juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Divisor

- _For the second operand of a division, see division (mathematics)._

In mathematics, a **divisor** of an integer _n_, also called a **factor** of _n_, is an integer which divides _n_ without leaving a remainder. The statement "_m_ is a divisor of _n_" can be written as . Any number is always divisible by 1 and itself, which are two of the divisors. A prime number is a number with no other divisors. The positive divisors of a number _n_, other than _n_ itself, are the **proper divisors** of _n_.

Finding one or more factors of a given number is called factorization.
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## Explanation

For example, 7 is a divisor of 42 because 42÷7 = 6. We also say that "42 is **divisible** by 7", "42 is a **multiple** of 7", "7 **divides** 42", or "7 is a **factor** of 42", and we usually write 7 | 42. For example, the positive divisors of 42 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42.

In general, we say that _m_ divides _n_ for non-zero integers _m_ and _n_, if and only if there exists an integer _k_ such that _n_ = _km_.  Thus, divisors can be negative as well as positive, although we often restrict our attention to positive divisors. (For example, there are six divisors of four, 1, 2, 4, -1, -2, -4, but one would usually mention only the positive ones, 1, 2, and 4.)

1 and -1 divide (are divisors of) every integer, every integer is a divisor of itself, and every integer is a divisor of 0, except by convention 0 itself (see also Division by zero). Numbers divisible by 2 are called even, and numbers not divisible by 2 are called odd.

A divisor of _n_ that is not 1, -1, _n_ or -_n_ is known as a **non-trivial divisor**; numbers with non-trivial divisors are known as composite numbers, while prime numbers have no non-trivial divisors.

The name comes from the arithmetic operation of division: if _a÷b_ = _c_, then _a_ is the dividend, _b_ the **divisor,** and _c_ the quotient.

## Spotting divisors

There are properties which allow one to recognize certain divisors of a number from the number's digits. Those properties can be used as "math tricks" to quickly spot some divisors of a number.

For example, if the last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6 or 8), then 2 is a divisor. If the last digit is 0 or 5, then 5 is a divisor. If the digits add up to a multiple of 3, then 3 is a divisor. For the number 340, ending in "0" then both 2 and 5 are divisors, plus 2×5 = 10 is also a divisor. Dividing by 10, 340/10 = 34, as finally 2×17. Combining all the smaller numbers, the 12 divisors of 340 are:
- Divisors of 340:  1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 17, 20, 34, 68, 85, 170, 340.
Note that any number is always evenly divisible by 1 and itself.

## Related pages

- Coprime
- Euclid's lemma

## Other websites

- Online Number Factorizer Instantly factors numbers up to 17 digits long
- Factoring Calculator  -- Factoring calculator that displays the prime factors and the prime and non-prime divisors of a given number.
Remainder

In arithmetic, the result of the division of two integers usually cannot be expressed with an integer quotient, unless a **remainder—**an amount "left over" after the division—is also accepted.

## The remainder for natural numbers

Given a natural number  and a non-zero natural number , it can be shown that there exist unique integers  and , such that  and . The number  is called the _quotient_, while  is called the _remainder_.

## The case of general integers

If  and  are integers with  being non-zero, then a remainder is an integer  such that  for some integer , and with .

When defined this way, there are two possible remainders. For example, the division of -42 by -5 can be expressed as either

or

- .

So the remainder is then either 3 or -2.

This ambiguity in the value of the remainder is not very serious; in the case above, the negative remainder is obtained from the positive one just by subtracting 5, which is . This holds in general. When dividing by , if the positive remainder is , and the negative one is , then

- .

## The remainder for real numbers

When  and  are real numbers, with  being non-zero, then  can be divided by  without remainder, with the quotient being another real number. If the quotient is constrained to being an integer, however, the concept of remainder is still necessary. It can be proven that there exists a unique integer quotient  and a unique real remainder  such that  with . Similar to the case of division of integers, the remainder could be required to be negative, that is,  .

Extending the definition of remainder for real numbers, as described above, is not of theoretical importance in mathematics; however, many programming languages implement this definition—see modulation for more.

## Related pages

- Divisor, a number which evenly divides another
- Long division
- Modular arithmetic
- Modulation
Remainder (disambiguation)

Remainder is the amount "left over" when dividing two integers.

**Remainder** could also mean:

- Remaindered book, a publisher liquidating the remaining unsold copies of a book
- Remainder (law), in property law, a future interest created in a transferee
- Remainder term, in mathematics, when approximating a value by a series, is the error (the amount "left over") of an approximation, such that true value = series approximation + remainder term.
Andreas Starke

**Andreas Starke** (SPD) (born 17 September 1956 in Hamburg) became the Lord Mayor of Bamberg in Bavaria, Germany in 2006. He won the election against Peter Neller (CSU), Ursula Sowa (Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) and Norbert Tscherner (BBB).
Veliky Novgorod

**Veliky Novgorod** () is a city in the European part of Russia. It is the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast. It is about  from St. Petersburg. In 2007, about 217,000 people lived there. "Novgorod" is the Russian word for "new city" and "Veliky" means "the Great". The city is actually one of the most historic in Russia. Its past can be traced to the 9th century. Yaroslav the Wise ruled there in the 11th century. It was the only Russian province that was _not_ captured by the Golden Horde.
Nizhny Novgorod

- _There is also a town Velikiy Novgorod with **Novgorod** in its name_

**Nizhny Novgorod** (Russian:Ни́жний Но́вгород, often shortened to _Nizhny_) is the sixth largest city in Russia. The first five are Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan. Nizhny Novgorod had a population of 1,249,861 in 2021, and one of 1,438,133 in 1989. It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District.

From 1932 to 1990 the city was known as **Gorky** (Russian: Го́рький) after the writer Maxim Gorky.

## Other websites

- Nizhny Novgorod City Government website
- Official website of Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum
- Art Museum of Nizhny Novgorod
- http://www.nne.ru The Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas Archdiocese
- VisitNizhny.com  Information about tourism and entertainment in Nizhny Novgorod
- Nizhny Novgorod Online

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Nizhny Novgorod
- **native name**: Нижний Новгород
- **native name lang**: ru
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Nizhny Novgorod Montage 2022.png
- **image flag**: Flag of Nizhny Novgorod.svg
- **image seal**: Coat of Arms of Nizhny Novgorod.svg
- **seal type**: Coat of Arms
- **motto**: All together for one

- **etymology**: nizhegorodian
- **nickname**: Poket of Russia
- **image map**: Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.svg
- **image map1**: Location Map of Nizhny Novgorod.svg
- **population total**: 1,249,861
- **population rank**: 6th
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Federal District
- **subdivision name1**: Volga
- **subdivision type2**: Region
- **subdivision name2**: Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1221
- **government type**: City Duma
- **governing body**: Nizhny Novgorod City Duma
- **leader party**: United Russia
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Yury Shalabaev
- **area total km2**: 410.68
- **area metro km2**: 514.56
- **elevation m**: 200
- **timezone link**: UTC
- **timezone1 location**: Moscow Time
- **utc offset1**: +03:00
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 603xxx
- **iso code**: NIZ
Maxim Gorky

**Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov** (In Russian Алексей Максимович Пешков) (Old style: 16 March 1868, New style: 28 March – 18 June 1936), better known as **Maxim Gorky** (Максим Горький), was a Soviet/Russian author, a founder of the socialist realism literary method and a political activist.

From 1906 to 1913 and from 1921 to 1929 he lived abroad, mostly in Capri, Italy; after his return to the Soviet Union he accepted the cultural policies of the time, although he was not permitted to leave the country.

## Selected Works

- The Lower Depths (На дне), 1902
- Children of the Sun (Дети солнца), 1905

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Maxim Gorky LOC Restored edit1.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait of Gorky, c. 1906
- **birth place**: Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Empire
- **death date**: (aged 68)
- **death place**: Gorki Leninskiye, Moscow Oblast, Russian SFSR, USSR
- **signature**: MaximGorkySignature.svg
Ankh

The **ankh** or **key of life** is an ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol used to represent the word for "life" and, by extension, as a symbol of life itself.

The ankh has a T-shape topped by a droplet-shaped loop.

Egyptian gods are often portrayed carrying it by that loop, or bearing one in each hand, arms crossed over their chest. It is also known as the Egyptian Cross, or as crux ansata, Latin for "cross with a handle".

## Use in writing

In ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, the ankh was a triliteral sign: one that represented a sequence of three consonant sounds. The ankh stood for the sequence _Ꜥ-n-ḫ_, where _n_ is pronounced like the English letter _n_, _Ꜥ_ is a voiced pharyngeal fricative, and _ḫ_ is a voiceless or voiced velar fricative (sounds not found in English). In the Egyptian language, these consonants were found in the verb meaning "live", the noun meaning "life", and words derived from them, such as _sꜤnḫ_, which means "cause to live" or "nourish"; _Ꜥnḫ_ evolved into ⲱⲛϩ (_onh_) in the Coptic stage of the language. The sign is known in English as the "ankh", based on the hypothetical pronunciation of the Egyptian word, or as the "key of life", based on its meaning.

One of the common uses of the word _Ꜥnḫ_ was to express a wish that a particular person live. For example, a phrase meaning something like "may you be healthy and alive" was used in polite contexts, similar to the English phrase "if you please", and the phrase _Ꜥnḫ wḏꜣ snb_, meaning "alive, sound, and healthy", was used as an honorific for the pharaoh when he was mentioned in writing. The Egyptian word for "oath" was also _Ꜥnḫ_, because oaths in ancient Egypt began with a form of the word "live".

The same consonants were found in the word for "mirror" and the word for a floral bouquet, so the sign was also used in writing these words. The three consonants also compose the word for a looped rope-like object found in illustrations on many coffins from the Middle Kingdom (c. 2050–1650 BC). The Egyptologists Battiscombe Gunn and Alan Gardiner, in the early 20th century, believed these objects to be sandal straps, given that they appear in pairs at the foot of the coffin and the accompanying texts say the objects are "on the ground under his feet".
Ingrid Bergman

**Ingrid Bergman** (29 August 191529 August 1982) was a Swedish actress. She won numerous accolades, including three Academy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Tony Award, four Golden Globe Awards, BAFTA Award and a Volpi Cup.

## Biography

Born in Stockholm, Bergman enrolled at Royal Dramatic Drama School. She began acting in Sweden before moving to Hollywood in 1939. Her first movie was a remake of a Swedish movie _Intermezzo_. Bergman starred in movies _Casablanca_ (1942), _Gaslight_ (1944), _Spellbound_ (1945) and _Notorious_ (1946). She was nominated for seven Academy Awards. Her last role was in a television miniseries _Golda Meir_ (1982). Bergman married Roberto Rossellini in 1950.  She had a daughter Pia (born 1938) by her first husband Dr. Lindström, and a son Robertino (born 1950) and twin daughters Isabella Rossellini and Isotta (born 1952) with Rossellini. Bergman died of breast cancer in London, England.

## References

- _The Illustrated Who's Who of Cinema_, Portland House, New York, 1987.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Ingrid Bergman, Gaslight 1944.jpg
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **death place**: London, England
- **caption**: Bergman in 1944
- **resting place**: Norra Begravningsplatsen, Stockholm
- **years active**: 1932–1982
- **occupation**: Actress
Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg

The **Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg** is a cycle trail. It  links the Moselle-valley and
the Hunsrück from Trier to Hermeskeil in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
The length is about :
- Trier-Ruwer - Mertesdorf - Kasel - Waldrach:
- Waldrach - Sommerau - Gusterath-Tal - Pluwigerhammer:
- Pluwigerhammer - Hinzenburg - Burg Heid:
- Burg Heid - Hentern - Zerf:
- Zerf - Niederkell:
- Niederkell - Kell am See:
- Kell am See - Reinsfeld:
- Reinsfeld - Hermeskeil:

## Other websites

- www.ruwer-hochwald-radweg.de
Novosibirsk

**Novosibirsk** (Russian: Новосиби́рск, pronounced ) is Russia's third largest city, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast. It is also the largest city in Siberia and the administrative center of Siberian Federal District. It is in the southwest of this district.

## History

It was founded in 1893 as the future site of the Trans-Siberian railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river Ob. Its importance further increased early in the 20th century with the completion of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway connecting Novosibirsk to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea.

The settlement became city in 1903. City name may be translated as New Siberian. From 1893 until 1925 Novosibirsk was called **Novonikolayevsk**.
During the Great Patriotic war of the Soviet Union a lot of factories from the west parts of the country were evacuated here.

In 1986 Novosibirsk became the first city in Siberia having a metro system.

The city lies along the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain. To the south is the Ukok Plateau part of  the UNESCO World Heritage Site entitled _Golden Mountains of Altai_.

## Climate

The climate is sharply continental, with very severe, cold and snowy winters and hot and dry summers. Temperatures in summer range from 10 to 30 °C (50...85 °F), in winter -5 to -25 °C (20...-10 °F), but can reach -45 °C (-50 °F) in winter and 35 °C (95 °F) in summer. The difference between the highest and the lowest temperature is 83 °C (181 °F). Most of the time the weather is sunny, with an average of 2880 hours of sunshine per year.

## Economy

Industries include machine manufacturing and metallurgy. It is the home of one of Novosibirsk State University (in nearby Akademgorodok), a number of institutes and a scientific research center. Novosibirsk has opera and ballet companies, several theaters, museums, and art galleries, and numerous sports facilities.

## Transportation

West Siberian railway control organization is located in the city, on the Vokzalnaya magistral street beginning near Novosibirsk Glavny rail terminal.

In 1986 Novosibirsk metro started its working. It became the first subway system in Siberia.

Also, the city has tram, trolley and bus systems.

Tolmachevo international airport is located in Novosibirsk area.

## Related pages

- List of cities and other settlements in Russia

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Novosibirsk
- **native name**: Новосибирск
- **image skyline**: Novosibirsk Kommunisticheskaya 50.jpg
- **image caption**: The recently completed second-tallest building of Novosibirsk, nicknamed "BlueTooth", "Batman", "Plug", etc.
- **image flag**: File:Novosibirsk-city flag.svg
- **image seal**: Coat of Arms of Novosibirsk.svg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **subdivision type**: Country
Recital

A **recital** is a concert of classical music given by just one musician or one musician and an accompanist.  A pianist playing a concert by himself will be giving a "piano recital".  A "violin recital" will be given by a violinist, and might include a piano accompanist.

People started talking about "recitals" in the middle of the 19th century.  Pianists such as Liszt became famous when they travelled about giving piano recitals.  Soon piano manufacturers (firms that make pianos) and concert agents started to sponsor famous pianists to give recitals.  These great pianists became great stars in the way that, in music, only opera singers had been great stars before. Some concert halls have become well-known places for recitals, e.g. the Bosendorfersaal in Vienna, the Beethovensaal in Berlin, the Wigmore Hall in London and the Carnegie Hall in New York.

Some pianists became known for playing recitals of music by just one composer.  Recitals of Chopin's music were particularly popular.  "Song recitals" (or "vocal recitals") are given by singers who sing Lieder and sometimes arias from operas.
Program music

**Programme music** (or "program music" in US English) is music for instruments which describes something or tells a story.  It is the opposite of "absolute music" which is not trying to describe anything, just the sound of the piece.  Programme music was very popular in the 19th century although some programme music was written earlier.

## History

Some composers in the Renaissance and Baroque periods wrote music which described battles. Antonio Vivaldi wrote a very famous set of four concertos for violin and strings called _The Four Seasons_.  Each of the movements describe things happening during the year's seasons, e.g. birds singing in the spring, snowy winter days, etc.

At the start of the 1800s, Beethoven wrote a pastoral symphony, Symphony No. 6 "Pastorale", which describes the peaceful life in the countryside.  This way of making music describe things became very popular with Romantic composers.  Mendelssohn wrote "concert overtures" which had nothing to do with an opera but were simply short pieces of music for orchestra which told a story.  _Hebrides Overture_, for example, describes the feel of the sea lapping into Fingal's Cave in the Scottish Inner Hebrides.

Franz Liszt made programme music very popular in his symphonic poems.  Hector Berlioz's _Symphonie Fantastique_ describes a story he made up himself about a man who has dreams about a woman he loves.  The woman he loves is represented by a tune (melody) which is heard in different ways during the symphony.  It is called an _idée fixe_ (French for "fixed idea").  This way of linking a theme (tune) with a person led to Wagner's use of leitmotif in his operas in which a tune is linked to a person, event or idea.  At the start of the 19th century Richard Strauss  wrote several symphonic poems, often using a leitmotif to describe the person it is about.  They include _Don Juan_, _Don Quixote_ and _Ein Heldenleben_ (_A hero's life_).
Anaerobic organism

An **anaerobic organism** is any living thing that does not need oxygen for growth.

- **Obligate anaerobes** will die when exposed to atmospheric levels of oxygen.
- **Facultative anaerobes** can use oxygen when it is present.
- **Aerotolerant** organisms can survive in the presence of oxygen, but they are anaerobic because they do not use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor.

Microaerophiles are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations (low micromolar range); their growth is inhibited by normal oxygen concentrations (approximately 200 micromolar). Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen.

Obligate anaerobes may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration; without oxygen some of them ferment, some use anaerobic respiration. Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. Microaerophiles carry out aerobic respiration, and some of them can also do anaerobic respiration.

Some anaerobic bacteria produce toxins (e.g., tetanus or botulinum toxins) that are highly dangerous to higher organisms, including humans.

## Related pages

- Cellular respiration
- Anaerobic digestion
- Biogas
Tetanus

**Tetanus** (or **lockjaw**) is a disease that leads to muscle contractions that stay that way for some time.

Infection generally occurs through wound contaminatio<nowiki/>n, and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. The main symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium _Clostridium tetani_. As the infection goes on, muscle spasms develop in the jaw. This is usually followed by problems with swallowing. The disease leads to muscle stiffness and spasm<nowiki/>s in other parts of the body. Infection can be prevented by proper immunization and by post-exposure prophylaxis.

## Other websites

- Tetanus Information from Medline Plus
- Tetanus Symptoms
- Tetanus Surveillance -- United States, 1998-2000 (Data and Analysis)
Immunization

**Immunization** is a way of preventing a person from getting a disease.  This is done by making the person's body come into contact with a bit of the disease so that the body learns how to fight it.  The body's ability to fight off a disease is called its immune system.

The material is known as an immunogen.  Immunization is the same as inoculation and vaccination because inoculation and vaccination use an infecting agent (something that infects) in the same way that immunization does.

When the human immune system is exposed to an infection once, it can learn how to cope quickly if it is exposed to it again.  By exposing an individual to an immunogen in a controlled way, the body will be able to protect itself from that infection later on in life.
Whipped cream

**Whipped cream** is a dairy food used in many desserts. It is made with heavy cream, a type of cream that contains a large amount of fat.

## Preparation

To make whipped cream, a person whips or beats the heavy cream with a whisk or an electric mixer until it becomes fluffy and filled with air. For some desserts, icing sugar can be added as a sweetener. Some people also add flavourings to whipped cream, such as vanilla.

## Serving

Whipped cream is used in many types of desserts. Some desserts, such as apple pie or strawberry shortcake, are often served with whipped cream on top. Whipped cream is also served in milk shakes, Alex's coffee, and on ice cream sundaes. Some desserts have whipped cream inside them, such as cream puffs and eclairs.
Tetanospasmin

**Tetanospasmin** is the neurotoxin produced by the vegetative spore of _Clostridium tetani_ in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It is sometimes called spasmogenic toxin, tetanus toxin or abbreviated to TeTx or TeNT.
Neurotoxin

A **neurotoxin** is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins and ion channels.

Many of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins. A common effect is paralysis, which sets in extremely rapidly. The venom of bees, scorpions, pufferfish, spiders and snakes can contain many different toxins. Many neurotoxins act by affecting voltage-dependent ion channels.

A man named Clairvius Narcisse was dead and came back to life again because the locals used neurotoxin on him to bring him back to life. He was buried in Haiti in 1964.
Paralysis

**Paralysis** is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups, when the thing that is **paralysed** cannot move.

Paralysis is most often caused by damage to the nervous system or brain, especially the spinal cord. Major causes are stroke, trauma, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Partial paralysis can also occur in the REM stage of sleep (see:Sleep paralysis). Paralysis often includes loss of feeling in the affected area.

### Hemiplegia

In hemiplegia, one side of the person's body is paralysed.

### Monoplegia

During monoplegia, only one limb is unable to move.

### Paraplegia

In paraplegia, both legs are unable to move. The person is paralyzed from the waist down.

### Quadriplegia

The most extreme form of paralysis. The whole body from the neck down can't move.

### Locked-in syndrome

Paralysis of the whole body.
Membrane protein

A **membrane protein** is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.

20–30% of all genes in genomes code for membrane proteins. They are targets of over 50% of all modern medicinal drugs.

## Function

Membrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms:
- Membrane receptor proteins relay signals between the cell's internal and external environments.
- Membrane transport proteins move molecules and ions across the membrane.
- Membrane enzymes have many activities.
- Cell adhesion molecules allow cells to identify each other and interact. For example, proteins involved in immune response.

## Related pages

- Ion channel

## Other websites

- General principles of membrane protein folding and stability   from Stephen White laboratory
- Orientations of proteins in membranes (OPM) database 3D structures of integral and amphitropic membrane proteins
Tampa Bay Buccaneers

The **Tampa Bay Buccaneers** are a professional American football team in the National Football League (NFL). They are a part of the Southern Division of the National Football Conference. The Buccaneers are from Tampa, Florida. The team was founded in 1976, and are the champions from Super Bowl XXXVII in 2002. Their head coach is Todd Bowles.

The name "Buccaneer" comes from certain pirates who would raid the western coast of Florida in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Their logo is a illustrated football knockoff of the Jolly Roger logo.

The Buccaneers play in Raymond James Stadium located in Tampa, Florida.

The Buccaneer's division rivals include the New Orleans Saints, the Carolina Panthers and the Atlanta Falcons. Their in state rivals include the Miami Dolphins and the Jacksonville Jaguars.

The Buccaneers have 5 players in the NFL Hall of fame: Lee Roy Selmon, Warren Sapp, Derrick Brooks, John Lynch & Ronde Barber.

They are the first team to play the Super Bowl on their homefield, as Super Bowl LV is hosted in Tampa, after defeating the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship game. Tampa played the Kansas City Chiefs in the Super Bowl. They won the game 31-9 against the Kansas City Chiefs.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Pro Football Hall of Fame
Obelus

An **obelus** (plural, **obeli**) is a symbol of a line with dots above and below, , and is used to represent the division operation in mathematics. Because of that, this symbol is also known as a **division sign**.

The word "obelus" comes from the Greek word for a sharpened stick, spit, or pointed pillar. This is the same root as that of the word "obelisk". The obelus was first used as a symbol for division in 1659, in the algebra book _Teutsche Algebra_ by Johann Rahn. Today, the obelus is used occasionally, mostly as a standalone symbol for the division operation itself (as on a calculator), or as an operator in elementary arithmetic. In most cases, division is now represented using other ways, often by a forward slash (<samp>/</samp>), also known as "solidus".

## Related pages

- Slash (punctuation)

## Other websites

- Jeff Miller: _Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols_
- Michael Quinion: _Where our arithmetic symbols come from_
Vinculum (symbol)

A **vinculum** is a horizontal line put over a mathematical expression. It shows that it belongs together as a group. (_Vinculum_ is Latin for "chain".)

Examples are:

1. groups of digits repeating forever, for example,

2. fractions

3. radicals (in the following example the quantity  is the radicand, and thus has a vinculum over it):

## Other websites

- MathWorld Vinculum Entry with further (more complicated) examples
- Periodic Continued Fraction
Colon

**Colon** could mean:

- Colon (anatomy)
- Colon (punctuation)
- Colon (rhetoric)
- Colon classification, a library classification system
- Colon, Michigan, a village within Colon Township
- Colon Township, Michigan
- Carlitos Colón, professional wrestler
    - Carly "Carlito" Colón, his son, also a wrestler
    - Eddie Colón, his son, also a wrestler
    - Stacy Colón, his daughter, also a wrestler
- Fred Colon, a _Discworld_ character
- _Colon_, the French word referring to a French-Algerian colonist.
- Bartolo Colon, a pitcher for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim
- _Colon_, an alternative name use in France for wine made from the Gros Verdot grape.
Tomorrow Never Knows

**Tomorrow Never Knows** is a song from The Beatles's _Revolver_ album, from 1966.

John Lennon wrote the song based on his readings of _The Psychedelic Experience_, which adapted the _Tibetan Book of the Dead_ for use as an LSD "user's manual", intending to give users a kind of religious experience. The song's title came from his bandmate Ringo Starr, who was known for his  but insightful comments about life.

Lennon wanted the sound of monks , to complement the Beatles' recording of the song. It was not possible to do this, but Lennon's voice was played through a special speaker (called a Leslie speaker), to give it a  sound, like a voice calling from a hilltop. Other sounds on the record came from tape loops, playing over and over, and from a sitar.

The song has also been recorded by other artists. A dance cover version appeared in the 1990s.
Titanic (disambiguation)

**Titanic** can refer to
- RMS Titanic, the ship which sank on its first voyage in 1912
- _Titanic_ (1997 movie) a movie about that voyage
- _Titanic_ (1996 TV miniseries), a CBS miniseries
- _Titanic_ (2012 TV series), an ITV network show
- Titanic, Oklahoma, a town in Oklahoma
The Count of Monte Cristo

***The Count of Monte Cristo*** is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, père.  The story is about revenge and forgiveness. The main character of the book, Edmond Dantès, is wrongly sent to prison. There, he meets an old priest named Faria, who tells Dantès of a treasure. He escapes and finds the large treasure. He uses it to carry out a plan of revenge on the three people who sent him to prison. The novel was well received by critics and readers. It has been adapted to many stage plays and movies.

The novel was first published in the _Journal des Débats_ in 18 parts from August 28, 1844 to January 15, 1846. It was first published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes (1844-5). It was published in English in 1846 by Chapman and Hall. It has been translated many times since 1846, and into many languages. Dumas wrote a set of three plays that told the story of _The Count of Monte Cristo_: _Monte Cristo_ (1848), _Le Counte de Morcerf_ (1851), and _Villefort_ (1851). The book inspired the plot for other novels, including Lew Wallace's  _Ben-Hur_ (1880).

## Other websites

- Pierre Picaud: The "Real" Count
- Sparknotes Literary Analysis of _The Count of Monte Cristo_

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Count of Monte Cristo
- **image**: Dumas by Nadar, 1855.jpg
- **caption**: Alexandre Dumas, père
- **author**: Alexandre Dumas, père
- **title orig**: Le Comte de
- **genre**: Historical novel
Revenge novel
Adventure novel
- **country**: France
- **language**: French
- **pub date**: 1844-1845 in 18 volumes
Hallandale Beach, Florida

**Hallandale Beach** is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. The city is named after Luther Halland, a worker for Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad. The population was 41,217 at the 2020 census. Sometimes the city is called the "southernmost Canadian city". This is because Hallandale Beach has been a popular vacation spot for years, and most of the tourists come from Quebec and the northeast United States. Many of these tourists eventually moved to the area to live there.
Göppingen

**Göppingen** (, _Gebbeng_, or _Geppenge_) is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. In 2005, there were 57,771 people living there. It is at the bottom of the  high "Kaiserberg", or "Emperors' Mountain".

## History

The first settlement at Göppingen was in the Hallstatt period, 800-480 BC. A Roman settlement from about 250 BC was found near the present day Oberhofen Church. An Alemannic prince by the name of "Geppo", is believed to have started the town after the sometime in the 3rd or 4th century. The town is named after him.

A fire on August 25, 1782 destroyed most of the town, but it was immediately rebuilt. During the 1800s, many factories were built in the area. Companies such as Märklin and Schuler are still based in the town.

### Cooke Barracks

In 1930, an air field was built north of Göppingen. This was taken over by the Luftwaffe in 1935 and was called the Fliegerhorst Kaserne (barracks). From 1945 to 1949, displaced persons and refugees were housed in the buildings. In 1949, it was renamed Cooke Barracks, after Charles H. Cooke, Jr., who been killed in action and given the Silver Star and Soldier's Medal for bravery.

In late 1950, the 7th Army had been reformed in Stuttgart and United States Army began to be stationed at Cooke Barracks. The barracks were made bigger for the 28th Infantry Division headquarters. The 28th Infantry was renamed as the 9th Infantry Division (United States) in 1954 and was replaced by the 8th Infantry Division in 1956. They were then replaced by the 4th Armored Division in 1957, which was renamed as the 1st Armored Division in 1971 and moved to Hindenburg Kaserne in Ansbach in 1972. The 1st Infantry Division moved from Augsburg in 1972 until 1991. There was also two Family Housing-Blocks in Donzdorf at the Göppingen (district). In July 2017, they was hold the remembering cooke barracks festival, because the inhabitants in göppingen district loved and liked the US Army who was once stationed in Goppingen.

Cooke Barracks were given back to the German government in 1992. The barracks were again used to house refugees for some time, then returned to civilian use.

## Sport

Frisch Auf! Göppingen currently plays in the German first handball-division (Handball-Bundesliga).

## Other websites

- Official website
- for people who served at Cooke Barracks

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Göppingen COA.svg
- **image plan**: Göppingen in GP.svg
- **image photo**: Faurndau Stiftskirche.jpg
- **image caption**: _Stiftskirche_
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Göppingen
- **elevation**: 323
- **area**: 59.22
- **population**: 55571
- **stand**: 2013-12-31
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08117026
- **postal code**: 73033–73037, 73116 (Krettenhof)
- **area code**: 07161, 07165, 07163
- **licence**: GP
- **mayor**: Guido Till
- **party**: Christian Democratic Union of Germany, CDU
Unperson

In the George Orwell book Nineteen Eighty-Four, an **Unperson** in Newspeak is someone who has been vaporized. Vaporization is when a person is secretly murdered and erased from society, the present, the universe, and existence. Such a person would be taken out of books, photographs, and articles so that no trace of them is found in the present anywhere – no record of them would be found. This was so that a person who defied the Party would be gone from all citizens' memories, even friends and family. There is no Newspeak word for what happened to unpeople, therefore it is thoughtcrime to say an unperson's name or think of unpeople.

This is similar to the Stalinist Soviet Party erasing people from photographs after death; this is an example of "real" unpeople.

The Stalin-era Soviet Union also provided real-world examples of unpersons in its treatment of Leon Trotsky and other members of the Communist Party who became politically inconvenient. In his 1960 magazine article "Pravda means 'Truth'", reprinted in _Expanded Universe_, Robert A. Heinlein argued that John Paul Jones and a mysterious May 15, 1960 cosmonaut had also received this treatment.

## Other websites

- A look at Orwell’s Newspeak
Düren

**Düren** (Ripuarian: _Düre_, Low Franconian: _Dürre_ or _Dure_) is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is between Cologne and Aachen. About 90,000 people live there. Düren is at the river Rur.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Düren
- **image photo**: Schlossburgau2.jpg
- **image caption**: View of Burgau Castle
- **image coa**: DEU Dueren COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge der Stadt Düren.svg
- **image plan**: Düren in DN.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Köln
- **district**: Düren
- **elevation**: 125
- **area**: 85.02
- **population**: 90181
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 52349/52351/52353/52355
- **area code**: 02421
- **licence**: DN
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 3 58 008
- **divisions**: 15
- **mayor**: Paul Larue
- **party**: CDU
Gütersloh

**Gütersloh** (, Low Franconian: _Gütersloh_)  is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 96,000 people live there. It is home to the high-end appliance brand Miele.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Proedous 52270062.jpg
- **image caption**: Veerhoffhaus, built in 1649
- **image flag**: Flagge der Stadt Gütersloh.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Gütersloh COA.svg
- **image plan**: Gütersloh in GT.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Detmold
- **district**: Gütersloh
- **elevation**: 75
- **area**: 111.99
- **population**: 96468
- **stand**: 2009-06-30
- **postal code**: 33241–33335
- **area code**: 05241, 05209 (Friedrichsdorf)
- **licence**: GT
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 7 54 008
- **divisions**: 12
- **mayor**: Henning Schulz
- **party**: SPD
Iserlohn

**Iserlohn** (Westphalian Low German: _Iserlaun_, _Iserliaun_, or _Iserlauhn_; Middle Low German: _Eisenwald_)  is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 93,000 people live there; it is one of the largest cities in that region.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Iserlohn
- **image photo**: Iserlohn-Bauernkirche1-Asio.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: _Bauernkirche_
- **image flag**: Flagge Iserlohn.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Iserlohn COA.svg
- **image plan**: Iserlohn in MK.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Arnsberg
- **district**: Märkischer Kreis
- **elevation**: 494
- **area**: 125.5
- **population**: 95500
- **stand**: 2009-06-30
- **postal code**: 58636–58644
- **area code**: 02371 <small>(Iserlohn)</small>
 02374 <small>(Iserlohn-Letmathe)</small>
 02304 <small>(Schwerte,Iserlohn-Hennen)</small>
 02352 <small>(Altena,parts of Iserlohn-Kesbern)</small>
 02378 <small>(Fröndenberg/Ruhr, Fröndenberg- Langschede, Iserlohn-Drüpplingsen</small>)
- **licence**: MK,
IS _until 1974_
LS _until 1979_
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 9 62 024
- **divisions**: 5
- **mayor**: Michael Joithe
- **party**: DieIserlohner
Velbert

**Velbert** is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 87,000 people live there.

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Velbert
- **image coa**: DEU Velbert COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Velbert.svg
- **image photo**: VelbertMuenzbrunnen.jpg
- **image plan**: Velbert in ME.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Düsseldorf
- **district**: Mettmann
- **elevation**: 230
- **area**: 74.9
- **population**: 84238
- **stand**: 2009-06-30
- **postal code**: 42549–42555
- **area code**: 02051–02053
- **licence**: ME
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 1 58 032
- **divisions**: 3
- **mayor**: Dirk Lukrafka
Lünen

**Lünen** is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. 88,000 people live there. Lünen has got two important football clubs: Lüner SV and BV Brambauer. Lüner SV is playing in the "Bezirksliga (8. league), but in 1963 the club achieved his greatest aim. They got Champion of Westphalia.

## Infobox (german location)

- **image photo**: Luenen lippebruecke.jpg
- **image caption**: View with the bridge on the River Lippe
- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Luenen COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Luenen.svg
- **image plan**: Lünen in UN.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Arnsberg
- **district**: Unna
- **elevation**: 58
- **area**: 59.18
- **population**: 88007
- **stand**: 2009-06-30
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05978024
- **postal code**: 44532, 44534, 44536
- **area code**: 02306, 0231
- **licence**: UN, LÜN
- **mayor**: Jürgen Kleine-Frauns
- **party**: GfL
Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia

**Marl** is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 91,000 people live there.

## Twin towns

- Bitterfeld, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
- Creil, France
- Herzliya, Israel
- Zalaegerszeg, Hungary
- Pendle, United Kingdom
- Kuşadası, Turkey

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Marl
- **image photo**: Marl Panorama Citysee.jpg
- **image caption**: Panoramic view of Marl City with town hall
- **image coa**: DEU Marl COA.svg
- **image flag**: Banner Marl.svg
- **image plan**: Marl in RE.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Münster
- **district**: Recklinghausen
- **elevation**: 70
- **area**: 87.69
- **population**: 88502
- **stand**: 2009-06-30
- **postal code**: 45768, 45770, 45772
- **area code**: 0 23 65
- **licence**: RE
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 5 62 024
- **mayor**: Werner Arndt
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Bürgermeister
- **party**: SPD
Bocholt

**Bocholt** () is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 73,000 people live there.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Bocholt is twinned with:
- Akmenė, Lithuania
- Arpajon-sur-Cère, France
- Aurillac, France
- Bocholt, Belgium
- Rossendale, England, United Kingdom

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **name**: Bocholt
- **image coa**: DEU_Bocholt_COA.svg
- **image photo**: 2005-11 bocholt rathaus.JPG
- **image caption**: Town hall
- **image flag**: Flagge Bocholt.svg
- **image plan**: Bocholt in BOR.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **region**: Münster
- **district**: Borken
- **elevation**: 25
- **area**: 119.37
- **population**: 73560
- **stand**: 2007-12-31
- **postal code**: 46361–46399
- **area code**: 02871
02874 (Suderwick)
- **licence**: BOR, AH, BOH
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 5 54 008
- **divisions**: 12
- **mayor**: Christian Mangen
- **leader term**: 2025–30
- **party**: FDP
Roman Abramovich

**Roman Abramovich** (born October 24, 1966 in Saratov, Russia) is a Russian-British businessman. Roman Abramovich was born in Saratov, in the former Soviet Union (FSU) on October 24, 1966. He was orphaned at the age of three and raised by his uncle in Ukhta, in the Komi Republic in northern Russia. When he was eight, Abramovich went to live with his grandmother in Moscow.

## Wealth

He is one of the richest men in the world. As in 2019, his wealth was estimated at $12.9 billion by Forbes which made him the wealthiest person in Israel, where he resides, and the 140th wealthiest person in the world.

## Business

Abramovich is the owner of Millhouse, LLC, a private investment company, the owner of Evraz, a steel making and mining company, and major shareholder of Norilsk Nickel, a nickel and palladium mining and smelting company. He is also part owner or significant shareholder many international corporations, mainly in steel and mining, and private investment and was well known as owner for  club Chelsea Football Club, one of the most successful and popular football teams in the United Kingdom.

## Works in Russia

In 1999, Abramovich who was then 33 years old, was elected governor of the Russian province of Chukotka, and was subsequently elected for a second term, serving until 2008.

Abramovich has received the ‘Order of Honor’ by the President of Russia for his important contribution to helping himprove the economy of Chukotka. He was also given the ‘Order of Friendship’ by the President.

## Other websites

- Roman-Abramovich.com

## Infobox (governor)

- **embed**: yes
- **office**: Governor of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Chukotka
- **term start**: 17 December 2000
- **term end**: 3 July 2008
- **predecessor**: Alexander Nazarov
- **successor**: Roman Kopin


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Roman Abramovich
- **image**: Roman Abramovich 2.jpg
- **caption**: Abramovich in 2007
- **birth place**: Saratov, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
- **occupation**: Businessman, entrepreneur, politician
- **net worth**: US$12.1 billion (August 2019)
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 7, including Arkadiy Abramovich
Hazrat Babajan

**Hazrat Babajan** (1806–1931), birthname **Gool Rukh** ("like a rose"), was born as a Pathan lady in a noble Muslim family of Balochistan in northern British India Empire (now Pakistan). At the age of 18 she fled her arranged marriage and sought God instead. She journeyed to the northeast, first to Peshawar and then to Rawalpindi, disguised by her Muslim veil. She lived for a year and a half in the mountainous regions of what is now Pakistan under the guidance of a Hindu sadguru, then traveled to Punjab. In Multan, at the age of 37, she received God-realization from an Islamic qutub (Muslim master), Maula Shah.

Babajan is most famously remembered as the spiritual master of Meher Baba.
Concept album

A **concept album** is a kind of album in which all the songs are about the same thing. Most of the time, they tell a story.

## Examples

Examples of concept albums are:
- _Lemonade_ by Beyoncé
- _American Idiot_ by Green Day
- All of Coheed and Cambria's studio albums
- _Thick as a Brick_ by Jethro Tull
- Most of Pink Floyd's albums
- _Clockwork Angels_ by Rush
- _The Black Parade_ by My Chemical Romance
Convenience food

**Convenience food** is a type of food. This kind of food has been made to save consumers time to prepare it. Usually such foods just need to be heated, or can just be eaten from the package. They are made for a long shelf life, so that they can stay in the store for a long time. One thing to remember is that you may have to pay for the convenience, as this food is often expensive.

Many people criticise these products, because:
- They are made from products that would probably not be eaten in their raw form
- They are high in bad fat, sugar, and calories
- They are low in nutrients and fiber, but fast to prepare. Therefore, they are also blamed for obesity
- Their ingredients may come from genetically modified organisms
- Preservatives are almost always used
- Most of the foods end up wasted

## History

Before modern times most men worked in the open, often in fields. Agriculture was, before the industrial revolution, the biggest employment for men in most countries. They usually took their midday meal with them, and ate where they worked.

Many kinds of food types were invented for this purpose. The Cornish pasty from the UK is one which survives to the present day. Other kinds have vanished, and their names forgotten. The Bedfordshire clanger was a baked suet dumpling, and there was also a Bedfordshire roll. This was savoury at one end and sweet at the other. It was eaten from the savoury end to the sweet end. There used to be many other varieties and version. Many have commented on the way convenience foods are heavy on calories. They were meant to be, for work then was usually manual labour, and men used their muscles continually as they worked.

The modern sandwich is a relatively recent invention, since it dates back only to the 18th century. It has become a standard way of taking food to the school or workplace.

## Related pages

- Junk food

## Other websites

- American women and the making of modern consumer culture

- Convenience foods: factors affecting their use where household diets are poor

- US Food facts & history
Zippo

A  **Zippo lighter** is a refillable metal lighter made by **Zippo Manufacturing Company** since 1933. Many different styles have been made since 1933, such as the pipe Zippo, for lighting pipes. Many people collect Zippos. Some Zippos are worth a lot of money.

Zippo lighters are wind-proof, which means that the wind can not blow them out. The most common fuel for Zippos is naphtha.