juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Music of the Sun

***Music of the Sun*** is the debut studio album released by Barbadian singer Rihanna. The album was released on August 30, 2005 by Def Jam and SRP with the singles "Pon de Replay" and "If It's Lovin' that You Want. The album features a wide range types of music, including dancehall, reggae and R&B as well as elements of hip hop and Latin and features guest appearances from Vybz Kartel, Kardinal Offishall, J-Status and Elephant Man.

## Singles

- "Pon de Replay" (2005)
- "If It's Lovin' That You Want" (2005)

## Personnel

Credits for _Music of the Sun_ are adapted from AllMusic.

### Musicians

- Rihanna – vocals, composer
- Rob Mounsey – arranger/conductor
- Full Force – vocals (background)
- Carl Sturken – composer, guitar, keyboards, piano,
- Evangeline Evelyn – guitar
- Lawrence Glazener – bass
- Avril Brown – violin
- Kenneth Burward-Hoy - violin
- Yana Goichman – violin
- Ann Leathers – violin
- Cenovia Cummins – violin
- Jan Mullen – violin
- Elizabth Nielson – violin

- Debra Shufelt – violin
- Marti Sweet – violin
- Uri Vodoz – violin
- Carol Wener – violin
- Stephanie Cum – cello
- Richard Locker – cello
- Mark Orrin Shuman – cello
- Lian Truffle – cello
- Tristan Hart – viola
- Vince Lionti – viola
- Sue Pray – viola

### Production

- Evan Rogers, Carl Sturken – Executive producers
- Full Force, Evan Rogers – Vocal production
- Full Force – Additional vocal production
- Al Hemberger, Matt Noble, Malcolm Pollack – Engineers
- Jason Agel, Roy Matthews, Alex Pinto – Assistant engineers
- Jason Goldstein, Jason Groucott, Al Hemberger – Mixing

- Chris Gehringer  – Mastering
- Jay Brown, Adrienne Muhammad, Tyran "Ty Ty" Smith – A&R
- Tai Linzie – Design
- Andy West – Art Direction
- Tai Linzie, Mark Mann, Ivan Otis – Photography

- Johnny Nice- Mixed by

## Charts

|scope="col" style="width:20em;"|Chart (2005-06)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|18||||
|26||||
|10||||
|6||||

## Certifications

|-
!scope="row"| Canada (CRIA)
| Platinum
| 80,000
|-

|-

|-
!scope="row"| United Kingdom (BPI)
| Gold
| 100,000
|-
!scope="row"| United States (RIAA)
| Gold
| 623,000
|-

## Release history

|scope="col"|Region|scope="col"|Date|scope="col"|Format|scope="col"|Label|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|August 30, 2005|rowspan="4"|CD|Universal||||
|Def Jam||||||||
|September 5, 2005|Universal|||||||
|August 19, 2005|Mercury|||||||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Music of the Sun
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Rihanna
- **next title**: A Girl like Me
- **next year**: 2006
Benton City, Washington

**Benton City** is a city in the state of Washington. About 3,500 people live in Benton City as of 2020.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Benton City, Washington
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Benton City Washington - looking south through main street - July 2013.JPG
- **image caption**: Down Main Street looking to the south towards the Horse Heaven Hills
- **image map**: Benton_County_Washington_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Benton_City_Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Benton City, Washington
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Washington (state), Washington
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Washington, County
- **subdivision name2**: Benton County, Washington, Benton
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 6.56
- **area land km2**: 6.39
- **area water km2**: 0.17
- **area total sq mi**: 2.53
- **area land sq mi**: 2.47
- **area water sq mi**: 0.07
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 3479
- **population density km2**: 544.3
- **population density sq mi**: 1409.6
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific (PST)
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **elevation m**: 152
- **elevation ft**: 499
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 99320
- **area code**: Area code 509, 509
- **area code type**: North American Numbering Plan, Area code
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 53-05560
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1503314
Kennewick, Washington

**Kennewick** is a city in the state of Washington.
Plymouth, Washington

**Plymouth** is an unincorporated community found in Benton County of the state of Washington in the United States.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Plymouth, Washington
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated community
- **pushpin map**: Washington
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Washington
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Washington, County
- **subdivision name2**: Benton County, Washington, Benton
- **timezone**: Pacific Time Zone, Pacific (PST)
- **utc offset**: -8
- **timezone dst**: PDT
- **utc offset dst**: -7
- **elevation ft**: 292
- **coordinates**: %
- **area code**: Area code 509, 509
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 1507501
Outlaw

An **outlaw** or **bandit** or **thug** is a person who is "outside the law" usually because they have committed serious crimes. A longtime criminal can be declared an _outlaw_, which means the outlaw cannot use the legal system to protect himself if needed.

## Famous outlaws

- The Emperor Nero was made an outlaw by the Roman Senate in 68 AD
- Robin Hood, the English folk hero, who was probably a combination of several real and legendary outlaws.
- Martin Luther was outlawed in 1521.
- Carmine Crocco, the most famous Italian outlaw of the XIX century, an escaped convict who joined the liberal revolution of Garibaldi but returned to banditry because he didn't get the promised forgiveness. Then he became the leader of 2.000 men, heading the most feared peasant army in southern Italy at the time.
- Ben Hall, the Australian bushranger. The government passed a law in 1865 which outlawed the gang and made it legal for anyone to kill them. There was no need for the outlaws to be arrested, or for there to be a trial.
- Billy the Kid, American gunman and cowboy who took part in the Lincoln County War.
- Ned Kelly, the Australian bushranger. The government passed a law on 30 October 1878 to make the Kelly gang outlaws. They no longer had any legal rights. They could be killed by anyone.
- Jesse James (1847–1882), from the American state of Missouri, who committed a series of bank, stagecoach and train robberies in the years following the American Civil War.
Kittitas County, Washington

**Kittitas County** is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. The county seat is Ellensburg, Washington. In 2020, 44,337 people lived there. The county includes  of which 2,297 are land (the rest is water). The highest point is Mount Daniel at .
Yakima County, Washington

**Yakima County** is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. The county seat is Yakima, Washington.
Benton County, Washington

**Benton County** is a county in the U.S. state of Washington. The county seat is Benton City, Washington.
Umatilla County, Oregon

**Umatilla County** () is a county in the U.S. state of Oregon. The county seat is Umatilla. In 2020, 80,075 people lived there. The county includes 3,231 square miles (8,369 km<sup>2</sup>) of which 3,215 is land and the rest is water.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Umatilla County
- **state**: Oregon
- **founded date**: September 27
- **founded year**: 1862
- **seat wl**: Pendleton
- **largest city wl**: Hermiston
- **area total sq mi**: 3231
- **area land sq mi**: 3216
- **area water sq mi**: 16
- **area percentage**: 0.5%
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 80075
- **density km2**: 9
- **ex image**: UmatillaCountyCircuitCourt.jpg
- **ex image size**: 240
- **ex image cap**: Stafford Hansell Government Center in Hermiston
- **web**: www.co.umatilla.or.us
- **time zone**: Pacific
- **district**: 2nd
- **named for**: Umatilla River
Cartomancy

**Cartomancy** is the study of reading cards for fortune-telling or divination. There are many different types of cards used for cartomancy, some of which include standard playing cards and the tarot.

Tarot cards are similar to a standard deck of playing cards. In fact, Tarot predates regular playing cards, and might have been the basis for them. The major difference between playing cards and tarot is that tarot decks contain 22 extra cards called the Major Arcana, which are primarily used to read fortunes.

Some Spanish-speaking countries like Mexico use cards similar to bingo for fortune-telling. They call this practice Lotería. Because the game was invented in Italy, Lotería gets its name from the Italian word for lottery.
Borscht

**Borscht** (, , , Lithuanian: _barščiai_, ) is a red beet soup. It is a very popular and widely known dish in Russian and Ukrainian cuisine. It is also often eaten in Eastern European countries, such as Romania, Poland, Belarus, Moldova and Lithuania and immigrants around the world who come from countries which were members of the  Soviet Union. It contains red beets, carrots, meat or meat stock, onion, potatoes and cabbage. Borscht soup is usually eaten with a piece of black bread, and a dollop of sour cream on top.

## References

ro:Borș
Visconti-Sforza tarot deck

The **Visconti-Sforza tarot deck** is the oldest known tarot deck. It was ordered to be made in the 15th century by Filippo Maria Visconti who was then the Duke of Milan. The name of the deck is used to describe various decks that have survived over time.
Thoth tarot deck

The **Thoth tarot deck** is a tarot deck painted by Lady Frieda Harris at the request of Aleister Crowley.  Crowley referred to this deck as _The Book of Thoth_, and wrote a book with the same title of use with the deck.
Tlaxcala (disambiguation)

**Tlaxcala** might mean:

- Tlaxcala, a state in central Mexico
- Tlaxcala de Xicoténcatl, the capital of the state
Tlaxcala

**Tlaxcala** is the smallest state in Mexico with about a million people. It is in eastern Mexico, east of Mexico (state) and west of Puebla (state).

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: State of Tlaxcala
- **image flag**: Flag of Tlaxcala.svg
- **flag size**: 140px
- **image shield**: Coat_of_arms_of_Tlaxcala.svg
- **shield size**: 80px
- **image map**: Mexico map, MX-TLA.svg
- **map caption**: Location within Mexico
- **image map1**: TL-Coloured.svg
- **mapsize1**: 180px
- **map caption1**: Municipalities of Tlaxcala
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Capital
- **subdivision name1**: Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala
- **subdivision type2**: Municipalities of Mexico, Municipalities
- **subdivision name2**: #Municipalities, 60
- **leader title**: List of Mexican state governors, Governor
- **leader name**: Lorena Cuéllar Cisneros (National Regeneration Movement, MORENA)
- **leader title1**: Chamber of Deputies of Mexico, Federal Deputies
- **leader name1**: National Action Party (Mexico), PAN: 2
Partido de la Revolución Democrática, PRD: 1
- **leader title2**: Senate of Mexico, Federal Senators
- **leader name2**: Alfonso Sánchez Anaya (PRD)
Minerva Hernández Ramos, Minerva Hernández (PRD)
Rosalía Peredo Aguilar, Rosalía Peredo (National Action Party (Mexico), PAN)
- **area footnotes**:
 List of Mexican states by area, Ranked 31st
- **area total km2**: 4016
- **population as of**: 2005
- **population total**: 1,068,207 (List of Mexican states by population, Ranked 27th)
- **timezone**: Central Standard Time, CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central Daylight Time, CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **blank name**: Human Development Index, HDI (2004)
- **blank info**: 0.7641 - <span style="color:#fc0">medium</span>
List of Mexican states by HDI, Ranked 24th
- **blank1 name**: ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 info**: MX-TLA
- **blank2 name**: Postal abbr.
- **blank2 info**: Tlax.
- **website**: [http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/ Official State Site]
International Alliance of Research Universities

The **International Alliance of Research Universities** (**IARU**) was a program launched in January 2006 as a leading co-operative network of 10 international research-intensive universities. The president of the IARU is Australian National University Vice-Chancellor Professor Ian Chubb.

Its members are:
- Australian National University
- University of Cambridge
- University of Oxford
- University of California, Berkeley
- Yale University
- Peking University
- National University of Singapore
- University of Tokyo
- University of Copenhagen
- ETH Zurich
Rod Serling

**Rod Serling** (December 25, 1924 – June 28, 1975) was American screenwriter, radio and television narrator and producer. He is best known for producing and hosting the television series _The Twilight Zone_. In 1973 and 1974, he hosted a syndicated radio program.

After three emergency surgeries, Serling died during surgery on 28 June 1975 from a heart attack.  He was buried on  July 2 1975 in Interlaken, New York. He was married to Carolyn Kramer.

In 1994, computers were used to have him host a television movie of the _Twilight Zone_ using old images of him.

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Rod Serling photo portrait 1959.JPG
- **alt**: Dark-haired man holding a lit cigarette
- **caption**: Serling in 1959
- **birth name**: Rodman Edward Serling
- **birth place**: Syracuse, New York, Syracuse, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Rochester, New York, Rochester, New York, U.S.
- **education**: Antioch College (Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)
- **years active**: 1946–1975
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Robert J. Serling (brother)
Masoretic Text

The **Masoretic Text** is a copy of the Hebrew Bible that was written by the Masoretes between the 6th and 10th centuries.

The Masoretic Text is an authority because it is the source for most translations of the Hebrew Bible or the Old Testament.

## Standardisation

Before the first century CE, there were some small differences between copies of the Hebrew Bible. During first century CE, Jewish Bible specialists agreed on the same words, a process called standardisation.

Between about 100 and 300 CE, a group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Tannaim copied this Hebrew Bible. Then between about 300 and 500 CE, another group of Jewish Bible specialists called the Amoraim continued the work of the Tannaim. The Masoretes then continued the Amoraim's work for the next 500 years.

## The Masoretes' Work

The Masoretes were very careful when they copied the Bible. When they thought there was a mistake in the work of the Amoraim or the other specialists, they wrote a note in the side of the book, rather than change the book. After they copied a book, they counted the verses, words and letters in each book to make sure there were no mistakes.

The Masoretes also added vowel points to make the Bible easier to read because the Hebrew writing does not show vowels.

There were two main places where Masoretes worked: Babylon and Israel. The Masoretes also wrote book about the Bible called the Masorah.

## Further reading

- _The Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development of the Bible_, by Paul D. Wegner (1999), BridgePoint Books.
Golant

**Golant** is a small village in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is in the parish of St Sampson on the banks of the Fowey estuary and between St. Austell and Polperro. The church in the villiage is dedicated to St. Sampson.

Golant railway station was at one time by the river to the south of the village.  It was served by trains on the Great Western Railway's Fowey branch line from 1 July 1896 until 4 January 1965. The station has since been removed. The space is now used for a car park.

Annie Vernon, the Olympic rower, first learned her sport at Golant's Castle Dore Rowing Club.

## History

Until very recently, Golant has been almost unknown except to the people who live there and pilgrims and other walkers of the Saints' Way. Nearby, there is a little used ford across the Fowey estuary. In late summer 1644, during the first English Civil War, war came to Golant and the area around the village. A large group of about 10,000 Parliamentary soldiers  fought against the forces of King Charles on the peninsula between Lostwithiel, St Blazey and Fowey. King Charles was in the area at the time.
Saints' Way

The **Saints' Way** () is a long-distance footpath in Cornwall, in the United Kingdom.

It follows the probable route of early Christian travellers making their way from Ireland to the Continent. Rather than risk the difficult passage around Land's End they would disembark their ships on the North Cornish coast and progress to ports such as Fowey on foot. The footpath today between Padstow in the north and Fowey in the south is 26 miles in length and is well marked. Guide books are available.

## Other websites

Saints' Way information at Cornwall County Council
Haumea (dwarf planet)

**136108 Haumea** (symbol ) is a dwarf planet in the Solar System. Its discovery was announced in 2005 by astronomers Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz of the United States, and J. L. Ortiz of Spain. It was classified as a dwarf planet on September 17, 2008. 136108 Haumea is a Trans-Neptunian object, because it orbits the Sun after Neptune. It has two known moons, Hiʻiaka and Namaka.  136108 Haumea is special because of its very short day and odd shape.  It turns once on its axis every four hours.    This quick turning has caused 136108 Haumea to be shaped like an ellipsoid. It was the fifth discovered dwarf planet.

## Name

The object was originally nicknamed 'Santa' as it was discovered shortly after Christmas. In 2008, the International Astronomical Union gave it the proper name 136108 Haumea, after a Hawaiian god of childbirth and fertility.

## Rings

A stellar occultation observed on January 21, 2017, and described in an October 2017 _Nature_ article, indicated the presence of a ring around 136108 Haumea. This represents the first ring system discovered for a TNO. The ring has a radius of about 2,287 km, a width of ~70 km and an opacity of 0.5. It is well within Haumea's Roche limit, which would be at a radius of about 4,400 km if it were a sphere (not being a sphere pushes the limit out farther). The ring plane is inclined 3.2°±1.4° with respect to 136108 Haumea's equatorial plane and approximately coincides with the orbital plane of its larger, outer moon Hiʻiaka. The ring is also close to the 1:3 orbit-spin resonance with 136108 Haumea's rotation (which is at a radius of 2,285 ± 8 km from Haumea's center). The ring is estimated to contribute 5% to the total brightness of 136108 Haumea.

## Other websites

- NASA visualization of the orbit
- Entry at _Mike Brown's Planets_, explaining how he discovered it
- Michael Brown's webpage
Psychosocial (song)

"**Psychosocial**" is the second single and fourth track from Slipknot's fourth studio album, _All Hope Is Gone,_ which was released August 26, 2008.

## Music video

The music video for "Psychosocial" was shot at Sound Farm studios in Jamaica, Iowa on June 30, 2008. The shoot was delayed due to an unrelated head injury sustained by turntablist Sid Wilson before the shoot, who was subsequently hospitalized. On July 18, 2008 the video premiered on MTV's _FNMTV_ show, hosted by Pete Wentz. The video, which was directed by Paul Brown, was shot using high-end cameras which shoot 1,000 frames per second and are contrasted with traditional 35 mm hand crank camera equipment. Percussionist Shawn Crahan explains; "we have the most extreme on both ends, with nothing in the middle. That's what the video is, and nobody does that. There's an art form behind it."

During an interview with _Kerrang!_, guitarist James Root revealed that the video features the burning of the purgatory masks adorned by the band members in the splash teaser photos shown on Slipknot's website, reportedly because the masks represent the band's ego.

The are two versions of the video. One uses the album version of the song, whilst the other uses a much shorter version of the song; excluding the "Limit of the Dead!" lines.
This song was nominated to best rock video at the VMA´s 2008.

## Personnel

- (#0) Sid Wilson – Turntables
- (#1) Joey Jordison – Drum kit
- (#2) Paul Gray – Bass guitar
- (#3) Chris Fehn – Percussion instrument, backing vocals
- (#4) Jim Root – Electric guitar
- (#5) Craig Jones – Sampler (musical instrument),
- (#6) Shawn Crahan – Percussion instrument, backing vocals,
- (#7) Mick Thomson – Electric guitar
- (#8) Corey Taylor – Vocals

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Psychosocial
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Slipknot (band), Slipknot
- **album**: All Hope Is Gone
- **b-side**: All Hope Is Gone (song), All Hope Is Gone
- **genre**: Alternative metal Melodic Death Metal
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **producer**: Dave Fortman
- **prev title**: All Hope Is Gone (song), All Hope Is Gone
- **prev year**: 2008
- **next title**: Dead Memories
- **next year**: 2008
Pete Wentz

**Peter Lewis Kingston Wentz III** (born on June 5, 1979) better known as **Pete Wentz**, is an American bassist and songwriter. He is most famous for his work with the Chicago-based band Fall Out Boy. In recent years, he has also become an entrepreneur and the host of the MTV program, FNMTV.

Wentz has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Ashlee Simpson divorced him.

Fall Out Boy came off hiatus in 2013, releasing a new single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" and an album _Save Rock and Roll_, along with a supporting Spring tour. They will be going on the So Much For (2our) Dust Tour beginning February 2024 in support of the 2023 album So Much (For) Stardust, bringing pop punk group Jimmy Eat World along with other bands such as The Maine and Daisy Grenade. This will be their second tour for the album So Much (For) Stardust.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Pete Wentz
- **img**: Fall Out Boy-Rock im Park 2014- by 2eight 3SC9578.jpg
- **img capt**: Wentz at the Blender Sessions at the Hard Rock Cafe#Casinos and hotels, Hard Rock Hotel in 2007.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Peter Lewis Kingston Wentz III
- **origin**: Wilmette, Illinois, United States
- **instrument**: Bass guitar, Bass
- **years active**: 1992–present
- **label**: Decaydance Records, Decaydance, Fueled by Ramen, Island Records, Island
- **associated acts**: Fall Out Boy, Black Cards, Arma Angelus, Racetraitor, Birthright (band), Birthright, Cobra Starship, Cinematic Sunrise, The Ready Set
- **url**: [http://www.petewentz.com/ www.petewentz.com]
FNMTV

***FNMTV Premiers*** is a 2008 American music television series that originally aired on MTV from June 13 to December 5. The program is hosted by Pete Wentz of rock band Fall Out Boy. _FNMTV_ is shown every Friday night. It shows all new never-before seen music videos and live performances. The program has had several famous guests including Lil Wayne, Jonas Brothers, Miley Cyrus, Rihanna, Maroon 5, and Katy Perry.

## Other name results for _FNMTV_

Other possible name results for the title are _FN'MTV_, _Friday Night MTV_, _Feedback New MTV_, _Feedback New Music Television_, _FN (standing for f***ing MTV) MTV_, _F'in MTV_, or _FN'MTV "Friday Night"_.
Tha Carter III

***The Carter III*** is the sixth studio album by rapper Lil Wayne. The album contains singles like "Lollipop", "Got Money", "A Milli", "Mrs. Officer", and "Mr. Carter". It has been certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and has sold 3.6 million copies in the United States.

## Track listing

1. 3 Peat
1. Mr. Carter <small>(feat. Jay-Z)</small>
1. A Milli
1. Got Money <small>(feat. T-Pain)</small>
1. Comfortable <small>(feat. Babyface)</small>
1. Dr. Carter
1. Phone Home
1. Tie My Hands <small>(feat. Robin Thicke)</small>
1. Mrs. Officer <small>(feat. Bobby Valentino)</small>
1. Let the Beat Build
1. Shoot Me Down <small>(feat. D. Smith)</small>
1. Lollipop <small>(feat. Static Major)</small>
1. La La <small>(feat. Brisco & Busta Rhymes)</small>
1. Playing with Fire <small>(feat. Betty Wright)</small>
1. You Ain't Got Nuthin <small>(feat. Fabolous & Juelz Santana)</small>
1. Misunderstood

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Tha Carter III
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Lil Wayne
- **released**: June 10, 2008
- **recorded**: 2006–08
- **genre**: * Hip hop
* pop rap, pop-rap
- **length**: 77:04
- **language**: English language, English
- **prev title**: Tha Carter II
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: Rebirth (album), Rebirth
- **next year**: 2010
Administrative county

An **administrative county** _(pronounced: **add**-mini-**stray**'-tive, **count**-e)_ was an old way of dividing up the land in a country that was once used in England and Wales, beginning in 1888 and also in Ireland, beginning in 1898. It was used for local government reasons. They do not exist anymore, except in Northern Ireland where their old areas are used as the areas for lieutenancy. They were also once used in Scotland for government reasons but they were not real names that the people who lived in an area called it except when talking to the government. They stopped being used in England and Wales in 1974, and stopped in Scotland in 1975.

## Related pages

- List of pages about local government in the United Kingdom

## Other websites

- The Boundary Committee for England
- The Boundary Committee for Scotland
- The Boundary Committee for Wales
Tlaxcala de Xicoténcatl

**Tlaxcala de Xicoténcatl** is the capital of the Mexican state of Tlaxcala. About 84.000 people live in the city itself. Its urban area has about 250.000 people. The city has a historic center. The church of St. Francis was consecrated in 1521. It is the oldest church on American soil.
Saral

**Saral** is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is part of Chakwal Tehsil and is located at 33°5'39N 72°55'18E.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Saral
- **settlement type**: Village and union council
- **pushpin map**: Pakistan
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Pakistan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Pakistan
- **subdivision type1**: Subdivisions of Pakistan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Punjab (Pakistan), Punjab Province
- **subdivision type2**: Districts of Pakistan, District
- **subdivision name2**: Chakwal District
- **subdivision type3**: Tehsil
- **timezone**: Pakistan Standard Time, PST
- **utc offset**: +5
Nor Khachakap

**Nor Khachakap** (; formerly, **Saral**) is a village in Lori province, Armenia.
The Great Escape (Boys Like Girls song)

**"The Great Escape"** is the 2nd single off of the self-titled first studio album by rock band Boys Like Girls. "The Great Escape"'s music video was released in late February of 2007. It peaked at #8 on the Billboard Pop Songs chart.
Stella

**Stella** may refer to:

- Stella (_Winx Club_), a fictional character from the _Winx Club_ animated series
- "Stella Was a Diver and She Was Always Down", song on Interpol's first album _Turn On the Bright Lights_
- The graphics chip of the Atari 2600, named after the CEO's bicycle
- Subaru Stella, a car produced by Subaru
Corey Taylor

**Corey Todd Taylor** (born December 1973) also known by his number **#8**, is an American singer. He is the lead singer of the bands Slipknot and _Stone Sour_.
Wait and Bleed

**"Wait and Bleed"** is a single from the metal band Slipknot's first album, _Slipknot_.

## Music Video

The video for the song is a live performance.
Spit It Out

"**Spit It Out**" is the second single from the album _Slipknot_ by metal band Slipknot. It was released on September 4, 2000. It is off their debut album _Slipknot_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Spit It Out
- **artist**: Slipknot
- **album**: Slipknot (album), Slipknot
- **released**: September 4, 2000
- **recorded**: October 1998 at Indigo Ranch in Malibu, California
- **genre**: Rap metal
- **length**: 2:41
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **producer**: Slipknot
- **prev title**: Wait and Bleed
- **prev year**: 2000
- **next title**: The Heretic Anthem
- **next year**: 2001
Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics

The **Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics** or **IBGE** (), is the government agency responsible for statistical, geographic, cartographic, geodetic and environmental information in Brazil. The IBGE performs a national census every ten years, and the questionnaires account for information such as age, household income, literacy, education, occupation and hygiene levels.
The IBGE's headquarters is located in Rio de Janeiro.

## Other websites

- IBGE website
Astelia banksii

***Astelia banksii*** is an evergreen silver-green plant from the beaches of New Zealand. It likes it best in partial shade and in fertile and well-drained soil.
Barclays

**Barclays** is a major bank. It was founded in 1690.

## Other websites

https://www.barclays.Co.uk

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Barclays plc
- **logo size**: 250px
- **image**: Barclays HQ.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **image caption**: The Barclays Head Office in London
- **type**: Public limited company
- **traded as**:

FTSE 100 Index, FTSE 100 Component
- **industry**: Banking
Financial services
- **foundation**: in the City of London, Kingdom of England
- **location city**: London, United Kingdom
- **key people**: Nigel Higgins

Jes Staley

- **products**: Retail banking
Commercial banking
Investment banking
Wealth Management
- **revenue**: Pound sterling, £21.136 billion (2018)
- **operating income**: £3.494 billion (2018)
- **net income**: £2.372 billion (2018)
- **assets**: £1.133 trillion (2018)
- **equity**: £62.556 billion (2018)
- **num employees**: 79,900 (2018)
- **divisions**: Barclaycard
Barclays Investment Bank
Barclays Wealth
The Beano

**The Beano** is a weekly British children's comic. The first issue was on July 30, 1938. Annuals are released each year.

## Beano characters

- Dennis the Menace
- The Bash Street Kids
- Little Plum
- Ball Boy
- Ivy the Terrible
- Billy Whizz
- Ratz
- Robbie Rebel
- Gnasher
- Gnipper
- Lord Snooty
- Les Pretend
- Stanley the Rottweiler
- Billy the Cat
- Rodger the Dodger
- The Numskulls
- Fred (Fred's bed)
- Jonny Bean
- Charlie the Fox
- Lewis Blair

## Other websites

- The Beano Comic web site
Dunedin

**Dunedin** is a city in New Zealand, Ōtepoti in Maori, is the second-largest city in the South Island of New Zealand, and the main city of the region of Otago. The city stands on the hills and valleys surrounding the head of Otago Harbour. The harbour and hills are the remnants of an extinct volcano. It is the home of the University of Otago.

## Twinning

Dunedin is twinned with several cities throughout the world. These include:
Dunfermline Building Society

**Dunfermline Building Society** (which includes Dunfermline Direct) is a trading division of Nationwide Building Society.

Nationwide Building Society is authorised and regulated by the Financial Services Authority for life assurance, pensions, investments, insurance and regulated mortgages.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Dunfermline Building Society
- **company type**: Building Society (Mutual organization, Mutual)
- **foundation**: 1869
- **location**: Carnegie Avenue
Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland
- **industry**: Financial Services
- **products**: Savings and Mortgages
- **parent**: [http://www.nationwide.co.uk/ Nationwide Building Society]
Big Mac Index

The **Big Mac Index** is an economic index which compares the purchasing power of two currencies. It looks at how expensive a Big Mac is in different countries.

The Big Mac Index was first written about in _The Economist_ magazine in September 1986.  They have published the index each year since then. The McDonald's Big Mac was chosen because it is made in a similar way with similar ingredients in many countries around the world.

The exchange rate between two countries can be compared by dividing the price of a Big Mac in one country (in its currency) by the price of a Big Mac in another country (in its currency).  This value is then compared with the actual exchange rate.  If the rate is lower, then the first currency is under-valued (according to purchasing power parity (PPP) theory) compared with the second currency. Conversely, if the rate is higher, then the first currency is over-valued.

For example, using figures in July 2008:
- the price of a Big Mac was $3.57 in the United States
- the price of a Big Mac was £2.29 in the United Kingdom (Britain)
- using exchange rates at July 2008, the  Big Mac in Britain could be bought for $4.57
- the implied purchasing power parity was 1.56, that is the local price in Britain divided by the price in the United States
- this compares with an actual exchange rate of $2.00 to £1 at the time
- the pound was thus overvalued against the dollar by 28%
    - i.e. the actual exchange rate divided by implied purchasing parity -> 2 divided by 1.56 = 1.28

## Related pages

- KFC Index

## Other websites

- Big Mac Index 1986-2009
Economic index

An **economic index** is a number that is calculated from different economic factors, like prices or income. These numbers are calculated to be able to compare different economies in different countries. An example for such an index would be the Gross Domestic Product (or GDP).

Usually, the base is given a value of 100 and all later data is expressed in relation to this base.
For example, the consumer price index (CPI) of a year might stand at 95 (a fall of 5 percent in the prices) or 105 (an increase of 5 percent in the prices).

Indexes (indices) also measure up and down movement of industrial production, and of the market prices of bonds, commodities, shares, etc.
JeOS

**JeOS** is a version of Ubuntu designed for virtual machines.

## Related pages

- Ubuntu

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (os version)

- **name**: JeOS
- **family**: Ubuntu Linux
- **developer**: Canonical
- **website**: [http://www.ubuntu.com/products/whatisubuntu/serveredition/jeos]
- **first release date**: October 25 2001
- **first release url**: https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2007-November/000106.html
- **release version**: 12.04
- **release date**: April 26, 2012
- **release url**: https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-announce/2012-April/000159.html
- **source model**: Open source
- **license**: GNU General Public Licence
- **kernel type**: Hybrid kernel
- **support status**: Supported
All Hope Is Gone (song)

"**All Hope Is Gone**" is the second single off the album by Slipknot called _All Hope Is Gone_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: All Hope Is Gone
- **artist**: Slipknot
- **album**: All Hope Is Gone
- **released**: June 23, 2008
- **recorded**: February 2008–June 2008 at Sound Farm Studio & Recording Environment, Sound Farm in Jamaica, Iowa
- **genre**: Death metal, Heavy metal music, heavy metal
- **length**: 4:45
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner, Nuclear Blast
- **producer**: Dave Fortman
- **prev title**: The Blister Exists
- **prev year**: 2007
- **next title**: Psychosocial
- **next year**: 2008
The Blister Exists

**"The Blister Exists"** is the final single from Slipknot's _Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)_ album. A music video for the song was released 11 January 2007. "The Blister Exists" is known among fans for its snare drum solo. This song was used to open concerts from The Subliminal Verses tour, following a staged announcement where the audience was told that "due to unforeseen circumstances, Slipknot will not be performing this evening."

## Music video

The music video displays the band performing the song live, with clips of their fans with much similarity to "The Nameless" music video.

## Other websites

- Official Site

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Blister Exists
- **artist**: Slipknot
- **album**: 'Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses)'
- **released**: 24 January 2006
- **recorded**: 2005
- **genre**: thrash metal, alternative metal
- **length**: 5:19
- **label**: Roadrunner Records
- **producer**: Rick Rubin
Fellatio

**Fellatio** is oral sex performed on the penis. Fellatio is often called a **blow job**. The opposite of this is cunnilingus. Cunnilingus is oral sex performed on the vulva.
Fellatio can continue until the receiver ejaculates or as part of foreplay, before actual sexual intercourse.

## Risks

There is no risk of getting pregnant by performing a fellatio, because there is no connection from the mouth to the womb and the fallopian tubes. There is however a large risk of transmitting diseases if the mouth comes in contact with semen on the penis. If the person drinks alcoholic drinks, it can make this risk higher. HIV can also enter through open sores or bleeding gums.

Very few people are allergic to semen. Some claim that swallowing ejaculate is an intimate act.

Diseases such as Chlamydia, human papillomavirus (HPV), gonorrhea, herpes, hepatitis (multiple strains), and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), as well as viruses such as HIV, can be transmitted through oral sex. The risk of transmitting HIV through fellatio is unknown, but it is thought to be low. Any kind of direct contact with body fluids of a person infected with HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, poses a risk of infection. The risk from most of these types of infection, however, is generally considered far lower than that associated with vaginal or anal sex.

If the receiving partner has wounds on their genitals, or if the giving partner has wounds or open sores on or in their mouth, or bleeding gums, this poses an increased risk of STD transmission. Flossing or undergoing dental work relatively soon before or after giving fellatio can also increase the risk of transmission, because all of these activities can cause small scratches in the lining of the mouth. These wounds, even when they are microscopic, increase the chances of contracting STDs that can be transmitted orally under these conditions. Such contact can also lead to more mundane infections from common bacteria and viruses found in, around and secreted from the genital regions. Because of this, some medical professionals advise the use of condoms when performing or receiving fellatio with a partner whose STD status is unknown. Flavoured condoms may be used for this purpose. Alternatively there is flavored lube.

## In culture

Many people accuse someone of performing fellatio as an insult. For example 'cock sucker!' or 'suck my dick'.
Many cultures see fellatio as showing control over ones partner, as often the giver is on their knees. In ancient Greece, it was called _playing the flute_. The Moche people of ancient Peru practiced it regularly and made vases showing it.

## Related pages

- Oral sex
- Cunnilingus
Extremaduran language

The **Extremaduran language** () is the native language of Northwestern province of Cáceres. About 150,000 people speak it in Extremadura. This language is very similar to Leonese language and Asturian or Bable, spoken in other territories that once made up the Kingdom of León. It is called _artu estremeñu_ (High extremaduran) too. Central and Low Extremaduran (_Meyu estremeñu_ and _Bahu estremeñu_) are Spanish dialects with Extremaduran influences.

## Extremaduran/Spanish differences

|Estremaduran|||
| --- | --- | --- |
|{| class="wikitable"|||
|Spanish|English||
|**artu**|alto|high|
|**cuasi**|casi|almost|
|**leel**|leer|to read|
|**flama**|llama|flame|
|**hazel**|hacer|to do|
|**hueu**|fuego|fire|
|**izil**|decir|to say|
|}|{| class="wikitable"||
|Spanish|English||
|**luenga**|lengua|language|
|**lombu**|lomo|loin|
|**mairi**|madre|mother|
|**mielru**|mirlo|blackbird|
|**muestral**|mostrar|to show|
|**nuestru**|nuestro|ours|
|**tossi**|tos|cough|
|}|||

## Literature

The language of Extremadura began to appear in documentation from the 13th century. In the 17th century, texts in the Talaveran subdialect appeared (1638). Extremaduran began to have more presence in literature with Vicente Barrantes and his _Días sin sol_ of 1875.

In 1984, José María Alcón Olivera published _Requilorios_, the first novel written in Extremaduran. It was not until the 2000s that new publications in Extremaduran were seen, in this case, in the El Rebollar variant, with _El corral los mis agüelus_, by José Benito Mateos Pascual. This was followed by the _Primera Antología de Poesía Extremeña_ in 2005. In 2011, _La nueva literatura en estremeñu_ was published, followed in 2012 by a second part.

In 2012, Ismael Carmona García published the poetry collection _Pan i verea_. The siblings Miguel Herrero Uceda and Elisa Herrero Uceda published two books of short stories in Extremaduran: one in 2012, entitled _Ceborrincho, relatos extremeños_, and another in 2015, entitled _Mamaeña, relatos extremeños_. Other books in subsequent years include _La huélliga_ by Marcos Cruz Díaz and _El sol del lobu_ by Aníbal Martín. In 2025, Vicente Costalago published _Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas_, divided into three parts: the first with epic poems about various Extremaduran heroes; the second with religious poems; and the last with individual poems.

## Related pages

- Leonese language

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Extremaduran
- **nativename**: _estremeñu_
- **states**: Spain
- **region**: Autonomous community of Extremadura
- **ethnicity**: 1.1 million (no date)
- **speakers**: 200,000
- **date**: 1994
- **ref**: e14
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Italic languages, Italic
- **fam3**: Romance languages, Romance
- **fam4**: Western Romance languages, Western
- **fam5**: Ibero-Romance languages, Ibero-Romance
- **fam6**: West Iberian languages, West Iberian
- **fam7**: Castilian languages, Castilian
- **iso3**: ext
- **glotto**: extr1243
- **glottorefname**: Extremaduran
- **notice**: IPA
Macron Stadium

**The University of Bolton Stadium** is a football stadium in the town of Horwich, near Bolton, in the county of Greater Manchester, England. It is the current home stadium of Bolton Wanderers F.C.. It opened in 1997 as **Reebok Stadium**, named after the club's former sponsor, the sportswear company Reebok. In 2014, after the sponsorship deal with Reebok ended, a new deal was signed with Italian sportswear company Macron, and the stadium was renamed accordingly. This has since changed to The University of Bolton Stadium.

The team is in the Football league 1.
Tanoli

**Tanoli** or **Tanawali** are a Hindko-speaking ethnic group living in the Hazara area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The Tanolis claim descent from Barlas Turks, who were settled in this region by Timur after he conquered Hazara.
Jirga

A **jirga** (sometimes spelt **jirgah**) (Pashto / ) is a tribal meeting of elders. The meeting makes decisions by consensus. It is mainly the Pashtun people who have theses meetings - but other people who live near the Pashtun also have these meetings to settle disputes. They are most common in Afghanistan and among the Pashtun in Pakistan near its border with Afghanistan.

## Solving disputes

The meeting is usually made to help solve a dispute between two people. The people involved in a dispute usually begin by finding a mediator, choosing someone who is trusted to fairly solve the problem. The mediator can be a religious leader, a local notable, or someone who is known for helping to settle disputes.

The mediator hears from the two sides, and then forms a jirga of community elders, taking care to include supporters of both sides. After listening to both sides the jirga then comes to a decision. When the decision has been made the mediator then announces it. The jirga's decision has to be accepted.
Gujar Khan

**Gujar Khan** or **Gujarkhan** ()  is a city in Rawalpindi District, Punjab, Pakistan. It is the capital of Gujar Khan Tehsil, one of the seven tehsils or subdivisions of Rawalpindi District. It is about 55 kilometres southeast of Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan and 220 km to the northwest of Lahore capital of Punjab. It is located in the historic Pothohar Plateau and the local language spoken here is Pothwari.

## Administration

Gujar Khan, as well as being tehsil capital, is divided into 3 Union Councils:

- Gujar Khan-I
- Gujar Khan-II
- Gujar Khan-III

According to the 1998 census of Pakistan, the city had 57,099 people.

## Languages

Pothowari is the main language of Gujar Khan, other languages are Urdu, Punjabi and Pashto.

## Twin cities

Gujar Khan has four twin cities, these are:
- Redditch, UK
- Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Munich, Germany
- Auckland, New Zealand
Chlamydia infection

**Chlamydia infection** (from the Greek, χλαμύδος meaning "cloak") is a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in humans. It is caused by the bacterium _Chlamydia trachomatis_. It can be treated with antibiotics.
The term _Chlamydia infection_ can also refer to infections caused by any species belonging to the bacterial family _Chlamydiaceae_. _C. trachomatis_ is only in humans. Chlamydia is a major infectious cause of human genital and eye disease.

The infection is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections in people worldwide – about 2.8 million cases of chlamydia infection occur in the United States each year. It is the most common bacterial STI in humans.

_C. trachomatis_ naturally lives only inside human cells. Chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth. Many people with Chlamydia show no symptoms of infection. Between half and three-quarters of all women who have chlamydia have no symptoms and do not know that they are infected. Untreated, chlamydial infections can cause serious reproductive and other health problems with both short-term and long-term consequences.

Chlamydia conjunctivitis or **trachoma** is a common cause of blindness worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that it accounted for 15% of blindness cases in 1995, but only 3.6% in 2002.

## Other websites

- Resources, symptoms list and guidelines about Chlamydia
Ted Strickland

**Theodore** "**Ted**" **Strickland** (born August 4, 1941) was the 68th Governor of Ohio. He held the office from 2007 to 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

Before he became Governor, he served in the United States House of Representatives for two terms (1993–1995 and 1997–2007).

## Infobox (governor)

- **birthname**: Theodore Strickland
- **image**: Ted Strickland.jpg
- **order**: 68th
- **office**: Governor of Ohio
- **lieutenant**: Lee Fisher
- **term start**: January 8, 2007
- **term end**: January 10, 2011
- **predecessor**: Bob Taft
- **successor**: John Kasich
- **birth place**: Lucasville, Ohio
- **spouse**: Frances Strickland
- **profession**: Psychologist
- **party**: United States Democratic Party, Democratic
Michigan Wolverines

The **Michigan Wolverines** are 24 varsity sports teams at the University of Michigan.

## Infobox (college athletics)

- **name**: Michigan Wolverines
- **logo**: Michigan Wolverines logo.svg
- **logo width**: 200
- **university**: University of Michigan
- **association**: National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA
- **conference**: Big Ten Conference, Big Ten, Collegiate Water Polo Association, CWPA
- **division**: NCAA Division I, Division I / Football Bowl Subdivision, FBS
- **director**: Warde Manuel
- **location**: Ann Arbor, Michigan
- **teams**: 29 (14 men's and 15 women's)
- **stadium**: Michigan Stadium
- **basketballarena**: Crisler Center
- **icehockeyarena**: Yost Ice Arena
- **baseballfield**: Wilpon Complex: Ray Fisher Stadium
- **softballstadium**: Alumni Field at The Wilpon Complex
- **soccerstadium**: U-M Soccer Stadium
- **lacrossestadium**: U-M Lacrosse Stadium
Michigan Stadium
- **natatorium**: Donald B. Canham Natatorium
- **mascot**: None
- **nickname**: Wolverines
- **fightsong**: The Victors
- **cheer**: Let's Go Blue
- **pageurl**: http://www.mgoblue.com/