juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Bane (DC Comics)

**Bane** is a fictional Batman character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Chuck Dixon, Doug Moench, and Graham Nolan, he made his debut in _Batman: Vengeance of Bane_ #1 (January 1993). He is one of Batman's most physical and smartest villains credited to be the only character in comic books who has broken the bat, both physically and mentally.

## Fictional character biography

Born in a prison on a remote Caribbean island, Bane was raised without pity or compassion.  He is physically strong and wears a Mexican wrestlers mask. He has a tube that connects from his body to a chemical tank that is strapped to his suit that keeps him strong.

## Powers and abilities

He utilizes the super-steroid known as Venom to enhance his own physical attributes to superhuman levels, namely his strength, durability, speed, and endurance.

## In other media

He is played by Jeep Swanson in _Batman & Robin_ and by Tom Hardy in _The Dark Knight Rises_. In _Batman & Robin_, Bane appears like in the comics with a Mexican wrestling mask, but doesn't talk. In _The Dark Knight Rises_, Bane has a mask that only covers the front of his mouth and nose, his eyes can be seen and he had a muffled voice with a Caribbean accent.
Catwoman

**Catwoman** (**Selina Kyle**) is a fictional Batman character who appears in comic books by DC Comics. Created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane, she debuted as "**the Cat**" in _Batman_ #1 (spring 1940). She is sometimes a villain or Batman's assistant in fighting crime. She is sometimes called "Batman's girlfriend" because of her love-hate with Batman. Catwoman wears leather clothing and has a whip. In some comics, her father was mobster Carmine Falcone.

Bob Kane's inspiration for Catwoman was included Jean Harlow, Hedy Lamarr, and his cousin, Ruth Steele.

## Fictional character biography

Selina Kyle is often portrayed as a thief and cat burglar with divided loyalties. Her criminal activities are often tempered by a reluctant altruism, making her an inconstant villain and occasional ally to Batman. She regularly eludes capture by the Dark Knight and maintains a complicated relationship which frequently fluctuates between flirtatious to romantic.

## Powers and abilities

She is a dangerous, clever and resourceful fighter, known for precise, agile attacks and speedy getaways. Her formidable hand-to-hand combat skills are augmented by her cat-like speed, agility, reflexes, balance, and flexibility.

## In other media

Catwoman has been adapted in various media incarnations. She is played by Lee Meriwether in _Batman_ (1966), Julie Newmar and Eartha Kitt in _Batman_, Michelle Pfeiffer in _Batman Returns_ (1992), Halle Berry in _Catwoman_ (2004), Anne Hathaway in _The Dark Knight Rises_ (2012), Camren Bicondova in _Gotham_ (2014-2019) and by Zoë Kravitz in _The Batman_ (2022).

## Infobox (comics character)

- **character name**: Catwoman
- **image**: Catwoman cosplayer (33483657440) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: A cosplayer as Catwoman
- **publisher**: DC Comics
- **debut**: _Batman (comic book), Batman_ #1 (cover-dated spring 1940; published April 25, 1940)
- **creators**: Bill Finger
Bob Kane
- **alter ego**: Selina Kyle
- **alliances**: Justice League
List of Batman supporting characters#Bat-Family, Batman Family
Outsiders (comics), Outsiders
Gotham City Sirens
Birds of Prey (comics), Birds of Prey
Injustice League
- **aliases**: The Cat
Selina Calabrese
Irena Dubrovna
- **powers**: * Expert burglar
* Master martial arts, martial artist and hand-to-hand combatant
* Highly skilled gymnast and acrobat
* Uses whip and retractable claws
- **cat**: super
- **subcat**: DC Comics
- **hero**: y
- **villain**: y
- **sortkey**: Catwoman
Ra's al Ghul

**Ra's al Ghul** is a fictional character in the Batman franchise appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a supervillain, and he was Bruce Wayne's trainer in Christopher Nolan's _Dark Knight_ Trilogy. He is the leader of the League of Assassins, which is an organization based on correcting the corruption in the world by ways of fear and hostility. Bruce destroyed their temple after he is made aware of their true intention of destroying Gotham City.

Ghul is one of the smartest and most physically skilled villains in the Batman universe. He also trained Bane in the Christopher Nolan Dark Knight Trilogy. Ghul is the father of one of Batman's love interests: Talia al Ghul.

IGN's list of the Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time List ranked Ra's as number seven.

## In other media

The character has appeared in toys, movies, television series, and video games as well. He was played by Liam Neeson and by Ken Watanabe (decoy) in _Batman Begins_. Neeson later had a small role as Ra's in _The Dark Knight Rises_. David Warner is his voice actor in _Batman: The Animated Series_.
Yawar Hayat Khan

**Yawar Hayat Khan** (born 18th October 1943- died 3rd November 2016), was a senior former producer and director of the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and one of the early founders and creative entities of this channel from 1964-65 onwards, when its serialized dramas were immensely popular in Pakistan.

Khan was born in Lahore, in October 1943 and educated at the Aitchison College and the Forman Christian College, there.

In November 1964, the Pakistan Television Corporation made its first test-transmission from Lahore, and in that same year Khan was selected as a trainee with the fledgling state TV channel.

In 1967, he was transferred back to Lahore, and it is at the Lahore TV studios that he produced his best work. Khan's first major dramatic success came when he directed the immensely popular rural folk drama _Jhok Siyaal_ (1973). This was followed by _Waris_ (1978–79) and then a host of hit serials such as _Bandaar Jaati aur Mamta_, _Samandar_, _Nasheman_, _Dehleez_, _Sahil_, _Lazawaal_ and others, between the 1980s and 1990s.

Khan retired from active television service in 2004. He died in Lahore, on 3rd November 2016, after a prolonged illness.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Yawar Hayat Khan
- **birth date**: 18 October 1943
- **occupation**: Television director, Director
- **employer**: Pakistan Television
Grant Park

**Grant Park** is a large city park that is in Chicago, Illinois, in the Chicago Loop. The park has some special tourist attractions such as Buckingham Fountain, Millennium Park, Cloude Gate, and the Museum Campus, which holds many of Chicago's museums.

The Park was originally named Lake Park until it was renamed after the 18th President of the United States, the American Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant, on October 9, 1901. Lollapalooza Music Festival and Taste of Chicago are held in the park.

## Other websites

- Grant Park: The Night Obama Won  - image slideshow by _Life magazine_
Buckingham Fountain

**Buckingham Fountain** is a landmark that is in the center of Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois. The fountain was finished in 1927 and was one of the largest fountains in the world. The fountain was also one of the first large fountains during that time. The fountain is in the eastern part from Route 66.

## Other websites

- Chicago Landmarks: Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain and Garden
- Chicago Park District: Buckingham Fountain
- Restore Buckingham Fountain
10239 Hermann

**10239 Hermann** (1998 TY30) is a main-belt asteroid.

## Other websites

- JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 10239 Hermann

## Infobox (planet)

- **minorplanet**: yes
- **bgcolour**: #FFFFC0
- **name**: Hermann
- **discovered**: 10 October 1998
- **mp name**: 10239
- **alt names**: 1998 TY30
- **epoch**: May 14, 2008
- **aphelion**: 3.9198261
- **perihelion**: 2.4112681
- **eccentricity**: 0.2382776
- **period**: 2057.1767124
- **inclination**: 16.96145
- **asc node**: 28.60983
- **mean anomaly**: 301.94366
- **arg peri**: 293.22557
- **abs magnitude**: 12.8
Biblical inerrancy

**Biblical inerrancy** is the doctrine that the Bible in its original manuscripts, is accurate and totally free from error. "Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact". Some equate _inerrancy_ with _infallibility_; others do not.

In 1978, 300 scholars and Protestant leaders met in Chicago and produced an agreed statement. It states the Bible is ' of infallible divine authority in all matters upon which it touches...'. Most Evangelical Christians agree with this view, but Liberal Christians do not.

Jesus himself quotes the Old Testament often without question (see Gospel of Matthew 5:17-20), but Judaism has never believed in the literal word of the Hebrew Bible.

There are over 5,600 Greek manuscripts containing all or part of the New Testament, as well as over 10,000 Latin manuscripts, and perhaps 500 other manuscripts in various other languages. Additionally, there are the Patristic writings which contain copious quotes, across the early centuries, of the scriptures. Inerrancy is only applied to the original autographs (the manuscripts written by the original authors), rather than the copies. For instance, the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy says, "We affirm that inspiration, strictly speaking, applies only to the autographic text of Scripture."

## Other websites

- Full text of Chicago statement
Independent Catholic churches

**Independent Catholic Churches** is the name for a few Christian churches consider themselves to have the traditions of the Catholic Church but are not recognised by the Holy See. Almost all of them consider their bishops to have apostolic succession in which their legitimacy comes from an apostle.

Most Independent Catholic Churches were created after 1870. The first of them is the Old Catholic Church, which does not agree that the Pope is infallible, in religious matters, as was was agreed at the First Vatican Council (1869-1870). Most other Independent Catholic Churches later split from the Old Catholic Church.

A notable exception is the Society of St. Pius X, a grouping of traditionalist priests that was founded in 1970 to protest the decisions of the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965).

Communities such as the Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox Church, and the Coptic Orthodox Church do not have the problem of recognition, as they are at least partially recognised by the Catholic Church.
Battle of Cambrai

The **Battle of Cambrai** was an important battle in the First World War. It took place near Cambrai, and lasted from 20th November to 7th December 1917. This battle was the first in the war, where tanks were used on a large scale. Cambrai was important because it was a railroad hub. In total, about 95.000 people where killed or captured. The battle did not result in a gain of territory of either side. Cambrai lay on the Hindenburg Line. That part of the Hindenburg line between Arras and Soissons was known as _Siegfried Line_.
Indian Mujahideen

**Indian Mujahideen** is a terrorist group, which has carried out several attacks in India. The group may be related to Students Islamic Movement of India. The Student Islamic Movement of India may be involved in several terrorist organisations, and is therefore banned. Indian Mujahideen said they carried out the Jaipur bombings of 2008. The leader is Abdul Subhan Qureshi.
Bhopal State

**Bhopal State** (pronounced ) was an independent state of 18th century India. It was founded in 1723. It was a princely state of the British Raj from 1818 to 1947. It was an independent country from 1947 to 1949. At first, the capital was Islamnagar. Later the capital moved to the city of Bhopal.

## Rule of the Begums

Bhopal was the second largest Muslim state in pre-independence India, after Hyderabad. Between 1819 and 1926, it was ruled by four women – Begums – unique in the royalty of those days. Qudsia Begum was the first woman ruler, who was succeeded by her only daughter Sikandar Begum, who in turn was succeeded by her only daughter, Shahjehan Begum. Jahan Begum was the last woman ruler, who after 25 years of rule, abdicated in favour of her son, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan. The rule of Begums gave the city its waterworks, railways, a postal system and a municipality constituted in 1907. The peaceful rule of Begums led to the rise of a unique mixed culture in Bhopal. The Hindus were given important administrative positions in the state. This led to communal peace and a cosmopolitan culture took its roots.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Bhopal
- **name**: Bhopal
- **common name**: Bhopal
- **region**: South Asia
- **status**: protectorate
- **status text**: Princely state of India (1818–1949)
- **empire**: British Indian Empire
- **government type**: Principality
- **year start**: 1723
- **date end**: 1 June
- **year end**: 1949
- **p1**: Mughal Empire
- **flag p1**: Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
- **s1**: India
- **flag s1**: Flag of India.svg
- **image flag**: Drapeau Bhopal.svg
- **image coat**: Bhopal State CoA.png
- **capital**: Bhopal
Islamnagar, Bhopal, Islamnagar (for a brief period)
- **national motto**: Nasr Minullah
- **common languages**: Persian language, Persian (official), Hindustani language, Hindustani
- **religion**: Islam and Hinduism
- **leader1**: Dost Mohammad Khan(first)
- **leader2**: Hamidullah Khan (last)
- **year leader1**: 1723–1728
- **year leader2**: 1926–1949
- **title leader**: Nawab of Bhopal
Cassius Fairchild

**Cassius Fairchild** (December 16, 1829-October 24, 1868) was a Wisconsin businessman, politician, and military officer.  he was born in Franklin Mills, Ohio (now Kent, Ohio). Fairchild was educated mostly in Ohio. His father was Jairus C. Fairchild, who was the first Treasurer of Wisconsin and the first Mayor of Madison, Wisconsin. His brother was Lucius Fairchild, Governor of Wisconsin. He moved to Wisconsin and managed his family's cranberry and lumber businesses. He also managed their rental properties. Fairchild was elected to the Madison, Wisconsin Common Council where he served as president. He also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. At the time of the American Civil War, Fairchild enlisted in the Union Army becoming a colonel in the 16th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Fairchild was badly wounded in the Battle of Shiloh, and eventually died of his wounds.

## Other websites

- Political Graveyard: Fairchild
Clavering

**Clavering** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1156 people living in Clavering. It has a church called St Mary & St Clement.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Clavering
- **population**: 1156
- **shire district**: Uttlesford
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Elmdon

**Elmdon** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 522 people living in Elmdon. It has a church called St Nicholas.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Elmdon
- **population**: 522
- **shire district**: Uttlesford
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Great Easton

**Great Easton** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 797 people living in Great Easton. It has a church called St John & St Giles.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Great Easton
- **population**: 797
- **shire district**: Uttlesford
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Littlebury

**Littlebury** is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 802 people living in Littlebury. It has a church called Holy Trinity.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: England
- **official name**: Littlebury
- **population**: 802
- **shire district**: Uttlesford
- **shire county**: Essex
- **region**: East of England
Aluminium iodide

**Aluminium iodide**  is any chemical compound made up of only aluminium and iodine. It is formed by the reaction of aluminium and iodine, or the action of hydrogen iodide on aluminium metal.
Galveston, Texas

**Galveston** is a city on Galveston Island in the U.S. state of Texas. , the city had 53,695 people.  The city is the county seat of Galveston County. It is well known for a hurricane in 1900.

The city is about 45 miles (72 km) southeast of downtown Houston.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Galveston, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **nickname**: The Oleander City
- **website**: [http://www.cityofgalveston.org/ www.cityofgalveston.org]
- **image skyline**: Galveston Texas Skyline.jpg
- **image seal**: City of Galveston Texas Seal.gif
- **image map**: Galveston County Galveston.svg
- **mapsize**: 225px
- **map caption**: Location within Galveston County
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location within Texas##Location within the United States
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin label**: Galveston
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: US state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision name2**: Galveston County, Texas, Galveston
- **government type**: Council–manager government, Council–manager
- **leader title1**: Mayor
- **leader title2**: City Manager
- **unit pref**: US
- **area total km2**: 539.6
- **area land km2**: 119.5
- **area water km2**: 420.1
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 53,695
- **population density km2**: 478.9
- **population blank1 title**: Demonym
- **population blank1**: Galvestonian
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone (North America), CST
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: Central Time Zone (North America), CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 77550-77555
- **area code**: Area code 409, 409
- **elevation m**: 2
- **elevation ft**: 7
- **established title**: Municipal corporation, Incorporated
- **established date**: 1839
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-28068
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1377745
Lockdown (TV series)

***Lockdown*** is a television series.  It is on the National Geographic Channel. The series is about prisons and jails in the United States.  It is shown in a documentary format. _Lockdown_ is known in some regions as ***America's Hardest Prisons***.

## Infobox (television)

- **runtime**: 1 hour
- **producer**: Gail Mitchell
- **starring**: None
- **opentheme**: Inmate
- **country**: USA
- **language**: English
- **network**: National Geographic Channel.
- **last aired**: present
Eiichiro Oda

is a Japanese manga artist. He is best known for his artwork in _One Piece_.

Since November 7, 2004, Eiichiro Oda has been married to Chiaki Inaba (稲葉ちあき, _Inaba Chiaki_), a former model, actress and tarento.

Oda met her in late 2003 during Jump Festa festival 2004 where Chiaki Inaba played Nami during "ONE PIECE Spectacle Stage", a official One Piece stage show. Oda and Inaba have had two daughters; the eldest was born in mid-2005 and the youngest in 2009.

Eiichiro Oda owns a manor alongside his workplace in Jiyugaoka (自由が丘, _Jiyūgaoka_), a wealthy neighborhood located in southern Meguro, in Tokyo Metropolitan area.  Oda adquised this home shortly after his marriage. His wife and daughters lives here.

## Early life

Oda was born in Kumamoto in Kumamoto Prefecture. At age 4, he wanted to be a manga artist.

## Career

In 1997, _One Piece_ was published in _Weekly Shōnen Jump_.
Japan Gold Disc Award

The **Japan Gold Disc Awards** (日本ゴールドディスク大賞) are honors which are promoted by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ).  The awards recognize CD music sales in Japan.

## History

It was established 1987.

It is made much of the number of the downloading and sales.

There are many prizes such as "Single of the Year"' and "Album of the Year" or "Artists of the Year".

### List of the Artists of the Year 【Traditional Japanese music】

- **1987**  Akina Nakamori
- **1988**  Rebecca
- **1989**  Boowy
- **1990**  Southern all stars
- **1991**  Yumi Matsutoya
- **1992**  Chage and Aska
- **1993** Chage and Aska
- **1994**  Wands
- **1995**  TRF
- **1996**  TRF
- **1997**  Namie Amuro
- **1998** GLAY
- **1999**  B'z

- **2000**  Hikaru Utada
- **2001**  Ayumi Hamasaki
- **2002**  Ayumi Hamasaki
- **2003**  Hikaru Utada
- **2004**  Ayumi Hamasaki
- **2005**  Orange Range
- **2006**  Kumi Koda
- **2007**  Kumi Koda
- **2008**  Exile
- **2009**  Exile
- **2010**  Arashi
- **2011**  Arashi
- **2012**  AKB48
- **2013**  AKB48

### List of the Artists of the Year  【Western music】

- **1987**  Madonna
- **1988**  The Beatles
- **1989**  Bon Jovi
- **1990**  Madonna
- **1991**  Madonna
- **1992**  Guns N' Roses
- **1993**  Madonna
- **1994**  The Beatles
- **1995**  Mariah Carey
- **1996**  Mariah Carey
- **1997**  Me and My
- **1998**  Celine Dion
- **1999**  Celine Dion

- **2000**  Celine Dion
- **2001**  The Beatles
- **2002**  Backstreet Boys
- **2003**  Avril Lavigne
- **2004**  12 Girls Band
- **2005**  Queen
- **2006**  O-zone
- **2007**  Daniel Powter
- **2008**  Avril Lavigne
- **2009**  Madonna
- **2010**  The Beatles
- **2011**  Lady Gaga
- **2012**  Lady Gaga
- **2013**  Che'Nelle

## Other websites

- Gold Disc Awards official site
Étienne Pierre Ventenat

**Étienne Pierre Ventenat** (1 March 1757 – 13 August 1808) was a French botanist born in Limoges. He was the brother of naturalist Louis Ventenat (1765–1794).

Ventenat took a trip to England while he was employed as director of the ecclesiastic library Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. While in England, he visited the country's botanical gardens. This inspired him to pursue a career in science. Later he studied under and worked with a botanist named Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle (1746–1800). In 1795, he was elected a member of the _Institut national des sciences et des arts_. They later changed their name to be the _Académie des sciences_.

In 1794 he wrote a treatise on the principles of botany. It was called _Principes de botanique, expliqués au Lycée républicain par Ventenat_. It did not receive much interest when it was released, and Ventenat became so disappointed that he reportedly made efforts to buy all copies of the book and have them destroyed. In 1798 he published a French translation of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu's _Genera plantarum_ as _Tableau du règne végétal selon la méthode de Jussieu_. In his translation of the work, Ventenat added information about the properties and uses of plants.

In 1799 he published _Description des plantes nouvelles et peu connues, cultivées dans le jardin de J.-M. Cels_. This book described plants in the botanical garden of Jacques Philippe Martin Cels (1740–1806). In 1803 he published _Le Jardin de la Malmaison_ because Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763–1814) asked him to write it. He wanted to make sure the rare species of plants found in the gardens and greenhouses of Château de Malmaison were remembered forever. The pictures and drawings in the two aforementioned works were performed by famed botanical artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840). Ventenat is also credited with continuing the work on Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard's _Histoire des champignons de la France_. This was a landmark (very important) work on mushrooms native to France.

## Other works

- _Decas Generum Novorum_, 1808.

## References

- _This article is based on a translation of an article from the French Wikipedia._
Bract

In botany, a **bract** is a modified leaf, especially one associated with a flower or inflorescence. Bracts are usually different from normal leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture. Usually, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals and/or sepals.

## Variants

Some bracts are brightly colored like petals, and attract pollinators like bees,. Examples of this type of bract include _Euphorbia pulcherrima_ (poinsettia) and _Bougainvillea_: both of these have large colorful bracts surrounding much smaller, less colorful flowers.

In grasses, each floret (flower) is enclosed in a pair of papery bracts, while each spikelet (group of florets) has a further pair of bracts at its base called **glumes**.  These bracts are the chaff removed from cereal grain during threshing and winnowing.

A **prophyll** is a leaf-like structure, such as a bracteole, subtending a single flower or pedicel. The term can also mean the lower bract on a peduncle.

The frequently showy pair of bracts of _Euphorbia_ species in subgenus _Lacanthis_ are the **cyathophylls**.

Bracts subtend the cone scales in the seed cones of many conifers, and in some cases, such as _Pseudotsuga_, they extend beyond the cone scales.

Bracts that appear in a whorl under an inflorescence are called an **involucre**. An involucre is a common feature beneath the inflorescences of many Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae and Polygonaceae. Each flower in an inflorescence may have its own whorl of bracts.  Many asteraceous plants have bracts at the base of each inflorescence.

The term involucre is also used for a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair at the base of an inflorescence.

## Epicalyx

An epicalyx, an additional whorl around the calyx of a single flower, is a modification of bracteoles. In other words, the epicalyx is a _group of bracts resembling a calyx_ or _bracteoles forming a whorl outer to the calyx_. It is a calyx-like extra whorl of floral appendages. They are present in family _Malvaceae_, the _Hibiscus_ family. _Fragaria_ (strawberries) may or may not have an epicalyx.

## Spathe

A _spathe_ is a large bract that forms a sheath to enclose the flower cluster of certain plants such as palms, arums, and dayflowers.  In many arums (Araceae family), the spathe is petal-like, attracting pollinators to the flowers arranged on a type of spike called a spadix.
Kyūdō

is a Japanese form of archery.  It is a martial art.

## History

_Kyūdō_ is based on ancient archery (_kyū-jutsu_). Archery in Japanese began in the Jōmon period; and it developed in the samurai or military class. At the beginning of the Meiji era (1868-1912), the samurai lost their position because the Emperor Meiji replaced the Tokugawa family, the samurai, as a ruler of the nation. Therefore, all martial arts, including kyudo, declined. Before the Meiji Restoration, only the military class was allowed to do _Kyūdō_. But after it, ordinally people could also do archery, so it spread outside the military class and it became an amusement. Now, All Japan Kyudo Federation plays a role in the promotion of kyudo as a sport.

## Style

There are many styles, but most of kyudo players are learning the technique ruled by All Japan Kyudo Federation (_Shaho-Hassetsu_). In most cases, style means the kind of movement (called _Taihai_).

### Ogasawara style

This is a major style and is known as the style of mannar. Most of the kyudo players play based on it.

### Heki style

This style places importance on hitting and power.

### Honda style

This style is derived from Heki style and Ogasawara style.

### Yamato style

This style is derived from Heki style.

## Technique

There are the Eight Stages of Shooting (Shaho-Hassetsu); which is a fundamental movement.

- _Ashibumi_; placing the footing
- _Dozukuri_; forming the body
- _Yugamae_; readying the bow
- _Uchiokoshi_; raising the bow straightly (Ogasawara and Honda style) or slantwise (Heki and Yamato style)
- _Hikiwake_; drawing apart
- _Kai_; the full draw
- _Hanare_; the release
- _Zanshin_: "the remaining body or mind" or "the continuation of the shot"

## Equipment

The equipment of _kyūdō_ has evolved from ancient times.

### Bow

is the Japanese term for the bows used in _kyūdō_.
_Yumi_ is traditionally made of bamboo, wood and leather. But, recently, many _yumi_ are made from  fiberglass and carbon fiber. They are cheaper than those made of bamboo. Generally, there are two sizes. One is _nami_ and the other is _nobi_. _Nobi_ is longer than _Nami_.

### Arrow

is the Japanese term for the arrows of _kyūdō_.  The arrow's shaft is traditionally made of bamboo. Recently, many shafts are made of aluminum or carbon fibers.  The traditional fletching is made with three fins or vanes of  eagle or hawk feathers.  The modern _ya_ may be made with turkey or swan feathers.

## Clothing

People wear special clothes called _Kyūdōgi_ when they practice kyudo or play a game.
In a formal place, people wear _Wahuku_.

is the  glove worn on the right hand. It is typically made of deerskin.

## Related pages

- International Kyudo Federation
Xerochrysum

***Xerochrysum*** (or _Bracteantha_) is a type or genus of flowering plants native to Australia. It was defined by Russian botanist Nikolai Tzvelev in 1990. It was identified before (and takes precedence over) _Bracteantha_ which was described the following year. A 2002 molecular study of the tribe Gnaphalieae found the genus is likely polyphyletic, with _X. bracteatum_ and _X. viscosum_ removed from each other.

There are currently 7 recognized species:

- _Xerochrysum bicolor_
- _Xerochrysum bracteatum_ (Strawflower or Golden Everlasting; syn. _Bracteantha bracteata_)
- _Xerochrysum collierianum_ A.M.Buchanan & Schah.
- _Xerochrysum palustre_ (Swamp Everlasting)
- _Xerochrysum papillosum_ (Labill.) R.J.Bayer
- _Xerochrysum subundulatum_ (Alpine Everlasting or Orange Everlasting)
- _Xerochrysum viscosum_ (Sticky Everlasting)

The genus was formerly included in _Helichrysum_.

## Other websites

- ASGAP: _Xerochrysum bracteatum_ and _Xerochrysum subundulatum_
- PlantNET: _Xerochrysum_
- PlantNET: Key to _Xerochrysum_
Henry Charles Andrews

**Henry Cranke Andrews** (fl. 1794 - 1830), was an English botanist, and an artist who illustrated plants. As he always published as **Henry C. Andrews**, and due to difficulty finding records, the C. was referred to as Charles, from 1961 until a record of his marriage registration was found in 2017.

## Early life and career

He lived in Knightsbridge. He was married to the daughter of John Kennedy of Hammersmith, a nurseryman who helped Andrews to write descriptions of the plants he illustrated.

Andrews was a good and unusual botanical artist. He was not only an artist, but also engraver, colorist, and publisher in a time when most artists were only employed to make small drawings. The _Botanist's Repository_ was his first publication. It was issued in London in a series of ten volumes between 1797 and 1812. It provided affordable images of plants to the growing population of amateur gardeners in Britain.

## Works

The Kew publication, _Curtis's Botanical Magazine_, wrote that Andrews' work was very accurate. Andrews' images have a more artistic appeal compared to the publications of his rival, which were focused more on scientific descriptions.

## Publications

- _Botanists Repository, Comprising Colour'd Engravings of New and Rare Plants_ (10 vols.) (London, 1797–1812)
- _Coloured Engravings of Heaths_ 1794-1830 4 vols.
- _The Heathery_ 1804-1812 6 vols.
- _Geraniums_ or _A Monograph of the Genus Geranium_ (London 1805-1806 2 vols.)
- _Roses_ 1805-1828
Talia al Ghul

**Talia al Ghul** is a fictional Batman character who is the daughter of Ra's al Ghul. Ghul might be a villain that wants to either finish her father's work or to avenge his death. She may sometimes help Batman to stop her father's work. She is the mother of Bruce Wayne's son, Damian Wayne.

## In other media

Talia has been featured in various media adaptations. The character was voiced by Helen Slater and Olivia Hussey in the DC Animated Universe, which became her first appearances in media other than comic books.

Marion Cotillard played Talia in _The Dark Knight Rises_, but she had a fake name _Miranda Tate_ and was the chairman of Wayne Enterprises.
Guckkasten

**Guckkasten** (Hangul: 국카스텐) is a South Korean Indie rock group that is known for psychedelic music.  The members are Ha Hyun-woo (Hangul: 하현우, vocal), Jeon Kyu-ho (Hangul: 전규호), Lee Jung-gil (Hangul: 이정길) and Kim Ki-bum (Hangul: 김기범).  The group formed in 2003 and their band was called "The C.O.M" at the time.
 In 2007, they renamed their band "Guckkasten," a German word that means "Chinese-style kaleidoscope".  The renaming of the band as "Guckkasten" was to reflect how their psychedelic music is like looking through a Chinese-style kaleidoscope with its beautiful and constantly changing pictures.
This band tries to express their experimental mindset by playing music like psychedelic videos hidden under an analogous style.

## Members

- Ha Hyun-woo (하현우) : vocals, guitar
- Jeon Kyu-ho (전규호) : guitar
- Lee Jung-gil (이정길) : drums
- Kim Ki-bum (김기범) : bass guitar

## History of Guckkasten

Lee Jung-gil and Ha Hyun-woo started a school band together. After quitting school, they moved to Seoul. Then they scouted Jeon Kyu-ho through the Internet and started a band "New Unbalance".
In 2003, they realigned their members and created a band named  "The C.O.M".  However, "The C.O.M" broke up that year after the "Ssamji sound festival".
Then in 2007, they formed the band again, but changed the name to "Guckkasten," a German word for Chinese-style kaleidoscope.  A year later, in 2008, Kim Ki-bum joined the band.
Since then, they have performed as the band "Guckkasten" and never looked back.

## Musical style and artistry

The music of Guckkasten can be classified as psychedelic. They try to express their music as psychedelic videos which is hidden under analogue.It is because their music is inspired by Hague's piece called Art and Fire. Although their music can be classified as psychedelic music in some points, their genre can't be defined clearly. Their music is expressed in various ways and the songs are very changeable.They are skilled guitar players, and their sound is guitar focused. But they have said that this will change on their 2nd album.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Guckkasten
- **image**: Guckkasten(Ha_Hyun-Woo)_from_acrofan.jpg
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: The C.O.M.
- **origin**: South Korea
- **genre**: rock music, Rock, psychedelic music
- **years active**: 2003–present
- **label**: Blue Entertainment
- **current members**: Ha Hyun-woo
Jeon Kyu-ho
Lee Jung-gil
Kim Ki-bum
- **past members**: Kim Jin-eok
Tjungkara Ken

**Tjungkara Ken** (born 1 October 1969) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Amaṯa, South Australia. She began painting in 1997, when Minymaku Arts was opened by the women of Amaṯa. She started doing it professionally (as a job) in 2008. By that time, the artists' co-operative had been renamed to Tjala Arts.

Ken's paintings depict stories and figures from her personal **' (Dreaming), the spirituality that is associated with her ancestreal homeland. Her father is from the country around Amaṯa and Walitjara, and Ken most often depicts this country and its **' in her paintings. She also illustrates her mother's country, which is further west, near Irrunytju, Western Australia.

Ken's paintings have been featured in group exhibitions in many of Australia's major cities. Some of her work was also part of an exhibition in Graz, Austria in 2002. One of her paintings, titled _ – My Country_, was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2010. It was bought by a private collector. Another of Ken's works, a painting depicting the __ (Seven Sisters Dreaming), was chosen by the Art Gallery of South Australia as the winner of its "Desert Country" competition in 2011. The exhibition featured works by several artists from across the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, including Maringka Baker, Nura Rupert and Jimmy Baker.

Examples of Ken's work are shown in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, and the National Gallery of Australia. It is also held in several major private galleries in Australia.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tjungkara Ken
- **birth place**: near Amaṯa, South Australia
- **nationality**: Australians, Australian
- **occupation**: Painter
- **years active**: 2008 – present
- **organization**: Tjala Arts
- **style**: Aboriginal art, Western Desert art
- **parents**: Mick Wikilyiri (father)
Paniny Mick (mother)
Neo-Impressionism

**Neo-impressionism** is a term coined by a French art critic in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat. Seurat’s greatest masterpiece, _A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte_, marked the beginning of this movement when it appeared at an exhibition of the _Société des Artistes Indépendants_ in Paris.

Around this time, many painters were in search of new methods. Followers of neo-impressionism were drawn to modern urban scenes as well as landscapes and seashores. Science-based interpretation of lines and colours influenced neo-impressionists’ characterization of their own contemporary art.
Pointillism is often mentioned, because it was the dominant technique in the beginning of the movement.

The art critic Félix Fénéon first used the term neo-impressionism in an article he wrote for the Belgian journal _L’art Moderne_ in 1886. With the term he wanted to show that the way Seurat painted was different from the ways painting was done in Impressionism. In total, the movement lasted about five years.

## Infobox (painting)

- **image file**: A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat, 1884.jpg
- **image size**: 330px
- **title**: _A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte_
- **artist**: Georges Seurat
- **year**: 1884–1886
- **medium**: Oil painting, Oil on canvas
- **height metric**: 207.6
- **width metric**: 308
- **height imperial**: 81.7
- **width imperial**: 121.3
- **metric unit**: cm
- **imperial unit**: in
- **city**: Chicago
- **museum**: Art Institute of Chicago
- **italic title**: no
Crowns of Silla

The **crowns of Silla** are golden crowns made in the Korean kingdom of Silla. They were made roughly during the 5th and 6th centuries. These crowns were excavated in Gyeongju, the ancient capital of Silla. They are part of the national treasures of South Korea.
Christiaan Hendrik Persoon

**Christiaan Hendrik Persoon** (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) studied fungus who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.

## Early life

Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. He was the third child of an immigrant Pomeranian father and Dutch mother. His mother died soon after he was born; at the age of thirteen his father (who died a year later) sent him to Europe for his education.

## Education

He started his education studying theology at Halle. In 1784 at the age 22 Persoon switched to medicine at Leiden and Göttingen. He received a doctorate from the "Kaiserlich-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher" in 1799.

## Later years

He moved to Paris in 1802 where he spent the rest of his life. He rented an upper floor of a house in a poor part of town. In his later life he was unemployed, unmarried, poor and kept to himself. He did correspond with botanists throughout Europe however. Because of his financial difficulties, Persoon agreed to donate his herbarium to the House of Orange, in return for an adequate pension for life.

## Academic career

The origin of Persoon's botanical interest is unknown. The earliest of his writings was _Abbildungen der Schwämme_ (Illustrations of the fungi). It was published in three parts. The first was published in 1790. The second in 1791. The third was published and 1793. Between 1805 and 1807, he published two volumes of his _Synopsis plantarum_ . This was a popular work describing 20,000 species of all types of plants. But his pioneering work was in fungi. He wrote several things related to mushrooms and other forms of fungi. Beginning with the _Synopsis methodica fungorum_ (1801); it is the starting point for nomenclature of the Uredinales, Ustilaginales, and the Gasteromycetes. In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

The genus _Persoonia_ is a variety of small Australian trees and shrubs and was named after him.

## References

- Duane Isely, _One hundred and one botanists_ (Iowa State University Press, 1994), pp. 124–126.

## Other websites

- Christian Hendrik Persoon
- Persoonia
- Hunt Institute-botanical archives

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
- **image**: Christiaan_Hendrik_Persoon.jpg
- **birth place**: Cape of Good Hope, South Africa
- **death place**: Paris
- **fields**: Mycology, Taxonomy
- **known for**: establishing starting points for fungal taxonomy
- **author abbrev bot**: Pers.
Nura Rupert

**Nura Rupert** is an Australian Aboriginal artist from north-west South Australia. She produces her works using intaglio methods of printmaking. The designs are drawn by etching and linocutting, and the prints are done on paper.

Nura was born about 1933, in north-western South Australia. The place of her birth is a rock hole called Tjitapiti, which is northeast of Nyapaṟi, and close to what is now the outstation of Angatja. Nura was a "bush baby" (she was born in the bush), and her family lived a traditional, nomadic way of life in the desert around Angatja. Nura was a baby when her parents and elder brother settled at Ernabella, which was a Presbyterian mission at the time.

Nura worked in crafts from a young age. Growing up at the mission, she learned weaving and knitting to make rugs and clothes. She also learned to make artist<nowiki/>ic objects from wood carving and poker work. She began painting around 2000, producing acrylic paintings on canvases. She started using printmaking techniques a few years later.

Most of Nura's designs depict stories from her childhood. They are usually images of children or animals, such as dingos and goats, but she is best known for her depictions of __ (spirits). These are from traditional Pitjantjatjara stories told to children to make sure they stay away from trouble. Her style is often described as "child-like", because the shapes are very simple and look like a child's drawings.

Works by Nura have been featured in exhibitions since 2000, in many of Australia's major cities and also in cities in the United Kingdom. Her work is held in several major collections, including Flinders University, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the National Gallery of Australia, the National Museum of Australia, and Parliament House in Canberra. Prints by Nura were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2006 and 2007, and the Western Australian Indigenous Art Awards in 2010.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Nura Rupert
- **birth date**: Circa, c. 1933
- **birth place**: Tjitapiti, South Australia
- **nationality**: Australians, Australian
- **occupation**: Artist
- **years active**: 2000 – present
- **organization**: Ernabella Arts
- **style**: Aboriginal art, Western Desert art
Australian Plant Name Index

The **Australian Plant Name Index** (**APNI**) is an online database of all the names of Australian vascular plants. It covers all names. It includes bibliographic and typification details, links to other resources, and data from the Census of Australian Vascular Plants divided by state. Users can also make notes and comments on other details.

## Overview

The APNI is recognised by Australian herbaria as the official source for Australian plant descriptions. It is the core component of Australia's Virtual Herbarium, which is a collaborative project with A$10-million funding. The project is aimed at providing integrated online access to the data and specimen collections of Australia's major herbaria.

Two search interfaces are offered:
- Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) , a full search interface that delivers full results, with no automatic interpretation, and
- What's Its Name (WIN), a less powerful search interface that delivers concise results, together with automatic (and not always correct) interpretation.

Originally the idea of Nancy Tyson Burbidge, it began as a four-volume printed work of 3,055 pages. It contains over 60,000 plant names. It was compiled by Arthur Chapman, and was part of the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). In 1991 it was made available as an online database, and handed over to the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Two years later, responsibility for its maintenance has given to the newly formed Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research.

## Other websites

- Official Australian Plant Name Index website  — _full detail search._
- What's Its Name (WIN) — _full detail search._
Cabinet making

**Cabinet making**, also spelled **cabinetmaking**  or "cabinet-making" with a hyphen,  is the use of fine woodworking skills to make cabinets and furniture.

Cabinetmakers learn to use the tools of the cabinet making trade.

## History

There were few full-time furniture makers in England or America until the last half of the 17th century.

In the 18th century, some European cabinetmakers became well known. Cabinet making was an essential trade in early British North America. It was a huge money maker. They made furniture like cabinets, chairs, doors, drawers, cupboards, bed frames, tables, and many more. They used gimlets, gouges, bow saws, chisels, braces, and hacksaws to make their furniture. The wood they used was oak, maple, cypress, chestnut, and yellow pine.

## Related pages

- Cabinet (furniture)
- Woodworking

## Other websites

- Short History of Cabinets at FineWoodWorking.com
Mantidfly

**Mantidflies** are insects in the family **Mantispidae**. They are small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera. There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Only 5 species of _Mantispa_ occur in Europe.

## Description and ecology

Some mantidflies are wasp mimics, but most are brownish with green, yellow and sometimes red hues.

They get their name from their mantis-like appearance, as their spiny "raptorial" (raptor-like) front legs are modified to catch small insect prey and are very similar to the front legs of mantids. The adults are predatory insects that are often nocturnal, and are sometimes attracted by porch lights. They have four membranous wings which may sometimes be patterned (especially in wasp mimicking species) but are usually clear. Adult mantidflies are predators of suitably sized insects, which they catch as mantids do. Mantidflies are active hunters, but as with other Neuroptera, they are cumbersome fliers.

Their larvae are either parasitoids or predators. Subfamily Symphrasinae larvae are parasitoids on bee, wasp or scarab beetle larvae. Larvae of the subfamily Calomantispinae are predators of small arthropods.

Larvae of the subfamily Mantispinae seek out female spiders or their egg sacs which they then enter; the scarab-like larvae then feed on the spider eggs, draining egg contents through a piercing/sucking tube. Then they pupate in the egg sac.
Tav

**Taw**, **tav**, or **taf** is the twenty-second and last letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Tāw  , Hebrew Tav , Aramaic Taw , Syriac Taw ܬ, and Arabic ت Tāʼ  (22nd in abjadi order, 3rd in modern order). In Arabic, it is also gives rise to the derived letter  Ṯāʼ. Its original sound value is .
**Tav**, or **Taw**, is the twenty-second and last letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet. Its sounds like a .