juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mercury-in-glass thermometer

The **mercury-in-glass thermometer** was invented by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in Amsterdam (1714). It is a bulb containing Mercury attached to a glass tube of narrow diameter. The volume of mercury in the tube is much less than the volume in the bulb. The volume of mercury changes slightly with temperature. The small change in volume drives the narrow mercury column up the tube. The space above the mercury may be filled with nitrogen or it may be at less than atmospheric pressure, a partial vacuum.

Mercury cannot be used to measure temperatures lower than -39˚C (as mercury freezes at that point) or temperature higher than 356.7˚C (the boiling point of mercury). Mercury has been replaced largely by alcohol for use in thermometers. Ethanol is cheaper and safer than mercury and can be used as low as -80˚C. However, ethanol boils at 78°C (172.4°F), which means its upper limit is much lower than mercury thermometers.
The Wheel of Time

***The Wheel of Time*** is a long running fantasy series of novels written by American author Robert Jordan. The first in the series, _The Eye of the World_ was published in 1990,  and the last, _A Memory of Light_, was published in 2009. Jordan died while he was writing the last book, so it was finished by Brandon Sanderson. _A Memory of Light_ was split into three parts as the book length was too long.

## Books

- _The Eye of the World_
- _The Great Hunt_
- _The Dragon Reborn_
- _The Shadow Rising_
- _The Fires of Heaven_
- _Lord of Chaos_
- _A Crown of Swords_
- _The Path of Daggers_
- _Winter's Heart_
- _Crossroads of Twilight_
- _Knife of Dreams_
- _Gathering Storm_ (The first part of _A Memory of Light_)
- _Towers of Midnight_ (The second part of _A Memory of Light_)
- _A Memory of Light_ (The last part of _A Memory of Light_)
Robert Jordan

**Robert Jordan** (October 17, 1948 – September 16, 2007) was the pen or writing name of the American fantasy author **James Oliver Rigney Jr.** He was most famous for writing the long, epic fanasy series _The Wheel of Time_. He died from amyloidosis before he was able to finish the series. The last volume _A Memory of Light_ was split into three and was completed by fellow American fantasy writer Brandon Sanderson.

## _The Wheel of Time_

_The Wheel of Time_ is an epic fantasy series that centers around Rand al'Thor, a young man destined to be the Dragon Reborn, the savior figure of the story. The Dragon Reborn is prophesied to lead the forces of the Light (the forces of good) to fight the Dark One (the main antagonist) at the Last Battle.

### List of books in the series

- _The Eye of the World_, (1990)
- _The Great Hunt_, (1990)
- _The Dragon Reborn_, (1991)
- _The Shadow Rising_, (1992)
- _The Fires of Heaven_, (1993)
- _Lord of Chaos_, (1994)
- _A Crown of Swords_, (1996)
- _The Path of Daggers_, (1998)
- _Winter's Heart_, (2000)
- _Crossroads of Twilight_, (2003)
- _New Spring_, prequel to the series, (2004)
- _Knife of Dreams_, (2005)
- _The Gathering Storm_, the first part of _A Memory of Light_, (2009)
- _Towers of Midnight_, the second part of _A Memory of Light_, (2010)
- _A Memory of Light_, the last part of _A Memory of Light_, (2013)

## Other websites

- Dragonmount - A fansite that hosts Robert Jordan's blog.
- Brandon Sanderson's blog - Brandon Sanderson is the author selected to finish the series.
- The Wheel of Time Wiki

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: James Oliver Rigney Jr.
- **image**: Robert Jordan.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Jordan in 2006
- **pseudonym**: Robert Jordan
- **birth place**: Charleston, South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- **death place**: South Carolina, United States
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **alma mater**: The Citadel
- **genre**: Fantasy
- **notableworks**: The Wheel of Time, _The Wheel of Time_ series
- **spouse**: Harriet McDougal
- **signature**: Robert Jordan signature (cropped).jpg
Brian Burke

**Brian Thomas Burke** (born 25 February 1947) was the 23rd Premier of Western Australia from 25 February 1983 to 25 February 1988. He was from the Labor Party. He worked as a journalist before becoming a politician. As Premier he was popular at first but later on his government was involved in a number of private companies that failed. He resigned to become an ambassador. During the 1990s he was convicted of committing crimes while he was Premier and spent time in prison.
Ray O'Connor

**Raymond James O'Connor** (6 March 1926 - 25 February 2013) was the 22nd Premier of Western Australia from 25 January 1982 until 25 February 1983. He was from the Liberal Party. He became Premier when Charles Court resigned. Later he was convicted of fraud and spent time in prison.
Charles Court

**Sir Charles Walter Michael Court** (29 September 1911 – 22 December 2007) was the 21st Premier of Western Australia from 8 April 1974 to 25 January 1982. He was from the Liberal Party. He became a politician in 1953. His son, Richard, was also a Premier.
Chang'an

**Chang'an** was the capital of ancient China of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history. Chang'an literally means "Perpetual Peace" in Classical Chinese. During the Xin Dynasty, the city was renamed "Constant Peace"; yet after its fall in the year 23 AD, the old name was restored. During the Ming Dynasty, the name was changed to its present name **Xi'an**, meaning "Western Peace".

## History

The imperial city of Chang'an during the Han Dynasty was in northwest of today's Xi'an. During the Tang Dynasty, the area to be known as Chang'an included the area inside the Ming Xi'an fortification, plus some small areas to its east and west, and a major part of its southern suburbs. The Tang Chang'an was 8 times the size of the Ming Xi'an. During this time Chang'an was one of the largest and most populous cities in the world. Around 750 A.D. Chang'an was called a "million people's city" in Chinese records, while modern estimates put it at around 800,000–1,000,000 within city walls.

In 710, the grid of Japan's capital city at Heijō-kyō was planned to mirror the grid of Chang'an.  In 794, the plan of the new capital at Heian-kyō also mirrored the Chang'an design.

## References

<div class="references-small">
- Benn, Charles (2002). _China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty_. Oxford: Oxford University Press. .
- Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). _East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History_. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. .
- Ma, Dezhi. "Sui Daxing Tang Chang’an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Sui's Daxing and Tang's Chang'an". _Encyclopedia of China_ (Archeology Edition), 1st ed.
- Wang, Chongshu. "Han Chang’an Cheng Yizhi" ("Archeological Site of Han's Chang'an"). _Encyclopedia of China_ (Archeology Edition), 1st ed.
</div>

## Further reading

- Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman (1999). _Chinese Imperial City Planning_. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
- Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2000). _Sui-Tang Chang’an: A Study in the Urban History of Medieval China_. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Center for Chinese Studies.

## Other websites

- Introduction of Xi'an/Chang'an  by the University of Washington
John Tonkin

**John Trezise Tonkin** (2 February 1902 – 20 October 1995) was the 20th Premier of Western Australia from 3 March 1971 to 8 April 1974. He was from the Labor Party.

He was born in Boulder City in 1902. Educated in local schools Tonkin became a teacher in rural Western Australia. An active member of the Labor Party, he was Prime Minister John Curtin's campaign manager for the 1943 election. He was elected to the Western Australian parliament for the seat of North East Fremantle (1933–1950), and for the seat of Melville (1950–1977). He was a Cabinet Minister (1943–1947), Deputy Premier (1953–1959), Leader of the Opposition (1967–1971 and 1974–1976), and Premier (1971–1974). He retired from parliament in 1977 and died in 1995.

## Early life

Albert Tonkin, born in Boulder, Western Australia, in 1902, became a teacher after attending Claremont Teachers College. He married Rosalie Maud Cleghorn in 1926 and later moved to Perth, where he taught and studied accounting.
David Brand

**Sir David Brand** (1 August 1912 – 15 April 1979) was the 19th Premier of Western Australia from 2 April 1959 to 3 March 1971. He was from the Liberal Party.
Albert Hawke

**Albert ("Bert") Redvers George Hawke** (3 December 1900 – 14 February 1986) was the 18th Premier of Western Australia from 23 February 1953 to 2 April 1959. He was from the Labor Party. His nephew, Bob, became Prime Minister of Australia in the 1980s.
Ross McLarty

**Sir Duncan Ross McLarty** (17 March 1891 – 22 December 1962) was the 17th Premier of Western Australia from 1 April 1947 to 23 February 1953. He was from the Liberal Party.
Frank Wise

**Frank Joseph Scott Wise** (30 May 1897 – 29 June 1986) was the 16th Premier of Western Australia from 31 July 1945 to 1 April 1947. He was from the Labor Party.

Wise was born in Queensland and after finishing high school he became a tropical fruit farmer. He joined the Queensland Department of Agriculture, and later moved to Western Australia to work with the WA Department of Agriculture. He brought banana plants from Queensland to grow in the Gascoyne region around Carnarvon. He was elected to the Western Australian parliament in 1933 and became the Minister for Agriculture in 1936.

He became Premier of Western Australia after John Willcock resigned in 1945. His government was defeated in the 1947 election. He then became Leader of the Opposition for four years. He resigned from parliament in 1951 to become the Administrator of the Northern Territory.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: Hon.
- **name**: Frank Joseph Scott Wise
- **image**: Honfrankjosephwise.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **caption**: Frank Wise
- **order**: 16th
- **office**: Premier of Western Australia
- **term start**: 31 July 1945
- **term end**: 1 April 1947
- **predecessor**: John Willcock
- **successor**: Sir Ross McLarty
- **constituency**: Gascoyne
- **order2**: 4th
- **office2**: Administrator of the Northern Territory
- **term start2**: 1 July 1951
- **term end2**: 1 July 1956
- **predecessor2**: Arthur Driver
- **successor2**: James Clarence Arthur, James Arthur
- **birth date**: 30 May 1897
- **birth place**: Queensland
- **death date**: 29 June 1986
- **party**: Australian Labor Party
- **occupation**: Farmer (tropical fruit)
Kevin Moore (rugby league)

**Kevin Moore** (born 30 November 1965, in St Johns Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia) is a rugby league coach and former player. He was the head coach for the Bulldogs in the NRL from 2009 to 2011. As a player, he played as a scrum-half.

## Other websites

- Bulldogs profile

## Infobox (rugby league biography)

- **new**: yes
- **name**: Kevin Moore
- **image**: Kevin Moore.jpg
- **birth place**: Lakemba, New South Wales, Australia
- **weight(kg)**: 80
- **club1**: Halifax R.L.F.C., Halifax
- **year1start**: 1984
- **year1end**: 86
- **year2start**: 1989
- **year2end**: 94
- **appearances2**: 37
- **tries2**: 7
- **goals2**: 0
- **fieldgoals2**: 0
- **points2**: 28
- **retired**: yes
- **coachyear1start**: 2009
- **coachyear1end**: 11
- **coachgames1**: 49
- **coachwins1**: 27
- **coachdraws1**: 0
- **coachlosses1**: 22
Roman Čechmánek

**Roman Čechmánek**  (March 2, 1971 in Gottwaldov (now called Zlín), Czechoslovakia – 12 November 2023) was a Czech professional ice hockey goaltender. He died on 12 November 2023, at the age of 52.

## International play

His only Olympic appearance was for the Czech Republic in the 1998 Winter Olympics. Backing-up star goaltender Dominik Hašek, Čechmánek's team won the gold medal after defeating Russia in the gold medal deciding match, despite not playing a single game. Czech Republic won in a tight 1–0 game.

His other debuts were in the 2004 and 2007 IHWC also playing for the Czech Republic team.

### International statistics

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"|||||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1998|CZE|Oly|DNP|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--||
|2002|CZE|Oly|DNP|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--|--||
|2004|CZE|IHWC|1|1|0|--|60|1|0|1.00|17|18|.944||
|2007|CZE|IHWC|7|3|4|--|418|18|0|2.58|152|170|.894||

## Honours

- Played in National Hockey League All-Star Game — 2001.
- Named to National Hockey League All-Star Second Team — 2000–01.
- William M. Jennings Trophy (shared with Martin Brodeur and teammate Robert Esche) — 2002–03

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Roman-Cechmanek-during-Flyers-Devils-game-on-Mar-17-2003 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Čechmánek during his time with the Flyers on March 17, 2003
- **position**: Goaltender
- **catches**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 211
- **played for**: ***National Hockey League, NHL***
Philadelphia Flyers
Los Angeles Kings
***Czech Extraliga***
VHK Vsetín, HC Vsetín
HC Energie Karlovy Vary, HC Karlovy Vary
HC Oceláři Třinec, HC Třinec
***Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League, Czechoslovak First League***
PSG Zlín, HC Zlín
HC Dukla Jihlava, HC Jihlava
HC Olomouc
***Deutsche Eishockey Liga***
Hamburg Freezers
***Swedish Hockey League, Elitserien***
Linköpings HC
- **ntl team**: Czechoslovakia
- **ntl team 2**: Czech Republic
- **birth place**: Gottwaldov, Czechoslovakia
(now Zlín, Czech Republic)
- **draft**: 171st overall
- **draft year**: 2000
- **draft team**: Philadelphia Flyers
- **career start**: 1989
- **career end**: 2009
Spinning jenny

The **spinning jenny** is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented around 1764 by James Hargreaves (c. 1720 – 22 April 1778) in Stanhill, near Blackburn, Lancashire in the northwest of England. The device meant that there was much less work needed to produce yarn. A single worker could work eight or more spools at once.

The spinning jenny was a huge success due to the fact that it could hold more than one ball of yarn, therefore making more clothing materials in a shorter amount of time while reducing the overall cost.

Thomas Highs (1718–1803) also claimed patents on the spinning jenny, and on other machines for cloth production.

## Related pages

- Industrial Revolution

## Other websites

- Essay  from http://www.cottontown.org on Hargreaves and the spinning jenny.
- Essay from http://www.cottonttimes.co.uk  on Highs and the spinning jenny.
- Source for alternate name of spinning ginny
Power loom

The term **power loom**, corresponds to a mechanized loom powered by a driveshaft. The first _power loom_ was designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785, later to be perfected by William Horrocks. It allowed textile making to be done far faster than if a human had done the same work. By 1850, over 250,000 of Cartwright's designs were used in England. James Henry Northrop invented the automatic "weft replenishment" loom. It revolutionized the weaving industry. Some 700,000 "Northrop" automatic looms were sold worldwide.

Originally, power looms used a shuttle to throw the weft across, but in the early part of the 20th century the faster and more efficient shuttleless loom came into use. Today, advances in technology have produced a variety of looms designed to maximize production for specific types of material. The most common of these are air-jet looms and water-jet looms. Computer-driven looms are now also available to individual home weavers.
Paris Métro

The **Paris Métro** or **Métropolitain** () is a rapid transit system in Paris, France.  The network is mostly underground. It has 19 lines, which together are 225.1 km (139.9 mi) long. There are 304 stations. 17 of these lines are owned by RATP, the state-owned public transport operator in Île-de-France, and 2 by Paris Airport.

The Paris Métro is a symbol of the city. Notable is its Art Nouveau architecture at the older entrances. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe, after Moscow. It carries 4.16 million passengers a day, and an annual total of 1.52 billion (2015).

The first line opened on 19 July 1900, during the 1900 World's Fair (_Exposition Universelle_). The system expanded quickly and the core was complete by the 1920s. Extensions into suburbs were built in the 1930s. The network reached saturation after World War II. The Métro introduced newer trains to allow higher traffic, but further improvements have been limited by the design of the network and in particular the short distances between stations. Besides the Métro, Downtown Paris and its urban area are served by a number of other transit systems.

## Other websites

- RATP English version. Contains routes, schedules, journey times, etc...
- Comprehensive map of the Paris Metro network
Heroes (TV series)

***Heroes*** is an American television show on the network NBC in the US, BBC 2 in the UK and various other stations worldwide. It is about a group of people who have superpowers. It was shown from 2006-2010.

## Main characters

- Peter Petrelli
- Emma Coolidge
- Claire Bennet
- Sylar
- Samuel Sullivan
- Hiro and Ando
Eddie Su'a

**Eddie Su'a** (born 13 January 1983) is an Australian former rugby league player. He played for the Cronulla Sharks in the NRL in 2007. He played as a prop.

## Other websites

- Eddie Su'a stats at Rugby League Project
String (music)

A **string** in music is a string made of steel, nylon, or gut which vibrates on string instruments, such as the guitar, harp, piano, or violin. They are usually under tension to help them vibrate.

## Other websites

- The vibrations of strings with both ends fixed
- Historical types of string
- String Tension - technical information on string tension, with tension calculator
Peter Sellers

**Richard Henry** "**Peter**" **Sellers**   (8 September 1925 – 24 July 1980) was an English actor and comedian best known for his three roles in _Dr. Strangelove_,as Aldo Vanucci in "After The Fox"; as "Inspector Clouseau" in _The Pink Panther_ movies, and as Clare Quilty in the original 1962 screen version of _Lolita_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peter Sellers
- **image**: Peter Sellers Allan Warren.jpg
- **caption**: Sellers in 1973
- **birth name**: Richard Henry Sellers
- **birth place**: Southsea, Portsmouth, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **death cause**: Heart attack
- **years active**: 1948 – 1980
- **spouse**: Anne Howe
(m. 1951–1961, divorced)
Britt Ekland
(m. 1964–1968, divorced)
Miranda Quarry
(m. 1970–1974, divorced)
Lynne Frederick
(m. 1977–1980, his death)
- **awards**: **BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Best Actor**
 1959 _I'm All Right Jack_
 **Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, Best Actor - Musical/Comedy**
 1980 _Being There_
NUbuntu

**nUbuntu** or **Network Ubuntu** is a project to take the existing Ubuntu operating system and remaster it as a Live CD and Full install with tools needed for penetration testing servers and networks. The main idea is to keep Ubuntu's ease of use and mix it with popular penetration testing tools. Besides usage for network and server testing, nUbuntu will be made to be a desktop distribution for advanced Linux users.

## Contents

nUbuntu uses the light window manager Fluxbox.

It includes some of the most used security programs for Linux, such as Wireshark, nmap, dSniff, and Ettercap.

## History

- 2005-12-18 - nUbuntu Project is born, developers release Testing 1
- 2006-01-16 - nUbuntu Live developers release Stable 1
- 2006-06-26 - nUbuntu Live developers release version 6.06
- 2006-10-16 - nUbuntu featured in Hacker Japan , a Japanese hacker magazine
- 2007-12-31 - nUbuntu developer TomB retires from project, Brendan Almonte takes over
- 2008-07-16 - nUbuntu Live developers release version 8.04 Alpha
2010-04-04 - the official website was closed.

### Releases

Below is a list of previous and current releases.

|Version|Release date|Release name|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Stable 1|2006-01-16|nUbuntu Live|
|Stable|2006-06-26|6.06|
|Stable|2006-11-21|6.10|
|Alpha|2008-07-16|8.04|
|Beta|2008-12-17|8.12 Instigating Insecurity|

## Other websites

- Darknet 10 Best Security Live CD Distros for pen-test, forensics, and recovery
- SecurityDistro screenshots of nUbuntu
- SecurityDistro's nUbuntu section
- SecurityDistro's nUbuntu forum page

de:Liste von Linux-Distributionen#Ubuntu-Derivate

## Infobox (_os)

- **name**: nUbuntu Linux
- **caption**: nUbuntu - Formula One
- **developer**: Brendan Almonte
- **family**: Linux
- **source model**: Open source
- **latest release version**: 8.12
- **kernel type**: Monolithic kernel
- **ui**: Fluxbox
- **license**: Free software licenses
(mainly GNU GPL)
- **working state**: abandoned
- **website**: none
Prussian blue

**Prussian blue**, also known as Berlin blue, is a dark blue color that is artificially made.

It is one of the first pigments made synthetically.  It was accidentally found in 1704 by two chemists in Berlin.

The dark blue uniforms of the Prussian army were dyed this color.

## Color

A color can be shown by hex triplet is a six-digit, three-byte hexadecimal number used in HTML, CSS, and other computing applications. The hex triplet to represent Prussian blue is **003153**.

When using the RGB color model where red, green, and blue light are added together, Prussian blue has the RGB code of 0, 49, 83

## Use as a medicine

Prussian blue is a medicine that is sometimes given by doctors to help remove certain radioactive materials from people’s bodies.  It has been used this way since the 1960s.

## Potential use in computer storage

Prussian blue is a chemical compound. One of the chemical elements in this compound is iron.

Researchers have experimented replacing some of the iron atoms in Prussian blue with cobalt. When the Prussian blue compound is lit with a red light at -150 C, the compound shifts from being non-magnetic (off) to magnetic (on). The magnetic shift does not change back except if deliberately reversed (or undone) with heat.

This magnetism is due to the transfer of an electron from the cobalt to the iron, with light providing the energy, while the electron moves back when heat is applied, the researchers said.

This magnetic property means the compound can be used in computer storage. Because the compound can be turned "on" and "off" in a controlled way, it can remember binary information. Binary information is used for computer storage.

This way of using the compound is still being developed.

It is also used as a machinists dye to check wear patterns.

## Tones of Prussian blue color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Dark Slate Blue|style="background-color:#483d8b"||#483D8B|72|61|139|248°|39%|39%|(web color)|
|Persian Indigo|style="background-color:#32127a"||#32127A|50|18|122|258°|74%|27%|(Regimental) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz & Paul)|
|Dark Imperial Blue|style="background-color:#00416a"||#00416A|0|65|106|203°|100%|21%|Imperial Blue (ISCC-NBS)|
|Midnight Blue|style="background-color:#191970"||#191970|25|25|112|240°|64%|27%|(web color)|
|Dark Midnight Blue|style="background-color:#003366"||#003366|0|51|102|210°|100%|20%|(Midnight Blue (Crayola))|
|**Prussian Blue**|style="background-color:#003153"||**#003153**|**0**|**49**|**83**|**205°**|**100%**|**16%**|**(Berlin Blue) (PerBang.dk) (Maerz & Paul)**|
|Dark Indigo|style="background-color:#310062"||#310062|49|0|98|270°|100%|19%|(PerBang.dk)|
|Gulf Blue|style="background-color:#051657"||#051657|9|22|87|228°|89%|18%|(Xona.com color list)|

## Related pages

- Indigo
- List of colors
- Navy blue

## Infobox (color)

- **title**: Prussian blue
- **hex**: 003153
- **r**: 0
- **g**: 49
- **b**: 83
- **h**: 205
- **s**: 100
- **v**: 32
- **source**: [http://www.colorhexa.com/003153]
- **isccname**: Dark blue
London Assembly

The **London Assembly** is an elected body and part of the Greater London Authority that verifies the activities of the Mayor of London. It has the power, with a two-thirds majority, to amend the Mayor's annual budget. The Assembly was established in 2000 and is headquartered at City Hall on the south side of the River Thames. The Assembly is also able to investigate other issues of importance to Londoners, publish its findings and recommendations, and make proposals to the Mayor.

The assembly is elected using proportional representation voting.

|colspan=2 rowspan=2|Political party|colspan=6|Assembly members|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Labour|style="text-align: right"|**12**||
|Conservative|style="text-align: right"|**8**||
|Green|style="text-align: right"|**2**||
|UKIP|style="text-align: right"|**2**||
|Liberal Democrat|style="text-align: right"|**1**||

## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 12
- 25


## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 8
- 25


## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 2
- 25


## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 2
- 25


## Infobox (political party/seats)

- 1
- 25
Somali language

**Somali** () is a Cushitic language. It is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen and Kenya, as well as by the Somali diaspora around the world -- an estimated total population of between 10 and 16 million speakers.

The writing system of the Somali language has been Latin alphabet since 1960.

During the colonial years under Italy, in the capital Mogadishu was developed a pidgin from the Italian used by many Somalians: the Pidgin Italian of Somalia.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Somali
- **nativename**:

- **states**: Somalia (and Somaliland), Djibouti, Ethiopia, Yemen, Kenya
- **region**: Horn of Africa
- **speakers**: 16.6 million
- **date**: 2006
- **familycolor**: Afro-Asiatic
- **fam2**: Cushitic languages, Cushitic
- **fam3**: Lowland East Cushitic languages, Lowland East
- **fam4**: Somali
- **agency**: Ministry of Education, Culture and Higher Education (Somalia), Ministry of Education, Culture and Higher Education
- **iso1**: so
- **iso2**: som
- **iso3**: som
- **script**: *Somali alphabet, Latin (official)
*Arabic script, Arabic (official)
*Osmanya alphabet, Osmanya
*Borama alphabet, Borama
*Kaddare alphabet, Kaddare
- **map**: Somali map.jpg
- **mapcaption**: Somali-speaking region
- **notice**: IPA
Gravy

**Gravy** is an English sauce made often from the juices that run naturally from meat or vegetables during cooking. It is a smooth, non-chunky liquid. Ready-made cubes and powders can be used as a substitute for natural meat or vegetable extracts. Canned gravies are also available. Gravy is commonly served with roasts, meatloaf, rice, and potato dishes. It is very popular because it is used on mashed potatoes sometimes.
Falmouth Academy

**Falmouth Academy** (also known as **FA**) is a private preparatory school for students from grades 7-12 in Falmouth, Massachusetts on Cape Cod.

## Other websites

- Official website
Satyajit Ray

**Satyajit Ray** () (2 May 1921–23 April 1992) was a Bengali Indian movie director. Many people consider him as one of the greatest film-makers of 20th century movie business.
He was born in the city of Kolkata. His Bengali family was prominent in arts and letters. Ray studied at Presidency College and at the Visva-Bharati University. He started his career as a commercial artist. Ray was interested in filmmaking by meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and seeing the Italian movie _Bicycle Thieves_ during a visit to London.

Ray directed thirty-seven movies. These include feature movies, documentaries and shorts. Ray's first movie, _Pather Panchali_, won eleven international prizes, including _Best Human Document_ at Cannes Film Festival. This movie along with _Aparajito_ and _Apur Sansar_ form the _Apu trilogy_. Ray did scripting, casting, scoring, cinematography, art direction, editing and designed his own credit titles and publicity material. He was a fiction writer, publisher, illustrator, graphic designer and movie critic. Ray won an Academy Award in 1992.

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Satyajit Ray
- **image**: Satyajit Ray in New York (cropped).jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Satyajit Ray in New York
- **birth place**: Kolkata, India
- **death place**: Kolkata, India
- **awards**: **Academy Awards**:
*Academy Honorary Award
:1992 Lifetime Achievement
**Film Fare Awards**
*Best Movie - Critics
:1978 _Shatranj Ke Khiladi_
*Best Director
:1979 _Shatranj Ke Khiladi_
Petrarch

**Francesco Petrarca ** (20 July 1304 – 19 July 1374), known in English as **Petrarch**, was an Italian scholar, poet, and one of the earliest Renaissance humanists.

Petrarch is often called the "father of humanism". Based on Petrarch's works, and to a lesser extent those of Dante Alighieri and Giovanni Boccaccio, Pietro Bembo in the 16th century created the model for the modern Italian language. Petrarch is credited with developing the sonnet with his _Canzoniere_ to a level of perfection that would be unsurpassed to this day and spreading its use to other European languages. His sonnets were admired and imitated throughout Europe during the Renaissance and became a model for lyrical poetry. Petrarch was also known for being one of the first people to call the Middle Ages the Dark Ages, although the negative myth as we know it today is largely the legacy of romantic literature.

## Other websites

- Canzoniere (different edition) and other works
- Petrarch and Laura  Multi-lingual site including many translated works (letters, poems, books) in the public domain and biography, pictures, music.
- Petrarch from the _Catholic Encyclopedia_.
- Excerpts from his works and letters
- The Petrarchan Grotto
- Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) (1304-1374)
- Poems From The Canzoniere, translated by Tony Kline.
- Petrarch - the poet who lost his head April 6, 2004 article in _The Guardian_ regarding the exhumation of Petrarch's remains.
- Francesco Petrarca  at _The Online Library of Liberty_
- _De remediis utriusque fortunae_, Cremonae, B. de Misintis ac Caesaris Parmensis, 1492.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Francesco Petrarca
- **image**: Francesco-Petrarca.jpg
- **imagesize**: 150 px
- **birth place**: Arezz
- **death place**: Arquà Petrarca
- **occupation**: Renaissance humanist
- **nationality**: Italian
- **period**: Early Renaissance
Language planning

**Language planning** is the attempt to influence how a language is used. This is usually done to make it possible to use the language for more subjects. Goals, objectives and strategies are made to change the way a language is used. For many languages there are special organisations, that look after the language. Examples of such organisations are the Academie Française for French or the British Council for English.

In general, there are different forms of language planning:

- _Corpus planning_ creates new words, expressions or changes old ones to have a new meaning. Corpus planning is involved with creating standards for a language, such as spelling and grammar, or to create dictionaries. Linguistic purity is about avoiding foreign influences to a language because they are seen as bad. It also belongs to corpus planning.
- _Status planning_ wants to change the way a language is used. It is about making some languages (or dialects) official languages for a territory. Very often, part of status planning is creating a writing system for a language that was only spoken before.
- _Acquisition planning_ is about teaching the language. It looks at ways to make it easier or more attractive to learn a language. Very often, acquisition planning also involves making the language more attractive to learn for speakers of other languages.

For further readings Nahir's work on language **planning** can be read.

## Related pages

- Language reform
Johnny Marr

**Johnny Marr** (born **John Martin Maher** on 31 October 1963)  is an English guitarist, singer, songwriter and record producer. Marr was born in Ardwick, Manchester to Irish immigrants. When he was younger, he wanted to be a football player. He rose to fame in the 1980s as the guitarist in The Smiths, where he formed an influential songwriting partnership with Morrissey. In 2013 he was given NME's Godlike Genius award. He released his first solo album, _The Messenger,_ in 2013.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Johnny Marr
- **image**: Johnny Marr University of Salford 2012 crop.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: John Martin Maher
- **birth place**: Manchester, England
- **instrument**: Guitar, Keyboard instrument, Keyboards , Harmonica, vocals
- **genre**: Alternative rock, indie pop, indie rock, jangle pop, post-punk
- **occupation**: Musician, singer, songwriter, producer
- **years active**: 1982 – present
- **label**: Various
- **past members**: The Smiths, Electronic (band), Electronic, Modest Mouse, The Pretenders, The Cribs, The The
Years of Refusal

***Years of Refusal*** is the ninth solo album by Morrissey, the former lead singer of The Smiths. The album, distributed by Decca, was released on February 16, 2009 in the United Kingdom and on February 17, 2009 in the United States.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Years of Refusal
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Morrissey
- **released**: February 2, 2009 (tentative)
- **recorded**: Autumn/Winter 2007
- **genre**: Alternative rock
- **label**: Polydor/Decca Records
- **producer**: Jerry Finn
- **prev title**: Ringleader of the Tormentors
- **prev year**: 2006
Indus Waters Treaty

The **Indus Waters Treaty** was a water-sharing treaty between the Republic Of India and Islamic Republic Of Pakistan. The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the then President of Pakistan Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan. The World Bank is a signatory as a third party. The treaty has been suspended by Government of India on April 23, 2025 as a response to terrorist attack in Pehalgam, Jammu and Kashmir.

## Provisions

The Indus System of Rivers comprises three Western Rivers - the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab and three Eastern Rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi; and with minor exceptions, the treaty gives India exclusive use of all of the waters of the Eastern Rivers and their tributaries before the point where the rivers enter Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan has exclusive use of the Western Rivers. Pakistan also received one-time financial compensation for the loss of water from the Eastern rivers.

The countries agree to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty. For this purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner who will be appointed by each country.
John Willcock

**John Collings Willcock** (9 August 1879 – 7 June 1956) was the 15th Premier of Western Australia from 20 August 1936 to 31 July 1945. He was from the Labor Party.
Philip Collier

**Philip Collier** (21 April 1873 – 18 October 1948) was the 14th Premier of Western Australia from 17 April 1924 to 23 April 1930 and then from 24 April 1933 to 19 August 1936. He was from the Labor Party.
James Mitchell

**Sir James Mitchell** (27 April 1866 – 26 July 1951) was the 13th Premier of Western Australia from  17 May 1919 to 15 April 1924 and again from 24 April 1930 to 24 April 1933. He was from the Nationalist Party. After he was Premier he became the acting Governor of Western Australia until 1948 when he was made the Governor. He retired as Governor one month before he died. The Mitchell Freeway, one of the major roads in Perth (the capital city of Western Australia), is named after him.
Folie à Deux (album)

- _This article is about the studio album, the mental condition is at Folie à deux_

***Folie à Deux*** is the fifth studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy. It was released through Island Records on December 16, 2008 in the United States. The album title is French for "a madness shared by two." The album reached #8 on the US Billboard 200 album chart with 150,000 sales in its first week, making it Fall Out Boy's third top 10 album in a row. The first single was "I Don't Care" which reached #21 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 songs chart. It is certified gold in the US for shipments of 500,000 copies. It got positive reviews by music critics. It is the final album the band made before taking a break.

## Tracks

1. "Lullabye (hidden pregap track)
1. "Disloyal Order of Water Buffaloes"
1. "I Don't Care" - 3:39
1. "She's My Winona"
1. "America's Suitehearts"
1. "Headfirst Slide Into Cooperstown On A Bad Bet" - 3:55
1. "The (Shipped) Gold Standard"
1. "(Coffee's for Closers)"
1. "What a Catch, Donnie"- 5:01
1. "27"
1. "Tiffany Blews"
1. "w.a.m.s."
1. "20 Dollar Nose Bleed"
1. "West Coast Smoker"

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Folie à Deux
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Fall Out Boy
- **released**: December 16, 2008
- **recorded**: Los Angeles, California, Los Angeles, California
- **genre**: *Pop-punk
*alternative rock
*pop rock
*arena rock
*R&B
- **label**: Decaydance Records, Decaydance, Island Records, Island, Fueled by Ramen
- **producer**: Neal Avron, Pharrell
- **prev title**: Live In Phoenix
- **prev year**: 2007
- **next title**: Save Rock and Roll
- **next year**: 2013
What a Catch, Donnie

**"What A Catch, Donnie"** (or for short **"What A Catch"**) is third single released off the album by Fall Out Boy called _Folie à Deux_. The single was released October 14, 2008.
Stadion Wankdorf

The **Stade de Suisse Wankdorf** is a football stadium in Bern, Switzerland. It is the home stadium of the Berner Sport Club Young Boys (they are often simply called the "BSC Young Boys"), which is a Swiss football team. The Wankdorf is currently the second biggest football stadium in Switzerland. The stadium has seats for 32,000 people. The field is 105 m x 68 m and has got an artificial turf surface. It was one of the venues for the European Football Championship in 2008.

## About the building

The Stade de Suisse was built in the place where the old Wankdorf Stadium, which was destroyed in 2001, had been. It cost 350 million francs to build the stadium. There are solar panels on the roof. There are many shops in the stadium. The stadium is 2 kilometers away from the city. The stadium was officially opened on July 30, 2005. However, the first game of football was played there on July 16, 2005. In the first game, The BSC Young Boys played against the Olympique Marseille. The BSC Young Boys lost by a score of 2-3. 14,000 people watched the game. The building's official name is "Stade de Suisse, Berne, Wankdorf". Still, most people call it the "Wankdorf". The building has also hosted Hockey games and musical concerts.

## European Football Championship 2008

The Wankdorf was one of the venues for the European Football Championship in 2008 (often called Euro2008). Three games were played here for the tournament. During Euro2008, the real grass inside the stadium was replaced with fake grass, which is called artificial turf. The stadium's operators removed the artificial turf after the championship.

## The hot seat

All the seats are either black or yellow, but there is one red seat in sector A. It is called the "hot seat". The ticket for that seat is often given to former players of Young Boys or famous visitors. The first person who sat in the "hot seat" was the most successful goalkeeper of the BSC Young Boys, Walter Eirich.

## Other websites

- The official website of the Stade de Suisse

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Stade de Suisse Wankdorf Bern
- **nickname**: Wankdorf
- **image**:
- **location**: Papiermühlestrasse 71
CH-3022 Bern (city), Bern, Switzerland
- **broke ground**: 2003
- **opened**: July 30, 2005
- **owner**: Stade de Suisse Wankdorf Nationalstadion AG
- **operator**: Stade de Suisse Wankdorf Nationalstadion AG
- **surface**: FIFA 2-Star Synthetic: Polytan Ligaturf 240
- **construction cost**: CHF 350 million (2005)
- **architect**: Marazzi Generalunternehmung AG
- **tenants**: BSC Young Boys
- **capacity**: 32,000 (Soccer, Football)
 45,000 (Concerts)
Ken Livingstone

**Kenneth Robert Livingstone** (born 17 June 1945) is a British socialist politician. He has twice held the leading political role in London local government. First, he was leader of the Greater London Council from 1981 until the council was abolished in 1986. Secondly, he was the first Mayor of London, from its creation in 2000 until 2008. He was Labour Party Member of Parliament for Brent East between 1987 and 2001.

## Infobox (mayor)

- **name**: Kenneth Robert Livingstone
- **image**: Ken Livingstone.jpg
- **caption**: Livingstone at the World Economic Forum in January 2008
- **office**: 1st Mayor of London
- **term start**: 4 May 2000
- **term end**: 4 May 2008
- **deputy**: Nicky Gavron 2004–2008
Jenny Jones (Green politician), Jenny Jones 2003–2004
Nicky Gavron 2000–2003
- **predecessor**: Position created
- **successor**: Boris Johnson
- **office3**: Greater London Council, Leader of the Greater London Council
- **term start3**: 1984
- **term end3**: 1986
- **predecessor3**: John Wilson (British politician), John Wilson
- **successor3**: Office abolished
- **term start4**: 1981
- **term end4**: 1984
- **predecessor4**: Horace Cutler
- **successor4**: John Wilson (British politician), John Wilson
- **constituency mp5**: Brent East (UK Parliament constituency), Brent East
- **majority5**: 23,748 (67.33%)
- **term start5**: 11 June 1987
- **term end5**: 7 June 2001
- **predecessor5**: Reg Freeson
- **successor5**: Paul Daisley
- **birth place**: Lambeth, London, England
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **party**: Labour Party (UK), Labour (1968-2016, suspended)
- **spouse**: Christine Chapman
(m. 1973-1982, divorced)
Emma Beal (m. 2009-present)
- **children**: 2 sons, 3 daughters
Vatnajökull

**Vatnajökull** (English: Glacier of Lakes) () is the largest glacier in Iceland. It lies in the south-east of the island, covering more than 8% of the country.

The average thickness of the ice is 400 m, with a maximum thickness of 1,000 m. Iceland's highest peak, Hvannadalshnúkur (2,110 m), is located at the southern tip of Vatnajökull, near Skaftafell National Park. It is classified as an ice cap glacier.

Vatnajökull has been shrinking for some years now, possibly because of climatic changes and recent volcanic activity. Until 1930 it was growing.

According to Guinness World Records Vatnajökull is the object of the world's longest sight line, 550 km from Slættaratindur, the highest mountain in the Faroe Islands. GWR state that _"owing to the light bending effects of atmospheric refraction, Vatnajökull (2119m), Iceland, can sometimes be seen from the Faroe Islands, 340 miles (550 km) away"_. This may be based on a claimed sighting by a British sailor in 1939. The validity of this record is analysed/undermined in mathematical and atmospheric detail by J.C. de Ferranti

## Other websites

- Photos of Vatnajökull from www.islandsmyndir.is
- Search engine and map of Iceland
- Viewfinder Panoramas
- What it's like to explore the ice cap in winter.
InterCity 225

The **InterCity 225** is an electric train operating in the United Kingdom. Its top speed is 225km/h, hence its name. From 2017, some will be replaced by the British Rail Class 800.
Cobra

**Cobra** is a name of a snake. In English it is the common name for various venomous snakes. Most of those species are in the family Elapidae, and most of them can spread their neck ribs to form a flattened, widened hood.

The name "cobra" is short for _cobra de capelo_ or _cobra-de-capelo_, which is Portuguese for "snake with hood", or "hood-snake".

Cobras usually live in tropical and desert regions of Asia and Africa. In deserts, you find Arabian Cobra, Desert Black Cobra, and Egyptian Cobra. They are all highly venomous, with their neurotoxic venom that can be fatal to humans if untreated. Its bite causes paralysis and respiratory failure.  When feeling threatened, cobras can tilt back and flatten their heads into their warning posture. The rest of the time their heads are symmetrical and they look much like any other snakes.

**Cobra** may refer to:
- The genus ***Naja***, the typical or "true" cobras (they raise the front part of the body and flatten their neck in a warning signal when alarmed). They are a group of elapids found in Africa and Asia. They include over 270 species, including _Naja nivea_, the Cape cobra, a medium-sized, highly venomous cobra which lives in biomes across southern Africa; Cleopatra's "asp" (the Egyptian cobra, _Naja haje_); and the Asiatic spectacled cobra _Naja naja_; and the monocled cobra, _Naja kaouthia_.
- Spitting cobras, a subset of _Naja_ species which squirt venom from their fangs in self-defence.

Most so-called, and all "true", species of cobras belong to the family Elapidae
Cape cobra

The **Cape cobra** (_Naja nivea_) is a cobra inhabiting the regions of South Africa. It averages 4 feet (120 cm) long but may grow to be 6 feet (180 cm) long. The color varies from location to location, and those from the Kalahari are normally yellow with brown speck uniformly all over the body.
Kalahari Desert

The **Kalahari Desert** is a large arid to semi-arid sandy area in southern Kgalagadi Africa extending 900,000 km² (362,500 sq. mi.), covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa. It has huge tracts of excellent grazing after good rains.

The Kalahari Desert is the southern part of Africa, and the geography is a portion of desert and a plateau. The Kalahari supports some animals and plants because most of it is not a true desert. There are small amounts of rainfall and the summer temperature is very high. The driest areas usually receive  of rain per year, and the wettest just a little over .

The surrounding Kalahari Basin covers over 2.5 million km² extending farther into Botswana, Namibia and South Africa, and encroaching into parts of Angola, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The only permanent river, the Okavango, flows into a delta in the northwest, forming marshes that are rich in wildlife. Ancient dry riverbeds—called omuramba—traverse the Central Northern reaches of the Kalahari and provide standing pools of water during the rainy season. Previously havens for wild animals from elephant to giraffe, and for predators such as lion and cheetah, the riverbeds are now mostly grazing spots, though leopard or cheetah can still be found.

## Game reserves

The Kalahari has a number of game reserves—the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR, the world's second largest protected area), Khutse Game Reserve and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Animals that live in the region include brown hyenas, lions, meerkats, giraffe, warthogs, jackals and several species of antelope (including the eland, gemsbok, springbok, hartebeest, steenbok, kudu, and duiker), and many species of bird and reptiles. Vegetation in the Kalahari consists mainly of grasses and acacias but there are over 400 identified plant species present (including the wild watermelon or **Tsamma** melon).

## Bushmen

The Bushmen of the Kalahari were hunter/gatherers. They hunted for meat and gathered the food of the desert to eat. They did not keep animals. They moved from place to place to find food and water. They owned very few things because they had to carry everything themselves. Very few people still live this way anywhere in the world.

## Settlements within the Kalahari

**Botswana**
- Ghanzi
- Tshane
- Tshabong
- Orapa

**Namibia**
- Gobabis
- Mariental

**South Africa**
- Rietfontein
- Noenieput
- Severn