juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
UPS

**UPS** may means:

- Uninterruptible power supply, an emergency electricity source
- United Parcel Service, an American shipping company
Rajkumar

**Dr. Rajkumar** (Real Name: **Singanalluru Puttaswamayya Muthuraju** April 24, 1929 - April 12, 2006) was the most popular actor in Kannada's movie industry. He was seen as a role model to millions of Kannadigas.

"Dr. Raj" or "Natasarvabhouma" or "Annavru" (Big Brother) to millions of his fans, he was also called the John Wayne of South Indian cinema. He acted in more than 200 movies over 50 years. Most of his movies have become very important in the Kannada movie industry. He was also a well-known singer.

## Early life

Dr. Rajkumar was born as Singanalluru Puttaswamayya Muthuraju on April 24, 1929, in Gajanur, a village on the border of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. He came from a theater background. His father, Puttaswamayya, was a stage actor and young Rajkumar often watched his father's plays. This created his love for acting from a young age.

## Acting career

Dr. Rajkumar began his film career with the movie Bedara Kannappa in 1954. The film was a big success and made him a star overnight. Over the next 50 years, he acted in more than 200 Kannada films. Many of his movies became famous and are now seen as classics. Some popular movies include Bangarada Manushya, Kasturi Nivasa, Jeevana Chaitra and Bhakta Prahlada.

He was known for playing good, honest and strong characters. He never acted in movies that showed bad habits like smoking or drinking, as he wanted to set a good example for others.

## Singing talent

Apart from acting, Dr. Rajkumar was also a talented singer. He sang many songs in his own movies and received praise for his soulful voice. His song "Yaare Koogadali" is still very popular.

## Kidnapping incident

In July 2000, Dr. Rajkumar was kidnapped by forest bandit Veerappan from his home in Gajanur. He was held hostage for 108 days before being released. This incident shocked and worried fans all over Karnataka.

## Death

Dr. Rajkumar died on April 12, 2006, from a heart attack. His death caused great sadness across Karnataka. Thousands of people came to pay their respects.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Dr. Rajkumar
- **image**: Rajkumar 2009 stamp of India.jpg
- **caption**: A 2009 stamp of India showing Dr. Rajkumar
- **birth name**: Singanalluru Puttaswamaiah Muthuraj
- **birth place**: Doddagajanur,  India
- **death place**: Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- **occupation**: Actor, singer
- **years active**: 1954–2000
- **children**: 5 (including Shiva Rajkumar, Raghavendra Rajkumar, Puneeth Rajkumar)
- **honors**: Padma Bhushan (1983), Karnataka Ratna (1992), Dadasaheb Phalke Award (1995)
Nicholas

**Nicholas** is a male first name.
The name is derived from the Greek name “Nikólaos” and is developed out nikáo “triumphs” and laós “people”. After the Greek word use the name can mean both “winner of the people” and “winner over the people”.

### Saints with the name

- Nicholas of Myra, bishop of Myra, in the 4th century. Commonly known as _Saint Nicholas_. Santa Claus is modelled on him.
- Nicholas of Flüe
- Nicholas of Japan

### Monarchs

- Nicholas I of Russia
- Nicholas II of Russia

### Popes and Antipopes

- Pope Nicholas I
- Pope Nicholas II
- Pope Nicholas III
- Pope Nicholas IV
- Pope Nicholas V
- Antipope Nicholas V

### Patriarchs

- Patriarch Nicholas I of Constantinople
- Patriarch Nicholas II of Constantinople
- Patriarch Nicholas III of Constantinople
- Patriarch Nicholas IV of Constantinople

### Other people

- Nicholas of Cusa
- Nikolaus Groß

## Related pages

- Nick
Freedom fighter

A **freedom fighter** is a person who thinks their native ethnic group is not free, and is working to have freedom for their group. Most often this means that a freedom fighter wants their people to have own nation and independence and/or get rid of oppressors. People who think like this are said to think in a nationalist way.

Freedom fighter is a _relativistic_ term - this means a person decides by his or her point of view if he call some persons or groups freedom fighters or not. Freedom fighter is a _positive_ term - this means that he or she calls a person "freedom fighter" only if he or she supports the goals of the freedom fighter. If people do not support his goals, they probably use more _negative_ terms like insurgent, terrorist, rebel or criminal.

Freedom fighters are often called terrorists by their opponents if they hurt civilians. However, not all freedom fighters hurt civilians. Some freedom fighters damage the opposing military. Some freedom fighters damage property - this is called sabotage. There are also freedom fighters who do not use violence at all. For example, Mahatma Gandhi and Dalai Lama.

## Groups

These are examples of groups who call themselves freedom fighters.
- The African National Congress, c.f. Alfred Nzo's Address to the British Trades Union Congress at its Presentation of a Gold Medal to Nelson Mandela , 1988.
- Al-Qaeda
- Aryan Nations
- Babbar Khalsa (Sikh separatists)
- CNRT Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense
- The Continuity Irish Republican Army
- Earth Liberation Front
- ETA Euskadi Ta Askatasuna - Basque nationalist organization
- GAM Gerakan Aceh Merdeka
- Hamas
- Hezbollah
- Hizbul Mujahideen - Kashmiri separatists
- The Irish National Liberation Army
- The Irish People's Liberation Organisation
- The Irish Republican Army
- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Tamil Separatists)
- Mahdi Army a militia force created by and loyal to the Iraqi Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr
- The New Peoples' Army
- The National Liberation Front of Algeria (FLN)
- The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
- The Real Irish Republican Army
- The Scottish National Liberation Army
- The Ulster Defence Regiment
- The Ulster Freedom Fighters
- The Ulster Volunteer Force

## Other examples

- The Dalai Lama: "We are freedom fighters unique in our peaceful approach to liberation."
- Sitting Bull
- Nelson Mandela
- Mahatma Gandhi
- Michael Collins (Irish leader)
- Red Cloud
- William the Silent
- George Washington
- Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman

### In public media

•Assassin's Creed is based around a group of freedom fighters.

•The Hunger Games is set in a dystopia that later features freedom fighters.
Grain (disambiguation)

A "cereal" grain is the seed of a grass, a simple dry fruit technically called a caryopsis. Grain may also refer to:
- Grain (measure), a mass of 64.79891 milligrams, 1/7,000th of an avoirdupois pound
- Film grain, the fineness of image resolution for photographic film
- Grain size, for particles of rock in geology
- Grain in metallurgy
- GRAIN - an international non-governmental organization for sustainable agriculture
- Isle of Grain in Kent, England, on which lies the village of Grain, Kent
- Grain, a solid propellant charge, roughly a hollow cylinder, sometimes textured, and possibly very large
- Granular synthesis, a method for digital musical instruments operating on the microsound time scale
- Wood grain, the alignment and texture of the wood fibres for woodworking
- Grain, a single crystal inside solid-state matter; see crystallite. Related to the obsolete "corn" as in corned beef
- "fine-grained" designates a more differentiated form of a technical or abstract system

## Related pages

- Granularity
Wood grain

**Wood grain** describes the ,  and appearance of the wood . This is often important in its effect on woodworking techniques (e.g. against the grain).

In describing the alignment of the wood in the tree a distinction may be made. Basic grain descriptions and types include:
- straight - grain which runs in a single direction along the cut wood, a product of a straight growing tree
- cross - grain in which some cells grow out from the major growth axis of the tree
- spiral - grain which develops as the trunk of the tree twists in development
- interlocked (roey grain) A step beyond spiral grain occurring when growth rings in a twisting trunk develop misaligned grain

In addition, there are a few special grain alignments. Their rarity often promotes the value of both the raw material, and the finished work it becomes a part of. These include:

- bird's eye
- quilted
- fiddleback
- curly
- tiger

In describing the application of a woodworking technique to a given piece of wood, the direction of the technique might be:
- with the grain
- against the grain
- across the grain

In a wider sense, the term grain may also be applied to the orientation of the cut, the way a given piece of wood has been sawn:
- flat-grain: flat-sawn or plain sawn,
- edge grain: quarter-sawn or rift-sawn or straight-grained, and
- end grain.
Groove (joinery)

In joinery, a **groove** is a slot or trench cut into a member which runs parallel to the grain. A groove is something else than  a dado, which runs across the grain.

Grooves are used for several purposes in cabinet making and other woodworking fields. Typically, a groove is used to house the panels in frame and panel construction and the bottoms drawers.

A groove may be _through_, meaning that it passes all the way through the surface and its ends are open, or _stopped_, meaning that one or both of the ends finish before the groove meets edge of the surface.

## Methods

A groove can be cut by the following methods:
- electric router using a straight or rebate bit
- circular saw with multiple passes (depending on width and depth)
- dado set in a single pass
- spindle moulder (wood shaper)
- hand saw and chisel
- router plane
Joinery

**Joinery** could mean:

- Woodworking joints or other types of mechanical joints (mainly in North American English)
- The work of the joiner, the fabrication and installation of wooden fittings in buildings (mainly in British English).
- In Australia, a joinery is also the generic term for a business which undertakes the tasks of a joiner - usually it is the name given to the premises from which such work is undertaken.
Woodworking joints

**Joinery** often refers to the part of woodworking that involves the joining together of parts of wood.

Traditional wood joinery techniques use
the distinctive material properties of wood, often without mechanical fasteners. There are different types of joinery for different structures, for example the joinery used
to build a house is different from that used to make puzzle toys,
although elements overlap.

Wood is strong when stressed along the grain (longitudinally), but weak across it (radially and tangentially). It expands and contracts in response to humidity.
This change is very small longitudinally.  It is considerable, but unequal,
in the radial and tangential directions.

## Styles of joinery

Two of the most common traditions of joinery are Japanese and European. The Japanese in particular developed hundreds of types of joints and their furniture was often held together without glue or nails.

## Related pages

- Woodworking

## References

- Bernard Jones (Ed.) (1980). _The Complete Woodworker_.
- Peter Korn (1993). _Working with Wood_.
- Sam Allen (1990). _Wood Joiner's Handbook_. Sterling Publishing.
- Wolfram Graubner (1992). _Encyclopedia of Wood Joints_. Taunton Press.
George Grenville

**George Grenville** (14 October 1712–13 November 1770) was Prime Minister of Great Britain. He was a member of the Whig Party. He was one of the few prime ministers who never was given a title of nobility.

Grenville was the second son of Richard Grenville and Hester Temple. His older brother was Richard Grenville-Temple.  Grenville went to school at Eton College and at Christ Church College, Oxford.  He entered Parliament in 1741 as member for Buckingham, and represented Buckingham until his death.

As Treasurer of the Navy in 1758 he introduced and carried a bill which established a fairer system of paying the wages of sailors. He stayed in office in 1761, when Pitt resigned, and in the administration of Lord Bute acted as Leader of the House of Commons. In May 1762 he became Secretary of State for the Northern Department, and in October First Lord of the Admiralty; and in April 1763 he became First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer.

While Prime Minister, his government oversaw the prosecution of John Wilkes and the passing of the American Stamp Act 1765, which led to the first disagreements between American colonies and Great Britain that led to the American Revolutionary War.

After many years of being Prime Minister, he began to have disagreements with young king George III.  The king started to think that the Prime Minister was using him as a puppet.  The king convinced Rockingham to become the new Prime Minister and Grenville never held an office again.

Grenville was called the "gentile shepherd" because he bored the House by asking over and over again, during the debate on the Cider Bill of 1763, that somebody should tell him "where" to lay the new tax if it was not to be put on cider. Pitt whistled the air of the popular tune _Gentle Shepherd, tell me where_, and the House laughed. Though few excelled him in a knowledge of the forms of the House or in mastery of administrative details, he lacked tact in dealing with people and with affairs.

In 1749 Grenville married Elizabeth Wyndham (before 1731-5 December 1769), daughter of Sir William Wyndham. They had seven children.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: The Rt Hon George Grenville
- **image**: George Grenville.png
- **order**: Prime Minister of Great Britain
- **term start**: 16 April 1763
- **term end**: 13 July 1765
- **predecessor**: John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, The Earl of Bute
- **successor**: Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, The Marquess of Rockingham
- **birth date**: 14 October 1712
- **birth place**: Westminster, London
- **death date**: 13 November 1770
- **death place**: London
- **party**: British Whig Party, Whig
- **order2**: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- **term start2**: 16 April 1763
- **term end2**: 16 July 1765
- **predecessor2**: Francis Dashwood, 15th Baron le Despencer, Sir Francis Dashwood, 2nd Bt.
- **successor2**: William Dowdeswell
- **alma mater**: Christ Church, Oxford
Eton College
Normans

The **Normans** were Vikings who settled in northern France. There they made a kingdom called _Normandy_.

In 1066 the Normans attacked England and took over. The battle was called The Battle Of Hastings. They ruled England for about 300 years. There they built the Tower of London, Windsor Castle and many other stone castles.

### Clothes

Normans wore woollen tunics and sometimes they wore a waistband to keep the tunic in place. The men also wore long cloaks.

### Food

Normans ate dairy, oatmeal porridge, green vegetables and sometimes meat. They often used honey as a sweetener and for mead (an alcoholic drink).

#### Castles

Normans built many stone castles that often had moats around them to protect them from intruders.

#### Houses

Norman houses had a wooden frame with sticks and twigs woven in between, which is called wattle, and then it was all covered in a layer of daub which was made from mud, wet clay, dung and straw. The roofs were usually thatched.

## Normans in Ireland

Diarmuid MacMurrough, King of Leinster kidnapped the King of Breifne’s wife. Then Rory O’Connor, the High King of Ireland fired him from being the King of Leinster. Diarmuid still wanted to be king so he hired some Normans, lead by Strongbow to help him get the throne back. Diarmuid had to pay Strongbow so he said that he could marry his daughter and become king when Diarmuid died. Strongbow agreed to this. They first came to Ireland at Bannow Bay, Wexford in 1169 and soon they got the throne back for Diarmuid. King Henry II, King of England and part of France, thought that Strongbow was getting too powerful since Strongbow wasn’t actually the king, so Henry decided to take over the whole of Ireland. He sent over some other Normans who arrived at Ireland in Baginbun, Wexford in 1170. Then King Henry II became King of Ireland as well.

While the Normans were in Ireland they built the original Dublin castle and many other stone castles.

Normans probably introduced rabbits and fallow deer to Ireland for meat and skins.
Captain

**Captain** is a military rank.

Captains are officers in an army.  In a navy, the commander of an entire ship is called "Captain" even if he is actually a lower rank. A Navy Captain rank is equal to the army rank of colonel. Another type of captain may command a merchant vessel or other ship that is not in a navy.

There are also captains in other uniformed organisations, including the police. A leader of a sports team is also called a captain, as well as the pilot of an airliner.
Wire rope

**Wire rope** consists of several strands laid (or 'twisted') together like a helix. Each strand is likewise made of metal wires laid together like a helix. Initially wrought iron wires were used, but today steel is the main material used for wire ropes.

## History & materials

Modern wire rope was invented by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains in Clausthal, Lower Saxony, Germany. It was quickly accepted because it was better than ropes made of hemp or to metal chains, such as had been used before.

Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of wires twisted about a hemp rope core, six such strands then being twisted around another hemp rope core in alternating directions for extra stability. Earlier forms of wire rope had been made by covering a bundle of wires with hemp.

In America wire rope was later manufactured by John A. Roebling, forming the basis for his success in suspension bridge building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials and manufacture of wire rope.

Manufacturing a wire rope is similar to making one from natural fibres. The individual wires are first twisted into a strand, then six or so such strands again twisted around a core. This core may consist of steel, but also of natural fibres such as sisal, manila, henequen, jute, or hemp. This is used to cushion off stress forces when bending the rope.

## Construction & specification

The specification of a wire rope type, including the number of wires per strand, the number of strands, and the lay of the rope, are is documented using a commonly accepted coding system, with abbreviations. For example, the rope shown in the figure "Wire rope construction" is designated:

**6x19 FC RH OL FSWR**

|**6**|Number of strands that make up the rope|
| --- | --- |
|**19**|Number of wires that make up each strand|
|**FC**|Fibre core|
|**RH**|Right hand lay|
|**OL**|Ordinary lay|
|**FSWR**|Flexible steel wire rope|
Each of the sections of the wire rope designation described above is variable. There are therefore a large number of combinations of wire rope that can be specified in this manner. The following abbreviations are commonly used to specify a wire rope.
|Abbr.|Description|
| --- | --- |
|FC|Fibre core|
|FSWR|Flexible steel wire rope|
|FW|Filler wire|
|IWR|Independent wire rope|
|IWRC|Independent wire rope core|
|J|Jute (fibre)|
|LH|Left hand lay|
|LL|Lang's lay|
|NR|Non-rotating|
|OL|Ordinary lay|
|RH|Right hand lay|
|S|Seale|
|SF|Seale filler wire|
|SW|Seale Warrington|
|SWL|Safe working load|
|TS|Triangular strand|
|W|Warrington|
|WF|Warriflex|
|WLL|Working load limit|
|WS|Warrington Seale|

## Other websites

- Modern history of wire rope
Liekkiö

Finnish mythology has several different kinds of **Liekkiö** ("flamey").  One of them is **Ihtiriekko**, a ghost of a bastard child.

Stories tell that a woman had sex with someone else than her husband. Maybe she did not even have a husband. She then get pregnant and gave birth to a baby. This way to make a baby was not accepted by church and society - that kind of baby is called bastard. Mother had to kill her bastard child to avoid being blamed by priests or other people. Mother then buried child outside graveyard and without priests blessing the body. The soul of the baby could not go to heaven because their body was not at a graveyard and was not blessed by a priest. This is why they became a ghost.

This ghost could make terrible noise until somebody dugs up their body and buries it in graveyard. Such ghost people are called Ihtiriekko. Ghosts could also be quiet, but they might be seen as a flame in forest, like will o' the wisp. Such ghost people are called Liekkiö.

es:Ihtiriekko
Bastard

A **bastard** is a person who was born of parents who are not married to each other. It is considered by some cultures and individuals as a nasty or insulting word or sometimes even profanity, with the term **illegitimate** being a little more polite. Some cultures see illegitimate children as dirty or bad and accept sexual relations only between married couples.

## Related pages

- Illegitimacy
Gödel number

In formal number theory a **Gödel numbering** is a function which assigns to each symbol and formula of some formal language a unique natural number called a **Gödel number (GN)**. The concept was first used by Kurt Gödel for the proof of his incompleteness theorem.

A Gödel numbering can be interpreted as an encoding where a number is assigned to each symbol of a mathematical notation, and a stream of natural numbers can then represent some form or function. A numbering of the set of computable functions can then be represented by a stream of Gödel numbers (also called effective numbers). Rogers' equivalence theorem states   criteria for which those numberings of the set of computable functions  are Gödel numberings.

## Definition

Given a countable set _S_, a **Gödel numbering** is an injective function
with both _f_ and  (the inverse of _f_) being computable functions.

### Base notation and strings

One of the simplest Gödel numbering schemes is used every day: The correspondence between integers and their representations as strings of symbols. For example, the sequence **2 3** is understood, by a particular set of rules, to correspond to the number twenty-three. Similarly, strings of symbols from some alphabet of _N_ symbols can be encoded by identifying each symbol with a number from 0 to _N_ and reading the string as the base _N_+1 representation of an integer.

## References

- Gödel, Kurt, "Über formal unentscheidbare Sätze der Principia Mathematica und verwandter Systeme I", _Monatsheft für Math. und Physik_ **38**, 1931, pages 173–198.

## Further reading

- _Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid_, by Douglas Hofstadter.  This book defines and uses an alternative Gödel numbering.
- _Gödel's Proof_ by Ernest Nagel and James R. Newman.  This book provides a good introduction and summary of the proof, with a large section dedicated to Gödel's numbering.
Formal language

In mathematics, computer science and linguistics, a **formal language** is one that has a particular set of symbols, and whose expressions are made according to a particular set of rules. The symbol  is often used as a variable for formal languages in logic.

Unlike natural languages, the symbols and formulas in formal languages are syntactically and semantically related to one another in a precise way. As a result, formal languages are completely (or almost completely) void of ambiguity.

## Examples

Some examples of formal languages include:

- The set of all words over
- The set , where  is a natural number and  means  repeated  times
- Finite languages, such as
- The set of syntactically correct programs in a given programming language
- The set of inputs upon which a certain Turing machine halts

## Specification

A formal language can be specified in a great variety of ways, such as:

- Strings produced by some formal grammar (see Chomsky hierarchy)
- Strings described or matched by a regular expression
- Strings accepted by some automaton, such as a Turing machine or finite state automaton
- Strings indicated by a decision procedure (a set of related yes/no questions) where the answer is 'yes'

## Related pages

- Language for languages in general
- Syntax for the form of a language in general
- Semantics for the meanings in a language
- Natural language for languages that are not formal
- Computer language for application of formal languages in computing
- Programming language for the application of formal languages to program computers

## Other websites

- http://icalp06.dsi.unive.it/  ICALP 2006 33rd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming.
- http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/CDMTCS/conferences/dlt/DLTConfSeries.html International Conferences on Developments in Language Theory
Alphabet (computer science)

In computer science, an **alphabet** is a finite non-empty set. The elements of an alphabet are called the **letters** or **symbols** of the alphabet.

An example of an alphabet is  which may be used for Morse code or _{begin, if, else, for, while}_ which may be the keywords of a Programming language.

The set of natural numbers is **not** an alphabet because as it is not finite.

The alphabet which is used the most in computer science is _{0,1}_. It is called the **binary alphabet** because it contains two symbols. An alphabet can be used to make a string (or **word**). This is a finite Sequence of letters from the alphabet. For example, a string of length 5 **over** _{0,1}_ is _01101_.

The **empty string** is the string containing no letters (it is often written as ). The empty string is a string over any alphabet.

If we have an alphabet called , then we write the set of _all_ strings that can be made from  as . This is called the **Kleene star** (or **Kleene closure**) of . It is named after the mathematician Stephen Cole Kleene.

The Kleene star of the binary alphabet is . The three dots after **001,** show that we cannot write the Kleene star of an alphabet in full because it is an infinite set.

Alphabets are important because they are used in studying formal languages, finite automata and very difficult questions in computer science about what can be computed and what can not.

## Related pages

- Formal language
- Syntax
- Semantics

## References

- Arto Salomaa, _Formal Languages_, (1973): Chapter 1
- Michael A. Harrison, _Introduction to Formal Language Theory_, (1978): Chapter 1.2
- John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman, _Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation_, Addison-Wesley Publishing, Reading Massachusetts, (1979). .
- György E. Révész, _Introduction to Formal Languages_, (1991): Chapter 1.1
- Grzegorz Rozenberg and Arto Salomaa, _Handbook of Formal Languages: Volume 1. Word, Language, Grammar_, (1997): Chapter 2.1
- Dan A. Simovici and Richard L. Tenney, _Theory of Formal Languages with Applications_, (1999): Chapter 2.1
- Keijo Ruohonen, _Formal Languages_, (2009): Chapter 1.1
- John Martin: _Introduction to Languages and the Theory of Computation_ (2010): Chapter 1.5
Empty string

The **empty string** is the unique string of no characters over some alphabet Σ. It is written as _ε_ or _λ_. The length of this empty string is 0.

In simple words, given some characters of an alphabet, the empty string is the _word_ that can be made if no letters are used. There is of course only one such word.

Under concatenation, the empty string is the identity element of the free monoid on Σ. That is, for any string _s_, _s_ε = ε_s_ = s.

## Representations

In many programming languages, the empty string is written with two double quotes: _""_. The empty string is also sometimes noted by the Greek letter λ.

## Implementation

In C, the empty string is represented by a character array with a null character in the zeroeth position. Note that all strings in C are terminated by a null character.
Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats

***Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats*** is a book of poems about cats. The cats in these poems act like humans. It is by T. S. Eliot. It was first sold in 1939. Andrew Lloyd Webber used most of the poems in his musical _Cats_.

Contents of _Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats_ by T. S. Eliot:
- The Naming of Cats
- The Old Gumbie Cat
- Growltiger’s Last Stand
- The Rum Tum Tugger
- Mungojerrie and Rumpelteazer
- Old Deuteronomy
- The Pekes and the Pollicles
- Mr. Mistoffelees
- Macavity: The Mystery Cat
- Gus: The Theatre Cat
- Bustopher Jones: The Cat about Town
- Skimbleshanks: The Railway Cat
- The Ad-dressing of Cats
- Cat Morgan Introduces Himself (added in the 1962 edition and not included in the musical)

## References

- Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats
Concatenation

**Concatenation** is a simple concept from linguistics, mathematics, and computer science. It is a way of making a new word (or string), by joining two (or more) other strings. For example, the concatenation of "snow" and "ball" is "snowball".

In most programming languages, if we write  x = "snow" + "ball", then the value of x will be "snowball". But to do the same in SQL we would write "snow"||"ball".
Identity element

In mathematics, the **identity element** (or **neutral element**) of a set is a special element of that set. It is special because if it is combined with another element of that set, it does not change the other element.

With addition, the identity element is 0, because adding 0 to some number does not change the number. With multiplication, it is 1. In a group (an algebraic structure in mathematics), the identity element is sometimes denoted by the symbol .

## Further Examples

|set|operation|identity|
| --- | --- | --- |
|real numbers|+ (addition)|0|
|real numbers|• (multiplication)|1|
|real numbers|_a<sup>b</sup>_ (exponentiation)|1 (right identity only)|
|_m_-by-_n_ matrices|+ (addition)|zero matrix|
|_n_-by-_n_ square matrices|• (multiplication)|identity matrix|
|all functions from a set _M_ to itself|∘ (function composition)|identity map|
|character strings, lists|concatenation|empty string, empty list|
|extended real numbers|minimum/infimum|+∞|
|extended real numbers|maximum/supremum|-∞|
|subsets of a set _M_|∩ (intersection)|_M_|
|sets|∪ (union)|{} (empty set)|
|boolean logic|∧ (logical and)|⊤ (truth)|
|boolean logic|∨ (logical or)|⊥ (falsity)|
|only two elements {_e_, _f_}|* defined by _e_ * _e_ = _f_ * _e_ = _e_ and _f_ * _f_ = _e_ * _f_ = _f_||both _e_ and _f_ are left identities, but there is no right or two-sided identity||

## Related pages

- Identity (mathematics)
- Null vector
- One
- Zero
Inverse function

An **inverse function** is a concept of mathematics. A function will calculate some output , given some input . This is usually written . The inverse function does the reverse. Let's say  is the inverse function of , then . Or otherwise put, . An inverse function to  is usually called . It is not to be confused with , which is a reciprocal function.

## Examples

If  over real , then

To find the inverse function, swap the roles of  and  and solve for . For example,  would turn to , and then . This shows that the inverse function of  is .

Not all functions have inverse functions: for example, function  has none (because , and  cannot be both 1 and -1), but every binary relation has its own inverse relation.

In some cases, finding the inverse of a function can be very difficult to do.

## Related pages

- Inverse element
- Inverse triangle function
- Inverse hyperbolic function
- Invertible matrix
- Reciprocal
Countable set

In mathematics (particularly set theory), a **countable set** is a set whose elements can be counted. A set with one thing in it is countable, and so is a set with one hundred things in it. A set with all the natural numbers (counting numbers) in it is countable too. This is because even if it is infinite, someone who counts forever would not miss any of the numbers. The sets which has the same size as the natural numbers are therefore called countably infinite. The size of these sets are then written as (aleph-null)—the first of the aleph numbers. Sometimes when people say 'countable set' they mean countable and infinite. Georg Cantor coined the term.

## Examples of countable sets

Countable sets include all sets with a finite number of members, no matter how many.

Countable sets also include some infinite sets, such as the natural numbers. Since it is impossible to actually count infinite sets, we consider them countable if we can find a way to list them all without missing any. The natural numbers have been nicknamed "the counting numbers", since they are what we usually use to count things with.

You can count the natural numbers with

You can count the whole numbers with

You can count the integers with

You can count the square integer numbers with

### A more-complex example

The rational numbers are also countable, but its counting becomes tricky. We can't just list the fractions as (0/1, 1/1, -1/1, 2/1, -2/1...) since we will never get to 1/2 this way. However, we can list all of the rational numbers in the form of a table. The horizontal rows are the numerators, while the vertical columns are the denominators. We can then zigzag through the list, starting at 1/1, then 2/1, then 1/2, then 1/3, then 2/2, then 3/1, then 4/1, then 3/2, then 2/3, etc.  If we keep this up, we will get to all of the numbers on the table in due time. Each time we hit a new rational number that is new, we add it to the list of counted numbers. We don't want to count numbers twice, so when we hit 3/6, for example, we can skip it, because we already counted the rational number 1/2. In this way, we produce an infinite **list** with all the rational numbers. Therefore, the rational numbers are countable.

### Not all counting schemes will yield a countable list

Suppose the integers are counted differently, as

This does not prove that the integers are uncountable, but it does illustrate what one might call a "failed" effort to count a set, because it is never possible to reach .  Not all sets are countable. For example, the interval  and the set of real numbers can be proven to be uncountable.

## Related pages

- Cantor's diagonal argument
- Cardinality
- Uncountable set
Computable function

A **computable function** is an idea from computer science. A function is computable if there is an algorithm that can work out its result in a finite number of steps.

Computability theory is all about such functions.
Pharmacist

A **pharmacist** is a person who supplies drugs to people, often  prescriptions from a doctor but sometimes on their own.

Pharmacists have to be trained and have knowledge about the drugs package. Many work in a pharmacy.Pharmacists interact with customers, give the prescribed medication and telling them about the drugs.

Some work in hospitals where they may deliver the drugs to the different parts of the hospital and give people the drugs they need to take home.

Some work with general practitioners where they may check that people are getting the right drugs.

Pharmacists is the one who checks the works of the pharmacy technician. Pharmacy Technician works under the supervise of the Pharmacists, Pharmacy Technician are the one who pulls out the medicines according to the prescription written and they are the one who counts the medicine, after they finish counting and putting it inside a container for medicines purpose only. Once the Pharmacy Technician finished counting the medicine and putting it inside a container then, the Pharmacist will check the medicine in the computer to make sure the medicine that is dispensed is correct.

Pharmacists can also help with recommending over the counter medication like when someone has sore throats or a common cold they can recommend medications that anyone can buy with a prescription from the doctor. Pharmacists may also give vaccines, shots that protect you from diseases like the flu or shingles. During the COVID-19 pandemic, they helped with giving vaccines to those who did not want to go to the hospitals.

Pharmacists can also help people taking a new medication by giving them instructions for the prescription. The pharmacist also helps by telling the patient the side effects of the new medication. Pharmacists help by calling the doctor if the patient has concerns about the new medication.

In the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom many pharmacists were vaccinating people.  They have also been doing Influenza vaccines for several years.  There are plans for them to do more of this work.

## Related pages

- Pharmaconomist
- Pharmacy
- Pharmacologist
Thoosa

In Greek mythology, **Thoosa** was the name of the mother of the cyclops Polyphemus.
Perch

**Perch** is the name of a freshwater perciform fish belonging to the genus ***Perca***.

Perch have "rough" scales.  On the front end of the fish, there are two dorsal fins. The first one is spiny and the second is soft. There is also an anal fin, which is also spiny, and a caudal fin.

## Species

There are three living species in this genus:

- _Perca fluviatilis_ <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> (European perch)
- _Perca flavescens_ <small>Mitchill, 1814</small> (Yellow perch)
- _Perca schrenkii_ <small>Kessler, 1874</small> (Balkhash perch)

### External anatomy

Perch have a round body shape which allows for fast swimming in the water. They have paired pectoral and pelvic fins, and two dorsal fins, the first one spiny and the second soft. These fins can be separate or joined.

### Internal anatomy

The cardinal anterior and posterior veins pursue an odd course through the head kidney, and the interrenal tissue occurs within the head kidney particularly around the junction of these veins. The bulk of the head kidney, as in most teleosts, is a mass of lymphoid tissue. The blood vessels associated with the kidneys have a segmental arrangement, as have the kidneys themselves.

In the context of their digestive system, the esophagus is a flexible pipe-like tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach. The stomach is connected to the intestine via the pyloric sphincter. The intestines of perch consist of the small intestine and large intestine. The small intestine consists of a part called the duodenum.

Like many kinds of fish, perch have a two-chambered heart. The heart consists of four parts: the sinus venosus, one atrium, one ventricle, and conus artieriosus (infundibulum). They also have a swim bladder to control buoyancy.

## Habitats

Perch are carnivores, choosing waters where smaller fish, shellfish, and insect larvae are plentiful and abundant.

They are found in parts of the United States in freshwater ponds, lakes, streams, or rivers. These fish can be found in fresh water all over the world. They live in the Great Lakes region, in particular Lake Erie.

The fish like bodies of water with vegetation and debris. In the spring when the perch spawns, they use vegetation to hide their eggs from predators.

### Perch in fishing

Perch is a popular game fish pursued by anglers. They are known to put up a fight. Perch can be caught using a variety of different methods like float fishing, lure fishing, and legering.

### Perch as food

Perch is also a food and is praised for its mild, sweet flavor. It is also known for its health benefits.

## Related pages

- Percidae
- Perciformes

## References

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## Other websites

- Media related to Perca at Wikimedia Commons
- Is perch a good fish to eat? If so, what's the best way to cook it?

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Scarlet

**Scarlet** is a slight brilliant red color.  It is a color of the rainbow.  It is redder than vermilion.  The color's name comes from the Persian _saqirlat_.

An early recorded use of _scarlet_ as a color name in the English language dates to 1250.

## Meaning of Scarlet

- Traditionally, scarlet is the color of flame.  People also call the color of the blood of a living person scarlet, even though the actual color of blood is crimson.

- Scarlet may represent sin.

- Scarlet represents sensual pleasure and fun.  Scarlet represents partying.

## Tones of scarlet color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Scarlet**|style = "background-color: #ff2400"||**#FF2400**|**255**|**36**|**0**|**008°**|**100%**|**50%**|
|Torch Red|style = "background-color: #fd0e35"||#FD0E35|253|14|53|350°|98%|52%|
|Flame|style = "background-color: #e25822"||#E25822|226|88|34|017°|77%|51%|
|Lust|style = "background-color: #e62020"||#E62020|230|32|32|000°|80%|51%|
|_Brick Red_ (Crayola)|style = "background-color: #cb4154"||#CB4154|203|65|84|352°|57%|53%|
|Fire Brick (web color)|style = "background-color: #b22222"||#B22222|178|34|34|000°|68%|42%|
|Dark Scarlet|style = "background-color: #560319"||#560319|86|3|25|344°|93%|17%|

## Related pages

- List of colors
League

The word **league** can mean one of the following:
- An association, such as the League of Nations
    - Sports league, a type of competition often used in games like football and rugby
- League (unit), an old unit of measurement which is equal to the distance a human walks in one hour or some other time interval
Worship

**Worship** is a word often used in religion. It means to have much respect. If someone prays or gives thanks to God, people say that they are worshipping God. Worship can also be used as the name for a church service or similar event. This can be called an act of worship.

An act of worship can be performed as a simple prayer or through an elaborate ceremony. It can be performed individually or in an informal or formal group.

The Bible talks about many people worshipping God, for example Abraham builds an altar in Genesis 12:8.

In Christianity, worship is the act of giving reverent honor and homage to God. Collective Christian worship is liturgical, characterized by prayers and hymns, with texts from the Bible. It is centered on the Eucharist, sacramental and ceremonial worship. As evidenced in the Catechism of the Catholic Church, worship together with adoration, prayer, and accomplishment of the  promises and vows made to God are acts of the virtue of religion which fall under obedience to the first commandment.

The Quran talks about worshipping Allah.
Officer

An **officer** is a person who holds a high rank in a uniformed organisation like the military or police. A military officer has a commission, a state document saying others must obey them. Some examples of officer ranks would include captains, majors, and lieutenants, but not sergeants, who are sometimes called non-commissioned officers, or NCOs.

People who are in a position of importance in an organization or company may be a corporate officer, for example:
- The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of a company is the person in charge of that company.
- In many organizations, the officers are the president, vice-president, secretary and treasurer. These people run the organization, keep track of what goes on at meetings and handle the money for the organization.

## Related pages

- Military ranks
- Chief executive officer
Consul

A **consul** could mean one of the following:
- Roman consul, the highest office of the Roman Republic: two consuls were elected each year.
- A modern post in diplomacy, an official who lives in another country to help his own country's citizens.
Tachi

The **tachi** is a Japanese sword, which has a strongly curved blade and is longer than a katana. It was used on the battlefield before katana was, so it is considered to be older. The word Tachi translates as "_the soul of bushi_" (soul of samurai).

When the katana began to be widely used the tachi sword became a court sword for ceremonies. It looks very richly decorated with traditional cord wrappings and a specially designed handle. The length of a tachi blade was around 30.70 inches (about 75cm) Because of its length the tachi was a cavalry sword and was mainly worn by horsemen. The strongly curved blade also made it easy to make slicing blows. Even if the tachi is a very long sword it is light enough to be handled with one hand. The tachi had a long enough hilt to hold it with two hands. It was especially useful for warriors who were not riding.

The tachi was worn hung to the belt with the cutting-edge down, unlike the katana which was worn with the cutting-edge pointing upwards. Not all tachi were the standard size. Small ones were called ko-dachi. If the sword was longer than the standard one it was called o-dachi.

The tachi that can be seen in museums have one or more chips along the back of the sword, while the cutting edge looks almost untouched and mirror polished. The experts explain that Samurai made the smallest possible moves with their tachi to kill the enemy. Thus when both swords were about to collide, the samurai both turned their swords and let only the blunt back (mune) of the blades hit one another. The cutting edge was used for finish touches, namely for cutting the human body.

## Related pages

- Katana
- Samurai
- Japanese sword schools
Western

**Western** can mean one of the following:
- something which lies in the direction of the west, for example the Western hemisphere, the western half of the world
- Culturally of the Western world: something involving a Euro-Atlantic viewpoint, as opposed to a Eurasian, Asia-Pacific, Middle Eastern or African one.
- Western (genre), a genre related to the American Old West
Machaira

**Machaira** was a rare mythic sword used in the Basileus cult.  Basileus cult is the cult of the king, because in ancient Rome the word basileus was translated as "king". To get a Basileus title a person should  kill a lion with a special  weapon. So this weapon was called - Machaira.

Machaira had a very curved blade, which reminded a sickle. The  shape of a machaira is often compared to a lion claw. The cutting edge was on the inside part of the blade. The legends say that it has a length from about . The blade was secured in a wooden cage (sheath).  This sword was kept by ancient priests called sacerdotes. They used to decorate the sheath with golden ornaments. The sword was kept in special places and used in important rituals.

The meaning of machaira sword was ideological. A king who was at the same time a sacerdotus and owned a machaira, made rituals before the battle. Its power showed to the army the right path and saved from enemies' traps. It was supposed that the sword kept the troubles away. It was very important that the machaira  to be used only by a  sacerdotus, otherwise it was only a beautiful but powerless weapon.

The well known king Macedonian Alexander Hephaistion was a sacerdotus. He belonged to the lion cult and used machaira for rituals. Later in 324 B.C. happened the official burial of the machaira sword and Alexander the Great left his sacerdotal powers. The cult of  machaira sword and the cult of Basileus were restarted in 301 B.C.

## Other websites

- More on the mythical machaira
Policy

**Policy** could mean:
- Political parties will have a policy on different political issues - this means the position the party will take on matters like defense, nuclear power, etc.
- an insurance policy is a document which sets out how much something is insured for.
- Organisations will have policies about things under their control - such as how to deal with complaint<nowiki/>s or how people who work for them should behave..
Field

**Field** can mean:
- an area of land in a farm, which may be used for crops or animals; also a meadow or area that is empty of trees, and has mostly grass.
- in computing, a field is an item/category of data, e.g. first name; a field contains data about one aspect of the table, e.g. a field can contain all of the first names of a table. An individual entry in a field, e.g. Anna for the first name field, is called a field value. A record contains all of the field values about a particular subject, such as an employee.
- field of vision, the area in sight of a person.
- in mathematics, a certain kind of algebraic structure: field (mathematics)
- in physics, a field is seen as extending throughout a large region of space so that it influences everything: field (physics).
- magnetic field,  the area around a magnet in which there is magnetic force

- See also: force field (technology)