juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mansfield Park (novel)

***Mansfield Park*** is the third novel by iconic English author Jane Austen. Published in 1814, it was the most successful during her lifetime.

## Plot

_Mansfield Park_ is about a poor young girl named Fanny Price.

Born in Portsmouth, Fanny's mother has two sisters, one of whom has married Sir Thomas Bertram of Mansfield Park miles away and the other lives in a cottage on the grounds of Mansfield.  This other sister, in an attempt to show off her own sense of self-importance and charity, offers to take one of her poor sister's children off her hands, and persuades Sir Thomas that Fanny could be her assistant in helping with the daily running of Mansfield and so should live there too.

At Mansfield Park, Fanny grows up with her cousins Tom, Maria, Julia and Edmund Bertram. Only Edmund is kind to her. As they grow up, Edmund's kindness to Fanny makes her fall in love with him.

However, when Fanny's uncle goes away for business, Mary Crawford and her brother Henry come to the neighborhood. Henry flirts with the Misses Bertram, making them fall in love with him, even though Maria is already engaged to a Mr. Rushworth. Mary and Edmund fall in love with each other, much to Fanny's surprise and sadness, but Mary wants Edmund to become rich and not be a clergyman. They put on a play called _Lovers Vows_ that Fanny does not think Sir Thomas would like, so she does not join in. Just as they are trying to make her act, Sir Thomas returns home.

Henry Crawford goes away, and Maria, angry and proud, quickly marries Mr. Rushworth, even though she does not love him. Henry Crawford falls really in love with Fanny, and proposes to her, but she says no. Sir Thomas gives Fanny the ultimatum of marry Mr Crawford or go back to her parents.  Choosing to see her family again she is unhappy to see how coarse and vulgar they are.

While she is there, she finds out in a newspaper that Maria has run away with Henry Crawford. Fanny is very shocked and unhappy. Edmund comes to ask Fanny to come back to Mansfield to nurse a sick Tom. He tells Fanny that he was shocked that Mary Crawford only thought Maria and Henry were silly for being found out, and that the act of adultery was not bad. He expresses he has finally realised he has always loved Fanny, and they marry.

## Other websites

- _Mansfield Park_ Free audio book at LibriVox
- _Mansfield Park_ Complete text with audio and language translations.
- _Mansfield Park_ free ebook in PDF, PDB and LIT formats
- Selected quotes from _Mansfield Park_
- Mansfield Park Map
- _Mansfield Park_  study guide, themes, quotes, literary devices, & teacher guide

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Mansfield Park
- **image**: MansfieldParkTitlePage.jpg
- **alt**: All text title page
- **caption**: Title page of the first edition
- **author**: Jane Austen
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
- **publisher**: Thomas Egerton (publisher), Thomas Egerton
- **release date**: July 1814
Aristarchus (crater)

**Aristarchus** is a large impact crater on the Moon's surface. It is 40 kilometers large in diameter and can be seen with the naked eye from Earth. The crater was named after the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos.
Jeffrey Dahmer

**Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer** (May 21, 1960 – November 28, 1994) was an American serial killer. He was born in Wisconsin and moved to Ohio in 1966. He murdered 17 men in Wisconsin and Ohio from 1978-1991. In 1992, he was convicted of 15 murders. Dahmer later confessed to 17 murders in all, dating back to his first victim in 1978. The jury rejected Dahmer's insanity defense, and he was sentenced to 15 life terms (life imprisonment is the maximum penalty that Wisconsin has, but not Ohio, which has the death penalty). He was beaten to death with workout equipment by another inmate, Christopher Scarver, who had been jailed for murder, on the morning of November 28, 1994.  Scarver also killed another inmate, Jesse Anderson, at the same time with the workout equipment. Anderson had been jailed for murder as well. They had all been working out together.

Dahmer was diagnosed with three personality disorders: antisocial, borderline, and schizotypal.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jeffrey Dahmer
- **image**: JeffreyDahmer1978.jpg
- **caption**: Jeffrey Dahmer in 1978
- **birth date**: May 21, 1960
- **birth place**: West Allis, Wisconsin, United States, US
- **death date**: November 28, 1994
- **death place**: Portage, Wisconsin, US
- **death cause**: Murder by Blunt trauma
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **known for**: Serial killer
- **parents**: Lionel Dahmer
Joyce Flint (dead)
Art history

**Art history** is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic contents; that is genre, design, format, and style. The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture and other decorative objects. An **art historian** is a person who studies the history of art, and then writes about it or teaches about it so that other people can learn about this subject as well.

The first person to become an art historian was Giorgio Vasari. He lived in Florence during the Renaissance, at a time when there were many famous artists alive. Vasari was an artist himself. He decided to write down all the stories that were told in Florence about the many different artists who had made the city famous. He included biographies of several other artists from Northern Italy as well. When all the information was collected and the biographies written, he published them in 1568 in a book called _Lives of the Artists_. Because of this book, art students today have a lot of information about artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian and their works.

## Related pages

- Aesthetics
- Art critic
- Christian art
Dugong

The **dugong** (_Dugong dugon_) is a large mammal that lives its whole life in the sea.

They are sometimes called "sea cows" as they eat large amounts of sea grass. They live in warm, shallow areas where the sea grass grows. This area includes the north coast of Australia, and in other countries in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.

Dugongs are more closely related to elephants than to other sea creatures. Their closest aquatic relative is the manatee, a fresh water species found in America and West Africa.

The dugong can grow to about  long and weigh as much as . They only come to the surface to breathe, and unlike seals, they never come up on the land. A baby dugong is called a calf. It drinks milk from its mother until about two years old. A dugong reaches its adult size between the ages of 9 and 17 years. The dugong can live for up to 70 years of age. They are greyto brown in color. They have a tail with flukes, like a whale, and flippers. They do not have a dorsal fin like a shark. They have a wide flat nose, small eyes, and small ears.

The dugong is a migratory animal, but very slow moving. Studies by James Cook University showed that while many dugongs traveled less than , some went as far as . Scientists believe that dugongs move long distances for several reasons. They may be looking for food, as cyclones or floods can affect the seagrass. Males may be following females, or looking for their own territory. If the water gets cold, less than 17 degrees Centigrade, they will travel to warmer areas.

Because of their size, the only other species to attack dugongs are sharks, the Saltwater Crocodile and killer whales.
Disk image

A **disk image** is a single computer file containing the complete contents of a device that contains data, such as a hard drive, tape drives, floppy disk, CD, DVD, BD, and key drive.

A disk image file (or simply a disk image) is an exact binary copy of an entire disk or drive. Disk image files contain all the data stored on the source drive including not only its files and folders but also its boot sectors, file allocation tables, volume attributes and any other system-specific data. A disk image is not a collection of files or folders but is an exact duplicate of the raw data of the original disk, sector by sector.
R-Drive Image

**R-Drive Image** is a disk disk cloning and system backup computer program. The program is developed and distributed by R-Tools Technology Inc., and intended for home and corporate users.

## File format

R-Drive Image uses a closed file format with the .rdi extension and an open format VMDK.

## Related pages

- Disk cloning
- List of disk cloning software

## Other websites

- Official website
- Reviews: Techradar: R-Drive Image review, PC World: The best Windows backup software, http://www.pcworld.com/downloads/file/fid,27235-order,1-page,1/description.html , http://disk-imaging-software-review.toptenreviews.com/r-drive-image-review.html , http://www.reviewsaurus.com/software-reviews/r-drive-image-hard-disk-cloning-software/ , http://www.sharewareconnection.com/r-drive-image.htm

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: R-Drive Image
- **author**: [http://www.r-tt.com/ R-Tools Technology Inc.]
- **latest release version**: 7.0 build 7004
- **platform**: MS Windows / Live CD should run on most x86 PCs
- **language**: English
- **status**: current
- **genre**: Disk cloning
- **license**: Commercial / closed source
- **website**: http://www.drive-image.com/
Parnitha

**Parnitha** is a mountain of Greece. It is in the south of Greece, in Attica peninsula. This mountain is the highest mountain in Attica, 1,413 meters high. The mountain is covered by dense vegetation. In the lower points is covered by Pine forests and in the higher points by Greek-fir forests. In the summer of 2007 a big part of forest was burnt because of a destructive wildfire.
Child abandonment

**Child abandonment** is when a parent leaves their child. There are many causes of child abandonment, including poverty or mental illness. In many countries, if a children are abandoned, they become orphans and live in an orphanage. They are raised there until they reach 18.

In the United States, "Safe Haven Laws" allow parents to leave their infants at certain safe places.  The goal of these laws is to keep parents from leaving their infants in unsafe places, or killing them.  In some states, leaving a baby at a Safe Haven is thought of as child abandonment, and a complaint may be filed in family court.  But as long as the baby has not been hurt, the parents cannot be charged with a crime for leaving their baby at a Safe Haven.  The baby is given to state child protection workers, who find a safe place for the baby and try to get him or her adopted.  Hospitals, fire stations, and police stations are common Safe Havens.

## History

Abandonment (or **exposure**) was a widely used method of getting rid of babies that parents did not want. Babies would be left outside, often in a pot or a vase, to die. It was practiced in ancient times, especially in Athens. The babies at the most risk were girls; babies with physical disabilities; ugly babies; children born to poor families; and babies who looked unwell. In past days, Women would not voice their thoughts on whether their babies were left to die. Due to the patriarchic structure of society, the fathers were the only ones who ultimately had a say.
Helix

In math, a **helix** is a curve in three dimensions. It looks a bit like a spiral. Each helix has a line called its axis. The helix has a constant angle to this line. Helices are often seen in nature and the sciences.
The Cartoon Cartoon Show

***The Cartoon Cartoon Show*** (also known as _What a Cartoon!_) is the programming block that airs 15 Cartoon Cartoons on Cartoon Network. The block began airing in 2005 and has appeared on weekends at 8AM and 12PM ever since. The block also appears on weekdays at 2PM.

|#|Name|Premiere Date|End Date|Episode Count|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|_Dexter's Laboratory_|April 28, 1996|November 20, 2003|78|
|2|_Johnny Bravo_|July 7, 1997|August 27, 2004|67|
|3|_Cow and Chicken_|July 15, 1997|July 24, 1999|52|
|4|_I Am Weasel_|July 15, 1997|March 2, 2000|79|
|5|_The Powerpuff Girls_|November 18, 1998|March 25, 2005|79|
|6|_Ed, Edd n Eddy_|January 4, 1999|November 8, 2009|72|
|7|_Mike, Lu & Og_|November 12, 1999|May 27, 2001|26|
|8|_Courage the Cowardly Dog_|November 12, 1999|November 22, 2002|52|
|9|_Sheep in the Big City_|November 4, 2000|April 7, 2002|27|
|10|_Time Squad_|June 8, 2001|November 26, 2003|26|
|11|_Grim & Evil_|August 24, 2001|October 18, 2002|13|
|14|_The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy_|June 13, 2003|November 9, 2007|78|
|15|_Evil Con Carne_|July 11, 2003|March 16, 2007|15|
|12|_Whatever Happened to Robot Jones?_|July 19, 2002|November 14, 2003|14|
|13|_Codename: Kids Next Door_|December 6, 2002|January 21, 2008|78|
Parazoa

The **Parazoa** are an ancestral subkingdom of animals, literally translated as "beside the animals". Parazoans differ from their choanoflagellate ancestors in that they are macroscopic and have differentiated cells, but unlike "true animals" (Eumetazoa), they do not have tissues. Most people put Placozoa in Parazoa, but Placozoa can also be placed in the subkingdom Agnotozoa.
Theory of everything

The basic concept of the **theory of everything** is that one theory could explain every aspect of physics.  The four basic forces of nature are gravity, the strong force, the weak force, and the electromagnetic force; the theory of general relativity explains gravity, and quantum mechanics explains the other three forces. Right now, no one theory that everyone accepts can explain all four forces.

String theory is a theory that could become the "theory of everything".

## Unified field theory

**Unified field theory** is a hope for a theory of fields in physics that will explain all natural phenomena. Theories in physics can be very different and even disagree with each other. This is true for example for quantum mechanics (the science of very small things) and general relativity (the science of space and time). The goal of unified field theory is to take all the different parts of physics and combine them into one theory that explains everything. The Standard Model comes close to a unified field theory, combining everything except general relativity.
Dichotomous key

A **dichotomous key** is a series of questions with only two alternatives. There are only two options at each step. The purpose is to make an identification or to reach a decision. The system has long been used for identifying animals and plants. However, in principle, it can be used for many other tasks, such as fault-finding in complex machinery. Dichotomous keys were invented in 1778.
KISS principle

The **KISS principle** is "**Keep It Simple, Stupid**". It is an acronym, with the letters KISS making the beginnings of the important words. It was used as a principle for design by the U.S. Navy in 1960. The phrase is said to have been first used by Kelly Johnson, lead engineer at the Lockheed Skunk Works.

There are several variations of the phrase, such as "Keep it short and simple".

## Related pages

- Occam's razor
Linguistic reduction

**Linguistic reductions** are lost sounds in words. They are common in spoken English. For instance, "going to" changes to "gonna". The most common reductions are contractions. Most contractions are reductions of 'not'. For instance, "cannot" becomes "can't". Many contractions are reductions between a subject and a verb. For instance, "He is..." becomes "He's..."

Some reductions are known to language learners, such as the reduction of a verb and "to". Examples are "going to" becoming "gonna" and "want to" becoming "wanna".

Linguistic reductions are part of natural English and should not be considered slang or improper.

## Categories

There are several basic categories of reductions:
- Elision is one or more sounds left out of a word. A common example is "and", which frequently changes to "an" or sometimes even "n". Another example is the "ba" sound in "probably", which leads to the pronunciation, "probly".
- Word stress is a weaker stress on a word. The words near it are stressed more by comparison. The weakly-stressed word may be blended, linked or even deleted.
- Function words are words that signify grammatical relations and are different from content words.  Content words tend to carry more information and are often stressed. Function words are often unstressed and may be reduced, blended, linked or deleted.
- Contractions
Tokyo Metro

The  is one of two rapid transit systems making up the Tokyo subway system, the other being Toei.

## Lines

|Color on maps|Mark|Line Number|Line|Japanese|Route|Stations Served|Length|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|<span style="color:white"> orange </span>|G|Line 3|Ginza Line||Shibuya to Asakusa|19|14.3 km|
|<span style="color:white"> red </span>|M|Line 4|Marunouchi Line||Ogikubo to Ikebukuro|25|24.2 km|
|Mb|Marunouchi Line Branch Line||Nakano-sakaue to Hōnanchō|4|3.2 km|||
|<span style="color:white"> silver </span>|H|Line 2|Hibiya Line||Naka-Meguro to Kita-Senju|21|20.3 km|
|<span style="color:white"> sky blue </span>|T|Line 5|Tōzai Line||Nakano to Nishi-Funabashi|23|30.8 km|
|<span style="color:white"> green </span>|C|Line 9|Chiyoda Line||Yoyogi-uehara to Kita-Ayase|20|24.0 km|
|<span style="color:white"> yellow </span>|Y|Line 8|Yūrakuchō Line||Wakōshi to Shin-Kiba|24|28.3 km|
|<span style="color:white"> purple </span>|Z|Line 11|Hanzōmon Line||Shibuya to Oshiage|14|16.8 km|
|<span style="color:white"> teal </span>|N|Line 7|Namboku Line||Meguro to Akabane-iwabuchi|19|21.3 km|
|<span style="color:=white"> brown </span>|F|Line 13|Fukutoshin Line||Wakōshi to Shibuya|16|20.2 km|
_Note:_ Including the 8.3 km stretch between Wakoshi and Kotake-mukaihara shared with Yurakucho Line.

## Infobox (public transit)

- **name**: Tokyo Metro
- **image**: Tokyo Metro combined logo.svg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **native name**:
_Tōkyō Metoro_
- **owner**: Tokyo Metro Co., Ltd.
- **locale**: Greater Tokyo Area, Japan
- **transit type**: Rapid transit
- **lines**: 9
- **stations**: 180
- **ridership**: 6.84 million (FY2014)
- **began operation**: 1927 as Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, Tokyo Underground Railway
_(1941 as Teito Rapid Transit Authority; 2004 under current name)_
- **operator**: Tokyo Metro Co., Ltd.
(private company, private kabushiki gaisha formed in joint partnership by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and the Japanese government (through the Ministry of Finance (Japan), Ministry of Finance))
- **vehicles**: 2,773 cars (2012)
- **track gauge**:
 for Tokyo Metro Ginza Line, Ginza & Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line, Marunouchi lines
- **map**:
Tokyo Metro lines (Toei and JR lines are shown in faint colours.)
- **map state**: show
Glomma

**Glomma** is the longest river in Norway. It is  long. It runs from Aursund to Fredrikstad.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Glomma / Glåma
- **name etymology**: Old Norse, _Glaumr_, from _raumr_: "noise," "racket"
- **image**: lakelandscape800.jpg
- **image caption**: The Glomma at the Solbergfoss Hydroelectric Power Station
- **map**: Glomma-river.png
- **map caption**: The course of the Glomma
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Norway
- **source1**: Aursund
- **source1 location**: Røros, Trøndelag, Norway
- **mouth**: Fredrikstad
- **mouth location**: Fredrikstad, Østfold, Norway
- **tributaries left**: Vorma
- **tributaries right**: Renaelva, Rena
- **custom label**: Designation
Random sample

A **random sample** is a sample taken at random from a population of data.

In a random sample every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected. For instance, to do an election poll, calling people randomly out of the phone book would be better than asking people at a labor union meeting or at a small business convention. A page of the phone book is a more random sample of voters than a union meeting, so the result is more likely to tell who will really be elected. But neither sample is really random because for one thing, some people do not have phones.

## Other websites

- Simple Random Sampling -Citizendium
Urban contemporary

**Urban contemporary** or **urban music** is a kind of music played on the radio. It comes from cities. The first person to use this word was the now dead New York DJ Frankie Crocker in the mid 1970s. Urban contemporary radio stations play only hip hop/rap, contemporary R&B, more urban-styled pop, and on occasion, Caribbean music such as reggae and reggaeton. Urban contemporary came from R&B and Soul. Almost all Urban contemporary type radio stations are found in cities that have lots of African-American people. Some cities that have Urban contemporary stations are; Los Angeles, California, New York City, Atlanta, Georgia, Chicago, Fayetteville, North Carolina, Charlotte, and Norfolk, Virginia, etc.

The words "urban contemporary" make people think of African American music, like R&B. For Latino people, the music is more like music from Latin neighborhoods, such as Reggaeton, Hip hop from South America, or bachata.

Their playlists are mainly singles by popular hip hop and R&B artists. Sometimes, an urban contemporary station will play classic soul music songs from the '70s and early '80s to make old people happy.

Some radio stations in cities, like KJLH, KMEL, KDAY, and WVEE, will play gospel and Christian R&B/hip-hop music on Sundays.
Cleo Laine

**Dame Cleo Laine**, **Lady Dankworth**, DBE (born **Clementina Dinah Campbell**; 28 October 1927 – 24 July 2025) was a British jazz singer and an actress. She was born in Southall, Middlesex to a white English mother and black Jamaican father. She was famous for her scat singing and for being able to sing very high and very low notes.

She was the only female performer to have received Grammy nominations in the jazz, popular and classical music categories. Laine was the widow of jazz composer Sir John Dankworth.

Laine died on 24 July 2025 at her home in Wavendon, Buckinghamshire at the age of 97.

## Infobox (person)

- **embed**: yes
- **children**: 3, including Alec Dankworth, Alec and Jacqui Dankworth


## Infobox (musical artist)

- **honorific prefix**: Dame
- **name**: Cleo Laine
- **image**: Cleo Laine in TV-programma Muziek voor U Engelse Jazz-zangeres (kop) (3x4 cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Laine in 1963
- **birth name**: Clementine Dinah Bullock
- **birth place**: Southall, Middlesex, England
- **death place**: Wavendon, Buckinghamshire, England
- **years active**: 1950s–2018
State Senator

A **state senator** is a member of a state's Senate, the upper house in the bicameral legislature of 49 U.S. states, or a legislator in Nebraska's one house State Legislature.

There are usually fewer state senators than there are members in a state's lower house.  In the past, this meant that senators represented different regions within a state, not according to the population of the region. This was a way of balancing the power of the lower house, where the numbers for each state were related to the state's population.  In 1963, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that state legislatures must give seats in both houses depending on the population of the state.
Bicameral

A **bicameral** system of government is one where there are two legislative or parliamentary chambers. The word comes from the Latin "bi" (meaning two) and "camera" (meaning chamber). In most cases they have different numbers of members. The smaller legislature is often called the "upper house" or "senate" and the larger is called the "lower house", and sometimes also called by another name such as "assembly" or "commons". For legislation to be passed, bicameral legislatures normally need a majority of members of both chambers to vote for the legislation.

Experts sometimes point out that often deadlocks occur in this kind of system. This can make it harder to pass laws. But others point out the checks and balances this system maintains. This prevents laws from being passed that favor a certain political faction, the government or group of people.

## Bicameral systems in the world

- In the United Kingdom, the two chambers are called the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
- The United States Congress is bicameral.
    - All the states apart from Nebraska use the bicameral system. Nebraska is unicameral.
- Australia has a bicameral system with a House of Representatives and a Senate. All the Australian states are also bicameral, except Queensland which is unicameral.
- India has bicameral central and state parliaments.

## Related pages

- Unicameral
Unicameralism

In government, **unicameralism** is when there is only one legislative or parliamentary chamber. Therefore, a unicameral legislature or unicameral parliament is a legislature with one chamber. It comes from the Latin "uni" (meaning one) and "camera" (meaning chamber).

Unicameral legislatures are used around the world.

Since 1937, the US State of Nebraska’s Nebraska Legislature has been unicameral, however all other US states use a bicameral system.

## Related pages

- Bicameral
Nebraska Legislature

The **Nebraska Legislature** is the highest legislative body of the U.S. state of Nebraska. It meets at the Nebraska State Capitol in the City of Lincoln in Lancaster County. It is built in the Art Deco style.

Nebraska's Legislature is unusual because it is unicameral, unlike all the rest of the U.S. state legislatures. It is also the smallest state legislature in the United States of America, as it only has 49 members.
Upper house

An **upper house** is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature. The other chamber is called the lower house.

## Upper Houses in the world

- India: the Rajya Sabha
- Pakistan: the Senate of Pakistan
- United Kingdom: the House of Lords
- United States of America: the United States Senate
Lower house

A **lower house** is one of two chambers of a bicameral legislature. The other chamber is called the upper house.

Although it is called the "lower" house, in many legislatures in the world it actually has more power than the "upper" house.

## Lower Houses in the World

- France: the National Assembly
- Pakistan: the National Assembly
- United Kingdom: the House of Commons
- United States of America: the United States House of Representatives
William-Adolphe Bouguereau

**William-Adolphe Bouguereau** (born November 30, 1825, died 5 August 1905) was a French painter. Bouguereau was a traditionalist of academic art and his style did not change much throughout his painting career. He was a popular artist in his day. Rich customers liked his photo-realistic style. He liked to paint classical scenes and scenes from ancient mythology.

As a boy Bouguereau was born into a family of wine and olive oil sellers. His parents wanted him to join the family business when he became an adult. His uncle, however, arranged for him to get a proper education at school. Bouguereau showed great talent for art. One of his father’s customers talked him into sending William to a famous art college. There he won first place for one of his paintings. To earn extra money he designed labels for fruit jellies and jams.

Bouguereau liked to paint pictures of women. He was known for being able to make his subject look prettier than she really was.

In 1856, he married Marie-Nelly Monchablon and had five children. In the late 1850s he made a profitable friendship with a successful art dealer. This art dealer made William famous even in other countries. William was able to buy a big house and studio with his growing fortune.
He was a hard working painter. He would make a thorough study and sketch of what he planned to paint. The great way he painted skin, hands and feet was well known. He eventually became a teacher at a French art college.

Near the end of his life he described his love of his art: “Each day I go to my studio full of joy; in the evening when obliged to stop because of darkness I can scarcely wait for the next morning to come…if I cannot give myself to my dear painting I am miserable”. He painted eight hundred and twenty-six paintings.

Bouguereau died at the age of 79 on August 19, 1905 from heart disease.
Carrot cake

- _Not to be confused with Chai tow kway, a type of local dish found in Singapore and Malaysia_

**Carrot cake** is a sweet and moist spice cake, full of cut carrots and toasted nuts, and covered in cream cheese icing. One part of the cake is that the orange flakes of cut carrot give the cake color and texture, along with sweetness and moisture.

## Baking and ingredients

To make carrot cake, all the wet ingredients, such as the typical eggs, vegetable oil, yogurt, melted butter and, are mixed together. Then, all the dry ingredients; such as flour, grated carrots,  baking powder, baking soda, allspice, cinnamon, nutmeg, salt, sugar, brown sugar are typically then mixed together, and the wet are then added to the dry. Many carrot cake recipes have optional ingredients, such as nuts, raisins, pineapple, or coconut.

## Presentation

Carrot cake may be eaten plain, but it is made by arlo who loves mimi or marzipan made to look like carrots.  They are popular in loaf, sheet cake and cupcake form, and (in the United Kingdom as well as North America) can be found pre-packaged at grocery stores, and fresh at bakeries. Some carrot cakes are even layered.

## Related pages

- Cake
- Chocolate cake

## Other websites

- A carrot cake recipe
Rann of Kutch

**Rann of Kutch** is a large area of Salt marshes located mostly in Gujarat (primarily the Kutch District), India and the southern tip of Sindh, Pakistan. It is divided into two main parts; Great Rann of Kutch and Little Rann of Kutch. It is about  big and is reputed to be the largest salt desert in the world. The Rann of Kachchh is Homeland of the Kutchi people.

## Geography

The Rann of Kachchh is located in the Thar Desert bio-geographic area in Gujarat with some parts in Pakistani province of Sindh. It is a seasonally marshy region, the word _Rann_ meaning "salt marsh", alternating with _medaks_, elevated pieces of land where vegetation grows.

Kachchh is the name of the District currently in Gujarat (Western India), but as part of Sindh where this region is situated. The Marsh covers a huge area of around 10,000 square miles and is positioned between the Gulf of Kutch and the mouth of the Indus River in southern Pakistan. To the northeast corner of the Rann of Kachchh lies the Luni River, originating in Sakastan.

## Ecological importance

The Rann of Kachchh is the only large Flooded grasslands zone in the whole Indo-Malayan region of the planet.
The fact that the area has desert on one side and the sea on the other provides the Rann of Kachchh with a variety of ecosystems, including Mangroves and Desert vegetation. The grassland and deserts of the Rann of Kachchh are home to forms of wildlife that have adapted to the often harsh conditions of this vast area. These include Endemic and Endangered animal and plant species. The marsh covers an area of around . It is between the Gulf of Kutch and the mouth of the Indus River in southern Pakistan.

The region is important for biodiversity.

## Handicrafts

The unique handicrafts of Kutch are world famous. A lot of women and young girls make their living by selling different types of embroidered cloths. The embroidery is of various styles such as Rabari, Ahir, Sindhi, Banni, Mutwa, Ari and Soof - and some styles include mirror or bead inlay.

## Related pages

- Kori Creek
- Sindh
- Kutch District

## Other websites

- Southern Asia: Western India into Pakistan - Ecoregions
- Global Species : Ecoregion : Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Rann of Kachchh
- **settlement type**: Natural region
- **image skyline**: Rann of Kutch - White Desert.jpg
- **image caption**: Landscape in the Rann of Kachchh
- **image map**: Ecoregion IM0901.svg
- **map caption**: Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh ecoregion
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
Pakistan
- **population density km2**: auto
Kutch district

**Kutch district** (also spelled **Kutch** or **Kachchh**, ) is a district of Gujarat state in western India. Covering an area of 45,612 km², it is the largest district in the state of Gujarat and the second largest district of India after the Leh District in Ladakh.
Absinthe spoon

An **absinthe spoon** is simply a special spoon, placed over a glass of absinthe. There are holes in the spoon, over which a sugar cube is placed. Then, cold water is poured over the sugar to dilute and sweeten the absinthe.
Domain name

A **domain name** is a human-readable web address (e.g., "google.com") that points to an IP address and helps users to access websites or other resources in a convenient way.

## Extensions

_See main article: URL_

Domain names have extensions (called "top-level domains") at the end of the URL. For example, ".com", ".net" and ".org" are the most commonly used domain name extensions. The most popular domain extension is .com with more than 100 million domains registered. The .com extension stands for "commercial", .org for "organization" and .net for "network".

There are also country-specific domain name extensions. For example, the United Kingdom has the ".uk" domain extension and Japan has ".jp".

## Related pages

- Domain Name System
- Domain name registrar
Edinburgh International Festival

The **Edinburgh International Festival** is a festival of music, theatre, opera, dance, visual arts and literature that takes place every year in the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. Each year it is held for about three weeks in late August and early September.

The festival started in 1947. A key person was Rudolf Bing, who was then the manager of the Glyndbourne Opera Festival. Bing was later General Manager of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City from 1950 to 1972. He was naturalized as a British subject in 1946 and knighted in 1971. His idea was to heal the wounds of war through the languages of the arts. Since 2014 the director of the festival has been Fergus Linehan.

At first the Festival concentrated on classical music. Its later events were based on the traditional arts: classical music, ballet, sculpture and fine art. Since 1999 the permanent home of the festival is at The Hub, near Edinburgh Castle. Several large theatres, concert halls and churches in Edinburgh are used for the events, e.g. Usher Hall, Festival Theatre, Edinburgh Playhouse, The Queen's Hall and The Hub.

About ten other festivals are held in Edinburgh at the same time as the Edinburgh Festival. The result is festivals with more than 2,500 performances and events per day in Edinburgh in August, many times bigger than the next biggest arts festivals anywhere in the world.

2020 is the only year the Festival has not been held. The reason was the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic.

## Related pages

- Edinburgh Fringe

## Other websites

- Official web site
- Edinburgh Festival Guide full listings and reviews for all the Edinburgh festivals
Edinburgh Festival Fringe

The **Edinburgh Festival Fringe** (**The Fringe**) is the world’s largest arts festival.  It started in 1947.  It takes place every year at the same time as the Edinburgh International Festival: late August and early September.  There are hundreds of different events. There are concerts, theatre, opera, and dance and many informal events.

The organisers are the Festival Fringe Society: they publish a programme every year, sell tickets and give advice to performers from the Fringe office on the Royal Mile.

The Edinburgh Festival itself is recognised to offer high-quality events. However, the Fringe events are variable, and entry has no real quality barriers. It is largely an open event where almost any theatrical or show event can be performed. Its lack of supervision means the shows are of unpredictable standard. All events have an entrance charge, which is reasonable because theatres do charge performers.

## Other websites

- Edinburgh Festival Guide full listings and reviews for all the Edinburgh festivals
Protea

The **Protea** (giant Protea known as Protea cynaroides) is part of an ancient plant family, the Proteaceae, which had already divided into two subfamilies before the break-up of the Gondwanaland continent about 140 million years ago. Both subfamilies, the Proteoideae and the Grevilleoideae, occur mainly in the southern hemisphere. In southern Africa there are about 360 species, mainly from the subfamily Proteoideae, of which more than 330 species are confined to the Cape Foral Kingdom, between Nieuwoudtville in the northwest and Grahamstown in the east. Protea cynaroides belongs to the genus Protea, which has more than 92 species, subspecies and varieties. Other well-known genera of the Proteaceae are the Leucospermum with the brightly coloured "pincushion" flowers, Leucadendron with yellow or red-brown foliage and Serruria, of which the Serruria Florida or "Blushing Bride" with its pale pink flowers is widely used in bridal bouquets. Plants in the subfamily Grevilleoideae occur mainly in Australia. The Protea (Protea cynaroides) is the national flower of South Africa.

The variety in plant size, habit, flower size and colour of the genus Protea was the reason it was named after the Greek god Proteus, who could change his shape at will. The flower bud of Protea cynaroides looks remarkably like the globe artichoke vegetable with the Latin name of Cynara scolymus and this led the botanist Linnaeus to give it the species name cynaroides.

## Growth

The protea can grow only after a fire. As a simple explanation, it is because the head of this national flower has seeds inside, which can stay tightly sealed in a hard shell for almost 20 years. The shell does not open until it becomes scorched and the fire is all over. The light, fluffy seeds are then blown to the ground by the wind, where they all begin to grow again.
Louis-Antoine de Bougainville

**Louis-Antoine de Bougainville** was an admiral and navigator from France. In 1766 he was sent by his government to make a trip around the world, called _circumnavigation_, which took from 1766 to 1769. He rediscovered (found again) the Solomon Islands in 1768 (the largest island is named for him). He also collected plants and made a trustworthy chart of some parts of the center of the Pacific Ocean. Bougainville saw a part of the Great Barier Reef, but could not find Australia.

## Other websites

- Biography at the _Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online_
- From the Warpath to the Plains of Abraham (Virtual exhibition)
- Louis-Antoine de Bougainville: Eighteenth Century French Sailor, Soldier, Statesman, Mathematician and leader of a Voyage around the world

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Louis-Antoine de Bougainville
- **image**: Louis Antoine de Bougainville - Portrait par Jean-Pierre Franquel.jpg
- **caption**: Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, by Jean-Pierre Franquel
- **birth date**: 12 November 1729
- **birth place**: Paris
- **death date**: 31 August 1811
- **death place**: Paris
- **nationality**: France
Bougainville

**Bougainville** may refer to:

- Louis-Antoine de Bougainville, French explorer.
- Bougainville (island), an island in east Papua New Guinea.
- Bougainville Autonomous Region, administrative division of Papua New Guinea.
Gerardus Mercator

**Gerardus Mercator**, also called **Gerhard Kremer**, and born Gérard de Crémère (1512 – 1594), was a Flemish geographer and  mathematician from Belgium. He explored Flanders and made globes about the earth and the sky. He became one of the best mapmakers of the 16th century.  The Mercator projection that has his name is a flat map projection of the features of the surface of the earth that can be seen and made only mathematically. It was found to be excellent for navigating on oceans and is still used today. In 1585 he began a great atlas that was later finished by his son. His last years he used for studying theology.

Mercator was born in Rupelmonde and died in Duisburg.

## Other websites

- Turn the pages of the British Library's Mercator Atlas of Europe (c.1570)
- Mercator's Atlas
Almond cake

**Almond cake** is a cake, made of butter, sugar, almond essence, eggs, ground almonds, and flour, with whole almonds for decoration

## Variations

Some types of almond cake are:
- Golden Lemon Almond Cake
- Walnut Almond Cake

## Coconut Almond Cake(:a

- Semolina Almond Cake
Countries of the United Kingdom

The **countries** of the United Kingdom are the non-sovereign countries that make up the UK. They share the same head of state, passport, military and sovereignty under the name of the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland".

## List

In decreasing order of area they are:

- England
- Scotland
- Wales
- Northern Ireland

## Terminology

The United Nations and UK government says that the United Kingdom is officially made up of 2 countries (England and Scotland), one principality (Wales) and one province (Northern Ireland).  However, Wales has not formally been a principality since the 16th century with the Laws in Wales Acts. In 2011 the International Organization for Standards updated its standard to define Wales as a country after the Welsh Government asked for the status to be corrected. Northern Ireland has been described variously as a country, province or region.
Oligosaccharide

An **oligosaccharide** is a polymer of a few different simple sugars. Oligosacchardides are carbohydrates. When they are hydrolized, oligosaccharides give 3 to 10 monosaccharides.

Oligosacharides are formed when 3 to 10 monosaccharide units combine with each other by the loss of water molecules, resulting in the formation of a glycosidic linkage. Conversely hydrolysis of an oligosaccharide in water in the presence of an acid or enzyme yields 3 to 10 monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides which consist of two monosaccharides units are called as disaccharide. Oligosaccharides containing 3 monosaccharides are called trisaccharides.
Think tank

A **think tank** is a special organization which helps other organizations and groups with problems they do not know how to solve. They do this by providing data or knowledge, and by discussing the options in detail. They get their information by doing research, and by collecting ideas  and data from a wide range of sources.

## Origins

The first think tank was the British Royal United Services Institute (1831), though of course the term "think tank" is much later, post World War II. Non-government institutions in the United States started early in the 20th century. The Arthur D. Little consultancy, incorporated in 1909, pioneered the idea of contracted professional services. The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace was founded in 1910. The Institute for Government Research, which later merged into the Brookings Institution, was formed in 1916. Other early twentieth century organizations now classified as think tanks include the Hoover Institution (1919), and Chatham House in London (1920). The Great Depression and its aftermath spawned several economic policy organizations, such as the National Planning Association (1934) and the Committee for Economic Development (1943).

## The cold war era

Think tanks of the modern kind started after the Second World War, in the cold war era. The RAND Corporation was started in 1946 inside the Douglas Aircraft Company, and was set up as an independent corporation in 1948. The name was taken from R&D (research and development), though in fact it did no development. The RAND used the same operations research (O.R.) methods which scientists had developed during the war. This was the application of knowledge, scientific methods and thinking to solve the new problems posed by the war. After the war, the RAND used very similar techniques, mostly based on the hard sciences like maths, physics and economics. It was and still is funded mainly by the American government.

The cold war period raised the question of how the American government might handle nuclear weapons in bargaining and negotiating with the Soviet Union. This was the speciality of Herman Kahn, a RAND staff member who set up his own think tank in 1961, called the Hudson Institute. His publications on how to think about these issues, and those of Thomas Schelling, were landmarks in the post-war history of negotiating strategy.

## Modern period

More recently, think tanks have specialised into particular areas of interest, such as foreign policy. Many have become advocates for political interests, doing research which can be used by public relations and lobbying groups.

## Related pages

- Lobbying
Solar calendar

A **solar calendar** is a calendar based on the  position of the earth in relation to the sun. There are tropical solar calendars.
There are non-solar calendars like sidereal calendars and lunar (moon) calendars As well as hybrids including lunisolar calendars, a hybrid of solar days and lunar months.

## Other websites

- Jewish Calendar
- Correspondence between Hebrew and Islamic calendars, months and holidays (pdf)
Major League Baseball on FOX

**Fox Major League Baseball** (shortened as **Fox MLB** and **MLB on FS1**) is FOX Sports's broadcast of Major League Baseball. It began on June 1, 1996 and continue through at least 2021.

## Early Years: 1996-2000

Major League Baseball made a deal with FOX and NBC on November 7, 1995. FOX televised regular season games (about 16 weekly telecasts normally beginning on Memorial Day weekend) on Saturday afternoons, selected Division Series games, and alternated the All-Star Game, League Championship Series and the World Series with NBC each year. To better state this, FOX aired the All-Star Game aired American League Championship Series in odd-numbered years while airing the National League Championship Series and World Series in even-numbered years.

## Exclusivity: 2001-2006

In September 2000, Major League Baseball and FOX signed a 6-year contract to air Saturday baseball, the All-Star Game, selected Division Series games, and exclusive coverage of the League Championship Series and the World Series.

## New Contract: 2007-2021

Rumors about the end of _Major League Baseball on FOX_ were laid to rest on July 11, 2006 when the network announced they would still air the World Series through the 2013 season. It was announced on October 17, 2006 that FOX would retain the All-Star Game and World Series, except they would air the regular season beginning with the first Saturday of the regular season, and postseason coverage beyond the World Series was limited to one League Championship Series a year, alternating one for the other with TBS each year, airing the other LCS.

## Other Websites

https://barrettmedia.com/2025/02/25/mlb-on-fox-reveals-2025-regular-season-schedule-includes-10-appearances-by-dodgers-cubs/

https://www.tvinsider.com/show/mlb-baseball/
National League Championship Series

The **National League Championship Series** (**NLCS**) is a best-of-seven playoff and one of two League Championship Series comprising the penultimate round of Major League Baseball's (MLB) postseason. It is contested by the winners of the two National League (NL) Division Series. The winner of the NLCS wins the NL pennant and advances to the World Series, MLB's championship series, to play the winner of the American League's (AL) Championship Series. The NLCS began in 1969 as a best-of-five playoff and used this format until 1985, when it changed to a best-of-seven format..

## History

In 1969, the LCS began play as the leagues were expanded to two divisions.  Initially, it was a best-of-five series.  In 1985, it became best-of-seven.  Since 1995, the two winners from the National League Division Series advance to the NLCS.
Devil's food cake

**Devil's food cake** is an old fashioned chocolate cake made of chocolate or cocoa and baking powder. It is moist, soft, rich, and very good for keeping. It is a light-textured chocolate layer-type cake with a deep reddish brown color. The cake gets this bright red color from the large amount of red food dye used in the preparation. Devil's food cake is usually thought of in terms of dark chocolate, but originally it was red. Today cooks, using modern processed cocoa, sometimes add a touch of red food coloring to bring back the authentic color.

Devil's food cakes can be stored in the refrigerator for about 3 days.

## Variations

The Devil's food cake may also be called a Red velvet cake.

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Devil's food cake
- **image**: Devil food cake.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Devil's food cake with chocolate chips
- **country**: United States
- **type**: Layer cake
- **main ingredient**: Flour, butter (or a substitute), egg whites, cocoa solids, beets
- **variations**: Red velvet cake