juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alvin Journeyman

***Alvin Journeyman*** (1995) is an alternate history and fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card. It is the fourth book in Card's _The Tales of Alvin Maker_ series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son, which gives him magical powers.

## Other websites

- About the novel _Alvin Journeyman_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Alvin Journeyman
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **illustrator**: Dennis Nolan (illustrator), Dennis Nolan
- **cover artist**: Dennis Nolan (illustrator), Dennis Nolan
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: _The Tales of Alvin Maker_
- **genre**: Fantasy, alternate history
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: 1995
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover & Paperback)
- **pages**: 381 pp
- **award**: Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel (1996)
- **isbn**: 0-312-85053-0
- **dewey**: 813/.54 20
- **congress**: PS3553.A655 A78 1995
- **oclc**: 32665317
- **preceded by**: Prentice Alvin
- **followed by**: Heartfire
Province of Milan

**Milan** () was a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Milan
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Milan
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lombardy
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Milan
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 189
- **area total km2**: 1,984
- **population as of**: 2007
- **population total**: 3,893,959
- **population density km2**: 1,962
- **registration plate**: MI
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 015
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Filippo Penati
- **image map**: Milano posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Milano-Stemma.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of the Province of Milan.svg
Red Prophet

***Red Prophet*** (1988) is an alternate history/fantasy book by Orson Scott Card. It is the second book in Card's _The Tales of Alvin Maker_ series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son. _Red Prophet_ was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1988 and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1989.

## Plot summary

The second book in Card's _The Tales of Alvin Maker_ series, _Red Prophet_ is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son, which gives him magical powers; Lolla-Wossiky; Tenskwa-Tawa; and Ta-Kumsaw, Lolla-Wossiky's older brother.

It is a separate story, but the book continues and develops many of the themes shown in the first book. When Alvin Miller and his older brother Measure go to the place of his birth, where Alvin is supposed to become apprenticed to the Hattrack River blacksmith, the two brothers are captured by "Reds" (Native Americans) and are brought into a plot with the possibilities to affect the entire future of America.

## Other websites

- About the novel _Red Prophet_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Red Prophet
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **illustrator**: Dennis Nolan (illustrator), Dennis Nolan
- **cover artist**: Dennis Nolan (illustrator), Dennis Nolan
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: _The Tales of Alvin Maker_
- **genre**: Fantasy, alternate history
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: 1988
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover & Paperback)
- **pages**: 311 pp
added locus award to infobox.
- **award**: Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel (1989)
- **isbn**: 0-312-93043-7
- **dewey**: 813/.54 19
- **congress**: PS3553.A655 R43 1988
- **oclc**: 16871980
- **preceded by**: Seventh Son (novel), Seventh Son
- **followed by**: Prentice Alvin
Province of Pavia

**Pavia** is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Pavia
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Pavia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lombardy
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Pavia
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 190
- **area total km2**: 2,965
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population total**: 493,829
- **population density km2**: 167
- **registration plate**: PV
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 27010-27027, 27029-27030, 27032, 27034-27055, 27057-27059, 27100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0381, 0382, 0383, 0384, 0385
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 018
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Vittorio Poma <small>since May 2006</small>
- **image map**: Pavia posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Pavia-Stemma.svg
Province of Sondrio

**Sondrio** is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Sondrio
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Sondrio
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lombardy
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Sondrio
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 78
- **area total km2**: 3,212
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population total**: 176,769
- **population density km2**: 55
- **registration plate**: SO
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0342, 0343
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 014
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Fiorello Provera
- **image map**: Sondrio posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia di Sondrio-Stemma.svg
Province of Varese

**Varese** is a province in the region of Lombardy in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Varese
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Varese
- **image flag**: Flag of the Province of Varese.svg
- **image shield**: Provincia di Varese-Stemma.svg
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Lombardy
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Varese
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 141
- **area total km2**: 1,199
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population total**: 812,934
- **population density km2**: 678
- **registration plate**: VA
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 210xx, 21100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 02, 0331, 0332
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 012
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Marco Reguzzoni
- **image map**: Varese posizione.png
Prentice Alvin

***Prentice Alvin*** (1989) is an alternate history and fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card. It is the third book in Card's _The Tales of Alvin Maker_ series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (this gives him magical powers). _Prentice Alvin_ was considered for the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1989 and the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1990.

## Plot summary

After being released from his time with Ta-Kumsaw, an Indian leader who taught Alvin the ways of Indian people, Alvin sets out to start his apprenticeship as a Smith in the town in which he was born.

While there he meets a young half-black boy by the name of Arthur Stuart, the son of a slave and a slaveowner who has been taken in by the owners of the town's guesthouse.

Another new friend comes in the form of Miss Peggy Larner, who he later finds out that she is the "torch" who helped him to be born so many years ago, and he has been linked to her since that day.

Eventually, Alvin is forced into helping Arthur to escape from some slavehunters, which requires him to change Arthur's DNA enough to prevent the hunters fromage using their "knacks" (special powers) to find him. Alvin also creates a plow of living gold, which is bestowed with magic, as his journeyman works to release himself from his apprenticeship as a Smith and also as a Maker.

The story ends with Alvin and Arthur leaving the town and going back to Alvin's home in the west.

## Other websites

- About the novel _Prentice Alvin_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: Prentice Alvin
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **illustrator**: Dennis Nolan (illustrator), Dennis Nolan
- **cover artist**: Dennis Nolan (illustrator), Dennis Nolan
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: _The Tales of Alvin Maker_
- **genre**: Fantasy, alternate history
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: 1989
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover & Paperback)
- **pages**: 342
- **award**: Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel (1990)
- **isbn**: 0-312-93141-7
- **dewey**: 813/.54 19
- **congress**: PS3553.A655 P74 1989
- **oclc**: 18624985
- **preceded by**: Red Prophet
- **followed by**: Alvin Journeyman
George Winston

**George Winston** (December 26, 1949 – June 4, 2023) was an American pianist. He was born in Michigan in 1949 but moved to Montana as a child. Most of his music was about the four seasons and landscapes in the United States.

He released his first album in 1972. Winston became popular with his 1980 album, _Autumn_, which was followed by _Winter into Spring_. His most successful album _December_ was released in 1982. He released a total of 16 albums. His 1994 album _Forest_ earned him a Grammy award.

Winston had thyroid cancer, skin cancer, and myelodysplastic syndrome. He died from cancer on June 4, 2023 in Santa Cruz, California at the age of 73.

## Discography

- 1972 _Ballads and Blues_
- 1980 _Autumn_
- 1982 _Winter into Spring_
- 1982 _December_
- 1991 _Summer_
- 1994 _Forest_
- 1996 _Linus and Lucy - The Music of Vince Guaraldi_
- 1999 _Plains_
- 2001 _Remembrance - A Memorial Benefit_
- 2002 _Night Divides the Day - The Music of the Doors_
- 2005 _Montana - A Love Story_
- 2006 _Gulf Coast Blues & Impressions: A Hurricane Relief Benefit_

### Soundtracks

- 1983 _The Velveteen Rabbit_
- 1995 _Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes_
- 1989 _A Baker's Dozen of Daily Breads and More_

## Other websites

- George Winston official website
- Dancing Cat Records - Winston's Record Label

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: George Winston
- **image**: George_Winston_Autograph_(cropped).jpg
- **caption**: George Winston autographing a copy of his album _Autumn (George Winston album), Autumn_ in 2019
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth place**: Hart, Michigan, U.S.
- **death place**: Santa Cruz, California, U.S.
- **genre**: Stride (music), Stride, New Orleans rhythm & blues, New Orleans R&B, Folk music, folk, New-age music, new age
- **instrument**: Piano, acoustic guitar, harmonica
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1972–2022
- **label**: Dancing Cat Records, Dancing Cat, RCA Records, RCA, Sony Classical Records, Sony Classical, Windham Hill Records, Windham Hill, Takoma Records, Takoma
Octane

**Octane** is an organic compound with the chemical formula . It is an alkane with eight carbon atoms. It is commonly used in fuel. It is the most important part of gasoline, because it is the part that lets out most of the energy that comes from gasoline when it is burned. A _high octane_ fuel will be better than a _low octane_ fuel.
Caiman

The **Caiman** is a subfamily of the Alligators. The alligators are divided into True alligators and caimans. Caimans and true alligators develop slower than the rest of the crocodiles. Their lifestyle is also slower. Because of this, they grow older than the other crocodiles. In total, there are 6 species of caimans. All of them live in South America, the Spectacled Caiman can also be found in Central America.

There are three groups:

- True Caiman (_Caiman_)
    - Musky caiman
    - Spectacled Caiman (_C. Crocodilus_)
    - Yacare Caiman (_C. Yakare_)
    - Broad-snouted caiman (_C. latirostris_)

- Paleosuchus (_Dwarf caimans?_)
    - Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman
    - Smooth-fronted Caiman (_P. trigonatus)_), also known as _Schneider's Smooth-fronted Caiman_
- Black Caiman (_Melanosuchus niger_) (h) (only member of Melanosuchus)
Cluj County

**Cluj** **County** (Romanian: _Județul Cluj,_ Hungarian: _Kolozs megye_) is a county of Romania, in Transylvania. The capital of Cluj County is Cluj-Napoca. About 755,000 people live in Cluj County.

## Geography

It is located in northwestern Romania. Its county seat is Cluj-Napoca (310,243 residents). Its neighboring counties are Bihor County to the west, Mureș County and Bistrița-Năsăud County to the east, Sălaj County and Maramureș County to the north, and Alba County to the south.

The total area is 6,674 km². One-third of its land is mountainous in the southwestern part of the county, the Munții Gilău (part of the Transylvanian Middle Mountains) with peaks over 1,800 meters. The most important rivers are the Someșul Mic, the Arieș, and the Crișul Reped.

## Divisions

Cluj County has 5 municipalities, 1 town and 74 communes.

### Municipalities

- Cluj-Napoca
- Turda
- Dej
- Câmpia Turzii
- Gherla

### Towns

- Huedin

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Cluj
- **settlement type**: County (_Judet_)
- **image shield**: Actual Cluj county CoA.svg
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Development region<sup>1</sup>
- **subdivision name1**: Vest (development region), Vest
- **subdivision type2**: Historic region
- **subdivision name2**: Transylvania
- **subdivision type3**: Capital city (_Resedinta de judet_)
- **subdivision name3**: Cluj-Napoca
- **government type**: County Board
- **leader title**: President of the County Board
- **leader name**: Marius Nicoară
- **leader title1**: Prefect<sup>2</sup>
- **leader name1**: Alin Tișe
- **area total km2**: 6674
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population total**: 702,755
- **population density km2**: 105
- **timezone**: Eastern European Time, EET
- **utc offset**: +2
- **timezone dst**: Eastern European Summer Time, EEST
- **utc offset dst**: +3
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Romania, Postal Code
- **postal code**: 31wxyz<sup>3</sup>
- **area code**: Romania telephone area codes, +40 x57<sup>4</sup>
- **blank name**: Romanian car number plates, Car Plates
- **blank info**: AR<sup>5</sup>
- **website**: [http://www.cjCluj.ro County Board]
[http://www.prefecturaCluj.ro County Prefecture]
Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana

**Tangipahoa Parish** is a parish in the U.S. State of Louisiana. The parish was put together from parts of 4 other parishes in 1869. Before it was a parish, many slaves were forced to work on sugar plantations in the area. After the Civil War, the white people continued to be very violent towards the black people they had enslaved. All across the south, there were lynchings against black people. Tangipahoa Parish had more lynchings than any nearby parish.

## Other websites

- Visitor's Bureau website, Tangipahoa history

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Tangipahoa Parish
- **state**: Louisiana
- **type**: List of parishes in Louisiana, Parish
- **seat wl**: Amite City
- **largest city wl**: Hammond
- **area total km2**: 2186
- **area land km2**: 2049
- **area water km2**: 137
- **area percentage**: 6.3
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 133157
- **population density sq mi**: 168.3
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.tangipahoa.org
- **founded**: March 6, 1869
- **named for**: Acolapissa word meaning _ear of corn_ or _those who gather corn_
- **ex image**: TangicampMoore1.JPG
- **ex image cap**: Museum at Camp Moore
- **district**: 1st
- **district2**: 5th
- **area codes**: Area code 985, 985
Quetzalcoatl

**Quetzalcóatl** (pronounced: ketsalˈkoːaːtɬ in Nahuatl), is an Aztec sky and creator god. The name is a combination of _quetzalli_, a brightly colored Mesoamerican bird, and coatl, which means serpent; it is therefore usually translated as "feathered serpent" or "plumed serpent". Quetzalcoatl was often pictured as a snake with feathers, although he was sometimes shown in the form of a human. Quetzalcoatl was associated with the planet Venus, as well as being the patron god of the Aztec priesthood, of learning and of knowledge.

The name Quetzalcoatl was also taken on by several ancient Aztec leaders. Many events and characteristics attributed to Quetzalcoatl are therefore exceedingly difficult to separate from the political leaders who took his name. To name one leader Herman Cortes who sailed to the Aztecs to conquer and to steal their gold. Today Quetzalcoatl is arguably the best known Aztec deity but there were several other important Aztec gods too: Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli.

Other Mesoamerican cultures have worshipped a feathered serpent god as well: At Teotihuacan the several monumental structures have images of a feathered serpent (See the so-called "Citadel and Temple of Quetzalcoatl"http://gomexico.about.com/od/ancientsites/ss/teotihuacan_2.htm ). One can see similar images at Chichén Itza and Tula. This has led scholars to conclude that the deity called Quetzalcoatl in the Nahuatl language was among the most important deities of Mesoamerica.

## Legends

There are many legends associated with Quetzalcoatl. One legend said that the world had been created four times before, but each time it was destroyed again. Then Quetzalcoatl collected human bones from the underworld and added his own blood to bring them to life. He was therefore considered the creator of the humans living at the time of the Aztec Empire.

Another legend said that Quetzalcoatl had been banished, but that he would return from the east just before the end of the world. This legend has been used to support the idea that the Aztec leader Moctezuma thought that the Spanish _conquistador_ Cortés was Quetzalcoatl returning from exile. This would also explain why Moctezuma treated the Spanish so well. However, most historians now think that this idea was invented by the Spanish, and that Moctezuma didn't really think that Cortés was a god.

## Notes

<div class="references-small">

</div>

## Relevant pages

- _Quetzalcoatlus_, a huge pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous was named after Quetzalcoatl

tr:Tüylü yılan
Heartfire

***Heartfire*** (1998) is an alternate history and fantasy book that was written by Orson Scott Card. It is the fifth book in Card's _The Tales of Alvin Maker_ series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son, which gives him magical powers.

## Other websites

- About the novel _Heartfire_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: HeartFire
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **illustrator**: Dennis Nolan (illustrator), Dennis Nolan
- **cover artist**: Dennis Nolan (illustrator), Dennis Nolan
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **series**: _The Tales of Alvin Maker_
- **genre**: Fantasy, alternate history
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: 1998
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover & Paperback)
- **pages**: 336
- **isbn**: 0-8125-0924-2
- **oclc**: 41344560
- **preceded by**: Alvin Journeyman
- **followed by**: The Crystal City
Pattern matching

**Pattern matching** is a tool for finding similar objects in different sources.  In image processing, the pattern matching is used for locating a small image (called model) in a bigger one (called target image).  For searching text, regular expressions are commonly used.

The simple way is to move the model in the target image and measure a similarity in each position.  The position with highest value of similarity will be accepted as result.  The normalized correlation is used as a measure of similarity.

The common way to reduce  calculations is using the image pyramid.  When using the image pyramid, the search is started on the reduced target image, and results are improved in the next, more detailed one.  This process is similar to the human vision.
The Crystal City

***The Crystal City*** (2003) is an alternate history/fantasy book that is written by Orson Scott Card. It is the sixth book in Card's _The Tales of Alvin Maker_ series and is about Alvin Miller, the seventh son of a seventh son (which gives him magical powers).

## Other websites

- About the novel _The Crystal City_ from Card's website

## Infobox (book)

- **name**: The Crystal City
- **caption**: Front cover.
- **author**: Orson Scott Card
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English language, English
- **series**: The Tales of Alvin Maker
- **genre**: Fantasy
- **publisher**: Tor Books
- **release date**: 2003
- **media type**: Print (Hardcover & Paperback)
- **pages**: 416 pp
- **isbn**: 0-312-86483-3
- **dewey**: 813/.54 21
- **congress**: PS3553.A655 C79 2003
- **oclc**: 52519083
- **preceded by**: Heartfire
- **followed by**: Master Alvin
The Tales of Alvin Maker

***The Tales of Alvin Maker*** is a series of books by Orson Scott Card about the experiences of a young man, Alvin Miller, who finds out that he has special powers to make and change things around him. It takes place in an alternate history of the American frontier in the early 1800s and is based on early American folklore and superstition.

## Books

- _Seventh Son_ (1987)
- _Red Prophet_ (1988)
- _Prentice Alvin_ (1989)
- _Alvin Journeyman_ (1995)
- _Heartfire_ (1998)
- _The Crystal City_ (2003)
- _Master Alvin_ (planned)

## Other websites

- The official Orson Scott Card website
Atlanta Falcons

The **Atlanta Falcons** are an American football team in Atlanta, Georgia. They are a member of the NFC South of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The Falcons joined the NFL as a 1966 expansion team. The Falcon's quarterback is Michael Penix Jr..  Their uniform is a red jersey with white pants.  An old nickname for the Falcons is Red Birds.  In their 42 years in the NFL, the Falcons have a record of 262-386-6 with division championships in 1980, 1998, 2004, 2010 and 2012. They have played twice in the Super Bowl. This was in 1999 in Miami in which they lost to the Denver Broncos and 2017 against the New England Patriots.

Their current stadium since 2017 is the Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia. From 1992 through 2016, the Georgia Dome was their home stadium for 25 seasons before it was destroyed and replaced.

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Sports E-Cyclopedia.com
- The Atlanta Falcons  at GeorgiaEncyclopedia.org
New Orleans Saints

The **New Orleans Saints** are a professional American football team in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. The Saints play in the  Southern Division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL).

In 1980, the Saints became the first ever NFL team to finish with 1 win and 15 losses.

After a history of bad luck, the Saints won Super Bowl XLIV in the 2009 season off an interception from Peyton Manning by cornerback Tracy Porter. That was also meaningful because only about four years earlier the city was badly hurt when Hurricane Katrina came through in 2005.

That was later tarnished as in 2012 they and defesnive coodinator Gregg Williams were exposed to have used a bounty stystem, in which players were paid to deliver especially hard/illegal hits to the opponent. Brees denied knowing of the system. The Saints soon recovered and won three straight NFC South division titles.

The team name was inspired by a popular Mardi Gras song called "When the Saints Go Marching In".

The Saints have several famous players including their starting quarterback Drew Brees. They also have running back Alvin Kamara, wide receiver Chris Olave, defensive ends Cameron Jordan and Chase Young, cornerback Kool-Aid McKinstry, and two linebackers in Demario Davis and Kwon Alexander.

After drew Brees's 16 years with the Saints, he retired in the 2021 offseason.

## References

- Brees denies knowledge of bounty

## Other websites

- Official Website
Gary Lightbody

**Gary Lightbody** was born on 15 June 1976 in Northern Ireland. He is the lead singer of the alternative rock band Snow Patrol. He first started Snow Patrol under the name "Polar Bears" while at the University of Dundee, Scotland, in 1994.
Analog Science Fiction and Fact

***Analog Science Fiction and Fact*** is an American science fiction magazine. As of 2007, it is the longest currently published magazine of that genre. First published in 1930 in the United States with the name ***Astounding Stories*** as a pulp magazine, its name has been changed several times, such as ***Astounding Science-Fiction*** in 1938, and  ***Analog Science Fact & Fiction*** in 1960.

## References

- Analog Science Fiction and Fact official web site
- Index (1930-1960)
- Index (1960-Present)
Telnet

**Telnet** is a common network protocol used on the Internet and also inside a LAN (local network). It was developed as secret technology in 1969 beginning with RFC 15 and is now defined as IETF STD 8, which is one of the first Internet standards. However, due to its lack of security, Telnet has been replaced with Secure Shell (SSH) on most servers.

Telnet is one of the simplest ways to exchange data between two computers. It allows two computers anywhere on a computer network, including the worldwide Internet, to exchange text and other data in real time. It is still widely used for testing computer programs, and is simple enough that it is included on most computers today. But it allows many people to eavesdrop on the data exchange, which is why it has mostly been replaced by SSH.
Ofcom

**Ofcom** (combination of the words Office and Communications) is the United Kingdom's regulatory body for telecommunications. This means they are responsible for making sure that the law is followed by television and radio broadcasters.
Manuel Marulanda

**Pedro Antonio Marín**, (1930-2008) known by his pseudonym, **Manuel Marulanda Vélez**, and nicknamed by his comrades "**Tirofijo**" (), apparently because of a reputed ability to accurately aim firearms. He was the main leader of the FARC-EP ("_Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo_"). He was born on May 13, 1930 (a date that has been disputed), in a coffee-growing region of west-central Colombia in the Quindío Department, to a peasant family politically aligned with the Liberal Party during La Violencia.

Marulanda himself changed his political and ideological inclinations to the Communist Party (PCC) sometime during the period of "La Violencia" (roughly 1948 to 1958) that followed the assassination of the Liberal Party's leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán.

He has been considered to be seriously ill, and his death has been reported several times throughout his long career as a guerrilla, but the status of his health remains uncertain.

In March 2006, Alberto Gonzales, the Attorney General of the United States, announced in conjunction with DEA and Department of Justice officials that the State Department had placed a $5 million dollar reward on Tirofijo's head, or for information leading to his capture.

According to a Brazilian journal, he seems to have sufffered from some form of cancer. There also seem to have been disputes on leadership (of the FARC) in January 2008.

His death has been reported several times; He seems to have died of a heart attack in May 2008 This has now been confirmed.

A Colombian newspaper published an interview with the defense minister of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos on the 24th of May, 2008. In it,  Santos said, that Colombian intelligence agents thought, that Manuel Marulanda had died on the 26th of March 2008, either of natural causes, or through a heart attack. FARC commander ‘Timochenko’ confirmed on May 25 Telesur that ‘Manuel Marulanda’ died of a heart attack, as announced earlier by the Colombian government and the Colombian armed forces

This information was confirmed on the 25th of May: Marulanda had died of a heart attack.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Pedro Antonio Marín
- **image**: Dinotirofijo.png
- **nickname**: "**Manuel Marulanda Vélez**"
"**Tiro Fijo**"
- **placeofbirth**: Génova, Quindío, Génova, Department of Quindío, Quindío
 Colombia
- **allegiance**: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
Rebellion
 Narcotrafficking in Colombia, Narcotrafficking
 Socialism
- **rank**: Secretariat member, Chief of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
David Livingstone

**David Livingstone** (19 March 1813 – 4 May 1873) was a Scottish medical missionary with the London Missionary Society. He wanted to be a missionary, but he could not get many people to convert to Christian beliefs, so instead, he explored and charted much of southern and eastern Africa. He gave the Victoria Falls their name. He named them after his queen, Queen Victoria.

## In Africa

As an explorer, Livingstone had some advantages. He usually travelled lightly, and he was able to reassure chiefs that he was not a threat. Other expeditions had many soldiers armed with rifles, and even more people hired to carry supplies. They were often seen as military incursions or were mistaken for slave-raiding parties. Livingstone travelled on most of his journeys with a few servants and porters, bartering for supplies along the way. He only had a couple of guns for protection. He preached a Christian message but did not force it on unwilling ears. He understood the ways of local chiefs, and got permission to go through their territory. He was often hospitably received and aided, even by Mwata Kazembe.

Livingstone believed in trade, and wanted to see Christian missions established in central Africa. His motto on the base of the statue dedicated to him at Victoria Falls, was "Christianity, Commerce and Civilization". The reason he emphasised these three was that they would form an alternative to the slave trade, which was still rampant in Africa at that time. It would give the Africans some dignity when they met Europeans. The abolition of the African slave trade was his main hope. Around this time he believed the key to achieving these goals was the navigation of the Zambezi River as a Christian commercial highway into the interior. He returned to Britain to try to get support for his ideas, and to publish a book on his travels. The book brought him fame as one of the leading explorers of the age.

Livingstone died near a lake, in what is now Zambia.

## Works

- Livingstone, David (1905) [1857]. _Journeys in South Africa, or travels and researches in South Africa_. London: Amalgamated Press.
- Livingstone, David and Waller, Horace (ed) 1874. _The last journals of David Livingstone in Central Africa from 1865 to his death_. Two volumes, London: John Murray.

## Sources

- Holmes, Timothy 1993. _Journey to Livingstone: exploration of an imperial myth_. Edinburgh: Canongate Press. ; scholarly biography
- Jeal, Tim 1973. _Livingstone_. London: Heinemann.

## Other websites

- A brief biography of David Livingstone

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: David Livingstone
- **image**: David Livingstone -1.jpg
- **occupation**: Missionary and explorer
- **birth place**: Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, Scotland
- **death place**: <small>near</small> Lake Bangweulu, Zambia
Cincinnati Cyclones

The **Cincinnati Cyclones** are a ice hockey team in the ECHL (East Coast Hockey League).  They used to be in the IHL (International Hockey League).  The team plays in Cincinnati, Ohio.  The Cyclones won a championship (the Kelly Cup championship) in the 2007–2008 season.  This was the first time they had won a championship in 18 years.

## Other websites

- The CycWard - Section 60: Cyclones Fan Web Site
Timor

**Timor** is an island at the south end of the Malay Archipelago, north of the Timor Sea. It is divided between the independent state of East Timor, and West Timor, belonging to the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara.

The island's surface is 11,883 square miles (30,777 km²). The name is a variant of _timur_, Malay for “east”; it is so called because it is at the east end of a chain of islands.
Biggar, South Lanarkshire

Biggar is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is a royal burgh, which means a king or queen thought it was a very good town when Scotland still had its own royal family, the Biggars. There are many museums in Biggar as a tribute to the original rulers.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Biggar
- **country**: Scotland
- **population**: 2,301
- **population ref**: _(2001)_
- **os grid reference**: NT045375
- **post town**: Biggar
- **postcode area**: ML
- **postcode district**: ML12
- **civil parish**: Biggar
- **unitary scotland**: South Lanarkshire
South Lanarkshire

**South Lanarkshire** is a county in the central part of Scotland. It was formerly called Clydesdale. The Strathclyde police currently governs the county.

Some towns in South Lanarkshire are:
- Lanark
- Carluke
- Biggar
- Hamilton
- East Kilbride
- Straven
North Lanarkshire

**North Lanarkshire** is a county in the central part of Scotland. It is small compared to nearby South Lanarkshire.  The area was formed in 1996.

## Principal towns (10,000+ in population)

- Cumbernauld - 49,664
- Coatbridge - 41,170
- Airdrie - 36,326
- Motherwell - 30,312
- Bellshill - 30,000 (approx.)
- Wishaw - 28,565
- Kilsyth - 10,100

## Small towns and villages

- Allanton
- Auchinloch
- Annathill
- Banton
- Bargeddie
- Bonkle
- Cambusnethan
- Cardowan
- Calderbank
- Caldercruix
- Carfin
- Carnbroe
- Chapelhall
- Chryston
- Cleland
- Coltness

- Croy
- Dullatur
- Forrestfield
- Garrion Bridge
- Gartcosh
- Glenboig
- Glenmavis
- Greengairs
- Harthill
- Hareshaw
- Holytown
- Longriggend
- Luggiebank
- Mollinsburn
- Moodiesburn
- Mossend
- Muirhead
- Murdostoun

- Newmains
- Newhouse
- Newarthill
- New Stevenston
- Overtown
- Plains
- Queenzieburn
- Ravenscraig
- Riggend
- Salsburgh
- Shotts
- Stand
- Stepps
- Tannochside
- Viewpark
- Wattston
- Waterloo

## Infobox (scotland council area)

- **council**: North Lanarkshire
**'
**'
- **image**: North Lanarkshire in Scotland.svg
- **adminhq**: Motherwell
- **iso**: GB-NLK
- **ons**: S12000044
- **councildetails**: North Lanarkshire Council
- **mps**: * Hugh Gaffney (Labour Party (UK), LAB, Coatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill (UK Parliament constituency), Coatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill)
* Marion Fellows (Scottish National Party, SNP, Motherwell and Wishaw (UK Parliament constituency), Motherwell and Wishaw)
* Neil Gray (Scottish National Party, SNP, Airdrie and Shotts (UK Parliament constituency), Airdrie and Shotts)
* Stuart McDonald (Scottish politician), Stuart McDonald (Scottish National Party, SNP, Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East (UK Parliament constituency), Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East)
- **msps**: * Jamie Hepburn (Scottish National Party, SNP, Cumbernauld and Kilsyth)
* Richard Lyle (Scottish National Party, SNP, Uddingston and Bellshill (Scottish Parliament constituency), Uddingston and Bellshill)
* Alex Neil (politician), Alex Neil (Scottish National Party, SNP, Airdrie and Shotts (Scottish Parliament constituency), Airdrie and Shotts)
* Clare Adamson (Scottish National Party, SNP, Motherwell and Wishaw (Scottish Parliament constituency), Motherwell and Wishaw)
* Fulton MacGregor (Scottish National Party, SNP, Coatbridge and Chryston (Scottish Parliament constituency), Coatbridge and Chryston)
Motherwell

**Motherwell** is a large town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is an important town as many people have to come through it to get to places such as Lanark, Hamilton and Glasgow.

## Transportation

Motherwell has a big train station with four platforms, the biggest in North Lanarkshire. The station can take you to places such as London. Motherwell is next to Wishaw.

## Sports

Motherwell has a football team, Motherwell F.C.. They play at Fir Park.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Scotland
- **official name**: Motherwell
- **population**: 30,311
- **os grid reference**: NS756563
- **unitary scotland**: North Lanarkshire
- **lieutenancy scotland**: Lanarkshire
- **constituency westminster**: Motherwell and Wishaw (UK Parliament constituency), Motherwell and Wishaw
- **constituency scottish parliament**: Motherwell and Wishaw
- **constituency scottish parliament1**: Central Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region), Central Scotland
- **post town**: MOTHERWELL
- **postcode district**: ML1
- **postcode area**: ML
- **dial code**: 01698
- **static image**: Motherwell panorama.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>The West Coast Main Line goes through Motherwell</small>
Stirling engine

A **Stirling engine** is a kind of heat engine that converts heat into useful mechanical energy by the movement of a piston inside a cylinder within the engine. Unlike other commonly found heat engines such as the internal combustion engine used in cars and the steam engine used on railways, it re-uses the same gas for each stroke of the piston so there is no noisy exhaust. The same gas is repeatedly heated and cooled within the engine’s cylinder.

To run it needs a supply of heat to heat its hot parts. This can come from a fire, but also from the sun’s rays, from hot rocks near a volcano or from nuclear energy. It also has cold parts which cool the gas inside it and these are kept cold by a stream of air or water flowing over them.

It was invented by a Scottish minister, Reverend Dr. Robert Stirling in 1816.
Wishaw

**Wishaw** is a town in North Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is bordered by Motherwell and Carluke, and is split into several areas such as Netherton, Craigneuk, Newmains, Cambusnethan and Pather.

One of only three hospitals in Lanarkshire is in Wishaw. Wishaw General Hospital is at the bottom of Wishaw, easy to find as it is on the main A721 road.

## History

The origin of the name is uncertain. One suggestion is that it is from the Scots word for "Wicket gate in the wood", and that it used to be called _Wygateshaw_. Another theory is that it was originally _Viashaw_, meaning way or road through the wood. Yet another theory is that the name derives from "Wee Shaw", meaning small wood.

In November 1996, the world's worst recorded outbreak of _E. coli_ occurred in the town, in which 20 people died and around 200 were infected.

## People

Wishaw has had a number of famous residents, including:
- **John Higgins**, world snooker champion
- **Paul Quinn**, footballer for Motherwell F.C.
- **Tommy Gemmell**, former footballer of Celtic F.C.
- **Lee Miller**, footballer for Aberdeen F.C.

## Other websites

- Census 2001 statistics for Wishaw
- History and Photographs of Wishaw Iron & Steel Works 1859 - 1930
- Website of the local Newspaper, the Wishaw Press

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Scotland
- **official name**: Wishaw
- **scots name**: Wishae
- **population**: 28,565
- **population ref**: (2001 census)
- **os grid reference**: NS795555
- **map type**: Scotland
- **unitary scotland**: North Lanarkshire
- **lieutenancy scotland**: Lanarkshire
- **constituency westminster**: Motherwell and Wishaw (UK Parliament constituency), Motherwell and Wishaw
- **constituency scottish parliament**: Motherwell and Wishaw (Scottish Parliament constituency), Motherwell and Wishaw
Central Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region), Central Scotland
- **post town**: WISHAW
- **postcode area**: ML
- **postcode district**: ML2
- **dial code**: 01698
- **static image name**: wishaw.jpg
- **static image caption**: <small>Main Street, Wishaw</small>
FARC

**FARC** (or **FARC-EP**) is the abbreviation of **Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia - Ejército del Pueblo**. This is the name of a guerrilla organisation operating in Colombia. The group says it has Marxist- Leninist roots. When the name of the group is translated into English, it usually reads _Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army_.

The government of Colombia, the United States, Canada, and the European Union have classified the organisation as a terrorist group.  Other countries, such as Ecuador, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Cuba and Venezuela do not see the group as terrorist. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, for example, publicly rejected this classification of _terrorists_ in January of 2008. He called on Colombia and other world governments to recognize the guerrillas as a _belligerent force_. Chávez said that if they were recognised that way, they would then be obliged to stop kidnappings and terror acts in order to respect the Geneva Conventions.

The FARC was established in the 1960s as the military wing of the Colombian Communist Party. The group started as a guerrilla movement.  It became involved with trading illegal drugs during the 1980s. The FARC-EP still claims to be a guerrilla movement. According to the Colombian government, FARC has an estimated 6,000-8,000 members in 2008, down from 16,000 in 2001. Other estimates are higher, including up to 18,000 guerrillas, with the FARC themselves claiming in a 2007 interview that they have not been weakened.
The FARC-EP is present in 15-20 percent of Colombia’s territory. Most of them are in southeastern jungles and in plains at the base of the Andes mountains.

In June 2016, the FARC signed a ceasefire accord with the President of Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos in Havana. This accord was seen as a historic step to ending the war that has gone on for fifty years. On 25 August 2016, the Colombian president, Juan Manuel Santos, announced that four years of negotiation had secured a peace deal with FARC and that a national referendum would take place on 2 October. The referendum failed with 50.24% voting against. The Colombian government and the FARC on 24 November signed a revised peace deal, which the Colombian Congress approved on 30 November.

On 27 June 2017, FARC ceased to be an armed group, disarming itself and handing over its weapons to the United Nations.
Lanarkshire

**Lanarkshire** (_Siorrachd Lannraig_ in Gaelic), also called the **County of Lanark**, is a county of Scotland.

## Towns

- Airdrie
- Bellshill
- Biggar
- Blantyre
- Bothwell
- Bishopbriggs
- Cambuslang
- Carluke
- Coatbridge
- East Kilbride
- Glasgow
- Hamilton
- Lanark
- Larkhall
- Lesmahagow
- Motherwell
- Rutherglen
- Shotts
- Uddingston
- Wishaw

## Rivers

- North Medwin River
- South Medwin River
- River Clyde

## Related pages

- North Lanarkshire
- South Lanarkshire

## Infobox (scotland county)

- **county**: Lanark
- **image**: Lanarkshire Brit Isles Sect 2.svg
- **sizerank**: 9th
- **size**: 2325
- **water**: ?
- **countytown**: Lanark
- **chapmancode**: LKS
Atoll

An **atoll** is a kind of island. It is made when a coral reef forms around an island that sinks over many years. In the end, the land is gone, and only the coral reef continues to grow until it becomes an atoll, a group of islands shaped like a doughnut.

Charles Darwin, who is most famous for his theory of evolution, was the first person to find out how atolls form. He said that volcanoes in the ocean sometimes wear away or sink deeper. Coral growing on a volcano needs to be near the surface, and it keeps growing to stay there.

Most atolls are in the warm parts of the Pacific Ocean or the Indian Ocean.

Some island nations like Kiribati, Tuvalu, and the Federated States of Micronesia have atolls as all or part of their country.

## References

- Darwin, C. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs, being the first part of the voyage of the Beagle under the command of Capt. Vitzroy R.N. during the years 1832 to 1834. Smith, Elder and Co.: London. 214 pp.
Province of Genoa

**Genoa** (or ) is a province in the region of Liguria in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Genoa
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Genoa
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Liguria
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Genoa
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 67
- **area total km2**: 1,838
- **population total**: 890,863
- **population density km2**: 485
- **registration plate**: GE
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 16010 - 16049, 16100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 010, 0185
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 010
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Alessandro Repetto
- **image map**: Genova in Italy.svg
- **map caption**: Map highlighting the location of the province of Genoa in Italy
- **image shield**: Provincia di Genova-Stemma.svg
Province of Imperia

**Imperia** is a province in the region of Liguria in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Imperia
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Imperia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Liguria
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Imperia
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 67
- **area total km2**: 1,156
- **population total**: 204,233
- **population density km2**: 176
- **registration plate**: IM
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 18010-18021, 18023-18028, 18030-18031, 18033, 18035, 18037, 18039, 18100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0183, 0184, 0196
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 008
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Giovanni Giuliano
- **image map**: Imperia posizione.png
- **image flag**: Flag of the Province of Imperia.svg
- **image shield**: Coat of Arms of the Province of Imperia.svg
Province of La Spezia

**La Spezia** is a province in the region of Liguria in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of La Spezia
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: La Spezia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Liguria
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: La Spezia
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 32
- **area total km2**: 881
- **population total**: 215,137
- **population density km2**: 244
- **registration plate**: SP
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 19010-19018, 19020-19021, 19025, 19028, 19030-19032, 19034, 19038, 19100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 0187
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 011
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Marino Fiasella
- **image map**: La Spezia posizione.png
- **image shield**: Provincia della Spezia-Stemma.svg
Province of Savona

**Savona** is a province in the region of Liguria in Italy.

## Infobox (province)

- **name**: Province of Savona
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Italy, Province
- **native name**: Savona
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Italy
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Italy, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Liguria
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Savona
- **blank name sec1**: No. of communes
- **blank info sec1**: 69
- **area total km2**: 1,545
- **population total**: 284,238
- **population density km2**: 175
- **registration plate**: SV
- **postal code type**: Postal Code
- **postal code**: 12071, 17010, 17012-17015, 17017, 17019-17028, 17030-17035, 17037, 17039-17043, 17046-17047, 17100
- **postal2 code type**: Telephone prefix
- **postal2 code**: 019, 0182
- **area code type**: Istituto Nazionale di Statistica, ISTAT
- **area code**: 009
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Angelo Vaccarezza
- **image map**: Savona posizione.png
- **image flag**: Provincia di Savona-Bandiera.svg
- **image shield**: Provincia di Savona-Stemma.svg
Evelyn Waugh

**Evelyn Waugh** (pronounce like the word "war") (28 October 1903 – 10 April 1966) was an English writer. He was born in Hampstead and raised in Golders Green, both in north-west London.

Waugh is well known for his satirical novels which include _Decline and Fall_, _Vile Bodies_, _Scoop_, _A Handful of Dust_ and _The Loved One_, and especially for _Brideshead Revisited_ and the _Sword of Honour_ trilogy. When he was writing these novels he used experiences that he had in his own life. He often described British aristocracy and high society, making satirical fun of them. However, in his real life he was also attracted to them.

Waugh was a convert to Catholicism. His travel writings and his diaries and letters have also been published.

He was the father of writer Auberon Waugh (1939-2001).