juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
San Jose Earthquakes

The **San Jose Earthquakes** are an American soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer in San Jose, California.  In December 2005, they moved to Houston, Texas to become the Houston Dynamo. Failure to secure funding for a new stadium caused the team to move. In July 2007, they were granted an expansion team, which would bring them back in 2008.  From 1994 to 1999 they were known as the **San Jose Clash**. By agreement between MLS, the Dynamo, and the Earthquakes, the history of the original San Jose franchise belongs to the current Earthquakes.

## Name

- 1994-1999 **San Jose Clash**
- 1999-present **San Jose Earthquakes**

## League title

- Major League Soccer : 2
    - 2001, 2003

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|1996|Major League Soccer|Quarterfinals|
|1997|Major League Soccer|5th / West|
|1998|Major League Soccer|5th / West|
|1999|Major League Soccer|5th / West|
|2000|Major League Soccer|4th / West|
|2001|Major League Soccer|Champions|
|2002|Major League Soccer|Quarterfinals|
|2003|Major League Soccer|Champions|
|2004|Major League Soccer|Quarterfinals|
|2005|Major League Soccer|Quarterfinals|
|2008|Major League Soccer|7th / West|

## Infobox (football club)

- **nickname**: Quakes, The Goonies
- **stadium**: PayPal Park
San Jose, California
- **capacity**: 18,000
- **current**: 2021 San Jose Earthquakes season
- **clubname**: San Jose Earthquakes
- **upright**: 0.75
- **founded**:
as _San Jose Clash_
- **chrtitle**: Owner
- **chairman**: Earthquakes Soccer, LLC
- **manager**: Matías Almeyda
- **mgrtitle**: Head coach
- **league**: Major League Soccer
- **season**: 2020 Major League Soccer season, 2020
- **position**: Western Conference (MLS), Western Conference: 8th
Overall: 16th
2020 MLS Cup Playoffs, Playoffs: First round
- **website**: http://www.sjearthquakes.com/
- **american**: true
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Real Salt Lake

**Real Salt Lake** (RSL) is an American soccer team. It plays in Major League Soccer in the Salt Lake City suburb of Sandy, Utah at America First Field. RSL began playing in 2005, with its main rival being the Colorado Rapids. Its current head coach is Pablo Mastroeni.

## Current Roster

_As of January 15, 2009._

## Head coaches

- John Ellinger (2005–2007)
- Jason Kreis (2007—)

## Team records

- Games:  Andy Williams, 55
- Goals:  Jeff Cunningham, 18
- Assists:  Javier Morales, 17
- Shutouts:  Nick Rimando 7
- Single Season Goals:  Jeff Cunningham, 16 (2006)
- Single Season Assists:  Javier Morales, 15 (2008)
_MLS regular season only, through 2006 season_

- All-Time regular season record:  21-50-23 (_Through Oct. 21, 2007_)

## Year-by-year

|Year|Reg. Season|Playoffs|Open Cup|CONCACAF Champions' Cup|SuperLiga||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2005|5th, West|_Did not qualify_|Round of 32|_Did not qualify_|rowspan=2|Started in 2007|
|2006|6th, West|_Did not qualify_|Round of 16|_Did not qualify_|||
|2007|6th, West|_Did not qualify_|_Did not qualify_|_Did not qualify_|_Did not participate_||
|2008|3rd, West|Semifinals|_Did not qualify_|_Did not qualify_|_Did not qualify_||

## Average attendance

_regular season/playoffs_
- 2005: 18,037/missed playoffs
- 2006: 16,366/missed playoffs
- 2007: 15,960/missed playoffs
- 2008: 16,179/19,632

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Real Salt Lake
- **nickname**: RSL
- **founded**: 2004
- **ground**: America First Field
- **capacity**: 20,008
- **owner**: SCP Worldwide
- **manager**: Pablo Mastroeni
- **league**: Major League Soccer
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Toronto FC

**Toronto Football Club,** usually known as **Toronto FC**, is a soccer club based in Toronto, Ontario. They have played in the Eastern Conference of Major League Soccer (MLS) since the 2007 season. They were the first Canadian soccer team to join MLS. They play their home games at BMO Field in Downtown Toronto. The team is coached by Greg Vanney and operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment.

## History

Toronto FC has won the Canadian Championship five times, most recently in 2016. They also made it to the 2016 MLS Cup but lost to Seattle Sounders 4-5 in penalties. They were also semi-finalists of the 2011-2012 CONCACAF Champions League.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Toronto FC
- **image size**: 275px
- **fullname**: Toronto Football Club
- **nickname**: The Reds
- **short name**: TFC
- **stadium**: BMO Field
Toronto, Ontario
- **capacity**: 30,991
- **owner**: Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment
- **chrtitle**: President
- **chairman**: Bill Manning
- **mgrtitle**: General manager
- **manager**: Ali Curtis
- **coach**: Chris Armas
- **league**: Major League Soccer
- **season**: 2018 Major League Soccer season, 2018
- **position**: Eastern Conference (MLS), Eastern Conference: 9th
Overall: 19th
2018 MLS Cup Playoffs, Playoffs: Did not qualify
- **website**: http://www.torontofc.ca/
- **current**: 2019 Toronto FC season
- **pattern la1**: _border_without_cuff_gray
- **pattern b1**: _toronto21h
- **pattern ra1**: _border_without_cuff_gray
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- **shorts2**: EAEAEA
- **socks2**: EAEAEA
President of Germany

The **President of Germany** (German: _Bundespräsident_, literally: _federal president_) is the head of state of the Federal Republic of Germany. His functions are mostly supervising and representative, because of the negative experiences with the office of its predecessor the Reich President (_Reichskanzler_), who had more power than the current Federal President.
The president is elected every five years by the Bundesversammlung.

The president is elected every five years by the Bundesversammlung.

## List of presidents

1. Theodor Heuss (FDP), 1949 – 1959
1. Heinrich Lübke (CDU), 1959 – 1969
1. Gustav Heinemann (SPD), 1969 – 1974
1. Walter Scheel (FDP), 1974 – 1979
1. Karl Carstens (CDU), 1979 – 1984
1. Richard von Weizsäcker (CDU), 1984 – 1994
1. Roman Herzog (CDU), 1994 – 1999
1. Johannes Rau (SPD), 1999 – 2004
1. Horst Köhler (CDU), 2004 – 2010
1. Christian Wulff (CDU), 2010 – 2012
1. Joachim Gauck (Independent), 2012 – 2017
1. Frank-Walter Steinmeier (SPD), since 2017

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Federal President
- **body**: the Federal Republic of Germany
- **native name**: _Bundespräsident der Bundesrepublik Deutschland_
- **flag**: Standard of the President of Germany.svg
- **flagsize**: 125px
- **flagcaption**: #Presidential standard, Standard of the President
- **insignia**: Bundespräsident (Deutschland) Logo.svg
- **insigniasize**: 250px
- **insigniacaption**: Logo
- **image**: 2025-05-28 Event, Politik- Besuch des Präsidenten der Ukraine Wolodymyr Selenskyj beim deutschen Bundespräsidenten Frank-Walter Steinmeier STP 5822 (Frank-Walter Steinmeier).jpg
- **incumbent**: Frank-Walter Steinmeier
- **incumbentsince**: 19 March 2017
- **style**: Mr. President

The Honourable

Excellency, His Excellency

- **residence**: Bellevue Palace (Germany), Schloss Bellevue (Berlin)
Villa Hammerschmidt (Bonn)
- **appointer**: Federal Convention (Germany), Federal Convention
- **termlength**: Five years
- **termlength qualified**: Renewable once, consecutively
- **constituting instrument**: Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
- **precursor**: The President of Germany (1919–1945), Reichspräsident
- **formation**: 24 May 1949
- **first**: Theodor Heuss
Miami Fusion

The **Miami Fusion** were an American soccer team that played in Major League Soccer from 1998 to 2001. They played in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Tampa Bay Mutiny

**Tampa Bay Mutiny** was an American soccer team that played in Major League Soccer from 1996 to 2001.  They played in Tampa, Florida. Their stadium was the Raymond James Stadium.

The Mutiny went out of business after the 2001 season, after having low attendance and finishing in last place.
The Gillette Company

**Global Gillette** (formerly **The Gillette Company**) is an American company famous for making shaving products. It has been merged recently into Procter & Gamble's operations.
Heinrich Schütz

**Heinrich Schütz** (born Köstritz, Saxony, 8 October 1585; died Dresden, Germany, 6 November 1672) was a German baroque composer. As a young man he travelled to Italy to learn the art of composition from the great Italian composers.  He had lessons from Giovanni Gabrieli.  When Gabrieli died in 1612 Schütz returned to Germany.  He visited Italy a second time in 1628 to learn from the music of Claudio Monteverdi.  He also visited Copenhagen.  For much of his life he was a court composer at the Electoral Chapel in Dresden.  Most of his work consists of choral works especially motets and madrigals.  He was very good at writing counterpoint and his music has some very striking effects.  His  _Christmas Oratorio _ is particularly famous.
Domenico Scarlatti

**Giuseppe Domenico Scarlatti** (born Naples, Italy, on 26 October 1685; died Madrid, Spain, on 23 July 1757) was an Italian baroque composer and harpsichordist. He was the son of the famous composer Alessandro Scarlatti. Part of his life he spent in Venice and Rome. His father Alessandro was a famous composer who wrote many operas. Domenico became famous for his sonatas for harpsichord. He wrote over 550 of them. They are mostly quite short pieces in one movement, most written in an early Classical style, which influenced many future Classical composers. He had some unusual effects in his music such as the crossing of hands as they leap wildly from one end of the keyboard to another. He also liked crunchy chords which sound like the strumming of Spanish guitars. He gave harpsichord lessons to the Infanta Maria Barbara at the Royal Court in Lisbon in Portugal. When she married she took Scarlatti, her harpsichord teacher, with her to Madrid in Spain where he spent the rest of his life.
Wilhelm Friedemann Bach

**Wilhelm Friedemann Bach** (22 November 1710 – 1 July 1784) was a famous German composer and organist.

He was born in Weimar. He was the son of Johann Sebastian Bach, who taught him to play the harpsichord and organ. Johann Sebastian wrote some pieces and put them in a book called _Notebook for Wilhelm Friedemann Bach_. Although they are in order of increasing difficulty, it is not known if these were used to teach him to play, or how to write music. The book does contain two allemandes and four preludes written by Wilhelm Friedemann. He also learned to play the violin.

Wilhelm Friedemann was an excellent organist, and took over teaching some of his father's students. In 1733 he was appointed as the organist at the Dresden Sophienkirche (St. Sophia's Church). While living in Dresden he continued to write music including harpsichord concertos, sinfonias, trio sonatas, harpsichord sonatas, and other smaller works for keyboard. He published his first music in 1745.

In 1746 became organist of the Liebfrauenkirche at Halle. This was an important position and he was paid twice as much as he had earned at Dresden. He was expected to provide music for feast days, and so he began to compose cantatas which could be reused each year. He still visited his father, and often used parts of his music. After his father's death in 1750, Wilhelm Friedemann inherited as lot of his father's music, and tried to make people think they were his compositions. He was in trouble with the church when he went to Leipzig to sort out his father's estate. They felt that he was away for too long and was not fulfilling his proper duties.

In 1764, after arguing with a lot of people, he left the job in Halle, remaining unemployed and living a life of poverty until his death.

He had a lot of talent which he did not use. He was a very good improviser, but was careless when playing music by other composers, including his father's.
Indiana Jones (character)

**Dr. Henry Walton "Indiana" Jones, Jr.**, often called **"Indy"** for short, is a fictional American professor, archaeologist, and adventurer.

He originally appeared in a series of movies produced by George Lucas and directed by Steven Spielberg in the 1980s, 2008, and 2023, in which he was played by actor Harrison Ford.

Indiana Jones is noted for his trademark bullwhip, his fedora hat, and his great fear of snakes.

_Indiana Jones_ is also the general name given to the series as a whole, which has five movies, a TV series, novels, comics, video games, and other media.

## Movies

- _Raiders of the Lost Ark_ (1981)
- _Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom_ (1984)
- _Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade_ (1989)
- _Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull_ (2008)
- _Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny_ (2023)

## Video games

- _Raiders of the Lost Ark -_ (Atari 2600)
- _Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom_ arcade - (Atari System 1)
- _Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Action Game -_ (C64, NES, Amiga, Macintosh, PC)
- _Indiana Jones' Greatest Adventures_ - (SNES)
- _Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis: The Graphic Adventure_ - (PC, Amiga, Macintosh)
- _Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine_ - (PC, Nintendo 64, Nintendo Game Boy Color)
- _Indiana Jones and the Emperor's Tomb_ - (PC, PlayStation 2, Microsoft Xbox)
- _Indiana Jones and the Staff of Kings_ - (Wii, Nintendo DS, PSP, PlayStation 2)
- _Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine_ - (PC, Nintendo 64, Gameboy Color)
- _Indiana Jones and His Desktop Adventures_ - (PC, Macintosh)
- _The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles_ - (NES)
- _LEGO Indiana Jones: The Original Adventures_ (PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Macintosh)
- _LEGO Indiana Jones 2: The Adventures Continues_ (PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii)
- _Indiana Jones Adventure World_ - (Facebook)
- _Indiana Jones and the Great Circle_ - (PC, Xbox Series X/S)

## Other websites

- Official Indiana Jones site
Lord Protector

A **Lord Protector** is a British title for heads of state. It has two different meanings at different times in history.

The title of _Lord Protector_ was first used by royal princes or other nobles who ruled as regent while the English monarch was still too young to rule or was not able to rule for some other reason, in this case the Lord Protector would make all the decisions for the country, and the young monarch would decide whether they agree or not.

The **Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland** was the title of the head of state during the Interregnum, following the first period of the Commonwealth under Council of State government. It was held by Oliver Cromwell (December 1653 – September 1658), leader of the roundheads and his son Richard Cromwell (September 1658 – May 1659) during what is now known as the Protectorate.

## List of Lord Protectors

|Name|Image|House|Birth|Marriage|Death|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (1422-1429)||Lancaster|3 October 1390 son of Henry IV of England|Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut no children Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester no children|23 February 1447|
|Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York (1454-1460)||Plantagenet|21 September 1411 Great-grandson of Edward III of England|Cecily Neville, Duchess of York twelve children|1 January 1461|
|Richard, Duke of Gloucester (1483)||York|2 October 1451 son of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York and Great-Great-grandson of Edward III of England|Anne Neville one son|22 August 1485|
|Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (1547-1549)||Seymour|1500|Catherine Fillol Anne Seymour, Duchess of Somerset|22 January 1552|
Fantasy

**Fantasy** is a genre of fiction (make believe) that shows some form of magic or supernatural elements.

Often fantasy also means that the story happens in a fictional place, a world different from our own (e.g. Middle-earth or Narnia). Although the word fantasy is most often applied to low-tech worlds, it also can depict high tech worlds, overlapping with science fiction (science fantasy). Or it is used for historical fiction, if it is magical in some way.

## Related pages

- Fairy tale
- Folklore

## Other websites

- Fantasy (storytelling)) -Citizendium
Materialism

**Materialism** is the philosophical belief that the world is made of material, and that there are no other types of entity (things). Everything is composed of material. Things that are not made of material, such as consciousness, are the result of actions by material. In other words, matter is the only real substance. _Physicalism_ is a related term.

Especially, a materialist does not believe in supernatural entities. Many of history's materialists thinkers have found the idea of a spirit either meaningless or not scientifically proven. By definition, these thinkers are therefore also atheists, though not all atheists are materialists, and there have even been some historically important Materialist thinkers who believe in a Pantheist idea of God (such as Baruch Spinoza and Friedrich Engels).

Modern philosophical materialists extend the definition to include other basic entities proven by science, such as energy, forces, and the curvature of space. Matter and energy are known to be interchangeable, and much else, such as gravity, is caused by matter. However, the concept of matter is itself not entirely clear.

There are other types of materialism that of philosophers have shared. Some examples are reductionism, logical positivism and empiricism.

The origin of materialism is in a type of Ancient Greek philosophy. Thales, Epicurus, and Lucretius are early materialist philosophers. The idea also appeared in other ancient cultures.
New Caledonia

**New Caledonia** (; popular name: _Le caillou_) () is a "_sui generis_ collectivity" (in practice an overseas territory) of France, made up of a main island (_Grande Terre_) and several smaller islands. It is in the region of Melanesia in the southwest Pacific. At about half the size of Taiwan, it has a land area of 18,575.5 square kilometres (7,172 sq mi). At the 2004 census, 230,789 people lived there. It has an internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of .nc. The capital and largest city of the territory is Nouméa. The currency is the CFP franc. The inflation rate is -0.6%. The unemployment rate is 17.1%

A referendum was held in November 2018 to see if New Caledonia should declare independence from France. The results were more people wanted to stay in France than leave. There have been referendums later.

In 2024's second quarter there were riots; five people have been killed (including indigenous people and police officers); A State of emergency has been declared by the authorities. The president of France came.

In July 2025, the Elysée Palace will sign an institutional development agreement for New Caledonia between French and Caledonian elected officials.

Kanak people are an indigenous people.
Dam

A **dam** is a large wall or barrier that blocks or stops the flow of water, forming a reservoir or a lake. Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over which, or through which, water flows, either sometimes or always.
Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water. The tallest dam in the world is the 300 meter high Nurek Dam in Tajikistan. Fish ladders are usually added to dams to allow fish to cross over.

## History

Some of the first dams were built in Mesopotamia up to 7,000 years ago. Modern dams are built with arched walls of steel rod-reinforced concrete. The arched wall is a very strong shape which helps the wall to withstand the huge weight of the water.

## Reasons for building dams

There are a number of reasons that people build dams. Some countries build dams to control the flow of water in the downstream river systems, and prevent flooding. Other countries build dams to generate electricity using hydroelectric turbine generators. Other countries use dams to store water for use in irrigation (for farming) or drinking by people. However, mis-management of dams could cause flooding.
Sonata

A composer could call any solo instrumental piece “sonata” if he or she wants to, but usually a sonata is quite a long piece with several movements.  A **sonatina** is a simple and short sonata.

## History

The term "sonata" was used in the 16th century to mean anything that was not sung.

In the Baroque period (17th and early 18th centuries) many composers like Arcangelo Corelli wrote sonatas with several movements.  There were two types: “sonata da camera” (“room sonata” i.e. “chamber sonata”) which were for playing in people’s homes, and “sonata da chiesa” (“church sonata”) which were for being played in churches.  The first type would have harpsichord accompaniment and the second type organ accompaniment.  There would also be a cello playing the bass line.  The solo instrument might be a violin, flute, recorder or oboe.

At the end of the Baroque period Domenico Scarlatti wrote over 500 sonatas for harpsichord.  These are all short pieces in binary form (two sections).

By the time we come to the Classical period sonatas have become longer pieces with three or four movements.  They would usually start with a fast movement, then a slow one, and then a fast one at the end.  If there were four movements the extra one would be a minuet and trio or a scherzo, either before or after the slow movement.  The first movement would be in sonata form.  The most important composers of sonatas at this time were Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven

Many composers in the Romantic period wrote sonatas, for example: Brahms wrote piano sonatas as well as sonatas for violin and piano, cello and piano, and clarinet and piano.

In the 20th century composers who have written sonatas include Bartok, Tippett and William Walton.

## Related pages

- Piano sonata
- Sonata form
The Lord of the Rings (disambiguation)

__NOTOC__
***The Lord of the Rings*** is an epic high fantasy novel by J. R. R. Tolkien.

**The Lord of the Rings** may also refer to:

## Movies

There have been several movies based on the book by J. R. R. Tolkien:
- _The Lord of the Rings_ (1978 movie), an animated movie directed by Ralph Bakshi
- _The Return of the King_ (1980 movie)
- _The Lord of the Rings_ (movie series), a trilogy of movied directed by Peter Jackson
    - _The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring_ (2001)
    - _The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers_ (2002)
    - _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_ (2003)

## Music and theatre

- _The Lord of the Rings_ (musical) (2006-2007)
- _The Lord of the Rings_ (soundtrack), the soundtrack for the 1978 movie by Ralph Bakshi

## Astronomy

- A euphemism for the planet Saturn
Aria

An **aria** is a long song accompanying a solo voice. An aria is usually in an opera. It is an Italian word of the 18th century meaning “air” (i.e. a tune).
A small amount of text is used in an aria. Characteristics include the use of melismas, repetition and sequences. Typically there would be full accompaniment to the solo voice in the aria although this is not the case in Purcell's Dido and Aeneas where the majority of its arias are only accompanied by the continuo part.

In operas of the Baroque period most of the music was either “recitative” or “aria”. Recitative (from a word meaning: “to recite” i.e. “to tell”) was sung quickly, almost as if it were being spoken. The singer was accompanied just by a few supporting chords, usually on a harpsichord. The story was being told in the recitative.
Once the situation in the story had changed there would be an aria. The singer would sing a song which expressed his or her feelings. The aria had more musical interest than the recitative. Arias were usually in what we call “ABA” form or “Da Capo” form. There was a main section, then a middle part, then the main section was repeated (“Da Capo” means: “back to the beginning”). In the Da Capo section the singer usually improvised, adding many embellishments and ornaments. The aria gave performers the opportunity to show off their virtuosity.

The word “aria” is not just used in opera. Arias can be found in cantatas or just by themselves. Sometimes pieces for instruments are called “aria”. These are often a tune with variations, such as Handel's famous "Air with Variations" for harpsichord, also known as The Harmonious Blacksmith.

In the 19th century the difference between recitative and aria in opera started to disappear. Composers like Richard Wagner made the music much more continuous. He did not want audiences clapping in the middle of his operas. He wanted the music to develop dramatically and continuously.
Elijah Wood

**Elijah Jordan Wood** (born January 28, 1981, in Cedar Rapids, Iowa) is an American actor.

He has been a professional actor since he was nine years old. Wood is best known for his role of Frodo Baggins in the _Lord of the Rings_ movie trilogy.

## Films

- _Back to the Future Part II_ (1989)
- _North_ (1994)
- _Oliver Twist_ (1997)
- _The Ice Storm_ (1997)
- _Deep Impact_ (1998)
- _The Faculty_ (1998)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring_ (2001)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers_ (2002)
- _All I Want_ (2003)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_ (2003)
- _Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind_ (2004)
- _Everything Is Illuminated_ (2005)
- _Green Street Hooligans_ (2005)
- _Sin City_ (2005)
- _Happy Feet_ (2006)
- _Day Zero_ (2007)
- _The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night_ (2007)
- _The Oxford Murders_ (2008)
- _The Legend of Spyro: Dawn of the Dragon_ (2008)
- _9_ (2009/I)
- _Beyond All Boundaries _(2009)
- _The Romantics_ (2010)

## Other websites

- Elijah Wood at the Internet Movie Database (IMDb)
Ian McKellen

**Sir Ian Murray McKellen**  (born 25 May 1939) is an English actor. He has had a Tony Award and two Oscar nominations.

## Life

McKellen was born on 25 May 1939 in Burnley, Lancashire. In 1939, he moved to Wigan. In 1951, he moved to Bolton.

His work has spanned genres from serious Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction movies.

In a television movie role in 1970 titled _Edward II_, he and his co-star, James Laurenson kissed in British television's first gay kiss.

Best known for his roles as Gandalf in the 2001-2003 _Lord of the Rings_ movie trilogy, as Sir Leigh Teabing in _The Da Vinci Code_, and as Magneto in the _X-Men_ series of movies. He appeared in _The Hobbit_ (trilogy).

He is openly gay and is a prominent activist for the rights of LGBT people. He said that the reason why he took the role in the _X-Men_ movies was because of his sexuality. He said: "Mutants are like gays. They’re cast out by society for no good reason".

He was made a CBE in 1979 and knighted in 1990 for his outstanding work and contributions to the theatre. In 2008 he was made a Companion of Honour.

McKellen said in 2012 that he was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2006.

McKellen once signed an autograph to a fan stating "Fuck off, I’m gay." The person given the autograph was politician Michael Howard.

## Movies

- _Apt Pupil_ (1998)
- _Gods and Monsters_ (1998)
- _X-Men_ (2000)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring_ (2001)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers_ (2002)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_ (2003)
- _X2: X-Men United_ (2003)
- _Emile_ (2005)
- _Asylum_ (2005)
- _The Magic Roundabout_ (2005)
- _Flushed Away_ (2006)
- _The Da Vinci Code_ (2006)
- _X-Men: The Last Stand_ (2006)
- _The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey_ (2012)
- _The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug_ (2013)
- _The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies_ (2014)
- _The Good Liar_ (2019)
- _Cats_ (2019)

## Other websites

- The papers of Sir Ian McKellen, actor are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Department.
- Biography of Sir Ian McKellen, CH, CBE, Debrett's

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: Knight Bachelor, Sir
- **name**: Ian McKellen
- **image**: McKellenRichmnd040219-5 (46275370484) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: McKellen in 2019
- **birth name**: Ian Murray McKellen
- **birth place**: Burnley, Lancashire, England
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1958–present
- **education**: St Catharine's College, Cambridge (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Gandalf

**Gandalf** is a Middle-earth wizard from the books The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings.

## Fictional biography

Gandalf the Grey wanted Bilbo Baggins to let him go an adventure with him and the Company of Thorin Oakenshield to take back Erebor from Smaug. Decades later, he would help Bilbo's nephew Frodo bring the One Ring back to the fires of Mount Doom.

## Peter Jackson adaptations (2001–2003, 2012–2014)

In the Peter Jackson movie adaptations of both books, Gandalf was played by Ian McKellen. In The Hobbit movies, which were written as a prequel to The Lord of the Rings movies, he figures out that the Necromancer happens to be Sauron.

## Reception

His notable quote "You shall not pass" is known for fantasy and literary fans.
Viggo Mortensen

**Viggo Peter Mortensen, Jr.** (born October 20, 1958, in New York City) is an American theater and movie actor, poet, musician, photographer and painter. He is best known for his role as Aragorn in Peter Jackson's _Lord of the Rings_ movie trilogy.

## Movies

- _Witness_ (1985)
- _G.I. Jane_ (1997)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring_ (2001)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers_ (2002)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_ (2003)
- _Hidalgo_ (2004)
- _A History of Violence_ (2005)

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Viggo Mortensen
- **image**: Viggo Mortensen B (2020).jpg
- **caption**: Mortensen in 2020
- **birthname**: Viggo Peter Mortensen Jr.
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, USA
- **yearsactive**: 1984 - present
- **spouse**: Exene Cervenka (1987 - 1998)
- **known for**: Acting roles:
**Aragorn** in The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, _The Lord of the Rings_ trilogy
 **Tom Stall** in _A History of Violence (movie), A History of Violence_
 Tex Sawyer in **Leatherface: Texas Chainsaw Massacre III**
Sean Astin

**Sean Astin** (born February 25, 1971 in Santa Monica, California, U.S.) is an American movie actor. Astin is also a director and Oscar nominated producer. He is the son of Patty Duke and he is the adoptive son of John Astin.

On September 12, 2025, it was announced that Astin was elected president of SAG-AFTRA for a two-year term. Astin's mother, Patty Duke, was elected president of the Screen Actors Guild forty years earlier.

## Personal life

Astin married Christine Harrell on July 11, 1992. They have three daughters, Alexandra (born November 27, 1996), Elizabeth (born August 6, 2002) and Isabella (born July 22, 2005), all with the same middle name of Louise.

## Movies

- _The Goonies_ (1985)
- _Toy Soldiers_ (1991)
- _Encino Man_ (1992)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring_ (2001)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers_ (2002)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_ (2003)

## Other websites

- Sean Astin's official home page

## Infobox (person)

- **child**: yes
- **years active**: 1981–present


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sean Astin
- **image**: Sean Astin (27506939735) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Astin at the 2016 Phoenix Fan Fusion, Phoenix Comicon Fan Fest
- **office**: 4th SAG-AFTRA#Leadership history, National President of SAG–AFTRA
- **term start**: September 12, 2025
- **predecessor**: Fran Drescher
- **birth name**: Sean Patrick Duke
- **birth place**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 3
- **relatives**: Mackenzie Astin (brother)
Alexander Astin (adoptive uncle)
Allen V. Astin (adoptive grandfather)
Ian Holm

**Sir Ian Holm Cuthbert** CBE (12 September 1931 – 19 June 2020), known professionally as **Ian Holm** was a  retired English actor.

Ian Holm was born at Goodmayes Hospital in Goodmayes, Essex, He was son of James Harvey Cuthbert and his wife Jean Wilson (née Holm), The hospital was his father working there .

He married to four times, He had five children in his life.

He died in a London hospital on 19 June 2020 from Parkinson's disease-related problems, at the age of 88.

## Movies

- _Alien_ (1979)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring_ (2001)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers_ (2002)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_ (2003)
- _Ratatouille_ (2007)
- ‘’Chariots Of Fire’’ (1981)

## Other websites

- Sir Ian Holm (inoffiziell)

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: Sir
- **name**: Ian Holm
- **image**: Ian Holm.jpg
- **caption**: Holm in Edinburgh, August 2004
- **birth name**: Ian Holm Cuthbert
- **birth place**: Goodmayes, Essex, England
- **death place**: London, London, England
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1957–2014
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 5
Luigi Boccherini

**Luigi Boccherini** (born in Lucca, 19 February 1743; died Madrid, 28 May 1805) is an Italian cellist and composer. As a boy he showed great talent and was sent to Rome to study music. When he returned to Lucca he entered the theatre orchestra and the town band. He travelled a lot, visiting France, Spain, and Germany. In Berlin he was offered the job of chamber composer to the King of Prussia. He took the job, but had to promise only to work for the king, and no one else. When the king died he found himself without a job, so he went back to Madrid. There he found work at times, but a lot of the time he was very poor.

Boccherini is famous for his chamber music. He wrote more than 100 quintets for 2 violins, viola and 2 cellos. He also wrote 4 cello concertos.

Boccherini is sometimes nicknamed "Haydn’s wife" because his music sounds similar to that of Haydn. They may have known one another, but we cannot be sure.
A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

***A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court*** is a novel. It was written by Mark Twain. It was published in 1889. It is one of the first stories about time travel.

## Story

Hank Morgan is an American from late 19th-century Connecticut. He travels back in time to King Arthur's Camelot. He has a lot of knowledge of science and technology. He becomes very powerful. People call him "The Boss". He tries to improve medieval society according to the morals and technologies of his time. In the end, Merlin puts Hank in a magic sleep. Hank wakes in his own time.
Juno (mythology)

**Juno** (), in Roman mythology, is the wife of Jupiter and the queen of the gods. Her father was Saturn.  She was later identified with the goddess Hera, the wife of Zeus in Greek mythology. She was the goddess of marriage and childbirth. She was called **Juno Regina** ("Queen"). She was the patron goddess of Rome and a protector of the state. With Jupiter and Minerva, she was part of the Capitoline triad of gods.

Juno, Roman goddess and Hera, Greek goddess, are the same person just believed to be different.
Excalibur

**Excalibur** is a legendary sword in the mythology of Great Britain. It was owned by King Arthur. The sword and its name have become very widespread in popular culture, and are used in fiction and films. Excalibur is a symbol of divine kingship and great power.

## History of the sword

The sword was obtained by the king with the advice of his wizard-adviser. But it was considered that there existed two Excalibur swords. The first was the one Merlin put into the stone and said that the throne will be taken by the one who will take the sword out of the stone.do it. The second Excalibur was the one to which Merlin took the King. The sword was located at a magical lake where the Lady of the Lake gave it to Arthur. That Excalibur was made by an elf. Later, the sword was stolen by his sister, and it was the time when the scabbard (sword coverage) was lost. In the battle of Camlann, Arthur was hurt, and he told Bedwyr (Griflet) to return the Excalibur to the lake.

One of the earliest names of King Arthur's sword was Caladfwlch. It is a Welsh word that comes from Calad-Bwlch (Hard cleaving). Later it was changed to Caliburn by Geoffrey of Monmouth. And today we know it as Excalibur, due to the French.

The legend of Excalibur is similar to the Irish hero, Cú Chulainn, who had a sword named Caladbolg; or to the Norse Legend of Sigurd. All these swords were made by an elf. Sometimes he is named Wayland (Saxon myth); and Gofannon (Celtic myth).

Clarent is one of King Arthur's two mythic swords. The first is Excalibur, the sword of war, and the second is Clarent, the sword of peace. The Clarent sword is less known because it was used for peaceful acts, whereas the Excalibur was well known because it was used to defend Camelot. But by the legend, the Clarent Sword plays a very important role. It was stolen by the traitor Mordred, who later used it against Arthur and cut him to death.

In some versions of the story of Excalibur, it is said that the sword was forged in dragon fire, though it is not commonly told of.

## Other websites

- Medieval European Armor
Giovanni da Palestrina

**Giovanni da Palestrina** (born Palestrina, (c.1525 – February 2, 1594 in Rome) was a very important Italian composer of church music of his time.  He lived in the period called the Renaissance.  Most of his music was choral (written for choirs).  It is very polyphonic.  This means that the different voices (sopranos, altos, tenors or basses) are often singing different words and different parts of the tune at the same time.  Many composers since have studied the way that Palestrina wrote, because this is an excellent way to learn to write contrapuntal music.

Palestrina took his name from the town where he was born.  We are not sure of the exact date of his birth.  Any records of his birth were destroyed when the town burned in 1577.  He was probably a choirboy in Palestrina.  When he was grown up he got a job as organist and choir director at the Roman basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.  He was not earning much money, but he married a lady who came from a very rich family, so he was comfortably off.  Pope Julius III heard about how good this young composer was.  He asked him to come and meet him.  He was given the job of master of the Capella Juliana, the choir that sang at the services in St Peter’s, Rome.  This was the top job in Italy and he was only 26.   Of course, Palestrina composed a mass in the pope’s honour.

Palestrina composed 93 masses (these are musical settings of the words of the ordinary of the Mass).  He also wrote motets and madrigals.  Palestrina and Lassus were the two greatest composers of the late Renaissance.
The Prince and the Pauper

***The Prince and the Pauper*** is a book by Mark Twain. It was published in 1882. The story has been adapted to stage, television, and movies.

## Story

The story takes place in England, in the year 1547 when the King has a glorious and much rejoiced birth of the son he awaited, Edward the fourth, after many sisters (Mary and Elizabeth)and still births. By chance, Prince Edward, son of King Henry VIII of England and Jane Seymor, and Tom Canty, a pauper (poor boy), find out that they look exactly the same, like identical twins. After they put on each other's clothes for fun, the prince is thrown out of the palace, while people think that Tom is the prince. Now both Edward and Tom have to live in a world where they are treated different and which they do not understand.

Tom lives the life of a prince. On the streets of London, Edward is saved by the nobleman Miles Hendon. Edward travels with Miles around England. There Edward sees and has to live with the poverty and cruel treatment in the life of the poor people.

Then King Henry VIII dies. People prepare to make Tom the next King. At the crowning ceremony, Edward arrives and says that he is the real Prince. In the end, Tom and Edward can clear everything up. Edward becomes King of England. Tom Canty becomes "The King's Ward", a position in which he can live comfortably for the rest of his life. Miles Hendon is made an Earl. King Edward's rule is very good to the common and poor people, because he has lived that way for a while and knows how hard it is.
Typhoon

A **typhoon** is a type of cyclone that is formed in the Western Pacific Ocean. The strongest recorded typhoons were Typhoon Haiyan and Typhoon Tip.

## Related pages

- Cyclone
- Tropical cyclone
- Pacific typhoon
- Hurricane
- Pacific cyclone
- Pacific hurricane
- Indian ocean cyclone
Billy Boyd

**Billy Boyd** (born 28 August 1968, in Glasgow) is a Scottish actor. He is best known for playing Peregrin Took in the _Lord of the Rings_ movie trilogy (2001–2003) and Barrett Bonden in  Peter Weir's movie _Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World_ (2003).

## Talents

As well as being an actor, he can sing, and play the guitar, bass, and drums. He wrote and sang a song in Peter Jackson's _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_.
He worked as a book-binder for 6 years before becoming an actor. One of the books he bound was _The Lord of the Rings_.

He lives in a house in Lesmahagow with his girlfriend, Alison McKinnon. On 26 April 2006, he and McKinnon had their first child: Jack William Boyd.

## Filmography

- _Stone of Destiny (2008)
- _Ecstasy_ (2007) as Woodsy
- _The Flying Scotsman_ (2006) as Malky
- _Save Angel Hope_ (2006) as Vince
- _Midsummer Dream_ (2005) voice of Puck
- _On a Clear Day_ (2005) as Danny
- _Instant Credit_ (2004) as Frankie
- _Seed of Chucky_ (2004) as the voice of Glen
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_ (2003) as Peregrin Took
- _Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World_ (2003) as Barrett Bonden
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers_ (2002) as Peregrin Took
- _Sniper 470_ (2002)  as the Sniper
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring_ (2001) as Peregrin Took
- _Julie and the Cadillacs_ (1999) as Jimmy Campbell
- _Urban Ghost Story_ (1998) as the loan shark
- _The Soldier's Leap'' (1998) as the postman

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Billy Boyd
- **image**: BillyBoyd_ComicCon.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Boyd at Comic-Con International 2004
- **birthname**: William Boyd
- **birth place**: Glasgow, Scotland
- **height**: 170 cm
- **homepage**: http://www.billyboyd.net/
- **known for**: Acting roles:

*"Peregrin Took" in The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, _The Lord of the Rings_ trilogy (2001–03)
*"Barrett Bonden" in _Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World_
(2003)
Canadian football

**Canadian football** is football generally played in Canada and follows much the same general rules as American Football. Compared to American football, the field is slightly longer and wider, 110 by 65 yards (101 by 59 m) rather than 100 by 53 1/3 yards (91 by 49 m), and the endzones are 10 to 15 yards deeper. There are also only 3 downs instead of 4, and the field goal posts are at the front of the endzone instead of the back. There are 12 players per team on the field during play. More than one player may be in motion before the snap of the ball and the rules are less strict about players position relative to the line of scrimmage.
John Rhys-Davies

**John Rhys-Davies** (born 5 May 1944, in Ammanford, Carmarthenshire, Wales) is a Welsh actor. Although he has played in many movies, Rhys-Davies is probably best known for his characters in two blockbuster movie series: Sallah in the _Indiana Jones_ movies and the dwarf Gimli in the _Lord of the Rings_ movie trilogy. He has also frequently provided his voice for heirloom audio productions adaptation of G.A Henty's novels.

## Filmography

- _Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny_ (2023)
- _The Gates_ (2023)
- _Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom_ (2023)
- _Shadowtown_ (2020)
- _Moments in Spacetime_ (2020)
- _Miss Willoughby and the Haunted Bookshop_ (2019)
- _Aquaman_ (2018)
- _Valley of the Gods_ (2019)
- _G-Loc_ (2020)
- _Bad Cupid_ (2017)
- _Winter Thaw_ (2016)
- _Camera Store_ (2016)
- _The Pilgrim’s Progress_ (2015)
- _Beyond the Mask_ (2015)
- _Killing Jesus_ (2015)
- _Saul: The Journey to Damascus_ (2014)
- _Time Lapse_ (2014)
- _Apocalypse Pompeii_ (2014)
- _Pompeii_ (2014)
- _Scooby-Doo! Adventures: The Mystery Map_ (2013)
- _100 Degrees Below Zero_ (2013)
- _Escape_ (2012)
- _Ferocious Planet_ (2011)
- _Concrete Blondes_ (2011)
- _Medium Raw: Night of the Wolf_ (2010)
- _Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes_ (2010)
- _The Red Dress_ (2009)
- _31 North 62 East_ (2009)
- _Anacondas: Trail of Blood_ (2009)
- _Fire & Ice: The Dragon Chronicles_ (2008)
- _Anaconda 3: Offspring_ (2008)
- _In the Name of the King_ (2007)
- _The Ferryman_ (2007)
- _Kiss Me Deadly_ (2007)
- _Shark Bait_ (2006)
- _The King Maker_ (2005)
- _One Night with the King_ (2006)
- _The Lost Angel_ (2005)
- _Chupacabra: Dark Seas_ (2005)
- _The Game of Their Lives_ (2005)
- _The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement_ (2004)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King_ (2003)
- _The Medallion_ (2003)
- _The Jungle Book 2_ (2003) (voice)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers_ (2002)
- _Sabretooth_  (2002)
- _The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring_ (2001)
- _Cats Don't Dance_  (1997) (voice)
- _Aladdin and the King of Thieves_ (1996) (voice)
- _Glory Daze_  (1996)
- _The Great White Hype_  (1996)
- _Sliders_ (1995-1997)
- _Quest for Glory IV: Shadows of Darkness_   (1994)
- _The High Crusade_  (1994)
- _Indiana Jones_ (1992)
- _The Lost World_ (1992)
- _Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade_ (1989)
- _The Living Daylights_ (1987)
- _King Solomon's Mines_  (1985)
- _Sahara_  (1983)
- _Victor/Victoria_ (1982)
- _Ivanhoe_ (1982)
- _Raiders of the Lost Ark_ (1981)
- _I, Claudius_ (1976)
Tripoli, Greece

**Tripoli** () is a city in Greece. It is in the center of the Peloponnese. It is built at an altitude of about 600 meters, at the bottom of Mainalo mountain. It had 28,876 people according to the 2001 census. Tripoli is the capital of Arcadia prefecture.

## Transportation

Tripoli is connected to the capital city Athens by a motorway between Corinth-Tripoli-Kalamata, which is a part of the E65.

## Known people from Tripoli

- Kostas Karyotakis (1896–1928)
- Semni Karusou (1900–1994)
- Yiannis Kouros (1956–)
Harry Patrinos

Katerina Mertikas

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tripoli
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Greece, City
- **image skyline**: Tripoli_Montage_L.png
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: **Clockwise from top**: Panoramic view of the City of Tripoli, Saint Basil Cathedral in downtown Tripoli, Railway Station of Tripoli, Malliaropoulio Municipal Theater, and the Court House of Tripoli with the Areos Square in front of it.
- **pushpin map**: Greece
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **map caption**: **Tripoli** in Greece
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Peloponnese
- **subdivision type2**: Regional units of Greece, Regional unit
- **subdivision name2**: Arcadia
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Konstantinos Tzioumis
- **population as of**: October 22, 2021
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +02:00