juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alcide De Gasperi

**Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi** (3 April 1881 – 19 August 1954) was an Italian politician who started the Christian Democracy party, and helped to start the Council of Europe and the European Coal and Steel Community.

He was the Prime Minister of Italy for eight years, between 1945 and 1953. That is longer than any other Italian prime minister except Benito Mussolini, who was a dictator.

De Gasperi was born in Austria-Hungary, and did not become an Italian citizen until after the First World War. In 1927, he was put in prison for one and a half years because he did not support Mussolini's Fascist government. Mussolini released him from prison because the Pope asked him to.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Alcide De Gasperi
- **image**: Alcide de Gasperi 2.jpg
- **order**: List of Prime Ministers of Italy, 30th Prime Minister of Italy
- **monarch**: Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III
Umberto II of Italy, Umberto II
- **1namedata1**: Umberto II of Italy, Prince Umberto
- **president2**: Enrico De Nicola
 Luigi Einaudi
- **deputy2**: Luigi Einaudi
 Randolfo Pacciardi
 Giuseppe Saragat
 Attilio Piccioni
 Giovanni Porzio
- **term start**: 10 December 1945
- **term end**: 17 August 1953
- **predecessor2**: Ferruccio Parri
- **successor2**: Giuseppe Pella
- **order3**: Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Foreign Affairs
- **term start4**: 12 December 1944
- **term end4**: 18 October 1946
- **primeminister4**: Ivanoe Bonomi
 Ferruccio Parri
- **predecessor4**: Ivanoe Bonomi
- **successor4**: Pietro Nenni
- **term start3**: 26 July 1951
- **term end3**: 17 August 1953
- **predecessor3**: Carlo Sforza
- **successor3**: Giuseppe Pella
- **order5**: Italian Minister of the Interior, Minister of the Interior
- **term start5**: 13 July 1946
- **term end5**: 2 February 1947
- **predecessor5**: Giuseppe Romita
- **successor5**: Mario Scelba
- **office6**: Provisional Head of State of Italy
- **term start6**: 18 June 1946
- **term end6**: 28 June 1946
- **predecessor6**: Umberto II of Italy, King Umberto II
- **successor6**: Enrico De Nicola
- **office7**: Ministry of the Colonies (Italy), Minister of the Italian Africa
- **term start7**: 10 December 1945
- **term end7**: 19 April 1953
- **predecessor7**: Ferruccio Parri
- **successor7**: _Position abolished_
- **office8**: President of the European Parliament
- **term start8**: 1 January 1954
- **term end8**: 19 August 1954
- **predecessor8**: Paul Henri Spaak
- **successor8**: Giuseppe Pella
- **birth name**: Alcide Amedeo Francesco De Gasperi
- **birth place**: Pieve Tesino, County of Tyrol, Tyrol, Austria-Hungary
- **death place**: Borgo Valsugana, Trentino, Italy
- **spouse**: Francesca Romani
- **children**: Maria Romana De Gasperi
 _and other 3 daughters_
- **nationality**: Italians, Italian
- **party**: UPPT
Italian People's Party (1919), PPI
Independent politician, Independent
Christian Democracy (Italy), DC
- **occupation**: Journalist, politician
- **alma mater**: University of Vienna
Water tower

A **water tower** is a building that is used to hold and give out water. It is almost always built on a high place. It works because a pump gives water to the tower, and gravity makes the saved water go out to the places that need water. Those places are connected to the tower by pipes. A water tower is good when there is no power because it uses gravity to send out the water.
Notary

A **notary** is a person who has learned some laws and has been appointed by a government to do some certain things using those laws. A notary is most often used to witness signatures on legal papers. A notary does this to help stop fraud and to help a person prove that they are who they say they are. Notaries in some locations can also perform marriage ceremonies.

## Related pages

- Authentication
Gaheris

**Gaheris** is a legendary character, a member of the Knights of the Round Table in Arthurian legend. He was a nephew of King Arthur. He was the third son of Arthur's sister Morgause and her husband Sir Lot. He was described as being valiant, agile, handsome, and his left arm was shorter than his right arm.  He was killed by Lancelot in the _Prose Lancelot_ He was Sir Gawain's brother.
S7 Airlines

**S7 Airlines** is a Russian airline. It is the second largest airline. It was created in May 1992. Originally, it was named _Siberia Airlines_. In 1994, the airline joined IATA. The airline's name was changed to _S7 Airlines_ in 2005. In 2010, the airline joined Oneworld. S7 Airlines stopped flying Soviet planes in 2008. As of 2015, the airline has Airbus A319s, Airbus A320s, Airbus A321s, Boeing 737s and Boeing 767s.

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: S7 Airlines
- **logo**: S7_new_logo.svg
- **logo size**: 200
- **iata**: S7
- **icao**: SBI
- **callsign**: SIBERIAN AIRLINES
- **founded**: May 1957 (as Tolmachevsky squadron)
- **commenced**: May 1992 (as Siberia Airlines)
- **company slogan**: _Freedom to choose_
- **headquarters**: Ob, Russia, Ob, Novosibirsk Oblast, Russia
- **key people**: Vladimir Obyedkov, General Director
- **hubs**: *
* Tolmachevo Airport, Novosibirsk–Tolmachevo
- **focus cities**: *
* Pulkovo Airport, St. Petersburg
* Vladivostok International Airport, Vladivostok
- **frequent flyer**: S7 Priority
- **alliance**: Oneworld
- **fleet size**: 95 (incl subsidiaries)
- **destinations**: 146
- **parent**: S7 AirSpace Corporation
- **subsidiaries**: * Charlie Airlines, Cyprus Airways
* Globus Airlines
* Epic Aircraft
- **num employees**: 3,000
- **website**: [https://www.s7.ru/ s7.ru]
Glenn Frey

**Glenn Lewis Frey** () (November 6, 1948 – January 18, 2016) was an American singer, songwriter, producer and actor. He was best known as a founding member of rock band the Eagles.

During the seventies, Frey played guitar with the band, as well as piano and keyboards. Frey was one of the primary singers of the Eagles, he sang lead vocals on songs such as "Take It Easy", "Peaceful Easy Feeling", "Tequila Sunrise", "Already Gone", "Lyin' Eyes", "New Kid in Town", and "Heartache Tonight".

On January 18, 2016, Frey died in New York City at the age of 67 from rheumatoid arthritis, acute ulcerative colitis, and pneumonia. He had been recovering from intestinal surgery.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **years active**: 1966–2016


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Glenn Frey
- **image**: Glenn Frey.jpg
- **caption**: Frey performing with the Eagles (band), Eagles in 2008.
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, US
- **death place**: New York City, New York, New York (state), New York, US
- **death cause**: Pneumonia, rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis
Michel Tournier

**Michel Tournier** (19 December 1924 – 18 January 2016) was a French writer. He has won awards such as the _Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française_ in 1967 for _Friday, or, The Other Island_ and the Prix Goncourt for _The Erl-King_ in 1970. He was a member of the Académie Goncourt. His autobiography has been translated and published as _The Wind Spirit_ (Beacon Press, 1988). He had been named as a contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was born in Paris, France.

Tournier died on 18 January 2016 in Choisel, France at the age of 91.
Viral envelope

A **viral envelope** is the outermost layer of a virus. It protects the virus when it moves between host cells as part of its life-cycle. Not all viruses have envelopes.

The envelopes are made from parts of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope help to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. The viral envelope then fuses with the host's membrane, allowing virus genome to enter and infect the host.

Some enveloped viruses also have a capsid. This is another protein layer, between the envelope and the genome.

The cell from which a virus buds often dies or is weakened. The lipid bilayer envelope of these viruses is sensitive to desiccation, heat, and detergents This makes it easier to sterile these viruses than non-enveloped viruses. They can not survive for very long outside host environments, and usually need to move directly from host to host. They are very adaptable and can change in a short time in order to evade the immune system. Enveloped viruses can cause persistent infections.

## Examples of enveloped viruses

There are several classes of enveloped viruses that can infect humans and cause illness:

- DNA viruses
    - Herpesviruses
    - Poxviruses
    - Hepadnaviruses
    - Asfarviridae
- RNA viruses
    - Flavivirus
    - Alphavirus
    - Togavirus
    - Coronavirus
    - Hepatitis D
    - Orthomyxovirus
    - Paramyxovirus
    - Rhabdovirus (Rabies)
    - Bunyavirus
    - Filovirus
- Retroviruses
    - Retroviruses
Bulworth

***Bulworth*** is a 1998 American political comedy movie. Warren Beatty plays the title character. Halle Berry plays Nina. Don Cheadle plays L.D.. Paul Sorvino plays Graham Crockett. Christine Baranski plays Constance Bulworth.

## Plot

In the movie, California Senator Jay Bulworth is losing his bid for re-election to a fiery young populist. His socialist views, formed in the 1960s and 1970s, have lost favor with voters. He has changed to more conservative politics. He also accepts donations from big corporations. Furthermore, he and his wife have been having affairs for years, with each other's knowledge.

Bulworth is tired of politics. He is also unhappy with his life in general and planning to commit suicide. He negotiates a $10 million life insurance policy with his daughter as the beneficiary. Knowing that a suicide will void his daughter's inheritance, he plans to have himself murdered in two days' time.

Bulworth turns up in California extremely drunk. He also smokes marijuana and raps in public. His frank and offensive remarks make him an instant media darling and re-energize his campaign. Along the way he becomes romantically involved with a young black activist named Nina. Nina tags along with him on his campaign stops. As the movie progresses, he gets pursued by paparazzi, his insurance company and the public.

## Cast

- Warren Beatty as Senator Jay Billington Bulworth
- Halle Berry as Nina
- Oliver Platt as Dennis Murphy
- Don Cheadle as L.D.
- Paul Sorvino as Graham Crockett
- Jack Warden as Eddie Davers
- Isaiah Washington as Darnell
- Christine Baranski as Constance Bulworth
- Amiri Baraka as Rastaman
- Joshua Malina as Bill Feldman
- Sean Astin as Gary
- Barry Shabaka Henley as the bartender
- Helen Martin as Momma Doll
- Cameos
- William Baldwin as Constance's lover
- Larry King as himself
- Michael Clarke Duncan as Bouncer
- George Hamilton as himself

## Reception

_Bulworth_ made a great deal of controversy. However, it received a positive reception from movie critics. It has a 75% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

## Box office

The movie was released on May 15, 1998. It did extremely well in limited release. It took in more than $29 million in the box office.
Paul Sorvino

**Paul Sorvino** (April 13, 1939 – July 25, 2022) was an American actor. He often played authority figures on both sides of the law. He played Paul Cicero in the 1990 gangster movie _Goodfellas_. He also played NYPD Sergeant Phil Cerreta in _Law & Order_. He was the father of actress Mira Sorvino.

Mr. Sorvino was born in Brooklyn, New York City.

On July 25, 2022, Mr. Sorvino died of natural causes at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida at the age of 83.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Paul Sorvino
- **image**: Paul Sorvino Shankbone 2010 NYC.jpg
- **caption**: Sorvino at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival
- **birth place**: New York City, New York City, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.
- **birth name**: Paul Anthony Sorvino
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1956–2022
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 3; including Mira Sorvino, Mira and Michael Sorvino, Michael
Isaiah Washington

**Isaiah Washington IV** (born August 3, 1963) is an American actor. He has been in several movies made by Spike Lee. Between 2005 and 2007, he played Dr. Preston Burke on ABC's _Grey's Anatomy_. He also played Vic in the 1994 drama movie _Crooklyn_.

Washington was born in Houston, Texas.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1991|_The Color of Love_|||
|1991|_Land Where My Fathers Died_|Malcolm|Short film|
|1991|_Strictly Business_|Hustler||
|1993|_Strapped_|Willie|Television film|
|1994|_Crooklyn_|Vic||
|1994|_Alma's Rainbow_|Miles||
|1995|_Stonewall_|Uniformed Cop||
|1995|_Clockers_|Victor Dunham||
|1995|_Dead Presidents_|Andrew Curtis|Uncredited|
|1996|_Girl 6_|Shoplifter||
|1996|_Mr. and Mrs. Loving_|Blue|Television movie|
|1996|_Get on the Bus_|Kyle||
|1996|_Soul of the Game_|Adult Willie Mays|Television film|
|1997|_Love Jones_|Savon Garrison||
|1997|_Joe Torre: Curveballs Along the Way_|Dwight Gooden|Television film|
|1998|_Always Outnumbered_|Wilfred|Television film|
|1998|_Mixing Nia_|Lewis||
|1998|_Bulworth_|Darnell||
|1998|_Rituals_|Wendal|Short film|
|1999|_True Crime_|Frank Louis Beechum||
|1999|_Out of Sight_|Kenneth Miller||
|1999|_A Texas Funeral_|Walter||
|2000|_Veil_|Bentley||
|2000|_Romeo Must Die_|Mac||
|2000|_Dancing in September_|George Washington|Television film Nominated – NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special|
|2000|_Kin_|Stone||
|2001|_Tara_|Max||
|2001|_Exit Wounds_|George Clark||
|2001|_Sacred Is the Flesh_|Roland||
|2002|_Welcome to Collinwood_|Leon||
|2002|_Ghost Ship_|Greer||
|2003|_Hollywood Homicide_|Antoine Sartain||
|2003|_This Girl's Life_|Shane||
|2004|_Wild Things 2_|Terence Bridge||
|2004|_Dead Birds_|Todd||
|2004|_Trois: The Escort_|Bernard 'Benny' Grier||
|2005|_The Moguls_|Homer||
|2008|_The Least of These_|Father Andre James||
|2010|_Hurricane Season_|Coach Buddy Simmons||
|2011|_Área Q_|Thomas Mathews||
|2012|_The Undershepherd_|L.C.||
|2013|_Blue Caprice_|John Muhammed|Nominated – Black Reel Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture Nominated – Gotham Independent Award for Best Actor|
|2013|_Doctor Bello_|Dr. Michael Durant||
|2014|_Blackbird_|Lance Rousseau||
|2015|_The Sin Seer_|Grant Summit||
|2016|_Secret Summer_|Gus|Television film|
|2017|_Dead Trigger_|Rockstock||
|2018|_Behind the Movement_|E.D. Nixon|Television film|
|2019|_Cut Throat City_||_Post-production_|
|2019|James the Second|Dr. Ramesh|_Post-production_|

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Isaiah Washington
- **image**: Isaiah Washington.JPG
- **caption**: Washington after a speech at a Student National Medical Association conference, 2008
- **birth name**: Isaiah Washington IV
- **birth place**: Houston, Texas, U.S.
- **children**: 3
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1991–present
Stock (firearm)

A **stock**, also known as a **shoulder stock**, a **buttstock**, or simply a **butt** is a part of a rifle or other firearm, to which the barrel and firing mechanism are attached. It is held firmly against the shooter's shoulder when firing the gun. Stocks are also found on crossbows, though a crossbow stock is properly called a _tiller_. The stock provides a means for the shooter to firmly support the device and easily aim it. The stock also transmits recoil (the shock of firing the weapon) into the shooter's shoulder. The term **stock** dates to 1571 and comes from the Germanic word _stoc_, meaning tree trunk. This refers to the wooden nature of the gunstock.
Law of the United States

The **law of the United States** is made up of many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law. The most important these is the United States Constitution. This established the federal government of the United States. The Constitution sets out the boundaries of federal law. This consists of acts of Congress, treaties ratified by the Senate, regulations promoted by the executive branch, and case law originating from the federal judiciary. The United States Code is the official compilation and codification of general and permanent federal statutory law.

Federal law and treaties, so long as they are in accordance with the Constitution, preempt conflicting state and territorial laws in the 50 U.S. states and in the territories. However, the scope of federal preemption is limited because the scope of federal power is not universal. In the dual-sovereign system of American federalism states are the plenary sovereigns. Each state has its own constitution, while the federal sovereign possesses only the limited supreme authority given by the Constitution. States may grant their citizens broader rights than the federal Constitution as long as they do not infringe on any federal constitutional rights. Most U.S. law (especially the actual "living law" of contract, tort, property, criminal, and family law) experienced by the majority of citizens on a day-to-day basis consists primarily of state law, which can and does vary greatly from one state to the next.

At both the federal and state levels, the law of the United States is largely based on the common law system of English law. This was the system of law that was in force at the time of the Revolutionary War. However, American law has changed from its English ancestor both in terms of substance and procedure. American law also borrows ideas from civil law.
Ninja Kiwi

**Ninja Kiwi**, which was previously known as **Kaiparasoft Ltd**, is a mobile and online video game developer founded in Auckland, New Zealand. It was founded in 2006 by brothers Chris and Stephen Harris.

Ninja Kiwi's first game was a browser based game called _Cash Sprint_, developed on the Adobe Flash Platform. Since then, they have produced more than 60 games across platforms including Adobe Flash, Android, iOS, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and more recently, Steam. They are most known for producing the _Bloons_ and _Bloons Tower Defense_ games.

In 2012, Ninja Kiwi purchased Digital Goldfish, a Dundee, Scotland-based developer, for an undisclosed sum. After merging Digital Goldfish to Ninja Kiwi, this increased the total number of Ninja Kiwi employees to 35. By 2021, the total number of employees increased to 70.

Ninja Kiwi has a virtual currency known as NK Coins. Players make purchases of games and in-game purchases by using NK Coins. About eighteen months before Mochi Media's parent company disappeared, Mochi Media discontinued its virtual currency (Mochi Coins), and it was replaced with Ninja Kiwi's virtual currency.

Ninja Kiwi was bought by Modern Times Group on 24th March 2021.

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Ninja Kiwi
- **company type**: Subsidiary
- **industry**: Video game industry, Video games
- **foundation**: Auckland, New Zealand (2006)
- **founder**: Chris Harris
 Stephen Harris
- **num employees**: 70
- **commercial**: Yes
- **type**: Video game, Video gaming service
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Modern Times Group
- **current status**: Active
Joe Kenda

**Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kenda** (born August 28, 1946) is an American television presenter and retired police detective. He is the former Colorado Springs Police Department detective who solved nearly 400 murders in his career. He is featured on the Investigation Discovery television show _Homicide Hunter_, where he recounts stories of homicides he solved.

Kenda was born in Herminie, Pennsylvania. He studied at the University of Pittsburgh.

## Other websites

- Joe Kenda at the Internet Movie Database
- Homicide Hunter  on Investigation Discovery

## Infobox (police officer)

- **name**: Joe Kenda
- **birth name**: Joseph Patrick Kenda
- **birth place**: Herminie, Pennsylvania
- **department**: Colorado Springs Police Department
- **service**: United States
- **serviceyears**: 1973–1996
- **rank**: Lieutenant
- **laterwork**: Documentary television star
Jane Sanders

**Jane O’Meara Sanders** (born January 3, 1950) is an American civil servant and educator. She is the former President of Burlington College and the wife of United States senator of Vermont and Democratic 2016 Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders. In 1996, she earned a doctorate from Union Institute & University.

Sanders was born in Brooklyn, New York. She studied at Goddard College. Sanders was married to David Driscoll until they divorced. They had three children. Sanders met Bernie in 1981 when Bernie was elected mayor of Burlington, Vermont. They were married in 1988.

Sanders was named President of Burlington College in 2004. She resigned as president in 2011.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jane Sanders
- **image**: Jane Sanders.jpg
- **office**: 4th Chancellor (education), President of Burlington College
- **term start**: March 2004
- **term end**: September 2011
- **predecessor**: Mary Clancy
- **successor**: Christine Plunkett
- **office2**: Chancellor (education), President of Goddard College

- **term start2**: 1996
- **term end2**: 1997
- **predecessor2**: Richard Greene
- **successor2**: Barbara Mossberg
- **office3**: First Lady of Burlington, Vermont, Burlington
- **1blankname3**: Mayor
- **1namedata3**: Bernie Sanders
- **predecessor3**: Mary Paquette
- **successor3**: Betsy Ferries
- **term label3**: In role
- **term start3**: 1988
- **term end3**: 1989
- **birth name**: Mary Jane O'Meara
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **spouse**: Dave Driscoll
Bernie Sanders
- **children**: 4; including Carina Driscoll and one step-child
- **alma mater**: Goddard College
Union Institute & University, Union Institute and University
Per mille

A **per mille** is a sign which means parts per thousand. Per mil should not be confused with parts per million (ppm).

It is written **‰**, which looks like a percent sign (%) with an extra zero in the divisor.
Benadryl

**Benadryl** is a brand name for a number of different medications sold by Johnson & Johnson to relieve allergies and coughs. It usually contains antihistamine diphenhydramine. In the United Kingdom, it contains either the antihistamine acrivastine or the long-acting antihistamine cetirizine. Benadryl products are sold in Australia and New Zealand as a cough medicine and do not contain any antihistamine.
Robert M. Carter

**Robert Merlin** "**Bob**" **Carter** (9 March 1942 – 19 January 2016) was a British-born Australian palaeontologist and stratigrapher. He was best known for his strong doubt about the state of climate change in Australia. He was professor and head of the School of Earth Sciences at James Cook University from 1981 to 1998.

Carter was born in England on 9 March 1942. He moved to New Zealand in 1956. He graduated at the University of Otago in 1963 and the University of Cambridge in 1968. He was married to Anne Carter.

Carter died from problems caused by a heart attack on 19 January 2016 in Townsville, Queensland. He was 73.
Gunshot

A **gunshot** is the discharge of a firearm. It produces a mechanical sound effect and a chemical gunshot residue. The term can also refer to a gunshot wound caused by the bullet. Multiple discharges of a firearm or firearms are referred to as **gunfire**. The word can mean either the sound of a gun firing, the projectiles that were fired, or both.  For example, the statement "gunfire came from the next street" could either mean the sound of discharge, or it could mean the bullets themselves.  It is better to be more specific while writing however. "The sound of gunfire" or "we came under gunfire" would be more descriptive and prevent confusion.

## Gunfire characteristics

There are three things that characterize gunfire and allow a person to detect and locate gunfire and similar weapon discharges:
1. An optical flash (called muzzle flash) that occurs when an explosive charge is ignited when firing the weapon.
1. A muzzle blast that occurs when a weapon is fired. A typical muzzle blast generates a sound wave with a sound pressure level (SPL) of 140dB or louder.
1. A “snap” or “crack” caused by the sonic boom that occurs as a projectile moves through the air at supersonic speeds.

Gunfire can be confused with other sounds that can sound similar. These include firework explosions and cars backfiring. The sounds may be heard at greater distances in the direction of bullet travel than behind or to either side of the firearm.

Urban areas have noise patterns where background noise is higher during the daytime and lower at night. Firearm muzzle blast may be masked by background noise during daytime. But it may be detected at greater distances during the quieter hours of darkness. A popular urban gunfire locator system typically uses six to ten audio sensors per square mile for trilateration. (two or three per square kilometer)

## Suppressors

A suppressor, sometimes called a "silencer", can be attached to the muzzle of a firearm to reduce the sound of firing the weapon. Suppressors attached to the muzzle will not reduce the sound of high velocity gas released from other locations like the gap between the cylinder and barrel of a revolver. A muzzle silencer is also ineffective in reducing the snap of a supersonic bullet, or the noise produced by the mechanical action of a self-loading firearm. Use of silencers is rare in United States crimes. A 2007 study estimated unlawful silencers were involved in only 0.05 percent (1 in 2,000) federal criminal prosecutions. Also, these include cases where the silencer was not used, but simply in the possession of the defendant for 92% of prosecutions involving a silencer.

## Other websites

- Gunshot sound effect, YouTube
Gunshot residue

**Gunshot residue** (GSR) is one of the results of firing a gun. When a bullet leaves the barrel of a firearm, it is accompanied by gases that include both burned and unburned particles of gunpowder. It also includes traces of metal from the firearm, the ammunition and the primer including the signature components of gunshot residue: lead, barium and antimony. GSR is usually found on the skin and clothing of the person who fired the gun. It may also be found in the entrance wound of the victim. This depends on how close the victim was to the gun when it was fired.

## Forensic science of GSR

When a gun is fired, a plume of gas—including GSR particles—is ejected from the barrel and any other openings in the gun. The gunshot residue is deposited on objects that are close to the fired gun including the gun itself.

Crime scene specialists collect GSR from people and objects when there is reason to believe it may be there. The collected samples are then taken to a laboratory where they are examined. Forensic scientists can also use GSR residue to determine the distance between the barrel of the fired weapon and the target. The farther from the weapon the less the gunshot residue. Collection of GSR is time sensitive in many cases. After 4 to 8 hours it may wear off people's hands. It can remain for longer periods on a dead body or other objects. A number of advancements have been made in gunshot residue examinations in recent years. One improvement is in the use of scanning electron microscopes.

Recently, a test for finding GSR when the ammunition used was "green" or lead-free. In the past lead was required to be in the sample to identify it as GSR. Now a new test can identify GSR as small as a single particle.

## The presence of GSR

In addition to the person who fired a weapon, finding GSR can show:
- A person was standing near the firearm when it was fired.
- A subject may have handled a firearm or ammunition.
- A subject may have touched a surface that had GSR.

GSR may not be present for a number of reasons:
- The subject did not fire the weapon.
- No GSR was found on the area selected for sampling.
- GSR was removed by washing or wiping hands or clothing.
- Samples were taken more than 4 hours after the shooting.

## Other websites

- Composition of gunshot residue
- Forensic Lab Technicians
Berkshire County, Massachusetts

**Berkshire County** is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts.  As of the 2020 Census, the county had a population of 129,026. The county seat and largest city is Pittsfield.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Berkshire County
- **state**: Massachusetts
- **type**: List of counties in Massachusetts, County
- **seal**: Seal of Berkshire County, Massachusetts.png
- **motto**: _Firmus et Paratus_
(Latin "Steadfast and Ready")
- **founded year**: 1761
- **founded date**: April 24
- **seat wl**: Pittsfield
- **largest city wl**: Pittsfield
- **area total sq mi**: 946
- **area land sq mi**: 927
- **area water sq mi**: 20
- **area percentage**: 2.1%
- **pop est as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **pop**: 129,026
- **census yr**: 2020
- **density sq mi**: 140
- **demonym**: Berkshirite
- **ex image**: Berkshire County Courthouse 2.JPG
- **ex image cap**: Berkshire County Courthouse
- **district**: 1st
- **time zone**: Eastern
- **named for**: Berkshire, England
Rogerson, Idaho

**Rogerson** is an unincorporated community in Twin Falls County, Idaho, United States. Rogerson is part of the Twin Falls, Idaho Micropolitan Statistical Area.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Rogerson, Idaho
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated area, Unincorporated community
- **pushpin map**: USA Idaho
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within the state of Idaho
- **map caption**: Location within Twin Falls county
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: Political divisions of the United States, State
- **subdivision name1**: Idaho
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Idaho, County
- **subdivision name2**: Twin Falls County, Idaho, Twin Falls
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **population as of**: United States Census, 2000, 2000
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Mountain Time Zone, Mountain (MST)
- **utc offset**: -7
- **timezone dst**: MDT
- **utc offset dst**: -6
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
Samira Khalil

**Samira Khalil** () is an activist from the Homs region of Syria. She was in prison for four years, from 1987 to 1991, because she opposed the Bashar al-Assad government in Syria. She disappeared in the city of Douma on December 9, 2013, with activists Razan Zeitouneh, Wael Hamada, and Nazem Hammadi. They are called the "Douma 4".

## Work

After prison, Khalil operated a publishing house. Then she worked with families of detainees. She wrote about detention in Syria. Before her kidnapping, she worked to help women in Douma to start small projects to make money. She stayed in Douma to start two centers for women.

### Film

Khalil and her husband Yassin al-Haj Saleh were in a documentary film called Baladna Alraheeb (Our Terrible Country). The film was about the period in their lives before Khalil's kidnapping in 2013.

## Awards

Khalil received the Petra Kelly Prize from the Heinrich Böll Foundation in 2014. This was for her work at the Center for Documentation of Violations in Syria.

## Other websites

- #Douma4 hashtag on Twitter
Food drying

**Food drying** is a method of preserving food. The food is dried (either dehydrated or desiccated). Drying stops the growth of bacteria and fungi by removing water. These micro-organisms, which cause food to spoil, need water to survive.

This method of preserving food has been used since ancient times. The earliest known practice is 12,000 BC by people in the Middle East and Asia.

Water is traditionally removed through evaporation by drying the food in the air, sun or in smoke. A great variety of drying techniques are now used.

Many different foods can be preserved by drying. Meat and fish are preserved through such traditional methods as drying, smoking and salting.

## Related pages

- Curing
Sans serif

||Sans-serif font|
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||Serif font|
||Serif font (serifs in red)|

In typography, a **sans serif** typeface is one that does not have the tiny feet called "serifs" at the end of strokes.
The term comes from the French word _sans_, meaning "without" and "serif" from the Dutch word _schreef_  meaning "line".

Sans serif typefaces have been used since the 18th century, but became most used in the twentieth century as the modern art movement developed. Most designers of typefaces were artists. Some were outstanding in other artistic fields, and were part of the wider artistic culture of their times.

The apostle of sans serif was Jan Tschichold  (2 April 1902 Leipzig, Germany – 11 August 1974 Locarno, Switzerland), a German-Swiss graphic designer.
Tschichold not only designed typefaces, he showed how they could be used in the design of book printing. He was a chief designer for Penguin Books after the Second World War.

Sans serif faces are most used for display signs, advertising and for headings in books. Although they seem to work well for the text in books, they are much less used for that purpose.

## Other names for sans serif

- Egyptian
- Antique
- Grotesque
- Doric
- Gothic (not to be confused with blackletter)
- Lineale, or linear
- Simplices
- Swiss
Fez (hat)

The **fez** (, plural **fezzes** or **fezes** from Arabic "Fas" the main town in Morocco before 1927), as well as its equivalent, the **tarboosh** (), is a felt hat.

There are two types of fezzes. One is a cone with a flat top, made of red felt. The other is a short cylinder made of kilim fabric. Both usually have a tassel attached to the top. The tarboosh and the modern fez, which is similar, owe much of their development and popularity to the Ottoman era.

In 1925, the fez was banned in Turkey by the President, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Since 1925, the fez is not a part of Turkish men's clothing.
Fez

**Fez** may mean

- Fez, Morocco
- Fez (hat)
- Fez (video game)
Dalkurd FF

**Dalkurd FF** is an association football club in the town of Borlänge in Sweden. The club was founded by Kurds in Sweden 2004, and played its first Superettan season in 2016.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Dalkurd FF
- **fullname**: Dalkurd Fotbollförening
- **nickname**: DFF
- **founded**: 26 September 2004
- **ground**: Domnarvsvallen
- **capacity**: 6,500
- **league**: Ettan
- **season**: 2022
- **position**: 16th Superettan (relegation)
Bowler hat

The **bowler hat** is a hard felt hat with a rounded crown.

It was originally designed to protect the head from blows. One story is that  the British soldier and politician Edward Coke, the younger brother of the 2nd Earl of Leicester had it made in 1849. Its purpose was to protect his gamekeepers' heads from low-hanging branches while on horseback. The keepers had previously worn top hats, which were easily knocked off and damaged.

The bowler hat was popular with the working class during the Victorian era, and later on with the middle and upper classes in Britain and the eastern United States. In Britain, they are worn as civilian dress by Guards officers.

## Outside the United Kingdom

The bowler was the most popular hat in the American Old West. It was "the hat that won the West". Both cowboys and railroad workers preferred the hat because it would not blow off easily in strong wind while riding a horse, or when sticking one's head out the window of a speeding train. It was worn by both lawmen and outlaws, including Bat Masterson, Butch Cassidy, Black Bart, and Billy the Kid. In America the hat came to be commonly known as the _derby_, and Wild West outlaw Marion Hedgepeth was commonly referred to as "the Derby Kid".

The bowler, called a  in Spanish, has been worn by Quechua and Aymara women since the 1920s, when it was introduced to Bolivia by British railway workers. For many years, a factory in Italy manufactured the hats for the Bolivian market, but they are now made locally. Another region where the bowler hat is worn is the Niger Delta area of Nigeria.

## Popular culture

The bowler makes regular appearances. It was part of John Steed's outfit in _The Avengers_ British TV series, and Oddjob's favourite weapon in the original _Goldfinger_ film. It was worn by _Charlie Chaplin_ and Stan Laurel in movies.
Steady-state model

In cosmology, the **Steady-state model** is a theory about how the universe began. It is an alternative to the Big Bang model. This theory says that the continuous decreasing of density, makes also a continuous creation of matter.
Remote keyless system

A **remote keyless system** is a device used to control access to a building or car without using a traditional mechanical key.
Edmonde Charles-Roux

**Edmonde Charles-Roux** (17 April 1920 – 20 January 2016) was a French writer. She was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine.

In 1946, she joined the staff of a magazine being created, a women's weekly: _Elle_, where she spent two years. From 1948, she worked for the French edition of _Vogue_, becoming the magazine’s editor-in-chief in 1954.

Charles-Roux died on 20 January 2016, in Marseille, France, at the age of 95.

## Other websites

- "Edmonde Charles-Roux", _Academie Goncourt_

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: Edmonde Charles-Roux
- **image**: Edmonde Charles-Roux, présidente de l'Académie Goncourt.jpg
- **caption**: Edmonde Charles-Roux in 2011
- **birth name**: Marie-Charlotte Élisabeth Edmonde Charles-Roux
- **birth place**: Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine, France
- **death place**: Marseille, Bouches-du-Rhône, France
- **nationality**: French
- **awards**: Prix Goncourt
Ronald Greenwald

**Ronald Greenwald** (January 8, 1934 – January 20, 2016) was an American Orthodox Jewish rabbi. He was a businessman and an educator. He was born in New York City.

## Career

Greenwald made a career of spy trading, international hostage mediation, and other forms of high-stakes diplomacy. He worked with Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford and Ronald Reagan to help the Jewish community. He served as a community activist, chaired various civic boards, directed a high school a summer camp and was the chairman of Magenu.

Greenwald died in his sleep while on vacation in Florida from a possible heart attack on January 20, 2016 at the age of 82.

## Other websites

- .

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ronald Greenwald
- **birth place**: New York City, United States
- **death place**: Florida, United States
- **nationality**: American
- **image**: In peru.jpg
- **occupation**: Negotiator and educator
Homayoun Behzadi

**Homayoun Behzadi** (‎; 20 June 1942 – 22 January 2016) was an Iranian footballer and coach. He usually played as a striker. He played for Paykan, but most notably for the Iran national football team. For a very brief time, Behzadi was the coach of the Persepolis football team in 1975.

Behzadi suffered a heart attack in April 2013. He made a full recovery. Behzadi died in Tehran on 22 January 2016 at the age of 73.

## Other websites

- Homayoun Behzadi  at TeamMelli.com
- Interview with Homayoun Behzadi

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Homayoun Behzadi
- **image**: Homayoun Behzadi.jpg
- **caption**: Behzadi in 1974
- **birth place**: Khorramabad, Iran
- **death place**: Tehran, Iran
- **position**: Forward (association football), Striker
- **height**: 176 cm
- **youthyears1**: 1954–1958
- **youthclubs1**: Shahin FC, Shahin
- **years1**: 1958–1967
- **clubs1**: Shahin F.C., Shahin
- **years2**: 1967–1968
- **clubs2**: Paykan Tehran F.C., Paykan
- **years3**: 1968–1975
- **clubs3**: Persepolis F.C., Persepolis
- **years4**: 1968–1969
- **clubs4**: → Paykan Tehran F.C., Paykan (loan)
- **years5**: 1969–1970
- **clubs5**: → Paykan Tehran F.C., Paykan (loan)
- **nationalyears1**: 1962–1974
- **nationalteam1**: Iran national football team, Iran
- **nationalcaps1**: 35
- **nationalgoals1**: 13
- **managerclubs1**: Persepolis F.C., Persepolis
- **manageryears1**: 1974–1976
- **managerclubs2**: Persepolis F.C., Persepolis
- **manageryears2**: 1975
David G. Hartwell

**David Geddes Hartwell** (July 10, 1941  January 20, 2016) was an American critic, publisher and editor of science fiction and fantasy. He was best known for work with Signet, Pocket and Tor Books publishers. He was also known as an award-winning editor of anthologies. He was born in Salem, Massachusetts.

Hartwell died in Pleasantville, New York from complications of a fall on January 20, 2016 at the age of 74.

## Other websites

- Excerpt from the LOCUS Online Interview with David Hartwell, 2004.
- Interview with David G. Hartwell, SpaceWesterns.com, 2007
- Profile of David Hartwell  by Michael Swanwick, 2009
Bogusław Kaczyński

**Bogusław Kaczyński** (May 2, 1942 – January 21, 2016) was a Polish classical music journalist.  He was born in  Biała Podlaska, Poland.

## Career

He was the author of a classical recording series called _The Golden Collection_. He also hosted musical competitions, including the Frederic Chopin Piano Competition, the Henryk Wieniawski Violin Competition, and the New Year's Concerts in Vienna.

He has been ranked among the top 10 Polish television personalities by the Polityka magazine.

## Death

Kaczyński died in Warsaw, Poland of a stroke on January 21, 2016, aged 73.

## Other websites

- Bogusław Kaczyński – Homepage
- Warszawa. Bogusław Kaczyński kończy 65 lat – e-teatr.pl
Mrinalini Sarabhai

**Mrinalini Sarabhai** (; 11 May 1918 – 21 January 2016) was an Indian classical dancer, choreographer and instructor. She was the founder of the Darpana Academy of Performing Arts in the city of Ahmedabad. She received many awards and citations in recognitions of her work to art. She trained over 18,000 students in Bharatnatyam and Kathakali. She was born in Kerala, India. She was married to renowned physicist Vikram Sarabhai.

Sarabhai was hospitalized in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India for pneumonia on 20 January 2016. She died the next day of respiratory failure at the age of 97.

## Other websites

- Biography of Mrinalini Sarabhai at the website of Darpana Academy
- Biography at mkgandhi.org
- Mrinalini Sarabhai's Blog
- Download Mrinalini Sarabhai's autobiography from her blog
Germaine Damar

**Germaine Damar** (born August 31, 1929) is a Luxembourgian actress and dancer. She used the stage name Ria Poncelet. She was born in Petingen, Luxembourg.

Damar started her career as an acrobat and played in nearly 30 German movies, including three movies in which she was the partner of Peter Alexander. Her best known movies are _Mädchen mit schwachem Gedächtnis_ (1956), _Die Drei von der Tankstelle_ (1955) and _So ein Millionär hat's schwer_ (1958).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Germaine Damar
- **image**: Germaine Damar.JPG
- **caption**: Germaine Damar in June 2011
- **other names**: Ria Poncelet
- **occupation**: Actress
Derrick Todd Lee

**Derrick Todd Lee** (November 5, 1968 – January 21, 2016) was a convicted American serial killer, nicknamed the **Baton Rouge Serial Killer**. He was born in St. Francisville, Louisiana.

He was linked by DNA to the deaths of seven women in the Baton Rouge and Lafayette areas in Louisiana, and in 2004 was convicted, in separate trials, of the murders of Geralyn DeSoto and Charlotte Murray Pace. The Pace trial resulted in a death sentence.  Newspapers have suggested Lee can be linked to other unsolved murders in the area, but the police lacked DNA evidence to prove these connections.

Lee died on January 21, 2016 at the age of 47, of an undisclosed medical condition at the Louisiana State Penitentiary in the West Feliciana Parish, while awaiting execution.

## Other websites

- "DNA Dragnet", CBSnews.com (multimedia presentation)
- "Louisiana Serial Killer Derrick Todd Lee Loses State Supreme Court Appeal" September 21, 2015
Sudhindra Thirtha

**Sudhindra Thirta** (31 March 1926 – 17 January 2016), also known as **Shri Sudhindra Thirtha Swamiji**, was an Indian Hindu religious leader. He was the legal and spiritual head (mathadipathi) of the Kashi Math and the twentieth successive person called the swamiji of guru parampara. He was born in Ernakulam, Kerala, India.

Swamiji attained Moksha in Haridwar, India from renal failure on 17 January 2016 at the age of 89.
Frank Sullivan (baseball)

**Franklin Leal "Frank" Sullivan** (January 23, 1930 – January 19, 2016) was an American right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played for the Boston Red Sox (1953-60), Philadelphia Phillies (1961-62) and the Minnesota Twins (1962-63). He was born in Hollywood, California.

Sullivan was named to the American League All-Star team in 1955 and 1956, and was elected to the Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame in 2008.

Sullivan died in Lihue, Hawaii from pneumonia on January 19, 2016 at the age of 85.

## Other websites

- Retrosheet
- SABR Project Biography
Larry Sanders (politician)

**Lawrence "Larry" Sanders** (born April 25, 1935) is an American-born British academic and politician. He is a member of the Green Party. Sanders was born in Brooklyn, New York. He is the brother of United States senator and Presidential candidate Bernie Sanders.

Sanders moved to the United Kingdom in 1968. He was active in the Labour Party in Oxford in the 1980s. He left the Labour Party in 2001 because he felt that it had moved too far to the right under Tony Blair, and joined the Green Party. Sanders was a Green Party county councillor representing the East Oxford division on Oxfordshire County Council, until he retired from the Council in 2013. He was a candidate to be the Member of Parliament for Witney. He came in fourth place.

## Infobox (politician)

- **name**: Larry Sanders
- **image**: Larry Sanders Oxford Community Hospital (cropped).JPG
- **office2**: County council, Councillor on the
 Oxfordshire County Council
- **term start2**: 2005
- **term end2**: 2013
- **office1**: Health Spokesperson of the
 Green Party of England and Wales
- **term start1**: 11 February 2016
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **education**: Brooklyn College
Harvard Law School
- **occupation**: Academic, social worker, politician
- **party**: Green Party of England and Wales, Green Party
- **parents**: Eli Sanders (1904–1962)
Dorothy Glassberg (1913–1960)
- **relatives**: Bernie Sanders <small>(brother)</small>
Umberto Raho

**Umberto Raho** (4 June 1922 – 9 January 2016) was an Italian stage, movie and television actor. He was born in Bari, Italy. Raho was known for his roles in _The Bird with the Crystal Plumage_, _The Last Man on Earth_, and _Superfantagenio_.

Raho died in Anzio, Italy from complications of Alzheimer's disease on 9 January 2016 at the age of 93.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Umberto Raho
- **birth place**: Bari, Italy
- **death place**: Anzio, Italy
- **occupation**: actor
Mouthparts

**Mouthparts** is a general term used in animal biology (zoology). It means the various bits and pieces around the opening of the alimentary canal (mouth). These mouthparts are used by animals to help get their food organised before they swallow it.

All animals have mouthparts except those which absorb their food through their epidermis. The main variations are chewing, sucking and dissolving.
Shield bug

**Shield bugs** are the **Acanthosomatidae**, a family of Hemiptera. There are  55 genera, with about 200 species.
It is one of the least varied families of bugs. The number of species is quite low for beetles, and it is not known why this is so. Individually they are fairly common.

Shield bugs, like almost all bugs, live by sucking the sap of plants, usually flowering plants. They have a "layered" defence system. From a distance they are difficult to see because they are camouflaged. Then, they have a tough armoured back. Lastly, if touched, they give off revolting scents, rather like stink bugs (which are a related group).
Totterdown

**Totterdown** is a residential area in Bristol, England. It is just south of the city centre. It is a short walk from Bristol's main train station, Bristol Temple Meads.

Totterdown is known for its steep residential streets and its colourful houses. It has many cafes, bistros and pubs. It is popular for the arts. It hosts The Totterdown Front Room Arts Trail each autumn. The Totterdown Music Festival takes place in the summer. It has easy access to several parks and green spaces - School Road Park, Perrett's Park, Victoria Park and Redcatch Park.

Arnos Vale Cemetery is located in Totterdown.