juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Margaret Taylor

**Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor** (September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852), was the wife of Zachary Taylor, the President of the United States. She was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850. Some people called her Peggy Smith.

She was born in Calvert County, Maryland. Her mother’s name was Ann Mackall and her father’s name was Walter Smith. Her father was a major in the American Revolutionary War. When she was visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she met Zachary Taylor. Taylor was a lieutenant at that time. They married in June 1810. For sometime, she stayed in a farm she had got as a marriage gift from her father. There she gave birth to her first baby. But, then she started to live with her husband. Taylor’s garrison moved from one location to other on the western front, and she also moved with him.

Their two small daughters died in 1820. As described by Taylor, the children had died of “a violent bilious fever.” They had three other girls and a boy. All four grew to adulthood. Taylor knew the difficult life of a military man. He was always against their daughters marrying military men, but all the three married military persons from the United States Army.

At the White House, Peggy Taylor participated in the household activities and personal functions. She did not participate in formal and official functions. Her youngest daughter, Mary Elizabeth Bliss, acted as the official hostess for her mother.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Margaret Taylor
- **image**: Margaret Taylor Daguerreotype.jpg
- **birth place**: Calvert County, Maryland, U.S.
- **death place**: Pascagoula, Mississippi, U.S.
- **resting place coordinates**: Zachary Taylor National Cemetery
- **office**: First Lady of the United States
- **termstart**: March 4, 1849
- **termend**: July 9, 1850
- **term label**: In role
- **president**: Zachary Taylor
- **predecessor**: Sarah Childress Polk
- **successor**: Abigail Fillmore
- **children**: Ann Mackall, Sarah Knox "Knoxie", Octavia Pannell, Margaret Smith, Mary Elizabeth "Betty", Richard Scott "Dick"
Persian Gulf

The **Persian Gulf** is the name of a geographical place. Its location is in the Middle East. It is an extension of the Gulf of Oman. It is between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula.

During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the Persian Gulf came into news. Both sides attacked oil tankers of each other. Later, when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991, the new war got the name of "Gulf War" but major fighting happened on land.

The water in the Persian Gulf is rich in fishes; it has long beautiful coral reefs. Deep inside the water of the Persian Gulf, there are many pearl oysters. Due to this, the area attracts a lot of activities.

In Persian language, the term khalīj-e-Fars means the Persian Gulf. In October 2018, the World Intellectual Property Organization of the United Nations registered Persian Gulf as a place of origin, based on the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration.

## Geography

The sea waters of the Persian Gulf covers an area of 233,000 km<sup>2</sup>. On the east, it connects with the Gulf of Oman by Strait of Hormuz. On the west, it connects a major river delta of Shatt al-Arab. In this river delta, waters of two big rivers of the area flow into: the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers.

The length of the Persian Gulf is 989 kilometers, and the shortest distance between two land points are 56 kilometers. The waters are generally not very deep. The maximum depth is only 175 meters. The average depth is only 50 meters.

There are many countries with borders touching the Persian Gulf. If taken in a clockwise direction, these countries are from the north: Iran, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar on a peninsula off the Saudi coast; Bahrain on an island; and Kuwait and Iraq in the northwest. Many small islands lie within the Persian Gulf.

## Petroleum

The area in and around the Persian Gulf has world’s largest crude oil. Industries relating to crude oil are the main industries in this area. Al-Safaniya, the world’s largest offshore oil field is in the Persian Gulf. Many countries with large crude oil are in this area. They are called Persian Gulf States, that is, the countries around the Persian Gulf. These countries are Iran, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Iraq (with its small portion touching the Persian Gulf) is not called a Persian Gulf State.

## British control

For about 200 years, from 1763 until 1971, the United Kingdom kept some control over some of the Persian Gulf countries. These countries were the Trucial States and at various times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar. Upon independence most of the Trucial States made a new United Arab Emirates.

## Other websites

- Persian Gulf
World Trade Organization

The **World Trade Organization** (**WTO**) is a large international organization to regulate trade that was established in 1995.  As of 2018, there are 164 members and 23 observer nations.  In the WTO, agreements are made on trade between countries. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) means that countries have to lower barriers to international trade, such as tariff on goods crossing borders. This lets businesses operate in many different countries.

## Member countries sign agreements

There are about 30 such agreements. Based on these agreements, the member countries trade with each other. They sell items to each other and follow a set of rules. They have to give a special job to the other country. The phrase used (for such and many alike items) is to give the other country a special job – this is known as to give the other country _a most favored country job_. From 2004, if a member sells any item to another member country, the same type of item should be offered to all other member countries.

While it is highly regarded, from its beginning the WTO has also received criticism.
Międzyrzec Podlaski

**Międzyrzec Podlaski** is a city in the east of Poland, in Lublin Voivodeship, in Biała Podlaska County. It is on the Krzna rivers. It has 17 283 people.
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic (video game)

***Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic*** is a video game developed by BioWare. It was released in 2003. The game has a sequel, titled _Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic II: The Sith Lords_.

## Description

The game, also known as _KotOR_, is a role-playing game. Developed using BioWare's engine _Aurora_, the game is set in the fictional universe of _Star Wars_. The story takes place four thousand years before the Battle of Yavin, 40 years after the war with Exar Kun (circa 3,956 BBY).

Darth Revan has been killed by his apprentice, Darth Malak, who has taken the mantle of Dark Lord of the Sith. Malak is continuing the war against the Old Republic, using numerous battleships. The Jedi Order sees its hope in Bastila Shan, a young female Jedi who is skilled in the art called _Battle Meditation_. With that power, she can optimize the performance of the Jedi troops and the battleships. Also, an unnamed soldier (the player chooses the name) comes under attention of the Jedi Council.

Since it is a roleplaying game, the player can choose which class he wants to be. He can choose between soldier, scout, and scoundrel. The choice affects the statistics of the character (strength, agility, etc.). Also, the player can choose their character's gender and face.
The player must follow several main objectives, with many other minor missions. The player, while travelling on several planets, will meet some people who join him in his quest. A number up to 8 companions can join the player: Trask Ulgo, Carth Onasi, Bastila Shan, Mission Vao, Zaalbar, Canderous Ordo, Juhani, Jolee Bindo.

The main goal is to find the Star Forge, a powerful battle station that builds an endless fleet, which is used against the Republic. The player also has to kill Darth Malak.

## Characters

The main character (the player) is entirely customizable. Face, gender and class can be chosen from a series of menus. One later discovers that they are Darth Reven, but still go by the original own name.
The player will meet some companions (playable characters, or PCs) during the adventure.

- **Carth Onasi** - A Republican soldier, veteran of the Mandalorian Wars. Class: Soldier.
- **Bastila Shan** - A young female Jedi, who will look after the player. Class: Jedi Sentinel.
- **Mission Vao** - A young Twi'lek, expert hacker. Class: Scoundrel.
- **Zaalbar** - A Wookiee, friend of Mission. Class: Explorer.
- **Canderous Ordo** - A Mandalorian warrior, veteran of the Mandalorian Wars. Class: Soldier.
- **Juhani** - A Cathar (human with cat-like features) female Jedi. Class: Jedi Guardian.
- **Jolee Bindo** - An old human Jedi. Class: Jedi Consular.
- **T3-M4** - An astromech droid. Class: Droid.
- **HK-47** - An assassin droid. Class: Droid.
The player will also meet other minor characters (non-playable characters, or NPCs).

- **Darth Malak** - The Dark Lord of the Sith and true "boss" of the game.
- **Darth Bandon** - Malak's apprentice.
- **Calo Nord** - A short bounty hunter.
- **Jedi Masters** of the council.
Krusty Krab

The **Krusty Krab** is a fictional fast food restaurant in the television series, _"SpongeBob SquarePants"_. It is in the city of Bikini Bottom. The restaurant is run by a crab named Eugene H. Krabs. The other two workers at the restaurant are SpongeBob SquarePants (fry cook), and Squidward Tentacles (cashier). The fast food sold includes the popular Krabby Patties (which are similar to hamburgers but made of krill), and others such as French fries, and drinks. The shape of the restaurant is based on a lobster trap.
M6 motorway

The **M6** is the longest motorway in the United Kingdom. It is also one of the busiest motorways in the country. It is often referred to as "The Backbone of Britain".
The M6 is part of the unsigned E-road E24 from the M1 to the M6 Toll near Birmingham. The E5 joins the M6 Toll from the M42 and then uses the M6 to its north end at Carlisle. Then it continues to become the M74. The motorway is 230 miles (370km) long. This is 37 miles longer than the M1 motorway.

## History and curiosities

The first section of the motorway was the Preston by-pass, opened on 5 December 1958. It was built by a company called Tarmac Construction. It was the first motorway in the United Kingdom. It was opened by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. The motorway was later extended in both directions.

## Infobox (road)

- **country**: GBR
- **type**: M
- **route**: 6
- **length mi**: 232.2
- **direction a**: South
- **terminus a**: Catthorpe
<small></small>
- **counties**: Leicestershire, Warwickshire, West Midlands (county), West Midlands, Staffordshire, Cheshire, Merseyside, Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Cumbria
- **destinations**: Rugby, Warwickshire, Rugby
Coventry
Birmingham
Walsall
Wolverhampton
Cannock
Stafford
Stoke-on-Trent
Newcastle-under-Lyme
Crewe, Cheshire, Crewe
Warrington
Wigan
Preston, Lancashire, Preston
Lancaster, Lancashire, Lancaster
Kendal
Penrith, Cumbria, Penrith
Carlisle, Cumbria, Carlisle
- **direction b**: North
- **terminus b**: Gretna, Scotland, Gretna
<small></small>
- **established**: 1958
- **history**: Opened: 1958
Completed: 2008
- **junction**:
M1 motorway

J2 → M69 motorway

J3a → M6 Toll

J4 → M42 motorway

J4a → M42 motorway

J6 → A38(M) motorway

J8 → M5 motorway

J10a → M54 motorway

J11a → M6 Toll

J20 → M56 motorway

J21a → M62 motorway

J26 → M58 motorway

J29 → M65 motorway

J30 → M61 motorway

J32 → M55 motorway

J35 → A601(M) motorway

J45 → A74(M) motorway
- **e-road**: , ,  and
- **map**: M6 motorway (Great Britain) map.svg
- **maint**: Highways England
- **photo**: Spaghetti-Junction-Crop.jpg
- **photo notes**: Gravelly Hill Interchange, usually called _Spaghetti Junction_, in Birmingham, 2008
- **previous type**: M
- **previous route**: 5
- **next type**: M
- **next route**: 6 Toll
Sloth bear

The **sloth bear** (_Melursus ursinus_) is a bear that lives in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

## Appearance

Sloth bears have long and shaggy black fur, but its fur can also be brown. On its chest it has a white or yellow mark, which is shaped like an Y or V. They have big feet with long claws. The long claws are also the reason for its English name, because the claws look like the claws of a sloth.

## Life

Sloth bears are omnivores and eats mostly termites and ants. But they also eat fruit, honey, eggs, carrion, grasses and occasionally rodents. Sloth bears use their claws to dig up ants from the dirt. They also use their claws to fight predators such as tigers, leopards and jackals. Bengal tigers prey on sloth bears of all ages. Indian leopards, dholes and Indian wolves may also be a threat and is native to India.

Female sloth bears usually have 1-2 babies, sometimes 3. Young sloth bears stay with their mother for 2–3 years. In captivity they can live to be 40 years old.

Sloth bear adults can weigh anywhere from 60 to 70 kilograms (120-130 pounds) and measure anywhere from 152 to 178 centimeters (60-70 inches) in length.
Inclined plane

An **inclined plane** is a simple machine. It allows one to use less force to move an object.

Examples of inclined planes are ramps, sloping roads and hills, plows, chisels, hatchets, carpenter's planes, and wedges.  The typical example of an inclined plane is a sloped surface; for example a roadway to bridge at a different height.

Another simple machine based on the inclined plane is the blade, in which two inclined planes placed back to back allow the two parts of the cut object to move apart using less force than would be needed to pull them apart in opposite directions.

## Calculation of forces acting on an object on an inclined planes

To calculate the forces on an object placed on an inclined plane, consider the three forces acting on it.

1. The normal force (_N_) exerted on the body by the plane due to the attraction of gravity i.e. mg cos θ
1. the force due to gravity (_mg_, acting vertically downwards) and
1. the frictional force (_f_) acting parallel to the plane.

We can break the force from gravity into two vectors, one perpendicular to the plane and one parallel to the plane. Since there is no movement perpendicular to the plane, the component of the gravitational force in this direction (_mg_ cos _θ_) must be equal and opposite to normal force exerted by the plane, _N_. Therefore, .

If the component of the force from gravity parallel to the surface (_mg_ sin _θ_) is greater than the static frictional force _f<sub>s</sub>_ – then the body will slide down the inclined plane with acceleration  where _f<sub>k</sub>_ is the force of friction – otherwise it will remain stationary.

When the angle of the slope (_θ_) is zero, sin _θ_ is also zero, so the body will not move.
<div style="clear:both;"></div>

## Other websites

- An interactive simulation of physics – inclined plane
Jamestown, New York

**Jamestown** is a city in southwestern New York State, United States.
Lego

**Lego** (stylized as **LEGO**) is a type of building toy created and made by The Lego Group, a company from Denmark. LEGO bricks are colorful plastic building blocks that can be joined together easily to make a tower, house, and more. LEGO bricks are joined together by studs on the top, and holes in the bottom of the brick, commonly known as the brick-and-knob connection. LEGO is the most popular building toy in the world.

## Background

The LEGO Group was started by Ole Kirk Christiansen, a Danish toy maker, on August 10, 1932. In 1934, his company came to be called "Lego", a word coming from the Danish phrase  , which means "play well". Christiansen made wooden toys for children. He made and sold his first plastic LEGO sets in the 1940s. Since then, LEGO has become very popular and is known and loved by people around the world kids and adults alike.

The company is based in Billund and is owned by Kirkbi, the family company. In 2006, sales were about $1.3 billion. In 2022, they were $9.1 billion. Net profit was $1.9 billion. After the bankruptcy and closures of Toys "R" Us in 2017 and 2018, Lego expanded its network of 317 stores to about 1,000 in 2023.

LEGO bricks come in many shapes, sizes and colors. There are wheels, car screens, plants and mini-figures. LEGO bricks can be joined together in many ways. Vehicles, buildings and even robots can all be built with LEGO bricks.

Every LEGO brick is designed to be compatible with others from any set. New bricks made today can fit with old bricks made years ago. The bricks can join together no matter which set they come from. LEGO has become so popular that people sometimes use the word "Lego" to talk about any sort of building blocks, and in North American English, the term is sometimes pluralized as "Legos". There are millions of LEGO fans and many LEGO conventions around the world.

## LEGO Video Games

Many LEGO video games are being created for different video game systems. LEGO video games usually come from LEGO themes, such as LEGO Star Wars. LEGO Star Wars has six video games. Other LEGO video games include LEGO Indiana Jones, LEGO Harry Potter, Lego DC comics and Marvel.

## Television and movies

A LEGO Cartoon Network show, _Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu_, aired from 2011 to 2012, and a second Cartoon Network LEGO show aired in 2013. In 2014, _The LEGO Movie_ was released, starring Chris Pratt, Will Arnett, Elizabeth Banks, Morgan Freeman, Will Ferrell, and Liam Neeson. The movie was released on February 7, 2014. Since then, three other LEGO movies have been made, like The LEGO Batman Movie, The LEGO Ninjago Movie, and The LEGO Movie 2: The Second Part.

## Other websites

- _Official Lego Website_

## Infobox (toy)

- **name**: Lego
- **image**: LEGO logo.svg
- **image size**: 180px
- **type**: Construction set
- **inventor**: Ole Kirk Christiansen
- **country**: Denmark
- **company**: The Lego Group
- **from**: 1949
- **to**: present
- **website**: https://www.lego.com/
- **materials**: Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
Game Boy Color

The **Game Boy Color** (often said as ***GBC***) is a handheld video game console manufactured by Nintendo. It was first introduced in Japan in October 1998 and released in North America, Europe and Australia in November 1998. It is the successor to the original Game Boy, but it precedes the Game Boy Advance (which is backwards compatible with _GB_ and _GBC_ games). The biggest innovation of the Game Boy Color was its colorful graphics. The Game Boy Color is almost as powerful as the Nintendo Entertainment System. Except for the Pokémon Mini, it was the last 8-bit console made by a mainstream company. The last game released for Game Boy Color was _Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets_ in 2002.

The GBC has a color screen rather than a monochrome, but it is not backlit. It is clearly thicker and bigger and has a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket, its last model in the Game Boy line. As with the original Game Boy, it has an 8-bit processor made by Sharp Corporation that is a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80. The spelling of the system's name, Game Boy Color, remains used throughout the world, with its American English spelling of "color".

The Game Boy Color is part of the fifth generation of video game consoles. The GBC's competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16-bit handhelds, Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan, though the Game Boy Color outsold them by a wide margin. SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color, this did little to change Nintendo's sales. With Sega discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997, the Game Boy Color's only competitor in the United States was its last one, the Game Boy, until the short-lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was made in August 1999. The Game Boy and the Game Boy Color together have sold 118.69 million units worldwide, making it the third-best-selling system of all time.

It was discontinued on March 23, 2003, shortly after the Game Boy Advance SP was made. Its best-selling game was _Pokémon Gold and Silver_, which sold 23 million units worldwide.

## Best-selling games

- _Pokémon Red, Blue and Yellow_
- _Tetris_
- _Pokémon Gold, Silver and Crystal_
- _Super Mario Land_
- _Super Mario Land 2: Six Golden Coins_
- _Dr. Mario_
- _Pokémon Pinball_
- _Wario Land: Super Mario Land 3_
- _Kirby's Dream Land_
- _Super Mario Bros. Deluxe_
- _The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages_
- _Donkey Kong Land_
- _The Legend of Zelda: Link's Awakening_
- _Pokémon Trading Card Game_
- _F1 Race_
- _Yoshi_
- _Donkey Kong_
- _Game de Hakken!! Tamagotchi_
- _Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters 4: Battle of Great Duelists_
- _Yu-Gi-Oh! Dark Duel Stories_
Hula

**Hula** is a type of dancing from Hawaii.

Hula is a word in the Hawaiian language.  Male dancers and female dancers can both dance hula. A long time ago, hula dance was used only in special ceremonies. Now, hula dance is mainly for entertainment.

A hula dancer usually wears a grass skirt or a leaf skirt, a flower necklace (called "lei" in Hawaiian), and sometimes a flower in the hair.

Traditionally, the hula dancer dances to a chant (a poem that is sung to a rhythm). The chanter beats his or her hand on a gourd (dried, empty squash) to create the rhythm.

There are many kinds of hula dance. For example, the Hawaiian hula dance style is slow and the Tahitian hula dance style is fast.
Steam engine

A **steam engine** is an engine that uses steam from boiling water to make it move. The steam pushes on the engine parts to make them move. Steam engines can power many kinds of machines including vehicles and electric generators.

Steam engines were used in mine pumps starting in the early 1700s and were much improved by James Watt in the 1770s. They were very important during the industrial revolution where they replaced horses, windmills and watermills to work machines.

The first steam engines were piston engines. The steam pressure pushed on a piston which made it move along a cylinder and so they had a _reciprocal_ (back-and-forth) motion. This could move a pump directly or work a crank to turn a wheel and work a machine. They operated at low pressure and had to be very big to make a lot of power.

Steam engines were used in factories to work machines and in mines to move pumps. Later smaller engines were built that could move railway locomotives and steam boats.

The steam to power a steam engine is made in a boiler that heats water to make steam. In most places fire heats the boiler. Fuel for the fire may be wood, coal, or petroleum. Nuclear energy or solar energy may be used instead of fire. The steam coming out of the boiler applies the force on a piston. A valve sends the steam to one end of the piston, then the other, to make it move backwards and forwards. The moving piston pushes and pulls the piston rod, crosshead and connecting rod, to turn wheels or drive other machinery. The heavy spinning flywheel smooths out the power from the piston. The governor controls the speed of the engine.

Today many steam engines are still at work. During the 20th century the pistons were replaced by turbines which spin like a windmill pushed by jets of steam. These turn faster with more energy efficiency than the original kinds of piston steam engines. They are used in power plants to operate generators which make electricity. Some ships are also powered by steam turbines. The boilers of steam turbines can be heated by many different types of fuel, even a nuclear reactor in some power stations and warships.

## Related pages

- Aeolipile
- Steam turbine
BASIC

***BASIC*** is one of the first programming languages ever to be created. It was first used as a programming language on minicomputers in the late 1960s. Later, most home computers shipped with BASIC in ROM. The name is an acronym (a word made from other words) that spells **B**eginner's **A**ll-purpose **S**ymbolic **I**nstruction **C**ode**.  **

## History

It was designed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in 1963. It was based in part on Fortran and made to follow these eight principles:

1. Be easy for beginners to use
1. Be a general-purpose programming language
1. Allow extra features to be added for experienced programmers.
1. Be interactive
1. Provide clear and friendly error messages
1. Fast results for small programs
1. Does not require knowledge about computer hardware
1. Stop the user from editing the operating system

The creators made the compiler free of charge to make programmers interested in using the language. Since the creation, many other compilers and interpreters have been made so users can make their programs.

## Code example

This puts Hello, World! on the screen 10 times.
Mayon Volcano

The **Mayon Volcano**, also known as **Mount Mayon**, is an active volcano in the province of Albay, on Luzon island in the Philippines. It is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is one the most active and dangerous volcanoes in the Philippines. Mount Mayon is  high, and it is famous for its "perfect cone" shape, which attracts tourists. In 1938 the mountain was declared a national park. It was reclassified and renamed as _Mayon Volcano Natural Park_ in the year 2000. The name Mayon is from the Bicol word _magayon_ meaning beautiful.
Grease

**Grease** refers to a number of things:

- _Grease_ (musical) - a musical play
- _Grease_ (movie) - a movie based on the play starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John
- Petroleum, used to make things smoother, by lubrication
Visual Basic .NET

***Visual Basic .NET*** is the second series of Microsoft's Visual Basic series.  It is sometimes shortened to ***VB.NET***. It is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and it includes an easy 'drag-and-drop' interface. It can make complete programs for Windows very easily.

### Visual Basic

It was first released in 1992 by Microsoft. Visual Basic is a simple way to make programs for Windows. It started as _Project Ruby_ by Alan Cooper and then was sold to Microsoft. The system is built loosely on the original BASIC programming language released in 1963 and it can 'Test' programs in real-time, error checking them in a user-friendly way.

### .NET Framework

This package is the 'backbone' of Visual Basic .NET. When applications are created, the Windows Installer includes the framework with it. It includes all the items needed to run the VB.NET applications that have been made.

## Editions

Visual Basic was first released in May 1991 for Windows. Many versions have been released since then. These are listed below:

|Name|Operating System|Date Released|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Windows|2002||
|Windows|2003||
|Windows|2005||
|Windows|2005||
|Windows|2008||
|Windows|2010||

### Visual Basic 2010 Express Edition

This is a free version of Visual Basic 2010 released officially from Microsoft. It is aimed at encouraging more newbie programmers to try the series. The program can be downloaded from Microsoft's Website.

## Controls

Visual Basic .NET uses many controls which can be added to the forms or windows in the application. Other developers can create controls for applications, not just the ones that Microsoft include.

## Examples

The following example makes a program window pop up that says "Hello World" and has a button that says "OK" used to close the window:

## Other websites

- VB.NET Step by Step Tutorial
- Visual Studio .NET Homepage
- Visual Studio Express Homepage

## Infobox (programming language)

- **name**: Visual Basic .NET
- **year**: 2001
- **designer**: Microsoft
- **developer**: Microsoft
- **logo**: VB.NET Logo.svg
- **caption**: Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 Express, an integrated development environment that implements Visual Basic .NET.
- **implementations**: Microsoft Visual Studio, Microsoft Visual Studio Express, SharpDevelop, MonoDevelop, .NET Framework SDK and Mono (software), Mono
- **influenced by**: .NET Framework
- **typing**: Type system#Static and dynamic typing, Static, Strong and weak typing, both strong and weak, Type system#Safely and unsafely typed systems, both safe and unsafe, Nominative type system, nominative
- **dialects**: Microsoft Visual Basic
- **paradigm**: Structured programming, Structured, Imperative programming, imperative, Object-oriented programming, object-oriented and Declarative programming, declarative
- **platform**: Common Language Runtime, CLR
- **operating system**: Chiefly Microsoft Windows, Windows
Also on Android (operating system), Android, BSD, iOS (Apple), iOS, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris (operating system), Solaris and Unix
- **file ext**: `.vb`
Temperature record of the past 1000 years

People measure modern temperature records using instruments. Such records were rare until the middle 19th century. The **temperature record of the past 1000 years** or more is found by using data from what are called "climate proxy" records.

Proxies can be anything which relates to climate. Historical documents such as autobiographies often talk about the weather in their time, and we do have some such documents from 2000 years ago. There are also tree rings and other methods which go back about 20,000 years. Further back still, there is evidence from geology, the record of the rocks. However, this article is about the last 1000 years.

We are fairly sure there was a warm period about 1000 years ago, and a cold period about the 17th century. Even in the 19th century people skated on the Thames in wintertime.

Although people today talk about climate change as if it were entirely man-made, this is not the complete picture. It is quite certain that climate has always been changing on Earth. Man-made changes are on top of changes which occur naturally. The Milankovich cycle is an important factor in these changes, and there are also changes in the heat put out by the Sun.

## Related pages

- Orbital forcing
- Little Ice Age
- Global warming

## References

de:Hockeyschläger-Diagramm
Camping

**Camping** is a leisure activity, usually during summer when school children are on holiday, where people leave their homes and spend one or more nights outdoors. They may be tourists seeking nature, adventure, or a different environment. They may sleep in a campervan or trailer, a tent, or in the open air in good weather. Winter camping is less common but in some parts of the world, tents are people's homes year around. Rich people began camping for fun in the early 20th century. When more people could afford it, many more did it.

When camping, people usually prepare food to eat that is easy to make.  If they were hunting or fishing, they may cook the animal or fish they caught over a campfire.

Dangers can arise, such as wild animals or illness from drinking unclean water.
New Guinea

**New Guinea** is a big island north of Australia. It is the second largest island in the world. Geologically and biologically it is related to Australia. It was first surveyed by Alfred Russel Wallace
in the 19th century, who noted that it was, like Australia, on the eastern side of the Wallace line. That means it is closer to Australia than to Indonesia in its flora and fauna.

On the east side of New Guinea is the country Papua New Guinea. On the west side of the island are the Indonesian provinces of Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua. These provinces together are called Western New Guinea. The Indonesian "capture" of western Papua New Guinea was a modern act by dictator Suharto of Indonesia. The Australian "capture" of the eastern half was meant to make sure the peoples of this part of Indonesia were left alone.

An early BBC David Attenborough program showed that the country was wooded with many groups of humans speaking many languages. The most notable animals still alive were the birds of paradise. Of marsupials, the quolls are notable. They are small, solitary carnivores. There are six species surviving, two in New Guinea and four in Australia. Echidnas are mammals also known as spiny anteaters.

The number of people on New Guinea is unknown. Indonesia and Papua New Guinea estimated the number around 2020. They say there are about 15 million people. However, the real number could be 23 million or more.

New Guinea is important for its nature and biology. Its largest marsupial, the Diprotodon, is now extinct. Native humans live in sparsely wooded, hilly ground in small groups which speak different languages. New Guinea has over 1000 languages. This is more languages than anywhere else in the world.

Still surviving are the birds of paradise, with marsupials, including wallabies and possums, and the egg-laying monotreme, the echidna. Other than bats and some two dozen indigenous rodents, there are no pre-human indigenous placental mammals. Pigs, several additional species of rats, and the ancestor of the New Guinea singing dog were introduced with human colonization.
Camelid

**Camelids** are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family **Camelidae**. There are six living species of camelids.

## Taxonomy

- **Camelidae**
    - Genus _Lamma_
        - Llama, _Lama glama_
        - Guanaco, _Lama guanicoe_
    - Genus: _Vicugna_
        - Vicuña, _Vicugna vicugna_
        - Alpaca, _Vicugna pacos_, formerly _Lama pacos_
    - Genus _Camelus_
        - Dromedary, _Camelus dromedarius_
        - Bactrian Camel, _Camelus bactrianus_

The animals of the genus _Camelus_ are also called _Afro-Asiatic Camelids_. The animals of the genus _Lama_ and genus _Vicugna_ are also called _South American Camelids_.

### Hybrid

There also exists a camelid hybrid called a _Cama_. It is the child of a female Llama and a male Dromedary Camel. The Cama does not exist in nature, but is "made" by humans through artificial insemination (that means the sperm is artificially put into the female).

## Habitat

The two _Camelus_ species originally lived in northern Africa, south-west and eastern Asia. The other four camelids lived in South America.

## Camelids and humans

Camelids have been domesticated by humans for about 5000 years. They have been important for transport, but were also kept for wool, meat and milk. The llama and alpaca were very important for the South American cultures, like the Inca. The camels were used by people in north Africa and Asia, especially in deserts.
Wallis and Futuna

**Wallis and Futuna**, officially called the **Territory of Wallis and Futuna Islands** ( or _Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna_), is a group of three volcanic tropical islands Wallis (Uvea), Futuna, and Alofi with fringing reefs. They are in the South Pacific Ocean between Fiji and Samoa. One of the islands in the group is named after Cornish explorer Samuel Wallis.

## Infobox (political division)

- **name**: Wallis and Futuna
- **native name**: Wallis et Futuna (French language, French)
- **settlement type**: Overseas collectivity of France
- **image flag**: Flag of Wallis and Futuna.svg
- **flag link**: Flag of Wallis and Futuna
- **image seal**: BlasonWallisetFutuna.svg
- **seal type**: Coat of arms
- **seal link**: Coat of Arms of Wallis and Futuna
- **image map**: Wallis and Futuna on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg
- **map caption**: Location of Wallis and Futuna
- **capital**: Mata Utu
- **area km2**: 142
- **percent water**: 0
- **population estimate**: 15981
- **population estimate year**: 2022
- **utc offset**: +12
- **iso code**: WF
- **cctld**: .wf
Western New Guinea

**Western New Guinea** is the western half of the island of New Guinea. It is now called **Papua**, a province of Indonesia.
Maluku Islands

The **Maluku Islands** (also called the **Moluccas**, **Moluccan Islands** or simply **Maluku**) are an archipelago in Indonesia. They are part of the larger Malay Archipelago. They are on the Australian Plate, lying east of Sulawesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and north of Timor. The islands were also called the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans. Other islands have also been called the Spice Islands.

Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanos. The vegetation of the small and narrow islands, with their wet climate, is very luxuriant. It includes rainforests, sago, rice, and the famous spices; including nutmeg, cloves, and mace. Though originally Melanesian, the people of many island clans, especially in the Banda Islands, died in the 17th century. A second group of Malay people arrived in the early 20th century under the Dutch and this has continued in the Indonesian era.

Politically, the Maluku Islands formed a single province of Indonesia from 1950 until 1999. In 1999 the North Maluku (_Maluku Utara_) and Halmahera Tengah (Central Halmahera) regency were split off as a separate province. The islands are now divided between two provinces, Maluku and North Maluku. Most of the people of these islands follow Islam. There is also a Christian minority because of Western European Christian Protestant missionaries in this region. Between 1999 and 2002 there was deadly fighting between the Muslim population and the Christians. Both groups had been peaceful before. The capital of North Maluku island is Ternate.
Delphi

**Delphi** can mean:
- Delphi, Greece, an archaeologic site and modern town in Greece
- Delphi programming language, based on Pascal
Night of the Living Dead

***Night of the Living Dead*** is a 1968 American horror movie. It was directed by George A. Romero. The movie stars Duane Jones, Judith O'Dea and Karl Hardman. It premiered on October 1, 1968. It was completed on a US$114,000 budget. The movie was a financial success, grossing $12 million domestically and $18 million worldwide.

_Night of the Living Dead_ was heavily criticized because of it explicit content. It eventually got critical acclaim. It was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as a movie deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant. The movie is in the public domain due to an error by the distributor.

The story follows characters Ben (Duane Jones), Barbra (Judith O'Dea) and five others trapped in a farmhouse in Pennsylvania which is attacked by "living dead" monsters. These monsters became known in popular culture as zombies. _Night of the Living Dead_ was the basis of five _Living Dead_ movies (1978–2010). They were also directed by Romero. Many remakes have also been made.

## Plot

On a summer night, seven people get trapped in a farmhouse in rural Pennsylvania, which is under assault by reanimated corpses.
The farmhouse later gets under assault by even more reanimated corpses, throughout the night. The film eventually ends with the reanimated corpses breaking in into the farmhouse and the unfortunate deaths of all of the people who are trapped inside the farmhouse.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Night of the Living Dead
- **image**: Night Of The Living Dead trailer screenshot.jpg
- **director**: George A. Romero
- **producer**: Karl Hardman
Russell Streiner
- **writer**: George A. Romero
John A. Russo
- **starring**: Duane Jones
Judith O'Dea
Karl Hardman
Marilyn Eastman
Keith Wayne
Judith Ridley
Bill Cardille
Kyra Schon
- **cinematography**: George A. Romero
- **music**: William Loose
Fred Steiner
(stock recording)
- **editing**: George A. Romero
John A. Russo
- **studio**: Image Ten
Laurel Group
Market Square Productions
- **distributor**: Walter Reade, The Walter Reade Organization
- **runtime**: 95 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $114,000
- **gross**: $42 million
Interpol

**Interpol** is the short form of **International Criminal Police Organization**. It began in 1923. Now, Interpol is the biggest international organization; the United Nations is the second biggest. Some important information about Interpol:

- Present Headquarters: Lyon, France
- Previous Headquarters: Saint Cloud, a town near Paris
- Total members: 195 countries
- Annual expenses: more than 30 million Euros - all member countries share the expenses

## History

In 1923, Interpol begun its functioning from Austria. At that time, its name was _International Criminal Police Commission_ (ICPM). During the Second World War, Nazi Germany controlled Austria. ICPM also came under Nazi control. They used it for collecting many types of information. After the Second World War, senior military men of Belgium, France, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom made many changes in ICPM. Thereafter, ICPM started to work in its new form.

In October 2018, then-President of Interpol Meng Hongwei was arrested by Chinese authorities after being accused of taking bribes.

## Office

The Interpol General Secretariat is the main office of Interpol. The highest-ranking officer of Interpol is the president. Just below him, there is a secretary general. In 2001, about 384 persons from 54 countries worked in this secretariat. Earlier the working time was from 9 o’clock in the morning till 5 o’clock in the evening. Now, this secretariat works all 24 hours without any break. In 2001, Interpol could help in arresting or finding out about 1400 persons, generally criminals.

## Method

Interpol does not take any political side in its work. It takes cases where the crime or the matter relates to more than one country. It looks after many types of cases. Some of them are note below:

- Terrorism
- Organized crime
- Illicit drug production
- Drug trafficking
- Weapons smuggling
- People smuggling
- Money laundering
- Child pornography
- Financial crime
- High-tech crime
- Political corruption

Over the years, Interpol has developed a method of its working. Each member country keeps a special office. The name of this office in every member country is National Central Bureau (NCB). If necessary, Interpol contacts this office for getting information or for any other action. In turn, the National Central Bureau gets in touch with Interpol (on behalf of the member country) to ask for any assistance.

Interpol also has collected a large amount of  data about perpetrators and crimes. Such data includes information about illegal drug trade, lost and stolen passports and visas. Member countries may use the information. Officers of Interpol do not directly conduct any enquiry or investigation. This is always done through the policemen of the member country.

## Interpol in culture

- Interpol has attracted attention of writers and movie directors. The organization has been depicted in many books, movies, and TV serials.
- There is a band called Interpol

## Other websites

- Interpol's official website
El Niño–Southern Oscillation

**El Niño-Southern Oscillation** (**ENSO** in short) is a term for a natural event that takes place in the Pacific Ocean. It is also called ***El Niño*** and ***La Niña***. In Spanish, they mean "The boy" and "The girl."

El Niño happens when the sea water temperature rises in surface waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Every two to five years, the Pacific Ocean has this event. A weak, warm current starts around Christmas along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. It lasts for only a few weeks to a month or more. Every three to seven years, an El Niño event may last for many months. This can change the weather and have important effects around the world. Australia and Southeast Asia can have drought, but the deserts of Peru can have very heavy rainfall. East Africa can have both. In a La Niña event, the weather patterns are reversed.

The Southern Oscillation was discovered by Sir Gilbert Walker in 1923. It is a "seesaw" of atmospheric pressure between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. There is an inverse relationship between the air pressure measured at two sites: Darwin, Australia, in the Indian Ocean and the island of Tahiti in the South Pacific. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is the difference in sea-level pressure measured at Tahiti and Darwin. The Cold Tongue (CT) Index measures how much the average sea-surface temperature in the central and eastern Pacific near the equator varies from the annual cycle. The two measurements are anti-correlated, so that a negative SOI is usually together with an unusual warm ocean wind known as El Niño.

By the early 1980s, it was clear that El Niño and the Southern Oscillation were related, and the acronym ENSO is used to describe this large-scale event.

The 2010–2011 Queensland floods were caused by a La Niña event which brought very heavy rain to the east coast of Australia. Other big floods in Australia have also happened during a La Niña, 1916, 1917, 1950, 1954-1956, and 1973-1975. The cost of the 2010-2011 Queensland floods has been worked out to A$30 billion.

## Central Pacific El Niño

Not all El Niños happen in the Eastern Pacific. During recent decades, Central Pacific El Niños have been discovered. When these happen, the effects from Central Pacific El Niños are very different from traditional El Niños. Central Pacific El Niños took place in 1986–88, 1991–94, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2009–10 and 2015–16. In fact, multiple pieces of information say that the moderate-to-strong El Niño events began in January 1991 and lasted until about the mid-summer in 1992, a similar El Niño between spring and fall 1993 and the final Central Pacific El Niño from spring to late summer 1994, after which there was a neutral 1994–1995 season and then the 1995–1996 La Niña period. In other words: There was not one single extended Central Pacific El Niño between the 1991 through 1994 period. Rather, it was several such El Niños over the Central to Western Pacific.
Pressure cooker

A **pressure cooker** is a type of pot which is strong and has a very tight lid.

As the liquid in the cooker gets hot, pressure rises. Higher pressure results in a higher boiling point. Pressure cookers allow cooking at higher temperatures, which allows faster cooking.
1710

## Events

- Beijing becomes the largest city in the world.
- April 10 – The world's first copyright legislation became effective, Britain's _Statute of Anne_.
- June – Swiss and Palatine German Protestants under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina. The settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenried's hometown of Berne, Switzerland.
- June 8 – The Tuscarora nation sends a petition to the Province of Pennsylvania protesting the seizure of their lands and enslavement of their people by citizens of the Province of Carolina.
- October 10 – Estonia is annexed by Russia.

## Births

- January 3 – Richard Gridley, American Revolutionary soldier (died 1796)
- January 4 – Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, Italian composer (died 1736)
- February 15 – King Louis XV of France (died 1774)
- April 15 – William Cullen, Scottish physician and chemist (died 1790)
- April 17 – Henry Erskine, 10th Earl of Buchan, British Freemason (died 1767)
- April 25 – James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (died 1776)
- April 26 – Thomas Reid, Scottish philosopher (died 1796)
- April 30 – Johann Kaspar Basselet von La Rosée, Bavarian general (died 1795)
- May 14 – King Adolf Frederick of Sweden (died 1771)
- May 16 – William Talbot, 1st Earl Talbot, English politician (died 1782)
- June 10 – James Short, Scottish mathematician and optician (died 1768)
- July 21 – Paul Möhring, German physician and scientist (died 1792)
- August 20 – Thomas Simpson, British mathematician (died 1761)
- September 3 – Abraham Trembley, Swiss naturalist (died 1784)
- September 30 – John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford, British statesman (d. 1771)
- October 12 – Jonathan Trumbull, Governor of the Colony and the state of Connecticut (died 1785)
- October 16 – Andreas Hadik, Austro-Hungarian general (died 1790)
- October 24 – Alban Butler, English Catholic priest and writer (died 1773)
- November 8 – Sarah Fielding, English writer (died 1768)
- November 10 – Adam Gottlob Moltke, Danish statesman (died 1792)
- November 13 – Charles Simon Favart, French dramatist (died 1792)
- November 22 – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, German composer (died 1784)
- November 27 – Robert Lowth, English bishop and amateur grammarian (died 1787)
- December 2 – Bertinazzi, Italian actor and writer (died 1783)

## Deaths

- January 16 – Emperor Higashiyama of Japan (born 1675)
- January 21 – Johann Georg Gichtel, German mystic (born 1638)
- February 16 – Esprit Fléchier, French writer and Bishop of Nîmes (born 1632)
- March 4 – Louis III, Prince of Condé (born 1668)
- April 28 – Thomas Betterton, English actor (born c.1635)
- June 1 – David Mitchell, British admiral (born 1642)
- September 19 – Ole Rømer, Danish astronomer (born 1644)