juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Assembly line

An **assembly line** is a manufacturing process which is a very important part of industry.

In an assembly line, parts are added to a product in a sequence. Each worker and machine does one part, and the parts are put together to make the finished object. This makes a product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods, where one person made the whole object.

The division of labour was discussed by Adam Smith in his book _The Wealth of Nations_ (1776). He used the manufacture of pins as an example of increasing productive efficiency.

## Ford

The assembly line developed by Ford Motor Company between 1908 and 1915 made assembly lines famous as an example of mass production. The result was a cheaper car, the Ford Model T, and higher wages for Ford workers. Henry Ford was the first to master the moving assembly line, and was able to reduce labor hours needed to make a car, and increased numbers of cars and parts. Ford was the first company to build large factories around the assembly line concept.

Mass production by assembly lines was the catalyst which started the modern consumer culture by making possible low unit cost for manufactured goods. It is often said that Ford's production system was ingenious because it turned Ford's own workers into new customers. The lower prices turned a huge potential market into a reality. The greater demand allowed further economies of scale to be exploited. This bootstrapping quality of growth made Ford famous and set an example for other industries.

The idea was not invented by Ford. Its use in America may have started with the production of cars by Ransom E. Olds in 1901.

## History

The earliest example of an assembly system is the Terracotta Army of the 3rd century BC. The terracotta army figures were made in workshops. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used. Once put together, features such as facial expressions were added.

It is thought their legs were made the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were made at the time. This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times, each workshop had to write its name on items produced. Once they were completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.
Outer planet

The **outer planets** are planets in the Solar System that are beyond the asteroid belt. The four planets; Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are gas giants. All four of these planets have planetary rings which are made up of dust and other particles.

## Related pages

- Moons of Jupiter - Rings of Jupiter
- Moons of Saturn - Rings of Saturn
- Moons of Uranus - Rings of Uranus
- Moons of Neptune - Rings of Neptune
- Inner planet

## More reading

- Scott W. Benson – **Solar Power for Outer Planets Study** (2007) – NASA Glenn Research Center
- Trautman and Bethke – **Human Outer Planet Exploration** (2003) – NASA Langley Research Center and Princeton University

## Other websites

- Outer Planets Assessment Group (NASA)
    - October 2011 OPAG Presentations
- Planetary Science Decadal Survey Mission & Technology Studies
- Dwayne Day – **Exploration of the Outer Planets** – U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission  ~2003
Ōta, Tokyo

is one of the 23 special wards in Tokyo, Japan.

The municipality calls itself "Ōta City" in English.

## History

Ōta Dōkan was the founder of Edo (now known as Tokyo).

On 15 March 1947, the ward of Ōta was formed by combining the wards of Kamata and Ōmori.

## Geography

Ōta is a southern ward of Tokyo.  Its southern border is the Tama River and the city of Kawasaki in Kanagawa Prefecture.  On the north, Ōta borders the special wards of Shinagawa, Meguro and Setagaya. Tokyo Bay is on the east.

## Related pages

- Tokyo International Airport

## Other websites

- Ōta website 
- Toho University website ,  

## Infobox (place symbols)

- **embedded**: yes
- **tree**: Cinnamomum camphora
- **flower**: Prunus mume
- **bird**: Cettia diphone


## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Ōta Ward
- **native name lang**: ja
- **settlement type**: Special wards of Tokyo, Special ward
- **image skyline**: Kamata night view.jpg
- **image caption**: Night view of Kamata, Ōta
- **image flag**: Flag of Ota, Tokyo.svg
- **image seal**: Emblem of Ōta, Tokyo.svg
- **image map**: Ōta-ku in Tokyo Prefecture Ja.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Ōta in Tokyo, Tokyo Metropolis
- **pushpin map**: Japan
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Japan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Japan
- **subdivision type1**: List of regions of Japan, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Kantō region, Kantō
- **subdivision type2**: Prefectures of Japan, Prefecture
- **subdivision name2**: Tokyo, Tokyo Metropolis
- **subdivision type3**: Districts of Japan, District
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Tadayoshi Matsubara (since April 2007)
- **leader title1**: Vice Mayor
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 59.46
- **population total**: 716,413
- **population as of**: June 1, 2016
- **population density km2**: 12048.65
- **timezone1**: Japan Standard Time, JST
- **utc offset1**: +09:00
- **blank name sec1**: City hall address
- **blank info sec1**: 5-13-14 Kamata
144-8621
Hypothyroidism

**Hypothyroidism** is a medical condition. If a person has hypothyroidism, their thyroid gland does not make enough hormones. This condition is also called underactive thyroid. It can be caused by many factors, but it is more common when a person has insufficient iodine. Severe hypothyroidism in infants can result in cretinism.
Symptoms of hypothyroidism include the following: tiredness, headaches, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, and poor concentration.

|Symptoms|Signs|
| --- | --- |
|Fatigue|Dry, coarse skin|
|Feeling cold|Cool extremities|
|Poor memory and concentration|Myxedema (mucopolysaccharide deposits in the skin)|
|Constipation|Hair loss|
|Weight gain with poor appetite|Slow pulse rate|
|Shortness of breath|Swelling of the limbs|
|Hoarse voice|Delayed relaxation of tendon reflexes|
|Heavy periods (and later light periods)|Carpal tunnel syndrome|
|Abnormal sensation|Pleural effusion, ascites, pericardial effusion|
|Poor hearing||

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Hypothyroidism
- **image**: Thyroide.jpg
- **alt**: The thyroid gland located within the neck
- **caption**: Hypothroidism is when the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone.
- **diseasesdb**: 6558
- **medlineplus**: 000353
- **emedicinesubj**: med
- **emedicinetopic**: 1145
- **meshid**: D007037
Charnia

***Charnia*** is the genus name of a frond-like Ediacaran lifeform. It has segmented ridges branching alternately to the right and left from a midline. The genus _Charnia_ was named after Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire, England, where the first fossilised specimen was found.

## Significance

_Charnia_ is a highly significant fossil for several reasons. It is the first fossil ever described from undoubted Precambrian rocks. Until then the Precambrian was thought to have no fossils. Similar fossils found in the 1930s (Namibia) and the 1940s (Australia) but were thought to be of Cambrian age.

Secondly, _Charnia_ has become an enduring image of Precambrian animals. Originally interpreted as an alga (Ford), it was recast as a sea pen, a sister group to the modern soft corals, from 1966 onwards (Glaessner). The sea pen interpretation has recently been discredited. The current "state of the art" is something of a "statement of ignorance".

## Ecology

Little is known of the ecology of _Charnia_. It was benthic, anchored to the sea floor. It probably lived in deep waters, below the waves (perhaps a great deal below the wave base). This means it did not photosynthesise. Further, it has no obvious feeding apparatus (mouth, gut, etc.) and so its lifestyle is somewhat of an enigma. Some think it survived by filter feeding or directly absorbing nutrients.

The growth and development of the Ediacara biota is also important. It was used to discredit the sea pen hypothesis. In contrast to the sea pens (that grow by new buds at the base), _Charnia_ grew by new buds at the apex.

### Distribution

_Charnia_ is, in time and geography, the most widespread Ediacaran fossil. The greatest abundance of specimens, which are also the oldest reliably dated Ediacaran fossils, are found at Mistaken Point on Newfoundland.

## Diversity

Three species, _C. masoni_, _C. wardi_, and _C. antecedens_, have different length/width ratios and attachments of adjacent branches.

_Charnia masoni_ was found by Roger Mason, a schoolboy who later became a professor of metamorphic petrology, in 1957.  Tina Negus, a 15 year old schoolgirl at the time, had seen this fossil a year previously, but her geography schoolteacher flatly denied the possibility of Precambrian fossils.

_Charnia wardi_, later discovered in 1978 in southeast Newfoundland, was first described in 2003. This is the longest surviving Ediacaran age fossil, lasting over 2 million years. The holotype is a fragmentary specimen with a _C. masoni_ like structure. It was defined as a new species on the basis of long and narrow shape. It was split off from _Charnia_ in 2009, and was moved to the new genus _Trepassia_.

_Charnia antecedens_ has more irregular and higher angles of branching than _C. masoni_. This species was also split off into a new genus, _Vinlandia_, in 2012.

A number of Ediacaran form taxa are thought to represent _Charnia_ (or _Charniodiscus_) at varying levels of decay.
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science

or **ISAS**, is a Japanese national research organization. ISAS studies astrophysics using rockets and satellites.  ISAS is part of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA).

## History

The ISAS began at the University of Tokyo in the 1955.

In 1994, Japan launched its first large rocket built solely with its own technology.  According to Shigebumi Saito, former head of Japan's Space Activities Commission, "If we have no vehicle, it is like a navy without ships,"

ISAS was merged with two other space agencies in 2003 when JAXA was established.

### Before establishment of JAXA

|Launch date|Name before launch|Name after launch|Mission|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|February 11, 1970||Ōsumi|Technology demonstration|
|February 16, 1971|MS-T1|Tansei|Technology demonstration|
|September 28, 1971|MS-F2|Shinsei|Ionosphere / cosmic-ray / solar-radio observation|
|August 19, 1972|REXS|Denpa|Ionosphere / magnetosphere observation|
|February 16, 1974|MS-T2|Tansei 2|Technology experiment|
|February 24, 1975|SRATS|Taiyo|Thermosphere and sun|
|February 19, 1977|MS-T3|Tansei 3|Technology experiment|
|February 4, 1978|EXOS-A|Kyokko|Aurora and ionosphere|
|September 16, 1978|EXOS-B|Jikiken|Magnetosphere and thermosphere observation|
|February 21, 1979|CORSA-b|Hakucho|X-ray astronomy|
|February 17, 1980|MS-T4|Tansei 4|Technology experiment|
|February 21, 1981|ASTRO-A|Hinotori|Solar X-ray observation|
|February 20, 1983|ASTRO-B|Tenma|X-ray astronomy|
|February 14, 1984|EXOS-C|Ohzora|Mesosphere observation|
|January 8, 1985|MS-T5|Sakigake|Technology experiment / Comet observation|
|August 19, 1985|PLANET-A|Suisei|Comet observation|
|August 19, 1987|ASTRO-C|Ginga|X-ray astronomy|
|February 22, 1989|EXOS-D|Akebono|Aurora observation|
|January 24, 1990|MUSES-A|Hiten|Interplanetary technology experiment|
|August 30, 1991|SOLAR-A|Yohkoh|Solar X-ray observation (with NASA / UK)|
|July 24, 1992|GEOTAIL|GEOTAIL|Magnetosphere observation (with NASA)|
|February 20, 1993|ASTRO-D|ASCA|X-ray astronomy (with NASA)|
|March 18, 1995|SFU|SFU|Multi-purpose experiment flyer (with NASDA / NEDO / USEF)|
|February 12, 1997|MUSES-B|HALCA|Space VLBI technology development|
|July 4, 1998|PLANET-B|Nozomi|Mars atmosphere observation|
|May 9, 2003|MUSES-C|Hayabusa|Planetary sample return technology development|

### After establishment of JAXA

|Launch date|Name before launch|Name after launch|Mission|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|July 10, 2005|ASTRO-EII|Suzaku|X-ray astronomy|
|February 21, 2006|ASTRO-F|Akari|Infrared astronomy|
|September 22, 2006|SOLAR-B|Hinode|Solar observation|
|September 13, 2007|SELENE|Kaguya|Lunar probe|
|May 20, 2010|PLANET-C|Akatsuki|Venus atmosphere observation|

## Related pages

- List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, ISAS site map
Ōsumi (satellite)

, also known as **Ohsumi**, is the name of the first Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit.  It was named after Ōsumi Province in the area of Kagoshima Prefecture on the island of Kyūshū.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 11, 1970.

Japan became the fourth nation to send satellite into orbit.  Satellites launched by the USSR, the USA and France were put into orbit before Ōsumi.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ohsumi mission profile
Tansei

, also known as **Tonsei**, is the name of the second Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo. The name of the satellite means "light blue", which is the school color of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 16, 1971.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Tansei (MS-T1) mission profile
Shinsei

is the name of the third Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on September 28, 1971.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Shinnsei (MS-F2) mission profile
Paul Eddington

**Paul Eddington** CBE (18 June 1927 – 4 November 1995) was a British actor. He was born in Paddington, London. He is best known for his roles as Jerry Leadbetter in _The Good Life_ and Jim Hacker in _Yes Minister_. He died of skin cancer in Southwark, London.
Nursery

A **nursery** is a school for children between the ages of one and five years. It is a preschool education institution, part of a child's education.

Nurseries take care of young children during the day while providing a safe, fun and educational environment. Most nurseries provide toys and a outdoor playground with equipment.

## Names

Nursery _kindergarten_ (children's garden), is a name given by Friedrich Fröbel, who created the Nurseru in Germany, in 1837. Other common names are _pre-school_, _playschool_ and _playgroup_. The German word Kindergarten is also used in many non-English-speaking countries to denote a form of pre-school education. However, in the United States, Canada, and some parts of Australia, _kindergarten_ is instead the term used to describe the first year of compulsory schooling. The word _kindergarten_ is not generally used in the UK.

## United Kingdom

In the UK, most children start nursery at two or three years old and move on to primary school the academic year they turn five. Some nurseries can take care of babies as young as 3-6 months old. These nurseries are often called day nurseries or daycares. Some nurseries are called children’s centres. Some nurseries have separate rooms for different age groups. Preschools in the UK are mainly designed for children from toddler age to five years.

Increasing the number of nurseries in England is part of the plan of the Government to get more women to get jobs. Working parents of three and four-year-olds in England are eligible for 30 hours of free childcare per week.  Parents of 2-year-olds can get 15 hours free childcare if they get means-tested benefits or if the child is disabled. The rules are slightly different in Wales and Scotland.    Jeremy Hunt announced plans to let more parents get free places in March 2023, but since then nurseries have found it difficult to get people to work for them and more than 3000 have closed. It may cost £2,000 a month for a full-time place.
Kingsway, London

**Kingsway** is a major road in central London in the United Kingdom, designated as part of the A4200. It runs from High Holborn, at its north end in the London Borough of Camden, and meets Aldwych in the south in the City of Westminster at Bush House. It was built in the 1900s. Together Kingsway and Aldwych form one of the major north-south routes through central London linking the ancient east-west routes of High Holborn and Strand.

## History

The road was built as part of a redevelopment of the area in the 1900s. Its route cleared away the maze of small streets in Holborn such as Little Queen Street and the surrounding dwellings. However Holy Trinity Church, which was built in Little Queen Street was spared. Whereas the Sardinian Embassy Chapel, an important Roman Catholic church attached to the Embassy of the Kingdom of Sardinia, was demolished to make way for the new street.

Plans were published by London County Council in 1898 and the road was formally opened in 1905. It is one of the broadest streets in central London at  wide.

It was unique in containing below it a tunnel for a tramway, which started just north of Southampton Row, passed beneath Aldwych and continued to the Thames Embankment: this Kingsway tramway subway joined the North and South London tram systems.  In 1958 the disused tunnel was reopened at the southern end to make a new connection, the Strand Underpass, for light traffic between Waterloo Bridge and Kingsway on order to reduce congestion.  Also beneath Kingsway was a branch of the Piccadilly tube line from Holborn to Aldwych. It is now closed with no service but the platform at Holborn used for the branch is used for TV and film sets that require underground scenes.  During WW2 the branch was used to store art treasures from the British Museum, including the Elgin Marbles.
Denpa (satellite)

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit.  Denpa was a radiation experiments satellite (REXS).

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 19, 1972.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Denpa (REXS) mission profile
Provinces of Libya

Libya was divided into **provinces** from 1934 to 1963.  Now Libya is divided into 22 districts. The three main provinces of the country follow the original colonial divisions of Italian Libya: Tripolitania province, Cyrenaica province and Fezzan province.
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency

The , also known as **JAXA**, is Japan's national space agency.

JAXA is an Independent Administrative Institution.

JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and the launch of satellites into orbit.  JAXA is involved in advanced missions, such as asteroid exploration and possible manned exploration of the Moon.

## History

In 2003, three organizations were merged to form the new JAXA.
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)
- National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL)
- National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA)

### Satellites

Ōsumi was Japan's first satellite.  It was sent into orbit in 1970.

## Related pages

- Independent Administrative Institution (IAI), 2001
- List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan

## Other websites

- JAXA
- Twitter
- "JAXA 2025" Presentation
- "JAXA Channel" Official YouTube channel
- International Space Station (ISS) and "Kibo" Information center
- JAXA -  Space Environment Utilization and  Space Experiment
- RAND Report on Japan's Space Program, 2005
- CSIS Report on US-Japan Space Policy Cooperation, 2003
- GOSAT satellite
- Japan's Evolving Space Program
Hong Kong Island (constituency)

**Hong Kong Island** was a constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong from 1998 to 2021.

The constituency covered all the four districts on the Hong Kong Island, namely, Central and Western, Eastern, Southern and Wan Chai.

The constituency was formed since the 1998 legislative election, replacing a number of single-member constituencies in 1995. These were Island West and Island East in the 1991 election with dual-seat constituency dual vote system and Island East, Island West, Island Central, and Island South in the 1995 election.

## References

- http://www.legco.gov.hk/english/index.htm
Kowloon West (1998 constituency)

**Kowloon West** was a geographical constituency of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It was created in 1998.

## Boundaries

The constituency loosely corresponds to the today's districts of Yau Tsim Mong, Sham Shui Po, and Kowloon City.

## History

The constituency was formed since the 1998 legislative election, replacing a number of single-member constituencies in 1995. These were Kowloon West and parts of Kowloon Central in the 1991 election with dual-seat constituency dual vote system and Kowloon Southwest, Kowloon West, Kowloon South, and Kowloon Central in the 1995 election.

## Related pages

- List of constituencies of Hong Kong
Akebono (satellite)

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite put into orbit.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 22, 1989.

Akebono was designed to study auroras and the magnetosphere of earth.  The satellite remained operational for 20+ years.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Akebono (Exos-D) mission profile
A Visit from St. Nicholas

<div style="margin-right: -1em"></div>

"**A Visit from St. Nicholas**" is a poem by Clement Clarke Moore. It was first published anonymously on December 23, 1823 in the _Troy Sentinel_, an American newspaper. It is also known as "The Night Before Christmas" and "'Twas the Night Before Christmas" from its first line.

The poem is largely responsible for the way many people think of Santa Claus. It describes his physical appearance, the night of his visit, his sleigh, the number and names of his reindeer, and the tradition that he brings toys to children.
Provinces of Rwanda

There are five provinces in Rwanda.

|Province|Kinyarwanda name|Capital|Area (km<sup>2</sup>)|Population (2012 census)|Density (per km<sup>2</sup>)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Kigali Province|Umujyi wa Kigali|Kigali|730|1,132,686|1,551.62|
|Southern|Amajyepfo|Nyanza|5,963|2,589,975|434.34|
|Western|Iburengerazuba|Kibuye|5,883|2,471,239|420.06|
|Northern|Amajyaruguru|Byumba|3,276|1,726,370|526.97|
|Eastern|Iburasirazuba|Rwamagana|9,458|2,595,703|274.44|
Sleeping with the Enemy

***Sleeping with the Enemy*** is a 1991 American psychological thriller movie. It is based on the novel of the same name. It stars Julia Roberts as Laura Burney, a victim of domestic violence. She moves from Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Cedar Falls, Iowa to escape her violent, controlling husband. This movie was released during February of 1991.
Hiten (spacecraft)

is the name of the first Japanese space probe sent to the moon.   It was  the first lunar probe launched by a country other than the Soviet Union or the United States.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent toward the moon on January 24, 1990.

On the first lunar approach, Hiten released a small orbiter.  This was called

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Hiten (MUSES-C) mission profile
Provinces of South Africa

South Africa has nine provinces.

Just before the 1994 general election, the number of provinces went up from four to nine, because all the Bantustans became provinces.

Provinces have their own government, led by a Premier.

## List

|Province|Name in the most spoken native language|Capital|Largest city|**Area**|Population (2022)|Density (2022)|Map|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Eastern Cape||Bhisho (Bisho)|Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth)||7,230,204|||
|Free State||Bloemfontein|Bloemfontein||2,964,412|||
|Gauteng||Johannesburg|Johannesburg||15,099,422|||
|KwaZulu-Natal||Pietermaritzburg|Durban||12,423,907|||
|Limpopo||Polokwane (Pietersburg)|Polokwane||6,572,720|||
|Mpumalanga||Mbombela (Nelspruit)|Mbombela||5,143,324|||
|North West||Mahikeng (Mafikeng)|Rustenburg||3,804,548|||
|Northern Cape||Kimberley|Kimberley||1,355,946|||
|Western Cape||Cape Town|Cape Town||7,433,019|||
|**Republic of South Africa**||Pretoria, Bloemfontein Cape Town ||align="left"| Johannesburg|| ||62,027,503||||||||||
**Footnotes:**

### Provincial acronyms

|Province|HASC|ISO|FIPS|CSS|Conventional|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Eastern Cape|ZA.EC|EC|SF05|02|EC|
|Free State|ZA.FS|FS|SF03|04|FS|
|Gauteng|ZA.GT|GP|SF06|07|GP|
|KwaZulu-Natal|ZA.NL|KZN|SF02|05|KZN|
|Limpopo|ZA.NP|LP|SF09|09|LP|
|Mpumalanga|ZA.MP|MP|SF07|08|MP|
|Northern Cape|ZA.NC|NC|SF08|03|NC|
|North-West|ZA.NW|NW|SF10|06|NW|
|Western Cape|ZA.WC|WC|SF11|01|WC|
|colspan="6" background: #F2F2F2"|**Notes** HASC: Hierarchical administrative subdivision codes ISO: Province codes from ISO 3166-2. For full identification in a global context, prefix "ZA-" to the code FIPS: Codes from FIPS PUB 10–4, a U.S. government standard. CSS: Province codes used by the Central Statistical Service of South Africa.|||||

## Former administrative divisions

|Province|Capital|data-sort-type="number"|Peak population|Location|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Cape of Good Hope (1910–1994)|Cape Town|6,125,335|||
|Natal (1910–1994)|Pietermaritzburg|2,430,753|||
|Orange Free State (1910–1994)|Bloemfontein|2,193,062|||
|Transvaal (1910–1994)|Pretoria|9,491,265|||
|Bophuthatswana (1977–1994) †|Mmabatho|1,478,950|||
|Ciskei (1972–1994) †|Bisho|677,920|||
|Gazankulu (1971–1994)|Giyani|954,771|||
|KaNgwane (1981–1994)|Louieville Schoemansdal _(de facto)_ || 779,240 ||||||
|KwaNdebele (1981–1994)|KwaMhlanga|404,246|||
|KwaZulu (1981–1994)|Nongoma (until 1980) Ulundi (1980–1994) || 5,524,774 ||||||
|Lebowa (1972–1994)|Lebowakgomo|2,740,587|||
|QwaQwa (1974–1994)|Phuthaditjhaba|342,886|||
|Transkei (1976–1994) †|Umtata|2,323,650|||
|Venda (1979–1994) †|Thohoyandou|558,797|||
|South West Africa|Windhoek|1,415,000|||
**Footnotes:**
- † States for which the homeland was quasi-independent.

## Infobox (subdivision type)

- **name**: Provinces of South Africa
- **category**: Regional state
- **territory**: South Africa
- **current number**: 9 Provinces
- **population range**: 1,355,946 (Northern Cape) – 15,099,422 (Gauteng)
- **area range**: (Gauteng) –  (Northern Cape)
- **subdivision**: Districts of South Africa, Districts
Metropolitan municipality (South Africa), Metropolitan municipality
Taiyo (satellite)

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 24, 1975.  It entered the atmosphere and burned up on 29 June 1980.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Taiyo (SPRATS) mission profile
Kyokko

**Kyokko** is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. The name means the Northern Lights in Japanese.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 4, 1978.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kyokko (EXOS-A) mission profile
Jikiken

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit. The satellite was sent into orbit on September 16, 1978.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Jikiken (EXOS-B) mission profile
Hinotori (satellite)

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 21, 1981.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Hinotori (ASTRO-A) mission profile
Ohzora

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was sent into orbit on February 14, 1984.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Ohzora (EXOS-C) mission profile
Suzaku (satellite)

is the name of a Japanese artificial satellite which was put into orbit in 2005.

The launch was a project of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo.

The satellite was launched on July 10, 2005.

## Other websites

- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Suzaku (ASTRO-EII) mission profile
Glaciology

**Glaciology** is a discipline of science. It is the study of glaciers. Glaciology is a branch of Earth science. The International Glaciological Society (IGS) is an organization that conducts research in glaciology.
The Devil Inside

***The Devil Inside*** is an American supernatural horror movie.  It is a documentary-style movie.  The story is about a woman who gets involved in many exorcisms.  She is trying to find out what happened to her mother.  Her mother murdered three people because she was possessed by a demon.

_The Devil Inside_ was released in the United States in January 2012. Its focus is set between 1989 and 2009. It was not shown to critics, although it made nearly $97 million at the box office while in theaters.

## Cast

- Fernanda Andrade as Isabella Rossi
- Simon Quarterman as Ben
- Evan Helmuth as David
- Ionut Grama as Mike
- Suzan Crowley as Maria Rossi
- Bonnie Morgan as Rosalita
- Brian Johnson as Lieutenant Dreyfus
- Preston James Hillier as Male Reporter
- D.T. Carney as Detective
Mute

**Mute** may refer to:

- Muteness, a speech disorder in which a person lacks the ability to speak
- Deaf-mute, where a person cannot hear or speak.
- Mute (instrument)
- Mute, a silent letter in phonology
- _Mute (film)_, an upcoming sequel to the movie _Moon_
- Mute (death customs) a professional mourner in Victorian and other European cultures
- Mute (music), a device used to alter the sound of a musical instrument
- Mute Records, a record label in the United Kingdom
- MUTE, a peer-to-peer file-sharing network
- _Mute Magazine_, a United Kingdom arts magazine
- _Mute_ (album), a 2000 compilation album from Hush Records featuring several indie rock acts
Kowloon East (1998 constituency)

**Kowloon East** was a constituency in Hong Kong.

## History

The constituency was made at the 1998 legislative election. This replaced several single-member constituencies in 1995. These were Kowloon East and parts of Kowloon Central in the 1991 election.
New Territories West (constituency)

**New Territories West**, or "**NT West**", means the western part of New Territories in Hong Kong.  It includes Tsuen Wan District, Kwai Tsing District, Tuen Mun District, Yuen Long District and Islands District. It is one of the geographical constituencies in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, the largest geographical constituencies in Hong Kong. Although New Territories West is not the official administration name in Hong Kong (while New Territories is the official name), many government departments use it as one of main regions for administration divisions.
New Territories East (constituency)

**New Territories East** (or **NT East**), refers to the eastern part of New Territories in Hong Kong. It includes Sha Tin District, Tai Po District, North District and Sai Kung District. It is the second largest geographical constituency in the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. Although New Territories East is not an official administrative name (it is officially part of the 'New Territories'), many government departments use it as a major administrative division.
Heung Yee Kuk (constituency)

The **Heung Yee Kuk**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1991. The constituency is composed of the Chairman and Vice-Chairmen of the Heung Yee Kuk and the Ex Officio, Special and Co-opted Councillors of the Full Council of the Kuk.
Agriculture and Fisheries (constituency)

The **Agriculture and Fisheries** are a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. It was created from the **Agriculture, Fisheries, Mining, Energy and Construction** in 1995. The constituency is composed of agriculture and fisheries organisations.
Insurance (constituency)

The **Insurance** is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. It was created from the **Financial, Insurance and Real Estate Services** which composed of all the voters with the occupation of finance, insurance, real estate services under the then Governor Chris Patten's enlargement of the new nine functional constituency in 1995. The constituency is now restricted to only 144 insurers.
Transport (constituency)

The **Transport**, formerly called **Transport and Communication** in the colonial period, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. 178 electors are only limited to transportation associations.
Education (constituency)

The **Education**, formerly called **Teaching** in the colonial period, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong. It has been the functional constituency with most registered voters since 1998.
Legal (constituency)

The **Legal**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1985. Electors include The member of the Law Society of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Bar Association, and the officers in the Government's judicial departments.
Accountancy (constituency)

The **Accountancy** is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1988. The constituency is composed of certified public accountants.
Medical (constituency)

The **Medical**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1985. Electors include all medical participators and dentists. It consists of the second largest number of voters among the functional constituency after the Education constituency.
Health Services (constituency)

The **Health Services**, formerly called **Health**, are a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. The constituency is composed of health services related professionals.
Engineering (constituency)

The **Engineering** is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. The constituency is composed of composed of professional engineers and the members of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers.
Architectural, Surveying, Planning and Landscape (constituency)

The **Architectural, Surveying, Planning and Landscape**, formerly called **Engineering, Architectural, Surveying and Planning** from 1985 to 1991 and **Architectural, Surveying and Planning** from 1991 to 2016 is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1985. The constituency is composed of composed of architects, landscape architects, surveyors, and planners and the members of Hong Kong Institute of Architects, Hong Kong Institute of Landscape Architects, Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors, and Hong Kong Institute of Planners entitled to vote at the general meetings of the associations.
Labour (constituency)

The **Labour** is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1985. The constituency is composed of bodies that are trade unions of which all the voting members are employees.
Social Welfare (constituency)

The **Social Welfare**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1985. Electors include all the registered social workers.
Real Estate and Construction (constituency)

The **Real Estate and Construction**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. The constituency is composed of the members of the Real Estate Developers Association of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Construction Association, and Hong Kong E&M Contractors' Association to vote at general meetings of the Associations.
Tourism (constituency)

The **Tourism**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. The constituency is composed of the members of the associations in the tourist industry.
Commercial (First)

The **Commercial (First)**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. The constituency is composed of the members of the associations in the Commercial Industry.
Commercial (Second)

The **Commercial (Second)**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. The constituency is composed of the members of the associations in the Commercial Industry.
Industrial (First)

The **Industrial (First)**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. The constituency is composed of the members of the associations in the Industrial Industry.
Industrial (Second)

The **Industrial (Second)**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. The constituency is composed of the members of the associations in the Industrial Industry.
Finance (constituency)

The **Finance**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. The constituency is composed of the members of the associations in the Financial Industry.
Financial Services (constituency)

The **Financial Services**, is a functional constituency in the elections for the Legislative Council of Hong Kong first created in 1998. The constituency is composed of the members of the associations in the Financial Services Industry.
Umbrella tree

**Umbrella tree** can refer to several items:

- _Under the Umbrella Tree_, a 1986 children's television program
- _Magnolia tripetala_, the umbrella magnolia
- _Musanga cecropioides_, the African corkwood
- _Polyscias murrayi_, an Australian rainforest tree
- _Schefflera actinophylla_, the umbrella tree or octopus tree
- _Terminalia catappa_, the Indian almond

## Related pages

- Umbrella Plant (disambiguation)
- _Pinus pinea_, the stone pine, sometimes called "umbrella pine"
- _Sciadopitys verticillata_, the Kusamaki, sometimes called "Japanese umbrella pine"
Transitivity

**Transitivity** may refer to:

## In grammar

- Intransitive verb
- Transitive verb, when a verb takes an object
- Transitivity (grammar)

## In logic and mathematics

- Transitivity (mathematics)
    - Transitive relation, a binary relation in which if _A_ is related to _B_ and _B_ is related to _C_, then _A_ is related to _C_
- Syllogism, a related notion in propositional logic

## Other

- Transitive Corporation, a computer software firm that developed QuickTransit
Evasion

**Evasion** is the act of avoiding something.

It may refer to:
- Evasion (law), to avoid government mandate through specious means (tax evasion, for example)
- Evasion (book), a zine-turned-book published by CrimethInc., an anarchist group
- Evasion (Objectivism), refusal to think on or accept the consequences of a line of thought
- Evasion (Ethics)
- Citroën Evasion, a car
Battersea Bridge

**Battersea Bridge** is a cast-iron and granite five-span arch bridge crossing the River Thames in London, England. It is on a sharp bend in the river, and links Battersea south of the river with Chelsea to the north.

The first Battersea Bridge was a toll bridge. Although a stone bridge was planned, a cheaper wooden bridge was built instead. Designed by Henry Holland, it was opened to pedestrians in November 1771, and to vehicles in 1772. The bridge was poorly designed. It was dangerous to its users and to passing shipping. Boats often collided with it. To reduce the dangers to shipping, two piers were removed, and the sections of the bridge above them were strengthened with iron girders.

Although dangerous and unpopular, the bridge was the last surviving wooden bridge across the Thames in London. It was the subject of paintings by Turner, Cotman and Whistler.

In 1879 the bridge was taken into public ownership, and in 1885 demolished and replaced with the existing bridge, designed by Joseph Bazalgette. It is the narrowest surviving road bridge over the Thames in London, and one of London's least busy Thames bridges. The position on a bend in the river makes the bridge a hazard to shipping, and it has been closed many times due to collisions.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.  The Battersea Bridge area marked the official start of the parade of ships and boats moving towards Tower Bridge.

## Related pages

- List of crossings of the River Thames

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: Battersea Bridge
- **image**: Battersea Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 493706.jpg
- **carries**: 2 lanes of A3220 road
- **crosses**: River Thames
- **locale**: London, England
- **designer**: Joseph Bazalgette
- **design**: Cantilever bridge
- **material**: Cast iron and granite
- **spans**: 5
- **pierswater**: 4
- **below**: at lowest astronomical tide
- **traffic**: 26,041 vehicles (2004)
- **open**: 21 July 1890
- **heritage**: Listed building, Grade II listed structure
- **preceded**: Old Battersea Bridge (1771–1885) a.k.a. Chelsea Bridge
Anne Bancroft

**Anne Bancroft** (September 17, 1931 – June 6, 2005) was an American actress. She was born Anna Maria Louisa Italiano in the Bronx, New York City. She had Italian grandparents and was raised Roman Catholic.

## Career

She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the 1962 movie _The Miracle Worker_. She also won three BAFTA Awards, an Emmy Award, two Golden Globe Awards and two Tony Awards. She is best known for her role as Mrs Robinson in _The Graduate_.

## Relationships

Her first marriage ended in divorce. Her second marriage was to actor-filmmaker Mel Brooks. It lasted from 1964 until her death in Mount Sinai Hospital, Manhattan, New York City, from uterine cancer. Their son, writer Max Brooks (born 1972), is her only child.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anne Bancroft
- **image**: Anne Bancroft.jpg
- **birth name**: Anna Maria Louisa Italiano
- **birth date**: September 17, 1931
- **birth place**: The Bronx, New York City, United States, U.S.
- **death place**: Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Actress
- **spouse**: Mel Brooks
- **children**: Max Brooks
- **awards**: Academy Award (Best Actress, _The Miracle Worker (1962 movie), The Miracle Worker_
3 BAFTA Awards
Emmy Award
2 Golden Globe Awards
2 Tony Awards
Apples and oranges

**Apples and oranges** is a common English idiom.  It is used to describe unlike objects or people.  One of the most well-known bits of popular wisdom in the English-speaking world is that apples and oranges cannot be compared.  The ability to tell apples from oranges is learned.

The phrase is almost always used along with a warning that things in different categories cannot be compared, or that the comparison is improper.

## History

This idiom began as a comparison of "apples and oysters" in a book of proverbs published in 1670.  This idiom has become a marker in English-speaking culture. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.

### Variants

The idiom is not uniquely English.

In French-speaking Quebec, the idiom is _comparer des pommes avec des oranges_ (to compare apples and oranges),  In Europe, the French idiom is _comparer des pommes et des poires_ (to compare apples and pears).

In Latin America, the  Spanish idiom is _comparar papas y boniatos_ (comparing potatoes and sweet potatoes) or _comparar peras con manzanas_ (comparing pears and apples).

In British English, the phrase _chalk and cheese_ means the same thing as _apples and oranges_.

## Comparison

In order to compare anything, there needs to be a theory to be proven and framework for testing the theory. Three basic questions come first:
1. What are we comparing?
1. Are the subjects good for comparing?
1. Do the measures of comparison function in the same or similar ways?

## Scientific research

The idiom has inspired scientific research projects.  For example, the _British Medical Journal_ published a study of red delicious apples compared with navel oranges.  They were found to have many similarities.

There are differences in nutritional value.

Experiments at NASA Ames Research Center showed that apples and oranges decay at similar rates.

## Related pages

- Premise
- False dilemma

## Further reading

- Cummins RO, Hazinski MF. "Apples and oranges," _Annals of Emergency Medicine_ (Ann Emerg Med). 1999;33:602–603.
- Johnson W. "Comparing apples with oranges," Archives of Internal Medicine_ (Arch Intern Med). 1998;158:1591–1592.
- Lubarsky DA. "Comparing apples to oranges," _Anesthesia and Analgesia._ (Anesth Analg). 1995 Aug;8:428–429.
- Moayyedi P. "Meta-analysis: can we mix apples and oranges?" _American Journal of Gastroentrology'' (Am J Gastroenterol). 2004 Dec;99(12):2297-301.

## Other websites

- Smithsonian.com, Comparing Apples and Oranges
Hardness

**Hardness** is a measure of how much a material resists changes in shape.  Hard things resist pressure. Some examples of hard materials are diamond, boron carbide, quartz, tempered steel, ice, granite, concrete.  Ability of material to resist wear, tear, scratching, abrasion cutting is called hardness.

Harder materials are more difficult to cut and shape than softer ones. They are also usually more brittle which means they do not bend much but can shatter. Hard materials are used in cutting tools, machines and construction materials and other industrial goods.

Hardness tests are important in materials science.  The Mohs scale of mineral hardness tests the hardness of minerals. The Brinell scale and various compression tests and rebound tests are more used for metals and artificial materials.

## Other websites

- Guidelines to hardness testing
Small Island Developing States

**Small Island Developing States** (**SIDS**) are low-lying coastal countries.  They share similar problems because of their size. Some of these problems are: small but growing populations, limited resources, and long distances from other countries.

The SIDS were first seen as a distinct group of developing countries at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992. The Barbados Programme of Action was made in 1994 to help the SIDS to develop.

## List of SIDS

Currently, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs lists 44 small island developing states. These are broken down into three geographic regions: the Caribbean; the Pacific; and Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS). Each of these regions has a regional organisation for cooperation: the Caribbean Community, the Pacific Islands Forum and the Indian Ocean Commission.
- Caribbean

- Pacific

- Africa Indian Ocean Mediterranean South China Sea (AIMS)

## Other websites

- About SIDS, _United Nations Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States_
- AOSIS Members, _Alliance of Small Island States_
- SIDS Network _Small Islands Development States Network_