juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alizée

**Alizée Lyonnet** ( **Jacotey**; born 21 August 1984 in Ajaccio, Corsica) is a French pop singer. Her stage name is Alizée — which is the feminine form of _alizé_ and means "trade wind". Alizée was found by Mylène Farmer, after Alizée's performance in the talent show, _Graines de Star_, in 1999. While working with Mylène Farmer and Laurent Boutonnat, Alizée put out two albums. Both of which were hits both inside and outside of France. After the first two albums she broke up with Mylène and Laurent. She has released three more albums. On 6 November 2003 she married Jérémy Chatelain. In 2012 they divorced.

## Other websites

- Alizée's official website
- Alizée Art - News, photos & more
- Alizée-Forum - Place to meet the fans

## Infobox (_person)

- **name**: Alizée
- **image**: French_singer_Alizée_at_Les_Enfoires_2013_-_DSC5744.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: 2013
- **birth name**: Alizée Jacotey
- **birth date**: 21 August 1984
- **birth place**: Ajaccio, Corsica, France
- **occupation**: Singer
- **children**: 2
- **website**: https://www.alizee-officiel.com/
The Scarlet Letter

***The Scarlet Letter*** is a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published on March 16, 1850 by Ticknor, Reed, and Fields of Boston, Massachusetts. It is set in Puritan Boston, Massachusetts in the 1640s. It is about adultery, its punishment, and aftermath. It has been adapted to movies.
Uetersen

**Uetersen** () is a small city in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is about  south of Elmshorn, and  northwest of Hamburg. Uetersen is home to the Rosarium Uetersen, the oldest and largest rose garden in Northern Germany, created in 1929.

Mathias Rust took off from Uetersen for his historic flight in 1987.

## People

- Arthur Drews
- Franz Kruckenberg
- Detlef Lienau

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Uetersen Stadtwerkehaus.jpg
- **image coa**: Uetersen Wappen.png
- **image flag**: Flag of Uetersen.png
- **image plan**: Uetersen in PI.svg
- **state**: Schleswig-Holstein
- **district**: Pinneberg
- **elevation**: 1-18
- **area**: 11.43
- **population**: 17866
- **stand**: 2005-12-31
- **postal code**: 25436
- **area code**: 04122
- **licence**: PI
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 01 0 56 049
- **mayor**: Andrea Hansen
Agostino Carracci

**Agostino Carracci** (sometimes also spelled **Agostino Caracci**, 16 August 1557 – 22 March 1602) was an Italian painter and printmaker.  His brother Annibale and cousin Lodovico Carracci were more famous than he was.

He thought nature was an ideal. He founded a school that was competing with that of Caravaggio. Together with his brothers, he founded the Accademia degli Incamminati. The academy helped painters of the School of Bologna to become famous.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters

## Other websites

- Catholic Encyclopedia: Carracci
Vogtlandkreis Rural District

The **Vogtlandkreis** is a _Landkreis_ (rural district) in the southwest of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders Thuringia, Bavaria, and the Czech Republic. Plauen is the capital of the district.

## Famous people

The first German cosmonaut, Sigmund Jähn was born in the Vogtland. His hometown, the small village _Morgenröthe-Rautenkranz_ in the south-west of the district houses a small space exhibition.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Cities|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Adorf #Auerbach #Bad Elster #Elsterberg #Falkenstein #Klingenthal #Lengenfeld #Markneukirchen #Mühltroff #Mylau #Netzschkau #Oelsnitz #Pausa #Plauen #Reichenbach im Vogtland #Rodewisch #Schöneck #Treuen||#Bad Brambach #Bergen #Bösenbrunn #Eichigt #Ellefeld #Erlbach #Grünbach #Heinsdorfergrund #Limbach #Muldenhammer #Mühlental #Neuensalz #Neumark #Neustadt #Pöhl||<ol start=16> <li>Reuth <li>Rosenbach <li>Steinberg <li>Theuma <li>Tirpersdorf <li>Triebel <li>Weischlitz <li>Werda <li>Zwota </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website (German, Czech)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Vogtlandkreis
- **image coa**: Wappen Vogtlandkreis.svg
- **state**: Saxony
- **capital**: Plauen
- **regierungsbezirk**: Chemnitz Government Region, Chemnitz
- **kreisschlüssel**: 14523
- **area**: 1,309.85
- **population**: 186,059
- **population as of**: 2007
- **density**: 142.05
- **carsign**: V
- **url**: http://www.vogtlandkreis.de
- **map**: Saxony Vogtlandkreis 2008.png
Zwickauer Land Rural District

**Zwickauer Land** was a Landkreis (rural district) in the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city of Zwickau is in the middle of the district. It is nearly completely surrounded by the district. In July 2008, the city lost its right to administer itself, and become a city under the control of the district government.

The rural district was created on 1 August 1994. Its capital is Werdau. On January 1, 1999, the district was reorganised. Cainsdorf, Mosel, Oberrothenbach and Schlunzig were made a part of to Zwickau even though the people living in those towns wanted to stay independent.

## Geography

The district is located in the Ore Mountains (_Erzgebirge_), with the main rivers being the _Zwickauer Mulde_ and the _Pleiße_.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=50%|Cities|align=left width=50%|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Crimmitschau # Hartenstein # Kirchberg # Werdau # Wildenfels # Wilkau-Haßlau||# Crinitzberg # Dennheritz # Fraureuth # Hartmannsdorf bei Kirchberg # Hirschfeld # Langenbernsdorf # Langenweißbach # Lichtentanne # Mülsen # Neukirchen # Reinsdorf|

## Other websites

- Official website (German, English)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Zwickauer Land
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Zwickauer Land.png
- **state**: Saxony
- **capital**: Werdau
- **regierungsbezirk**: Regierungsbezirk Chemnitz, Chemnitz
- **area**: 511.09
- **population**: 133,741
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 262
- **carsign**: Z
- **url**: http://www.zwickauerland.de
- **map**: saxony_z.png
- **dissolved**: 2008
Chemnitzer Land

**Chemnitzer Land** was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

The district has a very big population because the East German government tried to make the area very industrial.

The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Glauchau and Hohenstein-Ernstthal. In 2008, part of city of Zwickau will become part of the district. The rest of the city will become part of Zwickauer Land.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=50%|Towns|align=left width=50%|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Glauchau # Hohenstein-Ernstthal # Lichtenstein, Saxony # Limbach-Oberfrohna # Meerane # Oberlungwitz # Waldenburg||# Bernsdorf # Callenberg # Gersdorf # Niederfrohna # Oberwiera # Remse # Sankt Egidien # Schönberg|

## Other websites

- Official website  (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Chemnitzer Land
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Chemnitzer Land.png
- **state**: Saxony
- **capital**: Glauchau
- **regierungsbezirk**: Chemnitz Government Region, Chemnitz
- **kreisschlüssel**: 14173
- **area**: 336
- **population**: 139,800
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 417
- **carsign**: GC
- **url**: [http://www.landkreis-chemnitzer-land.de/ landkreis-chemnitzer-land.de]
- **map**: saxony_gc.png
- **dissolved**: 2008
Meißen (district)

**Meißen** is a district (_Kreis_) in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||#Coswig #Gröditz #Großenhain #Lommatzsch #Meißen #Nossen #Radebeul #Radeburg #Riesa #Strehla||#Diera-Zehren #Ebersbach #Glaubitz #Hirschstein #Käbschütztal #Ketzerbachtal #Klipphausen #Lampertswalde #Leuben-Schleinitz #Moritzburg #Nauwalde #Niederau #Nünchritz||#<li value="14">Priestewitz #Röderaue #Schönfeld #Stauchitz #Tauscha #Thiendorf #Triebischtal #Weinböhla #Weißig am Raschütz #Wildenhain #Wülknitz #Zabeltitz #Zeithain|

## Other websites

- Official website (German)
- Inofficial website (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Meißen
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Meissen.svg
- **state**: Saxony
- **capital**: Meißen
- **regierungsbezirk**: Regierungsbezirk Dresden, Dresden
- **kreisschlüssel**: 14627
- **area**: 1,452.39
- **population**: 259,343
- **population as of**: 2007
- **density**: 178.56
- **carsign**: MEI
- **url**: http://www.kreis-meissen.de
- **map**: Saxony Landkreis Meißen 2008.png
Sächsische Schweiz (district)

The **Sächsische Schweiz** (_Saxon Switzerland_) was a rural district (_Landkreis_) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

It borders the Czech Republic. Vehicles registered in the district have PIR, for the city of Pirna. This is because the districts own abbreviation would be _SS_, and this is not used because it is the same as the Nazi SS, the _Schutzstaffel_

## History

The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Sebnitz and Pirna were merged.

## Geography

The district is named after the landscape - the _Saxon Switzerland_ - as it is the most mountainous region of Saxony.

## Towns and municipalities

|width=50% align=left|Towns|width=50% align=left|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Bad Gottleuba-Berggießhübel # Bad Schandau # Dohna # Heidenau # Hohnstein # Königstein # Liebstadt # Neustadt in Sachsen # Pirna # Sebnitz # Stadt Wehlen # Stolpen||# Bahretal # Dohma # Dürrröhrsdorf-Dittersbach # Gohrisch # Kirnitzschtal # Lohmen # Müglitztal # Porschdorf # Rathen # Rathmannsdorf # Reinhardtsdorf-Schöna # Rosenthal-Bielatal # Struppen|

## Related pages

- Saxon Switzerland

## Other websites

- Official website  (German)
- Regional website (German)
- Tourism website (German)
- Official tourism portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland  (English)
- Tourism portal (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Sächsische Schweiz
- **image coa**: DEU Landkreis Sächsische Schweiz COA.svg
- **state**: Saxony
- **capital**: Pirna
- **regierungsbezirk**: Regierungsbezirk Dresden, Dresden
- **area**: 887.88
- **population**: 147,180
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 166
- **carsign**: PIR
- **dissolved**: 2008
- **url**: [http://www.lra-saechsische-schweiz.de lra-saechsische-schweiz.de]
- **map**: Lkr-saechsschweiz.png
Sächsische Schweiz

**Sächsische Schweiz** might refer to:

- Sächsische Schweiz (district), a former district in Saxony
- Sächsische Schweiz (tourism)
- Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge, a district in Saxony
Weißeritzkreis

The **Weißeritzkreis** was a district (_Kreis_) in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders the Czech Republic. The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Dippoldiswalde and Freital were merged. It ended in 2008.

During the flooding in August 2002 the river Weißeritz had to drain many times the normal amount of water, and a lot of buildings in the river valley - houses, streets and bridges were destroyed

## Partnerships

1. Rottweil
1. Berchtesgadener Land
1. Göttingen
1. Zollernalbkreis

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=50%|Towns|align=left width=50%|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Altenberg # Dippoldiswalde # Freital # Geising # Glashütte # Rabenau # Tharandt # Wilsdruff||# Bannewitz # Dorfhain # Hartmannsdorf-Reichenau # Hermsdorf # Höckendorf # Kreischa # Pretzschendorf # Schmiedeberg|

## Other websites

- Official website  (German)
- Website about the 2002 Flooding (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Weißeritzkreis
- **image coa**: DEU Weißeritzkreis COA.png
- **state**: Saxony
- **capital**: Dippoldiswalde
- **regierungsbezirk**: Dresden Government Region, Dresden
- **area**: 765
- **population**: 124,091
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 162
- **carsign**: DW
- **url**: http://www.weisseritzkreis.com
- **dissolved**: 2008
- **map**: saxony_dw.png
Saxon Switzerland

**Sächsische Schweiz** means _Saxon Switzerland_ in English. It is a mountainous climbing area and national park near Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Part of the area is in the Czech Republic. It is called the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic.

Sächsische Schweiz has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with Dresden locals and international climbers.

The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz Rural District.

## History

Sächsische Schweiz area has a number of fortresses built to protect trade routes; remaining fortresses include Festung Königstein and Castle Hohnstein. Hardly anything is left of other castles and fortresses.

The area became popular with tourists during the 19th century. Romantic artists were inspired by the beauty of wilderness, like the painter Ludwig Richter or the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his famous opera Der Freischütz with its Wolfsschlucht ("wolf's gorge") scene near the city of Rathen.

## Rock Climbing

Saxon Switzerland is characterized by its sandstone rocks which draw many rock climbers. At the beginning of the 20th century the 'Saxon Rules' for rock climbing were made, the first ever of their kind worldwide.

## Other websites

- Saxony Switzerland (en)
- Sächsische Schweiz (in German)
- Official portal of the destination Saxon Switzerland  (in English)
- Saxon Switzerland
Sorbian languages

The **Sorbian languages** are Slavic languages, a branch of the Indo-European languages.

They are the Sorbs' native languages, who are a Slavic minority in eastern Germany. The languages used to be known as **Wendish** or **Lusatian**.

There are two languages: Upper Sorbian (_hornjoserbsce_), spoken by about 40,000 people in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian (_dolnoserbski_), spoken by about 10,000 people in Brandenburg. Both languages are spoken is an area known as Lusatia (_Łužica_ in Upper Sorbian, _Łužyca_ in Lower Sorbian and _Lausitz_ in German).

In Germany, Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In the home areas of the Sorbs, both languages are officially equal to German.

The city of Bautzen, Upper Lusatia, is the centre of Upper Sorbian culture. Bilingual signs can be seen around the city, including the name of the city, "Bautzen/_Budyšin_".

The city of Cottbus (_Chóśebuz_) is considered the cultural centre of Lower Sorbian. Cottbuss also has bilingual signs.

Sorbian is also spoken in the small Sorbian (“Wendish”) settlement of Serbin in Lee County, Texas. Until recently newspapers were published in Sorbian there. The local dialect has been heavily influenced by surrounding speakers of German and English.

American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves “Wends” or “Wendish” since think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words.

## Other websites

- Sorbian language tree
- Euromosaic information page

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Sorbian
- **altname**: Wendish, Lusatian
- **region**: Lusatia
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Balto-Slavic languages, Balto-Slavic
- **fam3**: Slavic languages, Slavic
- **fam4**: West Slavic languages, West Slavic
- **child1**: Upper Sorbian language, Upper Sorbian
- **child2**: Lower Sorbian language, Lower Sorbian
- **map**: Лужицкие сербы на карте Германии.svg
- **mapcaption**: The Sorbian-speaking region in Germany
- **iso2**: wen
- **iso5**: wen
Bautzen

**Bautzen** (, ,  ; ) is a city in eastern Saxony, Germany, and capital of the Bautzen Rural District. It is on the Spree River.

In 2005, 42,189 people lived in Bautzen. Asteroid _11580 Bautzen_ is named in honour of the city.

Bautzen is historical capital of Upper Lusatia, and it is the most important cultural centre of the Sorbs, a Slavic minority.

During World War II and the Nazi era, there was a subcamp of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp in Bautzen. Ernst Thälmann was imprisoned there before being deported to Buchenwald.

After the war Bautzen was well known in the German Democratic Republic because of its prison. Bautzen I was used as an official prison, Bautzen II was a secret prison for prisoners of conscience (people arrested for their political beliefs, not because of an ordinary crime). Bautzen I is still used as a prison, and Bautzen II has been a memorial since 1993.

In 2002 the city commemorated its thousandth birthday.

## Twin cities

- Worms, since 1990
- Heidelberg, since 1991
- Dreux, France, since 1992
- Jablonec nad Nisou, Czech Republic, since 1993
- Jelenia Góra, Poland, since 1993

## Other websites

- Official website
- Interactive sightseeing tour through Bautzen
- City and regional portal of Bautzen and the Oberlausitz

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Bautzen
- **german name**: Bautzen/Budyšin
- **type**: Stadt
- **image photo**: City Bautzen Germany 104.JPG
- **image coa**: Wappen Bautzen.png
- **state**: Sachsen
- **district**: Bautzen
- **image plan**: Bautzen in BZ.svg
- **elevation**: 204
- **area**: 66.62
- **population**: 39743
- **stand**: 2012-12-31
- **postal code**: 02625
- **area code**: 03591
- **licence**: BZ, BIW, HY, KM
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 14625020
- **divisions**: 15
- **website**: [https://web.archive.org/web/20041129020013/http://www.bautzen.de/ www.bautzen.de]
- **mayor**: Alexander Ahrens
- **party**: none
Jim Root

**James "Jim" Root** (born October 2, 1971) is an American musician. He is the guitarist for both Slipknot and Stone Sour. In Slipknot he is named **#4**. He is the tallest member of the band at 6 feet and 6 inches tall. Jim wears a court jester's mask with a zip-up mouth. Jim enjoys fishing and playing video games in his free time.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jim Root
- **img**: W0920-Hellfest2013 StoneSour JamesRoot 71653-Crop.JPG
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: James Root
- **birth place**: Des Moines, Iowa, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: Guitar
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, hard rock
- **years active**: 1992–present
- **associated acts**: Slipknot
 Stone Sour
- **url**: [http://www.slipknot1.com Slipknot Website]
[http://www.stonesour.com Stone Sour Website]
Ghetto

**Ghettos** were originally separate, closed-off areas where Jewish people were forced to live, apart from everyone else. Today, it is common for the word _ghetto_ to be used for describing any poverty-stricken urban area with a concentration of minority groups.

## Etymology

The word _ghetto_ was first used in 1516 to describe the part of Venice, Italy where Jews had to live. The word has a few possible sources. It may come from the word _getto_, the Venetian word for foundry slag, because the neighborhood had long had iron foundries. It might also come from the Italian word _borghetto_, meaning a little _borgo_ (borough).

## History

According to the _Britannica_:

> _One of the earliest forced segregations of Jews was in Muslim Morocco when, in 1280, [Jews] were transferred to segregated [areas] called millahs. In some Muslim countries, rigid ghetto systems were enforced with [limits] on the sizes of houses and doors._

However, these areas were not called "ghettos". That word was first used in 1516 to describe the Venetian Ghetto, where Christian watchmen stood guard to make sure no Jews left. Over the next 200 years, Jews were segregated into ghettos throughout Europe - in Rome, Prague, Frankfurt, and other cities. (The ghetto in Prague was called _Judenstadt:_ "Jew Town".) By the 1800s, Jews were no longer legally required to live in ghettos. However, between the 1930s and 1945, Nazi Germany forced Jews to live in ghettos throughout Nazi-controlled parts of Europe.

### The Holocaust

_See the main page: Ghettos in Europe during the Holocaust_

The Nazis established around 1,500 ghettos during the Holocaust and forced Jews to live there. Some Roma people, Greeks, and Soviets were also forced into Nazi ghettos.Nobody was allowed to leave the ghettos without special permission. Many (like the Warsaw Ghetto) were surrounded by walls or barbed wire.

Tens of thousands of Jews died in ghettos from starvation, disease, freezing to death, and the terrible conditions. In some ghettos, one in every five people died. Eventually, the Nazis used the ghettos to collect people before deporting them to concentration camps.

The Nazis liquidated nearly all of these ghettos before losing World War II in 1945. Sometimes "liquidation" meant sending everyone to concentration camps and shooting people who resisted. In other cases, the Nazis executed all of the people inside the ghetto.

## Communal Housing and Segregation

In recent years, communitarianism has become more prevalent in France. Some suburbs, such as La Courneuve, Sarcelles, and Toulouse-Le Mirail, are almost exclusively populated by people from sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa. These housing projects, built by architects such as Le Corbusier, Aillaud, and Candilis, have become communal ghettos.

## Related pages

- Antisemitism
- Racial segregation
- Ghettos in Europe during the Holocaust
YHWH

For Jewish people, **YHWH** is the most holy name of God, as written in the ancient Hebrew language. The written language showed no vowels, so the pronunciation is not agreed on. However, most academics agree that "Yahweh" is the most accepted way to say it.

It has also been pronounced as "Yehova" in Hebrew as a substitute word for the tetragrammaton. This is because Hebrew pointing, or vowel symbols, are often put under the YHWH, making . The vowels used come from the Hebrew word for Lord, "Adonai", which after the last captivity, was substituted and the vowels of "Adonai" forced into the tetragrammaton, incorrectly spelling God's Hebrew name as "YaHoVaH".
It was never meant to be anything more than a substitute to avoid pronouncing the tetragrammaton.

Traditionally, religious Jews today do not often say this name aloud. This is because it is believed to be too holy to be spoken. However, they often use substitutes when referring to the name of their God. For example, they use HaShem ("The Name") or Shem HaMeforash (“the indescribable Name”).

Today, the three Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam)  say that there is only one God, defined in the Judeo/Christian
Scriptures as Yahweh almost 7,000 times, with the general name "Elohim" a distant second at 2,500 times. Yahweh was spoken often by Jews. In
the New Testament, Yahweh is also present with the expanded name of Yeshua (Jesus), meaning "Yahweh is Salvation".

Sometimes the four letters are called the _Tetragrammaton_, which is Greek for _four letters_

The Hebrew languages has no vowels as was used in Latin or eventually, English. Therefore, the Tetragrammaton, translated from Hebrew to Latin was JHWH. Eventually, it was JHVH in English. Since it does not contain vowels, as does English, vowels were inserted to make the name pronouncable. Therefore JHVH became JEHOVAH.

These four letters are usually JHWH in German, French and Dutch, and either YHWH, YHVH, JHWH or JHVH in English. In some English language Bibles, it is written in all capital letters as "LORD," as in Jewish tradition. Others, such as the Jerusalem Bible use "Yahweh". The Holman Christian Study Bible uses
"Yahweh" when there is a reference to his name; God's Word Translation uses all of the Hebrew transliterations for the name of God.

The name Jehovah is used by the religious organisation of Jehovah's Witnesses based on early English Bible translations repeated by the KJV. They are not the only religious group to pronounce the holy name as Jehovah. When settlers of different religions arrived to settle lands in North America, the name Jehovah was widely used. It is still used by several regions besides Jehovah’s Witnesses.

In 2008, the Holy See reiterated a directive that the full name YAHWEH should not be used in Catholic liturgy out of respect for the Jews who never pronounce the full word and YHWH was to be used instead.

## Related pages

- God in Christianity
- Jehovah
Jessie Redmon Fauset

**Jessie Redmon Fauset** (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an American editor, poet, essayist and novelist. She wrote more books than any other African-American female novelist of the Harlem Renaissance.

## Her life and work

Fauset was born in  Fredericksville, New Jersey, in Camden County. She was the daughter of Annie Seamon and Redmon Fauset, a Presbyterian minister.  Her mother, Annie, died when she was still a little girl.

Fauset attended Philadelphia High School for girls. She was the only African-American student to graduate. After high school Fauset graduated from Cornell University in 1905. She was also the first African-American woman to be honoured by being made a member of the "Phi Beta Kappa" Society which encourages talented undergraduate students. In 1912, when she was only 16 years old she started work at the NAACP's journal, "The Crisis". The NAACP is the "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People", an organization that was begun in 1902 to help African-Americans, and is now one of the oldest civil rights organizations in America. From 1919 to 1926 Fauset was the literary editor of "The Crisis".  She wrote 77 published works of which 58 were first published in the journal.

She is the author of four novels,_ There Is Confusion _ (1924), _Plum Bun_ (1928), _The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life_ (1931), and _Comedy, American Style_ (1933). She was made an honorary member of the women's society for academics whose work has really helped other people, "Delta Sigma Theta".

Fauset worked as a school teacher for many years. She stopped teaching in 1944. She died in 1961 from heart failure.

### Novels

- _There Is Confusion_ (novel, 1924) This book is about an upper middle class African-American family in Pennsylvania, later New York City, and its circle of friends.
- _Plum Bun: A Novel Without a Moral_ (novel, 1929) this is a study of racial identity
- _The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life_ (novel, 1931) (set in a small New Jersey town; )
- _Comedy, American Style_ (novel, 1933)

## Quotes

- "The Complex of color...every colored man feels it sooner or later.  It gets in the way of his dreams, of his education, of his marriage, of the rearing of his children." - _There is Confusion_

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## References

Kevin De Ornellas has written five articles about Fauset in "Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color" (Greenwood Press, 2006), edited by Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu. One article is a biography; the other four pieces analyze her four novels.)

- "The Face of America: Performing Race and Nation in Jessie Fauset's There is Confusion", "Yale Journal of Criticism", 12, 1 (Spring 1999), 89-111 by Jane Kuenz.
- _Harlem Renaissance:  A Gale Critical Companion_
- _American Woman Writers, 1900-1945:  A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook_, Laurie Champion

## Other websites

- The Black Renaissance in Washington
- Jessie Redmon Fauset - Voices from the Gaps
Ruins

**Ruins** are the parts of buildings that are left after they have been destroyed and cannot be used properly any more. Many ruins are very old like the ruins of the forum of Ancient Rome, or the ruins of Tintagel Castle on the coast of Cornwall. Ruins can be caused by wars or by natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires and volcanos. Sometimes people leave a house or a village to stand empty, and move somewhere else. When this happens, the house or village slowly becomes a ruin.

## Studying ruins

Historic ruins are often a good place for archaeologists to search for evidence of the way people used to live. Often the ruins have all sorts of interesting things buried in them. Archaeologists call the things that they find "artefacts". Artefacts might include beautiful artworks, jewellry and gold coins but usually they are ordinary things like cooking pots, mugs, spoons, hair combs, pipes, old shoes, broken toys and rats' nests. Historians use the evidence found by the archaeologists to write about the place and what might have happened there.

Other people who find ruins very interesting are artists. Many artists have drawn or painted pictures of ruined buildings. In the 18th and 19th centuries, pictures of ruins became very popular.

## Famous ruins

- The Indus Valley civilisation in India has several ruined cities. The biggest are Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. They are 5,000 years old.
- The Nile Valley has famous ruined temples of Ancient Egypt such as Temple of Luxor.
- The most famous ruins of Ancient Greece are the temples on the Acropolis at Athens including the Parthenon.
- Rome has many ancient ruins, including the Colosseum and the Forum.
- Pompeii is an Ancient Roman city near Naples that was destroyed in a volcanic explosion. Many things in Pompeii are very well preserved.
- Machu Picchu in Peru is a ruined city of the Inca from the 1400s.
- In England many abbeys were closed down and ruined in the 1500s, and many castles were ruined during the Civil War a hundred years later.
- In Hiroshima the ruins of a building called the Genbaku Dome ("Atomic Dome") stand to remind people of the destruction of the city by atomic bomb in World War II.

## Related pages

- Architecture
- Archaeological site
- Archaeology
Annaberg district

**Annaberg** was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended on August 1, 2008.

## History

The district of Annaberg was established in 1874. The capital city was formed in 1945 when the towns of Annaberg and Buchholz were joined to form Annaberg-Buchholz.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=50%|Towns|align=left width=50%|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Annaberg-Buchholz # Ehrenfriedersdorf # Elterlein # Geyer # Jöhstadt # Oberwiesenthal # Scheibenberg # Schlettau # Thum||# Bärenstein # Crottendorf # Gelenau # Königswalde # Mildenau # Sehmatal # Tannenberg # Thermalbad Wiesenbad|

## Other websites

- Official website  (German, requires Java for navigation)
- Inofficial website (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Annaberg
- **image coa**: Landkreiswappen des Landkreises Annaberg.png
- **state**: Saxony
- **dissolved**: 2008-08-01
- **capital**: Annaberg-Buchholz
- **regierungsbezirk**: Chemnitz (region), Chemnitz
- **area**: 438
- **population**: 86,800
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 198
- **carsign**: ANA
- **map**: saxony_ana.png
Golden age

**Golden age** is an expression (or term) that people use when they are talking or writing about a time that is past, when everything seemed to be good.

There are several ways that the term can be used.
- It can be used for an historic period in a particular place, for example: "The Golden Age of Athens".
- This means a time in the history of Ancient Greece when the city of Athens had peace, good government and everyone had enough to eat.
- It can be used for a period or style of art or literature, for example: "The Golden Age of Danish Painting".
- This means a time when many artists in Denmark were painting very fine pictures.
- It can be used in a personal sense, for example: "Harvard was my 'Golden Age'!"
- This means that the person speaking says that their time at Harvard University was the happiest in their life.
- It could refer to a time in a country when it is undergoing developments and great achievements in science and the arts, the people are happy and lived in harmony and there is a stable economy.
Aue-Schwarzenberg

**Aue-Schwarzenberg** was a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany. It ended in 2008.

## History

The districts of Aue and Schwarzenberg were formed in 1873. In 1994 both districts were joined in order to form a new district, which was called _Westerzgebirgskreis_ (the Western Ore Mountains District). It was renamed Aue-Schwarzenberg in 1995.

## Geography

The district is located in the western part of the Erzgebirge (ore) Mountains. The tops of these mountains are also the German-Czech border. The highest peak in the district is the **Auersberg** , second highest mountain in Saxony.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Aue # Eibenstock # Grünhain-Beierfeld # Johanngeorgenstadt # Lauter # Lößnitz # Schneeberg # Schwarzenberg||# Bad Schlema # Bernsbach # Bockau # Breitenbrunn # Raschau-Markersbach||<ol start=6> <li> Schönheide <li> Sosa <li> Stützengrün <li> Zschorlau </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website
- Inofficial website

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Landkreis Aue-Schwarzenberg
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Aue-Schwarzenberg.svg
- **state**: Saxony
- **capital**: Aue
- **regierungsbezirk**: Chemnitz Government Region, Chemnitz
- **kreisschlüssel**: 14191
- **dissolved**: 2008
- **area**: 528.25
- **population**: 138,331
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 262
- **carsign**: ASZ
- **url**: http://www.lra-asz.de
- **map**: saxony_asz.png
Delitzsch (district)

**Delitzsch** is a former rural district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

## History

After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 Saxony had to give a lot of its land to Prussia, including the region of Delitzsch. The Prussian government made the district of Delitzsch.

Prussia was dissolved after the end of the Nazi era. Delitzsch was made a part of the new state of Saxony-Anhalt. In 1953 the East German government dissolved the states. After the German reunification in 1990, the states were made again, but now Delitzsch and Eilenburg (two districts made of the former Delitzsch district) were given to Saxony instead of Saxony-Anhalt. The two districts were joined in 1994 and gave the district in its present borders. In 2008 Delitzsch Rural district was merged with Torgau-Oschatz Rural District to Nordsachsen Rural District.

## Geography

The district is in the triangle between the big cities of Leipzig, Halle and Bitterfeld. It is mostly countryside, and used for farming. The Mulde River runs through the east part of the district. On the eastern banks there is the **Düben Heath** (_Dübener Heide_) nature park.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=33%|Towns|align=left width=33%|Municipalities|align=left width=33%||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Bad Düben # Delitzsch # Eilenburg # Schkeuditz # Taucha||# Doberschütz # Jesewitz # Krostitz # Laußig # Löbnitz # Neukyhna||<ol start=7> <li> Rackwitz <li> Schönwölkau <li> Wiedemar <li> Zschepplin <li> Zwochau </ol>|

## Other websites

- Official website  (German)
- Dueben Heath Nature Park  (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Landkreis Delitzsch
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Delitzsch.png
- **state**: Saxony
- **capital**: Delitzsch
- **regierungsbezirk**: Leipzig Government Region, Leipzig
- **area**: 852
- **kreisschlüssel**: 14374
- **population**: 129,100
- **population as of**: 2000
- **density**: 154
- **carsign**: DZ
- **url**: [http://www.lradelitzsch.de lradelitzsch.de]
- **map**: saxony_dz.png
- **dissolved**: 2008
McFly

**McFly** is a British pop rock band who first became famous in 2003. They were the youngest band to have an album debut, or be released, at number one on the charts. The band was started by Tom Fletcher (born 17 July 1985) and also has Danny Jones (born 12 March 1986), Dougie Poynter (born 30 November 1987), and Harry Judd (born 23 December 1985). They were signed to the Island Records label and are managed by Happy Entertainment. In 1999, they left Stiff Records and created their own label, Super Records.

By April 1999, McFly had thirteen top ten singles. Seven of these songs reached number one in the UK Singles Chart and two number one albums: their first album, _Room on the 3rd Floor_, and their second, _Wonderland_. Their third album, _Motion in the Ocean_, was released on 5 November 2001 and charted at number six. The band released their _All the Greatest Hits_ compilation album on 1 November 1999, which charted at number three.

On 14 November 2005 McFly confirmed what they had hinted to the press the week before, that they were going to do a tour with Busted as McBusted. In November 2005 McFly also wrote and made the new theme tune for _ The Paul O'Grady Show_.

## Discography

|Album information|
| --- |
|***Room on the 3rd Floor*** *Released: 1 January 2004 (UK & Ireland)|
|***Wonderland*** *Released: 24 February 1997 (UK & Ireland)|
|***Just My Luck*** *Released: 14 November 1997 (US debut)|
|***Motion in the Ocean*** *Released: 4 May 1998 (UK & Ireland)|
|***All the Greatest Hits*** *Released: 3 May 1999 (UK & Ireland)|
|***Radio:ACTIVE*** *Came free with The Mail on Sunday, 17 January 2000 (UK & Ireland) *Released: 27 March 2000 (Uk & Ireland) (Deluxe edition)|
|***Above the Noise*** *Released May 2003. Peaked at number 2 in Radio 1 Official Charts|

## Other websites

- Official Website
- McFly's MySpace Profile

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: McFly
- **img**: McFly group.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, United Kingdom
- **genre**: Pop rock
New wave music, new wave
- **years active**: 2003–present
- **label**: Stiff Records, Stiff (2003-2007)
Super Records (2007–present)
- **url**: http://www.mcflyofficial.com/
- **current members**: Tom Fletcher, Danny Jones, Harry Judd, Dougie Poynter
Gold Rush (disambiguation)

A **gold rush** is when a lot of people move to an area found to have a lot of gold deposits. Famous examples include:
- California Gold Rush
- Klondike Gold Rush
- Australian gold rushes
- Black Hills Gold Rush

It may also mean:

In **music**:
- _After the Gold Rush_, album by Neil Young
- _After the Gold Rush_ (song), the title song from Neil Young's 1970 album, _After the Gold Rush_
- _Goldrush_ (band), rock band

In **entertainment**:
- _The Gold Rush_, 1925 Charlie Chaplin film
- _Gold Rush!_, computer adventure game

**Places**:
- Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park, United States National Historical Park commemorating the Klondike Gold Rush
Ruin (disambiguation)

**Ruins** or **ruin** may mean:
- Ruins, remains of man-made architecture.
- _The Ruin_, an 8th century Anglo-Saxon poem
- The Ruin (Ukrainian history), a period in Ukrainian history after the death of Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1657
- Ruin (musician), a Canadian Electronic Musician
- Ruins (band), a Japanese drum-bass duo
- Ruin (band), a Swedish metal band
- Ruins, a Tasmanian black metal band
- Ruin (publishing house), a Swedish publishing house and magazine
- Ruins (album), the third album of the French metal band Artefact
Amy Deasismont

**Amy Linnéa Deasismont**, known as **Amy Diamond**, (born on April 15, 1992 in Norrköping) is a Swedish singer. At the young age of 16, she already has had a number of hits worldwide. On February 9, 2008, Diamond performed an entry in the Swedish Melodifestivalen in hopes of representing the Nordic country at Eurovision Song Contest in Belgrade, Serbia. She later did not win the finale but her entry became a hit in Sweden.
Marija Šerifović

**Marija Šerifović** (born November 14, 1984) is a singer who won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 with the ballad Molitva, which was sung in Serbian. She was born in Kragujevac, Serbia.  Nina Badrić

## Other websites

- Marija Serifovic's Serbian page
Boaz Ma'uda

**Boaz Mauda**, born on the 23th of April, 1987 in Elyakim, Israel.

He won the fifth season of _Kokhav Nolad_, the Israeli version of _Pop Idol_, and represented Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, finishing in 9th place. His voice has been described as somewhere between David D'Or and Dana International.
Rebeka Dremelj

**Rebeka Dremelj** (born July 25, 1980 in Brežice, Slovenia) is a Slovenian singer. She competed in the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rebeka Dremelj Škaler
- **image**: Rebeka Dremelj.jpg
- **caption**: Rebeka Dremelj
- **image size**: 200px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **origin**: Brežice, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFR Yugoslavia
- **occupation**: Singer, Model (person), Model, TV Presenter, Fashion Designer, Actress
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **label**: Menart Records, Menart, Hayat Production
- **associated acts**: Domen Kumer, SOMA DOLARA
- **website**: [http://www.rebekadremelj.com/ rebekadremelj.com]
Chemnitz Government Region

**Chemnitz** is one of the three government regions of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, and is found in the south-west of the state.

|Kreise (districts)|Kreisfreie Städte (district-free towns)|
| --- | --- |
|Erzgebirgskreis|Chemnitz|
|Mittelsachsen|Dresden|
|Vogtlandkreis|Leipzig|
|Zwickau||

## Infobox (german regierungsbezirk)

- **name**: Chemnitz
- **map**: Sachsen rbchemnitz.png
- **state**: Saxony
- **capital**: Chemnitz
- **area**: 6096.90
- **population**: 1520537
- **population as of**: 31 Dec. 2006
- **latd**: 50
- **latm**: 45
- **longd**: 12
- **longm**: 50
Pinta

**Pinta** can mean:
- Pinta (ship), used by Christopher Columbus
- Pinta (disease), a skin disease caused by _Treponema carateum_
- Pinta Island (also known as Abington Island) in the Galapagos Islands
Prescription

A **prescription** (℞) is a message given by a doctor to a patient saying what to do. It may say to get special medicine that is only for people with a prescription. Those drugs are often very strong, and they cannot be bought normally from a pharmacy as you could with over-the-counter drugs. Some prescription drugs, for example Oxycontin or Hydrocodone, are used illegally to become intoxicated. Using prescription drugs illegally may result in drug addiction, illness, and death.  A prescription can also be a way to tell another person how to help the patient, such as for physical therapy.

Prescriptions were written on paper.  Now most of them are sent electronically.  This is quicker. It also means there are not so many mistakes.

**Know your prescription**  It is important for a patient to learn about the medication that the doctor has prescribed for them. This can be done by asking the pharmacist, reading the patient information leaflet or by searching for the medication on the Internet.
Harold Shipman

**Harold Frederick Shipman** (14 January 1946 – 13 January 2004) was a British general practitioner (a type of doctor) and serial killer. He is thought to have killed 250+ of his patients. He was a psychopath. He committed suicide by hanging on 13 January 2004 aged nearly 58.

## Early life and career

Shipman was born on 14 January 1946, in Bestwood council estate in Nottingham. He studied Medicine at the Leeds School of Medicine on scholarship. He graduated in 1970. In 1974, he became a GP in Todmorden. In 1993 he started his own doctors' surgery in Hyde.

## Crimes

In 1975, he was convicted of forging prescriptions for pethidine, to which he was addicted. Shipman was arrested on 4 September 1998.

## Trial and conviction

On 5 October 1999, he was put on trial and found guilty of 15 murders. On 31 January 2000, he was sentenced to life imprisonment for each murder. On 10 February 2000, exactly 10 days after his conviction, he was struck off from the General Medical Council Register. An investigation identified another 235 suspicious deaths. His usual way of killing was using morphine. Most of the patients he killed were old women. His other offence was the forged will of Kathleen Grundy by a typewriter.

## Death and suicide

While he was an inmate in Wakefield prison, West Yorkshire, he committed suicide with bedsheets on the day before his 58th birthday on 13 January 2004. He was discovered hanged at 6.20am (0620 GMT), prison staff tried to revive him but he was pronounced dead at 8.10am (0810 GMT). It is not known why. At the time of his death he was still married to Primrose Shipman.

Shortly after 11am, an undertaker's van took Shipman's body from HM Wakefield Prison to the Medico Legal Mortuary Centre for identification. He was cremated in a secret location.

## Aftermath

A garden in memory of Shipman's victims was opened in Hyde Park on 30 July 2005, one year since his prison suicide.

## In popular culture

Post-punk band The Fall released a song about Shipman called "What About Us?". Actor James Bolam portrayed Harold Shipman in the ITV crime drama Harold Shipman.

## Related pages

- John Bodkin Adams - British general practitioner and suspected serial killer
- Michael Swango - American doctor and serial killer

## Infobox (criminal)

- **name**: Harold Shipman
- **image**: Harold Shipman mug shot.jpg
- **caption**: Shipman  2000
- **birth name**: Harold Frederick Shipman
- **birth place**: Nottingham, England
- **death place**: Wakefield, Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England
- **occupation**: General practitioner
- **alma mater**: University of Leeds
- **children**: 4
- **victims**: 250 confirmed (15 convicted), possibly more
- **beginyear**: 1975
- **country**: England
- **endyear**: 1998
- **apprehended**: 7 September 1998
- **penalty**: Life imprisonment (whole life tariff)
- **death cause**: Suicide by hanging, Hanging (suicide)
Clinic

A **clinic** is a medical facility that gives health care for patients in an area. It is different from a hospital, because people do not stay in a clinic for a long time. Some clinics can become as large as hospitals, but still have the name Clinic. Small clinics are run by one or more general practitioners or practice managers. Physiotherapy clinics are run by physiotherapists, psychology clinics run by clinical psychologists, and so on for each type of health care. Some clinics are operated, or run, by employers. Other clinics are owned by people who do not have medical education, like in China.

Some clinics are a place for people with injuries or illness to come and be seen by triage nurse or other health worker.  In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be large or dangerous enough to warrant a visit to an emergency room, but the person can be moved to one if they need to be. These clinics sometimes can use equipment such as X-ray machines. Doctors at these clinics can send patients to specialists, a doctor who is very good at one kind of medicine.

## Where the word came from

The word _clinic_ comes from the Greek word _klinein_, which means to put something at an angle, or to lie down. Latin has the word _clinicus_, which is a lot like the word we use today. An early meaning of the word clinic was, 'one who gets baptism on a sick bed'.

## Types of clinics

- In the United States, a free clinic provides free or low cost health care for people without insurance.
- A Retail Based Clinic is put in placed like shops, and may be staffed by nurse practitioners.
- A _general out-patient clinic_ is a clinic offering treatment without an overnight stay.
- A _polyclinic_ is a clinic, hospital, or school where many diseases are treated and studied.
- A fertility clinic helps women to become pregnant.
- An abortion clinic is a medical facility providing certain kinds of medical care, such as abortion to women.

## Related pages

- Simple Clinic, a free retail clinic chain.
- Abortion clinic
- Free clinic
- Clinical Management System
Clinic (disambiguation)

**Clinic** may mean:

- Clinic, a health facility
- Clinic (band)
- Clinic (album), an album by that band
- Clinic, another less active, older band. See Philip Brigham
- Clinic (music)
- _The Clinic_
- Klinik
Döbeln (district)

**Döbeln** was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008.

## History

The region was originally populated by Sorbian peoples.
The present borders of the district were made in 1952, when the government of East Germany formed the new districts. Döbeln is one of the few districts which have not been changed after the German reunification.

## Geography

The district is on the banks of the Freiberger Mulde in the triangle between the cities of Dresden, Leipzig and Chemnitz.

## Towns and municipalities

|align=left width=50%|Towns|align=left width=50%|Municipalities|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||# Döbeln # Hartha # Leisnig # Roßwein # Waldheim||# Bockelwitz # Ebersbach # Großweitzschen # Mochau # Niederstriegis # Ostrau # Ziegra-Knobelsdorf # Zschaitz-Ottewig|

## Other websites

- Official website  (German)

## Infobox (german district)

- **name**: Döbeln
- **image coa**: Wappen Landkreis Doebeln.png
- **state**: Saxony
- **capital**: Döbeln
- **regierungsbezirk**: Leipzig Government Region, Leipzig
- **kreisschlüssel**: 14375
- **area**: 424
- **population**: 77,900
- **population as of**: 2001
- **density**: 184
- **carsign**: DL
- **url**: [http://www.landkreis-doebeln.de/ landkreis-doebeln.de]
- **map**: saxony_dl.png
- **dissolved**: 2008