juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Consumption function

In economics, the **consumption function** shows a relationship between consumption and disposable income. It is believed that John Maynard Keynes introduced the idea in macroeconomics in 1936. He used it to develop the idea of a government spending multiplier.

## Details

Its simplest form is the _linear consumption function_. It is used often in simple Keynesian models:

where  is the autonomous consumption that is independent of disposable income; in other words, consumption when there is no income. The term  is the induced consumption that is influenced by the economy's income level. It is generally assumed that there is no correlation or dependence between  and _C_.

## More reading

- _(Undergraduate level discussion of the subject.)_
- _(Graduate level discussion of the subject.)_

## Other websites

- An essay examining the strengths and weaknesses of Keynes's theory of consumption
Induced consumption

**Induced consumption** is the part of consumption that changes with disposable income. It is when there is a change in disposable income “induces” (persuades or makes someone want to do something) a change in consumption on goods and services. In contrast, spending for autonomous consumption do not change with income. For example, spending on a consumable that is considered a normal good would be considered to be induced.

In the simple linear consumption function,

induced consumption is represented by the term , where  shows disposable income.  is called the marginal propensity to consume.
Ferrodraco

***Ferrodraco lentoni***,  "Lenton's Iron Dragon", is a species of pterosaur. The only known fossil of the pterosaur was found in 2017 north east of Winton, Queensland, Australia.

The pterosaur had a wingspan of about four metres, and when on the ground walked on its four limbs. The name, _Ferrodraco lentoni_, comes from the Latin word, _ferrum_ (iron), for the ironstone in which the fossil was found, and _draco_, the Latin word for dragon. The species also is named after Graham Thomas 'Butch' Lenton, who was the mayor of Winton.

Only small parts of 15 different pterosaurs have been found in Australia. _Ferrodraco_ is the most complete specimen found. Scientists have been able to identify five vertebrae, eight limb bones, a large part of the jaw and skull, and 40 teeth. They believe that the pterosaur lived about 96 million years ago. That is in the Upper Cretaceous.

The fossil is similar to pterosaurs found in England, except that it has much smaller teeth. This might be because of the type of food it ate, perhaps a diet of fish. Bones of pterosaurs were thin, and hollow, and because of this, very few have survived.

Winton is well known as an area where dinosaur fossils are found, but this was the first pterosaur discovered here.
Marginal propensity to consume

In economics, the **marginal propensity to consume** (**MPC**) is a measurement that can put induced consumption into numbers. Induced consumption is the idea that an increase in personal consumer spending (consumption) happens with an increase in disposable income (income after taxes and transfers). The proportion of disposable income which people spend on consumption is called the propensity to consume. MPC is the proportion of more income that a person spends. For example, if a household earns one extra dollar of disposable income, and the marginal propensity to consume is 0.65, then the household will spend 65 cents and save 35 cents of that dollar. Obviously, the household cannot spend _more_ than the extra dollar (without borrowing).

John Maynard Keynes says that the marginal propensity to consume is less than one.

The MPC is higher for poorer people than in rich.

## Background

Mathematically, the  function is written as the derivative of the consumption function  with respect to disposable income , i.e., the instantaneous slope of the - curve.

or, approximately,

- , where  is the change in consumption, and  is the change in disposable income that created the consumption.
Marginal propensity to consume can be found by dividing change in consumption by a change in income, or . The MPC can be explained with the simple example:
|Income|Consumption|
| --- | --- |
|120|120|
|180|170|

Here ;
Therefore,  or 83%.
For example, suppose you receive a bonus with your paycheck, and it's $500 on top of your normal annual earnings. You now have $500 more in income than you did before. If you decide to spend $400 of this marginal increase in income on something, your marginal propensity to consume will be 0.8 ().

## Related pages

- Average propensity to save
- Average propensity to consume
- Keynesian economics
Consumer spending

**Consumer spending**, consumption, or consumption expenditure is when people buy goods and services. It is the biggest part of aggregate demand in macroeconomics. There are two parts of consumer spending: induced consumption (which is changed by the level of income) and autonomous consumption (which is not).

### United States

In the United States, the Consumer Spending figure published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis includes three big categories of personal spending.
- Durable goods: motor vehicles and parts, furniture and durable household equipment, recreational goods and vehicles, and other durable goods.
- Nondurable goods: food and drinks bought to consume in a place different from where it was bought, clothes and shoes, gasoline and other energy goods, and other nondurable goods.
- Services: housing and utilities, healthcare, transportation services, recreation services, food services and accommodations, financial services and insurance, and other services.
Aggregate demand

In macroeconomics, **Aggregate Demand** (**AD**) or **Domestic Final Demand** (**DFD**) is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a time. This is the demand for the gross domestic product of a country. It shows the amount of goods and services that will be bought at all possible different prices.

## Other websites

- Elmer G. Wiens: Classical & Keynesian AD-AS Model - An on-line, interactive model of the Canadian Economy.
Tommy Douglas

**Thomas Clement Douglas** (20 October 1904 – 24 February 1986) was a Canadian socialist politician from Saskatchewan.

Douglas founded a political party called the CCF representing socialism and the working class. Douglas was elected Premier of Saskatchewan and created universal healthcare for it. Douglas’s health plan was copied by other provinces and spread to all of Canada. Douglas also created a Socialist political party called the New Democratic Party or NDP.

Douglas is generally very respected because he created Canada’s universal healthcare system, but recently some people have suggested that he should not be that praised because in the 1930s he was a supporter of eugenics.

Douglas died of cancer on 24 February 1986, at the age of 81 in Ottawa. His daughter, Shirley Douglas, was an actress.
Isaac Promise

**Promise Isaac** (2 December 1987 – 2 October 2019) was a Nigerian football player. He last played for Austin Bold FC in the USL Championship. He was the captain of the football team representing Nigeria that won the silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

He played professionally for 14 seasons, much of which was spent in Turkey. He scored a total of 77 club goals during his career. Promise was born in Zaria, Nigeria.

Isaac died of a heart attack on October 2, 2019 in Austin, Texas, at age 31.

## Other websites

- Nigerian Players Patabase
Hu Yamei

**Hu Yamei** (; 27 April 1923 – 3 October 2019) was a Chinese physician and medical researcher. She was President of Beijing Children's Hospital, and co-founded Beijing Hu Yamei Children's Medical Research Institute (BHI). She was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering from 1994 through 2019. She researched  leukemia and she cured more than 700 children.

Hu died of illness in Beijing on 3 October 2019, aged 96.

## Other websites

- Biography of Hu Yamei on Wiley Online Library

## Infobox (chinese)

- **child**: yes
- **p**: Hú Yàměi


## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Hu Yamei
- **birth place**: Beijing, China
- **death place**: Beijing, China
- **fields**: Pediatric hematology
- **workplaces**: Beijing Children's Hospital
- **alma mater**: Yenching University
Peking University
Pedro Passos Coelho

**Pedro Manuel Mamede Passos Coelho** (; born 24 July 1964) is a Portuguese politician and university teacher. He was the 118th Prime Minister of Portugal, in office from 2011 to 2015. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) between 2010 and 2018.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Pedro Passos Coelho
- **image**: Pedro Passos Coelho 1.jpg
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of Portugal, 118th Prime Minister of Portugal
- **president**: Aníbal Cavaco Silva
- **deputy**: Paulo Portas
- **term start**: 21 June 2011
- **term end**: 26 November 2015
- **predecessor**: José Sócrates
- **successor**: António Costa
- **office1**: President of the Social Democratic Party (Portugal), President of the Social Democratic Party
- **term start1**: 9 April 2010
- **term end1**: 18 February 2018
- **predecessor1**: Manuela Ferreira Leite
- **successor1**: Rui Rio
- **office2**: Leader of the Opposition (Portugal), Leader of the Opposition
- **term start2**: 26 November 2015
- **term end2**: 18 February 2018
- **primeminister2**: António Costa
- **predecessor2**: António Costa
- **successor2**: Rui Rio
- **term start3**: 26 March 2010
- **term end3**: 21 June 2011
- **primeminister3**: José Sócrates
- **predecessor3**: Manuela Ferreira Leite
- **successor3**: António José Seguro
- **office4**: President of the Social Democratic Youth (Portugal), President of the Social Democratic Youth
- **term start4**: March 1990
- **term end4**: December 1995
- **predecessor4**: Carlos Coelho (politician), Carlos Coelho
- **successor4**: Jorge Moreira da Silva
- **office5**: Member of the Assembly of the Republic (Portugal), Member of the Assembly of the Republic
- **term start5**: 23 October 2015
- **constituency5**: Lisbon District, Lisbon
- **term start6**: 20 June 2011
- **term end6**: 22 October 2015
- **constituency6**: Vila Real District, Vila Real
- **term start7**: 4 November 1991
- **term end7**: 24 October 1999
- **constituency7**: Lisbon District, Lisbon
- **birth name**: Pedro Manuel Mamede Passos Coelho
- **birth place**: Coimbra, Portugal
- **party**: Social Democratic Party (Portugal), Social Democratic Party
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: Universidade Lusíada
- **awards**:
- **signature**: Accession Treaty 2011 Pedro Passos Coelho signature.svg
Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo

**Maria de Lourdes Ruivo da Silva de Matos Pintasilgo**, <small>GCC GCIH GCL</small> (); (Abrantes, São João Baptista, 18 January 1930 – Lisbon, 10 July 2004) was a Portuguese chemical engineer and politician. She was the first and to date only woman to serve as Prime Minister of Portugal, and the second woman to serve as Prime Minister in Western Europe, after Margaret Thatcher.

Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo died of cardiac arrest at her home in Lisbon on 10 July  2004, aged 74.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo
- **honorific-suffix**: Order of Christ (Portugal), GCC Order of Prince Henry, GCIH Order of Liberty, GCL
- **image**: Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo (1986) (cropped).jpg
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of Portugal, 108th Prime Minister of Portugal
- **president**: António Ramalho Eanes
- **term start**: 1 August 1979
- **term end**: 3 January 1980
- **predecessor**: Carlos Mota Pinto
- **successor**: Francisco de Sá Carneiro
- **office1**: Minister of Social Affairs
- **primeminister1**: Vasco Gonçalves
- **term start1**: 17 July 1974
- **term end1**: 26 March 1975
- **predecessor1**: Mário Murteira
- **successor1**: Jorge Sá Borges
- **birth place**: Abrantes, Portugal
- **death place**: Lisbon, Portugal
- **death cause**: Cardiac arrest
- **party**: Socialist Party (Portugal), Socialist Party
- **alma mater**: University of Lisbon
- **signature**: Assinatura Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo.svg
Carlos Mota Pinto

**Carlos Alberto da Mota Pinto**, <small>GCC</small>, <small>GCIP</small>, (; Pombal, 25 July 1936 – Coimbra, 7 May 1985) was a Portuguese professor and politician.

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Carlos Mota Pinto
- **order**: 107th
- **office**: Prime Minister of Portugal
- **term start**: 22 November 1978
- **term end**: 1 August 1979

- **president**: António Ramalho Eanes
- **deputy**: Manuel Jacinto Nunes
- **predecessor**: Alfredo Nobre da Costa
- **successor**: Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo
- **order1**: Social Democratic Party (Portugal), President of the Social Democratic Party
- **term start1**: 23 March 1984
- **term end1**: 15 February 1985
- **predecessor1**: Nuno Rodrigues dos Santos
- **successor1**: Aníbal Cavaco Silva
- **order2**: Prime Minister of Portugal, Deputy Prime Minister of Portugal
Ministry of National Defence (Portugal), Minister of National Defence
- **term start2**: 9 June 1983
- **term end2**: 15 February 1985
- **primeminister2**: Mário Soares
- **predecessor2**: Diogo Freitas do Amaral
- **successor2**: Rui Machete
- **order5**: Minister of Commerce
- **term start5**: 25 March 1977
- **term end5**: 30 January 1978
- **primeminister5**: Mário Soares
- **predecessor5**: António Barreto
- **successor5**: Basílio Horta
- **birth place**: Pombal, Portugal, Pombal, Estado Novo (Portugal), Portugal
- **death place**: Coimbra, Portugal
- **spouse**: Maria Fernanda Correia
- **party**: Social Democratic Party (Portugal), Social Democratic
- **alma mater**: University of Coimbra
- **occupation**: Jurist, professor
Alfredo Nobre da Costa

**Alfredo Jorge Nobre da Costa**, <small>GCC, ComC, OMRI</small> (Lisbon, Lapa, 10 September 1923 — Lisbon, 4 February 1996), commonly known just by **Nobre da Costa** (), was a Portuguese engineer and politician.

## Honours

- Commander of the Order of Christ, Portugal (15 September 1961)
- Grand-Cross of the Order of Christ, Portugal (9 April 1981)
- Grand-Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Italy (11 April 1985)

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Alfredo Nobre da Costa
- **honorific-suffix**: Order of Christ (Portugal), GCC, Order of Christ (Portugal), ComC, Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, OMRI
- **order**: 106th Prime Minister of Portugal
- **term start**: 28 August 1978
- **term end**: 22 November 1978

- **president**: António Ramalho Eanes
- **predecessor**: Mário Soares
- **successor**: Carlos Mota Pinto
- **order2**: Minister of Industry and Technology
- **term start2**: 25 March 1977
- **term end2**: 30 January 1978
- **primeminister2**: Mário Soares
- **predecessor2**: António Sousa Gomes
- **successor2**: Carlos Montez Melancia, Carlos Melancia
- **birth place**: Lapa, Lisbon, Portugal
- **death place**: Lisbon, Portugal
- **spouse**: Maria de Lourdes de Carvalho e Cunha Fortes da Gama
- **party**: Independent
Patrick O'Daniel Unit

The **Patrick O'Daniel Unit** is a women's prison in Gatesville, Texas, USA. The murderer of Selena Quintanilla was held there.

Until January 2024, it was called the **Mountain View Unit**.
Semimetal

In physics, a **semimetal** is a material that has a small overlap between the valence and conduction bands, the highest energy levels where electrons are found and the lowest energy levels where holes are found.

Unlike metals, there is still some separation between the valence and conduction bands, but the small overlap still allows it to conduct electricity.
Europa Universalis IV

***Europa Universalis IV*** (***EU4*** in short) is a video game in the Europa Universalis set of games. It is made by Paradox Interactive. It came out in August 2013. The game is a strategy game. Players can play as a country between the years of 1444 and 1821. Players can trade, build colonies, and fight other countries in war.
Eisenhower Executive Office Building

The **Eisenhower Executive Office Building**, formerly known as the **Old Executive Office Building**, and the **State, War, and Navy Building**, is a U.S. government building situated just west of the White House in the U.S. capital of Washington, D.C.

The building was commissioned by President Ulysses S. Grant. It was built between 1871 and 1888, on the site of the original 1800 War/State/Navy Building and the White House stables. It is built in the French Second Empire style which caused a lot of criticism at the time. It did not fit in with other government buildings in the city which were designed in the neoclassical style. Mark Twain said it was "the ugliest building in America." President Harry S. Truman called it "the greatest monstrosity in America." Historian Henry Adams called it Mullett's “architectural infant asylum.”

It is now listed as a National Historic Landmark.

It was for years the world's largest office building, with 566 rooms and about ten acres of floor space. In 1981, work began to restore the building. The main office of the Secretary of the Navy was restored in 1987 and is now used as the ceremonial office of the Vice President of the United States. Many White House employees have their offices in the EEOB.
Congerville, Illinois

**Congerville** is a village in Illinois in the United States. It is in Woodford County.
Ord, Nebraska

**Ord** is a city in Valley County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 2,113 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Valley County.

## Other websites

- Official city website
Hubert Blaine Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorff Sr.

**Hubert Blaine Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff Sr.** (a.k.a. **Hubert Wolfstern**, **Hubert B. Wolfe + 988 Sr.**, **Hubert Blaine Wolfe+585 Sr.**, and **Hubert Blaine Wolfe+590 Sr.**, among others) is the shortened name of a man who has had the record for the longest personal name ever used. Hubert's given name is made up from 27 names. Each of those names start with a different letter of the alphabet in alphabetical order; these are followed by a very long name. No one can agree on the exact length and spelling of his name. This is because it has been spelled differently over the years. Many of those spellings have mistakes in them. One of the longest and most reliable published versions, with a 666-letter surname, is:

## Biography

Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff was born in Bergedorf (now part of Hamburg), Germany. Later, he moved to Philadelphia in the United States. His birthdate has been given as February 29, 1904. However, he was also reported to be age 47 in a 1964 story. Philadelphia County death records list a birthdate of August 4, 1914.
 He became a typesetter according to Bennett Cerf.
He is also known to have been a member of the American Name Society for a while.

His name first got attention when it was shown in the 1938 Philadelphia telephone directory on page 1292, column 3, line 17, and in a court order of judge John Boyle of May 25, 1938: "Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff, Jr., etc., vs. Yellow Cab Co., petition for compromise settlement granted"—with people believing that the case was settled because "they couldn't pronounce it".

In the 1970s and 1980s, Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff appeared in the _Guinness Book of World Records_ as having the longest personal name. His picture was taken for the book in front of a New York City marquee displaying his name. His name was misspelled.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hubert Blaine Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff Sr.
- **image**: Wolfe+585.jpg
- **caption**: Hubert Blaine Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff Sr.
- **birth date**: August 4, 1914
- **birth place**: Bergedorf, near Hamburg, German empire
- **death date**: October 24, 1997 (aged 83)
- **death place**: Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania,U.S.
- **nationality**: German
- **other names**: Hubert Blaine Wolfstern
- **occupation**: Typesetter
- **partner**: Constance Weber
- **children**: Hubert Blaine Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff Jr., Timothy Wayne Wolfe­schlegel­stein­hausen­berger­dorff
Lucy Flores

**Lucy Flores** (born October 24, 1979) is an American lawyer and politician. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She was a member of the Nevada State Assembly representing the 28th district from 2011 to 2015. She was an unsuccessful candidate for lieutenant governor in 2014. She was born in Glendale, California.

In March 2019, Flores wrote an op-ed for _New York_ magazine's "The Cut" alleging then Vice President Joe Biden "inappropriately kissed and touched her after he offered to help her with her 2014 campaign" while the two were at a Las Vegas campaign rally.

## Other websites

- Flores' Twitter account
- Flores' Facebook Fan Page
Paisley (design)

**Paisley** means a distinctive intricate pattern of curved feather-shaped figures based on an Indian pine-cone design.
For example "a paisley silk tie"
Body positivity

**Body positivity** is a social movement that believes that people should have a positive body image. The movement says that people should accept their body, no matter what it looks like. Society has always had certain expectations, what a body is supposed to look like. Fashion designers in particular have expectations of what a human body is supposed to look like. Most people look different, and according to body positivity they should not feel bad because they do.
Varsity Blues

***Varsity Blues*** is a 1999 American comedy and drama sports movie. It is about a small town high school football team and their coach.

## Plot

Jonathan "Mox" Moxon is an intelligent and academically talented quarterback on the West Canaan High School football team. But although he is popular at school, has a smart girlfriend and has easy friendships with other players, he isn't satisfied with his life. He wants to attend Brown University in Rhode Island. He is constantly disagreeing with his football-obsessed father Sam.

The verbally abusive Bud Kilmer cares just for winning, and at all costs. Kilmer has won two state titles and 22 district championships. His philosophy, though, begins taking a toll on the team's all state starting quarterback, Lance Harbor. Harbor is Jules's brother.

## Cast

- James Van Der Beek as Jonathon "Mox" Moxon, an academically successful, rebellious backup quarterback
- Jon Voight as Bud Kilmer, the Coyotes' 30-year head coach
- Paul Walker as Lance Harbor, the original captain and starting quarterback of the Coyotes, and Jules's older brother
- Amy Smart as Jules Harbor, Mox's girlfriend and Lance's younger sister
- Ron Lester as Billy Bob, an overweight, powerful offensive guard
- Scott Caan as Charlie Tweeder, a wild, hard partying wide receiver for the Coyotes
- Eliel Swinton as Wendell Brown, the running back and one of three African American players on the team
- Ali Larter as Darcy Sears, Lance's girlfriend and the head cheerleader
- Richard Lineback as Joe Harbor, Lance's and Jules's father
- Thomas F. Duffy as Sam Moxon, Mox's football-obsessed father
- Joe Pichler as Kyle Moxon, Mox's younger brother who is into religion rather than football

## Reception

The movie opened at #1 at the United States' box office. It made $17.5 million in its opening week.

Roger Ebert of the _Chicago Sun-Times_ said in his review: "Scenes work, but they don't pile up or build momentum."

## Awards

- 1999 Teen Choice Awards
- Choice Movie: Breakout Star — James Van Der Beek (won)
- Choice Movie: Drama (nominated)
- Choice Movie: Soundtrack
- 1999 MTV Movie Awards
- Best Breakout Male Performance: James Van Der Beek (won)
- Best Movie Song: Nice Guys Finish Last by Green Day (nominated)
- 2000 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
- Best Male Newcomer: James Van Der Beek (nominated)
John Kirby (lawyer)

**John Joseph Kirby Jr.** (October 22, 1939 – October 2, 2019) was an American attorney. He was known for his successful defense for Nintendo against Universal City Studios over the copyrights of the character of Donkey Kong in 1984. In return, Nintendo named the character Kirby to honor him.

Kirby died on October 2, 2019 in New York City from myelodysplastic syndrome-related problems at the age of 79.

## Other websites

- John J. Kirby, Jr Profile at Latham & Watkins home page

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: John Kirby
- **birth name**: John Joseph Kirby Jr.
- **birth place**: Falls Church, Virginia, U.S.
- **death place**: New York City, U.S.
- **nationality**: American
- **occupation**: Attorney
- **children**: 3
- **relations**: Edgar M. Cullman (father-in-law)
John Buchanan

**John MacLennan Buchanan**,  (April 22, 1931 – October 3, 2019) was a Canadian lawyer and former politician. He was the 20th Premier of Nova Scotia from 1978 to 1990 and as a member of the Senate of Canada from 1990 to 2006. Buchanan was born in Sydney, Nova Scotia.

Buchanan died on October 3, 2019 at the age of 88.
Ignacio Noguer Carmona

**Ignacio Noguer Carmona** (13 January 1931 – 3 October 2019) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1956. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Guadix, Spain from 1976 to 1990. He then was coadjutor bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Huelva, Spain from 1990 to 1993 and was bishop of the Huelva Diocese from 1993 to 2006.

Noguer Carmona was born in Seville, Spain. He died on 3 October 2019 in Huelva, Spain at the age of 88.
Alberto Testa (dancer)

**Alberto Testa** (23 December 1922 – 4 October 2019) was an Italian dancer, choreographer, dance critic and teacher. He was born in Turin.  He choreographed many ballets of operatic music, and worked on movies mainly with Franco Zeffirelli and Luchino Visconti.

Testa died in Turin on October 4, 2019 of pneumonia at the age of 96.
Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine (1874-1878)

**Marie of Hesse and by Rhine** was the youngest child of Princess Alice and Louis IV of Hesse.

In 1878, diphtheria swept through Hesse. Marie, together with her brother Ernst, and her sisters Victoria, Irene and Alix, fell ill. She died of diphtheria at the age of four and was buried with her mother, who died a few weeks later of the same disease.

## References

- Mager, Hugo (1998). _Elizabeth: Grand Duchess of Russia_. Carroll and Graf Publishers, Inc.
- _Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse_, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1885.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Princess Marie
- **image**: Maria de Hesse.jpeg
- **image size**: 180px
- **caption**: Princess Marie in 1878
- **house**: House of Hesse-Darmstadt, Hesse-Darmstadt
- **father**: Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse
- **mother**: Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
- **full name**: Marie Viktoria Feodore Leopoldine
- **birth place**: Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse, German Empire
- **death place**: Darmstadt, Grand Duchy of Hesse, German Empire
Apostasy

**Apostasy** is a term used in a religious context, for leaving one's religion. Usually it means moving to another religion. Someone who does this is called an **apostate**. Apostasy is different from heresy: A heretic only questions one (or more) of the traditions and beliefs of their religion. An apostate questions all of them.

The word was first used in Christianity: In the Roman Catholic Church the punishment for apostasy is excommunication. Today, the word is used mostly in the context of apostasy in Islam.

Sometimes the term is used as a metaphor to refer to changing a non-religious belief or cause, such as a political party or a sports team.

**Apostasy in Islam**;

A person who rejects, underestimates, mocks or disrespects religious orders defined as fard or sunnah in fiqh or speaks words called "alfaz-i kufr" is called apostate.
Masum Babul

**Masum Babul** (31 December 1962 - 6 March 2023) was a Bangladeshi movie dance director and choreographer. He won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Choreography twice for the film _Dola_ (1993) and _Ki Jadu Karila_ (2008). He also best known for the film Beder Meye Josna (1989), Koti Takar Kabin (2006) and Bikkhov (1994).
Babul died on 6 March 2023, at the age of 60.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Masum Babul
- **native name**: মাসুম বাবুল
- **native name lang**: bn
- **birth name**: Muhammad Masum Babul
- **nationality**: Bangladeshi
- **occupation**: Film director, Singer
- **years active**: 1987–2023
- **awards**: National Film Awards (Bangladesh), National Film Awards (3rd times)
Todor Burmov

**Todor Stoyanov Burmov** (; 14 January 1834 – 7 November 1906) was a Bulgarian politician. He was a member of the Conservative Party and the first Prime Minister of Bulgaria when it became independent, in 1879.

## Other websites

- Ministry of Finance Profile

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **name**: Todor Burmov
- **native name**: Тодор Бурмов
- **image**: Todor Burmov.jpg
- **order**: 1st Prime Minister of Bulgaria
- **term start**: 17 July 1879
- **term end**: 6 December 1879
- **monarch**: Alexander of Battenberg, Alexander
- **predecessor**: New Office
- **successor**: Kliment Turnovski, Vasil Drumev
- **order2**: Ministry of Interior (Bulgaria), Minister of Interior
- **term start2**: 17 July 1879
- **term end2**: 6 December 1879
- **premier2**: Himself
- **predecessor2**: New Office
- **successor2**: Dimitar Grekov
- **order3**: Ministry of Education, Youth and Science (Bulgaria), Minister of Education
- **term start3**: 17 July 1879
- **term end3**: 7 August 1879
- **premier3**: Himself
- **predecessor3**: New Office
- **successor3**: Georgi Atanasovich
- **order4**: Ministry of Finance (Bulgaria), Minister of Finance
- **term start4**: 18 March 1883
- **term end4**: 19 September 1883
- **premier4**: Leonid Sobolev
- **predecessor4**: Leonid Sobolev
- **successor4**: Grigor Nachovich
- **term start5**: 21 August 1886
- **term end5**: 24 August 1886
- **premier5**: Kliment Turnovski, Vasil Drumev
- **predecessor5**: Petko Karavelov
- **successor5**: Ivan Evstratiev Geshov, Ivan Geshov
- **birth place**: Gabrovo Province, Ottoman Empire
- **death place**: Sofia, Bulgaria
- **party**: Conservative Party (Bulgaria), Conservative Party <small>(until 1885)</small>
Progressive Liberal Party (Bulgaria), Progressive Liberal Party <small> (1885–1906)</small>
- **alma mater**: Imperial Moscow University
House of Orange-Nassau

The **House of Orange-Nassau** is a branch of the European house of Nassau.
Eastern cottontail

The **Eastern cottontail** (_Sylvilagus floridanus_) is a New World cottontail rabbit, a member of the family Leporidae. It is the most common rabbit species in North America.

## Sub-species of the Eastern cottontail

- _Sylvilagus floridanus alacer_ - found north of Mexico.
- _Sylvilagus floridanus ammophilus_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus avius_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus aztecus_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus chapmani_ - found north of Mexico.
- _Sylvilagus floridanus chiapensis_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus cognatus_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus connectens_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus continentis_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus costaricensis_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus cumanicus_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus floridanus_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus hesperius_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus hitchensi_
- _Sylvilagus flordanus holzneri_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus hondurensis_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus llanensis_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus mallurus_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus margaritae_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus mearnsi_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus nelsoni_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus nigronuchalis_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus orinoci_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus orizabae_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus paulsoni_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus purgatus_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus restrictus_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus russatus_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus similis_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus subcinctus_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus superciliaris_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus valenciae_
- _Sylvilagus floridanus yucatanicus_
Brasso, Trinidad and Tobago

**Brasso** is a city in Trinidad and Tobago. It is in the Couva–Tabaquite–Talparo region.
Yosemite Sam

**Yosemite Sam** is a cartoon character who starred in the _Looney Tunes_ and _Merrie Melodies_ series of Warner Bros.  He was created by Friz Freleng. He is a small man with an reddish orange mustache.  He is one of Bugs Bunny's enemies.

## Infobox (character)

- **voice**: Mel Blanc (1945–1989)
Joe Alaskey (1988, 1990–1992, 1995–1997, 2004–2005, 2010–2011)
Dan Milano/Seth Green (_Robot Chicken_)
- **image upright**: 0.8
- **creator**: Friz Freleng
Herry Monster

**Herry Monster** is a Sesame Street Muppet with light blue fur, long, purple nose, and black bushy eyebrows. Herry appeared on  _Sesame Street_ for three decades.
Borex

**Borex** is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Borex
- **municipality name**: Borex
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Borex COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Nyon (district), Nyon
- **postal code**: 1277
- **municipality code**: 5706
- **area**: 2.01
- **elevation**: 470
- **population**: 853
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.borex.ch
- **mayor**: Jean-Luc Vuagniaux
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **demonym**: Les Borésiens
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arnex-sur-Nyon, Chéserex, Crassier, Eysins, Grens, Signy-Avenex
Bursinel

**Bursinel** is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bursinel
- **municipality name**: Bursinel
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bursinel COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Nyon (district), Nyon
- **postal code**: 1195
- **municipality code**: 5852
- **area**: 1.76
- **elevation**: 430
- **population**: 359
- **populationof**: 2004
- **website**: www.bursinel.ch
- **mayor**: Pierre Burnier
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **demonym**: Les Tire-vouables
- **neighboring municipalities**: Gilly, Rolle, Dully, Bursins
Bursins

**Bursins** is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bursins
- **municipality name**: Bursins
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Bursins COA.svg
- **image photo**: Entrée de Bursins (Suisse) par la route de l'Etraz.jpg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Nyon (district), Nyon
- **postal code**: 1183
- **municipality code**: 5853
- **area**: 3.36
- **elevation**: 483
- **population**: 646
- **populationof**: 2004
- **website**: www.bursins.ch
- **mayor**: Antoinette Hauswirth
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **places**: Le Vernay
- **demonym**: Les Bursinois
Lè Caca-drâtse
Lè Medze-faye
- **neighboring municipalities**: Burtigny, Gilly, Switzerland, Gilly, Bursinel, Dully, Luins, Vinzel
Burtigny

**Burtigny** is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Burtigny
- **municipality name**: Burtigny
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **image photo**: Burtigny.jpeg
- **image caption**: Burtigny
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Burtigny COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Nyon (district), Nyon
- **postal code**: 1268
- **municipality code**: 5854
- **area**: 5.69
- **elevation**: 734
- **highest m**: 896
- **lowest m**: 630
- **population**: 287
- **populationof**: 2004
- **website**: www.burtigny.ch
- **mayor**: Marlyse Sergy
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **demonym**: Les Burtigniérans
 Les Matagasses
- **neighboring municipalities**: Marchissy, Longirod, Saint-Oyens, Essertines-sur-Rolle, Gilly, Bursins, Vinzel, Luins, Begnins, Le Vaud
Chavannes-de-Bogis

**Chavannes-de-Bogis** is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Chavannes-de-Bogis
- **municipality name**: Chavannes-de-Bogis
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Chavannes-de-Bogis COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Chavannes-de-Bogis.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Nyon (district), Nyon
- **postal code**: 1279
- **municipality code**: 5707
- **area**: 2.85
- **elevation**: 476
- **population**: 1290
- **website**: www.chavannes-de-bogis.ch
- **mayor**: Alain Barraud
- **mayor asof**: 2016-2021
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **places**: Chavannes-de-Bogis, Péguey, Margocin, Les Champs-Blancs
- **demonym**: Les Chavannus
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bogis-Bossey, Céligny (GE), Commugny, Divonne-les-Bains (FR-01), Founex
Chavannes-des-Bois

**Chavannes-des-Bois** is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Chavannes-des-Bois
- **municipality name**: Chavannes-des-Bois
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Chavannes-des-Bois COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Chavannes-des-Bois.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Nyon (district), Nyon
- **postal code**: 1290
- **municipality code**: 5708
- **area**: 2.13
- **elevation**: 469
- **population**: 387
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.chavannes-des-bois.ch
- **mayor**: Roberto Dotta
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **demonym**: Les Chavannus
- **neighboring municipalities**: Commugny, Grilly (FR-01), Mies, Switzerland, Mies, Tannay, Switzerland, Tannay, Versoix (GE)
Chéserex

**Chéserex** is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Chéserex
- **image photo**: Bon01.jpg
- **municipality name**: Chéserex
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Chéserex COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Chéserex.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Nyon (district), Nyon
- **postal code**: 1275
- **municipality code**: 5709
- **area**: 10.60
- **elevation**: 530
- **population**: 1121
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.cheserex.ch
- **mayor**: Monique Locatelli
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **places**: Bonmont, La Florettaz
- **neighboring municipalities**: Borex, Crassier, Gingins, Grens, La Rippe
Coinsins

**Coinsins** is a municipality in Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Coinsins
- **image photo**: Barthélemy Menn 001.jpg
- **municipality name**: Coinsins
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Coinsins COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Nyon (district), Nyon
- **postal code**: 1267
- **municipality code**: 5710
- **area**: 2.90
- **elevation**: 469
- **population**: 396
- **populationof**: 2008
- **website**: www.coinsins.ch
- **mayor**: Bernard Gétaz
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **demonym**: Les Coinsinnois
- **neighboring municipalities**: Duillier, Prangins, Vich, Switzerland, Vich, Genolier
Bonfield, Illinois

**Bonfield** is a village of Illinois in the United States.
Harrisburg, Nebraska

**Harrisburg** is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Banner County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 99 at the 2020 census.
Broadlands, Illinois

**Broadlands** is a village in Illinois in the United States.
Savoy, Illinois

**Savoy** is a village in Illinois in the United States.
Garden City, Texas

**Garden City** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Glasscock County. The population was 334 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Garden City, Texas
- **settlement type**: Census-designated place
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin label**: Garden City
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Glasscock County, Texas, Glasscock
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 4.6
- **area land km2**: 4.6
- **area water km2**: 0.0
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 334
- **population density km2**: 72.9
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (Americas), Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 79739
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-28176
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1336388
Alma, Illinois

**Alma** is a village in Illinois in the United States. The population was 318 at the 2020 census.
Crans-près-Céligny

**Crans-près-Céligny** (French for _Crans near Céligny_) is a municipality in the district of Nyon in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Profile
- Caribana Festival

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Crans-près-Céligny
- **municipality name**: Crans-près-Céligny
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Crans VD COA.svg
- **image photo**: Château de Crans.JPG
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Crans-près-Céligny.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Vaud
- **iso-code-region**: CH-VD
- **district**: Nyon (district), Nyon
- **postal code**: 1299
- **municipality code**: 5713
- **area**: 4.29
- **elevation**: 423
- **population**: 1910
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.crans-pres-celigny.ch
- **mayor**: Jean-Léon Blanc
- **mayor title**: Syndic
- **demonym**: Les Corbeaux
- **neighboring municipalities**: Arnex-sur-Nyon, Céligny (GE), Chens-sur-Léman (FR-74), Crassier, Eysins, Messery (FR-74), Nyon
Coulterville, Illinois

**Coulterville** is a village in Randolph County, Illinois, United States. The population was 834 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Coulterville
- **settlement type**: List of towns and villages in Illinois, Village
- **image map**: File:Randolph County Illinois Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Coulterville Highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Coulterville in Randolph County, Illinois.
- **image map1**: Illinois in United States (US48).svg
- **map caption1**: Location of Illinois in the United States
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: State
- **subdivision name1**: Illinois
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision name2**: Randolph County, Illinois, Randolph
- **subdivision type3**: Township
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: November 19, 1850
- **established title1**: Grant Cote
- **established date1**: August 18, 1874
- **established title2**: Coulterville
- **founder**: James B. Coulter
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.47
- **area total sq mi**: 0.57
- **area land km2**: 1.47
- **area land sq mi**: 0.57
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 834
- **population density km2**: 566.36
- **population density sq mi**: 1465.73
- **timezone1**: North American Central Time Zone, CST
- **utc offset1**: -6
- **timezone1 dst**: North American Central Time Zone, CDT
- **utc offset1 dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP code, ZIP Code(s)
- **postal code**: 62237
- **area code**: Area code 618, 618
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standards, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 17-16613
- **blank2 name sec2**: Wikimedia Commons
- **blank2 info sec2**: Coulterville, Illinois
- **website**: https://www.coulterville.org
Pine marten

The **pine marten** (_Martes martes_)  is an animal native to Northern Europe. Alternative names (less often used) are European pine marten, baum marten, sweet marten. It belongs in the mustelid family, which also includes mink, otter, badger, wolverine, and weasel.

Martens are small predators which also eat berries, birds' eggs, nuts, and honey. They move on the ground and in trees. Their natural habitat is in pine forests. Their main enemies are said to be the gamekeepers on highland estates. In the United Kingdom, pine martens and their dens have protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and the Environmental Protection Act 1990.
Calzedonia Ocean Girls

***Calzedonia Ocean Girls*** was an Italian reality television series. The show, presented by Simone Annicchiarico, was broadcast on Sky Uno/Cielo in 2014.

## Contestants

- Rachele Fogar (22 years, Milan)
- Eva Roqueta Vita (30 years, Spagna)
- Giorgia Arosio (21 years, Milan)
- Sara Cardillo (31 years, Benevento)
- Simona Sassone (39 years, Melfi)
- Barbora Vesela (28 years, Praga)
- Jessica De Vincenzi (27 years, Sant'Angelo Romano)
- Simona Pastore (29 years, Catania)
- Ludovica Loda (20 years, Gardone Val Trompia)
- Elisaveta "Lisa" Migatcheva (24 years, Kazan - Russia)

## Coaches

- Tanya Streeter (freediving)
- Anna Bader (diving)
- Gisela Pulido (Kiteboarding)
- Lea Peterson (motorcycle stunt-woman)
- Andrew Cotton (surfing)
- Roberta Mancino (skydiving)

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: reality
- **presenter**: Simone Annicchiarico
- **starring**: * Rachele Fogar
* Eva Roqueta Vita
* Giorgia Arosio
* Sara Cardillo
* Simona Sassone
* Barbora Vesela
* Jessica De Vincenzi
* Simona Pastore
* Ludovica Loda
* Elisaveta "Lisa" Migatcheva
- **country**: Italy
- **num seasons**: 1
- **num episodes**: 6
- **location**: Canary Islands
- **network**: Sky Uno/Cielo (TV channel), Cielo
Geometer moth

**Geometer moths** are a large family of  moths in the Lepidoptera. Over 23,000 species have been described. Most of them are nocturnal: only a few are active during the day.

The imagos (adults) have wingspans between  and . Their caterpillars move in a special way, they seem to "measure the earth". For this reason, the caterpillars are sometimes called **inchworms**.

A well-known species is the peppered moth (_Biston betularia_).  Many species are classified as pests.

## Adults

Many geometrids have slender abdomens and broad wings which are usually held flat with the hindwings visible. They look a bit like butterflies, but in most respects they are typical moths. Most fly at night. They have a frenulum to link the wings, and the antennae of the males are often feathered. They blend into the background  with camouflage. In some species, females have reduced wings.

## Caterpillars

Most caterpillars have four pairs of feet in their central section but geometer moth caterpillars only have two. This means that they are unable to move like the other caterpillars. They use the front pair of feet to hold on to a support, and then they pull the rest of their body up close. Next, they use the pairs of feet in the back part of their body to hold on, and push the front part forward. This means they are often in a position which looks like the Greek letter Omega, as can be seen in the photo.

## Sources

- Scoble M.J. ed. 1999: _Geometrid moths of the world: a catalogue_. CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 0-643-06304-8