juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tenrikyo

is a Japanese new religion that believes in one God (monotheism). It was founded in Japan in the 19th century by Miki Nakayama, a Japanese woman who said she heard from God. Believers of Tenrikyo call her "Oyasama", which means the "Great Parent", because she acts as a parent to all people. In Tenrikyo, God is called "Oyagami", which means "God the Parent".

The goal of Tenrikyo is for all people to live a joyous life. Oyasama stated that the way to save yourself is by saving others. In other words, to be truly happy you must make other people happy.

Today, Tenrikyo is centered in the city of Tenri in central Japan. There is a general hospital, a college, three schools, and a central temple there. Once a month, there is a big ritual in this central city and many people come from all over the country to pray. There are two million believers of Tenrikyo in Japan and around the world.
Steeles Avenue

**Steeles Avenue** is an east-west street that forms the northern city border of Toronto and the southern border of York Region, Ontario, Canada. It is 38.75 km within Toronto, between Albion Road and the Scarborough-Pickering border.

West of Albion Road, Steeles continues into Peel Region, where it is also known as Peel Regional Road 15. It runs through Brampton and into the Halton Region town of Milton. It stops at Appleby Line on top of the Niagara Escarpment due to the Crawford Lake Conservation Area being there, and then the road starts again just east of Guelph Line and goes until the Milborough Townline on the border of Milton and Hamilton. East of the Toronto-Pickering border, it becomes Taunton Road.

## Name

Steeles is named after J. C. Steele, who owned a tavern on the street where it joins with Yonge Street.

## Ontario's Worst Road

Steeles Avenue was listed as the worst road by the CAA in October 2006, and as the fifth worst road in October 2007. In October 2008, it was re-listed as worst road in Ontario. Reasons are potholes and the quality of the road. Soon after the CAA's listing, some parts of the road between Dufferin Street and Bayview Avenue were resurfaced.

## Infobox (road)

- **province**: ON
- **name**: Steeles Avenue
- **marker image**:

- **direction a**: West
- **direction b**: East
- **cities**: Toronto
Brampton
Milton
- **terminus a**: Milborough Townline
- **terminus b**: Scarbough Pickering Townline
Aconitum

**Aconitum**, known as **aconite**, **monkshood**, **wolfsbane**, **leopard's bane**, **women's bane**, **Devil's helmet** or **blue rocket**, is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). There are over 250 species of _Aconitum_.
Alveolate

The **Alveolata** is a grouping of protists. One view is that it is a superphylum with at least four phyla.

## Phyla

- Ciliates, very common protozoa, with many short cilia arranged in rows
- Chromerida – a marine phylum of photosynthetic protozoa
- Apicomplexa, parasitic protozoa that lack locomotive structures except in gametes
- Dinoflagellate, mostly marine flagellates, many of which have chloroplasts
Ice cube

**Ice cubes** are small pieces of ice that are often cubes. These pieces are sometimes used to cool drinks. Ice cubes are used in mixed drinks, when the drink has the words "on the rocks."

Ice cubes are made by filling a tray with water and putting it in a freezer. Many freezers also have an icemaker. Icemakers make ice cubes and put them in a bin. After that, they can be put in a glass.

Ice cubes are also made commercially and sold in large amounts. These ice cubes are usually cylindrical, and might have holes through the center. Commercially made ice cubes are very clear, as the water doesn't have much air dissolved in it.

Ice cubes can also be crushed into different-shaped flakes, which some people think makes some kinds of cocktails look better. Crushed ice is also used to cool a drink or other liquid quickly because the speed of cooling depends on the amount and average radius of the ice particles.

## First artificial ice cubes

American physician and humanitarian John Gorrie built a refrigerator in 1844 to be able to cool air. His refrigerator made ice, which he hung from the ceiling in a basin. Gorrie is the creator of ice cubes, even though he was not trying to cool drinks. Instead, he used the ice to cool the room's temperature. During that time, people thought that bad air quality made people sick. So, to help treat sickness, he advocated for the draining of swamps and the cooling of sickrooms.

## Ice cube tray

Ice cube trays are designed to be filled with water, then put in a freezer until the water freezes to ice, thus creating ice cubes. Trays are often flexible, so the ice cubes can be removed easily by flexing the tray. Another design is an aluminum tray with a lever that raises the ice cubes up, releasing them from the tray. A motorized kind of this is in most automatic ice-making freezers.

Even though ice cubes are usually shaped like cubes, there are trays that make spherical or cylindrical shapes. These are sometimes called **ice tubes**. Some novelty trays make blocks of ice in seasonal, festive, or other shapes.

The first flexible, stainless steel, all-metal ice cube tray was made by Guy L. Tinkham in 1933. The tray bent sideways to remove the ice cubes.

The first rubber ice cube tray was made by Lloyd Groff Copeman. One day in 1928, while walking through some woods getting sap for maple syrup, Copeman saw that slush and ice came off of his rubber boots instead of sticking to them.  After talking about it with his patent attorney at lunch, he did experiments using rubber cups. Later, he made and patented several kinds of tray: a metal tray with rubber separators, a metal tray with individual rubber cups, and a tray made of only rubber.
Machete

A **machete** is a long cutting tool. The blade is usually 20-24 inches (50-60 cm) long and less than .2 inches thick. The machete is a large knife often used in jungles because it can easily cut through plants and vines. It can be used to open coconuts and cut down small trees (sometimes the back side has edges for sawing wood).  It is also used occasionally outside of jungles.  One such use is in surveying when a line of sight is needed through brush.  It is a lot like the Japanese katana and larger than the American Bowie knife, and is sometimes used in warfare.
Michail Leontievich Bulatov

**Michail Leontievich Bulatov** (Михаил Леонтьевич Булатов),  (1760 in Rjazan, 2 May 1825 in Omsk), was a Russian military who fought during the Russo-Turkish War (1787-1992) and became Major General in 1799 during the Napoleonic Wars and lieutenant-general in 1823.
Ecstasy (emotion)

**Ecstasy** is an emotion, and an altered state of consciousness. The word comes from Greek  _έκστασις_, _ékstasis_, which means to _step outside oneself_. People who have this emotion feel very happy.

## Related pages

- Enthusiasm
King Lear

***King Lear*** is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. He based it on an old British story about a king named Leir or Lyr. The play might have been first performed in December 1606. It was first printed in 1608. It was printed again in 1623 in the First Folio. This is a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. Many great actors over the years have played the part of King Lear.

## Story

The play is about an old king named Lear. He wants to divide his kingdom between his three daughters. To get the kingdom, they must tell him how much they love him. His youngest daughter Cordelia will not say how much she does, although she's the one who loves him most.

She says words will not be able to describe her love. King Lear does not realise this is true love.  Lear gets angry at her and will not give her land, and says she is not his daughter anymore. He gives his land to his other daughters Regan and Goneril.

The king soon finds out that Regan and Goneril do not love him. They only wanted his land. The King becomes very mad. The two daughters, and their husbands, throw him out of the land that is now theirs.  Lear goes on a  trip around the land that was once his as he becomes insane. Regan poisons Goneril out of jealousy. She also kills herself. Lear dies after discovering that Cordelia was the one who always cared for him as she came with a French army to help him but she and King Lear were caught by Edmund; who gave an order to get them both hanged, which happens to Cordelia and causes Lear's grief and death.
Praetor

A **praetor** was a person who served as a judge in Ancient Rome during the time of the Roman Republic. Also, when a Roman consul was away, the praetor would act as consul. Praetors were officials in Rome that were responsible for rendering justice. Some of them could also be responsible for the administration of a province.
Yoshi's Island DS

***Yoshi's Island DS*** (called  in Japan) is a platform video game made by Artoon, and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. It is the sequel to _Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island_.

## How the game is played

The gameplay of _Yoshi's Island DS_ is much the same as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game. The player moves Yoshi and Baby Mario. Yoshi rescues Baby Luigi after the enemies kidnaps him at the end. He will not getting hit by the enemies or losing Baby Mario when he is holds him.

## Reception

_Yoshi's Island DS_ received good scores from lots of video game websites, including IGN and GameSpot who gave separate reviews of the game of 8.0 and 9.1.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Artoon
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **director**: Hidetoshi Takeshita
- **producer**: Toyokazu Nonaka
- **artist**: Yasuhisa Nakagawa
- **composer**: Yutaka Minobe
Masayoshi Ishi
- **writer**: Soshi Kawasaki
- **series**: _List of Yoshi video games, Yoshi_
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS, Virtual Console (Wii U)
- **released**: **Nintendo DS:****Virtual Console (Wii U):**

- **genre**: Platform game, Platforming
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
Tillamook

The **Tillamook** are a Native American tribe from the state of Oregon. The word _Tillamook_ means "people of Nekelim" in the Chinook language. Also, Tillamook can mean "Land of Many Waters" but it is not as widely used. Tillamook can also be spelled **Calamox**, **Gillamooks**, and **Killamook**.

## Language

The Tillamook tribe used to speak Tillamook. After a while they learned to speak English. The last person that spoke Tillamook died in 1970. This made the Tillamook language gone forever. Starting in 1965, a group of scientists tried to protect the Tillamook language by talking with the Tillamook people and creating a Tillamook language dictionary.

## History

The Tillamook tribe used to live between the Necanicum River and Tillamook Bay. The Tillamook were coastal Native Americans. Their  name, Tillamook, means "Land of Many Waters" in their language. The first Tilamook people lived around the 1400s. In the 1700s, the population was counted at about 2200 people.
Stick figure

A **stick figure**, also known as a **stick man**, is a very simple drawing of a
person or an animal, composed of a few lines, curves, and dots.   It is often drawn by children, and known for its simplistic style. On a stick figure, the head is most often represented by a circle, which can be either a solid color or sometimes embellished with details such as eyes, a mouth, or hair. The arms, legs, torso, and abdomen are usually represented with these straight lines. Details such as hands, feet, and a neck may be present or absent; simpler stick figures often display an ambiguous emotional expression or disproportionate limbs, however, most stick figures can be drawn with four or three fingers.

The stick figure is a universally recognizable symbol, in all likelihood one of the most well known in the world. It transcends language, location, demographics, and can trace back its roots for almost 30,000 years. Its simplicity and versatility led to the stick figure being used for a variety of purposes: info graphics, signage, comics, animations, games, film storyboards, and many kinds of visual media all employ the stick figure. With the advent of the World Wide Web, the stick figure became a central element within an entire genre of web-based interactive entertainment known as flash animation. Over a period of more than two decades, stick figure animation impacted and shaped the visual landscape of the internet.

## Animations

Stick figures have also become popular to make simple, and often violent, animations. YouTube channels such as Alan Becker and Hyun's Dojo community create small series of videos.
Hans Frank

**Hans Michael Frank** (23 May 1900 – 16 October 1946) was a German lawyer. He worked for the Nazi Party during the 1920s and 1930s. Later he became a high-ranking official in Nazi Germany.

Frank was prosecuted during the Nuremberg trials for his role in the Holocaust. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity, and was executed on 16 October 1946. Before his execution, Frank returned to the Catholic Church.

## Related pages

- World War II
- Nazi Party
- The Holocaust
- War crimes
- Crimes against humanity
- The Nuremberg Trials

## Infobox (chancellor)

- **name**: Hans Frank
- **nationality**: German
- **image**: Hans Frank.jpg
- **birth place**: Karlsruhe, Grand Duchy of Baden, Baden, German Empire, Germany
- **death place**: Nuremberg, Allied Occupation Zones in Germany, Germany
- **party**: National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)
- **spouse**: Brigitte Herbst (married 1925)
- **order**: General Government, Governor-General of Occupied Poland
- **term start**: 26 October 1939
- **term end**: January 1945
- **predecessor**: Ignacy Mościcki (President of Poland)
- **successor**: Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland, Provisional government
First Folio

The **First Folio** is the common name for the first collection of William Shakespeare's plays. It was published in 1623. Its title is **Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies**.  The collection was assembled by Shakespeare's theatrical colleagues, John Heminges and Henry Condell.

Four plays are missing: _Pericles, Prince of Tyre_, _The Two Noble Kinsman_, and the "lost plays" _Cardenio_ and _Love's Labours Won_. It is believed about 750 copies were originally published. Two hundred twenty-eight remain in existence. The Folger Library in Washington, D. C. holds the most copies at 82. Copies that arrive at auction realize prices in the millions.
Jimmie Foxx

**James Emory Foxx** (October 22, 1907 – July 21, 1967), nicknamed "**Double X**" and "**The Beast**", was an American first baseman in Baseball. Foxx was the second major league player to hit 500 home runs, and at age 32, is the second youngest to hit that many home runs, behind Alex Rodriguez.

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Jimmie Foxx
- **image**: Jimmie Foxx 1937 cropped.jpg
- **position**: First baseman
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Sudlersville, Maryland, Sudlersville, Maryland
- **death place**: Miami, Florida, Miami, Florida
- **debutdate**: May 1
- **debutteam**: Oakland Athletics, Philadelphia Athletics
- **finaldate**: September 23
- **finalteam**: Philadelphia Phillies
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .325
- **stat2label**: Home runs
- **stat2value**: 534
- **stat3label**: Runs batted in
- **stat3value**: 1,922
- **teams**: * Oakland Athletics, Philadelphia Athletics (1925-1935)
* Boston Red Sox (1936-1942)
* Chicago Cubs (1942, 1944)
* Philadelphia Phillies (1945)
- **highlights**: * 9x MLB All-Star Game, All-Star selection (1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1940, 1941)
* 2x World Series champion (1929, 1930)
* 3x AL MVP (1932, 1933, 1938)
- **hofvote**: 79.2% (first ballot)
Stade de l'USFA

**Stade de l'USFA** is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive des Forces Armées.  The stadium holds 9,000 people.
Stade Wobi Bobo-Dioulasso

**Stade Wobi Bobo-Dioulasso** is a stadium in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive du Foyer de la Régie Abidjan-Niger.  The stadium holds 10,000 people.
Camp Nou

**Spotify Camp Nou** is a football stadium used by FC Barcelona that was opened in 1957. It can hold 99,354 people, making it the largest stadium in Europe and the second largest football stadium in the world.

The stadium was used to host the 1982 FIFA World Cup and the 1992 Summer Olympics. It also hosted the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Bayern Munich.

### European Competition Finals

|Competition|Season|Winner|Score|Runner-Up|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|1971-72|Rangers|3-2|Dynamo Moscow|
|1981-82|Barcelona|2-1|Standard Liège||
|European Cup|1988-89|AC Milan|4-0|Steaua București|
|UEFA Champions League|1998-99|Manchester United|2-1|Bayern Munich|

### European Super Cups/UEFA Super Cups

|Competition|Season|Home Team|Score|Away Team|Match Leg|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|European Super Cup|1979|Barcelona|1-1|Nottingham Forest|Second Leg|
|1982|Barcelona|1-0|Aston Villa|First Leg||
|1989|Barcelona|1-1|AC Milan|First Leg||
|1992|Barcelona|2-1|Werder Bremen|Second Leg||
|UEFA Super Cup|1997|Barcelona|2-0|Borussia Dortmund|First Leg|

### International Competitions

|Competition|Match|Winner|Score|Loser|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1964 European Championship|Semi-Finals||3-0||
|3rd Place Match||3-1 (a.e.t.) |||||
|1982 FIFA World Cup|First Group Stage (Group 3) ||  || 1-0 ||||||
|rowspan=3|Second Group Stage (Group B) ||  || 3-0 ||||||
||1-0||||
||0-0||||
|Semi-Finals||3-0|||

### Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics

|Match|Winner|Score|Loser|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Group A||2-1||
|Group C||0-0||
||1-1|||
|Quarter-Finals||2-0||
||2-1|||
|Semi-Finals||6-1||
|Bronze Medal Match||1-0||
|Gold Medal Match||3-2||
Dean of the United States Senate

The **Dean of the United States Senate** is the Senator that has been in office the longest.

Unlike the office of President pro tem, the Office of Dean is not an official position.

## History

After the death of Daniel Inouye on December 17, 2012, Patrick Leahy became the new Dean of the Senate. Also since the death of Inouye, Leahy became the President pro tempore and "dean". Leahy is the senorist Democratic Senate politician in the United States. When Leahy retired, Chuck Grassley assumed the role in 2023.
Stade Municipal (Ouagadougou)

**Stade Municipal** is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home of Santos Football Club.  The stadium holds 15,000 people.
Stade Banfora

**Stade Banfora** is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive de la Comoé.  The stadium holds 6,000 people.
Stade Balibiè

**Stade Balibiè** is a stadium in Koudougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Association Sportive des Employés et Commerçants de Koudougou.  The stadium holds 30,000 people.
Ben Folds

**Benjamin Scott Folds** (born September 12, 1966) is an American singer and songwriter who plays the piano.  He was the main singer of the band Ben Folds Five.  The band stopped playing together in 2000, and Folds has played as a solo act since then.  His solo albums include _Rockin' the Suburbs_, _Songs for Silverman_ and _Way to Normal_.
Carl Zimmer

**Carl Zimmer** (born 1966) is a popular science writer and blogger, mostly dealing with the study of evolution and parasites. He has written several books and contributes science essays to publications such as _The New York Times_ and _Discover_. He is a Fellow at Yale University's Morse College. He lives in Guilford, Connecticut, with his wife, Grace Farrell Zimmer, and their two children.  His father, Dick Zimmer, was a Republican congressman from New Jersey from 1991 through 1997. His brother, Benjamin Zimmer, is a linguist.

## Awards

- American Association for the Advancement of Science's 2004 Science Journalism Award
- The Pan American Health Organization's Award for Excellence in International Health Reporting
- American Institute Biological Science's Media Award
- Everett Clark Award for Science Writing
- John Guggenheim Memorial Foundation Fellowship
- United States National Academy of Sciences Communication Award

## Bibliography

- Zimmer, Carl _At the Water's Edge_ (1999)
- Zimmer, Carl _Parasite Rex_ (2001)
- Zimmer, Carl _Evolution: The Triumph of an Idea_ (2001)
- Zimmer, Carl _Soul Made Flesh_ (2004)
- Zimmer, Carl _Smithsonian Intimate Guide to Human Origins_ (2005)
- Zimmer, Carl _Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life_ (2008)
Stade de la SONABEL

**Stade de la SONABEL** is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Association Sportive SONABEL.  The stadium holds 5,000 people.
Stade Municipal (Bobo Dioulasso)

**Stade Municipal** is a stadium in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games.  The stadium holds 30,000 people.
Stade du 4-Août

**Stade du 4-Août** is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  It is used mostly for football games and it also has an athletics track. The stadium can hold of 35,000 people. Etoile Filante Ouagadougou play their homes games at the stadium.

## Other websites

- Photo  at worldstadiums.com
- Photos  at fussballtempel.net
- Stadium at Openstreetmap
38628 Huya

**38628 Huya**, previously known by its provisional designation ****) is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO). It was found in March 2000 by Ignacio Ferrin and announced on October 24, 2000. It was given the name Huya, after _Juyá,_ the Wayuu rain god, in August 2003 by the International Astronomical Union.

## Size

At the time when it was found, Huya was the biggest and brightest TNO yet found. It was found using data collected by at the CIDA Observatory in Venezuela. Astronomers think it's about 530 km in diameter.

### Surface

The object has a red-sloped reflectance spectrum, saying that the surface could be rich in organic material such as tholins.

### Orbit

Given the long orbit that TNOs have around the sun, Huya comes to opposition in early May of each year at an apparent magnitude of 19.3.

## Other websites

- Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
- 37th DPS: Albedos, Diameters (and a Density) of Kuiper Belt and Centaur Objects
- Planet 10? Tiny 'Plutino' Almost Qualifies
- Discovery of a bright Trans-Neptunian Object (Yale)
- From the Rain Forest to Planet Huya

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 38628 Huya
- **image**: 38628 Huya.png
- **caption**: Artist's impression of Huya
- **discoverer**: Ignacio Ferrin
- **discovered**: March 10, 2000
- **mp name**: 38628 Huya
- **mp category**: Trans-Neptunian object, TNO
Plutino
- **epoch**: December 31, 2006 (Julian day, JD 2454100.5)
- **semimajor**: 5948.340 Giga, Gm (39.762 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **perihelion**: 4269.292 Gm (28.538 AU)
- **aphelion**: 7627.387 Gm (50.986 AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.282
- **period**: 91580.694 day, d (250.73 Julian year (astronomy), a)
- **inclination**: 15.463degree (angle), °
- **asc node**: 169.296°
- **arg peri**: 67.637°
- **mean anomaly**: 348.506°
- **avg speed**: 4.63 km/s
- **dimensions**: 480±50 km
532±25 km
- **mass**: 6.5–1.8 kilogram, kg
- **density**: 2.0? g/cubic centimetre, cm³
- **surface grav**: 0.12–0.15? m/s²
- **escape velocity**: 0.23–0.28? km/s
- **sidereal day**: ? d
- **spectral type**: (moderately red) B-V=1.00; V-R=0.65
- **magnitude**: 19.3 (Opposition (astronomy and astrology), opposition)
- **abs magnitude**: 4.7
- **albedo**: 0.11±0.02
- **angular size**: 0.024" (max)
- **single temperature**: ~44 kelvin, K
2101 Adonis

**2101 Adonis** was one of the first near-Earth asteroids to be found.  It was found by Eugene Delporte in 1936 and named after Adonis, the beautiful youth with whom the goddess Venus fell in love. Adonis is thought to measure about 1 km in diameter.

In the close approach that led to the first time it was found, not enough sightings could be made to find out it's orbit, and Adonis was lost until 1977 when it was found once again by Charles T. Kowal.

Adonis was the second Apollo asteroid to be found (after 1862 Apollo itself). It may be a dead comet, and may be the source of some meteor showers. [http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:bIucDKxXIYEJ:www.aanda.org/articles/aa/ps/2003/01/aa3030.ps.gz+adonis+asteroid&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=29&gl=us&lr=lang_en ]

It comes within 30 Gm of the Earth six times in the 21st century, the nearest being 5.3 Gm in 2036.

## Other websites

- Long-lost planet 1936 CA ("Adonis") recovered

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 2101 Adonis
- **discoverer**: Eugene Delporte
- **discovered**: February 12, 1936
- **alt names**: 1936 CA
- **mp category**: Apollo asteroid, Apollo, mars-crosser asteroid, Mars crosser
- **epoch**: October 22, 2004 (Julian day, JD 2453300.5)
- **semimajor**: 280.289 Giga, Gm (1.874 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **perihelion**: 65.906 Gm (0.441 AU)
- **aphelion**: 494.673 Gm (3.307 AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.765
- **period**: 936.742 day, d (2.56 Julian year (astronomy), a)
- **inclination**: 1.349degree (angle), °
- **asc node**: 350.580°
- **arg peri**: 42.438°
- **mean anomaly**: 307.406°
- **avg speed**: 18.10 km/second, s
- **dimensions**: 0.5—1.2 km [http://earn.dlr.de/nea/02101.htm <sup>1</sup>]
- **mass**: 0.13—1.8×10<sup>12</sup> kilogram, kg
- **density**: 2.0? g/cubic centimetre, cm³
- **surface grav**: 0.0001—0.0003 m/s²
- **escape velocity**: 0.0003—0.0006 km/s
- **rotation**: ? d
- **spectral type**: ?
- **abs magnitude**: 18.7
- **albedo**: 0.20—0.04 [http://earn.dlr.de/nea/02101.htm <sup>1</sup>]
- **single temperature**: 197—207 kelvin, K
1566 Icarus

**1566 Icarus** is an Apollo asteroid (a sub-class of near-Earth asteroid). At its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) it is closer to the Sun than Mercury. In its orbit it crosses the orbits of Mercury, Venus and Mars. It is named after Icarus of Greek mythology, who flew too close to the Sun. The asteroid was found in 1949 by Walter Baade.

Icarus makes a close approach to Earth at gaps of 9, 19, or 38 years. Sometimes, it comes as close as 6.4 Gm (16 lunar distances and 4 million miles), as it did on June 14, 1968. The last close approach was in 1996, at 15.1 Gm, about 40 times as far as the Moon. The most recent close approach was on June 16, 2015, 8.1 Gm (5 million miles).

In 1967, Paul Sandorff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave his students the task of making a plan to destroy Icarus, if it was going to hit the Earth. This plan is known as Project Icarus (which was the basis for the 1979 science fiction film Meteor, starring Sean Connery).

## Other websites

- NeoDys Object Listing: orbital elements and list of close approaches
- Article on TheSpaceReview.com about Project Icarus

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 1566 Icarus
- **discoverer**: Walter Baade
- **discovered**: June 27, 1949
- **alt names**: 1949 MA
- **perihelion**: 27.923 Gm (0.187 AU)
- **aphelion**: 294.590 Gm (1.969 AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.827
- **period**: 408.778 day, d (1.12 Julian year (astronomy), a)
- **dimensions**: 1.4 km
- **mass**: 2.9×10<sup>12</sup> kilogram, kg
- **density**: 2 ? g/cubic centimetre, cm³
- **surface grav**: 0.000 39 m/s²
- **escape velocity**: 0.000 74 km/s
- **rotation**: 0.094 71 d
- **abs magnitude**: 16.9
- **albedo**: 0.4
- **single temperature**: ~242 kelvin, K
3200 Phaethon

**3200 Phaethon**, sometimes incorrectly spelt **Phaeton**, is an Apollo asteroid and a dead comet.

It was announced on 14 October 1983 in IAUC 3878, with optical confirmation that it looks like an asteroid. It was the first asteroid to be found by a spacecraft. It measures 5.10 km in diameter.

Phaethon approaches the Sun closer than any other numbered asteroid. Its perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) is only 0.140 AU – less than half Mercury's perihelion distance. It is a Mercury-, Venus-, Earth- and Mars-crosser. The surface temperature at perihelion could reach ~1025 K, or 1400 F. For this reason, it was named after the Greek myth of Phaëton, son of the sun god Helios.

Phaethon approached to 18.1 Gm on 10 December 2007. It will draw nearer in 2017, 2050, 2060,  and closer still on 14 December 2093, passing within 0.0198 AU (3.0  Gm).

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 3200 Phaethon
- **image**: Asteroid Phaethon 25dec2010 stack.jpg
- **caption**: Asteroid (3200) Phaethon imaged on 25 Dec 2010 with the 37 cm F14 Cassegrain telescope of Winer Observatory, Sonoita (MPC 857) by Marco Langbroek.
- **discovered**: 11 October 1983
- **alt names**: 1983 TB
- **named after**: Phaëton
- **mp category**: Apollo asteroid
- **epoch**: July 14, 2004 (Julian day, JD 2453200.5)
- **semimajor**: 1.271 AU (190.189 Gm)
- **perihelion**: 0.140 AU (20.922 Gm)
- **aphelion**: 2.403 Astronomical unit, AU (359.456 Giga, Gm)
- **eccentricity**: 0.890
- **period**: 1.43 Julian year (astronomy), a (523.586 day, d)
- **inclination**: 22.169degree (angle), °
- **mean anomaly**: 200.798°
- **avg speed**: 19.98 km/second, s
- **dimensions**: 5.1 km
- **mass**: 1.4×10<sup>14</sup> kilogram, kg
Minor planet designation

**Minor planet designations** are number-name combinations given by the Minor Planet Center, a part of the IAU. They are used for dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies such as asteroids, but not comets. They are given to a body once its orbit is secured and unrelated to provisional designations, given when an object is found.

The two parts of a formal designation are
- a number, historically given in a similar order to the order that it was found, now given only after the orbit is secured
- a name, either the name assigned by the astronomer who found it or, more commonly, the provisional designation.
It looks like this: `(number) Name`, for example (90377) Sedna or . According to what the astronomer wants, the brackets are now often removed, as in 90377 Sedna. In practice, however, the number is primarily a catalog entry for any reasonably well-known object. Therefore, the name or provisional designation is generally used in the formal designation: Sedna, .

The rule for moons of minor planets, such as the formal designation (87) Sylvia I Romulus for the asteroid moon Romulus, is an extension of the Roman numeral convention used, on and off, for the moons of the planets since Galileo's time.

The Minor Planet Center also managed comets but used a different cataloging system.

## History

By 1851, there were 15 asteroids, all but one with their own symbol. The symbols were becoming less and less simple, and, as they had to be drawn by hand, astronomers found some of them hard to draw. This difficulty was addressed by Benjamin Apthorp Gould in 1851, who suggested numbering asteroids in the order that they were found, and placing this number in a circle as the symbol for the asteroid, such as ④ for the fourth asteroid, Vesta. This practice was soon coupled with the name itself into an official number-name designation, "④ Vesta", as the number of minor planets increased. By _ca_ 1858, the circle had been simplified to brackets, "(4)" and "(4) Vesta", which was easier to typeset. Other punctuation such as "4) Vesta" and "4, Vesta" was also used, but had more or less completely died out by 1949.

The major exception to the convention that the number tracks the order they were or the order that they're orbit was calculated is the case of Pluto. Since Pluto was originally called a planet, it was not given a number until a 2006 redefinition of "planet" that didn't include it. At that point, Pluto was given the formal designation Pluto.

## Other websites

- IAU FAQ on minor planets
- MPC explanation of provisional designations
- Dr. James Hilton, _When Did the Asteroids Become Minor Planets?_
Takoyaki

is a popular ball-shaped Japanese dumpling.  It is like a savory pancake in a ball-shape which is cooked in a special pan.

_Takoyaki_ is a specialty of Osaka and Kyoto.  It is usually eaten as a snack.

Many people in Osaka and Kyoto have a special cooker that makes takoyaki. This is because they eat takoyaki often.

## History

_Takoyaki_ was invented in Osaka in 1935 by Tomekichi Endo.  It is most often made with flour and small pieces of boiled octopus.

## How to make Takoyaki

- First, mix flour and egg with water to make dough. It is important the dough is not too thick but not too watery.
- Second, pour the dough into a _takoyaki_ pan.
- Third, put a piece of cut, boiled octopus into each of the holes of the _takoyaki_ pan. Also, put pickled ginger, and _tenkasu_ (deep-fried flour dough).
- Fourth, turn the dough as it cooks to make a ball-shape.
- Finally, once cooked, put _takoyaki_ sauce, _katsuobushi_ (dried fish flakes), and _aonori_ (green laver) on the balls.

## Minor planet

A minor planet named "6562 Takoyaki" was discovered in 1991 by M. Yanai and K. Watanabe at Katani.  The name was selected by children who visited the Funai Space Festival which was held in Osaka in 2001.

## Other websites

- Just Hungry, "Takoyaki, the great street snack that's fun to make at home"
Nishinomiya, Hyōgo

**Nishinomiya** is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is in the Kansai region of Japan and has a population of 483,598.

It has been recognized as a core city since 2008.

## History

The Great Hanshin Earthquake on January 17, 1995 killed 1,134 people in Nishinomiya and injring 6386 people. 34,181 buildings were completely destroyed with 27,116 buildings being partially destroyed. Nishinomiya had 194 evacuation spots with 44,351 evacuees.

Some famous places in Nishinomiya include Koshien Stadium, where the professional baseball team the Hanshin Tigers play, and Nishinomiya Gardens.

## Sister Cities

- Sister cities
    - U.S., Spokane, Washington September, 1961

- Friendship cities
    - Brazil, Paraná, Londrina, May, 1977
    - China, Zhejiang, Shaoxing July, 1985
    - France District of Lot-et-Garonne and Agen, April, 1992
    - U.S., Burlington, Vermont
    - Aquitaine
    - Japan, Kagoshima (formerly Naze), Amami, October, 1981
    - Japan, Kochi, Yusuhara, March, 1991

## Geography

1. Location - Nishinomiya City is in Hyogo Prefecture. It lies on Osaka Bay between Kobe (to the West) and Osaka (to the East).
1. Size - Area is 99.96km<sup>2</sup>
1. Transport - There are excellent links to Kobe, Osaka and beyond with a choice of three separate train lines. The Bullet train, which connects to Tokyo, stops in nearby Kobe. Also, roads out of the city are good. Many people within the city travel by bicycle so there are large bicycle parking places especially near stations.
1. The Land - most of Nishinomiya is on the flat plain in the south, however there are mountains in the north. The town has expanded up the mountains, so many houses are built on the slopes of these mountains with excellent views over the city below and even out over Osaka Bay.  One small mountain is called Kabuto-yama. This landmark, with its Japanese helmet shape, can be seen from most parts of the city. In the bay, artificial islands have been made on which industries, residential areas and a marina have been built. There is a small beach.

## Economy

Nishinomiya is famous in Japan for its sake (rice wine) production. Other food production is the main industry. There are also docks for shipping.

## Leisure and Culture

There are huge shopping centres that are very popular. The city is the home of the famous Hanshin Tigers baseball team who play at Koshien Stadium. The Tigers have won the Central League pennant five times (1962, 1964, 1985, 2003, 2005) and the Japan Series once (1985). In each of 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009, more than three million people attended games at their Nishinomiya stadium. There are many shrines, such as Nishinomiya Shrine, Hirota-jinja and Kannō-ji. A popular light novel, manga, and anime series 'The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya' is set in Nishinomiya.
1979 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1979 Atlantic hurricane season** officially began on June 1, 1979 and ended on November 30, 1979. This was an average season with 20 storms, however only 9 became tropical. This was a damaging and deadly season most of the damage was caused by Tropical Storm Claudette, Hurricane David and Hurricane Frederic. Most deaths were caused by Hurricane David.

## Storms

- Tropical Depression One
- Tropical Depression Two
- Tropical Storm Ana
- Tropical Depression Four
- Hurricane Bob
- Tropical Storm Claudette
- Tropical Depression Nine
- Tropical Depression Ten
- Hurricane David
- Tropical Storm Elena
- Hurricane Frederic
- Hurricane Gloria
- Hurricane Henri
- Tropical Depression Nineteen
- Tropical Depression Twenty
- Tropical Depression Twenty-One
- Tropical Depression Twenty-Two
- Subtropical Storm One
- Tropical Depression Twenty-Five
- Tropical Depression Twenty-Six

## Storm names

This is the list of names that were set aside for the 1979 Atlantic hurricane season. The list is not the same as in 1973 because in 1979 male names were added to the list. Names that were not used are marked in .

## Retired names

In the spring of 1980, the names, David and Frederic were retired and replaced with the names Danny and Fabian.

## Other websites

- Monthly Weather Review
- HPC rainfall pages for 1979 tropical cyclones impacting North America

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: Atl
- **year**: 1979
- **track**: 1979 Atlantic hurricane season map.png
- **first storm formed**: June 19, 1979
- **last storm dissipated**: October 25, 1979
- **strongest storm name**: Hurricane David, David
- **strongest storm winds**: 150
- **strongest storm pressure**: 924
- **average wind speed**: 1
- **total storms**: 9
- **total hurricanes**: 5
- **total intense**: 2
- **fatalities**: 2118
- **damages**: 4270
- **inflated**: 1
- **five seasons**: 1977 Atlantic hurricane season, 1977, 1978 Atlantic hurricane season, 1978, **1979**, 1980 Atlantic hurricane season, 1980, 1981 Atlantic hurricane season, 1981
1969 Atlantic hurricane season

The **1969 Atlantic hurricane season** officially began on June 1, 1969 and ended on November 30, 1969. This season was highly active in fact, at that time it was the most active it has since fallen many times. This season featured the very powerful, Hurricane Camille.

## Storms

- Tropical Depression Seven
- Tropical Storm Anna
- Hurricane Blanche
- Hurricane Camille
- Hurricane Debbie
- Tropical Storm Eve
- Hurricane Francelia
- Hurricane Gerda
- Hurricane Holly
- Tropical Depression Twenty-Nine
- Hurricane Inga
- Hurricane Ten
- Tropical Storm Eleven
- Subtropical Storm One
- Tropical Depression Thirty-Two
- Tropical Storm Jenny
- Hurricane Kara
- Hurricane Laurie
- Tropical Storm Sixteen
- Hurricane Seventeen
- Hurricane Martha

## Retired names

In the spring of 1970, Camille was retired.

## Other websites

- Monthly Weather Review
- HPC rainfall pages for 1969 tropical cyclones

## Infobox (hurricane season)

- **basin**: Atl
- **year**: 1969
- **track**: 1969 Atlantic hurricane season map.png
- **first storm formed**: June 7, 1969
- **last storm dissipated**: November 25, 1969
- **strongest storm name**: Hurricane Camille, Camille
- **strongest storm pressure**: 905
- **strongest storm winds**: 165
- **average wind speed**: 1
- **total storms**: 18
- **total hurricanes**: 12
- **total intense**: 5
- **fatalities**: 364
- **damages**: 1700
- **inflated**: 1
- **five seasons**: 1967 Atlantic hurricane season, 1967, 1968 Atlantic hurricane season, 1968, **1969**, 1970 Atlantic hurricane season, 1970, 1971 Atlantic hurricane season, 1971
Hanasaka Jiisan

**Hanasaka-jiisan**(花咲か爺）is a famous folk story of Japan.  The name means "old man who made flowers blossom(Japanese flower)".  The story became famous in Japan in the Edo Period (1603-1868).

## Story

There was a kind-hearted old man, Hanasaka-jiisan, who grew cherry blossoms.  The old man and his wife had a white puppy.  One day, their dog barked, “Koko-hore-wan-wan,” (meaning "Dig here! Bark bark!") while digging in a field.  The old man dug up gold and made the old man very rich.  The old man was very happy.  The old man's neighbor saw the dog barking and watched as the old man dig up the treasure. The old couple’s neighbors were jealous of this.  So they stole the white puppy away, and ordered him to search for treasure. They beat him, then he went to search for treasure.  But they only found rubbish. So, then they killed the dog.  The old man was crushed with grief. The neighbor's gave the old man and his wife the dog's ashes.
Then, the dog appeared in the old man's dream.  The dog said, "Please scatter my ashes on the dead cherry blossom tree!"  The old man followed the dog's directions. Then, the dead cherry blossom tree came into full bloom.  The old man and his wife received great praise from a feudal lord passing by.
ICOCA

**ICOCA** is an IC (Integrated Circuit) Card used on the JR West rail network in Japan. It stands for "**I**ntegrated **C**ircuit **O**perating **C**ard." It can be used as a riding ticket or digital cash. For example, you can use it to get on a train or, to buy a drink at a convenience store, or bread from a bakery.

## How To Purchase

The Green Windows (_midori-no-madoguchi_) of JR stations sell ICOCA cards. The price of the card is 500 yen (about $5 USD), but at first you must pay 2,000 yen (about $20 USD), and you immediately get 1,500 yen (about $15 USD) of cash on the card. The limit you can have on the card is 20,000 yen (about $200 USD).

## Origin of Name

The name of the card is a play on the phrase, "Ikoka" (行こか), which means, "Let's go," in the western Japanese dialect.
Mono no aware

**Mono no aware** (物の哀れ) is a Japanese phrase.

## Overview

_Mono no aware_ means "the pathos of things" in English. Pathos is the power in literature that creates feelings of sorrow, pity and tenderness. _Mono no aware_ is a very important concept when reading old literature so that the reader can understand the importance and beauty of the literature.

It is used to express the keen emotion and pathos of a piece of literature and the feeling it gives the readers' senses, such as the description of a sound or scenery. _The Tale of Genji_, said to be the world's oldest novel, is a good example of literature that gives its readers the sense of _mono no aware_.

## Origin

_Mono no aware_ was first used by Motoori Norinaga (1730 – 1801) to describe Heian Period (794 – 1185 ) literature, especially _The Tale of Genji_.

## Contemporary culture

Notable manga artists who use _mono no aware_-style storytelling include Hitoshi Ashinano, Kozue Amano, and Kaoru Mori. In anime, both _Only Yesterday_, by Isao Takahata, and _Mai Mai Miracle_, by Sunao Katabuchi make note of the passing of time in a gentle way by presenting the main plot against a parallel one from the past.  In addition, the Japanese director Yasujiro Ozu was well known for making a sense of _mono no aware_.

In literature, Ken Liu, a Chinese-American author, wrote a short story titled _Mono no Aware_ where the concept is applied both to the life of the main character and to human society.
Salmon (color)

**Salmon** (pronounced sa-mon, as the l is silent) is a range of pale pinkish-orange to light pink colors, named after the color of salmon flesh.

The first recorded use of _salmon_ as a color name in English was in 1776.

## Meaning of salmon

- The color salmon is known to provide good health because salmon contains Omega-3 fatty acids, which are good for you.

- The color _pale salmon_ (shown below) represents finance because it is used as the color of the paper on which some economic newspapers like the _Financial Times_ are printed (it is also the color of logo of the _Financial Times_ website).  Hence the economic press is sometimes termed the _salmon press_ as opposed to regular general newspapers published on off-white colored newsprint.

## Tones of salmon color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Pale Salmon|style="background-color:#ffCC99"||#FFCC99|255|204|153|030°|100%|80%|
|Light Salmon (web color)|style="background-color:#ffa07a"||#FFA07A|255|160|122|17°|52%|100%|
|Medium Salmon|style="background-color:#ff8c69"||#FF8C69|255|140|105|014°|100%|71%|
|**Salmon (web color)**|style="background-color:#fa8072"||#FA8072|250|128|114|6°|54%|98%|
|Dark Salmon (web color)|style="background-color:#e9967a"||#E9967A|233|150|122|15°|48%|91%|
|Light Salmon Pink|style="background-color:#ff9999"||#FF9999|255|153|153|000°|100%|80%|
|Salmon Pink (Crayola Crayon "Salmon")|style="background-color:#ff91a4"||#FF91A4|255|145|164|350°|43%|100%|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Saddle

A **saddle** is like a seat for a person who is riding on an animal's back. The seat is held to the animal's back by a belly strap called a girth.

The most common type is the equestrian saddle made for a horse. However, saddles have been made for camels and other animals.

## History

The earliest saddle known to history was discovered in a tomb in China. It dated to between 727–396 BC. The saddle is made of cushioned cow hide. It shows signs that someone used and even repaired this saddle. Most early saddles were probably similar: a pad held on by a belly strap.

The saddle tree came into use about 200 BC, and paired stirrups by 322 AD. The type of saddle we use today dates back to the 1700s.

Today, modern saddles come in different styles, designed for different equestrian activities. They need careful fit for both the rider and the horse. Proper saddle care can extend the useful life of a saddle, often for many years.

## Types

The two most common saddle types used for horse riding are the English saddle and the Western saddle.

### Eastern

The English saddle is used for horse sports like show jumping, dressage, and eventing. It is also used for horse showing. It has less leather and is lighter than most Western saddles.

### Western

The Western saddle is used for horse activities where the rider needs more support than an English saddle would give them. It is also used for showing, barrel racing, rodeoing, and many other sports.

The biggest difference is it has a horn on the front, and a higher cantle. This was used originally for tying cattle off when working, so the ranchers could brand or work with the cow. It's now used more widely: in barrel racing it's used for support, and in roping events, it's still used to tie cattle.

### Each saddle has a purpose

There are many different types of English and Western saddles. All are designed for a specific purpose. So while they might look different, they all help the rider for the sport or activity for which they were designed.

For example, a rider would not want to jump in a Western saddle because the horn would make it hard for them to stay in the correct position over the jump. A rider would not want to work cows in a jumping saddle because they would not have a horn and because the Western saddle puts the rider in a better position for working cows.
Bridle

A **bridle** is equipment used to direct and control a horse. The bridle holds a bit which goes in the mouth of a horse, and has reins which are joined to the bit.

Bridles are usually made of leather. They are made of different parts which are buckled together. The headpiece, also called a crownpiece, goes behind the horse's ears. The browband is placed across the horse's forehead. Sometimes, a strap called a martingale is attached to the noseband.

A bridle without a bit uses a noseband to control a horse, and is called a hackamore, or a bitless bridle. Bitless bridles work by pressure and leverage on the horse's nose and chin groove. Bitless bridles can be useful for horses that have problems with their mouths. It is more difficult to turn a horse using a bitless bridle. Bitless bridles can provide tremendous leverage and stopping power.