juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Yogi (disambiguation)

The word **Yogi** can mean either:
- an advanced practitioner of Yoga (Yogi) in Eastern religions
- a person who got Yogam, i.e. a blessed or gifted person, a person with knowledge, talent, ability or luck.
- Yogi Berra, a baseball player, named after a _yogi_.
- Yogi Bear, a Hanna-Barbera cartoon character.
- Yogi Rock, a rock on the planet Mars, named after Yogi Bear. See .
- Yogi (dog), police dog with the longest successive tracking search on record. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=9438615
- Yogi (movie), a Telugu language movie starring Prabhas and Nayanthara directed by V.V. Vinayak.
- Yogi (producer), an African-American music producer, member of rap group CRU and associate of P. Diddy's Hitmen production group.
Yogi

A **yogi** (Sanskrit, feminine root: ***yogini***) is a term for a male who practices various forms of the path of Yoga, maintaining a steadfast mind, the process of transcending the lower self. These words are mostly reserved for advanced or daily practitioners. In contemporary English _yogin_ is an alternative rendering for the word _yogi_.  This word is often used to describe Buddhist monks or any lay person who is devoted to meditation.

The _Shiva-Samhita_ text defines the yogi as someone who knows that the entire cosmos is situated within his own body, and the _Yoga-Shikha-Upanishad_ distinguishes two kinds of yogins:  those who pierce through the "sun" (surya) by means of the various yogic techniques and those who access the door of the central conduit (sushumna-nadi) and drink the nectar.

## Related pages

- Yogini

## Sources

1-2. Feuerstein, Georg.  The Shambhala Encyclopedia of Yoga, Shambhala Publications, Boston, 2000 p. 321, 350.
1172

## Events

- Duke Richard of Aquitaine becomes Duke of Poitiers. He later becomes King Richard I of England.
- Pope Gregory VIII starts the Council of Avranches.
- The Synod of Cashel ended the Celtic Christian system and converted them to Rome.

## Births

- Baldwin I of Constantinople (d. 1205)
- Fujiwara Moroie, last of the Japanese Fujiwara Regents (d. 1238)
- Takash, the shah of Persia (d. 1200)
- Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Earl of Oxford (d. 1214)
- Louis I, Count of Blois (d. 1205)
- Ranulph de Blondeville, 4th Earl of Chester (d. 1232)
- Isabella of Jerusalem, Queen of Jerusalem 1190/1192–1205 (d. 1205)

## Deaths

- Agnes, daughter of Italian Count Amadeus III of Savoy (b. 1125)
- Hemachandra, Indian mathematician, philosopher and historian (b. 1089)
1171

## Events

- Saladin bans the Fatimid Caliphate, bringing back Sunni rule in Egypt.
- Manuel I Comnenus orders all the Venetians in the Byzantine Empire to be arrested.
- Rhys ap Gruffydd agrees to talk to Henry II of England.
- Building of the Cathedral of Saint Sabino in Bari is finished.
- Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja begins to rule alone.
- Alfonso II of Aragon beats Caspe and Teruel.
- Henry II of England starts eight centuries of conflict and war between Ireland and England.
- Pisa and Florence make an alliance against Lucca and Genoa.
- The Heirs of Robert Burdet leave Catalonia.

## Births

- August 15 — King Alfonso IX of León (d. 1230)
- Agnes of France, daughter of Louis VII of France (d. after 1207)

## Deaths

- January 1 — Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster (b. 1110)
- February 20 — Conan IV, Duke of Brittany (b. 1138)
- November 8 — Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut (b. 1108)
- Henry of Blois, bishop of Winchester (b. 1111)
- Gleb of Kiev
85 Io

**85 Io** is a big, dark Main belt asteroid of the C spectral class. It is probably a primitive body made of carbonates. Like 70 Panopaea it orbits within the Eunomia asteroid family but it is not related to the shattered parent body.

Io is a retrograde rotator, with its pole pointing towards one of ecliptic coordinates (β, λ) = (-45°, 105°) or (-15°, 295°) with a 10° uncertainty<sup>[1]</sup>. This gives an axial tilt of about 125° or 115°, respectively. Its shape is quite spherical.

It was found by C. H. F. Peters on September 19, 1865 and named after Io, a lover of Zeus in Greek mythology.

A diameter of 178 kilometres was measured from an occultation of a star on December 10, 1995 <sup>[4]</sup>.

Io is also the name of the volcanic moon of Jupiter. With a two-digit number and a two-letter name, 85 Io has the shortest designation of all minor planets.

## Other websites

- shape model deduced from lightcurve

## References

1. <div id="Torppa2003">J. Torppa _et al._ _Shapes and rotational properties of thirty asteroids from photometric data_ , Icarus, Vol. 164, p. 346 (2003).</div>
1. PDS lightcurve data
1. <div id="IRAS">Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey </div>
1. <div id="Erikson99">A. Erikson _Photometric observations and modelling of the asteroid 85 Io in conjunction with data from an occultation event during the 1995-96 apparition_, Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 47, p. 327 (1999).</div>
1. <div id="Krasinsky">G. A. Krasinsky _et al._ _Hidden Mass in the Asteroid Belt_, Icarus, Vol. 158, p. 98 (2002).</div>

## Infobox (planet)

- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: 85 Io
- **discoverer**: Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters, C. H. F. Peters
- **discovered**: September 19, 1865
- **alt names**: A899 LA; A899 UA
- **mp category**: Main belt
- **epoch**: March 6, 2006 (Julian day, JD 2453800.5)
- **semimajor**: 396.837 Giga, Gmetre, m (2.652 Astronomical unit, AU)
- **perihelion**: 320.334 Gm (2.141 AU)
- **aphelion**: 473.341 Gm (3.164 AU)
- **eccentricity**: 0.193
- **period**: 1578.081 day, d (4.32 Julian year (astronomy), a)
- **inclination**: 11.967degree (angle), °
- **asc node**: 203.440°
- **arg peri**: 122.293°
- **mean anomaly**: 206.947°
- **avg speed**: 18.12 km/second, s
- **dimensions**: 180×160×160 km<sup>[http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/thirty.pdf]#Erikson99, [4]</sup>
- **mass**: ~3.4×10<sup>18</sup> _(estimate)_
- **density**: ~1.4 g/cubic centimetre, cm³ _(estimate)_<sup>#Krasinsky, [5]</sup>
- **surface grav**: ~0.028 m/s² _(estimate)_
- **escape velocity**: ~0.07 km/s _(estimate)_
- **rotation**: 0.2864 d (6.875 hour, h) <sup>[http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/lc.html]</sup>
- **spectral type**: C-type asteroid
- **abs magnitude**: 7.61
- **albedo**: 0.067 <sup>[http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/astdata04/simps04/diamalb.tab]</sup>
- **single temperature**: ~172 kelvin, K
_max:_ 272K (-2° celsius, C)
Java Embedding Plugin

**Java Embedding Plugin** (JEP) allows Java on Mac OS X with browsers that are not Safari.

## Other websites

- http://javaplugin.sourceforge.net
Arena (web browser)

**Arena** is a web browser made by the W3C for testing support for HTML 3 and Cascading Style Sheets.
Flock (web browser)

**Flock** is a web browser based on Mozilla Firefox. Flock is also the name of the company making the browser.

## Awards

Upon leaving beta, Flock has won a number of awards:

- _Webby Award_ in social networking, 2008
- _SXSW_ community Award, 2008
- _Open Web Award_ for Applications and Widgets, 2007
- _PC World's_ fifth best product of 2008

## Other websites

- Flock developer portal

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Flock
- **logo**: Flock icon.jpg
- **screenshot**: Flock071debian.png
- **caption**: Flock browser on the English Wikipedia home page.
- **developer**: Flock, Inc.
- **frequently updated**: yes
- **programming language**: C++, XUL, XBL, JavaScript
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows, Windows, Mac OS X, Linux
- **language**: Catalan, English (US), Finnish, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, Spanish (Latin American and Spain)
- **genre**: Web browser
- **license**: GNU General Public License, GPL
- **website**: [http://flock.com flock.com]
HTTrack

**HTTrack** is a free and open source website copier and offline browser by Xavier Roche, licensed under the GNU General Public License. It allows you to download World Wide Web sites from the Internet to a computer.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Demonstration of WinHTTrack in use
- SpiderZilla Add-on for Mozilla FireFox

## Infobox (software)

- **logo**: HTTrack logo.png
- **logo alt**: Rectangular logo with words "HTTrack Website Copier"
- **screenshot**: HTTrack.png
- **screenshot alt**: Screenshot of program
- **developer**: Xavier Roche
- **latest release version**: 3.49-2
- **programming language**: C
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, GNU, GNU/Linux, FreeBSD and Android
- **license**: GNU General Public License Version 3
K-Meleon

**K-Meleon** is a free and open-source, lightweight web browser for Microsoft Windows. Unlike cross-platform browsers, it uses the Windows API to create its user interface. Early versions of K-Meleon render web pages with Gecko, Mozilla's browser layout engine. The Firefox web browser and the Mozilla Thunderbird email client also use Gecko. K-Meleon became a popular browser for Windows. It was available as an optional default browser in Europe. After Mozilla deprecated embedding Gecko, K-Meleon continued to use it for several years. K-Meleon 76 uses the Goanna layout engine. Goanna is a fork of Gecko created for the Pale Moon browser.

K-Meleon began as a competitor to Mozilla's original internet suite. It had the goal of being faster and lighter. Until 2011, K-Meleon embedded Gecko in a stripped-down interface. Throughout its lifespan, K-Meleon has required small amounts of memory. K-Meleon 76 uses the Goanna fork. It supports platforms no longer supported by Mozilla after their Gecko rewrite. K-Meleon supports older computers and older computer software. It maintains active support for Windows XP and Windows Vista.

Customization is another primary design goal of K-Meleon. Users can change the toolbars, menus, and keyboard shortcuts from text-based configuration files. Besides conventional extensions, K-Meleon also supports macros. Macros are small, human-readable extensions. Users can examine, write, or edit them in a text editor. K-Meleon's custom configuration files can trigger macros. Because it is adaptable, experts recommended K-Meleon for internet cafes and libraries in the early 2000s.

## References

- (Version 1.0–75.1)
- (Version 0.7)

## Other websites

- K-Meleon Homepage.
- Roytam's repositories on GitHub

## Infobox (software)

- **logo**: KM-circle.png
- **screenshot**: File:K-Meleon 76.5.G on Windows 10.png
- **caption**: K-Meleon 76 on Windows 10
- **developer**: Christophe Thibault, Sebastian Spaeth, Brian Harris, Jeff Doozan,  Mark Liffiton, Rob Johnson, Ulf Erikson, Jordan Callicoat, Dorian Boissonnade, Roytam, et al.
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows
- **language count**: 7
- **license**: GNU General Public License, GPL
- **website**: http://kmeleonbrowser.org
CNT

**CNT** may be:

- Croatian National Theatre (Hrvatsko narodno kazalište)
- Central Nacional de Trabajadores, the National Workers' Central (Paraguay)
- Central Nacional de Televisão - television network established in Curitiba, Brazil, named today TVJB
- Confederación Nacional del Trabajo - National Confederation of Labor in Spain
- Confédération nationale du travail (CNT-F)
- Confédération Nigérienne du Travail, the Nigerien Confederation of Labour
- Carbon nanotube
- Computer Network Technology Corporation, an enterprise acquired by McData in January 2005
- The Columbia Non-neutral Torus experiment at Columbia University.
- The Center for Neighborhood Technology
Gentoo Linux

**Gentoo Linux** is a version of the Linux operating system. It was created by Daniel Robbins. It is named after the Gentoo penguin.

## Development

Gentoo Linux uses a package management system called **Portage**. Portage is like the BSD ports collection. Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, easy to maintain, and optimized for the user's computer. Packages are normally built from source code, continuing the tradition of the ports collection, although  some large software packages can be used as precompiled binaries for various architectures because it is easier.

Gentoo was designed for the x86 architecture, but also works on the x86, x86-64, IA-64, PA-RISC; PowerPC, PowerPC 970, SPARC64, MIPS, DEC Alpha, System Z/s390, PS3 Cell Processor  and SuperH architectures. Official support for 32-bit Sparc hardware has been dropped.

## Package

Gentoo's official software package repository includes, for example, UNetbootin.

## Related pages

- List of Linux distributions

## Other websites

- The official website of the Gentoo Project
- gentoo-wiki.com  - An unofficial yet heavily used wiki about Gentoo
1151

## Events

- September 7 — Geoffrey of Anjou dies, and is replaced by his son Henry who is 18 years old.
- The first plague and fire insurance policy is issued in Iceland

## Births

- April 3 — Igor Svyatoslavich, Russian prince (d. 1202)
- Unkei, Japanese sculptor (d. 1223)

## Deaths

- January 13 — Abbot Suger, French statesman and historian (b. c. 1081)
- April 23 — Adeliza of Leuven, queen of Henry I of England (b. 1103)
- September 7 — Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou (b. 1113)
1148

## Events

- Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona fought and beat Tortosa for the Moors.
- King Afonso I of Portugal takes Abrantes from the Moors.
- Anna Comnena writes the Alexiad, which is a biography of her father, Emperor Alexius I.

## Births

- John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem and Latin Emperor of Constantinople (d. 1237)
- Qiu Chuji, Chinese Taoist (d. 1227)
- Pope Honorius III (d. 1227)

## Deaths

- April — Amadeus III of Savoy (b. 1095)
- Conan III, Duke of Brittany (b. 1070)
- Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke (b. 1100)
- William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey
- Alphonse I of Toulouse (b. 1103)
1146

## Events

- Saint Bernard of Clairvaux prays for the Second Crusade at Vezelay, Burgundy.
- First information about Bryansk found.

## Births

- Giraldus Cambrensis, Welsh clergyman and chronicler (d. around 1223)
- William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke (d. 1219)

## Deaths

- August 1 — Vsevolod II of Kiev
- August 8 — Eric III of Denmark
- September 14 — Zengi, ruler of Syria (murdered) (b. 1087)
1145

## Events

- February 15 — Pietro Bernardo Paganelli of Montemagno, Calci is elected as Pope Eugene III, and succeeds Pope Lucius II as the 167th pope.
- Pope Eugene III issues _Quantum praedecessores_, calling for the Second Crusade
- Construction begins on Notre-Dame d'Chartres in Chartres, France
- Kim Pusik and his team of historians finishes the making of the Korean historical text _Samguk Sagi_.
- Woburn Abbey founded.
- Arnold of Brescia joins the revolutionary Commune of Rome, where he becomes its leader for the next 10 years.

## Births

- Maria of Antioch, Byzantine Empress (d. 1182)
- Marie de Champagne, Countess of Champagne (d. 1198)
- Theodora Comnena, Queen of Jerusalem
- Pope Gregory IX (d. 1241)
- Al-Adil I, Ayyubid-Egyptian general and ruler (d. 1218)
- Amalric II of Jerusalem (d. 1205)

## Deaths

- February 15 — Pope Lucius II
- Zhang Zeduan, Chinese painter (b. 1085)
Federico Fellini

**Federico Fellini** (born 20 January 1920 in Rimini, died 31 October 1993 in Rome) was an Italian movie-maker and director. Fellini's movies combine memory, dream, and fantasy.

The first movie Fellini directed was _Lo Sceicco Bianco_ (1951), with Alberto Sordi, written by Michelangelo Antonioni and Ennio Flaiano. In making this movie Fellini met Nino Rota, the musician that would follow him for the successful rest of his career.

Fellini was married to actress Giulietta Masina (1921-1994) from 1943 until his death. In 1945, he had a son who survived for only 2 weeks; it was the only child of Fellini and Giulietta Masina. Masina acted in many of his movies. Other actors Fellini often worked with include Marcello Mastroianni, Alberto Sordi, and Anita Ekberg.

Apart from making movies he also wrote scripts for radio shows, for movies (mainly for Roberto Rossellini) and wrote comic gags for well known actors like Aldo Fabrizi. Fellini also produced several drawings (mostly pencil on paper), often humoristic portraits. His first success was in drawing advertising pictures for movies.

During Fascism an _Avanguardista_, his first writings were for Alleanza Cinematografica Italiana (ACI), a production company of Vittorio Mussolini, son of Benito, who introduced him to Rossellini.

In 1944, when Fascism was over, he opened a shop in Rome in which he sold these drawings. The shop was named (in English) "The Funny Face Shop", and contained works from Fellini and De Seta, Verdini, Camerini, Scarpelli, Majorana, Guasta, Giobbe, Attalo, Migneco (all writers, directors or otherwise intellectuals working for Italian cinema). In the same year started his contribution to Rossellini's Roma Città Aperta, with Aldo Fabrizi. Fellini took also part in writing another of Rossellini's movies: _Paisà_. He wrote also for other directors as Alberto Lattuada, Pietro Germi and Luigi Comencini.

In 1987 he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. In 1993, he received an Academy Award (Oscar) for his lifetime achievement.

## Movies

- _Luci del varietà_ (1950)
- _Lo Sceicco Bianco_ (1951)
- _I Vitelloni_ (1953)
- _La Strada_ (1954) _Oscar_ (best foreign movie)
- _Le Notti di Cabiria_ (1957) Oscar (best foreign movie)
- _La Dolce Vita_ (1960) Oscar (best costumes)
- _8 1/2_ (1963) 2 Oscars (best foreign movie, best costumes)
- _Giulietta degli Spiriti_ (1965)
- _Satyricon_ (1969)
- _I Clowns_ (1970)
- _Roma_ (1972)
- _Amarcord_ (1973) Oscar (best foreign movie)
- _Casanova_ (1976)
- _Prova d'Orchestra_ (1979)
- _La Citta' delle Donne_ (1980)
- _E la nave va_ (1983)
- _Ginger and Fred_ (1986)
- _Intervista_ (1987)
1144

## Events

- Louis VII surrenders to Pope Celestine II and so received a blessing from the pope
- March 12 — Pope Lucius II becomes Pope over Pope Celestine II as the 166th pope.
- December 24 — County of Edessa is beaten by Zengi (see Siege of Edessa).
- Montauban, France, is started.
- Normandy comes under Angevin control through Geoffrey of Anjou.
- Giordano Pierleoni starts the revolutionary Commune of Rome.
- Manuel I Comnenus brings Raymond, Prince of Antioch, under Byzantine influence.
- The Priory in Lesmahagow is started by Benedictine monks.

## Births

- Bohemund III of Antioch (d. 1201)

## Deaths

- March 8 — Pope Celestine II
- September — Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex
Wedge (mechanics)

A **wedge** is a simple machine used mainly to put in between two stones. A wedge as a tool is used to push two things apart such as the blade of a sword and knife  does when it cuts wood. A wedge can also be used to lift an object or hold an object in place. The mechanical advantage of a wedge depends on the ratio of its length to its thickest part.

## History

The origin of the wedge is unknown, because it has been in use as early as the Stone Age. Circa 3000 BC, in Ancient Egypt quarries, bronze wedges were used to break away blocks of rock used for construction. Wood wedges, that swelled after being wet, were also used. Some Native American tribes used antler wedges as a means of splitting and working wood to make canoes, houses, and other wood objects.

## Examples for separating and lifting

Examples include axes, splitting mauls, and splitting wedges. Wedges can also be used to lift heavy objects, or finely adjust the height of objects, essentially separating them from the surface they rest on. These may also be referred to as shims. Knives, scissors, chisels, and even teeth can sometimes be used as wedges, however, they are more fundamentally cutting implements.

## Examples for holding fast

Wedges can also be used to hold objects in place, such as engine parts (poppet valves), bicycle parts (stems and eccentric bottom brackets), and doors.

A door stop (door wedge) is a wedge, and its main function is to generate friction between the bottom of the door and the ground.

A fork or nails can also be considered a type of wedge. While a nail will slice into wood when hammered, a bolt will not be pushed in. This is because a nail is a wedge and a bolt is not. A nail is tapered to a point at its end, then gets thicker farther up towards the head of the nail.

## Mechanical advantage

The mechanical advantage of a wedge is the length of the sloping side of the wedge and divide it by the length of the thick end of the wedge.  Therefore the formula for a wedge is:

The more acute the angle of the wedge, the more mechanical advantage it will have.

Despite this, one reason that many splitting wedges have a wide angle is that an elastic material, such as wood, will bind a narrow wedge more readily than a wide wedge. This is why splitting mauls have a much larger angle than an axe.

## Related pages

- Axe
- Inclined plane
- Screw
- Shim
- Splitting maul
- Simple machines

## Other websites

- Wedges
Brave New World

***Brave New World*** is a dystopia novel by Aldous Huxley. It was first published in 1932. The novel is set in London of "AF 632", which is about 2540 AD, and speaks of developments in reproductive technology, operant conditioning, and sleep-learning that change society.

The general idea is a World Government manipulates people so as to make them easier to govern. They are split into five castes, hatched by the state to fill preset positions in society. The lower castes, which are clones, are treated with chemicals to arrest their mental and physical development. Children are treated by a process which gives them only information appropriate to their caste. They are moulded for their positions in life. Psychological needs are met by compulsory dosing of the drug _soma_, a hallucinogen which takes the user on an enjoyable trip. In the novel various characters experience life in this planned society and struggle with the problems it causes them.

## Related pages

- _Le Monde_'s 100 Books of the Century

## References

- http://www.huxley.net/

## Other websites

- 1957 video interview with Huxley as he reflects on his life work and especially _Brave New World_
- Scholarly essay/article on _Brave New World_
- Aldous Huxley: Bioethics and Reproductive Issues
- A Defense of Paradise-Engineering. A critical review of Huxley's novel by David Pearce.
Manuel José Quintana

**Manuel José Quintana y Lorenzo** (April 11, 1772 - March 11, 1857), was a Spanish poet. He was born at Madrid, Spain.

## Writings

In 1801 Quintana wrote a tragedy, _El Duque de Viseo_, written about a patriotic theme. which was successful.

## Life

The first book of his _Vidas de Españoles célebres_, about the lives of Spanish heroes, helped to promote Quintana the post of secretary to the Cortes during the French invasion. But on the return of Ferdinand VII he was put in prison at Pamplona from 1814 to 1820. He was finally given a small post in the civil service, became tutor to Queen Isabella II, and was nominated senator.

## Death

Quintana died at the age of 84. Philanthropy and patriotism helped him write. The thought he put into his poems is not deep, but his faith to Spain attracted people to read them.

### References

- Albert Dérozier: "Les étapes de la vie officielle de Manuel Josef Quintana". Bulletin Hispanique 66 (1964): 363-383
- Albert Dérozier: Manuel Josef Quintana et la naissance du libéralisme en Espagne. 2 vols. Paris: Les belles Lettres, 1968-70. Annales littéraires de l'Université de Besançon, 95, 105.
- Albert Dérozier: Manuel José Quintana y el nacimiento del liberalismo en España / Albert Dérozier. Trad.: Manuel Moya. Madrid: Turner, 1978.
- Diego Martínez Torrón: Manuel José Quintana y el espíritu de la España liberal (con textos desconocidos). Sevilla: Ed. Alfar, 1995. .
- E. Mérimée: "Les poésies liriques de Quintana." Bulletin Hispanique 4 (1902): 119-153.
- José A. Valero: "Manuel José Quintana y el sublime moral." Hispanic Review 71 (2003): 585-611
Fortran

**Fortran** is a programming language first created in the 1950s. It is still in use today. It is a procedural language mainly used for scientific computing and numerical analysis.

## History

The first FORTRAN compiler was created in 1954-57 by a team at IBM led by John W. Backus. This compiler was the first compiler for any High level language. The authors were worried that no one would use the language if programs written in it did not run nearly as fast as programs written in assembly language. So they made it an optimizing compiler.

Because of the heavy use by scientists doing numerical work the language grew in ways that encouraged compiler writers to produce compilers that generated high quality (fast) code. There are many high performance compiler vendors. Much work and research in compiler theory and design was caused by the need to generate good code for Fortran programs.

Several revisions of the language have appeared, including the very well known FORTRAN IV (the same as FORTRAN 66), FORTRAN 77 and Fortran 90. The most recent formal standard for the language was published in 1997 and is known as Fortran 95.

Initially, the language relied on precise formatting of the source code and heavy use of statement numbers and 'go to' statements, written as goto in Fortran.

Every version introduced 'modern' programming concepts, such as source code comments and output of text, IF-THEN-ELSE (in FORTRAN 77), recursion (in Fortran 90) and parallel constructs, while trying to maintain Fortran's 'lean' profile and high performance.

## Meaning and spelling of the name

The name "Fortran" is short for "Formula Translation". The language was formerly known as FORTRAN (and older variants of it still are). Since Fortran 90, the capitalization has been abandoned. The published formal standards use "Fortran".

## Standards

The two standards below are for current Fortran implementations.
- ANSI X3.198-1992 (R1997). Title: _Programming Language "Fortran" Extended_. Informally known as Fortran 90. This standard was published by ANSI and never became an International Standard (ISO).
- ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997. Title: _Information technology - Programming languages - Fortran - Part 1: Base language_. Informally known as Fortran 95. There are a further 2 parts to this standard. Part 1 has been formally adopted by ANSI.

## Other websites and references

- Brian Meek: _The Fortran (not the foresight) saga: the light and the dark_, Fortran Forum, Vol 9 No 2, October 1990, pp 23-32. Online at http://www.fortranplus.co.uk/resources/brian_meeks_fortran_saga.pdf . A good overview over the long and intricate Fortran history.
- Lucy Joan Slater, More Fortran programs for economists, Cambridge University Press, 1972.
W. B. Yeats

**William Butler Yeats** (13 June 1865 – 28 January 1939) was an Irish poet, dramatist and mystic. He was born in Dublin, Ireland on 13 June 1865. He spent most of his time in Sligo and some time in London.

Yeats' early poetry drew heavily on myth and legend. His later work had more to do with contemporary issues. One of his famous poems is called "Leda and the Swan".

With Lady Gregory and others, he was one of the people who founded the Irish Literary Theatre and the Abbey Theatre.

He was also interested in Hermeticism and Theosophy. He was a member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.

Yeats won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1923. He died in Menton, France on 28 January 1939.
Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

The **Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn** (or **Golden Dawn** for short) was a magical order of secret society for the study of the occult and metaphysics. It was founded in London in 1888 by Dr. William Wynn Westcott and Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers. It ceased to exist under that name in 1903. However, two spin-off groups were created at that time, the Stella Matutina and the Alpha et Omega.

While it was popular, many well-known people joined the Golden Dawn. Some of its members included:
- Algernon Blackwood
- Aleister Crowley
- Florence Farr
- Dion Fortune
- Arthur Machen
- Pamela Colman Smith
- Arthur Edward Waite
- William Butler Yeats

## Related pages

- Hermeticism

## Other websites

- Golden Dawn FAQ
- The Golden Dawn Library Project
- Golden Dawn Tradition, by co-founder Dr. W. Wynn Westcott
- Lots of GD material on display in Yeats exhibition including Ritual Notebooks.
Sweet William

**Sweet William** a Eurasian pink widely grown for its clusters of small bright-coloured flowers. Biennial to perennial plant belonging to the pink family, native to southern Europe. It is grown for its fragrant red, white, and pink flowers.
Georg Friedrich Händel composed “See the Conquering Hero Comes” in honour of the victorious Duke of Cumberland. The flower sweet William was named after the latter in England.

## Web sites

- http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Dianthus
- sweet William, or bunch pink, or Dianthus barbatus, or sour Billy, or stinking Willie (plant)
- Flora of China
- Flora of the British Isles
Mount Cheaha

**Cheaha Mountain**, often called Mount Cheaha, is the tallest point in the State of Alabama. It is 2,407 feet (734 meters) tall. Mount Cheaha is a quartzite rock mountain. Mount Cheaha is the southeasternmost point of the Appalachian Mountains.

Mount Cheaha is protected in Cheaha State Park. The nearest city to Mount Cheaha is Talladega.
Pago Pago

**Pago Pago** is a village in American Samoa. It is the capital of the country but not the seat of government. In 2000, 11,500 people lived there.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Pago Pago
- **image skyline**: Pagopago_amerika_sāmoa.jpg
- **image caption**: Pago Pago Harbor
- **pushpin map**: American Samoa
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Territory
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Maoputasi County, Maoputasi
- **elevation m**: 9
- **population total**: 3000
- **population as of**: 2020
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 96799
- **area code**: Area code 684, +1 684
- **website**: [http://www.pagopago.com/ www.pagopago.com]
- **timezone**: Samoa Time Zone
- **utc offset**: −11
- **blank name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank info**: 1389119
Fagatogo

**Fagatogo** is the seat of government in American Samoa, but not its capital city, which is Pago Pago.

The population of Fagatogo was 1,445 at the 2020 census.
Planform

In design **planform** or plan view is a vertical orthographic projection of an object on a horizontal plane, like a map.

In aviation, a **planform** is the shape and layout of an airplane's wing. Of all the myriad planforms used, they can typically be grouped into those used for low-speed flight, found on general aviation aircraft, and those used for
high-speed flight, found on many military aircraft and airliners.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

## Related pages

- Wing
Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands

**Charlotte Amalie** is the capital and largest city of the United States Virgin Islands. It has about 15,000 people. The city is on the island of Saint Thomas. Charlotte Amalie is also the home to the Legislature of the U.S. Virgin Islands.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Charlotte Amalie
- **other name**: Taphus
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: StThomasHarbor.jpg
- **image caption**: Charlotte Amalie harbor at night
- **pushpin map**: USA Virgin Islands
- **pushpin label position**: Charlotte Amalie
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the United States Virgin Islands
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Territory
- **subdivision name1**: United States Virgin Islands
- **established date**: 1666
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 14477
- **population density sq mi**: auto
- **timezone**: AST (UTC-4)
- **utc offset**: -4
- **postal code type**: VI
- **postal code**: 00801–00804
- **area code**: 340
Olinda Castielle

**Olinda Castielle** born _Olinda Borggren_ is a Swedish TV personality who was a contestant on the American reality show Joe Millionaire and the first season of the Swedish version of Paradise Hotel.

## TV shows

- Paradise Hotel (Swedish Edition)
- Paradise Hotel Extra (season 1 as a guest)
- Paradise Hotel Extra (season 2 as a host)
- Joe Millionaire
- The OP Tour
- Little Italy

## Other websites

- Olinda and Patrick official web site, Oplounge.
- Paradise Hotel  - tv4.se
- About Olinda on Joe Millionaire  - tvrules.net
- Little Italy  - tv4.se
Plan view

A **plan view** is an orthographic projection of a 3-dimensional object from the position of a horizontal plane through the object. In other words, a plan is a section viewed from the top. In such views, the portion of the object above the plane is omitted to reveal what lies beyond. In the case of a floor plan, the roof and upper part of the walls may be left out. Basically, a plan view is just another name for the top view of a 3D object. case 143

## Related pages

- Plan (drawing)
- Planform
Floor plan

A **floor plan** (**floorplan**) in architecture and building engineering is a diagram, usually to scale, of the relationships between rooms, spaces and other physical features at one level of a structure.

Similar to a map the orientation of the view is downward from above.

## Related pages

- Building
- Floor
- Plans (drawings)
Hagåtña, Guam

**Hagåtña** is the capital city of Guam. About 943 people live there. The city has an area of about .

## Infobox (settlement)

- **settlement type**: Villages of Guam, Village
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Territories of the United States, Territory
- **subdivision name1**: Guam
- **timezone**: Chamorro Standard Time, ChST
- **utc offset**: +10
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **map caption**: Location of Agana within the Territory of Guam.
- **official name**: Hagtna
- **other name**: Agana / Agaña
- **image map**: Locator maps of Guam villages - Hagåtña.svg
- **area total sq mi**: 1
- **population total**: 943
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population blank1**: Chamorro
- **population blank1 title**: Ethnic groups
Plan (drawing)

**Plans** are a set of two-dimensional diagrams or drawings used to describe a place or object, or to communicate building or fabrication instructions. Usually plans are drawn or printed on paper, but they can take the form of a digital file.

## Views and Projections

Because plans represent three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional plane, the use of **views** or **Graphical projections** is crucial the reading of plans.

There are several projection types:
- Orthographic projection, including:
    - Plan view or floor plan view
    - Elevation, usually a 'head-on' view of an exterior
    - Section, a cutaway view of the interior
    - Axonometric projection, including:
        - Isometric projection
        - Dimetric projection
        - Trimetric projection
- Oblique projection, and
- Perspective projection

## Related pages

- Floor plan
Dededo, Guam

**Dededo** is the largest city in Guam.  Dededo has a population of about 45,000 people.  Dededo has an area of about 30 square miles.

## Other websites

- Official Site of Dededo

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Dededo
- **native name**: Dedidu
- **settlement type**: Villages of Guam, Village
- **image skyline**: Dededo Flea Market1.JPG
- **image map**: Locator maps of Guam villages - Dededo.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Unincorporated territories of the United States, Territory
- **subdivision name1**: Guam
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Peter J. Benavente (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **leader title1**: Vice Mayor
- **leader name1**: Ann S.A. Leon Guerrero (D)
- **area total km2**: 79.16
- **area urban sq mi**: 60.41
- **population total**: 44908
- **population urban**: 139825
- **population density urban sq mi**: 2314.8
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 1498.1
- **area total sq mi**: 30
- **timezone1**: Chamorro Standard Time, ChST
- **utc offset1**: +10:00
Albertville, Alabama

**Albertville** is the largest city in Marshall County, Alabama. Albertville had a population of 22,386 people in 2020. It has an area of about 27 miles, and a height of 1,024 feet. Other cities in Marshall County include Arab.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Albertville, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Albertville, Alabama.JPG
- **image caption**: Albertville in 2012
- **image map**: File:Marshall County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Albertville Highlighted 0100988.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location in Marshall County, Alabama
- **nickname**: The Heart of Sand Mountain (Alabama), Sand Mountain
- **pushpin label**: Albertville
- **pushpin map**: Alabama#USA
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Marshall County, Alabama, Marshall
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: February 18, 1891
- **area total sq mi**: 27.04
- **area land sq mi**: 26.94
- **area water sq mi**: 0.10
- **elevation ft**: 1024
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 22386
- **population density sq mi**: 830.99
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 35950-35951
- **area codes**: Area codes 256 and 938, 256/938
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-00988
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2403074
Besenbüren

**Besenbüren** is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Besenbüren
- **municipality name**: Besenbüren
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Besenbüren COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Muri (district), Muri
- **postal code**: 5627
- **municipality code**: 4226
- **area**: 2.38
- **elevation**: 455
- **population**: 578
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.besenbueren.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aristau, Boswil, Bünzen, Switzerland, Bünzen, Hermetschwil-Staffeln, Rottenschwil
Bettwil

**Bettwil** is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bettwil
- **municipality name**: Bettwil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bettwil COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Muri (district), Muri
- **postal code**: 5618
- **municipality code**: 4227
- **area**: 4.25
- **elevation**: 688
- **population**: 550
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **neighboring municipalities**: Boswil, Buttwil, Fahrwangen, Kallern, Sarmenstorf, Schongau, Switzerland, Schongau (LU)
Biberstein

**Biberstein** is a municipality of the district Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Biberstein
- **municipality name**: Biberstein
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Biberstein COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Aarau (district), Aarau
- **postal code**: 5023
- **municipality code**: 4002
- **area**: 4.10
- **elevation**: 391
- **population**: 1310
- **populationof**: December 2007
- **website**: www.biberstein-ag.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Auenstein, Switzerland, Auenstein, Küttigen, Rohr, Aargau, Rohr, Rupperswil, Thalheim, Aargau, Thalheim
Arab, Alabama

**Arab** is a city in Marshall County, Alabama. Arab had a population of 8,461 people in 2020. It has an area of about  and a height of  above sea level. Other cities in Marshall County include Albertville.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Arab, Alabama
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Arab-Main-St-north-al.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: Main Street (Alabama State Route 69, SR 69)
- **named for**: Arad Thompson
- **image map**: Marshall County Alabama Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Arab Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Marshall County, Alabama, Marshall County and the state of Alabama
- **motto**: "Proud of our past... embracing the future"
- **pushpin map**: Alabama#USA
- **pushpin label**: Arab
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Alabama, Counties
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Alabama
- **subdivision name2**: Marshall County, Alabama, Marshall, Cullman County, Alabama, Cullman
- **established date**: 1882
- **area total km2**: 34.84
- **area total sq mi**: 13.45
- **area land km2**: 34.50
- **area land sq mi**: 13.32
- **area water km2**: 0.34
- **area water sq mi**: 0.13
- **elevation ft**: 1040
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 8461
- **population density km2**: 245.25
- **population density sq mi**: 635.21
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 35016
- **area codes**: Area codes 256 and 938, 256, 938
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 01-02116
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 2403104
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Birmenstorf, Aargau

**Birmenstorf** is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official homepage of the municipality of Birmenstorf
- Homepage of the viticulture cooperative

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Birmenstorf
- **municipality name**: Birmenstorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Birmenstorf COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Baden (district), Baden
- **postal code**: 5413
- **municipality code**: 4024
- **area**: 7.80
- **elevation**: 382
- **population**: 2364
- **populationof**: 31. December 2005
- **website**: www.birmenstorf.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Baden, Switzerland, Baden, Birrhard, Fislisbach, Gebenstorf, Mellingen, Mülligen, Windisch, Wohlenschwil
Birmenstorf

**Birmenstorf** is the name of a municipality in Switzerland and in the canton Aargau:
- Birmenstorf, Aargau
It should not be confused with the Birmens**d**orf in canton Zürich:
- Birmensdorf, Zürich
Birr, Aargau

**Birr** is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Aargau.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Birr
- **municipality name**: Birr
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Birr AG COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Birr.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Brugg (district), Brugg
- **postal code**: 5242
- **municipality code**: 4092
- **area**: 5.05
- **elevation**: 352
- **population**: 3773
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.birr.ch
- **mayor**: Markus Büttikofer
- **neighboring municipalities**: Birrhard, Brunegg, Lupfig, Möriken-Wildegg
Birmensdorf

**Birmensdorf** is a municipality of the district of Dietikon in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Birmensdorf Online Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Birmensdorf
- **municipality name**: Birmensdorf
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Birmensdorf COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Birmensdorf.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zürich
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZH
- **district**: Dietikon (district), Dietikon
- **postal code**: 8903
- **municipality code**: 0242
- **area**: 11.38
- **elevation**: 518
- **population**: 5546
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **website**: www.birmensdorf.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Aesch bei Birmensdorf, Berikon (AG), Bonstetten, Switzerland, Bonstetten, Oberwil-Lieli (AG), Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg (AG), Stallikon, Uitikon, Urdorf, Wettswil am Albis
Lake Zürich

**Lake Zürich** is a lake in Switzerland, that goes southeast of the city Zürich.

## Other websites

- Zürichsee Schifffahrtsgesellschaft  -- Boat schedules, mainly non-English.
- Zürichsee-Fähre Horgen-Meilen -- Ferry schedules, in German.
- Waterlevels Lake Zürich  at Zürich

## Infobox (_lake)

- **lake name**: Lake Zürich
 Zürichsee
- **image lake**: Zuerichsee.jpg
- **image bathymetry**: Karte_Zürichsee.png
- **inflow**: Linth (Linthkanal)
- **outflow**: Limmat
- **catchment**: 1 E+9 m³, 1,829 km²
- **basin countries**: Switzerland
- **length**: 40 km (25 mi)
- **width**: 3 km (1.9 mi)
- **area**: 1 E+7 m², 88.66 km² (34.4 mi²)
- **depth**: 49 m
- **max-depth**: 1 E+2 m, 143 m (469 ft)
- **volume**: 1 E+9 m³, 3.9 km³
- **residence time**: 440 days
- **elevation**: 406 m (1,342 ft)
- **islands**: Lützelau, Ufenau
- **cities**: _see #Cities on the lake, list_
- **frozen**: 1962/1963 (last)
Birrhard

**Birrhard** is a municipality in Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website of Birrhard

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **area**: 2.99
- **neighboring municipalities**: Birmenstorf, Aargau, Birmenstorf, Birr, Aargau, Birr, Brunegg, Lupfig, Mägenwil, Mülligen, Wohlenschwil
- **website**: www.birrhard.ch
- **elevation**: 390
- **municipality code**: 4093
- **subject name**: Birrhard
- **municipality name**: Birrhard
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Birrhard 015.jpg
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Birrhard.svg
- **languages**: German
- **postal code**: 5244
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Brugg (district), Brugg
Birrwil

**Birrwil** is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

It is on the western shore of Lake Hallwil.

## Other websites

- Official Website of Birrwil

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Birrwil
- **municipality name**: Birrwil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Birrwil COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Kulm (district), Kulm
- **postal code**: 4132
- **area**: 5.53
- **elevation**: 560
- **population**: 942
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **website**: www.birrwil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Beinwil am See, Boniswil, Leutwil, Meisterschwanden, Reinach, Aargau, Reinach, Seengen, Zetzwil
Lake Hallwil

**Lake Hallwil** (German: _Hallwilersee_) is a lake in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland.  Its surface maximum depth is 48 meters.

## Other websites

- Waterlevels of Lake Hallwil  at Meisterschwanden

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Lake Hallwil
 Hallwilersee
- **image lake**: Karte Gemeinde Fahrwangen 2007.png
- **caption lake**: Lake Hallwil in the canton of Aargau
- **location**: Aargau
- **inflow**: Aabach
- **outflow**: Aabach
- **catchment**: 1 E8 m², 128 km²
- **basin countries**: Switzerland
- **length**: 8.4 km
- **width**: 1.5 km
- **area**: 1 E7 m², 10.3 km²
- **depth**: 28 m
- **max-depth**: 48 m
- **volume**: 1 E+8 m³, 0.285 km³
- **residence time**: 3.9 years
- **elevation**: 449 m
- **cities**: Beinwil am See, Meisterschwanden, Seengen
Unterendingen

**Unterendingen** was a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014, the former municipality of Unterendingen merged into the municipality of Endingen.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Unterendingen
- **municipality name**: Unterendingen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Coat of arms of Unterendingen.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Aargau
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AG
- **district**: Zurzach (district), Zurzach
- **postal code**: 5305
- **municipality code**: 4321
- **area**: 3.45
- **elevation**: 387
- **population**: 357
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.unterendingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Baldingen, Switzerland, Baldingen, Endingen, Switzerland, Endingen, Lengnau, Aargau, Lengnau, Tegerfelden, Würenlingen