juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Brave and Bold

***Brave and Bold*** is a boys' book written by Horatio Alger, Jr. It was serialized (published in parts) beginning on August 5, 1872 in the New York _Weekly_. Also published in the same issue was Alger's poem "Friar Anselmo". _Brave and Bold_ was then published in book form by A. K. Loring of Boston in 1873. The story was serialized in _Reader_, an English magazine, in 1872, and was one of Alger's few stories to be so published.

Alger had lost some of his steam as the 1870s approached. He had made his literary name in exposing the horrors of life for street children in books such as _Ragged Dick_ (1866).  As the years passed, the government had taken on these horrors, studies were being conducted, and the plight of street children was being relieved. As a result, Alger was left without a literary subject. Boys' tastes were changing. They knew everything they needed to know about street boys from Alger's many novels about the poor. They wanted cowboys and Indians. Alger's publisher and his editor urged him ramp up the excitement in his books. Alger agreed, but let it be known that his moralizing would remain at its usual high level.

_Brave and Bold_ was the first in a new series of Alger novels published by Loring, and the first in which sex rears its head. Before _Brave and Bold_, the girls of the hero's age were sisters or simply prop figures. In this new book, Hester Paine, the lovely daughter of Millville's most prominent citizen and the reigning village belle, becomes a source of fascination and contention for "factory boy" hero Robert Rushton and his nemesis, the rich, snobbish, kid glove-wearing youth Halbert Davis.

_Brave and Bold_ hit a new high in Alger's work, according Edwin Hoyt, but Hoyt describes the story as a "fiasco". Gary Scharnhorst describes it as "horrifying", and lists a shooting, a stabbing, and a suicide among the book's elements. The book was reviewed by a reader of the children's magazine _St. Nicholas_; he described it as "of the sensational order" and was glad he did not meet its characters in real life. This was the last review of an Alger work published by the prestigious magazine. The book initiated the controversy over making Alger's works available to the young.

## Infobox (boys' book)

- **name**: Brave and Bold
- **image**: Horatio Alger Jr.jpg
- **image caption**: Alger, (date unknown)
- **author**: Horatio Alger, Jr.
- **country**: United States of America
- **language**: English language, English
- **series**: Brave and Bold (4 volumes)
- **genre**: Boys' book
- **publisher**: A. K. Loring, Boston, Massachusetts
- **pub date**: 1872 (serialization)
1873 (book)
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover)
Yamagata

is a city in the Tōhoku region of Japan. It is the capital city of Yamagata Prefecture. It is on the island of Honshu. It has been recognized as a special city since 2001.

The sightseeing spot of Yamagata are the peaks of the Zaou, Rissyaku Temple and Yamagata castle. This place is site of Hanagaza festival. This festival is held in August.

Yamagata is hot in summer and cold in winter.

## Other websites

- http://www.city.yamagata.yamagata.jp/
Kevin McNally

**Kevin McNally** (born 27 April 1956) mostly known as **Kevin R. McNally** is an English movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who is mostly known for his role as Joshamee Gibbs in all four of the Pirates of the Caribbean movies. McNally has also appeared in many movies such as; _Valkyrie_, _Scoop_, _Spice World_, _Johnny English_ and _The Raven_.

McNally was born in Bristol, England. McNally married Phyllis Logan in 2011. They have a son together.

McNally began his acting career at age 16 with the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. In 1973, he earned a scholarship to London's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), where he won their top acting award in 1975.
Wakayama (city)

is a city in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu. It is the capital city of Wakayama Prefecture.

It has been recognized as a core city since 1997.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Wakayama City Tourist Association
- Waiker's Guide Map to Wakayama

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name lang**: ja
- **official name**: Wakayama City
- **settlement type**: Core cities of Japan, Core City
- **image skyline**: File:Wakayama montage.jpg
- **image caption**: Wakayama Castle, Nishinomaru Garden, Saikazaki, Kimiidera Temple, Downtown Wakayama viewed from the castle keep
- **image flag**: Flag of Wakayama, Wakayama.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Wakayama, Wakayama.svg
- **image map**: Wakayama in Wakayama Prefecture Ja.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Wakayama in Wakayama Prefecture
- **pushpin map**: Japan
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Japan
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Honshu (Kansai region, Kansai)
- **subdivision type2**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **subdivision name2**: Wakayama Prefecture
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Kenichi Ohashi
- **area land km2**: 210.25
- **population total**: 360,664
- **population as of**: 1 May 2017
- **population density km2**: 1,730
- **timezone1**: Japan Standard Time
- **utc offset1**: +9
- **postal code**: 640-8511
- **blank name sec1**: City symbols
- **blank1 name sec1**: - Tree
- **blank1 info sec1**: Cinnamomum camphora
- **blank2 name sec1**: - Flower
- **blank2 info sec1**: Azalea
- **blank name sec2**: Phone number
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Nara, Nara

is a city in Japan on the island of Honshu. It is the capital city of Nara Prefecture.

It has been recognized as a core city since 2002.

## History

Many of the temples, shrines and ruins in Nara form "Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara". It is one of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It includes
- Tōdai-ji
- Kōfuku-ji
- Kasuga taisha
- Gangō-ji
- Yakushi-ji
- Tōshōdai-ji
- Heijō Palace

The Kasugayama old-growth forest is also identified as a world heritage site.

On 8 July 2022, former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was fatally shot while giving a campaign speech in Nara.

## Geography

The city is in the northern part of Nara Prefecture.  It is on the border with Kyoto Prefecture.

## Other websites

- Nara City website 
- Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara

## Infobox (city japan)

- **name**: Nara
- **official name**: Nara City
- **settlement type**: Core cities of Japan, Core city
- **image skyline**: Nara montage.jpg
- **image caption**: From top left: Mount Wakakusa, Wakakusayama Mountain Burning, Great Buddha of Tōdai-ji, Yakushi-ji, Tōdai-ji, Kasuga-taisha, Kasuga Shrine and a deer in Nara Park
- **image flag**: Flag of Nara, Nara (no text).svg
- **image symbol**: Emblem of Nara, Nara.svg
- **image map**: Nara in Nara Prefecture Ja.svg
- **region**: Kansai region, Kansai
- **prefecture**: Nara Prefecture
- **mayor**: Gen Nakagawa
- **area km2**: 276.84
- **population**: 359,666
- **population as of**: April 1, 2017
- **density km2**: auto
- **tree**: _Quercus gilva_
- **flower**: Nara yaezakura
- **bird**: Japanese bush warbler
- **city hall address**: 1-1-1 Nijō-ōji, Nara-shi, Nara-ken
- **city hall postal code**: 630-8580


## Infobox (chinese)

- **title**: Nara
- **pic**: Nara (Chinese characters).svg
- **piccap**: "Nara" in _kanji_
- **picupright**: 0.375
- **kanji**: 奈良
- **hiragana**: なら
- **romaji**: Nara
Tony Jay

**Tony Jay** (2 February 1933 – 13 August 2006) was a British actor who is mostly known for his deep voice and for his voice roles in as Shere Khan in _The Jungle Book 2_ and as Claude Frollo in _The Hunchback of Notre Dame_. Jay is also known for playing villain roles in voice and live-action movies.

Jay was born on 2 February 1933 in London, England, and was educated at the Pinner County Grammer School.

Jay was married to Marta MacGeraghty from 1974 until his death in 2006. Jay died on 13 August 2006 in Cedars-Sinia Hospital in Los Angeles, California from complications of lung cancer after having surgery to remove the tumor, he was 73 years old.

## Other websites

- Special Springbok Radio Audio Tribute

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tony Jay
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills
- **education**: Pinner County Grammar School
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1966–2006
- **children**: 1
Bob Holness

**Robert Wentworth John Holness** (November 12, 1928 – January 6, 2012) was a British radio and television presenter who is mostly known for hosting _Take a Letter_, _Blockbusters_, _Raise the Roof_, and _Call My Bluff_. Holness has also guest-starred in _Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway_. He also played James Bond in a 1956 adaptation of the Ian Fleming Novel _Moonraker made for South African radio_.

Holness was born in Vryheid, Natal, South Africa on November 12, 1928 to British parents and was raised in Ashford, Kent. He was educated at Ashford Grammar School and at Maidstone College of Art.

Holness was married to Mary Holness until his death in 2012, they had 3 children. Holness lived in Pinner, London, England and would die there on January 6, 2012 from dementia, he was 83 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Bob Holness
- **birth place**: Vryheid, Natal, South Africa
- **birth name**: Robert Wentworth John Holness
- **death place**: Pinner, London, England, United Kingdom, UK
- **occupation**: Television and radio presenter
- **years active**: 1955-2006
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **education**: Ashford Grammar School
- **alma mater**: Maidstone College of Art
- **television**: _Take a Letter_,
_Blockbusters_,
_Raise the Roof_,
_Call My Bluff_,
_WeDigTV_
- **spouse**: Mary Holness
(? – 2012; his death)
- **children**: 3, including Nancy Nova, Carol
Byblos

**Byblos** is the Greek name of the Phoenician city **Gebal** (; ; earlier **Gubla/Phoenician**:𐤂𐤁𐤋). It is said to be the oldest city in the world (according to the ancient historian Philo of Byblos).

## History Of Byblos

Byblos is a city located in Lebanon. It is called Byblos by the Greeks. The word Byblos appears in the Bible under the name Gebal. Gebal means mountains. The Greeks took the name of Byblos as their word for books, and from their word for books named the bible.

## Interesting Places

There are a lot interesting places in Byblos. The most important ones are Old Souk, Qartaba, Faraya, Abraham River, Jeita Grotto and Byblos Wax Museum. Old souk is a place where you find everything old and with a cheap price. Qartaba is a village in byblos, Qartaba means good, curing and balanced weather. In winter Faraya has a cold climate and snow, Faraya means "The land of fruits and vegetables". Abraham River is a small river also called Adonis, Adonis means "The God Of Love". Jeita Grotto is one of the most beautiful places to visit. Byblos Wax Museum is a wax museum that present historical people and everything old.

## Further reading

_Je m'appelle Byblos_, Jean-Pierre Thiollet, H & D, 2005.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Byblos
- **native name lang**: ara
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Byblos ancient ruins, Phoenician city of Byblos, Lebanon.jpg
- **image caption**: Byblos
- **pushpin map**: Lebanon
- **pushpin map alt**: Map showing the location of Byblos within Lebanon
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Lebanon
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Lebanon
- **subdivision type1**: Governorates of Lebanon, Governorate
- **subdivision name1**: Mount Lebanon Governorate
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Lebanon, District
- **subdivision name2**: Jbeil District
- **area total km2**: 5
- **area metro km2**: 17
- **population total**: 40000
- **population metro**: 100000
- **timezone1**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset1**: +2
- **timezone1 dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset1 dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Lebanon, Dialing code
- **area code**: +961
Carolyn Lawrence

**Carolyn Lawrence** (born February 13, 1967) is an American television and voice actress mostly known for her voice role as Sandy Cheeks in _SpongeBob SquarePants_, and Cindy Vortex in _The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius_. Lawrence was born in Baltimore, Maryland on February 13, 1967.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Carolyn Lawrence
- **image**: Carolyn Lawrence (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Lawrence in 2008
- **birth place**: Baltimore, Maryland, United States, U.S.
- **othername**: Caroline Lawrence
- **occupation**: Television and voice actress
- **years active**: 1989–present
Mr. Lawrence

**Douglas Lawrence Osowski** (born January 1, 1969), known professionally as "**Mr. Lawrence**", is an American voice actor, comedian, writer, storyboard artist, animator, and director. He is known for his voice roles such as Plankton, Larry the Lobster, and the Realistic Fish Head in _SpongeBob SquarePants_.

Lawrence was born in East Brunswick, New Jersey on January 1, 1969.
Māori people

The **Māori** are the indigenous people of New Zealand. They were the first people to live in the islands.

The Polynesian ancestors of the Māori came to New Zealand between 800 and in 1300 they where called lakrises. There are many theories about where the Maori came from. They arrived from somewhere in tropical Polynesia, either from the Cook Islands or the Society Islands. There is also a widely-recognised theory that the Māori people originated from Vanuatu.

Before Europeans came to New Zealand, the Māori did not need a name for themselves as a people. After Europeans came to New Zealand, the indigenous people called themselves _Māori. Māori_ means "normal" or "ordinary". They called other people, especially those who came from Britain, “Pākehā”, meaning "white person". Today, in New Zealand English "Pākehā" is often used as a name for New Zealand Europeans.

Today, over 700,000 Māori people live in New Zealand. They are an important part of the country's culture. This is why they have received special rights from the Government of New Zealand. Their native language, the Māori language, is an official language of the country along with English.

## Related pages

- Treaty of Waitangi
- Battle of Kororāreka
Walter Breuning

**Walter Breuning** (September 21, 1896 – April 14, 2011) was an American supercentenarian and former railroader, who was the oldest living man in the world.

## Biography

Breuning was born on September 21, 1896, in Melrose, Minnesota. Breuning was married to Agnes C. Breuning (née Twokey) from 1922 until her death in 1957. Lastly he married Margaret Breuning (née Vanest) from 1958 until her death in 1975.

He was a colorectal cancer survivor. From March 31, 2011 (the same day as Shelby Harris, who succeeded Breuning as the oldest living man in the United States, celebrated his 110th birthday), Breuning was hospitalized for an unspecified illness, possibly pneumonia.

He died of natural causes at the hospital on April 14, 2011 at 3:30 p.m. aged 114 years, 205 days and was survived by his niece, 3 nephews, and a great niece and nephews. He was succeeded as the oldest living man by Japanese Jiroemon Kimura, who later became the oldest man ever, and was (until Kimura surpassed his age) the third-oldest man in history, after Christian Mortensen and Emiliano Mercado del Toro.

## Other websites

- Walter Breuning, 33° Scottish Rite Freemason, speaks about the oldest fraternity in the world
- Validated Living Supercentenarians
- Great Falls Tribune's Breuning home page, with interactive timeline, photos, video, articles, links
- Walter Breuning interviewed on KRTV and on CBS
- Video of Walter reflecting on being one of the oldest male U.S. citizens
- Great Falls' Walter Breuning, one of world's oldest men, turns 111
- Report on Walter's 112th Birthday
- _News Hour with Jim Lehrer_ interview with Walter Breuning

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Walter Breuning
- **image**: Walter Breuning April 8, 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Breuning in April 2010, at the age of 113.
- **death date**:
(aged )
- **nationality**: American
- **spouse**: Agnes C. Breuning (née Twokey)
(m. 1922 – 1957, her death)
Margaret Breuning (née Vanest)
(m. 1958 – January 1975, her death)
- **occupation**: Retired Rail transport, railroader
- **parents**: John Breuning
(1864–1915)
Cora Mae (née Morehouse)
(1870–1917)
- **title**: World's oldest living man July 17, 2009 – April 14, 2011
 Third oldest recognized living person January 31 – April 14, 2011.
Deep Roy

**Gurdeep Roy** (born 1 December 1957), sometimes credited as **Roy Deep**, **Gordeep Roy**, or just **Deep Roy**, is a Kenyan-born English movie and voice actor, stuntman and puppeteer.

He has appeared in 50 movies including  _Charlie and the Chocolate Factory_, _Big Fish_, _Planet of the Apes_, _Star Trek_, _Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen_, _Mafia!_, _How the Grinch Stole Christmas_, _Corpse Bride_, and in _Star Trek_. Roy is also known for his small-size.

Roy was born in Nairobi, Kenya on 1 December 1957.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Deep Roy 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Roy at the 2014 Florida SuperCon
- **birth name**: Mohinder Purba
- **birth place**: Nairobi, Kenya
- **occupation**: Movie and voice actor, stuntman, puppeteer
- **years active**: 1976–2016
Cesar Romero

**Cesar Julio Romero Jr.** (February 15, 1907 – January 1, 1994) was an American actor and activist. He was in movies, radio works, and television programs for almost sixty years. His roles included playing lovers, historical people in costume dramas, characters in light comedies, and the Joker in the _Batman_ 1966 TV series.

## Life

Romero was born on February 15, 1907 in New York City. He was raised in Bradley Beach, New Jersey. He never married. He was a homosexual. Romero died on January 1, 1994 in Santa Monica, California from complications of a pulmonary embolism caused by bronchopneumonia. He was 86 years old.
Dana Reeve

**Dana Reeve** (née **Morosini**; March 17, 1961 - March 6, 2006) was an American actress who starred in many television programs and movies. She was born in Teaneck, New Jersey. She was featured in the television soap opera _All My Children_. She was the widow of actor Christopher Reeve. Reeve died of lung cancer in March 2006 in New York City.
World News Now

**World News Now** is a news program which began January 6 1992 on American Broadcasting Company. The overall tone of this show is humorous and irreverent. Numerous famous TV personalities, such as Alison Stewart and Anderson Cooper, have hosted the show.
East Grand Forks, Minnesota

**East Grand Forks** is a city in Polk County, Minnesota in the United States. The population was 9,176 at the 2020 Census.

It is along the eastern bank of the Red River of the North.  It is directly across from the larger city of Grand Forks, North Dakota.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: East Grand Forks, Minnesota
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: The Grand Cities
- **image skyline**: File:NDCityHall.jpg
- **imagesize**: 275px
- **image caption**: East Grand Forks City Hall
- **image map**: Polk_County_Minnesota_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_East_Grand_Forks_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 275px
- **map caption**: Location of East Grand Forks
within Polk County, Minnesota, Polk County and state of Minnesota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Minnesota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Minnesota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Polk County, Minnesota, Polk
- **subdivision type3**: Metropolitan statistical area, Metro
- **subdivision name3**: Greater Grand Forks
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1887
- **established title1**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date1**: March 7, 1887
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 15.40
- **area land km2**: 15.40
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 5.95
- **area land sq mi**: 5.95
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 9176
- **population density km2**: 595.80
- **population density sq mi**: 1543.22
- **population urban**: 68160 (US: List of United States urban areas, 411st)
- **population metro**: 103144 (US: Metropolitan statistical area, 352nd)
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 254
- **elevation ft**: 833
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 56721
- **area code**: Area code 218, 218
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 27-17612
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0643079
- **blank2 name**: Public transit
Oświęcim

**Oświęcim** (German name: _Auschwitz_) is a town in the Lesser Poland province of southern Poland. It is  west of Kraków.

During World War II the Auschwitz concentration camp was situated near this town.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Oświęcim
- **image skyline**: Oświęcim - Układ urbanistyczny AL05.JPG
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Old Market Square
- **image flag**: POL Oświęcim flag.svg
- **image shield**: POL Oświęcim COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Poland
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Lesser Poland
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: Oświęcim County
- **subdivision type3**: Gmina
- **subdivision name3**: Gmina Oświęcim, Oświęcim <small>(urban gmina)</small>
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Janusz Chwierut
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: First mentioned in 1117
- **established title3**: Town rights
- **established date3**: 1291
- **area total km2**: 30.3
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 40979
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 230
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 32–600, 32–601, 32–602, 32–603, 32–606, 32–610
- **area code**: +48 033
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: KOS
- **website**: [http://www.um.oswiecim.pl/pl/index.php?newlang=english Oświęcim]
Fachhochschule Mainz

**Mainz University of Applied Sciences** (German: _Hochschule Mainz_), is a Hochschule (university of applied sciences). It was founded in 1971.

## List of Schools

- Engineering
- Design
- Business

## Other websites

- Official Website
Tsu, Mie

is a city in the Kansai region of Japan on the island of Honshu.  It is the capital city of Mie Prefecture.

## History

Tsu originally developed as a castle town.

Tsu is known for its , which is an annual community gathering which honors the arrival of the ambassadors from Korea (_Joseon Tongsinsa_) during the Edo period. There are two other cities that celebrate Tōjin Odori: Suzuka city in Mie Prefecture and Ushimado-chō in Okayama Prefecture.

## Other websites

- Tsu City website 

## Infobox (city japan)

- **name**: Tsu
- **japanesename**: 津
- **official name**: 津市 · Tsu
- **settlement type**: Cities of Japan, City
- **mapimage**: Tsu in Mie prefecture Ja.svg
- **region**: Kansai region, Kansai
- **prefecture**: Mie Prefecture, Mie
- **area km2**: 710.81
- **popdate**: July 1, 2011
- **population**: 284969
- **density km2**: 401
- **tree**: Azalea
- **flower**: Azalea
- **image flag**: Flag of Tsu, Mie.svg
- **symbolimage**: Emblem of Tsu, Mie.svg
- **symboldescription**: Seal
- **mayor**: Yasuyuki Maeba (since May 2011)
- **cityhallpostalcode**: 514-8611
- **cityhalladdress**: 23-1 Nishi-Marunouchi, Tsu-shi, Mie-ken
- **cityhalllink**: [http://www.city.tsu.mie.jp City of Tsu]
Masters Home Improvement

**Masters Home Improvement** was the name of a series of hardware retail outlets in Australia. The chain was operated by both the Australian corporation, Woolworths Limited, and the United States-based hardware chain Lowe's. The first Masters Home Improvement store opened on 31 August 2011 to tradespeople and 1 September 2011 to the general public in Braybrook, a suburb in Melbourne.

Masters was the main competitor of Bunnings Warehouse, which is another chain of hardware outlets operated by Wesfarmers. Masters Home Improvement stores however had many differences to Bunnings Warehouse stores, including McDonald's and McCafe outlets in some of their stores, push-buttons for customer assistance and whitegoods (refrigerators, dishwashers, washers and dryers) departments.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Masters Home Improvement
- **area served**: Australia
- **key people**: Grant O'Brien (Woolworths Limited CEO), Don Stallings (Businessman), Don Stallings (CEO), Melinda Smith (COO)
- **founded**: 2011
- **locations**: 33
- **industry**: Home Improvement retail
- **parent**: Woolworths Limited (Bella Vista, New South Wales, Australia)
 Lowe's (Mooresville, North Carolina, United States)
- **homepage**: [http://www.masters.com.au masters.com.au]
Alex Clare

**Alexander George "Alex" Clare** (14 September 1985, London, England) is a British recording artist, musician and singer. His first album _The Lateness of the Hour_ was put out in 2011. He adopted his stage identity, **Alex Clare** around 2010.

In 2014, Clare and Jim Duguid won Songwriter of the Year at the ASCAP Awards Night. This was for the song "Too Close".
Rigidly rotating disk paradox

In theoretical physics, a branch of physics, the **rigidly rotating disk paradox**, sometimes called the **Ehrenfest paradox**, is a paradox concerning a rotating disk. Basically, the paradox says that when a disk (or any circular object in general) is rotated, it will have a smaller circumference than 2πr, because the radius will remain the same, but the circumference is shortened due to the Lorentz contraction. For a more detailed explanation, see below.

### Mathematical definition

If the rotating disk has an angular velocity of _ω_, and a radius of _R_, then the circumference of the disk is _ω_·**R**. So the circumference will undergo a Lorentz contraction of
. However, the radius, **R**, will not undergo a Lorentz contraction since it is perpendicular to the direction of motion.

Therefore, the circumference divided by the diameter will end up being a little bit less than .

### Alternate explanation

The simpler definition is given by the following. To an observer _X_ riding on the edge of the rotating disk, the effects of high-speed motion are still in place. So, if _X_ were to crawl along the circumference with a ruler and measure the circumference, his ruler will be shortened (due to the Lorentz contraction) and he will have to lay out his ruler _more times_ to measure the circumference. Therefore, he will measure the circumference to be _greater_ than he would measure it to be if the disk were stationary.

If an observer _Y_ were to sit on the radius of the rotating disk, he will measure the radius to be the same as he would measure it to be if the disk were stationary, since the radius is not affected by the Lorentz contraction (the radius is perpendicular to the direction of motion). Therefore, when observers _X_ and _Y_ compare their measurements, they find that

In verbal terms this means _The circumference is greater than 2π times the radius_. So, the circumference and the radius are not proportional by 2π in this case.

## Explanation for the paradox

In differential geometry, there exists a certain type of mathematical plane called a **hyperbolic plane**. In it, if you draw a normal circle, the radius will remain the same, but the circumference will be greater than 2πr. Physicists began to realize that the accelerated angular motion of the disk caused a curvature in spacetime, therefore distorting the normal flat geometric plane, causing the circumference to be greater than 2πr.

Underlying this explanation is the fact that Euclidean geometry is not the actual geometry of space, but an approximation which works well at the level of human life.

## Relation to gravity

Using an ingenious argument concerning the equivalence principle, Albert Einstein showed that the curvature in spacetime caused by the rotated disk could be a logical explanation for gravity. For more information on this topic, see Gravity and the rotating disk.
Elizabeth Ashley

**Elizabeth Cole** (better known as **Elizabeth Ashley**; August 30 1939) is an American stage, television series and movie actress. She received the Tony Award for "Best Featured Actress in a Play". She has performed in many Broadway plays and movies. She was in the television sitcom _Evening Shade_ in the 1990s. She is originally from Ocala, Florida.
Fukuoka Art Museum

is a Japanese art museum in Fukuoka Prefecture

## Collection

The museum has a notable collection of Asian art and it presents  temporary exhibitions.

Since 2004, _The Madonna of Port Lligat_ by Salvador Dalí has been on display at the Fukuoka Art Museum.

## Related pages

- Kyushu National Museum
- Dazaifu

## Other websites

- Fukuoka Art Museum website
Steven Franken

**Stephen Robert "Steven" Franken** (May 27, 1932 – August 24, 2012) mostly known as **Steve Franken** was an American movie, voice, stage, television actor, and comedian who is mostly known for his role as Chatsworth Osborne, Jr. in _The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis_. He was also in _The Lieutenant_. He played several different characters in _Bewitched_. Franken was also in the 1986 movie _The Party_. Franken was a second cousin of senator and actor Al Franken.

Franken was born on May 27, 1932 in Brooklyn, New York. Franken was married to Julia Carter until they divorced. Then he was married to Jean Franken up until his death in 2012. He had three daughters. Franken died on August 24, 2012 in Canoga Park, California from cancer, aged 80.
Robert Hughes (critic)

**Robert Studley Forrest Hughes**, AO (28 July 1938 – 6 August 2012) was an Australian-born art critic, writer and maker of television documentaries.

## Early life

Hughes was born in Sydney, Australia in 1938. He had a brother, Tom, who is a politician. Hughes died on August 6, 2012 in The Bronx, New York, aged 74.

## Career

In 1970, he became the art critic for _Time_ magazine.

## Honours

- Order of Australia, 1991
Steve Harvey

**Steve Harvey** (born January 17, 1957) is an American stand-up comedian and game show host. He is currently the host on _Family Feud_. He also hosted his other program _Steve Harvey's Big Time_.

He currently hosts the talk show _Steve Harvey_, which started on September 3, 2012.

On December 18th, 2024 a rumor started that he died, but he's alive and well.
Mr. Freeze

**Mr. Freeze** (**Dr. Victor Fries**) is a Batman supervillain in comic books published by DC Comics. He first appeared in _Batman_ #121 (February 1959) as the ice criminal **Mr. Zero**, but he was soon renamed "Mr. Freeze".

## Fictional character biography

Dr. Victor Fries was a cryogenics expert in Gotham City who was caught in a laboratory accident while attempting to cure his terminally ill wife, Nora. The accident drastically lowered his body temperature to sub-zero levels, forcing him to wear a cryogenic suit in order to survive.

_IGN_s list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Mr. Freeze as #67.

## Powers and abilities

He can generate ice around his body, encase an entire person's body in ice simply by touching them, and cause ice to rapidly form along structures through physical contact.

## In other media

The character has appeared in toys, television series, movies, and, video games. He has been played by George Sanders, Otto Preminger, and Eli Wallach in the _Batman_ television series. He was also played by Arnold Schwarzenegger in the 1997 movie _Batman & Robin_. He has also been voiced by Michael Ansara in the DC Animated Universe.
Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe

***Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe*** is an Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 fighting game released in 2008. It is a crossover video game where _Mortal Kombat_ characters fight DC Comics ones. It has an arcade mode, story mode, and practice. Players can go online with opponents worldwide.
Gangnam Style

"**Gangnam Style**" () is a K-pop song by South Korean singer PSY. The music video has been watched over 3.2 billion times on YouTube . It is the first video in the website's history that more than 1 billion people have seen. It has made people make many videos like it but in other locations, named "parodies". Barack Obama, David Cameron, and Ban Ki-moon tried the song's dance moves.

Gangnam Style continued to be the most viewed YouTube video until August 4, 2017, months since the music video for Despacito was first released.

## Arrangement

According to the sheet music that was originally published on Musicnotes.com by the Universal Music Publishing Group, the song is set in the time signature of  common time, with a fast tempo of 132 beats per minute, while arranged in the key of B minor (with the pre-chorus in B Mixolydian). PSY's vocals span from B<sub>3</sub> to F<sub>4</sub>.

## Infobox (korean name/auto)

- **hangul**: ^강남_스타일
- **hanja**: 江南스타일
- **child**: yes


## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Gangnam Style
- **alt**: A drawing of a horse stable, with Psy performing a dance. The song's title is read in  the floor with the album's title (Reading: "Psy 6 (Six Rules), Part 1" in Korean) on a sign on ceiling and the artist on the top right wall. A speech bubble is seen on the first horse on the left saying "Oppan'Gangnam Style'" in Korean.
- **type**: single
- **language**: Korean language, Korean
- **artist**: PSY
- **ep**: Psy 6 (Six Rules), Part 1
- **recorded**: 2011–2012
- **chronology**: PSY
- **prev title**: Korea
- **prev year**: 2012
- **next title**: Gentleman (PSY song), Gentleman
- **next year**: 2013
Kocaeli University

**Kocaeli University** is a university in Turkey. It is in İzmit, Kocaeli. The university has many campuses in Umuttepe, Anıtpark and other places. It is a public university.

## Faculties

- Engineering
- Medicine
- Law
- Dentistry
- Architecture and Design
- Education
- Arts and Sciences
- Fine Arts
- Communication
- Technology
- Economics and Administrative Sciences
- State Conservatory

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Kocaeli University
- **type**: Public
- **rector**: Sezer ŞENER KOMSUOĞLU
- **city**: Kocaeli
- **country**: Turkey
- **mascot**: Torch
Colin McFarlane

**Colin McFarlane** (born 15 September 1961) is a British actor. He is known for his role as Commissioner Gillian B. Loeb in _Batman Begins_ and _The Dark Knight_. In television he has appeared in _Jonathan's Creek_, _The Fast Show_, and the _Black Books_. He has starred in animated movies or television programs. He is also known for providing the voice of God in _Testament: The Bible in Animation_.

McFarlane was born in Upper Clapton, London on 15 September 1961. He is married to Kate McFarlane. They have one son named Josh.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Colin McFarlane
- **image**: Colin McFarlane at the Sasnak City Outlander Convention 2019.jpg
- **caption**: McFarlane at the Sasnak City Convention in 2019
- **birth name**: Colin Andrew Ignatius Peter McFarlane
- **birth place**: Upper Clapton, London, Upper Clapton, London, England
- **education**: The Perse School
- **alma mater**: Loughborough University
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Actor, voice actor and narrator
- **years active**: 1984–present
- **spouse**: Kate McFarlane (m. 1993)
- **children**: 1
Peggy Lipton

**Margaret Ann** "**Peggy**" **Lipton** (August 30, 1946 – May 11, 2019) was an American television actress. She played Julie Barnes in the series _The Mod Squad_ in the late 1960s and early 1970s. She also played Norma Jennings in _Twin Peaks_. Some sources mention that she was born in 1946 while others say 1947. She was born in New York City. She was married to Quincy Jones from 1974 until they divorced in 1990. The couple had two daughters, actresses Kidada and Rashida Jones.

Lipton died of colon cancer on May 11, 2019 in Los Angeles, California. She was 72.
Mary Landrieu

**Mary Loretta Landrieu** ( ; born November 23, 1955) is an American politician. She served as a U.S. Senator of Louisiana from 1997 to 2015. Landrieu is a member of the United States Democratic Party. She was raised in New Orleans.

Her brother Mitch Landrieu was the Mayor of New Orleans. Her father Moon Landrieu also served as Mayor of New Orleans.

She is considered a conservative Democrat, often opposed to the views of many others within her party. She lost re-election in 2014 to Republican U.S. Representative Bill Cassidy.

## Infobox (senator)

- **birthname**: Mary Loretta Landrieu
- **image**: Mary Landrieu Senate portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Senior Senator
- **state**: Louisiana
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **term start**: January 3, 1997
- **term end**: January 3, 2015
- **preceded**: Bennett Johnston Jr., J. Bennett Johnston
- **succeeded**: Bill Cassidy
- **order2**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Small Business, Senate Committee on Small Business
- **term start2**: January 3, 2009
- **term end2**: February 12, 2014
- **predecessor2**: John Kerry
- **successor2**: Maria Cantwell
- **order3**: State Treasurer, Louisiana State Treasurer
- **term start3**: January 1, 1988
- **term end3**: January 8, 1996
- **governor3**: Buddy Roemer
Edwin Edwards
- **preceded3**: Mary Evelyn Parker
- **succeeded3**: Ken Duncan (politician), Ken Duncan
- **order4**: Louisiana House of Representatives
- **term start4**: 1980
- **term end4**: 1988
- **birth place**: Arlington, Virginia
- **residence**: New Orleans, Louisiana
- **occupation**: real estate agent
- **spouse**: Frank Snellings
- **children**: Connor Snellings
Mary Shannon Snellings
- **alma mater**: Louisiana State University <small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>
- **signature**: Mary Landrieu Signature.gif
Nightswimming (Awake)

"**Nightswimming**" is the eighth episode of the American crime fantasy television series _Awake_, that first aired on the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) on April 19, 2012. Leonard Chang and co-executive producer Davey Holmes wrote "Nightswimming". 2.80 million watched it when it was first broadcast on television in the United States. Executive producer Jeffrey Reiner directed the episode, and critics liked the episode.

_Awake_'s main character is Michael Britten (Jason Isaacs), a detective living in two different realities after a car crash. In one reality, where he wears a red wristband, his wife Hannah Britten (Laura Allen) survived the accident, and in another reality, where he wears a green wristband, his son Rex Britten (Dylan Minnette) survived. In the "green reality", Michael helps Accountant Marcus Ananyev (Elijah Alexander) and his wife Alina (Ayelet Zurer) start a new life in the Witness Protection Program after a gang member tried to kill Marcus. In the "red reality", Michael and Hannah prepare for a new life in Oregon after deciding to move there. They go swimming at a college pool because they love each other.

Many reviewers praised the story of the "red reality", but did not enjoy the arcs of the "green reality". This episode marked the first time Rex had not appeared in an episode of the series, the show's two therapists: Dr. Jonathan Lee (BD Wong) and Dr. Judith Evans (Cherry Jones) also did not appear in it. Even though it was the eighth episode, it was supposed to be the fifth episode. The music featured in it was "Pain in My Heart" by Otis Redding. Michael is seen shirtless in two scenes of the episode, one of those scenes were filmed at an actual campus swimming pool. During filming, a woman saw Isaacs naked and questioned it. Many critics commented on the themes of "Nightswimming". It was filmed in Los Angeles, California, and eight guest actors were in it.

## Other websites

- "Nightswimming" at NBC.com

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: Awake (TV series), Awake
- **season**: 1
- **episode**: 8
- **writer**: Leonard Chang
Davey Holmes
- **director**: Jeffrey Reiner
- **music**: Pain in My Heart
- **production**: 1ATR06
- **length**: 43 minutes
- **guests**: * Laura Innes as Tricia Harper
* Elijah Alexander as Marcus Ananyev
* Ayelet Zurer as Alina Ananyev
* Steve Lawrence as Jake
* Ron Melendez as Greg Hollander
* Yasha Blackman as Vasily
* Michael Holden as Neil Shapiro
* Emmanuel Todorov as Alexander
- **prev**: Ricky's Tacos
- **next**: Game Day
Virginia Dwyer

**Virginia Dwyer Gorman** (December 19, 1919 – August 20, 2012) was an American movie and television actress. She was born in Omaha, Nebraska. She was married to Walter Gorman. She died on August 20, 2012 in her home in Manhattan, New York from natural causes. She was 92 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Virginia Dwyer
- **image**: Virginia Dwyer 1941.jpg
- **caption**: Virginia Dwyer in (1941)
- **birth place**: Omaha, Nebraska, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **occupation**: Movie and television actress
- **spouse**: Walter Gorman
Chris Lighty

**Chris Lighty** (May 8, 1968 – August 30, 2012) was an American music executive and a talent agent. He helped many artists and musicians during his career. Lighty was "one of the most powerful figures in the hip-hop business". Lighty was also the founder of Violator, a record label.

Lighty was born in The Bronx, New York City on May 8, 1968. He committed suicide by shooting himself on August 30, 2012 in his home in The Bronx. He was 44 years old.

## Infobox (person)

- **birth place**: The Bronx, New York City, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: The Bronx, New York, U.S.
- **death cause**: Suicide by shooting
- **occupation**: Music executive, Talent agent
Victor Garber

**Victor Joseph Garber** (born March 16, 1949) is a Canadian movie, television, voice, and stage actor. He has appeared in many movies. He played Thomas Andrews in James Cameron's 1997 movie _Titanic_. He also played San Francisco Mayor George Moscone in _Milk_.

Garber was born in London, Ontario, Canada on March 16, 1949. Garber came out gay in January 2013. He lives in New York with his husband, Rainer Andreesen, whom he was married since 2015.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Victor Garber (2018) (cropped).jpg
- **name**: Victor Garber
- **caption**: Garber in 2018
- **birth place**: London, Ontario, Canada
- **alma mater**: University of Toronto
- **occupation**: Actor, singer
- **years active**: 1958–present
Jonathan Hyde

**Jonathan Stephen Geoffrey King** (born 21 May 1948), better known as **Jonathan Hyde**, is an Australian-born British actor. He has lived in the United Kingdom since 1969. He is known for roles such as Herbert Cadbury in _Richie Rich_ (1994), Sam Parrish and Van Pelt in _Jumanji_ (1995), J. Bruce Ismay in _Titanic_ (1997) and Warren Westridge in _Anaconda_ (1997). His TV credits include roles such as Culverton Smith in _The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes_ and  Eldritch Palmer in _The Strain_.

King was born in Brisbane, Queensland. He moved to London in 1969. He married Scottish soprano Isobel Buchanan in 1980. The couple have two daughters, including actress Georgia King.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Jonathan Hyde by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Hyde at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con
- **birth name**: Jonathan Stephen Geoffrey King
- **birth place**: Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1972–present
- **children**: 2; including Georgia King
Billy Zane

**William George "Billy" Zane, Jr.** (born February 24, 1966), mostly known as **Billy Zane** or **Bill Zane**, is an American television, voice, stage, video game, and movie actor, music executive, and movie producer. He has appeared in over 100 movies. He played "Match" in the _Back to the Future_ trilogy and the main antagonist Caledon N. "Cal" Hockley in the 1997 James Cameron's blockbuster movie _Titanic_.

Zane was born on February 24, 1966 in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Lisa Collins from 1989 until they divorced in 1995.
Ioan Gruffudd

**Ioan Gruffudd** (born October 6, 1973) is a Welsh television, stage, and movie Actor. He is known for his roles as Harold Lowe in _Titanic_, Lt. John Beales in _Black Hawk Down_, and his role as Reed Richards in _Fantastic Four_ and _Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer_.

Gruffudd was born on October 6, 1973 in Llwydcoed, Aberdare, Cynon Valley, Wales. He has been married to Alice Evans since 2007. They have two children and currently live in Los Angeles, California.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ioan Gruffudd
- **image**: File:IoanGruffudd-20070504.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: Gruffudd in May 2007
- **birth place**: Llwydcoed, Aberdare, Wales
- **nationality**: Welsh people, Welsh
- **years active**: 1986–present
- **occupation**: Actor
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (1996)
Rashida Jones

**Rashida Leah Jones** (; born February 25, 1976 in Los Angeles) is an American actress, producer and writer who has starred in many movies and television programs. She starred in the shows _Boston Public_, _The Office_, _Angie Tribeca_ and the movie _Our Idiot Brother_. She wrote the screenplay for _Toy Story 4_.

Jones sung on the songs  "Tangled", "Secret" and "Not Coming Home" on Maroon 5's first album. In 2013 Jones directed the music video for "Brave" by Sara Bareilles.

## Early life

Jones was born to Quincy Jones and Peggy Lipton in Los Angeles. Her father is African-American. Her mother is Ashkenazi Jewish. She went to the Buckley School in California. She then went to Harvard University.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rashida Jones
- **image**: Rashida Jones 2017 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Jones at the 2017 Peabody Awards
- **birth name**: Rashida Leah Jones
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **children**: 1 son
- **father**: Quincy Jones
- **mother**: Peggy Lipton
Anal stage

The **anal stage** is the second stage in Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development theory. Freud believed the personality developed through several stages during childhood. These stages focused on the erogenous zones. The anal stage occurs between ages 18 months to three years. This is the period when a child toilet trains. According to Freud, pleasure is derived from controlling the anus (the primary erogenous zone) and the bladder. A toilet training conflict or fixation results in a rigid or disordered personality.