juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Air Crash Investigation season 6

This is the following sixth season of _Air Crash Investigation_. _Mayday_ is the first _Science of Disaster_ season, consisting of three episodes.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 6
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 3
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 5
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 7
Air Crash Investigation season 7

This is the following seventh season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 7
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 8
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 6
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 8
Tom Walker

**Thomas Alexander Walker** (born 17 December 1991) is a Scottish singer-songwriter. He is known for his single "Leave a Light On", which went to number seven on the UK Singles Chart in June 2018. His debut EP _Blessings_ was released on 19 May 2017.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tom Walker
- **birth name**: Thomas Alexander Walker
- **birth place**: Kilsyth, Dunbartonshire, Scotland
- **origin**: Chelford, Cheshire, England
- **image**: Tom Walker Piknik i Parken 2018 (181841) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Walker in 2018
- **years active**: 2015–present
- **label**: Relentless Records, Relentless
Air Crash Investigation season 8

This is the following eighth season of _Air Crash Investigation_. _Mayday_ is the second _Science of Disaster_ season, consisting of two episodes.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 8
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 2
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 7
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 9
Baby food

**Baby food** is food for babies. It is food other than breast milk and infant formula for babies. It comes in many different flavors and varieties. Baby food can be made at home using fresh ingredients or purchased from the store.
Air Crash Investigation season 9

This is the following ninth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 9
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 8
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 8
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 10
Kilsyth

**Kilsyth** is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is about halfway between Glasgow and Stirling. About 10,000 people live there. It is known as the site of the Battle of Kilsyth in 1645.
Air Crash Investigation season 10

This is the following tenth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 10
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 6
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 9
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 11
Air Crash Investigation season 11

This is the following eleventh season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 11
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 13
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 10
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 12
Escles

**Escles** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Vosges department in northeast France.
Air Crash Investigation season 12

This is the following twelfth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 12
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 13
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 11
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 13
Air Crash Investigation season 13

This is the following thirteenth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 13
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 11
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 12
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 14
Air Crash Investigation season 14

This is the following fourteenth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 14
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 11
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 13
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 15
Air Crash Investigation season 15

This is the following fifteenth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 15
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 10
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 14
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 16
Air Crash Investigation season 16

This is the following sixteenth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 16
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 10
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 15
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 17
Air Crash Investigation season 17

This is the following seventeenth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 17
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 10
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 16
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 18
Air Crash Investigation season 18

This is the following eighteenth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 18
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 10
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 17
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 19
Air Crash Investigation season 19

This is the following nineteenth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 19
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 10
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 18
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 20
Air Crash Investigation season 20

This is the following twentieth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 20
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 10
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 19
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 21
Air Crash Investigation season 21

This is the following twenty-first season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 21
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 10
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 20
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 22
Air Crash Investigation season 22

This is the following twenty-second season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 22
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 10
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 21
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 23
Mihashira Torii

also known as  are a type of _torii_ gate found in Shinto architecture. They are a triangle of connected Torii. They may have been built by early Japanese Christians to represent the Holy Trinity.
Air Crash Investigation season 23

This is the following twenty-third season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 23
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 10
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 22
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 24
Fur (heraldry)

In heraldry a **fur** is a pattern originally based on animal furs. The most famous fur is Ermine.

## Ermine

Ermine is a fur based on the fur of the Ermine.
It is the most common Fur in heraldry

## Vair

**Vair** is a fur that is normally an angular blue () and white () pattern in heraldry. It is based on the Eurasian red squirrel.

## Potent

**Potent** (German: _Sturzkrückenfeh_, meaning "upside-down crutch vair") is a type of heraldic pattern made of T-shaped figures. It is like _vair_, but instead of the usual bell shapes, the design uses T-shapes called _potents_ because they look like crutches.

When colours other than silver (_argent_) and blue (_azure_) are used, the pattern is called _potenté_ or _potenty_ of those colours. Some experts think this pattern started as a result of mistakes when drawing vair, but others believe it is an old and proper form.

A common variation is **counter-potent** or **potent-counter-potent** (German: _Gegensturzkrückenfeh_), which is made like _counter-vair_. Another version is **potent in point** (German: _Verschobenes Gegensturzkrückenfeh_, "displaced counter-potent"). In theory, other forms such as _potent in bend_ or _potent of four colours_ could also exist.

## Rare furs

Three other rare fur patterns appear in continental heraldry. Their origins are unclear, but they probably developed from variations of _vair_ made to look like the fur or skin of other animals.

In **plumeté** or **plumetty**, the pattern is drawn to look like feathers.
In **papelonné** or **papellony**, the pattern is drawn as scales that look like a butterfly’s wings — which is where the name comes from.
In German heraldry, a type called **Kürsch** (meaning "vair bellies") shows the shapes as hairy and brown. The name "vair bellies" is probably not correct, because the belly of a red squirrel is always white, even though its summer coat can be reddish brown.

### Bibliography

- .
- .
- .
- .
Air Crash Investigation season 24

This is the following twenty-fourth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 24
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 10
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 23
- **next season**: Air Crash Investigation season 25
Air Crash Investigation season 25

This is the following twenty-fifth season of _Air Crash Investigation_.

## Episodes

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## Infobox (television season)

- **bgcolour**: #182F5F
- **season number**: 25
- **country**: Canada
- **num episodes**: 11
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **episode list**: List of Air Crash Investigation episodes
- **prev season**: Air Crash Investigation season 24
7 Years (Lukas Graham song)

"**7 Years**" is a song by Danish pop band Lukas Graham, from their second studio album, _Lukas Graham_. It was released on 18 September 2015. The song topped the single charts in over 10 countries. It was nominated for three Grammy Awards in 2017.
National symbols of the United Arab Emirates

The **National symbols of the Muslim-Majority Confederation of the UAE** are the symbols that are used to represent the Emirati people proper and abroad to represent the country and its people's.

## Emirati symbols

||Symbol|Image|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Coat of arms of UAE Hawk of Quraish _Falco cherrug_|||
|Flag of UAE|||
|National flower of the United Arab Emirates _Tribulus omanense_|||
|National tree of the United Arab Emirates _Prosopis cineraria_|||
|National bird of the United Arab Emirates _Falco biarmicus tanypterus_|||
|National animal of the United Arab Emirates _Equus ferus arabica_|||
|National fruit of the United Arab Emirates _Phoenix dactylifera _|||
National symbols of Lesotho

The **State symbols of the Independent Kingdom of Lesotho** are the symbols that are used to represent both the divided Basotho people proper and abroad to represent the country and its people.

## Basotho symbols

||Symbol|Image|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Lesotho|||
|Flag of the Kingdom of Lesotho|||
|National flower of the Kingdom of Lesotho _Aloe polyphylla_|||
|National tree of the Kingdom of Lesotho _Gymnosporia heterophylla_|||
|National bird of the Kingdom of Lesotho _Geronticus calvus_|||
|National animal of the Kingdom of Lesotho _Diceros bicornis occidentalis_|||
|National reptile of the Kingdom of Lesotho _Crocodylus niloticus_|||
|National horse of the Kingdom of Lesotho _Basuto Horse_|||
|National hat of the Kingdom of Lesotho _Sotho Hat_|||

### Related page

- National symbols of South Africa
Court of public opinion

The ***court of public opinion*** is a metaphorical use of the word "court" as it is not a real "court of law". This English expression is used when we let everyone judge the case. In other words, sometimes we simply look at what the majority of people think about the case, regardless of their social status/ level of education. As example would be the "public opinion" versus the "legal decision" on the O. J. Simpson murder case.

## Related

- Majority opinion
Peggy Cartwright

**Peggy Cartwright** (November 14, 1912-June 12, 2001) is a Canadian Silent movie child actress was one of the Our Gang in 1922 when she is only 9-years-old And she meet Harold Lloyd in the 1919 silent short movie called From Hand to Mouth when she is only 6-years-old.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Peggy Cartwright
- **image**: Portrait of Peggy Cartwright.jpg
- **birth place**: Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- **death place**: Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- **occupation**: Child actress
- **years active**: 1915-1964
National symbols of Belarus

The **National symbols of Belarus** are the symbols that are used to represent both the divided Belarussian people proper and abroad to represent the country and its people.

## Belarussian symbols

||Symbol|Image|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Coat of arms of Belarus|||
|Flag of Belarus|||
|National flower of Belarus _Linum usitatissimum_|||
|National tree of Belarus _Picea abies_|||
|National bird of Belarus _Ciconia ciconia_|||
|National animal of Belarus _Bison bonasus_|||
|National fruit of Belarus _Rubus caesius_|||
National symbols of Colombia

The **National symbols of the Spanish Republic of Colombia** are the symbols that are used to represent the Colombian people proper and abroad to represent the country and its people.

## Colombian symbols

||Symbol|Image|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Coat of arms of Colombia|||
|Flag of Colombia|||
|National flower of Colombia _Cattleya trianae_|||
|National tree of Colombia _Ceroxylon quindiuense_|||
|National bird of Colombia _Vultur gryphus_|||
|National animal of Colombia _Panthera Onca goldmani_ Colombian national animal _Saguinus oedipus_|||
|National reptile of Colombia _Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis_ Colombian national reptile _Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis_|||
|National fish of Colombia _Xyliphius lepturus_|||
|National amphibian of Colombia _Phyllobates terribilis_|||
|National horse of Colombia _White Granada Horse_ Colombian national horse _Palomo Horse_|||
|National sport of Colombia _Tejo_|||
|National dish of Colombia _Bandeja Antioqueña_|||
|National butterfly of Colombia _Diaethria phlogea_|||
|National fruit of Colombia _Quararibea cordata_ Colombian national fruit _Alibertia patinoi_ Piñuela _Bromelia pinguin_|||
|National seed of Colombia _Colombian Coffee_|||
|National gemstone of Colombia _Gachalá Emerald_|||

### Related pages

- National symbols of Venezuela
- National symbols of Panama
From Hand to Mouth

**From Hand to Mouth** is a 1919 American Silent Short comedy movie starring Harold Lloyd, Mildred Davis and Peggy Cartwright.

## Cast

- Harold Lloyd as The Boy wearing the Glasses
- Mildred Davis as The Girl
- Peggy Cartwright as The Waif
- Snub Pollard as The Kidnapper

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: From Hand to Mouth
- **image**: From Hand to Mouth FilmPoster.jpeg
- **director**: Alfred  J. Goulding
- **producer**: Hal Roach
- **starring**: Harold Lloyd
 Mildred Davis
 Peggy Cartwright
- **runtime**: 22 Minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
National symbols of Guatemala

The **State symbols of the Latino of Republic of Guatemala** are the symbols that are used to represent both the divided Guatemalan people proper and abroad to represent the country and its people.

## Symbols

||Symbol|Image|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Coat of arms of Guatemala|||
|Flag of Guatemala|||
|National flower of Guatemala _Lycaste virginalis_|||
|National tree of Guatemala _Ceiba pentandra_|||
|National bird of Guatemala _Pharomachrus mocinno_|||
|National animal of Guatemala _Nasua narica_|||
|National dress of Guatemala _Huipil_|||

### Related page

- National symbols of Mexico
National symbols of Vanuatu

The **State symbols of Vanuatu** are the symbols that are used to represent both the divided Vanuatuanese people proper and abroad to represent the country and its people.

## Vanuatuanese symbols

||Symbol|Image|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Coat of arms of Vanuatu|||
|Flag of Vanuatu|||
|National flower of Vanuatu _Hibiscus furcellatus_|||
|National tree of Vanuatu _Ficus microcarpa_ Vanuatuanese national tree _Ficus retusa_|||
|National bird of Vanuatu _Megapodius layardi_|||
|National animal of Vanuatu _Brachylophus fasciatus_ Vanuatuanese national animal _Sus domesticus_|||
|National fruit of Vanuatu _Citrus grandis_|||

### Related page

- National symbols of Fiji
National symbols of Singapore

The **State symbols of the Sovereign State of Singapore** are the symbols that are used in the Sovereign state of the Nation of Singapore to represent what is unique about the nation, reflecting different aspects of its cultural life and history.

## Symbols

||Symbol|Image|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Coat of arms of Singapore|||
|Flag of Singapore|||
|State flower of Singapore _Papilionanthe hookeriana_|||
|State tree of Singapore _Fagraea fragrans_|||
|State bird of Singapore _Aethopyga siparaja_|||
|Singaporean faunae emblem _Panthera leo persica_ _(Named Country)_ State animal of Singapore _Aonyx cinereus_ State mammal of Singapore _Callosciurus notatus_ Singaporean state animal _Panthera tigris jacksoni_ _(Depicted in Coat of Arms)_|||
National symbols of Burundi

The **State symbols of the Republic of Burundi** are the symbols that are used to represent the Burundian people proper and abroad to represent the country and its people.

## Burundian symbols

||Symbol|Image|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Emblem of Burundi|||
|Flag of Burundi|||
|National flower of Burundi _Protea gaguedi_|||
|National tree of Burundi _Moringa oleifera_|||
|National bird of Burundi _Corythaeola cristata_|||
|National fish of Burundi _Neolamprologus brichardi_|||
|National animal of Burundi _Crocuta crocuta_ Burundian state animal _Panthera leo melanochaita_|||
|National mammal of Burundi _Cricetomys ansorgei_|||
|National amphibian of Burundi _Amietophrynus poweri_|||
|National butterfly of Burundi _Danaus chrysippus orientis_|||
|National Reptile of Burundi _Crocodylus niloticus_|||
|National fruit of Burundi _Musa balbisiana_|||
|National vegetable of Burundi _Manihot esculenta_|||
|National dish of Burundi Isombe Uburo _Burundian cuisine_|||
|National drink of Burundi _Ikivuguto_ Bushera|||
|National crop of Burundi _Manihot esculenta_|||
|Shuka _Burundian male_ Intore _Burundian female_|||
|National dance of Burundi _Burundian dancing or Intore Dance_|||
|National instrument of Burundi _Inanga_ Tokele drum|||
|National sport of Burundi _Football/"The Swallows"_|||
|National festival of Burundi _Umuganuro_|||
|National mountain of Burundi _Mount Heha_ / _Burundian Highlands_|||
|National river of Burundi _Ruzizi river_|||
|National lake of Burundi _Lake Tanganyika_|||
Proceratophrys bagnoi

***Proceratophrys bagnoi*** is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Home

This frog lives in forests that grow next to streams and rivers in the Cerrado. Scientists saw the frog between 550 and 840 meters above sea level.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is in danger of dying out. Human beings change the places where the frog lives to make farms and places for animals to eat grass. Humans also use fire to change the forest to fields and build dams for electricity.
Norseman, Western Australia

Norseman is a small town in the state of Western Australia, in Australia.

The town is about 726 kilometres (451 miles) east of the city of Perth. It is an important place because it is the last major town in Western Australia before you cross the Nullarbor Plain to South Australia. It is the start of the Eyre Highway, which is a very long road across the country.

## History

Norseman was started because of gold. In 1894, a man named Laurie Sinclair found a rich spot of gold. He named the place after his horse, Hardy Norseman, who found the gold by scraping his hoof on the ground. Gold mining became a very big business in Norseman for many years.

The Aboriginal name for the area is "Jimberlana".

At first, Norseman was not as important as the nearby town of Dundas. But Norseman soon grew stronger. From 1895 to 1901, the town opened a post office, banks, stores, a doctor, and a courthouse. Mail coaches from Cobb & Co started coming in 1899. Later, in 1935, a big company, Western Mining Corporation, put a lot of money into the town. This brought better things to Norseman, like paved roads, electricity, and a way to get water from the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme.

## Demographics and tourism

Today, Norseman is still a mining town. The main thing that keeps the town running is gold mining.

Norseman is also a popular stop for travellers. People driving across Australia on the Eyre Highway often stop here for fuel and to rest. The town has shops, a place to stay, and a hospital.

Things to see there include:
- The Big Horse: There is a statue of a horse to remember the horse, Hardy Norseman, that found the first gold.
- Beacon Hill: A good place to go to see a wide view of the town and the dry land around it.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Norseman
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Roberts Street, Norseman, 2017 (04).jpg
- **caption**: Roberts Street, Norseman in 2017
- **postcode**: 6443
- **pop**: 555 (as of 2021)
- **elevation**: 283
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 7
- **dist1**: 726
- **location1**: Perth
- **dist2**: 196
- **location2**: Kalgoorlie
- **dist3**: 203
- **location3**: Esperance, Western Australia, Esperance
- **dist4**: 709
- **location4**: Eucla, Western Australia, Eucla
Gwalia, Western Australia

Gwalia is a famous ghost town in Western Australia, Australia. A ghost town is a town that most people have left. It is in the desert area known as the Goldfields-Esperance, about 828 kilometres (514 miles) from the city of Perth. The small number of people who still live there are often counted with the nearby town of Leonora.

## History

Gwalia began because of gold. In 1896, prospectors (gold hunters) found a rich spot of gold. They called the mine the "Sons of Gwalia" to honor the Welsh background of one of the people who paid for the search. "Gwalia" is an old name for Wales.

The town quickly grew around the mine. People built simple houses out of wood, iron, and cloth. A famous person worked here: Herbert Hoover. He was a young American engineer who was the mine's manager for a short time in 1898. He later became the 31st President of the United States.

The mine was one of the biggest and most successful in Western Australia for a long time. It kept working for 65 years. Then on December 27, 1963, the mine suddenly closed.

Because the mine was the only work available in the town, almost all the people left very quickly. The town's population dropped from about 1,200 people to only 40 in a few weeks. The people left their homes and things behind.

## Present day

Today, Gwalia is an open-air museum. You can walk through the empty streets and see the houses, shops, and the old State Hotel just as people left them. This gives visitors a look at what life was like during the gold rush.

Even though the town is a ghost town, the Gwalia Gold Mine has opened again. Modern mining is still taking place next to the historic town area.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Gwalia
- **state**: WA
- **image**: State Hotel, Gwalia, 2018 (03).jpg
- **caption**: The State Hotel, Gwalia, built 1903, in 2018
- **established**: 1897
- **elevation**: 377
- **dist1**: 828
- **dir1**: east
- **location1**: Perth
- **dist2**: 233
- **dir2**: north
- **location2**: Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Kalgoorlie
Coolgardie, Western Australia

Coolgardie is a small town in the state of Western Australia in Australia. It is about 558 kilometers (347 miles) east of the state's main city, Perth. It has a population of 850 people.

## History

Coolgardie is famous because of the gold rush that started there. In 1892, two men, Arthur Bayley and William Ford, found a lot of gold in the ground nearby.This discovery caused a huge number of people to come to the area very quickly. This was the start of the gold rush. In the late 1890s, Coolgardie became a large and rich town. At its peak, it was the third-largest town in all of Western Australia. It had many hotels, banks, and newspapers. The rush was so big that the town's importance helped make Western Australia join the new country of Australia in 1901.

Soon after the year 1900, people began to find less gold. Because of this, many people moved away from Coolgardie. The town became much smaller and was almost a "ghost town" for many years. Today, the town is still small, but it is important for its history and its old buildings.

## Present Day

Coolgardie is now known as the "Mother of the Goldfields." It has many old buildings from the gold rush time that tourists like to see. The town also has a museum where you can learn about the history of gold mining. Coolgardie is also a place where you can start a trip on the Great Eastern Highway, a long road that goes across the country.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Coolgardie
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Coolgardie Town Hall.jpg
- **caption**: Coolgardie Warden's Court
- **image2**: Coolgardie. Marvel Bar RSL.jpg
- **caption2**: Coolgardie Marvel Bar RSL
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 10
- **postcode**: 6429
- **pop**: 850
- **elevation**: 428
- **est**: 1892
- **dist1**: 558
- **dir1**: ENE
- **location1**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **dist2**: 38
- **dir2**: SW
- **location2**: Kalgoorlie
- **dist3**: 370
- **dir3**: NNW
- **location3**: Esperance, Western Australia, Esperance
Merredin, Western Australia

Merredin is a town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. It is about 260 kilometers (160 miles) east of the capital city, Perth. Merredin is the largest town in the eastern Wheatbelt area. The area is a very important part of Australia for growing grain, especially wheat. About 40% of Western Australia's wheat is grown near Merredin.

The town has one of the longest grain storage facilities in the Southern Hemisphere. The name Merredin is thought to come from an Aboriginal word for the Merritt trees that grew near a local water source.

Merredin was the location of number 4 pumping station of the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme,
which was rebuilt a number of times.

## History

Merredin started as a place where people could stop to get water on their long journey to the rich gold mines of Coolgardie and Kalgoorlie in the 1890s. The town grew quickly when the railway line from Perth was built to Merredin in 1893. This made it an important train stop. Because water was scarce, a large wall was built around the local granite rock, Merredin Peak, to catch rainwater for the town and the trains. This water source was later replaced by the famous Golden Pipeline, which brought water all the way from Perth. During World War II, Merredin was important for the Australian defense. You can still see old military places and a Military Museum in the town today.

## Attractions

Attractions include:
- Cummins Theatre: An old and famous theatre that was moved from the gold rush town of Coolgardie and put back together in Merredin in 1928.
- Merredin Peak: A large granite rock where you can walk to the top and see the old water catchment system.
- Silo Art: The huge grain silos are painted with a large, colorful mural as part of the Public Silo Trail.
- Museums: The town has a Railway Museum and a Military Museum to tell its history.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Merredin
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Barrack Street, Merredin, 2013.JPG
- **caption**: Barrack Street, Merredin, 2013.
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 10
- **postcode**: 6415
- **est**: 1890s
- **pop**: 2,384 (as of 2021)
- **elevation**: 318
- **maxtemp**: 24.7
- **mintemp**: 10.7
- **rainfall**: 314.4
- **dist1**: 256
- **dir1**: east
- **location1**: Perth
- **dist2**: 326
- **dir2**: west
- **location2**: Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Kalgoorlie
Hyden, Western Australia

Hyden is a small farming town in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. It is about 340 kilometers (210 miles) east of the state capital, Perth.

## Wave Rock

Hyden is famous because it is very close to the world-famous natural rock formation called Wave Rock. Wave Rock is a huge granite cliff that is shaped exactly like a tall ocean wave just about to break. It is about 15 meters (49 feet) high and 110 meters (360 feet) long.

The rock is very old—about 2.7 billion years old. Colorful stripes on the rock are made by water running down the rock and dissolving minerals over time. The rock is important to the local Aboriginal people, the Njakinjaki people.

## Other Attractions

Other attractions include:
- Near Wave Rock, there are other natural and man-made attractions:
- Hippo's Yawn: Another granite rock that looks like a hippopotamus yawning (opening its mouth very wide).
- Mulka's Cave: A small cave with Aboriginal rock art, telling the story of an Aboriginal legend named Mulka.
- The Humps: A massive granite rock formation north of Wave Rock, which is also a popular spot.
- Lake Magic: A nearby salt lake where the water can change color from green to pink.
- Wildflowers: During the spring (from about September to December), many different types of beautiful native wildflowers bloom in the area.

## History and Economy

European farming in the Hyden area started around 1922. The town was officially set up in 1932. The main business in Hyden is agriculture, mostly growing wheat and other grains and raising sheep and cattle. More than 100,000 tourists visit Hyden every year to see Wave Rock, which helps the town's economy. A railway line was opened between Lake Grace and Hyden Rock in April 1933.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Hyden
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Hyden Memorial Hall, October 2020 02.jpg
- **caption**: The Hyden Memorial Hall in 2020
- **local map**: yes
- **relief**: yes
- **zoom**: 9
- **pop**: 384 (as of 2021)
- **postcode**: 6359
- **elevation**: 305
- **dist1**: 292
- **dir1**: ESE
- **location1**: Perth
- **dist2**: 56
- **dir2**: E
- **location2**: Kondinin
- **dist3**: 121
- **dir3**: SE
- **location3**: Merredin
- **est**: 1922
Manjimup, Western Australia

Manjimup is a large town in the South West region of Western Australia. It is about 307 kilometers (191 miles) south of Perth. It is famous for its forests, giant trees, and fresh food. As of 2016, Manjimup had a population of 4,349.

## Description

Manjimup is called the "heart of the Southern Forests" because it is surrounded by huge forests, including the tall Karri and Jarrah trees.

It has a long history as a center for the timber industry. Manjimup is the main place on the Australian mainland that grows Black Truffles. Truffles are a very expensive type of mushroom used in fancy cooking. The area has very rich soil, so it grows many different fruits and vegetables like apples (the famous 'Pink Lady' apple was developed here), cherries, potatoes, and avocados.

## Tourism

Manjimup has many places to visit, often connected to its history or nature:
- Giant Trees:
    - Diamond Tree: A tall Karri tree that used to be a fire lookout (now closed to climbing).
    - Four Aces: A row of four very old, tall Karri trees.
    - King Jarrah Tree: A massive Jarrah tree thought to be over 500 years old.
- Manjimup Heritage Park: A large park that has:
    - A fun Adventure Playground with a huge slide.
    - The State Timber Museum and Steam Museum to learn about the town's history.
    - The Power Up Electricity Museum.
- One Tree Bridge: The remains of an old bridge made from a single Karri tree trunk.
- Fonty's Pool: A large man-made freshwater swimming pool that is a popular spot for relaxing.
- Festivals: The town holds the yearly Cherry Harmony Festival and a Truffle Kerfuffle event to celebrate its famous produce.

## Etymology

The name Manjimup comes from local Aboriginal Noongar words, possibly meaning "place of the edible reed."

## Climate

The town has a mild Mediterranean climate, which means cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers, which is great for growing truffles and tall trees.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: Town
- **name**: Manjimup
- **state**: WA
- **image**: Manjimup_Sign_SMC_2006.jpg
- **caption**: Entrance to Manjimup, late afternoon
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
- **pop**: 4,349 (as of 2016)
- **established**: 1856
- **elevation**: 287
- **dist1**: 293.4
- **dir1**: S
- **location1**: Perth
- **dist2**: 131
- **dir2**: SE
- **location2**: Bunbury, Western Australia, Bunbury
- **dist3**: 36
- **dir3**: S
- **location3**: Bridgetown, Western Australia, Bridgetown
- **maxtemp**: 20.3
- **mintemp**: 9.6
- **rainfall**: 1010.9
Northampton, Western Australia

Northampton is a historic town in the Mid West region of Western Australia. It is one of the state's oldest settlements outside of Perth, and the entire townsite was classified as a "historic town" by the National Trust of Australia in 1993. As of 2011, the town had a population of 868.

## Description

Its location is approximately 52 kilometers (32 miles) north of Geraldton and about 480 kilometers (298 miles) north of Perth. The area was originally known as "The Mines" due to its early mining activity. It was gazetted (declared a town) in 1864 and named after the then-Governor of the colony, John Hampton. The local Aboriginal Noongar name for the area is Mooniemia. Historically based on mining (lead and copper) and later became a service center for agriculture, especially cereal crops like wheat. Today, tourism is also important, as it serves as a gateway to the coast, including Horrocks Beach, Port Gregory (famous for its pink lake), and the Kalbarri National Park.

## Historical Significance

Northampton is a very important town in Western Australia's early industrial history. It is the site of the state's first major mining activity, with lead discovered in 1848 and copper in 1855. The first government-built railway line in Western Australia, which opened in 1879, ran from Geraldton to Northampton to transport the mined ore.

## Tourism

Many of the town's buildings are made of local stone and reflect its rich history:
- Hampton Road Heritage Walk: This walk covers 37 historically significant buildings, many of which were built by convicts.
- Chiverton House Museum: A stone building that now operates as a museum showcasing artifacts, photos, and restored farm machinery from the region's pioneering and mining era.
- Monsignor Hawes Buildings: The town features two notable buildings designed by the renowned architect-priest, Monsignor John Hawes:
- Church of Our Lady in Ara Coeli (c. 1936)
- Former Sacred Heart Convent (c. 1919)
- Railway Precinct: Home to the remnants of the state's first government railway line, including station buildings and rolling stock.

## Natural Attractions

- Wildflowers: During the spring season (generally August to October), the surrounding area is a popular destination for viewing colorful native wildflowers.
- Aboriginal Rock Art: Ancient Aboriginal rock art can be found near the Bowes River turnoff, showing the region's long Indigenous heritage.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Northampton
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Northampton Hampton St.jpg
- **caption**: Hampton Street
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
- **postcode**: 6535
- **est**: 1864
- **pop**: 868 (as of 2011)
- **maxtemp**: 27.0
- **mintemp**: 12.7
- **rainfall**: 432.2
- **dist1**: 480
- **dir1**: NW
- **location1**: Perth
- **dist2**: 51
- **dir2**: N
- **location2**: Geraldton, Western Australia, Geraldton
Bridgetown, Western Australia

Bridgetown is a historic town in the South West region of Western Australia. It is famous for its picturesque setting on the Blackwood River and its old-world country charm.

## History

European settlement began in the late 1850s, after a survey of the area was done by A.C. Gregory. Convicts built the main road into the area from Donnybrook starting in 1861. The town was named "Bridgetown" because it was located at a bridge over the Blackwood River and after the ship Bridgetown, which was the first to take wool from the district at Bunbury.

The area was an early centre for sheep, cattle, and fruit growing (especially apples). The railway arrived in 1898, helping both the agriculture and the timber industries.

## Tourism

- "Winter Capital of Western Australia": The town is often called "Fridgetown" in winter. It holds an annual Bridgetown in the Winter Festival (or "Fridgetown Fest") with many events, which brings in tourists.

- Festivals:
    - Blues at Bridgetown: A famous annual music festival held in November.
    - Festival of Country Gardens: Held in Autumn and Spring.

- Heritage Buildings: The main street has many restored buildings from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. You can learn about the history on the Bridgetown Heritage Walk.
    - Bridgedale House (c. 1862) is one of the oldest buildings in the town.
    - The Police Station Museum (1880) is another popular heritage site.
    - The Cidery: The region's history with apple-growing has led to a popular local cidery and brewery.
    - Brierley Jigsaw Gallery: The town is home to this unique gallery, which claims to have the only public jigsaw collection of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Bridgetown
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Bridgetown WA main street 01.jpg
- **caption**: Hampton Street, the main street of Bridgetown
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 10
- **pop**: 2,300 (as of 2021)
- **est**: 1868
- **dist1**: 267
- **location1**: Perth
- **dist2**: 88
- **location2**: Bunbury, Western Australia, Bunbury
- **dist3**: 36
- **location3**: Manjimup, Western Australia, Manjimup
- **dist4**: 45
- **location4**: Nannup, Western Australia, Nannup
- **dist5**: 31
- **location5**: Boyup Brook, Western Australia, Boyup Brook
- **maxtemp**: 22.5
- **mintemp**: 8.6
- **rainfall**: 720.1
Zwitterion

A **zwitterion** is a type of chemical compound that has both positive and negative electrical charges in different parts of the molecule.

Many zwitterions are tautomers of compounds that do not have these charges, and change between "neutral" and zwitterion forms based on the environment. Glycine, for example, is more stable as a zwitterion in a solution, but the "neutral" form as a pure gas.
Donnybrook, Western Australia

Donnybrook is a town in the South West region of Western Australia. It is famous for its apple industry and its large public playground.

## Tourism

Famous attractions include:
- Apple Fun Park: This is one of Donnybrook's biggest attractions. It is known for being Australia's largest free-entry outdoor playground, with equipment for all ages.
- The Big Apple: A large apple structure on top of a 20-metre tower, part of a local farm stay. It is one of Australia's "Big Things."
- Apple Festival: A major festival held every year around Easter to celebrate the apple harvest.
- English Oak: Donnybrook is home to the largest known English oak tree in Australia.
- Preston River Walk Trail: A scenic walking path along the Preston River, featuring a suspension bridge and local Indigenous art (Waugyl Sculpture Park).
- Donnybrook Stone: A type of local sandstone used to build many historic buildings in the town and elsewhere in Western Australia.

## History and Industry

The first Granny Smith apple tree was planted in 1900, starting the large local apple industry. Apples are harvested between March and May. A small gold rush happened near the town in 1897, but it only lasted for a few years. Besides apples, the area is also important for:
- Timber
- Beef and Dairy farming
- Wine and Cider making (part of the Geographe Wine Region)

## Infobox (australian place)

- **name**: Donnybrook
- **image**: Donnybrook Post Office, January 2022 03.jpg
- **caption**: The state heritage listed Donnybrook Post Office
- **local map**: yes
- **relief**: yes
- **zoom**: 11
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Western Australia
- **est**: 1894
- **type**: town
- **pop**: 2,786 (as of 2021)
- **elevation**: 63
- **dist1**: 38
- **location1**: Bunbury, Western Australia, Bunbury
- **state**: wa
- **maxtemp**: 23.1
- **mintemp**: 9.8
- **rainfall**: 973.1
Augusta, Western Australia

Augusta is a small town in the south-west part of Western Australia.

It is famous for being the closest town to Cape Leeuwin. This Cape is the most south-western point of the whole Australian continent. At this point, the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean meet.

The town has its own airport.

## Tourism

Tourist attractions include:
- Cape Leeuwin Lighthouse: This is a tall, historic lighthouse that you can climb. It stands right where the two oceans meet.
- Whale Watching: From late May to August, many whales (like Humpback and Southern Right whales) swim past the coast of Augusta as they travel to warmer waters. People watch them from the shore or from boats.
- Blackwood River: The town is located where the Blackwood River flows into the sea at a place called Flinders Bay. This area, known as the Hardy Inlet, is great for fishing, boating, and kayaking.
- Jewel Cave: Not far from Augusta is Jewel Cave, which is the biggest public show cave in all of Western Australia. It has many beautiful and large rock formations inside.
- Hamelin Bay: This nearby bay is famous for having friendly, wild stingrays that often swim right up to the shallow water near the beach.

Augusta is one of the oldest settlements by Europeans in Western Australia, founded in 1830. Today, it is a peaceful place often visited by tourists and people who enjoy the beautiful coast.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Augusta
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Blackwood Avenue, Augusta, 2015 (05).JPG
- **caption**: Blackwood Avenue, Augusta, 2015
- **lga**: Shire of Augusta-Margaret River
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 11
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Western Australia
- **est**: 1830
- **pop**: 1,211 (as of 2021)
- **elevation**: 14
- **maxtemp**: 19.7
- **mintemp**: 14.1
- **rainfall**: 976.1
- **dist1**: 322
- **dir1**: south
- **location1**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **dist2**: 146
- **dir2**: south
- **location2**: Bunbury, Western Australia, Bunbury
- **dist3**: 169
- **dir3**: southwest
- **location3**: Manjimup, Western Australia, Manjimup
Cowaramup, Western Australia

Cowaramup is a small, charming town in the South West of Western Australia, located near the famous Margaret River wine region.

It is often called 'Cowtown' by the locals because of its dairy farming past. The town has embraced this nickname, and you will see many fun, life-sized, brightly painted fibreglass cows decorating the main street.

The name of the town, Cowaramup, does not come from the word "cow," even though the town uses cows for marketing.

## Desrciption

Cowaramup is in the heart of the Margaret River Wine Region. Many well-known wineries are located close to the town. The area is famous for its delicious local produce, which includes dairy products like cheese, yogurt, and ice cream, handmade chocolate and fudge, organic wines and olive oil, and craft beer from the local brewery.

Wadandi Track is a long path for walking and cycling that follows an old railway line. It connects Cowaramup to the town of Margaret River and is a great way to explore the area's scenery. Cowaramup is close to the coast, and nearby Cowaramup Bay is a popular spot for both swimming and surfing. It is also near the famous Cowaramup Bombora or "Cow Bombie," which is a very large ocean wave popular with big wave surfers.

The town's actual name, Cowaramup (pronounced kuh-wara-mup), comes from the local Aboriginal Wardandi word for the purple-crowned lorikeet (a colourful bird).

## Transport

Cowaramup is located on the Bussell Highway, which was a major link to other towns in the area, as well as Perth, the state capital.

### Art works

Cowaramup is a small town that loves cows as a tourist theme. In 2012, the town put up 42 life-sized cow statues made of fiberglass. They are all around the town and are a popular attraction. In July 2014, the town set a Guinness World Record for the largest group of people dressed as cows. 1,352 people wore cow costumes at the same time.

A golden cow statue called "Free As A Cow" sits in Pioneer Park. The local people also call it "Rump on a Stump." The name Cowaramup comes from the Aboriginal word "Cowara," which is the name of a purple-crowned lorikeet (a small bird). Since 2018, the town has started adding artwork that shows this bird to celebrate the town's real name and history. You can see paintings and statues of the Cowara bird around the town.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Cowaramup
- **state**: wa
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 11
- **postcode**: 6284
- **pop**: 2,119 (as of 2021)
- **est**: 1925
- **dist1**: 265
- **location1**: Perth
- **dist2**: 36
- **location2**: Busselton
- **dist3**: 13
- **location3**: Margaret River, Western Australia, Margaret River
- **maxtemp**: 20.5
- **mintemp**: 12.6
- **rainfall**: 820
- **elevation**: 140