juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chinon

**Chinon** is a French commune. It is in the west of the Indre-et-Loire department in the Centre-Val de Loire region, to the southwest of Paris, and is a subprefecture in the department. It is also the capital of the _arrrondissement_ of Chinon and the administrative centre of the Chinon canton.

Chinon is in the valley of the Loire river, registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.

## History

The historic town of Chinon is on the banks of the Vienne river about  from where it joins the Loire.

## Geography

The city of Chinon is along the Vienne river, near the confluence with the Loire river. The _commune_ has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

The distances from Chinon to other cities are:
- Paris, the national capital - ;
- Tours, the departmental capital - ;
- Strasbourg - ;
- Reims - ;
- Bordeaux - ;
- Toulouse - ;
- Montpellier - ;
- Lyon - ;
- Nantes - ;
- Marseille - .

The _commune_ of Chinon is surrounded by the _communes_:

### Climate

The climate of Chinon, in the Köppen climate classification, is **Cfb** - Oceanic climate with template summers.

## Population

The inhabitants of Chinon are known, in French, as _Chinonais_ (women: _Chinonaises_).

With a population of 8,073, Chinon has a population density of  inhabitants/km<sup>2</sup>.

**Evolution of the population in Chinon**

## Administration

Chinon is a subprefecture of the Indre-et-Loire department, the capital of the _arrondissement_ of Chinon and the administrative centre () of the canton of Chinon, with 34,893 inhabitants <small>(2014)</small>.

It is part of the intercommunality _Chinon, Vienne et Loire_ ().

## Related pages

- Arrondissements of the Indre-et-Loire department
- Communes of the Indre-et-Loire department

## Other websites

- Ville de Chinon - Official website

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Chinon
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Château Chinon.JPG
- **caption**: The Château de Chinon, and the Vienne (river), Vienne river
- **arrondissement**: Chinon
- **image coat of arms**: Blason Chinon 37.svg
- **canton**: Chinon
- **mayor**: Jean-Luc Dupont
- **term**: 2014-2020
- **elevation m**: 37
- **elevation min m**: 27
- **elevation max m**: 112
- **area km2**: 39.02
- **population**: 8073
- **population date**: 2014
- **population demonym**: Chinonais  / Chinonaises
- **insee**: 37072
- **postal code**: 37500
Pacific Ring of Fire

The **Pacific Ring of Fire** is an arc around the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes and earthquakes are formed. The area is also called the **Pacific Rim**, a term which refers to the coastal areas of the countries round the Pacific.

About three quarters of the world's dormant volcanos and active volcanos are here. The ring is 40,000km long, and there are 452 volcanoes.

About 90% of the world's earthquakes and 81% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire. The next most seismic region (5–6% of earthquakes and 17% of the world's largest earthquakes) is the Alpide belt, which extends from Java to Sumatra through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is the third most prominent earthquake belt.

The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics and the movement and collisions of crustal plates.

## Volcanoes

- Avachinsky-Koryaksky in Russia
- Barren Island in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India
- Bogoslof island in Alaska
- Chimborazo in Ecuador
- Cotopaxi in Ecuador
- Galeras in Colombia
- Glacier Peak in the US (Washington)
- Irazu in Costa Rica
- Kelut in Indonesia
- Kilauea in the US (Hawaii)
- Krakatoa in Indonesia
- Lō'ihi Seamount in the US (Hawai'i)
- Mount Adams in US (Washington)
- Mount Baker in the US (Washington)
- Mount Fuji in Japan
- Mount Hood in the US (Oregon)
- Mount Lassen in the US (California)
- Mount Mayon in Albay in the Philippines
- Mount Merapi in Indonesia
- Mount Olympus in US (Washington)
- Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines
- Mount Rainier (Tahoma) in the US (Washington)
- Mount Slamet in Central Java, Indonesia
- Mount St Helens in US Washington
- Mauna Kea in US (Hawaii)
- Mauna Hualalai in US (Hawaii)
- Mauna Loa in the US (Hawaii)
- Nevado del Ruiz in Colombia
- Pacaya in Guatemala
- Parícutin in Mexico
- Popocatepetl in Mexico
- Redoubt in US (Alaska)
- Sakurajima in Japan
- Sinabung in Indonesia
- Taal in the Philippines
- Tambora in Indonesia
- Ulawun in Papua New Guinea
- Mount Unzen in Japan
Palenque

**Palenque** (**Bàak**' in Modern Maya) is a Maya archeological site near the Usumacinta River in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is a medium-sized site, much smaller than large sites like Tikal or Copán. It does, however, contain good examples of architecture, sculpture, roof comb and bas-relief carvings of the Maya time .

## References

- (2005) _The Inscriptions from Temple XIX at Palenque_. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute.

## Other websites

- Maya Explorations Center .
- Unaahil B'aak: The Temples of Palenque (Wesleyan University)   - Contains a learning objects program, panoramas, 3D models, and glyphs and translations.
- Mesoweb's Palenque resources
- The Tablet Of The 96 Hieroglyphs
- The Ruins of Palenque: bilingual essay with audio
- Drawings of the Palenque site from the Antonio del Rio 1784 expedition
- Estimating Palenque's population on Mesoweb (PDF)

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **official name**: Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque
- **id**: 411
- **year**: 1987
- **criteria**: Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv
- **area**: 1,772 ha


## Infobox (ancient site)

- **name**: Palenque
- **alternate name**: Bàak', Lakamha
- **image**: Palenque Collage.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Collage of Palenque.
- **map type**: Mesoamerica
- **map caption**: Location within Mesoamerica
- **location**: Chiapas, Mexico
- **region**: Chiapas
- **epochs**: Late Preclassic to Early Postclassic
- **cultures**: Maya civilization
- **notes**:
The city of Palengue also is home to The Temple of Inscriptions, inside lies the sarcophagus of Pacal the Great.
Jack Hyles

**Jack Frasure Hyles** (September 25, 1926 in Texas - February 6, 2001 in Indiana) was a important person in the independent Baptist movement. He was the pastor of the First Baptist Church of Hammond in Hammond, Indiana from 1959 until his death in 2001.

## Other websites

- The Jack Hyles Home Page -- books, sermons, & links
- Hyles Publications -- a publisher of books and bibles including many by Jack Hyles
- JackHyles.net -- An unofficial Jack Hyles site with archival copies of books and sermons
- Biblical Discernment Ministeries  -- criticism of Hyles
Old Faithful Geyser

- _There is also a regularly-erupting geyser named Old Faithful near Calistoga, California._

**Old Faithful** is a cone geyser in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming, in the United States. Old Faithful was named in 1870 and was the first geyser in the park to get a name.

## Eruptions

Eruptions can shoot 3,700 to 8,400 U.S. gallons (14–32 kL) of boiling water to a height of 106–184 feet (30–55 m) lasting from 1.5 to 5 minutes. The average height of an eruption is 145 feet (44 m).
Eruptions often occur about 90 minutes away from each other, but this difference in time can range from 45 to 125 minutes on occasion.
More than 137,000 eruptions have been recorded. Harry M. Woodward first described the relationship between the duration and intervals of the eruptions in 1938). Old Faithful is not the highest or biggest geyser in the park; that title belongs to the less predictable Steamboat Geyser.

## Increasing interval

Over the years, the difference in time has increased, which may be the result of earthquakes changing underground water levels. These disruptions have made the earlier relationship inaccurate, but have made Old Faithful more predictable. With an error of 10 minutes, Old Faithful will erupt 65 minutes after an eruption lasting less than 2.5 minutes or 92 minutes after an eruption lasting more than 2.5 minutes. The reliability of Old Faithful is because it is not connected to any other thermal features of the Upper Geyser Basin.

## Measurement

Between 1983 and 1994, four probes containing temperature and pressure measurement devices and video equipment were lowered into Old Faithful. The probes were lowered as deep as 72 feet (22 m). Temperature measurements of the water at this depth was 244 °F (118 °C), the same as was measured in 1942. The video probes were lowered to a maximum depth of 42 feet (13 m) to observe the conduit formation and the processes that took place in the conduit. Some of the processes observed include fog formation from the interaction of cool air from above mixing with heated air from below, the recharge processes of water entering into the conduit and expanding from below, and entry of superheated steam measuring as high as 265 °F (129 °C) into the conduit.

## Other websites

- Old Faithful Geyser Webcam
- Time Lapse movie of Old Faithful Geyser Webcam
- Old Faithful  information at the All Yellowstone site.
- Video Of Old Faithful  at Nationalgeographic.com
- Old Faithful Widget Dashboard / Konfabulator widget for Mac or Windows.
Odyssey (disambiguation)

The ***Odyssey*** is an ancient Greek epic poem by Homer.

**Odyssey** could also mean:

## Literature

- Odyssey (fictional town), the setting of the radio series _Adventures in Odyssey_
- Odyssey Writing Workshop, an annual workshop for writers
- _The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel_, an epic poem by Nikos Kazantzakis
- A book in the _Isaac Asimov's Robot City_ series of novels

## Gaming

- Magnavox Odyssey, a video game console released in 1972
- Magnavox Odyssey², a video game console released in 1978
- _Odyssey: The Compleat Apventure_, a role-playing computer game released in 1980
- _Odyssey (Magic: The Gathering)_, a card game expansion
- _Odyssey: The Legend of Nemesis_, a computer game based on the engine of _Minotaur: The Labyrinths of Crete_

## Music

- Odyssey (band)
- ARP Odyssey, an electronic music synthesizer

### Albums

- _Odyssey_ (album), an album by Yngwie J. Malmsteen
- _Odyssey_ (Fischerspooner album), an album by Fischerspooner
- _Odyssey_ (Westenra album), an album by Hayley Westenra
- _Odyssey: The Definitive Collection_, an album by Vangelis
- _The Odyssey_ (album), an album by Symphony X

### Songs

- "The Odyssey" (Incubus song)
- A song by Orgy on the album _Vapor Transmission_
- A song by KISS on the album _Music from "The Elder"_

### Channels

- Odyssey (TV channel), a Canadian Greek-language television network
- Odyssey Channel, a defunct Australian television channel
- Hallmark Channel, a television network formerly known as the Odyssey Channel

### Programming

- _The Odyssey_ (TV series), a 1992-1995 Canadian television series
- _The Odyssey_ (TV miniseries), a 1997 American miniseries
- _Odyssey 5_, a science-fiction series premiering in 2002
- A season 8 episode of the TV series _Lassie_

### Fictional spacecraft

- A fictional spaceship in the _Stargate_ universe
- A fictional starship in the _Star Trek_ universe
- A fictional spaceship in the _Ulysses 31_ universe

## Other meanings

- Adventures in Odyssey, a Christian kids radio and video program
- Odyssey (Belfast), a sports and entertainment centre
- Odyssey (WBEZ), a radio talk show
- The Odyssey (apartment complex)
- 2001 Mars Odyssey, an American spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars
- Honda Odyssey, a minivan
- Honda Odyssey (ATV), an all-terrain vehicle
- _Star Trek: Odyssey_, a Star Trek fan production
- Windows Odyssey, an unreleased version of the Microsoft Windows operating system
- The Command Module of the Apollo 13 space mission
Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata

**Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata** (CGE or GELP) is an Argentina sports club, of the city of La Plata, Buenos Aires. It was founded on June 3, 1887 as Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima. Its principal activity is football, and it competes in the First División Argentina, Argentina's premier league.

Its stadium is the "Juan Carlos Zerillo", known as the "Estadio del Bosque", capacity for 33.000 spectators.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata
- **fullname**: Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata
- **nickname**: El Lobo, Los Triperos, Mensanas, Basureros
- **founded**: June 3, 1887
- **ground**: Stadium Juan Carlos Zerillo,
La Plata, Argentina
- **capacity**: 31,460
- **chairman**: Walter Gisande
- **manager**: Leonardo Madelón
- **league**: Argentine Primera División
- **season**: Apertura 2007
- **position**: 18th
- **shirtsupplier**: Puma AG, Puma
- **shirtsponsors**: La Nueva Seguros, Flecha Bus, Fundacion Favaloro
- **pattern b1**: _ navyhorizontal
- **leftarm1**: FFFFFF
- **body1**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm1**: FFFFFF
- **shorts1**: FFFFFF
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern b2**: _whitehorizontal
- **leftarm2**: 000088
- **body2**: 000088
- **rightarm2**: 000088
- **shorts2**: 000088
- **socks2**: 000088
Galatians

**Galatians** may refer to
- the Celtic inhabitants of Galatia, an ancient region of Asia Minor
- Saint Paul's Epistle to the Galatians
Clarence House

**Clarence House** is the home of Charles, Prince of Wales in London. It is part of St James's Palace, and is on The Mall, close to Buckingham Palace (The Queen's home).

The Prince of Wales lives with his wife, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall there. The Prince of Wales' offices and staff are also based at Clarence House, and any announcements made by his staff are attributed to "Clarence House" as an entity, just like announcements from The Queen are said to be made by "Buckingham Palace".

Prince Charles has lived at Clarence House since 2003. The Queen Mother lived at Clarence House from 1953 (the year after the death of her husband (King George VI)) until 2002, when she died.
Heal's

**Heal's** ("Heal and Sons Ltd") is a British department store furniture and furnishing store chain with six stores. The stores sell an upmarket range of furniture, lighting, accessories, home and garden-wares.

It was founded in 1810 by John Harris Heal and his son.  At first the company made beds.

The work of Sir Ambrose Heal made the company famous.  He worked there for 60 years, from 1893 to 1953.  Ambrose Heal was one of the group of designers, industrialists and business people who founded the Design and Industries Association in 1915.  Their slogan was "Nothing Need Be Ugly".

## Other websites

- Heals website
Chain store

**Chain stores** are retail stores which share a brand and central management, usually with standardized business methods and practices. They may all have the same owners or may be franchised. Many restaurants are also chains.

## Related pages

- List of supermarkets, contains a number of chain stores
Province of Bergamo

**Bergamo** is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Bergamo
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Bergamo
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lombardia
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Bergamo
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 244
- **area total km2**: 2,723
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 1,098,740
- **population density km2**: 404
- **registration plate**: BG
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 24000-24100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 035, 0345, 0346, 0363, 02, 030
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 016
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Valerio Bettoni
- **image map**: Bergamo posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Bergamo-Stemma.svg
Province of Brescia

**Brescia** is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Brescia
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Brescia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lombardy
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Brescia
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 206
- **area total km2**: 4784
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population total**: 1,109,841
- **population density km2**: 232
- **registration plate**: BS
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 030, 0364, 0365, 035
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 017
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Daniele Molgora
- **image map**: Brescia posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Brescia-Stemma.svg
Province of Como

**Como** is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Como
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Como
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lombardia
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Como
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 162
- **area total km2**: 1,288
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 507,500
- **population density km2**: 417
- **registration plate**: CO
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 22100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 031 0344 02 0331
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 013
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Leonardo Carioni
- **image map**: Como posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Como-Stemma.svg
Province of Cremona

**Cremona** is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Como
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Como
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lombardia
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Cremona
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 162
- **area total km2**: 1.288
- **population as of**: 2004
- **population total**: 507.500
- **population density km2**: 417
- **registration plate**: CO
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 22100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 031 0344 02 0331
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 013
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Leonardo Carioni
- **image map**: Como posizione.png
- **image flag**: Flag of the Province of Cremona.svg
- **image shield**: Provincia di Cremona-Stemma.svg
St. Augustine, Florida

**St. Augustine** is the oldest city in the United States begun by Europeans and filled with people since it was started. The admiral from Spain, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, started St. Augustine in 1565. There was fighting between England and Spain in 1586, 1702, and 1740 over the city. Spain won each time. In 1763, St. Augustine was given to the English as part of the Treaty of Paris which ended the French and Indian War. After the American colonies became independent from England, another Treaty of Paris, this one in 1783, returned the area to Spain. In 1819, the Adams-Onís Treaty gave all of Florida to the United States.

The largest sign of the years under Spain is the Castillo de San Marcos, a large masonry fort built between 1672 and 1695. This fort still stands.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: St. Augustine
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: StAugustineC12.png
- **image size**: 290px
- **image caption**: Top, left to right: Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine Light, Flagler College, Lightner Museum, statue near the Cathedral Basilica of St. Augustine, St. Augustine Alligator Farm Zoological Park, Old St. Johns County Jail
- **image shield**: Coat of arms of Saint Augustine, Florida.svg
- **nickname**: Ancient City, Old City
- **named for**: Augustine of Hippo, Saint Augustine of Hippo
- **image map**: St. Johns County Florida Incorporated and Unincorporated areas St. Augustine Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in St. Johns County, Florida, St. Johns County and the U.S. state of Florida
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: County (United States), County
- **subdivision name1**: Florida
- **subdivision name2**: St. Johns County, Florida, St. Johns
- **established title**: Established
- **founder**: Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
- **government type**: City commission government
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total sq mi**: 12.85
- **area land sq mi**: 9.52
- **area water sq mi**: 3.33
- **elevation ft**: 0
- **population total**: 14329
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population density sq mi**: 1504.99
- **population urban**: 91786
- **timezone1**: Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone1 dst**: Eastern Time Zone, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **postal code type**: ZIP code(s)
- **postal code**: 32080, 32084, 32085, 32086, 32095, 32082, 32092
- **area code**: Area code 904, 904
- **website**: [http://www.ci.st-augustine.fl.us/ City of St. Augustine]
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 12-62500
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0308101
- **area total km2**: 33.29
- **area land km2**: 24.66
- **area water km2**: 8.63
- **population density km2**: 581.05
Jefferson Parish, Louisiana

**Jefferson Parish** is a parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. Most of the suburbs of New Orleans are in this parish. Because of this Jefferson parish has the second-most population in the state.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Jefferson Parish Sheriff's Office
- Jefferson Parish Convention and Visitors Bureau - Tourism
- Jefferson Parish Clerk of Court's Office
- Jefferson Historical Society of Louisiana
- East Jefferson Online Community  - current events, history and organizational information.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Jefferson Parish
- **state**: Louisiana
- **type**: Louisiana parishes, Parish
- **image flag**: Flag of Jefferson Parish, Louisiana.svg
- **ex image**: GretnaCourthouseNov231.jpg
- **ex image cap**: City Hall in Gretna, Louisiana, Gretna
- **founded year**: 1825
- **founded date**: February 11
- **seat wl**: Gretna
- **largest city wl**: Metairie
- **city type**: community
- **area total sq mi**: 665
- **area land sq mi**: 296
- **area water sq mi**: 370
- **area percentage**: 56
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 440781
- **population density sq mi**: 1489
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.jeffparish.net
- **named for**: Thomas Jefferson
- **district**: 1st
- **district2**: 2nd
- **district3**: 6th
- **area codes**: 504,985
King's Lynn

**King's Lynn** is a town and port in Norfolk, England. Over the years, the town has been known variously as **Bishop's Lynn** and **Lynn Regis**, while it is occasionally referred to by locals as simply **Lynn**—the Celtic word for lake.

King's Lynn is the third largest settlement in Norfolk after the city of Norwich and the town of Great Yarmouth. Sandringham House, the Norfolk residence of the British Royal Family, is  north-east of King's Lynn.
Peterhof

**Peterhof** (or Petergof), meaning "Peter's Court" is a town in Saint Petersburg on the southern shore of the Gulf of Finland. It has a population of about 65,000. It hosts one of two campuses of Saint Petersburg State University. A series of palaces and gardens, laid out on the orders of Peter the Great, and sometimes called the "Russian Versailles", is also there. The palace-ensemble along with the city center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In the time of Peter the Great, the sea floor just north of the Petergof site and to the east toward St. Petersburg was too shallow for commercial ships or warships. But to the west of Petergof, the sea floor dropped off to be deep enough for sea vessels. Accordingly, when Peter the Great decided to build St. Petersburg at the eastern end of the Gulf of Finland, he built the commercial harbor for St. Petersburg and the Kronstadt fort across the 20 kilometers (12 miles) of shallow sea to supply and defend his Navy.
Haltern am See

**Haltern am See** (_Haltern at the lake_, before December 2001 only **Haltern**) is a town and a municipality in the district of Recklinghausen, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is next to the Lippe River and the Wesel-Datteln Canal, approx. 15 km north of Recklinghausen.

## Twin towns

- Rochford, Essex, England
- Roost-Warendin, France
- Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria

## Other websites

- Livius.org: Roman fortress Haltern

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Haltern am See
- **type**: town
- **image photo**: Haltern Neues Rathaus.jpg
- **image caption**: New town hall
- **image coa**: DEU Haltern am See COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge HalternW.svg
- **image plan**: Haltern am See in RE.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Münster
- **district**: Recklinghausen Rural District, Recklinghausen
- **elevation**: 40
- **area**: 158.34
- **population**: 37980
- **stand**: 2009-06-30
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05562016
- **postal code**: 45721
- **area code**: 02364 (Haltern am See), 02360 (Lippramsdorf)
- **licence**: RE
- **website**: [https://www.haltern-am-see.de/ www.haltern-am-see.de]
- **mayor**: Bodo Klimpel
- **party**: CDU
Rapides Parish, Louisiana

**Rapides Parish** () is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 130,023. The parish seat is Alexandria. _Rapides_ is the French spelling of "rapids" and is pronounced ra-PEEDS (I.P.A. [ɹæ.pid͜z]).

The parish was created in 1807 after the United States bought this territory in the Louisiana Purchase.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Rapides Parish
- **state**: Louisiana
- **type**: List of parishes in Louisiana, Parish
- **seat wl**: Alexandria
- **largest city wl**: Alexandria
- **area total km2**: 3526
- **area land km2**: 3420
- **area water km2**: 106
- **area percentage**: 3.0
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 130023
- **population density sq mi**: 98.5
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.rppj.com
- **founded**: 1807
- **named for**: The local river rapids
- **ex image**: Upper view Rapides Parish courthouse, LA.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Upper portion of the Rapides Parish Courthouse in Alexandria
- **district**: 5th
- **area codes**: Area code 318, 318
Enteric nervous system

The **enteric nervous system** (**ENS**) is a part of the peripheral nervous system. It controls the reflexes of the gastrointestinal system.

Some treat the ENS as part of the autonomic nervous system.
Carl Frederick Tandberg

**Carl Frederick Tandberg** (March 22, 1910 – August 26, 1988), was a bass fiddle musician who recorded with Glen Campbell and Frankie Ortega.

## Biography

He was born in 1910 in Boston where his father, Thorvald Martin Tandberg I (1874-1970), managed a restaurant. Thorvald was born in Portland, Maine. Carl's mother was Alvilde Marie Naess (1875-1933) of Oslo, Norway. Carl married Alice Nazian Gonyer (1909-1992) of Orono, Maine in 1929 and they lived in Queens, New York. He worked with Shep Fields (1910-1981) and His Rippling Rhythm Orchestra; and The Jerry Blaine (1910-1973) Orchestra in 1937. While working at a music publishing company he met Glen Campbell and collaborated on several recordings. He worked with the Frankie Ortega Trio in Las Vegas and at the Balboa Bay Club in Newport Beach for 11 years. He moved to Burbank, California in the 1940s and worked as a musician in Alhambra, California at Dick White's Rickey's Lounge, starting in 1957 with Paul Peters and Stan Seltzer. He later became the maître d' at their restaurant.  After he retired from music he worked for a private security company at KTTV studios. He later worked as the gate security guard at the home of Bob Hope. He died in Los Angeles in 1988 of a heart attack, and was buried in Eternal Valley Memorial Park. His maternal uncle was Alfred Næss, the Norwegian speedskater.

## Discography

- Glen Campbell; The Legacy, 1961-2002 (rereleased 2003)
- Frankie Ortega and His Group; Imperial IR 9025 (c1950)

## Infobox (biography)

- **name**: Carl Frederick Tandberg
- **image**: Carl Frederick Tandberg (1910-1988) circa 1940-1950 with his bass guitar.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Carl Frederick Tandberg circa 1950-1960
- **birth place**: Boston
- **death place**: Los Angeles
- **occupation**: Musician
- **spouse**: Alice Nazian Gonyer (1909-1992)
- **parents**: Thorvald Martin Tandberg I (1874-1970)
Alvilde Marie Naess (1875-1933)
Personification

**Personification** is a figure of speech where non-living objects are described to seem like people.

**For Example**: "_O Rose, thou art sick!_" by William Blake

**Meaning**: Blake personifies the rose as being sick, illustrating the theme of decay and corruption.

In the arts, personification means representing a non-human thing as if it were human. Personification gives human traits and qualities, such as emotions, desires, sensations, gestures and speech, often by way of a metaphor.

Personification is much used in visual arts. Examples in writing are "the leaves waved in the wind", "the ocean heaved a sigh" or "the Sun smiled at us". In easy language personification is just giving an example of a living being for a non-living thing. "The wind shouted". In these examples, the nonhuman subjects are given human characteristics.

Another commonly used personification is found in stories where animals and legendary creatures are attributed labels for recognition. This is called anthropomorphism.

## Related pages

- Anthropomorphism
- Concordia
- Chronos
- Death (personification)
- Gaia (mythology)
- Hel (goddess)
- Helios
- National personification
- Spes
The Named

***The Named*** is a fantasy book that was written by Marianne Curley.  It is the first book in the _Guardians of Time Trilogy_.

## Other websites

- Marianne Curley's website
- Bloomsbury Guardians of Time website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Named
- **author**: Marianne Curley
- **country**: Australia
- **language**: English
- **series**: Guardians of Time Trilogy
- **genre**: Science-fiction, fantasy
- **pages**: 333 (US edition)
- **isbn**: 0-7475-7539-8
- **followed by**: The Dark (novel), The Dark
The Dark (novel)

***The Dark*** is a fantasy book that was written by Marianne Curley.  It is the second book in the _Guardians of Time Trilogy_.

## Other websites

- Marianne Curley's website
- Bloomsbury Guardians of Time website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Dark
- **author**: Marianne Curley
- **country**: Australia
- **language**: English
- **series**: Guardians of Time Trilogy
- **genre**: Science fiction, Fantasy
- **pages**: 336 (US edition)
- **isbn**: 0-7475-7433-2
- **preceded by**: The Named
- **followed by**: The Key (novel), The Key
The Key (novel)

***The Key*** is a fantasy book that was written by Marianne Curley.  It is the third book in the Guardians of Time Trilogy.

## Other websites

- Marianne Curley's website
- Bloomsbury Guardians of Time website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Key
- **author**: Marianne Curley
- **country**: Australia
- **language**: English language, English
- **series**: Guardians of Time Trilogy
- **genre**: Science fiction, fantasy
- **isbn**: 0-7475-7334-4
- **preceded by**: The Dark (novel), The Dark
Guardians of Time Trilogy

The **_Guardians of Time_ Trilogy** is a series of fictional books that are written by Marianne Curley. The books in this trilogy are _The Named_, _The Dark_, and _The Key_. The trilogy is about a group of people called the Guardians of Time (the **Guard**), going into history to save the world from the Order of Chaos (the **Order**), who are trying to history to give themselves more power. The books take place in Angel Falls, Australia

## The Series

1. _The Named_
    - Written in:
    - Released: 2002
1. _The Dark_
    - Written in:
    - Released: 2003
1. _The Key_
    - Written in:
    - Released: 2005

## Other websites

- Marianne Curley's website
Ender's Game

***Ender's Game*** (1985) is one of the most famous books written by Orson Scott Card. It takes place in Earth's future where mankind has barely survived two attacks by the "buggers", a species of alien, and the International Fleet is getting ready for war. In order to find and train a leader for the next invasion, the world's smartest children, including Ender Wiggin, are taken into a place called Battle School at a very young age. The book takes place around the year 2135, and its sequels _Speaker for the Dead_, _Xenocide_, _Children of the Mind_, _A War of Gifts_, and _Ender in Exile: Ganges_ follow Ender to different planets as he travels far into the future.

The book was first a novelette that came out in the August 1977 issue of _Analog Science Fiction and Fact_. Card later made the novel longer and wrote sequels to create the _Ender's Game_ series.

A new version was released in 1991 to keep facts accurate (such as the end of the Soviet Union).

## Awards

_Ender's Game_ won the Hugo Award for best novel in 1986 and the Nebula Award for best novel in 1985.  The next year, the sequel _Speaker for the Dead_ also won both awards; Card is the only writer to have won both awards two years in a row.

In 2008, it got the Margaret Edwards award for its long term effect on science fiction.

## Translations

- ("Ender's Game"), 2003.
- ("Ender's Game"), 2007.
- ("Ender's Game").
- ("Ender's Strategy"), 1990.
- ("Ender's Tactic").
- ("Ender's Game"), 2000.
- ("Ender"), 1990.
- ("The Ender Strategy"), 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001.
- ("The Big Game"), 1986, 2005.
- ("Ender's Game").
- ("Endgame"), 1991.
- ("Ender's Game").
- ("Ender's Game"), 1992, 2000 (two editions).
- ("Ender's Game"), 1987.
- ("Ender's Game"), 1999.
- ("Ender's Game"), 1994.
- ("The exterminator's game") (Brasil).
- ("The final game") (Portugal).
- ("Ender's Game").
- ("Ender's Game"), 1995, 1996, 2002, 2003 (two editions).
- ("Ender's Game").
- ("Ender's Game"), 1991, 1998.
- ("Ender's Game"), 1988.
- ("The game that change the world"), 2007.
- ("Ender's Game").

## Other websites

- About the novel _Ender's Game_ from Card's website
- The original short story from Card's website
- Intergalactic Medicine Show: Online science fiction magazine published by Orson Scott Card. Features a new Ender's world story in every issue.
- Marvel Entertainment's press release regarding the Ender's Game Comic Book Series

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Ender's Game
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **cover artist**: John Harris (artist), John Harris
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: Ender's Game (series), Ender's Game series
- **genre**: Science fiction
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover, Paperback & Ebook)
- **pages**: 324
- **isbn**: 978-0-312-93208-4
- **oclc**: 23355613
- **release date**: 15 January 1985
- **followed by**: Speaker for the Dead
Genius Squad

***Genius Squad*** is a book that was written by Catherine Jinks in 2008.  It was published by Allen & Unwin, Australia. It is the second book in a series that follows the main character Cadel Piggot.

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Genius Daddy
- **author**: Catherine Jinks
- **country**: Australia
- **language**: Englguage, English
- **genre**: Fantasy, Science fiction
- **publisher**: Allen & Unwin, Australia
- **pub date**: 2008
- **pages**: 436
- **isbn**: 978-0-15-205985-9
- **congress**: PZ7.J5754 Gen 2008
- **oclc**: 166317471
- **preceded by**: Evil Genius (novel), Evil Genius
- **followed by**: Genius Wars
Evil Genius (book)

***Evil Genius*** is a book written by Catherine Jinks in 2005.  It was published by Allen & Unwin, Australia. The book is the first in a series that follows the story of _Cadel Piggot_.

## Other websites

- The Axis Institute website
- Evil Genius series blog

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Evil Genius
- **author**: Catherine Jinks
- **country**: Australia
- **language**: English language, English
- **genre**: Fantasy, Science fiction
- **publisher**: Allen & Unwin, Australia
- **pub date**: 2005
- **pages**: 486
- **followed by**: Genius Squad
Catherine Jinks

**Catherine Jinks** (born 1963 in Brisbane, Queensland) is an Australian writer. She has written over thirty books and has won many awards, including the Children's Book Council Of Australia Book of the Year Award three times, the Victorian Premier's Literary Award, the Aurealis Award for Science Fiction, the Australian Ibby Award, and the Davitt Award for Crime Fiction.

### Children's books

- _The Secret of Hermitage Isle_ (1997)
- _The Horrible Holiday_ (1998)
- _The Stinking Great Lie_ (1999)
- _You'll Wake the Baby,_ illustrated by Andrew McLean (2000)
- _Daryl's Dinner_ (2002)
- _Kaite and Cleo Movie In,_ illustrated by Andrew McLean (2007)

- Allie's Ghost Hunters series
- _Eglantine_ (2002)
- _Eustace_ (2003)
- _Eloise_ (2004)
- _Elysium_ (2007)

### Young Adult books

- _This Way Out_ (1991)
- _The Future Trap_ (1993)
- _Witch Bank_ (1995)
- _Eye to Eye_ (1998)
- _Piggy in the Middle_ (1998)
- _What's Hector McKerrow Doing These Days?_ (2000)
- _The Rapture_ (2001)
- _Living Hell_ (2007)

- Pagan Chronicles
- _Pagan's Crusade_ (1992)
- _Pagan in Exile_ (1994)
- _Pagan's Vows_ (1995)
- _Pagan's Scribe_ (1995)
- _Pagan's Daughter_ (2006)

- Evil Genius series
- _Evil Genius_ (2005)
- _Genius Squad_ (2008)

### Adult books

- _An Evening with the Messiah_ (1996)
- _Little White Secrets_ (1997)
- _The Inquisitor_ (1999)
- _The Notary_ (2000)
- _Bella Vista_ (2001)
- _The Gentlemen's Garden_ (2002)
- _Spinning Around_ (2004)
- _The Road_ (2004)
- _The Secret Familiar_ (2006)
- _The Deck_  Free E-novel (2007)

## Other websites

- Catherine Jinks
Public speaking

**Public speaking** is speaking to a group of people in an organized way: to give information, influence or persuade, or to entertain the listeners.

In public speaking there are five important questions, which are often expressed as "_who_ is saying _what_ to _whom_, using _which medium_, with what _effects_?"

The Ancient Greeks called public speaking rhetoric; the Romans called it oratory. Until the late 20th century it was also called _forensic speaking_, or _forensics_.  Propaganda is an another name for speech for or against some point of view.  In George Orwell's words propaganda is a reflection of prejudices and beliefs that colors people's [or societies] aesthetic judgements. Often they are simply fallacies or conjectures.

## Methods and techniques

Professional public speakers may use storytelling techniques or humor as a communication tool. A public speaker who is strong at using comedy might have more success adding a joke into a speech than one who is weak in that area.

A speaker's guideline is given in _TED Talks: The Official TED Guide to Public Speaking_.
Their information includes:
- Try to make eye contact right from the start.
- Include humor to disarm the tension within the audience towards the subject. But no offensive jokes or corny puns.
- Drinking water avoids mouth getting dry from adrenalin and avoiding an empty stomach reduces anxiety.
- Keep a backup plan (notes or scripts) to use if the presentation technology goes wrong.
- It is better to avoid attempts to get applause. It is not about the speaker, but the idea the speaker is passionate about.

Other guidelines exist.

## Models

Models in public speaking.

The 6 I model of credibility for public speaking are:
|colspan="2"|6 I's of Credibility|
| --- | --- |
|Ideation|Be creative in presenting the idea|
|Information|Bring out new and decision driving facts|
|Influence|Be charismatic with show of confidence|
|Integrity|Be authentic and build a trust through the first half of the session|
|Impact|Identify and present a memorable delivery to root the message|
|Ignition|Call out to action, if required (E.g. Funding, Social Action, Proselytisation ...etc.)|

### AIDA Model

The AIDA model is about designing the message and delivering it effectively to the target audience. It says the speaker should first get attention, hold the interest level of the audience, arouse desire for the solution or the objective (appeal, theme, etc.) desired to communicate, and finally obtain  action or actionable commitment from the audience.

## Related pages

- Rhetoric

## Further reading

- Werlich, Egon 1976. _A text grammar of Eglish_. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

The **University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill** (**UNC**) is a university in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.  It was founded in 1789. UNC is one of three schools that claim to be the oldest public university in the United States. To be more exact, UNC is the first school in the U.S. to hold classes and graduate students as a public institution; it began teaching students in 1795 and graduated its first students in 1798. (The University of Georgia was founded in 1785, but did not start teaching classes until 1801; The College of William & Mary was founded in 1693 and taught students at that time, but did not become a public school until 1906.)

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- **image**: Old Well and McCorkle Place 2005.jpg
- **caption**: The Old Well
- **motto lang**: Latin
- **established**: 1789
- **type**: Public
- **endowment**: $2.2 billion
- **chancellor**: Carol Folt
- **president**: Erskine Bowles
- **staff**: 6,261
- **students**: 28,136
- **undergrad**: 17,628
- **postgrad**: 8,177
- **city**: Chapel Hill
- **state**: North Carolina
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Suburban
- **athletics**: NCAA Division I FBS
- **nickname**: Tar Heels
- **mascot**: Rameses the Sheep
- **website**: [http://www.unc.edu/ www.unc.edu]
- **footnotes**: References:
Michigan State University

**Michigan State University** (or "MSU" for short) is a public university in East Lansing, Michigan.

## Athletics

The Michigan State Spartans are the athletic team of the university. The school's athletic program includes 23 varsity sports teams. The school colors are green and white. They play in NCAA Division I, with almost all of their teams playing in the Big Ten Conference.  In 2010, the MSU football team won a share of the Big 10 title, and played in the Capital One Bowl in Orlando, Florida. The men's ice hockey team plays in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, but will leave that conference in July 2013 when the Big Ten starts a men's hockey league.

## School Facts

Established in 1855, MSU was originally an agricultural college.  Students were known as "Aggies," but are now known as the "Spartans."  Currently, Michigan State University has the largest single campus student body of any university in the state of Michigan, and is one of the largest universities in the country.

## Mascot

The mascot of the university is called "Sparty". He is mostly shown as a muscular male Spartan warrior/athlete dressed in a stylish Greek costume.

## Other websites

- Michigan State University website
- Michigan State Spartans website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Michigan State University
- **image**: MSU Abbot Hall sign.jpg
- **caption**: MSU sign near Abbot Hall
- **motto**: "Advancing Knowledge. Transforming Lives"
- **established**: 1855
- **type**: Public
- **endowment**: $4.4 billion
- **president**: Lou Anna Simon
- **staff**: 6,100
- **students**: 46,045
- **undergrad**: 36,072
- **postgrad**: 9,973
- **city**: East Lansing
- **state**: Michigan
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Suburban
- **athletics**: NCAA Division I FBS
- **nickname**: Spartans
- **mascot**: Sparty
- **website**: [http://www.msu.edu www.msu.edu]
Big Ten (disambiguation)

**Big Ten** could mean:

- Big Ten Conference
- Big Ten Network
- Big Ten Tournament
- Major movie studios
Athletic

**Athletic** could mean:
- Athletic (Kretschmer) — A physical/psychological type classification of Ernst Kretschmer.
- Athlete
    - Physical exercise
    - Physical fitness

- Athletic of Philadelphia - baseball team of the 1870s
- Oakland Athletics - American baseball club

- Charlton Athletic F.C. - English football club
- Oldham Athletic F.C. - English football club
- Wigan Athletic F.C. - English football club
- Alloa Athletic F.C. - Scottish football club
- Dunfermline Athletic F.C. - Scottish football club
- Forfar Athletic F.C. - Scottish football club
- Athletic Bilbao - Spanish football club
- Atlético Madrid - Spanish football club

## Related pages

- Athletics (disambiguation)
Saturn's Gallic group of satellites

The **Gallic group** is a dynamical grouping of the prograde irregular satellites of Saturn following similar orbits. Their semi-major axes range between 16 and 19 Gm, their inclinations between 35° and 40°, and their eccentricities around 0.53.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) reserves names taken from Gallic mythology for these moons.

Similar mean orbital elements led the discoverers to postulate a common origin for the group in a break up of a larger body.

The diagram illustrates the Gallic group in relation to other irregular satellites of Saturn. The eccentricity of the orbits is represented by the yellow segments (extending from the pericentre to the apocentre) with the inclination represented on Y axis.

The four members of the group are (in order of increasing distance from Saturn):
- Albiorix
- Bebhionn
- Erriapo
- Tarvos

The group was later found to be physically homogenous, all satellites displaying _light-red_ colour (colour indices B − V = 0.91 and V − R = 0.48)
and similar infrared indices

Remarkably, recent observations revealed that the largest member of the group, Albiorix, displays actually two different colours: one compatible with Eriapo and Tarvos, and another less red. Instead of the common progenitor, it was postulated that Tarvos and Erriapus could be fragments of Albiorix, leaving a large, less red crater.
Such an impact would require a body with the diameter in excess of 1 km and relative velocity close to 5 km/s, resulting in a large crater with the radius of 12 km. Numerous, very large craters observed on Phoebe, prove the existence of such collisions in the Saturnian system's past.

## Other websites

- David Jewitt pages
- Scott Sheppard pages

## References

- Ephemeris from IAU
- Mean orbital parameters from JPL
Sulawesi

**Sulawesi** (formerly known as **Celebes**) is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia, and is between Borneo and the Maluku Islands.

## Geography

Sulawesi is the world's eleventh-largest island, covering an area of 174,600 km<sup>2</sup>. The island is surrounded by Borneo to the west, by the Philippines to the north, by Maluku to the east, and by Flores and Timor to the south. It has a distinctive shape, dominated by four large peninsulas: the Semenanjung Minahassa; the East Peninsula; the South Peninsula; and the South-east Peninsula. The central part of the island is ruggedly mountainous, such that the island's peninsulas have traditionally been remote from each other, with better connections by sea than by road.

### Major cities

These are the ten largest cities in Sulawesi  by population in 2010.
|City, Province|Population|
| --- | --- |
|**Makassar**, South Sulawesi|1,339,374|
|**Manado**, North Sulawesi|675,354|
|**Kendari**, Southeast Sulawesi|289,153|
|**Palu**, Central Sulawesi|335,297|
|**Gorontalo**, Gorontalo|1,097,990|
|**Bitung**, North Sulawesi|387,932|
|**Palopo**, South Sulawesi|148,033|
|**Baubau**, Southeast Sulawesi|137,118|
|**Parepare**, South Sulawesi|129,542|
|**Kotamobagu**, North Sulawesi|107,216|
Flores

**Flores** is one of the Lesser Sunda Islands, an island arc. Its area is about . It goes east from the island of Java. There are about 1.5 million people in Flores. The largest town is Maumere.

Flores is east of Sumbawa and Komodo. It is west of Lembata and the Alor Archipelago. To the southeast is Timor. To the south is the Sumba strait. The Flores Sea is to the north.

On December 12 1992, an earthquake measuring 7.0 on the Richter scale occurred. It killed 2,000 people in the town of Maumere.