juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tú Sólo Tú

"**Tú Sólo Tú**" () is a song by American singer Selena. "Tú Sólo Tú" became the last single released from _Dreaming of You_ (1995).

## Covers

- Pedro Infante

## Charts

|Chart (1995/1996)|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Latin Tracks|align="center"|1|
|U.S. _Billboard_ Latin Regional Mexican Airplay|align="center"|1|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Tú Sólo Tú
- **artist**: Selena
- **album**: Dreaming of You (album), Dreaming of You
- **released**: July 5, 1995
- **recorded**: 1994
- **studio**: Cherokee Studio, California
Q-Zone Studios, Corpus Christi, Texas
- **genre**: Mariachi
- **length**: 3:10
- **label**: EMI Latin
- **writer**: Felipe Valdés Leal
- **producer**: José Hernàndez
- **prev title**: I Could Fall In Love
- **prev year**: 1995
- **next title**: Dreaming of You (song), Dreaming of You
- **next year**: 1995
Captive Heart

"**Captive Heart**" is a song by American singer Selena. It was released as a promotional single, however it managed to impact music charts in the United States. It also received mixed to negative reviews from music critics. The song was a electropop song.

## Awards and nominations

|style="text-align:center; width:30px;"|Year|style="text-align:center;"|Awards ceremony|style="text-align:center;"|Award|style="text-align:center;"|Results|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1996|Tejano Music Awards|Tejano Crossover Song of the Year||||||
|1998|Tejano Music Awards|Song of the Year||||||

## Charts

|Chart (1995)|Peak position|
| --- | --- |
|Canadian Hot 100|96|
|Rhythmic Top 40|30|
|Canadian Hot 100|99|

## Track listing

- **U.S. Promo Single (1995)**
1. "Captive Heart"  – 4:23

- **U.S. Cassette Single (1995)**
1. "Captive Heart"  – 4:23

## Other websites

- Official Selena Website

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Captive Heart
- **alt**: A cover album of a vertical cropped picture of a women (Selena) who is posing with one of her hands on her opposite shoulder and her other hand holding her waist. The letter "S" is displayed with the "Captive Heart" written at the near bottom. A photo locket is right beneath the picture.
- **border**: yes
- **type**: Promotional recording, Promotional single
- **artist**: Selena
- **album**: Dreaming of You (album), Dreaming of You
- **released**:
<small>(see #Release history, release history)</small>
- **recorded**: January 1995
Bananaboat Studios
<small>(Burbank, California, Burbank, California)</small>
- **genre**: Electropop, synthpop, Rock music, fast Rock, Urban pop
- **label**: EMI Records
- **writer**: Mark Goldenberg, Kit Hain
- **producer**: Jose Behar, Guy Roche
Siempre Hace Frío

"**Siempre Hace Frio**" () is a song by American singer Selena. It was the lead single from _Siempre Selena_ (1996). It was released after Selena's murder. A music video was released, starring Jennifer Lopez as "Selena". She later had the role as Selena in the 1997 movie about Selena's life.

## Charts

|Chart (1996)|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Latin Tracks|align="center"|2|
|U.S. _Billboard_ Latin Regional Mexican Airplay|align="center"|2|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Siempre Hace Frio
- **artist**: Selena
- **album**: Siempre Selena
- **released**: January 27, 1996
- **recorded**: 1994–1995
- **genre**: Mariachi
- **length**: 2:54
- **label**: EMI Latin
- **writer**: Cuco Sanchez
- **producer**: A.B. Quintanilla III
- **prev title**: Techno Cumbia
- **prev year**: 1995
- **next title**: No Quiero Saber
- **next year**: 1996
Funeral home

A **funeral home** is a place that helps take care of people who have died. Usually people go there for funerals.

There are certain common types of services in North America. A traditional funeral service consists of a viewing (sometimes referred to as a visitation), a funeral service in a place of worship or the funeral home chapel and a graveside committal service.
Isotope electrochemistry

**Isotope electrochemistry** is a field within electrochemistry concerned with various topics like electrochemical separation of isotopes, electrochemical estimation of isotopic exchange equilibrium constants, electrochemical kinetic isotope effect, electrochemical isotope sensors, etc.

Chemists are actively working in this area. It overlaps with many other chemistry areas of both theoretical and practical importance like nuclear engineering, electrochemical technology, geochemistry, sensors and instrumentation.

## Other websites

- electrochemical investigation using isotopic effects
- http://hydrobor.com.tr/bilgi-bankasi/.../Ti%20Ni%20intermetallic%20phases.pdf
- electrochemical isotope separation
- electrochemical isotope cell
- electroplating isotope effects
- JES electrochemical pumping isotope effects
- electrochemical isotope fractionation
- http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/aesj/publication/JNST2002/No.4/39_367-370.pdf
- http://www.springerlink.com/content/u0x0t427w1146146/
- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.196707571/abstract
Where Did the Feeling Go?

"**Where Did The Feeling Go?**" is a song by Australian soft rock duo _Air Supply_. In 1989, American singer Selena did a cover version of the song. The song was not released until after her murder. The single was released on the movie soundtrack in 1997. Selena's version peaked at number 88 on the Canadian Hot 100 chart and number 26 on the Adult Top 40 chart.

## Covers

- Selena

## Tribute covers

These artists had done a cover as a tribute to Selena:

- Quamo (Tagalog)
- Millie Corretjer (Spanish)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Where Did the Feeling Go?
- **artist**: Selena
- **album**: Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, _Selena_ soundtrack
- **released**: March 15, 1997
- **recorded**: June 1989
- **genre**: Latin music, Latin
- **length**: 3:44
- **label**: EMI Latin
- **writer**: Norman Saleet
- **producer**: Abraham Quintanilla Jr
- **prev title**: Is It the Beat?
- **prev year**: 1997
- **next title**: Con Tanto Amor Medley
- **next year**: 2002
Is It the Beat?

"**Is It The Beat?**" is a song by American singer Selena. The dance-pop song peaked at number four on the US Hot Dance Club Songs. It was also the English version of "Enamorada de Ti". Selena had recorded several versions for this song. She had performed the freestyle version at live concerts in 1989-1991. The single was not released until after Selena's murder. It was included in the movie soundtrack in 1997. It was released with dance-club remixes.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Is It the Beat?
- **artist**: Selena
- **album**: Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, _Selena_ soundtrack
- **released**: February 16, 1997
- **recorded**: October 17, 1989
- **genre**: Latin music, Latin, Dance-pop
- **length**: 4:09
- **label**: EMI Latin
- **writer**: A.B. Quintanilla III and Pamela Phillips Oland
- **producer**: Abraham Quintanilla Jr
- **prev title**: Last Dance/The Hustle/On The Radio
- **prev year**: 1997
- **next title**: Where Did the Feeling Go?
- **next year**: 1997
Last Dance/The Hustle/On the Radio

"**Last Dance/The Hustle/On The Radio**" (or the **Disco Medley**) is a medley by American singer Selena. The medley had sampled the songs the "Last Dance", "The Hustle" and "On The Radio" by Donna Summer. The Mexican release had "Viviras Selena" (a tribute/various artists song) which was written by Pete Astudillo.

## Charts

|Chart (1997)|Peak position||
| --- | --- | --- |
|U.S. _Billboard_ Hot Latin Tracks|align="center"|25|
|U.S. _Billboard_ Latin Regional Mexican Airplay|align="center"|27|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Last Dance/The Hustle/On The Radio
- **artist**: Selena
- **album**: Selena: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
- **released**: January 25, 1997
- **recorded**: February 26, 1995
- **genre**: Latin music, Latin
- **label**: EMI Latin
- **writer**: Paul Jabara, Van McCoy, Donna Summer
- **producer**: A.B. Quintanilla III and Bebu Silvetti
- **prev title**: A Boy Like That
- **prev year**: 1997
- **next title**: Is It the Beat?
- **next year**: 1997
A Boy Like That

"**A Boy Like That**" is a popular Broadway song. "A Boy Like That" (originally "A Boy Like That/I Have A Love") was written by Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim for the musical play, _The West Side Story_ (1957). The song was performed by Chita Rivera (Anita) and Carol Lawrence (Maria). In the 1960 movie version the roles were played by Rita Moreno and Natalie Wood, but the songs were dubbed by Betty Wand and Marni Nixon (as both Anita and Maria).

### Selena's version

In 1995, after attending the Grammy Awards, Selena was asked to participate in the AIDS Project Los Angeles. She accepted because she had loved to do charity work and give back to her community, for which she was famous for being "down-to-Earth". Selena recorded the song as a rhythm and blues, funk song. It was released after Selena was murdered for the various artists album in 1997.

#### Track listing

- A Boy Like That (Original Full Version), 5:51
- A Boy Like That (Radio Edit 1), 4:06
- A Boy Like That (Radio Edit 2), 4:06
- A Boy Like That (Original Edit), 3:28
- A Boy Like That (Extended Remix), 8:14
- A Boy Like That (Guitar Mix), 4:54
- A Boy Like That (Dub Mix), 8:40
- A Boy Like That (Tribal Mix), 7:13

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: A Boy Like That
- **artist**: Selena
- **album**: Songs From West Side Story
- **released**: April 2, 1996
- **recorded**: 1995
- **genre**: Latin music, Latin
- **label**: EMI Latin
- **writer**: Leonard Bernstein
Stephen Sondheim
- **producer**: Abraham Quintanilla Jr
- **prev title**: God's Child (Baila Conmigo), God's Child
- **prev year**: 1995
- **next title**: Last Dance/The Hustle/On The Radio
- **next year**: 1997
Biophysical chemistry

**Biophysical chemistry** is the study of biological systems. It looks for explanations of the various phenomena in biological systems in terms of either the molecules that make up the system or the supra-molecular structure of these systems.

Biophysical chemists use various tools used in physical chemistry to probe the structure of biological systems. These tools include spectroscopic methods like nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and X-ray diffraction. For example, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2009 was based on x-ray diffraction studies of ribosomes.

Biophysical chemists study protein structure and the functional structure  of cell membranes. For example, enzyme action can be explained in terms of the shape of a pocket in the protein molecule that matches the shape of the substrate molecule or its modification due to binding of a metal ion. Similarly, biophysical chemists study the structure and function of the biomembranes using model supramolecular structures. These include liposomes or phospholipid vesicles of different compositions and sizes.

The oldest well-known institute for biophysical chemistry is Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry in Göttingen. The Biophysics Department of King's College London is where the X-ray crystallography studies of DNA was done in the early 1950s.

## Related pages

- Biophysical techniques
- Biophysics
Kōji

**Kōji** (麹 or こうじ) is a fermented food.

A mold called Aspergillus oryzae is added to rice, barley, or soy beans. This mold turns starch into sugar. Kōji is an ingredient in making many Japanese foods and drinks such as: sake, mirin, miso, vinegar, pickles, soy sauce, shōchū, and awamori.
Koji

**Koji** or **kōji** means:
- _Kōji_, the common name of the fungus _Aspergillus oryzae_ which produces soy sauce, sake, etc.

- People
- Koji Kondo (born 1960), composer of video game music

- Time period
In Japan, _Kōji_ may mean:
- Kōji (Heian period) (康治), Japanese era, 1142–1144
- Kōji (Muromachi period) (弘治), Japanese era, 1555–1558
Madea

**Mabel "Madea" Simmons** is a fictional African American character. "Madea" is played by Tyler Perry in drag clothing.

### Madea's personality

Madea was born Mabel Earlene Baker in New Orleans, Louisiana on April 26, 1935. "Big Mabel" Murphy was the name of her mother. Frederick Baker, Sr. was the name of her father. Madea grew up with a strict mother who was also nurturing to Madea's emotions. At age 9, Madea was charged for petty theft. When Madea was 16 years of age, her parents moved to Atlanta, Georgia. There, she attended Booker T. Washington High School. She had tried out for cheerleading and became a cheerleader. By the time Madea was 17, she began going out to night clubs and house parties. Her parents allowed Madea to party at this age. Around this time, Madea became a stripper and was given the name "Delicious". At 18, Madea was charged with illegal gambling, check fraud and identity theft. Around this time, Madea had at least two or three children. She supported herself and her children by pool dancing, stripping and professional wrestling. Madea graduated her high school in May 1953. That night, she had an affair with Leroy Brown (also known as "Mr. Brown"). Madea became pregnant and had given birth to Cora Jean Simmons Brown. However, in the movie Madea's Big Happy Family, Mr. Brown had a DNA test which confirmed that he was not the father. Madea was diagnosed with type one diabetes and depression in her early 20s. She had became a bitter women around this time.

Madea's appearance is an elderly women who is not afraid to threaten anybody with her pistol. Madea usually helps her family through life situations, struggles and helping her family cope with one another. She teaches them wisdom; which helps them in their everyday life. Madea is also a forceful women who teaches young adults to act mature. Madea has been locked up in prison several times. She has outlived several of her husbands and lives off of their life security checks. Madea uses bad language and tone to speak to her family when they are disrespectful. She also has a bad temper and bad way of dealing with anger. Madea is known to be half African American and quarter-Cherokee Indian. She likes going to the casino on Sunday, rather than going to the church. Although Madea does not read the bible, she uses it to manipulate situations in order to justify what she had done.

## Plays

- I Can Do Bad All By Myself (1999)
- Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2001)
- Madea's Family Reunion (2002)
- Madea's Class Reunion (2003)
- Madea Goes to Jail (2006)
- Madea's Big Happy Family (2010)
- A Madea Christmas (2011)

## Movies

- Diary of a Mad Black Woman (2005)
- Madea's Family Reunion (2006)
- Meet The Browns (2008) (cameo)
- Madea Goes to Jail (2009)
- I Can Do Bad All By Myself (2009)
- Madea's Big Happy Family (2011)
- Madea's Witness Protection (2012)
- A Madea Christmas (2013)
- Madea's Tough Love (2015) (animated movie)
Royal ghost frog

The **Royal ghost frog** (_Heleophryne regis_) is a species of frog in the Heleophrynidae family.
It is endemic to South Africa.

Its natural habitats are temperate forests, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, and rivers.
It is threatened by habitat loss.

## References

- Minter, L., Channing, A. & Harrison, J. 2004.  Heleophryne regis .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 23 July 2007.
Joey Tribbiani

**Joey Tribbiani** is a fictional character on American sitcom _Friends and Joey_ portrayed by Matt LeBlanc. In the series, Joey is an actor, and plays "Dr. Drake Ramoray" on _Days Of Our Lives_.

He has 7 sisters but has little to no contact with them on ''Friends, except for one episode.
Doburoku

**Doburoku** is a traditional Japanese alcoholic drink made from rice. It is cloudy because it is not filtered. Doburoku is one of the oldest kinds of rice alcohol in Japan.

It is made using rice, water, mold (kōji), and yeast. Unlike most sake, doburoku keeps the rice solids in the drink.

## What it is

Doburoku is a type of unfiltered rice alcohol. It looks white or milky and is often thick. The taste can be sweet, sour, or dry, depending on how it is made.

Doburoku is sometimes described as an early form of sake. Modern sake is usually clear, but doburoku is not.

## Name

The word _doburoku_ comes from old Japanese words that suggest something muddy or cloudy. The name describes the drink’s appearance.

The Japanese writing for doburoku is 濁酒.

## History

Doburoku has been made in Japan for many centuries. It was common in farming villages and homes before modern brewing methods were developed.

In the past, many families made doburoku for their own use. Over time, laws made home brewing illegal without permission, and commercial sake became more common.

## How it is made

Doburoku is made by fermenting rice. The drink is not pressed or filtered.

- Rice is washed and steamed.
- Some rice is mixed with a special mold that turns starch into sugar.
- Steamed rice, mold rice, water, and yeast are mixed together.
- The mixture ferments and becomes alcoholic.
- The liquid is not pressed or filtered.
- Rice solids stay in the drink, making it cloudy.
- Doburoku is usually drunk fresh.

Nigori sake is different because it is pressed first and then lightly filtered, while doburoku is not pressed and keeps the rice solids.

## Alcohol content

Doburoku usually has a lower alcohol level than most sake. The alcohol content can change depending on how long it ferments.

## Legal status in Japan

In modern Japan, making alcohol at home is illegal without a license. This includes doburoku.

Some areas are allowed to make doburoku under special rules. These places are called special zones. They allow small producers to make doburoku for local use or tourism.

## Religion and festivals

Some Shinto shrines are allowed to make doburoku for religious reasons. The drink may be used in festivals or rituals.

Doburoku festivals are held in some parts of Japan. Visitors can taste local versions of the drink.

## Culture

Doburoku is often seen as a symbol of rural life and tradition. It is linked to farming, local festivals, and older ways of living.

In recent years, doburoku has become popular again among people interested in traditional foods.

## See also

- Sake
- Nigori sake (en)
- Amazake (en)
- Kuchikami-zake (en)
Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University

**Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University** is a university in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is the first university in India and the world which is only for disabled people. It was started on September 27, 2001 by Jagadguru Rambhadracharya. It is run by a trust named  _Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Viklang Shikshan Sansthan_. The trust is responsible for all planned works of the university. It was created by a local law of the Uttar Pradesh Government,  the Uttar Pradesh State Act 32 (2001). This act assigned Jagadguru Rambhadracharya as the chancellor of this university for his entire life.

The university offers graduate, post-graduate and doctorate degrees in courses such as Sanskrit, Hindi, English, Sociology, Psychology, Fine Arts, Special education, Education, History, Culture & Archeology, Computer & Information Sciences, Vocational Education, Law, Economics, and Prosthetics and Orthotics. The university  planned to give courses in Ayurveda and Medical Sciences from 2013. The permission to enter into the university is limited to only four types of disabled students – those who are blind, or have difficulty in hearing, having difficulty in walking or having some mental illness, as defined in the Disability Act (1995) of the Government of India. Various degrees were given to 354 disabled students in the second graduation ceremony of the university which was held in March 2010. In the third graduation ceremony which was held in January 2011, 388 disabled students were given degrees. All the facilities in the university such as classrooms, hostel and laboratory etc. are disabled friendly.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University
- **native name**: जगद्गुरु रामभद्राचार्य विकलांग विश्वविद्यालय
- **image**: JRHU - Main Building.jpg
- **image alt**: JRHU
- **caption**: The main building of Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University on August 14, 2010 with the Indian national flag hoisted
- **motto**: Sanskrit: सेवाधर्मः परमगहनः
- **mottoeng**: The duty of service is most difficult.
- **established**: September 27, 2001
- **type**: Private University#India, Private University
- **chairman**: Jagadguru Rambhadracharya
- **chancellor**: Jagadguru Rambhadracharya
- **vice chancellor**: Prof. B. Pandey
- **city**: Chitrakoot
- **state**: Uttar Pradesh
- **country**: India
- **campus**: Urban
- **affiliations**: University Grants Commission (India), UGC, Association of Indian Universities, AIU
Pons

The **pons** is part of the hindbrain, the ancient rear part of the brain. It acts as a bridge, and has nerve fibres connecting the cerebellum to the medulla oblongata. In humans it is above the medulla and below the midbrain.

Mainly, its function is to carry white fibres ("wiring") which conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.
Dibutyl sebacate

**Dibutyl sebacate** (**DBS**) is an organic compound. It is used as a plasticizer. It is a dibutyl ester of sebacic acid. Its main use is to produce plastics. It can make cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, ethyl cellulose, polyvinyl butyral, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and other plastics. These plastics are used in the food packaging industry, in medical devices, and in pharmaceutical applications. For example, it is used as a plasticizer for film coating of tablets, beads, and granules.

It is used make synthetic rubbers (especially nitrile rubber and neoprene). It is also used as a lubricant (something that reduces friction between moving surfaces) in shaving lotions, and a flavoring additive in non-alcoholic beverages, ice cream, ices, candy, and baked goods. DBS works well with a range of plastic materials. It has good properties at low temperatures, and helps plastics from being dissolved by oil. Dibutyl sebacate is also used as a desensitizer in Otto fuel II, a torpedo monopropellant.

DBS is also called Morflex, Kodaflex, polycizer, Proviplast 1944 and PX 404.
Tombolo

A **tombolo** is a line of sand that connects an island to the main land or to another island. They are often shaped like a hammer as they have been created by a complex process, called longshore drift. The word 'tombolo' translates to mound. It is a shaped piece of sand that is attached to something called a spit or bar.
Habituation

**Habituation** is an basic activity whereby a person or an animal responds less to repeated stimuli. It is a primitive kind of learning.

The learning that underlies habituation is a basic process of biological systems. Animals do not need conscious motivation or awareness for it to occur. Habituation enables organisms to distinguish meaningful information from background stimuli.

Habituation occurs in all animals, as well as in the large protozoan _Stentor coeruleus_. The decrease in responding is specific to the habituated stimulus. For example, if one was habituated to the taste of lemon, their responding would increase significantly when presented with the taste of lime.

Two factors that can influence habituation include the time between each stimulus, and the length of time the stimulus is presented. Shorter intervals and longer durations increase habituation, and _vice versa_.

## Human example

Habituation need not be conscious. For example, a short time after a person dresses, the stimulus clothing creates disappears from our nervous systems and we become unaware of it. In this way, habituation is used to ignore any continual stimulus. This sort of habituation can occur through changes in sensory nerves themselves, and through negative feedback from the brain to peripheral sensory organs.
Term (mathematics)

A **term** is a mathematical expression.

## Definition

In elementary mathematics, a _term_ is either a single number or variable, or the product of several numbers or variables. Terms are separated by a + or - sign in an overall expression. For example, in

- 3 + 4_x_ + 5_yzw_

3, 4_x_, and 5_yzw_ are three separate terms.

In the context of polynomials, _term_ can mean a monomial with a coefficient. To combine like terms in a polynomial is to make it a linear combination of distinct monomials. For example,

- 3_x_ + 2_x_<sup>2</sup> + 5_x_ + 1 = 2_x_<sup>2</sup> + (3+5)_x_ + 1 = 2_x_<sup>2</sup> + 8_x_ + 1, with like terms collected.

A series is often represented as the sum of a sequence of terms.

In general mathematical use, however, _term_ is not limited to additive expressions. Individual factors in an expression representing a product are multiplicative terms. Indeed, individual elements of any mathematical expression may be referred to as "terms".

In logic, a term is a collection of symbols used to represent a mathematical object (rather than a mathematical statement). A basic term is either a constant or a variable, while more complex terms can also be built using operators (such as the term ). To refer to a term, variables such as  and  are often used.

In informal logic, a term can also refer to the subject or predicate of a statement.

## Specific names for terms

- Addition and Subtraction
- Addend
    - Subtrahend and minuend the first and second terms, respectively, in subtraction
- Multiplication: Factor. In a multiplication of two factors, the first is called the multiplicand and the second is called the multiplier.
- Divisions and Fractions: The top of a division is called the numerator (or dividend), and the bottom is called the denominator (or divisor).
- Term Value: The value of the term such as the term value of 8a, if a=1, is 8.

## Related pages

- Formula
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)

**Francisco Hernández de Córdoba** (1475 ? - 1526) is usually reputed as the founder of Nicaragua, and in fact he founded two important Nicaraguan cities, Granada and León.
Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)

**Francisco Hernández de Córdoba** (died 1517) was a Spanish _conquistador_, known to history mainly for the ill-fated expedition he led in 1517, in the course of which the first European accounts of the Yucatán Peninsula were compiled.

## English-language references

- ; online English edition

## Other websites

- Discovery of Yucatán , on the Mexican web site redescolar .
- Discovery of Yucatán , on México desconocido.
International Direct Dialing

**International Direct Dialing** (**IDD**) is an international telephone call dialed by the caller rather than going via an operator. Since late in the twentieth century, most international calls are direct dialed.

International calls are made by dialing the international call prefix for the country one is in, followed by the country calling code for the country one wishes to call, then the phone number within that country. When phone numbers are published for use abroad, they include the country calling code, but replace the international call prefix with "+" to signify that the caller should use the prefix appropriate for their country.
Direct-broadcast satellite

**Direct broadcast satellite** (DBS) is a term used to refer to satellite television signals intended for home use.
Rage

**Rage** is an emotion. It is an outward expression of great anger. In Charles Darwin's _The Expression of the Emotions_ he showed that many emotions are shown the same way in many different societies. The expressions of these emotions is largely genetic, and inherited. Rage can be confused with Anger and have similar causes but Rage is more severe.
Wii U

The **Wii U** ( ) is a video game console that was released by Nintendo on November 18, 2012, and is the successor to the Wii. The video game machine, or console, was first shown in Nintendo's press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2011 on June 7, 2011, and was released for sale on November 18, 2012 in North America; November 30, 2012 in Europe and Australia; and December 8, 2012 in Japan. The system has been described as a part of the eighth generation of video game consoles.

The Wii U is Nintendo's sixth home video game console and their first to use 1080p high-definition graphics. The Wii U has a new controller with a touchscreen, which allows the player to continue playing a game by showing the game even when the television is off. Wii games work on the Wii U, and Wii U games can be played with Wii controllers and extras, such as the Wii Remote, Wii MotionPlus, Wii Balance Board, and the Classic Controller. It also has a controller shaped like the Xbox 360 controller, called the Wii U Pro Controller. Nintendo GameCube games and controllers will not work on the Wii U without the adapter used for _Super Smash Bros. for Wii U_. However, it only works for that game. Like on the Wii and Nintendo 3DS, players can create Miis. The best-selling games for the system included _Mario Kart 8_, _New Super Mario Bros. U_, _Nintendo Land_, and _Splatoon_. The Wii U received positive reviews, but did not sell well. It had to deal with the confusion that the GamePad was a Wii accessory, but it really is an advanced controller.

The Wii U sold 13.56 million units, which makes it one of the lowest-selling Nintendo consoles, beating only the Virtual Boy.

## Hardware

The main controller that was used by the Wii U was the Wii U GamePad. The controller had a screen that was  wide. People can use the GamePad in many different ways. For example, people can play games on a television like a normal controller, or play on the GamePad without the television being on.

## Related pages

- Wii
- Nintendo

## Infobox (cvg system)

- **title**: Wii U
- **logo**: WiiU.svg
- **image**: Wii U Console and Gamepad.png
- **manufacturer**: Nintendo
- **type**: Video game console
- **generation**: History of video game consoles (eighth generation), Eighth Generation
- **releasedate**: November 18, 2012
- **cpu**: 1.24 GHz tri-core IBM PowerPC "Espresso"
- **media**: Wii U disc
Wii disc
Digital games from the eShop
- **storage**: Base model: 8 GB internal flash memory
Deluxe Edition: 32 GB
- **controllers**: Wii U GamePad
- **connectivity**: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
- **online service**: Nintendo Network (discontinued)
- **release date**: November 18, 2012
- **compatibility**: Wii
- **predecessor**: Wii
- **successor**: Nintendo Switch
- **caption**: White model of the Wii U
Bioorganic chemistry

**Bioorganic chemistry** is a science that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. Bioorganic chemistry expands organic chemistry towards biology. This differs from biochemistry, which studies biological processes using chemistry. When investigating enzymes and cofactors, bioorganic chemistry overlaps bioinorganic chemistry.

**Biophysical organic chemistry** is a term used when attempting to describe intimate details of molecular recognition by bioorganic chemistry.

Bioorganic chemistry is that branch of life science, which deals with the study of biological processes using chemical methods.
Isodesmic reaction

An **isodesmic reaction** is a chemical reaction where the type of chemical bonds broken in the reactant are the same as the type of bonds formed in the reaction product. This type of reaction is often used as a hypothetical reaction in thermochemistry.

An example of an isodesmic reaction is

- CH<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> + CH<sub>3</sub>X → CH<sub>4</sub> + CH<sub>2</sub>X<sup>-</sup> (**1**)

- X = F, Cl, Br, I

Equation 1 describes the deprotonation of a methyl halide by a methyl anion. The energy change associated with this exothermic reaction can be calculated using a computer. The energy change increases going from fluorine to chlorine to bromine and iodine. This shows that the CH<sub>2</sub>I<sup>-</sup> anion is the most stable and least basic of all the halides. Each of these reactions are isodesmic. The energy change in each example also depends on the difference in bond energy of the C-X bond in the base and conjugate acid. In other cases, the difference may be due to steric strain (the blocking of atoms by other atoms). The steric strain is small in fluorine (which is a small diameter atom) but large in iodine (in favor of the anion). So, the energy change grows between each example halide despite the fact that C-F bonds are stronger than C-I bonds.

The related term **homodesmotic reaction** also takes into account orbital hybridization. Homodesmotic reactions also have the same number of carbon to hydrogen (C-H) bonds. An example of a homodesmotic reaction is:
- c-(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub> + 3 CH<sub>3</sub>-CH<sub>3</sub> →  3 CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>

## Other websites

- Gold Book IUPAC definition
Sawfish

The **sawfish** are a family of rays which have a long body, like a shark. One feature that separates a sawfish from other rays is its long, saw-like snout. On either side of this _rostrum_ are little teeth like a saw.

Sawfish have a mouth, nostrils, and gill slits under their body, just like a ray. Also, their pectoral fins are enlarged, like those of a ray. Also like rays, when they settle on the bottom, they take in water through two spiracles just behing the eyes. This gets water to the gills without sand.

Several species can grow to about .

## Rostrum

The sawfish's most distinctive feature is the saw-like rostrum. The rostrum is covered with motion- and electro-sensitive pores. These allow sawfish to detect movement and even heartbeats of prey hiding under the ocean floor. The rostrum serves as a digging tool to unearth buried crustaceans.

If a suitable prey swims by, the normally lethargic sawfish springs from the bottom and slashes at it with its saw. This generally stuns or injures the prey sufficiently for the sawfish to devour it. Sawfish also defend themselves with their rostrum, against predators such as sharks and intruding divers. The 'teeth' protruding from the rostrum are not real teeth, but modified tooth-like structures called _denticles_.
Eagle ray

**Eagle rays** are cartilaginous fish in the ray family **Myliobatidae**. They are mostly large species living in the open ocean rather than on the sea bottom.

Eagle rays feed on molluscs and crustaceans, crushing their shells with their flattened teeth, while devil rays and manta rays filter plankton from the water.

They are excellent swimmers and are able to breach the water up to several metres above the surface. Compared with other rays, they have long tails, and well-defined diamond-shaped bodies. They are ovoviviparous, giving birth to up to six young at a time. They range from  to  in length.

The tail looks like a bull whip and may be as long as the body. It is armed with a sting. Eagle rays live close to the coast in depths of 1 to 30 metres and in exceptional cases they are found as deep as 300 m. The eagle ray is commonly seen cruising along sandy beaches in very shallow waters.

## Classification

In Nelson's _Fishes of the World_, the eagle rays are a subfamily, and are joined by the manta rays and the eagle rays. As Nelson sees it, there are seven genera in the family, in three subfamilies. In our classification, the three groups are families in the suborder Myliobatoidei.
Glasgow Prestwick Airport

**Glasgow Prestwick Airport**   is the second airport serving Glasgow. It also serves the Greater Glasgow area. It is  northeast of the town of Prestwick in South Ayrshire. It is 32 miles from the city centre of Glasgow.

Prestwick is Scotland's largest airport by size. However, Edinburgh Airport, Glasgow International and Aberdeen Airport all handle more passengers. The year with the most passengers passing through Prestwick was 2007. Since 2007, a lot less passengers pass through Prestwick. 1.3 million passengers passed through the airport in 2011. This was 22% reduction from 2010.

Douglas Fowler McIntyre and the Duke of Hamilton owned the airport at first. These people were the first to fly a plane to the top of Mount Everest in 1933. During and after World War II it was a Royal Air Force base. In 1952 it was made a United States Air Force base.

The airport was made bigger in the early 1960s: the runway was made longer and a new terminal building was made. The new, bigger airport opened in 1964. Today, Glasgow Prestwick is mostly used by Ryanair.

On 8 March 2012, Infratil, the company which owns Prestwick, said that they had placed the airport up for sale. The Chief Executive Marco Bogoievski said that he does not regret selling the airport.

The Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm uses part of the airport. It has 3 Sea King helicopters there for search and rescue. They cover Ben Nevis, the Lakes, Northern Ireland and 200 NM (370 km; 230 mi) past the Irish coast. This force is often called 'HMS Gannet'. 15 officers, 11 ratings, 28 civil servants and 50 civilian staff work at the base.

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Glasgow Prestwick Airport
- **image-width**: 150
- **image2**: Glasgow Prestwick Airport, January 2017.jpg
- **image2-width**: 250
- **iata**: PIK
- **icao**: EGPK
- **pushpin label**: EGPK
- **r1-surface**: Concrete/asphalt concrete, Asphalt
- **metric-rwy**: Yes
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: Scottish Government
- **operator**: Prestwick Aviation Holdings Ltd
- **city-served**: Glasgow, Prestwick, Strathclyde
- **elevation-f**: 65
- **pushpin map**: Scotland South Ayrshire
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in South Ayrshire
- **website**: [http://www.glasgowprestwick.com glasgowprestwick.com ]
- **r1-number**: 12/30
- **r1-length-m**: 2,986
- **r2-number**: 03/21
- **r2-length-m**: 1,905
- **r2-surface**: Asphalt
- **stat-year**: 2018
- **stat1-header**: Passengers
- **stat1-data**: 681,715
- **stat2-header**: Passenger change 17-18
- **stat2-data**: 2.1%
- **stat3-header**: Aircraft movements
- **stat3-data**: 24,904
- **stat4-header**: Movements change 17-18
- **stat4-data**: 0.0%
- **footnotes**: Sources: UK Aeronautical Information Publication, AIP at National Air Traffic Services, NATS
Statistics from the Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom), UK Civil Aviation Authority
Shamarpa

**Shamarpa** or more formally **Kunzig Shamar Rinpoche** is Tibetan Buddhis teacher. Together with Karmapa he is the second lineage holder of the Karma Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism. Shamarpa is regarded as manifestation of Amitabha Buddha. He also is the second lama who consciously incarnates in subsequent order of Buddhist teachers.
The first Shamar Rinpoche Khedrup Drakpa Senge (1284–1349) was the principal disciple of the 3rd Karmapa Rangjung Dorje.

## Present Shamarpa

The present (14th) Shamarpa is Mipham Chokyi Lodro, born in Derge, Tibet in 1952.  At age four he was recognized by his uncle the 16th Karmapa.
Naropa

**Nāropā** (956–1041) was an Indian Buddhist teacher. He was the disciple of Tilopa and also brother and pupil of Niguma. Naropa was the main teacher of Marpa, the founder of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism.

## Biography

Naropa was born a high status Brahmin and from an early age showed strong,  highly intelligent mind. At the age of 28 Naropa entered the famous Buddhist University at Nalanda where he studied both Sutra and Tantra. He had the reputation of a great scholar and debater. Later Naropa became studend of Tilopa and spent twelve years with him. While studying and meditating with his teacher Naropa met and overcame twelve minor and twelve major hardships. Eventually he reached full realization and become teacher of Marpa.
Iodine deficiency

**Iodine deficiency** is when there is not enough iodine in the body. Iodine is an essential trace element.

The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodotyronine have iodine. In areas where marine food is not eaten, there is low iodine in the diet. This causes **iodine deficiency** which gives rise to
goiter (so-called endemic goiter), as well as cretinism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems.
_The Lancet_ has said, "According to WHO, in 2007, nearly 2 billion individuals had insufficient iodine intake, a third being of school age. ... Thus iodine deficiency, as the single greatest preventable cause of mental retardation, is an important public-health problem." Iodine deficiency causes diseases of the oral and salivary glands.

In these areas,small amounts of iodine to table salt in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide, and/or potassium iodate is added. This helps preventing iodine deficiency. This product is known as _iodized salt_. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foods. This includes flour, water and milk in areas of deficiency. Seafood is also a well known source of iodine. Thus, iodine deficiency is more common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in soil poor in iodine.

## Other websites

- International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders
- Can Africa meet the goal of eliminating iodine-deficiency disorders by the year 2000?

## Infobox (medical condition (new))

- **name**: Iodine deficiency
- **field**: Endocrinology
John Haymes Newton

**John Newton** (born ) is an American actor.  He is best known for his work on the television series _Superboy_ and _Melrose Place_.
William Griffiths (VC)

**William Griffiths** VC (1841–22 January 1879) was an Irish recipient of the Victoria Cross.
Trachea

The **trachea**, or **windpipe**, is the bony tube that connects the nose and mouth to the lungs, and is an important part of the vertebrate respiratory system.

In mammals, the trachea begins at the lower part of the larynx and continues to the lungs. There it branches into the right and left bronchi. Inflammation of the trachea can lead to other conditions, such as tracheitis, which is the inflammation of the linings of the trachea.

## Invertebrate trachea

The **invertebrate trachea** refers to the open respiratory system of terrestrial arthropods. It consists of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles that take metabolic gases to and from tissues.  The distribution of spiracles varies, but in general each segment of the body has only one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it.

The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and diffuse water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Gas may be moved actively or by passive diffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their haemolymph.
This is one of the factors that may limit their size.

A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of taenidia in various geometries such as loops or helices. In the head, thorax, or abdomen, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as grasshoppers and bees, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a gill, or function as normal, via a plastron. Despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are shed during moulting (ecdysis).
Pete Smith (baseball, born 1966)

**Peter John Smith** (born February 27, 1966 in Abington, Massachusetts) is a former Major League Baseball starting pitcher. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1st round (21st overall pick) in the amateur draft of 1984. Smith was signed on June 14, 1984 to play Minor League Baseball in the Philadelphia Phillies organization. He batted and threw right-handed during his baseball career.

## Career

The Philadelphia Phillies traded Smith to the Atlanta Braves, along with Ozzie Virgil, Jr., for Steve Bedrosian and Milt Thompson. Smith made his major league debut on September 8, 1987 with the Atlanta Braves at age 21. In 1988, Smith pitched 3 shutouts, the season after his rookie year. The Atlanta Braves hoped Smith would turn into an ace pitcher as John Smoltz and Tom Glavine were becoming. But in 1989, Smith's earned run average (ERA) was at 4.75 at the end of the season, higher than his ERA in 1988 when it was at 3.69. He played the 1987-1993 seasons with the Atlanta Braves before being traded to the New York Mets for Dave Gallagher. With the New York Mets, Smith only played the 1994 season before being granted free agency on October 25 of that year. On December 1, 1994, Smith was signed as a free agent with the Cincinnati Reds. He played with the Cincinnati Reds for only half of the 1995 season before being traded to the Florida Marlins on July 1, 1995 as a free agent. On December 23, 1995, Smith signed as a free agent with the San Diego Padres playing one season with them.

On June 9, 1998, Smith was traded to the Baltimore Orioles organization for minor leaguer, Eric Estes. He played his final game on September 24, 1998. He earned a career ERA of 4.55, striking out 640 batters. Smith also pitched 4 shutouts throughout his major league career.

## Other websites

- Baseball Reference
- Baseball Almanac
- Baseball prospectus statistics
- Sportsillustrated  statistics
- Baseball Reference (Minor league) statistics through minor league career

## Infobox (baseball biography)

- **name**: Pete Smith
- **position**: Pitcher
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Abington, Massachusetts
- **debutleague**: MLB
- **debutdate**: September 8
- **debutyear**: 1987
- **debutteam**: Atlanta Braves
- **finalleague**: MLB
- **finaldate**: September 24
- **finalyear**: 1998
- **finalteam**: Baltimore Orioles
- **statleague**: MLB
- **stat1label**: Win–loss record (pitching), Win–loss record
- **stat1value**: 47–71
- **stat2label**: Earned run average
- **stat2value**: 4.55
- **stat3label**: Strikeouts
- **stat3value**: 640
- **teams**: *Atlanta Braves (–)
*New York Mets ()
*Cincinnati Reds ()
*San Diego Padres (–)
*Baltimore Orioles ()
Pete L. Smith

**Peter Luke Smith** (born March 19, 1940) is a former Major League Baseball pitcher who played from 1962 to 1963 for the Boston Red Sox.
Trachea (disambiguation)

The **trachea** is a tube in animals that connects the mouth to the lungs.

**Trachea** might also refer to:
- Tracheids, long cells in the xylem of vascular plants
Urban Dictionary

**Urban Dictionary** is a website which is a dictionary of slang words. The website was created in 1999 by California Polytechnic State University freshman, Aaron Peckham. The website was listed as #29 in Time's list of 50 best websites of 2008. The website has been featured on Tosh.0's "words of the week". As of January 2011, Urban Dictionary has an alexa rating of 688.

## Other websites

- Urban Dictionary

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Urban Dictionary
- **logo**: Urban Dictionary logo.svg
- **commercial**: Owned Company
- **language**: English
- **owner**: Aaron Peckham
- **author**: Aaron Peckham
- **current status**: Active
Electric ray

The **electric rays** are a group of rays, flattened cartilaginous fish with enlarged pectoral fins. They are the order **Torpediniformes**.

They can produce an electric discharge, ranging from as little as 8 volts up to 220 volts depending on species. There are 69 species in four subfamilies.

These rays have battery-like electric organs on both sides of their heads, which can make a powerful electric shock. They use this shock to stun their prey and for their own self defense.

Electric rays are found from shallow coastal waters down to at least  depth. They are sluggish and slow moving, propelling themselves along with their tails, rather than using their disc-shaped bodies, as other rays do. They feed on invertebrates and small fish. They lie in wait for prey below the sand or other substrate, using their electricity to stun and capture it.

## Classification

The electric rays are regarded as monophyletic, though in detail the group has been classified in several ways. This is one way the order can be classified.
- Family Narcinidae (numbfishes)
    - Subfamily Narcininae
    - Subfamily Narkinae (sleeper rays)
- Family Torpedinidae (torpedo electric rays)
    - Subfamily Hypninae (coffin rays)
    - Subfamily Torpedininae

The word torpedo comes from a genus of electric rays in the sub-family Torpedininae, namely _Torpedo_, which in turn comes from the Latin "torpere" (to be stiff or numb).

## Related pages

- Electric fish