juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Plantsville, Connecticut

**Plantsville** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.
Salmon Brook, Connecticut

**Salmon Brook** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.
Sherwood Manor, Connecticut

**Sherwood Manor** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.
Simsbury Center, Connecticut

**Simsbury Center** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.
Southwood Acres, Connecticut

**Southwood Acres** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.
Suffield Depot, Connecticut

**Suffield Depot** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.
Tariffville, Connecticut

**Tariffville** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.
Terramuggus, Connecticut

**Terramuggus** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.
Thompsonville, Connecticut

**Thompsonville** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.
Weatogue, Connecticut

**Weatogue** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.
West Simsbury, Connecticut

**West Simsbury** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States.
Quarter Past Midnight

"**Quarter Past Midnight**" is a 2018 song by British band Bastille and is the leading single from their third studio album _Doom Days_. It went to number 65 in the United Kingdom, number 55 in Scotland, number 76 in the Netherlands and number 29 in Belgium. It also went to number 15 on the Billboard Hot Rock & Alternative Songs charts.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Quarter Past Midnight
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Bastille (band), Bastille
- **album**: Doom Days
- **recorded**: 2017
- **genre**: Electropop
- **label**: Virgin Records, Virgin
- **writer**: Dan Smith (singer), Dan Smith
- **prev title**: I Know You (Craig David song), I Know You
- **prev year**: 2017
- **next title**: Happier (Marshmello and Bastille song), Happier
- **next year**: 2018
Armigatus

***Armigatus*** is an extinct genus of prehistoric ellimmichthyiforms from the Cretaceous. Fossils have been found in Mexico, Croatia, the Middle East, and North Africa.

## Etymology

The generic epithet _Armigatus_ means "bearer of armor". The species name _brevissimus_ signifies "shortest, smallest". This explains why it is named like that.

## Description

This small fish does not go beyond 10 cm in length. It has a compact body, with a long dorsal fin. It has a large foramen. They have a round and smooth posterior margin.

## References

1. <small>Grande, L., 1982. "A revision of the fossil genus †Diplomystus, with comments on the interrelationships of clupeomorph fishes" (PDF). _American Museum Novitiates_. 2728: 1–34.</small>
Smallhead stickleback

The **smallhead stickleback** (_Gasterosteus microcephalus_) is a stickleback. Some authorities think it is a synonym of _Gasterosteus aculeatus_ or a subspecies of that taxon.

## References

1. <small>Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2022). "_Gasterosteus microcephalus_" in FishBase. August 2022 version.</small>
Secret Touch

"**Secret Touch**" is a 2002 song by Canadian progressive rock band Rush and is the second single from their 17th studio album _Vapor Trails_. It went to number 25 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock chart.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Secret Touch
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Rush (band), Rush
- **album**: Vapor Trails
- **released**: July 10, 2002
- **recorded**: 2001
- **genre**: Progressive rock, hard rock
- **length**: 6:34
- **label**: Anthem Records, Anthem (Canada)
Anthem/Atlantic Records, Atlantic
- **writer**: Neil Peart, Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson
- **producer**: Rush (band), Rush and Paul Northfield
- **prev title**: One Little Victory
- **prev year**: 2002
- **next title**: Summertime Blues
- **next year**: 2004
Please Don't Make Me Cry

## UB40 version

"**Please Don't Make Me Cry**" is a 1970 song by reggae singer Winston Groovy and its best known version is the 1983 single by UB40. It was taken from their fifth studio album _Labour of Love_ and is the following up the their hit single _Red Red Wine_. It went to number 10 in the United Kingdom, number 41 in New Zealand, number 4 in the Netherlands and number 11 in Belgium.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Please Don't Make Me Cry
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Winston Groovy
- **released**: 1970
- **genre**: Reggae
- **length**: 3:26
- **label**: Torpedo
- **writer**: Winston Groovy
- **prev title**: Tennessee Waltz
- **prev year**: 1970
- **next title**: I Wanna Be Loved
- **next year**: 1971


## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Please Don't Make Me Cry
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: UB40
- **album**: Labour of Love
- **b-side**: Keep On Moving'
- **released**: 1983
- **genre**: Reggae fusion
- **length**: 3:26
- **label**: DEP International (United Kingdom, UK)
A&M Records, A&M (United States, US)
- **writer**: Winston Groovy
- **prev title**: Red Red Wine
- **prev year**: 1983
- **next title**: Many Rivers to Cross
- **next year**: 1983
Comboios de Portugal

**Comboios de Portugal,** (***CP***; English: ***Trains of Portugal***) is a state-owned company which operates passenger trains in Portugal.

It started in October 1856 with the opening of the first railway line in Portugal. Most of the network is Iberian gauge lines, as in Spain. During the 1950s, the Portuguese railway network was about , its greatest extent. In 1975, the Portuguese Railway Company was nationalised When  passenger numbers decreased, various lines were shut down, with almost a quarter of the rail network being closed by the twenty-first century.

During 1999, it introduced a new service, the Alfa Pendular, which operates between Braga - Porto - Lisbon - Faro using tilting trains. Since 2005 the company runs only passenger train services. Management of the railway infrastructure is done by Infraestruturas de Portugal . Cargo activities were transferred to private company MSC who operate them under the _Medway_ label. In 2015, a new long-term strategy for Portugal's railway network was started. The full electrification of the network, the provision of European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS), and the general modernisation and improvement of trunk routes and international services is being conducted.

## Network

- Broad gauge (1,668 mm (5 ft 5+<sup>21</sup>⁄<sub>32</sub> in)): 2,603 km (1,617 mi), 1,351 km (839 mi) electrified at 25 kV 50 Hz AC and 25 km (16 mi) at 1.5 kV DC.
- Narrow gauge (metre gauge) 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+<sup>3</sup>⁄<sub>8</sub> in): 188 km (117 mi) not electrified.
- The maximum extent of 3,592 km (2,232 mi) was reached in 1949, but in the late 1980s and early 1990s some lines were shortened and some totally closed.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Comboios de Portugal
- **logo**: Logo-Comboios-de-Portugal.svg
- **type**: Incorporation (business), Incorporation
- **key people**: Nuno Pinho da Cruz Leite de Freitas,
Pedro Miguel Sousa Pereira Guedes Moreira,
Ana Maria dos Santos Malhó,
Maria Isabel de Magalhães Ribeiro,
Pedro Manuel Franco Ribeiro
- **industry**: Rail transport
- **products**: Rail Transport (Passenger)
- **revenue**:  Euro, € 288.559 million (2018)
- **operating income**:  Euro, € -36.9 million (2018)
- **net income**:  Euro, € -105.6 million (2018)
- **owner**: Government of Portugal (100%)
- **num employees**: 2,658 (2018)
- **predecessor**: Portuguese Railway Company
- **foundation**: 1975
- **location city**: Lisbon
- **location country**: Portugal
- **homepage**: [http://www.cp.pt/ www.cp.pt]


## Infobox (rail)

- **railroad name**: Comboios de Portugal
- **system map**: Rede Ferroviária Portuguesa - 2007.png
- **map caption**: Map showing the railway lines in Portugal operated by CP in 2007. Some lines have been closed since.
- **image**: Flickr - nmorao - Areia, Lousal, 2009.05.19.jpg
- **image caption**: A CP freight train in 2009
- **gauge**: and
Kim Newman

**Kim James Newman** was born on 31 July 1959 in London. He is a journalist, film critic, and writer who loves horror fiction and film history. He won awards for his work on horror fiction. His first novel, The Night Mayor, was published in 1989. He also wrote a series of novels under the pen name "Jack Yeovil" for Games Workshop. In 1992, he published Anno Dracula, a novel that imagines Dracula ruling England in an alternative history. Newman has written other novels like Life's Lottery and The Quorum.
Iberian-gauge railways

**Iberian gauge** is a railway  track gauge of ,  used by the railways of Spain and Portugal. This is the second-widest gauge in regular use anywhere in the world. Indian gauge railways, , are  wider.

In 1955, the Iberian gauge was a compromise between the slightly different, gauges in Spain and Portugal. The main railway networks of Spain were built to a  gauge of six Castilian feet. In Portugal they were first built to a  and later to a  gauge of five Portuguese feet – close enough to allow interoperability with Spanish railways.

## Standard gauge

Since the 1990s new high-speed passenger lines in Spain have been built to the international standard gauge of , to allow these lines to link to the European high-speed network. Although the 22 km from Tardienta to Huesca (part of a branch from the Madrid to Barcelona high-speed line) has been reconstructed as mixed Iberic and standard gauge, in general the interface between the two gauges in Spain is dealt with by means of gauge-changing installations, which can adjust the gauge of appropriately designed wheelsets on the move.

There are plans to convert more of the Iberian-gauge network in Spain and Portugal to standard gauge. Concrete sleepers pre-drilled with additional bolt holes allow for moving one rail to adjust the track to standard gauge (or to dual gauge) or the narrowing of the gauge by moving both rails closer together maintaining the perfect alignment of the loading gauge.

## Similar gauges and compatibility

The Indian gauge () is closely similar, with only  difference.  Chile and Argentina have bought second hand Spanish/Portuguese Iberian-gauge rolling stock. 1,668 mm trains can run on 1,676 mm gauge without adaptation, but for better stability in high-speed running a replacement wheelset may be required.  Due to the narrower gauge, a strong wear of the wheels may occur if the wheelset is not replaced.

## Iberian-gauge railway networks

|Country/territory|Railway|
| --- | --- |
|Portugal|Infraestruturas de Portugal network. Adjusted from the original  in the 19th century. Other gauges used in Portugal:  or  (Azores), , , , and|
|Spain|Adjusted from the original  in the 19th century. Adif-managed national railway network (except new high-speed railway lines). Although Lleida–La Pobla de Segur Line is both managed and operated by Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC), it was formerly part of the national railway network and was constructed to the  gauge. Barcelona Metro line 1 still uses the former  gauge.|
Japan Railways Group

The **Japan Railways Group**, more commonly known as the JR Group. Except JRF, all JR companies give customers passenger trains. JRF operates only freight service. JR groups is largest railway company in Japan and is still spreading all over Japan.

## Companies

The six passenger railways of the JR groups are separated by region. Each of them provide services in their business area. However, some trains operates through more 2 companies.

## Stations

There are many JR stations in all over Japan. Every day about over 21,000,000 people use JR train. Most of stations are usually open from 4 or 5 a.m. until 1 a.m. the next day. Some stations are open later or close earlier.

Urban stations have convenience store. They sell many things, including newspaper, drinks, foods and so on. There are also many shops inside the ticket gates, which are called "駅ナカ"(ekitana) in Japanese.

Each of stations are given original numbering. For example, Tokyo station is given JT-01, JK-26, JY-01, JC-01, JO-19 and JE-01. The numbering is made for passengers' convenience.

## Networks

JR networks are composed of Shinkansen lines and conventional lines. Shinkansen trains run over **320km/h**(about 200 mph). On conventional lines not only local train, but also Limited express train. Limited express trains are faster than local train; Usually, Limited express trains run 100-130km/h(about 60-80mph).

### Shinkansen Lines

There are 7 line service. Some shinkansens are connected. For example, Tokaido Shinkansen is connected to Sanyo Shinkansen at Shin-Osaka station.

Shinkansen is famous for the safe and non-delay service. Shinkansen is major transportation in Japan.

Typical Shinkansen is **NOZOMI**. You take NOZOMI train, it requires only about 140 minutes to travel to Osaka from Tokyo. NOZOMI is operated every 4 minutes.

### Conbentional lines

There are many line service and the network is complex. JR companies are try to be simple.

Typical Conbentional line is Yamanote Line. Yamanote line is connecting most of major station in Tokyo. It is loop service and only local trains are running. Further example is JR-Kyoto Line. On JR-Kyoto Line, not only local train, but also **Rapid, Special Rapid, Limited Express"Thunder bird", "Haruka", "Super Hakuto"** so on.

## Fares and tickets

To take JR trains, you should pay fare. As you travel far and far, fare is more expensiver. Tickets for a short distance is sold at automatic vending machine. If you want to ticket which are not selling on vending machine, go to Ticket Office.

To take Limited Express train, you should pay additional charge, which are called "**特急料金**" in Japan. So you should buy a normal ticket(called "乗車券") and a Limited Express ticket(called "**特急券**").

**JAPAN RAIL PASS** is a ticket offered jointly by the six JR Group companies, and it is convenient and reasonably priced for traveling throughout Japan by train. JAPAN RAIL PASS is vailed for the person who are foreign tourist. Except **NOZOMI** and **MIZUHO**, you can take any JR trains.
Cowboy Casanova

"**Cowboy Casanova**" is a song by American singer Carrie Underwood from her third studio album, _Play On_ (2009).

## Music video

The music video for "Cowboy Casanova" was directed by Theresa Wingert.

It premiered on CMT on October 2, 2009.

The video peaked at number 1 on CMT's _Top Twenty Countdown_ for seven consecutive weeks.
State-owned enterprise

A **state-owned enterprise** (**SOE**) is a government owned organisation which is started or nationalised by a government.

This may be to

- earn profit for the government,
- control a monopoly,
- provide products and services to citizens at a lower price,
- implement government policies,
- deliver products & services to the remote parts of the country.

The national  or provincial government has majority ownership over these state owned enterprises. They are also known as **public sector undertakings** in some countries. They have distinct legal forms.  The government defines what they should do. (e.g., a state railway company may aim to make transportation more accessible and earn profit for the government).

They are common with natural monopolies.

In both Eastern Europe and Western Europe, there was a massive nationalization throughout the 20th century, especially after World War II. In the Eastern Bloc, countries adopted very similar policies and models to the USSR. Governments in Western Europe saw state intervention as necessary to rebuild economies shattered by war. Government control over natural monopolies was common. Typical sectors included telephones, electric power, fossil fuels, iron ore, railways, airlines, media, postal services, banks, and water. Many large industrial corporations were also nationalized or created as government corporations, including, among many others: British Steel Corporation, Statoil and Águas de Portugal.
DSB (railway company)

**DSB**, an abbreviation of _Danske Statsbaner_, _Danish State Railways_), is the largest Danish train operating company, and the largest in Scandinavia. DSB is responsible for passenger train operation on most of the Danish railways, but not goods transport and railway maintenance. DSB runs a commuter rail system, called the S-train, in the area around the Danish capital, Copenhagen, that connects the different areas and suburbs in the area. Between 2010 and 2017, DSB operated trains in Sweden.

DSB was founded in 1885, when the state-owned companies _De jysk-fynske Statsbaner_ and _De sjællandske Statsbaner_ merged. The state in 1867, under the name De Jutland-Fynske Statsbaner took over the private company Det Danske Jernbanedriftselskab and in 1880, they also took over the privately owned Zealand Railway Company.

It is an independent public state-owned corporation under the Danish Ministry of Transport and Energy.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: DSB
- **logo**: DSB company logo.svg
- **logo size**: 175px
- **logo caption**: Logo of DSB
- **image**: DSBFlag.png
- **image size**: 175px
- **image caption**: Flag of DSB
- **type**: Independent Public Company
- **foundation**: October 1, 1885
- **location**: Copenhagen, Denmark
- **key people**: Flemming Jensen, CEO
- **industry**: Rail transport
- **products**: Passenger rail transport
- **revenue**: Danish krone, DKK 12.3 Billion (2015)
- **operating income**: DKK 522 Million (2015)
- **net income**: DKK 745 million (2005)
- **owner**: Danish Ministry of Transport
- **num employees**: 9,078 (2005 average)
- **subsid**: DSB S-tog A/S, DSB Vedligehold A/S
- **homepage**: [http://www.dsb.dk/ www.dsb.dk]


## Infobox (rail)

- **railroad name**: Danish State Railways
- **image**:
- **image caption**: DSB-operated railway lines in 2018 (red).
- **locale**: Denmark
- **start year**: 1885
Leptomantis belalongensis

***Leptomantis belalongensis*** is a frog.  It lives in Brunei and Malaysia.

The adult male frog is 25.8-30.9 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 34.7-38.2 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is gray or light brown in color. There are small dark brown spots on its back and sides. There are some blue spots on the sides of the body. The iris of the eye is red and yellow in color with a black circle around the outside.

This frog lives in rainforests. It sits on plants next to streams, 1-3 m above the ground. People have seen the males 10 m above the ground. The female frog lays eggs in a foam nest on leaves over streams.

People saw this frog in Brunei where two rivers came together and in Gunung Mulu National Park in Malaysia. Scientists believe this frog is not in danger of dying out because, even though it only lives in a small place, that place is only in protected parks: Ulu Temburong National Park and Gunung Mulu National Park.
Rail transport in Denmark

The **rail transport system in Denmark** has 2,633 km of railway lines. The Copenhagen S-train network, the main line Helsingør-Copenhagen-Padborg (at the German border), and the Lunderskov-Esbjerg line are electrified. Most traffic is on passenger trains. There is also a lot of cargo that goes between Sweden and Germany.

Maintenance work on most Danish railway lines is done by Banedanmark, a state-owned company that also allocates tracks for train operators.  Most passenger trains are operated by DSB, with Arriva and Nordjyske Jernbaner operating on some lines in Jutland. Freight transport is mainly done by DB Schenker Rail, although other operators take care of a significant portion of the local traffic.

Denmark is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Denmark is 86.

## Infobox (rail network)

- **name**: Denmark
- **nationalrailway**: DSB (railway company), DSB
- **infrastructure**: Banedanmark
- **majoroperators**: DSB (railway company), DSB
 DB Cargo
- **ridership**: 206,566,000 (2017)
- **passkm**: 6.653 billion <small>(2016)</small>
- **freight**: 2.575 billion units of transportation measurement, tkm <small>(2016)</small>
- **length**: <small>(2022)</small>
- **ellength**: as of Jan 1st 2023
- **el1**: Main arteries, 25 kV AC railway electrification, 25 kV 50 Hz
- **el1length**: <small>(2023)</small>
- **el2**: 1650 V DC (S-train (Copenhagen), S-train)
- **el2length**: <small>(2023)</small>
- **el3**: 750 V DC (Copenhagen Metro, Metro)
- **el3length**: <small>(2023)</small>
- **el4**: Light rail (Aarhus Light Rail, Aarhus, Odense Light Rail, Odense, Copenhagen Light Rail, Copenhagen)
- **el4length**: <small>(2023)</small>
- **nostations**: 567 <small>(2022)</small>
- **map**:
<small>Active lines of the Danish railway network with electrified main lines (blue) and S-train (Copenhagen), S-train lines (red). The Copenhagen Metro is not shown.</small>
Rail transport in Norway

The **Norwegian railway system** has 4,109 km of  (standard gauge) track of which 2,644 km is electrified and 274 km double track.  There are 697 tunnels and 2,760 bridges.

The Norwegian Railway Directorate manages the railway network in Norway on behalf of the Ministry of Transportation. Bane NOR is a state enterprise which builds and maintains all railway tracks, while other companies operate them. These companies include Vy and subsidiaries Vy Gjøvikbanen and CargoNet, Flytoget, Go-Ahead, SJ Norge, Green Cargo, Grenland Rail and Hector Rail.

Norway is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Norway is 76.

## Infobox (rail network)

- **name**: Norway
- **image**: Bergensbanen finse.jpg
- **caption**: The Bergen Line at Finse, the highest point of the Norwegian railways.
- **nationalrailway**: Vy
- **infrastructure**: Bane NOR
- **majoroperators**: SJ Norge, SJ AB, Vy and Go-Ahead Norge
- **ridership**: 40.401 million (2021)
- **passkm**: 1780 million (2021)
- **freight**: 37.55 million tonnes (2021)
- **notunnels**: 697
- **longesttunnel**: Follo Line, Blix Tunnel
- **nobridges**: 2,760
- **longestbridge**: Minnesund Railway Bridge
- **highelat**: Finse
Oslo Central Station

**Oslo Central Station**  is the main railway station in Oslo, and the largest railway station in the  Norwegian railway system. It connects with Jernbanetorget station, which is served by trams and the Oslo Metro. It's the end of the Drammen Line, Gardermoen Line, Gjøvik Line, Hoved Line, Østfold Line and Follo Line. It serves express, regional and local rail services by four companies. The railway station is operated by Bane NOR while its real estate subsidiary, Bane NOR Eiendom owns the station, and was opened in 1980.

Oslo Central Station was built on the site of the older **Oslo East Station.**  Combining the former east and west stations was made possible by the opening of the Oslo Tunnel. Oslo Central Station has 19 tracks, 13 of them have connections through the Oslo Tunnel. The station has two buildings, the original Oslo East building and the newer main building for Oslo Central. Each building houses a large shopping centre. The square in front of the station is called Jernbanetorget.

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Oslo Central Station
- **image**: Bjørvika_TRS_060605.jpg
- **address**: Jernbanetorget, Gamle Oslo,  
 Oslo
- **country**: Norway
- **line**: Drammen Line
Vestfold Line
Gardermoen Line
Gjøvik Line
Trunk Line
Østfold Line
Follo Line
- **connections**: **Metro:** Jernbanetorget station, Jernbanetorget
**Tram:** Jernbanetorget station, Jernbanetorget ; Dronningens gate tram stop, Dronningens gate
**Bus:** Oslo Bus Terminal; Jernbanetorget station, Jernbanetorget
- **platforms**: 19
- **architect**: John Engh
- **code**: OSL
- **iata**: XZO
- **owned**: Bane NOR Eiendom
- **operator**: Bane NOR
Flytoget
Go-Ahead Norge
SJ AB, SJ
SJ Norge
Vy
Vy Gjøvikbanen
Vy Tåg
- **zone**: Ruter: 1
Luciano De Ambrosis

**Luciano De Ambrosis** (born 1937) is an Italian actor and voice actor from Turin. He is the father of the voice actor Massimo De Ambrosis. He is an actor, known for The Ring (2002), Once Upon a Time in America (1984) and La piovra (1984).
Bergen station

**Bergen Station**  is the main railway station in the city of Bergen, Norway. It is a terminal station on the Bergen Line, and serves trains from Oslo as well as the Bergen Commuter Rail from Arna, Voss and Myrdal. It is located on the east side of the city centre and has four platforms. The station was opened in 1913, four years after the Bergen Line itself opened; it replaced a former main station that was located further west.

## Architecture

The station building is one of the grandest in Norway. The architect, Jens Zetlitz Monrad Kielland, designed it in the National Romantic style. He also designed Gamlehaugen, and the stone buildings at Bryggen. The building has been protected against non-trivial modifications since 2003.

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Bergen Station
- **image**: Bergen station, 2019 (01).jpg
- **image caption**: Front facade of Bergen station, 2019
- **address**: Bergen
- **country**: Norway
- **map type**: Norway
- **map caption**: Location within Norway
- **line**: Bergen Line
- **platform**: 4
- **architect**: Jens Zetlitz Monrad Kielland
- **architectural style**: National Romantic style
- **opened**: 1913
- **owned**: Bane NOR
- **code**: BRG
- **operator**: Vy Tog
- **other**: * Bus
* Bergen Light Rail
Narvik Station

**Narvik** is a railway station in Narvik Municipality in Nordland, Norway on the Ofoten Line. The station is in the town of Narvik, about  from the end of the line at the Port of Narvik.  There are three daily passenger trains from Kiruna, Luleå and Stockholm in Sweden. Vy Tåg runs the passenger trains. The station is  above sea level and is  from Stockholm. It was opened in 1902 along with Ofotbanen and the Iron Ore Line.

Narvik is the farthest north station in the Schengen Area. It is the farthest north standard-gauge railway station in the world. It is also the northern end of one of Europe's most celebrated night trains. The  leaves Stockholm around six every afternoon and reaches Lappmarken early the following morning. Then it goes over the mountains which are the modern frontier between Sweden and Norway to reach the Ofotfjord. On the south shore of the fjord is the port of Narvik, where it arrives early afternoon. It is a journey which has been praised as "surely one of the most engaging adventures by train in all Europe".

Onward journey is by bus only. The Narvik bus station is about  further south (). Northbound buses stop also at the E6 highway () a few hundred metres from the railway station, but not at the railway station. Southbound buses go from the bus station.

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Narvik
- **image**: Narvikstation1.jpg
- **address**: Narvik, 
- **country**: Norway
- **line**: Ofoten Line
- **connections**: **Bus:** to Tromsø, Lofoten (from road E6)
- **platform**: 2
- **opened**: 1902
- **code**: NK
- **owned**: Bane NOR
- **operator**: Vy Tåg
Found Heaven

***Found Heaven*** is the third album by Conan Gray. It was released on April 5, 2024, by Republic Records.

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Found Heaven
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Conan Gray
- **label**: Republic Records, Republic
- **producer**: * Shawn Everett
* Oscar Holter
* Greg Kurstin
* Max Martin
* Ilya Salmanzadeh, Ilya
- **prev title**: Superache
- **prev year**: 2022
Found Heaven On Tour

**Found Heaven On Tour** was the fifth concert tour by Conan Gray. It was for his album _Found Heaven_. It started on July 11, 2024, and ended on November 10, 2024.

## Tour dates

|scope="col" style="width:20em;"|Date (2024)|scope="col" style="width:10em;"|City|scope="col" style="width:10em;"|Country|scope="col" style="width:20em;"|Venue|scope="col" style="width:16em;"|Opening act|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Melbourne|rowspan="5"||John Cain Arena|rowspan="5"||||||
|rowspan="2"|Brisbane|rowspan="2"|Fortitude Music Hall|||||||
|Sydney|ICC Sydney Theatre|||||||||
|Adelaide|Adelaide Showground|||||||||
|Chicago||Grant Park||||||||
|Jakarta||Jakarta International Expo||||||||
|Quezon City||Araneta Coliseum||||||||
|||AsiaWorld–Expo||||||||
|Taipei||Nangang International Exhibition Center||||||||
|colspan="2"||Singapore Indoor Stadium||||||||
|Bangkok||UOB Live||||||||
|rowspan="2"|Seoul|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|KBS Arena Hall|||||
|Tokyo|rowspan="2"||Tokyo Garden Theater|||||||
|Osaka|Zepp Namba|||||||||
|Minneapolis|rowspan="2"||Minneapolis Armory|rowspan="19"|Maisie Peters|||||
|Sterling Heights|Michigan Lottery Amphitheatre|||||||||
|Toronto||Budweiser Stage||||||||
|rowspan="2"|Boston|rowspan="16"||rowspan="2"|MGM Music Hall at Fenway|||||
|New York City|Madison Square Garden|||||||||
|Philadelphia|Skyline Stage|||||||||
|Raleigh|Red Hat Amphitheater|||||||||
|Atlanta|Cadence Bank Amphitheatre|||||||||
|Indianapolis|Everwise Amphitheater|||||||||
|Paradise|Chelsea Ballroom|||||||||
|Portland|Theater of the Clouds|||||||||
|Seattle|WaMu Theater|||||||||
|San Francisco|Bill Graham Civic Auditorium|||||||||
|Inglewood|Kia Forum|||||||||
|Phoenix|Arizona Financial Theatre|||||||||
|Sugar Land|Smart Financial Centre|||||||||
|Austin|Moody Center|||||||||
|Fort Worth|Dickies Arena|||||||||
|rowspan="2"|Amsterdam|rowspan="2"||rowspan="2"|AFAS Live|rowspan="7"|Between Friends|||
|Brussels||Forest National||||||||
|Paris||Zénith Paris||||||||
|rowspan="2"|Manchester|rowspan="3"||rowspan="2"|O2 Apollo Manchester|||||
|London|OVO Arena Wembley|||||||||

## Infobox (concert)

- **artist**: Conan Gray
- **album**: _Found Heaven_
- **number of legs**: 4
- **number of shows**: 42
- **last tour**: Superache Tour
(2022-23)
- **this tour**: **Found Heaven On Tour**
(2024)
- **next tour**: ...
- **concert tour name**: Found Heaven On Tour
Rail transport in Sweden

**Rail transport in Sweden** is a network of 10,912 kilometres (6,780 mi). The first railway line in Sweden was built in 1855. The major operator of passenger trains was the state-owned SJ. Today around 70% of all rail traffic is subsidised local and regional trains. They are run by the regional public transport authorities. Passenger traffic has increased significantly since 2000. In 2019 Sweden was number five in the world measured in passenger kilometres per person and number three in the European union. It was 8th in the world when measured by passenger share.

In 1988 the Swedish parliament  separated the ownership of rail infrastructure from train operations. Sweden was the first European country to do this.  They also opened the railway system to private train operators, including open-access operators, with competitive bidding for regional service contracts.

In 2019, the Swedish railways were called 'the most deregulated railways in the world'.

Sweden is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Sweden is 74.

## Infobox (rail network)

- **name**: Sweden
- **image**: Skånetrafiken X61 065, SJ X55 3347, Malmö C, 2019 (02).jpg
- **caption**: Skånetrafiken Pågatåg X61 (railcar), X61 and SJ AB, SJ Bombardier Regina, X55
- **nationalrailway**: SJ AB, SJ
- **infrastructure**: Swedish Transport Administration
- **majoroperators**: Arlanda Express, FlixTrain, Inlandsbanan, Krösatågen, MTRX, MTR, Mälartåg, Norrtåg, Storstockholms lokaltrafik, Storstockholms lokaltrafik (SL), SJ AB, SJ, Snälltåget, Tågab, Vy Tåg, Pågatågen, Värmlandstrafik, Vy, Västtrafik, X-trafik, Øresundståg, Östgötapendeln
- **ridership**: 264.6 million
- **statyear**: 2019
- **longesttunnel**: Hallandsås Tunnel (8.7 km)
- **longestbridge**: Öresundsbron (7.8 km)
- **highelevation**: 601 m a.s.l.
- **highelat**: Storlien
- **lowelevation**: 30 m b.s.l.
- **lowelat**: Stockholm City Station
- **map**:
SJ AB

**SJ** (formally _SJ AB_) is a government-owned passenger train operator in Sweden. It was created in 2001, out of the public transport division of _Statens Järnvägar._ That was a government agency. It was divided into six separate government-owned limited companies. In 2018, SJ carried 31.8 million passengers.

## Overview

SJ's runs both subsidised and unsubsidised services. . The subsidised trains are awarded through competitive bids. However, some trains fall in between these categories, since public transit agencies can pay SJ to allow transit pass holders to use SJ's trains.

SJ received a government bailout a few years after its creation, but has since had profit margins of up to 10 %. All train operators in Sweden pay low track access charges to the track authority, Trafikverket.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: SJ AB
- **logo**: SJ (rail operator) logo.svg
- **type**: List of Swedish government enterprises, State-owned Aktiebolag
- **fate**: Active
- **predecessor**: Swedish State Railways
- **foundation**: 1 January 2001
- **location city**: Stockholm
- **location country**: Sweden
- **key people**: Monica Lingegård (Chief executive officer, CEO)
Henrik Rättzén (deputy CEO and Chief financial officer, CFO)
Siv Svensson (chairwoman)
- **products**: Rail transport
- **revenue**: 7.8 billion SEK (2017)
- **owner**: Government of Sweden
- **num employees**: approx. 4500 (2017)
- **subsid**: SJ Götalandståg
SJ Norge
SJ Norrlandståg
SJ Öresundståg
Stockholmståg
- **homepage**: [https://www.sj.se/ SJ.se]
Rail transport in Russia

**Rail transport in Russia** is one of the biggest railway networks in the world. Russian railways are the third longest by length and third by volume of freight hauled, after the railways of the United States and China. In overall density of operations (freight ton-kilometers + passenger-kilometers)/length of track, Russia is second only to China. Rail transport in Russia has been described as one of the economic wonders of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.

JSC Russian Railways has a near-monopoly on long-distance train travel in Russia, with a 98.6% market share in 2017. Independent long-distance carriers include Grand Service Express TC, Tverskoy Express, TransClassService, Sakhalin Passenger Company, Kuzbass Suburb, and Yakutian Railway.

## Characteristics

Russia is larger than both the United States and China in terms of total land area. Its rail density (rail tracking/country area) is lower than those two countries. Russia's population density is also much lower so the Russian railways carry freight and passengers over very long distances, often through vast, nearly empty spaces.  Coal and coke make up almost one-third of the freight traffic and have average hauls of around 1,500 kilometers. Ferrous metals make up another 10% of freight traffic and travel an average of over 1,900 kilometers. Railroads are often key to getting supplies to remote parts of the country.

Like most railways, rail transport in Russia carries both freight and passengers. It is one of the most freight-dominant railways in the world, behind only Canada, the United States, and Estonia in the ratio of freight ton-kilometers to passenger-kilometers. Per head of population intercity passenger travel is far greater than the United States (which has the lowest long-distance passenger train usages in the developed world).

There are seventeen regional railways. Most rail of the network uses the 1,520 mm Russian gauge.  The Poland–Russia border line to Kaliningrad uses the 1,435 mm Standard gauge.

## Narrow-gauge railways

In 1981, there were 33,400 kilometers of narrow gauge.
- Sakhalin Railway – located on Sakhalin, gauge of
- Apsheronsk narrow-gauge railway – located in the Krasnodar Krai, gauge of
- Kudemskaya narrow-gauge railway – located in the Arkhangelsk Oblast, Severodvinsk, gauge of
- Alapayevsk narrow-gauge railway – located in the Sverdlovsk Oblast, Alapayevsk, gauge of
- Altsevo peat railway – located in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, gauge of
- Kerzhenets peat railway – located in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, gauge of
- Pishchalskoye peat railway – located in Kirov Oblast, gauge of
- Gorokhovskoye peat railway – located in Kirov Oblast, gauge of
- Narrow-gauge railway of Decor-1 factory – located in the Arzamassky District, gauge of
- Narrow-gauge railway of KSM-2 factory –  located in the Tver, gauge of
Rail transport in Austria

**Rail transport in Austria** is mainly owned by the national rail company ÖBB. The railway network consists of 6,123 km, its gauge is  and 3,523 km are electrified.

There are some funiculars, rack railways and a lot of heritage railways mainly  on disused lines. Some secondary lines are set up in narrow gauge.

Austria is a member of the International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Austria is 81.

## Infobox (rail network)

- **name**: Austria
- **image**: Blick_auf_den_Hauptbahnhof_Wien_04.jpg
- **caption**: View of Wien Hauptbahnhof
- **nationalrailway**: Austrian Federal Railways, Österreichische Bundesbahnen
- **freightlength**: ?
- **hslength**: 233 km
- **el1**: 15 kV 16,7 Hz
- **el1length**: Main network
- **map**:
- **mapcaption**: Map of the main network in Austria as of 2020.
Austrian Federal Railways

The **Austrian Federal Railways** and formerly the  or ***BBÖ***), now commonly known as **ÖBB**, is the national railway company of Austria. It also runs Liechtenstein's railway. The ÖBB group is owned entirely by the Republic of Austria. It is divided into several separate businesses that manage the infrastructure and operate passenger and cargo services.

The Austrian Federal Railways was first formed in 1923, using the _Bundesbahn Österreich_ name, as a successor to the Imperial Royal Austrian State Railways.  It was incorporated into the _Deutsche Reichsbahn_ during the 1938–1945 Anschluss. It was reformed in 1947, under the slightly different name _Österreichische Bundesbahnen_, and still uses this name.

The Austrian rail system is mostly electrified. Electrification began in 1912 but did not reach an advanced state until the 1950s. The last steam locomotive in regular service on the standard gauge network was retired in 1978.

Major changes currently being made to the Austrian railway network are the construction of the Koralm Railway, the Semmering Base Tunnel and the Brenner Base Tunnel connection with Italy.

Eurobarometer surveys conducted in 2018 showed that satisfaction levels of Austrian rail passengers are among the highest in the European Union when it comes to punctuality, reliability and frequency of trains. Furthermore, with their _Nightjet_ brand, ÖBB operates Europe's largest night train fleet.

Unlike other major railway companies in Europe that offer more flexible cancellation policies, ÖBB only offers two types of tickets: full-price tickets, and cheaper but non-exchangeable and non-refundable tickets.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Austrian Federal Railways
- **logo**: Logo ÖBB.svg
- **logo size**: 150px
- **type**: Aktiengesellschaft
- **industry**: Transport
- **owner**: Austria, Republic of Austria
- **hq location**: ÖBB Unternehmenszentrale
- **hq location city**: Vienna
- **hq location country**: Austria
- **area served**: Central Europe
- **key people**: Andreas Matthä
- **products**: Rail transport, Cargo transport, Service sector, Services
- **income year**: 2019
- **net income year**: 2019
- **assets year**: 2019
- **equity year**: 2019
- **num employees**: 41.904
- **num employees year**: 2019
- **homepage**: [http://www.oebb.at www.oebb.at]
Rail transport in Latvia

**Rail transport in Latvia** is done on  Russian gauge. The main railway company is the state-owned Latvian Railways  (LDz), with its subsidiary Pasažieru vilciens running passenger services.

Latvia had lot of different rail gauges, both  standard gauge and  narrow gauge. These were gradually replaced by the Russian gauge after the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states.

The Rail Baltica project aims to connect Latvia and the other Baltic states to the European standard gauge by approximately 2030. Ten regional stations are planned in the section from Bauska to Salacgrīva.

Although PV has been a monopoly in passenger trains, in February 2022 the Road Transport Administration of the Ministry of Transport of Latvia announced the first market survey on potential private rail passenger service providers.
Riga Central Station

**Riga Central Station** ( is the main railway station in Riga, Latvia. It is known as the main point of Riga due to its central location, and most forms of public transport stop in this area. Part of the building is a shopping centre.

Three rail mainlines connect the station to the east:
- Riga–Skulte
- Riga–Lugaži, through to the Estonian border crossing at Valka
- Riga-Krustpils, which then splits into lines to Daugavpils and Zilupe.
Two rail mainlines connect the station to the west:
- Riga–Jelgava, including lines through to Liepāja.
- Riga–Tukums.
The Rail Baltica line is planned to go through the station. In February 2024, the first Rooftop Ceremony for the line was performed there. Riga Central Railway Hub will become the largest passenger terminal in the Baltics.

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Riga Central Station
- **name lang**: en
- **native name**: Rīgas Centrālā stacija
- **native name lang**: lv
- **other name**: Rīgas Pasažieru stacija
- **image**: Hauptbahnhof Riga 2018.jpg
- **address**: Stacijas laukums 2
Centra rajons
Rīga LV-1050
- **country**: Latvia
- **platform**: 5
- **tracks**: 12
- **connections**: bus, trolleybus
- **opened**: 1861
- **owned**: Latvian Railways
- **map type**: Latvia
- **map caption**: Location within Latvia
Rail transport in Lithuania

**Rail transport in Lithuania** has freight shipments and passenger services. The first railway line in Lithuania began in 1859. , the total length of railways in Lithuania was . Lietuvos Geležinkeliai, the national state-owned railway company, runs most of the passenger and freight services.

The country has a mixed gauge network: Most of it is broad gauge Russian standard. The new lines use the standard gauge or dual gauge track.  In 2020, Lithuania together with the other Baltic states began construction of the Rail Baltica high-speed rail which will have an operating speed of 249 km/h for the passenger trains. The project marks a new era for  Lithuanian railways and is expected to be completed by 2030.

Lithuania is a member of the Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF) and International Union of Railways (UIC). The UIC Country Code for Lithuania is 24.  As an EU member, the country is in the European Union Agency for Railways. It is also a member of Interrail and Eurail. Lithuania was ranked 16th among national European rail systems in the European Railway Performance Index 2017 assessing intensity of use, quality of service and safety.

## Infobox (rail network)

- **name**: Rail transport in Lithuania
- **image**:
- **caption**: Train near Vilnius
- **nationalrailway**: Lietuvos Geležinkeliai (LTG)
- **ridership**: 5.5 million (2019)
- **passkm**: 359 million (2019)
- **freight**: 16,181 million tonne-kilometre, tkm (2019)
- **gauge**:

- **gauge1**: 5 ft and 1520 mm gauge railways, 1520 mm
- **gauge2**: Standard-gauge railway, 1435 mm
- **gauge3**: 750 mm gauge railways, 750 mm
- **el**: 25 kV AC railway electrification, 25 kV AC, 50 Hz
- **longesttunnel**: Kaunas Railway Tunnel,
- **nobridges**: 410
- **longestbridge**: Lyduvėnai Bridge,
- **nostations**: 104  (or 164 if including all stops)
- **map**:
Lithuanian Railways

**Lithuanian Railways**, abbreviated **LTG**, is the national state-owned railway company of Lithuania. It runs most of the railway network in the country. It has several subsidiary companies. The main ones are: **LTG Link** which provides passenger services, **LTG Cargo** which provides freight service, and **LTG Infra** which is responsible for the maintenance and development of the infrastructure.

During 2022, Lithuanian Railways transported 4.69 million passengers and 31.0 million tonnes of freight; the majority of freight was oil products and fertilizers.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Lietuvos geležinkeliai
- **logo**: File:L_logo.png
- **image**: File:„LTG Link“ 04.jpg
- **type**: Group of public companies
- **foundation**: 1860 (first railway)
 1919 (official)
 1991 (current company)
- **location city**: Vilnius
- **location country**: Lithuania
- **key people**: Egidijus Lazauskas <small>(General Manager)</small>
Kęstutis Šliužas <small>(Chairman)</small>
- **industry**: Rail transport
- **products**: Rail transport, Cargo transport, Service (economics), Services
- **revenue**: €434.1 million
- **revenue year**: 2022
- **operating income**: €5.7 million
- **income year**: 2022
- **net income**: €1.2 million
- **net income year**: 2022
- **assets**: €2.280 billion
- **assets year**: 2022
- **equity**: €1.161.5 billion
- **equity year**: 2022
- **num employees**: 6,126
- **num employees year**: 2022
- **owner**: Ministry of Transport and Communications (Lithuania)
Vilnius railway station

**Vilnius Central Railway Station** is an LTG Link train station in Vilnius, Lithuania. The railway station is between two neighbourhoods of Vilnius — Naujininkai and Naujamiestis — and on the edge of the Old Town.

## History

The station was opened in 1869 while building the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw Railway. It was destroyed in 1945 during the World War II and in 1950 it was rebuilt in socialist realism style. The station was renovated in 1998 and then again in 2023.

## Infobox (station)

- **name**: Vilnius railway station
- **native name**: Vilniaus geležinkelio stotis
- **native name lang**: lt
- **image**: Vln Bahnhof by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg
- **caption**: Vilnius Central Railway Station entrance
- **address**: Geležinkelio street 16
- **borough**: Vilnius
- **country**: Lithuania
- **owned**: Lithuanian Railways, LTG
- **operator**: LTG Link
- **line**: Vilnius–Klaipėda Railway
Vilnius–Kaunas Railway
Vilnius–Marcinkonys Railway
Vilnius–Turmantas Railway
Vilnius–Jašiūnai Railway
Vilnius–Kena Railway
- **platforms**: 6
- **tracks**: 11
- **rebuilt**: 1950
- **services**: Waiting hall, ticket office, coffee shops, pharmacy, luggage storage, WC, LTG Link railway museum, ATM, vending kiosks.
Precociality and altriciality

In the study of biology of birds and mammals, some babies are born needing a lot of care because they can't move much. These babies are called **altricial**. Others are ready to move and do things on their own soon after they are born. These babies are called **precocial**. Precocial babies are often ready to leave their home (like a nest) very soon after they are born or hatched.

In fish, the difference is about if a baby fish is born with a stomach ready to digest food. Precocial fish babies have a stomach from the start, but altricial fish babies do not.

## Altricial

Altricial babies are not ready to do much when they are born. They need their parents to feed them and keep them safe for a while.

### Where the word comes from

The word "altricial" comes from a Latin word that means "to feed". This is because these babies need to be fed by their parents.

## Precocial

Precocial babies are more ready to take care of themselves soon after they are born or hatched.

### Where the word comes from

"Precocial" comes from a word that means "early ripening" in Latin.

## Why it matters

The difference between altricial and precocial babies matters because it affects how the animals live, how they are cared for by their parents, and how they survive in the wild.

## Examples

- Altricial: human babies, kittens, and puppies.
- Precocial: ducklings, chicks of many ground-nesting birds, and many mammals like deer.

There are many kinds of animals between these two types.