juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
C-type asteroid

**C-type asteroids** are asteroids made of carbonates. They are the most common variety taking up around 75% of known asteroids, and an even higher percentage in the farther part of the belt beyond 2.7 AU, which is dominated by this asteroid type. The amount of C-types may actually be higher than this, because C-types are much darker than most other asteroid types except D-types and others common only at the extreme farther edge of the Main Belt.

## Characteristics

This type of asteroid has very similar spectra to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites (types CI and CM), whose chemical make-up is about the same as the Sun and the primitive solar nebula, except that they do not contain hydrogen, helium and other volatiles. Hydrated (water-containing) minerals are present.

C-type asteroids are very dark with albedos usually in the 0.03 to 0.10 range. Consequently, whereas a number of S-types can normally be viewed with binoculars at opposition, even the biggest C-types require a small telescope. The potentially brightest C-type asteroid is 324 Bamberga, but that object's very high eccentricity means it rarely reaches its maximum magnitude.

Their spectra contain moderately strong ultraviolet absorption at wavelengths below about 0.4 μm to 0.5 μm, while at longer wavelengths they are very featureless but slightly reddish. The so-called "water" absorption feature around 3 μm, which can be a sign of water content in minerals is also present.

The biggest unequivocally **C-type** asteroid is 10 Hygiea, although the SMASS classification places the biggest asteroid 1 Ceres, here as well, because that scheme lacks a G-type.

## References

- <div id="Bus2002">S. J. Bus and R. P. Binzel _Phase II of the Small Main-belt Asteroid Spectroscopy Survey: A feature-based taxonomy_, Icarus, Vol. 158, pp. 146 (2002). </div>
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

**Marcus Aemilius Lepidus** (born 88/89 BC, died 12/13 BC) was a Roman politician. He was one of the closest men to Julius Caesar. He was Caesar's deputy in Rome when Caesar was away from Rome defeating Pompey in the battle of Pharsalus in Greece. He served as _Pontifex Maximus_ (High Priest) after Caesar's death.

Together with Octavian and Mark Antony he formed the Second Triumvirate to oppose the conspirators. The Triumvirate was set up to sideline the Consuls and Senate, which means it was the effective end of the Roman Republic.

Lepidus was older than the other two triumvirs. After the Battle of Philippi, he governed Spain and part of North Africa. He was blamed for a revolt in Sicily. This gave Octavian the excuse to strip him of his offices, except for Pontifex Maximus. He died peacefully in Circeii in Italy about end 12 to early 13 BC.
Chicago (disambiguation)

**Chicago, Illinois** is the third largest city in the United States of America.

_Chicago_ may also mean:
- The University of Chicago
- Chicago (band), a pop-rock-jazz band
    - Their second album, _Chicago_, released in 1970
- Chicago (CTA), stations on the Chicago Transit Authority's 'L' system, all named for their location on Chicago Avenue
    - Chicago (CTA Brown Line)
    - Chicago (CTA Red Line)
    - Chicago (CTA Blue Line)
- Chicago (typeface), a classic Apple Macintosh font
- Chicago house, a genre of electronic dance music
- Chicago Powerfest, a metal festival held annually near Chicago
- Windows 95, codenamed "Chicago"
- Chicago Manual of Style, published by the University of Chicago
- USS _Chicago_, the name given to several United States Navy vessels
- 334 Chicago, an asteroid
- Chicago (poker game), a Swedish poker game (or any one of several stud poker variants, including "Chicago," "Big Chicago," and "Little Chicago")
- Chicago, Western Cape, a suburb of Paarl, South Africa
- Club Atlético Nueva Chicago
There are several **Chicago schools of thought**, generally named after distinguished programs of the University of Chicago. These include:
- Chicago school (architecture)
- Chicago school (economics)
- Chicago school (literary criticism)
- Chicago school (sociology)

In **Entertainment**:
- Chicago (band)
- _Chicago_, a play by Maurine Dallas Watkins, first performed in 1926
- _Chicago_ (1927 film), based on the 1926 play
- _Chicago_ (musical), first performed in 1975, based on the 1926 play
- _Chicago_ (2002 film), based on the 1975 musical
- _Chicago_ (magazine), published by the Tribune Company
- _Chicago_ (art magazine)
- _Chicago_ (album), by rock band Chicago
- "Chicago" (1957 song), by Fred Fisher
- "Chicago" (1970 song), by Graham Nash
- "Chicago" (2005 song), by Sufjan Stevens
- "Chicago" (2006 song), by Clueso
- "Chicago" (poem), by Carl Sandburg
- "Chicago" (_Prison Break_ episode), the 38th episode of the American television series _Prison Break_
- _Chicago_ (Sam Shepard play), a 1965 play by Sam Shepard
- Chicago (Trance artist)
Lacrosse

**Lacrosse**, invented by the Native Americans, is a popular team sport in North America and a national summer sport for Canada. It involves the use of nets, or "heads" as they are called, which consist of a wooden or metal shaft with a net on the end. Hockey is a game based on this sport.

There are about three different forms of lacrosse based on the different Native American tribes or places of how they played it. One of the ways still played today is called double stick; you play by using a two and a half foot stick in each hand and tossing a deer skin ball in between the two sticks.

The name “lacrosse” was named by the French settlers; with “Crosse” meaning curved stick it is called the curved stick. Lacrosse played a more serious role in Native American culture than anywhere else. It was often used to settle tribal disagreements. Lacrosse was not a very well-known sport until the late nineteenth century.  Now more than half a million people are playing, making it the most growing sport in the world.

## How the game is played

Lacrosse has two teams, each with ten players. There is one goalie(using a head much larger than a normal players), three defensemen(using a stick with a longer shaft), three midfielders and three attack men. The goalies defend the goals, and if the ball goes into the goal, the team who scored the goal gains a point. Whoever scores the most goals by the end of the game wins, with an overtime period being played if the game is tied. The game has four quarters and starts with a "face off" at the beginning of each quarter. A face off is when the ball is on the ground to start the game, and one person from each team fights for possession of the ball, but in women's lacrosse the game begins with a draw, where the ball is above the ground and it is pressed between 2 sticks and each team fights for possession of the ball

## References

- "Lacrosse." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2013.
- US Lacrosse. Thomas Vennum, Jr., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. <http://uslacrosse.org/TopNav/MuseumHallofFame/History.aspx >.
Steve Reich

**Stephen Michael "Steve" Reich** (Born October 3, 1936) is an American composer of music in the style of minimalism. He is known for his music made with tape recordings, and instrumental music with a steady beat (such as Music for 18 Musicians).

He also wrote pieces that used what is called a phasing technique. With phasing technique, two parts might be playing the same part but at slightly different speeds. It is almost like a canon, or round. He wrote pieces like these for piano, violin, and, again, for tape recordings.

He also composed such pieces like In C and Different Trains, some of his most popular works. Others include, Drumming, City Life and The Cave.

The critic Kyle Gann has said Reich "may...be considered...America's greatest living composer."

On January 25, 2007, Reich was named the 2007 recipient of the Polar Music Prize, together with jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins. On April 20, 2009, Reich was awarded the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Music for his _Double Sextet_.

## Other websites

- (an example of phasing, using two pianos)
- (a composition by Steve Reich for tape)
Girl group

A **girl group** is a music group with a group of female singers who normally harmonise together.

The term "girl group" is also used in a narrower sense in English-speaking countries. It suggests the American female pop singing groups of the late 1950s and early 1960s. They were hugely successful for a time, between the decline of early rock and roll and the British Invasion. Many of them were influenced by doo-wop style.

In the 1950s and 60s, the groups were mostly self-organised, girls who knew each other and often grew up together. The Chantels, for example, were four girl choristers from a Catholic high school in the Bronx, 1957. The Ronettes were two sisters and a cousin.<sup>p197</sup> The Supremes were girls from a public housing estate in Detroit, Michigan. They were, and still are, America's most successful vocal group of all time. These groups had managers, of course, because they needed someone to deal with the music industry. But the managers did not set up the groups; they came after the groups were formed.

Later, almost all groups were created by public relations professionals to meet a market need. The Spice Girls were a good example of this. They were put together in the mid-1990s by a family management team. Their managers' idea was to create a girl group to compete with popular boy bands that dominated the pop music scene in the mid- to late-1990s. The Spice Girls sold most albums, and had the best-selling album of all time.

One obvious difference between the earlier groups and the later ones was in their social backgrounds. Earlier American groups, having grown up together, were all of the same social origin and colour. What is more, they had usually sung together, and socialised together, before they formed up as a group. This is also true of most of the earlier British boy groups. The later groups, on the other hand, were deliberately chosen for variety. This was done so that all sections of the audience would have at least one member they could identify with. They had not sung together, or maybe met each other, until their PR manager introduced them.

With the changing times, the marketing of popular music changed greatly, so that direct comparison of sales is not simple. but in many parts of the world digital sales are now the most important.
Exposure

**Exposure** comes from the Latin word "expōnere" which means to put out. It can mean:

- Lack of protection over prolonged periods under weather, extreme temperatures or dangerous substances (_see also: hypothermia, radiation poisoning_)
- Exposure (toxicology): When a toxin gets on or into a person's body
- Exposure (photography), the total amount of light allowed to fall on the sensor during the taking of a photograph
- _Exposure_, a 1979 music album by Robert Fripp
- Investment, a financial holding in a particular market sector
Exposure (photography)

In photography, **exposure** is used to mean two things. Photographic film or sensors have a certain senitivity. That means that a certain amount of light needs to be able to reach the film or sensor, before the image is correctly exposed. It is measured in units of lux-seconds (symbol lx ⋅ s). An exposure can also refer to a photo exposed that way.
Bury (disambiguation)

**Bury** can mean the following:

## Places

- Metropolitan Borough of Bury - A borough in the Metropolitan county of Greater Manchester
- Bury - The largest town in the Metropolitan Borough of Bury

## Other uses

- Bury or Burial - To put something underneath others, or to put a body in the earth
Metropolitan Borough of Bury

The **Metropolitan Borough of Bury** is one of the ten Metropolitan boroughs in the metropolitan county of Greater Manchester, England.

It was set up in 1974 from the county borough of Bury and the boroughs of Prestwich and Radcliffe, along with the urban districts of Tottington and Whitefield, and part of the urban district of Ramsbottom.

The metropolitan borough, has an area of .

## Twin towns

- Angoulême
- Tulle, Correze Department.  Originally twinned with Prestwich.
- Baden-Württemberg, Schorndorf, a medieval market town to the east of Stuttgart.
- Woodbury, New Jersey.
- Datong.

## Other websites

- Bury MBC website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Metropolitan Borough of Bury
- **type**: Metropolitan borough
- **image blank emblem**: Coat of arms of Bury Metropolitan Borough Council.png
- **blank emblem type**: Coat of Arms of the Borough Council
- **blank emblem size**: 150px
- **image map**: EnglandBury.png
- **mapsize**: frameless
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Sovereign state
- **subdivision name**: United Kingdom
- **subdivision type1**: Constituent country
- **subdivision name1**: England
- **subdivision type2**: Regions of England, Region
- **subdivision name2**: North West England
- **subdivision type3**: Ceremonial counties of England, Ceremonial county
- **subdivision name3**: Greater Manchester
- **seat type**: Admin. HQ
- **seat**: Bury
- **government type**: Bury Metropolitan Borough Council
- **leader title**: Local government in England#Councillors and mayors, Leadership:
- **leader name**: Leader & Cabinet
- **leader title1**: Executive:
- **leader title2**: MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2005, MPs:
- **leader name2**: David Nuttall Conservative Party (UK), (C)
Ivan Lewis Labour Party (UK), (L)
- **established title**: Founded
- **area rank**: List of English districts by area, Ranked 244th
- **area total km2**: 99.48
- **population rank**: List of English districts by population, Ranked
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Greenwich Mean Time
- **utc offset**: +0
- **timezone dst**: British Summer Time
- **utc offset dst**: +1
- **postal code type**: Postcode
- **blank name**: ISO 3166-2:GB, ISO 3166-2
- **blank1 name**: ONS coding system, ONS code
- **blank1 info**: 00BM
- **blank2 name**: British national grid reference system, OS grid reference
- **blank3 name**: Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, NUTS 3
- **blank4 name**: Ethnicity
- **blank4 info**: 92.1% White
5.4%% S. Asian or mixed
1.6% Black or mixed
0.8% Chinese or other
Metic

In Ancient Greece, a **metic** () was a foreigner living in a Greek city-state (_polis_). The metic did not have the same citizen rights as a citizen who was born in the state he was living in.

The term 'metic' was especially used in ancient Athens in the 4th and 5th centuries BC. A notable metic was Aristotle, who was born in Stageira but lived in Athens for a long time.

Regardless of how many generations of the family had lived in the city, metics did not become citizens unless the city chose to bestow citizenship on them as a gift. This was rarely done. Citizenship at Athens brought eligibility for numerous state payments such as jury and assembly pay, which could be significant to working people. During emergencies the city could distribute rations to citizens. None of these rights were available to metics. They were not permitted to own real estate in Attica, whether farm or house, unless granted a special exemption.

Metics shared the burdens of citizenship without any of its privileges. Like citizens, they had to perform military service and, if rich enough, were subject to special tax contributions. Citizenship was very rarely granted to metics. More common was the special status of "equal rights" (_isoteleia_) under which they were freed from the usual liabilities.

The system came to an end in Hellenistic Athens, when the purchase of citizenship became very frequent. The census of 317 BC gave 21,000 citizens, 10,000 metics and 400,000 slaves in Attica.

In the Greco-Roman world, free people (non-citizens) living on the territory of a polis were called "paroikoi"  (see etymology of parish), in Asia Minor "katoikoi".
Democracy in Athens

**The Democracy in Ancient Athens** was very different from modern democracy. Citizens had the right to help govern but most people were not citizens.

To be classed as a citizen in fifth-century Athens you had to be male, born from two Athenian parents, over eighteen years old, and completed your military service.  Women, slaves, metics and children under the age of 20 were not allowed to become citizens.

Citizens could be involved in the running of Athens and could be chosen for important positions.  They were also allowed to own land.  Citizens were between 10% and 20% of the total population at various times in the 5th and 4th centuries.

## The Ecclesia (Assembly of Men)

Ancient Athens had a direct democracy. This meant that each citizen had an equal say and opportunity in the governing of Athens. The citizens of Athens would meet on a hillside (the Pnyx) 30 to 40 times a year to discuss how to run the city better. Usually a few thousand actually came to the meeting.

All citizens could attend the meetings.  People would stand on a raised platform called the bema to speak.  Speakers wore a garland whilst speaking. Any citizen could speak.

All major decisions concerning the running of Athens were decided here – taxes, war, policy, etc. Any decisions were made by a show of hands.

A black pig would be sacrificed to the gods at the start of the meeting to make sure the meeting went well.

All democratic countries now have an indirect democracy. This means  members of parliament are elected to make decisions concerning government. There are now too many people in  countries for them to meet on a hillside, and many people are too busy to be able to go many times each year.

## The Boule (Council of 500)

Cleisthenes, a democratic reformer, divided Attica into ten tribes in 510 BC. The Boule was made up of 50 male Athenian citizens chosen at random from each of the ten tribes (all over 30 years old). This meant that 500 men were elected, but only 50 served at any one time.
Yvette Fielding

**Yvette Fielding** (born 23 September 1968) is an English television presenter. She is the presenter of the shows _Most Haunted_, _Most Haunted Live!_ and _Ghosthunting with..._. She is also the executive producer of the shows.

## Early life

Yvette was educated at Pownall Green Primary School and Bramhall High School in Bramhall, Stockport, in Greater Manchester and Poynton. She also attended Hillcrest Grammar School, Davenport.

## Career

Fielding presented the children's television show, _Blue Peter_ from 1987 to 1992, and was the youngest ever person to do so; she was only 18 years old when she started. Previously, she had acted in the children's television comedy series _Seaview_.

Since leaving _Blue Peter_, Fielding has worked on television shows such as _What's Up Doc?_, _Heaven and Earth_, _The General_ and _City Hospital_, and also had acting roles in _Last of the Summer Wine_ (making an appearance in the series while making a _Blue Peter_ report on the show) and _Juliet Bravo_. She also appeared as a regular alongside Fred Dineage and Toyah Willcox on a property-pricing based game-show called _Under Offer_ made for Meridian Television.

She appeared in a guest-role in the popular BBC drama _Holby City_ in 2007 and appeared in the ITV2 reality television programme _Deadline_, finishing second.

Since 2002, Yvette Fielding and her husband Karl Beattie have both made _Most Haunted_ for the British TV channel Living through their production company, "Antix."  Viewers can see Fielding at many possible haunted locations around Britain, in the hopes for paranormal activity that could be caught on film.

## Personal life

Fielding and her husband have a daughter, Mary.

Eccentric British pop duo, Astrojade, started their musical career with a song titled "Yvette Fielding" as a homage to her and _Most Haunted_.

She likes cars and has 3 Aston Martins, a Land Rover and a Range Rover.

## Other websites

- Yvette Fielding Fansite
- "Antix" productions website
- Most Haunted Fan Site
- Most Haunted forum

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Yvette Fielding
- **caption**: on series 1 of Most Haunted. 2002
- **image**: Yvette_Fielding_close-up.png
- **birth name**: Yvette Paula Fielding
- **birth place**: Manchester, England
- **television**: _Blue Peter_
_Most Haunted_
_Most Haunted Live!_
_Ghosthunting With..._
- **occupation**: Television presenter, producer, actress
- **years active**: 1983–present
- **spouse**: Barry Sweeny (divorced)
Karl Beattie (m. 1999)
- **children**: 2
- **relatives**: Rick Fielding (brother)
 Stuart Torevell (cousin)
- **website**: https://twitter.com/YFielding
Eurotrash

**Eurotrash** could mean:
- Eurotrash (term),  a sometimes pejorative term referring to a particular American stereotype of Europeans
- _Eurotrash (TV series)_
- A pejorative term for Eurodance or Europop
- "Eurotrash Girl", a song by Cracker (band)
- "Euro Trash Girl", a song by Chicks on Speed
- "Eurotrash", a song and album by Zeromancer
ASUS Eee PC

The **ASUS Eee PC** is a very small laptop made by ASUS and Intel. It is designed to have a light weight and low price. It runs Linux as its operating system.

The name _Eee_ (pronounced as the letter _e_, IPA /iː/) comes from "the three Es," ASUS used in their advertisements for the device: "Easy to learn, Easy to work, Easy to play".

## Other websites

- ASUS Eee PC website
Tutsan

**Tutsan** () is a bushy Eurasian shrub with golden yellow flowers.  Its fruit are red berries, which turn black when they are fully ripe.  The leaves and flowers of the plant grow and blossom in the spring and are shed in the fall.  Its scientific name is _Hypericum androsaemum_ L. The Tutsan has medical properties.  A similar plant to it is the  H. perforatum.
Telluride Bluegrass Festival

The **Telluride Bluegrass Festival** is an annual music festival held in Telluride, Colorado. The festival is put on by Planet Bluegrass. The festival mainly focuses on bluegrass music. It has had artists in the past such as Nickel Creek, Bela Fleck, and Chris Thile.

## Other websites

- Official web site
- Library of Congress
- Local newspaper
- Telluride Visitor Information
Singer-songwriter

A **singer-songwriter** is a person who writes and performs their own works. They often accompany themselves on a musical instrument. Singer-songwriters write the music, the lyrics, sing, play the musical instruments, and often manage themselves.

The term became popular in the 1960s. It referred to a specific type of performer who wrote certain kinds of music and lyrics.
Complutense University of Madrid

The **Complutense University of Madrid** (, **UCM**) is one of the oldest universities in the world and the top public university in Spain. It is located on a sprawling campus that occupies the entirety of the Ciudad Universitaria district of Madrid, with annexes in the district of Somosaguas in the neighbouring city of Pozuelo de Alarcón.

According to the annual university rankings conducted by _El Mundo_, the Complutense University ranks as the top public university in Spain.
West Sussex

On 1 April 1974, the old county of Sussex in South East England was split into East Sussex and **West Sussex**. About 810,000 people live there.

Unlike many of the changes made by the Local Government Act 1972, the new counties are popular with the local people.

The ceremonial county contains the districts of Adur, Arun, Chichester, Horsham, and Mid Sussex as well as the boroughs of Crawley and Worthing.

The West Sussex County Council was formed in 1889 in the ceremonial County of Sussex. Because of the Local Government Act 1972, the East and West Sussex County Council took over the ceremonial responsibilities in the two halves with Mid Sussex and parts of Crawley being given to West Sussex from East Sussex.

## Infobox (english county)

- **official name**: West Sussex
- **area total km2**: 1991
- **arms image**: Arms of the West Sussex County Council.svg
- **flag image**: Flag of West Sussex.svg
- **mps**: 8 members
- **region**: South East England
Avon (county)

**Avon** was a county that existed from 1 April 1974 until 31 March 1996. It was in South West England. It was not popular, and was broken up between parts of Somerset, Bristol and Gloucestershire.

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Greater_bristol_with_everything.png
Hereford and Worcester

**Hereford and Worcester** was a county in England set up after 1974. It was not popular because Hereford and Worcester used to be two separate counties.

In 1997, the county was split up in Hereford and Worcester again
Humberside

**Humberside** was a non-metropolitan county of England. It existed from 1 April 1974 until 31 March 1996. It was not popular, because the north and south banks of the River Humber used to be in different counties, and there were no links between the two. Even the building of the Humber Bridge, the longest bridge in Europe at the time, did not encourage the two sides of the river to mix.
Dave Farrell

**David Michael Farrell** (born February 8, 1977), also known as **Phoenix** because he is believed to have a tattoo of a phoenix on his back, is Linkin Park’s bassist.

## Biography

Farrell was born in Plymouth, Massachusetts, but when he was five he moved to Mission Viejo, California where he attended Mission Viejo High School. He graduated in 1999 at the University of California, Los Angeles. He can play bass guitar, electric guitar, cello and violin.

Farrell was a member of a Christian punk/ska band called Tasty Snax. While he was at the college, he shared the room with his friend Brad Delson, and they practiced together.

He had to go on tour with the Tasty Snax so he could not play with Delson and his band. Then, Farrell left his band to play bass with Brad Delson in the band Xero in 1996 but then left in 1998. He then rejoined Xero now called Linkin Park in November 2000 and has been playing with them ever since.

## Other websites

- Linkin park official website
Audi

**Audi AG** is a German automobile manufacturer with headquarters in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, and has been an almost wholly-owned (99.7%) subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group since 1964. Audi AG was founded by August Horch and the current CEO of Audi AG is Rupert Stadler.

### old model range

The following tables list Audi production vehicles that are sold as of 2021

|A1|||* Sportback (5-door fastback)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|A3|||* Saloon * Sportback (5-door fastback) * Cabriolet|
|A4|||* Saloon * Avant (estate) * Allroad (crossover estate)|
|A5|||* Coupé * Sportback (5-door fastback) * Cabriolet (convertible)|
|A6|||* Saloon * Avant (estate) * Allroad (crossover estate)|
|A7|||* Sportback (5-door hatchback)|
|A8|||* Saloon|

|TT|||* Coupé * Roadster (convertible)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|R8|||* Coupé * Spyder (convertible)|
|Q2|||* SUV|
|Q3|||* SUV|
|Q5|||* SUV|
|Q7|||* SUV|
|Q8|||* SUV|
|e-tron|||* SUV|

### S and RS models

|S3|||* 3-door hatchback * Sportback (5-door fastback)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|S4|||* Saloon * Avant (estate)|
|Audi S5|||* Coupé * Cabriolet (convertible) * Sportback (5-door fastback)|
|Audi TTS|||* Coupé * Roadster (convertible)|
|Audi Q5|||* Crossover|
|Audi Q7|||* Crossover|

|Audi TT RS|||* Coupé * Roadster (convertible)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|RS3|||* Saloon * 5-door hatchback|
|Audi RS4|||* Avant (estate)|
|RS5|||* Coupé * Cabriolet (convertible)|

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Audi AG
- **logo**: Audi logo.svg
- **image**: Audi Ingolstadt.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **image caption**: Headquarters in Ingolstadt
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **founder**: August Horch
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **key people**: Markus Duesmann: Chairman of the Board of Management and Board of Management Member for Technical Development and Product Lines
- **industry**: Automotive industry, Automotive
- **products**: Luxury vehicles
- **production**: 1,802,073 units
- **revenue**: €55.680 1,000,000,000 (number), billion (2019)
- **operating income**: €4.509 billion (2019)
- **net income**: €3.943 billion (2019)
- **assets**: €66.878 billion (2019)
- **equity**: €28.395 billion (2019)
- **num employees**: 90,783 (12/2019)
- **parent**: Volkswagen Group
- **footnotes**: Audi History: Chronicle, 2011 Annual Financial Report
- **location city**: Ingolstadt
- **location country**: Germany
- **locations**: 13 production facilities in 10 countries
Armani

**Armani** is an Italian fashion house (fashion designer company). It started in Milan in 1975 by Giorgio Armani and Sergio Galeotti, with $10,000. The company designs and makes several different types of things, including fashion accessories, clothing, cosmetics, fragrances, home decorations, jewelry, glasses, and watches.

## Labels

These are sold with several different named labels such as:

### Armani Collezioni

_Armani Collezioni_ is a label from fashion designer Giorgio Armani. The label is more expensive than the _Armani Exchange_, _Armani Jeans_  labels but less expensive than the _Giorgio Armani_ label(sometimes named the "Armani black label") and _Armani Privé_.

The label is usually for older buyers who do not want new designs, but has older high quality clothes.

It replaced the _Giorgio Armani Le Collezioni_ line. As well as being sold as the only product in some small shops, it is also sold in expensive department stores such as Harrods, Harvey Nichols, David Jones, Nordstrom and Neiman Marcus.

### Emporio Armani

'The label features high-end, ready-to-wear, and accessories. Emporio Armani line has a high quality in luxury fashion clothes and focus on trends and modern traits. Emporio Armani is sold in freestanding Emporio Armani boutiques in high-end department store and its official website'

### Armani Exchange

_Armani Exchange_ (often _A|X_) was made in 1991. It is for younger buyers, often in their older teenage years. It uses city fashion, quick and easy to wear clothes, especially T-shirts, jeans, polos, and sports coats. Armani Exchange is the cheapest of all the Armani labels and is mainly sold in the USA.
The label has 69 shops and 6 outlets in the United States and over 50 shops in other countries. The UK's first shops opened at Bluewater in Kent, "The Trafford Centre" in Manchester and in the Metquater in Liverpool.

## Size

At the end of 2005, sales were $1.69 billion.

Today, the company has 4,700 workers and 13 factories in the world. It has nearly 300 shops in the world, which are in 36 different countries. The company has started a very high-class collection named Armani Privé, which can be seen in the "Haute Couture fashion week" in Paris.

## Armani Hotels

Armani agreed in 2004 with Emaar Properties to make some expensive hotels in some big cities, such as London, Paris, New York City, Tokyo, Shanghai, Dubai and Milan. The company already has many cafes in the world, as well as a bar, a restaurant and a nightclub.

Emaar Hotels agreed to build and operate at least seven expensive hotels and three holiday resorts under the "Armani" name. Armani would design the inside of the buildings and the style of the hotels. The first hotel in Dubai is thought to be ready in early 2008.

The bottom 37 floors of the Burj Khalifa skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, will have the world's first Armani Hotel, and Giorgio Armani is also designing the inside of the skyscraper.
Giorgio Armani

**Giorgio Armani** (11 July 1934 – 4 September 2025) was an Italian fashion designer who was the founder of the luxury fashion house Armani. He was famous for designing men's and women's clothes. _The New York Times_ called Armani a "Fashion's Master of the Power Suit".

## Career

Armani made his company, Armani, in 1974, and in 2001 was said to be the most successful designer to come from Italy. He was said to have had a net worth of $4.1 billion.

Armani made wearing suits popular for women. He also made wearing suits a more formal outfit when going to work. He was also said to have been an important designer for "red carpet" fashion because of the dresses and suits he would design for celebrities.

Armani also helped designed some outfits for movies such as for _American Gigolo_ (1980) and _The Untouchables_ (1987).

Many of his designs were seen as art. The Guggenheim Museum made an exhibition of Armani's work. This was a first for a living designer.

In 2007, Armani became the first designer to ban models with a body mass index (BMI) under 18, after a model starved to death herself because of anorexia nervosa.

Armani was honoured with an Officer of the Legion of Honour in 2008 and a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 2021.

## Personal life

Armani was born in Piacenza, Emilia-Romagna. He lived in poverty during World War II. He was badly burned when an unexploded artillery shell he had been playing with exploded. He studied medicine at the University of Milan.

Armani was a private man. However he said in an interview with _Vanity Fair_ that he had relationships with both men and women.

Armani died at his home in Milan, Italy from liver failure on 4 September 2025 at the age of 91.

## Related pages

- Armani

## Other websites

- Armani Company website
- Giorgio Armani at The Fashion Styles
Calenzano

**Calenzano** is a _comune_ (municipality) in the province of Florence in the Italian region Tuscany. It is about 11 km northwest of Florence. Calenano has an area of 76.9 km² and a population of 15,557  inhabitants.

Calenzano borders the following municipalities: Barberino di Mugello, Campi Bisenzio, Prato, San Piero a Sieve, Sesto Fiorentino, Vaglia, Vaiano.

## Main places

- _Villa Ginori a Collina_, a patrician villa
- Church of _San Niccolò e Oratorio della Compagnia del Santissimo Sacramento_, rebuilt before 1386.
- _Pieve  di San Donato_ (9th-11th centuries),
- _Pieve di Santa Maria_ (built before the 11th century).
- The ancient _Pieve di San Severo_.
- Church of _Santa Lucia a Settimello_.
- _Parco del Neto_  a park near Monte Morello.

## Connection

Calenzano has a station on the regional railway connecting it to Prato, Florence, Pistoia and Lucca. It can be reached by road from the highway "A1". Buses connect Calenzano to Prato, Florence, Campi Bisenzio and Barberino di Mugello.

## Famous people born in Calenzano

- Agostino Ammannati (1906 - 1987), teacher of the  liceo classico Cicognini in Prato, friend and helper of the priest Lorenzo Milani.
- Lorenzo Milani, priest, teacher and a man of charity. He was the first to use the motto, "I CARE", when Italy's fascist regime had the motto "I don't care" when speaking about enemies and about poor people. Lorenzo Milani was on the Church of "Saint Donato" since  1947 until 1954.

## Main events and festivals

- Fiera dei Cavalli (a festival about horses) (in September)
- Mostra mercato dell'olio nuovo (a festival about extra virgin olive oil) (in November).
- Festa de l'Unità di Legri (in July).
- Festa de l'Unità di Settimello (half September).
- "Carnevale Medievale" (medieval carnival), (end of February).
- "Fiera della Toscana // mostra mercato della Toscana" (in May).

## Other website

- Official website
Giorgio Armani (disambiguation)

**Giorgio Armani** can mean:

- Giorgio Armani (1934–2025), an Italian fashion designer, and the creater of Armani.
- The Giorgio Armani label division of the Armani fashion designer company.
Silk tree

Silk tree **Albizia julibrissin** is a species of  genus _Albizia_ from southeast and east Asia, from east  Iran to China and Korea.
This Genus honoring Italian noble Filippo del Albizzi, who introduce it in Europe at middle XVIII century, sometimes incorrectly named _"Albizzia"_. The specific  name _julibrissin_ is a corruption of farsi  _Gul-i Abrisham_ (گل ابریشم) meaning silktree, by its flowers ("Gul" گل  is "flower" and "Abrisham" ابریشم means "silk").
Corbin Bleu

**Corbin Bleu Reivers** (born February 21, 1989) is an American actor and singer. He appears as Chad in _High School Musical_, _High School Musical 2_ and _High School Musical 3: Senior Year_. He was a guest star as one of Miley's friends, Johnny Collins, in _Hannah Montana_ and as Spencer in _Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide_. He also worked in Disney Channel's original movie _Jump In!_, with Keke Palmer (_Akeelah and the Bee_).

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Corbin Bleu
- **img**: Corbin Bleu.jpg
- **img capt**: Bleu in "Disney Goes To NYC" in 2007
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Corbin Bleu Reivers
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, New York (state), New York, United States
- **genre**: pop music, Pop, teen pop, dance-pop, contemporary R&B, R&B
- **occupation**: Actor, singer, model (person), model, dancer
- **years active**: 1996—present
- **label**: Hollywood Records
- **url**: [http://www.corbinbleu.com/ www.corbinbleu.com]
Lucas Grabeel

**Lucas Grabeel** (born November 23, 1984) is an American actor, singer and songwriter. He played Ryan Evans in the Disney Channel's original movies _High School Musical_ and _High School Musical 2_. He is also known for playing a role in _Halloweentown High_ and _Return to Halloweentown_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Lucas Grabeel
- **img**: Lucas Grabeel.jpg
- **img capt**: Lucas Grabeel while performing in High School Musical the Concert
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Lucas Stephen Grabeel
- **birth place**: Springfield, Missouri, Springfield, Missouri, United States, USA
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop
- **occupation**: Actor, singer
- **years active**: 2004–present
- **label**: Walt Disney Records, Walt Disney <small>(2005–)</small>
- **url**: http://www.lucasgrabeel.org/
Micrometre

A **micrometre** (the American spelling is **micrometer**; symbol is **µm**) is a unit of length in the SI measurement system. It can also be called a **micron**. It is one millionth of a metre. A micrometre is often used as a measurement for small things like bacteria. Like the Angstrom it is used for radiation in or near the visible spectrum.

## Related pages

- Nanometre
Detention

A **detention** can be:

- Detention (2003 movie)
- Detention (school), a punishment used in schools
- Detention (Cold Case Episode), Episode 58 (Series 3 Episode 12) of CBS TV Drama Cold Case.
- Detention (band), a band from New Jersey
- Detention basin, an artificial flow control structure that is used to contain flood water for a limited period of a time
- Detention (TV series)
- Detention (imprisonment), imprisonment of somebody guilty or suspected of a crime
- Immigration detention, imprisonment of unauthorised person entering a country
Trochenbrod

**Trochenbrod** (; ) was a Jewish shtetl (village) with an area 1,728 acres once in what is now western Ukraine, about 30 kilometers northeast of Lutsk. It used to be a part of Poland. It was also known as **Sofievka** or **Zofiówka** in Polish, named after Sofia, a Russian princess who donated land for the Jewish settlement.

## History

Trochenbrod was founded in 1835, at first a farming colony which grew into a small town. The population grew from around 1,200 (235 families) in 1889 to 1,580 in 1897.

During the Polish-Soviet War, the town was captured by Poland. By 1938 the town's population, which was only Jewish, had grown to at least 3,000.  Most of the people worked in farming, dairy farming, or tanning.

There were seven synagogues in Trochenbrod. In 1940, the town, along with the rest of Western Ukraine, became part of the Soviet Union (see Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). The rabbi at this time was Rabbi Gershon Weissmann. The Communists exiled him to Siberia after accusing him of being involved in underground salt trading.

When the Nazis later occupied Ukraine, they created a ghetto at Trochenbrod, bringing in Jews from nearby villages and towns. The Jews in the Trochenbrod ghetto were killed by the Nazis in August and September 1942. Most of the Jews of Trochenbrod as well as of the neighbouring village Lozisht were killed, as were the other Jews of Volhynia. The local Ukrainian police force helped to round up the Jews. Fewer than 200 Jews from the Trochenbrod ghetto and nearby areas lived through this killing. The village itself was burned. Now only fields and a forest can be found there.

A few of the people escaped the execution and destruction. At the end of the war, the number of people left was between 33 and 40; most were found in the area near Lutzk.

## Trochenbrod in fiction

A fictional version of the shtetl, _Trachimbrod_, was featured in the 2002 novel _Everything Is Illuminated_ by Jonathan Safran Foer as well as in the 2005 film based on the novel.

Safran Foer's story describes fictional events in the village between 1791, the year in which the shtetl was first named, and 1941, when it was destroyed in the war. The main character of the book (who goes by the author's name and also by the name "The Hero") comes to Ukraine to look for a woman named Augustine, who saved his grandfather in the war.

## References

- a book about the combined towns of Trochenbrod and Lozisht

## Other websites

- Trochenbrod & Lozisht community website
Judith

**Judith** [ **joo**-dith ] is a female given name. It comes from the Hebrew word _Yəhûḏîṯ_, meaning either "praised one" or "a woman from Judea." The Judith from the Book of Judith was a Biblical hero. This name was ranked #959 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Judith Barsi, American child actress (1978-1988)
- Judith Butler, American philosopher and gender theorist
- Judith Rich Harris, American psychology researcher (1938-2018)

## Infobox (given name)

- **name**: Judith
- **gender**: Female
- **meaning**: Praised one; Woman from Judea
- **language**: Hebrew
- **nickname**: Judy
Book of Judith

The **Book of Judith** is part of the Bible.  It was written in or near 100BC. It is in Bibles that follow the Catholic and Orthodox Canon.  Protestants and Jews treat the Book of Judith as part of the apocrypha and not part of the official canon.

In the book, an evil general named Holofernes is invading Israel.  He is waiting with his army outside the town of Bethulia and will not let the people in the town get any water to drink.  Judith tells the people of Bethulia not to give up.  She sneaks to Holofernes' camp and pretends to make friends with him.  He invites her to a meal, where he drinks much alcohol.  When he falls asleep, she cuts off his head.

## History

The Book of Judith is probably not a story about something that really happened.  The book says that Holofernes was an Assyrian who worked for Nebuchadnezzar, but the real Nebuchadnezzar was a Babylonian ruler.

The book starts with, "In the twelfth year of the reign of Nebuchadnezzar, who reigned over the Assyrians in Nineveh."  Many ancient Hebrew stories started with words like these.  It is like saying "once upon a time": it tells the reader to expect a fairy tale.

## In culture

Many, many artists have painted paintings of Judith killing or preparing to kill Holofernes.  For example, Artemisia Gentileschi and Gustav Klimt.
Quinto, Ticino

**Quinto** is a municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Quinto
- **municipality name**: Quinto
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Quinto COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Quinto 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Leventina (district), Leventina
- **postal code**: 6777
- **municipality code**: 5079
- **area**: 75.2
- **elevation**: 1011
- **population**: 1099
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.tiquinto.ch
- **places**: Altanca, Ambrì, Catto, Deggio, Lurengo, Piora, Piotta, Ronco, Scruengo, Varenzo
- **neighboring municipalities**: Airolo, Lavizzara, Medel (Lucmagn) (GR), Olivone, Osco, Prato (Leventina), Tujetsch (GR)
Rancate

**Rancate** was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009, the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rancate
- **image photo**: Rancate.jpg
- **image caption**: Rancate
- **municipality name**: Rancate
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Rancate-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rancate.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Mendrisio (district), Mendrisio
- **postal code**: 6862
- **municipality code**: 5262
- **area**: 2.24
- **elevation**: 352
- **population**: 1470
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: rancate.ch
- **mayor**: Mario Rusca
- **neighboring municipalities**: Besazio, Genestrerio, Ligornetto, Mendrisio, Riva San Vitale, Tremona
Riva San Vitale

**Riva San Vitale** is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Riva San Vitale
- **municipality name**: Riva San Vitale
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Riva San Vitale COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Riva San Vitale 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Mendrisio (district), Mendrisio
- **postal code**: 6826
- **municipality code**: 5263
- **area**: 5.90
- **elevation**: 273
- **population**: 2410
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.rivasanvitale.ch
- **mayor**: Fausto Medici
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bissone, Brusino Arsizio, Capolago, Maroggia, Melano, Mendrisio, Meride, Rancate, Tremona
Rivera, Switzerland

**Rivera** was a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010, the former municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino merged into the new municipality of Monteceneri.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rivera
- **image photo**: 2011-03-27 Monteceneri (Foto Dietrich Michael Weidmann) 050.JPG
- **image caption**: Rivera
- **municipality name**: Rivera
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Rivera-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rivera.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6802
- **municipality code**: 5217
- **area**: 13.3
- **elevation**: 554
- **population**: 1462
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.comunerivera.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bironico, Cadenazzo, Camignolo, Contone, Magadino, Mezzovico-Vira, Sigirino, Vira (Gambarogno)
Ronco sopra Ascona

**Ronco sopra Ascona** is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Ronco sopra Ascona
- **municipality name**: Ronco sopra Ascona
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: RoncoSopraAscona-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Ronco sopra Ascona 2013.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Locarno (district), Locarno
- **postal code**: 6622
- **municipality code**: 5125
- **area**: 5.0
- **elevation**: 353
- **population**: 644
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ascona, Brissago, Caviano, Gerra (Gambarogno), Pino sulla Sponda del Lago Maggiore (IT-VA), San Nazzaro, Switzerland, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio, Switzerland, Sant'Abbondio
Rovio

**Rovio** was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 10 April 2022, the former municipalities of Maroggia, Melano and Rovio merged to form the new municipality of Val Mara.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rovio
- **municipality name**: Rovio
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Rovio-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Rovio 2012.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Lugano (district), Lugano
- **postal code**: 6821
- **municipality code**: 5219
- **area**: 5.56
- **elevation**: 497
- **population**: 707
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arogno, Castel San Pietro, Maroggia, Melano, Pellio Intelvi (IT-CO), San Fedele Intelvi (IT-CO)