Ambipolar electric field

The **ambipolar electric field**  is an electric field responsible for the polar wind (or plasma fountain), an effect in the upper atmosphere, about 150 miles (240 km) above the surface of the earth.

There is at least one **polarization electric field** in the atmosphere of Earth. Research on electric fields are a part of physics.

Claims were made in 2024 that some voltages in an **ambipolar electric field** in the ionosphere were measured during a rocket flight in 2022. In August 2024, research was published about the different voltages that were measured. The research was published in an article in _Nature,_ peer reviewed by a team of science experts.

The ambipolar electric field causes the polar winds, which have been recorded by spacecraft passing over the earth's poles. These polar winds move:
- electrons
- hydrogen ions (H<sup>+</sup>)
- helium ions (He<sup>+</sup>)
- oxygen ions (O<sup>+</sup>)

These three types of ions, or ion species, reach supersonic velocities at altitudes above 7000 km; at 50,000 km, these ion species reach "double supersonic" velocities.

The movement of air is not known to happen in any significant way by the plasma fountain.

## Voltage measurements done from a rocket traveling through space

The polarization or ambipolar electric field was measured in 2022 by a rocket launched from Svalbard; That _electric field_ was directly measured; The rocket that did the measurement, was a sounding rocket.

There is at least one **polarization electric field**, in the atmosphere of Earth.  The strength of the field was first measured by the NASA mission called Endurance, in 2022. The sub-orbital mission launched from Svalbard Rocket Range in Norway, and landed in the Greenland Sea after taking the measurements.

Endurance launched on May 11, 2022, and reached a height of c. 477 miles (c. 768 kilometers), splashing down 19 minutes later in the Greenland Sea. Across the 322-mile height range where it collected data, Endurance measured a change in electric potential of only 0.55 volts.

The measurement (is not sure, or) has uncertainty: The voltage can be anywhere from 0.46 volts to 0.64 volts. Another way of saying that, is that the measurement has _uncertainty of 0.09 volts_, according to the article in _Nature_.

In regard to later measurements (of an _ambipolar electrical field_ in the ionosphere): Later measurements have not been published (as of 2024's third quarter).

## Information about Physics, without saying anything about _ambipolar electric fields_ in the ionosphere of planet Earth

Media sometimes talks about _supersonic in space_ (and thereby also, the _speed of sound_ in space). Furthermore, sometimes one then uses a number (or value) for supersonic speed in the Earth's atmosphere, and calls that _supersonic in space_. By simplifying one idea, it sometimes is a help in explaining another idea (such as things traveling in space at 'twice the speed of sound').

Research paper (year 2019) in regard to planet Mars: The ionosphere of planet Mars, has an _ambipolar electric field_, according to a research paper.

There is "a global electrostatic field  between the ionosphere and space" (called the ambipolar or polarization field), according to media.

All ambipolar electric fields, are a kind of polarization electric field.

The existence of _ambipolar electric field_ [in different places],
was hypothesized (suggested) in 1955.

### More information about Plasma fountain (or Polar wind)

Much research has been done on Plasma fountain (or Polar wind). Satellites have been used (since the 1960's), when doing research. Some of them are ISIS-2, Dynamics Explorer, the Akebono satellite, and the Polar satellite. That research has covered different places above the surface of Earth. Those places are at different altitudes and latitudes. Research has also been done at different times of [one or more] solar cycles.

In 2007, a research paper said that Plasma fountain (or Polar wind) is "an ambipolar outflow of thermal plasma from the ionosphere near the North pole and [South pole, or] high-latitude ionosphere"; That plasma moves from the ionosphere to the magnetosphere.

## Article by NASA (on the same day as the _Nature_ article)

NASA ran the rocket project. NASA published an article on the same day that the article in Nature was published. NASA's article says that the _ambipolar electric field_ (that was measured by equipment that traveled with the rocket), is one of three known energy fields around the planet Earth. The other two are gravity and the magnetic field.

## Related pages

- Ionosphere