juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
List

A **list** is a part of a text, which has many words separated by commas (,) or a group of words going down the page that may use bullet points, letters, or numbers. Semicolons (;) are also used sometimes to separate items in a list.

These are lists:

I have invited **Peter, Mary, and Henry** to my birthday.

People who I have invited to my birthday are:
- **Peter**
- **Mary**
- **Henry**

People I invited to my birthday: **Peter; Mary; Henry.**

## Related pages

- Mailing list
Minsk

**Minsk** or **Miensk** (Мінск (official spelling in Belarus), Менск; Минск ; Mińsk) is the capital and a major city of Belarus. About 2 million people lived in the city as of 2021. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States. As a capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is also the capital of Minsk voblast (province) and Minsk raion. Minsk is built next to the Svislach and Niamiha rivers. The timezone in Minsk is GMT +2.

In 2019, Minsk hosted the European Games.

## History

The oldest mentions of Minsk date back to the 11th century (1067). In 1326 Minsk became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and received its town privileges in 1499. From 1569 it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodship in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was annexed by Russia in 1793 as a result of the Second Partition of Poland. During 1919–1991 Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian SSR.

During the Second World War the city was damaged. Most of the buildings and structures in the city turned into ruins.  But it was rebuilt. In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed. The city became the capital of the Republic of Belarus.

### Climate

Minsk has a continental climate. The average annual precipitation is about 700 mm. Summer is warm, but not hot. The average daily temperature in July is +19.1 °C (+66,3 °F). Winter is mild, the average daily temperature in January is −4.2 °C (+24,4 °F). Fog is common in the autumn and spring.

## Other websites

- Photos of Minsk on GOMINSK.ORG
- Photos on globustut.by
- Weather of Minsk - minsk.the.by

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: Capital city
- **native name**: МінскМинск
- **image flag**: Flag of Minsk, Belarus.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Minsk.svg
- **flag size**: 150
- **shield size**: 75
- **image caption**: Clockwise from top: Minsk business district (Pobediteley Avenue), the Church of Sts. Peter and Paul, Railway Station Square, the Church of Saints Simon and Helena, Red Church, National Opera and Ballet of Belarus, National Opera and Ballet Theatre,  and Minsk City Hall
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Belarus##Location within Europe
- **pushpin map**: Belarus#Europe
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **leader title**: Mayor of Minsk, Chairman
- **leader name**: Vladimir Kukharev
- **established title**: First mentioned
- **established date**: 1067
- **area blank1 title**: Total
- **area total km2**: 409.53
- **demographics type1**: Gross Regional Product
- **demographics1 title1**: Total
- **demographics1 info1**: Br 58.9 billion
(€20 billion)
- **demographics1 title2**: Per capita
- **demographics1 info2**: Br 29,500
(€10,000)
- **population as of**: 1 January 2023
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset**: +3
- **elevation m**: 280.6
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 220001-220141
- **area code**: +375 17
- **iso code**: BY-HM
- **blank name**: License plate
- **blank info**: 7
- **website**: [http://www.minsk.gov.by/en/ www.minsk.gov.by]
Mercedes

**Mercedes**:
- is a female first name, see Mercedes (name)
- a German car manufacturer, see Mercedes-Benz
1310s

The **1310s** was the decade that started on January 1, 1310, and ended on December 31, 1319. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***132th decade*** which began on January 1, 1311 and ended on December 31, 1320.

## Events

- The Fraticelli pose a problem for the Roman Catholic church
- In Europe, climate change leads to the Great Famine of 1315–1317
1326

## Events

- Change of emperor of the Ottoman Empire from Osman I (1299-1326) to Orhan I (1326-1359)
- Aradia de Toscano, is initiated into a Dianic cult of Italian Witchcraft (Stregheria), and discovers through a vision that she is the human incarnation of the goddess Aradia. Known as _La Bella Pelegrina_ amongst the outlaws near Lake Nemi, she becomes the leader of a religious anarchist movement.
Chancellor of Germany

The **chancellor of Germany** (German: _Bundeskanzler_, literally: _federal chancellor_) is the head of government of the Federal Republic of Germany.  The Chancellor of Germany is elected by the majority of the members of the Bundestag, the German parliament.  The **chancellor** is the German people's version of a Prime Minister or Premier.

The current chancellor is Friedrich Merz (CDU) since 6 May 2025.

## Chancellors since 1949

1. Konrad Adenauer (CDU), 1949–1963
1. Ludwig Erhard (CDU), 1963–1966
1. Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU), 1966–1969
1. Willy Brandt (SPD), 1969–1974
1. Helmut Schmidt (SPD), 1974–1982
1. Helmut Kohl (CDU), 1982–1998
1. Gerhard Schröder (SPD), 1998–2005
1. Angela Merkel (CDU), 2005–2021
1. Olaf Scholz (SPD), 2021–2025
1. Friedrich Merz (CDU), 2025–present

## Related pages

- List of chancellors of Germany
- Reich Chancellor, chancellors of the German Reich

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Federal Chancellor
- **body**: the Federal Republic of Germany
- **insignia**: DEgov-BK-Logo.svg
- **insigniasize**: 200
- **insigniacaption**: Logo of the German Chancellor
- **flag**: Flag of the Chancellor of Germany.svg
- **flagcaption**: Standard of the German Chancellor
- **imagecaption**: Merz in 2024
- **incumbent**: Friedrich Merz
- **image**: Friedrich Merz June 2025.jpg
- **department**: Politics of Germany#Executive, Executive branch of the Federal Government
German Chancellery, Federal Chancellery
- **style**: Mr. Chancellor (informal)
Excellency, His Excellency (diplomatic)
- **type**: Head of government
- **member of**: Cabinet of Germany, Federal Cabinet
European Council
- **seat**: Federal Chancellery, Berlin, Federal Chancellery, Berlin (main seat)
Palais Schaumburg, Bonn (secondary seat)
- **nominator**: President of Germany, President
- **appointer**: President of Germany, President
upon election by the Bundestag
- **termlength**: until the constitution of a new Bundestag (renewable)
- **constituting instrument**: German Basic Law (German Constitution)
- **first**: Otto von Bismarck
- **deputy**: Vice-Chancellor of Germany, Vice Chancellor
- **salary**: per year <small>()</small>
Mysore

**Mysore** (officially called **Mysuru**) is a city in Karnataka, India. Mysore is  south-west of Bangalore. Travel time from Bangalore to Mysore is 2-3 hours by road or rail. Mysore is the second largest city in Karnataka.

Mysore Palace, Jaganmohan Palace, Chamundi Hills, Brindavan Gardens, and Mysore Zoo  are the places to see in Mysore. Some people go to Mysore to see the Dasara procession.

Mysore is famous for its rich history and culture. It was the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore for many years before India became independent. The city has many old buildings and palaces that show its royal past.

The local language spoken in Mysore is Kannada, but many people also speak English and Hindi. Mysore is known for its traditional silk sarees called **Mysore silk**, which are popular all over India.

Every year, the Mysore Dasara festival is celebrated with great excitement. During this festival, the city is decorated with lights and there are cultural shows, music and dance performances.

Mysore is also an important center for education. It has many schools, colleges and universities. The city has peaceful parks and clean streets, making it a nice place to live and visit.

In addition to tourism, Mysore has industries like information technology, weaving and sandalwood products. The nearby Chamundi Hills are a popular spot for hiking and offer a beautiful view of the city.

Overall, Mysore is a city that combines tradition and modern life in a calm and friendly environment. People also go to Mysore to learn yoga.
Kannada

**Kannada** () is a language, and it is a script used for writing the language. Most people in the southern Indian state of Karnataka speak Kannada. There are also many speakers in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Kerala and Goa. There are some differences in the way Kannada is spoken in these places. There are about 44 million people who speak the language. The oldest Kannada writings that still exist today are called the "Halmidi inscription" from the 5th Century.

## Language profile

Kannada is a Dravidian language, which is a different language family from the Indo-European or Aryan languages of the north, such as Hindi but close to the other southern languages like Telugu. It has about 1200 years of written history. The first version is known as the Old Kannada script, which was used between 450 - 1200 CE. Modern Kannada has existed since about 1700 CE. Printing presses introduced by Christian missionaries at the beginning of the 19th century standardized the Kannada and Telugu scripts. Kannada also has a Braille writing system for people who are blind or visually impaired.

## Script

The Kannada script is a type of writing system called an alphasyllabary. All consonants have a built-in vowel. Other vowels are indicated with diacritics, which appear next to the consonants. When they appear at the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as separate letters. When consonants appear together without intervening vowels, the second consonant is written as a special joint symbol, usually below the first. The direction of writing: left to right in horizontal lines.

## Literature

Many songs, poems and religious texts have been written in Kannada. It is called a "classical language" by the Government of India, which means it is historically and culturally valuable. Kannada has the highest number of Janapeeta literary awards compared to any Indian language. Kannada had a huge boost during the Vijayanagar period.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Kannada
- **image**: Каннада.PNG
- **nativename**: ಕನ್ನಡ
- **states**: India - Karnataka  , Kasargod, Kasaragod, Kerala, Andhra pradesh, Goa, Tamil Nadu and significant communities in Mauritius, United Arab Emirates, Thailand.
- **speakers**: 60 million
- **date**: 2011
- **speakers2**: 11.4 million as a second language
- **ethnicity**: Kannadiga/Kannadati
- **familycolor**: Dravidian
- **fam2**: Southern Dravidian languages, Southern
- **fam3**: Tamil–Kannada languages, Tamil–Kannada
- **fam4**: Kannada–Badaga
- **iso1**: kn
- **iso2**: kan
- **iso3**: kan
- **nation**: *Karnataka
- **agency**: Various academies and the Government of Karnataka
- **script**: Kannada alphabet (Brahmic scripts, Brahmic)
Kannada Braille
- **notice**: Indic
- **map**: Kannadaspeakers.png
- **mapcaption**: Distribution of native Kannada speakers in India
1458

## Events

- January 24 – Matthias I Corvinus becomes King of Hungary
- Start of Magdalen College, University of Oxford
- George of Podebrady becomes King of Bohemia
- Pope Pius II becomes pope
- Turks issue a decree to protect the Acropolis after they conquer Athens.
1461

## Events

- February 2 – Battle of Mortimer's Cross – Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales.
- February 17 – Second Battle of St Albans – The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband.
- March 4 – The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England
- March 29 – Battle of Towton – Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne. Thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England.
- Edward, Richard of York's son, crowned as Edward IV, King of England (reigns until 1483)
- August 15 – The Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II after a siege of 21 days.
- Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483)
- Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli become students of Verrocchio
- Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is founded by the Ottomans
- François Villon: _Le Grand Testament_
- Donatello: _Judith and Holofernes_
1467

## Events

- October 29 – Battle of Brusthem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege
- Beginning of the Sengoku Period in Japan.
- Circa this year, polyalphabetic cipher invented by Leone Battista Alberti.
- Regent of Sweden Erik Axelsson Tott supports the re-election of deposed Charles VIII of Sweden to the throne.
- Pope Paul II arrested and tortured some of the abbreviators, among them was Filip Callimachus.
1478

## Events

- February 18 – George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is privately executed in the Tower of London.
- April 26 – The Pazzi attack Lorenzo de' Medici and kill his brother Giuliano during High Mass in the Florence Cathedral.
- December 28 – Battle of Giornico – Swiss troops defeat the Milanese.
- Lorenzo de' Medici becomes sole ruler of Florence
- Grand Prince Ivan III of Moscow conquers Novgorod
- Vladislav II of Bohemia makes peace with Hungary
- Eskender succeeds his father Baeda Maryam as Emperor of Ethiopia at the age of six.
1613

**1613** (MDCXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- January – Galileo observes Neptune, but mistakes it for a star and so is not credited with its discovery.
- February 7 – An Assembly of the Russian Empire elects Mikhail Romanov to be Tsar of Russia, and establishes the Romanov Dynasty.
- June 29 – Fire destroys London's Globe Theatre
- Francesco Andreini's _L'Adamo_ is published.
- King James I of England successfully mediates the Peace of Knäred treaty between Denmark and Sweden.
- The New River was opened, to supply London with drinking water from Hertfordshire
- Adriaen Block's ship _Tyger_ is destroyed by fire, forcing him and his crew to spend the winter on Manhattan
- James I of England comdemns duels in his proclamation _Against Private Challenges and Combats_
- Ottoman Empire invades Hungary
- Locust swarm destroys La Camarque, France
- Sultan Agung takes the throne of the kingdom of Mataram on Java.
- December 6 death of Anton Praetorius
1608

## Events

- March 18 – Sissinios formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia
- May 14 – Protestant Union founded in Auhausen.
- July 3 – Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain.
- August 24 – The first official English representative to India lands at Surat.
- October 2 – Dutch lensmaker Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first telescope in the Dutch parliament
- Swedish troops enter Moscow
- First cheques come to use in Netherlands
- Quebec city is founded by Samuel De Champlain
1577

## Events

- March 17 – formation of the Cathay Company to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold
- May 28 – Publication of the _Bergen Book_, better known as the _Solid Declaration_ of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings. The earlier version, known as the _Torgau Book_ (1576), had been condensed into an _Epitome_; both documents are part of the 1580 Book of Concord.
- September 17 – Peace of Bergerac signed between Henry III of France and the Huguenots
- The church in San Pedro in the Atacama Desert in Chile was built.
- November – The Great Comet of 1577 passed by Earth.
1870s

The **1870s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1870 and ended on December 31, 1879. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1871 and ended on December 31, 1880.

## Events

- The invention of the telephone (1876) by Alexander Graham Bell.
- The light bulb was invented.
- The phonograph is invented in 1877 by Thomas Edison.
- Ludwig Boltzmann's statistical definition of thermodynamic entropy
- Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) results in the collapse of the Second French Empire and in the formation of both the French Third Republic and the German Empire
- Continuing expansion of the British Empire; beginning of the New Imperialism
- Bulgaria and Romania declare independence following the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
- In the United States, continuation of post-Civil War reconstruction until its conclusion under President Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877

## World leaders

- Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
- Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (Canada)
- Prime Minister Alexander Mackenzie (Canada)
- Tongzhi Emperor (China)
- Guangxu Emperor (China)
- Emperor Wilhelm I (German Empire)
- Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (German Empire)
- King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
- King Umberto I (Italy)
- Emperor Meiji (Japan)
- Pope Pius IX
- Pope Leo XIII
- Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
- King Alfonso XII (Spain)
- Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (United Kingdom)
- President Ulysses S. Grant (United States)
- President Rutherford B. Hayes (United States)
- Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
1501

**1501** (MDI) was a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar.  It was the first year of the 16th century.

## Events

- Alexander becomes King of Poland.
- The Safavid kingdom was established in northern Iran.
- Martin Luther enters the University of Erfurt.
Jon Voight

**Jon Voight** (born December 29, 1938) is an American actor. Voight came to publicity in the late 1960s with his Academy Award–nominated performance as Joe Buck, a would-be gigolo, in Midnight Cowboy (1969). He has received an Academy Award for Best Actor, having received it for his role in the 1978 film Coming Home, in which he played a paraplegic Vietnam War veteran. In the 1970s, he became renowned as a Hollywood star.

Voight is a Republican who supports anti-communism.

## Early life and family

His mother was of German ancestry; his father was of Slovak ancestry. Voight is the middle of three brothers: volcanologist Barry Voight was born in 1937; musician Chip Taylor was born in 1940.

Voight's son James Haven and daughter Angelina Jolie are actors.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Jon Voight 2011.jpg
- **caption**: Jon Voight in Los Angeles in October 2011
- **birth place**: Yonkers, New York, United States, U.S.
- **birthname**: Jonathan Vincent Voight
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1963–present
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Lauri Peters
(m. 1962–1967, divorced)
Marcheline Bertrand
(m. 1971–1978, divorced)
- **children**: James Haven
Angelina Jolie
- **relatives**: Barry Voight, Chip Taylor (brothers)
Eugene McCarthy

**Eugene Joseph "Gene" McCarthy** (March 29, 1916 – December 10, 2005) was a United States senator from Minnesota. He ran for President of the United States five times. He died from Parkinson's disease.

## Other websites

- Eugene J McCarthy Lectureship at Saint John's University
- Eugene McCarthy (1916–2005): The Legacy of the Former Senator and Anti-War Presidential Candidate
- Eugene J. McCarthy, Senate Dove Who Jolted '68 Race, Dies at 89 — _The New York Times_
- Minnesota senator shook world in '68  — Star Tribune of Minneapolis

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Eugene Joseph McCarthy
- **nationality**: American
- **image name**: EugeneMcCarthy.jpg
- **jr/sr and state**: United States Senator
 from US Congressional Delegations from Minnesota, Minnesota
- **party**: Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party, Democratic-Farmer-Labor
- **term**: January 3, 1959 – January 3, 1971
- **preceded**: Edward John Thye
- **succeeded**: Hubert Humphrey
- **state2**: Minnesota
- **district2**: Minnesota's 4th congressional district, 4th
- **term start2**: January 3, 1949
- **term end2**: January 3, 1959
- **preceded2**: Edward Devitt
- **succeeded2**: Joseph Karth
- **birth place**: Watkins, Minnesota
- **death place**: Washington, D.C.
- **alma mater**: College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University, Saint John's University
University of Minnesota
- **spouse**: Abigail McCarthy (1915–2001)
- **profession**: Professor
Holy Spirit

The **Holy Spirit**, or **Holy Ghost**, is a part of the triune godhead (three in one God) of Christianity.

## According to the Bible

The Holy Spirit was there from the beginning. Genesis 1:2 says that the Holy Spirit helped create the Earth.

It was by the Holy Spirit that Jesus was conceived in Mary (Matthew 1:18,19).

When Jesus had finished his ministry on Earth, he told his followers that he would provide "another Comforter" (helper), who would lead them, into truth (John 14:16), and would be their teacher to tell them things that Jesus had not told them, but that they needed to know to continue to live for God.
The second chapter of the book of Acts tells how on the 50th day after Passover (called Pentecost), and 10 days after Jesus ascended to Heaven, Jesus' followers were gathered at the feast. While they were praying, the Holy Spirit came upon them. They began to speak in other languages (tongues).

## Holy Spirit baptism

While most Christians believe that the Holy Spirit is in them from the time they become born again, in Pentecostal denominations, such as the Assemblies of God, it is believed that speaking in unknown languages can still be an expression of the Holy Spirit, and that it is proof that a person has received the baptism of the Holy Spirit.
1850s

The **1850s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1850 and ended on December 31, 1859. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1851 and ended on December 31, 1860.

## Events

- Production of steel revolutionised by invention of the Bessemer process
- Benjamin Silliman fractionates petroleum by distillation for the first time
- First transatlantic telegraph cable laid
- First safety elevator installed by Elisha Otis
- Charles Darwin publishes _The Origin of Species_, putting forward the theory of evolution by natural selection
- Epidemiology begins when John Snow traces the source of an outbreak of cholera in London to a contaminated water pump.
- Discovery of Neandertal fossils in Neanderthal, Germany
- Solar flares discovered by Richard Christopher Carrington
- Crimean War (1854–1856) fought between Imperial Russia and an alliance consisting of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the Second French Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the conflict takes place around Crimea, on the northern coasts of the Black Sea.
- The Indian Mutiny: revolt against the East India Company's British rule in India
- Dissolution of the Mughal Empire by the British.
- 156 are killed in Paris in a failed assassination attempt on Napoleon III, Emperor of France
- Moldavia and Wallachia are unified and form Romania.
- Gideon T. Stewart attempts to create a Prohibition Party.

## World leaders

- Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
- Emperor Napoleon III (Second French Empire)
- King Frederick William IV (Germany)
- Pope Pius IX
- Queen Maria II (Portugal)
- King Peter V (Portugal)
- Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
- Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
- Queen Isabella II (Spain)
- Queen Victoria, (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Lord John Russell (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Lord Palmerston (United Kingdom)
- President Millard Fillmore (United States)
- President Franklin Pierce (United States)
- President James Buchanan (United States)
- Nasser-al-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty (Persia)
1479

## Events

- January 20 – Ferdinand II becomes king of Aragon and rules together with his wife Isabella, queen of Castile over most of the Iberian peninsula. Together they take over Granada in 1492, ending 800 years of Moorish rule.
- January 25 – Treaty of Istanbul between Ottoman Empire and Republic of Venice, in which Venice agrees to give land to the Ottomans and pay them 10,000 ducats a year.
- August 7 – Battle of Guinegate – A French army sent to invade the Netherlands is defeated by Maximilian of Austria.
- September 4 – Treaty of Alcáçovas ends War of Castilian Succession.
- October 13 – Battle of Kenyérmező – The Hungarian army led by Pál Kinizsi and István Báthori defeats the Ottoman Turk army in Transsylvania, Hungary.
- Christopher Columbus, a sailor and trader in the Genoese community in Portugal, marries Felipa Perestrelo Moniz and receives as dowry her dead father's maps and papers charting the seas and winds around the Madeira Islands and other Portuguese island colonies.
1505

**1505** (MDV) was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- March 5 – Papal dispensation issued for the marriage of Henry VIII of England and Catherine of Aragon
- Portuguese under Dom Lourenço d'Almeida reach Colombo, Sri Lanka and send envoys to King of Kotte.
- June 27 – Henry VIII of England repudiates his engagement to Catherine of Aragon, at his father's command
- King Alexander of Poland signed "Nihil novi" act – Poland became Nobles' Democracy
- Poland prohibits peasants from leaving their lands, establishing serfdom
- Christ's College, Cambridge founded.
- Vasili III succeeds Ivan III as Grand Prince of Muscovy.
- Idiosa III of Chardonnay murdered.
- Arabs reach Comoros.
- Judah Abravanel becomes personal physician to the viceroy of Naples.
Akihito

(known simply as Akihito) is the former emperor of Japan. He reigned from 1989 to 2019. He was the 125th emperor of his line according to Japan's traditional order of succession. He is head of the Imperial House of Japan.

Akihito became emperor after the death of his father in 1989, who was Emperor Shōwa. The current emperor's official reign name is _Heisei_ (establishing peace).

## Abdication

The Japanese government announced in December 2017 that Akihito would abdicate on 30 April 2019. He then did so in a brief ceremony on that date.

## What the emperor does

The emperor has many duties and responsibilities.  For example, he regularly
- takes part in affairs of according to the Constitution of Japan.
- attends various events and ceremonies held at the Imperial Palace.
- attends ceremonies in Tokyo.
- makes appearances at a variety of ceremonies in various parts in Japan
- visits welfare facilities.
- visits regions where disasters hit
- visits other countries
- helps transmit the traditional culture of Japan

As a personal interest, Akihito studies fish.

### Television broadcast

Akihito directly addressed his subjects in a television broadcast after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.  This was the first time any emperor used television in this way.

## Health

In July 2022, Akihito was diagnosed with heart failure. In 2025, Akihito was diagnosed with myocardial ischemia and supraventricular tachycardia.

## Titles and styles

- **23 December 1933 – 10 November 1952**: _His Imperial Highness_ The Prince Tsugu
- **10 November 1952 – 7 January 1989**: _His Imperial Highness_ The Crown Prince of Japan
- **7 January 1989 – 30 April 2019**: _His Majesty_ The Emperor of Japan
- **1 May 2019 – present**: _His Majesty_ The Emperor Emeritus

## Honors

- Order of the Chrysanthemum, Japan
- Order of the Rising Sun, Japan
- Order of the Sacred Treasure, Japan
- Order of Culture, Japan
- Order of the Garter, UK

## Related pages

- Emperor of Japan
- List of emperors of Japan
- Japanese imperial family tree
- Imperial Household Agency

## Other websites

- Imperial Household Agency (English); (Japanese)
- "Do Not Lose Hope" Address to the Nation, 2011 transcript and audio mp3 and video
- KidsWebJapan, "Emperor's Role"

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Akihito
明仁
- **image**: Emperor Akihito 199011 1.jpg
- **caption**: Formal portrait, 1990
- **succession**: Emperor of Japan
- **reign**: 7 January 1989 – 30 April 2019
- **coronation**: 12 November 1990
- **cor-type**: Japan
- **predecessor**: Hirohito, Shōwa
- **successor**: Naruhito
- **spouse**: Empress Michiko, Michiko Shōda
- **issue**: Naruhito, Naruhito, Emperor of Japan
Fumihito, Prince Akishino
Sayako Kuroda, Sayako, Princess Nori
- **house**: Imperial House of Japan
- **father**: Hirohito, Emperor Shōwa
- **mother**: Empress Kōjun
- **birth place**: Tokyo Imperial Palace, Tokyo, Japan
- **religion**: Shinto
1133

## Events

- Geoffrey of Monmouth produces the _Historia Regum Britanniae_.
- Construction of the Durham Cathedral is completed in England.
- Construction of Exeter Cathedral begins in England.
- June 4 – Lothair III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Innocent II.

## Births

- March 5 – Henry II of England (d. 1189
1265

## Births

- Dante
- Emperor Fushimi

## Deaths

- Hulagu Khan
Aero Space Museum

- _There is also the San Diego Aerospace Museum._
The **Aero Space Museum** is an airplane museum in Calgary in Canada. The museum, founded in 1975, is near the Calgary Airport.

Some things at the museum are war-time airplanes: a Sopwith Triplane from World War I and an Avro Lancaster from World War II.
There are also peace-time airplanes made by Cessna and de Havilland, and a helicopter made by Sikorsky. The museum also has a large library of flying information available for people to read and look at.

## Other websites

- Aero Space Museum website
Canadian Museum of Flight

The **Canadian Museum of Flight** is an aircraft museum at the Langley Airport in Langley, British Columbia, Canada. The museum has about 20 peace-time and war-time motor airplanes, gliders, and helicopters to see, six of which can still fly.

## Aircraft

List of aircraft displayed :

- Avro Canada CF-100 Canuck Mk.3B
- Beechcraft 3NMT Expeditor (C-45)
- Bowlus Bumblebee BB1
- Canadair (Lockheed) T-33AN Silver Star
- Canadair CT-114 Tutor (used by the Snowbirds)
- Canadian Quickie 1 (Homebuilt)
- Conair Firecat
- Douglas DC-3 "CF-PWH" "Spirit of the Skeena"
- de Havilland DH100 Vampire Mk3
- de Havilland DH82C Tiger Moth (Flying condition)
- Fleet 16B Finch MkII  (Flying condition)
- Handley Page Hampden
- Lockheed CF-104D Starfighter
- North American Harvard Mk IIB (Flying condition)
- Mignet "Pou du Ciel"
- Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a (7/8 Replica) (Flying condition)
- Sikorsky S-55
- Sopwith Camel (Duplicate)
- Struchen Ultralight Helicopter
- Waco AQC-6 (Flying condition)
- Waco INF (Flying condition)
- Westland Lysander Mk III

## Other websites

- Canadian Museum of Flight
- Canadian Museum of Flight website
Olympic Flight Museum

The **Olympic Flight Museum** is an aircraft museum at the Olympia Airport in Olympia, Washington, USA. The museum has more than 20 airplanes and helicopters to see, most of which can still fly.

## Other websites

- Olympic Flight Museum website
San Diego Aerospace Museum

**San Diego Aerospace Museum** is an aircraft and space exploration museum in San Diego, California, USA.  It contains many original and copies of old aircraft and spacecraft, including:

- A Lockheed A-12 Oxcart
- A Ford Trimotor
- A Supermarine Spitfire Mk.XVI
- A North American P-51 Mustang
- The Apollo 9 command module "Gumdrop"
- A SPAD VII.c.1
- A Nieuport 28
- A Curtiss JN4 Jenny
- A Curtiss P-40 Warhawk
- A North American F-86 Sabre
- A Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot
- A Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 Fresco
- A McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
- A Bell AH-1 Cobra
- A PBY-5A Catalina

## Other websites

- San Diego Aerospace Museum website
Pearson Air Museum

The **Pearson Air Museum** is an airplane museum at Pearson Field Airport in Vancouver, Washington, USA. The museum and Pearson Field, and the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, are all part of the Vancouver National Historic Reserve.

## Planes shown

The Pearson Air Museum shows different kinds of unusual, special, and historic airplanes. For example, an experimental and one-of-a-kind aircraft known as the "flying pickle" originally based at Watts Airport (or Bernard's Airport), is shown at the Pearson. Alley reports on this special airplane based at Watts Airport in 1929, that was an experimental one-of-a-kind model.  In this aircraft the pilot sits in an open air compartment, behind a roomy enclosed passenger cabin.

## Other websites

- Pearson Air Museum website
Newfoundland and Labrador

**Newfoundland and Labrador** () is a province on the East Coast of Canada, and is the farthest east of all Canadian provinces and territories. The capital of Newfoundland and Labrador is St. John's. In 2021, 510,550 people lived in Newfoundland and Labrador.

Newfoundland is an island, while Labrador is within the mainland of Canada and on a border with Quebec.

## History

The province of Newfoundland and Labrador was originally called Newfoundland and joined Canada in 1949, becoming the newest province of Canada, after being a colony of the United Kingdom. Until an agreement was reached in 1927, Quebec also claimed Labrador.

In 2001, the name of Newfoundland changed to its new official name, Newfoundland and Labrador, while the postal code abbreviation changed from **NF** to **NL**.  The island of Newfoundland, and part of Labrador, are in a time zone that is a half hour off from any other part of North America.

## Infobox (province or territory of canada)

- **name**: Newfoundland and Labrador
- **settlement type**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **image flag**: Flag of Newfoundland and Labrador.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Newfoundland and Labrador.svg
- **image map**: Newfoundland and Labrador in Canada 2.svg
- **label map**: yes
- **official lang**: English (_de facto_)
- **capital**: St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's
- **largest city**: St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, St. John's
- **largest metro**: St. John's metropolitan area, Greater St. John's
- **government type**: Parliamentary system, Parliamentary constitutional monarchy
- **viceroytype**: Lieutenant governor
- **viceroy**: Joan Marie Aylward
- **premier**: Tony Wakeham
- **premierparty**: Progressive Conservative Party of Newfoundland and Labrador, PC
- **legislature**: Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
- **area rank**: 10th
- **area total km2**: 405212
- **area land km2**: 373872
- **area water km2**: 31340
- **percentwater**: 7.7
- **population demonym**: Newfoundland (Island), Newfoundlander
Labradorian
(see notes)
- **population rank**: 9th
- **population total**: 510550
- **population as of**: 2021 Canadian census, 2021
- **population est**: 549738
- **pop est as of**: 2025 Q4
- **densityrank**: 10th
- **density km2**: 1.4
- **gdp year**: 2011
- **gdp total**: 33.624 billion
- **gdp rank**: 8th
- **gdp per capita**: 65,556
- **gdp per capita rank**: 5th
- **former**: Dominion of Newfoundland
- **admittanceorder**: 12th
- **admittancedate**: March 31, 1949
- **houseseats**: 7
- **senateseats**: 6
- **timezone1 location**: Newfoundland
- **timezone1**: Newfoundland Time Zone
- **utc offset1**: -03:30
- **timezone2 location**: Labrador (Black Tickle and North)
- **timezone2**: Atlantic Time Zone
- **utc offset2**: -04:00
- **postalabbreviation**: NL (formerly NF)
- **postalcodeprefix**: List of A Postal Codes of Canada, A
- **iso code**: CA-NL
- **website**: www.gov.nl.ca
- **flower**: Sarracenia purpurea, Pitcher plant
- **tree**: Black spruce
- **bird**: Atlantic puffin
- **hdi year**: 2021
- **hdi**: 0.900—<span style="color:#090">Very high</span>
- **hdi rank**: 13th
Greenfinch

The **greenfinch** (_Chloris chloris_), also known as the **European greenfinch**, is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae.

## Distribution

This bird is widespread throughout Europe, north Africa and southwest Asia. It is mainly residential, but some Northernmost populations migrate further South. The Greenfinch has also recently been introduced into both Australia and New Zealand, primarily through Acclimatization Society.

## Habitat and Breeding

Woodland edges, farmland hedges and gardens with relatively thick vegetation are favored for breeding and long-term nesting. It nests in trees or bushes, laying 3  8 eggs per mating season. This species can form large flocks outside the normal breeding period, sometimes mixing with other finches and buntings.

The males often perform flashy dances and sing to attract others, forming loose colonies amongst the other arboreal songbirds in the spring and early fall.

## Diet

They feed largely on seeds, but also take berries.
St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador

**St. John's** is the capital of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is also the largest city in the province, with 110,525 people living there and 212,579 people in the St. John's Metropolitan Area.

Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN) has two campuses in St. John's and College of the North Atlantic (CNA) also has two (and a third in Seal Cove, within the St. John's Metropolitan Area).  MUN and CNA are the only two public higher education institutions in Newfoundland. Given this, there are many students living in St. John's to pursue studies.

Close to St. John's is **Cape Spear**, the easternmost point in North America.

St. John's is home to the Newfoundland Growlers who play in the ECHL.

## Media

- St. John's Stations
- CBNT-DT CBC
- CJON-DT NTV
Nest

A **nest** is a place where animals build to hold their eggs or provide a place to raise their babies. They are most typical of birds, but many other vertebrates do make nests.

Nests can be made of organic materials such as twigs, grass, and leaves. They may be a simple depression in the ground, or a hole in a rock, tree, or building. Nests can be found in all types of habitat.

## Other

- Bird nest
- Habitat
Egg (biology)

An **egg** results from fertilization of an ovum. The egg is a container for the zygote. It protects the zygote, and feeds the embryo.

The animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own, at which point the egg hatches. Most vertebrates, arthropods and molluscs lay eggs outside the mother's body. They are always in some kind of container, a shell or covering.

Reptiles, birds and monotremes lay cleidoic eggs:  bird eggs are an example. These are a special kind of egg with a good supply of food and water. They have an outside covering which lets through gases so that carbon dioxide can get out, and oxygen can get in.

Fish, amphibia, insects and arachnids lay simpler eggs in greater numbers, but with much less protection and nourishment.

## Live birth

Some animals, mostly mammals, keep the zygote inside their body where the embryo grows until it is ready to be born. These are also cleidoic eggs, but all the development is done inside the mother's body, as with humans.

Most mammals, and a number of marine reptiles, give live birth. Also, there are some invertebrates, such as scorpions, where the eggs develops inside the mother. They also give birth to live young.

## Largest egg

The ostrich has the largest eggs of all living animals. Eggs, mostly bird eggs, are often eaten as food. The shell of an egg is a hard calcareous (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) material. The shell of an ostrich egg can support the weight of a fully grown human.

## Related pages

- Ovum
- Cleidoic egg
Javan tiger

The **Javan tiger** (_Panthera tigris sondaica_) is 1 of 3 extinct subspecies of tigers. It lived on the island of Java in Indonesia. It became extinct in the 1970s-1990s. The last known sighting of one was in 1972.

It was small when compared with the subspecies from the Asian mainland. However, it was larger than the Bali tiger and around the size of the Sumatran tiger. It had numerous long, thin stripes.

## Related pages

- Bali tiger
- Caspian tiger
1518

## Events

- A plague of tropical fire ants devastates crops on Hispaniola.
1528

## Events

- June 19 – Battle of Landriano – A French army in Italy under Marshal St. Pol is decisively defeated.
- November 6 – Shipwrecked Spanish conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca becomes the first known European to set foot on Texas.
- Andrea Doria revolts against the French and establishes the independence of Genoa.
- Montenegro gains autonomy under Turk power.
- Maya people drive Spanish Conquistadors out of Yucatán.
- Spain takes direct control of Acapulco.
- Bubonic plague breaks out in England.
- Fourth major outbreak of the sweating sickness in England. This time the disease also spreads to northern Europe
- St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle completed.
- Chateau Fontainebleau in France begun.
- Cardinal Wolsey founds a college at Ipswich.
- Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti) begins work on fortifications of Florence.
- Baldassare Castiglione publishes The Book of the Courtier.
1529

## Events

- April 22 – Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17° east of the Moluccas.
- March 7 or 9 – At the Battle of Shimbra Kure, Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, with 200 men armed with matchlocks, defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.
- May 10 – The Turkish army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople to once again invade Hungary.
- August 5 – Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor sign the Treaty of Cambrai
- September 8 – Recapture of Buda by the invading Turkish forces.
- September 8 – The city of Maracaibo in Venezuela is founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.
- September 23 – Vienna is besieged by Turkish forces.
- October 15 – With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the siege.
- Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or the "Ladies' Peace". Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain Burgundy.
- Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, fails to bring about the divorce and annulment Henry VIII had sought and is forced to resign.
- Aylesbury is granted the county town of Buckinghamshire in England by King Henry VIII.
- Stephen Báthory becomes governor of Transylvania.
- Boromrajathira IV succeeds Rama Thibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.
- Fluorine is first described by Georg Agricola.
- Giorgio Vasari visits Rome.
- Pietro Bembo becomes historiographer of Venice.
- Heinrich Bullinger becomes pastor of Bremgarten.
- Diet of Speyer takes place.
Abacus

An **abacus** is an old tool used for arithmetic. It is still used in some parts of the world, and it is well suited for use in shops and street markets. Sometimes blind people use an abacus, because they can feel the numbers easily. The most common abacuses work by moving beads on rods.

Abacuses can do addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. They can be used to find the square root of whole numbers. Expert abacus users can sometimes do math faster than basic calculators.

There is a common Chinese abacus. This abacus is split into two kinds of basic rows, the top is for the "5"s, and the bottom is for the "ones". There are one or two beads in the top rows, and four or five beads in the bottom ones. For example, 8 is one bead on top and 3 below, because 5 + 3 = 8. Every column represents a different digit.

## Etymology

The use of the word _abacus_ dates from before 1387 AD, when the word was got from Latin to describe a sandboard abacus. The Latin word came from ancient Greek  (_abax_) which means something without base, or (improperly) any piece of rectangular board or plank.

Both _abacuses' and _abaci_ are used as plurals. The user of an abacus is called an _abacist_ (soft or hard 'c')._

## Japan

There is a Japanese version of the abacus called the 'soroban'. It works in essentially the same way.

### General and historical articles

- Abacus Photos and Images
- Abacus
- Roman abacus

### Tutorials

- Manual de uso del Abaco Japonés Soroban
- Min Multimedia
- Suan Pan
- Abacus: Mystery of the Bead - an Abacus Manual

### Abacus curiosities

- Abacus in various number systems
- Java applet of Chinese, Japanese and Russian abaci
- An atomic-scale abacus
1573

**1573** (MDLXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Monday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar.

## Births

- January 10 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (died 1624)
- April 17 – Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria (died 1651)
- April 26 – Marie de' Medici, queen of Henry IV of France (d. 1642)
- July 15 – Inigo Jones, English architect (died 1652)
- July 25 – Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer and Jesuit (died 1650)
- September 28 – Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, Italian artist (died 1610)
- October 6 – Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, English patron of the theater (died 1624)
- October 7 – William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (died 1645)
- Ambrosius Bosschaert, Dutch painter (died 1621)
- Pietro Carrera, Sicilian chess player, priest and painter (died 1647)
- Robert Catesby, English leader of the Gunpowder Plot (died 1605)
- Odoardo Farnese, Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church in Italy (died 1626)
- Ukita Hideie, Japanese daimyo (died 1655)
- Richard Johnson, English romance writer (died 1659)
- Johannes Junius, Burgomeister of Bamberg (died 1628)
- John Kendrick, English merchant (died 1624)
- Oeyo, wife of Tokugawa Hidetada
- Juan Pujol, Catalan composer and organist (died 1626)
- Charles de Valois, Duke of Angoulême, natural son of Charles IX of France (died 1650)
1606

## Births

- February 12 – John Winthrop, the Younger, Governor of Connecticut (died 1676)
- March 3 – Edmund Waller, English poet (died 1687)
- May 23 – Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, Spanish writer (d. 1682)
- May 25 – Saint Charles Garnier, Jesuit missionary (died 1649)
- June 6 – Pierre Corneille, French writer (died 1684)
- June 16 – Arthur Chichester, 1st Earl of Donegall, Irish soldier (died 1675)
- June 19 – James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton, Scottish statesman (died 1649)
- July 15 – Rembrandt, Dutch painter (died 1669)
- September 22 – Li Zicheng, Chinese rebel (died 1645)
- November 12 – Jeanne Mance, French settler in Montreal (died 1673)
- Richard Busby, English clergyman (died 1695)
- Leonard Calvert, governor of Baltimore (died 1647)
- Edmund Castell, English orientalist (died 1685)
- William Davenant, English poet and playwright (died 1668)
- Henry Pierrepont, 1st Marquess of Dorchester (died 1680)
- Giovanni Francesco Grimaldi, Italian architect and painter (died 1680)
- Thomas Harrison, English puritan soldier and Fifth Monarchist (died 1660)
- Thomas Herbert, English traveller and historian (died 1682)
- John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor (died 1685)
- Pierre du Ryer, French dramatist (died 1658)
- Joachim von Sandrart, German art-historian and painter (died 1688)
- Tokugawa Tadanaga, Japanese nobleman (died 1633)
- Thomas Washbourne, English clergyman and poet (died 1687)
Accordion

An **accordion** is a musical instrument that has keys similar to a piano, but is small enough for a person to hold. It makes sounds using air pushed and pulled through reeds using bellows. The accordion can also have buttons instead of keys. The 6-plus-6-system with three rows has the same fingering in all twelve scales.

On May 6, 1829, in Austria, Cyrill Demain and his sons presented a new instrument to the authorities for patent. The patent was granted to Cyrill for the accordion in 1829.

According to the OnMusic Dictionary, the accordion was first invented in Germany by Friedrich Buschmann in 1822. Although many people believe it was invented by Cyrill first. Since then, the instrument has made a significant impact on the world of modern and classical music. The accordion is similar to a portable piano. It is a wind instrument, comprising two reed organs that are connected by folding bellows.

## Related pages

- Bandoneon

## Infobox (instrument)

- **name**: Accordion
- **image**: Akordeon Morino V 120 De Luxe firmy Hohner.jpg
- **image capt**: An accordion
- **classification**: Keyboard instrument, Keyboard
- **inventors**: Friedrich Buschmann
- **developed**: 1822
- **related**: Concertina
499 BC

## Events

- Aristagoras, acting on behalf of the Persian Empire, leads a failed attack on the rebellious island of Naxos.
- Aristagoras instigates the Ionic Revolt, beginning the Persian Wars between Greece and Persia.
- Sardis destroyed by Athenian and Ionian troops.