juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Chara

**Chara** could mean:
- **Geography**
    - Chara (town), a town in east Russia and Chara Airport
- **Astronomy**
    - CHARA array, a telescope
    - Beta Canum Venaticorum, a star
- **Biology**
    - A genus in Charales, an order of green algae also known as Stonewort
- **Ethnic group**
    - Chara people, an ethnic group in Ethiopia
- **People**
    - Zdeno Chara, NHL player
    - Chara (singer), J-Pop singer
Vicente Blasco Ibañez

**Vicente Blasco Ibáñez** (29 January 1867-28 January 1928) was a Spanish realist novelist writing in Spanish, a screenwriter and occasional film director.
Pistoia

**Pistoia** is a city in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the capital of the province of Pistoia. The city is about  west and north of Florence.

## History

_Pistoria_, the old Latin name of Pistoia, was a Gallic, Ligurian and Etruscan city. After the city became a Roman colony in the 6th century BC, it was a place for activities or trades. Near the end of the 6th century, the city was captured by troops of the Lombardic king. The city did very well under the control of the Lombards. In 1177, Pistoia chose to become a free commune. In the following years, it became an important political centre. It built walls and several public and religious buildings.

In 1254 Pistoia was captured by troops from Florentine. Pistoia stayed a Florentine city except for few years in the 14th century, when Castruccio Castracani captured it for Lucca. It was annexed to (made a part of) Florence in 1530. During the 14th century Ormanno Tedici was one of the Lords of the city.

Dante mentioned the town in his Divina Commedia. Michelangelo called the people of Pistoia the "enemies of heaven".

### Duomo Square and Bishops' Palace

The large Piazza del Duomo is connected near to other famous buildings, for example the _ Palazzo del Comune_ and the _Palazzo del Podestà_. In July, the _Giostra dell'Orso_ ("Bear Joust") takes place in the square. At the joust, horsemen try to strike a target held by a dummy shaped like a bear. The 14th century Baptistry, in Gothic style is also in the square.

The _Palazzo dei Vescovi_ ("Bishops' Palace") includes a loggia in gothic style.
.

### Other important buildings

- Church of the _Madonna dell'Umiltà _(1509), finished by Giovanni Vasari with a high cupola.
- Church of San Bartolomeo in Pantano (12th century).
- The Romanesque church of _San Giovanni Fuoricivitas_ (12th-14th century).
- The Monument in Honour of Brazilians (Soldiers and Pilots) killed in action on Italian Campaign (World War II)
- Church of San Domenico
- Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie
- Church of San Pietro Maggiore
- Church of San Paolo
- Church of 'La Vergine"
- the Baroque church of _Santissima Annunziata_, famous for its Chiostro dei Morti ("Dead's Cloister").
- "Ospedale del Ceppo" ("del Ceppo Hospital") '(13th century).
- The 14th century walls. These had originally four gates: Porta al Borgo, Porta San Marco, Porta Carratica and Porta Lucchese. All were destroyed at the beginning of the 20th century.
- The Medici Fortress of Santa Barbara, built in the 16th century by the Florentines.
- The ancient _Pieve San Michele in Groppoli_, in the neighbourhood of the city.

## Famous people born in Pistoia

- Enrico Betti
- Mauro Bolognini
- Licio Gelli
- Cino da Pistoia
- Ippolito Desideri
- Pope Clement IX
- Christian Orlandi
- Marino Marini
- Filippo Pacini

## Sisters towns

Pistoia is twinned with:
- , Pau, since 1975

## Other websites

- Comune di Pistoia
- Pistoia Tourist Consortium: lots of information and city map download
- Virtual Tour of the City
Seleute

**Seleute** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Clos du Doubs and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Seleute
- **image photo**: 2016-Seleute.jpg
- **municipality name**: Seleute
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Seleute blason.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2888
- **municipality code**: 6805
- **area**: 6.81
- **elevation**: 650
- **population**: 75
- **populationof**: 2003
- **neighboring municipalities**: Saint-Ursanne, Montmelon, Epauvillers, Epiquerez, Ocourt, Courgenay
Vendlincourt

**Vendlincourt** is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Vendlincourt
- **municipality name**: Vendlincourt
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Vendlincourt COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Vendlincourt.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Porrentruy (district), Porrentruy
- **postal code**: 2943
- **municipality code**: 6806
- **area**: 9.14
- **elevation**: 448
- **population**: 559
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.vendlincourt.ch
- **mayor**: Bernard Corbat
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bonfol, Damphreux, Coeuve, Alle, Switzerland, Alle, Miécourt, Levoncourt(F), Courtavon(F)
Bassecourt

**Bassecourt** is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier, Soulce and Undervelier merged to form the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bassecourt
- **municipality name**: Bassecourt
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Bassecourt-coat of arms.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2854
- **municipality code**: 6701
- **area**: 15.57
- **elevation**: 477
- **population**: 3333
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.bassecourt.ch
- **mayor**: Françoise Cattin
- **places**: Berlincourt
- **demonym**: Les Patas
- **neighboring municipalities**: Glovelier, Boécourt, Develier, Courfaivre, Undervelier.
Boécourt

**Boécourt** is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Boécourt
- **municipality name**: Boécourt
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Boécourt COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2856
- **municipality code**: 6702
- **area**: 12.28
- **elevation**: 516
- **population**: 837
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **website**: www.jura.ch/boecourt
- **neighboring municipalities**: Asuel, Bassecourt, Bourrignon, Develier, Glovelier, Montmelon
Bourrignon

**Bourrignon** is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Bourrignon
- **municipality name**: Bourrignon
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Bourrignon-blazon.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2803
- **municipality code**: 6703
- **area**: 13.56
- **elevation**: 770
- **population**: 293
- **populationof**: 2003
- **website**: www.bourrignon.ch
- **mayor**: M. Roland Koller
- **neighboring municipalities**: Asuel, Pleujouse, Pleigne, Delémont, Develier,Boécourt
Châtillon, Jura

**Châtillon** is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Châtillon
- **municipality name**: Châtillon
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Châtillon COA.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2854
- **municipality code**: 6704
- **area**: 5.33
- **elevation**: 523
- **population**: 405
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **website**: www.chatillon.ch
- **mayor**: Nicole Fluri
- **neighboring municipalities**: Soulce, Courtételle, Rossemaison, Courrendlin, Vellerat, Roches(BE), Moutier(BE)
Trans fat

**Trans fat** is a type of unsaturated fat. It is often produced in factories when manufacturing certain processed foods such as margarine.

## Creation

Trans fat rarely occurs in nature. Meat and milk fat have small amounts of it. Other than that, trans fat is made when vegetable oils are heated or hydrogenated.

Hydrogenation is the process of bubbling hydrogen gas through the oil to change its consistency. The bubbling raises the oil's melting point. As the hydrogen passes through, the oil begins to become solid.

By stopping the hydrogenation part of the way through, manufacturers obtain "partially hydrogenated oil". This is similar to butter, but much cheaper to produce. It is sold as "margarine", "oleo" or "vegetable shortening".  The process allows manufacturers to add an inexpensive butter-like consistency to food products.

## Effects on health

Trans fat is bad for human health. It has been linked to a number of problems, including coronary heart disease,  cancer, diabetes, obesity, liver problems, and infertility. Healthy oils are always liquid at the temperature of blood. Saturated and trans fats are not.

No study has ever shown that trans fat is good for human health in any way. Since scientists and nutritionists now know the health issues related to eating trans fats, they are being used less, but there are still some in commercial food products.

For some time, the United States Food and Drug Administration allowed makers of food products to label their products as having "0 grams of trans fat per serving" as long as the amount of trans fat in the food product fell below 0.5 grams per serving. Since partially hydrogenated oils are the major source of trans fat, reading the "ingredients" label is the safest way to ensure that a food does not contain any trans fat at all. Fried foods will likely, but not necessarily, contain trans fat since fried foods are produced by using very hot oil.

## 2015–2018 phaseout in the United States

Gradually, in 2013, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began to stop the use of trans fats in all foods. They said there is no safe amount of trans fats that should be in food eaten by humans.

In June 2015, the FDA issued a final statement. It said that scientists disagree about whether artificial trans fatty acids are safe for human food. It required trans fat to be taken out of all food production by June 2018. The FDA said the ban would cost the food industry $6.2 billion over 20 years.

Now, the food industry must use new formulas and recipes with ingredients free of trans fat. The benefits will be about $130 billion over 20 years, mostly from lower health care costs. Food companies can issue requests to the FDA for permission to use partially hydrogenated oils. However, the companies must prove the oils' use is safe.
Cluny

**Cluny** is a city in eastern France. It lies in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. The city grew around the Abbey of Cluny in the 10th century. The town of Mâcon is about 30 km to the southeast. Lyon is about 60 km to the south. Today, about 4,400 people live in the city. The Cluniac Reforms started here.
Integumentary system

The **integumentary system** is everything covering the outside of an animal's body. This account is written mostly with people in mind, but it applies more widely.

The integument means skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and their products (sweat and mucus). The name comes from the Latin _integumentum_, which means 'a covering'.

## The integumentary system

Skin, hair, scales, feathers and nails make up the integumentary system.

### Skin

There are two layers of skin:
1. Epidermis - This is the top layer of the skin and is made of dead cells. The cells are shed all the time, but new ones are always being made, so people never lose any skin. It has sweat pores.
1. Dermis - This is the second layer of skin. It has touch receptors, and oil and sweat glands. It makes skin stretchy.
1. Subcutaneous tissue (The subcutaneous tissue is not part of the skin, but it is in the integumentary system)

### Glands

There are four types of glands
- Sweat glands - make sweat to control temperature
- Sebaceous glands - make oil
- Ceruminous glands - make ear wax
- Mammary glands - make milk and are only in women

## Functions

The integumentary system has lots of different functions. It:
- Protects the body’s internal organs
- Protects the body against bacteria
- Protects the body from dehydration
- Protects the body against sunburns
- Stores water, fat, and vitamin D

## Problems

Here is a list of skin problems:
- Acne, when pimples form on the skin
- Sunburn, when UV radiation from the sun burns your skin
- Skin cancer, caused by getting too many sunburns.
There are other skin problems that are less common.

## References

<div class="references-small">

- Kardong, Kenneth V. 1998. _Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution_. McGraw-Hill.https://www.amazon.com/Vertebrates-Comparative-Anatomy-Function-Evolution/dp/0072909560 ISBN 0-07-115356-X/0-697-28654-1
</div>

## Other websites

- Aquatic Path  Details of the integumentary system of the fathead minnow
- An article written for children
Auditory system

The **auditory system** is the sensory system for the sense for hearing. The sense organ for hearing is the ear.

### Outer ear

The outer ear is the folds of cartilage surrounding the ear canal. They are called the pinna.

### Middle ear

Sound waves travelling through the ear canal will hit the tympanum, or eardrum.  Three tiny bones, the ossicles, convert the waves to high pressure vibrations.  They are then converted to nerve impulses in the cochlea.

### Inner ear

The inner ear is made mostly of the cochlea.  The cochlea is made up of three pieces, and is filled with liquid. It transforms sound waves to electric signals in neurons. The semicircular canals of the inner ear are used in equilibrioception, the sense of balance.

## Related pages

- Visual system and Eyes
- Vertigo
- Balance

## Other websites

- Promenade 'round the cochlea
- Washington University Neuroscience Tutorial - Auditory system
Northbridge

The **northbridge** is one of two basic chips on the motherboard of a computer. The other basic chip is the southbridge and together they create the computer chipset. Usually, north- and southbridge are on different ICs; it is rare for both of them to be on one chip.

## Use

Northbridge supports communication between CPU, RAM memory, AGP port or PCI Express bus and also supports connection with southbridge. There exist some chipsets which support two types of RAM memory and which are accessible during transition to new standard.

### Significance

Northbridge is a basic part of motherboard which establishes speed, types of processors, quantity of processors and kind of RAM memory. Other important factors are, for example, voltage regulation and number of connectors.

### Progression

Sequencers of RAM memory was, in AMD64 architecture, shifted directly into processor. Other producers (like Intel or IBM) also incorporated this change into their new processors.

#### The future

A perspective to the future  is SOC (System On Chip). With it will also decrease the number of components on the motherboard. But bigger chips hold under universality of solution, they have more pins and they are more difficult. Present high-speed buses are series (PCIe, SATA) and they decline the complexity. In the future we can expect return to the standard interface of other circuits using bus (probably PCI express) and maybe they will be connected to the single Super I/O sequencer. Saved lads can be used for another integrated turn like SATA, USB, IDE, SDIO scanner of cards and sequencers of PCI.
Mitlödi

**Mitlödi** was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Mitlödi, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.

## Other websites

- Website of Mitlödi

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mitlödi
- **municipality name**: Mitlödi
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: GW-GL-Mitloedi.gif
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Mitlödi.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8756
- **municipality code**: 1616
- **area**: 6.25
- **elevation**: 504
- **population**: 1084
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.mitloedi.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ennenda, Glarus (city), Glarus, Schwanden, Glarus, Schwanden, Schwändi, Sool, Switzerland, Sool
Mollis

**Mollis** was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Website of Mollis

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mollis
- **municipality name**: Mollis
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Mollis-coat of arms.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Mollis.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8753
- **municipality code**: 1617
- **area**: 21.83
- **elevation**: 433
- **population**: 3008
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.mollis.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ennenda, Filzbach, Näfels, Netstal, Niederurnen, Oberurnen, Weesen (SG)
Mühlehorn

**Mühlehorn** was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municpalities of Mühlehorn, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

## Other websites

- Official website of Mühlehorn

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Mühlehorn
- **municipality name**: Mühlehorn
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: GW-GL-Muehlehorn.gif
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Mühlehorn.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8874
- **municipality code**: 1618
- **area**: 7.75
- **elevation**: 428
- **population**: 444
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.muehlehorn.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Amden (SG), Obstalden, Quarten (SG)
Näfels

**Näfels** was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Näfels
- **municipality name**: Näfels
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: CHE Näfels COA.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Näfels.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8752
- **municipality code**: 1619
- **area**: 36.93
- **elevation**: 437
- **population**: 3982
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.naefels.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Glarus (city), Glarus, Innerthal (SZ), Mollis, Netstal, Oberurnen
Netstal

**Netstal** was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2011, Netstal is part of the municipality of Glarus.

## Other websites

- Official website of Netstal

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Netstal
- **municipality name**: Netstal
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: GW-GL-Netstal.gif
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Netstal.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8754
- **municipality code**: 1620
- **area**: 10.63
- **elevation**: 464
- **population**: 2881
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.netstal.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Ennenda, Glarus (city), Glarus, Mollis, Näfels, Riedern
Niederurnen

**Niederurnen** was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in the country of Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Niederurnen, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Oberurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

## Other websites

- Website of Niederurnen

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Niederurnen
- **municipality name**: Niederurnen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: GW-GL-Niederurnen.gif
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Niederurnen 2007.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8867
- **municipality code**: 1622
- **area**: 14.1
- **elevation**: 430
- **population**: 3700
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.niederurnen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bilten, Mollis, Oberurnen, Schänis (SG), Schübelbach (SZ), Weesen (SG)
Oberurnen

**Oberurnen** was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Oberurnen, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

## Other websites

- Website of Oberurnen

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Oberurnen
- **municipality name**: Oberurnen
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Oberurnen-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte_Gemeinde_Oberurnen.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8868
- **municipality code**: 1623
- **area**: 12.82
- **elevation**: 430
- **population**: 1825
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.oberurnen.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Innerthal (SZ), Mollis, Näfels, Niederurnen, Schübelbach (SZ)
Obstalden

**Obstalden** was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Obstalden, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen and Oberurnen merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord

## Other websites

- Official website of Obstalden

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Obstalden
- **municipality name**: Obstalden
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: GW-GL-Obstalden.gif
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Obstalden.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8758
- **municipality code**: 1624
- **area**: 23.76
- **elevation**: 685
- **population**: 453
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.obstalden.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Amden (SG), Ennenda, Filzbach, Mühlehorn, Quarten (SG), Sool, Switzerland, Sool
Riedern

**Riedern** was a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2011, Riedern is part of the municipality of Glarus.

## Other websites

- Official website of Riedern

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Riedern
- **municipality name**: Riedern
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: GW-GL-Riedern.gif
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8750
- **municipality code**: 1625
- **area**: 1.51
- **elevation**: 529
- **population**: 735
- **populationof**: 2005
- **website**: www.riedern.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Glarus (city), Glarus, Netstal
Rüti, Glarus

**Rüti** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Website of Rüti

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Rüti
- **municipality name**: Rüti
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: GW-GL-Rueti.gif
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8782
- **municipality code**: 1626
- **area**: 6.18
- **elevation**: 616
- **population**: 389
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.rueti-gl.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Betschwanden, Braunwald, Linthal
Schwanden, Glarus

**Schwanden** was a municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland. The lake Garichtisee can be reached by cable car.

## Other websites

- Official website of Schwanden

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schwanden
- **municipality name**: Schwanden
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Schwanden-coat of arms.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Schwanden.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8762
- **municipality code**: 1627
- **area**: 30.63
- **elevation**: 521
- **population**: 2557
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.schwanden.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Elm, Switzerland, Elm, Engi, Glarus (city), Glarus, Haslen, Luchsingen, Matt, Switzerland, Matt, Mitlödi, Nidfurn, Schwändi, Sool, Switzerland, Sool
Garichtisee

**Garichtisee** is a lake on Mettmenalp in the Canton of Glarus, Switzerland. It is above the municipality of Schwanden. The lake's area is .

## Other websites

- Swissdams: Garichte

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Garichtisee
- **image lake**: Garichti.jpg
- **location**: Canton of Glarus
- **type**: reservoir
- **basin countries**: Switzerland
Appenzell Ausserrhoden

**Appenzell Ausserrhoden** is a canton of Switzerland. Appenzell Ausserrhoden is in the northeast of Switzerland, next to the cantons of St. Gallen and Appenzell Innerrhoden.

## History

Settlement in Appenzell began in the 7th and the 8th century alongside the river Glatt.  In 907 Herisau is mentioned for the first time, the canton (Appenzell: _abbatis cella_) is named first in 1071.

The canton witnessed a number of battles, including the Battle of Vögelinsegg (1403) and the Battle at the Stoss (1405).

In 1513 Appenzell joined the Swiss confederation as the 13th canton. In 1597 the Protestant canton was divided for religious reasons from the former canton _Appenzell_, with the Catholic Appenzell Innerrhoden being the other half.

From the 16th century onwards linen production was established little by little. Larger textile businesses established themselves, later diversifying into weaving and embroidery. The textile industry collapsed between 1920 and 1939.

In 1834 for the first time a constitution was adapted, undergoing reforms in 1876 and 1908. The construction of numerous railway lines between 1875 and 1913 helped the local industry and the population grew to a maximum of 57,973 people in 1910 (compared with 53,200 in 2001).

In 1934 Johannes Baumann was the first citizen from Appenzell Ausserrhoden to become a federal councilor. Women's right to vote was introduced in 1972 on a local level, but only in 1989 on a canton-wide level. In 1994 for the first time two women were elected into government. The open assembly (_Landsgemeinde_) was abolished in 1997. The right of foreigners to vote is determined by each municipality.

## Municipalities

The 20 municipalities are:

## Other websites

- Official Page
- Official Statistics

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kanton Appenzell Ausserrhoden
- **settlement type**: Cantons of Switzerland, Canton
- **image flag**: Flag of Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden.svg
- **image shield**: Wappen Appenzell Ausserrhoden matt.svg
- **shield size**: 80x80px
- **map alt**: Map of Switzerland, location of Appenzell Ausserrhoden highlighted
- **map caption**: Location in Switzerland
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **seat type**: Administrative capital and largest city
- **seat**: Herisau
- **parts type**: Subdivisions
- **parts style**: para
- **p1**: Municipalities of the canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, 20 municipalities
- **leader title**: List of cantonal executives of Switzerland, Executive
- **leader name**: Regierungsrat (7)
- **leader title1**: List of cantonal legislatures of Switzerland, Legislative
- **leader name1**: Kantonsrat (65)
- **population density km2**: auto
- **iso code**: CH-AR
- **blank name sec1**: List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation, Highest point
- **blank info sec1**: : Säntis
- **blank1 name sec1**: List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation, Lowest point
- **blank1 info sec1**: : Lutzenberg, Switzerland, Lutzenberg
- **blank name sec2**: History of Switzerland#Order of accession of the cantons, Joined
- **blank info sec2**: 1513
- **blank1 name sec2**: Languages
- **blank1 info sec2**: German language, German
Appenzell District

**Appenzell** is a district of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden in Switzerland.  The district of Appenzell contains part of the town _Appenzell_, as well as Rinkenbach, Kau and Meistersrüte.

## Other websites

- Appenzell Tourism
- Appenzell

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Appenzell
- **image photo**: Aerial View of Appenzell 14.02.2008 14-45-40.JPG
- **image caption**: Aerial view of Appenzell
- **municipality name**: Appenzell
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Appenzell-blazon.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Appenzell.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Appenzell Innerrhoden
- **iso-code-region**: CH-AI
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 9050
- **municipality code**: 3101
- **area**: 16.9
- **elevation**: 780
- **population**: 5618
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **popofyear**: 2004
- **website**: www.appenzell.org
- **neighboring municipalities**: Gais, Switzerland, Gais (AR), Gonten, Rüte, Schlatt-Haslen, Schwende
Corban, Switzerland

**Corban** was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

On 1 January 2018, the former municipality of Corban merged into the municipality of Val Terbi.

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Corban
- **municipality name**: Corban
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Corban-coat of arms.svg
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2826
- **municipality code**: 6705
- **area**: 7.87
- **elevation**: 525
- **population**: 467
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **neighboring municipalities**: Courchapoix, Vermes, Switzerland, Vermes, Mervelier, Montsevelier, Bärschwil(SO)
Courchapoix

**Courchapoix** is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Information about Courchapoix in the Juranet

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Courchapoix
- **municipality name**: Courchapoix
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Courchapoix-Blazono.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2825
- **municipality code**: 6706
- **area**: 6.40
- **elevation**: 496
- **population**: 416
- **populationof**: 2003
- **neighboring municipalities**: Vicques, Switzerland, Vicques, Vermes, Switzerland, Vermes, Corban, Switzerland, Corban, Bärschwil(SO)
Courfaivre

**Courfaivre** was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Courfaivre, Bassecourt, Glovelier, Soulce and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.

## Other websites

- Official Website of Courfaivre

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Courfaivre
- **municipality name**: Courfaivre
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Courfaivre-Blazono.png
- **languages**: French
- **canton**: Jura
- **iso-code-region**: CH-JU
- **district**: Delémont (district), Delémont
- **postal code**: 2853
- **municipality code**: 6707
- **area**: 12.40
- **elevation**: 460
- **population**: 1552
- **populationof**: December 2005
- **website**: www.courfaivre.ch
- **demonym**: Mergats
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bassecourt, Develier, Courtételle, Soulce, Undervelier
Electric eel

The **electric eel**, _Electrophorus electricus_, is a species of fish. It can weigh up to forty five pounds. It can give electric shocks of up to six hundred fifty watts of electricity. The animal uses these shocks both for hunting and to defend itself. It lives in the stagnant muddy river bottoms of the Orinoco and the Amazon, and uses low-voltage electric fields to find its prey.

The electric eel is an apex predator in the parts of South America where it lives. This means it usually has no enemies except other animals of its own species. It can kill animals larger than itself. Its electric organs evolved from muscles, and make up four fifths of its body.

Despite its name, the electric eel is not an eel. It is a knifefish. It is an obligatory air breather (must breath air). This makes sense, because the muddy water is very low in oxygen, and it needs oxygen to power its electric organs.

Because they can shock, very few of these fish are kept as pets. But if the eel repeatedly shocks, its electric organs become completely discharged. Then a person can touch it without being shocked.

## Other species

- _Electrophorus varii_ (Amazon conger)
- _Electrophorus voltai_ (voltage conger)
Gymnotiformes

The **Gymnotiformes** is an order of teleosts which are electric fish. Common names are Neotropical knifefish or South American knifefish. They are mainly nocturnal freshwater fish. Their muscles create an electric field.

Gymnotiformes are slender fish with narrow bodies and tapering tails. Their common name is "knifefish".

Perhaps the best-known species is the electric eel (_Electrophorus electricus_) which uses powerful electric shocks (up to 600 V) for hunting and self-defense.

There are several other species familiar in the aquarium trade: the black ghost knifefish (_Apteronotus albifrons_), the glass knifefish (_Eigenmannia virescens_), and the banded knifefish (_Gymnotus carapo_).
Electric fish

An **electric fish** is a fish that can make electric fields. Many fish (sharks, rays, and catfish) can detect electric fields: they are 'electroreceptive'. They cannot make electric fields, and are not called electric fish.

## Strongly and weakly electric fish

Electric fish have a special organ that makes electricity. This organ is called an **electric organ**. It is usually near the tail of the fish. It is made from specialised muscle or nerve cells. When the organ releases electricity this is called an _electric organ discharge_ (or _EOD_ for short).

Based on the strength of the EOD, the electrogenic fish are two types:

- _Strongly electric fish_: Their discharge is so strong they can stun (and capture) prey with it.  Examples of such fish are the electric eel (which is a knifefish, not a true eel), electric catfishes, or electric rays
- _Weakly electric fish_: Their discharge is not strong enough to stun prey with it; rather, they use the electricity to locate objects, to navigate, or to communicate with other electric fish. Examples of weakly electric fish are Peters' elephantnose fish or the black ghost knifefish.

In total, there are 348 known species of electric fish, in about 56 genera. The only known species that lives in salt water are the electric rays, with 23 species.

## Related pages

- The duck-billed platypus also detects movement by an electric field.
Sergeant

**Sergeant** is a rank used in  most militaries, policeforces, and other uniformed organizations around the world. The word comes from the Latin _serviens_, "one who serves", through the French term _Sergent_.

A sergeant (**Sgt**) in the British Army wears three point-down chevrons, or "checks" on their sleeve. They usually serves as a platoon, troop, or group sergeant, or in a specialist position.

A **Lance-Sergeant** (**LSgt**) was originally a Corporal doing the work of a Sergeant. The job is now used mostly in the Guards, where it is given to all Corporals. A Lance-Sergeant in the Guards and Honourable Artillery Company wears three chevrons, and is considered senior or higher up to "normal" Corporals. For most purposes, they still remain a Corporal rather than an acting Sergeant (e.g., they will typically command a section). In the Household Cavalry, the same rank is Lance-Corporal of Horse.

The official spelling was **Serjeant** (**Sjt**) (still used by The Rifles) until after World War II, although the modern spelling had already been in common use for many years.
Gourgen Yanikian

**Kourken Megerdich Yanigian** (, December 24, 1895, Erzurum, Ottoman Armenia - March 27, 1984, USA) was an Armenian terrorist who killed two Turkish consular officials in California in 1973. His stated purpose was "to demand justice" for the Armenian Genocide.

Armenians hoped Yanigian's trial would provide a vehicle for proving the massacres in a court of law, while there were still surviving witnesses. Yanigian took the Armenian Genocide witness stand, accompanied by his friend and interpreter, Santa Barbaran Aram Saroyan, the uncle of famous author William Saroyan. Yanigian told of his 26 family members killed in the massacres, and how he watched in hiding as marauding Turks slit his brother's throat. Finally, he said that he killed the Turkish
diplomats as representatives of the "government that had massacred his people".

He was sentenced to life in prison in July 1973 and paroled in 1984, over the objection of the Turkish government.

After Yanigian's death, District Attorney David D. Minner wrote:

### in English

- The Triumph of Judas Iscariot, Los Angeles: Research Publ. Co., 1950, 254 p.
- The Resurrected Christ: A Novel, New York: Exposition, 1955, 141 p.
- Harem Cross: A Novel of the Near-East, 1953
- The Voice of an American, 1960
- Mirror in the Darkness, 1966

### in Armenian

- Purpose and Justice (memoires from the prison), Yerevan, Tigran Mets Publ., 1999

## Related pages

- Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

## Other websites

- People v Yanikian
- Historische Romane – XY, Books by Gourgen Yanikian
- GUIDE TO SANTA BARBARA AUTHORS AND PUBLISHERS: Yanikian, Gourgen (1895-1984)
- Yanikian and his memoires
Campo Blenio

**Campo Blenio** was a municipality of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

On 25 January 2005, the people in charge announced that Campo Blenio would merge with Aquila, Ghirone, Olivone and Torre to form a new municipality to be called Blenio. This union was carried through on 22 October 2006.

## Other websites

- Official site
- Cantonal Portal
Campo, Vallemaggia

**Campo** is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Campo
- **municipality name**: Campo
- **municipality type**: municipality
- **imagepath coa**: Campo(Vallemaggia)-coat of arms.svg
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Campo (Vallemaggia) 2008.png
- **languages**: Italian
- **canton**: Ticino
- **iso-code-region**: CH-TI
- **district**: Vallemaggia (district), Vallemaggia
- **postal code**: 6684
- **municipality code**: 5307
- **area**: 43.15
- **elevation**: 1321
- **population**: 56
- **populationof**: December 2004
- **website**: www.campo-vallemaggia.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Bosco/Gurin, Cerentino, Cevio, Maggia, Switzerland, Maggia, Montecrestese (IT-VB), Premia (IT-VB), Santa Maria Maggiore (VB), Santa Maria Maggiore (IT-VB), Vergeletto
Schwändi

**Schwändi** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Website of Schwändi

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Schwändi
- **municipality name**: Schwändi
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: GW-GL-Schwaendi.gif
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8762
- **municipality code**: 1628
- **area**: 3.48
- **elevation**: 701
- **population**: 406
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.schwaendi.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Glarus (city), Glarus, Mitlödi, Schwanden, Glarus, Schwanden
Sool, Switzerland

**Sool** was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- Website of Sool

## Infobox (swiss town)

- **subject name**: Sool
- **municipality name**: Sool
- **municipality type**: former
- **imagepath coa**: Sool-Blazono.png
- **map**: Karte Gemeinde Sool.png
- **languages**: German
- **canton**: Glarus
- **iso-code-region**: CH-GL
- **district**: n.a.
- **postal code**: 8762
- **municipality code**: 1629
- **area**: 13.26
- **elevation**: 637
- **population**: 303
- **populationof**: December 2003
- **popofyear**: 2003
- **website**: www.sool.ch
- **neighboring municipalities**: Engi, Ennenda, Mitlödi, Obstalden, Quarten (SG), Schwanden, Glarus, Schwanden
Showa

**Shōwa** may mean:

- Hirohito (1901–1989), the 124th Emperor of Japan, known posthumously as Emperor Shōwa

- Shōwa (Kamakura period), a Japanese era name (1312-1317)
- Shōwa period, a Japanese era name (1926-1989)

- Other
- Jōwa (Heian period), a Japanese era name (834-848) also romanized as Shōwa
DDR2 SDRAM

In information technologies we use the term **DDR2 SDRAM** for a **Double Data Rate** memory module of the second generation. This technology is used for high speed storage of the working data.

## History

DDR2 was first made in 2001.

## Comparisons

The main difference between DDR and DDR2 modules is that the bus on which the DDR2 memory modules are working is clocked at twice the speed of the memory cells. In practical terms we can say that four words of data can be transferred during one memory cell cycle. To sum it up DDR2 can effectively operate at twice the bus speed of DDR.

### Chips and modules

For use in PCs, DDR2 SDRAM is supplied in DIMMs with 240 pins and a single locating notch.  DIMMs are identified by their peak transfer capacity (often called bandwidth).

|style="background:#ffdead;"|Standard name|style="background:#ffdead;"|Memory clock|style="background:#ffdead;"|Cycle time|style="background:#ffdead;"|I/O Bus clock|style="background:#ffdead;"|Data transfers per second|style="background:#99ff99;"|Module name|style="background:#99ff99;"|Peak transfer rate|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|DDR2-400|100 MHz|10 ns|200 MHz|400 Million|PC2-3200|3200 MB/s||||||||
|DDR2-533|133 MHz|7.5 ns|266 MHz|533 Million|PC2-4200|4266 MB/s||||||||
|DDR2-667|166 MHz|6 ns|333 MHz|667 Million|PC2-5300|5333 MB/s||||||||
|DDR2-800|200 MHz|5 ns|400 MHz|800 Million|PC2-6400|6400 MB/s||||||||
|DDR2-1066|266 MHz|3.75 ns|533 MHz|1066 Million|PC2-8500|8533 MB/s||||||||

de:DDR-SDRAM#DDR2-SDRAM
fi:DRAM#DDR2 SDRAM
Southbridge (computing)

**Southbridge** is also known as Input/Output Controller Hub. The microchip realizes lower functions of the motherboard in computer architecture with northbridge and southbridge. It's easy to distinguish southbridge and northbridge: the southbridge is not directly connected to the processor. Northbridge realizes connection between southbridge and processor.

## Related pages

- Northbridge
Organic light-emitting diode

**Organic light-emitting diode** (**OLED**) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED). The part of the OLED that creates light is made of a very thin layer of organic compounds. The main use of OLED technology is for flat panel displays for smartphones and other mobile devices where they are in some ways better than LCDs. OLEDs can be used to make displays that can bend. These can be used in many different ways. For example, they can be used in clothing.

OLED provides high contrast of screen. It is characterized by low energy consumption (due to the absence of additional illumination).

## Advantages and disadvantages

LCDs are in some ways better than OLEDs and some ways worse. OLEDs can make more colors and levels of brightness than LEDs. Unlike LCDs their colors do not change when viewed at an angle. They are also much cheaper to make. OLEDs make light, so they do not need a light shining through from the back as LCDs do. This also makes black parts of the screen able to be fully turned "off" making them darker. LCDs also need to use filters to work properly. These filters block much of the light created by the LED/CCFL. Because of backlighting and filtering, OLEDs use far less power than LCDs for the amount of light made. OLEDs also react faster to changes in electricity. They turn on and off much faster than LCDs.

LEDs will last longer than OLEDs. This is the biggest problem with OLEDs. Currently most OLEDs used in displays will work for about 5,000 hours of use. LEDs normally work for 60,000 hours. This may change as experiments in 2007 created a type of OLED that worked for 198,000 hours. The organic compounds that make up OLEDs are also more easily damaged by water.

OLED technology is currently patented by the Eastman Kodak company and several other companies. Because of this, a company must pay to be allowed to use it in their product.

## How they work

There are several parts to an OLED:
- Substrate: the material the layers of the OLED are put on
- Emissive layer: the layer where light is made
- Conductive layer
- Anode
- Cathode

The emissive and conductive layers are made of special organic molecules that conduct electricity. The anode and cathode connect the OLED to the source of electricity.

When electricity is applied to an OLED, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged and the conductive layer becomes positively charged. Electrostatic forces cause electrons to move from the positive conductive layer toward the negative emissive layer. This causes a change in the electrical levels and makes radiation that has a frequency in the range of visible light.

OLED, as with all diodes, can only work if electricity flows through them in the correct direction. The Anode, connected to the emmisive layer must be at a higher electrical potential (more volts, more _positive_) than the cathode, connected to the conductive layer, for the OLED to work.
Karl Arnold

**Karl Arnold** (born 21 March 1901 in Herrlishöfen, died 29 June 1958 in Düsseldorf) was a German politician. He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956.

## Life and profession

After 1920, Arnold worked full-time basis for the Christian trade union movement. He became Secretary of the Düsseldorf District of the Christian trade union in 1924.

In 1928, Arnold married Arnold Liesl Joeres. Their son Gottfried was born in 1933 and was a member of the German Bundestag between 1961 and 1983.

Arnold was partner in a business in Düsseldorf in 1933. During the Third Reich the Gestapo watched and followed him. He was arrested after Count von Stauffenberg tried to assassinate (murder) Hitler on 20 July 1944.

Arnold helped to found the industrial unions, today's DGB, with Hans Böckler in the Rhineland in 1945.

He got permission from the American Army to publish the Rheinische Post (Rhenish Post) daily newspaper. His family still own part of the paper today.

He died of a heart attack on 29 June 1958, during the Landtag (state parliament) election campaign.

Karl Arnold was buried in Düsseldorf's South Cemetery.

## Political party

Arnold joined the Centre party in 1920.

After the World War II Arnold founded the of Düsseldorf Christian democratic party in 1945. Later this became a part of CDU. Arnold was the CDU's deputy federal chairman from 1956 until his death.

## Public offices

1925 to 1933 he was a member of the city council of Düsseldorf and acting chairman the of the Centre Party group.

He was a member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1946 until his death. Between 1947 and 1949 he was also a member of the parliament of the Bizone (which was the British and American occupation zones).

In 1957, Arnold was elected to the Bundestag with 72.6% of the votes in the Gelsenkirchen-Erkelenz Jülich constituency. He was deputy chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group.

On 29 January 1946, Arnold was appointed mayor of Düsseldorf by the American Military Government. He was elected mayor in the first free elections on 26 October 1946.

From December 1946 until 1956 he was Minister President of North Rhine Westphalia.

From 7 September 1949 to 6 September 1950, he was the first President of the Bundesrat.

This also mean that between 7 and 13 September 1949, he was Acting President of Germany, until Theodor Heuss was elected Federal President.

Arnold lost a constructive vote of 'no confidence' on 20 February 1956. His successor (person who followed) as Minister President was Fritz Steinhoff.

Arnold died one week before the next state elections, in 1958. He was only 57 years old.