juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Grand-Bassam shootings

On 13 March 2016, three gunmen opened fire at a beach on Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast. They attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel which was occupied at the time. 19 people were killed. Thirty-three people were injured.

It had been the third attack on a tourism resort in West Africa for four months.

## Attack

The attack started when three armed assailants attacked the Étoile du Sud hotel. Agence France-Presse writes that it was occupied by numerous expatriates at the time. According to officials, 15 civilians and three special forces soldiers were killed. The attackers were described as Africans. The had grenade belts and Kalashnikov rifles. They were dressed in casual clothes and balaclavas.

A shootout started between the attackers and police when the assailants reached the La Paillote Hotel. Army personnel evacuated local residents and tourists from the beach to nearby hotels. The hotels were placed on lockdown by that time.

Government officials as said that security forces had killed six armed men. The terrorists shouted "Allahu Akbar".

An American embassy delegation was at Grand-Bassam on the date of the attack. But the US Embassy in Abidjan said on Twitter that there is "no evidence that U.S. citizens were targeted". French authorities had warned Ivory Coast and Senegal weeks earlier of the danger of a terrorist attack.

## After the attack

Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and al-Mourabitoun claimed responsibility for the attack. AQIM released the names of the attackers: Hamza al-Fulani and Abu Adam al-Ansari from al-Mourabitoun and Abderrahmane al-Fulani from the "Emirate of the Desert" on 17 March.

#### Domestic

- President Alassane Ouattara: "These cowardly attacks by terrorists will not be tolerated".

#### International

- : Global Affairs Canada: "Canada condemns the terrorist attack at Grand-Bassam beach resort in Côte d'Ivoire. Our thoughts and prayers are with you."
    - Prime Minister Narendra Modi wished the injured a speedy recovery.
    - Prime Minister David Cameron stated on Twitter: "I'm appalled by the devastating terror attacks in Ankara and the Ivory Coast. My thoughts are with all those affected."
    - In a statement by the National Security Council of the White House, the U.S. condemned the terrorist attack in Grand-Bassam. t also commended "the bravery of the Ivorian and French security personnel who responded to the situation and prevented even worse loss of life."

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: Grand-Bassam shootings
- **partof**: the spillover of the Maghreb insurgency
- **image**: Grand-Bassam-Plage.jpg
- **caption**: The beach targeted, pictured in 2008
- **location**: Grand-Bassam, Ivory Coast
- **date**: 13 March 2016
- **type**: Mass murder, mass shooting
- **fatalities**: 16 civilians and 3 special forces members
(+3 attackers)
- **injuries**: 33
- **perpetrators**:
Al-Mourabitoun (militant group), Al-Mourabitoun
- **weapons**: Assault rifles
 Hand grenades
- **numparts**: 6
Defence Intelligence

**Defence Intelligence**  (**DI**) is part of the United Kingdom "intelligence Community", with the SIS, GCHQ, and the Security Service.

It is not a stand-alone organisation, but a part of the Ministry of Defence (MOD). The organisation employs  civilian and military staff. The organisation was formerly known as the Defence Intelligence Staff or DIS, but changed its name in 2009.

Defence Intelligence gets information from many sources. This information is used to support military operations, planning, and defence policy. It notes politico-military, scientific and technical developments which may affect the UK. DI's assessments support the work of the Joint Intelligence Committee  (JIC), other Government departments, and international partners such as NATO and the European Union.

It is this 'all-source' information which distinguishes Defence Intelligence from other organisations such as SIS and GCHQ. They focus on the collection of 'single-source' human intelligence (HUMINT) and signals intelligence (SIGINT) respectively.
Water purification

**Water purification** is the process of removing contaminants from water. One reason is to make it safe for humans to consume. Another is industrial use such as cleaning and cooling microchips during manufacturing. Unclean water is not only harmful to your health but equally damaging for the plumbing, home appliances, kitchen, washroom, and everything. According to a 2007 World Health Organization (WHO) report, 1.1 billion people do not have access clean drinking water.

## Related pages

- Osmosis and Reverse osmosis
- Dysentery
Corwin Amendment

The **Corwin Amendment** is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution. It was passed by the Congress on March 2, 1861 and sent to the state legislatures for ratification. Senator William H. Seward of New York introduced the amendment in the Senate. Representative Thomas Corwin of Ohio introduced it in the House of Representatives. It was one of several bills considered by Congress in an unsuccessful attempt to attract the seceding states back into the Union and to convince border slave states to stay. Technically still pending before the states, it would, if ratified, shield "domestic institutions" of the states (which in 1861 included slavery) from the constitutional amendment process and from interference by Congress.

## Ratification history

The Corwin Amendment was ratified by:
- Ohio — May 13, 1861 (Rescinded ratification – March 31, 1864)
- Maryland — January 10, 1862 (Rescinded ratification – April 7, 2014)
- Illinois — February 14, 1862 (questionable validity)

In 1963, more than a century after the Corwin Amendment was sent to the state legislatures by the Congress, a joint resolution to ratify it was introduced in the Texas House of Representatives by Dallas Republican Henry Stollenwerck. The joint resolution was sent to the House's Committee on Constitutional Amendments on March 7, 1963, but received no further consideration.

## Possible impact if adopted

The Corwin Amendment, when viewed through the lens of the plain meaning rule (_literal rule_), would have made institutionalized slavery unable to be affected by the amendment process. As a result, the later Reconstruction Amendments (Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth) would not have been allowed, as they abolish or interfere with the domestic institution of the states.

A competing theory, however, suggests that a later amendment conflicting with an already-ratified Corwin Amendment could either explicitly repeal the Corwin Amendment (as the Twenty-first Amendment explicitly repealed the Eighteenth Amendment) or be inferred to have partially or completely repealed any conflicting provisions of an already-adopted Corwin Amendment.

## Other websites

- The ‘Ghost Amendment’ That Haunts Lincoln’s Legacy
- A proposed Thirteenth Amendment to prevent secession, 1861
National Central Library (Florence)

The **National Central Library** in Florence is one of Italy's two national libraries. It is the largest library in the country. A copy of every book published in Italy has to be sent there.

## Related pages

- ''Libro di Antonio Billi
Belaid Abdessalam

**Belaid Abdessalam** () (20 July 1928 – 27 June 2020) was an Algerian politician. He served as Prime Minister of Algeria. He served as minister from 8 July 1992 until he resigned in 21 August 1993.

Abdessalam was born in Dehemcha, near Sétif, Algeria on 20 July 1928. He died on 27 June 2020, aged 91.
Marcy Kaptur

**Marcia Carolyn "Marcy" Kaptur** (born June 17, 1946) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative representing Ohio. She has served since 1983. She is a member of the Democratic Party.

Kaptur endorsed Bernie Sanders for Democratic nomination in 2016.

## Other websites

- Congresswoman Marcy Kaptur official U.S. House site
- Marcy Kaptur for Congress
- Profile  at SourceWatch
- Jake Whitney interviews  Marcy Kaptur in _Guernica_ magazine, December 2009

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Marcy Kaptur
- **image**: Marcy Kaptur Wikipedia.jpg
- **state**: Ohio
- **term start**: January 3, 1983
- **predecessor**: Ed Weber
- **birth name**: Marcia Carolyn Kaptur
- **birth place**: Toledo, Ohio, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **education**: University of Wisconsin–Madison (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Michigan (Master of Urban Planning, MUP)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Roger Agnelli

**Roger Agnelli**  (May 3, 1959 – March 19, 2016) was a Brazilian entrepreneur, banker, and corporate leader. He ran one of the largest mining companies in the world, Vale SA. In 2013, he was voted by Harvard Business Review as the world’s fourth best-performing chief executive officer behind Apple Inc. CEO Steve Jobs, Jeff Bezos of Amazon.com and Yun Jong-Yong of Samsung.

On March 19, 2016, he was killed, along with his wife, son, and daughter (and three others) when their plane crashed in São Paulo, Brazil. He was aged 56.

## Other websites

- Roger Agnelli | Radar on-line - Veja

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Roger Agnelli
- **image**: Roger agnelli.JPG
- **caption**: Agnelli in 2007
- **birth place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **death place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **nationality**: Brazilian
- **alma mater**: Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado
- **occupation**: CEO, Vale (mining company), Vale SA
- **spouse**: Andréia
- **children**: 2
Dušan Čkrebić

**Dušan Čkrebić** (7 August 1927 – 7 April 2022) was a Serbian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Serbia. He served as minister from 5 May 1984 through 5 May 1986. He was a member of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia.

Čkrebić was born in Niš, Serbia. He died on 7 April 2022 in Belgrade, Serbia at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Biography of Prime Minister Dušan Čkrebić

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Dušan Čkrebić
- **native name**: Душан Чкребић
- **image**: Dušan Čkrebić (političar).jpg
- **caption**: Dušan Čkrebić
- **office**: 11th President of Serbia

- **term start**: 5 May 1984
- **term end**: 5 May 1986
- **predecessor**: Nikola Ljubičić
- **successor**: Ivan Stambolić
- **office2**: President of the National Assembly of Serbia, President of the Assembly of SR Serbia
- **term start2**: 5 May 1978
- **term end2**: 28 April 1982
- **predecessor2**: Nikola Ljubičić
- **successor2**: Ivan Stambolić
- **office3**: 55th Prime Minister of Serbia

- **term start3**: 6 May 1974
- **term end3**: 6 May 1978
- **predecessor3**: Milenko Bojanić
- **successor3**: Ivan Stambolić
- **birth place**: Niš, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
- **death place**: Belgrade, Serbia
- **party**: League of Communists of Yugoslavia
- **nationality**: Serb
- **signature**: Dusan Ckrebic Signature.png
Niš

**Niš** is the city of southern Serbia. It is the third-largest city in Serbia (after Belgrade and Novi Sad).

It is the administrative center of the Nišava District.  According to the 2011 census, the city has population of 183,164. The city center has 187,544 people living there and the administrative area has a population of 260,237.

## Other websites

- Regional Chamber of Economy Niš Official Website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Niš
- **settlement type**: City
- **image flag**: Flag of Niš.gif
- **image seal**: Nis Coat of Arms.png
- **seal size**: 75px
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Serbia
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Dragana Sotirovski
- **leader party**: Serbian Progressive Party, SNS
- **established title**: First mention
- **established date**: 2nd century AD
- **area urban km2**: 266.77
- **area urban sq mi**: 103
- **population as of**: Census 2011.
- **population blank1 title**: City proper
- **population blank1**: 260,237
- **population blank2 title**: Demonym
- **population blank2**: Nišlijka (female)
Nišlija (male)
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **elevation m**: 195
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 18000
- **area code**: +381(0)18
Sikiru Adesina

**Sikiru Adesina** (born 1971, died February 8, 2016), popularly known as **Arakangudu**, was a Nigerian movie actor, director and producer. He was best known for playing roles as either an herbalist, armed robber or occultist in movies. On February 8, 2016, he died at his residence in Kaduna, Northern Nigeria.

## Filmography

- _Temi Ni, Tie Ko_
- _Agbede Ogun_
- _Idunnu Mi_
- _Ilu Gangan_
- _Ogbologbo_
- _Iya Oju Ogun_
- _Ere Agbere_
- _Agbede Ogun_
- _Agba Osugbo_
- _Aje Olokun_
- _Iya Oko Bournvita_
- _Igba Owuro_
- _Ayaba Oosa_
- _Ajana oro_
- _Fijabi_
- _Oju Odaran Re_
United States Reports

**United States Reports** are the official record of all the cases that the United States Supreme Court has heard.

## Contents

The United States Reports include many types of information, like:
- The Court's decisions and orders on each case
    - This includes majority opinions, concurring opinions, and dissenting opinions
- Lists of every case the Court decides

## Citation

In the United States, when lawyers want to talk or write about a Supreme Court decision, they cite the _United States Reports_.  For example, the case _Brown, et al., v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas_, is cited this way:
- _Brown v. Bd. of Educ._, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

This tells the lawyer that the decision of the Court in the case entitled _Brown v. Board of Education_ (as properly abbreviated), decided in 1954, can be found in volume 347 of the United States Reports, starting on page 483.
Joseph Mercieca

**Joseph Mercieca** (, 11 November 1928 – 21 March 2016) was a Maltese prelate. He served as Archbishop of Malta from 1976 to 2006. He was born in Gozo, Malta. He was known for restoring stability in the Maltese church following his predecessor Mikiel Gonzi's dispute with the Malta Labour Party.

Mercieca died in his home in Żejtun, Malta after a long-illness on 21 March 2016. He was aged 87.
Léonie Geisendorf

**Léonie Geisendorf**, née **Kaplan** (8 April 1914 – 18 March 2016), was a Polish-born Swedish architect. She lived and worked in Stockholm, Sweden most of her life.

Geisendorf was born in Warsaw, Poland. She studied architecture at Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich.

In 1938, after her internship, Geisendorf moved to Sweden and was hired by Sven Ivar Lind, KFAI and Paul Hedqvist. In 1950 Geisendorf and her husband, Charles Edouard started their own office in Stockholm. She was known for creating the 	S:t Göran high school. She turned 100 in April 2014. Geisendorf died in Paris, France at the age of 101.

## Infobox (architect)

- **name**: Léonie Geisendorf
- **image**: L Geisendorf 1966.jpg
- **caption**: Geisendorf, c. 1965
- **birth place**: Warsaw, Poland
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **alma mater**: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
- **significant buildings**: S:t Göran high school,
Salmonidae

The **Salmonidae** is a family of ray-finned fish. They are the only living family in the order **Salmoniformes**. It includes salmon, trout, chars, graylings, and the subfamily known as the freshwater whitefish.

The Atlantic salmon and trout in the genus _Salmo_ give the family and order their names.

Salmonids look rather primitive for teleost fish. Their pelvic fins are placed far back, with an adipose fin towards the rear of the back. They are slender fish, with rounded scales and forked tails. Their mouths contain a single row of sharp teeth. Although the smallest species is just  long as an adult, most are much larger, with the largest reaching .

All salmonids spawn in fresh water. In many cases the fish spend most of their lives at sea, returning to the rivers only to reproduce. This a migratory lifecycle. They are predators, feeding on small crustaceans, aquatic insects, and smaller fish.

## Taxonomy

Order **Salmoniformes**
- Family: **Salmonidae**
    - Subfamily: Coregoninae
        - _Coregonus_ - whitefishes (78 species)
        - _Prosopium_ - round whitefishes (6 species)
        - _Stenodus_ - beloribitsa and nelma (2 species)
        - †_Beckius_ (1 species, Oligocene)
        - †_Parastenodus_ (1 species, Eocene)
    - Subfamily: Thymallinae
        - _Thymallus_ - graylings (14 species)
    - Subfamily: Salmoninae
        - †_Eosalmo_ (1 species, Eocene)
        - †_Paleolox_ (1 species, Late Miocene)
        - Tribe: Salmonini
            - _Salmo_ - Atlantic salmon and trout (47 species)
            - _Salvelinus_ - Char and trout (e.g. brook trout, lake trout) (51 species)
            - _Salvethymus_ - Long-finned char (1 species)
        - Tribe: Oncorhynchini
            - _Brachymystax_ - lenoks (4 species)
            - _Hucho_ - taimens (4 species)
            - _Oncorhynchus_ - Pacific salmon and trout (12 species)
            - _Parahucho_ - Sakhalin taimen (1 species)

### Salmonidae

- _Eosalmo_ (belongs to this family)

### Orthogonikleithridae

- _Leptolepides_ (belongs to the family Orthogonikleithridae)
- _Orthogonikleithrus_ (belongs to the family Orthogonikleithridae)
Robert J. Healey

**Robert John "Bob" Healey, Jr.** (May 3, 1957 – March 20, 2016) was an American attorney, businessman, educator, restaurateur, and political activist. He was the founder of Rhode Island's Cool Moose Party. It is the state's third-largest political party from 1994 until 2002. He has been a perennial candidate for statewide office.

## Career

Healey has run for Governor or Lieutenant Governor a total of seven times. He ran as an independent candidate in 2010, he won 39% of the vote for Lieutenant Governor. He wanted to abolish the office. As the Moderate Party nominee for Governor in 2014, Healey won 22% of the vote while spending less than $40 on the campaign.

## Death

Healey was found dead in his bed at his home in Barrington, Rhode Island on March 20, 2016. He is believed to have died from a suspected heart attack in his sleep. He was aged 58.

## Other websites

- Bob Healey's Campaign Journal – A Guerrilla Guide to the Cerebral Revolution

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Robert J. Healey
- **image**: Robert J. Healey.jpg
- **birth place**: Providence, Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Barrington, Rhode Island, Barrington, Rhode Island, U.S.
- **party**: Cool Moose Party
Moderate Party of Rhode Island, Moderate
- **alma mater**: Rhode Island College
Boston University
Northeastern University
New England School of Law
Columbia University
- **website**: [http://votehealey.wordpress.com/ Campaign website]
Flag of California

The official **flag of the state of California** is known as the Bear Flag. An earlier version of the flag was first flown during the 1846 Bear Flag Revolt and was also known as the Bear Flag.
Korematsu v. United States

***Korematsu v. United States*** ****, was a landmark United States Supreme Court.  It concerned the constitutionality of military commanders, under an executive order by the President, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II. This was regardless of their citizenship. In February of 1942, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order No. 9066. This gave military commanders the power to evacuate all persons considered a threat to national security from the West Coast of the United States to relocation centers. Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American who was born in the United States, refused to comply with the order. He became a fugitive, but was arrested and sentenced to five years probation. He appealed his conviction with the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. After having his conviction upheld, the case was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. In a 6-3 decision, the Court upheld his conviction and ruled the exclusion order was constitutional.

## Decision

The question before the Court was did the President and Congress exceed their long powers. Did they violate the rights of Japanese and American citizens of Japanese descent?

In the majority opinion by Justice Hugo Black, the Court ruled 6-3 that the need to protect the country from
espionage outweighed the rights of Mr. Korematsu. The issue of discrimination against a person due to prejudice against his ancestry is not a factor. Neither is there any question of his loyalty to the United States. The sole issue is his refusal to comply with a legal order during a time of war.

## Background

On May 19, 1942, during World War II, Japanese Americans were ordered to be move into relocation camps by Civilian Restrictive Order No. 1, 8 Fed. Reg. 982. This order, and other similar orders, were based upon Executive Order 9066 (February 19, 1942). Fred Korematsu was a Japanese-American man who decided to stay in San Leandro, California and knowingly violated Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34 of the U.S. Army.  Korematsu argued that the Executive Order 9066 was unconstitutional and that it violated the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. He was arrested, tried and convicted. No question was raised as to Korematsu's loyalty to the United States.  The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the conviction, and the Supreme Court granted _certiorari._

## Effects of _Korematsu_

The decision in _Korematsu v. United States_ has been very controversial. Korematsu's conviction for evading internment was overturned in 1983. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998 from President Bill Clinton.
Lunar mare

**Mare** (; plural: **maria** ) is the name for a great plain on the Moon.  Several such maria exist.  They were formed by ancient impacts and volcanic eruptions.  Because of their high amount of iron, they reflect less light than the highlands of the Moon, causing them to appear dark to the naked eye. They are called sea Because ancient astronomers looked at the Moon and thought they saw seas and oceans, they named those dark areas maria, the Latin word for seas.  The maria cover about 16% of the surface of the Moon and most of them are on the side of the moon which is visible from Earth.

A lunar mare, Mare Tranquillitatis was the landing site for the first manned landing on the Moon on July 20, 1969, at 20:18 UTC. Apollo 11 landed at  .
Aérospatiale SN-601 Corvette

The **Aérospatiale SN-601 Corvette** is a French twin-turbojet aircraft. It was the only one business jet built by Aérospatiale. It can carry two pilots and between 6 and 14 passengers.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Aérospatiale SN-601 Corvette
- **image**: File:Aérospatiale Corvette F-GJAP (10674591755).jpg


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Business jet
- **national origin**: France.
- **manufacturer**: Aérospatiale
- **first flight**: 1970
- **introduction**: 1974
- **status**: Active
- **produced**: 1974-1977.
- **number built**: 40 examples.
Embraer Emb-202 Ipanema

The **Embraer Emb-202 Ipanema** is Brazilian civilian aircraft. It is used for crop dusting.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Embraer Emb-202 Ipanema
- **image**: File:Embraer 201A Ipanema.jpg


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Farming, Agricultural aircraft
- **national origin**: Brazil.
- **manufacturer**: Embraer
- **first flight**: 1970
- **introduction**: 1976
- **status**: Active
- **number built**: more than 1300 examples
Karaite

The words Karaite and Qaraite are very confusing and can be used about a few different things:

1) There are some groups of people (whose ancestors came from Central Asia) who have been called Karaite people and the languages of some of these groups of people have also been called Karaite languages. Their ancestors were a type of Christian from the Church of the East sometimes also called Keraites. Many Karaite people say that the word Karaite means "black" in the Turco-Mongol language of their ancestors. That is a traditional Central Asian way to say they were originally from the Northern Turkic tribes.

2) There are also Qaraite people who are mainly Turkic and related to the Karaite people but the Qaraite people mainly converted to Islam. Most people say their name also means "black" but some of these Qaraite people themselves say their name actually comes from an Arabic word for someone good at reading the Quran.

3) There is also a type of Judaism commonly called Karaite Judaism. More accurately it should be spelled in English with a Q not a K, so it should be Qaraite, but Karaite is a more common spelling. In Judaism the word Karaite comes from a Hebrew word meaning "to call out". This Jewish word has a completely different origin from the name used by the Karaite people and Qaraite people. Both words look the same by accident only in English. People who practice Karaite Judaism are called Karaite Jews. In Judaism the term Karaite Language refers to Hebrew.

4) Some Russian Christians -including some of the western groups of the Karaite people- took many ideas from Karaite Judaism but they did not completely give up on Jesus. They became Russian Sabbatarians. They are also called Russian Karaites and Karaite Sabbatarians but there is a big argument about why they are called Karaite. Is it because of their religion? Or is it because some of them descended from the Karaite people or Qaraite people? It seems impossible to know.
Somnolence

**Somnolence** (also **sleepiness** or **drowsiness**) is a strong desire for sleep. It is also sleeping for unusually long periods. It can refer to the usual state before falling asleep. It can be accompanied by lethargy, weakness and difficulty thinking.

Sleepiness can be dangerous when performing tasks that require constant concentration, such as driving a vehicle.
Sawi language (Dardic)

**Sawi**, **Savi**, or **Sauji**, is a Dardic language spoken in parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. There are estimated to be about 4,000 - 9,000 speakers of this language worldwide.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Sawi
- **states**: Afghanistan, Pakistan
- **speakers**: 9,000
- **date**: 2021
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Dardic languages, Eastern Dardic
- **fam5**: Shinaic
- **fam6**: Sawi–Kalkoti language, Kalkoti–Palula language, Palula?
- **iso3**: sdg
- **glotto**: savi1242
- **glottorefname**: Savi
- **image**: سوی.svg
Cruel and unusual punishment

**Cruel and unusual punishment** is punishment that causes severe suffering, pain, or humiliation.  Many countries have laws against cruel and unusual punishment.  There are also international human rights laws and treaties against this type of punishment as well as torture.

## History

For most of recorded history, the death penalty was often painful on purpose.  Severe historical punishments included being burned or boiled to death; cut or torn apart; crushed by stones; sawed in half; crucified; and many other extremely painful methods of execution.  Punishments that were not meant to cause death were also often painful on purpose.

### Laws

The exact words "cruel and unusual punishment" were first used in the English Bill of Rights 1689.   In 1791, the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution made "cruel and unusual punishment" illegal in the United States.   Seven years later, the British Leeward Islands used the same words in their Slavery Amelioration Act.

Here are some examples of other laws that include protections against cruel and unusual punishment.
- The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948
    - Article 5 says: "No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment"
- The European Convention on Human Rights, Article 3 (1950)
- The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 7 (1966)
- The Constitution of the Marshall Islands (1979)
    - Article 2, Section 6 of the Constitution's Bill of Rights bans "cruel and unusual punishment", which it defines as the death penalty; torture; "inhuman and degrading treatment"; and "excessive fines or deprivations."
- The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Section 12 (1982)
- The Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, Article 16 (1984)
- The Constitution of Poland, Article 40 (1997)
- The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Article 4 (2000)

### United States

The Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that "cruel and unusual punishments [shall not be] inflicted."  However, the Constitution does not define exactly what cruel and unusual punishments are.

In a case called _Furman v. Georgia_ (), the Supreme Court of the United States decided what questions they would use to figure out whether a punishment was cruel and unusual.  Justice William Brennan wrote the opinion in the case.  He made four rules about punishments:
- They cannot "be degrading to human dignity" (humiliating).  Torture is especially not allowed.
- They cannot be "A severe punishment that is obviously inflicted in wholly arbitrary way"
- They cannot be "A severe punishment that is clearly and totally rejected throughout society."
- They cannot be "severe [and obviously] unnecessary."

In this decision, the Supreme Court set a precedent that if a punishment broke any of these four rules, it would be viewed as "cruel and unusual," and would be illegal under the Constitution.
Early Norwegian black metal scene

The **early Norwegian black metal scene** was a black metal music scene and subculture in Norway during the early 1990s. It is said to have created the modern black metal genre and produced many influential artists.

The scene drew a lot of media attention after some members were responsible for two murders and lots of church burnings in Norway. The scene had an ideology that some people say was like a cult. They had anti-Christian and misanthropic views. Some were actual Satanists who wanted to spread terror, hatred and evil. The core members called themselves "The Black Circle" or "Black Metal Inner Circle". It was made up of mainly young men who gathered around the record shop Helvete ("Hell") in Oslo. They liked to wear corpse paint. The scene was exclusive, and most bands wanted to remain underground and out of reach to the mainstream.

In August 1993 and May 1994, many members of the scene were arrested for arson, murder, assault and possession of explosives.

## Music

During the 1980s, bands were called _black metal_ if they had Satanic lyrics. These bands usually only used these lyrics for "shock value." During 1990–1992, a lot of bands who were influenced by those bands, began playing a new type of black metal. The rise of popularity during this time was called the "second wave of black metal".
Norris Bradbury

**Norris Edwin Bradbury** (30 May 1909 – 20 August 1997), was an American physicist. He served as Director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory for 25 years from 1945 to 1970. He replaced Robert Oppenheimer. Bradbury worked with Oppenheimer on the Manhattan Project during World War II. Bradbury was in charge of the final assembly of "the Gadget", detonated in July 1945 for the Trinity test.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Norris Bradbury
- **image**: Norris Bradbury.JPG
- **image size**: 240 px
- **caption**: Norris Bradbury
- **birth place**: Santa Barbara, California
- **death place**: Los Alamos, New Mexico
- **citizenship**: United States
- **field**: Physics
- **work institution**: Stanford University
University of California
Los Alamos National Laboratory
- **alma mater**: Pomona College BA
University of California, Berkeley PhD
- **thesis title**: Studies on the mobility of gaseous ions
- **thesis year**: 1932
- **doctoral advisor**: Leonard B. Loeb
- **known for**: Succeeded J. Robert Oppenheimer as Director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory
- **prizes**: Legion of Merit (1945)
Department of Defense Medal for Distinguished Public Service (1966)
Enrico Fermi Award (1970)
- **signature**: Norris Bradbury signature.jpg
Leon Charney

**Leon Charney** (1938 – 22 March 2016) was an American real estate tycoon, author, philanthropist, political pundit, media personality and Jewish cantor. He lived in Manhattan in New York City. In March 2012, _Forbes_ listed Charney as #353 among the wealthiest Americans.

In 1979, Charney played an important role as the unofficial adviser to former U.S. President Jimmy Carter, most well known for his behind-the-scenes role in the Camp David Accords which created the first comprehensive peace between Israel and Egypt in 1978 and 1979.

Charney died on March 21, 2016 at the age of 77.

## Other websites

- L. H. Charney Associates Inc.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Leon H. Charney
- **image**: Leon Charney.jpg
- **birth date**: 1938
- **birth place**: Bayonne, New Jersey, U.S.
- **occupation**: Real Estate investor, talk-show host, author, cantor, philanthropist
- **spouse**: Tzili Doron
- **children**: Mickey Charney
 Nati Charney
- **website**: [http://www.charneyreport.com The Leon Charney Report]
http://www.charneyresolutioncenter.com/leon-charney/
- **nationality**: United States
Jack Mansell

**Jack Mansell** (22 August 1927 – 19 March 2016) was a British professional footballer. He made 274 appearances in the Football League as a fullback for Brighton & Hove Albion, Cardiff City and Portsmouth.

After retiring as a player he joined the coaching staff at Sheffield Wednesday. He coached many clubs with his longest spell being at Reading and had experience overseas with the likes of Blauw-Wit Amsterdam, Boston Beacons and the Israel national football team. In 1982, Mansell was chosen to train Maccabi Haifa, after a year at the Israeli national team.

Mansell died on 19 March 2016 at the age of 88.

## Other websites

- Managerial statistics of Jack Mansell on Soccerbase.com
- League Managers' Association profile

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Jack Mansell
- **image**: Jack Mansell (1961).jpg
- **caption**: Mansell in 1961
- **fullname**: John Mansell
- **birth place**: County Borough of Salford, Salford, England
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **youthclubs1**: Manchester United F.C., Manchester United
- **years1**: 1948–1952
- **clubs1**: Brighton & Hove Albion F.C., Brighton & Hove Albion
- **caps1**: 116
- **goals1**: 9
- **years2**: 1952–1953
- **clubs2**: Cardiff City F.C., Cardiff City
- **caps2**: 24
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 1953–1958
- **clubs3**: Portsmouth F.C., Portsmouth
- **caps3**: 134
- **goals3**: 7
- **totalcaps**: 174
- **totalgoals**: 16
- **nationalteam1**: England B national football team, England B
- **nationalcaps1**: 2
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1961–1962
- **managerclubs1**: Blauw-Wit Amsterdam
- **manageryears2**: 1964–1965
- **managerclubs2**: Stormvogels Telstar
- **manageryears3**: 1965–1967
- **managerclubs3**: Rotherham United F.C., Rotherham United
- **manageryears4**: 1968
- **managerclubs4**: Boston Beacons
- **manageryears5**: 1969–1971
- **managerclubs5**: Reading F.C., Reading
- **manageryears6**: 1974–1975
- **managerclubs6**: Galatasaray S.K. (football), Galatasaray
- **manageryears7**: 1978–1979
- **managerclubs7**: Bahrain national football team, Bahrain
- **manageryears8**: 1980–1981
- **managerclubs8**: Israel national football team, Israel
- **manageryears9**: 1982–1983
- **managerclubs9**: Maccabi Haifa F.C., Maccabi Haifa
Sergey Lavrov

**Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov** (, ; born 21 March 1950) is a Russian diplomat. He has been the foreign minister of Russia since 2004. From 1994 to 2004, Lavrov was a Soviet diplomat, and the Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Sergey Lavrov
- **image**: Sergey Lavrov February 2016.jpg
- **office**: Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia), Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **primeminister**: Mikhail Fradkov
Viktor Zubkov
Vladimir Putin
Dmitry Medvedev
Mikhail Mishustin
- **term start**: 9 March 2004
- **predecessor**: Igor Ivanov
- **office1**: Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations
- **president1**: Boris Yeltsin
Vladimir Putin
- **term start1**: 22 September 1994
- **term end1**: 12 July 2004
- **predecessor1**: Yuli Vorontsov
- **successor1**: Andrey Denisov
- **birth place**: Moscow, Soviet Union

- **party**: United Russia
- **spouse**: Maria Lavrova
- **children**: Ekaterina
- **alma mater**: Moscow State Institute of International Relations
- **signature**: Sergey Lavrov’s signature.svg
- **awards**:  Order "For Merit to the Fatherland"
- **native name**: Сергeй Лаврoв
Rita Gam

**Rita Gam** (April 2, 1927March 22, 2016) was an American and television actress and documentary filmmaker. She was nominated for a Golden Globe and won the Silver Bear for Best Actress. She was known for her roles in _The Thief_ and _King of Kings_. She was also known for being Sidney Lumet's first wife.

Gam shared the Silver Bear for Best Actress award with Viveca Lindfors at the 1962 Berlin Film Festival, for their performances in Tad Danielewski's _No Exit_.

Gam died on March 22, 2016 at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California from respiratory failure, aged 88.

## Other websites

- Rita Gam at the University of Wisconsin's Actors Studio audio collection

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Rita Gam
- **image**: Kingofkings4.JPG
- **caption**: Gam in _King of Kings_ trailer, 1961
- **birth place**: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: actress
- **years active**: 1950 – 1997
- **spouse**: Sidney Lumet
(m. 1949-1954, divorced)
Thomas Guinzburg
(m. 1956-1963, divorced) 2 children
- **children**: Daughter and son
Loratadine

**Loratadine** (also known as **Claritin**) is a type of drug called an antihistamine. It is used to treat hay fever, urticaria, skin allergies, some food allergies, eczema, and insect bites or stings.

Loratadine was discovered in 1981 and first sold in 1993. It comes in ordinary tablets, melt-in-the-mouth tablets, and liquid. It is usually taken once a day.

Loratadine is a non-drowsy antihistamine. Compared to some other antihistamines, loratadine is much less likely to make people feel sleepy.

It is closely related to tricyclic antidepressants and distantly related to quetiapine.
Allergic rhinitis

**Allergic rhinitis** (also known as **hay fever** or **pollinosis**) is a type of inflammation in the nose. It occurs when the immune system overreacts to allergens in the air. Symptoms include sneezing, red, itchy and watery eyes, and swelling around the eyes.

Allergens that often cause hay fever include pollen, pet hair and mold.

Hay fever is most common between ages twenty and forty.
Ethan Carter III

**Michael Hutter** (born March 18, 1983) is an American professional wrestler and promoter, who is better known by the ring name **Ethan Carter III** (or simply **EC3**). He is currently signed to the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), where he is the current NWA Worlds Heavyweight Champion and a former NWA National Heavyweight Champion. He also performs on the independent circuit.  He is perhaps best known for his time in Impact Wrestling, where he won the TNA World Heavyweight Championship two times. Hutter also performed in WWE under his EC3 ring name and as **Derrick Bateman** and won the 24/7 Championship four times.

## Championships and accomplishments

- **Absolute Intense Wrestling**
    - AIW Absolute Championship (1 time)
- **Atomic Revolutionary Wrestling**
    - ARW Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
- **Florida Championship Wrestling**
    - FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Johnny Curtis
- **Firestorm Pro Wrestling**
    - Firestorm Pro Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **House of Glory**
    - HOG World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **National Wrestling Alliance**
    - NWA National Championship (1 time)
    - NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
- **Ohio Valley Wrestling**
    - OVW National Heavyweight Championship (1 time, current)
- ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
    - Ranked No. 20 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the _PWI 500_ in 2016
- **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling**
    - TNA World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
    - Impact Grand Championship (1 time)
    - Feast or Fired (2013 – World Tag Team Championship contract)
    - Feast or Fired (2018 – Pink Slip)
    - TNA Joker's Wild (2014)
    - TNA World Title Series (2016)
    - Bound for Glory Playoffs (2016)
    - Moment of the Year (2020) –
- **WrestleCircus**
    - WC Ringmaster Championship (1 time)
- **WWE**
    - WWE 24/7 Championship (4 times)

## Other websites

- TNA Profile

## Infobox (professional wrestler)

- **name**: Ethan Carter III
- **image**: EC3 in May 2017 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: EC3 in May 2017
- **birth name**: Michael Hutter
- **names**: Agent D
Derrick Bateman
**EC3**
Ethan Carter III
 Michael Hutter
Mike Hutter
- **height**: 6 ft 2 in
- **weight**: 245 lb
- **birth place**: Willoughby, Ohio, U.S.
- **billed**: Boca Raton, Florida
Cleveland, Ohio
Palm Springs, Florida
Willoughby, Ohio
- **trainer**: Florida Championship Wrestling
Bryan Danielson
- **debut**: 2002
Paolo Guerrero

**José Paolo Guerrero Gonzáles** (; born 1 January 1984) is a Peruvian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Peruvian Primera División club Alianza Lima  and the Peru national team.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|State league|colspan="2"|National cup|colspan="2"|Continental|colspan="2"|Other|colspan="2"|Total|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|Bayern Munich|2004–05|rowspan="2"|Bundesliga|13|6|—|1|0|6|1|—|20|7||
|2005–06|14|4|—|3|1|7|1|—|24|6||||||
|rowspan="7"|Hamburger SV|2006–07|rowspan="6"|Bundesliga|20|5|—|0|0|7|0|—|27|5||
|2007–08|29|9|—|3|0|9|5|—|41|14||||||
|2008–09|31|9|—|5|1|12|4|—|48|14||||||
|2009–10|6|4|—|1|0|6|3|—|13|7||||||
|2010–11|25|4|—|2|1|—|—|27|5|||||||
|2011–12|25|6|—|2|0|—|—|27|6|||||||
|rowspan="5"|Corinthians|2012|rowspan="4"|Série A|15|6|—|0|0|0|0|2|2|17|8|
|2013|17|5|17|8|3|0|7|4|2|1|46|18||||
|2014|28|12|12|1|5|3|—|—|45|16||||||
|2015|2|0|11|6|0|0|5|4|—|18|10|||||
|rowspan="5"|Flamengo|2015|rowspan="4"|Série A|15|3|—|3|1|—|—|18|4|||
|2016|21|9|13|5|4|1|3|0|3|3|44|18||||
|2017|19|6|11|10|5|2|8|2|1|0|44|20||||
|2018|6|1|0|0|1|0|0|0|—|7|1|||||
|rowspan="5"|Internacional|2018|rowspan="4"|Série A|0|0|—|—|—|—|0|0||||
|2019|24|10|3|1|8|5|6|4|—|41|20|||||
|2020|3|3|6|4|0|0|6|3|—|15|10|||||
|2021|9|1|6|1|0|0|1|0|—|16|2|||||
|Avaí|2022|Série A|10|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|—|10|0|||
|Racing Club|2023|Argentine Primera División|15|1|—|1|1|6|1|—|22|3||||
|LDU Quito|2023|Ecuadorian Serie A|13|5|—|–|7|3|—|20|8|||||
|César Vallejo|2024|Liga 1|6|3|—|0|0|3|0|—|9|3||||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan=21|Peru|2004|3|1|
|2005|6|2|||
|2006|3|2|||
|2007|9|4|||
|2008|4|0|||
|2009|3|0|||
|2010|0|0|||
|2011|9|7|||
|2012|8|2|||
|2013|6|0|||
|2014|5|2|||
|2015|11|5|||
|2016|12|3|||
|2017|7|4|||
|2018|5|3|||
|2019|11|3|||
|2020|0|0|||
|2021|5|0|||
|2022|0|0|||
|2023|8|0|||
|2024|7|1|||

## Honours

**Bayern Munich**
- Bundesliga: 2004–05, 2005–06
- DFB-Pokal: 2004–05, 2005–06

**Hamburger SV**
- UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2007

**Corinthians**
- Campeonato Paulista: 2013
- Recopa Sudamericana: 2013
- FIFA Club World Cup: 2012

**Flamengo**
- Campeonato Carioca: 2017

**Internacional**
- Copa do Brasil runner-up: 2019

**LDU Quito**
- Serie A: 2023
- Copa Sudamericana: 2023

**Peru U17**
- Bolivarian Games: 2001

**Peru**
- Copa América runner-up: 2019; third-place: 2011, 2015

**Individual**
- Copa América Top Scorer: 2011, 2015, 2019
- Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2011, 2015, 2019
- FIFA Club World Cup Bronze Ball: 2012
- FIFA Club World Cup Best Forward: 2012
- Campeonato Paulista Best Forward: 2013
- Campeonato Paulista Team of the Tournament: 2013
- Copa do Brasil Best Player: 2019
- Copa do Brasil Top Scorer: 2019
- 2014 Campeonato Paulista: Top Foreign Scorer in Corinthians history
- Campeonato Brasileiro Série A Team of the Year: 2014
- Campeonato Carioca Team of the Year: 2017
- IFFHS CONMEBOL team of the decade 2011–2020
Wildest Dreams (song)

"**Wildest Dreams**" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was released on August 31, 2015. Swift co-write the song with its producers Max Martin and Shellback. It got generally positive reviews from music critics.

The song hit #5 on the American _Billboard_ Hot 100.

"Wildest Dreams" has been certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales and streams of over 2 million copies in the United States.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Wildest Dreams
- **artist**: Taylor Swift
- **album**: 1989 (Taylor Swift album), 1989
- **genre**: Dream pop
- **length**: 3:40
- **label**: Big Machine
- **prev title**: Bad Blood (Taylor Swift song), Bad Blood
- **prev year**: 2015
- **next title**: Out of the Woods (song), Out of the Woods
- **next year**: 2015
Hernandez v. Texas

***Hernandez v. Texas***, ****, was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. In a unanimous ruling, the Court held that Mexican Americans and all other racial or national groups in the United States had equal protection under the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The ruling was written by Chief Justice Earl Warren. This was the first case in which Mexican-American lawyers had appeared before the US Supreme Court.

## Background

Pete Hernandez, a Mexican-American agricultural worker, was convicted for the 1950 murder of Joe Espinosa. Hernandez's _pro bono_ legal team, including Gustavo C. García, wanted to challenge what they knew was "the systematic exclusion of persons of Mexican origin" from all types of jury duty in at least seventy counties in Texas. His defense lawyers argued that persons of Mexican descent had not been allowed to serve on juries even though numerous Mexican Americans were citizens and had qualified for jury duty in Jackson County. Even though 14 percent of the county was Hispanic, none had served on juries for at least the last 25 years. This meant Hernandez had been deprived of his Fourteenth Amendment rights. Hernandez and his lawyers appealed to the Supreme Court of Texas, then to the United States Supreme Court through a writ of certiorari.

## Ruling

The unanimous majority opinion was delivered by Chief Justice Earl Warren. The Court ruled the Fourteenth Amendment protects persons beyond the racial classes of white or black, and extends protection to other racial or national groups, as well as legal classes. Mexican Americans were such a "special class" and were entitled to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.

## Results

Pete Hernandez was granted a new trial with a jury that included Mexican Americans. Hernandez was found to be guilty of murder. The ultimate effect of this ruling was that the protection of the 14th Amendment was ruled to cover any racial, national and ethnic groups of the United States for which discrimination could be proved. The Court's ruling served as a legal precedent used in legal challenges against unfair housing laws, school segregation, and voting rights of Mexican Americans nationwide.

## Other websites

- Majority Opinion written by Chief Justice Earl Warren
- Judge Carlos Cadena, lead petitioner before the US Supreme Court
- Gustavo C. Garcia, co-petitioner before the US Supreme Court
Test case (law)

In case law, a **test case** is a legal action whose purpose is to set a precedent. An example of a test case might be a person who files a lawsuit in order to see if the court considers a certain law or a certain legal precedent applies in certain circumstances. This is useful, for example, in order to later file similar lawsuits in similar circumstances. Sometimes, lawyers delay filing a lawsuit to wait and see how a test case is decided. Test cases are sometimes used to challenge a law to have it possibly overturned. Government agencies sometimes bring test cases in order to confirm or expand their powers. The decision in a test case may be a landmark decision.

## Examples

Examples of influential test cases include:

1. _Plessy v. Ferguson_ (1896)
1. _Scopes v. Tennessee_ (1925)
1. _United States v. One Book Called Ulysses_ (1933)
1. _Brown v. Board of Education_ (1954)
1. _Griswold v. Connecticut_ (1965)
1. _Oneida Indian Nation of N.Y. State v. Oneida County_ (1974)
1. _Adams v Cape Industries plc_ (1990)
1. _Mabo v Queensland (No 2)_ (1992)
1. _National Westminster Bank plc v Spectrum Plus Limited_ (2005)
1. _District of Columbia v. Heller_ (2008)