juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
South Gyeongsang Province

**South Gyeongsang** is a province in South Korea. It has cities including its capital Changwon, Gimhae, and Sangju. South Gyeongsang's governor is Park Wan-su.

## History

In 1895, Gyeongsang-do divided. In the south, the west was called Jinju, and the east Dongnae. In 1896, Jinju and Dongnae joined, making Gyeongsangnam-do. In 1896 the provincial capital was Jinju, but it changed to Busan in 1925. In 1963, Busan separated, so in 1983 the provincial capital moved to Changwon. Ulsan separated in 1997.

## Geography

South Gyeongsang's area is 10531.1km². It occupies 10.6% of South Korea's whole area. South Gyeongsang's area is the fourth largest of the 16 cities and provinces.

## Population

South Gyeongsang's population is 3,364,695 and the population density is 307/km².

## District

There are 8 cities and 10 counties in South Gyeongsang.

## Other websites

- http://www.gyeongnam.go.kr/jsp/main/main.jsp

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: South Gyeongsang Province
- **native name lang**: ko
- **settlement type**: Provinces of South Korea, Province
- **translit lang1**: Korean
- **translit lang1 type**: Hangul
- **image flag**: Flag of South Gyeongsang Province.svg
- **image map**: Gyeongsangnam-do in South Korea.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: South Korea
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Yeongnam
- **seat type**: List of capitals in South Korea, Capital
- **seat**: Changwon
- **parts type**: Subdivisions
- **parts**: 8 cities; 10 counties
- **leader title**: Governor of South Gyeongsang Province, Governor
- **leader name**: Park Wan-soo

- **area total km2**: 10,533
- **area rank**: 4th
- **population total**: 3,447,687
- **population as of**: December, 2018
- **population density km2**: 327.86
- **population rank**: 2nd
- **population demonym**: Gyeongnamian
- **demographics type1**: Metropolitan Symbols
- **demographics1 title1**: Flower
- **iso code**: KR-48
- **blank name sec1**: Dialect
- **blank info sec1**: Gyeongsang dialect, Gyeongsang
- **translit lang1 type1**: Hanja
- **translit lang1 type2**: McCune‑Reischauer
- **translit lang1 info2**: Kyŏngsang-namdo
- **translit lang1 type3**: Revised Romanization
- **translit lang1 info3**: Gyeongsangnam-do
- **demographics1 info1**: Rose
- **demographics1 title2**: Tree
- **demographics1 info2**: _Zelkova_
- **demographics1 title3**: Bird
- **demographics1 info3**: Heron, White heron
Aphelion (disambiguation)

**Aphelion** might mean:

- Aphelion, is the farthest point from the sun in an heliocentric orbit of a celestial body
- _Aphelion_ (software) (or _Aphelion Imaging Sofware Suite_), software for image processing and analysis
Sikorsky S-76

The **Sikorsky S-76** is an American helicopter. It is used both by civil and military aviation.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Sikorsky S-76
- **image**: File:CLE S76 (5385385960).jpg
- **caption**: Civil Sikorsky S-76.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Helicopter
- **national origin**: USA
- **manufacturer**: Igor Sikorsky, Sikorsky.
- **first flight**: 1977
- **introduction**: 1980
- **status**: Active
- **produced**: 1980 to now.
- **number built**: + 500 examples
Fairey Hendon

The **Fairey Hendon** is the first British bomber built in metal. It was designed for night flight. It was used only by the RAF.

## Variants

- Hendon Mk-I, prototype, only one built.
- Hendon Mk-II, serie variant, 14 built.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Fairey Hendon
- **image**: File:Fairey Hendon K1695.jpg
- **caption**: **Fairey Hendon** in flight.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Night-Bomber
- **national origin**: UK.
- **manufacturer**: Fairey Aviation, Fairey
- **first flight**: 1930
- **introduction**: 1936
- **status**: Retired in 1939
- **primary user**: Royal Air Force.
- **produced**: Out of production.
- **number built**: 15 examples
2016 Saxony-Anhalt state election

The **Saxony-Anhalt state election** was held on 13 March 2016 in the German State of Saxony-Anhalt for the next composition of the Parliament of Saxony-Anhalt. The incumbent Governor is Reiner Haseloff of the CDU, governing with the SPD.

## Results

- 30 CDU MPs were elected (down 12) - 29.8%
- 24 AfD MPs were elected (up 24) - 24.2%
- 17 The Left MPs were elected (down 9) - 16.3%
- 11 SPD MPs were elected (down 17) - 10.6%
- 5 Green MPs were elected (down 4) - 5.2%

## Post-election

The only realistic possibility would be a coalition government of the CDU, SPD and the Greens. Together, they would have a 2-seat majority . Other combinations (such as the CDU and The Left or CDU and AfD) are highly unlikely. The stark differences among the parties will make it harder for negotiations to create a coalition.

## Polls before the election

The reference for the polls is wahlrecht.de.

|style="text-align:left; width:10em;"|Poll|style="width:4em;"|Date|style="width:4em;border-bottom:3px solid #000000;"|CDU|style="width:4em;border-bottom:3px solid #CD1811;"|Left|style="width:4em;border-bottom:3px solid #FF0000;"|SPD|style="width:4em;border-bottom:3px solid #008B00;"|Green|style="width:4em;border-bottom:3px solid #8B4726;"|NPD|style="width:4em;border-bottom:3px solid #FFFF00;"|FDP|style="width:4em;border-bottom:3px solid #FF820A;"|Pirate|style="width:4em;border-bottom:3px solid #009EE0;"|AfD|style="width:4em;border-bottom:3px solid #888;"|Other|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="text-align: left;"|Forschungsgruppe Wahlen|3/10/2016|32%|21%|14%|5%|–|4.5%|–|18%|5.5%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|Forsa|3/9/2016|30%|20%|17%|5%|–|5%|–|18%|5%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|INSA|3/7/2016|29%|20%|15.5%|6%|–|4%|–|19%|6.5%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|uniQma|3/7/2016|30%|19%|18%|5%|1%|4%|–|17%|6%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|Forschungsgruppe Wahlen|3/4/2016|32%|20%|15%|5%|–|4%|–|17%|7%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|Infratest dimap|3/3/2016|31%|21%|15%|5.5%|–|4.5%|–|19%|4%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|INSA|2/28/2016|29.5%|20%|17%|5%|–|5%|–|17%|6.5%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|INSA|2/22/2016|30%|21%|16%|5%|–|4%|–|17%|7%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|Infratest dimap|2/17/2016|32%|20%|18%|5%|–|4%|–|17%|4%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|Forschungsgruppe Wahlen|1/14/2016|33%|19%|19%|5%|–|3%|–|15%|6%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|INSA|12/5/2015|35%|23%|15.5%|6%|–|3%|–|13.5%|4%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|Infratest dimap|9/14/2015|34%|26%|21%|7%|3%|–|–|5%|4%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|GMS|7/1/2015|35%|21%|21%|6%|3%|4%|–|6%|4%|||||||||||
|style="text-align: left;"|Infratest dimap|8/20/2013|39%|22%|21%|7%|–|2%|3%|–|6%|||||||||||

## Other websites

- Saxony-Anhalt Electoral Office
North American Aviation A3J Vigilante

The **North American Aviation A3J Vigilante** is an American reconnaissance and attack aircraft. It served with US Navy onto aircraft carrier. After September 1962 **A3J Vigilante** began **A-5 Vigilante**.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: North American Aviation A3J Vigilante
- **image**: File:A-5A VAH-7 CVAN-65 NAN3-63.jpg
- **caption**: **North American Aviation A3J Vigilante** in flight.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Reconnaissance and Attack aircraft
- **national origin**: USA.
- **manufacturer**: North American Aviation
- **first flight**: 1958
- **introduction**: 1961
- **status**: Out of service.
- **primary user**: US Navy
- **number built**: 156 examples
Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Ratified on January 23, 1933, the **Twentieth Amendment** (**Amendment XX**) to the United States Constitution moved the beginning and ending of the terms of the president and vice president from March 4 to January 20. It moved the start and end dates for members of Congress from March 1 to January 21. In both cases the start and end time is at noon. It also gives the procedure to follow if for some reason there is no president-elect.

## Background

In the later part of the eighteenth century, when the Constitution was written, travel and communications were both very slow by modern standards. To cross the Atlantic Ocean could take several weeks. Traveling by horseback or by carriage on crude roads in the US could take even longer. Communications were mainly by letter or messenger. For these reasons the framers of the Constitution allowed for the longer periods of time it took to send and receive messages. Four months, the time from the election in November to the swearing-in in March, was necessary at the time.

By the 1930s, a railroad passenger could cross the country in 3 days. The Post Office had been using airmail since 1918. But vastly improved travel times and communications were not the only reasons behind the Twentieth Amendment. The joint resolution calling for the amendment was sponsored by Republican Senator George William Norris of Nebraska. Called the "Lame Duck" Amendment, it acquired this name because Norris wanted to eliminate the lame-duck sessions of Congress where outgoing members still held office and voted on bills for several months before the new members could be sworn in. The bill he wrote applied to both houses of Congress, the offices of President and Vice-President.

Another area the amendment addressed was with the succession of the president if the president-elect died before taking office. It provides for the vice-president elect to become the president-elect and take office on January 20. The amendment also give Congress the power to legislate on other issues dealing with the succession of the president.

## Effects of the Twentieth Amendment

The sessions of Congress between the election and the beginning of a new term are called "lame duck" sessions because members of Congress who were voted out of office still attend and can still vote. Originally the term "lame duck" was a financial term meaning those who could not repay a loan. As used in politics, a representative who lost an election was no longer accountable to the voters. As the framers of the Twentieth Amendment saw it, lame duck representatives should not be able to vote since voters had already rejected their views. The Twentieth Amendment only shortened the lame duck period by six weeks. Between 1933 and 2012, 18 lame-duck sessions of Congress have passed laws.

## References

- The Constitution and the Inauguration of the President
- Twentieth Amendment: Limiting Lame Duck Mischief
Noura Ghazi

**Noura Ghazi** (نورة غازي) also **Noura Ghazi al-Safadi** ( نورة غازي الصفدي ) was born September 30 1981 in Damascus, Syria.  She is a Syrian lawyer.  Her husband, Bassel disappeared in Syria in 2014.

## Life

Ghazi's father was an activist for workers. When Ghazi was five years old, her father was sent to prison by the Supreme Court of State Security. Noura Ghazi studied law at Damascus University.

## Work

Ghazi became a human rights lawyer in 2004. She defends people who are in jail because they are prisoners of conscience in Syria.

Ghazi's husband Bassel Khartabil (Arabic: باسل خرطبيل), or Bassel Safadi (Arabic: باسل صفدي), a Syrian-Palestinian who wrote open-source software, was arrested on March 15, 2012. They were married at Adra prison on January 7, 2013.

While Bassel was in prison, from 2012-2015, Ghazi wrote a book about him called _Waiting_.  Bassel translated the book into English.

## Other websites

- "Read the story of Bassel Khartabil, Syrian prisoner who lives and risks dying for a free Internet" on Creative Commons
Thelma Aldana

**Thelma Aldana** or **Thelma Esperanza Aldana Hernández de López** (born September 27, 1955), is a Guatemalan lawyer. She became a judge in the Supreme Court in 2009. She was elected president of the Supreme Court from 2011 to 2011. In 2013 she replaced Claudia Paz y Paz as Guatemala’s attorney general.

## Work

Aldana graduated from the University of San Carlos in Guatemala. She has a Master's degree in Civil and Procedural law (the different types of law).

### Courts for violence against women

In 2011, when she was president of the Supreme Court, Aldana started special courts in Guatemala for femicide cases. Killing women, and violence against women became a crime in Guatemala. Eleven districts now have the special courts. Judges and police officers receive special gender crime training. Every year there are 56,000 reports of violence against women.

### Against corruption

In 2015 Aldana led an investigation into government corruption. As a result, the president of Guatemala resigned.

## Awards

- In 2015 Aldana won the Jaime Brunet Prize for the Promotion of Human Rights from the Public University of Navarra. the prize was for her work for women's rights, against gender violence, and for the rights of the indigenous peoples, as well as against political corruption. The prize was for 36,000 euros.
- In 2016, Aldana received the International Women of Courage Award

## Other websites

- 2016 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Suranimala Rajapaksha

**Jayasinghe Rajapakse Mohottige Don Suranimala Rajapaksha** (Sinhala:සුරනිමල රාජපක්ෂ) (5 January 1949 – 14 March 2016) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was first elected to the Parliament of Sri Lanka in 1994. He was the Minister of School Education in Republic Socialist of Sri Lanka in 2001 to 2004. He was a member of the United National Party (UNP) and a member of UNP Working Committee. He was appointed as the Coordinating secretary to the Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe on 27 January 2015.

Rajapaksha died on 14 March 2016 at a hospital in Colombo, Sri Lanka from renal failure. He was aged 67.
Doreen Massey

**Doreen Barbara Massey** FRSA FBA FAcSS (3 January 1944 – 11 March 2016) was a British social scientist and geographer. She was working among others on topics involving Marxist geography, feminist geography, and cultural geography.  Her work on space, place and power has been highly helpful within a range of related disciplines and research fields.  She served as Emeritus Professor of Geography at the Open University.

Massey died on 11 March 2016 from pancreatic cancer. She was aged 72.

## Other websites

- Profile at Open University
- Open University Radio transcript and mp3 file

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Doreen Massey
- **image**: Doreen Massey.jpg
- **birth name**: Doreen Barbara Massey
- **birth date**: 3 January 1944
- **birth place**: Manchester, England, UK
- **citizenship**: British
- **fields**: economic geography, Economic and Social geography
- **alma mater**: University of Oxford
University of Pennsylvania
- **awards**: Victoria Medal (geography), Victoria Medal (1994)
Prix Vautrin Lud (1998)
Hilary Putnam

**Hilary Whitehall Putnam** (July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, and computer scientist. He was a central figure in analytic philosophy from the 1960s. He worked in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophy of science. Until his death, Putnam was Cogan University Professor Emeritus at Harvard University.

Putnam was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Harvard University, at University of Pennsylvania and at the University of California, Los Angeles. Putnam died on March 13, 2016 from mesothelioma at his home in Boston, Massachusetts. He was aged 89.

## Other websites

- An extensive bibliography
- An extensive directory
- _London Review of Books_ contributor page
- Hilary Putnam: On Mind, Meaning and Reality , Interview by Josh Harlan, _The Harvard Review of Philosophy_, spring 1992.
- "To Think with Integrity" , Hilary Putnam's Farewell Lecture, _The Harvard Review of Philosophy_, Spring 2000.
Davy Walsh

**David Joseph Walsh** (28 April 1923 – 14 March 2016), commonly referred to as  **Davy Walsh** or **Dave Walsh**, was an Irish footballer. He was born in Waterford, Ireland.

He played as a centre forward for, among others, Linfield, West Bromwich Albion and Aston Villa. Walsh was a dual international. He played for both Ireland teams – the FAI XI and the IFA XI.

In 1949, he was a member of the FAI XI that defeated England 2–0 at Goodison Park, becoming the first team to beat England at home.

Walsh died on 14 March 2016 from pneumonia in Dublin, Ireland. He was aged 92.

## Other websites

- Northern Ireland’s Footballing Greats
San Francisco (disambiguation)

**San Francisco** is a combined city/county in the U.S. state of California.

**San Francisco** may also refer to:

## Related to San Francisco, California

- San Francisco Bay
- San Francisco Bay Area, the metropolitan area
- San Francisco Peninsula, the peninsula where the city is located
- University of San Francisco, a Jesuit university located in the city
- San Francisco Giants, the professional baseball team which plays in the city
- San Francisco 49ers, the professional American football team which plays in Santa Clara, but retains the name San Francisco, having played in the city from 1946 to 2013

## Place names

- Chile
- San Francisco de Mostazal, Chile

- Dominican Republic
- San Francisco de Macorís

- Ecuador
- San Francisco de Quito, formal name of the capital city

## Related pages

- São Francisco (disambiguation), the Portuguese equivalent of San Francisco
Sergio Arellano Stark

**Sergio Arellano Stark** (10 June 1921 – 9 March 2016) was a Chilean military officer. He led the so-called “Caravan of Death". It killed many Chileans from helicopters and established Augusto Pinochet’s hold on power. He was born in Santiago, Chile.

Stark died in Santiago, Chile on 9 March 2016 from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He was aged 94.
Martha Wright

**Martha Wright**, born **Martha Lucile Wiederrecht** (March 23, 1923 – March 1, 2016), was an American actress and singer. She performed on Broadway and on television. She was in _South Pacific_ and _The Sound of Music_.

Wright died at the age of 92 in Newburyport, Massachusetts on March 1, 2016.

## Other websites

- Broadway At Its Best!: Martha Wright (archived version)

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Martha Wright 1955.JPG
- **caption**: Wright in 1955.
- **birth name**: Martha Lucile Wiederrecht
- **birth place**: Seattle, Washington (state), Washington
- **death place**: Newburyport, Massachusetts, Newburyport, Massachusetts
- **occupation**: Actor, singer
- **yearsactive**: 1943–1983
Thomas G. Morris

**Thomas Gayle Morris** (August 20, 1919 – March 4, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in Eastland County, Texas. Morris served in the New Mexico House of Representatives from 1953 to 1958. He was elected as a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives in 1958. Morris began serving on January 3, 1959, and left office January 3, 1969, after being defeated for re-election.

Morris died in Amarillo, Texas on March 4, 2016 at the age of 96.
Morgan F. Murphy

**Morgan Francis Murphy** (April 16, 1932 – March 4, 2016) was an American politician. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives representing Illinois's 2nd district. He served from 1973 through 1981. He replaced Abner J. Mikva. He later served as a U.S. representative for Illinois's 3rd district. He served from 1971 through 1973.

Murphy died in Chicago, Illinois from prostate cancer on March 4, 2016. He was aged 83.
Article Two of the United States Constitution

**Article Two of the United States Constitution** creates the executive branch of the United States government.  The executive branch includes the President; the Vice President; the Cabinet; executive departments, like the Department of State; independent agencies, like the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and other things like committees and commissions.
Dissenting opinion

A **dissenting opinion** (or **dissent**) is an opinion in a legal case. It is written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court. In some cases, they simply declare a disagreement with the majority opinion. In other cases they may be used to instruct, prod, or otherwise try to convince other justices of the point of view expressed by the minority.

When not necessarily referring to a legal decision, this can also be referred to as a **minority report**.

Dissenting opinions are normally written at the same time as the majority opinion and any concurring opinions. They are also delivered and published at the same time.  A dissenting opinion does not create binding precedent nor does it become a part of case law. However, they can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive authority in subsequent cases when arguing that the court's holding should be limited or overturned. In some cases, a previous dissent is used to spur a change in the law. A later case may result in a majority opinion adopting a particular rule of law formerly advocated in dissent.  As with concurring opinions, the difference in opinion between dissents and majority opinions can often highlight the precise holding of the majority opinion. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes stated in 1936: "A dissent in a Court of last resort is an appeal".

The dissent may disagree with the majority for any number of reasons: a different interpretation of the existing case law, the application of different principles, or a different interpretation of the facts.
Legal opinion

In law, a **legal opinion** is usually a written explanation by a judge or group of judges that accompanies an order or ruling in a case. Legal opinions  may also be written by legal experts. A legal opinion is used to lay out the rationale (reasons for) and legal principles for the ruling.

Opinions are usually published at the direction of the court. They may be used to reinforce, explain, change, establish, or overturn legal precedent. If a court decides that an opinion should be published, the opinion is included in a volume from a series of books called law reports or case reports. Published opinions of courts are also collectively referred to as case law, which is one of the major sources of law in common law legal systems.
Judicial opinion

A **judicial opinion** is a form of legal opinion written by a judge or a panel of judges explaining how they resolved a legal dispute. It cites the decision reached to resolve the dispute. A judicial opinion usually includes the reasons behind the decision. Where there are three or more judges, it may take the form of a majority opinion, minority opinion or a concurring opinion.

## Kinds of judicial opinions

- A majority opinion is a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court.  A majority opinion sets becomes the decision of the court in a particular case.

- A concurring opinion is written to agree with a decision, but for giving different reasons for the agreement. When it is joined by the greatest number of judges, it is referred to as the plurality opinion.

- A dissenting opinion (or dissent) is an opinion written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion. A dissenting opinion does not create binding precedent nor does it become a part of case law.
Concurring opinion

In law, a **concurring opinion** is a written opinion by one or more judges of a court which agrees with the decision made by the majority of the court, but states different (or additional) reasons for the decision. It may also be used to add comments. When no absolute majority of the court can agree on the basis for deciding the case, the decision of the court may be contained in a number of concurring opinions. The concurring opinion joined by the greatest number of judges is called the plurality opinion.

Having failed to receive a majority of the court's votes, concurring opinions are not binding precedent (common law) and cannot be cited as such. But concurring opinions can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive precedent (assuming there is no binding precedent already in effect).  The conflict in views between a majority opinion and a concurring opinion can assist a lawyer in understanding the points of law in the majority opinion.  Occasionally, a judge will use a concurring opinion to signal that he or she is open to certain types of "test cases" that would allow the development of a new legal rule. In turn, such a concurring opinion may become more famous than the majority opinion in the same case. A well-known example of this phenomenon is _Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co._ (1944).

## Concurring opinions by region

In some courts, such as the Supreme Court of the United States, the majority opinion may be broken down into numbered or lettered parts. Concurring justices may state that they join some parts of the majority opinion, but not others, for the reasons given in their concurring opinion. In other courts, such as the Supreme Court of California, the same justice may write a majority opinion _and_ a separate concurring opinion to express additional reasons in support of the judgment

## Terminology at the various courts

- At the International Court of Justice, the term "separate opinion" is used and judges can also add declarations to the judgment.
- The term concurring opinion is used at the Supreme Court of the United States.
- The European Court of Human Rights uses the term concurring opinion and calls both concurring and dissenting opinions separate opinions. Judges very rarely add declarations to the judgment.
- The Law Lords of the United Kingdom give each an opinion of their own. No aggregated judgment is provided.
- In some jurisdictions (e.g., California), the term may be abbreviated in certain contexts to **conc. opn.**
Seriatim

In law, ***seriatim*** (Latin for "in series") indicates that a court is addressing multiple issues in a certain order, such as the order that the issues were originally presented to the court.

## Legal usage

A **seriatim opinion** describes an opinion delivered by a court with multiple judges, in which each judge reads his or her own opinion rather than a single judge writing an opinion on behalf of the entire court. This is a practice generally used when a legal case does not have a majority opinion.

Use of the word, and other Latin phrases, has become less frequent in legal communications as a result of, among other factors, efforts by groups such as the Plain Language Movement to promote the use of "plain English" in legal discourse.

### In the United Kingdom

In modern use pleadings is used for "one by one in sequence".  For example, in English civil cases, defence statements generally used to conclude with the phrase "save as expressly admitted herein, each allegation of the plaintiffs is denied as if set out in full and traversed herein _seriatim_." This formulation is now discouraged under the English Civil Procedure Rules, especially rule 16.5 (3)-(5).

It is sometimes seen in older deeds and contracts as a more traditional way of using terms of reference.  For example "the railway by-laws shall apply to the contract as if set out herein _seriatim_." It is sometimes found as part of the longer phrase _brevatim et seriatim_, meaning "briefly and in series".

The term is also used when replying to a communication that contains a number of points, issues or questions to show that the responses are in the same order in which they were raised in the original document: "To deal with your queries seriatim..."

### In the United States

During the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Marshall, 1801 to 1835, the practice of judicial opinions being delivered in seriatim was discontinued.

In 2009, Title III, Rule 15(a)(1) of the U.S. Federal Rules of Civil Procedure regarding Amended and Supplemental Pleadings (part of pretrial procedure) was amended to allow three changes in the time previously allowed to make one change.
> This provision will force the pleader to consider carefully and promptly the wisdom of amending to meet the arguments in the motion... and will expedite determination of issues that otherwise might be raised _seriatim_.
The right to make changes now ends 21 days after service of a motion.
Memorandum opinion

In law, a **memorandum opinion** is usually an unpublished legal opinion that cannot be cited as precedent.  It is formally defined as: "[1] unanimous appellate opinion that succinctly states the decision of the court; an opinion that briefly reports the court's conclusion, usu. without elaboration because the decision follows a well-established legal principle or does not relate to any point of law."  There is no elaboration or explanation because the decision either follows a well-known legal principle or it does not relate to a point of law. A memorandum opinion is also not subject to appeal.

Generally, memorandum opinions follow ordinary rules, including the application of precedent and the rule of _stare decisis_.
Per curiam decision

In law, a **_per curiam_ decision** (or **opinion**) is a ruling issued by an appellate court in which the decision rendered is made by the court (or at least, a majority of the court) acting collectively and unanimously. In contrast to regular opinions, a _per curiam_ does not list the individual judge responsible for authoring the decision, but minority dissenting and concurring decisions are signed.

_Per curiams_ are not the only type of decision that can reflect the opinion of the court. Other types of decisions can also reflect the opinion of the entire court, such as unanimous decisions, in which the opinion of the court is expressed with an author listed. The Latin term _per curiam_ literally means "by the court".

### Federal

The decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court are usually not _per curiam_. Their decisions more commonly take the form of one or more opinions signed by individual justices which are then joined in by other justices. Unanimous and signed opinions are not considered _per curiam_ decisions, as only the court can officially designate opinions as _per curiam_. _Per curiam_ decisions tend to be brief in length. The designation is stated at the beginning of the opinion.

The notable exception to the usual characteristics for a _per curiam_ decision is the case of _Bush v. Gore_. Although it was per curiam, there were multiple concurrences and dissents.

### State

The Supreme Court of California occasionally releases decisions in the name of "The Court". But these are not necessarily unanimous.  Sometimes an opinion in the name of the Court may be accompanied by extensive concurring and dissenting opinions.

## Canada

The Supreme Court of Canada also attributes some decisions to "The Court" but does not use the phrase _per curiam_. In the U.S. the term is used primarily for uncontroversial cases. In Canada, however, it has been used for important and controversial cases to emphasize that the entire Court is speaking with a single voice.
Anita Brookner

**Anita Brookner**, CBE (16 July 1928 – 10 March 2016) was a British award-winning novelist and art historian. She was Slade Professor of Fine Art at the University of Cambridge from 1967 to 1968. She was the first woman to hold this visiting professorship. She was awarded the 1984 Man Booker Prize for her novel _Hotel du Lac_.

## Other websites

- Anita Brookner Collection at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Anita Brookner
- **caption**: Anita Brookner
- **birth place**: Herne Hill, London, United Kingdom
- **alma mater**: King's College London
- **occupation**: Art historian & novelist
- **genre**: Drama
- **notablework**: _Hotel du Lac_
- **period**: 1981–2011
John W. Cahn

**John Werner Cahn** (January 9, 1928 – March 14, 2016) was an American scientist and recipient of the 1998 National Medal of Science.

He was a professor in the department of Materials Science at MIT from 1964 to 1978. Since 1977, he has held a position at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards, NBS).Cahn has applied the basic laws of thermodynamics to describe and predict a wide range of physical phenomena.
Tamara Grigsby

**Tamara D. Grigsby** (November 19, 1974 – March 15, 2016) was an American social worker. She was a university professor from Wisconsin. She served as a Democratic Party member of the Wisconsin State Assembly, representing the 18th Assembly District, from 2005 until 2013.

Grigby's staff announced on December 22, 2011 that she was hospitalized in intensive care, battling cancer. In April 2012, Grigsby announced she would be retiring from the Assembly to recover her strength.
Her death was announced on March 15, 2016.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: Tamara Grigsby.jpg
- **name**: Tamara Grigsby
- **caption**: Grigsby in 2009
- **state**: Wisconsin
- **state assembly**: Wisconsin
- **district**: 18th
- **term start**: 2005
- **term end**: 2013
- **succeeded**: Incumbent
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democrat
- **birth place**: Pullman, Washington
- **alma mater**: Howard University,
University of Wisconsin–Madison
- **profession**: social worker, university professor
- **spouse**: single
Earline W. Parmon

**Earline W. Parmon** (Nonember 18, 1943 – March 15, 2016) was an American Democratic member of the North Carolina General Assembly. She represented the state's seventy-second House district

Parmon has served five terms in the state House. She announced in 2012 that she would run for a seat in the North Carolina Senate. Parmon served in the North Carolina State Senate and resigned in 2015. Parmon also served as Forsyth County, North Carolina commissioner.

Parmon died on March 15, 2016 from a short-illness in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. She was aged 72.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Earline Parmon
- **birth place**: Buffalo, New York, Buffalo, New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- **image**: Earline Parmon.jpg
- **image size**: 180px
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democratic
- **alma mater**: Winston-Salem State University
Asa Briggs

**Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs** (7 May 1921 – 15 March 2016) was an English historian. He was a leading specialist on the Victorian era. He was a well-known historian of broadcasting in Britain. He was made a life peer in 1976. Briggs was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire.

Briggs died in Lewes, East Sussex on 15 March 2016. He was aged 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: The Lord Briggs
- **birth place**: Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England
- **death place**: Lewes, East Sussex, England
- **nationality**: British
- **occupation**: Historian
- **spouse**: Susan Anne Banwell (1955–2016, his death)
Pharisees

**Pharisees** were Jewish leaders who composed and enforced religious law, sometimes hypocritically, at a certain period in Jewish history. At times, the Pharisees were a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought. After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD, Pharisaic beliefs became the foundation for Rabbinic Judaism. The term 'Judaism' today almost always refers to Rabbinic Judaism.

Paul of Tarsus, disciple of Jesus, was a Pharisee before he became a Christian.

## Other websites

- Pharisees: Oxford Quick Reference
- Jewish Encyclopedia: Pharisees
Seru Rabeni

**Ratu Seru Raveive Rabeni** (27 December 1978 – 15 March 2016) was a Fijian rugby union player. He played as a centre or wing. He played for the Fiji national rugby union team from 2000 through 2011. Rabeni was known in both club and international level for his physicality and bone crunching tackles, earning him the nickname "Rambo".

Rabeni died in Fiji from a heart attack on 15 March 2016, aged 37.

## Other websites

- Leeds profile
- Tigers profile
- Fiji profile
- Pacific Islanders profile
- Scrum profile
Armenian calendar

The **Armenian calendar** was the main calendar used in Armenia during the medieval period.  The year in this calendar is exactly 365 days long, divided into twelve months of thirty days each, plus five extra days that are called "_aveleacʿ_" in the Armenian language, which are not a part of any month.  The first year in the Armenian calendar is equal to the year 552 AD in the Gregorian calendar.  This calendar was mainly used in the medieval era, but is also used in modern times by some Armenian nationalists.

This calendar has no leap days. For that reason, it shifts backwards against the Gregorian calendar over a period of 1,461 years.

## Months

The twelve months in the calendar have different names to the months usually used in English.
|#|Armenian|H-MRomaniz.|Meaning|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|նաւասարդ|nawasard|new year|
|2|հոռի|hoṙi|two|
|3|սահմի|sahmi|three|
|4|տրէ|trē||
|5|քաղոց|kʿałocʿ|month of crops|
|6|արաց|aracʿ||
|7|մեհեկան|mehekan|festival of Mithra|
|8|արեգ|areg|sun month|
|9|ահեկան|ahekan|fire festival|
|10|մարերի|mareri|mid-year|
|11|մարգաց|margacʿ||
|12|հրոտից|hroticʿ||
|13|Ավելյաց|_aveleacʿ_|extra days|
Kim Philby

**Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby** (1 January 1912 – 11 May 1988) was a British intelligence officer who worked as a spy for the Soviet Union, before defecting in 1963.

Philby began his work for the Soviet Union as a spy in 1934. He went on to serve the KGB for 54 years. He passed over 900 British documents to the KGB. He served as a double agent.

Of the five spies in the Cambridge Five spy ring, Philby was believed to have been the most successful at passing information to the Soviet Union.

In 1961, defector Anatoliy Golitsyn gave information which pointed to Philby. An MI6 officer,  Nicholas Elliott, was sent in 1963 to interview him in Beirut. He reported that Philby seemed to know he was coming (this suggested the presence of yet another mole). Nonetheless, Philby allegedly confessed to Elliott.

Shortly afterwards, apparently fearing he might be abducted in Lebanon, Philby defected to the Soviet Union. He fled, under cover of night, to a Soviet freighter.

## Related pages

- Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (movie)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kim Philby
- **image**: The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6266 stamp (Soviet Intelligence Agents. Kim Philby).jpg
- **caption**: Portrait taken from a 1990 Soviet stamp
- **other names**: Sonny, Stanley
- **birth name**: Harold Adrian Russell Philby
- **birth place**: Ambala, Punjab Province (British India), Punjab, British Raj, British India
- **nationality**: British
- **alma mater**: Trinity College, Cambridge
- **spouse**: Litzi Friedmann
Aileen Furse
Eleanor Brewer
Rufina Ivanovna Pukhova
- **parents**: St John Philby & Dora Philby
Sylvia Anderson

**Sylvia Anderson** (27 March 1927 – 16 March 2016) was a British producer and actress. She was born in London, England, United Kingdom.  She was known for voicing Lady Penelope in _Thunderbirds_.

She was married to producer Gerry Anderson from 1960 until they divorced in 1981. They had a daughter and son.

On March 16, 2016, Anderson died of a short illness in her home in Bray, Berkshire at age 88.
Hua Mulan

**Hua Mulan** () is a legendary warrior from China. The stories about her are set during various times in China's history. She was first written about in a ballad called the _Ballad of Mulan_ (). In the ballad, Hua Mulan takes her father's place in the army. She practiced martial arts such as kung fu, and was skilled with a sword. She fought for twelve years and became famous, but she refused any reward.

## Related pages

- Mulan (movie)

## Other websites

Wikisource has original writing related to Hua Mulan

## Infobox (chinese)

- **title**: Fa Mulan
- **pic**: 畫麗珠萃秀_Gathering_Gems_of_Beauty_(梁木蘭) 2.jpg
- **piccap**: A drawing of Mulan from _Gathering Gems of Beauty_ ()
- **h**: Fa Muklan
- **gan**: Fa<sup>1</sup> Muk<sup>6</sup>-lan<sup>4</sup>
- **p**: Huā Mùlán
- **w**: Hua<sup>1</sup> Mu<sup>4</sup>-lan<sup>2</sup>
- **poj**: Hoe Bo̍k-lân
- **j**: Faa<sup>1</sup> Muk<sup>6</sup>-laan<sup>4</sup>
Yassmin Abdel-Magied

**Yassmin Abdel-Magied** is an Australian writer, social advocate, and an engineer. She helps women, youth, and ethnic minorities develop their communities. At 16 years old, Abdel-Magied created _Youth Without Borders_, an organization that provides programs, opportunities, and support for youth to create positive changes in their communities.

## Biography

Abdel-Magied was born on March 3, 1991 in Sudan and moved to Australia with her parents just before she turned two years old
She received the Dean’s Excellence Scholarship from the University of Queensland. In 2011, she graduated from the University of Queensland with a Bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering
In 2012, Abdel-Magied started working on oil and gas rigs as a field engineer (Measurement and Logging While Drilling specialist). In 2014, she moved to Perth, Australia to work as a drilling engineer on offshore rigs.

## Achievements-

Abdel-Magied has served on multiple boards and councils, including the boards of the Queensland Museum, the Australian Multicultural Council, the Queensland Design Council, United Nations Youth Australia and others. She currently sits on the board of ChildFund Australia, the Council of Australian-Arab Relations and OurWatch.

In December 2014, Abdel-Magied presented her first TED Talk about implicit bias. She published her first book, _Yassmin’s Story_, in 2016 with Random House.

## Awards

In 2007, Abdel-Magied received the Young Australian Muslim of the Year award. In 2010 she received the Young Queenslander of the Year award, in 2011 she was a finalist for the Queensland Young Australian of the Year Award. She was the winner of the Youth Leader category in the 2012 Australian Financial Review and Westpac 100 Women of Influence Awards and the youngest woman on the list. In 2015, Abdel-Magied was one of the finalists in Young Australian of the Year, being named Queensland Young Australian of the Year.

## Youth Without Borders

Abdel-Magied founded Youth Without Borders  in 2007 and has been the chair of the organization since its establishment. The organization provides programs, opportunities, and support for youth to create positive changes in their communities. One of the projects is a library for children and youth on a motorcycle. This motorcycle travels to villages that do not have access to libraries in Indonesia.
Least developed country

A **least developed country** (**LDC**) is a country that the United Nations considers to be the least developed out of all the countries in the world. They normally have the lowest ratings on the Human Development Index. The idea to name LDCs started in the late 1960s. The first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in November 1971.

## Classification process

Indicators are used to determine whether a country is a least devleoped country.
1. The gross domestic product, per person, is low. Currently, the average over three years is considered.
1. An index measuring social factors, such as health,  education and literacy among adults. Currently, the Human Assets Index is used for this purpose.
1. A third index looks at how vulnerable the economy is as a whole. Currently, the Economic Vulnerability Index is used.

To be considered a least developed country, a country must have high levels of poverty and infant mortality, low human resources and a vulnerable economy. The UN looks at indicators, such as gross national income, nutrition, health, education and literacy. Economic vulnerability is recorded on the Economic Vulnerability Index.

LDC criteria are reviewed every three years. Countries may stop being considered an LDC when indicators show that they have become developed enough. Since the LDC category was created, four countries have graduated to _developing country_ status. The first country to do this was Botswana in 1994. The second was Cape Verde, in 2007. Then Maldives in 2011, and Samoa in 2014.  It is expected that Equatorial Guinea and Vanuatu will be the next countries to be promoted from LDC status.

, there are 48 least developed countries. There are also three countries which meet the criteria for LDC status, but have asked to not be included in the index: Ghana, Papua New Guinea and Zimbabwe.

## Current list

The "least developed countries" according to the United Nations:

- Africa (32 countries)

- Asia (18 countries)

- Oceania (3 countries)

- Americas (6 country)

## Related pages

- Developed country
- Developing country
- Global Hunger Index
- Third world
- List of countries by Human Development Index
- Poverty line
- Small Island Developing States

## More reading

- United Nations, "LDCs: Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries, and Small Island Developing States"
- World Trade Organisation, ""WTO Launches Trade Initiative for Least Developed Countries", FOCUS newsletter, WTO, Geneva, Switzerland, November 1997 issue 24.

## Other websites

- Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, United Nations
- United Nations List of LDCs
Norma Cruz

**Norma Angélica Cruz Córdoba** (**Norma Cruz**) is a Guatemalan human rights activist who works to stop violence against women.  Cruz is the head of the _Fundación Sobrevivientes_ (Survivors' Foundation), a women's rights organization in Guatemala City.  In 2009, the US Department of State gave Cruz an International Women of Courage Award.

## Life

Norma Cruz was born in Guatemala City in 1962.  Her father was a shoemaker and her mother was a cook.  As a teenager, Cruz was a student leader and a missionary.  When she was 15 years old, Cruz joined a convent.  Two years later, she left the convent, because she wanted a more political life.

## Work

Cruz started the organization _Fundación Sobrevivientes_ on July 3, 1996.  It started as a women's support center.  Now it has a shelter for up to 20 women, teenagers, and children. In 2009, 110 people stayed at the shelter. The organization also gives legal help to women who want to take legal action in the courts.

## Awards

- 2009 International Women of Courage Award from U.S. Department of State

- 2009 Person of the Year by _Prensa Libre_, the leading newspaper in Guatemala

## Other websites

Fundación Sobrevivientes (Survivors' Foundation)
Frank Sinatra Jr.

**Francis Wayne Sinatra** (January 10, 1944 – March 16, 2016), professionally known as **Frank Sinatra, Jr.**, was an American singer, songwriter, conductor and actor. He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was the son of Frank Sinatra. He was known for his song "That Face!" and for appearing on some shows with Dean Martin. In later years, he was in some episodes of _Family Guy_.

He had an older sister, Nancy Sinatra and a younger sister, Tina Sinatra.

Sinatra was kidnapped, at the age of 19, on December 8, 1963 at Harrah's Lake Tahoe (room 417). Sinatra was released two days later after his father paid the $240,000 ransom demanded by the kidnappers.

Sinatra died suddenly of cardiac arrest in Daytona Beach, Florida on March 16, 2016. He was 72.

## Other websites

- The Kidnapping of Frank Sinatra, jr.  FBI

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Frank Sinatra, Jr.
- **image**: FrankSinatraJrByPhilKonstantin.jpg
- **caption**: Sinatra, Jr. in San Diego (2008)
- **birth name**: Francis Wayne Sinatra
- **birth place**: Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.
- **death place**: Daytona Beach, Florida, U.S.
- **occupation**: Singer, conductor, songwriter, actor
- **years active**: 1966–2016
- **background**: solo_singer
Marion Patrick Jones

**Marion Patrick Jones** (16 August 1930 – 2 March 2016) was a Trinidadian novelist. She wrote about library science and social anthropology. She was also known by the names **Marion Glean** and **Marion O'Callaghan** (her married name). She was the author of two notable novels: _Pan Beat_, first published in 1973, and _J’Ouvert Morning_ (1976). She was born in Port of Spain.

Jones died at her home in Port of Spain of heart failure on 2 March 2016 at the age of 85.