juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
2049

### January

- January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1953 will enter the public domain in the United States.

### May

- May 1 - 50th anniversary of the SpongeBob SquarePants.
- May 7 – Transit of Mercury.

### December

- December 20 – The present "One country, two systems" with Macau, guaranteed for 50 years starting from December 20, 1999 provided under the Basic Law, will expire.

### Date unknown

- The 99-year lease in the Churchill–Roosevelt Destroyers for Bases Agreement, in which the United States traded 50 destroyers to the British Commonwealth in return for the right to use several British colonial possessions as bases, will expire, barring a renegotiation.

## In fiction

- The technology  that allows a person to control a Custom Robo is developed by Ergo Corp., according to the Custom Robo series of video games.
- The events of the series IGPX take place.
- The Disney Channel movie Zenon: Girl of the 21st Century takes place in 2049, 50 years after the movie debuted on television in 1999.
- The video game Vectorman takes place in 2049
- The video game Miner 2049er takes place in 2049
- The video game M.A.C.H. takes place in 2049
- The video game _When it's Over_ takes place in early 2049
- The video game Nier takes place in 2049
- _T_he video game _San Francisco Rush 2049_ takes place in 2049
- The video game _Crimson Tears_ is set in Tokyo in 2049

- The 2017 Film Blade Runner 2049 takes place in the year 2049
St Edmund's College, Cambridge

**St Edmund's College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It only has students who are at least 21 years old. They can be both undergraduates or postgraduates. It was created in 1896 and is named after St Edmund of Abingdon who was an Archbishop of Canterbury.

The college is found northwest of the city of Cambridge. It has about 450 students. At the beginning, it mainly had Roman Catholic students because it was built a short time after they were allowed back again in the University. Now it has a very international feeling. It was only in 1998 that St Edmund's was given full college status. Before, it was only considered a "House of Residence" by the University.

Some important people have studied here, like Georges Lemaître, an astronomer. Sir Martin Evans and Amartya Sen, who both won Nobel Prizes, were Fellows (teachers) here. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh was an Honorary Fellow.

## Other websites

- Official website
Jonathan Motzfeldt

**Jonathan Motzfeldt** (25 September 1938 – 28 October 2010) was the first and third Prime Minister of Greenland.

## Other websites

- Gyldendal encyclopedia entry

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Jonathan Motzfeldt
- **image**: Jonathan_Motzfeldt_BogForum_Forum_Copenhagen.JPG
- **order1**: Prime Minister of Greenland, 1st
- **office1**: Prime Minister of Greenland
- **term start1**: 19 September 1997
- **term end1**: 14 December 2002
- **monarch1**: Margrethe II of Denmark, Margrethe II
- **predecessor1**: Lars Emil Johansen
- **successor1**: Hans Enoksen
- **term start2**: 1 May 1979
- **term end2**: 18 March 1991
- **monarch2**: Margrethe II of Denmark, Margrethe II
- **predecessor2**: Position Established
- **successor2**: Lars Emil Johansen
- **birth date**: 25 September 1938
- **birth place**: Qassimiut
- **death date**: 28 October 2010 (aged 72)
- **spouse**: Kristjana Gudrun Gudmundsdottir
- **party**: Forward (Greenland), Forward
2045

## Predicted and scheduled events

- January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1949 will enter the public domain in the United States.
- June 15 - 100th anniversary of the ABC News.
- August 12 – A solar eclipse will occur from northern California to Florida.
- October 24 – 100th anniversary of the United Nations

### Date unknown

- Futurist Ray Kurzweil predicts a technological singularity for 2045, i.e. a runaway cycle of self-improvement by intelligent machines, resulting in explosive technological development.
- Based on Ray Kurzweil's ideas, _Time_ magazine predicts humans will be immortal by this year.
- Demographic projections "foresee the population of Egypt overtaking that of Russia by 2045," according to Niall Ferguson.
- Two of Japan's largest cities - Tokyo and Osaka - will be connected by a direct high-speed maglev route.
- The United Kingdom is set to overtake Germany as Europe's leading economy.

## In fiction

- In the novel _2045: A Story of Our Future_, Peter Seidel portrays what the world could be like in 2045, if current trends in environmental destruction, population growth, and economic inequality continue.
- Beginning of Corporation War in Ace Combat 3: Electrosphere
- In South Africa white minority rule comes to an end as most of the whites are massacred in an uprising, in John Wyndham's _The Outward Urge_.
- The _American Dad_ character Klaus has a body again and a grandson.
- The events portrayed in the movie Critters 4 take place in 2045.
- Time in History where Command & Conquer: Tiberium Wars, the 3rd Tiberium War takes place.
- In Macross 7, The main events of the series take place in this year.
- Doomsday in Angels & Airwaves movie L)VE (LOVE)
First Lieutenant

**First lieutenant** is a military rank in many armed forces. They are considered commissioned officer<nowiki/>s and in some militaries an appointment.

The rank of lieutenant has different meanings in different military formations. In the majority of cases it is common for it to be sub-divided into a senior (first lieutenant) and junior (second lieutenant) rank. In navies it may relate to a particular post rather than a rank.

## U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force

In the United States Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps, a first lieutenant is a junior commissioned officer. It is just above the rank of second lieutenant and just below the rank of captain. It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant (junior grade) in the other uniformed services.

## U.S. Navy and U.S. Coast Guard

In the U.S. Navy and Coast Guard, first lieutenant is a position title, instead of a rank. It is held by the officer in command of the deck department. On smaller ships, the first lieutenant holds the rank of lieutenant, junior grade or ensign. On larger vessels, the position is held by a lieutenant or, in the case of extremely large warships such as aircraft carriers, a lieutenant commander or even commander. However, on submarines, where the deck department may only have a few junior sailors, the first lieutenant may be a senior enlisted member, such as a first-class petty officer or chief petty officer.
Air Force Instruction

An **Air Force Instruction** (**AFI**) is a documented instruction for members of the United States Air Force. It is intended for use by active duty, guard, and reserve members and associated civilians.  It is one of many forms of directives published by the Air Force Departmental Publishing Office (AFDPO).  In almost all cases, an Air Force Instruction is a form of a general order; and violation of the AFI by an Airman subject to it can be punished under the Uniform Code of Military Justice.
Corporal

**Corporal** is a military rank that is used by most militaries. It is also used by some police forces or other uniformed organizations.

In the United States Army a Corporal is usually a fire team leader or second-in-command of a squad of soldiers. In the United States Marine Corps, Corporal is the rank for a team leader of a squad, machine gun team or the equivalent.

It is equal in grade but senior by job title to specialist in the U.S. Army.
Baramulla

**Baramulla** () is a sub-district of Baramulla District in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Naxalite–Maoist insurgency

The **Naxalite–Maoist insurgency** is an armed conflict in India. It is being fought between Maoist groups, known as Naxalites or Naxals, and the Indian government.

## Related pages

- List of ongoing armed conflicts
Factor (medicine)

A **risk factor** in medicine is something that causes, or helps to cause, a medical condition.
For example, smoking or breathing in somebody else's tobacco smoke (called second-hand smoke) is a risk factor for emphysema and lung cancer.

A **trigger factor** causes the symptoms of a medical condition to begin in a person who already has that medical condition. Example: Smoking or breathing in someone else's smoke can be a trigger factor for asthma. The person already had asthma but the smoke caused an asthma attack.
Zig Ziglar

**Hilary Hinton "Zig" Ziglar** (November 6, 1926 – November 28, 2012) was an American author, historian, salesman, educator, and motivational speaker. He was a supporter for the Republican Party.

Ziglar was born on November 6, 1926 in Coffee County, Alabama. He was raised in Dallas, Texas, in Plano, Texas, and in Yazoo City, Mississippi. Ziglar studied to part of the United States Navy at the V-12 Navy College Training Program. He studied to write at University of South Carolina.

Ziglar was married to Jean Ziglar from 1946 until his death in 2012. They had four children, one of them died in 1995. He had seven grandchildren. Ziglar died on November 28, 2012 in Plano, Texas from pneumonia, aged 86. He is buried in McKinney, Texas.

## Other websites

- _Booknotes_ interview with Ziglar on _Zig: The Autobiography of Zig Ziglar_, October 6, 2002.
Landman (rank)

**Landman** (or, in the United States Navy, **Landsman**) was a military rank given to naval recruits.

## United Kingdom

In the middle of the 18th century (c.1757) the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom used the term Landman. This referred to a seaman with less than a year's experience at sea.  After a year, the Landman was usually promoted to the rank of Ordinary Seaman.

Most were acquired by impressment (a common method of recruitment from c.1700-1815). Landmen were usually between the ages of 16 and 35. While seasoned sailors (who started as Ordinary Seamen) could be impressed up to the ages of 50 to 55 depending on need. In 1853 the practice of impressment ended after the passing of the Continuous Service Act. The rank's title was changed to Apprentice Seaman. The term Landman evolved into a more formal rating for a seaman assigned to unskilled manual labor.

## United States of America

Landsman was the lowest rank of the United States Navy in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was given to new recruits with little or no experience at sea. Landsmen performed basic unskilled work aboard ship. A Landsman who gained three years of experience or re-enlisted could be promoted to Ordinary Seaman. The rank existed from 1838 to 1921.

## Further reading

- N.A.M. Roger.  _The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy._  W.W. Norton and Company, 1986.
Ordinary seaman (rank)

**Ordinary seaman** is a military rank used in naval forces.

## United Kingdom

The term Ordinary seaman was used in the Royal Navy in the middle of the 18th century. The term was used to refer to a seaman with between one and two years' experience at sea. They showed enough seamanship to be so rated by their captain. A seaman with less than a year's experience was referred to as a landman. A sailor with more than two years' experience was referred to as an able seaman.

Later, the term was formalized as a rating for the lowest normal grade of seaman. They are not trained in any special task. They are required to work at physically hard tasks of great variety. One needs an Ordinary Seaman Certificate to obtain work. One can become an able seaman as a promotion from this position.

## United States

Ordinary seaman was the second-lowest rank of the 19th century United States Navy. It ranked above landsman and below seaman. Promotion from landsman to ordinary seaman required three years of experience or re-enlistment. An ordinary seaman who gained six years of experience and knew the name and use of every line in the ship's rigging, could be promoted to seaman. An ordinary seaman's duties aboard ship included "handling and splicing lines, and working aloft on the lower mast stages and yards."

The rank existed from 1797 to 1917, when it was renamed "seaman second class". Seaman second class was later changed to the modern-day rank of seaman apprentice. The related ranks of ordinary seaman second class and ordinary seaman, engineer's force, existed in 1876–1885 and 1871–1883, respectively.

## Other countries

The term _ordinary seaman_ is currently used in the Royal Canadian Navy and Irish Naval Forces (who inherited the military ranking structure from the previous generation of Royal Navy, Army, and Air Force ranks.)

## References

- N.A.M. Roger.  _The Wooden World: An Anatomy of the Georgian Navy._  W.W. Norton and Company, 1986.
Lake Tōya

is a Japanese lake in Shikotsu-Toya National Park on the island of Hokkaidō, Japan.

## History

The 2008 G8 Summit was held at Lake Tōya.

## Geography

It is the ninth largest lake in Japan.

## Related pages

- Tōyako, Hokkaido

## Other websites

- Guide of Lake Toya
- Toya Usu Geopark
Staff sergeant

**Staff sergeant** is a rank of non-commissioned officer used in several countries.

The originated when they were part of the staff of a British Army regiment. They were paid at that level rather than as a member of a battalion or company.

## United States

<div style="float:right; text-align:center; font-size:80%; margin-left: 4em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-right: 1em">

Staff Sergeant insignia

U.S. Army

Staff Sergeant insignia

U.S. Marine Corps

Staff Sergeant insignia

U.S. Air Force
</div>
**Staff Sergeant** (**SSG**) is the title of the E-6 rank in the U.S. Army and United States Marine Corps. It is just above Sergeant. It is just below Sergeant First Class in the U.S. Army or Gunnery Sergeant for the Marine Corps. It is a non-commissioned officer.

In the United States Air Force a **Staff Sergeant** (**SSgt**) is the title of an E-5. It ranks just above Senior Airman (SrA) and below Technical Sergeant (TSgt). It is the Air Force's first non-commissioned officer (NCO) rank.

## Other websites

- United States Army Staff Sergeant duties
- U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images
- Enlisted rank insignia
USS Colorado (1856)

The first **USS _Colorado**_ was a -class, three-masted steam screw frigate. It was launched on 19 June 1856 by the Norfolk Navy Yard. It was sponsored by Ms. N. S. Dornin and commissioned on 13 March 1858. Captain W. H. Gardner was in command.

## Pre-Civil War

_Colorado_ put to sea from Boston on 12 May 1858. It then cruised into Cuban waters to stop the practice of search by British cruisers until 6 August. She then returned to Boston and was placed in ordinary until 1861.

### Prizes

|Date|Prize Name|Gross Proceeds|Costs and Expenses|Amount for Distribution|Where Adjudicated|Sent to 4th Auditor for Distribution|Vessels Entitled to Share|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|13 Sep 1861|_Judith_||||||destroyed|
|6 May 1862|_Lewis Whitmore_|||||||

## Decommissioned

Returning to New York on 30 May 1876, _Colorado_ was placed out of commission on 8 June. From 1876-1884, she was used as a Receiving Ship at New York Navy Yard. She was sold on 14 February 1885 to a private company; and broken up for salvage material and burned for her copper fastenings.

## References

- Silverstone, Paul H. _Warships of the Civil War Navies_ Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD, 1989, .

## Infobox (ship begin)

- **infobox caption**: nodab


## Infobox (ship image)

- **ship image**: USS Colorado, 1871.jpg
- **ship caption**: USS _Colorado_


## Infobox (ship career)

- **ship country**: United States
- **ship name**: _Colorado_
- **ship namesake**: Colorado River
- **ship sponsor**: Ms. N. S. Dornin
- **ship builder**: Norfolk Navy Yard
- **ship laid down**: 1856
- **ship launched**: 19 June 1856
- **ship commissioned**: 13 March 1858
- **ship decommissioned**: 8 June 1876
- **ship fate**: Sold, 18 February 1885


## Infobox (ship characteristics)

- **ship class**: none
- **ship type**: Screw frigate
- **ship propulsion**: Steam engine
- **ship sail plan**: Three masts
- **ship complement**: 674 officers and men
- **ship armament**: *2 ×  guns
*28 ×  guns
*14 ×  guns


## Infobox (ship characteristics)

- **ship class**: none
- **header caption**: 1864
- **ship armament**: *1 × 150–pounder rifle
*1 ×  smoothbore guns
*46 ×  smoothbore guns
*4 × 12–pounder howitzers


## Infobox (ship characteristics)

- **ship class**: none
- **header caption**: 1871
- **ship armament**: *2 × 100–Pounder rifles
*1 ×  smoothbore guns
*42 ×  smoothbore guns
*2 × 20–Pounder howitzers
*6 × 12–Pounder howitzers
Lori Loughlin

**Lori Loughlin** (born July 28, 1964 in Queens, New York) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television but has acted in some movies. She played Rebecca in the television sitcom _Full House_ and Debbie Wilson in _90210_. she was played as a cast member in the TV Show _Dream Love_.

Loughlin and her husband were among dozens charged by the FBI and U.S. Attorney's Office on March 12, 2019, in a large-scale nationwide college entrance exam cheating scandal.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Lori Loughlin 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Loughlin in 2014
- **birth name**: Lori Anne Loughlin
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **education**: Hauppauge High School
- **years active**: 1979–present
- **known for**: List of Full House and Fuller House characters#Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis, Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis in _Full House_
Jody Travis in _The Edge of Night_
- **children**: 2, including Olivia Jade
Yamaguchi (name)

**Yamaguchi** (Japanese: 山口) is a common Japanese surname and the name of a prefecture in Japan. The word means _mountain mouth_. Famous people with the name Yamaguchi include:

- Kristi Yamaguchi- ice skater
- Satoshi Yamaguchi-football player
- Takahiro Yamaguchi- footballer
- Kei Yamaguchi- footballer
- Tetsuharu Yamaguchi- footballer
- Atsushi Yamaguchi- footballer
- Takeshi Yamaguchi- footballer
- Otoya Yamaguchi assassin
- Toshihiro Yamaguchi- footballer
- Motohiro Yamaguchi- footballer
- Yoshitada Yamaguchi- footballer
- Takayuki Yamaguchi- footballer
Susan Dey

**Susan Dey** (December 10, 1952 in Pekin, Illinois) is an American actress. She acts mostly in television programs. She portrayed Laurie Partridge in the series _The Partridge Family_ and received a Golden Globe Award for acting as Grace Van Owen in the series _L.A. Law_.
Nevill Ground

The **Nevill Ground** is a cricket ground in Royal Tunbridge Wells, Kent. It played host to one One Day International during the 1983 Cricket World Cup, the group stage match between India and Zimbabwe in which Kapil Dev scored 175 not out. The Nevill Ground is recognised in cricket for having rhododendron bushes around the edge of the pitch.
Kay Bailey Hutchison

**Kay Bailey Hutchison** (born July 22, 1943) is an American politician. Hutchison was the 22nd United States Permanent Representative to NATO from August 28, 2017 to January 20, 2021. She was the senior Senator from Texas. Hutchison is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. In 2001, she was named one of the thirty most powerful women in America by the _Ladies Home Journal_.

On June 29, 2017, Hutchison was nominated to be the next United States Permanent Representative to NATO by Donald Trump. She was confirmed by the Senate in a voice vote on August 3, 2017.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kay Bailey Hutchison
- **image**: Kay Bailey Hutchison official photo.jpg
- **office**: 22nd United States Permanent Representative to NATO
- **president**: Donald Trump
- **term start**: August 28, 2017
- **term end**: January 20, 2021
- **predecessor**: Douglas Lute
- **successor**: Julianne Smith
- **jr/sr1**: United States Senator
- **state1**: Texas
- **term start1**: June 14, 1993
- **term end1**: January 3, 2013
- **predecessor1**: Bob Krueger
- **successor1**: Ted Cruz
- **office2**: Texas State Treasurer, Treasurer of Texas
- **governor2**: Ann Richards
- **term start2**: January 15, 1991
- **term end2**: June 14, 1993
- **predecessor2**: Ann Richards
- **successor2**: Martha Whitehead
- **state house3**: Texas
- **district3**: 90th
- **term start3**: January 9, 1973
- **term end3**: July 9, 1976
- **predecessor3**: Tom Bass (politician), Tom Bass
- **successor3**: Brad Wright
- **birth name**: Kathryn Ann Bailey
- **birth place**: Galveston, Texas, Galveston, Texas, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 4
- **education**: University of Texas at Austin, University of Texas, Austin
Gunner's mate

The United States Navy occupational rating of **gunner's mate** (**GM**) is given by the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS) to enlisted sailors. They must either complete school training or by showing they are familiar with the field of ordnance.

The Gunner's Mate school is held at Naval Training Center Great Lakes, Illinois.  The school was originally very hands-on. It is now primarily conducted through self-study computer-based training (CBT). The training focuses on the operation, maintenance, and troubleshooting of Naval guns, missile launchers, and torpedoes. It has a strong emphasis on basic explosives, guidance and tracking systems, small arms, Naval ammunition classification, and safety. Upon completion of this school enlisted members often continue on to a specialized school. At the specialized school they learn a particular weapons system.

A GM will specialize in weapons such as the M500 shotgun, M60 machine gun, M14 rifle, M2 Browning machine gun, M9 pistol, M11 pistol, M16 rifle, M240 machine gun, M203 grenade launcher, M79 grenade launcher, M1911 pistol, M1 Garand, Mk 19 grenade launcher, Mk 18 Mod 0 Carbine Rifle, 5"/54 caliber Mark 45 gun, M242 Bushmaster chain gun, Vertical launching system, Missiles, torpedoes, pyrotechnics, hand grenades, non-lethal weapons, force protection & anti-terrorism, as well as operating shooting ranges, armories, and the storage and issue of ammunition.

## Other websites

- GM from Navy Personnel Command (NPC): Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS)
- Enlisted Ratings and Jobs in the US Navy (Historical)
- _Navy Ratings, Past and present_
- _Navy Speciality ratings & Emergency ratings_
Sergeant First Class

**Sergeant First Class** is a military rank in some militaries and other uniformed organizations around the world. It is typically a senior non-commissioned officer.

## United States Army

**Sergeant First Class** (**SFC**) is the seventh enlisted rank (E-7) in the U.S. Army. It is above Staff Sergeant and below Master Sergeant and First Sergeant. It is the first senior non-commissioned officer rank.

## Other websites

- U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images
USS Benicia (1868)

**USS _Benicia**_ was a screw sloop in the United States Navy during the late 19th century. She was named for Benicia, California.

## History

_Benicia_ was launched 18 August 1868 by Portsmouth Navy Yard as _Algoma_. She was renamed _Benicia_ on 15 May 1869. It was commissioned 1 December 1869 with Commander S. Nicholson in command.

Between March 1870 and August 1872, _Benicia_ served on the Asiatic Station. It took part in Rear Admiral John Rodgers' expedition to Korea (16 May-11 June 1871). During this period Ordinary Seaman John Andrews, Chief Quartermaster Patrick H. Grace and Private Michael McNamara, USMC, received the Medal of Honor.

Following repairs at Mare Island Navy Yard, _Benicia_ joined the North Pacific Squadron 6 December 1872. She cruised in Mexican, Central American, and Hawaiian waters and arrived at San Francisco, California on 29 November 1874 carrying King Kalākaua of Hawaii and his suite.

Captain of the Mizzen Top Albert Weisbogel also received the Medal of Honor (his first award) for service on _Benicia_, in 1874.

_Benicia_ made a cruise to Alaska (11 May-21 July 1875) and was decommissioned at Mare Island 29 November 1875. _Benicia_ was sold 3 May 1884.

## Other websites

- US Navy Historical Center of USS Benica photographs

## Infobox (ship begin)


## Infobox (ship image)

- **ship image**: USS Benicia.jpg
- **ship caption**: USS Benicia


## Infobox (ship career)

- **ship name**: USS _Benicia_
- **ship launched**: 18 August 1868
- **ship commissioned**: 1 December 1869
- **ship decommissioned**: 29 November 1875
- **ship fate**: Sold, 3 May 1884


## Infobox (ship characteristics)

- **ship type**: Screw sloop
- **ship complement**: 291 officers and enlisted
- **ship armament**: *1 ×  smoothbore guns
*10 ×  smoothbore guns
*1 × 60-pounder rifle
*2 × 20-pounder breech-loading rifles
Charles Brown (Medal of Honor)

Corporal **Charles Brown** (born 1849) received the United States's highest honor for bravery. It is called the Medal of Honor. Corporal Brown was a United States Marine. He was born in New York City. He enlisted in Hong Kong in 1870. The tracking number for his Medal of Honor is number 169. It is dated 8 February 1872. He received the medal for his actions while stationed aboard the USS Colorado.

## Medal of Honor citation

**Citation:**
- On board the  in action against a Korean fort on 11 June 1871. Assisted in capturing the Korean standard in the center of the citadel of the fort.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Charles Brown
- **birth date**: 1849
- **death date**: ?
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **image**: 1871sujagi.jpg
- **caption**: aboard USS _Colorado_ in 1871 with a sujagi: <small>(right to left)</small> Cpl Charles Brown, Pvt Hugh Purvis, possibly Cyrus Hayden. Photograph by Felice Beato
- **branch**:  United States Marine Corps
- **rank**: Corporal#United States, Corporal
- **serviceyears**: 1870 - 1871
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
John Coleman (Medal of Honor)

**John Coleman** (October 9, 1846 – October 30, 1904) was a United States Marine. He received the United States military's highest decoration for bravery. It is called the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions during the Korean Expedition. He was Irish-born, and received the Medal for saving the life of Boatswain's Mate Alexander McKenzie while under enemy attack on the .  His death was the result of a electric tram car accident in San Diego, California.  He was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in San Diego with a headstone depicting his Civil War service.  A new marker proudly displaying his the symbol of the Medal of Honor was placed in the Spring of 2018 courtesy of the Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States.

## Medal of Honor citation

**Citation.**

> On board the U.S.S. Colorado in action at Korea on 11 June 1871. Fighting hand-to-hand with the enemy, Coleman succeeded in saving the life of Alexander McKenzie.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: John Coleman
- **birth place**: County Cork, Ireland
- **death place**: New York City, New York (state), New York
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **image**: US Navy Medal of Honor (1862 original).png
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Medal of Honor recipient
- **branch**:  United States Marine Corps
- **serviceyears**: 1870 - 1893
- **rank**: Sergeant
- **battles**: Korean Expedition
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
James Dougherty (Medal of Honor)

**James Dougherty** (November 16, 1839 – November 25, 1897) was a U.S. Marine in the 1871 Korean Campaign. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean Expedition. He was serving as a private aboard . His Medal of Honor was issued on February 8, 1872. Private Dougherty was one of fifteen United States sailors and Marines who received the Medal of Honor for this little known American military action.

He is buried in Cypress Hills National Cemetery, Section 6, Grave 12374.

## Medal of Honor citation

**Citation:**

> On board the  in various actions of that vessel. Wounded several times, Dougherty invariably returned to duty, presenting an example of constancy and devotion to the flag.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients

## Note/Another James Dougherty

There may have been either two James Doughertys awarded the medal during the Korean Expedition. One served on board the _Carondelet_, while the other may have served on the . Alternatively, the medals may have been awarded to the same Marine.

The U.S.S. Carondelet does not appear to have served in Korea, raising the possibility that two James Doughertys received the Medal of Honor (on-line resources do not support this point) or that the citation for Private Dougherty's medal refers incorrectly to the U.S.S. Carondelet instead of to another ship (possibly the U.S.S. Benicia) involved in the Korean campaign.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: James Dougherty
- **birth place**: Langhash, Ireland
- **death place**: Brooklyn, New York
- **placeofburial**: Cypress Hills National Cemetery
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **caption**: Medal of Honor recipient
- **branch**:  United States Marine Corps
- **rank**: Private (rank), Private
- **battles**: Korean Expedition
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
Ganghwado

**Ganghwa Island** is an island in the beginning of the Han River. It is on the west coast of South Korea. Ganghwa Island is separated from Gimpo on the mainland by a narrow channel. The channel is connected by two bridges. The main channel of the Han River separates the island from Gaeseong in North Korea.

About 65,500 people live on the island. With an area of . It covers most of Ganghwa County, a division of Incheon Municipality. About half of the island's population lives in Ganghwa-eup, Ganghwa Town, in the northeastern part of the island. The island's highest point is Mani-san,  above sea level. The island measures  long and  wide, and is the 4th largest island in South Korea.

Historically, it is significant as being the location of separate and brief attacks. One was the French in 1866. Another was the United States in 1871 and the Japanese in 1875 when Korea was emerging from isolation.

## Notes

1. Lee (1976, p. 96).
1. Lee (1976, p. 100).
1. Lee (1976, p. 148).
1. Lee (1976, p. 151).
1. Lee (1976, p. 216).
1. Lee (1976, p. 264); Nahm (1996, p. 148).
1. Lee (1976, p. 268); Nahm (1996, p. 151).
Selwyn College, Cambridge

**Selwyn College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1882. It is named after George Selwyn, who was an important bishop and also rowed for Cambridge in the first Boat Race. Today it has about 600 students. Selwyn usually does well in exams, but is also one of the poorest colleges.

At the beginning, the college was for Christian male students only. With time, this changed and women were allowed in 1976, which was quite early compared to other colleges. The college is on Grange Road. It is built in red brick and a Gothic Revival architecture style. The college has a _Snowball_ every year. This is like a May Ball, which is a traditional party in Cambridge. Unlike May Balls though, it is in the winter, usually in December.

Some important people have studied here, like Hugh Laurie and Tom Hollander, both actors.

## Other websites

- Official website
A. J. Langer

**Allison Joy Langer** (born May 22, 1974) is an American TV and movie actress. She acted as Rayanne Graff in the drama show _My So-Called Life_. Langer also acted as Erica Warner in the TV show _Private Practice_.

She was born in Columbus, Ohio. She moved to the San Fernando Valley with her family at age five.

## Infobox (person)

- **birth name**: Allison Joy Langer
- **birth place**: Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
- **years active**: 1987–present
- **spouse**: Charles Courtenay, Lord Courtenay, Charles Peregrine Courtenay, Lord Courtenay (2005–present)
- **children**: Joscelyn Skye (b. 2007)
Jack Haydon (b. 2008)
Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge

**Sidney Sussex College** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often just called **Sidney** by the students. It was created in 1596. It takes its name from Frances Sidney, Countess of Sussex, who gave money to build it. Today it has about 550 students.

It is quite a small college, and it is found in the town centre of Cambridge. Because it is in quite a small area, it has changed little since it was first built. The buildings were made of red brick at the beginning, but then they were covered by cement.

Many important people have studied here:
- Oliver Cromwell, a military and political leader in Great Britain
- Cecil Frank Powell, who won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physics
- Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, who won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physics
- John E. Walker, who won the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- Alan MacDiarmid, who won the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- Carol Vorderman, a television presenter

## Other websites

- Official website
Christopher Martin-Jenkins

**Christopher Dennis Alexander Martin-Jenkins** (January 20, 1945 – January 1, 2013) was an English sportcaster, historian, and journalist who broadcast _Test Match Special_ on BBC Radio.

Martin-Jenkins was born on 20 January 1945 in Peterborough, England. He studied at Marlborough College and at Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge. He had one son, Robin. Martin-Jenkins died on 1 January 2013 in Rudgwick, West Sussex from lymphoma after being diagnosed a year before, aged 67.

## Other websites

- BBC profile of CMJ
- CMJ's 'Aggers & Johnners' moment. See also legover.
- Debrett's People of Today
James Faulkner

**James Sebastian Faulkner** (born July 18, 1948) or **James Reed Faulkner** is an English actor who is known for his roles in _The Bank Job_, _Bridget Jones's Diary_, _Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason_, _Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London_, and in _Zulu Down_.

Faulkner was born on July 18, 1948 in Hampstead, London, England. He is married to Kate Faulkner. They had two sons, Guy and Leo Faulkner. He now lives in London, England.

## Other websites

- The Official James Faulkner Website
- James Faulkner  at the CrystalAcids Anime Voice Actor Database
Luge

**Luge** is a Winter Olympics sport. It is similar to the bobsleigh, but faster and more dangerous. At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, a Georgian athlete was killed in practice after several complaints that the track was too fast.

## Infobox (sport)

- **name**: Luge
- **image**: Luge pictogram.svg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: Luge pictogram
- **union**: _Fédération Internationale de Luge de Course_
- **first**: 1870s
- **contact**: No
- **team**: Teams of 1 or 2
- **mgender**: Yes, but usually in separate competitions
- **category**: Winter sport, Time trial
- **equipment**: Sled, helmet, suit, visor, gloves, finger spikes, booties
- **venue**: List of bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton tracks, Luge tracks
- **olympic**: Part of Winter Olympic program in 1964 to 2026
Illeana Douglas

**Illeana Douglas** (born July 25, 1965) is an American actress. She has appeared in many movies and television programs. She was in the 1991 remake movie _Cape Fear_. She also acted in the television sitcom _Ugly Betty_. She also hosts many programs for Turner Classic Movies.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Illeana Douglas
- **image**: Ileana Douglas cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Douglas at the Streamy Awards, 2009
- **birth name**: Illeana Hesselberg
- **birth place**: Quincy, Massachusetts, U.S.
- **education**: Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre, Neighborhood Playhouse
American Academy of Dramatic Arts, AADA
- **occupation**: Actress, director, screenwriter, producer
- **years active**: 1987–present
- **known for**: _Action (TV series), Action_
- **notable works**: _Grace of My Heart_
_Easy to Assemble_
- **partner**: Martin Scorsese
(1989–1997)
- **relatives**: Melvyn Douglas (grandfather)
Frederick Franklin

**Frederick Franklin** (1840–1873) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor for actions during the 1871 Korean Campaign.

## Biography

Frederick H. Franklin was born in 1840 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

Along with Bosun's Mate Alexander MacKenzie, Marine Private John Coleman, Ordinary Seaman Samuel F. Rogers and fellow Quartermaster William Troy in the attempt to save the life of Lieutenant Hugh McKee. Mckee was mortally wounded in the action. Lieutenant McKee was not eligible for the medal as an officer.

He is buried in Proprietors' Cemetery Portsmouth, New Hampshire.

## Medal of Honor citation

**Citation:**

> On board the U.S.S. Colorado during the attack and capture of the Korean forts on 11 June 1871. Assuming command of Company D, after Lt. McKee was wounded, Franklin handled the company with great credit until relieved.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Frederick Franklin
- **birth date**: 1840
- **birth place**: Portsmouth, New Hampshire
- **death place**: Portsmouth, New Hampshire
- **placeofburial**: Proprietors' Cemetery Portsmouth, New Hampshire
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **image**: US Navy Medal of Honor (1862 original).png
- **image size**: 120px
- **caption**: Medal of Honor recipient
- **branch**:  United States Navy
- **rank**: Quartermaster
- **battles**: Ganghwa Island, Korean Expedition
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
Specialist

**Specialist** (abbreviated "**SPC**") is one of the four junior enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army. It is just above Private First Class and equivalent in pay grade to Corporal. Unlike Corporals, Specialists are not considered junior non-commissioned officers (NCOs).

## Specialist

|E9|E8|E7|E6|E5|E4|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|SP9|SP8|SP7|SP6|SP5|SP4|
On 1 July 1955 four grades of Specialist were established. The first was Specialist Three (E-4). It is the only one that still exists. It was changed to Specialist Four in 1958. Specialist Two (E-5), Specialist One (E-6), and Master Specialist (E-7) were also created in 1955. These were all eventually replaced with other titles. In 1958 the DoD added two more pay grades. This gave enlisted soldiers more opportunities to progress to a full career. These were Specialist Eight (E-8) and Specialist Nine (E-9) which were abolished in 1968. All except SP4 were abolished in 1984 when SP4 was renamed as "Specialist" and abbreviated as "SPC".

## Other websites

- U.S. Army Enlisted Rank Insignia - Criteria, Background, and Images
- The Short History of the Specialist Rank by Daniel K. Elder, CSM (Ret), USA
Rex Reed

**Rex Taylor Reed** (born October 2, 1938) is an American movie critic, journalist, actor, and was the co-host for _At the Movies_. He worked for the New York Observer. He appeared as himself in the 1978 movie _Superman_.

Reed was born on October 2, 1938 in Fort Worth, Texas. He was raised in New York City, New York. He now lives in Manhattan, New York City, New York. He was good friends with Liz Smith.

## Other websites

- Rex Reed's _New York Observer_ movie review archive
Joe Morgenstern

**Joe Morgenstern** (born October 3, 1932) is an American Pulitzer Prize-winning movie critic, historian, and journalist for the Wall Street Journal. He was born in Matamoras.

He was raised in New York City, New York. He studied at Lehigh University. He was married to Piper Laurie from 1962 until they divorced in 1982. They had one daughter. He now lives in New York City, New York.

## Other websites

- Bio on Pulitzer Prize Site
- "Joe Morgenstern '53: Pulitzer winner is essayist at heart"  from the Lehigh University Alumni Bulletin
Vincent Canby

**Vincent Canby** (July 27, 1924 – October 15, 2000) was an American movie critic, historian, and journalist who is known for being the critic for _The New York Times_.

Canby was born on July 27, 1924 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised in New York City, New York. He studied at Dartmouth College. He was never married. Canby died on October 15, 2000 in Manhattan, New York City, New York from cancer, aged 76.

## Other websites

- Vincent Canby Reviews at _The New York Times_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Vincent Canby
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
- **occupation**: Critic, writer
Jonathan Rosenbaum

**Jonathan Rosenbaum** (born February 27, 1943) is an American movie critic, journalist, and historian. He worked for the _Chicago Reader_ until his retirement in 2008 at age 65.

Rosenbaum was born on February 27, 1943 in Florence, Alabama. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at The Putney School and at Bard College. He was never married. He now lives in Chicago, Illinois.

## Other websites

- http://www.jonathanrosenbaum.net/Official Blog
- Chicago Reader: Jonathan Rosenbaum bibliography
- Jonathan Rosenbaum's 1000 Essential Films
- Interview with Rosenbaum on Orson Welles
- _CineScene_ interview
- Interview with: Jonathan Rosenbaum  on The Oxford American

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Jonathan Rosenbaum
- **image**: Jonathan Rosenbaum, 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Jonathan Rosenbaum (2013)
- **birth place**: Florence, Alabama
- **occupation**: Film critic, essayist
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **alma mater**: Bard College
Jane Kaczmarek

**Jane Kaczmarek** (born December 21, 1955, Milwaukee, Wisconsin) is an American actress who acted as Lois in _Malcolm in the Middle_. She has acted on other television series, particularly sitcoms.
Mike Awesome

**Michael Lee Alfonso** (January 24, 1965 – February 17, 2007) was an American professional wrestler best known for wrestling with Extreme Championship Wrestling, World Championship Wrestling and the WWF/WWE best known under the ring name **Mike Awesome**.

## ECW

During his time with ECW, he won the ECW World Heavyweight Championship two times and the ECW World Tag Team Championship one time with Raven.

## WCW

He joined WCW in 2000 and started his "Career Killer" gimmick when he threw Chris Kanyon off the top of the first level of a triple cage and he landed on the entrance ramp. His gimmick was somewhat changed and he started calling himself "The Fat Chick Thrilla" after his heavy women. He would later change his gimmick once again and was known as "That '70s Guy" Mike Awesome which was a reference to That '70s Show. As The '70s Guy, he would dress up in different 1970s inspired outfits and also hosted an interview segment called the "Lava Lamp Lounge". He also used to drive a bus which was painted like the bus in The Partridge Family into arenas for his entrance. He also feuded with Vampiro and Insane Clown Posse members Violent J and Shaggy 2 Dope.

## WWF/WWE

He became part of The Invasion storyline and debuted on WWE television when he attacked Rhyno with a metal pipe after Rhyno defeated Test for the Hardcore Championship. After he attacked Rhyno, he powerbombed him onto a ladder and pinned him to become Hardcore Champion because of the 24/7 rule. He become the first member of the Invaders to win a title in the WWF but he finally lost the title when he was pinned by Jeff Hardy on SmackDown!. He was later assigned to appear on WWE Velocity where he jobbed before being released on  September 27, 2002. He later said in the book, _The Death of WCW_, that "Being in the WWE (formerly the WWF) sucked. I hated it. You had to kiss everybody's ass... You had to be on your political toes all the time. You would not believe the backstage politics. You were getting stabbed in the back constantly. I was so happy when I was told I was gone [fired]."

He left the WWE and appeared on the independent circuit for five years before retiring from professional wresting in February 2006 to spend more time with his family.

## Death

He was found hanged in his Tampa home by a group of his friends on February 17, 2007.

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Mike Awesome
- **image**: Mike Awesome Grilles the Crowd.jpg
- **image size**: 250px
- **names**: The Pro
The Gladiator
The Career Killer
Mike Awesome
Fat Chick Thriller
That 70s Guy
- **birth place**: Tampa, Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Tampa, Florida
- **trainer**: Steve Keirn
- **debut**: 1989
- **retired**: 2006
Kenneth Turan

**Kenneth Turan** (born October 27, 1946) is an American movie critic, journalist, historian, and radio personality. He has worked for the _Los Angeles Times_ since 1991.

Turan was born on October 27, 1946 in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at Swarthmore College and at Columbia University. Turan is not married and has no children. He now lives in Los Angeles, California.

## Other websites

- NPR biography
- Turan's page at USC
Steven Rea

**Steven Rea** or **Steven X. Rea** is a British-born American movie critic, journalist, historian, writer, and poet. He writes for the _Philadelphia Inquirer_.

Rea was born in London, England. He was raised in New York City. Rea studied at Stuyvesant High School, at San Francisco State University, and at the University of Iowa. He is married. He lives in Los Angeles, California and in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## Related pages

- List of poets from North America

## Other websites

- _On Movies_, Rea's blog
- Previous website for _On Movies_ blog
Michael Phillips (critic)

**Michael Phillips** (born 1961) is an American movie critic, journalist, and historian who works as a critic for the _Chicago Tribune_. His influences include Roger Ebert and Gene Siskel.

Phillips was born in 1961 in Kenosha, Wisconsin. He was raised in Racine, Wisconsin. He studied at the University of Minnesota. He now lives in Chicago, Illinois.

## Other websites

- Michael Phillips at the Chicago Tribune

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Michael Phillips
- **birth place**: Kenosha, Wisconsin, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **alma mater**: University of Minnesota
- **occupation**: Film critic
- **years active**: 1983-present
- **employer**: _Chicago Tribune_
- **spouse**: Ann Jarmusch (divorced)
Andrea Lenaburg (divorced)
Heidi Stevens (divorced)
- **children**: 1
Ansbertus

**Ansbertus**, **Ansbert** or **Ausbert** was a Frankish nobleman and politician. His wife, Billihild, claimed to be the daughter of Charibert I, Merovingian King of Paris, and granddaughter of Chlothar I Magnus. Ansbert was the father of Arnoald of Mez and grandfather of Doda of Mez.

## Related pages

- Pepin von Landen
Otto I the Illustrious

**Otto I of Saxony** and **Otto the Illustrious** (ca. 841 – 30 November 912) was a German Saxon noble. He was Duke of Saxony. He was the father of Henry I the Fowlers and grandfather of Otto I the Great. He was also father-in-law of Zwentibold, Carolingian King of Lotharingia.

Otto was born between 830 and 841, and was one of the sons of Liudolf, Duke of Saxony, and Gisela, the daughter of Everhart Friuli and Geslea of Franks. Otto's uncle was Berengar I of Italy. His paternal ancestor was an old chief of Saxony.

Otto was a powerful noble of Saxony and Eastern Germany  for a long time. His sister Liutgard was married to King Louis the Younger. Around the 890s, his daughter Oda married Zwentibold, King of Lotharingia.

In 911, the East Frankish King Louis the Child died without any children. German nobles said that Otto should be crowned as king, but he declined (said no) because of his old age (he was around 70 at that point). He instead recommended Conrad to Franken, his powerful political rival. In 918, his son Henry I the Fowler was appointed as King.
Rachel Ward

**Rachel Claire Ward** (born 12 September 1957) is an English movie and television performer who starred in movies like _Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid_ and _Night School_. She also starred in the television miniseries _The Thorn Birds_.
Trinity Hall, Cambridge

**Trinity Hall** is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often just called **Tit Hall** by the students. It was created in 1350 and it is the fifth oldest college. It takes its name from the Holy Trinity.

The money to build the college was given by William Bateman, the Bishop of Norwich. He wanted to build a new centre for studying canon law and civil science. This was because the Black Death had killed many priests. Today, it has about 600 students. The college is found next to the river Cam. In 1999, the Jerwood Library was built. It became quite famous in Cambridge because it is a beautiful building by the river.

Many important people have studied at Trinity Hall, for example:
- Stephen Hawking, physicist and cosmologist
- J. B. Priestley, author
- Rachel Weisz, an actress who won an Academy Award

There also many British rowers that have studied at Trinity Hall and won medals at the Olympics. This is because the college has a very good boat club, where students can play this sport.

## Other websites

- Official website