juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Knights Hospitaller

The **Knights Hospitaller** were a group of military knights fighting in Jerusalem.  They are the group that became the **Knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem** and, eventually, St. John Ambulance.

The Hospitallers are a Catholic military order founded at Jerusalem in the 11th century. They later became the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Today their headquarters are in Rome. The order continues its humanitarian tasks in most parts of the modern world under several slightly different names.

## Knights of Malta

Malta was ruled by the Order of Saint John as a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily from 1530 to 1798. The islands of Malta and Gozo, as well as the city of Tripoli in modern Libya, were given to the Order by Spanish Emperor Charles V in 1530. following the loss of Rhodes. The Ottoman Empire managed to capture Tripoli from the Order in 1551, but an attempt to take Malta in 1565 failed.

In 1565 Suleiman sent an invasion force of about 40,000 men to besiege the 700 knights and 8,000 soldiers. He wanted to get the island as a base. From there he might launch another assault on Europe. A long struggle ended with the Knights undefeated. This is known as the Great Siege of Malta. Resisting the Ottoman Empire was their great achievement.
Ahmed Boukouss

**Ahmed Boukous** (Amazigh: **ⵃⵎⴰⴷ ⴱⵓⴽⵓⵙ, Ḥmad bukus**; born October, 15, 1946) is a Moroccan Amazighist, linguist and sociologist. He is now the president of the Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Ahmed Boukous

- **image**: President of Ircam.jpg
- **birth place**: Mirght, Lakhsas (near Tiznit), Morocco
- **occupation**: Professor, Sociologist, Linguist, President of IRCAM
- **nationality**: Morocco, Moroccan
- **education**: Université Mohammed-V
Paris Descartes University, Université Paris-Descartes
Université Paris-VIII
- **notableworks**: Langage et culture populaires au Maroc, L'amazighe dans la politique linguistique et culturelle au Maroc, Phonologie de l'amazighe
Deaths in November 2017

The following is a list of **notable deaths in November 2017**. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months".  Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.

- Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, nationality, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and most importantly a source.
__TOC__
2017 Lower Manhattan attack

On October 31, 2017, a man drove a pickup truck into cyclists and pedestrians along  of a bike path alongside West Street, near Chambers Street in Lower Manhattan, New York City.

The vehicle-ramming attack killed eight people, including five Argentines and one Belgian tourist, and injured eleven others. After leaving the truck, the driver appeared to be wielding two guns and was later shot in the abdomen by police, and then arrested. An ISIS flag and a document that read "Islamic State will endure forever" in Arabic were found in the truck.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation charged 29-year-old Sayfullo Habibullaevich Saipov, who had immigrated to the United States from Uzbekistan on a Diversity Immigrant Visa, with destruction of a motor vehicle and supporting a terrorist organization.

## Infobox (civilian attack)

- **title**: 2017 New York City truck attack
- **image**: 2017 NYC Truck Attack Home Depot Truck.jpg
- **caption**: Rental truck used in the attack, seen the morning after
- **location**: Along West Street in Manhattan, New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **time-begin**: 3:05 p.m.
- **time-end**: 3:10 p.m.
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **type**: Vehicle-ramming attack, mass murder
- **fatalities**: 8
- **injuries**: 12 (including the perpetrator)
- **motive**: Islamic terrorism
- **perpetrator**: Sayfullo Saipov
- **weapon**: Pickup truck
Milo Yiannopoulos

**Milo Yiannopoulos** is a British writer. He often criticizes feminism and Islam.  He studied at the University of Manchester and Wolfson College. He has worked for The Telegraph. He covered the Gamergate controversy. In 2016 he was criticized for saying that sex between adults and children can sometimes be consensual.
S. A. Chandrasekhar

**S. A. Chandrasekhar** is an Indian movie director, producer and writer who mostly works in Tamil movies. Chandrasekhar made his debut as a director with _Sattam Oru Iruttarai_ (1981) and went on to direct movie with social based or society based themes.

## Personal life

S. A. Chandrasekhar is from Thangachimadam, Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu. He is married to Shoba, a carnatic singer. He is the father of famous Tamil actor Vijay. His son made his debut movie in _Naalaiya Theerpu_ which was directed by him. His brother-in-law S. N. Surendar is an playback singer and voice artist.

## Movie career

Chandrasekar has directed over 70 movies in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi. Some of his hits include _Vetri_, _Naan Sigappu Manithan_, and _Mutham_. He also directed some Telugu movies such as _Chattaniki Kallu Levu_ with actor Chiranjeevi. Most of his movies are with Vijayakanth. He has appeared in supporting roles in some movies like _Naan Sivappu Manithan_.
Dhyāna sutras

The **Dhyāna sutras** (Chan-jing) are a group of early Buddhist meditation texts which contain meditation teachings from the Sarvastivada school along with some early proto-Mahayana meditations. They were mostly the work of Buddhist Yoga teachers from Kashmir. They were influential in Chinese Buddhist meditation.  We only have them in Chinese translation.

The five main types of meditation in these sutras are:

- anapanasati (mindfulness of breathing),
- paṭikūlamanasikāra meditation - mindfulness of the impurities of the body,
- loving-kindness maitrī meditation,
- the contemplation on the twelve links of pratītyasamutpāda,
- the contemplation on the Buddha's thirty-two characteristics.
Grand Traverse County, Michigan

**Grand Traverse County** is a county in Michigan. Its county seat is Traverse City. It is a very popular tourist destination during the summer.

## Communities

**Cities:**
- Traverse City
**Villages:**
- Fife Lake
- Kingsley
**CDPs**
- Chums Corner
- Grawn
- Interlochen
**Unincorporated Communities**

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Grand Traverse County
- **state**: Michigan
- **ex image**: Grand Traverse County Courthouse.jpg
- **ex image size**: 300px
- **ex image cap**: Grand Traverse County Courthouse in Traverse City, Michigan, Traverse City
- **flag**: Flag of Grand Traverse County, Michigan.svg
- **founded year**: 1840

1851 (organized)
- **seat wl**: Traverse City
- **largest city wl**: Traverse City
- **area total sq mi**: 601
- **area land sq mi**: 464
- **area water sq mi**: 137
- **area percentage**: 23
- **pop**: 95,238
- **density sq mi**: 198
- **web**: https://www.gtcountymi.gov/
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **named for**: Grand Traverse Bay
- **nickname**: "GTC"
- **logo size**: 55px
- **census yr**: 2020
Shivalinga (2017 movie)

***Sivalinga*** is Tamil mystery horror comedy movie directed by P. Vasu with Raghava Lawrence and Ritika Singh in the leading roles. This movie is a remake of Vasu's earlier 2016 Kannada movie of the same name. The project in Tamil, began production in July 2016.

## Roles

1. Raghava Lawrence as Shivalingeswaran
1. Shakthi Vasudevan as Raheem
1. Ritika Singh as Sathyabhama
1. Radharavi as Krishnamoorthy
1. Chalapathi Rao
1. Vadivelu as Pattukunjam
1. Brahmanandam
1. Santhana Bharathi as Raheem's father
1. Ajay Ghosh as Raheem's father
1. Jayaprakash as Mr Viswanatha
1. VTV Ganesh as N.Murali
1. Raghu Babu as N.Murali
1. Urvashi as Arasuvai Annalakshmi
1. Bhanupriya as Sarala
1. Saara Deva as Sangeetha
1. Madhuvanti Arun
1. Bharathi
1. Pradeep Rawat as Baba
1. Zakir Hussain as Pigeon Race Organizer
1. Danny Kuttappa
1. P. Vasu in a brief appearance in the song Saarah Saarah

## Plot

The story revolves around a ghost who when alive was murdered and the case moves to the CID. The CID who deals the case is Shivalingeshwaran. The ghost captures the body of Sathya who is the wife of Shivalingesh and makes her move in a misbehaving way. Later the ghost asks Shiva to help him get revenge of the murderers.

## Commercial success

This movie became a commercial success in both Tamil and Telugu.
Maroons

**Maroon** are Africans who escaped from the slavery in the Americas and who mixed with the native Americans. The fabric of slavery faced a formidable challenge as significant numbers of Africans sought refuge in remote areas, crafting what became known as maroon communities. Sprouting across the Americas, notably in the Caribbean and Brazil, these communities thrived with their distinct culture, governance, commerce, and defensive structures, defying the dominion of European and American oppressors. Their aspiration was simple yet profound: to carve out lives of liberty, beyond the reach and sway of plantation owners or colonial authorities.

The term "maroon," documented in English since 1666, draws its origins from different sources. Some suggest it stems from the French "marron," denoting a "runaway black slave," while others link it to the American/Spanish "cimarrón," meaning a "wild runaway slave," often described as "the untamable beast" or "dwelling on mountaintops." Initially, the Spanish applied this term to their wandering cattle, with "cimarrón" believed to derive from "cima," meaning "summit."

## Maroon Communities

Most of the Maroon lived around Caribbean Island, and in Americas.

- Brazil
- Jamaica
- Haiti
- Suriname (the former Dutch Guiana)
- Cuba
- Puerto Rico
- St. Vincent
- Guyana
- Dominica
- Panama
- Colombia
- Mexico
- Amazon River Basin
Muni (movie)

**Muni** is a 2007 Tamil horror comedy film written and directed by Raghava Lawrence who also plays the lead role. Vedhicka, Rajkiran, Kovai Sarala and Rahul Dev played supporting roles in the film.The film released on 9 March 2007 along with a Telugu dubbed version of same name. This film gained average reviews and average box office collections. This movie is the 1000th movie of actor Vinu Chakravarthy..

## Story

The story revolves around Ganesh (Raghava Lawrence) who has fear of ghost and his family in a haunted house. Ganesh always fears to move out of the house after 6pm due to his fear. Unknowingly his father (Vinu Chakravarthy) buys a house where Muni, a person, was murdered long ago. His ghost was also moving around the house. Muni enters Ganesh's body and Ganesh starts behaving in a rude manner. His family could not understand why his behavior is weird so they seek the help of a priest (Nassar). Priest asks the ghost about his own flashback. The ghost says that he is Muniyaandi (Rajkiran) and starts saying his flashback.

Muniyaandi was a kind-hearted poor man living in the slums with his daughter and other people. Muni's friend is Marakka Dhandapani MLA (Kadhal Dhandapani) uses him to win in elections. The MLA promises that he would give lands to the poor villagers. Dhandapani wins the election but he cheats Muni and the villagers. Muni fights with Dhandapaani but he kills both him and his daughter. Dhandapani lies to the villagers saying that Muni and his daughter had moved with the money he had given him for the welfare of the villagers.

Ganesh with the ghost in him, enters Dhandapani's household and scares him and his assistants. Dhandapaani comes to know that the ghost of Muni is inside Ganesh's body so he gets a shaman (Rahul Dev) to save his life. Muni agrees to leave Dhandapani if he tells the truth to the villagers and give them the money. He tells the truth and gives the money. But Dhandapani was planning to get back all his money from the villagers. Ganesh upon hearing this kills Dhandapaani, but acts like as Muni's ghost killed him. The shaman knowing that Ganesh killed him and not the ghost, didn't tell the truth seeing the injustice made by Dhandapani.

## Box office

The film earned (grossed) around Rs. 15 crore worldwide and became a commercial success.

## Muni series

Success of this film led to a horror comedy film series by Raghava Lawrence. He made two more films from this series named Muni2: Kanchana and Muni3: Kanchana 2. These two films are also commercially successful.
Microsoft 4Afrika

**Microsoft 4Afrika** is a market development engine in Africa started by Microsoft  to create technology for the world by using talent of Africans. Microsoft 4Afrika invests in World-class skills, Access and Innovation.  It was launched in February 2013. Microsoft launched 4Afrika Initiative in Rwanda on 3 April 2013.

This project of 75 million USD aims to increase internet accessibility via smart devices, educate the African web developers and promote new Africentric technologies. Since 2013, 4Afrika is investing on the entrepreneurs, youth, small businesses, governments and markets. Microsoft partnered with Kenya's Ministry of Information and Communication and Indigo Telecom to reach underserved communities via solar-powered base stations. University of the People has a partnership with Microsoft 4Afrika to offer scholarships to study towards an associate’s degree in University.  4Afrika helps developers create and monetise their applications, and gain experience working with senior software developers in a number of programmes. It provides internships for the youth and education youth.  Microsoft 4Afrika with Wollo University and Tulane University – Center for Global Health Equity (CGHE) launched AppFactory Academy in Ethiopia for Wollo University IT graduates, and related computing discipline graduates.

Microsoft 4Afrika camps in the following African countries:
- Nigeria
- Ghana
- Ethiopia
- Kenya
Microsoft 4Afrika signed partnership with Tony Elumelu Foundation to provide tools, resources and mentorship to entrepreneurs enrolled in entrepreneurship programme of  foundation.
Ghulam Ali Wahdat

**Ghulam Ali wahdat** is an ethnic Hazara politician in Afghanistan. He was the governor of Bamyan Province from (October, 2013 to June, 2015).

Gholamali Vahdat, son of Nawazesh Ali, was born in the year 1962 in Bamyan Province, Afghanistan.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: General officer, General
Ghulam Ali Wahdat

- **birth name**: Ghulam Ali
- **image**: ghulam ali wahdat.jpg
- **caption**: Ghulam Ali Wahdat in October 2014
- **birth place**: Bamyan Province, Afghanistan
- **blank1**: Ethnicity
- **data1**: Hazara people, Hazara
- **party**: Hezbe Wahdat
- **occupation**: Politician
- **office12**: Governor of Bamyan Province
- **term start12**: October, 2013 to June, 2015
- **predecessor12**: Habiba Sarabi
- **successor12**: Muhmmad Taher Zahir
Angloposeidon

The ***Angloposeidon*** is a big sauropod dinosaur that lived in the early Cretaceous period. It mainly lived in present-day England. Its fossil back bone was found on the Isle of Wight.
Qasim Akhgar

**Qasim Akhgar**, was a Hazara writer, researcher, activism and theorists from Afghanistan.

Qasim Akhgar, was born in 1951 in Kabul, Afghanistan. He died after an illness in 2013 in Kabul, Afghanistan.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Qasim Akhgar<small></small>
- **birth date**: 1951
- **birth place**: Kabul, Afghanistan
- **death date**: 2013
- **death place**: Kabul, Afghanistan
- **death cause**: Myocardial infarction
- **nationality**: Afghanistani
Fano

**Fano** is a city and _comune_ of the province of Pesaro and Urbino in the Marche region, central Italy.

It is a beach resort  southeast of Pesaro, along the Adriatic Sea. It is the third city in the region by population after Ancona and Pesaro.

## Geography

Fano is on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The _comune_ of Fano has an area of  and its altitude is  above sea level.

Fano borders with the  _comuni_ Cartoceto, Mombaroccio, Mondolfo, Pesaro, San Costanzo and Terre Roveresche.

### _Frazioni_

The following _frazioni_ (hamlets) are part of Fanoː

1. Bellocchi
1. Camminate
1. Carignano
1. Carrara di Fano
1. Centinarola
1. Cuccurano
1. Falcineto
1. Fenile
1. Magliano
1. Marotta
1. Metaurillia
1. Ponte Sasso
1. Roncosambaccio
1. Rosciano
1. Sant'Andrea in Villis
1. Torrette di Fano
1. Tre Ponti.

## Population

There are 60,852 persons living in the _comune_ in 2017, for a population density of  inhabitants/km².

**Evolution of the population**

The people from this _comune_ are known, in Italian, as _fanesi_.

## Twinned towns

Famo is twinned with:

- Rastatt, Germany
- Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône, France
- St. Albans, United Kingdom
- Stribro, Czech Republic

## Other websites

- Fano official website

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Fano
- **official name**: Comune di Fano
- **image skyline**: Arco di Augusto Fano illuminato.jpg
- **image alt**: Arch of Augustus
- **image caption**: _Arco d'Augusto_, Fano
- **image shield**: Fano-Stemma.svg
- **image map**: Map of comune of Fano (province of Pesaro and Urbino, region Marche, Italy).svg
- **map alt**: Fano in the province
- **map caption**: The _comune_ Fano, in red, in the province of Pesaro and Urbino
- **region**: Marche
- **province**: Province of Pesaro and Urbino, Pesaro e Urbino (PU)
- **frazioni**: see #Frazioni, list
- **mayor**: Massimo Seri
- **area total km2**: 121.84
- **population total**: 60852
- **population as of**: January 2017
- **population demonym**: Fanesi
- **elevation m**: 12
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 223
- **saint**: Saint Paternian
- **day**: 10 July
- **postal code**: 61032
- **area code**: 0721
Francia

**Francia** was a kingdom founded in 481 AD. It may also be called the **Kingdom of the Franks**, **Frankish Kingdom**, or **Frankish Empire**. It was first a province of the Western Roman Empire founded by Clovis I. Before that it was a Germanic state. After the Treaty of Verdun in 843, West Francia became the predecessor of France, and East Francia became that of Germany.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of the Franks
- **native name**: Regnum Francorum (Latin)
- **image map**: Franks expansion.gif
- **capital**: Aachen
- **official languages**: Latin
- **religion**: Catholicism
- **government type**: Patrimonial monarchy
- **leader title1**: first king
- **leader name1**: Clovis I
- **leader title2**: last king
- **leader name2**: Charlemagne
- **established event1**: Clovis I became king of Franks
- **established date1**: 481
- **established event2**: Charlemagne becomes the Holy Roman Emperor
- **established date2**: 800
- **established event3**: Treaty of Verdun
- **established date3**: 843
- **status**: Kingdom
- **life span**: 481–800/843
- **p1**: Western Roman Empire
- **s1**: Carolingian Empire
- **today**: France, Germany, Italy
Vladimir Makanin

**Vladimir Semyonovich Makanin** (; 13 March 1937 – 1 November 2017) was a Russian writer. He was born in Orsk, Soviet Union. In 1963 he took a course in script-writing, and then worked in the publishing house _Sovietskiy Pisatel_ (_The Soviet Writer_). Makanin's writing style may be categorized as realist. In 2012, he won the European Prize for Literature.

He was specialized in short stories and novels.

Makanin died on 1 November 2017 in Krasny, Russia at the age of 80.

## Related pages

- List of Russian-language novelists
Yisrael Rosen

**Yisrael Rosen** () (May 1941 – November 2, 2017) was an Orthodox Israeli rabbi. He founded the office for conversion to Judaism in the Chief Rabbinate of Israel and he was a judge there. He was born in Tel Aviv.

Rosen was the director of the Zomet Institute for the interface of Halakha and technology and also the editor-in-chief of the Zomet annual journal _Techumin_.  He edited a weekly newsletter called _Shabbat B'Shabbato_.

Rosen died on November 2, 2017 in Alon Shevut, a West Bank settlement, of pancreatic cancer at the age of 76.
María Martha Serra Lima

**María Martha Serra Lima** (December 19, 1944 – November 2, 2017) was an Argentine singer. She was born in Buenos Aires. Serra Lima was first signed on to a record label in 1977, and became famous across Latin America and in Spain during the 1970s and 1980s. Her albums became hits in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Chile, Colombia, Venezuela, and elsewhere in the region, apart from her home country.

Serra Lima died in Miami, Florida on November 2, 2017 at the age of 72.
Dina Wadia

**Dina Wadia** (15 August 1919 – 2 November 2017) was an Indian political figure. She was born in London. Her father was Muhammad Ali Jinnah. She was married to Neville Wadia from 1938 until they divorced in 1943.

Wadia died at her home in New York City of pneumonia on 2 November 2017 at the age of 98.
Coming of age

**Coming of age** is a young person moving on from being a child to being an adult. The specific age at which this happens takes place sometimes depends on societies and the nature of the change. It can be for legal reasons or can be part of a ritual or spiritual event.

In the past, and in some societies today, such a change is often seen with the age of sexual maturity (puberty), especially menarche and spermarche. In others, it is connected with an age of religious responsibility.

Many cultures have ceremonies to make the coming of age official. This transition has also become well known in cultural media such as through coming-of-age stories that have became genres in movies and stories.
Richard E. Cavazos

**Richard Edward Cavazos** (January 31, 1929 – October 29, 2017), was a United States Army four-star general. He was a Korean War recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross as a first lieutenant. He advanced in rank to become the United States Army's first Hispanic four-star general.

During the Vietnam War, as a lieutenant colonel, Cavazos was awarded a second Distinguished Service Cross.  In 1976, Cavazos became the first Mexican American to reach the rank of brigadier general in the U.S. Army.

Cavazos served for thirty-three years, with his final command as head of the U.S. Army Forces Command.

Cavazos died at the age of 88 in San Antonio, Texas on October 29, 2017 from complications of Alzheimer's disease.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Richard E. Cavazos
- **birth name**: Richard Edward Cavazos
- **birth place**: Kingsville, Texas, U.S.
- **death place**: San Antonio, Texas, U.S.
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **image**: GEN CAVAZOS.jpg
- **caption**: General Richard E. Cavazos
- **allegiance**: United States of America
- **serviceyears**: 1951–1984
- **rank**: General (United States), General
- **branch**: United States Army, U.S. Army
- **commands**: 1st Battalion, 18th Infantry (1967)
2nd Brigade, 1st Infantry (1976)

9th Infantry Division (1977–1980)
III Corps (United States), III Corps (1980–1982)
United States Army Forces Command, FORSCOM (1982–1984)
- **unit**: 65th Infantry Regiment (United States), 65th Infantry (Korean War)
- **battles**: Korean War
**Vietnam War**
- **awards**: Distinguished Service Cross (United States), Distinguished Service Cross (2) Silver Star (2)
Legion of Merit (2)
 Distinguished Flying Cross (United States), Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star Medal,  Bronze Star Medal with Valor Device (5)
Purple Heart Medal, Purple Heart
 Air Medal,  Air Medal with Valor Device (9)
- **laterwork**: Texas Tech Board of Regents
Fred Beckey

**Friedrich Wolfgang Beckey** (14 January 1923 – 30 October 2017), known as **Fred Beckey**, was an American rock climber, mountaineer and author. He made hundreds of first ascents, more than any other North American climber. In 2003, his 563-page book on the history of the region, _Range of Glaciers_, was published by the Oregon Historical Society Press. Between climbs, he wrote several books, most notably the _Cascade Alpine Guide_.

Beckey was born in Düsseldorf, Germany. He studied at the University of Washington. Beckey died on 30 October 2017 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 94.
Daniel Viglietti

**Daniel Alberto Viglietti Indart** (24 July 1939 – 30 October 2017) was an Uruguayan folk singer, guitarist, composer, and political activist. He was one of the main singers of Uruguayan popular song and also of the _Nueva Canción_ or "New Song" of the 1960s and early 1970s. Viglietti was imprisoned in 1972 by his own government. He was an activist against fascism in South America during the 1970s.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Daniel Viglietti
- **image**: Daniel Viglietti - primer plano.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Daniel Alberto Viglietti Indart
- **birth place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **death place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **instrument**: Guitar, vocals
- **genre**: Folk music, Nueva canción
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1963–2017
Abbas Zandi

**Abbas Zandi** (; 3 June 1930 – 30 October 2017) was an Iranian Freestyle Wrestler, national champion, and coach. He was born in Tehran. Zandi had competed in three Olympic games including 1948 London, 1952 Helsinki and 1956 Melbourne.

Zandi died on 30 October 2017 in Tehran at the age of 87.
Mario das Neves

**Mario das Neves** (April 27, 1951 – October 31, 2017) was an Argentine Justicialist Party politician. He was the governor of the Argentine province of Chubut from 2003 through 2011 and again from 2015 until his death in 2017. He was born in Buenos Aires.

Das Neves died of cardiopulmonary arrest on October 31, 2017 in Rawson, Chubut at the age of 66.

## Other websites

- Profile, _La Nación_, 2003-11-10
- 'Das Neves celebrates his triumph in Chubut', _La Nación_, 2003-11-10
- Profile at Chubut government
Papi Oviedo

**Gilberto "Papi" Oviedo la Portilla** (9 February 1938 – 31 October 2017) was a Cuban tres player. He was born in La Habana. He started playing the tres when he was about 15. Oviedo was the tres player in Elio Revé's band for 13 years. He has been on tour with Buena Vista Social Club exposing the son style to wider audiences.

Oviedo died of lung cancer in Havana, Cuba on 31 October 2017 at the age of 79.
Aboubacar Somparé

**El Hajj Aboubacar Somparé** (31 August 1944 – 2 November 2017) was a Guinean politician. He was President of the National Assembly of Guinea from 2002 to 2008. He was previously Guinea's Ambassador to France from 1978 to 1984 and was Secretary-General of the Unity and Progress Party (PUP) from 1995 to 2002. He served as Interim President of Guinea from 22 December 2008 through 24 December 2008.

Somparé died on 2 November 2017 in Ratoma, Guinea at the age of 73.
Jigsaw (Saw character)

**John Kramer**—known as **The Jigsaw Killer** or simply **Jigsaw**—is a fictional character who appears in the _Saw_ franchise as the main antagonist.

Jigsaw made his appearance in the first movie of the series, _Saw_, and he later appeared in _Saw II_, _Saw III_, _Saw IV_, _Saw V_, _Saw VI_, _Saw 3D_ and, eventually, _Jigsaw_. He is played by American actor Tobin Bell.

Jigsaw ranks No. 30 in _Empire_ magazine's "100 Greatest Movie Characters" list.

## Background

In the series' narrative, Kramer is a former civil engineer dying from an inoperable frontal lobe tumor that had developed from colon cancer. After a failed suicide attempt, Kramer found a new appreciation for his life, and went to dedicate the rest of his life to inspiring the same appreciation in others by testing their will to live.

## Tests

His methods include forcing his subjects through deadly scenarios, which he referred to as "games" or "tests", in which they were forced to inflict pain upon themselves or others in order to escape. These tests were typically symbolic of what Jigsaw perceived as a flaw in each person's moral character or life. The Jigsaw name was given to him by the media for his practice of cutting a puzzle piece shape of flesh from those who fail.

His videos are recorded with a cheap homemade camera with Billy the Puppet instructing the subjects what to do to live.

## Other websites

- Jigsaw character description in the _Saw_ video game
Vinu Chakravarthy

**Vinu Chakravarthy** (15 December 1945 – 27 April 2017) was an Indian actor (actor who acted in many language movies), writer and director. He had acted in about 1000 movies. _Muni_ of Raghava Lawrence is Vinu Chakravarthy's 1000th movie. He acted in 900+ Tamil movies, 50 Malayalam movies, 5 Telugu movies, Some Kannada movies and 1 Badaga language movie.

## Life

Chakravarthy was born on December 15, 1945, in Usilampatti. His parents are Adimoola Thevar and Manjuvani Ammal. He studied at Wesley School, Royapettah. He got degree in commerce from A. M. Jain College. He was the eldest son among other 3 sons and a daughter.

## Movie career

Chakravarthy was working as a script writer for Kannada director Puttanna Kanagal. He was noticed by movie producer Tiruppur Mani who in 1977, gave him a role in the Kannada film Parasangada Gendetimma. This movie was later remade into Tamil. Since then, Chakravarthy has made over 1,000 films in four South Indian languages - 900 in Tamil, 30 in Malayalam, 5 in Telugu and one in Badaga language. His last movie was Vaayai Mudi Pesavum in 2014.

## Death

He died at the age of 71 due to illness in the year 2017.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Vinu Chakravarthy
- **birth place**: Usilampatti,
Madras Presidency
Madurai District,
British India
- **death place**: Chennai, Tamil Nadu
- **occupation**: actor, writer
- **years active**: 1977-2017
Moza bint Nasser

**Moza bint Nasser** (Arabic:**موزا بنت ناصر**)(Born on 8 August 1959 in Doha, Qatar) is the wife of former Emir of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and mother of current Emir of Qatar, Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani. She is chairperson of Qatar Foundation and founder of Silatech. She was UNESCO's Special Envoy for Basic and Higher Education in 2003. She has also been named as one of Forbes' 100 Most Powerful Women at #75.

## Early Life

Sheikha Moza was born on August 8, 1959 in Al-Khor, Qatar. She married with Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani in 1977 at the age of 18. She earned her Bachelor’s Degree in Sociology from Qatar University in 1986.

Sheikh Hammad has seven children with Sheikha Mozah:

- Sheikh Jasim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
- Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, Emir of Qatar
- Sheikha Al-Mayassa bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani
- Sheikh Joaan bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
- Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani
- Sheikha Hind bint Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani.

## Honours

Among Sheikha Moza’s many honours are :

- Honorary Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) (2010, UK).
- Member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts (2009, France).
- Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (07/11/2007, Italy).
- Doctor of Humane Letters (D.H.L.) from Virginia Commonwealth University (2003, Richmond, Virginia).
- Doctor of Humane Letters (D.H.L.) from Carnegie Mellon University (2006, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).
- Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (20/04/2011, Spain).
- Dame of the Order of the Smile (2012).

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Sheikha Moza bint Nasser Al Missned
<small>موزا بنت ناصر المسند</small>
- **image**: Alliance of Civilizations Forum Annual Meeting Brazil 2010 - 16.jpg
- **caption**: Sheikha Mozah speaking at the Third Global Forum of the UN Alliance of Civilizations in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2010)
- **birth place**: Doha, Qatar
- **religion**: Sunni Islam
Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani

Sheikh **Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani** (born 3 June 1980 in Doha, Qatar) is the current Emir of Qatar. Tamim is the fourth son of his father, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, the previous Emir of Qatar and second son of Moza bint Nasser. Tamim became Emir on 25 June 2013. He is the youngest reigning monarch of a sovereign nation.

## Education

He studied in the Royal Military Academy at Sandhurst where he graduated in 1998.

## Other websites

- Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani Official website

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani

- **title**: His Excellency His Highness
- **image**: Emir of Qatar, Feb. 19, 2025 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Sheikh Tamim in 2025
- **succession**: List of emirs of Qatar, Emir of Qatar
- **reign**: 25 June 2013 - present
- **predecessor**: Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
- **full name**: Tamim bin Hamad bin Khalifa bin Hamad bin Abdullah bin Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani
- **house**: House of Thani, Thani
- **father**: Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani
- **mother**: Moza bint Nasser, Moza bint Nasser Al Missned
- **birth place**: Doha, Qatar
- **signature**: TamimbinHamadAlThaniSignature.svg
Reborrowing

**Reborrowing** is when words of a certain language are borrowed into a different language, when the new language creates new words using the loanwords or roots they borrowed, and either when the newly created words are introduced to the language that the old loanwords came from.

Examples of this can be found in many languages.

## From Greek to English, and back into Greek

English uses many loanwords borrowed from French, Latin, and Greek, which is why many scientific words are made using words and word roots from these same languages. For example, the word "telegram" comes from the Greek roots "tele-", which means "distant/far", and "-gram/-graph", which means "writing", thus a telegram is a machine that sends written messages from far away. This word came back into Greek as τηλεγράφημα _telegráfima_.
Peter MacGregor-Scott

**Peter MacGregor-Scott** (December 28, 1947 – October 25, 2017) was an American movie producer. He was born in Maidenhead, Berkshire, England. He produced the 1997 movie, _Batman & Robin_. He also produced the Cheech & Chong movie _Cheech & Chong's The Corsican Brothers_, _Still Smokin_ and _Born in East L.A._. Others are _The Whoopee Boys_ and _Death to Smoochy_.

MacGregor-Scott was involved in a traffic collision in New York City which would result in his death on October 25, 2017, aged 69.
Vernier

**Vernier** is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland. It has villages of Vernier Village, Le Lignon, Aïre, Les Avanchets, Cointrin and Châtelaine. As of 31 December 2016, 34,983 people lived there.

## Other websites

- Official website of Vernier

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Vernier
- **municipality name**: Vernier
- **municipality type**: city
- **image photo**: AddorLignon04.jpg
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Vernier COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Vernier.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Geneva
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GE
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 1214 Vernier
1216 Cointrin
1219 Aïre
1219 Châtelaine
1219 Le Lignon
1220 Les Avanchets
- **municipality code**: 6643
- **area**: 7.68
- **elevation**: 440
- **population**: 34983
- **populationof**: Dec 2016
- **popofyear**: 2016
- **website**: www.vernier.ch
- **mayor**: Pierre Ronget
- **mayor asof**: February 2014
- **mayor party**: PLR
- **mayor title**: Maire
- **parliament name**: Conseil municipal
- **executive name**: Conseil administratif
- **executive number of members**: 3
- **places**: Aïre, Balexert, Châtelaine, Cointrin, Le Lignon, Les Avanchets
- **demonym**: Verniolan
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bernex, Switzerland, Bernex, Geneva, Le Grand-Saconnex, Lancy, Meyrin, Onex, Switzerland, Onex, Satigny
Chair of the Federal Reserve

The **Chair of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System** is the head of the central banking system of the United States. The job is known as "Chair of the Fed" or "Fed Chair". The chair is in charge of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

The chair is chosen by the President of the United States from among members of the Board of Governors; and serves for four-year-terms after appointment. A chair may be appointed for many terms. William Martin was the longest serving chair, holding the position from 1951 to 1970.

The current chair is Jerome Powell upon taking office on February 5, 2018.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Public Statements of the Chairs of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, via the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank
- Nomination hearings, conducted in the Senate, for Chairs and Members of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
- Timeline of Federal Reserve Chairs with related resources

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Chair
- **body**: the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
- **flag**: Flag_of_the_United_States_Federal_Reserve.svg
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the Federal Reserve System
- **insignia**: Seal of the United States Federal Reserve Board.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Seal of the Federal Reserve System, Federal Reserve Board of Governors
- **image**: Jerome H. Powell, Federal Reserve Chair.jpg
- **incumbent**: Jerome Powell
- **incumbentsince**: February 5, 2018
- **appointer**: President of the United States
- **first**: Charles Sumner Hamlin
- **salary**: $201,700 (2014)
- **website**: [http://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/bios/board/yellen.htm Bios]
Minnesota State University, Mankato

**Minnesota State University, Mankato** (**Minnesota State**) is the largest and second oldest university in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system. It is one of the largest universities in Minnesota. The nickname for the sports teams is the Mavericks. Minnesota State is located in Mankato, Minnesota a city southwest of the Twin Cities. It has a big business impact on southern Minnesota. Its stadium was where the Vikings came to practice in the summer. It was also linked to the Coach (TV series). Its sports teams have won several national championships at the National Collegiate Athletics Association's Division II level.
Minnesota State University, Mankato

## Other websites

- Minnesota State Athletics website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Minnesota State University, Mankato
- **motto**: _Big Ideas. Real-world Thinking._
- **established**: 1868
- **type**: Public university, Public
Flagship university, Flagship University
- **endowment**: $51.0 million
- **budget**: $241.0 million (2017)
- **staff**: 1,250
- **faculty**: 750
- **president**: Richard Davenport
- **students**: 15,110 (Fall 2017)
- **undergrad**: 13,280
- **postgrad**: 1,830
- **doctoral**: 30
- **city**: Mankato, Minnesota, Mankato
- **state**: Minnesota
- **country**: U.S.
- **campus**: Mid-size city

- **nickname**: Minnesota State Mavericks, Mavericks
- **colors**: Purple & Gold  
- **mascot**: Stomper the Maverick, Stomper
- **sporting affiliations**: NCAA Division II – Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference, NSIC
NCAA Division I - Central Collegiate Hockey Association, CCHA, Western Collegiate Hockey Association, WCHA
Brad Bufanda

**Brad Bufanda** (**Fred Joseph Bufanda III**; May 4, 1983 – November 1, 2017) was an American actor. He was best known for his self-made internet videos.

Bufanda was born in Upland, California. His career began in 1995. While in middle school he appeared on the ABC television series _Roseanne_ and _Hangin' with Mr. Cooper_. He was best known for his role as David in _A Cinderella Story_.

Bufanda played Felix Toombs in the series _Veronica Mars_ and was also featured in the movie. He starred in the Cinemax series _Co-Ed Confidential_ from 2008–2010.

On November 1, 2017 in Los Angeles, California, Bufanda died by suicide by jumping off of his residential tower in the Park La Brea apartment community. He was 34.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Brad Bufanda
- **birth name**: Fred Joseph Bufanda III
- **birth place**: Upland, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Suicide by Jumping
- **body discovered**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1994–2017
Václav Riedlbauch

**Václav Riedlbauch** (1 April 1947 – 3 November 2017) was a Czech composer, pedagogue and manager. He was the Minister of Culture in the government of Jan Fischer (2009–2010). He was born in Dýšina. He was program director at the Prague Congress Centre.

From 2001 until his death, he was the Director General of the Czech Philharmonic. He was a professor at the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague.

Riedlbauch died of complications from COPD in Prague on 3 November 2017 at the age of 70.

## Other websites

- Czech Music Information Centre
Hussain Muhammad Ershad

**Hussain Muhammad Ershad** ( _Hussein Muhammad Ershad_, 1 February 1930 – 14 July 2019) was a Bangladeshi politician. He served as the 10th President of Bangladesh from 1983 to 1990. He was the founder of the Jatiyo Party, currently the second-largest party in the Jatiyo Sangshad.

Ershad was twice honoured as a United Nations Laureate, for his works on population and environmental issues.

Ershad died on 14 July 2019 at a military hospital in Dhaka from myelodysplastic syndrome, aged 89.

## Other websites

- Encyclopedia.com
- Banglapedia biography
- Jatiya party

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Hussain Muhammad Ershad
- **native name**: হুসেইন মুহাম্মদ এরশাদ
- **native name lang**: bn
- **image**: Hussain M. Ershad-2.jpg
- **office**: Member of the Jatiyo Sangshad from Rangpur-3
- **term start**: February 27, 1991
- **term end**: July 14, 2019
- **predecessor**: Mohammad Mofazzal Hossain
- **office2**: List of Presidents of Bangladesh, 10th President of Bangladesh
- **vicepresident2**: A K M Nurul Islam
Moudud Ahmed
Shahabuddin Ahmed
- **primeminister2**: Ataur Rahman Khan
Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury
Moudud Ahmed
Kazi Zafar Ahmed
- **term start2**: 11 December 1983
- **term end2**: 6 December 1990
- **predecessor2**: A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury, AFM Ahsanuddin Chowdhury
- **successor2**: Shahabuddin Ahmed
- **office3**: Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army, Chief of Army Staff
- **president3**: Ziaur Rahman
- **term start3**: 1 December 1978
- **term end3**: 30 August 1986
- **predecessor7**: Ziaur Rahman
- **successor7**: Atiqur Rahman
- **birth place**: Dinhata, British Raj, British India

- **death place**: Dhaka, Bangladesh
- **party**: Jatiya Party (Ershad), Jatiya Party
- **spouse**: Rowshan Ershad
- **alma mater**: University of Dhaka
Command and Staff College
- **profession**: Military officer, politician
- **allegiance**: (before 1971)

- **branch**:

- **serviceyears**: 1952–1971 (Pakistan)
1973–1986 (Bangladesh)
- **rank**: Lieutenant general (Bangladesh), Lt. General
- **awards**: UN Population Award
 UN Environment Award
 Global Officials of Dignity Award
- **commands**: Chief of Army Staff of the Bangladesh Army, Chief of the Bangladesh Army, Army,
Adjutant General of the Bangladesh Army, Army,
Commanding Officer, CO, 7th East Bengal Regiment,
Commanding Officer, CO, 3rd East Bengal Regiment
Shahabuddin Ahmed

**Shahabuddin Ahmed** (1 February 1930 – 19 March 2022) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the 12th President of Bangladesh two times from 1990 until 1991 and from 1996 until 2001. He also served as the Chief Justice of the country from 1990 until 1995.

Ahmed took over the office of President after a popular uprising against President Hussain Muhammad Ershad in 1991. Afterwards, he returned to his duties as the Chief Justice following the amendment. Later, he served as the President from 1996 to 2001. During his first time in the Presidential office, he served as Acting President. Later when he again took over the office in 1996 he became the 12th President.

In February 2022, Ahmed was hospitalized in Dhaka, Bangladesh for an old age-related illness. He died on 19 March 2022 at the age of 92.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Shahabuddin Ahmed
- **office**: President of Bangladesh
- **native name**: শাহাবুদ্দিন আহমেদ
- **native name lang**: bn
- **image**: Shahabuddin Ahmed.jpg
- **predecessor**: Hussain Muhammad Ershad
- **primeminister**: Khaleda Zia
- **successor**: Abdur Rahman Biswas
- **predecessor2**: Abdur Rahman Biswas
- **primeminister2**: Sheikh Hasina, Hasina Wazed
Latifur Rahman <small>(Acting)</small>
Khaleda Zia
- **successor2**: A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury, Badruddoza Chowdhury
- **birth place**: Netrokona District, Netrokona, Bengal Presidency, British Raj, British India
(now Bangladesh)
- **death place**: Dhaka, Bangladesh
- **alma mater**: University of Dhaka
- **term start**: 6 December 1990
- **term end**: 10 October 1991
 <small>Acting</small>
- **term start2**: 9 October 1996
- **term end2**: 14 November 2001
- **office3**: Chief Justice of Bangladesh
- **term start3**: 14 January 1990
- **term end3**: 1 January 1995
- **predecessor3**: Badrul Haider Chowdhury
- **successor3**: Muhammad Habibur Rahman
- **education**: MA (International relations)
Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar

**Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar** (born 1 December 1931) is a Bangladeshi barrister and politician. He was born in Tetulia, Panchagarh, Bengal Presidency, British India. He served as the acting President of Bangladesh in 2002. He served as the speaker of the Parliament of Bangladesh. He is one of the founding members of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and was a member of the standing committee. He established Barrister Jamiruddin Sircar Collegiate Institute in his birthplace, Panchagarh in 1990.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Jamiruddin Sarkar...1 (cropped2).jpg
- **name**: Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar
- **native name**: মোহাম্মদ জমীরুদ্দিন সরকার
- **native name lang**: bn
- **office**: President of Bangladesh
- **status**: Acting
- **primeminister**: Khaleda Zia
- **term start**: 21 June 2002
- **term end**: 6 September 2002
- **predecessor**: A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury
- **successor**: Iajuddin Ahmed
- **office2**: Speaker of the Jatiya Sangsad
- **primeminister2**: Khaleda Zia
Sheikh Hasina
- **term start2**: 28 October 2001
- **term end2**: 25 January 2009
- **predecessor2**: Abdul Hamid (politician), Abdul Hamid
- **successor2**: Abdul Hamid
- **office3**: Minister for Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Minister of Law and Justice
- **term start3**: 19 March 1996
- **term end3**: 30 March 1996
- **primeminister3**: Khaleda Zia
- **predecessor3**: Mirza Golam Hafiz
- **successor3**: Syed Istiaq Ahmed
- **birth place**: Tetulia Upazila, Tetulia, Panchagarh District, Panchagarh, Bengal Presidency, British India
- **party**: Bangladesh Nationalist Party
- **alma mater**: University of Dhaka
- **parents**: Moulvi Ali Baksh and Begum Fakhrunnessa
Gyalo Thondup

**Gyalo Thondup** (), (1928 – 8 February 2025) was the second-eldest brother of the 14th Dalai Lama. He often acted as the Dalai Lama's unofficial ambassador, and was involved in many political controversies around the Tibetan society.

In the later years of his life, Thondup repeatedly said that the only way to achieve progress is with China. In 1998, the Central Tibetan Administration (the political arm of the Dalai Lama's anti-China diaspora faction) criticized Thondup for not letting the Dalai Lama know about the CIA's involvement in Tibet.

Thondup died at his home in Kalimpong, West Bengal, India, on 8 February 2025, at the age of 97.
Frederica Wilson

**Frederica Smith Wilson** (born **Frederica Patricia Smith**; November 5, 1942) is an American politician. She has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 2011. Wilson's congressional district—numbered the 17th during her first two years in Congress, and the 24th since 2013.

She gained national attention in early 2012 as a result of her high-profile comments on the death of Trayvon Martin.

Wilson is a member of the Democratic Party.

## Other websites

- Congresswoman Frederica Wilson official U.S. House site
- Frederica Wilson for U.S. Congress

- Representative Frederica S. Wilson (1998–2002) at the Florida House of Representatives

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Frederica Wilson
- **image**: Frederica Wilson official House portrait.jpg
- **state**: Florida
- **prior term**: (2011–2013)
- **term start**: January 3, 2011
- **preceded**: Kendrick Meek
- **state senate1**: Florida
- **state1**: Florida
- **district1**: 33rd
- **term start1**: November 5, 2002
- **term end1**: December 31, 2010
- **preceded1**: _Redistricted_
- **succeeded1**: Oscar Braynon
- **state house3**: Florida
- **district3**: 104th
- **term start3**: November 3, 1998
- **term end3**: November 5, 2002
- **preceded3**: Kendrick Meek
- **succeeded3**: _Redistricted_
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **birth name**: Frederica Patricia Smith
- **birth place**: Miami, Florida, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Fisk University <small>(Bachelor's degree, B.A.)</small>
University of Miami <small>(Master's degree, M.A.)</small>
- **profession**: Educator, politician
- **children**: 3