juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Wolfersdorf

**Wolfersdorf** is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Wolfersdorf COA.svg
- **image photo**: St. Petrus und Paulus (Wolfersdorf) 12.jpg
- **image caption**: Church of Saints Peter and Paul
- **image plan**: Wolfersdorf in FS.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberbayern
- **district**: Freising
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Zolling
- **elevation**: 502
- **area**: 26.01
- **postal code**: 85395
- **area code**: 08168
- **licence**: FS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 78 156
- **website**: [http://www.gemeinde-wolfersdorf.de www.gemeinde-wolfersdorf.de]
- **mayor**: Anita Wölfle
- **leader term**: 2020–26
Zolling

**Zolling** is a municipality in the Bavarian district of Freising.
Associated villages are: Anglberg, Flitzing, Thann, Palzing, Oberappersdorf, and Appersdorf.

Zolling is 6 km to the north of Freising.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Zolling COA.svg
- **image plan**: Zolling in FS.svg
- **image photo**: Zolling Dorfplatz 2015.jpg
- **image caption**: Market square with the Church of Saint John the Baptist and maypole
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Oberbayern
- **district**: Freising
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Zolling
- **elevation**: 429
- **area**: 34.59
- **postal code**: 85406
- **area code**: 08167
- **licence**: FS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 1 78 157
- **website**: [http://www.zolling.de/ www.zolling.de]
- **mayor**: Helmut Priller
- **leader term**: 2020–26
Oberappersdorf

**Oberappersdorf** is a village in the municipality of Zolling, Bavaria, Germany. The St. George Church in Oberappersdorf is allied with churches St. Valentine (Gerlhausen) and Obermarchenbach.
The town is about 7 km north of Zolling, 15 km north of Freising and about 58 km northeast of Munich.  Nearby towns include Attenkirchen, Moosburg, Nandlstadt and Au in Hallertau. The town's largest business is the Obermeier party house and hotel.

## Other websites

- Official Website of Zolling - in the German language
- Photo of the Parish church

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Ortsteil
- **municipality**: Zolling
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Oberbayern
- **district**: Freising
- **elevation**: 481
- **population**: 554
- **postal code**: 85406
- **area code**: 08168
Mainburg

**Mainburg** is a town in Kelheim, in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the river Abens, 30 km northwest of Landshut and 30 km southeast of Ingolstadt.

Mainburg borders four communities; Aiglsbach, Elsendorf, Attenhofen, and Volkenschwand. The town has 15,163 residents, the third largest in its district.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Mainburg
- **image coa**: DEU Mainburg COA.svg
- **image photo**: Mainburg Zentrum 01.jpg
- **image caption**: City center of Mainburg
- **image plan**: Mainburg in KEH.svg
- **state**: Bavaria
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Kelheim
- **elevation**: 422
- **area**: 61.59
- **postal code**: 84042–84048
- **area code**: 08751
- **licence**: KEH, MAI, PAR, RID, ROL
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 73 147
- **website**: [http://www.mainburg.de/ www.mainburg.de]
- **mayor**: Helmut Fichtner
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: FW
Chinese ceramics

**Chinese ceramics** are ceramics that have been made in China. Some of these were made as early as the Stone Age.

The earliest Chinese ceramics were earthenware. Stoneware are produced at higher temperatures and are watertight.

Porcelain was invented in China. Porcelain gifts became important gifts from Chinese diplomats. Porcelain became an important export.

## History

The pottery of the Song dynasty has kept prestige in Chinese tradition, especially the pottery from the "Five Great Kilns" (see Kiln).

## Related pages

- Terracotta Army
Fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt

The **fourth inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt** as the 32nd president of the United States happened on January 20, 1945. It was the start of the fourth and final term of Franklin D. Roosevelt as president and the only term of Harry S. Truman as vice president.

A public ceremony happened on the South Portico of the White House in Washington, D.C., instead of the United States Capitol. This was because of World War II. The inaugural parade and other events were canceled as well. The event was the 40th presidential inauguration.

This was the one and only time that a president has ever been sworn in to a fourth term in office. After the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed in 1951, this meant that no person could be elected more than twice as president.

Chief Justice Harlan F. Stone administered the oath of office to Roosevelt. Henry A. Wallace administered the vice presidential oath of office to Truman.

82 days into his term, Roosevelt died, and Truman became the next president.

## Other websites

- Newsreel footage of Roosevelt's 1945 inauguration from C-SPAN (via YouTube)
- Text of Roosevelt's Fourth Inaugural Address
- Audio of Roosevelt's Fourth Inaugural Address
Assassination of Malcolm X

Malcolm X, an African American Muslim minister and human rights activist was killed in Manhattan, New York City on February 21, 1965 at the age 39 by three gunmen. Three members of the Nation of Islam had a part in his murder.

Malcolm X was preparing to address the Organization of Afro-American Unity in Manhattan's Audubon Ballroom, someone yelled "Nigger! Get your hand outta my pocket!" Malcolm X's bodyguards tried to stop the disturbance, a man ran and shot Malcolm in the chest with a sawn off shotgun and two other men fired semi automatic handguns towards Malcolm.

Malcolm X was pronounced dead at 3:30 pm, shortly after arriving at Columbia Presbyterian Hospital. The autopsy identified 21 gunshot wounds to the chest, left shoulder, arms and legs, including ten buckshot wounds from the initial shotgun blast.
A30

The **A30** is a route connecting Lands End to London, it is 284 miles long and passes through various major destinations, such as London and Basingstoke.

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: GBR
- **type**: A
- **route**: 30
- **direction a**: South
- **terminus a**: Lands End, Cornwall
- **destinations**: Staines-upon-Thames
 Camberley
 Basingstoke
 Salisbury
 Yeovil
 Exeter
 Okehampton
 Bodmin
 Redruth
 Penzance
- **direction b**: North
- **terminus b**: Hounslow, London
- **counties**: Cornwall, Devon, Greater London, Surrey
Nick Bosa

**Nick Bosa** (born October 23, 1997) is an American football defensive end that in 2023 plays for the San Francisco 49ers. He is the brother of Joey Bosa, who  plays for the Los Angeles Chargers.
Tomie Ōhara

**Tomie Ōhara**  was a Japanese novelist. She is best known for her novel "A Woman called En".

## Early life and education

Ōhara was born on 28 September 1912 in Kochi, Japan. Her father was the principal of an elementary school. Her father had an extensive library where she used to read in. Her mother died when she was 10 years old. She studied at Kochi Joshi Shihan Gakko from 1927 to 1930. She quitted school when she contracted tuberculosis. She did not leave the sanatorium until 1938.

## Career

Ōhara's writing career began when she was recovering from tuberculosis. She finished writing her first story in 1935. She began gaining attention as a writer with her 1938 story . Her story was shortlisted for the Akutagawa Prize. She then move to Tokyo. She became a member of the Bungei Shuto magazine in 1941.

Her tuberculosis recurred in 1955 and lasted until 1957. She published a short story collection in 1957 titled . Her short story won the Women's Literature Award. The stories in the collection are about patients living in a sanatorium.

She then wrote  in 1960. It won the Mainichi Publishing Culture Award and the Noma Literary Prize. Her novel  was published in 1970. It won the Women's Literature Award.

In 1976 Ōhara converted to Catholicism. Her new religion had a clear influence on some of her later books.

In 1990 she was awarded the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 3rd class. The Ōhara Tomie Museum of Literature opened in 1991. She was named a member of the Japan Art Academy in 1998. Ōhara died on January 27, 2000.

## Other websites

- Ōhara Tomie Museum of Literature official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tomie Ōhara
- **native name**: 大原 富枝
- **native name lang**: Japanese
- **birth date**: 28 September 1912
- **birth place**: Kochi, Japan
- **death date**: 27 January 2000
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **notable works**: *"Shuku Shussei" (祝出征)
*"Sutomai Tsunbo" (ストマイつんぼ)
*"A Woman called En" (婉という女)
*"Oyuki: Tosa Ichijo-ke no Hokai" (於雪－土佐一條家の崩壊)
- **awards**: *Akutagawa Prize
*Women's Literature Award
*Mainichi Publishing Culture Award
*Noma Literary Prize
*Order of the Sacred Treasure
Kelvin Grove State College

**Kelvin Grove state college** is a state college in Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: suburb
- **name**: Kelvin Grove
- **city**: Brisbane
- **state**: qld
- **image**: A Block QUT, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 05.jpg
- **caption**: Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove.
- **pop**: 7927
- **postcode**: 4059
- **area**: 1.7
- **timezone**: AEST
- **utc**: +10:00
- **lga**: City of Brisbane
(Paddington Ward & Central Ward)
- **stategov**: Electoral district of McConnel, McConnel
- **stategov2**: Electoral district of Cooper, Cooper
- **fedgov**: Division of Brisbane, Brisbane
- **dist1**: 3.8
- **dir1**: N
- **location1**: Brisbane GPO
- **near-n**: Newmarket, Queensland, Newmarket
- **near-ne**: Wilston, Queensland, Wilston
- **near-e**: Herston, Queensland, Herston
- **near-se**: Spring Hill, Queensland, Spring Hill
- **near-s**: Petrie Terrace, Queensland, Petrie Terrace
Brisbane City, Queensland, Brisbane City
- **near-sw**: Red Hill, Queensland, Red Hill
- **near-w**: Red Hill, Queensland, Red Hill
- **near-nw**: Newmarket, Queensland, Newmarket
Peppermint bark

**Chocolate peppermint bark** is a type of chocolate confectionary made from dark chocolate base and white chocolate on top with peppermint (crushed up candy cane or other minty candy) sprinkled on top.

It is sold around Christmas time as a sort of candy or cake decoration and have been made as a flavor or candy product by several large companies. They are also sold by girl scouts who want to sell it as an addition product besides cookies and other desserts and confectionary.

## Recipe

It is made only by using dark chocolate as a base and white chocolate melted down and left to cool then broken up or cut into chunks like peanut brittle and sprinkled on top are crushed mints, sometimes the confectionary is made with only one single type of chocolate or other crushed toppings like peanuts or other chocolates even nougat. It can also be used as a topping for eggnog.

## History

The dessert dates back to the 1960's where on September 12th 1966 the company, William Sonoma invented the treat as a sort of festive candy when the founder of William Sonoma Chuck Williams asked 3 merchants to create a "nostalgic festive treat" and it blew up in the 20th century and as they say "the rest is history".

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Peppermint bark
- **image**: Peppermint Bark (3197351955).jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **type**: Chocolate
- **main ingredient**: White chocolate, dark chocolate, peppermint
S.O.B. (movie)

***S.O.B.*** is a 1981 American black comedy movie directed by Blake Edwards and starring Julie Andrews, William Holden, Richard Mulligan, Robert Preston, Robert Webber, Robert Vaughn, Larry Hagman, Loretta Swit, Shelley Winters, Robert Loggia, Jennifer Edwards, Rosanna Arquette. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
The Cocoanuts

***The Cocoanuts*** is a 1929 American musical comedy movie directed by Robert Florey and Joseph Santley and was based on the 1925 musical of the same name. It stars Marx Brothers, Mary Eaton, Oscar Shaw, Margaret Dumont, Kay Francis, Cyril Ring and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân

**Basarab Laiotă cel Bătrân,** also known as **Basarab the Old** (d. 22 December 1480), was Prince of Wallachia 5 times within 4 years (1473-1477).
Official Charts

The **Official Charts** (legal name: **The Official Charts Company Limited**) is a British organization that compiles various music charts in a number of European territories.

## Other websites

- Official Charts website

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: The Official Charts Company Limited
- **logo size**: 250px
- **founding location**: London, United Kingdom
- **type**: Inter-professional organisation
- **purpose**: To award trending top singles
Sarcohyla hapsa

The **northern streamside tree frog** (_Sarcohyla hapsa_) is a frog that lives in Mexico.  Scientists have seen it between 1280 and 2550 meters above sea level in the Sierra Madre mountains.
River Ravensbourne

The **Ravensbourne** is one of many rivers which flow into the Thames. Its catchment area is southeast of the Thames.

The Ravensbourne source rises in Keston, four miles south of Bromley town centre. The river collects many sub-tributaries, such as the River Quaggy. It empties into the Thames at Deptford.

These river names are very old. The Ravensbourne, for example, is noted in the Domesday Book.

In the centre of London the rivers are hidden under the "made" road surfaces (under Fleet Street, for example). The tributaries can usually be seen In the suburbs. The tributaries influenced the positioning of roadways and housing during the 19th century.

Before the 19th century London was a much smaller city. Most of the tributaries to the Ravensbourne ran through country districts at that time.

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Ravensbourne
- **name other**: Deptford Creek
- **image**: Ravensbourne River BR2 - geograph.org.uk - 43852.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **image caption**: The river in Bromley
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: England
- **subdivision type3**: Counties
- **subdivision type4**: London boroughs
- **subdivision name4**: London Borough of Bromley, London Borough of Lewisham, Royal Borough of Greenwich
- **subdivision type5**: Towns
- **subdivision name5**: Bromley, Lewisham, Deptford
- **discharge1 location**: Catford Hill
- **discharge1 min**: 23 May 1992
- **discharge1 max**: 9 June 1992
- **discharge2 location**: Bromley
- **source1**: Keston
- **mouth**: River Thames
- **mouth location**: Deptford
- **tributaries left**: Ravensbourne South Branch, Ravensbourne East Branch, Spring Brook, River Pool (London), River Pool, River Quaggy
Tarzan Boy

"**Tarzan Boy**" is the debut single song by Italian-based act band Baltimora. The song was written by Maurizio Bassi and Naimy Hackett, and released in 1985 as the lead single from Baltimora's debut album _Living in the Background_. The song was re-recorded remix and released in 1993, and has been covered by numerous artists such as Modern Romance in 1986, Massimo Noe as Jungle Boy, etc.
The song was also featured in the films and TV shows _Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III_ (1993), _Beverly Hills Ninja_ (1997) and was then referenced in _A Million Ways to Die in the West_ (2014), also Turkish/German dubbed version of _Nutri Ventures_ using for Massimo Noe's version.
Third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt

The **third inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt** as the 32nd president of the United States happened on January 20, 1941. It was the start of the third term of Franklin D. Roosevelt as president and the only term of Henry A. Wallace as vice president.

A public ceremony happened on the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. The event was the 39th presidential inauguration.

This was the one and only time that a president has ever been sworn in to a third term in office. After the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed in 1951, this meant that no person could be elected more than twice as president.

Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes administered the oath of office to Roosevelt. John Nance Garner administered the vice presidential oath of office to Wallace.

## Other websites

- Video of Roosevelt's Third Inaugural Address (Reel 1) (via YouTube)
- Video of Roosevelt's Third Inaugural Address (Reel 2) (via YouTube)
- Text of Roosevelt's Third Inaugural Address
- Audio of Roosevelt's Third Inaugural Address (via YouTube)
Second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt

The **second inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt** as the 32nd president of the United States happened on January 20, 1937. It was the start of the second term of Franklin D. Roosevelt as president and John Nance Garner as vice president.

A public ceremony happened on the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. The event was the 38th presidential inauguration.

This was the first inauguration to be held on January 20. This was because of the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which moved the beginning and end dates for the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20.

This inauguration was also the first to have the vice president take the oath on the inaugural platform, rather than the Senate Chamber.

The inauguration took place on a rainy day, with the crowds quickly leaving after it ended.

Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes administered the oath of office to Roosevelt. Joseph Taylor Robinson administered the vice presidential oath of office to Garner.

## Other websites

- Video of FDR's second inauguration from British Pathe (via YouTube)
- Text of Roosevelt's Second Inaugural Address
- Audio of Roosevelt's Second Inaugural Address (via YouTube)
Dielectric

In electromagnetism, a **dielectric** (or **dielectric material** or **dielectric medium**) is an electrical insulator that can be polarized when the insulator is in an electric field.

Dielectric materials include types of glass, mica, bakelite, plexiglass, and kinds of paper,. Dielectric materials reduce the overall electric field, like when one of these materials is inserted in a capacitor. This happens because of polarization in dielectric material. Charges are induced in dielectric materials being used which creates an opposite electric field, resulting in the lowering of the **ELECTRIC FIELD it is in.** Generally, positive charges are induced in negative plates and vice versa, and so a dielectric material reduces the overall electric field,. How it does that is normally represented as the "dielectric constant" (generally represented as "k", in equations), as a result **POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE** is also reduced by "dielectric constant" times, specifically; if dielectric is inserted in capacitors then new capacitance becomes "dielectric constant" times the original capacitance.

## Examples (or practical dielectrics)

Dielectric materials can be solids, liquids, or gases. (A high vacuum can also be a useful, nearly lossless dielectric; However its relative dielectric constant is only unity.

Solid dielectrics are perhaps the most commonly used dielectrics in electrical engineering. Many solids are very good insulators. Some examples include porcelain, glass, and most plastics. Air, nitrogen and sulfur hexafluoride are the three most commonly used gaseous dielectrics (or gases that are in use as dielectrics).

## Related pages

- Capacitor
Isabella de Warenne

**Isabella de Warenne** (c. 1253 - c. 1292) was the wife of John Balliol, however doubt is shown as to if she survived to see John become king.

## Infobox (nobility)

- type
- **name**: Isabella de Warenne
- **title**: Lady of Balliol
- **image**: Isabelle de Warenne, queen of Scotland.jpg
- **issue**: Edward Balliol
- **father**: John de Warenne, 6th Earl of Surrey
- **birth date**: c. 1253
- **death date**: c. 1292
Inauguration of Herbert Hoover

The **inauguration of Herbert Hoover** as the 31st president of the United States happened on March 4, 1929. It was the start of the only term of Herbert Hoover as president and Charles Curtis as vice president.

A public ceremony happened on the East Portico of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. The event was the 36th presidential inauguration.

This was the first inauguration to be recorded by sound newsreels. It was also the second inauguration in which a former president gave the oath of office to a new president.

Chief Justice and former President William Howard Taft administered the oath of office to Hoover. Charles G. Dawes administered the vice presidential oath of office to Curtis.

During the oath taking for Hoover, Taft misspoke and said the phrase "preserve, maintain, and defend," instead of "preserve, protect, and defend". A 13-year-old schoolgirl from Walden, New York, caught the error and wrote to the Chief Justice to tell him.

## Other websites

- Video of Hoover's Inauguration (Reel 1) (via YouTube)
- Text of Hoover's Inaugural Address
Eppenschlag

**Eppenschlag** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Eppenschlag COA.svg
- **image photo**: Eppenschlag, Pfarrkirche.JPG
- **image caption**: General view of Eppenschlag
- **image plan**: Eppenschlag in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Schönberg, Lower Bavaria, Schönberg
- **elevation**: 608
- **area**: 17.01
- **postal code**: 94536
- **area code**: 09928
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 116
- **website**: [http://www.eppenschlag.de/ www.eppenschlag.de]
- **mayor**: Peter Schmid
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Freyung, Bavaria

**Freyung** is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the Freyung-Grafenau district. It is in the Bavarian Forest mountain range, near the border with Austria and the Czech Republic.

## Geography

The town is on the southeastern rim of the Bavarian Forest National Park near the confluence of the Saußbach and Reschbach creeks. The town centre is about  north of Passau.

## Twin towns

Freyung is twinned with
- Vimperk, Czech Republic
- Seewalchen am Attersee, Austria

## Notable people

- Severin Freund (born 1988), ski jumper
- Shkemb Miftari (born 1993), footballer

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Freyung
- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Freyung.jpg
- **image caption**: Freyung
- **image coa**: DEU Freyung COA.svg
- **image plan**: Freyung in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 655
- **area**: 48.64
- **postal code**: 94078
- **area code**: 08551, 08558
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 118
- **divisions**: 3 Stadtteile
- **website**: [http://www.freyung.de/ www.freyung.de]
- **mayor**: Dr. Olaf Heinrich
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Fürsteneck

**Fürsteneck** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Fürsteneck COA.svg
- **image photo**: Schloss Fuersteneck 2.jpg
- **image caption**: Fürsteneck Castle
- **image plan**: Fürsteneck in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Perlesreut
- **elevation**: 336-638
- **area**: 10.42
- **postal code**: 94142
- **area code**: 08555
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 119
- **website**: [http://www.fuersteneck.de/ www.fuersteneck.de]
- **mayor**: Alexander Pieringer
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Grafenau, Bavaria

**Grafenau** is a town in the Freyung-Grafenau district, in Bavaria, Germany. 32 km north of Passau, the town is in the Bavarian Forest and is the base of the Bavarian Forest National Park Authority. Grafenau is a holiday destination with a variety of kinds of accommodation from self-catering apartments to a "holiday village".

## Place and facilities

The town is in the Bavarian Forest at a height between 600 and 700 meters over sea level, right beside the Bavarian Forest National Park. The Kleine Ohe river  flows along the east and south of the town. It is close to the Frauenberg.

In April 1945, Major General Stafford LeRoy Irwin opened his XII Corps Headquarters there.

Since 1976 there has been an artificial lake (surrounded by a park) which is used for sport and recreation.

There are museums about the town and surrounding area, including a museum with a collection of traditional furniture, and also a museum about snuff.

The town has curling and ice skating rinks (which are seasonal), and ski drag lifts in an area which in summer months is used for bobsleds. There is also a golf course.

There is a Catholic church, a railway terminus, and a bus station, in addition to a range of hotels, shops, and garage facilities for motorists.

## Personalities

- Alfred Edel (1932-1993), actor, was buried in Grafenau.

## Twin towns

Grafenau is twinned with:
- Kašperské Hory (Bergreichenstein), Czech Republic
- Schärding, Austria

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Grafenau
- **image photo**: Grafenau.jpg
- **image caption**: Grafenau
- **image coa**: DEU Grafenau (Niederbayern) COA.svg
- **image plan**: Grafenau in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 609
- **area**: 63.79
- **postal code**: 94475–94481
- **area code**: 08552
- **licence**: FRG, GRA, WOS
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 120
- **website**: [http://www.grafenau.de/ www.grafenau.de]
- **mayor**: Alexander Mayer
- **leader term**: 2020–26
Grainet

**Grainet** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Grainet COA.svg
- **image plan**: Grainet in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 582-1015
- **area**: 36.16
- **postal code**: 94143
- **area code**: 08585
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 121
- **website**: [http://www.grainet.de www.grainet.de]
- **mayor**: Jürgen Schano
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
- **image photo**: Pfarrkirche Grainet.JPG
- **image caption**: Church in Grainet
Haidmühle

**Haidmühle** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

### Geographical place

The community is in the Donau-Wald on the Kalte Moldau in the Bavarian Forest, on the border with the Czech Republic. Haidmühle is 25 km from Freyung, 24 km from Waldkirchen, and 20 km from the border with Austria.

A few meters away from the village is the border crossing Nové Údolí (_Neuthal_) to Stožec, which is open to pedestrians and cyclists.

Haidmühle was formerly a railway border station, connected by the Waldkirchen–Haidmühle railway to Waldkirchen and Passau, and by the Číčenice–Haidmühle railway to Volary and Prachatice. The section in the Czech Republic is still in use. Part of the route is a museum train Pošumavská jižní dráha in operation.

### Constituent Communities

The municipality contains of the following districts:
- Auersbergsreut
- Bischofsreut
- Frauenberg
- Haberau
- Haidmühle
- Langreut
- Leopoldsreut
- Ludwigsreut
- Marchhäuser
- Raumreut
- Schnellenzipf
- Schwarzthal
- Theresienreut

There are the following districts: Bischofsreut, Philippsreut, Frauenberg.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Haidmühle COA.svg
- **image plan**: Haidmühle in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 831
- **area**: 21.03
- **postal code**: 94145
- **area code**: 08556
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 122
- **website**: [http://www.gde-haidmuehle.de www.gde-haidmuehle.de]
- **mayor**: Heinz Scheibenzuber
- **leader term**: 2020–26
Philippsreut

**Philippsreut** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria, Germany. It is on the border with the Czech Republic.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Philippsreut COA.svg
- **image skyline**: Philippsreut.jpg
- **image caption**: Philippsreut as seen from the Haidel
- **image plan**: Philippsreut in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Hinterschmiding
- **elevation**: 840-1139
- **area**: 10.16
- **postal code**: 94158
- **area code**: Philippsreut 08550/ Mitterfirmiansreut 08557/
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 139
- **website**: [http://www.philippsreut.de www.philippsreut.de]
- **mayor**: Helmut Knaus
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: FW
Hinterschmiding

**Hinterschmiding** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany. Populated places in the municipality include Vorderschmiding.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Hinterschmiding COA.svg
- **image plan**: Hinterschmiding in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Hinterschmiding
- **elevation**: 635-900
- **area**: 21.04
- **postal code**: 94146
- **area code**: 08551
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 126
- **website**: [http://www.hinterschmiding.de/ www.hinterschmiding.de]
- **mayor**: Fritz Raab
- **leader term**: 2020–26
Vorderschmiding

**Vorderschmiding** is a village in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany. It is part of the municipality of Hinterschmiding.
Hohenau

**Hohenau** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Hohenau
- **image coa**: DEU Hohenau COA.svg
- **image plan**: Hohenau in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 804
- **area**: 43.12
- **postal code**: 94545
- **area code**: 08558
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 127
- **divisions**: 20 Ortsteile
- **website**: [https://www.hohenau.de/ www.hohenau.de]
- **mayor**: Josef Gais
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Innernzell

**Innernzell** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Innernzell COA.svg
- **image plan**: Innernzell in FRG.svg
- **image photo**: Innernzell.JPG
- **image caption**: Innernzell
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Schönberg, Lower Bavaria, Schönberg
- **elevation**: 636
- **area**: 22.13
- **postal code**: 94548
- **area code**: 08554
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 128
- **website**: [http://www.innernzell.de/ www.innernzell.de]
- **mayor**: Josef Kern
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Jandelsbrunn

**Jandelsbrunn** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Jandelsbrunn COA.svg
- **image plan**: Jandelsbrunn in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 657
- **area**: 42.40
- **postal code**: 94117–94118
- **area code**: 08583 08581 (Wollaberg)
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 129
- **divisions**: 3 Ortsteile
- **website**: [http://www.jandelsbrunn.de/ www.jandelsbrunn.de]
- **mayor**: Roland Freund
- **leader term**: 2020–26
Wollaberg

**Wollaberg** is a small town in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Geography

Wollaberg is in the southern Bavarian Forest, not far from the Czech and Austrian borders. It is not far from Passau, the gateway to the Bavarian Forest. It is placed at an altitude of 769 m above sea level and has about 500 residents. Wollaberg is one of the seven so-called artists villages in the region. The local population is predominantly Catholic.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Ortsteil
- **municipality**: Jandelsbrunn
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 769
- **population**: 500
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 94118
- **area code**: 08581
- **licence**: FRG
- **website**: [http://www.wollaberg.de/ www.wollaberg.de]
Mauth

**Mauth** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Mauth COA.svg
- **image plan**: Mauth in FRG.svg
- **image photo**: Mauth - Ort von Süden.jpg
- **image caption**: Mauth
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 821
- **area**: 28.89
- **postal code**: 94151
- **area code**: 08557
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 134
- **website**: [http://www.mauth.de www.mauth.de]
- **mayor**: Ernst Kandlbinder
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Neureichenau

**Neureichenau** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Neureichenau COA.svg
- **image plan**: Neureichenau in FRG.svg
- **image photo**: Neureichenau.jpg
- **image caption**: Neureichenau
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 669
- **area**: 46.38
- **postal code**: 94089
- **area code**: 08583
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 136
- **divisions**: 25 Ortsteile
- **website**: [https://www.neureichenau.de/ www.neureichenau.de]
- **mayor**: Kristina Urmann
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Neuschönau

**Neuschönau** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau, in the Lower Bavaria region of Bavaria, in Germany.

## Points of interest

- Botanischer Garten der Nationalpark Bayerischer Wald  — _botanical garden_.
- Lusen National Park Centre
    - Baumwipfelpfad Neuschönau — _tall contemporary wooden tower, with a spiral ramp for treetop walking_.
    - Hans-Eisenmann-Haus — _visitor centre_.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: Wappen von Neuschönau.png
- **image photo**: Neuschönau - Ort vom Baumturm.jpg
- **image caption**: Panorama of Neuschönau Municipality.
- **image plan**: Neuschönau in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 650-1350
- **area**: 27.54
- **postal code**: 94556
- **area code**: 08558, 08552 (Altschönau)
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 146
- **website**: [http://www.neuschoenau.de/ www.neuschoenau.de]
- **mayor**: Alfons Schinabeck
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Perlesreut

**Perlesreut** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Perlesreut COA.svg
- **image skyline**: Perlesreut Rathaus.jpg
- **image caption**: Town hall
- **image plan**: Perlesreut in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Perlesreut
- **elevation**: 380-637
- **area**: 29.71
- **postal code**: 94157
- **area code**: 08555
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 138
- **website**: [http://www.perlesreut.de/ www.perlesreut.de]
- **mayor**: Gerhard Poschinger
- **leader term**: 2019–25
- **party**: CSU
Ringelai

**Ringelai** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Ringelai.JPG
- **image caption**: Ringelai
- **image coa**: DEU Ringelai COA.svg
- **image plan**: Ringelai in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 425
- **area**: 16.39
- **postal code**: 94160
- **area code**: 08555
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 140
- **website**: [http://www.ringelai.de www.ringelai.de]
- **mayor**: Carolin Pecho
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: SPD
Röhrnbach

**Röhrnbach** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Röhrnbach COA.svg
- **image plan**: Röhrnbach in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 434-688
- **area**: 40.66
- **postal code**: 94133
- **area code**: 08582
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 141
- **website**: [http://www.roehrnbach.de www.roehrnbach.de]
- **mayor**: Leo Meier
- **leader term**: 2020–26
Saldenburg

**Saldenburg** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

The municipality contains the following 30 villages and locations:

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Rathaus Saldenburg.JPG
- **image caption**: Town hall
- **image coa**: Wappen von Saldenburg.png
- **image plan**: Saldenburg in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 450-570
- **area**: 28.04
- **postal code**: 94163
- **area code**: 08504
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 142
- **website**: [http://www.saldenburg.de www.saldenburg.de]
- **mayor**: Max König
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: SPD
Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte

**Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte COA.svg
- **image photo**: Kloster Sankt Oswald 1.jpg
- **image caption**: Sankt Oswald Abbey
- **image plan**: Sankt Oswald-Riedlhütte in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 791
- **area**: 40.28
- **postal code**: 94566, 94568
- **area code**: 08553
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 143
- **divisions**: 8 Ortsteile
- **website**: [http://www.sankt-oswald-riedlhuette.de/ www.sankt-oswald-riedlhuette.de]
- **mayor**: Peter Schwankl
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Schöfweg

**Schöfweg** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Schöfweg COA.svg
- **image plan**: Schöfweg in FRG.svg
- **image photo**: Schöfweg.JPG
- **image caption**: Schöfweg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Schönberg, Lower Bavaria, Schönberg
- **elevation**: 772
- **area**: 15.90
- **postal code**: 94572
- **area code**: 09908
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 145
- **divisions**: 3 Ortsteile
- **website**: [http://www.schoefweg.de www.schoefweg.de]
- **mayor**: Martin Geier
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: FW
Schönberg, Lower Bavaria

**Schönberg** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Schönberg
- **image coa**: DEU Schönberg COA.svg
- **image plan**: Schönberg in FRG.svg
- **image photo**: Schönbergblick.JPG
- **image caption**: Schönberg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 563
- **area**: 32.71
- **postal code**: 94513
- **area code**: 08554
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 147
- **website**: [http://www.markt-schoenberg.de www.markt-schoenberg.de]
- **mayor**: Martin Pichler
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Spiegelau

**Spiegelau** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany. It is in the heart of the Bavarian Forest.

## Subdivisions

There are 33 villages in the municipality:

There are also the _Gemarkungen_ of Spiegelau, Oberkreuzberg and Klingenbrunn.

## Transport

Spiegelau is on Zwiesel–Grafenau railway and its station was formerly the junction to the Spiegelau Forest Railway which supporting the major logging industry in the area.

## Related pages

- Bavarian Forest National Park

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Spiegelau COA.svg
- **image plan**: Spiegelau in FRG.svg
- **image photo**: Pfarrkirche Spiegelau.JPG
- **image caption**: Roman Catholic parish church of Saint John the Baptist
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 734-820
- **area**: 40.42
- **postal code**: 94518
- **area code**: 08553
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 149
- **website**: [http://www.gemeinde-spiegelau.de www.gemeinde-spiegelau.de]
- **mayor**: Karlheinz Roth
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: CSU
Oberkreuzberg

**Oberkreuzberg** is a village in the municipality of Spiegelau in the Lower Bavarian district of Freyung-Grafenau in Germany. Until 1978 it was an independent municipality .

## Place

The parish village (_Pfarrdorf_) is at a height of 780 metres about 2 kilometres southwest of Spiegelau on the southern side of a mountain ridge up to 790 metres high with good views.

## Literature

- Ulrich Pietrusky, Donatus Moosauer: _Der Bayerische Wald – im Fluge neu entdeckt_, Verlag Morsak, Grafenau, 1985,
- Helmut Döringer: _Vor 25 Jahren wurde Oberkreuzberg zu einem Teil der Gemeinde Spiegelau_

## Infobox (ortsteil einer gemeinde in deutschland)

- **name**: Oberkreuzberg
- **type**: Village
- **municipality**: Spiegelau
- **bundesland**: Bayern
- **landkreis**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **höhe**: 753
- **einwohner**: 620
- **stand**: 2011
- **plz**: 94518
- **vorwahl**: 08553
- **image photo**: Oberkreuzberg.JPG
Thurmansbang

**Thurmansbang** is a municipality in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Thurmansbang COA.svg
- **image photo**: Thurmansbang.JPG
- **image caption**: Thurmansbang
- **image plan**: Thurmansbang in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Thurmansbang
- **elevation**: 494
- **area**: 32.95
- **postal code**: 94169
- **area code**: 08504
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 150
- **website**: [http://www.thurmansbang.de/ Offizielle Homepage]
- **mayor**: Martin Behringer
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: FW
Waldkirchen

**Waldkirchen** is the biggest town in the district of Freyung-Grafenau in Germany.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Waldkirchen COA.svg
- **image photo**: Waldkirchen, FRG - Sickling nördl - Waldkirchen, FRG v W 04.JPG
- **image caption**: Waldkirchen seen from the west
- **image plan**: Waldkirchen in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **elevation**: 573
- **area**: 80.06
- **postal code**: 94065
- **area code**: 08581
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 151
- **website**: [https://www.waldkirchen.de/ www.waldkirchen.de]
- **mayor**: Heinz Pollak
- **leader term**: 2020–26
Zenting

**Zenting** is a municipality in the Freyung-Grafenau district in Bavaria in Germany.

## Place

The municipality is in the Danube Forest (_Donau-Wald_) in the middle of the Bavarian Forest. The village is near the Austrian and Czech borders. The Brotjacklriegel (1,016 m) and Aschenstein (945 m) mountains are to the north. Zenting is around 35 km NW of Passau, 13 km from Tittling, 18 km SW of  Grafenau, 26 km N of Vilshofen an der Donau and 15 km from the A 3 (Iggensbach exit).

## Infobox (german location)

- **image coa**: DEU Zenting COA.svg
- **image photo**: Zenting.JPG
- **image caption**: View of Zenting. Behind: the Aschenstein (l) and the Geißlstein
- **image plan**: Zenting in FRG.svg
- **state**: Bayern
- **region**: Niederbayern
- **district**: Freyung-Grafenau
- **verwaltungsgemeinschaft**: Thurmansbang
- **elevation**: 450
- **area**: 21.74
- **postal code**: 94579
- **area code**: 09907
- **licence**: FRG
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 09 2 72 152
- **website**: [http://www.zenting.de/ www.zenting.de]
- **mayor**: Dirk Rohowski
- **leader term**: 2020–26
- **party**: FW
Jack Kiddey

**John William Francis Kiddey** was born 5 July 1929 in Christchurch and died 13 November 2021 in Christchurch. He is a New Zealand former cricketer who played for Canterbury in the Plunket Shield.

## Other websites

- Jack Kiddey at CricketArchive
Wakhi language

**Wakhi** is an eastern Iranic language spoken in northern Pakistan, northern Afghanistan and southwestern China. It belongs to the northeastern subgrouping of the Eastern Iranic languages.

## Related pages

- Languages of Pakistan
- Languages of Afghanistan
- Languages of China
Credit score

**Credit score** is a number that is based on a person's spending and saving habits. It is often used by banks to tell if you should be able to pay back a debt (eg. a loan).

Most credit scores are between 300 and 850, where a higher value is achieved by paying back debts, and avoiding debts. It is calculated based on the information in a credit report, which shows how much the person has been spending and if they’ve made payments on time.
Expert witness

An **expert witness** in law is a person whose opinion is accepted by the judge as an expert on a given topic. This evidence can be disputed by an expert for the other side on the same topic.
Baritone horn

A **Baritone horn** (also known as a baritone) is a musical instrument like a tuba but smaller and higher pitched.  it is a brass instrument, and it usually is played primarily in bass clef. It has effectively the same sound as a trombone. The baritone is very similar to a euphonium, but baritones are typically smaller.

Marching baritones are used by marching bands. These can feel very heavy because the person playing it holds it up with only their arms. Marching baritones look like a big trumpet but the tubing is much larger.
Sarcohyla cyclada

The **tan-edged tree frog** (_Sarcohyla cyclada_) is a frog that lives in Mexico.  Scientists have seen it in cloud forests between 1600 and 2180 meters above sea level, in pine and oak forests at 2370 and 2670 meters above sea level, and in cloud forest and oak and madroño forests between 2121 and 2568 meters above sea level.

This frog changes color.  At night, the skin on its back is a very light brown and yellow-brown toward its rear end.  During the day, its skin is brown with green marks and green-brown toward its rear end.  It has webbing on all four feet, more on the back feet than on the front feet.

People have seen this frog in bromeliad plants that grow on trees. The young have been seen in pools of water in streams.

Herpetologist Duellman says this frog is related to frogs in the _Hyla miotympanum_ group.

There are fewer of this frog than there were. Scientists say this is because human beings change the places where the frog lives by cutting down forests to get wood to build with. The fungal disease chytridiomycosis can also kill this frog.
Japanese Air Force One

The ***Japanese Air Force One***（日本国政府専用機）and ***Japanese Air Force Two*** are the radio callsigns of the two Boeing 777-300ER<nowiki/> aircraft used by the government of Japan for overseas travel by the Emperor, Prime Minister and other high-ranking officials. Each aircraft has a capacity of 140 passengers and can be used for emergency evacuations of Japanese citizens and overseas deployment of Japan Self-Defense Forces personnel. The aircraft are operated by the Japan Air Self-Defense Force.
Maol Choluim II, Earl of Fife

**Maol Choluim II**, anglicised to **Malcolm II** (d. 1266) was one of the people involved in the famous coronation of Alexander III in 1249, he reigned as Earl of Fife from 1228 until 1266.

## Infobox (nobility)

- type
- **name**: Maol Choluim II, Earl of Fife
- **title**: Earl of Fife
 1228 - 1266
- **image**: Maolcholuim II of Fife in Bower.jpg
- **caption**: Malcolm II, Earl of Fife at the coronation of Alexander III in 1249.
- **birth date**: c. 1200
- **death date**: 1266