Albania veneta

**Albania Veneta** (English: _Venetian Albania_) was the name for the possessions of the Republic of Venice in southern Dalmatia from 1420 to 1797.

## Historical area

It originally covered the coastal area of what is now northern Albania and the coast of Montenegro, but the Albanian and southern Montenegrin parts were lost to the Ottomans in 1571.

## Name

The word "Veneta" in _Albania Veneta_ was used to differentiate the area from the Ottoman Albania (called _Albania Ottomana_ in those centuries), an area stretching from Kosovo to southern Albania.

## Geography

These Venetian possessions stretched from the southern borders of the "Republic of Ragusa" (modern-day Dubrovnik) to Durazzo (Durrës) in coastal Albania. The Venetian territories never reached more than 20 km from the Adriatic Sea. After 1573 the southern limit was moved to the village of Confin (Kufin) near Budua (Budva), because of the Ottoman conquests of Antivari (Bar), and Dulcigno (Ulcinj) in the Balkans.

The Dominions of Venice were centered around the "Bocche di Cattaro" (Bay of Kotor) and included the small cities of Cattaro (Kotor), Risano (Risan), Perasto (Perast), Teodo (Tivat), Castelnuovo (Herceg Novi), Budua (Budva) and Spizza (Sutomore).

## History

Venice started to take control of the small southern Dalmatian villages around the 10th century, assimilating quickly the neolatin "Dalmatian language" of the coastal areas into the Venetian language. But only in the 14th century was the Republic of Venice able to create a territorial continuity around the Bay of Kotor.  These Venetian dominions around Cattaro (Kotor) lasted from 1420 to 1797 and were called _Albania Veneta_, a historical province of the Republic of Venice.

When the Turks started to conquer the Balkans in 15th century, many Christian Slavs took refuge inside Venetian Dalmatia and so even the _Albania Veneta_ started to have a huge Serb and Albanian population. By the end of 17th century the Romance speaking population of the historical _Albania Veneta_ was already a minority, according to Oscar Randi in his book __Dalmazia etnica, incontri e fusioni_.

After the Napoleonic armies conquered and put an end to the Republic of Venice in 1797, the area of the Albania veneta changed control many times:
in 1805 was annexed to the Napoleonic "Kingdom of Italy", then in 1809 was part of French "Illyrian Provinces" and finally in 1815 was put under Habsburg control in the Dalmatia of the Austrian Empire.

Under the Habsburg domination, _Albania Veneta_ was part of "Austrian Dalmatia" and in 1878 (at the "Congress of Berlin") another 40 km² around Sutomore were added to this territory.

The borders of the former Venetian province of _Albania Veneta_ changed again in 1918, when was created the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, but were reinstated from 1941 to 1943 during World War II, when Mussolini annexed the territories around Cattaro to the Kingdom of Italy. The area was part of the Italian "Governatorato di Dalmazia" and was called _Provincia di Cattaro_.

After World War II any political entity related to the historical presence of Venice in southern Dalmatia ceased to exist and the area was definitely incorporated into Yugoslavia.
The old _Albania Veneta_ is currently a coastal region of the newly independent Montenegro.

## History of the Venetian speaking population of _Albania Veneta_

According to the Dalmatian historian Luigi Paulucci (in his book "Le Bocche di Cattaro nel 1810") the population of the _Albania Veneta_, during the centuries of the Republic of Venice, was mainly Venetian speaking (approximately 66%) in the urban areas (Cattaro, Perasto, Budua, ecc..) around the "Bocche di Cattaro" (Bay of Kotor).

But in the inland areas more than half of the population was Serbo-Croatian speaking, after the first years of the eighteenth century. Paulucci wrote even that near the border with Albania there were big communities of Albanian speaking people: Dulcigno (Ulcinj) was half Albanian, one quarter Venetian and one quarter Slavic-speaking.

During the French rule of the area of Cattaro the schools were in Italian, when the former Albania Veneta was part of the Napoleonic "Kingdom of Italy".

The Slovenian Marko Trogrli in his essay "The French school system in French Dalmatia" wrote that "Vincenzo Dandolo, the French governor of Dalmatia as well as Bartolomeo Benincasa, an official from the local (Dalmatian) Education Department, published in May 1807 a plan for the province's public education (_Il piano generale della pubblica istruzione in Dalmazia_), which had to be consistent with the education system throughout the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy....Instruction was to be in Italian".

During the nineteenth century, according to the historian Scaglioni Marzio, the wars of independence of Italy from the Austro-Hungarian empire created a situation of harassment against the Italian (or Venetian speaking) communities in the Austrian southern Dalmatia.

The result was that in 1880 there were in Cattaro, according to the Austrian census, only 930 ethnic Italians (or only 32% of a total population of 2910 people).

Furthermore, in the Austrian census of 1910, the Italians were reduced to only 13.6% in that city, according to Diego De Castro in his book _Dalmazia, popolazione e composizione etnica. Cenno storico sul rapporto etnico tra Italiani e Slavi nella Dalmazia_.

There are currently 500 Italian speakers in Montenegro, mainly in the area of Cattaro (Kotor) and Perasto (Perast), who constitute the "Comunitá Nazionale Italiana del Montenegro".

The "disappearance" of the Italian speaking populations in Dalmatia was nearly complete after World War II. The linguist Matteo Bartoli calculated that the Italians were 33% of the Dalmatian population during the Napoleonic wars, while currently there are only 300 Italians in Croatian Dalmatia and 500 Italians in coastal Montenegro.
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## Bibliography

- Bartoli, Matteo. _Le parlate italiane della Venezia Giulia e della Dalmazia. Tipografia italo-orientale_. Grottaferrata 1919.
- Cecchetti, Bartolomeo. _Intorno agli stabilimenti politici della repubblica veneta nell'Albania_. In: Atti del Regio Istituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti. Bd. 3, Seria 4, S. 978-998. 1874.
- De Brodmann, Giuseppe. _Memorie politico-economiche della citta e territorio di Trieste, della penisola d’Istria, della Dalmazia fu Veneta, di Ragusi e dell’Albania, ora congiunti all’Austriaco Impero_. Venezia 1821.
- Gelcich, Giuseppe. _Memorie storiche sulle bocche di Cattaro_. Zara 1880.
- Martin, John Jeffries. _Venice Reconsidered. The History and Civilization of an Italian City-State, 1297–1797._ Johns Hopkins UP. New York, 2002.
- Norwich, John Julius. _A History of Venice_. Vintage Books. New York, 1989.
- Paulucci, Luigi. _Le Bocche di Cattaro nel 1810_ Edizioni Italo Svevo.Trieste, 2005.
- Randi, Oscar. _Dalmazia etnica, incontri e fusioni_. Tipografie venete. Venezia 1990.
- Schmitt, Oliver. _Das venezianische Albanien (1392 - 1479)_. (=Südosteuropäische Arbeiten. 110). München 2001.
- Sumrada, Janez. _Napoleon na Jadranu / Napoleon dans l'Adriatique_. Zalozba Annales. Koper, 2006.
- Tagliavini, Carlo. _Le origini delle lingue neolatine''. Patron Ed. Bologna 1982.