juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Troy, Alabama

**Troy** is a city in Pike County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 17,727. The city is the county seat of Pike County. It is home to Troy University (formerly Troy State University).

## Notable residents

- Pine Top Smith- boogie woogie pianist.
- Brian Meadows - Major League Baseball player.
- Bobby Jon Drinkard - contestant on Survivor: Palau and Survivor: Guatemala and We Are Marshall.
- Hank Williams Jr - country singer.
- John Lewis (politician) - American Civil Rights leader and United States congressman.
- John Rhodes -  (American Senior Pastor Of Messenger Worship Centre A Pentecostal Church of God In Fenton, Missouri
- Patricia Barnes - Founder of Sister Schubert's bakery
- Larry Hicks - Retired Marine who performed daring underwater rescue that saved the life of well-known NASCAR team owner, Jack Roush.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Troy, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: <small>From top to bottom left to right: Historic Downtown Square of Troy, Trojan Water Tower, the 1881 steam locomotive at Pioneer Museum of Alabama, a Bell AH-1 SuperCobra in Bicentennial Park, Hawkins Hall, and Terracotta Army, Terracotta Warrior replicas at Troy University</small>
- **nickname**: T-Town, T-Roy
- **motto**: "A Wonderful Place to Live!"
- **image map**: File:Pike County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Troy Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Troy in Pike County, Alabama.
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name2**: Pike County, Alabama, Pike
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1838
- **established title2**: Municipal incorporation, Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1843
- **government type**: Mayor-Council
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 73.61
- **area total sq mi**: 28.42
- **area land km2**: 73.41
- **area land sq mi**: 28.34
- **area water km2**: 0.21
- **area water sq mi**: 0.08
- **elevation m**: 165
- **elevation ft**: 541
- **population total**: 17727
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density km2**: 241.49
- **population density sq mi**: 625.45
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 36079, 36081, 36082
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **area code**: Area code 334, 334
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-76920
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0153725
Dadeville, Alabama

**Dadeville** is a city in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 3,084. The city is the county seat of Tallapoosa County.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Dadeville, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Dadeville Alabama.JPG
- **image map**: File:Tallapoosa County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Dadeville Highlighted 0119336.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Dadeville in Tallapoosa County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Tallapoosa County, Alabama, Tallapoosa
- **area total km2**: 41.51
- **area total sq mi**: 16.03
- **area land km2**: 41.29
- **area land sq mi**: 15.94
- **area water km2**: 0.22
- **area water sq mi**: 0.09
- **elevation ft**: 728
- **elevation m**: 222
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 3084
- **population density km2**: 74.70
- **population density sq mi**: 193.46
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 36853
- **area code**: Area code 256, 256
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-19336
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0117010
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **named for**: Francis L. Dade
Tuskegee

**Tuskegee** may mean

United States of America;
- Tuskegee, Alabama
- Tuskegee, Tennessee, home of Cherokee Indian Sequoyah

Other;
- _Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male_ a clinical study, conducted around Tuskegee, Alabama, where 399 (plus 200 control group without syphilis) poor -- and mostly illiterate -- African American sharecroppers became part of a study on the treatment and natural history of syphilis.
- _Tuskegee Airmen_ the training of a group of African American pilots who flew with distinction during World War II as the 332d Fighter Group of the US Army Air Corps.
- Tuskegee University, formerly known as the Tuskegee Institute
Daleville, Alabama

**Daleville** is a city in Dale County of Alabama in the United States. At the 2020 census, 4,866 people lived there. It is part of the Ozark Micropolitan Statistical Area.  The city's nickname is "Gateway to Fort Rucker", as this U.S. Army post is just north of town. Cairns Army Airfield is to the south of Daleville on the road to nearly Clayhatchee.

## Notable residents of Daleville

- Mickey Andrews – College football coach
- Tony Richardson – NFL player
- Robert W. Smith – Composer
- Shawn Stuckey – NFL player and attorney

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Daleville
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: Gateway to Fort Rucker
- **image skyline**: Daleville City Hall.JPG
- **image caption**: Daleville City Hall
- **image map**: File:Dale County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Daleville Highlighted 0119360.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Daleville in Dale County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Dale County, Alabama, Dale
- **area total km2**: 36.63
- **area total sq mi**: 14.14
- **area land km2**: 36.63
- **area land sq mi**: 14.14
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **elevation ft**: 331
- **elevation m**: 101
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 4866
- **population density km2**: 132.84
- **population density sq mi**: 344.06
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 36322
- **area code**: Area code 334, 334
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-19360
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0117016
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Daphne, Alabama

**Daphne** is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, USA on the eastern shoreline of Mobile Bay. The city is located just off I-10, 11 miles east of Mobile, Alabama and 150 miles southwest of Montgomery the State Capital. The 2020 census lists the population of the city as 27,462, making Daphne the most populous city in Baldwin County.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Daphne, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Daphne Alabama City Hall.jpg
- **image caption**: Daphne City Hall
- **image map**: File:Baldwin County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Daphne Highlighted 0119648.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Daphne in Baldwin County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Baldwin County, Alabama, Baldwin
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1763
- **area total km2**: 49.49
- **area total sq mi**: 19.11
- **area land km2**: 49.19
- **area land sq mi**: 18.99
- **area water km2**: 0.31
- **area water sq mi**: 0.12
- **elevation ft**: 157
- **elevation m**: 48
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 27462
- **population density km2**: 558.30
- **population density sq mi**: 1445.98
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 36526
- **area code**: Area code 251, 251
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-19648
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0157933
- **website**: http://www.daphneal.com/
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Delmar, Alabama

**Delmar** is a small, rural, unincorporated community in west-central Winston County, United States. Delmar is located six miles north of Natural Bridge five miles south of Haleyville and 15 miles west of Double Springs, the county seat of what was once the "Free State of Winston." Delmar has an elevation of 881 feet above sea level.
Dora, Alabama

**Dora** is a city in Walker County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 2,297. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.9 square miles (20.5 km²), nearly all of it land.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Dora
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: File:OBLIQUE-EXTERIOR VIEW, FRONT AND SIDE FACADES - Old Methodist Church, Walker County Road 81, Dora, Walker County, AL HABS ALA,64-DORA,1-1.tif
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Old Methodist Church
- **image map**: File:Walker County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Dora Highlighted 0121136.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Dora in Walker County, Alabama.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Walker County, Alabama, Walker
- **area total km2**: 20.51
- **area total sq mi**: 7.92
- **area land km2**: 20.49
- **area land sq mi**: 7.91
- **area water km2**: 0.03
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **elevation ft**: 394
- **elevation m**: 120
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2297
- **population density km2**: 112.13
- **population density sq mi**: 290.43
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 35062
- **area code**: Area codes 205 and 659, 205 and 659
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-21136
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0155055
- **website**: [http://www.cityofdora.com/ www.cityofdora.com]
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Demopolis, Alabama

**Demopolis** is the largest city in Marengo County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census the population was 7,162. It is the birthplace of A. G. Gaston, a successful black businessman and financial supporter of the American civil rights movement.

Confederate park: in the renamed "Confederate Park" in 1923 at the request of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. A Confederate soldier statue was erected (put up) in 1910 at the intersection of North Main Avenue and West Capital Street across from the Park. It was destroyed on July 16, 2016, when a policeman accidentally crashed his patrol car into the monument. The statue fell from its base and was heavily damaged. In 2017, Demopolis city government voted 3–2 to move the damaged Confederate statue to a local museum and to install a new obelisk memorial that honors both the Union and the Confederate soldiers.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Demopolis, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Demopolis Alabama with river confluence.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Demopolis. The confluence of the Tombigbee River, Tombigbee and Black Warrior River, Black Warrior rivers is visible in the center of the picture. View is looking to the northwest.
- **nickname**: City of the People, Jewel of the Black Belt, The River City, The Canebrake, Demop
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image map**: File:Marengo County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Demopolis Highlighted 0120296.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Marengo County, Alabama
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Marengo County, Alabama, Marengo
- **area total km2**: 46.79
- **area land km2**: 45.96
- **area water km2**: 0.84
- **elevation ft**: 121
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 7162
- **population density km2**: 155.8
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 36732
- **area code**: Area code 334, 334
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-20296
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0117222
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Juan Garcia Oliver

**Juan García Oliver** (January 20, 1901 in Reus, Baix Camp, Spain; died July 13, 1980 in Guadalajara, Mexico) was a Spanish Anarcho-syndicalist revolutionary, and a leading figure in the history of anarchism in Spain.

## Related pages

- List of anarchists

## Sources

- _My Revolutionary Life: Juan Garcia Oliver interviewed by Freddy Gomez_ (Translated by Paul Sharkey) (2008), Anarchist Library series #19, Kate Sharpley Library, .
Don McLean

**Donald McLean III** (born October 2, 1945) is an American singer and songwriter. He is most well known for the songs "American Pie" and "Vincent".

In his early career, Don McLean mainly played folk music. He sang folk songs and played simple chords with acoustic guitar and harmonica. In 1969, Don Mclean joined folk singer Pete Seeger in the environment campaign. They gave talks and playing concerts to help people know some of the problems with the environment. Also in the same year, Don McLean released his first album _Tapestry_. This album was not very successful. McLean continued to perform in many small places.

In 1971, Don Mclean released an eight minute long song named "American Pie". The song was dedicated to Don McLean’s music hero Buddy Holly. Much of the song was about the deaths of Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper (J.P. Richardson) in 1959. It also dealt with many important events in American history. Quickly "American Pie" became the number 1 song in the United States. Don McLean became a superstar and drew many audiences to his concerts. In 2005, American Pie was voted 5th in the "365 songs of the century" list. His second single "Vincent", featuring Vincent Van Gogh's masterpiece "Starry Night", was also at the top of the UK and US charts in 1971. The song is played in Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam every day.

In the later 1970s, Don McLean tried other styles of songs. He was not as popular with these other styles. Bad sales of albums caused him to change recording companies from one to another. Finally, in 1980, Don McLean regained his popularity by playing "Crying", a song first sang by Roy Orbison. The song reached the first place in UK chart.

Don is still writing and singing his own songs and performing in concerts.

The famous guitar player, Eric Clapton, spoke highly of Don McLean’s guitar playing skill after listening to his guitar performance. Also, Don McLean’s performance on stage once inspired Lori Lieberman to write the 1974 Grammy-winning song "Killing me softly with his song". Most of the successive folk singers entitled him with "US legend"

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **img**: Don McLean.jpg
- **img capt**: Don McLean at a concert, 2008
- **img size**: 250
- **landscape**: Yes
- **name**: Don McLean
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Donald McLean III
- **instrument**: singer, Vocals, Guitar
Piano
- **genre**: Folk music, Folk, Folk rock
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, Musician
- **years active**: 1969 - present
- **url**: http://www.don-mclean.com/
A (Cyrillic)

**A** (**A, a**) is the first letter of the Cyrillic alphabet.

It came from the Greek alpha. A long time ago, it was called _az_<sup>ǔ</sup> and stood for the number 1. It looks exactly the same as the Roman A.

All languages that use the Cyrillic alphabet say it as [ah].

## Related pages

- A
- Alpha (letter)
Be (Cyrillic)

**Be** (**Б, б**) is the second letter in the Cyrillic alphabet.

It came from the Greek beta, along with the Cyrillic veh. Its old name was _buky_. It stands for the Roman B.

The uppercase Б looks like a B with the top curve missing and the lowercase one looks like the number 6.

People say it as [b].

## Related pages

- B
- Beta (letter)
Bare-faced curassow

The **bare-faced curassow** (_Crax fasciolata_) Spanish "muitu" is a species of bird in the Cracidae family, the chachalacas, guans, curassows, etc.
It is found in eastern-central and southern Brazil, Paraguay, and eastern Bolivia, extreme northeast Argentina, and Amazon Basin.

## Other websites

- http://individual.utoronto.ca/sergiolp/pdf/SB2002.pdf
Accent (disambiguation)

The word **accent** has more than one meaning. Accent could mean any of the following:
- The way that a group of people say words; how they pronounce words and sentences is their accent.
- The Acute accent is one symbol that tells how to say a word, such as é, as used in the word née. It is a diacritic.
- The Hyundai Accent is a compact car.
Everything as a service

**Everything as a service**(_EaaS_, _XaaS_,  _*aaS_) is a concept of being able to call up re-usable, fine-grained software components across a network. It is a subset of cloud computing. The most common and successful example is software as a service (SaaS), but the term _as a service_ has been associated and used with many core components of cloud computing including communication, infrastructure, data and platforms.

A number of vendors including Google, Microsoft, Hewlett Packard and Amido have been associated with the "everything as a service" trend.

## Key characteristics

Offerings tagged with the _as a service_ suffix have a number of common attributes, including:
- **Low barriers to entry** is a common method of offerings, with services typically being available to or targeting consumers and small businesses.
- **Little or no capital expenditure** as infrastructure is owned by the provider.
- **Massive scalability** is also common, though this is not an absolute requirement and many of the offerings have yet to achieve large scale.
- **Multitenancy** enables resources (and costs) to be shared among many users.
- **Device independence** enables users to access systems regardless of what device they are using (e.g. PC, mobile,...etc.).
- **Location independence** allows users remote access to systems.

## Sub-categories

This kind of services can be divided into more specific types:

- Software as a Service (SaaS)
- Platform as a Service (PaaS)
- Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

## Related pages

- Cloud computing
Fred Jones (Scooby-Doo)

**Frederick "Fred" Jones,** also known as Freddie, is a fictional character from Scooby-Doo. He is the official leader of Mystery Incorporated.

## Portrayals

He has been voiced by Frank Welker ever since the character's first appearance in 1969. Freddie Prinze Jr. roles the portrayal of Fred in the two Raja Gosnell movies.
Zac Efron plays the voice of Fred in CGI animated film _Scoob!_.Glenn Howerton played Fred in Velma.

### Television series

- _Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!_
- _The New Scooby-Doo Movies_
- _What's New, Scooby-Doo?_
- _Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated_
- _Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!_
- _Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?_

### Films

- _Scooby-Doo_ (2002) -- (Main role)
- _Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed_ (2004) -- (Main role)
- _Scoob!_ (2020) -- (Main role)

## Differences in Characterization

In Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, Fred is the one whose idea it is to solve mysteries and he is the one who says they should split up to look for clues. Fred always looks with Daphne Blake. Fred also gives Scooby-Doo and Shaggy Rogers Scooby Snacks to get them to do things that they think are dangerous.

After Scrappy-Doo became a character, Scrappy liked to build traps for monsters but Shaggy and Scooby fell into them. So after Scrappy stopped being a character, Fred usually became the one who wanted to trap the monsters.

After a crossover episode with Johnny Bravo, Fred started dating Daphne Blake.https://movieweb.com/scooby-doo-daphne-fred-couple/#:~:text=Scooby%2DDoo%20fans%20can%20even,aired%20on%20July%2021%2C%201997.

In the live action movie Scooby-Doo, Fred takes the credit for whatever Velma does and doesn’t bother to help Daphne when she’s in danger. But later he and Daphne fall in love.

In Velma, Fred is rich, makes insulting comments towards women and people from other races, is not smart enough to use a fork and thinks he’s better than everyone else.

## Mystery Incorporated Backstory

In Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, Fred’s Origin story is that when he was three years old, The Mayor (also named Fred Jones) kidnapped him and told Fred’s parents that he would kill him unless they left. So Mayor Jones lied to Fred that he was Fred’s father. Fifteen years later, Fred found out that Mayor Jones tried to kill Fred’s friends so he sent him to Jail. Fred later met his real parents Brad and Julie Chiles but found out that they were working for the Villain so they tried to kill him with a Rocket launcher. They also kidnapped Fred and replaced him with someone else pretending to be him. Fred escaped and helped stop them.
Languages of Singapore

There are many **languages in Singapore**. The reason is that Singapore has a multi-ethnic society. The Singapore government recognises four official languages: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. Due to the Singapore's history, the symbolic national language is Malay. The local patois spoken on the streets is a creole called Singlish amongst the locals. It is known by academics as 'Singapore Colloquial English'.

## Working language

English was introduced to Singapore by the British in 1819. The British established a port, later a colony, on the island. English had been the administrative language of the colonial government, and when Singapore gained self-government in 1959 and independence in 1965, the local government decided to keep English as the working language. It is not against the law to speak mother tongue during working hours. It is against the law to forbid people speaking their mother tongue anywhere at work as long as it does not harm the business and/or compromise safety at work.
The use of English as a common language serves to bridge the gap between the diverse ethnic groups in Singapore.

## Bilingualism

In schools, students are also required to take a Mother Tongue class, where they are either taught Mandarin Chinese, Malay or Tamil.

As a result, most Singaporeans have at least conversational ability and basic literacy in a minimum of two languages: English, and the language that is used at home. Many more are conversant in three or more languages.

|colspan="3"|Language most frequently spoken at home (%)||
| --- | --- | --- |
|English|18.8|23.0|
|Mandarin|23.7|35.0|
|Other Chinese Languages|39.6|23.8|
|Malay|14.3|14.1|
|Tamil|2.9|3.2|

## Other languages

About 60% of Singapore's Indian population speaks Tamil as their native language. Other Indian languages include Malayalam and Hindi.

There are around 5,000 Peranakans living on the island, and they still use the Hokkien-influenced Malay dialect called Baba Malay.

A handful of Portuguese Eurasians still speak a Portuguese-creole known as Papia Kristang. The most fluent speakers however, come from the pre-war generation.

## Related pages

- English Language
- Malay Language
- Mandarin Chinese
- Singlish
- Tamil Language
Stratovarius

**Stratovarius** is a Finnish power metal band that formed in 1983.  Their material contains elements of symphonic metal, progressive metal and NWOBHM.

### Studio albums

- _Fright Night_ (1989)
- _Twilight Time_ (1992)
- _Dreamspace_ (1994)
- _Fourth Dimension_ (1995)
- _Episode_ (1996)
- _Visions_ (1997)
- _Destiny_ (1998)
- _Infinite_ (2000)
- _Elements, Pt. 1_ (2002)
- _Elements, Pt. 2_ (2003)
- _Stratovarius_ (2005)
- _King of Nothing_ (2009)
- _Polaris_ (2009)
- _Elysium_ (2011)
- _Nemesis_ (2013)
- _Eternal_ (2015)

### Live albums

|**Title**|**Discography**|**Age**|
| --- | --- | --- |
|_Visions of Europe_|Noise Records|1998|
|_Polaris_|Ear Music|2010|
|_Under Flaming Winter Skies_||2012|
|_Live at Wacken_||2016|

### DVD

|**Títle**|**Discography**|**Age**|
| --- | --- | --- |
|_Infinite Visions_|Nuclear Blast|2000|
|_Under Flaming Winter Skies_||2012|
|_Nemesis Days_||2014|
|_Live at Loud Park Festival_||2015|

### Compilation albums

|_The Past And Now_|Import|1997|
| --- | --- | --- |
|_The Chosen Ones_|Noise Records|1999|
|_14 Diamonds_|JVC Japan|2000|
|_Intermission_|Nuclear Blast|2001|
|_Black Diamond The Anthology_|Sanctuary/Noise|2006|
|_Best of_||2016|
|_Enigma: Intermission II_||2018|

### Music videos

- _Future Shock_ (1989)
- _Against The Wind_ (1995)
- _Black Diamond_ (1997)
- _The Kiss Of Judas_ (1997)
- _S.O.S_ (1998)
- _A Million Lightyears Away_ (2000)
- _Hunting High And Low_ (2001)
- _Eagleheart_ (2003)
- _I Walk To My Own Song_ (2003)
- _Maniac Dance_ (2005)
- _Deep Unknown_ (2009)
- _Under Flaming Skies_ (2011)
- _Halcyon Days_ (2013)
- _Unbreakable_ (2013)
- _If the Story Is Over" (2014)
- _My Eternal Dream_ (2015)
- _Shine in the Dark_ (2015)
- _Until the End of Days_ (2016)
- _My Eternal Dream (live)_ (2017)
- _Unbreakable (orchestral version)'' (2018)

## Other websites

- Official Stratovarius website
- The Stratovarius Network

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Stratovarius
- **img**: Stratovarius Tavastia 2006.jpg
- **img capt**: Stratovarius in Tavastia, 2006
- **img size**: 250
- **background**: group_or_band
- **landscape**: Yes
- **origin**: Helsinki, Finland
- **genre**: Power metal
- **years active**: 1982-present
- **label**: Nuclear Blast, Sanctuary Records, Sanctuary, Noise Records (Germany), Noise
- **associated acts**: Revolution Renaissance
- **url**: [http://www.stratovarius.com www.stratovarius.com]
- **current members**: Jens Johansson
 Timo Kotipelto
 Jörg Michael
 Lauri Porra
 Matias Kupiainen
- **past members**: See: #Former members, Former members section
Jens Johansson

**Jens Johansson** (born November 2, 1963 in Stockholm) is a Swedish power metal keyboardist and pianist. He is noted as one of the first and most influential "shred" keyboardists, for his high-speed neoclassical and fusion style.

## Studio albums

|**Títle**|**Label**|**Year**|
| --- | --- | --- |
|_Silver Mountain: Shakin' Brains_||1983|
|_Rising Force_|Polydor|1984|
|_Marching Out_|Polydor|1985|
|_Trilogy (Yngwie Malmsteen album)_|Polydor|1986|
|_Erik Borelius: Fantasy_||1988|
|_Odyssey (album)_|Polydor|1988|
|_¨Trial By Fire (album)_|Polydor|1989|
|_Dio: Lock Up The Wolves_||1990|
|_Deadline: Dissident_||1991|
|_Stephen Ross: Midnight Drive_||1991|
|_Anders Johansson: Shu-Tka_||1992|
|_Ginger Baker: Unseen Rain_||1992|
|_RAF: Ode To A Tractor_||1992|
|_Shining Path: No Other World_||1992|
|_Jonas Hellborg Group: E_||1993|
|_Snake Charmer: Smoke And Mirrors_||1993|
|_Dave Nerge's Bulldog: The Return Of Mr. Nasty_||1994|
|_Robert Blennerhed: Seven_||1994|
|_Smoke On The Water - A Tribute_||1994|
|_The Johansson Brothers_||1994|
|_Tony MacAlpine: Premonition_||1994|
|_Anders Johansson, Jens Johansson and Allan Holdsworth: Heavy Machinery_||1996|
|_Yngwie Malmsteen: Inspiration_||1996|
|_Anders Johansson: Red Shift_||1997|
|_Johansson: Sonic Winter_||1997|
|_Itä-Saksa: Let's Kompromise_||1998|
|_Snake Charmer: Backyard Boogaloo_||1998|
|_Benny Jansson: Flume Ride_||1999|
|_Johansson: The Last Viking_||1999|
|_Mastermind: Excelsior_||1999|
|_Mastermind: Angels Of The Apocalypse_||2000|
|_instein: Einstein Too_||2001|
|_La Leyenda Continua - Tributo A Rata Blanca_||2001|
|_Silver Mountain: Breakin' Chains_||2001|
|_Andy West With Rama: Rama 1_||2002|
|_Arjen Anthony Lucassen's Star One: Space Metal_||2002|
|_Benny Jansson: Save The World_||2002|
|_Aina: Days Of Rising Doom_||2003|
|_Barilari_||2003|
|_Sonata Arctica: Winterheart's Guild_||2003|
|_Mastermind: To The World Beyond_||2004|
|_Spastic Ink: Ink Compatible_||2004|
|_Kamelot: The Black Halo_||2005|
|_Episode_|Noise Records|1996|
|_Visions_|Noise Records|1997|
|_Destiny_|Noise Records|1998|
|_Infinite_|Nuclear Blast|2000|
|_Elements, Pt. 1_|Nuclear Blast|2003|
|_Elements, Pt. 2_|Nuclear Blast|2003|
|_Stratovarius_ (2005)|Sanctuary|2005|

## Related links

- Jens Johansson's Homepage
- Heptagon Records
- Stratovarius Homepage

## References

http://dmme.net/interviews/johansson.html  Jens interview in 2001.

_Some text taken from the 'Heavy Machinery' album booklet and Jens Homepage._

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jens Johansson
- **img**: Stratovarius - Wacken Open Air 2022 07.jpg
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **origin**: Sweden
- **instrument**: Keyboard instrument, Keyboards
Synthesizers
- **genre**: Neo-classical metal
Jazz fusion
Progressive metal
Power metal
- **years active**: 1982–present
- **associated acts**: Yngwie J. Malmsteen
Stratovarius
Johansson (The Johansson Brothers)
- **url**: [http://www.panix.com/~jens/ www.panix.com/~jens]
Timo Kotipelto

**Timo Antero Kotipelto** (born 15 March 1969) is the vocalist of the Finnish power metal band Stratovarius and is the creator and vocalist of the power metal band Kotipelto.

### With Stratovarius

- _Fourth Dimension_ (1995)
- _Episode_ (1996)
- _Visions_ (1997)
- _Visions of Europe_ (Live, 1998)
- _Destiny_ (1998)
- _The Chosen Ones_ (Compilation, 1999)
- _Infinite_ (2000)
- _Infinite Visions_ (DVD, 2000)
- _Intermission_ (2001)
- _Elements, Pt. 1_ (2003)
- _Elements, Pt. 2_ (2003)
- _Stratovarius_ (2005)

### Solo

- _Waiting For The Dawn_ (2002)
- "Beginning" (2002) - single
- _Coldness_ (2004)
- "Reasons" (2004) - single
- "Take Me Away" (2004) - single
- _Serenity_ (2007)
- "Sleep Well" (2006) - single

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Timo Kotipelto
- **image**: Stratovarius Metal Frenzy 2017 16.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Timo Kotipelto
- **birth place**: Lappajärvi, Finland
- **occupation**: Singer, songwriter
- **years active**: 1982–present
- **associated acts**: Stratovarius, Kotipelto, Cain's Offering
Jörg Michael

**Jörg Michael** (born 27 March 1963) is a German drummer.
Most of the bands Michael has played with are in the power metal genre. He is one of the most notable drummers of that style. Michael has played an important part in shaping the drumming characteristics of this genre. The first album he recorded was _Prayers of Steel_ with the band Avenger (the band would later change their name to Rage). By the middle of the 1980s, he no longer worked with just one band, but worked as a studio session drummer. Because of this, he has been a part of many different bands and albums.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jörg Michael
- **img**: Jörg Michael (2009).jpg
- **img capt**: Jörg Michael in 2009
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Jörg Michael
- **origin**: Germany
- **occupations**: Drummer
- **genre**: Neo-classical metal
Jazz fusion
Progressive metal
Power metal
- **years active**: 1984–present
- **associated acts**: Axel Rudi Pell
Stratovarius
Jörg Michael
Lauri Porra

**Lauri Porra** (born December 13, 1977) is a Finnish bass guitarist. He is best known for his work in Stratovarius and Sinergy.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Lauri Porra
- **img**: Lauri Porra - Ilosaarirock 2009 2.jpg
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **origin**: Finland
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, Bass
- **genre**: Neo-classical metal
Power metal
Progressive metal
Power metal
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **associated acts**: Sinergy
Stratovarius
Lauri Porra
LK Today

***LK Today*** is a British lifestyle television program hosted by Lorraine Kelly that originally aired on ITV from January 1, 1993 to September 3, 2010.
Velma Dinkley

**Velma Dinkley** is a fictional character in the cartoon series Scooby-Doo. Velma first appeared in the show Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! in 1969. In it she was the smartest one. Nicole Jaffe played her.

In 1976, Pat Stevens started to play Velma for The Scooby Doo Show. She was voiced by Mindy Cohn in 2002-2015. Kate Micucci played her since then. The TV show Velma is a Spin-off prequel about her. In it, Mindy Kaling plays Velma.

### Television series

- _Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!_
- _The New Scooby-Doo Movies_
- _What's New, Scooby-Doo?_
- _Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated_
- _Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!_
- _Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?_

### Films

- _Scooby-Doo_ (2002) -- (Main role)
- _Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed_ (2004) -- (Main role)
- _Scoob!_ (2020) -- (Main role)
Gino Lucetti

**Gino Lucetti** (31 August 1900 – 17 September 1943) was an Italian anarchist. He was born in Carrara, Italy. He fought in World War I. Later he went to France, from where he returned to try to kill the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. On September 11 1926, in the Porta Pia square in Rome, he threw a bomb against Mussolini's car, but without effect. Arrested, Lucetti was condemned to spend his life in prison. In 1943, Lucetti escaped from prison with the help of others, but died shortly during a bombing of Ischia.

## Related pages

- List of anarchists

## References

- Marina Marini, Gino Lucetti. Lettere dal carcere dell'attentatore di Mussolini (1930-1943), Galzerano Editore, Salerno 2010.
Pierhead Building

The **Pierhead Building** is a building in Cardiff, Wales, UK. It was designed by William Frame, built in 1897, and is owned by the National Assembly for Wales. It is one of Cardiff's most famous landmarks.
Tibeto-Burman languages

The **Tibeto-Burman** family of languages (often considered a sub-group of the Sino-Tibetan language family) is spoken in various central and south Asian countries, including Myanmar (Burma), Tibet, northern Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, parts of central China (Guizhou, Hunan), northern parts of Nepal, north-eastern parts of Bangladesh, Bhutan, western Pakistan (Baltistan), and various regions of India (Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, and both the Ladakh and Kargil regions of Jammu and Kashmir).

The subfamily includes approximately 350 languages; Burmese has the most speakers (approximately 32 million). Approximately 8 million Tibetans and related peoples speak one of several related Tibetan dialects or languages.

## Bibliography

- Benedict, Paul K. (1972). _Sino-Tibetan: A conspectus_. J. A. Matisoff (Ed.). Cambridge: The University Press. .
- Bradley, David. (1997). Tibeto-Burman languages and classification. In D. Bradley (Ed.), _Papers in South East Asian linguistics: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas_ (No. 14, pp. 1–71). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
- Shafer, Robert. (1966). _Introduction to Sino-Tibetan_ (Part 1). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Shafer, Robert. (1967). _Introduction to Sino-Tibetan_ (Part 2). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Shafer, Robert. (1968). _Introduction to Sino-Tibetan_ (Part 3). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Shafer, Robert. (1970). _Introduction to Sino-Tibetan_ (Part 4). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
- Shafer, Robert. (1974). _Introduction to Sino-Tibetan_ (Part 5). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Tibeto-Burman
- **region**: Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia
- **familycolor**: Sino-Tibetan
- **fam1**: Sino-Tibetan languages, Sino-Tibetan
- **protoname**: Proto-Tibeto-Burman language, Proto-Tibeto-Burman
- **child1**: Bodish languages, Bodish, Burmo-Qiangic languages, Burmo-Qiangic, Chepangic languages, Chepangic, _Dura language, Dura,_ _Gongduk language, Gongduk,_ Karenic languages, Karenic, _Lepcha language, Lepcha,_ _Lhokpu language, Lhokpu,_ Magaric languages, Magaric, Mahakiranti languages, Mahakiranti, _Mru language, Mru,_  _Newar language, Newar,_ Nungish languages, Nungish, _Pyu language (Burma), Pyu_, Raji–Raute languages, Raji–Raute, Sal languages, Sal, Tani languages, Tani (Miric), Tamangic languages, Tamangic, _Tshangla language, Tshangla_, West Himalayish languages, West Himalayish, _Zakhring language, Zakhring_
- **child2**: "Kuki-Chin-Naga": _Meitei language, Meitei (Manipuri language, Manipuri),_ Tangkhul languages, Tangkhul, Ao languages, Ao, Angami–Pochuri languages, Angami–Pochuri, Zeme languages, Zeme, Kukish languages, Kukish
- **child3**: Unclassified TB: _Tujia language, Tujia_
- **child4**: Dubious as TB: Digaro languages, Digaro, _Hruso language, Hruso,_ Kho-Bwa languages, Kho-Bwa, _Miji language, Miji,_ Midzu languages, Midzu, _Puroik language, Puroik,_ Siangic languages, Siangic
- **iso5**: tbq
Yellow Emperor

**Huang-di**, (黃帝/黄帝 huángdì) or the **Yellow Emperor**, is a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero who is thought to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese. One of the legendary Five Emperors, it was written in the _Shiji_ by historian Sima Qian (145 BC-90 BC) that Huangdi reigned from 2497 BC to 2398 BC. His personal name was said to be Gongsun Xuanyuan (公孙轩辕). He became the chief deity of Taoism during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-220 AD).

## Sources

- The Terracotta Warriors- <Cotterell, Maurice. The Terracotta Warriors. Rochester, Vermont: Bear and Company, 2004.>

## Other websites

- Huang Clan Genealogy from the Yellow Emperor

## Infobox (deity)

- **type**: Chinese
- **caption**: Diagram of the Wufang Shangdi
- **planet**: Saturn
- **successor**: Baidi (god), Baidi (Wuxing cycle, also political with Shaohao)
- **predecessor**: Chidi (god), Chidi (Wuxing cycle, also political with the Flame Emperor)
- **member of**: Wufang Shangdi
- **cult centre**: Mount Song
- **father**: Shaodian (mortal body)
- **mother**: Fubao (mortal body)
Hermit crab

The **hermit crab** is a type of crab that does not have a hard shell. They use old shells for protection. They especially like old whelk shells. When the hermit crab grows in size, it finds a larger shell.

## Description

The hermit crab is a crustacean, but it is very different from other crustaceans. While most crustaceans are covered from head to tail with a hard exoskeleton, the hermit crab is missing part of its exoskeleton. The back part where its abdomen is located, is soft and squishy. Thus, the minute a hermit crab molts into an adult, it sets out to find a shell in which to live.

To get into the shell, the hermit crab squeezes in backwards, using its four back legs to enter the shell. The back legs have hooks that anchor the hermit crab into the shell without difficulty. The next four legs are used for walking, while the front two are its chelipeds. The chelipeds are not equal in size: one is big and other is small. The larger one is used for grabbing prey and guarding the entrance to its shell. All together, hermit crabs have a total of ten legs, including the chelipeds and the rear legs used to anchor to the shell.

There are about 500 different species of hermit crabs around the world, and they have different colors, often with patterns like stripes and dots on their bodies. Most hermit crab species live on the ocean floor, but many live on land. Female terrestrial (land based) hermit crabs must return to the sea to breed.

## Diet

Hermit crabs are omnivores (eating plants and animals) and scavengers (eating dead animals that they find). They eat worms, plankton, lime chips, and organic debris.

## Fossil Record

Hermit crabs first appeared in the Cretaceous period, before the Dinosaurs became extinct (died out). Fossils have been found where they have used Ammonite shells.

## Reproduction

The reproductive (sexual) organs of hermit crabs are located near and just below the animal's heart and open to the outside at the base of the last pair of walking legs in the male. In the female, they are located at the base of the middle pair of walking legs. Female hermit crabs usually lay their eggs shortly after copulating (mating) but they can also store sperm (male sexual cell<nowiki/>s) for many months. The eggs are fertilised as they are laid by passing through the chamber holding the sperm. The eggs are carried and hatched in a mass attached to the abdomen inside the shell. The number of eggs is usually large, but depends on the animal's size.

## As pets

Basic needs to keep pet Hermit Crabs:
- Humidity gauges (humidity: 75- relative)
- Temperature gauges (temperature: 70-75 °F)
- Substrate: sand, coconut fiber (must be deep and soft enough to dig in so that crabs can molt)
- Minimum of a 5 gallon tank for one crab; and 10 gallon tank for about 20 crabs
- Shells (shells are changed during growth)
- Separate molting tank[dubious – discuss]
- Fresh water dish
- Salt water pool for submerging (aquarium salt)
Corinne Enaudeau

**Corinne Enaudeau** is a French philosopher. She is the daughter of Jean-François Lyotard.

A teacher in philosophy in the Lycée Henri-IV of Paris and the Lycée Janson de Sailly, she is also the program director of International College of philosophy of Paris.

## Main works

- _Là-bas comme ici. Les paradoxes de la représentation_, Gallimard, coll. « Connaissance de l'inconscient - Série Tracés », 1998.
- See also
- (Dir. with Patrice Loraux)_La méthode de l'expédient_, Collège International de Philosophie - Le Collège en Actes, Kimé, 2006.
- (With Jean-François Nordmann, Jean-Michel Salanskis and Frédéric Worms) _Les Transformateurs Lyotard_, Collège International de Philosophie, Sens & Tonka, 2008.
- She has translated _Manifesto of the Communist Party_ by Marx and Engels and the _Critique of the Gotha Program_ by Marx.
People's Alliance for Democracy

The **People's Alliance for Democracy** (PAD) is a political pressure group in Thailand. It was originally a coalition of protestors against the government of Thaksin Shinawatra. It called for the resignation of Shinawatra and two later prime ministers, Samak Sundaravej and Somchai Wongsawat. It is also called the **National Liberation Alliance** or the **Yellow Shirts** after the colour of the clothes they wear. It started from accusations of fraud against Shinawatra's business deals.

In November 2008, the PAD seized Donmuang and Suvarnabhumi Airports to force Prime Minister Somchai Wongsawa to resign. The airports had to close. In 2011 they camped outside Government House for almost 200 days to protest about government policy.

Supporters wear yellow shirts with a hat that has a Latin message _liberate_ (). They wear a blue scarf and they use tools that to make the sound like clapping hands ().
Naresuan

**King Naresuan The Great**. (, , , , ) or **Sanphet II** (, , ), (1555/1556 – 25 April 1605) was the 18th monarch of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and 2nd monarch of the Sukhothai dynasty. He was the king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom from 1590 and overlord of Lan Na from 1602 until his death in 1605. His father was King Mahathammaracha and his mother was Queen Wisutkhasat. King Narasuan had one older sister named Princess Suphan Thewi (Supankanlaya) and one brother named King Ekathotsarot (Phra-Ong-Khao).

The Burmese King Bayinnong moved his troops to attack Ayutthaya, and he conquered it. So, he asked for King Naresuan as his adopted child while Naresuan was 9 years old. When Naresuan was 16, King Mahathammaracha wanted Naresuan to come back to be a viceroy of Phitsanulok and gave Princess Suphan Kanla Ya instead as the captive from Phitsanulok.

## Major events in the life of King Naresuan

**B.E. 2113** He fought with Khmer's troop and he won.

**B.E. 2114** He was established (set up) to be a governor of Phitsanulok when he was 16.

**B.E. 2117** He fought at Viengjan, and he has a smallpox. So he came back to Phitsanulok.

**B.E. 2121** He fought for driving out Phaya Jeen Jan Tu from Ayutthaya.

**B.E. 2127** He proclaimed peace at Krang province.

**B.E. 2127-2130**  Burman sent armies to attack Thai but Burman lost.

**B.E. 2133** He reigned Ayutthaya when he was 35 years old.

**B.E. 2135** Made war with Mang Ka Yoe Cha Wa.

**B.E. 2138 and 2141** He fought with Hong Sa Wa Dee.

**B.E. 2148**  He died at Tung Keaw, Hang luang when he was 50 years old.
South Thailand insurgency

The **insurgency in Southern Thailand** is a violent rebellion that is taking place in three southern provinces of Thailand. There are Naratiwat Pattani, and Yala. Most of the people that live in these provinces are not related to Thai people. They are Muslim Malays.

## Background

The rebellion started in the 19th century, when the British and the King of Siam agreed on the border between Siam and Malaya. The British took Kedah and Kelantan, and Pattani became part of Siam. The sultan of Pattani was removed and his kingdom was split into three provinces. Ever since then, the Malay people of this region have wanted to get their independence back, or to join Malaysia as a state.

## Recent history

The unrest in the southern provinces is one of the biggest problems in Thailand. There is an armed struggle against the government. There are many severe attacks on civilians too, mostly considered terrorism. Since it has happened, some Thai families had to move out from the site because the problems changed their lives. They were also scared of what would happen with them.