juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Orchestration

**Orchestration** in music can have two meanings:

1. It can mean: the study of how to write music for an orchestra.
1. It can also mean the list of instruments that are used in a particular piece of music.

People who want to compose music for orchestras need to study orchestration.  They can do this by reading books about orchestration, but also they can do this by studying orchestral scores and listening to orchestras in concerts or on CDs.  Students at music colleges will also practise orchestration by taking piano music and arranging it for orchestra.

The word **instrumentation** means almost the same thing as “orchestration”.  “Instrumentation” means: understanding each instrument and knowing about all the sounds they can make.  It can be about any music with instruments, whereas “orchestration” refers to the orchestra from its beginnings in the 17th century to the present.

Orchestration is all about understanding how to write well for different instruments, how to combine them so that they sound well together and balance well.

Sometimes composers leave the orchestration of their works to other people.  Leonard Bernstein is famous as the composer of _West Side Story_, but although he composed all the notes he left it to other people to orchestrate.  The composer Maurice Ravel took a piano piece called _Pictures at an Exhibition_ by Modest Mussorgsky (who had died forty years earlier). He arranged it for orchestra.  Most people know this version rather than Mussorgsky’s piano version.

Hector Berlioz and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov are two famous composers who were particularly brilliant at writing for orchestra.  They both wrote books on orchestration which are still very useful today.
Blockbusters

***Blockbusters*** is an American game show that aired on NBC from October 27, 1980 to May 1, 1987.

## How to play

One team of two people plays against a solo person to see if two heads are better than one.  The team is represented by the color white while the solo player is represented by the color red. There is a game board with letters inside spaces shaped like a hexagon.  A player picks a letter on the board, and host Bill Cullen asks a question to see how much the players know.  Whoever rings in first and gets the answer right gets their color put on the board in the space where the corresponding letter once was.  If the team makes a connection from left to right, they win.  If the solo player makes a connection from top to bottom, he/she wins.

### Gold Rush

Whoever wins after two games goes on to play the "Gold Rush" for a shot at an extra $5,000.  The board is the same, except that the spaces are colored gold, and sometimes more than one letter is seen in each space.  The object of the game is to make a connection across the board within the 60 second time limit.  If they do, they win the $5,000.  If they miss a question, a block will go up and they will have to work their way around it.

## Different versions

_Blockbusters_ aired on the NBC network and was hosted by Bill Cullen from 1980 to 1982. Then in 1987, comedian Bill Rafferty hosted a new version, which ended the same year. It featured two solo players instead of a team of two people and a solo player.
Theria

**Theria** is a subclass of mammals. It includes almost all living mammals: the ones that give birth to live young, and not by using a shelled egg.

The Theria are divided into two groups (infraclasses): Metatheria and Eutheria. The surviving Metatheria are the marsupials, and the Eutheria are the placental mammals.
Ameridelphia

The **Ameridelphia** is a superorder of marsupial mammals only found in South America. It consists of two orders:

- **Ameridelphia**
    - Order Didelphimorphia
    - Order Paucituberculata
Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva

**Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva** (born 27 October 1945) is a Brazilian politician and former trade union leader. He has been the 39th President of Brazil since 2023. Previously, Lula was the 35th president from 2003 to 2011. He is a co-founder and member of the Workers' Party. He was a Federal Deputy for São Paulo from 1987 to 1991. He had run three times for president, until winning the presidency during his fourth campaign in 2002, when he was elected to replace Fernando Henrique Cardoso. He was re-elected in 2006 in a landslide victory.

In his first tenure as president, Lula created social programs including Bolsa Família and Fome Zero, which helped fight against poverty and the lower class citizens of Brazil. Other reforms were carried out in areas such as health,education, and social inclusion. He also had an important role in international politics such as the nuclear program of Iran and climate change. He helped lower deforestation in the Amazons. His second term became controversial because of many scandals, such as the Mensalão scandal. However, after leaving office, he was seen as one of the most popular presidents in Brazil's history and most popular leader of the world. Lula is a popular figure in Brazilian politics and his ideas have been called Lulism.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **embed**: yes
- **office2**: Member of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil), Chamber of Deputies
- **term start2**: 1 February 1987
- **term end2**: 1 February 1991
- **constituency2**: São Paulo (state), São Paulo
- **office4**: National President of the Workers' Party (Brazil), Workers' Party
- **term start4**: 15 July 1990
- **term end4**: 24 January 1994
- **predecessor4**: Luiz Gushiken
- **successor4**: Rui Falcão
- **term start5**: 9 August 1980
- **term end5**: 17 January 1988
- **predecessor5**: _Position established_
- **successor5**: Olívio Dutra


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific prefix**: Excellency, His Excellency
- **image**: Foto oficial de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (ombros) denoise.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2023
- **alt**: Head shot of Lula smiling
- **order**: 35th & 39th
- **office**: President of Brazil
- **vicepresident**: Geraldo Alckmin
- **term start**: 1 January 2023
- **predecessor**: Jair Bolsonaro
- **term start1**: 1 January 2003
- **term end1**: 1 January 2011
- **vicepresident1**: José Alencar
- **predecessor1**: Fernando Henrique Cardoso
- **successor1**: Dilma Rousseff
- **birth name**: Luiz Inácio da Silva
- **birth place**: Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil
- **residence**: Palácio da Alvorada
- **party**: Workers' Party (Brazil), PT (since 1980)
- **otherparty**: Brazil of Hope, FE Brasil (since 2022)
- **children**: 5
- **education**: SENAI, National Service for Industrial Training
- **occupation**: Metalworker, trade unionist
- **signature**: Signature of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.svg
- **signature alt**: Lula (Signature of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva)
Dual Alliance

The **Dual Alliance** was an alliance made between Germany and Austria-Hungary. It was started to help one another if Russia attacked either of them. It was formed on October 7, 1879.
RCTV

**Radio Caracas Television** (or **RCTV**) is one of the largest and most important television stations in Venezuela. It can be seen in all of Venezuela on channel 2. It was the third television station to start up in Venezuela (Televisiora Nacional was the first and Televisa was the second). Both Televisora Nacional and Televisa are no longer on, so RCTV is now the oldest television station in Venezuela. Venevision is RCTV's main rival. RCTV's offices can be found in the center of Caracas.

## History

Radio Caracas Television began on November 15, 1953 (during the dictatorship of General Marcos Perez Jimenez). In 1953, plays, news, and sports were pretty much the only thing seen on RCTV, but by 1954, they began making soap operas (also known as telenovelas). Telenovelas are now RCTV's most liked and seen programs.

In the 1960s, RCTV began videotaping their programs, as they used to be made live. In 1961, there was small fire at RCTV. On July 21, 1969, RCTV was on of the only television station in Venezuela that showed the first visit to the moon by man.

In 1972, RCTV began selling some of its shows to other countries and television stations. The three hundred chaptered telenovela, "La Usurpadora" was the first telenovela to be sold to other countries. Today, RCTV's shows are said to be seen in more than 60 countries and heard in more than 20 languages. In 1974, RCTV began recording some of their programs in color. "Doña Barbara", which was made from a book written by Romulo Gallegos, was RCTV's first show made in color. Radio Caracas Television started the "Fundacion Academia Nacional de Ciencias y Artes de Cine" on November 15, 1978.

In the year 1981, RCTV began recording all of their programs in color.

On November 15, 1999, RCTV had been on 16,000 days.

On July 18, 2005, Empresas 1BC president Marcel Granier and RCTV president Eladio Larez opened up the new building where RCTV's news show, "El Observador", will be made.

## Problems

President Hugo Chávez closed RCTV because of reports that they tried to take down his government.

## Facts

- The host of "¿Quien Quiere Ser Millonario?" ("Who Wants to be a Millionaire?" in Venezuela) is Eladio Larez, who is also the president of RCTV.
- RCTV used to be seen on channel 7 (though in a few places, it can still be seen on that channel).

## Other websites

- RCTV
Gibibyte

The **gibibyte** (symbol: **GiB**) is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. One gibibyte holds 1024 mebibytes (MiB). Some people call this number of bytes the gigabyte. This would be considered the binary equivalent to the base-10 gigabyte, which consists of exactly one billion bytes.

The gibibyte is equivalent to 2<sup>30</sup> bytes (1 073 741 824 bytes) while the gigabyte is 10<sup>9</sup> bytes (1,000,000,000 or a billion bytes).

1024 gibibytes make one tebibyte.

## Related pages

- Kibibyte
- Mebibyte
- Tebibyte
- Pebibyte
Return to Castle Wolfenstein

***Return to Castle Wolfenstein*** is a first person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by Activision for computers, PlayStation 2 and Xbox.

## Other websites

- _Return to Castle Wolfenstein_ Official Site
- Planet Wolfenstein
- _Wolfstuff_ Return to Castle Wolfenstein Resources
- GameFAQs Enemy Territory
- RTCW and ET Community Site
- gamegate2k
- RTCW.co.uk
- Return to Castle Wolfenstein at MobyGames
- Bosskey.net - Return to Castle Wolfenstein

## Infobox (video game)

- **image**: RtCW-wordmark.svg
- **developer**: id Software
Gray Matter Interactive
Nerve Software
- **publisher**: Activision
- **engine**: Quake III engine
- **released**: November 20, 2001
- **genre**: First-person shooter
- **modes**: Single player, multiplayer
- **platforms**: Personal computer, PC (Linux, Microsoft Windows, Windows, Mac OS X), PlayStation 2, Xbox
Ssirum

**Ssirûm**, or **Korean wrestling**, is a very old sport. It is shown in pictures that are painted on walls in the ancient graves in Korea.

This kind of wrestling was formed in Korea. It took place on days of "public enjoyment" that were created by custom.  Similar to Sumo. the man who stays on his feet until the end was the winner. He was given the title _changsa_ ("the athlete" or "the strong man"). He was also given an ox.

As Korea grew industrially, this type of wrestling has become a real sport. It has support in the form of the teams of professional athletes coming from colleges and universities. There are also organizations for the national Championship Ssirum Changsa. There are competitions in the country.

Two fighters fight on the sand inside a circle. They each put on "satpa" - a piece of cloth that ties around the waist and thighs. Using their hands, legs backs, they try to make the other person fall.

Most wrestlers are  in height and   in weight. The fights can seem slow at first they are actually very dynamic.

Li Man-ki is one of the most well known sportsmen in this sport. In the 1980s, he won the title _changsa_ (_jangsa_) many times. He has caused much of the interest of this sport.

## Other websites

- Korea Ssireum Research Institute (en)
Babes in Toyland (1961 movie)

***Babes in Toyland*** is an 1961 Disney musical movie. It starred Tommy Sands as Tom Piper and Annette Funicello as Mary Contrary. The characters in the movie are taken from Mother Goose nursery rhymes.

## Plot

Tom the Piper's Son is about to marry Mary Quite Contrary. On the night before of their wedding, evil Barnaby hires two men, Gonzorgo and Roderigo, to drown Tom and take Mary's sheep. The sheep are being taken care of by Little Bo Peep. This will make life very hard for Mary and the children she lives with. It will make her have to marry Barnaby.

Tom and the sheep are taken by Gonzorgo and Roderigo, but they sell Tom to gypsies instead of killing him. Tom  escapes from the gypsies and goes with Mary, Bo-Peep, and other Mother Goose characters to Toyland.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Babes in Toyland
- **caption**: DVD cover
- **director**: Jack Donohue (director), Jack Donohue
- **producer**: Walt Disney
- **writer**: Lowell S. Hawley
Ward Kimball
Glen MacDonough (operetta)
Joe Rinaldi
- **starring**: Ray Bolger
Tommy Sands
Annette Funicello
- **music**: Victor Herbert
George Bruns
Mel Leven (new lyrics)
- **cinematography**: Edward Colman
- **editing**: Robert Stafford
- **studio**: Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Productions
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Buena Vista Distribution
- **country**: United States
- **runtime**: 106 min.
- **language**: English
- **gross**: $4.6 million (US/ Canada rentals)
Airship

An **Airship** is kind of lighter-than-air aircraft.  It floats in the sky and need not move to stay up.  That is because it is filled with a lifting gas that is more lightweight than air.  This is different from aeroplanes that stay up in the sky by moving. An airship floats like a balloon. But an airship is different from a balloon. An airship has an engine for power and a way to control its direction of movement. A balloon does not have an engine or a way to control its direction of movement.

## Kinds of airships

There are three kinds of airships. The difference is the amount of structure in the airship.

- Rigid airships - Rigid airships have frames within the envelope to maintain their form.  The biggest airships were rigid airships, made in the 1920s and 1930s.  Big rigid airships were also called _dirigibles_.

- Semi-rigid airships - Semi-rigid airships have small structures in them.  There are only a few semi-rigid airships.

- Non-rigid airships - Non-rigid airships have no structures in them.  Non-rigid airships are also called blimps.  Most airships are non-rigid airships.

## Blimps

Blimps were used by the United States in WWII to fight against submarines. Blimps are now used mostly for advertising and sometimes for looking down, for example at sport stadiums and tourist attractions.

## The _Hindenburg_

The most famous airship was the _Hindenburg_. The _Hindenburg_ was a rigid airship made by the Zeppelin airship company.  It burned when it was landing on May 6, 1937. There were 97 people on the airship when the fire started. The fire killed 35 of these people and one person on the ground.
New Amsterdam

**New Amsterdam** is the name the Dutch gave to the island of Manhattan after they bought it from local natives. It was the capital of New Netherland. In 1664, an English fleet arrived and took control. The English renamed it to New York.
Universal suffrage

**Universal suffrage** means that every citizen above the age of 18 is allowed to vote. Most countries have universal suffrage, but some do not. In some countries people had to fight to get it. In other countries, it was granted after demonstrations in the main cities. They thought it was important to have it because they wanted to choose who ruled over them.

## Related pages

- Civil rights
- Civil and political rights
- Women's suffrage
Bruce Dickinson

**Bruce Dickinson** (born 7 August 1958) is an English heavy metal singer. He is the singer in the band Iron Maiden.

## Biography

Dickinson was born on 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire. He was born as Paul Dickinson, but changed his first name to Bruce.  As a teenager, he lived in Sheffield. This was where he started to listen to heavy metal music.  He sang in local bands during this time, after trying to play the drums.

In the early 1980s, Dickinson was part of the band Samson. He left Samson in 1981. Later that year, after Paul Di'Anno left Iron Maiden, Dickinson was chosen to be the band's new singer. During the 1980s, Iron Maiden was very popular, and Dickinson's singing was a big part of this.

In 1990, Dickinson made his first solo album, called _Tattooed Millionaire_.  In 1993, he left Iron Maiden to become only a solo artist.  He released five solo albums during the 1990s, but they were not as popular as his work with Iron Maiden had been.

In 1999, Dickinson joined Iron Maiden again, and soon after the band  made a new album, Brave New World. Since then, he has stayed as a part of Iron Maiden as well as recording music both by himself and with other people.

## Other interests

Outside of music, Dickinson is interested in fencing, has written both books and a script based on one of his albums for a screenplay, and has worked in the radio industry.

He is also a pilot for Astraeus Airlines, and became marketing director for the airline in September 2010.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Bruce Dickinson
- **img**: Bruce Dickinson in Stuttgart 1999 (3rd version).jpg
- **img capt**: Bruce Dickinson in September 1999
- **img size**: 300
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Paul Dickinson
- **birth place**: Worksop, Nottinghamshire, England
- **occupation**: Musician, songwriter, author, pilot
- **genre**: Heavy metal music, Heavy metal, hard rock
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, Drum kit, drums
- **years active**: 1970s–present
- **associated acts**: Samson (band), Samson, Iron Maiden
- **url**: [http://www.screamforme.com/ www.screamforme.com]
Streaming Soundtracks

**Streaming Soundtracks** is a radio station that is found on the internet. It plays mostly theme music from movies and television shows, but also plays music from video games. It has a website to talk with other listeners.

## Other websites

- Streaming Soundtracks website
Étude

An **étude** (said "ay-TOOD"; French for study) is a short piece of music written to help the player to become a better player. They are usually quite difficult. Sometimes they are just called "studies". Composers such as the pianist Carl Czerny and the violinist Otakar Ševčik wrote lots of études.  Each one concentrates on a technical problem: fast scale passages, arpeggios, wide leaps, chords or, for string players, different ways of bowing.

The tradition of writing études started in the early 19th century, when the piano started to become popular. Many of the études from that time are still very popular today, including those by Muzio Clementi.

Frédéric Chopin wrote two sets of études for piano. Franz Liszt also wrote some very difficult études, including the piece known as _La Campanella_. These two composers' études are known for being not only good for developing piano technique but are also beautiful to hear. Because of this, they are often performed in concerts and recorded onto CDs.
Nocturne

A **nocturne** is a form of music, usually for piano, which suggests the night (“nocturnal” means “of the night”). The Italian term _Notturno_ has appeared in 18th-century music, but the Irish composer John Field was the first person to use the name _Nocturne_ for his music. He was inspired by the slow, gentle tunes of Italian operas of his time (early 19th century). His nocturnes are mostly tunes with many long notes in the right hand over. Frédéric Chopin expanded the form.

## Related pages

- Nocturnes (Debussy)
- Serenade
Delta Air Lines

**Delta Air Lines, Inc.** is a large airline from the United States. They are headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Their largest hub is also in Atlanta. Delta's first flight was in 1929. In 1972, Delta merged with Northeast Airlines. In 1987, Delta merged with Western Airlines.
 In 2000, Delta became one of the founding members of SkyTeam alongside Aeroméxico, Air France and Korean Air.
In 2008, they merged with Northwest Airlines. Until 2013, Delta was the world's largest airline. As of February 2024, the airline goes to 325 cities and has 987 planes. In 2018, they retired their largest aircraft, the Boeing 747, and replaced it with other planes such as the Airbus A350. They have some subsidiaries that own regional jets, like the E175.

## Other websites

- http://www.delta.com

## Infobox (airline)

- **airline**: Delta Air Lines, Inc.
- **logo**: Delta logo.svg
- **iata**: DL
- **icao**: DAL
- **callsign**: DELTA
- **aoc**: DALA026A
- **frequent flyer**: SkyMiles
- **fleet size**: Delta Air Lines fleet, 993
- **destinations**: List of Delta Air Lines destinations, 311
- **num employees**: 103,000 (2023)
- **founded**:
(as Huff Daland Dusters)
- **isin**: US2473617023
- **headquarters**: Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- **founder**: C.E. Woolman
- **revenue**: (2023)
- **operating income**: (2023)
- **net income**: (2023)
- **assets**: (2023)
- **equity**: (2023)
Vytorin

**Vytorin** is a clinical drug made up of chemicals called ezetimibe (right image) and simvastatin (Left image) to help people with diseases that change the amount of fats in the blood.

## Other websites

- http://www.vytorin.com/vytorin/shared/documents/vytorin_pi.pdf
- http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/09/02/new-england-journal-of-medicine-vytorin-cancer-link-uncertain/
- http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/NEJMsa0806603v1
Blade Runner

***Blade Runner*** is a 1982 American-Hong Kong dystopian science fiction movie directed by Ridley Scott and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. It was based on the book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick. _Blade Runner's_ main actors are Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, Edward James Olmos and Daryl Hannah.

## Plot

The movie takes place in humid rainy climate changed Los Angeles in November 2019 when artificial human adults called "replicants" come to Earth. As replicants are not allowed on Earth anymore after some of them had attacked humans, police officers called "Blade Runners" hunt down and kill them on Earth. Rick Deckard is forced to hunt down some replicants in Los Angeles.

## Response

Some movie critics did not like _Blade Runner_ because they thought it was slow, but others liked its many ideas. The movie did not sell many tickets in North American movie theaters but was more popular in other countries. Even though it did not make much money, it was liked very much by teachers and science fiction fans. _Blade Runner_ looked good and made the future look very dark and old. The movie showed important ideas of the 21st century such as globalization and genetic engineering. _Blade Runner_ is an important example of cyberpunk and people believe it has changed the world and affected many cultures. _Blade Runner_ made Hollywood interested in stories written by Philip K. Dick.

## Versions

Seven versions of _Blade Runner_ exist because of changes made by different people. The producers took Scott's cut and changed some things about it, which Scott did not like. In 1992, Scott released a Director's Cut version, which was made very fast. It cut the ending of the movie and removed the voice-over. Warner Bros. released the Final Cut, a new 25th anniversary version of the movie, in October 2007. It features some new scenes and removes some of the visible special effect<nowiki/>s.

## Other websites

- _BRMovie.com_ — alt.fan.blade-runner website
    - Special Edition News Page
    - Encyclopedia Blade Runner
- BR-Insight — Thoughts of the movie

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Blade Runner
- **director**: Ridley Scott
- **producer**: Michael Deeley
- **music**: Vangelis
- **cinematography**: Jordan Cronenweth
- **distributor**: Warner Bros.
- **runtime**: 117 minutes
- **country**: United States
Hong Kong
- **budget**: $30 million
- **gross**: $32.9 million
Ridley Scott

**Sir Ridley Scott** (born 30 November 1937) is an English movie director and producer.

He also directed an important and expensive television commercial for Apple Computer called "1984".

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Sir Ridley Scott
- **image**: Ridley Scott by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **imagesize**: 200px
- **caption**: Ridley Scott in 2012
- **birth place**: South Shields, County Durham, England
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **spouse**: Felicity Heywood
(m. 1964–1975, divorced)
Sandy Watson
(m. 1979–1989, divorced)
- **parents**: Francis and Elizabeth Scott
- **relatives**: Tony Scott (brother)
- **years active**: 1963–present
- **awards**: Academy Awards:

1991: _Thelma and Louise_ (nomination)
2000: _Gladiator (movie), Gladiator_ (nomination)
2001: _Black Hawk Down_ (nomination)
Golden Globe:
2000: _Gladiator_ (**won**)
Motörhead

**Motörhead** was an English rock band. The band was started in 1975 by bassist, singer and songwriter Ian Fraser “Lemmy” Kilmister_._ They are thought to be one of the bands that started the new wave of British heavy metal in the late 1970s. The word motorhead is a name for someone who likes cars, but in British slang it’s a name for a meth addict/speed freak.

Motörhead played heavy metal music very fast. This was different from how other bands played it at the time. Many listeners call them the first speed metal or thrash metal band. Motörhead are a main influence on other bands that play those styles. Lemmy did not like his band being called anything other than just a rock and roll band. Fans of punk music and metal music liked Motörhead. Their songs have words about war, drug abuse, and sex. They also sing about gambling in their most popular song, "Ace of Spades".

Motörhead are famous to fans of professional wrestling for making wrestler Triple H's theme song. He started using Motörhead's music in 2000. The song is called  "The Game". The band has played the song live at two WrestleMania events.

Motörhead was listed at number 26 on VH1's _"The 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock"_ TV show.

The band broke up in 2015 when Lemmy died of cancer on December 28, only four days after his 70th birthday.

The band was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2020.

### Albums

- 1977 - _Motörhead_
- 1979 - _Overkill_
- 1979 - _Bomber_
- 1979 - _On Parole_
- 1980 - _Ace of Spades_
- 1981 - _No Sleep 'til Hammersmith_
- 1982 - _Iron Fist_
- 1983 - _Another Perfect Day_
- 1985 - _No Remorse_
- 1986 - _Orgasmatron_
- 1987 - _Rock 'n' Roll_
- 1988 - _No Sleep at All_
- 1991 - _1916_
- 1992 - _March or Die_
- 1993 - _Bastards_
- 1995 - _Sacrifice_
- 1996 - _Overnight Sensation_
- 1998 - _Snake Bite Love_
- 1999 - _Everything Louder Than Everyone Else_
- 2000 - _We Are Motörhead_
- 2002 - _Hammered_
- 2003 - _Live at Brixton Academy_
- 2004 - _Inferno_
- 2006 - _Kiss of Death_
- 2008 - _Motörizer_
- 2010 - _The Wörld Is Yours_
- 2013 - _Aftershock_
- 2015 - _Bad Magic_

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Motörhead
- **image**: Motorhead-03.jpg
- **caption**: Left to right: Campbell, Dee, and Lemmy in 2005
- **landscape**: Yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England
- **years active**: 1975–2015
- **past members**: Lemmy, Ian "Lemmy" Kilmister
Larry Wallis
Lucas Fox
Phil Taylor (musician), Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor
Eddie Clarke, "Fast" Eddie Clarke
Brian "Robbo" Robertson
Phil "Wizzö" Campbell
Michael "Würzel" Burston
Pete Gill
Mikkey Dee
Celebrity (disambiguation)

**Celebrity** can mean:

- Celebrity, a person who is widely recognized (famous) in a society
- _Celebrity_ (album), 2001 album by 'N Sync
- _Celebrity_ (movie), 1998 movie by Woody Allen
- Celebrity (game), a party game
- Celebrity Cruises, a cruise line
- _Celebrity_ (magazine), published by Scientology
Flag of Russia

The **flag of Russia** is a horizontal tricolor of three colors - white on the top, blue in the middle, and red on the bottom. These Slavic tricolors are also used in flags of other Slavic nations (e.g. Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic).

## History

When Tsar Peter I traveled in the year 1699 to the Netherlands, in order to get more shipbuilding experience, he recognized the necessity that Russia needed its own flag for its navy.

The new Russian flag should follow the model of the flag of the Netherlands (at that time three horizontal strips orange-white-blue in addition, red-white-blue after 1630), but use colors from Russia. Peter I selected the colors from the coat of arms of the Principality of Moscow: On red background a white knight on a white horse rides, wrapped into a blue coat and blue sign carrying. Later the three colors were interpreted also than symbol for the three state-carrying ostslawischen peoples in the Russian Zarenreich: White for the “white Russians”, blue for the “small Russians” and red for the “large Russians”.

This flag was first allowed to be used on 7 May 1883. When the Bolsheviks 1917 seized power, they changed the national flag. On 22 August 1991 the white-blue-red Tricolor was determined again to the Russian national flag.

## Andreyevsky flag

Peter I gave also another flag to the country: the so-called imperial flag of Russia. It consists of a blue St Andrews cross on a white background. This flag was used alternatively with the Trikolore. The flag is still used as the flag of the Russian navy.

On 15 April 1996 the Russian president Boris Yeltsin signed an explanation that the victory flag is equivalent to the Russian flag.

The _victory flag_ is a variant of the flag, which was introduced on May 1, 1945. The difference to the flag of the Soviet Union is that the star is somewhat larger and _hammer and sickle_ are not used.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Russian Federation

- **image**: Flag of Russia.svg
- **nickname**: ()
- **use**: 110110
- **proportion**: 2:3
- **design**: Horizontal tricolour (flag), tricolour of white, blue, and red
- **designer**: Peter the Great
- **image3**: Naval Ensign of Russia.svg
- **imagetext3**: ()
- **use3**: 000001
- **proportion3**: 2:3
- **adoption3**: 1712–1923
1958–present
- **design3**: Two blue diagonal bands forming a Saltire, St. Andrew's Cross on a white background
Neckar

The **Neckar** (Swabian: _Negger_) is a 367 km long river in the South-West of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg. Rising in the Black Forest, it flows through a steep valley in the Odenwald hills and passes through the cities of Tübingen (University), Nürtingen, Esslingen, Stuttgart (capitol of Baden-Württemberg, and Heidelberg (University). In Mannheim the Neckar joins the river Rhine.

## Related pages

- 1223 Neckar
Radolfzell

**Radolfzell** at the Bodensee is northwest a city on the west bank of Bodensee of about 18 km from Konstanz. It is after Konstanz and Singen (Hohentwiel) the third biggest city of the district Konstanz. Since 1 January 1975 Radolfzell is large district town.

## Neighbour cities

Following cities and municipalities border on the city Radolfzell at the Bodensee. They are called in the clockwise direction beginning in the southwest: Moos (at the Bodensee), Singen (Hohentwiel), Steißlingen, Orsingen, Nenzingen(all district Konstanz).
Nenzingen

**Nenzingen** is a city in the district Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg.

Nowerdays Nenzigen has got an population of 3.126 inhabitants (<small>December 2005</small>)

## History

On 21 April 839 Nenzingen was mentioned for the first time as _Nancingas_ in a document of the monastery _Reichenau_.

The place belonged to the county of _Nellenburg_ and came to Austria when the last counts of Nellenburgdied in 1423.
Live Aid

**Live Aid** was two rock concerts in London and Philadelphia that were held on July 13, 1985. It was organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise money for African citizens who were in poverty not getting enough food. Live Aid was held in two places at the same time, in Wembley Stadium in London, and in John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia. The concert raised $127 million.

On November 8, 2004, Official recordings of the Live Aid concert was sold on DVD. The money that the DVD set got was given to Africa.
Model

**Model**, **models**, or **modeling** can mean: An abstract (idea, theory, simulation) or smaller approximation of an object or system for testing. (Like a car, building or ship.)

## Ideas, concepts or software

- Business model
- Model (abstract), an abstract or conceptual object used in the creation of math to predict its behavior
    - Causal model
    - Mathematical model
    - Scientific model
        - Model Driven Engineering, a software development technique based on abstract models
        - Metamodeling, a model of a model
        - Molecular modelling, used to mimic the behaviour of molecules
        - Geologic modelling
        - The Standard Model, the theory in particle physics which describes certain fundamental forces and particles
    - Computer model, a computer program which attempts to simulate an abstract model of a particular system, usually builds upon a mathematical model
- Model theory, study of the representation of mathematical concepts
- Mental model, a person's way of thinking of an idea or thought process
- Similitude (model), in engineering, used in the scientific testing of physical models
- Working Model, engineering software

## Physical or smaller objects

- Model (physical), a physical representation of an object
- Solid modelling, study of unambiguous representations of the solid parts of an object
- Scale model, a replica or prototype of an object
    - Model building, a hobby centered around construction of material replicas
- 3D model, a 3D polygonal representation of an object, usually displayed with a computer
- Model (computer games), in 3D computer graphics, a computer generated image of a character or an object

## Persons or occupations

- Model (art), a person who poses for purposes of art, for example in art school (often known as an _artist's model_)
- Model (person), a person whose occupation is to display products, e.g. a _fashion model_
    - Supermodel, a person who attains celebrity status through fashion modeling
- Promotional model, a person who advertises a product or service
- Role model, a person who serve as a good example to others

## Other

- Walther Model, German general in World War II
- Movement for Democracy in Liberia, MoDeL
- Models (band), an alternative rock group from Australia

## Related pages

- Models of nature
- Modeling languages
- General-purpose modeling (GPM)
- Domain-specific modelling (DSM)
- Meta-modeling
Script

**Script** could mean different types of writing that are carefully put together.

- Writing
- A writing system, such as an alphabet
- A style of handwriting or calligraphy, such as 'cursive', which means joined-up writing.

- Documents
- A written document in draft form, that might develop into a final book or performance form
- A script (performing arts): the dialog and instructions for a play, including screenplay (for film), a teleplay (for television), or a choreographic script, (for example, using Benesh Movement Notation)
- The dialogue for a comic book or comic strip

- Computers
- A scripting language: a computer programming languages initially used only for simple, repeated actions. See also Shell script, JavaScript, etc.

- Other
- A medical prescription, particularly as written on paper.
- SCRIPT (AHRC Centre): the Scottish Centre for Research in Intellectual Property and Technologies

## Related pages

- Scrip: any form of money (currency) that is not normal official (legal) currency.
Commercial

**Commercial** could mean:

- Advertising, commercial messages
    - Radio commercial,  via the medium of radio
    - Television advertisement, promoted via the medium of television
- Commerce, the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both
    - Trade, the trading of something of economic value such as goods, services, information or money
    - Commercial aviation, transporting passengers or cargo
- Commercial broadcasting, the act of broadcasting for profit
- Commercial Drive (Vancouver), a roadway in the city of Vancouver
- Commercial Solutions, a company in Edmonton
- Commercial Township, New Jersey, in Cumberland County, New Jersey
Flag of the Soviet Union

The first official **flag of the Soviet Union** was adopted in December 1922 at the first congress of the Soviets' USSR. The red flag of the communist party was adopted as the national flag.

## History

On 30 December 1922, the congress Declaration and Agreement on the establishment of the USSR. Article 22 of the Agreement states: 'the USSR has a flag, coat of arms and a state seal.'.

On 6 July 1923, it was decided that the flag was to consist of a red cloth with the state coat of arms of the Soviet Union in the centre. The unusual flag format 1:4 was selected. This flag was used however never to used very much and was only used officially for four months.

The third meeting of the Exekutive committees of the Soviet Union changed the flag on 12 November 1923 into the more well-known version. The more common format 1:2 was selected. The state coat of arms was replaced by a gold sickle and hammer, and a red five-pointed star bordered in gold above them.

Changes to the shape of the hammer and sickle and the shade of red were made in 1955.  This design stayed the national flag until the break-up of the Soviet Union on 3 December 1991.

## Infobox (flag)

- **name**: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
- **article**: the
- **image**: Flag of the Soviet Union.svg
- **image size**: 300px
- **nickname**: The Soviet flag
- **morenicks**: The Hammer and Sickle; The Red and Gold; The Red Banner
- **use**: 010110
- **proportion**: 1:2
- **adoption**: 12 November 1923 <small>(original version)</small>
15 August 1980 <small>(last version used)</small>
- **relinquished**: December 1991
- **design**: A plain red flag with a golden hammer and sickle and a gold-bordered red star in its upper canton.
Coat of arms of the Soviet Union

The **coat of arms of the Soviet Union** is the symbol of the Soviet Union. It was accepted in 1923 and was used until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.

## Design

The coat of arms has a hammer and sickle, a red star over the Earth, and two ears of wheat covered by red ribbons. Each ribbon has a different language on it, showing the motto of the Soviet Union.

## History

On 6 July 1923, the Central Executive Committee (CIK) started a project to create the coat of arms. It was finished on 22 September 1923. The constitution of the Soviet Union confirmed the new coat of arms officially in 1924. At first it had six red ribbons on the ears of wheat. The motto "Workers of the World, Unite!" was written on each ribbon, each in a different language. The first six languages were Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, and Turko-Tatar.

Over the next several years, many more languages were added. In 1937 there were 11 languages, and in 1946, there were 16. In 1956 the Finnish text from the coat of arms was removed, and up to the end of the Soviet Union there were 15 languages on the coat of arms.
Kornwestheim

**Kornwestheim** is a town in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the third largest town of the Ludwigsburg district, behind Ludwigsburg and Bietigheim Bissingen.

Since 1956, Kornwestheim has been an administrative district town in Baden-Württemberg.

## Geography

Kornwestheim lies about 10 km in the north of Stuttgart. In the southwest _Neckarbecken_ at the east edge of the _Strohgäus_ within the _Langes Feld_. In the town, the Gänsbach flows east towards the Neckar.

## Neighbouring towns

The following towns and municipalities share a border with Kornwestheim (clockwise beginning in the west):
Möglingen, Ludwigsburg and Remseck at the Neckar (all district Ludwigsburg) as well as Stuttgart (urban area)

## Town layout

The municipality of Kornwestheim consists of the town centre and Pattonville. The latter became a part of Kornwestheim only at the beginning of the 1990s, having belonged to the Gemarkung Aldingen initially. The settlement was established in 1954 by the US army. After their departure a Company bought the area from the Federal Republic of Germany and divided it between the towns of Kornwestheim and  Remseck am Neckar. Pattonville has since been converted from a military to a civilian settlement.

### Town hall tower

The tower of Kornwestheim's town hall was built in the year 1935 by the architect Paul Bonatz. It serves not only as town hall tower, but also as water tower with a container of 800 cubic meters volumes and as clock tower.

## Population

|style="background:#efefef;"|Year|style="background:#efefef;"|Inhabitants|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|valign="top"|{||||
|17 May 1939 ¹|14.706|||
|December 1945|12.622|||
|13 September 1950 ¹|20.734|||
|6 June 1961 ¹|26.296|||
|2 May 1970 ¹|28.843|||
|31. December 1975|27.771|||
|31 December 1980|27.037|||
|27 May 1987 ¹|28.061|||
|31 December 1990|29.198|||
|31 December 1995|29.818|||
|31 December 2000|29.863|||
|31 December 2005|30.789|}||

## Infobox (german location)

- **art**: Stadt
- **name**: Kornwestheim
- **wappen**: DEU Kornwestheim COA.svg
- **lageplan**: KornwestheimLandkarte.png
- **lageplanbeschreibung**: Karte des Stadtgebiets
- **bundesland**: Baden-Württemberg
- **regierungsbezirk**: Stuttgart
- **landkreis**: Ludwigsburg
- **höhe**: 297
- **fläche**: 14.64
- **einwohner**: 30789
- **stand**: 2005-12-31
- **plz**: 70797–70806
- **vorwahl**: 07154
- **kfz**: LB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 1 18 046
- **bürgermeister**: Ursula Keck
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
Giancarlo Fisichella

**Giancarlo Fisichella** (born 14 January 1973 in Rome) is an Italian driver and drives at present in Formula One with the Renault F1-Team.

## Career

- First time Formula 1 	10. March 1996 GP of Australia
- Team 	Minardi (1996), Jordan (1997), Benetton (1998 - 2001), Jordan (2002 - 2003), clean (2004), Renault (since 2005)
- Current team 	Renault (2006)
- Number of Grand Prix 	174 (since 1996)
- Start 	174
- Best WM-result 	Place 5, with 58 points (2005), at present WM-fourth with 52 points
- WM-points altogether 	226
- First points 	27. April 1997 GP of San Marino, 4. Place
- Points per start 	1,23
- Guidance rounds 	127
- Guidance kilometer 	629,414
- Victories 	3
- First victory 	6. April 2003 GP of Brazil in 109. Run
- Last victory 	19. March 2006 GP of Malaysia
- Second places 	5
- Third places 	5
- Podium places 	13
- First podium place 	15. June 1997 GP of Canada, 3. Place
- Last podium place 	19. March 2006 GP of Malaysia, 1. Place
- Poles position 	3
- First poles position 	26. July 1998 GP of Austria
- Last poles position 	18. March 2006 GP of Malaysia
- Fastest rounds 	2
- Terminated running 	99
- Terminated running in the points 	60
- Losses 	60
- Momentary WM-placement 	4.
- Conditions 	27. August 2006 GP of Turkey
Karate

is a Japanese martial art. It was developed in the former Ryūkyū Kingdom in what is now Okinawa Prefecture. Karate was created by mixing two fighting styles. Karate has been an Olympic sport since the 2020 Summer Olympics but in 2020, the IOC decided to drop Karate for the 2024 Paris Olympics, one year later in 2021, the IOC decided to reinstate Karate for the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics. Karate was invented in the 14th century.

Karate uses all parts of the human body as a weapon such as the hand, fist, elbow, leg and knee.
Karate training has three main sections:
- is learning the basic techniques or fundamentals;
- is the training of form, the specific order and way of using techniques;
- is to learn how to fight using those techniques.

## History of Karate

Gichin Funakoshi, a school teacher from the island of Okinawa, introduced Karate to mainland Japan in the early 1900s. Traditional karate is different from boxing, wrestling and kickboxing: in karate, there is just as much importance on the strength of the mind and good manners as there is on strength of the body and self-defence to use when you're in trouble.

Karate became more known around the world because of Karate movies in the 1960s and 1970s. Now people all over the world learn Karate.

After World War II, Karate also became popular in Korea, where a local variation appeared, it is called "tangsudo".

The full name of Karate is "Karate-do" which means "the way of the empty hand" in English.

There are many schools or styles of karate, including
- Gōjū-ryū
- Sankukai
- Shitō-ryū
- Shōtōkan
- Wadō-ryū

A person who does Karate is called a "_karateka_". Notable Karateka include: Gichin Funakoshi, Yoshitaka Funakoshi, Shigeru Egami, Masutatsu Oyama, and Fumio Demura.

## Karate Clothing

When people practice Karate, they wear special clothes called a Gi. The Gi is made up of a white jacket and white pants. People who practice Karate also wear a colored belt, which tells other people their rank. The belt shows how long you have trained rather than how good you are. Two people wearing different colored belts can be surprisingly similar.

Different schools of Karate have different colours of belts for their ranks. You cannot know precisely how good they are without either asking them or knowing how their school arranges the belt colours in ranks. Usually the black belt is for the students who try very hard to be the best that they can be for a long time.

Some schools have several degrees of black belts. They show this by having a white stripe, called a Dan, on the one end of the belt, for the black belt degree the person has. For instance a "3 Dan black belt" would have 3 white stripes on his black belt and would be higher ranked than a "1 Dan black belt".

## Related pages

- Sports in Japan
Kickboxing

**Kickboxing** is a descriptive term for martial arts that, while similar to boxing, use the feet just like the hands to hit. Kickboxing can be practiced for general health, or as the fight sport. The word **kickboxing** represents a set of disciplines or sports of combat that use the feet and the fists. Especially, kickboxing is one of the disciplines of _Boxe pieds-poings_ which was developed at first by the Japaneses and afterwards by the North Americans. There are different kinds of kick boxing, most popular form is one where kicks are allowed towards head & torso only.

In the middle of the years 1960, the Japanese Kurosaki, who trained in Kyokushinkai Karate, travelled to Thailand discovering Thai boxing. In his returning to the Japan decided to combine his techniques of karate with that of Thai boxing, removing elbow strikes (the Americans also removed knee strikes), so a new sport called "kickboxing" was born.

Among the non-Japaneses that gained more successes, a special consideration should be given to Frenchman Christian Guillaume who in 1969 gained four victories and two draws; and American Benny "The Jet" Urquidez who in 1977 defeated Tatsuyuki Suzuki in four rounds. Andrew Tate is also well known for Kickboxing in the I.S.K.A

In 1973 Urquidez and Howard Hanson created the W.K.A. (World Karate Association), changing years after the "K" de karate for that of Kick-Boxing.

The more known champions are Badr Hari, Jamal Ben Saddik, Rob Kaman, Benny Urquidez, Dennis Alexio, Ernesto Hoost, Marek Piotrowski, and Anissa Meksen.

## Rules

The punches and kicks are permitted for above the waist, the sweepings and the _low kicks_ (kicks to the thigh) also are permitted.

The "amateur" combats take place in three rounds, and the professional ones last five rounds; 10 in championships of Europe and 12 in the championships of the world, with a one-minute half-time (break) between rounds.

The kicks to the thigh (_low kick_) usually decide about the difference in the combats.

## Equipment

Pants (long or short), boxing gloves and protectors for the teeth and for the genitals; in the female combats, women should also wear protector of chest and boots (not required in the professional combats).

## Other websites

- World association of all styles Kickboxing Organizations (W.A.S.K.O.)
- The World Kickboxing & Karate Association (W.K.A.)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
- International Sports Kickboxing Association (I.S.K.A)- Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
- International Kickboxing Federation (IKF) - Prof & Amateur Kickboxing
- International Kickboaxing Board of Control (IKBC)
- World Kickboxing Network (W.K.N.)
- World Kickboxing Union (W.K.U.)
- World Kickboxing Federation (W.K.F.)
- World Federation of Kickboxing (WFK)
- World International kickboxing league (I.K.L.)
- Professional Kickboxing Association (P.K.A)
- Muay Thai Kickboxing (M.T.K)
- Kickboxing Guide (Premier)