juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Olympique Lyonnais

**Olympique Lyonnais** is a football club which plays in France.

## Name

- 1899-1950 **Lyon Olympique Universitaire**
- 1950-present **Olympique Lyonnais**

## League title

- Ligue 1 : 7
    - 2001/02, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2005/06, 2006/07, 2007/08
- Ligue 2 : 3
    - 1950/51, 1953/54, 1988/89

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Division 1|2nd|
|2001/02|Division 1|Champions|
|2002/03|Ligue 1|Champions|
|2003/04|Ligue 1|Champions|
|2004/05|Ligue 1|Champions|
|2005/06|Ligue 1|Champions|
|2006/07|Ligue 1|Champions|
|2007/08|Ligue 1|Champions|
|2008/09|Ligue 1|3rd|
|2009/10|Ligue 1|2nd|
|2010/11|Ligue 1|3rd|
|2011/12|Ligue 1|4th|
|2012/13|Ligue 1|3rd|
|2013/14|Ligue 1|5th|
|2014/15|Ligue 1|2nd|
|2015/16|Ligue 1|2nd|
|2016/17|Ligue 1|4th|
|2017/18|Ligue 1|3rd|
|2018/19|Ligue 1|3rd|
|2019/20|Ligue 1|7th|
|2020/21|Ligue 1|4th|
|2021/22|Ligue 1|8th|

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Olympique Lyonnais
- **fullname**: Olympique Lyonnais
- **founded**: 1899
- **ground**: Parc Olympique Lyonnais
- **capacity**: 59,186
- **chairman**: Jean-Michel Aulas
- **manager**: Laurent Blanc
- **captain**: Maxime Gonalons
- **league**: Ligue 1
- **season**: 2021/22
- **position**: Ligue 1, 8th
- **website**: http://www.olweb.fr/
- **pattern la1**: _lyon2526h
- **pattern b1**: _lyon2526h
- **pattern ra1**: _lyon2526h
- **pattern sh1**: _lyon2526h
- **pattern so1**: _adidasredl
- **socks1**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la2**: _lyon2526a
- **pattern b2**: _lyon2526a
- **pattern ra2**: _lyon2526a
- **pattern sh2**: _lyon2526a
- **pattern so2**: _lyon2526al
- **leftarm2**: 010066
- **body2**: 010066
- **rightarm2**: 010066
- **shorts2**: 010066
- **socks2**: 010066
F.C. Girondins de Bordeaux

**F.C. Girondins de Bordeaux ** is a football club which plays in France.

## League title

- Division 1 / Ligue 1 : 6
    - 1949/50, 1983/84, 1984/85, 1986/87, 1998/99, 2008/09
- Division 2 : 1
    - 1991/92

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Division 1|4th|
|2001/02|Division 1|6th|
|2002/03|Ligue 1|4th|
|2003/04|Ligue 1|12th|
|2004/05|Ligue 1|15th|
|2005/06|Ligue 1|2nd|
|2006/07|Ligue 1|6th|
|2007/08|Ligue 1|2nd|
|2008/09|Ligue 1|Champions|
|2009/10|Ligue 1|6th|

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2010/11|Ligue 1|7th|
|2011/12|Ligue 1|5th|
|2012/13|Ligue 1|7th|
|2013/14|Ligue 1||

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: F.C. Girondins de Bordeaux
- **fullname**: Football Club des Girondins de Bordeaux
- **founded**: 1881
- **ground**: Stade Chaban Delmas,
Bordeaux
- **capacity**: 34,327
- **chairman**: Jean-Louis Triaud
- **manager**: Willy Sagnol
- **league**: Ligue 1
- **season**: Ligue 1 2012–13, 2012/13
- **position**: Ligue 1, 7th
Glasgow Central station

**Glasgow Central station** is a mainline railway station in Glasgow, Scotland. It first opened in 1879.

The station typically serves areas south of the city such as Motherwell or London however has since branched out to areas such as Wemyss Bay in the west and Edinburgh in the east.

Current operators at this station include ScotRail, Caledonian Sleeper, LNER, Transpennine Express and Avanti West Coast.

Current trains that serve this station include the Class 73, Class 86, Class 90, Class 92, Class 156, Class 314, Class 318, Class 320, Class 321, Class 380, Class 385, Class 390, Class 397 and Class 80x.
Marlborough House

**Marlborough House** is a mansion in Westminster, London, England. It was built for a royal favourite, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, in 1711. Following her death, it passed to the hands of successive Dukes of Marlborough.

In 1817, it became Crown property. It was used by members of the royal family, including Queen Adelaide. It served as a base for the predecessor of the Royal College of Art, the "National Art Training School". In 1861, Marlborough House was made the Prince of Wales's London residence. It was used by him for the next 40 years, until he became king in 1901. It continued as a royal residence, and was last used by Queen Mary until 1953. After her death, her granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II, gave the house to the Commonwealth Secretariat, which continues to use it today.

## Other websites

- Virtual tour
Richmond Park

**Richmond Park** is a 955 hectare (2,360 acres) park in outer London. Originally, it was outside London, in Surrey. It is now in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.

The park was created by Charles I in the 17th century as a deer park. It is the largest of London's Royal Parks.  It is of national and international importance for wildlife conservation.  The park is a national nature reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation. It is included, at Grade I, on the _Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England_.

It is the largest of the eight Royal Parks in London, and is famous for red and fallow deer. It is about three times the size of Central Park in New York (341 hectares or 843 acres).

Notable features in the park include Pembroke Lodge, once the home of the British Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Also in the park is White Lodge, home of the Royal Ballet School and once a royal residence. One house in the park, Thatched House Lodge, is the residence of Princess Alexandra.

The park is fully open to the public, with access by road, bicycles and pedestrians.
Brantridge Park

**Brantridge Park** is a former royal residence in Balcombe, West Sussex, England. It was owned by Princess Alice, and her husband Alexander Cambridge, the first Earl of Athlone. Following the Athlone's departure to Canada as viceroy and viceregal consort, it was occupied by Princess Beatrice, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria. Beatrice died there in 1945. It is now a hotel operated by Timeshare.
Osborne House

**Osborne House** is a former royal residence East Cowes on the Isle of Wight, England. It was in purchased by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1845. The solent reminded by Prince Albert of the Gulf of Naples, but the old house was too small for their needs, and the house was demolished and rebuilt by Thomas Cubitt in the Italianate style.

The house became a family home, as Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined to bring their children up in a natural and loving environment. Within the grounds was a smaller structure, Swiss Cottage, which was where the royal children played and learned practical skills, such as cooking and farming. The children often entertained their parents here, and Queen Victoria used the simplicity of the cottage to deal with personal correspondence.

Following Prince Albert's death in 1861, Osborne became an effective mausoleum in his memory. Queen Victoria used the house as a retreat away from public life. She died there on 22 January 1901, and her son, King Edward VII, gave the house to the nation. It was used as a naval training school, and then a convalescent home for officers. During the Second World War, Adolf Hitler ordered that the estate was not to be bombed because he wanted to use it as a post-war retreat.
Docetism

**Docetism** is an early Christian teaching that says that Jesus only appeared to have a human body. The term comes from  _dokein_: _to seem_.

Early Gnostics, whose teachings began to threaten Christian doctrine and theology, believed all matter was unclean. For this reason, Christ could not have a physical body, as he was seen as the eternal Logos.

Today, it is unclear where this teaching came from. It might have been influenced by the teachings of Plato. Plato taught that only ideas mattered and that matter itself was inferior.

Many Gnostic teachings are docetic. For a long time, people believed that docetism and Gnosticism were developed together. This is however not the case, there are also some Gnostic systems that are not docetic, as well as some docetic systems that are not gnostic.

Today, most Christian theologians see docetism as a heresy.
Taz (wrestler)

**Peter Senerchia** (born October 11, 1967),  is an American color commentator and retired professional wrestler. He currently works for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a commentator under the ring name **Taz**.

He is also known for his work in Eastern/Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), the World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWE) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He is also known for his former ring name **Tazz** which he used in the WWE for many years. He retired as a wrestler in 2002 and has since performed as a commentator and manager .

He won the ECW World Heavyweight Championship and the ECW World Television Championship two-times each, the tag team championship four-times (three times in ECW and once in the WWF) and the WWF Hardcore Championship three times. He is also the creator and the first holder the FTW Heavyweight Championship, an unofficial championship competed for in ECW and AEW. His son Tyler also works in AEW under the ring name Hook.

## Championships and accomplishments

- **Century Wrestling Alliance**
    - CWA Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- **Eastern/Extreme Championship Wrestling**
    - ECW World Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
    - FTW Heavyweight Championship (2 times, first)
    - ECW World Television Championship (2 times)
    - ECW World Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Kevin Sullivan (2) and Sabu (1)
    - Third ECW Triple Crown Champion
- **International World Class Championship Wrestling**
    - IWCCW Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
- ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
    - Ranked No. 10 of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 1999
    - PWI ranked him No. 147 of the top 500 singles wrestlers of the "PWI Years" in 2003
- **World Wrestling Federation**
    - WWF Hardcore Championship (3 times)<sup>2</sup>
    - WWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Spike Dudley
- ***Wrestling Observer Newsletter***
    - Worst Gimmick (2013) – <small>Aces & Eights</small>
    - Worst Television Announcer (2013)
    - Best Non-Wrestler (2020)
- **Victory Championship Wrestling**
    - VCW Hall of Fame (Class of 2018)

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Taz
- **image**: FTW Champion Hook with Taz, 2022 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Taz in 2022
- **birthname**: Peter Senerchia
- **names**: Kid Krush
The Tasmaniac
The Tasmanian Devil
The Tazmaniac
**Taz**
Tazz
- **height**: 5 ft 9 in
- **weight**: 240 lbs
- **birth place**: Brooklyn, New York City, United States, U.S.
- **family**: Chris Chetti (cousin)
- **spouse**: Teresa Smith
- **children**: Hook (wrestler), Hook (son)
- **billed**: Red Hook, Brooklyn, The Red Hook Section of Brooklyn, New York
- **trainer**: Johnny Rodz
- **retired**: 2002 (full-time),  (last match)
Lille OSC

**Lille O.S.C.** is a football club which plays in France.

Based in the northern city of Lille founded in 1944 from the merger of the **Olympique Lillois** (founded in 1902) and the **S.C. Fives** (founded in 1901).

## League title

- Division 1 : 4
    - 1932/33 (as Olympique Lillois), 1945/46, 1953/54, 2010/2011

## League position

|Season|League|Position|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2000/01|Division 1|3rd|
|2001/02|5th||
|2002/03|Ligue 1|14th|
|2003/04|10th||
|2004/05|2nd||
|2005/06|3rd||
|2006/07|10th||
|2007/08|7th||
|2008/09|5th||
|2010/11|1st||
|2013/14|3rd||
|2014/15|8th||
|2015/16|5th||
|2017/18|17th||
|2018/19|2nd||
|2019/20|4th||

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Lille O.S.C.
- **fullname**: Lille Olympique Sporting Club Association
- **founded**: 1944
- **ground**: Stade Pierre Mauroy
- **capacity**: 50,156
- **chairman**: Olivier Létang
- **captain**: José Fonte
- **league**: Ligue 1
- **season**: 2019/20
- **position**: Ligue 1, 2nd
- **coach**: Christophe Galtier
- **pattern la1**: _LilleOSC2425h
- **pattern b1**: _LilleOSC2425h
- **pattern ra1**: _LilleOSC2425h
- **pattern sh1**: _LilleOSC2425h
- **pattern so1**: _LilleOSC2425h
- **leftarm1**: C2051B
- **body1**: C2051B
- **rightarm1**: C2051B
- **shorts1**: 000050
- **socks1**: 000050
- **pattern la2**: _LilleOSC2425a
- **pattern b2**: _LilleOSC2425a
- **pattern ra2**: _LilleOSC2425a
- **pattern sh2**: _LilleOSC2425a
- **pattern so2**: _LilleOSC2425a
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFF
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: FFFFFF
- **pattern la3**: _LilleOSC2425t
- **pattern b3**: _LilleOSC2425t
- **pattern ra3**: _LilleOSC2425t
- **pattern sh3**: _LilleOSC2425t
- **pattern so3**: _LilleOSC2425t
- **leftarm3**: 222222
- **body3**: 222222
- **rightarm3**: 222222
- **shorts3**: 000000
- **socks3**: 222222
Jinnah International Airport

**Jinnah International Airport** (previously **Quaid-e-Azam International Airport**) (IATA: KHI, ICAO: OPKC) is Pakistan's largest international and domestic airport. It is located in Karachi, in Sindh, and is also commonly known as the **Jinnah Terminal**.

## Events

- On 7 April 1929, Karachi airport became the first airport in British India to be used for a commercial flight, when an aircraft landed with mail going to Bombay.
- On 19 August 1980, Saudia Flight 163 flew from Karachi to Riyadh for its first leg. When the aircraft started its second leg to Jeddah, a fire ignited. The plane landed and everyone died.
- A Pan Am Boeing 747 named the _Clipper Empress of the Seas_, called Pan Am Flight 73, was hijacked on 5 September 1986. Twenty people were killed when the airplane was hijacked on the ground in Karachi, Pakistan.
- 22 May 2020, Pakistan International Airlines Flight 8303

## References

- Authorized Flight Permit Agent For Pakistan Overflight Permit
- Flight Dispatch Center
- OPIS ISB Islamabad Airport Data
- OPRN Rawalpindi Airport Data
- OPKC KHI Karachi Airport Data
- OPLA LHE Lahore Airport Data
- OPRK RYK Rahim Yar Khan Airport Data

## Other websites

- Official Website of Jinnah International Airport
- Old Official Website
- Pakistani Aviation

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Jinnah International Airport
- **nativename**: Quaid-e-Azam International Airport
- **nativename-r**: Karachi International Airport
- **image**: PK Karachi Airport asv2020-01.jpg
- **iata**: KHI
- **icao**: OPKC
- **type**: Public
- **owner-oper**: Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority
- **city-served**: Karachi, Sindh
- **elevation-f**: 100
- **elevation-m**: 30
- **website**: [http://www.karachiairport.com.pk www.karachiairport.com.pk]
- **metric-rwy**: Y
- **r1-number**: 07R/25L
- **r1-length-f**: 11,155
- **r1-length-m**: 3,400
- **r1-surface**: Concrete
- **r2-number**: 07L/25R
- **r2-length-f**: 10,500
- **r2-length-m**: 3,200
- **r2-surface**: Concrete
Demi Lovato

**Demetria Devonne Lovato** (born August 20, 1992), known as **Demi Lovato**, is an American singer-songwriter, philanthropist, and actress. Lovato was first in _Barney & Friends_ (2002–2004), but became more popular from being in the television movies  _Camp Rock_ (2008) and its sequel _Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam_ (2010).

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **associated acts**: Jonas Brothers


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Demi Lovato
- **image**: Demi Lovato 2009 (Cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Lovato in 2009
- **birth name**: Demetria Devonne Lovato
- **birth place**: Albuquerque, New Mexico, US
- **relatives**: Madison De La Garza (half-sister) Dallas Lovato (Older Sister)
- **years active**: 2002–present
- **awards**: List of awards and nominations received by Demi Lovato, Full list
Road (sports)

**Road game** (short for **on the road**), better known as an **away game**, is a reference to all cities and stadia/arenas/fields/venues where an athletic team plays games for which they are not the host.

## Related pages

- Home (sports)
Home (sports)

In sports, **home** is the city and stadium, arena, or field where an athletic team plays games at their own venue, not visiting other teams.

## Related pages

- Road (sports)
Hurricane Hugo

**Hurricane Hugo** was a powerful Category 5 hurricane that struck Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, South Carolina and North Carolina in September of the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season, killing 82 people and leaving 100,000 homeless. At the time, Hurricane Hugo left the most damage for a hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean, although other storms have since caused more destruction. Hugo is currently the tenth costliest hurricane in the United States.

## Retirement

The name Hugo was retired. The name Humberto has been used every six years since 1995 instead.

## Infobox (hurricane)

- **name**: Hurricane Hugo
- **type**: Hurricane
- **year**: 1989
- **basin**: Atl
- **image location**: Hugo 1989-09-21 1844Z.jpg
- **image name**: Hurricane Hugo approaching South Carolina on September 21
- **formed**: September 9, 1989
- **dissipated**: September 25, 1989
- **1-min winds**: 140
- **pressure**: 918
- **damages**: 10000
- **inflated**: 1
- **fatalities**: 76 direct
- **areas**: Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Dominica, British Virgin Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, North Carolina, most of eastern North America
- **hurricane season**: 1989 Atlantic hurricane season
Wichita (disambiguation)

**Wichita** is the name of:

- Wichita, Kansas
- Wichita Mountains
- Wichita County, Texas
- Wichita Falls, Texas
- Lake Wichita in Texas
- Wichita River in Texas
- Wichita State University
- _Wichita_, an American Western movie
- _Wichita_, a movie in 2010
- Wichita Recordings, a London-based independent record label
We Rock (Camp Rock song)

**We Rock** is a song off the soundtrack of Camp Rock. The song also featured on the Disney Channel Original Movie _Camp Rock_. We Rock is also the first track on the _Camp Rock Soundtrack_. The song was sung by Demi Lovato and other cast members of the movie _Camp Rock_. The song was released in May 2008. The song was also the on the pre-release version of the Soundtrack.

## Charts

|align="center"|Chart (2008)|align="center"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="center"|7|||
|style="text-align:center;"|2|||
|align="center"|33|||
|align="center"|1|||
|align="center"|1|||

## Related pages

- Camp Rock Soundtrack
- Camp Rock
- Jonas Brothers
- Demi Lovato
- Disney Channel

## Other websites

- Official Camp Rock site

## Infobox (single)

- **name**: We Rock
- **artist**: _Camp Rock_ cast
- **album**: Camp Rock (soundtrack), Camp Rock
- **recorded**: 2007
- **label**: Walt Disney Records, Walt Disney
- **producer**: Wells
- **chronology**: Camp Rock singles
- **title**: We Rock
- **year**: 2008
- **next title**: This Is Me (Demi Lovato song), This Is Me
- **next year**: 2008
Turkish alphabet

The **Turkish alphabet** is used for writing, speaking and reading in Turkish. This alphabet is modified from the Latin alphabet.
There are 29 letters in the Turkish alphabet. Seven letters that have been changed from their original Latin forms (Ç, Ğ, Ö, Ş, and Ü) are in the Turkish alphabet

|bgcolor="#EFEFEF" align="center" colspan="29"|<span style="font-size: 90%;">**Capital letters**</span>||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|A|B|C|Ç|D|E|F|G|Ğ|H|I|İ|J|K|L|M|N|O|Ö|P|R|S|Ş|T|U|Ü|V|Y|Z|
|align="center" colspan="29"|<span style="font-size: 90%;">**Lower case letters**</span>||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|a|b|c|ç|d|e|f|g|ğ|h|ı<nowiki/>|i|j|k|l|m|n|o|ö|p|r|s|ş|t|u|ü|v|y|z|

There are 8 vowels in the Turkish alphabet: A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü.

There are 21 consonants in the Turkish alphabet: B, C, Ç, D, F, G, Ğ, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, Ş, T, V, Y, Z.

## Letters

|colspan=2|Letter|IPA|Name|English approximation|colspan=2|Letter|IPA|Name|English approximation||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_A_|_a_||_a_|As _a_ in _f**a**ther_|_M_|_m_||_me_||As _m_ in **_m**an_|
|_B_|_b_||_be_|As _b_ in **_b**at_|_N_|_n_||_ne_||As _n_ in **_n**o_|
|_C_|_c_||_ce_|As _j_ in **_j**ob_|_O_|_o_||_o_||As _o_ in _n**o**t_|
|_Ç_|_ç_||_çe_|As _ch_ in **_ch**at_|_Ö_|_ö_||_ö_||As _u_ in _f**u**r_|
|_D_|_d_||_de_|As _d_ in **_d**og_|_P_|_p_||_pe_||As _p_ in **_p**ut_|
|_E_|_e_||_e_|As _e_ in _r**e**d_|_R_|_r_||_re_||As _r_ in **_r**ent_|
|_F_|_f_||_fe_|As _f_ in **_f**ar_|_S_|_s_||_se_||As _s_ in **_s**and_|
|_G_|_g_|or|_ge_|As _g_ in **_g**ap_|_Ş_|_ş_||_şe_||As _sh_ in **_sh**e_|
|_Ğ_|_ğ_||_yumuşak ge_||_T_|_t_||_te_||As _t_ in **_t**op_|
|_H_|_h_||_he_|As _h_ in **_h**ot_|_U_|_u_||_u_||As _oo_ in _m**oo**se_|
|_I_|_ı_||_ı_|Like _a_ in **_a**bout_|_Ü_|_ü_||_ü_||As _u_ in _l**u**te_|
|_İ_|_i_||_i_|As _i_ in _mach**i**ne_|_V_|_v_||_ve_||As _v_ in **_v**al**v**e_|
|_J_|_j_||_je_|As _g_ in _monta**g**e_|_Y_|_y_||_ye_||As _y_ in **_y**ou_|
|_K_|_k_|or|_ke_|As _c_ in **_c**at_|_Z_|_z_||_ze_||As _z_ in **_z**ip_|
|_L_|_l_|or|_le_||As _l_ in **_l**et_||||||
loanwords.
This is Me (Demi Lovato song)

"**This Is Me**" is a song sang by Demi Lovato and Joe Jonas. It is from the 2008 television movie _Camp Rock_. It was written and produced by Adam Watts and Andy Dodd. The song was on the _Camp Rock_ soundtrack and was released as a single.

## Charts

|align="left"|Chart (2008)|align="center"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Chilean Singles Chart|align="center"|101||
|align="left"|U.S. Billboard Hot 100|align="center"|9|
|align="left"|U.S. BillboardPop 100|align="center"|22|
|align="left"|UK Singles Chart|align="center"|33|
|align="left"|Australian ARIA Top 50|align="center"|46|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: This Is Me
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Demi Lovato and Joe Jonas
- **album**: Camp Rock (soundtrack), Camp Rock
- **recorded**: 2007
- **genre**: Pop rock
- **label**: Walt Disney Records, Walt Disney
Play My Music

**"Play My Music"** is a 2008 song performed and recorded by The Jonas Brothers. The song was featured on the Disney Channel Original Movie _Camp Rock_. "Play My Music" is also on the original version of The Camp Rock Soundtrack and the pre-release album (_Camp Rock Soundtrack (Pre-release)_).
Michael

**Michael** [ **mahy**-k_uh_l ] is a male Hebrew name, popular in English. It is from the angel Michael in the Bible. (See for example Book of Revelation 12:7) The moniker Michael has been a beloved choice for boys for centuries, boasting a rich history and profound significance that appeals to parents seeking a powerful and meaningful name for their offspring. Originating from the Hebrew name Mikha'el, the name Michael translates to "who is like God?" and holds deep biblical roots. It is closely linked to the archangel Michael, recognized as one of the most potent angels in both Christian and Jewish teachings. Michael is also popular in English speaking countries, and in modified forms, many other countries. This name was ranked #17 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Michael Jackson, American singer, songwriter, and dancer (1958–2009)
- Michael Jordan, American basketball player and businessman (born 1963)
- Michael Collins (Irish leader), Irish revolutionary leader (1890-1922)
- Michael Schumacher, German racing driver

## Infobox (given name)

- **name**: Michael
- **image**: Michael_and_the_Dragon_backpiece._Color.jpg
- **caption**: Man with a full back tattoo. Michael (archangel), Archangel Michael and the Dragon. Adapted from Die Bibel in Bildern#Revelation, Die Bibel in Bildern (Revelation) engraving.
- **gender**: Male
- **language**: Hebrew
- **nickname**: Mike, Mickey
- **related names**: Michaela, Michel, Michelle, Miguel
Panda (disambiguation)

**Panda** may mean:

## Biology and medicine

- Giant panda
    - Qinling Panda, a subspecies of the Giant Panda
    - Pygmy Giant Panda, the earliest known ancestor of the Giant panda
- Red panda which may be related to the raccoon
- Panda (plant), a genus of the family Pandaceae
- PANDAS or P.A.N.D.A.S. is Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptoccal infections
- Panda eyes may refer to bilateral periorbital bruising, a sign of a fracture of the base of the skull

## Technology

- Fiat Panda, a city car manufactured by Fiat
- Panda car, a patrol car used by the British police
- pandas (software), an open source data analysis library for Python
- Panda Software, a software company specialising in antivirus software
- Panda3D, a library of subroutines for 3D rendering and game development

## Biography

- A Brahmin pandit who acts as a religious guide, for example at Hindu death ceremonies, as in the holy cities of Haridwar or Varanasi
- Panda (band), a Mexican group
- Panda (musician), a Dutch electronic musician
- Panda Bear (musician), alias used by experimental musician Noah Lennox
- Giant Panda (group), an underground hip hop group from Los Angeles, California

## Culture

- Panda Express, a fast-food Chinese restaurant chain operating in the USA
- Canal Panda, a Portuguese television channel dedicated to children's programming
- Panda (Tekken character)
- Fierce Panda Records, a record label
- Chinese Silver Panda, a silver coin produced by the People's Republic of China
- Panda or Empanda, an Ancient Roman goddess
Mehdi Mahdavikia

**Mehdi Mahdavikia** (born 24 July 1977) is an Iranian football player. He plays for Steel Azin and Iran national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1995/96||rowspan="3"|Persepolis||rowspan="3"|Azadegan League||11||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||11||1
|-
|1996/97||28||9||2||2||7||1||37||12
|-
|1998/99||15||8||0||0||4||3||19||11

|-
|1998/99||Bochum||Bundesliga||12||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||12||3
|-
|1999/00||rowspan="8"|Hamburger SV||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||29||4||1||0||0||0||30||4
|-
|2000/01||29||5||1||1||2||0||32||6
|-
|2001/02||10||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||10||1
|-
|2002/03||26||2||0||0||colspan="2"|-||26||2
|-
|2003/04||30||5||0||0||2||0||32||5
|-
|2004/05||26||2||0||0||0||0||26||2
|-
|2005/06||31||5||0||0||9||0||40||5
|-
|2006/07||27||2||0||0||6||0||33||2
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Eintracht Frankfurt||rowspan="3"|Bundesliga||20||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||20||0
|-
|2008/09||12||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||14||0
|-
|2009/10||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0

|-
|2009/10||Steel Azin||Pro League||||||||||||||||
54||18||2||2||11||4||67||24
252||29||4||1||19||0||275||30
306||47||6||3||30||4||342||54
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1996||3||0
|-
|1997||21||5
|-
|1998||17||2
|-
|1999||2||0
|-
|2000||15||2
|-
|2001||11||1
|-
|2002||0||0
|-
|2003||3||0
|-
|2004||10||1
|-
|2005||7||1
|-
|2006||7||0
|-
|2007||6||0
|-
|2008||3||1
|-
|2009||6||0
|-
!Total||111||13
|}
Erik Nevland

**Erik Nevland** (born 10 November 1977) is a Norwegian former professional footballer who played as a forward. He is currently the sporting director of Viking.

## Career statistics

|colspan="3"|Club performance|colspan="2"|League|colspan="2"|Cup|colspan="2"|Total||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1996|rowspan="2"|Viking|rowspan="2"|Tippeligaen|1|0|0|0|1|0|
|1997|13|5|3|5|16|10|||||
|1997–98|Manchester United|Premier League|1|0|3|0|4|0|||
|1998|Viking|Tippeligaen|8|3|1|0|9|3|||
|1999|IFK Göteborg|Allsvenskan|4|0|||||||
|1999–2000|Manchester United|Premier League|0|0|0|0|0|0|||
|2000|rowspan="5"|Viking|rowspan="5"|Tippeligaen|20|13|2|0|22|13|
|2001|25|14|6|3|31|17|||||
|2002|20|10|4|6|24|16|||||
|2003|25|11|4|1|29|12|||||
|2004|23|6|2|4|25|10|||||
|2004–05|rowspan="4"|Groningen|rowspan="4"|Eredivisie|20|16|0|0|20|16|
|2005–06|29|8|5|2|34|10|||||
|2006–07|27|13|1|0|28|13|||||
|2007–08|12|6|1|0|13|6|||||
|2007–08|rowspan="3"|Fulham|rowspan="3"|Premier League|8|2|0|0|8|2|
|2008–09|21|4|3|0|24|4|||||
|2009–10|23|3|1|1|24|4|||||
|2010|rowspan="3"|Viking|rowspan="3"|Tippeligaen|12|6|1|0|13|6|
|2011|28|8|5|5|33|13|||||
|2012|14|2|1|1|15|3|||||

## Honours

**Fulham**
- UEFA Europa League runner-up: 2009–10

## Other websites

- Nevland's personal website

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Erik Nevland
- **image**: Erik Nevland - 53689574777.jpg
- **caption**: Nevland in 2024
- **fullname**: Erik Nevland
- **birth place**: Stavanger, Norway
- **height**: 1.78 m
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **youthclubs1**: Viking FK, Viking
- **youthclubs2**: Manchester United F.C., Manchester United
- **years1**: 1995–1997
- **clubs1**: Viking FK, Viking
- **caps1**: 14
- **goals1**: 5
- **years2**: 1997–2000
- **clubs2**: Manchester United F.C., Manchester United
- **caps2**: 1
- **goals2**: 0
- **years3**: 1998
- **clubs3**: → Viking FK, Viking (loan)
- **caps3**: 8
- **goals3**: 3
- **years4**: 1999
- **clubs4**: → IFK Göteborg (loan)
- **caps4**: 4
- **goals4**: 0
- **years5**: 2000–2004
- **clubs5**: Viking FK, Viking
- **caps5**: 113
- **goals5**: 54
- **years6**: 2004–2008
- **clubs6**: FC Groningen, Groningen
- **caps6**: 95
- **goals6**: 43
- **years7**: 2008–2010
- **clubs7**: Fulham F.C., Fulham
- **caps7**: 52
- **goals7**: 9
- **years8**: 2010–2012
- **clubs8**: Viking FK, Viking
- **caps8**: 54
- **goals8**: 16
- **totalcaps**: 341
- **totalgoals**: 130
- **nationalyears1**: 1996–1997
- **nationalteam1**: Norway U20
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
- **nationalyears2**: 1997–1999
- **nationalteam2**: Norway national under-21 football team, Norway U21
- **nationalcaps2**: 22
- **nationalgoals2**: 1
- **nationalyears3**: 2002
- **nationalteam3**: Norway B
- **nationalcaps3**: 2
- **nationalgoals3**: 0
- **nationalyears4**: 2001–2010
- **nationalteam4**: Norway national football team, Norway
- **nationalcaps4**: 8
- **nationalgoals4**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 2021–
- **managerclubs1**: Viking FK, Viking (sporting director)
Bill Shankly

**Bill Shankly** (2 September 1913 – 29 September 1981) was a football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

He was brought up in the mining village of Glenbuck.   His dad was a miner, but Bill would not go down the mine so he went to football training instead.  Glenbuck Cherrypickers were the start of his playing job.  He then went to Scotland for a year (1938–1939).  After that he went to Preston North End.

Bill played for Preston until the Second World War started. During the war he served in the army and met his wife Ness. After the war he was manager of Carlisle, Workington and Grimsby. He became assistant manager of Huddersfield Town but left in 1959 to manage Liverpool. He won lots of cups at Anfield. He was much loved by the Liverpool fans. He left in 1974 but afterwards wished he hadn't.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Bill Shankly
 <small>Order of the British Empire, OBE</small>
- **full name**: William Shankly
- **birth place**: Glenbuck, Ayrshire, Scotland
- **death place**: Liverpool, England
- **position**: Right-half
- **height**: 5 ft 7 in
- **youthyears1**: 1931–1932
- **youthclubs1**: Cronberry Eglinton F.C., Cronberry Eglinton
- **years1**: 1932–1933
- **years2**: 1933–1949
- **clubs1**: Carlisle United F.C., Carlisle United
- **clubs2**: Preston North End F.C., Preston North End
- **caps1**: 16
- **caps2**: 297
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 13
- **totalcaps**: 313
- **totalgoals**: 13
- **nationalyears1**: 1938–1939
- **nationalteam1**: Scotland national football team, Scotland
- **nationalcaps1**: 5
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1949–1951
- **manageryears2**: 1951–1954
- **manageryears3**: 1954–1955
- **manageryears4**: 1956–1959
- **manageryears5**: 1959–1974
- **managerclubs1**: Carlisle United F.C., Carlisle United
- **managerclubs2**: Grimsby Town F.C., Grimsby Town
- **managerclubs3**: Workington A.F.C., Workington
- **managerclubs4**: Huddersfield Town A.F.C., Huddersfield Town
- **managerclubs5**: Liverpool F.C., Liverpool
Adrian Mutu

**Adrian Mutu** (born 8 January 1979) is a Romanian football manager and former player. He plays for Fiorentina and the Romania national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1996/97||rowspan="3"|Argeş Piteşti||rowspan="3"|Divizia A||5||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||5||0
|-
|1997/98||21||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||21||4
|-
|1998/99||15||7||colspan="2"|-||6||3||21||10
|-
|1998/99||rowspan="2"|Dinamo Bucureşti||rowspan="2"|Divizia A||15||4||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||15||4
|-
|1999/00||18||18||colspan="2"|-||3||4||21||22

|-
|1999/00||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||10||0||4||2||colspan="2"|-||14||2
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Hellas Verona||rowspan="2"|Serie A||25||4||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||4
|-
|2001/02||32||12||0||0||colspan="2"|-||32||12
|-
|2002/03||Parma||Serie A||31||18||1||0||4||4||36||22

|-
|2003/04||rowspan="2"|Chelsea||rowspan="2"|Premier League||25||6||4||3||7||1||36||10
|-
|2004/05||2||0||0||0||colspan="2"|-||2||0

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||1||0||0||0||0||0||1||0
|-
|2005/06||32||7||4||3||8||1||44||11
|-
|2006/07||rowspan="5"|Fiorentina||rowspan="5"|Serie A||33||16||0||0||colspan="2"|-||33||16
|-
|2007/08||29||17||1||0||8||6||38||23
|-
|2008/09||16||10||1||0||5||2||22||12
|-
|2009/10||14||7||2||4||6||3||22||14
|-
|2010/11||30||14||0||0||0||0||30||14
74||35||colspan="2"|-||9||7||83||42
209||86||10||3||25||13||244||102
27||6||4||3||7||1||38||10
310||125||14||6||42||22||366||153

## International career statistics

|-
|2000||11||1
|-
|2001||6||0
|-
|2002||6||1
|-
|2003||10||7
|-
|2004||5||5
|-
|2005||5||5
|-
|2006||6||3
|-
|2007||9||6
|-
|2008||7||2
|-
|2009||2||0
|-
!Total||67||30
Waggle dance

The **waggle dance** is a special 'figure-of-eight' dance that is done by the honey bee in its hive. By this, a worker tells the others where it has found nectar. This was shown by the Austrian ethologist Karl von Frisch.

The dance is a type of communication for bees. It is done to give other bees information about the direction and distance to flowers that have nectar or pollen, or both. It is also used to tell the bees where water can be found.

The dance is used for bees to get others to help them collect resources for the hive. It used to be thought that bees have two distinct "recruitment" dances. There were the "round dances" and waggle dances. Round dances were thought to be used for things that were close by and wiggle dances were for things farther away. It is now known that a round dance is only a waggle dance with a very short "waggle run" (see below).

## Description

A waggle dance is made up of one to 100 or more circuits. Each circuit has two phases. These phases are the waggle phase and the return phase. When a bee returns to the hive after finding a good food source, it performs the dance.  The bee will run through a small wave-like pattern (a waggle run or waggle phase). After this, it will turn to the right and circle back to the starting point (the return phase). It will then do another waggle run and then turn to the left and circle back to the beginning. The waggle phase of the dance is the most notable and informative part of the dance.

The direction and duration of waggle runs show the direction and distance to flowers.  Flowers that are located directly in line with the sun are shown by waggle runs in an upward direction on the vertical combs. If the flowers are at an angle to the right or left of the sun, the waggle run is done at the same angle to the upward direction.  The distance between hive and flowers is shown in the duration of the waggle runs. The farther the flowers are from the hive, the longer the waggle phase. For every 100 meters the flowers are distant from the hive, the waggle phase lasts about 75 milliseconds.

## Applications to operations research

People study the swarm intelligence of social insects and animals such as fish, birds, and ants. Recently, there has been research on using bee waggle dance behavior for fault-tolerant routing. From the abstract of Wedde, Farooq, and Zhang (2004)

Another technique based on bees is called bee colony optimization. It is used help Internet servers communicate better.

### Other reading

- Gould JL 1975. Honey bee recruitment: the dance-language controversy. _Science_ **189**:685−693.
- Riley JR, Greggers U, Smith AD, Reynolds DR, Menzel R 2005. The flight paths of honeybees recruited by the waggle dance". _Nature_ **435**:205-207.
- Seeley TD 1995. _The wisdom of the hive_. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- von Frisch K 1967. _The dance language and orientation of bees_. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

## Other websites

- Communication and Recruitment to Food Sources by Apis mellifera  – USDA-ARS (accessed 2005-03)
- Honeybee Communication  – Kimball's Biology Pages (accessed 2005-09)
Jim McLean

**James Yuille McLean** (2 August 1937 – 26 December 2020) was a Scottish football player and manager. He was best known for being the manager of Dundee United F.C. for 22 years between 1971 and 1993. While he was at Dundee United, the team won the 1982/83 Scottish Football League Championship and made it to many cup finals including the 1987 UEFA Cup Final against IFK Gothenburg.

McLean died at the age of 83 on 26 December 2020 from dementia-related problems.

### Player

**Clyde**
- Scottish Division Two : 1961–62
- Glasgow Charity Cup : 1960–61 (shared)

**Dundee**
- Forfarshire Cup : 1965–66, 1966–67

### Manager

**Dundee United**
- Scottish Premier Division : 1982–83
- Scottish League Cup : 1979–80, 1980–81
- UEFA Cup : runner-up 1986–87
- Forfarshire Cup: 1971–72, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1976–77, 1979–80, 1984–85, 1986–87, 1987–88

### Individual

- SFWA Manager of the Year: 1987
- Scottish Football Hall of Fame: 2005
- Dundee United Hall of Fame: 2015
- SFA Special Merit Award: 1985
- Honorary Doctor of Law from University of Dundee: 2011

## Infobox (football biography)

- **fullname**: James Yuille McLean
- **birth place**: Larkhall, Scotland
- **position**: Inside forward
- **youthclubs1**: Larkhall Thistle F.C., Larkhall Thistle
- **years1**: 1956–1960
- **years2**: 1960–1965
- **years3**: 1965–1968
- **years4**: 1968–1970
- **clubs1**: Hamilton Academical F.C., Hamilton Academical
- **clubs2**: Clyde F.C., Clyde
- **clubs3**: Dundee F.C., Dundee
- **clubs4**: Kilmarnock F.C., Kilmarnock
- **caps1**: 129
- **caps2**: 102
- **caps3**: 90
- **caps4**: 56
- **totalcaps**: 377
- **goals1**: 57
- **goals2**: 32
- **goals3**: 28
- **goals4**: 7
- **totalgoals**: 124
- **manageryears1**: 1971–1993
- **managerclubs1**: Dundee United F.C., Dundee United
Hockenheimring

The **Hockenheimring Baden-Württemberg** is an automobile racing track near the town of Hockenheim in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Amongst other motor racing events, it holds the annual Formula One German Grand Prix in turns with the Nürburgring. Being in the Rhine valley, the circuit is almost completely flat, with very little change in height.
Hernando de Soto

**Hernando de Soto** (Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain, c.1496/1497–May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. He led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States.  He was trying to find gold and a way to China.  The expedition explored the southern United States.  De Soto was probably the first European to discover the Mississippi River.  He died in 1542 on the banks of the Mississippi River at present-day Lake Village, Arkansas.

## Personal life

Hernando de Soto was born to parents who were hidalgos in Extremadura.  In this region, there was a lot of poverty and hardship.  For this reason, many young people looked for ways to seek their fortune elsewhere.

De Soto’s parents were poor.  Two towns, Badajoz and Jerez de los Caballeros, claim to be his birthplace.  All that is known with certainty is that he spent time as a child at both places.  In his will, he wanted to be buried at Jerez de los Caballeros, where other members of his family were also buried.

## Exploration

The Age of the Conquerors began right after of the Spanish reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from Islamic forces.  After the Moors were defeated, Spain and Portugal were filled with young men begging for a chance to find military fame.  After explorers discovered new lands to the West (which they thought was far East Asia), many more young men became explorers with the goal of earning wealth and glory.

De Soto sailed to the New World in 1514 with the first Governor of Panama, Pedrarias Dávila.  During the conquest of Central America, de Soto became known for his leadership, his strong loyalty, and his extortion of native villages for their captured chiefs. He gained fame as an excellent horseman, fighter, and tactician.  However, he was also well known for his extreme brutality.

De Soto was influenced by Juan Ponce de León, who discovered Florida; Vasco Núñez de Balboa, who discovered the Pacific Ocean (which he called the "South Sea" below Panama); and Ferdinand Magellan, who first sailed the Pacific Ocean to the Orient.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hernando de Soto
- **occupation**: Spanish people, Spanish Exploration, explorer and conquistador
- **image**: Hernando de Soto 1881.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Hernando de Soto
- **birth date**: Around the 1500s
- **birth place**: Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain
- **nationality**: Spanish people, Spanish
- **death date**: (aged 45 or 46)
- **death place**: Indian village of Guachoya (near present-day McArthur, Arkansas)
Circuit de Monaco

**Circuit de Monaco** is the name given to a motor racing circuit laid out on the city streets of Monte Carlo and La Condamine around the harbor of the principality of Monaco. It is commonly referred to as "Monte Carlo" because it is largely inside the Monte Carlo neighborhood of Monaco.

## Deaths from crashes

- 1952 Luigi Fagioli
- 1967 Lorenzo Bandini

## Other websites

- Monaco Grand Prix
- Circuit de Monaco History and Statistics
- Statistics from official F1 site
Anantnag District

**Anantnag** () is a district in the Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir in northwestern India. It is one of six districts which make up the Kashmir Valley. The district headquarters is Anantnag.

## Tehsils

- Kokernag Tehsil
- Shangus Tehsil
- Anantnag Tehsil
- Bijbehara Tehsil
- Doru Tehsil
- Pahalgam Tehsil
- Qazigund Tehsil
- Kulgam Tehsil
Islamabad International Airport

**Islamabad International Airport** is the main international airport serving the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area and surrounding suburbs. It is Pakistan's largest airport, after Jinnah International Airport in Karachi and is built 20 km away from the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi near the Kashmir Highway and Motorway Interchange.

The airport commenced full operations on 3 May 2018, replacing the defunct Benazir Bhutto International Airport which now forms part of the Pakistan Air Force Base Nur Khan.

## Infobox (airport)

- **name**: Islamabad International Airport
- **nativename**: ()
- **image2**: New Islamabad International Airport front view.jpg
- **image2-width**: 280
- **caption2**: Front view of the Islamabad International Airport.
- **iata**: ISB
- **icao**: OPIS
- **type**: Public
- **owner**: Government of Pakistan
- **operator**: Pakistan Civil Aviation Authority
- **city-served**: Islamabad-Rawalpindi region
- **location**: Fateh Jang, Attock District, Attock, Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan
- **opened**: 1 May 2018
- **elevation-f**: 1761
- **elevation-m**: 537
- **image map**: <mapframe frameless align="center" text="Location in Islamabad" width=280 height=150 zoom=12 latitude=33.5564261076 longitude=72.8509649295 >
{
  "type": "Feature",
  "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.8509649295, 33.5564261076] },
  "properties": {
    "title": "Islamabad International Airport",
    "description": "",
    "marker-symbol": "airport",
    "marker-size": "large",
    "marker-color": "0050d0"
  }
}
</mapframe>
- **r1-number**: 28L/10R
- **r1-length-m**: 3657.6
- **r1-surface**: Asphalt
- **metric-rwy**: y
- **stat1-header**: Passengers Capacity
- **stat1-data**: 15 million (first phase)
25 million (planned)
International Air Transport Association

The **International Air Transport Association** is an international industry trade group of airlines. It is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the International Civil Aviation Organization also is. The main goal of the organization is to assist airline companies to achieve lawful competition and uniformity in prices.

## Other websites

- IATA official website

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: International Air Transport Association
- **logo**: IATAlogo.svg
- **abbreviation**: IATA
- **formation**: April 19, 1945
- **headquarters**: Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **website**: [https://www.iata.org/ www.iata.org]
Coppins

**Coppins** is an English country house in the village of Iver in Buckinghamshire. It was changed for Princess Victoria, a daughter of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra. After her father's death, Princess Victoria stayed with Queen Alexandra at Sandringham House as her mother's companion. After Queen Alexandra's death in 1925, Princess Victoria moved into Coppins, which had a "relaxed air of a holiday villa". Victoria lived for another ten years, dying at Coppins on 2 December 1935, aged 67. She left the house to her nephew, Prince George, the Duke of Kent, and his wife Princess Marina. It was owned by the Kent family for two generations, and was sold in 1973 to Commander Eli Gottlieb.

## Sources

- Van der Kiste, John, _Edward VII's Children_ (Sutton Publishing, Gloucestershire), 2004.
Bagshot Park

**Bagshot Park** (Grid reference: ) is a royal residence. It is  south of Windsor. It is located in Bagshot, Surrey, and is the current home and official residence of Prince Edward, the Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. Bagshot Park is a few miles from Sunninghill Park, the former home of Andrew Mountbatten Windsor.
Balmoral Castle

**Balmoral Castle** is a royal residence in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is located near the village of Crathie,  west of Ballater and  east of Braemar. It was purchased by Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, in 1848. Victoria and Albert paid £300,000 for full ownership of the house in 1852. Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone in 1853, signed a parchment recording the date, and placed it in the hole prepared for the stone. The area of Balmoral covers approximately . Today, Balmoral is owned privately by the British royal family, and was one of Queen Elizabeth II's favourite summer retreats. This is the place where Queen Elizabeth II died on 8 September 2022.

## Infobox (historic site)

- **name**: Balmoral Castle
- **location**: Royal Deeside, Aberdeenshire,  Scotland
- **image**: Balmoral Castle.jpg
- **locmapin**: Scotland Aberdeenshire
- **map caption**: Location in Aberdeenshire, Scotland
- **type**: Scots Baronial Style architecture, Scots baronial mansion
- **built**: 1856
- **architect**: William Smith, directed by Albert, Prince Consort, Prince Albert
Beech

The **Beech** is a large tree in the genus _Fagus_ in the plant family Fagaceae. There are about 10 species, all native to Europe, Asia, and North America.

The flowers are small and single-sex (monoecious), the female flowers are carried in pairs, the male flowers are wind-pollinating catkins, produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. The bark is smooth and light grey. The fruit is a small, sharply three–angled nut 10–15 mm long. The nuts are edible, though bitter (though not nearly as bitter as acorns). They have a high tannin content, and are called beechnuts or beechmast.

Beech grows on a wide range of soil types, acid or basic, provided they are not wet for long periods. The tree canopy casts a heavy shade, and the leaves, when dropped, cover the ground thickly. Few plant grow under beech trees.

In North America, they often form Beech-Maple forests by growing together with the Sugar Maple.

## Uses of Beechwood

The beech has been used for its wood by man for thousands of years. The wood is white, or reddish if grown on acid soil, but fine grained, smooth and heavy when first cut. It may split as it dries. It is a good wood for making ornaments, tool handles, kitchen utensils, furniture and parts of buildings. Beechwood burns well and is used, among other woods, to smoke herrings in Scotland. It can also be made into charcoal.

## Southern Beech

The southern beeches _Nothofagus_ previously thought closely related to beeches, are now treated as members of a separate family, Nothofagaceae. They are found in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Argentina and Chile (mostly on the southern tip in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego).

## Pests and Diseases

The beech blight aphid (_Grylloprociphilus imbricator_) is a common pest of beech trees. Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of butterflies and moths (see List of moths and butterflies that feed on beech trees).