juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Agnotology

**Agnotology** is a branch of social science. It studies how doubt or ignorance about a subject is created. For example, when scientific studies rely on inaccurate data, they create doubt about the truth and spread ignorance about it. More generally, the term also highlights a common condition: that learning about a subject leaves a person more uncertain than before.

## Etymology

This new word was made by Robert N. Proctor, a Stanford University professor specializing in the history of science and technology. Proctor cites the tobacco industry's conspiracy to manufacture doubt about the cancer risks of tobacco use as a very good example of how this can be done. Under the banner of science, the industry produced research about everything except tobacco hazards to exploit public uncertainty.

### Impact of media

The way in which media attention works can produce ignorance. Other factors that influence it are that corporations or governments do not reveal certain facts. At times, they force these facts to be removed if they have been revealed. The methods they use include censorship, destroying documents, putting the weight of certain facts differently, or  being inattentive or forgetful.

### Propagation of knowledge

Agnotology also focuses on how and why diverse forms of knowledge do not "come to be," or are ignored or delayed. For example, knowledge about plate tectonics was censored and delayed for at least a decade because key evidence was classified military information related to underseas warfare.
Neologism

**Neologism** is a word that is new (15 to 20 years or less). Neologisms are older and used more than a protologism. Neologisms are often directly attributable to a specific person, publication, period, or event.  **** (Greek: a "new word", or the act of creating a new word) is a synonym for it. The term _neologism_ was first used in English in 1772, borrowed from French _néologisme_ (1734).

Using an existing word or phrase in a new context is also called _neologism_. The process of using a word in such a new context is sometimes called a semantic extension. A new word that has not been used by anyone but the inventer is a _protologism_.

## Use in psychiatry

In psychiatry, the term _neologism_ is used to describe the use of words that have meaning only to the person who uses them, independent of their common meaning. This tendency is considered normal in children. In adults, it can be a symptom of psychopathy  or a thought disorder, such as a psychotic mental illness, for example schizophrenia.  People with autism may also create neologisms. Additionally, use of neologisms may be related to aphasia acquired after brain damage resulting from a stroke or head injury.

## Use in theology

In theology, a neologism is a relatively new doctrine (for example, Transcendentalism). In this sense, a neologist is one who proposes either a new doctrine or a new interpretation of source material such as religious texts.

## Related pages

- Acronym
- Portmanteau word
Gross (unit)

1 **gross** is a unit of measurement, for countable items. It is equal to 12 dozen, or 144 pieces. In the same manner, a dozen gross, or 1728 items is called** great gross**. **Small gross** or **great hundred** is used to refer to te

n dozen items. If a shop is advertizing to sell a product_ en gros_, this means that it will sell larger quantities.
Corn starch

**Corn starch** (or **cornflour**, sometimes also called **maizena**) is the starch taken from corn grain. It is used in many ways, mainly in the making of corn syrup, other sugars, snack foods, sweets and beer. Like starch from other sources, it is also used for starching laundry and for industrial uses.
Acorn Stores

**Acorn Stores** were a chain of clothing shops in the United States. The company closed in until 2008. The stores were originally part of the Michael L. Wallace Inc, until they were bought by Christopher & Banks in November 2004.
Nucleus (brain)

A **nucleus** in anatomy is a brain structure (plural = nuclei). It is a compact cluster of neurons. Each cluster is doing a job for the brain.

Nuclei are one of the two common forms of nerve cell organization. The other is the layered structures such as the cerebral cortex or the  cerebellar cortex. The same kind of cell cluster in the peripheral nervous system is called a ganglion. Some of the traditional names for brain nuclei also use that word.

In anatomical sections, a nucleus usually shows up as a region of grey matter, often bordered by white matter. The vertebrate brain contains _hundreds_ of nuclei, which vary in shape and size. A nucleus may have a complex internal structure, with several types of neurons arranged in clumps (subnuclei) or layers.

We have the impression of our brain working as "one thing". Actually, that's a mirage. All the parts work together so that we don't notice the way it is done. We just see a "picture of the world", and we think almost without thinking.

## Related pages

- Ganglion
- Basal ganglia
- Suprachiasmatic nucleus
- Red nucleus
- Caudate nucleus
Open world

An **open world** is a type of video game design. In an open world game, the player is allowed to do quests or jobs in a more free-form nature.

Many video games are very straightforward, where quests and objectives are all very closely linked to the main story. Open world games differ from this, because you are allowed to roam freely in the game environment without necessarily having to follow the main plot of the game.

Some examples include the _Grand Theft Auto_ games, _Arma 3_, _Dead Space_. _Fallout 3_, _Fallout: New Vegas_, _Fallout 4_, _Fallout 76_, _Minecraft_, _Sonic Forces_, _Asura's Wrath_,_The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, and_ The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild.
Moominpappa

**Moominpappa** (_Muminpappan_, i.e. "The Moomin Dad") - is a character in the Moomin series of books by Finnish author Tove Jansson.

Moominpappa was an orphan. He left the orphanage to see the world. But now he has settled down. Moominpappa wants to be a responsible father to his family: his wife Moominmamma and their son Moomintroll. He attracted to the sea but does not know why. He is almost always wearing his black top hat. Inside the hat is painted: "M.P. from your M.M." to make it different from all the other top hats in the world. Moominpappa also lived on a ship with three Hattifatteners for a few days. He wanted to watch their behaviour.

According to his family, he writes down all of his adventures in a book called "Memoirs". He once said that because so many adventures happen to him, he might never finish the book.

According to Moomintroll, he can fix anything if he is able to get around to it.

## Infobox (character)

- **series**: Moomin
- **image**: Muumipappa.jpg
- **caption**: Moominpappa in Moomin World theme park, Naantali, Finland.
- **first**: The Moomins and the Great Flood
- **creator**: Tove Jansson
- **gender**: Male
- **spouse**: Moominmamma
- **children**: Moomintroll (_son_)
Industrial park

An **industrial park** is an area made for industrial development. It is similar to a business park or an office park. An industrial park can have factories, oil refineries, and warehouses. They can also have other industrial buildings.

Industrial parks are normally built away from places where people live. They can usually be accessed in more than one way. The most common ways are by road and train.
Artemisia Gentileschi

**Artemisia Gentileschi** (July 8, 1593 – c. 1656) was an Italian Baroque painter.

Gentileschi was born in Rome in 1593. This was at the start of Baroque painting. She was the first child of the Tuscan painter Orazio Gentileschi. Artemisia trained in his workshop for a number of years before making works herself. She was influenced by the painter Caravaggio.

Gentileschi's first signed and dated painting was _Susanna and the Elders_. It was dated 1610, which was when she was 17. In 1616, Gentileschi became the first woman member of the _Accademia del Disegno_ (the Florentine Academy of Art).

Her most well-known painting is _Judith Beheading Holofernes_.

Gentileschi moved to Naples in 1630 and visited London, England in 1639. Gentileschi died in Naples, but the exact date is unknown. It was some time after 1654.

## Legacy

Gentileschi was not included in the history of 17th-century art after her death. Many of her paintings were thought to have been made by her father or students of Caravaggio. Scholars started paying attention to her work in the early 1900's. In the 1970s she became a champion of second wave feminist art historians. Artist Judy Chicago included a place setting for Gentileschi in the 1979 art installation _The Dinner Party_.

In 2020, the National Gallery, London held a retrospective of Gentileschi's work entitled _Artemisia_.

Gentileschi's work is in museums including the Museo del Prado in Madrid, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, the Uffizi in Florence, Italy, and the National Gallery, London.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters

## Other websites

- Artemisia Gentileschi: "The Spirit of Caesar in the soul of a woman!" video by the National Gallery

## Infobox (person)

- **child**: yes
- **signature**: Gentileschi, Artemisia - Signature.svg


## Infobox (artist)

- **image**: Self-portrait as the Allegory of Painting (La Pittura) - Artemisia Gentileschi.jpg
- **alt**: A young woman painting, turning to the left of the frame so that only half of her face is visible. She has black hair in a bun and is wearing a brown dress with large green sleaves and a long golden neck. In her hand towards the viewer, there is a palette and brushes. With the other, she is painting..
- **caption**: _Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting_, 1638–39
- **birth place**: Rome, Papal States
- **death place**: Naples, Spain, Kingdom of Spain
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **known for**: Painting
- **style**: Baroque
- **movement**: Accademia delle Arti del Disegno
Siedah Garrett

**Siedah Garrett** (born June 24, 1958) is an American singer. She sung a song with Michael Jackson called "I Just Can't Stop Loving You". She also wrote "Man in the Mirror" with Glen Ballard. She won the 2008 Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.

## Early life

Garrett was born Debra Christine in Los Angeles.

## Personal life

She announced that she was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis when performing at the "Race To Erase MS" event in 2017.

## Awards and nominations

- Grammy Award 2008 Best Song Written for Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media – "Love You I Do" from _Dreamgirls_ (songwriter) (**Won**)
- Academy Award: Best Original Song – "Love You I Do" (2007) (**Nominated**)
- Academy Award: Best Original Song – "Real in Rio" (2012) (**Nominated**)
- Satellite Awards: Best Original Song – "Love You I Do" (2006) (**Nominated**)

## Other websites

- Official website
Battle of Maserfield

The **Battle of Maserfield** () was fought on 5 August 642. It was mainly between the armies of the Christian king Oswald of Northumbria and the pagan King Penda of Mercia. The battle ended in Oswald's death and his army's defeat. The site of the battle is reported to be at Oswestry in Shropshire.

## Background

King Oswald's uncle, King Edwin of Northumbria, was killed at the Battle of Hatfield Chase in 633 by Penda and his ally Cadwallon ap Cadfan. After the battle Cadwallon and Penda began slaughtering the people of Northumbria. This included men, women and children. Northumbria fell apart and was divided into its two former kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. Oswald defeated and killed Cadwallon ap Cadfan at the Battle of Heavenfield in 634. After that Oswald reunited Northumbria into a single kingdom. Oswald was considered a _bretwalda_ by Bede, the fourth such overlord over the other Anglo-Saxon kings. Penda remained a constant threat but was kept busy fighting the East Angles and making new alliances with the Welsh. Oswald also created several similar alliances in an effort to contain Penda. About 638 he won a battle against Owen Map Bili, the king of Strathclyde near Edinburgh. In 640 Oswald recovered the kingdom of Lindsey from Penda.

## The battle

There is no record of what led to this battle or why this place. As a pagan, Penda would not have been happy over Oswald bringing monks from Iona to Lindisfarne, further expanding Christianity in the north. The conquest of the Gododdin at  Din Eidyn  (Edinburgh) in 638 removed the last stronghold of the Britons in the north. Domnall Brecc, King of Dal Riata defeated them and was a close ally of Oswald. Northumbrians may have been there also. It would have angered the Welsh, Britons themselves, against Oswald. In 642 the armies of Northumbria and Mercia (with his Welsh allies) met at a place called  Maserfield (probably in Shropshire). Oswald was killed in the battle. For a year after the battle his head and hands were fastened to stakes. Oswald's brother Oswiu finally recovered Oswald's body. Oswiu succeeded Oswald as king of Northumbria.

## Outcome

The battle of Maserfield left Penda "the most formidable king in England." Following the battle, Deira, in the southern part of Northumbria, chose a king of its own, Oswine. Bernicia in the north was ruled by Oswald's brother Oswiu. The immediate effect of the battle was to weaken and divide Northumbria. The long term effect was that Oswiu restored Northumbrian power over the next 13 years. He finally defeated and killed Penda at the Battle of Winwaed in 655.

## Other websites

- Kings of Northumbria
- Who was St. Oswald?
Rockjumper

**Rockjumpers** are a genus (_Chaetops_) and family (Chaetopidae) of small birds. They are found in southern Africa, around the Lesotho highlands and South Africa. The birds are omnivorous, meaning that they eat both plants and animals.

There are two species: the Cape Rockjumper and the Drakensberg Rockjumper. The two species have very similar appearances. They are mostly brown and red with plumage. They also have long white and black tails, black throats, orange bellies, and grey and black patterned backs and wings. The closest relative to the birds, although being very different in appearance are the Picathartes.
Binyavanga Wainaina

**Binyavanga Wainaina** (18 January 1971 – 21 May 2019) was a Kenyan writer. In July 2002 he won the Caine Prize For African Writing for his short story "Discovering Home". He started _Kwani?_ magazine. His first book, _One Day I Will Write About This Place_, was published in 2011.

## Early life

Wainaina was born in Nakuru.

## Personal life

In 2014 he tweeted that he is gay. In 2016, he was diagnosed with HIV.

Wainaina died after a stroke in Nairobi on 21 May 2019, aged 48.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Binyavanga Wainaina
- **image**: 9.13.09BinyavangaWainainaByLuigiNovi1.jpg
- **caption**: Wainaina at the 2009 Brooklyn Book Festival.
- **birth place**: Nakuru, Kenya
- **death place**: Nairobi, Kenya
- **occupation**: Novelist, short story writer
- **nationality**: Kenyan
- **genre**: Author, journalist
- **awards**: 2002 Caine Prize
Shonda Rhimes

**Shonda Rhimes** (born January 13, 1970) is an American screenwriter and producer. She is best known for making _Grey's Anatomy_ and _Private Practice_. Rhimes was born in Chicago, Illinois. Her first book will be published in 2015.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Shonda Rhimes
- **image**: Shonda Rhimes at the 75th Annual Peabody Awards (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Rhimes in 2016
- **birth name**: Shonda Rhimes
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, USA
- **death date**: 2000
- **death place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **alma mater**: Luther College
- **occupation**: television producer, Producer, Screenwriter, Life Ruiner, and television director, Director
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **children**: Harper Rhimes
Emerson Rhimes
Beckett Rhimes
Oswestry

**Oswestry** (), is one of the United Kingdom's oldest border towns. It is the largest market town and civil parish in Shropshire, England, close to the Welsh border. Oswestry is the third largest town in Shropshire, following Telford and Shrewsbury. The 2001 Census recorded the population of the civil parish as 15,613, and the urban area as 16,660. In 2008 the latter figure was estimated to have increased to 17,116. The town is five miles (8 km) from the Welsh border, Oswestry has a mixed Welsh and English heritage. It is the home of the Shropshire libraries' Welsh Collection.

## Name history

The Battle of Maserfield is thought to have been fought here in 642 between Penda of Mercia and Oswald of Northumbria. Oswald was killed in this battle. According to legend, one of his arms was carried to an ash tree by a raven. Miracles were then attributed to the tree (as Oswald was considered a saint). The Welsh who held this area at the time called it _Croes-Oswellt_ (meaning Oswald's cross). During the Anglo-Saxon period the town was called Oswald's Tree. Later this became Oswestry.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Oswestry
- **welsh name**: Croesoswallt
- **population**: 17,105
- **population ref**: (2011)
- **civil parish**: Oswestry
- **unitary england**: Shropshire
- **lieutenancy england**: Shropshire
- **region**: West Midlands
- **constituency westminster**: North Shropshire (UK Parliament constituency), North Shropshire
- **post town**: OSWESTRY
- **postcode district**: SY10, SY11
- **postcode area**: SY
- **dial code**: 01691
- **os grid reference**: SJ301337
- **static image**: Oswestry - Historic buildings in town centre.jpg
- **static image caption**: Historic buildings in Oswestry town centre
Mike Patton

**Michael Allan "Mike" Patton** (born January 27, 1968) is an American singer. He is best known for being the singer of Faith No More.

## Career

In 1984 when he was 15 years old he started Mr. Bungle. In 1989 he became the singer of Faith No More. Patton wrote all the lyrics for the band's third album, _The Real Thing_.  In 1991 Mr. Bungle released their first album, _Mr Bungle._.

### 1995

In 1995 Patton released three albums. Faith No More's fifth album _King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime_ was released on March 28, 1995.

Mr Bungle released their second album _Disco Volante_ on October 10, 1995.

### 1998-1999

Faith No More broke up in 1998. Patton started a noise band called Fantômas with Buzz Osborne and Dave Lombardo. In 1999 Patton started Tomahawk. He also started a record label called Ipecac Recordings with Greg Werckman. Mr Bungle released their last album _California_ on June 13, 1999.

### 2000s

Patton started the band Peeping Tom in 2000. He also joined Lovage. In 2001 Tomahawk released their first album. Patton sang on The Dillinger Escape Plan's third EP, _Irony Is a Dead Scene_. He sung on Handsome Boy Modeling School's 2004 album _White People_. In 2005 he released an album with Melt-Banana called _Animali In Calore Surriscaldati Con Ipertermia Genitale/Cat in Red_. In 2006 Patton joined John Zorn's Moonchild Trio. Peeping Tom released their first album _Peeping Tom_. In 2009 Faith No More got back together. Patton made most of the soundtrack for the 2009 movie _Crank: High Voltage_.

### 2010s

On May 4 2010 Patton's third solo album _Mondo Cane_ was released. Patton made the album with a forty-member orchestra and fifteen-piece backing band.
Ehlers–Danlos syndromes

**Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS**) is a rare genetic connective tissue disorder. There is no cure. The symptoms include unusually stretchy skin, double-jointedness, flat feet, joint pain, as well as early onset arthritis. More rare and severe forms of the condition also affect the veins (Vascular EDS) and in very rare cases the major organs are affected. There are six main types of EDS. They are:
- Type 3 - Hypermobility
- Types 1 & 2 - Classical
- Type 4 - Vascular
- Type 6 - Kyphoscoliosis
- Types 7A and B - Arthrochalasia
- Type 7C - Dermatosparaxis
Miuccia Prada

**Miuccia Bianchi Prada** (born **Maria Bianchi**; 10 May 1948) is an Italian fashion designer and businesswoman.

She designs for Prada. In 1992 she started a second fashion label, Miu Miu. Prada is the youngest granddaughter of Mario Prada.

As of October 2021, _Forbes_ estimated her net worth at US$4.8 billion. In August 2021, _Bloomberg_ estimated her net worth to be $6.6 billion, ranking 430th in the world.

## Personal life

She met Patrizio Bertelli in 1977, and married him a year later.

## Infobox (fashion designer)

- **honorific suffix**: Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, OMRI
- **image**: Miuccia Prada (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Prada in 2011
- **name**: Miuccia Prada
- **birth name**: Maria Bianchi
- **birth place**: Milan, Italy
- **children**: 2, including Lorenzo Bertelli
- **education**: University of Milan (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Doctor of Philosophy, PhD)
- **occupation**: Fashion designer, Businessperson
- **title**: Co-CEO and head designer, Prada
- **awards**: Council of Fashion Designers of America International Award (1993)
- **relatives**: Mario Prada (grandfather)
Vern Benson

**Vernon Adair Benson** (September 19, 1924 – January 20, 2014) was an American baseball player. He was an infielder/outfielder, coach, scout and interim manager in American Major League Baseball.

Benson died on January 20, 2014 in Granite Quarry, North Carolina from natural causes at the age of 89.

## Other websites

- Retrosheet
- Venezuelan Baseball League

## Infobox (mlb player)

- **name**: Vern Benson
- **position**: Third Baseman / Outfielder
- **image**: Vern Benson 1971.JPG
- **caption**: Benson in 1971
- **bats**: Left
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Granite Quarry, North Carolina
- **death place**: Granite Quarry, North Carolina
- **debutdate**: July 31
- **debutteam**: Oakland Athletics, Philadelphia Athletics
- **finaldate**: May 30
- **finalteam**: St. Louis Cardinals
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .202
- **stat2label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat2value**: 21
- **stat3label**: At bats
- **stat3value**: 104
- **teams**: **As player**
*Oakland Athletics, Philadelphia Athletics (1943; 1946)
*St. Louis Cardinals (1951–1953)
**As manager**
*Atlanta Braves (1977)
**As coach**
*St. Louis Cardinals (1961-1964)
*New York Yankees (1965-1966)
*Cincinnati Reds (1966-1969)
*St. Louis Cardinals (1970-1975)
*Atlanta Braves (1976-1977)
*San Francisco Giants (1980)
Georgi Slavkov

**Georgi Slavkov** (; April 11, 1958 – January 21, 2014) was a Bulgarian football player.

Slavkov scored 61 goals in 112 games for Trakia between 1976 and 1982.

With CSKA Sofia he played between 1982 and 1986, scoring 48 goals. Then he was transferred to the French club AS Saint-Étienne. He finished his career in Portugal in 1992.

Between 1978 and 1983, he won 37 caps for Bulgaria and scored 11 goals.

Georgi Slavkov died suddenly on Jan 21, 2014 in Plovdiv after suffering a heart attack at the age of 55.

### Club

- Botev Plovdiv
- Bulgarian Cup: 1980–81

- CSKA Sofia
- A Group (2): 1979–80, 1982–83
- Bulgarian Cup: 1984–85
- Cup of the Soviet Army (2): 1984–85, 1985–86

### Individual

- A Group Top Scorer: 1980–81 <small>(31 goals)</small>
- European Golden Shoe: 1981

## Other websites

- Profile at National-Football-Teams

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Georgi Slavkov
- **birth place**: Musomishta, Bulgaria
- **death place**: Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **youthyears1**: –1974
- **youthclubs1**: Trakia Stamboliyski
- **youthyears2**: 1974–1976
- **youthclubs2**: PFC Botev Plovdiv, Trakia Plovdiv
- **years1**: 1976–1979
- **clubs1**: PFC Botev Plovdiv, Trakia Plovdiv
- **years2**: 1980
- **clubs2**: PFC CSKA Sofia, CSKA Sofia
- **caps2**: 9
- **goals2**: 5
- **years3**: 1980–1982
- **clubs3**: PFC Botev Plovdiv, Trakia Plovdiv
- **years4**: 1982–1986
- **clubs4**: PFC CSKA Sofia, CSKA Sofia
- **caps4**: 92
- **goals4**: 42
- **years5**: 1986–1987
- **clubs5**: AS Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne
- **caps5**: 16
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 1987–1992
- **clubs6**: G.D. Chaves, Chaves
- **caps6**: 89
- **goals6**: 15
- **years7**: 1992–1993
- **clubs7**: PFC Botev Plovdiv, Botev Plovdiv
- **caps7**: 5
- **goals7**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1978–1984
- **nationalteam1**: Bulgaria national football team, Bulgaria
- **nationalcaps1**: 30
- **nationalgoals1**: 12
Akkineni Nageswara Rao

**Akkineni Nageswara Rao** (20 September 1923 – 22 January 2014) was an Indian movie actor and producer. He worked in the Telugu cinema. He became a famous stage artiste. He was known for playing female characters because women at that time were prohibited from acting.

Rao died on 22 January 2014 in Hyderabad from cancer aged 90.

## Other websites

- Akkiineni Nageswara Rao Birthday Special Article in Telugu Language
Roy Dotrice

**Roy Dotrice**, OBE (26 May 1923 – 16 October 2017) was a British actor. He was known for his Tony Award-winning Broadway performance in the revival of _A Moon for the Misbegotten_.

Dotrice was born in Guernsey on 26 May 1923. One of his daughters, Michele, was famous for playing the role of Betty, the wife of Frank Spencer in the BBC sitcom Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em.

Dotrice recorded audiobooks for each book in George R. R. Martin's series _A Song of Ice and Fire_. He earned a place in the Guinness World Records in 2004 for the highest number of character voices by a single actor for the first book in the series, _A Game of Thrones_ (in which he voiced a total of 224 characters).

Dotrice died on 16 October 2017 in London at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Selected Performances at the Theatre Archive, University of Bristol
- Two Old Stagers Find Vigour in _Brief Lives_

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Roy Dotrice
- **honorific suffix**: Order of the British Empire, OBE
- **image**: Roy Dotrice.jpg
- **caption**: Roy Dotrice in 2014
- **birth place**: Guernsey, Channel Islands
- **death place**: London, England
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1957–2012
- **known for**: _Brief Lives (play), Brief Lives_
_A Moon for the Misbegotten_
- **children**: Michele Dotrice
Yvette Dotrice
Karen Dotrice
- **awards**: 1 Tony Award
1 Drama Desk Award
1 British Academy Television Awards, British Academy Television Award
Ara Parseghian

**Ara Raoul Parseghian** (; May 21, 1923 – August 2, 2017) was an American-Armenian football player and coach. Parseghian guided the University of Notre Dame to NCAA Division I national championships in 1966 and 1973. He was thought of being one of the best coaches in Notre Dame history.

Parseghian died at his home in Granger, Indiana on the morning of August 2, 2017 from an infection caused after having hip surgery at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Ara Parseghian Medical Research Foundation
Lou Holtz

**Louis Leo "Lou" Holtz** (born January 6, 1937) is a retired American football coach, and active sportscaster, author, and motivational speaker.

He served as the head football coach at The College of William & Mary (1969–1971), North Carolina State University (1972–1975), the University of Arkansas (1977–1983), the University of Minnesota (1984–1985), the University of Notre Dame (1986–1996), and the University of South Carolina (1999–2004).

Holtz was born in Follansbee, West Virginia on January 6, 1937. He grew up in East Liverpool, Ohio. Holtz studied at Kent State University.

On January 30, 2026, it was announced that Holtz entered into hospice care in Orlando, Florida.

## Other websites

- Notre Dame profile
- The Lou Holtz/Upper Ohio Valley Hall of Fame
Mr. Peabody & Sherman

***Mr. Peabody & Sherman*** is a 2014 American-British 3D-computer animated comedy adventure movie directed by Rob Minkoff. It stars Ty Burrell, Ariel Winter, Max Charles, Stephen Colbert, and Leslie Mann. It has been released on February 7, 2014 in the United Kingdom and on March 7, 2014 in the United States.

## Cast

- Ty Burrell as Mr. Peabody
- Max Charles as Sherman
- Ariel Winter as Penny Peterson
- Stephen Colbert as Paul Peterson
- Leslie Mann as Patty Peterson
- Stephen Tobolowsky as Principal Purdy
- Stanley Tucci as Leonardo da Vinci
- Allison Janney as Karen "Edwina" Grunion
- Adam Alexi-Malle as French peasant
- Patrick Warburton as King Agamemnon
- Zach Callison as King Tut
- Steve Valentine as Ay
- Dennis Haysbert as Judge
- Leila Birch as the WABAC
- Karan Brar as Mason
- Joshua Rush as Carl
- Thomas Lennon as Italian Peasant #2
- Mel Brooks as Albert Einstein
- Lake Bell as Mona Lisa
- Lauri Fraser as Marie Antoinette
- Nolan North as Maximilien Robespierre
- Jess Harnell as George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Bill Clinton and Isaac Newton
- Tom McGrath as Odysseus
- Al Rodrigo as Ajax the Lesser
- Walt Dohrn as Spartacus

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Mr. Peabody & Sherman
- **image**: Mr. Peabody and Sherman logo.svg
- **border**: yes
- **caption**: Title logo
- **director**: Rob Minkoff
- **screenplay**: Craig Wright (playwright), Craig Wright
- **music**: Danny Elfman
- **editing**: Michael Andrews
- **distributor**: 20th Century Fox
- **runtime**: 92 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $145 million
- **gross**: $275.7 million
Ty Burrell

**Tyler Gerald "Ty" Burrell** (born August 22, 1967) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Phil Dunphy in the ABC comedy _Modern Family_. He has won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series twice, in 2011 and 2014, and has been nominated another three times (in 2010, 2012 and 2013) for his role as Phil Dunphy.

Burrell was born on Grants Pass, Oregon on August 22, 1967.

## Other websites

- Ty Burrell at Emmys.com

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Ty Burrell 2 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Burrell in 2014
- **birth place**: Grants Pass, Oregon, Grants Pass, Oregon, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 2000–present
- **children**: 2
Sabbath

A **sabbath** is a day reserved for rest or prayer, usually each week. The word _Sabbath_ comes from the Hebrew word _Shabbat_ (). This word is built from the Hebrew root _Sh-B-T,_ meaning rest.

In the Hebrew Bible, or _Tanakh,_ the root _Sh-B-T_ is used to describe God resting on the seventh day. This is the day after He finished creating the universe. In the Bible, the idea of _Shabbat,_ or _Sabbath,_ as a holy day of rest starts there.

Remembering and keeping the Sabbath is also one of the Ten Commandments. From that, the Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) all have a tradition of a holy day of rest or prayer set aside every week. These days are now different from each other, including which day of the week they fall on.

- Jews observe _Shabbat_ or _Shabbath_ on Saturday.
- The Sabbath in Christianity is usually observed on Sunday but a few Christian denominations observe it on Saturday (e.g. Seventh-day Adventist Church).
- In Islam, Muslims hold a communal prayer, known as _Jumu'ah_, every Friday just after noon.

## Similar ideas

In addition:
- Different rituals of people called witches have been called Witches' Sabbath.
- A sabbatical is a paid break or rest from work.

## Related pages

- Sabbath in Christianity
- Gregorian calendar (Christian)
- Hebrew calendar (Jewish)
- Islamic calendar (Muslim)
Melville Island

**Melville Island** is the name of several islands:

- Melville Island (Australia), in the Northern Territory
- Melville Island (Canada), in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories
- Melville Island (Nova Scotia), a small island in Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, Canada
Melville Island (Australia)

**Melville Island** is an island in the eastern Timor Sea. It is part of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located off the coast of Arnhem Land and north of Darwin. The island is called **Yermalner** in the native Tiwi language. Melville is about  in size. It is the second-largest island in Australia, after Tasmania.

The name Melville is for Robert Dundas, 2nd Viscount Melville, first lord of the Admiralty. The much larger Melville Island in northern Canada was also named after him.

Melville Island and nearby Bathurst Island are together called the Tiwi Islands. The Tiwi are the indigenous people that live on the islands. Their creation stories suggest that Indigenous Australians have lived on the Tiwi Islands for at least 7,000 years.

The largest community on the island is Milikapiti. About 559 people live in Milikapiti. The second village is Pirlangimpi, 27 kilometres west of Milipakpiti. About 440 people live here. About 30 more people live in five family outstations.

## Other websites

- Tiwi Islands Shire Council
- Tiwi Land Council
- Tiwi Art
- Tourist Information

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Melville
- **map caption**: Location of Melville Island
- **native name**: _Yermalner_
- **location**: Timor Sea
- **archipelago**: Tiwi Islands
- **major islands**: Melville, Irrititu
- **area km2**: 5786
- **country**: Australia
- **country admin divisions title**: Territory
- **country admin divisions**: Northern Territory
- **country largest city**: Milikapiti, Northern Territory, Milikapiti
- **country largest city population**: 559
- **population**: about 1030
- **ethnic groups**: Tiwi
Epiglottis

The **epiglottis** is a thin flap that isn't a muscle in the oesophagus. It is the top part of the larynx. It closes to stop food from going down the trachea. It opens to allow breathing.
Aberdeen, Hong Kong

**Aberdeen** is a town and area in Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong.

Aberdeen usually refers to the town but it can also be used to refer to the areas Wong Chuk Hang, Ap Lei Chau and Tin Wan. The population of Aberdeen was 163,459 in 2011. Aberdeen Harbour is the harbor between the town and Ap Lei Chau. It is a popular tourist spot and is one of the nine harbors in Hong Kong. Aberdeen is also known for its floating village which has around 600 junks and 6,000 people living there. The town was named after George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen; the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1852 to 1855.

Aberdeen attracts many tourists because it is close to Ocean Park. It also attracts many tourists because of its floating village and floating restaurants on the water. There are some people that live on boats in the harbour.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Aberdeen, Hong Kong
- **settlement type**: Town
- **image skyline**: Aberdeen, Hong Kong.jpg
- **imagesize**: 280px
- **image caption**: Panoramic view of Aberdeen Harbour
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Hong Kong
- **subdivision type1**: Island
- **subdivision name1**: Hong Kong Island
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population total**: 163,459
- **timezone**: Hong Kong Time, HKT
- **utc offset**: +8
- **area code**: 852
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The **United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change** is an international treaty, that was signed on 9 May 1993 and entered into force on 21 March 1994. It wants to slow the speed at which the climate of the earth changes. It also wants to avert the risk of a climate change that is harmful to mankind. 154 countries signed the treaty in 1992 in New York. Today, 197 countries are member of the treaty. These countries meet once a year to agree on politics against global warming. first had its headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. In 1996, they moved to Bonn, Germany. The agreement officially started working in 1994. The UNFCCC also refers to the organization that helps run the agreement, and they have offices in Bonn, Germany.

## COP (or _conference of the parties_)

A Conference of the parties (COP) has been held during most years since 1995.

|COP|Year|Country|City|Link|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|COP1|1995|Germany|Berlin|COP 1|
|COP2|1996|Switzerland|Geneva|COP 2|
|COP3|1997|Japan|Kyoto|COP 3|
|COP4|1998|Argentina|Buenos Aires|COP 4|
|COP5|1999|Germany|Bonn|COP 5|
|COP6|2001|Netherlands|The Hague|COP 6|
|COP7|2001|Morocco|Marrakech|COP 7|
|COP8|2002|India|New Delhi|COP 8|
|COP9|2003|Italy|Milan|COP 9|
|COP10|2004|Argentina|Buenos Aires|COP 10|
|COP11|2005|Canada|Montreal|COP 11|
|COP12|2006|Kenya|Nairobi|COP 12|
|COP13|2007|Indonesia|Bali|COP 13|
|COP14|2008|Poland|Poznań|COP 14|
|COP15|2009|Denmark|Copenhagen|COP 15|
|COP16|2010|Mexico|Cancún|COP 16|
|COP17|2011|South Africa|Durban|COP 17|
|COP18|2012|Qatar|Doha|COP 18|
|COP19|2013|Poland|Warsaw|COP 19|
|COP20|2014|Peru|Lima|COP 20|
|COP21|2015|France|Paris|COP 21|
|COP22|2016|Morocco|Marrakech|COP 22|
|COP23|2017|Germany|Bonn|COP 23|
|COP24|2018|Poland|Katowice|COP 24|
|COP25|2019|Spain|Madrid|COP 25|
|COP26|2021|United Kingdom|Glasgow|COP 26|
|COP27|2022|Egypt|Sharm el-Sheikh|COP 27|
|COP28|2023|United Arab Emirates|Dubai|COP 28|
|COP29|2024|Azerbaijan|Baku|COP 29|
|COP30|plan, October 2025 || Brazil || Belém || COP 30||||

## Other Page

- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
- Kyoto Protocol
Peter Capaldi

**Peter Dougan Capaldi** (born 14 April 1958) is a Scottish actor, director and writer. He portrayed the 12th Doctor in _Doctor Who_. He won an Academy Award for best Live Action Short Film for writing and directing the movie _Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life_ in 1995. He has been in various movies and television programs in the United Kingdom, including _In the Loop_, _The Fifth Estate_, _The Thick of It_ and _The Musketeers_.

He also portrayed one of the professors in _World War Z_. He starred as Rabbit in the 2018 Disney movie _Christopher Robin_.

## Early life

Capaldi was born on 14 April 1958 in Glasgow, Scotland, the son of Nancy Soutar and Gerald John Capaldi. His mother's side of the family was Scottish and Irish. His father's side was Italian.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peter Capaldi
- **image**: Peter Capaldi (48636861851).jpg
- **caption**: Peter Capaldi in 2019
- **birth name**: Peter Dougan Capaldi
- **birth place**: Glasgow, Scotland
- **occupation**: Actor, director, writer
- **yearsactive**: 1982–present
- **spouse**: Elaine Collins (m. 1991)
- **children**: 1
Abu Nidal

**Abu Nidal** () (May 1937 – 16 August 2002), born **Sabri Khalil al-Banna** (), was the founder of Fatah – The Revolutionary Council (), a militant Palestinian separatist group also known as the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO). At the height of his power in the 1970s and 1980s, Abu Nidal was mostly known as the most merciless of the Palestinian political leaders. He told _Der Spiegel_ in a rare interview in 1985: "I am the evil spirit which moves around only at night causing ... nightmares."

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: **Abu Nidal** ()
- **image size**: 150px
- **birth name**: **Sabri Khalil al-Banna** ()
- **birth date**: May 1937
- **birth place**: Yafo, Mandatory Palestine
- **death date**: 16 August 2002 (age 65)
- **death place**: Baghdad, Iraq
- **resting place**: al-Karakh's Islamic cemetery, Baghdad, in a grave marked "M7"
- **nationality**: Palestinian people, Palestinian
- **alma mater**: Cairo University
- **occupation**: Militant
- **party**: Fatah – The Revolutionary Council ()
known as the Abu Nidal Organization, part of the Palestinian Rejectionist Front, rejectionist front
- **spouse**: Hiyam al-Bita
- **children**: One son, two daughters
- **parents**: Hajj Khalil al-Banna (father)
Duke of Orléans

The title **Duke of Orléans** is an old French Dukedom that was highly regarded whilst the country was a monarchy. The title was usually used by a younger son of a reigning King and was passed from father to son. During the reign of Louis XIV of France the title was used by his only broth Philippe who as a _Son of France_ was known simply as _Monsieur_. At the death of Philippe in 1701 the Dukes only held the rank of Prince of the blood  but maintained their rank due to being descended from a son of a previous king. The holder of the title was entitled to be addressed as **Your Serene Highness** but this was used in writing only. The present day House of Orléans is descended from this line and takes its name from the prestigious title.

As princes of the blood they ranked above that of the Princes of Condé the Princes of Conti as well as the Count of Soissons.

The Dukes main seat was the Palais Royal in Paris and the lavish Château de Saint Cloud outside the capital as well as countless other residences. The Duke and his wife were also entitled to their own apartment in the Palace of Versailles.

## List of Dukes

1. Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, "_Monsieur_" (10 May 1661 – 9 June 1701) - The only sibling of King Louis XIV, known simply as "Monsieur".
1. Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France (9 June 1701 – 2 December 1723) - Regent of France for the young Louis XV.
1. Louis, Duke of Orléans (2 December 1723 - 4 February 1752).
1. Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans (4 August 1752 – 18 November 1785).
1. Philippe Égalité (18 November 1785 – 6 November 1793) guillotined during the French Revolution.
1. Louis Philippe I (6 November 1793 - 9 August 1830). Eventually created **King of The French**.
Grey matter

**Grey matter** (or **gray matter**) is a main component of the central nervous system. It is composed of neurons (that is, the cells usually called 'brain cells') and glial cells. By contrast, the white matter is composed of long-range myelinated axon tracts (nerve fibres) and glial cells.

The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.
Glial cell

**Glial cells** are support cells for the nervous system. In Greek, Glia means "glue". Glia are said to be the glue of the nervous system. Glia occur in both grey matter and white matter.

Glia are thought to have four main functions:
1. To surround neurons and hold them in place,
1. To supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons,
1. To insulate one neuron from another,
1. To destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons.

Glia may have more functions than just these four.

## Types of Macroglia

|Location|Name|Description|
| --- | --- | --- |
|CNS|Astrocytes|Astrocytes form the blood-brain barrier and guide axons.|
|CNS|Oligodendrocytes|Oligodendrocytes are cells that form a myelin sheath, which coats the axons of neurons (to make impulses travel faster) in the Central Nervous System. These are the opposite of Schwann Cells.|
|PNS|Schwann cells|Schwann Cells are very similar to oligodendrocytes in that they form the myelin sheath, but they do it for the neurons located in the Peripheral Nervous System. They also clear cellular debris to allow for the regrowth of neurons|
|CNS|Ependymal cells|Ependymal cells create and secrete cerebrospinal fluid, which surrounds the brain and spinal cord.|
|PNS|Satellite cells|Satellite cells are small cells that help regulate the external chemical environment.|

## Role in degenerative brain diseases

A type of glial cell is thought to play a role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or motor neurone disease), Alzheimer's disease (a type of dementia) and Parkinson's disease.

The microglia are the macrophages of the nervous system. In these neurodegenerative disorders, it is thought that the microglia digest healthy brain cells, causing the degeneration of brain function. This is especially true for Parkinson's disease, where the Glia break down dopaminergic cells, causing the symptoms associated with Parkinson's.
Tommy Robinson

**Stephen Christopher Yaxley-Lennon** (27 November 1982), better known as **Tommy Robinson**, is a British far right and anti-islam campaigner.

Tommy Robinson was born on 27 November 1982 in Luton, Bedfordshire.

He is the former leader of the European Defence League and English Defence League. This group is also described as far right. In October 2013, he left the group after four years. In January 2014, he was sentenced to 18 months in prison.

He has been in charged with crimes like assault and using another persons passport for traveling.

Robinson is now in prison after being convicted for contempt of court.

## Imprisonment

On 25 May 2018, Robinson was sent to prison for "a breach of the peace" while livestreaming outside Leeds Crown Court during the trial of the Huddersfield grooming gang when the judge said he could not do that. On October 28, 2024, Tommy Robinson was sentenced to eighteen months in prison for contempt of court and repeating false allegations about a Syrian refugee.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tommy Robinson
- **image**: Tommy Robinson 2023.png
- **alt**: Tommy Robinson on the "Anything Goes With James English" Podcast in 2023.
- **caption**: Robinson in 2023
- **birth name**: Stephen Christopher Yaxley
- **birth place**: Luton, England
- **children**: 3
Riz Ortolani

**Riziero "Riz" Ortolani** (25 March 192623 January 2014) was an Italian movie composer. He composed many movies such as _Africa Addio_ (1966), _Kill Bill: Vol. 1_ (2003), _Kill Bill: Vol. 2_ (2004), _Drive_ (2011) and _Django Unchained_ (2012).

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Riz Ortolani 1955.jpg
- **caption**: Riz Ortolani in 1955
- **birth place**: Pesaro, Italy
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **occupation**: Composer
- **spouse**: Katyna Ranieri
Kaye Ballard

**Kaye Ballard** (born **Catherine Gloria Balotta**; November 20, 1925 – January 21, 2019) was an American musical theatre, television actress, comedienne, and singer.

## Biography

She was known for her role as Kaye Buell on the NBC sitcom _The Mothers-in-Law_.

Ballard died of heart failure at her home in Rancho Mirage, California on January 21, 2019 at the age of 93.

## Other websites

- Kaye Ballard website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kaye Ballard
- **image**: Kaye Ballard publicity photo taken by Maurice Seymour NY in late 1950s for MCA.jpg
- **caption**: Kaye Ballard in the 1950s
- **birth name**: Catherine Gloria Balotta
- **birth place**: Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: Rancho Mirage, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, singer
- **yearsactive**: 1951–2015
Darren Hayes

**Darren Stanley Hayes** (born 8 May 1972) is an Australian singer-songwriter. He was born in Brisbane. He was the singer of Savage Garden. Savage Garden released two albums before they broke up in 2001. In January 2002 Hayes released his first solo single "Insatiable". His first solo album, _Spin_, was released in April 2002. It has sold over 5 million copies.

## Career

In 1993 Hayes joined Savage Garden. In 1997 the band released _Savage Garden_. Eight singles were released from the album. In 1999 Savage Garden's second and last studio album, _Affirmation_, was released. In 2002 Hayes' first solo album _Spin_ was released. In 2004 _The Tension and the Spark_ was released. In 2007 Hayes released his third album _This Delicate Thing We've Made_ on his own record label, Powdered Sugar. In 2009 he released his fourth album _We Are Smug_. In 2011 _Secret Codes and Battleships_ was released.

## Personal life

In 2006 Hayes came out as gay.

## Other websites

- Tumblr
Click beetle

**Click beetle** is the common name for beetles in the family **Elateridae**. They are also called **elaters**, **snapping beetles**, **spring beetles** or **skipjacks**.

These beetles can be found almost anywhere on Earth. They have the unusual ability to flick themselves into the air. When they do this, they make a "clicking" (or snapping) sound. The beetle does this by flexing the joint between sections of the thorax, where there is a spine on one side of the joint and a groove on the other. The peg is snapped into the groove. This makes a "click" that flicks the beetle into the air. If it lands on its back, then it repeats the click until it lands on its legs. Clicking is mainly used to escape from predators. The click can make it jump between 15 and 30 centimetres into the air.

## Basic information

The Elateridae family was defined in 1815. There are about 9,300 known species. This includes 965 species in North America.

Some species are large and colorful, but most are under two centimeters long and dull in colour. They usually look for food during the night, and are usually not  active during the day.

The oldest known species come from the Triassic period. There are only about 9,000 species known.

## Wireworms

Wireworms are the larvae of this beetle. They usually spend three or four years living under the soil. Here they feed on rotting plants and roots. They can cause damage to crops and gardens. When this happens, they can be very difficult to kill off.

Their famiily, the Elateridae, is known for its effects on agriculture, where they are notable pests.

## Selected genera

- _Adrastus_
- _Agriotes_
- _Ampedus_
- _Athous_

## Other websites

- Elateridae in the United Kingdom