juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Mike Rounds

**Mike Rounds** (born October 24, 1954) is the junior United States Senator from South Dakota. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015.

Rounds was born on October 24, 1954 in Huron, South Dakota. He graduated from the South Dakota State University. He was married to Jean Vedvei from 1978 until her death in 2021. They have four children.

In February 15, 2018 Mike Round interview with Martha MacCallum on Fox News channel, he said about a bipartisan Immigration fail to move forward in the Senate.

## Other websites

- Mike Rounds, U.S. Senator for South Dakota, Home Page

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Mike Rounds
- **image**: Mike Rounds official Senate portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Junior Senator
- **state**: South Dakota
- **alongside**: John Thune
- **term start**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor**: Tim Johnson
- **order1**: 31st Governor of South Dakota
- **lieutenant1**: Dennis Daugaard
- **term start1**: January 7, 2003
- **term end1**: January 8, 2011
- **predecessor1**: Bill Janklow
- **successor1**: Dennis Daugaard
- **office2**: Member of the South Dakota Senate
from the 24th district
- **term start2**: January 3, 1991
- **term end2**: January 3, 2001
- **predecessor2**: Jacquie Kelley
- **successor2**: Patricia de Hueck
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Huron, South Dakota
- **children**: Brian
John
Christopher
Carrie
- **alma mater**: South Dakota State University
Thom Tillis

**Thom Tillis** (born August 30, 1960) is the senior United States Senator from North Carolina. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 2007 to 2015.

Tillis was born on August 30, 1960 in Jacksonville, Florida. He graduated from the University of Maryland University College. He is married to Susan Tillis. They have two children.

Tillis tested positive for coronavirus on October 2, 2020, after an event with Donald Trump at the White House.

In June 2025, Tillis announced that he would not run for re-election to a third term in 2026.

## Other websites

- Thom Tillis, U.S. Senator for North Carolina, Home Page

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Thom Tillis
- **image**: Sen. Thom Tillis official photo.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Junior Senator
- **state**: North Carolina
- **alongside**: Ted Budd
- **term start**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor**: Kay Hagan
- **office1**: Speaker of the North Carolina House of Representatives
- **term start1**: January 26, 2011
- **term end1**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor1**: Joe Hackney
- **successor1**: Tim Moore (North Carolina politician), Tim Moore
- **office2**: Member of the North Carolina House of Representatives
from the 98th district
- **term start2**: January 2007
- **term end2**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor2**: John W. Rhodes, John Rhodes
- **successor2**: John R. Bradford III
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Jacksonville, Florida
- **spouse**: Susan Tillis
- **children**: Lindsay
Ryan
- **alma mater**: University of Maryland University College
- **website**:
John Barrasso

**John Barrasso** (born July 21, 1952) is the senior United States Senator from Wyoming. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since June 25, 2007. He was in the Wyoming Senate from 2003 to 2007.

## Education

Barrasso was born on July 21, 1952 in Reading, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the Georgetown University.

## Personal life

He was married to Linda Nix until they divorced. He was then married to Bobbi Brown from 2008 until her death in 2024. Barrasso has three children.

## Other websites

- John Barrasso, U.S. Senator for Wyoming, Home Page

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Barrasso
- **image**: John Barrasso official portrait 112th Congress.jpg
- **office**: Party leaders of the United States Senate, Senate Majority Whip
- **leader**: John Thune
- **term start**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor**: Dick Durbin
- **office1**: Ranking Member of the United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, Senate Energy Committee
- **term start1**: February 3, 2021
- **term end1**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor1**: Joe Manchin
- **successor1**: Martin Heinrich
- **office2**: Chairman of the United States Senate Republican Conference, Chair of the Senate Republican Conference
- **leader2**: Mitch McConnell
- **1blankname2**: Vice Chair
- **1namedata2**: Joni Ernst
Shelley Moore Capito
- **term start2**: January 3, 2019
- **term end2**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor2**: John Thune
- **successor2**: Tom Cotton
- **office3**: Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, Senate Environment Committee
- **term start3**: January 3, 2017
- **term end3**: February 3, 2021
- **predecessor3**: Jim Inhofe
- **successor3**: Tom Carper
- **office4**: Chair of the Senate Republican Policy Committee
- **term start4**: January 26, 2012
- **term end4**: January 3, 2019
- **leader4**: Mitch McConnell
- **predecessor4**: John Thune
- **successor4**: Roy Blunt
- **office5**: Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs, Senate Indian Affairs Committee
- **term start5**: January 3, 2015
- **term end5**: January 3, 2017
- **predecessor5**: Jon Tester
- **successor5**: John Hoeven
- **jr/sr6**: United States Senator
- **state6**: Wyoming
- **alongside6**: Cynthia Lummis
- **term start6**: June 22, 2007
- **predecessor6**: Craig L. Thomas
- **state senate7**: Wyoming
- **district7**: Wyoming's 27th State Senate district, 27th
- **term start7**: January 3, 2003
- **term end7**: June 22, 2007
- **predecessor7**: Bruce Hinchey
- **successor7**: Bill Landen
- **birth name**: John Anthony Barrasso III
- **birth place**: Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**: Linda Nix (divorced)

- **children**: 3
- **education**: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Georgetown University (Bachelor of Science, BS, Doctor of Medicine, MD)
- **signature**: John Barrasso signature.png
Dean Heller

**Dean Heller** (born May 10, 1960) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Nevada. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and was in the Senate from May 9, 2011 to January 3, 2019. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2007 to 2011.

Heller lost re-election in 2018 to Democratic challenger Jacky Rosen by nearly 5%.

In September 2021, Heller announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for Governor of Nevada in the 2022 election.

Heller was born on May 10, 1960 in Castro Valley, California. He graduated from the University of Southern California. He is married to Lynne Heller. They have four children.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Dean Heller
- **image**: Dean Heller, Official Senate Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Junior Senator
- **state**: Nevada
- **term start**: May 9, 2011
- **term end**: January 3, 2019
- **predecessor**: John Ensign
- **successor**: Jacky Rosen
- **state1**: Nevada
- **district1**: 2nd
- **term start1**: January 3, 2007
- **term end1**: May 9, 2011
- **predecessor1**: Jim Gibbons
- **successor1**: Mark Amodei
- **office2**: 15th Secretary of State of Nevada
- **governor2**: Bob Miller (Nevada governor), Bob Miller
Kenny Guinn
Jim Gibbons (U.S. politician), Jim Gibbons
- **term start2**: January 3, 1995
- **term end2**: January 3, 2007
- **predecessor2**: Cheryl Lau
- **successor2**: Ross Miller
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Castro Valley, California
- **spouse**: Lynne Heller
- **children**: 4
- **alma mater**: University of Southern California <small>(Bachelor of Science, B.S.)</small>
Don Nickles

**Don Nickles** (born December 6, 1948) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Oklahoma. He served in the United States Senate from 1981 to 2005. He was in the Oklahoma Senate from 1979 to 1981.

Nickles was born on December 6, 1948 in Ponca City, Oklahoma. He graduated from the Oklahoma State University. He is married to Linda Lou Morrison Nickles. They have four children.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Don Nickles
- **image**: Don Nickles.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Oklahoma
- **term start**: January 3, 1981
- **term end**: January 3, 2005
- **predecessor**: Henry Bellmon
- **successor**: Tom Coburn
- **office1**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on the Budget, Senate Committee on the Budget
- **term start1**: January 3, 2003
- **term end1**: January 3, 2005
- **predecessor1**: Kent Conrad
- **successor1**: Judd Gregg
- **order2**: Party leaders of the United States Senate, Senate Minority Whip
- **term start2**: June 6, 2001
- **term end2**: January 3, 2003
- **leader2**: Trent Lott
- **preceded2**: Harry Reid
- **succeeded2**: Harry Reid
- **term start3**: January 3, 2001
- **term end3**: January 20, 2001
- **leader3**: Trent Lott
- **preceded3**: Harry Reid
- **succeeded3**: Harry Reid
- **order4**: Party leaders of the United States Senate, Senate Majority Whip
- **term start4**: January 20, 2001
- **term end4**: June 6, 2001
- **leader4**: Trent Lott
- **preceded4**: Harry Reid
- **succeeded4**: Harry Reid
- **term start5**: June 12, 1996
- **term end5**: January 3, 2001
- **leader5**: Trent Lott
- **preceded5**: Trent Lott
- **succeeded5**: Harry Reid
- **office6**: Member of the Oklahoma Senate from Ponca City
- **term start6**: January 3, 1979
- **term end6**: January 3, 1981
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Ponca City, Oklahoma
- **spouse**: Linda Lou Morrison Nickles
- **children**: 4
- **alma mater**: Oklahoma State University
Bill Frist

**Bill Frist** (born February 22, 1952) is a former Republican U.S. Senator from Tennessee. He served in the United States Senate from 1995 to 2007.

Frist was born on February 22, 1952 in Nashville, Tennessee. He studied at Princeton University and at Harvard Medical School. He is married to Tracy Roberts Frist.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Bill Frist
- **image**: Bill Frist official photo.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Tennessee
- **term start**: January 3, 1995
- **term end**: January 3, 2007
- **predecessor**: Jim Sasser
- **successor**: Bob Corker
- **office1**: Party leaders of the United States Senate, Senate Majority Leader
- **term start1**: January 3, 2003
- **term end1**: January 3, 2007
- **deputy1**: Mitch McConnell
- **predecessor1**: Tom Daschle
- **successor1**: Harry Reid
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Nashville, Tennessee
- **occupation**: Cardiothoracic surgery, Cardiothoracic surgeon
 Professor
 Businessman
 Philanthropist
- **residence**: Nashville
- **spouse**: Karyn Frist (1982-2012)
Tracy Roberts Frist (m. 2015)
- **alma mater**: Princeton University <small>(Bachelors of Arts, A.B.)</small>
 Harvard Medical School <small>(Doctor of Medicine, M.D.)</small>
- **signature**: Bill Frist Signature.png
Jim DeMint

**Jim DeMint** (born September 2, 1951) an American politician. He was the United States Senator from South Carolina. He served as senator from 2005 to 2013. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.

DeMint was born on September 2, 1951 in Greenville, South Carolina. He studied at University of Tennessee, Knoxville and at Clemson University. He is married to Debbie Henderson. They have four children.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Jim DeMint
- **image**: Jim DeMint.jpg
- **office**: President of the The Heritage Foundation, Heritage Foundation
- **term start**: April 4, 2013
- **term end**: May 2, 2017
- **predecessor**: Edwin Feulner
- **successor**: Edwin Feulner
- **jr/sr1**: United States Senator
- **state1**: South Carolina
- **term start1**: January 3, 2005
- **term end1**: January 3, 2013
- **predecessor1**: Ernest Hollings
- **successor1**: Tim Scott
- **state2**: South Carolina
- **district2**: 4th
- **term start2**: January 3, 1999
- **term end2**: January 3, 2005
- **predecessor2**: Bob Inglis
- **successor2**: Bob Inglis
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Greenville, South Carolina
- **spouse**: Debbie Henderson
- **children**: James
Ginger
Timothy
Donna
- **alma mater**: University of Tennessee, University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Clemson University
Tom Cotton

**Tom Cotton** (born May 13, 1977) is the junior United States Senator from Arkansas. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Cotton has been in Senate since January 3, 2015. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2013 to 2015.

Cotton was born on May 13, 1977 in Dardanelle, Arkansas. He graduated from the Harvard University and attended, but did not graduate from, Claremont Graduate University. He is married to Jaime Gardner. They have one child.

In January 2016, Cotton became the first sitting United States senator to support Bernie Sanders for President of the United States.

## Other websites

- Tom Cotton, U.S. Senator for Arkansas, Home Page

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Tom Cotton
- **image**: Tom Cotton official Senate photo.jpg
- **alt**: Cotton's official Senate photo
- **office**: Chairman of the United States Senate Republican Conference, Chair of the Senate Republican Conference
- **leader**: John Thune
- **term start**: January 3, 2025
- **vice**: James Lankford
- **predecessor**: John Barrasso
- **office1**: Chair of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Senate Intelligence Committee
- **term start1**: January 3, 2025
- **predecessor1**: Mark Warner
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **state2**: Arkansas
- **alongside2**: John Boozman
- **term start2**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor2**: Mark Pryor
- **state3**: Arkansas
- **term start3**: January 3, 2013
- **term end3**: January 3, 2015
- **predecessor3**: Mike Ross (politician), Mike Ross
- **successor3**: Bruce Westerman
- **birth name**: Thomas Bryant Cotton
- **birth place**: Dardanelle, Arkansas, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 2
- **education**: Harvard University (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Juris Doctor, JD)
- **branch**: United States Army
- **rank**: Captain (United States O-3), Captain
Ben Sasse

**Ben Sasse** (born February 22, 1972) is an American politician, academic and political scientist. He was the United States Senator from Nebraska from 2015 to 2023. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. Sasse was one of seven Republican senators who found Donald Trump guilty of incitement of insurrection in his second impeachment trial.

## Early life

Sasse was born on February 22, 1972 in Plainview, Nebraska. He studied at Harvard University, St. John's College, Maryland and at Yale University.

## U.S. Senator

In 2014, Sasse ran for a vacant seat in the U.S. Senate. He defeated Democratic nominee David Domina, 65% to 31%. In 2020, Sasse was reelected.

On February 13, 2021 Sasse voted that Republican President Donald Trump was guilty of starting the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He and six other Republican senators also voted that Trump was guilty. This was after the House of Representatives Second impeachment of Donald Trump.

Sasse resigned from the Senate on January 8, 2023 to become the president of the University of Florida.

## Academic career

On July 18, 2024, he announced his surprise resignation as president of the University of Florida because of his wife's health issues. After his resignation, it was revealed that Sasse had spent a large amount of money as president to consulting contracts and high-paid remote positions.

## Health

On December 23, 2025, Sasse announced that he has been diagnosed with terminal "stage-four pancreatic cancer".

## Other websites

- Ben Sasse, U.S. Senator for Nebraska, Home Page

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Ben Sasse
- **image**: Ben Sasse official portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Official photo, 2016
- **office**: List of University of Florida presidents, President of the University of Florida
- **term start**: February 6, 2023
- **term end**: July 31, 2024
- **predecessor**: Kent Fuchs
- **successor**: Kent Fuchs (acting)
- **jr/sr1**: United States senator
- **state1**: Nebraska
- **term start1**: January 3, 2015
- **term end1**: January 8, 2023
- **predecessor1**: Mike Johanns
- **successor1**: Pete Ricketts
- **office2**: 15th President of Midland University
- **term start2**: December 10, 2010
- **term end2**: December 31, 2014
- **predecessor2**: Stephen Fritz
- **successor2**: Jody Horner
- **office3**: Assistant Secretary of Health and Human Services for Planning and Evaluation
- **president3**: George W. Bush
- **term start3**: December 19, 2007
- **term end3**: January 20, 2009
- **predecessor3**: Michael O'Grady
- **successor3**: Sherry Glied
- **birth name**: Benjamin Eric Sasse
- **birth place**: Plainview, Nebraska, U.S.
- **children**: 3
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
John Boozman

**John Boozman** (born December 10, 1950) is the senior United States Senator from Arkansas. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2011. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2011.

Boozman was born on December 10, 1950 in Shreveport, Louisiana. He studied at studied at University of Arkansas, Fayetteville and at Southern College of Optometry. He is married to Cathy Boozman. They have three children.

## Other websites

- John Boozman, U.S. Senator for Arkansas, Home Page

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: John Boozman
- **image**: Senator John Boozman Official Portrait (115th Congress).jpg
- **jr/sr**: Senior Senator
- **state**: Arkansas
- **alongside**: Tom Cotton
- **term start**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor**: Blanche Lincoln
- **state1**: Arkansas
- **district1**: 3rd
- **term start1**: November 20, 2001
- **term end1**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor1**: Asa Hutchinson
- **successor1**: Steve Womack
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Shreveport, Louisiana
- **spouse**: Cathy Boozman
- **children**: 3
- **alma mater**: University of Arkansas, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
Southern College of Optometry
- **signature**: John Boozman Signature.svg
- **website**: [http://boozman.senate.gov Senate website]
Tim Hutchinson

**Tim Hutchinson** (born August 11, 1949) is a Republican former United States Senator from the state of Arkansas. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 1997. He served one term as a senator, from 1997 to 2003. He lost his bid for reelection in 2002.

Hutchinson was born on August 11, 1949 in Bentonville, Arkansas. He was one of six children born to John Malcolm Hutchinson Sr. and Coral Hutchinson. His uncle Asa Hutchinson is Governor of Arkansas. They are descendants of slave owners who migrated from South Carolina to Arkansas in 1858.

Hutchinson studied at studied at Bob Jones University and at University of Arkansas. In 1970 he married Donna Jean King. Together they had three children. Hutchinson was divorced from his wife after rumors he had an affair. In 2000, he secondly married a member of his staff, Randi Fredholm. Hutchinson is an ordained minister in the Baptist church.

## Other websites

- Senator Tim Hutchinson — Dickstein Shapiro LLP

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Tim Hutchinson
- **image**: Timothy Hutchinson, official Senate photo portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Arkansas
- **term start**: January 3, 1997
- **term end**: January 3, 2003
- **predecessor**: David Pryor
- **successor**: Mark Pryor
- **state1**: Arkansas
- **district1**: 3rd
- **term start1**: January 3, 1993
- **term end1**: January 3, 1997
- **predecessor1**: John Paul Hammerschmidt
- **successor1**: Asa Hutchinson
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Bentonville, Arkansas
- **occupation**: Clergyman; Lobbying, lobbyist
- **spouse**: (1) Donna Hutchinson (divorced)

(2) Randi Fredholm
- **relations**: Brother Asa Hutchinson

Son Jeremy Hutchinson (politician), Jeremy Hutchinson

Son Timothy Chad Hutchinson

Son Joshua Luke Hutchinson

Brother-in-law Kim Hendren

Nephew Jim Hendren
- **alma mater**: Bob Jones University
University of Arkansas
Priming (psychology)

**Priming** is an implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus. Experiments in the early 1970s showed that people were faster recognising a word, when the word followed a related word. For example, NURSE is recognized more quickly following DOCTOR than following BREAD. Activation spreading among related ideas was the best explanation for this effect. In experiments the same target stimuli can be presented with different primes. This allows the priming effect to be measured.

Priming can occur following  perceptual, semantic, or conceptual stimulus repetition. For example, if a person reads a list of words including the word _table_, and is later asked to complete a word starting with _tab_, the probability that he or she will answer _table_ is greater than if they are not primed. Another example is if people see an incomplete sketch they are unable to identify and they are shown more of the sketch until they recognize the picture, later they will identify the sketch at an earlier stage than was possible for them the first time.

Priming effects are independent of simple recognition memory. Unconscious priming effects can affect word choice on a word-stem completion test long after the words have been consciously forgotten.

Priming works best when the two stimuli are in the same modality. For example, visual priming works best with visual cues and verbal priming works best with verbal cues. But priming also occurs between modalities, or between semantically related words such as "doctor" and "nurse".

## Related pages

- Adaptive unconscious
Implicit memory

**Implicit memory** is a part of memory where previous experiences of how to do a task helps with doing the task again. Implicit memory is unconscious memory: the person or animal performing the task is not aware of the presence of implicit memory.

Evidence for implicit memory occurs in priming, a process where subjects are measured by how they have improved their performance on tasks for which they have been subconsciously prepared. Implicit memory also leads to the illusion-of-truth effect. Subjects are more likely to say statements that they have already heard are true, regardless of their actual truth. In daily life, people rely on implicit memory every day in the form of procedural memory. This is the kind of memory which allows people to remember how to tie their shoes or ride a bicycle without consciously thinking about these activities. Research into implicit memory indicates that it operates through a different mental process than explicit memory.
Scott Brown

**Scott Brown** (born September 12, 1959) is an American attorney and politician. He was the United States Ambassador to New Zealand from June 8, 2017 until December 20, 2020. He was a United States Senator from the state of Massachusetts from 2010 to 2013. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

## Early life

Brown was born on September 12, 1959 in Kittery, Maine. He studied at Tufts University and at Boston College.

## Ambassadorship

On February 17, 2017, news media outlets reported that Brown was under consideration by President Donald Trump to be the U.S. ambassador to New Zealand. On April 20, 2017, it was reported that he was chosen to be the next Ambassador to New Zealand.

On June 8, 2017, the United States Senate confirmed his nomination to a 94-4 vote. He resigned on December 20, 2020.

## Other websites

- 2010 Campaign Website, archived October 16, 2014

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Scott Brown
- **image**: Ambassador Scott Brown.jpg
- **office**: Dean of New England Law Boston
- **term start**: January 2021
- **term end**: August 2021
- **predecessor**: John O'Brien
- **office1**: 19th List of ambassadors of the United States to New Zealand, United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa
- **president1**: Donald Trump
- **term start1**: June 28, 2017
- **term end1**: December 20, 2020
- **predecessor1**: Mark Gilbert
- **successor1**: Tom Udall (nominee)
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **state2**: Massachusetts
- **term start2**: February 4, 2010
- **term end2**: January 3, 2013
- **predecessor2**: Paul G. Kirk
- **successor2**: Elizabeth Warren
- **state senate3**: Massachusetts
- **district3**: Massachusetts Senate's Norfolk, Bristol and Middlesex district, Norfolk, Bristol & Middlesex
- **term start3**: March 25, 2004
- **term end3**: February 4, 2010
- **predecessor3**: Cheryl Jacques
- **successor3**: Richard J. Ross, Richard Ross
- **state house4**: Massachusetts
- **district4**: Massachusetts House of Representatives' 9th Norfolk district, 9th Norfolk
- **term start4**: January 7, 1998
- **term end4**: March 25, 2004
- **predecessor4**: Jo Ann Sprague
- **successor4**: Richard Ross
- **birth name**: Scott Philip Brown
- **birth place**: Kittery, Maine, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 2, including Ayla Brown, Ayla
- **education**: Tufts University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Boston College (Juris Doctor, JD)
- **signature**: Scott Brown signature.png
- **branch**: *
** Massachusetts Army National Guard
- **serviceyears**: 1979–2014
- **rank**:  Colonel (United States), Colonel
- **unit**: Judge Advocate General's Corps
Army National Guard
- **mawards**:  Commendation Medal, Army Commendation Medal
 Meritorious Service Medal (United States), Meritorious Service Medal
Jeff Flake

**Jeffry Lane Flake** (born December 31, 1962) is an American politician. Flake was the United States Ambassador to Turkey from 2022 to 2024. He was the United States Senator from Arizona. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He was in the Senate from January 3, 2013 to January 3, 2019. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2013.

Flake was born on December 31, 1962 in Snowflake, Arizona. He graduated from the Brigham Young University. He is married to Cheryl. They have five children.

After criticizing President Donald Trump and with low approval ratings, Flake announced on October 24, 2017, that he would retire at the end of his current term instead of seeking reelection in 2018.

In July 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Flake to serve as the United States Ambassador to Turkey. Flake was confirmed by the Senate by voice vote on October 26, 2021. He resigned in September 2024.

In September 2024, Flake announced that he would be endorsing to Vice President Kamala Harris for president in 2024.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jeff Flake
- **image**: Jeffry L. Flake, U.S. Ambassador to Turkey.jpg
- **office**: List of ambassadors of the United States to Turkey, United States Ambassador to Turkey
- **president**: Joe Biden
- **term start**: January 26, 2022
- **term end**: September 1, 2024
- **preceded**: David M. Satterfield
- **successor**: Tom Barrack
- **jr/sr1**: United States Senator
- **state1**: Arizona
- **term start1**: January 3, 2013
- **term end1**: January 3, 2019
- **predecessor1**: Jon Kyl
- **successor1**: Kyrsten Sinema
- **office2**: Member of the
United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives
from Arizona
- **term start2**: January 3, 2001
- **term end2**: January 3, 2013
- **predecessor2**: Matt Salmon
- **successor2**: Matt Salmon (redistricting)
- **constituency2**: (2001–2003)
 (2003–2013)
- **birth name**: Jeffry Lane Flake
- **birth place**: Snowflake, Arizona, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 5
- **relatives**: Jake Flake (uncle)
William J. Flake (great-great-grandfather)
- **education**: Brigham Young University (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Master of Arts, MA)
Bucharest Botanical Garden

The **Bucharest Botanical Garden** () is a park in the Cotroceni neighbourhood of Bucharest, Romania. It has a surface area of 17.5 hectares (including 4,000 m² of greenhouses), and has more than 10,000 species of plants.

The first botanical garden in Bucharest was founded in 1860 near the Medicine Faculty by Carol Davila.  Its first director was the botanist Ulrich Hoffmann, followed six years later by Dimitrie Grecescu. The garden was eventually moved to its current location in 1884 by Dimitrie Brândză, a Romanian botanist, and Fuchs, a Belgian landscape architect. The gardens were opened in 1891, when the building of the greenhouses finished. The garden was damaged during World War I, when it was used by the German occupation troops, and during World War II when it was hit by Anglo-American bombardments.

In the Garden there is a Botanical Museum in a building of the Brâncovenesc style, located near the entrance gate, where more than 5,000 plant species are displayed, including 1,000 exotic plants.
Barriers to entry

In economics, **barriers to entry** (also known as **barrier to entry**) refers to the things that makes it difficult for a firm or a person to enter a market. These are called obstacles and makes it harder for a firm or a person to enter a market. Examples of barriers to entry include government regulation for firms and the need for a certain level of education for a person.

Barriers to entry helps to protect existing firms in the market from new firms entering a market and thus reduces competition in the market, which causes prices to be higher than what is accepted by society. Monopolies and market power is thus formed due to the existence of barriers to entry.

## Definition

While the general definition of barriers to entry refers to the obstacles that makes it difficult for a firm or a person to enter a market, there are certain differences in the definitions given by economists as given below.
- George Stigler defined barriers to entry as "A cost of producing which must be borne by a firm which seeks to enter an industry but is not borne by firms already in the industry."
- Franklin M. Fisher defined it as "anything that prevents entry when entry is socially beneficial."
- Joe S. Bain defined its as anything that allows incumbent firms to earn supernormal profits without threat of entry.
Volodymyr Ivasyuk

**Volodymyr Mykhailovych Ivasyuk** (March 4, 1949 – May 18, 1979) - was an iconic Ukrainian songwriter, composer and poet. He is the author and composer of the widely popular song "Chervona Ruta" popularized by Sofia Rotaru in 1971, and later covered by other singers.

Ivasyuk was born in the city of Kitsman, Chernivtsi Oblast, on March 4, 1949. His father Mykhaylo Ivasyuk was a well-known writer from Bukovyna.

## Other websites

- Songs of Volodymyr Ivasyuk

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Volodymyr Ivasyuk
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Volodymyr Mykhailovych Ivasyuk
- **birth place**: Kitsman, Chernivtsi oblast, Ukraine
- **origin**: Lviv, Ukraine
- **occupation**: songwriter, composer and poet
- **years active**: 1970-1979
Roy Blunt

**Roy Dean Blunt** (born January 10, 1950) is an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Missouri from 2011 to 2023. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1997 to 2011.

Blunt was born on January 10, 1950 in Niangua, Missouri. He studied at Southwest Baptist University and at Missouri State University, Springfield. He is married to Abigail Perlman.

On March 8, 2021, Blunt announced that he will not be run to be senator again in the next 2022 United States Senate elections.

## Other websites

- Roy Blunt, U.S. Senator for Missouri, home page

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Roy Blunt
- **image**: Roy Blunt, Official Portrait, 112th Congress.jpg
- **office**: Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration, Senate Rules Committee
- **term start**: April 10, 2018
- **term end**: January 2, 2023
- **predecessor**: Richard Shelby
- **successor**: TBD
- **term start1**: January 3, 2015
- **term end1**: January 3, 2017
- **predecessor1**: Chuck Schumer
- **successor1**: Richard Shelby
- **jr/sr2**: United States Senator
- **state2**: Missouri
- **term start2**: January 3, 2011
- **term end2**: January 3, 2023
- **predecessor2**: Kit Bond
- **successor2**: Eric S. Schmitt
- **office3**: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives, House Minority Whip
- **leader3**: John Boehner
- **term start3**: January 3, 2007
- **term end3**: January 3, 2009
- **predecessor3**: Steny Hoyer
- **successor3**: Eric Cantor
- **office4**: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives, House Majority Leader
Acting
- **term start4**: September 29, 2005
- **term end4**: February 2, 2006
- **predecessor4**: Tom DeLay
- **successor4**: John Boehner
- **office5**: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives, House Majority Whip
- **leader5**: Dennis Hastert
- **term start5**: January 3, 2003
- **term end5**: January 3, 2007
- **predecessor5**: Tom DeLay
- **successor5**: Jim Clyburn
- **office6**: Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives, House Republican Chief Deputy Whip
- **leader6**: Dennis Hastert
- **term start6**: January 3, 1999
- **term end6**: January 3, 2003
- **predecessor6**: Dennis Hastert
- **successor6**: Eric Cantor
- **state7**: Missouri
- **term start7**: January 3, 1997
- **term end7**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor7**: Mel Hancock
- **successor7**: Billy Long
- **office8**: List of Missouri Secretaries of State, 33rd Secretary of State of Missouri
- **governor8**: John Ashcroft
- **term start8**: January 14, 1985
- **term end8**: January 11, 1993
- **predecessor8**: James Kirkpatrick (politician), James Kirkpatrick
- **successor8**: Judith Moriarty, Judi Moriarty
- **birth name**: Roy Dean Blunt
- **birth place**: Niangua, Missouri, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 4, including Matt Blunt, Matt
- **education**: Southwest Baptist University
(Bachelor of Arts, BA)
Missouri State University
(Master of Arts, MA)
- **signature**: Roy Blunt signature.png
CONCACAF Gold Cup

The **CONCACAF Gold Cup** (Spanish: **Copa de Oro de la CONCACAF**) is an association football tournament held every two years between national teams that are members of CONCACAF.

The first tournament was held in 1991. Before 1991, the CONCACAF Championship was the first organized tournament for national teams in the region. The CONCACAF Championship was abolished in 1989.

The CONCACAF Gold Cup features teams from Central America, North America and the Caribbean. The Mexico national football team has been the most successful team in the tournament. They have won 8 times.

## Results

|rowspan="2" style="width:2%;"|Edition|rowspan="2" style="width:5%;"|Year|rowspan="2" style="width:8%;"|Host(s)|colspan="3"|Final|rowspan="2"|Number of teams|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1|1991|align="left"||****|**0–0** **(4–3 pen.)**||8|||
|2|1993|align="left"||****|**4–0**||8|||
|3|1996|align="left"||****|**2–0**||9|||
|4|1998|align="left"||****|**1–0**||10|||
|5|2000||****|**2–0**||12||||
|6|2002|align="left"||****|**2–0**||12|||
|7|2003|align="left"||****|**1–0** **a.e.t.**||12|||
|8|2005||****|**0–0 (3–1 pen.)**||12||||
|9|2007|align="left"||****|**2–1**||12|||
|10|2009|align="left"||****|**5–0**||12|||
|11|2011|align="left"||****|**4–2**||12|||
|12|2013|align="left"||****|**1–0**||12|||
|13|2015|align="left"||****|**3–1**||12|||
|14|2017||****|**2–1**||12||||
|15|2019|align="left"||****|**1–0**||16|||
|16|2021|align="left"|||||16|||

- _a.e.t._: after extra time
- _a.s.d.e.t._: after sudden death extra time
- _pen_: after penalty shoot-out

## Performance by nation

|width=18%|Team|width=22%|Winners|width=22%|Runners-up|width=22%|Third Place|width=18%|Fourth Place|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background:#fff68f"||style="background:#fff68f"|9 (1993, 1996, 1998, 2003, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2019, 2023)|1 (2007)|3 (1991, 2013, 2017)|—||||
|style="background:#fff68f"||style="background:#fff68f"|7 (1991, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2013, 2017, 2021)|4 (1993, 1998, 2009, 2011)|2 (1996, 2003)|1 (2015)||||
|style="background:#fff68f"||style="background:#fff68f"|1 (2000)|—|2 (2002, 2007)|—||||
||—|2 (2005, 2013)|2 (2011, 2015)|—||||||
||—|2 (2015, 2017)|1 (1993)|1 (1998)||||||
|__|—|2 (1996, 2003)|1 (1998)|—||||||
||—|1 (1991)|4 (2005, 2009, 2011, 2013)|—||||||
||—|1 (2002)|3 (1993, 2009, 2017)|2 (1991, 2003)||||||
|__|—|1 (2000)|1 (2005)|—||||||
|__|—|—|1 (2000)|—||||||
||—|—|1 (2000)|—||||||
||—|—|1 (2007)|—||||||
||—|—|—|1 (1996)||||||
|__|—|—|—|1 (2002)||||||

<small>* The teams in _italics_ were invited to the tournament, and they are not a member of CONCACAF.</small>

## Other websites

- CONCACAF Gold Cup official website
Matt Blunt

**Matt Blunt** (born November 20, 1970) is an American politician. He was the Governor of Missouri from 2005 to 2009. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party.

Blunt was born on November 20, 1970 in Greene County, Missouri. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy. He is married to Melanie Blunt. They have two children.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Matt Blunt
- **image**: Mattblunt3.jpg
- **order**: 54th
- **office**: Governor of Missouri
- **term start**: January 10, 2005
- **term end**: January 12, 2009
- **lieutenant**: Peter Kinder
- **predecessor**: Bob Holden
- **successor**: Jay Nixon
- **order2**: 37th Missouri Secretary of State
- **term start2**: January 8, 2001
- **term end2**: January 10, 2005
- **governor2**: Bob Holden
- **predecessor2**: Bekki Cook
- **successor2**: Robin Carnahan
- **office3**: Member of the Missouri House of Representatives
 from the 139th district
- **term start3**: 1999
- **term end3**: 2001
- **predecessor3**: Phillip Wannemacher
- **successor3**: Brad Roark
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Greene County, Missouri
- **residence**: Springfield, Missouri
- **alma mater**: United States Naval Academy
- **spouse**: Melanie Blunt, Melanie A. Blunt
- **children**: William Branch Blunt (age )
Brooks Anderson Blunt (age )
- **profession**: United States Navy, Naval officer
- **relations**: Leroy Blunt (grandfather)
Roy Blunt (father)
- **allegiance**: United States
- **branch**: United States Navy
- **rank**: Lieutenant commander
- **battles**: Operation Support Democracy
Operation Enduring Freedom
- **awards**: Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal (4)
Jim Talent

**Jim Talent** (born October 18, 1956) is a former United States Senator from the state of Missouri. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 2001.

Talent was born on October 18, 1956 in Des Peres, Missouri. He studied at Washington University in St. Louis and at University of Chicago Law School. He is married to Brenda Lee Lyons Talent. They have three children.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: Jim Talent
- **image**: Jim Talent official photo.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Missouri
- **term start**: November 25, 2002
- **term end**: January 3, 2007
- **predecessor**: Jean Carnahan
- **successor**: Claire McCaskill
- **state1**: Missouri
- **district1**: 2nd
- **term start1**: January 3, 1993
- **term end1**: January 3, 2001
- **predecessor1**: Joan Kelly Horn
- **successor1**: Todd Akin
- **office2**: Chairman of the United States House Committee on Small Business, House Small Business Committee
- **term start2**: January 3, 1997
- **term end2**: January 3, 2001
- **preceded2**: Jan Meyers
- **succeeded2**: Don Manzullo
- **office3**: Member of the Missouri House of Representatives
- **term start3**: 1985
- **term end3**: 1993
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Des Peres, Missouri
- **occupation**: Lawyer, Attorney
- **spouse**: Brenda Lee Lyons Talent
- **children**: Katy Talent
Chrissy Talent
Michael Talent
- **alma mater**: Washington University in St. Louis<small>(Bachelor of Arts, B.A.)</small>
University of Chicago Law School <small>(Juris Doctor, J.D.)</small>
David Vitter

**David Vitter** (born May 3, 1961) is an American politician, lawyer and lobbyist. He was the United States Senator from Louisiana from 2005 to 2017. He is a member of the U.S. Republican Party and has been in Senate since January 3, 2005. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.

Vitter was born on November 17, 1961 in New Orleans, Louisiana. He studied at Harvard University, at Magdalen College, Oxford, and at Tulane University. He is married to Wendy Baldwin. They have four children.

## Infobox (senator)

- **name**: David Vitter
- **image**: David Vitter-112th congress-.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Senior Senator
- **state**: Louisiana
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **term start**: January 3, 2005
- **term end**: January 3, 2017
- **preceded**: John Breaux
- **succeeded**: John Neely Kennedy
- **office1**: Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Senate Small Business Committee
- **term start1**: January 3, 2015
- **term end1**: January 3, 2017
- **predecessor1**: Maria Cantwell
- **successor1**: Jim Risch
- **state2**: Louisiana
- **district2**: 1st
- **term start2**: May 29, 1999
- **term end2**: January 3, 2005
- **predecessor2**: Bob Livingston
- **successor2**: Bobby Jindal
- **office3**: Member of the Louisiana House of Representatives
from the 81st district
- **term start3**: 1992
- **term end3**: 1999
- **predecessor3**: David Duke
- **successor3**: Jennifer Sneed Heebe
- **birth place**: New Orleans, Louisiana
- **spouse**: Wendy Baldwin
- **children**: Four children, including twin daughters
- **alma mater**: Harvard College, Harvard University
Magdalen College, Oxford
Tulane University
- **signature**: David Vitter Signature.svg
Stromboli

**Stromboli**  is a small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea, off the north coast of Sicily. It is one of the three active volcanoes in Italy.

Stromboli is one of the eight Aeolian Islands, a volcanic arc north of Sicily. The volcano has erupted many times and is constantly active with minor eruptions, often visible from many points on the island and from the surrounding sea. This gave rise to the island's nickname "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean". The most recent major eruption was on 13 April 2009. Stromboli stands 926 m (3,034 ft) above sea level, and over 2,700 m (8,860 ft) on average above the sea floor.

There are three active craters at the peak. A significant geological feature of the volcano is the _Sciara del Fuoco_ (stream of fire), a big horseshoe-shaped depression generated in the last 13,000 years by several collapses on the northwestern side of the cone. Two kilometers to the northeast lies Strombolicchio, the volcanic plug remnant of the original volcano.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mt. Stromboli
- **photo**: Aerial image of Stromboli (view from the northeast).jpg
- **elevation m**: 924
- **prominence m**: 924
- **map**: Italy
- **relief**: 1
- **location**: Aeolian Islands, north of Sicily (Italy)
- **type**: Stratovolcano
- **age**: unknown
- **last eruption**: 1934 to present
- **easiest route**: Hike
Alan Kupperberg

**Alan Kupperberg** (May 18, 1953 – July 16, 2015) was an American comic artist. He was known for working in both comic books and newspaper strips. He began writing and drawing for Marvel Comics in 1974. Kupperberg has done illustrations for Archie Comics, _National Lampoon_, _Cracked_ magazine, _Spy_, and McClannahan Books.

Kupperberg died in New York City from thyroid cancer, aged 62.

## Other websites

- Alan Kupperberg  at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
- Alan Kupperberg at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
Fred: The Movie

***Fred: The Movie*** is a 2010 American comedy movie, directed by Clay Weiner. The movie is based on the adventures of Fred Figglehorn. He is a character created and played by Lucas Cruikshank for Cruikshank's YouTube channel.

## Reception

Critics gave the movie poor reviews. It has a 0% rating at Rotten Tomatoes and only 31% of audience members liked it. Common Sense Media said "YouTube star's movie is fraught with disaster for tweens."

The Guardian's Peter Bradshaw wrote "The feature-film version of the squeaky-voiced YouTube hit is unbelievably irritating – and frankly a waste of time."

But kids apparently liked it. The premiere of _Fred: The Movie_ had an audience of 7.6 million.

## Other websites

- _Fred: The Movie_  at _The Movie Insider_
Kit Bond

**Christopher Samuel "Kit" Bond** (March 6, 1939 – May 13, 2025) was an American politician. He was the United States Senator from Missouri and a member of the Republican Party. Before his career in the U.S. Senate, Bond served two non-consecutive terms as Governor of Missouri, from 1973 to 1977 and from 1981 to 1985. He was previously State Auditor of Missouri from 1971 to 1973.

Bond was born on March 6, 1939 in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1960 he graduated from Princeton University. He received a law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law. He was married to Linda Bond.

Bond died in St. Louis on May 13, 2025, at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- Kit Bond Strategies LLP

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Kit Bond
- **image**: Kit Bond official portrait.jpg
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Missouri
- **term start**: January 3, 1987
- **term end**: January 3, 2011
- **predecessor**: Thomas Eagleton
- **successor**: Roy Blunt
- **office1**: Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, Senate Small Business Committee
- **term start1**: January 20, 2001
- **term end1**: June 6, 2001
- **predecessor1**: John Kerry
- **successor1**: John Kerry
- **term start2**: January 4, 1995
- **term end2**: January 3, 2001
- **predecessor2**: Dale Bumpers
- **successor2**: John Kerry
- **order3**: 47th and 49th List of governors of Missouri, Governor of Missouri
- **lieutenant3**: Ken Rothman
- **term start3**: January 12, 1981
- **term end3**: January 14, 1985
- **predecessor3**: Joseph P. Teasdale
- **successor3**: John Ashcroft
- **lieutenant4**: Bill Phelps
- **term start4**: January 8, 1973
- **term end4**: January 10, 1977
- **predecessor4**: Warren E. Hearnes
- **successor4**: Joseph P. Teasdale
- **office5**: 28th State Auditor of Missouri, Auditor of Missouri
- **governor5**: Warren Hearnes
- **term start5**: January 11, 1971
- **term end5**: January 8, 1973
- **predecessor6**: Haskell Holman
- **successor6**: John Ashcroft
- **birth name**: Christopher Samuel Bond
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
- **death place**: St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **children**: 1
- **relatives**: Arthur D. Bond (father)
- **education**: Princeton University (Bachelor of Arts, BA)
University of Virginia (Juris Doctor, JD)
- **signature**: Kitbondsignature.gif
Arrondissements of the Aude department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Aude department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of the Aude department are:

1. Arrondissement of Carcassonne, (prefecture: Carcassonne), with 207 communes.
1. Arrondissement of Limoux, (subprefecture: Limoux), with 147 communes.
1. Arrondissement of Narbonne, (subprefecture: Narbonne), with 82 communes.

## History

Since its creation, the Aude department has had few changes:
- 1790 : creation of the department with six districts: Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Lagrasse, Limoux, Narbonne and Quillan; the capital was Carcassonne.
- 1800 : creation of four arrondissements: Carcassonne (including the old district of Lagrasse), Castelnaudary, Limoux (including the old district of Quillan) and Narbonne.
- 1926 : the arrondissement of Castelnaudary was eliminated and was made part of the arrondissement of Carcassonne.

## Related pages

- Arrondissement of Carcassonne
- Arrondissement of Limoux
- Arrondissement of Narbonne
- List of arrondissements of France