juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Triple Entente

The **Triple Entente** (English: _Triple Agreement_) was the name given to an alliance between the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire. The alliance was made after the Entente cordiale of 1904 and the Anglo-Russian Entente between Britain and Russia in 1907. The alliance was made stronger by agreements made with Japan, the United States and Spain.  This made a balance of power, which meant that no group of great powers was much stronger than any other, with the "Triple Alliance" of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. If Italy was attacked by France she would have the help of the other two powers, and if France attacked Germany Italy would help Germany.

With the First World War, these ententes were not military agreements - but they later involved the military because of the problems between the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente.  The Triple Entente became a military alliance.  In 1915, Italy left the Triple Alliance, and from 1916 fought against Germany. The Russian revolution in October 1917 meant that Russia left the alliance, but the military alliance between France and the UK lasted until 1940, when Nazi Germany invaded France.

During World War I, Italy joined the Entente, declaring war against Austria–Hungary in May 1915, Turkey in August 1915, Bulgaria in October 1915, and Germany in August 1916. The alliance was expanded to create a multinational coalition, known as the "Allies".

This included:

- France
- Serbia
- Montenegro
- Japan
- Italy
- Romania
- Greece
- Siam
- China
- Asir
- Nejd and Hasa
- Hejaz
- Armenia

## Non state Combatants

- Assyrian volunteers under Mar Shimun XIX Benyamin and others.
- Polish Legions
- Czechoslovak Legions: armed by France, Italy, and Russia
Triple Alliance (1882)

The **Triple Alliance** was a military alliance (agreement to fight together) between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, that lasted from 1880 until the start of World War I in 1914.  The three countries promised to help each other if another country attacked them.  Some Italian people were not happy about the agreement because Austria-Hungary was an old enemy.  In 1914, the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente (France, Russia and the United Kingdom) started World War I. In 1915, Italy left the alliance and fought against Austria-Hungary and Germany from 1916.

The triple Alliance had many strong points but also negative ones. The positive ones were: the Alliance included two very powerful countries which were industrialized but the negatives were that if war were to be declared they would be encircled by the Triple Entente (France, Russia, and Britain). That would mean that they would have to divide their troops in two which would make the Germans much weaker

Bismark was the man behind the formation of the Triple Alliance. It was started as a dual alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary because Germany had defeated the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871.

With the outbreak of war amongst all of Europe, the Ottoman Empire joined the Triple Alliance in a pursuit of protection and power.
Campus novel

A **campus novel**, also called the **academic novel**, is a novel that's story is around or about a campus of a university. The genre is said to have started in the 1950s. _The Groves of Academe_ by Mary McCarthy, written in 1952, is often called the first campus novel, but some have also said that novels such as C.P. Snow's _The Masters_, of the year before, were campus novels.
Crime fiction

**Crime fiction** is the genre of fiction that has to do with crimes, their solving, criminals, and their reasons for doing crime. Sometimes, crime fiction is also in the science fiction or historical fiction genres, but usually they are separate. It has several sub-genres, such as mystery fiction, legal thriller, (see John Grisham) and courtroom drama.

## Related pages

- Wilkie Collins
- Charles Dickens
- Dashiell Hammett
- Raymond Chandler
Marco Pantani

**Marco Pantani** (13 January 1970 – 14 February 2004) was an Italian professional cyclist. He was born in Cesena, Emilia-Romagna. He was very good at climbing mountains in races. In 1998 he won both the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia. He was a popular cyclist, and his Italian fans gave him the nickname 'Il Pirata' (the pirate) because of his appearance (he often wore a bandana) and because of his aggressive riding style. He failed a test in the 1999 Giro d'Italia. He returned to cycling, but never won a major race again. In June of 2003 he went into hospital with depression. He died of a cocaine overdose in 2004 in Rimini, Emilia-Romagna. His last entry in his diary read:

### Tour de France results

- 1994: 3rd overall; 2nd mountains classification; **1st young rider** classification (_Maillot blanc_)
- 1995: 13th overall; **1st young rider** classification (_Maillot blanc_); Stage 10 and 14 wins
- 1997: 3rd overall; Stage 13 and 15 wins
- 1998: **1st overall** (_maillot jaune_); 7 days in _maillot jaune_; 2nd mountains classification; Stage 11 and 15 wins
- 2000: Did not finish; Stage 12 and 15 wins

### Giro d'Italia results

- 1994: 2nd overall; 2nd young rider classification; 3rd mountains classification; Stage 14 and 15 wins
- 1998: **1st overall** (_maglia rosa_); **1st mountains** classification (_maglia verde_); Stage 14 and 19 wins
- 1999: Stage 8, 15, 19 and 20 wins
- 2000: 28th overall
- 2003: 14th overall

### Other stage races and classics

- UCI Road World Championships Road Race (1995): 3rd (Bronze Medal)
- Vuelta a Murcia (1999): 1st overall
- Tour de Suisse (1995): Stage 9 win
- Setmana Catalana (1999): Stage 2 win
- Vuelta a Murcia (1998): 3rd overall; Stage 4a win
- Summer Olympics Men's Road Race (2000): 69th place

## Other websites

- Italian Official website
- Fansite
- Selection of videos of Marco Pantani in the alps
Conscience

**Conscience** is something that tells people if what they are doing is right or wrong. Having it can make people sad about what they have done. It is the sense of the moral goodness or blameworthiness of one's own conduct, intentions, or character together with a feeling of obligation to do right or be good.

## Origin of word

Middle English (also in the sense ‘inner thoughts or knowledge’): via Old French from Latin conscientia, from conscient- ‘being privy to’, from the verb conscire, from con- ‘with’ + scire ‘know’.

## Related pages

- Conscientious objector
- Consciousness
- Guilt
- Ethics
- Freedom
- John Locke
- Morality
- Reason

## Other websites

- A chapter on Conscience  From Parenting For Everyone, by S.Soloveychik, 1986
Clare

**Clare** can mean:

## Places

- Australia:
    - Clare, South Australia, a town in the Clare Valley
    - Clare Valley, a wine region in Australia
- Canada:
    - Clare (municipal district), a district municipality in Nova Scotia
    - Clare (electoral district), an electoral district in Nova Scotia
- Ireland:
    - County Clare, one of the 32 counties of Ireland
    - Clare (constituency), any of several electoral constituencies
    - Clare (river), a river in County Galway
    - Clare Island, an island in County Mayo
    - Clarecastle, a village in County Clare
- United Kingdom:
    - Clare, Suffolk, a small town
    - Clare College, Cambridge, a college of the University of Cambridge
- United States:
    - Clare, Indiana
    - Clare, Iowa
    - Clare, New York
    - Clare County, Michigan
    - Mount Clare, Illinois

## Schools

- Saint Clare School

## People

- _Are you looking for Claire?_
- Saint Clare of Assisi, foundress of the Poor Clares and companion of Saint Francis
- Saint Clare of Montefalco, an Augustinian Catholic saint
- Blessed Clare of Rimini, a beatified Poor Clare nun
- Clare Balding, a sports presenter
- Clare Buckfield, an English actress
- Clare Martin, an Australian politician
- Clare Short, a British politician
- Dustin Clare, an Australian actor
- John Clare, a 19th-century poet
- de Clare family, an aristocratic English family in medieval times

### Fictional people

- Clare (Power Rangers), fictional character on the series _Power Rangers: Mystic Force_
- Angel Clare, a character from _Tess of the d'Urbervilles_
- A character from the webcomic No Rest for the Wicked.
- Clare, the main character from the manga _Claymore_ and anime _Claymore TV Series_.
- Clare Abshire, a character from the book _The Time Traveler's Wife_
- Clare Quilty, a character in _Lolita_.
- Clare, in the British comic strip _Clare in the Community_

## Other

- CLARE (Contact lens acute red eye), an inflammatory condition of the cornea due to overwearing of contact lenses

## Related pages

- Claire
- Clara (disambiguation)
Clare, Suffolk

**Clare** is a small town on the north bank of the River Stour in Suffolk, England. Clare is an amazing town with it containing ruins of an old railway station.It has an amazing market in the town center every week.

## Other websites

- The Official Website For Clare in Suffolk
- Clare Photo Gallery

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Clare
- **population**: 1,975
- **population ref**: (2001 Census)
- **shire district**: St Edmundsbury (borough), St Edmundsbury
- **region**: East of England
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **constituency westminster**: South Suffolk (UK Parliament constituency), South Suffolk
- **post town**: SUDBURY
- **postcode district**: CO10
- **postcode area**: CO
- **dial code**: 01787
- **os grid reference**: TL770456
- **static image**: View over Clare - geograph.org.uk - 155462.jpg
- **static image caption**: View over Clare from castle motte
Muzaffarabad

**Muzaffarabad** () is the capital city of Azad-Kashmir. It is in Muzaffarabad District on the banks of the Jhelum and Neelum rivers. It is very hilly and mountainous. Majority of the population speak Pahari-Pothwari and are Muslim and follow Islam.

The district is bounded by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in the west, by the Kupwara and Baramulla districts of the Indian Jammu and Kashmir in the east, and the Neelum District of Azad Kashmir in the north.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Muzaffarabad
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Pakistan is full of breathtaking views - Muzafarabad.JPG
- **imagesize**: 240px
- **mapsize**: 100px
- **pushpin map**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type2**: Territory
- **subdivision name2**: Azad Kashmir
- **postal code**: 13100
- **population total**: 96,000
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population est**: 96,000
- **pop est as of**: 2010
- **area total km2**: 6117
- **elevation m**: 737
- **area code type**: List of dialling codes of Pakistan, Calling code
- **timezone1**: Pakistan Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset1**: +05:00
- **footnotes**: [http://www.muzaffarabadak.com/ Muzaffarabad Local Government]
America's Next Top Model, Cycle 1

This is the results of **_America's Next Top Model_, Cycle 1**.

## Judges

- Tyra Banks
- Janice Dickinson
- Kimora Lee Simmons
- Beau Quillian

### In order of elimination

(_ages stated are at time of contest_)
- Tessa Carlson, 19, from Chicago, Illinois
- Katie Cleary, 21, from Glenview, Illinois
- Nicole Panattoni, 22, from Rancho Murrieta, California
- Ebony Haith, 24, from Harlem, New York
- Giselle Samson, 18, from Corona, California
- Kesse Wallace, 21, from Little Rock, Arkansas
- Robynne "Robin" Manning, 26, from Memphis, Tennessee
- Elyse Sewell, 20, from Albuquerque, New Mexico
- Shannon Stewart, 18, from Franklin, Ohio (runner-up)
- Adrianne Curry, 20, from Joliet, Illinois (winner)

### Call-out order

|Order|Episodes||||||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Nicole|Ebony|Shannon|Shannon|Kesse|Adrianne|Elyse|Elyse|Shannon|Adrianne||||||
|Robin|Elyse|Nicole|Kesse|Elyse|Kesse|Shannon|**Adrianne**|Adrianne|Shannon||||||
|Kesse|Kesse|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"|**Giselle**|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"|**Elyse**|Adrianne|Shannon|Robin|style="background:darkblue; color:white"|Shannon|bgcolor="violet"|Elyse|bgcolor="darkgray"||
|Elyse|Adrianne|Robin|Giselle|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"|**Robin**|Robin|Adrianne|style="background:teal; color:white"|Robin|bgcolor="darkgray" colspan=2|||||
|Katie|Katie|Adrianne|Adrianne|Shannon|**Elyse**|Kesse|||||||||
|Ebony|Nicole|Ebony|Robin|Giselle|Giselle||||||||||
|Adrianne|Giselle|Elyse|Ebony|Ebony|||||||||||
|Shannon|Robin|Kesse|Nicole||||||||||||
|rowspan="2" style="background:darkgreen; color:white;"|Giselle Tessa|Shannon|style="backgound:violet;"|Katie|style="backgound:darkgray;" colspan=7||||||||||
|Tessa|||||||||||||||

- The contestant was eliminated
- The contestant won the competition
- The contestant won the reward challenge
- The contestant was scouted at a separate audition and later added into the cast
- The contestant refused to participate in the photoshoot
- The contestant refused to participate in the photoshoot and was eliminated
Hugo de Vries

**Hugo Marie de Vries** (Haarlem, 16 February 1848 – Lunteren, 21 May 1935) was a Dutch botanist and one of the first geneticists. He suggested the concept of genes, rediscovered Gregor Mendel's laws of heredity, and introduced the term _mutation_. He developed a mistaken mutation theory of evolution, mainly due to the peculiarities of his favourite organism, the Evening Primrose (_Oenothera lamarckiana_).

Carl Correns also – independently – rediscovered Gregor Mendel's work on genetics. Erich von Tschermak's status as a third rediscoverer is now less convincing.
Carl Correns

**Carl Erich Correns** (10 September 1864 – 14 February 1933) was a German botanist and geneticist. His research into heredity led to his rediscovery of Gregor Mendel's earlier work.

Hugo de Vries also – independently – rediscovered Gregor Mendel's work on genetics. Erich von Tschermak's status as a third rediscoverer is now less convincing.

Correns grew hybrids of peas, and of maize, and reached the same interpretation as Mendel, in 1899.

The occurrence of cases in which the heterozygote is intermediate (the absence of dominance) was added in a footnote to his 1900 paper. That dominance was not always present had been seen and understood by Mendel, according to his letters to Nägeli. By a quirk of history Correns was a student of Nägeli, a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas. Nägeli failed to understand how significant Mendel's work was.

In 1913 Correns became the first director of the newly founded Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology in Berlin-Dahlem.

## Later work

Correns produced the first evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance, in his 1909 paper on variegated leaf colour in _Mirabilis jalapa_. The basis of this inheritance is that chloroplasts, the organelles which conduct photosynthesis, are inherited solely from the maternal parent.
Erich von Tschermak

**Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg** (15 November 1871 – October 11 1962) was an Austrian botanist.

Von Tschermak is one of three men – the others were Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns – who were credited with independently rediscovering Gregor Mendel's work on genetics. Von Tschermak published his findings in June 1900.

By a quirk of history, Correns had been a student of Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli. Nageli was a renowned botanist with whom Mendel corresponded about his work with peas, but who failed to understand how significant Mendel's work was. Von Tschermak was a grandson of a man who taught Mendel botany during his student days in Vienna.

## Reassessment

Though von Tschermak was originally also credited with the rediscovery, this is no longer generally accepted, because he did not understand Mendel's laws.

## Other websites

- Article relating the work of Gregor Mendel
Woodward's wallaroo

**Woodward's wallaroo** (_Macropus bernardus_), also called the **black wallaroo** and **Bernard's wallaroo**, is the smallest of the wallaroos. The male is black or dark brown and the female is a grey colour. It is a shy nocturnal grazer and does not live in big groups. It uses the rocky cliffs where it lives to shelter and hide from danger.

It is only found in a small, mountainous area in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, between South Alligator River and Nabarlek. It classified as near threatened, because it is only found in this small area. The name wallaroo means a "rock kangaroo."

## Other websites

- Department of Environment and Heritage Species Profile
Alex Rodriguez

**Alexander Emmanuel Rodriguez** (born July 27, 1975 in New York City, New York). In the past, he played as shortstop for the Seattle Mariners and Texas Rangers.

He is currently first in runs scored and total bases; second in extra base hits and RBI, and 4th in hits among all players in baseball history since their 31st birthday. Also, Rodriguez has more HR, RBI, runs scored and more base hits than all-time leaders Hank Aaron (RBI), Barry Bonds (HR), Rickey Henderson (runs scored), and Pete Rose (hits) did before their 31st birthdays. He is the youngest player ever to hit 500 home runs, breaking the record Jimmie Foxx set in 1939.

He has been said to be one of the best all-around players currently in baseball.

In 2009, he admitted to using steroids from 2001-2003, during his time with the Texas Rangers, in order to become better at baseball.

His playing career ended in August 2016.

## Other websites

- Alex Rodríguez at The Internet Movie Database
- AROD.com  - Alex Rodriguez's official website
- A-Rod's Salary: Watching for Collusion  on Time.com
- ESPN E-Ticket article - Alex Rodriguez 2007, _King of Gotham?_
- _Men's Vogue_ April 2008 feature article on A-Rod

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Alex Rodriguez
- **image**: File:Alex Rodriguez 2007-09-29.jpg
- **width**: 300
- **position**: Third base
- **number**: 13
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **debutdate**: July 8
- **debutyear**: 1994
- **debutteam**: Seattle Mariners
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .295
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 696
- **stat3label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 2,086
- **stat4label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat4value**: 3,115
- **stat5label**: Double (baseball), Doubles
- **stat5value**: 548
- **stat6label**: On-base plus slugging
- **stat6value**: .930
- **teams**: * Seattle Mariners (-)
* Texas Rangers (baseball), Texas Rangers (-)
* New York Yankees (-)
Wallaroo

A **wallaroo** is an Australian macropod with its size between the big kangaroos and the small wallabies. The name "wallaroo" is a mix of wallaby and kangaroo. Most wallaroos are smaller than a kangaroo, and live in open, rocky country. Wallaroo means "rock kangaroo". There are three types of wallaroo. They all stand the same way: wrists raised, elbows close into the body, and shoulders back, and all have a large, black nose.

### _Macropus robustus_

The **eastern wallaroo**, _Macropus robustus_, sometimes called the, **common wallaroo** or just **wallaroo** lives on the sides of the Great Dividing Range (which runs for more than 3,000 km along the eastern and south-eastern coast of Australia). There are four subspecies of Eastern Wallaroo:
- the Eastern Wallaroo, which lives across Australia
- the Euro, also widespread
- one that lives only on Barrow Island
- one that lives only in the Kimberley area of Western Australia

### _Macropus bernardus_

**Woodward's wallaroo** or **black wallaroo**, _Macropus bernardus_, lives in steep, rocky ground in Arnhem Land. Between 60 to 70 cm in length (without tail) it is the smallest wallaroo and the most heavily built. Males weigh 19 to 22 kg, females about 13 kg.

### _Macropus antilopinus_

The **antilopine wallaroo**, _Macropus antilopinus_, also called the antilopine kangaroo, is different to other wallaroos. It is, more like the eastern and western grey kangaroos. It lives in groups on the grassy plains and woodlands, where the other wallaroos live by themselves.
Zoe

**Zoe** could mean:
- Zoé (band), a _rock en español_ band from Mexico
- Zoe (name), people and fictional characters with the name
- Zoë (robot), a four wheeled robot used to map life in the Atacama Desert
- Zoe (tribe), an indigenous tribe of the Brazilian Amazon
- _Zoey 101_, an American television show of Nickelodeon
- Zoé's Ark, a French charity organization
- Zoe Motors, a manufacturer of three-wheeled cars
- Zoë Records, an independent record label
- Cyclone Zoe, a tropical cyclone
- (58534) Logos I Zoe, a satellite of an object orbiting beyond the dwarf planet Pluto
- An æon of Gnostic belief systems

**ZOE** may stand for:
- _Zone of the Enders_ (series), a video game and anime series
- Zinc oxide eugenol, a material used in dentistry

## Related pages

- Zoea, a free-swimming larval stage of crustaceans
- Zoetrope, an animation device
Zoe (name)

|Gender:||
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size: large;"|**Zoe, Zoë**|
|Gender-neutral||
|Greek, ζωή||
|life||

**Zoë** (and other such names) is a feminine name which came from ancient Greece and means "life" in Greek. The pronunciation of the name is [ **zoh**-ee, zoh ]. This name was ranked #42 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

Some uses of the name are:

## Real people

- Zoe Ball, British television presenter
- Zooey Deschanel, American actress/musician
- Zoe Karbonopsina (died c. 920), Byzantine empress
- Zoe (empress), Byzantine empress (c. 978–1050)
- Zoe Palaiologina, (c. 1455–April 7, 1503), wife of Tsar Ivan III of Russia
- Zoë (singer), English pop star who had a 1991 hit with "Sunshine On A Rainy Day"
- Zoey (singer), a J-Pop singer
- Zoe Cramond, New Zealand actress
- Zoe Saldaña, American actress

## Fictional characters

- Zoë (Sluggy Freelance), a character from the _Sluggy Freelance_ comic strip
- Zoë Castillo, a character from the computer game _Dreamfall: The Longest Journey_
- Zoé (Little Big Adventure), a character from _Little Big Adventure_ video games
- Zoë, a character in the series _Monarch of the Glen_
- Zoë (All My Children), a character on the _All My Children_ soap opera
- Zoe Reynolds a character played by Keeley Hawes in the BBC television series _Spooks_, (_MI-5_ in the United States)
- Zoe Orimoto, a character from Digimon Frontier
- Zoe Washburne, from the television series _Firefly_
- Zoe Trent, a character from _Littlest Pet Shop_
- Zoe, a character from _Bluey_
- Zoe Heriot, a character in the television series _Doctor Who_
- Zoë (Sesame Street), a Muppet
- Zoe MacPherson, a character from the _Baby Blues_ comic strip
- Zoey (Pokémon)
- Zoey Brooks, main character on _Zoey 101_
- Zoey Hanson, Ichigo Momomiya's English dub name in _Tokyo Mew Mew_ (_Mew Mew Power_)
- Zooey Glass, One of the principal characters in _Franny and Zooey_ the dual stories published by J.D. Salinger in 1955
Rick Warren

**Richard Duane "Rick" Warren** (born January 28, 1954) is both founder and pastor of the evangelical Baptist Saddleback Church in Southern California. It is the largest church in California. He is also the best-selling author of many Christian books, such as _The Purpose Driven Life_. He is also an influential evangelical leader.

Warren was born in San Jose, California.
Antilopine kangaroo

The **antilopine kangaroo** (_Macropus antilopinus_), also called the **antilopine wallaroo** or the **antilopine wallaby**, is a large macropod that lives only in the tropical areas of northern Australia. They live in Cape York Peninsula in north Queensland, the "Top End" of the Northern Territory, and the Kimberley region of Western Australia. They live in groups feeding on the open grass lands. Antilopine kangaroos are often in groups of all males, or all females.

The male is a red colour and females are grey. The males can get as big as 70 kg, but the females are usually around 30 kg. It is slightly smaller than the red kangaroo (_Macropus rufus_) and the eastern grey kangaroo (_Macropus giganteus_). Babies are born in the summer (February-March), and leave the mother's pouch in November, at the start of the wet season.

Climate change could mean that this kangaroo could become extinct in the future.

## Other websites

- Photo of Macropus antilopinus
Synchronization

**Synchronization** is the co-ordination of a set of events into a system that works according to time. For example, a conductor of an orchestra serves to keep the orchestra _in time_, or _synchronized_. Systems that operate with all their parts in synchrony are said to be _synchronous_ or _in sync_.

In synchronization, time and order are important. It is used in many everyday systems, including those in transport, computer science, music, multimedia and telecommunication.

Today, synchronization can be done across the world due to digital signals and GPS-enabled time-keeping systems.

## Related pages

- Atomic clock
- Flywheel
- Time
- Tuning fork
- Race condition
- Synchronization (computer science)

## Other websites

- Dictionary Definitions
Peptide

**Peptides** are organic chemical molecules. They are polymers made from linking amino acids together in a certain order. The link between one amino acid residue and the next is known as an amide bond or a peptide bond.

Linking peptides together gives proteins, which are _polypeptides_.

Gly-Gly, or Glycylglycine is (a dipeptide and also) the simplest peptide; It is the dipeptide of Glycine.

## Related pages

- Dipeptide
Cubic foot

A **cubic foot** is a measure of volume. It is the amount of liquid that can be fit into a box 1 foot deep, one foot wide, and one foot in length. A cubic foot can be written ft<sup>3</sup>. It is used in the United States, and partially in Canada, and the United Kingdom.
Webmin

**Webmin** is a web-based system configuration tool for OpenSolaris, Linux and other Unix-like systems. It can configure many operating system internals, such as users, disk quotas, services, configuration files, as well as modify and control many opensource applications, such as the Apache HTTP Server, PHP and MySQL.

Webmin is largely based on Perl, running as its own process and web server. It defaults to TCP port 10000 for communicating, and can be configured to use SSL if OpenSSL is installed with extra required Perl Modules.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Webmin
- **latest release version**: 2.013
- **latest release date**: 19 January 2023
- **developer**: Jamie Cameron and the Webmin community.
- **released**: October 5, 1997 (version 0.1)
- **programming language**: Perl
- **operating system**: "The best supported systems at the moment are Solaris, Linux (Red Hat in particular) and FreeBSD" and [http://www.webmin.com/support.html other supported OSes].
- **language**: English, Catalan 99%, German 96%, Dutch 92% [http://www.webmin.com/lang.html partial translations]
- **genre**: Control panel (Web hosting), Control panel
- **license**: BSD-like licence
- **website**: http://www.webmin.com/
Family tree

A **family tree** is a chart showing family relationships in a  tree structure form. The more detailed family trees used in medicine, genealogy, and social work are known as genograms.

As normally showed, a family tree "grows" down from the top, from the oldest generations at the top to the newer generations at the bottom. A tree showing the descendants of an individual (illustration right) will more closely look like a tree in shape; one showing the ancestors of an individual (illustration below in "The Family Tree of Sigmund") will be wider at the top than the bottom. When looking at the closer to the bottom of the tree, it will show more recent generations, and when looking farther up, there will be older generations.
the oldest family members go on the right maybe the  left.

## Related pages

- Ancestor table
- Genogram
Palembang

**Palembang** is a city in Indonesia. It is in the south of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. As of mid-2019, 1,662,893 people live there. It is the capital of the province of South Sumatra.

## History

The city was the capital of the old, Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya that included a large part of Malaysia and Indonesia. After a 1025 raid by the Chola Empire of southern India it became less important. Srivijaya's capital moved north to Jambi. Palembang is also the home of Parameswara, the ruler of Malacca (a state in Malaysia) who started the most important empire in Malaysian history.

The Battle of Palembang was fought near the city during the Second World War between February 13-February 15 1942. Japanese forces captured the airport and nearby oil refinery after a short but bloody battle.

## Economy

Palembang's economy has grown after it became a venue for National Sporting Event in 2004. . Palembang was also one of hosts of the 2007 AFC Asian Cup.

The city is served by Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Airport which has many flights to many cities in Indonesia and also to Singapore and Malaysia.

This city is famous in Indonesia for its "Pempek" fish cakes.

## Other websites

- City of Palembang government - in Indonesian
- Heraldry of Palembang
- Visit Musi 2008

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Palembang
- **official name**: City of Palembang

- **settlement type**: List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, City
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top:
 Ampera Bridge, Great Mosque of Palembang, Bukit Seguntang, Sriwijaya Kingdom Archaeological Park, Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II Museum,
- **nickname**: _Kota Pempek_ (City of Pempek), _Venetië Van Andalas_, _Bumi Sriwijaya_ (The Land of Srivijaya)
- **motto**: _Palembang BARI (Bersih, Aman, Rapi, Indah)_ (Palembang: Clean, Safe, Neat, and Beautiful)
- **map caption**: Location within South Sumatra
- **pushpin map**: Indonesia Sumatra#Indonesia
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Sumatra and Indonesia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Indonesia, Province
- **subdivision name1**:  South Sumatra
- **established title**: Settled (town)
- **established date**: 16 June 683

- **established title3**: Incorporated (city)
- **established date3**: 1 April 1906

- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Harnojoyo
- **leader title1**: Vice Mayor
- **leader name1**: Fitrianti Agustinda
- **area total km2**: 369.22
- **elevation m**: 8
- **elevation ft**: 26
- **population total**: 1602071
- **population as of**: 2016
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population density metro km2**: auto
- **population demonym**: Palembangnese
- **demographics type1**: Demographics
- **timezone**: Time in Indonesia, Indonesia Western Time
- **utc offset**: +7
- **postal code type**: Postal codes in Indonesia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 301xx, 302xx
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Indonesia, Area code
- **area code**: (+62) 711
- **translit lang1**: Regional
- **translit lang1 type1**: Jawi script, Jawi
- **translit lang1 info1**: ڤلامبڠ
Beccles

**Beccles** is a small market town in Suffolk, England, around the area of The Broads. The town had a population of about 9, 850 people around 2005. Beccles has a suburb called Worlingham which has a combined population of about 13,580.  Beccles is twinned with Petit-Couronne in France.

## History

Beccles was once a flourishing Saxon riverport, but today it is in the Waveney valley. There is a popular boating centre. The town was granted its Charter in 1584 by Queen Elizabeth I.

The Peck family was associated with Beccles for a long time. The Puritan Peck was eventually forced to leave, and went to Hingham, Massachusetts, founded by many members of his parish, where he lived for several years, until King Charles I had been executed and Oliver Cromwell was in charge of government. At that time, Robert Peck decided to return to Hingham, Norfolk, and continued his pastorship of St. Andrews Church. He died in Hingham but he left descendants in America, as well as his brother Joseph Peck, who settled in Rehoboth, Massachusetts.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Beccles
- **population**: 9,746
- **population ref**: (2001)
- **shire district**: Waveney
- **region**: East of England
- **shire county**: Suffolk
- **constituency westminster**: Waveney (UK Parliament constituency), Waveney
- **post town**: BECCLES
- **postcode district**: NR34
- **postcode area**: NR
- **dial code**: 01502
- **os grid reference**: TM428897
Darwinism

**Darwinism** is a term used to talk about ideas connected to those Charles Darwin had about evolution. The meaning of 'Darwinism' has changed over time, and depends on who uses the term.

## Summary

1. Within any population, there is natural _variation_. Some individuals have more favourable variations than others.
1. Even though all species produce a large number of offspring, populations remain fairly constant in nature.
1. This is due to the struggle between members of the same species and different species for food, space, and mating.
1. The struggle for survival within populations eliminates the unfit individuals. The fit individuals with favourable variations survive and reproduce. This is called natural selection (or survival of the fittest).
1. The individuals having favourable variations pass on these variations to their progeny from generation to generation.
1. These variations when accumulated over a long period of time, lead to the origin of new species.

## History

The term was coined by Thomas Henry Huxley in April 1860. He used it to describe evolutionary concepts, including similar ideas such as Malthusianism and Spencerism. In the late 19th century, it came to mean the concept that natural selection was the only mechanism of evolution, in contrast to Lamarckism. Around 1900, Gregor Mendel's work was rediscovered. Today, Darwin and Mendel's ideas have been brought together. The term 'Darwinism' has become associated with the modern evolutionary synthesis and social darwinism.
Istria

**Istria** (Croatian, Slovene: _Istra_, Italian: _Istria_), formerly **Histria** (Latin), is the biggest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea.

## Census data

|width="120"|Municipality|width="120"|Other name (if bilingual)|width="100"|Country|width="60"|Inhabitants|width="60"|Mother tongue Italian|width="60"|Mother tongue Croatian/Slovenian|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Labin, city|Albona||12426|03.09%|92.62%|||||||
|Buje, city|Buie||5340|39.66%|53.76%|||||||
|Novigrad, city|Cittanova||4002|15.32%|77.59%|||||||
|Vodnjan, city|Dignano||5651|19.93%|73.16%|||||||
|Poreč, city|Parenzo||17460|06.42%|87.12%|||||||
|Buzet, city Pinguente|||6059|00.87%|96.63%|||||||
|Pazin, city|Pisino||9227|01.21%|97.56%|||||||
|Pula, city|Pola||58594|04.87%|88.38%|||||||
|Rovinj, city|Rovigno||14234|10.81%|81.85%|||||||
|Umag, city|Umago||12901|20.70%|72.87%|||||||
|Bale|Valle||1047|22.54%|75.36%|||||||
|Barban|Barbana||2802|00.39%|99.21%|||||||
|Brtonigla|Verteneglio||1579|41.29%|52.83%|||||||
|Cerovlje|||1745|00.46%|99.31%|||||||
|Fažana|Fasana||3050|04.66%|90.75%|||||||
|Gračišće|||1433|00.28%|99.16%|||||||
|Grožnjan|Grisignana||785|66.11%|29.17%|||||||
|Kanfanar|Canfanaro||1457|01.51%|96.23%|||||||
|Karojba|||1489|00.94%|97.99%|||||||
|Kaštelir-Labinci|Castellier-Santa Domenica||1334|07.80%|88.23%|||||||
|Kršan|||3264|00.40%|94.49%|||||||
|Lanišće|||398|_n.p._|98.99%|||||||
|Ližnjan|Lisignano||2945|08.05%|88.29%|||||||
|Lupoglav|||929|00.32%|98.82%|||||||
|Marčana|||3903|00.74%|97.72%|||||||
|Medulin|||6004|03.05%|89.77%|||||||
|Motovun|Montona||983|15.46%|81.28%|||||||
|Oprtalj|Portole||981|32.11%|65.04%|||||||
|Pićan|||1997|00.95%|98.05%|||||||
|Raša|||3535|02.63%|94.29%|||||||
|Sveta Nedelja|||2909|01.51%|97.32%|||||||
|Sveti Lovreč|||1408|01.49%|96.38%|||||||
|Sveti Petar u Šumi|||1011|00.30%|99.21%|||||||
|Svetvinčenat|||2218|01.17%|97.16%|||||||
|Tinjan|||1770|00.79%|98.59%|||||||
|Višnjan|Visignano||2187|08.78%|89.44%|||||||
|Vižinada|Visinada||1137|08.36%|90.59%|||||||
|Vrsar|Orsera||2703|02.96%|90.75%|||||||
|Žminj|||3447|01.28%|97.80%|||||||
|Muggia|Milje||13208|94.80%|04.80%|||||||
|San Dorligo della Valle|Dolina||6025|29.20%|70.50%|||||||
|Koper, city|Capodistria||49206|02.22%|74.14%|||||||
|Izola|Isola||14549|04.26%|69.13%|||||||
|Piran|Pirano||16758|07.00%|66.69%|||||||
|Lovran|Laurana||3987|01.71%|92.65%|||||||
|Opatija, city|Abbazia||12719|04.64%|93.81%|||||||
|Mošćenička Draga|||1641|00.91%|95.67%|||||||

Source: Croatian Census - 2001. Slovenian Census - 2002. Italian Census - 1970/2001

## Related pages

- Istrian-Dalmatian exodus
Prenatal diagnosis

**Prenatal testing** or **Prenatal diagnosis** are tests done on pregnant women. They are used to test fetuses for birth defects and some genetic disorders.

Prenatal tests can be non-invasive or invasive.  Non-invasive tests include things like utrasounds. In invasive tests, a needle is inserted - for example, to get a sample of fluid from the placenta).

Prenatal tests can check for many conditions, like:
- Down syndrome
- Spina bifida
- Cleft palate
- Tay-Sachs disease
- Sickle-cell disease
- Thalassaemia
- Cystic fibrosis
- Fragile X syndrome

In some cases, the tests are administered to determine if the parents want to abort the fetus.

In some cases, fetal screening has been done to identify things that are not birth defects. For example, in some parts of the world, if an ultrasound shows that a fetus is female, it is sometimes aborted.  The rise of designer babies raises a number of ethical and legal issues.

## Related pages

- Obstetric ultrasonography
- Fetoscopy
Malthusianism

**Malthusianism** is a set of ideas developed by Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus. Malthus was an economist who lived during the industrial revolution.

In 1798, Mathus published a book, called _An Essay on the Principle of Population_. In it, he describes his Malthusian growth model. He wrote that the growth of the population is exponential, but the growth of the food supply is only arithmetical. This means if there are no limits to the growth of the population, it will not be possible to produce food for all of them. Malthus was read by Charles Darwin. It showed Darwin that the survival of a species was something which needed explaining.

The Tory party had paternalistic ideas such as charity for the poor. Malthus said this would not work, and it would only lead to increased numbers of the poor. The theory was developed into Whig economic ideas such as The Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834. Its opponents  described the act as "a Malthusian bill designed to force the poor to emigrate, to work for lower wages, to live on a coarser sort of food". The act brought the construction of workhouses despite riots and arson.

By that time the ideas were widespread in progressive social circles. One supporter was the novelist Harriet Martineau who also knew Charles Darwin. The ideas of Malthus were a significant influence on the development of Darwin's ideas.

Though Malthusianism has since come to be identified with the issue of general over-population, the original Malthusian concern was more specifically with the fear of over-population by the dependent poor.

One of the earliest critics of Malthusian theory was Karl Marx who referred to it. Many people today believe that Malthus was right about human population growth getting out of hand.

## Sources

- Adrian Desmond and James Moore, _Darwin_ (London: Michael Joseph, the Penguin Group, 1991).
- Marx's footnote on Malthus from Capital http://www.cooper.edu/humanities/core/hss3/k_marx2.html

## Other websites

- Antony Trewavas, "Malthus foiled again and again,", _Nature_, August 8, 2002
Herbert Spencer

**Herbert Spencer** (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an British philosopher, and a prominent liberal political and social theorist of the Victorian era.

## Works

Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution. He saw evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies.

Spencer never married; he remained a bachelor. He contributed to a wide range of subjects, including ethics, religion, politics, philosophy, biology, sociology, and psychology.

Like Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, he read Malthus' _Essay on the principle of population_, and was deeply impressed by its argument. Malthus said that sooner or later population growth gets checked by famine and disease, and there are then many deaths. So, he was prepared for Darwin's idea of natural selection, which he preferred to call "survival of the fittest". He did this in  _Principles of Biology_ (1864), after reading Charles Darwin's _On the Origin of Species_.
- "This survival of the fittest, which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms, is that which Mr. Darwin has called ‘natural selection’, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life."

Spencer's term does strongly suggest natural selection, yet as he extended evolution into realms of sociology and ethics, Spencer made use of Lamarckism rather than natural selection, so it seems he was not a Darwinian after all. Others took up his social ideas, and drew the conclusion that it was useless to try and help the poor, and that competition without limits was the way society should go. Darwin himself did not accept these ideas, but they were quite widespread in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century.

## Infobox (philosopher)

- **region**: Western philosophy
- **era**: 19th-century philosophy
- **image**: Herbert Spencer.jpg
- **caption**: Spencer at the age of 73
- **signature**: HS_steel_portrait_sig.jpg
- **name**: Herbert Spencer
- **birth place**: Derby, Derbyshire, England
- **death place**: Brighton, Sussex, England
- **nationality**: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, British
- **school tradition**: Evolutionism, positivism, classical liberalism
- **main interests**: Evolution, positivism, _laissez-faire_, utilitarianism
- **influences**: Democritus, Aristotle, Charles Darwin, Auguste Comte, John Stuart Mill, George Henry Lewes, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Thomas Henry Huxley
- **influenced**: Charles Darwin, Dhondo Keshav Karve, Henry Sidgwick, William Graham Sumner, Murray Rothbard, Émile Durkheim, Henri Bergson, Charles Sanders Peirce, Auberon Herbert, Yan Fu, Jack London
- **notable ideas**: Social Darwinism
Survival of the fittest
National sport

A **national sport** is a sport or game that was invented and firstly played by citizens of the same country or nation. It also means the game or sport has a long history of popularity in the country or nation.
Each country has its own national sport.
Rongorongo

**Rongorongo** is a system of writing native to Easter Island. It cannot be read. There are two dozen examples of rongorongo script, mostly carved on tablets made from wood of the portia tree _Thespesia populnea,_ known as _makoi_ in Rapanui (Easter Island) language. The longest inscription in existence is the Santiago Staff, a wooden sceptre 126 centimetres long and 6.5 centimetres wide, bearing 2300 glyphs (Gr. _γλυφη_ "carving"). The staff, which once belonged to an Easter Island king, was acquired by the Chilean Navy in 1870 and is now in Santiago's Museum of Natural History.

In 2019, only 25 texts were seen as authentic. These texts and artefacts are distributed over different museum in the world, none remains on the Easter Island. The total text corpus is about 14,000 "letters", made of about 600 different glyphs. The writing was probably used for religious purposes; only very few people used it. The age of the writing is unknown. In the 19th century, Europeans received the first objects with writing on them. Some glyphs show plants that do not exist, or have never existed on Easter Island. One example is the Breadfruit, which has never existed on Easter Island. The knowledge of the plant must have been passed on from the first settlers, from generation to generation.

When the Europeans came on the island, they paid high prices for tablets containing Rongoro. Today, there are a number of artefacts containing Rongorongo which are clear forgeries. There are some, where the claim is disputed.

## Other websites

- Unicode.

- _Thespesia_
Candle Festival

The **Candle Festival** (known in Thai as **Haetian**) is held in Ubon Ratchathani, Isan, Thailand.

At the start of rainy season, it is traditional for the devout to donate to monks items of personal use, such as candles. This part of the festival became the core of the Ubon Ratchathani version of the event. It is now a major event both for residents and for tourists: giant candles are paraded through the town, each representing a local temple, district or other institution. The more elaborate versions are accompanied by scenes of Hindu and Buddhist mythology sculpted in wood or plaster and coated with wax.
Portia tree

The **portia tree** (_Thespesia populnea_) Family Malvaceae, is a small tree or shrub 5-10 (-20) m high that is pantropical in littoral environments, although probably native only to the Old World. In Hawai‘i and elsewhere in the Pacific it is possibly indigenous, although may have been spread by early Polynesians for its useful wood and fiber.

Common names vary according to the country and include "Indian tulip tree", "Pacific rosewood", "seaside mahoe" (in Florida), _surina_ (the "elegant tree"), _suriya_ (Sinhala), _bebaru_ or _baru baru_ (Malay), _milo_ or _miro_ (in many Polynesian languages), _mako‘i_ (Rapanui), _gangaraavi_ (Telugu), _poovarasu_ (Tamil), and _plaksa_ (Sanskrit).

Traditionally it was planted in sacred groves and used for religious sculpture throughout eastern Polynesia. It was used for the rongorongo tablets of Easter Island.

## Sources

- Binggeli, P. 1999.Miro

## Other websites

- Milo at Canoe Plants of Ancient Hawaii
- description
The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap

***The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap***, known in Japan as , is an action adventure video game made by Flagship and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance game console.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Capcom
Flagship (company), Flagship
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Hidemaro Fujibayashi
- **writer**: Hidemaro Fujibayashi
- **producer**: Keiji Inafune
- **artist**: Haruki Suetsugu
- **composer**: Mitsuhiko Takano
- **series**: _The Legend of Zelda_
- **platforms**: Game Boy Advance, Virtual Console (Nintendo 3DS, Wii U)
- **released**: **Game Boy Advance:**
**Virtual Console (3DS) (Ambassador Program):**
**Virtual Console (Wii U):**

- **genre**: Action-adventure game, Action-adventure
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
PAL region

The **PAL region** is a PAL region which covers most of United Kingdom, Australia, Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Denmark, Iceland, Saudi Arabia, and Spain, Albania, Greece.

## Related pages

- PAL
- Regional lockout
The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures

***The Legend of Zelda: Four Swords Adventures***, known in Japan as ******, is an action adventure video game made by Nintendo for the Nintendo GameCube game console.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: The Legend of Zelda:
Four Swords Adventures
- **developer**: Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development#Software Development Group No. 3, Nintendo EAD Group No. 3
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Toshiaki Suzuki
- **artist**: Masanao Arimoto
- **series**: _The Legend of Zelda_
- **platforms**: Nintendo GameCube
- **genre**: Action-adventure game, Action-adventure
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer