Theodore Sturgeon

**Theodore Sturgeon** (26 February 1918 — 8 May 1985) was an American science fiction author.

He used a special writing style called _rhythmic prose_. Prose writing tells a story, but rhythmic writing is often poetry. His prose text would fit into a standard poetry rhythm, or meter. This made subtle shift in mood. Usually the reader would not notice how the timing of the words changed their feeling.

His most famous novel is _More Than Human_ (1953).

## Biography

Sturgeon was born **Edward Hamilton Waldo** in Staten Island, New York City in 1918. His name was legally changed at age eleven after his mother's divorce and remarriage to William Dicky ("Argylle") Sturgeon. "Theodore Sturgeon" is occasionally misidentified as a pseudonym; it was in fact his legal name.

He sold his first story in 1938 to the McClure Syndicate, which bought much of his early (non-fantastic) work; his first genre appearance was "Ether Breather" in _Astounding Science Fiction_ a year later. At first he wrote mainly short stories, primarily for genre magazines such as _Astounding_ and _Unknown_, but also for general-interest publications such as _Argosy Magazine_. He used the pen name "E. Waldo Hunter" when two of his stories ran in the same issue of _Astounding_.  A few of his early stories were signed "Theodore H. Sturgeon."

Sturgeon ghost-wrote an Ellery Queen mystery novel, _The Player on the Other Side_ (Random House, 1963).  This novel gained critical praise from critic H.R.F. Keating, who "had almost finished writing _Crime and Mystery: the 100 Best Books_, in which I had included _The Player on the Other Side_ ... placing the book squarely in the Queen canon" when he learned that it had been written by Sturgeon.  Similarly, "William DeAndrea, author and ... winner of Mystery Writers of America awards, selecting his ten favorite mystery novels for the magazine _Armchair Detective_, picked _The Player on the Other Side_ as one of them.  He said: 'This book changed my life ... and made a raving mystery fan (and therefore ultimately a mystery writer) out of me. ... The book must be 'one of the most skilful pastiches in the history of literature.  An amazing piece of work, whomever did it'."

Sturgeon wrote the screenplays for the _Star Trek_ episodes "Shore Leave" (1966) and "Amok Time" (1967, later published as a "Fotonovel" in 1978). The latter is known for his invention of the pon farr, the Vulcan mating ritual, the first use of the sentence "Live long and prosper" and the first use of the Vulcan hand symbol. Sturgeon also wrote several episodes of _Star Trek_ that were never produced. One of these was notable for having first introduced the Prime Directive.  He also wrote an episode of the Saturday morning show _Land of the Lost_, "The Pylon Express", in 1975. Two of Sturgeon's stories were adapted for The New Twilight Zone. One, "A Saucer of Loneliness", was broadcast in 1986 and was dedicated to his memory. Another short story, "Yesterday was Monday", was the inspiration for The New Twilight Zone episode A Matter of Minutes. His 1944 novella "Killdozer!" was the inspiration for the 1970s made-for-TV movie, Marvel comic book, and alternative rock band of the same name.

Although Sturgeon is well-known among readers of classic science-fiction anthologies (at the height of his popularity in the 1950s he was the most anthologized author alive) and much respected by critics (John Clute writes in _The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction_: "His influence upon writers like Harlan Ellison and Samuel R. Delany was seminal, and in his life and work he was a powerful and generally liberating influence in post-WWII US sf"), he is not much known among the general public and won comparatively few awards (though it must be noted that his best work was published before the establishment and consolidation of the leading genre awards, while his later production was scarcer and weaker). He was listed as a primary influence of the much more famous Ray Bradbury.  Kurt Vonnegut based his character Kilgore Trout on Theodore Sturgeon.

Sturgeon died on May 8, 1985, of lung fibrosis, in Eugene, Oregon. Sturgeon lived for several years in the neighboring city of Springfield.

## Sturgeon's Law

In 1951, Sturgeon said something that is now known as Sturgeon's Law. He said, "Ninety percent of SF [science fiction] is crud, but then, ninety percent of _everything_ is crud."  At first, this was called Sturgeon's Revelation. Sturgeon has said that "Sturgeon's Law" was originally "Nothing is always absolutely so."  However, the former statement is now widely referred to as Sturgeon's Law. He is also known for his strong support of critical thinking and challenging all normative assumptions: "Ask the next question." He represented this credo by the symbol of a Q with an arrow through it, an example of which he wore around his neck and used as part of his signature in the last 15 years of his life.

## Novels

- _The Dreaming Jewels_ (1950) <small> Also published as _The Synthetic Man_ </small>
- _More Than Human_ (1953) <small> Fix-up of three linked novellas, the first and third written around the previously published "Baby Is Three" </small>
- _The Cosmic Rape_ (1958) <small>Abridged version published as _To Marry Medusa_</small>
- _Venus Plus X_ (1960)
- _Some of Your Blood_ (1961)
- _Godbody_ (1986) (published posthumously)

### Novelizations

Movie producers hired Sturgeon under his own name to write novelisations of these movies based on their scripts:
- _The King and Four Queens_ (1956)
- _Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea_ (1961)
- _The Rare Breed_ (1966)

### Pseudonymous novels

- _I, Libertine_ (1956): Historical novel created as a for-hire hoax.  Credited to "Frederick R. Ewing," written from a premise by Jean Shepherd.
- _The Player on The Other Side_ (1963): Mystery novel credited to Ellery Queen and ghost-written with Queen's assistance and supervision.

## Short stories

Sturgeon published numerous short story collections during his lifetime, many drawing on his most prolific writing years of the 1940s and 1950s.

Note that some reprints of these titles (especially paperback editions) may cut one or two stories from the line-up.  Statistics herein refer to the original editions only.

### Collections published during Sturgeon's lifetime

The following table includes sixteen volumes (one of them collecting western stories) where up to three stories (representing no more than half the book) were previously published in a Sturgeon collection.

|rowspan="2"|Title|rowspan="2"|Year|rowspan="2"|<small>Number of stories</small>|rowspan="2"|<small>previously collected</small>|colspan="2"|<small>Originally published</small>|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_Without Sorcery_||||||||||
||1939|1947||||||||
|_E Pluribus Unicorn_||||||||||
||1947|1953||||||||
|_A Way Home_||||||||||
||1946|1955||||||||
|_Caviar_||||||||||
|align=center|1|1941|1955|||||||
|_A Touch of Strange_||||||||||
||1953|1958||||||||
|_Aliens 4_||||||||||
||1944|1958||||||||
|_Beyond_||||||||||
||1941|1960||||||||
|_Sturgeon In Orbit_||||||||||
||1951|1955||||||||
|_Starshine_||||||||||
|align=center|3|1940|1961|||||||
|_Sturgeon Is Alive and Well..._||||||||||
||1954|1971||||||||
|_The Worlds of Theodore Sturgeon_||||||||||
|align=center|3|1941|1962|||||||
|_Sturgeon's West_ (westerns)||||||||||
||1949|1973||||||||
|_Case and the Dreamer_||||||||||
||1962|1973||||||||
|_Visions and Venturers_||||||||||
|align=center|1|1942|1965|||||||
|_The Stars Are The Styx_||||||||||
|align=center|1|1951|1971|||||||
|_The Golden Helix_||||||||||
|align=center|3|1941|1973|||||||

The following 6 collections consisted entirely of reprints of previously collected material:

|rowspan="2"|Title|rowspan="2"|Year|colspan="3"|Stories|rowspan="2"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_Thunder and Roses_||||||||
|1946|1955|selected from 11 in 1955's "A Way Home"||||||
|_Not Without Sorcery_||||||||
|1939|1941|selected from 13 in 1948's Without Sorcery||||||
|_The Joyous Invasions_||||||||
|1955|1958|selected from 4 in 1959's "Aliens 4"||||||
|_To Here and the Easel_||||||||
|1941|1958|||||||
|_Maturity_||||||||
|1947|1958|||||||
|_Alien Cargo_||||||||
|1940|1956|||||||

### Complete short stories

North Atlantic Books has been releasing the chronologically assembled _The Complete Short Stories of Theodore Sturgeon_, edited by Paul Williams, since 1994. The series will run to 13 volumes, with the last appearing in 2010.

The currently available volumes include:
1. _The Ultimate Egoist_ (1937 to 1940)
1. _Microcosmic God_ (1940 to 1941)
1. _Killdozer_ (1941 to 1946)
1. _Thunder and Roses_ (1946 to 1948)
1. _The Perfect Host_ (1948 to 1950)
1. _Baby is Three_ (1950 to 1952)
1. _A Saucer of Loneliness_ (1953)
1. _Bright Segment_ (1953 to 1955, as well as two "lost" stories from 1946)
1. _And Now the News..._ (1955 to 1957)
1. _The Man Who Lost the Sea_ (1957 to 1960)
1. _The Nail and the Oracle_ (1961 to 1969)
1. _Slow Sculpture_ (1970 to 1972, plus one 1954 novella and one unpublished story)
1. _Case and The Dreamer_ (1972 to 1983, plus one 1960 story and three unpublished stories) forthcoming September 2010

### Representative short stories

Sturgeon was best known for his short stories and novellas. The best known include:
- "Ether Breather" (September 1939, his first published science-fiction story)
- "Derm Fool" (March 1940)
- "It!" (August 1940)
- "Shottle Bop" (February 1941)
- "Microcosmic God" (April 1941)
- "Yesterday Was Monday" (1941)
- "Killdozer!" (November, 1944)
- "Bianca's Hands" (May, 1947)
- "Thunder and Roses" (November 1947)
- "The Perfect Host" (November 1948)
- "Minority Report" (June 1949, no connection to the 2002 movie, which was based on a later story by Philip K. Dick)
- "One Foot and the Grave" (September 1949)
- "A Saucer of Loneliness" (February 1953)
- "The World Well Lost" (June 1953)
- "Mr. Costello, Hero" (December 1953)
- "The [Widget], The [Wadget], and Boff" (1955)
- "The Skills of Xanadu" (July 1956)
- "The Other Man" (September 1956)
- "And Now The News" (December 1956)
- "The Girl Had Guts" (January 1957)
- "Need" (1960)
- "How to Forget Baseball" (_Sports Illustrated_, December 1964)
- "The Nail and the Oracle" (_Playboy_, October 1964)
- "Slow Sculpture" (_Galaxy_, February 1970) — winner of a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award
- "Occam's Scalpel" (August, 1971, with an introduction by Terry Carr)
- "Vengeance _Is_" (1980, _Dark Forces_ anthology edited by Kirby McCauley)
- "If All Men Were Brothers, Would You Let One Marry Your Sister?" (1967, _Dangerous Visions_ anthology edited by Harlan Ellison) — Nebula Award 1967 Nominee Novella
- "The Man Who Learned Loving" — Nebula Award 1969 Nominee Short Story

## Autobiography

- _Argyll_, an autobiographical sketch about Sturgeon's relationship with his stepfather.

## References

Article on-line from 2007 in which Wina Sturgeon recalls watching Apollo landing with TS in 1969

## Other websites

- The Theodore Sturgeon Page  - an informative and comprehensive fan site
- The Theodore Sturgeon Literary Trust  - owners of Sturgeon copyrights, information on Sturgeon publications
- Theodore Sturgeon's online fiction  at Free Speculative Fiction Online
- Gary Westfahl's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Film

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Theodore Sturgeon
- **pseudonym**: E. Waldo Hunter
- **birth name**: Edward Hamilton Waldo
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Eugene, Oregon, U.S.
- **period**: 1938–1985
- **subject**: Science fiction (as critic)