juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Iberian lynx

The **Iberian lynx** (_Lynx pardinus_) is a feline. It is similar to other versions of the genus _Lynx_. The Iberian lynx has almost no threats except man, but it is almost extinct. It is the most endangered cat species in the world.

Iberian lynx hunt rabbits. One of the strategies aimed at saving the species is to change the use of land in such a way that it becomes more attractive to rabbits, which can then be hunted by the lynx. This strategy also benefits other endangered species, such as the Spanish imperial eagle.

In 2014, the Iberian lynx is treated as a species inside the famly of lynx by many biologists, mainly because of its independent development on the Iberian peninsula. This has not always been the case: Beforehand, it was seen as a subspecies of the Eurasian Lynx.

In June 2024, the International Union for Conservation of Nature announced that the Iberian lynx had moved from endangered to vulnerable status for the first time since 1986, after the 2023 census showed a population of 2,021 specimens.

## Breeding programs

In 2002, the Jerez Zoo confirmed it had three females and was developing a plan for a captive breeding program. One of those females was Saliega, captured as a cub in April 2002. She became the first Iberian lynx to breed in captivity, giving birth to three healthy kittens on March 29, 2005 at the El Acebuche Breeding Center, in the Doñana Nature Park in Huelva, Spain. Over the following years, the number of births grew and additional breeding centers were opened. In March 2009, it was reported that 27 cubs had been born since the beginning of the program. In 2009, the Spanish government planned to build a €5.5 million breeding center in Zarza de Granadilla. Portugal established a breeding center in Silves.

There were 14 surviving cubs in 2008 and 15 in 2009. In 2010, intense rain and health issues resulted in lower reproductive success—14 born, 8 surviving—but the next year, breeding centers recorded 45 births with 26 surviving kittens. In 2012, breeding centers in Portugal and Spain reported a total of 44 survivors from 59 births, while 2013 saw a total of 44 survivors out of 53 born.

In March 2013, it was reported that Iberian lynx embryos and oocytes had been collected and preserved for the first time. They were collected from Saliega and another female—both sterilized and retired from the breeding program—by Berlin's Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research and stored in liquid nitrogen at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (CSIC) for possible future breeding.
Suzy Bogguss

**Susan Kay "Suzy" Bogguss** (born December 30, 1956 in Illinois), is an American country and folk singer and musician. She was popular in the 1980s and 1990s. During that time she had one platinum record, three gold records and six top ten songs. She last appeared on _Billboard_ Hot Country Singles Chart around 2001. She has continued to record albums and songs in the country and rock areas.

At the 1992 Country Music Association Awards, Bogguss won the Horizon Award.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Suzy Bogguss
- **image**: SuzyBogguss wiki.jpg
- **caption**: Suzy Bogguss at Aledo, IL Rhubarb Festival Concert on June 6th, 2009
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Susan Kay Bogguss
- **origin**: Aledo, Illinois, USA
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, Acoustic guitar, Piano
- **genre**: Country music, Country, Folk music, Folk
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1977–present
- **label**: Capitol Records, Capitol
Liberty Records, Liberty
Platinum
 Compadre Records, Compadre
- **associated acts**: Lee Greenwood
Matraca Berg
Gretchen Peters Kathy Mattea Patty Loveless Pam Tillis Reba McEntire Billy Dean
- **website**: [http://www.suzybogguss.com/ Suzy Bogguss Official Site]
Vivica A. Fox

**Vivica Anjanetta Fox** (born July 30, 1964 in South Bend, Indiana) is an American movie actress, television producer and model.

Fox' breakthrough came in 1996, with roles in two box-office hit films, Roland Emmerich's _Independence Day_ and F. Gary Gray's  _Set It Off_. She later starred in films _Booty Call_ (1997), _Soul Food_ (1997), _Why Do Fools Fall in Love_ (1998), _Kingdom Come_ (2001), _Two Can Play That Game_ (2001), and _Boat Trip_ (2002). Fox played Vernita Green in_ Kill Bill_, and played supporting parts in films like _Ella Enchanted_ (2004).

Fox has appeared in numerous television shows, including Empire and CBS's The Young and the Restless.
Stardust (song)

"**Stardust**" is an American popular song It was composed in 1927 by Hoagy Carmichael. In 1929, Mitchell Parish added lyrics. At first, the song was called "Star Dust". Carmichael was the first person to record the song. He recorded it at the Gennett Records studio in Richmond, Indiana. The song is "a song about a song about love".

Many musicians recorded this song.  Artie Shaw recorded it with his big band.

## Other websites

- Stardust on _Sold on Song_ (BBC)
Andalién River

The **Andalién River** is a river in the province of Concepción in Chile. It crosses part of the communes of Concepción, Talcahuano and Penco, ending at the Bay of Concepción. The total length of the river is 130 km with a basin area of 780 km² and the average discharge is 10–300 m³/s.

## Sources

- Cade Idepe, 2004. _Diagnóstico y Clasificación de los Cursos y Cuerpos de Agua según objetivos de calidad. Cuenca del Río Andalién_. Dirección General de Aguas. MOP. Diciembre de 2004. Santiago. Chile.
- Francisco Solano Asta-Buruaga y Cienfuegos, Diccionario geográfico de la República de Chile, D. Appleton y Compania, Nueva York, 1899 pg. 31-32

## Related pages

- List of rivers of Chile
Howard Dean

**Howard Brush Dean III** (born November 17, 1948) is a Democratic Party member.

He held office with the Democratic National Committee from 2005 to 2009. Before that, he was Governor of Vermont (1991 to 2003). Dean ran, without success, for United States President during 2004. However, the "Dean Scream", which happened during a campaign rally, ruined his chances.
Mike Kellogg

**Michael "Mike" Kellogg** (September 27, 1941 – June 25, 2023) was a senior announcer with Moody Radio and host for _Music Through the Night_.

## Early life

Kellogg was born in Cedarville, Ohio. He was later educated at Cedarville College in Cedarville, Ohio. Kellogg moved to Chicago, Illinois.

## Career

Kellogg first wanted to be a writer who later got a job for a newspaper company at a young age, and was later writing for the broadcasting company in Chicago. Kellogg began his career in the late 1980s when _Music Through the Night_ was also created. In late 1982 Kellogg was hired to be host of _Music Through the Night_. Kellogg now speaks to the late-night listener, presenting a relaxed yet relaxed direct message of the fullness of a life of religion. Besides _Music Through the Night_, Kellogg can also be heard in a two minute radio program _Today in the World_.

### Awards

In 1980, Kellogg was given the Religion in Media Award for his dramatic role in the radio for _Treasures in the Snow_.

## Personal life

He was married to Nancy Kellogg whom he had six children, and ten grandchildren. Kellogg lived in Valparaiso, Indiana. Kellogg is an educator of religion.

Kellogg died in Valparaiso on June 25, 2023, at the age of 81.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mike Kellogg
- **image**: Mike Kellogg 2017 (cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Michael Kellogg
- **birth place**: Cedarville, Ohio, Cedarville, Ohio, U.S.
- **death place**: Valparaiso, Indiana, Valparaiso, Indiana, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Announcer, writer, teacher
- **alma mater**: Cedarville College
- **years active**: 1960s – 2014
- **spouse**: Nancy Kellogg
- **children**: 6
Theresa Russell

**Theresa Russell** (born March 20, 1957 in San Diego) is an American actress. She has done many movies. Some of the better-known ones are _The Last Tycoon_ (1976), _Black Widow_ (1987) and _Spider-Man 3_ (2007).

Russell was married to British movie director Nicolas Roeg (born 1928) from 1982 until they divorced.
Crystal Bernard

**Crystal Bernard** (born September 30, 1961) is an American sitcom actress. She also does other television acting. She is best known for her role in the NBC sitcom _Wings_.
Blue Chips

***Blue Chips*** is a 1994 sports drama movie about basketball. It stars Nick Nolte and Shaquille O'Neal. Nolte plays a basketball coach whose by-the-book recruitment methods run afoul of substandard school officials. O'Neal plays Neon Bodeau, an innocent basketball player.
Michael Michele

**Michael Michele** (born August 30, 1966 near Evansville, Indiana) is an American television and movie actress. She played Selina in the 1991 movie _New Jack City_. She acted in the medical drama _ER_ and in _Gossip Girl_.
Cassius Dio

**Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus** (, c. AD 150 – 235), known in English as **Cassius Dio**, **Dio Cassius**, or **Dio**  (Dione. lib) was a Roman consul. He was active as a historian writing in Greek.  Dio published a history of Rome in 80 volumes, beginning with the legendary arrival of Aeneas in Italy through the subsequent founding of Rome (753 BC), the formation of the Republic (509 BC), and the creation of the Empire (31 BC), up to AD 229; a period of about 1,400 years.  Of the 80 books, written over 22 years, many survive into the modern age intact or as fragments. Modern scholars still use them to get a detailed understanding of Ancient Roman history.
Sharon Lawrence

**Sharon Lawrence** (born June 29, 1961) is an American actress who became notable when she starred in _NYPD Blue_. She also acted in other programs.
Lismore, New South Wales

**Lismore** is a town in northeastern New South Wales, Australia and is in the Aboriginal Bundjalung Nation. It is on the Bruxner Highway, and the state capital city of New South Wales, Sydney is  to the south by highway. The state capital city of Queensland is  north.

Southern Cross University is based in Lismore, so there are a lot of students from around the state and country. There are six high schools and three primary schools as well a school which has students from Kindergarten all the way through to Year 12.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Lismore
- **state**: nsw
- **image**: Lismore-NSW-Australia-Aerial-View-2.jpg
- **caption**: Lismore from helicopter, overlooking the Bruxner Highway and Lismore CBD
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pop**: 27569
- **pop year**: 2016
- **established**: 1856
- **postcode**: 2480
- **elevation**: 12
- **dist1**: 734
- **dir1**: NNE
- **location1**: Sydney
- **dist2**: 200
- **dir2**: S
- **location2**: Brisbane
- **dist3**: 46
- **dir3**: SW
- **location3**: Byron Bay, New South Wales, Byron Bay
- **lga**: City of Lismore
- **county**: Rous County, New South Wales, Rous
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Lismore, Lismore
- **fedgov**: Division of Page, Page
- **maxtemp**: 25.5
- **mintemp**: 13.2
- **rainfall**: 1343.0
Michael Roark

**Michael Sean Roark** (born May 9, 1983) is an American actor and lawyer.

### Film

|Year|Title|Role|scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2006|_Nightmares from the Mind of Poe_|Richard|||
|2011|_Retrospective_|Ronnie Meridian|||
|2011|_Party Girl_|Party guest|||
|2011|_Psyche_|Devlin|||
|2011|_Privileged_|Bodyguard 2|||
|2011|_Dolphin Tale_|Donovan Peck|||
|2012|_Thursday_|Chase|||
|2012|_Magic Mike_|Ryan|||
|2019|Bennett's War|Marshall Bennet|||
|2020|_Roped_|Vince Lockwood|||
|2024|_Wallbanger_|Colton Donavan|Cameo||
|2025|_Love, Danielle_|Pat|||

### TV shows

|Year|Title|Role|scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2010|_Drop Dead Diva_|Joe Bray|||
|2010|_The Glades_|Justin Brussard|||
|2010-11|_The Vampire Diaries_|Cowboy/Frank|2 episodes||
|2012|_The Following_|Detective Warren|1 episode||
|2012|Rizzoli & Isles|Paramedic|season 3 episode 15||
|2012|_Magic City_|Young Attorney|1 episode||
|2016|''Beauty and the Beast|Kyle Johnson|7 episodes||
|2021-22|_Driven_|Colton Donavan|10 episodes||
|2025-current|Black Dagger Brotherhood|Butch|Recurring Role||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Michael Roark
- **birth name**: Michael Sean Roark
- **birth place**: Schaumburg, Illinois
- **occupation**: Actor, Lawyer
- **yearsactive**: 2006-present
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1

**Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1** is a Soviet fighter aircraft. It first entered into the Soviet Air Force in 1941.
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3

**Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3** is a Soviet fighter aircraft. It first entered into the Soviet Air Force in 1941.
Mikoyan-Gurevich DIS

**Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG DIS** is a Soviet fighter aircraft. Two prototypes were made and the program was cancelled.
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9

**MiG-9 Fargo** is a Soviet fighter aircraft. It first entered into the Soviet Air Force in 1946.
Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23

**MiG-23 Flogger** is a Soviet interceptor-fighter aircraft. It first entered the Soviet Air Force in 1970. This is the first MiG that has variable geometry swing-wings, meaning that you can control the wings to be at a certain angle. The MiG-23 was a replacement for the MiG-21. It was used by Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War, the Kuwait Invasion, and the Gulf War. Today, it is still used, but not as much as other modern jets.
Mikoyan MiG-27

**MiG-27 Flogger** is a Soviet ground-attack aircraft. It first entered the Soviet Air Force in 1975.  This plane's design is similar to the MiG-23.

The MiG-27 was mostly used in the Soviet Union and it successor states. The Indian Air Force used the aircraft from 1984-2019 under a technology transfer agreement with the Soviet Union.

Today, the Kazakh Air Force is the only remaining user of the MiG-27.
Mikoyan MiG-31

**MiG-31 Foxhound** is a Soviet/Russian interceptor aircraft. It first entered into the Soviet Air Force in 1982.

## External Video

- Russian Interceptor aircraft 『MiG-31 (NATO reporting name: Foxhound)』Official Video
    - - on RT Documentary Official YouTube Channel
Sukhoi Su-35

**Sukhoi Su-35** is a Russian fighter aircraft. It first entered the Russian Air Force in 2010.
Mule deer

The **mule deer** (_Odocileus hemionus_) is a species of deer. They are sometimes called **black-tailed deer**. They live in western North America. Their name was given to them because of their mule-like ears. There are many subspecies, including the black-tailed deer. Unlike the white-tailed deer, mule deer lives on land west of the Missouri River. They also live in the Rocky Mountains region of North America. Mule deer have been introduced to Argentina.

The mule deer's favorite food is new plants that grow in the spring.  They eat a large number of their yearly calories during spring feeding.  Because spring comes later in colder places, the mule deer move from warmer to colder places so they spend the most where there are spring plants to eat.  Scientists call this "green wave surfing." According to scientists from the University of Wyoming, by migrating, mule deer can eat spring plants for 120 days in a year with lots of rain and 60 days in a year with very little rain.  The deer are very good at figuring out where the spring growth will be and when it will be there, even when it is different from the last year.  The scientists also say that climate change is putting the deer in danger by causing more years with very little rain.

## Other websites

- Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History species account-Mule Deer
- Video of Arizona Mule Deer
Haitian Creole

**Haitian Creole** is a type of Creole language spoken by about 13 million people, mostly Haitians and the Haitian diaspora. Most of its vocabulary is derived from French. This language is called **Kreyòl Ayisien** by those who speak it.

## Origins

The language started in Haiti by contact between the white colonizers, who spoke French, and the black people they enslaved, who spoke African languages. The African influences in Haitian Creole can be noticed in the sound, syntax, and vocabulary.

In Haiti, the upper classes have often disrespected Haitian Creole even though they speak it, but the language has recently started to become more accepted. There are more books in Haitian Creole, and it was finally acknowledged in Haiti's constitution in 1987.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Haitian Creole
- **states**: Haiti
- **ethnicity**: Haitians
- **speakers**: Over 10 million
- **familycolor**: Creole
- **fam1**: French-based creole languages, French Creole
- **script**: Latin script, Latin (Haitian Creole alphabet)
- **agency**: Akademi Kreyòl Ayisyen (Haitian Creole Academy)
- **iso1**: ht
- **iso2**: hat
- **iso3**: hat
- **glotto**: hait1244
- **glottoname**: Haitian
- **lingua**: 51-AAC-cb
- **ietf**: ht
- **notice**: IPA
Mountain goat

The **mountain goat** (_Oreamnos americanus_) is a species of goats. They are also known as the **Rocky Mountain goat**. They live in North America. They are part of the genus _Oreamnos_. They like to live on high elevations. Mountain goats are great at climbing, and will rest on rocky cliffs. They do this so predators cannot get them.

The mountain goat wanders the mountains alone, and meets only to mate. It eats grasses, lichens, and leaves. It is 3–4 ft. at the shoulder (90-120 centimeters.) The mother mountain goat is called a nanny, and the male is called a billy, the baby is called a kid.

Their thick undercoat, and long white overcoat, protects them from blustery wind, and harsh weather that often occurs in their mountainous habitat. Both male and female have short, strong, legs that have large black hooves on the end. The billy had long slender horns that measure approximately 1 foot. The nannies have slightly longer horns. The female uses her horns to defend her young. She will often dominate the territory, and the male will leave her alone.

The female mountain goat, or nanny, becomes pregnant in November, the only month they are together, and gives birth to her kid six months, or half a year, later. The nanny will protect her young for a while and eventually the kid will leave his mother. He will most likely not know his father. They are alone for most of the year except for November which is the mating month.

## References

Raedeke, Kenneth J. "Mountain goat." World Book Advanced. World Book, 2012.Web. 20 Dec. 2012.

## Other websites

- A.W.F. Banfield (1974). _The Mammals of Canada_. University of Toronto Press.
- D. Chadwick (1983). A Beast the Color of Winter – The Mountain Goat Observed. Sierra Club Books. San Francisco. 208 p.
- Loyal J. Johnson (1994) Alaska Department of Fish & Game
- US Forest Service – Mountain Goats
Bighorn sheep

The **bighorn sheep** (_Ovis canadensis_) is a species of sheep that lives in the western half of North America. Their name comes from their large horns. Their horns can weigh up to 30 pounds (14 kg). However, the sheep themselves weigh up to 300 pounds (140 kg).

Genetic testing showed that there are three subspecies of bighorn sheep:
- Sierra Nevada bighorn (_O. c. sierrae_) (endangered)
- Desert bighorn (_O. c. nelsoni_)
- Rocky Mountain bighorn (_O. c. canadensis_)
- _Ovis canadensis auduboni_ (extinct)

## Appearance

Adult male bighorn sheep can weigh 350 lbs (159 kg) and stand 40 inches (102 cm) tall at the shoulder.  Adult female sheep are as heavy as 250 lbs (113 kg).  They are grayish brown to dark brown in color with white faces and rear ends.  This makes them difficult to see when the ground is part snow and part grass.

Their hooves are rough on the bottom.  This allows the sheep to climb, walk, and jump in steep, rocky places.

All bighorn sheep have horns.  They stay on their heads their whole lives.  They do not fall off the way antlers do.  Male bighorn sheep have large, curved horns that curl around their faces.  Female bighorn sheep have shorter horns with sharp points.

## Behavior

Bighorn sheep live in herds.  Male sheep live in herds with only other adult males.  These are called bachelor herds.  Female sheep live in herds with other adult females and lambs.  When male sheep are two years old, they leave their mother's herd and find a bachelor herd.

Bighorn sheep eat many kinds of plants.  They have four-part stomachs.  They feed on plants in lowlands and then go back to the rocks, where they can chew their cud and digest the food. Desert sheep can eat cacti.

When it is time for the sheep to mate, the adult male rams run toward each other and hit each other with their horns.  This makes a loud noise.  The rams' skulls are thick and strong.

Bighorn sheep live up to 14 years.

## Predators

Golden eagles, mountain lions, bears, Canada lynxes, and coyotes eat bighorn sheep. Bighorns can also die when lungworm parasites give them pneumonia.

## History

The bighorn sheep came from Siberia. They crossed to North America over the Bering land bridge. The population grew in the millions.

Native Americans used bighorn sheep for food and made things out of their skins. It became part of the mythology of many groups of Native Americans.

By 1900, the population got smaller to several thousands. Almost all the bighorn sheep in the Rocky Mountains died in the 1800s and early 1900s.  Hunters killed them for meat and horns.  Bighorn sheep caught diseases from ranch sheep. Many organizations, including the Boy Scouts of America, have helped increase the population.

## Other websites

- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile
- Greater Yellowstone Resource Guide - Bighorn Sheep
- Desert Bighorn Sheep Facts  California Department of Fish and Game
Julie Brown

**Julie Ann Brown** (born August 31, 1958) is a comedian and movie actress who often parodies other celebrities. Celebrities included (though not limited to) skater Nancy Kerrigan, singer Madonna and more in her comedy movies. She was especially popular between the mid 1980s until around the early 2000s.

Brown is known for her popular parody song "Homecoming Queen's Got a Gun".
Bristol Airport

**Bristol Airport**  is the commercial airport for the city of Bristol, England, and the area around it. It is in Lulsgate Bottom in North Somerset. It opened as Bristol (Lulsgate) Airport in 1955, from March 1997 to March 2010 it became known as Bristol International Airport. In 2003, the airport drew 45% of its passengers from the former county of Avon area, 13% from Devon, 10% from Somerset. It also has bases for Easyjet and Ryanair. In 2011, it was the ninth busiest airport in the United Kingdom, with 5,780,746 passengers, a 0.6 percent  rise compared with 2010.

In March 2010, the airport was given the name Bristol Airport.

The airport specialises in package trips to Spain and other Mediterranean destinations. It has no flights to the London airports, or Manchester Airport or Birmingham Airport. Its passengers come from Scotland, Ireland, and the North East of England. The airport does serve general aviation such as private and business planes.
Forth

**Forth** (sometimes written **FORTH**) is a stack-based programming language best known for its use of Reverse Polish notation which greatly simplified the compiler as it required no precedence analysis component.

It was developed by Charles H. Moore in 1969.  Forth uses a two component system, an operating system to run the programs, and an editor to write them. Like most other high-level languages, FORTH can produce highly-efficient code.

## Other websites

- Forth Interest Group
Summer in the City

"**Summer in the City**" is a very popular song about summer. It was by The Lovin' Spoonful. Many other musicians have covered the song. It was released in 1966, at which time it hit #1 across the charts of _Billboard_ Hot 100. The instrumental bridge of the song features car honking, starting with a Volkswagen Beetle horn and then ending with jackhammer sounds. These sounds were included to represent what summer in the city sounds like. The song was featured in several movies.
Cruel Summer

**"Cruel Summer"** is a popular song by Bananarama. It was released in 1984 in the United States. It charted higher around the United Kingdom after being released there one year before. The song is about sadness during the summer and wanting to be close to another person. Fourteen years after it came out, Ace of Base did an updated version of this classic.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Cruel Summer
- **caption**: Picture sleeve for European and Australasian 7-inch releases
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Bananarama
- **album**: Bananarama (album), Bananarama
- **b-side**: Cairo
- **released**: 27 June 1983
- **recorded**: April 1983
- **label**: London Records, London
- **producer**: Jolley & Swain
- **prev title**: Na Na Hey Hey Kiss Him Goodbye
- **prev year**: 1983
- **next title**: Robert De Niro's Waiting...
- **next year**: 1984
Teddy Riley

**Edward Theodore "Teddy" Riley** (born October 8, 1967) is a Grammy Award winning, American singer-songwriter, musician, keyboardist, and record producer. He is credited with the creation of the New Jack Swing. The musicians with whom Riley has been connected include Michael Jackson, Keith Sweat, and Mike Posner.

## Career

Riley started a band called Guy with Aaron Hall and Timmy Gatling in 1987. They have released three albums. In 1994 Riley started another band called Blackstreet. They have released four albums. Riley co-produced half of Michael Jackson's 1991 album _Dangerous_. It is the best-selling new jack swing album ever released.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: 90's Block Party Tour.jpg
- **name**: Teddy Riley
- **caption**: Block Party Tour, 1990s
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Harlem, New York (state), New York
United States
- **years active**: 1984–present
Emma Thomas

**Dame Emma Thomas, Lady Nolan**   (born 9 December 1971) is an English movie producer. She is known for producing movies like _The Prestige_, _Batman Begins_, _The Dark Knight_, _Inception_, and _The Dark Knight Rises_, in which all movies are directed by her husband Christopher Nolan. She also produced the 2013 movie _Man of Steel_. She won an Academy Award in 2024 when the movie she produced, _Oppenheimer_ won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

## Personal life

Born in London, England, she was educated at University College London where she meet her husband Christopher Nolan. Her career began in 1997 and has produced almost all of Nolan's films. Thomas married Nolan in 1997. They have four children. They currently live in London, England and Los Angeles, California.

## Filmography

**Producer**
- _Following_ (1998)
- _Memento_ (2000)
- _Insomnia_ (2002)
- _Batman Begins_ (2005)
- _The Prestige_ (2006)
- _The Dark Knight_ (2008)
- _Inception_ (2010)
- _The Dark Knight Rises_ (2012)
- _Man of Steel_ (2013)
- _Interstellar_ (2014)
- _Dunkirk_ (2017)
- _Tenet_ (2020)
- _Oppenheimer_ (2023)
- _The Odyssey_ (2026)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Emma Thomas
- **honorific prefix**: Dame
- **image**: Emma Thomas 2.jpg
- **caption**: Thomas in 2011
- **birth place**: London, England
- **alma mater**: University College London
- **occupation**: Film producer
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **title**: Co-founder of Syncopy Inc.
- **children**: 4
Sade

**Sade** (Helen Folasade Adu, OBE, born 16 January 1959) is a British-Nigerian singer-songwriter who has many hit songs. Among them are _No Ordinary Love_, _The Sweetest Taboo_ and _Paradise_, all of them getting high marks on United States music charts.

Sade was born  in Nigeria to an English mother and Nigerian father. She moved to Essex at age four. In 2002, Adu was awarded an OBE for services to music, and stated her award was "a great gesture to me and all black women in England".
Henry Cavill

**Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill** (born May 5, 1983) is an English movie, voice, and television actor. He is known for playing Superman in the DC Extended Universe, beginning in _Man of Steel_ (2013).

## Early life

Cavill was born on 5 May 1983. He was the fourth of five boys in a Roman Catholic family in Saint Helier, Jersey, in the Channel Islands.[2] His Jersey-born mother, Marianne Dalgliesh, is of Scottish, English and Irish heritage and worked as a secretary in a bank.[3] His father, Colin Cavill, was born in Chester, England and is a former stockbroker.[3][4]

He was educated at St Michael's Preparatory School in Saint Saviour, Jersey, before attending Stowe School in Stowe, Buckinghamshire.[5]

## Career

Cavill has appeared in the movies _The Count of Monte Cristo_, _Stardust_, and _Immortals_. He also played the role of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, on the Showtime series _The Tudors_, from 2007 until 2010.

He played Superman in Zach Snyder's 2013 movie _Man of Steel_, _Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice_, _Justice League_ and _Zack Snyder's Justice League_.

Cavill is currently a Major frontrunner for both the role of James Bond and Aslan for Netflix's Narnia.

## Filmography and television

- _Laguna_ (2001)
- _The Count of Monte Cristo_ (2002)
- _The Inspector Lynley Mysteries_ (2002)
- _Goodbye, Mr. Chips_ (2002)
- _Midsomer Murders_ (2003)
- _I Capture the Castle_ (2003)
- _Hellraiser: Hellworld_ (2005)
- _Tristan and Islode_ (2006)
- _Red Riding Hood_ (2007)
- _Stardust_ (2007)
- _The Tudors_ (2007 – 2010)
- _Blood Creek_ (2009)
- _Whatever Works_ (2009)
- _Immortals_ (2011)
- _The Cold Light of Day_ (2012)
- _Man of Steel_ (2013)
- _Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice_ (2016)
- _Justice League_ (2017)
- _Zack Snyder's Justice League_ (2021)
- _Mission: Impossible – Fallout_ (2021)
- Enola Holmes (2020)
- Enola Holmes 2 (2022)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Henry Cavill
- **image**: Henry Cavill by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Cavill at the 2015 San Diego Comic Con International
- **birth name**: Henry Cavill
- **birth place**: Jersey, UK
- **nationality**: English
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 2001 - present
Michael Shannon

**Michael Corbett Shannon** (born August 7, 1974 in Lexington, Kentucky) is an American actor. He is a two-time Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nominee for his roles in _Revolutionary Road_ and _Nocturnal Animals_. He was a regular on the HBO series _Boardwalk Empire_, playing Agent Nelson Van Alden. Shannon played General Zod in Zack Snyder's 2013 movie _Man of Steel_ and will play the role again in _The Flash_. He plays Colonel Richard Strickland in _The Shape of Water_. He also played Walt Thrombey in the crime comedy movie _Knives Out_.

## Personal life

Shannon was born in Lexington, Kentucky on August 7, 1974 to Donald S. Shannon and to Geraldine Hine. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. His career began in 1993 in the movie _Groundhog Day_.

Shannon married Kate Arrington in 2018. They have two daughters.

## Some movies he was in

- _Groundhog Day_ (1993)
- _Jesus' Son_ (1999)
- _Tigerland_ (2000)
- _Vanilla Sky_ (2001)
- _Bad Boys II_ (2003)
- _Kangaroo Jack_ (2003)
- _Dead Birds_ (2004)
- _The Woodsman_ (2004)
- _World Trade Center_ (2006)
- _Bug_ (2006)
- _Before the Devil Knows You're Dead_ (2007)
- _My Son, My Son, What Have You Done_ (2009)
- _The Runaways_ (2010)
- _13_ (2010)
- _Jonah Hex_ (2010)
- _Machine Gun Preacher_ (2011)
- _Premium Rush_ (2012)
- _The Iceman (2012)
- _Mud_ (2012)
- _Man of Steel_ (2013)
- _The Young Ones_ (2014)
- _Freeheld_ (2015)
- _Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice_ (2016)
- _Nocturnal Animals_ (2016)
- _Elvis & Nixon_ (2016)
- _The Shape of Water_ (2017)
- _Knives Out_ (2019)
- _Bullet Train_ (2022)
- _The Flash'' (2023)
24 Hours of Le Mans

The **24 Hours of Le Mans** is the world's oldest active sports car race in endurance racing. The race happens each year near the town of Le Mans, France.  It was first run in 1923.

The cars must run for 24 hours without mechanical damage.  It is important to manage the cars' consumables, mostly fuel, tires and braking materials. The driver goes over two hours behind the wheel before stopping in the pits.  Then a relief driver takes over the driving duties. Drivers then eat and rest before returning to drive. Today it is a rule that three drivers share each car.

At the end of the 24 hours, the car which has driven the most laps of the track wins the race. Different types of cars race in different categories. Currently there are four different categories, with the fastest cars racing in the 'LMP1' category.

The race is held in June.  This can lead to very hot conditions for the drivers. The race begins in mid-afternoon.  The drivers race through the night and following morning.  They then finish at the same time the race started, the following day.

Tom Kristensen has won the race 8 times.  This is the most of any driver.  Porsche cars have won 16 times.  This is the most of any car manufacturer.
Motocross

**Motocross** is a form of motorcycle racing. It is done on an off-road circuit. The sport came from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom. Motocross is a physically demanding sport.  It is held in all weather conditions and is a high-octane sport.

There are many competitive events in motocross.

## Protective gear

Motocross can be dangerous and physically demanding. In order to protect themselves and ride safely, every rider wears gear designed to prevent injury to the body. These include:

### Helmets

Motocross helmets are specially designed to reduce multi-directional impact to the brain and skull. Modern day helmets have a hard outer shell, expanded polystyrene foam liner, inner foam padding and straps to keep it in place.

### Goggles

Goggles help protect the eye from dirt, rocks, dust and other loose particles when riding. This is particularly important since motocross is ridden on outdoor dirt tracks. Motocross goggles have foam liners which seals the eye area, anti-fog lenses and coloured lenses for different light conditions. Goggles also have clear plastic lens covers that can be torn off or rolled off during a race so the goggle remains clean and clear while riding.

### Knee braces

Knee braces have padding to protect the rider's knee joint. They can be made from different materials depending but have a solid outer frame with a hinge to adjust over your knees

### Boots

Motocross boots are different to regular motorcycle boots. They are designed to protect the rider's legs, feet and ankles from injury and are typically made from thick leather and plastic shielding. They also have plastic panelling, thick rubber soles, sturdy toe protectors and plastic supports. Motocross boots will sometimes feel tight and hard to walk in as they are meant to cover the ankle and feet like a cast for protection
Tour of Flanders

The **Tour of Flanders** is a Flanders Classics road cycling race.  It is held in Belgium every spring.  It is a week before the Paris–Roubaix road race. The Tour of Flanders is part of the UCI World Tour.  It is one of the monuments of the European professional calendar. It is the most important cycling race in Flanders. Its nickname is _Vlaanderens mooiste_ which is Dutch for "Flanders' finest".

When the race began in 1913 the starting city was Ghent with the end of the race in Mariakerke.  It has changed twelve times since then.  In 2012 the race starts in Bruges and ends in Oudenaarde.

The race has a number of short, sharp hills.  The race gives prizes to the first cyclist to go up 17 of these hills.  These hills make the race very challenging.

> "_Looking back, you get a bit nostalgic, but from a competitive point of view, Flanders was one of the most horrible races to ride but one of the greatest races to win."_ - Sean Kelly

## Victories per country

|#|Country|Victories||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1.||align="center"|69|
|2.||align="center"|12|
|3.||align="center"|11|
|4.||align="center"|4|
|5.||align="center"|3|
|6.||align="center"|2|
|6.||align="center"|2|
|7.||align="center"|1|
|7.||align="center"|1|
|7.||align="center"|1|
|7.||align="center"|1|

## Records

- The fastest Tour of Flanders was in 2001. It was won by Italian Gianluca Bortolami: 43.6 km/h.
- Five men share the record for victories, with three each: Italian Fiorenzo Magni and four Belgians: Achiel Buysse, won three times in the 1940s, Eric Leman, won at the beginning of the 1970s, Johan Museeuw won the race in 1993, 1995 and 1998, Tom Boonen won in 2005, 2006 and 2012.
- The nation with most victories is Belgium (68).
- Only six riders have won two years in a row.
- The oldest winner was Andrei Tchmil in 2000 at 37 years 2 months and 11 days.

## Other websites

- The Spring Classics: Cycling's Greatest One-Day Races

## Infobox (cycling race)

- **name**: Tour of Flanders
- **date**: Early April
- **region**: Flanders, Belgium
- **localnames**: Ronde van Vlaanderen
- **nickname**: De Ronde
Vlaanderens mooiste
Flanders' finest
- **discipline**: Road bicycle racing, Road
- **competition**: UCI World Tour
- **type**: Monument one-day race
- **first**: 1913 Tour of Flanders|
- **number**: 107 (as of 2023)
Annabeth Gish

**Anne Elizabeth "Annabeth" Gish** (March 13, 1971 near Albuquerque, New Mexico) is a television, movie and stage actress. She has acted in many movies, including _Mystic Pizza_ (1988) and _Beautiful Girls_ (1996). She was born near Albuquerque but was raised near Cedar Falls and Waterloo, Iowa.
Liège–Bastogne–Liège

**Liège–Bastogne–Liège** is one of the five 'Monuments' of the European professional road cycling calendar.  It is often called _La Doyenne_ which means "the oldest". It is run in the Ardennes region of Belgium.  The race is from Liège to Bastogne and back to Liège.

## Winners by nationality

|# of Victories|Country|
| --- | --- |
|59||
|12||
|6||
|5||
|3||
|3||
|2||
|2||
|2||
|2||
|1||
|1||
|1||

### Riders with more than one win

_Still active are in italic_.

|Wins|Rider|Country|Years|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|5|Eddy Merckx||1969 + 1971 + 1972 + 1973 + 1975|
|4|Moreno Argentin||1985 + 1986 + 1987 + 1991|
|3|Léon Houa||1892 + 1893 + 1894|
|Alfons Schepers||1929 + 1931 + 1935||
|Fred De Bruyne||1956 + 1958 + 1959||
|2|Louis Mottiat||1921 + 1922|
|René Vermandel||1923 + 1924||
|Richard Depoorter||1943 + 1947||
|Prosper Depredomme||1946 + 1950||
|Ferdi Kübler||1951 + 1952||
|Joseph Bruyère||1976 + 1978||
|Bernard Hinault||1977 + 1980||
|Seán Kelly||1984 + 1989||
|Michele Bartoli||1997 + 1998||
|Paolo Bettini||2000 + 2002||
|Alexandre Vinokourov||2005 + 2010||
|_Alejandro Valverde_||2006 + 2008||

## Infobox (cycling race)

- **name**: Liège–Bastogne–Liège
- **current event**: 2012 Liège–Bastogne–Liège
- **image**:
- **image caption**: Route 2012
- **date**: Late-April
- **region**: Ardennes, Belgium
- **english**: Liège–Bastogne–Liège
- **localnames**: Liège–Bastogne–Liège
- **nickname**: La Doyenne ("the oldest")
- **discipline**: Road bicycle racing, Road
- **competition**: UCI World Tour
- **type**: Classic cycle races, Monument one-day classic
- **organiser**: Amaury Sport Organisation
- **number**: 98 (as of 2012)
- **mostwins**: (5 wins)
Mystic Pizza

***Mystic Pizza*** is a 1988 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It stars Annabeth Gish and Julia Roberts. The movie is about teenage girls who work in a pizza parlor in Connecticut. The movie received very positive reviews and has become a cult classic.
Dunkin' Donuts

**Dunkin' Donuts**, often abbreviated as **DD** and officially known as simply **Dunkin**', is an American multinational franchise based in Canton, Massachusetts.

The company started as a traditional donut shop, selling doughnuts and coffee. Later, they added flavored coffee and iced coffee. They also began to sell breakfast sandwiches: these contain egg, cheese, and pork (bacon, ham, or sausage), on bread (bagel, croissant, or English muffin). With the addition of breakfast sandwiches, Dunkin' Donuts has since become a popular spot for a quick breakfast.

The franchise was established around 1950, in Quincy, Massachusetts. As of 2010, over ten thousand Dunkin' Donuts locations exist worldwide. Their largest market outside of the United States is in South Korea. Its name was officially changed to simply Dunkin' in 2019.

## Sources

**Notes**

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Dunkin' Donuts LLC
- **trade name**: Dunkin' (U.S. and other selected countries, 2019–present)
Dunkin' Donuts (other selected countries)
- **logo**: Dunkin' 2022.svg
- **logo caption**: Dunkin' logo, used in the U.S. since 2022
- **image**: Dunkin-donuts-1-logo-png-transparent.png
- **image caption**: Dunkin' Donuts logo, still used in selected countries since 1976
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **founded**: in Quincy, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **founder**: William Rosenberg, Bill Rosenberg
- **hq location city**: Canton, Massachusetts
- **hq location country**: U.S.
- **revenue**: United States dollar, US$1.32 billion
- **revenue year**: 2018
- **parent**: Dunkin' Brands
Ichikawa Raizō VIII

**Ichikawa Raizō** (, 29 August 1931 - 17 July 1969), also called **Ichikawa Raizō VIII** (), was a Japanese movie actor, kabuki actor, and television actor.

## Other websites

- JMDb profile

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ichikawa Raizō VIII
- **image**: Ichikawa Raizo VIII 1955.jpg
- **caption**: Ichikawa Raizō VIII, detail from movie poster for _Shin Heike Monogatari (film), Shin Heike Monogatari_ (1955)
- **birthname**: Yoshiya Ōta
- **birth place**: Kyoto, Japan
- **death place**: Tokyo, Japan
- **occupation**: film actor, kabuki actor
- **years active**: 1954-1969
Benbecula

**Benbecula** () is an island of the Outer Hebrides in the Atlantic Ocean off the west coast of Scotland. It forms part of the area administered by the Western Isles Council.

In the 2001 census it had a resident population of 1,249, with a sizable percentage of Roman Catholics. This is slightly unusual because the Highlands and Islands is generally the religious territory of the Wee Frees, the Free Church of Scotland and its various offshoots.

## Infobox (scottish island)

- **gridreference**: NF807525
- **location map**: Scotland Outer Hebrides
- **caption**: Benbecula shown within the Outer Hebrides
- **meaning of name**: pennyland of the fords
- **area rank**: 16
- **highest elevation**: Ruaval
- **population**: 1,219
- **population rank**: 12
- **main settlement**: Balivanich
- **island group**: Uists and Barra
- **local authority**: Na h-Eileanan Siar
Free Church of Scotland

The **Free Church of Scotland** is the general name given to groups of worshippers who broke off from the official Church of Scotland. All of the Scottish churches are Presbyterian, based on the ideas of John Knox, and do not have permanent leaders such as Popes or bishops. The breakaway groups, like the Church of Scotland itself, base their beliefs on the Bible but differ in how it should be understood. As a general rule, all the Wee Frees read the Bible in a fairly literal way, more so than the Church of Scotland.

The main free churches are:
- Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900, formed by a large group from the established Church of Scotland in 1843; eventually, in 1900, most of them joined with the U.P. and rejoined the Church of Scotland)
- Free Church of Scotland (since 1900, known as the **Wee Frees**)
- Free Church of Scotland (Continuing): founded in 2000, it regards itself as the true continuation of the Free Church of Scotland.
- United Free Church of Scotland (founded 1900 from the U.P. and the earlier Free Church of Scotland)
- The United Presbyterian Church of Scotland (18471900) Known as the **U.P.**, it included even earlier and smaller churches such as the United Secession Church and the Relief Church.
- Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland (1893) Nicknamed the **Wee Wee Frees**, they have Elders)
- Associated Presbyterian Churches (split from the Wee Wee Frees in 1989)
The English Patient (movie)

***The English Patient*** is a 1996 British-American romantic drama movie based on the novel of the same name by Michael Ondaatje. It was written and directed by Anthony Minghella. It stars Joseph Fiennes, Kristin Scott Thomas, Juliette Binoche and Willem Dafoe. This melodrama won many Academy Awards, including Best Picture of the Year.
Husbands and Wives

***Husbands and Wives*** is a 1992 comedy-romance movie. It stars Woody Allen (who also directed) and Mia Farrow. Its subjects are marriage and separation. It was released in the United States on September 18, 1992. It got mixed to positive reviews from audience and critics.
When Harry Met Sally

***When Harry Met Sally*** is a 1989 American romantic comedy movie. It was written by Nora Ephron and directed by Rob Reiner. It stars Billy Crystal as Harry and Meg Ryan as Sally. They are friends in Chicago who, from 1977 to 1989, become a couple. The movie is about relationship problems. It received positive reviews by movie critics and its revenue at the box office was high.
Mo' Better Blues

***Mo' Better Blues*** is a 1990 comedy-drama movie that was directed by and starring Spike Lee. The movie also has Wesley Snipes, Denzel Washington and Samuel L. Jackson starring. The movie relates to pianos, nightclubs and jazz.
Belmopan

**Belmopan** is the capital city of Belize.  There are about 20,000 people living there.

Belmopan is at an altitude of 76 metres (250 ft) above sea level. Belmopan was built just to the east of the Belize River.  It is  inland from the former capital, the port of Belize City.  Belize City was nearly destroyed by Hurricane Hattie in 1961. The government was moved to Belmopan in 1970. Its National Assembly Building is made to look like a Pre-Columbian Maya temple.

The University of Belize has a campus in Belmopan.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Belmopan
- **nickname**: The Garden City
- **motto**: City of Promise
- **image skyline**: Belmopan Parliament.jpg
- **image caption**: Belmopan Parliament House
- **image flag**: Flag of Belmopan, Belize.svg
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **map caption**: Location of Belmopan in Belize
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Belize
- **subdivision type1**: Districts of Belize, District
- **subdivision name1**: Cayo District, Cayo
- **subdivision type2**: Constituencies of Belize, Constituency
- **subdivision name2**: Cayo District#Political Divisions, Belmopan Constituency
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Simeon López (United Democratic Party (Belize), UDP)
- **established title**: Foundation
- **established date**: 1970
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population total**: 20,000
- **timezone**: Central Time zone, Central
- **utc offset**: -6
- **elevation m**: 76
- **elevation ft**: 250
Corozal Town

**Corozal Town** is a town in the nation of Belize.  It is the capital of Corozal District. Corozal Town is about 84 miles north of Belize City, and  from the border with Mexico.  The population of Corozal Town, according to the 2010 census, is 9,871. Corozal was a private estate before becoming a town in the 1840s.  It was mostly settled by Mestizo refugees from the Caste War of Yucatán.  Much of the town was built over an ancient Maya city. This may have been the original Pre-Columbian town called Chetumal. Corozal Town was badly damaged by Hurricane Janet in 1955.  It was mostly rebuilt afterwards.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Corozal Town
- **image skyline**: CorozalHW.JPG
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **image caption**: Corozal Town Highway
- **pushpin mapsize**: 300
- **map caption**: Map of Corozal metropolitan area
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: Belize
- **subdivision type1**: Districts of Belize, District
- **subdivision name1**: Corozal District, Corozal
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population note**: Official
- **population total**: 9,871
- **timezone**: Central Time zone, Central
- **utc offset**: -6
- **elevation m**: sea level
- **elevation ft**: 0