juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Gustave Emmanuel Roy

**Gustave Emmanuel Roy** is a (November 13, 1823 in Paris - December 20, 1912 in Paris) was a French merchant of the second half of the 19th century.

Son of Auguste Emmanuel Roy, merchant and textile industrialist in Reims, and Annette Carcenac (sister of Henry-Gustave Carcenac), he has a sister, Clara, younger than him. His family has been Protestant for generations. He became an associate of "Carcenac & Roy" in 1847, then of "Gustave Roy & Cie" in 1862. At the head of his company "Roy frères", he became famous. He even became a millionaire, which enabled him, to thank his wife, née Berger, for the birth of her daughter Isabelle, after the infant death of one of the eldest, Hélène, to buy the _castle of Faÿ_.

Elected to the Board of Directors of the Paris Chamber of Commerce and Industry in 1878, he creates the École des hautes études commerciales de Paris (known today as HEC Paris). On December 3, 1881, he inaugurated the school, which then moved to Boulevard Malesherbes.

Gustave Roy was also chairman of the board of the insurance company "La France" and a member of the board of directors of the _Chemins de fer de l'État_, a position in which he campaigned for a revolution in pricing methods.

He was also chairman of the board of directors of the newspaper _L'Économiste français_.

He was the owner of _Château du Faÿ_, located in Andrésy, _Château d'Issan_ and _Château Brane-Cantenac_ with his brother-in-law Casimir Berger.

Married to the sister of Georges Berger, he is the father of Gustave Roy (married to Marie Mirabaud) and Ferdinand Roy (married to Hélène Seydoux), as well as the stepfather of Emile Thurneyssen. His second (Hélène) and fifth (Georges) children died at an early age.

He is buried in the Père Lachaise Cemetery.

## Bibliography

- _Question des banques_, 1865
- 1823-1906. _Souvenirs_, 1906

## References

- Albert Maumene, _Le Château d'Issan. À la famille de Gustave Roy_, Cantenac (Gironde), 1921
- _La Chambre de commerce et d'industrie de Paris (1803-2003): histoire d'une institution_, 2003
- Alain Plessis, _La Banque de France et ses deux cents actionnaires sous le Second Empire_, 1982
- Vincent Gourdon, _Les grands-parents en France du XVIIe siècle au début du XXe_, Volume 1, 2001
- Gustave Emmanuel Roy, _Souvenirs_, 1912

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gustave Emmanuel Roy
- **image**: Père-Lachaise - Division 3 - Carcenac-Roy 01.jpg
- **image size**: 300 px
- **birth name**: Roy
- **birth date**: 13 November 1823
- **birth place**: Paris
- **death date**: 20 December 1912
- **death place**: Paris
- **nationality**: France, French
- **citizenship**: France, French
- **known for**: Creator of HEC Paris
- **employer**: Paris Île-de-France Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry
- **years active**: 1847-1912
Harrisburg, Missouri

**Harrisburg** is a village in Boone County, Missouri, United States.
Hartsburg, Missouri

**Hartsburg** is a village in Boone County, Missouri, United States.
Huntsdale, Missouri

**Huntsdale** is a village in Boone County, Missouri, United States.
McBaine, Missouri

**McBaine** is a village in Boone County, Missouri, United States.
Pierpont, Missouri

**Pierpont** is a village in Boone County, Missouri, United States.
Luray, Missouri

**Luray** is a village in Clark County, Missouri, United States.
Călărași

**Călărași** is the capital city of Călărași County in Romania.

## Infobox (romanian subdivision)

- **type**: municipality
- **county**: Călărași
- **population total**: auto
- **map caption**: Location in Călărași County
- **image skyline**: Prefectura Calarasi.jpg
- **image caption**: Palace of the Prefecture
- **image shield**: ROU CL Calarasi CoA1.png
- **image map**: Calarasi jud Calarasi.png
- **leader name**: Marius-Grigore Dulce
- **leader party**: PSD
- **term**: 2020–2024
- **elevation**: 13
- **area total**: 133.22
- **postal code**: 910001–910165
La Villeneuve-lès-Charleville

**La Villeneuve-lès-Charleville** is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: La Villeneuve-lès-Charleville
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Eglise de la Villeneuve-lès-Charleville.JPG
- **caption**: The church in La Villeneuve-lès-Charleville
- **arrondissement**: Épernay
- **canton**: Sézanne-Brie et Champagne
- **insee**: 51626
- **postal code**: 51120
- **mayor**: Raymond Chauvet
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: CC Brie Champenoise
- **elevation m**: 216
- **area km2**: 11.17
Joseph Augustus Zarelli

**Joseph Augustus Zarelli** (  February 1957),  previously known as
 "The Boy in the Box" while unidentified, was an American boy whose body was discovered in a cardboard box sometime in late February 1957 in a wooded area off the side of the Susquehanna Road in Fox Chase, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Zarelli appeared to have been cleaned and freshly groomed, with a recent haircut and trimmed fingernails, although however the boy suffered extensive child abuse before his death. He had multiple bruises, and was also severely malnourished, weighing just about 30 pounds when discovered. At the time of discovery, he was unidentified and therefore was called "The Boy in the Box".
On 8 December 2022, the boy was positively identified as Joseph Augustus Zarelli, after remaining unidentified for 65 years, 9 months, and 13 days.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joseph Augustus Zarelli
- **image**: Boy in the Box 1957 Recon 001C.jpg
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- **status**: Positively identified on 8 December 2022 after being unidentified for 65 years, 9 months, and 13 days
- **death date**: February 1957 (aged 4)
- **death cause**: Undetermined; Suspected homicide probably by beating
- **body discovered**: late February 1957
 Fox Chase, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- **resting place**: Ivy Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- **known for**: Being the previously unidentified victim "Boy in the Box"
Forced prostitution

When people use threats or violence, to make other people to work as prostitutes, this is called **forced prostitution**. Forced prositution mostly affects women and children. It is a form of sexual abuse that often occurs together with human trafficking. Violence or force can be in different forms. Sometimes people simply profit from the fact that a person has no other option. Forced prostitution is illegal under customary law, in all countries. The Rome Statute is an international treaty, of 2002. It includes forced prostitution as a war crime, and a crime against humanity.
Abudefduf bengalensis

***Abudefduf bengalensis***, known as the **Bengal sergeant** or the **narrow-banded sergeant major**, is a species of damselfish in the family Pomacentridae. It is a marine species native to the tropical Indo-Pacific. Its range is from the eastern Indian Ocean to Australia and Japan in the Pacific Ocean. It is not known to occur in the Red Sea. Adults of the species are normally found in coral reefs and lagoon environments at a depth of 1 to 6 m (3 to 20 ft). They are commonly found alone or in small groups.

Bengal sergeants feed primarily on algae, gastropods, and crabs. The species is known to be highly territorial, and distinct pairs between individuals are formed during breeding. It is known to be oviparous, with males guarding and aerating eggs. The species reaches 17 cm (6.7 inches) in total length.

## References

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Aegean Region

The **Aegean Region** is one of the 7 geographical regions of Turkey. The largest city in the region is İzmir. Other big cities are Manisa, Aydın, Denizli, Muğla, Afyonkarahisar and Kütahya.
Black Sea Region

The **Black Sea Region** is a geographical region of Turkey. The largest city in the region is Samsun. Other big cities are Trabzon, Ordu, Tokat, Giresun, Rize, Amasya and Sinop.
Central Anatolia Region

The **Central Anatolia Region**  is a geographical region of Turkey. The largest city in the region is Ankara. Other big cities are Konya, Kayseri, Eskişehir, Sivas, and Aksaray.
Eastern Anatolia Region

The **Eastern Anatolia Region** is a geographical region of Turkey. The province with most people is Van Province. Other provinces with lots of people are Malatya, Erzurum and Elazığ. The region is mostly populated by ethnic Kurds.

It is next to the Black Sea Region and Georgia in the north, the Central Anatolia Region in the west, the Mediterranean Region in the southwest, the Southeastern Anatolia Region and Iraq in the south, and Iran, Azerbaijan and Armenia in the east.

It has the highest average altitude, largest geographical area, and lowest population density of the seven Turkish regions.
High Efficiency Video Coding

**High Efficiency Video Coding** (short: HEVC / H.265), also known as MPEG-H Part 2, is a video compression standard succeeding AVC (H.264). It offers 25-50% better compression or improved quality at the same bit rate. Supporting up to 8K resolution, HEVC employs diverse block sizes (4x4 to 32x32) with both integer DCT and DST. HEIF is based on HEVC.

## Concept

HEVC is made by working up from H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. Both look into video frames to find repeated things within and between them. Those parts are replaced with simple descriptions. HEVC does this better by comparing areas that are bigger, up to 64x64 pixels, making variable-block-size segmentation finer, allowing better "intra" prediction within frames, improving motion prediction and compensation, and adding sample-adaptive offset filtering. These good changes increase compression processing, but decompression is less affected.

HEVC was standardized by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC), a group made up of ISO/IEC MPEG and ITU-T Study Group 16 VCEG. It is known as MPEG-H Part 2 by ISO/IEC and as H.265 by ITU-T. Its first version was set in January 2013 and published in June 2013. The second version, including multiview, range, and scalability extensions, was approved in 2014 and published in 2015. 3D and screen content coding extensions followed in 2015 and 2017 respectively, that works for graphics-rich content. In 2017, HEVC got a Primetime Emmy Engineering Award for its great thing done for television technology.

## History

HEVC was made by over a dozen global organizations working together. The main ones were Samsung Electronics (4,249 patents), General Electric (1,127 patents), M&K Holdings (907 patents), NTT (878 patents), and JVC Kenwood (628 patents). Some patents are held by Fujitsu, Apple, Canon, Columbia University, KAIST, Kwangwoon University, MIT, Sungkyunkwan University, Funai, Hikvision, KBS, KT, and NEC.

## Infobox (technology standard)

- **title**: HEVC / H.265 / MPEG-H Part 2
- **long name**: High efficiency video coding
- **status**: In force
- **version**: 8.0
- **organization**: ITU-T, ISO, International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC
- **committee**: ITU-T Study Group 16, SG16 (Secretary: Simao Campos) (VCEG), MPEG
- **base standards**: H.261, H.262, H.263, H.264, MPEG-1
- **related standards**: H.266, Essential Video Coding, MPEG-5
- **domain**: Video compression
- **license**: MPEG LA
Marmara Region

The **Marmara Region**  is a geographical region in northwestern Turkey. It is bordered by Greece and the Aegean Sea to the west, Bulgaria and the Black Sea to the north, the Black Sea Region to the east, and the Aegean Region to the south. At the center of the region is the Sea of Marmara. The largest city in the region is Istanbul. Other big cities are Bursa, İzmit, Balıkesir, Tekirdağ, Çanakkale and Edirne.

Among the seven geographical regions, the Marmara Region has the second-smallest area, but the most people. It is the most densely populated region in the country.
Mediterranean Region, Turkey

The **Mediterranean Region** is a geographical region of Turkey. The largest city in the region is Antalya. Other big cities are Adana, Mersin and Kahramanmaraş.

It is next to the Aegean Region to the west, the Central Anatolia Region to the north, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the northeast, the Southeastern Anatolia Region to the east, Syria to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
Southeastern Anatolia Region

The **Southeastern Anatolia Region**  is a geographical region of Turkey. The  city with most people  in the region is Gaziantep. Other big cities are Şanlıurfa, Diyarbakır, Mardin and Adıyaman. The region is mostly populated by ethnic Kurds.

It is next to the Mediterranean Region to the west, the Eastern Anatolia Region to the north, Syria to the south, and Iraq to the southeast.
Raorchestes dubois

The **Koadaikanal bush frog** (_Raorchestes dubois_) is a frog.  It lives in India.  Scientists saw this frog in Kodaikanal in the Western Ghat mountains, about 1900-2300 meters above sea level.

The adult male frog is about 19.2 mm to 20.8 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 25.1 mm to 25.3 mm long.

The skin of the frog's back is green in color with some silver and blue-purple. There is a mark in the shape of a V on the frog's back from the eyes to the rear end. The back and sides have black, brown, silver, and purple spots. The iris of the eye is gold-brown in color with some green and brown.  The ends of the toes are white.  The sides of the belly have yellow-brown marks.

Like other frogs in _Raorchestes_, these frogs hatch from eggs as small frogs. They do not swim as tadpoles.

Scientists named this frog for Alain Dubois of the Paris Museum of Natural History.
Raorchestes sanjappai

The **Periya bush frog** or **Sanjappa's bush frog** (_Raorchestes sanjappai_) is a frog.  It lives in India.  Scientists saw it in Periya in the Western Ghat mountains, 750 meters above sea level.

Scientists do not know much about this frog. It looks like other frogs in _Raorchestes_. Like other frogs in _Raorchestes_, it hatches out of its egg as a small frog and never swims as a tadpole.
Bursa Province

**Bursa Province**  is a province of Turkey along the Sea of Marmara coast in northwestern Anatolia. It is next to Balıkesir to the west, Kütahya to the south, Bilecik and Sakarya to the east, Kocaeli to the northeast and Yalova to the north. The province has an area of 11,043 km<sup>2</sup> and 3,139,744 people lived there in  2021. Its traffic code is 16.

Most of the Bursa Province districts (and the city of Bursa) are in the Marmara Region, but the districts of Büyükorhan, Harmancık, Keles and Orhaneli are in the Aegean Region.

The city of Bursa was the capital of the Ottoman State between 1326 and 1365, until the Ottoman conquest of Edirne, then known as Adrianople, which became the new Ottoman capital between 1365 and 1453, until Constantinople became the final Ottoman capital.
Antalya Province

**Antalya Province**  is on the Mediterranean coast of south-west Turkey, between the Taurus Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea.

Antalya Province is the centre of Turkey's tourism industry. 30% of foreign tourists who come to Turkey comehere . Its capital city, Antalya  was the world's third most visited city by number of international arrivals in 2011.
Çanakkale Province

**Çanakkale Province**  is a province of Turkey in the Marmara Region. It takes its name from the city of Çanakkale.

Like Istanbul, Çanakkale province has a European (Thrace) and an Asian (Anatolia) part. The European part is the Gallipoli (Gelibolu) peninsula. The Asian part is mostly the historic region of Troad in Anatolia. The Dardanelles strait is between them.  It connects the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea.

The archaeological site of Troy is thought to be in  Çanakkale province.

Çanakkale is the biggest district of the province. The European and Asian parts of the province were connected to each other with the completion of the Çanakkale 1915 Bridge in March 2022.
Muğla Province

**Muğla Province** is a province of Turkey, at the country's south-western corner, on the Aegean Sea. Its seat is Muğla, about 20 km (12 mi) inland. Some of Turkey's largest holiday resorts, such as Bodrum, Ölüdeniz, Marmaris and Fethiye, are on the coast.
Pope Nicolas V

**Nicolas V** (15 November 1397  24 March 1455) was pope of the Roman Catholic Church, from 1447, to his death, in 1455. His real name was Tommaso Parentucelli. His father was a doctor, and he was the first humanist pope. Some of his successes were the resignation of Amadeus VIII, who was an Anti-pope, in 1449. He made a Papal Bull, called Dum diversas. In it, he authorized Afonso V of Portugal to conquer the lands of the non-believers, to chase their inhabitants away, to subjugate them, and to put them into a state of slavery. This legitimized colonialism. There was also the Fall of Constantinople, in 1453, which ended the Eastern Roman Empire.
Peon

**Peon** is the name for an unskilled worker, who gets a wage, for the time he works. Very often a peon worked in a system of unfree labor, for example debt bondage, or Indentured servitude.
Dear Maria, Count Me In

"**Dear Maria, Count Me In**" is the first single off of American pop punk band All Time Low's second studio album _So Wrong, It's Right_. The song was released on May 6, 2008.

The song was able to make it to #3 on the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart and #86 on the _Billboard_ Pop 100 charts. It was also certified 3× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

Vocalist Alex Gaskarth said that he made the song about a girl from his hometown named Maria who had become a stripper. Gaskarth said the song is about someone doing what they have to do to make ends meet and live the life they want to live.

A music video for the song was released. In the video, the band is in a strip club. Another group of men who are the band's alter egos are also in the club. The other men are causing trouble in the club. The band and their alter egos end up fighting. The alter egos get arrested and the band leaves with a chimpanzee.

It became a trend on TikTok with users playing the song and saying that their emo phase never left them. The band eventually joined in on it as well. Another TikTok trend happened where users said that the song sounded like the music in the anime _My Hero Academia_. The band approved of the trend.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Dear Maria, Count Me In
- **artist**: All Time Low
- **album**: So Wrong, It's Right
- **released**: May 6, 2008
- **recorded**: 2007
- **genre**: Emo pop, pop punk
- **length**: 3:02
- **label**: Hopeless Records, Hopeless
- **writer**: Jack Barakat, Rian Dawson, Alex Gaskarth, Zack Merrick
- **producer**: Matt Squire, Paul Leavitt
Papal bull

Popes have the power to give out decrees. These are called **Papal bulls**. Usually, they are in Latin.They have a seal. Usually they are named after the first few words of the text.
Diyarbakır Province

**Diyarbakır Province** is a province in Southeastern Anatolia Region. The province covers an area of 15,355 km<sup>2</sup> and its population is 1,528,958. The provincial capital is the city of Diyarbakır. The province has a Kurdish majority and is considered part of Turkish Kurdistan.
John Casor

**John Casor** was the first person of West African descent, to be made a slave for life, in a court ruling. In 1662,the Virginia Colony  passed the legal principle, _Partus sequitur ventrem,_ which said children would have the legal status of their mother. If their mother was a slave, they would be slaves, regardless of their father's race or status. This was in contradiction to English common law for English subjects, which based a child's status on that of the father.
Kocaeli Province

**Kocaeli Province** is a province of Turkey. It does not have the same official name as its capital, İzmit, which is sometimes called Kocaeli.  The largest towns in the province are İzmit and Gebze.  It is  at the eastern end of the Sea of Marmara around the Gulf of İzmit. Kocaeli is next to the province of Istanbul and the Marmara Sea to the west, the Black Sea to the north, the province of Sakarya to the east, the province of Bursa to the south and the province of Yalova to the southwest. Istanbul goes to the Kocaeli-Istanbul provincial border. The Bay of İzmit has extensive port facilities, including the Gölcük Naval Base. The province is called the industrial capital of Turkey. Kocaeli has an airport named Cengiz Topel Naval Air Station which is used for military and civilian transport. Kocaeli has two universities: Kocaeli University and Gebze Technical University.
Biggest Part of Me

"**Biggest Part of Me**" is the first single off of American rock band Ambrosia's fourth studio album _One Eighty_. The song was released on March 19, 1980.

The song was able to make it to #3 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100, #3 on the Adult Contemporary, and #35 on the Hot Soul Singles charts.  It was also certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

The song is about a man who is obsessed with a woman and is willing to give her anything she wants. It is about love and commitment in a relationship.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Biggest Part of Me
- **artist**: Ambrosia (band), Ambrosia
- **album**: One Eighty (album), One Eighty
- **released**: March 19, 1980
- **genre**: Soft rock
- **length**: 5:26 (album)
3:59 (single)
- **label**: Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros.
- **writer**: David Pack
- **producer**: Ambrosia, Freddie Piro
Heat of the Moment

"**Heat of the Moment**" is the first single off of English rock supergroup Asia's first studio album _Asia_. The song was released on April 1982 in the United States and in June 1982 in the United Kingdom.

The song was able to make it to #1 on the Mainstream Rock and #4 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100 charts.

Vocalist John Wetton said he wrote the song as an apology: "the whole song is just an apology. It's just saying I fucked up. I hold my hand out and I got it wrong. I never meant it to be like that. I didn't want it to be like that. And so I'm sorry. That's basically what "Heat of the Moment" is".

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Heat of the Moment
- **artist**: Asia (band), Asia
- **album**: Asia (Asia album), Asia
- **released**: April 1982 (US)
June 1982 (UK)
- **genre**: Pop rock
- **length**: 3:50
- **label**: Geffen Records, Geffen
- **writer**: John Wetton, Geoff Downes
- **producer**: Mike Stone (record producer), Mike Stone
Antwerp (Flemish Parliament constituency)

**Antwerp** is a constituency in Flanders.

## Infobox (belgian constituency)

- **name**: Antwerp
- **map**: Provincie Antwerpen in Belgium.svg
- **parliament**: fla
- **nl**: Antwerpen
- **fr**: Anvers
- **de**: Antwerpen
- **created**: 2004 Belgian regional elections, 2004
- **seats**: 33
Cheap Sunglasses

"**Cheap Sunglasses**" is a 1979 song by ZZ Top and is the second single from their sixth studio album _Degüello_. It went to number 89 in the United States and the live version was featured on their greatest hits albums.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Cheap Sunglasses
- **type**: single
- **artist**: ZZ Top
- **album**: Degüello
- **b-side**: Esther Be The One
- **released**: 1979
- **recorded**: 1979
- **genre**: *Blues rock
*funk rock
- **length**: * 4:48 (album version)
* 2:40 (single version)
- **label**: Warner Records, Warner Bros.
- **writer**: * Billy Gibbons
* Dusty Hill
* Frank Beard (musician), Frank Beard
- **producer**: Bill Ham
- **prev title**: I Thank You (song), I Thank You
- **prev year**: 1979
- **next title**: Leila (song), Leila
- **next year**: 1981
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

The **Museum of Fine Arts, Boston** (often abbreviated as **MFA Boston** or **MFA**) is an art museum in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The museum has 500,000 objects from prehistoric times to the present.

The museum was first opened in 1870. In 1909 the collection was moved to 465 Huntington Avenue in Boston.

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
- **logo**: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Logo 2022.png
- **image**: Boston Museum of Fine Artes.jpg
- **caption**: Museum of Fine Arts main entrance with the _Appeal to the Great Spirit_ statue in the foreground
- **location**: 465 Huntington Avenue
Boston, Massachusetts, MA 02115
- **type**: Art museum
- **accreditation**: American Alliance of Museums
Brussels (Flemish Parliament constituency)

**Brussels** is a constituency in Flanders.

## Infobox (belgian constituency)

- **name**: Brussels
- **map**: BelgiumBrussels.png
- **parliament**: fla
- **nl**: Brussel
- **fr**: Bruxelles
- **de**: Brüssel
- **created**: 2004 Belgian regional elections, 2004
- **seats**: 6
Hold On (Yes song)

"**Hold On**" is a 1983 song by English progressive rock band Yes and is the second track from their 11th studio album _90125_. It went to number 43 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart and the live version made 27 on the Mainstream Rock chart in 1985.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Hold On
- **caption**: Cover to promo single
- **artist**: Yes (band), Yes
- **album**: 90125
- **released**: 7 November 1983
- **recorded**: 1983
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **length**: 5:16
- **label**: Atco Records
Markov model

A Markov model is when things are predicted from other things that came immediately before. For example, if it usually snows after it rains, you might guess that it will snow tomorrow if it is raining today. A Markov model is part of probability theory. Mostly, it tries to predict "states" from previous states. Some Markov models include the Markov chain and the Markov decision process.

## Markov chain

The Markov chain is a simple Markov model. It has "the Markov property," which means that future states of the variable are because of the previous states of the variable.

## Hidden Markov model

A hidden Markov model is a type of Markov chain. This is very similar to a basic Markov model, but when the state is only partially observable or noisily observable. In other words, past states are related to the state of the system, but they don't tell us enough to perfectly know the state we are trying to predict. This is used commonly. For example, it helps computers automatically turn speech audio into words.

## Markov decision process

A Markov decision process is a type of Markov chain. A Markov decision process goes from one state to another. It uses a vector to do this.

## Uses

Markov chains are used to predict the future. They can predict prices and wind power.
East Flanders (Flemish Parliament constituency)

**East Flanders** is a constituency in Flanders.

## Infobox (belgian constituency)

- **name**: East Flanders
- **map**: Provincie Oost-Vlaanderen in Belgium.svg
- **parliament**: fla
- **nl**: Brussel
- **fr**: Bruxelles
- **de**: Brüssel
- **created**: 2004 Belgian regional elections, 2004
- **seats**: 27
Flemish Brabant (Flemish Parliament constituency)

**Flemish Brabant** is a constituency in Flanders.

## Infobox (belgian constituency)

- **name**: Flemish Brabant
- **map**: Provincie Vlaams-Brabant in Belgium.svg
- **parliament**: fla
- **nl**: Vlaams-Brabant
- **fr**: Brabant flammand
- **de**: Flämisch-Brabant
- **created**: 2004 Belgian regional elections, 2004
- **seats**: 20
The Bitch Is Back

"**The Bitch Is Back**" is a 1974 song by Elton John and is the second single from his eighth studio album _Caribou_. It went to number 4 in the United States, number 53 in Australia, number 26 in the Netherlands, number 15 in the United Kingdom and number 1 in Canada. Several radio stations refused and vetoed to play in the United States and elsewhere because of the word _bitch_.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Bitch Is Back
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Elton John
- **album**: Caribou (album), Caribou
- **b-side**: Cold Highway
- **recorded**: January 1974
- **studio**: Caribou Ranch, Nederland, Colorado
- **genre**: Hard rock, glam rock
- **length**: 3:44
- **label**: MCA Records, MCA, DJM Records, DJM, The Rocket Record Company, Rocket/Phonogram
- **writer**: *Elton John
*Bernie Taupin
- **producer**: Gus Dudgeon
- **prev title**: Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me
- **prev year**: 1974
- **next title**: Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds
- **next year**: 1974
Upper Riccarton

**Upper Riccarton** is a suburb of Christchurch and is west of Riccarton. It is a residental suburb with Bush Inn and Church Corner shopping complex and has two high schools and a christian school situated in the area.

## Infobox (mapframe)

- **zoom**: 11


## Infobox (new zealand suburbs)

- **name**: Upper Riccarton
- **image**: St Peter's Anglican Church 96.jpg
- **caption1**: St Peter's Church, Riccarton, St Peter's Anglican Church, a landmark of Upper Riccarton, showing damage from the 2011 Christchurch earthquake
- **city1**: Christchurch
- **council**: Christchurch City Council
- **ward**: Riccarton
- **area**: 220
9 PM (Till I Come)

"**9 PM (Till I Come)**" is the first single off of German DJ and producer ATB's first studio album _Movin' Melodies_. The song was released on 26 October 1998. The song features vocals from model Yolanda Rivera saying "until I come".

It was able to make it to #1 on the UK Dance Singles and Albums Charts, UK Singles Chart, Scottish, and Irish charts. It became the first trance song to make it to #1 on the UK charts. The song was also able to make it to #7 on the Dance Club Songs and #11 on the Dance Singles Sales _Billboard_ charts.

A music video for the song was released. In the video, a woman steps out of a helicopter and walks with a briefcase that she stole from someone. In another scene, a man makes a turkey dinner. Later, the woman sits down and opens the briefcase to reveal a picture of the man with the turkey. The turkey then blows up.

There was a remake titled "**Your Love (9PM)**" featuring German DJ Topic and Swedish singer A7S. It was released on 15 January 2021.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: 9 PM (Till I Come)
- **artist**: ATB
- **album**: Movin' Melodies
- **released**: 26 October 1998
- **genre**: Eurodance
- **length**: 6:35
- **label**: Kontor Records, Kontor, Ministry of Sound, Sound of Ministry, Radikal Records, Radikal
- **writer**: ATB, André Tanneberger, Angel Ferrerons, Julio Posadas, Yolanda Rivera
- **producer**: ATB
Bride buying

**Bride-buying**, also referred to as **bride-purchasing**, is the industry or trade of purchasing a bride as a form of property. The wife is exchanged  for a sum of money, or for other products. It is still practiced in parts of  China, India and Africa. It is illegal in many countries. It is described as a marriage of convenience.  The people do not marry because they feel love or affection for each other, but they marry because one person gets an advantage by doing this. A common form of bride-buying is the Mail-order bride.
The Funeral

"**The Funeral**" is the first single off American rock band Band of Horses's first studio album _Everything All the Time_. The song was released on May 21, 2006 in the United States and on May 21, 2007 in the United Kingdom.

The song was certified 2× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It was ranked #67 on _Pitchfork_'s list of Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s.

During an interview, vocalist Ben Bridwell said that he tried to not finish the song, so it wouldn’t appear on the album but was convinced to finish it by producer Phil Ek and Sub Pop. He said he was surprised by the song's success. While making the song, Bridwell said that he was thinking about the sadness of losing people that haven’t died yet.

A music video for the song was released. The video is shot in black and white. In the video, a man is driving a car. He goes to a bar and drinks. While drunk, he stumbles out of the bar. He ends up drinking and driving. He crashes head on into a truck and dies.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Funeral
- **artist**: Band of Horses
- **album**: Everything All the Time
- **released**: May 21, 2006 (US)
May 21, 2007 (UK)
- **recorded**: 2005
- **genre**: Indie rock
- **length**: 5:21
- **label**: Sub Pop, Kids Records
- **writer**: Ben Bridwell, Mat Brooke, Chris Early, Tim Meinig
- **producer**: Phil Ek, Band of Horses
Wife selling

**Wife selling** is when a husband sells his wife to someone else. It has been done for different reasons throughout history:

- Many people could not afford a divorce, so wife-selling was used instead. Often, the wife was able to pick the husband she was sold to. This was especially the case, if she was young and pretty.
- In some societies, a wife could buy herself out of a marriage.  that way. Her husband would no longer have to pay for her support.
- Sometimes taxes or debts were paid by selling a wife or children.
- A free woman who was married to a serf could be sold into slavery, if her husband had been murdered.  Enslaved families were often broken up and wives, husbands, and children sold to separate buyers.  Masters often used the threat to sell a wife to keep an enslaved husband under a master's discipline.
Aydın Province

**Aydın Province** is a province of southwestern Turkey in the Aegean Region. The provincial capital is the city of Aydın where almost 200,000 people lived in 2012. Other towns in the province include the summer seaside resorts of Didim and Kuşadası.
Manisa Province

**Manisa Province**  is a province in the Aegean Region of western Turkey. It is next to İzmir to the west, Aydın to the south, Denizli to the southeast, Uşak to the east, Kütahya to the northeast, and Balıkesir to the north. The city of Manisa is the seat and capital of the province.
Denmark Vesey

**Denmark Vesey** (1767 – 1822) was an African-American slave. Today, he is known for planning one of the biggest slave uprisings in the United States. The plan was found out, and he was arrested. Together, with the other leaders of the rebellion, he was executed. Two slaves who did not agree with Vesey’s plans told the authorities. They charged 131 people of conspiring. 67 were convicted. 35 were hanged. One of those was Denmark Vesey.
John Punch (slave)

**John Punch** ( 1630s, living 1640) was an enslaved West African who lived in the colony of Virginia. Thought to have been an indentured servant, Punch attempted to escape to Maryland. In July 1640, the Virginia Governor's Council sentenced him to serve as a slave for the rest of his life. Two European men who ran away with him received a lighter sentence of extended indentured servitude. For this reason, some historians consider John Punch the "first official slave in the English colonies," and his case as the "first legal sanctioning of lifelong slavery in the Chesapeake." Some historians also consider this to be one of the first legal distinctions between Europeans and Africans made in the colony, and a key milestone in the development of the institution of slavery in the United States.

In July 2012, Ancestry.com published a paper suggesting that John Punch was a twelfth-generation grandfather of President Barack Obama on his mother's side, on the basis of historic and genealogical research and Y-DNA analysis. Punch's descendants were known by the Bunch or Bunche surname. Punch is also believed to be one of the paternal ancestors of the 20th-century American diplomat Ralph Bunche, the first African American to win the Nobel Peace Prize.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Punch
- **birth date**: 1630s, living 1640
- **birth place**: Unknown, but possibly Cameroon, Gabon or Ivory Coast
- **death place**: York County, Virginia, York County, Colony of Virginia, British America
- **known for**: First official slave in the Thirteen Colonies
Spiny chromis

The **spiny chromis** (_Acanthochromis polyacanthus_) is a species of damselfish from the western Pacific. It is the only member of the genus ***Acanthochromis***.

This fish usually lives in coral reefs at a depth range of  This fish eats only plankton although younger individuals have been known to eat mucus off the adults. Spiny chromis individuals can grow up to a maximum size of  as adults.

## Life cycle

The spiny chromis, unlike many other coral reef fishes, has direct development of their larvae. The parents protect their brood from the egg stage (laid on the reef), through hatching and onto the fully developed juvenile stage.
İzmir Province

**İzmir Province** is a province and metropolitan municipality of Turkey in the Aegean Region, situated along the Aegean coast. Its capital is the city of İzmir, which has 11 districts out of 30 in total. To the west, it is surrounded by the Aegean Sea, and it encloses the Gulf of Izmir. Its area is 11,973 square kilometres (4,623 square miles), with a population of 4,425,789 in 2021.  The population was 3,370,866 in 2000. Neighboring provinces are Balıkesir to the north, Manisa to the east, and Aydın to the south.
Tiny Dancer

"**Tiny Dancer**" is a 1972 song by Elton John. It was taken from his fourth studio album _Madman Across the Water_. It went to number 41 in the United States, number 70 in the United Kingdom, number 19 in Canada and number 13 in Australia. In 2010, it was ranked #397 on the _Rolling Stone_ 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Was the guy from scrubs riding the Bus or his twin?

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Tiny Dancer
- **alt**: side-A label
- **caption**: One of side-A labels of the US single
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Elton John
- **album**: Madman Across the Water
- **b-side**: Razor Face
- **released**: 1972
- **recorded**: 9 August 1971
- **studio**: Trident Studios, London
- **genre**: Soft rock, country rock, pop rock
- **label**: Uni Records, Uni
- **writer**: *Elton John
*Bernie Taupin
- **producer**: Gus Dudgeon
- **prev title**: Levon (song), Levon
- **prev year**: 1971
- **next title**: Rocket Man (song), Rocket Man
- **next year**: 1972
Limburg (Flemish Parliament constituency)

**Limburg** is a constituency in Flanders.

## Infobox (belgian constituency)

- **name**: Limburg
- **map**: Provincie Limburg in Belgium.svg
- **parliament**: fla
- **nl**: Limburg
- **fr**: Limbourg
- **de**: Limburg
- **created**: 2004 Belgian regional elections, 2004
- **seats**: 16
West Flanders (Flemish Parliament constituency)

**West Flanders** is a constituency in Flanders.

## Infobox (belgian constituency)

- **name**: West Flanders
- **map**: Provincie West-Vlaanderen in Belgium.svg
- **parliament**: fla
- **nl**: West-Vlaanderen
- **fr**: Flandre-Occidentale
- **de**: Westflandern
- **created**: 2004 Belgian regional elections, 2004
- **seats**: 22
Staghorn damselfish

***Amblyglyphidodon curacao***; also known as the **staghorn damselfish**, the **clouded damselfish** or the **bare-snouted sergeant major**; is a species of marine fish in the family Pomacentridae, the damselfishes and the clownfishes. It is widespread throughout the tropical waters of the western Pacific Ocean. This species is a small sized fish that can reach a maximum size of 11 cm length.
Green chromis

***Chromis viridis*** (**green chromis**) is a species of damselfish. Individuals tend to be iridescent apple-green and light blue, and reach a length of 10 cm. It is sometimes called the **"blue-green chromis"**, but that may also refer to _Chromis caerulea_, the blue puller, a close relative that is sometimes considered conspecific.

## Distribution and habitat

The species is found in the Indo-Pacific, including the Red Sea. It is found in tropical and subtropical waters. In the Indian Ocean, they are found in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aden, eastern Africa, Madagascar, Seychelles, the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Sea, the Maldives, Sri Lanka, the Andaman Sea, Australia, and Indonesia. In the Pacific Ocean, they are found in the Gulf of Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, China, Taiwan, Japan, the Great Barrier Reef, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Polynesia, Melanesia, and Hawaii in the Indo-Pacific part of the Pacific Ocean. In the eastern Pacific Ocean, they are found from the Gulf of California south to Peru and the Galapagos Islands. There are some reports of this species in the Mediterranean Sea. They live in coral reefs and lagoons. Individuals of this species are encountered in depths of .

## Description

Adults of this species can grow up to  at maximum length. They have 12 dorsal rays, 9 to 11 soft dorsal rays, 2 anal spines, and 9 to 11 anal soft rays on their fins. It is a blue green fish. When they are breeding, males turn more yellowish.

### Diet

Phytoplankton, zooplankton, and algae, copepods, _Artemia_, and amphipods make up the diet of this fish in the wild. This fish also feeds on eggs that fail to hatch. It feeds by ram jawing.

### Behavior

_Chromis viridis_ schools in aggregations around _Acropora_ coral heads.

## In the aquarium

In a marine aquarium, schools are kept in small groups of odd numbers. The green Chromis is relatively inexpensive.  A small school will be more comfortable in a minimum size of a  tank but a single specimen can be kept in a . Some aquarists have successfully bred the blue green Chromis in the home aquarium.

### Tankmates

The green chromis is not housed with larger predatory fish, as they may become food themselves. Groupers, lionfish, and eels all present an element of danger for this species.

## Reproduction

_Chromis viridis_ spawn over sand and small stones. The male prepares the nest which is shared with several females. The nest is located on sand or rubble. During spawning, the male turns more yellowish in color. The large number of eggs will hatch in 2–3 days. The male guards the nest and ventilates it with its fins and feeding on those eggs that do not hatch. Males feed on unhatched eggs to prevent them from being breeding grounds for microorganisms which risks their lives.

## Other websites

- ReefCorner - Green Chromis Database Entry
- http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=212811
One Week

"**One Week**" is the first single off of Canadian rock band Barenaked Ladies's fourth studio album _Stunt_. The song was released on September 15, 1998.

The song was able to make it to #1 on the _Billboard_ Hot 100, #1 on the Alternative Airplay, #1 on the Mainstream Top 40, #2 on the Adult Alternative Songs, and #2 on the Adult Top 40. Ironically, it stayed at #1 on the Hot 100 chart for one week. It was also certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).

The song is filled with pop culture references. In the song, it mentions the superhero Aquaman, the restaurant Swiss Chalet, the anime _Sailor Moon_, the television show _The X-Files_, the movies _Frantic_, _Vertigo_, and _Seven Samurai_, actor Harrison Ford, director Akira Kurosawa, musicians Busta Rhymes, LeAnn Rimes, Bert Kaempfert, and Sting, the song "Scenario" by A Tribe Called Quest, and the chocolate bar Snickers.

Some people were wondering what the lyric "I’m the kind of guy who laughs at a funeral / Can’t understand what I mean? Well, you soon will" meant. Vocalist Ed Robertson said that when he was at the funeral of his older brother who died in a motorcycle accident, the pastor was quoting "Free Bird" by Lynyrd Skynyrd. Drummer Tyler Stewart whispered "SKYNARD!" to him and held up the devil horns which caused Robertson to laugh.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: One Week
- **artist**: Barenaked Ladies
- **album**: Stunt (album), Stunt
- **released**: September 15, 1998
- **recorded**: 2003
- **genre**: Alternative rock, Pop music, pop, rap rock, pop rock
- **length**: 2:48
- **label**: Reprise Records, Reprise
- **writer**: Ed Robertson
- **producer**: Barenaked Ladies, David Leonard (producer), David Leonard, Susan Rogers
Alikhan Bukeikhanov

**Alikhan Nurmukhameduly Bukeikhanov** (; 5 March 1866 – 27 September 1937), was a Kazakh politician. He was Prime Minister of Alash Autonomy from 1917 to 1920.

He died in 1937 from execution by firing squad.

## Early life

Bukeikhanov was born on 5 March 1866, in Tokyrauyn Volost, Russian Empire. His father, Nurmuhammed Bukeikhanov and his great-grandfather, Barak Sultan, were a khan of the Orta zhuz. He was graduated from the Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute and Omsk Technical School, in 1890.

## Political life

In 1905, Bukeikhanov got involved in politics by joining Constitutional Democratic party. He tried to start a Kazakh Democratic party in 1905, but failed and got arrested. He became part of a government group in 1906 and protested against the government's actions. He got arrested again in 1908 and was sent away until 1917.

A few months later, they made a new political party called the Alash Autonomy. In 1920, while the Soviet government established, Bukeikhanov joined the Bolshevik party.

## Later life and execution

In 1926, Bukeikhanov was arrested of working against the government and was put in the Butyrka prison in Moscow and released in 1930. He was arrested in 1937 and got executed by firing squad.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Alikhan Bukeikhanov
- **native name**: Әлихан Бөкейхан
- **native name lang**: kz
- **image**: Bukeykhanov.jpg
- **office**: Prime Minister of Alash–Orda, Alash Autonomy
- **termstart**: 13 December 1917
- **termend**: 5 March 1920
- **birth place**: Tokraunskaya Volost, Russian Empire
- **death place**: Moscow, Soviet Union
- **nationality**: Kazakhs, Kazakh
- **spouse**: Yelena Sevostyanova
- **alma mater**: Omsk Technical School
Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute
- **signature**: Alikhan Bukeikhanov Signature.svg
- **party**: Constitutional Democratic <small>(1906–1917)</small>
Alash <small>(1917–1920)</small>
Communist Party of the Soviet Union, CPSU <small>(1920–1926)</small>
Crocodile Rock

"**Crocodile Rock**" is a 1972 song by Elton John and is the leading single to his sixth studio album _Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player_. It went to number 1 in the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Italy and Switzerland, number 5 in the United States, number 2 in Zimbabwe and Australia and number 3 in Norway, Germany and Belgium.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Crocodile Rock
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Elton John
- **album**: Don't Shoot Me I'm Only the Piano Player
- **b-side**: Elderberry Wine (song), Elderberry Wine
- **recorded**: June 1972
- **studio**: Château d'Hérouville (France)
- **writer**: * Elton John
* Bernie Taupin
- **producer**: Gus Dudgeon
- **prev title**: Honky Cat
- **prev year**: 1972
- **year**: 1972
- **next title**: Daniel (Elton John song), Daniel
- **next year**: 1973
Algae Lake

**Algae Lake** is a narrow lake that is 17 kilometers long and between 0.4 km to 1.9 km wide. It is east–west in the ice-free Bunger Hills of Antarctica. It was first mapped from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946 to 1947.

It was called "Algae Inlet" by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names because the algae changed  colours. It extends to the meltwater ponds overlying the Bunger Hills and to the saline inlets and channels in the Highjump Archipelago.

Later Soviet Antarctic Expeditions (1956–1957) found this "inlet" to be a lake and changed its name to Algae Lake instead of "Algae Inlet".

## Infobox (body of water)

- **name**: Algae Lake
- **location**: Bunger Hills, Antarctica
- **pushpin map**: Antarctica
- **pushpin map alt**: Location of Algae Lake in Antarctica.