juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Food and Drug Administration

The **Food and Drug Administration** (**FDA** or **USFDA**) is a United States government agency that protects and promotes public health, by regulating food safety, tobacco, prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, vaccines, and cosmetics. The FDA enforces federal laws along with other agencies, such as the DEA. The agency was made in 1906, and is led by the Commissioner of Food and Drugs.

The head of the FDA is proposed by the President of the United States and approved by the Senate. He reports to the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services.

## History

In June 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt signed into law the _Clean Food and Drug Administration Act of 1906_, also known as the "_Wiley Act_" after its main advocate.

Responsibility for screening food and drug products for "_tampering_" or "_mislabelling_" has been assigned to the USDA Chemical Bureau. In 1927, the regulatory powers of the Bureau of Chemistry were reorganized under the new agency of the United States Department of Agriculture, the FDA.

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed into law the _Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act_ on June 24, 1938. In 1962, the Kefauver-Harris Amendment to the Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics Act was passed and it became a global change in the FDA regulatory body.

One of the most important laws in creating the modern American pharmaceutical market was the _Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Reinstatement Act_ 1984, better known as the _Hatch-Waxman Act_ after its main sponsors.

## Structure

Subordinate FDA Agencies:

- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research;
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health;
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research;
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition;
- Center for Tobacco Products;
- Center for Veterinary Medicine;
- National Center for Toxicological Research;
- Office of Criminal Investigations;
- Office of Regulatory Affairs.

## Activity

The FDA is responsible for maintaining public health through

- regulation and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, food additives, drugs, vaccines, medical devices, and veterinary drugs;
- monitoring accordance to legislation in the field of maintaining the quality of food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

The FDA also controls some laws.

## Other websites

- FDA Home Page
- Critics — 143 Sudden Deaths Did Not Stop Approval // LATimes, 2000-12-20
- Critics — Statement of Larry D. Sasich, Pharm. D, M.P.H. And Sidney M. Wolfe, MD of Public Citizen’s Health Research Group on the Withdrawal of the Calcium Channel Blocker Mibefradil (Posicor) From the Market. (1998). Public Citizen, 1,2.
Homalocephale

***Homalocephale*** was a thick-skulled, plant-eating dinosaur. Its flat head housed a very thick skull, a tiny brain, and large eyes. The skull consisted of porous, non-rigid bone interlaced with blood vessels.

_Homalocephale_ grew to be about 5 feet long (1.5 m) and weighed about 95 pounds (43 kg). _Homalocephale_ probably had a good sense of smell. It had bumpy knobs on its snout and along the rear of its skull. It had leaf-shaped teeth, short forelimbs and a stiff tail.
Pachyrhinosaurus

***Pachyrhinosaurus*** was a large, plant-eating dinosaur that had a bony, spiked neck frill, four short legs, and a short tail. _Pachyrhinosaurus_ was a short-frilled ceratopsian dinosaur that was 18 to 23 feet (5.5 to 7 m) long. _Pachyrhinosaurus_ had many small horns on the middle of its frill.
Rubinkowo

**Rubinkowo** is a district of Toruń.

## Other websites

- Rubinkowo in Toruń
Motorola DynaTAC

**Motorola DynaTAC** is the first mobile telephone. It was announced in 1973. It was first sold in 1984.
Kaszczorek

**Kaszczorek** is a district of Toruń.

## Other websites

- (pl)
Church of Christ with the Elijah Message

The **Church of Christ with the Elijah Message** is a Mormon religious movement. In addition to the Book of Mormon, the group bases itself on 117 messages received by resurrected John the Baptist.

## Main differences to other Mormon movements

- They call the book of Mormon "The Record of the Nephites" and only accept the first edition of 1830
- They call themselves "Christians", and not "Saints"
- The movement sees itself as led by Christ. Worldly affairs are led by a college of elders, and not a president
- There are no "spiritual marriages" that last for eternity
- There are no baptisms of the dead
- They reject the idea that God develops to become a higher being
The Church of Christ with Elijah Message accepts all the messages as given by John the Baptist to Otto Fetting and W. A. Draves unlike the other movements. It believes that the Gospel is complete by the three books namely: The Record of the Nephites, The word of the Lord brought to mankind by an Angel, and the Bible (King James Version).
Petticoat

A **petticoat** is a woman's undergarment, shaped like a skirt or skirt+bodice. Think of it as a skirt underneath a regular skirt. The purpose is possibly insulation, and certainly to make the skirt fly out in an attractive way.

Petticoats which are starched, with ruffles, or made with stiff fabric, can support a wider skirt. The ultimate in this trend is the crinoline, which is a petticoat structure which includes hoops of whalebone. Crinolines are not worn today, but petticoats are sometimes worn with ballgowns.

## Petticoats in the 20th century

For most of the first half of the 20th century, with a few exceptions, petticoats were out of fashion. Certainly _multiple_ petticoats were not needed for the narrow skirts and dresses which were fashionable. Some evening gowns needed petticoats, but they were finished off by WWII wartime rationing and shortages.

Petticoats were revived by Christian Dior in his full-skirted _New Look_ of 1947. Tiered, ruffled, stiffened petticoats remained extremely popular during the 1950s, especially with teenage girls. Typically, at least three single petticoats were worn, until manufacturers began making double and triple layer petticoats. A narrow slip was usually worn under the petticoats, especially the crinoline type, because they tended to be 'scratchy'.

Dior continued this theme with his _A-Line_ collection of Spring 1955, which featured  the "most wanted silhouette in Paris". This was a "fingertip-length flared jacket worn over a dress with a very full, pleated skirt". Evening dresses at this time were always worn with petticoats.

Although an A-shape, this silhouette was not identical to what is now understood to embody the A-line idea. That idea was given its definitive expression and popularized by Dior’s successor, Yves Saint Laurent, with his _Trapeze Line_ of Spring 1958, which featured dresses flaring out dramatically from a fitted shoulder line. A-line clothes remained popular in the 1960s and 70s.
Paul the Octopus

**Paul the Octopus** (said to be hatched January 2008 at Weymouth, England– 26 October 2010) was an octopus living in a tank at a Sea Life Centre in Oberhausen, Germany. Paul became famous around the world for correctly "choosing" the winner of Germany's seven matches at the 2010 World Cup, as well as the final.

During the divinations, Paul was show two boxes with a mussel inside them, for food. Each box had, on the outside, a flag of a football team. Paul would eat the mussel from the box with the flag of the winning team. He did this correctly in four of Germany's six Euro 2008 matches, and in all seven of their matches in the 2010 World Cup. He correctly chose a win for Spain against the Netherlands in the World Cup final. His predictions were 100% (8/8) right for the 2010 World Cup and 86% (12/14) correct overall. Paul was retired after the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

## Career

It was at first said that Paul's career as an oracle began during the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament. In the lead-up to Germany's international football matches, Paul (or a similar octopus) was presented with two clear plastic boxes, each containing food: a mussel or an oyster. Each container was marked with the flag of a team, one the flag of Germany, and the other the flag of Germany's opponent. The box which Paul opened first (and ate the contents of) was judged to be the predicted winner of the game.

Some people had doubt about the octopus' abilities.

Under the thought that Paul had the same chances of choosing the winner or the loser of a match, and not considering the chance of a draw, he had a 1/2 chance of rightly choosing any single game and a 1/256 chance of rightly choosing eight in a row.

On October 26 2010, Paul died of natural causes after being inactive for the last few days.

## Infobox (animal)

- **name**: Paul
- **image**: Oktopus-Orakel Paul mit Schuh.JPG
- **caption**: Paul, next to a football boot with the German flag colours, in his aquarium, tank
- **species**: _Octopus vulgaris_
- **gender**: Male
- **hatch date**: 26 January 2008
- **hatch place**: Weymouth, Dorset, Weymouth, England
- **othername**: Paul Oktopus, Die Krake Paul
- **death date**: 26 October 2010 (aged 2)
- **death place**: Oberhausen, Germany
- **known**: Successfully predicting results of Association football, football matches
- **owner**: Sea Life Centres
- **namedafter**: _Der Tintenfisch Paul Oktopus_ – poem by Boy Lornsen
St. Xavier High School (Ohio)

**Saint Xavier High School** ( ), or simply **St. X**, is a private, all-boys high school near Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. The school is one of four all-boys Catholic high schools in the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, but it is run by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) instead of the archdiocese. St. Xavier has 1,535 students, making it the largest private high school in Ohio and one of the 100 largest high schools in that state.

St. Xavier is the oldest high school in the Cincinnati area and one of the oldest in the nation, even older than many universities. It started as the Athenaeum, which opened in 1831 in downtown Cincinnati. From 1869 to 1934, the high school was part of St. Xavier College, which is now called Xavier University. In 1960, the high school moved to its current location on a  campus.

The "Bombers" football team and "Aquabombers" swimming and diving team are ranked nationally and often compete at state championships.

### Graduates

Arts and literature:
- John Diehl (1968) – actor
- Joey Kern (1995) – movie actor
- David Quammen (1966) – writer about science

Politics:
- Jim Bunning (1949) – Republican in the U.S. Senate representing Kentucky; also a baseball player in the Hall of Fame
- John J. Gilligan (1939) – Democratic governor of Ohio; father of Kathleen Sebelius, the U.S. Health and Human Services Secretary
- Charles H. Keating Jr. (d. 2014) – lawyer and banker who was convicted of fraud as one of the "Keating Five" in the 1989 Savings and Loan scandal
- William J. Keating (d. 2020) – businessman and Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Ohio
- Bill Kraus (1965) – activist for gay rights and for people with AIDS
- Brad Wenstrup (1976) – Republican in the U.S. House of Representatives representing Ohio

Sports:
- Jayme Cramer (2001) – swimmer who won the bronze medal at the 2003 Pan American Games and the silver medal at the 2006 FINA Short Course World Championships
- Joe Hudepohl (1992) – swimmer who won the gold medal at the 1992 and 1996 Olympic Games
- Pat Todd (1998) – rower in the semifinals at the 2004 and 2008 Summer Olympics

The graduates of St. Xavier include many professional athletes, three Olympians, state and national politicians, and well-known authors and actors.

### Others

St. Xavier gave an honorary degree to Nick Clooney, a television news reporter, game show host, and politician who would have graduated in 1952.

In 1985, Urban Meyer worked as a football coach at St. Xavier. Later, he was the head football coach at the University of Utah, Bowling Green State University, and the University of Florida.

## Related pages

- Elder High School
- La Salle High School
- Moeller High School

## Other websites

- St. Xavier High School
- _The St. Xavier Blueprint _ – the school newspaper
Gianni Versace

**Gianni Versace** (Reggio Calabria, 2 December 1946 – Miami Beach, Florida, 15 July 1997) was an Italian fashion designer and founder of Versace, an international fashion house.

The fashion house also produces accessories, fragrances, makeup and home furnishings as well as clothes. Versaci also designed costumes for the theatre and movies, and was a friend of Elton John, Sting, and Princess Diana among many others.

Openly gay, Versace and his partner Antonio D'Amico were regulars on the international party scene.

On July 15, 1997, he was murdered outside his Miami Beach home, the former Casa Casuarina, at the age of 50 by spree killer Andrew Cunanan.

## Death

On 15 July 1997, Andrew Cunanan fatally shot Versace on the steps of his Miami Beach mansion. Eight days later, Cunanan shot himself on a boat with the same gun he used to shoot Versace. Versace's body was cremated and his ashes were returned to the family's estate near Cernobbio, Italy.

## Legacy

In September 1997, it was announced Versace's brother, Santo Versace, and Jorge Saud would serve as the new CEOs of Gianni Versace S.P.A. Versace's sister, Donatella, became the new head of design.

In his will, Gianni Versace left 50 percent of his fashion empire to his niece Allegra Versace, daughter of Donatella. Allegra inherited this stake, worth around half a billion dollars, when she turned 18 in 2004. Her younger brother, Daniel, inherited Versace's rare artwork collection.

## Other websites

- Official Versace website.

## Infobox (fashion designer)

- **image**: Mario Biondi (R) interviews Gianni Versace (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Versace in an interview with Mario Biondi (writer), Mario Biondi in 1990
- **name**: Gianni Versace
- **birth name**: Giovanni Maria Versace
- **birth place**: Reggio Calabria, Italy
- **death place**: Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.
- **death cause**: Murder by gunshots
- **resting place**: Near Cernobbio, Italy
- **label name**: Versace
- **occupation**: Fashion designer
- **partner**: Antonio D'Amico (1982–1997)
Cumilla District

**Cumilla District**  is a district in the eastern region of Bangladesh, near the Tripura Division. Today it is a part of the Chittagong Division.

Cities under Cumilla district include:

- Feni Thana
- Noakhali Thana
- Lakshimpur Thana
- Chandpur Thana
- Brahmanbaria Thana
- Comilla Thana
- Laksam
Mymensingh District

**Mymensingh District** is a district in the northern region of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Mymensingh Division.
Jessore District

**Jessore District** is a district of Bangladesh. It is in the Khulna Division.

- Kushtia Thana
- Meherpur Thana
- Chaudanga Thana
- Jhinaidaha Thana
- Magura Thana
- Narail Thana
Khulna District

The **Khulna District** () is a district of Bangladesh. It is in the Khulna Division.
Bogra District

**Bogra District** ( _Bogura_) is a district of Bangladesh. It is an industrial city.

## Infobox (bangladesh district)

- **name**: Bogra
- **native name**: বগুড়া
- **image skyline**: BD Mahasthangarh1.JPG
- **image caption**: Ramparts of Mahasthangarh citadel in Bogra
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **division name**: Rajshahi Division
- **leader name**: tarek rahman
- **area total km2**: 2919.9
- **population total**: 2988567
- **population as of**: 1991
- **literacy rate**: 28.4%
Dinajpur District

**Dinajpur District** is a district of Bangladesh. It is in the Rangpur Division.
Rajshahi District

**Rajshahi District** is a district of Bangladesh. It is part of the Rajshahi Division.

- Jaipurhat Thana
- Naogaon Thana
- Nawabganj Thana
- Rajshahi Thana
- Nator Thana
- Bogra Thana
- Sirajganj Thana
- Pabna Thana
Rangpur District

**Rangpur District** is a district of Bangladesh. It is part of the Rangpur Division.

- Panchagarh Thana
- Thakurgaon Thana
- Nilfamari Thana
- Dinajpur Thana
- Lalmonirhat Thana
- Rangpur Thana
- Kurigram Thana
- Gaibandha Thana
Sylhet District

**Sylhet District** is a district of Bangladesh. It is one of the four districts in the Sylhet Division.

Most people living in the district follow Islam as a religion. More than 80% of people are Muslim. Hinduism is the second largest religion in this country.

## Infobox (bangladesh district)

- **name**: **Sylhet**
- **native name**: **সিলেট**, **ꠍꠤꠟꠐ**
- **image map**: Sylhet District Map.png
- **division name**: Sylhet Division
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1782
- **area total km2**: 3490.40
- **population total**: 2675346
- **population as of**: 2001
- **literacy rate**: 46%
- **postal code**: 3100
Gravity assist

A **gravitational slingshot**, **gravity assist maneuver** or **swing-by** is the use of the relative movement and gravity of a planet to alter the path and speed of a spacecraft. This helps the spacecraft to save fuel, time, and expense. Gravity assistance can be used to speed up, slow down and/or change the path of a spacecraft.  The "assist" is provided by the motion of the gravitating body as it pulls on the spacecraft. The Soviet Union used it first for the Luna 3 probe that photographed the far side of the Moon. The later Pioneer program used gravity assist in several missions.

A gravity assist transfers kinetic energy from the gravitating body to the spacecraft. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.
Heliosphere

The **heliosphere** is the magnetosphere, stellar wind bubble and outermost atmospheric layer of the Sun.

The **heliosphere** is the cavity made by the Sun in the interstellar medium. Almost all of the material in the heliosphere comes from the Sun itself.

For the first ten billion kilometres of its radius, the solar wind travels at over a million kilometres per hour. It slows down before finally stopping altogether. The point where the solar wind slows down is the **termination shock**; the point where the interstellar medium and solar wind pressures balance is called the **heliopause**; the point where the interstellar medium, travelling in the opposite direction, slows down as it collides with the heliosphere is the **bow shock**.

## Solar wind

The solar wind is made of particles. They are charged (ionized) atoms from the solar corona, and fields, in particular magnetic fields. As the Sun rotates once in about 27 days, the magnetic field transported by the solar wind gets wrapped into a spiral. Differences in the Sun's magnetic field are carried outward by the solar wind and can produce magnetic storms in the Earth's magnetosphere.

In March 2005, measurements by the Solar Wind Anisotropies (SWAN) instrument onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) showed that the heliosphere, the solar wind-filled volume which prevents the solar system from becoming embedded in the local (ambient) interstellar medium, is not axisymmetrical, but is distorted, very likely under the effect of the local galactic magnetic field.

## References

- The Heliosphere (Cosmicopia)
- The Heliosphere, MIT Space Plasma Group
- Voyager Interstellar Mission Objectives
- UI's Don Gurnett Says Voyager 1 Is Approaching Edge Of Solar System  December 8, 2003 Univ. of Iowa Press release
Pakistani nationalism

**Pakistani nationalism** refers to the political, cultural, linguistic, historical and religious expression of patriotism by people of **Pakistan**, of pride in the History of Pakistan, Culture of Pakistan, identity and Cultural heritage of Pakistan, and visions for its future.

Most of modern-day Pakistani nationalism is centered around a common Indo-Iranic identity and heritage of 99% of the population. Kashmiris, Sindhis, Balochis, Punjabis, Pashtuns and other minorities are mainly of Indo-Iranic stock. It also refers to the consciousness and expression of religious influences that help mould the national consciousness. Nationalism describes the many underlying forces that moulded the Pakistan Movement, and strongly continue to influence the Politics of Pakistan.

From a political point of view and in the years leading up to the independence of Pakistan, the particular political and ideological foundations for the actions of the Muslim League can be called a Pakistani nationalist ideology. It is a unique and singular combination of philosophical, nationalistic, cultural and religious elements.
Blest Pair of Sirens

**Blest Pair of Sirens** is a short work for choir and orchestra by Hubert Parry.  It was composed in 1887.  It is a setting of an ode called _At a solemn Musick_ by John Milton.

_Blest Pair of Sirens_ was first performed by the Bach Choir conducted by Charles Villiers Stanford.  At first Stanford wanted to perform another work by Parry: _The Glories of Our Blood and State_.  However, the performance was going to be part of Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee celebrations.  The words of _The Glories of Our Blood and State_ were about Death coming to kings and queens, so it was not thought to be appropriate, and so Stanford asked Parry to write a new work for the occasion.  George Grove suggested Milton’s _Ode at a Solemn Music_ would be a good poem for Parry to set.

The first performance of _Blest Pair of Sirens_ at St James’s Hall took place on 17 May 1887.  It is very well written for choir with music that excellently fits Milton’s powerful words.  The choir divides into eight parts.  The words are about man’s desire to join the heavenly music of the spheres.

"Blest Pair of Sirens" was sung by the choirs of Westminster Abbey and the Chapel Royal at the Royal Wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Kate Middleton on 29 April 2011.  It was performed during the signing of the register.
Kutchi people

The **Kutchi people** (Gujarati: **કચ્છી**, ) live in the Kutch district of the northwestern India and the Sindh province of southern Pakistan.
Uruk

**Uruk** was an ancient city of Sumer and later Babylonia. It was east of the present bed of the Euphrates river, on the ancient dry former channel of the Euphrates River. It was in what is now Iraq.

Uruk gives its name to the Uruk period, the early Chalcolithic to early Bronze Age period in Mesopotamia, about 4000 to 3100 BC. This was followed by the period of Sumer proper. It played a leading role in the early urbanization of Sumer in the mid 4th millennium BC.

At its height c 2900 BC, Uruk probably had 50,000–80,000 residents living in 6 km<sup>2</sup> of walled area. It was the largest city in the world at the time.

According to the chronology in the Sumerian king list, the semi-mythical king Gilgamesh ruled Uruk in the 27th century BC.
The city lost its prime importance around 2000 BC, after the struggle of Babylonia with Elam. It remained inhabited throughout the Seleucid and Parthian periods until it was finally abandoned during the Sassanid period, just before the Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia.

The site of Uruk was discovered in 1849. The name of lower Mesopotamia, _al-ʿIrāq_, is thought to be derived from the name _Uruk_.
Tajik

**Tajik** might mean:

- Tajik language
- Tajik people
Tennis elbow

**Tennis elbow** or **archer's elbow** is a condition where the outer part of the elbow becomes sore and tender. It is often associated with playing tennis, golf or other kinds of sport that use a racquet.

The following can cause the condition:
- Only using part of the elbow; this can happen with mouse/keyboard users (called Repetitive strain injury), or with certain forms of mountain climbing.
- Keeping the body in a bad tenure/positioning
- Wrong technique in sports that use clubs or racquets (such as tennis or  golf)

## Treatment

There are few specific means of treatment, but certain general forms may help:
- Physical therapy
- Using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, like ibuprofen or aspirin
- Using heat or cold
- Using a brace or strap to reduce the strain on the elbow
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

**Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs** (often shortened to **NSAIDs**) are drugs that have analgesic or fever-reducing properties, but that are not based on steroids. Higher doses of such drugs can also be used to fight inflammation. Such drugs are special as they are not narcotic, that is they don't induce sleep. Well-known examples of such drugs are aspirin, diclofenac and ibuprofen.
Night of Champions (2010)

**Night of Champions (2010)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place on September 19, 2010 at the Allstate Arena in Chicago, Illinois. It was the fourth Night of Champions event held by WWE. Similar to the last three events, the concept of the show was that every championship in the company was defended at the event. It was also the first Night of Champions event to feature a non-title match on the main card.

## Results

- The lumberjills were: Alicia Fox, Brie Bella, Eve Torres, Gail Kim, Jillian Hall, Kelly Kelly, Layla, Maryse, Natalya, Nikki Bella, Rosa Mendes and Tamina.

### Tag Team Turmoil match

|Order|Wrestler|Elimination|Eliminated by|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|The Hart Dynasty (David Hart Smith and Tyson Kidd) (c)|1|The Usos|
|2|The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) (with Tamina)|3|Evan Bourne & Mark Henry|
|3|Santino Marella and Vladimir Kozlov|2|The Usos|
|4|Evan Bourne and Mark Henry|4|Cody Rhodes & Drew McIntyre|
|5|Cody Rhodes and Drew McIntyre|**Winners**|N/A|

### Elimination Six-pack challenge

|Elimination|Wrestler|Eliminated by|Elimination move|Time|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Chris Jericho|Randy Orton|RKO|01:25|||
|2|Edge|John Cena|AA|15:00|||
|3|John Cena|Wade Barrett|Wasteland|18:58|||
|4|Wade Barrett|rowspan="2"|Randy Orton|rowspan="2"|RKO|20:32|
|5|Sheamus (c)|21:28|||||
|colspan="5" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"|Randy Orton||||||

## Other websites

- Official Night of Champions website

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: Night of Champions (2010)
- **theme**: "Freefall" by Two Steps from Hell
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **date**: September 19, 2010
- **venue**: Allstate Arena
- **city**: Rosemont, Illinois
- **lastevent**: SummerSlam (2010)
- **nextevent**: Hell in a Cell (2010)
- **event**: WWE Night of Champions, Night of Champions
- **lastevent2**: Night of Champions (2009)
- **nextevent2**: Night of Champions (2011)
- **brand**: WWE Raw, Raw
SmackDown
Diclofenac

**Diclofenac** is a non-steroidal ant-inflammatory drug. It can be used as an analgesic and antipyretic. It is often used to treat bruises and strain injuiries. Research experiments conducted in 2013, showed that Diclofenac increased the risk of heart attacks and stroke.
Bullpup

A **Bullpup** is a firearm layout where the firing mechanism and magazine is behind the pistol grip.
Nippur

**Nippur**, or _Enlil_ ('lord wind'), is modern _Nuffar_ in Iraq. Nippur was one of the most ancient of all the Sumerian cities. It was the special seat of the worship of the Sumerian god, _Enlil_, ruler of the cosmos (universe), and subject to _An_ alone.

Nippur was always part of a larger empire. Its control was crucial, as it gave overall 'kingship' to monarchs from other city-states. It was a sacred city, important because it had the famous shrine of _Enlil_.

Late in the 3rd millennium BC, Nippur was conquered and occupied by the Semitic rulers of Akkad, and their rulers, like Sargon, left gifts at this sanctuary. Another ruler, Naram-Suen, rebuilt the temple and the city walls; in the debris of this ancient site his remains were found. This Akkadian occupation was succeeded by an occupation during the third dynasty of Ur, and the constructions of Ur-Nammu, the great builder of temples, are on top of those of Naram.

## Kassite and later history

Under the succeeding Kassite dynasty, shortly after the middle of the 2nd millennium, Nippur was restored once more to its former splendour.

After the middle of the 12th century BC follows a long period of neglect, but after with the conquest of Babylonia by the Assyrian Sargon II, at the close of the 8th century BC, the city revives. Under Ashurbanipal, about the middle of the 7th century BC, we find Ekur restored with a splendour greater than ever before, the ziggurat of that period being 58 by 39 m.

After that Nippur appears to have gradually fallen into decay, until finally, in the Seleucid period, the ancient temple was turned into a fortress. Huge walls were built at the edges of the ancient terrace, and the courts of the temple were filled with houses and streets. This fortress was occupied and further built upon until the close of the Parthian period, about AD 250.

Under the rule of the Sassanids Nippur fell into decay, and the ancient sanctuary became only a little village of mud huts huddled about the ancient ziggurat. The city was the seat of a Christian diocese as late as the 8th century AD.

## Archaeology

Nippur was situated on both sides of the Shatt-en-Nil canal, one of the earliest courses of the Euphrates. It lies between the present bed of that river and the Tigris, almost 160 km southeast of Baghdad. It is divided into two main parts by the dry bed of the old Shatt-en-Nil (Arakhat). The highest point of these ruins, a conical hill rising about 30 m above the level of the surrounding plain, northeast of the canal bed, is called by the Arabs _Bint el-Amiror_ ('prince's daughter').

Nippur was first excavated, briefly, by Sir Austen Henry Layard in 1851.
Full scale digging was begun by an expedition from the University of Pennsylvania. The work involved four seasons of excavation between 1889 and 1900. Nippur was also excavated for 19 seasons between 1948 and 1990.
Bhirdana

**Bhirdana** is a village in the Fatehabad district in the Indian state of Haryana. In 2003, archaeologists found the remains of an ancient town which belonged to the Indus Valley civilization. They found a well, part of a defensive town wall, pottery, bricks, and beads made from semi-precious stones. These are said to be about 5,000 years old. Archaeologists were looking for evidence of the Saraswati River, which has disappeared under farmlands. For many years people believed the river was a myth. It is now known that the village of Bhirdana was built on the banks of the river.
Vassily Ivanchuk

**Vassily Ivanchuk**, born 18 March 1969, is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster.

Chucky, as he is affectionately known, has been a leading player in the world since 1988, at times reaching the second spot on the FIDE list, but has never won the World Chess Championship. Ivanchuk has often had erratic results. Since 2007 his world ranking has ranged from twelfth to second, before dropping to 30th in July 2009.

He was the 2007–2008 World Blitz Chess champion.
He won Amber blindfold and rapid chess championship in 1992 and 2010.

## Character

Chucky has been described by Viswanathan Anand as the most eccentric player in the chess world. Anand gave his view on Ivanchuk like this:

- "He's someone who is very intelligent ... but you never know which mood he is going to be in. Some days he will treat you like his long-lost brother. The next day he ignores you completely.

- The players have a word for him. They say he lives on 'Planet Ivanchuk'. (Laughs) ... I have seen him totally drunk and singing Ukrainian poetry and then the next day I have seen him give an impressive talk.

- For a while he was trying to learn Turkish. Don’t ask me why ... Every day is a surprise with him".

When he plays, Ivanchuk rarely looks at the board. Instead he stares at the ceiling and at the walls with a blank stare (although this is not uncommon with top players who calculate without looking at the board). His playing style is unpredictable and highly original, making him a threat to any chess player, although it sometimes also leads to quick losses.

After a string of unsuccessful games culminated in his elimination at the early stages of the 2009 Chess World Cup, Ivanchuk announced, in a highly emotional interview, his retirement from professional chess. However, he soon recanted this decision.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **playername**: Vassily Ivanchuk
- **image**: Iwantschuk wassili 20061029 berlin bundesliga.jpg
- **birthname**: Vasyl Mykhaylovych Ivanchuk
- **birth date**: 18 March 1969
- **birth place**: Kopychyntsi
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2753
<small>(#16 in the April 2014 FIDE world rankings)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2787 (October 2007)
Dmitry Jakovenko

**Dmitry Jakovenko** (born 29 June 1983) is a Russian chess grandmaster.

On the July 2009 FIDE rating list, Jakovenko had a rating of 2760, but he has slipped a bit since then. He shared first in the Russian Championship 2006, losing the playoff against Evgeny Alekseev.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **image**: Jakovenko Dmitry.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **playername**: Dmitry Jakovenko
- **birthname**: Дмитрий Яковенко
- **birth place**: Omsk, Russia
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2734
<small>(#20 in the January 2013 FIDE ranking list)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2760 (July 2009)
Vladimir Malakhov

**Vladimir Malakhov** (born 27 November 1980) is a chess grandmaster from Russia.

He was a member of the gold medal-winning Russian team at the 2009 World Team Chess Championship in Bursa.

Malakhov is qualified as a nuclear physicist, and he used to be an amateur chess player. Now he's a professional chess player who works part-time as a nuclear physicist.

## Infobox (chess player)

- **image**: Vladimir Malakhov.jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **playername**: Vladimir Malakhov
- **birthname**: Владимир Малахов
- **title**: Grandmaster (chess), Grandmaster
- **rating**: 2725
<small>(#20 in the September 2010 FIDE World Rankings)</small>
- **peakrating**: 2732 (July 2010)
David Guetta

**Pierre David Guetta** (7 November 1967) is a French musician, disc jockey and record producer.

He originally was a DJ at nightclubs during the 1980s and 1990s. His first international hit was the song _"Just a Little More Love"_ featuring American singer Chris Willis in 2001. He later co-founded _Gum Productions_ and published his first album, also titled _Just a Little More Love_ in 2002. Later, he published _Guetta Blaster_ (2004) and _Pop Life_ (2007). His dance-pop album, _One Love_ (2009) included the hit singles "When Love Takes Over" (featuring Kelly Rowland), "Sexy Bitch" (featuring Akon) and "Gettin' Over You" (featuring Chris Willis, Fergie & LMFAO). His album _Nothing but the Beat_ (2011) was the most successful. In 2011, Guetta was voted the number one DJ in the world in the _DJ Mag_ poll. The latter became a top five hit in the US and all three reached number 1 in the UK. He has worked with many R&B, pop and hip hop artists including Akon, Chris Willis, Kelly Rowland, Lil' Wayne, Kelis, Madonna, Kid Cudi, Estelle, Fergie, Amy Palmer, K'naan, will.i.am, LMFAO, Dane Bowers, Flo Rida, Shakira, Julie Mcknight and apl.de.ap. Children Tim and Angie

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: David Guetta
- **img**: 2023-11-16 Gala de los Latin Grammy, 22 (David Guetta).jpg
- **img capt**: Guetta in 2023
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Pierre David Guetta
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **genre**: Electro house, hip house, Electronic dance music, EDM
- **years active**: 1984–present
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **website**: [http://www.davidguetta.com/ www.davidguetta.com]
Kevin Durant

**Kevin Wayne Durant** (born September 29, 1988 in Washington, D.C., United States) is an American professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). A  small forward/shooting guard who is also capable of playing power forward, Durant was the consensus 2007 National College Player of the Year and the 2006–2007 Big 12 Player of the Year. After his freshman season at the University of Texas, Durant opted to enter the 2007 NBA Draft, where he was selected second overall pick by the Seattle SuperSonics. He scored 18 points in his first game. There he went on to win the NBA Rookie of the Year Award after his debut season. In 2007, Durant signed an endorsement contract with Nike.

On July 4, 2016, he signed with the Golden State Warriors. He played with the Oklahoma City Thunder from 2007-2016. He signed with the Brooklyn Nets in July 2019.

In March 2020, Durant, including three other Nets' players, tested positive for COVID-19. He was cured of the virus by April.

On February 9, 2023, the Brooklyn Nets traded Durant along with T. J. Warren, to the Phoenix Suns for Mikal Bridges, Cameron Johnson, Jae Crowder, four first-round picks, and a 2028 first-round pick. Later, he was traded to the Rockets.
Manganese(III) oxide

**Manganese(III) oxide** is a chemical compound. It has manganese in its +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is Mn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. It is a brown or black solid. It is made by heating manganese(IV) oxide to a temperature lower than . It is made in an alkaline cell when it dies.

## Related pages

- Manganese(II) oxide
- Manganese(II) chloride
- Manganese(VII) oxide
Manganese(III) fluoride

**Manganese(III) fluoride**, also known as **manganese trifluoride**, is a chemical compound. It contains manganese and fluoride ions. The manganese ions are in the +3 oxidation state. Its chemical formula is MnF<sub>3</sub>. It is a purple-pink powder. It is used to add fluoride ions to other chemical compounds. It is an oxidizing agent. It is made by heating manganese(II) fluoride with fluorine. These are in a solution of hydrofluoric acid. It decomposes to manganese(II) fluoride when heated.

It can form hydrofluoric acid when dissolved in water, so it can be dangerous. It should not be stored in glass.

## Related pages

- Manganese(II) oxide
- Manganese fluoride
- Manganese(VII) oxide
Manganese(II) fluoride

**Manganese(II) fluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is MnF<sub>2</sub>. It is made by reacting manganese(II) carbonate or manganese(II) oxide with hydrofluoric acid. It is used to make other manganese fluorides. It is also used in lasers. It is much less reactive than the other manganese fluorides.

## Related pages

- Manganese(II) chloride
- Manganese(II) sulfate
- Manganese(IV) oxide
Manganese(IV) fluoride

**Manganese(IV) fluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is MnF<sub>4</sub>. It contains manganese and fluoride ions. The manganese ions are in the +4 oxidation state. It is a light blue-green solid. It is very reactive. It can form very reactive fluorine gas easily. It can be made by reacting fluorine or strong oxidizing agents containing fluorine with several manganese compounds. It was used to make fluorine without using electrolysis. It is much more reactive than manganese(IV) oxide.

## Related pages

- Manganese(III) oxide
- Manganese(III) fluoride
- Manganese(VII) oxide
Manganese fluoride

**Manganese fluoride** can refer to any of these following compounds:

- Manganese(II) fluoride
- Manganese(III) fluoride
- Manganese(IV) fluoride
Res Gestae Divi Augusti

The ***Res Gestae Divi Augusti*** (Latin: “Deeds of the divine Augustus”) is a funerary inscription detailing the life and achievements of the first Roman Emperor, Augustus.  The original inscription, which has not survived, was engraved upon a pair of bronze pillars which were placed in front of Augustus' mausoleum.  Various copies of the text were found throughout the Roman Empire, the most notable being a nearly full copy, written in both Greek and Latin, found preserved on a temple dedicated to Augustus in Ankara, Turkey.  Most historians have concluded that Augustus wrote several versions during his life and kept updating them until the final version which is usually dated to the same year as Augustus' death in 14 AD.

As a source, the _Res Gestae_ is not fully accurate.  Whilst not lying, he does not mention some things such as his proscription<nowiki/>s of his enemies.  He refers to his rival Marc Antony as 'a faction'.  The inscription says much about the money he spent on the people, Rome and the empire.  It also says frequently that he has "restored the republic" and only gains his titles because of the universal support from the people and, most importantly, the Senate.

## Sections

The _Res Gestae Divi Augusti_ is grouped into four sections:

- Political career (jobs held)
- Gifts to the People
- Military achievements
- Political summary

## Other websites

- http://classics.mit.edu/Augustus/deeds.html
Potassium fluoride

**Potassium fluoride** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KF. It contains potassium and fluoride ions.

## Properties

Potassium fluoride is a colorless crystalline solid. It rarely occurs in the ground. It dissolves easily in water. It can react with glass. Hydrofluoric acid is more effective at reacting with glass, though. It has to be stored in plastic or platinum containers.

## Preparation

Potassium fluoride is made by reacting potassium carbonate with hydrofluoric acid. This reaction can make potassium bifluoride. Potassium bifluoride is a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and potassium fluoride.

## Uses

It is used because of its fluoride ion. It can be used to add fluoride ions to some chemical compounds.

## Safety

Potassium fluoride is somewhat toxic. It is corrosive to glass. It can burn when spilled on skin.

## Related pages

- Sodium fluoride
- Potassium chloride
Goy

Goy is a word used in the Jewish Bible for “Nation”. In the Roman times, it also began to mean “non-Jew”.
It is used for referring to non-Jewish groups of people. If it is used for multiple groups or nations, the plural word **Goyim** is used instead.
Sodium permanganate

**Sodium permanganate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaMnO<sub>4</sub>. It contains sodium and permanganate ions.

## Properties

It is a purple-black crystalline solid. It can dissolve in water to make a bright pink solution. It dissolves in water more than potassium permanganate. It is more expensive than potassium permanganate. It also absorbs water from the air. It is a strong oxidizing agent.

## Preparation

It cannot be made in the way that potassium permanganate is made because sodium manganate is not made. It can be made by reacting pure manganese(IV) oxide with sodium hypochlorite. It can also be made by reacting potassium permanganate with certain sodium compounds.

## Uses

It can be used to make circuit boards.

## Safety

Permanganates are toxic. They are also strong oxidizing agents and should be kept away from things that can burn.

## Related pages

- Manganate
- Manganese(II) oxide
- Manganese(VII) oxide
Manganate

**Manganate** normally means the MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> ion. It is a bright green ion. It is made during the making of permanganates. It is a weak reducing agent and moderate oxidizing agent. They are similar to the sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>) and chromate (CrO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>) ions. Potassium manganate is an example.

## Related pages

- Manganese compounds
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains

The **Battle of the Catalaunian Plains** (also called the _Battle of Châlons-sur-Marne_ or _Battle of Châlons_) was a battle in 451 AD. It took place in Châlons-sur-Marne, in northeast Gaul (nowadays France).  Roman legions commanded by Flavius Aetius allied with Visigoth soldiers led by Theodoric I, to defeat the armies of Attila the Hun.

Attila's armies consisted mainly of horsemen. The battle ended as a stalemate - and thus a victory for the West, the Huns having suffered too many losses to continue their attack. The battle of the Catalaunian Plains crushed Attila's dreams of invading the Roman empire, and ultimately was the end of his empire in Europe. But the battle also weakened the already fragile Western Roman Empire, which collapsed 25 years later, in 476.
Greek fire

Invented by Byzantines, **Greek fire** was a fearsome weapon. It had the ability to keep burning while on water. As such, it was often used in naval battles. The creation of it was a closely guarded secret and has now been lost. It was very similar to modern napalm, though it was weaker. Byzantine ships attached it to their fronts as a medival sort of flamethrower. After several accidents of the fire burning its own ship, it was no longer used.

The term "Greek fire" is normally used in English. However, most other languages use other terms such as "sea fire" (Greek: πῦρ θαλάσσιον), "Roman fire" (πῦρ ῥωμαϊκόν), "war fire" (πολεμικὸν πῦρ), "liquid fire" (ὑγρὸν πῦρ), or "processed fire" (πῦρ σκευαστόν).
Siphonophore

The **Siphonophores** are an order of cnidarian invertebrates in the class Hydrozoa. The Portuguese man o' war is an example.

A siphonophore is not a single animal. It is a colony of four kinds of zooids. Zooids are very small, highly modified individuals. All the zooids in a colony are genetically identical. These zooids are specialized polyps and medusoids.

Though structurally similar to other cnidarians, the zooids do not live by themselves: they are attached to each other. Each type of zooid is not self-sufficient. It depends for survival on the others doing what it cannot do by itself.

The zooids fit together so closely that the colony looks like a single individual. It was a triumph of 19th century biology to discover the real nature of the siphonophores.

- _Bathyphysa conifera_
- Portuguese man o' war
Potassium manganate

**Potassium manganate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>4</sub>. It contains potassium and manganate ions.

## Properties

Potassium manganate is a green solid. It can disproportionate into potassium permanganate and manganese(IV) oxide. This happens in acidic pH. This reaction, because of its color change, is known as a "chemical chameleon".

## Preparation

It is made by reacting manganese(IV) oxide with very hot potassium hydroxide. Sometimes oxygen or potassium nitrate is used as the oxidizing agent. This makes potassium manganate. Normally the potassium manganate is converted to potassium permanganate. Potassium permanganate is more common. Potassium iodide can reduce potassium permanganate to potassium manganate. It can also be made by reacting hot potassium permanganate with potassium hydroxide. This makes oxygen and potassium manganate.

## Uses

Potassium manganate does not have many uses. It is mainly made when potassium permanganate is made.

## Safety

Potassium manganate is a moderate oxidizing agent. When it is reduced, it can made black or brown stains on glass, clothing, or skin.

## Related pages

- Permanganate
- Manganese(VII) oxide
Sodium manganate

**Sodium manganate** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Na<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>4</sub>. It contains sodium and manganate ions. It is a bright green solid at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere (a pressure). It cannot be made by reacting manganese dioxide with sodium hydroxide, like potassium manganate is made. It is made by reacting hot sodium hydroxide with sodium permanganate. This releases oxygen and makes sodium manganate. It is more expensive than potassium manganate because it is harder to make.

## Related pages

- Manganese(II) oxide
- Manganese(VII) oxide
- Potassium permanganate
Hypomanganate

**Hypomanganate** is an ion. Its chemical formula is MnO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>. It is bright blue. It disproportionates into manganates and manganese(IV) oxide easily. This can be stopped by adding a lot of a base. They are both reducing agents and oxidizing agents. They are made by reducing manganates with sulfites and hydrogen peroxide.

## Related pages

- Permanganate
- Potassium hypomanganate
- Potassium manganate
Potassium hypomanganate

**Potassium hypomanganate** is a chemical compound. It contains potassium and hypomanganate ions. It is a bright blue solid. It is unstable and rare. It can be made several ways: reduction of potassium permanganate with potassium sulfite; reduction of potassium manganate with hydrogen peroxide and potassium hydroxide; and disproportionation when manganese dioxide is dissolved in potassium hydroxide. It disproportionates into potassium manganate and manganese dioxide easily. Only a strong base can stop it from disproportionation.

## Related pages

- Sodium manganate
- Sodium permanganate
Potassium sulfite

**Potassium sulfite** is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub>. It contains potassium and sulfite ions.

## Properties

It is a white crystalline solid. It is a reducing agent. It can react with oxidizing agents to make potassium sulfate.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting sulfur dioxide with potassium hydroxide.
- 2 KOH + SO<sub>2</sub> → K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O

## Uses

It is used to preserve food. Sulfites can cause allergies in some people, though.

## Related pages

- Sodium sulfite
- Potassium sulfate