Thailand

**Thailand** (  or  ; , ), officially the **Kingdom of Thailand** (, ; ), is a country in Southeast Asia. Its neighbours are Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Myanmar. Its name was **Siam** until June 1939 and between 1945 and May 11 1949. The word Thai (ไทย) comes from the ethnic group in the center of Thailand.

Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. It has a king as a head of state, king Vajiralongkorn.

Most people there (95 percent) follow the philosophy called Buddhism. Smaller number of people (4.4%), mostly to the south, follow Islam. Other religions in Thailand are Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism.

## History

A Buddhist kingdom named Sukhothai was founded here in 1238.

A century later, a bigger kingdom named Ayuthaya appeared south of Sukhothai. Later Sukhothai became a part of Ayuthaya. Ayuthaya existed for more than 400 years before its fall by the attack of a Burmese kingdom.

A soldier of Chinese origin then founded a new capital city at Thonburi, and became King Tāksin.

The founding of Bangkok as the capital city, was the start of the Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932). It was founded by King Rama I of the Chakri Dynasty.

Before 1932, Thailand was an absolute monarchy. On June 24, 1932, a group of people staged a coup and changed Thailand to a constitutional monarchy. It was not until 1973 that Thai people voted for a Prime Minister in an election.

In 1951, there was a failed coup - the Manhattan Rebellion. On September 19, 2006, the army did a coup d'état and took control from Thaksin Shinawatra's government.

In May 2014, a new military coup d'état removed another government. Thailand had 12 coup d'etats, between 1932 and 2014.

In October 2016, Rama X became the new king.

### After the start of the 2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis

By December 2025, at least ten soldiers had died when there were some attacks between the militaries of Cambodia and Thailand. The 2025 Cambodia–Thailand border conflict started in May 2025; One soldier died that month.

On July 23, a Thai soldier stepped on a landmine in a district of Ubon Ratchathani, resulting in the loss of a leg. The next day, soldiers from both countries were killing. Thai F-16 fighter jets, hit (things belonging to the Cambodian military, or) Cambodian military targets along the border. By the last week of July, dozens of people had been killed. Among the dead, are soldiers. Attacks were still happening on July 28; A ceasefire started, at the end of that day.

## Provinces

Thailand is made up of 76 provinces (จังหวัด, changwat), put into 5 groups. There are 2 specially governed districts: the capital Bangkok and Pattaya. The 76 provinces including Bangkok are as follows:

### Central

1. Ang Thong
1. Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon), Special Governed District of
1. Chai Nat
1. Kanchanaburi
1. Lopburi
1. Nakhon Nayok
1. Nakhon Pathom
1. Nonthaburi
1. Pathum Thani
1. Phetchaburi
1. Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
1. Prachuap Khiri Khan
1. Ratchaburi
1. Samut Prakan
1. Samut Sakhon
1. Samut Songkhram
1. Saraburi
1. Sing Buri
1. Suphan Buri

### East

1. Chachoengsao
1. Chanthaburi
1. Chonburi
1. Prachinburi
1. Rayong
1. Sa Kaeo
1. Trat

### North

1. Chiang Mai
1. Chiang Rai
1. Kamphaeng Phet
1. Lampang
1. Lamphun
1. Mae Hong Son
1. Nakhon Sawan
1. Nan
1. Phayao
1. Phetchabun
1. Phichit
1. Phitsanulok
1. Phrae
1. Sukhothai
1. Tak
1. Uthai Thani
1. Uttaradit

### Northeast (Isan)

1. Amnat Charoen
1. Bueng Kan
1. Buri Ram
1. Chaiyaphum
1. Kalasin
1. Khon Kaen
1. Loei
1. Maha Sarakham
1. Mukdahan
1. Nakhon Phanom
1. Nakhon Ratchasima
1. Nong Bua Lamphu
1. Nong Khai
1. Roi Et
1. Sakon Nakhon
1. Si Sa Ket
1. Surin
1. Ubon Ratchathani
1. Udon Thani
1. Yasothon

### South

1. Chumphon
1. Krabi
1. Nakhon Si Thammarat
1. Narathiwat
1. Pattani
1. Phang Nga
1. Phatthalung
1. Phuket
1. Ranong
1. Satun
1. Songkhla
1. Surat Thani
1. Trang
1. Yala

## Economy

The economy of Thailand "is based on trade and investment in the agricultural and tourism sectors, according to media. In 2022, the country with investors that invested the most in Thailand, was Japan; Chinese investors had the second place.

Industry had a contribution to the GDP, of 43.9 percent (in 2007), and 14 percent of the workforce are in that sector (of the economy). Within that sector, _manufacturing_ was the biggest part, and it had a contribution (to the GDP), with 34.5 (in 2004). As of 2025's first quarter, media said that there is "weakness [...] in the manufacturing sector, especially automotive, petrochemicals and construction materials".

Agriculture in Thailand: Rice is the country's most important crop; Some 60 percent of Thailand's 13 million farmers grow that, according to media (2017). Amount of crops produced: sugarcane; [c. 104 million tons] or 104.3 million tons was harvested in 2018 (4th largest producer in the world); Rice, [c. 32 million tons or] 32.1 million tons; However, as of 2025, the 3rd largest producer in the world, is Thailand. Production of Cassava, was [c. 31 million tons or] 31.6 million tons, as of 2018; The 2nd largest producer in the world, was Thailand.

"The Thai-US trade volume has been roughly 6.0% of GDP", but on top of that significant amounts of Chinese goods are getting labels _Made in Thailand_, while in many cases the goods were actually Made in China, according to media. "The US was Thailand's largest export market" in 2024; The U.S. imported things for $55 billion.

"In 2024, Thailand produced about 220,000 tons of beef while" 40,000 tons came from other countries.

"Exports to China ... amount to [c. 6% or] 6.7% of GDP", media said in 2025.

Trade tariffs between the U.S. and Thailand, have changed several times (during 2025).

About becoming a partner country in BRICS: Thailand became a partner in 2025.

The GDP growth (year 2024), was 2.5%.

In regard to the number of cars made: On average, [c. 118,000] cars were made per month during the first five months of 2025 (out of a total of 594,492 automobiles).. [C. 21% or] 21.9% of the cars made, were Toyota cars, year 2022. Other cars being made, include BMW, BYD, Deepal, Ford, GAC Aion, GWM, Haval, Honda, Isuzu, Mazda, Mercedes-Benz, Mitsubishi, MG, Nissan, Ora, and Neta. Neta had been building c. one car in Thailand, for every car that they import from their factories in China.

In regard to tourism: From each of these four countries, there came one million tourists during 2025's first six months: Malaysia, China, India and Russia.

In 2014, Credit Suisse reported that Thailand was the world's third most unequal country, behind Russia and India. The top 10% richest held 79% of the country's assets. The top 1% held 58% of the assets.

In regard to [buying or] consuming gold: Inside Thailand, 49 tons were bought (in 2024); Only 9 countries bought more gold during that year, according to media.

The growth rate, or economic growth, was 2.5%, in 2024.

## Government

A new prime minister, Anutin Charnvirakul, has been in place since September 7, 2025. He was elected two days earlier.. However, his cabinet "began its term on October 1 under a four-month mandate", according to media; Furthermore, there is an expectation that all the members of parliament will lose their office, in December or January or "ahead of the expected dissolution of parliament and upcoming general elections".

The next general election is supposed to happen on February 8, 2026.

There is a new _foreign minister_ or minister of foreign affairs, energy minister, tourism minister, commerce minister, transport minister, justice minister, and minister of _digital economy and society_ (as of 2025's fourth quarter). The interior minister's (job or) post, is being held by the prime minister (as of 2025's fourth quarter).

The Cabinet members include
- acting defence minister

- [Farming minister or] Agriculture and Cooperatives Minister.

- minister of natural resources and environment.

## Armed conflict in the provinces Narathiwat, Pattani, and Yala

The South Thailand armed rebellion has its origins from 1948; It started as an ethnic and religious separatist armed rebellion in Patani (historical region); Many Malay people live there; That region is made up of the three southernmost provinces of Thailand and parts of a fourth province (Songkhla); The conflict has become more complex and more violent since the early 2000s; Drug cartels, oil smuggling networks, and some pirate raids have much to do with the violence.

57 people died (year 2023), in the conflict.

## Other information

Since 2025, using cannabis for fun, is (again) against the law. Physicians and "Thai traditional doctors, Chinese medicine practitioners and pharmacists [are some of those that] can authorise cannabis use", according to media.

The Gini coefficient was 42.5 (as of 2009).

The Human Development Index, or HDI, is 0.682 (as of 2011).

The ISO 3166 code is, TH.

### Environmental issues

Environmental issues: Industrial growth has created (much or) high levels of air pollution in Thailand. Vehicles and factories (give or) contribute to air pollution.

Measurement of _PM 2.5 pollution_ is one of the ways of measuring air pollution; In that way, the particulates (in the atmosphere), that are smaller than 2.5 microns, get measured.

### Further reading

- The United States CIA website

## Other websites

- Thaigov.go.th Royal Government of Thailand
- Tourism Authority of Thailand Official tourism website
- Thai National Assembly  Official Thai Parliament website
- Mfa.go.th Thailand Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Birdwatching in Thailand
- Learn Thai Culture.com
- CIA - The World Factbook - Thailand
- Thailand Country Fact Sheet from the Common Language Project
- Longdo Map Thailand On-line Thailand map
- Holidays Thailand  Holidays In Thailand

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of Thailand
- **common name**: Thailand
- **image flag**: Flag of Thailand.svg
- **image coat**: Emblem of Thailand.svg
- **symbol type**: Emblem
- **national anthem**: _Thai National Anthem, Phleng Chat Thai_
()<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"></div>
---
- **royal anthem**: _Sansoen Phra Barami_
()<div style="padding-top:0.5em;"></div>
- **image map**: Location Thailand ASEAN.svg
- **largest city**: capital
- **official languages**: Thai language, Thai
- **languages**: Central Thai language, Central Thai, Isan language, Isan, Northern Thai language, Lanna (Northern Thai), Southern Thai language, Dambro (Southern Thai), Karenic languages, Karen, Kelantan-Pattani Malay, Pattani Malay, Bangkok Malay, Teochew dialect, Teochew, Hokkien
- **languages type**: Spoken languages
- **languages sub**: yes
- **ethnic groups**: *80% Thai people, Thai
**37% Thai (Central Thai)
**25% Isan people, Thai Lao (Northeastern Thai)
**8% Northern Thai people, Lanna (Northern Thai)
**8% Southern Thai language, Dambro (Southern Thai)
**2% (Western Thai)
* 12% Thai Chinese
* 4% Khmer people, Khmer
* 4% Thai Malays, Malays
- **languages2 type**: Other languages
- **languages2**: English, Arabic, Burmese, Chinese (Mandarin, Cantonese, etc.), Filipino, French, German, Hindi, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Khmer, Korean, Lao, Malay, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Tamil, Vietnamese
- **ethnic groups**: * 80% Thai people, Thai
** 37% Thai (Central Thai)
** 25% Isan people, Thai Lao (Northeastern Thai)
** 8% Northern Thai people, Lanna (Northern Thai)
** 8% Southern Thai language, Dambro (Southern Thai)
** 2% (Western Thai)
* 12% Thai Chinese
* 4% Northern Khmer people, Khmer
* 4% Thai Malays, Malays
- **ethnic groups year**: 2009
- **demonym**: Thai
- **government type**: Unitary state, Unitary Parliamentary system, parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy
- **leader title1**: Monarch
- **leader name1**: Vajiralongkorn, Maha Vajiralongkorn
- **leader title2**: Prime Minister of Thailand, Prime Minister
- **leader name2**: Anutin Charnvirakul
- **legislature**: National Assembly of Thailand, National Assembly
- **upper house**: Senate of Thailand, Senate
- **sovereignty type**: History of Thailand, Formation
- **established event1**: Sukhothai Kingdom
- **established date1**: 1238–1448
- **established event2**: Ayutthaya Kingdom
- **established date2**: 1351–1767
- **established event3**: Thonburi Kingdom
- **established date3**: 1768–1782
- **established event4**: Rattanakosin Kingdom
- **established date4**: 6 April 1782
- **established date5**: 24 June 1932
- **established event6**: 2007 Constitution of Thailand, 2007 Constitution
- **established date6**: 24 August 2007
- **area rank**: 51st
- **area km2**: 513,120
- **area sq mi**: 198,115
- **percent water**: 0.4 (2,230 km<sup>2</sup>)
- **population estimate**: 66,720,153<sup>2</sup>
- **population estimate rank**: 20th
- **population estimate year**: 2011
- **population census**: 65,479,453
- **population census year**: 2010
- **population density km2**: 132.1
- **population density sq mi**: 342
- **population density rank**: 88th
- **gdp ppp**: $616.783 billion
- **gdp ppp rank**: 24th
- **gdp ppp year**: 2011
- **gdp ppp per capita**: $9,598
- **gdp ppp per capita rank**: 84th
- **gdp nominal**: $332.47 billion
- **gdp nominal rank**: 30th
- **gdp nominal year**: 2011
- **gdp nominal per capita**: $5,174
- **gdp nominal per capita rank**: 89th
- **currency**: Thai baht, Baht (฿)
- **currency code**: THB
- **utc offset**: +7
- **cctld**: .th, .ไทย
- **drives on**: left
- **calling code**: +66
- **iso3166code**: omit
- **footnote1**: Thai name: กรุงเทพมหานคร _Krung Thep Maha Nakhon_ or _Krung Thep_. The full name is กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุทธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบุรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยะวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์ _Krung Thep Mahanakhon Amon Rattanakosin Mahinthara Yuthaya Mahadilok Phop Noppharat Ratchathani Burirom Udomratchaniwet Mahasathan Amon Phiman Awatan Sathit Sakkathattiya Witsanukam Prasit_.
- **footnote2**: According to the Department of Provincial Administration's [http://203.113.86.149/stat/pk/pk53/pk_53.pdf official register], not taking into account unregistered citizens and immigrants.