juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Withernsea

**Withernsea** is a town on the A1033 road in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. In 2001 there were 5,980 people living in Withernsea.
Buntingford

**Buntingford** is a town near the A10 road in Hertfordshire, England. In 2001 there were 4,820 living in Buntingford.
Buckingham

**Buckingham** is a town in Buckinghamshire, England. It is to the west of Milton Keynes and to the north of Aylesbury. In 2001, 11,572 people were living in Buckingham.
Attleborough

**Attleborough** is a town near the A11 road in Breckland District, Norfolk, England. In 2001 there were 9,702 people living in Attleborough.
Eye, Suffolk

**Eye** is a town in Suffolk, England. In 2001, the town had a population of  2,000 people. Eye is near the A140 road.

## Twin town

Eye is twinned with
 Pouzauges.
Brigg

**Brigg** is a small market town in North Lincolnshire, England. In 2001, it was shown that the population of Brigg was 5,076 in 2,213 households.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **static image**: Market Place, Brigg.jpg
- **static image caption**: Brigg Market Place
- **official name**: Brigg
- **population**: 5,076
- **population ref**: (United Kingdom Census 2001, 2001 census)
- **unitary england**: North Lincolnshire
- **lieutenancy england**: Lincolnshire
- **region**: Yorkshire and the Humber
- **constituency westminster**: Brigg and Goole (UK Parliament constituency), Brigg and Goole
- **post town**: BRIGG
- **postcode district**: DN20
- **postcode area**: DN,
- **dial code**: 01652
- **os grid reference**: TA003073
- **london distance mi**: 140
- **london direction**: S
Market Rasen

**Market Rasen** is a town and civil parish in West Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England. In 2001 there were 3,230 people living in Market Rasen.
Gainsborough

**Gainsborough** is a town and civil parish in West Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England. In 2001 there were 16,869 people living in Gainsborough.
Tyldesley

**Tyldesley** is a village in Greater Manchester, England. Tyldesley has a library.
Basildon

**Basildon** ( ) is a large town in Essex, England. It had a recorded population of 115,955 at the 2021 census. In 1931, the town had a population of 1,159. It was then expanded when it became a new town in the late 1940s. It lies  east of Central London,  south of the city of Chelmsford and  west of the city of Southend-on-Sea.

## Other websites

- Basildon Council
- Basildon Heritage
- Basildon Borough History – Basildon
- Basildon History Online
- Gateway 97.8 – Community Radio station
- Basildon Radio – Basildon local Internet Radio station

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Basildon
- **country**: England
- **region**: East of England
- **population**: 115,955
- **os grid reference**: TQ7389
- **post town**: Basildon
- **postcode area**: SS
- **postcode district**: SS13 – SS16
- **dial code**: 01268
- **constituency westminster**: Basildon and Billericay (UK Parliament constituency), Basildon and Billericay
- **constituency westminster1**: South Basildon and East Thurrock (UK Parliament constituency), South Basildon and East Thurrock
- **london direction**: WSW
- **shire district**: Borough of Basildon, Basildon
- **shire county**: Essex
- **static image name**: Image:Basildon Precinct - geograph.org.uk - 261332.jpg
- **static image caption**: Basildon town square, looking east
Wickford

**Wickford** is a town in Essex, England near Basildon. Wickford has a railway station.
Baldock

**Baldock** is a town near the A1 road in Hertfordshire, England. There is a service station on the A1 called Baldock service station.
Lymington

**Lymington** is a town on the A337 road in Hampshire, England. Lymington has a hospital.

## Related pages

- Lymington Branch Line
Holarctic

The **Holarctic** ecozone refers to the habitats found throughout the northern continents of the world as a whole.

This region is divided into the Palearctic and the Nearctic. The palearctic is Northern Africa and all of Eurasia, with the exception of Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The Nearctic is North America north of southern Mexico.

These are further subdivided into a variety of ecoregions.  Many ecosystems, and the animal and plant communities that depend on them, are found across multiple continents in large portions of this ecozone.

The continuity of these ecosystems results from the shared glacial history of this ecozone. Also, during glacial periods, mammal fauna was able to cross from Asia to North America via the Bering Strait.
Moodabidri

**Moodabidri** is a town in India. It is in the Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka state. It is 37 km away from the district headquarters, Mangalore. People there speak Tulu, Konkani and Kannada. This place consist of many notable tourist spots like Thousand Pillar Temple, Kadalakere Nisarga Dhama, Hanuman Temple, Soans farm, Butterfly park, Beluvai, Satynarayana temple etc. This place is famous for its heritage and monuments . Many jain basadi's (temples of Jain religion) are the places to visit.

Moodabidri is known for its peaceful atmosphere and green surroundings. The town celebrates many local festivals that bring people together, including traditional dance and music events.

Agriculture is an important part of life here, with many families growing crops like coconut and areca nut. Moodabidri also has schools and small markets that serve the local community. Visitors come not only for temples but also to enjoy the natural beauty and friendly culture of the town.
Afrotropic

The **Afrotropic** is one of the Earth's eight ecozones. The zone was formerly known as the **Ethiopian Zone**.

The zone includes Africa south of the Sahara, the southern and eastern parts of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran, extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the islands of the western Indian Ocean. Almost all this land was part of the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana, which started to break up 150 million years ago.

## Major ecological regions

Because Africa is a very large continent, and runs north/south acrsoss the equator, the zone has many different climates and habitats.

Most of the Afrotropic, has a tropical climate. A broad belt of deserts separate the Afrotropic from the Palearctic ecozone, which includes northern Africa and temperate Eurasia.

### Sahel and Sudan

South of the Sahara, two belts of tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas and shrublands run east and west across the continent, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ethiopian Highlands.

Immediately south of the Sahara lies the Sahel belt, a transitional zone of semi-arid short grassland and Acacia savanna.

Rainfall increases further south in the Sudan, a belt of taller grasslands and savannas. The Sudanian savanna is home to two great flooded grasslands and savannas, the Sudd wetland in the Sudan, and the Niger Inland Delta in Mali.

### Southern Arabian woodlands

South Arabia, mostly Yemen and parts of western Oman and southwest Saudi Arabia, has few permanent forests. Otherwise woodlands scatter the land and are very small Juniper or Acacia forests.

### Forest zone

A belt of lowland tropical moist broadleaf forests, runs across most of equatorial Africa.

The largest tropical forest zone in Africa are the forests of the Congo Basin in Central Africa. A belt of tropical moist broadleaf forest also runs along the Indian Ocean coast, from southern Somalia to South Africa.

### East Africa

The Great Rift Valley gives East Africa its unique mix of deep lakes, highlands, volcanoes and grassland.

- Acacia-Commiphora grasslands
- Serengeti
- Lake Victoria
- Ngorongoro
- Olduvai Gorge

### Southern African

Woodlands, savannas, grasslands and desert.
- Namib Desert
- Kalahari Desert

### Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands

Madagascar and neighboring islands form a distinctive sub-region of the ecozone, with numerous endemic taxa like the lemurs.

Madagascar and the Seychelles are not part of Africa, and that explains why the advanced primates of Africa (monkeys, apes) are not found in Madagascar. This is because Madagascar has not been connected to Africa since the break-up of Gondwana. Lemurs are found occupying more or less the same ecological niches as monkeys do in Africa.

Other Indian ocean islands, like the Comoros and Mascarene Islands, are volcanic islands that formed more recently. Madagascar contains several important biospheres: its biodiversity and numbers of unique species is high.
- Madagascar dry deciduous forests
- Madagascar spiny thickets
- Eastern Madagascar lowland rainforests
York Cottage

**York Cottage** was the home of King George V and Queen Mary when they were Duke and Duchess of York.  It is currently used as the Estate Office for Sandringham House.  Some of the building is also used as flats for estate employees and holiday accommodation.

King George V and his wife, Queen Mary, lived in the house after their marriage in 1893.
Midhurst

**Midhurst** is a town in West Sussex, England. In 2001 there were 4,889 people living in Midhurst.
Newcastle-under-Lyme

**Newcastle-under-Lyme**, known locally as just **Newcastle**, is a market town in the ceremonial county of Staffordshire in England, near to the city of Stoke-on-Trent. It is located in the Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, near to the borders with Shropshire and Cheshire.

In 2011, the town had a population of 75,082 people.

The "Newcastle" part of the town's name comes from the town being the location of a new castle in the 12th century. The "Lyme" part of the name could refer to the Lyme Brook, a stream of the River Trent, or the Forest of Lyme that covered the area with lime trees in the Middle Ages.

The town is home to Newcastle-under-Lyme School, an independent school. The school was established in the 17th century.

In the 18th century, Newcastle was an important coaching town, located on the main road from Liverpool and Manchester to Birmingham and London.

In 2023, Newcastle-under-Lyme celebrated 850 years since its first Royal Charter which was granted in 1173.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Newcastle-under-Lyme
- **country**: England
- **region**: West Midlands
- **static image name**: Ironmarket,_Newcastle-Under-Lyme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2101001.jpg
- **static image caption**: Ironmarket
- **static image alt**: Ironmarket, Newcastle-under-Lyme
- **population**: 75,082
- **os grid reference**: SJ848459
- **map alt**: A map of the county of Staffordshire, with a red dot showing the position of Newcastle-under-Lyme
- **label position**: right
- **post town**: NEWCASTLE
- **postcode area**: ST
- **postcode district**: ST5
- **dial code**: 01782
- **constituency westminster**: Newcastle-under-Lyme (UK Parliament constituency), Newcastle-under-Lyme
- **unitary england**: Borough of Newcastle-under-Lyme, Newcastle-under-Lyme
- **lieutenancy england**: Staffordshire
Matlock, Derbyshire

**Matlock** is a town on the A6 road in Derbyshire, England. In 2001 there were 9,496 people living in Matlock. Matlock gives its name to the lead based mineral named **Matlockite**.
Koteshwara

**Koteshwara** is a village in India. It is in Udupi district of Karnataka state. It is near Kundapur town.
Radiated tortoise

The **radiated tortoise** is a type of tortoise. It has vibrant yellow streaks down its bumpy black shell.  It lives in southern and hotter parts of Madagascar. It can stay alive up to about 50 years in the wild and about 100 years in captivity.

## Description

The radiated tortoise has a black patch on its head.  Its scaly legs are yellow.  Its shell is its most impressive feature.  The shell is black and bumpy with a pattern of yellow stripes on it.  The radiated tortoise can weigh up to 35 lbs.

## Diet

The radiated tortoise likes to use the same food source many times before choosing a new one.  They eat seeds, fruit, succulent plants and shrubs.  They get their water from water pools on rocks.  It is very hot so they have to stay hydrated.

## References

- http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/ReptilesAmphibians/Facts/FactSheets/Radiatedtortoise.cfm
- http://www.rosamondgiffordzoo.org/assets/uploads/animals/pdf/RadiatedTortoise.pdf
Tring

**Tring** is a town near the A41 road and Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire, England. In 2001 there were 12,027 people living in Tring.
Clitheroe

**Clitheroe** is a town near the A59 road in Lancashire, England. In 2001 there were 14,697 people living in Clitheroe.
Australasian realm

The **Australasian zone** is an ecological region which fits the geographic region of Australasia. That means Australia, New Guinea and neighbouring islands. The northern boundary is the Wallace Line.

The ecozone includes Australia, the island of New Guinea (including Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian province of Papua).

The smaller islands include the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago, including the island of Sulawesi, the Moluccan islands (the Indonesian provinces of Maluku and North Maluku) and islands of Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Flores, and Timor, often known as the Lesser Sundas.

The Australasian ecozone also includes several Pacific island groups, including the Bismarck Archipelago, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and New Caledonia. New Zealand and its surrounding islands are a distinctive sub-region of the Australasian ecozone.  The rest of Indonesia is part of the Indomalayan ecozone.

The Australasian continental plate was once attached to Antarctica as part of the Gondwana supercontinent. The peculiarity of its flora and fauna is due to its long separation from the rest of the world. Apart from some birds, and until recent introductions by man, the native life had been undisturbed by invasions. The ecozone has the only two living monotremes, and has no native eutherian mammals.

Almost all its native mammals (except the two monotremes) are marsupials. The indisputable remains of Australian placental mammals started from the Miocene, when Australia moved closer to Indonesia. After 15 million years ago (mya) bats appeared in the fossil record, and after 5-10 mya rodents did, and 1 mya rats arrived. This information is based on the fossil record. Several thousand years ago, man brought the dingo, and 200 years ago many more species. This information applies to Australia. The fauna of New Zealand, and the Pacific islands shows a different pattern. There the migrations from the Indomalayan ecozone mostly did not arrive.

Alfred Russell Wallace found the dividing line between the Australasian ecozone and the rest of the world. It runs between the islands of Lombok (Australasia) and Bali (Indomalaya).

## Related pages

- Australasia
- Gondwana
- Biogeography
- Wallace Line
- Animals of New Zealand
A Dog of Flanders

***A Dog of Flanders*** was written in 1872 by English author Marie Louise de la Ramée.  It is about a dog named Patrasche who ends up living with an artist named Nello and his grandfather, Jeehan Daas.

Several movies and TV series have been made based on this book. Among them are:
- A Dog of Flanders (1959 movie)
- A Dog of Flanders (1999 movie)
John Payne

**John Payne** (May 28, 1912 – December 6, 1989) was an American actor and singer.

## Career

John Payne began his career playing a small role in the William Wyler movie _Dodsworth_ (1936). In 1938 he got a role in the comedy _College Swing_, directed by Raoul Walsh. He appeared on Broadway from 1935 to 1939. His first starring role was playing a boxer Steve Nelson in _Kid Nightingale_ (1939), directed by George Amy. John Payne work with Randolph Scott and Maureen O'Hara in the war movie _To the Shores of Tripoli_ (1942), directed by H. Bruce Humberstone.

In 1946 he got the role co-starring in _Miracle on 34th Street_ (1947), directed by George Seaton. Another great movie starring Payne was _Kansas City Confidential_ (1952), directed by Phil Karlson. In this movie Payne plays an ex-convict trying to become a part of society who people think robbed many armored car.

He has also been a regular performer in Westerns movies _El Paso_ (1949), _The Eagle and the Hawk_ (1950) and _Passage West_ (1951) directed by Lewis R. Foster, _The Vanquished_ (1953), directed by Edward Ludwig, _Silver Lode_ (1954), directed by Allan Dwan, _Rails Into Laramie_ (1954) directed by Jesse Hibbs, _Santa Fe Passage_ (1955) directed by William Witney, _The Road to Denver_ (1955), directed by Joseph Kane, _Tennessee's Partner_ (1955), where he worked with Ronald Reagan, directed by Allan Dwan, and _Rebel in Town_ (1956) by Alfred L. Werker.

## Television

John Payne also had success in television. He was the star of western _The Restless Gun_. It was a television series broadcast on NBC between 1957 and 1959, Payne starred as Vint Bonner, a lone cowboy and former Confederate soldier. He also made appearances in _Zane Grey Theater_ (1957), _The Dick Powell Show_ (1962), _The Name of the Game_ (1968), _Gunsmoke_ (1970), _Cade's County_ (1971), and _Columbo_ (1975).

## References

- _Best Western Movies: Winning Pictures, Favorite Films and Hollywood B Entries_, by John Howard Reid
- _Movie Mystery & Suspense_, by John Howard Reid

## Other websites

- John Payne in Lux Radio Theater: _Miracle on 34th Street_ (1948)  (Downloadable mp3 and streaming audio)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Payne
- **image**: Restless Gun John Payne 1957.JPG
- **birth name**: John Howard Payne
- **birth place**: Roanoke, Virginia, U.S.
- **death place**: Malibu, California, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: actor / singer
Plucking (glaciation)

**Glacial plucking** is when a glacier freezes into the side of a valley and it pulls rock away.
Stoke Fleming

**Stoke Fleming** is a village and civil parish on the A379 road and Start Bay, South of Dartmouth in South Hams, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 1,012 people living in Stoke Fleming. Stoke Fleming has a Library and a primary school.
Another Perfect Day

***Another Perfect Day*** is the sixth album by the British heavy metal band Motörhead. The album was released in 1983 and reached number 20 in the UK charts.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Another Perfect Day
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Motörhead
- **released**: 4 June 1983
- **recorded**: Olympic Studios, Eel Pie Studios, London, February–March 1983
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, speed metal
- **length**: 44:09 (Original)
 57:31 (Reissue)
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Bronze Records, Bronze (UK) (1983)
Mercury Records, Mercury (U.S.) (1983)
Essential Records (London), Essential (Reissue)
- **producer**: Tony Platt
- **prev title**: What's Words Worth?
- **prev year**: 1983
- **next title**: No Remorse (Motörhead album), No Remorse
- **next year**: 1984
Swilland

**Swilland** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there ware 164 people living in Swilland. Swilland has a church called St Mary.
Newcastle Waters

**Newcastle Waters** is a small settlement near the Stuart Highway in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is 777 km north of Alice Springs and 705 km south of Darwin. It is inside Newcastle Waters station, a large cattle station with over 45,000 head of cattle. The station covers 10,353 square kilometers. The nearest petrol station and accommodation is found 23 kilometres (14 miles) south at Elliott.

Newcastle Waters was named by the explorer, John McDouall Stuart in 1861. He named it after the Duke of Newcastle. The waterhole Stuart discovered is now called the Longreach Hole. When the Australian Overland Telegraph Line was built, a relay station was built at Newcastle Waters in 1870. The cattle station was set up in 1883. In 1930 the government set aside an area of the station for a town site. It was an important stop for moving cattle herds through the Northern Territory. However in the 1960's as cattle were moved by trucks, the town was abandoned. The buildings in the town are now in poor condition.

## Other websites

- The Age Newcastle Waters
Eastern Caribbean Central Bank

The **Eastern Caribbean Central Bank** is the central bank of a group of six independent Caribbean nations, namely:
- Antigua and Barbuda,
- Grenada,
- Saint Kitts and Nevis,
- Commonwealth of Dominica,
- Saint Lucia,
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
and 2 British overseas territories
- Anguilla,
- Montserrat.

It was set up in October 1983 in order to keep the East Caribbean dollar (EC$) stable, to regulate the banking system and to help the balanced growth and development of member states. Its headquarters are in Basseterre, on the island of St. Kitts.

All of the ECCB members are also a part of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS).

## Related pages

- East Caribbean dollar
- Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange

## Other websites

- Eastern Caribbean Central Bank Web site

## Infobox (central bank)

- **bank name**:
- **headquarters**: Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, St. Kitts
Framlingham railway station

**Framlingham railway station** is a railway station in Framlingham, Suffolk, United Kingdom. It opened in 1859, and ended passenger service in 1952. Freight service ended in 1963.

## Other websites

- Framlingham station on navigable 1946 O. S. map

## Infobox (uk disused station)

- **name**: Framlingham
- **image name**: The Former Railway Station, Framlingham - geograph.org.uk - 1909559.jpg
- **caption**: The former station, now retail space
- **locale**: Framlingham
- **borough**: Suffolk
- **original**: East Suffolk Railway
- **pregroup**: Great Eastern Railway
- **postgroup**: London and North Eastern Railway
Eastern Region of British Railways
- **platforms**: 1
- **years**: 1 June 1859
- **events**: Opened
- **years1**: 3 November 1952
- **events1**: Closed to passengers
- **years2**: April 1963
- **events2**: Closed
Westerfield railway station

**Westerfield** is a railway station in Westerfield Suffolk, England. The station is a junction of the Felixstowe Branch Line to Felixstowe, and the East Suffolk Line to Lowestoft. The station is 6 km (3½ miles) east of Ipswich. Westerfield is a small village north of Ipswich and the station is on the south side of the village.

## Infobox (uk station)

- **name**: Westerfield
- **code**: WFI
- **image**: Westerfield Railway Station 2010.jpeg
- **manager**: National Express East Anglia
- **locale**: Westerfield
- **borough**: Suffolk Coastal
- **lowusage0405**: 6,892
- **lowusage0506**: 8,197
- **lowusage0607**: 8,461
- **lowusage0708**: 9,764
- **lowusage0809**: 11,100
- **lowusage0910**: 11,688
- **platforms**: 2
Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

- _Not to be confused with the Caribbean Court of Justice._
The **Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court** (**ECSC**) is a higher court for the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), including six independent states: Antigua and Barbuda, the Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and three British Overseas Territories (Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, and Montserrat). It has unlimited jurisdiction in each member State.

## History

The ECSC was set up in 1967 by the West Indies Associated States Supreme Court Order No. 223 of 1967. In Grenada, the Court is called "the Supreme Court of Grenada and the West Indies Associated States". See section 105 of the Grenada Constitution.

## Functions

The functions of the ECSC are as follows:
- To interpret and apply the laws of the various member states of the OECS;
- To decide cases of both civil and criminal matters;
- To hear appeals.

## Composition

|Name|State|Position|Elected|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Brian George Keith Alleyne||Chief Justice|2003|
|Denys Arthur Barrow||Justice of Appeal|2005|
|Hugh Anthony Rawlins||Justice of Appeal|2005|
|Ola Mae Edwards||Justice of Appeal|2007|
|Esbon Anthony Ross||Managing Judge|2006|
|Janice Mesadis George-Creque||High Court Judge|2003|
|David Courtenay Harris||High Court Judge|2007|
|Indra Hariprashad-Charles||High Court Judge|2000|
|Rita Joseph-Olivetti||High Court Judge|2001|
|Janice Mesadis George-Creque||High Court Judge|2003|
|Davidson Baptiste||High Court Judge|2001|
|Claire Henry||High Court Judge|2001|
|Francis Mortimer Cumberbatch||High Court Judge|2007|
|Janice Mesadis George-Creque||High Court Judge|2003|
|Francis Belle||High Court Judge|2003|
|Ianthea Leigertwood-Octave||High Court Judge|2005|
|Kenneth Andrew Charles Benjamin||High Court Judge|1993|
|Sandra Prunella Mason||High Court Judge|2005|
|Brian Cottle||High Court Judge|2007|
|Frederick Victor Bruce-Lyle||High Court Judge|2000|
|Gertel Thom||High Court Judge|2005|
|Cheryl Mathurin||High Court Judge|2013|
|Pearletta Lanns||Master|2007|

## Location

The Headquarters of the ECSC is in the Heraldine Rock Building, Waterfront, Castries, Saint Lucia. The building houses the Justices of Appeal’s chambers, the Court of Appeal Registry, the Judicial Education Institute, Library, and the Administrative Services.

Also, there are Court Offices in the nine Member States, which house the chambers of the High Court Judges and the offices of the High Court Registry. Each High Court Registry is headed by a legally trained Registrar to give administrative and legal support for the working of the High Court.

## Related pages

- Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
- Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)
- Caribbean Court of Justice

## Other websites

- Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court website
Pope John XIX

**Pope John XIX** (;   -died October 1032), born **Romanus**, was an Italian bishop of the Roman Catholic Church and the 145th Pope from 1024 to 1032.

## Early life

Romanus was born in Rome to the noble Tusculum family. He was the brother of Pope Benedict VIII and the uncle of Pope Benedict IX.

## Pope

Romanus was elected pope in 1024. His family used his money and influence to make Romanus the pope. This was called simony.  He chose the name Pope John, and he is known as John XIX.

After his election, Pope John became a priest and a bishop.

John XIX is credited as the first pope to grant an indulgence.

His successor was his nephew, who became known as Benedict IX.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes from the Tusculum family

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Popes in sequence
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Deacon Romano

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: John XIX
- **image**: B Johannes XIX.jpg
- **birth name**: Romanus
- **death date**: October 1032
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **term start**: May 1024
- **term end**: October 1032
- **predecessor**: Pope Benedict VIII
- **successor**: Pope Benedict IX
- **other**: John
Martin Luther King, Sr.

The Reverend **Martin Luther King, Sr.** (born **Michael King**; December 19, 1899  – November 11, 1984) was an African American civil rights activist and the father of Martin Luther King, Jr.  He was a Baptist minister. His son – Martin Luther King, Junior – was a civil rights activist who went against racial segregation. His spouse, Alberta Williams King, was assassinated. King died on November 11, 1984 in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 84.

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: <small>The Reverend</small>
- **name**: Martin Luther King, Sr.
- **image**: Martin Luther King Sr, c1977-81.jpg
- **birth name**: Michael King
- **birth place**: Stockbridge, Georgia, Stockbridge, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **occupation**: Baptist minister
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Alberta Williams King 1926–1974 (her death)
- **parents**: James King
(1863-1933)
Delia Linsey King
(1875-1924)
- **children**: Martin Luther King, Jr. (deceased)
Christine King Farris
Alfred Daniel Williams King (deceased)
- **signature**: Martin Luther King, Sr. Signature.svg
Pico Rivera, California

**Pico Rivera** is a city in Los Angeles County, California.  It is in the southeastern part of the county, near Whittier and Montebello.  The city was formed in 1958 when the communities of Pico and Rivera came together.  Those places had been farming towns, but became residential after World War II.  At one time, there was a large factory that made Ford cars in Pico Rivera.  The city has a large Mexican-American population, with Latinos making up 88% of the population.
Open Door Policy

**The Open Door Policy** was a policy between China, the United States and several nations in Europe.  It opened trade with China to each of these nations.  Prior to that, China was a closed country.  Europe was about to fight a war to open up China by force.  This grew out of the Open Door Notes sent by United States Secretary of State John Hay to diplomats in Europe.
Benedict Arnold

**Benedict Arnold V** ( – 14 June 1801) was a general during the American Revolutionary War who began the war in the Continental Army but later changed to the British Army. While on the American side, he led the fort at West Point, New York. He planned to give the fort to the British but was caught in September 1780 and switched sides to the British Army.  He was made a brigadier general in the British Army.

Born in Connecticut,Arnold started as a merchant and sailed ships on the Atlantic Ocean. He joined the Continental Army outside Boston. Soon, he became famous for cunning and bravery. His actions included these:

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Benedict Arnold V
- **image**: Benedict arnold illustration.jpg
- **alt**: A head and shoulders profile engraving of Benedict Arnold. He is facing left, wearing a uniform with two stars on the epaulette. His hair is tied back.
- **caption**: **Benedict Arnold**
Engraving by H.B. Hall after John Trumbull
- **placeofbirth**: Norwich, Connecticut, Norwich, Connecticut Colony, Connecticut
- **placeofdeath**: London, England
- **placeofburial**: St Mary's Churchyard, Battersea, London
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **branch**: Colonial militia
Continental Army
British Army
- **serviceyears**: Colonial militia: 1757, 1775
Continental Army: 1775–1780
British Army: 1780–1781
- **rank**: Major general (United States), Major General (Continental Army)
Brigadier general#United Kingdom, Brigadier General (British Army)
- **commands**: Fort Ticonderoga (June 1775)
Quebec City (siege, January–April 1776)
Montreal (April–June 1776)
Lake Champlain fleet (August–October 1776)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (June 1778–April 1780)
West Point, New York, West Point (August–September 1780)
American Legion (Loyalist), American Legion (a Loyalist (American Revolution), Loyalist regiment, September 1780–1781)
- **battles**: American Revolutionary War
*Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
*Arnold's expedition to Quebec
*Battle of Quebec (1775), Battle of Quebec
*Battle of The Cedars
*Battle of Valcour Island
*Battle of Ridgefield
*Siege of Fort Stanwix (relief)
*Battles of Saratoga
*Battle of Blandford
*Battle of Groton Heights
- **awards**: Boot Monument
- **signature**: Benedict Arnold Signature.svg
Goblin

A **goblin** is a legendary evil or mischievous creature, described as a grotesquely evil. They are attributed with various abilities, temperaments and appearances depending on the story and country of origin.

Goblins are also manufactured as well as produced in the "_New York Goblin Factory_". These Goblins are then distributed to every 3/8 houses in sub-urban areas, with there being a maximum count of two Goblins per chosen house. It is still entirely unknown how and why these Goblins are being "_made_", but we know that they are.

There are several different types of Goblins [see below], and they are all very hard to deal with, as they are very stubborn.                                                                (note; entry of Goblins is not complete)

Common house goblin: Most common type of goblin, having colors of red, green, yellowy green, brownish green, and [_hex_] #3c8070. These Goblins typically only steal, take, hide, or re-arrange objects and furniture, not particularly specific ones in inconvenient times, just whenever they feel like it. They are also native to Latvia, New Jersey, and central Brazil.

(The) Rare Bosnian Fridge Goblin: Native to only Bosnia, but produced and distributed (very rarely) to the set houses, these Goblins are typically only 5 inches in height, and steal specific things at inconvenient times (like [_specific object name_] Gnomes). These Goblins can be scared off and out of your house with the presence of (active) lawyers, as that is their natural predator, thus being the reason they are rarely produced; quote "_We don't want those things leaving your house, even your fridge alone. It took me and the Lab Boys too long to find those things_" -

It also is a creature famous for its ugly appearance.

## Related pages

- Orc
- The Hobbit
- Troll
- Oni (folklore)
Red Forest

The **Red Forest** (, ) is in the area around the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. The forest is the trees in the 10 km² around the damaged nuclear reactor. The name "Red Forest" comes from color of the pine trees that died after taking in high levels of radiation from the Chernobyl accident on April 26, 1986. The trees became reddish-brown. People took down the trees and buried them in 'waste graveyards' while cleaning up after the disaster. The Red Forest is one of the areas in the world today with the most radioactivity.

## Other websites

- Description of Red Forest - unique ecosystem of Chernobyl zone of alienation. (_radiation dead forest ecosystem_)
- Greenpeace ten-year retrospective
- The Zone as a wildlife reserve
- More images from inside the Zone
- 25 years of satellite imagery over Chernobyl
Fasciola hepatica

***Fasciola hepatica*** (also known as the **common liver fluke**) is a parasitic trematode (fluke or flatworm) in the phylum Platyhelminthes.

It infects the livers of various mammals, including humans. The disease caused by the fluke is called _fascioliasis_. It has been classified as a neglected tropical disease.

_F. hepatica_ is worldwide. It has been known as an important parasite of sheep and cattle for hundreds of years. It causes great economic losses in sheep and cattle. Because of its size and economic importance, it has been the subject of many scientific investigations and may be the best-known of any trematode species.
Valentine's Day (2010 movie)

***Valentine's Day*** is a 2010 American romantic comedy movie. It is set in Los Angeles. It stars Jessica Alba, Julia Roberts, and Jessica Biel.

The film made $52.4 million its opening weekend.

Many people think the movie is very much like the British movie _Love Actually_.

## Awards and nominations

|Award|Category|Recipients|Result||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2010 MTV Movie Awards|Best Kiss|_Taylor Swift and Taylor Lautner_|||
|rowspan="9"|2010 Teen Choice Awards|Choice Movie: Romantic Comedy|_Film_||
|Choice Movie Actor: Romantic Comedy|_Ashton Kutcher_||||
|Choice Movie Actress: Romantic Comedy|_Queen Latifah_||||
|Choice: Chemistry|_Taylor Swift and Taylor Lautner_||||
|Choice: Breakout Female|_Taylor Swift_||||
|Choice: Liplock|_Taylor Swift and Taylor Lautner_||||
|Choice: Scene Stealer - Female|_Anne Hathaway_||||
|Choice: Scene Stealer - Male|_George Lopez_||||
|Choice: Hissy Fit|_Jessica Biel_||||
|37th People's Choice Awards|Favorite Comedy Movie|_Film_|||
|rowspan="4"|31st Golden Raspberry Awards|Worst Actor|_Ashton Kutcher_||
|Worst Actor|_Taylor Lautner_||||
|Worst Supporting Actor|_George Lopez_||||
|Worst Supporting Actress|_Jessica Alba_||||

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Valentine's Day
- **director**: Garry Marshall
- **producer**: Mike Karz
Wayne Allan Rice
- **screenplay**: Katherine Fugate
- **story**: Katherine Fugate
Abby Kohn
Marc Silverstein
- **starring**: Jessica Alba
Kathy Bates
Jessica Biel
Bradley Cooper
Eric Dane
Patrick Dempsey
Hector Elizondo
Jamie Foxx
Jennifer Garner
Topher Grace
Anne Hathaway (actress), Anne Hathaway
Ashton Kutcher
Queen Latifah
Taylor Lautner
George Lopez
Shirley MacLaine
Emma Roberts
Julia Roberts
Taylor Swift
- **music**: John Debney
- **cinematography**: Charles Minsky
- **editing**: Bruce Green
- **studio**: New Line Cinema
- **distributor**: Warner Bros./ Screen Gems
- **runtime**: 124 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: United States dollar, $52 million
- **gross**: $216,485,654
The Killer Inside Me (2010 movie)

***The Killer Inside Me*** is a 2010 American crime drama thriller movie based on the 1952 novel of the same name. It is set in Texas in 1952. It stars Jessica Alba and Casey Affleck.

## Related pages

- The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time
Machete (movie)

***Machete*** is a 2010 American action movie. It stars Danny Trejo, Robert De Niro, Jessica Alba, Don Johnson, Michelle Rodriguez, Steven Seagal and Lindsay Lohan.
An Invisible Sign

***An Invisible Sign*** is a drama movie starring Jessica Alba, J. K. Simmons, Chris Messina, Sophie Nyweide and Bailee Madison. Filming began in New York. _An Invisible Sign_ is based on the book by Aimee Bender.
Framlingham Branch

The **Framlingham Branch** was a British rail line.  It was six miles long on a single track. It went from Wickham Market railway station on the East Suffolk Line to .  There were three stations in between, , , and .

## History

Work was allowed to start on the railway in 1854, along with a line from  to , the line opened on 1 June 1859. The branch became part of the London & North Eastern Railway in 1923 and British Railways from 1948. Well used until the 1930s when passenger numbers fell due to the popularity of road transport the line closed to passenger services on 1 November 1952, and to freight on 19 April 1963.
Little Fockers

***Little Fockers*** is a 2010 American comedy movie set in Chicago. It is the sequel to _Meet the Parents_ and _Meet the Fockers_. It stars Robert De Niro, Ben Stiller, Jessica Alba, Dustin Hoffman and Barbra Streisand.
Spy Kids 4: All the Time in the World

***Spy Kids 4: All the Time in the World*** is a 2011 movie And Its Produced By Touchstone Pictures, The Weinstein Company, Dimension Films And TroubleMaker Studios. It stars Jessica Alba and Joel McHale.  It is the sequel to Spy Kids 3. In 2018, a tv show based on the Spy Kids series was made by Netflix And Disney Jr. and it was called Spy Kids: Mission Critical. A reboot of the first film of the Spy Kids film series is also in development.
Trippin'

***Trippin***' is a 2005 television series about ecology. It was made by MTV.  It featured famous people like Drew Barrymore and Jessica Alba. It was hosted by Cameron Diaz.
John Oxley

**John Joseph William Molesworth Oxley** (1784—1828) was a Royal Navy officer who became Surveyor-General of Australia, and an important early explorer. He first arrived in Sydney in 1802. He is famous for his exploration of the Lachlan River. His findings helped the later explorations of Captain Charles Sturt and Major Thomas Mitchell. He died in Sydney in 1828.

In 1901 an Australian electoral division was named Oxley after him.
First London

**First London** was a bus company operating services in Greater London. It was part of FirstGroup and operated buses under for Transport for London. It was formed in the late 1990s through the purchase of three London bus operators. First London's garages were sold off between December 2007 and July 2013 with the last closing in September 2013.

## Infobox (bus transit)

- **name**: First London
- **logo size**: 200px
- **image**: First London bus DN33509 (LK08 FMA) 2008 Alexander Dennis Enviro400 integral, route 23, 10 June 2011.jpg
- **image caption**: Alexander Dennis Enviro400 on
London Buses route 23, route 23 at Oxford Circus
- **parent**: FirstGroup
- **founded**: 26 March 1997
- **defunct**: 27 September 2013
- **headquarters**: Paddington
- **service area**: Greater London
- **service type**: Bus operator
- **fleet**: 1,004 (March 2013)
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130601021131/http://www.firstgroup.com/ukbus/greater_london/ www.firstgroup.com/ukbus/greater_london] archive 1 June 2013
Le Mesge

**Le Mesge** is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Le Mesge
- **image**: Le Mesge, Somme, France (3).JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Le Mesge.svg
- **arrondissement**: Amiens
- **canton**: Picquigny
- **insee**: 80535
- **postal code**: 80310
- **mayor**: Michel Dilly
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes à l'Ouest d'Amiens, L'Ouest d'Amiens
- **elevation m**: 73
- **elevation min m**: 25
- **elevation max m**: 112
- **area km2**: 8.73
- **population**: 173
- **population date**: 2006
Ailly-sur-Noye

**Ailly-sur-Noye** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Ailly-sur-Noye
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Ailly-sur-Noye vu depuis descente de Jumel.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Ailly-sur-Noye (80) Somme-France.svg
- **arrondissement**: Montdidier
- **canton**: Ailly-sur-Noye
- **insee**: 80010
- **postal code**: 80250
- **mayor**: Pierre Durand
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Avre Luce Noye
- **elevation m**: 57
- **elevation min m**: 43
- **elevation max m**: 143
- **area km2**: 25.35
Arquèves

**Arquèves** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

In 2006, 151 people lived there.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Arquèves
- **arrondissement**: Amiens
- **canton**: Acheux-en-Amiénois
- **insee**: 80028
- **postal code**: 80560
- **mayor**: Christophe Deloraine
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes du Pays du Coquelicot
- **elevation m**: 153
- **elevation min m**: 100
- **elevation max m**: 152
- **area km2**: 7.64
- **population**: 151
- **population date**: 2006
Autheux

**Autheux** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Autheux
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Autheux.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Autheux.svg
- **arrondissement**: Amiens
- **canton**: Doullens
- **insee**: 80042
- **postal code**: 80600
- **mayor**: Daniel Bouteleux
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **intercommunality**: Territoire Nord Picardie
- **elevation m**: 148
- **elevation min m**: 77
- **elevation max m**: 161
- **area km2**: 8.27
Barly, Somme

**Barly, Somme** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Beauquesne

**Beauquesne** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Bertrancourt

**Bertrancourt** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Bourdon, Somme

**Bourdon, Somme** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Bourdon
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Bourdon panneau 1.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Amiens
- **canton**: Ailly-sur-Somme
- **insee**: 80123
- **postal code**: 80310
- **mayor**: Anthony Delassus
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Nièvre et Somme
- **elevation m**: 24
- **elevation min m**: 8
- **elevation max m**: 78
- **area km2**: 6.97
Brocourt

**Brocourt** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Buire-Courcelles

**Buire-Courcelles** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Buverchy

**Buverchy** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Camps-en-Amiénois

**Camps-en-Amiénois** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Camps-en-Amiénois
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Camps-en-Amiénois (église) façade Sud 0129.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr CampsAmienois (Somme).svg
- **arrondissement**: Amiens
- **canton**: Ailly-sur-Somme
- **insee**: 80165
- **postal code**: 80540
- **mayor**: Linda Bon
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Somme Sud-Ouest
- **elevation m**: 120
- **elevation min m**: 85
- **elevation max m**: 129
- **area km2**: 4.54
Le Cardonnois

**Le Cardonnois** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Cerisy

**Cerisy** is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Cerisy
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Cerisy (2).JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Cerisy.svg
- **arrondissement**: Amiens
- **canton**: Corbie
- **insee**: 80184
- **postal code**: 80800
- **mayor**: Claudie Duthoit
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Val de Somme
- **elevation m**: 68
- **elevation min m**: 32
- **elevation max m**: 92
- **area km2**: 10.93
La Chavatte

**La Chavatte** is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
Chuignolles

**Chuignolles** is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Chuignolles
- **arrondissement**: Péronne
- **canton**: Bray-sur-Somme
- **insee**: 80195
- **postal code**: 80340
- **mayor**: Gérard Lagache
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes du Pays du Coquelicot, Pays du Coquelicot
- **elevation m**: 83
- **elevation min m**: 36
- **elevation max m**: 88
- **area km2**: 4.86
- **population**: 154
- **population date**: 2006
Coigneux

**Coigneux** is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
Contoire

**Contoire** is a former commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Trois-Rivières.
Coulonvillers

**Coulonvillers** is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
Courtemanche

**Courtemanche** is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
Le Crotoy

**Le Crotoy** is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
Curlu

**Curlu** is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France.
Levenshtein distance

**Levenshtein distance** is a way to calculate how different two words (or longer chains of symbols, like sentences or paragraphs) are from one another.

The simple way this works is by counting how many times you need to change one word to turn it into another word.

The three atomic 'changes' considered in this measure are: inserting a single symbol (usually a character, like letter, digit etc.), deleting a single character, and replacing (substitution) a single character with another one. Moving a character to another position in the text, swapping two characters, as well as adding, deleting or replacing longer blocks of characters (like words in a sentence) are not counted as single changes in this measure.

For example, the Levenshtein distance between "kitten" and "sitting" is 3, since the following three edits change one into the other, and there is no way to do it with fewer than three edits:

1. **k**itten → **s**itten (substitution of 's' for 'k')
1. sitt**e**n → sitt**i**n (substitution of 'i' for 'e')
1. sittin → sittin**g** (insertion of 'g' at the end).

This can be used by various websites when you change your password to make sure you're not using a similar password that can decrease the security of the website. The given minimum distance between two passwords is recommended to be 5, so that means that 5 changes need to take place between your old password and your new password for certain websites to accept your new password.

This can also be used to estimate if one text is a plagiarism from the other one.
Communauté de communes à l'Ouest d'Amiens

The **Communauté de communes à l'Ouest d'Amiens ** is a _communauté de communes_ in the Somme department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

## Made up of

This _Communauté de communes_ is made of 18 communes:
1. Ailly-sur-Somme
1. Argœuves
1. Belloy-sur-Somme
1. Bourdon
1. Breilly
1. Cavillon
1. Crouy-Saint-Pierre
1. Ferrières
1. Fourdrinoy
1. Hangest-sur-Somme
1. La Chaussée-Tirancourt
1. Le Mesge
1. Picquigny
1. Saint-Sauveur
1. Saisseval
1. Seux
1. Soues
1. Yzeux

## Related pages

- Communes of the Somme department

## References

- le splaf
- la base aspic