juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Employee

An **employee** is a term for workers and managers working for a company, organization or community. These people are the **staff** of the organization. In general, any person hired by an employer to do a particular job in exchange for payment is an employee, but there are different kinds of employees. In some countries, employers are required by law to do certain things, like obey minimum wage laws, provide a safe workplace, and sometimes pay a tax. Employers also have to give their official employees benefits, like paying for health insurance. Because of this, some employers like to hire independent contractors to do work instead of regular employees. In the United States, a worker is an employee if their employer gets to tell them what to do, how to do it, and when to do it in a material way and an independent contractor if they get to make their own decisions about how to do what the employer wants.

The relationship between employer and employee is different from that between the firm and a customer or client.

An employee usually has to provide a resume and have an interview before being offered a job.

## Independent contractors

Some employers like to hire independent contractors, or workers who are technically running their own businesses, because they do not have to follow all of the same laws. For example, in the United States, an employer has to some of the employee's social security taxes and the employee pays the rest. A self-employed person pays for all of his or her own social security taxes.

For example, if a company hires a plumber every time they need a leak or pipe fixed in their building, that plumber is an independent contractor. If a company hires a plumber to be part of their company, then that plumber is an employee. They must pay the employee plumber whether there are leaks to fix or not. They must obey any minimum wage laws that the country has. They must provide other things. But the employer gets to tell the employee plumber what to do and how to do it much more than an independent contractor plumber. They can make the employee plumber follow a dress code, while the independent plumber gets to wear what he or she wants. They can make the employee plumber come in or leave on a set schedule like other employees. The independent contractor plumber gets to decide when to come to work, usually by making an appointment with the employer.

Some companies like to hire independent contractors and then tell them exactly what to do and when to do it, like regular employees. They can get in trouble for this. In the United States, the Internal Revenue Service can sue companies that lie about whether their employees really are independent contractors.

## Other websites

- NBER, Science and Engineering Workforce Project
- UK gov Local Business Link
Employer

An **employer** is a person or institution that hires employees.  Employers pay wages or a salary to the workers in exchange for the worker's work or labor.

If the employee is paid by the hour, then the money the employee earns is called their wage. If the employee is paid a set rate for a month, then the money they earn is called their salary. Wages are paid for all hours worked, including overtime. People with a salary are typically not paid more for more hours worked than the minimum.  Some people are paid piece work - a sum of money for each bit of work.

Employers include everything from people hiring a babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many thousands of employees.  In most western societies governments are the largest single employers, but most of the work force is employed in small and medium businesses in the private sector.

## Other websites

- NBER, Science and Engineering Workforce Project
- UK gov Local Business Link
Public sector

The **public sector** is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by civil service and for the government, whether national, regional or local/municipal. Examples of public sector activity range from delivering social welfare, administering infrastructure and urban planning and organising national defences.
Administration

**Administration** may refer to:

## Business

- Administration of business, the management of a business
- Management, the act of directing people towards achieving a goal
- Academic administration, a branch of a place of learning (e.g., a school) that maintains and supervises how it works
- Central Administration, the highest administrative department of an organisation
- Administration (law), whereby an insolvent company can continue trading under supervision

## Government

- The executive branch of government under a specific head of government
- Public administration, the act of administering public policy as determined by a government

## Other

- Drug administration, giving someone medication
- Military administration, the techniques and systems used in the management of the armed forces

## Related pages

- Administrator
Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children

***Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children*** is a computer animated movie. It was released in 2005 by Square Enix.

## Story

The movie is set two years after _Final Fantasy VII_ . A mysterious illness has spread against humanity, Cloud Strife and the children are infected. He does not tell anyone he is infected. The villains included Kadaj, Loz, and Yazoo, are trying to find the "Cells of JENOVA". The Cells are a lifeform which fell to the planet hundreds of years ago and tried to destroy it.

## Other websites

- Official _Advent Children_ English site
- Official _Advent Children_ Japanese site
- _Advent Children_.net - news, information, profiles, images, fan submissions and more
- The Making of _Advent Children_ with interview translations and images

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children
- **director**: Tetsuya Nomura
- **writer**: Kazushige Nojima
- **music**: Nobuo Uematsu
- **cinematography**: Yasuharu Yoshizawa
- **editing**: Keiichi Kojima
- **studio**: Visual Works
- **distributor**: Square Enix Holdings
- **runtime**: 101 minutes
- **country**: Japan
- **language**: Japanese
Mithril

***Mithril*** is a fictional metal from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe.

## Properties

_Mithril_ is the strongest metal known in Middle-earth. It looks similar to silver. It does not weigh much, and it is easy to make into things. _Mithril_ is very rare and precious. It was only found in Khazad-dûm (Moria), where it was mined by the Dwarves, and (perhaps) in Númenor.

The name "_mithril_" comes from the Sindarin words _mith_, meaning "grey", and _ril_ meaning "glitter". In Quenya, its name is _mistarille_. _Mithril_ was also called "true-silver" or "Moria-silver".

The most well known object made of _mithril_ is probably the mail shirt of Bilbo and Frodo Baggins.

## Influence on other fiction

_Mithril_ is now often used in other fictional works, usually as a strong and magical metal. It other fictional works, _mithril_ is also sometimes written differently, for example as _mythril_ or _mithral_.
Shaw and Crompton

**Shaw and Crompton** is a town in the North West of England. It is to the north-east of Manchester. Shaw and Crompton was part of Lancashire until the 1970s, but is now part of Greater Manchester. Shaw and Crompton is near to Oldham.

Shaw and Crompton grew during the Industrial Revolution because of its large cotton factories which sent fabric across the world.

## Other websites

- Crompton  articles at Gen UKI
- Crompton: from the Normans to the Tudors  A comprehensive historical reference site.
Greater Manchester

**Greater Manchester** is a county in North West England. It has 2.7 million people living there. It was created on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972. It is made up of ten Metropolitan boroughs: the cities of Manchester and Salford and the large towns of Oldham, Bury, Rochdale, Ashton-Under-Lyne, Stockport, Wigan and Bolton.

It has had a combined authority since 1 April 2011. The Greater Manchester Combined Authority has the political leaders from each of the ten metropolitan borough councils, plus a directly elected mayor, with responsibility for economic development, regeneration and transport. Andy Burnham is the first Mayor of Greater Manchester, elected in 2017.

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: Greater Manchester
- **locator map**: Greater Manchester UK locator map 2010.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Greater Manchester within England
- **region**: North West England
- **established date**: 1 April 1974
- **established by**: Local Government Act 1972
- **mps**: List of parliamentary constituencies in Greater Manchester, 27 MPs
- **police**: Greater Manchester Police
- **lord lieutenant office**: Lord Lieutenant of Greater Manchester
- **lord lieutenant name**: Diane Hawkins
- **high sheriff office**: High Sheriff of Greater Manchester
- **high sheriff name**: Lorraine Worsley-Carter
- **government**: Greater Manchester Combined Authority
- **mayor office**: Mayor of Greater Manchester
- **mayor name**: Andy Burnham (Labour Party (UK), L)
- **nuts code**: TLD3
- **districts map**:
- **districts key**: Metropolitan borough, Metropolitan districts
League (unit)

A **league** is an old unit of length. It was the distance a person could walk in about one hour. The Romans adopted the league and it became a common unit of measurement throughout western Europe and Latin America.

In English-speaking countries the league was usually three statute miles (4.828032 kilometres) on land or three nautical miles (5.556 km) at sea. However, in writing the word _league_ often means the Spanish, Portuguese or French league.

## Ancient Rome

The league was used by Ancient Rome, which defined it as being  Roman miles (7500 Roman feet or 2.22 km). The origin is the "leuga gallica" _ (also: leu**c**a Gallica)_, the league of Gaul. The ancient league was short but the unit grew longer over time.

## Argentina

In Argentina a league is a distance of 5 km.

## Brazil

In Brazil the league was 6 km but it is not used anymore.

## France

The French league had different values at different times: 10 000, 12 000, 13 200 and 14 400 French feet, about 3.25 km to about 4.68 km. It was used for a while together with the metric system but it is not used now. The French league was three nautical miles.

## Mexico

In the Mexican countryside the league is still commonly used in the original sense of the distance a person can walk in an hour. So a league along a good road on level ground is longer than a league on a difficult path over rough ground.

## Spain

The Spanish league was originally set as a fixed unit of distance of 5,000 varas (a Spanish yard), about 2.6 miles or 4.2 km. In 1568 Philip II of Spain officially abolished the league. However, in parts of Latin America, people still use it (with different meanings in different countries).
Gill (unit)

The **gill** (pronounced like the girl's name _Jill_) is a unit for measuring volume. It is equal to a quarter of a pint. People do not use it much now apart from old spirit measures in the United Kingdom: usually a fifth or a sixth of a gill.
.

|1 imperial gill|= 5 imperial fluid ounces (fl. oz.)|
| --- | --- |
||= 142.0653125 millilitres (ml) (exactly)|
||≈ 142 ml|
||≈ 1.20 U.S. gills|
|1 U.S. gill|= 4 U.S. fl. oz.|
||= 118.2941183 ml (exactly)|
||≈ 118 ml|
||≈ 0.83 imperial gills|
Quart

A **quart** is a unit of measurement for volume.  It is a quarter of a gallon or two pints.  Because the imperial system and the American system use different gallons, their quarts are different.

## Variants

In the American system, there are two different quarts. There is a wet quart and a dry quart. There is only one imperial quart. One U.S. dry quart is smaller than one imperial quart.

## Guide

|1 quart|= 946mL|
| --- | --- |
|1 imperial quart|= 40 imperial fluid ounces (fl. oz.)|
||= 1.1365225 litres (exactly)|
||≈ 1137 millilitres|
||≈ 1.20 U.S. wet quarts|
||≈ 1.03 U.S. dry quarts|
|1 U.S. wet quart|= 32 U.S. fl. oz.|
||= 0.946352946 litres (exactly)|
||≈ 946 ml|
||≈ 0.83 imperial quarts|
||≈ 0.86 U.S. dry quarts|
|1 U.S. dry quart|= 1.101220943 litres (exactly)|
||≈ 1101 ml|
||≈ 0.97 imperial quarts|
||≈ 1.16 U.S. wet quarts|
Ampere

The **ampere** (symbol: **A**, often shortened to **amp**) is the standard unit of electric current. An electric current of one ampere is one coulomb per second. The amp is named after André-Marie Ampère who studied electromagnetism_'.

The ampere is defined so the elementary charge _e'' is 1.602 176 634 × 10<sup>−19</sup> C or A•s.

## Other websites

- The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
- A short history of the SI units in electricity

## Infobox (unit)

- **name**: Ampere
- **standard**: SI base unit
- **quantity**: Electric current
- **symbol**: A
- **dimension**: I
- **namedafter**: André-Marie Ampère
Newton (unit)

The **newton** (symbol: **N**) is the SI unit of force. It is named after Sir Isaac Newton because of his work on classical mechanics. A _newton_ is how much force is required to make a mass of one kilogram accelerate at a rate of one metre per second squared.

- 1 N is the force of Earth's gravity on a mass of about 102 g.
- On the Earth's surface, a mass of 1 kg pushes on its support with an average force of 9.8 N.
- 1 Newton is equal to the amount of force required to accelerate an object (with a mass of one kilogram) at a rate of 1 meter per second, per second.
- The US Customary Unit of force is the **pound** (symbol: **lbf**). 1 pound is equal to 4.44822 newtons.

In 1946, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) set the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second each second.  In 1948, the CGPM adopted the name "newton" for this force.  The MKS system then became the blueprint for today's SI International System of Units.  That made the newton the standard unit of force.

This SI unit is named after Isaac Newton. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (N). However, when an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (newton)—except in a situation where any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in material using title case. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase.— Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.

Newton's second law of motion states that F = m•a, where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the object receiving the force, and a is the acceleration of the object. The newton is therefore:[2]
Natural person

In jurisprudence, a **natural person** is a real human being in contrast to an artificial person, meaning an organization that the law treats for some purposes as if it were a person distinct from its members or owner.

For example, the right to vote is given to natural persons only. That is the case for most of the human rights. Therefore, obviously a corporation cannot hold public office, but it can file a lawsuit.

Although science fiction has long fantasized about the possibility of sentient robots (e.g. androids) living among humans (such as Robin Williams _Bicentennial Man_), no court has yet dealt with the question of whether such a being would be considered a _natural person_.

## Other websites

- Natural Person
Jurisprudence

**Jurisprudence** is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal philosophers, hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions. As jurisprudence has developed, there are three main aspects with which scholarly writing engages:
- **natural law** is the idea that there are unchangeable laws of nature which govern us, and that our institutions ought to match this natural law
- **analytic jurisprudence** asks questions like, "what is law?" "What are the criteria for legal validity?" or "what is the relationship between law and morality?" are other questions that legal philosophers may engage with
- **normative jurisprudence** asks what law should be like. It overlaps with moral and political philosophy, and includes questions of whether we should obey the law, on what grounds law-breakers might properly be punished, the proper uses and limits of regulation

Modern jurisprudence and philosophy of law is dominated today primarily by Western academics. The ideas of the Western legal tradition have become so pervasive throughout the world that it is tempting to see them as universal. Historically, however, many philosophers from other traditions have discussed the same questions, from Islamic scholars to the ancient Greeks.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutional economics

## Other websites

- http://www.redeemer.on.ca/Dooyeweerd-Centre/  Navigate to page for Encyclopedia of the Science of Law (Mellen, 2002).
- John Witte, Jr: A Brief Biography of Dooyeweerd, based on Hendrik van Eikema Hommes, Inleiding tot de Wijsbegeerte van Herman Dooyeweerd (The Hague, 1982; pp 1-4,132)http://www.redeemer.on.ca/Dooyeweerd-Centre/biography.html
- LII Law about... Jurisprudence
- _The Case of the Speluncean Explorers:  Nine New Opinions _, by Peter Suber (Routledge, 1998.)  Lon Fuller's classic of jurisprudence brought up to date 50 years later.
- The Roman Law Library, incl. _Responsa prudentium_  by Professor Yves Lassard and Alexandr Koptev.
- Evgeny Pashukanis - General Theory of Law and Marxism
- Internet Encyclopedia: Philosophy of Law
Orascom

**Orascom** is an Egyptian company that offers mobile telephone services in many countries.

## Affiliates

Orascom operates these companies:

- Mobinil  in Egypt
- Djezzy  in Algeria
- Iraqna  in Iraq
- Mobilink  in Pakistan
- Banglalink  in Bangladesh
- Telecel Zimbabwe  in Zimbabwe

## History

In 1997, Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) was established as a separate entity to consolidate the telecommunications and technology interests of the Orascom group of companies established in 1976. Founded in 1998 as part of the Orascom company, it became the largest cellular operator in the Middle East in only five years.

In 2010, Russian Vimpelcom acquired Orascom Telecom as well as Wind Telecomunicazioni from Weather Investments of the Egyptian entrepreneur Naguib Sawiris and merged the two companies to form Global Telecom Holding based in Cairo. Excluded from this transaction were the activities in North Korea (Koryolink) and Egypt, which were transferred to Orascom Telecom Media and Technology Holding, which remained majority-owned by Naguib Sawiris. The Italian activities of Wind Telecomunicazioni report directly to the parent company Vimpelcom and are not part of Global Telecom Holding.

Orascom Telecom Holding has been renamed to Global Telecom Holding in 2013. On 1 July 2019 Gerbrand Nijman (since June 2015 GTH's group CFO) has succeeded Vincenzo Nesci (retired) as GTH's CEO.

## Other websites

- Orascom
Legal entity

A **legal entity** is a legal construct through which the law allows a group of natural persons to act as if they were a single person for certain purposes.  The most common purposes are lawsuits, property ownership, and contracts.

A legal entity is not always something else than the natural persons of which it is composed as one can see with a company or corporation.

Some examples of legal entities include:
- companies
- cooperatives (co-ops)
- corporations
- municipalities
- natural persons
- political parties
- sovereigns
- states
- temples, in some legal systems, have separate legal personality
- trade unions
- ship or vessel

## Limitations

There are limitations to the legal recognition of artificial persons.  Legal entities cannot marry, they cannot vote or hold public office, and in most jurisdictions there are certain positions which they cannot occupy.  The extent to which a legal entity can commit a crime varies from country to country.  Certain countries prohibit a legal entity from holding human rights; other countries permit artificial persons to enjoy certain protections from the state that are traditionally described as human rights.

examples of legal entities are
- sole traders
-partnerships
- trusts
- private and public company

Recently, in India, a company despite being artificial person has got court stay, from High Court Jaipur Bench against an employee seeking justice in labour court.

## Related pages

- Company
Ownership

**Ownership** means total possession or control of property, which may be a business, an object, land or real estate, intellectual property or some other kind of property.

The rights of ownership are:

1. Making decisions about what is owned, and
1. Benefiting from the economic returns of what is owned.

Ownership can be divided, or shared between owners. Ownership has no legal value until money is added into the situation. The surplus, or profits, or money value of what is owned is divided according to the ownership accounts.

Ownership is needed for the development of the capitalist socio-economic system. The concept of ownership has existed for thousands of years and in all cultures.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
- Political economy
Possession

**Possession** usually means to have some sort of ownership over something else. A person may be in possession of some property, which is legal ownership, under property law.

There are some other related uses of the term. When English explorer, Captain James Cook, claimed the country of Australia as a British country, he took "possession" of the land. The spot where he made his claim on 22 August 1770, a small island in the Torres Strait, is now called Possession Island.

In some beliefs, to be possessed is to be under the control of devils, demons, or evil spirits. These people may do evil or terrible things because of their _possession._
Officer of arms

An **officer of arms** is someone who is chosen by a sovereign or state to do some important jobs relating to:
- heraldry and coats of arms
- arranging and conducting ceremonies of state
- keeping and interpreting heraldic and genealogical records.

In Scotland the officers of arms maintain the old job of a herald - passing on royal messages. Three days after parliament is dissolved in London the royal proclamation is read out at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh. They wait three days because this is how long it used to take to get from London to Edinburgh by horse.
Aragorn

**Aragorn** is one of the main characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's _The Lord of the Rings_. He is a member of the Company of the Ring, wanting to destroy the One Ring to save Middle-earth from the rule of the Dark Lord Sauron. He helps distract Sauron, helping Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee to destroy the ring by throwing to in the fires of Mount Doom. He later marries the immortal elf Arwen and becomes the king of both Gondor and Arnor for 122 years. He is in many adaptations of _The Lord of the Rings_ and was played by Viggo Mortensen in Peter Jackson's trilogy.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Aragorn
- **first**: _The Fellowship of the Ring_ (1954)
- **last**: _Unfinished Tales_ (1980)
- **race**: Men in Middle-earth, Men
- **weapon**: Andúril
- **spouse**: Arwen
- **children**: Eldarion, daughters
- **affiliation**: Dúnedain; Rangers of the North; Company of the Ring
- **series**: J. R. R. Tolkien, Tolkien
Personal property

**Personal property** means property that consists of object that can be moved from one place to another.

In the common law systems personal property may also be called **chattels**. There it is distinguished from real property, or real estate.

In the civil law systems personal property is often called movable property or movables - any property that can be moved from one location to another. This term is in distinction with immovable property or immovables, such as land and buildings.
A machinery, which can be dismantled and moved to a new place, which is installed in a building falls into which category.

## Related pages

- Constitution
- Constitutional economics
- Political economy
Statutory law

**Statutory law** is written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature or other governing authority such as the executive branch of government in response to a need to clarify the functioning of government, improve civil order, answer a public need, to codify existing law, or for an individual or company to obtain special treatment.

The term **codified law** is sometimes used as a synonym for statutory law in general. In some U.S. states, the entire body of statutory law is referred to as a "code," such as the Ohio Revised Code. At the federal and state level in the United States, portions of the statutory law are also referred to as "code," such as the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.

## Other websites

- Parliamentary Fact Sheets  United Kingdom
Oral law

An **oral law** are rules of human behavior in use in a given culture, religion or other group, which is transmitted by oral tradition and respected. Oral law is spoken, as opposed to statutory law, which is written down. Like customary law, oral laws depend not on legislation passed by a government, but rather tradition, custom and precedent.

Many cultures do have an oral law, while most legal systems of today have a formal written organisation.
Oral tradition

An **oral tradition** or **oral culture** is a way of transmitting history, literature or law from one generation to the next, without a writing system, by voice. People tell stories. Often the stories are made into poem<nowiki/>s and song<nowiki/>s to make remembering easy. For example, the Homeric poetry of the _Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_ combined oral literature and oral history. Eventually they were written down.

## Related pages

- Legend
- Narrative poetry
- Oral law
- Word of mouth

## Other websites

- The Center for Studies in Oral Tradition
- The Milman Parry Collection of Oral Literature Online
- Oral Tradition Journal
Legal case

A **legal case** is a dispute between two parties that is resolved by a court or other legal process. A legal case may be either civil or criminal. The decision of a court is usually published in one form or another for later reference. In countries like the United States which have a common law system, decisions by a higher court are binding on lower courts when the facts and issues are similar. Stare decisis, or the concept of precedent, means to follow cases that were decided earlier when judging the current case.
Nasal hair

**Nasal hair**  are small hair-like cells in the nose. Most of them can be found near the nostrils. The purpose of these hairs is to act as a filter, keeping dust and dirt out of the nasal passages. They also draw liquid mucus up from the epithelium by capillary action. In that way, they help to maintain humidity in the air passages and stop them from drying out. The hairs trap moisture as air is breathed out. The evaporation of trapped moisture on the hairs increases the humidity of air as it is breathed in. Note that nasal hair is different from the cilia found in the nose, which are part of the olfactory system.

Some cultures consider nose hair coming out from the nostrils to be ugly. The increased growth of nasal cilia with age (particularly for men) is often a source of anxiety and embarrassment. A number of devices have been sold to trim the nose hair, including small rotary clippers and attachments for electric shavers. However, given the role of nasal cilia, many doctors recommend trimming them lightly, if at all. There is evidence that the movement in the ciliar slows down with age. This may be the reason that old people have more respiratory infections.
929

## Events

- January 16 - Emir Abd-ar-rahman III of Cordoba creates the Caliphate of Cordoba and assumes power
- Pope Stephen VII succeeds Pope Leo VI

## Deaths

- Pope John X
- Al-Batani, Arab astronomer
Willis Tower

The **Willis Tower**, formerly known as the **Sears Tower**, is a 108-story,  skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. The tower has 108 stories, though the building's owners count the main roof as 109 and the mechanical penthouse roof as 110. When it finished construction in 1973, it beat the World Trade Center in New York City to become the tallest building in the world. It was the tallest building in the world for twenty-five years until the Petronas Towers were built in Malaysia. It was also the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere for 41 years, until the new One World Trade Center beat it in 2013.

Willis Tower is seen as the best work of architect Fazlur Khan. As of 2021, it is the third-tallest building in the United States and the Western hemisphere. It is also the 23rd-tallest in the world. Each year, more than one million people visit its observation deck, the highest in the United States. It is one of Chicago's most popular tourist places. The tower was renamed in 2009 after the Willis Group bought the tower.

## Infobox (building)

- **name**: Willis Tower
- **former names**: Sears Tower (1973–2009)
- **logo**: Willis Tower logo.svg
- **logo alt**: Icon based on Facebook page; text from official website
- **status**: completed
- **image**: Sears Tower ss.jpg
- **caption**: The Willis Tower, then known as the Sears Tower, in 1998
- **location**: 233 S. Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois,
United States
- **architect**: Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
 Fazlur Khan, Fazlur Rahman Khan
 Bruce Graham
- **owner**: Blackstone Group
- **floor count**: 108 (+3 basement floors), 110 floors including mechanical.
- **references**: I.

- **highest prev**: World Trade Center (1973–2001), World Trade Center
- **highest start**: 1973
- **highest end**: 1998
- **highest next**: Petronas Towers
- **map type**: Chicago#Illinois#USA
- **map dot label**: Willis Tower
- **map caption**: Location in Chicago##Location in Illinois##Location in the United States
- **building type**: Office, observation, communication
- **architectural style**: International Style (architecture), International
- **current tenants**: United Airlines
- **elevator count**: 104, with 16 double-decker elevators, made by Westinghouse Electric (1886), Westinghouse, modernized by Schindler Group
- **main contractor**: Morse Diesel International
- **namesake**: Willis Group
Pope John IX

**John IX** () was Pope from 898 to 900.

## Early life

Although his exact birth day is unknown, he was a native of Tivoli, which is near Rome.

## Monk

He was a Benedictine monk.

## Pope

He was made Pope because of the support of Emperor Lambert of Spoleto. Lambert was of the Formosian party. Pope Sergius III who had been elected by the Anti-Formosians was chased from office with arms. John IX died unexpectedly in the year 900, which again led to feuds between different groups.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: Pope
- **honorific-prefix**: Pope
- **name**: John IX
- **image**: Pope John IX.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **birth name**: Unknown
- **term start**: January 898
- **term end**: January 900
- **predecessor**: Pope Theodore II, Theodore II
- **successor**: Pope Benedict IV, Benedict IV
- **birth date**: 840
- **birth place**: Tivoli, Lazio, Tivoli, Papal States
- **death date**: 5 January 900
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **other**: John
Houston Stewart Chamberlain

**Houston Steward Chamberlain** (September 9, 1855 – January 9, 1927) was a writer of books. He wrote many popular scientific books, about Richard Wagner, Immanuel Kant, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe amongst others. He was born in Portsmouth, but later emigrated to Germany. In later life he became a German citizen. He was acquainted with Hitler and died in Bayreuth. He is known for his Antisemitism. His best-known book, _The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century_ is seen as a standard antisemitic work of the early 20th century.
Arthur de Gobineau

**Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau** (July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French aristocrat. He was well educated, and wrote many things. He became famous for developing the racialist theory of the Aryan Master race in his book _An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races_ (1853-1855).
Staff (music)

A **staff** (or **stave**) is the name given to the five horizontal lines on which we can write music. Musical notes can be placed either on a line (i.e. with a line going through the middle of the note head) or in a space.  There are four inside spaces as well as the two outer spaces at the top or bottom.

The higher the pitch of the note the higher it will be on the staff. Taking the white notes of a keyboard: each note (A, B, C, D etc.) is placed higher on the stave (line, space, line, space etc.).  A clef is needed to show which notes they are. There are different clefs to suit high, medium or low instruments.

This musical example shows the opening of _Symphony no 5_ by Beethoven.  The first three notes are on the second line (counting from the bottom).  They are Gs, because there is a treble clef at the beginning of the staff.  The fourth note is a little lower: on the bottom line, the E line (because of the flats in the key signature it is an E flat).  The next note is between the other two in pitch (an F). After the three Fs comes a D in the outside bottom space.

Sometimes composers have used staves with fewer or more than 5 lines, but the five-line staff started to become the usual one in Western music in the 13th century.

When notes are a little too high or low to put on the stave, extension lines are used.  These are called ledger lines.

If two or more staves are being played at the same time the staves are joined on the left by a bracket which is called a **brace**.  Piano music, for example, is written on two staves: one for the right hand and one for the left.

Instruments that only play a rhythm (such as the cymbals), do not need a stave.  The notes can be written just on one line. The beats are crosses. It's modern notation started from the Catholic Church.

## References

fi:Nuottikirjoitus#Nuottiviivasto
Colorado potato beetle

The **Colorado potato beetle**, _Leptinotarsa decemlineata_, is a beetle. It is sometimes just called the Colorado beetle. It is one of the worst potato pests in the world.

The beetle is notable for its ability to resist pesticides. Over the last 50 years it has become resistant to 52 chemical compounds used in insecticides, including cyanide. However, not every population is resistant to every chemical.

The Colorado beetle first lived in the southwest United States and northern Mexico. Now it lives in most of North America and also in Europe and Asia.

## What it eats

The Colorado potato beetle now eats cultivated potato plants. Both larvae and adults eat the leaves and strip the plant down to a skeleton. They may also attack tomato and eggplants. There can be so many Colorado potato beetles in potato farms that they destroy the potatoes.

## Defence

Because the beetle rapidly evolves resistance to chemicals, the best defence may be biological control. A ground beetle, _Lebia grandis_ is a predator of the eggs and larvae, and its larvae are parasitoids of the Colorado beetle's pupae.

_Beauveria bassiana_ (Hyphomycetes) is a pathogenic fungus that infects many insects, including the Colorado beetle. It is probably the most widely used natural enemy of the Colorado beetle. There are commercial formulations that can be applied using a pesticide sprayer.

## Origins

The Colorado potato beetle did not always eat potato plants. This is because potatoes came from South America, not near the beetle's original range. Before people brought potatoes to North America, the Colorado beetle ate a plant called buffalo-bur.
Opiliones

**Harvestmen** are eight-legged arachnids. Even though they are arachnids like spiders, harvestmen are not spiders. They are in the order **Opiliones**.

More than 6,400 species of harvestmen have been discovered, although the real number of extant species may be more than 10,000. Well-preserved fossils have been found in the 400-million year old Rhynie cherts of Scotland. Fossil harvestmen look surprisingly similar to modern harvestmen. Apparently, the basic body shape of harvestmen has not changed much.

In some places, harvestmen are known by the name "daddy longlegs", but this name is also used for two other unrelated arthropods: the crane fly (_Tipulidae_) and the cellar spider (_Pholcidae_).

Many species of harvestmen are omnivores--they eat anything they can find. Most of the time this is small insects, and some plants and fungi. Some are scavengers.

Harvestmen are not dangerous to humans. None of the described species have poison glands. They are not "true" spiders even though they look like spiders in many ways. For example, harvestmen have no venom or silk glands; spiders have these.

## Anatomy

Harvestmen have exceptionally long walking legs compared to their bodies, although there are also some short-legged species. In harvestmen, the two main body sections (the abdomen and cephalothorax) meet at a wide point, so that they appear to be one oval structure. In more advanced species of harvestmen, the first five segments of the abdomen are fused into a "shield" on the harvestman's back called the scutum. In some species, this shield is only present in males. The second pair of legs is longer than the others and work as antennae. This can be hard to see in short-legged species.

The feeding apparatus (stomotheca) differs from other arachnids as they are able to eat their food in chunks, without needing to liquify it. Most species have a single pair of eyes in the middle of their heads, oriented horizontally. However, there are some eyeless species.

## Further reading

- Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog (2005)
- Pinto-da-Rocha R. Machado G. & Giribet G. eds. 2007. Harvestmen – the biology of Opiliones. _Harvard University Press_
- Pinto-da-Rocha R. & Kury A.B. 2003. Third species of Guasiniidae (Opiliones, Laniatores) with comments on familial relationships. _Journal of Arachnology_ **31**: 394-399. PDF
- Shultz, Jeffrey W. 1998. Phylogeny of Opiliones (Arachnida): an assessment of the "Cyphopalpatores" concept. _Journal of Arachnology_ **26**: 257-272. PDF

## Other websites

- Harvestman: Order Opiliones Diagnostic photographs and information on North American harvestmen
- Harvestman: Order Opiliones Diagnostic photographs and information on European harvestmen
- University of Aberdeen: The Rhynie Chert Harvestmen (fossils)
- National Museum page Classification of Opiliones  A synoptic taxonomic arrangement of the order Opiliones, down to family-group level, including some photos of the families
Daddy Longlegs

**Daddy Longlegs** could mean:
- Crane fly
- Opiliones (Harvestman)
- Daddy long-legs spider (Cellar spider)
Shikon no Tama

**The Shikon no Tama** (English:**The Jewel of Four Souls**) is the fictional magic jewel in Rumiko Takahashi's manga and anime series _InuYasha_. It contains four types of souls, Courage, Friendship, Wisdom and Love. The souls can make a person powerful. Before Midoriko sacrificed herself, she joined four souls within her heart, with the demonic one making it good and pure. This created the Shikon Jewel, where Midoriko and the demon are trapped within. The battle depends to any demon who kept the jewel. If the jewel is purified, Midoriko survives. If the demon binds the jewel, it becomes defiled. Naraku defiles the jewel, while collecting all pieces. Shako (Sango's grandfather) found the impured jewel from one of the demons. When Kikyo dies, the jewel survives and Naraku plans to retrieve it. Kagome Higurashi ends up travelling to the past while keeping the jewel. After Kagome destroys the raven, the jewel is shattered into pieces. Izumo is a philosopher half–demon who made the fake jewel with small power, by copying the real one. However, Inuyasha defeats him.

pt:Jóia de Quatro almas
Daddy long-legs spider

The **Daddy-Long-Legs Spider** (_Pholcus phalangioides_) is a spider of the family Pholcidae. Its legs are about 5 or 6 times the length of its body.  It is often confused with the _daddy long-legs_, a member of the Opiliones, which are not true (real) spiders. _P. phalangioides_ has the habit of shaking the web violently when disturbed. This is probably to blur the vision of a predator. Because it is often found on the ceilings of rooms, caves or cellars, it is also called **cellar spider**.  They can easily catch and eat hairy house spiders, mosquitoes, and other insects.  When food is scarce, they will prey on their own kind. Because they originally came from the tropics, these spiders do not seem to be aware of seasonal changes and breed at any time of the year.

The female holds 20 to 30 eggs in her jaws.  Spiderlings are transparent with short legs and change their skin about 5 or 6 times as they grow.

Females have a body length of about 9mm, males are slightly smaller.

## Trivia

- This is the only spider species described by Swiss painter and entomologist Johann Kaspar Füssli.
- This species have the ability to completely suck out a mosquito from the tip of one of its legs, although this may take up to twelve hours.

## Other websites

- Description and pictures
- Long description and pictures
Crane fly

**Crane flies** are flies in the family **Tipulidae**. They are insects. Crane flies look similar to large mosquitoes but, unlike mosquitoes, crane flies do not bite people or animals. Crane flies occasionally eat nectar.

They are also known as daddy longlegs around the world. The term 'daddy-long-legs' is also given to arachnids of the order Opiliones or the family Pholcidae. The larvae of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets.

There are about 15,000 different species and 525 genera of crane flies. This means that the Tipulidae (crane flies) are the largest group of flies. Most crane fly species (75%) were found by Charles P. Alexander.

The adult only lives to mate and lay eggs: 10 to 15 days is all. In some species the adult does not eat at all.

## Larvae

Most of the crane fly's life is spent as a larva. Crane fly larvae are called **leatherjackets** or 'leatherjacket slugs' because of the way they move and eat roots (such as those of grass in lawns) and other vegetation. Some leatherjackets are aquatic.

Leatherjackets can cause damage to plants. Because of this, crane flies are a pest of lawn grass in some areas. Invasive (European) crane flies (_Tipula paludosa_) cause extensive damage to turfgrass.

Larvae of crane flies are divided into segments. They have a distinct head capsule on the front. The segments on the rear portion of the larva (the abdominal segments) often have long fleshy projections (like tentacles). Scientists have never seen the larvae from most crane fly species: less than 2% of the larvae are known.

## Appearance

Adult crane flies have very long legs and a long, thin abdomen. It is very easy to accidentally break off their delicate legs when catching crane flies. Their thin legs and  abdomen may help them to escape from birds who try to eat them. Females have larger abdomens in comparison to the males. The female abdomen also ends in a pointed ovipositor that looks a bit like a stinger. Crane flies cannot sting.

The wings are often held out from the body when the crane fly is not moving. When the wings are held out, the large halteres (balancers) can be seen behind the wings. Unlike mosquitoes, crane flies can not fly well. They will sometimes "wobble" when flying.

Crane flies that live in temperate places, such as _Tipula_ species, may grow as big as 60 mm in size. Tropical crane flies may grow to more than 100 mm. The giant crane fly (_Holorusia rubiginosa_) that lives in the western United States can reach 38 mm (1-3/8 inches). There are also small crane flies, the size of mosquitoes.

## References

- Oosterbroek, Pjotr. "Tipulidae" <http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/tipulidae.html >.

## Other websites

- Family descriptions and images
- Ohio State University Fact Sheet
- 1 Photo
- Crane Flies of Pennsylvania
- Crane Fly Tipula sp.

- Crane Fly Tipula dorsimacula
- Catalogue of Craneflies of the World
- Family Tipulidae - By Pjotr Oosterbroek
- Image Gallery from Diptera.info
- Image Gallery from Bug Guide Extensive
Attac (organization)

The **Association pour la Taxation des Transactions pour l'Aide aux Citoyens** (**Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens**, **ATTAC**) is an organization that promotes a tax on foreign exchange transactions, the so-called Tobin tax.

## Background

At first Attac demanded only the introduction of the so-called Tobin tax on currency speculation. Now it fights for many issues related to globalisation. Therefore, it reports about the decisions of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).  ATTAC attends the meetings of the G8 with the goal of influencing policymakers' decisions.

Though ATTAC criticises the neoliberal ideology dominating economic globalisation, it is not "anti-globalisation".  It supports globalisation policies that they characterise as sustainable and socially just. One of ATTAC's slogans is "The World is not for sale", denouncing the "merchandisation" of society.

## Other websites

- ATTAC homepage
- ATTAC.info
- "Disarming the Markets", editorial by Ignacio Ramonet
- Term Paper about ATTAC
Threat

A **threat** is a type of communication. It is a warning. It is a behaviour which almost all advanced animals have. In humans it is often verbal (spoken). Dictionary definition:
- "Any action, gesture or response that indicates an intention to attack, harm or intimidate another".

Threats evolved because actual fighting often damages an animal, and a damaged animal is at risk. On the other hand, animals compete for food, territory, mating and other important things.

Because humans have complicated brains, their use of threats may be deliberate, and may be spoofs or jokes. Humans make threats verbally, but words are not automatic. If I tread in your toe, you may say "Ow" by reflex. That's not a threat. But if I say "do that again, and I'll (whatever)", that's a threat.
In many cases the threat is not believed, or may even be a joke.  Like other communications, a threat has a context, and the context decides its meaning.

A child who says "I'll tell my dad" may learn from the sarcastic reply "I'm so scared!" that the threat is an **idle threat**. An idle threat is one that promises harm which cannot or will not happen.

A threat to do harm may be mixed with an offer to do good. This is called a conditional offer, or  **throffer**.  The threat part may be implied, but nevertheless effective.

Some countries, such as the United States, have a legal concept of **true threat**. A true threat is a threatening communication which can be prosecuted under the law.

A threat can describe a situation of danger: for example "a terrorist threat". Many countries have a system where the government can adjust its security by having official **threat levels**.

## Related pages

- Nonverbal communication
- Threat display (in animals)
Promotion

**Promotion** means spreading information about an product, service or issue.

Promotional activity generally involves a company spreading knowledge about its brand, products, or service to generate demand, build a following, raise awareness, or build loyalty. Many of these activities taking place simultaneously, and including channels such as: Social Media, Direct Mail, Print, and Television.

Promotion as part of marketing means spreading information about a product, product line, brand, or company.
_Promotion_ includes:
- Publicity and public relations
- Advertising

_Promotion for marketing_ includes additionally:
- Personal selling
- Non-personal selling
- Sales promotion
- Tradeshows
- Direct selling
- Refer a friend
- Loyalty bonus
- Product placement
    - For example, arranging  that a product is used on a television programme or in a movie so that the viewer can see the brand name or symbol or logo.

Promotion can also happen when a marketing company is providing discounts and coupons to customers to create brand awareness.