juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood

***Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood*** is the third installment of the _Love & Hip Hop_ reality television franchise. It premiered on September 15, 2014 on VH1 and chronicles the lives of several people in the Hollywood area, involved with hip hop music.

## Main cast members

- Moniece Slaughter
- Brooke Valentine
- Hazel-E
- Apryl Jones
- Masika Kalysha
- Princess Love
- Lyrica Anderson
- K. Michelle
- Omarion
- Lil' Fizz
- Soulja Boy
- Keyshia Cole
- Teairra Mari
- Safaree Samuels
- Nikki Mudarris
- Ray J

## Guest cast members

- Tanisha Thomas
- Brandy Norwood
Banco Comafi

**Banco Comafi** is an Argentine private commercial bank. Its headquarters are located in Buenos Aires and it has 65 branches throughout the city.

It has no branches or subsidiaries abroad. As a commercial bank, it operates in all sectors: individuals, microenterprises, small and medium-sized businesses, corporate, foreign trade, investment, trading, private banking, and trust business.

## History

Comafi began operating in 1985 as a market broker specializing in trading government securities, repurchase agreements, and other financial transactions.

In 1992, it acquired the Argentine subsidiary of Banco di Napoli, one of the oldest banks in the world, becoming a wholesale banking institution actively involved in the purchase and sale of bonds and shares, corporate and investment banking, and capital markets operations.

It also became a leader in fiduciary administration and the development of trust-based financial products for companies.

In December 2013, Banco Comafi acquired the **Diners Club International** credit card portfolio in Argentina. It also obtained the exclusive license to issue Diners in the country from Discover, the current owner of the brand worldwide.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Banco Comafi
- **logo**: Logo_Oficial_Banco_Comafi.png
- **logo size**: 300px
- **image**: Edificio Diagonal Comafi.JPG
- **image caption**: Comafi Building, bank headquarters.
- **image size**: 300px
- **type**: S.A. (corporation), Sociedad Anónima
- **location**: Buenos Aires, Argentina
- **key people**: Alejandro Guillermo Cerviño, <small>(Chairman)</small>
- **owner**: * Comafi S.A. (78%)
* Famicer Participaciones S.A. (7,27%)
* Fliacer Participaciones S.A. (1,52 %)
- **num employees**: 1.500
- **industry**: Financial services, Finance and Insurance
- **products**: Banking
- **services**: Banking
- **parent**: Comafi S.A.
- **subsid**: 326
- **homepage**: [https://www.comafi.com.ar/ comafi.com.ar]
Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome

The **benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome** refers to set of symptoms that occurs when someone on benzodiazepine suddenly stops taking it.

## Symptoms

Those suffering from the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome tend to have at least one of the following symptoms:

- Anxiety
- Nausea
- Irritability
- Insomnia
- Headache
- Weight loss
- Muscle pain
- Hand tremor
- Panic attacks

The symptoms can last up to two weeks, or until some treatment is given to the patient. The higher doses of benzodiazepine a patient takes, the more serious the withdrawal symptoms can be if he or she suddenly stops taking it.

## Complications

In serious cases, seizures or psychosis can happen, which are life-threatening.

## Risk factors

Addiction to alcohol or sedatives is found to make the symptoms worse.

## Related pages

- Toxicology
- Barbiturate overdose
- Paracetamol poisoning
The Arizona Ranger

***The Arizona Ranger*** is a 1948 American western movie directed by John Rawlins and starring Tim Holt, Jack Holt, Nan Leslie, Richard Martin, Steve Brodie, Paul Hurst, James Nolan. It was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.
Cabuyao Mansion

The **Cabuyao Mansion** (formerly known as  **Marcos Twin Mansion**), is an abandoned mansion owned by the Marcoses family to the late Philippine president, Ferdinand Marcos.

## Location

The golfcourse is situated along the Canlubang Golf & Country Club and Matang Tubig, It was established since 1987 and stretches to the "Imelda Marcos Mansion" in People's Park in the Sky in Tagaytay city, It is also under by the Presidential Commission on Good Government.

## Infobox (park)

- **name**: Cabuyao Mansion
- **alt name**: _Marcos Twin Mansion_
- **location**: Casile–Canlubang Valley, Cabuyao, Laguna, Philippines
- **type**: Mansion, Monument
- **created**: 1979–present
- **operator**: **Presidential Commission on Good Government**
- **status**: Abandoned due to Marikina Valley fault system, West Valley fault
Canlubang Golf & Country Club

**Canlubang Golf & Country Club**, shortly known as **Can Golf**, is located in barrio Casile, Cabuyao, Laguna.

The history of the area was part of a large sugarcane plantation owned by José Yulo, a known politician and landowner in the mid-20th century. The club occupies part of this land, later transforming it into a golfing venue.

## Features

Canlubang Golf & Country Club features two 18-hole courses, these courses offer a total of 36 holes. It is one of the gold courses along with Santa Elena Golf Course in Cabuyao city.
Hysteria (Def Leppard song)

"**Hysteria**" is a 1987 song by English heavy metal band Def Leppard and is the title track to their fourth studio album _Hysteria_. It went to number 26 in the United Kingdom, number 10 in the United States, number 19 in Ireland and number 13 in Canada.

### 7": Bludgeon Riffola / Mercury / 870 004-7 (US)

1. "Hysteria"
1. "Ride into the Sun"

### 12": Bludgeon Riffola / Phonogram (UK)

1. "Hysteria"
1. "Ride into the Sun"
1. "Love and Affection" (live)

### CD: Bludgeon Riffola / Phonogram / U.K. LEPCD3 / INT. 870 004-2 (UK)

1. "Hysteria"
1. "Ride into the Sun"
1. "Love and Affection" (live)
1. "I Wanna Be Your Hero"

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Hysteria
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Def Leppard
- **album**: Hysteria (Def Leppard album), Hysteria
- **b-side**: Ride into the Sun
- **released**: * 16 November 1987 (UK)
* January 1988 (US)
* 19 March 2013 (re-recorded version)
- **recorded**: * 1985–1987
* 2012 (re-recorded version)
- **genre**: Glam metal
- **length**: * 5:54 (album version)
* 3:50 (single edit)
- **label**: Mercury Records, Mercury
- **writer**: * Rick Savage
* Phil Collen
* Joe Elliott
* Steve Clark
* Robert John "Mutt" Lange
- **producer**: Robert John "Mutt" Lange
- **prev title**: Pour Some Sugar on Me
- **prev year**: 1987
- **next title**: Armageddon It
- **next year**: 1988
Love Bites (Def Leppard song)

"**Love Bites**" is a 1988 song by English heavy metal band Def Leppard and is the sixth single from their fourth studio album _Hysteria_. It went to number 1 in the United States, number 11 in the United Kingdom, number 2 in New Zealand, number 3 in Canada, number 7 in Ireland, number 23 in the Netherlands and number 21 in Australia.

## Track listings

"Billy's Got a Gun" was recorded at Tilburg, Netherlands, in 1987.

**7-inch: Bludgeon Riffola / Vertigo / Polygram / 830 675-1 (US)**
1. "Love Bites"
1. "Billy's Got a Gun" (live)

**12-inch and CD: Bludgeon Riffola / Vertigo / Polygram (US, UK)**
1. "Love Bites"
1. "Billy's Got a Gun" (live)
1. "Excitable" (Orgasmic mix)

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Love Bites
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Def Leppard
- **album**: Hysteria (Def Leppard album), Hysteria
- **b-side**: "Billy's Got a Gun" (live)
- **released**: 4 July 1988
- **genre**: Glam metal
- **length**: 5:46
- **label**: Mercury Records, Mercury
- **writer**: * Robert John "Mutt" Lange
* Phil Collen
* Steve Clark
* Joe Elliott
* Rick Savage
- **producer**: Robert John "Mutt" Lange
- **prev title**: Armageddon It
- **prev year**: 1988
- **next title**: Rocket (Def Leppard song), Rocket
- **next year**: 1989
Forever Young (Alphaville song)

"**Forever Young**" is a 1984 song by German band Alphaville and is the title track to their debut studio album _Forever Young_. It went to number 1 in Sweden and was very popular in German language countries. It has been covered by numerous artists since its release.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Forever Young
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Alphaville
- **album**: Forever Young (Alphaville album), Forever Young
- **b-side**: Welcome to the Sun
- **studio**: Studio 54
- **genre**: Synth-pop
- **length**: *  (single/album version)
*  (special dance mix)
- **label**: Warner Music Group, WEA
- **composer**: * Marian Gold
* Bernhard Lloyd
* Frank Mertens
- **lyricist**: Marian Gold
- **producer**: * Colin Pearson
* Wolfgang Loos
* Andreas Budde
- **prev title**: Sounds Like a Melody
- **prev year**: 1984
- **next title**: Jet Set (Alphaville song), Jet Set
- **next year**: 1985
Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five

"**Nineteen Hundred and Five**" (sometimes known as **1985**) is a 1974 song by Wings and is the final track from their third studio album _Band on the Run_. It is the A-side to the single _Band on the Run_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Paul McCartney and Wings
- **album**: Band on the Run
- **a-side**: Band on the Run (song), Band on the Run
- **released**: 28 June 1974
- **recorded**: October 1973
- **studio**: AIR Oxford Circus, AIR, London
- **length**: 5:29
- **label**: Apple Records, Apple
- **producer**: Paul McCartney
- **chronology**: Paul McCartney and Wings, Wings
- **prev title**: Jet (song), Jet
- **prev year**: 1974
- **next title**: Walking in the Park with Eloise
- **next year**: 1974
Temple prostitution

**Temple prostitution** (or **sacred prostitution**, **cult prostitution**, or **religious prostitution**) is the name for a number of rites involving paid sexual intercourse in the context of religious rites.  It is possible that this was done in the context of a fertility rite.  When there is no direct payment, scholars speak about _sacred sex_. Usually, priests or servants of a goddess of sexual love had sex with worshippers, against payment.

Even though, scholars used to argue that this existed, they are no longer sure it did. There are different ancient texts that talk about it. The bible also does. It looks like there were slaves in the temple of Aphrodite in Korinth, that also engaged in this.
Systems biology

**Systems biology** is a field of biology. It uses computers, math, and models to study how parts of living systems work together. It does not focus on individual parts like in traditional biology. It looks at the whole system and how everything interacts.

Since around 2000, systems biology has become common in biology. For example, the Human Genome Project used systems thinking. It encouraged teamwork in genetics research. One major goal of systems biology is to understand "emergent properties". These are features of cells or organisms that only show up when you look at how all the parts work together.
Flocking

**Flocking** is a type of behavior. It is shown when a group of birds, called a flock, are looking for food or in flight. Sheep and goats also show flocking behavior.

Computer simulations and mathematical models have been built to copy the flocking behaviours of birds. The term "flocking" is sometimes used, in computer science, for living things that are not birds. Here, it means a group of organisms moving together. This can be seen in many living beings such as fish, bacteria, and insects.

Flocking is considered an emergent behaviour. It appears from simple rules that each organism follows. No one organisms in the group controls everything.
Khauf

***Khauf*** () is an 2025 Indian horror television series written by Smita Singh and directed by Pankaj Kumar and Surya Balakrishnan. Produced under Matchbox Shots, starring Monika Panwar, Rajat Kapoor, Abhishek Chauhan, Geetanjali Kulkarni and Shilpa Shukla. The series premiered on Amazon Prime Video on 18 April 2025.

## Cast

- Monika Panwar
- Rajat Kapoor
- Abhishek Chauhan
- Geetanjali Kulkarni
- Shilpa Shukla

## Production

On 19 March 2024, the series was announced by Amazon Prime Video. The post-production was completed in 2024.

## Release

The teaser was released on 20 March 2024 and the trailer was released on 11 April 2025.

The series was made available to stream on Amazon Prime Video on 18 April 2025.

## Reception

Abhimanyu Mathur writing for _Hindustan Times_ gave the series 3 out of 5 stars. Shubhra Gupta from _The Indian Express_ rated the series 3/5 stars.

## Other websites

- _Khauf_ on Amazon Prime Video

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Horror film, Horror
- **writer**: Smita Singh
- **country**: India
- **language**: Hindi
- **num episodes**: 8
- **camera**: Multiple-camera setup, Multiple-camera
- **runtime**: 43–50 minutes
- **company**: Matchbox Shots
- **network**: Amazon Prime Video
Guru Brahmanand

**Guru Brahmanand** (24 December 1908 - 16 May 1973), also known as **Jagatguru Swami Brahmanand Saraswati Ji**, was an Indian guru, social reformer and philosopher. He is widely known in state of Haryana for his efforts in promoting education, social equality, and spiritual awareness.

## Early life

He was born as Chhotaram on 24 December 1908 in Chuhar Majra (now known as Guru Brahmanand Majra), Kaithal district, Haryana. He was born to Badama Ram and Rami Devi, and brought up in a Haryanvi Samdhyan clan of Ror caste. His father, Badama Ram, was a farmer. His mother Rami Devi died when he was 9 years old and when he was 11 years old, his father Badama Ram  passed away.

## Pilgrimage and spiritual movement

He departed his village and embarked on a pilgrimage across the Northern India. He travelled for some years and made observations on contemporary social life.

In his quest for true knowledge, he went to the forests of Sapta Sarovar, beyond Haridwar, for penance. There, he decided to leave his mortal body, and as he did so, three goddesses appeared and presented him with a five-colored _Panchranga_ flag.

The three goddesses named him Brahmanand because he remained absorbed in _Brahma Anand_ (divine bliss). He established five principles for the five-colored _Panchranga_ flag, and upon returning, he founded a gurukul called Ompura.

After a few years, he set out to propagate the Vedic religion and organized more than 200 _Havan Yagnas_ and _Bhandaras_ (community feasts) across the region. He established many ashrams in various villages of Haryana.

## Residences

Brahmanand moved all across the Northern India and usually resided in villages. Some of these are listed below.

- Chuhar Majra, Kaithal
- Pundri, Kaithal
- Mundri, Kaithal
- Haridwar
- Fatehpur, Kaithal
- Sataundi, Karnal
- Kaimla, Karnal

## Death

On 16 May 1973, he left his mortal body at his Fatehpur Ashram, after chanting _Om_ three times, and attained liberation.

## Legacy

Brahmamand served as an inspiration for several Indian thinkers and social reformers.

Brahmanand is a revered religious and spiritual figure in the Indian state of Haryana and remains relevant to present-day society due to his enduring spiritual contributions. His teachings and philosophy have been promoted and endorsed by various political and social organizations in Haryana.

## Infobox (hindu leader)

- **religion**: Hinduism  Vedic
- **image**: Guru Brahmanand.jpg
- **caption**: Guru Brahmanand
- **nationality**: Indian
- **father**: Badama Ram
- **mother**: Rami Devi
- **birth place**: Chuhar Majra (now known as Guru Brahmanand Majra), Kaithal district, Haryana
- **disciples**: Yog
I'm Not So Tough

***I'm Not So Tough*** is the third studio album by American country music artist Mindy McCready. The album was released on September 14, 1999.
Barbiturate overdose

**Barbiturate overdose** is a form of poisoning caused by someone taking too many barbiturates within a short time.

## Symptoms

Those who have overdosed on barbiturates can show some of the following symptoms:

- Difficulty thinking
- Poor coordination
- Lowered effort to breathe
- Lowered level of consciousness

## Complications

In serious cases, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema can occur. The patient can die from a lack of breathing. The amount of barbiturates that can cause death depends on how much someone's body can break down the drug.

The larger the dose of barbiturates someone has taken for a long period, the higher the amount of barbiturates is needed to cause death. This phenomenon is called drug tolerance.

## Mechanism

Barbiturates increase the time that the chloride pore of the GABAA receptor is opened, thereby increasing GABA's efficacy. In contrast, benzodiazepines increase the frequency with which the chloride pore is opened, thereby increasing GABA's potency.

## Treatment

Barbiturate overdose can be treated by activated charcoal. Hemodialysis is also sometimes performed. In cases where the poisoned person is not breathing, mechanical ventilation is required while detoxication is performed.

## Related pages

- Toxicology
- Paracetamol poisoning
- Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome
Anomaloglossus baeobatrachus

***Anomaloglossus baeobatrachus*** is a frog.  Scientists found it in French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Brazil.

## Home

This frog is awake during the day. It lives on the dead leaves on the ground in forests that have never been cut down and forests that are growing back. Scientists see it near water. Scientists saw the frog between 10 and 800 meters above sea level.

## Young

The male frogs sit in groups on branches a little above the dead leaves on the ground and call to the female frogs. The female frog lays eggs on dead leaves. The tadpoles grow in the nest.

## Danger

Scientists say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Its home is big and human beings do not go there much.
Peroxy acid

A **peroxy acid**, also written **peroxyacid** or shortened to **peracid**, is an acid where an acidic hydrogen atom is bonded to two consecutive oxygen atoms. They have a hydroperoxide functional group, .

Peroxy acids are weaker acids but stronger oxidizers than related oxoacids.

## Production

Many oxoacids can be changed to peroxy acids in a chemical reaction with hydrogen peroxide. An example of this is the production of peroxymonosulfuric acid:

Organic peracids can be made from carboxylic acids or their derivatives, like acid anhydrides or acyl chlorides.

## Uses

A major use for peroxy acids and their salts is the oxidation of alkenes into epoxides. If an organic peroxy acid is used, this is a name reaction called the Prilezhaev reaction. Potassium peroxymonosulfate, sold commercially in a mix of salts called Oxone, is an inorganic peroxy acid salt used in a similar reaction.
FBG Duck

**Carlton Dequan Weekly-Williams** (December 6, 1993 – August 4, 2020) was an American rapper and songwriter. He used the name **FBG Duck** when he wrote music. He was affiliated with the Gangster Disciples. He was very popular around Chicago because of his music. Weekly had many conflicts with the Black Disciples, another gang in Chicago.

FBG Duck released his first mixtape that was called Look At Me in 2013, when he was 19 years old. FBG Duck released more songs until he released "Slide" in 2017. This song became very popular. On August 4, 2020, Williams was shot in Chicago’s Gold Coast neighborhood.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: FBG Duck
- **image**: FBG Duck.png
- **caption**: Williams in 2018
- **birth name**: Carlton Dequan Weekly-Williams
- **birth place**: Bronzeville, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Gold Coast Historic District (Chicago), Gold Coast, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **years active**: 2013–2020
Siege of Nishapur (1221)

## War

The Mongol horde of Tolui Khan besieged the Khwarazmian city of Nishapur in present-day Iran

### First siege of Nishapur (1221)

Mongols stormed the city with siege engines after a three-day siege. During the assault, Genghis Khan's son-in-law Tuqachar was killed. In 1221, after the death of Tuqachar, the husband of Genghis Khan's daughter, the entire city of Nishapur was destroyed by the Mongols over the course of 10 days.

### Second siege of Nishapur (1221)

Genghis Khan's daughter requested the death of every resident of the city as vengeance for her husband's death. In order to become sure that no wounded would survive the massacre, the Khan's troops killed and beheaded most of the population of the city and their skulls were reputedly piled in pyramids by the Mongols. Women, Infants, children, and even cats and dogs were among the beheaded. It is estimated that potentially up to 1,747,000 people were slaughtered.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Sieges of Nishapur (1220-1221)
- **partof**: the Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
- **date**: 1221
- **place**: Nishapur, present-day Iran
- **result**: Mongol victory
- **combatant1**: Mongol Empire
- **combatant2**: Turkmens, Khwarazmian Empire
- **casualties1**: Unknown
- **casualties2**: 1,747,000
Peroxymonosulfuric acid

**Peroxymonosulfuric acid** is a chemical compound with the formula . It is a peroxy acid closely related to sulfuric acid. It was discovered by the German chemist Heinrich Caro, so it is sometimes called **Caro's acid**. Salts of peroxymonosulfuric acid are called **peroxymonosulfates**.

Peroxymonosulfuric acid is a strong oxidizer. It is one of the active chemical species in piranha solution.
National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary

The **National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary** (German: _Landesselbstverwaltung der Ungarndeutschen_, **LdU**; Hungarian: _Magyarországi Németek Országos Önkormányzata_, **MNOÖ**) is the organization representing the interests of the German minority in Hungary. The German minority is Hungary’s second-largest ethnic group, making up over 2.5% of the population.

The LdU aims to protect and promote the German language, culture, traditions, and identity in Hungary. It supports keeping the German language alive through cultural activities, encourages German language teaching in Hungarian schools, and builds international connections, especially with Germany, through exchanges and partnerships.

The LdU seeks cultural autonomy by managing German institutions in Hungary, which is its main focus. It also promotes cooperation between Hungary and neighboring countries, especially German-speaking ones.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: National Self-Government of Germans in Hungary
- **native name**:

- **logo**: Das_Wappen_der_Ungarndeutschen.png
- **logo size**: 150px
- **colorcode**: #19226b
- **leader**: Ibolya Hock-Englender
- **ideology**: Conservatism
Minority rights
- **headquarters**: Budapest
- **country**: Hungary
- **position**: Centre-right
- **seats1 title**: National Assembly (Hungary), National Assembly
Bisphenol

A **bisphenol** is a type of organic chemical compound that contains two phenol units in its structure. They are a type of aromatic diol. Bisphenols are used to make some types of polycarbonate, polyurethane, and polyester.
Diol

A **diol** is an organic chemical compound with two hydroxy groups. "Di" is a prefix meaning "two", and "ol" comes from "alcohol". An aliphatic diol (one with no aromatic ring) is called a **glycol**.

Ethylene glycol (also called ethanediol) is the simplest stable diol, and has the chemical formula .

### Geminal diols

If the two hydroxy groups are attached to the same carbon atom, the diol is called **geminal**. Geminal diols are normally unstable because they easily give up a water molecule to become an aldehyde or ketone.

### Vicinal diols

If the two hydroxy groups are on different carbon atoms, but the carbon atoms are attached to each other, the diol is called **vicinal**. Many vicinal diols are made from epoxides by adding water (hydrolysis). They can also be made from carbonyls with the pinacol coupling reaction.

## Uses

Diols are important ingredients in plastics like polyester and polyurethane. Important diols in plastic production are 1,4-butanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, and the bisphenols.

Diols can also change carbonyl groups into cyclic acetals. This is used as a protecting group in organic synthesis.
Pearly Gates

'The Pearly Gates is a name for the gateway to Heaven in some Christian traditions. It is inspired by Revelation 21:21. This describes the New Jerusalem having twelve gates. Each gate would have a pearl. In popular culture, these gates are imagined as large gates in the clouds. The gates would be guarded by Saint Peter. People who are not fit to go into heaven would be sent into Hell.
Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán

**Lázaro Cárdenas** is a city in the Mexican state of Michoacán. It is a largest city in the municipality of Cárdenas. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Pátzcuaro

**Pátzcuaro** is a city in the Mexican state of Michoacán. It is a largest city in the municipality of Pátzcuaro. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Tula, Hidalgo

**Tula**, officially **Tula de Allende**, is a city in the state of Hidalgo in central Mexico.
Huejutla

**Huejutla**, officially **Huejutla de Reyes**, is a city in the state of Hidalgo in central Mexico.
Non-combatant

A **non combatant** is usually a type of person who is not included in fighting in a war or battle but is still affected by the effects of the battle or war.
Iguala

**Iguala** is a city in the Mexican state of Guerrero. It is a largest city in the municipality of Iguala. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Ciudad Altamirano

**Ciudad Altamirano** is a city in the Mexican state of Guerrero. It is a largest city in the municipality of Pungarabato. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Mac OS X 10.1

**Mac OS X 10.1** (code named **Puma**) is the second major release of macOS, Apple's desktop and server operating system. It superseded Mac OS X 10.0 and preceded Mac OS X Jaguar. Mac OS X 10.1 was released on September 25, 2001, as a free update for Mac OS X 10.0 users.

The operating system was handed out for free by Apple employees after Steve Jobs' keynote speech at the Seybold publishing conference in San Francisco. It was subsequently distributed to Mac users on October 25, 2001, at Apple Stores and other retail stores that carried Apple products.

Mac OS X 10.1 was codenamed "Puma" because the internal team thought it was "one fast cat." In January 2002, Apple switched to using Mac OS X as the default OS on all new Macs at the time starting with the 10.1.2 release, replacing Mac OS 9.

## System requirements

**Supported computers:**
- Power Mac G3
- Power Mac G4
- Power Mac G4 Cube
- iMac G3
- iMac G4,
- eMac,
- PowerBook G3, except for the original PowerBook G3
- PowerBook G4
- iBook
**RAM:**
- 128 megabytes (MB) (unofficially 64 MB minimum)
**Hard Drive Space:**
- 1.5 gigabytes (GB)

## Release history

|Version|Build|style=width:128px|Date|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style=text-align:center|10.1|5G64|25.09.2001|Original retail CD-ROM release|
|style=text-align:center|10.1.1|5M28|12.11.2001||
|style=text-align:center|10.1.2|5P48|21.12.2001||
|style=text-align:center|10.1.3|5Q45|19.02.2002||
|style=text-align:center|10.1.4|5Q125|17.04.2002||
|style=text-align:center|10.1.5|5S60|05.06.2002||

## References

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

## Infobox (os version)

- **name**: Mac OS X 10.1
- **version of**: macOS
- **logo**: MacosxlogoX1.png
- **developer**: Apple Inc., Apple Computer, Inc.
- **source model**: Closed source, Closed, with open-source software, open source components
- **license**: Apple Public Source License (APSL) and Apple end-user license agreement (EULA)
- **kernel type**: Hybrid kernel, Hybrid (XNU)
- **supported platforms**: PowerPC
- **release version**: 10.1.5
- **preceded by**: Mac OS X 10.0
- **succeeded by**: Mac OS X 10.2, Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar
- **support status**: Historical, unsupported as of November 13, 2006
Cuencamé

**Cuencamé** is a city in the Mexican state of Durango. It is a largest city in the municipality of Cuencamé. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Mapimí

**Mapimí** is a city in the Mexican state of Durango. It is a largest city in the municipality of Mapimí. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Armería

**Armería** is a city in the Mexican state of Colima. It is a largest city in the municipality of Armería. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Minatitlán, Colima

**Minatitlán** is a city in the Mexican state of Colima. It is a largest city in the municipality of Minatitlán. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Minatitlán, Veracruz

**Minatitlán** is a city in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is a largest city in the municipality of Minatitlán. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Dicarbonyl

In organic chemistry, a **dicarbonyl** is an organic compound that has two double bonds between carbon and oxygen (the carbonyl group, ). The term is also used more specifically for when the two carbonyls are close enough to each other that they change how the chemical acts in chemical reactions.

In organometallic chemistry, a dicarbonyl is any coordination complex with two carbonyl ligands.

## Types

Dicarbonyls are named by more specific types of carbonyl in the molecule.

- If the two carbonyls are the same, their name is used with the prefix "di-":
    - Glyoxal (oxaldehyde, ethanedione) is a **dialdehyde**.
    - Diacetyl (butanedione) is a **diketone**.
    - Oxalic acid is a **dicarboxylic acid**.
    - Dimethyl oxalate is a **diester**.
- If they are different, the names are combined:
    - Methylglyoxal is a **ketoaldehyde**.
    - Pyruvic acid is a **keto acid**. An ester of a keto acid is a **keto ester**.
    - Glyoxlic acid is an **aldehydic acid**. Aldehydic acids are also called **semialdehydes**.
Poza Rica

**Poza Rica** is a city in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is a largest city in the municipality of Poza Rica. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Puerto Balleto

**Puerto Balleto** is a city in the Mexican state of Nayarit. It is a largest city in the municipality of San Blas. In 2020, 20,322 people lived there.
Nuevo Vallarta

**Nuevo Vallarta** is a city in the Mexican state of Nayarit. It is a largest city in the municipality of Bahía de Banderas. In 2020, 20,322 people lived there.
Jiutepec

**Jiutepec** is a city in the Mexican state of Morelos. It is a largest city in the municipality of Jiutepec. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Linares, Nuevo León

**Linares** is a city in the Mexican state of Nuevo León. It is a largest city in the municipality of Linares. In 2020, 20,322 people lived there.
Skeletal formula

A **skeletal formula** is a way of drawing a molecule of an organic compound. They are simplified versions of structural formulas that do not show most carbon or hydrogen atoms.

Like a structural formula, chemical bonds are drawn as lines. Corners between lines show carbon atoms, replacing the C symbol used in structural formulas. Bonds between carbon and hydrogen are left out unless something specific about them matters (such as their stereochemistry).
San Pedro Garza García

**San Pedro Garza García** is a city in the Mexican state of Nuevo León. It is a largest city in the municipality of San Pedro Garza García. In 2020, 20,322 people lived there.
Guadalupe, Nuevo León

**Guadalupe** is a city in the Mexican state of Nuevo León. It is a largest city in the municipality of Guadalupe. In 2020, 20,322 people lived there.
Real de Catorce

**Real de Catorce** is a city in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. It is a largest city in the municipality of Matehuala. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Tamazunchale

**Tamazunchale** is a city in the Mexican state of San Luis Potosí. It is a largest city in the municipality of Tamazunchale. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Mac OS 9

**Mac OS 9** is the ninth and final major release of Apple's classic Mac OS operating system, which was succeeded by Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001, starting the Mac OS X family of operating systems. Introduced on October 23, 1999, it was promoted by Apple as "The Best Internet Operating System Ever", highlighting Sherlock 2’s Internet search capabilities, integration with Apple's free online services known as iTools and improved Open Transport networking. While Mac OS 9 lacks protected memory and full pre-emptive multitasking, lasting improvements include the introduction of an automated Software Update engine and support for multiple users.

Apple discontinued development of Mac OS 9 in late 2001, transitioning all future development to Mac OS X. The final updates to Mac OS 9 addressed work problems with Mac OS X while running in the Classic Environment and works with Carbon applications. At the 2002 Worldwide Developers Conference, Steve Jobs began his keynote address by staging a mock funeral for OS 9.

## Infobox (os version)

- **name**: Mac OS 9
- **family**: Macintosh operating systems, Macintosh
- **developer**: Apple Computer
- **version of**: classic Mac OS
- **logo**: MacOS9.png
- **logo size**: 64px
- **source model**: Closed source
- **working state**: Historic, unsupported
- **release version**: 9.2.2
- **preceded by**: Mac OS 8
- **supported platforms**: PowerPC
- **kernel type**: Nanokernel
- **ui**: Appearance Manager, Apple Platinum
- **license**: Proprietary
- **support status**: Historical, unsupported as of February 1, 2002
Frontera, Tabasco

**Frontera** is a city in the Mexican state of Tabasco. It is a largest city in the municipality of Frontera. In 2020, 80,454 people lived there.
Comalcalco

**Comalcalco** is a city in the Mexican state of Tabasco. It is a largest city in the municipality of Comalcalco. In 2020, 80,454 people lived there.
Apizaco

**Apizaco** is a city in the Mexican state of Tlaxcala. It is a largest city in the municipality of Apizaco. In 2020, 80,454 people lived there.
Tlaxco

**Tlaxco** is a city in the Mexican state of Tlaxcala. It is a largest city in the municipality of Apizaco. In 2020, 80,454 people lived there.
Puerto Progreso

**Puerto Progreso** is a city in the Mexican state of Yucatán. It is a largest city in the municipality of Progreso. In 2020, 80,454 people lived there.
Valladolid, Yucatán

**Valladolid** is a city in the Mexican state of Yucatán. It is a largest city in the municipality of Valladolid. In 2020, 80,454 people lived there.
El Fuerte

**El Fuerte** is a city in the Mexican state of Sinaloa. It is a largest city in the municipality of El Fuerte. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Nogales, Sonora

**Nogales** is a city in the Mexican state of Sonora. It is a largest city in the municipality of Nogales. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.
Loreto, Zacatecas

**Loreto** is a city in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. It is a largest city in the municipality of Loreto. In 2010, 118,614 people lived there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Loreto
- **image skyline**: Escuela Normal Rural "Gral. Matias Ramos Santos" - panoramio.jpg
- **imagesize**: 245px
- **image caption**: Escuela Normal Rural "Gral. Matías Ramos Santos" (Rural Normal School "General Matías Ramos Santos) in Loreto
- **image shield**: Stemma Loreto Zacatecas.jpg
- **shield size**: 95px
- **image map**: Municipio de Loreto.png
- **mapsize**: 200px
- **map caption**: Loreto in Zacatecas
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: Mexico
- **subdivision type1**: States of Mexico, State
- **subdivision name1**: Zacatecas
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Zacatecas, Municipality
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 43,411
Bouquet

A **bouquet** is an attractively arranged bunch of flowers, especially one presented as a gift or carried at a ceremony.
Ynes Mexia

**Ynes Mexia** was a Mexican American botanist who collected more than 145,000 specimens. She found 500 new species with 50 of them named after her. She also discovered two new genera. Mimosa Mexiae was one of the first plants named after her. She went to the University of California, Berkeley, in 1921 to pursue botany. She collected 1,500 specimens by herself in Mexico on her first trip. She spent 13 years traveling around the Americas mostly alone. Mexia was the first person to collect specimens from Denali, Alaska. Her most lengthy trip was a 3,000-mile trek across South America. She was contracted by the California Academy of Sciences to collect plants for botanists there. She gave around $50,000 to the Sierra Club and Save the Redwoods League in total. A redwood grove was also named after her honor. Researchers still use her collections to this day. Some of the plants she collected and discovered can be seen in many museums and universities today as well.
Virginia Holsinger

**Virginia Holsinger** was an American chemist. Holsinger's research has made it so that all lactose intolerant people can eat dairy products without worry. She is known for creating the foundation of Lactaid, a reduced lactose milk for lactose intolerant people. She developed the enzyme treatment for lactose intolerance many people around the world use today. Holsinger developed a reduced fat mozzarella now being widely used in the USDA National School Lunch Program. She also made powdered milk with reduced lactose for the US army for the lactose intolerant and people who did not like the taste of regular milk. She also created the sprayable butter that is dried and free flowing butter powder. She chaired the Dairy Tech division in the Institute of Food Technologists.

## Awards

She has won many awards for her work in lactose substitutes. Some of the awards that she has won are the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) distinguished scientist award of the year. She has also won the WISE lifetime award achievement. She is in the National Inventors Hall of Fame and the ARS Hall of Fame.

## Personal life

She was born in Washington DC.  She lived until the age of 72.
Helen A. Stafford

**Helen Adele Stafford** was an American scientist and the first plant scientist to understand how plants use carbon dioxide from photosynthesis without wasting it.  She discovered that special chemical processes in plants happen in organized groups of enzymes working together in one place. Stafford discovered many important breakthroughs in Biology, Phytochemistry, and Plant Physiology.  Biology is the scientific study of living organisms and life. Phytochemistry is the study of chemicals produced by plants. Plant Physiology is the study of plants’ lives and what allows them to grow.

## Early life

Stafford was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She discovered her love of plants when she was gardening with her father.  He was an enthusiastic gardener.

Stafford earned her Bachelor’s degree in Botany at Wellesley College in 1944. Botany is the study of plants. She earned her Master’s degree at Connecticut College for Women, in 1949. She then earned her Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in the Botany department at the University of Pennsylvania in 1951.

## Career

Stafford’s Ph.D. was one of the first studies on enzymes in plant tissues. Her thesis research from her Master’s degree was on the growth and development of Phleum pratense (a kind of plant) seedlings. Her Master's thesis became her first published paper. It was published in the _American Journal of Botany_. Stafford was the first plant scientist to suggest that special chemical processes in plants happen in organized groups of enzymes working together in one place.  This was important because it helped explain how plants use carbon dioxide from photosynthesis efficiently, without wasting it.

Stafford was a professor at Reed College. She was the only woman in her department at the college. She discovered many important breakthroughs in Biology, Phytochemistry, and Plant Physiology.  Biology is the scientific study of living organisms and life. Phytochemistry is the study of chemicals produced by plants. Plant Physiology is the study of plants’ lives and what allows them to grow. Stafford also published more than 70 papers.

Stafford helped design a successful training program at Reed College for people who hadn’t graduated from college. This was a research-heavy program with faculty members keeping it research-intensive. Their research was funded by National Science Foundation (NSF), National Institute of Health (NIH), and other sources. Stafford got her first NSF grant and received continuous renewals until one year after her retirement in 1955. Stafford was able to produce excellent work in institutions without a graduate degree program with this support.

### Awards

Stafford earned many awards. She was the first woman to receive the Charles Reid Barnes Life Membership Award from the American Society of Plant Physiologists in 1996. She was also the first professor at Reed to win a Guggenheim Fellowship.  She took the fellowship at Harvard in 1958.  The Pennsylvania State Nurses Association selected her for a Pioneer Award in 2008.
San Pedro Tlaquepaque

**San Pedro Tlaquepaque** is a city in the Mexican state of Jalisco. It is a largest city in the municipality of San Pedro Tlaquepaque. In 2020, 80,454 people lived there.
El Llano Municipality

**El Llano** is a municipality in the state of Aguascalientes in Mexico. The Municipal seat is Palo Alto, Aguascalientes.
Trần dynasty

The **Trần dynasty** () was one of the greatest royal families in the history of Vietnam. It ruled the kingdom of Đại Việt from 1225 to 1400, a golden age remembered for its powerful emperors, wise queens, brilliant generals, and heroic defense against invasions.

The dynasty was founded by Trần Thái Tông, who came to power through a peaceful marriage alliance with the last princess of the Lý dynasty, Chiêu Thánh. With the help of the political mastermind Trần Thủ Độ, the Trần family rose from noble fishermen of Chinese descent to rulers of a mighty empire.

The Trần dynasty became legendary for defeating not one, but three Mongol invasions led by the mighty Kublai Khan. Under the command of the great general Trần Hưng Đạo, the Vietnamese people defended their land with unmatched courage, using guerrilla tactics, naval battles, and the strength of unity.

Many rulers of the Trần era were not just kings—they were poets, monks, and philosophers. Trần Nhân Tông is remembered as a wise king who later became a Zen Buddhist monk, founding the "Trúc Lâm Zen School" and guiding the country toward peace and inner balance after the wars.

The women of the dynasty also played important roles. Empress Trần Thị Dung was a symbol of continuity and grace during the transition between the Lý and Trần dynasties. Princess Huyền Trân, known for her beauty and wisdom, was married to a king of Champa to secure peace—her story became a famous legend of sacrifice and diplomacy.

The dynasty began to weaken in the late 14th century due to internal conflicts and corrupt rulers. In 1400, the last emperor, Trần Thiếu Đế, was forced to abdicate, ending 175 years of Trần rule. A short-lived restoration, known as the Later Trần dynasty, tried to revive the glory, but it too was defeated.

Today, the Trần dynasty is honored in temples, literature, and the hearts of Vietnamese people, remembered as a time of heroism, learning, and spiritual depth.

## Infobox (family)

- **name**: Trần dynasty
- **native name**: Nhà Trần
- **native name lang**: vi
- **type**: Dynasty
- **image**: VietNam(1226-1400).png
- **image caption**: The expansion of Đại Việt. Trần dynasty from 1301 to 1337.
- **country**: Vietnam (Đại Việt)
- **region**: South East Asia
- **founder**: Trần Thái Tông
- **final ruler**: Trần Thiếu Đế
- **styles**: His Majesty, Her Majesty, His Imperial Highness, Her Imperial Highness
- **members**: * Trần Thái Tông – First Emperor
* Trần Nhân Tông – Philosopher-Emperor, Zen master
* Trần Hưng Đạo – National hero, military genius
* Trần Anh Tông, Trần Minh Tông, Trần Duệ Tông
* Trần Quốc Tuấn, Trần Quang Khải, Trần Ích Tắc
- **notable women**: * Trần Thị Dung – Empress and political figure
* Chiêu Thánh Princess – Last ruler of the Lý dynasty
* Huyền Trân Princess – Known for her political marriage to Champa
* Trần Thị Thái – Princess, poet, and mother of a king
- **connected members**: * Lý Huệ Tông – Last Lý emperor, abdicated to the Trần
* Trần Thủ Độ – Architect of the Trần rise to power
- **cadet branches**: Later Trần dynasty
- **traditions**: Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism
- **motto**: Unity, Resilience, Enlightenment
Fabiola Gianotti

**Fabiola Gianotti** is an Italian particle physicist and Director General of the _Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire,_ or CERN.  A particle physicist is a scientist who studies the parts of an atom. CERN is a European research organization. The name CERN is French and translates to “European Organization for Nuclear Research.” She is the first woman to lead CERN and the first person asked to lead for two terms. Dr. Gianotti played an important role in discovering the Higgs Boson. This is a particle that helps explain why things have mass.  She led one of the two large experiments at CERN in 2012 and was in charge of 3000 scientists from 38 countries and 177 universities.  CERN is the greatest particle physics research center in the world. CERN also operates with a yearly budget of 1.2 billion and works with 15,000 scientists around the world.

Fabiola Gianotti was inspired to study science after reading a biography of Marie Curie.  Her career began at CERN with a graduate fellowship in 1994, where she started working on the Atlas project.  Eventually, she took charge of the Atlas Project, which discovered the Higgs Boson particle in 2012.  In January 2018, Dr. Gianotti was among the few women leaders at the World Economic Forum in Davos.
Miyoko Schinner

**Miyoko Schinner** is the inventor of a new technology for creating vegan cheese  Vegan food does not contain any animal products. Miyoko is also the founder of Miyoko's creamery. She discovered how to create vegan cheese without rejuvelac.  Rejuvelac is an ingredient commonly used in vegan cheese.  She created vegan cheese by fermenting nut milks.  Fermentation is the breakdown of substances by bacteria. This fermentation method created realistic vegan cheeses.  She started developing her own recipes in her 20s after becoming lactose intolerant.  Miyoko's creamery is a vegan dairy company.  Miyoko’s Creamery products are sold in over 12,000 stores.  Miyoko also co-hosted the PBS cooking show called “Vegan Mashup”  She wrote the cookbook “The Homemade Vegan Pantry.” Her cookbook was named one of the Best Vegan Cookbooks by _Good Housekeeping_.
Jennifer Burney

**Jennifer Burney** is an American environmental scientist who works to make technology cleaner and cheaper. She is a professor at the University of California, San Diego. The National Geographic Society named her an Emerging Explorer. She has explored climate and energy problems around the world. Burney earned a doctorate degree in physics from Stanford University. She also helped to create a superconducting camera to take photos of space during her time at Stanford. Something that is superconducting means that it is a machine that conducts electricity. She helped rebuild in Nicaragua after a hurricane in 1998. Burney won the 2017 American Geophysical Union award at the fall meeting.

Burney started working with an organization called the Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF). Their mission was to make a sustainable drip irrigation system after she graduated. Sustainability is keeping natural resources available for future generations. Irrigation is the water that is used to help crop growth. Burney continued working with SELF to address fuel shortages and make long-term diesel and generator prices cheaper. SELF created three systems that helped increase food security in Benin with the help of Burney. Schools in the village started to teach about the systems. Burney is currently working on a project to replace stoves with cleaner technology.