juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Liberal Party (UK)

The **Liberal Party** was a liberal political party. It was one of the two big political parties in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th century.

The party came from an alliance of Whigs and free-trade Peelites and radicals in the 1850s. In the next 50 years it formed four governments under William Gladstone.

The party split over the issue of Irish Home Rule. It returned to power in 1906 with a landslide victory. They introduced the welfare reforms that created a basic British welfare state.

H. H. Asquith was Liberal Prime Minister between 1908 and 1916. He was followed by David Lloyd George, whose premiership lasted until 1922. At that time the coalition the party had formed with the Conservative Party in World War I came to an end.

By the end of the 1920s, the Labour Party had replaced the Liberals as the Conservatives' main rival. The party went into decline. By the 1950s, it won no more than six seats at general elections.

Apart from notable by-election victories, the party's fortunes did not improve significantly until it formed the SDP-Liberal Alliance with the newly formed Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. At the 1983 General Election, the Alliance won over a quarter of the vote, but only 23 of the 650 seats it contested. At the 1987 General Election, it won less than 23% of the vote.

In 1988, the Liberal Party was renamed the Liberal Democrats with the SDP merging into it.

Prominent intellectuals associated with the Liberal Party include the philosopher John Stuart Mill, the economist John Maynard Keynes and social planner William Beveridge.

## Other websites

- Includes various publications by the Liberal Party from the 19th and 20th centuries%22)
- 100 points in Liberal policy and of the Liberal record : facts, figures, and proposals clearly, shortly and interestingly explained ... 1912
- The work of liberalism since the great Reform Act. A summary of political history, 1832-1905
- The British Liberal party; an historical sketch by Hamilton Fyfe

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Liberal Party
- **logo**: Liberal Party logo (pre1988).png
- **foundation**: 9 June 1859
- **ideology**: Liberalism (Liberalism in the United Kingdom, British)
**Internal factions**:
Classical liberalism
Social liberalism
- **headquarters**: Offices at the National Liberal Club, 1 Whitehall Place, London
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **dissolution**: 2 March 1988
- **merger**: Whigs, Radicals (UK), Radicals, Peelites
- **merged**: Liberal Democrats (UK), Liberal Democrats
- **position**: Centrism, Centre
- **european**: Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party, Federation of European Liberal Democrats
- **europarl**: European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group), Liberal and Democratic Group
European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (European Parliament group), Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group
- **colours**: Yellow
Medea

In Greek mythology, **Medea** (; , _Mēdeia_, , _Medea_) is a sorceress of Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, niece of Circe, granddaughter of the sun god Helios. She married the hero Jason, and had two children with him, Mermeros and Pheres. In Euripides's play _Medea_, Jason leaves Medea when Creon, king of Corinth, offers him his daughter, Glauce. The play tells of Medea avenging her husband's betrayal by killing their children.

The myths involving Jason have been interpreted as part of a class of myths that tell how the Hellenes of the distant heroic age, before the Trojan War, faced the challenges of the pre-Greek "Pelasgian" cultures of mainland Greece, the Aegean and Anatolia. Jason, Perseus, Theseus, and above all Heracles, are all figures on the threshold between the old world of shamans, earth deities, and the new Bronze Age Greek ways.

Medea figures in the myth of Jason and the Argonauts, a myth known best from a late literary version worked up by Apollonius of Rhodes in the 3rd century BC and called the _Argonautica._ However, for all its self-consciousness and researched archaic vocabulary, the late epic was based on very old, scattered materials. Medea is known in most stories as an enchantress and is often depicted as a priestess of the goddess Hecate or a witch. The myth of Jason and Medea is very old, originally written around the time Hesiod wrote the _Theogony_. It was known to the composer of the  _Little Iliad_, part of the Epic Cycle.
Cloak

A **cloak** is a type of loose garment. It is worn over indoor clothing. It protects a person, for example from cold or rain. It may be part of an outfit or uniform. Cloaks have been used by many historical societies. Their designs, over time, have been changed to match fashion and available textiles.

Cloaks generally fasten at the neck or over the shoulder. They can be different lengths, from hip all the way down the ankle. They may have an attached hood. They may fasten down the front. Cloaks are almost always sleeveless.
Equal Protection Clause

The **Equal Protection Clause** is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws".

## Meaning

A primary motivation for this clause was to validate the equality provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed that all people would have rights equal to those of all citizens.  As a whole, the Fourteenth Amendment marked a large shift in American constitutionalism. It applied substantially more constitutional restrictions against the states than had applied before the Civil War.

The meaning of the Equal Protection Clause has been the subject of much debate. It has inspired the well-known phrase "Equal Justice Under Law".  These words are inscribed on the U.S. Supreme court building. This clause was the basis for _Brown v. Board of Education_ (1954). This Supreme Court decision that helped to dismantle racial segregation, and also the basis for many other decisions rejecting discrimination against people belonging to various groups.

## State vs federal governments

The Equal Protection Clause itself applies only to state and local governments.  However, the Supreme Court held in _Bolling v. Sharpe_ (1954) that equal protection requirements apply to the federal government through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

## Other websites

- The Meaning of Equal Protection: Then, Now, and Tomorrow; American Bar Association
- The 14th Amendment and Equal Protection Clause; YouTube
Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing

***Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing*** is a truck racing video game released in 2003. It was developed by Stellar Stone and published by GameMill Publishing. The game was released unfinished and is missing many features, including collision detection. It is often considered to be the worst video game ever made. The game has a cult following because of how bad it is.

## Gameplay

The game has five racetracks, one of which causes the game to crash when selected. Each level starts with an opponent that either doesn't move, or in a patched version will move but will never complete the race. When the race is finished, the grammatically incorrect message "You're Winner" is displayed, and the race ends. There is no way for the player to lose the race or for the computer opponent to win. It is possible to drive through buildings, up mountains, and even outside the level due to the lack of collision detection. A glitch that has been unpatched (and will never be) lets you go in reverse at insane speeds, sometimes faster than the speed of light.
State supreme court

In the United States, a **state supreme court** (known by other names in some states) is the highest judicial tribunal in the court system of a particular state.

Generally, the state supreme court, like most appellate courts, is exclusively for hearing appeals from lower courts. It does not make any finding of facts, and thus holds no trials.  In the case where the trial court made an egregious error in its finding of facts, the state supreme court will send the case back to the trial court for a new trial.  This responsibility of correcting the errors of inferior courts is the origin of a number of the different names for supreme courts in various state court systems. The court consists of a panel of judges selected by methods outlined in the state constitution.

Many states elect their state Supreme Court justices and/or use elections to retain judges. Since 2000, the amount of money raised by judicial candidates has risen enormously. Special interest groups have contributed to many of these campaigns raising questions of impartiality. The US Supreme Court, in _Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co._ (2009) in a 5-4 decision, ruled that an elected state supreme court judge sitting on a case involving a campaign contributor was a violation of due process.
Investment bank

An **Investment Bank** is a business that helps other businesses (and also governments) borrow money and/or allow businesses to partially or fully sell themselves to other people and businesses. Unlike a regular bank, they do not typically lend their own money or use their own money to buy part or all of a business. They help to match the business financing need to investors who are seeking to earn money by either lending to the business or owning part of the business.

In the mid 20th century, certain investment banks started to help their business clients to sell their business entirely to other businesses instead of to investors, as well as to help businesses decide what other business they should buy, with a fee based on the sale price of the business. This is called Mergers and Acquisitions. There are many small investment banks that only offer this activity, and do not help businesses to borrow money or sell ownership in the business.

An investment bank helps businesses to borrow money using a  contract known as a bond, and to sell ownership in the company using a contract known as stock**.** Most countries have  government rules about these processes. The business must operate and disclose their financial results in a certain manner.  They can then borrow money using bonds and sell ownership using stock to the public. People can sell bonds and stock without being responsible for the operation and financial disclosures of the business.

Some reasons that a business might choose to borrow money from investors instead of a bank may include:

- The for lower interest rates
- An interest rate that is fixed (cannot changed) for a longer time than most banks would normally allow
- Investors might be more willing to lend to a company more at risk at not being able to pay than a bank would be willing to do

Some reasons that a business owner would agree to use an investment bank to sell part or all of their business to other investors include:

- To earn a profit on the amount they initially invested in the business (because there might be a larger number of buyers willing to buy businesses that are publicly traded, the price received for the business might be higher than if the owner sold the business to another individual)
- To raise money that the business can use to further grow
- To raise funds to pay back money that was borrowed for the business that the business owner might not be able to otherwise pay back
Investment Banks work with two kinds of customers, one being the businesses/governments which desire to borrow funds or sell ownership, and the individuals and other businesses who want to earn a profit on their money by lending to or owning other businesses.
Wiesław Rudkowski

**Wiesław Ksawery Rudkowski** (17 November 1946 – 14 February 2016) was a Polish boxer. He was born in Łódź. He competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, losing in the final against Dieter Kottysch.

Rudkowski died from a heart attack on 14 February 2016 in Warsaw. He was 69.

## Other websites

- Wiesław Rudkowski Olympic results
Tories

The **Tories** were one of the two political parties which existed in Britain from the 17th to the early 19th centuries. They were the opponents of the Whigs, which were for a long time the ruling party.

The Tories were first part of the Parliament of England, the legislature of the kingdom of England. After the Acts of Union 1707, the Tories were part of the United Kingdom's Parliament of Great Britain, and after the Act of Union 1800 they were part of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

The Tories were originally (1678 to about 1770) the supporters of the Catholic kings (Charles I and II, James I and II), limiting the power of UK Parliament and supporting freedoms for Catholics. Later, (1780 to 1830) they became the **New Tory Party**, and were again a successful party able to hold government.

The most famous leaders of the New Tory Party were William Pitt the Younger, and Robert Peel the industrialist. Benjamin Disraeli built the modern Conservative Party out of the remains of the New Tory Party.
James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie

**James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie** KT, PC (22 April 1812 – 19 December 1860), known as **The Earl of Dalhousie** between 1838 and 1849, was a Scottish statesman and a colonial administrator in British India. He served as Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856.

He introduced the Doctrine of Lapse.Several independent Indian states were annexed under this policy-Satara,Nagpur,Jhansi and many others. Kingdoms like Awadh were annexed using a strategy known as misgovernment.

Lord Dalhousie has made contributions to modern India by constructing railways and roads.He built the first railway line which was between Bombay and Thane.He passed The Hindu Remarriage Act in 1856.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: The Marquess of Dalhousie
- **honorific-prefix**: The Most Honourable
- **image**: Dalhousie.jpg
- **monarch2**: Victoria of the United Kingdom, Victoria
- **order2**: President of the Board of Trade
- **predecessor2**: William Ewart Gladstone
- **primeminister2**: Robert Peel, Sir Robert Peel
- **successor2**: George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, The Earl of Clarendon
- **monarch1**: Victoria of the United Kingdom, Victoria
- **order1**: Governor-General of India
- **predecessor1**: Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge, The Viscount Hardinge
- **primeminister1**: John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, Lord John Russell
Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, The Earl of Derby
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, The Earl of Aberdeen
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, The Viscount Palmerston
- **successor1**: Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning, The Viscount Canning
- **birth place**: Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian, Scotland
- **death place**: Dalhousie Castle, Midlothian
- **citizenship**: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
- **father**: George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, George Ramsay
- **mother**: Christian Ramsay, Christian Broun
- **spouse**: Lady Susan Hay (d. 1853)
- **alma mater**: Christ Church, Oxford
- **known for**: Doctrine of Lapse
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **term start1**: 12 January 1848
- **term end1**: 28 February 1856
- **term start2**: 5 February 1845
- **term end2**: 27 June 1846
Forced migration

**Forced migration**, or **forced** **displacement**, involves people being made to leave their home or homeland. It is usually caused by violence, persecution, danger, or an authority (such as a government) telling people to move. People are removed by force or by a threat or command. Those who have been forced to migrate are called "forced migrants" or "displaced persons" They may be called a refugee, but that term has a specific legal definition.

Migration of people constantly happens, but in a stable society, that is usually because a person chooses to do it. Forced migration occurs when people's lives, well-being, or freedom is endangered. They may have little or no choice but to move. In some cases, such as human trafficking and slavery, people are physically removed from their homes.

Occasionally, a government forces people and communities out of their homes or homelands for the purposes of economic development or the military. That has been most often been associated with the building of dams and military bases.

Migration may also be forced by natural disasters, when people are forced to evacuate an area. That is usually temporary, and people can then return to their land once it is safe. Otherwise, such forced migration violates Fourth Geneva Convention.

The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has stated for 32 yeaes that Afghanistan produces the largest number of refugees each year. Almost half of the refugees are children under the age of 18. Many of them are separated from their parents.

## Related pages

- Asylum seeker
- Deportation

## Other websites

- What is Forced Migration? , an introductory guide for those who are new to the subject.
General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party

The **General Secretary of the Communist Party of China** is the leader of the Communist Party of China and the highest-ranking official within China. The General Secretary is a standing member of the Politburo and head of the Secretariat. The officeholder is usually considered the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China.

According to the Constitution, the General Secretary serves as a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, the main governing group in China. Since the early 1990s, the holder of the post has been, except for transitional periods, the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. This means that the holder is also the commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army.

The current General Secretary is Xi Jinping. He took office on 15 November 2012.

## Infobox (political post)

- **post**: General Secretary
- **body**: the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
- **flag**: Flag of the Chinese Communist Party.svg
- **flagsize**: 118px
- **flagcaption**: Flag of the Communist Party of China
- **insignia**: Danghui.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Emblem of the Communist Party of China
- **department**: Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
- **image**: Xi Jinping (2023-04-06).jpg
- **incumbent**: Xi Jinping
- **incumbentsince**: 15 November 2012
- **type**: Party leader, Paramount leader
- **nominator**: Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
- **appointer**: Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
- **termlength**: Five years, no term limit
- **reports to**: National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party
- **constituting instrument**: Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party
- **seat**: Zhongnanhai#Qinzheng Hall, Qinzheng Hall, Zhongnanhai, Beijing
- **inaugural**: Chen Duxiu (1925)
Hu Yaobang (1982)
- **formation**: January 1925
September 1982
- **unofficial names**: Secretary-General


## Infobox (chinese)

- **name1**: General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
- **s**: 中国共产党中央委员会总书记
- **t**: 中國共產黨中央委員會總書記
- **p**: Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì Zǒngshūjì
- **altname**: Commonly abbreviated as
- **s2**: 中共中央总书记
- **t2**: 中共中央總書記
- **p2**: Zhōnggòng Zhōngyāng Zǒngshūjì
- **links**: no
- **order**: st
President of China

The **President of China** (officially **President of the People's Republic of China**) is the head of state of the People's Republic of China (PRC). On paper, the presidency is a largely ceremonial office with limited powers.  However, in recent years the General Secretary of the Communist Party has also served simultaneously as President. His election to the office makes him paramount leader of China. The office is classified as an institution of the state rather than an administrative post.

The current President is Xi Jinping. He took office on 14 March 2013.

## Infobox (official post)

- **flag**: Flag of the People's Republic of China.svgborder
- **flagsize**: 110px
- **flagcaption**: Flag of China, Flag of the People's Republic of China
- **post**: President
- **body**: the People's Republic of China
- **insignia**: People's Republic of China National Emblem.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Emblem of the People's Republic of China
- **image**: Xi Jinping (2023-04-06).jpg
- **incumbent**: Xi Jinping
- **incumbentsince**: 14 March 2013
- **style**: Mr. President (title), Mr. President () (formal)
Excellency, His Excellency () (diplomatic)
- **status**: Head of state
Commander-in-chief
- **residence**: Zhongnanhai
- **seat**: Zhongnanhai#West Building Compound, West Building, Zhongnanhai, Beijing (de jure)
- **nominator**: Presidium of the National People's Congress
- **appointer**: National People's Congress
- **termlength**: Five years
- **termlength qualified**: Renewable; No term limits
- **constituting instrument**: Constitution of the People's Republic of China
- **formation**: 27 September 1954
18 June 1983
- **inaugural**: Mao Zedong
- **abolished**: January 1975 – December 1982
- **deputy**: Vice President of the People's Republic of China, Vice President
- **salary**: ¥152,121 RMB ($22,000 USD)
Premier of the People's Republic of China

The **Premier of China**, officially "Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China", is the leader of the State Council of China, who is the head of government and holds the highest rank (Level 1) in the Civil Service.

The Premier is formally approved by the National People's Congress upon the nomination of the President. In practice, the candidate is chosen through an informal process within the Communist Party of China. Both the President and the Premier are selected once every five years. The Premier has always been a member of the powerful Politburo Standing Committee.

The current Premier is Li Qiang, who took office on 11 March 2023.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Premier
- **body**: the
State Council of the
People's Republic of China

- **insignia**: People's Republic of China National Emblem.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Emblem of the People's Republic of China
- **image**: Li Qiang 2022.jpg
- **incumbent**: Li Qiang
- **incumbentsince**: 11 March 2023
- **style**: Mr. Premier ()

Excellency, His Excellency ()

- **type**: Head of government, Head of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, State Council
- **member of**: Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Party Central Committee
Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, Politburo Standing Committee
National Security Commission of the Communist Party of China, National Security Commission
State Council of the People's Republic of China, State Council (cabinet)

- **status**: Head of Government
- **reports to**: National People's Congress and its Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Standing Committee
- **residence**: Zhongnanhai
- **seat**: Zhongnanhai#Regent Palace, Regent Palace, Zhongnanhai, Beijing
- **nominator**: President of the People's Republic of China, President (1982–present)
the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Party Central Committee
(1975–1982, president abolished)
- **appointer**: President of the People's Republic of China, President, according to the decision of the National People's Congress
- **termlength**: Five years
 renewable once
- **constituting instrument**: Constitution of the People's Republic of China
- **precursor**: Premier of the Republic of China, President of the Executive Yuan (in Mainland China)
 Premier of the Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54), Central People's Government
- **formation**: 27 September 1954 <small>(State Council of the PRC)</small>
1 October 1949 <small>(Government Administration Council of the Central People's Government)</small>
- **unofficial names**: Prime Minister of China
- **salary**: ¥152,121 RMB ($22,000 USD)
- **deputy**: Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China, Vice Premier
State councillor (China), State Councillor
- **inaugural**: Zhou Enlai
- **website**: [http://english.gov.cn/2008-03/16/content_921792.htm State Council]
Pat Conroy

**Pat Conroy** (October 26, 1945 – March 4, 2016) was an American author. He has written several famous novels and memoirs. Two of his novels, _The Prince of Tides_ and _The Great Santini_, were made into movies that were nominated for Academy Awards. He was known as a leading writer of late-20th century Southern literature.

Conroy died on March 4, 2016 from pancreatic cancer in Beaufort, South Carolina. He was aged 70.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Pat Conroy
- **caption**: Conroy at the Miami Book Fair International, 1995
- **birth name**: Donald Patrick Conroy
- **birth place**: Atlanta, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia, United States
- **death place**: Beaufort, South Carolina, United States
- **occupation**: Novelist
- **nationality**: American
- **period**: 1970-2016
- **genre**: Literary fiction
nonfiction
- **notableworks**: _The Water Is Wide (book), The Water Is Wide_
_The Great Santini (novel), The Great Santini_
_The Lords of Discipline_
_The Prince of Tides (novel), The Prince of Tides_
Ali Brownlee

**Alastair** "**Ali**" **Brownlee** (1959 – 14 February 2016) was a English radio broadcaster. He was born in Middlesbrough, North Riding of Yorkshire. He was best known for his coverage of Middlesbrough Football Club on BBC Tees from 1982 onwards. His connection to the club earned him the honorific "Voice of the Boro".

Brownlee was a bank manager before becoming a sports commentator.

Brownlee died on 14 February 2016 at a hospital in Linthorpe, Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire. He had suffered from bowel cancer for three months. He was aged 56.

## Other websites

- End of an era for radio duo
Fighton Simukonda

**Fighton Simukonda** (2 February 1958 – 15 February 2016) was a Zambian football player and coach. He was part of the Nkana Red Devils team during the 1980s. He won five league titles. He was also captain of the Zambian national team. As a coach, he won several Zambian Premier League titles. He became the first coach to lead a Zambian club to the group phase of the CAF Champions' League.

Simukonda died on 15 February 2016 from complications of diabetes. He was aged 58.

### Club honours

- Zambian League Title: 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986 and 1988
- Zambian Charity Shield: 1983, 1984, 1985, 1987, 1989
- Independence Cup: 1981 and 1986
- Heinrich Cup/Chibuku Cup/Heroes & Unity Cup:  1983
- Champion of Champions: 1986

### National honours

- CECAFA Cup: 1984 in Kenya
- MPLA Trophy: 1986 in Angola

### Coaching honours

- Zambian Premier League: 2005, 2006 and 2010
- Mosi Cup: 1994, 1996
- BP Top 8: 1995, 2008
- Coca-Cola Cup: 2004
- Barclays Cup: 2004, 2010
- Charity Shield: 2006, 2011
- COSAFA Cup: 1998

### Personal

The Nchanga Rangers coach died on 15 February 2016 in Chililabombwe's Konkola Mine Police after a battle with Diabetes Mellitus.

### Individual honours

- Zambian Coach of the Year: 2005, 2009 and 2010

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Fighton Simukonda
- **birth place**: Chingola, Northern Rhodesia
- **position**: Defender
- **years1**: 1976–1978
- **clubs1**: Mimbula Diggers
- **years2**: 1978–1980
- **clubs2**: KB Davies
- **years3**: 1980–1982
- **clubs3**: Vitafoam United
- **years4**: 1982–1989
- **clubs4**: Nkana F.C., Nkana Red Devils
- **years5**: 1989–1991
- **clubs5**: Jomo Cosmos F.C., Jomo Cosmos
- **years6**: 1991–1992
- **clubs6**: Blackpool F.C. (South Africa), Blackpool
- **years7**: 1992
- **clubs7**: Dangerous Darkies
- **nationalyears1**: 1983–1988
- **nationalteam1**: Zambia national football team, Zambia
- **nationalcaps1**: 36
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
- **manageryears1**: 1992–1993
- **managerclubs1**: Dangerous Darkies
- **manageryears2**: 1994–1999
- **managerclubs2**: Roan United F.C., Roan United
- **manageryears3**: 1998
- **managerclubs3**: Zambian national football team, Zambia
- **manageryears4**: 1999–2004
- **managerclubs4**: Konkola Blades F.C., Konkola Blades
- **manageryears5**: 2004–2007
- **managerclubs5**: Zanaco F.C., Zanaco
- **manageryears6**: 2007–2008
- **managerclubs6**: City of Lusaka F.C., City of Lusaka
- **manageryears7**: 2008–2009
- **managerclubs7**: Lusaka Dynamos F.C., Lusaka Dynamos
- **manageryears8**: 2009–2011
- **managerclubs8**: ZESCO United F.C., ZESCO United
- **manageryears9**: 2011–2012
- **managerclubs9**: Nakambala Leopards F.C., Nakambala Leopards
- **manageryears10**: 2012–2016
- **managerclubs10**: Nchanga Rangers F.C., Nchanga Rangers
- **manageryears11**: 2015–2016
- **managerclubs11**: Zambia U23
Patriarch Kirill of Moscow

**Kirill** or **Cyril** (, secular name **Vladimir Mikhailovich Gundyayev**, ; born 20 November 1946) is a Russian Orthodox bishop. He became Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' and Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church on 1 February 2009.

Before becoming Patriarch, Kirill was Archbishop (later Metropolitan) of Smolensk and Kaliningrad from 26 December 1984. He was also Chairman of the Russian Orthodox Church's Department for External Church Relations and a permanent member of the Holy Synod beginning in 1989.

## Other websites

- Metropolitan Kirill of Smolensk and Kaliningrad
- Patriarch Kirill in the social network VKontakte (official profile)

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **name**: Kirill
- **patriarch of**: Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'
- **image**: Patriarch Kirill I of Moscow 03 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Kirill, Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'
- **enthroned**: 1 February 2009
- **ended**: Incumbent
- **church**: Russian Orthodox Church
- **see**: Moscow
- **predecessor**: Alexy II of Moscow, Alexy II
- **birth name**: Vladimir Mikhailovich Gundyayev
- **birth place**: Saint Petersburg, Leningrad, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia)
- **ordination**: 7 April 1969
- **consecration**: 14 March 1976
- **consecrated by**: Nikodim (Rotov)
- **signature**: Patriarch Kirill signature.svg
- **coat of arms**: Monogram Patriarchy Moskiewskiego i całej Rusi, Cyryla..svg
Burr–Hamilton duel

The **Burr–Hamilton duel** was a duel fought between two well-known American politicians. It was between the former secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton and sitting vice president Aaron Burr. It took place on July 11, 1804. The duel was caused by a long and bitter rivalry between the two men. At Weehawken, in New Jersey, Burr shot and wounded Hamilton. Hamilton was carried to the home of William Bayard on the Manhattan shore, where he died the next day. The duel ended Burr's political career.
Girls (TV series)

***Girls*** is an American comedy drama television series. The show ran on HBO from April 15, 2012 to April 16, 2017. It was created by Lena Dunham, who plays Hannah.

The show is about the lives of four young women living in Brooklyn, New York City.

## Awards won

|Year|Award|Category|Nominee(s)|Result|Notes|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|2012|64th Primetime Emmy Awards|Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series|Jennifer Euston||||
|65th Writers Guild of America Awards|New Series|Series writers||||||
||Peabody Award|Area of Excellence|_Girls_|||||
|rowspan="5"|2013|rowspan="2"|70th Golden Globe Awards|Best Television Series – Comedy or Musical|_Girls_|||
|Best Performance by an Actress in a Television Series – Comedy or Musical|Lena Dunham|||||||
|65th Directors Guild of America Awards|Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series|Lena Dunham||Episode: "Pilot"||||
|Art Directors Guild Awards|Episode of a Half Hour Single-Camera Television Series|Judy Becker||Episode: "Pilot"||||
|British Academy Television Awards|International Prize|_Girls_||||||
Brachial plexus

The **brachial plexus** is a group of nerves. It runs from the vertebral column to the arm.

## Structure

The brachial plexus is divided into five _roots_, three _trunks_, six _divisions_, three _cords_, and five _branches_.

### Roots

The five **roots** come out of the spinal cord. They are each named after the part of the spinal cord they come out of: C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.

### Trunks

These roots join to form three **trunks**:
- "upper" (C5-C6)
- "middle" (C7)
- "lower" (C8-T1)

### Divisions

Each trunk then splits into two **divisions**:
- anterior (front) divisions of the upper, middle, and lower trunks
- posterior (back) divisions of the upper, middle, and lower trunks

### Cords

These six divisions join up again to become the three **cords**.
- The _posterior cord_ is formed from the three posterior divisions of the trunks (C5-C8,T1)
- The _lateral cord_ is formed from the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks (C5-C7)
- The _medial cord_ is simply a continuation of the anterior division of the lower trunk (C8,T1)

### Nerves

The nerves that come out of the brachial plexus include:
- Radial nerve
- Axillary nerve
- Musculocutaneous nerve
- Median nerve
- Ulnar nerve

## Related pages

- Brachial artery
Triangle Marsh

**Triangle Marsh** is a wetland in the San Francisco Bay area. It is at the base of Ring Mountain at the north end of the Tiburon Peninsula in Marin County, California.

## Other websites

- C. Michael Hogan (2008) _Ring Mountain_, The Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham
- Marin Audubon Society Restoration Page
University of Tromsø

**University of Tromsø** (UiT, _"The arctic university of Norway"_) is a university in Norway. The main campus is in Tromsø. It also has campuses in Alta, Hammerfest, Harstad and Narvik. The main campus is located north on the Tromsø island in Troms county.

The university was founded in 1971 by the Norwegian government. It has had four mergers since then:
- with Tromsø University College in 2009
- with Finnmark University College in 2013
- with Harstad University College in 2016
- with Narvik University College in 2016

When UiT merged with Tromsø University College it became the oldest school in Norway. Tromsø University College was founded on 7 February 1826. It was then called Trondenes seminar.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: The University of Tromsø - The arctic university of Norway
- **former name**: University of Tromsø
- **native name**: UiT Norges arktiske universitet
- **other names**: UiT, UiT The arctic university of Norway
- **established**: 1968
- **endowment**: Norwegian krone, kr2.9 billion
- **rector**: Dr. Anne Husebekk
- **pro rector**: Kenneth Ruud
- **director**: Lasse Lønnum
- **city**: Tromsø, Alta, Harstad, Narvik and Hammerfest
- **country**: Norway
- **students**: 14,551
- **affiliations**: University of the Arctic, Uarctic
- **website**: [https://en.uit.no/startsida/ uit.no]
Juramaia

***Juramaia*** is the earliest known eutherian mammal. It is a small shrew-like mammal of body length about 70100 mm. It is an extinct genus  from the Upper Jurassic deposits of western Liaoning, China.

A nearly complete skeleton, with an incomplete skull with full dentition was found. It was collected in the Daxigou site, Jianchang, from the Tiaojishan Formation. It is dated at about 160 million years ago.

The discovery of _Juramaia_ provides new insight into the evolution of eutherian mammals. It shows their lineage diverged from that of the marsupials 35 million years earlier than previously thought.  Furthermore, its discovery fills gaps in the fossil record and helps to calibrate modern, DNA-based methods of dating the evolution.

The forelimb bones have climbing adaptations, so it is suggested  that the basal stock of Eutheria was arboreal.

## Related pages

- _Eomaia_
- _Sinodelphys_
Nishagandhi Puraskaram

**Nishagandhi Puraskaram** () is an award given out by the government of Kerala in India. It is given out every year by the Tourism department. It is awarded to artists in the fields of dance and music.

The award comes with 1,50,000 rupees, a citation and a statuette. It is awarded as  part of the Nishagandhi Dance and Music Festival, which is held in January every year. This is a cultural annual programme of the Tourism department of Kerala. The award ceremony takes place at the Nishagandhi theatre in the Kanakakkunnu Palace ground in Trivandrum, the capital city of Kerala. The award was introduced to make the festival more popular on a national and international level.

The Nishagandhi Puraskaram was first awarded to the classical dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai in 2013. Hindustani musician Lalith J Rao and Bharata Natyam artist Padma Subrahmanyam won the awards in the next years (2014 and 2015).  The most recent recipient of the award in 2016 is the music director Ilayaraja.

## Laureates

|width="4%"|Presented Year|width="7.5%"|Image|width="20%"|Winner|width="40%" class="unsortable"|Contributions|width="5%" class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2013||||Mrinalini Sarabhai||"for her excellence in Classical dance."||||
|2014||||Lalith J. Rao||"for the contributions in Hindustani Classical Music"||||
|2015||||Padma Subrahmanyam||"for her eminent contributions in Bharata Natyam"||||
|2016||||Ilaiyaraaja||"for his artistic excellence and contribution to the Indian film music industry"||||
|2017||||Bharati Shivaji||"for her contributions in Mohiniyattom"||||
|2018||||V. P. Dhananjayan & Shantha Dhananjayan||"for their contributions in Bharata Natyam"||||
|2019||||Kalamandalam Kshemavathy||"for her contributions in Mohiniyattam"||||
|2020||||C. V. Chandrasekhar||"for his contributions in Bharatanatyam"||||

## Infobox (award)

- **name**: Nishagandhi Puraskaram
- **subheader**: നിശാഗന്ധി പുരസ്കാരം
- **caption**: Official logo of the Government of Kerala
- **description**: Excellence in dance and music
- **location**: Trivandrum, Kerala
- **presenter**: Department of Tourism (Kerala), Kerala Tourism Department
- **reward**: , Citation & statuette
- **year**: 2013
- **year2**: 2016
- **winners**: *Mrinalini Sarabhai (2013)
*Ilayaraja (2016)
Vanity (singer)

**Denise Katrina Matthews**, also known as **Vanity** (January 4, 1959 – February 15, 2016), was a Canadian-American singer, songwriter, actress, dancer and model. She was the lead singer of the female trio Vanity 6 between 1981 until it disbanded in 1983. The group was well known for their 1982 hit song "Nasty Girl".

Vanity also had a successful acting career, starring in movies, including _Action Jackson_ and _The Last Dragon_.

In 1994, Vanity converted to Christianity.

Vanity was born in Niagara Falls, Ontario. She died of complications from peritoneal dialysis in a Fremont, California hospital. She was 57.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Vanity
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Denise Katrina Matthews
- **alias**: Denise Matthews–Smith,
D.D. Winters
- **birth place**: Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada
- **death place**: Fremont, California
United States
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **years active**: 1978–1997
Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

**The Seventh Amendment** (**Amendment VII**) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights. This amendment codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil cases. It also stops courts from overturning a jury's verdict. The Seventh Amendment's provision for jury trials in civil cases has never been incorporated (applied to the states). However, the rights to civil jury trials are found in nearly every state constitution.

The prohibition of overturning a jury's verdict applies to federal cases, state cases involving federal law, and to review of state cases by federal courts. _United States v. Wonson_ (1812) established the "historical test", which interpreted the amendment as relying on English common law to determine whether a jury trial was necessary in a civil lawsuit. The amendment thus does not guarantee trial by jury in cases under maritime law, in lawsuits against the government itself, and for many parts of patent claims. In all other cases, the jury can be waived by consent of the parties. The amendment also guarantees a minimum of six members for a jury in a civil trial.

## Background

The 7th Amendment was ratified on December 15, 1791 as one of ten amendments in the Bill of Rights. But the background for its passing began in England during the 12th century. At the time juries were made up of 12 men who gave their opinions in a trial. The 12-man jury originally included the accusers against the defendant, a supposed enemy of the king. Eventually this led to a system where the jury made a verdict based on evidence. The practice followed English colonists to the American colonies. But juries became a tool used to express American discontent with British rule. A series of Navigation Acts prohibited the American colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. As more and more trade restriction were imposed, the American colonists turned to smuggling. When smugglers were caught, they were brought before juries made up of other colonists. These sympathetic juries often acquitted their fellow colonists. The king, angered at these lawbreakers going free, created new courts that did not allow juries. This was a breach of common law practice and infringed on their rights as British citizens. After the American Revolutionary War, the Seventh Amendment was written to expressly limit the powers of the executive and the Judicial branches of the new federal government.
Eddie Barry

**Edward Thomas "Ed" Barry** (October 12, 1919 – February 12, 2016) was an American professional ice hockey player. Barry also played for the Boston Olympics of the Eastern Hockey League and the Boston Bruins, and later became the coach at Boston State College. He has been a member of the Northeastern University athletics Hall of Fame since 1976, and a member of the UMass Boston Hall of Fame since 2003.

Barry died on February 12, 2016 from complications of Alzheimer's disease. He was under hospice care in Needham, Massachusetts at the time. He was aged 96.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Eddie Barry
- **image**: Ed Barry 1940.png
- **image size**: 130px
- **caption**: Barry pictured c. 1940 at Northeastern University
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **played for**: Boston Bruins
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 180
- **birth place**: Wellesley, Massachusetts, Wellesley, Massachusetts, MA, US
- **death place**: Needham, Massachusetts, Needham, MA, US
- **career start**: 1941
- **career end**: 1950
Christopher Zeeman

**Sir Erik Christopher Zeeman** FRS (4 February 1925 – 13 February 2016), was a British mathematician. He was known for his work in geometric topology and singularity theory. Zeeman's main contributions to mathematics were in topology, particularly in knot theory, the piecewise linear category, and dynamical systems.

## Other websites

- Interview in _CIM Bulletin_ 2001
- Three references for further reading
- Bibliography
- Zeeman's Catastrophe Machine
    - Zeeman's Catastrophe Machine in Flash
    - AMS — The Catastrophe Machine
    - Doctor Zeeman's Original Catastrophe Machine
- "The Cusp of Catastrophe: René Thom, Christopher Zeeman and Denis Postle" in _Maps of the Mind_ Charles Hampden-Turner.  Collier Books, 1981.
- Mathematics into Pictures , Christopher Zeeman's 1978 Royal Institution Christmas Lectures

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Professor Sir Erik Christopher Zeeman
- **image**: Christopher Zeeman.jpeg
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Erik Christopher Zeeman in 1980, courtesy MFO
- **birth place**: Japan
- **death place**: Woodstock, Oxfordshire
- **citizenship**: British
- **field**: Mathematics
- **work institutions**: University of Cambridge
University of Warwick, England
University of Oxford, Oxford University, England
Gresham College, England
- **alma mater**: Christ's College, Cambridge
- **doctoral advisor**: Shaun Wylie
- **doctoral students**: Mark Anthony Armstrong
Peter Buneman
David Epstein (mathematician), David Epstein
John F. P. Hudson
Ray Lickorish
Anthony Manning (mathematician), Anthony Manning
Tim Poston
Colin Rourke
Jaroslav Stark
David Trotman
C. T. C. Wall, Terry Wall
and 18 others
- **known for**: Catastrophe theory
Geometric topology
Singularity theory
- **prizes**: Senior Whitehead Prize (1982)
Michael Faraday Prize, Faraday Medal (1988)
:Category:David Crighton medalists, David Crighton Medal (2006)
- **footnotes**: Fellow of the Royal Society
Arnold Rüütel

**Arnold Rüütel** <small>OIH</small> () (10 May 1928 – 31 December 2024) was an Estonian politician who was the 3rd President of Estonia from 2001 to 2006.

He served as the last Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR from April 8, 1983 to March 29, 1990, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR (from May 8, 1990: Supreme Council of the Republic of Estonia) from March 29, 1990 to October 6, 1992 and was the third President of the Republic of Estonia from October 8, 2001 to October 9, 2006.

He was the second President since Estonia regained independence in 1991. Rüütel also served as one of fifteen Deputy Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

Rüütel died on 31 December 2024 in Tallinn, Estonia at the age of 96.

## Other websites

- About Arnold Rüütel in _The President of the Republic of Estonia_ homepage
- Biography of Arnold Rüütel

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Arnold Rüütel
- **image**: Vabariigi President Arnold Rüütel.jpg
- **order**: President of Estonia
- **primeminister**: Mart Laar
Siim Kallas
Juhan Parts
Andrus Ansip
- **term start**: 8 October 2001
- **term end**: 9 October 2006
- **predecessor**: Lennart Meri
- **successor**: Toomas Hendrik Ilves
- **order2**: Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic, Chairman of the Supreme Council of Estonia
- **primeminister2**: Edgar Savisaar
Tiit Vähi
- **term start2**: 29 March 1990
- **term end2**: 5 October 1992

- **predecessor2**: Enn-Arno Sillari
- **successor2**: Lennart Meri
- **order3**: Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic
- **1blankname3**: First Secretary
- **1namedata3**: Karl Vaino
Vaino Väljas
- **primeminister3**: Valter Klauson
Bruno Saul
Indrek Toome
- **term start3**: 8 April 1983
- **term end3**: 29 March 1990
- **predecessor3**: Johannes Käbin
- **successor3**: Himself
- **birth place**: Pahavalla, Estonia
- **death place**: Tallinn, Estonia
- **party**: Conservative People's Party of Estonia, Conservative People's Party
- **otherparty**: Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party
People's Union of Estonia, People's Union
Independent politician, Independent
- **spouse**: Ingrid Rüütel
- **children**: 2
- **signature**: Signature of Arnold Rüütel.png
Zhu Rongji

**Zhu Rongji** (; born 1 October 1928) is a Chinese politician. He served as Mayor and Party chief in Shanghai between 1987 and 1991. He then served as Vice Premier and then fifth Premier of the People's Republic of China from March 1998 to March 2003.

## Other websites

- Profile  at China Vitae

## Infobox (chinese)

- **child**: yes
- **p**: Zhū Róngjī
- **w**: Chu Jung-chi
- **poj**: Chu Iûⁿ-ki
- **order**: st


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Zhu Rongji
- **image**: Zhu Rongji.jpg
- **caption**: Zhu Rongji in 1986
- **order**: Premier of the People's Republic of China
- **term start**: March 17, 1998
- **term end**: March 16, 2003
- **president**: Jiang Zemin
- **vicepremier**: Li Lanqing
Qian Qichen
Wu Bangguo
Wen Jiabao
- **predecessor**: Li Peng
- **successor**: Wen Jiabao
- **order1**: 6th First-ranking Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China
- **premier1**: Li Peng
- **term start1**: March 29, 1993
- **term end1**: March 17, 1998
- **predecessor1**: Yao Yilin
- **successor1**: Li Lanqing
- **order2**: Member of the 14, 15th CPC Politburo Standing Committee
- **term start2**: 19 October 1992
- **term end2**: November 15, 2002
- **1blankname2**: General Secretary
- **1namedata2**: Jiang Zemin
- **order3**: 9th Governor of the People's Bank of China
- **term start3**: July 1993
- **term end3**: June 1995
- **predecessor3**: Li Guixian
- **successor3**: Dai Xianglong
- **birth place**: Changsha, Hunan, China
- **party**: Communist Party of China
- **spouse**: Lao An
- **children**: Zhu Yunlai (son)
Zhu Yanlai (daughter)
- **alma mater**: Tsinghua University
- **profession**: Electrical Engineering, Electrical engineer