juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Aurangzeb Khan

_Sardar_ **Aurangzeb Khan** (1899-1965) is a politician of Dera Ismail Khan district of NWFP, British India.

He belonged to Gandapur Pashtun tribe and hailed from a landowning family.

Sardar Aurangzeb Khan was born in 1899 at Tehsil Kulachi Dera Ismail Khan. His father, Mohammad Ayaz Khan, was a leading landlord in the famous Pushtoon clan Gandapur.

## Early education

He got his early education at Mission High School Dera Ismail Khan and later went to Peshawar for his graduation. He secured his LLB degree from Aligarh College where he was the president of Muslim Students Union.

## Political Career

He was a gifted orator and as Provincial Muslim League leader, he played a prominent role in the reorganization of the Muslim League in NWFP that was first launched in 1912 by Ghazi Ali Abbas Bukhari but did not take firm roots among the people. However, due to his tireless struggle, the League turned out to be the popular political party in the Pushtoon majority province.

Khan joined the All India Muslim League party in 1937 and in the same year was appointed to the NWFP Legislative Assembly. In 1940, he was one of the provincial delegates to the Lahore session of the League and was a member of the Working Committee set up there to draft what was to become the 'Lahore Resolution'. Sardar Aurangzeb Khan was also one of those leaders who seconded the resolution that was passed on 23 March 1940. He was elected to the NWFP provincial assembly in 1937.

Between 1943-45 he also briefly remained provincial Chief Minister before being removed.

In 1939, while Dr. Khan Sahib resigned from his ministry along with other Congress Governments, for some time there was no popular government in the province. However, on 25 May 1943, Sardar Aurangzeb Khan was able to form a ministry with the help of **George Cunningham and Jinnah**, with Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar as his Finance Minister.

Nishtar was in an anti-British movement named "Akhrar" but he was convinced by Sikandar Mirza and then he joined the Muslim League.

He campaigned door-to-door to convey the message of the League and worked hard during NWFP referendum.

After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, he served for some time as the new country's ambassador to Burma from 1949 to 1953.
Wilkie Collins

**Wilkie Collins**, in full **William Wilkie Collins** (1824-1889) was an English novelist and one of the earliest writers of the mystery story. Although he wrote many books, he is best remembered for _The Woman in White_ (1860) and _The Moonstone_ (1868).
Ursus (genus)

***Ursus*** is a genus in the family Ursidae (bears) that includes the widely distributed brown bears, the polar bear, and black bears. The name comes from the Latin _ursus_, meaning bear.
Savant syndrome

The **savant syndrome** is a rare condition in which people with neurodevelopmental disorders, notably autism spectrum disorders, and/or brain injuries, demonstrate profound and prodigious capacities and/or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal.

In spite of the name syndrome, it is not recognized as a mental disorder, or as a part of mental disorder.

In simple terms, there are probably fewer than fifty holders of the condition, alive today.

## Characteristics

These individuals in some cases may not be able to tie their shoes, however they may memorize an entire book in days.

### Notable savants

The following are well-known people with savant syndrome, noted for their talent in their identified fields:

- Wesley Willis, American musician, savant levels of visual recall.
- Kim Peek, mnemonist, speed reader and calculator, although not autistic
- Mark Boerebach, Australian internet Disk jockey, subject of the documentary _Rainman goes to Rockwiz_
- Alonzo Clemons, American clay sculptor
- Tony DeBlois, blind American musician
- Leslie Lemke, blind American musician
- Jonathan Lerman, American artist
- Thristan Mendoza, Filipino marimba prodigy
- Gottfried Mind, Swiss artist known as the "Raphael of Cats"
- Derek Paravicini, blind British musician
- Anthony Torrone, American Christian writer
- Gilles Tréhin, artist, author
- James Henry Pullen, gifted British carpenter
- Matt Savage, American autistic jazz prodigy
- Henriett Seth F., Hungarian autistic savant, poet, writer, and artist
- Stephen Wiltshire, British architectural artist
- Richard Wawro, British artist
- George and Charles Finn, calendar calculator twins
- Florence 'Flo' and Katherine 'Kay' Lyman, calendar calculator twins. Featured in a documentary produced by TV network TLC entitled _Twin Savants: Flo & Kay_
- Jason D. Padgett, American mathematical artist
- Daniel Tammet, British author.
- Rex Lewis-Clack, blind American pianist.
- Blind Tom Wiggins, blind African American pianist.
- Orlando Serrell, sudden savant, calendrical calculation, mnemonist, featured on English version of _Expedition ins Gehirn._

## Other websites

- The Wisconsin Medical Society lists 29 savant profiles .

## Infobox (medical condition (new))

- **synonyms**: Autistic savant, savant syndrome (historical)
- **image**: Kim Peek, diagnosed with Savant syndrome.jpg
- **caption**: Kim Peek, the savant who was the inspiration for the main character in the movie _Rain Man_
- **field**: Psychiatry, neurology
- **symptoms**: General intellectual disability with certain abilities far in excess of average
- **types**: Congenital, acquired
- **causes**: Neurodevelopmental disorder such as autism spectrum disorder, brain injury
- **frequency**: ~1 in a million people
Ducat

A **ducat** is a gold coin that was used for trade in Europe until World War I. The first ducat was made in silver by Roger II of Sicily in 1140. In 1284 the Republic of Venice started making the gold ducat which came to be widely used. The value of a ducat at the beginning of the 20th century was nine shillings and fourpence or a little more than four United States dollar<nowiki/>s.
Love on Top

**"Love on Top"** is a 2011 song performed by Beyoncé and talking about a man on whosoever she can count. The song is part of Beyoncé's record _4_. It undergoes four key changes, during which the singer adopts a high octane.
Jason Hughes (sociologist)

Dr **Jason Kelly Hughes** (born 21 October 1943 in Glastonbury, UK) is currently a senior lecturer at Brunel University in Greater London. Previously he worked at the Centre for Labour Market Studies at the University of Leicester and is a Prodigious Savant.

Hughes's current research interests include the sociology of emotions; the sociology of the body and health; sociological theory; and organisational sociology. Specifically he has written about emotional reflexivity in the ‘new’ workplace; emotional labour and aesthetic labour; new managerial discourses, particularly emotional intelligence, high performance work practices, knowledge management, and organisational learning. In addition he has also published a book on smoking called “Learning to Smoke.” Hughes has also written extensively about the work of Norbert Elias, social Darwinism and linguistics. His other interests include evolutionary biology, as well as collecting antique clocks, sundials, ear trumpets and other novelties.
Run the World (Girls)

**"Run the World (Girls)"** is a 2011 hit song performed by Beyoncé. It represents female empowerment. It was released as part of Beyoncé's album _4_. The song is similar to two earlier Beyonce hit singles.
Leslie Lemke

**Leslie Lemke** (born January 31, 1952) is a blind American, prodigious savant who is autistic. He is best known for his work as a musician.

Leslie Lemke was born prematurely in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1952. At birth, he was diagnosed with glaucoma, cerebral palsy, and brain damage. Doctors were forced to remove his eyes. His birth mother gave him up for adoption. May Lemke, a nurse, adopted him when he was six months old. To feed him, May had to stroke his throat to make him swallow his food. It was a year before Leslie could chew food on his own. It took seven years of constant care before Leslie showed any progress. During this time, he made no sounds or movements and showed no emotions. He was 12 before he first learned to stand. He was 15 before he learned to walk.

When he was 16, May found Leslie playing Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto no. 1 during the middle of the night. He had recently heard the piece on television. Leslie was soon playing all styles of music, from ragtime to classical.

His adoptive mother encouraged his talent for the piano. By 1980, Leslie was giving concerts in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Because of his new fame, he was asked to be on many television programs such as CBC's _Man Alive_ (hosted by Roy Bonisteel), _CBS Evening News_, _60 Minutes_, and _That's Incredible!_. In 1983, ABC broadcast _The Woman Who Willed a Miracle_, a drama about Leslie and his adoptive mother. It stars Cloris Leachman as May Lemke.  Leslie is also the subject of Fred Small's song, "Leslie is Different."

Leslie toured the United States, Scandinavia, and Japan and gave free concerts. He was quite animated when he played.

May Lemke developed Alzheimer's disease and died on November 6, 1993.

## Further information

- Bonisteel, Roy. _All Things Considered_, page 25, Doubleday Canada Limited, 1997.
- Monty, Shirlee. _May's Boy: An Incredible Story of Love_, Thomas Nelson Inc., 1983.

## Other websites

- Leslie Lemke profile  from the Wisconsin Medical Society

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Leslie Lemke
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
- **origin**: Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, USA
- **instrument**: Piano, singing, numerous others
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1980–1993
Jonathan Lerman

**Jonathan Lerman** (born 1987) is an American Prodigious Savant. He is an autistic outsider artist.  He was born in Queens, NY. He lives in the Upstate New York suburb of Vestal.

Jonathan Lerman began to lapse into long silences at the age of two. The next year he was diagnosed with autism. His IQ is said to be 53.

Lerman's artistic ability appeared at the age of 10. He drew faces with charcoal. The faces were of people he knows and those he imagines.  In 1999 he had his own solo exhibition at the KS Art gallery in New York City.

Lerman has had personal exhibitions. He has also exhibited his work alongside others.

Lerman was also on the MTV television show _True Life_ in the episode "True Life: I Have Autism"

## Books

- George Braziller. _Jonathan Lerman: The Drawings of a Boy with Autism_ (2002)

## Other websites

- Exhibit at KS Art
- erstwhile "www.jonathanlerman.com" site
- Portraits of Emotion: The Story of an Autistic Savant  Documentary about Jonathan Lerman
Aaron Hunt

**Aaron Hunt** (born 4 September 1986, in Goslar, Germany) is a German football player. He plays as midfielder for Werder Bremen since 2004.

## Club career

Hunt started playing football at the age of 7 and played for two local clubs in the Harz area during his childhood. In 2002 he joined the youth team of Werder Bremen. Two years late he debuted in the Bundesliga as a substitute against Hannover 96. He shot his first goal against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 12th February 2005, when he also debuted in the first squad.

On 28 November 2007 he shot in first goal in the Champions League against Real Madrid. Before that game he has been injured for 7 months. Bremen won that match 3-2.

In the 2008/09 season he won the DFB-Pokal with Werder, after winning 1-0 in the final against Bayer Leverkusen. His team was also in the final match of the UEFA CUP, but lost against Shakhtar Donetsk 1-2 in the extra time.

In 2010 he renewed his contract until 2014. In 2012 he was made vice captain of his team by his coach Thomas Schaaf. He is the most loyal player in the squad of Werder Bremen.

## International career

His mother is from England, so he would have been allowed to play for the national team of England. He played for Germany at the Under-16, Under-17 and Under-21 level, so he refused English offers and decided to play for Germany. In November 2009 he debuted against the Côte d'Ivoire for the a-squad in a friendly. This game was the memorial game for the goalkeeper Robert Enke, who committed suicide. He also made a secound match against Denmark in August 2010. In 2013 has was nominated by national coach Joachim Löw for two matches. In the match against Ecuador has was brought on in minute 59.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2004/05||rowspan="9"|Werder Bremen||rowspan="9"|Bundesliga||10||1||2||0||1||0||13||1
|-
|2005/06||7||0||3||2||6||0||16||2
|-
|2006/07||28||9||1||0||12||0||41||9
|-
|2007/08||14||1||1||0||5||1||20||2
|-
|2008/09||18||2||2||0||8||0||28||2
|-
|2009/10||32||9||6||1||10||1||48||11
|-
|2010/11||29||3||2||0||7||0||38||3
|-
|2011/12||18||3||1||0|| || ||19||3
|-
|2012/13||28||11||1||0|| || ||29||11
184||39||20||3||49||2||253||44
184||39||20||3||49||2||253||44

## International career statistics

|-
|2009||1||0
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
|2013||1||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

## Honours

- DFB-Ligapokal: 2006
- DFB-Pokal: 2009

## Private life

Hunt is married to Semra Polatgil, who also played football for TV Jahn Delmenhorst.

## Other websites

- Profile  at werder.de
- Profile at fussballdaten.de
- Profile at transfermarkt.de
Thristan Mendoza

**Thristan "Tum-Tum" Mendoza** (born 1989) is a Filipino Prodigious Savant and marimba prodigy.

Mendoza was born in Quezon City, Philippines. He was enrolled at the Philippine Montessori Center. He was diagnosed as autistic at the age of two and a half. During the same year he began to play.

In 1997 the University of the Philippines presented him as a gifted child prodigy.

He is now a college student majoring in percussion.

He has three siblings (Rainier, Victoria Angela, Victorina Francesca)
Boyton, Cornwall

**Boyton, Cornwall** is a civil parish and village in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. As of 2001, 378 people lived in Boyton.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **map type**: Cornwall
- **official name**: Boyton
- **cornish name**: Trevoya
- **population**: 378
- **population ref**: (United Kingdom Census 2001, Civil Parish, 2001)
- **civil parish**: Boyton
- **unitary england**: Cornwall Council, Cornwall
- **lieutenancy england**: Cornwall
- **region**: South West England
- **hide services**: Yes
- **constituency westminster**: North Cornwall (UK Parliament constituency), North Cornwall
- **post town**: LAUNCESTON
- **postcode district**: PL15
- **postcode area**: PL
- **dial code**: 01566
- **os grid reference**: SX319919
Russell Means

**Russell Charles Means** (November 10, 1939 – October 22, 2012) was an American Oglala Sioux activist, writer, politician, musician, television and movie actor who is known for his activisim to the American Indian Movement. He is also known for his roles in _Pathfinder_, _Thomas and the Magic Railroad_ and in _Pocahontas_.

In 1983 he agreed to become running mate to Larry Flynt in his unsuccessful run for U.S. President.

Means was born on November 10, 1939 in Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota. He studied at San Leandro High School. Means was married five times, the first four ended in divorce. He has ten children. Means died on October 22, 2012 in Rapid City, South Dakota from esophageal cancer, aged 72.

## Other websites

- Russell Means official website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Russell Means
- **image**: RussellMeans1987.jpg
- **caption**: Means at the Illinois Libertarian Party convention in Chicago, Illinois, at the time he was running for the Libertarian Party nomination for president in 1988
- **birth name**: Russell Charles Means
- **birth place**: Porcupine, South Dakota, Porcupine, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota, U.S.
- **death place**: Rapid City, South Dakota, U.S.
- **resting place**: Cremation, Cremains scattered at the Black Hills
- **party**: Libertarian Party (United States), Libertarian
- **yearsactive**: 1968–2012 (politics)
 1992–2012 (acting)
- **children**: 10 (3 adopted), including Tatanka Means
Shut Up and Drive

"**Shut Up and Drive**" is a 2007 song by Rihanna and is the second single from her third studio album _Good Girl Gone Bad_. It went to number 5 in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Greece, number 15 in the United States, number 12 in New Zealand, number 4 in Australia, number 7 in the Netherlands and Scotland and number 6 in Canada.

## Track listings

- **German CD single**
1. "Shut Up and Drive" (Radio Edit)  – 3:32
1. "Haunted"  – 4:08

- **UK CD single**
1. "Shut Up and Drive" (Radio Edit)  – 3:32
1. "Shut Up and Drive" (The Wideboys Club Mix)  – 6:36

- **Japanese CD single**
1. "Shut Up and Drive" (Radio Edit)  – 3:37
1. "Hate That I Love You" (featuring Ne-Yo)  – 3:40

- **European maxi single**
1. "Shut Up and Drive" (Radio Edit)  – 3:32
1. "Shut Up and Drive" (The Wideboys Club Mix)  – 6:34
1. "Shut Up and Drive" (Instrumental)  – 3:32
1. "Shut Up and Drive" (Video)

- **12-inch picture disc**
1. "Shut Up and Drive" (The Wideboys Club Mix)  – 6:34
1. "Shut Up and Drive" (Radio Edit)  – 3:32
1. "Shut Up and Drive" (Instrumental)  – 3:32

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Shut Up and Drive
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Rihanna
- **album**: Good Girl Gone Bad
- **b-side**: Haunted
- **recorded**: 2006
- **genre**: * New wave music, New wave
- **prev title**: Umbrella (song), Umbrella
- **prev year**: 2007
- **next title**: Hate That I Love You
- **next year**: 2007
Elizabeth Bowen

**Elizabeth Bowen** CBE (; 7 June 1899 – 22 February 1973) was a British novelist and short story writer.

She was born in an Anglo-Irish family in Dublin, Ireland and wrote many books and stories that are set in Ireland. However, after 1927, she lived mostly in London, England. She began to write at a very young age.

Bowen's works include _Encounters_ (1923), _The Hotel_ (1927), _The House in Paris_ (1935), _The Last September_ (1929) , _Seven Winters_ (1942), _Bowen's Court_ (1942), _The Heat of the Day_ (1949) and many others.
Awan (tribe)

**Awan** are a tribe mostly inhabiting Punjab and other parts of Pakistan. They are of Arab descent from a person called Qutb Shah.
Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory

**Haasts Bluff** (Pintupi–Luritja: _Ikuntji_), is an Aboriginal Australian community in the Northern Territory. The town is about  west of Alice Springs. The closest neighbouring town is Papunya, about  north. In the 2006 census, 207 people were recorded to live in the town and in nearby outstations.

The town is named after the nearby rocky outcrop. The outcrop was given this name in 1872 by the explorer Ernest Giles, who named it after the New Zealand geologist, Julius von Haast. The name in the local Aboriginal language is **Ikuntji**, which means "where the creeks cross".

The town was established as a Lutheran mission in 1946. It is home to Western Arrernte, Pintupi and Pitjantjatjara people. Many of these people work as artists in the local artist co-operative, Ikuntji Artists.
Currimbhoy Ebrahim

Sir **Currimbhoy Ebrahim** (or ** Currimbhoy Ebrahim**), 3rd Baronet, JP (born 1903- died 1952), was a prominent businessman, philanthropist and political leader from Bombay, British India.

He succeeded his father Sir Mohamedbhoy Ebrahim as Baronet, and as managing director of many family-owned firms. He also became director or chairman of many charitable trusts in the Bombay area and in 1936, started the Muslim Peace and Relief Committee. In the same year, he became a member of the All India Muslim League and an active political leader of this party.
Muhammad Ismail Khan

Nawab **Muhammad Ismail Khan** (1886–1958) was a senior All India Muslim League leader, a former Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a member of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in British India.
Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlvi

**Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlvi** JP (born 1875) was a political leader, lawyer and journalist of British India. He organised several Muslim educational and political conferences at Karachi and Hyderabad, Sindh, and later was a delegate to the famous All India Muslim Leagues Lahore session of 1940.
MacDonnell Shire

The **MacDonnell Shire** is a local government area of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created on 1 July 2008 as part of the restructuring of the Territory's local government areas. It was created by merging over a dozen smaller community council areas and a large zone of unincorporated area. The most recent elections for the shire council were in March 2012. The current President of the MacDonnell Shire is Sid Anderson.

The shire has an area of over 268,784 square kilometres. It covers the south of the Territory, bordering with South Australia. Alice Springs and Yulara are enclaves within the shire (they are not part of it, but are surrounded by it).

There were about 7,142 people living there in 2009.

## Wards and towns

The MacDonnell Shire Council is divided into four wards. There are 12 council members. Below each ward is listed the towns that fall within those wards. Population figures are as they were recorded on 30 June 2007.

1. Rodinga (4 councillors)
    - Amoonguna (362)
    - Aputula (Finke; 240)
    - Santa Teresa (Ltyentye Apurte; 652 in 2006)
    - Titjikala (Tapatjatjaka; 265)
1. Ljirapinta (3 councillors)
    - Hermannsburg (Ntaria; 600)
    - Wallace Rockhole (Ulana; 107)
1. Luritja Pintubi (3 councillors)
    - Haasts Bluff (Ikuntji; 165)
    - Kintore (Walungurru; 350)
    - Mount Liebig (Watijawanu; 252)
    - Papunya (Warumpi; 342)
1. Iyarrka (2 councillors)
    - Kaltukatjara (Docker River; 311)
    - Imanpa (217)
    - Areyonga (Utju; 245)

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: lga
- **name**: MacDonnell Regional Council
- **state**: nt
- **image**: MacDonnell Shire.jpg
- **image upright**: 0.81
- **pop**: 6029
- **area**: 268784.20
- **mayor**: Sid Anderson
- **seat**: Alice Springs <small>(not part of council)</small>
- **region**: Central Australia, Alice Springs Region
- **stategov**: Electoral division of Namatjira, Namatjira, Electoral division of Stuart, Stuart
- **fedgov**: Division of Lingiari, Lingiari
- **url**: http://www.macdonnell.nt.gov.au/
- **near-n**: Central Desert Region, Central Desert
- **near-ne**: _Shire of Boulia, Boulia_
- **near-e**: _Shire of Diamantina, Diamantina_
- **near-se**: _unincorporated area _
- **near-s**: _unincorporated area _
- **near-sw**: _Shire of East Pilbara, East Pilbara_
- **near-w**: _Shire of Halls Creek, Halls Creek_
- **near-nw**: _Shire of Halls Creek, Halls Creek_
- **est**: 2008
- **logo upright**: 1.2
Aputula

**Aputula** is a remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is south of Alice Springs, near the border with South Australia. It is  east of the Stuart Highway. About 250 people live there. They are Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Luritja, and Lower Southern Arrernte people. The Finke River passes nearby the town, but it is dry for most of the year, except during floods.

The town was called **Finke** until the 1980s. It began as a trading stop on the Central Australian Railway. Local Aborigines traded dingo scalps, artefacts and tools for European goods. In the 1950s and 1960s, White farmers set up cattle stations around the town. Most of the Europeans left Finke when the railway line was moved westwards in the late 1970s. This was done because the track was damaged during huge floods in 1973 and 1974, so it was moved away from the river. The Aboriginal people living in the town did not move, and the town came to be known as Aputula. The name comes from a place called Putula near the town, which used to be the site of a water soak. Putula is an Arrernte word. Arrernte people used to get their water there, before the white people and the railway line came to the area.

Aputula holds the record of having the hottest day ever recorded in the Northern Territory— on 1 and 2 January 1960.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Aputula (Finke)
- **state**: nt
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Northern Territory
- **lga**: Central Land Council
- **postcode**: 0872
- **pop**: 250
- **pop year**: ? estimate
- **maxtemp**: 37.5
- **mintemp**: 5.6
- **rainfall**: 188.8
- **stategov**: Electoral division of Namatjira, Namatjira
- **fedgov**: Division of Lingiari, Lingiari
- **dist1**: 159
- **dir1**: east
- **location1**: Stuart Highway
Jimmy James

**Jimmy James** OAM (1913 – 1991) was an Aboriginal Australian tracker. He helped the police of South Australia in tracking criminals. He worked with the police for 40 years.

James was born near Ernabella (now Pukatja) in central Australia, and was a member of the Pitjantjatjara people. He went to school at the Ooldea Mission. In 1945, he was wrongfully arrested and left the mission. James began his career as a tracker for police in 1948. He became well known for tracking criminals (including arsonists, poachers and escapees) and lost persons. He was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 1984 and was the first South Australian Aboriginal Person of the Year in 1983. After his death, a memorial to Jimmy James was erected in Berri, South Australia.
Bubbly

**"Bubbly"** is a single by the singer Colbie Caillat. It was released to radio on May 15, 2007. "Bubbly" was the biggest song so far by Caillat. The song is from her first record _Coco_.
Gordon Briscoe

Dr **Gordon Briscoe** OAM (1938–2023) was an Aboriginal Australian activist and a retired football player. He was a member of the Stolen Generations.

Briscoe was born in Alice Springs. He was descended from the Marduntjara and Pitjantjatjara nations of Central Australia. He was taken away from his mother as a child and was taught at a Christian mission in Adelaide. Briscoe played football (soccer) for Adelaide in the South Australian league. He played alongside his schoolmate Charles Perkins. In 1958, he moved to England with the hope of playing professional football. He had small jobs with Barnet and Preston North End, but he did not make a first team appearance. He went back to Australia at the suggestion of Perkins. The two of them later played recreational football with the Australian National University from 1968 to about 1972.

Briscoe began studying at ANU in 1981. His focus was on the indigenous history of Australia. He was involved in the production of the SBS documentary _First Australians_. He got his PhD in 1997.

Briscoe also worked as an activist for indigenous Australians. He was involved in the establishment of the Aboriginal Progress Association in the 1950s, the Aboriginal Legal Service in the 1960s and the Aboriginal Medical Service
in 1972.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gordon Briscoe
- **image**: Bobbi Sykes and Gordon Briscoe 1972.jpg
- **birth place**: Alice Springs, Alice Springs, Northern Territory
- **occupation**: Research Fellow
- **employer**: Australian National University
- **education**: Bachelor of Arts, BA (Hist), Master of Arts, MA, PhD - Australian National University
- **nationality**: Australian
Ngarutjaranya

**Ngarutjaranya**, also known as **Mount Woodroffe,** is South Australia's highest peak. It is  above sea level. The word _Ngarutjaranya_ comes from the Pitjantjatjara language. In their Dreaming, the mountain represents the spirit being Ngintaka.

Ngarutjaranya is in the far northwest of South Australia, in the Musgrave Ranges. The mountain range rises about 700–800 metres above the plains around it. The rock is mostly granite and gneiss.

Ngarutjaranya was given its European name by William Gosse, who first saw it on 20 July 1873. He named it after George Woodroffe Goyder, another early explorer of South Australia and the Northern Territory. Access to the mountain is restricted. Permission is needed to enter the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Ngarutjaranya
- **elevation m**: 1,435
- **elevation ref**:  <small>Australian Height Datum, AHD</small>
- **prominence**: South Australia's highest mountain
- **location**: South Australia, Australia
- **range**: Musgrave Ranges
- **easiest route**: Hike
Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

The **Rhind papyrus** in the British Museum is the best example of Egyptian mathematics. It is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian. He bought the papyrus in 1858 in Luxor, Egypt. It was found during illegal excavations in or near the Ramesseum. It was written about 1650 BC.

The papyrus has work and writing on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and fractions. It, and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, are the main sources of knowledge about mathematics in Ancient Egypt. The Rhind papyrus dates to about 1550 BC. The museum bought both the Rhind papyrus and the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll from Rhind. The Rhind papyrus is larger than the Moscow mathematical papyrus, but the Moscow papyrus is older.

The Rhind papyrus dates to the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. It was copied by the scribe _Ahmose_ from a now-lost text from the reign of Amenemhat III (12th dynasty).  Written in the hieratic script, this Egyptian manuscript is made up of parts that are each 33 cm tall. In total it is over  long. It was transliterated and the mathematics was translated in the late 19th century. The mathematical translation is still incomplete in some respects. The document is dated to year 33 of the Hyksos king Apophis and also contains a separate later Year 11 on its verso likely from his successor, Khamudi.

In the opening paragraphs of the papyrus, Ahmose presents the papyrus as giving "Accurate reckoning for inquiring into things, and the knowledge of all things, mysteries... all secrets". He continues with:
> This book was copied in regnal year 33, month 4 of Akhet, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Awserre, given life, from an ancient copy made in the time of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Nimaatre (?). The scribe Ahmose writes this copy.

Several books and articles about the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus have been published, and a handful of these stand out. The Rhind Papyrus was published in 1923 by Peet and contains a discussion of the text that followed Griffith's Book I, II and III outline  Chase published a compendium in 1927/29 which included photographs of the text. A more recent overview of the Rhind Papyrus was published in 1987 by Robins and Shute.

## Other websites

- Allen, Don.  April 2001.  _The Ahmes Papyrus_  and _Summary of Egyptian Mathematics_ .
- British Museum webpage on the Papyrus.
- O'Connor and Robertson, 2000. _Mathematics in Egyptian Papyri_.
- Truman State University, Math and Computer Science Division.  **Mathematics and the Liberal Arts:** _The Rhind/Ahmes Papyrus_.
- Williams, Scott W. _Mathematicians of the African Diaspora_, containing a page on _Egyptian Mathematics Papyri_.
- BBC audio file _A History of the World in 100 Objects_. (15 mins)
Musgrave Ranges

**Musgrave Ranges** is a mountain range in Central Australia. It covers the boundary of South Australia (Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara) and the Northern Territory (MacDonnell Shire). It separates the Great Victoria Desert to the south and the Gibson Desert to the north. The range has a length of . Many of its peaks have a height of more than . The highest peak is Mount Woodroffe at .

The mountains were originally the home of Yankunytjatjara people. The first European to find them was the English explorer William Gosse in the 1870s. He named them after Anthony Musgrave, the Governor of South Australia at the time. At the start of the 20th century, Yankunytjatjara people began migrating east, setting up camps along the Alberga River and moving into the mission at Ernabella. From 1917, they also began a movement southward to Ooldea. Groups of Pitjantjatjara were forced to move to the Musgrave region because of a long drought in their territory, the Mann and Tomkinson Ranges in the west. Today, most of the families in the communities of Amata and Kaltjiti identify as Pitjantjatjara.

The South Australian part of the Musgrave Ranges was granted to the Pitjantjatjara people in the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1980. Since then, most people have moved into settlements in more hospitable areas.
Cornish National Party

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Azad Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly

The **Legislative Assembly of Azad Jammu and Kashmir**, also known as **AJK Legislative Assembly**, is a unicameral legislature of elected representatives of the Pakistan administered state of Azad Kashmir.

The assembly has 41 elected Members and 8 co-opted members of which 5 are woman, one member from Ulama community, while one is from amongst Jammu & Kashmir technocrats and other professionals.
Unité de formation et de recherche médicale Paris Île-de-France Ouest

The **Unité de formation et de recherche médicale Paris Île-de-France Ouest** (in English Paris Île-de-France West Medical Research and Training Departement; also called **PIFO** or **Paris Ouest**) is a department of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines focus on research and training activities in medicine.

## Further reading

- Official website
West India

**Western India** is a region of the Republic of India, it includes the west side of states of  Karnataka and Maharashtra, entire Gujarat and Goa and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.
Qazi Muhammad Isa

**Qazi Muhammad Essa** (17 July 1914 – 19 June 1976) was a leader of the All India Muslim League party in British India and later a senior governmental official in Pakistan.

Qazi Isa was born in Pishin, Baluchistan (Chief commissioners province). He joined the League in 1939 and was nominated to represent his province at the League's Lahore session in March 1940.

After the creation of Pakistan, he served the new country in various positions, and for a time was also its ambassador to Brazil (1951-54).

He died in 1976.

## Source

1. Kausar. Prof. Dr. Inamul Haq. "Tehreek-e-Pakistan Balochistan Main". Lahore. 1988. Maktaba-e-Aaliya. p.21

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Qazi Muhammad Essa
- **image**: Qazi Muhammad Essa.jpg
- **caption**: Qazi Muhammad Essa
- **birth date**: 1913
- **birth place**: Pishin
- **death date**: 19 June 1976 at age 62
- **known for**: one of the Leaders of the Pakistan Movement
Lifelong member of All-India Muslim League, Muslim League
Sundanese Wikipedia

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## Other websites

- Sundanese Wikipedia
- Sundanese Wikipedia mobile version

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Sundanese Wikipedia
- **screenshot**: Sundanese Wikipedia 2018.png
- **logo**: Wikipedia-logo-v2-su.svg
- **url**: [http://su.wikipedia.org/ su.wikipedia.org]
- **commercial**: No
- **location**: Miami, Florida
- **type**: Internet encyclopedia project
- **language**: Sundanese language, Sundanese
- **registration**: Optional
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
William Somerset Maugham

**William Somerset Maugham** (25 January 1874– 16 December 1965) was an English novelist, short story writer and playwright. He was born at the British Embassy in Paris. He was the highest paid author of the 1930s.

Maugham trained as a medical doctor at St. Thomas's hospital's medical school, London, but then decided to become a full-time writer. He wrote many works including such well-known ones as _Liza of Lambeth_ (1897), _The Magician_ (1908), _Of Human Bondage_ (1915), _The Moon and Sixpence_ (1919), _Cakes and Ale_ (1930) and _The Razor's Edge_ (1944).

Maugham died on 16 December 1965 in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France from pneumonia at the age of 91.
Aboriginal Provisional Government

The **Aboriginal Provisional Government** (APG) is an Indigenous Australian activist group. It campaigns for indigenous sovereignty over Australia. It was formed by elders from several communities across Australia, including the Pitjantjatjara, Wiradjuri, Yolngu and Eora. The founders of the APG were Bob Weatherall, Geoff Clark, Josie Crawshaw, Michael Mansell, Kathy Craigie and other representatives from all states of Australia.

It was officially created on 16 July 1990. Its stated purpose is to establish its own government and an Aboriginal nation state. The APG argues that the indigenous people of Australia never gave up their sovereignty and therefore Australian law and title over the country is void (means nothing).

## Related pages

- Aboriginal land rights in Australia

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: **Aboriginal Provisional Government**
- **abbreviation**: APG
- **formation**: July 1990
- **type**: Aboriginal organisation
- **status**: active
- **purpose**: advocate and public voice, educator and network
- **headquarters**: Launceston, Tasmania
- **language**: English language, English
- **leader title**: Chairman
- **leader name**: Bob Weatherall
- **website**: [http://www.apg.org.au/index.htm Aboriginal Provisional Government]
Peter Ackroyd

**Peter Ackroyd** CBE (born 5 October 1949) is an English novelist, critic, poet, television writer, historian and scholar.

Ackroyd was born in East Acton, London. He graduated in English from Clare College, Cambridge. He later studied at Yale University. He is openly gay.
Private prison

A **private prison** is a prison run by a private company instead of the government. The government hires the private prison company to perform all the services needed to keep the convicts locked up while they serve out their sentences.

In the twenty-first century, many industries that were government-run before have become more privatized.

The countries that have private prisons are Australia, Brazil, Chile, Greece, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, United States and the United Kingdom. Private prisons are only common in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.

Israel used to have private prisons, until the Israeli Supreme Court, declared them illegal (against the law) in 2005. Canada also used to have private prisons, but due to widespread protests against them, the last private prison went to government control in 2006.

Reasons why some governments allow private prisons are:
- It may save money.
- Private prisons may come up with new ideas on how to run prisons better.
- If a prison is poorly run, someone new can run it.

However, many people do not like the idea of private prisons. The main reasons for this are:
- The company may spend less on caring for the prisons so they can keep more money for themselves.
- Companies end up making money if more people go to prison.
- Some people think that (like the police), prisons should only be run by the government.
Jerome K. Jerome

**Jerome K. Jerome** (in full Jerome Klapka Jerome) (1859-1927) was an English novelist, playwright and humorist. He wrote books that were very funny and won him a wide public following.
Ramna Kali Mandir

The **Ramna Kali Temple**  (), also known as the **Ramna Kalibari** (house of the Hindu goddess Kali) was one of the most famous Hindu temples of the Indian subcontinent. It was believed to be over a thousand years old. The temple was in Dhaka (the capital of present day Bangladesh) near the Ramna Park (now renamed as Suhrawardy Udyan).

The temple was bulldozed by the Pakistan Army on 27 March 1971 during the genocide of the Bangladesh Liberation War
Cabinet of Pakistan

The **Cabinet of Pakistan** is headed by the Prime Minister. It plays an important role in the  Government of Pakistan.
John Walsh

**John Edward Walsh** (born December 26, 1945) is an American television personality, criminal investigator, human and victim rights advocate and the host of _America's Most Wanted_. He began his crime investigation career when his son, Adam Walsh was murdered by Ottis Toole in 1981.

Walsh was born on December 26, 1945 in Auburn, New York. He studied at the University of Buffalo. He has been married to Revé Drew since 1971. He had four children; Adam, Meghan, Callahan, and Hayden Walsh. In 2008, Walsh was awarded the Operation Kids Lifetime Achievement Award.

## Other websites

- _America's Most Wanted_  Profile of John Walsh
Robert Ripley

**LeRoy Robert Ripley** (February 22, 1890 – May 27, 1949) or **Mr. Ripley** was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur and amateur anthropologist, who created the world famous _Ripley's Believe It or Not!_ newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd 'facts' from around the world.

Ripley was born on December 26, 1890 in Santa Rosa, California. He was married to Beatrice Roberts from 1919 until they divorced in 1926. Ripley lived in New York City, New York, Los Angeles, California, Chicago, Illinois, Miami, Florida, Bedford, Iowa, and in Santa Rosa, California. Ripley died on May 27, 1949, in New York City, New York from a heart attack, aged 58.

## Other websites

- Robert Leroy Ripley's grave
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Jonathan Goldsmith

**Jonathan Goldsmith** (born September 26, 1938) or **Jonathan Lippe** is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He is known for playing "The Most Interesting Man in the World" in the Dos Equis commercials starting in 2007.

Goldsmith was born in September 26, 1938 in New York City, New York to a Jewish family. He studied at Boston University. He was married to Barbara Goldsmith since 2006. He now lives in Marina del Rey, California and in Manchester, Vermont.
Synodontis courteti

***Synodontis courteti*** is a species of upside-down catfish. It lives in the countries of the Niger and Chad Basins.  This species grows to a length of  SL.
Abdul Matin Chowdhury

**Abdul Mateen Chowdhury** (1895-1948) was a lawyer and Bengali political leader, who was active in the All India Muslim Leagues Pakistan Movement.

He died in 1948 in Karachi, Pakistan, a year after the achievement of Pakistan.
Pig-nosed turtle

The **pig-nosed turtle** (_Carettochelys insculpta_), also known as the **pitted-shelled turtle** or **Fly River turtle**, is a species of turtle native to northern Australia and southern New Guinea.

## Description

The pig-nosed turtle is a very large freshwater turtle, with a shell length of 60-70 centimetres. It is grey to greyish brown in colour on the upper surface, and white to yellow in colour on the lower surface. It has broad paddle-like flippers, each with two claws. Its shell is covered by a soft-pitted skin, instead of the hard scutes that cover the shells of most turtles.
Muhammad Hayat Khan

**Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan**, CSI (1833–1901), Khattar was an Indian Muslim administrator who had a distinguished career in British India. He belonged to Wah area of Northern Punjab.

## Early life and career

Muhammad Hayat Khan was a son of Karam Khan, a Punjabi Muslim chieftain of the Khattar tribe who was against Sikh rule in his area and wished to remove it.

He thus sided with the British East India Company and was killed in 1848. His sons, including Muhammad Hayat, were raised and educated by the British Indian officers like John Nicholson and James Abbott.

He was eventually selected to become Nicholson's orderly and Persian language interpreter. In 1857, when the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence) broke out, he accompanied Nicholson and his military force to Delhi to counter the rebels there, who were trying to win over the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II, to their cause.

## Career

In September 1857, when John Nicholson was mortally wounded on an assault on Delhi by the British, Muhammad Hayat looked after him until he died. Before dying, Nicholson recommended him to Sir John Lawrence, Chief Commissioner of the Punjab and later its first Governor. Muhammad Hayat was thus given a series of important civil appointments in the Punjab province by the grateful British, and after serving as an Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and then Sessions Judge, he eventually became the first Muslim native to be appointed as a member of the Punjab Legislative Council.

In 1899 he was given a CSI award and given the title of 'Nawab' in recognition of his long and meritorious services to the British Raj. He was also a close friend of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and a firm supporter of the Aligarh Movement for Muslim education, which resulted in the foundation of the MAO College (later Aligarh Muslim University) in India.

## Death and legacy

He died in December 1901, at his native village Wah, North Punjab, British India. Two of his sons, Sir Liaqat Hayat and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan went on to be famous in their own right.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan
- **image**: Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan c.1860s.jpg
- **caption**: Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, circa 1860s
- **title**: Administrator
Thomas Moore

**Thomas Moore** (28 May 1779 – 25 February 1852) was an Irish writer, poet and music composer.

His most famous works in include _Irish Melodies_ and _Lalla Rookh_. He also edited a volume of the _Letters and Journals of Lord Byron_ in 1830.
T. E. Lawrence

Colonel **T.E. Lawrence** (in full **Thomas Edward Lawrence**), better known in history as **Lawrence of Arabia** (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935), was a British Army officer, explorer, scholar, writer, military strategist and linguist. He was born in Tremadog, Caernarfonshire, Wales. He studied history at University of Oxford. He joined the Army by taking part in the Officers' Training Corps at Oxford. He is best known for having helped the Arabs organize themselves against the Turks during the First World War.

His memoirs of the time spent with the Arabs, _The Seven Pillars of Wisdom_ (1926), is a well-known work of literature. He died in 1935 in a motorcycle accident in Dorset.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: T. E. Lawrence
- **birth name**: Thomas Edward Lawrence
- **birth date**: 16 August 1888
- **death date**: 19 May 1935 (aged 46)
- **birth place**: Tremadog, Caernarfonshire, Wales, United Kingdom
- **death place**: Bovington Camp, Dorset, England, United Kingdom
- **placeofburial**: St Nicholas, Moreton, Dorset
- **alma mater**: Jesus College, Oxford
- **image**: With Lawrence in Arabia.jpg
- **caption**: Lawrence in 1919
- **nickname**: Lawrence of Arabia, El Aurens
- **allegiance**: United Kingdom
Arab Revolt
Kingdom of Hejaz
- **branch**:  British Army
 Royal Air Force
- **serviceyears**: 1914–18
1923–35
- **rank**: Colonel (United Kingdom), Colonel and Aircraftman
Richard Lovelace

**Richard Lovelace** (1618-1657) was an English writer, poet, soldier and Royalist, who is considered by many to be the 'perfect Cavalier'.

Educated at Charterhouse and Oxford University, he took part in expeditions by the troops of King Charles I against various rebels from 1639 to 1642. In 1642, returning to his estates, he was nominated to present a Royalist petition to a hostile Parliament, for which he was ordered to prison by this elected body. During his short term in prison, he wrote one of his most famous poems, 'To Althea, from Prison'. He later spent many years fighting in France and Spain.
Elizabeth Barrett Browning

**Elizabeth Barrett Browning**, born on 6 March 1806, was an English poet of the Victorian era. She began writing poetry at the age of six. She was born in Kelloe, County Durham. Her parents were Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke.

Her first adult collection of poems was published in 1838 and she wrote prolifically between 1841 and 1844. Elizabeth's volume Poems of Sonnets (1844) brought her great success, attracting the admiration of the writer Robert Browning, which led to their marriage. She also made efforts to abolish slavery and child labour.

She died on 29 June 1861 in Florence, Italy (where she was living with her husband) at the age of 55. She suffered from many illnesses from the age of 15.