juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Goderich, Ontario

**Goderich** is a town in the Ontario, Canada. It is the county seat of Huron County. The town was founded by William Dunlop in 1827. It is named after Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich. The town was officially incorporated in 1850.

The population of Goderich is 7,881 in 2021. The area of the town is 8.54 square kilometers.

Goderich is located on the eastern shore of Lake Huron, at the mouth of the Maitland River. Queen Elizabeth II said that Goderich was "the prettiest town in Canada." But no reigning monarch has ever visited the town. Tourism is important to the local economy. Tourists come for the sunsets over the lake.

## Historic sites

Goderich contains many places that are listed on the Canadian Register of Historic Places (CRHP). The Huron Historic Gaol is a National Historic Site. It served as the prison of Huron County from its opening in 1842 until 1972.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Goderich
- **official name**: Town of Goderich
- **settlement type**: List of towns in Ontario, Town (List of municipalities in Ontario#Lower-tier municipalities, lower-tier)
- **motto**: Canada's Prettiest Town
- **image skyline**: GoderichBeachView.jpg
- **pushpin map**: Canada Southern Ontario#Canada Ontario
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision name1**: Ontario
- **subdivision name2**: Huron County, Ontario, Huron
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Trevor Bazinet
- **leader title1**: Deputy Mayor
- **leader name1**: Leah Noel
- **leader title2**: Federal riding
- **leader name2**: Huron—Bruce (federal electoral district), Huron—Bruce
- **leader title3**: Prov. riding
- **leader name3**: Huron—Bruce (provincial electoral district), Huron—Bruce
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1827
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1850
- **elevation m**: 213
- **area total km2**: 8.54
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 7881
- **population density km2**: 923.1
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **postal code type**: Canadian postal code#Forward sortation areas, Forward sortation area
- **postal code**: List of N postal codes of Canada, N7A
- **area code**: Area codes 519 and 226, 519 and 226
- **website**: [https://www.goderich.ca/ www.goderich.ca]
Davy lamp

The **Davy lamp** is a safety lamp for use in mines. It was invented in 1815 by Sir Humphry Davy.

It is a wick lamp with the flame enclosed inside a mesh screen. It was created for use in coal mines, where explosions happened in the presence of methane and other flammable gases. Those gases, called _firedamyp_ or _minedamp_, did not ignite a shielded flame. The wire mesh put flames out.

The lamp also warned the men of carbon dioxide or methane. The flame would burn higher, and with a blue tinge. Modern versions of the lamp are still used to test mine gases, but the light for working is now electric.

## References

- Davy, Humphry 1816. On the fire-damp of coal mines, and on methods of lighting the mines so as to prevent its explosion. _Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London_ **106**: 1.
Big Time Rush

***Big Time Rush*** (**BTR**) is an American television series created by Scott Fellows. It originally aired on Nickelodeon. It stars the boy band of the same name, which includes Kendall Schmidt, James Maslow, Carlos Pena Jr., and Logan Henderson. Guest stars Jillian Murray & Erin Sanders. The show centers on four hockey players from Minnesota who were selected to form a boy band in Los Angeles. Aired on November 28, 2009, the series continued for four seasons. It ended with an hour-long finale special called "Big Time Dreams".
Clonazepam

**Clonazepam** (sold under the brand name **Klonopin**) is an anticonvulsant. This means it can be used to stop seizures. It is also used to lessen states of fear. It is an anxiolytic. It is a benzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines are very addictive. Clonazepam is used to treat certain forms of epilepsy. It is also used to treat certain disorders of sleep, such as sleepwalking. In certain cases it is used as an off-label drug in psychiatry. It is also used for panic disorders.
Tenant farming

**Tenant farming** is when the person who works the farmland does not own the land themselves. The farmer pays rent  to the landowner, either with cash or with a portion of the produce. When the rent is a share of the crop, it is sharecropping.

Many freed slaves during the Reconstruction of the United States who owned no land became tenant farmers, renting land from a great landowner.
Hope Springs (2012 movie)

**Hope Springs** is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by David Frankel and written by Vanessa Taylor. It stars Meryl Streep, Tommy Lee Jones, Mimi Rogers, Jean Smart, and Steve Carell.

The movie was released on August 8, 2012. It received generally positive reviews and the cast was praised for their performances. It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and won a People's Choice Award.
Mockbuster

A **mockbuster** (also called a **knockbuster** or a **drafting opportunity**) is a movie made to take advantage of the publicity of a similar major movie. These types of movies are often made on a low budget. They are made to be released direct-to-video at the same time that the original movie is released in theaters or on video. Mockbusters are often made to make customers mistakenly buy the movie instead of the one that they wanted. For example, someone may think that they are buying _Transformers_, but they are actually buying _Transmorphers_, a mockbuster that was released in 2007. Because of this, a mockbuster will often use a title similar to the original movie. Many mockbusters are made in a different country than the one that the original movie was made in. There are many Turkish, Italian, German, French, and Brazilian versions of American movies, as well as sequels that were not made by the people who made the original movie.
Slavonic Orthodox

**Slavonic Orthodox** refers to churches in Eastern Europe that serve Slavic peoples.
Gravity (2013 movie)

***Gravity*** is released in 2013 British-American space drama science fiction thriller movie. It is a 3D movie.

It was co-written, co-produced, co-edited and directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The movie stars Sandra Bullock and George Clooney as surviving astronauts from a space shuttle destroyed by debris.

The movie has gotten many awards, and won seven awards in the 86th Academy Awards, with Alfonso Cuarón receiving Best Director.
The Ice Storm

***The Ice Storm*** is a 1997 American drama movie. The movie is about two families in New Canaan, Connecticut who are dealing with politics and serious social matters in November 1973. These two families do that using adultery, alcohol and sexual experimenting. Christina Ricci, Elijah Wood and Kevin Kline are in the cast. _The Ice Storm_ received very positive reviews from the critics. Its performance at the box office, however was terrible: the movie only got back close to half its $18 million budget. This movie was released in the United States in autumn 1997.
Edith Nesbit

**Edith Nesbit** (1858–1924) was an English writer. She was known for her books for children. Some of her novels, such as _The Railway Children_, have been made into films.

## Other websites

- Bio at spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
Artemisia (movie)

***Artemisia*** is a 1997 French and Italian erotic and biographical movie. It is about Artemisia Gentileschi, a 17th-century Italian painter. She is as talented as her father, who is also a painter. At that time in Italy, women were not allowed to paint humans in the nude.   But Artemisia is very much determined.

The movie got very positive reviews. The MPAA originally gave _Artemisia_ an NC-17 rating. On appeal, the rating was changed to an R-rating.
C major

**C major** is a major scale based on C, which is made up of the pitches C,D,E,F,G,A,B. Its key signature has no flats or sharps.

Its relative minor is A minor, and its parallel minor is C minor. A scale in both C major and A minor can be played on a piano or other keyboard instrument using only the white keys.

Most of the time key signatures were cancelled whenever the new key signature had fewer sharps or flats than the old key signature, in modern popular music, this is only done when C major or A minor replace another key.
Geoffroi de Charny

**Geoffroi de Charny** ( 1300 – 19 September 1356) was the Lord of Lirey, a French knight and a writer. Sir Geoffroi was born of an important French family.  Throughout his life he fought many battles for France. He fought in the Crusades and many times throughout the war with England.   He was always loyal to his King, Jean II, King of France and died at the Battle of Poitiers protecting him. Throughout his lifetime he was well known and well respected by both the French and the English kings and nobles.  At Poitiers he was chosen to carry the Oriflamme into battle.  The Oriflamme was the Kings banner and this was a great honor given to a knight by the King.  He was also one of the Knights chosen to fight close to and protect the King. De Charny was said to be a "true and perfect Knight".

Jean de Joinville was de Charny's grandfather's.  He was a close friend of King Louis IX and author of his biography.  In the same tradition, Sir Geoffroi wrote three books in his time.  His most famous book was "A Knight's Own Book of Chivalry".  In this book he shared his great skill and knowledge of combat.  The second book written by de Charny is entitled, "Requests (or Questions) for jousting tournaments and war".  It was written about 1352 to the Knights of the Order of the Star which Sir Geoffroi founded.  This book was written in the form of questions.  His third book was the book "Charny", describes the life of a knight and lists the qualities a good knight must possess.

Charny fought in Flanders and Tournay.  He was taken prisoner but was ransomed because the King considered him so important.  He fought in many major battles during the Hundred Years' War such as the battles of Calais, Crecy and Poitiers.

Sir John Chandos was a close friend and biographer of Edward, the Black Prince, the eldest son of King Edward III of England.  Chandos was a famous knight himself.   He was an educated man and wrote down the events of a great meeting of both sides before the Battle of Poitiers. He wrote that at that meeting Sir Geoffroi tried to avoid a great bloodshed by proposing a smaller battle where 100 knights on each side would do battle with each other and the outcome would decide the battle.  Chandos writes that Charny was trying to find an honorable solution to avoid a great many more deaths.  The Black Prince refused that offer.  Charny’s predictions turned out to be true and indeed a great many nobles on both sides lost their life that day, including de Charny himself.

Charny died at the Battle of Poitiers while protecting the King.

## The Shroud of Turin

Historical records seem to indicate that a shroud bearing an image of a crucified man (represented in the Pilgrim Badge shown here) existed in the small town of Lirey in France around the years 1353 to 1357 in the possession of Geoffroi de Charny.   The cloth itself is controversial.  Some believe it is a fake, while others believe the shroud to be the true burial cloth of Jesus Christ.
Mixtape

A **mixtape** (or **mixed-tape**) is any compilation of songs recorded onto a cassette tape or other storage medium. A mixtape usually shows the kind of music that the person who made it likes to listen to. It can range from a randomly selected list of favourite songs, to a conceptual mix of songs of the same genre or mood. Making mixtapes may be considered an art form.

Since the 1990s, the term "mixtape" can also describe releases used to promote one or more new musical artists, or as a pre-release by more established artists to promote upcoming albums.
Caius (jurist)

**Caius** or **Gaius** was a lawyer who lived in the 2nd century. Very little is known about his life, but he left a scholarly work on Roman law, called Institutiones. The Law of Citations, introduced in the year 426, made him one of the authorities of Roman law, together with Ulpian, Paulus, Papianus and Modestinus.

His works were written between AD 130 and 180.
Corey Locke

**Corey Michael Locke** (born May 8, 1984) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played nine games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers, and Ottawa Senators. He also played for TPS of the SM-liiga (SM-l). He was born in Newmarket, Ontario.

He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2019.

## Other websites

- Corey Locke at Hockey-Reference
Harrow (tool)

A **harrow** is a farm tool.  It is an implement for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil. In this way it is different from a plow, which cuts deeper into the soil. A plow also lifts up the soil and tips it over, but a harrow works mostly by cutting into the soil and breaking it up. Harrowing is often carried out on fields to follow the rough surface left by plowing.

The purpose of this harrowing is generally to break up clods (lumps of soil) and to provide a finer finish, a good tilth or soil structure that is good for planting seeds. It may also be used to remove weeds and to cover up seed after sowing.

Harrows differ from cultivators in that they disturb the whole surface of the soil, instead of disturbing only narrow trails that avoid crop rows (to kill weeds).

## Types

There are four general types of harrows: disc harrow, tine harrow, chain harrow and chain disk harrows. Harrows were originally pulled by draft animals, such as horses, mules, or oxen, or in some times and places by people. In modern practice they are almost always pulled by tractors, either from a drawbar or mounted on the three-point hitch.

Harrows may be of several types and weights, depending on their purpose. They almost always consist of a rigid frame that holds discs, teeth, linked chains, or other means of moving soil—but tine and chain harrows are often only supported by a bar at the front of the set.

- Disc harrows are typically used for heavy work, such as following plowing to break up the sod. The discs have notched edges and are slightly curved to help them catch the soil and rotate. This helps mix the soil, instead of leaving ridges and trails behind.  In addition, there are various types of power harrow, in which the cultivators are power-driven from the tractor rather than working by being dragged.  _Giant disc_ harrows can be used in place of a plow in rough areas with tree stumps and rocks.

- Chain harrows are often used for lighter work such as levelling the tilth or covering seed.  They can also be used on pastures to spread out manure, or for smoothing a playing field, such as a baseball infield.

- Tine harrows are used to prepare the field before planting, to remove small weeds in growing crops and to loosen the soil between rows.  This lets water soak into the ground easier. A tine is a metal bar pointing to the ground. Unlike a disc, it does not rotate.

- The fourth is a chain disk harrow. Disk attached to chains are pulled at an angle over the ground. These harrows move rapidly across the surface. The chain and disk rotate to stay clean while breaking up the top surface to about 1 inch (3 cm) deep. A smooth seedbed is prepared for planting with one pass.

Depending on the type of soil and the crop being planted, one or more types of harrows may be used to get the soil ready for planting.  If the soil is very light so that it might easily be wind-blown, a roller can be used at the end to settle it.

A _drag_ is a name for a heavy harrow, often a chain type.
Bell Labs

**Bell Laboratories** (or **Bell Labs**) is part of the French company Alcatel-Lucent which in turn is owned by Nokia. It is a research subsidiary of the company, and is based in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, United States.

AT&T created Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1925. It works on creating new things. Bell Labs in the 20th century did much scientific research. Work done there has won seven Nobel Prizes.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated
- **type**: Private company, Private (Subsidiary of Alcatel-Lucent)
- **foundation**: 1925
- **location**: Murray Hill, New Jersey,
United States
- **industry**: Information technology
- **parent**: AT&T Corp., AT&T/Western Electric (1925-1983)
AT&T Corp., AT&T (1984-1996)
Lucent Technologies, Lucent (1996-2006)
Alcatel-Lucent (2006-present)
Ceawlin of Wessex

**Ceawlin** (also spelled **Ceaulin**, **Caelin** and **Celin**; 27 February 530 — 25 April 593) was the King of Wessex from 560 until in 592 where he was overthrown by his nephew, Ceol, who became his successor. His reign is mostly known thanks to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. It was said that Ceawlin was very active fighting in battles. It was also said that it was during Ceawlin's reign where Wessex greatly expanded.

## War leader and king

Ceawlin was the son of Cynric. He is mentioned as fighting alongside his father against the Bretons at Branbury in 556. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Ceawlin became king of the West Saxons in 560. Bede states Ceawlin was the second king to rule the southern English as overlord. The informal term for a king that ruled over other kings was _bretwalda_. The term comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and means 'Britain ruler'. These overkings typically received tribute from other Anglo-Saxon kings in the south.

In 577 Ceawlin, with his son Cuthwine, led the Gewisse against the Britons at 'Deorham' (Dyrham in Gloucestershire). They reportedly killed three kings, Coinmail, Condidan, and Farinmail. Ceawlin and Cuthwine captured Gloucester, Cirencester and Bath. West Saxons then colonized the lower Severn valley. The importance of this victory was that it gave the West Saxons access to the western sea. This also divided the Britons so they could no longer communicate by land. But it was territory later Wessex kings would not be able to hold. In 584 Ceawlin defeated the Britons at Fethanlea (Oxfordshire) but his ally Cutha was killed there.

About 592 Ceawlin fought a battle at Woddesbeorg (or Wodnesbeorg) also called  Adam's Grave, east of Devizes in Wiltshire. There was a 'great slaughter' but nothing was said as to who he fought; Britons or Anglo-Saxons. But it was over this loss that Ceawlin was driven out of power. His nephew Ceol replaced him as king in 592. Ceawlin died in 593. At the end of his reign, the Gewisse or West Saxons held the lands of Berkshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire and much of Gloucestershire.

## Other websites

- Britannia: Kings of Wessex

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Ceawlin
- **succession**: List of monarchs of Wessex, King of the West Saxons
- **moretext**: (Style of the British sovereign#West Saxon sovereigns, more...)
- **reign**: 3 June 560 — 21 June 592
- **coronation**: 27 June 560
- **predecessor**: Cynric of Wessex, Cynric
- **successor**: Ceol of Wessex, Ceol
- **issue**: Cuthwine of Wessex, Cuthwine, Crown Prince of Wessex
- **issue-type**: Issue (genealogy), Issue
- **house**: House of Wessex, Wessex
- **father**: Cynric of Wessex
- **birth place**: Winchester, Hampshire, Wessex (present-day England)
- **death place**: Dunadd, Dál Riata (present-day Scotland)
- **burial date**: 10 June 593
- **burial place**: Winchester Cathedral
- **religion**: Paganism
Meet the Press

***Meet the Press*** is an American news interview television series that airs on NBC since November 6, 1947. It is the longest-running television show in American television history.

The show's format has a long one-on-one interview with a person who works in politics. There may also be a discussion with either members of Congress or political commentators.

_Meet the Press_ began on radio in 1945 as _American Mercury Presents: Meet the Press_. It was a show that was used to promote _The American Mercury_, an American magazine that was issued from 1924 to 1981. The show moved to television with a shorter title of just _Meet the Press_ on November 6, 1947.

Over the years, the show has had twelve hosts called "moderators". The first moderator was Martha Rountree. The current moderator is Kristen Welker, who has hosted the show since 2023. Tim Russert was the show's longest-lasting moderator, who hosted from 1991 until his death on June 13, 2008.

## Moderators

This is a list of moderators who have hosted _Meet the Press_.
|Martha Rountree|1947–1953|
| --- | --- |
|Ned Brooks|1953–1965|
|Lawrence E. Spivak|1966–1975|
|Bill Monroe|1975–1984|
|Roger Mudd & Marvin Kalb (co-moderators)|1984–1985|
|Marvin Kalb|1985–1987|
|Chris Wallace|1987–1988|
|Garrick Utley|1989–1991|
|Tim Russert|1991–2008|
|Tom Brokaw|2008|
|David Gregory|2008–2014|
|Andrea Mitchell|2014|
|Chuck Todd|2014–2023|
|Kristen Welker|2023–present|

## Other websites

- _Meet the Press_ official website
- 60th anniversary background information

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Defense.gov News Photo 060305-F-0193C-009.jpg
- **caption**: Tim Russert interviews General Peter Pace on _Meet the Press_ in 2006.
- **camera**: Multi-camera setup, Multi-camera
- **runtime**: 30 minutes w/commercials (1947–1992); 60 minutes w/commercials (1992–present)
- **creator**: Martha Rountree
Lawrence E. Spivak
- **presenter**: Kristen Welker (2023-present)
- **narrated**: Fred Facey (1984–2008)
Bert Pence (2008–2015)
Dennis Haysbert (2015-present)
- **theme music composer**: John Williams#Television themes, John Williams
- **open theme**: "The Pulse of Events" (fourth Movement (music), part of _The Mission (theme song), The Mission_)
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **executive producer**: Betsy Fischer Martin (2002–2012)
Robert Myers Yarin (2013–2014)
John H. Reiss (2014-2022)
David P. Gelles (2022-present)
- **director**: Rob Melick
- **producer**: Adam Verdugo
<small>(Senior Producer)</small>
Chris Donovan
- **location**: Washington, D.C.
- **last aired**: present
- **network**: NBC
- **num seasons**: 77
- **num episodes**: 3,600+
MultiMediaCard

The **MultiMediaCard** (**MMC**) is a flash memory card standard. It was developed by SanDisk and Siemens AG for use in the consumer market. The card is about the size of a postage stamp: 24 mm × 32 mm × 1.4 mm.

Later they were replaced with SD cards because they offer more capacity and higher speeds.

## Infobox (media)

- **name**: MultiMediaCard
- **image**:
- **caption**: 32 megabyte, MB MultiMediaCard
- **type**: Memory card
- **capacity**: Up to 128GB (Highest currently sold)
- **owner**: JEDEC
- **use**: Portable devices
- **dimensions**: Standard: 32 × 24 × 1.4 mm
- **weight**: Standard: ~2.0 g
- **extended to**: Secure Digital, Secure Digital (SD)
Gaius

**Gaius** [ gey-_uh_s ], sometimes spelled **Caius**, was a common given name in Latin. When written, it is often abbreviated **C.**; the abbreviation goes back to before the Roman alphabet distinguished between the letters C and G. The moniker Gaius originates from the Latin term "gaudere," which translates to "to rejoice." It was a highly favored name during ancient Rome and was adopted by numerous notable personalities, including Julius Caesar. The name Gaius was also utilized by several Roman emperors, such as Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, famously recognized as Caligula. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Caligula, the Roman emperorGaius Caesar, adopted son of emperor Augustus
- Gaius (jurist),a lawyer of the 2nd century; one of the authories on Roman law
- Gaius the Platonist, a 2nd century philosopher
- Pope Caius, a bishop of Rome in the 3rd century
- Gaius Cassius Longinus, senator
- Gaius Cornelius Tacitus, historian
- Gaius Terentius Varro, senator; commander in the Battle of Cannae in the Second Punic War
- Gaius Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator
- Gaius Iulius Vindex
- Pliny the Elder
- Pliny the Younger
- Galerius
- Diocletian
Willa Ford

**Amanda Lee Modano** (earlier last name: Williford, also called **Willa Ford**; born January 22, 1981, Florida) is an American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. She released her first studio record, _Willa was Were_, in July 2001. Ford hosted several reality television shows, posed for _Playboy_ and competed on the show _Dancing with the Stars_.
Erin Wasson

**Erin Wasson** (born January 20, 1982) is an American model, actress and designer. She has had roles in several movies. She was also on the covers of several fashion magazines, including _Vogue_, _Esquire_ and _Elle_. She walked international runways for fashion designers.

Wasson was born in Irving, Texas.
Mademoiselle

***Mademoiselle*** was an American fashion magazine which was mostly for women. It was first published in 1935 by Street and Smith. _Mademoiselle_ became known for publishing short stories by authors including Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote and James Baldwin. In the 1960s, _Mademoiselle_ became a clothing and fashion magazine. When the editors could not update the magazine to appeal to enough people, _Mademoiselle_ stopped printing. The last issue was in November 2001. Some employees and features of the magazine were then transferred to the _Glamour_ magazine.
Don't Worry, Be Happy

**"Don't Worry, Be Happy"** is a song from musician Bobby McFerrin. It was the first a cappella single to reach number one on the _Billboard_ Hot 100. It stayed there for two weeks. The video to the song is shorter than the album version. The song was released in September 1988. It has become more popular since then.

The song lyrics came from Meher Baba, who usually said "Don't worry, be happy."
Crécy-en-Ponthieu

**Crécy-en-Ponthieu** is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France, located south of Calais. It gives its name to Crécy Forest, which starts about two kilometres to the south-west of the town and which is one of the largest forests in the north of France. A very small river, the Maye, runs through the town.

## History

Crécy-en-Ponthieu is best known as the site of the Battle of Crécy in 1346, one of the earliest and most important battles of the Hundred Years' War.
Yet there are other significant historical links. One is the Chausee Brunehaut which passed within two miles of the town and is the Roman road from Paris and Amiens to Boulogne, and is still visible and walkable today.
And just to the north of the town, slightly to the west of where the Battle was fought, there was an airfield used in the Second World War.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Crécy-en-Ponthieu
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Crécy-en-Ponthieu église 1.jpg
- **image size**: 280px
- **caption**: Church of Crécy-en-Ponthieu
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Crécy-en-Ponthieu 80.svg
- **arrondissement**: Abbeville
- **canton**: Rue
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes Ponthieu-Marquenterre, CC Ponthieu-Marquenterre
- **insee**: 80222
- **postal code**: 80150
- **mayor**: Gérard Lheureux
- **term**: 2014–2020
- **elevation m**: 36
- **elevation min m**: 19
- **elevation max m**: 82
- **area km2**: 56.55
Sahti

**Sahti** is a traditional beer from Finland. It has alcohol 7-9%. The writer Michael Jackson made sahti more well-known in other parts of the world.

## Finnish manufacturers

- Lammin sahti
- Yolly Giant
- Joutsan sahti Oy

## Other websites

- Sahtiverkko (Finnish) .
What's New Pussycat?

***What's New Pussycat?*** is a romantic comedy movie from 1965. The movie is about music, infidelity and romance taking place in France. The movie stars Woody Allen (who also produced), Peter O'Toole, Romy Schneider, Paula Prentiss, Ursula Andress and Peter Sellers. The release for this movie was June 1965.
I'll Do Anything

***I'll Do Anything*** is a comedy-drama movie from 1994. This movie is about an actor who finds himself the sole caretaker for his six-year-old daughter. Anne Heche plays Claire. Tracey Ullman plays Beth. Nick Nolte plays Matt. The movie got very positive reviews from the critics. The box office intake, however, was poor. The release of _I'll Do Anything_ was in February 1994.
Joely Fisher

**Joely Fisher** (born October 29, 1967) is an American actress. She played Nina on the ABC show _Desperate Housewives_. She also played Susan in the 1994 holiday comedy movie _Mixed Nuts_.

Fisher was born in Burbank, California.

In September 2021, Fisher was elected Secretary-Treasurer of SAG-AFTRA.
Lighting

**Lighting** or **illumination** is the use of light to achieve a certain effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Lighting is a major factor in photography, movie making and television studios.
Mamie Gummer

**Mary Willa "Mamie" Gummer** (born August 3, 1983) is an American actress. She has been in many movies and television programs.

## Early life

Gummer was born in New York City, New York. She is the daughter of actress Meryl Streep and sculptor Don Gummer. She grew up in Salisbury, Connecticut. She also spent five years in Los Angeles, California with her older brother, Henry Wolfe Gummer, and younger sisters, actress Grace Gummer and Louisa.

## Work

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1986|_Heartburn_|Annie Forman|Credited as Natalie Stern||
|2003|_Reservations_|Hostess|Short film||
|2006|__|Dana|||
|2006|_The Devil Wears Prada_|Starbucks employee|Deleted scene||
|2007|_Evening_|Lila Wittenborn|||
|2007|_All Saints Day_|Lily|Short film||
|2008|_Alabama Leaves_||Short film||
|2008|_Stop-Loss_|Jeanie|||
|2008|__|Julie|||
|2009|_Taking Woodstock_|Tisha|||
|2009|__|Ruth|||
|2010|_Coach_|Stella|||
|2010|_Twelve Thirty_|Maura|||
|2010|__|Emily|||
|2012|_He's Way More Famous Than You_|Herself|||
|2013|__|Mel|||
|2013|_Side Effects_|Kayla|||

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2008|_John Adams_|Sally Smith Adams|TV miniseries||
|2010–13|__|Nancy Crozier|5 episodes||
|2011|_Off the Map_|Dr. Mina Minard|13 episodes||
|2011|__|Gemma|Episode: "In Case of Exposure"||
|2012|__|Maxine Cooper|3 episodes||
|2012–2013|_Emily Owens, MD_|Emily Owens|Lead role||

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2003|__||Northwestern University Theater||
|2004|_12 Volt Heart_||Northwestern University Theater||
|2004|__||Northwestern University Theater||
|2005–2006|_Mr. Marmalade_|Lucy|Laura Pels Theatre, NYC||
|2006|__|Erica|Second Stage Theatre, NYC||
|2007|__|Sophie Tuckerman|Williamstown Theatre Festival||
|2007|_Desdemona_||Playwrights Horizons Mainstage Theatre||
|2008|_Les Liaisons Dangereuses_|Cécile Volanges|American Airlines Theatre||
|2008|_Hunting and Gathering_|Bess|Primary Stages, NYC||
|2009|_Uncle Vanya_|Sonya|Classic Stage Company, NYC||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mamie Gummer
- **image**: Mamie Gummer at Heart Truth 2010.jpg
- **birth name**: Mary Willa Gummer
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1986–present
- **parents**: Meryl Streep
Don Gummer
Cynric of Wessex

**Cynric** (died 560) was the King of the Gewisse, also called the King of Wessex. He reigned from about 534 to 560.

## War leader and king

Cynric, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was the son of Cerdic. Most of what is known about Cynric and his father Cerdic comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. According to the chronicle, Cerdic and Cynric, both chiefs, arrived in 495. Cerdices ora is the name of the place they landed and fought the Britons there on the same day. In 519 they defeated Britons at Cerdices ford and took Wessex. In 527 at a place called Cerdices leaga they battled with the Britons again. In 530 they conquered the Isle of Wight. The record for 534 states that Cerdic died this year, his son Cynric became king and ruled for 26 years. As king, Cynric was involved in two more major battles in and around Wiltshire. The first in 552 was at Searoburh. The second battle was at Beranburh (Barbury Castle) in 556. In this last battle Cynric's son Ceawlin was fighting alongside him. In 560 Cynric was succeeded by his son Ceawlin. His name also appeared in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle along with other Anglo-Saxon kings.

## Family

Cynric had:

- Ceawlin (died 593).
- Ceolwulf, who did not reign.

## Other websites

- Britannia: Kings of Wessex

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Cynric
- **title**: King of Wessex
- **succession**: King of Wessex
- **reign**: 534–560
- **predecessor**: Cerdic of Wessex, Cerdic
- **successor**: Ceawlin of Wessex, Ceawlin
- **spouse**: Unknown
- **issue**: Ceawlin of Wessex
- **father**: Cerdic of Wessex
- **mother**: Unknown
The Chew

***The Chew*** is an American television talk and cooking show. It airs on ABC. It started on September 26, 2011. It replaced the soap opera _All My Children_. The show's name was inspired by talk show _The View_. It focuses on food-related and lifestyle topics. It is hosted by Mario Batali, Michael Symon, Carla Hall, Clinton Kelly, and Daphne Oz.

On April 11, 2012, ABC announced that the show would air for a second season.

On May 23, 2018, ABC announced that it had cancelled The Chew after seven seasons. The final episode aired on June 28, 2018.

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 60 minutes
- **executive producer**: Gordon Elliott, Mark Schneider
- **director**: John D'Incecco
- **presenter**: Mario Batali
Carla Hall
Clinton Kelly (TV personality), Clinton Kelly
Daphne Oz
Michael Symon
**Field Correspondents:**
Evette Rios
Danny Boome
Jason Roberts (producer), Jason Roberts
Jamika Pessoa
- **narrated**: Gordon Elliott
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **network**: American Broadcasting Company, ABC
- **num seasons**: 7
Cooking show

A **cooking show** (also called a **cookery programme**) is a television program where one or more hosts show people how to cook food dishes in a kitchen studio set. The show's host, often a celebrity chef, will make one or more food dishes in an episode. They will show the inspiration for the dish, how to make it, and the stages of cooking. These types of shows are often meant to be educational, although some shows are competitions that are meant to entertain the viewer.

The cable television network Food Network airs these types of shows.
Cerdic of Wessex

**Cerdic** (475-4 May 534) was the first Anglo Saxon King of the Gewisse, also called the king of Wessex. He was the ancestor of the kings of Wessex and the Anglo-Saxon kings of England beginning with Athelstan.

## War leader and king

According to the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_, Cerdic, along with his son Cynric, came to Britain in 495. Their three ships landed at Cerdic's ora fought the Britons there on the same day. Most of what is known about Cerdic comes from the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_. In 519, Cerdic and his son defeated Britons at Cerdic's ford and took Wessex. In 527 at a place called Cerdic's leaga, Cerdic and Cynric battled the Britons again. In 530, they conquered the Isle of Wight. In 534, Cerdic died and was succeeded by his son Cynric.

The _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_ gave Cerdic a pedigree going back to the Saxon god Woden. However, the historian Kenneth Sisam showed that the legendary pedigree was _borrowed_ from the kings of Bernicia and was not historic.

On the other hand, archaeological evidence shows that outside Kent and Sussex, the main area of settlement was in the upper Thames Valley. That agrees with much of the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_ although the dates are harder to verify.

It should be noted that the _Anglo-Saxon Chronicle_ is not a reliable document for the period contemporary to Cerdic's supposed reign. It should also be noted that Cerdic is a British name, not an Anglo-Saxon one. It is also unlikely that Wessex was the name of his proposed kingdom. Ultimately, Cerdic should be considered as mythology.

## Family

Cerdic had one son:

- Cynric (died 560)

## Other websites

- Britannia: Kings of Wessex

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Cerdic
- **image**: Cerdic of Wessex.png
- **title**: King of Wessex
- **reign**: 519–534
- **birth date**: 475
- **predecessor**: Honorius (emperor), Honorius (Roman Emperor)
- **successor**: Cynric of Wessex, Cynric
- **issue**: Cynric
- **succession**: List of monarchs of Wessex, King Of Wessex
- **coronation**: 519
- **house**: Wessex
Euler characteristic

In mathematics, the **Euler characteristic** of a shape is a number that describes a topological space, so that anything in the space will have the same number. It is calculated by taking the number of points in the shape, the number of lines in the shape, and the number of faces of the shape. One can find the Euler characteristic with this formula:

where _V_ is the point count, _E_ the line count, and _F_ the face count. For most common shapes (convex polyhedron), the Euler characteristic is 2.

|Name|Image|Vertices (Points) _V_|Edges (Lines) _E_|Faces _F_|Euler characteristic: _V_ − _E_ + _F_|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Tetrahedron||4|6|4|**2**|
|Hexahedron or cube||8|12|6|**2**|
|Octahedron||6|12|8|**2**|
|Dodecahedron||20|30|12|**2**|
|Icosahedron||12|30|20|**2**|
For spheres, the Euler characteristic is also 2.

## Related pages

- Platonic solid
Oberon

**Oberon** (also spelled **Auberon**) is a king of the fairies in medieval and Renaissance literature. He is best known as a character in William Shakespeare's play _A Midsummer Night's Dream_. In this play, he is married to Titania, the Queen of the Fairies. His servant is Puck. Puck plays tricks.

In the play, Oberon and Titania are arguing. Titania falls asleep. Oberon tells Puck to put a potion in her eyes. This potion will make her love the first thing she sees when she wakes. She sees a man with a donkey head. Oberon and Titania make up. All ends happily.
Howard the Duck

**Howard the Duck** is a character from Marvel Comics created in 1973. He is a anthropomorphic duck from outer space. His story was made into a movie in 1986.

## Early Life

Howard is the offspring of two ducks called Dave and Dottie. As a young duckling, Howard frequently witnessed his father wander off and disappear for a few weeks, only to return with Duck Milk.

## In other media

Howard the Duck was portrayed by Ed Gale and voiced by Chip Zien in the critically and commercially unsuccessful 1986 self-titled film. Starting in 2014, the character, voiced by Seth Green, appeared in cameos in several Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) movies, the Disney XD animated series _Guardians of the Galaxy_ (2015–19) and _Ultimate Spider-Man_ (2016; with Kevin Michael Richardson), and the Disney+ series _What If...?_ (2021–present).

## Other websites

- Dark Mallard of the Night
Horchata

**Horchata** is the name of several kinds of traditional drinks common in Central America. It is made of ground almonds, sesame seeds, rice, barley, or tigernuts _(chufas)_. It has a light brown color and a sweet flavor. Usually you drink horchata cold.
Aescwine of Wessex

**Aescwine** was a King in Wessex from about 674 to 676. He was one of several underkings in Wessex at the time.

## King in Wessex

Aescwine was the son of Cenfus, who also ruled Wessex as a subking. They both claimed descent from Cynric through his son Ceolwulf. After the death of Cenwalh the underkings took over Wessex and ruled it for about ten years. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Cenwalh was succeeded as ruler by his wife Seaxburh. She ruled for about one year trying to hold central control over Wessex. In 675, Aescwine defeated Wulfhere over territory north of the Thames. Aescwine reigned from about 674 to 676. He was succeeded by Centwine.

## Other websites

- Britannia: Kings of Wessex

## Infobox (monarch)

- **name**: Æscwine
- **title**: King of Wessex
- **image**: File:Erkenwin - John Speed.JPG
- **caption**: Imaginary depiction from John Speed's Saxon Heptarchy
- **reign**: 674–676
- **predecessor**: Seaxburh of Wessex, Seaxburh
- **successor**: Centwine of Wessex, Centwine
- **father**: Cenfus
- **death date**: after 676
Notre Dame Stadium

**Notre Dame Stadium** is the home football stadium for the University of Notre Dame. The university's football team are the Fighting Irish. The stadium is located on the university's campus in Notre Dame, Indiana, just north of the city of South Bend. It was opened in 1930. The stadium can seat over 80,000 people.

## History

The stadium opened in 1930. It replaced the old stadium Cartier Field. It cost more than US$750,000 to build. The head coach of the Fighting Irish, Knute Rockne, played an important role in the design of the stadium. The design was based on Michigan Stadium. The stadium originally held 54,000 people. It measured a half-mile (0.8 kilometres) in circumference and stood  high. It was built by the Sollitt Construction Company of South Bend. They began building in April 1930, and took six months to build. The Irish played their first game in the new stadium on 4 October 1930. They beat the SMU Mustangs 20–14. The official dedication was on October 11 against Navy.

Over the years, the stadium's seating capacity was gradually increased to 59,075. This was mainly done by making most of the seats smaller. In 1997, 21,000 new seats were added to the stadium, bringing the seating capacity to the present 80,795. Permanent lights were also installed. The lights were paid for by NBC, which has held the exclusive television rights to all home games since 1991.

The playing surface was natural grass throughout the stadium's history until FieldTurf, an advanced artificial surface, was installed before the 2014 football season.

## _Touchdown Jesus_

The stadium is known for its view of _Touchdown Jesus_ (actually titled _The Word of Life_), a large mural of the resurrected Jesus. The mural is painted on the southern exterior wall of the Hesburgh Library. It is  high and  wide. It can be seen over the northern end zone of the stadium. The mural was designed by Millard Sheets and was constructed in 1964. It cost US$200,000. It is contains 81 types of stone from 16 countries, and is composed of hundreds of panels which incorporate 6,700 pieces of granite.

In 1997, fans protested the university's plans to add 20,000 seats to the stadium. These seats would have blocked the view of _Touchdown Jesus_ from the field. The university then considered limiting seats in the end zone. For aesthetic reasons however, developers went with a larger bowl all the way around. As a result, the view of _Touchdown Jesus_ was partially blocked.

## Other websites

- Notre Dame Stadium

## Infobox (stadium)

- **stadium name**: Notre Dame Stadium
- **nickname**: _The House That Rockne Built_
- **image**:
- **location**: Notre Dame, Indiana
- **broke ground**: 1930
- **opened**: 1930
- **owner**: University of Notre Dame
- **operator**: University of Notre Dame
- **surface**: FieldTurf
- **construction cost**: United States dollar, $750,000
- **tenants**: Notre Dame Fighting Irish football, Notre Dame Fighting Irish (National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA)
(1930-present)
- **seating capacity**: 80,795
59,075 (1996 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team, 1996)
Makenzie Vega

**Makenzie Jade Vega** (born 10 February 1994) is an American teen actress. She did the character Grace in the television program _The Good Wife_ on CBS. She also played Vera on the show _ER_. The actress was born in Los Angeles.

## Filmography

|Year|Film|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000|__|Annie Campbell|||
|2001|_Made_|Chloe|||
|2004|_Saw_|Diana Gordon|||
|2004|_Chestnut: Hero Of Central Park_|Sal|||
|2005|_Sin City_|Young Nancy Callahan|||
|2006|_Just My Luck_|Katy Hardin|||
|2006|_X-Men: The Last Stand_|Prison Truck Little Girl|||
|2007|_In the Land of Women_|Paige Hardwicke|||
|2016|_Fender Bender_|Hilary|||

|Year|Film|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1999|_Dr. Quinn: Revolutions_|Maria|Television film||
|2000–01|__|Eliza Ryan|Main role||
|2006|_Justice_|Mary Nicks|Episodes: "Wrongful Death", "Crucified" (uncredited)||
|2007|_Ghost Whisperer_|Becca Cahill|Episode: "All Ghosts Lead to Grandview"||
|2009|_ER_|Vera|Episode: "I Feel Good"||
|2009–2016|__|Grace Florrick|Main role (seasons 1–6); recurring role (season 7)||
|2014|_The Assault_|Sam Gleason|Television film||
|2016|_Pretty Little Dead Girl_|Emma Miller|Television film||
|2016|_Heartbeat_||Episode: "The Inverse"||
|2017|_Tomboy_|Tori|Television film||
|2018|_The Beach House_|Toy Sooner|Television film||
|2018|_13 Reasons Why_|Sarah Carlin|Episodes: "Smile, Bitches", "The Missing Page"||
|2018|_Love, of Course_|Cara Andolini|Television film||
The Road to Wellville

***The Road to Wellville*** is a 1994 comedy-drama movie. This movie is about the doctor and clean-living advocate John Harvey Kellogg and his unusual methods for maintaining health. Anthony Hopkins plays Doctor Kellogg. Lara Flynn Boyle plays Ida. Camryn Manheim plays Virginia. The movie was released October 28, 1994 in the United States. The reviews of _The Road to Wellville_ were not good. The movie performed poorly in the box office.
Wine cellar

A **wine cellar** is a place to store wines, typically in bottles or barrels. When stored in a wine cellar, wine is protected from light. Temperature should be 6–20°C.
Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

**Bukit Timah Nature Reserve**, or BTNR, is on Bukit Timah Hill. It is the largest primary forest in Singapore. Singapore’s original tropical primary rainforest ecosystem is half of the reserve. At the top of the hill, there is a rock showing the height, latitude and longtitude.

## ASEAN Heritage Park status

BTNR is the second ASEAN Heritage Park in Singapore, after Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. BTNR became a Heritage Park on 18 October 2011.
Theresa Caputo

**Theresa Caputo** (born c. 1965/1966 or 1966/1967) (sources do not agree) is an American actress. She is best known for portraying herself as someone who can talk to dead people on a television show. Many news organizations have called that claim fake.

Caputo was born and raised in Hicksville, Long Island, New York

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Theresa Caputo
- **birth date**: 1965, 1966 or 1967 (sources do not agree)
- **birth place**: Hicksville, Long Island, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **other names**: Teresa Caputo
- **occupation**: Actress, television personality, comedienne
- **years active**: 2012–present
- **spouse**: Larry Caputo (1991–present)
- **children**: Larry Caputo, Jr. (son)
Victoria Caputo (daughter)
- **website**: [http://www.theresacaputo.com/ Theresa Caputo]
Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle

***Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle*** is a 1994 biographical and drama movie. This movie is about Dorothy Parker and related writers. The movie takes place in the 1920s. Jennifer Jason Leigh plays Dorothy Parker. Also acting in this movie is Martha Plimpton: she plays Jane Grant. The movie was an Official Selection in the 1994 Cannes Film Festival. The movie was given very positive reviews from many critics. The box office performance, however, was not good.
Afternoon Delight

***Afternoon Delight*** is an American comedy-drama movie from 2013. The movie is about sexual awakenings during a sexless and loveless marriage. Juno Temple plays the stripper McKenna. The movie was first shown at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2013.

## Plot

Rachel is a mother living in an unhappy life, frustrated by the roles of being a stay-at-home mom and not having had sex with her husband Jeff for months. She visits her therapist, Lenore, but is unable to find any help in her advice.