part of the inventory. This caused Persson to decide to also sell men's clothing. He renamed the store Hennes & Mauritz, later shortened to H&M.

H&M has more than 1500 stores in 28 different countries. It has more than 60,000 employees.

## Other websites

- www.hm.com
Luchegorsk

**Luchegorsk** (Russian:Лучегорск, lit. _Ray of mountains_) is a urban-type settlement and administrative center of Pozharsky District (Primorsky Krai, Russia). It was founded in 1966. There are 22,365 people living there according to 2002 Census.

## Geography

Geographical coordinates are 46-27N,134-17E. Luchegorsk is the largest non-city settlement on Russian Far East.

Luchegorsk has more ecological problems for a large electric power station.

In December,1997, a large Amur tiger hunted down a poacher who had shot and wounded the tiger.The tiger killed the man in what appears to be the only (recorded) premeditated act of revenge by a tiger.
Boxe pieds-poings

French, one calls **boxe pieds-poings** ("feet-fists boxing"), since the years 1980, the combat sports of striking with boxing gloves. These sports are practised in a ring (or on a mat) and belong to the category of sport boxing. The boxers use, according to the regulation, the techniques of leg (kicks and knee kicks), the techniques of arm (punches and elbow strikes) and the techniques of throwing.

Among the most known we have:
- the American disciplines (American boxing) under three main forms:
    - full contact karate without kicks below the belt,
    - kickboxing with roundhouse kicks in the thighs or American kickboxing,
    - and semicontact or fights in the points (_point fighting_), a class of karate with gloves and slippers in foam,
- French boxing (savate), today called "Savate-BF",
- Japanese kickboxing: kickboxing with direct knee kicks, roundhouse kicks in the thighs (low kick), and with few wrestling catches,
- two kinds of boxing, where almost everything is permitted, Burmese boxing (lethwei) and Thai boxing (muay thai).

## Other websites

- French Page of _boxe pieds-poings_.
Vibrato

**Vibrato** is a series of very quick changes up and down to the pitch of a note. It is like a deliberate, controlled wobble. The word “vibrato” is related to the word “vibrate”.

Vibrato is used to make a melody sound more beautiful by making it more expressive. Singers use vibrato, especially when singing dramatic solo music such as opera. In Italy a singer’s vibrato is sometimes called “tremolo”.

Violinists and other players of string instruments produce vibrato by moving the finger backwards and forwards on the fingerboard. Vibrato has to be learned carefully, as the hand needs to be very relaxed. Many beginners who start to use vibrato will try to vibrate too fast and this makes an unpleasant sound. Vibrato can be produced on wind instruments by small changes of breath control.

Musicians sometimes disagree about how much vibrato was used in earlier times. People who play music from the Renaissance or Baroque on period instruments sometimes play without any vibrato. Other people think that players of those days did use some vibrato.
Glockenspiel

baller
The **glockenspiel** is a percussion instrument. It originated in Germany. It is in the same category as the xylophone and timpani. It usually has a range of 2 and a half octaves. It is set up in a keyboard instrument format. It is played by hitting it with mallets that have a plastic or felt tip. It has a soft ball, but very high pitch. If it is hit too hard, it makes a very bad sound. Its sound is often used to represent things such as mamyou, birds, and butterflies.

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Glockenspiel
- **names**: Concert bells, orchestral bells, carillon
- **image**: Glockenspiel.jpg
- **image capt**: A Glockenspiel
- **background**: percussion
- **classification**: Keyboard percussion
- **hornbostel sachs**: 111.212
- **hornbostel sachs desc**: Concussive idiophone or set of percussion sticks whose sound is generated by way of being struck by a mallet
- **range**: written like F<sub>3</sub>–C<sub>6</sub>, sounds like F<sub>5</sub>–C<sub>8</sub>
- **related**: xylophone, marimba, vibraphone, tubular bells
Nigella Lawson

**Nigella Lucy Lawson** (born 6 January 1960) is an English television chef, journalist, television presenter and food writer. She was born in Wandsworth, London and is of Jewish descent.

She presented the cooking show _Nigella Bites_ on Channel 4 from 2000 to 2001. After that series, she went on to present two cookery series called _Nigella's Christmas Kitchen_ and _Nigella Express_ on BBC Two.

She is a judge on the American reality show _The Taste_.

She has written many cooking books which have been translated into many different languages and are popular in the United Kingdom and the United States.

She is a daughter of politician Nigel Lawson.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Nigella Lawson at IMDb.com
- Nigella Lawson at nndb.com
Pittsburg, Texas

**Pittsburg** is a city in the American state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 4,335.

## Other websites

- Official City Web Site

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Pittsburg, Texas
- **settlement type**: City

- **image map**: Camp County Pittsburg.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Pittsburg, Texas
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Camp County, Texas, Camp
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 9.35
- **area land km2**: 9.33
- **area water km2**: 0.03
- **area total sq mi**: 3.61
- **area land sq mi**: 3.60
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 4335
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **elevation m**: 120
- **elevation ft**: 394
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 75686
- **area code**: Area code 903, 903
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-57908
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1344152
Level 42

**Level 42** is a Pop band from the United Kingdom. They were formed in 1979 on the Isle of Wight. Their songs include _Something About You_ (1985) and "Lessons in Love" (1986). The current Level 42 is formation have Mark King, Mike Lindup, Pete Ray Biggin and Nathan King.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Level 42
- **img**: Level42 indigoO2 2009 02.jpg
- **img capt**: Level 42 in 2009
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Isle of Wight, England
- **genre**: Jazz-funk, dance-rock, sophisti-pop, New Wave music, New Wave, pop rock
- **years active**: 1979–1994, 2001–present
- **label**: Polydor, RCA Records, RCA, Universal Music Group, W14 / Universal
- **current members**: Mark King (musician), Mark King
Mike Lindup
Gary Husband
Nathan King (musician), Nathan King
Sean Freeman
- **past members**: Phil Gould (musician), Phil Gould
Rowland Charles Gould, Rowland 'Boon' Gould
Alan Murphy
Lyndon Connah
Johann Heinrich Schmelzer

**Johann Heinrich Schmelzer** (born in Austria some time between 1620 and 1623; died in Prague some time between 29 February and 20 March 1680) was a German composer. He was one of the most important composers of instrumental music in the mid-17th century.

Nothing is known about his early life. He became a member of the imperial chapel in the mid 1630’s. His job there was probably a violinist. We know very little about his life, except that over the years he became a famous composer. The emperor must have liked him because he gave him presents of money and gold chains.

In 1671 he became deputy Kapellmeister at the imperial court. In 1673 the emperor gave him the honorary title “von Ehrenruef” which he put after his name. A few years later the court moved to Prague to try to escape the plague that was killing so many people in Vienna. At the end of 1679 the emperor’s Kapellmeister died and Schmelzer became Kapellmeister. It was the first time that the Kapellmeister at the Habsburg court had not been a foreigner but an Austrian. However, the following March Schmelzer died of the plague.

Schmelzer wrote a lot of music for small groups of instruments as well as a lot of ballet music. His dance suites are made up of several dances such as galliard, bourree, sarabande, gigue, gavotte and allemande as well as more unusual dances. He wrote several sonatas for two violins and continuo. They are full of fast scales and arpeggios. He also seems to have written church music, but it has all been lost.
Oireachtas

The **Oireachtas** is the national parliament of Ireland.

There are three parts of the Oireachtas:

- The President of Ireland
- Dáil Éireann - The lower house. It is similar to the House of Commons in the United Kingdom or the House of Representatives in the United States.
- Seanad Éireann - The upper house. It is similar to the House of Lords and the Senate

Only the Irish names are used, never the English
Quasar

**Quasars** or **quasi-stellar radio sources** are the most energetic and distant active galactic nuclei (AGN).

They are quite small in comparison with the energy they put out. Quasars are not much larger than the Solar System. The mechanism of brightness changes, probably involves relativistic beaming of jets pointed nearly directly toward us. The highest redshift quasar known () has a redshift of 7.085, which means it is about 29 billion light-years from Earth. This estimate is made using the concept of comoving distance.

Scientists now agree that a quasar is a compact region in the center of a massive galaxy surrounding a central supermassive black hole. Its size is 10–10,000 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole. The energy emitted by a quasar is gravitational energy, created from mass falling onto the accretion disc around the black hole.

Quasars are extremely luminous. They were first identified as being high redshift sources of electromagnetic radiation, including radio waves and visible light. The light (and other energy) appeared to be similar to stars, rather than large sources like galaxies. On the other hand, their spectra had very broad emission lines, unlike any known from stars, hence "quasi-stellar". Their luminosity can be 100 times greater than that of the Milky Way.

The accretion discs of central supermassive black holes can convert about 10% of the mass of an object into energy.
This mechanism explains why quasars were more common in the early universe, as this energy production ends when the supermassive black hole consumes all of the gas and dust near it.

This means that most galaxies, including our own Milky Way, may have gone through an active stage as a quasar or some other class of active galaxy. They are now dormant because they lack a supply of matter to feed into their central black holes to generate radiation.

## Brightest quasars

The most luminous (or brightest) thing in space (as of 2024's first quarter), is QSO J0529-4351, a quasar.

## Related pages

- Astrophysics
- Black Holes
- Galaxies
Seanad Éireann

**Seanad Éireann** (; _Senate of Ireland_) is the second house of the Irish parliament, the Oireachtas.

## Function

Seanad Éireann's main business is the revising of legislation sent to it by Dáil Éireann.

It can initiate (start) and revise legislation, except bills for raising tax and spending money (Money Bills).  Financial legislation must start in Dáil Éireann, and the Seannad can only suggest changes, it cannot force the changes to be accepted.

Seanad Éireann slows Dáil Éireann.  All bills must be looked at by the Seannad, so it is a safeguard against laws being passed too quickly.

Seanad Éireann also debates important issues. Also, Seanad Éireann can debate these issues with more freedom because the fate of the Government will not be at stake.  If the government loses a vote in Seanad Éireann it could be embarrassing, but under the constitution if the Government loses a vote in Dáil Éireann they might have to call new elections.

Election day
Members of Dáil Éireann are members from the first meeting of Dáil Éireann after a general election until the Dáil is dissolved.  Members of Seanad Éireann are members from the first meeting until the day before the next general election of the Seanad.

Elections for Dáil Éireann must be within 30 days of being dissolved. Elections for the Seanad must be within 90 days of Dáil Éireann's dissolution.  The Seanad must be elected after the Dáil, because new TDs are allowed to vote in a Seanad election.

## Members

There are sixty Senators.

- 11 are nominated to be members by the new Taoiseach after a general election
- 49 are elected from panels of candidates

## Elected Senators

- Three senators are elected by the National University of Ireland;
- Three are elected by the University of Dublin;
- 43 are elected from 5 panels of candidates:-
    - National Language and Culture, Literature, Art, Education and other professions;
    - Agriculture and allied interests, and Fisheries;
    - Labour, (organised or unorganised);
    - Industry and Commerce, including banking, finance, accountancy, engineering and architecture;
    - Public Administration and social services, including voluntary social activities.

At least 5 senators must be elected from each panel, but no more than 11 from any one panel.

About 1.000 people can vote for the Seanad:

- Members of the newly elected Dáil Éireann
- Members of the old Seanad Éireann
- Members of city and county councils

The senators from the Universities are elected by any Irish citizen with a degree from that university.

The university seats shows how much Éamon de Valera, who wrote the Constitution of Ireland was influenced by the British Parliament.  At the time it was written the universities of Oxford and Cambridge had their own MPs in the House of Commons.  Graduates of those universities voted for these MPs as well as for the MP were they lived.

## Related pages

- Dáil Éireann
- Oireachtas
Protein biosynthesis

**Protein biosynthesis (synthesis)** is when cells build proteins. The term is sometimes used to refer only to protein translation but more often it refers to a multi-step process.

Amino acids are either synthesised or eaten in food. Then, after the transcription of polypeptide genes, the amino acids are put together. This is done by translation and RNA splicing which produces messenger RNAs. The splicing process produces the final proteins, which then fold up into their protein structure. Then they can function. The plural is used here because, with most genes, the splicing process produces more than one final working protein. One particular Drosophila gene (DSCAM) can be alternatively spliced into 38,000 different mRNA.

Protein biosynthesis differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, though parts of the process are the same in both.

## Other websites

- Science aid: protein synthesis  For high school
- Protein synthesis
- Transcription
    - Translation
- Protein synthesis animation  Wesleyan University Learning Objects animation of protein synthesis.
- Interactive Java simulation of transcription initiation.  From Center for Models of Life  at the Niels Bohr Institute.
National Weather Service

The **National Weather Service** (also known as **NWS**) is one of the six scientific agencies that make up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) of the United States government. Its job is to provide "weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy." This is done through a collection of national and regional centers, and more than 122 local weather forecast offices (WFOs). Since the NWS is a government agency, most of its products are in the public domain.

## Related pages

- NOAA Weather Radio

## Other websites

- National Weather Service
- NOAA Weather Radio All Hazards
- Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
- Aviation Weather Center
- National Hurricane Center
- Storm Prediction Center
- Climate Prediction Center
- Free National Weather Service Yahoo! Widget
- NOAA weather streaming radio - using windows media player, etc.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: National Weather Service
- **logo**: US-NationalWeatherService-Logo.svg
- **logo width**: 200px
- **jurisdiction**: Federal government of the United States, United States federal government
- **headquarters**: Silver Spring, Maryland

- **budget**: US$1,124,149,000 (Fiscal year#Federal government, FY 2016)
- **chief1 name**: Louis Uccellini
- **chief1 position**: Director
- **parent agency**: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- **child1 agency**: National Centers for Environmental Prediction
Yuma, Arizona

**Yuma** is a city in and the county seat of Yuma County, Arizona, United States.  According to the 2020 Census, the population of the city is 95,548.

## Other websites

- City of Yuma Website
- Yuma Convention and Visitors Bureau Website
- MCAS Yuma Official Website
- Yuma Stats

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Yuma, Arizona
- **settlement type**: City
- **image flag**: Flag of Yuma, Arizona.svg
- **image seal**: Seal of Yuma, Arizona.svg
- **image map**: File:Yuma County Arizona Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Yuma Highlighted 0485540.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Yuma in Yuma County, Arizona
- **pushpin map**: USA Arizona#USA
- **pushpin label**: Yuma
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Arizona
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Arizona, County
- **subdivision name2**: Yuma County, Arizona, Yuma
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1914
- **government type**: Council-manager government, Council-Manager
- **total type**: City
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 312.97
- **area total sq mi**: 120.84
- **area land km2**: 312.79
- **area land sq mi**: 120.77
- **area water km2**: 0.18
- **area water sq mi**: 0.07
- **area water percent**: 0.07
- **elevation m**: 43
- **elevation ft**: 141
- **population total**: 95548
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 305.47
- **population density sq mi**: 791.18
- **population urban**: 135,717 (US: List of United States urban areas, 253rd)
- **population metro**: 203,881 (US: List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 225th)
- **population demonym**: Yuman
- **timezone**: Mountain Standard Time Zone, MST (no Daylight saving time, DST)
- **utc offset**: −7
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 85364–85367, 85369, 85350
- **area code**: Area code 928, 928
- **blank name sec1**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name sec1**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS ID(s)
- **blank1 info sec1**: ,
- **blank name sec2**: Major airport
- **blank info sec2**: Yuma International Airport
- **website**: [http://www.YumaAZ.gov/ www.yumaaz.gov]
Storm surge

A **storm surge** is a sudden rise of water hitting areas close to the coast. Storm surges are usually created by a hurricane or other tropical cyclone. The surge happens because a storm has fast winds and low atmospheric pressure. Water is pushed on shore, and the water level rises. Strong storm surges can flood coastal towns and destroy homes. A storm surge is considered the deadliest part of a hurricane. They kill many people each year.

## Related pages

- Tropical cyclone
- Tsunami

## Other websites

- Data on Bangladesh disasters  from NIRAPAD disaster response organisation.
- NOAA National Hurricane Center storm surge page
- "The 1953 English East Coast Floods"
- DeltaWorks.Org  North Sea Flood of 1953, includes images, video and animations.
California Current

The **California Current** is a Pacific Ocean current that starts along the northwestern United States coast and ends on the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula.

## Other websites

- Seattle Times: 2005 Warming Event
Baja California Peninsula

The **Baja California Peninsula** (or **Lower California**) is a peninsula of North America. It is west of Mexico. It extends some 1,250 km (775 miles) from Mexicali in the north to Cabo San Lucas in the south, separating the Pacific Ocean from the Gulf of California (or "Sea of Cortés").

## Other websites

- Google maps
- Baja.net
- Baja California
Sukkot

**Sukkot** (also known as **Feast of Tabernacles**) is a Jewish festival. In this event, people celebrate the gathering of the crops, and remember the time in the past when small shelters were made by the Jews when they were in the wilderness and had no homes. It happens 5 days after the Jewish festival Yom Kippur and lasts for 1 week.

## Dates

- 2017: October 4-11 (October 12, outside Israel)
- 2018: September 23-30 (October 1, outside Israel)
- 2019: October 13-20 (October 21, outside Israel)
- 2020: October 2-9 (October 3, outside Israel)
- 2021: September 20-27 (September 21, outside Israel)
- 2022: October 9-16
- 2023:September 29-October 6

## Other websites

- Guide for Sukkot
- JewFaq discussion on Sukkot
- Sukkos and Simchas Torah - Torah.org
- an overview of the laws of Sukkot  from Torah.org, based on the Mishneh Torah
- Sukkot in Jerusalem
- Free succah construction plans and instructions
- sukkahsoftheworld.org devoted to pictures of Sukkahs from Sharon, Mass USA and throughout the world
- Sukkot Concepts - Basic through Advanced - OU.org

## Infobox (holiday)

- **image**: EtrogC.jpg
- **imgsize**: 300
- **caption**: From left to right, lulav, etrog carrier, and etrog used on Sukkot
- **holiday name**: Sukkot
- **type**: Judaism
- **official name**: or  "Booths, Tabernacles"
- **observedby**: Jews
- **begins**: 15th day of Tishrei
- **ends**: 21st day of Tishrei (22nd outside of Israel)
- **date2012**: 30 September– 7 October
- **date2013**: 19 September–26 September
- **date2014**: 9 October–16 October
- **observances**: Eating in _sukkah_, taking the Four Species.
- **significance**: One of the Shalosh regalim, three pilgrim festivals
- **relatedto**: Shemini Atzeret
Translation (genetics)

**Translation** is the second part of protein biosynthesis (the making of proteins). It is part of the process of gene expression.

Before translation comes:
1. transcription, which produces a chain of introns and exons.
1. RNA splicing by spliceosomes which remove introns, and
1. formulation of the messenger RNA from exons.

In eukaryotes, translation happens on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm and in the endoplasmic reticulum. In bacteria, translation happens in the cell cytoplasm: they have no nucleus.

Ribosomes are made of a small part and a large part which surround the mRNA (messenger RNA). In translation, mRNA has the base sequence to make a specific polypeptide. This sequence is originally specified by the DNA, and copied by the mRNA. The polypeptide can be a whole protein. Or, it can be just a part, waiting to be combined with other polypeptides so it can make a whole protein. The polypeptide also has to be folded before it works as a protein.

Amino acids are carried by specific tRNAs with anticodons to connect with mRNA's matching codons. Each tRNA has its own anticodon and carries an amino acid. An anticodon is always together with the same amino acid.

When the tRNA matches with the mRNA, the amino acid that is connected to the tRNA is unconnected from the tRNA and gets connected to the amino acid brought by the previous tRNA.

So, a ribosome works a lot like a stock ticker and ticker tape. Many ribosomes, together with mRNA, will attach themselves to the outer membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Any proteins that those ribosomes make go into the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum, where it will probably go into a vesicle later. The vesicles will then bring the proteins to other organelles or even the outside of the cell.

## Four stages

Translation happens in four stages: activation (make ready), initiation (start), elongation (make longer) and termination (stop). These terms describe the growth of the amino acid chain (polypeptide).
1. Amino acids are brought to ribosomes and assembled into proteins. In the activation stage, the correct amino acid is covalently bonded to the correct transfer RNA (tRNA). When the tRNA is connected to an amino acid, it is "charged".
1. Initiation is when the small part of the ribosome connects to 5' end of the mRNA with the help of initiation factors (IF).
1. Elongation is when the amino acids brought by the "charged" tRNAs are connected to each other to form a polypeptide.

Some antibiotics work by keeping translation from happening. Prokaryotic ribosomes are different from eukaryotic ribosomes. So antibiotics can kill bacteria without hurting the eukaryotic host. For example, antibiotics taken by a human might kill the bacteria that is making the human sick but wouldn't hurt the human.

## References

- <small>Champe, Pamela C. Harvey, Richard A. and Ferrier, Denise R. 2005. _Lippincott's illustrated reviews: Biochemistry_ 3rd ed, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. .</small>
- <small> Nelson, David L. Cox, Michael M. and Lehninger, Albert L. 2005. _Lehninger principles of biochemistry_ 4th ed, Freeman. .</small>

## Related pages

- Genetic code
Curtis (50 Cent album)

***Curtis*** is the third album by rapper 50 Cent. The album was released on September 11, 2007. The album features production from Dr. Dre, Eminem, and Timbaland, among others. Guest appearances include Akon, Justin Timberlake, Nicole Scherzinger, and other notable musicians. 50 Cent divides between "hard" songs and "soft" songs on the album.

_Curtis_ was released and sold 691,000 copies in its first week on the _Billboard_ 200. It sold the most copies in one week for an East Coast album since Jay-Z's _Kingdom Come_ sold 680,000 copies sold. The album's sales competition with Kanye West's _Graduation_ was considered to be a "great day for hip hop".
Šarplaninac

The **Šarplaninac** (pronounced shar-pla-NEE-natz) (also known as **Sharplaninec**) is a large-sized shepherd dog breed of Serbia.
El Limón, Samaná

**El Limón** (in English, _The Lemon_) is a Municipal district of Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná province, Dominican Republic. It is on the north coast of the Samaná Peninsula, on the Atlantic coast.

It was made a municipal district on July 20, 2001.

There are other two Municipal districts with the same name (El Limón) in the country: one in the Independencia province and the other in the Santiago province.

Théodore Chassériau, a French painter, was born in El Limón on 1819.

## Population

In the last national census (2010), the district had a total population of 7,024: 3,622 men and 3,402 women. The urban population was 66.23% of the total population.

## Economy

The most important economic activities of the province are agriculture, fishing and tourism. Tourism, above all nature tourism, is important here because many tourists visit El Limón Waterfall.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: El Limón
- **settlement type**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Municipal District
- **pushpin map**: Dominican Republic
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of the Dominican Republic, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Samaná Province, Samaná
- **established title2**: Municipality since
- **established date2**:
2001
- **area total km2**: 65.73
- **population total**: 7024
- **population as of**: 2010
- **total type**: Total
- **population urban**: 4652
- **population density km2**: 107
- **timezone**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Atlantic Standard Time Zone, AST
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **blank name sec1**: Distance
- **blank info sec1**: to Santa Bárbara de Samaná, Samaná
Théodore Chassériau

**Théodore Chassériau** (September 20, 1819 – October 8, 1856) was a French romantic painter noted for his portraits, historical and religious paintings, and images inspired by his travels to Algeria.

## Life and work

Chassériau was born in El Limón, Samaná, in _Saint Domingue_ (now the Dominican Republic). Her mother, Maria Magdalena Couret de la Blagniére, was born in Haiti but she moved with her parents to Santo Domingo when the Haitian revolution. At that time, the eastern part of Hispaniola was a French colony. There she met Bénoit Chassériau and soon they got married and moved to Samaná.

When the eastern part of the Hispaniola became again a colony of Spain, the family moved to Venezuela and Jamaica. Then, in 1821, the family went to live in Paris, France. Théodore was three years old at that time.

In 1830, at the age of eleven, he started to study with Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and soon he became the favorite pupil of the great classicist.

After Ingres left Paris in 1834 to become director of the French Academy in Rome, Chassériau fell under the influence of Eugène Delacroix, a well-known romantic painter. From that moment on, Chassériau tried to combine the two styles.

His works could be grouped in two periods:
- The classical period, with works like
    - _Portrait of Adéle Chassériau_ (1836)
    - _Christ on the Mount of Olives_ (1839)
    - _The Two Sisters_ (1843)
- The romantic period, with works like
    - _Arab Chiefs Visiting Their Vassals_ (1849)
    - _Jewish Women on a Balcony_ (1849)
    - _The Tepidarium_ (1853)

Chassériau died when he was 37 years old in Paris, on October 8, 1856.

## Other websites

Théodore Chassériau exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art http://www.metmuseum.org/special/se_event.asp?OccurrenceId=%7B36C74126-EEF8-11D5-9414-00902786BF44%7D Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
Intermolecular force

In physics, chemistry, and biology, **intermolecular forces**  are forces that act between stable molecules or between functional groups of macromolecules.

These forces are generally much weaker than the  chemical bonding forces. Their bonding energies are less than a few kcal/mol. But they are responsible for many different physical, chemical, and biological phenomena. In general one distinguishes short and long range intermolecular forces.
(The molecule is a substance are held together by the forces acting between the molecules which are called inter-molecular forces)

## Hydrogen bonding

Hydrogen bonding is an intermolecular interaction with a hydrogen atom being present in the intermolecular bond.

## Related pages

- Chemical bond
- Ionic bond

### Software for calculation of intermolecular forces

- Quantum 3.2
- SAPT: An ab initio quantumchemical package.
Spineshank

**SpineShank** is a alernative metal band formed in Los Angeles in 1996. They released four albums under Roadrunner Records:
- _Strictly Diesel_
- _The Height of Callousness_
- _Self-Destructive Pattern_
- _The Best of Spineshank_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Spineshank
- **img**: Spineshank2025.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California
- **genre**: Alternative metal
Industrial metal
- **years active**: 1996–2008
2008–present
- **label**: Roadrunner Records <small>(1998-2003)</small>
Century Media Records, Century Media <small>(2012-Present)</small>
- **associated acts**: Silent Civilian
Dualized
Temper
Basic Enigma
- **current members**: Jonny Santos
Mike Sarkisyan
Robert Garcia
Tommy Decker
Tanystropheus

***Tanystropheus*** is a long necked reptillian animal that lived in the Middle Triassic period. The main feature that stands out about it is its very long neck. Fossils of it have been found in Europe, Arizona and Asia. Its habitat was probably both on land and sea.
Yuryuzan, Chelyabinsk Oblast

**Yuryuzan** () is a town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 13,700 ().

Yuryuzan is located on Yuryuzan River's bank.

## Related pages

- List of cities and towns in Russia

## Infobox (russian town)

- **en name**: Yuryuzan
- **ru name**: Юрюзань
- **image skyline**: Станция Юрюзань.jpg
- **image caption**: Station in Yuryuzan
- **map label position**: bottom
- **image flag**: Flag of Yuryuzan (Chelyabinsk oblast).png
- **federal subject**: Chelyabinsk Oblast
- **adm data as of**: June 2014
- **adm district jur**: Katav-Ivanovsky District
- **adm selsoviet jur**: Yuryuzan
- **adm selsoviet type**: Town of district significance, Town
- **adm ctr of**: Town of Yuryuzan
- **inhabloc cat**: Town
- **mun data as of**: June 2014
- **mun district jur**: Katav-Ivanovsky Municipal District
- **urban settlement jur**: Yuryuzanskoye Urban Settlement
- **mun admctr of**: Yuryuzanskoye Urban Settlement
- **pop 2010census**: 12571
- **established date**: 1758
- **current cat date**: June 18, 1943
- **postal codes**: 456120–456122
- **website**: http://www.yuryuzan.ru/
- **date**: September 2014
Sim, Chelyabinsk Oblast

**Sim** (, 54°59'N 57°41'E) is town in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia. Its population is near 15,900 (2005).

Sim is located on Sim River's bank. Town was founded in 1759 and named _Simsky Zavod_ until 1942.

Igor Kurchatov is from Sim.
Duff Beer

**Duff Beer** is a fictional alcoholic drink shown in the animated television series _The Simpsons_. Duff Beer is known to be Homer Simpson's favorite drink and has a mascot known as _Duffman_.