juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alonso Sánchez Coello

**Alonso Sánchez Coello** ( 1531/32 – 8 August 1588) was a portrait painter of the Spanish Renaissance. He was one of the pioneers of the great tradition of Spanish portrait painting.
Western European Union

The **Western European Union** (WEU) was a European defence and security organization. It was set up by Treaty of Brussels of 1948, West Germany and Italy joined in 1954. It should not be confused with the European Union (EU). The WEU headquarters were in Brussels. After the Cold War its functions were gradually transferred to the European Union and the Council of Europe. It was dissolved on 31 March 2011.

## Treaty of Brussels

The Treaty of Brussels was signed by the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands on March 17, 1948. It was changed on October 23, 1954 when West Germany and Italy joined.

The WEU's three main aims are:
- To promote European economic recovery;
- To help each other to resist any attacks or threats of attack;
- To promote the unity in Europe.

The WEU was led by a Council of Ministers, helped by a Council of Permanent Representatives (ambassadors). The Parliamentary Assembly eventually had the same members as the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe). Social and cultural activities were handed to the Council of Europe to avoid duplication.

## Other websites

- WEU official web site
- Assembly of the Western European Union ; Assembly of the Western European Union
- Historical fonds of the Western European Union at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence
- History of NATO – the Atlantic Alliance - UK Government site
- WEU evolution: The presentation of the Eurocorps-Foreign Legion concept at the European Parliament in June 2003
Guy Fawkes Night

**Guy Fawkes Night** (also known as Bonfire Night) is a firework festival in Britain. It remembers the Gunpowder Plot of 5 November 1605.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

The **National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration** (**NOAA**) is a scientific agency of the United States government that monitors the oceans surrounding the United States and the atmosphere. NOAA warns people about dangerous weather, charts seas and sky, guides the use and protection of ocean and coastal resources, and conducts research to help understanding and stewardship of the environment. In addition to its civilian employees, NOAA research and operations are supported by 300 uniformed service members who make up the NOAA Corps.

## Other websites

- NOAA
Tracey Ullman

**Dame Tracey Ullman**,  (born 30 December 1959) is a British-American comedian, actress, singer, dancer, screenwriter and author. She is most famous for being the host of her variety television show, _The Tracey Ullman Show_.

Ullman was born in Buckinghamshire. She emigrated to the U.S. and ended up having her own network television series, _The Tracey Ullman Show_, from which _The Simpsons_ was spun off in 1989.

She was the voice of Little Lulu for a while.

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific-prefix**: Dame
- **name**: Tracey Ullman
- **image**: Tracy Ullman by John Mathew Smith.jpg
- **caption**: Ullman at a book signing in 1998
- **birth place**: Slough, Buckinghamshire, England
- **birth name**: Trace Ullman
- **nationality**: British nationality law, British and United States nationality law, American
- **children**: 2
- **known for**: **Various** in _The Tracey Ullman Show_
**Rosalie Boca** in _I Love You To Death_
**Eden Brent** in _Bullets Over Broadway_
**Various** in _Tracey Takes On..._
**Frenchy** in _Small Time Crooks_
**Various** in _Tracey Ullman's State of the Union_
- **years active**: 1980–present
The Tracey Ullman Show

***The Tracey Ullman Show*** was a weekly American television variety show, hosted by British comedian and former pop singer Tracey Ullman. It debuted on April 5, 1987 as the FOX network's second primetime series (after _Married... with Children_), and ran until May 26, 1990. The show featured sketch comedy along with many musical numbers, featuring Emmy Award-winning choreography by Paula Abdul. It also produced the hugely successful spin-off, _The Simpsons_.

## Other websites

- TV.com Entry
- Watch _Simpsons_ shorts
- The _Dr. N!Godatu_ web page
- The Tracey Ullman Show Episode Guide

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 22-23 minutes
- **creator**: Tracey Ullman
- **image**: The Tracey Ullman Show.png
- **starring**: Tracey Ullman
Dan Castellaneta
Julie Kavner
Sam McMurray
Joseph Malone (actor), Joseph Malone
Anna Levine
- **country**: United States
- **network**: Fox Broadcasting Company, FOX
- **num episodes**: 82
Joaquín Sorolla

**Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida** (February 27, 1863 – August 10, 1923), was a Spanish painter, born in Valencia.  He excelled in the painting of portraits, landscapes, and large works of social and historical themes. His most typical works are skillful pictures of the people and landscape under the Spanish sun.
Laienspiegel

The work commonly referred to as ***Laienspiegel*** is a book of law. It was published in Mainz, in 1509. Its full title is _Laijen Spiegel. von rechtmässigen ordnungen in Burgerlichen vnd peinlichen regimenten. mit allegation[en] vn[d] bewerungen auß geschribnen rechten vnnd gesatzen_. This can be roughly translated as _A layman's guide, of the correct order of civil and criminal regiments, with illustrations of written rights and laws._. It was written by Ulrich Tengler, and published by Sebastian Brant. There was a second edition in 1511. The work was very important, there were 14 editions of it in the 16th century.

The work is divided in three parts. It contains private law, criminal law, and law of the public institutions. The publication is much like the Klagspiegel of 1436. Other similar works are the Malleus Maleficarum of the 13th century, and the Constitutio Criminalis Bambergensis.

## Other websites

- Completely digitised edition of the Work (Univ. Heidelberg) (German)
Francisco Herrera the Younger

**Francisco Herrera the Younger** (Sevilla, 1622 - Madrid, 1685), was a Spanish Baroque painter and architect. His father was Francisco Herrera the Elder, also a painter.
Francisco Herrera the Elder

**Francisco Herrera** (1576-1656) was a distinguished Spanish painter, born at Seville. He was the founder of the Seville school. His son was Francisco Herrera the Younger, also a painter.
Lancelet

The **lancelets**, also known as **Cephalochordata** or **Leptocardii**, are a group of primitive chordates which were formerly called _Amphioxus_. It includes _Pikaia_.

Lancelets are the modern survivors of an ancient chordate lineage, with a fossil record dating back to the Cambrian period. The lancelets are usually said to be the sister group of the craniates. They are a small group of about 30 species in two genera.

Lancelets are usually found buried in sand in shallow parts of temperate or tropical seas. In Asia, they are harvested commercially as food for humans and domesticated animals. They are an important object of study in zoology as they give indications about the origin of vertebrates.

## Relationships

Lancelets serve as an intriguing comparison point for tracing how vertebrates have evolved and adapted. Although lancelets split from vertebrates more than 520 million years ago, their genomes hold clues about evolution, particularly how vertebrates have employed old genes for new functions. They are regarded as similar to the archetypal vertebrate form.

The genome of the Florida lancelet (_Branchiostoma floridae_) has been sequenced. "Most authors regard amphioxus as the closest relative of the Vertebrata on the basis of 10–15 [morphological] features that are not seen in tunicates".
Regional internet registry

A **regional Internet registry** (**RIR**) is an organization which is responsible for registering Internet numbers in a special part of the world.

There are 5 active RIRs in the world:

- American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN)  for North America
- RIPE Network Coordination Centre (RIPE NCC)  for Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia
- Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC)  for Asia and the Pacific region
- Latin American and Caribbean Internet Address Registry (LACNIC)  for Latin America and the Caribbean region
- African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC)  for Africa
RIR

**RIR** can mean:

- Regional Internet registry
- Rhode Island Red, a breed of chicken
- Richmond International Raceway
- Riverside International Raceway
- The Royal Irish Regiment
Neue Zürcher Zeitung

The **Neue Zürcher Zeitung** (often shortened to **NZZ**) is a Swiss daily newspaper. It is based in Zürich. It is one of the oldest newspapers that is still published today. It was first published (as _Zürcher Zeitung_) on January 12, 1780. Politically, the paper holds liberal values. Other newspapers which are still published, and have a similar age, are the Wiener Zeitung (published since 1703) and the Hildesheimer Allgemeine Zeitung (published since 1705).

## Other websites

- Webpage of the Newspaper (mostly German, some content is also available in English.
KOffice

**KOffice** was a free office suite for the K Desktop Environment (KDE). All its components have been released under free software/open source licenses. The last version of KOffice is 2.3.3, which was released on February 23, 2011.

KOffice is primarily designed for Unix operating systems, but in the future there will likely be a Microsoft Windows and native Mac OS X version of all the applications.

KOffice applications uses OpenDocument as their native file format when possible.

The suite is released separately from KDE and can be downloaded at the KOffice homepage.

## KOffice components

KOffice includes the following components:

||**KWord**|A word processor with style sheets and frame-support for DTP-style editing of complex layouts.|
| --- | --- | --- |
||**KSpread**|A spreadsheet application with multiple sheet support, templates and more than 100 mathematical formulas.|
||**KPresenter**|A presentation program with image and effect support.|
||**Kivio**|A programmable flowchart drawing program with dynamically loadable stencils. Developed by theKompany, which offers additional (non-free) stencils for sale.|
||**Karbon14**|A vector drawing application with a variety of drawing and editing tools.|
||**Krita**|(Formerly known as Krayon and KImageshop). A bitmap graphics manipulation program, primarily designed as a painting program, with some image processing features.|
||**Kugar** and **KChart**|Integrated report and chart generators.|
||**KFormula**|An integrated mathematical formula editor.|
||**Kexi**|An integrated data management application, designed as a Microsoft Access or FileMaker competitor. It can be used for designing and implementing databases, inserting and processing data and performing queries. It has limited compatibility with the MS Access file format.|
||**KPlato**|A project management application that can create Gantt-style charts.|

KOffice includes import filters for some file formats provided by competitors.

## Other websites

- KOffice website

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: KOffice
- **screenshot**: KPresenter 2.3.png
- **logo**: Koffice Logo.svg
- **caption**: KPresenter 2.3 screenshot
- **author**: KDE, Reginald Stadlbauer
- **developer**: KDE, Thomas Zander (maintainer)
- **discontinued**: yes
- **programming language**: C++
- **operating system**: Unix-like, Windows
- **platform**: Qt (framework), Qt, KDE Platform
- **size**: 72.2 Byte#Multiple-byte units, MiB (compressed source code)
- **language count**: 27
- **genre**: Office suite
- **license**: GNU General Public License, GPL, GNU Lesser General Public License, LGPL
- **website**: koffice.org <small>(Redirects to calligra.org)</small>
Senna (herb)

***Senna***, the **sennas**, is a large genus of flowering plants in the legume family (Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae, tribe Cassieae). This diverse genus is native throughout the tropics, with a small number of species in temperate regions. The number of species is estimated to be from about 260 to 350. The type species for the genus is _Senna alexandrina_. About 50 species of _Senna_ are known in cultivation.
ATM

**ATM** or **atm** can mean:

- Asynchronous Transfer Mode, a telecommunications protocol used in computer networking
- Atmosphere, a unit of pressure
- Automated teller machine
Donkey vote

A **donkey vote** is when someone puts numbers on an election ballot paper in the same order that the candidates are listed. For example, if a ballot paper had J. Smith on the top line, M. Doe on the middle line and N. Citizen on the bottom line, and the voter put a 1 beside J. Smith, a 2 beside M. Doe and a 3 beside N. Citizen, that would be called a donkey vote. Donkey votes are counted in election results because a person could have wanted to vote in that way, the votes are formal, a number is placed in all boxes

## Related pages

- Preferential voting
Marià Fortuny

**Marià José María Bernardo Fortuny y Carbó** (June 11, 1838 – November 21, 1874), was a Spanish painter. His brief career encompass both the Romantic fascination with orientalist themes, but also moved towards a prescient loosening brush-stroke and color.

## Early life

He was born at Reus, a town near Taragon in the province of Catalonia in Spain. His father died when he was an infant, his mother by age 12, thus Mariano was raised by his grandfather, a cabinetmaker, raised him. His grandfather taught him to make wax figurines. At the age of 9, at a public competition in his town a local patron, Domingo Soberano, encouraged further study.

## Education

At the age of 14 years he moved to Barcelona with his grandfather. A sculptor, Domingo Talarn, secured him a pension of to allow him to attend the Academy of Barcelona. There he studied for four years under Claudio Lorenzale, and in March of 1857, he gained a scholarship that entitled him to two years of studies in Rome starting in 1858. There he studied drawing and grand manner styles.

In 1859, he was called by the Spanish government to depict the campaigns of the **Spanish-Moroccan War**. The expedition lasted for only about six months, and he returned to Spain in the summer of 1860.

## Infobox (artist)

- **name**: Marià José María Bernardo Fortuny y Carbó
- **birth date**: 11 June 1838
- **image**: (Barcelona) La batalla de Tetuan - Marià Fortuny Marsal - MNAC.jpg
- **caption**: The battle of Tetuan by Marià Fortuny (1863-73), conserved at the Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, in Barcelona.
Albany, Western Australia

**Albany** is a city on the south coast of Western Australia. In 2006, there were 25,196 people living in Albany. The city centre is in between two hills, Mount Melville and Mount Clarence.

## Early history

Albany is built on King George Sound, named by Captain Vancouver in 1791. Major Edmund Lockyer started the first settlement here on 21 January 1827. The Governor of Western Australia, James Stirling, named the city Albany in 1832 after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, the second son of King George III.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Albany
- **state**: WA
- **image**: York Street Albany.jpg
- **caption**: York Street in Albany
- **pushpin label position**: top
- **pop**: 33,145
- **poprank**: 42nd
- **postcode**: 6330
- **area**: 297.2
- **area footnotes**: (2011 urban)
- **timezone**: UTC8, AWST
- **utc**: +8
- **dist1**: 408
- **location1**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **dist2**: 482
- **location2**: Esperance, Western Australia, Esperance
- **dist3**: 330
- **location3**: Bunbury, Western Australia, Bunbury
- **lga**: City of Albany
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Albany, Albany
- **fedgov**: Division of O'Connor, O'Connor
- **maxtemp**: 19.5
- **mintemp**: 11.7
- **rainfall**: 929.6
- **est**: 26 December 1826
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 9
Kalgoorlie

**Kalgoorlie** is a city in Western Australia. It is 593.1 kilometres east of Perth. It is the largest urban centre in the Goldfield-Esperance region, with an population of 30,000. It was founded in the 1890s in response to the gold rush at the time. It has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh in the Koeppen climate classification).

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Kalgoorlie–Boulder
- **state**: WA
- **caption**: Kalgoorlie Court House and Post Office
- **pop**: 29,068
- **pop year**: - UCL
- **area**: 75.1
- **area footnotes**: (2011 urban)
- **timezone**: Australian Western Standard Time, AWST
- **utc**: +8
- **lga**: City of Kalgoorlie–Boulder
- **maxtemp**: 25.2
- **mintemp**: 11.6
- **rainfall**: 265.6
- **elevation**: 383
- **est**: 1893
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Kalgoorlie, Kalgoorlie
- **fedgov**: Division of O'Connor, O'Connor
- **dist1**: 595
- **dir1**: E
- **location1**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **dist2**: 391
- **dir2**: N
- **location2**: Esperance, Western Australia, Esperance
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 8
Joondalup

**Joondalup** is a suburb and regional city in Perth, Western Australia. It was established in the 1980s. In 2001, the suburb had a population of 6,927. The suburb was named after Lake Joondalup which is located on the eastern side of the suburb. In relation to the other establishments in Perth, Joondalup is a relatively new settlement, as it was undeveloped until the 1960s.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: suburb
- **name**: Joondalup
- **city**: Perth
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Joondalup arial.jpg
- **caption**: Aerial view of Joondalup
- **lga**: City of Joondalup
- **map type**: nomap
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
- **area**: 11.8
- **postcode**: 6027
- **dist1**: 26
- **location1**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **est**: 1980s
- **fedgov**: Division of Moore, Moore
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Joondalup, Joondalup
- **near-nw**: Kinross, Western Australia, Kinross
- **near-n**: Neerabup, Western Australia, Neerabup
- **near-ne**: Carramar, Western Australia, Carramar
- **near-w**: Currambine, Western Australia, Currambine
Connolly, Western Australia, Connolly
- **near-e**: _Lake Joondalup_
- **near-sw**: Heathridge, Western Australia, Heathridge
- **near-s**: Edgewater, Western Australia, Edgewater
- **near-se**: Edgewater, Western Australia, Edgewater
Mandurah, Western Australia

**Mandurah** is a city south of Perth, Western Australia. It has a population of 65,000. It is the fastest-growing regional city in Australia. Mandurah connected with the new Mandurah railway line late in 2007 strengthening the transport connection with Perth. The foreshore of the city is home to many marine animals.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Mandurah
- **state**: wa
- **image**: E37_Mandurah_Bridge_(August_2015)_18.JPG
- **caption**: Old Mandurah Bridge in 2015 (now demolished)
- **lga**: City of Mandurah
- **lga2**: Shire of Murray
- **postcode**: 6210
- **est**: 1831
- **pop**: 90306
- **area**: 106.6
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 9
- **local map id**: Q1664472
- **timezone**: Time in Australia, AWST
- **utc**: +08:00
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Mandurah, Mandurah, Electoral district of Murray-Wellington, Murray-Wellington, Electoral district of Dawesville, Dawesville
- **fedgov**: Division of Canning, Canning
- **dist1**: 72
- **dir1**: SSW
- **location1**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **dist2**: 108
- **dir2**: N
- **location2**: Bunbury, Western Australia, Bunbury
- **dist3**: 18
- **dir3**: NW
- **location3**: Pinjarra, Western Australia, Pinjarra
- **dist4**: 18
- **dir4**: S
- **location4**: Rockingham, Western Australia, Rockingham
Bunbury, Western Australia

**Bunbury** is the third largest city in Western Australia, behind Perth and Mandurah, with a population of 54,967. It is 175 kilometres south of the Perth CBD. It was founded in 1836. Bunbury is connected to Perth via transport by the Transwa Australind passenger train.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: city
- **name**: Bunbury
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Bunbury 03.jpg
- **caption**: Panorama of Bunbury from lookout tower
- **pop**: 76,452
- **pop year**: 2021
- **poprank**: 24th
- **established**: 1836
- **elevation**: 5
- **area**: 222.8
- **area footnotes**: (2021 urban)
- **timezone**: Time in Australia, AWST
- **utc**: +08:00
- **dist1**: 175
- **dir1**: SSW
- **location1**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **dist2**: 108
- **dir2**: S
- **location2**: Mandurah
- **dist3**: 52
- **dir3**: NE
- **location3**: Busselton, Western Australia, Busselton
- **dist4**: 47
- **dir4**: SW
- **location4**: Harvey, Western Australia, Harvey
- **dist5**: 39
- **dir5**: NW
- **location5**: Donnybrook, Western Australia, Donnybrook
- **region**: South West (Western Australia), South West
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Bunbury, Bunbury
- **stategov2**: Electoral district of Collie-Preston, Collie-Preston
- **stategov3**: Electoral district of Murray-Wellington, Murray-Wellington
- **fedgov**: Division of Forrest, Forrest
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 9
Rockingham, Western Australia

**Rockingham** is a coastal suburb in the city of Perth, Western Australia. It in 2006 it had a population of 13,000.
It was made a town in 1897.

Rockingham was connected with Perth by the Mandurah railway line in 2007.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: suburb
- **name**: Rockingham
- **city**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **map type**: nomap
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Rockingham,_Western_Australia,_as_seen_from_Palm_Beach_Jetty,_Image_5,_May_2019.jpg
- **caption**: Rockingham as seen from Palm Beach Jetty
- **lga**: City of Rockingham
- **area**: 12.8
- **postcode**: 6168
- **dist1**: 47
- **dir1**: SSW
- **location1**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **dist2**: 28
- **dir2**: S
- **location2**: Fremantle
- **dist3**: 31
- **dir3**: N
- **location3**: Mandurah
- **dist4**: 38
- **dir4**: WSW
- **location4**: Armadale, Western Australia, Armadale
- **dist5**: 10
- **dir5**: SW
- **location5**: Kwinana Beach, Western Australia, Kwinana
- **est**: 1847
- **fedgov**: Division of Brand, Brand
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Rockingham, Rockingham
- **near-nw**: Garden Island (Western Australia), Garden Island
- **near-ne**: East Rockingham, Western Australia, East Rockingham
- **near-w**: Peron, Western Australia, Peron
- **near-e**: Hillman, Western Australia, Hillman
- **near-sw**: Shoalwater, Western Australia, Shoalwater
- **near-s**: Safety Bay, Western Australia, Safety Bay
- **near-se**: Cooloongup, Western Australia, Cooloongup
Esperance, Western Australia

**Esperance** is a town in Western Australia.  Around 10,421 people lived in Esperance in 2016. Started in 1896, Esperance is found near the south-east coast of the state. It is halfway between Albany, Western Australia and the South Australian border. Esperance's main industries are tourism, fishing, and agriculture.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Esperance
- **state**: wa
- **image**: Andrew Street, Esperance, 2012.JPG
- **caption**: View of the Esperance CBD, 2012.
- **pop**: 13883
- **pop year**: 2021
- **established**: 1893
- **postcode**: 6450
- **elevation**: 8
- **timezone**: Australian Western Standard Time, AWST
- **utc**: +8
- **mayor**: Malcolm Heasman
- **dist1**: 482
- **location1**: Albany, Western Australia, Albany
- **dist2**: 391
- **location2**: Kalgoorlie
- **dist3**: 713
- **location3**: Perth, Western Australia, Perth
- **lga**: Shire of Esperance
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Roe, Roe
- **fedgov**: Division of O'Connor, O'Connor
- **maxtemp**: 22.0
- **mintemp**: 12.2
- **rainfall**: 615.2
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
Mandurah line

The **Mandurah railway line** is a suburban railway line in Perth, Australia. It was opened around Christmas in 2007. The line is a major transport route in Perth, connecting with the four other main Transperth railway lines: Joondalup, Midland, Fremantle and Armadale.
Transperth

**Transperth** is the brand of the public transport system in Perth, Western Australia. Transperth was launched in 1986. It supplies public bus, train and ferry services.

Train services run on five lines that spread over the Perth metropolitan area. The lines are named Joondalup, Midland, Fremantle, Armadale, and Mandurah. The Mandurah was opened late in 2007. All trains are operated using electricity. A new line to the Perth Airport via the Bayswater railway station is being constructed which is expected to be compeleted in mid-2021.

Bus services run throughout the metropolitan area. A circular bus route is the CircleRoute
which links major shopping centres, universities and railway stations.

Ferry services operate across the Swan River between the Perth CBD and South Perth. The ferry is popular for people to go to the zoo located in South Perth.

Passengers can take rides by buying cash tickets or using the ticket system known as _SmartRider_.
Joondalup line

The **Yanchep line** (known as the **Joondalup line** prior to 14 July 2024) is a major public transport railway line in Perth, Western Australia. It runs through Perth's northern suburbs. The line was established in 1992 where it initially terminated at Joondalup. In 1993, it was extended to Currambine and in 2004 to Clarkson. A new station was completed in 2005 at Greenwood. The line was later connected with the new Mandurah railway line late in 2007, allowing passengers to ride in the same train to Mandurah without changing at Perth station to transfer between trains. In 2014 the line was extended to Butler and in 2024 it extended to its current terminus in Yanchep.
Armadale railway line

The **Armadale railway line** is a major public transport route in Perth. It runs through the metropolitan area's south-eastern suburbs, connecting between Perth and Armadale. A spur line connects the Armadale after Cannington to Thornlie.
Silverchair

**Silverchair** was a rock band from Newcastle, Australia. The band's members were Daniel Johns, Chris Joannou and Ben Gillies, and were only around 12 and 13 when they founded the band. Silverchair is the only artist to score five number-one albums in the Australian Charts. Their studio albums are _Frogstomp_, _Freak Show_, _Neon Ballroom_, _Diorama_ and _Young Modern_. The band has released many singles, their number-one singles being "Tomorrow", "Freak" and "Straight Lines".

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Silverchair
- **img**: Silverchair.jpg
- **img alt**: Four men are performing in front of an audience. The man at left is shown in right profile and is crouched over a keyboard with a second keyboard to his right. The second man is playing a guitar and singing into a microphone. The third man is seated behind a drum kit. The fourth man is shown in left profile playing a bass guitar. Two large speakers are behind the second man. Lights shine from the rear stage area.
- **img capt**: Silverchair on stage in August 2006.
Left to right: Paul Mac, Daniel Johns, Ben Gillies, Chris Joannou
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Innocent Criminals, The George Costanza Trio, Short Elvis
- **origin**: Newcastle, New South Wales, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- **genre**: Alternative rock, grunge, art rock
- **years active**: –
- **label**: Murmur (record label), Murmur, Sony Music, Sony, Epic Records, Epic, Eleven: A Music Company, Eleven
- **associated acts**: The Dissociatives, The Mess Hall, Tambalane
- **past members**: Ben Gillies
Chris Joannou
Daniel Johns
Avet Terterian

**Avet Terterian** (1929 - 1994) was a leading Armenian composer, awarded by Konrad Adenauer prize.
He composed eight (completed) symphonies, an opera and several chamber works.

Several of his symphonies are recorded (the date 1973 in the Musicweb review of the Melodiya recording of symphony 3 is probably a typographical error, since the publisher's listing also gives 1975 for the first performance of that work).

Yekaterinburg's annual music festival is named after him.

## Other websites

- Avet Terterian (from the Soviet Composers Web page)
- Description of Symphonies 3 and 6, Review of Melodiya CD
Bob Denard

"Colonel" **Robert "Bob" Denard** (7 April 1929 in Bordeaux – 14 October 2007), also known as _Gilbert Bourgeaud_ and _Saïd Mustapha Mahdjoub_, was a French mercenary. He was one of the most famous mercenaries after World War II.

During his time in the French Navy Denard fought in Indochina and in Algeria, and spent some time in jail. He subsequently served as a policeman in French Morocco. Afterwards he became a mercenary and fought in African countries like Congo, Angola, Rhodesia, Gabon and especially in the Comoros.

He converted from Roman Catholicism to Judaism, from Judaism to Islam, and from Islam to Roman Catholicism.

He was married seven times and was the father of eight children. He practiced polygamy after his conversion to Islam.

Denard had Alzheimer's disease at the time of his death.
Eutheria

**Eutheria** is the taxonomical name for the main group of living mammals.

This taxon contains the placental mammals, of which humans are one species.

Eutheria was introduced by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880. Members of Eutheria are now found on all continents and in all oceans.

The terms 'Eutheria and 'Placental' do not mean quite the same thing. A few early eutherians in the Lower Cretaceous were not placentals. _Eomaia_ is the earliest example.

All living Eutherians are placental mammals. This means that a Eutherian fetus is fed during gestation by a placenta. The offspring of Eutherians are carried in the mother's uterus until fully developed.

Eutherians are different from other mammal groups such as monotremes and marsupials which (like the earliest eutherians) are not placental.

Monotremes, for example, lay eggs which protect the young until they are fully developed. Marsupials give birth to young who are not completely developed. Their young then move to a special pouch in the mother's body to continue their development.

The earliest known eutherian species is the extinct _Eomaia scansoria_ from the Lower Cretaceous in China.

Marsupials are relatively speechless. So we can place the development of mammalian speech to about 200 million years ago with the early placental mammals.

## Related pages

- Mammal for classification.
- Theria
- Marsupial
- Monotreme
Tito Beltrán

**Tito Ernesto Beltrán** (born July 1, 1965) is a Chilean tenor. Tito Beltrán was born in Punta Arenas, Chile. Beltrán left Chile in 1986 to study in Sweden where he lived until he moved back to Chile in the early 2010s. He has performed at many opera houses around the world. He also performs at different scenes and TV-shows in Sweden. Since February 2007 he has been performing at the Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm. This is where he sings in the operas _La Traviata_ and _Tosca_.

In October 2008, Beltrán was sentenced to 2.5 years in prison for rape and sexual abuse. He got conditional liberty in February 2010.

## Other websites

- Tito Beltran Opera Singer  Official site
- Tito Beltran - Nessun Dorma  BBC Review
Cetartiodactyla

**Cetartiodactyla** is a proposed taxonomical superorder which includes whales (and dolphins) and even-toed ungulates.  The name was created by merging the name for the two orders, Cetacea and Artiodactyla, into a single word.

Cetartiodactyla is used because it is thought that whales evolved from the artiodactyls.  Because of this, their closest living land relative may be the hippopotamus.
Leonardo

**Leonardo** is a male given name. Many people have this name. The name is Germanic in origin. It means "Strong as a lion." This name was ranked #87 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Leonardo Araújo, Brazilian football player (born 1969)
- Leonardo Augusto Vieira Moreira, Brazilian football player (born 1986)
- Leonardo Cimino, American actor
- Leonardo Da Vinci, Italian Renaissance painter, scientist, mathemetician, inventor and sculptor.
- Leonardo DiCaprio, American actor
- Leonardo Fibonacci, Italian mathemetician. Better known as Fibonacci. Also known as Leonardo Pisano and Leonardo of Pisa.
- Leonardo Ponzio, Argentine footballer
- Leonardo Santiago, Brazilian footballer (born 1983). Commonly just referred to just as Leonardo.
Voivodeship

A **voivodeship**, also spelled **voivodship**, **voivodina** or **vojvodina** (Romanian: _voievodat_, Polish: _województwo_, Serbian: _vojvodina_ (војводина), _vojvodstvo_ (војводство) or _vojvodovina_ (војводовина), Hungarian: _vajdaság_, Lithuanian: _vaivadija_, Latin _Palatinatus_ in Poland), is a geographical administrative division dating to medieval Romania, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Russia and Serbia (see Vojvodina), ruled by a voivod (_voivode_, _wojewoda_). The voivod (literal translation: "the one who leads the warriors", is the same as to Dux Exercituum / Herzog) was originally the military commander next to the ruler.
Tadeusz Kościuszko

**Andrzej Tadeusz Bonawentura Kościuszko** (; 4 February 1746 – 15 October 1817) was a Polish national hero, general, military engineer, and a leader of the Kościuszko Uprising (which bears his name) against the Russian Empire.

Tadeusz was born in February 1746 in Mereczowszczyzna, Polesie (now Belarus).

## American Revolutionary War

Tadeusz fought in the American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army on the side of George Washington. He helped to build walls for defense during the Battle of Saratoga, and he helped build a military fort at West Point, New York. Without Kosciuszko's help, the army's defenses would have been much weaker.

Because of his service, Tadeusz was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General in 1783. He became a citizen of the United States that same year.

## Death

Tadeusz died in Solothurn, Switzerland on October 15, 1817 due to a stroke. His body was later moved to a graveyard in Poland.
Wes Archer

**Wesley "Wes" Archer** (born November 26, 1961) is a television animation director. He was one of the original three animators (along with David Silverman and Bill Kopp) on The Simpsons' Tracey Ullman shorts and subsequently directed a number of Simpsons episodes before becoming supervising director at _King of the Hill_ for many years. Archer's college animation movie, "Jac Mac and Rad Boy, Go!" has long been a cult classic after receiving repeated airplay on USA Network's Night Flight in the 1980s. He studied at the movie Graphics/Experimental Animation Program at CalArts.

## Other websites

- About Was Archer
David Silverman

**David Silverman** (born 15 March 1957 in New York City, New York) is an animator and writer. He is best known for directing many episodes of the animated television series _The Simpsons_, where he would go on to be the supervising director of animation for several years, as well as animating on all of the original Simpsons _Tracey Ullman shorts_.

## Other websites

- David Silverman 2007 Video interview with InterviewingHollywood.com
- An interview with David Silverman
- APB Speaker page info
- The Simpsons Archive interview
- Video interview, Treehouse Of Horror XVII

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: David Silverman
- **image**: David Silverman in 2007-cropped.JPG
- **pseudonym**: Pound Foolish, David 'Dry Bones' Silverman, David A. Silverman, Demonic David Silverman, The Tell-Tale Silverman
- **birth place**: New York (state), New York
- **occupation**: Television/movie writer and director
- **nationality**: American
- **genre**: Comedy
Bill Kopp

**Bill Kopp** (born April 17, 1962 in Rockford, Illinois) is an American animator and voice actor. He performed the "Whammy" on the 1980s game show _Press Your Luck_ and the title character on Nelvana's _Eek! The Cat_. He was an animator for The Simpsons' shorts on the Tracey Ullman Show, but left after the first season. He created _The Schnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show and Mad Jack the Pirate_. He studied animation at the California Institute of the Arts.
Klasky Csupo

**Klasky Csupo, Inc.** (pronounced "Class-key Chew-po", although commonly mistaken as "Class-key Ka-zoo-po") is an American multimedia entertainment production company. It was founded in 1981 by the artist/producer Arlene Klasky and the animator Gábor Csupó. The company’s headquarters is located in Los Angeles, California, United States. It was shut down in 2008 but then relaunched in 2012. Their "Splaat" logo is infamous for scaring many.

## Other websites

- The Klasky Csupo Home Page
- K-C's Cooltoons Home Page
- Global Tantrum (K-C Mature Animation)
- Nickelodeon Wiki article
Bergkamen

**Bergkamen** is a town in the district of Unna, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is near the river Lippe, approx. 15 km north-east of Dortmund and 15 km south-west of Hamm.

Bergkamen, a German town in the East part of the Ruhrgebiet and south of the Münsterland, was founded in 1966 by the merging of at first five smaller communities.

## Twin towns

- Hettstedt, since 1990
- Taşucu, since 1994
- Gennevilliers, since 1995
- Wieliczka, since 1995

## Other websites

- Official Website of the city of Bergkamen
- Website of the mayor of Bergkamen

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Bergkamen COA.svg
- **image flag**: Flagge Bergkamen.svg
- **image plan**: Bergkamen in UN.svg
- **state**: Nordrhein-Westfalen
- **region**: Arnsberg
- **district**: Unna Rural District, Unna
- **elevation**: 68
- **area**: 44.8
- **population**: 51122
- **stand**: 2009-06-30
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05978004
- **postal code**: 59192
- **area code**: 02307, 02389, 02306
- **licence**: UN
- **website**: [https://www.bergkamen.de/ www.bergkamen.de]
- **image caption**: Bergkamen city hall
- **image photo**: Bergkamen Rathaus.jpg
- **mayor**: Roland Schäfer
- **party**: SPD
Renewable energy commercialisation in Australia

Australia's **renewable energy** industries cover many energy sources and stages of **commercialisation**. Renewable energy technologies make up about 6 per cent of Australia's total energy  supply and some 8 per cent of Australia's electricity supply, with hydro-electricity by far the largest single contributor.

Government policies have opened up more opportunities for "new" renewable energies such as wind power, photovoltaics, and solar thermal technologies. The use of these technologies helps to reduce greenhouse gases.

At the end of 2006, Australia had 817 MW of installed wind power capacity, mainly in South Australia.  Initiatives are also being taken with solar power, ethanol fuel and geothermal energy.

Surveys show that there is much public support for the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Australia.
Renewable energy commercialization in the United States

The current status of **renewable energy commercialization in the United States** varies considerably between different renewable energy technologies, with some being commercialized at the present time.

Wind power is a growing industry in the United States.  Latest American Wind Energy Association figures show that installed U.S. wind power capacity now exceeds 11,600 MW which is enough to serve three million average households. Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development, followed by California.

Several solar thermal power stations, including the new 64 MW Nevada Solar One, have also been built.  The largest of these solar thermal power stations is the SEGS group of plants in the Mojave Desert with a total generating capacity of 354 MW, making the system the largest solar plant of any kind in the world. The largest solar photovoltaic plant in the U.S. is the 4.6 MW Springerville Generating Station, located near Tucson, Arizona.

In terms of renewable fuels for transportation, most cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol fuel, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends.

Solar Energy Industries Association and GTM Research found that the amount of new solar electric capacity increased in 2012 by 76 percent from 2011, raising the United States’ market share of the world’s installations above 10 percent, up from roughly 5 to 7 percent in the last seven years.
Low kick

**Low kick** is a leg technique used in certain _boxes pieds-poings_ (Burmese boxing, kickboxing and Thai boxing _Muay Thai_) and certain martial arts. It consists in striking a blow with shinbone or a kick in the lower limb of the opponent (thigh or leg). According to the official rules concerning sport, it can be carried to the outer and to the inner part of the lower limb.

In fights in full contact (so-called _K.O. system_), these kicks are allowed in order to make an opponent not stable, indeed to have an advantage.

In the matter of hits in the legs, several kicks exist: circular or roundhouse kick, semicircular kick, balanced kicks (stick kick, crescent kick, axe kick...), kicks along the straight line (front kick and side kick), hooked-type kicks (hook kick), kicks that go down (hammer kick), etc.

In American or Japanese kickboxing, this type of kick can be only circular or semicircular according to the official rules.
Smith (metalwork)

A **smith**, or **metalsmith**, is a person who makes things from metal.

Metal smiths were very important before industrialisation because they made metal tools for farming (especially the plough) and weapons for fighting in wars. Because of the importance of smiths, the name of their craft ('Smith') turned into a surname.

## Etymology of smith

The word **smith** means "to hit" or "to strike". Originally, **smiths** made things from metal by using a hammer.

As an English suffix, _-smith_ at the end of a word means a craftsmen.  For example, a "locksmith" makes locks.

## Types of smiths

Types of smiths include:

- an arrowsmith forges arrow heads;
- a blacksmith works with iron and steel;
- a bladesmith forges knives, swords and other blade<nowiki/>s;
- a coppersmith, or brownsmith, works with copper;
- a fendersmith makes and repairs the metal fender before fireplaces, protecting rugs and furniture in mansions and fine estates, and often looks after the fires as well;
- a goldsmith works with gold;
- a gunsmith works with guns;
- a locksmith works with locks;
- a pewtersmith works with pewter;
- a silversmith, or brightsmith, works with silver;
- a tinsmith, or tinner, works with light metal (such as tinware) and can refer to someone who deals in tinware;
- a swordsmith is a bladesmith who forges only swords;
- a whitesmith works with white metal (tin) and can refer to someone who polishes or finishes the metal rather than forging it.

## Artisans and craftpersons

The ancient traditional tool of the smith is a forge or _smithy_, which is a fire which allows compressed air (through a bellows) to heat the inside of the forge until it is hot enough for metal to become more malleable so that it can be hammered into the shape that is required.  Smith or smithy refers to the hammering onto the metal using an anvil to support the work.  Anvils come in many sizes and shapes.

The term, _metalsmith_, often refers to artisans and craftpersons who practice their craft in many different metals, including gold, copper and silver. Jewelers often refer to their craft as _metalsmithing_, and many universities offer degree programs in metalsmithing, jewelry and blacksmithing as part of their fine arts programs.

A _tinker_ is a metalsmith who mends kettles, pots and pans.  They were often poor, itinerant workers (walking from place to place looking for jobs).

## Machinists

Machinists are metalsmiths who produce high-precision parts and tools. The most advanced of these tools, CNC machines, are computer controlled and largely automated.
Allegory

An **allegory** is a term for a figure of speech.  It is a story or picture with a hidden meaning. The characters in allegories are symbols which represent particular ideas.  The story has a figurative meaning, not just a literal one.

Allegory is an example of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to be a story in language. It may be something to look at, such as a painting or sculpture.

An allegory is like a long metaphor.  People have to use their imagination to understand what it is trying to say.  A  fable or parable is a short allegory with one basic idea (a moral).

Sometimes people say that stories have meanings which the author, in fact, did not intend. For instance, many people have suggested that _The Lord of the Rings_ was an allegory for the World Wars, but, in fact, it was written well before the outbreak of World War II, and J.R.R. Tolkien said that it was not an allegory.  In this way people sometimes change the author’s ideas.  Sometimes they do it for their own political reasons.

## Examples

Allegory has been a favourite form in the literature of nearly every nation. It is often used as a way of criticizing things or people where it would not be possible to do so directly.

In classical literature Plato and Ovid wrote allegories. Dante Alighieri wrote allegories in _The Divine Comedy_. In the Middle Ages _Everyman_ was a morality play. John Bunyan’s _The Pilgrim's Progress_ tells the story of a man trying to lead a Christian life. Jonathan Swift wrote _Gulliver's Travels_, which tells about the strange customs of (made-up) faraway countries, but he was really criticizing things about his own country, the United Kingdom. _Animal Farm_ by George Orwell is another example of an allegory, this time of the Soviet Union during Josef Stalin's era and the Russian Revolution. Some of the characters can be directly linked to figures during that time.

Songs may also include allegories. "Waist Deep In The Big Muddy" tells a story of American soldiers in the 1800s, ordered by their commander to march into the Mississippi River, which they could never cross on foot. In truth, it told the story of soldiers fighting in the Vietnam War in the 1960s, and being expected to do the white guy's bidding.

Allegories still continue to be popular today. Pictures, movies and plays can be allegories. William Golding’s novel _Lord of the Flies_ also has allegorical meaning. _Star Trek_ used a great deal of allegory, to look at social conditions and moral values in the present, while telling stories based in the future. Alien races were often a reflection of Earth's own races and countries.

Allegorical artworks include Sandro Botticelli's _La Primavera (Allegory of Spring)_ and Jan Vermeer's _The Allegory of Painting_.

## Related pages

- Trope
Newport Pagnell

**Newport Pagnell** is a town in England. It is in the borough of Milton Keynes.

## History

The town was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as _Neuport_, which is an Old English word meaning _New Market Town_. At that time it was fairly new, having been founded by Norman invaders. The suffix "Pagnell" came later, when the manor passed into the hands of the Pagnell (Paynel) family.

At one time Newport Pagnell was one of the largest towns in the County of Buckinghamshire but today the new town of Milton Keynes has made it much less important.

Tickford Bridge, over the River Ouze, was built in 1810. It is the only iron bridge in Britain that still carries main road traffic. This is the oldest iron bridge in the world that is still in constant use. There is a plaque near the footbridge on the side that gives details of its history and construction. A large set of sluice gates used to control downstream flooding of the River Great Ouse is near the bridge.

Since 1954, Tickford Street in Newport Pagnell has been the home of the Aston Martin site, where all Aston Martin cars were built, until the recent opening of the new Ford Motor Company luxury division plant for Aston Martin built at Gaydon, Warwickshire.

The modern civil parish of Newport Pagnell stops at the M1, but the ecclesiastical parish extends to include Broughton and Caldecote. The parish church is dedicated to St Peter and St Paul.

## Other websites

- The unofficial town website  with historical pictures, pictures of the town carnival and a message board for locals and ex pats to keep in touch
Swearing

**Swear** or **Swearing** may refer to:
- making a solemn promise: Oath
- using bad language: Profanity
- SWR'ing, adjusting a radio transmission aerial to resonate on its usual transmission frequency