Shonisaurus

***Shonisaurus*** is the largest ichthyosaur, and the largest extinct marine animal that has yet been found. It was the largest marine reptile until 2024 when _Ichthyotitan_ was described. It was found first in rocks of the Upper Triassic in Nevada, and later in British Columbia.

## Discovery and description

Fossils of _Shonisaurus_ were first found in a large deposit in Nevada in 1920. Thirty years later, they were excavated, uncovering the remains of 37 very large ichthyosaurs. These were named _Shonisaurus_, ("Lizard from the Shoshone Mountains"). _Shonisaurus_ lived 216–203 million years ago.

_S. popularis_ was about 15 metres (50 ft) long. A longer specimen is now placed in  _Shastasaurus_ rather than _Shonisaurus_. _Shonisaurus_ had a long pointed mouth that contained teeth only at the front end. It had a large whale-like body, a long dolphin-like snout, and its flippers were much longer, and narrower than in other ichthyosaurs. All of these features suggest that _Shonisaurus_ may be a relatively specialised offshoot of the main ichthyosaur evolutionary line.

Thus, due to being, perhaps, a slow-moving animal, it may have fed like a modern-day whale shark, taking large amounts of small prey. Whale sharks sometimes feed on schooling fish, and small sharks and the extinct Saurichthys, along with ammonites, belemnites and squid, would've supplemented _Shonisaurus_.

## Fossils

The first species discovered, _S. popularis_, was adopted as the state fossil of Nevada in 1984. Excavations, begun in 1954 under the direction of Charles Camp and Samuel Welles of the University of California, Berkeley, were continued by Camp throughout the 60s.

The Nevada fossil is at the Berlin–Ichthyosaur State Park, Nevada, USA. The park has several undisturbed ichthyosaur fossils of the species _Shonisaurus popularis_ as well as the early-20th Century ghost town of Berlin.  The park is about  east of Reno.

The discovery of _S. sikkanniensis_ in British Columbia in the 1990s made _S. popularis_ the smaller of the _Shonisaurus_ species. An ichthyosaur found in the Himalayan mountains called _Himalayasaurus_, may be the same animal as _Shonisaurus_.

### British Columbia specimen

The British Columbia specimen was described as follows:
- "The ichthyosaur _Shonisaurus sikanniensis_... type specimen is considerably larger than _Shonisaurus popularis_, with an estimated length of 21 m. It also differs from _S. popularis_ in having a fan-shaped scapula, and relatively longer vertebral centra... Teeth are set in sockets, but are known only in a few, small individuals. This implies that teeth were present only in juveniles, and that adults were edentulous (without teeth).

- "Isolated elements from other localities suggest that larger individuals existed... The [site] ... is from the final stage of a late Triassic marine transgression (deepening) along the north-west coast of Pangea. It was deposited in a deep-water, distant shelf setting, well below wave base".

## Life-style

Its slender skull and lack of teeth except at the front are obvious adaptations to its method of feeding. They are like those of modern whales which feed on squid, such as the pilot whale and sperm whale.

## References

- Camp C.L. 1980. Large ichthyosaurs from the Upper Triassic of Nevada. _Palaeontographica, Abteilung A,_ **170**:139-200.
- Camp C.L. 1981. _Child of the rocks, the story of Berlin-Ichthyosaur State Park_. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology special publication 5.

## Other websites

- Nevada Division of State Parks