juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Aeronautical operations technician

The degree of **Technicien aéronautique d'exploitation** (TAE, in English aeronautical operations Technician) was created in 2011. It is recognized by CNCP, and recorded level IV in the _nomenclature des niveaux de formation_ (levels of training). The training is organized by the French Civil Aviation University.

## History

The TAE course started in 1962. It was originally named « Agent d'Exploitation » (Handling Agent / Flight Dispatcher). The new name was introduced in November 2010.

## Training

The training is in seven months in Toulouse or, since September 2012, on the Aerocampus » of Latresne. The curriculum propose, in substantially equal parts, general lessons of aeronautics and practical lessons : air navigation, telecommunications and aeronautical information, aircraft flight mechanics, navigation, avionics, meteorology, air operations, air law, English, ....

## Occupations

The _Technicien aéronautique d'exploitation_ is responsible for the flight preparation and flight planning, passengers, freight management and pricing. he works for an airline or an airport.

## Related pages

- Technicien supérieur de l'aviation

## Further reading

- Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson et Cyril Lazerge, _50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation_, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
- ENAC TAE course
6th G7 summit

The **6th G7 summit**  was a meeting in 1980 for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

The international group of leaders were together in Italy on June 22-23. The meetings were held in Venice.

## History

The Venice summit of the Group of Seven (G7) was the 6th meeting in a series which began in 1976.

This was the first G7 summit hosted by Italy.

The G8 and the summit are part of a consultation process.  The G8 is not an international organization. It is an informal group.

## Participants

The participants were the "core members" of the group:

|colspan=2|Member|Represented by|Title|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro"|**Core G7 members** <small>Host nation and leader are indicated in bold text.</small>|||
|Canada|Pierre Trudeau|Prime Minister||
|France|Valéry Giscard d'Estaing|President||
|West Germany|Helmut Schmidt|Chancellor||
|**Italy**|**Francesco Cossiga**|**Prime Minister**||
|Japan|Saburo Okita|Minister for Foreign Affairs||
|United Kingdom|Margaret Thatcher|Prime Minister||
|United States|Jimmy Carter|President||
|European Commission|Roy Jenkins|President||

Japanese Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira had a fatal heart attack only 10 days before the summit.  The Foreign Minister led the Japanese delegation.

## Overview

The G7 leaders agreed to work together to break the link between oil consumption and economic growth.  Medium- and long-term policies were identified as important issues.

## Related pages

- G8
- List of G8 summits

## Other websites

- University of Toronto: G8 Information Centre
- Parliament.uk, Graphic shows G8 in context
Meghna River

The **Meghna River** is an important river in Bangladesh.  It is one of the three that forms the Ganges delta.  This delta is the largest on earth. The river meets Padma River in Chandpur District. The river ends in the Bay of Bengal in Bhola District.

Major tributaries of the Meghna include the Dhaleshwari River, Gumti River, and Feni River. The river's average depth is . The maximum depth is .

The Meghna is the widest river of those that are completely inside Bangladesh. At one point near Bhola, Meghna is 12 km wide. In its lower parts this river follows almost a straight line. Despite its very calm and quiet look, this river is the cause of many deaths every year. Several ferry sinkings in the past have killed hundreds.  Near Chandpur it is very dangerous.
Jatiya Sangsad

**Jatiya Sangsad** or **National Assembly** is the national parliament of Bangladesh. The current parliament of Bangladesh has 345 seats. This includes 45 seats held for women.  People who are in the Jatiya Sangsad are called Members of Parliament or MPs. The last 9th National Parliamentary Election was held on December 29, 2008.  Normally elections are every five years.

The leader of the party that has most of seats is the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. The President of Bangladesh, who is the ceremonial head of state, is picked by Parliament.

The parliament itself meets in the Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban.  The current majority party is the Bangladesh Awami League.

Members of Parliament must be citizens of _only_ Bangladesh and above the age of 25.

## Past parliamentary election results

|Legislature|Majority|Leader of House|Opposition|Opposition Leader|Remarks|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**1st Parliament**|Awami League|Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|_None_|_None_|<small>No other political party won more than 1 seat</small>|
|**2nd Parliament**|BNP|Ziaur Rahman|Awami League|_None_|<small>Opposition was too factioned to elect a leader</small>|
|**3rd Parliament**|Jatiya Party|H M Ershad|Awami League|Sheikh Hasina||
|**4th Parliament**|Jatiya Party|H M Ershad|Coalition opposition|A. S. M. Abdur Rab|<small>Rab was dubbed Ershad's domesticated Opposition Leader, since all major parties had boycotted the elections, and Ershad pitched the coalition opposition to give his regime legitimacy.</small>|
|**5th Parliament**|BNP|Khaleda Zia|Awami League|Sheikh Hasina||
|**6th Parliament**|BNP|Khaleda Zia|Bangladesh Freedom Party|_None_||
|**7th Parliament**|Awami League|Sheikh Hasina|BNP|Khaleda Zia||
|**8th Parliament**|BNP|Khaleda Zia|Awami League|Sheikh Hasina||
|**9th Parliament**|Awami League|Sheikh Hasina|BNP|Khaleda Zia||

## Infobox (parliament)

- **name**: House of the Nation
- **coa res**: 100px
- **native name**: Jatiyo Sangshad
 জাতীয় সংসদ
- **session room**: National Assembly of Bangladesh (06).jpg
- **house type**: Unicameral
- **leader1 type**: Speaker (politics), Speaker
- **leader1**: Vacant
- **leader2 type**: Deputy Speaker
- **leader2**: Vacant
- **members**: 350 (50 seats reserved for women)
- **last election1**: 2024 Bangladeshi general election, 7 January 2024
- **meeting place**: Dhaka, Bangladesh
- **website**: http://www.parliament.gov.bd/
- **first election1**: 1973 Bangladeshi general election, 7 March 1973
Independence Day of Bangladesh

The **Independence Day of Bangladesh** is a national holiday. It commemorates the country's declaration of independence from United Kingdom. It is celebrated on 14 August 1947.Bangladesh Independence Day 14 August 1947
Independence Day is commonly associated with parades, political speeches, fairs, concerts, and ceremonies to celebrate the history and traditions of Bangladesh.

The Independence Day Award is the highest state award given by the Government of Bangladesh.
Charyapada

The **Charyapada** is a collection of 8th-12th century Vajrayana Buddhist _caryagiti_.  They are mystical poems from the tantric tradition in eastern India. The Charyapada were meant to be sung.

A manuscript of this anthology was found in the early 20th century. It shows early examples of the Assamese, Oriya, Maithili and Bengali languages. The writers of the Charyapada belonged to the various regions of Assam, Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. A Tibetan translation of the Charyapada was also kept in the Tibetan Buddhist canon.
Michael Madhusudan Dutt

**Michael Madhusudan Dutt,** or **Michael Madhusudan Dutta,** (25 January 1824 – 29 June 1873) was Bengali poet and dramatist.  He was the first great poet of modern Bangla literature. He was educated at the Hindu College, Kolkata. In 1843, he became a Christian. He was born in Sagordari, a village in Keshobpur Upozila, Jashore District, East Bengal (now in Bangladesh). He was a pioneer of Bengali drama. His famous work _Meghnad Badh Kavya_, is a tragic Novel, centring round the heroic figure of Indrajit, Ravan's son. It has nine cantos and is exceptional in Bengali literature both in terms of style and content. He also wrote poems about the sorrows and pains of love as spoken by women.

From an early age, Dutt wanted to be an Englishman in form and manner. In later life, he regretted his attraction to England and the Occident.  He wrote lovingly of his homeland in his poems and sonnets from this period.

His early writings were in English, but they were unsuccessful. He turned, reluctantly at first, to Bengali. His main works, written mostly between 1858 and 1862, include prose drama, long narrative poems, and lyrics. His first play, _Sarmistha_ (1858), was well received. His poetical works are _Tilottamasambhab_ (1860), a narrative poem on the story of Sunda and Upasunda; _Meghnad Badh_ (1861), his most important piece, an epic on the Rāmāyaṇa theme; _Brajangana_ (1861), a cycle of lyrics on the _Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa_ theme; and _Birangana_ (1862), a set of 21 epistolary poems on the model of Ovid’s Heroides.

Dutt is widely said to be one of the greatest poets in Bengali literature.  He is the father of the Bengali sonnet. He was the first to make what came to be called _amitrakshar chhanda_ (blank verse). Dutt died in Kolkata, India on 29 June 1873.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Michael Madhusudan Dutt
- **image**: MichaelMadhusudanDatta.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Michael Madhusudan Dutt
- **birth place**: Sagordari village, Jashore District, Jashore, British India
- **nationality**: British Indian
- **movement**: Bengal Renaissance
- **death place**: Calcutta, British India
- **occupation**: Writer
- **genre**: Poet, playwright
- **subject**: Literature
- **spouse**: Rebecca Mactavys
 Henrietta Sophia White (m. 1856–1873)
- **children**: Napoleon
 Sharmistha
- **relatives**: Rajnarayan Dutt (father)
 Jahnabi Devi (mother)
Kazi Nazrul Islam

**Kazi Nazrul Islam** (25 May 1899–29 August 1976) was a Bengali poet, musician and revolutionary.  His nickname was "Rebel Poet". He was the first to make poems talking about intense spiritual rebellion against fascism and oppression. Nazrul is the national poet of Bangladesh. He is commemorated in India.

## Life

He was born into a Muslim family in India, Nazrul received religious education.  He worked as a muezzin at a local mosque. He learned of poetry, drama, and literature while working with theatrical groups. After being in the British Indian Army, Nazrul made himself a journalist in Kolkata (then Calcutta). He was against the British Raj in India.  He talked about revolution through his poetic works.  Some examples are "Bidrohi" ("The Rebel") and "Bhangar Gaan" ("The Song of Destruction"), as well as his publication "Dhumketu" ("The Comet"). His work in the Indian independence movement often led to going to jail by British authorities. While in prison, Nazrul wrote the "Rajbandir Jabanbandi" ("Deposition of a Political Prisoner").

## Writings

Nazrul's writings are about themes such as love, freedom, and revolution.  He was against all bigotry, including religious and gender.  Throughout his career, Nazrul wrote short stories, novels, and essays but is best known for his poems.  He started new forms such as Bengali ghazals. Nazrul wrote and composed music for his nearly 4,000 songs. They are collectively known as Complete Works of Kazi Nazrul Islam, which are widely popular today. At the age of 43 (in 1942) he began suffering from an unknown disease.  He was losing his voice and memory. It is often said, the reason was slow poisoning by British Government. He lived alone for many years. Invited by the Government of Bangladesh, Nazrul and his family moved to Dhaka in 1972.  He died four years later.

## Infobox (person)

- **era**: 20th century philosophy
- **image**: Kazi nazrul islam with Setar.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Kazi Nazrul Islam, before 1940
- **name**: Kazi Nazrul Islam
- **birth place**: Churulia, Asansol, Burdwan District, Bengal, British Raj, British India
 (now in West Bengal, Paschimbanga, India)
- **death place**: Dhaka, Bangladesh
- **nationality**:  Indian/Bangladeshi
Ektara

**Ektara** (literally "one-string", also called **iktar**, **', **yaktaro** **gopichand_') is a one-string instrument.  It is most often used in traditional music from Bangladesh, India, Egypt, and Pakistan.

The ektara was a regular string instrument of wandering bards and minstrels from India.  It is plucked with one finger. The ektara usually has a stretched single string.  An animal skin is over a head made of dried pumpkin/gourd, wood or coconut.  The neck is a pole or split bamboo cane.

Pressing the two halves of the neck together loosens the string.  This lowers its pitch. The sound can be changed many ways by slight changes in pressure.

The various sizes of ektara are soprano, tenor, and bass. The bass ektara, sometimes called a _dotara'' often has two strings.
Biryani

**Biryani**, **Biriani**, **Beryani** or **Beriani** is a dish that is popular in South Asia, that comes in set of rice-based foods made with spices, rice (usually basmati) and meat, fish, eggs or vegetables. The name comes from the Persian word _beryā(n)_ which means "fried" or "roasted".

The cooking method of Biryani came from Iran. It was brought to the Indian subcontinent by Iranian travelers and merchants. In India and Pakistan, the recipe of biryani developed to its current form. Local variants of this dish are popular not only in South Asia but also in Southeast Asia, Arabia, and their communities who reside in Western countries.

## Ingredients

The spices and condiments used in biryani may include, but are not limited to, ghee, nutmeg, mace, cumin, pepper, cloves, cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves, coriander, mint leaves, ginger, onions, and garlic. The premium varieties include saffron. For a non-vegetarian biryani, the main ingredient with the spices is the meat—beef, chicken, goat, lamb, fish or shrimp. The dish may be served with dahi chutney or raita, korma, curry, a sour dish of eggplant (brinjal), boiled egg and salad.

Biryani and pullao are different. In biryani the rice (plain or fried) is cooked separately from the thick sauce (curry of meat or vegetables). The curry and the rice are then brought together and layered.  This makes a dish with contrasting flavors of rice, sauce and meat or vegetables.
Vesak

**Vesākha** or **Vesak** is a holy day.  It is observed traditionally by Buddhists in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and the South East Asian countries of Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Burma, and Indonesia.  Sometimes it is called "Buddha's Birthday". It is basically Buddha's birthday and actually includes the birth, enlightenment (nirvāna), and passing away (Parinirvāna) of Gautama Buddha.

The exact date of Vesākha varies according to the lunar calendars used in different traditions. In Theravada countries following the Buddhist calendar, it falls on a full moon Uposatha day.  This is typically in the 5th or 6th lunar month. Vesākha Day in China is on the eighth of the fourth month in the Chinese lunar calendar. The date varies from year to year in the Western Gregorian calendar.  It usually falls in April or May. In leap years Vesākha is celebrated in June.

## Infobox (holiday)

- **image**: Dharma Wheel.svg
- **holiday name**: Vesākha
- **official name**: Vesākha, Buddha Purnima, Vaishaka, Vesak
- **nickname**: Buddha's Birthday or Buddha Day
- **observedby**: Buddhism, All Buddhist sects
- **date**: Full moon of the month of Vesākha, usually in May
- **observances**: Meditation, Observing the eight precepts, partaking of vegetarian food, giving to charity, "bathing" the Buddha
- **type**: Buddhist
- **longtype**: Religious
- **significance**: The birth, enlightenment and passing away of Gautama Buddha, Buddha
- **relatedto**: Buddha's Birthday
Pohela Boishakh

**Pôhela Boishakh** (**Bengali New Year**) is the first day of the Bengali calendar. It is on 14 April in Bangladesh and 15 April in other places. The holiday is celebrated in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal.  It is also celebrated in Bengali communities in the other Indian states like Assam, Tripura, Jharkhand and Odisha and all over India as well where the Bengali community is. It is the same day as the New Year's Days of many Southern Asian calendars.

In Bangladesh, it is a national holiday .

In Bengali, Pohela means ‘first’. Baisakh is the first month of the Bengali calendar.

_Boishakhi_ fairs are held in many parts of the country. Various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold at these fairs. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers and dancers. They present folk songs.  Among other attractions of these fairs are puppet shows and merry-go-rounds.
Magpie-robin

The **magpie-robins** or **shamas** are medium-sized  birds.  They mostly eat insects.  Some also eat berries and other fruit.  They are in the genera _Copsychus_ and _Trichixos_. They were used to be in the thrush family Turdidae.  They are now treated as part of the Old World flycatcher Muscicapidae.

These are African and Asian garden and forest dwelling species.

Species list:
- Madagascar Magpie-robin, _Copsychus albospecularis_
- Oriental Magpie-robin, _Copsychus saularis_
- White-rumped Shama, _Copsychus malabaricus_
- Seychelles Magpie-robin, _Copsychus sechellarum_
- White-browed Shama, _Copsychus luzoniensis_
- White-vented Shama, _Copsychus niger_
- Black Shama, _Copsychus cebuensis_
- Rufous-tailed Shama, _Trichixos pyrropyga_
Juliette Binoche

**Juliette Binoche** (born 9 March 1964) is a French actress. She was born in Paris. Her maternal grandparents were Poles. She won an Academy Award for her role in the movie _Chocolat_. She won a BAFTA Award for her role as Hana in _The English Patient_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Juliette Binoche
- **image**: Juliette Binoche Berlin 2015.jpg
- **caption**: Juliette Binoche in 2015
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **occupation**: Actress
- **awards**: Academy Award for _The English Patient_
Skadi

**Skaði** (sometimes anglicized as **Skadi** or **Skathi**) is the goddess of hunting, winter, the wild, mountains, and skiing in Norse mythology. She was born a jötunn, daughter of the late Thjazi. She is the wife of Njörðr, whom she married as part of the compensation provided to her by the Æsir for killing her father. Her marriage to Njörðr was an unhappy one, however, ultimately ending in their separation, as Skaði then took the god Ullr (the stepson of Thor) for her lover. In addition to being Njörðr’s wife, Skaði is the stepmother of his twin children, Freyr and Freyja.

## Marriage to Njörðr

The gods were celebrating their slaying of the giant (jötunn) Thjazi and the simultaneous return of the youth-giving goddess Iðunn when Skaði arrived, ready to avenge the death of Thjazi, her father. The gods were patient with the giantess, and convinced Skaði to ultimately accept a form of compensation instead of seeking vengeance.

First, Odin took Thjazi’s eyes and cast them into the night sky, where they became stars.

Second, the gods were to make Skaði laugh. After many feats were tried, none succeeded in bringing a smile to the jötunn's face. At last, Loki tied one end of a rope to a goat and the other around his testicles as he began a game of tug of war with the creature.

Each screeched and howled in turn, until at last Loki fell over into Skaði's lap. The giantess could not help but chuckle. Third, Skaði was to be given a god of her choosing in marriage, but she was to select him by the sight of his feet alone. She picked the fairest pair of feet she could see, thinking them to be those of Baldr. However, as it turned out, they were those of the sea god, Njörðr.
Hawkeye

Hawkeye may mean:

- Hawkeye, Iowa
- Iowa Hawkeyes
- Hawkeye (Marvel Comics)
Commercial pilot licence

A **commercial pilot license** (CPL), is a qualification that permits a person to be a pilot of an aircraft. It allows a person to be the pilot in command (Captain) of a single-pilot aircraft, or as co-pilot of a multi-pilot aircraft and be paid for this work.
Airline Transport Pilot Licence

The **Airline Transport Pilot License** (**ATPL**) is the highest level of aviator qualification or license. Those certified as Airline Transport Pilots are authorized to act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft having a maximum weight over  or having over 9 passenger seats.

Any pilot operating an aircraft for money must start by obtaining a Commercial pilot licence (CPL).

Theoretical subjects included for ATPL applicants are:
- Air law
- Aircraft General Knowledge
- Flight Planning and Monitoring
- Human Performance and Limitations
- Meteorology
- Operational Procedures
- Principles of Flight
- Communications
- Performance
- General Navigation
- Radio Navigation
- Instrumentation
- Mass and Balance
Fushimi Inari-taisha

is a large Shinto shrine in Fushimi Kyoto, Japan.

It is the head shrine of Inari, the rice god. There are Inari shrines in many parts of Japan.  There may be more than 32,000 sub-shrines or .

## History

Fushimi Inari-taisha has been associated with the emperors of Japan since the early Heian period.

From 1871 through 1946, it  was in the first rank of government supported shrines.

## Subshrines

- Ukanomitama
- Saruka-biko-no-kami
- Ōmiya-no-Me

## Other websites

- Fushimi Inari-taisha website 
- Fushimi Inari-taisha images
Technicien supérieur de l'aviation

The degree of **Technicien supérieur de l'aviation** (TSA, in ) was created in 2010 from the _Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile_ degree. It is recognized by CNCP, and recorder level III in the _nomenclature des niveaux de formation_ (level of training). The degree is obtained after training at the _École nationale de l'aviation civile_ (French civil aviation university).

## Related pages

- Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile (TSEEAC)
- Technicien supérieur de l'aviation (civilian) (TSA civil)

## Further reading

- Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson et Cyril Lazerge, _50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation_, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
- TSA training on ENAC website
Chōhō (era)

was a  after _Chōtoku_ and before _Kankō._  This period started in January 999 and ended in July 1004.  The reigning emperor was .

## Events of the _Chōhō_ era

- **999** (_Chōhō 1, 11th month_: A daughter of Fujiwara no Michinaga becomes a consort of Emperor Ichijō.
- **1001** (_Chōhō 3, 11th month_): The Imperial palace was destroyed by fire.
- **1001** (_Chōhō 3, 12th month_): The widow of Emperor En'yū and the mother of Emperor Ichijō died.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Chōhō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||999|1000|1001|1002|1003|1004|
Bangladesh men's cricket team

The **Bangladesh** men's cricket team () has been active since 1976. It is governed by the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB), which is a Full Member of the International Cricket Council (ICC). Bangladesh play all forms of international cricket: Test, One Day International (ODI), and Twenty20 International (T20I).

Until 1971, Bangladesh was a province of Pakistan, and was called East Pakistan. There was an East Pakistan cricket team, which competed in the Quaid-e-Azam Trophy in many seasons between 1954/55 and 1970/71.

## Infobox (cricket team)

- **name**: Bangladesh
- **image**: Flag of Bangladesh.svg
- **caption**: National flag
- **association**: Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB)
- **nickname**: Tigers, Bangla Tigers
- **test status year**: 2000
- **first test**: v.  at Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dhaka; 10–13 November 2000
- **first odi**: v.  at De Soysa Stadium, Tyronne Fernando Stadium, Moratuwa; 31 March 1986
- **first t20i**: v.  at Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium, Khulna; 28 November 2006
Kabaddi

Kabaddi is a team sport from India.
Two teams are on opposite halves of a small field.  They take turns sending a "raider" into the other half. This is to win points by tackling members of the opposing team. Then the raider tries to return to their own half. They hold their breath and chant the word "Kabaddi" during the whole raid. The raider must not cross the lobby unless they touch any of their opponents. If they do not touch anyone then they will be "out". There is also a bonus line.  If the raider touches it and returns to their side of the field, they will get extra points. If the raider is not able to get back to their own side, then they are considered "out".  RV -4416

In the international team version of kabaddi, there are two teams of seven members and 4 are in substitution. Each is on opposite halves of a field of 10 m × 13 m in case of men and 8 m × 12 m in case of women. Each has three extra players held in reserve. The game is played with 20-minute halves.  There is a five-minute half-time break when the te

Teams take turns sending a "raider" to the opposite team's half.  The goal is to tag or wrestle ("confine") members of the opposite team. Tagged members are "out" and temporarily sent off the field.

The goal of the defenders is to stop the raider from returning to the home side before taking a breath. If any of the seven players cross the lobby without touching the raider they will be declared "out".

The raider is sent off the field if:
- the raider takes a breath before returning or
- the raider crosses the boundary line or
- a part of the raider's body touches the ground outside the boundary (except during a struggle with an opposing team member).

Each time when a player is "out", the opposing team earns a point. A team scores a bonus of two points called a "lona". If the entire opposing team is declared "out". At the end of the game, the team with the most points wins.

Matches are based on age and weight. Six officials supervise a match: one referee, two umpires, a scorer and two assistant scorers.

the modernised version of the game was founded in Maharashtra. Kabaddi received International exposure in the 1937 Olympics, demonstrated by India. The game was introduced in the Indian Games in Calcutta 1938. Kabaddi was popularized by Sundar Ram of India in Japan, when he toured on behalf of the Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation.

## Kabaddi World Cup

- Men's World Cup 2004
The Kabaddi World Cup was first played in 2004.  It was played again in 2007,  2010 and 2016. So far India is the unbeaten champion in Kabaddi World Cup. Iran is the next most successful nation being runner-up twice. South Korea was the runner-up in 2010.

- Women's World Cup
The Women's Kabaddi World Cup was first played in 2012 in Patna, Bihar, India. India won the championship defeating Iran in the finals gold.
The Sopranos

***The Sopranos*** is an American crime drama television series. It ran from 1999 until 2007. The programe is based on the life of Italian American organized crime. The main character, Tony Soprano, is a New Jersey-based waste consultant who also is a member of American Mafia. Soprano is trying to battle the problems of his home life and his work life. In the first episode we meet the Soprano family, who seem to have an average American life. When Tony talks to his counsellor, we learn about his secret criminal based life.

The program and its actors won many awards. It was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in every year it was able to. _The Sopranos_ won at least one Emmy Award for acting in every eligible year except 2006 and 2007. In 2000 and 2001, _The Sopranos_ earned two consecutive George Foster Peabody Awards.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: File:The Sopranos promotional logo.svg
- **genre**: Dramatic programming, Drama
- **creator**: David Chase
- **writer**: David Chase (30 episodes)
Terence Winter (25 episodes)
Robin Green (22 episodes)
Matthew Weiner (12 episodes)
List of The Sopranos writers and directors#Writing staff, and others
- **director**: Tim Van Patten (20 episodes)
John Patterson (director), John Patterson (13 episodes)
Allen Coulter (12 episodes)
Alan Taylor (director), Alan Taylor (9 episodes)
List of The Sopranos writers and directors#Directing staff, and others
- **starring**: James Gandolfini
Lorraine Bracco
Edie Falco
Michael Imperioli
Dominic Chianese
Steven Van Zandt
Tony Sirico
Robert Iler
Jamie-Lynn Sigler
Nancy Marchand
Aida Turturro
Drea de Matteo
Steve Schirripa, Steven R. Schirripa
Vincent Pastore
Joe Pantoliano
Vincent Curatola
Steve Buscemi
John Ventimiglia
Federico Castelluccio
Frank Vincent
- **opentheme**: "Woke Up This Morning (Alabama 3 song), Woke Up This Morning" (Chosen One Mix) by
Alabama 3
- **endtheme**: Music on The Sopranos#End credits, Various
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 6
- **num episodes**: 86
- **list episodes**: List of The Sopranos episodes
- **executive producer**: David Chase
Brad Grey
Robin Green (Seasons 2–5)
Mitchell Burgess (Seasons 2–5)
Matthew Weiner (Season 6, Part 2)
- **location**: New Jersey (primarily in Essex County, New Jersey, Essex, Bergen County, New Jersey, Bergen, and Hudson County, New Jersey, Hudson counties)
Silvercup Studios
- **editor**: Sidney Wolinsky (32 episodes)
William B. Stich (25 episodes)
Conrad M. Gonzalez (22 episodes)
- **cinematography**: Phil Abraham (47 episodes)
Alik Sakharov (38 episodes)
- **camera**: Single camera
- **runtime**: 45–60 minutes
- **network**: HBO
Kankō

was a   after _Chōhō_ and before _Chōwa._  This period started in July 1004 and ended in December 1012. The reigning emperors were  and .

## Events of the _Kankō_ Era

- **17 March 1008** (_Kankō 5, 8th day of the 2nd month_): The former-Emperor Kazan died at the age of 41.
- **16 July 1011** (_Kankō 8, 13th day of the 6th month_): In the 5th year of Emperor Ichijō's reign, he abdicated; and the succession (_senso_) was received by his cousin.   Soon after, Emperor Sanjō's role as monarch was confirmed in ceremonies (_sokui_).
- **25 July 1011** (_Kankō 8, 22nd day of the 6th month _): Former-Emperor Ichijo died at the age of 32.
- **21 November 1011** (_Kankō 8, 24th day of the 10th month_):  Former-Emperor Reizei died at age 62.

## Related pages

- Heian period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kankō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1004|1005|1006|1007|1008|1009|1010|1011|1012|
Carrom

**Carrom** is a indoor tabletop game. It is between billiards and table shuffleboard. Carrom is known by many names around the world, including ***carrum***, ***couronne***, ***carum***, ***karam***, ***karom***, ***karum***, ***fatta*** (Punjabi) and **finger billiards**. The game was started in India. Formal rules for the game were not written until 1988.

The game is played in many countries across the world.  It is played for fun and as a competitive sport. The competitive sport is organised by the International Carrom Federation. Carrom uses simple equipment that lets many people play. There is a version of the game that uses cue sticks (which is also known as pool).

There are two players or two teams. The time it takes to play a game changes with each game. It is a brain game. There are two pink colour billiards, nine black colour billiards, and nine brown colour billiards. There are many carrom board manufacturers namely, Synco, Presice, Siscaa, etc. These are the leading carrom brands in India.
European Network for Accreditation of Engineering Education

The **European Network for Accreditation of Engineering Education** authorises quality assurance and education accreditation agencies within the European higher education area, to award the EUR-ACE label to their accredited engineering degree programmes.

## Agencies authorised to award the EUR-ACE label

- FEANI - The European Federation of National Engineering Associations.
- ASIIN – _Fachakkreditierungsagentur für Studiengänge der Ingenieurwissenschaften, der Informatik, der Naturwissenschaften, und der Mathematik e.V_. Germany
- CTI – _Commission des titres d'ingénieur_, France
- Engineering Council UK
- Engineers Ireland
- _Ordem dos Engenheiros_, Portugal
- AEER – Association for Engineering Education in Russia.
- MÜDEK – Association for Evaluation and Accreditation of Engineering Programmes, Turkey
Angling

**Angling** is a way of fishing by means of an "angle" (fish hook). The hook is usually attached to a fishing line.  The line is often attached to a fishing rod. Fishing rods are usually fitted with a fishing reel.  The reel is used for storing, getting back and paying out the line. The hook itself can have lures or bait added to attract fish.

Angling is the main method of sport fishing.  Some commercial fisheries also use angling. Catch and release fishing is done by more and more recreational fishermen.
Bridgetown

The city of **Bridgetown** is the capital and largest city of the nation of Barbados.  It was called the _Town of Saint Michael_.  It is in the parish of Saint Michael. Bridgetown is sometimes locally called "The City", but more common is simply "Town".

The _Bridgetown_ port, found along Carlisle Bay, is on the southwestern coast of the island.  The Grantley Adams International Airport for Barbados, is  southeast of Bridgetown city centre.

The present day location of the city was set by English settlers in 1628.  This was after settlement at St. James Town. Bridgetown is a major West Indies tourist destination.  On 25 June 2011, _Historic Bridgetown and its Garrison_ were added as a World Heritage Site of UNESCO.

Bridgetown is the only city outside continental North America that George Washington visited.

English settlement of Bridgetown began on 5 July 1628 under Charles Wolverstone.

## Climate

<div style="width:80%;">

</div>

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Bridgetown
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Bridgetown barbados chamberlain bridge.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Chamberlain Bridge spanning the Careenage, Bridgetown
- **image seal**: City of Bridgetown, Barbados Armorial bearing.jpg
- **seal size**: 125px
- **image map**: Bridgetown.png
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Bridgetown (red star)
- **pushpin mapsize**: 250px
- **pushpin map caption**: Location on a map of Barbados parishes
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Barbados
- **subdivision type1**: Parishes of Barbados, Parish
- **subdivision name1**: Saint Michael, Barbados, Saint Michael
- **established title**: Established
- **established date**: 1628
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 15
- **elevation m**: 1
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population total**: 96578
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Eastern Caribbean Time Zone
- **utc offset**: -4
- **area code**: Area code 246, 246
Hurricane belt

The **hurricane belt** is an area in the Atlantic Ocean which is likely to get hurricanes during the Atlantic hurricane season.
Grantley Adams International Airport

**Grantley Adams International Airport** (GAIA),  is in Seawell, Christ Church on the island of Barbados. The former name of the airport was **Seawell Airport**.  Then it was named in honour of the first Premier of Barbados, Sir Grantley Herbert Adams in 1976. GAIA is the only port of entry for persons arriving and leaving by air in Barbados.

In 2011, the Grantley Adams Airport was the 9th busiest airport in the Caribbean region.

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Grantley Adams
International Airport
- **image**: Grantley Adams International Airport.jpg
- **image-width**: 250
- **iata**: BGI
- **icao**: TBPB
- **wmo**: 78954
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: Government of Barbados
- **operator**: GAIA Inc.
- **city-served**: Barbados
- **location**: Seawell, Christ Church, Barbados, Christ Church
- **hub**: LIAT, Trans Island Air 2000, TIA 2000
- **elevation-f**: 170
- **elevation-m**: 52
- **website**: [http://www.gaia.bb/ gaia.bb]
- **image map**: TBPB Sir Grantley Adams airfield diagram 2013.jpg
- **image mapsize**: 180
- **image map alt**: A map showing the runway, taxiways and other structures of the airport.
- **image map caption**: Barbados airport diagram
- **pushpin map**: Barbados
- **pushpin label**: TBPB
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Barbados
- **r1-number**: 09/27
- **r1-length-f**: 11,000
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt
- **stat-year**: <small>2018</small>
- **stat1-header**: Passengers
- **stat1-data**: 2,194,931
- **stat2-header**: Passenger change 17-18
- **stat2-data**: 1.02%
- **stat3-header**: Aircraft movements
- **stat3-data**: 33,296
- **stat4-header**: Movements change 17–18
- **stat4-data**: 3.0%
- **footnotes**: Source: DAFIF, Airport Council International, ACI's 2014 World Airport Traffic Report.
Flag of Barbados

The national **flag of Barbados** was started on 30 November 1966.  That was the island's first Independence Day.  It has a triband of two bands of ultramarine.  These are said to stand for the ocean.  The middle band is golden. This is for the sand on the island. A black trident-head is centred in the golden band.  The broken lower part is a symbolic break from its status as a colony. The three points of the trident are for the three principles of democracy - 1) government of, 2) for, and 3) by the people.

The design for the flag was made by Grantley W. Prescod.  There was an open competition put on by the Barbados government. Over a thousand entries were received.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Barbados
- **image**: Flag of Barbados.svg
- **nickname**: The Broken Trident
- **use**: 111100
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **adoption**: 1966
- **design**: A vertical tricolour Triband (flag), triband of ultramarine and gold, in 2:1 ratio, with a black trident
- **designer**: Grantley Prescod, Grantley W. Prescod
- **type**: National
NME Awards

The **NME Awards** is a yearly music awards show in the United Kingdom.  It was started by the music magazine, _NME_ (_New Musical Express_).  The first awards show was held in 1953.

At first it was called the **NME Poll Winners Concerts**. These continued through until 1972. The Beatles and The Rolling Stones were most commonly featured.

The awards began again in 1994 as the **NME Brat Awards**.  This was a pun on the BRIT Awards.

## Major winners

Note: This list only includes winners of major awards (e.g. Best Album, Best British Band, Best Track, etc.)

- 1995 – Oasis (3 awards)
- 1996 – Oasis (4 awards)
- 1999 – Manic Street Preachers (4 awards)
- 2000 – Blur (3 awards)
- 2001 – Coldplay (2 awards)
- 2002 – The Strokes (3 awards)
- 2003 – Coldplay (2 awards)
- 2005 – Franz Ferdinand (2 awards)
- 2006 – Arctic Monkeys (3 awards)
- 2007 – Arctic Monkeys (2 awards)
- 2008 – Arctic Monkeys (3 awards)
- 2009 – MGMT (2 awards)
- 2010 – Muse and Kasabian (2 awards)
- 2011 – My Chemical Romance (2 awards)
- 2012 – Florence and the Machine (2 awards)
Overexposed (album)

***Overexposed*** is the fourth studio album by American pop rock band Maroon 5. The album was released on June 26, 2012 under A&M/Octone Records in the United States. The album was announced on March 26, 2012 on the group's newsletter. The album's producers consist of One Republic frontman Ryan Tedder, Benjamin "Benny Blanco" Levin, Max Martin, and Shellback. The lead single off the album "Payphone" was released on April 16, 2012. It features rapper Wiz Khalifa. The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and number-one on the Digital Songs chart. It sold 490,000+ digital downloads within its first week beating out the previous toppers Black Eyed Peas with their hit single "I Gotta Feeling."

On May 18, 2012 the band performed the song "One More Night" in Atlantic City publicly for the first time. It was announced on May 22nd that it would serve as the album's second single before the time of the album's release on June 26, 2012. And the third and fourth singles of the album were "Daylight" and "Love Somebody".

## Production

The Maroon 5' members started writing the songs for _Overexposed_ during their _Hands All Over Tour._

## Track listing

1. "One More Night"
1. "Payphone" <small>(featuring Wiz Khalifa)</small>
1. "Daylight"
1. "Lucky Strike"
1. "The Man Who Never Lied"
1. "Love Somebody"
1. "Lady Killer"
1. "Fortune Teller"
1. "Sad"
1. "Tickets"
1. "Doin' Dirt"
1. "Beautiful Goodbye"

### Bonus tracks

- "Wipe Your Eyes"
- "Wasted Years"
- "Kiss" / "Let's Stay Together"
- "Payphone" (featuring Wiz Khalifa) (Cutmore Remix)
- "Payphone" (featuring Wiz Khalifa) (Supreme Cuts Remix)
- "Payphone" (featuring Wiz Khalifa) (The Others Remix) (Preorder Only)
- "One More Night (The Sticky K. Remix)

## Release history

|Region|Date|Label|Format|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Germany|June 22, 2012|rowspan="4"|A&M/Octone Records|rowspan="4"|CD, digital download|
|United Kingdom|June 25, 2012|||||
|Poland|rowspan="2"|June 26, 2012||||
|United States||||||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Overexposed
- **type**: Studio
- **artist**: Maroon 5
- **released**: June 26, 2012
- **recorded**: 2011–2012; Los Angeles, California, USA
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, pop rock
- **label**: A&M Octone Records, A&M Octone, Interscope Records, Interscope, Polydor Records, Polydor, Universal Music Group
- **producer**: Ryan Tedder, Benny Blanco, Max Martin, Shellback, JR Rotem, Adam Levine, James Valentine, Maroon 5, and others
- **prev title**: Hands All Over
- **prev year**: 2010
- **next title**: V
Coat of arms of Barbados

**The coat of arms of Barbados** was started on independence in 1966.  Like other former British lands in the Caribbean, the coat of arms has a helmet with a national symbol on top.  It has a shield beneath that is supported by two animals.

The national symbol on top of the helmet is the fist of a Barbadian.  It is holding two stalks of sugar cane that are crossed to resemble St. Andrew's Cross. This is for the importance of the sugar.  Barbados has its national independence day on St. Andrew's Day.

The shield is gold in colour. On it are two of the national flower, and a single bearded fig tree. The shield is supported by a dolphin fish and pelican. They are for the fishing industry and Pelican Island.

At the bottom is Barbados' national motto "_Pride and Industry_" on a scroll.

## Infobox (coat of arms)

- **name**: Coat of arms of Barbados
- **image**: Coat of arms of Barbados (2).svg
- **image width**: 250
- **armiger**: Barbados
- **year adopted**: 1966
- **torse**: Gold and Red
- **supporters**: Dolphin fish and Pelican
- **motto**: **Pride and Industry**
In Plenty and In Time of Need

**In Plenty and In Time of Need** is the national anthem of the country of Barbados. It was written by Irving Burgie.  The music was written by C. Van Roland Edwards. As one part of the West Indies Federation Barbados' anthem was supposed to be Forged from the Love of Liberty.  The current anthem was made with Barbados' moves toward independence.  This song was then taken by Barbados when it became independent in 1966.

## Lyrics

- In plenty and in time of need,
- When this fair land was young;
- Our brave forefathers sowed the seed,
- From which our pride was sprung.
- A pride that makes no wanton boast,
- Of what it has withstood;
- That binds our hearts from coast to coast,
- The pride of nationhood.
    - We loyal sons and daughters all,
    - Do hereby make it known;
    - These fields and hills beyond recall,
    - Are now our very own.
    - We write our names on history's page,
    - With expectations great;
    - Strict guardians of our heritage,
    - Firm craftsmen of our fate.
- The Lord has been the people's guide,
- For past three hundred years;
- With Him still on the people's side,
- We have no doubts or fears.
- Upward and onward we shall go,
- Inspired, exulting, free;
- And greater will our nation grow,
- In strength and unity.
    - We loyal sons and daughters all,
    - Do hereby make it known;
    - These fields and hills beyond recall,
    - Are now our very own.
    - We write our names on history's page,
    - With expectations great;
    - Strict guardians of our heritage,
    - Firm craftsmen of our fate.

## Infobox (anthem)

- **title**: In Plenty and In Time of Need
- **prefix**: National
- **author**: Irving Burgie
- **composer**: C. Van Roland Edwards
- **adopted**: 1966
- **sound title**: In Plenty and In Time of Need (instrumental)
James–Lange theory

The **James-Lange Theory** is a hypothesis about emotions. It is one of the earliest theories of emotion. The theory is that emotions come from the physiological response to what is happening around us.

It was developed independently by two 19th-century scholars, William James and Carl Lange. The basic idea of the theory is that physiological arousal triggers the experience of a specific emotion. The theory is that the physiological change is primary, and emotion is caused by the information from the body's nervous system.

The theory has been criticised and modified over the course of time. There are several competing theories.
Nurse Jackie

***Nurse Jackie*** is an American comedy-drama television series. It ran on June 8, 2009 to June 28, 2015. It is on Showtime, Movie Central and The Movie Network. It stars Edie Falco as an emergency room nurse at a hospital in New York City.

## Main characters

|Actor|Role|Season|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Edie Falco|Jackie Peyton, RN||
|Eve Best|Eleanor O'Hara MD||
|Merritt Wever|Zoey Barkow||
|Paul Schulze|Eddie Walzer R.Ph.||
|Peter Facinelli|Fitch "Coop" Cooper MD||
|Dominic Fumusa|Kevin Peyton||
|Anna Deavere Smith|Ms. Gloria Akalitus, RN||
|Ruby Jerins|Grace Peyton||
|Mackenzie Aladjem|Fiona Peyton||
|Haaz Sleiman|Mohammed "Mo-Mo" de la Cruz, RN||

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Dramedy
Medical
- **creator**: Liz Brixius
Evan Dunsky
Linda Wallem
- **starring**: Edie Falco
Eve Best
Merritt Wever
Haaz Sleiman
Paul Schulze
Dominic Fumusa
Anna Deavere Smith
Ruby Jerins
Mackenzie Aladjem
and Peter Facinelli
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 4
- **num episodes**: 40
- **list episodes**: List of Nurse Jackie episodes
- **executive producer**: Liz Brixius
Caryn Mandabach
John Melfi
Linda Wallem
- **location**: New York City
- **camera**: Single-camera setup, Single camera
- **runtime**: 27 minutes
- **network**: Showtime (TV network), Showtime