juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
1928 Okeechobee hurricane

The **1928 Okeechobee hurricane**, also called the **San Felipe hurricane**, was a very bad tropical cyclone. Almost 4,100 people died in the northeast Caribbean, Puerto Rico and southeast Florida to North Carolina. This hurricane had wind close to Category 5 level when it hit Puerto Rico, when it was also a large hurricane. Over 2,500 people died in the United States, making the storm one of the deadliest natural disasters in U.S. history at that time. It struck Florida at Category 4 levels.

The hurricane hit the coast in Palm Beach County, Florida and damaged many buildings.  But then it went inland.  It caused the waters of Lake Okeechobee to rise ten feet.  The lake flooded 75 miles of Florida.  Because people were not prepared for the flood, many died.  Dead bodies lay in the hot Florida sun for days. Sometimes whole families were killed, so no one was left to identify the bodies.

After the hurricane, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers built a large dike near Lake Okechobee to stop future floods.

|colspan="2"|1928 Okeechobee Hurricane|
| --- | --- |
|Formed|August 3|
|Dissipated|September 6|
|**Highest winds**|160 mph|
|Areas Affected|Lesser Antilles  Puerto Rico Hispaniola Bahamas Florida Georgia the Carolinas.|

## Related pages

- Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale, showing the difference between different categories of hurricanes
- Hurricane Maria

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Four
- **basin**: Atl
- **type**: hurricane
- **image**: 1928 Okeechobee hurricane weather map, September 13, 1928 (3208887).jpg
- **caption**: Surface weather analysis of the storm nearing Puerto Rico
- **extratropical**: September 19
- **1-min winds**: 140
- **pressurepre**: ≤
- **pressure**: 929
- **fatalities**: 4,000+
- **damages**: 100
- **year**: 1928
- **currency**: USD, $1.4 billion in 2017
- **affected**: Lesser Antilles, Guadeloupe, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Bahamas, Florida, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, East Coast of the United States, United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada
- **cycloneseason**: 1928 Atlantic hurricane season
George Cukor

**George Dewey Cukor** (July 7, 1899 – January 24, 1983) was an American movie director. He made many comedy movies and movies based on books.  Cukor directed several of RKO's most important movies such as _Little Women_ (1933). At MGM he directed _Dinner at Eight_ (1933), _David Copperfield_ (1935)  _Romeo and Juliet_ (1936) and _Camille_ (1936). He went on to direct _The Philadelphia Story_ (1940), _Adam's Rib_ (1949), _Born Yesterday_ (1950), _A Star Is Born_ (1954) and _My Fair Lady_ (1964). He continued to work into the 1980s. He was born in New York City and died in Los Angeles, California.
David Copperfield (1935 movie)

***David Copperfield*** is a 1935 black and white movie directed by George Cukor. The movie was based on the 1850 book of the same name by Charles Dickens. The movie was a great success. It was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award.

## Main cast

- Freddie Bartholomew as the young David
- Edna Mae Oliver as his aunt Betsey Trotwood
- W. C. Fields as Mr. Micawber
- Basil Rathbone as Edward Murdstone
- Maureen O'Sullivan as Dora
- Lionel Barrymore as Dan'l Peggoty
Little Women (1933 movie)

***Little Women*** is a 1933 black and white American RKO movie directed by George Cukor. The movie was based on a book of the same name by Louisa May Alcott. The movie stars Katharine Hepburn as Jo, Joan Bennett as Amy, Jean Parker as Beth, Frances Dee as Meg, Edna May Oliver as Aunt March, Spring Byington as Marmee, Paul Lukas as Professor Bhaer, Henry Stephenson as Mr. Laurence, and Douglass Montgomery as the boy-next-door Laurie. The movie is about the lives of four sisters in a nineteenth century Massachusetts village during the American Civil War. The movie was a success and was nominated for (but lost) the Best Picture Academy Award.

## Notes about the production

The movie's budget was $1 million. Four thousand people worked on the movie for a year. A lot of research was done to make all the 3,000 costumes and props look like they came from the Civil War period. The set decorator modeled the inside of the March home after Louisa May Alcott's Massachusetts house. The movie opened on November 16, 1933 at Radio City Music Hall. It broke attendance records there and earned over $100,000 during its first week of showings. Louise Closser Hale was going to play Aunt March, but she died on July 26, 1933. Edna May Oliver took the role.

David O. Selznick went back to RKO from MGM to produce the movie. He was given no credit. This was the last movie in his contract with the studio. Katharine Hepburn asked costume designer Walter Plunkett to make a special dress for her character. This dress was based on one worn by her grandmother in an old photograph (a tintype) Hepburn owned. Plunkett also had to redesign many of Joan Bennett's costumes because she was going to have a baby.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Little Women
- **image**: Katharine Hepburn in Little Women trailer.jpg
- **caption**: Katharine Hepburn as Jo from the movie trailer
- **director**: George Cukor
- **producer**: Merian C. Cooper
- **writer**: Victor Heerman
Sarah Y. Mason
Based on the novel by Louisa May Alcott
- **starring**: Katharine Hepburn
Joan Bennett
Jean Parker
Frances Dee
- **music**: Max Steiner
- **cinematography**: Henry W. Gerrard
- **editing**: Jack Kitchin
- **distributor**: RKO Radio Pictures
- **country**: United States
- **runtime**: 117 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $1 million
Public holidays in Pakistan

This is a list of public holidays in Pakistan.

## Holidays in Pakistan

|style="background: #99CC99;"|Date|style="background: #99CC99;"|English Name|style="background: #99CC99;"|Local Name|style="background: #99CC99;"|Remarks|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|5 February|Kashmir Solidarity Day|Youm-e-Yekjehty-e-Kashmir|Protest against Indian occupation of Kashmir.|||||
|23 March|Pakistan Day|Youm-e-Pakistan|For the passing of the Lahore Resolution, when a separate nation for the Muslims of The British Indian Empire was demanded.|||||
|1 May|Labour Day|Youm-e-Mazdoor|Labour Day in Pakistan|||||
|28 May|Youm-e-Takbeer|_Yōum-e-Takbīr_|Commemorates the Chagai-I and Chagai-II series of nuclear tests.|||||
|14 August|Independence Day|Youm-e-Azadi|For Pakistan's independence from the United Kingdom on August 14, 1947|||||
|9 November|Iqbal Day|Youm-e-Iqbal|Birthday of national poet Muhammad Iqbal|||||
|25 December|Quaid-e-Azam Day|Youm-e-Viladat-e-Quaid-e-Azam|Birthday of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah|||||
|Dhul Hijja 10th|Eid ul-Adha||For the end of Haj. The sacrifice offered on this day is for Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son.  It is on the 10th day of the month of Dhul Hijja|||||
|Shawwal 1st|Eid ul-Fitr||For the end of Ramadan (Ramazan). It is on the 1st and 2nd day of Shawwal|||||
|Rabi`-ul-Awwal 12th|Eid Milad-un-Nabi||Birthday of the Islamic Prophet, Muhammad. It is on the 12th of Rabi'-ul-Awwal|||||
|Muharram 9th & 10th|Ashura||Martyrdom of Imam Hussain. It is on 9th and 10th day of Muharram|||||
Kashmir (disambiguation)

**Kashmir** mainly refers to the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent shared by India, Pakistan, and China.

It may also be:
- Kashmir Valley, surrounded by Pir Panjal mountain ranges, between Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Jammu region and Ladakh.
- Kashmir and Jammu (princely state), the former princely state which came to an end in 1947.
- The Kashmir Conflict, the territorial dispute over the Kashmir region:
    - Jammu and Kashmir, area of Kashmir administered by Republic of India as a state; disputed by Pakistan.
    - Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan, areas of the disputed Kashmir region military controlled by Pakistan.
    - Trans-Karakoram Tract, an area ceded by Pakistan to China by the Sino-Pak Border Agreement in 1963.
    - Aksai Chin, an area of disputed Kashmir region administered by China as part of Xinjiang; disputed by India.

- Cashmere wool
- Cashmere goat

## Music

- "Kashmir" (song), the 1975 song by rock band Led Zeppelin from the album _Physical Graffiti_
- "_Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin_", a tribute album to Led Zeppelin
- Kashmir (band), a Danish rock band
- "Kashmir", an instrumental track by Scooter from _Back to the Heavyweight Jam_
- "Kashmir," a song by the band Liquid Blue

## Maritime

- SS _Kashmir_, P & O liner that was a troopship during World War 1
- HMS _Kashmir_, World War 2, Royal Navy destroyer
Letícia Sabatella

**Letícia Sabatella** (born March 8, 1971 in Belo Horizonte) is a Brazilian actress.

Letícia was two years old when her family moved Itajubá (MG) to the mining town of Conceição das Alagoas. Her father was an engineer at the Big Bend Power Plant. She said she learned to appreciate nature in this place full of greenery and people of different nationalities.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Letícia Sabatella
- **image**: Leticia sabatella138509 cropped.jpg
- **alt**: 200px
- **birth place**: Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- **occupation**: Actress
Eliane Giardini

**Eliane Teresinha Giardini** (born October 20, 1952 in Sorocaba) is a Brazilian actress.

Although she didn't achieve much fame until her 40th birthday, she is now considered one of the best and most beautiful Brazilian actresses. Formerly married to actor Paulo Betti, she is the mother of two girls, Juliana and Mariana Betti, both actresses themselves.

### TV

- Ninho da Serpente (as Lídia)
- Campeão (as Cristina)
- Vida Roubada (as Hilda)
- Meus Filhos, Minha Vida
- Uma Esperança no Ar (as Débora)
- Helena (as Joana)
- Caso Verdade
- Desejo (as Lucinda)
- Felicidade (as Isaura)
- Renascer (as Dona Patroa/Yolanda)
- Incidente em Antares (as Eleutéria)
- A Comédia da Vida Privada (as Helena)
- Irmãos Coragem (as Estela)
- Engraçadinha (as Maria Aparecida)
- Você Decide
- Explode Coração (as Lola)
- A Indomada (as Santa Maria)
- Você Decide (as Sílvia)
- Mulher (as Anita)
- Hilda Furacão (as Berta)
- Torre de Babel (as Wandona)
- Andando nas Nuvens (as Janete)
- Você Decide (as Ana)
- O Belo e As Feras (as Ludmila)
- Zorra Total (as Maria Rosa)
- Zorra Total (as Roxana)
- Os Maias (as The Countess of Gouvarinho)
- Os Normais (as Marta)
- O Clone (as Nazira Rachid)
- A Casa das Sete Mulheres (as Caetana)
- Um Só Coração (as Tarsila do Amaral)
- América (as Neuta)
- J.K. (as Tarsila do Amaral)
- Cobras & Lagartos (as Eva/Esmeralda)
- Eterna Magia (as Pérola)
- Capitu (as Dona Glória Santiago)
- Caminho das Indias (as Indira Ananda)
- Tempos Modernos (as Hélia Pimenta)
- Afinal, o Que Querem as Mulheres? (as Profª Noemi)
- Lara com Z (as Sandra Heibert)
- Avenida Brasil (as Muricy Araújo)

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Eliane Giardini
- **birth name**: Eliane Teresinha Giardini
- **image**: Eliane Giardini.jpg
- **birth place**: Sorocaba, Brazil
- **occupation**: Actress
Beren Saat

**Beren Saat** (born 26 February 1984) is a Turkish actress.

Saat went to Başkent University to study Business Administration. While at university, she was in the TV competition _Türkiye’nin Yıldızları _ where she finished runner up.

After being in a series of candy commercials, Saat made her television debut in _Aşkımızda Ölüm Var_.  She played Ece Uslu's sister. In 2004, she acted in _Aşkımızda Ölüm Var_ and in 2005, she had her first lead role in _Aşka Sürgün_. Then she played Yasemin Ünsal in Tomris Giritlioğlu's _ Hatırla Sevgili_.  This show gave her nationwide fame.

In 2008, she again worked with Giritlioğlu in the movie _Güz Sancısı_ (Pains of Autumn). The same year Saat played Bihter Yöreoğlu (Samar) in an adaptation of Halit Ziya Uşaklıgil's classic novel _Aşk-ı Memnu_ set in the modern day. She won consecutive Golden Butterfly Awards for Best Actress for her performance. Saat was the lead in director Serdar Akar's movie _Gecenin Kanatları_ (Wings of the Night) released in December 2009. In 2010-2012, she acted in an adaptation of author Vedat Türkali's story _Fatmagülün suçu ne?_

## Filmography

- _Aşkımızda Ölüm Var_ (2004)
- _Aşka Sürgün_ (2005)
- _Hatırla Sevgili_ (2007)
- _Avrupa yakasi_
- _Güz Sancısı_ (2008)
- _Aşk-ı Memnu_ (2008-2010)
- _Gecenin Kanatları_ (2009)
- _Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?_ (2010-2012)
- _İntikam_ (2013-2014)
- _Muhteşem Yüzyıl: Kösem_ (2015-)
- "Toy Story 3" in its Turkish-dubbed version as the voice of Barbie

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Beren Saat
- **image**: Beren Saat 17.4.15.jpg
- **birth place**: Ankara, Turkey
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 2004–present
- **spouse**: Kenan Doğulu  (2014-present)
Okan Yalabık

**Okan Yalabık** (born 13 December 1978 in Bigadiç, Balıkesir) is a Turkish actor.

Yalabık attended İstanbul University State Conservatory, Department of Performing Arts. There he was educated by professionals, one of which was Yıldız Kenter. He started his professional career in television serials in 2000. In 2011 he was granted the best actor award for Muhteşem Yüzyıl.  In 2011 he also received the best co-starring actor award for his role in Hunting Season.

## Filmography

|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Year|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Film/TV Serie/Theatre|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Role|style="background:#B0C4DE;"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|?|Sırça Kümes||Theatre|||||
|Bayrak||Theatre||||||
|Nükte||Theatre||||||
|Martı||Theatre||||||
|2000|Yılan Hikayesi|Commissar Tayfun|TV Serie, 2nd season|||||
|2001|Yılan Hikayesi|Commissar Tayfun|TV Serie, 3rd season|||||
|Aşkım Aşkım|Tarkancan|TV Mini Serie||||||
|2002|Yıldızların Altında|Engin|TV Serie|||||
|Zeybek Ateşi|Kerem|TV Serie||||||
|Gülüm|Serhat|Movie||||||
|2003|Serseri|Ömer Yelkenci|TV Serie|||||
|Çaylak|Evren|TV Serie||||||
|Başyapıt|The Compositor|Short Film||||||
|Inishmore'lu Yüzbaşı||Theatre||||||
|2004|Avrupa Yakası|Necdet Aygün|TV Serie, 1st season|||||
|Büyü|Cemil|Movie||||||
|2005|Sensiz Olmuyor|Can|TV Serie|||||
|Çapkın|Özgür|TV Serie||||||
|Sen Ne Dilersen|Stavro|Movie||||||
|Kumarbazın Seçimi|Carl|Theatre||||||
|2006|Hatırla Sevgili|Necdet|TV Serie, 1st season|||||
|Arka Sokaklar|Özgür|TV Series, 5th season||||||
|Kumarbazın Seçimi|Carl|Theatre||||||
|Kabuslar Evi: Hayal-i Cihan|Burak/Cihan|Movie||||||
|İlk Aşk|Rasim|Movie||||||
|2007|Hatırla Sevgili|Necdet|TV Serie, 2nd season|||||
|Kumarbazın Seçimi|Carl|Theatre||||||
|39 Basamak||Theatre||||||
|Donkey Xote||Turkish Voice||||||
|2008|Hatırla Sevgili|Necdet|TV Serie, 3rd season|||||
|Kumarbazın Seçimi|Carl|Theatre||||||
|39 Basamak||Theatre||||||
|Kung Fu Panda|Po|Turkish Voice||||||
|Gnomes and Trolls: The Secret Chamber||Turkish Voice||||||
|2009|Bu Kalp Seni Unutur Mu?|Kerim|TV Serie, 1st season|||||
|Güz Sancısı|Stavro|Movie||||||
|2010|Bu Kalp Seni Unutur Mu?|Kerim|TV Serie, 2nd season|||||
|Umut Yolcuları|Erhan Gül|TV Serie, 12th episode||||||
|PesPese|Kaan|Movie||||||
|Av Mevsimi|Çömez Hasan|Movie||||||
|2011|Bir İlkbahar Masalı|Melih|Movie|||||
|Muhteşem Yüzyıl|Pargalı Hasodabaşı İbrahim Pasha|TV Serie, 1st season||||||
|2012|Muhteşem Yüzyıl|Pargalı Hasodabaşı İbrahim Pasha|TV Serie, 2nd season|||||

## Other websites

- Okan Yalabık at the SinemaTurk.com

## Infobox (person)

- **caption**: in 2017
- **name**: Okan Yalabık
- **birth place**: Bigadiç-Balıkesir, Turkey
- **nationality**: Turkish people, Turkish
- **alma mater**: Istanbul University, Istanbul University State Conservatory
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1997-present
Felis

***Felis*** is a genus of small cats in the family Felidae. They include the familiar domestic cat and its closest wild relatives. The wild species are found in Europe, southern and central Asia, and Africa. The domestic cat, which may have its origin in North Africa, is now worldwide.

Members of the genus _Felis_ are all small felines, rather similar to the domestic cat. The smallest species is the sand cat, which may be less than  in length, while the largest is the jungle cat, which can reach . They live in many habitats: forests, grassland, swampland and deserts. They mostly feed on small rodents, supplementing their diet with birds and other small animals, depending on their local environment.

Genetic studies indicate that the genus _Felis_ first evolved around eight to ten million years ago, probably in the Mediterranean region.

## Species

The genus _Felis_ is currently considered to consist of six living species, although the domestic cat and Chinese mountain cat are sometimes considered subspecies of _F. silvestris_.

- _Felis chaus_ <small>(Schreber, 1777)</small> – jungle cat
- _Felis margarita_ <small>(Loche, 1858)</small> – sand cat
- _Felis nigripes_ <small>(Burchell, 1824)</small> – black-footed cat
- _Felis silvestris_ <small>(Schreber, 1775)</small> – wildcat
- _Felis catus_ <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> – domestic cat (sometimes _Felis silvestris catus_)
- _Felis bieti_ <small>(Milne-Edwards, 1892)</small> – Chinese mountain cat
- _Felis attica_<small> (Wagner, 1857)</small> – (extinct)
- _Felis lunensis_<small> (Martelli, 1906)</small> – Martelli's cat (extinct)

## Other small cats

Small cats are those smaller than the cheetah. These are small cats classified under other genera than _Felis_:
- _Caracal_: western and south Asia and Africa
- _Leopardus_: the small cats of the Americas, such as the Margay and the Ocelot
- _Leptailurus_: the Serval, southern Africa
- _Lynx_: Eurasia
- _Pardofelis_: southeast Asia
- _Prionailurus_: Asia
- _Profelis_: African golden cat, rainforests only
Aquatic plant

An **aquatic plant** is a plant that has adapted to live in the water. This can be either freshwater, such as in rivers and lakes,  saltwater as in the sea, or brackish water, as in the estuary of a river.

Some aquatic plants are partly submerged. Others are totally submerged.  Common adaptations include leaves that float on the water, and special tissue that allows to transport air and other gases inside the plant.Some plants from the water can be adapted in land.

Aquatic plants require special adaptation for living in submerged water or at the water's surface.

Hydrophytes are the plants which live completely or partially submerged in fresh water. Such plants do not face the problem of water shortage. They have developed mechanisms for the removal of extra water from their cells. Hydrophytes have broad leaves with a large number of stomata on their upper surfaces. This characteristic helps them to remove extra amount of water. The most common example of such plants is Water Lily.
Susan Smith

**Susan Leigh Vaughan Smith** (born September 26, 1971) is an American murder<nowiki/>ess.  She was born in Union, South Carolina, and was a former student of the University of South Carolina Union. She was sentenced to life in prison on July 22, 1995 for killing her two sons on October 25, 1994.

The sons were 3-year-old Michael Daniel Smith, born October 10, 1991, and 14-month-old Alexander Tyler Smith, born August 5, 1993. At the time of the murders, Smith was estranged from her husband and had a boyfriend who did not want children in his life. She believed that by killing her children, her boyfriend would want a long-term relationship with her.

## Case

The case gained worldwide attention after it was broadcast live. Smith told police that an African American man carjacked, and kidnapped her sons. Several weeks later, she confessed that she drove her car into a nearby lake. She got out of the car, and watched her sons drown inside the car. Smith later said that she suffered from mental illnesses, which made her kill her sons.

Smith's defense psychiatrist diagnosed her with dependent personality disorder and depression.

According to the South Carolina Department of Corrections, Smith will be eligible for parole on November 4, 2024, after serving at least of thirty years.  She is currently at South Carolina's Leath Correctional Institution, near Greenwood.

In 2010, _Deadly Women_ told the story of what happened that night, focusing on Smith's case and other parents that have killed their children.

## Related pages

- Charles Smith, an American criminal who killed his wife using an axe in 1916 in Dubois, Idaho.

## Other websites

- U.S. News Year in Review - Susan Smith Trial - Dec. 28, 1995 - CNN
- Michael & Alexander Smith memorial at Findagrave

## Infobox (criminal)

- **name**: Susan Smith
- **image size**: 205px
- **image caption**: Susan Smith
- **birth place**: Union, South Carolina, United States
- **conviction**: Two counts of murder
- **conviction penalty**: Life imprisonment, Life
- **conviction status**: In jail at Leath Correctional Institution
- **spouse**: David Smith (m. March 15, 1991 - May 1995, divorced)
- **parents**: Linda and Harry Vaughan
- **children**: Michael Daniel, b. October 10, 1991 (aged 3 at death)
Alexander Tyler, b. August 5, 1993 (aged 1 at death)
Both children died October 25, 1994
Filicide

**Filicide** is the act of a parent killing his or her son or daughter. The word _filicide_ comes from the Latin words _filius_ meaning "son" or _filia_ meaning "daughter" and the suffix _-cide_ meaning "to kill, murder or cause death".

Famous cases of filicides include Peter the Great, who had his son Alexei tortured and killed; Wu Zetian, who is said to have killed her own daughter to frame her lover's wife; and Susan Smith, who murdered her two sons.

## Related pages

- Homicide is the killing of any human
- Infanticide is the killing of an infant
Théophile de Donder

**Théophile Ernest de Donder** (1872–1957) was a Belgian mathematician and physicist. He was famous for work in making connections between the concepts of chemical affinity and free energy. He is said to have been the first to address the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.  De Donder’s work was later developed further by Ilya Prigogine. De Donder was an associate and friend of Albert Einstein.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Théophile de Donder
- **image**: Théophile Ernest de Donder.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: de Donder at the Solvay Conference in 1927
- **birth date**: 19 August 1872
- **birth place**: Brussels, Belgium
- **death date**: 11 May 1957
- **death place**: Brussels, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgian
- **fields**: Physicist and mathematician
- **workplaces**: Université Libre de Bruxelles
- **alma mater**: Université Libre de Bruxelles
- **academic advisors**: Henri Poincaré
- **doctoral students**: Ilya Prigogine
Jules Géhéniau
Léon Van Hove
Raymond Coutrez
- **known for**: thermodynamics, Being the father of irreversible thermodynamics
- **influences**: Albert Einstein
Aragua River

**Aragua River** is in Libertador municipality of the state Aragua in Venezuela. It starts north of the city of La Victoria at the meeting of the San Carlos and Gabante. The mouth is located in lake of Valencia (10º 10' 38" N - 67º 36' 14" W). It is  long. It goes through the towns of La Victoria, San Mateo, Cagua, La Encrucijada and Palo Negro.

## Other websites

- Wikimapia: Río Aragua
Gina Rinehart

**Gina Rinehart** (born 9 February 1954) is an Australian mining company owner and billionaire.  She is among the world's richest women.

## Early life

Georgina Hancock was born in Perth, Western Australia. She is the only child of Lang Hancock (1909-1992).

## Career

She is the head of Hancock Prospecting.

She inherited the company from her father.
Virginia Cruzon

**Virginia Cruzon** (May 25, 1921 - August 21, 2010) was an American actress and model. She began her career in show business, in the early 1940s, by doing "extra work" and "hand inserts" in movies. Cruzon worked as a "Glamour Lovely" at the Earl Carroll Theater in Hollywood. She was chosen as a “Goldwyn Girl” by MGM Studios. She was one of the "Twelve Featured Show Girls" in the movie _Ziegfeld Girl_. Virginia appeared in the movies _Down to Earth_ with Rita Hayworth and _Up in Arms_ with Danny Kaye. Her last movie performance was in 1969, with Elvis Presley in the movie _Charro!_. Virginia Cruzon died of natural causes, at the age of 89, at her home in Laramie, Wyoming.
Randstad

<imagemap>
File:Randstad.png|400px|thumb|right|Clickable schematic map of the Randstad.
circle 528 380 26 Schiphol
rect 426 356 498 436 Haarlemmermeer
rect 399 166 479 245 Velsen
circle 250 716 32 Delft
circle 220 642 60 The Hague
circle 456 569 27 Alphen aan den Rijn
circle 555 201 52 Zaanstad
circle 999 168 42 Lelystad
circle 798 474 29 Hilversum
circle 492 692 34 Gouda
circle 347 654 31 Zoetermeer
circle 944 532 40 Amersfoort
circle 521 24 33 Alkmaar
circle 442 294 44 Haarlem
circle 466 943 36 Dordrecht
circle 334 537 30 Leiden
circle 840 314 50 Almere
rect 245 738 400 869 Rotterdam
rect 13 725 81 789 Port of Rotterdam
rect 82 749 116 788 Port of Rotterdam
rect 117 778 148 803 Port of Rotterdam
rect 120 804 209 835 Port of Rotterdam
rect 158 826 247 857 Port of Rotterdam
circle 742 617 53 Utrecht (city)
circle 615 324 88 Amsterdam
</imagemap>
The **Randstad** is a conurbation in the western Netherlands. It covers the provinces of North Holland, South Holland, Flevoland and Utrecht. Big cities in the Randstad are Amsterdam, Haarlem, Leiden, Den Haag, Delft, Rotterdam, Dordrecht, Gouda, Utrecht, Hilversum and Almere. The term Randstad was first used by Albert Plesman, the founder of KLM. When he looked at it from the air, he saw that cities nearly form a circle. The Randstad covers about 20% of the area of the Netherlands. More than 40% of the population of the Netherlands live there. The cities in the Randstad are between  (Den Haag - Rotterdam) and  (Amsterdam - Rotterdam) apart. In the center is an area known as Groene Hart. Relatively few people live there.
Emergency communication system

An **Emergency communication system (ECS)** is any type of system (often using computers) that lets people or groups communicate during emergencies. These systems often include many different types of technology (such as telephones and televisions), which all work together to help communicate important messages during emergencies.

## Emergency _Communication_ Compared to _Notification_

An emergency _notification_ system can send messages in just one direction (from the sender to the person or group that receives the message). Text message services like Twitter, automatic telephone services like "Reverse 911," and the common town siren systems that are used to warn people about tornadoes and other problems, are all examples of emergency notification systems.
Nimravidae

The **Nimravidae** is an extinct family in the Carnivora. It is a type of cat-like mammal in the suborder Feliformia.
They lived in North America, Europe, and Asia from the Eocene through the Miocene epochs, 42–20 million years ago (mya). They lasted for about 22 million years.

Although some nimravids physically resembled the sabre-toothed cats of genus _Smilodon_, they were not closely related, but evolved a similar form through parallel evolution.

The ancestors of nimravids and felids diverged from their common ancestor about 50 mya. Most had muscular, low-slung, catlike bodies, but with shorter legs and tails.

## Teeth

Some nimravids did evolve into large toothed cat-like forms with massive flattened upper canines and mandibular flanges. Others had teeth similar to modern cats, with smaller canines. Some had canines more intermediate relationship between the saber-toothed cats and felids. These differences must have reflected different methods of attacking their prey.

Not only did nimravids have varied tooth styles, but they also showed the same range of size size and shape as felids. Some were leopard-sized, others the size of today's lions and tigers, and one had the short face, rounded skull and smaller canines of the modern cheetah.
Conic section

In geometry, when a cone and a plane intersect, a **conic section** results.

- Preliminary: In  elementary geometry, cones are assumed to be **right circular**. _Circular_ means that the base is a circle and _right_ means that the axis passes through the centre of the base at right angles to its plane. Contrasted with right cones are oblique cones, in which the axis does not pass perpendicularly through the centre of the base.

- Definition: A conic is the curve got by intersecting a plane, called the cutting plane, with a cone. The cone is a right circular cone for easy description, but any double cone with some circular cross-section will do.

There are three different types of sections, the parabola, the hyperbola and the ellipse. The circle is a special case of an ellipse. Sometimes the circle is mentioned as a fourth type, because calculating with a circle is easier than with an ellipse, most of the time.

The conic sections are known at least since 200 BC,  when Apollonius of Perga (~262 BC to ~190 BC) studied of their properties. They came to more attention when mathematicians discovered that the solutions of the two-body problem were conic sections.
Puperita pupa

***Puperita pupa*** is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Neritidae, the nerites.

## Description

Shell is globular, not presenting short spire, there are 2 to 3 turns, the outer lip is thin and sharp, columellar area is polished and has a broad wall fell. The mayor know specimens reach the 10.6 mm. Its coloration is characterized by axial bands black and white like a zebra, the opening is gray and ocher like parietal callus area and the operculum is bright yellow

## Distribution

Puperita pupa is a gastropod mollusk widely distributed in the area of Caribbean Sea:
Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Hispaniola,  Jamaica,  Mexico, Venezuela Dominica.

## Other website

- ZipcodeZoo.com: _Puperita pupa_ (Zebra Nerite)
Ivo Karlović

**Ivo Karlović** (born February 29, 1979) is a Croatian professional tennis player. Ivo became pro in 2000. He was born in Zagreb, Croatia. Ivo play tennis right hand, one hand backhand.

## Sources

- ATP Profile

## Other websites

- Karlovic`s official website
- ATP Profile
Bad Girls Club (season 8)

**Bad Girls Club Season 8** is the eight season of the American television series _The Bad Girls Club_. It aired on January 23, 2012 until May 7, 2012. It was filmed in Las Vegas, Nevada.Camilla

### Original Bad Girls

|Bad Girl|Age|Hometown|"Bad Girl" nickname|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|****|23|Chicago, IL|"The Hot Mess"|
|**Dani Victor**|23|Methuen, MA|"The Black Sheep"|
|****|25|Miami, FL|"The Miami Maverick"|
|**Erica “Venetia” Figueroa**|23|Atlanta, GA|"The Red-Headed Hustler"|
|**Gabbi Victor**|23|Methuen, MA|"The Queen B"|
|**Gia Sapp–Hernandez**|22|Newark, DE|"The Scandalous Schoolgirl"|
|**Jenna Russo**|24|Long Island, NY|"The Naughty New Yorker"|

### Replacement Bad Girls

|Bad Girl|Age|Hometown|"Bad Girl" nickname|Replaced|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|****|24|Miami, FL|"The Brick House"|***Jenna***|
|****|23|Nashville, TN|"The Tennessee Temptation"|***Danielle***|
|**Camilla Poindexter**|24|Long Beach, CA|"The Cali Cutthroat"|***Gabrielle***|
Bad Girls Club (season 9)

**Bad Girls Club Season 9** is the ninth season of the American television series _Bad Girls Club_. It was broadcast on July 9, 2012 and is currently airing on Oxygen. It was filmed in Mexico.

### Original Bad Girls

|Bad Girl|Age|Hometown|"Bad Girl" nickname|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Brobie Done Gun**|21|Bartlett, IL|"The Platinum Party Girl"|
|**Christina Rome**|21|Jersey City, NJ|"The Sultry Spitfire"|
|**Erika "Lucci" Jordan**|23|Chicago, IL|"The Boss Bitch"|
|**Falen**|25|Springfield, VA|"The D.C. Celebrity"|
|**Julie Ofcharsky**|23|Boston, MA|"The Devious Diva"|
|**Mehgan**|21|Houston, TX|"The Texas Temptation"|
|**Rima “Rimanelli” Mellal**|22|Chicago, IL|"The Wild Child"|

### Replacement Bad Girls

|Bad Girl|Age|Hometown|“Bad Girl” nickname|Replaced|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Andrea Jones**|27|Bethpage, NY|“The Pin-Up Princess”|_Erika_|
|**Zayden Ramos**|28|Tampa, FL|“The Caribbean Casanova”|_Christina_|
|**Natasha Smoot**|21|Monroe, NY|“The Spunky Spitfire”|_Mehgan_|

### Timeline of Cast

|rowspan="2"|Bad Girl|colspan="13"|Episodes||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Ashley|colspan="13"|Featured|||||||
|Falen|colspan="13"|Featured|||||||
|Julie|colspan="13"|Featured|||||||
|Rimanelli|colspan="13"|Featured|||||||
|Zayden|colspan="7"||Entered|colspan="5"|Featured||||
|Natasha|colspan="10"||Entered|colspan="2"|Featured||||
|Andrea|colspan="4"||Entered|colspan="5"|Featured|Left||Appeared|
|Mehgan|colspan="7"|Featured|Left|colspan="4"||Appeared|||
|Christina|colspan="6"|Featured|Removed|colspan="5"||Appeared|||
|Erika|colspan="4"|Featured|Removed|colspan="7"||Appeared|||
**Notes**

Key:  = “Bad Girl” appears on this episode.

Key:  = “Bad Girl” leave the house.

Key:  = “Bad Girl” remove from the house.

Key:  = “Bad Girl” replacement arrives.

- Age at the time of filming.
1915 Galveston hurricane

The **1915 Galveston hurricane** was an intense, deadly and very destructive storm. In August 1915 this hurricane hit the Caribbean Island areas from the Leeward Islands to western Cuba and then blasted Galveston, Texas with winds around the Category 4 level, . The winds of this hurricane were at  when the storm struck Cuba. Almost 400 people died because of the storm.
1899 San Ciriaco hurricane

The **1899 San Ciriaco hurricane** was the longest hurricane in the Atlantic on record and second longest recorded anywhere in the world. This storm packed winds of 150 mph. It caused serious destruction in the Caribbean and North Carolina. The storm took more than 3,400 lives. This hurricane happened in August 1899.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: San Ciriaco Hurricane of 1899
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 1899
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: San Ciriaco hurricane weather analysis, August 8, 1899.jpg
- **image name**: Surface Weather Analysis the hurricane over Puerto Rico on August 8,
- **formed**: August 3, 1899
- **dissipated**: September 12, 1899
- **extratropical**: September 4, 1899
- **1-min winds**: 130
- **pressure**: 930
- **damages**: 20
- **fatalities**: 3433 direct
- **areas**: Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Turks and Caicos Islands, Cuba, Bahamas, East Coast of the United States <small>(Landfall in North Carolina)</small>, Atlantic Canada, Azores
- **hurricane season**: 1899 Atlantic hurricane season
David Hockney

**David Hockney** <small>OM CH RA</small> (born 9 July 1937) is a British artist. He was born in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire. An important contributor to the pop art movement of the 1960s, he is one of the most influential artists of the 20th century. He is openly gay.

Hockney's 1972 work _Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures)_ sold at auction and broke the world record for a living artist on 15 November 2018 when it sold for $90 million (£70 million) at Christie's auction house New York City.
Yojōhan Shinwa Taikei

**Yozyouhan Sinwa Taikei** is a Japanese novel. It was written by Tomihiko Morimi. In 2010, it was adapted to an animated work and broadcast by Noitamina.

## Outline

At Kyoto University, a male student tries to change his life. The story differs somewhat between the original novel and the anime adaptation.

## Novel

The novel is organized into separate stories.
- **1st story** The main character belongs to a movie club.
- **2nd story** The main character becomes a pupil of Mr. Higuchi.
- **3rd story** The main character belongs to a softball club.
- **4th story** The main character belongs to secret organization.

## Anime

The anime is organized into separate stories.
- **1st story** The main character belongs to tennis club "Cupid."
- **2nd story** The main character belongs to the movie club "Misogi."
- **3rd story** The main character belongs to the cycling club "Soreiyu."
- **4th story** The main character becomes a pupil to Mr. Higuchi.
- **5th story** The main character belongs to a softball club "Honwaka."
- **6th story** The main character belongs to an English conversation club "Joy English."
- **7th story** The main character belongs to a Hero show club.
- **8th story** The main character belongs to the reading club "SEA."
- **9th story** The main character belongs to the secret organization "Fukuneko Hanten."
- **10th story** The main character does not leave his room.
- **11th story** Pleasure to see.

## Other websites

- TV anime's official website
Awake (TV series)

***Awake*** is an American television crime drama. It originally aired on Fox for one season from March 1 to May 24, 2012. The main character in the show is Michael Britten (Jason Isaacs), a detective who works for the Los Angeles Police Department. Kyle Killen created the series. Killen is also an executive producer along with David Slade, for "Pilot."  Jeffrey Reiner and Howard Gordon continued with Killen, under his Teakwood Lane Productions label. On May 11, 2012, after eleven of the thirteen produced episodes were aired, the show was canceled. However, it still finished airing the remaining episodes in the original time slot. Even though the series' did not last very long, many people liked the series enough to create the "Save _Awake_" campaign to convince networks to revive the show.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Police procedural
Science fiction
Supernatural drama
Fantasy
Mystery fiction, Mystery
Thriller (genre), Thriller
Drama
- **image**: Awake Title.jpg
- **creator**: Kyle Killen
- **starring**: Jason Isaacs
Laura Allen
Steve Harris (actor), Steve Harris
Dylan Minnette
BD Wong
Michaela McManus
Wilmer Valderrama
Cherry Jones
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 1
- **num episodes**: 13
- **list episodes**: List of Awake episodes
- **executive producer**: David Slade
Kyle Killen
Howard Gordon
Jeffrey Reiner
- **producer**: Jason Isaacs
Keith Redmon
Ed Milkovich
Michael Klick
- **editor**: Paul Trejo
Nikc Berrisford
- **location**: Los Angeles, California
- **cinematography**: Feliks Parnell
- **camera**: Single-camera setup, Single-camera
- **runtime**: 43 minutes
- **company**: Le11er Eleven
Teakwood Lane Productions
20th Century Fox Television
- **network**: Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox
- **composer**: Reinhold Heil
Johnny Klimek
I-League

The **I-League** is an association football league which is the second division in India.

## History

The league was established in 2007.

## Clubs in the 2012-13 season

|style=background:#ccccff;|Team|style=background:#ccccff;|City|style=background:#ccccff;|State|style=background:#ccccff;|Home venue|style=background:#ccccff;|Capacity|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Air India|Mumbai|Maharashtra|Cooperage Ground|||||||
|Churchill Brothers|Margao|Goa|Fatorda Stadium|||||||
|Dempo|Panjim|Goa|Fatorda Stadium|||||||
|East Bengal|Kolkata|West Bengal|Salt Lake Stadium|||||||
|Mohun Bagan|Kolkata|West Bengal|Salt Lake Stadium|||||||
|Mumbai|Mumbai|Maharashtra|Cooperage Ground|||||||
|ONGC|Mumbai|Maharashtra|Cooperage Ground|||||||
|Pailan Arrows|Kolkata|West Bengal|Salt Lake Stadium|||||||
|Prayag United|Kolkata|West Bengal|Salt Lake Stadium|||||||
|Pune|Pune|Maharashtra|Balewadi Sports Complex|||||||
|Salgaocar|Vasco da Gama|Goa|Fatorda Stadium|||||||
|Shillong Lajong|Shillong|Meghalaya|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium|||||||
|Sporting Clube de Goa|Panjim|Goa|Fatorda Stadium|||||||
|United Sikkim|Sikkim|Gangtok|Paljor Stadium|||||||

## Champions

|Season|Champions|Runner-up|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2007–08|Dempo|Churchill Brothers|
|2008–09|Churchill Brothers|Mohun Bagan|
|2009–10|Dempo|Churchill Brothers|
|2010–11|Salgaocar|East Bengal|
|2011–12|Dempo|East Bengal|

## Infobox (football league)

- **leaguename**: I-League
- **confederation**: Asian Football Confederation, AFC
- **founded**: 2007
- **level**: 2
- **number of teams**: 14
- **relegation to**: I-League 2nd Division
- **domestic cup**: Federation Cup (India), Federation Cup
- **international cup**: AFC Cup
- **current champions**: Dempo S.C., Dempo
- **season**: 2011–12
- **most successful club**: Dempo S.C., Dempo (3)
EC

**EC** may refer to:
- European Council
- European Commission
- Ecuador
- _Electric Circus_, a Canadian television program
- EPCOT Center
- electronic cash, an electronic payment system
SpongeBob SquarePants season 10

The tenth season of ***SpongeBob SquarePants*** was on television from October 15, 2016 to January 30, 2018. The season began with the episodes "Whirly Brains" and "Mermaid Pants." It ended with the episodes "Feral Friends" and "Don't Wake Patrick". Stephen Hillenburg, the show's creator, was the season's executive producer. Marc Ceccarelli and Vincent Waller were the supervising producers.

The tenth season won the 2017 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for Favorite Cartoon. The season was released to DVD on October 15, 2019.

## Episodes

<onlyinclude>

</onlyinclude>

## DVD release

The DVD boxset for season ten was released by Paramount Home Entertainment and Nickelodeon in the United States and Canada on October 15, 2019. This is the only DVD set so far to not include any bonus features.

|colspan="4"|***SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete Tenth Season***|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="text-align:center; width:400px;" colspan="3"|**Set details**|style="width:300px; text-align:center;"|**Special features**|||
|colspan="3" style="text-align:left; width:400px;"|* 11 episodes (22 segment episodes) * 2-disc set * 1.78:1 aspect ratio * Languages: ** English (Dolby Digital 5.1) ** Spanish (Dolby Stereo) ** French (Dolby Stereo)|rowspan="4" style="text-align:left; width:300px;"||||
|colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|**Release dates**|||||
|style="text-align:center;"|Region 1|style="text-align:center;"|Region 2|style="text-align:center;"|Region 4|
||October 15, 2019||TBA||October 7, 2020|
|style="text-align:center; width:400px;" colspan="4"|**Episodes**|||||
|style="text-align:center; width:400px;" colspan="4"|* **Disc 1**: "Whirly Brains", "Mermaid Pants", "Unreal Estate", "Code Yellow", "Mimic Madness", "House Worming", "Snooze You Lose", "Krusty Katering", "SpongeBob's Place", "Plankton Gets the Boot", "Life Insurance", "Burst Your Bubble", "Plankton Retires", and "Trident Trouble" * **Disc 2**: "The Incredible Shrinking Sponge", "Sportz?", "The Getaway", "Lost and Found", "Patrick's Coupon", "Out of the Picture", "Feral Friends", and "Don't Wake Patrick"|||||

## Other websites

- Season 10 at Metacritic

## Infobox (television season)

- **season number**: 10
- **bgcolour**: #A4D8E2
- **image**: SBSP logo.png
- **num episodes**: 11 (22 segments)
- **starring**: * Tom Kenny
* Bill Fagerbakke
* Rodger Bumpass
* Clancy Brown
* Mr. Lawrence
* Jill Talley
* Carolyn Lawrence
* Mary Jo Catlett
* Lori Alan
- **network**: Nickelodeon
- **prev season**: SpongeBob SquarePants season 9, Season 9
- **next season**: SpongeBob SquarePants season 11, Season 11
- **episode list**: List of SpongeBob SquarePants episodes, List of episodes
Heckler & Koch XM8

The **XM8** is a rifle made by Heckler & Koch. It is an automatic rifle that uses the 5.56 mm NATO caliber ammunition. The XM8 holds 30 rounds of ammunition. The US Army was interested in the XM8 because it is a very light weapon. It weighs only . The US Army tested ten weapons in a 60,000 round dusttest and the XM8 was the best. This showed that the XM8 is much more reliable than the M4.
Typhoon Nancy

**Super Typhoon Nancy** had extremely intense winds near 215 miles an hour, giving her the strongest recorded winds of any tropical cyclone. It happened September 1961. The comparable cyclones of Typhoon Tip, Typhoon Keith, Hurricane Camille and Hurricane Allen all had winds at 190 miles an hour. The Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale did not exist during 1961, although Nancy would have been classified as Category Five for five and a half days, which would be a record in the Northern Hemisphere. Nancy was also destructive: she created over $500 million (1961 USD) in damage and killed around 174 people in Japan. Nancy hit Guam before that.
Antillesoma

***Antillesoma*** is a genus of peanut worms Phylum Sipuncula. The genus belongs to the family Phascolosomatidae _Antillesoma_ was described in 1973 by Stephen and Edmonds.

## Species

- _Antillesoma antillarum_ <small>(Grube, 1858)</small>

## Other website

- Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS): _Antillesoma_ Stephen and Edmonds, 1972 Taxonomic Serial No.: 772462
- National Centrer of Biotechnology Information (NCBI): _Antillesoma_ Taxonomy ID: 210780
Burmese python

The ***Python bivittatus*** (or **Burmese python**) is one of the fifth largest snakes in the world. It is native to a large variation of tropic and subtropic areas of South and Southeast Asia. Until 2009 they were considered a subspecies of _Python molurus_. Now they are recognized as a distinct species.

Burmese pythons are dark-coloured snakes with many brown blotches, edged with black, down their back. It can grow up to 5 to 7 metres (16 to 23 ft) long, but some may only reach up to the length of 4 metres (13 feet). They usually weigh around 90 kg. The longest Burmese python ever recored was a female named "Baby" which lived in the Serpent Safari, Gurnee, Illinois and was 27 years old when she died. When "Baby" died she was 8.23 metres (27 ft) long, and weighed 183 kg

The Burmese python is found throughout Southern and Southeast Asia including Eastern India, Nepal, Western Bhutan, Southeast Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Northern Malaysia, far southern China, Indonesia, Southern Sulawesi, Bali and Sumbawa. It lives in grasslands, marshes, swamps, woodlands, river valleys, and jungles with open clearings.

The Burmese python, like all types of snakes, are carnivorous. They mainly eat birds and mammals like mice, rats, rabbits, pigs and goats. Some have been seen eating larger animals like alligators and deer.

As we mentioned above, Burmese python snakes are one of the largest snakes to be kept as pets. Due to their large size, they need a large enclosure. For young Albino Burmese Pythons , at least 6 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 feet tall (1.8×0.9×0.9 meters) enclosure is needed. When they grow up, they’ll need a bigger space. An adult albino Burmese python snake requires around 12 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 6 feet tall (3.6×1.8×1.8 meters) or even larger enclosure.
Burmese Pythons are mainly nocturnal. Young Burmese Pythons usually live in trees and on ground but when they become older they live mainly on the ground. They are excellent swimmers and can stay underwater for around half an hour.

Burmese pythons breed in the early spring. Females lay around 12-36 eggs in March or April. The female python then remains with the eggs until they have hatched. Once the hatchlings use their egg tooth to cut their way out of the eggs the mother then leaves. The babies often stay inside the eggs until they have completed their first shedding of their skin, after this they leave to hunt for their first meal. Burmese pythons live for around 20 to 27 years.
War elephant

A **war elephant** is an elephant that was trained for battle. People guided them into battle. Elephants were mainly used as shock tactics to charge against the enemy, trample them, and break their lines.

War elephants were first used in India, but their use spread to other regions. Pyrrhus of Epirus used many of them, and so did the armies of Carthage. Hannibal crossed the Alps with a number of war elephants and marched against Rome.

In the west, military tactics soon changed, and reduced the value of a war elephant. It was the use of cannons that made the war elephant useless in the 19th century. After that, elephants continued to be used for construction work.
Ryan Raburn

**Ryan Neil Raburn** (born April 17, 1981) is a former baseball player who last played for the Washington Nationals. He previously played for the Detroit Tigers, Cleveland Indians, and Colorado Rockies. He played many positions, but mostly second base and left field.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Ryan Raburn
- **image**: Ryan Raburn on August 14, 2011.jpg
- **width**: 300
- **caption**: Raburn in 2011
- **number**: 18
- **position**: Infielder, Outfielder
- **birth place**: Tampa, Florida
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **debutdate**: September 12
- **debutyear**: 2004
- **debutteam**: Detroit Tigers
- **statyear**: 2016 season
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .253
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 91
- **stat3label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 352
- **teams**: * Detroit Tigers (2004, 2007–2012)
* Cleveland Indians (2013–2015)
* Colorado Rockies (2016)
* Washington Nationals (2017)