juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Barbara Billingsley

**Barbara Billingsley** (December 22, 1915 – October 16, 2010) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. She played June Cleaver on the television series _Leave It to Beaver_ (1957–1963). She played the same character in the sequel series _Still the Beaver_ (1985–1988).

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Barbara Billingsley in 1958.JPG
- **caption**: Billingsley in 1958
- **birth name**: Barbara Lillian Combes
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery, Santa Monica, Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery
 Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1945–2007
- **education**: Washington Preparatory High School
- **alma mater**: Los Angeles City College, Los Angeles Junior College
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
Submarine volcano

**Submarine volcanoes** are volcanoes which are under the surface of the world's oceans.  These volcanoes occur in a range of forms.  Many create cone-shaped seamounts or flat-topped guyots.

Volcanoes in the ocean develop from cracks or holes in the earth's undersea surface.  Changes in the ocean floor are caused when magma flows or erupts from a site which is under water.

The presence of water alters the characteristics of a volcanic eruption.

## Related pages

- Seamount
- Guyot

## Other websites

- United States Geological Survey, Submarine Volcanoes, Vents, Ridges, and Eruptions
- Oregon State University, Submarine volcanoes
Hugh Beaumont

**Eugene Hugh Beaumont** (February 16, 1909 – May 14, 1982) was an American actor, television director, and a Methodist minister. He was born in Lawrence, Kansas. He played Ward Cleaver on the sitcom television series _Leave It to Beaver_ (1957–1963). He directed many of the show's episodes. In his retirement years, he became a Christmas tree farmer. He died of a heart attack in Munich, Germany while visiting his son.
Ken Osmond

**Kenneth Charles "Ken" Osmond** (June 7, 1943 – May 18, 2020) was an American actor and LAPD police officer. He played Eddie Haskell in _Leave It to Beaver_ (1957-1963). He was born in Glendale, California.

Osmond died at his home in Los Angeles on May 18, 2020 of problems caused by COPD and peripheral artery disease at the age of 76.

## Other websites

- Ken Osmond at TVGuide.com
- Ken Osmond  at TVLand.com
Sue Randall

**Marion Burnside "Sue" Randall** (October 8, 1935 — October 26, 1984) was an American actress. She played Beaver Cleaver's school teacher Miss Landers on the sitcom television series _Leave It to Beaver_ (1957-1963).
Baffin Bay

**Baffin Bay** (,) is a marginal sea of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is between Baffin Island and the southwest coast of Greenland.  It connects to the Atlantic by Davis Strait and the Labrador Sea. A narrower Nares Strait connects Baffin Bay with the Arctic Ocean.

People lived in the bay area from around 500 BC. First there were the Dorset and then Thule and Inuit people. It was reached by Europeans in 1585.  William Baffin described the bay in detail in 1616. He is who the bay and the island are named after. People cannot travel on the bay most of the year because of the ice cover and large amount of floating ice and icebergs in the open areas.

Baffin Bay was the epicenter of a 7.3 magnitude earthquake in 1933. This is the largest known earthquake north of the Arctic Circle.

## Wildlife

The North Water provides air to ice algae and zooplankton.  There are many animals. Of about 20,000 Beluga whales living in the Baffin Bay, some 15,000 are around the North Water. Other animals of the region include walrus, narwhal, Harp Seal, bearded seal, ringed seal and polar bear.

There are about 400 plant and tree species on the bay shores, including birch, willow, alder and plants adapted to salty soils, as well as lyme grass, mosses, and lichens. These serve as food for caribou and rodents, such as lemming. Resident fish species include polar cod, Arctic flounder (Pleuronectidae, Liopsetta), four-horned sculpin and capelin. The birds of the bay are the Little Auk, Snowy Owl, Willow Ptarmigan, Rock Ptarmigan, Gyrfalcon, Arctic Redpoll and guillemots. Most of them migrate to the south during the winter.
Bragi

**Bragi** is one of the newest gods in the mythology of the Vikings.  He is often represented with a harp. He is shown as an old man with long gray hair and a long gray beard. He dies at the tusks of the Dwarven battle-boar at Ragnarok. His wife is Iðunn, keeper of the apples of the Gods. Bragi is also the god of music and the harp. He wakes the world up in the morning with his harp music.
Barents Sea

The **Barents Sea** is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is north of Norway and Russia. It was called the ***Murman Sea*** in the Middle Ages.  The new name is from the Dutch navigator Willem Barents.  It is a rather deep shelf sea. The average depth is  and maximum depth is . It is bordered by the Norwegian Sea in the west, the islands of Svalbard (Norway) in the northwest, and the islands of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya in the northeast and east. Novaya Zemlya separates the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea. A lot of fossil fuel energy resources are in the Barents Sea area.

## Geography

The southern half of the Barents Sea stays ice-free year round due to the warmth brought by the North Atlantic drift. This includes the ports of Murmansk in Russia and Vardø in Norway. In September, the entire Barents Sea is mostly ice-free.  Until the end of the Winter War, Finland's territories reached the Barents Sea.  This made the harbor at Petsamo Finland's only ice-free winter harbor.

## Ecology

Due to the North Atlantic drift, the Barents Sea has a lot of plants and animals compared to other oceans of similar latitude.  The spring bloom of phytoplankton can start quite early close to the ice edge. The fresh water from the melting ice makes up a water layer on top of the sea water. The phytoplankton bloom feeds zooplankton. The animals that eat zooplankton include young cod, capelin, polar cod, whales, and Little Auk. The capelin is a main food for animals such as the North-East Arctic cod, harp seals, and seabirds such as Common Guillemot and Brunnich's Guillemot.  The fisheries of the Barents Sea, in particular the cod fisheries, are of great importance for both Norway and Russia.
Beaufort Sea

The **Beaufort Sea** is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after  hydrographer Sir Francis Beaufort. The Mackenzie River empties into the Canadian part of the sea. Tuktoyaktuk is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores.

The sea is frozen over most of the year. Only a narrow pass up to  opens in August–September near its shores. The seacoast was populated about 30,000 years ago. The sea has many resources of petroleum and natural gas. They were discovered between the 1950s and 1980s.  People started exploring the resources in the 1980s. There is a large amount of beluga whales. The United States and Canada do not agree about the sea border.

## Geography

Several rivers such as the Kongakut River in Alaska and the Firth River in Yukon empty into the Beaufort. The major river to flow into the sea is the Mackenzie, Canada's longest. The coastal shelf area is rather narrow, especially near and east of Point Barrow in the Alaskan part of the sea.  It becomes wider near the delta of the Mackenzie River.  It never gets bigger than . Near the coast, the depths are shallower than .  The quickly get bigger northwards up to a few kilometers. There are many small islands in the sea and in the delta of the Mackenzie River. A few larger ones are west of the Mackenzie River, such as Herschel Island ( off the shore, and Barter Island ( from the coast.  The coasts are low, with the maximum elevations between . The soil is frozen all year around forming permafrost.  Only the top few tens centimeters thaw in summer. Buildings have to be above ground on wooden poles.

## Flora and fauna

The shoreline of the Beaufort Sea is covered with tundra.  It is the northern limit of the polar bear in North America. The Mackenzie River is an important place to live for whales and sea birds. The delta of Mackenzie River has many lakes and ponds. The muskrat is one animal that lives here.

The sea has about 80 species of zooplankton, more than 70 species of phytoplankton, and nearly 700 species of polychaetes, bryozoans, crustaceans and mollusks. But there are not very many of the animals because of the cold climate. Important fish species include polar cod, Arctic cod, saffron cod, Arctic char, chum salmon, Arctic cisco, least cisco, lake whitefish, broad whitefish, Pacific herring, fourhorn sculpin, inconnu and flatfish.
Chukchi Sea

**Chukchi Sea** is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean.  It is bounded on the west by the De Long Strait, off Wrangel Island, and in the east by Point Barrow, Alaska, beyond which is the Beaufort Sea. The Bering Strait forms its southernmost limit and connects it to the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The main port on the Chukchi Sea is Uelen in Russia. The International Date Line crosses the Chukchi Sea. It is moved east to avoid Wrangel Island as well as the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug on the Russian mainland.

The sea has an area of about 595,000 km² (230,000 mi²).  It can only be travelled about four months of the year. The Chukchi Sea has very few islands compared to other seas of the Arctic. Wrangel Island is at the northwestern limit of the sea, Herald Island is near its northern limit, and a few small islands are along the Siberian and Alaskan coasts.

The sea is named after the Chukchi people.  The live on its shores and on the Chukotka Peninsula. The Chukchi worked at fishing, whaling and the hunting of walrus in this cold sea.

In Siberia places along the coast are: Cape Billings, Cape Schmidt,  Amguyema River, Cape Vankarem, the large Kolyuchinskaya Bay, Neskynpil'gyn Lagoon, Cape Serdtse-Kamen, Enurmino, Chegitun River, Inchoun, Uelen and Cape Dezhnev.

In Alaska, the rivers flowing into the Chukchi Sea are the Kivalina, the Kobuk, the Kokolik, the Kukpowruk, the Kukpuk, the Noatak, the Utukok, the Pitmegea, and the Wulik, among others. The most important rivers flowing in from its Siberian side are the Amguyema, Ioniveyem, and the Chegitun.
East Siberian Sea

The **East Siberian Sea** is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean. It is between the Arctic Cape to the north, the coast of Siberia to the south, the New Siberian Islands to the west and Cape Billings, close to Chukotka, and Wrangel Island to the east. This sea borders on the Laptev Sea to the west and the Chukchi Sea to the east.

This sea is one of the least studied in the Arctic area. It has severe climate, low water salinity, and little flora, fauna and human population.  The depths are shallow (mostly less than 50 meters).  There are slow sea currents, low tides (below 25 cm) and frequent fogs, especially in summer.  The ice fields only fully melt in August–September. The sea shores were lived on for thousands of years by tribes of Yukaghirs, Chukchi and then Evens and Evenks.

The largest city and port is Pevek, the northernmost city of mainland Russia.

The most important of the rivers flowing into the East Siberian Sea are the Indigirka, the Alazeya, The Ujandina, the Chukochya River, the Kolyma, the Rauchua, the Chaun, and the Pegtymel. Only a few rivers are able to be travelled on. The coastline of the sea is 3,016 km long.

## Flora and fauna

There are few flora and fauna due to the harsh climate. The summer plankton bloom is short.  It makes 5 million tons of plankton in August and September.  The yearly amount is 7 million tons.

The sea shores and icefields have ringed seals, bearded seals and walruses along polar bears. Birds include seagulls, uria and cormorants. Sea waters are often visited by bowhead whale, gray whale, beluga and narwhal. Major fish species are grayling and _Coregonus_ (whitefishes), such as muksun, broad whitefish and omul. Also common are polar smelt, saffron cod, polar cod, flounder and arctic char.
Greenland Sea

The **Greenland Sea** is a body of water.  It borders Greenland to the west, the Svalbard archipelago to the east, Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland to the south. The Greenland Sea is often defined as part of the Arctic Ocean and sometimes as part of the Atlantic Ocean.

The sea has an Arctic climate with regular northern winds and temperatures rarely rising above 0 °C.  The West Ice forms in winter in the Greenland Sea, north of Iceland, between Greenland and Jan Mayen island. It is a major breeding ground of harp seal and hooded seal.  It has been used for seal hunting for more than 200 years.

Major islands of the Greenland Sea include Svalbard archipelago, Edvards, Eila, Godfred Hansens, Île-de-France, Jan Mayen Lynns, Norske and Schnauders. Of those, only the Svalbard islands are lived on, and Jan Mayen has only seasonal military staff.

## Fauna

The Greenland Sea is has many of the organisms that form the base of the oceanic food chain. Large invertebrates, fish (such as cod, herring, redfish, halibut, and plaice), birds and mammals (including various species of seals, whales, and dolphins) all feed on the smaller invertebrates and small organisms. Mosses, lichens, and scanty bushes around the coasts serve as food to the deer and musk oxen, which in turn are hunted by the polar bear.
White Sea

The **White Sea** is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea.  It is on the northwest coast of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. All of the White Sea is under Russian control and considered to be part of the internal waters of Russia. It is divided between Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts and the Republic of Karelia.

The major port of Arkhangelsk is on the White Sea. It is an important Soviet naval and submarine base. The White Sea-Baltic Canal connects the White Sea with the Baltic Sea.

The White Sea is one of four seas named in English after common colour terms.  The others are the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the Yellow Sea.

## Geography

There are four main bays or gulfs on the White Sea.  Kandalaksha Gulf is in the western part of the White Sea.  It is the deepest part of the sea, reaching 340 metres (1,115 feet). On the south, Onega Bay receives the Onega River. To the southeast, the Dvina Bay receives the Northern Dvina River at the major port of Arkhangelsk. On the east side, opposite the Kola peninsula, is Mezen Bay. It receives the Mezen River and the Kuloy River. Other major rivers flowing into the sea are the Vyg, Niva, Umba, Varzuga and Ponoy.

The seabed of the central part and Dvina Bay is covered in silt and sand.  The bottom of the northern part, the Kandalaksha Gulf and Onega Bay is a mixture of sand and stones.

The White Sea has a large number of islands, but most of them are small. The main island group is the Solovetsky Islands.  They are almost in the middle of the sea, near the entrance to Onega Bay. Kiy Island in Onega Bay is important due to a historic monastery. Velikiy Island, close to the shore, is the largest island in the Kandalaksha Gulf.

## Fauna and economy

The sea has more than 700 species of invertebrates, about 60 species of fish, and 5 species of marine mammals. The fishing industry is small.  They mostly target harp seal, ringed seal, herring, saffron cod, European smelt, Atlantic cod and Atlantic salmon. There is a developing seaweed industry.

The White Sea is an important traffic centre of northwestern Russia. The White Sea – Baltic Canal links it through Onega Lake to the Baltic Sea and the major city and port of Saint Petersburg. The Baltic Sea, in turn, is connected by the Volga–Baltic Waterway to the Volga River, Black, Caspian, and Azov seas. The major ports on the White Sea are Arkhangelsk, Belomorsk, Onega, Mezen, Kem, Kandalaksha and Umba. Even though it is frozen in winter, boats can travel on the sea all year around because of the use of icebreakers.
Philippe Harache

**Philippe Harache** (born 12 April 1954 in Orbec) is a French aerospace engineer and businessman. He is the former Vice-President of Eurocopter.

Graduate from  Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées (1976), Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University, INSEAD and Harvard University, Philippe Harache started his career in 1978 as Helicopter engineer.
In 1982, he was President of Samaero at Singapore.

He became Vice-President of Eurocopter in 2001. He retired in 2010.

Since 2002, he has also been an adviser of France.

## Further reading

- Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, _Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique_, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. (), _Harache, Philippe_

## Award

- Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Philippe Harache
- **birth name**: Philippe  Harache
- **birth date**: 12th April 1954
- **birth place**: Orbec, France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **known for**: Vice-President of the Eurocopter
- **education**: Aerospace engineer
 Master of Business Administration, MBA
 Senior Executive Programme
 Advanced Management programme
- **alma mater**: Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées
 Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University
 INSEAD
 Harvard University
- **occupation**: Former Vice-President of Eurocopter
- **successor**: Christian Gras
Raytheon

**Raytheon Company** is an American defense contractor and industrial corporation. It makes military weapons and commercial electronics. It is the world's largest producer of guided missiles. Raytheon was set up in 1922.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Raytheon Company
- **company logo**: Raytheon.svg
- **company type**: Public
- **traded as**:
S&P 500, S&P 500 Component
- **foundation**: Cambridge, Massachusetts, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States (1922)
- **founder**: Vannevar Bush
Laurence K. Marshall
Charles G. Smith
- **location**: Waltham, Massachusetts, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States
- **area served**: worldwide
- **key people**: William H. Swanson
<small>(Chairman) & (CEO)</small>
- **industry**: Aerospace manufacturer, Aerospace and Defense contractor, defense
- **revenue**: United States Dollar, $24.857 billion (_2012_)
- **operating income**: United States Dollar, $2.857 billion (_2012_)
- **net income**: United States Dollar, $1.896 billion (_2012_)
- **assets**: United States Dollar, $25.854 billion (_2012_)
- **equity**: United States Dollar, $8.340 billion (_2012_)
- **num employees**: 71,000 (_2011_)
- **homepage**: [http://www.raytheon.com/ www.Raytheon.com] (established 1999)
Jean-Paul Troadec

**Jean-Paul Troadec** (born October 14, 1948 in Saint-Renan, Finistère, France) is a French aerospace engineer. He is the current head of the French _Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile_, the France aviation accident investigation bureau.

Graduate from _École Polytechnique_ (1967) and French Civil Aviation University (1970) he has done a career of 25 years at the French civil aviation authorities. From 1985 till 1993, he was head of the _Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique_.

He was nominated head of the _Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile_ in 2009, succeeding Paul-Louis Arslanian.

## Aeronautical qualifications

- Military parachute licence
- Commercial pilot licence Instrument rating (multi engine)

## Awards

- Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur
- Officier of the _Ordre national du Mérite_
- Medal of Aeronautics

## Further reading

- Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, _Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique_, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jean-Paul Troadec
- **birth date**: October 14, 1948
- **birth place**: Saint-Renan, Finistère
- **nationality**: France, French
- **known for**: Head of the _Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile_
- **education**: Aerospace engineer
- **alma mater**: École Polytechnique
 French Civil Aviation University
- **employer**: _Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile_
- **occupation**: Head of the _Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile_
- **predecessor**: Paul-Louis Arslanian
- **spouse**: Married
- **children**: 3 children
Tilt Train

The **Tilt Train** is the name for two high speed train services by Queensland Rail. It runs along the coast of Queensland, from Brisbane, the state capital, through to regional centres Rockhampton and Cairns. It is the most popular way to explore Queensland's coastal tourism places.
Artificial island

An **artificial island** or **man-made island** is constructed by people.  The island was not formed by nature.  Artificial islands may vary in size.

## History

The creation of artificial islands has a long history, including
- 14th century: Tenochtitlan, the Aztec city in the same place as Mexico City
- 17th century: Dejima (or _Deshima_), created in the shape of a fan in the bay of Nagasaki during Japan's Edo period
- 19th century: Ellis Island, in the harbor of New York City
- 20th century: Kansai International Airport in Osaka
- 21st century: Palm Jumeirah in Dubai; Fiery Cross Reef, Johnson South Reef, and Mischief Reef by China

## Largest artificial islands

|#|Name|Size (km²)|Country or Emirate|Utilisation|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|Flevopolder||Netherlands|towns, agriculture|
|2|Yas Island||Abu Dhabi|Yas Marina Circuit|
|3|Palm Jebel Ali||Dubai||
|4|Chūbu Centrair International Airport||Japan|Airport|
|5|Palm Jumeirah||Dubai|housing|
|6|Kansai International Airport||Japan|Airport|

## Political status

Under the  United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty (UNCLOS), artificial islands are not considered harbor works (Article 11).  Such islands are part of the nearest coastal state if the island is within  (Article 56).

Artificial islands are not considered islands for purposes of having their own territorial waters or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).

## Related pages

- List of artificial islands
Volcanic crater

A **volcanic crater** is a circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity.

It is usually a circular basin. When active, there is a vent or vents inside it. From these magma erupts as gases, lava, and ejecta. A crater can be huge, and sometimes deep.

During certain types of gigantic eruptions, the volcano's magma chamber may empty enough for an area above it to subside. This dropped surface crater is called a caldera.

## Related pages

- Caldera
- Volcano
Guglielmo Marconi

**Guglielmo Marconi**  (25 April 1874  20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer.  He was a pioneer of long-distance radio transmission. which he used to build up a radio telegraph system.  Marconi is often named as the inventor of radio.  He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun.

Much of Marconi's work in radio transmission was built on previous experimentation, and work by others.  When he was twenty years old, based on the experiments of Hertz, Popov, Lodge, Bose, and Tesla, Marconi began his own experiments.

As an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in Britain in 1897, Marconi became wealthy in the business of radio, mainly for ships at sea. In 1924, he was ennobled as **Marchese Marconi**. Back in Italy, he went on to become a member of the Grand Council of Fascism.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Guglielmo Marconi
- **image**: Guglielmo Marconi.jpg
- **birth place**: Palazzo Marescalchi, Bologna, Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **alma mater**: University of Bologna
- **known for**: Radio
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize for Physics (1909)
- **signature**: Guglielmo Marconi Signature.svg
Roulette

**Roulette** is a casino game named after a French diminutive for _little wheel_. In the game, players may choose to place bets on fields which include one or more numbers, the colors red or black, or whether the number is odd or even.

To determine the winning number and color, the game wheel is spun in one direction, then a little white ball is spun in the opposite direction around a track running around the wheel. The ball eventually slows down and falls on to the wheel and into one of 37 (in French/European roulette) or 38 (in American roulette) colored and numbered pockets wedges on the wheel.

## Variants of games

- French roulette is available at the top rated casino roulettes.
- Mini roulette is becoming popular at casinos. The wheel only has 12 figures rather from the standard 36.
- Probably the most performed form of roulette is European roulette. The game has only the zero, It has the biggest payout of any form of roulette should you bet and land on one number: 35:1.
- American roulette. The game is broadly offered at all online roulette games but it is the version using the greatest house edge, mainly due to the double-zero. For those who have an option, especially if you're not a higher roller or really are a novice would be to avoid American roulette before you feel at ease with the sport.
Fritz the Cat

***Fritz the Cat*** is a 1972 animated movie directed by Ralph Bakshi. It led to strong controversy upon its release. This movie was the first animated movie to be marked X by the MPAA, although that rating was later surrendered and the movie was released without any actual rating.
Bay of Biscay

The **Bay of Biscay** is a gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean south of the Celtic Sea. It is along the western coast of France from Brest south to the Spanish border, and the northern coast of Spain west to Cape Ortegal.  It is named in English after the province of Biscay, in the Spanish Basque Country.

The average depth is  and maximum depth is .

The Bay of Biscay is home to some of the Atlantic Ocean's worst weather. Large storms occur in the bay, especially during the winter months. Until recently ships would be wrecked in Biscay storms, and many lives were lost. Improved ships and weather prediction have helped to reduce these problems.

## Rivers

The main rivers that empty into the Bay of Biscay are:
- France (north to south): Loire, Charente, Garonne, Dordogne, Adour, Nivelle.
- Spain (east to west): Bidasoa, Oiartzun, Urumea, Oria, Urola, Deba, Artibai, Oka, Nervión, Agüera, Asón, Miera, Pas, Saja, Nansa, Deva, **Sella**,  Nalón, Navia, Esva, Eo, Landro, Sor.

## Main cities

The main cities on the shores of the Bay of Biscay are:
- France: Brest, Nantes, La Rochelle, Bordeaux, Bayonne, Biarritz.
- Spain: Donostia-San Sebastián, Bilbao, Santander, Gijón, Avilés.

## Wildlife

Many species of whales and dolphins can be seen in this area.  It is one of the few places where the beaked whales such as the Cuvier's beaked whale have been seen frequently. This is the best study area for beaked whales in the world. The best areas to see the larger cetaceans are in the deep waters beyond the continental shelf.
Gulf of Guinea

The **Gulf of Guinea** is off West Africa. It is in the northeast of the tropical Atlantic Ocean.

The Gulf is between Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia. The intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian (zero degrees latitude and longitude) is in the Gulf.

Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta. The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny.

## Islands in the Gulf of Guinea

The Gulf of Guinea has a number of islands, the largest of which are in a southwest-northeast chain, forming the **Cameroon line** of volcanoes.

### Annobón

Annobón, also known as **Pagalu** or **Pigalu**, is an island that is part of Equatorial Guinea.

### Bioko

Bioko is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Equatorial Guinea.

### Corisco

Corisco is an island belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

### The Elobeys

Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico are two small islands belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

### São Tomé and Príncipe

São Tomé and Príncipe (officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe) is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea. It became independent from Portugal in 1975.
Gulf of Saint Lawrence

The **Gulf of Saint Lawrence** (French: _golfe du Saint-Laurent_) is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. It is the world's largest estuary.  It is a semi–enclosed sea, covering an area of about  and having  of water.

## Geography

The gulf is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula, to the east by Newfoundland, to the south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island, and to the west by the Gaspé and New Brunswick. It has Anticosti Island, Prince Edward Island, and the Magdalen Islands.

Besides the Saint Lawrence River itself, some of the tributaries of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence include the Miramichi River, the Natashquan River, the Restigouche River, the Margaree River, and the Humber River. Arms of the Gulf include the Chaleur Bay, Miramichi Bay, St. George's Bay, Bay of Islands, and Northumberland Strait.

### Outlets

The gulf flows into the Atlantic Ocean through the following outlets:

- The Strait of Belle Isle between Labrador and Newfoundland (17 km wide and 60 m at its deepest).

- The Cabot Strait between Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island (104 km wide and 480 m at its deepest).

- The Strait of Canso between Cape Breton Island and peninsular Nova Scotia (1 km wide and 60 m at its deepest).

### Protected areas

St. Paul Island, Nova Scotia, off the northeast tip of Cape Breton Island, is called the _"Graveyard of the Gulf"_ for its many shipwrecks.  Getting to the island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard.

Bonaventure Island on the eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula, Île Brion and Rochers-aux-Oiseaux (Bird Rock) northeast of the Magdalen Islands are important migratory bird sanctuaries.  They are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service.

The Government of Canada maintains national parks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence estuary at Forillon.  It is on the eastern tip of the Gaspé, Prince Edward Island on the north shore of the island. Kouchibouguac is on the northeast coast of New Brunswick. Cape Breton Highlands is on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island. Gros Morne is on Newfoundland's west coast.  And a national park reserve is in the Mingan Archipelago on Quebec's Côte-Nord.
Labrador Sea

The **Labrador Sea** (French: _mer du Labrador_) is an arm of the North Atlantic Ocean between the Labrador Peninsula and Greenland. The sea is surrounded by continental shelves to the southwest, northwest, and northeast. It connects to the north with Baffin Bay through the Davis Strait. It has been described as a marginal sea of the Atlantic.

The Labrador Sea is about 3400 meters deep and  wide where it joins the Atlantic Ocean. It becomes shallower, to less than  towards Baffin Bay and passes into the  Davis Strait.

The water temperature varies between  in winter and  in summer. The salinity is relatively low, at 31–34.9 parts per thousand. Two-thirds of the sea is covered in ice in winter.

## Fauna

The northern and western parts of the Labrador Sea are covered in ice between December and June. The drift ice serves as a breeding ground for seals in early spring. The sea is also a feeding ground for Atlantic salmon and several marine mammal species. Shrimp fisheries began in 1978, as well as cod fishing. The cod fishing quickly lessened the fish population in the 1990s and was stopped in 1992. Other fishery targets include haddock, Atlantic herring, lobster and several species of flatfish and pelagic fish such as sand lance and capelin. Bigger amounts are in the southern parts of the sea.

The sea has one of the two major stocks of Sei whales, the other one being the Scotian Shelf. Also common are minke and bottlenose whales.

The Labrador Duck was a common bird on the Canadian coast until 19th century, but is now extinct. Coastal animals include the Labrador Wolf, caribou, moose, black bear, red fox, arctic fox, wolverine, snowshoe hare, grouse, osprey, raven, ducks, geese, partridge and American wild pheasant.

## Flora

Costal vegetation includes black spruce, tamarack, white spruce, dwarf birch, aspen, willow, ericaceous shrubs, cottongrass, sedge, lichens and moss. Evergreen bushes of Labrador tea, which is used to make herbal tea, are common in the area, both on the Greenland and Canadian coasts.
Ligurian Sea

The **Ligurian Sea** is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea.  It is between the Italian Riviera (Liguria and Tuscany) and the island of Corsica. The sea is probably named after the ancient Ligures people.

## Geography

The sea borders the countries Italy, France, and Monaco. In the east the sea borders the Tyrrhenian Sea, while in the west it borders the Mediterranean Sea proper. Genoa is the most prominent city in the area.

The Gulf of Genoa is its northernmost part. The sea receives the Arno River from the east. The ports of Genoa, La Spezia, and Livorno are on its rocky coast. It reaches a maximum depth of more than 9,300 feet (2,850 m) northwest of Corsica.

## Conservation

In order to provide protection for the many cetacean (whales and dolphins; porpoises are not found in this part of the Mediterranean Sea) species in the Ligurian Sea the bordering countries made the sea a SPAMI in 1999. The International Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary now covers 84,000 km².  This covers territorial waters as well as high sea.
Sea of Marmara

The **Sea of Marmara**, also known as the **Sea of Marmora** or the **Marmara Sea**, is the inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea and separates Turkey's Asian and European parts. The Bosphorus is a strait that connects it to the Black Sea and the Dardanelles to the Aegean.  The Sea of Marmara has an area of 11,350 km² (280 km x 80 km), and its greatest depth is 1,370 m.

## Geography

The salinity of the Sea of Marmara averages about 22 parts per thousand, which is slightly greater than that of the Black Sea but only about two thirds that of most oceans and of the Mediterranean Sea. The water is much more saline at the bottom of the sea, with an average salinity of around 38 parts per thousand, whic is similar to that of the Mediterranean Sea. Water from the Susurluk, Biga (Granicus) and Gönen Rivers reduces the salinity of the sea.

There are two major island groups: the Princes' and the Marmara Islands.

The south coast of the sea includes the Gulf of Izmit, the Gulf of Gemlik and the Gulf of Erdek.

The North Anatolian Fault, which has caused many major earthquakes in recent years such as the 1999 İzmit earthquake, runs under the sea. from under the city of İzmit, in the Gulf of İzmit. in the east, to under the coastal town of Kapaklı, in the west.
Sargasso Sea

The **Sargasso Sea** is a region in the gyre in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream; on the north, by the North Atlantic Current; on the east, by the Canary Current; and on the south, by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current. This system of ocean currents forms the North Atlantic Gyre. All the currents deposit the marine plants and garbage they carry into this sea.

The Sargasso Sea is 700 statute miles wide and 2,000 statute miles long (1,100 km wide and  3,200 km long). Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea. The Sargasso Sea is the only "sea" without shores. The ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is different for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity.  Underwater visibility is up to .

Portuguese sailors were among the first to discover this region in the 15th century.  They named it after the _Sargassum_ seaweed growing there.

The Sargasso Sea plays a major role in the migration of the European eel and the American eel. The larvae of both species hatch there and go to Europe or the East Coast of North America. Later in life, they try to return to the Sargasso Sea to lay eggs. It is also believed that after hatching, young Loggerhead Sea Turtles use currents, such as the Gulf Stream to travel to the Sargasso Sea, where they use the Sargassum as cover from predation until they are mature.
Kyoto University

, or , is a Japanese university in Kyoto. It is the second oldest Japanese university. It is in the city of Kyoto in Kyoto Prefecture.

## History

was established on June 1897 as a part of the Imperial university system.

The College of Law and the College of Medicine were founded in 1899, and the College of Letters was established in 1906.

In October 1947, Kyoto Imperial University was renamed Kyoto University.

## Organization

Kyoto University has the following schools.
- Faculty of Integrated Human Studies
- Faculty & Graduate School of Letters
- Faculty & Graduate School of Education
- Faculty & Graduate School of Law
- Faculty & Graduate School of Economics
- Faculty & Graduate School of Science
- Faculty & Graduate School of Medicine
- Faculty & Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Faculty & Graduate School of Engineering
- Faculty & Graduate School of Agriculture

## Related pages

- List of national universities in Japan
- University of Tokyo

### Notable alumni

- Kenichi Fukui
- Susumu Tonegawa
- Shinya Yamanaka
- Yoshinori Ohsumi
- Tasuku Honjo
- Akira Yoshino

## Other websites

- Kyoto University website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Kyoto University
- **native name**: 京都大学
- **motto**: 自由の学風
- **image**: Kyoto University emblem.svg
- **mottoeng**: Freedom of academic culture
- **established**: Founded June 18, 1897
- **type**: National
- **endowment**: ¥ 250.2 billion <small>(2.2 1000000000 (number), billion USD)</small>
- **faculty**: 2,864 (Teaching Staff)
- **staff**: 5,397 (Total Staff)
- **students**: 22,707
- **city**: Kyoto
- **state**: Kyoto Prefecture, Kyoto
- **country**: Japan
- **undergrad**: 13,399
- **postgrad**: 9,308
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban,

- **colors**: Dark blue (color), Dark blue
- **nickname**: Kyodai
- **mascot**: None
- **free label**: Athletics
- **free**: 48 varsity teams
- **affiliations**: Kansai Big Six, Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning
- **website**: [http://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en www.kyoto-u.ac.jp]
Andaman Sea

The **Andaman Sea** or **Burma Sea**  is a body of water to the southeast of the Bay of Bengal.  It is south of Burma, west of Thailand and east of the Andaman Islands, India. It is part of the Indian Ocean.

The sea has been used for fishery and transportation of goods between the coastal countries.  Its coral reefs and islands are popular for tourism. Many building were badly  damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

The average depth of the sea is about 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). The northern and eastern parts are shallower than 180 meters (600 ft) due to the silt deposited by the Irrawaddy River. This major river flows into the sea from the north through Burma. The western and central areas are 900–3,000 meters deep (3,000–10,000 ft). Less than 5% of the sea is deeper than 3,000 meters (10,000 ft).  In a system of submarine valleys east of the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge, the depth is more than 4,000 meters (13,200 ft). The sea floor is covered with pebbles, gravel and sand.

## Flora

The coastal areas of the Andaman Sea have mangrove forests and seagrass meadows. The mangrove roots trap soil and sediment.  They provide shelter and are a nursery for fish and small aquatic organisms. Their body protects the shore from the wind and waves. Their detritus are a part of the aquatic food chain.

Other important sources of nutrients in the Andaman Sea are seagrass and the mud bottoms of lagoons and coastal areas. Many aquatic species move from and to seagrass either daily or at certain stages of their life cycle.

## Fauna

The sea waters along the Malay Peninsula favor molluscan growth. There are about 280 edible fish species belonging to 75 families. Of those, 232 species (69 families) are found in mangroves and 149 species (51 families) live in seagrass. 101 species are common to both places. The sea also has many vulnerable fauna species, including dugong, several dolphin species, such as Irrawaddy Dolphin and four species of sea turtles: critically endangered leatherback turtle and hawksbill turtle and threatened green turtle and Olive Ridley turtle. There are only about 150 dugongs in the Andaman Sea, scattered between Ranong and Satun provinces.

## Volcanic activity

To the east of the main Great Andaman island group, is Barren Island.  Barren Island is the only presently active volcano associated with the Indian subcontinent. This island-volcano is  in diameter and rises 354 meters above the seal level. Its recent activity started again in 1991 after a quiet period of almost 200 years. The last eruption has started on 13 May 2008 and still continues. The volcanic island of Narcondam which is further to the north.  No records exist of its activity.
Timor Sea

The **Timor Sea** is a relatively shallow sea.  It is bounded to the north by the island of Timor, to the east by the Arafura Sea, to the south by Australia and to the west by the Indian Ocean.

The sea has a number of reefs, islands where no one lives and significant hydrocarbon reserves. The Timor Sea was hit by the worst oil spill for 25 years in 2009.

## Geography

The waters to the east are known as the Arafura Sea. The Timor Sea is next to three large inlets on the north Australian coast, the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Beagle Gulf and the Van Diemen Gulf. The Australian city of Darwin is the only large city by the sea. The small town of Wyndham is on the west arm of Cambridge Gulf, an inlet of Joseph Bonaparte Gulf.

Rivers that enter the Timor Sea from the Northern Territory include Fish River, King River, Dry River, Victoria River and the Alligator Rivers. Rivers in the Kimberley region that flow into the Timor Sea include the Ord River, Forrest River, Pentecost River and Durack River.

The sea is about 480 km (300 statute miles) wide, covering an area of about 610,000 km². (235,000 square miles). Its deepest point is the Timor Trough  in the northern part of the sea, which reaches a depth of 3,300 m (10,800 ft). The rest of the sea is much shallower, much of it averaging less than 200 m (650 ft) deep.

In May 2010, it was said that a crater about 50 km wide has been found on the seabed of the Timor Sea.

### Reefs and islands

A number of important islands are in the sea.  Two of the islands are Melville Island, part of the Tiwi Islands, off Australia and the Australian-governed Ashmore and Cartier Islands. It is thought that early humans reached Australia by "island-hopping" across the Timor Sea.

Scott and Seringapatam Reefs formed in the area. To the west on the same underwater platform is the Rowley Shoals.
Arafura Sea

The **Arafura Sea** is west of the Pacific Ocean.  It overlys the continental shelf between Australia and New Guinea.

## Geography

The Arafura Sea is bordered by Torres Strait and through that the Coral Sea to the east, the Gulf of Carpentaria to the south, the Timor Sea to the west and the Banda and Ceram seas to the northwest. It is  long and  wide. The depth of the sea is mostly 50–80 metres (165–265 feet) with the depth increasing to the west. As a shallow tropical sea, its waters are the start for tropical cyclones.

The sea is over the Arafura Shelf, part of the Sahul Shelf. When sea levels were low during the last glacial maximum, the Arafura Shelf, the Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait formed a large flat land bridge.  The bridge connected Australia and New Guinea and let humans move from Asia into Australia. The combined landmass formed the continent of Sahul.
Joan Cusack

**Joan Mary Cusack Burke** (born October 11, 1962 ) is an American actress. Her movies include _Working Girl_, _Toy Story 2_, _Toy Story 3_, _Toy Story 4_, _Married to the Mob_, _Say Anything_, _Runaway Bride_, and _Chicken Little_. She was nominated for the Academy Award for "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for her work in _Working Girl_ and _In & Out_.

## Early and personal life

Cusack is the sister of John Cusack, Ann Cusack, Bill Cusack, and Susie Cusack. Cusack was born on October 11, 1962 in New York City, New York  and was raised in Evanston, Illinois. Cusack married Richard Burke in 1993. They have two children together. They currently live in Chicago, Illinois.

### Animated Roles

- _American Dad!_ - Widows Support Group Member
- _Chicken Little_ - Abby Mallard
- _Peep and the Big Wide World_ - Narrator
- _Phineas and Ferb_ - Glenda Wiggins

### Film Roles

- _Arthur Christmas_ - Lead Elves
- _Chicken Little_ - Abby Mallard
- _Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil_ - Verushka the Witch
- _Mars Needs Moms_ - Mom
- _The Iron Giant_ - Charlotte Pickles
- _Toy Story 3_ - Jessie
- _Toy Story 4_ - Jessie
- _Woody's Roundup: The Movie_ - Jessie
- _Martha Speaks (reboot)-_Martha Lorraine

### Video Game Roles

- _Kinect Disneyland Adventures_ - Jessie
Yōmei Seamount

is an underwater volcano (seamount) of the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain in the Pacific Ocean.  Yōmei is an extinct volcano.

This seabed mountain is named after Emperor Yōmei of Japan.

The last eruption from Yōmei seamount was between 60 million and 65 million years ago.

## Related pages

- Submarine volcano
- Active volcano
- Dormant volcano

## Other websites

- Seamount Biogeosciences Network, database