juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Wesleyan

***Wesleyan*** is the adjective form of _Wesley_, which could also mean:
- John Wesley, the founder of _Methodism_
- The Wesleyan Church, split from the _Methodist Episcopal Church_ in 1843.
- Any person who adopts the principles of Wesleyan theology.
- _Wesleyan_ used as a noun may refer to one of many universities and liberal arts colleges named after John Wesley. Institutions include:
    - United States
    - Dakota Wesleyan University, in South Dakota
    - Illinois Wesleyan University, in Illinois
    - Indiana Wesleyan University, in Indiana
    - Iowa Wesleyan College, in Iowa
    - Kentucky Wesleyan College, in Kentucky
    - Nebraska Wesleyan University, in Nebraska
    - North Carolina Wesleyan College, in North Carolina
    - Ohio Wesleyan University, in Ohio
    - Oklahoma Wesleyan University, in Oklahoma
    - Roberts Wesleyan College, in New York
    - Southern Wesleyan University, in South Carolina
    - Tennessee Wesleyan College, in Tennessee
    - Texas Wesleyan University, in Texas
    - Virginia Wesleyan College, in Virginia
    - Wesleyan College, in Georgia
    - Wesleyan University, in Connecticut
    - West Virginia Wesleyan College, in West Virginia
    - Global
    - Nagasaki Wesleyan University, Japan
    - Wesleyan University, in the Philippines
Macintosh

**Macintosh**, **Mackintosh**, or **McIntosh** can be:
- Apple Macintosh (computer)
- Mackintosh, raincoat
- McIntosh (apple), type of apple
- McIntosh, Alabama
- McIntosh Laboratory, hi-fi manufacturer

**Macintosh** and similar spellings is a surname:
- Charles Macintosh (Scottish inventor)
- Charles Rennie Mackintosh (Scottish architect and designer)
- Donald McIntosh, Canadian-born officer in Custer's 7th Cavalry, killed at Little Big Horn
- The Scottish Clan MacKintosh
- Winston Hubert McIntosh, better known as Peter Tosh
Southern rock

**Southern rock** is a kind of rock music from the southern part of the United States. Some southern rock music groups include: Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Allman Brothers Band and Molly Hatchet.

## Notable artists

- The Allman Brothers Band
- Lynyrd Skynyrd
- Atlanta Rhythm Section
- Wet Willy
- Molly Hatchet
- Outlaws
- Blackfoot
- Black Oak Arkansas
Ostrów Mazowiecka

**Ostrów Mazowiecka** is a main town of Ostrów County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland.

- Population (as of 2008):  a. 23 540
- Area: 22,09 km²
- Town status: Since 1434
- Postal code: 07-300, 07-302, 07-310
- Current Mayor: Hubert Betlejewski
- Community: Ostrów
- Twin town: Brembate di Sopra (Italy), Iziaslav (Ukraine)

## Related pages

- Brok
100

**100** or **one hundred** (Roman numeral: **C**) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Friday.

It is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), **100 AD** (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M).

## Events

- Roman Empire
    - Pliny the Younger advances to consulship
    - Tiberius Avidius Quietus rule as governor of Roman Britain ends
    - Timgad (Thamugas) founded by Emperor Trajan
    - The Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers
    - Bricks become the primary building material in the Empire

- Europe
    - Lions have become extinct in Europe by this year

- Asia
    - Pakores, last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom, becomes king
    - In China, the wheelbarrow is first used

- Americas
    - Hopewell culture begins in what is now Ohio (uncertain date)
    - Teotihuacan at the center of Mexi reaches a population of 50,000

- Arabia
    - Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Hadramaut

- Religion
    - The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China
    - Fourth Buddhist Council begins
    - The making of the Kama Sutra begins in India

## Deaths

- Josephus, Jewish historian
- Agrippa II of Judea
Niue

**Niue** is a sovereign island country in the south Pacific.

It is located between Tonga, Samoa and the Cook Islands, it is commonly known as "Rock of Polynesia".

It has its own government, but it is an associated state of New Zealand. This means that Niue's head of state is New Zealand's sovereign (king) in right, and most diplomatic relations are conducted by New Zealand on Niue's behalf.

Niue is not a member state of the United Nations, but it is a member of some United Nations agencies.

The territory is 2,400 kilometres northeast of New Zealand in a triangle between Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands.

## Related pages

- Niue national football team

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Niue
- **native name**: _Niuē_
- **common name**: Niue
- **image flag**: Flag of Niue.svg
- **image coat**: Public Seal of Niue.svg
- **symbol type**: Seal
- **image map**: Niue on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg
- **national anthem**: _Ko e Iki he Lagi_
- **capital**: Alofi
- **demonym**: Niuean
- **largest settlement type**: largest village
- **largest settlement**: capital
- **leader title1**: List of Niuean monarchs, Monarch
- **leader name1**: Charles III
- **leader title3**: Premier of Niue, Premier
- **leader name3**: Toke Talagi
- **legislature**: Niue Assembly
- **sovereignty type**: Associated state
- **established event1**: Niue Constitution Act 1974 (NZ), Self-government in free association with New Zealand
- **established date1**: 19 October 1974
- **established event2**: Independence in foreign relations recognised by the UN
- **established date2**: 1994
- **area km2**: 260
- **percent water**: 0
- **population estimate**: 1,398
- **population estimate year**: July 2009
- **population estimate rank**: 221st
- **population density km2**: 5.35
- **population density sq mi**: 13.9
- **population density rank**: n/a
- **gdp ppp**: $10 million
- **currency code**: NZD
- **utc offset**: −11
- **drives on**: left
- **calling code**: +683
- **cctld**: .nu
Reichstag

**Reichstag** is the name of:

- The Reichstag building, the building where the former German legislature met
- Reichstag (institution), former parliament of Germany
The Last Supper

***The Last Supper*** is a mural by Leonardo da Vinci.  It depicts a scene in the New Testament of the Bible where Jesus has his last supper with his disciples prior to his arrest and crucifixion. In the painting, Jesus's disciples react after Jesus says that one of them would betray him. The painting shows the unique reaction of each disciple.

It is a very large tempera painting on the wall of the Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy.  It measures 4.6 meters (15 feet) x 8.8 meters (28.9 feet).

Leonardo began painting it in 1495 and finished it in 1498, but did not work on it all the time between these years. He used experimental techniques to create the mural.

The Last Supper has been called "perhaps the most important mural paintings in the world."

Some people think the painting has secret messages.
Thomas the Apostle

**Saint Thomas** is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. His name means "the twin".

## Doubting Thomas

Thomas is most famous for not being present when the other apostles (Jesus's followers and friends) first saw Jesus after he has been risen from the dead. Thomas was not there and when he heard about it, he did not believe his friends, and he said he wanted to see it for himself, even the marks in his hands where Jesus had been nailed to the cross. Jesus did return and showed Thomas. The phrase "Doubting Thomas" (a term for a person who does not believe something at first) comes from this story. Thomas didn't believe Christ had returned until he was invited by the risen Jesus to put his finger into the nail holes in Jesus' hands and his hand into Jesus' wounded side.

## Missionary Travels

Though not recorded in the Bible, there are many stories about Thomas working as a missionary.  The Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India believe that Thomas came to India to preach in 52 A.D. He is regarded as the patron saint of India. Other ancient accounts tell of him going to China and Indonesia.

## Related pages

- Twelve Apostles
Bartholomew the Apostle

**Bartholomew the Apostle** is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is the patron saint of Armenia, bookbinders, butchers, Florentine cheese and salt merchants, Gambatesa, Italy, leather workers; nervous diseases, plasterers; shoemakers; tanners, and trappers. Along with Saint Jude Thaddeus, he helped bring Christianity to Armenia. He is the patron saint of people who work with leather and animal skins because he was martyred (killed for his beliefs) by being skinned alive. He is usually represented by holding a large knife and his skin.

Bartholomew is also found in Islamic literature. In one such story mentioned by Suyuti, Ibn Arabi, Bayhaqi, and Abu Nuyam Bartholomew is described as one whom God has given extended life to and he meet the companions of the Prophet Muhammad in Iraq. This event took place during the reign of Umar.

## Related pages

- Twelve Apostles

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Bartholomew the Apostle
- **birth date**: 69th
- **feast day**: August 24 (Western Christianity, Western), June 11 (Orthodox)
- **venerated in**: Anglicanism
Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy
Lutheran Church, Lutheranism
Oriental Orthodoxy
Roman Catholicism
- **image**: Last judgement.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: _A painting called "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Judgment_(Michelangelo) The Last Judgment]" made by Michelangelo shows Bartholomew holding a knife and his own skin._
- **death place**: Albanopolis, Armenia,  crucified
- **titles**: Apostle, Martyr
- **attributes**: One of the Twelve Apostles. Probably a close friend of Saint Philip; his name is always mentioned in the Gospels in connection with him, and it was Philip who brought Bartholomew to Jesus.
- **patronage**: Armenia; Azerbaijan; bookbinders; butchers; cobblers; Florentine cheese merchants; Florentine salt merchants; Gambatesa, Italy; leather workers; Nervous system, nervous diseases; neurological diseases; plasterers; shoemakers; tanners; trappers; twitching; whiteners
- **major shrine**: Relics at San Bartolomeo all'Isola, Saint Bartholomew-on-the-Tiber Church, Rome, the Canterbury Cathedral, Frankfurt#Cathedral, cathedral in Frankfurt, and the San Bartolomeo Cathedral in Lipari.
Matthew the Evangelist

**Matthew the Evangelist** is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ and the traditional author of the Gospel of Matthew (AD 80-90). He is traditionally considered identical to the tax collector Matthew the Apostle or "Levi" mentioned in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

## Modern scholarship

According to the consensus of modern biblical scholars Matthew the Apostle is not the writer of the Gospel of Matthew, who in fact is anonymous. If the Gospel was not written by Matthew as tradition states, then the author was probably a male Jew, standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values, and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time.

## Related pages

- Twelve Apostles
John the Apostle

## Brief Overview

**John the Apostle** was an Apostle of Jesus along with the Other Twelve with additions of Matthias and Paul later after. He wrote many books of the Bible: the Gospel of John, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, and the Book of Revelation.

## Extended Overview

John was born in 6AD in Bethsaida in an area called Galilee which was ruled by Herod Agrippa at the time. John was the son of Zebedee and Salome. He was also the brother of James, the second Christian Martyr who along with him were part of the Twelve Original Apostles and followed Jesus Christ as one of his closest friends. John is mentioned many times in the New Testament and wrote a few books himself too. Some of these books include the Gospel of John, John 1, 2 and 3. He also wrote the last testament of the Bible: the Book of Revelation.

## Family Life/Life before Jesus Christ

John was the first son of Zebedee and Salome and the only brother of James and he was a bright child growing up. Historians suggest John was privileged, if not rich and they have 3 points to support themselves:

1. He was known by name to the high- priest. The high-priest was at the very top of Jewish society.
1. He was classically educated. He could read letters and spoke Hebrew, Aramaic and Greek and maybe even a bit of Roman.
1. His father relied on hired men or bought men in other translations, suggesting he had slaves. Slaves are expensive!

## Life after Jesus' death

John would've been devastated. Jesus would have been like a second brother to him and he would be utterly shattered. Then with the resurrection and ascension he would have been overjoyed. Amazed, even. John stayed in Jerusalem until the spirit of the Holy Spirit promise of the Pentecost had passed and he travelled all the way

After Pentecost, the next known place John went is unclear. He most likely went to his hometown in Galilee, Bethsaida and preached to the people there. He stayed in touch with the others when they went through Samaria and Jerusalem.

## Feast Day

The feast day is celebrated on December 27 in the Catholic and Church of England but is celebrated in December 26 in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Pope Paul III

**Pope Paul III** (; February 29, 1468 – November 10, 1549), born **Alessandro Farnese**, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 1534 to 1549.

## Early life

Alessandro Farnese was born in an ancient Roman family.  His grandfather was commander-in-chief of the papal troops under Pope Eugenius IV.

## Cardinal

In 1493, Pope Alexander VI made Farnese a cardinal.

## Pope

Cardinal Farnese was elected Pope in 1534; and he chose to be called Paul III.

Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

### Council of Trent

He convened the Council of Trent in 1545.

## Related pages

- List of popes

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Pope Paul III
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal Farnese

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Paul III
- **image**: Portrait of Pope Paul III Farnese (by Titian) - National Museum of Capodimonte.jpg
- **birth name**: Alessandro Farnese
- **birth date**: February 29, 1468
- **death date**: November 10, 1549
- **death place**: Rome
- **term start**: October 13, 1534
- **term end**: November 10, 1549
- **predecessor**: Pope Clement VII
- **successor**: Pope Julius III
- **other**: Paul
Pope Sixtus IV

**Pope Sixtus IV** (; 21 July 1414 - 12 August 1484), originally _Francesco della Rovere_, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 213th Pope from 1471 until his death in 1484.

He is known for beginning construction of the Sistine Chapel.

## Early life

Della Rovere was born in Celle Ligure, a town near Savona in Liguria. His family was important.

As a young man, he joined the Franciscan Order.  He rose in the order to head of the Franciscans in Liguria.

Della Rovere studied philosophy and theology at the University of Pavia; and he lectured at Padua, Bologna, Pavia, Siena, and Florence.

## Cardinal

In 1467, Pope Paul II raised della Rovere to the rank of Cardinal.

## Pope

He was elected pope on August 9, 1471.  He took the name Sixtus because the first day of the conclave which elected him pope was the Feast Day of St. Sixtus.

Pope Sixtus was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

### Papal actions

- **1474** – Christian I of Denmark was received in Rome.
- **1479** – University of Copenhagen established
- **1482** – St Bonaventura was canonized.

### Legacy

Sixtus ordered the building of the Ponte Sisto (Sistine Bridge) across the Tiber River.

The Vatican Library was enlarged during the reign of Sixtus; and the number of manuscripts grew ten times larger—from 360 during the reign of Pope Nicholas V to 3650.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes from the della Rovere family

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Sixtus IV
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal della Rovere

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Sixtus IV
- **image**: Joos Van Wassenhove e Pedro Berruguete – Sixtus Papa IV, Louvre.jpg
- **birth name**: Francesco della Rovere
- **birth date**: 21 July 1414
- **birth place**: Celle Ligure
- **death date**: 12 August 1484
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **term start**: 9 August 1471
- **term end**: 12 August 1484
- **predecessor**: Pope Paul II
- **successor**: Pope Innocent VIII
- **other**: Sixtus
Pope Julius II

**Pope Julius II** (; December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513), born _Giuliano della Rovere_, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 217th Pope  from 1503 until his death in 1513.  He was known as "the Warrior Pope."

He was the nephew of Pope Sixtus IV.

## Early life

Giuliano della Rovere was the son of Rafaello della Rovere.

His uncle would become Pope Sixtus IV.

## Cardinal

In 1471, Sixtus made Rovere a cardinal.

## Pope

Rovere was elected pope in 1503; and he chose to be called Julius II.

Pope Julius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

In 1506, Pope Julius he established the Swiss Guard.

## Related pages

- List of popes
- List of popes from the della Rovere family

## More reading

- Shaw, Christine. (1993). _Julius II: the Warrior Pope._ Oxford: Blackwell. ; OCLC 417355755

## Other websites

- Catholic Hierarchy, Julius II
- Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church , Cardinal della Rovere

## Infobox (christian leader)

- **type**: pope
- **name**: Julius II
- **image**: Pope Julius II.jpg
- **birth name**: Giuliano della Rovere
- **birth date**: December 5, 1443
- **birth place**: Albisola, Italy
- **death date**: February 21, 1513
- **death place**: Rome, Italy
- **term start**: 1 November 1503
- **term end**: 21 February 1513
- **predecessor**: Pope Pius III, Pius III
- **successor**: Pope Leo X, Leo X
- **other**: Julius
Donato Bramante

**Donato Bramante** (c. 1444 - April 11, 1514) was an architect who introduced the High Renaissance style to architecture.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Donato Bramante
- **image**: Donato Bramante.jpg
- **caption**: Donato Bramante
- **birth name**: Donato di Pascuccio d'Antonio
- **birth date**: 1444
- **birth place**: Fermignano, Duchy of Urbino
- **death place**: Rome, Papal States
- **movement**: High Renaissance
- **works**: San Pietro in Montorio
Alexandre Dumas, père

**Alexandre Dumas** (born 24 July, 1802 at Villers-Cotterêts, died 5 December 1870 at Dieppe) was a French writer of Haitian descent. He is famous for writing _The Three Musketeers_ (1844), _Queen Margot_, _The Count of Monte Cristo_ (1844-1845) and about the Man with the iron mask.

Dumas's father was a general, who fought in the French Revolution. When his father died, his mother raised him. They didn't have much money when he was growing up.

Dumas wrote his first plays in 1825 and 1826 after reading Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott, Friedrich von Scholler and Lord Byron.

Dumas was also a gourmand (lover of food), and wrote Le Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine, an encyclopædia of food and cooking with 1152 pages. He finished it weeks before his death. It is not thought very reliable, because it relies on Dumas' opinions rather than fact.

Dumas was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club. The group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas.

## Related pages

- Alexandre Dumas, fils, son of this writer

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Alexandre Dumas.jpg
- **birth name**: Dumas Davy de la Pailleterie
- **birth place**: Villers-Cotterêts, Aisne, France
- **death place**: Puys (near Dieppe, Seine-Maritime, Dieppe), Seine-Maritime, French Third Republic, France
- **occupation**: playwright and novelist
- **nationality**: French
- **period**: 1829–1869
- **movement**: Romanticism and Historical fiction
- **notableworks**: _The Count of Monte Cristo_
_The Three Musketeers_
- **signature**: Alexandre Dumas Signature.svg
Beastie Boys

**Beastie Boys** were an American rap group. According to an interview with Charlie Rose, the word "Beastie" is the backronym of _Boys Entering Anarchic States Towards Internal Excellence_.  They formed in 1981 as a punk rock band. Their most famous albums are probably _Licensed To Ill_ (1986) and _Paul's Boutique_ (1989). _Licensed To Ill_ is their first album, and it is an album that is given credit for starting the type of music "rap rock", which is rapping done over rock guitar or beats. _Paul's Boutique_ is an album famous for its use of samples, or snippets of music, and the fact that the samples were put together in creative, interesting ways.

Adam Yauch (1964-2012) was one of the founding members of the band until his death on May 4, 2012 after almost 3-years with cancer of the parotid salivary gland. Former original guitarist, John Berry (1963-2016), died on May 19, 2016 from dementia at 52.

## Members

- John Berry – guitar (1981–1982; died 2016)
- Mike D – singing, drums (1981–2012)
- Kate Schellenbach – drums, percussion (1981–1984)
- MCA – singing, bass guitar (1981–2012; died 2012)
- Ad-Rock – singing, guitar (1982–2012)

## Discography

- 1982 - _Polly Wog Stew_ (EP)
- 1984 - _Rock Hard_ (EP)
- 1986 - _Licensed to Ill_
- 1989 - _Paul's Boutique_
- 1992 - _Check Your Head_
- 1994 - _Ill Communication_
- 1995 - _Root Down_ (EP)
- 1995 - _Aglio e Olio_ (EP)
- 1998 - _Hello Nasty_
- 2003 - _In A World Gone Mad_ (EP)
- 2004 - _To the 5 Boroughs_
- 2007 - _The Mix-Up_
- 2011 - _Hot Sauce Committee Part Two_

## Other websites

- Official site
- Mic To Mic

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Beastie Boys
- **image**: Beastie Boys 2009 (6184423405).jpg
- **image upright**: 1.2
- **alias**: The Young Aborigines (1978–1981)
- **alt**: A group of three men on a stairwell behind a light background
- **caption**: Beastie Boys in 2009; from left to right: Ad-Rock, Adam Yauch, MCA and Mike D
- **origin**: New York City, U.S.
- **years active**: –
- **past members**: * John Berry (musician), John Berry
* Mike D
* Kate Schellenbach
* Adam Yauch, MCA
* Ad-Rock
Public Enemy

**Public Enemy** is an American hip hop group who are from Long Island, New York. They are also known as **PE**. They formed in 1982, and are still together today. They became famous for their politically charged, militant messages in their songs. They are also famous for using lots of jazz and funk samples in their songs, doneto create a loud, noisy sound and back their angry, powerful rapping.  The group members include Chuck D. and Flavor Flav, as well as Terminator X and Professor Griff, who left the group in 1990, but rejoined in the late 1990s.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Public Enemy
- **image**: Public Enemy Zagreb 2006 (02).jpg
- **alias**: PE!
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Roosevelt, New York, Roosevelt, Long Island, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop, political hip hop, hardcore hip hop
- **years active**: 1982–present
- **label**: Def Jam Recordings, Def Jam/Columbia Records, Columbia/Play It Again Sam (record label), Play It Again Sam
- **website**: [http://publicenemy.com/ publicenemy.com]
- **current members**: Chuck D
Flavor Flav
Professor Griff
DJ Lord
S1W (group), The S1W
- **past members**: Terminator X
Sister Souljah
Love's Labour's Lost

***Love's Labour's Lost*** is a comedy play by William Shakespeare which was written between 1588 and 1597.

The play contains a lot of wordplay and many characters are based off real kings and noblemen from around those years. This makes the play harder to understand for modern audiences, which is why it is less famous than most of Shakespeare's plays. However, it has been performed more often since the 20th century.

## Plot

Ferdinand, the King of Navarre, and three of his men meet together and talk about their intellectual plans. Their plans then go wrong when the Princess of France and three of her ladies arrive. The men find that they are in love with the ladies and cannot hide it.

## Name

The exact original title is unknown. In early written versions of the script, it varied as to how many apostrophes were used in the title. In the first quarto, it is called _Loues labors lost_, as a "u" was often used for a "v" sound back then. The title is now most often given as _Love's Labour's Lost_.
Titus Andronicus

**Titus Andronicus** (c. 1589–1592) is the first tragedy play by William Shakespeare.  Most of its theme, structure and language comes from _The Spanish Tragedy_ by Thomas Kyd. It is believed to be Shakespeare's first play, and also the  bloodiest and least respected of his works.
The Comedy of Errors

***The Comedy of Errors*** (c. 1589–94) is one of the first plays by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's sources were _Menaechmi_ by Plautus and _Amphitruo_ by Plautus.
Pietà (Michelangelo)

The ***Pietà*** is a statue by Michelangelo. It is now in the first temple on the right of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City.

## Related pages

The following are other statues by Michelangelo:
- David
- Moses

## Infobox (artwork)

- **image file**: Michelangelo's Pieta 5450 cropncleaned edit.jpg
- **alt**: The statue features Mary holding Jesus's dead body
- **image size**: 275px
- **title**: Pietà
- **artist**: Michelangelo
- **subject**: Jesus and Mary, mother of Jesus
- **year**: 1498–1499
- **type**: Marble
- **height metric**: 174
- **width metric**: 195
- **height imperial**: 68.5
- **width imperial**: 76.8
- **metric unit**: cm
- **imperial unit**: in
- **museum**: St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Non-governmental organization

A **non-governmental organization** (**NGO**) is a group of people acting together, but not connected with the government of any country. Usually non-governmental organizations are non-profit - that is, they are trying to do something other than make money for the people who run them. They include organizations such as Oxfam and World Vision.

Non-governmental organization is a term that has become widely accepted as referring to a legally constituted organization with no participation or representation of any government. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status and excludes government representatives from membership in the organization.

Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according David Rieff, writing in _The New Republic_, "the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter."

Unlike the term intergovernmental organization, "non-governmental organization" is a term in general use but is not a legal definition. In many jurisdictions these types of organization are defined as "civil society organizations" or referred to by other names.

## Purpose Of NGOs

NGOs work for uplifting the poor and backward sections of the community. Moreover, the main function which is performed by NGOs is to bridge the gap of inequalities and unfair treatments.

## Related pages

- International organization
- Nonprofit organization
- Quango
Animal rights

**Animal rights** is a term used for the general belief that non-human animals deserve rights. Most people that support animal rights believe that humans should not use animals in food, clothing, experimentation, and entertainment.

People that support animal rights also believe that just as you have human rights simply because you are a human, other animals deserve animal rights simply because they are an animal.

Things like Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is an allegory, showing that animals have rights, and the political side of things too.

## Related pages

- Speciesism
- Veganism
- Vegetarianism
- Animal cruelty
- Animal Farm (novel)
- Animal Rights Militia
- Animal rights movement
- Animal Rights (song)
- Animal welfare

## Other websites

- Animal Rights Library
Aaron Sorkin

**Aaron Benjamin Sorkin** (born June 9, 1961) is an American screenwriter and movie director. He was born in New York City, New York. He is most famous for creating and writing _The West Wing_, a television series about the lives of people who work in the White House. He also wrote the movies _The American President_ and _A Few Good Men_ (which he took from a play he had written with the same name), and created and wrote the television series _Sports Night_.

A director, he is known for his works in _Molly's Game_, _The Trial of the Chicago 7_ and _Being the Ricardos_.
470s

The ***470s*** was the decade that began on January 1, 470. and ended on December 31, 479. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***48th*** which began on January 1, 471 and ended on December 31, 480.

## Events

- 476 – The last Western Roman Emperor in Rome was removed by Odoacer the Ostrogoth.
- Peter the Fuller is restored as Patriarch of Antioch.
1060s

The **1060s** was a decade that began on 1 January 1060 and ended on 31 December 1069. It is distinct from the decade known as the **_107th decade** which_ began on January 1, 1061 and ended on December 31, 1070.

## Events

- 1061 Normans conquer Messina in Sicily
- 1062 Marrakech starts.
- 1066 Normans conquer England
- 1066 William the Conqueror became King of England on Christmas Day in Westminster Abbey.
- 1068 Japan changes emperors.

## Important people

- William the Conqueror
- Harold Godwinson
- Harald Hardrada
30s BC

## Events

- Octavian defeats Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII of Egypt at the Battle of Actium (2 September 31 BC). On August 30 BC Octavian captures Alexandria. Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra suicide (kill themselves). Romans kill Cleopatra's son and co-ruler (this means they ruled the country together) Ptolemy XV Caesarion. Egypt becomes part of the Roman Republic and Octavian becomes the ruler of Rome and all Romans. Rome will soon become an Empire not a Republic.
- Herod the Great builds Masada (37–31 BC) as a place to escape to if Jewish people attack him.

## Significant people

- Mark Antony, Roman politician and general (83–30 BC).
- Pharaoh (Egyptian Queen) Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
- Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian) Roman politician and general (62 BC – 14).
- Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (lived 47–30 BC, ruled 44–30 BC).
40s BC

This article talks about what happened in between 40 and 31 BC.

## Events

- Julius Caesar wins the civil war (49–45 BC) in the Roman Republic against the Roman Senate. He becomes dictator for life.
- Julius Caesar, Roman dictator, is killed by 23 Roman people. Some people who killed him were Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. (15 March 44 BC).

## Important people

- Julius Caesar, Roman dictator (lived 100–44 BC, ruled 46–44 BC).
- Marcus Junius Brutus, Roman politician ( 85–42 BC).
- Mark Antony, Roman politician and general ( 83–30 BC).
- Pharaoh (Egyptian Queen) Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
- Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian), Roman politician and general (62 BC – 14).
- Pharaoh Ptolemy XV Caesarion (Cleopatra VII's son) (lived 47–30 BC, reigned 44–30 BC).
- Gaius Cassius Longinus, Roman politician (died 42 BC).
California Institute of Technology

The **California Institute of Technology** (called "Caltech" for short) is a major American research university in the city of Pasadena in the state of California. Caltech specializes - is especially good, or especially interested - in the study of engineering, computer science, and the physical sciences (some physical sciences are physics and chemistry, as well as others). Caltech is also in charge of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, also called JPL. JPL is part of NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which is the part of the United States government that explores space. Caltech is not owned or run by the United States, or NASA, but NASA pays Caltech to run JPL for them. By most measures, it is the most selective college/university in the world and has one of the highest faculty-to-student ratios in the world.

Caltech's mascot is the beaver. Many schools that specialize in engineering have beavers for their mascot, because in the wild, beavers are known for making dams, and so people think that they are the animal most like engineers.

## Famous alumni

- Jean Robieux, French physicist.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: California Institute of Technology
- **image**: Laboratories of the Biological Sciences, Caltech 2.jpg
- **caption**: Biology laboratory, laboratories
- **motto**: "The truth shall make you free"
- **established**: 1891
- **type**: Private university, Private
- **president**: Jean-Lou Chameau
- **city**: Pasadena, California, Pasadena
- **state**: California
- **country**: United States, U.S.
- **undergrad**: 967
- **postgrad**: 1208
- **students**: 2175
- **faculty**: 294 professorial faculty
 1207 other faculty
- **campus**: Urban area, Urban,
- **endowment**: United States dollar, US $1.55 1000000000 (number), billion
- **athletics**: National Collegiate Athletic Association, NCAA Division III (NCAA), Division III
- **colors**: Orange and White
- **mascot**: Beaver
- **website**: [http://www.caltech.edu/ caltech.edu]
Secrecy

A **secret** is information or facts that only one person or group knows about. There are many reasons for not telling or sharing the truth with others.

Some secrets are good. These are ones that should be kept secret. An example of a good secret is respect for a citizen's privacy.  But some secrets are bad, if keeping facts hidden causes harm. An example of a bad secret is child abuse. Some things might be kept secret only for a short time, such as a surprise party. Other things may need to be kept secret forever. Sometimes things might be kept secret from someone because it is believed that it would upset them to know.

Some things need to be kept secret for security reasons. If a person has a bank account they must keep their password secret. No one else should know it. Espionage is snooping for someone else's secrets. Criminals like to keep their crimes secret.

In a business, some information is kept secret. This is also called "confidential". Conversations at meetings are sometimes confidential. People who were at the meeting cannot go telling everyone else what was discussed. Usually, managers will make this a rule for an employee. Trade secrets are protected by law.

Another type of secret is Cryptography. These are codes that unlock other secrets. So, secrets are being used to protect secrets.

## Related pages

- Classified information
- Information security
- Security
Herpes simplex

**Herpes simplex** is an infection by a virus. The **herpes simplex virus** (**HSV**) causes two common diseases. Both diseases have painful, watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes (such as the mouth or lips) or on the genitals.

An infection on the lips is commonly known as a **cold sore** or **fever blister**.  A cold sore is not the same as a canker sore, which appears inside the mouth and is caused by something else.

## Treatment

The disease is contagious, especially when it is active. _Contagious_ means that it can spread from one person to another. There is no cure for this disease. This means that it cannot be stopped, once a person has got it. When a person has got the disease, he or she will get outbreaks from time to time. There are drugs that can make these outbreaks shorter, for many people. These antiviral drugs stop the virus from spreading. They will shorten the time people show symptoms.

## Different viruses

The two types of herpes virus are known as  simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 usually causes infections around the mouth.  HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. Viruses are transmitted through body fluids, or lesions in the skin. Transmission can also occur, when there are no symptoms. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to a baby during childbirth. Herpes outbreaks can occur, because of decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure.

## How to tell that someone is infected

Usually, herpes is diagnosed based on the symptoms. There are tests that can confirm this diagnosis.  Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.

## How common it is

Herpes is very common. Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults. Most people get HSV-1 when they are children. Since there is _no cure_ for either HSV-1 or HSV-2, more people get it as they get older. Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in poorer people and 40% to 60% in richer people. About 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003. It is more common among women and in developing countries. Most people with HSV-2 do not know that they are infected.
Władysław Reymont

**Władysław Stanisław Reymont**, born as **Stanisław Władysław Rejment**, (May 7, 1867 in Kobielce Wielkie, Poland – December 5, 1925 in Warsaw, Poland) was a well-known Polish writer, who won the Nobel Prize in 1924 for his four-volume epic novel "Chłopi" (_The Peasants_). This novel was about life of this part of the society. He also wrote "Ziemia obiecana" (_The Promised Land_), about industrial capitalism in 19th century Łódź.

Many people say he is one of the greatest and most prominent Polish writers of all time and one of the greatest in 20th century.

## Biography

Reymont was born in the family of the organist. His father, Józef Rejment, a well-read man, had a musical education and in tuszyńskiej performed the parish duties of the organist, and also carried on Civil Status Registers and the correspondence of the parish priest with Russian authorities. Mother, Antonia from Kupczyńskich, had talent for a story. She came from the impoverished Cracow gentry; in mature years the writer has often emphasized this fact.
Extraversion and introversion

**Introversion** and **extraversion** (also spelled ***extroversion***) are ways of describing a person's personality. People who are more extraverted are called **extraverts** (or **extroverts**). People who are more introverted are called **introverts**.

## History

This idea was proposed by psychiatrist Carl Jung in the 1920s.

## Ideas

He said that introversion and extraversion affects how people behave socially (with other people), and also where they get mental energy from. Introverts prefer being alone and extraverts prefer being with other people. Introverts get energy and pleasure from self-reflection, and may feel tired after being around other people. Extraverts are the opposite. They get energy from spending time with other people, and may feel bored and tired after being alone.

### Spectrum

Introversion and extraversion exists on a spectrum. Everyone has a different amount of introverted and extraverted personality traits. People with more extraverted traits are called extraverts (or extroverts), and people with more introverted traits are called introverts. People who are around the middle of the spectrum may be called ambiverts.

## Introversion vs. shyness and social anxiety

Some people mistake introversion for shyness or social anxiety because they can appear similar, but they are separate things. Introversion is a personality trait, but shyness and social anxiety are caused by distress. Introverts usually prefer being alone, but are not scared of being around other people.

## Related pages

- Trait theory
- Cognitive psychology
- Introspection
- Social psychology
50s BC

## Events

- Julius Caesar, Pompey and Marcus Licinius Crassus make the First Triumvirate (ca. 59–53 BC).
- Gallic Wars: Julius Caesar conquers much of Gaul, and leads two journeys to Britain (58–49 BC).
- Bak Hyeokgeose makes the kingdom of Silla in Korea (57 BC)
- Pompey builds Rome's first permanent (made to stay the same for a long time) theatre (54 BC)
- Battle of Carrhae: the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus tries to attack the Parthian Empire. Surenais defeats him at Carrhae, now Harran in Turkey; Crassus dies. (53 BC).
- Battle of Alesia: Vercingetorix leads a rebellion by the Gauls. Julius Caesar defeats him. (52 BC).

## Significant people

- Julius Caesar, Roman politician and general (lived 100–44 BC)
- Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt (lived 70/69 – 30 BC, ruled 51–30 BC).
- Pompey, Roman general (lived 106–48 BC)
- Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general (lived 115–53 BC)
- Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman politician (lived 106–43 BC)
- Vercingetorix, ruler of the Arverni (died. 46 BC)
- Cassivellaunus, British war-leader
- Ariovistus, German king
- Commius, Gaulish king
- Phraates III, King of Parthia (ruled 70–57 BC)
- Mithridates III, king of Parthia and Media (ruled 57–54 BC)
- Orodes II, king of Parthia (ruled 57–38 BC)
- Surena, Parthian general (lived 84–54 BC)
- Bak Hyeokgeose, king of Silla in Korea

## Births

- Livy, Roman historian (ca. 59 BC)
- Seneca the Elder, Roman orator (ca. 54 BC)

## Deaths

- Marcus Licinius Crassus, Roman politician and general (53 BC)
- Posidonius, Greek philosopher, astronomer, and geographer (51 BC)
1690s BC

## Events

- 1700 - 1500 BC Hurrian conquest
- 1698 BC- King Jie of China kills his minister Guan Longfeng according to Chinese legend.
- The Exodus: The Israelites leave Egypt, Thrasyllus of Mendes says this. He was an Egyptian mathematician and astronomer who lived in the 1st century BC.
- 1691 BC June—Lunar Saros 32 begins.http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/LEsaros/LEsaros1-175.html

## Significant people

- Belu-bani, King of Assyria, r. 1700–1691 BC.
- Libaia, King of Assyria r. 1691–1674 BC.
- Abi-eshuh, King of Babylon, r. 1712–1684 (middle chronology)
- Jie, Legendary King of the supposed Xia dynasty (existence disputed) in China, r. c.1728–1675 BC
- Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1714–1691 BC
- Merhotepre Ini, Pharaoh of Egypt, r. c.1691–1689 BC
- Fourteenth dynasty Pharaohs (see List of Pharaohs for details), 1705–1690 BC
- Lila-Ir-Tash king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1700–c.1698 BC.
- Temti-Agun I king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1698–c.1690 BC.
- Tan-Uli king of the Elamite Empire, r. c.1690–c.1655 BC.
- Agum I, King of the Kassites, r. 1705–1690 BC
- Kashtiliash I, King of the Kassites, r. 1690–1680 BC
- Itti-Ili-Nibi, King of the Sealand, r. c.1700–1683 BC
- 1695 BC—Death of Sarah, wife of Abraham, according to the Hebrew Calendar
- 1691 BC—Death of Merneferre Ay, Pharaoh of Egypt
1680s BC

## Events

- The sixteenth dynasty starts in Egypt.
- People make leavened bread in Egypt.

## Important people

- Hammurabi dies in 1686 BC
- Heremon dies in 1684 BC, (Irish legend)
1670s BC

## Events

- The fifteenth dynasty starts in Egypt.
- Pharaoh (king) Tutimaios of Egypt dies in 1674 BC.
- People write Ipuwer Papyrus in 1674.
- Hyksos invade Egypt in 1674.
1080s BC

## Events (things that happened)

- The nineteenth dynasty ends in Egypt in 1186.
- The Trojan War ends on the 24 April 1184 BC
- Menestheus (in legends he is the king of Athens) dies. he has ruled for 23 years. His nephew, Demophon, becomes king. (Some people think that Menestheus died before, in the 1190s BC.)

## Important people

- Ramesses III of Egypt is born in 1180.
Sunset

**Sunset** or **sundown** is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun disappears below the horizon in the west. Its opposite is the sunrise.
Pop punk

**Pop punk** (or **punk-pop**) is a form of pop music that blends punk rock with pop music and rock music.

## Overview

Pop-punk music has a lighter, happier sound than most punk rock and hardcore punk music. Most punk rock and hardcore punk music sounds angry and harsh, and has lyrics about protest and anger.

### Late 1970s and 1980s

There are several types of pop-punk. An early type of pop-punk was developed right after Punk rock became popular in the late 1970s. Most of this kind of music is very much like Punk rock, but it features things from other kinds of music like pop music and older rock music, and country music, so different people can enjoy it. Some people call the Ramones a pop-punk band. The Ramones were a band from the United States.

### 1990s

In the 1990s, pop-punk became very popular in North America. Bands such as Green Day, Blink-182 and Zebrahead sold millions of recordings and did many tours.

### Today

In the 21st century, many bands have contributed to the pop punk genre. They include Fall Out Boy, Relient K, FM Static, Hawk Nelson, and Amber Pacific.

## Controversies

Some people who like 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk do not like pop-punk. The 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk was usually angry, rebellious protest music. In contrast, 2000s pop-punk songs are nicer and lighter. Some people think 2000s pop-punk is too commercialized and nothing like the older punk music from the 1970s and 1980s.

## Artists

- Green Day
- Blink-182
- Sum 41
- The Donnas
- FM Static
- Simple Plan
- Relient K
- MxPx
- Bowling for Soup
- Mayday Parade
- All Time Low
- Fall Out Boy
- Midtown
- Yellowcard
- New Found Glory
- The Undertones
- Pierce the Veil
- My Chemical Romance
- Panic! at the Disco (early)
- The Offspring
- Matchbook Romance
- Hawk Nelson
- Avril Lavigne
- The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus
- Senses Fail
- Story of the Year
- Hawthorne Heights
Sheryl Crow

**Sheryl Crow** (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She can also play guitar and bass guitar.

Many of her songs have charted and are still popular. They include "The First Cut Is the Deepest", "Soak Up the Sun", "If It Makes You Happy" and "All I Wanna Do".

## Personal life

Crow has never married. She has two adopted sons, Wyatt Steven Crow (born in 2007) and Levi James Crow (born in  2010).

She had breast cancer in 2006.

## Songs

- I Know Why (2005)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Sheryl Crow
- **img**: SherylCrowHeartTruth.jpg
- **img capt**: Crow in 2008
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Kennett, Missouri, USA
- **origin**: Kennett, Missouri, USA
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Rock music, rock, Country music, country
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, actress
- **years active**: 1986-present
Chubby Checker

**Ernest Evans** (born October 3, 1941) better known as **Chubby Checker**, is a pop singer from the United States. He is most famous for his dance songs.  After his famous appearance on American Bandstand, his cover version of Hank Ballard's "The Twist" hit #1 became a popular dance.