juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Nerva

**Nerva** (Marcus Cocceius Nerva, 8 November 30 – 25 January 98) was Roman Emperor from 96 to 98.

Nerva became emperor at the age of sixty-five, after a lifetime of imperial service under Nero and the rulers of the Flavian dynasty. Under Nero, he was a member of the imperial team, and played a vital part in exposing the Pisonian conspiracy of 65.

Later, as a loyalist to the Flavians, he attained consulships in 71 and 90 during the reigns of Vespasian and Domitian respectively.

On 18 September 96, Domitian was assassinated in a palace conspiracy. On the same day, Nerva was declared emperor by the Roman Senate. As the new ruler of the Roman Empire, he vowed to restore liberties which had been cut during the autocratic government of Domitian.

Nerva's brief reign was marred by financial difficulties and his inability to assert his authority over the Roman army.

A revolt by the Praetorian Guard in October 97 caused him to adopt an heir. After some deliberation Nerva adopted Trajan, a young and popular general, as his successor. After barely fifteen months in office, Nerva died of natural causes.

Although much of his life remains obscure, Nerva was considered a wise and moderate emperor by ancient historians. Recent historians have revised this assessment, characterizing Nerva as a well-intentioned but ultimately weak ruler, whose reign brought the Roman Empire to the brink of civil war.

Nerva's greatest success was his choice of Trajan. This led to a peaceful transition after his death, thus founding the Nerva-Antonine dynasty.

## Infobox (roman emperor)

- **title**: Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Roman Empire
- **name**: Nerva
- **full name**: Marcus Cocceius Nerva
(before accession);
Marcus Cocceius Nerva Caesar Augustus (as emperor)
- **image**: Nerva Tivoli Massimo.jpg
- **caption**: Bust of Nerva, National Museum of Rome
- **reign**: 18 September 96 – 25 January 98
- **predecessor**: Domitian
- **successor**: Trajan
- **issue**: Trajan (adoptive)
- **dynasty**: Nervan-Antonian dynasty, Nervan-Antonine
- **father**: Marcus Cocceius Nerva
- **mother**: Sergia Plautilla
- **birth place**: Narni
- **death place**: Rome
- **burial place**: Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome
Jimmy McLeod

**James Bradley McLeod** (April 8, 1937 – May 18, 2019) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. McLeod started his career with the St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League during the 1972. Later in his career he played in the World Hockey Association for the Chicago Cougars, Los Angeles Sharks, Michigan Stags, and New York Golden Blades.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Jimmy McLeod
- **position**: Goaltender
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 9
- **weight lb**: 174
- **played for**: St. Louis Blues
Chicago Cougars
Los Angeles Sharks
Michigan Stags
New York Golden Blades
- **birth place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
- **career start**: 1960
- **career end**: 1975
Jeff McDill

**Jeffrey Donald 'Jeff' McDill** (born March 16, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger who played in one National Hockey League game for the Chicago Black Hawks during the 1976–77 NHL season.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Right wing
- **shoots**: Right
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 189
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **birth place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: 27th overall
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **draft year**: 1976
- **wha draft**: 27th overall
- **wha draft team**: Cleveland Crusaders
- **wha draft year**: 1976
- **career start**: 1976
- **career end**: 1980
Murdo MacKay

**Murdo John MacKay** (born 8 August 1917 in Fort William, Ontario - d. August 8, 2000) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward who played 19 games in the National Hockey League for the Montreal Canadiens.
Bernadette Soubirous

**Bernadette Soubirous** (7 January 1844 – 16 April 1879) was a young girl who had religious visions at Lourdes, France. During 1858 she said she saw the Virgin Mary 18 times. The Roman Catholic Church later made her a saint, and Lourdes has become one of the most visited places for pilgrims.

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Bernadette Soubirous
- **birth name**: Bernadeta Sobiros
- **birth date**: 7 January 1844
- **feast day**: 16 April
18 February (France, some traditionalist congregations)
- **venerated in**: Catholic Church
- **image**: Bernadette Soubirous.jpg
- **caption**: Saint Bernadette of Lourdes
- **birth place**: Lourdes, Hautes-Pyrénées, July Monarchy, France
- **death place**: Nevers, Nièvre, French Third Republic, France
- **beatified date**: 14 June 1925
- **beatified place**: Rome,
- **beatified by**: Pope Pius XI
- **canonized date**: 8 December 1933
- **canonized place**: Rome
- **canonized by**: Pope Pius XI
- **major shrine**: Convent of Saint Gilard (Espace Bernadette Soubirous Nevers), Nevers
- **patronage**: Bodily illness, Lourdes, France, Lourdes, France, shepherds and shepherdesses, against poverty, people ridiculed for their faith
- **titles**: Virgin, Consecrated Religious
Economic nationalism

**Economic nationalism** is the idea that a state should have control over its economy, labour and how capital is formed. In most cases, this includes taxation of imports. In many cases, economic nationalism is the opposite of globalization, or it questions the use of free trade without restrictions, and supports protectionism.
Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine

**Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine** (**TFMPP**) is an organic chemical substance. It is a derivative of Piperazine. It is sometimes used as a part of other illegal drugs. It is sometimes used as a replacement for the drug MDMA, or as a component of Ecstasy pills. TFMPP has no known use in the chemical industry.  Its action is si milar to that of MDMDA in many ways.
Aliens (movie)

***Aliens*** is an American science fiction-action horror movie released on July 18, 1986. It is a science fiction movie because it takes place in outer space and there are alien creatures. It was directed by James Cameron and stars Sigourney Weaver, Michael Biehn and Lance Henriksen. _Aliens_ is a sequel to _Alien_ (1979) and was followed by two more sequels; _Alien³_ (1992) and _Alien: Resurrection_ (1997).

This one is different than the original movie because instead of it being just a horror movie, it has more action in it and there is more than one alien in it, as said in the title of the movie.
Evolutionary suicide

**Evolutionary suicide** is not a standard term in evolutionary biology. It is not used in any standard textbook on evolution.

It is the incorrect idea that the adaptation of an individual animal works in such a way that an entire species dies out. The idea is that evolution makes plants and animals pass on their genes to the next generation more efficiently, but it does not guarantee the survival of the population or the species. Obviously, that is true, and extinction occurs often. Evolution cannot foresee the future. This is, however, nothing at all to do with suicide.

A candidate for a future evolutionary suicide might be cod. Cod is caught as fish by humans. The fish do not weigh as much as they used to, mostly because they do not survive long enough. They do, however, mature earlier. Although this means the number of eggs per female fish is reduced, its effect depends rather on the extent of overfishing. Data suggests that when fishing is controlled, cod numbers return to their former level. This was the lesson of World War II, when cod fishing in many areas was greatly reduced, and pre-war cod numbers recovered.
Jewish Virtual Library

**Jewish Virtual Library** (JVL) is a Jewish topic-based online encyclopedia set up in 1993. It has been one of the most wide-ranging databases covering the culture and history of Jews and antisemitism.

## History

The website was first made in the late 1990s. It was first called The Jewish Student Online Research Center (JSOURCE).According to the website, the Library covers material that cannot be found anywhere else in the world, such as information about projects where the United States and Israel worked together, and how Americans were treated during the Holocaust.  It explains that it got permission to use materials from the Library of Congress, from the American Jewish Historical Society, the Anti-Defamation League, the Simon Wiesenthal Center, the Foreign Ministry of Israel, and Prime Minister’s Office, Rabbi Joseph Telushkin (author of _Jewish Literacy_), and dozens of other sources.

It has more than 13,000 articles and 6,000 photographs and maps about Jewish history, Israel, U.S.-Israel relations, the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, and Judaism.  The website has all of the words of the Tanakh.  The Jewish Virtual Library also has the Israel advocacy text "Myths and Facts", edited by Mitchell Bard, in several languages.

## Reception

John Jaeger, in an article published by the _Association of College and Research Libraries_, said of the Jewish Virtual Library:
> "This library, once it is entered, is more like a living encyclopedia than it is anything else. One has options to click on, such as history, women, biography, politics, Israel, maps, and Judaic Treasures at the Library of Congress, with each launching a person into a different realm. The site is extremely well put together.

Karen Evans of Indiana State University wrote that the site covers many different topics, with "easily accessible, balanced information".

## Related pages

- Holocaust Encyclopedia
- Anti-Defamation League

## Other websites

- Jewish Virtual Library
- Anti-Defamation League
- Southern Poverty Law Center
Taio Cruz

**Taio Cruz** (born 23 April 1980) is an English R&B singer. He started his career by writing songs for other singers.

Cruz has released three studio albums and his single, "Break Your Heart" which was featured on his _Rokstarr_ album was a number one hit in both the UK and the USA. In 2014 he released his fourth album called _#Black_.

## Albums

Taio Cruz has released 3 studio albums:
|Year|Album|
| --- | --- |
|2008|_Departure_|
|2009|_Rokstarr_|
|2011|_TY.O_|

## Other websites

- Taio Cruz's Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Taio Cruz
- **img**: TC Wiki Image 2012.jpg
- **img capt**: Taio Cruz in 2012
- **img size**: 300px
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Jacob Taio Cruz
- **origin**: London, England, UK
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B, Dance music, dance, Hip hop music, hip hop
- **occupation**: Singer-Songwriter, Record producer
- **label**: Rokstarr Entertainment Division, Island Records, Island, Republic Records, Republic, Mercury Records, Mercury
- **url**: [http://taiocruzmusic.co.uk Official website]
Martin Truex Jr.

**Martin Lee Truex Jr.** (born June 29, 1980 in Mayetta, New Jersey) is an American racecar driver. Truex drives part-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 56 Toyota Camry for TRICON Garage. Truex won the 2004 and 2005 Xfinity Series championships. Truex won the 2017 NASCAR Cup Series Championship in the No. 78 Furniture Row Racing Toyota. Truex's brother Ryan Truex is also a race car driver, with 3 NASCAR Xfinity Series wins to his name.

Truex announced in June 2024 during a press conference at Iowa Speedway that he would be retiring from full-time NASCAR Cup Series racing, after 20 years of Cup racing. He was named one of NASCAR's 75 Greatest Drivers in 2023. He was eliminated from his final playoff appearance in the Round of 16 at Bristol Motor Speedway.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (nascar driver)

- **best cup pos**: 1st- 2017 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series, 2017
- **best nationwide pos**: 1st- 2004 NASCAR Busch Series, 2004, 2005 NASCAR Busch Series, 2005
- **best truck pos**: 77th- 2005 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, 2005
- **cup car team**: No. 19 (Joe Gibbs Racing)
- **cup poles**: 21
- **cup top tens**: 184
- **cup wins**: 34
- **first cup race**: 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series, 2004 Bass Pro Shops MNBA 500 (Bristol Motor Speedway, Bristol)
- **first cup win**: 2007 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, 2007 Autism Speaks 400 (Dover International Speedway, Dover)
- **first nationwide race**: 2001 NASCAR Busch Grand National Series, 2001 MNBA.com 200 (Dover International Speedway, Dover)
- **first nationwide win**: 2004 NASCAR Busch Series, 2004 Sharpie Professional 250 (Bristol Motor Speedway, Bristol)
- **first truck race**: 2005 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, 2005 Toyota Tundra Milwaukee 200 (Milwaukee Mile, Milwaukee)
- **first truck win**: 2021 Pinty's Truck Race on Dirt
- **nationwide poles**: 10
- **nationwide top tens**: 61
- **nationwide wins**: 13
- **prev cup pos**: 1st
- **previous year**: 2017
- **prev nationwide pos**: 34th
- **prev nationwide year**: 2010
- **prev truck pos**: 85th
- **prev truck year**: 2006
- **truck poles**: 0
- **truck top tens**: 1
- **truck wins**: 1
- **updated on**: August 20th, 2023
- **birth place**: Mayetta, New Jersey, Mayetta, New Jersey, United States
- **caption**: Truex Jr. at the 2015 Toyota SaveMart 350
- **image**: TSM350 - 2015 - Martin Truex Jr. - 1 - Stierch.jpg
- **name**: Martin Truex Jr
Haitian Revolution

The **Haitian Revolution** (1791–1804) was a conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, leading to the abolition of slavery in Haiti and the formation of Haiti as the first modern republic ruled by Africans.  It was the biggest slave rebellion since the Zanj rebellion agains the Abbasid Caliphate in Iraq, which also lasted 14 years. Its leaders were former slaves who decided to fight for freedom, like Toussaint L'ouverture, Cécile Fatiman, Dutty Boukman, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines.  The Haitian Revolution led to Haiti being the second nation in the Americas (after the United States of America) formed from a European colony, and the first one to ban slavery.
|colspan="3"|Commanders and leaders||
| --- | --- | --- |
|**1791–1793** * Dutty Boukman **†** *  Jean-François Papillon * Georges Biassou * Toussaint Louverture * Vincent Ogé **1793–1798** * Paul-Louis Dubuc * Joaquín Moreno **1798–1801** * Toussaint Louverture **1802–1804** * Toussaint Louverture * Jean-Jacques Dessalines * Henri Christophe * Alexandre Pétion * François Capois * John Duckworth * John Loring|**1791–1793** * Viscount de Blanchelande * Léger-Félicité Sonthonax **1793–1798** * Toussaint Louverture * André Rigaud * Alexandre Pétion **1798–1801** * André Rigaud **1802–1804** * Napoleon Bonaparte * Charles Leclerc **†** * Vicomte de Rochambeau * Villaret de Joyeuse|Thomas Maitland|
Janenschia

***Janenschia*** (named after Werner Janensch) was a huge, plant-eating dinosaur with an elongated neck and tail. It was a sauropod from the late Jurassic period, about 156 million to 150 million years ago. _Janenschia_ had a small head, blunt teeth, and a short, thick tail; it was about 80 feet (24 m) long. This titanosaurid back may have been covered with bony, armored plates. Fossils have been found in Tanzania, Africa. It is said that this dinosaur was a secondary prey for T-rex.
Hadrian

**Hadrian** (Publius Aelius Hadrianus, 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman Emperor from 117 to 138.

He is well known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Roman territory in Britain. In Rome, he built the Pantheon, Castel Sant'Angelo (originally Hadrian's Tomb) and the Temple of Venus and Roma.

In addition to being emperor, Hadrian was a humanist and a lover of Greek culture in all his tastes. Hadrian was the third of the so-called Five Good Emperors.

Hadrian was born to a Hispano-Roman family, probably in Italica (near Seville). His predecessor Trajan was a maternal cousin of Hadrian's father. Trajan never officially designated an heir, but according to his wife Pompeia Plotina, Trajan named Hadrian emperor immediately before his death. Trajan's wife and his friend Licinius Sura were well-disposed towards Hadrian, and he may well have owed his succession to them.

During his reign, Hadrian traveled to nearly every province of the empire. Hadrian sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the empire: he ordered the construction of many temples in the city.

During his travels, Hadrian met a common-born young man named Antinous, who became his favourite and probable lover. In 130, when travelling through Egypt and sailing on the Nile, Antinous drowned. Hadrian grieved his loss deeply, and did much to preserve his memory, including founding the city of Antinoöpolis and asking the Greeks to diefy Antinous.

Hadrian spent much of his time with the military. He usually wore military attire, and dined and slept amongst the soldiers. He ordered military training and drilling to be more rigorous and even made use of false reports of attack to keep the army alert. Despite his fondness for the army, there was little military activity throughout the empire while Hadrian reigned. After he became emperor, Hadrian withdrew from Trajan's conquests in Mesopotamia and Armenia, and even considered abandoning Dacia. Late in his reign, he stopped the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, renaming the province Syria Palaestina.

In 136 an ailing Hadrian adopted Lucius Aelius as his heir, but he died suddenly two years later. In 138, Hadrian promised to adopt Antoninus Pius if he would in turn adopt Marcus Aurelius and Aelius' son Lucius Verus as his own eventual successors. Antoninus agreed, and soon afterward Hadrian died at his villa near Tibur.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Hadrian
- **title**: Roman Emperor, Emperor of the Roman Empire
- **full name**: Publius Aelius Hadrianus
 (from birth to accession and adoption);
 Caesar Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus (as emperor)
- **image**: Bust Hadrian Musei Capitolini MC817.jpg
- **caption**: Marble bust of Hadrian.
- **reign**: 10 August 117 –
10 July 138
()
- **predecessor**: Trajan
- **successor**: Antoninus Pius
- **spouse**: Vibia Sabina
- **issue**: Lucius Aelius
 Antoninus Pius
 (both adoptive)
- **dynasty**: Nervan-Antonian Dynasty, Nervan-Antonian
- **father**: Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer
- **mother**: Domitia Paulina
- **birth place**: Italica, Hispania
- **death place**: Baiae
- **burial place**: Rome
Civilization III

***Civilization III*** or ***Civ 3*** is a turn based strategy computer game by Firaxis Games from 2001. It is the third part of the successful Civilization series. The game has two expansion sets, _Play the World_ and _Conquests_. In the game, you control a nation from the Stone Age to the modern Age. _Civilization III_ has many new innovations in contrast with _Civilization II_. Strategic resources and country borders exist, and the nation, not the cities, will support the military units.

## Related pages

- _Civilization_ (series)
- _Civilization IV_
Sinterklaas

**Sinterklaas** (also called **Sint Nicolaas**) is a traditional holiday figure in Dutch-speaking Europe (The Netherlands and Flanders), and is also well known in the former Dutch colonies. Every year he is celebrated in The Netherlands, one day before Saint Nicholas died (5 December) and on (6 December) in Belgium. His helper and best friend is Black Peter. Sinterklaas is the basis of the mythical holiday figure of Santa Claus in the United States. Sinterklaas has nothing to do with Christmas. Christmas will also be celebrated in the Netherlands as well as in Belgium, so Santa Claus is not the same as Sinterklaas (in the Netherlands). Sinterklaas arrives from Spain in a boat and has a white horse that can walk across rooftops. Every little kid puts his shoe at the chimney (or the window) and sings a song, when the kid goes to sleep sinterklaas comes and puts a present in the shoe.
.
Zwarte Piet

**Zwarte Piet** (, Dutch for "Black Pete"; , , ) is the friend of Saint Nicholas (, , , ) in the folklore of the Low Countries.

The character first appeared in an 1850 book by Amsterdam schoolteacher Jan Schenkman.

Zwarte Piet is black because he is a Moor from Spain. People playing Zwarte Piet usually put on blackface and colourful suits along with curly wigs and bright red lipstick.

Recently, the character has become controversial with many saying it was racist towards people of African descent.
Auto mechanic

An **auto mechanic** is a mechanic that works with cars, car parts, and special car changes that make the car work differently called modifications. Auto mechanics can either know all about all the different parts that let the car work, or they can specialize in one specific kind of part or car. People go to auto mechanics for many reasons: They might need to get a new car part, they might need to find out what is wrong with their car, or they might want to add something new to the car to make it better. Auto mechanics almost always work in places called garages, that are made for the work that auto mechanics do.
Gabbi Tuft

**Gabbi Alon Tuft** (born November 1, 1978) is an American TikToker and former professional wrestler. She is best known for her time in WWE where she competed under the ring name **Tyler Reks**. She wrestled on their Raw, SmackDown and ECW brands. During her time in Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), Tuft was a one-time FCW Florida Heavyweight Champion and a one-time FCW Florida Tag Team Champion with Johnny Curtis.

Reksdebuted on ECW and was also in a pre-show battle royal at WrestleMania XXVI which was won by Yoshi Tatsu. Reks also was on Team SmackDown at the 2010 version of Bragging Rights. Her brand won the trophy for the second time in a row. She asked to be released from her WWE contract on August 21, 2012 because she wanted to retire from professional wrestling and spend more time with her family.

Born male, Gabbi Tuft publicly came out as a trans woman in February 2021.

## Championships and accomplishments

- **Florida Championship Wrestling**
    - FCW Florida Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
    - FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Johnny Curtis (1) and Joe Hennig (1)
- ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
    - Ranked No. 156 of the top 500 wrestlers in the _PWI 500_ in 2009
- **World Wrestling Entertainment**
    - Bragging Rights Trophy (2010) – with Team SmackDown <small>(Big Show, Rey Mysterio, Jack Swagger, Alberto Del Rio, Edge and Kofi Kingston)</small>
    - Slammy Award for Most Menacing Haircut (2010)

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Gabbi Tuft
- **names**: Gabe Tuft
Taj Milano
Tyler Reks
- **image**: Gabbi Tuft Nov 2023.jpg
- **caption**: Tuft in November 2023
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California
- **billed**: Laguna Beach, California
- **trainer**: Mike Bell (wrestler), Mike Bell
UPW Training, Ultimate Pro Wrestling
Florida Championship Wrestling, FCW Staff
- **debut**: February 2007
- **retired**: August 22, 2012
Blake Griffin

**Blake Austin Griffin** (born March 16, 1989) is an American former professional basketball player. He played 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA).  He played for the Los Angeles Clippers, Detroit Pistons, Brooklyn Nets, and Boston Celtics.

Griffin played college basketball for two years at the University of Oklahoma, then decided to enter the NBA Draft.

During his NBA career, Griffin was a 6× NBA All-Star, the 2011 Rookie of the Year, and the winner of the 2011 NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion.

## NBA career

In the 2009 NBA Draft, the Clippers chose him with the first pick. However, Griffin broke a kneecap during the preseason and missed the entire 2009-2010 season. He finally played his first regular season NBA game on October 27, 2010. Griffin scored 20 points and had 14 rebounds, although the Clippers lost to the Portland Trail Blazers, 98-88.

Griffin quickly became known as a hard working player and a good dunker. He was chosen to be in the slam dunk contest during the 2011 NBA All-Star Weekend, and was also chosen to play in the 2011 NBA All-Star Game.

On April 16, 2024, Griffin announced that he was retiring from playing professional basketball.

## Other websites

- Blake Griffin's Official website
- Blake Griffin at NBA.com

## Infobox (nba player)

- **name**: Blake Griffin
- **image**: Blake Griffin Brooklyn Nets 2022 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Griffin with the Brooklyn Nets in 2022
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 9
- **weight lb**: 250
- **birth place**: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- **college**: Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball, Oklahoma
- **nationality**: American
- **draft round**: 1
- **draft pick**: List of first overall NBA draft picks, 1
- **draft team**: Los Angeles Clippers
- **draft year**: 2009
- **position**: Power forward (basketball), Power forward
- **number**: 91
- **career start**: 2009
- **career end**: 2023
- **years1**: –
- **team1**: Los Angeles Clippers
- **years2**: –
- **team2**: Detroit Pistons
- **years3**: –
- **team3**: Brooklyn Nets
- **team4**: Boston Celtics
Hedge

A **hedge** or **hedgerow** is a close-knit row of shrubs and sometimes tree species. They were usually planted and "trained" to form a barrier. They marked the boundary of an area, and so were a sign of possession.

Livestock farmers use them to prevent cattle straying out of fields. Animals which cannot usually be contained in fields (hill sheep for example) need a man and dog to look after them, which is an expense. Hedges were much more common before modern agriculture. Modern crop farming uses machines to gather the crop, and so hedges have almost disappeared in some areas.

When hedges are first laid, they are usually all of one species. But over hundreds of years, the number of species in a hedge gradually increases, and often includes fully-grown trees. There are many hedges in Europe which have been there for 500 or a thousand years.

Making hedges into ornaments is a skill called topiary.  Sometimes, hedges are made into mazes.

Hedges are vitally important to small birds and mammals. In the modern world they play the role which thick forest undergrowth would have played in an ancient ecology. The nests in a hedge or thicket often cannot be got at by larger predators. Obviously tiny birds like robins or finches choose safe places to nest, and if they cannot, then their brood is unlikely to survive.
Cauchy distribution

In mathematics, the **Cauchy-Lorentz distribution** (after Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Hendrik Lorentz) is a continuous probability distribution with two parameters: a location parameter and a scale parameter. As a probability distribution, it is usually called a _Cauchy distribution_. Physicists know it as a _Lorentz distribution_.

When the location parameter is 0 and the scale parameter is 1, the probability density function of the Cauchy distribution reduces to . This is called the **standard Cauchy distribution**.

The Cauchy distribution is used in spectroscopy to describe the spectral lines found there, and to describe resonance. It is also often used in statistics as the canonical example of a "pathological" distribution, since both its mean and its variance are undefined. The look of a Cauchy distribution is similar to that of a normal distribution, though with longer "tails".

Due to this, estimating the mean value may not converge to any single value with more data (law of large numbers) unlike a normal distribution; due to a higher chance of getting extreme values (the tails of a frequency plot).

## Related pages

- Student's t-distribution
Maze

A **maze** is a puzzle. It is made of a complex system of paths. Mazes can be on paper. They can also be big enough to walk through. Labyrinths, which are similar, have one winding path instead of many paths like a maze. Sometimes balls are placed in small mazes which have to be moved to the end through the maze.
Emperor Norton

**Joshua Abraham Norton**, or **Emperor Norton** (1819? - 1880) was a man who declared himself Emperor of the United States and Protector of Mexico. He was born in London  to John and Sarah Norton. but no one knows his actual birthday or what year he was born in.

Before he became emperor he was a citizen of San Francisco. Norton spent a lot of his early life in South Africa. Before he was emperor he made a living by being a businessman. He lost a lot of money by trying to control the rice market in San Francisco by buying all the rice he could find. This did not work because ships came with more rice.

Emperor Norton I died on January 8, 1880. The reason of his death is unknown. He collapsed on the corner of California and Grant on his way to a lecture. The next day, he had his funeral. During Emperor Norton’s funeral, a solar eclipse took place. The whole city came to his funeral, and all of them mourned. Emperor Norton is now buried at Woodlawn Cemetery.

## Influence

Writer Mark Twain based the character of The King in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn on Norton.
Gibbons v. Ogden

**Gibbons v. Ogden** was a United States Supreme Court case from 1824. Mostly because of a disagreement between who should be regulating the trading of goods and services between states. It gave the Congress the power to control interstate commerce.
Quaesitosaurus

***Quaesitosaurus*** (meaning "abnormal or extraordinary lizard") was a huge, long-necked, whip-tailed, plant-eating dinosaur that was found in the Gobi Desert in Mongolia. _Quaesitosaurus_ may have been about 75 feet (23 m) long. This sauropod dinosaur lived during the late Cretaceous Period, roughly 85-80 million years ago. _Quaesitosaurus_ may be the same as _Nemegtosaurus_. This environment was semi-arid during the Mesozoic Era.
Torvosaurus

***Torvosaurus*** was a large dinosaur from the end of the Jurassic period. It lived about 153 to 148 million years ago in what is now Colorado and Portugal.

_Torvosaurus_, possibly the largest carnivore of all time, was a large, heavily-built, bipedal carnivore. It grew to 9 to 11 meters in length and an estimated weight of about 2 metric tons. Its hands and arms were about average for its size. In proportion to other famous carnivores, _Allosaurus_ had more powerful arms, and _Tyrannosaurus_ had tiny arms.

Studies suggest that the paleoenvironment of this part of the Morrison Formation had rivers flowing from the west into a basin with a giant, saline alkaline lake. There were extensive wetlands nearby. Fossils from the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry of western Colorado show one of the most diverse Upper Jurassic vertebrate assemblages in the world. The Dry Mesa Quarry has produced the remains of the Jurassic sauropods such as _Apatosaurus_, _Diplodocus_, _Barosaurus_, _Supersaurus_, _Brachiosaurus_, and _Camarasaurus;_ the iguanodontid _Camptosaurus;_ and the flesh eating _Allosaurus_, _Ceratosaurus_ and _Ornitholestes_, as well as _Drinker, Hesperosaurus_ and _Stegosaurus_. It's also known that _Torvosaurus_ may have preyed upon young _Barosaurus_.

## Sexual dimorphisms

It's known that male _Torvosaurus_ were different from females. Sometimes, the parent would leave its offspring to get food to the nest.

## Media

_Torvosaurus_ appeared in video games and TV shows such as Dinosaur King and Dinosaur Revolution.
Life (British TV series)

***Life*** is a 2009 British biology show made by the BBC with many episodes. The shows include the aspects of animals' environment, as well as some examples of how the environment shapes different animal species.

## Episodes

Each episode is divided into parts, examples of how different animal species must adapt to the environment.

## Other websites

- Official _Life_ website at BBC Online

## Infobox (television)

- **director**: Oprah Winfrey
- **narrated**: David Attenborough (BBC)
Oprah Winfrey (Discovery)
- **runtime**: 47 min
- **num episodes**: 39
- **num seasons**: 1
- **network**: Discovery Channel
- **camera**: Double camera
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **language**: English
Brassica oleracea

***Brassica oleracea***, or **wild cabbage**, is a species of _Brassica_ native to coastal southern and western Europe.

Its tolerance of salt and lime, and its dislike of competition from other plants, restrict it to limestone sea cliffs, like the chalk cliffs on both sides of the English Channel.

## Cultivation

_B. oleracea_ is believed to have been cultivated for several thousand years. It has been bred into a wide range of cultivars, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, and more. Some of which are hardly recognisable as being members of the same genus, let alone species.

The plant is used because of its large food reserves, which are stored over the winter in its leaves. It is rich in essential nutrients including vitamin C.

The cultivars of _B. oleracea_ are grouped into seven major cultivar groups, of which the Acephala Group remains most like the natural wild cabbage in appearance:
- Acephala Group: kale and collard greens
- Alboglabra Group: Chinese broccoli
- Botrytis Group: cauliflower, Romanesco broccoli and broccoflower
- Capitata Group: cabbage
- Gemmifera Group: brussels sprouts
- Gongylodes Group: kohlrabi
- Italica Group: broccoli

All are in the same species. However, artificial selection has brought about genetic differences between the groups.

In places such as the Channel Islands and Canary Islands where the frost is minimal, and plants can grow all year round, some cultivars can grow up to 3 meters tall. These "tree cabbages" yield fresh leaves throughout the year, and the plant is not destroyed as with a normal cabbage. Their woody stalks are sometimes dried and made into walking sticks.

Some (notably brussels sprouts and broccoli) contain high levels of sinigrin which may help prevent bowel cancer.
PlayStation Portable system software

The **PlayStation Portable** has firmware that can get an update. When one updates the firmware, the battery must be charged to at least 3 bars (i.e. 60%), and the PSP should not be switched off. This may result in a brick and/or a constant startup BSOD or another screen "of death". As of January 15, 2015, the latest firmware is 6.61.

## Version Chart

|Version|Features|More features|
| --- | --- | --- |
|6.61|||
|6.60|PlayStation Spot service ended in Japan|Security changes|
|6.39|PSN password can now be changed.|Various security improvements.|
|6.38|Security improvements|Allows you to use Qriocity.|
|6.37|Required for _Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy_|Some security improvements|
|6.35|Adds Qriocity to the menu.|_Hot Shots Golf_ exploit patched|
|6.31|Fixed stability and game bugs.|Security patches fixed.|
|6.30|Datel cheat engine patch fix|Security improvements|
|6.20|Can sort games by genre.|_Patapon_ exploit patch fixed.|
|6.10|Required for _Gran Turismo_|Can download new themes from the PlayStation Store.|
|6.00|Required for _Tekken 5_.|(PSP 1000) Network Update changed to System Update.|
|5.70|New option for Themes.|(PSP N1000 Only) _Your Birth Date_ added to System Settings.|
|5.50|Information Board Added.|PsOne added to PlayStation Store.|
|5.00|New Theme options.|PlayStation Store added to the XMB.|
|4.00|Required for N+|Internet Time added.|
|3.00|Video added to the XMB|Required for _Puzzle Scape_|
|2.XX|Fixed TIFF exploit in 3 steps|You can play copyrighted videos.|
|2.00|Internet added to the XMB|New visualizations.|
|1.52|Original UK Release.|Music in UMDs supported.|
|1.51|Security enhancement (patch)|Music added to XMB.|
|1.50|Original U.S. release.|Critical security installments|
|1.00|Original launch in Japan|Supports Network Update|

## Infobox (os)

- **name**: PlayStation Portable system software
- **logo**: PSP Logo.svg
- **developer**: Sony Computer Entertainment
- **family**: Proprietary
- **released**: (as 1.00)
- **language**: Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Dutch, English, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish
- **ui**: XrossMediaBar
- **website**: *[http://us.playstation.com/support/systemupdates/psp/ USA]
*[http://www.jp.playstation.com/psp/update/ Japan]
- **working state**: Discontinued
- **source model**: Closed source
- **latest release version**: 6.61
- **updatemodel**: Direct Download
Download via PS3
Download via PC
Universal Media Disc
- **supported platforms**: PlayStation Portable
- **preceded by**: PocketStation
- **succeeded by**: PlayStation Vita (PlayStation Vita system software, system software)
Sintering

**Sintering** is a way of making solids objects from powder.

During sintering powder is heated just before it would melt. In this way, powder particles bind to each other and form a solid object.
Covenant

A **covenant** is a formal agreement, a promise made between two people. It is often used as a religious promise. It can also be an item which is a symbol of keeping the promise. Some covenants include stone tablets, written documents, and other sacred items. In Judaism, the Ark of the Covenant was a wooden box which held the stone tablets with the Ten Commandments written on them. The Jewish people saw the box as a symbol of God being with them and leading them.

## Related pages

- Contract
- Covenant (law)
Least concern

**Least concern** is a term used by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to talk about living things that are not endangered. They do not need to be worried about because there are many of them found at the time of classification.

## Mammals

Here is a list of mammals that are least concern. They include:

- African civet
- African golden wolf
- African linsang
- Amazon weasel
- American badger
- American hog-nosed skunk
- Angolan genet
- Antarctic fur seal
- Asian badger
- Asian palm civet
- Back-striped weasel
- Black-backed jackal
- Black-gilded pipistrelle
- Bobcat
- Brown fur seal
- Brown palm civet
- Burmese ferret-badger
- California sea lion
- Canada lynx
- Cape bushbuck
- Cape genet
- Caracal
- Chinese ferret-badger
- Collared pipistrelle
- Common genet
- Coppery pipistrelle
- Cougar
- Coyote
- Crab-eating fox
- Culpeo
- Darwin's fox
- Egyptian weasel
- Eurasian lynx
- European badger
- European polecat
- Fennec fox
- Geoffroy's cat
- Giant forest genet
- Golden jackal
- Golden palm civet
- Guadalupe fur seal
- Haussa genet
- Honey badger
- Hooded skunk
- Humboldt's hog-nosed skunk
- Jaguarundi
- Japanese badger
- Javan ferret-badger
- Juan Fernández fur seal
- Jungle cat
- Large Indian civet
- Least weasel
- Leopard cat
- Long-tailed weasel
- Malayan civet
- Malayan weasel
- Masked palm civet
- Minke whale
- Molina's hog-nosed skunk
- Necklace pipistrelle
- New Zealand fur seal
- North American river otter
- Nyala
- Ocelot
- Pardine genet
- Reddish-gray mouse lemur
- Rusty-spotted genet
- Saharan striped polecat
- Sand Cat
- Serval
- Servaline genet
- Siberian weasel
- Side-striped jackal
- Small Indian civet
- Small-toothed civet
- Social pipistrelle
- South American fur seal
- South American sea lion
- Southeastern myotis
- Southern spotted skunk
- Steppe polecat
- Stoat
- Striped hog-nosed skunk
- Striped polecat
- Striped skunk
- Subantarctic fur seal
- Western spotted skunk
- Wildcat
- White-tailed deer
- Wolf
- Yellow-bellied weasel

## Birds

Here is a list of birds that are least concern. They include:
- Black-banded fruit dove
- Common ground dove
- Dwarf fruit dove
- Eared dove
- Eclectus parrot
- Egyptian plover
- House sparrow
- Laughing dove
- Moreno's ground dove
- Orange fruit dove
- Rock dove
- Ruddy ground dove
- White-bellied green pigeon
- Mourning dove

## Reptiles

- Morelet's crocodile
- Nile crocodile
- Saltwater crocodile
- Spectacled caiman

## Fish

- Goliath tigerfish
- Flathead grey mullet

## Insects

- Asian tiger mosquito
French Communist Party

The **French Communist Party** (, PCF) is a French far-left political party. Founded in 1920, it had a large influence in the XXth century, especially after the Second World War, and is still important in the French political life, though it declined over years.

## History

The French Communist Party was founded in 1920 after the Tours Congress of the French Section of the Worker's International (SFIO, today the Socialist Party), as the French Section of the Communist international (SFIC), by members who wanted to join the Third International. It took in 1921 the name of "Communist Party".

In 1936, it was a part of the Popular Front and supported its social reforms, but refused to participate in the government.

During the Second World War, the PCF became a clandestine organisation and organised a massive armed resistance against the Nazi occupation. At the Liberation, the party was the most important in France and had several ministers in the Provisional Government. However, its support to independentist movement in French Indochina and to strikes isolated it from other parties.

From the 1930s to the 1980s, the French Communist Party's line is close to the Soviet Union's. The collapse of the USSR in 1991 also affects the PCF, whose electoral support decreases rapidly.

## Electoral results

At the French 2007 legislative election, the PCF gained 4.29% of the votes, one of its worst results. However, the Communist party is still one of the most important party in some regions of France (Seine-Saint-Denis, Nord...), where it has been historically strong.

In 2009, the PCF created the "Left Front" () with the Left Party, and ran as a part of this alliance in the 2009 European Parliament election and the 2009 Regional election, with some success.

## Related pages

- Political Parties in France

## Other websites

- Official website of the French Communist Party
- Official website of the Left Front
Skagit Valley

**Skagit Valley** is a valley in Washington in the United States. It contains the Skagit River. There was a plan to build nuclear power plants in Skagit Valley but the people didn't want them.
Tim Duncan

**Timothy "Tim" Theodore Duncan** (born April 25, 1976) is a former professional basketball player from the US Virgin Islands. He played the power forward and center for the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association (NBA) his entire 19 year career.

## Early life

Duncan was a swimmer when he was young. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo destroyed the pool he used to practice swimming, and his mother died a year later. Duncan gave up on swimming after this and began playing basketball.

## Basketball career

Duncan played college basketball for four years at Wake Forest University. After college, the San Antonio Spurs chose him with the first pick in the 1997 NBA Draft. Duncan helped the Spurs win NBA championships in 1999, 2003, 2005, 2007, and 2014. He was named the Most Valuable Player (MVP) in the NBA in 2002 and 2003. Duncan was a 15 time All-Star and received the title of NBA All-Star Game co-MVP in 2000. He won his 5th and final title of NBA in 2014, when he was 38. He retired after finishing his 19th season.
Spawn (biology)

**Spawn** is the eggs of some aquatic animals. Laying those eggs is called **spawning**. Animals that live in water, such as fish and amphibians, reproduce by spawning. When the spawn hatches, the young fish are called fry and the young amphibians are called tadpoles.
Sawbridgeworth

**Sawbridgeworth** is a small town in England. It is in Hertfordshire. It is on a main road between Harlow and Bishop's Stortford.
Abelisaurus

***Abelisaurus*** is a genus of theropod dinosaur. They lived in South America during the Upper Cretaceous period. There is one species in the genus _Abelisaurus comahuensis_.

_Abelisaurus_ was the first abelisaurid that people found. The family, the Abelisauridae, is named after _Abelisaurus_'. _Abelisaurus_ is the type genus. Despite this, scientists do not know much about how the dinosaur lived.

The only fossils found so far are several skull bones.  People found them in Argentina. Scientists put them back together in a lab to create a skull. The skull is similar to that of other members of its family. Like most abelisaurs, it is blunt and short in length, but tall from top to bottom. _Abelisaurus_ probably ate large sauropod dinosaurs, such as _Amargasaurus_. Scientists think _Abelisaurus_ hunted in packs. It may also have hunted smaller plant-eating dinosaurs, such as the small ornithopod _Gasparinisaura_.
Gargoyleosaurus

***Gargoyleosaurus*** ("gargoyle lizard") was an armoured ankylosaur which walked on four legs and had a stiff tail. It had a series of spikes running along each side of its body. _Gargoyleosaurus_ was about 10 feet (3 m) long and was roughly 3.3 feet (1 m) tall to the top of the shoulder it may have weighed about a ton.

_Gargoyleosaurus_ is found in the  of the Morrison Formation (latest Upper Jurassic) in Wyoming. It lived about 155–144 million years ago.

## Description

This dinosaur had a long, narrow beak with teeth on both the upper and lower inner surface (most other ankylosaurs have teeth on only the lower beak). This plant-eater had protective body armour on the upper surface of its body and tail (hollow bony oval plates).
Nanosaurus

***Nanosaurus*** ("small or dwarf lizard") was an ornithopod dinosaur that measured about 4 ft (1.1 m) long, weighing about 50 pounds (22.5 kg). Nanosaurus had a horny beak and a small skull with self-sharpening cheek teeth. Nanosaurus may have had cheek pouches.

This plant eater was bipedal (walked on two legs). It had thin legs and a stiffened tail that gave it speed and agility. It had five-fingered hands and four-toed feet, all clawed. It had large eyes and short arms. _Nanosaurus_ resembled Hypsilophodon. Its fossils (two partial skeletons and teeth) were found in Colorado and Utah in rocks of the Late Jurassic age.
Coelurus

***Coelurus*** (meaning "hollow") is a poorly known genus. It was perhaps a bipedal theropod dinosaur 6 feet (1.8 m) long, weighing roughly 20 kg. Its femur (thigh bone) was 55 cm long. It was a carnivore that lived during the late Jurassic period, about 156 to 145 million years ago. Its bones were hollow and lightweight, so _Coelurus_ was probably light and fast. Its fossils were found in Wyoming. _Coelurus_ was named by paleontologist Othniel C. Marsh in 1879.
CB Breogán

**Club Baloncesto Breogán** is a galician basketball team. It was founded in 1966. The team currently plays in league ACB, but in the past the team participated in European competitions.

## Major Trophies

- **LEB Oro** (_LEB Gold_) : **3** _(Record)_
    - 1998/99, 2017/18, 2020/21
- **Prince's Cup of Basketball**: **3** _(Record)_
    - 2007/08, 2017/18, 2020/21
- **Copa Galicia de Baloncesto** (_Galician League_): **14** _(Record)_
    - 1986, 1987, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2018, 2021, 2022

## Current Squad

This is the 2010-11 Breogán's squad.
- 4. James Feldeine (6 ft 4 in)
- 5. Eric Hayes (6 ft 4 in)
- 6. Jordi Vallmajó (6 ft 3 in)
- 7. Camilo Riveiro (6 ft 6.5 in)
- 8. Arnette Hallman (6 ft 6 in)
- 9. Cliff Brown (6 ft 7 in)
- 10. Brandon Polk (6 ft 7 in)
- 12. Óliver Arteaga (6 ft 10.3 in)
- 13. Xavi Forcada (6 ft 4.7 in)
- 14. José Amador (6 ft 11 in)
- 15. Betinho (6 ft 6.2 in)
- **President:**
    - Jesús Lázare
- **Head coach:**
    - Natxo Lezkano

## Famous Players

- Santi Abad
- Jeff Adrien
- José Miguel Antúnez
- Charlie Bell
- Tanoka Beard
- Anthony Bonner
- Devin Davis
- James Donaldson
- Greg Foster
- Nikola Lončar
- Pete Mickeal
- Velimir Perasović
- Manel Sánchez

## Famous Coaches

- Andreu Casadevall
- Moncho López
XPilot

***XPilot*** is multiplayer 2D space action video game. It is an open source game, and its first version was released in 1991.

## Development

_XPilot_ was created in 1991 by Bjørn Stabell and Ken Ronny Schouten, students in computer science at the Tromsø university (Norway), as a multiplayer game similar to _Thrust_. They received a lot of patches and feedback when they released the first public version. The game has been improved a lot by players from all the world and has many contributors. Originally only available on UNIX, it was ported on the Mac OS and Microsoft Windows. It has been forked and new versions appeared: XPilot 5 and XPilot NG (Next Generation).

In 2009 a version was released for iPhone and iTouch. Several projects are currently in progress: a Java version of XPilot, an optimised version for the _Blood's Music_ map and a project to improve the artificial intelligence.

## Other websites

- Official page of the original _XPilot_
- Page of _XPilot 5_ and _XPilot NT_
- Page of _XPilot NG_
- XPilot iPhone
- Java XPilot Client

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: XPilot
- **image**: xpilotscreen.jpg
- **caption**: Screen capture of _XPilot NG_ running under fvwm on Linux
- **developer**: Various
- **released**: 1992
- **genre**: Multiplayer online game, Multidirectional shooter
- **modes**: Multiplayer
- **platforms**: Unix-like, Microsoft Windows, Windows, Mac OS, iOS (Apple), iOS