juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Breast cancer

**Breast cancer** is cancer in the breast.

## Statistics

Breast cancer is the fifth-most common cause of cancer death in the world. The first four are lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, and colon cancer. In 2005, breast cancer caused 502,000 deaths (7% of cancer deaths; almost 1% of all deaths) in the world. Among all women in the world, breast cancer is the most common cancer.

In the United States, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and the second most common cause of cancer death in women (after lung cancer). In 2007, breast cancer caused about 40,910 deaths (7% of cancer deaths; almost 2% of all deaths) in the U.S. Women in the United States have a 1 in 8 chance of getting breast cancer in their lives. They have a 1 in 33 chance of death from breast cancer.

There are many more people getting breast cancer since the 1970s. This is because of how people in the Western world live. Because the breast is composed of identical tissues in males and females, breast cancer also occurs in males, though it is less common.

## Treatment

When a person gets breast cancer, they can try to cure it in three ways. Doctors can cut out the cancer (mastectomy or lumpectomy). They can give the person drugs (chemotherapy). They can also try to kill the cancer with energy (radiation), immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy. If one cure does not work, they may need to try another.

## Who is mainly affected by breast cancer?

The most common cancer among women is breast cancer, followed by skin cancer. It’s most likely to affect women over the age of 50. Breast cancer can also occur in men, although it is rare. Approximately 2,600 men are diagnosed with male breast cancer every year in the United States, making up less than 1% of all cases. Breast cancer is more prevalent in transgender women than in cisgender men. Furthermore, transgender men are less likely to develop breast cancer than cisgender women.

## Risk breast cancer

- Age
- Consuming alcohol
- Dense breast tissue
- Gender
- Having a baby at a later age
- Hormone therapy
- Menopause begins late
- History of breast cancer

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Breast cancer
- **diseasesdb**: 1598
- **image**: Mammo breast cancer.jpg
- **caption**: Mammograms showing a normal breast (left) and a cancerous breast (right).
- **icd9**: -,
- **omim**: 114480
- **medlineplus**: 000913
- **emedicinesubj**: med
- **emedicinetopic**: 2808
- **meshid**: D001943
Cue sports

**Cue sports** are games played with balls on a table. The table has rubber around the sides (called "cushions") around it to keep the balls on the table. It has cloth on it. Two or more people use sticks (called cues) to make one ball (the cue ball) hit other balls. There are lots of different cue sports. These include billiards, pool and snooker.

_Pool_ is also sometimes called _pocket billiards_. The aim is to use the cue ball to knock other balls into "pockets" (called "potting"). These pockets are holes cut into the rubber cushions. When balls go into the pockets they drop down into nets. There are many different pool games. In "eight-ball", players must pot their eight balls before their opponent. In "nine-ball" the balls are numbered. They must be potted in numbered order. In "straight pool" players must pot a certain amount of balls.

_Billiards_ is usually played with three balls, uses a table without pockets.  The goal is to use the cue ball to hit one of the other two balls, then hit one or more of the cushions, and finally hit the second other ball. This is called a "carom". There are different billiards games. _English Billiards_ is similar to the carom game, but the table has pockets.

_Snooker_, which is similar to pool, is played on a large (6 foot wide by 12 foot long) table, with small balls and small pockets, making the game very challenging.  Snooker also uses more balls than pool.
Frunzik Mkrtchyan

**Frunzik (Mher) Mkrtchyan** (July 4, 1930 – December 29, 1993) was a popular Soviet Armenian actor who was named a People's Artist of the Soviet Union in 1984.

## Life

Even though he was a comedian, Frunzik's personal life was very sad. His first wife, Donara Mkrtchyan, became mentally ill and was sent to a mental institution for the rest of her life and Frunzik became a single parent of two young kids.

His son inherited his mother’s mental illness and, according to people close to Frunzik, he suffered from severe depression in the last few years of his life, and became a heavy alcoholic. In 1993, his brother found him lying dead in his home in Yerevan. Thousands of people attended his funeral.

## Other websites

- Biography
Pest

**Pest** could mean:
- Pest, an archaic term for pestilence, specifically the Black death
- Pest (hockey), an ice hockey player specialising in aggravating opponents
- Pest (music), a British music group
- Pest (biology), a characteristically  undesirable animal or insect
- _The Pest_, a 1997 film starring John Leguizamo
- PEST analysis (Political, Economic, Social and Technological), a framework for analysis of macroenvironmental factor

Places with the name **Pest**:
- Pest, Hungary
- Pest county
Pestilence

**Pestilence** is a word that is used for any highly infectious disease that can cause an epidemic or even a pandemic. It is commonly used for parasites too, but only when they cause large scale sickness or death, such as the Guinea worm.

The word meant the disease plague, which is called _pestis_ in Latin.
It was used for the Black Death as well, an epidemic of the 14th century that killed Millions of people in Europe.

## Related pages

- Disease
- Epidemic
- Pandemic
- List of historical plagues

## Other websites

- Article in International Herald Tribune 22 March 2006, describing Guinea worm as a pestilence  (Linked 23 April 2006)
Pandemic

A **pandemic** (from Greek παν _pan_ all + δήμος _demos_ people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads across a large region (like a continent), or even worldwide.

## Common killers and pandemics

According to the World Health Organization, a pandemic exists when three conditions have been met:

- A disease emerges that is new to a population.
- The agent that causes the disease infects humans, causing serious illness.
- The agent spreads easily and sustainably among humans.

A disease or condition is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people. It must also be infectious. For example, cancer causes many deaths, but it is not a pandemic because it is usually not infectious.

## World Health Organization pandemic phases

The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a plan to prepare the global fight against influenza. It defines the stages of a pandemic and makes recommendations about what countries should do before and during a pandemic. The phases are:

Interpandemic period:
- Phase 1: No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected in humans.
- Phase 2: No new influenza virus subtypes have been detected in humans. However, a variant of the virus causes disease in animals. This means there is a threat of human disease.
Pandemic alert period:
- Phase 3: Humans get infected with a new subtype of the flu virus. However, the virus is not spreading from person to person.
- Phase 4: There are small cluster(s) of flu infection. Person-to-person spread is limited and localized.
- Phase 5: There are larger cluster(s) of flu infection. Person-to-person spread is still localized.
Pandemic period:
- Phase 6: Pandemic: The flu has spread throughout the general population. Person-to-person spread is increased and sustained.

## Related pages

- Epidemic
- List of epidemics

## References

- Steward's "The Next Global Threat: Pandemic Influenza".

## Other websites

- WHO - Authoritative source of information about global health issues
- Past pandemics that ravaged Europe
- CDC: Influenza Pandemic Phases
- U.S. government's pandemic flu and avian flu information site
Training

**Training** means learning to _do_ something. It includes practicing skills. The term is used for learning to do jobs, or play games.

Examples:

- training for the armed forces
- apprenticeships
- learning how to play a game, such as contract bridge or chess
    - or a sport such as football. Such trainers are often called coaches.
- professional development in law, medicine, management, etc.

Training means changing behavior through learning new requirements and methods. Its effect is measured by testing to see if the behavior has been successfully changed. Follow-up sessions may be repeated until the desired behavior has been achieved.

Exercise may or may not be part of training. When it is, it is called physical training. It is specific and done to improve one's capability, capacity, and performance; see, e.g., strength training or flexibility training.

## Related pages

- Training camp

## Other websites

- Training Within Industry  - A national conference for those interested in deploying the TWI training methodology.
- Fitness training for kids
- Fitness training for seniors
Demi Moore

**Demi Moore** (born November 11, 1962 as **Demi Gene Guynes**) is an American actress. She became well known after a string of 1980s teen-oriented movies, and was one of the best known actresses of 1990s Hollywood. She is best known for her roles in _Ghost_, _A Few Good Men_, _Disclosure_, _Indecent Proposal_, and _G.I. Jane_. In 2025, Moore won a Golden Globe Award for her role as Elisabeth Sparkle in _The Substance_.

She has been married to musician Freddy Moore and actors Bruce Willis and Ashton Kutcher. All her marriages ended in divorce. She has three daughters by Willis: Rumer, Scout, and Tallulah. She dated Tobey Maguire in 2002 to 2003. She has French origins.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Demi Moore
- **image**: Demi Moore 2010 Time 100 Shankbone.jpg
- **caption**: Moore in May 2010
- **birth name**: Demi Gene Guynes
- **birth place**: Roswell, New Mexico, USA
- **occupation**: Actress, film producer
- **height**: 165 cm
- **years active**: 1981–present
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 4, including Rumer Willis, Rumer
- **partner**: Tobey Maguire (2002–2003)
Fergie

**Fergie Duhamel** (born **Stacy Ann Ferguson**; March 27, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter, fashion designer, television host, and former dancer. She is a former member of the kids' TV series _Kids Incorporated_, and the girl group Wild Orchid. Ferguson was also a co-host of the TV series _Great Pretenders_. She was also in the movie _Nine._ She was a vocalist for the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas and is a solo artist. She released her debut solo album, _The Dutchess_, in 2006. Her second solo album, _Double Dutchess_, was released in 2017 through her own label, Dutchess.

She has achieved three number-one singles on the _Billboard_ Hot 100: "London Bridge", "Glamorous", and "Big Girls Don't Cry".

## Early life

Ferguson was born in Hacienda Heights, California. She is the daughter of devout Roman Catholic school teachers Theresa Ann (née Gore) and Jon Patrick Ferguson. Her ancestry includes Irish, Scottish, English, Mexican (from a great-grandmother) and Native American. She was raised Roman Catholic. She attended Mesa Robles Middle School and Glen A. Wilson High School. She was a cheerleader, straight-A student and spelling bee champion, as well as a Girl Scout.

Her great-great-great-grandfather John Ribton was the Archdeacon of Achonry. Her great-great-granduncle John Ellard Gore was an astronomer.

## Singing career

She has a contralto vocal range.

In 2018, at the NBA All-Star Game, Fergie sang a jazz/swing version of "The Star-Spangled Banner". Critics panned her performance, but she apologized and claimed she was trying a new style.

## Personal life

On January 10, 2009, she married actor Josh Duhamel. Fergie and Duhamel are both Catholic. Their son, Axl Jack Duhamel, was born on August 29, 2013. In 2017, Fergie announced that she and Duhamel were divorcing.

In 2017, Fergie left the hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas to focus on her solo career.

## Discography

- _The Dutchess_ (2006)
- _Double Dutchess_ (2017)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **associated acts**: Wild Orchid (band), Wild Orchid, The Black Eyed Peas


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Fergie
- **image**: Fergie Washington D.C 2014 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Fergie in 2014
- **birth name**: Stacy Ann Ferguson
- **birth place**: Los Angeles County, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1984–present
- **children**: 1
Zuleyka Rivera

**Zuleyka Jerrís Rivera Mendoza** (born October 3, 1987 in Cayey, Puerto Rico, and raised in Salinas, Puerto Rico) is a beauty queen who has held the titles Miss Puerto Rico and Miss Universe 2006.

## Infobox (pageant titleholder)

- **name**: Zuleyka Rivera
- **image**: File:ZuleykaRivera2.jpg
- **caption**: Zuleyka Rivera, Miss Universe 2006
- **birth name**: Zuleyka Jerrís Rivera Mendoza
- **title**: Salinas, Puerto Rico, Miss Salinas Teen 2002
Salinas, Puerto Rico, Miss Salinas Universe 2006
Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2006
Miss Universe 2006
- **nationalcompetition**: Miss Puerto Rico Teen 2002
(1st Runner-Up)
Miss Puerto Rico Universe 2006
(Winner)
Miss Universe 2006
(Winner)
- **birth place**: Cayey, Puerto Rico, Cayey, Puerto Rico
- **years active**: 2006 - present
- **height**: 175 cm
- **children**: 1
- **eye color**: Brown
- **hair color**: Brown
Amanda Peet

**Amanda Peet** (born January 11, 1972) is an American movie and television actress. She has acted in television commercials and several movies. She recently appeared at the television series _Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip_, where her character _Jordan McDeere_ is the president of the fictional network National Broadcasting System (NBS).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Amanda Peet
- **image**: Amanda Peet.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **birth place**: New York City, New York (state), NY, USA
- **occupation**: Actor, Actress
- **spouse**: David Benioff <small>(2006–present)</small>
- **children**: France Pen (Feb. 20 2007)
- **known for**: Playing Jill St. Claire in _The Whole Nine Yards (movie), The Whole Nine Yards_ and _The Whole Ten Yards_
Playing Jordan McDeere in _Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip_
Shiri Maymon

**Shiri Maymon** (born 17 May 1981 in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli (pop) singer. She represented her country in Eurovision Song Contest 2005 where she reached the final.
Tom Selleck

**Tom Selleck** (born January 29, 1945) is a Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning American actor, screenwriter and film producer, best known for his role on the long-running television show _Magnum, P.I._ and Peter Mitchell in _Three Men and a Baby_ and _Three Men and a Little Lady_. He stars on _Blue Bloods_. He has also acted in many movies and had a recurring role as Dr. Richard Burke on _Friends_, who was a love interest to the character of Monica Geller (Courteney Cox).

## Other websites

- Selleck's Political Views
- TRANSCRIPT: Tom Selleck at "The Rosie O'Donnell Show"
- Selleck! The Movie
- Selleck! The Fan club

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tom Selleck
- **image**: Tom Selleck 2010.jpg
- **caption**: Selleck in 2010
- **birth name**: Thomas William Selleck
- **birth place**: Detroit, Michigan, Detroit, Michigan, United States, U.S.
- **yearsactive**: 1969–present
- **spouse**: *Jacqueline Ray (m. 1971–1982)
*Jillie Mack (m. 1987)
- **children**: 2
- **notable works**: **Thomas Magnum** in
_Magnum, P.I._
**Dr. Richard Burke** in _Friends_
**Peter Mitchell** in
_Three Men and a Baby_
- **awards**: **Emmy Award, Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series** 1984 _Magnum, P.I._
 **Golden Globe, Best Actor in a Television Drama Series** 1985 _Magnum, P.I._
Rob Schneider

**Robert Michael Schneider** (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and director.

## Early life

Schneider was born in San Francisco, California and grew up in the nearby suburb of Pacifica. He is the son of Jewish-American real estate broker Marvin Schneider, and Pilar, a former kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president; his grandfather on his mother's side of the family was a European American soldier and his grandmother on the same side of the family was a Filipina. Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982.

## Career

After becoming a famous stand-up comedian and expert at NBC sketch comedy series _Saturday Night Live_, Schneider now has a career in movies, including main roles in the comedies _Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo_, _Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo_, _The Animal_ and _The Hot Chick_.

## Other websites

- Official website
- The Rob Schneider Music Foundation
- Environmental Media Awards

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Rob Schneider (48480731232).jpg
- **caption**: Rob Schneider in 2019
- **birth name**: Robert Michael Schneider
- **birth place**: San Francisco, California, USA
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, director
- **years active**: 1987–present
- **credits**: * Various roles in _Saturday Night Live_
* "Deuce Bigalow" in _Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo_ and _Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo_
* "Clive/Jessica" in _The Hot Chick_
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
Växjö

**Växjö** (Swedish IPA: []) is a city in Småland in southern Sweden. It has a population of 55,600 (2005).  Växjö is the seat of Växjö Municipality and is the administrative, cultural and industrial centre of Kronoberg County.  Furthermore, it is the seat of the Diocese of Växjö.

## Famous people from Växjö

- Karl-Birger Blomdahl, 20th century music composer
- Carolina Klüft, track and field athlete and Olympic gold medalist in Athens 2004
- Pär Lagerkvist, author and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, 1951
- Otto Lindblad, 19th century music composer
- Christina Nilsson, 19th century soprano celebrity
- Joachim Björklund, Footballer
- Carolus Linnaeus, Botanist, physician and zoologist
- Mats Wilander, tennis player with seven Grand slam victories 1982-1988
- Jonas Björkman, tennis player with 50 doubles titles including Grand Slams

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Växjö
- **image shield**: Växjö vapen.svg
- **pushpin map**: Sweden
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Sweden
- **subdivision type3**: Municipalities of Sweden, Municipality
- **subdivision name3**: Växjö Municipality
- **subdivision type2**: Counties of Sweden, County
- **subdivision name2**: Kronoberg County
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sweden, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Småland
- **area total km2**: 29.29
- **population as of**: 2008-12-31
- **population total**: 65 000
- **population density km2**: 1899
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +1
- **timezone dst**: Central European Summer Time, CEST
- **utc offset dst**: +2
Carolina Klüft

**Carolina Evelyn Klüft** (born February 2, 1983) is a Swedish athlete. She competes in heptathlon, long jump and pentathlon. She is the current Olympic, World (twice) and European (twice) heptathlon champion and is regarded as one of the best female athletes in the world. Since 16/09/2002, Klüft has been continuously ranked as the world's leading heptathlete, by the IAAF. This is currently the longest of any athlete.

She is also normally a member of the Swedish 4 × 100 m relay team at international competitions, and was part of the team that set the national record.

Her main coach is Agne Bergvall. She is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) tall and weighs 65 kg.

On 2 September 2012, during the Finland-Sweden athletics international at Ullevi, Carolina Klüft officially ended her career and retired from sports.
Jonas Björkman

**Jonas Lars Björkman** (born March 23, 1972, Alvesta, Sweden) is a Swedish professional male tennis player and former World No. 4 in singles and World No. 1 in doubles. He is as of the 2006 season the oldest player in the ATP Top 100 (singles). He has also played in numerous Wimbledon tournaments.

## Other websites

- jonasbjorkman.com  - official website

## Infobox (tennis biography)

- **name**: Jonas Björkman
- **image**: Jonas Bjorkman 2007 Australian Open mens doubles R1.jpg
- **residence**: Stockholm
- **birth place**: Alvesta, Sweden
- **turnedpro**: 1991
- **retired**: 2008
- **plays**: Right-handed (two-handed backhand)
- **careerprizemoney**: US$, $14,610,671
- **singlesrecord**: 414–362
- **singlestitles**: 6
- **highestsinglesranking**: No. 4 (3 November 1997)
- **australianopenresult**: QF (1998 Australian Open – Men's Singles, 1998, 2002 Australian Open – Men's Singles, 2002)
- **frenchopenresult**: 4R (1996 French Open – Men's Singles, 1996, 2007 French Open – Men's Singles, 2007)
- **wimbledonresult**: SF (2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles, 2006)
- **usopenresult**: SF (1997 U.S. Open - Men's Singles, 1997)
- **othertournaments**: yes
- **masterscupresult**: SF (1997 ATP Tour World Championships – Singles, 1997)
- **grandslamcupresult**: QF (Grand Slam Cup#1997, 1997, Grand Slam Cup#1998, 1998)
- **olympicsresult**: 1R (Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles, 1996, Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's singles, 2004, Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles, 2008)
- **doublesrecord**: 712–307
- **doublestitles**: 54
- **highestdoublesranking**: List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players, No. **1** (9 July 2001)
- **australianopendoublesresult**: **W** (1998, 1999, 2001)
- **frenchopendoublesresult**: **W** (2005, 2006)
- **wimbledondoublesresult**: **W** (2002, 2003, 2004)
- **usopendoublesresult**: **W** (2003)
- **othertournamentsdoubles**: yes
- **masterscupdoublesresult**: **W** (1994 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles, 1994, 2006 Tennis Masters Cup – Doubles, 2006)
- **coachyears**: 2015–
- **coachplayers**: Andy Murray (2015), Marin Čilić (2016–)
- **coachsinglestitles**: 4
- **coachtournamentrecord**: 2x ATP World Tour Masters 1000 (Murray)
- **updated**: Jan 2018
Do As Infinity

**Do As Infinity** is a Japanese pop / rock band.  They had their first song on September 29, 1999, "Tangerine Dream". Their name is sometimes shortened to **D.A.I.** The band was named after the their guitarist and composer, Dai Nagao. The singer was  Van Tomiko. The group ended on September 29, 2005. They started again 3 years later.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Do As Infinity
- **img**: DAI at shibuyaver.jpg
- **img capt**: Do As Infinity performing in 2000
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Japan
- **genre**: J-pop, Rock music, rock
- **years active**: 1999–2005
 2008–present
- **label**: Avex Trax
- **url**: [http://www.d-a-i.com/ d-a-i.com]
- **current members**: Tomiko Van
Ryo Owatari
- **past members**: Dai Nagao
Myleene Klass

**Myleene Angela Klass** (born 6 April 1978) is an English classical pianist, commercial model, television and radio presenter, and former member of British pop group Hear'Say. She was born in Gorleston, Norfolk to a Filipino mother and Anglo-Austrian father. Her pop success achieved 4 Top 10 singles, 2 of which were UK Number Ones. Hear'Say also released 2 albums, _Popstars_ and _Everybody_.

Almost a year after the Hear'Say break-up on 13 May 2003, Klass signed a five-album deal with Universal Classics and Jazz.  Klass's album, called _Moving On_, was sold on 20 October 2003 at Harrods, London.  It was nominated as _Peoples' Album Of The Year_ in the Classical BRIT Awards.  On 23 October 2004 Klass said she would not be releasing any further material through the label.

Klass was a contestant in the 2006 series of _I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!_.  She finished in second place, behind Matt Willis. Klass returned to the show in 2023 during the All-Stars series. She won the show.

Her net worth was about £11 million in April 2012.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Myleene Klass
- **img**: Myleene Klass -- Greatest Britons.jpg
- **caption**: Myleene Klass in May 2007
- **image size**: 200px
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Myleene Angela Klass
- **birth place**: Gorleston, Norfolk, England
- **instrument**: Piano, violin, harp
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, classical music, classical crossover
- **occupation**: Singer, pianist, media personality, model
- **years active**: 2001–present
- **label**: EMI Classics
- **associated acts**: Hear’Say
<small>(2001–2002)</small>
- **website**: [http://www.myleeneklass.co.uk Official website]
Mackenzie Rosman

**Mackenzie Ryann Rosman** (born December 28, 1989) is an American actress.  She is best known for her role as Ruthie Camden on The CW's _7th Heaven_.
David Gallagher

**David Lee Gallagher** (born February 9, 1985) is an American actor. He began his career as a child actor and model when he was two years old and is best known for his role as Simon Camden on the television series _7th Heaven_.  He is also known for his feature film roles; as Mikey Ubriacco in _Look Who's Talking Now_, as Kevin Harper in _Angels in the Endzone_ and as Ri¢hie Ri¢h in _Ri¢hie Ri¢h's Christmas Wish_.  During his career as a child and teen star, he was nominated for five Young Artist Awards and won a Teen Choice Award. He is also known for voicing the character Riku in the _Kingdom Hearts_ video game series.

## Filmography

|Year|Title|Role|class="unsortable"|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1993|_Look Who's Talking Now_|Mikey Ubriacco|||
|1995|_Whisper of the Heart_|Seiji Amasawa (voice)|||
|1995|_It Was Him or Us_|Stevie Pomeroy|TV movie||
|1996|_Summer of Fear_|Zack|TV movie||
|1996|_Bermuda Triangle_|Sam|TV movie||
|1996|_Phenomenon_|Al Pennamin|||
|1996–2006|_7th Heaven_|Simon Camden|219 episodes, Season 1-7 full-time, Season 9-10 partime||
|1997|_Angels in the Endzone_|Kevin Harper|TV movie||
|1997|_Walker, Texas Ranger_|Chad Morgan|Episode: "Brainchild"||
|1998|_Ri¢hie Ri¢h's Christmas Wish_|Ri¢hie Ri¢h|Video||
|1999|_Rocket Power_|Oliver van Rossam (voice)|Episode: "Super McVariel 90/Loss of Squid"||
|1999|__|Ben (voice)|Episode: "Lost and Foundation"||
|2000|__|Ben (voice)|Episode: "Every Little Bit Alps"||
|2000|__|Marty Markham|TV movie||
|2001|_Little Secrets_|David|||
|2003|_Kart Racer_|Scott McKenna|||
|2005|__|Brian|||
|2006|_Sunday Morning_||Video||
|2006|_Numb3rs_|Buck Winters|Episode: "Spree" Episode: "Two Daughters"||
|2007|__|Dorian Gray|||
|2007|_CSI: Miami_|Rick Bates|Episode: "Dangerous Son"||
|2007|_Freakin' Zombies, Man!_|Duke|Video short||
|2007|_Boogeyman 2_|Mark|||
|2008|_Saving Grace_|Paul Shapiro|Episode: "A Survivor Lives Here"||
|2008|_Bones_|Ryan Stephenson|Episode: "The He in the She"||
|2008|_Without a Trace_|Jeff Ellis|Episode: "Push Comes to Shove"||
|2009|_Numb3rs_|Buck Winters|Episode: "Arrow of Time"||
|2009|_Smallville_|Zan|Episode: "Idol"||
|2010|_Betwixt_||TV movie||
|2010|__|Kevin Mather|Episode: "An Innocent Man"||
|2011|_Super 8_|Donny|||
|2011|_Trophy Kids_|Reid Davis|Post-production||
|2011|_The Vampire Diaries_|Ray Sutton|TV series||

|Year|Title|Role|
| --- | --- | --- |
|2002|_Kingdom Hearts_|Riku|
|2005|_Kingdom Hearts II_|Riku|
|2007|_Kingdom Hearts Re: Chain of Memories_|Riku Riku Replica|
|2009|_Kingdom Hearts: 358/2 Days_|Riku|
|2010|_Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep_|Riku, Young Master Xehanort|
|2011|_Kingdom Hearts Re:coded_|Data Riku|
|2012|_Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance_|Riku, Young Master Xehanort|
Jessica Biel

**Jessica Claire Biel** (born March 3, 1982) is an American actress, Vocalist and former fashion model.

Biel became known for her early television role of Mary Camden in the long-running family drama series _7th Heaven_. She is perhaps best known for appearing in several Hollywood movies. These include _Summer Catch_, the remake of _The Texas Chainsaw Massacre_ and _The Illusionist_.

Biel is also known for her beauty and is considered a sex symbol. In 2005 Esquire magazine declared her the "Sexiest Woman Alive". In 2007 she was voted number 1 in a poll by Stuff magazine.

In 2012, she married singer Justin Timberlake. They have two sons together, Silas Randall (born 2015) and Phineas (born 2020).

## Movies

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1996-2001|_7th Heaven_|Mary Camden|television series|
|1997|_Ulee's Gold_|Casey Jackson||
|1998|_I'll Be Home for Christmas_|Allie||
|2001|_Summer Catch_|Tenley Parrish||
|2002|_The Rules of Attraction_|Lara Holleran||
|2003|_The Texas Chainsaw Massacre_|Erin Hardesty||
|2004|_It's a Digital World_|voice||
|_Cellular_|Chloe|||
|_Blade: Trinity_|Abigail Whistler|||
|2005|_Stealth_|Lieutenant Kara Wade||
|_Elizabethtown_|Ellen Kishmore|||
|_London_|London|||
|2006|_The Illusionist_|Duchess Sophie von Teschen||
|_Home of the Brave_|Vanessa Price|||
|2007|_Next_|Liz Cooper||
|_I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry_|Alex McDonough|||
|2008|_Hole in the Paper Sky_|Karen Watkins||
|_Easy Virtue|Larita Whittaker|||
|2009|_Planet 51_|Neera|voice|
|_Powder Blue|Rose-Johnny|||
|2010|_The A-Team_|Charissa Sosa||
|_Valentine's Day_|Kara Monahan|||
|2011|''New Year's Eve|Tess Byrne||
|2012|_The Devil and the Deep Blue Sea_|Cindy||
|_Emanuel and the Truth about Fishes_|Linda|||
|_Playing the Field_|Stacie|||
|_Total Recall_|Melina|||
|_The Tall Man_|Julia Denning|||

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jessica Biel
- **image**: Jessica Biel Palm Film Festival.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: Jessica Biel in 2007
- **birth name**: Jessica Claire Biel
- **birth place**: Ely, Minnesota, USA
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Fairview High School
- **nationality**: Americans, American
7th Heaven

***7th Heaven*** was an American television series about a Protestant minister's family living in the fictional town of Glenoak, California. It was created and produced by Brenda Hampton. The series premiered on Monday, August 26, 1996, on the WB Television Network, the first time that the WB aired Monday night programming. The series finale was scheduled for May 8, 2006; however, the show was renewed by the CW Television Network when the intended final episode received high ratings. The 11th and final season premiered on September 25, 2006 and ended on May 13, 2007. Reruns of _7th Heaven_ can now be seen on the UP channel weekdays from noon-4 p.m. ET.

## Cast

- Stephen Collins as Reverend Eric Camden
- Catherine Hicks as Annie Camden
- Barry Watson as Dr. Matt Camden (1996-2002; recurring thereafter)
- David Gallagher  as Simon Camden (1996-2003; 2004-2006)
- Jessica Biel as Mary Camden-Rivera (1996-2002; recurring thereafter)
- Beverley Mitchell as Reverend Lucy Camden-Kinkirk
- Mackenzie Rosman as Ruthie Camden
- Adam LaVorgna as Robbie Palmer (1999-2000; starring 2000-2002)
- Nikolas Brino as Sam Camden (2001-2007) {the role originally played by all four Brino Quads before Season 6}
- Lorenzo Brino as David Camden (2001-2007) {the role originally played by all four Brino Quads before Season 6}
- Geoff Stults as Ben Kinkirk (2001-2006; starring 2002-2003)
- George Stults as (former) Officer Kevin Kinkirk (starring 2002-2007)
- Ashlee Simpson as Cecilia Smith (starring 2002-2004)
- Rachel Blanchard as Roxanne Richardson (starring 2002-2004)
- Jeremy London as Chandler Hampton (starring 2002-2004)
- Scotty Leavenworth as Peter Petrowski (2002-2006; starring 2003-2004)
- Tyler Hoechlin as Martin Brewer (starring 2003-2007)
- Sarah Thompson as Rose (starring 2005-2006)
- Haylie Duff as Sandy Jameson (starring 2005-2007)
- Megan Henning as Meredith Davis (2004-2005; starring 2005)
- Happy as Happy
- Chaz Lamar Shepherd as John Hamilton (1996-1999; starring 1999-2001)
- Maureen Flannigan as Shana Sullivan (1998-2002; starring 1999-2000)
Beverley Mitchell

**Beverley Ann Mitchell** (born January 22, 1981) is an American actress and country music singer. She is perhaps best known for her role as Lucy Camden-Kinkirk on the television series _7th Heaven_.

## Movies and television

|Year|Title|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1990|_Big Brother Jake_|Cassie|TV Series|
|_Children of the Bride_|Jersey|TV movie||
|1991|_Baby of the Bride_|Jersey|TV movie|
|1992|_Sinatra|_Little Nancy at 7-9|TV movie|
|1993|_Mother of the Bride_|Jersey|TV movie|
|_Phenom_|Clara|TV Series (1993-1994)||
|1994|_Killing Obsession_|Annie||
|1995|_White Dwarf_|XuXu, Older Twin|TV movie|
|1996 -2007||_7th Heaven_||Lucy Camden||TV series||||
|1996|_The Crow: City of Angels_|Grace||
|2000|_Girl Band_|Suzanne|TV movie|
|2003|_Right on Track_|Erica Enders|TV movie|
|_Mean People Suck_|Kate's Sister|||
|2005|_Saw II_|Laura||
|_I Remember_|Molly|||
|2007|_Post Mortem_|Mackenzie Greer||
|2010|''The Secret Life of the American Teenager|Kaitlin O'Malley|TV series|

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Beverley Mitchell
- **image**: Beverley Mitchell, Seventh Heaven star DF-SD-02-04992 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Beverley Mitchell, 2001
- **birth place**: Arcadia, California, United States
- **known for**: Playing "Lucy Camden-Kinkirk" in _7th Heaven_
Nanne Grönvall

**Nanne Grönvall** (born **Marianne Elisabeth Nordqvist** on May 18, 1962 in Stockholm) is a Swedish singer-songwriter. She's married to Peter Grönvall, who's the son of ABBA's Benny Andersson. Nanne has participated in the National part of Eurovision Song Contest 8 times, won it once with their group One More Time and ended up in 3:rd place in the international competition. She has, beside her musical career, had her own radiotalkshow and hosted many other radioshows, acted in several theatre and musical-productions, among others she did the leading part of Sweet Charity. She has toured Sweden many times in her own name and also had her own shows in the two biggest cities in Sweden, Stockholm and Gothenburg. She had great success around in Europe together with her group One More Time in the 90s and later on Ritchie Blackmore recorded their hitsong Highland with his group Blackmore's Night.

Nannes musical career started in the 1980s group _Sound of Music_. The trio participated twice in the Swedish Eurovision Song Contest selections, Melodifestivalen, finishing fourth both times; in 1986 with _Eldorado_ and in 1987 with _Alexandra_. Over the following ten years she established herself as a songwriter in Melodifestivalen, writing two songs for the 1992 competition and the 1995 runner-up _Det vackraste_ (_The Most Beautiful Thing_) performed by Cecilia Vennersten.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Nanne Grönvall
- **image**: Melodifestivalen 2020, Malmö, Nanne Grönvall 01.jpg
- **caption**: Nanne Grönvall in 2020
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Marianne Elisabeth Nordqvist
- **origin**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **genre**: Pop music, Pop, Schlager
- **occupation**: Singer - songwriter
- **years active**: 1986–present
- **label**: Lionheart Music Group, Lionheart
- **associated acts**: One More Time (band), One More Time
- **website**: [http://www.nanne.se/ Nanne.se]
Human biology

**Human biology** is part of biology, biological anthropology, and medicine. It looks at humans. It is related to primate biology, and some other areas.

Human biology research includes:
- Genetic differences across human populations, present and past
- Biological differences related to climate and other elements of the natural environment
- Finding the risk of degenerative disease and infectious disease for different populations of people
- Human growth and development

It deals with human evolution, adaptation, and population genetics.

## Other websites

- Human Biology Association
- Society for the Study of Human Biology Symposium Series

-
Flavor Flav

**William Jonathan Drayton Jr.** (born March 16, 1959), known by the stage name **Flavor Flav**, is an American rapper and television personality. He is a member of the hip hop group Public Enemy. He raps about politics.  After several years of quiet, he has been seen again lately as a star of American reality television. He has starred in some VH1 programs, most recently the _Flavor of Love_ series.

Flav was born in Roosevelt, New York and grew up in Freeport, New York.
Schapelle Corby

**Schapelle Leigh Corby** (born 10 July 1977) is an Australian woman convicted and imprisoned in Indonesia for drug smuggling. She is a former shop assistant and beauty therapy student from Queensland.

Corby served a twenty-year sentence for the importation of 4.1kg (9lb) of cannabis into Bali, Indonesia. She was convicted and sentenced in Bali on 27 May 2005 by the Denpasar (Indonesia) District Court and was serving her sentence in Kerobokan Prison, Bali. On appeal, her conviction and sentence have been confirmed with finality by the Indonesian Supreme Court, with legal maneuvers continuing on her behalf.

She says that the drugs were put in her bag by someone else and that she did not know about them. Her trial and conviction were a major focus of attention for the Australian media. Corby was released on parole on 10 February 2014 after serving nine years in prison. In her parole conditions, Corby cannot leave Indonesia until July 2017.

## Controversy

On 3 March 2008 Australian television show "Current Affairs" showed pictures of what was believed to be Corby and her sister Mercedes dining in a restaurant. This is proof that Corby had bribed the prison guards to let her out for the evening claimed the show, this has made many Australians upset as Corby earlier has claimed she never goes outside Kerobokan Prison.

## Other websites

- Schapelle Corby official homepage
- Corby's final appeal rejected
Autogenic training

**Autogenic training** is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932.

The technique involves the daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes, usually in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening. During each session, the practitioner will repeat a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation. Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures (_e.g._ lying down, sitting meditation, sitting like a rag doll, _etc._).

Schultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation. However, unlike some forms of yoga and meditation, autogenic training is devoid of any mysticism.  It is a method for influencing one's autonomic nervous system.

## Example of an autogenic training session

1. sit in the meditative posture and scan the body
1. "my left arm is heavy and warm" (repeat 3 times)
1. "my arms and legs are heavy and warm" (repeat 3 times)
1. "my heartbeat is calm and regular" (repeat 3 times)
1. "my solar plexus is warm" (repeat 3 times)
1. ...
1. finish part one by cancelling
1. start part two by repeating from steps 2 to cancelling
1. part three repeat steps 2 to cancelling

## Counter-indications

Autogenic Training is counter-indicated, or needs to be adapted, for a series of conditions including: heart problems such as myocardial infarction, diabetes, psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia, glaucoma, alcohol or drug abuse, epilepsy.

## References

- Luthe Dr W & Schultz Dr JH, _"Autogenic Therapy"_, first published by Grune and Stratton, Inc., New York, (1969). Republished in (2001) by The British Autogenic Society.
- In six volumes.
- Vol. 1 Autogenic Methods
- Vol. 2 Medical Applications
- Vol. 3 Applications in Psychotherapy
- Vol. 4 Research and Theory
- Vol. 5 Dynamics of Autogenic Neutralisation
- Vol. 6 Treatment with Autogenic Neutralisation

## Other websites

- The British Autogenic Society
- Spanish Society of Psychotherapy and the Institute for Autogenic Psychotherapy (in Spanish)
- An audio version of the Autogenic Training
- Autogenics: A self-help training schedule.
Mathematical notation

**Mathematical notation** is a system in mathematics that uses symbols to represent objects and ideas. In mathematics and other exact sciences like physics or computer science, problems often need to be presented in some way. In such representations, different symbols have different meanings:
- There are numbers, like _1_ and _2_, or variables that stand for such numbers (like _x_ and _y_)
- There are functions that act on numbers and variables. Such function take a predetermined number of elements, and do something with them. An example is _+_, which adds two numbers
- There are concepts of advanced mathematics such as limits and derivatives

Some mathematical notations use diagrams, or small drawings to show the underlying concepts. One example is the Penrose graphical notation which is used to show tensors. Another examples are Coxeter–Dynkin diagram which are used for certain problems of geometry.

There are different ways to write down an _equation_ like _ two and three_
- Infix notation: The functions and the symbols they act on, are mixed, this gives _ 2 + 3_
- Prefix notation: First there is the function, and then the values it operates on. This gives _+ 2 3_. Computer languages influenced by lambda calculus, like LISP use this notation. Sometimes this is called _polish notation_
- Postfix notation: First there are the numbers, and then the function. _2 3 +_. Postscript uses this. It is also generally known as _reverse polish notation_

## Related software

- KaTeX - JavaScript library that shows mathematical notation on any web browser
- LaTeX - Free software to output mathematical notations on a PDF

he:סימון מתמטי
Shell

**Shell** may refer to:
- Animal shell, which includes sea shells
- Shell (projectile), an object fired out of a weapon
- Eggshell, the outer part of an egg
- Shell (computing), a type of user interface in computer programs and operating systems
- Shell Oil Company, an oil company
Ian Craig Marsh

**Ian Craig Marsh** (born 11 November 1956) is a British musician. He helped start the electronic band The Human League, until leaving in 1980 to form B.E.F. (British Electric Foundation) and later Heaven 17.
Laboratory equipment

**Laboratory equipment** are tools and equipment used by scientists who work in a laboratory.  These can include tools such as:

- Bunsen burners
- burettes
- calorimeters
- microscopes
- pipettes
- spectrophotometers

Laboratory equipment is used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data.

## Other websites

- A List of Chemistry Laboratory Apparatus and Their Uses
Samvel Babayan

**Samvel Babayan** (; born June 22, 1957), was the Commander-in-Chief of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army from 1994 to 2000. On March 22, 2000, he allegedly tried to kill President Arkadi Ghukasyan in Stepanakert. He was sentenced to 14 years in prison.
Artsakh Defence Army

The **Artsakh Defence Army** also known as the **Nagorno-Karabakh (NKR) Defense Army** was founded on 9 May 1992, as the formal defence force of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, made up of Armenians. It is internationally recognised to be part of Azerbaijan.

## Related pages

- 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war

## Infobox (national military)

- **name**: Artsakh Defence Army
- **caption**: Patch
- **founded**: 9 May 1992
- **disbanded**: 21 September 2023
- **headquarters**: Stepanakert
- **commander-in-chief**: Samvel Shahramanyan
- **commander-in-chief title**: President of Artsakh, Commander-in-Chief
- **minister**: Lieutenant General Kamo Vardanyan
- **minister title**: Ministry of Defence (Artsakh), Minister of Defence and Defence Forces Commander
- **chief of staff title**: Chief of the General Staff
- **age**: 18
- **conscription**: 24 months
- **manpower age**: 18–27
Brandon Lee

**Brandon Bruce Lee** (February 1, 1965 – March 31, 1993) was an actor from Oakland, California.

## Early life

Brandon Lee was born in East Oakland Hospital in Oakland, California, He is eldest child of Bruce Lee and his wife Linda,  He lived in Hong Kong for his first eight years. Lee lost his father when he was only 8 years old, and then moved to Seattle with his mother and sister. Lee faced a lot of difficulties when he was a teenager. He moved around a lot, coped with being the son of a martial arts legend, and he dropped out of high school several times.

## Career

Lee  made his first feature movie, Legacy of Rage (1986). And around that time, he appeared in Kung Fu: The Movie with David Carradine, which aired on television. But then, Brandon Lee had his promising career cut short by tragedy, much like his father. A few years later, returning to the big screen, Lee made three action movies: _Laser Mission_ (1990), _Showdown in Little Toyko_ (1991) with Dolph Lundgren and _Rapid Fire_ (1992) with Powers Boothe.

## _The Crow_, and his death

Lee  played Eric Draven in The Crow, a movie that derived from comic books of James O'Barr. In this movie, he played a murdered rock musician. But there were a series of mishaps during the scene of shooting. Lee was performing his death scene for the movie. He was supposed to perform shoot to death by a prop gun, but the bullet in the prop gun was real and it pierced through his abdomen. Then, he died on March 31, 1993 because of his injuries. Then he was buried next to his father in Seattle on April 3, 1993. And The Crow was released the next year after additional scenes were shot to complete the movie.

## Other websites

- Brandon Lee talk
- Brandon Lee

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Brandon Lee
- **image**: Brandon lee (cropped).jpg
- **birth name**: Brandon Bruce Lee
- **birth date**: February 1, 1965
- **birth place**: Oakland, California, Oakland, California, United States
- **death date**: March 31, 1993 (aged 28)
- **death place**: Wilmington, North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina, United States
- **death cause**: shotgun accident
- **height**: 1.83 m
- **years active**: 1986-1993
- **parents**: Bruce lee (Father)
- **credits**: * "Johnny Murata" in _Showdown in Little Tokyo (movie), Showdown in Little Tokyo_
* "Jake Lo" in _Rapid Fire (movie), Rapid Fire_
* "Eric Draven" in _The Crow (movie), The Crow_
Matt Dillon

**Matthew Raymond "Matt" Dillon** (born February 18, 1964) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. He began acting in the late 1970s, gained fame as a teen idol during the 1980s, and made a successful career as an adult actor in the decades following, ending in an Oscar nomination for his acting in the film _Crash_.

## Other websites

- Scotsman.com interview (November 13, 2005)
- About.com interview  (May 3, 2005)
- BeliefNet interview (2003)
- Cigar Aficionado interview  (October 31, 1996)

## Infobox (actor)

- **name**: Matt Dillon
- **caption**: Dillon at the Cannes Film Festival
- **image**: Matt Dillon at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg
- **birth place**: New Rochelle, New York (state), New York, United States
- **height**: 6' 0¼" (1.83 m)
- **birth name**: Matthew Raymond Dillon
- **known for**: Acting roles:
**Dallas "Dally" Winston** in _The Outsiders (film), The Outsiders_
**Rusty James** in _Rumble Fish_
**Bob Hughes** in _Drugstore Cowboy_
**Sam Lombardo** in _Wild Things_
**Pat Healy** in _There's Something About Mary_
**Sgt. Jack Ryan** in _Crash (2005 film), Crash_
- **awards**: Screen Actors Guild, SAG: **Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a Motion Picture, Best Cast - Motion Picture**
 2005 _Crash (2004 film), Crash_