juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bhupathy's purple frog

**Bhupathy's purple frog** (_Nasikabatrachus bhupathi_) is a frog species belonging to the family Sooglossidae. It lives in the Western Ghat mountains in India.  It is a purple cave frog that lives underground almost all the time.

## Bodies

Many species of frog dig underground a little, but Bhupathy's purple frogs live undergound almost all the time.  They have front limbs shaped like shovels for digging and long noses so they can stick their tongues aboveground and lick the surface to catch ants to eat.  They do not have shoot-and-pull-back tongues like other frogs.

Adult frogs have purple skins and a thin blue ring around each eye.

The frog has one close relative, the purple frog, _N. sahyadrensis_, which was first found in the Western Ghats in 2003.

## Life cycle

The tadpoles do not swim in ponds or streams.  Instead, they grab the stones behind waterfalls, where they spend six months eating algae. Young frogs, called imagos, have brown skin. They turn purple when they are adults.

Adult frogs only come aboveground when the rain falls at the beginning of the northeast monsoon season, when they find mates.

## Discovery

Scientists from Hyderabad's Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology discovered the frog in 2017.  They named the frog after scientist Dr. Subramaniam Bhupathy, who died in the Western Ghat Mountains in 2014.  They wrote about _N. bhupathi_ in _Alytes_, the official magazine of the International Society for the Study and Conservation of Amphibians.  They found _N. bhupathi_ by listening for frog sounds coming up from underground.

"This frog lineage is very ancient, and has a very low diversity, so this finding is very special and unusual," said Elizabeth Prendini of the American Museum of Natural History, who helped write the scientific paper about the discovery.

The scientists did not to say exactly where they found the sample frogs because it was on private property.

This discovery was paid for by the Indian government in a project to sample the DNA of every frog in the country.

## Other ideas

Some scientists said that because _N. bhupathy_, which lives in India, has close relatives in the Seychelles, which are close to Africa, it is likely that the Gondwanaland idea of why the continents are where they are is right.  This idea says that Africa and India used to be one large continent, called Gondwanaland.
Horsetooth Reservoir

Horsetooth Reservoir is a man-made lake just west of Fort Collins, Colorado, in southern Larimer County made for recreation purposes, and is the main water supply for the Poudre Valley. The reservoir was a part of the Colorado-Big Thompson project. This project was made to move water from the west slope to the east slope. The water is used for local farms, hydropower, and drinking water for Northern Colorado. The lake is 6.5 miles long and had 25 miles of shore line with 4 camping areas, 111 campsites total, and 4 boat-launch areas. The primary activities are fishing, power boating, water skiing, hiking, and camping.

## History

This reservoir was created on top of the town of Stout. Stout was a small town with a population of 47 1/2. This town had a sandstone mine, and had a railroad that went through it. This town turned into a gost town and horsetooth reservoir was build on top of it. To this day when the water is low enough visitors can still see the buildings where Stout used to be. Horsetooth reservoirs damn began being built in 1949. In 1954, the water was used for farms until the 1970 and then only 80 percent of the water was used for farms. In the 1990's just a little over half of the water supply was used for farms and the other half was used for drinking and hydropower. This reservoir was the largest created during the Colorado-Big Thompson project. Building was finished in 1949 and water first entered the reservoir in 1951. Horsetooth was given its name because of an Arapaho legand that on the west side of the reservoir at the top of a mountain. There is a rock that Natives thought looked like a giant's heart and then later decided that it looked more like a horse's tooth.

## Activities

- Biking
- Boating
- Camping
- Enviromantal Education
- Fishing
- Swiming
- Hiking
- Picnicking
- Water Sports
- Wildlife Viewing
Catahoula Leopard Dog

**Catahoula Leopard dog** is a medium sized hunting dog also known as the Catahoula cur, Catahoula hog dog, and Catahoula hound. The breed lives about 10 to 14 years. _Catahoula_ dog has Native American roots and its name means "scared lake". Catahoula are from Louisiana and is the state's mascot. These dogs typically are medium-sized with a short coat varying with patterns and eyes that differ in color. Catahoulas were bred through the Blood hound, Spanish mastiff and Greyhound. The breed is known to the American Kennel Club (AKC). AKC has grouped the breed as a stock service animal.

## Temperament

Catahoula is a high energy-level breed that requires a lot of activities such as fetching, walking, running, or hiking. Catahoula's need a lot of attention with other dogs and humans.

## Dog show qualifications

The Catahoula is recognized by many kennel clubs, which allows the dog to be in dog shows. The two most popular kennel clubs is AKC and UKC. If one wishes to show their Catahoula leopard dog, she must be permanently registered and have a licensing number through the kennel club chosen. Not only should the breed be licensed, they are required to be well-kept, and not be a mixed breed.

### Head requirements

The head of the Catahoula should look strong, the mouth should look nicely even with the head and not deformed. The Leopard dog's head and mouth should be parallel, which sometimes causes wrinkles on the forehead.

### Teeth

In-order to be show ready, the dog must have full white teeth with nice pink gums. A sharp bite is ideal but teeth that may be worn or broken is okay.

### Eyes

Eyes should look medium sized, sort of rounded with varying eye colors or mix of colors. Eyes that may be deformed such as being un-centered; sagging of the eyelids; wired movability of eyelids or eyelashes can be a disqualification.

### Ears

Ears flop to the side with a short to medium triangular shape. The top of the ear should be even to the head. When alert, the tip of the ear lays close to the cheek. No Catahoula for show can have cropped ears.

### Body requirement

The body should look strong with a broad chest. Catahoula's front legs and back legs should be medium length. When feet are being looked at, the dogs paws should be well groomed and have good webbing between toes.

## References

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James Holzhauer

**James Holzhauer** (born August 6, 1984) is the third-highest winner on the American television game show _Jeopardy!_, and the third-highest winner on a game show.

Holzhauer won 32 games, earning $2,462,216. His winning streak lasted from April 4, 2019 to June 3, 2019. During his winning streak, he broke several show records. On April 9, 2019, Holzhauer broke the one-day record with $110,914, breaking the previous record of $77,000 set by Roger Craig in 2010. He broke his own record with $131,127 on April 17, 2019. He is the first and only player in the show's history to win $100,000 or more in a single game; and he holds the top sixteen spots for most single-day winnings.

On June 3, 2019, Holzhauer lost to a player named Emma Boettcher, who went on to win three games of her own before losing. Holzhauer and Boettcher were both brought back for the Tournament of Champions, which aired November 4-15, 2019. In the tournament, Holzhauer defeated Boettcher in the two-day final, winning the $250,000 prize.

In January 2020, Holzhauer faced off against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter in Jeopardy! The Greatest of All-Time, finishing in second place with Jennings winning the $1,000,000 first prize and Holzhauer taking home $250,000 for second place.

## Activities after Jeopardy!

Holzhauer first appeared on the American game show The Chase in 2021, appearing as a "Chaser" alongside Jennings and Rutter. >

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: James Holzhauer
- **image**: File:JamesHolzhauerTheChase.jpg
- **caption**: James Holzhauer on _The Chase (American game show), The Chase_ in 2014
- **birth place**: Naperville, Illinois, Naperville, Illinois, US
- **known for**: 32-game _Jeopardy!_ winning streak
- **alma mater**: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (Bachelor of Science, BS)
- **children**: 1
Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades

The **Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades** was a special tournament held during the 30th season of the American television game show _Jeopardy!_ It featured 45 contestants who won or competed in the Tournament of Champions in the past. The field of contestants were broken up into three decades (1984-1993, 1994-2003, and 2004-2013), and contestants from their respective decade competed against one another. There were five matches per decade, deciding who advances to the quarterfinal round of the tournament to compete for $1,000,000. The first decade aired in February 2014. The second one aired in March 2014. And the third aired in April 2014. The rest of the tournament (quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals) aired May 5-16, 2014.

The finals featured Ken Jennings against Brad Rutter and Roger Craig. At the time, Jennings was the biggest money winner on a game show. However, Rutter won the two-day final and the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record.

## Related pages

Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions
John R. Broxson

**John Ray Broxson** (June 10, 1932 – December 9, 2019) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born in Holley, Florida. Broxson was a member of the Florida Senate from 1967 through 1971. He was also the Santa Rosa County sheriff.

Broxson died on December 9, 2019 in Milton, Florida at the age of 87.
Holley, Florida

**Holley** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States. Its population was 2,484 as of the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Holley, Florida
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **pushpin map**: Florida#USA
- **pushpin relief**: on
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Florida
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Florida, County
- **subdivision name2**: Santa Rosa County, Florida, Santa Rosa
- **area total sq mi**: 4.594
- **area land sq mi**: 3.549
- **area water sq mi**: 1.045
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2484
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 7
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 32566
- **area code**: Area code 850, 850
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 284155
Imre Varga

**Imre Varga** (1 November 1923 – 9 December 2019) was a Hungarian sculptor, painter, designer and graphic artist. He was thought of as one of Hungary's most important living artists,
and he has been called one of the "most skilled sculptors in Hungary." He was born in Siófok, Hungary. His best known works were the Statue of Raoul Wallenberg in Tel Aviv and the Holocaust memorial at the Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest.

Varga died in Budapest on 9 December 2019 at the age of 96.
Philip McKeon

**Philip Anthony McKeon** (November 11, 1964 – December 10, 2019) was an American actor. He was known for playing the role of Tommy Hyatt on the sitcom _Alice_ from 1976 to 1985.

McKeon died in Wimberley, Texas on December 10, 2019 after a long-illness, aged 55.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Philip McKeon
- **image**: Alice Philip McKeon 1976.jpg
- **caption**: Philip McKeon, circa 1976
- **birth name**: Philip Anthony McKeon
- **birth place**: Westbury, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Wimberley, Texas, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1976-2000
- **relatives**: Nancy McKeon (sister)
Westbury, New York

**Westbury** is a village in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 15,864 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Westbury, New York
- **official name**: Incorporated Village of Westbury
- **settlement type**: Village (New York), Village
- **motto**: "Community for All Seasons"
- **image skyline**: Westbury_Village_Hall,_Westbury,_Long_Island,_New_York.jpg
- **image caption**: Westbury Village Hall on June 9, 2021.
- **pushpin map**: USA New York Long Island#New York#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the state of New York
- **image map**: Nassau County New York incorporated and unincorporated areas Westbury highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 260px
- **map caption**: Location in Nassau County, New York, Nassau County and the state of New York (state), New York.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in New York, County
- **subdivision type3**: Administrative divisions of New York (state)#Town, Town
- **subdivision name3**: North Hempstead, New York, North Hempstead
- **established title**: Municipal incorporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1932
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 2.34
- **area land sq mi**: 2.34
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 15864
- **population density sq mi**: 6767.9
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 31
- **elevation ft**: 102
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 11590
- **area code**: Area code 516, 516
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 36-79444
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0970896
- **named for**: Westbury, Wiltshire, England
- **area total km2**: 6.07
- **area land km2**: 6.07
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population density km2**: 2613.6
Polly Holliday

**Polly Dean Holliday** (July 2, 1937 – September 9, 2025) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as the sassy waitress Florence Jean "Flo" Castleberry on the 1970s sitcom _Alice_, which she replayed in its short-lived spin-off, _Flo_. She was born in Jasper, Alabama.

In 1978 and 1979, Holliday won two Golden Globe Awards. In 1984, she won a Saturn Award for her role in _Gremlins_. She also had roles in _All the President's Men_, _Moon over Parador_, _Mrs. Doubtfire_, and _The Parent Trap_.

## Personal life and death

Holliday was an Episcopalian Christian who sang in the St. Andrews Episcopal Choir in Montevallo, Alabama. In January 2010, she played the character of herself in an official set of advertisements for the Episcopal Church. In New York City, she sang in the Episcopal Grace Church Choral Society in Greenwich Village and ran a chamber music series there.

After a decline in her health, Holliday died from an what seemed to be a case of pneumonia at her home in Manhattan, New York City, on September 9, 2025, at the age of 88. She was the last surviving member of the original cast of _Alice_. She never married or had any children.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Polly Holliday
- **image**: Polly Holliday Flo.jpg
- **birthname**: Polly Dean Holliday
- **birth place**: Jasper, Alabama, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York, U.S.
- **death cause**: Pneumonia
- **alma mater**: University of Montevallo, Alabama College, State College for Women
Florida State University
- **awards**: Alabama Stage and Screen Hall of Fame
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1963–2010
Alice (TV series)

***Alice*** is an American sitcom television series that aired on CBS from August 31, 1976, to March 19, 1985. The series is based on the 1974 movie _Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore_.

The show stars Linda Lavin in the main role, a widow who moves with her young son to start life over again, and finds a job working at a roadside diner in Phoenix, Arizona. The series also stars Vic Tayback, Beth Howland, Philip McKeon, Polly Holliday, Diane Ladd, Celia Weston, and Charles Levin with Marvin Kaplan.

In 1979, the show won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy.
Public law

**Public law** is a branch of law about the relations of individuals with the government and the organization and conduct of the government itself.

In public law there is:

a. Constitutional law: basic law of the state.

b. Administrative law: fixes the powers and duties of the state.

c. Criminal law: the state says what penalties there are for crimes committed by individuals or businesses.

The other kind of law is private law.
Boston United F.C.

**Boston United Football Club** is an English football club based in Boston, Lincolnshire. The club participates in the National League North, the sixth tier of English football.

Boston's neighbours include Lincoln City, Scunthorpe United and Grimsby Town.

Boston United were members of the Football League from 2002 until 2007.

## Infobox (football club)

- **nickname**: The Pilgrims
- **ground**: York Street, Boston, Lincolnshire, Boston
- **capacity**: 6,643 (5,711 seated)
- **current**: 2018–19 National League#National League North
- **website**: http://www.bostonunited.co.uk
- **pattern b1**: _blackstripes_thin2
- **pattern b2**: _whiteshoulders
- **pattern sh2**: _whitesides
- **leftarm1**: FFDF00
- **leftarm2**: 5416B4
- **body1**: FFDF00
- **body2**: 5416B4
- **rightarm1**: FFDF00
- **rightarm2**: 5416B4
- **shorts1**: 000000
- **shorts2**: 5416B4
- **socks1**: FFDF00
- **socks2**: 5416B4
- **clubname**: Boston United F.C.
- **image size**: 200px
- **fullname**: Boston United Football Club
- **chairman**: David Newton
- **manager**: Craig Elliott
Bérénice Marlohe

**Bérénice Lim Marlohe** (born 19 May 1979) is a French actress. She played Bond girl Sévérine in the twenty-third _James Bond_ movie _Skyfall_. She was born in Paris.
Alison Cronin

**Alison Lorraine Cronin**, MBE (born September 1966) is the director of Monkey World in Dorset, England, a place of refuge for primates that have been treated badly and not taken care of properly, from the United States. She is widely accepted to be an international expert in rescuing and rehabilitating such primates, and enforcing international treaties aimed at protecting them from illegal trade and experimentation.

Alison Cronin and her husband got an MBE in 2006 for Services to Animal Welfare, as well as starting the Endangered Asian Species Trust.

## Early life and career

Alison Cronin was born in September 1966 as Alison Lorraine Ames in San Diego, California. She studied biological anthropology at Cambridge University. She met Jim Cronin at Monkey World in 1993 while she was living in the UK. They married in 1996. They were joint directors of Monkey World. After her husband died, Cronin continued running the site and working against the illegal transportation of animals.

Alison Cronin became known through the television series _Monkey Business_, which was made by Meridian Broadcasting and shown on ITV Meridian in the UK and on Animal Planet worldwide, which has recorded the frequent rescue missions and undercover investigations all around Europe and Asia. The show began in 1998 with _Monkey Business_, which was then replaced with _Monkey Life_ in 2007. It covers the low and high-profile rescues, one of the most dramatic being in January 2008 when Cronin led a huge rescue of 88 Capuchin monkeys from Chile.

In 2008, Alison Cronin led the creation of the Dao Tien Endangered Primate Rescue Centre located in Cát Tiên National Park, Southern Vietnam which is a rescue, rehabilitation, and release centre focusing on golden-cheeked gibbons, black-shanked douc langurs, silvered langurs, and pygmy loris. Alison Cronin has written on primates as well as fought to get legislation changed to protect the primates.

In 2018, Cronin was awarded an honorary degree from Oxford Brookes University for her work.

## Other websites

- Monkey World

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Alison Cronin
- **honorific suffix**: Order of the British Empire, MBE
- **birth name**: Alison Lorraine Ames
- **birth place**: United States
- **occupation**: Zookeeper and primate behavioural expert
- **known for**: Monkey World
- **spouse**: Jim Cronin (zoo keeper), Jim Cronin (m. 1996–2007) (his death)
Zozibini Tunzi

**Zozibini Tunzi** (born 18 September 1993) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned Miss Universe 2019. Tunzi had  been crowned Miss South Africa 2019. She is the third woman from South Africa to win the title, and the first black woman since Leila Lopes was crowned Miss Universe 2011.

## Infobox (pageant titleholder)

- **name**: Zozibini Tunzi
- **image**: File:Zozibini Tunzi en La Prensa Gráfica.jpg
- **caption**: Tunzi as Miss Universe 2019
- **birth place**: Tsolo, Tsolo, Eastern Cape, South Africa
- **education**: Cape Peninsula University of Technology
- **hair color**: Black hair, Black
- **eye color**: Eye color#Brown, Brown
- **title**: Miss South Africa 2019
Miss Universe 2019
- **competitions**: Miss South Africa 2017
(Top 26)
Miss South Africa 2019
(Winner)
Miss Universe 2019
(Winner)
Percival Lowell

**Percival Lawrence Lowell** (; March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was an American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer.  He founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He started the effort that led to the discovery of Pluto 14 years after his death.

His reputation was damaged by his belief in canals on Mars. This idea was counter-attacked by Alfred Russel Wallace.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Percival Lowell
- **image**: Percival Lowell 1900s2.jpg
- **caption**: Percival Lowell during the early-20th century
- **birth place**: Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **death place**: Flagstaff, Arizona, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **field**: Astronomy
- **education**: Noble and Greenough School
- **alma mater**: Harvard University
- **known for**: Martian canals, Asteroids discovered: 793 Arizona (April 9, 1907)
Eretmophorus kleinenbergi

***Eretmophorus kleinenbergi*** is a species of morid cod found in the Mediterranean Sea and possibly into the Atlantic Ocean. This species grows to  in length. It is the only known member of its genus.
Rose Cousins

**Rosanne Millicent Cousins** (born April 21, 1977) is a Canadian folk and pop music singer-songwriter. She was born in Prince Edward Island. She had two extended play records. In 2006, she released her first full-length studio album _If You Were for Me_. Cousins was nominated for the best solo artist at the Canadian Folk Music Awards. She was a winner of the 2007 Mountain Stage Newsong Contest. Next, she won the best folk recording in the Nova Scotia Music Awards and PEI Music Awards. Then she won Female Recording of the Year at the East Coast Music Awards in 2008.

Cousins followed her first studio album with _The Send Off_ in 2009. For this, she was named contemporary singer at the Canadian Folk Music Awards in 2010. She released _We Have Made a Spark_ in 2012. She won a Juno Award in 2013. Her next album, _Bravada_, has a February 2020 release date.
Danielius Dolskis

**Danielius Dolskis** (April 13, 1891 – December 3, 1931) was a Lithuanian singer in the Russian Empire.

Danielius Dolskis sang in Saint Petersburg until 1917. He also sang in Moscow, Odessa, and Kiev. After the October Revolution, he moved to Riga, Latvia. In 1929, Danielius Dolskis moved to Kaunas, Lithuania, where he sang in restaurants.

Danielius Dolskis got pneumonia in 1931 after a performance. He died several days later.
International Mountain Day

**International Mountain Day** is a day to show the need for sustainable use of mountains. It is held on 11 December of every year.

The day was set up by the United Nations in 1992. It was then celebrated for the first time in 2003.
Jay Bruce

**Jay Allen Bruce** (born April 3, 1987) is an American professional baseball corner outfielder for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). Before he played for the Phillies, he played for the Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets, Cleveland Indians, and Seattle Mariners. The Reds chose Bruce in the first round, 12th overall pick, of the 2005 Major League Baseball draft (where teams chose their players).  He started playing in MLB in 2008. Bruce has been named an All-Star three times during his career, and has won the Silver Slugger Award twice.
Daisuke Matsuzaka

is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who currently plays for the Saitama Seibu Lions  . He has played for the Boston Red Sox and New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Seibu Lions ,Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and Chunichi Dragons  of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).

Matsuzaka was selected the MVP of the inaugural and the second World Baseball Classic, and is an Olympic bronze medalist.

He is the first player to have won both a World Series and a World Baseball Classic.

## Infobox (baseball biography)

- **name**: Daisuke Matsuzaka

- **image**: Daisuke Matsuzaka on March 7, 2014.jpg
- **image size**: 240px
- **caption**: Matsuzaka with the New York Mets in 2014
- **team**: Saitama Seibu Lions
- **position**: Pitcher
- **birth place**: Aomori, Aomori, Aomori, Aomori Prefecture, Japan
- **bats**: Right
- **throws**: Right
- **debutleague**: NPB
- **debutdate**: April 7
- **debutyear**: 1999
- **debutteam**: Seibu Lions
- **debut2league**: MLB
- **debut2date**: April 5
- **debut2year**: 2007
- **debut2team**: Boston Red Sox
- **statleague**: NPB
- **stat1label**: Win–loss record (pitching), Win–loss record
- **stat1value**: 114–64
- **stat2label**: Earned run average
- **stat2value**: 2.99
- **stat3label**: Strikeouts
- **stat3value**: 1,408
- **statyear**: 2018
- **stat2league**: MLB
- **stat21label**: Win–loss record
- **stat21value**: 56–43
- **stat22label**: Earned run average
- **stat22value**: 4.45
- **stat23label**: Strikeouts
- **stat23value**: 720
- **teams**: * Seibu Lions (–)
* Boston Red Sox (–)
* New York Mets (–)
* Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks (–)
* Chunichi Dragons (–)
- **awards**: **NPB**
* Nippon Professional Baseball Rookie of the Year Award, Pacific League Rookie of the Year (1999)
* 3× NPB win leader (1999–2001)
* 4× NPB strikeout leader (2000–2001, 2003, 2005)
* 2× NPB ERA leader (2003–2004)
* Eiji Sawamura Award (2001)
* 3× NPB Best Nine Award (1999–2001)
* 7× Mitsui Golden Glove Award (1999–2001, 2003–2006)
* 7× Nippon Professional Baseball All-Star Series, NPB All-Star (1999–2001, 2004–2006, 2018)
* 2x Japan Series, Japan Series champion (2004 Japan Series, 2004, 2017 Japan Series, 2017)
**MLB**
* World Series champion ()
**Japan National Team**
* 2× World Baseball Classic champion (2006 World Baseball Classic, 2006, 2009 World Baseball Classic, 2009)
* 2× World Baseball Classic MVP (2006 World Baseball Classic, 2006, 2009 World Baseball Classic, 2009)
* 2x All-World Baseball Classic Team (2006 World Baseball Classic, 2006, 2009 World Baseball Classic, 2009)
**Other**
* Japan Professional Sports Grand Prize (1999)
National Center for Biotechnology Information

The **National Center for Biotechnology Information** (**NCBI**), is part of the United States National Institutes of Health.  It has a database where scientists can put information for other people to read and use, especially information about molecules and the way they affect and create living things.

According to its own website, NCBI's goal is to make it easier for people to invent new technology that can be used to study molecules and genes.  It also sets up meetings for scientists to talk to each other, trains new scientists, develops computer-based ways of studying information, and conducts scientific research on its own.

## Beginning

In 1988, United States Senator Claude Pepper proposed the law that would create NCBI, and the rest of the United States Congress passed it.

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: National Center for Biotechnology Information
- **logo**: US-NLM-NCBI-Logo.svg
- **logo size**: 140px
- **alt**: Logo of National Center for Biotechnology Information
- **abbreviation**: NCBI
- **headquarters**: Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, U.S.
Ultar Sar

**Ultar Sar** is a  mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. It is also known as **Ultar Peak**, **Ultar II**, **Bojohagur Duanasir II**, and simply as **Ultar**. Ultar Sar is part of the Batura Muztagh subrange. It is the 69th highest mountain in the world.

The first people to reach the top were Akito Yamazaki and Kiyoshi Matsuoka, in 1996. It is a very difficult and dangerous climb.
Floor leader

A **floor Leader**, also known as a **caucus leader**, is a leader of their political party in a body of a legislature. They are also called Leaders of the House.
David Bellamy

**David James Bellamy**  (18 January 1933 – 11 December 2019) was an English author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner and botanist.

Bellamy wrote, appeared in or presented hundreds of television programmes on botany, ecology, environmentalism and other issues. His television series included _Bellamy on Botany_, _Bellamy's Britain_, _Bellamy's Europe_ and _Bellamy's Backyard Safari_.

Bellamy died on the morning of 11 December 2019 in Durham, aged 86.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: David Bellamy
- **image**: File:David Bellamy 4 Allan Warren.jpg
- **caption**: Bellamy in 1981
- **birth name**: David James Bellamy
- **birth place**: London, England
- **education**: Sutton Grammar School, Sutton County Grammar School; Chelsea College of Science and Technology (now part of King's College London); Bedford College (now part of Royal Holloway, University of London)
- **death place**: Durham, England
- **employer**: Durham University
- **known for**: botanist, author, broadcast presenter, environmental campaigner
- **children**: 5
Veijo Puhjo

**Veijo Olavi Puhjo** (26 June 1948 – 9 December 2019) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Left Alliance. He was elected in 1995 and retired in 2001. He was born in Loimaa, Finland. Puhjo was born in Loimaa, Finland.

Puhjo died on 9 December 2019 in Pori, Finland at the age of 71.

## Other websites

- Parliament of Finland: Veijo Puhjo
Sherman Howard (American football)

**Sherman John Howard** (November 28, 1924 – December 5, 2019) was an professional American football player. He played professionally as a halfback for four seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the New York Yanks and Cleveland Browns. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Howard died in Chicago on December 5, 2019 at the age of 95.
Henry Ward Beecher

**Henry Ward Beecher** (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was an American clergyman, social reformer, and speaker. As the pastor of a Congregational church in Brooklyn he became famous for his work to end slavery.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Henry Ward Beecher
- **image**: Henry Ward Beecher - Brady-Handy.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Beecher, between 1855 and 1865
- **birth place**: Litchfield, Connecticut
- **death place**: Brooklyn, New York
- **occupation**: Congregational Clergyman, abolitionist
- **spouse**: Eunice White Beecher
- **parents**: Lyman Beecher, Lyman and Roxana Beecher
- **signature**: Appletons' Beecher Lyman - Henry Ward signature.png
Urethral sphincters

In mammals, the **urethral sphincters** are two muscles that control the exit of urine from the bladder through the urethra. If either of them contracts, the urethra is sealed shut. In male mammals, one of the muscles is placed around the urethra. In female mammals, it is placed on the side of the vagina. In male mammals, the muscles are also used to transport the sperm, when an erection happens.
Chipko movement

The **Chipko movement** was a group action in India with the goal of saving trees. This is mainly done through the act of hugging trees to protect them from being cut. It was also known as **Chipko Andolan**. Those who were part of it used nonviolent protests. The Chipko movement began in the early 1970s in Uttarakhand. It then spread to Uttar Pradesh. By the 1980s it had spread across most of India.

The Chipko leads to a change in policies to stop the clear cutting of trees in some regions. (Clear cutting is a type of logging where all trees in an area are cut down).

Chipko movement was started by Sunderlal Bahuguna.

The name of the Chipko moment originated from the word 'embrace' as the villagers used to hug the trees and protect them from wood cutters from cutting them. In 1731, the king of Jodhpur in Rajasthan asked one of his ministers to arrange wood for constructing a new palace. The minister and workers went to a forest near a village, inhabited by Bishnois, to cut down trees. A Bishnoi woman Amrita Devi showed exemplary courage by hugging a tree and daring king’s men to cut her first before cutting the tree. The tree mattered much more to her than her own life. Sadly, the king’s men did not heed to her pleas, and cut down the tree along with Amrita Devi. Her three daughters and hundreds of other Bishnois followed her, and thus lost their lives saving trees. The incident inspired the several other rural women, who launched such similar movements in different parts of India. The Chipko Movement gained momentum under Sunderlal Bahuguna, an activist, who spent his whole life persuading and educating the villagers, to protest against the destruction of the forests and the Himalayan mountains by the government. The Chipko protests achieved a major victory in 1980 with a 15 years ban on tree felling in the Himalayan forests of the state by the order of Mrs. Indira Gandhi.
Now, even an Amrita Devi Award is given to those involved in wildlife protection and conservation.
Gollapudi Maruti Rao

**Gollapudi Maruti Rao** (14 April 1939 – 12 December 2019) was an Indian actor and screenwriter. He was born in Vizianagaram, British India (present day Andhra Pradesh). He was known for his roles in _Samsaram Oka Chadarangam_, _Yamudiki Mogudu_ and _Aditya 369_. He also wrote many plays such as: _Rendu Rellu Aaru_, _Patita_, _Karuninchani Devatalu_, _Mahanatudu_, _Kaalam Venakku Tirigindi_ and in Aasayaalaku Sankellu''.

Rao died at a private hospital in Chennai, India on 12 December 2019 from an illness, aged 80.
Momhil Sar

**Momhil Sar** is a  mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. Momhil Sar is part of the Hispar Muztagh subrange. It is the 63rd highest mountain in the world.

The first people to reach the top were Hans Schell and his expedition, in 1965.
Atlantic cod

**Atlantic cod** is a species of cod which occurs in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The younger fish live near the surface of the ocean, the older ones near the sea floor. Atlantic cod is one of the species of cod that has been consumed by humans. The atlantic cod feeds on other, smaller fish (for example herring), as well as molluscs.
Gowling WLG

**Gowling WLG** is a multinational law firm. It was formed by the merger of Canada-based Gowlings and UK-based Wragge Lawrence Graham & Co in February 2016. This was the first multinational law firm merger between British and Canadian firms. As of 2020, it is 16th on The Lawyer UK 200 list of best law firms.

Gowling WLG International Limited is an English company limited by guarantee. The two limited liability partnerships of Gowling WLG (Canada) LLP and Gowling WLG (UK) LLP are members of it. The two partnerships provide legal services. They are financially separate.

This is a fairly loose association, where each "partner" does the legal work for its own country. Therefore regulators in each country know who is responsible for any particular case.

## Offices

The firm has 19 offices in Canada, the UK, continental Europe, the Middle East, China and Singapore. Gowling WLG plans to grow in Germany and East Asia in the near future.

## Notable professionals and alumni

- Leonard Walter Brockington (1888–1966).  Founding chairman of the CBC, 1936-1939
- Gordon F. Henderson (1912–1993).  President of the Canadian Bar Association, 1979–1980; Chancellor of the University of Ottawa, 1991–1993
- Roy McMurtry (born 1932). Attorney General of Ontario, 1975–1985 and Chief Justice of Ontario, 1996–2007

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (law firm)

- **name**: Gowling WLG
- **location city**: Birmingham
- **num offices**: 19
- **num lawyers**: over 1,400
- **foundation**: 2016 (by merger)
- **type**: Company limited by guarantee; separate limited liability partnerships in Canada and UK
- **slogan**: In tune with your world.
Mortal Engines Quartet

The ***Mortal Engines Quartet*** is a fantasy novel series by British author, Philip Reeve.

A prequel series, Fever Crumb, set 600 years before the events of the Quartet, was published between 2009 and 2011. In March 2020 Reeve said "too much time has passed since I wrote the other books, it’s hard to go back to that world" and that he did not intend to publish further books in the series.

On November 18, 2020, upon asked whether _Mortal Engines_ would be rebooted for the television screens, he responded that, while that would be nice, it seemed unlikely.

## Books

- _Mortal Engines_
- _Predator's Gold_
- _Infernal Devices_
- _A Darkling Plain_
Icicle

An **icicle** is a spike of ice formed when water falling from an object freezes.

Icicles are formed on days when the outdoor air temperature is below freezing (less than 0 degrees Celcius) and heat from sunlight melts snow or ice on anything sloped. The droplets of water freeze as they loses their heat to the cold air, forming a cone-like shape of ice.

## Shape

Once water starts dripping, it begins to freeze into a certain side. It will melt and freeze over and begin to create icicles. As winter gets longer and temperatures stay in the freezing and sunlight is present, water will just melt and drip alongside the icicle causing them to get longer and sharper. The reason why icicles are pointy is because the water drips in a downward motion. Icicles can range from millimeters to feet in length.

## Accidents

Icicles are beautiful, but they can sometimes be  dangerous. Icicles have been reported fatal since the 1700s, from falling on people and causing accidents to property being damaged. Icicles can cause damage on many structures such as buildings and homes, once ice forms layers the weight of it can cause the structure to fall or break off. Icicles can also be formed on bridges over streets and highways creating a potential danger for nearby motor vehicles passing by.
Rydberg constant

In spectroscopy, the **Rydberg constant** is a physical constant relating to the electromagnetic spectra of an atom**.** Its symbol is  for heavy atoms or  for hydrogen. The constant is named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg.  The constant first arose as an empirical fitting parameter in the Rydberg formula for the hydrogen spectral series.  Niels Bohr later showed that its value could be calculated from more fundamental constants via his Bohr model. ,  and electron spin _g_-factor are the most accurately measured physical constants.

The constant is expressed for either hydrogen as , or at the limit of infinite nuclear mass as . In either case, the constant is used to express the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from an atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing an atom from its ground state. The hydrogen spectral series can be expressed simply in terms of the Rydberg constant for hydrogen  and the Rydberg formula.

In atomic physics, **Rydberg unit of energy**, symbol Ry, corresponds to the energy of the photon whose wavenumber is the Rydberg constant, i.e. the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom.
The Corsair

***The Corsair*** is a book by Lord Byron.  It is about the life of a corsair (a person who fights wars at sea) named Conrad.
Pineville, Louisiana

**Pineville** is a suburb of Alexandria. It is in Rapides Parish, Louisiana.
Abstraction (art)

**Abstraction** in art history is when art does not try to show how something actually looks "but instead use shapes, colours, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect."
Brian Muller

**Brian Leo** "**Jazz**" **Muller** (11 June 1942 – 12 December 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played as a prop. He played for Taranaki at a provincial level from 1963 to 1972. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1967 to 1971. He played 35 matches for the All Blacks, including 14 internationals.

Muller was born in Eltham. He died on 12 December 2019 at the age of 77.
Łęczna

**Łęczna**  is a town in eastern Poland with 19,780 people (2014), in Lublin Voivodeship. It is the capital of Łęczna County and the smaller administrative district of Gmina Łęczna. The town is in northeastern corner of historic province of Lesser Poland. On 31 December 2010, the population of the town was 20,706.

Łęczna tops among the hills of the Lublin Upland, at the confluence of two rivers—the Wieprz, and the Świnka.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Old City Homepage

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Łęczna
- **image skyline**: Łęczyński ratusz.jpg
- **image caption**: Łęczna town hall
- **image shield**: POL Łęczna COA.svg
- **image flag**: POL Łęczna flag.svg
- **pushpin map**: Poland
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Poland
- **subdivision type1**: Voivodeships of Poland, Voivodeship
- **subdivision name1**: Lublin Voivodeship, Lublin
- **subdivision type2**: Powiat, County
- **subdivision name2**: Łęczna County
- **subdivision type3**: Gmina
- **subdivision name3**: Gmina Łęczna
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Leszek Włodarski
- **established title2**: Town rights
- **established date2**: 1467
- **area total km2**: 11.00
- **population as of**: 2017
- **population total**: 18 812
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 21-010
- **blank name**: Polish car number plates, Car plates
- **blank info**: LLE
Nosrat Karimi

**Nosrat Karimi** (, 22 December 1924 – 3 December 2019) was an Iranian actor, director, make-up artist, professor, scriptwriter, and sculptor. His career lasted for sixty years from 1965 through 2019. He was best known for his role as Agha Joon in _My Uncle Napoleon_ and _The Carriage Driver_. Karimi was born in Tehran.

Karimi died on 3 December 2019 in Tehran at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Nosrat Karimi at IranianMovies.com
- Karimi at iranian.com.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Nosrat Karimi in 1970s.jpg
- **name**: Nosrat Karimi

- **birthname**: Nosratollah Karimi

- **birth place**: Tehran, Iran
- **death place**: Tehran, Iran
- **resting place**: Behesht-e Zahra Cemetery
- **yearsactive**: 1965–2019
- **occupation**: Actor, Sculptor
- **spouse**: A'lam Danayi (divorced)
Parvin Teymouri
- **children**: 3
Richard Easton

**John Richard Easton** (March 22, 1933 – December 2, 2019) was a Canadian actor. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Easton was best known for his role as Brian Hammond in the 1970s BBC serial _The Brothers_. He also had television guest appearances on _Doctor Who_, _L.A. Law_, _Frasier_, and _Ed_.

In 2001, he won a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his role in _The Invention of Love_. In 2008, Easton was added into the American Theater Hall of Fame.

Easton died on December 2, 2019 of congestive heart failure at his home in Manhattan at the age of 86.
Charles Koffi Diby

**Charles Koffi Diby** (7 September 1957 – 7 December 2019) was an Ivorian politician. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ivory Coast from 2012 to 2016. He was born in Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire.

Diby died on 7 December 2019 of problems caused by anorexia at his home in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, aged 62.

## Other websites

- article on Diby's visit to Brazil
William Luce

**William Aubert Luce** (October 16, 1931 – December 9, 2019) was an American playwright and television writer. He wrote many plays which starred Julie Harris. His best known play works were _The Belle of Amherst_ and _Barrymore_. He also wrote the television screenplay of _The Last Days of Patton_. Luce was born in Portland, Oregon.

Luce died of Alzheimer's disease-related problems at his home in Green Valley, Arizona on December 9, 2019 at the age of 88.
Green Valley, Arizona

**Green Valley** is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 22,616 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Green Valley, Arizona
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **image skyline**: Green Valley rooftop.jpg
- **image caption**: Tile rooftop in Green Valley
- **image map**: Pima County Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Green Valley highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Pima County, Arizona, Pima County and Arizona
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Arizona, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Arizona
- **subdivision name2**: Pima County, Arizona, Pima
- **area total sq mi**: 19.75
- **area total km2**: 51.14
- **area land sq mi**: 19.73
- **area land km2**: 51.10
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **area water km2**: 0.04
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 22616
- **population density km2**: 442.59
- **population density sq mi**: 1146.27
- **timezone**: Mountain Time Zone, Mountain (MST)
- **utc offset**: −7
- **elevation m**: 908
- **elevation ft**: 2980
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 85614, 85622
- **area code**: Area code 520, 520
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 04-29710
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Ashland, Oregon

**Ashland** is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. The city's population was 21,360 at the 2020 census.
Yang di-Pertuan Negara

**Yang di-Pertuan Negara**  or simply **Yang di-Pertuan** is the name of the head of state of Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia.