juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hala'ib Triangle

The **Hala'ib Triangle** (مثلث حلايب  in Arabic, transliterated Muthāllath Ḥalāʾib) is an area of land measuring  located on the Red Sea's African coast. The area, which is named after the town of Hala'ib, is created by the difference in the Egypt–Sudan border between the "political boundary" set in 1899 by the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium, which runs along the 22nd parallel north, and the "administrative boundary" set by the British in 1902, which gave an area of land north of the line to Sudan.  When Sudan became independent in 1956, both Egypt and Sudan claimed sovereignty over the area. After Egypt sent military units to the Hala'ib Triangle in the 1990s, as part of a greater movement by the Egyptian government to solidify its presence in Africa, following the 1995 attempted assassination of then-Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. Egypt has controlled the area as part of the Red Sea Governorate, and has been actively investing in it. Today the United Arab Emirates is also a active investor along with Egypt in the area.

The area is not shaped like a triangle—it is actually a complicated polygon. Only the southern  border is a straight line. A smaller area, called Bir Tawil, touches the Hala'ib Triangle at its westernmost point. Bir Tawil is not claimed by either Sudan or Egypt.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Hala'ib Triangle
- **native name**: مثلث حلايب
- **settlement type**: Disputed territory
- **image map**: Map of Halaib Triangle-en.png
- **mapsize**: 320px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Administered by Egypt, claimed by Sudan.
- **area total km2**: 20580
- **area blank1 title**: Disputed area
- **area blank1 km2**: 20580
- **elevation min m**: 0
Daniel Stern

**Daniel Jacob Stern** (born August 28, 1957) is an American television and movie actor. He has starred in movies with many genres, but is most known for his role as Marv Murchins in the 1990 film _Home Alone_ and its 1992 sequel _Home Alone 2: Lost in New York_. Stern was born in Bethesda, Maryland. Stern is currently married to Laure Mattos since 1981, they have three children.
David Cone

**David Cone** (born 2 January 1963 in Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.) is a retired Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for many teams including the New York Yankees.
Cesarean section

A **Cesarean section** (often called a **C-section**) is a kind of surgery done during childbirth or delivery. It is usually done to make childbirth easier and in some cases safer. In the past this was done when there was a great risk to the health of the mother, or when normal childbirth through the vagina was not possible. More recently it has also been done on request, without these reasons. In very rare cases, abortions are performed using this procedure, these are called Hysterotomy abortions. The first person to perform a modern Cesarean section was Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer in 1881. In Latin, it is called _Sectio caesarea_, in English, the spelling **Caesarean section** also exists.

The rate of babies delivered through Cesarean section has been increasing globally. Since 2018, the Dominican Republic has the highest rate of Cesarian deliveries at 58.1%. Since 2018, the global rate of Cesarian deliveries is at 21.1% with deliveries being less common in underdeveloped countries. The rate in the United States in 2023 was at 32.4%. The World Health Organization claims the ideal rate should be 10-15% and that Cesarian Sections should only be performed when necessary.

## Related pages

- Vaginal delivery (try for vaginal delivery first, or Trial of Labor After Cesarean (TOLAC))
- Presentation: Presenting (obstetrics), Cervical dilation
- Laparotomy
- Midwife
Waheed Murad

**Waheed Murad** () (October 2, 1938 – November 23, 1983) was a Pakistani movie actor. Waheed is considered to be one of the most influential actors of subcontinent. He was born in Karachi, Pakistan. and was the only child of movie distributor Nisar Murad. Waheed got his early education from Karachi Grammar School in Karachi.

One of his blockbuster movies is _Armaan_. Once, in an interview, he said, "Dilip Kumar, too, is not an immortal actor".

In November 2010, 27 years after his death, Pakistani president Asif Zardari awarded him the _Sitara-e-Imtiaz_.

## Popularity

Waheed Murad is thought to be one of the first _Rock n' Roll_ stars of Pakistan. Due to his romantic and subtle style of acting, he became well known as the 'Chocolate Hero' and 'Lady Killer'. His haircut, dressing style and even the way he talked were very popular with the youth.

## Other websites

- Image of a website on Waheed Murad dated 01-13-2005 (now discontinued)
- Biogragphy of Waheed Murad
- Complete database of Waheed's movies  including 2 movies released after his death and 1 movie as guest star released in 1959
- The man who changed cinema - DAWN.com
- Waheed Murad Remembered

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Waheed Murad
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth name**: Waheed Murad
- **death place**: Karachi, Pakistan
- **occupation**: Movie actor
Movie Producer
Screenwriter
- **yearsactive**: 1959–1983
- **spouse**: Salma Murad
- **othername**: Chocolate Hero
Lady killer
Veedu
Sumbe

**Sumbe** (pre-1975: **Novo Redondo**) is a city in west central Angola. It is the capital of Cuanza Sul Province. There are 26,000 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Sumbe
- **other name**: Novo Redondo
- **settlement type**: Municipality and town
- **image skyline**: Rural village near Sumbe, Angola.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Rural village near Sumbe
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Angola
- **subdivision type1**: Province
- **subdivision name1**: Cuanza Sul
- **area land km2**: 4638
- **elevation m**: 0
- **population total**: 26000
- **population density km2**: 5.5
Ondjiva

**Ondjiva** (pre-1975: _Pereira d'Eça_) is a town in southern Angola.  It is the capital of Cunene Province.

## Notable people

- Marcelina Vahekeni, Miss Angola 2012, delegate to the Miss Universe 2012 pageant

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ondjiva
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Angola, Municipality and town
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Angola
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Angola
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Angola, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Cunene Province
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **timezone**: West Africa Time, WAT
- **utc offset**: +1
- **elevation m**: 1098
Huambo

**Huambo**, formerly _Nova Lisboa_ ("New Lisbon" in Portuguese), is the capital of Huambo Province in Angola.  The city is about 220 km east of Benguela and 600 km south-east of Luanda.  The city is the second largest in Angola, after the capital city, Luanda. It has the Albano Machado Airport.

The name Huambo comes from Wambu.  Wambu was one of the 14 old Ovimbundu kingdoms of the central Angolan plateau.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Huambo
- **settlement type**: Municipality and town
- **image skyline**: Huambo, Jardim da Cultura.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Jardim da Cultura
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Angola
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Angola
- **subdivision type1**: Province of Huambo, Angola, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Huambo Province
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population metro**: >1,000,000
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **timezone**: West Africa Time, WAT
- **utc offset**: +1
- **elevation m**: 1721
Lubango

**Lubango** is the capital city of Huíla in Angola. Until 1975, the city's  name was **Sá da Bandeira**.

During the Angolan Civil War (1975–2002), Lubango was a major base of Cuban, SWAPO.

Lubango's economy is based on agriculture.

## Notable people

- Marco Abreu, of the Angola national football team was born in Lubango in 1974.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lubango
- **settlement type**: Municipality and city
- **image skyline**: Lubango.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Panoramic view
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Angola
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Angola, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Huíla Province, Huíla
- **population total**: 100,757
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **timezone**: West Africa Time, WAT
- **utc offset**: +1
- **elevation m**: 1720
Lucapa

**Lucapa** is a town in eastern Angola. It is the capital of Lunda Norte Province.

The number of people who live here is hard to determine.  This is because civil war caused a lot of people to move.

The main work in the town is mining.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lucapa
- **settlement type**: Municipality and town
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Angola
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Angola
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Angola, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Lunda Norte Province
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **timezone**: West Africa Time, WAT
- **utc offset**: +1
Saurimo

**Saurimo** (pre-1975: _Henrique de Carvalho_) is a town in northeastern Angola.  It is the capital of Lunda Sul Province.  There are about 200,000 people. The number of people has gotten bigger because migrants are running from areas hurt by the civil war.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Saurimo
- **settlement type**: Municipality and town
- **pushpin label position**: right

Thanks 4 that georgie,i love angola africa, i have no idea what is there though, so dont go there!
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Angola
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Angola
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Angola, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Lunda Sul Province
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population total**: 200,000
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **timezone**: West Africa Time, WAT
- **utc offset**: +1
- **elevation m**: 1081
Malanje

**Malanje** (also **Malange**) is the capital city of Malanje Province in Angola.  There are 222,000 people.  Nearby are the Calandula waterfalls,  from the city. Pedras Negras de Pungo Andongo are large black rocks. The greatest dam in the country is in Malanje.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Malanje
- **settlement type**: Municipality and town
- **image skyline**: Malanje_centro_2011-08_IMG1321.jpg
- **image caption**: Center of Malanje
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Angola
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Angola
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Angola, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Malanje Province
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population total**: 222,000
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **timezone**: West Africa Time, WAT
- **utc offset**: +1
- **elevation m**: 1155
Out of the Game

***Out of the Game*** is the seventh album by Rufus Wainwright.

## Track listing

1. "Out of the Game" – 4:06
1. "Jericho" – 3:44
1. "Rashida" – 3:00
1. "Barbara" – 3:56
1. "Welcome to the Ball" – 3:26
1. "Montauk" – 3:57
1. "Bitter Tears" – 3:32
1. "Respectable Dive" – 4:55
1. "Perfect Man" – 3:58
1. "Sometimes You Need" – 3:21
1. "Song of You" – 4:51
1. "Candles" – 7:42

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Out of the Game
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Rufus Wainwright
- **recorded**: May–December 2011 at Dunham Sound (Brooklyn) and Sear Sound (Manhattan)
- **genre**: Baroque pop, pop rock, pop music, pop, soft rock
- **label**: Decca Records, Decca/Polydor Records, Polydor
- **producer**: Mark Ronson
- **prev title**: House of Rufus
- **prev year**: 2011
- **next title**: Vibrate: The Best of Rufus Wainwright
- **next year**: 2014
Luena, Moxico Province

**Luena** (pre-1975: **Vila Luso**) is a town in east central Angola. It is the capital of Moxico Province. There are between 60,000 to 200,000 people.  No one knows for sure because of refugees from the Angolan Civil War.
Moçâmedes

**Moçâmedes** is a coastal town in Angola. Between 1985 and 2016, the town was called Namibe. It is the capital of Namibe Province.  It was formed in 1840 by the Portuguese rulers of the territory. There were 132,900 people in 2004.  Moçâmedes has a cool dry climate.  There are desert plants because it is close to the Namib Desert. Along with Luanda and Lobito it is one of Angola's three major ports. The Namibe Airport is in Moçâmedes.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Moçâmedes
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Angola, Municipality
- **pushpin map**: Angola
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Angola
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Angola, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Namibe Province
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1840
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 8916
- **population as of**: 2014
- **population total**: 292535
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **timezone**: West Africa Time, WAT
- **utc offset**: +1
- **elevation m**: 9
- **blank name**: Köppen climate classification, Climate
- **blank info**: Desert climate#Hot desert climates, BWh
- **other name**: Namibe
Uíge

**Uíge** (briefly **Carmona**) is a town in northwestern Angola.  It is the capital of Uíge Province.  There are 119,815. people. When Portuguese were there in the 1950s, it was a major center for coffee production.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Uíge
- **settlement type**: Municipality and town
- **image skyline**: Rua Uige.JPG
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Main street in Uíge
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Angola
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Angola
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Angola, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Uíge Province
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 119 815
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **timezone**: West Africa Time, WAT
- **utc offset**: +1
- **elevation m**: 858
M'banza-Kongo

**M'banza-Kongo** (known as _São Salvador_ in Portuguese from 1570 to 1975), is a town in northwesternAngola.  It is the capital of Zaire Province.  In the valley to the south is the Luezi River.

M'banza-Kongo was once the home of the Manikongo, the ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: M'banza-Kongo
- **settlement type**: Municipality and town
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Angola
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Angola
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Angola, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Zaire Province
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: 2007
- **population total**: 67600
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnicities
- **timezone**: West Africa Time, WAT
- **utc offset**: +1
- **elevation m**: 408
West Africa Time

**West Africa Time**, or **WAT**, is a time zone used in west-central Africa.

West Africa Time is used by the following countries:
- (western)
White-cheeked antbird

The **white-cheeked antbird** (_Gymnopithys leucaspis_) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It is sometimes called the **bicolored antbird**.

It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and Peru. Its natural habitat is on tropical and moist forests.

## Sources

- BirdLife International 2004.  Gymnopithys leucaspis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 26 July 2007.
President of Angola

The **President of the Republic of Angola** is both head of state and head of government in Angola. The President picked a Prime Minister.  Most of the decisions are made by the President.

Angola started having a President when they got independence from Portugal. Agostinho Neto was the first President.

In January 2010 the National Assembly decided the party with the most seats in the Assembly would become president. It was no longer a public vote. They also decided there would not be a Prime Minister. Instead the job will be done by the vice-president.

## Presidents of Angola (1975–present)

_Note:_ For details of the post of President of Angola, see President of Angola.

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: President
- **body**: the
Republic of Angola
- **insignia**: Flag of the President of Angola.svg
- **insigniasize**: 140px
- **insigniacaption**: **Flag of Angola, Presidential Standard**
- **image**: 2018-07-04 President João Lourenço-0555.jpg
- **imagesize**: 165px
- **incumbent**: João Lourenço
- **incumbentsince**: 26 September 2017
- **termlength**: 5 years, renewable once
- **formation**: 11 November 1975
- **inaugural**: Agostinho Neto
- **deputy**: Vice President of Angola
- **salary**: 1,024,207.74 Kwanzas annually
William Swainson

**William Swainson**, Fellow of the Linnean Society and Fellow of the Royal Society (8 October 1789 – 6 December 1855), was an English ornithologist, malacologist, entomologist and artist.

## Life

Swainson was born in Dover Place, St. Mary Newington, London. He was the eldest son of John Timothy Swainson, who was also of the  Linnean Society. William worked at the Liverpool Customs when he was 14.  He studied the ichthyology of western Sicily. In 1815, he returned to England because he became ill.

In 1816 he went with the explorer Henry Koster to Brazil. They did not spend a long time on shore because of a revolution. However, Swainson brought to England over 20,000 insects, 1,200 species of plants, drawings of 120 species of fish, and about 760 bird skins.

As with many Victorian scientists, Swainson was also a member of many societies. He was elected as a fellow to the Royal Society after his return from Brazil on 14 December 1820. In 1823, he married his first wife Mary Parkes, and had four sons and a daughter. His wife died in 1835.

Swainson re-married in 1840 to Ann Grasby, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1841. He died at Fern Grove, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, on 7 December 1855.

## Species named after William Swainson

Many birds were named after William Swainson.

- John James Audubon named Swainson's Warbler _Limnothlypis swainsonii_
- Charles Lucien Bonaparte named Swainson's Hawk _Buteo swainsoni_
- Thomas Nuttall named Swainson's Thrush  _Catharus ustulatus_
- Swainson's Francolin _Francolinus swainsonii_
- Swainson's Sparrow _Passer swainsonii_
- Swainson's Antcatcher _Myrmeciza longipes_
- Swainson's Fire-eye _Pyriglena atra_
- Swainson's Flycatcher _Myiarchus swainsoni_
- Swainson's Toucan _Ramphastos swainsonii_

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: William Swainson
- **image**: Swainson William 1789-1855.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **birth place**: St. Mary Newington, London, United Kingdom
- **death place**: Fern Grove, Hutt Valley, New Zealand
- **citizenship**: United Kingdom
- **fields**: Ornithology, malacology, entomology, natural history
José Eduardo dos Santos

**José Eduardo dos Santos** (August 28, 1935 – July 8, 2022) was an Angolan politician. From 1979 until 2017, he was the President of Angola. As President, dos Santos was also the commander in chief of the Angolan Armed Forces. After leaving the presidency, dos Santos remained leader of the People’s Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA).

Dos Santos died on July 8, 2022 at a hospital in Barcelona, Spain from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by cancer, aged 86.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: José Eduardo dos Santos
- **image**: José Eduardo dos Santos 3.jpg
- **office**: President of Angola
- **primeminister**: Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem
Marcolino Moco
Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem
Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos
Paulo Kassoma
- **vicepresident**: Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos
Manuel Vicente
- **term start**: 10 September 1979
- **term end**: 26 September 2017
- **predecessor**: Agostinho Neto
- **successor**: João Lourenço
- **birth place**: Luanda, Portuguese Angola, Angola
- **death place**: Barcelona, Spain
- **party**: MPLA, Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola
- **spouse**: Ana Paula dos Santos (3rd wife)
- **alma mater**: Azerbaijan State Oil Academy
Vice President of Angola

**The Vice President of Angola** is the second highest political position in Angola. It is the deputy head of state.

Bornito de Sousa is the current Vice President. He started in September 2017.

## References

- "Angolan president reshuffles govt after new charter"  Reuters February 4, 2010
Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos

**Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos** (5 March 1950 – 18 December 2025), known as **Nandó**, was an Angolan politician.  He was Vice-President of Angola from 18 February 2010 until 26 September 2012. He was the Prime Minister of Angola from 2002 to 2008.  He was President of the National Assembly of Angola from 2008 to 2010.

## Personal life

He was a cousin of José Eduardo dos Santos.

Dos Santos died on 18 December 2025 at a hospital in Luanda, Angola from cardiopulmonary arrest at the age of 75.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos
- **image**: Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos (cropped).jpg
- **office**: List of presidents of the National Assembly of Angola, President of the National Assembly
- **term start**: 27 September 2012
- **term end**: 15 September 2022
- **predecessor**: Paulo Kassoma
- **successor**: Carolina Cerqueira
- **term start1**: 30 September 2008
- **term end1**: 9 February 2010
- **predecessor1**: Roberto Francisco de Almeida
- **successor1**: Paulo Kassoma
- **office2**: Vice President of Angola
- **president2**: José Eduardo dos Santos
- **predecessor2**: Office established
- **successor2**: Manuel Vicente
- **term start2**: 18 February 2010
- **term end2**: 26 September 2012
- **office3**: Prime Minister of Angola
- **president3**: José Eduardo dos Santos
- **predecessor3**: Fernando José de França Dias Van-Dúnem, F. J. de F. Dias Van-Dúnem (1999)
- **successor3**: Paulo Kassoma
- **term start3**: 6 December 2002
- **term end3**: 30 September 2008
- **office4**: Minister of the Interior
- **term start4**: 29 January 1999
- **term end4**: 6 December 2002
- **predecessor4**: Santana André Pitra
- **successor4**: Osvaldo de Jesus Serra Van-Dúnem, O. de J. Serra Van-Dúnem
- **birth place**: Luanda, Portuguese Angola
- **death place**: Luanda, Angola
- **spouse**: Maria Tomé Dias dos Santos
- **children**: 7
- **alma mater**: Agostinho Neto University
- **party**: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA
Angolan War of Independence

The **Angolan War of Independence** was from 1961 to 1975.  Angola fought against Portugal.  Portugal was making people in Angola farm cotton. Three different groups in Angola were against Portugal. Agostinho Neto was the leader of the war. Portugal was winning the war when the country's government became democratic. An agreement was signed to let Angola become independent.

About three thousand people died because of the war.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **caption**: Portuguese troops on patrol in Angola
- **conflict**: Angolan War of Independence
- **partof**: The Portuguese Colonial Wars
- **date**: 1961 - 1975
- **place**: Angola
- **result**: Alvor Agreement, Angolan independence, start of Angolan Civil War
- **casus**: Rise of nationalism in Angola, independence of other colonies
- **combatant1**: National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA)
 UNITA, National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA)
 MPLA, Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)
  Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC)

- **combatant2**: Estado Novo (Portugal)
_Supported By:_

- **commander1**: Holden Roberto
 Jonas Savimbi
 Agostinho Neto
 Fidel Castro
- **commander2**: Marcelo Caetano
 Silvino Silvério Marques
 Camilo Augusto de Miranda Rebocho Vaz
 Fernando Augusto Santos e Castro
- **strength1**: 90,000
- **strength2**: 65,000
- Casualties increased during the Angolan Civil War
- **casualties1**: 50,000
- **casualties2**: 2,991 killed (1,526 Killed in action, KIA & 1,465 non-combat related)
 4,684 with permanent deficiency (physical or psychological)
Monogamy

**Monogamy** (; _monos+gamos_ meaning _one+marriage_) is a form of marriage in which a person or animal has only one spouse at any one time.

## Etymology

The word _monogamy_ comes from the Greek words "μονός", _monos_ which means one or alone, and "γάμος", _gamos_ which means marriage.

## Religion

Monogamy is one of the beliefs of Judaism and Christianity. An exception is the fundamentalist branch of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) who strictly follow the teachings of founder Joseph Smith. Smith allowed polygamy, and had many wives. In Jewish and Christian doctrine, marriage is between one husband and one wife, which is monogamy.

## Law

In most countries, monogamy is the only legal form of marriage, either between a man and a woman in most of these countries, and between two persons of the same gender (gay marriage) in some of the Western world.
In these countries polygamy is illegal, and a person who has more than one spouse can be prosecuted for bigamy.

## Historical angle

Polygamy without equality was almost universal in ancient human tribes. By "without equality" is meant that of the wives only one would have full rights and recognition as the main wife.

The fact is that all societies of which we have good records lost men disproportionately, mainly because of warfare, but also accidents in hunting. This left widows who were not responsible for being widows: they were just unlucky.

It might be thought that this would be counter-balanced by loss of females during child-birth, but apparently not so.
A full appreciation of this fact needs to take into account:
1. On the one hand, the absence of modern medical technology, and
1. The well-known fact that earlier societies had younger mothers.
1. The life expectancy in prehistoric times was low, 25–40 years, and with men living longer than women; archaeological evidence of women and babies found together suggests that many women would have died in childbirth.
Formicariidae

The **Formicariidae** or **ground antbirds** are a family of small passerine birds. They live in subtropical and tropical Central and South America. They are between 10 and 20 cm (4–8 in) in length.

These are forest birds that tend to eat insects at or near the ground. Many are specialist ant eaters. Note that the term "antbird" is for another family of birds, the Thamnophilidae.
Telephone numbers in Angola

Telephone numbers in Angola are 9 digits long.

- **Country code: +234**
- **International Call Prefix: 00**
- **Trunk Prefix: none**

## Calling formats

- **xxx xxx xxx**      Calls within Angola
- **+244 xxx xxx xxx**  Calls from outside Angola
The NSN length is nine digits.

## List of area codes in Angola

|colspan="2"|LIST OF AREA CODES|
| --- | --- |
|31|Cabinda|
|32|Zaire|
|321|Soyo|
|33|Uige|
|34|Bengo|
|348|Caxito|
|35|Kuanza Norte|
|358|N'Dalatando|
|36|Kuanza Sul|
|363|Sumbe|
|364|Porto Amboim|
|41|Huambo|
|48|Bie|
|485|Kuito|
|49|Kuando Kubango|
|51|Malange|
|526|Dundo|
|53|Lunda Sul|
|535|Saurimo|
|54|Moxico|
|546|Luena|
|61|Huila|
|612|Lubango|
|64|Namibe|
|643|Tombua|
|65|Cunene|
|652|St. Clara/Cunene|
|655|Ondjiva|
|72|Benguela|
|722|Lobito|
|726|Bela Vista|
|728|Baia Farta|
|729|Catumbela|
|777|Dama Universal|

## References

- ITU allocations list
Tyche

**Tyche**, also known as Tuch, was the goddess of destiny in Greek mythology. She controlled the good and bad of fortune and prosperity of a city. Her name means "luck" in Greek. She is often represented wearing a mural crown. The crown looks like the walls of a city. She is often carrying a large horn with all her wealth and richness in it that she sometimes spreads to others. She is a daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, according to Greek poet Hesiod.

Tyche is one of the Oceanids. Oceanids are the daughters of the Titans Tethys and Okeanos. The story of the Oceanids is told in the Theogony by Greek poet Hesiod.  Tyche and her sister Eudora stand for a joining of bounty and luck.

## Related pages

- Fortuna - Roman mythology version of Tyche
- Roman mythology
- Eudora
- Oceanids
- Okeanos
- Titans
- Tethys (mythology)
Angolan kwanza

The **kwanza** (sign: **Kz**; ISO 4217 code: **AOA**) is the currency of Angola. The Kwanza was introduced in 1999, replacing the "Kwanza Reajustado" (AOK).  AOA is subdivided into coin denominations of 100 centimos, and is denoted by the symbol Kz. The value of the kwanza has changed many times because of Angola’s economic problems.

Angola declared independence from Portugal in 1975, following a bitter period in which Angola fought a war of independence while also becoming engulfed in a civil war. While Angola created its first national currency as an independent nation in 1977, this currency—called the Angola Kwanza (AOK)—soon saw its value rapidly eroded by inflation. The AON, introduced in 1990, was an attempt to deal with this severe inflation, but it too was devalued only 5 years later.

The second devaluation occurred in 1995, when the AON was replaced by a new currency called the “kwanza reajustado”. The devaluation was carried out at a rate of 1,000 new currency units for every 1 AON, reflecting the level of severity of Angola’s inflation crisis at that time. A third devaluation occurred in 1999, replacing the kwanza reajustado with the Second Kwanza (AOA), which is the currency that Angola continues to use today.

## Infobox (currency)

- **iso code**: AOA
- **inflation rate**: 13.1%
- **inflation source date**: _[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2092.html The World Factbook]_, 2009 est.
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **subunit name 1**: céntimo, cêntimo
- **symbol**: Kz
- **frequently used coins**: 1, 2, 5 kwanzas
- **rarely used coins**: 10, 50 cêntimos
- **used banknotes**: 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000 kwanzas
- **issuing authority**: Banco Nacional de Angola
- **issuing authority website**: www.bna.ao
Charles Sibley

**Charles Gald Sibley** (August 7, 1917 – April 12, 1998) was an American ornithologist and molecular biologist. He had a big influence on the scientific classification of birds.

Sibley's taxonomy was a major influence on many organizations, such as the American Ornithologists' Union.
Jon Edward Ahlquist

**Jon Edward Ahlquist** (born 27 July 1944, died 7 May 2020) is an American molecular biologist and ornithologist. He has worked with Charles Sibley, mostly at Yale University.
By 1987, both Ahlquist and Sibley had left Yale. In 1988, Ahlquist and Sibley were awarded the Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal. In January 1991 (often listed as 1990), Charles Sibley and Ahlquist published _Phylogeny and Classification of Birds_, which presented a new phylogeny for birds based on the DNA. In 1999, Ahlquist was retired (Ahlquist, 1999).
Blue Thunder

***Blue Thunder*** is a 1983 American action thriller movie. In it stars Roy Scheider and Daniel Stern as LAPD cops. The movie is about a futuristic helicopter which has unusual capability.
Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee

**"Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee"** is the national anthem of Antigua and Barbuda. Novelle Hamilton Richards wrote the words.  Walter Garnet Picart Chambers wrote the music.  The country started using in on independence in 1981. God Save the Queen is still the Royal anthem.

## Lyrics

- Fair Antigua and Barbuda
- We, your sons and daughters stand
- Strong and firm in peace or danger
- To safeguard our Motherland
- We commit ourselves to building
- A true nation brave and free;
- Ever striving, ever seeking,
- Dwell in love and unity.
- Raise the standard! Raise it boldly!
- Answer now to duty's call
- To the service of thy country,
- Sparing nothing, giving all;
- Gird your loins and join the battle
- Against fear, hate, poverty,
- Each endeavouring, all achieving,
- Live in peace where man is free.
- God of nations, let our blessings
- Fall upon this land of ours;
- Rain and sunshine ever sending,
- Fill her fields with crops and flowers;
- We her children do implore them,
- Give us strength, faith, loyalty,
- Never failing, all enduring,
- To defend her liberty.
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda

The national **flag of Antigua and Barbuda** was started on February 27, 1967.  It was designed by artist and sculptor, Sir Reginald Samuel. The rising sun is for the dawning of a new era. The colours have different meanings. The black is for the African ancestry of the people.  The blue is for hope.  The red is for energy or dynamism of the people. The colouring of yellow, blue, and white (from the sun down) is for the sun, sea, and sand. The blue also is for the Caribbean Sea.  The V-shape is the symbol of victory.
Priapus

**Priapus** was a minor fertility god in Greek mythology, who was also the protector of livestock, fruit plants, and male genitals. He was depicted as having an oversized and permanent erection. Sources differ as to who his parents were. Some say he was the son of the god Dionysus and the goddess Aphrodite; Dionysus and Chione; Hermes and Aphrodite; Zeus and Aphrodite; or Pan and Aphrodite. According to the myth, Hera cursed him while he was still in the womb of Aphrodite, because she was jealous that the Trojan prince Paris had picked Aphrodite as being the most beautiful of the goddesses and had given the Golden Apple of Eris to her. Hera's curse made Priapus impotent, ugly and foul-minded. The gods did not want Priapus to live with them on Olympus, and he was left on a hillside on Earth. There, he was taken by shepherds who raised him. Priapus later tried to rape the goddess Hestia, but was hit by a donkey, and this caused Priapus to lose his erection.
He also became the patron god of merchant sailing, protecting and guiding them through rough seas. It was common for merchants to carry a Priapus figure or a phallus on their ships as protection.

## Related pages

- Mutunus Tutunus - Roman mythology version of Priapus
Mamma Mia!

***Mamma Mia!*** is a 2008 American romantic musical comedy movie set in Greece. It is based on the musical stage play and on ABBA's 1975 chart topping song. It was distributed through Universal Pictures. It stars Amanda Seyfried as Sophie Sheridan, Meryl Streep as her mother, and Colin Firth, Stellan Skarsgard and Pierce Brosnan as Sophie's three possible fathers. _Mamma Mia!_ was given mixed reviews, although it received almost $610 million worldwide, becoming the highest grossing musical motion picture in American history.
Sparkle

***Sparkle*** is a 2012 musical drama movie starring Jordin Sparks and Whitney Houston (in her final role). It is a remake of the same named 1976 motion picture, except the 2012 remake centers on 1960s Detroit. _Sparkle_ was released in August 2012.
Planaria

***Planaria*** is a small aquatic genus of flatworm. The term is also used for other similar flatworms. They are fresh water animals which move in a smooth wave-like manner. Planaria are free-living. They can live in fresh water or very damp soil, depending on the type.

_Planaria_ are hermaphrodite: they produce both eggs and sperm. To reproduce, a planarian releases eggs and sperm into the water, where the eggs get fertilized. Planaria can repair damage by regenerating any part of their body.

_Planaria_ are the one of most simple creatures to develop a nervous system. Their nervous system consists of  ganglia under the eyespots and a cord of nerves that run down the body, under the gut (ventral nerve cord). The three pairs of ganglia under the eyespots make a inverted U shape that have nerves sticking out to the outside of the head so that the head of the planarian is more sensitive than the rest of the body. If the light hits the animal near the eyespots, they usually move away into darker water.

The digestive system of _Planaria_ consist of a mouth a pharynx and a gut cavity. Its mouth is on the underside of the body. Digestive enzymes are released from the mouth onto the food to soften it, Then the half digested food is sucked up the pharynx and into the stomach. From there the nutrients diffuse into the rest of the body.

There are no circulatory or respiratory systems. Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide leaves the planarian's body by diffusing through the body wall. _Planaria_ do not have a skeleton. They have an extendable crumpled muscle that allows them to move.  Also, planarians have three layers of body-wall muscles that are constructed of circular muscle fibers as well as longer muscle threads.

Planarians have both ovaries and testes. To reproduce, they can have sex with another planarian; this is called sexual reproduction. Another way planarians reproduce is called asexual reproduction. This is when a planarian splits and regenerates the parts that are missing. However, asexual reproduction is uncommon.
Ironbridge Gorge

The **Ironbridge Gorge** is a deep gorge formed by the River Severn in Shropshire, England. The area was originally called the **Severn Gorge**.

The area was made a World Heritage Site by UNESCO, because the industrial revolution started around here in the mid-1700s.

Ironbridge Gorge has mines, factories, workers' housing, and the transport infrastructure that was created in the gorge during the Industrial Revolution. Coke production in the area helped start the Industrial Revolution. The **Iron Bridge** was the world's first bridge built from iron.

## History

The gorge takes its name from its famous "Iron Bridge", the first iron bridge of its kind in the world. It is a monument to the industry that began there. The bridge was built in 1779 to link the industrial town of Broseley with the smaller mining town of Madeley and the growing industrial centre of Coalbrookdale.

The Iron Bridge was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron. a material which was previously far too expensive to use for large structures. However, a new blast furnace nearby lowered the cost. This encouraged local engineers and architects to solve a long-standing problem of a crossing over the river.

There are two reasons the site was so useful to the early industrialists. The raw materials, coal, iron ore, limestone and clay, for the manufacture of iron, tiles and porcelain are exposed or easily mined in the gorge. Second, the deep and wide river allowed easy transport of products to the sea.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
- Coalbrookdale

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Ironbridge Gorge
- **image**: File:Iron Bridge east side in February 2019.jpg
- **caption**: The Iron Bridge
- **location**: Ironbridge, United Kingdom
- **criteria**: Cultural: i, ii, iv, vi
- **id**: 371
- **year**: 1986
- **area**: 547.9 ha
- **locmapin**: Shropshire # United Kingdom
The Iron Bridge

**The Iron Bridge** was the first arch bridge in the world to be made out of cast iron. It crosses the River Severn at the Ironbridge Gorge near the village of Ironbridge, in Shropshire, England.

The bridge is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is maintained by English Heritage who launched a crowdfunding campaign in 2017 to support a conservation project which began in 2018.  As well as repairing rusted parts of the bridge, it was painted red to match a painting from 1777 showing how the Iron Bridge looked soon after it was finished.

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites of the United Kingdom
- Ironbridge Gorge

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: The Iron Bridge
- **image**: File:Iron Bridge east side in February 2019.jpg
- **caption**: The Iron Bridge (February 2019)
- **owner**: Telford and Wrekin Council
- **carries**: Pedestrian traffic
- **crosses**: River Severn
- **locale**: Ironbridge Gorge near Coalbrookdale
- **heritage**: Grade I listed
- **design**: cast iron, cast-iron arch bridge
- **begin**: November 1777
- **complete**: July 1779
- **open**: 1 January 1781
- **width**: 250
Herma

A **herma**, commonly in English **herm**, is a sculpture with a head and sometimes a torso, above a tall squared pillar. Often a phallus was carved at the appropriate height.

The form originated in Ancient Greece and was adopted by the Romans and revived in the Renaissance in the form of term figures. The name of the god Hermes comes from the word _herma_, and the sculptures originally represented him.

The ancient Greeks and Romans were very superstitious, and the sculptures had an apotropiac function. They were placed at cross-roads and on the borders of lands as protection.

In Athens, they were placed outside houses, temples and gymnasiums for good luck and to avert harmful or bad influences, like the evil eye. They would be adorned with garlands, wreaths, offerings and anointed with oil to obtain luck and protection.
26th of July Movement

The **26th of July Movement** was the name of the political party led by Fidel Castro during the Cuban Revolution. In Spanish, it is called **Movimiento 26 de Julio**, it is often abbreviated **M-26-7**. The name comes from the date of the attack on the Moncada Barracks, in Santiago de Cuba, which was carried out on 26th July 1953. The participants were condemned to long prison terms, but were freed at an amnesty in 1955. After this, they formed the movement. Their strategy was armed resistance, in small cells, that were spread all over the country, and were kept secret. Frank País was made the leader of the resistance in Cuba, other activists were Raúl Pujol, Celia Sánchez, Haydée Santamaría, Aldo Santamaría and Vilma Espín.

Fidel castro and other Moncadistas went into exile. Castro went to Mexico, where he met Ernesto Guevara. In 1956, Fidel and Raul Castro, Juan Almeida Bosque, Ramiro Valdés Menéndez, Guevara, and Camilo Cienfuegos went back to Cuba to support the cells there. After two years of guerilla fighting, Fulgencio Batista fled from Cuba, in 1959.

Until the fall of Batista, the forces did not have a Marxist ideology, rather they were different people collaborating to overturn the Batista regime. Later they started to work together with the Communist Party of Cuba. In 1961, they merged with the Communist Party.
Antiplatelet drug

An **Antiplatelet drug** is a drug that acts against blood clotting. The blood contains platelets, which will stick together, and close an open wound. In some cases, they also stick together in the bloodstream, and form blood clots. Such blood clots cause Strokes and Heart attacks. Another type of drug that prevents clotting is called anticoagulant. Anticoagulants cannot be used to prevent blood clotting in the arteries. Antiplatelet drugs are commonly used in the prevention of strokes and heart attacks. Acetylsalicylic acid, commonly known as Aspirin, is one of them.
Charles Edward Trevelyan

**Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet** (2 April 1807 – 19 June 1886) was a British civil servant, cabinet member, colonial administrator, and oriental scholar best known for his administration of the famine relief effort in Ireland during the Potato Famine, while he was assistant secretary to Her Majesty's Treasury. He has been criticized for not doing enough to help the Irish during the Potato Famine. He wrote a book about the famine called _The Irish Crisis_.
Penelope (movie)

***Penelope*** is a 2006 American fantasy romantic comedy movie. It received mixed reviews by critics. It stars Christina Ricci, James McAvoy, Richard E. Grant, Peter Dinklage, Burn Gorman, Nigel Havers and Catherine O'Hara with Reese Witherspoon.
Mimusops

***Mimusops*** is a genus of plant. It is in the family Sapotaceae.

## Species

Some species in this genus are:

- _Mimusops acutifolia_, Mildbr.
- _Mimusops angel_, Chiov.
- _Mimusops commersonii_
- _Mimusops caffra_
- _Mimusops elengi_
- _Mimusops heckelii_ - African Cherry, Baku, Douka, Makore, Ukola
- _Mimusops obovata_
- _Mimusops penduliflora_, Engl.
- _Mimusops petiolaris_
- _Mimusops riparia_, Engl.
- _Mimusops sechellarum_, (Oliv.) Hemsl.
- _Mimusops zeyheri_

## References

- Allaby, Michael. 1998. _A Dictionary of Plant Sciences_. Oxford University Press, New York
Coalbrookdale

**Coalbrookdale** is a village in the Ironbridge Gorge in Shropshire, England. It is in an area of great significance in the history of industrialisation. This is where iron ore was first smelted by Abraham Darby using easily mined "coking coal".

The coal was drawn from drift mines in the sides of the valley. As it contained far fewer impurities than normal coal, the iron it produced was of a superior quality. Along with many other industrial developments that were going on in other parts of the country, this discovery was a major factor in the growing industrialisation of Britain. It was the Industrial Revolution.

Today, Coalbrookdale is home to the Ironbridge Institute, a partnership between the University of Birmingham and the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust offering postgraduate and professional courses in heritage.
Drosophila simulans

***Drosophila simulans*** is a species of fruit fly closely related to _D. melanogaster_

It was discovered by the fly geneticist Alfred Sturtevant in 1919, when he noticed that the flies used in Thomas Hunt Morgan's laboratory at the Columbia University were actually two distinct species: _D. melanogaster_ and _D. simulans_. Males differ in the external genitalia, while trained observers can separate females using colour characteristics.

_D. melanogaster_ females crossed to _D. simulans_ males produce sterile F1 females and no F1 males. The reciprocal cross produces sterile F1 males and no female progeny.

_D. simulans_ was found later to be closely related to two island endemics, _Drosophila sechellia_ and _Drosophila mauritiana_. _D. simulans_ will mate with these sister species to form fertile females and sterile males, a fact that has made _D. simulans_ an important model organism for research into speciation.

## References

- Sturtevant A.H. 1919. A new species closely resembling _Drosophila melanogaster_. _Psyche_ **26**: 153–155.
- Sturtevant A.H. _The North American species of Drosophila_. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1921.

## Other websites

- _Drosophila simulans_ at the Washington University in St. Louis Genome Sequencing Center
Nozomi (spacecraft)

is the name of a Japanese spacecraft which was sent toward Mars.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The spacecraft was launched on July 3, 1998.

Nozumi was planned as a Mars-orbiting probe.  The mission was not successful because of electrical failures.

The Nozumi probe project was ended on December 31, 2003.

## International partnership

Nozomi carried scientific instruments from Japan, Canada, Germany, Sweden and the United States. including the European Space Agency, NASA and the Swedish Institute of Space Physics.

Canada provided a thermal plasma analyser. This was the Canadian Space Agency's first participation in an interplanetary mission.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Nozomi (Planet-B) mission profile
- National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), Nozomi
Hayabusa

is the name of a Japanese spacecraft which was sent into space to collect a sample of material from a small near-Earth asteroid named 25143 Itokawa.

The mission was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

Hayabusa was sent into space on May 9, 2003. In November 2005, it landed on the asteroid.  The mission was successfully completed in June 2010 when the spacecraft returned to earth in June 2010.

## Mission

_Hayabusa_ studied Itokawa's shape, spin, topography, colour, composition, density, and history. The _Hayabusa_ mission was the first time that an attempt was made to bring an asteroid dust sample to earth for analysis.

## In popular culture

Three different feature-length films are being made about the Hayabusa mission.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA),Hayabusa (Muses-C) mission profile