juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Eurostar

**Eurostar** is a high-speed train service in Western Europe connecting London and Kent in the United Kingdom with Paris and Lille in France, and Brussels in Belgium. All Eurostar trains cross the English Channel through the Channel Tunnel.

The service is operated by 18-carriage Class 373 trains at up to 300 km/h (186 mph) on a network of high-speed lines. Since Eurostar began in 1994, new lines have been built in Belgium (HSL 1) and Southern England (High Speed 1) to the same standard as the LGV Nord line originally used in France, reducing journey times. The two-stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007, when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras International station.

### Fleet details

|rowspan="2"|Class|rowspan="2"|Image|colspan="2"|Top speed|rowspan="2"|Number in use|rowspan="2"|Unit numbers|rowspan="2"|Routes operated|rowspan="2"|Built|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|_Eurostar e300_||300|186|11|||1992–1996|||||||
|_Eurostar e320_||320|200|17|||2011–2018|||||||
|PBA||320|200|9|4532–4540||1996|||||||
|PBKA||320|200|17|||1997|||||||

### Past fleet

|rowspan="2"|Class|rowspan="2"|Image|rowspan="2"|Type|colspan="2"|Top speed|rowspan="2"|Number operated|rowspan="2"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Class 37||Diesel locomotive|90|145|12|They're used to be used on sleeper services in Britain. Eurostar has three locomotives for the rescue of failed trains, route learning and driver training, In November 2007 they were sold to Direct Rail Services||||||
|Class 73||Electro-diesel locomotive|90|145|2|Were used to rescue failed trains..||||||
|Class 92||Electric locomotive|87|140|7|They were meant to operate the Nightstar sleeper services but Eurostar never used them and sold them in 2007.||||||
|Class 373 _Eurostar e300_||EMU|186|300|38|11 in operation, 10 in storage, 17 scrapped, 4 power cars preserved.||||||

## Infobox (rail)

- **name**: Eurostar
- **logo**: Eurostar logo (2023).svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **image filename**:
- **image caption**: Top: Eurostar SNCF TGV Thalys PBKA, PBKA used for services within continental Europe. Bottom: Eurostar British Rail Class 374, _e320_ used for cross-channel services.
- **nameforarea**: stations
- **abbr**: ES
- **stations**: 28
Fabrizio Poletti

**Fabrizio Poletti** (born 13 July 1943) is a former Italian football player. He played for the Italian national football team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1961–62||Asti||Serie D||24||2
|-
|1962–63||rowspan="9"|Torino||rowspan="9"|Serie A||21||0
|-
|1963–64||25||1
|-
|1964–65||31||4
|-
|1965–66||33||4
|-
|1966–67||15||0
|-
|1967–68||27||5
|-
|1968–69||25||3
|-
|1969–70||25||1
|-
|1970–71||22||0
|-
|1971–72||rowspan="3"|Cagliari||rowspan="3"|Serie A||25||0
|-
|1972–73||20||0
|-
|1973–74||19||1
|-
|1974–75||Sampdoria||Serie A||6||0
318||21
318||21
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1965||3||0
|-
|1966||0||0
|-
|1967||0||0
|-
|1968||0||0
|-
|1969||1||0
|-
|1970||2||0
|-
!Total||6||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Fabrizio Poletti
- **upright**: 1.1
- **image**: Fabrizio Poletti.jpg
- **caption**: Poletti in the 1970–71 Torino F.C. season
- **birth place**: Bondeno, Italy
- **height**: 1.74 m
- **position**: Full-back (association football), Full-back
- **youthyears1**: 1957–1961
- **youthclubs1**: Bondenese
- **years1**: 1961–1962
- **caps1**: 24
- **goals1**: 2
- **clubs1**: A.C.D. Asti, Asti
- **years2**: 1962–1971
- **caps2**: 224
- **goals2**: 18
- **clubs2**: Torino F.C., Torino
- **years3**: 1971–1974
- **caps3**: 64
- **goals3**: 1
- **clubs3**: Cagliari F.C., Cagliari
- **years4**: 1974–1975
- **caps4**: 5
- **goals4**: 0
- **clubs4**: U.C. Sampdoria, Sampdoria
- **totalcaps**: 317
- **totalgoals**: 21
- **nationalyears1**: 1963
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national under-21 football team, Italy U21
- **nationalyears2**: 1965–1970
- **nationalcaps2**: 6
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
- **nationalteam2**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **manageryears1**: 1978
- **managerclubs1**: Suzzara Calcio 2000, Suzzara
- **manageryears2**: 1987–1988
- **managerclubs2**: Faenza Calcio, Faenza
Pierluigi Cera

**Pierluigi Cera** (born 25 February 1941) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1957–58||rowspan="7"|Hellas Verona||Serie A||1||0
|-
|1958–59||rowspan="6"|Serie B||1||0
|-
|1959–60||18||1
|-
|1960–61||35||1
|-
|1961–62||29||2
|-
|1962–63||33||2
|-
|1963–64||24||1
|-
|1964–65||rowspan="10"|Cagliari||rowspan="10"|Serie A||34||1
|-
|1965–66||23||0
|-
|1966–67||29||0
|-
|1967–68||25||1
|-
|1968–69||30||2
|-
|1969–70||27||0
|-
|1970–71||17||0
|-
|1971–72||26||0
|-
|1972–73||29||0
|-
|1973–74||29||0
|-
|1974–75||rowspan="5"|Cesena||rowspan="3"|Serie A||30||0
|-
|1975–76||29||0
|-
|1976–77||16||0
|-
|1977–78||rowspan="2"|Serie B||9||0
|-
|1978–79||1||0
495||11
495||11
|}

### Club

**Cagliari**
- Serie A: 1969–70

### International

**Italy**
- FIFA World Cup (Runner-up): 1970

## International career statistics

|-
|1969||1||0
|-
|1970||10||0
|-
|1971||4||0
|-
|1972||3||0
|-
!Total||18||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Pierluigi Cera
- **fullname**: Pierluigi Cera
- **image**: US Cagliari Serie A 1969-70 - Pierluigi Cera (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Cera at Cagliari in 1969
- **birth place**: Legnago, Province of Verona, Verona, Kingdom of Italy, Italy
- **height**: 1.72m
- **position**: Midfielder
Defender (association football), Defender
- **years1**: 1957–1964
- **clubs1**: Hellas Verona, Verona
- **caps1**: 141
- **goals1**: 7
- **years2**: 1964–1973
- **clubs2**: Cagliari Calcio, Cagliari
- **caps2**: 240
- **goals2**: 4
- **years3**: 1973–1979
- **clubs3**: A.C. Cesena, Cesena
- **caps3**: 97
- **goals3**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 478
- **totalgoals**: 11
- **nationalyears1**: 1963
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national under-21 football team, Italy under-21
- **nationalcaps1**: 7
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **nationalyears2**: 1969–1972
- **nationalteam2**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps2**: 18
- **nationalgoals2**: 0
Ugo Ferrante

**Ugo Ferrante** (born 18 July 1945) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1963–64||rowspan="9"|Fiorentina||rowspan="9"|Serie A||1||0
|-
|1964–65||3||0
|-
|1965–66||19||0
|-
|1966–67||33||1
|-
|1967–68||25||0
|-
|1968–69||30||1
|-
|1969–70||30||3
|-
|1970–71||30||1
|-
|1971–72||8||0
|-
|1972–73||rowspan="4"|Lanerossi Vicenza||rowspan="3"|Serie A||25||0
|-
|1973–74||24||0
|-
|1974–75||27||1
|-
|1975–76||Serie B||8||0
263||7
263||7
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1970||2||0
|-
|1971||1||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ugo Ferrante
- **fullname**: Ugo Ferrante
- **image**: Ugo Ferrante.jpg
- **caption**: Ferrante in the 1970–71 A.C. Fiorentina season
- **birth date**: 18 July 1945
- **birth place**: Vercelli, Kingdom of Italy, Italy
- **death place**: Vercelli, Italy
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **youthclubs1**: U.S. Pro Vercelli Calcio, Pro Vercelli
- **years1**: 1963–1972
- **clubs1**: ACF Fiorentina, Fiorentina
- **caps1**: 179
- **goals1**: 6
- **years2**: 1972–1976
- **clubs2**: Vicenza Calcio, Vicenza
- **caps2**: 84
- **goals2**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 263
- **totalgoals**: 7
- **nationalyears1**: 1970–1971
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Comunardo Niccolai

**Comunardo Niccolai** (; 15 December 1946 – 2 July 2024) was an Italian footballer, who played as a defender. He has played for Italy's national team. A tough, physically strong centre-back, Niccolai initially began his career with Torres in 1963, before joining Cagliari Calcio, where he played from 1964 to 1976, winning the only Serie A championship in the club's entire club history in 1970. He ended his career in 1977 with Perugia. Niccolai played 218 Serie A matches, and is still remembered today for his proneness to score own goals, including some very spectacular ones.

His death was announced on 2 July 2024, at the age of 77.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1963–64||Polisportiva Sassari Torres||Serie C||22||0
|-
|1964–65||rowspan="12"|Cagliari||rowspan="12"|Serie A||0||0
|-
|1965–66||1||0
|-
|1966–67||5||0
|-
|1967–68||13||1
|-
|1968–69||27||0
|-
|1969–70||29||0
|-
|1970–71||28||1
|-
|1971–72||26||0
|-
|1972–73||30||0
|-
|1973–74||15||0
|-
|1974–75||25||2
|-
|1975–76||19||0
|-
|1976–77||Perugia||Serie A||7||0
247||4
247||4
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1970||3||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Comunardo Niccolai
- **image**: US Cagliari - 1960s - Comunardo Niccolai.jpg
- **fullname**: Comunardo Niccolai
- **caption**: Niccolai with Cagliari in the 1960s
- **birth place**: Uzzano, Italy
- **death place**: Pistoia
- **position**: Defender (association football)#Centre-back, Centre back
- **years1**: 1963–1964
- **years2**: 1964–1976
- **years3**: 1976–1977
- **years4**: 1977–1978
- **clubs1**: Sassari Torres 1903, Torres
- **clubs2**: Cagliari Calcio, Cagliari
- **clubs3**: Perugia Calcio, Perugia
- **clubs4**: A.C. Prato, Prato
- **caps1**: 22
- **caps2**: 218
- **caps3**: 7
- **caps4**: 4
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 4
- **goals3**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 251
- **totalgoals**: 4
- **nationalyears1**: 1970
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Roberto Rosato

**Roberto Rosato** (18 August 1943 - 20 June 2010) was a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. He played as a defender. The Italy national football team wore black armbands in their game against New Zealand at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1960–61||rowspan="6"|Torino||rowspan="6"|Serie A||1||0
|-
|1961–62||28||2
|-
|1962–63||12||0
|-
|1963–64||30||0
|-
|1664–65||31||1
|-
|1965–66||29||1
|-
|1966–67||rowspan="7"|Milan||rowspan="7"|Serie A||33||2
|-
|1967–68||28||0
|-
|1968–69||27||1
|-
|1969–70||24||0
|-
|1970–71||29||0
|-
|1971–72||21||0
|-
|1972–73||25||2
|-
|1973–74||rowspan="4"|Genoa||Serie A||30||1
|-
|1974–75||rowspan="2"|Serie B||35||0
|-
|1975–76||16||0
|-
|1976–77||Serie A||3||0
402||10
402||10
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1965||8||0
|-
|1966||6||0
|-
|1967||1||0
|-
|1968||2||0
|-
|1969||1||0
|-
|1970||8||0
|-
|1971||4||0
|-
|1972||7||0
|-
!Total||37||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Roberto Rosato
- **image**: Roberto Rosato.jpg
- **caption**: Rosato in 1969
- **birth place**: Chieri, Kingdom of Italy
- **death place**: Chieri, Italy
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **years1**: 1960–1966
- **years2**: 1966–1973
- **years3**: 1973–1977
- **years4**: 1977–1979
- **clubs1**: Torino F.C., Torino
- **clubs2**: A.C. Milan, Milan
- **clubs3**: Genoa C.F.C., Genoa
- **clubs4**: Valle d'Aosta Calcio, Aosta
- **caps1**: 131
- **goals1**: 4
- **caps2**: 187
- **goals2**: 5
- **caps3**: 84
- **goals3**: 1
- **caps4**: 48
- **goals4**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 450
- **totalgoals**: 11
- **nationalyears1**: 1965–1972
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps1**: 37
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **medaltemplates**: <small>(as player)</small>
Giorgio Puia

**Giorgio Puia** (born 8 March 1938) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1958–59||rowspan="2"|Triestina||Serie A||2||0
|-
|1959–60||Serie B||30||7
|-
|1960–61||rowspan="3"|Lanerossi Vicenza||rowspan="3"|Serie A||27||6
|-
|1961–62||22||3
|-
|1962–63||32||10
|-
|1963–64||rowspan="9"|Torino||rowspan="9"|Serie A||32||2
|-
|1964–65||33||1
|-
|1965–66||34||1
|-
|1966–67||34||2
|-
|1967–68||26||0
|-
|1968–69||30||0
|-
|1969–70||29||3
|-
|1970–71||27||1
|-
|1971–72||5||0
363||36
363||36
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1962||1||0
|-
|1963||1||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||0||0
|-
|1966||0||0
|-
|1967||0||0
|-
|1968||0||0
|-
|1969||3||0
|-
|1970||2||0
|-
!Total||7||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Giorgio Puia
- **image**: Giorgio Puia.jpg
- **caption**: Puia in 1970
- **birth place**: Gorizia, Italy
- **position**: Defender (association football), Defender
- **youthyears1**: 195?–1958
- **youthclubs1**: A.S. Pro Gorizia, Pro Gorizia
- **years1**: 1958–1960
- **clubs1**: Unione Triestina 2012 S.S.D., Triestina
- **caps1**: 32
- **goals1**: 7
- **years2**: 1960–1963
- **clubs2**: Soviet Union national football team, L.R. Vicenza
- **caps2**: 81
- **goals2**: 19
- **years3**: 1963–1972
- **clubs3**: Torino F.C., Torino
- **caps3**: 250
- **goals3**: 10
- **totalcaps**: 363
- **totalgoals**: 36
- **nationalyears1**: 1962–1970
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps1**: 7
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **managerclubs1**: A.S.D. Calcio Ivrea, Ivrea
- **manageryears1**: 1974–1975
- **managerclubs2**: A.S.D. Junior Biellese Libertas, Biellese
- **manageryears2**: 1976–1977
- **managerclubs3**: U.S. Latina Calcio, Latina
- **manageryears3**: 1983–1984
Mario Bertini

**Mario Bertini** (born 7 January 1944) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italy national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1962–63||Prato||Serie C||3||0
|-
|1963–64||Empoli||Serie C||31||7
|-
|1964–65||rowspan="4"|Fiorentina||rowspan="4"|Serie A||20||3
|-
|1965–66||20||1
|-
|1966–67||34||6
|-
|1967–68||23||3
|-
|1968–69||rowspan="9"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="9"|Serie A||28||11
|-
|1969–70||30||9
|-
|1970–71||26||1
|-
|1971–72||24||4
|-
|1972–73||24||0
|-
|1973–74||16||0
|-
|1974–75||19||2
|-
|1975–76||30||3
|-
|1976–77||14||1
342||51
342||51
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1966||1||0
|-
|1967||1||1
|-
|1968||1||0
|-
|1969||5||1
|-
|1970||9||0
|-
|1971||6||0
|-
|1972||2||0
|-
!Total||25||2
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Mario Bertini
- **image**: Mario Bertini Inter.jpg
- **caption**: Bertini with Inter Milan c. 1970
- **birth place**: Prato, Italian Social Republic, Italy
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1962–1963
- **clubs1**: A.C. Prato, Prato
- **caps1**: 3
- **goals1**: 0
- **years2**: 1963–1964
- **clubs2**: Empoli F.C., Empoli
- **caps2**: 31
- **goals2**: 7
- **years3**: 1964–1968
- **clubs3**: ACF Fiorentina, Fiorentina
- **caps3**: 97
- **goals3**: 12
- **years4**: 1968–1977
- **clubs4**: Inter Milan
- **caps4**: 211
- **goals4**: 31
- **years5**: 1977–1978
- **clubs5**: Rimini Calcio F.C., Rimini
- **caps5**: 22
- **goals5**: 0
- **totalcaps**: 364
- **totalgoals**: 50
- **nationalyears1**: 1966–1972
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps1**: 25
- **nationalgoals1**: 2
Angelo Domenghini

**Angelo Domenghini** (born 25 August 1941) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1960–61||rowspan="4"|Atalanta||rowspan="4"|Serie A||1||0
|-
|1961–62||3||0
|-
|1962–63||33||8
|-
|1963–64||32||9
|-
|1964–65||rowspan="5"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="5"|Serie A||26||9
|-
|1965–66||31||12
|-
|1966–67||29||9
|-
|1967–68||26||11
|-
|1968–69||22||9
|-
|1969–70||rowspan="4"|Cagliari||rowspan="4"|Serie A||30||8
|-
|1970–71||29||8
|-
|1971–72||23||2
|-
|1972–73||17||0
|-
|1973–74||Roma||Serie A||30||4
|-
|1974–75||rowspan="2"|Hellas Verona||Serie B||28||3
|-
|1975–76||Serie A||0||0
|-
|1976–77||Foggia||Serie A||17||4
|-
|1977–78||Olbia||Serie C||21||9
|-
|1978–79||Trento||Serie C||0||0
398||105
398||105
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1963||1||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||0||0
|-
|1966||4||0
|-
|1967||5||3
|-
|1968||6||2
|-
|1969||4||1
|-
|1970||11||1
|-
|1971||1||0
|-
|1972||1||0
|-
!Total||33||7
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Angelo Domenghini
- **image**: Ajman 1968-08-25 stamp - Angelo Domenghini.jpg
- **caption**: Domenghini in 1970
- **birth place**: Lallio, Italy
- **height**: 1.75 m
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward, winger (association football), winger
- **years1**: 1960–1964
- **clubs1**: Atalanta B.C., Atalanta
- **caps1**: 69
- **goals1**: 17
- **years2**: 1964–1969
- **clubs2**: F.C. Internazionale Milano, Inter
- **caps2**: 134
- **goals2**: 50
- **years3**: 1969–1973
- **clubs3**: Cagliari Calcio, Cagliari
- **caps3**: 99
- **goals3**: 18
- **years4**: 1973–1974
- **clubs4**: A.S. Roma, Roma
- **caps4**: 30
- **goals4**: 4
- **years5**: 1974–1976
- **clubs5**: Hellas Verona F.C., Hellas Verona
- **caps5**: 28
- **goals5**: 3
- **years6**: 1976–1977
- **clubs6**: U.S. Foggia, Foggia
- **caps6**: 17
- **goals6**: 4
- **years7**: 1977–1978
- **clubs7**: Olbia Calcio, Olbia
- **caps7**: 21
- **goals7**: 10
- **years8**: 1978–1979
- **clubs8**: Trento Calcio 1921, Trento
- **caps8**: 19
- **goals8**: 3
- **totalcaps**: 417
- **totalgoals**: 109
- **nationalyears1**: 1963–1972
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps1**: 33
- **nationalgoals1**: 7
- **manageryears1**: 1977–1978
- **managerclubs1**: Olbia Calcio, Olbia
- **manageryears2**: 1980–1981
- **managerclubs2**: Associazione Calcio Asti, Asti
- **manageryears3**: 1982–1983
- **managerclubs3**: Derthona F.B.C. 1908, Derthona
- **manageryears4**: 1983–1984
- **managerclubs4**: A.S.D. S.E.F. Torres 1903, Torres
- **manageryears5**: 1984–1985
- **managerclubs5**: Derthona F.B.C. 1908, Derthona
- **manageryears6**: 1986–1987
- **managerclubs6**: Derthona F.B.C. 1908, Derthona
- **manageryears7**: 1987–1988
- **managerclubs7**: S.S. Sambenedettese Calcio, Sambenedettese
- **manageryears8**: 1989–1990
- **managerclubs8**: Novara Calcio, Novara
- **manageryears9**: 1990–1991
- **managerclubs9**: Derthona F.B.C. 1908, Derthona
- **medaltemplates**: <small>(as player)</small>
Giancarlo De Sisti

**Giancarlo De Sisti** (born 13 March 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

### Club

|rowspan="2"|Season|rowspan="2"|Team|colspan="3"|League|colspan="3"|Cup|colspan="3"|Continental|colspan="3"|Other|colspan="2"|Total||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1960–61|rowspan="5"|A.S. Roma|A|2|0|CI|1|1|CdF|1|0|-|-|-|4|1|
|1961–62|A|11|1|CI|1|0|CdF|1|0|-|-|-|13|1|||
|1962–63|A|18|2|CI|0|0|CdF|5|1|-|-|-|23|3|||
|1963–64|A|28|7|CI|4|0|CdF|4|2|CdA|1|0|37|9|||
|1964–65|A|28|3|CI|1|1|CdF|5|1|-|-|-|34|5|||
|1965–66|rowspan="9"|Fiorentina|A|34|5|CI|6|0|CdF|3|1|CM|2|0|45|6|
|1966–67|A|30|6|CI|1|0|CdC|2|1|CM|4|0|37|7|||
|1967–68|A|30|6|CI|2|0|CdF|4|1|-|-|-|36|7|||
|1968–69|A|30|2|CI|3|0|CdF|6|0|-|-|-|39|2|||
|1969–70|A|27|2|CI|6|1|CC|6|0|-|-|-|39|3|||
|1970–71|A|29|3|CI|11|3|CdF|4|0|-|-|-|44|6|||
|1971–72|A|29|1|CI|10|2|-|-|-|CM|6|0|45|3|||
|1972–73|A|27|1|CI|4|2|CU|1|0|CA-I|7|1|39|4|||
|1973–74|A|19|2|CI|3|1|CU|2|0|-|-|-|24|3|||
|1974–75|rowspan="5"|A.S. Roma|A|29|5|CI|10|0|-|-|-|-|-|-|39|5|
|1975–76|A|28|2|CI|4|0|CU|6|0|-|-|-|38|2|||
|1976–77|A|28|2|CI|4|1|-|-|-|-|-|-|32|3|||
|1977–78|A|25|0|CI|4|0|-|-|-|-|-|-|29|0|||
|1978–79|A|25|0|CI|4|0|-|-|-|-|-|-|29|0|||

### Club

- Roma
- Inter-Cities Fairs Cup: 1960–61
- Coppa Italia: 1963–64

- Fiorentina
- Serie A: 1968–69
- Coppa Italia: 1965–66
- Mitropa Cup: 1966

### International

- Italy
- UEFA European Championship: 1968
- FIFA World Cup Runner up: 1970

### Individual

- ACF Fiorentina Hall of Fame: 2013
- A.S. Roma Hall of Fame: 2016

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Giancarlo De Sisti
- **image**: Giancarlo De Sisti 1969b.jpg
- **caption**: De Sisti in 1969
- **birth place**: Rome, Kingdom of Italy, Italy
- **position**: Midfielder
- **years1**: 1960–1965
- **clubs1**: A.S. Roma, Roma
- **caps1**: 87
- **goals1**: 13
- **years2**: 1965–1974
- **clubs2**: ACF Fiorentina, Fiorentina
- **caps2**: 256
- **goals2**: 28
- **years3**: 1974–1979
- **clubs3**: A.S. Roma, Roma
- **caps3**: 135
- **goals3**: 9
- **totalcaps**: 478
- **totalgoals**: 50
- **nationalyears1**: 1967–1972
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps1**: 29
- **nationalgoals1**: 4
- **manageryears1**: 1981–1985
- **managerclubs1**: ACF Fiorentina, Fiorentina
- **manageryears2**: 1985–1987
- **managerclubs2**: Udinese Calcio, Udinese
- **manageryears3**: 1991–1992
- **managerclubs3**: Ascoli Calcio 1898, Ascoli
- **medaltemplates**: <small>(as player)</small>
Lido Vieri

**Lido Vieri** (born 16 July 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1957–58||Vigevano||Serie C||31||0
|-
|1958–59||rowspan="11"|Torino||Serie A||20||0
|-
|1959–60||Serie B||6||0
|-
|1960–61||rowspan="9"|Serie A||24||0
|-
|1961–62||13||0
|-
|1962–63||34||0
|-
|1963–64||25||0
|-
|1964–65||32||0
|-
|1965–66||34||0
|-
|1966–67||33||0
|-
|1967–68||30||0
|-
|1968–69||24||0
|-
|1969–70||rowspan="7"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="7"|Serie A||29||0
|-
|1970–71||24||0
|-
|1971–72||16||0
|-
|1972–73||24||0
|-
|1973–74||19||0
|-
|1974–75||7||0
|-
|1975–76||21||0
|-
|1976-77||rowspan="4"|Pistoiese||Serie C||35||0
|-
|1977-78||rowspan="3"|Serie B||28||0
|-
|1978-79||0||0
|-
|1979-80||0||0
509||0
509||0
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1963||3||0
|-
|1964||0||0
|-
|1965||0||0
|-
|1966||0||0
|-
|1967||0||0
|-
|1968||1||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Lido Vieri
- **fullname**: Lido Vieri
- **image**: Lido_Vieri_2.jpg
- **caption**: Vieri c. 1970
- **birth place**: Piombino, Kingdom of Italy, Italy
- **position**: Goalkeeper (association football), Goalkeeper
- **youthyears1**: 1954–1957
- **youthclubs1**: Torino F.C., Torino
- **years1**: 1957–1969
- **years2**: 1957–1958
- **years3**: 1969–1976
- **years4**: 1976–1980
- **clubs1**: Torino F.C., Torino
- **clubs2**: → Vigevano Calcio, Vigevano (loan)
- **clubs3**: Inter Milan
- **clubs4**: U.S. Pistoiese 1921, Pistoiese
- **caps1**: 275
- **caps2**: 31
- **caps3**: 140
- **caps4**: 63
- **goals1**: 0
- **goals2**: 0
- **goals3**: 0
- **goals4**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1963–1968
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1980–1981
- **managerclubs1**: U.S. Pistoiese 1921, Pistoiese
- **manageryears2**: 1981–1982
- **managerclubs2**: Siracusa Calcio (2013 club), Siracusa
- **manageryears3**: 1982–1983
- **managerclubs3**: S.S.D. Massese, Massese
- **manageryears4**: 1983–1986
- **managerclubs4**: S.S. Juve Stabia, Juve Stabia
- **manageryears5**: 1986–1987
- **managerclubs5**: S.S.D. Massese, Massese
- **manageryears6**: 1987–1988
- **managerclubs6**: Carrarese Calcio, Carrarese
- **manageryears7**: 1988–1989
- **managerclubs7**: S.S. Juve Stabia, Juve Stabia
- **manageryears8**: 1994–1995
- **managerclubs8**: Torino F.C., Torino
- **manageryears9**: 1995–1996
- **managerclubs9**: Torino F.C., Torino
- **manageryears10**: 1996–1997
- **managerclubs10**: Torino F.C., Torino
- **totalcaps**: 499
- **totalgoals**: 0
- **medaltemplates**: <small>(as player)</small>
Sergio Gori

**Sergio Gori** (24 February 1946 – 5 April 2023) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1964–65||rowspan="2"|Internazionale Milano||rowspan="2"|Serie A||4||1
|-
|1965–66||6||1
|-
|1966–67||rowspan="2"|Lanerossi Vicenza||rowspan="2"|Serie A||26||8
|-
|1967–68||30||8
|-
|1968–69||Internazionale Milano||Serie A||14||1
|-
|1969–70||rowspan="6"|Cagliari||rowspan="6"|Serie A||30||6
|-
|1970–71||30||3
|-
|1971–72||20||4
|-
|1972–73||28||5
|-
|1973–74||29||5
|-
|1974–75||29||10
|-
|1975–76||rowspan="2"|Juventus||rowspan="2"|Serie A||22||6
|-
|1976–77||7||1
|-
|1977–78||Hellas Verona||Serie A||18||3
|-
|1978–79||Sant'Angelo Lodigiano||||26||5
319||67
319||67
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1970||3||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Sergio Gori
- **image**: US Cagliari Serie A 1969-70 - Sergio Gori (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: "Bobo" Gori at Cagliari in 1969
- **fullname**: Sergio Gori
- **birth place**: Milan, Italy
- **position**: Forward (association football)#Centre-forward, Centre-forward
- **years1**: 1964–1966
- **clubs1**: F.C. Internazionale Milano, Internazionale
- **caps1**: 10
- **goals1**: 2
- **years2**: 1966–1968
- **clubs2**: Vicenza Calcio, Vicenza
- **caps2**: 56
- **goals2**: 16
- **years3**: 1968–1969
- **clubs3**: F.C. Internazionale Milano, Internazionale
- **caps3**: 14
- **goals3**: 1
- **years4**: 1969–1975
- **clubs4**: Cagliari F.C., Cagliari
- **caps4**: 166
- **goals4**: 33
- **years5**: 1975–1977
- **clubs5**: Juventus F.C., Juventus
- **caps5**: 29
- **goals5**: 7
- **years6**: 1977–1978
- **clubs6**: Hellas Verona F.C., Verona
- **caps6**: 18
- **goals6**: 3
- **years7**: 1978–1979
- **clubs7**: Sant'Angelo
- **caps7**: 26
- **goals7**: 5
- **totalcaps**: 319
- **totalgoals**: 67
- **nationalyears1**: 1970
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Giuseppe Furino

**Giuseppe Furino** (born 5 July 1946) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1966–67||rowspan="2"|Savona||Serie B||32||1
|-
|1967–68||Serie C||29||6
|-
|1968–69||Palermo||Serie A||27||1
|-
|1969–70||rowspan="15"|Juventus||rowspan="15"|Serie A||30||2
|-
|1970–71||27||1
|-
|1971–72||27||2
|-
|1972–73||27||0
|-
|1973–74||24||0
|-
|1974–75||28||0
|-
|1975–76||26||2
|-
|1976–77||26||1
|-
|1977–78||26||0
|-
|1978–79||22||0
|-
|1979–80||25||0
|-
|1980–81||24||0
|-
|1981–82||27||0
|-
|1982–83||21||0
|-
|1983–84||1||0
449||16
449||16
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1970||1||0
|-
|1971||0||0
|-
|1972||0||0
|-
|1973||1||0
|-
|1974||1||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

## Honours

**Juventus**
- Serie A: 1971–72, 1972–73, 1974–75, 1976–77, 1977–78, 1980–81, 1981–82, 1983–84
- Coppa Italia: 1978–79, 1982–83
- UEFA Cup: 1976–77
- UEFA Cup Winners' Cup: 1983–84
- Intercontinental Cup: Runner-up: 1973
- European Cup: Runner-up: 1972–73, 1982–83
- Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Runner-up: 1970-71

**Italy**
- FIFA World Cup: runner-up 1970

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Giuseppe Furino
- **image**: Juventus FC - 1974 - Giuseppe Furino (Training Session).jpg
- **image size**: 250
- **caption**: Furino with Juventus in 1974
- **fullname**: Giuseppe Furino
- **birth place**: Palermo, Italy
- **position**: Midfielder, Defensive Midfielder
- **youthclubs1**: Juventus F.C. Youth Sector, Juventus
- **years1**: 1966–1968
- **clubs1**: Savona 1907 F.B.C., Savona
- **caps1**: 61
- **goals1**: 7
- **years2**: 1968–1969
- **clubs2**: U.S. Città di Palermo, Palermo
- **caps2**: 27
- **goals2**: 1
- **years3**: 1969–1984
- **clubs3**: Juventus F.C., Juventus
- **caps3**: 361
- **goals3**: 8
- **totalcaps**: 449
- **totalgoals**: 16
- **pcupdate**: 1 June 2009
- **nationalyears1**: 1970–1974
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps1**: 3
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **ntupdate**: 20 April 2006
Pierino Prati

**Pierino Prati** (13 December 1946 – 22 June 2020) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy's national team.

Prati died of cancer in Catania, Italy on 22 June 2020, aged 73.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1965–66||Salernitana||Serie C||19||10
|-
|1966–67||Milan||Serie A||2||0
|-
|1966–67||Savona||Serie B||29||15
|-
|1967–68||rowspan="6"|Milan||rowspan="6"|Serie A||23||15
|-
|1968–69||30||14
|-
|1969–70||21||12
|-
|1970–71||29||19
|-
|1971–72||21||6
|-
|1972–73||17||6
|-
|1973–74||rowspan="4"|Roma||rowspan="4"|Serie A||23||8
|-
|1974–75||29||14
|-
|1975–76||10||2
|-
|1976–77||20||4
|-
|1977–78||Fiorentina||Serie A||8||0
|-
|1978–79||Savona||Serie C2||25||10

|-
|1979||Rochester Lancers||NASL||6||3

|-
|1979–80||rowspan="2"|Savona||rowspan="2"|Serie C2||27||12
|-
|1980–81||27||12
360||159
6||3
366||162
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1968||4||2
|-
|1969||2||0
|-
|1970||1||1
|-
|1971||4||2
|-
|1972||2||2
|-
|1973||0||0
|-
|1974||1||0
|-
!Total||14||7
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Pierino Prati
- **image**: Pierino Prati al Milan.jpg
- **caption**: Prati with A.C. Milan, AC Milan
- **birth place**: Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
- **death place**: Como, Italy
- **height**: 1.81 m
- **position**: Striker (association football), Striker
- **years1**: 1965–1966
- **clubs1**: Salernitana Calcio 1919, Salernitana
- **caps1**: 19
- **goals1**: 10
- **years2**: 1966–1973
- **clubs2**: A.C. Milan, AC Milan
- **caps2**: 143
- **goals2**: 72
- **years3**: 1966–1967
- **clubs3**: → Savona 1907 F.B.C., Savona (loan)
- **caps3**: 29
- **goals3**: 15
- **years4**: 1973–1977
- **clubs4**: A.S. Roma, Roma
- **caps4**: 82
- **goals4**: 28
- **years5**: 1977–1978
- **clubs5**: ACF Fiorentina, Fiorentina
- **caps5**: 8
- **goals5**: 0
- **years6**: 1978–1979
- **clubs6**: Savona 1907 F.B.C., Savona
- **caps6**: 25
- **goals6**: 10
- **years7**: 1979
- **clubs7**: Rochester Lancers (1967–80), Rochester Lancers
- **caps7**: 6
- **goals7**: 3
- **years8**: 1979–1981
- **clubs8**: Savona 1907 F.B.C., Savona
- **caps8**: 54
- **goals8**: 24
- **totalcaps**: 366
- **totalgoals**: 162
- **nationalyears1**: 1968–1974
- **nationalteam1**: Italy national football team, Italy
- **nationalcaps1**: 14
- **nationalgoals1**: 7
- **medaltemplates**: <small>(as player)</small>
Puppy Linux

**Puppy Linux** is an operating system for computers. It is based on GNU/Linux and it is completely free and is open source software. Puppy Linux is sometimes called a mini distribution because of its size (approximately 100MB) when compared to other GNU/Linux operating systems such as Ubuntu.

Puppy Linux, which was started by Barry Kauler in June 2003, runs well on low-end personal computers (some of which have less than 32MB RAM.) Currently (May 2009) the latest version of this Linux distribution is Puppy Linux 4.2 "Deep Thought."

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: Puppy Linux
- **logo**: File:Banner_logo_Puppy.png
- **working state**: Current
- **source model**: Open source
- **released**: 0.1/
- **family**: Unix-like
- **license**: Free software licenses
(mainly GPL)
Narwhal

The **narwhal** or **narwhale** (_Monodon monoceros_) is a rarely seen Arctic whale. This social whale is known as the "unicorn of the sea" because the male has a very long tusk. Very little is known about this whale. Narwhal means "corpse whale" in Old Norse.

## Description

Large male narwhals can grow to a length of , and weigh up to two tons. A female can give birth once every three years, after a pregnancy of 15 months. At birth, the baby narwhal is about  long and weighs about .

All narwhals have two teeth in their upper jaw and a tusk. After the first year of a male narwhal's life, its left tooth grows outward, spirally. There are some narwhals that are double-tusked, but they are not as common. This long, single or double tooth projects from its upper jaw and can grow to be  long. Tusks are usually twisted in a counterclockwise direction and are hollow inside. The tusk's function is uncertain, perhaps used as a formidable jousting weapon in courtship and dominance rivalry, in getting food, and/or for channeling and amplifying sonar pulses (which they emit). The tusk is not used in hunting. Long ago, narwhal sightings probably reinforced (or started) the unicorn legends. In fact, when people found the horn of a dead narwhal washed up on shore, they thought that they had found the horn of a unicorn.

Narwhal can dive deep into the sea to around 800 meters, but can also sometimes dive up to 1,500 meters. This makes them one of the deepest diving sea mammals.

## Habitat

Narwhals live in the icy waters of the Arctic seas. The Narwhal's thick skin, called blubber, keep them warm in the cold water. They do not go far away from ice. Narwhals live in groups of between 10 and 100. Narwhals are migrating animals who like to move from one place to live in another place for a while. In summer, groups of them move closer to land, where they can sometimes be seen in the estuaries, deep fjords, and bays of Greenland, Northern Canada and as far eastern Russia. In Winter they move back to the icy waters, where they breathe from small holes in the ice.

Narwhals can hunt under ice and like to eat Arctic fish such as the flatfish Greenland halibut, the polar and Arctic cod, shrimp and squid. They suck in their prey when they get close.

Narwhals are both hunted by polar bears and killer whales. The native Inuit people, sometimes called the Eskimos, are still allowed to hunt the Narwhals for their meat and for the tusks. The tusks are sold with or without carving. The annual value received from Narwhal hunts in Hudson Bay is $530,000, of which $370,000 is for meat, $150,000 for tusks, bones and teeth of males, and $10,000 for teeth and bones of females.

## Other websites

- Biology and ecology of narwhals, NOAA
- Narwhal FAQ
- Narwhal Whales Information and images
- Narwhal general information
- Narwhal info
- Narwhal

### Pictures

- Paul Nicklen, Canada  National Geographic Magazine
- On National Geographic
Vailala Madness

The **Vailala Madness** was a religious movement. It was active between 1919 and 1922. Many people think it was one of the first cargo cults, even though that term was first used in the 1940s. The Vailala Madness was active in the Papuan Gulf, which was a territory of Australia at the time, but now  belongs to Papua New Guinea.

The Vailala Madness got its name from the behaviour of people who took part in it. This behaviour included glossolalia (or "speaking in tongues"), shaking, and signs of mental or emotional disturbances. In the indigenous language, people who were taking part in the Vailala Madness called it _iki haveve_, or "belly-don't know," which was another way of saying "dizziness."

The people in the movement thought that a 'Ghost Steamer' would come. This ship would be piloted by dead people who were coming back. The dead people would bring with them cargo with tinned food and tools. In one version of the story, the dead people would bring guns to kick the white colonizers out, but not everybody agrees that this was what people in the Vailala Madness actually believed.

## Related pages

- Ghost Dance, a belief extended among North American Indians that, in its Sioux version, prophesied that their ancestors would come back by train.
- John Frum, a later cargo cult.
Agranulocytosis

**Agranulocytosis** is a medical condition where there are very few granulocytes (a kind of white blood cell) in the blood. It is a type of severe and dangerous leukopenia (a condition of very low number of white blood cells). If the agranulocytosis is because of a lack of neutrophils, also called the neutropenia, it is especially bad.

## Etymology

The word agranulocytosis comes from the Greek "_a-_", meaning "without", the word "granulocyte", referring to a type of blood cell with granules in the cytoplasm, and "_-osis_", meaning "abnormal condition".

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Agranulocytosis
- **diseasesdb**: 8994
- **meshid**: D000380
Weilburg

**Weilburg** is an German town of the Limburg-Weilburg district in the west of Hesse.

## History

Weilburg got mentioned in a history book back in 906 by a person named Abbot Regino of Prüm. It was like a strong place called Wilineburch. After six years, King Conrad I decided to build a church and a monastery there because his dad got killed in a battle nearby in 906, and he was buried in that place.

In 912, they started a monastery called St. Walpurgis-Chorherrenstift. They put it on high ground, so the monastery could control the Lahn River and important roads like the Hohe Straße (High Road) from Frankfurt to Cologne and the Via Publica from Flanders to Bohemia. These roads were close to the monastery.

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Weilburg Luftbild 058.jpg
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Weilburg
- **wappen**: DEU Weilburg COA.svg
- **lageplan**: Weilburg in LM.svg
- **bundesland**: Hesse
- **regierungsbezirk**: Giessen (region), Giessen
- **landkreis**: Limburg-Weilburg
- **höhe**: 152
- **fläche**: 57.45
- **einwohner**: 13624
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06533017
- **plz**: 35781
- **vorwahl**: 06471
- **kfz**: LM, WEL
- **website**: [http://www.weilburg.de/ www.weilburg.de]
- **bürgermeister**: Johannes Hanisch
- **partei**: CDU
Tegan and Sara

**Tegan and Sara** () is a Canadian indie rock duo, made up of twin sisters Tegan and Sara Quin.  They are lesbians. They have released ten albums.

## Career

At first they called themselves PLUNK. They released their first album, _Under Feet Like Ours_, in 1999 as Sara and Tegan. In 2000 they released _The Business of Art_, their second album. They were nominated for four prizes at the 2014 Juno Awards. They are feminists.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Tegan and Sara
- **img**: Teganandsara.jpg
- **img capt**: Tegan and Sara @ Terminal 5, NYC, 10/6/08
- **landscape**: no
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- **genre**: Indie pop, indie rock, New Wave music, New Wave, indie folk, synthpop
- **years active**: 1995–present
- **label**: Vapor Records, Vapor, Sanctuary Records, Sanctuary, Sire Records, Sire
- **url**: [http://www.teganandsara.com/ Official website]
- **current members**: Tegan Rain Quin
Sara Kiersten Quin

Edward "Ted" Gowans
Shaun Huberts
Johnny "5" Andrews
- **past members**: Dan Kelly
Chris Carlson
Rob Chursinoff
Bradshaw Trail

The **Bradshaw Trail**, nicknamed the **Gold Road** at one time, is a historic trail which used to be a stagecoach route in Southern California.

This road used to connect San Bernardino, California to gold fields in La Paz, Arizona, known today as Ehrenberg.  It was the first road connecting Riverside County to the Colorado River.

The part which remains today is a graded dirt road which crosses southeastern Riverside County and a part of Imperial County, beginning roughly 12 miles/19km east of North Shore and ending about 14 miles/23km southwest of Blythe for a total of 70 miles/113km.

## History

The trail is named for trailblazer William David Bradshaw who first crossed the area in 1862.  A former forty-niner, Bradshaw knew that the northern gold mines were rapidly emptying and that miners and other people leaving the area would need a more direct trail from the south across the desert to the new gold strike at La Paz.  Without a direct trail, they would have to travel a great distance southeast to Yuma, then north up the river to La Paz. Bradshaw was a smart man; he knew there were lots of chances to make money in a gold boomtown.

Originally 180 miles/290km long, the western end of the trail began east of San Bernardino in the San Gorgonio Pass.  Bradshaw and his party travelled southeast to the northern tip of the Salton Sink, turning due east to the foothills of the Orocopia Mountains and an existing stage stop called "Dos Palmas."

Leaving Dos Palmas, the men continued eastward between the Orocopia and Chocolate mountain ranges, briefly passing by the southern end of the Chuckwalla range and ending at the Palo Verde Valley.  Once they crossed the Colorado River, the party rode upstream for about four miles to the gold fields.  Despite the fact that the trail crossed mostly barren desert, there was lots of water to be found at water holes found at roughly thirty-mile/48km intervals.

Between 1862 and 1877, the Bradshaw Trail was the main route between Southern California and the La Paz gold fields.

## The trail today

The remaining part of the Bradshaw Trail mostly crosses public land.  The extreme eastern end of the trail at Ripley does not.  Use of a four wheel drive vehicle is recommended to travel across the trail.  There are no services on the trail itself.

Another fact to consider is the Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range which borders a part of the Bradshaw Trail to the south.  This is a live bombing range and is clearly marked.

_See also:  Wiley's Well_

## Other websites

- BLM page on the Bradshaw Trail outlining recreational activities and access information
- Bradshaw Trail history at desertusa.com
Wiley's Well

**Wiley's Well** is a remote, natural artesian well in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It is also the name of the area around it.

It is named after Palo Verde storekeeper and postmaster A.P. Wiley. In 1907, Mr. Wiley dug deep into a shallow well dug in 1876 by a stagecoach company which used the nearby Bradshaw Trail. Wiley made the well larger since he hoped that he could attract business to his remote desert store. The well was taken care of by local ranchers and cattlemen for years afterward. However, the rapidly falling level of the water meant a drop of the water's depth to 60'/18m within a dozen years. Today, the well's original depth is only about 20'/6m at best after wet weather. The water in the well is not good for drinking.

In 1985, the Bureau of Land Management drilled a new well 965'/294m deep to support the new Wiley's Well Campground, one of only two developed campgrounds in the Mule Mountains Long-Term Visitor Area. The water is both hot at 90 °F/32 °C and full of minerals. The water is pumped into a cistern to help cool it to drinking temperature.

Wiley's Well is popular with rockhounds. They have been coming to Wiley's Well since the 1930s with the discovery of geode beds. Even though Wiley's Well has been very popular with rockhounds over the decades, the area remains rich with such minerals as chalcedony, citrine, quartz crystals, rhyolite and jasper. Though winters are mild, making the campground popular with visitors who visit every year from colder areas, summer can be extremely hot with recorded temperatures as high as 130 °F/54 °C.

Wiley's Well is easy to reach. It is off the Wiley's Well Road exit from Interstate 10, sixteen miles/26km west of Blythe. The entrance to the campground is nine miles/14km south of the highway.

## Other websites

- Article about Wiley's Well by Delmer G. Ross of La Sierra University
- Official campground page, California Department of Transportation
- GPS guide to rockhounding at Wiley's Well at Amazon.com
Alphonse of Poitiers

**Alphonse of Poitiers** or **Alfonso** or **Alphonse** (11 November 1220 – 21 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse (as **Alfonso II**) from 1247.

Alphonse was a son of Louis VIII, King of France and Blanche of Castile. He was a younger brother of Louis IX of France and an older brother of Charles I of Sicily.

The Treaty of Paris stipulated that a brother of King Louis was to marry Joan of Toulouse, daughter of Raymond VII of Toulouse, and so in 1237 Alphonse married her.

## Rule

Honest and moderate, protecting the middle classes against exactions of the nobles, he exercised a happy influence upon the south, in spite of his naturally despotic character and his continual and pressing need of money. He is noted for ordering the first recorded local expulsion of Jews, when he did so in Poitou in 1249.

Aside from the crusades, Alfonso stayed primarily in Paris, governing his estates by officials, inspectors who reviewed the officials work, and a constant stream of messages.

When Louis IX again engaged in a crusade (the Eighth Crusade), Alphonse again raised a large sum of money and accompanied his brother. This time, however, he did not return to France, dying while on his way back, probably at Savona in Italy, on 21 August 1271.
Karst Tates

**Karst Tates** (March 6, 1971 in Zevenaar — May 1, 2009 in Deventer) was a Dutch man who tried to harm the Dutch Royal Family (including Willem Alexander and Beatrix). He tried to do this by making his car collide with the Royal Bus. This event happened in Apeldoorn, Netherlands on 30 April, 2009, the Dutch national holiday of Queen's Day (_Koninginnedag_). He did not succeed, but killed seven people who were watching the festivities and himself. Tates was from Huissen.

According to a policeman who claimed having talked to Tates, Tates said immediately after the crash that he had wanted to hit the members of the Royal Family that had just passed there in an open bus, because Willem-Alexander was a racist and a fascist in his view. After having been brought to hospital, Tates died from his wounds.
Light-dependent reaction

In photosynthesis, a **light-dependent reaction** uses light energy from the sun to split water which has been taken in by the organism. Water, when split, gives oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons. These electrons move through structures in chloroplasts and, by _chemiosmosis_, make ATP.

The hydrogen is converted to NADPH, which is then used in the light-independent reactions. Oxygen gas diffuses out of the organism as a waste product. This all happens in the _grana thylakoid_ of chloroplasts.

## The movement of electrons

1. Light hits the chloroplast. It absorbs light and traps it.
1. Chlorophyll channels the light down to a reaction center.
1. An electron at the reaction center is excited to a higher energy level, and is received by an electron acceptor. This electron is taken from the splitting of water: ( → ½ + 2H+ + 2e-)
1. The electron is passed along a series of electron carriers. It is moving down energy levels and losing energy. This energy causes the pumping of hydrogen from the cytoplasm of chlorophyll into thylakoid spaces inside the grana. The hydrogen diffuses and flows back into the cytoplasm through protein channels. As the hydrogen diffuses down a concentration gradient, ATP is made from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
1. Eventually, the electron is used to reduce NADP to NADPH along with hydrogen from photolysis.

## History

Colin Flannery first put forward the idea that photosynthesis needs light in 1779. He realised that sunlight falling on plants was needed. Joseph Priestley had noted the release of oxygen gas in 1772, but he did not see the link with light.
In 1931 Cornelius Van Niel proposed that photosynthesis is a case of a general mechanism where a photon of light is used to photodecompose a hydrogen donor, with the hydrogen being used to reduce .
In 1939 Robin Hill found that isolated chloroplasts would make oxygen but not fix , showing that the light and dark reactions occurred in different places. This led later to the discovery of photosystem 1 and 2.

## Related pages

- Photosynthesis
- Light-independent reactions
Light-independent reaction

In photosynthesis, a **light-independent reaction** takes place in plant chloroplasts. In this process, sugars are made from carbon dioxide.

The process, known as the Calvin cycle, uses products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) and various enzymes.  Therefore, the light-independent reaction cannot happen without the light-dependent reaction.

Sugars made in the light-independent reactions are moved around the plant  (translocation). This takes place in the grana region of the chloroplast. It is anaerobic (does not use oxygen).

## The Calvin cycle

1. A sugar (Ribulose biphosphate or RuBP) made of 5 carbon atoms combines with carbon dioxide to form a 6-carbon sugar (phosphoglycerate). An enzyme called RuBisCO speeds this reaction up.
1. Phosphoglycerate is reduced with hydrogen atoms from the light-dependent reaction to form two molecules of triose phosphate (each has 3 carbon atoms). ATP is needed for this to occur.
1. Some triose phosphate is converted (using ATP) back into Ribulose Biphosphate (which is why this is called a _cycle_).
1. The rest left over is used to produce glucose.

The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following:
- 3  + 6 NADPH + 5  + 9 ATP → glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) + 2 H<sup>+</sup> + 6 NADP<sup>+</sup> + 9 ADP + 8 P<sub>i</sub>   (P<sub>i</sub> = inorganic phosphate)

## Other websites

- The biochemistry of the Calvin cycle. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- The Calvin cycle and the Pentose phosphate pathway from Berg J.M; Tymoczko J.L. & Stryer L. 2002. _Biochemistry_. 5th ed,  W.H. Freeman.