juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
First Fitna

The **First Fitna** (Arabic: الفتنة الأولى) was the first major civil war in the history of Islam, fought between 656 and 661 CE. It began after the assassination of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan and was centered on the rightful claim of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad. Supporters of Ali saw him as the only legitimate leader of the Muslim community, while his opponents challenged his authority.

## Background

Ali was chosen as caliph in 656 after Uthman’s death. Many Muslims believed Ali was the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad from the beginning, because of his close family ties and his reputation for justice and knowledge. His rule was immediately opposed by groups who had benefited under Uthman, especially members of the Umayyad family. Ali’s supporters emphasized his legitimacy as the first male to accept Islam and his role as the Prophet’s companion and son-in-law.

## War

The war began with the Battle of the Camel in 656, where Ali’s forces defeated the army led by Aisha, Talha, and Zubair near Basra. In 657, Ali fought against Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan at the Battle of Siffin. Although Ali’s army was stronger, arbitration was forced upon him, weakening his position. In 658, Ali fought the radical Kharijites at the Battle of Nahrawan and Defeating them.

## Death of Ali

In 661, Ali was assassinated in Kufa by a Kharijite. His death marked the end of the First Fitna. Ali’s supporters, later known as Shi‘a, continued to uphold his family as the rightful leaders of the Muslim community. The Umayyads, led by Muawiya, established their dynasty after Ali’s death, but many Muslims saw this as a betrayal of the Prophet’s family.

## Legacy

The First Fitna was not only a political struggle but also a defining moment in Islamic history. For Ali’s followers, it proved his rightful claim and his martyrdom for justice. The conflict created the division between Sunni and Shia Islam, with Shia Muslims continuing to honor Ali as the first Imam and the true successor of the Prophet Muhammad.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: First Fitna
- **partof**: Early Islamic civil wars
- **image**:
- **caption**: Map of the Ali–Mu'awiya conflict phase of the First Fitna
- **date**: 656–661 CE
- **place**: Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Egypt
- **result**: Assassination of Caliph Ali; rise of the Umayyad Caliphate
- **combatant1**:  Rashidun Caliphate
- **combatant2**:  Umayyad Syria
- **combatant3**:  Kharijites
- **commander1**:  Ali ibn Abi Talib
 Hasan ibn Ali
 Ammar ibn Yasir
 Malik al-Ashtar
- **commander2**:  Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan
 Aisha
 Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
 Zubair ibn al-Awam
 Amr ibn al-As
- **commander3**:  Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
 Hurqus ibn Zuhayr al-Sa'di
- **strength1**: 100,000–150,000
- **strength2**: 130,000–150,000
- **strength3**: ~2,800
- **casualties1**: Battle of the Camel: ~400–500
Battle of Siffin: ~25,000 killed
Battle of Nahrawan: 7
- **casualties2**: Battle of the Camel: ~2,500 killed
Battle of Siffin: ~45,000 killed
- **casualties3**: Battle of Nahrawan: ~4,000 killed
Edgewood, New Mexico

**Edgewood** is a town in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. It was founded on January 1, 2022. At the 2020 United States census, 6,174 people lived here.
Qara Yuluk Osman Beg

Qara Yuluk Osman Beg (about 1356–1435) was the first strong leader of the Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans. He was born the son of Fakhr‑ud‑Din Qutlugh Beg and became known by the nickname Qara Yuluk, meaning “Black Leech,” in old chronicles. He married a daughter of Alexios III of Trebizond, which gave him ties to the Byzantine world. Osman united many Turkmen tribes and fought against the rival Qara Qoyunlu, making Diyarbakır his main base. His rule lasted for decades and he expanded Aq Qoyunlu lands across eastern Anatolia and western Iran. After his death in 1435, his family continued to build the dynasty, and later rulers like Uzun Hasan made it into one of the strongest powers of the region.
Uzun Hasan

Uzun Hasan (about 1423 – January 6, 1478) was the most famous ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu Turkomans. He became leader in 1453 after the death of his brother and made the Aq Qoyunlu into a strong empire in Anatolia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. Uzun Hasan fought against the rival Qara Qoyunlu and defeated them in 1467, taking control of much of western Iran. He also made alliances with European powers like Venice to resist the Ottomans, though these did not succeed. His capital was in Tabriz, and he tried to strengthen his state by using Persian bureaucrats and Islamic law. Uzun Hasan died in 1478, and his son Sultan Khalil briefly ruled before being replaced by Yaqub Beg.

## Other websites

علاء محمود قداوي, تاريخ العراق في عهدي القرة قوينلو والآق قوينلو (Google Books)

Doğuştan Günümüze Büyük İslâm Tarihi (Internet Archive)
Tahmasp I

**Tahmasp I** (1514–1576) was the second ruler of the Safavid dynasty. He became shah in 1524 after his father Ismail I. Tahmasp ruled for more than fifty years, the longest of any Safavid ruler. He fought wars against the Ottoman Empire and the Uzbeks, moved the capital to Qazvin, and supported Persian art and calligraphy.

Tahmasp married several wives, including Sultanum Begum and Mahinbanu Khanum. His children included Mohammad Khodabanda, who later became shah, Ismail II, and his daughter Pari Khan Khanum, who played an important role in court politics. He died in 1576, and his son Ismail II became shah.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Tahmasp I
- **title**: Shah of Iran
- **image**: Shah_Tahmasp_(circa_1647_painting,_Chehel_Sotun).jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Fresco of Shah Tahmasp at the Palace of Chehel Sotoun, Isfahan, commissioned around 1647 by his descendant Abbas II of Persia, Abbas II
- **reign**: 1524 – 1576
- **predecessor**: Ismail I
- **successor**: Ismail II
- **royal house**: Safavid dynasty
- **father**: Ismail I
- **mother**: Tajlu Khanum
- **spouse**: Sultanum Begum, Mahinbanu Khanum, and others
- **issue**: Mohammad Khodabanda, Ismail II, Pari Khan Khanum, and others
- **birth date**: 22 February 1514
- **death date**: 14 May 1576
- **religion**: Twelver Shia Islam
Galimzyan Khusainov

**Galimzyan Salikhovich Khusainov** (, ) (27 June 1937 – 5 February 2010) was a Soviet footballer. He played as a striker. He was capped 33 times for the Soviet Union, and played for them at the 1962 FIFA World Cup, 1964 European Nations' Cup, and 1966 FIFA World Cup.

## Honours

- Spartak Moscow
- Soviet Top League: 1962, 1969
- Soviet Cup: 1963, 1965, 1971

- Soviet Union
- European Nations' Cup runner-up: 1964

- Individual
- Grigory Fedotov club member

## Other websites

- RussiaTeam biography
- FIFA Profile

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Galimzyan Khusainov
- **image**: KhusainovG1997.jpg
- **full name**: Galimzyan Salikhovich Khusainov
- **birth place**: Nurlatsky District, Republic of Tatarstan, Novoye Ishlaikino, Russian SFSR
- **death place**: Moscow, Russia
- **height**: 1.63 m
- **position**: Striker (association football), Striker
- **youthclubs1**: Dynamo Kuibyshev
- **years1**: 1957–1960
- **clubs1**: FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, Krylia Sovetov Kuibyshev
- **years2**: 1961–1973
- **clubs2**: FC Spartak Moscow, Spartak Moscow
- **caps1**: 64
- **caps2**: 350
- **goals1**: 13
- **goals2**: 102
- **totalcaps**: 414
- **totalgoals**: 115
- **nationalyears1**: 1960–1966
- **nationalyears2**: 1969
- **nationalteam1**: Soviet Union national football team, Soviet Union
- **nationalcaps1**: 33
- **nationalgoals1**: 4
- **manageryears1**: 1974
- **managerclubs1**: PFC Spartak Nalchik, Spartak Nalchik (assistant)
- **manageryears2**: 1975
- **managerclubs2**: Soviet Union national under-16 football team, Soviet Union U17 (assistant)
- **manageryears3**: 1976
- **managerclubs3**: FC Spartak Moscow, Spartak Moscow (assistant)
- **manageryears4**: 1980–1982
- **managerclubs4**: FC Pakhtakor Tashkent, Pakhtakor Tashkent (assistant)
New York (U2 song)

"**New York**" is a 2000 song by Irish rock group U2 and is the 10th track on their 10th studio album _All That You Can't Leave Behind_. The subject is about New York City and the people who lived there. The song's lyrics were changed after the September 11 attacks. It debuted 19 October 2000 at the ManRay club in Paris, as part of a promotional concert for the album's release.

U2 has played the song live 120 times. The song has not been played live since the end of the Elevation Tour, with the last performance happening on 2 December 2001.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: New York
- **type**: song
- **artist**: U2
- **album**: All That You Can't Leave Behind
- **released**: 30 October 2000
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock, alternative rock
- **length**: 5:31
- **label**: Island Records, Island / Interscope Records, Interscope
- **composer**: U2
- **lyricist**: Bono
- **producer**: Brian Eno, Daniel Lanois
Andries Bicker

**Andries Bicker**, _lord of Engelenburg_ (14 September 1586 – 24 June 1652) was a prominent burgomaster of  Amsterdam, politician and diplomat in the Dutch Republic. The Bicker family where very powerfull republicans during the Dutch Golden Age.

Bicker was the leader of the politically "Bickerse ligue". He ruled Amsterdam together with his uncle Jacob Dircksz de Graeff ("Bicker-De Graeff clan"). This gave new power to the republican States faction, which had been weakened since the death of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt. Bicker was one of the strongest political adversaries of the dutch stadtholder Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, and controlled Dutch foreign policy. He, together with his brother Cornelis Bicker and cousin Cornelis de Graeff, was one of the main initiators of the Peace of Münster, the end of Eighty Years' War.

## External links

- Andries Bicker Biography I at _Nieuw Nederlandsch biografisch woordenboek_
- Andries Bicker Biography II at _Biographisch Woordenboek der Nederlanden_
- Andries and Cornelis Bicker at _Letterkundig woordenboek voor Noord en Zuid_

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Andries Bicker.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait by Bartholomeus van der Helst, 1642
- **office1**: Mayor of Amsterdam, Regent and Mayor of Amsterdam
- **term start1**: 1627
- **term end1**: 1649
- **predecessor1**: Jacob Dircksz de Graeff
- **successor1**: Cornelis de Graeff
- **party**: States Faction (Dutch Republic), States Faction
- **nationality**: Dutch people, Dutch
- **spouse**: Catharina Gansneb von Tengnagel
- **relations**: Jacob Bicker (brother)
Jan Bicker (brother)
Cornelis Bicker (brother)
Dieuwertje Bicker (older sister)
- **residence**: Oudezijds Achterburgwal, Kloveniersburgwal, 's-Graveland,
- **occupation**: Regent / Mayor and Landlord of Amstelveen, Nieuwer-Amstel, Sloten, Sloterdijk, Osdorp, and Engelenburg
- **profession**: merchant, politician
Riisa Naka

is a Japanese actress. She won a Best New Talent award at the 2009 Yokohama Film Festival. She became well-known after acting in _Hachi One Diver_ (2008) and later starred as Hana Adachi in _Flunk Punk Rumble_ (2010). She also played two related characters from _The Girl Who Leapt Through Time_.

## Personal life

Naka has a Swedish grandfather, so she is one-quarter Swedish. She was named “Riisa” because her grandfather loved Leonardo da Vinci’s _Mona Lisa.

She worked with actor Akiyoshi Nakao in _Toki wo Kakeru Shoujo_ and again in the 2012 drama _Tsurukame Josanin''. They started dating after filming ended in 2012.

In 2013, Naka and Nakao got married on March 21. Their first child, a son, was born on October 4, 2013, in Tokyo.

On April 11, 2025, she announced she left the talent agency Amuse to continue her career independently.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Riisa Naka
- **native name**: 仲 里依紗
- **native name lang**: ja
- **birth place**: Higashisonogi, Nagasaki, Higashisonogi, Nagasaki Prefecture, Nagasaki, Japan
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2002–present
- **children**: 1
Tina Tamashiro

is a Japanese actress and model. She was discovered by her agency’s president while walking home with friends. In 2012, she won the Kodansha Miss iD 2013 Grand Prix. In an interview with _Vivi_, she said she wanted to be a "model idol".

## Personal life

Tamashiro was born in Urasoe City, Okinawa, to an American father and a Japanese mother. On her birthday in 2024, she announced that she got married.

## Other websites

- Official profile

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tina Tamashiro
- **image**: Tamashiro Tina as Jury Member of Amazon Prime Video Take One Award at Opening Ceremony of the Tokyo International Film Festival 2023 (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Tamashiro at the Tokyo International Film Festival in October 2023
- **alt**: Tamashiro at Tokyo International Film Festival 2023
- **native name**: 玉城 ティナ
- **native name lang**: ja
- **birth place**: Urasoe, Okinawa, Japan
- **years active**: 2012–present
- **agent**: Dine and indy.
- **height**: 164 cm
Baksa district

**Baksa district** (/ˈbʌksə/ or /ˈbæksə/) is an administrative district in the Bodoland Territorial Region of Assam, one of the North-Eastern states of India. The administrative headquarters is at Mushalpur. Manas National Park is a part of this district.
2025 HAL Tejas Dubai Air Show crash

On 21 November 2025, a HAL Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) of the Indian Air Force crashed during a flying display at the Dubai Air Show at Al Maktoum International Airport.

The aircraft, which is part of the Indian Air Force fleet, crashed while performing a maneuver in an aerobatic display. The pilot died in the crash. The crash happened during a barrel roll maneuver, but a full official investigation is still ongoing. The Tejas jet was displaying India’s 4.5-generation multirole combat aircraft capabilities at the international airshow.

The Indian Air Force confirmed the pilot’s death and said a court of inquiry has been started to find the cause of the crash.

This was the second crash in the history of the Tejas program since it entered service in 2015. The Tejas is a single-engine, delta-wing fighter made by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) as part of India’s program to modernize the Indian Air Force.

Around 14:10–14:15 local time on 21 November 2025, the Tejas was performing an aerobatic demonstration when it lost control and nosedived into the ground near the airfield. The crash caused a large fireball and thick black smoke that could be seen from the venue. Eyewitnesses and video footage showed the aircraft in a steep nosedive before it exploded.

## Infobox (aircraft occurrence)

- **name**: 2025 HAL Tejas Dubai Air Show crash
- **occurrence type**: Accident
- **date**: 21 November 2025
- **summary**: Crashed during a demonstration flight, under investigation
- **site**: Al Maktoum International Airport, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- **aircraft type**: HAL Tejas
- **operator**: Indian Air Force
- **origin**: Dubai Airshow demonstration flight
- **crew**: 1
- **fatalities**: 1
- **injuries**: 0
- **survivors**: 0
Leptodactylus insularum

The **San Miguel Island frog** or **Caribbean ditch frog** (_Leptodactylus insularum_) is a frog.  It lives in Colombia, Costa Rica, Peru, Panama, Venezuela, and Trinidad and Tobago. Scientists think it might also live in Bolivia.

## Body

The adult male frog is 66–104.6 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 60.4–99.1 mm long. The skin of the frog's back has folds and dark marks on it. There is a dark line from the nose to the eye. The backs of the legs have a dark pattern on them with light spots in strange shapes. The sides of the body are light brown with dark brown spots. The belly is very light brown in color. The adult frogs use the colors on their legs to confuse bigger animals that want to eat them.

## Home

These frogs live in forests near streams. Scientists saw the frog in many protected places.

## Food

The adult frogs eat water insects.

## Young

The male frog makes a nest out of bubbles for the eggs. The female frog can lay 2000 eggs at a time. The female frog protects the eggs and tadpoles. After the eggs hatch, the female frog leads the tadpoles to deep water. If the water is about to dry up, the female frog will dig a small waterway so the tadpoles can swim to a new place. The tadpoles eat dead things that fall into the water.

## People

Sometimes people use this frog as bait when fishing. Scientists found that this frog makes peptides in its skin, for example the peptide Ocellatin-3N, that can kill germs.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. It is good at living in places that human people have changed. It can even live in the same places as the dangerous fungus _Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis_. _B. dendrobatidis_ causes the disease chytridiomycosis, which kills frogs.
Ben F. Johnson III

**Ben F. Johnson III** is an American attorney and businessman, known as the managing partner at the law firm Alston & Bird and Chair of Invesco Ltd.

## Early life and education

Johnson received his undergraduate degree from Emory University and later obtained a Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School in 1968. He is the son of Ben F. Johnson, a Georgia state senator, and dean of the Emory University School of Law.

## Career

Johnson started working as a commercial lawyer in 1971. He became Managing Partner of Alston & Bird from 1997 to 2008. In 2009, he became chair of Invesco Ltd., a global investment company, and stayed in that role until 2019.

He served as Chair of the Board of Trustees at Emory University. He retired in 2013 and was replaced by John Morgan. In 2014, Emory University gave him an honorary law degree and created a scholarship in his name.

He is serving as Chair of the Board for Woodward Academy and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, and as a board member of The Carter Center and the Charles Loridans Foundation. In 2023, he received the Emory Medal from Emory University.

## Personal life

Johnson is married to Ann Johnson, a founding member of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Chorus. They have two sons and two grandsons.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ben F. Johnson III
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **education**: Juris Doctor
- **alma mater**: Harvard Law School
- **spouse**: Ann Johnson
- **children**: 2
Leonard Hoops

**Leonard Hoops** is an American tourism executive. He is the President and CEO of Visit Indy and Tourism Tomorrow Indy.

## Early life and education

Hoops was born in Trinidad. He got a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism from San Jose State University in 1987. Later, he earned an MBA in marketing from Santa Clara University in 1992.

## Career

Hoops started his career at FMC Corporation as a Public Relations Supervisor. After FMC, he moved into tourism. He worked as Senior Vice President of Marketing at the San Jose Convention & Visitors Bureau and then as Senior VP & Chief Marketing Officer at the Sacramento Convention & Visitors Bureau.

In 2006, he joined the San Francisco Travel Association as Executive Vice President and Chief Customer Officer where he led international tourism programs in 13 countries.

In 2011, he became President and CEO of Visit Indy. In 2018, he received the _Indiana Living Legend_ award from the Indiana Historical Society.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Leonard Hoops
- **birth place**: Trinidad
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **years active**: 1988–Present
- **known for**: Tourism executive
- **education**: MBA
- **alma mater**: San Jose State University
 Santa Clara University
Preview

**Preview** may refer to:

### Movie and television

- Preview (subscription service), in the United States 1980–1986
- Test screening, a showing of a movie or TV show before its release to get an early audience reaction
- Movie screening, a special showing as part of a movie's production and release cycle
- Trailer (promotion) or preview, an advertisement for a future movie
- "Previews" (_Smash_), a 2012 TV episode
- "Un Preview" ('A Preview'), a 2023 song by Bad Bunny

### Music

- _Preview_ (EP), by Kym Campbell, 2010
- _The Preview_ (EP), by Chiddy Bang, 2010
- _DJ Drama Presents: The Preview_, a 2008 mixtape by Ludacris and DJ Drama
- "Preview", the unlisted final track on Built to Spill's 1994 album _There's Nothing Wrong with Love_

### Theatre

- Preview (theatre), a public performance of a theatrical show before the official opening

## Computing

- Preview (computing), a computing function to display something before it is produced in final form
- Preview (macOS), the built-in image viewer and PDF viewer of the macOS operating system
- Preview in the software release life cycle
Ars Technica

***Ars Technica*** is a website covering news and opinions in technology, science, politics, and society. It was created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998. It publishes news, reviews, and guides on issues such as computer hardware and software, science, technology policy, and video games.
Ready Player One

***Ready Player One*** is a 2011 science fiction novel which is also the first novel of American author Ernest Cline. The story is set during a dystopian 2045. It is about Wade Watts on his search for an Easter egg in a worldwide virtual reality game. The book was published on August 16, 2011. An audiobook narrated by Wil Wheaton was released the same day.

A movie version was directed by Steven Spielberg and was released on March 29, 2018.

A sequel novel, _Ready Player Two_, was released on November 24, 2020, however it got bad reviews.
Muhammad Khudabanda

Muhammad Khudabanda (Persian: محمد خدابنده‎; died 1595) was the fourth Shah of the Safavid dynasty, ruling from 1578 until 1587. He was the son of Shah Tahmasp I and succeeded his brother Ismail II after his death. Khudabanda is often remembered for his weak leadership, which allowed internal factions and external enemies to gain strength during his reign. His poor eyesight and indecisive character made him dependent on court factions, especially the Qizilbash tribal leaders, who competed for influence in the Safavid state.

During his rule, the Ottoman Empire took advantage of Safavid weakness and launched invasions into western Iran. The Ottomans captured Tabriz in 1585, dealing a major blow to Safavid prestige. At the same time, the Uzbeks pressed into Khorasan from the northeast, further destabilizing the realm.

Khudabanda’s wife, Khayr al-Nisa Begum (also known as Mahd-i Ulya), played an important role in politics during the early years of his reign. She attempted to strengthen central authority by curbing the power of the Qizilbash chiefs, but her efforts provoked opposition. In 1579 she was assassinated by Qizilbash conspirators, leaving Khudabanda even more vulnerable to factional struggles.

Khudabanda’s reign ended when his son, Abbas I, was declared Shah in 1587 with the support of powerful Qizilbash leaders. Abbas forced his father to abdicate and went on to become one of the most successful rulers of the Safavid dynasty. Muhammad Khudabanda lived in retirement until his death in 1595.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Muhammad Khudabanda
- **title**: Shah of Iran
- **image**: Illustration_of_the_Safavid_shah_Mohammad_Khodabandeh.jpg
- **caption**: Mohammad Khudabanda Shah of Iran
- **reign**: 1578–1587
- **predecessor**: Ismail II
- **successor**: Abbas I of Persia
- **spouse**: Khayr al-Nisa Begum (Mahd-i Ulya)
- **issue**: Abbas I of Persia
- **royal house**: Safavid dynasty
- **father**: Tahmasp I
- **mother**: Shahzadah Khanum
- **birth date**: Unknown
- **death date**: 1595
- **death place**: Iran
- **religion**: Shia Islam
The Stand (2020 miniseries)

***The Stand*** is an American post-apocalyptic fantasy television miniseries and is made up of nine episodes. It is based on the 1978 novel of the same name by Stephen King. The series stars James Marsden, Odessa Young, Owen Teague, Alexander Skarsgård, Whoopi Goldberg, Amber Heard, Jovan Adepo, Henry Zaga, Nat Wolff, Irene Bedard, Brad William Henke and Greg Kinnear.

## Infobox (television)

- **country**: United States
- **location**: British Columbia, Canada
- **language**: English
- **num episodes**: 9
- **runtime**: 49–65 minutes
Yahoo News

**Yahoo News** (stylized as **Yahoo! News**) is a news website that started as an internet-based news source run by Yahoo. Yahoo News allows users to comment on articles.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Yahoo News
- **logo**: Yahoo news logo.svg
- **logo upright**: 1.1
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: News
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present), Yahoo! Inc.
- **author**: Yahoo!
- **current status**: Active
Raptorex

***Raptorex*** is a genus of tyrannosaurid found in China. It is known from a single juvenile specimen, found in Mongolia, in Nemegt Formation. The type species, _R. kriegsteini_, was described by Sereno in 2009.

The _Raptorex_ is now placed as _nomen dubium_ and thought to be a juvenile individual of the _Tarbosaurus bataar_ genus of reptiles, or a similar genus.

A recent study suggests that it is not, and that it is a valid species. This study describes it as a very related genus to _Tarbosaurus_ and _Tyrannosaurus_. However, its validity is still questionable.

## Name

The genus name is derived from Latin _raptor_, "robber", and _rex_, "king". The species name honours Roman Kriegstein, a survivor of the Holocaust.

### Paleobiology

_Raptorex_ was a small tyrannosaurid, which likely resembled its contemporary _Tarbosaurus_, having characteristics similar to and shared with _Dilong_.

So far, the holotype (LH PV18) was estimated to be between 2.5 to 3 meters (6 to 10 feet) long and weigh 65 kg and died with 3 years old.
Ottoman-Persian Wars

The Ottoman–Persian wars were a long series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and different Persian dynasties, especially the Safavids and later the Qajars, from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century. These wars were mainly about control of Mesopotamia, the Caucasus, and eastern Anatolia, and they reflected the rivalry between Sunni Ottomans and Shia Persians. The wars shaped the borders of modern Turkey, Iran, and Iraq.
|War|Dates|Persian dynasty|Outcome|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Ottoman–Safavid War|1514–1515|Safavid|Ottoman victory at Chaldiran|
|Ottoman–Safavid War|1532–1555|Safavid|Treaty of Amasya, peace settlement|
|Ottoman–Safavid War|1578–1590|Safavid|Ottoman gains in Caucasus|
|Ottoman–Safavid War|1603–1618|Safavid|Safavid recovery under Abbas I|
|Ottoman–Safavid War|1623–1639|Safavid|Treaty of Zuhab, fixed borders|
|Ottoman–Persian War|1722–1727|Safavid collapse / Afsharid rise|Ottoman gains, later reversed|
|Ottoman–Persian War|1730–1736|Afsharid (Nader Shah)|Persian victories, Ottoman retreat|
|Ottoman–Persian War|1743–1746|Afsharid|Treaty of Kerden, peace|
|Ottoman–Persian War|1821–1823|Qajar|Persian defeat, Treaty of Erzurum|
Rob Rackstraw

**Rob Rackstraw** (born October 31, 1965) is an English voice actor who voices Scoop, Muck, Travis, Packer, Spud and Mr. Beasley from _Bob the Builder_ and Buster, George, and Sammy from _The Koala Brothers_.
The Oregon Trail (TV series)

***The Oregon Trail*** is a 1977 American Western drama television series that was originally aired on NBC from September 21 to October 26.
Kei Onba water

**Kei Onba Water**, also known as **Kei Onba Kom Gi Eshing** (), or **Water That Turns Everyone Into a Tiger**, or **Kei Oiba Gi Ishing** (), or **Keioibi Pat** (), or **Keioibi Lake**, is a Meitei folktale from the region over the mountains, in ancient Kangleipak (early Manipur). It tells the story of a woman who drank water from a forbidden pit and turned into a tiger. The water body is described either as a pond or a lake or a stream in different variations of the story.

## Setting

The story takes place in a small village over the mountains. A couple lived there happily with their children. They cut a large area of forest and turned it into farmland, making their living by growing crops.

## Forbidden water pit

One sunny day, the couple was working in their farm. The wife became very thirsty, but there was no water nearby. She asked her husband to let her search for water. He warned her not to go alone, saying:

Despite her husband’s warning, the wife promised not to drink from the pit and went to search for water. She could not find any water except the forbidden pit. At first, she resisted drinking from it, but eventually, she could not control her thirst and drank the water.

## Transformation

After drinking from the pit, the woman returned to work and did not tell her husband what she had done. Soon, she began to act strangely, showing tiger-like behavior. Her husband realized that she had drunk from the forbidden pit.

The woman regretted her action and confessed to her husband, asking for forgiveness. He accepted, and they finished their work and returned home.

## Life as a tiger

At home, the woman lived normally during the day. At night, she would leave the house, turn into a tiger, and hunt for prey in the forest. She continued this routine for some time, maintaining her love for her husband and children.

## Conflict with villagers

One day, villagers found a human carcass in the backyard of the woman’s house. They became scared and suspicious of her. As her tiger-like behavior increased, the villagers decided to expel her from the village.

The woman fully transformed into a tiger and made the forest her home. She often returned to stand near her family’s house, but the villagers chased her away.

## Covered pit

To protect future generations, the villagers worked together to cover the forbidden water pit. They built a strong fence and warned everyone not to enter the area.

## Moral

The folktale warns against disobeying rules or doing forbidden things. The woman, who did not listen to her husband, spent the rest of her life as a tiger in the forest.

## Related pages

- Temba Laithak
- Ngangbiton
- Thabaton
Ngangbiton

**Ngangbiton ()** is a character in a Meitei folktale that features Tembalaithak (also known as Temba Laithak). She is described as the daughter of Keirakpa, a minister in her community. Ngangbiton plays an important role in the story, which follows events surrounding her unwanted attention from Temba, her father’s reaction, and the difficult life that follows.

## Background

Ngangbiton is presented as a young woman known for her beauty. She is the daughter of Keirakpa, who holds the position of minister in the area. Her social position becomes significant because Tembalaithak believes he is too inferior to be accepted as her husband.

## Incident at the river

In the folktale, Ngangbiton goes to the river with her friends to bathe, even though she usually does not bathe there. At the river, she is confronted by Temba, who grabs her hand and threatens to kill both her and himself. Frightened, she asks him to spare her life. Temba releases her only after she makes a promise to him.

## Aftermath of the incident

Later, when Temba pretends to be dead inside Keirakpa’s house, Keirakpa blames Ngangbiton for the situation. He scolds her harshly and becomes angry after learning that Temba has escaped. Feeling ashamed because of her father’s reaction, Ngangbiton leaves her home and goes to Temba’s house, where she is welcomed.

Keirakpa, believing that his daughter has died, breaks his earthen cooking pots as a sign of sorrow.

## Life with Temba

Ngangbiton and Temba live together in poverty. Their financial situation becomes worse over time. Ngangbiton remains with Temba throughout the events of the folktale, including his rise to fame through deception, fortune-telling, and assistance given to different kings.

## Role in the folktale

Ngangbiton’s role in the story is closely linked to the actions and decisions of Tembalaithak. Her experiences reflect themes of fear, social pressure, family conflict, and the difficult position of women within the narrative. The folktale ends by stating that Ngangbiton lives peacefully with Temba for the rest of her life.

## Related pages

- List of Meitei folktales
- Thabaton
- Khamnu
- Hayainu
- Haosi Namoinu
- Keibu Keioiba
- Tapta
- Lai Khutsangbi
- Lai Khadang Pandabi
- Yenakha Paodabi
- Pebet
- Kakyen
- Houdong
- Shamu (Meitei culture)
- Tenawa
Hayward

**Hayward** may refer to:

## People

- Hayward (surname), including a list of people with the name
- Hayward (given name), including a list of people with the name

## Places

- Hayward, California, U.S., in Alameda County
    - Hayward station (Amtrak)
    - Hayward station (BART)
    - Hayward Executive Airport
    - Hayward Fault Zone, a geologic fault zone
- Hayward, Mariposa County, California, U.S.
- Hayward, Minnesota, U.S.
- Hayward Township, Freeborn County, Minnesota, U.S.
- Hayward, Missouri
- Hayward, Oklahoma
- Hayward, Oregon
- Hayward, Wisconsin
- Hayward (town), Wisconsin
- Hayward station (British Columbia), Canada

## Other uses

- Hayward (profession), officer of an English parish in charge of fences and enclosures
- Hayward Gallery, an art gallery in London, England
- _Actinidia deliciosa_ 'Hayward', a common cultivar of Kiwifruit
- Hayward Industries, a company involved in pool and outdoor living technology (etc.).

## Related pages

- Hayward High School (disambiguation)
- Hayward station (disambiguation)
- Haywards, a suburb near Wellington, New Zealand
- Haywards (pickles)
- Heyward, a given name and surname
- Haywood (disambiguation)
- Lake Hayward (disambiguation)
- Haywards Heath, a town in West Sussex, England
Hayward, Oregon

**Hayward** is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Oregon, United States. It was founded in 1889.
Dieter Kühn

**Dieter Kühn** (born 4 July 1956) is a former German footballer. He was capped 13 times for East Germany, and played for them at the 1980 Summer Olympics, where he won a silver medal.

## Other websites

- Profile at Lok-Leipzig-DB.com

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Dieter Kühn
- **image**: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-1990-0929-015, FC Sachsen Leipzig - FC Carl Zeiss Jena, Ausschreitungen.jpg
- **upright**: 0.9
- **caption**: Kühn in 1990
- **birth place**: Leipzig, East Germany
- **position**: Striker (association football), Striker
- **youthyears1**: 1964–1974
- **youthclubs1**: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, Lokomotive Leipzig
- **years1**: 1974–1989
- **clubs1**: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, Lokomotive Leipzig
- **caps1**: 279
- **goals1**: 119
- **years2**: 1989–1991
- **clubs2**: Sachsen Leipzig
- **nationalyears1**: 1978–1983
- **nationalteam1**: East Germany national football team, East Germany
- **nationalcaps1**: 13
- **nationalgoals1**: 5
- **manageryears1**: 2002–2003
- **managerclubs1**: Kickers 94 Markkleeberg (joint)
Rüdiger Schnuphase

**Rüdiger Schnuphase** (born 23 January 1954) is a former German footballer. He played as a midfielder for FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt and FC Carl Zeiss Jena, and was capped 45 times for East Germany. He notably played for East Germany at the 1974 FIFA World Cup and the 1980 Summer Olympics.

## Other websites

- Weltfussball

## Infobox (football biography)

- **image**: Rüdiger Schnuphase World Cup 1974.jpg
- **caption**: Schnuphase in 1974
- **birth place**: Werningshausen, East Germany
- **height**: 1.80m
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1971–1977
- **years2**: 1977–1984
- **years3**: 1984–1986
- **clubs1**: Rot-Weiß Erfurt
- **clubs2**: FC Carl Zeiss Jena, Carl Zeiss Jena
- **clubs3**: Rot-Weiß Erfurt
- **caps1**: 99
- **caps2**: 196
- **caps3**: 31
- **goals1**: 24
- **goals2**: 94
- **goals3**: 6
- **totalcaps**: 326
- **totalgoals**: 124
- **nationalyears1**: 1973–1983
- **nationalteam1**: East Germany national football team, East Germany
- **nationalcaps1**: 45
- **nationalgoals1**: 6
Claude Papi

**Claude Papi** (16 April 1949 – 28 January 1983) was a French footballer. He played as a midfielder for SC Bastia between 1967 and 1982, and is considered the team's best ever player. He was capped three times for France, and played for them at the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

Papi died on 28 January 1983 at the age of 33, because of a ruptured aneurysm.

## Honours

- Bastia
- Ligue 2: 1967–68
- Coupe de France: 1980–81
- Challenge des champions: 1972
- UEFA Cup runner-up: 1977–78

## References

- Papi's Career Stats & Accolades

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Claude Papi
- **image**: Claude papi.jpg
- **upright**: 0.7
- **caption**: Papi in 1978
- **birth place**: Porto-Vecchio, France
- **death place**: Porto-Vecchio, France
- **height**: 1.78 m
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1967–1982
- **clubs1**: SC Bastia, Bastia
- **caps1**: 410
- **goals1**: 115
- **nationalyears1**: 1973–1978
- **nationalteam1**: France national football team, France
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Strontium carbonate

**Strontium carbonate** is a compound when strontium oxide reacts with carbon dioxide, and it is made of strontium and carbonate ions with the chemical formula . It appears as a white or gray powder. It is found in the mineral strontianite. It is a weak base, which means it reacts with acids to make strontium salts. It is usually insoluble with water but increases if more carbon dioxide is added to water.

## Reaction with acids

When strontium carbonate reacts with an acid, it makes a strontium salt, water, and carbon dioxide. For example, it reacts with hydrochloric acid to make strontium chloride (a salt), water, and carbon dioxide.

The balanced chemical equation of the reaction is:
Jaime Penedo

**Jaime Manuel Penedo Cano** (born 26 September 1981) is a former Panamanian footballer. He played as a goalkeeper for teams like Osasuna B, CSD Municipal, LA Galaxy, Deportivo Saprissa and Dinamo București. He was capped 137 time for Panama, and played for them at the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

He announced his retirement from football on 24 January 2019.

## Personal life

Penedo officially married Angie Malca in August 2013. They have a son, Jaime Matías.

### International

|colspan=3|Panama||
| --- | --- | --- |
|2003|1|0|
|2004|6|0|
|2005|15|0|
|2006|0|0|
|2007|10|0|
|2008|5|0|
|2009|9|0|
|2010|4|0|
|2011|15|0|
|2012|10|0|
|2013|15|0|
|2014|3|0|
|2015|13|0|
|2016|11|0|
|2017|7|0|
|2018|6|0|

## Honours

- LA Galaxy
- Major League Soccer: 2014

- Dinamo București
- Cupa Ligii: 2016–17

- C.S.D Municipal
- Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala: Clausura 2008, Apertura 2009, Clausura 2010, Apertura 2011

- Panama
- CONCACAF Gold Cup runner-up: 2005, 2013; third place: 2015

- Individual'''
- CONCACAF Gold Cup Golden Glove Award: 2005, 2013
- CONCACAF Gold Cup Bext XI: 2005
- Liga I Best Goalkeeper: 2017–18 (shared Alberto Cobrea & Giedrius Arlauskis)

## Other websites

- Player profile  – CSD Municipal
- Player profile – LA Galaxy

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Jaime Penedo
- **image**: PAN-TUN (23) (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Penedo with Panama national football team, Panama at the 2018 FIFA World Cup
- **fullname**: Jaime Manuel Penedo Cano
- **height**: 1.86m
- **birth place**: Panama City, Panama
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthyears1**: 1991–1999
- **youthclubs1**: Estudiantes de Panama
- **years1**: 2000–2001
- **caps1**: 36
- **goals1**: 0
- **clubs1**: Estudiantes de Panama
- **years2**: 2002–2004
- **caps2**: 51
- **goals2**: 0
- **clubs2**: Club Deportivo Plaza Amador, Plaza Amador
- **years3**: 2004-2005
- **caps3**: 42
- **goals3**: 0
- **clubs3**: Club Deportivo Árabe Unido, Árabe Unido
- **years4**: 2005–2006
- **caps4**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **clubs4**: CA Osasuna, Osasuna
- **years5**: 2006–2007
- **caps5**: 12
- **goals5**: 0
- **clubs5**: CA Osasuna B, Osasuna B
- **years6**: 2007–2013
- **caps6**: 171
- **goals6**: 0
- **clubs6**: CSD Municipal, Municipal
- **years7**: 2013–2015
- **caps7**: 61
- **goals7**: 0
- **clubs7**: LA Galaxy
- **years8**: 2015–2016
- **caps8**: 17
- **goals8**: 0
- **clubs8**: Deportivo Saprissa, Saprissa
- **years9**: 2016–2018
- **caps9**: 66
- **goals9**: 0
- **clubs9**: FC Dinamo București, Dinamo București
- **totalcaps**: 456
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 2003–2018
- **nationalteam1**: Panama national football team, Panama
- **nationalcaps1**: 137
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **pcupdate**: 26 January 2019
- **ntupdate**: 28 June 2018
Radiative transfer

**Radiative transfer** (also called **radiation transport**) is when energy transfers through electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is made through absorption, emission, and scattering. The **equation of radiative transfer** (also called the **radiative transfer equation**, or **RTE**) describes these interactions using math. Equations of radiative transfer are used in many fields of science. These fields can be optics, astrophysics, atmospheric science, and remote sensing. Some of the analytic solutions for the equation exist. These equations are usually only in simpler forms. In more complicated equations, like equations with scattering effects, different methods are required. This article is mostly focused on radiative equilibrium.

## Definitions

A radiation field is an area of space where electromagnetic radiation exists. Scientists describe this radiation using spectral radiance (sometimes called specific intensity).
Spectral radiance measures the amount of energy that runs through a small amount of area in a certain direction. Radiation can travel in any direction. The energy can move both forward and backward for every direction. The energy in this small piece of area is measured by the time interval, the amount of area the radiation hits,the angle that this radiation hits, and the frequency of the radiation. This can be written using this differential equation: is the spectral radiance (the subscript means that the spectral radiance is a function of , or radiation frequency)

- is the area
- is the position
- is the time
- is the solid angle
- is the direction
- is the angle between the radiation and the area (the unit vector  makes a perpendicular angle with the area)
- to are the radiation frequencies that the spectral lines are measured at.

The units of spectral radiance are energy/time/area/solid angle/frequency. In MKS units, this is  (watts per square-metre-steradian-hertz).

## Related pages

- Beer-Lambert law
- Optical depth
- Planck's law
Mohammed Muntari

**Mohammed Muntari** (; born 20 December 1993) is a professional footballer. He plays as a striker for Al-Gharafa. Born in Ghana, he plays for the Qatar national team. He played for Qatar at the 2022 FIFA World Cup, and scored their first-ever (and only) FIFA World Cup goal.

## International goals

- _Scores and results list Qatar's goal tally first._

|No.|Date|Venue|Opponent|Score|Result|Competition|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1.|27 December 2014|Abdullah bin Khalifa Stadium, Doha, Qatar||**1**–0|3–0|Friendly|
|2.|28 August 2015|Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium, Doha, Qatar||**2**–0|4–0||
|3.|3 September 2015||**6**–0|15–0|2018 FIFA World Cup qualification||
|4.|**7**–0||||||
|5.|**9**–0||||||
|6.|17 November 2015|Changlimithang Stadium, Thimphu, Bhutan||**1**–0|3–0||
|7.|14 November 2017|Abdullah bin Khalifa Stadium, Doha, Qatar||**1**–1|1–1|Friendly|
|8.|14 November 2019||**1**–0|2–0|||
|9.|24 March 2021|Nagyerdei Stadion, Debrecen, Hungary||**1**–0|1–0||
|10.|31 March 2021||**1**–1|1–1|||
|11.|17 July 2021|BBVA Stadium, Houston, United States||**3**–0|4–0|2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup|
|12.|15 December 2021|Al Thumama Stadium, Doha, Qatar||**1**–1|1–2|2021 FIFA Arab Cup|
|13.|13 October 2022|Marbella Football Center, Marbella, Spain||**1**–0|2–1|Friendly|
|14.|25 November 2022|Al Thumama Stadium, Doha, Qatar||**1**–2|1–3|2022 FIFA World Cup|
|15.|15 June 2023|Stadion Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria||**2**–0|2–1|Friendly|
|16.|27 December 2024|Jaber Al-Ahmad International Stadium, Kuwait City, Kuwait||**1**–1|1–1|26th Arabian Gulf Cup|

## Honours

- Al-Duhail
- Qatar Stars League: 2016–17, 2019–20
- Emir of Qatar Cup: 2016, 2019, 2022
- Sheikh Jassem Cup: 2015, 2016

- El-Jaish
- Qatari Stars Cup: 2012–13
- Qatar Cup: 2014

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Mohammed Muntari
- **image**: Esteghlal FC vs Al-Gharafa FC, 16 September 2024 - 02.jpg
- **caption**: Muntari in 2024
- **fullname**: Mohammed Muntari
- **birth place**: Kumasi, Ghana
- **position**: Forward (association football)#Striker, Striker
- **currentclub**: Al-Gharafa SC, Al-Gharafa
- **clubnumber**: 3
- **years1**: 2013–2015
- **clubs1**: El Jaish SC, El Jaish
- **caps1**: 45
- **goals1**: 18
- **years2**: 2015–2024
- **clubs2**: Al-Duhail SC, Al-Duhail
- **caps2**: 85
- **goals2**: 26
- **years3**: 2017–2018
- **clubs3**: → Al Ahli SC (Doha), Al Ahli (loan)
- **caps3**: 9
- **goals3**: 3
- **years4**: 2018
- **clubs4**: → Al Ahli SC (Doha), Al Ahli (loan)
- **caps4**: 8
- **goals4**: 3
- **years5**: 2024–
- **clubs5**: Al-Gharafa SC, Al-Gharafa
- **caps5**: 5
- **goals5**: 2
- **youthclubs1**: Golden Lions Soccer Academy
- **nationalyears1**: 2016
- **nationalteam1**: Qatar national under-23 football team, Qatar U23
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 2014–
- **nationalteam2**: Qatar national football team, Qatar
- **nationalcaps2**: 65
- **nationalgoals2**: 16
- **club-update**: 28 December 2024
- **nationalteam-update**: 28 December 2024
Félix Sánchez (football manager)

**Félix Sánchez Bas** (born 13 December 1975) is a Spanish football manager. He was recently the head coach of Qatar Stars League side Al Sadd.

Sánchez started as a youth coach for FC Barcelona, before moving to Qatar to join Aspire Academy in 2006. After spending four years as the Qatar U19 manager, he became the manager of the country's senior side.

He helped Qatar to win their first AFC Asian Cup title in 2019, and managed them at the 2022 FIFA World Cup. He also managed Qatar at the 2019 Copa América the 2021 CONCACAF Gold Cup, and the first ever FIFA Arab Cup.

On 11 March 2023, Sánchez became the manager of Ecuador. He left Ecuador after losing in the 2024 Copa América quarter-finals to Argentine on penalties.

## Managerial statistics

|rowspan=2|Team|rowspan=2|From|rowspan=2|To|colspan=5|Record|rowspan=2||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|Qatar U19|align=left|1 July 2013|align=left|30 June 2015|||||
|align=left|Qatar U20|align=left|1 January 2014|align=left|2 July 2017|||||
|align=left|Qatar U23|align=left|3 July 2017|align=left|28 December 2020|||||
|align=left|Qatar|align=left|3 July 2017|align=left|31 December 2022|||||
|align=left|Ecuador|align=left|11 March 2023|align=left|5 July  2024|||||
|align=left|Al Sadd|align=left|23 July 2024|align=left|15 October 2025|||||

## Honours

**Qatar U19**
- AFC U-19 Championship: 2014

**Qatar U23**
- AFC U-23 Championship third place: 2018

**Qatar**
- AFC Asian Cup: 2019

**Al Sadd**
- Qatar Stars League: 2024-25
- Qatar Cup: 2025

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Félix Sánchez
- **image**: Félix Sánchez Bas.jpg
- **caption**: Sánchez as Qatar national football team, Qatar manager in 2018
- **fullname**: Félix Sánchez Bas
- **birth place**: Barcelona, Spain
- **manageryears1**: 1996–2006
- **managerclubs1**: FC Barcelona (youth), Barcelona (youth)
- **manageryears2**: 2006–2013
- **managerclubs2**: Aspire Academy
- **manageryears3**: 2013–2017
- **managerclubs3**: Qatar national under-20 football team, Qatar U19
- **manageryears4**: 2017–2020
- **managerclubs4**: Qatar national under-23 football team, Qatar U23
- **manageryears5**: 2017–2022
- **managerclubs5**: Qatar national football team, Qatar
- **manageryears6**: 2023–2024
- **managerclubs6**: Ecuador national football team, Ecuador
- **manageryears7**: 2024–2025
- **managerclubs7**: Al Sadd SC, Al Sadd