juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Car rental

**Car hire** is the act or procedure of hiring (renting) a car, usually for a fee.

The business that provides the car becomes the car hire service provider, and the party who hires the car becomes the car hirer.

A **car hire company** is usually the business that hires out automobiles for fixed periods of time (ranging from as little as hours up to weeks or longer).

## Location

They can be found primarily located near airports or busy city areas. The internet is changing the car rental industry with companies that are now called online car rental companies. Travelers can pre-book their rental car online anywhere across the globe directly from the service providers like Hertz, Budget, Alamo, Sixt Rent a Car, Thrifty, Travelauto.com, Dollar, Enterprise Rent-A-Car and Europcar.

## Purpose

Car rental agencies are mainly for people who need a car for a short period of time, for example travellers who are out of town, people whose cars were damaged or destroyed. Car rental agencies may also rent trucks for self-moving industry

### Conditions

Car rentals are subject to many conditions which vary from one brand to another. The vehicle must be returned in a good condition and must not exceed a maximum driven distance, otherwise extra fees may be incurred. Additionally, some companies set up a minimum age for the vehicle driver, which in some cases is as high as 25, even in countries where the minimum legal age to hold a driver's license is much lower. Recent conditions have used GPS technology to limit maximum speeds or driving to specific regions.

## Global market

North America and Europe are leading the car rental market, followed by Asia-Pacific. North America is dominating the car rental market, owing to the high usage rate of car rental services by daily commuters, office-goers, and tourists in the country. Also, the growing trend of car sharing also boosts the usage of car rental in this region.
Mechanical engineering

**Mechanical engineering** is a branch of engineering that applies the principles of Mechanics and Materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools. They can range from building a rocket ship down to things as small as an integrated circuit. It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines.
Paul Newman

**Paul Leonard Newman** (January 26, 1925 – September 26, 2008) was an American actor, movie director, race car driver, philanthropist, and entrepreneur. He was born in Cleveland Heights, Ohio. His mother was a Slovak; his father was a Jew who had one parent from Hungary and the other from Poland. He considered himself Jewish and would have been accepted as one by other Jewish movements.

He was known especially for the 1969 movie _Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid_. He played Butch Cassidy in the movie. He was married to actress Joanne Woodward. He died of lung cancer in 2008.

## Retirement

Newman retired from acting in May 2007. He said "You start to lose your memory, you start to lose your confidence, you start to lose your invention. So I think that's pretty much a closed book for me."

He came out of retirement to narrate the 2007 documentary movie _Dale_, about the life of NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt. He also narrated the 2008 BBC documentary _Meerkats: The Movie_. It was recorded at a studio near his home shortly before his death. _The Meerkats_ was the last movie credit of Newman's long career.

## Other websites

- Newman/Haas Racing
- Newman's Own
- The Hole in the Wall Gang Camp

## Infobox (military person)

- **embed**: yes
- **branch**:  United States Navy
- **serviceyears**: 1943–1946
- **rank**:  Petty Officer Third Class
- **battles**: * World War II
** Asiatic-Pacific Theater
- **awards**:  Navy Good Conduct Medal


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Paul Newman
- **image**: Paul Newman - 1958.jpg
- **caption**: Newman in 1958
- **birth name**: Paul Leonard Newman
- **birth place**: Cleveland Heights, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: Westport, Connecticut, Westport, Connecticut, US
- **death cause**: Lung cancer
- **years active**: 1949–2007
- **children**: 6
- **nationality**: United States, American
IRA

**IRA** may mean:

- Individual retirement account
- Irish Republican Army (? - 2005)
- Real Irish Republican Army (1997 - 2012)
- New Irish Republican Army (2012 - now)
Olympiastadion Berlin

The **Olympiastadion** is a sports stadium in Berlin, Germany. It was built for the 1936 Olympic Games.

## Events

- 1936 Summer Olympics
- 1974 FIFA World Cup
- 2006 FIFA World Cup
- 2009 World Championships in Athletics
- Hertha BSC Berlin(Bundesliga home Stadium)

## Other websites

- Official Olympiastadion Site
Olympic Stadium (Athens)

**The Athens Olympic Stadium** () is a sports stadium in Athens, Greece.

## Events

- 1997 World Championships in Athletics
- 2004 Summer Olympics
- 2006 Eurovision Song Contest(at Olympic Hall)
- 2007 UEFA Champions League Final

## Other websites

- Official site
2002 Winter Olympics

**The 2002 Winter Olympics**, officially known as the XIX Olympic Winter Games, were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States from February 8 to 24, 2002. There were about 2,400 athletes from 77 nations. 78 events were contested. Utah was the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games.

78 National Olympic Committees sent athletes to the Salt Lake City games. Cameroon, Hong Kong (China), Nepal, Tajikistan, and Thailand competed in their first Winter Olympic games.

## Highlights

- The Olympic Flame was lit by the members of the gold medal-winning US Hockey Team of the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, NY.
- These Olympics were the first time a United States president opened an Olympic Winter Games.
- These were the first Games to be held under IOC president Jacques Rogge.
- Janica Kostelić won three golds and a silver which were the first Winter Olympic medals ever for Croatia It was the first three-gold performance by a female.
- Skeleton returned as a medal sport in the 2002 Games for the first time since 1948.
- 2002 was the first time with the Women's Bobsled Event.
- China won its first and second Winter Olympic gold medals, both by women's short-track speed skater Yang Yang (A).
- One of the most memorable stories of the event was at the men's short track. Australian skater Steven Bradbury was behind in the semi-final. The winning skaters crashed into each other, letting him finish second and go through to the final. Bradbury was again behind in the final. Again all four other skaters crashed out in the final turn. He won the gold medal.This was the first gold for Australia—or any other country of the Southern Hemisphere—in the Olympic Winter Games.
- Australia won their second gold medal when Alisa Camplin won in Women's Aerials. This was the first ever Winter Games gold won by a woman from the Southern Hemisphere.
- The Canadian men's ice hockey team defeated the American team 5–2 to claim the gold medal. This ended 50 years without the hockey gold. The Canadian women's team also defeated the American team 3–2.

## Infobox (olympic games)

- 2002
- Winter
- Olympics
- **host city**: Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
- **motto**: _Light The Fire Within_
- **nations**: 78
- **athletes**: 2,399 (1,513 men, 886 women)
- **events**: 78 in 7 Olympic sports, sports (15 disciplines)
- **opening**: February 8
- **closing**: February 24
- **opened by**: President of the United States, President George W. Bush
- **cauldron**: Members of the Miracle on Ice, 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team, led by team captain Mike Eruzione
- **stadium**: Rice–Eccles Stadium
- **winter prev**: 1998 Winter Olympics, Nagano 1998
- **winter next**: 2006 Winter Olympics, Turin 2006
- **summer prev**: 2000 Summer Olympics, Sydney 2000
- **summer next**: 2004 Summer Olympics, Athens 2004
- **image**: 2002 Winter Olympics logo.svg
- **image size**: 250px
Stradivarius

A **Stradivarius** is a string instrument (such as a violin) built by the 17th century  Italian luthier Stradivari family (especially by Antonio Stradivari) that was famous for making them.

Violins have been sold (at auction) for as high as US dollars [11 million] or 11.25 million; That violin is from 1714; It is called the _Joachim-Ma Stradivarius violin_; Two of its previous owners, were "Joachim" and "Ma".

Stradivarii are known for their high quality sound and ability to last a long time without tuning. Most of these instruments survive to this day, though few have been stolen. They are some of the best and most expensive instruments, and even each string instrument created has a name. So many people have wanted Stradivarii, and some have sold for more than a million dollars. Famous violinists, such as Midori Goto or Joshua Bell have Stradivarii.
Gadolinium

**Gadolinium** is a chemical element.  It has the chemical symbol **Gd**.  It has the atomic number 64.  It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the Lanthanides.  It is a rare earth element.  It is silvery white, malleable and ductile.

Its main uses are as chemical compounds in color televisions and nuclear magnetic resonance radio contrast agents.  In color cathode ray tube televisions (the type first produced, not flat televisions) some of the pixels are dots of gadolinium compounds. When the electrons from the cathode ray tube hit the  pixels and transfer energy to the gadolinium compounds they give out light as energy.  Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is used in medicine where it is named MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging).  It is used to take picture of inside the body.  How the pictures look is changed by the gadolinium compounds and how much water is around.  It makes the images clearer because it makes the difference in the concentration of water in different parts of the body look more clear (more contrast) in the picture that is made.

## Related pages

- Periodic table
- List of common elements

## Other websites

- WebElements.com - Gadolinium
- It's Elemental – Gadolinium
Grand coalition

The **"Grand coalition"** refers to if the two biggest political parties in Germany (the CDU, CSU and the SPD) join forces together ("form a coalition").
Persephone

**Persephone** (, _Persephonē_) is the goddess of the dead and queen of the underworld in ancient Greek religion and myth. She is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and is married to the god Hades, with whom she rules over the souls of the dead. As a vegetation goddess, she presided over the bounty of the harvest as it emerged during the season of spring.

Persephone and her mother Demeter were the central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which promised initiates a reward in the afterlife. The tale of her being abducted by Hades, during which she was tricked into eating seeds from a pomegranate (the food of the dead), served to explain the cause of the seasons, and is one prominently featured in ancient Greek literature. Her symbols included the pomegranate, flowers and seeds of grain. During the summer she would rise up from the underworld to be with her mother Demeter. The goddess Proserpina is her Roman counterpart.

## Birth and Early Life

Persephone is the daughter of two powerful gods in Greek mythology. Zeus, was the king of all gods. Demeter, her mother, was goddess of the harvest, agriculture and fertility. Her mother was affectionately known as 'Mother Nature'. Persephone was born as a result of one of father's numerous affairs. Being born to a goddess of agriculture, it would come as no supride that Persephone is a goddess of spring and new life.
Human history

**Human history** is the study of the human race from prehistory to the present day. It is part of natural history.
Ur

**Ur** was the one of the world's first cities, in Mesopotamia. It was a Sumerian city-state, founded around 3,800 BC. There are written records dating from the 26th century. Ur was once a coastal city near the mouth of the River Euphrates on the Persian Gulf. It is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank,  from Nasiriyah, Iraq.

## Ziggurat

In the Sumerian city, the Ziggurat of Ur was a skyscraper over the city. It was about 20 metres (66 feet) tall. The only level that remains today is the bottom. There were big staircases to get up and down. They tell a lot about the people who built them. Sumerians had no tools and machinery like us. They were careful brick builders. Brickmakers formed mud bricks that were perfect. After drying they took them to the site and set them in place with bitumen. Bitumen is similar to asphalt, a thick sticky black stuff. It's like asphalt, the stuff they use to pave roads. They braided reeds so they would be stronger, and hooked them up like steel cables. Later the Ziggurat became more than a place for gods. There were workshops for craftworkers. For the priests, there were temples to do worship.

## Social classes

Ur had four social classes. The richer, like government officials, priests, and soldiers, were at the top. The second level was for merchants, teachers, laborers, farmers and craftmakers. The bottom were for slaves captured in battle. The level above all was the singular Owen Ramm Steffen, ruler of all people of Ziggurat. He was the most importante y gracioso and believed in member of Ur, even writing on the walls, "I hope Carter Mikolay burns in hell." Burials at Ur give insight into people's social standing. Kings and queens were buried with treasure. Since irrigation gave Ur abundant crops, not everybody needed to work on farms. People learned other skills. Sir Leonard Woolley found a tablet that listed Ur's specialized workers. The chisel workers made sculptures, the gem cutters made gems, and the fullers stomped on woven wools to make them soft. The metal workers made weapons.
Odenwald

The **Odenwald** is a mountain chain in the south of Hesse, in the north of Bavaria and the north of Baden-Württemberg.

## Geography

In the south of the Odenwald there is the Neckar River. In the east there is the Main River . In the west there is the valley of the Rhine River. The highest mountain is the **Katzenbuckel** (literally "cat's hump", 626 m).

## Neighboring cities

The big cities Mannheim and Frankfurt am Main are near to the Odenwald. People of these cities like to go there at holidays. It is known for its clean thin air. There are many marked hiking paths. You can find wild blueberries, strawberries and mushrooms in the forests.

Several small towns are very beautiful like Weinheim on the Bergstraße and Michelstadt.  The mild climate of the area is well known.
Sviatoslav I, Prince of Kiev

**Sviatoslav I** was an early ruler of the Kievan Rus', a nation that evolved into modern Ukraine. He was the son of Igor I of Kiev and Olga of Kiev. He ruled from 962 until 972. During his reign he destroyed the Khazar Empire and for a short time conquered what is now Bulgaria.
Lanthanum

**Lanthanum** is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol **La**. It has the atomic number 57. It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the lanthanides. It is a rare earth element. It is silvery white, malleable and ductile. It is soft and can be cut with a knife.
Rowing

**Rowing** is about moving a boat on water using human muscle power. It can be a sport. The goal in rowing is to move as fast as possible on top of the water. The athletes use a boat. They move the boat forward by using two sculls or one oar. There are different types of rowing. The types depend on how many people are in the boat and if they have a coxswain or not. Rowing is a very popular sport in England, the Commonwealth, and the Northeastern United States. The old universities of the United States and England have yearly rowing matches.

## Other websites

- FISA – The Official World Rowing Website
- Rachel Quarrell's Rowing Service – UK rowing news and information site.
- Row2k.com – Worldwide Rowing information site with news, results and photographs.
Inkjet printer

An **Inkjet printer** is a printer for computers. It uses special ink to print on the paper. Another type of printing technology is the Laser printer. Inkjet printers are preferred for printing photos and graphics due to their high-quality color output, whereas laser printers are preferred for printing text due to their high contrast and speed.

Usually, inkjet printers are used by people who print very little. The ink comes in special ink cartridges, which can be very expensive and uneconomical. Also, the ink in the cartridge may dry up. This means that a new cartridge is needed. Three colors of cartridges, which combine magenta, yellow and cyan inks are used to create color tones. A black cartridge is also used for crisp monochrome  output. Some professional printers have one or more additional colors for better photo quality, such as light cyan, light magenta, blue, red, green, orange, and grey.

Inkjet printers may use either dye or pigment inks. Pigment inks are less likely to fade, whereas dye inks create more-realistic photos and are less likely to clog the printhead.

Many professionals use inkjet printers to print on very large surfaces (up to 5m width). These printers usually do not use cartridges, but have a continuous supply of ink that could last for a long time. Standard-size (A4 or US Letter) printers with a continuous ink supply are also available.
Inkjet printers need special paper. This paper has been treated so that the ink does not smear.
Less expensive inkjet printers, which cost a little more than 100 US dollars, are a bargain for users who want to be able to print pages in color. Inkjet printers can be very cheap but the ink can also be rather expensive. Some professional inkjet printers can print on surfaces other than paper, such as CD<nowiki/>s/DVD<nowiki/>s or plastic cards.

An inkjet printer can print between 300 and 720 DPI (Dots Per Inch). Some newer printers can print at higher resolutions, although the benefit of resolutions beyond 720 DPI may not be noticed by the human eye.

A common problem with inkjet printers is that if the printhead is clogged, banding (stripes) will appear in the printed image. To fix this, the printhead needs to be cleaned using the software included with the printer. This problem occurs most often when the printer has not been used for a long time. To prevent this from happening on rarely-used printers, a cron job can be scheduled to print a purge sheet (an image containing all colors used by the printer) once per day. A small, barely noticeable (usually only noticeable by magnification) amount of banding will occur even with a perfectly clean printhead due to the way the printer works.
Laser printer

A **laser printer** is a printer for computers. It uses laser or LED-technology to get small particles of toner from a cartridge onto paper.  Very often, this costs less to use than the ink of inkjet printers.  Laser printers often print text more neatly than inkjet printers, but print photos less clearly. Printing on photo paper or coated paper designed for inkjet printers can damage the laser printer's drum and fuser unit.

The laser printer was first invented by a team at Xerox in 1969. The first laser printer was called the Xerox 2000.

## Process

Laser printing is a process which typically involves seven steps:

1. **Raster Image Processing**: the processor inside the printer converts the data to be printed from its current file format, into a bitmap of the page to be printed - this is then stored in raster image memory.
1. **Charging**: An electrostatic charge is then projected onto a revolving photosensitive drum inside the printer.
1. **Writing**: A laser beam is directed at a rotating polygonal mirror, which redirects the beam onto the photosensitive drum. The rasterized data in memory is now read, and used to control whether the laser is on or off, as the beam sweeps across the drum - where the laser beam strikes the drum the charge is reversed, creating a latent electrical image on the surface. Some laser printers use an array of tiny LEDs instead of a sweeping laser beam.
1. **Developing**: The surface of the drum is then exposed to negatively charged particles of toner, which are attracted to the areas where the laser wrote the latent electrical image. The toner will be repelled by the negative charge on areas of the drum where the laser beam did not strike, and hence remove the charge.
1. **Transferring**: The drum is now rolled over paper, transferring the image from the drum to the paper (to aid in this process there is a positively charged roller behind the paper, which pulls the toner off the drum and onto the paper).
1. **Fusing**: The paper is then passed through a fuser, where rollers provide heat and pressure to bond the toner to the paper.
1. **Cleaning**: An electrically uncharged blade and a discharge lamp remove any toner and all the charge remaining on the drum (this will all happen in one revolution of the drum).
Lawrencium

**Lawrencium** is a chemical element. Before being officially named, it was known as **eka-lutetium** and **unniltrium**. It has the symbol **Lr**. It has the atomic number 103. It is a group 3 element and transition metal, but is also often counted as an actinide.

It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Lawrencium is made from californium. The isotope that has the longest half-life (<sup>262</sup>Lr) has a half life of about 3.6 hours.

No uses for lawrencium are known. What lawrencium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight.

Discovered by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers in 1961, in California. Named after Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a research instrument with which several new elements have been found/made.

## Related pages

- Periodic table
- List of common elements
Darmstadtium

**Darmstadtium** is a chemical element. It has been named **ununnilium (Uun)** or **eka-platinum** but is now named darmstadtium. It has the symbol **Ds**. It has the atomic number 110. It is a transuranium element.

The element is named in honor of German city Darmstadt.

Darmstadtium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The isotopes with an atomic mass from 267 to 273 have very short half-lifes. The half life of these isotopes is measured in milliseconds. Isotopes of darmstadtium with an atomic mass of 279 and 281 were synthesised after the other isotopes. Ds-279 and Ds-281 decay more slowly. The isotope with an atomic mass of 279 has a half life of 180 milliseconds and Ds-281 has a half life of 11.1 seconds.

No uses for darmstadtium are known. What darmstadtium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight.

## History

Darmstadtium was first made on November 9, 1994. It was made at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Only a few atoms of it were made. It was made by bombarding a lead target with nickel. A nuclear fusion reaction happened and made the element.

This is shown by the equation below that is the reaction that happened. Pb is the symbol for lead, Ni is the symbol for nickel and n is the symbol for a neutron.

- Pb + Ni→ Ds + n

The element was named for Darmstadt which was the place of its discovery. The GSI is in Wixhausen, a part of the north of the city of Darmstadt. The new name (darmstadtium) was given to the chemical element by the IUPAC in August 2003.

## Other websites

- WebElements.com - Darmstadtium
- IUPAC: Element 110 is named darmstadtium
- Apsidium - darmstadtium

## Infobox (darmstadtium)
Wampanoag

The **Wampanoag** are a Native American tribe. They are part of the Northeast Woodlands. They have lived in present-day Massachusetts and Eastern Rhode Island for over 12,000 years. There are around 4,000 to 5,000 Wampanoag people living in New England today.

## History

After the Pilgrims arrived in the New World on the _Mayflower_ in 1620, the Wampanoag tribe helped them survive.

In the early 17th century, an epidemic of leptospirosis (a bacterial infection also called Weil's syndrome) killed many Wampanoags and greatly damaged their society.

## Today

There are multiple Wampanoag communities in Massachusetts today. The United States government officially recognizes two surviving Wampanoag tribes: the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah).
Mandir

**Hindu temple** or **Mandir** is referred to a place where Hindus go to worship gods in the form of various deities. Many Hindu temples are filled with wooden and stone arts like pashupatinath temple. A mandir is a spiritual place for Hindus. It is the landmarks around which ancient arts, community celebrations and economy were developed, as well as this the mandir has been recognised for.

It is believed that the Mandir are stone or wooden images of idols ceremonially infused with the divine presence of God. They worship with arts and other ceremonies.

## Purpose

Hindus believe that gods and goddesses will answer the prayers of the faithful and inspire spiritually. For them, the temple also acts as a contact between the gods and goddesses and the worshipers. They also believe that the gods and goddesses will grant their wishes and protect them from danger.

## Appearance

In Hinduism gods are represented in various forms. Sometimes gods or goddesses are represented in a human form like Shiva, Vishnu, Saraswati or Kali. Sometimes there are gods goddesses in human and animal fused form like Ganesh. Sometimes they are also represented in plants and non-living form like Tulsi and Shaligrams. Murtis are made according to the prescriptios of the ilpasastra, and then installed by priests through the prana pratishtha ceremony. Afterward the divine personality is believed to be present in the Murtis.

## Method

To show respect, Hindus give gifts and food to the murtis. They are treated with respect and worshipped everyday. If a temple is a family temple it is treated as part of the family. Some Hindus also offer a part of their daily food to the god or goddess. They are given clothes and are changed at certain times.
Kitchener, Ontario

**Kitchener** is a city in Ontario, Canada. Kitchener is in Southwestern Ontario and is near Toronto, Hamilton, Mississauga and London. It is in Waterloo Region. Other cities in Waterloo Region include Waterloo and Cambridge. Sometimes Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge are known as the "technology triangle". It is on the Grand River, which leads to Lake Erie.

## History

At first, Kitchener was called Berlin. When World War I started it seemed like a bad idea to have a city named after the capital of Germany. The city was renamed Kitchener, after a British general, Herbert Kitchener. Kitchener then slowly became a prosperous city as it is today.

## Future

A rapid transit system is planned to be added in the Waterloo Region.

## Media

CHYM 96.7

CKWR 98.5

## Other websites

- City of Kitchener
- Centre in the Square
- The Record Newspaper (Serving Waterloo Region)
- Satellite image courtesy of Google Maps
- Grand River Transit (serving Waterloo, Kitchener and Cambridge)
- Grand River Monorail (competing proposal for a Rapid Transit line through Waterloo, Kitchener and Cambridge)
Spring (water)

A **spring** is a place where groundwater flows out of the ground. A spring may flow the whole year or only sometimes. This depends on the water getting into the ground all of the time (rain) or only once in a while (snow melting).

Water from a spring often flows downhill, along the land. This is how rivers start.

Some springs produce water that is good for health reasons. Sometimes towns grow by these springs because many people who are ill come there to get better. Such towns are called spa towns.

## Other websites

- "The Science of Springs" (via Wayback Machine)
- "What Is A Spring?"
- List of First-Magnitude springs in Florida
- Technical and educational material on mineral springs and mineral water in Victoria
Thorium

**Thorium** is a chemical element in actinide group. It is a weakly radioactive metal. It has a shiny, silvery white color. It has the chemical symbol **Th** and the atomic number 90. Natural thorium has an atomic weight of 232. Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. Its ores are found in nature (that is, on Earth), especially in India, the United States, and Australia.

Thorium would make a good source of nuclear fuel because it makes much less waste and is four times as common as uranium. It does not need the wasteful process of enrichment. It makes 3,200,000 times as much energy as coal and 200 times as much energy as uranium. Scientists believe that there is enough of it to power the world for thousands of years. Thorium has been used for various purposes since the 19th century. It is an alloying agent in magnesium and is also used as an industrial catalyst.

Thorium is safer than uranium. This is because thorium cannot undergo nuclear fission on its own. Usually, plutonium is need to start and maintain a reaction. This is why thorium is considered better for nuclear reactors. Also, nuclear waste from thorium reactors contains far smaller amounts of dangerous transuranic elements than waste from uranium reactors.

## Estimates of Thorium that can be mined

Estimates of mineral resources have been made about how much Thorium is available to be mined from different countries,

|Country|Total thorium resources, tonnes|Remarks|
| --- | --- | --- |
||[800,000 or] 846,477||
||[600,000 or] 632,000||
||[500,000 or] 595,000||
||[500,000 or] 595,000||
||381,000|Historical data|
||380,000|Historical data|
||300,000|Historical data|
||[ 170,000 or] 172,000||
||[ 150,000 or] 155,000||

## Other websites

- EnergyFromThorium.com
- Thorium - WebElements.com
- Thorium - World-Nuclear.org
River source

The **source** of a river or stream is the original point from which the river flows. It may be a lake, a marsh, a spring or a glacier.  This is where the stream starts.

The source is the farthest point of the river stream from its estuary or its confluence with another river or stream.  Rivers are usually fed by many tributaries.  The farthest stream is called the **head-stream** or **head water**. There is sometimes disagreement on which source is the head water, hence on which is the true source.

A lake fed by many rivers is sometimes called the source of the bigger river flowing out of it. For example, Lake Victoria is often called the source of the Nile, as the rivers that flow into it have names of their own.

Headwaters are usually in mountains. Glacial headwaters are made by melting of glaciers.

The source is where a river begins, and the river mouth is where it joins the sea.  The mouth may be in the form of a river delta.  The joining of a streams is called a confluence.

## Related pages

- Fountain
Laserdisc

A **Laserdisc**, like a DVD, can play video of a higher quality than VHS. A Laserdisc is much larger than a DVD. To play Laserdisc movies, a LaserDisc player is needed. LaserDisc was also known by the names **DiscoVision** and **LaserVision**.

Laserdisc was first produced by MCA in 1978, and became well known in the 1980s. Movie companies stopped making Laserdisc movies when DVDs became well known in the late 1990s. Today some of the better Laserdisc players still sell for $1,000 USD or more.

## Technology

Laser Discs work like a regular CD-ROM or DVD. The surface of the disc is covered with small holes that are read by a laser. This sequence of holes and no holes is turned into pictures and sound by the Laserdisc player. Most Laserdiscs can hold about 30 minutes to an hour of video per side for a total of 1 to 2 hours per disc.

The early Laserdisc players used a Helium-Neon laser to read the disc, but the later models used infrared lasers. The first units that were made with the infrared laser had some problems such as skipping, strange colors spots, and fuzziness. These problems were fixed in later models.

Some of the later Laserdisc players made were ones that could play Audio CDs as well as Laserdiscs. In Japan, one of the last models to be produced even had the ability to play DVDs as well as CDs and Laserdiscs.

## Other websites

- LaserDisc Database

el:Μέσο αποθήκευσης δεδομένων#Laserdisc
Californium

**Californium** is a chemical element. It is a radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol **Cf**. It has the atomic number 98. Californium is a transuranium element.  Californium does not have many uses. It was discovered by bombarding a curium target with alpha particles (helium ions). Californium is named after the US State of California, where it was discovered, in the University of Berkeley.

Californium is produced in nuclear reactors and particle accelerators.
There are 20 known isotopes. The most stable is californium-251, which has a half-life of 898 years. This short half-life means the element is not found in the Earth's crust. Californium-252, whose half-life is 2.645 years, is the most common isotope used.

Compounds of californium are mostly of californium(III), which can take part in three chemical bonds. Californium can be used to help start up nuclear reactors, and is used as a source of neutrons. It can be used in making higher mass elements. Ununoctium was synthesized by bombarding californium-249 atoms with calcium-48 ions.

## Safety

When californium is used, workers must be protected from the element's ability to disrupt the formation of red blood cells.
Torgau

**Torgau** is a town on the banks of the Elbe in northwestern Saxony, Germany. The town is well known as the place where during the Second World War, United States Army forces met with forces of the Soviet Union during the invasion of Germany on April 25, 1945.

This marked the beginning of the line of contact between Soviet and American forces, but not the occcupation zones. In fact the area surrounding Torgau at first occupied by U.S. forces was later, in July 1945, given over to Soviet forces.

## Other websites

- http://www.torgau.de
- http://www.torgau-oschatz.info

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: SchlossHartenfels.JPG
- **image coa**: Torgauer Wappen.svg
- **image plan**: Torgau in TDO.png
- **state**: Sachsen
- **district**: Nordsachsen
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Torgau
- **elevation**: 78
- **area**: 102.53
- **population**: 20887
- **stand**: 2011-12-31
- **postal code**: 04860
- **area code**: 03421
- **licence**: TDO, DZ, EB, OZ, TG, TO
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 14730310
- **mayor**: Andrea Staude
- **party**: SPD
Chemical bond

A **chemical bond** is a type of attraction force which holds together different chemical species. Atoms bonded stay together unless the needed amount of energy is transferred to the bond.

In general, strong chemical bonding comes with the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms. The atoms in molecules, crystals, metals and diatomic gases are held together by chemical bonds.

There are two types of bonds; covalent and ionic. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Ionic bonding is the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Chemical bonds are negatively charged electrons that are pulling protons into each other.

Because atoms and molecules are three-dimensional, it is difficult to use a single method to indicate orbitals and bonds. In molecular formulas the chemical bonds between atoms are indicated in different ways depending on the type of discussion.

A common way chemists describe chemical bonds is through the number of electrons each atom has on itself. Each atom is drawn with the number of electrons as dots or lines to form a maximum of eight.  If the electrons form a chemical bond then a line is drawn between the two electrons. The number of bonds developed increases the number of lines.

Bonds can be double bonds or triple bonds.

## Ionic bonding

Ionic bonding is when non metals and metals are attracted to each other in a crystal structure.The metals and non metals in the crystal structure become charged atoms, called ions.The ions can either be positive or negative, a positive ion loses electrons and is called a cation and a negative ion gains electrons,and is called an anion.Generally the cation is a metal and an anion a non-metal,however this is not always the case.

## Covalent Bonding

Covalent bonding is when elements share electrons by mixing atomic orbitals together. Covalent bonds can be split into 2 types. The first type is called a Sigma bond and is represented by the Greek letter σ, and this is when two different atoms overlap head-on,which makes the bonds quite strong, usually single bonds are usually sigma bonds. The other type is a Pi bond which is represented by the Greek letter π, and they are formed when p orbitals overlaps sideways(laterally).There are two bonds that are bonded by both sigma bonds and pi bonds, double bonds and triple bonds. Double bonds are formed from one sigma bond and one pi bond whereas triple bonds are formed from one sigma bond and two pi bonds.

## Triple bond

A triple bond is when two chemical elements share six electrons rather than two.Here is some examples of triple bonded compounds.
|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||acetylene, H−C≡C−H||cyanogen, N≡C−C≡N||carbon monoxide, C≡O|
|Colspan=100%|**Chemical compounds with triple bond**|||||

## Related pages

- Chemical formula
- Double bonds
- Intermolecular force
Physical property

A **physical property** is a property, quality or way that an object is. A physical property can always be measured without changing or making the object chemically different or different in a way that would effect its chemical or atomic structure. There are two types of physical properties: _intensive_ and _extensive_.

- _Intensive physical properties_ do not depend on how much of the object there is. For example, a small rock will be just as hard as a large rock. hardness, softness and speed (quickness) are intensive physical properties.

- _Extensive physical properties_ change depending on how much of the object there is. For example, a small rock weighs less than a large rock. Volume, total mass, and weight are extensive physical properties.
Concept

A **concept** is an idea that is applied to all objects in a group. It is the way people see and understand something. The name used to identify a concept (the concept's label) is a "term". For example, the word "Dog" is the term to identify the concept of what a dog is. Everything that a person knows about a dog is the concept of the term dog.

Different terms can be used to identify the same concept. Car and Automobile are synonyms for the same concept. Different languages have different terms for the same concept. This is what makes translation possible. The terms may be different in each language, but the concept is the same. The concept of jumping is the same to a person from England and a person from Italy, but one person uses the term "Jump" to mean the concept and the other person uses "Salto".

## Related pages

- Abstraction
Kenpo

**Kenpo** or **kempo** is the descriptive name of various Japanese martial arts with Chinese origins, and also of hybrid martial arts: the Japanese ones and the Chinese ones. Kenpo is similar to karate and includes more punches and kicks than holds or joint locks of wrestling.

## More known styles of Kenpo

- American Kenpo
- Kajukenbo
- Seishindo Kenpo
- Shorinji Kenpo (Kenpo of Shaolin)
- Kempo Tai Jutsu
- Tracy Kenpo
- Kenpo Jiu-Jitsu
- Kenpo Kai

Kempo is a Japanese Martial Arts form. However, unlike Karate, its origins are linked back to China and still have very strong influences from Chinese systems.
It is not uncommon for a Kempo artist to both use traditional Japanese and Chinese style techniques. The difference lies in that because of the Chinese influence, the Japanese moves tend to emphasize more fluidity than most of the other Japanese styles. And because of the Japanese influence, there is a stronger focus for shorter stances and movements than other Chinese styles.
For the same reason that many other styles are sometimes simply listed as "karate", Kempo has long been strongly linked under the general banner of "karate". Kempo is known for its near explosive, short-ranged attacks that often move faster than the opponent can see.
Kempo has a very strong presence in Hawaii, the home base for many of the systems under Kempo that exist today in the United States. Throughout each of the histories of the different groups there are strong signs of the continued merging of both Chinese and Japanese influences.

## Other websites

- European Kenpo Kai Organization Website
Edge

**Edge** can mean:
- In geometry, an edge is where two surfaces meet.
- In graph theory, an edge is a connection between two nodes (or vertices)
- In geology, it describes an escarpment
- It can stand for Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution. This is a way to make mobile phones transmit data faster than with GSM
- Microsoft Edge, an internet browser.
- Edge (magazine), a UK video game magazine.
- The Edge (born 1961), Irish musician, member of U2
- Edge (wrestler) (born 1973), ring name of Canadian professional wrestler Adam Copeland.
Tyr

**Tyr** is the god of war, heroic endeavor and justice in Norse mythology. In the Eddas, he is either the son of Odin or Hymir. He is the god of single (man-to-man) combat. Tyr only has one hand.

## How Tyr lost his hand

At one point in time, the gods decided that the wolf Fenrir (also called _Fenriswolf_) could no longer go free. They wanted to lock him up onto a chain. But he broke every chain they tried to put on him. Finally, they had the dwarves make a magical chain. But Fenrir sensed what the gods would do. So Fenrir asked that one of them put his hand into his mouth. Knowing that if Fenrir was left unfettered, he would have grown strong enough to kill all the gods and destroy the world. Tyr was the only one who had the courage. When Fenrir sensed he had been tricked, he bit off Tyr's hand. Tyr remained handless forever.

Fenrir will remain bound until Ragnarök. Then, Tyr's opponent will be Garm, the guard dog of Hel.
Loki

**Loki** (, <small>often Anglicized as</small> ) is a god in Norse mythology. Loki is  the son of Fárbauti  and the brother of Helblindi and Býleistr. Loki is married to Sigyn. They have a son, Narfi (Nari). Loki is the father of Hel, the wolf Fenrir, and the world serpent Jörmungandr.  While in the form of a horse, Loki was impregnated by Svaðilfari and gave birth to the eight-legged horse Sleipnir. Loki is referred to as the father of Váli in _Prose Edda_. This source also refers to Odin as the father of Váli twice and Váli is only said to be a son of Loki once.

Loki's relation with the gods varies by source. Loki sometimes helps the gods and sometimes behaves badly towards them. Loki can change his shape. He has appeared in the form of a salmon, a mare, a fly, and possibly an old woman named Þökk . Loki's good relations with the gods end with his role in causing the death of the god Baldr. During Ragnarök, Loki is said to fight against the gods among the forces of the jötnar. He will fight the god Heimdallr, and they two will kill each other.

Loki is talked about in the _Poetic Edda_,  the _Prose Edda_ and _Heimskringla_, the Norwegian Rune Poems, in the poetry of skalds and in Scandinavian folklore. Loki may be shown on the Snaptun Stone, the Kirkby Stephen Stone, and the Gosforth Cross. Scholars disagree about Loki's origins and role in Norse mythology. Some have described him as a trickster god.

## Other media

Loki has been used in many different forms of media in modern popular culture. Most notable of this is his use in Marvel Comics and the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Tom Hiddleston has played Loki in the movies _Thor_, _Thor: The Dark World_, _Thor: Ragnarok_, _The Avengers_ and _Avengers: Endgame_. He also played versions of Loki in the TV series _Loki_ on Disney+.
Frigg

**Frigg** (or **Frigga**) is the goddess of marriage, family, and motherhood in Norse mythology. She is the wife of Odin (chief of the Æsir), by whom she is the mother of Baldr and Höðr, and stepmother of Thor (Odin's eldest son) and Víðarr. Ruling Asgard as queen alongside the All-Father, Frigg often dwells in the dense, foggy lands of Fensalir (Old Norse: “Halls of Fen”) when her husband is away on one of his quests for knowledge; additionally, she is the only one besides Odin permitted to sit on his throne Hliðskjálf, and look out across the Nine Realms. Serving as Frigg's attendants are Eir, the gods' doctor and goddess of healing, Hlín (a goddess of protection), Gná (a messenger goddess), and Fulla (a fertility goddess). It is unclear whether Frigg's companions and attendants are simply different aspects of Frigg herself (cf. avatar).
Æsir

The **Æsir** (Old Norse: singular _ǫ́ss_ or _áss_; feminine _ásynja_, plural _ásynjur_) are the main group or tribe of deities in Norse mythology. Including Odin, Frigg, Thor, and Baldr, the Æsir reside in the realm of Asgard, at the top of Yggdrasil's highest branch.

Alongside the Æsir is a second family of gods, known as the Vanir, who joined with the Æsir to form a single, unified pantheon after the devastating war between the two tribes of deities. The Vanir were native to Vanaheimr, the god Njörðr and his children, Freyr and Freyja chief among them. The Æsir gods were usually connected with power and war, and the Vanir were associated with fertility and nature.

## Norse mythology

The things that happened between the Æsir and the Vanir are an interesting part of Norse mythology. While other cultures have had "elder" and "younger" generations of gods, as with the Titans and the Olympians of ancient Greece, the Æsir and Vanir were portrayed as contemporaries. The two tribes fought battles, concluded treaties, and exchanged hostages. Freyr and Freyja were said to be hostages. Some believe that events that occurred between the Æsir and Vanir were a reflection of events common between different Norse clans at the time.

The Æsir did not grow old and instead remaining young by eating the apples of Iðunn. While they did not age, they could be killed. It was said that most of them woulld die at Ragnarök.

## List of Æsir

- Baldr—God of light and radiance, he is the most beloved of the gods. He is the son of Odin and Frigg and younger brother of Thor.
- Frigg—Wife of Odin and goddess of marriage, she rules Asgard as queen alongside the All-Father.
- Heimdallr—Known as the All-Seeing, he is the guardian of the rainbow bridge Bifröst.
- Höðr—God of winter and darkness; a blind god, he is the son of Odin and Frigg.
- Iðunn—Goddess of youth, she was keeper of the apples that grant the gods their phenomenal longevity and youth.
- Loki—Though oftentimes referred to as the god of trickery and mischief, Loki is not counted among the Æsir. The son of the (female) jötunn Laufey and Fárbauti (Old Norse: “cruel striker”), he is Odin’s blood brother.
- Odin—God of wisdom, poetry and war, he is chief of the Æsir and ruler of Asgard.
- Sif—Goddess of agriculture and fertility, she is the beloved wife of Thor, known across the Nine Worlds for her golden hair, which was sheared by Loki.
- Thor—God of thunder and lightning, he is Asgard's greatest champion. He is the eldest son of Odin, born to him by Jörð, the personification of the Earth.
- Týr—God of law and heroic glory, he is one-handed. Either the son of Odin or the jǫtnar Hymir and Hroðr (Old Norse: “famed”).
- Ullr—God of the hunt and archery, he is the son of Sif and Thor's stepson.
- Viðarr—God of vengeance, he is the son of Odin and the female jötunn Gríðr.

## Other websites

- W. Wagner's "Asgard and the Home of the Gods" e-book
- Peter Andreas Munch's "Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes" e-book
Braveheart

***Braveheart*** is an American historical movie war drama movie starring Mel Gibson and Sophie Marceau. It is loosely based around the life of 13th century Scottish warrior William Wallace, who fought against the English when they occupied Scotland.

## Actors in Leading Roles

- Mel Gibson - as _William Wallace_
- Sophie Marceau - as _Princess Isabelle_
- Patrick McGoohan - as _King Edward I_