juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Haute couture

**Haute couture** (pronounced '<small>OHT koo-TOOR</small>') is a French term for high fashion. It refers to the creation of exclusive custom-fitted clothing. The term refers to:
- the fashion houses or fashion designers that create exclusive and often trend-setting fashions.
- the fashions created by them.

_Haute couture_ is made to order for a specific customer. It is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric and sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish by the most experienced and capable seamstresses, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. _Couture_ is a common abbreviation of _haute couture_.

In France, _haute couture_ is _une appellation juridiquement protégée_ (a legally protected name). It may only be used by firms which meet certain well-defined standards. The term is also used to describe all high-fashion custom-fitted clothing in other 'fashion capitals' such as Milan, London, New York, Tokyo and Madrid.

## History

The _couturier_ Charles Frederick Worth (13 October 1826–10 March 1895), is widely considered the father of _haute couture_ as it is known today. Although born in Lincolnshire, England, Worth made his mark in the French fashion industry. He revolutionized how dressmaking was organised. Worth made it so the dressmaker became an _artist_: a fashion designer. He created one-of-a-kind designs to please his titled or rich customers. More importantly, he prepared designs which were shown on live models at the _House of Worth_. Clients selected a design, specified colours and fabrics, and had a version tailor-made in Worth's workshop. Worth combined individual tailoring with a standardization more characteristic of the ready-to-wear clothing industry, which was also developing during this period.

## _Chambre syndicale_

To earn the right to call itself a couture house and to use the term _haute couture_, members of the _Chambre syndicale de la haute couture_ must follow these rules:

- Design made-to-order for private clients, with one or more fittings.
- Have a workshop (_atelier_) in Paris that employs at least fifteen people full-time.
- Each season (that's twice a year), present a collection to the Paris press, with at least thirty-five runs/exits with outfits for both daytime wear and evening wear.

Membership is seldom given. Outside the _Chambre syndicale_ are many successful fashion houses which deal in _prêt-à-porter_ (the French term for ready-to-wear fashion). They have their own _Chambre syndicale du prêt-à-porter_.

## Related pages

- Coco Chanel
- Christian Dior
- Madeleine Vionnet
- House of Worth
Joanna Newsom

**Joanna Caroline Newsom** (born January 18, 1982) is an indie singer and a harpist. She was born in Nevada City.

## Early life

Newsom was not allowed to watch television or listen to the radio when she was a child. She went to a Waldorf school. After high school Newsom studied composition and creative writing at Mills College in Oakland, California.

## Career

Newsom's first album _The Milk-Eyed Mender_ was released by Drag City on the 23rd of February 2003. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 8 out of 10. Newsom's second album _Ys_ was given a score of 9.4 out of 10.

## Personal life

She married comedian Andy Samberg in September 2013.

## Recordings

- Albums
- _The Milk-Eyed Mender_ (Drag City, 2004)
- _Ys_ (Drag City, 2006) US #134, UK #41
- _Have One on Me_ (Drag City, 2010) US #75, UK #28
- _Divers_ (Drag City, 2015)
- Early unofficial recordings
- _Walnut Whales_ (self-released, 2002)
- _Yarn and Glue_ (self-released, 2003)
- EPs
- _Joanna Newsom and the Ys Street Band_ (Drag City, 2007) UK #135
- Singles
- "Sprout and the Bean" (Drag City, 2004)
- "What We Have Known" (Drag City, 2011)
When Night Is Falling

***When Night is Falling*** is a 1995 Canadian romantic drama movie. It is about a university professor dealing with a bad relationship who gets confused when she starts having romantic feelings for a female circus performer. The MPAA rated the movie as NC-17. The movie was released without a rating rather than deal with the problems of being rated as NC-17. The movie was later released with two versions: the original unrated version, and an R rated version. Patricia Rozema directed the movie.
Hurricane Bob

**Hurricane Bob** was an Atlantic tropical cyclone during August 1991. It was one of the costliest hurricanes in the history of New England.

The storm began from an area of low pressure near the Bahamas. The area steadily became stronger and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bob later on August 16.

It curved to the north-northwest at first. However, after the storm became a hurricane, it turned to the north-northeast on August 17.

The track of Hurricane Bob by August 18 and 19 was similar to 1954's Hurricane Carol, another storm that affected North Carolina and New England. Bob brushed eastern North Carolina on August 18 and early on the 19th.

The storm moved up the Mid Atlantic on August 19; it passed just east of Long Island. The storm then crossed Block Island, Rhode Island, and later hit near Newport that afternoon.

While Bob affected Rhode Island, the strong winds moved westward into Connecticut. In that state, winds peaked near 75 mph.

The most damage happened in Massachusetts. Total damage there was $1 billion.

The storm weakened to a strong tropical storm; it then hit Maine with 70 mph winds and heavy rain.

Damage from Bob totaled $1.5 billion. Eighteen people were killed as a result of the storm.

The name _Bob_ was retired in the spring of 1992 and replaced with _Bill_.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Bob
- **image location**: Bob 1991-08-19 1226Z (alternate).jpg
- **type**: hurricane
- **year**: 1991
- **basin**: Atl
- **image name**: Hurricane Bob approaching New England
- **formed**: August 16, 1991
- **dissipated**: August 29, 1991
- **extratropical**: August 20
- **1-min winds**: 100
- **pressure**: 950
- **damages**: 1500
- **inflated**: 1
- **fatalities**: 15 direct, 2 indirect
- **areas**: North Carolina, Mid-Atlantic states, New England and Atlantic Canada
- **hurricane season**: 1991 Atlantic hurricane season
Nithing pole

A **Nithing pole**, according to ancient Scandinavian and Germanic pagan beliefs, was a kind of pole used for cursing enemies.

The way of cursing was supposed to be, to cut a horse's head from its body, and put it on top of the pole. Cursing words were carved into the wood, too. This was done to stop the soul of a cowardly person, or "Nithing".  Also, the terrible shame of the coward was called "Nith".
Imber

**Imber** is a village in Wiltshire, England, which has no people. It is on Salisbury Plain, a flat area in Southern England. The people of Imber were moved out in 1943, and rehoused elsewhere. The whole area was needed as a training ground for the military. Imber is now part of the British Army's largest training area in England.

The area around Imber has been settled since the Iron Age, before the Romans came to Britain. The first mention of the village was in Saxon times, in 967. The village is also listed in the Domesday Book. At that time, around fifty people lived there. The village has a church that was built in the 13th century. In the 14th century, about 250 people lived in the village. In 1851, the population reached its peak at about 440 people. When they left in 1943, about 150 people had to move.

## Other websites

- Google Satellite mapThe link does not deliver to the exact place, The actual area is north-west of the green arrow, and best got by typing "Imber, Wiltshire" into the Google search box.
Trough (geology)

In geology, a **trough** refers to a linear depression that extends in one direction over a distance. It is less steep than a trench. A trough can be a narrow basin or a geologic rift. There are various **oceanic troughs**, troughs found under oceans; examples include the rifts along the mid-ocean ridges.
Innuendo

- _Not to be confused with Innuendo (album)._

An **innuendo** is an indirect or implied statement of ideas or opinions. It can also be a remark or question, often disparaging  (also called **insinuation**), that works indirectly by allusion. In the latter sense, the intention is often to insult or accuse someone in such a way that the words as used, taken literally, seem to be innocent in the direct meaning (but have a negative unspoken meaning).

An innuendo is "an oblique hint or remark"; The word is often used to express disapproval.

The term **sexual innuendo** has a specific meaning, namely that of a "risqué" _double sens_ (double meaning) by playing on a possibly sexual meaning of an otherwise innocent statement.

## Bullying

Innuendo is a tool of bullying.

## In popular culture

Many TV shows\movies aimed at little kids often use innuendoes as a way of attracting older people. Shows\movies such as _The Fairly OddParents_, _SpongeBob SquarePants_,_The Penguins of Madagascar_, _Shrek_, _Bee Movie_, _ the _Walt Disney Animated Classics_, _Rocko's Modern Life_, _The Muppet Show_, _Cow & Chicken_, _Ren & Stimpy_, _Animaniacs_ and _Looney Tunes_ have been known to do this over the years. Also many prime-time shows use an extensive amount of innuendo to the point that they are rated U.S. TV PG/14 D for dialogue. Some TV shows using innuendoes are: _The Simpsons_, _Futurama_, _Son of the Beach_,  _The Office_, _Jersey Shore (TV series)_, _King of the Hill_, _Beavis and Butthead_, _Everybody Hates Chris_, _American Dad_, _Tosh.0_, _Family Guy_ and _South Park_.

Also, many radio shows are known for use of innuendo, including: _The Gallo Radio Show_, most of the songs played on _Southern Crossroads_, sometimes _The Rick & Bubba Show_, _The Howard Stern Show_, _The Steve and DC Morning Show_, especially  _The JT & Dave Show_, _Air Bubba_ and _The Bob & Tom Show''.
Copper(II) nitrate

**Copper(II) nitrate**, also known as **cupric nitrate**, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is Cu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>. It contains copper in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains nitrate ions.

## Properties

Copper(II) nitrate is a blue solid. It is an oxidizing agent. It is blue whether it contains water (hydrated) or not (anhydrous). It makes nitrogen dioxide when it is heated.

## Preparation

It is made by reacting copper with nitrogen tetroxide. It can also be made by reacting copper with nitric acid or silver nitrate.

## Uses

It can be used to make nitric acid by heating it. Then the brown gas made is dissolved in water to make nitric acid. It can be used to add nitrate ions to organic chemicals.

## Safety

Copper ions are toxic, like many other metals. Nitrates are oxidizing agents and can make things burn.

## Related pages

- Copper(I) chloride
- Copper sulfate
Orogeny

**Orogeny** is the process of mountain-building. It takes place when two tectonic plates come together. Orogens develop while a continental plate is crumpled and thickened to form mountain ranges, and involve a great range of geological processes collectively called **orogenesis**.

A convergent boundary is a frequent cause:
- Where a continent rides over an oceanic plate (non-collisional):
    - Andes in South America
- Where two continental plates converge (collide):
    - Alps
    - Himalayas
Another, less common cause is when a plate moves over a hot spot in the Earth's mantle. Examples:
- Hawaiian chain of islands
- Yellowstone National Park
There is a third process, called _delamination_. Here an unstable portion of cold root of the lithosphere drips down into the mantle, decreasing the density of the lithosphere and causing buoyant uplift. Example:
- The Sierra Nevada in California.
Areas that are rifting apart, such as mid-ocean ridges and the East African Rift have mountains due to thermal buoyancy caused by the hot mantle underneath them, which pushes them up. This thermal buoyancy is known as _dynamic topography_. Examples:
- Iceland (Mid-Atlantic Ridge).
- East African Rift

- Variscan orogeny: older mountain belts caused by the formation of Pangaea.
Ethnic groups of the United States

There are many different and diverse ethnic groups in the United States. Most people in the United States have ancestors who came from somewhere else, often from multiple places. Some people say their ancestry is "American"; often these are people from the Southern United States whose families have been living in America since before the American Revolution, however their ancestry most likely originated from Europe.

There are several races expanded into many ethnic groups in the United States:

- White is the most common race in the United States. White or European-American refers to people from countries in Europe (such as Germany, England, Ireland, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, Luxembourg, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Poland, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Greece, Turkey, Albania, Croatia, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Hungary, the Czech Republic, or the Netherlands).
- Black or African-American refers to people from countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Asian refers to people from countries in Asia (such as China, Japan, Korea, South Asia, or Southeast Asia).
- Oceanian refers to people from countries in Oceania (such as Australia, New Zealand, or Fiji).
- Native American refers to people who are part of Native American groups that have lived for thousands of years in the lands now controlled by the U.S. These are the only people who did not come to the United States during or after Europe learned of the Americas.
- Hispanic Americans, such as Spanish and Indigenous Mexican Americans, are often of this category. Hispanic is an ethnicity, meaning Hispanic people can be of any race.
- Lusophone Americans, such as Portuguese and Indigenous Brazilians, are often of this category. Lusophone is an ethnicity, meaning Lusophone people can be of any race.
- Other refers to people who are an unlisted ethnic group, such as Jewish people and Roma people.

The race is not the same as ethnicity, however. Here are the top three ethnic groups in the United States. Since many Asian and Hispanic people are classified differently, most of the groups listed are white.

- The most common is German-American, which 42.8 million Americans identify with. Many people came to the U.S. from Germany in the 19th and early 20th centuries. German American is the most common ethnic group in over half the states. The largest number of Germans are found in the Midwest, West, and Pennsylvania.
- Irish-American is the second-largest ethnic group found in the United States, with 30.5 million people.
- The third-largest ethnic group is African-American, at 24.8 million people. The largest number of African-Americans are found in the South.
Maylene and the Sons of Disaster

**Maylene and the Sons of Disaster** are an American rock band. The band formed in 2004 in Birmingham, Alabama. The bend members at the moment are Dallas Taylor (lead singer), Brad Lehman (bassist, backing vocals), Kelly Scot Nun (guitarist), Chad Huff (guitarist), Matt Clark (drummer) and Jake Duncan (guitarist, backing vocals).

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Maylene and the Sons of Disaster
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Birmingham, Alabama, United States, USA
- **genre**: Southern Rock, Southern metal, heavy metal music, heavy metal, metalcore, post-hardcore, nu metal, hard rock
- **years active**: 2004–present
- **label**: Ferret Music, Ferret, Mono Vs Stereo
- **associated acts**: Underoath, I Am Terrified, Everett (band), Everett, He Is Legend, August Burns Red, 10 Years, Between The Trees
- **current members**: Dallas Taylor (vocalist), Dallas Taylor
Chad Huff
Josh Butler
Brad Lehmann
- **past members**: Josh Cornutt
Lee Turner
Jake Duncan
Scott Collum
Josh Williams
Kelly Scott Nunn
Roman Haviland
Sam Anderson
Matt Clark
Seaside Heights, New Jersey

**Seaside Heights** is a borough in Ocean County, New Jersey. According to the 2020 Census, the borough population was 2,440.  Summer population explodes upwards to thirty thousand persons because the city is a resort community with beaches, bars, and clubs. The Seaside Heights Boardwalk received exposure through shows on MTV, such as Jersey Shore.
Tumblr

**Tumblr** is a blogging site that began in New York City in 2007. David Karp and Marco Arment began it. The site allows users to post text, images, videos, links, quotes and audio to a short-form blog, called a tumbleblog. Users can follow other users, or choose to make their tumblelog private. Tumblr focuses on being easy to use. The site has about 91.7 million posts a day and gains about 15,000 new users on a day on average. In 2013, Yahoo bought Tumblr for $1.1 billion. After the sale to Yahoo, David Karp remained as CEO.

In 2018, Tumblr was the 25th most popular website in the world.

Famous people with Tumblr accounts include President Obama, Beyoncé, and Lady Gaga.

## Infobox (company)

- **company name**: Tumblr, Inc.
- **company logo**: Tumblr Wordmark.svg
- **company type**: Privately held company, Private
- **location city**: New York City
- **location country**: USA
- **foundation**: 2007
- **num employees**: 192
- **industry**: social network service, micro-blogging
- **homepage**: [http://www.tumblr.com/ www.tumblr.com]
Meg Whitman

**Margaret Cushing Whitman** (born August 4, 1956) is an American billionaire and politician.  She is the president and chief executive officer of Hewlett-Packard.

She was CEO of the online auction site eBay from 1998 to 2008.  She also worked for DreamWorks, Procter & Gamble, and Hasbro. In 2010, she ran for Governor of California as a Republican.  Her campaign was paid for mostly by millions of her own money.  Even though she spent over $100 million, she still lost to Jerry Brown.

On December 8, 2021, Joe Biden nominated Whitman to serve as United States ambassador to Kenya. On July 14, 2022, her nomination was confirmed in the Senate by voice vote. She was sworn-in on August 5, 2022. In November 2024, she resigned from her role as ambassador.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Meg Whitman
- **image**: Meg Whitman, U.S. Ambassador.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2022
- **office**: United States Ambassador to Kenya
- **term start**: August 5, 2022
- **term end**: November 13, 2024
- **president**: Joe Biden
- **predecessor**: Kyle McCarter
- **successor**: Marc Dillard _(Chargé d'affaires)_
- **birth name**: Margaret Cushing Whitman
- **birth place**: Huntington, New York, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Princeton University (Bachelor of Arts, AB)
Harvard University (Master of Business Administration, MBA)
- **net worth**: US$5.1 billion (September 2020)
Red-billed quelea

The **Red-billed quelea** (_Quelea quelea_), also known as the **red-billed weaver** or **red-billed dioch**, is a small passerine bird of the Ploceidae family. It is found only in Africa.

There are more quelea than any other wild bird species in the world: they number over 1.5 billion. Single colonies may have as many as 30 million. Queleas can migrate as far as 2,000 kilometres (1,243 miles). Single flocks can destroy as much as 50 tons of grain a day. Queleas have destroyed over US$22 million of grain in a single year.

Males grow to a length of about 4.75 inches (12 cm) with a 1.75 inch (4.45 cm) tail and weigh 19.47 grams (0.69 oz).  Females are a little smaller growing to about 4.60 inches (11.68 cm) with a 1.70 inch (4.32 cm) tail and weigh 18.34 grams (0.65 oz).

Nests are built by the males and take about seven days to complete. Males defend the nest while building it and become very angry when something gets too close.  After it is complete, females lay 3 to 7 eggs. Eggs hatch in about two weeks. Males continue to defend the nest after the eggs hatch.
Portuguese Grand Prix

The **Portuguese Grand Prix** (_Grande Prémio de Portugal_) was a motor racing event held for several years, starting in the 1950s. It was a Formula One race between  and  and between  and .

The first event was held on the Boavista street course in Porto on 17 June 1951. The Grand Prix was moved to Monsanto Park, Lisbon, in 1954 as a one time event. The first Formula One race was held in 14 August 1958. The first three F1 races were held in both Boavista and Monsanto. 1960 was the last Formula One race for more than 20 years.

The Portuguese Grand Prix returned to the calendar in 1984 to the Autódromo do Estoril in 1984. After the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger at Imola in 1994, the Estoril track was changed. A new chicane was built in place of the tank curve, as a safety measure. But Estoril was considered an unsafe and outdated track. The last Portuguese Grand Prix was in Estoril on 22 September 1996.

### United Kingdom

|Year|Network|Lap-by-lap|Colour commentator(s)||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan=2||BBC Two|Murray Walker|Jonathan Palmer|||
|Eurosport|Ben Edwards|John Watson|||||
|rowspan=2||BBC Two|Murray Walker|Jonathan Palmer|||
|Eurosport|Ben Edwards|John Watson|||||
|rowspan=2||BBC Two|Murray Walker|Jonathan Palmer|||
|Eurosport|Allard Kalff|John Watson|||||
|rowspan=2||BBC One|Murray Walker|Jonathan Palmer|||
|Eurosport|Allard Kalff|John Watson|||||
|rowspan=2||BBC Two|Murray Walker|James Hunt|||
|Eurosport|Allard Kalff|John Watson|||||
|rowspan=2||BBC Two|Murray Walker|James Hunt|||
|Eurosport|Richard Nicholls|John Watson|||||
|rowspan=2||BBC Two|Murray Walker|James Hunt|||
|Eurosport|Richard Nicholls|John Watson|||||
||rowspan=6|BBC Two|rowspan=6|Murray Walker|rowspan=6|James Hunt|
Sort (typesetting)

In typesetting by hand compositing, a **sort**, otherwise referred to as a **type**, is a block representing a specific letter, digit or other symbol cast from a matrix mould and made with other sorts bearing additional symbols into lines of type to make up a _forme_ from which a page is printed.

## Related pages

- Sort - other uses of the word
- Typeface
- Typography

## References

- Nesbitt, Alexander _The History and Technique of Lettering_ (c) 1957, Dover Publications, Inc. , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 57-13116. The Dover edition is an abridged and corrected republication of the work originally published in 1950 by Prentice-Hall, Inc. under the title _Lettering: The History and Technique of Lettering as Design_.

## Other websites

- Typowiki , a type wiki at typophile.com
- Metal Type - For Those who Remember Hot Metal Typesetting
Salisbury Plain

**Salisbury Plain** is in the central southern England covering . It largely lies within the county of Wiltshire, with a little in Hampshire.

The Plain is famous for its rich archaeology, including Avebury and Stonehenge, which are a joint World Heritage Site. The Plain is sparsely populated and is the largest remaining area of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe. The Plain also has arable land, and a few small areas of beech trees and coniferous woodland.

On the Plain is the British Army's largest training ground in England. It is suitable terrain for tank manoeuvres; buildings such as Imber are used for urban warfare training.

## Boundaries

The boundaries of Salisbury Plain have never been defined, and there is some difference of opinion as to its exact area. The river valleys surrounding it, and other downs and plains beyond them loosely define its boundaries.  To the north the scarp of the downs overlooks the Vale of Pewsey, and to the north west the  Avon. The River Wylye runs along the south west, and the River Bourne runs to the east.

- Google satellite map centered on Stonehenge: http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?utm_campaign=en_GB&utm_source=en_GB-mapshpp-emea-uk-gm&utm_medium=mapshpp&utm_term=tour
- Access to military site: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/tna/+/http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/DefenceEstateandEnvironment/AccessRecreation/AccessRecreationContactInformation.htm
Hot pants

**Hot pants**, or **'short shorts**', are a fashion item from the 1960s which is still popular today. They first appeared as a design item in so-called 'Swinging London'. The trend for shorter, brighter shorts for young women was started by designers in London such as Mary Quant.

Running or gym shorts are worn by girls as normal wear in some places. Many gym shorts have an inlay made of a comfortable fabric such as cotton, similar to swim shorts (swimming trunks). These are designed to be worn without underwear.

If a person cuts off the legs of a pair of jeans, that's known as a 'cut-off'.

The character Daisy Duke from _The Dukes of Hazzard_ was known for wearing low cut blue jeans. The popularity of the character led to the term "Daisy Dukes" being used for short shorts.
Mini-skirt

The **mini-skirt**, or miniskirt, is a skirt well above the knees, close to the buttocks. If the top and skirt are all-in-one, then it is a minidress. Microskirts are extremely brief, and usually worn only for publicity events.

Mini-skirts were invented by Mary Quant, who also invented, or promoted, hot pants. There is disagreement as to who came up with the idea first; some say André Courrèges or John Bates. The short- and ever-shorter skirt was evolving already among fashion-minded young women: the designers who adapted it just helped spread the style. In Quant's case, she gave it the name. Mary Quant named the mini-skirt after her favorite make of car, the Mini. She loved the car so much, she had one designed especially for her.

The mini-skirt was invented as a symbolism of the rising femininity in the 1960's.
Lucretia Mott

**Lucretia Coffin Mott** (January 3, 1793 – November 11, 1880) was an advocate for women's rights in the United States. She was one of the first people in the U.S. to do so. She also spoke on ending slavery in the United States. She was one of the leaders of the anti-slavery movement in Philadelphia. She was a Quaker, and was a minister for several years. She was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts. She helped with women's involvement and the Seneca falls convention.
Luxembourg Grand Prix

The **Luxembourg Grand Prix** () was a Formula One motor race for two years in the 1990s. The FIA created the Luxembourg GP to keep a race at Nürburgring, and allow the European GP to be held in another country.

The FIA only allowed one Formula One per country. They would allow a second race within a country if it had a different Grand Prix name. For several years, the German Grand Prix had been held at Hockenheimring, and the European Grand Prix at Nürburgring. There was unease that the Nürburgring was being given a monopoly for the European GP. The border of Luxembourg lies about 50 miles away from the Nürburgring track.

## Winners of the Luxembourg Grand Prix

_A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship._

|Year|Driver|Constructor|Location|Report|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Luigi Villoresi|Ferrari|rowspan="4"|Findel|Report|
|Alberto Ascari|Ferrari|Report|||
|Alan Brown|Cooper-Norton|Report|||
|Les Leston|Cooper-Norton|Report|||
|align=center colspan=4|_Not held_||||
|Jacques Villeneuve|Williams-Renault|rowspan="2"|Nürburgring GP-Strecke|Report|
|Mika Häkkinen|McLaren-Mercedes|Report|||

### United Kingdom

|Year|Network|Lap-by-lap|Colour commentator(s)||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||rowspan=2|ITV|rowspan=2|Murray Walker|rowspan=2|Martin Brundle|
Mexican Grand Prix

The **Mexican Grand Prix** (Gran Premio de Mexico) is a Formula One motor race held at the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez in Mexico City.  It first appeared as a non-championship event in 1962 before being held as a championship event from 1963-1970, 1986-1992 and since 2015.

### Repeat winners (drivers)

|# of wins|Driver|Years|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Jim Clark|<span style="background-color:#ffcccc">1962*,</span> 1963, 1967||
|Alain Prost|1988, 1990||
|Nigel Mansell|1987, 1992||
 Shared win with Trevor Taylor

Active drivers are in **bold**.

_Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a_ <span style="font-style: italic; background-color: #ffcccc;">pink background</span>.

### Repeat winners (constructors)

|# of wins|Constructor|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Lotus|<span style="background-color:#ffcccc">1962,</span> 1963, 1967, 1968||
|**McLaren**|1969, 1988, 1989||
|**Williams**|1987, 1991, 1992||
|**Ferrari**|1970, 1990||
Active constructors are in **bold**.

_Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a_ <span style="font-style: italic; background-color: #ffcccc;">pink background</span>.

### By year

|Year|Driver|Constructor|Location 2015 Nico Rosberg Mercedes 2016 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 2017 Max Verstappen Red Bull-TAG Heuer 2018 Max Verstappen Red Bull-TAG Heuer 2019 Lewis Hamilton Mercedes 2020 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic As Mexico City Grand Prix 2021 Max Verstappen Red Bull-Honda 2022 Max Verstappen Red Bull-RBPT 2023 Max Verstappen Red Bull-Honda RBPT |-|1992|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Nigel Mansell|Williams-Renault|Mexico City|||
|Riccardo Patrese|Williams-Renault|Mexico City|||
|Alain Prost|Ferrari|Mexico City|||
|Ayrton Senna|McLaren-Honda|Mexico City|||
|Alain Prost|McLaren-Honda|Mexico City|||
|Nigel Mansell|Williams-Honda|Mexico City|||
|Gerhard Berger|Benetton-BMW|Mexico City|||
|COLSPAN=4|_Not held_||||
|Jacky Ickx|Ferrari|Mexico City|||
|Denny Hulme|McLaren-Ford|Mexico City|||
|Graham Hill|Lotus-Ford|Mexico City|||
|Jim Clark|Lotus-Ford|Mexico City|||
|John Surtees|Cooper-Maserati|Mexico City|||
|Richie Ginther|Honda|Mexico City|||
|Dan Gurney|Brabham-Climax|Mexico City|||
|Jim Clark|Lotus-Climax|Mexico City|||
|Trevor Taylor Jim Clark|Lotus-Climax|Mexico City|||
_Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a_ <span style="font-style: italic; background-color: #ffcccc;">pink background</span>.

### United Kingdom

|Year|Network|Lap-by-lap|Colour commentator(s)||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan=2||Sky Sports F1|David Croft|Martin Brundle|||
|Channel 4|Ben Edwards|David Coulthard|||||
|rowspan=2||Sky Sports F1|David Croft|Martin Brundle|||
|Channel 4|Ben Edwards|David Coulthard|||||
|rowspan=2||Sky Sports F1|David Croft|Martin Brundle|||
|BBC One|Ben Edwards|David Coulthard|||||
||rowspan=7|BBC Two|rowspan=7|Murray Walker|rowspan=7|James Hunt|
Moroccan Grand Prix

The **Moroccan Grand Prix** was a Grand Prix motor racing event. It began in 1925 in Casablanca, Morocco. The official name was "Casablanca Grand Prix".

In 1930, the race was moved to the new Anfa Racecourse. There was no race in 1933. There were no races between 1935 and 1953. When it returned in 1954, it was held on a circuit at the city of Agadir for sports cars.

A new circuit at Ain-Diab near Casablanca was ready for the 1957 Moroccan Grand Prix Formula One race. This race did not counttoward the World Championship. The only World Championship F1 race was in 1958. The race was marred by the death of Stuart Lewis-Evans. This was the last Grand Prix organized in Morocco.

### Repeat winners (drivers)

_No driver won the Moroccan Grand Prix more than one time._

### Repeat winners (constructors)

|Number of wins|Driver|Years|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Bugatti|bgcolor="#ffcccc"|1926, 1928, 1931, 1932|
|**Ferrari**|bgcolor="#ffcccc"|1954, 1955, 1956|
Active constructors are in **bold**.

_Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a_ <span style="font-style: italic; background-color: #ffcccc;">pink background</span>.

### By year

|Year|Driver|Constructor|Category|Location|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Stirling Moss|Vanwall|Formula One|Ain-Diab||
|Jean Behra|Maserati|Formula One|Ain-Diab||
|Maurice Trintignant|Ferrari|Sports cars|Agadir||
|Mike Sparken|Ferrari|Sports cars|Agadir||
|Giuseppe Farina|Ferrari|Sports cars|Agadir||
|COLSPAN=5|_Not held_||||
|Louis Chiron|Alfa Romeo|Touring cars|Anfa||
|COLSPAN=5|_Not held_||||
|Marcel Lehoux|Bugatti|Touring cars|Anfa||
|Stanislas Czaikowski|Bugatti|Touring cars|Anfa||
|Charles Bénitah|Amilcar|Touring cars|Anfa||
|COLSPAN=5|_Not held_||||
|E. Meyer|Bugatti|Touring cars|Casablanca||
|G. Roll|Georges Irat|Touring cars|Casablanca||
|R. Meyerl|Bugatti|Touring cars|Casablanca||
|Comte de Vaugelas|Delage|Touring cars|Casablanca||
_Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a_ <span style="font-style: italic; background-color: #ffcccc;">pink background</span>.
Swinging London

**Swinging London** is a catch-all term applied to the fashion and cultural scene which flourished in London, in the 1960s.

It was a phenomenon which emphasized the young, the new and the modern. It was a period of optimism and  hedonism, and a cultural revolution. One catalyst was the recovery of the British economy after post-World War II hard times had lasted through much of the 1950s. Journalist Christopher Booker, a founder of the satirical magazine _Private Eye_, recalled the "bewitching" character of the swinging sixties: "There seemed to be no one standing outside the bubble, and observing just how odd and shallow and egocentric and even rather horrible it was".

"Swinging London" was defined by _Time_ magazine in its issue of 15 April 1966, and celebrated in the name of the pirate radio station, _Swinging Radio England_, that began shortly afterward. However, "swinging" in the sense of hip or fashionable, had been used since the early 1960s. In 1965, Diana Vreeland, editor of  _Vogue_ magazine, said "London is the most swinging city in the world at the moment".

Although _The Beatles_ came from Liverpool, _The Rolling Stones_,  and the rest of the new culture was London-based. Most of the new fashion designers, models and photographers were young, and packed into a small area in Soho around Carnaby Street, W1., and another area round the King's Road, Chelsea.

## Fashion & symbols

During the time of Swinging London, fashion and photography were featured in _Queen_ magazine, which drew attention to fashion designer Mary Quant.

The model Jean Shrimpton was another icon and one of the world's first supermodels. She was the world's highest paid and most photographed model of the time. Shrimpton was called "The face of the '60s", in which she has been considered by many as "the symbol of Swinging London", and the "embodiment of the 1960s". Other popular models of the era included Veruschka, and Twiggy. Twiggy was called "the Queen of Mod", a label she shared with others, such as Cathy McGowan, who hosted the television rock show, _Ready Steady Go!_ from 1964 to 1966.

Mod-related fashions such as the miniskirt stimulated fashionable shopping areas such as Carnaby Street and the Kings Road, Chelsea. The fashion was a symbol of youth culture.

The British flag, the Union Flag, became a symbol, assisted by events such as England's home victory in the 1966 World Cup. The Mini car (launched in 1959) was used by a fleet of mini-cab taxis highlighted by advertising which covered their paintwork.
Manon Lescaut

***Manon Lescaut*** is an Italian opera in four acts by Giacomo Puccini, first performed in Turin, on February 1, 1893, libretto by Luigi Illica, Giuseppe Giacosa, Giulio Ricordi, Marco Praga and  Domenico Oliva. Puccini's third opera and the work that established his reputation.

## Principal roles

- Manon - soprano
- des Grieux - tenor
- Lescaut - baritone
- Geronte - bass
- Edmondo - tenor

## Reference

- _The Complete Dictionary of Opera & Operetta_, James Anderson, Wings Books, 1993.
Caesars Palace Grand Prix

The **Caesars Palace Grand Prix** was a Formula One motor race in 1981 and 1982. Nissan/Datsun was a presenting sponsor of both races.

When Watkins Glen left the F1 schedule after 1980, the Caesars Palace GP took its place. The track was set up in the parking lot of the Caesars Palace hotel. It was surprisingly well set up for a temporary circuit. It was wide enough for passing, provided ample run-off areas filled with sand, and had a surface that was as smooth as glass. Its counter-clockwise direction put a tremendous strain on the drivers' necks. 1982 was the end of Formula One racing in Las Vegas. The races had drawn only tiny crowds.

In 1983 and 1984, CART ran Grands Prix races on the same circuit.

## Winners of the Caesars Palace Grand Prix

_A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship._

|Year|Driver|Constructor|Location|Report|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Alan Jones|Williams-Ford|rowspan="2"|Caesars Palace, Las Vegas|Report|
|Michele Alboreto|Tyrrell-Ford|Report|||

|Year|Date|Winning driver|Car|Team|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|October 16|Danny Sullivan|Frissbee-Chevrolet|Garvin Brown Racing||
|September 26|Danny Sullivan|March 827-Chevrolet|Newman/Budweiser||

|Year|Date|Winning driver|Car|Team|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|October 8|Mario Andretti|Lola-Cosworth|Newman/Haas Racing||
|November 10|Tom Sneva|March-Cosworth|Mayer Motor Racing||

|Year|Date|Winning driver|Car|Team|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|October 8|Willy T. Ribbs|Chevrolet Camaro|DeAtley Motorsports||
|November 11|Tom Gloy|Mercury Capri|Tom Gloy Racing||

### United Kingdom

|Year|Network|Lap-by-lap|Colour commentator(s)||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||rowspan=2|BBC Two|rowspan=2|Murray Walker|rowspan=2|James Hunt|

## Related pages

- United States Grand Prix

## Other websites

- F1 Rejects article
Kakadu National Park

**Kakadu National Park** is in the Northern Territory of Australia, 171 km southeast of Darwin. It is the second largest national park in the world. It covers an area of . It is about 200 kilometres from north to south, and more than 100 kilometres from east to west. It is the size of Slovenia, about one-third the size of Tasmania, or nearly half the size of Switzerland. The Ranger Uranium Mine, one of the biggest Uranium mines in the world, is inside the park.

### Early history

The name Kakadu comes from _Gagadju_, the name of an Aboriginal language spoken in the northern part of the Park. Kakadu National Park has many different ecological areas, and many different plant and animal species. The main natural features protected within the National Park include:
- Four major river systems:
    - the East Alligator River,
    - the West Alligator River,
    - the Wildman River; and
    - the entire South Alligator River;
- Six major landforms:
    - Savanna woodlands
    - Monsoon forests
    - Southern hills and ridges
    - Stone country
    - Coast and tidal flats,
    - Floodplain and billabongs
- Many different plants and animals:
    - 280 bird species
    - 62 mammal species
    - 123 reptile species
    - 51 freshwater fish species
    - 25 frog species
    - over 10 000 insects species
    - 1275 plant species.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **id**: 147
- **year**: 1981
- **extension**: 1987, 1992
- **criteria**: Cultural: i, vi; Natural: vii, ix, x


## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: protected
- **name**: Kakadu National Park
- **state**: nt
- **iucn category**: II
- **image**: File:Kakadu 2431.jpg
- **caption**: Kakadu Escarpment
- **relief**: yes
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **nearest town or city**: Jabiru, Northern Territory, Jabiru
- **area**: 19804
- **visitation num**: 250,000
- **visitation year**: 2002
- **url**: http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/kakadu
Detroit Grand Prix

The **Detroit Grand Prix** is a car racing event held in Detroit, Michigan, USA. From 1982 to 1988 it was a part of the Formula One series. It has been a part of the IndyCar Series since 1988.

In 1982, the U.S. became the first country to host three World Championship Grands Prix in one season. As of 2010, it is the only one to do so. In addition to the US GP West and Caesars Palace GP races, the new event was held on another street course, in the Renaissance Center of Detroit.

The original circuit had seventeen corners in 2.493 miles, and included a tunnel and a railroad track crossing. For 1989, it was planned to move the Grand Prix to a new circuit at Belle Isle. However, an agreement could not be reached, and the Grand Prix moved to Phoenix in 1989. After Formula One stopped racing at Detroit, CART held a similar event in its place. The CART event was held on the same track except the 18th turn, a chicane, was removed. In 1992, the race was moved to Belle Isle, an island in the Detroit River. Since then, the race has been held in Belle Isle from 1992 to 2001, 2007 to 2008, and from 2012 to 2022. In 2023, the race track was moved roughly two miles to return to downtown Detroit. The race has been held on the street circuit since.

### Repeat winners (drivers)

|Wins|Driver|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Ayrton Senna|1986, 1987, 1988||

### Repeat winners (constructors)

|Wins|Constructor|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Lotus|1986, 1987||
|McLaren|1982, 1988||

### Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)

|Wins|Manufacturer|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Honda|1985, 1987, 1988||
|Ford *|1982, 1983||
 Built by Cosworth

### By year

|Year|Driver|Constructor|Report|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|John Watson|McLaren-Ford|Report||
|Michele Alboreto|Tyrrell-Ford|Report||
|Nelson Piquet|Brabham-BMW|Report||
|Keke Rosberg|Williams-Honda|Report||
|Ayrton Senna|Lotus-Renault|Report||
|Ayrton Senna|Lotus-Honda|Report||
|Ayrton Senna|McLaren-Honda|Report||

### United Kingdom

|Year|Network|Lap-by-lap|Colour commentator(s)||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||rowspan=7|BBC Two|rowspan=7|Murray Walker|rowspan=7|James Hunt|

## Related pages

- United States Grand Prix
- United States Grand Prix West
- Caesars Palace Grand Prix
- Dallas Grand Prix
Dallas Grand Prix

The **Dallas Grand Prix** was a Formula One World Championship motor race in 1984. The race was run at the Fair Park street circuit. In 1988, the Dallas GP became a round of the American Trans-Am Series.

## Winners

_A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship._
|Year|Driver|Constructor|Location|Class|Report|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Keke Rosberg|Williams-Honda|Fair Park|Formula One|Report||
|align=center colspan=5|_Not held_|||||
|Hurley Haywood|Audi|Fair Park|Trans-Am|Report||
|Dorsey Schroeder|Ford|Addison|Trans-Am|Report||
|Irv Hoerr|Oldsmobile|Addison|Trans-Am|Report||
|Irv Hoerr|Oldsmobile|Addison|Trans-Am|Report||
|align=center colspan=5|_Not held_|||||
|Jack Baldwin|Chevrolet|Reunion Arena|Trans-Am|Report||
|Ron Fellows|Ford|Reunion Arena|Trans-Am|Report||
|align=center colspan=5|_Not held_|||||
|Ron Fellows|Chevrolet|Reunion Arena|Trans-Am|Report||

Sources:

### United Kingdom

|Year|Network|Lap-by-lap|Colour commentator(s)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||BBC Two|Murray Walker|James Hunt|

## Related pages

- United States Grand Prix
United States Grand Prix West

The **United States Grand Prix West** was a Formula One motor race held at street circuit in Long Beach, California. It was a Formula 5000 race in 1975, and a F1 world championship event from 1976 to 1983. After 1983 the event became the Long Beach Grand Prix of the CART series.

## Winners of the United States Grand Prix West

_See also Grand Prix of Long Beach_

### Repeat winners (constructors)

|Wins|Constructor|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Ferrari|1976, 1978, 1979||
|McLaren|1982, 1983||

### Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)

|Wins|Manufacturers|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Ford*|1977, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983||
|Ferrari|1976, 1978, 1979||
 Built by  Cosworth, engine program funded by Ford

### By year

- All races were held on the same circuit on various layouts.
|Year|Driver|Constructor|Report|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Clay Regazzoni|Ferrari|Report||
|Mario Andretti|Lotus-Ford|Report||
|Carlos Reutemann|Ferrari|Report||
|Gilles Villeneuve|Ferrari|Report||
|Nelson Piquet|Brabham-Ford|Report||
|Alan Jones|Williams-Ford|Report||
|Niki Lauda|McLaren-Ford|Report||
|John Watson|McLaren-Ford|Report||

## Related pages

- United States Grand Prix
- Detroit Grand Prix
- Caesars Palace Grand Prix
Pilsner Urquell

**Pilsner Urquell** (Czech: Plzeňský Prazdroj) is a famous brand of beer that is made in the city of Pilsen in Western Bohemia, Czech Republic. They started making this beer in 1842. The Asahi Breweries company owns this brewery today.
Swedish Grand Prix

The **Swedish Grand Prix** was a round of the Formula One World Championship from 1973 to 1978.  It took place at the Scandinavian Raceway in Anderstorp (Gislaved Municipality), about 30 km from Jönköping, in Småland, Sweden.

saw the only race appearance of the Brabham BT46B. This car was also known at the _Fan car_. This race car had a large fan in the back of the car. Brabham said the fan was for cooling the car. But the fan also pulled air form underneath the car, creating an large amount of downforce. Niki Lauda won the race in the Fan car.

The deaths in 1978 of both Ronnie Peterson and Gunnar Nilsson contributed to dropping the Swedish GP from the world championship. Interest for Formula One in Sweden fell following the death of these two Swedish racers.

## Winners

_The races before 1956 were formally called the Swedish Summer Grand Prix._

_A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship._

### Repeat winners (drivers)

|Wins|Driver|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Niki Lauda|1975, 1978||
|Jody Scheckter|1974, 1976||

### Repeat winners (constructors)

_A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship._

|Wins|Constructor|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Ferrari|<span style="background:#fcc;">1956,</span>  1975||
|Tyrrell|1974, 1976||
|Maserati|<span style="background:#fcc;">1949, 1957</span>||

### Repeat winners (engine manufacturers)

_A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship._

|Wins|Manufacturer|Years won|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Ford *|1973, 1974, 1976||
|Alfa Romeo|<span style="background:#fcc;">1933</span>, 1978||
|Ferrari|<span style="background:#fcc;">1956</span>, 1975||
|Maserati|<span style="background:#fcc;">1949, 1957</span>||
 Built by Cosworth

### List of winners by year

_A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship._

|Year|Driver|Constructor|Location|Report|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Antonio Brivio|Alfa Romeo|Norra Vram|Report||
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|_Not held_||||
|B. Bira|Maserati|Skarpnäck|Report||
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|_Not held_||||
|Juan Manuel Fangio|Mercedes-Benz|rowspan="3"|Kristianstad|Report|
|Phil Hill Maurice Trintignant|Ferrari|Report|||
|Jean Behra Stirling Moss|Maserati|Report|||
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|_Not held_||||
|Jackie Stewart|Matra-Cosworth|Karlskoga|Report||
|style="text-align:center;" colspan="4"|_Not held_||||
|Denny Hulme|McLaren-Ford|rowspan="6"|Anderstorp|Report|
|Jody Scheckter|Tyrrell-Ford|Report|||
|Niki Lauda|Ferrari|Report|||
|Jody Scheckter|Tyrrell-Ford|Report|||
|Jacques Laffite|Ligier-Matra|Report|||
|Niki Lauda|Brabham-Alfa Romeo|Report|||

### United Kingdom

|Year|Network|Lap-by-lap|Colour commentator(s)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||BBC Two|Murray Walker||

## Other websites

- http://www.allf1.info/tracks/anderstorp.php
- http://www.allf1.info/history/sweden.php
- http://www.algonet.se/~alfisti/Anderstorp.html