juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Oberspreewald-Lausitz

**Oberspreewald-Lausitz** (Low Sorbian: _Wokrejs Górne Błota-Łužyca_) is a _Kreis_ (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

## Geography

The Spree river runs through the district; along its banks there is the Spreewald, a wooded area and home of several rare animals. The district is part of the historic region of Lusatia.

## History

The district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts Calau and Senftenberg and small part of the district Bad Liebenwerda.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=33% align=left|Amt-free towns|width=33% align=left|Ämter|width=33% align=left||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Calau #Großräschen #Lauchhammer #Lübbenau #Schwarzheide #Senftenberg #Vetschau **Amt-free municipalities** #Schipkau||**1.** Altdöbern #Altdöbern<sup>1</sup> #Bronkow #Luckaitztal #Neupetershain #Neu-Seeland **2.** Ortrand #Frauendorf #Großkmehlen #Kroppen #Lindenau #Ortrand<sup>1, 2</sup> #Tettau||**3.** Ruhland #Grünewald #Guteborn #Hermsdorf #Hohenbocka #Ruhland<sup>1, 2</sup> #Schwarzbach|
|colspan=3 align=center|<sup>1</sup>seat of the Amt; <sup>2</sup>town|||||

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Oberspreewald-Lausitz
- **image coa**: Wappen des Landkreises Oberspreewald-Lausitz.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge des Landkreises Oberspreewald-Lausitz.svg
- **state**: Brandenburg
- **capital**: Senftenberg
- **kreisschlüssel**: 12066
- **area**: 1,216.6
- **population**: 139,786
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 115
- **carsign**: OSL
- **url**: http://www.osl-online.de
- **map**: brandenburg_osl.png
Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria

The **Eastern Orthodox Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa** is the head of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria. This has been Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria since 2004.
Oder-Spree

**Oder-Spree** is a _Kreis_ (district) in the eastern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

The district is named after the two major rivers in the district - the Spree, and the Oder river which is the eastern border.

## History

The district was created in 1993 by joining the districts of Eisenhüttenstadt, Beeskow and Fürstenwalde, and the independent city Eisenhüttenstadt.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=33% align=left|Amt-free towns|width=33% align=left|Ämter|width=33% align=left||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Beeskow #Eisenhüttenstadt #Erkner #Friedland #Fürstenwalde #Storkow **Amt-free municipalities** #Grünheide #Rietz-Neuendorf #Schöneiche #Steinhöfel #Tauche #Woltersdorf||**1.** Brieskow-Finkenheerd #Brieskow-Finkenheerd<sup>1</sup> #Groß Lindow #Vogelsang #Wiesenau #Ziltendorf **2.** Neuzelle #Lawitz #Neißemünde #Neuzelle<sup>1</sup> **3.** Odervorland #Berkenbrück #Briesen<sup>1</sup> #Jacobsdorf #Madlitz-Wilmersdorf||**4.** Scharmützelsee #Bad Saarow<sup>1</sup> #Diensdorf-Radlow #Langewahl #Reichenwalde #Wendisch Rietz **5.** Schlaubetal #Grunow-Dammendorf #Mixdorf #Müllrose<sup>1, 2</sup> #Ragow-Merz #Schlaubetal #Siehdichum **6.** Spreenhagen #Gosen-Neu Zittau #Rauen #Spreenhagen<sup>1</sup>|
|colspan=3 align=center|<sup>1</sup>seat of the Amt; <sup>2</sup>town|||||

## Other websites

- Official website
- Website Beeskow
- Website Eisenhüttenstadt
- Website Fürstenwalde
- Website Schöneiche

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Oder-Spree
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Oder-Spree.svg
- **image flag**: Hissflagge des Landkreises Oder-Spree.svg
- **state**: Brandenburg
- **kreisschlüssel**: 12067
- **capital**: Beeskow
- **area**: 2242
- **population**: 196,655
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 87
- **carsign**: LOS
- **url**: [http://www.landkreis-oder-spree.de landkreis-oder-spree.de]
- **map**: Brandenburg LOS.svg
Cockburn Island, Ontario

**Cockburn Island** is an island in the Canadian province of Ontario, found in the Manitoulin District.  It has the least number of people living in it while still being a municipality of Canada.  Its population was counted as 16 people in 2021.  However, more people live on the island during the summer.  There was an Indian reservation, or place where Indians live, on Cockburn Island.
Ostprignitz-Ruppin

**Ostprignitz-Ruppin** is a _Kreis_ (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

The modern district was made in 1993 by joining the old  districts Kyritz, Neuruppin and Wittstock. The district roughly covers the same territory as the two historic districts Ostprignitz and Ruppin.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=33% align=left|Amt-free towns|width=33% align=left|Ämter|width=33% align=left||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Kyritz #Neuruppin #Rheinsberg #Wittstock **Amt-free municipalities** #Fehrbellin #Heiligengrabe #Wusterhausen||**1.** Lindow (Mark) #Herzberg #Lindow<sup>1, 2</sup> #Rüthnick #Vielitzsee **2.** Neustadt (Dosse) #Breddin #Dreetz #Neustadt an der Dosse<sup>1, 2</sup> #Sieversdorf-Hohenofen #Stüdenitz-Schönermark #Zernitz-Lohm||**3.** Temnitz #Dabergotz #Märkisch Linden #Storbeck-Frankendorf #Temnitzquell #Temnitztal #Walsleben<sup>1</sup>|
|colspan=3 align=center|<sup>1</sup>seat of the Amt; ²town|||||

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Ostprignitz-Ruppin
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Ostprignitz-Ruppin.png
- **image flag**: Flagge des Landkreises Ostprignitz-Ruppin.svg
- **state**: Brandenburg
- **capital**: Neuruppin
- **kreisschlüssel**: 12068
- **area**: 2,508.7
- **population**: 111,219
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 44
- **carsign**: OPR
- **url**: [http://www.ostprignitz-ruppin.de ostprignitz-ruppin.de]
- **map**: brandenburg_opr.png
Thomas Morley

**Thomas Morley** (born at Norwich?,  1557 or 1558; died at London, October 1602) was an English composer, music theorist and organist.  He was  the most important English composer of madrigals.  He studied the madrigals by Italian composers and  created the tradition of the English madrigal, a tradition that became extremely popular, but which only lasted about 30 years.

## Life

Morley’s father was a brewer who lived in Norwich, so it is likely that Morley was born there.  He may have been a choirboy in Norwich Cathedral.  We know that in 1583 he got the job of organist there.  In a book he published later in his life he said that William Byrd was his master.  If this means that he had lessons from Byrd he must have travelled away from Norwich.   In 1588 he got a degree from Oxford, and soon afterwards he became an organist at St. Paul's Cathedral in London.

In 1588 Nicholas Yonge published a book called  _Musica transalpina_.  It was a collection of Italian madrigals with words translated into English.  Soon after this Morley started to publish his own madrigals.  In 1592 he became a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal.

In London Morley lived near Shakespeare.  We do not know whether the two men worked together, but Morley did set Shakespeare’s words "It was a lover and his lass" from _As You Like It_.  We do not know whether it was ever used in a performance of Shakespeare's play.  It is quite possible, because Morley was well-known.

From 1593 onwards Morley published a great deal of music and also made a lot of money out of music publishing, both of his own and other composers’ music.

It is thought that Morley died in October 1602.

## His music

Morley wrote sacred music as well as madrigals.  His church music is strongly influenced by William Byrd.

His madrigals are his most important works.  They are often very lively and have tunes that are easy to sing.  One of his best known madrigals is called _Now is the Month of Maying_.  He started by using the Italian style and changed it to make it sound English. The madrigals of Thomas Weelkes and John Wilbye are usually more serious.

As well as madrigals, Morley wrote music for instruments, including keyboard music.  Some of his pieces are in the famous collection called _Fitzwilliam Virginal Book_). He also wrote music for the typically English combination of two viols, flute, lute, cittern and bandora.

Morley wrote a book about music theory called  _Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke_.  It was published in 1597 and was read by many people for two centuries after his death.  It tells us a lot about how music was performed in Morley’s
Hans Sebald Beham

**Sebald Beham** (1500–1550) was a German printmaker who did his best work as an engraver. He also designed woodcuts, painted and worked as a miniaturist. He is one of the most important of the "Little Masters", a group of German artists making old master prints in the generation after Albrecht Dürer.

His name is often given as **Hans Sebald Beham**, although there is no documentary evidence that he ever used this  additional forename.

## Life

Beham was born in Nuremberg in 1500 into a family of artists. In 1525, he and his brother were banished from Nuremberg because they were thought to have not accepted the Churches ideas (heresy) and blasphemy. They came back to the city in 3 months, but Beham was banished again in 1528 for publishing a book which was plagiarised from an unpublished manuscript by Albrecht Dürer.

From 1532 he lived mostly in Frankfurt until he died in 1550.

Most people know him as "Sebald Beham". However, he signed some of his prints before 1532 with "HSP". After he moved to Frankfurt, he signed his prints with "HSB".

## Work

Beham made about 252 engravings, 18 etchings and 1500 woodcuts. He worked on small, very detailed engravings (sometimes as small as a postage stamp). This makes him part of the German printmaking school called the "Little Masters", since their works were so small. He created and published his works himself, but his larger works were mostly commissioned work to be sold.

He also made prints to be used as cards, wallpaper, coats of arms, designs for other artists and designs for stained or painted glass. He also painted a table top (now in the Louvre ) for Cardinal Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz.

Beham mostly engraved pictures of peasants and scenes from myths or history, sometimes with erotic scenes as well. Since he was working at the same time as Dürer, the most recognised artist at the time, one of his early woodcuts, "Head of Christ", was thought to have been done by Dürer. Beham also worked with his brother Barthel, and shared ideas with him. Later, he re-drew some of Dürer's works like gus Melancholia of 1539.

### Books

After publishing a book about drawing horses, for which he was exiled, he wrote a book on drawing the human figure. His book was mostly just a simplified book of Dürer's own books, but his book was easier to use and cheaper than Dürer's books, so artists preferred to buy his.

## Other websites

- Links to online images of prints by Beham
- Hans Sebald Beham at Artcyclopedia
Potsdam-Mittelmark

**Potsdam-Mittelmark** is a _Kreis_ (district) in the western part of Brandenburg, Germany.

The district was created in 1993 by joining the old districts Belzig, Brandenburg-Land and Potsdam-Land.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=33% align=left|Amt-free towns|width=33% align=left|Ämter|width=33% align=left||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Beelitz #Belzig #Teltow #Treuenbrietzen #Werder (Havel) **Amt-free municipalities** #Groß Kreutz #Kleinmachnow #Kloster Lehnin #Michendorf #Nuthetal #Schwielowsee #Seddiner See #Stahnsdorf #Wiesenburg||**1.** Beetzsee #Beetzsee<sup>1</sup> #Beetzseeheide #Havelsee<sup>2</sup> #Päwesin #Roskow **2.** Brück #Borkheide #Borkwalde #Brück<sup>1, 2</sup> #Golzow #Linthe #Planebruch **3.** Niemegk #Mühlenfließ #Niemegk<sup>1, 2</sup> #Planetal #Rabenstein||**4.** Wusterwitz #Bensdorf #Rosenau #Wusterwitz<sup>1</sup> **5.** Ziesar #Buckautal #Görzke #Gräben #Wenzlow #Wollin #Ziesar<sup>1, 2</sup>|
|colspan=3 align=center|<sup>1</sup>seat of the Amt; <sup>2</sup>town|||||

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Potsdam-Mittelmark
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Potsdam-Mittelmark.png
- **image flag**: Flagge Potsdam-Mittelmark.svg
- **state**: Brandenburg
- **capital**: Belzig
- **kreisschlüssel**: 12069
- **area**: 2,575.4
- **population**: 201,355
- **population as of**: 2003
- **density**: 83
- **carsign**: PM
- **url**: [http://www.potsdam-mittelmark.de potsdam-mittelmark.de]
- **map**: brandenburg_pm.png
Skinny jeans

**Skinny jeans** are a style of denim jeans that have straight legs and tend to crumple around the ankles. They are called _skinny jeans_ because they give you a thin figure. This style was started in the 1980s to make a retro-punk look. This style came to life again in late 2006 by Avril Lavigne in one of her music videos. They are usually used for a gothic-punk look or retroand hip-hop
John Wilbye

**John Wilbye** (pronounce: “WIL-bee”), (born Diss, Norfolk, baptised 7 March 1574; died Colchester, between September and November 1638), was an English composer who was famous for his madrigals.

Wilbye was the son of a tanner. He was supported financially by a rich family called Kytson. The Kytsons were very musical and had lots of musical instruments and sheet music in their house. It is thought that he went with Elizabeth Cornwallis to Hengrave Hall near Bury St. Edmunds in around 1594 when she married Sir Thomas Kytson the Younger. When Elizabeth died, Wilbye moved to Colchester where he lived with Elizabeth’s youngest daughter with whom he had a long friendship. When Wilbye died he was quite rich.

## His music

A book of madrigals by him appeared in 1598 and a second in 1608. It is often called the finest book of English madrigals. There were a total of 64 madrigals in these two books.

Wilbye was influenced by Morley’s madrigals, and also learned directly from the madrigals of Italian composers such as Alfonso Ferrabosco. He wrote many madrigals which have become extremely popular, including _Weep, weep o mine eyes_ and _Draw on, sweet night_. He was very good at making his music match the meaning of the words. He often used a mixture of major and minor modes.

## References

- groves music online
Prignitz

**Prignitz** () is a _Kreis_ (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany.

The present district was formed in 1993 by joining the old districts of Pritzwalk and Perleberg and some municipalities from the district of Kyritz. The westernmost part of the district was a part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, and changed to be part of Brandenburg on August 1, 1992.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=33% align=left|Amt-free towns|width=33% align=left|Ämter|width=33% align=left||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Perleberg #Pritzwalk #Wittenberge **Amt-free municipalities** #Groß Pankow #Gumtow #Karstädt #Plattenburg||**1.** Bad Wilsnack/Weisen #Bad Wilsnack<sup>1, 2</sup> #Breese #Legde/Quitzöbel #Rühstädt #Weisen **2.** Lenzen-Elbtalaue #Cumlosen #Lanz #Lenzen<sup>1, 2</sup> #Lenzerwische||**3.** Meyenburg #Gerdshagen #Halenbeck-Rohlsdorf #Kümmernitztal #Marienfließ #Meyenburg<sup>1, 2</sup> **4.** Putlitz-Berge #Berge #Gülitz-Reetz #Pirow #Putlitz<sup>1, 2</sup> #Triglitz|
|colspan=3 align=center|<sup>1</sup>seat of the Amt; <sup>2</sup>town|||||

## Other websites

- Official website
- Portal site for Prignitz

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Prignitz
- **image coa**: Wappen des Landkreises Prignitz.svg
- **image flag**: Hissflagge des Landkreises Prignitz.svg
- **state**: Brandenburg
- **capital**: Perleberg
- **kreisschlüssel**: 12070
- **area**: 2,123
- **population**: 82,338
- **population as of**: 2010
- **density**: 44
- **carsign**: PR
- **url**: [http://www.landkreis-prignitz.de landkreis-prignitz.de]
- **map**: brandenburg_pr.png
Spree-Neiße

**Spree-Neiße** (Lower Sorbian: _Wokrejs Sprjewja-Nysa_) is a _Kreis_ (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany.
The district-free city of Cottbus is completely surrounded by the district. To the east is Poland.

The district was started in 1993 by joining the old districts Cottbus-Land, Forst, Guben and Spremberg.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=33% align=left|Amt-free towns|width=33% align=left|Ämter|width=33% align=left||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Drebkau #Forst, Lausitz #Guben #Spremberg #Welzow **Amt-free municipalities** #Kolkwitz #Neuhausen/Spree #Schenkendöbern||**1.** Burg (Spreewald) #Briesen #Burg<sup>1</sup> #Dissen-Striesow #Guhrow #Schmogrow-Fehrow #Werben **2.** Döbern-Land #Döbern<sup>1, 2</sup> #Felixsee #Groß Schacksdorf-Simmersdorf #Hornow-Wadelsdorf #Jämlitz-Klein Düben #Neiße-Malxetal #Tschernitz #Wiesengrund||**3.** Peitz #Drachhausen #Drehnow #Heinersbrück #Jänschwalde #Peitz<sup>1, 2</sup> #Tauer #Teichland #Turnow-Preilack|
|colspan=3 align=center|<sup>1</sup>seat of the Amt; <sup>2</sup>town|||||

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Spree-Neiße
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis Spree-Neisse COA.svg
- **image flag**: Hissflagge Spree-Neiße.svg
- **state**: Brandenburg
- **capital**: Forst, Lausitz, Forst
- **kreisschlüssel**: 12071
- **area**: 1,647.8
- **population**: 144,161
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 91
- **carsign**: SPN
- **url**: [http://www.landkreis-spree-neisse.de landkreis-spree-neisse.de]
- **map**: brandenburg_spn.png
Shurat Islam

**Shurat Islam** (Arabic: شُرَُیَعَتْ اِسْلَاَمْ), formerly known as **Kharijites** (Arabic: عَلْخَوَاَرِجْ), was a branch of Islam that was one of the three main branches of Islam, along with Shia Islam and Sunni Islam. Though the branch has no followers today, the Ibadi movement is seen as a moderate form of Shurat Islam. However, Ibadis deny being Shuratis.

Initially, Muslims were divided into two groups: Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. After Caliph Uthman died, Ali and Muawiya I fought each other. The Shurati Muslims then emerged and did not pledge allegiance to Ali or Muawiya I. Rather, the Shuratis decided to attack Ali and Muawiya I's followers and takfir them (declare that they were no longer Muslims).

Sometimes, the term _Kharijite_ (or _Neo-Kharijite_) is also used for some Islamic militant groups like the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria and the Takfir wal-Hijra in Egypt.
Thomas Weelkes

**Thomas Weelkes** (baptised in Elsted, Sussex on 25 October 1576; died London, buried 1 December 1623) was an English composer and organist. He is one of the greatest composers of madrigals of his time as well as great composer of church music.

## Life

Thomas Weelkes was baptised in the little village church of Elsted in Sussex on 25 October, 1576.  His father, John Weeke may have been the rector at that church. There is no information about Weelkes' childhood.

We know that in 1597 he published his first volume of madrigals, and that he was a young man then. After working for a short time at the house of Edward Darcye, he got the job of organist at Winchester College in 1598. He was paid 13s 4d (almost 67p in modern money) per quarter (i.e. every three months), but was given food and somewhere to live. He stayed there for three or four years.

During his time in Winchester, Weelkes composed two more volumes of madrigals, published in  1598 and 1600. He got his Bachelor of music degree from New College, Oxford in 1602, and moved to Chichester to take up the job of organist and choir master at the Cathedral. He was also a lay clerk at the Cathedral, and was paid £15 2s 4d (£15.11 in modern money) in addition to having food and lodgings. The next year he married Elizabeth Sandham, who came from a rich family. They had three children.

Weelkes' fourth and final volume of madrigals, published in 1608, has a title page where he says that he was a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. However, his name does not appear in the records at the Chapel Royal, so it is likely that he was only there for a short time until someone else was found for the job.

In later years Weelkes got into trouble with the Chichester Cathedral authorities because of his heavy drinking and bad behaviour. In 1609 he was in trouble because he was absent from work. In 1616 he was in trouble again for swearing. In the end he lost his job because he was drunk at the organ and used bad language during the service. However, he got his job back, but his behaviour was still bad.

Thomas Weelkes died in London in 1623, a year after his wife died. He was buried in St Bride’s Church, Fleet Street, London. In Chichester Cathedral there is a memorial stone to him.

## Music

Thomas Weelkes is best known for his vocal music, especially his madrigals and church music. Weelkes wrote more Anglican services than any other important composer of the time, mostly for evensong. Many of his anthems are verse anthems, which would have suited the small choir he was writing for at Chichester Cathedral.

Weelkes was friends with the madrigalist Thomas Morley. When Morley died in 1602, Weelkes wrote an anthem called _A Remembrance of my Friend Thomas Morley_, (also known as "Death hath Deprived Me"). Weelkes’s madrigals are very chromatic and use counterpoint and unusual rhythms.
Teltow-Fläming

**Teltow-Fläming** is a _Kreis_ (district) in the southwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district was made in December 1993 by joining the old districts of Luckenwalde, Jüterbog and Zossen, but also including small parts from other former districts such as Luckau.

_Fläming-Skate_ is a 160 km long route specially for inline skating, the only such route in Germany.

Curiously, the town of Teltow is not a part of the district Teltow-Fläming, just as the town of Dahme is not a part of the district of Dahme-Spreewald.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=33% align=left|Amt-free towns|width=33% align=left|Amt-free municipalities|width=33% align=left|Amt|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Baruth # Jüterbog # Luckenwalde # Ludwigsfelde # Trebbin # Zossen||# Am Mellensee # Blankenfelde-Mahlow # Großbeeren # Niederer Fläming # Niedergörsdorf # Nuthe-Urstromtal # Rangsdorf||**1.** Dahme/Mark # Dahme<sup>1, 2</sup> # Dahmetal # Ihlow <sup>1</sup>seat of the Amt; <sup>2</sup>town|

## Other websites

- Official website
- Fläming-Skate

## Infobox (district de)

- **name**: Teltow-Fläming
- **map**: Brandenburg TF.svg
- **image coa**: Wappen des Landkreises Teltow-Fläming.svg
- **image flag**: Hissflagge des Landkreises Teltow-Fläming.svg
- **state**: Brandenburg
- **capital**: Luckenwalde
- **area**: 2,092.0
- **kreisschlüssel**: 12072
- **carsign**: TF
- **url**: [http://www.teltow-flaeming.de teltow-flaeming.de]
Uckermark

**Uckermark** is a _Kreis_ (district) in the northeastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district is the largest district in Germany.

The current district Uckermark was made in 1993 by joining the old districts of Angermünde, Prenzlau and Templin and the city of Schwedt.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=33% align=left|Amt-free towns|width=33% align=left|Ämter|width=33% align=left||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Angermünde #Lychen #Prenzlau #Schwedt #Templin **Amt-free municipalities** #Boitzenburger Land #Nordwestuckermark #Uckerland||**1.** Brüssow (Uckermark) #Brüssow<sup>1, 2</sup> #Carmzow-Wallmow #Göritz #Schenkenberg #Schönfeld **2.** Gartz (Oder) #Casekow #Gartz<sup>1, 2</sup> #Hohenselchow-Groß Pinnow #Mescherin #Tantow **3.** Gerswalde #Flieth-Stegelitz #Gerswalde<sup>1</sup> #Milmersdorf #Mittenwalde #Temmen-Ringenwalde||**4.** Gramzow #Gramzow<sup>1</sup> #Grünow #Oberuckersee #Randowtal #Uckerfelde #Zichow **5.** Oder-Welse #Berkholz-Meyenburg #Mark Landin #Passow #Pinnow<sup>1</sup> #Schöneberg|
|colspan=3 align=center|<sup>1</sup>seat of the Amt; <sup>2</sup>town|||||

## Other websites

- Official website
- Touristical website
- city-map and Internet Market Place
- online-shop for specialities and arts and crafts

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Uckermark
- **image flag**: Flagge Uckermark.svg
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis Uckermark COA.svg
- **state**: Brandenburg
- **capital**: Prenzlau
- **kreisschlüssel**: 12073
- **area**: 3,058.2
- **population**: 146,434
- **population as of**: 2002
- **density**: 48
- **carsign**: UM
- **url**: http://www.uckermark.de
- **map**: brandenburg_um.png
Black knight

A **black knight** is a character fictional stories. They are soldiers or knights who do not have a lord, or the lord is secret. They do not have any heraldic standards or have painted them over with black paint. In these stories, black knights are usually evil knights that are good at fighting and usually work alone.

In Arthurian legend Black Knight was a magical knight summoned by Sir Calogrenant. The Black Knight never told his name. He defeated Sir Calogrenant. Later The Black Knight was killed unfairly by Yvain in a act of revenge for his cousin, Sir Calogrenant.
Black Knight (disambiguation)

A **Black Knight** is a knight who does not serve a lord.

**Black Knight** can also mean:
- Black Knight (Arthurian legend), any of several knights clad in black armor in Arthurian legend
- Black Knight (comics), the name of several characters in the Marvel Comics universe
- Black Knight (Monty Python), character in the movie _Monty Python and the Holy Grail_
- _The Black Knight_ (1954 movie), a movie starring Alan Ladd
- _Black Knight_ (movie), a 2001 movie starring Martin Lawrence
- Black Knight (rocket), part of the British rocketry program in the 1950s
- The Black Knights (band), an underground hiphop group
- Knight of Glin, an Irish hereditary title
- Black Knight (Unmanned Combat Vehicle), unmanned vehicle designed by BAE Systems
Paladin

A **paladin** or **paladine** was a person with a lot of power in many countries during the medieval and in early modern Europe.

The word paladin was first used in Ancient Rome for a chamberlain of the Emperor, and also for the imperial palace guard, called the Scholae Palatinae by Constantine. In the early Middle Ages, the meaning changed and the word was used for one of the highest officials of the Catholic Church in the pope's service and also for one of the big nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, who was then named Count Palatine. The word paladin was also used in 19th century Hungary and in the German Empire and United Kingdom during the early 20th century.

In medieval literature, the paladins or Twelve Peers were known in the Matter of France as the retainers of Charlemagne. Because of the way that this word was used in books, paladin was then known to be a knight with honor.

### Ancient Rome

The paladins of the imperial guard were named after the Scholae Palatinae.

In the beginning, the word paladin was applied to the Chamberlains and to some soldiers guarding the palace of the Roman emperor. In Constantine's time, the word was also used for the best infantry of the army, the Praetorian Guard, that might guard the Roman Emperor during wars.

### Holy Roman Empire

After the Middle Ages, the word palatine was put onto many different people of power across Europe. The most important of these was the _comes palatinus_, the count palatine, who in Merovingian and Carolingian times, was an official of the lords' household and court of law.

During the 800s, Carolingean rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it. About a century later, the title was made alive again by Otto I, though the new empire was now centered in Germany rather than France. The term palatine is found again under Charles IV, but they were less powerful than the previous palatines.

### Modern usage

In the early days of England, the word _palatinate_, or county palatine, was also used in counties of lords who could use powers normally used by the crown.

In Britain and Germany, paladin was an official rank and was a very good title for one in the service of the emperors. It was a Knight with additional honours, they were allowed to use powers normally used by the crown.

## Present day

The word "paladin" is still used to describe a good, heroic person, or a defender of a good cause.

Some role playing games now use paladins as a character class that you can choose when starting a new game.
Paladin (disambiguation)

**Paladin** can mean:

## Geography

- Rhineland-Palatinate, one of the 16 federal states of modern Germany (_Bundesländer_)
- Electorate of the Palatinate, a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire, with the count palatine being an elector of the HRE
- Palatine Hill, center most of the seven hills of Rome
- Tavola dei Paladini, a temple near Metapontum, Italy, dating from 570 to 480 BC, where, according to legend, Pythagoras died
- Palatine, Illinois, United States, a town near Chicago
- Palatine, New York, United States, a town in central New York settled by emigrant Germans
- Palatine Bridge, New York, a village in central New York settled by emigrant Germans
- Palatine, County Carlowhttp://www.rootsweb.com/~irlcar2/palatine.htm , a hamlet in County Carlow, Ireland

## Fiction

- _Paladin_ (role-playing game)
- _The Paladin_, a 1988 fantasy novel by C. J. Cherryh
- _The Paladin_ (novel), a 1979 novel by Brian Garfield with Christopher Creighton
- Paladin (comics), a Marvel Comics character

## Other

- A Paladin (see above top), literally, in its dictionary sense, is a chivalrous knight, a medieval warrior or champion etc.
- Nissan Paladin, a sport utility vehicle
- The Paladins, a roots-rock or rockabilly band from San Diego, California circa 1981
- M109 PALADIN, or M109 howitzer, a piece of artillery
IC50

The **IC<sub>50</sub>** is a measure of how  effective a drug is.  It indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. In other words, it is the half minimal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance (50% IC, or IC<sub>50</sub>). It is commonly used as a measure of antagonist drug potency in pharmacological research. Sometimes, it is also converted to the **pIC<sub>50</sub>** scale (-log IC<sub>50</sub>), in which higher values indicate exponentially greater potency. According to the FDA, IC<sub>50</sub> represents the concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition in vitro. It is comparable to an EC<sub>50</sub> for agonist drugs. EC<sub>50</sub> also represents the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect _in vivo_.
Komitas Vardapet

**Soghomon Gevorki Soghomonyan** - **Komitas Vardepet** (also _Gomidas Vartabed_) (September 26 1869 in Kütahya, Ottoman Empire - October 22 1935, Paris, France), was an Armenian priest, composer, choir leader, singer, music ethnologist, music teacher and musicologist, known as the founder of modern Armenian classical music.

He was born into a family whose members were deeply involved in music and were monolingual in Turkish. His mother died when he was one and ten years later his father died. In 1895 he became a priest and obtained the title **Vardapet** (or **Vartabed**), meaning a _priest_ or a _church scholar_.

He established and conducted the monastery choir till 1896 when he went to Berlin, to the Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm University. Here he studied music at the private conservatory of Prof. Richard Schmidt. In 1899 he acquired the title _doctor of musicology_ and returned to Echmiadzin. He traveled extensively around the country, listening and recording details about Armenian folk songs and dances performed in various villages. This way he collected and published some 3000 songs, many of them adapted to choir singing.

(come to villa park (CA55 exit 15 katella right, left, right, left, right, left :)

His major work is Badarak (Divine Liturgy), still used today as one of the two most popular musical settings of the Armenian Church liturgy.

He was the first non-European to be admitted into the International Music Society of which he was a co-founder.

On April 24, 1915, said to be the day when Armenian Genocide officially began, he was arrested. The next day he was put on a train with 180 other Armenian notables and sent to the city of Çankırı in northern Central Anatolia, at a distance of some 300 miles. His good friend, Turkish nationalist poet Emin Yurdakul, the authoress Halide Edip, and the U.S. ambassador Henry Morgenthau intervened with the government and, by special orders from Talat Pasha, Komitas was sent back to the capital. In autumn 1916, he was taken to a Turkish military hospital and he moved to Paris in 1919 where he died in a psychiatric clinic _Villejuif_ in 1935. Next year his ashes were transferred to Yerevan and buried in the Pantheon.

The Yerevan State Musical Conservatory is named after Komitas. There also a world famous string quartet named after Komitas.

## Other websites

- Virtual Museum of Komitas Vardapet
- Biography #1
- Some songs in .rm format
- New release of 36 Komitas-songs on SACD by the German independent label AUDITE
- Rita Soulahian Kuyumjian, Archeology of Madness: Komitas, Portrait of an Armenian Icon
Oberägeri

**Oberägeri** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

Oberägeri is on a plain on the northern shore of the Ägerisee.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Oberägeri
- **municipality name**: Oberägeri
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Oberägeri Wappen.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zug
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZG
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6315
- **municipality code**: 1706
- **area**: 36.2
- **elevation**: 737
- **population**: 4982
- **populationof**: January 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.oberaegeri.ch
- **mayor**: Gustav Iten
- **neighboring municipalities**: Einsiedeln (SZ), Feusisberg (SZ), Hütten, Switzerland, Hütten (ZH), Menzingen, Rothenthurm (SZ), Sattel (SZ), Unterägeri
Unterägeri

**Unterägeri** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Unterägeri
- **municipality name**: Unterägeri
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Unterägeri COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zug
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZG
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6314
- **municipality code**: 1709
- **area**: 27.1
- **elevation**: 727
- **population**: 7502
- **populationof**: January 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.unteraegeri.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Baar, Switzerland, Baar, Menzingen, Oberägeri, Sattel (SZ), Steinerberg (SZ), Walchwil, Zug
Menzingen

**Menzingen** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Menzingen
- **municipality name**: Menzingen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Menzingen COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Menzingen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zug
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZG
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6313
- **municipality code**: 1704
- **area**: 27.5
- **elevation**: 805
- **population**: 4244
- **populationof**: 2005
- **website**: www.menzingen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Baar, Switzerland, Baar, Hirzel (ZH), Hütten, Switzerland, Hütten (ZH), Neuheim, Oberägeri, Schönenberg, Zürich, Schönenberg (ZH), Unterägeri
Baar, Switzerland

**Baar** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Baar
- **municipality name**: Baar
- **municipality type**: city
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Baar COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Baar.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zug
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZG
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6340
- **municipality code**: 1701
- **area**: 24.8
- **elevation**: 443
- **population**: 20266
- **populationof**: January 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.baar.ch
- **mayor**: Andreas Hotz (Free Democratic Party of Switzerland, FDP)
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hausen am Albis (ZH), Kappel am Albis (ZH), Menzingen, Neuheim, Steinhausen, Switzerland, Steinhausen, Unterägeri, Zug
Cham, Switzerland

**Cham** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official city website
- Photosite with facts & figures

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Cham
- **municipality name**: Cham
- **municipality type**: city
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Cham COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Cham.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zug
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZG
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6330
- **municipality code**: 1702
- **area**: 19.82
- **elevation**: 420
- **population**: 676767
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **website**: www.cham.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hünenberg, Knonau (ZH), Maschwanden (ZH), Risch, Steinhausen, Switzerland, Steinhausen, Zug
- **twintowns**: Cham, Germany, Cham (Germany)
Hünenberg

**Hünenberg** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Hünenberg
- **municipality name**: Hünenberg
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Hünenberg COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zug
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZG
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6331
- **municipality code**: 1703
- **area**: 18.70
- **elevation**: 444
- **population**: 8087
- **populationof**: January 2005
- **website**: www.huenenberg.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cham, Switzerland, Cham, Dietwil (AG), Maschwanden (ZH), Merenschwand (AG), Mühlau (AG), Oberrüti (AG), Obfelden (ZH), Risch, Sins, Switzerland, Sins (AG), Zug
- **twintowns**: Banska Stiavnica (Slovakia)
Steinhausen, Switzerland

**Steinhausen** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Steinhausen
- **municipality name**: Steinhausen
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Steinhausen Wappen.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Steinhausen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zug
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZG
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6312
- **municipality code**: 1708
- **area**: 5.10
- **elevation**: 427
- **population**: 8693
- **populationof**: January 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.steinhausen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Baar, Switzerland, Baar, Cham, Switzerland, Cham, Kappel am Albis (ZH), Knonau (ZH), Zug
Risch-Rotkreuz

**Risch-Rotkreuz** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Risch-Rotkreuz is well known because of the headquarter of Roche Diagnostics, two nice castles, _Buonas_ and _Freudenberg_, the one of the most important train station in Switzerland, and of the Swiss Guard.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Risch-Rotkreuz
- **municipality name**: Risch-Rotkreuz
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Risch Rotkreuz.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Risch.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zug
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZG
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6343
- **municipality code**: 1707
- **area**: 22.90
- **elevation**: 442
- **population**: 8630
- **populationof**: January 2006
- **popofyear**: 2006
- **website**: www.rischrotkreuz.ch
- **places**: Rotkreuz, Risch, Buonas, Holzhäusern
- **neighboring municipalities**: Cham, Switzerland, Cham, Dietwil (AG), Honau, Switzerland, Honau (LU), Hünenberg, Meierskappel (LU), Oberrüti (AG), Root, Switzerland, Root (LU), Zug
- **twintowns**: Weissensberg, Rothkreuz (Germany), Amaroni (Italy)
Walchwil

**Walchwil** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Walchwil
- **image photo**: Walchwil01.jpg
- **image caption**: Walchwil
- **municipality name**: Walchwil
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Walchwil COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zug
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZG
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6318
- **municipality code**: 1710
- **area**: 15.90
- **elevation**: 417
- **population**: 3267
- **populationof**: January 2005
- **popofyear**: 2005
- **website**: www.walchwil.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arth (SZ), Küssnacht (SZ), Meierskappel (LU), Unterägeri, Zug
Neuheim

**Neuheim** is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Neuheim
- **municipality name**: Neuheim
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Neuheim COA.svg
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Zug
- **iso-code-region**: CH-ZG
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 6345
- **municipality code**: 1705
- **area**: 7.90
- **elevation**: 666
- **population**: 1982
- **populationof**: January 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **website**: www.neuheim.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Baar, Hausen am Albis (ZH), Hirzel (ZH), Menzingen
Women's rights movement

The **women's rights  movement** is a feminist movement, where women act to get what men have but what women have been denied. The women's rights movement has fought for things such as letting women vote, giving women access to jobs (such as doing construction work) that only men were allowed to do before, and even the right to same-sex marriage. Women and men can both stand for this movement. Women's rights leaders such as Susan B. Anthony encouraged many women to join the women's rights movements. In different societies throughout history, women have had different amounts of rights. The movement fighting for women's rights to vote is called women's suffrage. While there has been a ton of progress, many countries still do not allow women to vote, among other basic rights.

## Related pages

- Gender equality
- UN Women
- Human rights
- International Women's Day
- Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women
- Olympe de Gouges
- Universal suffrage
- Violence against women
Canton of Solothurn

**Solothurn** is a canton of Switzerland. It can be found in the northwest of Switzerland. The capital is Solothurn.

## Districts

There are 10 districts in Solothurn:
- Bucheggberg, Amtei Wasseramt-Bucheggberg
- Dorneck, Amtei Dorneck-Thierstein (unofficially _Schwarzbubenland_)
- Gäu, Amtei Thal-Gäu
- Gösgen, Amtei Olten-Gösgen (unofficially _Niederamt_)
- Lebern, Amtei Solothurn-Lebern
- Olten, Amtei Olten-Gösgen
- Solothurn, Amtei Solothurn-Lebern
- Thal, Amtei Thal-Gäu
- Thierstein, Amtei Dorneck-Thierstein
- Wasseramt, Amtei Wasseramt-Bucheggberg

## Municipalities

The canton has 125 municipalities:

## Other websites

- Official site
- Official statistics

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Solothurn
- **other name**: Soleure
- **official name**: Canton of Solothurn

- **settlement type**: Cantons of Switzerland, Canton
- **image flag**: Flag of Canton of Solothurn.svg
- **image shield**: Wappen Solothurn matt.svg
- **shield size**: 80x80px
- **map alt**: Map of Switzerland, location of Solothurn highlighted
- **map caption**: Location in Switzerland
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Solothurn
- **seat1 type**: Largest city
- **seat1**: Olten
- **parts type**: Subdivisions
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Municipalities of the canton of Solothurn, 122 municipalities
- **p2**: Districts of Switzerland#Solothurn, 10 districts
- **leader title**: List of cantonal executives of Switzerland, Executive
- **leader name**: Regierungsrat (5)
- **leader title1**: List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland, Legislative
- **leader name1**: Kantonsrat (100)
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: CH-SO
- **blank name sec1**: List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation, Highest point
- **blank info sec1**: : Hasenmatt
- **blank1 name sec1**: List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation, Lowest point
- **blank1 info sec1**: : Birs at the cantonal border in Dornach
- **blank name sec2**: History of Switzerland#Order of accession of the cantons, Joined
- **blank info sec2**: 1481
- **blank1 name sec2**: Languages
- **blank1 info sec2**: German language, German
Solothurn

**Solothurn** can mean:
- Canton of Solothurn, a canton of Switzerland
- Solothurn (city), the capital of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland
- Solothurn (district), a district of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland
Bradleys Head Fortification Complex

The **Bradleys Head Fortification Complex** is near Toronga Park Zoo. This fort was part of Sydney Harbour’s protection plan. It [the fort] remembers a time when the colony of New South Wales became more aware of its isolation and wealth. The fort is on Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia.

## History

They first started work to build the fort in 1840-42. It had a gun pit (special place for the cannon to sit and fire from) and firing wall (pictured in intro) that was built out of large blocks of sandstone and carved partly from the original rock that was already there. The first part of the building process around this time was done under the watchful eye of Major George Barney, a Commanding Royal Engineer who used hired workers provided by Governor Gipps.

In 1871 the fort got an extra barracks. The barracks were made from large sandstone blocks and carved out of the rock on the headland. This addition was the work of James Barnet, a colonial architect. This most recent add-on had three gun pits and had connecting walkways for the people in the army that worked there. The upgrade of 1871 was complementary to some of the larger fortifications being constructed during the same period.
The site is now part of the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust.
Arnsberg Government Region

**Arnsberg** is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the southeast of the country. It covers the Sauerland hills as well as the east part of the Ruhr area.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (german regierungsbezirk)

- **name**: Arnsberg
- **map**: NRW rbarnsberg.png
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **capital**: Arnsberg
- **area**: 8002.34
- **population**: 3802427
- **population as of**: 2002
- **url**: [http://www.bra.nrw.de/ www.bra.nrw.de]
- **latd**: 51
- **latm**: 15
- **latnw**: N
- **longd**: 8
- **longm**: 20
- **longew**: E
- **coordinates display**: display=inline,title
Altdorf, Schaffhausen

**Altdorf** was a municipality in the municipality of Thayngen and the canton of Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Altdorf
- **image photo**: 2011-04-22 12-56-31 Germany Baden Württemberg Büsslingen.jpg
- **municipality name**: Altdorf
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Wappen Altdorf SH.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Schaffhausen
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SH
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8243
- **municipality code**: 2911
- **area**: 3.04
- **elevation**: 516
- **population**: 208
- **populationof**: December 2007
- **popofyear**: 2007
- **neighboring municipalities**: Hofen, Switzerland, Hofen, Opfertshofen, Tengen (city), Tengen (DE-BW)
Bargen, Schaffhausen

**Bargen** is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bargen
- **image photo**: Aerials SH 20.09.2005 15-20-51.jpg
- **image caption**: Bargen
- **municipality name**: Bargen
- **municipality type**: Municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bargen SH COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Bargen SH 2013.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Schaffhausen
- **iso-code-region**: CH-SH
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8233
- **municipality code**: 2931
- **area**: 8.27
- **elevation**: 605
- **population**: 233
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.bargen.ch
- **mayor**: Robert Schillig
- **places**: Oberbargen
- **neighboring municipalities**: Blumberg (DE-BW), Merishausen, Tengen, Germany, Tengen (DE-BW)
Undervelier

**Undervelier** was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Undervelier, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier and Soulce merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Undervelier
- **municipality name**: Undervelier
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Undervelier-coat of arms.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2863
- **municipality code**: 6725
- **area**: 14
- **elevation**: 536
- **population**: 312
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.undervelier.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Saulcy, Glovelier, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Soulce, Souboz (BE), Sornetan (BE), Monible (BE), Rebévelier (BE)