juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Leap year starting on Monday

This article describes any **leap year starting on Monday**. Examples include 1912, 1940, 1968, 1996, 2024, 2052 and 2080 in the Gregorian calendar, which is used in most of the world.

In this leap year January, April, and July begin on Monday, February and August begin on Thursday, March and November begin on Friday, May begins on Wednesday, June begins on Saturday, September and December begin on Sunday, and October begins on Tuesday. Thus, there are three months that begin on a weekend day. This is one of four leap years with this property, the others being Leap year starting on Tuesday, Leap year starting on Wednesday, and Leap year starting on Thursday.

This leap year is one of three leap years that have two Friday the 13ths, the other two being Leap year starting on Wednesday and Leap year starting on Thursday. The Friday the 13ths in this leap year are in September and December. This characteristic is shared with a Common year starting on Tuesday. The dominical letters GF make up these years.

This leap year is one of three leap years with only one Friday the 17th, the others being Leap year starting on Tuesday and Leap year starting on Friday. The only Friday the 17th in this leap year is in May. Common years starting on Tuesday share this characteristic.

This leap year is one of three leap years with two Tuesday the 13ths, the others being Leap year starting on Friday and Leap year starting on Sunday. The Tuesday the 13ths in this leap year are in February and August.

In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on its earliest possible date, January 15, Valentine’s Day is on a Wednesday, Presidents Day is on February 19, the leap day itself, February 29, is on a Thursday, Daylight Savings Time begins on March 10, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Sunday, Mother’s Day is on May 12, Memorial Day is on May 27, Father’s Day is on June 16, Independence Day is on a Thursday, Labor Day is on September 2, Columbus Day is on its latest possible date, October 14, Halloween is on a Thursday, Daylight Savings Time ends on November 3, Veterans Day is on a Monday, Thanksgiving is on its latest possible date, November 28, Christmas Eve, December 24, is on a Tuesday, Christmas, December 25, is on a Wednesday, and last but not lease, New Year's Eve, December 31st, is on a Tuesday.
Leap year starting on Friday

A **leap year starting on Friday** is any year with 366 days (i.e. it includes 29 February) that begins on Friday 1 January and ends on Saturday 31 December. Examples include 1904, 1932, 1960, 1988, 2016, 2044, and 2072 in the Gregorian Calendar which is used in most of the world. Its dominical letter hence is CB.

In this leap year January, April, and July begin on Friday, February and August begin on Monday, March and November begin on Tuesday, May begins on Sunday, June begins on Wednesday, September and December begin on Thursday, and October begins on Saturday. Thus, there are two months that begin on a weekend day. Since at least one month starts on each day of the week in all years, this is the fewest possible number of months to begin on a weekend day. This is the only leap year in which this occurs but it occurs in a Common year starting on Friday in which the two months are May and August.

This leap year is one of three leap years with only one Friday the 13th, the others being Leap year starting on Tuesday and Leap year starting on Saturday. The Friday the 13th in this leap year is in May. This characteristic is shared with a common year starting on Saturday.

This leap year is one of three leap years with only one Friday the 17th, the others being Leap year starting on Monday and Leap year starting on Tuesday. The only Friday the 17th in this leap year is in June. Common years starting on Saturday share this characteristic.

This leap year is one of three leap years with two Tuesday the 13ths, the others being Leap year starting on Sunday and Leap year starting on Monday. The Tuesday the 13ths in this leap year are in September and December. Common years starting on Saturday share this characteristic.

In this leap year, Martin Luther King Jr. Day is on January 18, Valentine’s Day is on a Sunday, Presidents Day is on its earliest possible date, February 15, the leap day, February 29, is on a Monday, Daylight Savings Time begins on March 13, St. Patrick’s Day is on a Thursday, Mother’s Day is on its earliest possible date, May 8, Memorial Day is on May 30, Father’s Day is on June 19, Independence Day is on a Monday, Labor Day is on September 5, Columbus Day is on October 10, Halloween is on a Monday, Daylight Savings Time ends on November 6, Veterans Day is on a Friday, Thanksgiving is on November 24, and Christmas is on a Sunday.
Marcelo Sosa

**Marcelo Sosa** (born 6 February 1978) is an Uruguayan football player. He has played for Uruguay national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1996||rowspan="8"|Danubio||rowspan="8"|Primera División||4||0
|-
|1997||14||0
|-
|1998||1||0
|-
|1999||18||1
|-
|2000||26||5
|-
|2001||28||1
|-
|2002||35||6
|-
|2003||29||4

|-
|2004||Spartak Moscow||Premier League||8||0

|-
|2004/05||Atlético Madrid||La Liga||28||0
|-
|2005/06||Osasuna||La Liga||11||0

|-
|2006/07||River Plate||Primera División||2||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Nacional||rowspan="2"|Primera División||11||1
|-
|2007/08||11||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="2"|Estudiantes Tecos||rowspan="2"|Primera División||14||0
|-
|2008/09||21||0

|-
|2009/10||Peñarol||Primera División||||
177||18
8||0
39||0
2||0
35||0
261||18
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2003||12||1
|-
|2004||11||1
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
!Total||27||2
|}
Djalminha

**Djalminha** (born December 9, 1970) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Club|rowspan="2"|Season|colspan="3"|League|colspan="2"|Cup|colspan="2"|Continental|colspan="2"|Total||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="6"|Flamengo|1989|rowspan="5"|Série A|1|0|0|0|||||
|1990|11|1|7|1|||||||||
|1991|4|1|||||||||||
|1992|7|0|||||||||||
|1993|||6|3|||||||||
|rowspan="4"|Guarani|1993|rowspan="3"|Série A|19|6|||||19|6|
|1994|3|3|||||3|3|||||
|1995|11|6|||||||||||
|Shimizu S-Pulse|1994 (loan)|J1 League|11|4|0|0|||11|4|||
|rowspan="3"|Palmeiras|1996|rowspan="2"|Série A|22|12|7|5|||||
|1997|0|0|5|1|||5|1|||||
|rowspan="7"|Deportivo|1997–98|rowspan="6"|La Liga|26|8|3|1|2|1|31|10|
|1998–99|30|8|5|1|||35|9|||||
|1999–00|31|10|1|0|7|3|39|13|||||
|2000–01|21|9|3|1|9|3|33|13|||||
|2001–02|18|1|6|0|8|2|32|3|||||
|2003–04|11|2|3|0|1|0|15|2|||||
|Austria Wien (loan)|2002–03|Austrian Bundesliga|10|2|0|0|2|1|12|3|||
|Club América|Apertura 2004|Liga MX|5|1|||||5|1|||

### International

|National team|Year|Apps|Goals||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="7"|Brazil|1996|3|1|
|1997|7|3|||
|1998|0|0|||
|1999|0|0|||
|2000|2|0|||
|2001|0|0|||
|2002|2|1|||

### Football

**Flamengo**
- Copa do Brasil: 1990
- Campeonato Carioca: 1991
- Campeonato Brasileiro Série A: 1992

**Palmeiras**
- Campeonato Paulista: 1996

**Deportivo**
- La Liga: 1999–2000
- Copa del Rey: 2001–02
- Supercopa de España: 2000, 2002

**Austria Wien**
- Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2002–03

**Brazil**
- Copa América: 1997

**Individual**
- Bola de Prata: 1993, 1996
- Bola de Ouro: 1996

### Indoor football

**Deportivo**
- Spanish League: 2007–08, 2009–10
- Spanish Cup: 2007–08, 2009–10

**Flamengo**
- Brazilian Championship: 2009

**Brazil**
- Indoor Football World Cup: 2006

**Individual**
- Indoor Football World Cup MVP: 2006
- Brazilian Championship Top Scorer: 2009

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Djalminha
- **image**: Djalminha.jpg
- **fullname**: Djalma Feitosa Dias
- **birth place**: Santos, São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
- **height**: 1.76 m
- **position**: Attacking midfielder
- **youthyears1**: 1976–1988
- **youthclubs1**: Clube de Regatas Flamengo, Flamengo
- **years1**: 1988–1993
- **clubs1**: Clube de Regatas Flamengo, Flamengo
- **caps1**: 22
- **goals1**: 2
- **years2**: 1993–1995
- **clubs2**: Guarani FC, Guarani
- **caps2**: 33
- **goals2**: 15
- **years3**: 1994
- **clubs3**: → Shimizu S-Pulse (loan)
- **caps3**: 11
- **goals3**: 4
- **years4**: 1996–1997
- **clubs4**: Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, Palmeiras
- **caps4**: 22
- **goals4**: 12
- **years5**: 1997–2004
- **clubs5**: Deportivo de La Coruña, Deportivo La Coruña
- **caps5**: 137
- **goals5**: 38
- **years6**: 2002–2003
- **clubs6**: → FK Austria Wien, Austria Wien (loan)
- **caps6**: 10
- **goals6**: 2
- **years7**: 2004
- **clubs7**: Club América
- **caps7**: 5
- **goals7**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 240
- **totalgoals**: 74
- **nationalyears1**: 1996–2002
- **nationalteam1**: Brazil national football team, Brazil
- **nationalcaps1**: 14
- **nationalgoals1**: 5
Homer Defined

"**Homer Defined**" is the fifth episode of ***The Simpsons*** third season, which first started on November 1, 1991. The episode has the first appearance of "Milhouse's mother" and the first time his last name, "Van Houten", is used.

## Infobox (simpsons episode)

- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 5
- **director**: Mark Kirkland
- **writer**: Howard Gewirtz
- **production**: 8F04
- **guests**: Jon Lovitz as Aristotle Amadopoulos
Magic Johnson as himself
Chick Hearn as himself
- **prev**: Treehouse of Horror II
- **next**: Like Father, Like Clown
Like Father, Like Clown

"**Like Father, Like Clown**" is the sixth episode of ***The Simpsons*** third season. It first started on the Fox network in the United States on October 24, 1991. In this episode, Krusty the Clown says to the Simpson family that he is of "Jewish heritage", and that his father, "Rabbi Hyman Krustofski", disowned him for keeping a job in comedy. Krusty is sad and Bart and Lisa decide to try to reunite Krusty with his long-estranged father.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 6
- **director**: Jeffrey Lynch
Brad Bird
- **writer**: Jay Kogen
Wallace Wolodarsky
- **production**: 8F05
- **guests**: Jackie Mason as Hyman Krustofsky
- **prev**: Bart the Murderer
- **next**: Treehouse of Horror II
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 3)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Treehouse of Horror II

"**Treehouse of Horror II**" is the sixth episode of ***The Simpsons*** third season, the second Simpsons Halloween episode, and the first Halloween episode where names in the closing credits were replaced by 'spooky name' parodies. The episode first started on October 31, 1991. The first part, "The Monkey's Paw", is a direct reference to W.W. Jacobs's short story The Monkey's Paw, in which the Simpsons's wishes all backfire on them after buying a cursed hand of a monkey. In the second part, "The Bart Zone", Bart has  powers, and turns Homer into a jack-in-the-box, resulting in the two spending more time together. The part was a parody of The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life". In the last part, "If I Only Had A Brain", Mr. Burns's head is grafted onto Homer's head after Mr. Burns tries to create a robot with Homer's brain.

## Infobox (simpsons episode)

- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 6
- **director**: Jim Reardon
- **writer**: Al Jean
Mike Reiss
Jeff Martin
George Meyer
Sam Simon
John Swartzwelder
- **production**: 8F02
- **prev**: Like Father, Like Clown
- **next**: Lisa's Pony
Lisa's Pony

"**Lisa's Pony**" is the eighth episode of the third season of ***The Simpsons***. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 7, 1991. In this episode, Homer humiliates Lisa by forgetting to buy the right reed for her saxophone. desperate to win back his daughter's love, Homer gives Lisa the one thing she has always wanted, a pony named "Princess." Homer struggles with two jobs to cover the cost of sheltering and feeding the pony. Lisa, upon seeing what Homer must go through to pay for the pony, decides to give it away.

## Other websites

- "Lisa's Pony" at The Simpsons.com

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 8
- **director**: Carlos Baeza
- **writer**: Al Jean
Mike Reiss
- **production**: 8F06
- **guests**: Frank Welker as Princess
- **prev**: Treehouse of Horror II
- **next**: Saturdays of Thunder
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 3)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Anna's hummingbird

**Anna's hummingbird** (_Calypte anna_) is 9 to 10 centimetres (3.5 to 3.9 in) long.

It has a bronze-green back, a light grey chest and belly, and green flanks. Its bill is long, straight and slender. The adult male has an iridescent crimson-red crown and throat, and a dark, slightly forked tail. Anna's is the only North American hummingbird species with a red crown. Females and young have a green crown, a grey throat with some red markings, a grey chest and belly, and a dark, rounded tail with white tips on the outer feathers.

These birds feed on nectar from flowers using a long tongue. They also eat small spiders and insects caught in flight. While collecting nectar, they also help in plant pollination. This species sometimes eats tree sap.
Hyundai Getz

The **Hyundai Getz** was a small Hatchback made by Hyundai from 2002 to 2011.

## History and Features

The Hyundai Getz was shown first as a concept called Hyundai TB at the Tokyo Motor Show in 2001. It was later shown as a production model at the Geneva Motor Show in 2002. It was designed at Frankfurt. Its name reportedly means achieved by desirability and is a link-up of GET and GET IT.

The Getz had a 1.1, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6 liter petrol engines and 1.5 diesel engines with 5-speed manual transmission and a 4-speed automatic transmission. It got facelifted in 2005.

## Markets

The Hyundai Getz was sold worldwide, mainly in Europe and other places. In South Korea, it was sold as the Hyundai Click, in Japan as the Hyundai TB, in Venezuela under the Dodge brand as the Dodge Brisa, and in Malaysia as the Inokom Getz.

From 2008 to 2014, Blade Electric Vehicles, an Australian company, sold a converted electric version called Blade Electron in Australia and New Zealand.

## Discontinuation

The production of The Hyundai Getz ended in 2008 and in Europe was replaced by the Hyundai i20. It was produced in other markets until 2011.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Hyundai Getz (TB)
- **image**: Hyundai Getz - Flickr - mick - Lumix.jpg
- **caption**: Pre-facelift Hyundai Getz 5-door (UK)
- **manufacturer**: Hyundai Motor Company, Hyundai
- **class**: Supermini
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
- **platform**: Hyundai-Kia small automobile platforms#Hyundai-Kia TB platform, Hyundai-Kia TB
- **length**: (2002–2005)
 (2005–2011)
- **successor**: Hyundai i20
Hyundai Accent#Fourth generation (RB/RC; 2010), Hyundai Accent WIT
Hyundai i20

The **Hyundai i20** is a small Hatchback made by Hyundai since 2008. It replaced the Hyundai Getz.

## First Generation (2008-2014)

The Hyundai i20 uses a new plataform made at the Hyundai's techince Center in Russelsheim. It was made to compete in the Subcompact car segment. It was launched in 2008.

The i20 has 1.2, 1.25, 1.4 ,1.5, and 1.6 liter petrol engines and 1.1, 1.4, and 1.6 diesel engines with 5-speed and 6-speed manual transmissions and a 4-speed automatic transmission. It was improved in 2012.

## Second Generation (2014-2020)

The second-generation i20 was launched in August 2014 in India (as the i20 Elite) and in November in Europe. It was developed at Hyundai's design facilities also in Russelsheim. It was avaliable as a 3-door hatch called the i20 Coupe as a 5-door hatch and a crossover-style version called the i20 Active launched in 2015.

It has a 1.0 liter turbo, 1.2, 1.25, and 1.4 liter petrol engines, 1.1 and a new 1.4 liter diesel engines with a 5-speed and 6-speed manual transmissions a 4-speed automatic transmission and a 7-speed DCT and CVT transmissions. It was improved in 2018.

## Third Generation (2020-present)

The third generation was shown online for Europe in February 2020. It was supposed to be launched in March at The Geneva Auto Show but it was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The production for sale in Europe begam in Izmit Turkey in August and was later launched in India on November.

The car has a 1.0 liter turbo 1.2 and 1.4 liter petrol engines and a 1.5 liter diesel engine with 5 and 6-speed manual transmissions a 6-speed automatic and semi-automatic transmissions and a 7-speed DCT and automatic CVT transmissions.

It also has a mild-hybrid version and a sportier version called the i20 N launched in 2020. That has a 1.6 liter turbo gasoline engine with a 6-speed manual transmission. The version was discontinued in 2024 in Europe but it will be exported to Australia. The i20 got improved in 2023.

## Markets

The Hyundai i20 is currently sold in Europe and India. It was previously sold in Indonesia and some other markets.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Hyundai i20
- **image**: Hyundai i20 (BC3) IMG 4165.jpg
- **caption**: Hyundai i20 (BC3)
- **manufacturer**: Hyundai Motor Company
- **production**: 2008–present
- **class**: Supermini (B-segment, B)
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
- **predecessor**: Hyundai Getz
Hyundai Accent#Third generation (MC; 2005), Hyundai Accent hatchback
Hyundai Sonata

The **Hyundai Sonata** is a car produced by Hyundai since 1985. The Sonata has been widely exported to many countries.
Hyundai i30

The **Hyundai i30** is a car produced by Hyundai since 2007. It is the successor of the Elantra, and is based on the Kia cee'd's platform.
Hyundai i10

The **Hyundai i10** is a car produced by Hyundai since 2008. It is the successor of the Atos, and were based on the Kia Picanto's platform. It entered its second generation in 2013 and it became popular in the UK during the scrappage scheme in 2009.

## Engines

- _1.1_ 49 kW (66 hp)
- _1.25_ 57 kW (78 hp)
- _1.1 CRDi_ 55 kW (75 hp)
Hyundai Tucson

The **Hyundai Tucson** is a compact SUV produced by Hyundai Motor Company. In some markets, it was previously sold as the ix35, but the ix35 name has been discontinued. The Tucson shares a platform with the Kia Sportage, as both are part of the Hyundai Motor Group.
Hyundai Accent

The North American **Hyundai Accent** was a car produced by Hyundai Motor Company from 1994 to 2022. It was the successor of the Pony, and it was in its fifth generation until recently. The car was also sold in Mexico as the Dodge Verna from 2001 to 2006, and as the Dodge Attitude until 2014, when Hyundai entered the Mexican market. Currently, the Hyundai Accent continues in production, except in North America.
TAM

**TAM** or **Tam** can be:
- TAM Airlines, an airline in Brazil
- TAM Air, a Georgian airline
- Tamworth Railway Station
- The Australian Museum

## People

- Reuben Tam (1916-1991), American/Hawaiian artist
- Tam (name), version of "Tan", a common Chinese surname
- Thomas (name), a shortening of the name in Scots
Black-breasted puffleg

The **black-breasted puffleg** (_Eriocnemis nigrivestis_) is a species of hummingbird that lives only in Ecuador.

The average length of the black-breasted puffleg is 8.5 cm. It has a very restricted range, being found only on the northwestern parts of the Pichincha volcano. It is critically endangered.
Giant octopus

The **Giant octopus** is ***Enteroctopus***, and one of its species is the largest octopus. There are four species: the North Pacific Giant Octopus (_E. dofleini_), the Southern Giant Octopus (_Enteroctopus magnificus_), _E. megalocyathus_, and _E. zealandicus_.

## Overview

The only member of this genus that deserves the common name "Giant octopus" is _Enteroctopus dofleini_. This holds the record of being the world's largest octopus: direct measurements were made of a live 71 kg (156.5 lb) individual. This octopus had a total length near to 4 m (13 ft).

The remaining members of the genus are much smaller. _E. megalocyathus_ has an average weight of 4 kg and a total length of 1 m. _E. magnificus_ has a total length of around 1.5 m.
Kia Joice

The **Kia Joice** was a car produced by Kia Motors between 1999-2003. It was based on the Hyundai Santamo's platform.
Antacid

**Antacids** (or indigestion tablets) are used to help stop indigestion. People may get indigestion if they eat too much or if they eat too fast. With indigestion, the liquid in the stomach will become more acidic. Antacids will neutralise the acids. The reaction that is happening is called _neutralisation_. This is because the tablets are alkaline and the liquids in the stomach are acidic.

This reaction between the stomach acids and the antacid will make the acid change into harmless substances such as water or salt.

An example of an antacid is milk of magnesia.

Side effects from taking antacids are rare, but can include both constipation and diarrhea. They are also high in sodium so people with a heart condition on a low salt diet should ask their doctor before taking them.
Down and Out in Paris and London

***Down and Out in Paris and London*** is a written exposé. It was written by George Orwell.

Its target audience was the middle and upper class members of society. It exposes the poverty existing in two prosperous cities: Paris and London.

The author talks about his time working as a pleunger (lowest possible position) in a Paris hotel and describes the hard life that is lived by thousands of Parisians. In London he is promised work, but the work is not there so he has to travel from homeless shelter to homeless shelter everyday with a group of homeless people.
3rd millennium

The **3rd millennium** began on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 3000.

Previous millenium: 2nd millenium

Next millenium: 4th millenium

## Events

Many important things have already happened in the 3rd millennium. Social media became extremely popular and spread around the world. In 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began; it eventually killed at least 7,057,132 people around the world.

### Wars

There have been wars in many countries in the 3rd millennium. These have included:

- The Second Intifada (2000-2005)
- The war in Afghanistan (2001-2021)
- The global War on Terror (2001-2013)
- The war in Darfur (2003-2020)
- The Iraq War (2003-2011)
- The Second Lebanon War (2006)
- The Syrian Civil War (2011-2024)
- The Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)
- The 2014 Gaza War
- The Yemeni Civil War (2014-present)
- The 2021 Israel-Palestine crisis
- The Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022-present)
- The Gaza war (2023-present)

## Future predictions

- By 2070, 1 billion to 3 billion people could be living in extreme heat because of climate change.
- On March 22, 2285, Easter will occur on its earliest possible date for the first time since 1818.
- 2400 will be the first century leap year since 2000.
- On June 6, 2079, any computer software using unsigned 16-bit binary day counts will overflow if it has a starting date of January 1, 1900.
- 2800 will be the second century leap year since 2000, and Earth will experience 241 lunar eclipses.

## Centuries and decades

|align="right"|**21st century**|align="left"|2000s|2010s|align="right"|2020s|2030s|2040s|align="right"|2050s|2060s|2070s|2080s|2090s|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="right"|**22nd century**|2100s|2110s|align="right"|2120s|2130s|2140s|align="right"|2150s|2160s|2170s|2180s|2190s||
|align="right"|**23rd century**|2200s|2210s|align="right"|2220s|2230s|2240s|align="right"|2250s|2260s|2270s|2280s|2290s||
|align="right"|**24th century**|2300s|2310s|align="right"|2320s|2330s|2340s|align="right"|2350s|2360s|2370s|2380s|2390s||
|align="right"|**25th century**|2400s|2410s|align="right"|2420s|2430s|2440s|align="right"|2450s|2460s|2470s|2480s|2490s||
|align="right"|**26th century**|2500s|2510s|align="right"|2520s|2530s|2540s|align="right"|2550s|2560s|2570s|2580s|2590s||
|align="right"|**27th century**|2600s|2610s|align="right"|2620s|2630s|2640s|align="right"|2650s|2660s|2670s|2680s|2690s||
|align="right"|**28th century**|2700s|2710s|align="right"|2720s|2730s|2740s|align="right"|2750s|2760s|2770s|2780s|2790s||
|align="right"|**29th century**|2800s|2810s|align="right"|2820s|2830s|2840s|align="right"|2850s|2860s|2870s|2880s|2890s||
|align="right"|**30th century**|2900s|2910s|align="right"|2920s|2930s|2940s|align="right"|2950s|2960s|2970s|2980s|2990s||
Century leap year

In the Gregorian calendar, a **century leap year** is a year that is exactly divisible by 400. Like all other leap years, these years have February 29. If a year is divisible by 100 but not 400, it is a common year (not a leap year). For example, the years 1600 and 2000 were century leap years; the century years 1700, 1800, 1900 were common years, so will 2100, 2200, and 2300, despite being divisible by 4. The next century leap year will occur in the year 2400.  Century leap years always begin on Saturday and end on Sunday. Therefore, February 29 in those years always falls on a Tuesday.

The start days of exceptional common years (century years not evenly divisible by 400) also varies; the century year begins on a Friday if the remainder obtained by dividing it by 400 is 100, Wednesday if the remainder is 200, and Monday if the remainder is 300.

The Gregorian calendar more accurately tracks Earth's revolution around the Sun, more so than the older Julian calendar, in which every fourth year (including end–of–century years) is a leap year.  Because of this, the Julian calendar began to gradually drift with respect to the four seasons.  Each season has been occurring earlier and earlier over time.  Therefore when the Gregorian calendar was created in 1582, it eliminated this problem by specifying that end–of–century years are only leap years if divisible by 400. Therefore, 1700 was the first end–of–century year that to be a common year.
Plywood

**Plywood** is a manufactured wood which is made by gluing several thin sheets of wood together with the grain alternately running along the sheet then across it.

The veneer is usually about 3 millimetres thick for each layer.  Interior layers of these boards are usually made from an inexpensive wood while the outer veneer layers are made from more expensive timber to give the board a nice wood grain appearance.  The glued layers are heated together to make the seal become better bonded.

A common reason for using plywood instead of plain wood is its resistance to cracking, shrinking and changing shape.  It is cheaper than most plain woods as it reuses scrap wood, and it is stronger.

It is used to make a range of things from sheds, to cladding to cabinets. It is graded on the quality, from class A to class D, A being the best quality and D being the worst quality.

Different kinds of plywood are made for different purposes. Marine plywood, for example, is especially resistant to water. There is a world-wide industry making plywood for structural purposes. IKEA is well-known for using mostly plywood and chipboard in their indoor and outdoor furniture products.
Plastid

A **plastid** is a self-reproducing organelle of plants and algae. A **plastome** is the DNA genome of a plastid.<sup>p341</sup> They are like tiny machines inside cells: each makes or stores important chemicals used by the plant.

Examples of plastids are:
- Chloroplasts: photosynthesis; other plastids may have developed from chloroplasts. Etioplasts are chloroplasts which have not been exposed to light.
- Chromoplasts: pigment synthesis and storage.
- Leucoplasts: colourless, make terpenes such as resin. Sometimes they develop into more specialized types of plastid:
    - Amyloplasts: starch storage
    - Elaioplasts: fat storage.
    - Proteinoplasts: store & modify protein.
        - Statoliths: detect gravity.

## Plastids in algae

Plastids in algae and hornworts  may differ from plant plastids. In algae, the term "leucoplast" is used for all unpigmented plastids and their function differs from the leucoplasts of plants.

Glaucocystophytic algae contain muroplasts, which are similar to chloroplasts except that they have a cell wall, similar to that of prokaryotes. Rhodophytic algae contain rhodoplasts, which are red chloroplasts which allow the algae to photosynthesise to a depth of up to 268 metres.

## Genetics and evolution

Plastids are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell. In endosymbiont theory, plastids originated as cyanobacteria. This was first suggested by Mereschkowsky in 1905. Schimper in 1883 had said chloroplasts closely resembled cyanobacteria.

Almost all chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria also derive from symbiosis, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protista. The chloroplast is surrounded by a double-layered composite membrane with an intermembrane space; further, it has reticulations, or many infoldings, filling the inner spaces. The chloroplast has its own DNA, which codes for redox proteins involved in electron transport in photosynthesis.
Mixotroph

A **mixotroph** is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon. Usually this means that it may be either autotroph or heterotroph at different times in its life. Also possible are alternations between photo- and chemotrophy, or between litho- and organotrophy. Mixotrophs can be either eukaryotes or prokaryotes.
Reddish hermit

The **reddish hermit** (_Phaethornis ruber_) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and in the Guianas. The reddish hermit is 7.5 cm in length, which makes it one of the smallest hermits. Its natural habitats are forest and woodland, mostly humid.
Gray-tailed mountain-gem

The **gray-tailed mountain-gem** (_Lampornis cinereicauda_) is a species of hummingbird. It lives in the mountains of southern Costa Rica from the Cordillera de Talamanca southward to the border with Panama.

Male gray-tailed mountain-gems have iridescent emerald green with a thouch of a bronzy brown mixed in. It has a gray tail, a bright blue-green forehead and top of the head, and a bright white throat next to iridescent blue-green on the upper belly. Both male and female have a straight, thin, black bill, a white stripe behind the eye, and blackish wings.

The female gray-tailed mountain-gem are colored quite different then the male. They have an iridescent bronzy emerald green from the forehead, all the way to the tail, covering the whole backside. Their whole front side is a tan-orange color, all the way from the chin, to the lower belly; and a white-tipped, green tail, completes the coloring of the female.
Saturdays of Thunder

"**Saturdays of Thunder**" is the ninth episode of ***The Simpsons*** third season. It first started on the Fox Network in the United States on November 14, 1991.

## Story

In this episode, Homer takes a fatherhood quiz and realizes that he knows nothing about Bart. He tries to be a better father and learns that Bart is entering in a "Soap Box Derby." Homer and Bart make a racer together, however it is not very good, and Bart decides to drive Martin's much nicer racer instead. Homer is at first sad, but decides that he must be a good father and support Bart.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 9
- **director**: Jim Reardon
- **writer**: Ken Levine and David Isaacs
- **production**: 8F07
- **guests**: Phil Hartman as Troy McClure
- **prev**: Lisa's Pony
- **next**: Flaming Moe's
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 3)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Flaming Moe's

**"Flaming Moe's"** is the tenth episode of ***The Simpsons*** third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on November 21, 1991. In this episode, Homer tells Moe Szyslak of a secret alcoholic cocktail that has cough syrup and fire that he calls the "Flaming Homer". Moe steals the recipe from Homer, renames the drink the "Flaming Moe" and begins selling it at his tavern. The drink is a success and boosts business, but Homer is angry at Moe for his greediness and seeks revenge.

## Infobox (simpsons episode)

- **image**: FlamingMoeGlass.jpg
- **caption**: A glass from Universal Studios Florida (pictured) that based off of this episode.
- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 10
- **director**: Rich Moore
Alan Smart
- **writer**: Robert Cohen (writer), Robert Cohen
- **production**: 8F08
- **guests**: Aerosmith as themselves
Phil Hartman as Lionel Hutz
- **prev**: Saturdays of Thunder
- **next**: Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk
- **title**: Flaming Moe's
- **couch gag**: Two thieves steal the couch.
- **blackboard**: "Underwear should be worn on the inside"
- **commentary**: Matt Groening
Al Jean
Mike Reiss
Dan Castellaneta
Rich Moore
David Silverman (animator), David Silverman
Rufous-crested coquette

The **rufous-crested coquette** (_Lophornis delattrei_) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru. It lives in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.
Black metaltail

The **black metaltail** (_Metallura phoebe_) is a species of hummingbird. It can be found in Bolivia and Peru. It lives in subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.

## References

- BirdLife International 2004.  Metallura phoebe.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 10 July 2007.
Jonagold

A **Jonagold** is a kind of apple, a cross between a Golden Delicious and a Jonathan. They form a large sweet fruit with thin skin.
Gloss

**Gloss** may be:

1. A shiny or polished surface
1. Lip gloss, a cosmetic
1. A commentary written on a manuscript work which helps the reader to understand it. By extension, any written or spoken comments which throw light on a printed work.
South Shields (UK Parliament constituency)

**South Shields** is a borough constituency that is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

## Boundaries

Currently, this constituency contains the areas of South Shields in South Tyneside in Tyne and wear. Changes to the boundary that are to be in place for the next election will bring Whitburn into the constituency from neighbouring Jarrow.

## Infobox (uk constituency main)

- **name**: South Shields
- **parliament**: uk
- **map1**: SouthShields2007
- **map2**: EnglandTyneWear
- **map entity**: Tyne and Wear
- **year**: 1832
- **type**: Borough
- **elects howmany**: One
- **previous**: County Durham (UK Parliament constituency), County Durham
- **electorate**: 82,294(2011)
- **mp**: Emma Lewell-Buck
- **party**: Labour Party (UK)
- **region**: England
- **county**: Tyne and Wear
- **european**: North East England
Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk

**"Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk"** is the eleventh episode of _The Simpsons_ third season. The name is in a grammatically incorrect form; it should be called "Burns verkauft das Kraftwerk". The episode first started on December 5, 1991. In this episode, Mr. Burns, who is sad because he wishes to pursue many interests, decides to sell the power plant to two German investors for "100 million dollars." Homer's incompetence quickly gets him fired by the Germans. Meanwhile, Mr. Burns has lost all his respectability because he can no longer control anyone. As a result, he decides to buy back the plant. Because the power plant has been so costly to maintain, the Germans decide to sell the power plant back to Burns for 50 million dollars. Determined to keep his enemies close at hand, Burns rehires Homer, and all is back to normal.

## Infobox (television episode)

- **series**: The Simpsons
- **season**: 3
- **episode**: 11
- **director**: Mark Kirkland
- **writer**: Jon Vitti
- **production**: 8F09
- **guests**: Phil Hartman as Horst and a stockbroker
- **prev**: Flaming Moe's
- **next**: I Married Marge
- **season article**: The Simpsons (season 3)
- **episode list**: List of The Simpsons episodes
Interval (mathematics)

In mathematics, an **interval** is a group of numbers that includes all numbers between the beginning and the end. Numbers that are larger than the beginning number and smaller than the end number are inside the interval, and numbers that are smaller than the beginning number or larger than the end number are not in the interval. The beginning number and end number may or may not be inside the interval. An example of an interval might be from 3.3 to 15. Here, numbers such as 4, 8, 9.5, 14, and even 14.999 are inside this interval. Numbers such as -4, 2, 3.2, 20, and 15.000001 are not inside this interval.

To write an interval, write either a square bracket ( **[** ) or a parenthesis ( **(** ), the beginning number, a comma ( **,** ), the end number, and either a closing square bracket ( **]** ) or a closing parenthesis ( **)** ).  Examples of intervals are (4, 9.6), [-100, 100], [-30, -4).

## Different kinds of intervals

Intervals can be separated by how they act at their ends.  Intervals can be **closed**, **open**, or **mixed**.

### Closed Intervals

An interval that is closed also includes the beginning and the end, and generally takes the form of . A closed interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5.4 as the end would include 3, 5.4, and every number between 3 and 5.4. To write a closed interval, use square brackets ( **[** and **]** ).  An example of an closed interval is **[136, 450]**.

### Open Intervals

An interval that is open does not include the beginning or the end, and generally takes the form of . An open interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5 as the end would include every number between 3 and 5, but it would not include 3 or 5. To write an open interval, use parentheses ( **(** and **)** ). An example of an open interval is **(2, 5)**.

### Mixed Intervals

A mixed interval is open at one end and closed at the other end, and generally takes the form of  (right-open interval) or  (left-open interval). This means that the interval may include the beginning but not the end, or it may include the end but not the beginning. For example, the interval **9, 23)** would include 9, but it would not include 23.

## Related pages

- [Affine arithmetic
- Interval arithmetic
Actinobacteria

The Actinobacteria, or Actinomycetota are a group of Gram-positive bacteria. They grow on land or in water. They include some of the most common life forms in soil, playing important roles in the decomposition of organic matter and humus formation. Fungi also play the same role, so some Actinobacteria like Streptomyces were originally classified as fungi. Actinobacteria colonies form branching threads called mycelia. This feature was another reason for the wrongful classification of the actinomycetes, for example, as fungi.

Some species live in a mutual resource exchange with the roots of plants, such as Frankia, while other species can cause disease, such as the genus Mycobacterium and the bacteria _Mycobacterium tuberculosis._

Actinobacteria contains one of the largest bacterial genera, Streptomyces, which contributes to maintaining the acidity and basicity levels of the soil. They are also important sources of antibiotics, as well as antifungals, antivirals, and numerous other medicines. They are also very useful in agriculture,  as they can be used in insecticides and herbicides, among various other substances. Other Actinobacteria species, such as the genus Bifidobacterium, are commonly found in the intestines of infants and are less common in adults.

Some Actinobacteria found in Siberia or Antarctica are considered the oldest on Earth, frozen around half a million years ago.
Oracle Database

**Oracle database** is a relational database management system that is made by the Oracle Corporation.
Golgi

**Golgi** may mean:

- Camillo Golgi (18431926), Italian anatomist and neurologist
- Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic organelle, named after Camillo Golgi
- Golgi method or Golgi stain: a way of staining nerve cells
- Golgi (crater), a crater on the moon, commemorating Camillo Golgi
Graphiurus

The **African dormouse**, ***Graphiurus***,  is a genus of dormouse that lives throughout sub-Saharan Africa in different habitats.  They are good at climbing. They have bushy tails.  They eat invertebrates and small vertebrates.

## Species

- _Graphiurus angolensis_ - Angolan African dormouse
- _Graphiurus christyi_ - Christy's dormouse
- _Graphiurus crassicaudatus_ - Jentink's dormouse
- _Graphiurus johnstoni_ - Jouhnston's African dormouse
- _Graphiurus kelleni_ - Kellen's dormouse
- _Graphiurus lorraineus_ - Lorrain dormouse
- _Graphiurus microtis_ - Small-eared dormouse
- _Graphiurus monardi_ - Monard's dormouse
- _Graphiurus murinus_ - Woodland dormouse
- _Graphiurus nagtglasii_ - Nagtglas's African dormouse
- _Graphiurus ocularis_ - Spectacled dormouse
- _Graphiurus platyops_ - Rock dormouse
- _Graphiurus rupicola_ - Stone dormouse
- _Graphiurus surdus_ - Silent dormouse
- _Graphiurus walterverheyeni_
Angolan African dormouse

The **Angolan African dormouse** (_Graphiurus angolensis_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to (lives only in) Angola. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.

## References

- Coetzee, N., Griffin, M. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus angolensis.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Christy's dormouse

**Christy's dormouse** (_Graphiurus christyi_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## References

- Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2008.  Graphiurus christyi .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 18 August 2009.
- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Jentink's dormouse

**Jentink's dormouse** (_Graphiurus crassicaudatus_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo. It is also sometimes found in Benin, Equatorial Guinea and Sierra Leone. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.

## References

- Grubb, P. & Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus crassicaudatus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Johnston's African dormouse

The **Johnston's African dormouse** (_Graphiurus johnstoni_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is moist savanna.

## References

- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
- Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus johnstoni.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Kellen's dormouse

**Kellen's dormouse** (_Graphiurus kelleni_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is native to Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and moist and dry savanna.

## References

- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
- Schlitter, D. & Grubb, P. 2008.  Graphiurus kelleni .   2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   accessed on 18 August 2009.
Lorrain dormouse

The **Lorrain Dormouse** (_Graphiurus lorraineus_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropicalmoist lowland forests, moist savanna, and plantations .

## References

- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
- Schlitter, D. & Grubb, P. 2004.  Graphiurus lorraineus.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Monard's dormouse

**Monard's dormouse** (_Graphiurus monardi_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and possibly Zambia. Its natural habitat is moist savanna.

## References

- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. Pp. 819-841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
- Schlitter, D. 2004.  Graphiurus monardi.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
Woodland dormouse

The **woodland dormouse** (_Graphiurus murinus_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to (lives only in) South Africa.  It is also known as the _African dwarf dormouse_, the _African pygmy dormouse_ or the _Micro squirrel_. They are sometimes kept as pets, but they are harder to look after than other pet rodents.

Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.

## References

- Baxter, R. 2004.  Graphiurus murinus .   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
- Holden, M. E.. 2005. Family Gliridae. pp. 819–841 _in_ Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest

**Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest** (1784 – 4 June 1838) was a French zoologist and author. He was the son of Nicolas Desmarest.

Desmarest published _Histoire Naturelle des Tangaras, des Manakins et des Todiers_ (1805), _Considérations générales sur la classe des crustacés_ (1825), _Mammalogie ou description des espèces des Mammifères._ Paris: Veuve Agasse(1820), and _Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles_ (1816–30, with André Marie Constant Duméril). His son Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was also a zoologist.
Nicolas Desmarest

**Nicolas Desmarest** (16 September 1725 – 20 September 1815) was a French geologist.

Desmarest was born at Soulaines in the department of Aube in France. He was educated at the college of the Oratorians of Troyes and Paris. While doing this, he earned money by teaching, to pay for his education.

Buffon's _Theory of the Earth_ interested him, and in 1753 he won a prize by writing an essay on the ancient connection between England and France. A lot of people were interested in this. He was given job studying and reporting on manufacturing in different countries. In 1788 he became inspector-general of the industries of France.

Demarest travelled around on foot to learn more about the Earth's structure. In 1763 he noticed that the basalt rocks in Auvergne were old lava streams. He noticed that they were similar to the columns of the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. He knew that they were evidence of the operations of old volcanoes which were no longer active.

In 1774 he published an essay on the subject (with a geological map) after visiting the area a few times. He then discussed the changes that the rocks had gone through because of weathering and erosion. This was the first time that anyone had talked about valleys being made because streams which flowed through them eroding the rocks.

He died in Paris in 1815. In 1823 his son Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest published a new and better edition of his map.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Nicolas Desmarest
- **image**: Nicolas Desmarest.jpg
- **birth date**: 16 September 1725
- **birth place**: Soulaines-Dhuys
- **death date**: 20 September 1815
- **death place**: Paris
- **nationality**: France, French
- **field**: geology
- **influences**: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, Buffon