juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Pool (cue sports)

**Pool**, also known as **pocket billiards**, is the general term for a family of cue sports. These games are played on a pool table with six holes cut into them called pockets. One of the main goals of the game is to "sink" all the balls into the pockets. ("Sinking" the ball means that the ball rolls into a pocket.) There are many different types of pool, including eight-ball, nine-ball, and straight pool.

## History

Outside the billiards industry, the various games played on these tables are very often called  "pool". This is due to an association with the "poolrooms" where gamblers "pooled" together their money to bet on horse races. Because these places often provided billiard tables, the term "pool" became linked to billiards. Though the original "pool" games were played on pocketless carom billiards tables, the name stuck to pocket billiards as it gained in popularity. The traditional view of billiards as a refined and noble pastime did not blend well with the low-class connotations of gambling. Because of this, the billiards industry's attempts to distance itself from the term "pool" beginning in the late 19th century. They were largely unsuccessful.

There are hundreds of pool games. Some of the more well known include eight-ball, nine-ball, straight pool, and one-pocket. The game of snooker is played on a table with pockets but is considered separate from pool. It is governed internationally by the World Professional Billiards and Snooker Association (professional) and the International Billiards and Snooker Federation (amateur). There are also hybrid games combining traits of both pool and carom billiards, such as English billiards, American four-ball billiards, cowboy pool and bottle pool.

As a competitive sport, pool is governed internationally by the World Pool-Billiard Association (WPA), which has national affiliates such as the US Billiard Congress of America (BCA), and which represents pool in the World Confederation of Billiard Sports, which in turn represents all forms of cue sports in the International Olympic Committee.

## Equipment

Pool uses different equipment from carom billiards. In addition pool tables having pockets, the balls for pool are generally smaller and range from  in diameter to  in diameter. By comparison, carom billiard balls are generally , or . While UMB, the International Olympic Committee-recognized world carom billiards authority, permits balls as small as , no major manufacturer produces such balls any longer. For that reason the normal standard is . Modern pool tables range in size from  by , to  by .  Modern cue sticks are generally  long for pool while cues prior to 1980 were designed for _straight pool_ and had an average length of , while carom billiards cues are generally  long.

## References

- Shamos, Michael Ian. 1993-1999.  The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Billiards.  .
Jason Mraz

**Jason Mraz** (born June 23, 1977) is an American singer and songwriter. He has put out 8 original albums, _Waiting for My Rocket to Come_ (2002), _Mr. A-Z_ (2005), _ We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things_ (2008),  _Love Is a Four Letter Word_ (2012), _Yes!_ (2014), _Know_ (2018), _Look for the Good_ (2020), and _Mystical Magical Rhythmical Radical Ride_ (2023). Jason Mraz became internationally famous after the release of the single "I'm Yours" from the album _We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things_. His first claim to fame was in 2002, when his song _The Remedy_ reached #15 on the US Billboard Hot 100.

Jason Mraz was born and grew up in Mechanicsville, Virginia. His grandfather was ethnic Czech and moved to the United States from Austria-Hungary in 1915. Mraz's surname means "frost" in the Czech language. ().

## Discography

- _Waiting for My Rocket to Come_ (2002)
- _Mr. A–Z_ (2005)
- _We Sing. We Dance. We Steal Things._ (2008)
- _Love Is a Four Letter Word_ (2012)
- "Yes!" (2014)
Whitespace (computer science)

**Whitespace** are "blanks", characters that represent space between other characters. The space, tab, carriage return and line feed characters are all whitespace. You can’t see white characters.
Carriage return

A **carriage return**, sometimes known as a **cartridge return** and often shortened to **CR**, **<CR>** or **return**, is a control character or mechanism used to reset a device's position to the beginning of a line of text. It is closely associated with the line feed and newline concepts, although it can be considered separately in its own right.

## Computers

In computing, the carriage return is the name of a computer character that directs a printer or screen display to return to the start of a line when printing or displaying text. The origin of its name is as you'd expect: it told a teletype that its print carriage (the cylinder that held the paper) should return to the beginning of a line. On some systems, such as older Macintoshes, it also creates a new line, like the line feed character.
Newline

**Newline**, also called **line feed**, is the name of a computer character that directs a printer or screen display to advance one line of text.  The word "feed" refers to its original use: causing paper to be fed through a teletype, one line at a time.  On some systems, such as the Unix family, it also returns to the beginning of the line, like the carriage return character.
Artabanus IV

**Artabanus IV of Parthia** ruled the Parthian Empire (c. 216 – 224). He was the younger son of Vologases V who died in 209. Artabanus rebelled against his brother Vologases VI, and soon gained the upper hand, although Vologases VI maintained himself in a part of Babylonia until about 228.

The Roman emperor Caracalla, wanted to make use of this civil war for a conquest of the East and attacked the Parthians in 216. He crossed the Tigris and destroyed the towns, but when Artabanus advanced at the head of an army, he retired to Carrhae. There he was murdered by Martialis on April 8, 217. Caracalla's successor, the Praetorian Prefect of the Guard Macrinus, was defeated at Nisibis and in a peace with Artabanus he gave up all the Roman conquests and paid a heavy contribution to the Parthians.

At about this time, the Persian Great King Ardashir had already begun his conquests in Persia. When Artabanus tried to subdue him his troops were defeated. The war lasted several years; at last Artabanus himself was killed in 226. Thus the 400-year rule of the Arsacid Dynasty came to an end.

## References

- Dio Cassius, vii, 12; lxxviii, 26.
Helen Mirren

**Dame Helen Lydia Mirren** <small>DBE</small> (born Helen Lydia Mironoff; 26 July 1965) is an English actor active in theatre, movie and television.

## Early life

Mirren was born in Chiswick, Middlesex, England, to a Russian father and an English mother, she was raised in Essex.

## Acting

She began her acting career in 1963 with the National Youth Theatre, later joining the Royal Shakespeare Company. She has since then appeared with several theatre companies in a wide variety of roles. She is widely regarded as one of the greatest British actresses of all time.

She began appearing in movies while still very young but did not really attract attention until the late 1970s. Her movies include: _Caligula_ (1979), _The Long Good Friday_ (1980), _Excalibur_ (1981), _Cal_ (1981), _White Nights_ (1985), _Pascali's Island_ (1988), _The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover_ (1989), _The Madness of King George_ (1994), _Gosford Park_ (2001), and _The Queen_ (2006), for which she won the Academy Award for best actress, and several other awards (Golden Globe, BAFTA, etc.).

Mirren has also appeared in several series on television, notably as Inspector Jane Tennison in the _Prime Suspect_ series, she was also acclaimed as Queen Elizabeth I in the series _Elizabeth I_ (2006).

## Personal life

Mirren is an atheist. She has no children. She began a relationship with Taylor Hackford in 1986. The couple married in 1997.
Makgeolli

**Makgeolli** (**Makuly**, also called **nongju** or **takju**) is a Korean traditional rice wine. Made from rice, it is a milky brew with an alcohol content of 6 to 7 percent. Rice, the main ingredient of it, is not sweet in itself, so Nuruk is also used to make it. Once boiled rice and Nuruk are mixed, the enzymes in Nuruk break down carbohydrates in rice into sugar. Then the sugar meets yeasts in Nuruk and there begins fermentation. Because the fermentation keeps on going, Makgeolli should be drunk as soon as possible once it is opened.

It has a long history. Ancient people made liquor with grains such as wheat and rice after they found the way to grow them. That is the beginning of it. There are some records about it. For example, a book written in Three Kingdoms of Korea, it says many people drank ‘grain liquor.’ Moreover, in a document about the brewing of Joesun Dynasty, there says Makgeolli had had long history and been considered as liquor of the folk. Made from newly harvested rice, it was regarded as sacred gift from God. In addition, it played an important role in religious event like praying ceremony for a year of abundance.

Compared to other liquor, it is good for health. Abundant in protein and fiber, it affects to liver much less than any other alcohol. Rather it helps prevent cancer and heart disease. Similar to milk and yogurt, it has good effect on the health with its organic acids.

These days, demand on it is growing from USA and Japan, so exports are rising in Korea. Actually in Korea, most of the men who drank it were farmers or manual workers in 1970s. That’s because it was replaced not only by soju but also by Western drinks such as beer or whisky. Recently, however, even young generations are more likely to drink it than before.

## References

- Yonhap News https://fitcrv.com/benefits-of-brown-rice/
Sadri language

**Sadri** (also **Nagpuri**) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Indian states of Jharkhand, Bihar,  Chhattisgarh and   Odisha. It is the native language of the Sadaan, an ethino-linguistic group of the of Chota Nagpur region. In addition to native speaker, Sadri is also used as a lingua-fraca by large number of tribal groups such as: Kharia, Munda, Bhumij, Kurukh and many of these tribal group have adopted Sadri as their first language. It spoken by many Tea-tribes of Assam, West Bengal and Bangladesh.

## Script

In past, either Devanagari or Kaithi script were use in writing Nagpuri poems.
 In present,
Nagpuri is commonly written in the Devanagari script.

## Geographical Distribution

Nagpuri language is chiefly spoken in western Chota Nagpur Plateau region of west-central Jharkhand in districts such as Latehar, Lohardaga, Chatra, Palamu, Garhwa, Gumla, Simdega, Ranchi, Khunti, West Singhbhum  North-east Chhattisgarh in district  Jashpur, Surguja, Balrampur, South-east Uttar Pradesh in Sonbhadra, Northern Odisha in Sundargarh and south-west Bihar in  Aurangabad district.

## Alternate names

Alternate names of dialects include: Sadani, Sadana, Sadati, Sadari, Sadhan, Sadna, Sadrik, Santri, Siddri, Sradri, Sadhari, Sadan, Nagpuria, Nagpuri, Chota Nagpuri, Dikku Kaji, Gawari, Ganwari, Goari, Gauuari, Jharkhandhi.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Sadri
- **altname**: Nagpuri
- **nativename**: Sadani
- **states**: India
- **region**: Jharkhand, Bihar, Chhattisgarh,   Odisha
- **speakers**: 5.1 million
- **date**: 2011 census
- **speakers2**: Census results conflate some speakers with Hindi.
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Indo-Aryan languages, Eastern
- **fam5**: Bihari languages, Bihari
- **ancestor**: Prakrit
- **script**: Devanagari, Kaithi, Eastern Nagari script, Eastern Nagari, Latin script, Latin
- **lc1**: sck
- **ld1**: Sadri
- **lc2**: sdr
- **ld2**: Oraon Sadri
- **glotto**: sada1242
- **glottorefname**: Sadri
Rohingya language

The Rohingya language is a sub branch of the eastern Indo-Aryan languages that is spoken by approximately 1 million in Arakan (which is in Burma), Half a million in Makkah, Jeddah, and Madinah of Saudi Arabia, 300,000 in Karachi and Pakistan, 200,000 in Cox's Bazaar District of Bangladesh (2006), 30,000 in Malaysia, and others in Thailand, UAE and India. It has many alternate names, including: Rohinga, Rohinja, Ruaingga, Arakani, and Arakanese. The Rohingya language is related to the Bengali language. The Rohingya language uses a lot of words from other languages, like Arabic and English. This is due to history (the Rohingya are Muslim and Arabic is an important language in their religion, Islam) and culture (they interacted with the English and many other different groups).

## Alphabet

The Rohingya language has many different alphabets. People have a hard time trying to agree on a single alphabet to write in. They can write in: Burmese alphabet, Arabic alphabet, or the Latin alphabet (the ABCs). A Rohingya man named Mohammed Hanif created the Hanafi alphabet, which is suitable to write the language in. However, not many computers can support the Hanafi alphabet. So for the time being, many Rohingya use the ABCs when they use computers and phones.

## Sounds

Rohinya has 25 consonant sounds and 6 vowel sounds.

## Grammar

Rohingya is a subject-object-verb language. For example, "I love you" in English would be "I you love" in Rohingya.

## Sample text

The following text is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

**Rohingya:** Manúic beggún azad hísafe, ar izzot arde hók ókkol ót, fúainna hísafe foida óiye. Fottí insán óttu honó forók sára elan ot aséde tamám hók ókkol arde azadi ókkol loi fáaida goróon ór hók asé. Ar, taráre dil arde demak diyé. Ótolla, taráttu ekzon loi arekzon bái hísafe maamela goróon saá.

**English:** All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Cryosphere

The **cryosphere** is the part of the Earth’s surface where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers, ice caps and ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost). It often overlaps with the hydrosphere, the water on, under and over the surface of the Earth. The cryosphere is an important part of the global climate system. It influences surface energy, clouds, precipitation, hydrology, and the way both air and water move about in the atmosphere and oceans. The cryosphere is important to understanding how the climate of Earth works and how it affects global climate. The word _cyrosphere_ comes from the Greek word _cryo_ meaning "cold" or "to cold".
Jute

**Jute** is a vegetable fibre. It is very cheap to produce, and its production levels are similar to that of cotton. It is a bast fibre, like hemp, and flax. Coarse fabrics made of jute are called hessian, or burlap in America. Like all natural fibres, Jute is biodegradable."Jute" is the name of the plant or fiber that is used to make burlap, Hessian or gunny cloth. It is very rough and is very difficult to cut or tear.

The jute plant is easily grown in tropical countries like Bangladesh and India. India is the largest producer of jute in the world. Jute is less expensive than cotton, but cotton is better for quality clothes. Jute is used to make various products: packaging materials, jute bags, socks, expensive carpets, espadrilles, sweaters etc.
It is obtained from the bark of the jute plant. Jute plants are easy to grow, have a high yield per acre and, unlike cotton, have little need for pesticides and fertilizers.

In Iran, archaeologists have found jute existing since the Bronze Age.
Bryan Hopkin

**Sir Bryan Hopkin** (7 December 1914 – 10 October 2009) was a Welsh economist.  He spent a lot of his career giving economic advice to the British government.  At other times he taught economics at university.  He did not agree with the economic policies of Margaret Thatcher.

## Life

Hopkin went to Barry Grammar School and then studied at St John's College, Cambridge, where he was a student of John Maynard Keynes.  He then studied at Manchester University.

In 1941, during the Second World War, Hopkin was working as a civil servant at the Ministry of Health. Winston Churchill chose him to be part of the government's statistical team.  He spent many years advising the government, before becoming Professor of Economics at Cardiff University in 1972.

He became head of the Government Economic Service in 1973, and gave advice to Denis Healey.  It was a hard time for Healey because the unions were asking for big pay increases and inflation was rising.  Hopkin helped Healey to persuade people to stick to the pay policy he had made.  Then Hopkins returned to work at the university, from where he criticized Margaret Thatcher's policies.  The economy was not going well, and Mrs Thatcher wanted to make cuts in government spending.  Hopkin and many other economists disagreed.  They thought the government should spend money instead to help the economy.

Hopkin was made CBE in 1961 and knighted in 1971.  In 1938 he married Renée Recour (d. 2002), and they had two sons.  Sir Bryan Hopkin died in Bedford.
Robbinsville Township, New Jersey

**Robbinsville** is a township in Mercer County, New Jersey. As of the year 2020, 15,476 people live in Robbinsville. The town was incorporated, or created as a town, on March 15, 1859.

## Geography

Robbinsville is 20.5 square miles in size. In 2022, the median household income was about $161,526. The main transportation systems within Robbinsvile are US Route 130, Route 33, Interstate 195 and the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95). Trenton-Robbinsville Airport is also located within Robbinsville. About 30,000 aircraft enter and exit the airport a year.
Mercer County, New Jersey

**Mercer County** is a county in New Jersey, United States of America. Trenton, the capital of New Jersey, is in Mercer County. As of the year 2020, 387,340 people lived in the county. Mercer County was founded in the year 1838.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Mercer County
- **nickname**: _The Capital County_
- **state**: New Jersey
- **type**: List of counties in New Jersey, County
- **ex image**: New Jersey State House.jpgborder
- **ex image cap**: The New Jersey State House and its golden dome at Trenton, New Jersey, Trenton in 2006
- **ex image size**: 300px
- **flag**: Flag of Mercer County, New Jersey.gif
- **founded year**: 1838
- **named for**: Hugh Mercer
- **leader title**: County executive
- **seat**: Trenton, New Jersey, Trenton
- **largest city**: Hamilton Township, Mercer County, New Jersey, Hamilton Township (population)
Hopewell Township, Mercer County, New Jersey, Hopewell Township (area)
- **city type**: municipality
- **area total sq mi**: 228.86
- **area land sq mi**: 224.44
- **area water sq mi**: 4.42
- **area percentage**: 1.9
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 387340
- **population density sq mi**: 1724.9
- **population density km2**: auto
- **district**: 3rd
- **district2**: 12th
- **web**: www.mercercounty.org
Cyrillic numerals

**Cyrillic numerals** was a numbering system using the Cyrillic alphabet.
Gochujang

***Gochujang*** () is a savory, fermented Korean food. It is made from red chili, glutinous rice, fermented soybeans and salt. It is used to add flavour to a variety of Korean foods such as _bibimbab_ (), _bulgogi_ (), and _tteokbokki_ ().

## Ingredients

The main ingredients of _gochujang_ are red chili powder, glutinous rice powder mixed with powdered fermented soybeans, and salt. Each serving contains 8.9% of protein, 4.1% lipid, 15.9% of carbohydrate, and 3.5% of fibre. It has more Vitamin B than _doenjang_ and _ganjang_. It contains 5mg of Vitamin C per gram and 2,445mg of carotene per 100 gram.

One peculiar ingredient is capsaicin which is main cause of hot taste. Some people put salted fish or meat into _gochujang_.

## History

_Gochujang_ (hot pepper paste) has been made since chili was introduced from Japan in 1592, during the middle period of the _Chosun Dynasty_ (). According to _Jung-Bo-Sal-Lim-Kyung-Jae_ (), written in 1766, it was made from beans, sweet from glutinous rice, hot from red peppers, and salty. Since that time, making _gochujang_ became rapidly popular. In _Nong-Ga-Wol-Lyung-Ga_ (), there is content regarding making it.

## Types

Different types of _gochujang_ are made by adding different ingredients in the production process. Recipes are slightly different depending on the parts of Korea it comes from. The most common types of _gochujang_ are listed below.

- Glutinous rice Gochujang

Made by mixing glutinous rice powder with powdered fermented soybeans red peppers, which are the basic ingredients of Gochujang.

- Kaoliang Gochujang

made by adding kaoliang.

- Barley Gochujang

made by adding barley. Popularly used as _Ssam-Jang_ (쌈장) in summer.

- Wheat Gochujang

made by adding wheat. Used for making _Jji-Gae_s (찌개, stews), and _Jang-A-Jji_ (장아찌, Pickled Vegetables)

- Red-bean Gochujang

made by adding red-beans. Used in _Cho-Gochujang_ (초고추장) thanks to the beautiful red color.

## References

- 이춘자, Lee Chun-Ja/ 장 醬/ 대원사, Dae Won Sa/ 2003/ pp. 89 – 107
- 김찬곤, Kim Chan-Gon, 한국문화관광부, the Ministry of Culture and Tourism/ 우리 민족 문화 상징 100/한솔수북, Han Sol Su Book/ 2006/ pp. 67 - 69
Yut

**Yut** is a traditional Korean board game played mainly during the period from Korean New Year to the first full moon. _Cheok-sa_ and _sa-hee_ are the other names of the game. Its origin is not clear, but it seems that the game was started from the age of ancient Korea called Three-Kingdoms. The game is played by throwing four sticks, and moving marks on the board according to shapes of the sticks that fell down. During Korean New Year, many people play the game because it can be enjoyed anywhere by players of any age.

## Tools

The equipment of the game consists of a board, four yut sticks, and four marks, called _mal_, per each team. The board, which is normally rectangular shaped, is made of various materials like stitched cloth, paper, or leather. It includes a circle with a cross in the center, and 28 circles around this cross. The sticks determine how far a _mal_ can advance. The stick has two sides; one is round, and the other flat. It is usually made of wood from chestnut trees. Players can move their _mal_ from one circle to another, based on the results that their sticks indicate. Any item can be used for a _mal_, if it can be distinguished from the _mal_ of opposite teams.

## Rules

The facing of the sticks after being thrown indicate the movements of each team’s _mal_. There are five possibilities: _do, gae, geol, yut_, and _mo_, meaning five livestock, pigs, dogs, cow, sheep, and horses. _Do_, when the flat side of only one stick faces upward, means a one-step advance. When two flat sides are up, it means _gae_, which is a two-step advance. _Geol_ is three flat sides up, which is a three-step advance, and _yut_, where all four sticks are lying flat side up, means a four-step advance. When all four sticks face round side up, it is _mo_ which means a five-step advance. Each team normally throw the sticks in turn, but players get one more chance to throw the sticks when they throw a _yut_ or _mo_.

Players can move only one _mal_ per each movement, unless _mals_ are grouped in one. When a _mal_ reaches the big circles in the center, or reaches the others in each corner, players can move their _mal_ in a shortcut. There are four possible routes to move _mal_ when considering shortcuts. When a _mal_ reaches a circle that is already occupied by a _mal_ of an opposing team, the _mal_ of the opposing team is captured by the new mal, and must restart from the starting point. If a mal lands on a circle with another mal of same team, the two mals can make a group, and move together. The first team causing all of their mals to reach the starting point again becomes the winner of game.

## References

- Kim Sang-hoon "Yut playing, a traditional four-stick game" http://www.prkorea.com/engnews/index.cgi?action=detail&number=398&thread=10r01
- http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=251024
- http://www.gwangcheon.es.kr/bosco/min38.htm
Sujebi

**Sujebi** () is a traditional Korean soup. It is a Korean-style pasta soup consisting of hand-torn dough flakes with various vegetables and has been eaten from the early Goryeo period. In ancient times, when the Korea people were poor, they didn't have much foodstuffs and so made _sujebi_ with small quantity of dough and leftover vegetables. In addition, rice was rare after the Korean War, so many people ate sujebi instead of rice because wheat flour was cheaper at that time. However, _sujebi_ with various kinds of ingredients was considered a special food, so it was eaten on special days like a celebration day or feast. Nowadays, there are many kinds of sujebi and many people enjoy it as a health food. It is similar to another Korean traditional food _Kalguksu_, but _Kalsuksu_ is made with noodles while _sujebi_ is made with wheat flakes. Both of them are considered as proper food for a rainy day due to its hot and rich flavored broth. It is usually eaten with kimchi.

## Origin

It was during the mid Joseon period that _sujebi_ was named. Its name was originally came from Chinese letter 手(su, 수) meaning ‘hand’ and 摺(jeop, 접) meaning ‘folding’. The pronunciation has been changed as time passes for the ease of articulation. It is called differently depending on the regions, but sujebi is the standard word and most commonly used.

|Region or cities|Name|Korean name|
| --- | --- | --- |
|North Korea|_milgaru ddeudeo guk_|밀가루뜨더국|
|Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do|_ddeudegi_ or _ddedeokguk_|뜨데기 or 뜨덕국|
|Jeollanam-do|_ddeoneonjuk_ or _ddiyeonjuk_|떠넌죽 or 띠연죽|
|Gyeongsangnam-do|_sujibi_, _miljebi_, or _milkkarijang guk_|수지비, 밀제비, or 밀까리장국|
|Yeocheon and Bongwha|_dabureong juk_ or _beongeuraegi_|다부렁죽 or 벙으래기|

## Classification

Generally, there are two kinds of _sujebi_ depending on the type of broth. One is with Korean clear soup, and the other is with seaweed soup. In the former one, dough flakes are roughly torn by hand, whereas in the latter one, dough flakes are round shaped. This round-shaped dough is called "Saeal"(새알 in Korean). When people order or make _sujebi_, it usually refers to the former one in Korea. Then, it is again classified as various types depending on other ingredients. Typically, there are _potato sujebi_ which includes potatoes and _seafood sujebi_ with seafood. However, many restaurants are making new sujebi variations to attract customers these days.
Kim Gu

**Kim Gu** (Hangul: 김구, July 11, 1876 – June 26, 1949) was a Korean independence activist and politician. He was the President of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea three times. Kim was the 6th, 12th, and 13th (and final) president. He was the leader of the Korean independence movement against Japanese Imperialism and a reunification activist. Kim was also called **Baekbeom**. It was his pen name. He is a well respected person to many Korean people. Prime Minister 1921 to 1927 and Interior Minister of Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea 1923 to 1924.

## Early life

Kim was born in Hwanghae, Korea in 1876. At the age of 15, he studied the Chinese language. (한학; 漢學). In 1893, he joined the Donghak movement. He became the regional leader for Haeju. The next year, while he was leading the Donghak Peasant Revolution, he went to Manchuria to escape from Japanese soldiers. In 1896, he returned to Korea and killed Josuke Tsuchida, a Japanese soldier. He killed Tsuchida as revenge for the 1895 assassination of Empress Myeongseong of the Korean Empire. Empress Myeongseong was killed by Miura Goro, a Japanese assassin.

After the March 1st Movement in 1919, Kim Gu exiled himself to Shanghai, China. He joined the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. From that time, he started fighting against Japanese Imperialism. He wanted independence for Korea. He organized the Korea Patriotic Legion. It was a nationalist group. He told Yoon Bong-Gil to bomb the ceremony for the Emperor's birthday at Hongkeou Park in Shanghai. Also, he had Lee Bong-chang try to kill the Japanese Emperor Hirohito in Tokyo. This ended up with failure. Kim also created the Korean Liberation Army. He was re-elected several times as the leader of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea.

After the independence of Korea on 15 August 1945, he came back to Seoul. He worked as a right-wing politician with Lee Seung Man and Kim Kyu-sik. He tried to prevent the division of the Korean peninsula. In 1948, he tried to stop South Korea’s national election and to start negotiations between South and North Korea. This failed.

## Death

In June 26, 1949, Kim was shot dead by a Korean soldier, Ahn Doo-hee. Ahn was later killed by a taxi driver in 1996. Many people think there must have been a conspiracy. Some people said that he was ordered by Rhee Syng-man. It is not known if this is true. In 1962, he was awarded the Republic of Korea Medal of Order of Merit for National Foundation. He wrote _Baekbeomilji_ (_Journal of Baekbeom_). It is his autobiography. It is important both historically and education. His funeral was held at July 5,1949

## Book

- Autobiography, 《Dowaesilki》(도왜실기, 1932)
- 《Baikbumilji》(백범일지, 1947)

## Related pages

- Kim Kyusik
- Rhee Syng-man
- Kim Seong-Su
- Chang Myon
- Kim Won-bong
- Park Hon-Yong

## References

- Definition in Knowledge Encyclopedia (in Chinese)
Southern California

**Southern California** is a region of California. The definitions of it vary, but it usually contains the area around Los Angeles and San Diego, as well as the "Inland Empire" of San Bernardino and Riverside Counties. Over twenty million people live in Southern California. The ten counties of Southern California include Imperial County, Kern County, Los Angeles County, Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County, San Diego County, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara County, and Ventura County.

## Related pages

- Northern California
Chocolate brownie

A **chocolate brownie** (or simply called a **brownie**) is an American dessert or snack made with chocolate. It is named after the color brown. It tastes like a cross between a cake and a cookie. Unlike other cakes, it is baked without baking powder so it is much thicker. It is normally served cut into squares or rectangles. It can be eaten as a snack, or with ice cream or whipped cream as a dessert.

## Origin

There is no clear record of how brownies were first made. They were first made in the late 1880s. The first known recipe for brownies was in the 1897 Sears, Roebuck Catalogue. The most popular story about the origin of the brownie is about a housewife in Bangor, Maine. It says that the house wife forgot to add baking powder to a chocolate cake she was making. The cake did not rise but it was still delicious. Chocolate brownies are also very popular dessert in the United Kingdom.

## Types of brownies

There are different types of brownie. They are either chewy or cake-like depending on the recipe. Sometimes nuts or chocolate chips are added, or icing or caramel is put on top. A brownie with brown sugar and no chocolate are sometimes called a blondie. Sometimes, brownies are crackled on top, which means the inside is extra soft. Brownies are very yummy and easy to make. They can be made with a pack (Betty Crocker box) or from scratch. Sometimes you can put whip cream or chocolate sauce on it, and it will taste very good.

## Other websites

- Chocolate brownie recipe
Military strategy

A **military strategy** is a set of ideas or policy used by armed forces to get the results they want. Strategy is used to win combat, battles and wars. It involves planning, logistics (the movement and use of forces and equipment), and the deception of the enemy.

Carl von Clausewitz is considered the creator of modern military strategy.

## Related pages

- Geopolitics
- Military science

## Other websites

- http://www.molossia.org/milacademy/strategy.html
Civilization IV

***Civilization IV*** is a strategy computer game released in 2005. It is build by the company Firaxis Games. It is a turn based game where the player builds an empire from the ancient era, into the modern era. In this time, the player is tasked with researching technology, managing a military, declaring war, engaging in diplomacy, spreading religions, managing governmental systems and building wonders of the world. There is an option as playing as one of 18 historical civilizations, each with at least on historical leader. Different nations and leaders have different advantages, disadvantages, and special military units to construct. It has two expansions. The first was _Warlords_ and the second was _Beyond the Sword_. It was released in 7 languages: Chinese, French, German, Spanish, English, Japanese and Italian.

## References

- Civilization 4 Review
PCB

**PCB** is an abbreviation for one of the following:
- Printed circuit boards
- Polychlorinated biphenyls
Trenton–Robbinsville Airport

**Trenton-Robbinsville Airport** is a privately owned airport in Robbinsville, New Jersey. It has a 4,275 foot (1,303 meter) long asphalt runway.

## Other Information

- Airport Type: Public
- Elevation: 119 ft above sea level
- Coordinates: 40° 12′ 50.19″ N, 74° 36′ 6.46″ W
- FAA Location Identifier: N87

## References

- Airport Home Page
Jhalawan

**Jhalawan** is a former country in Balochistan. It was established in the 14th century by a Hindu Jhala Rajput. Its boundary was fixed with Sindh in 1853.
Sarawan

The **Sarawan Country** was a division of the former princely state of State of Kalat in Baluchistan, Pakistan. Its area was 4,339 square miles.
Swat (princely state)

**Swat** () was a princely state and is now part of Pakistan. Swat was part of the Mughal Empire ruled by local rulers, known as _Akhoond_ or _Akhwand_.

From 1926 until 1947, Swat was a princely state in British Raj, and in 1947 it acceded to Pakistan. It lay to the north of the modern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan until it was dissolved in 1969. It incorporated the current states of Swat, Buner and Shangla.
Marri-Bugti Country

**Marri-Bugti Country** (**Marri and Bugti Country**) was a tribal region during the British occupation of Baluchistan.
Book Off

**Book Off** () is Japan’s biggest chain of second hand bookstores. It is operated by Book Off Corporation Limited. The first Book Off store opened in May, 1990. The first franchisee Book Off store opened in Nov, 1991. The success of the business expanded to 917 stores in Japan and 14 stores abroad (8 in US, 3 in France, 2 in Korea, and 1 in Canada). Book Off sells books including comic books, magazines, and novels, and also sells CDs, DVDs, and Game software. Books are grouped by genres, writers, and prices. The overseas Book Off stores sell second hand books from Japan and also from its own country. Book Off not only sells the second hand books, but also buys the books from customers. For that reason Book Off’s theme copy is “お売りください” which means “Please, sell us your book”. The company uses this copy rather than ”We buy your book” to show respect to customers.

Some Book Off chains, especially ones abroad, have various signboard designs, but still they share the symbol colors of Book Off which are yellow, blue, and red. Book Off has its mascot **"Yomuyomukun (Mr. Yomu-yomu)"** holding a book in his hands. "Yomu (読む)" in Japanese means "read". Another uniqueness of Book Off is the employees’ loud greeting. Employees shout “いらっしゃいませ! (irashaimase! : welcome!)” when customers enter, and "ありがとうございました! (arigatou gozaimasita! : thank you!)” when customers leave the shop. Book Off chain stores abroad also greet customers with Japanese.

From 1999 Book Off Corporation Limited started to expand the business into other second hand stores. B-Kids, B-Sports, B-Style, B-Life and B-Select cover second hand baby goods, children wear, sports goods, ladies’ and men’s wear, interior goods, and accessories respectively. After the first B-Kid store opened in Apr, 1999, now there are 26 B-Kids, 32 B-Style, 24 B-Sports stores in Japan. Book Off charges about 81% of the business and the other type of stores charge 19% of the entire sales.

## Other websites

- Book Off Global Website Book Off official English language website
Françoise Hardy

**Françoise Madeleine Hardy** (; 17 January 1944 – 11 June 2024) was a French singer-songwriter, model and actress. As a celebrity in many fields, she became a cultural icon in France. She was seen as a leading figure of the Yé-yé style of music.

## Early life

Hardy was born on 17 January 1944 in Paris and grew up in a relatively poor family. From her childhood, she was so interested in literature that she was attracted to Simone de Beauvoir and Albert Camus. She received a guitar from her father as a present for her passing baccalaureat at 16. It caused her to get interested in chanson. Hardy mastered guitar by herself and showed an interest in composing chanson. Trying to be a singer was hard, she failed many times. After entering the University of Sorbonne in Paris, she kept studying a chanson in Petit conservatoire de la chanson, a chanson school founded by Mireille<nowiki/>who was a famous singer at that time.
Soon, she contracted with the record label Vogue in November 1961.

## Success

In June 1962, she made a great debut with her famous chanson _Tous les garçons et les filles_ which became a hit all over Europe at her age of 18. The song made the wave of Yé-yé music in France with two million sales. It was when another famous song _Comment te dire adieu_ appeared that Hardy estalished her as a singer in 1968. The song received a favorable review from many critics who were indifferent to young singers without precedent. Since then, she has been a cultural iconic figure in France. All of almost her songs were self written, and they have been translated into English, Spanish, Italian and German.

As an actress, she appeared in many movies such as _Château en Suède_ (1963), _Une balle au cœur_ (1965), _What’s new pussycat?_ (1966) _Masculin- Féminin_ (1966) and _Grand prix_ (1967).

## Personal life

She had a son, Thomas Dutronc in 1973 and married his father Jacques Dutronc. They remained married but were separated.

She also had a career in astrology and wrote books about it.

Hardy died on 11 June 2024 of laryngeal cancer in Paris at the age of 80.

## Other websites

- Françoise Hardy at Discogs
- Françoise Hardy at Last.fm
- Françoise Hardy at the Official Charts Company
- Françoise Hardy at Rate Your Music

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **years active**: 1962–2018


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Françoise Hardy
- **image**: Francoise hardy february 1966.jpg
- **caption**: Hardy in 1966
- **birth name**: Françoise Madeleine Hardy
- **birth place**: Paris, France
- **death place**: Paris, France
- **death cause**: Laryngeal cancer
- **children**: Thomas Dutronc
- **signature**: Françoise Hardy signature.svg
Baekje

**Baekje** was ancient kingdom on the Korean Peninsula from 18 BCE to 660 CE. Baekje was also called **Nam Buyeo**. According to the Samguk Sagi, a historical record published in ancient Korea, Baekje was founded by Onjo at Wiryeseong (the present-day Han River area in Seoul). Baekje was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea together with Goguryeo and Silla. Beakje, Goguryeo and Silla tried to expand each of their lands by allying and making war against one another.

In the 4th century, Baekje conquered almost every southern part of the Korean Peninsula and flourished by accepting Buddhism and reforming its system. Also, due to its advantageous natural environment, Baekje easily traded with China and Japan. Especially Baekje established goodwill relationships with Japanese rulers of the Kofun period and transmitted its advanced culture such as pottery and Buddhism to Japan.

However, in the 5th century, Baekje was defeated by Goguryeo. It suffered the loss of its capital. Baekje moved its capital to Ungjin. In 6th century, King Seong decided to move capital to Sabi to restore Baekje's glorious past. Baekje was ruined by Silla at 660. Although Baekje was destroyed at that time, many ill-fated attempts were existed to restore Baekje from its descendants.
Saturday Night's Main Event

***Saturday Night's Main Event*** is a professional wrestling television show that is aired as a special by WWE. It first aired from 1985 to 1992, with WWE then known as the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). Saturday Night's Main Event was a tremendous ratings success for NBC during its heyday, most notably on the March 14, 1987 show, which drew an 11.6 rating, which to this day remains the highest rating any show has ever done in that time slot. That show was headlined by a battle royal featuring Hulk Hogan and André the Giant, who were slated to face each other at WrestleMania III. As Hogan rarely wrestled on the WWF syndicated and cable television shows, Saturday Night's Main Event was the program on free television where most viewers were able to see him in action. 31 episodes were made during this time.

Saturday Night's Main Event was brought back by WWE on March 18, 2006. Five episodes were made, with the last one airing on August 2, 2008. In 2022, WWE started using the Saturday Night's Main Event name for their house shows that took place on Saturdays. On September 17, 2024. WWE announced that it would bring back Saturday Night's Main Event as a TV show. Its return episode aired on December 14 on NBC and also streamed live on Peacock.

## The Main Event

The success of Saturday Night's Main Event led to several Friday night prime time specials, known as The Main Event. The first of these, on February 5, 1988 featured a WrestleMania III rematch between Hogan and André and drew 33 million viewers and a 15.2 rating, which is still the highest-rated television show in professional wrestling history. This event was shown live. The late night shows however were always taped 1–2 weeks before airing.

## Infobox (television)

- **image**: Saturday Nights Main Event Logo 2006.png
- **caption**: Saturday Night's Main Event Logo (2006–2008)
- **genre**: Professional wrestling
- **creator**: Vince McMahon
- **starring**: List of WWE personnel, WWE roster
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num episodes**: 37 (as of December 14, 2024)
- **executive producer**: Dick Ebersol
Triple H, Paul Levesque
Lee Fitting
- **producer**: Vince McMahon
- **runtime**: 60 minutes (1985–1991, 2006–2008)
120 minutes (2024–present)
- **company**: WWE, Titan Sports Inc. (1985–1992)
 Once a Month Productions, Inc. (1985–1991)
 WWE (2006–2008, 2024–present)
- **network**: NBC
- **network2**: Fox Broadcasting Company, Fox
- **network3**: NBC
- **network4**: NBC
Peacock (streaming service), Peacock
- **last aired4**: present
- **related**: _WWE Raw_
_WWE NXT_
_WWE SmackDown_
_WWE Main Event_
Generator (Bad Religion album)

***Generator*** is the sixth album released by the American punk rock band Bad Religion. Although the album was recorded and finished in May 1991, it was not officially released until March 1992. 100,000 copies of the album were shipped.

_Generator_ was also the band's first release with drummer Bobby Schayer, who replaced Pete Finestone during the _Against the Grain_ tour. Today, _Generator_ has been remembered as one of the best albums to emerge from the early 90s punk scene, and one of the most enduring works of Bad Religion's career.

A video was made for "Atomic Garden". It is available for watching here . This was the first video Bad Religion ever released.

## Track List

1. "Generator" (Gurewitz) - 3:21
1. "Too Much to Ask" (Graffin) - 2:45
1. "No Direction" (Graffin) - 3:14
1. "Tomorrow" (Graffin) - 1:56
1. "Two Babies in the Dark" (Gurewitz) - 2:25
1. "Heaven Is Falling" (Gurewitz) - 2:04
1. "Atomic Garden" (Gurewitz) - 3:10
1. "The Answer" (Graffin) - 3:21
1. "Fertile Crescent" (Graffin) - 2:08
1. "Chimaera" (Graffin) - 2:28
1. "Only Entertainment" (Graffin) - 3:12

## References

- http://www.thebrpage.net/theanswer/?article=generator_(album))

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Generator
- **type**: Album
- **artist**: Bad Religion
- **released**: March 13, 1992
- **recorded**: May 1991 at Westbeach Recorders, Hollywood, California
- **genre**: Punk rock
- **length**: 30:04
- **label**: Epitaph Records, Epitaph
- **producer**: Bad Religion
- **prev title**: 80–85
(1991)
- **next title**: Recipe for Hate
(1993)
Niklas Hjalmarsson

**Niklas Hjalmarsson** (born June 6, 1987 in Eksjö, Sweden) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player that currently plays for the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for their farm team the Rockford IceHogs of the AHL and the Chicago Blackhawks (NHL). Although he spent the majority of his time on the IceHogs, He earned a regular spot on the Chicago Blackhawks roster after James Wisniewski was traded to the Anaheim Ducks. Hjalmarsson won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks in 2010.

On July 9, 2010, He signed an offer sheet with the San Jose Sharks which was for 4 years and $14 million. The Blackhawks matched it and Hjalmarsson became the first defenceman in 13 years to receive an offer sheet as a restricted free agent. On June 24, 2013, He won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

## Career statistics

|colspan="3"  bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2004–05|HV71|SEL|14|0|0|0|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|2005–06|HV71|SEL|4|1|2|3|0|12|0|1|1|4|
|2006–07|IK Oskarshamn|Swe-1|8|1|2|3|6|—|—|—|—|—|
|2006–07|HV71|SEL|37|2|0|2|24|—|—|—|—|—|
|2007–08|Rockford IceHogs|AHL|47|4|9|13|31|12|0|4|4|8|
|2007–08|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|13|0|1|1|13|—|—|—|—|—|
|2008–09|Rockford IceHogs|AHL|52|2|16|18|53|—|—|—|—|—|
|2008–09|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|21|1|2|3|0|17|0|1|1|6|
|2009–10|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|77|2|15|17|20|22|1|7|8|6|
|2010–11|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|80|3|7|10|39|7|0|2|2|2|
|2011–12|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|69|1|14|15|14|6|0|1|1|4|
|2012–13|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|46|2|8|10|22|23|0|5|5|4|
|2013–14|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|81|4|22|26|34|19|0|4|4|14|
|2014–15|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|82|3|16|19|44|23|1|5|6|8|
|2015–16|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|81|2|22|24|32|7|0|1|1|0|
|2016–17|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|73|5|13|18|20|4|0|0|0|2|
|2017–18|Arizona Coyotes|NHL|48|1|8|9|18|—|—|—|—|—|
|2018–19|Arizona Coyotes|NHL|82|0|10|10|44|—|—|—|—|—|
|2019–20|Arizona Coyotes|NHL|27|1|4|5|14|9|0|1|1|6|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **team**: Arizona Coyotes
- **former teams**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image**: Niklas Hjalmarsson - Chicago Blackhawks.jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Hjalmarsson with the Blackhawks in December 2014
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 205
- **ntl team**: Sweden
- **birth place**: Eksjö, Sweden, SWE
- **draft**: 108th overall
- **draft year**: 2005
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **career start**: 2004