juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Malay Archipelago

The **Malay Archipelago** or **Nusantara Archipelago** refers to the archipelago between mainland Southeastern Asia and Australia.

It has also been called the **East Indies**, the Indo-Australian Archipelago, Indonesian Archipelago and other names over time.

The archipelago is between the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The group has over 25,000 islands. It is the largest archipelago by area, and third by number of islands in the world. It includes Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, East Malaysia and East Timor.

The island of New Guinea or islands of Papua New Guinea are not always included in definitions of the Malay Archipelago. The Indonesian Moluccas are included in the archipelago.

## Natural history

The Malay Archipelago is the place where two large tectonic plates meet, and is an area where orogeny (mountains) and volcanoes are common.

The Wallace Line is a key term in biogeography. It passes between Bali and Lombok, which are separated by a passage of water which is both deep and fast. On the one side are Australasian species, and on the other side Asian species. The natural history of the area was investigated by Alfred Russel Wallace, who spent eight years in the Spice Islands.

- "In this archipelago there are two distinct faunas rigidly circumscribed, which differ as much as do those of Africa and South America... yet there is nothing on the map or on the face of the islands to mark their limits. The boundary line passes between islands closer together than others belonging to the same group. I believe the western part to be a separated portion of continental Asia, while the eastern is a fragmentary prolongation of a former west Pacific continent".

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Malay Archipelago (Nusantara Archipelago)
- **image name**: Location Malay Archipelago.png
- **image caption**: World map highlighting Malay Archipelago. New Guinea—not part of the Malay Archipelago by some definitions—is also included.
- **location**: Southeast Asia, Oceania
- **area km2**: 2000000
- **total islands**: 25,000 - 30,000
- **major islands**: Borneo, Java, Luzon, Mindanao, New Guinea, Sulawesi, Sumatra
- **highest mount**:

- **country**: Brunei
- **country1**: East Timor
- **country2**: Indonesia
- **country3**: Malaysia
- **country4**: Papua New Guinea
- **country5**: Philippines
- **country6**: Singapore
- **population**: 350 million.
- **ethnic groups**: Austronesian peoples, Malay race, Malay, Overseas Chinese
Lucian Freud

**Lucian Michael Freud** (December 8, 1922 — July 20, 2011) was a Anglo-German painter. He is regarded as having been one of the greatest painters of the human form. He was born in Berlin in 1922, and moved with his family to England in 1933 to escape from the Nazis. He became a British citizen in 1939. His father, an architect, was the son of Sigmund Freud. During World War II, Freud studied art as well as working as a sailor in the British Merchant Navy. His brother was Clement Freud (1924-2009).

He painted portraits which have been described as being brutally honest; he did not try to make people look good. He often painted them nude, with the faces staring straight ahead. He used thick layers of paint, impasto, using colours of green, grey and purple, which he blended to with pink to suggest skin color. He was popular for a while in the 1960's, but his work was rediscovered in 1987 after an exhibition in the US. In 2008 his painting “Benefits Supervisor Sleeping” was sold for US$33.6 million — the most ever paid for a painting by a living artist. This painting was of a fat nude woman asleep on a couch.

He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1993. This honour, given by the Queen, is limited to only 24 people who have achieved distinction in the arts, science or other areas.

He died in London after a short illness.

## Related pages

- List of German painters
Parthian language

The **Parthian language** is an old Iranian language. It has been spoken in the northeast of Iran, in the region called Parthia. The main time of this language was about 248 B.C. until 224 A.D. That was during the Parthian Empire. Parthian is an Indo-European language.

At the time of Sassanid Empire, the Parthian language was destroyed. Middle Persian replaced it.

There are many words in Armenian that came from Parthian.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Parthian
- **altname**: Arsacid Pahlavi
- **nativename**: _Pahlawānīg_
- **state**: Parthian Empire (incl. Arsacid dynasty of Armenia, Arsacid dynasty of Iberia and Arsacid Dynasty of Caucasian Albania)
- **region**: Parthia, ancient Iran
- **era**: State language 248 BC – 224 AD. Marginalized by Middle Persian from the 3rd century, though longer existent in the Caucasus due to several eponymous branches
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Iranian languages, Iranian
- **fam4**: West Iranian languages, Western Iranian
- **fam5**: Northwestern Iranian languages, Northwestern Iranian
- **script**: Inscriptional Parthian, Manichaean alphabet
- **iso3**: xpr
- **linglist**: xpr
- **glotto**: part1239
- **glottorefname**: Parthian
Wallace Line

The **Wallace Line** (or 'Wallace's Line') is a boundary that separates the ecozone of Asia and the Australasian ecozone. The transitional zone is sometimes called _Wallacea_.

Plants and animals related to Asian species are found to the north-west. Australasian species are found mainly to the south-east, with some Asian species. The line is named after Alfred Russel Wallace, who noticed this clear dividing line during his travels through the East Indies in the 19th century.

The line runs through Indonesia, between Borneo and Sulawesi (Celebes); and through the Lombok Strait between Bali (in the west) and Lombok (in the east).

The distance between Bali and Lombok is only about 35 kilometers. Surprisingly, the distribution<nowiki/>s of many bird species observe the line, because many birds do not cross even the smallest stretches of open ocean water. Some bats have distributions that cross the Wallace Line, but other mammals are generally limited to one side or the other; an exception is the Crab-eating Macaque. Other groups of plants and animals show differing patterns, but the overall pattern is striking and reasonably consistent.

The term 'Wallace's Line' was first used by Huxley in 1868.

## Cause

The root cause of Wallace's line is that the ancient supercontinent Gondwana was separated entirely from other parts of the world after Pangaea broke up. Australasia and its smaller islands were part of Gondwana, and that is why their fauna is so different from that of south-east Asia. Wallace's line marks where part of the old Gondwana plate touches part of the old Laurasia plate.

## Ice age

During Quaternary ice age cold periods, when the ocean levels were up to 120 m lower, both Asia and Australia were joined with their respective islands. The deep water between those two large continental shelf areas was — for over 50 million years — a barrier that kept the flora and fauna of Australia separated from that of Asia. Wallacea consists of islands that were never recently connected by dry land to either of the continental land masses, and thus was populated by organisms capable of crossing the straits between islands. 'Weber's Line' runs through this area (rather to the east of centre), at the tipping point between dominance by species of Asian vs. species of Australian origin.

## Related pages

- Alfred Russel Wallace
- Biogeography
- Malay Archipelago
Japanese macaque

The **Japanese macaque** (_Macaca fuscata_), also known as the **snow monkey**, is a monkey that lives in the high mountains of the island of Honshū in Japan. They live in below-zero temperatures, and they like to warm themselves and relax in hot springs.

## Diet

Macaques eat fruit, flowers, seeds, bark, leaves, shrimp, and insects.

## Weight and physical appearance

Macaques weigh around 12 kilograms and can grow up to 70cm. They have short tails.
Macaque

The **macaques** are a genus (_Macaca_) of Old World monkeys of the subfamily Cercopithecinae. The 22 species of macaques live in sub-Saharan Africa, and more widely in Asia. One species is the well-known Gibraltar 'ape'. Macaques are of some interest to human researchers for their social structures, and their usefulness in animal testing, particularly regarding eyesight.

## Social behavior

Macaques have a very intricate social structure and hierarchy. If a macaque of a lower level in the social chain has eaten berries and none are left for a higher-level macaque, then the one higher in status can, within this social organization, remove the berries from the other monkey's mouth.

## Copyright test case

In 2014 selfies taken by a crested black macaque seemed to establish a legal precedent, after the Wikimedia Foundation rejected a  copyright claim.

The photos had been sold widely by David Slater, a professional nature photographer, whose camera was temporarily carried away by a group of macaques. After the photos were uploaded to Wikipedia, the organisation refused to delete them, claiming "This file is in the public domain, because as the work of a non-human animal, it has no human author in whom copyright is vested.
42 (answer)

**42** is the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" in _The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_ and The Hitchhiker’s Ultimate Guide to the Galaxy books.  It was computed by
Deep Thought, the second greatest computer ever.  The descendants of Deep Thought's creators are upset by the numeric nature of the answer, not understanding what to do with it or what to tell the people who had commissioned the 7.5-million year project.

When asked to produce The Ultimate Question to go with the answer "42", Deep Thought admits it is not capable of computing that itself, but that it can help to design an even more powerful computer, which can. This new computer will incorporate living beings into the "computational matrix" and will run for ten million years. It was the planet Earth.
Pleumeur-Bodou

**Pleumeur-Bodou** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city

Pleumeur-Bodou is twinned with:
- Crosshaven, Ireland, since 1992
Northern Virginia military shootings

The **Northern Virginia military shootings** were several attacks by a man shooting a rifle at empty military buildings. The shots were fired in October and November 2010. Experts looked at the bullets left at the various places. They could see that all of the shots were from the same rifle.

## Incidents

The first shooting was aimed at the National Museum of the Marine Corps in Triangle, Virginia on October 16, 2010. Some bullets from a high-velocity rifle went through the atrium skylight.  The second shooting happened on October 19, 2010 shortly before 5 a.m. Someone shot at the south side of The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.  The bullets broke windows on the third and fourth floors. Special glass stopped the bullets from entering the building.  The offices behind those windows were empty because of repairs.  The Pentagon Reservation was temporarily closed because the police searched the area for evidence. The building was reopened about 5:40 a.m.  The Joint Terrorism Task Force is leading the investigation into the incident. In the third shooting, the same rifle shot the Marine Corps Museum again on October 29.  The same rifle was used to attack a Marine Corps recruiting center in Chantilly, Virginia on October 26.

These attacks made the organizers of the October 31, 2010 Marine Corps Marathon upgrade the safety measures. The race was run without problems.  On November 3, police announced that the same rifle was used to shoot at a United States Coast Guard recruiting center in Woodbridge, Virginia on late November 1 or early November 2.

## Suspect

The person behind the attacks remained unknown until June 17, 2011 when Yonathan Melaku was arrested. He is a 22 year old naturalized Ethiopian immigrant and Marine Corps Reserve Lance Corporal. He was found at Arlington National Cemetery while it was closed. He was carrying spent shell casings, a notebook containing references to the Taliban and Osama bin Laden, and plastic bags filled with ammonium nitrate, a common component of homemade explosives. He also left his car parked in the woods near the Pentagon, police said. He had also been recently charged with breaking into 27 cars in suburban Washington. The investigation of the incident connected Melaku to the shootings. On June 23, 2011, he was charged with two counts of willfully injuring the property of the United States. If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for 20 years. Melaku is also charged with two counts of using a firearm during a violent crime.  If he is convicted of those charges, he could go to prison for the rest of his life. More charges are possible.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation is working with the Fairfax County Police, the Prince William County police and the Pentagon Force Protection Agency to investigate the case.
Paradise Lost

**Paradise Lost** is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English writer John Milton. It was printed in 1667, nearly ten years after Milton wrote it. The second part was printed in 1674. Milton wrote most of the poem after he went blind.

The poem is about the Christian story of the Fall of Man: how Adam and Eve got out from the Garden of Eden and about the fallen angel Lucifer.

## Notes

- Discussion and Information Forum

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Paradise Lost
- **image**: Houghton EC65.M6427P.1667aa - Paradise Lost, 1667.jpg
- **image caption**: Title page of the first edition (1667)
- **author**: John Milton
- **cover artist**: J. B. de Medina and Henry Aldrich
- **country**: England
- **language**: English
- **genre**: Epic poem
- **publisher**: Samuel Simmons (original)
- **release date**: 1667
- **media type**: Print
- **followed by**: Paradise Regained
Otto Konrad

**Otto Konrad** (born 1 November 1964) is a retired Austrian football goalkeeper. He now works as goalkeeping coach for SV Grödig in Austria's First League.

### Club

He started his professional career with his local club SK Sturm Graz. He stayed 11 years and then went to SV Austria Salzburg. With this team he reached 3 national titles and played in the  1994 UEFA Cup Final which Salzburg lost to Inter Milan. In the 1994/95 season he even scored a goal for Salzburg. This goal was voted "Goal of the year 1994". 1997 to 1998 he became goalkeeper of Real Zaragoza in Spain but returned to Austria where he played for GAK, DSV Leoben and PSV Salzburg.

### International

He played 12 matches for the Austrian national football team and was member of the squad for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. His international career was not as successful as his league career because there was a lot of competition for the goalkeeping position.

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="6"|Austria|1989|1|0|
|1990|1|0|||
|1991|4|0|||
|1992|2|0|||
|1994|3|0|||
|1995|3|0|||

## Honours

- **Austrian Football Bundesliga (3):**
    - 1994, 1995, 1997

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Otto Konrad
- **image**: FIFA WC-qualification 2014 - Austria vs Faroe Islands 2013-03-22 (29).jpg
- **fullname**: Otto Konrad
- **birth place**: Graz, Austria
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthyears1**: –1981
- **youthclubs1**: Grazer Sportklub
- **years1**: 1981–1992
- **years2**: 1992–1996
- **years3**: 1997–1999
- **years4**: 1999–2001
- **years5**: 1999–2000
- **years6**: 2001–2003
- **clubs1**: Sturm Graz
- **clubs2**: SV Salzburg, SV Wüstenrot Salzburg
- **clubs3**: Real Zaragoza
- **clubs4**: DSV Leoben
- **clubs5**: → Grazer AK (loan)
- **clubs6**: PSV Salzburg
- **caps1**: 76
- **caps2**: 153
- **caps3**: 25
- **caps4**: 10
- **caps5**: 0
- **goals1**: 1
- **goals2**: 1
- **goals3**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **goals5**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1989–1995
- **nationalteam1**: Austria national football team, Austria
- **nationalcaps1**: 14
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 2005–2006
- **manageryears2**: 2006–2011
- **manageryears3**: 2007
- **manageryears4**: 2010-2012
- **manageryears5**: 2011-2013
- **managerclubs1**: Austria national football team, Austria _(goalkeeper coach)_
- **managerclubs2**: Austria national under-21 football team, Austria U-21 (_goalkeeper coach_)
- **managerclubs3**:  1. Oberndorfer Sportklub 1920
- **managerclubs4**: Austria national football team, Austria _(goalkeeper coach)_
- **managerclubs5**: Austria
Arctic hare

The **Arctic hare** (_Lepus arcticus_) is a social animal that lives in the frigid tundra of North America, Newfoundland, and Greenland. These hares often congregate in groups of up to 200 individuals. They hop at great speeds on their large, powerful hind legs, in a kangaroo-like fashion. The female is called a doe, the male is called a buck, and the baby hare is called a leveret. The young are born open-eyed and furry. Most hares live for about a year in the wild.

Their predators are arctic foxes, arctic wolves, polar bears, falcons, snowy owls, golden eagles, and stoats. They are unharmed during winter and are used to wintry weather.
Petrichor

**Petrichor** () is the name of the scent of rain on dry dirt. The term was created by two Australian researchers for an article in the journal _Nature._
Citroën Xsara Picasso

The **Citroën Xsara Picasso** is a compact MPV from Citroën introduced in 1999. Its successor, the Citroën C4 Picasso, was introduced in 2006, but the Xsara Picasso still continued to be made until 2012.

## Engines

- _1.6 i_ 65 kW (88 hp) and 70 kW (95 hp)
- _1.6 i 16V_ 80 kW (109 hp)
- _1.8 i 16V_ 85 kW (115 hp)
- _2.0 i 16V_ 100 kW (136 hp)
- _1.6 HDi_ 66 kW (90 hp) and 80 kW (109 hp)
- _2.0 HDi_ 66 kW (90 hp)
Crypsis

**Crypsis** is a word in ecology which means "hiding". It refers to the ways animals avoid being seen, or otherwise detected. It also includes the situation when an animal _is_ noticed, but is not recognised for what it is. It may be either a defence against predators, or a device for predators to get near prey.

Methods include camouflage, nocturnality (night-time activity), subterranean lifestyle, transparency, and mimicry. The word can also be used about eggs, and about pheromone production.  Crypsis can in principle involve visual, olfactory or auditory camouflage.

- Hiding is the simplest case of crypsis. The animal moves to a place where it cannot be seen.
- Camouflage is the case where an animal _can_ be seen by (for example) a predator, but not recognised.
- Mimicry is the case when an animal can be seen, but seems like another animal or plant. Warning colouration is an example.
Cannabaceae

**Cannabaceae** the hemp family of the rose order, containing 11 genera and 270 species of aromatic herbs distributed throughout temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

## Description

Older authorities included the two genera, Cannabis and Humulus, in the mulberry family. These and the former hackberry family (Celtidaceae) are now included in Cannabaceae. Members of the family are erect or climbing plants with petalless flowers and dry, one-seeded fruits. Hemp (_Cannabis_) and hop (_Humulus_) are the only economically important species.
Urticaceae

**Urticaceae** the nettle family comprising about 45 genera of herbs, shrubs, small trees, and a few vines, distributed primarily in tropical regions. The family is typical of the nettle order.

## Description

Many species, especially the nettles (_Urtica_) and Australian nettle trees (_Laportea_), have stinging hairs on the stems and leaves. The leaves are varied and the sap is usually watery.
The small, greenish flowers often form clusters in the leaf axils. Both male and female flowers may be borne on the same plant. The curled stamens of the male flowers straighten quickly as the flowers open, releasing the pollen.
Bernadette

**Bernadette** [ bur-n_uh_-**det**; _French_ ber-na-**det** ]is a feminine given name. It is the female version of the masculine name **Bernard**. Bernadette is a name with French roots that has its origins in the Germanic name Bernhard, which translates to "powerful, courageous bear."This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

Celebrities with the name _Bernadette_ include the actress Bernadette Peters.

## People named Bernadette

- St. Bernadette Soubirous (1844–1879), Marian visionary of Lourdes
- Bernadette Bowyer (born 1966), Canadian field hockey player
- Bernadette Lafont (1938–2013), French actress
- Bernadette Sembrano (born 1976), Filipino television reporter, newscaster and host
- Bernadette Szőcs (born 1995), Romanian table tennis player
- Bernadette Chirac (born 1933),French politician
- Bernadette Peters, American actress and singer
- Bernadette Mayer, American writer
- Bernadette Isaac-Sibille, French politician

### Fictional people

- Bernadette Rostenkowski, a character on the TV show _The Big Bang Theory_

## Music

- "Bernadette", a 1967 hit recording by the Four Tops
- "Bernadette", a single by IAMX from his 2011 album Volatile Times

## Infobox (given name)

- **name**: Bernadette
- **gender**: Female
- **related names**: Bernard
Hwang Hui

**Hwang Hui** (1363  1452) was a politican and scholar of the Goryeo dynasty and Joseon dynasty. He was the Prime Minister of the Joseon dynasty from 1431 to 1449.

## Related pages

- Maeng Sa-seong
- Kim Jong-seo
- Choi Yun-deok

## References

- Naver.com article (Korean)
- Nate Studies (Korean)

## Infobox (korean name)

- **child**: yes
- **rr**: Hwang Hui
- **mr**: Hwang Hŭi
- **rrja**: Gubu
- **mrja**: Gubu
- **rrho**: Bangchon
- **mrho**: Bangchŏn
- **rrph**: Ikseong
- **mrph**: Iksŏng
- **rra**: Suro
- **mra**: Suro


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Hwang Hui

- **image**: hwanghui.jpg
- **office**: Yeonguijeong, Chief State Councillor
- **term start**: 8 October 1431
- **term end**: 21 October 1449
- **predecessor**: Gu Jong-gil
- **successor**: Ha Yeon
- **office1**: Jwauijeong, Left State Councillor
- **term start1**: 21 February 1427
- **term end1**: 9 December 1430
- **predecessor1**: Yi Jik
- **successor1**: Maeng Sa-seong
- **office2**: Uuijeong, Right State Councillor
- **term start2**: 18 July 1426
- **term end2**: 21 February 1427
- **predecessor2**: Cho Yeon
- **successor2**: Maeng Sa-seong
- **birth date**: 1363
- **death date**: 1452
- **father**: Hwang Gun-seo
- **mother**: Lady, of the Yonggung Gim clan
- **spouse**: Lady Choe
Lady, of the Cheongju Yang clan
- **country**: Joseon
Harald Cerny

**Harald Cerny** (born 13 September 1973) is a former Austrian football midfielder. He played mostly for TSV 1860 München.

## Career

He started his career  with ASV Hinterbrühl and FC Admira/Wacker where he played in the different youth teams. At the age of 19 he went to Bayern München where he started his professional career. For the first two years he played for the second squad but in 1992–93 he played in the first team, making his debut against Eintracht Frankfurt. In 1993 he went back to Austria, playing with FC Admira/Wacker . After Wacker Innsbruck in the 1994–95 season he went back to Munich but played for Bayern's rival TSV 1860 München. He has played more games for TSV 180 München than anyone else - 268 in total - 238 in the Bundesliga. Due to injuries, he ended his career in 2007.

## International

Cerny made his debut for Austria in  March 1993 against Greece. He played 47 matches and scored four goals. His last international was an April 2004 against Luxembourg. He was in the squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France, where he played two games - against Cameroon and Chile.

### National team statistics

|-
|1993||4||0
|-
|1994||6||0
|-
|1995||2||0
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||7||0
|-
|1998||8||3
|-
|1999||6||0
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||2||0
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||2||1
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
!Total||47||4
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Harald Cerny
- **image**: Harald Cerny.jpg
- **caption**: Cerny with TSV 1860 Munich, 1860 Munich in 2007
- **birth place**: Vienna, Austria
- **height**: 1.77 m
- **position**: Midfielder
- **currentclub**: Bayern Munich Junior Team, Bayern U16 (Head coach)
- **youthyears1**: 1980–1984
- **youthclubs1**: ASV Hinterbrühl
- **youthyears2**: 1984–1990
- **youthclubs2**: Admira Wacker
- **years1**: 1990–1992
- **clubs1**: FC Bayern Munich II, Bayern Munich (A)
- **caps1**: 22
- **goals1**: 7
- **years2**: 1992–1993
- **clubs2**: FC Bayern Munich, Bayern Munich
- **caps2**: 16
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 1993–1994
- **clubs3**: Admira Wacker
- **caps3**: 22
- **goals3**: 7
- **years4**: 1994–1996
- **clubs4**: FC Tirol
- **caps4**: 52
- **goals4**: 14
- **years5**: 1996–2007
- **clubs5**: TSV 1860 Munich, 1860 Munich
- **caps5**: 213
- **goals5**: 15
- **totalcaps**: 303
- **totalgoals**: 37
- **nationalyears1**: 1993–2004
- **nationalteam1**: Austria national football team, Austria
- **nationalcaps1**: 47
- **nationalgoals1**: 4
- **manageryears1**: 2007–2009
- **managerclubs1**: TSV 1860 Munich, 1860 Munich U15
- **manageryears2**: 2009–2010
- **managerclubs2**: FC Bayern Munich, Bayern Munich U14
- **manageryears3**: 2010–2011
- **managerclubs3**: FC Bayern Munich, Bayern Munich U16
- **manageryears4**: 2011–2016
- **managerclubs4**: FC Bayern Munich, Bayern Munich Youth
- **manageryears5**: 2018
- **managerclubs5**: Hannover 96, Hannover 96 U17
Franz Wohlfahrt

**Franz Bernhard Wohlfahrt** (born 1 July 1964 in Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria) is a former Austrian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Career

He started with the local club SV St. Veit and turned professional with F.K. Austria Wien. He came together with his older brother Mario, who soon went back to St. Veit. Franz Wohlfahrt played then 20 years or 496 matches for this club divided in two sections. With Austria Wien he became 6 times Austrian Champion and four times Austrian cup winner. He became widely known during a UEFA Cup match versus Ajax Amsterdam when he was injured by a bar thrown by an Ajax supporter. Following this Ajax was banned for one year in European football. From 1996 till 2000 he played for the German team VfB Stuttgart, with the club he played in the 1997/98 UEFA Cup final versus Chelsea (0:1). 2000 he went back to Austria Wien. 2002 he ended his career but in 2007 he started again playing for ASK Hirm, whose goalkeeper was injured.

## International

In 1983 he played in the 1983 FIFA World Youth Championship. His first match in the senior team was in August 1987 in a match versus Switzerland. His last match was  a qualification match for the 2002 FIFA World Cup versus Turkey. He was also a goalkeeper in the 1998 FIFA World Cup squad. In 1999 he was goalkeeper during the 0:9 defeat versus Spain in Valencia. All in all he played 59 matches for Austria.

## International statistics

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="13"|Austria|1987|1|0|
|1988|4|0|||
|1990|1|0|||
|1991|2|0|||
|1992|6|0|||
|1993|9|0|||
|1994|7|0|||
|1996|1|0|||
|1997|3|0|||
|1998|6|0|||
|1999|4|0|||
|2000|7|0|||
|2001|8|0|||

## Honours

- **Austrian League**: 1983–84, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1990–91, 1991–92, 1992–93
- **Austrian Cup**: 1985–86, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1993–94
- **German Cup**: 1996–97
- **UEFA Cup Winners' Cup**: Runner-up 1997–98
- **Austrian Footballer of the Year**: 1993
Gas exchange

**Exchange of gases** or **gas exchange** is carried out by organisms. Animals breathe out carbon dioxide and breathe in oxygen. Plants use carbon dioxide to carry out photosynthesis, making oxygen. Plants only do this when there is light. Plants breathe day and night.

## Humans

In the human respiratory system, gas exchange happens in the alveolus (alveoli for plural). These are in the lungs and help with diffusion. Oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream, from the air. Oxygen is used in aerobic respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the bloodstream, into the air. Carbon dioxide is a waste product made by respiration.

## Eukaryotes

In eukaryotes, respiration is carried out by the mitochondria. However, in some cells it is carried out by the cytoplasm. For more information visit cellular respiration.
Pentene

**Pentene** is the name of alkenes with the formula C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>10</sub>. They are hydrocarbons. In total, there are five different pentenes. Pentenes occur in cracking processes and in natural gas. Pentenes are used for polymerization, and for the synthesis of isoprene, amyl alcohols and Alkylphenols. Amyl alcohols are used as stabilizers in the production of Chloroform and Dichloromethane to stop phosgene from being made.
Paul Strzelecki

**Paul Edmund de Strzelecki** (20 July 1797 — October 1873) was a Polish man who taught himself geology. He became famous for his explorations in Australia.

He was born in Gluszyna, near Poznan, Western Poland in 1797 and later served briefly with the Prussian army. He tried unsuccessfully to marry a young girl, and then was accused of stealing money from his employer. He moved to London and gave himself the title of Count Strzelecki. In 1834 he went to North America and spent time visiting mineral areas and exploring for minerals. He is said to be the first person to find copper in Canada. In 1836 he travelled along the west coast from Chile to California.

In 1839 he visited the Hawaii, Tahiti, New Zealand and finally landed in Sydney, Australia. He wanted to make a geological map, and explored large parts of New South Wales and Victoria, including the Australian Alps. He climbed Australia's highest mountain, and named it Mount Kosciuszko, after the Polish leader, Tadeusz Kosciuszko.

He spent several years in Tasmania before going back to Sydney. He went back to London in 1843. He wrote a book on his discoveries in Australia called _Physical Description of New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land_. He was given the Founder's Medal by the Royal Geographical Society.

In 1847—8 he was put in charge of the giving out money in Ireland during the Great Famine for the British Relief Association. He established standards for giving out assistance that are still being used.

He was made a Fellow of the Royal Geographic Society and the Royal Society. He was awarded the K.C.M.G. in 1869. He died from cancer in 1873. He left instructions that after his death his papers were to be burnt and his body buried in an unmarked grave.

A road from Lyndhurst to Innamincka was named the Strzelecki Track after Paul Strzelecki. It was used until the 1930's to move cattle to Adelaide, and now is the main road to Moomba, a huge natural gas field which supplies Adelaide and Sydney. The Strzelecki Ranges in Victoria are also named after him. A large national park on Flinders Island, the Strzelecki National Park, was named after Strzelecki who climbed the mountains there in 1842.
Pericyclic reaction

In organic chemistry, a **pericyclic reaction** is a type of chemical reaction between organic compounds. In the case of pericyclic reactions, the transition state of the molecule is a ring (has a cyclic geometry), and the reaction goes forward in a concerted way. Pericyclic reactions are usually rearrangement reactions. The most important groups of pericyclic reactions are:

- Electrocyclic reactions
- Cycloadditions
- Sigmatropic reactions
- Group transfer reactions
- Cheletropic reactions
- Dyotropic reactions

In general, pericyclic reactions are equilibrium processes. However, it is possible to push the reaction in one direction if the product is at a significantly lower energy level. This is applying Le Chatelier's principle to a reaction involving a single molecule.

Many pericyclic reactions have similar stepwise radical processes connected with them. Chemists disagree whether some reactions are pericyclic reactions. For example, it is not definitively known whether the [2+2] cycloaddition mechanism is concerted (or may depend on the reactive system). Many pericyclic reactions have similar reactions that are metal-catalyzed. But these metal-catalyzed reactions are  not really pericyclic. The metal catalysts stabilize the reaction intermediates. So the reaction is not concerted, but rather metal-stabilized.

A large photoinduced hydrogen sigmatropic shift was utilized in a corrin synthesis performed by Albert Eschenmoser containing a 16π system.

Due to the principle of microscopic reversibility, there is a parallel set of "retro" pericyclic reactions, which perform the reverse reaction.

## Pericyclic reactions in biochemistry

Pericyclic reactions also happen in several biological processes:

- Claisen rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate in almost all prototrophic organisms.
- [1,5]-sigmatropic shift when precorrin-8x is being changed into hydrogenobyrinic acid
- non-enzymatic, photochemical electrocyclic ring opening and a (1,7) sigmatropic hydride shift in vitamin D synthesis.
- a conversion of Isochorismate into salicylate and Pyruvate in a catalyzed, true pericyclic reaction.

## Related pages

- Woodward–Hoffmann rules

## References

Organic Chemistry
Annoying Orange

***Annoying Orange*** is a live action/animated comedy web series created by Dane Boedigheimer. The main character is an orange who annoys other fruits. The episodes are uploaded to the YouTube channel _realannoyingorange_ weekly. As of 2024 there were over 2,000 videos. The channel had over 13 million subscribers.

## Television series

In 2012, Cartoon Network made a 2012-2014 television series, _The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange_, based on the YouTube series. He also made another channel called _Annoying Orange Gaming_ in 2013.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Annoying Orange logo.png
- **creator**: Dane Boedigheimer
- **writer**: Spencer Grove
Dane Boedigheimer
Bob Jennings
Sara Christensen
- **director**: Dane Boedigheimer
Bob Jennings
- **presenter**: Dane Boedigheimer
- **voices**: Dane Boedigheimer
iJustine
Bob Jennings (2010 - 2021)
Kevin Brueck
Aaron Massey
 Jess Lizama
Jon Bailey (2021 - present)
Various guest stars
- **narrated**: Dane Boedigheimer
- **composer**: Dane Boedigheimer
Kevin MacLeod (musician), Kevin MacLeod
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 17
- **num episodes**: 842
- **list episodes**: List of Annoying Orange episodes
- **executive producer**: Dane Boedigheimer
Aaron Massey
Kevin Nalty
- **company**: Daneboe Productions
ProSiebenSat.1 Media, The Collective <small>(2009–2016)</small>
Annoying Orange, Inc. <small>(2012–present)</small>
- **network**: YouTube
- **last aired**: present
Group transfer reaction

A **Group transfer reaction** is pericyclic reaction where one pi bond is converted to one sigma bond, at the same time that a sigma bond migrates.

The best known group transfer reaction is the ene reaction.
Mercedes-Benz W201

The **Mercedes-Benz W201** is a car produced by Mercedes-Benz. It was introduced in 1982 and came before the C-Class, that replaced the W201 in 1993.

### Petrol

- _190_ 4-cylinder 66 kW (90 hp), 75 kW (102 hp) and 77 kW (105 hp)
- _190 E 1.8_ 4-cylinder 80 kW (109 hp)
- _190 E 2.0_ 4-cylinder 87 kW (118 hp) and 90 kW (122 hp)
- _190 E 2.3_ 4-cylinder 97 kW (132 hp) and 100 kW (136 hp)
- _190 E 2.3-16_ 4-cylinder 125 kW (170 hp), 130 kW (177 hp) and 136 kW (185 hp)
- _190 E 2.5-16_ 4-cylinder 143 kW (194 hp) and 150 kW (204 hp)
- _190 E 2.5-16 Evolution II_ 4 cylinder 173 kW (235 hp)
- _190 E 2.6_ 6-cylinder 118 kW (160 hp) and 122 kW (166 hp)
- _190 E 3.2 AMG_ 6-cylinder 172 kW (234 hp)

### Diesel

- _190 D_ 4-cylinder 53 kW (72 hp) and 55 kW (75 hp)
- _190 D 2.2_ 4-cylinder 54 kW (73 hp)
- _190 D 2.5_ 5-cylinder 66 kW (90 hp) and 69 kW (94 hp)
- _190 D 2.5 Turbo_ 5-cylinder 90 kW (122 hp) and 93 kW (126 hp)

## Infobox (automobile)

- **image**: 1993 Mercedes-Benz 180 E (W 201) Limited Edition sedan (2015-06-25) 01.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Daimler-Benz
- **production**: September 1982 – April 1993
1,874,668 produced
- **class**: Compact executive car (D-segment, D)
- **body style**: 4-door sedan (automobile), saloon
- **layout**: Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive
- **engine**: **Petrol:**

**Diesel:**

- **successor**: Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W202)
Cadel Evans

**Cadel Evans** (born 14 February 1977 in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an Australian professional bicycle race driver. In 2011, he is the first Australian to win the Tour de France.

## Early life

Cadel Evans was born on 14 February 1977 at the Katherine Hospital, Katherine, Northern Territory, Australia. He is the son of Helen Cocks, a bank manager and Paul Evans, a council foreman. He spent his early childhood in the small aboriginal community of Barunga, 80 km east of Katherine. At the age of seven, he was hit in the head by a horse and spent seven days in an induced coma. In 1986, his parents got divorced and he moved with his mother to Armidale, New South Wales. Later they moved to the state of Victoria. Skateboarding was one of his interests when he was a teenager. His father describes him as a good student, but otherwise just an ordinary kid who would leave his toys around. "Not in [my] wildest dreams" would he imagine that his son would become a top world eater.

Evans attended Newling Public School in Armidale, and Eltham High School in Melbourne.
Grand Army Plaza (Manhattan)

**Grand Army Plaza** is at 59th Street and Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, New York.  It is in front of the Plaza Hotel. It is opposite the southeast corner of Central Park. The sculptor Karl Bitter first had the idea for the Plaza in 1898. It is named after the Grand Army of the Potomac. The Carrère and Hastings architecture firm designed it. Construction was finished in 1916.

The Plaza is oval. 59th street divides it into northern and southern parts. The northern part has a golden statue of William Tecumseh Sherman designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens. The statue features Sherman on a horse with the goddess "Victory" in front of him. There are often temporary sculpture exhibits at the north side of the plaza.

The southern part is the Plaza of the Pulitzer Fountain of Abundance. This fountain was designed by Bitter and paid for by Joseph Pulitzer. A bronze statue of the Roman goddess Pomona is at the top of the fountain. The statue of Pomona was the last one that Bitter designed.

The plaza was renovated in 1990 at a cost of $3.7 million.  The  Plaza Hotel is named for the Plaza, and is at its southwest corner.

## Related pages

- Grand Army Plaza in Brooklyn.
Linaceae

The **Linaceae** is a family of flowering plants. The family is cosmopolitan, and includes exactly 250 species. There are 14 genera, classified into two subfamilies: Linoideae and Hugonioideae (often recognized as a distinct family, the Hugoniaceae). Leaves of Linaceae are always simple. Their arrangement varies from alternate (most species) to opposite (in _Sclerolinon_ and some _Linum_) or whorled (in some _Hesperolinon_ and _Linum_).
Celastrales

**Celastrales** is an order of flowering plants. They are found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions. There are about 1200 to 1350 species in about 100 genera. All but 7 of these genera are in the large family Celastraceae. Until recently, the composition of the order and its division into families varied greatly from one author to another.
Celastraceae

**Celastraceae** the staff-tree family, in the order Celastrales, comprising about 55 genera of woody vines, shrubs, and trees, native in tropical and temperate zones but best known for ornamental forms of the genera _Euonymus_ and _Celastrus_ (bittersweet). Fruit of the family is often colourful. Leaves are frequently leathery and flowers are small, with four to five sepals and petals; alternating between the petals, stamens rise from a usually conspicuous nectar disk.
Arlington National Cemetery

**Arlington National Cemetery** is a cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia. People who served in the United States military are buried here. The cemetery started during the American Civil War. It is on a big farm called Arlington House. Arlington House was the home of Mary Anna Custis Lee. Mary Anna Custis Lee was a great-granddaughter of Martha Washington. She was also the wife of Confederate general Robert E. Lee. Although most of the farm now has graves, the old farmhouse still stands in the middle of the cemetery. The cemetery is across the Potomac River from the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C..

## Infobox (cemetery)

- **name**: Arlington National Cemetery
- **image**: Arlington National Cemetery Seal.png
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Arlington National Cemetery Seal
- **established**: May 13, 1864
- **location**: Arlington County, Virginia, Arlington County, Virginia
- **type**: United States national cemetery, National
- **owner**: United States Department of the Army, U.S. Department of the Army
- **graves**: ~400,000
Torquoselectivity

In organic chemistry, **torquoselectivity** describes electrocyclic reactions that produce one isomer more than the other. An official definition is "the preference for inward or outward rotation of substituents in conrotatory or disrotatory electrocyclic reactions." In other words, a chemical reaction is torquoselective if the groups of atoms that hang from a ring of atoms are more likely to have rotated in a particular direction during the reaction (instead of being equally likely to rotate in both possible directions.) Torquoselectivity is different from the normal diastereoselectivity of pericyclic reactions. Instead it is more selectivity beyond the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. The name comes from the idea that the substituents in an electrocyclization appear to rotate during the reaction. The reaction produces a single product because only one direction of rotation was allowed (that is, the direction of rotation on the substituents was favored). The concept was originally developed by Kendall N. Houk.

When a chemical reaction closes a ring, its torquoselectivity is the same as enantioselectivity. A single enantiomer of a cyclization product is formed from the selective ring closure of the starting material. In a typical electrocyclic ring closing, selection for either conrotatory or disrotatory reactions modes still produces two enantiomers. Torquoselectivity is a discrimination _between_ these possible enantiomers that requires asymmetric induction.

Torquoselectivity also happens in selective electrocyclic reactions that break open rings. The different directions of rotation produce distinct structural isomers. In these cases, steric strain is often the driving force for the selectivity. Studies have shown that the selectivity can also be changed by the presence of electron donating and electron withdrawing groups.

Torquoselectivity can also apply to other mechanisms, including chiral Lewis acid catalysts, induction by neighboring stereocenters (in which case the torquoselectivity is a case of diastereoselectivity), and axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer. An example of axial-to-tetrahedral chirality transfer is shown below for the torquoselective Nazarov cyclization reaction of a chiral allenyl vinyl ketone.
William Kidd

**Captain Kidd**, or, by his real name, _William Kidd_, ( 1645 – 23 May 1701) was a Scottish pirate and sailor. It is heard that he buried a treasure chest on a deserted island. The chest had a lot of gold and jewels in it. He was found guilty of murder and was executed by hanging at 'Execution Dock', Wapping, in London on 23 May 1701.

## Infobox (pirate)

- **name**: William Kidd
- **birth date**: c. 1654
- **image**: William_Kidd.jpg
- **caption**: Portrait by James Thornhill
- **type**: Pirate / Privateer
- **birth place**: Dundee, Scotland
- **death place**: Wapping, England
- **death cause**: Execution by hanging
- **allegiance**: Kingdom of England, Province of New York
- **relatives**: Shea Dauphinée, Michael Dauphinée, James Dauphinée
- **commands**: _Blessed William_
_Adventure Galley_
- **nationality**: Scottish people, Scottish
Gripper

A **gripper** is something that grips things or makes it easier to grip things. It may refer to:

- Grippers, tools for exercising the muscles in a person's hand
- Robot end effector, the "hand" of a robot
- Grip (job), a job in filmmaking
- Shoes that have cleats, which make it easier to grip the ground
Jeff Kent

**Jeffrey Franklin Kent** (born March 7, 1968) was an American baseball player. He played second base. He played for six different teams, including the New York Mets, San Francisco Giants, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He was a five-time All-Star, and the 2000 National League MVP. In his career, he batted .290, with 2,461 hits, 377 home runs and 1,518 RBIs.  He has more home runs than any other second baseman.  He also drove in 90 or more batters in nine straight seasons.

Kent was from Bellflower, California and went to high school in Huntington Beach.

## Infobox (baseball biography)

- **name**: Jeff Kent
- **image**: Kent-crop.jpg
- **caption**: Kent with the Los Angeles Dodgers in 2008
- **position**: Second baseman
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **birth place**: Bellflower, California
- **debutleague**: MLB
- **debutdate**: April 12
- **debutyear**: 1992
- **debutteam**: Toronto Blue Jays
- **finalleague**: MLB
- **finaldate**: September 27
- **finalyear**: 2008
- **finalteam**: Los Angeles Dodgers
- **statleague**: MLB
- **stat1label**: Batting average
- **stat1value**: .290
- **stat2label**: Hit (baseball), Hits
- **stat2value**: 2,461
- **stat3label**: Home runs
- **stat3value**: 377
- **stat4label**: Run batted in, Runs batted in
- **stat4value**: 1,518
- **teams**: * Toronto Blue Jays ()
* New York Mets (–)
* Cleveland Indians ()
* San Francisco Giants (–)
* Houston Astros (–)
* Los Angeles Dodgers (–)
- **awards**: * 5× Major League Baseball All-Star Game, All-Star (1999 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 1999–2001 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 2001, 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 2004, 2005 Major League Baseball All-Star Game, 2005)
* NL MVP (2000)
* 4× Silver Slugger Award (2000–2002, 2005)
* San Francisco Giants Wall of Fame
Angelshark

An **Angelshark** is a species of cartilaginous fish in the genus ***Squatina***. They have flattened bodies and wide pectoral fins, which make them look similar to rays. Twenty-three species are known.

The genus is the only one in its family, Squatinidae, and order Squatiniformes. They are worldwide in temperate and tropical seas.  Most species are in shallow temperate or tropical seas, but one species is found in deeper water, down to 1,300 metres.  Angelsharks are specialised for a kind of predation which is unusual for sharks.
They are ambush predators. They have extensible jaws with long, needle-like teeth. They quickly snap upwards to capture prey. They bury themselves in sand or mud lying in wait for their prey, which includes fish, crustaceans, and many different types of mollusks.

## Discription and biology

The front part of the angel sharks' bodies are wide and flattened, but the back part is more muscular. The eyes and spiracles are on the top, and the five gill slits are on its back. Both the pectoral fins and the pelvic fins are large and are held horizontally. There are two dorsal fins, no anal fin. Unusually for sharks, the lower lobe of the caudal fin is longer than the upper lobe. Most types of angel sharks grow to a length of about 1.5 metres: the Japanese angelshark reaches two metres. They are ovoviviparous, and can have up to 13 pups at a time.

## Behavior

Although angelsharks are bottom dwellers and appear harmless, they can give painful bites if provoked, due to their powerful jaws and sharp teeth. Angelsharks may bite if a diver approaches the head or grabs the tail.

thumb|right|200px|An [[Australian angelshark]]
Let's Kill Hitler

"**Let's Kill Hitler**" is the eighth episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series _Doctor Who_. The episode was broadcast on BBC One, Space and BBC America on 27 August 2011. It is the second episode of a two-part story. The story began with "A Good Man Goes To War" (episode seven). It is the 778th episode.

The episode centers around River Song and the history of Amy Pond.