juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lokiarchaeota

The **Lokiarchaeota** are a proposed phylum of the Archaea. It was proposed in 2015 after the composite genome of ***Lokiarchaeum*** was sequenced.

## The genome

The _Lokiarchaeum_ genome has 5,381 protein coding genes. Of these, about 32% do not correspond to any known protein. 26% closely resemble archeal proteins, and 29% correspond to bacterial proteins. This is consistent with previous research which suggests significant gene transfer between bacteria and Archaea.

A small, but significant portion of the proteins (175, 3.3%) were most similar to eukaryotic proteins. Analysis suggested the genes in question had their origin at the base of the eukaryotic clades. In eukaryotes, the function of these proteins include cell membrane and cell shape formation, and a dynamic protein cytoskeleton.

Another shared protein, actin, is used in phagocytosis by eukaryotes. Phagocytosis is the ability to engulf and consume another particle. This ability is required for the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria. Cells with mitochondria is one of the key differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In a widely accepted theory, mitochondria began as bacteria and were gradually incorporated into eukaryotic cells. Chloroplasts had a similar origin.
Brian Sedgemore

**Brian Charles John Sedgemore** (17 March 1937 – 5 May 2015) was a Labour Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament from 1974 until 1979, and from 1983 until 2005. He defected to the Liberal Democrats shortly before he stood down at the 2005 general election.
Luiz Henrique da Silveira

**Luiz Henrique da Silveira** (February 25, 1940 – May 10, 2015) was a Brazilian politician and lawyer. He represented Santa Catarina in the Federal Senate since 2011. He was governor of Santa Catarina from 2003 to 2006 and 2007 to 2010. He was a member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement .

da Silveira died in Joinville, Santa Catarina from a heart attack, aged 75.
Ragne Tangen

**Ragne Tangen** (12 March 1927 – 9 May 2015) was a Norwegian children's television presenter. Her career began in 1958. She then made the first children's television program in Norway, _I kosekroken_.

Tangen died on 9 May 2015 at the age of 88.
Nathalia Timberg

**Nathalia Elisa Timberg** (born August 5, 1929 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian actress. Of Jewish origin, she is the daughter of a Polish father and a Belgian mother. She is one of the most well known and longest active Brazilian actresses of cinema, theater and television. She is known for her roles in Brazilian telenovelas (soap operas) such as in _Celebridade_, _Força de um Desejo_, and in _Páginas da Vida_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nathalia Timberg
- **birth name**: Nathalia Elisa Timberg
- **image**: Natália Timberg.jpg
- **caption**: Nathalia Timberg, 2003
- **birth place**: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **nationality**: Brazil
- **years active**: 1954–present
- **occupation**: Actress
Ninad Bedekar

**Ninad Gangadhar Bedekar** (17 August 1949 – 10 May 2015) was an Indian historian, writer and orator. He was from Pune, Maharashtra, India. He wrote many books and also wrote scripts from television shows such as Son et lumière show and for the television serial _Peshwai_.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Ninad Gangadhar Bedekar
- **image**: Ninad Bedekar.jpeg
- **birth place**: Pune, Maharashtra, India
- **death place**: Pune, Maharashtra, India
- **education**: Diploma of Mechanical Engineering
- **occupation**: Historian, Writer and Orator, Retired factory executive
- **years active**: 1975–2015
National Airlines

**National Airlines** (1934–1980) was an airline of the United States. It began in 1934. The airline was known for its coast-to coast flights between Miami, Los Angeles and New York City. Pan American World Airways bought National in 1979.

## History

The airline was founded in Jacksonville, Florida by George T. Baker. During its first few years, it mostly flew between Florida and the southern US. It began service to Havana, Cuba in 1946 and it stopped in 1961 because of the Cuban embargo. In the 1970s National started flying to cities in Europe like, Amsterdam and London. Pan American World Airways completed it's merger process with National in January 1980.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: National Airlines
- **image**: National Airlines DC-10 (6074172759).jpg
- **caption**: A National DC-10 at London Heathrow Airport
- **iata**: NA
- **icao**: NAL
- **callsign**: NATIONAL
- **ceased**: 1980
- **headquarters**: Miami-Dade County, Florida
- **bases**: *Miami International Airport
- **focus cities**: *John F. Kennedy International Airport
Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport

**Don Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla International Airport** or _Guadalajara International Airport_, is an airport in Guadalajara, Mexico. It opened in 1966.

## Airlines

These are the airlines that go to Guadalajara Airport:
- Aeromar
- Aeroméxico (hub)
- Alaska Airlines
- American Airlines
- Copa Airlines
- Delta Air Lines
- Delta Connection
- Interjet
- Magnicharters
- TAR
- United Airlines
- United Express
- VivaAerobus (hub)
- Volaris (hub)
Glenview, Illinois

**Glenview** is a village in northeastern Illinois, USA. It is about  north of downtown Chicago in Cook County, Illinois. According to the 2020 United States Census, the village population was 48,705.

## History

The village was named by a popular vote in 1895.  It was incorporated as a village in 1899.  There were 325 adults in Glenview that year.

For many years, it was home to the Naval Air Station Glenview, until the station was closed down and converted to a prairie park, a lake, and residential and commercial properties in the early 1990s.

## Population

The median age in 2020 was 46.3.  There were  25,578 (52.5%) women, and 23,127 (47.5%) men.  There were 17,855 households.

## Climate

Glenview has a continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa). The summers are generally wetter than the winters:

The highest recorded temperature was  in June 1988; the lowest recorded temperature was  in January 1982.
Frank DiPascali

**Frank DiPascali, Jr.** (October 28, 1956 – May 7, 2015) was an American financer who was the finance chief for Bernard Madoff. On August 11, 2009, he pled guilty to ten counts related to the Madoff investment scandal, a Ponzi scheme.

DiPascali was born in Queens, New York. He was of Italian ancestry. He died from lung cancer, aged 58.
Wilberfoss

**Wilberfoss** is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England.  It is on the north side of the A1079 about  east of York city centre. It is   northwest of Market Weighton. According to the 2011 census, 1,866 people live in Wilberfoss parish. That is 11 more than were living there ten years earlier.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Wilberfoss
- **population**: 1,866
- **population ref**: (2011 census)
- **civil parish**: Wilberfoss
- **unitary england**: East Riding of Yorkshire
- **region**: Yorkshire and the Humber
- **lieutenancy england**: East Riding of Yorkshire
- **constituency westminster**: East Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency), East Yorkshire
- **post town**: YORK
- **postcode district**: YO41
- **postcode area**: YO
- **dial code**: 01759
- **os grid reference**: SE730508
- **london distance mi**: 170
- **london direction**: S
Kim Kyok-sik

**Kim Kyok-sik** (; 5 October 1938 – 10 May 2015) was a North Korean general and politician. From November 2012 until May 2013, he was the Defence Minister of North Korea. He was thought to have been behind two attacks on South Korea that killed 50 people in 2010.

Kim died from acute respiratory failure on 10 May 2015, aged 76.
The Pale Emperor

***The Pale Emperor*** is the ninth studio album by American rock band, Marilyn Manson. _The Pale Emperor_ was released on January 15, 2015 through Hell, etc.. Manson dedicated the album to his late mother, Barbara Warner, who died on May 13, 2014 after an eight-year battle with Alzheimer's disease and dementia.

The album peaked at #8 on the _Billboard_ 200, #6 on the Top Album Sales, #3 on the Top Rock Albums, #3 on the Top Alternative Albums, and at #1 on the Top Hard Rock Albums.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: The Pale Emperor
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Marilyn Manson (band), Marilyn Manson
- **released**: January 15, 2015
- **recorded**: May 2013–September 2014 at Abattoir Studios and Igloo Studios in Los Angeles, California
- **genre**: Alternative rock, blues rock, hard rock
- **length**: 52:00
- **language**: English language, English
- **label**: Hell, etc. (label), Hell, etc.
- **producer**: Marilyn Manson (musician), Marilyn Manson
Tyler Bates
- **prev title**: Born Villain
- **prev year**: 2012
Ceriantharia

The **tube-dwelling anemones** (_Ceriantharia_) are a subclass of the Anthozoa. They resemble sea anemones. Sea anemones have a base plate, tube-dwelling anemones do not.

Most tube-dwelling anemones reproduce sexually.  About 100 species have been described; most live in a depth of less than . Unlike sea anemones, tube-dwelling anemones live in soft sediments. The name "tube-dwelling anemone" comes from the fact that these animals build a tube out of the sandy sediments. In the case of danger, they retract into the tube.
Excise stamps of Russia

**Excise stamps of Russia** are a kind of Russian revenue stamps. They were issued according to the governmental order of the Russian Federation. On 14 April 1994 they adopted resolution number 319 "Introduction of excise stamps in the Russian Federation". Certain goods produced in Russia or imported to the territory of Russia are subject to excise tax including:
- vodka,
- alcohol,
- wine,
- tobacco and tobacco products.

Selling of goods subject to this law without affixing excise stamps is prohibited in the territory of Russia since 1 January 1995.

The law was amended by later decrees of the Russian Government.

## Related pages

- Customs
- Excise stamps of Ukraine
- Stamp Act
- Tax
Excise stamps of Ukraine

**Excise stamps of Ukraine** are a kind of Ukrainian revenue stamps to collect excise tax. They are used in accordance with the Ukraine's presidential decree of 18 September 1995 "On approval of the excise duty on alcoholic beverages and tobacco products".

On 24 October 1996, there was another decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, "On approval of the production, storage and sale of excise stamps and marking of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products, and the sale or destruction of the confiscated alcoholic beverages and tobacco products". It introduced excise stamps into circulation in Ukraine.

The law was amended by later decrees of the Ukrainian Government.

## Related pages

- Customs
- Excise stamps of Russia
- Stamp Act
- Tax
University of the People

**University of the People** (**UoPeople**) is a non-profit, accredited online institution of higher education in Pasadena, California, United States. It currently offers academic degrees in business administration, health science, education and computer science.

## Mission and history

The mission of the school is to offer any qualified student affordable and quality educational programs.

The school was founded by Shai Reshef in January 2009. It partners with institutions such as New York University and Yale University. It has received grants from Google, Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard.

## Cost

Students pay a registration fee of $60. They do not pay annual tuition fees. Instead, they pay $100 each time they take an examination. One does not have to buy books.  Open source online textbooks can be used.

To complete an associate degree (A.S.), a student must take 20 exams. 40 exams are needed for a bachelor's degree. This costs a total of $2,000 and $4,000 respectively. Students who cannot afford to pay can apply for scholarships.

## Staff

- Torsten Wiesel

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of the People
- **latin name**: Universitas Populi
- **motto**: Tuition-Free Online University
- **type**: Private university, Private (non-profit)
- **established**: 2009
- **students**: 2,000+ (2014)
- **city**: Pasadena, California, Pasadena
- **state**: California
- **country**: United States
Scleractinia

**Scleractinia**, also called **stony corals** or **hard corals**, an order in the Cnidaria. It contains the polyps which build most coral reefs.

Most of these corals are colonial. They secrete calcium carbonate, the base of every reef. Very often, the corals form a symbiosis with unicellular dinoflagellates. These zooxanthellae are usually of the genus _Symbiodinium_.

The closest relatives to stony corals are the sea anemones. Stony corals are only distantly related to fire corals and soft corals. There are about 1500 species, in 35 families.
Heydar Aliyev

**Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev** or **Heydar Aliyev** (, ; 10 May 1923 – 12 December 2003), also spelled **Heidar Aliev** or **Haidar Aliev** was the third President of Azerbaijan for the New Azerbaijan Party from October 1993 to October 2003. His son Ilham Aliyev succeeded him.

From 1969 to 1982, Aliyev was also the leader of Soviet Azerbaijan, effectively dominating the political life of Azerbaijan for many years.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Official website Heydar Aliyev Foundation
- Envisioning the Nation - Interview: Azerbaijan's President, Heydar Aliyev

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Heydar Aliyev
- **nationality**: Azerbaijani people, Azerbaijani
- **image**: Heydar Aliyev (crop).jpg
- **caption**: Aliyev in a portrait taken before 2003
- **order**: List of leaders of Azerbaijan, 3rd
- **office**: President of Azerbaijan
- **primeminister**: Surat Huseynov
 Fuad Guliyev
 Artur Rasizade
 Ilham Aliyev
- **term**: 24 June 1993 – 31 October 2003
 <small>Acting: 24 June – 10 October 1993</small>
- **predecessor**: Abulfaz Elchibey
- **successor**: Ilham Aliyev
- **office2**: Speaker of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan, Speaker of the National Assembly
- **president2**: Abulfaz Elchibey
Himself
- **primeminister2**: Surat Huseynov
Fuad Guliyev
- **term start2**: 15 June 1993
- **term end2**: 5 November 1993
- **predecessor2**: Isa Gambar
- **successor2**: Rasul Guliyev
- **office3**: First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union
- **term start3**: 24 November 1982
- **term end3**: 23 October 1987
- **president3**: Vasili Kuznetsov (politician), Vasili Kuznetsov (acting)
Yuri Andropov
Vasili Kuznetsov (politician), Vasili Kuznetsov (acting)
Konstantin Chernenko
Vasili Kuznetsov (politician), Vasili Kuznetsov (acting)
Andrei Gromyko
- **premier3**: Nikolai Tikhonov
Nikolai Ryzhkov
- **predecessor3**: Ivan Arkhipov
- **successor3**: Andrei Gromyko
- **office4**: Full member of the 25th Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 26th, 27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 27th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Politburo
- **term start4**: 22 November 1982
- **term end4**: 21 October 1987
- **office5**: Candidate member of the 25th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 25th, 26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 26th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Politburo
- **term start5**: 5 March 1976
- **term end5**: 22 November 1982
- **birth name**: Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev
- **birth place**: Nakhchivan ASSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union
- **death place**: Cleveland, Ohio, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- **spouse**: Zarifa Aliyeva
- **children**: 2 (1 daughter: Sevil Aliyeva, 1 son: Ilham Aliyev)
- **party**: CPSU

New Azerbaijan Party
- **signature**: Signature of Heydar Aliyev.png
- **branch**: KGB of Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan SSR
- **serviceyears**: 1941–1969
- **rank**: Major General
- **awards**:
Ayaz Mutallibov

**Ayaz Niyazi oglu Mutallibov** (, ; 12 May 1938 – 27 March 2022) was an Azerbaijani politician. He was  the last leader of Soviet Azerbaijan. Mutallibov was also the first President of independent Azerbaijan. He was president  from October 1991 until May 1992.

Mutallibov died on 27 March 2022 in Baku, Azerbaijan at the age of 83.

## Other websites

- Ayaz Mütallibov

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birth name**: Ayaz Niyazi oglu Mutallibov
- **nationality**: Azerbaijani
- **image**: Ayaz Mutallibov in 2020 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Mutallibov in 2020
- **order**: President of Azerbaijan
- **term start**: 30 August 1991
- **term end**: 6 March 1992
- **successor**: Yaqub Mammadov
- **term start2**: 14 May 1992
- **term end2**: 18 May 1992
- **predecessor2**: Yaqub Mammadov
- **successor2**: Isa Gambar
- **office4**: Full member of the 28th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 28th Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Politburo
- **term start4**: 14 July 1990
- **term end4**: 29 August 1991
- **birth place**: Baku, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union
- **death place**: Baku, Azerbaijan
- **spouse**: Adila Mutallibova
- **children**: 2
- **party**: Azerbaijan Communist Party,
 Social Democratic Party (Azerbaijan)
Jef Geeraerts

**Jef Geeraerts** (**Jozef Adriaan Anna Geeraerts**, 23 February 1930 - 11 May 2015) was a Belgian writer. He was born in Antwerp. He decided to become a writer. He went to the University of Brussels to study Germanic languages. He was known for his books _Gangreen 1_ (_Black Venus_), _Gangreen 2_ (_De Goede Moordenaar_), _Gangreen 3_ (_Het Teken van de Hond_) and _Gangreen 4_ (_Het Zevende Zegel_).

Geeraerts died of a heart attack in Ghent at the age of 85.

## Other websites

- Jef Geeraerts
Buck Henry

**Henry Zuckerman** (December 9, 1930 – January 8, 2020), credited as **Buck Henry**, was an American actor, screenwriter, and director. He was a cast member of _Saturday Night Live_.  He was nominated for an Academy Award twice, in 1968 for Best Adapted Screenplay for _The Graduate_ and in 1979 for Best Director for _Heaven Can Wait_.

On January 8, 2020, Henry died from a heart attack at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was 89.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Buck Henry
- **image**: Buck Henry (4970849739) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Henry in 1978
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **birth name**: Henry Zuckerman
- **spouse**: Irene Henry
- **yearsactive**: 1964–2015
Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)

"**Where Were You (When the World Stopped Turning)**" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Alan Jackson.  It was written in honor of the September 11 attacks. It was introduced at the Country Music Association's annual awards show on November 7, 2001.

It was released in November 2001 as the lead single from the album _Drive_, and reached the top of the U.S. _Billboard_ country charts.
Maltese (dog)

The **Maltese** is a small dog that originated in Malta and brought around the Mediterranean. Phoenician traders may have brought precursors of this dog to Ancient Egypt. The tomb of Ramesses II contains statues of dogs, which resemble the Maltese. The name of the dog came from the island Malta. Maltese dogs are small, up to about  in length, and  in weight. The Maltese is well-known, and although not widely as popular as other small dogs, many pieces of non-cinematic media have been made about the latter; books, comic strips, and toys even feature the Maltese as the archetypical type of bichon.
Octocorallia

**Octocorallia** is a subclass of the Anthozoa in the phylum Cnidaria. There are over 3,000 different species.

These animals have an eight-fold symmetry. Most are colonial sessile polyps. Octocorallia look like the stony corals. Stony corals have a six-fold symmetry, and are classified in the group Hexacorallia. Unlike the stony corals, most Octocoralllia lack a lasting skeleton. For this reason, they do not build coral reefs. An older name for this group is **Alcyonaria**.

Many species form symbioses with unicellular algae. Octocorallia have many enemies: For this reason, many are toxic, or they taste bad. Many species of the Octocorallia can reproduce both sexually and asexually: It is common to find a colony of Octocorallia, where most polyps have the same sex.
Zoantharia

**Zoantharia** is an order of Anthozoa. Unlike the stony corals, these species do not have a hard skeleton. Most are very small. Some species form colonies.

Zoanthids can be distinguished from other colonial anthozoans and soft corals. Most of them (but not the family Zoanthidae) include sand and other bits of material in their tissue to help build their structure. The main characteristic of the order is that their tentacles are organised in two distinct rows.
Persian couriers

**Persian couriers** were ancient mounted messengers (despatch riders) kept ready at regular stages throughout old Persia for carrying the royal despatches at the time of the Achaemenid Empire.

## Terminology

In Ancient Greek, Persian courier was called _ἄγγαρος_ (ángaros, “Persian mounted courier”), whence Latin _angarius_, which is probably from an East Asian language (e.g., Sanskrit _अजिरा_ (ajirā, “agile, swift”)). The word "angel" (_ἄγγελος_) is probably loaned from and related to Greek _ἄγγαρος_.

## History

In about 440 BC, Herodotus wrote in _The Histories_ (book 8.98) about the Persian couriers:

Paraphrase of the Herodotus description was used by the United States Postal Service as a motto on the entrance to the Central Post Office building in New York City: _"Neither snow, nor rain, nor heat, nor gloom of night stays these couriers from the swift completion of their appointed rounds."_

## Related pages

- Achaemenid Empire
- Despatch rider
- Mailman
Samuil Blekhman

**Samuil Markovich Blekhman** (; 15 May 191826 July 1982) was a known philatelist (stamp collector) of the Soviet Union. He wrote many notable philatelic books and articles  about stamps and stamp collecting. Blekhman was born and lived much of his life in Moscow. He was trained and worked as an engineer.

Blekhman's works were related to postal history and postage stamps of Tuva, Mongolia, Russia and Soviet Union. He also wrote works about airmail. Blekhman participated in prestigious national and international philatelic exhibitions. He won a number of top awards. One of his main philatelic writings was a detailed study of Tuva stamps and their cataloging. This work won a major award at the World Stamp Exhibition "PRAGA 1962". After Blekhman's death, it was translated and published in English.

## Major works in English

In addition to many Russian articles, Samuil Blekhman published philatelic papers in English:

## Related pages

- Tuva

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Samuil Markovich Blekhman
Самуи́л Ма́ркович Бле́хман
- **birth place**: Moscow, Russia
- **death place**: Moscow, USSR
- **resting place**: Moscow, Russia
- **occupation**: engineer
- **language**: Russian, English
- **nationality**: USSR
- **citizenship**: USSR
- **education**: Diploma of Higher Education
- **alma mater**: Moscow Aviation Institute
- **period**: 1961–1982; wikt:posthumous, posthumous publications
- **genre**: philatelic research
- **subject**: postal history, wikt:philately, philately, airmail
- **notableworks**: The Postal History and Stamps of Tuva
- **children**: Viktor Bakkal (son)
Andrew Young

**Andrew Jackson Young** (born March 12, 1932) is an American politician, diplomat, activist, and Congregationalist pastor  from Georgia.

He has served as a Congressman from Georgia's 5th congressional district, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, and Mayor of Atlanta.

He served as President of the National Council of Churches USA, and was a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) during the Civil Rights Movement. He was a supporter and friend of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

## Other websites

- Biography  in the New Georgia Encyclopedia
- Oral History Interview with Andrew Young from Oral Histories of the American South
- Andrew Young School of Policy Studies
- Andy Young's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
- Good Works International, founder
- Andrew Young's federal campaign contribution report
    - interview with Young on _A Way Out of No Way: The Spiritual Memoirs of Andrew Young_ , Booknotes, April 3, 1994.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Andrew Young
- **image**: Andrew Jackson Young.jpg
- **office**: List of mayors of Atlanta, 55th Mayor of Atlanta
- **term start**: January 4, 1982
- **term end**: January 2, 1990
- **predecessor**: Maynard Jackson
- **successor**: Maynard Jackson
- **office1**: 14th United States Ambassador to the United Nations
- **president1**: Jimmy Carter
- **term start1**: January 30, 1977
- **term end1**: September 23, 1979
- **predecessor1**: William Scranton
- **successor1**: Donald McHenry
- **state2**: Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia
- **term start2**: January 3, 1973
- **term end2**: January 29, 1977
- **predecessor2**: Fletcher Thompson
- **successor2**: Wyche Fowler
- **birth name**: Andrew Jackson Young Jr.
- **birth place**: New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Jean Childs (died 1994)

- **children**: 4
- **education**: Dillard University
Howard University (Bachelor of Science, BS)
Hartford Seminary (Bachelor of Divinity, BDiv)
Daniel Patrick Moynihan

**Daniel Patrick Moynihan** (March 16, 1927 – March 26, 2003) was an American politician and sociologist. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

He was first elected to the United States Senate for New York in 1976, and was re-elected three times (in 1982, 1988, and 1994). He declined to run for re-election in 2000. Moynihan was the United States' Ambassador to the United Nations and to India. He was a member of four successive presidential administrations, beginning with the administration of John F. Kennedy, and continuing through that of Gerald Ford.

Moyniham died of surgical complications at a Washington, D.C. hospital, aged 76.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Daniel Patrick Moynihan
- **nationality**: American
- **image name**: DanielPatrickMoynihan.jpg
- **imagesize**: 177px
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: New York (state), New York
- **term start**: January 3, 1977
- **term end**: January 3, 2001
- **preceded**: James L. Buckley
- **succeeded**: Hillary Rodham Clinton
- **order2**: 12th
- **ambassador from2**: United States
- **country2**: the United Nations
- **term start2**: June 30, 1975
- **term end2**: February 2, 1976
- **president2**: Gerald R. Ford
- **predecessor2**: John A. Scali
- **successor2**: William Scranton, William W. Scranton
- **order3**: 10th
- **ambassador from3**: United States
- **country3**: India
- **term start3**: February 28, 1973
- **term end3**: January 7, 1975
- **president3**: Richard Nixon
Gerald R. Ford
- **predecessor3**: Kenneth Keating
- **successor3**: William B. Saxbe
- **office4**: Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee
- **term start4**: 1993
- **term end4**: 1995
- **predecessor4**: Lloyd Bentsen
- **successor4**: Robert Packwood
- **office5**: Chairman of the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works
- **term start5**: 1992
- **term end5**: 1993
- **predecessor5**: Quentin N. Burdick
- **successor5**: Max Baucus
- **birth place**: Tulsa, Oklahoma
- **death place**: Washington, D.C.
- **resting place**: Arlington National Cemetery
Arlington, Virginia
- **spouse**: Elizabeth Moynihan
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **profession**: Sociology, Sociologist, diplomacy, diplomat
- **alma mater**: Tufts University (BA, MA, Ph.D)
London School of Economics
- **serviceyears**: 1944–1947
Zalmay Khalilzad

**Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad** (Pashto: زلمی خلیلزاد _Zalmay Khalīlzād_; born March 22, 1951) is a counselor at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and president of Khalilzad Associates. He was the United States Ambassador to the United Nations under President George W. Bush from 2007 to 2009.

In October 2021, CNN reported that Zalmay Khalilzad, the United States' principal envoy for Afghanistan, will quit his post in Afghanistan, after the end of the withdrawal of American forces in Afghanistan.

## Other websites

- Articles
- The Washington Post – Afghan Roots Keep Adviser Firmly in the Inner Circle
- US Mission to the UN – United States Ambassadors to the United Nations
- Current Biography August 2006 cover story
- The New Yorker – American Viceroy
- RFE/RL interview with Zalmay Khalilzad (May 18, 2007)
- Zalmay.com, a profile view
- Profile: Khalilzad , The Center for Cooperative Research
- Video: Khalilzad discusses Iraq, Afghanistan and the Middle East

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Zalmay Mamozy Khalilzad
- **image**: Zalmay Khalilzad in October 2011-cropped.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Khalilzad speaking at a high school in Kabul, Afghanistan
- **order**: United States Ambassador to the United Nations#Office holders, 26th
- **ambassador from**: United States
- **country**: the United Nations
- **term start**: April 17, 2007
- **term end**: January 20, 2009
- **president**: George W. Bush
- **1namedata**: Ban Ki-Moon
- **predecessor**: John R. Bolton
- **successor**: Susan Rice
- **ambassador from2**: United States
- **country2**: Iraq
- **term start2**: June 21, 2005
- **term end2**: April 17, 2007
- **president2**: George W. Bush
- **predecessor2**: John Negroponte
- **successor2**: Ryan Crocker
- **ambassador from3**: United States
- **country3**: Afghanistan
- **term start3**: November 28, 2003
- **term end3**: June 20, 2005
- **president3**: George W. Bush
- **predecessor3**: Robert Finn (ambassador), Robert Finn
- **successor3**: Ronald E. Neumann
- **birth place**: Mazar-i-Sharif, Balkh Province, Kingdom of Afghanistan, Afghanistan
- **spouse**: Cheryl Benard
- **children**: Alexander Benard
Maximilian Benard
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: American University of Beirut
University of Chicago
- **profession**: academia, Academic and Diplomat
Stan Cornyn

**Stan Cornyn** (July 8, 1933 – May 11, 2015) was an American record label executive. He was the author of _Exploding: The Highs, Hits, Hype, Heroes, and Hustlers of the Warner Music Group_ (). He also wrote three privately published family genealogy books (all in the Library of Congress).
He was cousins with United States senator John Cornyn.

Cornyn died on May 11, 2015 at his home in Carpinteria, California at the age of 81.

## Other websites

- Brad Bigelow, "King of Liner Notes," Space Age Pop
- dabelly.com Interview with Cornyn

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Stan Cornyn
- **background**: non_performing_personnel
- **birth name**: Stan Cornyn
- **birth place**: Oxnard, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Carpinteria, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Record label executive
- **years active**: 1958–1990
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records, Reprise Records, Warner Music Group
- **associated acts**: Frank Sinatra, Petula Clark, Dean Martin, The Kinks, Nancy Sinatra, Anita Kerr
Carpinteria, California

**Carpinteria**  is a small oceanside city located in southeastern Santa Barbara County, California, east of Santa Barbara and northwest of Ventura. The population was 13,264 at the 2020 census.
Suchitra Bhattacharya

**Suchitra Bhattacharya** (10 January 1950 – 12 May 2015) was an Indian novelist. Over the past two decades, Suchitra had written about 24 novels and a large number of short stories in different leading Bengali literary magazines.

Bhattacharya died on 12 May 2015 from cardiac arrest at her home in Dhakuria, Kolkata, aged 65.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Suchitra Bhattacharya
- **image**: Suchitra Bhattacharya photo.png
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **birth date**: 10 January 1950
- **birth place**: Bhagalpur
- **death place**: Kolkata
- **occupation**: Writer
- **nationality**: Indian
- **alma mater**: Calcutta University
- **notableworks**: Hemanter Pakhi, Dahan (film), Dahan, Rangin Prithibi
- **awards**: Jnanpith Award, 2000; National Award, 1996
William Zinsser

**William Knowlton Zinsser** (October 7, 1922 - May 12, 2015) was an American writer, editor, literary critic, and teacher.  He began his career as a journalist for the _New York Herald Tribune_, where he worked as a feature writer, drama editor, film critic, and editorial writer. He was known for writing the book _On Writing Well_.

Zinsser was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Deerfield Academy. Zinsser died in New York City at the age of 92.
Ventura, California

**Ventura** (officially the **City of San Buenaventura**; commonly called **San Buenaventura** before 1891), or **Shisholop** in Chumash is the county seat of Ventura County, California, United States. It was incorporated in 1866. The population was 110,763 at the 2020 census.
Peter Gay

**Peter Gay** (born **Peter Joachim Fröhlich**; June 20, 1923 – May 12, 2015) was a German-American educator and psychohistorian. He was the Sterling Professor of History Emeritus at Yale University and former director of the New York Public Library's Center for Scholars and Writers (1997–2003).

Gay was born in Berlin, Germany in 1923. He immigrated to the United States in 1941. From 1948 to 1955 he was a political science professor at Columbia University, and then a history professor from 1955 to 1969.

He was the author of more than twenty-five books, including _The Enlightenment: An Interpretation_, a multi-volume award winner; _Weimar Culture: The Outsider as Insider_ (1968), a bestseller; and the widely translated _Freud: A Life for Our Time_ (1988).

Gay was elected a foreign member of the Academia Europaea in 1996. He received the American Historical Association's (AHA) Award for Scholarly Distinction in 2004.

Gay died in New York City, aged 91.

## Other websites

- Toews, John "Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and of Our Time" pages 504-545 from _Journal of Modern History_, Volume 63, 1991.
Swiss International Air Lines

**Swiss International Air Lines** is the flag carrier of Switzerland. It began on March 31, 2002; the day after Swissair declared bankruptcy. The airline has nonstop flights throughout Switzerland, Europe, Africa, America and Asia. It's currently owned by Lufthansa.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: **Swiss**
- **logo**: File:New Swiss International Airlines Logo, October 2011.png
- **logo size**: 250
- **fleet size**: 95
- **iata**: LX
- **icao**: SWR
- **callsign**: SWISS
- **founded**: 2002
- **headquarters**: Basel
- **hubs**: Zürich Airport
- **website**: [http://www.swiss.com]
Varig Brazilian Airlines

**Varig Brazilian Airlines**, also known as _VARIG_, was once the largest airline of Brazil. The airline declared bankruptcy in 2006. The successor to Varig is Gol Transportes Aéreos, which is technically the _new Varig_.

## History

Varig began on May 7, 1927.  It was founded by German emigrants in Brazil. Varig began non-stop flights between New York City and Rio de Janeiro in 1955. The airline took over many international destinations in the 1960s from bankrupt Panair do Brasil, such as Frankfurt, Lisbon and Paris. Varig eventually became the largest airline in all of South America, after it bought many other smaller Brazilian airlines.  In 1997, Varig became the first airline to join Star Alliance. In 2001, TAM Airlines became  the largest airline in Brazil. Then, Varig stopped flying, and it became known as another airline in 2007.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: VARIG
- **logo**: File:Logo varig.jpg
- **logo size**: 250
- **iata**: RG
- **icao**: VRG
- **callsign**: VARIG
- **founded**: 1927
- **ceased**: July 2006
- **headquarters**: Porto Alegre
- **hubs**: Rio de Janeiro
Ansett Australia

**Ansett Australia** was an airline from Australia. Ansett was based in Melbourne. The airline flew domestically within Australia and from the 1990s to destinations in Asia. It declared bankruptcy in 2001. In 2002, it stopped flying. Several of its Golden Wing airport lounges were purchased by Virgin Australia.
British post offices in Crete

**British post offices in Crete** provided the postal service in the territory of the island of Crete. They were established by the military administration in the area under the control of Great Britain. It functioned in the period from 25 November 1898 to the end of 1899.

In 1898 Crete obtained autonomy under Turkish suzerainty. But it was garrisoned by an international military force from Britain, France, Italy and Russia. Britain issued 5 postage stamps inscribed in Greek.

## Related pages

- British Army
- Crete
Hyon Yong-chol

**Hyon Yong-chol** (; January 1949 – 30 April 2015) was a North Korean general and politician. From June 2014 until his apparent death, he was the Defence Minister of North Korea.

On 13 May 2015, it was reported by South Korean media that he was executed on or around 30 April 2015. As of May 14, 2015, North Korea has not commented on the South's claim, making Hyon's current status uncertain. Later it was confirmed that he was executed.
Car platform

A **car platform** (automobile platform) is shared common design and production over different models and types of automobiles. They may be sold under different names or "marques".

It is done by the automotive industry to save the costs of development by basing the products on a smaller number of platforms. This allows companies to create distinct models from similar underpinnings. It is also done with commercial vehicles like trucks and vans.
Out of Africa

The **Out of Africa** theory says that modern humans first appeared in Africa, then migrated out of Africa to other parts of the world.

Since the 1980s this theory has been supported by a study of present-day mitochondrial DNA, and other sequence analysis. There is also evidence based on the physical anthropology of archaic fossil remains. The idea is very well supported.

There are differing theories on whether there was a single exodus or several. A growing number of researchers also suspect that "long-neglected North Africa" was the original home of the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent.

### Appearance of modern humans

Genetic studies and fossil evidence show that archaic _Homo sapiens_ evolved to anatomically modern humans solely in Africa between 200,000 and 60,000 years ago.

Members of one branch of _Homo sapiens_ left Africa at some point between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago. Over time these humans replaced earlier populations of the genus _Homo,_ such as Neanderthals and _Homo erectus_.

### Migrations out of Africa

By about 90,000 years ago early humans had moved into Eurasia. Earlier species of humans like the Neanderthals had already been living in this area for a long time (at least 500,000 years in western Europe).

By about 42,000 to 44,000 years ago _Homo sapiens_ had reached western Europe, including Britain. In Europe and western Asia, _Homo sapiens_ replaced the Neanderthals by about 35,000 years ago. (Scientists do not know the details of how this occurred.) At roughly the same time, _Homo sapiens_ arrived in Australia. Their arrival in the Americas was much later, about 15,000 years ago. All these earlier groups of modern man were hunter-gatherers.

### First successful out of Africa migration

The date of the earliest successful "out of Africa" migration (the earliest migrants with living descendants) has generally been placed at 60,000 years ago based on genetics, but migration out of the continent may have taken place as early as 125,000 years ago according to Arabian archaeological finds of tools in the region.

## Related pages

- Early human migrations for how archaic as well as modern humans moved out of Africa.
Uber

**Uber** traded on the  NYSE under the ticker (UBER) is an American-based ride-sharing company. It created the Uber mobile app and  a ridesharing  network. “Shared rides” are provided by Uber drivers to passengers. The passengers pay money for each ride they receive. The mobile app allows passengers to request trips and pay for the rides online.

Passengers who want Uber rides “sign-up” with the Uber passenger mobile app. They provide their name, smartphone number, and a credit card number to Uber. Then they can request shared-rides through the Uber app.

Uber drivers use the Uber driver mobile app to find rideshare passengers. They are first enrolled with Uber as drivers. Then they log-on to the Uber mobile app. This tells Uber they are in a certain area and can take rideshares as passengers. The Uber app looks for passengers who want a ride to a particular place. The Uber driver finds the passenger via the map. Then they pick up the passenger and drive to the destination. When they reach the destination, they drop-off the passenger. The Uber mobile app records the journey, bills the passenger, and pays the driver.

Uber uses third party Internet mapping services such as Google Maps to find the location of the passenger and to navigate the driver.

Uber was founded as "UberCab" in San Francisco by Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp in 2009. Three years later, Uber started to open international offices. In 2014, it experimented with carpooling features and made other updates.

In September 2018, Uber introduced a new logo.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Uber Technologies, Inc.
- **logo**: Uber logo 2018.svg
- **image**: Uber offices, Mission Bay (July 2020) -2.jpg
- **image caption**: Headquarters in Mission Bay, San Francisco
- **former name**: Ubercab (2009–2011)
- **type**: Public company, Public
- **area served**: 70 countries and 10,500 cities worldwide
- **revenue**: (2024)
- **operating income**: (2024)
- **net income**: (2024)
- **assets**: (2024)
- **equity**: (2024)
- **num employees**: 31,100 (2024)
Mail art

**Mail art** (also known as **postal art** and **correspondence art**) is a popular form of art. It involves sending small scale art works of art through the mail. Media commonly used in mail art includes postcards, paper, rubber stamps, and logos. It can also include anything that can be put in an envelope and sent via postal service.

## Related pages

- Contemporary art
- Mail
Comminges

The **Comminges** is a natural region in southern France, near the Pyrenees. It contains the upper valley of the Garonne, one of France's four great rivers. It is one of the oldest inhabited places in France. Before the French Revolution it was a county of the historical region of Gascony. It was named for the ancient tribe the _Convenae_. They were a Celtic tribe living in and around Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges by at least the 1st century BC.
William MacDonald (serial killer)

**William Gleydson MacDonald** (born **Allan Ginsberg**; 17 June 1924 – 12 May 2015), also known as **The Mutilator**, was an Australian serial killer. He murdered five men, four in Sydney, New South Wales, and one in Brisbane, Queensland, between 1961 and 1962. After his murders, he lived in New Zealand for a short time. After moving back to Australia, he ran off to Melbourne, Victoria where he was arrested.

MacDonald was born in Liverpool, England. In 1943, during World War II, he was in the army and apparently raped by one of his corporals. He moved from England to Canada in 1949 and then to Australia in 1955.

MacDonald died from natural causes on 12 May 2015 at a hospital in Randwick, New South Wales, aged 90.
The Game (mind game)

**The Game** is the name of a mind game. The goal is not to think about The Game itself. If someone thinks about The Game, they lose. If someone loses, they must tell someone or announce that they "lost The Game."

The first known reference of The Game appeared in 1990, though no one is sure how it started, and it will never end. It has lasted for about 30 years and accumulated millions of “players” around the world.

A similar game was played by Leo Tolstoy in 1840. The media has reported on The Game in many countries and has guessed the number of players to be in the millions.

## Rules

1. If you don’t know about The Game, you are not playing The Game. A person cannot choose to stop playing after they start.
1. You can’t talk about The Game to those not in the game. It takes 2 people in the game to put a new person in The Game.

Starting in the 2020s, the rules changed to one person talking about The Game and having another person ask what it is to have them forever be apart of The Game.
1. Once you are told “you lost The Game,” there is sometimes an amount of time between 3 seconds to an hour to forget about The Game.
1. You can only get someone out by directly telling them they lost The Game.

You can never truly win The Game. Anyone who hears someone else say they lost The Game also loses The Game, because they are now thinking about The Game. After losing, you start playing again.
European Economic Community

The **European Economic Community** was the predecessor of the European Union. It existed from 1957 to 1992, when the Treaty of Maastricht led to more cooperation between the countries of the European Union. France and Germany for the first time came together to revive their economy and maintain peace in the continent.
Scaptia beyonceae

***Scaptia beyonceae*** is a species of horse fly found in  north-east Queensland, Australia. It was first recorded in 1981 but not scientifically described until 2011. The fly is named after American recording artist and actress Beyoncé.

_Scaptia beyonceae_ has a golden tip to its abdomen, formed by a dense patch of golden hairs. Hence its name.
2015 Philadelphia train derailment

The **2015 Philadelphia train derailment** happened on May 12, 2015. An Amtrak _Northeast Regional_ train derailed in the Port Richmond area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Amtrak _Northeast Regional_ No. 188 was on its way from Washington, D.C. to New York City. It derailed at 9:23 pm. The train went off the track. Some cars fell onto their sides.

The accident killed eight people and injured more than 200 people.

## Investigation

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) said that there were no signs which suggested that the derailment was related to terrorism. A team from the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) also investigated.

The driver of the train, Amtrak engineer Brandon Bostian, suffered wounds to the legs and head, including a concussion, and was said to be unable to remember the incident.
Grigoriy Bronza

**Grigoriy Zakharovich Bronza** (30 April 192730 January 2010) was an artist of Transnistria (Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic). He was an art restorer and an honorary member of the Transnistria Union of Artists. Bronza was a designer of postage stamps of Transnistria and Moldova. He also helped create a number of museums in the former Soviet Union.

## World War II

During World War II, Grigoriy Bronza served in the Red Army and was awarded the following Soviet military decorations:
- Order of the Patriotic War,
- Medal for Battle Merit,
- Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945",
- Medal "For the Victory over Japan".

## Postage stamps

Bronza is the author of the first stamps of Moldova issued in June 1991. He designed the first stamps of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic issued in December 1993. Bronza designed the third definitive stamp issue of Transnistria (1997). He also created a series of stamps for the 5th anniversary of the events in Bender (1997), a series of stamps "Historical and modern coats of arms of cities of Transnistria" (1999), and the 200th anniversary of Alexander Pushkin issue (1999).

## Other websites

- Moldavian postage stamps
- Moldova rare postage stamps

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Grigoriy Zakharovich Bronza
Григо́рий Заха́рович Бро́нза
- **birth place**: Vradiivka, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR
- **death place**: Tiraspol, Transnistria
- **nationality**: USSR, Transnistria
- **field**: graphics, sculpture, painting
- **works**: stamps of Transnistria and Moldova
Columbia County, New York

**Columbia County, New York** is a mostly rural county along the eastern side of the Hudson River. In 2020, the population was 61,570. The county seat is Hudson.