juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Marske-by-the-Sea

**Marske by the Sea** is a village in the borough of Redcar and Cleveland in England. It has three primary schools and one secondary school (Bydales School), a museum, and two train stations.

The village has a Methodist, Roman Catholic (St Bede's) and Church of England (St Mark's) church.

## Economy

Most of the people who live in Marske do not work in the village, but work in the nearby factory or in Middlesbrough or Redcar. Marske has a decent range of local shops. The Longbeck railway station and Marske railway station, which connect to Darlington mainline station, are the only means of transport there.

## Other websites

- Local history

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Marske-by-the-Sea
- **label position**: bottom
- **static image**: Boats on the beach at Marske - geograph.org.uk - 669933.jpg
- **static image caption**: Fishing cobles on the sands at Marske
- **unitary england**: Redcar and Cleveland
- **region**: North East England
- **lieutenancy england**: North Yorkshire
- **constituency westminster**: Redcar (UK Parliament constituency), Redcar
- **civil parish**: Saltburn, Marske and New Marske
- **post town**: REDCAR
- **postcode district**: TS11
- **postcode area**: TS
- **dial code**: 01642
- **os grid reference**: NZ634222
PayPal

**PayPal** is an American multinational technology company and website allowing transfer of money among people via web services and email. The money can be deposited into a bank account. PayPal was owned by eBay, from 2002 to 2015. It can be used in more than 200 countries.

PayPal allows customers to send, receive, and hold funds in 25 currencies worldwide. However, PayPal is not a bank. Funds that are not used are converted into PayPal's profit.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: PayPal Holdings, Inc.
- **logo**: PayPal2007.svg
- **image**: PayPal San Jose Headquarters.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **image caption**: Headquarters in San Jose, California, U.S.
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **founded**: (as Confinity)
  (as X.com)
  (as PayPal)
- **location**: San Jose, California, U.S. (corporate headquarters)
La Vista, Nebraska, U.S. (operative center)
- **area served**: Almost worldwide
- **industry**: Financial technology
- **products**: Credit cards, payment systems
- **revenue**: US$25.37 billion (2021)
- **operating income**: US$4.26 billion (2021)
- **net income**: US$4.17 billion (2021)
- **assets**: US$75.80 billion (2021)
- **equity**: US$21.73 billion (2021)
- **num employees**: (2021)
Orson Welles

**George Orson Welles** (May 6, 1915 – October 10, 1985) was an American director, actor, writer, and producer who is remembered for his innovative work in film, radio, and theatre. He is considered to be among the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time. Welles was born in Kenosha, Wisconsin.

In 1938 Welles directed a weekly radio show, _The Mercury Theatre of the Air._ His October 30 broadcast of The War of the Worlds (radio drama) created much excitement.

Welles also made the movie _Citizen Kane_ in 1941. Many movie critics think that this movie is the best movie ever made. His later movies are less liked.

Welles died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California, aged 70.

## Other websites

- Orson Welles  The Orson Welles OTR Archives
- War Of The Worlds  history of the War Of The Worlds radio broadcast and additional historical material on War Of The Worlds
- Mercury Theatre on the Air  website provides MP3 and Real Audio files of Welles' radio dramas
- Nazi Eyes On Canada, starring Orson Welles , 1942 CBC war loan series
- Wellesnet The Orson Welles Web Resource
- The Magnificent Ambersons a site that details the strange saga of Welles' second film
- The Unseen Welles  a guide to Welles' unfinished and unreleased projects
- The Orson Welles collection at the Lilly Library, Indiana University
- Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
- UBU Web's 365 Days Project  Outtake from Welles' Frozen Peas commercial.
- MovieMaker Magazine  Article on hoped for eventual release of final Welles movie _The Other Side Of The Wind_.
- Orson Welles biography
- Orson Welles' Photo & Gravesite
- Orson Welles and the Bat-Man
- New York Times Obituary
- Biographical resources dedicated to Orson Welles
- Orson Welles: The Man Who Was Magic
- Orson Welles - The One Man Band (German documentary, 1995)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Orson Welles
- **image**: Acteur en regisseur Orson Welles op Schiphol, Bestanddeelnr 902-5652 Cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Welles in 1948
- **birth name**: George Orson Welles
- **birth place**: Kenosha, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **resting place**: Ronda, Andalusia, Spain
- **years active**: 1931–1985
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **children**: 3, including Beatrice Welles, Beatrice
- **signature**: Orson Welles signature.svg
Gymnosperm

The **gymnosperms** are a group of tree plant which includes tales.

They have naked seeds, in contrast to the seeds or ovules of flowering plants (angiosperms). which are enclosed during pollination. Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scale- or leaf-like appendages of cones or at the end of short stalks (_Ginkgo_).

Gymnosperms and angiosperms together make up the spermatophytes or seed plants. By far the largest group of living gymnosperms is the conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, Gnetales (_Gnetum_, _Ephedra_ and _Welwitschia_), and _Ginkgo_ (a single living species).

Fossil gymnosperms include many that do not belong to the four modern groups, including the so-called "seed ferns" (Pteridosperms) and the "cycadeoids" (Bennettitales). Most of the Gymnosperms became extinct in the Cenozoic era (from 65 million years ago to present day).

Some genera have mycorrhiza, fungal associations with roots (_Pinus_). In some others (_Cycas_), small specialised roots have nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.

## Related pages

- Seed

## Other websites

- Gymnosperm Database
Influenza pandemic of 1918

The **Influenza pandemic of 1918** (commonly known as the **Spanish flu**)  lasted for nearly three years, from March 1918 to December 1920. About 500 million people were infected across the world, which had at the time a population of 1.80 billion people. The pandemic spread to remote Pacific Islands and the Arctic. It killed 50 million to 100 million people. This was three to five percent of the world's population at the time. It was one of the greatest natural disasters in human history.

To keep up morale, wartime censors reduced reports of illness and mortality in Germany, Britain (United Kingdom), France, and the United States. Papers could report the epidemic's effects in neutral Spain (such as the grave illness of King Alfonso XIII). This situation created the false impression of Spain being especially hard-hit. It also resulted in the nickname **Spanish flu.**

Often, influenza outbreaks kill young people, or the elderly, or those patients that are already weakened. This was not the case for the 1918 pandemic, which killed mainly healthy young adults. Modern research, using virus taken from the bodies of frozen victims, has concluded that the virus kills through a cytokine storm (overreaction of the body's immune system). The strong immune reactions of young adults ravaged the body. But, the weaker immune systems of children and middle-aged adults caused fewer deaths among those groups.

There is not enough historical and epidemiological data to show where the pandemic started. The pandemic may be a cause of the outbreak of encephalitis lethargica in the 1920s.

Another swine flu pandemic had happened in the 21st century that turned out to be new strain of H1N1. The outbreak began in Mexico and then the United States and to the world.
Brock (Pokémon)

known by name as **Takeshi** in Japan, is a fictional character in the _Pokémon_ series of video games, Manga, and television series. He is often seen traveling along with Ash Ketchum and Misty on their journeys. One of his gags is that he falls in love with every girl he sees (except for Jessie of Team Rocket). His nickname is "The Rock-Solid Pokémon Trainer" because he uses rock-type Pokémon.

## Anime

Brock appears in the first series of the anime. In his first appearance, he has many siblings and is in charge of them and cares for them since his mother Lola is away chasing dreams and his father Flint ran away from the family. After Flint comes back, Brock then picks up and his bags and travels with Ash and Misty throughout the Kanto series. He ends up leaving the group when they get to the Orange Islands to work with Professor Ivy. He later returns and travels with Ash throughout Johto, Hoenn, and Sinnoh. He uses rock-types Geodude and Onix, as well as others like Zubat.

## Video games

Brock appears in the games _Pokémon Red_, _Blue_, and _Yellow_, and the _Red_ and _Blue_ remakes _FireRed_ and _LeafGreen_ as the gym leader of Pewter City. He gives out the Boulder Badge and uses Rock-type Pokémon. He also appears in _Gold_, _Silver_, and _Crystal_ and the _Gold_ and _Silver_ remakes _HeartGold_ and _SoulSilver_ as a gym leader the player can face when they get to the Kanto region.

## Infobox (character)

- **name**: Brock
- **color**: Yellow
- **series**: Pokémon
- **first**: Pokémon Red and Blue, _Pokémon Red_ and _Blue_ (1996)
- **creator**: Satoshi Tajiri
- **designer**: Ken Sugimori and Atsuko Nishida (video games), Sayuri Ichishi (anime)
- **full name**: Brock Harrison
- **portrayer**: Dennis Kenney
Zetland (lifeboat)

The ***Zetland*** was a lifeboat in Redcar, England, and is the oldest lifeboat in the world which still exists. It was put in Redcar in 1802. In 1858, the lifeboat was given to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI). The boat was damaged in 1864, and was to be destroyed - however, following protest it was given to the town's people. Today, it is in its own museum.
Silba

**Silba** is an island in Croatia. It is found between the islands of Premuda and Olib. It has an area of 15 km² and its population (as of 2001) was 265; with the village of Silba located at the narrowest point in the middle. The main administrative centre is Zadar, found on the mainland.

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Silba
- **country**: Croatia
- **density km2**: 20.46
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population**: 292
- **country admin divisions**: Zadar County, Zadar
- **country admin divisions title**: Counties of Croatia, County
- **elevation m**: 80
- **image name**: File:Sotorišće.jpg
- **highest mount**: Varh
- **area km2**: 15
- **location**: Adriatic Sea
- **map image**: Croatia - Silba.PNG
- **image caption**: Sotorišće bay on Silba
Ian Fleming

**Ian Lancaster Fleming** (28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964) was a British author and journalist. He was best known for writing the James Bond spy novels. He also wrote the children's book _Chitty Chitty Bang Bang_ in 1964.

Fleming was born in London to a wealthy family. He was educated at Eton College. He spent many years working in Britain's Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War. During this time, Fleming helped with the planning and management of two British intelligence units. This experience along with his work in journalism provided much of the background to the stories in his James Bond novels.

Fleming wrote his first James Bond novel, Casino Royale, in 1952. Because of the book's success, Fleming wrote eleven more novels and two collections of short-stories about the British secret agent.

In total, there have been twenty-six films based on Fleming's famous character. The twenty-sixth, _Spectre_, was released in October 2015.

Fleming died on 12 August 1964 of a heart attack in Canterbury, Kent, aged 56.
1602

## Events

- 3 January – Battle of Kinsale  – the battle happened on 3 January **1602** according to the Gregorian Calendar used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle, although, for the English who were still using the old Julian Calendar, the date of the battle was 24 December 1601
- February 14 – William Shakespeare First performance of _Twelfth Night _ on Candlemas
- March 20 – The Dutch East India Company is established as _The United East India Company_ by the Dutch States-General
- May 15 – Bartolomew Gosnold becomes the first European to discover Cape Cod.
- June – James Lancaster's East India Company fleet arrives at Achin (now Aceh), Sumatra to deal with the local ruler. Having defeated Portugal's ally, the ruler is happy to do business, and Lancaster seizes a large Portuguese Galleon and loots it.
- November 8 – The Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford is opened to the public.
- December 11 – A surprise attack by forces under the command of the Duke of Savoy and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva. (This actually took place after midnight, in the early morning of December 12, but commemorations/celebrations on Fête de l'Escalade are usually held on December 11 or the closest weekend.)
- Ben Jonson writes _Poetaster_
- William Shakespeare writes _The Merry Wives of Windsor_
- Persia and Spain conclude a defensive alliance and declare war on the Ottoman Empire
- In Praque, Florian Mathias performs the first successful bowel surgery – removes a dagger from stomach
- Jesuit missionary Jeronimo de Angeluin arrives in Japan
- A private trading company is established in Copenhagen, with the monopoly on the trade with Iceland.
1676

## Events

- January 19 - Feodor III become Tsar of Russia.
- The Polish-Turkish War (1671 - 1676) ended
- King Philip's War (1675 - 1676) ended
- Port-de-Paix, Haiti has its first slave revolt

## Births

- August 26 - Robert Walpole, first Prime Minister of Great Britain
- September 16 - Élisabeth Charlotte d'Orléans, mother of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, grandmother of Marie Antoinette
- October 8 - Benito Jeronimo Feijoo, Galician scholar
- December 19 - Louis-Nicolas Clérambault, French composer
- Alexander Selkirk, Scottish sailor

## Deaths

- January 14 – Francesco Cavalli, Italian composer (b. 1602)
- January 29 – Tsar Alexis I of Russia (b. 1629)
- February 14 – Abraham Bosse, French engraver and artist
- March 21 – Henri Sauval, French historian (b. 1623)
- April 5 – John Winthrop, the Younger, Governor of Connecticut (b. 1606)
- April 29 – Michiel Adriaanszoon de Ruijter, Dutch admiral (b. 1607)
- June 7 – Paul Gerhardt, German writer of church hymns
- July 5 – Carl Gustaf Wrangel, Swedish soldier (b. 1613)
- July 22 – Pope Clement X (b. 1590)
- July 25 – François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac, French writer (b. 1604)
- August 11 – Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen, German writer
- September 10 – Gerrard Winstanley, English religious reformer (b. 1609)
- October 28 – Jean Desmarets, French writer (b. 1595)
- November 1 – Gisbertus Voetius, Dutch theologian (b. 1589)
- December 25 – Matthew Hale, Lord Chief Justice of England (b. 1609)
- December 25 – William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle, English soldier, politician, and writer (b. 1592)
301

## Events

- San Marino founded (traditional date)
- Armenia uses Christianity as a state religion - the first country to do so.

## Deaths

- June 5
Sima Lin Emperor of China, Western Jin
1611

**1611** (MDCXI) was a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- June 23 – Henry Hudson's crew maroons him, his son and 7 others in a boat
- November 1 – At Whitehall Palace in London, William Shakespeare's romantic comedy _The Tempest_ is presented for the first time.
- Gustavus Adolphus becomes king of Sweden
- Denmark attacks Sweden
- King James Version of the Bible first published in England
- George Abbot becomes archbishop of Canterbury
- Johannes and David Fabricius discover sunspots
- End of the reign of Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan
- Emperor Go-Mizunoo ascends to the throne of Japan
- Gov. Sir Thomas Dale arrives at Jamestown from England announcing new rules called "Laws Divine, Morall and Martial."
- Thomas Dale founds the city of Henricus on the James River a few miles south of present-day Richmond, Virginia
Born

**Born** can mean:

- The past tense verb form of birth
- Born again Christianity
- Max Born
- Born, Luxembourg
- Born, Netherlands
World's Fair

A **world's fair** is a large exhibition of industry and culture. They are also called _expositions_ or _expos_. This type of exhibition occurs since the middle of the 19th century. The Bureau of International Expositions officially takes care of them. The "Bureau of International Expositions" is usually abbreviated BIE, from the organization's name in French: _Bureau International des Expositions_.

List of official world expositions (BIE):
Sangha

In Buddhism, the word **sangha** means "assembly" or "community."  For Buddhists, there are two sanghas that are very important:
1. the community of Buddhist monks and nuns
1. the community of noble disciples

In Buddhism, there are three things that a Buddhist shows the greatest respect: the Buddha, the Dharma (the Buddha's teaching), and the Sangha (the Buddha's community).  So, for example, when the sangha is talked about in very old Buddhist books, the following words are often used:
- "The Sangha of the [Buddha]'s disciples who have practiced well... who have practiced straightforwardly... who have practiced methodically... who have practiced masterfully ... they are the Sangha of the [Buddha]'s disciples: worthy of gifts, worthy of hospitality, worthy of offerings, worthy of respect, the incomparable field of merit for the world."

## References

- Bullitt, John T. (2005). _Sangha_. Retrieved 2007-11-11 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/ptf/sangha.html.
- Rhys Davids, T.W. & William Stede (eds.) (1921-25). _The Pali Text Society’s Pali–English Dictionary_. Chipstead: Pali Text Society. A general on-line search engine for the PED is available at http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/pali/.
- Thanissaro, Bhikkhu (1997). _Mahanama Sutta: To Mahanama (1)_ (AN 11.12). Retrieved 2007-11-11 from "Access to Insight" at http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an11/an11.012.than.html.
- American Buddhist Sangha
Courteney Cox

**Courteney Bass Cox** (born June 15, 1964) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the neurotic and competitive Monica Geller on the classic  television series _Friends_ for which she earned many Emmy and Golden Globe nominations and for her role in the movie _Scream_ and its sequels. Cox married David Arquette between seasons 5 and 6 of _Friends_, and changed her name to Courteney Cox Arquette. She later changed it back in honor of her parents.

## Early life

Courteney Cox was raised in Mountain Brook, Alabama, a suburb of Birmingham. She is the daughter of businessman Richard Lewis Cox (January 28, 1931 – September 3, 2001) and his wife Courteney (née Bass, later Copeland). She has two older sisters, Virginia and Dottie, and an older brother, Richard, Jr. Her parents divorced in 1974 and her mother then married businessman Hunter Copeland (uncle to music promoter and business manager Ian Copeland). After graduating from Mountain Brook High School, Cox left for Mount Vernon College in Washington, D.C., but did not complete her architecture course. She instead pursued a career in modeling and acting.

Cox is of English, French, Welsh, Irish and German ancestry.

## Marriage and family

In 1996, Cox began dating actor David Arquette. The couple married on June 12, 1999. They have one child together, a daughter named Coco Riley Arquette (born June 13, 2004). Coco's godmother is family friend Jennifer Aniston. Cox had seven miscarriages between 2001 and November 2010. She and her husband separated on December 31, 2011. Arquette filed for divorce on June 8, 2012.

## Other websites

- Courteney Cox at Tv.com

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Courteney  Cox
- **image**: Courteney Cox '10 PaleyFest.jpg
- **caption**: Cox in March 2010
- **birth name**: Courteney Bass Cox
- **birth place**: Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.
- **other names**: Courteney Cox Arquette
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1984–present
- **spouse**: David Arquette
<small>(1999–2013; 1 child)</small>
- **children**: Coco Riley Arquette
<small>()</small>
- **partner**: Michael Keaton (1989–1995)
Johnny McDaid (2013 present)
Old Trafford

**Old Trafford** is a football stadium in Trafford. Its nickname is  Theatre of Dreams". It is home to the club Manchester United F.C.. It is a club stadium in Great Britain.

Old Trafford hosted most of England's home matches while Wembley was being built. It was built in 1910. It cost about £60,000,000 to build.

## Infobox (venue)

- **image**: Stretford_End,_Old_Trafford.jpg
- **caption**: The Stretford End, Old Trafford
- **name**: Old Trafford
- **former names**: United Football Ground
- **location**: Sir Matt Busby Way, Old Trafford, Manchester M16 0RA
- **opened**: 1910
- **renovated**: 2022
- **expanded**: 2023
- **owner**: Kevin and Edward Glazer
- **operator**: Manchester United F.C.
- **surface**: grass
- **scoreboard**: yes
- **cost**: £600M
- **capacity**: 74,140
- **record attendance**: 76,962 Wolverhampton Wanderers VS Grimsby Town 25 March 1939
- **tenants**: Manchester United F.C. (formerly Newton Heath) 1910-present
- **website**: www.manutd.com
- **publictransit**: wharfside old trafford}
Stadium

A **stadium** is a building in which lots of people may watch an event. They are often used for football and athletics. Some stadiums are paid to add a company name to the name of their stadium. For example, _Comerica_ Park in Detroit, Michigan, or the ALLTEL Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida. When people do this the company has the _naming rights_ to the stadium. The given name of a stadium can change when another company buys the naming rights to that stadium.

An **arena** is a small indoor stadium. Arenas are often used for many different types of events. These include sports and music.

## Other websites

- worldstadia.com
Disaster

A **disaster** is something bad that happens.  Disasters can destroy homes and many kinds of work. Disasters can be of different types, but most are caused by wars, negligence or forces of nature.

## Natural disasters

These may include avalanches (where snow comes down a mountain), cold (where animals and people freeze), diseases (sicknesses), droughts (when there is no water), earthquakes (where the ground moves), famine (where there is not enough food), fire, flood (where rivers grow and invade land), hail (hard ice falls like rain), heat that lowers the water supply, hurricanes that may destroy homes, landslides and mudslides, sink holes (where a cave falls in), storm surge (where water piles up and then suddenly comes on land), thunderstorms (rain with lightning and thunder), tornadoes (currents of wind that break things), tsunami (where a wall of water comes on land), volcanoes erupting, a waterspout (like a tornado on water), or winter storms (where snow falls so thick you cannot see).

Possibly the worst natural disaster recorded was the earthquake in Shaanxi, China in 1556. It is measured at 9.0 on the Richter scale and 850,000 people are said to have died in the quake.

## Human-caused disasters

Disasters caused by humans include wars, aviation (flying) accidents, arson, CBRNs (where a country has a powerful weapon), civil disorder (where people riot or do crimes), power outages (where electricity is interrupted), public relations crises where a company must tell bad news, radiation accidents, disasters in space, a telecommunications outage (not being able to communicate), and terrorism.

## Living through a disaster

To live through a disaster, it is important that your family and your city prepare in advance.  This may be making a pack of things you need in an emergency, it may be a government sending soldiers to help, or it may be something in between. It is recommended to keep a disaster survival kit with canned goods, in the advent of such a disaster.

## Related pages

- War
- Weather
- Car accident
- Civil defence
- Disaster recovery

## Other websites

- Department of Homeland Security
- London Prepared
- Disaster Psychiatry Outreach
- Preparing an emergency survival kit
- EM-DAT: The International Disasters Database  includes information on man-made and natural disasters, basic definitions and a database of disasters occurrence and impact from 1900 to today
- Disasters factsheet
- Assisting Children and Adolescents in Coping with Disasters
Bobby Orr

**Robert Gordon "Bobby" Orr** (born March 20, 1948 in Parry Sound, Ontario) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman.

Bobby Orr's ice hockey skills were evident at a very early age. He was signed by the Boston Bruins at twelve. As a 14-year-old, he played junior hockey against eighteen, nineteen and twenty-year-olds. He signed his first pro contract with the Boston Bruins in 1966.

In his first professional season, he won the Calder Memorial Trophy as top rookie in the league. Orr only played 46 games in the 1967-68 NHL season because he was injured, but won the Norris Trophy. In the 1969-70 season, he scored 120 points and became the only defenseman in history to win the Art Ross Trophy, for leading the league in scoring. He also won the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Conn Smythe Trophy. In 1976, Bobby Orr was named the most valuable player in the inaugural Canada Cup Tournament. Orr was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in 1976. He would only play 26 games over the next three seasons because of problems with his knees.

Orr was inducted in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1979.

## Other websites

- Order of Canada Citation
- Bobby Orr Hall of Fame website

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Bobby Orr 2010 WinterCl.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Bobby Orr at the 2010 NHL Winter Classic, January 1, 2010
- **position**: Offensive Defenceman, Defence
- **played for**: Boston Bruins
Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 180
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **birth place**: Parry Sound, Ontario, Parry Sound, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1966
- **career end**: 1978
- **halloffame**: 1979
- **website**: [http://www.bobbyorr.com/ www.bobbyorr.com]
The Muppet Show

***The Muppet Show*** is a variety television series. It aired from September 5, 1976 to May 23, 1981. The series starred Jim Henson's Muppet characters. Each episode featured a famous guest star. A revival of the show, Muppets Tonight, aired from 1996 to 2001.

The main characters on the series are Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear and Gonzo the Great.

## Performers

- Jim Henson - Kermit the Frog, Rowlf the Dog, Waldorf, The Swedish Chef, Dr. Teeth, Beautiful Day Monster, Shakey Sanchez, Gloat, Green Heap, Flower Eating Monster, Timmy Monster, Link Hogthrob, The Newsman, Lubbock Lou, Additional Muppets
- Frank Oz - Fozzie Bear, Miss Piggy, Sam the Eagle, Andy, Marvin Suggs, Mildred Huxhetter, George the Janitor, Purple Heap, Beaker, Dick, Gramps, Additional Muppets
- John Lovelady - Crazy Harry, Harry, Nigel, Snake Frackle, Additional Muppets
- Dave Goelz - Additional Muppets
- Eren Ozker - Hilda, Janice, Wanda, Additional Muppets
- Louise Gold - Annie Sue, Lou, Additional Muppets
- Jerry Nelson - Robin the Frog, Floyd Pepper, Dr. Julius Strangepork, Lew Zealand, Gorgon Heap, Doglion, Pierre LaCousse, Pops, Thog, Slim Wilson, Additional Muppets
- Richard Hunt - Scooter, Statler, Sweetums, Behemoth, Boppity, Bobby Benson, Wayne, Bubba, Additional Muppets
- Steve Whitmire - Rizzo the Rat, Lips, Zeke, Additional Muppets
1250

### Europe

- December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, dies
- King Afonso III of Portugal captures the Algarve from the Moors.
- Valdemar, becomes King of Sweden.
- University of Valladolid is founded in Spain.
- The Rialto Bridge in Venice, Italy is changes from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden bridge.
- Vincent of Beauvais completes his encyclopedic work, _The Greater Mirror_.
- The Parlement law courts of _ancien régime_ France are created.
- A sickness breaks out in the city Naples (In what is now Italy), called the Naple's Plague

### Africa

- July 3 – Louis IX of France is captured by Baibars' Mamluk army at the Battle of Fariskur while he is in Egypt at the Seventh Crusade.
- The Bahri dynasty of Mamluks seize power in Egypt.
- The Walayta state is founded in present-day Ethiopia (see Rulers of Walayta)

## Births

- Pietro d'Abano, Italian physician, philosopher and astrologer (died 1316)
- Guido Cavalcanti, Italian poet (died 1300)
- Dmitry of Pereslavl, Grand-duke of Vladimir-Suzdal (d. 1294)
- Pierre Dubois, French publicist (approximate date; died c. 1312)
- Moses de Leon, compiler of the Zohar (approximate date; died 1305)
- Giovanni Pisano, Italian sculptor (approximate date; died 1314)

## Deaths

- February 2 – King Eric XI of Sweden
- February 8 – Robert I of Artois, French crusader (killed in battle) (born 1216)
- February 8 – William II Longespee, English crusader
- June 18 – Teresa of Portugal
- August 9 – King Eric IV of Denmark (born 1216)
- October 4 – Herman VI, Margrave of Baden
- December 13 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (born 1194)
- Leonardo of Pisa, Italian mathematician
- Matej Ninoslav, Croatian ban

## Eras and population estimates

The population of the world in 1250 was around 400 to 416 million people.
Elx

**Elx** (in Catalan) or **Elche** (in Spanish) is the third biggest city in Valencia, and the second in the Alicante province, in eastern Spain. The city has 215,000 inhabitants and is famous for its palm trees and the Mystery of Elx, a theatrical piece.
Eon

An **eon** (or **aeon**) is a term in Earth science for the longest periods of time. It describes a part of the Earth's existence lasting hundreds of millions to billions of years.

A geologic eon is part of Earth's existence, made up of a number of eras of different lengths. A geologic era is made up of two or more shorter times called geologic periods. A geologic period is, in turn made up of yet shorter times called epochs.

Geologists have given names to all of the eons, eras, periods and epochs that they have found by looking at rocks. The names given to each eon describe something about that time, or the rocks that were made at that time.

For example, we are now in the Phanerozoic eon, which comes from the Greek words for _life that we can see_, that is, there were animals and plants big enough to see without a lens. This era started about 545 million years ago.

## The four eons

|Eon|Beginning|End|Name meaning|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Hadean|4600 million years ago|3900 million years ago|Greek for "beneath the Earth"|
|Archaean|3900 million years ago|2500 million years ago|Greek for "ancient"|
|Proterozoic|2500 million years ago|540 million years ago|Greek for "earlier life"|
|Phanerozoic|540 million years ago||Greek for "life we can see"|
Upanishad

The **Upanishads** are some of the sacred books of the Hindu people. The Upanishads are part of a large collection of sacred books of Hindu people, called the Vedas. They are placed at the end of the Vedas and they primarily deal with knowledge or wisdom. Because they deal with knowledge portion of the Vedas, they are called Jnana-Kanda (Jnana means knowledge). Also because they come at the end portion of the Vedas they are often called texts of _Vedanta_ (_veda_: of vedas, _anta_: at the end). Upanishads form the foundation of the philosophy of Hindu religion.
Many scholars believe that originally Upanishads are rebellion against Vedas and it has added to Vedas by its unique spiritual quest.
Upanishad means "sit down with" master to learn about the Atman(soul).
The Upanishads do not belong to a specific period of Sanskrit literature. The oldest, such as the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad and Chandogya Upanishad, may be as old as 8th century BC, while the youngest, depending on the specific Upanishad, may date to the medieval or early modern period. More than 300 text about Upanishad have been found but we have  108 Upanishad in written.
Geeta which is the most religious book of Hindu's is also a Greatest Upanishad.

## Other websites

- Philosophia Ultima:Osho commentary on Mandukyopanishad
Bailiwick of Guernsey

The **Bailiwick of Guernsey** is a territory belonging to the British Crown in the Channel Islands. The bailiwick includes the islands of Guernsey, Alderney and Burhou, Herm and Jethou as well as Sark, Little Sark and Brecqhou.

A bailiwick is a territory governed by a bailiff. The Bailiff of Guernsey is the head of the parliament, the States of Guernsey, which makes the laws for the Bailiwick. Sark and Alderney also have their own parliaments and pass some of their own laws.

## Other rocks and islets

The Casquets (49°43.′4″N, 2°22.′7″W) are a group of rocks 13 km northwest of Alderney and are part of an underwater sandstone ridge. Other rocks which appear above the water are the islets of Burhou and Ortac. Not many plants grow on them.

Lihou is a small tidal island (95 vergees; 7ha) that is part of the Channel Islands. It lies off the west coast of Guernsey and is the most westerly point in the Channel Islands. Coordinates: 49°27′38.16″N, 2°40′4.44″W. The island was bought by the States of Guernsey in January 1995. Lihou is joined to Guernsey at low tide by an ancient stone path between the island and L'Eree headland. It is part of the Parish of St. Peter's.

The country code (also used for internet) is **GG**.

## Other websites

- "History of Little Lihou"
- Archeology on Lihou
Alderney

**Alderney** is one of the Channel Islands in the English Channel between England and France.  It forms part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, but its parliament, The States of Alderney, still has the right to make laws for the island.

The traditional language was Auregnais, but nobody speaks it now.

During World War II Alderney was used to house four concentration camps by the Germans, who had occupied each of the Channel Islands.
Mirror

A **mirror** or **looking-glass** is something that reflects light. One common _plane mirror_ is a piece of special flat glass that a person can look into to see a reflection of themselves or what is behind them.

Sometimes, a flat piece of metal or the surface of water can act like a mirror.

People can see themselves in a mirror because light comes in and is reflected.

Curved mirrors can have magnification properties, making images appear smaller or larger than their actual size, like a lens does.  They can be concave (curved inward) or convex (curved outward), making the reflected angle and view to be smaller or larger, respectively.  Special mirrors can make a person's appearance look quite strange.

Also, in a mirror, writing appears backwards, as a "mirror image" of the original writing.

Mirrors are usually made out of glass with metal on the back, called "silvering" even if the metal is not silver. Modern mirrors use aluminum. The aluminum is applied via vacuum, and will bond directly to cooled glass.

## Related pages

- Bronze mirror
Space probe

A **space probe** is a type of spacecraft, usually an unmanned space mission, sent out to find out information about a planet or other far away thing. As a tool of space exploration a planetary probe may land on the planet, or orbit around it, or merely fly by closely. Probes use radio waves to send information back to Earth or sometimes to a manned spacecraft. A space observatory leaves the Earth to look at distant objects, but does not go near the objects, so it is not called a probe.

The first successful space probe to explore a planet is Mariner 2, which was launched in August 1962 to fly by Venus. Over time, more space probes were launched, and more information about our solar system was gathered. A notable space probe is Voyager 2, which flew by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune before leaving the Solar System into interstellar space, a place between the stars.

## Related pages

- Exploration of Mars
Ford Motor Company

The **Ford Motor Company** (**FMC**; often known as **Ford**) is an American multinational automaker, founded on June 16, 1903 by Henry Ford. Ford, which owns the luxury vehicle manufacturer Lincoln, was the second-largest automaker, after General Motors, 1931 to 2004. Formerly, Ford also owned the following brands:

- Mercury (1939–January 2011; discontinued)
- Aston Martin (1987–March 2007)
- Mazda (owned a 33.4 % controlling-stake in Mazda 1996 to November 2008)
- Jaguar (1989–June 2, 2008; sold to Tata Motors)
- Land Rover (May 2000–June 2, 2008; sold to Tata Motors)
- Volvo (1999–2010; sold to Geely)
- Ford Transit (1978 circa - 1988; sold at Greco Franco)

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Ford Motor Company
- **logo**: Ford logo flat.svg
- **image**: FordGlassHouse.jpg
- **image caption**: Ford World Headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **founder**: Henry Ford
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **industry**: Automotive industry, Automotive
- **production**: 4.5 million vehicles (2024)
- **revenue**: (2024)
- **operating income**: (2024)
- **net income**: (2024)
- **assets**: (2024)
- **equity**: (2024)
- **num employees**: 171,000 (2024)
- **owner**: Ford family (Michigan), Ford family (2% equity; 40% voting power)
- **predecessor**: Henry Ford Company
- **founded**: in Detroit, Michigan, US
- **hq location**: Ford World Headquarters
- **hq location city**: Dearborn, Michigan
- **hq location country**: US
Rastafari movement

A **Rastafarian** (often called a **Rasta**) is a member of the Rastafari movement. Most Rastafarians live in the Caribbean, most notably Jamaica.

Rastafarians say that Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia is Jah (shortened from Jehovah). They say that Jesus has returned again in the form of Jah, as he promised in the Bible, and he will deliver them to Zion (their name for paradise or Ethiopia).

Rastafarians do not drink alcohol, they do not cut their hair, they spiritually smoke marijuana, and they have a strict all-natural (often vegetarian) diet. The diet is called _I-tal_ (derived from the word _vital)_, and is something like Jewish kosher, but sometimes with no meat at all.

Dreadlocks are a common Rastafarian hairstyle. For them, dreadlocks are an expression of spirituality: the term "dread" refers to a "fear of the Lord".

Naturality is an important part of the Rastafari way of life. They want to return to Africa and live naturally. They believe that smoking marijuana helps them to get in touch with Jah, and their way of life is improved when they practice meditation.

## Rastafari movement in culture

Many reggae musicians are part of the Rastafari movement, including the famous musicians Bob Marley and Peter Tosh who died in 1981 and 1988. Rapper Snoop Dogg became a Rastafarian in 2012. He has made an album of reggae music.
Alyssa Milano

**Alyssa Milano** (born December 19, 1972) is an American actress. She is best known for her appearance in the 1980s television series _Who's The Boss?_. She was one of the stars of The WB's series _Charmed_ since 1998.

Milano was born in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. She moved to Great Kills, Staten Island early in her life.

In 2015, Milano supported Bernie Sanders for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election.

In October 2017, Milano helped popularized the #MeToo movement, an international internet movement, to raise awareness of the dangers and victims of sexual abuse and sexual harassment.

## Other websites

- Alyssa Milano on fernsehserien.tv

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alyssa Milano
- **image**: 9.12.15AlyssaMilanoByLuigiNovi17.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Alyssa Milano, 2015
- **birthname**: Alyssa Jayne Milano
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, USA
- **homepage**: [http://www.alyssa.com/ www.alyssa.com]
- **known for**: Television roles:
* Phoebe Halliwell in _Charmed_
* Samantha Micelli in _Who's the Boss?_
- **spouse**: Cinjun Tate
(m. 1999-2000, divorced)
David Bugliari (m. 2009-present)
- **children**: Son and daughter
- **occupation**: Actress, singer
A Beautiful Mind (movie)

***A Beautiful Mind*** is a 2001 biographical movie about the mathematician John Nash and his experiences of schizophrenia. It is set in Massachusetts and New Jersey. It stars Russell Crowe, Ed Harris, Jennifer Connelly, Christopher Plummer, and Paul Bettany. It was directed by Ron Howard.

The movie is based on a book by Sylvia Nasar.

The movie won four Academy Awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture. Connelly won for Best Supporting Actress.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: A Beautiful Mind
- **director**: Ron Howard
- **writer**: Akiva Goldsman
- **music**: James Horner
- **cinematography**: Roger Deakins
- **studio**: Imagine Entertainment
- **runtime**: 135 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $58 million
- **gross**: $313 million
Mug

A **mug** is a container for drinking. It has one handle on the side. It is usually made of ceramic or steel. People might talk about getting _a mug of beer_ at a local pub. They might also drink a mug of coffee in the morning.
Claude Monet

**Claude Monet** (14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French impressionist artist.
One of his most famous paintings was called _Water Lilies_, which he repeated many times in various conditions.

Monet was born in Paris, France. His father wanted him to help run the family's grocery business. However, Monet wanted to be an artist. When he was young he met the painter Eugène Boudin who taught him to use oil paints, and encouraged him to paint out of doors.

Monet joined the French Army in Algeria for two years from 1860 to 1862. When he became ill he left the army to study art at university. He did not like the way art was taught, and joined the painter Charles Gleyre in his studio. He met other artists here, including Pierre-Auguste Renoir and Alfred Sisley. They shared their ideas about painting.

In 1866 Monet had a child with Camille Doncieux, who had been his model. They married in 1870 and had two children, Michel and Joseph. In 1870 he moved to England to escape the Franco-Prussian War, and in 1871 he moved to Argenteuil near Paris where he painted some of his most famous pictures. In 1873 he painted _Impression, Sunrise_, showing the sea at Le Havre. When this picture was shown in 1874 one critic took its title and called the group of artists "Impressionists". He intended to make fun of the artists, but the name has stuck and this is what people today call this style of painting.

In 1879 Camille died of tuberculosis. Alice Hoschedé decided to help Monet by taking care of his children as well as her own. In 1883 they moved to a house in Giverny where Monet planted a large garden. Monet married Alice in 1892.

Monet found that his garden inspired him to paint pictures of it, particularly the water lilies. Alice died in 1911, and his son Jean was killed in World War I in 1914.

Monet used broad brush strokes to build up his pictures, and painted quite quickly to try and get the idea of the light he could see into his paintings. If you go very close to one of his pictures it is hard to see what it shows, but if you stand back everything becomes clear.

His later paintings include series, in which he paints the same subject in different lights. For example, he painted a series of pictures of haystacks in a field, and another series of pictures of the west front of Rouen Cathedral. There are many paintings of the lilies in his garden at Giverny.

## Related pages

- Impressionism
- Giverny
Stretching (body piercing)

**Stretching** is a word used to describe a kind of body modification. It is when a person widens a pierced hole in their body.

Stretching is usually done a little bit at a time, so the pierced hole would not bleed or get infected.

## Stretching methods

There are some common ways used to stretch piercings, of different origins and useful for different people.

- Tapering — The most common way to stretch, tapering uses a _taper_, a piece of jewelry which is smaller at one end and larger at the other. The taper is covered  with something slippery, like oil or soap, to make it slide through the skin more easily. Then it is pushed through the hole of the piercing until it is almost completely through. Thicker jewelry is then pushed into the piercing. Tapers come in many sizes and are usually sold by the thickness of the large end. Most tapers are about 2 or 3 inches long.

- Dead Stretching — In dead stretching, jewelry is forced through without trying to widen the piercing hole first. This can hurt the body, and make scars, if it is not ready to hold the new jewelry. Some piercings will stretch a little on their own and larger jewelry can be put in without  injury.

- Teflon Tape Stretching — The jewelry is taken out, and a thin layer of non-sticky teflon tape is wrapped around it to make it thicker. The jewelry is then put back in. If a lot of tape is wrapped around the jewelry, eventually a person's piercing holes can be very wide.

- Weights — Big, heavy jewelry objects can be used to stretch piercings.

## Gauges and other measuring systems

Body jewellery is measured in gauges from 20g up to 000g; sizes larger than that are measured in fractions of inches. In Europe they are measured in millimeters.

The table below is not exact, but very close.

|Gauge|Millimeters|Inches|
| --- | --- | --- |
|18g|1.0mm|5/127"|
|16g|1.2mm|3/64"|
|14g|1.6mm|1/16"|
|12g|2mm|5/64"|
|10g|2.4mm|3/32"|
|8g|3.2mm|1/8"|
|6g|4mm|5/32"|
|4g|5mm|3/16"|
|2g|6mm|1/4"|
|0g|8mm|5/16"|
|00g|10mm|3/8"|
|000g|11mm|7/16"|
||12.7mm|1/2"|
||14mm|9/16"|
||16mm|5/8"|
||19mm|3/4"|
||22mm|7/8"|
||25mm|1"|
Pripyat

**Pripyat** (Ukrainian: При́п'ять, _Pryp”iat’_) is an abandoned city in northern Ukraine. It lies in Kyiv Oblast, near the border with Belarus. It was home to Chernobyl nuclear power plant workers. The city was abandoned in 1986 after the Chernobyl accident, the worst nuclear reactor accident in history. Before being abandoned, about 48,000 people lived in the city. The city was founded in the 1970s, when the nuclear power plant opened.
The site today is practically a museum showing the late Soviet era. With entirely abandoned buildings, including abandoned apartment buildings (four of which were yet to be used), swimming pools and hospitals, everything inside remains, from records to papers to children's toys and clothing. Pripyat and the surrounding area will not be safe for people to live there for several centuries. Scientists think that the most dangerous radioactive elements will take up to nine hundred years to decay sufficiently to render the area safe.

The city is entirely accessible and is relatively safe on the road, although it is unsafe to go around the city without a radiation dosimeter that measures exposure. The doors of all the buildings are open to reduce the risk to visitors, although many have accumulated too much radioactive material to be safe to visit.

## Related pages

- Chernobyl disaster

## Other websites

- Site about Pripyat created by its former residents. Contains photos from the deserted town of Pripyat and much other useful information
- Pripyat Ghost Town (1970-1986): a tale by Elena Filatova with photos
- Greenpeace pictures with no text
- Pripyat - Ghost Town II (www.opuszczone.com)
Thyroid cancer

**Thyroid cancer** is cancer in the thyroid gland. Doctors can find thyroid cancer by checking for swelling in the neck, blood tests, special scans, or taking a  biopsy.

## Types

There are four types of thyroid cancer:

|scope="col" style="width: 50px;"|**Type of Thyroid Cancer:**|scope="col" style="width: 225px;"|**This Type Makes Up...**|scope="col" style="width: 225px;"|**Does it Grow Slowly or Quickly?**|scope="col" style="width: 225px;"|**Can it Metastasize (Spread)?**|scope="col" style="width: 225px;"|**How Do People Do with Treatment?**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Papillary|70% of all thyroid cancers|Slowly|Yes, but not quickly|People do well with treatment; patients under 45 rarely die from papillary thyroid cancer||||||
|Follicular|10-15% of all thyroid cancers|Slowly|Yes, through the bloodstream and into other organs, like the lungs|People do well with treatment; patients under 45 rarely die from follicular thyroid cancer||||||
|Medullary|4% of all thyroid cancers|Usually slowly|Yes, early on|People do well if the cancer is only in the thyroid gland, but not as well if it has spread to other body parts||||||
|Anaplastic|2% of all thyroid cancers|Quickest of all thyroid cancers|Yes, very quickly|||||||