juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lop Nur

**Lop Nur** () is a largely dried-up salt lake located in the eastern portion of the Tarim Basin in southeastern Xinjiang, China, between the Taklamakan Desert and Kumtag Desert. The lake historically supported a thriving civilization along the Silk Road, but it has mostly dried up due to damming and diversion of rivers. Today, the area is known for its nuclear testing sites and potash mining.

## Geography

Lop Nur is located in a basin that historically formed part of the larger Tarim Lake system, fed by the meltwater from the Tianshan, Kunlun, and western Qilian Mountains. The lake's size varied over time but was measured to cover around 3,100 km² in 1928. However, construction of reservoirs upstream drastically reduced water inflow, resulting in its current dried state, with only small seasonal lakes or salt marshes forming occasionally.

## History

Lop Nur has a rich historical significance, being a part of the ancient Silk Road. From around 1800 BC until the 9th century, it supported the Tocharian-speaking culture. The ancient kingdom of Loulan, which became a Chinese client state in 55 BC, was located along its shores. Loulan was later renamed Shanshan, and the area became a vital point on the trade route that connected China with Central Asia.

Archaeological discoveries, including the Tarim mummies and buried settlements, have been made along the ancient shores of the lake. Notable explorers like Sven Hedin and Aurel Stein studied the area in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, mapping its shifting landscapes.

## Modern Use

In modern times, Lop Nur became a site for Chinese nuclear testing, starting in the 1950s. The surrounding region is now also a site for extensive potash mining since the discovery of resources in the mid-1990s. Some areas around the lake are restricted military zones, and archaeological sites are under cultural protection.

## Cultural References

The desolation and isolation of Lop Nur have made it a subject of intrigue for many, including explorers, historians, and writers. The lake's disappearance and history have been the subject of numerous books and studies, as well as a focal point in discussions about environmental changes in China's deserts.

## Related pages

- Loulan
- Tarim mummies
- Taklamakan Desert
- Nuclear testing at Lop Nur

## Other websites

- Encyclopaedia Britannica – Lop Nur
- BBC Article on Lop Nur

## Infobox (body of water)

- **name**: Lop Nur
- **native name**: 罗布泊
- **native name lang**: zh
- **other name**: 罗布淖尔
- **image**: Basin of Lop Nur 90.25E, 40.10N, Desert of Lop, Kum Tagh and Astin Tagh.jpg
- **image size**: 280px
- **caption**: Satellite image of the Lop Nur Basin
- **location**: Xinjiang, China
- **type**: Salt lake
- **inflow**: Tarim River, Shule River
- **outflow**: None (endorheic basin)
- **basin countries**: China
- **length**: 100 km
- **width**: 30 km
- **area**: 3100 km² (historical)
- **depth**: Dry (historically: max 5 m)
- **pushpin map**: China Xinjiang
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin map alt**: Location of Lop Nur within Xinjiang
Kingdom of Amber

The **Kingdom of Amber**, later the **Kingdom of Jaipur** or the **Jaipur State**, was located in the modern-day   Rajasthan and was ruled by the Kachwaha clan of Rajput.

It became a Princely State under the British rule after signing a treaty creating a subsidiary alliance with the Company in the year 1818, after the Third Anglo Maratha war. It got incorporated into the independent India in 1947 and became the part of India by 1949. Upon integration, the ruler was granted a pension and the use of the title "_Maharaja of Jaipur"_ by the Government of India. However, the pension, privileges, and the use of the title were ended in 1971 by the 26th Amendment to the Constitution of India.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Kingdom of Amber
<hr> Kingdom of Jaipur

- **common name**: Jaipur
- **government type**: Monarchy
(1028–1818; 1947–1949)
Princely state
(1818–1947)
- **status**: * Tributary state of Chauhans (1071-1200)
* Vassal state of the Mughal Empire (1562–1857)
** Tributary state of Maratha Empire (1790–1818)
** Protectorate of the British East India Company (1818–1858)
* Princely state of the British Raj, Indian Empire (1858–1947)
- **year start**: 1128
- **event end**: Acceded to India
- **year end**: 1949
- **p1**: Khoh
- **s1**: Dominion of India
- **flag s1**: Flag of India.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Jaipur (c. 1699-1818).svg
- **flag border**: no
- **flag type**: Flag ()
- **image coat**: Jaipur State CoA - colourised.svg
- **image map**: Map of Amber-Jaipur.jpg
- **image map caption**: Jaipur State within Rajputana, in the Imperial Gazetteer of India (1909)
- **common languages**: Dhundari,
Hindi
- **currency**: Indian Rupee
- **leader1**: Dulha Rai _(first)_
- **leader2**: Man Singh II _(last)_
- **year leader1**: 1128-1133
- **year leader2**: 1922–1949
- **title leader**: Maharaja, Sawai
- **today**: Rajasthan,
Republic of India
Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)

**Communist-controlled China** refers to the regions of China that were under the control of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1927 to 1949 during the Chinese Civil War. The areas under CCP control were known as revolutionary base areas, and were also called the Soviet Zone from 1927 to 1937, Anti-Japanese Base Areas during the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the Liberated Zone during the final stages of the Civil War.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Communist-controlled China
- **common name**: Communist China
- **official languages**: Standard Chinese
- **capital**: Jinggangshan (1927–30), Ruijin (1931–34), Zhidan (1935), Yan'an (1936–47), Xibaipo (1948–49), Peiping (1949)
- **government type**: Leninist one-party socialist republic
- **era**: Chinese Civil War
- **year start**: 1927
- **date start**: 1 August
- **year end**: 1949
- **date end**: 1 October
- **predecessor**: Beiyang Government
- **successor**: People's Republic of China
- **flag**: Flag of Communist-controlled China (1927–1949).svg
- **anthem**: "The Internationale"
- **motto**: "Proletariats and oppressed peoples of the world, unite!"
Jai Singh I

**Mirza Raja Jai Singh I** (15 July 1611 – 28 August 1667) was the senior general and a high ranking governor at the imperial court of Mughal Empire as well as the Kachwaha ruler of the Kingdom of Amber (Later called as Jaipur). His predecessor was his grand uncle, Mirza Raja Bhau Singh, the younger son of Mirza Raja Man Singh I.

Painting of Jai Singh
Liquid breathing

**Liquid breathing** is when an organism that usually breathes air breathes a special liquid rich in oxygen. This liquid can exchange carbon dioxide (<chem>CO2</chem>) and oxygen, like perfluorocarbon (<chem>PFC</chem>).

It should possess some properties like dissolving of gases in it, appropriate viscosity and stability. Correct selection of PFC is highly important based on medical application, whether respiration or drug delivery or blood substitution is required. PFC liquids can carry more oxygen and more <chem>CO2</chem> as compared to blood.

Liquid breathing could save the life of a person who has sustained serious injury to their lungs or heart. Liquid breathing has also been proposed for use in deep diving It could also be used for deep-sea diving and space travel. But there is no standard way to use it yet.
Girlfriend Is Better

"**Girlfriend Is Better**" is a 1983 song by Talking Heads and is the third track from their fifth studio album _Speaking in Tongues_. It was released as a live single in 1984 for the concert movie _Stop Making Sense_. It went to number 99 in the United Kingdom and number 21 in New Zealand.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Girlfriend Is Better (Live)
- **caption**: UK vinyl edition
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Talking Heads
- **album**: Stop Making Sense (album), Stop Making Sense
- **b-side**: Once in a Lifetime (Talking Heads song), Once in a Lifetime (Live)
- **released**: 26 November 1984 (UK)
- **recorded**: December 1983
- **venue**: Pantages Theatre (Hollywood), Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, Los Angeles, Hollywood
- **genre**: Funk rock
- **length**: 3:32
- **label**: Sire Records, Sire/Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros
- **writer**: David Byrne (musician), David Byrne
- **producer**: Talking Heads
- **prev title**: Slippery People (Live)
- **prev year**: 1984
- **next title**: The Lady Don't Mind
- **next year**: 1985
Jonas Blue

**Guy James Robin** (born 2 August 1989), known as **Jonas Blue**, is an English DJ and record producer. He is best known for his singles "Perfect Strangers", "Fast Car", "Mama" and "Rise". In 2017, he released his compilation album "Jonas Blue: Electronic Nature - The Mix 2017".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Jonas Blue
- **image**: Jonas Blue (cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Guy James Robin
- **birth place**: Essex, England
- **origin**: London, England
- **years active**: 2015–present
Murray Lee Eiland, Jr.

**Murray Lee Eiland, Jr.** (born 9 September 1936) is an American writer, scholar, and researcher specializing in ancient oriental rugs. He has written over 20 books about rugs from the Arabian Peninsula, China, Iran, Turkestan, and the Caucasus. He also writes for the _Encyclopædia Britannica_.

His book, _Oriental Rugs: A Complete Guide (1998)_, which he co-wrote with Murray Lee Eiland, III, explains the traditional methods, designs, and materials used in 19th- and 20th-century rugs from the Near and Far East.
National Curriculum and Textbook Board

The **National Curriculum and Textbook Board** (NCTB) is an independent organization under the Ministry of Education in Bangladesh. It prepares curricula and develops, prints, and distributes textbooks for primary and secondary schools in Bangladesh. All public schools and many private schools in Bangladesh follow the NCTB curriculum. Since 2010, free books are given to students from Grade 1 to Grade 10 every year to help eliminate illiteracy. There is a two-language version of the curriculum: one in Bengali and another one in English.

## History

The National Curriculum and Textbook Board started functioning as the East Pakistan School Textbook Board in 1954. In 1971, its name changed to Bangladesh School Textbook Board. In 1976, it was further renamed as the National Curriculum and Syllabus Committee. In 1981, the National Curriculum Development Centre was initiated. In 1983, the National Curriculum Development Centre and the Bangladesh School Textbook Board joined to form the Bangladesh National Textbook Board, which was later renamed the National Curriculum and Textbook Board.

## Infobox (government agency)

- **name**: People's Republic of Bangladesh
 National Curriculum and Textbook Board
- **type**: Ministry (government department), Ministry
- **seal**: Government Seal of Bangladesh.svg
- **seal caption**: Government Seal of Bangladesh, Seal of the Government of Bangladesh
- **logo**: File:জাতীয় শিক্ষাক্রম ও পাঠ্যপুস্তক বোর্ড-এর মনোগ্রাম.svg
- **logo caption**: National Curriculum and Textbook Board Logo
- **formed**: 1983
- **preceding1**: Bangladesh School Textbook Board
- **preceding2**: National Curriculum Development Centre
- **jurisdiction**: Government of Bangladesh
- **employees**: 91
- **chief1 name**: Professor Mohammad Farhadul Islam
- **chief1 position**: Chairman
- **parent department**: Ministry of Education (Bangladesh), Ministry of Education
- **website**: http://www.nctb.gov.bd
Settala

**Settala** is a _comune_ in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Settala
- **official name**: Comune di Settala
- **image skyline**: Settala chiesa.jpg
- **image shield**: Settala-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Milan, Milan (MI)
- **frazioni**: Premenugo, Caleppio
- **area total km2**: 17.42
- **population total**: 6460
- **population as of**: Dec. 2004
- **population demonym**: Settalesi
- **elevation m**: 108
- **postal code**: 20049
- **area code**: 02
Trezzano Rosa

**Trezzano Rosa** is a _comune_ in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Trezzano Rosa
- **official name**: Comune di Trezzano Rosa
- **image skyline**: 1441TrezzanoRosaSGottardo.jpg
- **image shield**: Trezzano Rosa-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Milan, Milan (MI)
- **area total km2**: 3.44
- **population total**: 3992
- **population as of**: Dec. 2004
- **population demonym**: Trezzanesi
- **elevation m**: 188
- **saint**: Saint Gotthard of Hildesheim
- **day**: 4 May
- **postal code**: 20060
- **area code**: 02
Trezzo sull'Adda

**Trezzo sull'Adda** is a _comune_ in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Trezzo sull'Adda
- **official name**: Comune di Trezzo sull'Adda
- **image skyline**: Trezzo sull’Adda - chiesa dei Santi Gervasio e Protasio.jpg
- **image shield**: Trezzo sull'Adda-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Milan, Milan (MI)
- **frazioni**: Cascina Figini, Concesa
- **mayor**: Silvana Carmen Centurelli
- **area total km2**: 13.05
- **population total**: 11858
- **population as of**: 31 December 2020
- **population demonym**: Trezzesi
- **elevation m**: 187
- **saint**: Saint Cajetan
- **day**: August 7
- **postal code**: 20056
- **area code**: 02
Taslima Nasrin

**Taslima Nasrin** (born 25 August 1962) is a Bangladeshi writer and doctor. She writes about problems of women's oppression and criticizes religion. Some of her books are banned in Bangladesh. She has been banned from Bangladesh and also from the Indian state of West Bengal. In the early 1990s, she gained international prominence with her essays and novels that expressed feminist notions along with criticism of women-hostile religions. Because of death threats, she has lived in exile since 1994. After over a decade of living in Europe and the USA, in 2004, she shifted to India and has been living there on a long-term visa.

## Early life and career

Nasrin is the daughter of Dr. Rajab Ali and Edul Ara, Bengali Muslims from Mymensingh. Her father was a doctor and a professor at several medical colleges. After finishing high school in 1976 and college in 1978, she studied medicine at Mymensingh Medical College and obtained her MBBS degree in 1984.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Taslima Nasrin
- **native name**: তসলিমা নাসরিন
- **native name lang**: bn
- **image**: Taslima Nasrin 2019.jpg
- **caption**: Nasrin in 2019
- **birth place**: Mymensingh, East Pakistan
- **education**: Mymensingh Medical College
- **movement**: Women's Equality, Human Rights, Freedom of Speech, Atheist, Scientism, Tolerance
- **years active**: 1973–present
- **signature**: Autograph Taslima Nasrin.png
- **website**: [https://www.taslimanasrin.com/ taslimanasrin.com]
Tribiano

**Tribiano** is a _comune_ in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Tribiano
- **official name**: Comune di Tribiano
- **image shield**: Tribiano-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Milan, Milan (MI)
- **frazioni**: Lanzano, Zoate, San Barbaziano
- **mayor party**: Fratelli d'Italia
- **mayor**: Roberto Gabriele
- **area total km2**: 7.0
- **population total**: 2512
- **population as of**: Dec. 2004
- **population demonym**: Tribianesi
- **elevation m**: 93
- **saint**: Saints Vito, Modesto and Crescenzia
- **day**: 15 June
- **postal code**: 20067
- **area code**: 02
Kanishka's conquest of Greater Bactria

**Kanishka's conquest of Greater Bactria** happened when the Parthian Empire lost major parts of its significant province of Bactria to the expanding Kushan Empire, led by its ruler Kanishka I.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Kanishka's conquest of Greater Bactria
- **partof**: Kanishka's Central Asian campaign
- **image**: Panel Fragment with the God Shiva Oesho Kushan Empire Bactria 3rd century CE Terracotta gouache (1) (823991736).jpg
- **place**: Greater Bactria, Central Asia
- **result**: Kushan victory
* Kanishka conquered Greater Bactria
- **combatant1**: Kushan Empire
- **combatant2**: Parthian Empire
- **commander1**: Kanishka
- **commander2**: unknown
Kujula Kadphises' conquest of Greater Bactria

**Kujula Kadphises' conquest of Greater Bactria** was when the first Kushan Emperor who conquered the Guissar mountains and subjugated western Bactria.

## Further informations

Some of the statues of the Khalchayan palatial site in Bactria, dated circa 50 CE, probably corresponded to the rule of Kujula Kadphises.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Kujula Kadphises' conquest of Greater Bactria
- **partof**: Kujula Kadphises' Central Asian campaign
- **image**: File:Kalchayan Prince warrior (full).jpg
- **image size**: 150px
- **caption**: Yuezhi Prince from Khalchayan. At his feet, the trophy of a Saka cataphract armour with neck-guard. 1st century BCE. Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan, nb 40.
- **place**: Greater Bactria, Central Asia
- **result**: Kushan victory
* Guissar mountains conquered
* western Bactria subjugated
- **combatant1**: Kushan Empire
- **combatant2**: Greater Bactria
- **commander1**: Kujula Kadphises
- **commander2**: unknown
Hyloxalus cepedai

***Hyloxalus cepedai*** is a frog.  It lives in Colombia.

## Home

Scientists saw this frog on the dead leaves on the ground in forests that were not too high above sea level. It can live in grassy places with small, woody plants, forests that have been cut down and are growing back, and places near water. Scientists do not know if this frog can live in places that human beings have changed. Scientists saw this frog between 450 and 1120 meters above sea level.

Scientists have seen this frog in one protected park: Reserva Forestal Nacional Vanguardia.

## Young

The female frog lays eggs on the dead leaves on the ground. After the eggs hatch, the male frog carries the tadpoles to water.

## Danger

Scientists say this frog is in some danger of dying out.  People change the places where the frog lives to make farms and to make places for human beings to live. Bad chemicals in the water can also hurt this frog.
Truccazzano

**Truccazzano** is a _comune_ in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Truccazzano
- **official name**: Comune di Truccazzano
- **image skyline**: 002TruccazzanoSMichele.JPG
- **image shield**: Truccazzano-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Milan, Milan (MI)
- **frazioni**: Albignano, Cavaione, Corneliano Bertario, Incugnate
- **mayor**: Franco de Gregorio (civic list)
- **area total km2**: 21.98
- **population total**: 4830
- **population as of**: Dec. 2004
- **population demonym**: Truccazzanesi
- **elevation m**: 108
- **postal code**: 20060
- **area code**: 02
Vermezzo con Zelo

**Vermezzo con Zelo** is a _comune_ in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy. It was created on 8 February 2019 from the former municipalities of Vermezzo and Zelo Surrigone.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Vermezzo con Zelo
- **official name**: Comune di Vermezzo con Zelo
- **image skyline**: Vermezzo - Via Ponti Carmine - panoramio.jpg
- **image shield**: Vermezzo con Zelo-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **province**: Metropolitan City of Milan, Milan (MI)
- **frazioni**: Cascina Grande, Cascina Maiocchi, Longali, Ravello
- **mayor**: Andrea Cipullo
- **area total km2**: 10.74
- **population total**: 5805
- **population as of**: 31 December 2018
- **elevation m**: 119
- **postal code**: 20071
- **area code**: 02
Xenohormone

**Xenohormones** are chemicals produced outside the human body that can act like hormones. They can come from plants (like phytoestrogens) or be man-made. These chemicals disrupt the activity of our steroid hormones through numerous possible mechanisms of action like - acting directly on hormone receptors, changing in the levels of natural hormones within the body and modifying the function of hormone receptors. The most widely known xenohormones are the xenoestrogens, which mimic the action of estrogen. Other classes include xenoandrogens-electively similar to anabolic steroids-and xenoprogesterones. Xenohormones have applications in products such as oral contraceptives, hormone replacement therapy, and agriculture. Exposure to certain xenohormones during critical periods in child development can result in reproductive problems, thyroid problems, and young age at puberty.  Later in life, they can increase the risk of cancers like testicular, prostate, ovarian, and uterine cancer.
Vermezzo

**Vermezzo** was a _comune_ in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy. On 8 February 2019, the former municipalities of Vermezzo and Zelo Surrigone merged to form the new municipality of Vermezzo con Zelo.

## Infobox (italian frazione)

- **name**: Vermezzo
- **image skyline**: Vermezzo - Via Ponti Carmine - panoramio.jpg
- **image shield**: Vermezzo-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Milan, Milan (MI)
- **comune**: Vermezzo con Zelo
- **area total km2**: 6.31
- **population total**: 3533
- **population as of**: Dec. 2004
- **population demonym**: Vermezzesi
- **elevation m**: 111
- **postal code**: 20080
- **area code**: 02
Zelo Surrigone

**Zelo Surrigone** was a _comune_ in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy. On 8 February 2019, the former municipalities of Vermezzo and Zelo Surrigone merged to form the new municipality of Vermezzo con Zelo.

## Infobox (italian frazione)

- **name**: Zelo Surrigone
- **image skyline**: Zelo Surrigone - S. Giuliana E B.v. Del Carmelo - P.zza Roma - Via Manzoni - panoramio.jpg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Milan, Milan (MI)
- **comune**: Vermezzo con Zelo
- **area total km2**: 4.43
- **population total**: 1185
- **population as of**: Dec. 2004
- **population demonym**: Zelesi
- **elevation m**: 113
- **postal code**: 20080
- **area code**: 02
Vignate

**Vignate** () is a _comune_ in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Vignate
- **official name**: Comune di Vignate
- **image skyline**: Vignate_Chiesa_Sant%27Ambrogio.JPG
- **image shield**: Vignate-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Milan, Milan (MI)
- **mayor**: Paolo Gobbi
- **area total km2**: 8.55
- **population total**: 9310
- **population as of**: 31 December 2015
- **population demonym**: Vignatesi
- **elevation m**: 121
- **postal code**: 20060
- **area code**: 02
Vittuone

**Vittuone** is a _comune_ in the Metropolitan City of Milan in the Lombardy region in Italy.

## Infobox (italian comune)

- **name**: Vittuone
- **official name**: Comune di Vittuone
- **image skyline**: Vittuone Chiesa Annunciazione.jpg
- **image shield**: Vittuone-Stemma.svg
- **region**: Lombardy
- **metropolitan city**: Metropolitan City of Milan, Milan (MI)
- **area total km2**: 6.13
- **population total**: 8361
- **population as of**: Dec. 2004
- **population demonym**: Vittuonesi
- **elevation m**: 146
- **day**: 11 October
- **postal code**: 20010
- **area code**: 02
Soul of a New Machine

***Soul of a New Machine*** is the debut studio album by American industrial metal band Fear Factory. It was released on August 25, 1992 by Roadrunner Records. While it was Fear Factory's first studio album to be released, it was their second to be recorded. The first was _Concrete_, which was recorded in 1991 but not released until 11 years later.  German magazine _Rock Hard_ described it as death metal with many other elements such as industrial metal.

_Soul of a New Machine_ was remastered and re-released on October 5, 2004. It came on a digipak with the remastered _Fear Is the Mindkiller_ EP.

### Fear Factory

- Burton C. Bell – lead vocals (credited as "Dry Lung Vocal Martyr"), programming ("Hardware, Utilities"), intro programming (10) Lyrics
- Dino Cazares – (credited as "Discordant") guitars, bass, arrangements
- Raymond Herrera – (credited as "Variable Percussive Wrecking") drums
- Andrew Shives – bass ("Discordant Bass") (credited but did not participate in recording)

### Additional personnel

- Colin Richardson – producer, mixing, add. performer (9)
- Steve Harris – engineer, mixing
- Bradley Cook – assistant engineer
- Rober Fayer – assistant engineer, add. performer (9)
- Eddy Schreyer – mastering
- Ted Jensen – remastering (Expanded Edition)
- Satok Lrak, Karl Kotas (spelled backwards) – computer graphics, art direction
- Joe Lance – photography
- Lora Porter – executive producer, add. performer (9)
- Otis – sampling (credited as "Sample God"),
- Darius Seponlou – introduction (5), intro programming (5)
- Monte Conner – A&R

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Soul of a New Machine
- **type**: album
- **artist**: Fear Factory
- **released**: August 25, 1992
- **recorded**: May 1992
- **studio**: Grand Master, Ltd. (Hollywood, Los Angeles, Hollywood)
- **genre**: *Death metal
*industrial metal
- **length**: 55:14
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **producer**: Colin Richardson
- **next title**: Fear Is the Mindkiller
- **next year**: 1993
Timeline of the Israel–Hamas war

The Israel–Hamas war began on 7 October 2023 when the Qassam Brigades began an attack on the Gaza Envelope region and Negev Desert that became Israel in 1948, followed by allied militant groups from the Gaza Strip.

Things that happened in Israel are in Israel Summer Time (UTC+3), until 29 October when it changes to Israel Standard Time (UTC+2).

### First ceasefire

- Timeline of the Palestinian-Israeli War (November 24, 2023 – January 11, 2024)
    - Operation Al-Aqsa Flood Timeline (December 2023)
- Timeline of the Israel–Hamas war (24 November 2023 – 11 January 2024)

## Related pages

- Gaza–Israel conflict
- Timeline of the Red Sea Crisis
Lower Lotharingia

The **Duchy of Lower Lotharingia** (also called **Lower Lorraine** or **Northern Lotharingia**) was a medieval duchy within the Holy Roman Empire. It was established in 959, following the division of the larger Lotharingia, which had been created from the Middle Frankish kingdom of King Lothair II in 855. Lower Lotharingia comprised most of modern-day Belgium, Luxembourg, parts of the Netherlands, and the northern part of the German Rhineland.

## History

Lower Lotharingia emerged as one of the two of the former Duchy of Lotharingia, which had been part of the Carolingian Middle Francia. In 959, Duke Bruno the Great, brother of Emperor Otto I, divided Lotharingia into Upper and Lower Lotharingia. Bruno granted Count Godfrey I of Hainaut the title of Duke of Lower Lorraine.

While the duchy of Upper Lorraine and the duchy of Lower Lorraine were briefly reunited in 1033 under Duke Gothelo I, they quickly separated again, and by 1044, Lower Lotharingia began to decline in significance. By the late 12th century, the duchy had lost most of its political power. Upon the death of Duke Godfrey III in 1190, the duchy effectively ceased to exist as a territorial unit, although the title of Duke of Lothier continued to be used by the Dukes of Brabant.

## Legacy

Lower Lotharingia played a key role in the medieval power struggles between the Holy Roman Emperors and the kings of France. The duchy’s territory later fragmented into smaller principalities and counties, which would go on to become parts of modern-day Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

## Related pages

- Holy Roman Empire
- Brabant

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: Neder-Lotharingen
- **conventional long name**: Duchy of Lower Lotharingia
- **common name**: Lower Lotharingia
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Feudal Duchy
- **year start**: 959
- **year end**: 1190
- **event start**: Partition of Lotharingia
- **event end**: Dissolution of territorial authority
- **p1**: Lotharingia
- **s1**: Prince-Bishopric of Liège
- **s2**: Duchy of Limburg
- **s3**: County of Namur
- **s4**: Landgraviate of Brabant
- **capital**: Brussels
- **common languages**: Old Dutch, Old Frisian, Old French, Old Low German
- **religion**: Christianity
- **title leader**: Duke
- **leader1**: Godfrey I (first)
- **year leader1**: 959–964
- **leader2**: Godfrey VIII (last)
- **year leader2**: 1142–1190
Brabant

**Brabant** is a historical and geographical region in the Low Countries of Europe, divided today between Belgium and the Netherlands. It was originally the core territory of the medieval Duchy of Brabant, and it continues to carry cultural and historical significance.

## History

Brabant originated as a medieval pagus (district) in the Carolingian Empire, centered around the modern Belgian cities of Brussels and Leuven. By the 12th century, it became the Landgraviate of Brabant, and in 1183 it was elevated to the Duchy of Brabant within the Holy Roman Empire. The duchy expanded in influence during the Middle Ages and became a prominent territory in the Low Countries.

The northern part of the duchy was ceded to the Dutch Republic in the 17th century and became known as Staats-Brabant. The southern part remained within the Spanish, later Austrian Netherlands, before becoming part of modern Belgium in 1830.

## Modern Divisions

Following administrative reforms, the historical province of Brabant was split in 1995 into three modern regions:

- Flemish Brabant, part of Flanders in Belgium.
- Walloon Brabant, part of Wallonia in Belgium.
- The Brussels-Capital Region, a bilingual area that serves as the capital of Belgium.

In the Netherlands, the province of North Brabant corresponds to the northern part of the historical duchy.

## Notable Landmarks

The region of Brabant is known for its rich architectural and cultural heritage, including:

- The Grand Place in Brussels.
- The Gothic-style St. Peter's Church, Leuven.
- Le Morne Brabant, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mauritius.

## Related pages

- Duchy of Brabant
- Duke of Brabant
- House of Brabant
Chattanooga campaign

The battle of Chatternooga took place from November 23-25, 1863, during the American Civil War. During the war, Confederate General Braxton Bragg attacked Union Major General William S. Rosecrans's Army in Chattanooga. General Ulysses S. Grant took command of Union forces, replacing Rosecrans with Major General George Henry Thomas.

On November 23, Grant's forces captured positions at Orchard Knob, which allowed them to make a final attack on November 25. The Union attacked and caused the Confederate Army to retreat to Dalton, Georgia. This defeat ended the majority of Confederate control in Tennessee.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Chattanooga campaign
- **partof**: the American Civil War
- **image**: Grant and Bragg.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **caption**: Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. Braxton Bragg, commanding generals of the Chattanooga campaign
- **date**: September 21 – November 25, 1863
()
- **place**: Chattanooga, Tennessee
- **result**: Union Army, Union victory
- **combatant1**: (Union (American Civil War), Union)
- **commander1**: **Ulysses S. Grant**
William S. Rosecrans
George Henry Thomas
William Tecumseh Sherman
Joseph Hooker
- **commander2**: **Braxton Bragg**
James Longstreet
John C. Breckinridge
William J. Hardee
- **units1**: Army of the Cumberland
Military Division of the Mississippi
- **units2**: Army of Tennessee
- **strength1**: 72,533 "present for duty equipped"
- **strength2**: 48,948 "present for duty"
- **casualties1**: **5,824** total <div style="line-height:1.2em;">(753 killed
 4,722 wounded
 349 missing)</div>
- **casualties2**: **6,000–8,000** (estimated)
(**8,684** men killed, wounded or prisoners)
Joe Grech

**Joseph "Joe" Grech** (9 February 1934 – 30 December 2024) was a Maltese singer. He was born in Cospicua, Malta. He was best known for introducing the Maltese language to the 1971 Eurovision Song Contest, the first appearance from Malta on this pan-European television event.

Grech died on 30 December 2024 at the age of 90.
Ken Brown (footballer)

**Kenneth Brown** (16 February 1934 - ) was an English football player and manager. As player, he made more than 400 appearances in the Football League representing West Ham United, where he spent the majority of his career, and Torquay United, and was capped once for the England national team. As manager, he took charge of Norwich City, Shrewsbury Town and Plymouth Argyle.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ken Brown
- **image**: KenBrown.JPG
- **caption**: Brown at Boleyn Ground, Upton Park, 2010
- **birth place**: Forest Gate, London, England
- **position**: Defender (association football)#Centre-back, Centre-half
- **youthclubs1**: Neville United
- **youthclubs2**: West Ham United F.C., West Ham United
- **youthyears2**: 1951–1953
- **years1**: 1953–1967
- **years2**: 1967–1969
- **years3**: 1969–1970
- **clubs1**: West Ham United F.C., West Ham United
- **clubs2**: Torquay United F.C., Torquay United
- **clubs3**: Hereford United F.C., Hereford United
- **caps1**: 386
- **caps2**: 42
- **goals1**: 4
- **goals2**: 1
- **totalcaps**: 428
- **totalgoals**: 5
- **nationalyears1**: 1959
- **nationalteam1**: England national football team, England
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **manageryears1**: 1980–1987
- **manageryears2**: 1987
- **manageryears3**: 1988–1990
- **managerclubs1**: Norwich City F.C., Norwich City
- **managerclubs2**: Shrewsbury Town F.C., Shrewsbury Town
- **managerclubs3**: Plymouth Argyle F.C., Plymouth Argyle
Saint-Mard-lès-Rouffy

**Saint-Mard-lès-Rouffy** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Mard-lès-Rouffy
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: St-Mard-Rouffy Mairie.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Saint-Mard-lès-Rouffy
- **arrondissement**: Épernay
- **canton**: Vertus-Plaine Champenoise
- **insee**: 51499
- **postal code**: 51130
- **mayor**: Hervé Ravillion
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Épernay, Coteaux et Plaine de Champagne
- **elevation min m**: 84
- **elevation max m**: 108
- **area km2**: 6.9
Saint-Mard-sur-Auve

**Saint-Mard-sur-Auve** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Mard-sur-Auve
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Saint-Mard-sur-Auve Carte postale 10.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Châlons-en-Champagne
- **canton**: Argonne Suippe et Vesle
- **insee**: 51498
- **postal code**: 51800
- **mayor**: Christian Lemery
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Argonne Champenoise
- **elevation min m**: 152
- **elevation max m**: 202
- **area km2**: 10.1
Saint-Mard-sur-le-Mont

**Saint-Mard-sur-le-Mont** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Mard-sur-le-Mont
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Saint-Mard-sur-le-Mont eglise.JPG
- **caption**: The church of Saint-Médard in Saint-Mard-sur-le-Mont
- **arrondissement**: Châlons-en-Champagne
- **canton**: Argonne Suippe et Vesle
- **insee**: 51500
- **postal code**: 51330
- **mayor**: Patrice Roth
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Argonne Champenoise
- **elevation min m**: 150
- **elevation max m**: 198
- **area km2**: 13.69
Saint-Martin-aux-Champs

**Saint-Martin-aux-Champs** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
Saint-Martin-d'Ablois

**Saint-Martin-d'Ablois** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department
Saint-Martin-l'Heureux

**Saint-Martin-l'Heureux** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Marne department in northeast France.

## Related pages

- Communes of the Marne department

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Saint-Martin-l'Heureux
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mairie st-martin l'heureux 786.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Saint-Martin-l'Heureux
- **arrondissement**: Reims
- **canton**: Mourmelon-Vesle et Monts de Champagne
- **insee**: 51503
- **postal code**: 51490
- **mayor**: François Baronnet
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Grand Reims
- **elevation min m**: 101
- **elevation max m**: 242
- **area km2**: 13.66
Hurtcore

**Hurtcore**, a portmanteau of the words "hardcore" and "hurt", is a name given to a particularly extreme form of child pornography, usually involving degrading violence, bodily harm and torture relating to child sexual abuse.
7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)

**7 World Trade Center** (**7 WTC**, **WTC-7**, or **Tower 7**), colloquially known as **Building 7** or the **Salomon Brothers Building**, was an office building constructed as part of the original World Trade Center Complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower was located on a city block bounded by West Broadway, Vesey Street, Washington Street, and Barclay Street on the east, south, west, and north, respectively. It was developed by Larry Silverstein, who held a ground lease for the site from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and designed by Emery Roth & Sons. It was destroyed during the September 11 attacks. The collapse of the building happened in the late afternoon after fires burned for many hours.
UTC offset

The **UTC offset** is the difference in hours and minutes between Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and local solar time, at a particular place. So if the time being described is two hours ahead of UTC (such as in Kigali, Rwanda), the UTC offset would be "+02:00", "+0200", or simply "+02".

## Time zones and time offsets

|Location|Longitude|UTC offset|When UTC time is 12:00, local standard time is:|When local time is 12:00, UTC time is|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Accra, Ghana|0° 12' W|UTC+00:00|12:00|12:00|
|Mogadishu, Somalia|45° 20′ E|UTC+03:00|15:00|09:00|
|Dhaka, Bangladesh|90° 23′ E|UTC+06:00|18:00|06:00|
|Manila, Philippines|120° 58' E|UTC+08:00|20:00|04:00|
|Koror, Palau|134°29′E|UTC+09:00|21:00|03:00|
|Suva, Fiji|178° 27′ E|UTC+12:00|00:00|00:00|
|Honolulu, United States|157° 51 W|UTC−10:00|02:00|22:00|
|Guatemala City, Guatemala|90° 32' W|UTC−06:00|06:00|18:00|
|Brasília, Brazil|47° 53' W|UTC-03:00|09:00|15:00|

## Related pages

- ISO 8601 – international standard for representing dates and times.

## Other websites

- time.gov (US)
- Time Service Dept., U.S. Naval Observatory
Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid

***Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid*** is a 2004 American adventure horror film directed by Dwight H. Little. It is a stand-alone sequel to the film _Anaconda_ (1997) and the second installment in the _Anaconda_ film series.
Lake Placid 2

***Lake Placid 2*** is a 2007 American made-for-television comedy horror movie directed by David Flores. It is a sequel to _Lake Placid_ (1999) and the second installment in the _Lake Placid_ movie series, telling the story of man-eating crocodiles who terrorize the local community. The movie premiered on April 28, 2007 on the Sci-Fi Channel. It was released direct to video on January 29, 2008.
Žiga Ravnikar

**Žiga Ravnikar** (born 25 December 1999) is a Slovenian archer. Ravnikar competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Žiga Ravnikar
- **nationality**: Slovenian
- **sport**: Archery
Klemen Štrajhar

**Klemen Štrajhar** (born 20 August 1994) is a Slovenian archer. Štrajhar competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
Pacific Blue

***Pacific Blue*** is an American crime drama series. It is about a team of police officers with the Santa Monica Police Department who patrolled its beaches on bicycles. The show ran for five seasons on the USA Network, from March 2, 1996, to April 9, 2000. It had 101 episodes. The series is often described as "_Baywatch_ on bikes". It series was run in many other markets, including Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Kosovo, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Ukraine, Russia, Spain, South America, Sweden, and Zimbabwe.
Anacondas 3: Offspring

***Anaconda 3: Offspring*** is a 2008 American-Romanian adventure horror television film directed by Don E. FauntLeRoy and stars David Hasselhoff, Crystal Allen, and John Rhys-Davies. The film is a sequel to _Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid_ (2004) and the third installment in the _Anaconda_ film series.
Anacondas: Trail of Blood

***Anacondas: Trail of Blood*** is a 2009 American horror thriller television film directed by Don E. FauntLeRoy and starring Crystal Allen, Linden Ashby, Danny Midwinter, and John Rhys-Davies. The film is a sequel to _Anacondas 3: Offspring_ (2008) and the fourth installment in the _Anaconda_ film series. It premiered on the Sci-Fi Channel on February 28, 2009.
Lake Placid 3

***Lake Placid 3*** is a 2010 American made-for-television horror comedy movie directed by Griff Furst. It is a sequel to _Lake Placid 2_ (2007). It is the third installment in the _Lake Placid_ movie series. The movie premiered on August 21, 2010, on Syfy. It was released to DVD later that year.
Lake Placid: The Final Chapter

***Lake Placid: The Final Chapter*** (also known as ***Lake Placid 4*** or ***Lake Placid 4: The Final Chapter***) is a 2012 American made-for-television action horror comedy film directed by Don Michael Paul, written by David Reed and stars Elisabeth Röhm, Yancy Butler, Paul Nicholls and Robert Englund. It is a sequel to _Lake Placid 3_ (2010) and the fourth installment in the _Lake Placid_ film series, telling the story of killer crocodiles who terrorize the local community. The film premiered on September 29, 2012, by Syfy and was released on DVD on February 19, 2013. As the title suggests, it was originally intended to be the final installment in the series, but was followed by _Lake Placid vs. Anaconda_, a crossover with _Anaconda_ film series in 2015.
Sara Morganti

**Sara Morganti** (born 21 March 1976) is an Italian para-equestrian. She won one silver and three bronze medals at the Paralympic Games.

, she is the first and only winner of Paralympic medals in Equestrian for Italy.

## Early life

Sara Morganti was born on 21 March 1976 in , Tuscany, Italy. In 1995, when she was 19, she got multiple sclerosis, a serious medical condition. She studied foreign languages at the University of Pisa and she graduated with _110 _ (the highest mark). In 1998, Morganti married Stefano Meoli; he is an equestrian too.

## Career

In 2021, Morganti and her horse Royal Delight went to the 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo. On 27 August, they won a bronze medal. It was the first Paralympic medal in para-equestrian for Italy. On 30 August, they won another bronze.

In 2024, Morganti and her horse Mariebelle went to the 2024 Summer Paralympics in Paris. On 3 September, they won another bronze medal. On 7 September, they won a silver. It is the first and only Paralympic silver in para-equestrian for Italy.

## Infobox (equestrian)

- **name**: Sara Morganti
- **image**: Sara morganti.jpg
- **alt**: Image of Morganti smiling and holding a medal
- **caption**: Sara Morganti
- **discipline**: Para-dressage
- **birth place**: , Tuscany, Italy
- **show-medals**: yes
Lake Placid vs. Anaconda

***Lake Placid vs. Anaconda*** is a 2015 American comedy horror television film directed by A.B. Stone, written by Berkeley Anderson and starring Corin Nemec, Yancy Butler and Robert Englund. The film premiered on April 25, 2015, on Syfy.
Lake Placid: Legacy

***Lake Placid: Legacy*** is a 2018 American-South African made-for-television Horror film directed by Darrell Roodt and stars Katherine Barrell, Tim Rozon, Sai Bennett and Joe Pantoliano. The film premiered on Syfy on May 28, 2018.
One on One

***One on One*** is an American comedy drama family television series. It starred Flex Alexander and Kyla Pratt. It aired on UPN from September 3, 2001 to May 15, 2006. The series is set in Baltimore, Maryland.
Half & Half

***Half & Half*** is an American comedy, drama and family television series. It aired on UPN from 2002 to 2006. It starred actresses and comedians Rachel True and Essence Atkins. It also starred actress Telma Hopkins.
What I Like About You

***What I Like About You*** is an American television sitcoms that was originally aired on the CW from September 20, 2002 to March 24, 2006.
Romeo!

***Romeo!*** is a sitcom that aired on Nickelodeon from 2003 to 2006, totaling 53 episodes. The filming was done in Vancouver, British Columbia, while the show takes place in Seattle, Washington. The show stars actor and rapper Lil Romeo as a fictionalized version of himself, known as "Ro". It also stares rapper Master P as himself and actress and model Erica O'Keith.
Instant Star

***Instant Star*** is a Canadian musical comedy-drama television series which aired from September 15, 2004 to June 26, 2008. The series stars Alexz Johnson as teenage singing competition winner Jude Harrison. The show chronicles Harrison's experience in the recording industry whilst focusing on character development.
Everwood

***Everwood*** is an American drama television series created by Greg Berlanti. Berlanti, Mickey Liddell, Rina Mimoun, Andrew A. Ackerman and Michael Green served as executive producers. The series aired on The WB from September 16, 2002, to June 5, 2006, with a total of 89 episodes spanning four seasons. It was co-produced by Berlanti-Liddell Productions, in association with Warner Bros. Television.
Spin City

***Spin City*** is an American sitcom television series that aired from September 17, 1996, to April 30, 2002, on ABC. Created by Gary David Goldberg and Bill Lawrence, the show is set in a fictionalized version of the New York City mayor's office, and originally starred Michael J. Fox as Mike Flaherty, the Deputy Mayor of New York. Fox departed in 2000 at the conclusion of Season 4 due to symptoms of Parkinson's disease, and Charlie Sheen became the new lead as Charlie Crawford for the final two seasons. The series was cancelled after six seasons in May 2002.
The Jamie Foxx Show

***The Jamie Foxx Show*** is an American television sitcom series created by Jamie Foxx and Bentley Kyle Evans for The WB. It premiered on August 28, 1996, and ended on January 14, 2001, with a total of 100 episodes over the course of five seasons. The show takes place in a hotel tower in Los Angeles, California. It starred Jamie Foxx and model Garcelle Beauvais. It also starred Garrett Morris.
Derrick Tenai

**Derrick Tenai** (born 3 June 1968) is an archer from the Solomon Islands. He competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Derrick Tenai
- **sport**: Archery
Jill Börresen

**Jill Börresen** (born 16 December 1973) is a South African archer. Börresen competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2000 Summer Olympics.

## Infobox (sportsperson)

- **name**: Jill Börresen
- **nationality**: South African
- **sport**: Archery
- **birth place**: Durban, South Africa
The Steve Harvey Show

***The Steve Harvey Show*** is an American television sitcom series created by Winifred Hervey and directed by Stan Lathan that aired on The WB from August 25, 1996 to February 17, 2002, with a total of 122 half-hour episodes spanning six seasons. It starred Steve Harvey and Cedric the Entertainer. It also starred Merlin Santana and actress and model Terri J. Vaughn and actress Wendy Raquel Robinson. The show takes place in Chicago, Illinois where Steve Harvey plays a high school music teacher.
Just Shoot Me!

***Just Shoot Me!*** is an American sitcom television series that originally aired on NBC from March 4, 1997, to November 26, 2003, with a total of 145 half-hour episodes spanning seven seasons, including 3 episodes aired on syndication. The show, created by Steven Levitan, one of the show's executive producers, is set in the office of a fictional fashion magazine called _Blush_, comparable to the real-life magazine _Vogue_. The show's story revolves around several staff members at the magazine, including Jack Gallo, the owner and publisher; his daughter Maya, a writer for the magazine; secretary Finch; former model and now-fashion correspondent Nina; and photographer Elliot.