juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Hurricane Dean

**Hurricane Dean** was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. It was also the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Wilma of 2005. Also, it made the third strongest Atlantic hurricane landfall. Dean moved west-northwest from the eastern Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lucia Channel and into the Caribbean Sea. It became into a very strong hurricane, reaching Category 5 status on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale before moving south of Jamaica on August 20. The storm moved onto land on the Yucatán Peninsula on August 21 as a Category 5 storm. It moved across the peninsula and entered the Bay of Campeche, as a weakened storm, but still a hurricane. It strengthened for a short time before making a second landfall in Veracruz near Tecolutla, Mexico, on August 22. Dean slowly moved to the northwest, weakening into a low pressure area which dissipated over the southwestern United States.

The hurricane's strong winds, waves, rains and storm surge caused over 45 deaths across ten countries and caused estimated damages of US$1.5 billion. First impacting the islands of the Lesser Antilles, Dean's path through the Caribbean severely damaged agricultural crops, especially those of Martinique and Jamaica. When it reached  Mexico, Hurricane Dean was a Category 5 storm, but it missed large cities and its exceptional Category 5 strength landfall caused no deaths and less damage than in the Caribbean islands it passed as a Category 2 storm. Because of the damage, the name _Dean_ was retired, and will not be used again for a tropical cyclone in the atlantic basin and was replaced by Dorian which was also retired in 2019.

## Related pages

- 2007 Atlantic hurricane season
- Tropical cyclone

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Dean
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 2007
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Dean 2007-08-20 1841Z.jpg
- **image name**: Hurricane Dean approaching the Yucatán Peninsula
- **formed**: August 13, 2007
- **dissipated**: August 23, 2007
- **1-min winds**: 150
- **pressure**: 905
- **damages**: 1500
- **inflated**: 1
- **fatalities**: 32 direct, 12 indirect
- **areas**: Windward Islands (especially St. Lucia, Martinique and Dominica), Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Cayman Islands, Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua
- **hurricane season**: 2007 Atlantic hurricane season
- **series**: Hurricane Dean
- **related**: *commons:Category:Hurricane Dean, Commons: Dean images
*wikinews:Category:Hurricane Dean, Wikinews: Dean stories
Amazon basin

The **Amazon Basin** is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its branches. It is low-lying in relation to sea level.

The river has its origins high up in the Andes of Peru and Ecuador.  More than half of this drainage basin (54%) is in Brazil, including the lower part.  Other portions are tributaries from Colombia, Venezuela and Bolivia.

The Amazon rainforest is the largest in the world, covering about  with dense tropical rain forest.  It is also known as Amazonia.  This is one of the world's most important ecosystems.
Bixa orellana

***Bixa orellana*** (also known as **achiote**) is a shrub or small tree from the tropical area of the American continent. The name comes from the Nahuatl word for the shrub, _achiotl_.  It is also known as **Aploppas**, and its first Tupi name _urucu_. It is grown there and in Southeast Asia, where it was brought by the Spanish in the 17th century. It is best known as the source of the natural pigment annatto, made from the fruit. The plant bears pink flowers and bright red spiny fruits which contain red seeds. The fruits dry and harden to brown capsules.
Xochiquetzal

In Aztec mythology, **Xoːchiquetzal** () was a goddess of flowers, fertility, games, dancing and agriculture (planting and harvesting), as well as craftsmen and pregnant women.  She was first a moon and love goddess.
Tlatoani

***Tlatoani*** ( ; plural **', ) is the Nahuatl word for the ruler of an _altepetl_, a pre-Hispanic state. The word means "speaker", but may be translated into English as "king". A **' () is a female ruler.
José de Acosta

**José de Acosta** (September/October 1539 – February 15, 1600), was a Spanish 16th-century Jesuit missionary and naturalist in Latin America.  He wrote several works including  and .
Catarrh

**Catarrh** () is a thick fluid of mucus and white blood cells caused by the swelling of the mucous membranes in the head because of an infection. It is a symptom usually from the common cold and coughs, but can also be found in people with infections of the adenoids, middle ear, sinus or tonsils.
Upper class

**Upper class** is an idea in sociology. It refers to the group of people at the top of a society. They are the wealthiest group of society. Members of an upper class often have great power over resources and governmental policy in their area. They may have acquired these things by inheritance, for example by being monarchs or aristocrats, or by commerce. They may own much land or other valuable property, and may spend much of their income on luxury goods such as yachts and mansions.

## Related pages

- Social class
- Elite
Chocolate bar

A **chocolate bar** is a confectionery made of cocoa beans, cocoa butter, sugar, and milk. There are many types of chocolate, including milk chocolate, dark chocolate, white chocolate, peanut butter chocolate, and many more.

Chocolate has a lot of calories, so it can give a person energy.  However, most chocolate also has a lot of sugar.

Chocolate comes from the cacao tree.  Cocoa pods grow on these trees.  They get about as big as a melon.  Once they are ripe, they turn from green to orange.  Then workers can split them open and take out cocoa beans.  Factories use machines to break down the cocoa beans into cocoa butter and chocolate.  Then they add sugar and milk to make the chocolate taste better.

Cocoa farmers are some of the poorest people in the world.  Many of them earn very little money.
Veracruz City

The city of **Veracruz** is an important port city on the Gulf of Mexico in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It has a population of 444,438 in the city according to the 2005 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Veracruz
- **population as of**: 2010
- **elevation m**: 10
- **population total**: 552156
- **founder**: Hernán Cortés
- **website**: [http://www.veracruzmunicipio.gob.mx/ veracruzmunicipio.gob.mx]
- **utc offset dst**: −5
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset**: −6
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **population urban**: 520708
- **population metro**: 702,394 (metro)
- **established date1**: _Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz_
- **official name**: Heroica ciudad y puerto de Veracruz
- **image map**: Mexico Veracruz Veracruz location map.svg
- **shield size**: 70px
- **image shield**: Escudo del municipio de Veracruz.svg
- **image caption**: Top, from left to right: Cityscape with regional PEMEX headquarters, Cathedral of Veracruz, San Juan de Ulúa naval complex, Carranza Lighthouse, City Hall, City Port and skyline
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image skyline**: VeracruzCityCollage.jpg
- **settlement type**: Settlement classification in Mexico, City and municipality
- **other name**: Puerto de Veracruz
- **established title1**: Founded as
- **subdivision name2**: Veracruz (municipality), Veracruz
- **established date**: 22 April 1519
( years ago)
- **established title**: Established
- **leader name**: Fernando Yunes Márquez (PAN) (PRD)
- **leader title**: Municipal President
- **subdivision type2**: Municipality (Mexico), Municipality
- **subdivision name1**: Veracruz
- **subdivision type1**: State (Mexico), State
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **pushpin map**: Mexico
Hans Sloane

**Sir Hans Sloane, 1st Baronet**, PRS (16 April 1660 – 11 January 1753) was an Ulster-Scot physician and collector. He donated his collection to the British nation. This collection became the beginning of the British Museum. He also created chocolate milk. Sloane Square in London is named for him.
Royal College of Physicians

The **Royal College of Physicians of London** was the first medical group in England to receive a Royal Charter. It was created in 1518 and is one of the most active of all medical groups. It was originally created as the **College of Physicians** by royal charter of King Henry VIII in 1518.
Coenraad Johannes van Houten

**Coenraad Johannes van Houten** (March 15, 1801 – 1887) was a Dutch chemist. He was known for creating a method for pressing the fat from roasted cacao beans to create cacao powder. He started a world-famous chocolate company.
Cocoa butter

**Cocoa butter**, also called **theobroma oil**, is the pale-yellow, pure vegetable fat of the cacao bean. It is used to make solid chocolate bars, and mixed with cocoa powder to make solid pieces of chocolate. Cocoa butter is removed from the cacao beans and can be used to make chocolate, pharmaceuticals, ointments, and toiletries. Cocoa butter has a mild chocolate flavor and smell. It is one of the most stable fats known.
Pietro Longhi

**Pietro Longhi** (November 5, 1701 – May 8, 1785) was a Venetian painter of contemporary scenes of life.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters
Alex Turner

**Alex Turner** (born 6 January 1986) is a British musician. He is the lead singer and guitarist of the Arctic Monkeys. He is also a member of The Last Shadow Puppets. He was born and raised in Sheffield. His father was a music teacher and his mother was a German teacher.

The Arctic Monkeys have released 7 studio albums. The first was _Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not_. The second was _Favourite Worst Nightmare_. The third was _Humbug_. The fourth was _Suck It and See_, which was released late in 2011. The fifth was "AM", which was released in 2013. "Tranquillity Base, Hotel & Casino" was released in 2018, and “The Car” in 2022.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Alex Turner
- **img**: Alex Turner Playing at MSG.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Alexander David Turner
- **birth place**: High Green, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England
- **instrument**: Guitar, Singing, vocals, bass guitar, Keyboard instrument, keyboards, Drum kit, drums, Percussion instrument, percussion
- **genre**: Indie rock, post-punk revival, psychedelic rock, garage rock, experimental rock, art rock, baroque pop, spoken word, movie score
- **occupation**: Musician, singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 2002–present
- **label**: Domino Records, Domino
- **associated acts**: Arctic Monkeys, The Last Shadow Puppets, Miles Kane, Reverend and The Makers
Dodge

**Dodge** is an American automobile, SUV and truck maker. They are based in Auburn Hills, Michigan. Dodge was created by brothers Horace and John Dodge in 1900.

Dodge was sold to Chrysler in 1928. In 2009 Dodge announced it would spin-off the Ram division making it its own brand.

## Current production models

|colspan="3" rowspan="2"|Model|rowspan="2" width="9%"|Calendar year introduced|scope="col" colspan=2|Current model|rowspan="2" width="50%" cellpadding="32px"|Vehicle description|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan="7"|**Cars**|||||||
|style="background: #ffdb4d"||**ATTITUDE**||||||
|2006|2024|–|Subcompact sedan marketed in Mexico, rebadged Trumpchi Empow.|||||
||**CHARGER**|||||||
|1966|2024|–|Full-size, rear-wheel-drive (AWD optional) muscle sedan and coupe. Available as a gas powered model or an EV.|||||
|style="background-color:#e0e0e0;" colspan="7"|**SUVs**|||||||
||**DURANGO**|||||||
|1997|2011|2021|Mid-size SUV/crossover.|||||
||**HORNET**|||||||
|2022|2022|2023|Compact SUV/crossover only sold in North America. Rebadged Alfa Romeo Tonale. Available as a gas powered model or a PHEV.|||||
|style="background: #ffdb4d"||**JOURNEY**||||||
|2021|2021|–|Compact SUV/crossover marketed in Mexico, rebadged Trumpchi GS5.|||||

## Other websites

- Official American website
- Global store locator

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Dodge
- **company logo**: Dodge logo.svg
- **logo**: New Dodge.png
- **caption**: Logo used from 2025
- **company type**: Division (business), Division of Chrysler, FCA US, LLC
- **foundation**: 1900 (auto parts (Dodge Brothers))
1915 (automobiles)
- **founder**: John Francis Dodge
Horace Elgin Dodge
- **location**: Auburn Hills, Michigan, Auburn Hills, Michigan
- **key people**: Sergio Marchionne
(Chief executive officer, CEO of Chrysler Group LLC)
Timothy Kuniskis
(President and CEO of Dodge brand)
- **area served**: Global (except Europe)
- **industry**: Automobile manufacturer
- **products**: Cars, trucks, SUVs, vans/minivans
- **parent**: Chrysler, Chrysler Group LLC
- **divisions**: Ram Trucks, Ram
- **homepage**: [http://www.dodge.com/en/ dodge.com]
Ordered pair

In mathematics, an _ordered pair_ is a collection of two objects, where one of the objects is first (the _first coordinate_ or _left projection_), and the other is second (the _second coordinate_ or _right projection_). An ordered pair where the first coordinate is  and the second coordinate is  is usually written  (sometimes it is written ). If  is different from , then the ordered pair  is different from the ordered pair  - this is why it is called _ordered_.

## Properties

If  and  are two ordered pairs, then the _characteristic_ or _defining_ property of ordered pairs is:
- .

This means that two ordered pairs are equal if and only if: the first coordinates of the pairs are equal, and also the second coordinates of the pairs are equal.

## Definition

There are many mathematical definitions of _ordered pair_ which have this property. The definition given here is the most common one:

- .

Kazimierz Kuratowski was the first person to make this definition.
Arts and crafts

**Arts and crafts** describes a wide variety of activities involving making things with one's own hands.  Arts and crafts is usually a hobby. Some crafts (art skills) have been practised since preshistoric times, others are more recent inventions. William Morris, John Ruskin and others promoted an "arts and crafts" movement in the late 19th century, which popularized the phrase.

Both children and adults enjoy arts and crafts. Children in schools may learn skills such as woodworking, wood carving, sewing, or making things with all sorts of material. Many community centres and schools have evening or day classes and workshops where one can learn arts and craft skills

## Crafts involving textiles

- Banner-making
- Calligraphy
- Cross-stitch
- Crocheting
- Embroidery
- Felting
- Knitting
- Lace-making
- Macramé
- Millinery
- Needlepoint
- Patchwork
- Quilting
- Rug making
- Sewing
- Shoemaking
- Spinning (textiles)
- String art
- Tapestry
- Weaving
- T-shirt art

## Crafts involving wood, metal or clay

- Metalworking
- Jewelry
- Pottery
- Sculpture
- Woodworking
- Cabinet making
- Marquetry
- Lacquerware
- Wood burning
- Wood turning

## Crafts involving paper or canvas

- Bookbinding
- Calligraphy
- Cardmaking
- Card Modelling
- Collage
- Decoupage
- Embossing
- Iris Folding
- Marbling
- Origami
- Papercraft
- Papier-mâché
- Parchment craft
- Quilling or Paper Filigree
- Scrapbooking
- Stamping (with a rubber stamp)
- Sketching

## Crafts involving plants

- Basket weaving
- Corn dolly making
- Floral Design
- Pressed flower craft
- Straw marquetry

## Other crafts

- Balloon animal
- Beadwork
- Doll making
- Dollhouse construction and furnishing
- Egg decorating
- Etching
- Glassblowing
- Lapidary
- Mosaics
- Stained glass
- Toy making
- Polymer clay
Nazia Hassan

**Nazia Hassan** () singer (April 3, 1965 - August 31, 2000) and Zohaib Hassan (), (born November 18, 1966) were a singing sensation and pioneers of the Pakistani pop music scene during the 1980s.
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari

**Bilawal Bhutto Zardari** () (born 21 September 1988) is co-chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), and the eldest child and only son of the late Pakistani politician and former Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and her husband Asif Ali Zardari, the former President of Pakistan. Chairman Bhutto Zardari is also the grandson of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, a former Prime Minister of Pakistan. After completing his studies from the United Kingdom in 2013, Bilawal took over the formal charge of the PPP and made changes in it.

In the 2018 general election, he ran for Prime Minister of Pakistan but ended in third place losing to Imran Khan.
Ijaz-ul-Haq

**Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq** (, born 20 February 1952) is a prominent Pakistani politician and former Federal Minister for Religious Affairs of Pakistan.

Haq joined the Pakistan Army in 1971. He entered Pakistani politics following the 1988 death of his father, the military dictator and self-appointed President of Pakistan General Zia-ul-Haq.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ch Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq

- **office**: Ministry of Religious Affairs (Pakistan), Federal Minister for Religious Affairs and Minorities
- **term start**: January 11, 2004
- **term end**: November 26, 2007
- **president**: General Pervez Musharraf
- **primeminister**: Shaukat Aziz
- **office2**: Federal Minister for Labour, Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis
- **term start2**: November 1, 1990
- **term end2**: July 18, 1993
- **president2**: Ghulam Ishaq Khan
- **primeminister2**: Nawaz Sharif
- **birth place**: Nowshera, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province
- **birthname**: Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq
- **nationality**: People of Pakistan, Pakistani people
- **party**: Pakistan Muslim League (Z), Pakistan Muslim League (Zia-ul-Haq Wing)
- **otherparty**: Pakistan Muslim League (N), Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz Wing)
Pakistan Muslim League (Q), Pakistan Muslim League
- **residence**: Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory
- **alma mater**: University of the Punjab, Punjab University
(<small>Bachelor of Business Administration, B.B.A. and Master of Business Administration, MBA</small>)
Southern Illinois University Carbondale
(<small>Master of Business Administration, M.B.A</small>)
- **profession**: Businessperson, Businessman, Banker, and Politician
- **serviceyears**: 1971-1981
- **rank**: Captain (land), Captain
- **unit**: Pakistan Army Armoured Corps
- **battles**: Indo-Pakistani war of 1971
Zille Huma

**Zille Huma** () is the daughter of the late Melody Queen Madam Noor Jehan and the only one of her four daughters to follow in her mother's footsteps. Today, she is a popular Pakistani pop singer.
Sonya Jehan

**Sonya Jehan** is a French-Pakistani  Bollywood actress. Jehan's first movie was _Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story_ in 2005. Her original name was **Sonya Rizvi**.  She changed it to Jehan to honor her grandmother, Noor Jehan, who is a legendary singer and Lollywood actress.
Aga Khan III

Sir **Sultan Muhammed Shah,** known as **Aga Khan III**, (Urdu: اُغَا خَانْ تِىسِرَا) GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GCVO, PC (2 November 1877–11 July 1957) was the 48th Imam of the Nizari Ismaili sect of Shia Islam.

He was one of the founders and the first permanent president of the All-India Muslim League (AIML). He was nominated to represent India at the League of Nations in 1932 and served as President of the League of Nations from 1937 to 1938.

He was born in Karachi during the British Raj in 1877. He was given a religious education. After Eton College, he went on to study at the University of Cambridge.

The distinction of Knight Commander of the Indian Empire (KCIE) was conferred upon him by Queen Victoria in 1897. In 1934, he was made a member of the Privy Council. The Aga Khan travelled to distant parts of the world to receive the homage of his followers, with the objective either of settling differences or of advancing their welfare through financial help and personal advice and guidance. During his 72 years of Imamat (1885–1957), the community celebrated his Golden (1937), Diamond (1946), and Platinum (1954) Jubilees. To show their appreciation and affection, the community weighed their Imam in gold, diamonds, and, symbolically, platinum, respectively, the proceeds of which were used to further develop major social welfare and development institutions in Asia and Africa. Schools were set up in the remote northern areas of what is now Pakistan.

## His choice of successor

Aga Khan III was succeeded as Aga Khan by his grandson Karim Aga Khan, who is the present Imam.

## Marriages

- He married on November 2, 1896, in Pune, India, Shahzadi Begum.
- He married in 1908, Cleope Teresa Magliano (1888–1926). They had two sons: Prince Giuseppe Mahdi Khan (d. February 1911) and Prince Aly Khan (1911–1960). She died in 1926, following an operation on December 1, 1926.
- He married on 7 December 1929 (civil), in Aix-les-Bains, France, and 13 December 1929 (religious), in Bombay, India, Andrée Joséphine Carron (1898–1976). A co-owner of a dressmaking shop in Paris, she became known as Princess Andrée Aga Khan. By this marriage, he had one son, Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan (1933–2003). The couple was divorced in 1943.
- He married on October 9, 1944, in Geneva, Switzerland, Yvonne Blanche Labrousse. She had been his social secretary.

## Mausoleum

The Aga Khan's mausoleum is near the Nile at Aswan, Egypt.
Iran–Pakistan barrier

The **Iran-Pakistan barrier** is a separation barrier which Iran has started building along its border with Pakistan replacing an intermittent tattered border fence.
Grand Trunk Road

The **Grand Trunk Road** (commonly abbreviated to GT Road) is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads. For several centuries, it has linked the eastern and western regions of the Indian subcontinent, running from Bengal, across north Republic of India, into Peshawar in Pakistan.

It was built by Sher Shah Suri and is also known as  "_Sadak E Sher Shah" named_ after him.

## Infobox (road)

- **name**: Grand Trunk Road
- **length mi**: 1600
- **length km**: 2500
- **established**: Ancient history, Antiquity
- **direction a**: East
- **terminus a**: Chittagong, Bangladesh
- **direction b**: West
- **terminus b**: Kabul, Afghanistan
Space-time tradeoff

In computer science, a **space-time** or **time-memory tradeoff** is a way of solving a problem or calculation in less time by using more storage space (or memory), or by solving a problem in very little space by spending a long time. Most computers have a large amount of space, but not infinite space. Most people are willing to wait a little while for a big calculation, but not forever. So if a problem is taking a long time but not much memory, a space-time tradeoff would  use more memory and solve the problem more quickly.

The most common condition is an algorithm using a lookup table. This means that the answers for some question for every possible value can be written down. One way of solving this problem is to write down the entire lookup table, which will find answers very quickly, but will use a lot of space. Another way is to calculate the answers without writing down anything, which uses very little space, but might take a long time.

A space-time tradeoff can be used with the problem of data storage. If data is stored uncompressed, it takes more space but less time than if the data were stored compressed (since compressing the data decreases the amount of space it takes, but it takes time to run the compression algorithm).

Larger code size can be used to increase program speed when using loop unwinding. This technique makes the program code longer for each iteration of a loop, but saves the computation time needed for jumping back to the beginning of the loop at the end of each iteration.

In the field of cryptography, using space-time tradeoff, the attacker is decreasing the exponential time required for a brute force attack. Rainbow tables use partially precomputed values in the hash space of a cryptographic hash function to crack passwords in minutes instead of weeks. Decreasing the size of the rainbow table increases the time required to iterate over the hash space. The meet-in-the-middle attack attack uses a space-time tradeoff to find the cryptographic key in only  encryptions (and  space) compared to the expected  encryptions (but only  space) of the normal attack.

Dynamic programming is another example where the time of solving problems can be decreased by using more memory.

## Other websites

- Philippe Oechslin: Making a Faster Cryptanalytic Time-Memory Trade-Off.
- Once Upon a Time-Memory Tradeoff.
Substitution-permutation network

In cryptography, an **SP-network**, or **substitution-permutation network** (**SPN**), is a series of linked mathematical operations used in block cipher algorithms such as AES.

These networks consist of S-boxes and P-boxes that transform blocks of input bits into output bits.

S-boxes substitute or transform input bits into output bits.  A good S-box will have the property that changing one input bit will change about half of the output bits.  It will also have the property that each output bit will depend on every input bit. P-boxes permute or rearrange bits across S-box inputs. In addition, at each _round_ the key is combined using some group operation, typically XOR.

## Related pages

- Feistel cipher
- Product cipher
- Square (cipher)
- International Data Encryption Algorithm

## References

- Jonathan Katz and Yehuda Lindell, "Introduction to Modern Cryptography". CRC Press, 2007.
Square (cipher)

In cryptography, **Square** (sometimes written **S<small>QUARE</small>**)  is a block cipher invented by Joan Daemen, Enrique Peña Nieto and Vincent Rijmen. The design was published in 1997.

**S<small>QUARE</small>** is a predecessor to the **Rijndael** algorithm, which was adopted in 2001 as the Advanced Encryption Standard by the U.S. government.

Square was introduced together with a new form of cryptanalysis discovered by Lars Knudsen, called the "Square attack".

The structure of Square is a substitution-permutation network with eight rounds, operating on 128-bit block size and using a 128-bit key size.

Square is not patented.

## Other websites

- SCAN's entry for Square
Permutation box

In cryptography, a **permutation box** (or **P-box**) is a method of bit-shuffling used to permute or transpose bits (rearrange or swap the order of bits) across S-boxes inputs, maintaining diffusion while transposing.

In block ciphers, the S-boxes and P-Boxes are used to make the relation between the plaintext and the ciphertext difficult to understand (see Shannon's property of diffusion).

## Related pages

- S-box
- Substitution cipher
Fazilka

**Fazilka** () is a city and a municipal council in Ferozpur District of the Punjab (India), 11 km from Pakistan border.
Flag of Azerbaijan

The **flag of Azerbaijan** () is one of the national symbols of Azerbaijan and consists of three equal horizontal bands, from top: blue, red, and green; a white crescent and an eight-pointed star are centered in the red band. The official colours and size were adopted on February 5, 1991. The flag is used on land as the civil, state and war flag, and at sea as the civil, state and naval ensign and naval jack. The specific shades of the national flag were laid out in a 2004 law.

The Cyan blue color at the top of the flag stands for Azerbaijan’s Turkic heritage, the red in the middle stands for Azerbaijan’s desire to create a modern society and the green at the bottom of the flag symbolizes Azerbaijan’s Islamic civilization.  The eight point star on Azerbaijan’s flag stands for the eight original Turkic peoples - the Azerbaijani’s, Ottomans, Jagatais,  Tatars, Kazakhs, Kipchaks, Seljuqs and the Turkmen.

## History

The Azerbaijani flag was first created by the Azerbaijani nationalist Alī bay Huseynzada. He originally used it to promote Azerbaijani independence from the Tsarist Russian Empire.  He exhorted his followers to “Turkify, Islamicize and Europeanize” in order to emphasize ethnic pride, religious devotion and modernization. The flag was first adopted by his Musavat party in 1917. The modern Azerbaijani flag was first adopted in 1918 and served as the flag of Azerbaijan from 1918 until the Bolshevik conquest of Azerbaijan in 1920.

The flag then became popular again in early 1989, as a way of protesting against the failure of the soviet government to protect them from Armenian attacks on their territory. The flag was officially readopted on February 5, 1991 - it continued in use after Azerbaijan’s independence on August 30th, 1991.

Note - both the 1st and 2nd Azerbaijani republics used the Turkish flag briefly

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Azerbaijan
- **image**: Flag of Azerbaijan.svg
- **use**: 100000
- **proportion**: 1:2
- **adoption**: 1918, with modifications in 1991
- **design**: A horizontal tricolour, tricolor of blue, red and green
- **type**: National
Coat of arms of Azerbaijan

The **Coat of arms of Azerbaijan** mixes traditional and modern symbols. The focal point of the emblem is the fire symbol. This symbol comes from the fact that Azerbaijan has many everlasting fires which also gives the name "land of eternal fire".
The colors used in composing the emblem are taken from the national flag. These colors are found in the background behind the eight pointed star (۞ Rub El Hizb) upon which the flame is shown. The star itself stands for the eight branches of the Turkic peoples, and between each point of the star, there is a smaller eight pointed star found.

Like other post-Soviet republics whose arms do not predate the October Revolution, the current arms retains some components of the Soviet one. At the bottom of the emblem is a stalk of wheat, representing the main agricultural product of the nation, which was also part of the earlier arms. The other plant represented at the bottom is oak.
Roquefort-la-Bédoule

- _For other uses, see_ Roquefort (disambiguation)

**Roquefort-la-Bédoule** is a commune of 5,016 people (2006). It is in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Roquevaire

**Roquevaire** is a commune of 8,299 people (2005). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Rousset, Bouches-du-Rhône

**Rousset** is a commune of 4,025 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Le Rove

**Le Rove** is a commune of 5,205 people (2022). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Le Rove
- **image**: Vudelerevine1.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Le Rove (Bouches du Rhône).svg
- **arrondissement**: Istres
- **canton**: Châteauneuf-Côte-Bleue
- **insee**: 13110
- **postal code**: 13740
- **mayor**: Paul Sabatino
- **term**: 2025-
- **intercommunality**: Marseille Provence Métropole
- **elevation m**: 150
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 263
- **area km2**: 23
- **population**: 5205
- **population date**: 2022
Saint-Andiol

**Saint-Andiol** is a commune of 3,138 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon

**Saint-Antonin-sur-Bayon** is a commune of 137 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Saint-Cannat

**Saint-Cannat** is a commune of 4,684 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Saint-Chamas

**Saint-Chamas** is a commune of 7,268 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer

**Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer** is a commune of 2,478 people (1999). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Saint-Estève-Janson

**Saint-Estève-Janson** is a commune of 342 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Saint-Étienne-du-Grès

**Saint-Étienne-du-Grès** is a commune of 2,111 people (2006). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Étienne-du-Grès
- **image**: NDduChateau.jpg
- **caption**: Notre-Dame du Château Chapel
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Saint-Étienne-du-Grès (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **canton**: Tarascon
- **insee**: 13094
- **postal code**: 13103
- **mayor**: Robert Del Testa
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **elevation m**: 10
- **elevation min m**: 5
- **elevation max m**: 231
- **area km2**: 29.04
- **population**: 2152
- **population date**: 2008
Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde

**Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde** is a commune of 1,093 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde
- **image**: Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde.JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Saint-Marc-Jaumegarde (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Aix-en-Provence
- **canton**: Aix-en-Provence-Nord-Est
- **insee**: 13095
- **postal code**: 13100
- **mayor**: Régis Martin
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Pays d'Aix
- **elevation m**: 395
- **elevation min m**: 241
- **elevation max m**: 600
- **area km2**: 22.56
- **population**: 1101
- **population date**: 2008
Saint-Martin-de-Crau

**Saint-Martin-de-Crau** is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Martin-de-Crau
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Saint-Martin-de-Crau - Church in 2006 - by Mikani.jpg
- **caption**: The church in Saint-Martin-de-Crau
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Saint-Martin-de-Crau (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **canton**: Salon-de-Provence-2
- **insee**: 13097
- **postal code**: 13310
- **demonym**: Saint-Martinois
- **mayor**: Dominique Teixier
- **term**: 2016–2020
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération Arles-Crau-Camargue-Montagnette, CA Arles-Crau-Camargue-Montagnette
- **elevation m**: 24
- **elevation min m**: 2
- **elevation max m**: 447
- **area km2**: 214.87
Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts

**Saint-Mitre-les-Remparts** is a commune of 5,458 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Saint-Paul-lès-Durance

**Saint-Paul-lès-Durance** is a commune of 928 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Saint-Pierre-de-Mézoargues

**Saint-Pierre-de-Mézoargues** is a commune of 250 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence

**Saint-Rémy-de-Provence** is a commune of 10,251 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Saint-Savournin

**Saint-Savournin** is a commune of 2,577 people (2002). It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Savournin
- **image**: Saint-Savournin.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Saint-Savournin (13).svg
- **mayor**: André Lenel
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **arrondissement**: Marseille
- **canton**: Roquevaire
- **area km2**: 5.89
- **population**: 3095
- **population date**: 2008
- **elevation m**: 450
- **elevation min m**: 307
- **elevation max m**: 778
- **intercommunality**: Pays d'Aubagne et de l'Etoile
- **insee**: 13101
- **postal code**: 13119
- **dialling code**: 0491
Saint-Victoret

**Saint-Victoret** is a commune of 6,530 people (2007). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Salon-de-Provence

**Salon-de-Provence** is a commune of 40,100 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Social Housing

In August 2025, the 12-story Sofia Tower, containing 48 residential units, will be demolished as part of the overall rehabilitation project for the Canourgues district by 2030.

## Education

- École de l'Air
Sausset-les-Pins

**Sausset-les-Pins** is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Sausset-les-Pins
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Port de sausset 3.JPG
- **caption**: Harbor
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Sausset-les-Pins (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Istres
- **canton**: Marignane
- **insee**: 13104
- **postal code**: 13960
- **mayor**: Éric Diard
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, Aix-Marseille-Provence
- **elevation m**: 10
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 176
- **area km2**: 12.1
- **population**: 7333
- **population date**: 2008
Sénas

**Sénas** is a commune. It is in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Bouches-du-Rhône department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Sénas
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Eglise à Sénas.JPG
- **caption**: The church in Sénas
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Sénas (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Arles
- **canton**: Salon-de-Provence-1
- **insee**: 13105
- **postal code**: 13560
- **mayor**: Rémy Fabre
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, Aix-Marseille-Provence
- **elevation m**: 95
- **elevation min m**: 85
- **elevation max m**: 273
- **area km2**: 30.61
- **population**: 6770
- **population date**: 2012
Septèmes-les-Vallons

**Septèmes-les-Vallons** is a commune of 10,202 people (1999). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Simiane-Collongue

**Simiane-Collongue** is a commune of 5,570 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Le Tholonet

**Le Tholonet** is a commune of 2,267 people (1999). It is found in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Le Tholonet
- **image**: Societe du Canal de Provence 20100206 1.jpg
- **caption**: Société du Canal de Provence
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville du Tholonet (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Aix-en-Provence
- **canton**: Aix-en-Provence-Nord-Est
- **insee**: 13109
- **postal code**: 13100
- **mayor**: Michel Legier
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Pays d'Aix
- **elevation m**: 193
- **elevation min m**: 150
- **elevation max m**: 350
- **area km2**: 10.82
- **population**: 2227
- **population date**: 2008
Trets

**Trets** is a commune of 10,709 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Vauvenargues, Bouches-du-Rhône

**Vauvenargues** is a commune of 896 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Velaux

**Velaux** is a commune of 8,305 people (2007). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Velaux
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Velaux83.jpg
- **caption**: A view of the old village of Velaux
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la ville de Vélaux (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Aix-en-Provence
- **canton**: Berre-l'Étang
- **insee**: 13112
- **postal code**: 13880
- **mayor**: Yannick Guérin
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Aix-Marseille-Provence Metropolis, Aix-Marseille-Provence
- **elevation m**: 115
- **elevation min m**: 27
- **elevation max m**: 270
- **area km2**: 25.23
Venelles

**Venelles** is a commune of 8,156 people (2006). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in south France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Venelles
- **image**: Clocher de l'Eglise - Venelles (13).JPG
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de la vile de Venelle (13).svg
- **arrondissement**: Aix-en-Provence
- **canton**: Aix-en-Provence-Nord-Est
- **insee**: 13113
- **postal code**: 13770
- **mayor**: Jean-Pierre Saez
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Pays d'Aix
- **elevation m**: 409
- **elevation min m**: 254
- **elevation max m**: 442
- **area km2**: 20.54
- **population**: 8100
- **population date**: 2008
Ventabren

**Ventabren** is a commune of 8,431 people (2005). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Vernègues

**Vernègues** is a commune of 1,256 people (2004). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Verquières

**Verquières** is a commune of 786 people (2006). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Vitrolles, Bouches-du-Rhône

**Vitrolles** (also known as **Vitròla** or **Vitrolo**) is a commune of 37,760 people (2002). It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in the south of France.
Alphonse Daudet

**Alphonse Daudet** (13 May 1840 – 16 December 1897) was a French novelist. He was the father of Léon Daudet and Lucien Daudet. Outside France he is probably best known for his novel _Tartarin de Tarrascon_. Daudet died of syphilis.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Alphonse Daudet
- **image**: Alphonse Daudet.jpg
- **birth place**: Nîmes, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **occupation**: Novelist, Short story writer, Playwright, Poet
- **movement**: Naturalism (literature), Naturalism
Gustave Flaubert

**Gustave Flaubert** ( in French) (12 December 1821 – 8 May 1880) was a French writer. He is known especially for his first published novel, _Madame Bovary_ (1857) and a historical novel _Salmmbô_ (1862). He was very devoted to what he did, and always looked for the word that would best fit the context. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

## Important works

- _Rêve d'enfer_, 1837
- _Memoirs of a Madman_ (1838; _Mémoires d’un fou_)
- _November_ (1842)
- _Madame Bovary_ (1857)
- _Salammbô_ (1862)
- _Sentimental Education_ (1869; _L'Éducation sentimentale_)
- _Le Candidat_ (vaudeville), 1874
- _The Temptation of Saint Anthony_ (1874; _La Tentation de saint Antoine_)
- _Three Tales_ (1877; _Trois contes_). "A Simple Heart", "Saint Julian" and "Herodias"
- _Le Château des cœurs_ (play), 1880
- _Bouvard et Pécuchet_ (1881)
- _Dictionary of Received Ideas_ (1911; _Dictionnaire des idées reçues_)
- _Souvenirs, notes et pensées intimes (1838–1841)_, 1965
- _Album_, annoté par Jean Bruneau et Jean A. Ducourneau, 1972
- _Bibliomanie et autres textes 1836–1839_, 1982

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Gustave Flaubert
- **image**: Gustave Flaubert.jpg
- **imagesize**: 199px
- **caption**: Gustave Flaubert
- **birth place**: Rouen, France
- **death place**: Rouen, France
- **occupation**: Novelist, playwright
- **nationality**: France, French
- **genre**: prose, Fictional prose
- **movement**: Realism, Romanticism
Roquefort

**Roquefort** can refer to:
- Roquefort cheese, a type of cheese named after the French communes of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon.

It is also the name of many different French communes:
- Roquefort, Gers,  in the Gers department
- Roquefort, Landes, in the Landes department
- Roquefort, Lot, a former French commune in the Lot department
- Roquefort, Lot-et-Garonne, in the Lot-et-Garonne department
- Roquefort-de-Sault, commune in the Aude department
- Roquefort-des-Corbières, commune in the Aude department
- Roquefort-la-Bédoule, commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department
- Roquefort-les-Cascades, commune in the Ariège department
- Roquefort-les-Pins, commune in the Alpes-Maritimes department
- Roquefort-sur-Garonne, commune in the Haute-Garonne department
- Roquefort-sur-Soulzon, commune in the Aveyron department
- Rocquefort, commune in the Seine-Maritime department
Roquefort, Gers

- _For other uses, see_ Roquefort (disambiguation)
**Roquefort** is a commune of 230 people (1999). It is located in the region Occitanie in the Gers department in the southwest of France.
Roquefort, Landes

**Roquefort** is a commune of 1,894 people (1999). It is in the region Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Landes department in the southwest of France.
Lookup table

In computer science, a **lookup table** is a data structure, usually an array or associative array, used to replace a runtime computation (calculation) with a simple array indexing operation. The main purpose is in saving run time since retrieving a value from memory is often faster than undergoing a time consuming computation (see Space-time tradeoff). Lookup tables are also used to validate input values by matching against a list of valid (or invalid) items in an array.

- Table (information)
Roquefort, Lot-et-Garonne

**Roquefort** is a commune in the Lot-et-Garonne department in south-western France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Lot-et-Garonne department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Roquefort
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mairie de Roquefort.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Roquefort
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Roquefort (Lot-et-Garonne).svg
- **arrondissement**: Agen
- **canton**: L'Ouest agenais
- **insee**: 47225
- **postal code**: 47310
- **mayor**: Jean-Pierre Pin
- **term**: 2001–2008
- **intercommunality**: Communauté d'agglomération d'Agen, CA Agen
- **elevation m**: 70
- **elevation min m**: 53
- **elevation max m**: 156
- **area km2**: 7.53
- **population**: 1665
- **population date**: 2009
Roquefort-sur-Soulzon

**Roquefort-sur-Soulzon** is a commune of 691 people (2007). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aveyron department in the south of France. It is famous for its cheese (named after the village).

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Roquefort-sur-Soulzon
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Roquefort 5.jpg
- **caption**: A general view of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de Roquefort-sur-Soulzon.svg
- **arrondissement**: Millau
- **canton**: Saint-Affrique
- **insee**: 12203
- **postal code**: 12250
- **mayor**: Bernard Sirgue
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **elevation min m**: 424
- **elevation max m**: 828
- **area km2**: 17.03
Corn, Lot

- _For other uses, see_ Corn (disambiguation)
**Corn** is a commune of 157 people (1999). It is located in the region Occitanie in the Lot department in the south of France. The commune of _Roquefort_ was attached to it.
Roquefort-de-Sault

- _For other uses, see_ Roquefort (disambiguation)

**Roquefort-de-Sault** is a commune of 113 people (1999). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
Roquefort-des-Corbières

- _For other uses, see_ Roquefort (disambiguation)

**Roquefort-des-Corbières** is a commune of 664 people (1999). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.
Roquefort-les-Cascades

- _For other uses, see_ Roquefort (disambiguation)
**Roquefort-les-Cascades** is a commune of 107 people (1999). It is located in the region Occitanie in the Ariège department in the south of France.
Roquefort-les-Pins

**Roquefort-les-Pins** is a commune of 6175 people (2007). It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-Maritimes department in the southeast of France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Roquefort-les-Pins
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Roquefort-les-Pins.svg
- **arrondissement**: Grasse
- **canton**: Bar-sur-Loup
- **insee**: 06105
- **postal code**: 06330
- **mayor**: Michel Rossi
- **term**: 2008–2014
- **intercommunality**: Sophia Antipolis
- **elevation min m**: 20
- **elevation max m**: 362
- **area km2**: 21.53
- **population**: 6346
- **population date**: 2008