juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
The Railway Magazine

***The Railway Magazine*** is a monthly British railway magazine, aimed at the railway enthusiast market, that has been published in London since July 1897.  it has been, for three years running, the railway magazine with the largest circulation in the U.K., having a monthly average sale during 2009 of 34,715 (the figure for 2007 being 34,661). It was published by IPC Media until October 2010, with ISSN 0033-8923, and in 2007 won IPC's 'Magazine of the Year' award. From November 2010, The Railway Magazine is now published by Mortons Media Group Ltd. (Mortons of Horncastle).

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: The Railway Magazine
- **image file**: The Railway Magazine October 1901 cover 688.jpg
- **image caption**: Cover of the October 1901 issue. Typical for early 20th century: only the colours, issue number, date and volume changed from month to month
- **editor**: Nick Pigott
- **editor title**: Editor
- **previous editor**: George Augustus Nokes ("G.A. Sekon"), first editor
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **circulation**: 34,715
- **category**: Railway
- **company**: Mortons of Horncastle
- **firstdate**: July 1897
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **based**: London
- **language**: English language, English
- **website**: http://www.railwaymagazine.co.uk
- **issn**: 0033-8923
London Transport Board

The **London Transport Board** was the organisation responsible for public transport in London, England, United Kingdom, and its environs from 1963-1969. In common with all London transport authorities from 1933 to 2000, the public name and operational brand of the organisation was **London Transport**.

## Related pages

- Alexander Valentine - Chairman, 1962 to 1965
- Maurice Holmes (barrister) - Chairman, 1965 to 1969

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: London Transport Board
- **formation**: 1 January 1963 (Transport Act 1962)
- **extinction**: 31 December 1969 (Transport (London) Act 1969)
- **type**: Public body
- **purpose**: Transport authority
- **headquarters**: 55 Broadway, Westminster, London
- **region served**: Greater London and within  of Charing Cross
- **leader title**: Chairman
- **main organ**: London Transport (brand), London Transport
- **parent organization**: Her Majesty's Government, National Government
Northern shoveler

The **northern shoveler** (; ***Anas clypeata***) is a common and widespread duck. It breeds in northern areas of Europe and Asia and across most of North America, and is a rare vagrant to Australia. In North America, it breeds along the southern edge of Hudson Bay and west of this body of water, and as far south as the Great Lakes west to Colorado, Nevada, and Oregon.

The northern shoveler is one of the species to which the _Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds_ (AEWA) applies.  The conservation status is Least Concern.
Stiff-tailed duck

The **stiff-tailed ducks** are part of the Oxyurinae subfamily of ducks. All have, as their name implies, long stiff tail feathers, which are erect when the bird is at rest. All have relatively large swollen bills.

These are freshwater diving ducks. Their legs are set far back, making them awkward on land, so they rarely leave the water.

Their unusual displays involve drumming noises from inflatable throat-sacs, head throwing, and erecting short crest.

Feather sequences are complicated, and it is hard to tell how old one of these ducks is. Feathers are vital for survival because of this animals tendency to spend time in the water. Without feathers this duck would die of hypothermia because it could not regulate its body temperature.
Kyōhō

was a  after _Shōtoku_ and before _Gembun._  This period started in July 1716 and ended in April 1736. During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the _Kyōhō_ era

- **1717** (_Kyōhō 2_): _Kyōhō_ reforms are directed and overseen by Shogun Yoshimune.

- **1718** (_Kyōhō 3_): The _bakufu_ repaired the Imperial tombs.

- **1718** (_Kyōhō 3, 8th month_): Shogunate creates a  in Heian-kyō (Kyoto).

- **1721** (_Kyōhō 6_): Edo population of 1.1 million makes it the world's largest city.

- **1730** (_Kyōhō 15_): The Tokugawa shogunate monitors the Dojima Rice Market in Osaka.

- **3 August 1730** (_Kyōhō 15, 20th day of the 6th month_): A fire destroyed 3,790 houses in Heian-kyō.

- **1732** (_Kyōhō 17_): Locusts eat crops in areas around the inland sea.

- **24 September 1732** (_Kyōhō 17, 24th day of the 9th month_):  Former-Emperor Reigen died.

- **1733** (_Kyōhō 18_): Ginseng grown in Japan begins to be available in the Japanese food markets.

- **13 April 1735** (_Kyōhō 20, 21st day of the 3rd month_) : Nakamikado abdicated; and the succession passed to his son (_senso_).  Soon after, Empress Sakuamachi's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).

- **1735** (_Kyōhō 20_): Sweet potatoes were introduced into the Japanese diet.

Noteworty coins were minted during this era, including the gold _ōban_ and _koban_.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kyōhō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|16th|17th|18th|19th|20th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1716|1717|1718|1719|1720|1721|1722|1723|1724|1725|1726|1727|1728|1729|1730|1731|1732|1733|1734|1735|

|Kyōhō|21st|
| --- | --- |
||1736|
Tteokbokki

**Tteokbokki** () is a Korean traditional food which has sticks of rounded rice cake as the main ingredient. ' _tteok_ ' is the Korean word for rice cake and 'bokki' is the Korean word for something fried.

Tteokbokki is divided into gungjung tteokbokki and general tteokbokki as one of Korean street foods.

### Gungjung tteokbokki

**Gungjung tteokbokki** () is made by frying beef and rice cake with soy sauce. It was developed in _gungjung_ which means a Korean court.

General **tteokbokki** is cooked with seasoning using gochujang with starch syrup or sugar for the sweet taste. Generally gungjung tteokbokki uses beef and vegetable because it was cooked at court but general tteokbokki uses fish cake, green onions and boiled egg.

### jja-jang tteokbokki

**jja-jang tteokbokki** () is a stir-fried dish with jjajang.

## History

In a cook book named 'Siuijeonseo' which was written in late 1800s, there is a record of tteokbokki. However, tteokbokki might have existed before the late 1800s because the main ingredient is rice cake and there were rice cakes during the Three Kingdoms of Korea period.
Gungjung tteokbokki is different from tteokbokki because there were no red peppers in Joseon Dynasty so they made gungjung tteokbokki with vegetables and meats. Modern tteokbokki was first made by Mabokrim who has sold tteokbokki with gochujang since 1953.
Hōreki

, also known as ***Horyaku***, was a  after _Kan'en_ and before _Meiwa._  The period started in October 1751 and ended in June 1764. During this time, the emperor and emperess were   and .

The _nengō_ _Hōreki_ means "Valuable Calendar" or "Valuable Almanac". This time frame was created  by Emperor Momozono in 1754.

## Events of the _Hōreki_ era

The previous era ended in 1751 (_Kan'en 4, 27th day of the 10th month_); however, this nengō was created years later. By Imperial command, the era was re-named on December 2, 1754, which then became 19th day of the 10th month of the 4th year of Hōreki.
- **1752** (_Hōreki 2_): An ambassador from the Ryūkyū Kingdom was received in Edo.

- **1754** (_Hōreki 4_): Shimazu clan was ordered to complete Kizo River flood control project
- **1755** (_Hōreki 5_): Calendar reform by Abe Yasukuni, Shibukawa Kōkyō and Nishiyama Seikyū is named _Horiki Kojutsu Gen-reki_ (_Hōryaku_ calendar)
- **1758** (_Hōreki 8_): Takenouchi Shikibu and others taught Confucianism and martial arts to the emperor in Kyoto.
- **1760** (_Hōreki 10_): Shogun Tokugawa Ieshige resigned and his son, Tokugawa Ieharu, became the 10th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- **1762** (_Hōreki 12_): Emperor Momozono  abdicated; and the succession passed to his sister (_senso_).  Soon after, Empress Go-Sakuramachi's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).
- **31 August 1762** (_Hōreki 12, 12th day of the 7th month_): Former-Emperor Momozono died.
- **1763** (_Hōreki 13_): A merchant association handling Korean ginseng is founded in the Kanda district of Edo.
- **1764** (_Hōreki 14_): Sweet potatoes are exported from Edo to Korea. The food crop in Korea is the result of a diplomatic mission.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Hōreki|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1751|1752|1753|1754|1755|1756|1757|1758|1759|1760|1761|1762|1763|1764|
South African Republic

The **South African Republic** (Dutch: _Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek_, ZAR), often informally called the **Transvaal Republic**, was a sovereign state in southern Africa ruled by the Afrikaners. It was defeated by the UK and its colonies, the British Cape Colony and the Colony of Natal in the Second Boer War and became the British colony of Transvaal.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: South African Republic
- **native name**: _Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek_
- **common name**: South African Republic
- **life span**: 1856–1877
1881–1902
- **year start**: 1856
- **year end**: 1902
- **date start**: 27 June
- **date end**: 31 May
- **p1**: Klein Vrystaat
- **flag p1**: Flag of Transvaal.svg
- **p2**: Nieuwe Republiek
- **flag p2**: Flag of Nieuwe Republiek.svg
- **s1**: Transvaal Colony
- **flag s1**: Flag of the Transvaal Colony 1904–1910.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Transvaal.svg
- **image coat**: Colony of the Transvaal.png
- **national anthem**: Transvaalse Volkslied
- **common languages**: Dutch language, Dutch
- **religion**: Nederduitsch Hervormde Kerk
- **image map**: LocationZARca1890.svg
- **image map caption**: Location of the South African Republic, circa 1890.
- **capital**: Pretoria
- **government type**: Republic
- **title leader**: President of the South African Republic, President
- **leader1**: Marthinus Wessel Pretorius
- **year leader1**: 1857–1863
- **leader2**: Paul Kruger
- **year leader2**: 1883–1902
- **leader3**: Schalk Willem Burger (acting)
- **year leader3**: 1900–1902
- **event end**: Treaty of Vereeniging
- **event1**: British annexation
- **date event1**: 1877–1881
- **event2**: Second Boer War
- **date event2**: 11 October 1899
- **currency**: South African Republic pond
Daruma doll

The  doll is a hollow, round, traditional Japanese doll.  It is modeled after Bodhidharma, the founder of the Zen sect of Buddhism.

The Daruma dolls are a kind of toy (_omocha_). The Daruma figurine is also a tumbler doll or roly-poly toy. When the doll is tumbled about, it rights itself. The two were well recognized as synonymous by the mid-19th century. Today, Daruma dolls are widely known, regardless of religion or sect.

Most daruma dolls are made of papier mache, and weighted at the bottom so the doll stands. The dolls are typically painted red. Darumas are sold with the eyes being white. Most daruma dolls are made in Takasaki City at the center of Japan. A fair is held in early January every year for the sale of darumas. Daruma dolls are symbols of good luck and business prosperity.

## Daruma eyes

Dolls are sold without the eyes painted in. The custom is to make a resolution or a wish and darken the left eye of the daruma. When the resolution or the wish is fulfilled, the right eye is also darkened. This custom is seen widely today especially in the case of election or entrance examination in.
Viña del Mar

**Viña del Mar** is a Chilean city and commune with 286.931 inhabitants (2002 census). It was created in 1878.

## Other websites

- Viña del Mar Municipality
- Viña del Mar commercial guide

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Viña del Mar
- **nickname**: _Ciudad Jardín_ (Garden City)
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **image skyline**: Viña Del Mar Clock.jpg
- **image caption**: _The Clock_ of Viña del Mar.
- **image flag**: Flag of Viña del Mar, Chile.svg
- **flag alt**: Flag
- **image shield**: Escudo de Viña del Mar.svg
- **shield alt**: Coat of arms
- **image map**: Comuna de Viña del Mar.svg
- **map caption**: Map of the Viña del Mar commune in Valparaíso Region
- **map alt**: Map of the Viña del Mar commune in Valparaíso Region
- **mapsize**: 175px
- **coor pinpoint**: city
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Valparaíso Region, Valparaíso
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Valparaíso Province, Valparaíso
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader party**: Independent Democratic Union, UDI
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader name**: Virginia Reginato Bozzo
- **established title**: Viña del Mar
- **established date**: May 31, 1878
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 121.6
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population total**: 286931
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Urban area, Urban
- **population blank1**: 286931
- **population blank2 title**: Rural area, Rural
- **population blank2**: 0
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 136,318
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 150,613
- **blank name sec1**: Language
- **blank info sec1**: Spanish language, Spanish
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: -4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **website**: [http://www.vinadelmarchile.cl Municipality of Viña del Mar]
Suzuki Choinori

**Choinori** (_riding nearby_ in Japanese) is a scooter built by Suzuki.

It was launched at 2003 for 59,800 Yen. Reducing the size and not using any high cost parts were the secret to low price. However, because of cutting costs, they do not have rear suspension and the maximum speed is around . It also has an aluminum four-stroke 50 cc engine. The special thing about the engine is that it weighs 40% less than other four-stroke engines. It also make the scooter lighter and cheaper.

Due to its low price, it was a great hit in Japan. However, Suzuki stopped producing Choinori in 2007 because it failed to pass the new gas emission standards.

## References

- Suzuki Motor Company (Japan), a Japanese anonymous visitor, Tatsuwo Sato, Hiroyuki Takeuchi
Meiwa

was a  after _Hōreki_ and before _An'ei._  This period started in June 1764 and ended in November 1772. During this time, the empress and emperor were   and .

The _nengō_ _Meiwa_ means "Radiant Harmony".

## Events of the _Meiwa_ Era

- **1766** (_Meiwa 3_): A plan to remove the Shogun was not successful.

- **1770** (_Meiwa 7_): A typhoon flattened the newly built Imperial Palace in Kyoto.

- **1770** (_Meiwa 7_): A great comet (Lexell's Comet) with a very long tale lit up the night skies throughout the summer and autumn.

- **1770** (_Meiwa 7_): This was the start of 15 years of drought in Japan.

- **9 January 1771**: Empress Go-Sakuramachi abdicated; ; and the succession passed to her nephew (_senso_).  Soon after, Emperor Go-Momozono's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).

- **29 February 1772** (_Meiwa 9, 26th day or the 1st month_): "The Great _Meiwa_ Fire" -- one of the three greatest Edo fire disasters.

- **2 August 1772** (_Meiwa 9, 4th day of the 6th month_): A big storm in the Kantō with floods and lost crops.

- **17 August 1772** (_Meiwa 9, 19th day of the 6th month_): A major storm destroys 4000 houses in Edo.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Meiwa|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1764|1765|1766|1767|1768|1769|1770|1771|1772|
Mourning

- _Not to be confused with morning._

**Mourning** refers to process of grieving. This almost always happens at funerals whenever a loved one passes away.
Mourning is also seen when things someone loves gets lost, although not as often. Most commonly seen is sadness, but typically a less intense but longer lasting feeling. Similar to melancholy. Mourning is only seen when a person, or animal, important object, or goal) is lost. Death is most commonly associated. Mourning is not just found in humans, but also in animals. Many birds have a sense of mourning when their mate dies. The word is used for behaviour in which the bereaved follow. Wearing black clothes is common in many countries, though other forms of dress are seen.

## Related pages

- Half-staff
- Candlelight vigil
- Moment of silence
Independent record label

An **independent record label** is a company which musicians can use to make and sell records. These companies are different from major record labels because they are smaller and don't operate under any major businesses.

## Examples

Some examples of independent record labels are:
- Ambush Reality, which is owned and run by the members of the band _Enter Shikari_ and their friends.
- Super Records, which is owned by the band _McFly_
An'ei

was a  after _Meiwa_ and before _Tenmei._ This period started in November 1772 and ended in March 1781. During this time, the emperors were  and .

The _nengō_ _An'ei_ means "Eternal Tranquility" or "Peaceful and Long".

## Events of the _An'ei_ era

- **1774** (_An'ei 3_): _Kaitai shinsho_, the first complete Japanese translation of a Western medical work, is published by Sugita Gempaku and Maeno Ryotaku.
- **1775** (_An'ei 4_): Epidemic diseases spread in the Japanese population and 190,000 died in Edo.
- **1775** (_An'ei 4_): Carl Peter Thunberg arrived at Dutch East India Company outpost or "factory" in Nagasaki.
- **1778** (_An'ei 7_): Flooding at Kyoto.
- **1778** (_An'ei 7_): Volcanic island of Sakurajima erupted near Kagoshima and 16,000 were killed.
- **12 June 1779** (_An'ei 8, 28th day of the 4th month_): Former-Emperor Go-Momozono died.
- **1779** (_An'ei 8_): Isaac Titsingh arrived at Dejima.
- **1780**: After the death of Empress Go-Momozono, the succession (_senso_) passed to Emperor Kōkaku; and his role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).
- **1780** (_An'ei 9_): Heavy rains and flooding in the Kantō.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" – historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
- National Archives of Japan: _Hinozenshu sanbutsu zuko_, scroll showing illustrated inventory of industries in Hizen, _An'ei_ 2 (1773)

|An'ei|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1772|1773|1774|1775|1776|1777|1778|1779|1780|1781|
Take

A **take** is a performance which is continuously recorded. The word is used in movies and music to track the stages of production.

In movie-making, a take means each filmed "version" of a shot. Takes of each shot are generally numbered starting with "take one" and the number of each take after that is increased (with the director calling for "take two", "take three", "take four", etc.) until the filming of the shot is finished.
Lizzy Pattinson

**Elizabeth "Lizzy" Pattinson** is an English singer and songwriter.

## Personal life

Lizzy has a sister, Victoria and brother, actor Robert Pattinson.

## Career

Lizzy has performed with the UK dance act Aurora and German duo Milk & Sugar. She was lead vocalist for them on Milk & Sugar's No. 1 _Billboard_ Hot Dance Club Play track "Let The Sun Shine". She has had three Top 20 hits in the UK.

In 2008 Lizzy recorded background vocals for the movie _Twilight_. She is heard on the track "Who Are They?" by Carter Burwell.
Kansei

was a  after _Tenmei_ and before _Kyōwa_.  This period started in January 1789 and ended in February 1801.  During this time, the emperor was .

The _nengō_ _Kansei_ means "Lenient Government".

## Events of the _Kansei_ era

- **1790** (_Kansei 2_): Matsudaira Sadanobu orders  about Confucianism and Neo-Confucian doctrine
- **1792** (_Kansei 4_): Russian envoy Adam Laxman arrives at Nemuro in eastern Ezo (now Hokkaidō).
- **1793** (_Kansei 5_): Shogonuate orders research and publication of daimyo clan genealogies and _hatamoto_ genealogies.
- **1797** (_Kansei 9_):  _Kansei_ Calendar Revision

## Related pages

- Edo period
- Kansei calendar

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kansei|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1789|1790|1791|1792|1793|1794|1795|1796|1797|1798|1799|1800|1801|
Pontoise

**Pontoise** is a commune of the Val-d'Oise department in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, France. It is  from the centre of Paris, in the "new town" of Cergy-Pontoise.

## Twin towns

Pontoise is twinned with:
- Böblingen, Germany
- Sevenoaks, England
- Geleen, Netherlands

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Pontoise
- **commune status**: Subprefectures in France, Subprefecture and Communes of France, commune
- **image**: Pontoise (95), cathédrale Saint-Maclou, vue depuis le jardin des Cinq Sens (promontoire du château).jpg
- **caption**: A view of the cathedral of Saint-Maclou, from the Garden of Five Senses, on the promontory of the castle
- **image coat of arms**: Blason de Pontoise.svg
- **map size**: 270px
- **adjustable map**: Pontoise_map.png
- **map caption**: Location (in red) within Paris inner and outer suburbs
- **arrondissement**: Pontoise
- **canton**: Pontoise
- **insee**: 95500
- **postal code**: 95300
- **mayor**: Stéphanie Von Euw
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Cergy-Pontoise
- **elevation m**: 27
- **elevation min m**: 22
- **elevation max m**: 87
- **area km2**: 7.15
Fuse

A **fuse** is a device that shuts off the power to an electrical circuit when too much electric current flows through it.  This usually happens when too many appliances are plugged in or when there is a short circuit. A fuse is made as an intentional weak spot in a circuit that will melt (or "blow") when too much current is flowing through it, shutting off the power to the rest of the circuit. This protects the rest of the circuit. After the fuse blows, the problem that caused it to blow must be corrected and the fuse must be replaced to restore power to the circuit. A circuit breaker does the same job as a fuse, but it can be reset without replacing anything.

Fuses in plugs are made in standard ratings. The most common are 3 A, 5 A and 13 A. The fuse should be rated at a slightly higher current than the device needs. e.g. if the device works a 3 A use 5 A fuse. Fast and slow fuses are made. Fast acting fuses blow immediately once the current rating is exceeded. Slow blow fuses will let the current exceed the rating for a fraction of a second, to allow devices like motors to start up.

## Other websites

- Fuse (electrical)) -Citizendium
Kyōwa

was a  after _Kansei_ and before _Bunka._  This period started in February 1801 and ended in February 1804. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Kyōwa_ era

- **9 December 1802** (_Kyōwa 2, 15th day of the 11th month_): Earthquake in northwest Honshū and Sado Province (Latitude: 37.700/Longitude: 138.300), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter scale.

- **28 December 1802** (_Kyōwa 2, 4th day of the 12th month_): Earthquake on Sado Island (Latitude: 38.000/Longitude: 138.000).

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kyōwa|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1801|1802|1803|1804|
Naengmyeon

**Naengmyeon** is a traditional Korean summer food. The name means "cold noodles".  Naengmyeon’s basic ingredients are long, thin noodles, a boiled egg, slices of cucumber and slices of boiled meat. Water or gochujang can be added depending on the type of Naengmyeon. There are many kinds of noodles made from wheat, buckwheat, potatoes or sweet potatoes.

## History

According to the 19th century writings, it has been made since the Joseon Dynasty. It began as a delicacy in northern Korea. It was popular in the cities of Pyongyang and Hamhung in North Korea. Naengmyeon became widely popular in Korea after the Korean War.

## Types

The two main types of naengmyeon are _mul naengmyeon_ and _bibim naengmyeon_. Mul naengmyeon is served as a cold soup with the noodles contained in broth made from beef or chicken. Bibim naengmyeon is served with a spicydressing made mainly from gochujang (red chilipaste).
Mathieu de Costa

**Mathieu de Costa** was the first known African to come to Canada, in the early 17th century. He was a storekeeper and translator. He spoke many languages including Portuguese, French, Dutch, English, pidgin Basque, his original African language, and Míkmaq. He helped to make a connection between the Europeans and the Míkmaq people. He was a freeman. Europeans liked that he talked many languages. The Port Royal Habitation National Historic Site of Canada remembers his work. They are in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia.
Bunka

was a  after _Kyōwa_ and before _Bunsei._  The period started in January 1804 and ended in April 1818. During this time, the emperors were   and .

## Events of the _Bunka_ era

- **1804** (_Bunka 1_): Hayashi Jussai explained the foreign policy of the Tokugawa shogunate to the emperor in Kyoto.
- **June 1805** (_Bunka 2_): Genpaku Sugita was granted an audience with Shogun Tokugawa Ienari to explain differences between traditional medical knowledge and Western medical knowledge.
- **25 September 1810** (_Bunka 7, 27th day of the 8thmonth_): Earthquake in northern Honshū (Latitude: 39.900/Longitude: 139.900), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
- **7 December 1812** (_Bunka 9, 4th day of the 11th month_): Earthquake in Honshū (Latitude: 35.400/Longitude: 139.600), 6.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
- **24 December 1813** (_Bunka 10, 2nd day of the 11th month_): Former-Empress Go-Sakuramachi died.
- **1817** (_Bunka 14_): Emperor Kōkaku traveled in procession to Sento Imperial Palace, a palace of an abdicated emperor. The Sento Palace at that time was called Sakura Machi Palace.
- **7 May 1817** (_Bunka 14, 22nd day of the 3rd month_): Kōkaku abdicated; and the succession passed to his son (_senso_).  Soon after, Emperor Ninkō's role as monarch was confirmed by ceremonies (_sokui_).

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Bunka|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1804|1805|1806|1807|1808|1809|1810|1811|1812|1813|1814|1815|1816|1817|1818|
Bunsei

was a  after _Bunka_ and before _Tenpō._  This period started in April 1818 and ended in December 1830. During this time, the emperor was .

## Events of the _Bunsei_ era

- **1822** (_Bunsei 5_): Edo was struck with 150 earthquake tremors over three days.

- **11 August 1823** (_Bunsei 6, 6th day of the 7th month_):  German flora- and fauna-taxonomist Philipp Franz von Siebold arrived at Dejima as new physician for the Dutch trading post in Nagasaki harbor.

- **13 August 1830** (_Bunsei 13, 25th day of the 6th month_): Earthquake at Kyoto (Latitude: 35.000/Longitude: 136.000), no Richter scale magnitude can be inferred from the available data.

## Related pages

- Edo period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Bunsei|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1818|1819|1820|1821|1822|1823|1824|1825|1826|1827|1828|1829|1830|
Tadao Ando

**Tadao Ando** is a Japanese architect. He was born in Osaka in 1941. Before he designed buildings, he had many other important experiences in his life. He became a professional boxer as a teenager and spent time in Thailand fighting. He then traveled around the world to learn about buildings. Ando became successful in the 1970s and has built buildings all over the world.

In 1995, Ando won the Pritzker Prize in 1995.

## Further reading

- Ando, (2006) Taschen Books, Masao Furuyama, .

## Infobox (architect)

- **name**: Tadao Ando
- **image**: Tadao Ando 2004.jpg
- **caption**: Tadao Ando (2004)
- **nationality**: Japanese
- **birth place**: Minato-ku, Osaka, Minato-ku, Osaka, Japan
- **practice**: Tadao Ando Architects & Associates
- **significant buildings**: Row House, Sumiyoshi, 1979

Church of the Light, Osaka, 1989

Water Temple, Awaji, 1991
- **significant projects**: Rokko Housing I, II, III, Kobe, 1983-1999
- **awards**: Alvar Aalto Medal, 1985

Pritzker Prize, 1995

RIBA Royal Gold Medal, 1997

AIA Gold Medal, 2002
X rating

In the original Motion Picture Association of America film rating system, **X rating** represented that no one under 18 should be allowed to enter. Unlike the others, this rating was not copyright<nowiki/>ed, and the rating became tied to pornography. Many theaters chose not to take an X rated movie, and many newspapers would not run ads for them. Certain movie companies had to release their films without rating, in particular independent movies. In Autumn 1990 the X was replaced with NC-17, but over the years, NC-17 absorbed the same stigma that the earlier X rating had.
Abugida

An **abugida** is a writing system that is neither a syllabic nor alphabetic script, but somewhere in between.

## Overview

The abugida has sequences of consonants and vowels that are written together as a unit, each of which is based on the consonant letter. Vowels must be written down as well, but they are secondary and do not act the same way as consonants.

### Syllables

Syllables are built up of consonants, each of which has an inherent vowel. That means a vowel must be pronounced in a syllable even if it is not written down. For example, in Thai, the syllable written as the consonant-vowel pair หา is pronounced _haa_, but the syllable just written as a consonant ห is pronounced _hɔ._

### Diacritics

Diacritic symbols may be used to change or mute the inherent vowel, and separate vowel letters may be used when vowels occur at the beginning of a syllable or on their own.

### Order

In some abugidas, certain vowels can be written to the right, to the left, on top, or below the consonant that is spoken before it, even if the reading order all of the consonants is left-to-right or right-to-left. An example uses the Thai consonant ก to show where the following vowels must be written.
|Thai vowel letter|Pronunciation|syllable with ก|Pronunciation|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|า||กา||
|ไ||ไก||
|ิ||กิ||
|ู||กู||
|no vowel|IPA: [ɔː]|ก|IPA: [kɔː]|
This is different from a truly alphabetic script in which the vowels and consonants have the same status, and an abjad, whose vowels can be left out. Ethiopic, most scripts of the Indian subcontinent, mainland Southeast Asia, some scripts of Maritime Southeast Asia, and Canadian syllabics are abugidas.

### Origin

The oldest known abugida is the Brahmi script, a writing system that was invented in modern-day India. Most abugidas that exist today, including Tamil, Devanagari, Khmer, and Thai, were based on the Brahmi script.

Abugidas based on Brahmi spread along with the Indian religions throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, especially Buddhism and Hinduism. Some forms of shorthand also employ diacritics to indicate vowels.

### Name

The name 'abugida' is derived from the first four letters of the Ge'ez (Ethiopic) alphasyllabary writing system.

## Characteristics

Some abugidas allow for consonant strings to be written down in a single consonant space. For instance, in Khmer script – unlike in Thai script – consonants can be written on top of each other, with most consonants having normal and subscript forms.

## Examples

For instance, the Khmer word _phnom_ ភ្នំ as in Phnom Penh is written in one consonant space with three consonants, with ភ being _ph_, ្ន being the subscript form of ន _n_, and ំbeing the final _-m_ to be pronounced after the vowel_._

Though the word is written as _phnm_, the vowel _o_ is the inherent vowel, thus it should be pronounced _phnom_. An example of a word with stacked consonants and a vowel is _sri_ ស្រី, in which ស is _s_, ្រ is the subscript form of រ _r_, and ី being the vowel _i_.
Tyrrell Racing

The **Tyrrell Racing Organisation** was an auto racing team and Formula One constructor (race car maker). It was created by Ken Tyrrell. The team started racing in 1958 and started building its own cars in 1970. The team had its best success in the early 1970s. During that time, it won three drivers' championships and one constructors' championship with Jackie Stewart. The team never did as well again, but it kept winning races through the 1970s and into the early 1980s. It won its final win at Detroit in 1983. The team was bought by British American Tobacco in 1997. It finished its last season as Tyrrell in 1998.

## Lower Formulae (1958 - 1967)

Tyrrell Racing was created in 1958. It used Formula Three cars for Ken Tyrrell and local stars. Tyrrell stopped being a driver in 1959. He did not think that he was good enough as a driver. He began to run a Formula Junior operation. He used the woodshed owned by his family business, Tyrrell Brothers, to do the work on the cars. During the 1960s, Tyrrell moved through the lower levels of formula racing. John Surtees and Jacky Ickx raced for their first times with his team. The team's most famous partnership was with Jackie Stewart. Stewart first signed up in 1963.
Copenhagen Metro

The **Copenhagen Metro** (Danish: Københavns metro) is the longest underground traffic system in Denmark. It is a 20.5 km (12.7 mi) metro system. It was opened between 2002 and 2007, and has two lines, M1 (green) 14.3 km (8.9 mi) and M2 (yellow) 14.2 km, (8.8 mi). M3 and M4 will be made in the future.  In 2009, the metro carried 50 million passengers.

The stations in lines M1 and M2 are:
- Amager Strand
- Amagerbro
- Bella Center
- Christianshavn
- DR Byen
- Fasanvej
- Femøren
- Flintholm
- Forum
- Frederiksberg
- Islands Brygge
- Kastrup
- Kongens Nytorv
- Lergravsparken
- Lindevang
- Lufthavnen (Airport)
- Nørreport
- Ørestad
- Øresund
- Sundby
- Vanløse
- Vestamager

- Number of stations: 22. 9 of these are underground

- Electrification: 750 V, third rail

- Average speed: 40 km/h (25 mph

- Top speed: 80 km/h (50 mph)
Weston, Illinois (DuPage County)

**Weston, Illinois** was a community next to Batavia. It was a subdivision of pre-fabricated homes started in the early 1960s.  Sales were very slow, so the land developers tried to attract Fermilab to be a new employer on the edge of the new town.  However, it turned out that the amount of land needed would swallow up the entire town.  So, the town voted to sell all of the land, including the houses that had been built to Fermilab.  The people wanted to move the town to the east beyond the edge of Fermilab, but county officials prohibited the move. The town then dissolved.

Before new Fermilab buildings could be finished, the scientists moved into the Weston houses and also moved all of the farm houses on Fermilab to that location for use as office space. They renamed Weston, "Fermilab Village." It still houses visiting scientists.

## Other websites

- Fermilab History and Archives Project

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Weston, Illinois
- **settlement type**: Village (defunct)
- **image caption**: 1968 notice of the NAL site
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Illinois
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Dupage County, Illinois, Dupage County
- **subdivision type3**: Township
- **pushpin map**: Illinois
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Weston within Illinois
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Central Time Zone (North America), CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: Central Time Zone (North America), CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **website**: http://history.fnal.gov/
Kim Ok-gyun

**Kim Ok-gyun** (Korean: 김옥균; 1851 – 1894) was Korean Joseon Dynasty politician and diplomat. His nicknames were Gowoo (Korean: 고우, 古遇) and Gokyun (Korean: 고균, 古筠).

## Books

- _Kihwageunsa_ (기화근사, 箕和近事)
- _Chidoyakron_ (치도약론, 治道略論)
- _Gapsinillok_ (갑신일록, 甲申日錄)

## References

- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=31693
- http://navercast.naver.com/contents.nhn?contents_id=4870
Sundance Sea

The **Sundance Sea** was an inland or epeiric sea covering much of western North America in the Jurassic period. It was an arm of what is now the Arctic Ocean, and extended through what is now western Canada into the central western United States. The sea receded (moved back) when highlands to the west began to rise.

## Stratigraphy

The Sundance Sea did not occur at a single time; evidence suggests that it was a series of five successive marine transgressions. Each was separated by a period of erosion.The sea advanced and receded from the Middle Jurassic onwards. The terrestrial sediments of the Morrison Formation  eroded from rising highlands to the west  were deposited on top of the calcareous Sundance Formation as the sea retreated for the last time, late in the Jurassic.

The sedimentary rocks which formed in and around the Sundance Sea are often rich in fossils.

## Fauna

The Sundance Sea had many types of animals. The oyster _Gryphaea_ was very common, and shark teeth have been found. Fish, belemnites and to an extent ammonites swarmed in shoals. Crinoids and bivalvia dotted the seafloor. _Ophthalmosaurus_, a large ichthyosaur, swam in the seas using its large, long jaws to catch belemnite 'squid'. _Pantosaurus_, a plesiosaur the size of a seal, went after the easier-to-catch fish. The largest marine reptile in the Sundance Sea was _Megalneusaurus_, a large pliosaur similar to _Liopleurodon_. Its fossils have been found in Alaska and Wyoming, which were both covered by the Sundance Sea when it was alive.

During the periods of recession, dinosaurs and other Jurassic animals walked on the shores, leaving fossil footprints.

## Related pages

- Western Interior Seaway (Cretaceous period)
Western Interior Seaway

The **Western Interior Seaway**  was a huge inland sea. It split North America into two halves for most of the mid- and late-Cretaceous Period. It was up to  deep,  wide and over  long.

## Origin and geology

Sea level was high in the Cretaceous, and the middle part of North America sank down. A shallow subducting plate pulled on the bottom of the lithosphere, causing it to move down. The sea entered both north and south, and came and went during the course of the Cretaceous. Widespread carbonate deposition suggests that the Seaway was warm and tropical, with abundant calcareous algae. The shrunken, regressive phase of the Western Interior Seaway is sometimes called the **Pierre Seaway**.

## Fauna

The long, narrow western border of the seaway called **Laramidia** had one of the most diverse collections of dinosaurs anywhere on Earth.

The Western Interior Seaway was a shallow sea filled with abundant marine life. This included predatory marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs that grew up to 18 meters long.  Other marine life included sharks such as _Squalicorax_ and the giant shellfish-eating _Ptychodus mortoni_ (believed to be 10 meters long). There were advanced bony fish such as the massive 5-meter long _Xiphactinus_ – a fish larger than any modern bony fish. Other sea life included invertebrates such as molluscs, ammonites, squid-like belemnites, and plankton including coccolithophores that secreted the chalky platelets that give the Cretaceous its name, foraminiferans and radiolarians.

The Western Interior Seaway was home to early birds also, including the flightless _Hesperornis_ which had stout legs for swimming through water and small wing-like appendages used for marine steering rather than flight; and the tern-like _Ichthyornis_, an early avian with a toothy beak. _Icthyornis_ shared the sky with large pterosaurs such as _Nyctosaurus_ and _Pteranodon_. _Pteranodon_ fossils are very common and it was likely a major component of the surface ecosystem, though it was only found in the southern reaches of the Seaway.

On the bottom, the giant clam _Inoceramus_ left common fossilized shells in the Pierre Shale. This clam had a thick shell paved with prisms of calcite deposited at right angles to the surface, giving a pearly luster in life. Paleontologists suggest that its giant size was an adaptation for life in the murky bottom waters, where a correspondingly large gill area would have allowed the animal to cope with oxygen-depleted waters.

## Related pages

- Sundance Sea (Jurassic period)
Common poorwill

The **Common Poorwill** (_Phalaenoptilus nuttallii_) is a nocturnal bird of the family Caprimulgidae, the nightjars.  It is found from British Columbia and southeastern Alberta, through the western United States to northern Mexico. The bird's habitat is dry, open areas with grasses or shrubs, and even stony desert slopes with very little vegetation.
Hooded pitohui

The **hooded pitohui** (_Pitohui dichrous_), is a songbird of New Guinea with black and orange plumage.

This species and its two close relatives, the variable pitohui and the brown pitohui,  were the first known poisonous birds. A neurotoxin  found in the birds' skin and feathers causes numbness and tingling in those touching the bird.

The hooded pitohui gets its poison from part of its diet, the _Choresine_ beetles of the Melyridae family. These beetles are also a likely source of the lethal batrachotoxins found in Colombia's poison dart frogs.

Common and widespread throughout New Guinea, the hooded pitohui is of 'Least Concern' on the IUCN Red List of threatened species.
2014 Atlantic hurricane season

The **2014 Atlantic hurricane season** was a below-average season in terms of named storms, and an average season in terms of both hurricanes and major hurricanes. It produced nine tropical cyclones, eight named storms, the fewest since the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season, six hurricanes and two major hurricanes. It officially began on June 1, 2014, and ended on November 30, 2014. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic basin. The first storm of the season, Arthur, developed on July 1, while the final storm, Hanna, dissipated on October 28, about a month prior to the end of the season

## Storm names

This is the list of names used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2014. The list is the same as the 2008 list except for Gonzalo, Isaias, and Paulette because Gustav, Ike, and Paloma were damaging and deadly storms in 2008, and their names were retired. In 2014 no storms were retired so the same exact list was used in 2020.
Tenpō

was a , also known as ***Tempō***, after _Bunsei_ and before _Kōka._  The period started in December 1830 and ended in December 1844. During this time, the emperor was .

The _nengō_ _Tenpō_ means "Heavenly Protection".

## Events of the _Tenpō_ era

- **1833-1836** (_Tenpō 4-7_): Great Tenpō Famine
- **1835** (_Tenpō 6_): Copper coins called _Tenpō-tsūhō_ were minted.
- **20 July 1835** (_Tenpō 6, 7th day of the 6th month_): Earthquake in Sanriku (Latitude: 37.900/Longitude:  141.900), 7.6 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
- **1837-1843** (_Tenpō 8-14_): Gold and silver coins called _Tenpō-kingin_ were minted.
- **1837** (_Tenpō 8_): Tokugawa Ieyoshi became the 12th shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.
- **1837** (_Tenpō 8_): Uprising led by Ōshio Heihachirō was known as _Tempo Jiken_ and Ikuta Yorozu
- **1837** (_Tenpō 8_): Morrison Incident — an American ship shelled by cannon fire from Uraga and Kagoshima
- **1837** (_Tenpō 8_):  Tokugawa Yoshinobu was born
- **12 December 1840** (_Tenpō 11, 19th day of the 11th month_): Former-Emperor Kōkaku died.
- **25 April 1843** (_Tenpō 14, 25th day of the 3rd month_): Earthquake in Hokkaido (Latitude: 41.800/Longitude: 144.800), 8.4 magnitude on the Richter Scale.
- **1844** (_Tenpō 15_):  Errors in the lunar calendar were corrected. The new calendar was called the _Tenpō-Jinin_.  It was in use in Japan until 1872 when the Gregorian calendar was adopted.

## Related pages

- Edo period
- Tenpō calendar

## Other websites

- "The Japanese Calendar", National Diet Library—historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Tenpō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|9th|10th|11th|12th|13th|14th|15th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1830|1831|1832|1833|1834|1835|1836|1837|1838|1839|1840|1841|1842|1843|1844|
Direct proof

A **direct proof** is a way of showing that something is true or false by using logic. This is done by combining known facts. No assumptions are made when doing a direct proof. Lemmas and theorems are used to prove direct proofs.

A statement that can be proved with a direct proof is usually in the form "if _p_, then _q_." Here, _p_ and _q_ are facts. To solve a statement like this, every case where _p_ is true must be considered.

For example, this statement can be solved with a direct proof: "if x and y are even integers, then x+y is an even integer." Since x and y are even, then we can say that _x=2m_ and _y=2n,_ where _m_ and _n_ are integers. (This is a lemma.) We can also say that _m+n_ is an integer, because adding two integers gives an integer. (This is another lemma.) Then we can say that _x+y=2m+2n=2(m+n)_. Since _m+n_ is an integer, we can say _2(m+n)=2k_, where _k=m+n_. We know that any integer times 2 is an even integer. We can then say that any two even integers added together give an even integer.

Direct proofs are used in mathematics, logic, and computer science. The opposite of a direct proof is an indirect proof (also called a _proof by contradiction_.)

## Related pages

- Mathematical proof
- Proof by contradiction
- Proof by induction
Death Valley Junction

**Death Valley Junction** (formerly, **Amargosa** and '"Death Valley'") is a tiny Mojave Desert community in unincorporated Inyo County, California, at the intersection of SR 190 and SR 127, just east of Death Valley National Park.  The zip code is 92328, the elevation is , and the population fewer than 20. It contains the Amargosa Opera House and Hotel.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Death Valley Junction
- **settlement type**: Unincorporated area, Unincorporated community
- **image skyline**: Death Valley Junction California 1.jpg
- **pushpin map**: California
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in California
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: California
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Inyo County, California, Inyo County
- **elevation m**: 622
- **elevation ft**: 2041


## Infobox (nrhp)

- **name**: Death Valley Junction Historic District
- **nrhp type**: hd
- **image**: Amargosa Opera House.jpg
- **caption**: Amargosa Opera House and Hotel, Amargosa Opera House
- **location**: CA 127 and CA 190, Death Valley Junction, California
- **locmapin**: California
- **built**: 1923
- **architect**: Alexander H. McCulloch
- **architecture**: Mission/Spanish Revival
- **added**: December 10, 1980
- **governing body**: Private
- **refnum**: 80000802
Melancholy

- Melancholia, a mood disorder to do with depression
    - Major depressive disorder, clinical depression
- Melancholic, one of the four temperaments theory of psychology