juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cell differentiation

**Cellular differentiation** is how a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. It is part of developmental biology. Different tissues have different kinds of organelles inside the cells.

Differentiation occurs many times during the development of a multicellular organism. The organism changes from a single zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types. Differentiation is also a common process in adults: adult stem cells divide to make fully-differentiated daughter cells during tissue repair and during normal cell turnover.

Differentiation dramatically changes a cell's size, shape, metabolic activity, and responsiveness to signals. These changes are largely due to changes in gene expression. With a few exceptions, cellular differentiation almost never involves a change in the DNA sequence itself. It does involve switching off many genes not needed in a particular tissue. Thus, cells in different tissues may have very different physical characteristics despite having the same genome.

_Cell potency_ is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. A cell that is able to differentiate into many cell types is known as _pluripotent_. Such cells are called stem cells in animals and meristematic cells in higher plants.  A cell that is able to differentiate into all cell types is known as _totipotent_. In mammals, only the zygote and early embryonic cells are totipotent, while in plants many differentiated cells can become totipotent with simple laboratory techniques.
Morphogenesis

**Morphogenesis** (meaning the "beginning of shape"), is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape.

It is one of three fundamental aspects of developmental biology along with the control of cell growth and cellular differentiation.

The process controls the organized spatial distribution of cells during the embryonic development of an organism. Morphogenetic responses may be induced in organisms by hormones, by substances produced by other organisms, or by mechanical stresses induced by spatial patterning of the cells. Morphogenesis can take place in an embyro, a mature organism, in cell culture or inside tumor cell masses.
Gastrulation

**Gastrulation** is a phase early in the development of most animal embryos. In it, the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration.

Gastrulation varies in different phyla. It is followed by organogenesis, when individual organs develop within the newly formed germ layers.

The gastrula is the double-walled stage of the embryo. During gastrulation, some of the cells of the blastula migrate inwards to make an inner layer, the endoderm. In some animals another cell layer forms, the mesoderm, between the endoderm and the ectoderm

## layer

animals and sponges show the simplest organization, having a single germ layer. Cnidaria and ctenophores show an increase in complexity, having two germ layers, the endoderm and ectoderm - all higher animals (from flatworms to humans) - possess a mesoderm as well as ectoderm and endoderm.

### Development of germ layers

The purpose of gastrulation is to position the 3 embryonic germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. These layers later develop into certain bodily systems.

- The ectoderm develops into the skin, nails, the epithelium of the nose, mouth and anal canal; the lens of the eye, the retina and the nervous system.
- The endoderm develops into the inner linings of the digestive tract, as well as the linings of the respiratory passages. It also forms many glands, such as the liver and pancreas.
- The mesoderm forms the somites, the notochord, and the mesenchyme, which give rise to the muscles, circulatory and excretory systems of the body. This key innovation evolved hundreds of millions of years ago and led to the evolution of nearly all large, complex animals. The formation of a mesoderm led to the development of a coelom. Organs formed inside a coelom can freely move, grow, and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions and protects them from shocks.

## Related pages

- Cellular differentiation
Wat Phra-sri Rattana Mahathat

**Wat Phra-sri Rattana Mahathat** or **Wat Yai** is the most important monastery of Phitsanulok. It was built in the reign of Phra Maha Thamma Racha I in 1357 BCE. In the temple, there is a Buddha image called Phra Buddha Chinnaraj. The pearl inlaid wooden doors of the temple were built by King Borommakot in 1756 as tribute to Phra Buddha Chinnaraj. Behind the temple, there is a large pagoda  high with a staircase leading up to the niche containing the Buddha relics. In front of the pagoda, there is Phra Attharos, a standing Buddha image.
Jikji

***Jikji*** is the oldest extant movable metal type book in the world.

_Jikji_ is the short title of a Korean book whose full title can be translated as _Anthology of the Great Priests' Zen Teachings_. It is a Buddhist document, and was printed during Korea's Goryeo era in 1377.

_Jikji_ is a book about Zen Buddhism published in Heungdeok temple. It was written by the Buddhist monk Baegun who died three years before this edition was printed. Baegun was the chief priest of the Anguk and Shingwang temples in Haeju.

_Jikji_ was published 78 years before Johannes Gutenberg's "42-Line Bible". _Jikji_ consists of two volumes. Only the second volume is extant. This volume is held in the National Library of France. UNESCO confirmed _Jikji_ as the world's oldest metalloid type book in September 2001, and includes it in the _Memory of the World_ program.

_Jikji_ is based on an innovative technology that enables the rapid reproduction of texts, contributing to the spread of knowledge and Buddhist philosophy. It was also an important tool for the education of Buddhist monks. The preservation of the existing second volume is crucial, leading to ongoing efforts for the restoration of the first volume and the return of the second volume to Korea. In addition to UNESCO's recognition, _Jikji_ has been introduced at various international exhibitions, highlighting its value as a Korean cultural heritage.
Bibliothèque nationale de France

The **Bibliothèque nationale de France** is the National Library of France in Paris.

## History

The National Library of France was founded at the Louvre by Charles V in 1368. It grew under Louis XIV and opened to the public in 1692.

Following a series of regime changes in France, it became the **Imperial National Library** and in 1868 it moved to new buildings on the Rue de Richelieu. In 1896, the library was the largest collection of books in the world.

In 1988, President François Mitterrand agreed to build a new modern library. It now contains more than twenty million volumes.

### Manuscripts

The library has 5,000 Greek manuscripts and the Jikji (the oldest printed document with movable type).

## References

- Riding, Alan. "France Detects a Cultural Threat in Google," _New York Times._ April 11, 2005.
Cilla Black

**Cilla Black** (27 May 1943 – 1 August 2015) was a English television personality, singer and actress. Her birth name was **Priscilla Maria Veronica White** and she was born in Liverpool. She became known for her songs "Anyone Who Had A Heart" and "You're My World" as well as her long-running TV shows _Blind Date_ (1985-2003) and _Surprise Surprise_ (1984-2001).

In the early 1960s, young Cilla worked at the Cavern Club in Liverpool, where the Beatles often performed, as a hat check girl. She also sang onstage at the Cavern sometimes, backed by the band that was playing at the time. "Swinging Cilla" was well-liked by the Cavern's members and guests.

One day Brian Epstein visited the Cavern to meet the Beatles, and ask about a record they made, so he could sell copies at his family's music store. Stories rose later that Cilla was working, and she first met Epstein when he gave her his hat and coat. Neither one remembered this later, though, and each believed the story was not true.

Epstein's getting to know the Beatles led to his becoming their manager, and with his help, they won a recording contract. The Beatles' talent and work with music producer George Martin led to hit records. Epstein decided to manage other Liverpool musicians. Along with the bands and male singers he signed up, Epstein chose Cilla as his only female performer. He suggested her stage name (changing White to Black), so she and her family could keep their privacy. Martin also agreed to record her, helping choose songs that would showcase her voice.

Cilla became popular first in England and Europe, then in America as the Beatles' music started the "British Invasion" there in 1964. One of her first hits, "Anyone Who Had A Heart", was recorded earlier by American singer Dionne Warwick. The two records sounded similar, even though Cilla had not heard Warwick's version, and a few people believed she had copied it. Both women later also recorded the theme song for the movie _Alfie_, but they sounded different.

Cilla had other hit records, including "You're My World" and a television theme song, "Step Inside, Love". Epstein enjoyed working with her, even helping her choose wardrobe for performances and looking after her backstage, but personal problems later took away his attention. He died in 1967, after a drug overdose.

In time, Cilla Black stopped having hits. She remained popular in England, though, and was a welcome hostess and guest on television. She also made appearances from time to time, to sing the songs from the time she was most popular.

In later years, her health became poor. Arthritis made walking painful, and she was nearly deaf. She admitted that she did not want to live past 75 years old, because she enjoyed her life less and less as she aged.

Cilla Black died of a stroke after a fall at her holiday home near Marbella, Spain, on 1 August 2015, aged 72. Her funeral took place in Liverpool on 20 August 2015.
Paulista Avenue

**Paulista Avenue** (in Portuguese: _Avenida Paulista_) is the most important avenue and one of the main financial centers of the city of São Paulo, Brazil.

## Related pages

- São Paulo
- Downtown São Paulo
Didcot

**Didcot** is a town in Oxfordshire about  south of Oxford. Until 1974 it was part of Berkshire.

## History and economy

During the Roman Empire the Romans dug a ditch that runs north through what is now known as the Ladygrove area north of the town near Long Wittenham.

Didcot first appears in historical records in the 13th century as Dudcotte, Berkshire.  Parts of the original village still exist in the Lydalls Road area and part of All Saints' Church dates back to the 11th century.

### Railways

The Great Western Railway, designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, reached Didcot in 1839. In 1844 the Didcot railway station was opened. The original station burnt down in the later part of 19th century.

Didcot is junction of the routes to London, Bristol and Oxford. It was formerly a junction for Southampton via the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway but that closed in the 1960s.
The traffic to Southampton meant that the town had strategic importance to military logistics, in particular during the First World War campaign on the Western Front and the Second World War preparations for D-Day.

### Power stations

The Didcot Power Stations (which are next to each other, and actually in _Sutton Courtenay_) supply electricity to the National Grid. The power station has also proved a popular man-made object for local photographers. One power station was closed in 2013 and has been demolished. The other is still operating in 2018.

## Other websites

- Didcot Twinning Association
- Didcot Railway Centre
- Didcot.com community website
- Didcot First
- Didcot Town FC
- Future Didcot
- Cornerstone arts centre
- The Didcot Herald
- Didcot Choral Society

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Didcot
- **population**: 25,231
- **civil parish**: Didcot
- **shire district**: South Oxfordshire
- **shire county**: Oxfordshire
- **region**: South East England
- **constituency westminster**: Wantage
- **post town**: DIDCOT
- **postcode district**: OX11
- **postcode area**: OX
- **dial code**: 01235
- **os grid reference**: SU525900
- **london distance**: 54.7m
- **website**: [http://www.didcot.gov.uk Didcot Town Council]
Horsepower

**Horsepower** is a unit of power that is approximately how much work one horse can do. It is equal to 746 watts.  The idea of horsepower was originated by James Watt, who invented the steam engine. Because people used horses to pull carts, it was an amount of energy that could be understood by most people at that time.  A human can only maintain about , but an engine can maintain much higher than that. Small motors can create  while a jet engine can create more than .
Mason Raymond

**Mason Evan Raymond** (born September 17, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks and Toronto Maple Leafs. He was drafted 51st overall by the Vancouver Canucks in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

On June 28, 2014, Raymond was signed as a free agent by the Calgary Flames to a three-year, $9.5 million contract.

### Regular season and playoffs

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2003–04|Camrose Kodiaks|AJHL|57|27|35|62|32|—|—|—|—|—|
|2004–05|Camrose Kodiaks|AJHL|55|41|41|82|80|15|8|12|20|—|
|2005–06|University of Minnesota Duluth|WCHA|40|11|17|28|30|—|—|—|—|—|
|2006–07|University of Minnesota Duluth|WCHA|39|14|32|46|45|—|—|—|—|—|
|2006–07|Manitoba Moose|AHL|11|2|2|4|6|13|0|1|1|0|
|2007–08|Manitoba Moose|AHL|20|7|10|17|6|—|—|—|—|—|
|2007–08|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|49|9|12|21|2|—|—|—|—|—|
|2008–09|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|72|11|12|23|24|10|2|1|3|2|
|2009–10|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|82|25|28|53|48|12|3|1|4|6|
|2010–11|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|70|15|24|39|10|24|2|6|8|6|
|2011–12|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|50|10|10|20|18|5|0|1|1|0|
|2012–13|Örebro HK|Swe.1|2|0|1|1|2|—|—|—|—|—|
|2012–13|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|46|10|12|22|16|4|1|1|2|0|
|2013–14|Toronto Maple Leafs|NHL|82|19|26|45|22|—|—|—|—|—|
|2014–15|Calgary Flames|NHL|57|12|11|23|8|8|0|2|2|0|
|2015–16|Calgary Flames|NHL|29|4|1|5|8|—|—|—|—|—|
|2015–16|Stockton Heat|AHL|15|6|9|15|2|—|—|—|—|—|
|2016–17|Anaheim Ducks|NHL|4|0|0|0|0|—|—|—|—|—|

### International

|Year|Team|Event|Result|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||GP|G|A|Pts|PIM|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2010|Canada|WC|7th|3|0|1|1|0|||
|2016|Canada|SC||5|3|3|6|2|||

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Mason Raymond Practice.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Raymond at Vancouver Canucks practice in 2012.
- **birth place**: Cochrane, Alberta, Cochrane, Alberta, AB, Canada, CAN
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 185
- **team**: SC Bern
- **former teams**: Örebro HK
Vancouver Canucks
Toronto Maple Leafs
Calgary Flames
Anaheim Ducks
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **draft**: 51st overall
- **draft year**: 2005
- **draft team**: Vancouver Canucks
- **career start**: 2007
Pavol Demitra

**Pavol Demitra** (November 29, 1974 – September 7, 2011) was a Slovak professional ice hockey centre who last played for the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He first played in the NHL in 1993, having previously played with the Ottawa Senators, who selected him in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft, St. Louis Blues, Los Angeles Kings and Minnesota Wild. Before he joined the NHL, Demitra played in Slovakia, as well as the American Hockey League (AHL) and International Hockey League (IHL), minor professional leagues in North America. In Demitra's NHL career spanning 16 years, he has achieved the 300-goal mark and won the Lady Byng Trophy for sportsmanship in 2000. On September 7, 2011, at 4:02 PM local time, Demitra died when a Yakovlev Yak-42 passenger aircraft, that was carrying the entire hockey team of Lokomotiv Yaroslavl crashed near Yaroslavl, Russia. The plane was on its way to Minsk, Belarus, to start the 2011-12 KHL season.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Demitra18012009.jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **team**: Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
- **played for**: **Kontinental Hockey League, KHL:** Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
 **National Hockey League, NHL:**
Vancouver Canucks
Minnesota Wild
Los Angeles Kings
St. Louis Blues
Ottawa Senators
- **league**: Kontinental Hockey League, KHL
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 200
- **ntl team**: Slovakia
- **birth place**: Dubnica nad Váhom, Czechoslovakia
- **death place**: Tunoshna, Russia
- **draft**: 227th overall
- **draft year**: 1993
- **draft team**: Ottawa Senators
- **career start**: 1993
- **career end**: 2011
Meliaceae

**Meliaceae** is a family of dicotyledonous plants in order Sapindales, most of which have spirally pinnate leaves.

The family includes about 50 genera and 550 species, with a pantropical distribution; one genus (_Toona_) extends north into temperate China and south into southeast Australia, and another (_Melia_) nearly as far north.
South Jakarta

**South Jakarta** () is a city in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the second largest administrative city in Jakarta after East Jakarta.

South Jakarta is divided into five subdistricts: Kebayoran Baru, Kebayoran Lama, Pesanggrahan, Setiabudi, Cilandak, Pasar Minggu, and Jagakarsa.

## Other websites

- Official site .
Alexandre Bolduc

**Alexandre Bolduc** (born June 26, 1985 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre who currently plays for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL).

Bolduc was selected by the St. Louis Blues with the 127th pick in the 2004 NHL Draft but never played for them. He has also played for the Vancouver Canucks. He signed a contract with the Coyotes on July 2, 2011.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: 130412 Alexandre Bolduc (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Bolduc with the Coyotes in 2013
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 197
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **team**: Arizona Coyotes
- **former teams**: Vancouver Canucks
- **birth place**: Montreal, Quebec, QC, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 127th overall
- **draft year**: 2003
- **draft team**: St. Louis Blues
- **career start**: 2005
Manitoba Moose

The **Manitoba Moose** are a professional ice hockey team that play in the American Hockey League (AHL). They play in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, at the MTS Centre. They are the farm team of the Winnipeg Jets.

The team originally played as the Manitoba Moose from 1996 until 2011. They were relocated to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador and became the St. John's IceCaps, which is the AHL farm team of the Winnipeg Jets. The team played in St. John's for four seasons.

In May 2015, it was announced that the team would be returning to Winnipeg and would be once again be called the Manitoba Moose.

## Other websites

- The Internet Hockey Database - Manitoba Moose (AHL)
- The Internet Hockey Database - Manitoba Moose (IHL)
- Manitoba Moose on CJOB
J.B.S. Haldane

**John Burdon Sanderson Haldane** FRS (3 November 1892 – 1 December 1964), known as **Jack** (but who used 'J.B.S.' in his printed works), was a British geneticist and evolutionary biologist who emigrated to India towards the end of his life. He was one of the founders (along with Ronald Fisher and Sewall Wright) of population genetics.

Jack Haldane was a communist, atheist and a writer of popular science books, and articles for the _Daily Worker_. His major professional work was his contribution of mathematical papers on the theory of evolution, which assisted the modern evolutionary synthesis.

## Career

Between 1919 and 1922 he was a Fellow of New College, Oxford University, then moved to Cambridge University, where he accepted a Readership in Biochemistry at Trinity College and taught there until 1932. During his nine years at Cambridge, Haldane worked on enzymes and genetics, particularly the mathematical side of genetics. Haldane wrote many popular essays on science that were eventually collected and published in 1927 in a volume entitled _Possible Worlds_.

He then accepted a position as Professor of Genetics and moved to University College London where he spent most of his academic career. Four years later he became the first Weldon Professor of Biometry at University College London.

Haldane's move to India, initially to the Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) was influenced by a number of factors. Officially he stated that his chief political reason was in response to the Suez Crisis. He wrote: "Finally, I am going to India because I consider that recent acts of the British Government have been violations of international law."

His interest in India was also because of his interest in biological research, belief that the warm climate would do him good and that India offered him freedom and shared socialist dreams. At the ISI, he headed the biometry unit and spent time researching a range of topics and guiding other researchers around him.

## References

- Haldane J.B.S. 1932. _The causes of evolution_.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: J.B.S. Haldane
- **image**: JBS Haldane, circa 1914.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: J.B.S. Haldane
- **birth place**: Oxford, England
- **death place**: Bhubaneswar, India
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British  (until 1961)
 Indian
- **field**: Biologist
- **work institution**: University of Cambridge
University of California, Berkeley
University College London
Indian Statistical Institute Calcutta
- **alma mater**: University of Oxford
- **doctoral advisor**: Frederick Gowland Hopkins
- **doctoral students**: John Maynard Smith
- **known for**: Population genetics
 Enzymology
- **prizes**: Darwin Medal (1952)
Lost Generation

The "**Lost Generation**" is a term used to describe a number of American writers and artists who went to live in Europe after the First World War. People associated with the Lost Generation include Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Sherwood Anderson and John Steinbeck.

The term has also been used more recently to describe those unable to find work after the global financial crisis of 2008-2009.

## Origin of the term

The writer and poet Gertrude Stein is often considered to have come up with the term She supposedly heard her French garage owner speak of his unskilled young workers as "une generation perdue" (a generation lost). Ernest Hemingway then used the term in the introduction to his novel _The Sun Also Rises_.

The term is generally used for the period from the end of the First World War to the beginning of the Great Depression.

## Meaning

After the First World War, members of the _Lost Generation_ decided that they did not want to live a normal life in America. They went to Europe, often Paris. Away from America, the _Lost Generation_ often drank heavily, had affairs and tried to find meaning in life. The _Lost Generation_ produced some of the finest writing of all time, and arguably created a new style of writing.
W.D. Hamilton

**William Donald Hamilton** FRS (1 August 1936 – 7 March 2000) was an English evolutionary biologist whom Richard Dawkins praised as one of the greatest evolutionary theorists of the 20th century.

Hamilton became famous through his theoretical work on kin selection and altruism. He explained its genetic basis, and this was a key part of the  gene-centered view of evolution. In doing this, he became one of the forerunners of sociobiology, as popularized by E.O. Wilson. Hamilton was certainly a big influence on Dawkins. He also published important work on sex ratios and the evolution of sex. From 1984 to his death in 2000, he was the Royal Society Research Professor at Oxford University. He died of malaria contracted in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Hamilton's equation

Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for altruistic behaviour will spread in a population. The gene will spread if **r**x**b** is greater than **c**:
where:
- is the reproductive cost to the altruist,
- is the reproductive benefit to the recipient of the altruistic behavior, and
- is the probability, above the population average, of the individuals sharing an altruistic gene – the "degree of relatedness".

## Collected papers

Hamilton started to publish his collected papers starting in 1996, with short essays giving each paper context. He died after the preparation of the second volume, so the commentaries for the third volume came from his coauthors.
John Maynard Smith

**John Maynard Smith**, FRS (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British theoretical evolutionary biologist and geneticist. Originally an aeronautical engineer during the Second World War, he then took a second degree in genetics under the well-known biologist J.B.S. Haldane. Maynard Smith was instrumental in the application of game theory to evolution and theorized on other problems such as the evolution of sex and signalling theory.

## Awards

He won most of the awards available to scientists:

- Fellow, Royal Society (1977)
- Darwin Medal (1986)
- Frink Medal (1990)
- Balzan Prize (1991)
- Linnean Medal (1995)
- Royal Medal (1997)
- Crafoord Prize (1999)
- Copley Medal (1999)
- Kyoto Prize (2001)
- Darwin-Wallace Award (2008).  This was at the time awarded every 50 years by the Linnean Society of London. Maynard Smith was one of thirteen co-recipients.

Maynard Smith has an Erdős number of four.

## Books

- Maynard Smith J. 1958. _The theory of evolution_. London, Penguin Books.
    - 1993 edn
- Maynard Smith J. 1968. _Mathematical ideas in biology_. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
- Maynard Smith J. 1972. _On evolution_. Edinburgh University Press.
- Maynard Smith J. 1974. _Models in ecology_. Cambridge University Press. ISBN
- Maynard Smith J. 1978. _The evolution of sex_. Cambridge University Press.
- Maynard Smith J. (ed) 1981. _Evolution now_. London, Macmillan.
- Maynard Smith J. 1982. _Evolution and the theory of games_. Cambridge University Press.
- Maynard Smith J. 1986. _The problems of biology_. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Maynard Smith J. 1988. _Did Darwin get it right?: essays on games, sex and evolution_. London, Chapman & Hall.
- Maynard Smith J. 1989. _Evolutionary genetics_. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Maynard Smith J. and Szathmáry E. 1997. _The major transitions in evolution_. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Maynard Smith J. and Szathmáry E. 1999. _The origins of life: from the birth of life to the origin of language_. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Maynard Smith J. and Harper D. 2003. _Animal signals_. Oxford University Press.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: John Maynard Smith
- **image**: John Maynard Smith.jpg
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death place**: Lewes, East Sussex, England
- **nationality**: British
- **field**: Evolutionary biologist and geneticist
- **work institutions**: University of Sussex
- **alma mater**: University of Cambridge and University College London
- **doctoral advisor**: J.B.S. Haldane
- **doctoral students**: Andrew Pomiankowski
Sean Nee
- **known for**: Game theory
Evolution of sex
Signalling theory
- **prizes**: Balzan Prize (1991)
Copley Medal (1999)
Kyoto Prize (2001)
Linnean Society of London's Darwin-Wallace Medal (2008)
Fellow of the Royal Society (1977)
Kawasaki Station

**Kawasaki Station** (川崎駅,かわさきえき) is a railway station of JR East, in Kawasaki, Japan.

## Adjacent stations

- JR East
- Tōkaidō Line
- Rapid Acty, Local
    - Shinagawa - **Kawasaki** - Yokohama
- Keihin-Tōhoku Line
- Rapid, Local
    - Kamata - **Kawasaki** - Tsurumi
- Nambu Line
    - **Kawasaki** - Shitte
Mudvayne

**Mudvayne** is an American heavy metal band. They formed in Peoria, Illinois in 1996. They play for the record label Epic Records.

### Beginnings (1996–98)

In 1996, the band was formed with its original line-up. In 1997, the band released their very first EP, _Kill, I Oughta_. In 1998, the band signed to Epic Records.

### _L.D. 50_ (1999–2001)

In 1999, the band started working on their debut album, _L.D. 50_. It was released on August 22, 2000. The album peaked at No. 1 on the _Billboard_ Heatseekers chart and No. 85 on the _Billboard_ 200. The band participated in the Tattoo to Earth tour, along with many other bands. This album has the singles "Dig" and "Death Blooms".

### _The End of All Things to Come_ (2002–03)

In January 2002, the band was starting to work on their second album. It was released on November 19, 2002. It was certified Gold by the RIAA in 2003. Also in 2003, the band had participated in the Summer Sanitarium Tour. This album contains the singles _Not Falling_ and _World So Cold_.

### _Lost and Found_ (2004–06)

The album was worked on all throughout 2004, it was set to be released in November 2004, with its first single ("Determined") set to be released in September of that year, but was pushed back due to production issues, it was eventually released on April 12, 2005. The album sold 100, 000 copies at the week of it's release. It debuted at No. 2 and was certified Gold by the RIAA later that same year. This album contains the singles "Determined" (which was nominated at the 2006 Grammy Awards), "Happy?", "Forget to Remember" and "Fall into Sleep".

### _By the People, for the People_, _The New Game_, self-titled album and break-up (2007–10)

On November 27, 2007, Mudvayne released their compilation album. Also in 2007, they have been working on a new album, which was released on November 18, 2008. It was initially set for a late 2007 release but production was temporarily put on hold in mid 2007, before resuming in early 2008. The album debuted at No. 15 on the Billboard 200. It sold 48,000 copies at the week of its release. This album has the singles "Do What You Do", "A New Game" and "Scarlet Letters".

In 2008, right after the release of their fourth album, they started to work on their final album, which was their self titled album. It was released on December 21, 2009. The album debuted at No. 54 on the _Billboard_ 200 and sold around 34,000 copies at the week of it's release. By the next week, sales dropped a lot. This album has the single "Scream with Me".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mudvayne
- **image**: Mudvayne band members.jpg
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Peoria, Illinois, United States
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, alternative metal, progressive metal
- **years active**: 1996-2010, 2021–present
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic
- **associated acts**: Hellyeah
- **url**: [http://www.mudvayne.com/ www.Mudvayne.com]
- **current members**: Chad Gray
Greg Tribbett
Ryan Martinie
Matthew McDonough
- **past members**: Shawn Barclay
Alastair Campbell

**Alastair John Campbell** (born 25 May 1957) was the Director of Communications and Strategy for the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Tony Blair) between 1997 and 2003.

He used to work for the Daily Mirror as their politics reporter, and was an alcoholic. Then he had a breakdown, gave up drinking, and started working for Tony Blair in 1994. He was seen as one of the main spin doctors in the Labour Party. He eventually resigned over the 45 minute claim in the dossier prepared over the Iraq War, after the Hutton report had come out and Dr. David Kelly was dead.

He currently works as a broadcaster, journalist and spokesman for Leukaemia Research. He is said to be re-joining the Labour campaign team for the 2010 election. He is an atheist.
Cave

A **cave** is a natural underground hollow space. They can have narrow passageways (corridors) and chambers (caverns). They are usually formed when underground acidic (sour) water wears away softer stones, such as limestone. Only the hard rock, such as granite, is left. Caves can also be formed during natural catastrophes, such as earthquakes, or by ice and glaciers.

Caves can have formations in them such as stalagmites and stalactites. These are made over thousands of years by water dripping and leaving mineral deposits.

Many creatures live in the entrance areas of caves, for example snakes, mice, spiders & porcupines. Only a few animals are found deep in caves. Bats often live in caves. Another common creature found in caves is cave crickets.

In the past, people lived in caves. People used to live in many European caves in the Stone Age. Caves still provide shelter for trekkers. Some caves have beautiful paintings on the walls.

People who explore caves are called cavers or speleologists. (The study of caves is called **speleology**.) They go into caves for fun, exercise and to see the different formations. This can be a dangerous sport because caves sometimes have deep holes. Cavers also have to climb and crawl through the passages. Cavers usually go into caves with four or more people. Each person has 2 or 3 light sources. One light is attached to each helmet. People go into caves to try and explore more about the world.
Mickey Mouse Clubhouse

***Mickey Mouse Clubhouse*** is an American animated educational children's television series on Disney Junior and Disney Channel. It was produced by Disney Television Animation. The show features Mickey Mouse and his playmates in their journeys in different places as they learn on the way. They took help with 3, 4 or 5 items called Mouskatools given by Toodles. Although the series was cancelled, it was given a revival of the same name. It aired from May 5, 2006 to November 6, 2016.

## Episodes

Ferris Wheel
Carousel
Roller Coaster
Bumper Cars
Funhouse
Popcorn
Ice Cream
Soda
Cotton Candy
Water Park
Carnival
Tent
Ringmaster
Clown
Magician
Animals
Grass
Museum
Mailbox
Library
Driveway
Store
School
Pottery Barn
Farm
Petting Zoo

## Infobox (television)

- **alt name**: _Disney's Mickey Mouse Clubhouse_
- **creator**: Bobs Gannaway
- **developer**: Bobs Gannaway
- **director**: Bobs Gannaway
- **voices**: Wayne Allwine/Bret Iwan as Mickey Mouse
Tony Anselmo as Donald Duck
Russi Taylor as Minnie Mouse
Tress MacNeille as Daisy Duck, Chip
Bill Farmer as Goofy, Pluto
Will Ryan as Willie the Giant
April Winchell as Clarabelle Cow
Jim Cummings as Pete
Dee Bradley Baker
Frank Welker
Rob Paulsen as Toodles
Corey Burton as Dale
- **composer**: Mike Himelstein
Michael Turner
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 4
- **num episodes**: 125
- **list episodes**: List of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse episodes
- **executive producer**: Bobs Gannaway (season 1 (episodes 1-23, 25-27))
Rob LaDuca (season 1 (episode 24), 2-4)
- **opentheme**: "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Theme Song" sung by They Might Be Giants
- **endtheme**: "Hot Dog!" sung by They Might Be Giants
- **editor**: Reid Kramer
- **runtime**: 23 minutes (S1:E1-S1:E23, S1:E25-S2:E32, S2:E34, S2:E37, S2:E39-S3:E8, S3:E10-S3:E21, S3:E22-S3:E32, S4:E3-S4:E4, S4:F7, S4:EE10-S4:E12, S4:E14, S4:E17-S4:E18, S4:E22-S4:E23, S4:E25); 49 minutes (S1:E24, S2:E38, S3:E9, S3:E22); 30 minutes (S4:E1-S4:E2, S4:E8-S4:E9, S4:E16, S4:E19, S4:E21, S4:E24); 53 minuten (S4:E5); 45 minutes (S4:E6, S4:F20); 47 minutes (S2:E33, S4:E13); 44 minutes (S4:E15); 46 minutes (S4:E26)
- **company**: Disney Television Animation
Indies

The **Indies** is a word used for places in South and Southeast Asia, including Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and also Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, Singapore, the Philippines, East Timor, Malaysia and Indonesia. Sometimes this area has also been called as the East Indies, in contrast to the West Indies.
Asclepias amplexicaulis

***Asclepias amplexicaulis***, also known as the **clasping milkweed**, is a species of milkweed plant.  It is also known as **blunt-leaved milkweed** and **sand milkweed**.  It is in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to eastern North America.  The blooming period is in the spring.  This species is found in prairies and open woodlands, usually in sandy soil.  It is about 0.3 to 0.9 meters in height (1-3 feet).  Clasping Milkweed has poison that is dangerous to humans and livestock.

## Other websites

- _Asclepias amplexicaulis_ at USDA PLANTS Database
- _Asclepias amplexicaulis_ at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses
- _Asclepias amplexicaulis_ at Connecticut Botanical Society
- http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/prairie/htmls/plants/A-amplexicaulis.html
Asclepias asperula

***Asclepias asperula*** is a species of milkweed plant. It is commonly known as **antelope horns**, **green-flowered milkweed**, **spider antelope horns** and **spider antelopehorns**.  It belongs to the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.  It blooms from April to June.  This species likes to grow in moist sandy or rocky soil.  Antelope horns grows from 0.3 to 0.6 meters (1-2 feet).

## Other websites

- _Asclepias asperula_ at USDA PLANTS Database
- _Asclepias asperula_ at Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses
Asclepias californica

***Asclepias californica*** (commonly known as the **California milkweed**) is a species of milkweed plant.  It is also known as **Round-hooded milkweed**. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.  It is native to California and Baja California.  It blooms from April to July.  This species is found on grassy or bushy hillsides.

## Other websites

- _Asclepias californica_ at USDA PLANTS Database
- _Asclepias californica_ at Treatment from the Jepson Manual
Alex Burrows

**Alexandre Ménard-Burrows** (born April 11, 1981) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Ottawa Senators. He is known for his ascension to the NHL from being an undrafted player in the ECHL.

## Career statistics

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000–01|Shawinigan Cataractes|QMJHL|63|16|14|30|105|10|2|1|3|8|
|2001–02|Shawinigan Cataractes|QMJHL|64|35|35|70|184|10|9|10|19|20|
|2002–03|Greenville Grrrowl|ECHL|53|9|17|26|201|—|—|—|—|—|
|2002–03|Baton Rouge Kingfish|ECHL|13|4|2|6|64|—|—|—|—|—|
|2003–04|Columbia Inferno|ECHL|64|29|44|73|194|4|2|0|2|28|
|2003–04|Manitoba Moose|AHL|2|0|0|0|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|2004–05|Columbia Inferno|ECHL|4|5|1|6|4|—|—|—|—|—|
|2004–05|Manitoba Moose|AHL|72|9|17|26|107|14|0|3|3|37|
|2005–06|Manitoba Moose|AHL|33|12|18|30|57|13|6|7|13|27|
|2005–06|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|43|7|5|12|61|—|—|—|—|—|
|2006–07|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|81|3|6|9|93|11|1|0|1|14|
|2007–08|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|82|12|19|31|179|—|—|—|—|—|
|2008–09|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|82|28|23|51|150|10|3|1|4|20|
|2009–10|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|82|35|32|67|121|12|3|3|6|22|
|2010–11|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|72|26|22|48|77|25|9|8|17|34|
|2011–12|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|80|28|24|52|90|5|1|0|1|7|
|2012–13|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|47|13|11|24|54|4|2|1|3|6|
|2013–14|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|49|5|10|15|71|—|—|—|—|—|
|2014–15|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|70|18|15|33|68|3|0|2|2|21|
|2015–16|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|79|9|11|20|49|—|—|—|—|—|
|2016–17|Vancouver Canucks|NHL|55|9|11|20|53|—|—|—|—|—|
|2016–17|Ottawa Senators|NHL|20|6|5|11|9|15|0|5|5|18|
|2017–18|Ottawa Senators|NHL|71|6|8|14|59|—|—|—|—|—|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Alex Burrows
- **image**: Alex Burrows 10-2015.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Burrows with the Vancouver Canucks in 2015
- **birth place**: Pincourt, Quebec, Pincourt, Quebec, Canada
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lb**: 197
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **played for**: Vancouver Canucks
Ottawa Senators
- **ntl team**: CAN
- **draft**: Undrafted
- **career start**: 2002
- **career end**: 2018
Winger (ice hockey)

**Winger**, in hockey, is a forward position of a player who is on either side of the centre forward, often along the playing area. They usually work by going beside the centre. At first, the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink. Now, there are different types of wingers in the game: they either are mainly goal scorers, or help stop the other team from scoring.

This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes. Players to the left of the centre are called "left wingers," and players on the right are called "right wingers."
Yucca brevifolia

***Yucca brevifolia*** is a plant species in the genus _Yucca_ and in the family Agavaceae. Its common names are **Joshua tree** and **Yucca palm** and **Tree yucca** and **Palm tree yucca**. They grow in the desert and do not have growth rings. The lack of grow rings makes it hard to tell the trees age.
1910–11 NHA season

The **1910–11 NHA season** was the second season of the former National Hockey Association. Five teams played 16 games each, starting on December 31, 1910 and ending on March 10, 1911. The Ottawa Hockey Club won the league championship and took over the Stanley Cup from the Montreal Wanderers.

### Final standings

|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30%"||bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|GP|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|W|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|L|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%"|T|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%"|GF|bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7.5%"|GA|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Ottawa Hockey Club**|16|13|3|0|122|69||||||||
|Montreal Canadiens|16|8|8|0|66|62||||||||
|Renfrew Creamery Kings|16|8|8|0|91|101||||||||
|Montreal Wanderers|16|7|9|0|73|88||||||||
|Quebec Bulldogs|16|4|12|0|65|97||||||||

<small>**_Note:** W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against_</small>

### Results

|Month|Day|Visitor|Score|Home|Score||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Dec.|31|Ottawa|5|Canadiens|3||
|rowspan=16 valign=top|Jan.|2|Renfrew|2|Quebec|3|
|5†|Wanderers|4|Renfrew|2|||
|7|Canadiens|4|Quebec|1|||
|7|Wanderers|5|Ottawa|10|||
|10|Quebec|4|Wanderers|5 (overtime)|||
|10|Ottawa|5|Renfrew|4|||
|14|Renfrew|1|Canadiens|4|||
|14|Quebec|5|Ottawa|13|||
|16|Quebec|5|Renfrew|10|||
|18|Canadiens|4|Wanderers|5|||
|21|Canadiens|4|Ottawa|5 (overtime)|||
|21|Wanderers|5|Quebec|3|||
|24|Renfrew|5|Ottawa|19|||
|24|Quebec|5|Canadiens|9|||
|27|Canadiens|6|Renfrew|5|||
|28|Ottawa|8|Wanderers|2|||
|rowspan=18 valign=top|Feb.|1|Renfrew|8|Quebec|7|
|1|Wanderers|6|Canadiens|3|||
|3|Wanderers|5|Renfrew|8|||
|4|Ottawa|6|Quebec|4|||
|7|Canadiens|9|Wanderers|2|||
|11|Quebec|2|Canadiens|3|||
|11|Wanderers|4|Ottawa|9|||
|15‡|Wanderers|4|Renfrew|5 (at Ottawa)|||
|15|Canadiens|4|Quebec|7|||
|18|Renfrew|4|Wanderers|6|||
|18|Ottawa|7|Quebec|2|||
|21|Renfrew|2|Canadiens|4|||
|22|Wanderers|3|Quebec|1|||
|24|Ottawa|7|Renfrew|8|||
|25|Quebec|3|Wanderers|2|||
|27|Quebec|11|Renfrew|10|||
|28|Wanderers|2|Canadiens|3|||
|28|Quebec|2|Ottawa|6|||
|rowspan=6  valign=top|Mar.|2|Ottawa|7|Wanderers|11|
|2|Canadiens|3|Renfrew|5|||
|4|Renfrew|7|Ottawa|6|||
|7|Wanderers|6|Renfrew|7|||
|8|Ottawa|4|Canadiens|3|||
|10|Canadiens|0|Ottawa|5|||

† Protested by Renfrew.

‡ Replay of protested game.

### Goalkeeper Averages

|Name|Club|GP|GA|SO|Avg.|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Vezina, Georges|Canadiens|16|62||3.9|
|LeSueur, Percy|Ottawa|16|69|1|4.3|
|Hern, Riley|Wanderers|16|88||5.5|
|Moran, Paddy|Quebec|16|97||6.1|
|Lindsay, Bert|Renfrew|16|101||6.3|

### Leading scorers

|width=150|Name|width=75|Club|width=35|GP|width=35|G|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Walsh, Marty|Ottawa|16|37|||||
|Kerr, Dubby|Ottawa|16|32|||||
|Smith, Don|Renfrew|16|28|||||
|Ridpath, Bruce|Ottawa|16|22|||||
|Cleghorn, Odie|Renfrew|16|20|||||
|Lalonde, Newsy|Canadiens|16|19|||||
|Pitre, Didier|Canadiens|16|19|||||
|Russell, Ernie|Wanderers|10|18|||||
|Darragh, Jack|Ottawa|16|18|||||
|Glass, Pud|Wanderers|16|17|||||

## Further readings

- .
Tim Thomas

**Timothy Thomas, Jr.** (born April 15, 1974), called _The Tank_, is a former American professional ice hockey goaltender under contract with the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was raised in Flint, Michigan and played college hockey for the University of Vermont for four years from 1993–1997, during which, he was selected 217th overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He played for several years in the minor leagues and Europe before becoming the Boston Bruins' starting goaltender. He, along with Manny Fernandez, is the current holder of the William M. Jennings Trophy. Thomas is a two-time NHL All-Star, and was the winner of the 2009 Vezina Trophy as the league's best goaltender. The Bruins suspended Thomas for not reporting to training camp and he was traded to the Islanders for a conditional 2nd round pick in either 2014 or 2015.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Tim Thomas
- **image**: Tim thomas.JPG
- **image size**: 240px
- **played for**: Boston Bruins
Florida Panthers
Dallas Stars
 **SM-liiga, SM-l**
Jokerit
Kärpät
HIFK (ice hockey), HIFK
**Swedish Hockey League, SEL**
AIK Hockey, AIK
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 201
- **ntl team**: United States
- **birth place**: Flint, Michigan, Davison, Michigan, MI, USA
- **draft**: 217th overall
- **draft year**: 1994
- **draft team**: Quebec Nordiques
- **career start**: 1997
- **career end**: 2014
Quebec Nordiques

The **Quebec Nordiques** (, pronounced  in Quebec French,  in Canadian English, meaning "Northmen" or "Northerners") were a professional ice hockey team from Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The Nordiques played in the World Hockey Association (1972–1979) and the National Hockey League (1979–1995). The team moved to Denver, Colorado in 1995 and changed their name to the Colorado Avalanche.

As the value of the Canadian dollar was failing, the Quebec Nordiques were compelled to sell their team. With the salaries of players rising and the arena in need of repairs, the ownership of the Nordiques was sold to a group of investors in Denver, Colorado. To make matters worse, during their first season in Colorado, the former Nordiques, now Colorado Avalanche, won the Stanley Cup.
1967 NHL expansion

The National Hockey League (NHL) went through an expansion for the 1967–68 NHL season. It added six new teams, which already had six teams in it. This marked the first change in the composition of the league since 1942. It was the end of the Original Six era in the NHL, which had happened since 1942.

The expansion process began in March 1965, when NHL President Clarence Campbell announced that the league proposed to expand its operations through the formation of a second six-team division.

Before the expansion, there were six teams:
- Boston Bruins
- Chicago Black Hawks
- Detroit Red Wings
- Montreal Canadiens
- New York Rangers
- Toronto Maple Leafs

The six teams added in 1967 were:
- California Seals
- Los Angeles Kings
- Minnesota North Stars
- Philadelphia Flyers
- Pittsburgh Penguins
- St. Louis Blues