juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric pressure

**Atmospheric pressure** is a force in an area pushing against a surface by the weight of the atmosphere of Earth, a layer of air.  The air is not distributed evenly around the globe.  It moves, and at different times, the layer of air is thicker in some places than in others.  Where the layer of air is thicker, there is more air.  Since there is more air, there is a higher pressure in that spot.  Where the layer of air is thinner, there is a lower atmospheric pressure.

At higher altitude, the atmospheric density and pressure are lower.  This is because high places do not have as much air above them, pushing down.

Barometers can be used to measure atmospheric pressure for meteorology. There is the same atmospheric pressure from all directions.  The  SI unit for pressure is hPa. Other units such as bar and torr are used for various applications.

## Other websites

- Atmospheric pressure Citizendium
1482

## Events

- Portuguese fortify Fort Elmina on the Gold Coast
- Portuguese erect the Fort of Sao Jorge de Mina near the mouth of River Benya
- Tizoc rules the Aztecs
- Diogo Cão, a Portuguese navigator, becomes the first European to sail up the Congo.
- Ivan III renounces the Mongol Khanate rule over Russia
- Fictive date of Victor Hugo's _Notre-Dame de Paris_ (_The Hunchback of Notre Dame_)
Franz Berwald

**Franz Adolf Berwald** was a Swedish composer of the 19th Century. He was born in Stockholm on 23 July 1786. He died in Stockholm on 3 April 1868. While he was alive, people generally ignored his composing work, so he had to do other things to gain a living. He worked as an orthopedic surgeon, and later as the manager of a saw mill and glass factory. Franz Adolf Berwald came from a family with four generations of musicians.

Today, many people see him as one of the finest Swedish composers of the 19th century.
Small intestine

The **small intestine** is between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the digestion and absorption happen. In humans over five years old, the small intestine is about 7.5 metres long. However, while it is long in length, it is very short in diameter, which is why it is mostly called the 'small intestine'.

The small intestine has three regions: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.

- The duodenum: receives bile and juice from the pancreas ( and is where most digestion in the small intestine takes place). Secretions limit, or neutralise, the stomach acidity, and enzymes help to digest the food.

- The jejunum: the products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here.

- The ileum: absorbs vitamin B12, bile salts, and any other products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum.

## Related pages

- Large intestine
Songwriter

A **songwriter** is a writer who creates songs. A songwriter generally writes songs for popular music, rather than art songs or classical music. Many songwriters are also singers, and perform the songs they write - they are called singer-songwriters. Other songwriters have their songs performed by other singers.

## History

The history of writing songs is thousands of years old. Scholars believe that men and women may have created and sung songs even at the time of prehistory. Many modern bands have one or two members who write songs for the band. Others have more members contribute songs, or give the whole band credit for writing. Others perform songs by outside writers.

## Famous songwriters

- John Lennon and Paul McCartney, members of The Beatles
- Brian Wilson and Mike Love, members of The Beach Boys
- Justin Bieber
- Paul Anka
- Burt Bacharach
- Bob Dylan
- Stephen Foster
- Woody Guthrie
- Johnny Mercer
- Willie Nelson
- Mickey Newbury
- Harry Nilsson
- Laura Nyro
- Dolly Parton
- Cole Porter
- Glen Ballard
- Diane Warren
- Neil Young
- John Williams

## Related pages

- Composer
Agastya

According to Hindu mythology, **Agastya** was the name of a famous sage (rishi). The Hindu tradition states that he brought the Vedic culture to the southern part of India. He also helped in development of Tamil language. According to traditional belief, he still lives in a mountain names _Agasyta Malai_ in Tamil Nadu, India. Scholars believe that Agastya wrote many hymns of Rigveda. He also find mention many times in the Vedic mythology.

There are many stories about Agastya.  In the famous epic, the Ramayana, Rama (an avatar of god Vishnu) meets Agastya. Agastya gives Rama many advices and his support. There are two older stories about Agastya. One story tells that he forced the Vindhya mountains to bow down. The Vindhya Mountain is in middle of India, and divided the North India and the South India. In the second story, he drank all the waters of the ocean. This happened before the Churning of the Ocean.

## References

- _Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend_ () by Anna Dallapiccola
International Criminal Court

The **International Criminal Court** (**ICC**) was created on 1 July 2002. It investigates and punishes people for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It is sometimes called the **ICC** or the **ICCt**.

The ICC's main office is in The Hague in The Netherlands. It has smaller offices in New York City, Kampala, Kinshasa, Bunia, Abéché and Bangui.

The ICC is different from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The main difference is that ICJ settles arguments between countries, but the ICC punishes people.

## Members

On 1 January 2025, 125 countries were members of the ICC. These countries have a duty to help the ICC.

Nearly all the countries in Europe and South America are members, and about half the countries in Africa are members. Only a few countries in Asia have joined.

On 22 September 2025, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger, three Sahelian countries governed by military juntas, announced their withdrawal from the International Criminal Court on.

## What kind of crimes does the ICC investigate?

The ICC can normally only investigate three kinds of crime:
- Crimes that were committed in member-countries
- Crimes that were committed by people from member-countries
- Crimes that the United Nations Security Council wants the ICC to investigate

The ICC can only investigate crimes that happened after 1 July 2002. It can only open a case when national courts are not able to or do not want to. If a national court is investigating or prosecuting a case, the ICC is not allowed to.

## Who does what?

There are 18 judges in the ICC. They all come from member-countries of the ICC. No two judges can come from the same country.

The prosecutor's job is to investigate crimes. If he finds evidence that a person did something wrong, he asks the judges to start a trial.

The ICC is managed by an "Assembly of States Parties". The Assembly elects the judges and the prosecutor. Each ICC member-country has one vote in the Assembly.

## Cases

The ICC has opened investigations in four places: Northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and Darfur.

The ICC has arrested three people. They are all from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Thomas Lubanga is accused of using children to make war. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui are both accused of murder, sexual slavery, using children to make war, and other crimes.

## Other websites

- The ICC's website
Brahma

**Brahma** is one of the three major gods of Hindus in Hindu mythology and Hinduism. Brahma is the creator of the whole universe. The other two gods are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer.

## Other websites

- The Brahma-Samhita  (Brahmasamhita.com)
- Brahma's Prayers for Creative Energy  (vedabase.net)
- Brahma: The God with Only Three Temples  (boloji.com)
- Indian Gods and Goddesses - Brahma  (indiayogi.com)

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Hindu
- **image**: Brahma 1820.jpg
- **caption**: A common depiction of Brahma bearing all of his attributes.
- **name**: Brahma
- **devanagari**: ब्रह्म
- **affiliation**: Brahman, Parabrahman (Brahmanyism), Trimurti
- **deity of**: Creation, Knowledge, Eituals
- **abode**: Satyaloka
- **mantra**: Om Brahmane Namaha
- **weapon**: Spear
- **consort**: Sarasvati
- **festivals**: Kumbha Mela, Deepavali, Kartik Purnima
- **member of**: Trimurti
- **mount**: Swan
Asexual reproduction

**Asexual reproduction** is reproduction without sex.

In this form of reproduction, a single organism or cell makes a copy of itself. The genes of the original and its copy are the same except for rare mutations. They are clones.

The main process of asexual reproduction is mitosis. This type of reproduction is common among some single-cell organisms such as _Amoeba_. Many plants also reproduce asexually such as by means of runners. The individual zooids in a particular coral  or bryozoan are usually genetically identical. They are formed by asexual reproduction of the first individual to arrive in a place. One whole order of the rotifers, the bdelloid rotifers, has no sexual reproduction.

Many types of living things have a double cycle. At one stage, they have sexual reproduction, and at another they simply multiply by splitting or producing eggs that develop without being fertilized (aphids). All daughters of the honey bee develop from unfertilized eggs. Asexual reproduction is therefore common in many forms of life.

### Binary fission

Some organisms like bacteria reproduce using binary fission. They split into two, and one bacterium becomes two bacteria. That always leads to daughter cells, and the offspring is identical to the parent.

### Budding

Budding is similar to binary fission but is used by plants and some animals, which cannot simply split into two the way that bacteria can. In budding, a small part of a plant or animal breaks off, and while they are separated from their "mother", they start to grow until both the "parent" and the "offspring" are the same size and are capable of budding again. That may happen many more times.

### Parthenogenesis

Parthenogenesis is found in both plants and animals. Eggs develop without fertilisation. Examples occur in water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, bees and parasitic wasps. Parthenogenesis is very rare for vertebrates.

### Vegetative propagation

Vegitative popogation is very common in some types of plants using rhizomes or stolons (such as strawberries). Other plants form bulbs or tubers (for example tulip bulbs and dahlia tubers). Some plants may form a clonal colony, where all the individuals are clones, which may cover a large area.

### Spores

Fungi (such as mushrooms) produce spores, which may be asexual or sexual. The asexual spores have the genetic material inside, which allows them to make a whole new organism identical to its parent. The spores are produced by mitosis. Different fungi make different kinds of asexual spores, conidia, oidia, and pycniospores. The shape and the colour of the spores can be helpful to identify the species.

## Sexual vs asexual reproduction

|Type|Advantages|Disadvantages|
| --- | --- | --- |
|**Asexual reproduction**|No mate needed. Many offspring produced quickly|No variation in the offspring.|
|**Sexual reproduction**|Genetic variation in the offspring.|Requires both sexes to participate.|

## Other websites

- Asexual reproduction in animals and plants
- Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction
- Revision site directed towards IGSCE students
Brahman

**Brahman** is the Ultimate Reality of Universe in Hinduism. It is a Sanskrit language word. Brahman is said to be infinite, with no beginning or end. Brahman is changeless and is the source of the universe in Hindu beliefs.

## Related pages

- Atman
- Hinduism
São Paulo F.C.

**São Paulo Futebol Clube**, usually called **São Paulo FC** or just **São Paulo**, is a very traditional Brazilian football team from São Paulo. The team was founded on January 25, 1930, and re-founded on December 16, 1935. It is often called _Tricolor_ (meaning _with three colours_) by its supporters. The prime footballer in the team is Miranda.
It is the most successful club of Brazilian football.
Twenty-two won state championships, six Brazilian Championships - besides being the only one to win it three times, in 2006, 2007 and 2008, three Libertadores and three World Club Championship.

#### World championships

**FIFA Club World Cup**
    - **Winners (1):** 2005
**Intercontinental Cup**
    - **Winners (2):** 1992, 1993

#### Continental championships

**Copa Libertadores**
    - **Winners (3):** 1992, 1993, 2005
    - **Runners-up (3):** 1974, 1994, 2006
**Copa Conmebol**
    - **Winners (1):** 1994
**Recopa Sudamericana**
    - **Winners (2):** 1993, 1994
    - **Runners-up (1):** 2006
**Supercopa Sudamericana**
    - **Winners (1):** 1993
    - **Runners-up (1):** 1997
**Copa Masters Conmebol**
    - **Winners (1):** 1996

### National competitions

**Campeonato Brasileiro Série A**
    - **Winners (6):** 1977, 1986, 1991, 2006, 2007, 2008
    - **Runners-up (5):** 1971, 1973, 1981, 1989, 1990
**Copa do Brasil**
    - **Runners-up (1):** 2000
**Copa dos Campeões**
    - **Runners-up (1):** 2001
**Torneio Rio-São Paulo**
    - **Winners (1):** 2001
    - **Runners-up (5):** 1933, 1962, 1966, 1998, 2002
**Campeonato Paulista**
    - **Winners (21):** 1931, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1948, 1949, 1953, 1957, 1970, 1971, 1975, 1980, 1981, 1985, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2005
    - **Runners-up (19):** 1938, 1941, 1944, 1950, 1952, 1956, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1967, 1972, 1978, 1982, 1983, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2003, 2006, 2021
**Supercampeonato Paulista**
    - **Winners (1):** 2002

## Related pages

- List of Brazilian football teams

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **img**: Sao paulo fc.png
- **res img**: 150px
- **clubname**: São Paulo
- **fullname**: São Paulo Futebol Clube
- **founded**: January 25, 1930 (80 years),
Refounded on December 16,  1935 (74 years)
- **ground**: Cícero Pompeu de Toledo(Morumbi Stadium, Morumbi), São Paulo, Brazil
- **capacity**: 73,501
- **chairman**: Júlio Casares
- **manager**: Luis Zubeldía
- **league**: Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Série A
- **season**: 2024
- **position**: 6th
- **pattern la1**: _spfc21h
- **pattern b1**: _spfc21h
- **pattern ra1**: _spfc21h
- **pattern sh1**: _adidasred
- **pattern so1**: _3_stripes_red
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _spfc21a
- **pattern b2**: _spfc21a
- **pattern ra2**: _spfc21a
- **pattern sh2**: _adidaswhite
- **pattern so2**: _3_stripes_white
- **leftarm2**: FF0000
- **body2**: 000000
- **rightarm2**: FF0000
- **shorts2**: 000000
- **socks2**: 000000
Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel

The **Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel** is a document that announced the establishment of the independent and sovereign state (country) of Israel.

## The term

This term describes the announcement of establishment of a Jewish state, named State of Israel. This State of Israel was established on 14 May 1948. In Hebrew language, __ means the State of Israel. The British Mandate of Palestine was a League of Nations mandate. This was the land where the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah had once been. The State of Israel covered more or less the same land.

Some persons call this as the beginning of "Third Jewish Commonwealth". The "First Jewish Commonwealth" ended with the destruction of Solomon's Temple, and the second with the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem two thousand years ago.

## The declaration

On 29 November 1947, the United Nations had adopted a resolution. The resolution recommended the establishment of an Arab State and a  Jewish State in Palestine. The resolution recommended taking steps to establish such a state.

On 12 May 1948, the Jewish national administration met at Tel Aviv Museum of Art. They had gathered to decide acceptance of an American proposal for a truce or to declare a new state of Israel. Six of the ten voting members supported declaration of a state of Israel. Two days later, on 14 May 1948, the Jewish National Council (Vaad Leumi) met at Tel Aviv. At mid night of 14 May 1948, a member of the Council read the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel.

The declaration followed a style generally seen in the United Nations documents. First few sentences stated the reasons for the declaration and the right of the Jews for an independent country. Then, the sentences gave the features and characteristics of the new Jewish state.

## Quotes

A few quotes from the declaration:

- ...the Land of Israel, was the birthplace of the Jewish people. Here their spiritual, religious and political identity was shaped. Here they first attained to statehood, created cultural values of national and universal significance and gave to the world the eternal Book of Books.

- After being forcibly exiled from their land, the people kept faith with it throughout their Dispersion and never ceased to pray and hope for their return to it and for the restoration in it of their political freedom.

- Impelled by this historic and traditional attachment, Jews strove in every successive generation to re-establish themselves in their ancient homeland. In recent decades they returned in their masses.

## The recognition

The United States, the Soviet Union, and many other major countries of the world accepted the state of Israel. Using terms of international law, these countries recognized the state of Israel. However, many Arab countries and countries of the Middle East opposed the establishment of Israel. They did not recognize the state of Israel as a sovereign state, that is, an independent country. Many countries of the world did not recognize Israel, but establish trading and other relations with it.
Parvati

In Hinduism and Hindu mythology, **Parvati** is considered a mother goddess. her name Parvati translates "daughter of the mountain". she is said to live on Mount Kailash. She is the mother of the deities Ganesha and Kartikeya. She is widely considered to be the consort of lord Shiva, one of the main deities in the Hindu pantheon.

Parvati is generally depicted with 2 or arms carrying weapons such as  Trishula, a Lotus, a Shankha, and her one hand is in Abhaymudra. She is one of the Three main goddesses in Hinduism along with the goddesses Lakshmi and Saraswati.

Parvati's conveyance (vahana) is a lion or tiger. Parvati is the younger sister of the goddess Ganga.

In Hindu scriptures, Parvati is an important goddess. She is called by many other names. Some of them are:

- Ambika, meaning the divine mother.
- Gauri, meaning the fair skinned one
- Shyama, meaning the dark skinned one.
- Kali, meaning the black one or the goddess of kala (time),  past, present and future and death.
- Bhairavi, meaning the consort of Bhairava.
- Durga, meaning inaccessible or undefeatable.
- Bhavatarini, meaning savior of the world.
Estádio Palestra Itália

**Estádio Palestra Itália**, also known as **Parque Antártica**, was a football stadium of Palmeiras in São Paulo. It was demolished in 2010. When it closed, its capacity was 27,650.
1963 Pan American Games

The 4th Pan American Games were held in 1963 in São Paulo, Brazil.

## Medal Table

_Host country in **bold**._

|colspan=6 style="border-right:0px;";|1963 Pan American Games Medal Count||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Pos**|**Country**|bgcolor="gold"|**Gold**|bgcolor="silver"|**Silver**|bgcolor="CC9966"|**Bronze**|**Total**|
|1||106|56|37|199||||
|**2**|****|**14**|**20**|**18**|**52**||||
|3||11|27|26|64||||
|4||8|15|16|29||||
|5||4|6|4|14||||
|6||4|1|8|13||||
|7||3|5|9|17||||
|8||2|8|15|25||||
|9||2|2|6|10||||
|10||1|1|2|4||||
|11||1|0|0|1||||
|12||0|4|2|6||||
|13||0|2|2|4||||
|||0|2|2|4||||
|15||0|2|0|2||||
|16||0|1|3|4||||
|17||0|1|1|2||||
|18||0|0|3|3||||
Pan American Games

The **Pan American Games** are a multi-sport event. They are held every four years between competitors from all nations of the Americas.

## History

The Pan American Games were going to be started in 1932, but World War II caused the first Pan American Games to happen on 1951. From that time, the Games are held every four years.

More than 5000 athletes from more than 40 countries have attended the recent Games. USA has won the most gold, silver and bronze medals.

## Locations of Pan American Games

|colspan="4"|Pan American Games||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="right"|1951|I|Buenos Aires|Argentina|
|align="right"|1955|II|Mexico City|Mexico|
|align="right"|1959|III|Chicago|United States|
|align="right"|1963|IV|São Paulo|Brazil|
|align="right"|1967|V|Winnipeg|Canada|
|align="right"|1971|VI|Cali|Colombia|
|align="right"|1975|VII|Mexico City|Mexico|
|align="right"|1979|VIII|San Juan|Puerto Rico|
|align="right"|1983|IX|Caracas|Venezuela|
|align="right"|1987|X|Indianapolis|United States|
|align="right"|1991|XI|Havana|Cuba|
|align="right"|1995|XII|Mar del Plata|Argentina|
|align="right"|1999|XIII|Winnipeg|Canada|
|align="right"|2003|XIV|Santo Domingo|Dominican Republic|
|align="right"|2007|XV|Rio de Janeiro|Brazil|
|align="right"|2011|XVI|Guadalajara|Mexico|
Campinas

**Campinas** (IPA: ) is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. In 2005, 1,045,706 people lived there. It is about  from the city of São Paulo. Campinas has an area of .
Multilingualism

**Multilingualism** is the ability to speak more than one language. The ability to speak two languages is _bilingualism_. Many immigrants are bilingual and speak languages of both their old and their new country. Multilingualism is useful in many kinds of work.

## Reasons

International trade is more common than in past centuries. Some countries and organizations having more than one official language hire people who speak more than one so that they can work with more people. Most people have a first language, or mother tongue, that they learned as babies. Other languages are usually learned much later.

### Factors

People who learn many languages can find it easier to learn more languages if the new language is like the ones they already know. Sometimes, however learning a new language can be hard if the person remembers old languages they learned before.

Learning a second language can make it harder to remember words. People used to think that speaking two languages makes people better at certain thinking tasks, but some new research says otherwise. Those who speak two languages are not better at learning languages than those who only speak one.

People who are very good at speaking two or more languages were once thought to have better thinking skills and less likely to get certain diseases like dementia later in life, but recent studies disagree.

## Academic discourse

Some linguists think there are more multilingual people in the world than monolingual people, those who speak only one language.

### Polyglots

People who can speak several languages are called _polyglots_. Those who can speak many, such as Heinrich Schliemann and Ghil'ad Zuckermann, are called _hyperpolyglots_.

As a result of wars, border changes, colonialism etc., some in a country may be consigned to adopt other languages. This happened in the partitions of Poland and its reunification. When Austria-Hungary lost World War I, Hungary lost much of its east to Romania. Hungarian is a Uralic language completely different from Indo-European languages including but not limited to Romance languages and Germanic languages.

## Related pages

- Diglossia
- Linguistics
- Latin alphabet
- Greek alphabet
- Multiculturalism
- Code-switching
- List of languages
- Multialphabetism
- Hebrew alphabet
- Japonic languages
- Mutual intelligibility
- European Parliament
- Indo-Iranian languages
- Sino-Tibetan languages
- Indo-European languages
Fall of Saigon

The **Fall/Liberation of Sàigòn** happened on April 30, 1975. It was the capture of Saigon by the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam and the People's Army of Vietnam, marking the end of the Vietnam War. It also resulted in the name of Saigon being changed to Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of former President Ho Chi Minh. It is celebrated as a public holiday in Vietnam as Reunification Day along with International Workers' Day on May 1st. The week of April 30th is referred to as "Black April" by overseas Vietnamese.

## Other websites

- New York Times Archive
Between Friends

**Between Friends** is a comic strip from Canada created by Sandra Bell-Lundy. It features three women with troubles with parenting and life. Sometimes they go back in time to simpler days. For example, at a department store, they compared themselves as teenage girls buying outfits to enhance sex appeal in the 1970s to buying conservative clothes in the 1990s.

## List of Characters

- Susan - married to Harvey and has a daughter named Emma
- Maeve - she is divorced and always has a sense of humor
- Kimberly - a stepmother to a son named Danny, she works at home
- Danny - stepson of Kimberly, interested in children's things like Pokemon and Crash Bandicoot
- Derek - Kimberly's husband and Danny's father
Patrice Lumumba

**Patrice Émery Lumumba** (July 2, 1925 – January 17, 1961) was the only elected leader of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (called the _Republic of the Congo_ at the time, but this should not be confused with today's Republic of the Congo). The official position of the US government, as seen in the U.S. News & World Report, associated Lumumba's ideas of African socialist democracy as an African brand of communism. Thus, the Americans had plans to kill him. He was murdered by the Katangans on January 17, 1961, just months after independence.

Lumumba's son, François is now a political figure in the Congo. He has created a small Lumumbist group.

## Other websites

- Virtual Memorial to Patrice Lumumba, at _Find-A-grave_.
- SpyCast – 1 December 2007: On Assignment to Congo-Peter chats with Larry Devlin, the CIA's legendary station chief in Congo during the 1960s.
- Africa Within. A rich source of information on Lumumba, including a reprint of Stephen R. Weissman's 21 July 2002 article from the _Washington Post_.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Anefo 910-9740 De Congolese2 colorized photo.jpg
- **office1**: Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Prime Minister of Congo-Léopoldville
- **term start1**: 24 June 1960
- **term end1**: 14 September 1960
- **president1**: Joseph Kasa-Vubu
- **predecessor1**: _position established_
- **successor1**: Joseph Iléo
- **birth date**: 2 July 1925
- **birth place**: Katakokombe, Belgian Congo
<small>(Now Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo-Kinshasa)</small>
- **birth name**: Élias Okit'Asombo
- **death date**: 17 January 1961 (aged 35)
- **death place**: Near Lubumbashi, Élisabethville, State of Katanga, Katanga
<small>(Now Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Congo-Kinshasa)</small>
- **party**: Mouvement National Congolais, Congolese National Movement
Vietnamese Declaration of Independence

The **Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam** was a speech read by Ho Chi Minh on September 2, 1945, in Ba Dinh Square, Hanoi, Vietnam, which proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from France and Japan Empire after the Second World War.

## History

During the August Revolution, Ho Chi Minh wrote the speech at 48 Hang Ngang Street, Hanoi, at the home of a bourgeoisie family that donated 5,147 taels of gold to the Revolutionary Government headed by Ho Chi Minh. The Declaration was written with the advice of OSS Detachment 101 Maj. Archimedes Patti.

It is based on the American Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
Juche

**Juche** () is the group of ideas developed by North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-il . _Juche_ means "self-reliance." Juche is inspired by Leninism, Stalinism, and Maoism.

## Ideas

According to its supporters, Juche was developed from Marxism and Leninism. In many cases, it is different from both. Basically, Juche says that:

- The needs of North Korea and its people are more important than the ideas of Leninism, Stalinism, Maoism or Marxism.
- North Korea special.
- The welfare of many people (who make up the nation of North Korea) is more important than the welfare of an individual.
- People must design what the world should look like.
- A strong leader is required to make needed reforms.
- Intellectuals are important.

### Revolution

Juche says that every nation needs to drive forward its own revolution. Three things are necessary for this:
1. Political independence
1. Economic self-reliance
1. Military independence
According to Juche, the state should make sure these three things exist.

Certain people have described these ideas as a philosophy; others see it as a religion.

## Related pages

- North Korea
- East Germany
- Marxism
- Leninism
- Stalinism
- Maoism
Kigali

**Kigali** (pronounced either as 'Kigali' or 'Chigali' or 'Cyigali') is the capital city of Rwanda. There are about 1,745,555 people living in it.
Paul Kagame

**Paul Kagame** (born October 23, 1957) is the President of Rwanda since 2000.

Though a member of the Tutsi ethnic group, he tends to downplay the importance of his ethnicity. He is responsible for ending the Rwandan Genocide. However, he is often seen as a dictator, and has a bad human rights record.

From 2018 to 2019, he was the Chairperson of the African Union. In 2022, he became the Commonwealth Chair-in-Office.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Paul Kagame
- **image**: Paul Kagame 2024.jpg
- **alt**: Kagame in 2024
- **caption**: Kagame in 2024
- **office**: 4th List of Presidents of Rwanda, President of Rwanda
- **term start**: 22 April 2000
- **predecessor**: Pasteur Bizimungu
- **office1**: Commonwealth Chair-in-Office
- **1blankname1**: Head of the Commonwealth, Head
- **1namedata1**: Elizabeth II
Charles III
- **term start1**: 24 June 2022
- **predecessor1**: Boris Johnson
- **office2**: Chairperson of the African Union
- **term start2**: 28 January 2018
- **term end2**: 10 February 2019
- **predecessor2**: Alpha Conde
- **successor2**: Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
- **office3**: Vice President of Rwanda
- **president3**: Pasteur Bizimungu
- **term start3**: 19 July 1994
- **term end3**: 22 April 2000
- **predecessor3**: _Office created_
- **successor3**: _Office abolished_
- **office4**: Minister of Defence (Rwanda), Minister of Defence
- **president4**: Pasteur Bizimungu
- **term start4**: 19 July 1994
- **term end4**: 2000
- **predecessor4**: Augustin Bizimana
- **successor4**: Emmanuel Habyarimana
- **birth place**: Tambwe, Ruanda-Urundi

- **party**: Rwandan Patriotic Front
- **nationality**: Rwandan
- **spouse**: Jeannette Kagame, Jeannette Nyiramongi
- **children**: Ivan Kagame
Ange Kagame
Ian Kagame
Brian Kagame
Juche Tower

The **Juche Tower** is a monument in Pyongyang, North Korea. It was completed in 1982. It is on the eastern bank of the Taedong River, opposite the Kim Il-Sung Square. Its geographic coordinates are 39°1′3.52″N, 125°45′48.05″E. It was made to celebrate the anniversary of Kim Il-Sung's 70th birthday. It is claimed that it was designed by Kim Jong-il.

The 170 meter (560') structure contains 25,550 blocks (365 × 70, one for each day of Kim Il Sung's life, excluding remainder days), dressed in white stone with seventy dividers and capped with a 20 meter high, 45 ton, shining torch allegedly made out of 'special materials'. It is possible to go to the top of the tower. It is said that the tower was built in 35 days and was dressed in 76 days.

In front of the tower is a 30 meter high statue consisting of three figures — one with a hammer, one with a sickle and one with a writing brush (an idealised worker, a peasant and a "working intellectual"). Also close to the tower is a wall of 82 friendship plaques, apparently from foreign supporters. Around the tower there are also pavilions and water features. It is claimed that the tower has become a popular place for North Koreans.

The tower is named after the principle of Juche, developed by Kim Il-Sung. The name of the tower is sometimes translated as the Tower of the Juche Idea or Juche Ideology Tower.
Space exploration

**Space exploration** is a term which describes searching outer space. There are many reasons for space exploration. The most important reasons are for scientific research and the interest of humans to learn more about outer space. For centuries, humans had dreamt of reaching outer space. Rockets made it possible in the later 20th century. On October 4, 1957, the former Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1, which was the first artificial satellite. This started the Space Race and people later went into orbit and Americans visited the Moon in Project Apollo.

Many space probes have gone to various planets and other places in the Solar System to send back information. When people first went to space they didn't know what the effects of microgravity would have on humans so they sent animals instead. But in 1961 the Soviets launched the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin. The journey to planets is hazardous enough so that humans will probably not be used, and machines can pick up samples. Some people think that Mars can be mined for minerals which are rare and valuable. There are no plans at present to send humans to Mars.

## Astronomy

The first telescope was probably invented in 1608 by Hans Lippershey. The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 was the first space telescope launched on December 7, 1968. As of February 2, 2019, about 3,891 exoplanets have been discovered. The Milky Way galaxy has more than 100–400 billion stars and more than 100 billion planets. There are about 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe.

## Related pages

- Interstellar travel
- Moon landing
- Planet
- Solar system
- NASA
- ESA
- Russian Space Agency
- Astronaut
- Orion
- SpaceX
- Space Shuttle
- Soyuz
- Saturn V
- Exploration of Mars
- Exploration of Neptune
- Space
- Cosmos
- Universe
Valmiki

**Maharishi Valmiki** (, _vālmīki_) (during Lord Rama's time) was an Indian Sanskrit poet and is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature. He is the author of the epic _Ramayana_, based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself. He is revered as the _Adi Kavi,_ which means _First Poet,_ for he discovered the first _śloka_ i.e. first _verse_, which set the base and defined the form to Sanskrit poetry.

At least by the 1st century AD, Valmiki's reputation as the father of Sanskrit classical poetry seems to have been legendary.

## Role in _Ramayana_

Valmiki played an important role in _Uttara Kanda,_ the last chapter of epic _Ramayana_. It is believed that The Uttara Kanda was not original work of Valmiki. It is believed to be taken up from _Sesha Ramayana._ According to the legend Rama send Sita to forest. Sita finds refuge in Sage Valmiki's ashram, where she gives birth to twin boys Lava (founder of **Lahore**) and Kusha (founder of **Kasur**) . Lava and Kusha were Valmiki's first disciples to whom he taught the _Ramayana_. Bala Kanda of the epic also telling the story of Valmiki narrating the Ramayana to his disciples Lava and Kusha.

## Related pages

- Rishi
- Kashyapa
- Atri
- Vashitha
- Vishvamitra
- Gautam
- Jamdagni
- Bharadvaja

## References

- Notes

- Others
- _Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend_ () by Anna Dallapiccola

## Infobox (hindu leader)

- **name**: Maharishi Valmiki
- **image**: Valmiki_Ramayana.jpg
- **caption**: Maharishi Valmiki composing the Ramayana.
- **philosophy**: Religious movement called Balmiki, Valmikism is based on Valmiki's teachings.
- **honors**: Revered as the _Adi Kavi,_ which means _First Poet,_ for he discovered the first _shloka, śloka._
- **footnotes**: Composed Ramayana
Petr Čech

**Petr Čech** (born 20 May 1982) is a retired Czech football player who is the technical and performance advisor as well as an emergency backup goalkeeper for Chelsea. He is thought by some players, journalists and managers as the greatest goalkeeper in the history of the Premier League  and, by many, as the greatest goalkeeper to have played for Chelsea. Currently, he plays as a goaltender for the London based ice hockey club Guildford Phoenix.

Čech was thought to be one of the best goalkeepers in the world. He had the record of the least losses in his first season playing for Chelsea and in the same season, he helped Chelsea to win the title of Premier League. He also helped Chelsea to win the same title the next year.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **embed**: yes
- **header-color**: lavender
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthyears1**: 1989–1999
- **youthclubs1**: FC Viktoria Plzeň, Viktoria Plzeň
- **years1**: 1999–2001
- **clubs1**: FK Chmel Blšany, Chmel Blšany
- **caps1**: 27
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 2001–2002
- **clubs2**: AC Sparta Prague, Sparta Prague
- **caps2**: 27
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 2002–2004
- **clubs3**: Stade Rennais F.C., Rennes
- **caps3**: 70
- **goals3**: 0
- **years4**: 2004–2015
- **clubs4**: Chelsea F.C., Chelsea
- **caps4**: 333
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2015–2019
- **clubs5**: Arsenal F.C., Arsenal
- **caps5**: 110
- **goals5**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 567
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1997–1998
- **nationalteam1**: Czech Republic U15
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 1998–1999
- **nationalteam2**: Czech Republic U16
- **nationalcaps2**: 15
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalyears3**: 1999
- **nationalteam3**: Czech Republic national under-17 football team, Czech Republic U17
- **nationalcaps3**: 3
- **nationalgoals3**: 0
- **nationalyears4**: 1999–2000
- **nationalteam4**: Czech Republic national under-18 football team, Czech Republic U18
- **nationalcaps4**: 13
- **nationalgoals4**: 0
- **nationalyears5**: 2000–2001
- **nationalteam5**: Czech Republic national under-20 football team, Czech Republic U20
- **nationalcaps5**: 7
- **nationalgoals5**: 0
- **nationalyears6**: 2001–2002
- **nationalteam6**: Czech Republic national under-21 football team, Czech Republic U21
- **nationalcaps6**: 15
- **nationalgoals6**: 0
- **nationalyears7**: 2002–2016
- **nationalteam7**: Czech Republic national football team, Czech Republic
- **nationalcaps7**: 124
- **nationalgoals7**: 0


## Infobox (ice hockey biography)

- **embed**: yes
- **weight kg**: 92
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: right
- **played for**: Guildford Phoenix (2019–2022)
Chelmsford Chieftains (2022–2023)
Oxford City Stars (2023–present)
- **sex**: Male
- **career start**: 2019


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Petr Čech
- **image**: Arsenal players training before 2019 UEFA Europa League final 07 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Čech with Arsenal F.C., Arsenal in 2019
- **birth place**: Plzeň, Czechoslovakia
- **alma mater**: Longford International College (Master of Business Administration, MBA)
- **height**: 1.96 m
Estádio do Morumbi

**Morumbi Stadium** or **Estádio do Morumbi** is the biggest stadium in São Paulo, Brazil. It used to have 120,000 seats available, but now its maximum capacity is 77,000 seats for safety reasons. It is the home ground of São Paulo Futebol Clube and its formal name honors Cícero Pompeu de Toledo, who was São Paulo FC's chairman during most of the stadium's construction.
Bail

**Bail** is money given to the court to guarantee that someone will go to their trial. If the person does not show up for their trial, the government gets to keep the money.

If the arrested person cannot afford the full bail amount, they can use a **bail bond**. This is a system where part of the bail amount is paid to a company, and they do the bail paperwork. Unlike placing the full bail to the court, the bail bond payment is not returned.

If someone uses a bail bond company, and they do not show up for their court appearance (these people are known as "bail jumpers") a bounty hunter can be hired to track them down and bring them back.
Initialism

An **initialism** is a word made from the first letters of each word in a phrase. Unlike acronyms, initialisms cannot be spoken as words: they are spoken letter by letter. Examples of initialisms are:

- DVD - Digital Versatile Disc
- CD - Compact Disc
- ATM - Automated (or Automatic) Teller Machine
- BRB - Be Right Back
- NMHU - Not Much Here, You?
- GTG/G2G - Got To Go
- JW - Just Wondering
- JK - Just Kidding
- OK - Okay, "orl korrekt", misspelling of "all correct".

## Other websites

- Abbreviations vs. acronyms vs. initialisms
- Abbreviations.com, a website full of millions of acronyms
Soufflé

A **soufflé** is a light fluffy dessert food.

It is a lightly baked cake. It can be served as a savoury main dish, but usually it is sweetened as a dessert. It is made with egg yolks and beaten egg whites. The egg whites are beaten to a soft peak meringue.

The dish puffs up in the oven.

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Soufflé
- **image**: choco souffle.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: A chocolate soufflé
- **country**: France
- **type**: List of egg dishes, Egg-based dish
- **main ingredient**: Egg yolks, egg whites
Blossom

A **blossom** is a flower that grows on stone fruit trees and other plants including oranges, cherries, plums, apples and almonds

## Other meanings of Blossom

- Blossom (TV series), a TV series in the 1990s.
- Blümchen (Jasmin Wagner), a German singer uses this name when she sings in English.
- Blossom Music Center in Cleveland, Ohio
- One of the Powerpuff Girls.
Marmalade

**Marmalade** is a topping, like a jam or jelly, that is usually made with oranges. Marmalade can also be made from lemons, limes, grapefruits, or a combination of citrus fruits.

The word Marmalade comes from the Galician word "marmelada" meaning
_quince jam_.

## Related pages

- Marmalade (Candy)
1697

## Events

- September 11 – Battle of Zenta, Prince Eugene of Savoy beat the Ottoman army of Mustafa II
- September 20 – The Treaty of Ryswick
- December 2 – St Paul's Cathedral opened in London
- Peter the Great travels in Europe officially with a false identity as "artilleryman Pjotr Mikhailov"
- Use of palanquins increases in Europe
- Christopher Polhem starts Sweden's first technical school.
- The royal castle "Tre Kronor" in Stockholm burns to the ground. A large portion of the royal library is destroyed.
- Karl XII of Sweden is made king at the age of 15.
- Tayasal, capital of the Peten Itza Maya, the last Mesoamerican state which ruled itself, is taken over by Spain
- The Manchu Empire takes over western Mongolia
Thomas Hardy

**Thomas Hardy** OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. In the U.K. Hardy is generally thought to be one of the greatest figures in English literature. He lived in the Victorian era.

## Early life

Thomas Hardy was born in Upper Bockhampton near Dorchester, Dorset. His father was a stonemason. His mother had read a lot. She added to his formal education. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London to get a job. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association.

## Career

Hardy wrote a small number of novels which earned him a high reputation in his lifetime. These include _Tess of the d'Urbervilles_, _The Mayor of Casterbridge_ and _Far from the Madding Crowd_. After the publication of _Jude the Obscure_ in 1895 Hardy gave up novel writing but continued to write poetry including an epic poem called _The Dynasts_. Hardy set his novels in South West England, calling it 'Wessex'. He invented names for the towns, e.g. "Casterbridge" is Dorchester in Dorset. Hardy died in Dorchester. His ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey.

## Related pages

- Charles Dickens
- George Eliot
- Wilkie Collins
- H. Rider Haggard
- Jerome K. Jerome
- Anthony Trollope
Manhole

A **manhole** (also called a **utility hole**, **cable chamber**, **maintenance hole** ,  **inspection chamber**,  **access chamber** or **confined space**) is a hole for a person to go into to fix underground services. Some examples of these are sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains and gas.

The opening is protected by a manhole cover. A manhole cover can also be called a "biscuit". It is designed to stop people falling down the hole and to stop people going underground if they are not allowed to. Manholes usually have metal or polypropylene steps on the wall to make it easier to get into the manhole.

Manholes are usually found in urban areas, in streets and sometimes under sidewalks. They are usually circular to stop the manhole cover from falling into the hole.

## Hazards

In urban areas, electricity being in places it is not supposed to be (stray voltage) has become a big concern. In 2004, Jodie S. Lane was electrocuted after stepping on a metal manhole cover. She was walking her dog in New York City when it happened.

## Related pages

- Glass-reinforced plastic
Sewer

**Sewers** are underground pipes that take away dirty water and human waste from homes, offices and many other places. Sanitary sewer<nowiki/>s lead to sewage treatment plants that remove the harmful and unwanted parts, returning clean water to the environment. Many rules and regulations exist for how clean the final discharge (effluent) must be. Storm sewers are usually simpler. Houses that do not have a connection to city sewer will have a septic tank.

Cleaning crews use special trucks and tools to help keep the sewers clear of grease, tree roots, and other blockages. More rural areas may have septic systems where sewers do not yet exist.  In many urban areas, street gutters to carry rainwater are combined with sewers.
Pajamas

**Pyjamas** (**pajamas** in the United Kingdom) are loose clothes that people wear while they are sleeping. Pyjamas usually include trousers and a shirt. Pyjamas are often made of cotton. They are usually worn without underwear. The word comes from , Pajāmā; . Pajamas are often worn without underwear.
Barter

**Barter** is trading one thing for another without using money.

Barter is useful when two people each have something the other wants, so they agree on stuff to trade and then swap it. This can also happen with services, for example a plumber can fix a tap in a winery and be given a crate of wine.

Barter and money have been around longer than recorded history has, so we don't know which came first.

The traditional idea has been that barter came earlier, and money arose to solve a problem: One person may not want what the other person has. For instance, Bob needs a new pair of shoes and John has those shoes. But Bob has eggs and John needs milk. This is where money would become useful, because anything can be traded for a set amount of money. Bob could pay John for the shoes and John could go to the store and buy some milk.
Carlisle United F.C.

**Carlsile United F.C.** is an English football team in Football League Two. Jordan McDowall is the manager.

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Third Division|22nd|
|2001/02|Third Division|17th|
|2002/03|Third Division|22nd|
|2003/04|Third Division|23rd|
|2004/05|Conference|3rd|
|2005/06|League Two|Champions|
|2006/07|League One|8th|
|2007/08|League One|4th|
|2008/09|League One|20th|

## Other websites

- Carlisle United F.C.
- Carlisle United Ladies

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Carlisle United F.C.
- **fullname**: Carlisle United Football Club
- **nickname**: The Blues
- **founded**: 1904
- **ground**: Brunton Park
Warwick Road, Carlisle
- **capacity**: 18,100
- **manager**: Jordan McDowall
- **league**: Football League Two, League Two
- **season**: The Football League 2015-16, 2015/16
- **position**: Football League Two, League Two, 10th
Baroque pop

**Baroque pop** is a rock music subgenre that mixes both rock and classical music. It was created by musicians in the 1960s by adding classical instruments like harpsichord, French horns, oboes, and string sections. It became popular with both teenagers and adults at the time. Examples can be found on The Beach Boys' _Pet Sounds_ and recordings made by Phil Spector. It is also referred to as **chamber pop**, among other names.
290s

The **290s** decade ran from January 1, 290, to December 31, 299.

## Important people

- Diocletian, Roman Emperor
- Maximian, Roman Emperor