juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tasmanian Wilderness

The **Tasmanian Wilderness** is a term that is used for a range of areas in Tasmania, Australia.

The World Heritage Areas in South West Tasmania, Western Tasmania and Central Highlands are the most well known.

However, there are also other wilderness areas in Tasmania, Tarkine and the Cradle mountain wilderness. There is also an organisation known as the Tasmanian Wilderness Society.

The World Heritage Area is one of the largest conservation areas in Australia, covering 13,800km², or almost 20% of Tasmania. The area constitutes one of the last expanses of temperate wilderness in the world, including the renowned South West Wilderness. The area became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982, and it was extended in 1989. It is important for both its natural value but also its cultural values as well.

Remains found in limestone caves show that humans have lived in the area for well over 20,000 years.

The Tasmanian Tiger was the largest Dasyuromorphia and the last living specimen of the family Thylacinidae. The last known specimen died in captivity in 1936.<sup>p77</sup> The world's largest surviving carnivorous marsupial is the Tasmanian Devil; it is the size of a small dog and can hunt, although it is mainly a scavenger.<sup>p46</sup> It became extinct on the mainland some 600 years ago, and is now found only in Tasmania.<sup>p69</sup>

## World Heritage area

The following National Parks and reserves make up the **Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area**:
- Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park
- Franklin-Gordon Wild Rivers National Park
- Hartz Mountains National Park
- Mole Creek Karst National Park
- Southwest National Park
- Walls of Jerusalem National Park
- Central Plateau Conservation Area
- Devils Gullet State Reserve
- South East Mutton Bird Islet

## Related pages

- List of World Heritage Sites in Australia

## Other websites

- World heritage listing for Tasmanian Wilderness
- Tasmanian Parks & Wildlife Service site
- Position of World Heritage Area
- UNESCO site

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **whs**: Tasmanian Wilderness
- **image**: CradleMountain.jpg
- **caption**: Cradle Mountain and Dove Lake, Central Highlands
- **location**: Tasmania, Australia
- **criteria**: Cultural: iii, iv, vi, vii; natural: viii, ix, x
- **id**: 181
- **year**: 1982
- **extension**: 1989
- **area**: 1,584,233 ha
- **locmapin**: Australia Tasmania # Australia
- **map caption**: Location of the Tasmanian Wilderness
Valeri Zelepukin

**Valeri Mikhailovich Zelepukin** (born September 17, 1968 in Voskresensk, URS) is a Russian retired professional ice hockey left winger. He played a total of 11 seasons in the NHL; 7 with the New Jersey Devils, 1 with the Edmonton Oilers, 2 with the Philadelphia Flyers and 1 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He moved back to Russia in 2002 and retired. He won the Stanley Cup with the New Jersey Devils in 1995.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Valeri Zelepukin
- **played for**: New Jersey Devils
Edmonton Oilers
Philadelphia Flyers
Chicago Blackhawks
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left Wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 207
- **birth place**: Voskresensk, Soviet Union, URS
- **ntl team**: Soviet Union
- **ntl team 2**: Russia
- **draft**: 221st overall
- **draft year**: 1990
- **draft team**: New Jersey Devils
- **career start**: 1984
- **career end**: 2006
Mikhail Yakubov

**Mikhail Yakubov** (born February 16, 1982 in Barnaul, Russian SFSR) is a Russian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Severstal Cherepovets of the Kontinental Hockey League. Yakubov also played in the NHL for a total of 3 seasons; 2 with the Chicago Blackhawks and 1 with the Florida Panthers. He was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks with the 10th overall pick in the 2000 NHL Draft.

### Regular season and playoffs

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1997–98|Lada-2 Togliatti|RUS-3|7|0|0|0|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|1998–99|Lada-2 Togliatti|RUS-4|38|11|4|15|32|—|—|—|—|—|
|1999–00|Lada-2 Togliatti|RUS-3|26|12|19|31|14|—|—|—|—|—|
|2000–01|Lada Togliatti|RSL|25|0|0|0|4|4|0|0|0|0|
|2001–02|Red Deer Rebels|WHL|71|32|57|89|54|23|14|9|23|28|
|2002–03|Norfolk Admirals|AHL|62|6|5|11|36|9|0|0|0|8|
|2003–04|Norfolk Admirals|AHL|51|9|18|27|22|8|0|3|3|2|
|2003–04|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|30|1|7|8|8|—|—|—|—|—|
|2004–05|Norfolk Admirals|AHL|59|12|15|27|43|3|0|0|0|0|
|2005–06|Spartak Moscow|RSL|29|5|7|12|38|—|—|—|—|—|
|2005–06|Chicago Blackhawks|NHL|10|1|2|3|8|—|—|—|—|—|
|2005–06|Norfolk Admirals|AHL|8|1|3|4|8|—|—|—|—|—|
|2005–06|Florida Panthers|NHL|13|0|1|1|4|—|—|—|—|—|
|2006–07|Severstal Cherepovets|RSL|52|6|16|22|111|5|1|1|2|4|
|2007–08|Severstal Cherepovets|RSL|55|4|12|16|52|8|2|1|3|4|
|2008–09|Severstal Cherepovets|KHL|56|7|8|15|48|—|—|—|—|—|
|2009–10|Severstal Cherepovets|KHL|35|0|7|7|20|—|—|—|—|—|
|2009–10|Spartak Moscow|KHL|9|1|3|4|4|7|0|0|0|2|
|2010–11|HC Ugra|KHL|53|11|10|21|44|6|0|1|1|4|
|2011–12|Metallurg Magnitogorsk|KHL|52|8|10|18|26|12|1|4|5|2|
|2012–13|Metallurg Magnitogorsk|KHL|52|1|7|8|24|7|0|0|0|0|
|2013–14|HC Ugra|KHL|32|2|11|13|18|—|—|—|—|—|
|2014–15|HC Vityaz|KHL|46|3|5|8|50|—|—|—|—|—|
|2015–16|HC Sochi|KHL|30|0|1|1|16|1|0|0|0|2|

### International

|Year|Team|Event|Result|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||GP|G|A|Pts|PIM|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2000|Russia|WJC18||6|1|5|6|2|||
|2001|Russia|WJC|7th|7|0|1|1|6|||

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Mikhail Yakubov
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks
Florida Panthers
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image**: Mikhail Yakubov 2012-01-16 (1).JPG
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 3
- **weight lb**: 202
- **birth place**: Barnaul, Soviet Union
- **ntl team**: Russia
- **draft**: 10th overall
- **draft year**: 2000
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **career start**: 2000
- **career end**: 2016
Queen's Indian Defence

The **Queen's Indian defence** is an important defence to 1.d4. It features a fianchetto of Black's QB.

It starts as follows:
- 1.d4 Nf6
- 2.c4 e6
- 3.Nf3 b6
    - and now 4e3, 4Nc3 and 4g3 are all possible. So is 4.a3, which prepares 5.Nc3 by preventing Black's 5...Bb4.
This is the most usual line:

- 4.g3 Bb7 (4...Ba6 is also played here)
- 5.Bg2 Be7
- 6.0-0 0-0
- 7.Nc3 Ne4
- 8.Qc2 Nxc3
- 9.Qxc3
Bronchiole

The **bronchioles** or **bronchioli** are a part of the lung. They are the first airway branches that no longer have cartilage. They are branches of the bronchi. The bronchioles end by entering the circular sacs called alveoli.

## Infobox (anatomy)

- **name**: Bronchiole
- **image**: Alveoli diagram.png
- **caption**: Diagram of the alveoli with both cross-section and external view.
- **system**: Respiratory system
Master of Public Administration

**Master of Public Administration** (usually abbreviated MPA) is a postgraduate academic master's degree given by universities. Usually, it is awarded for studies toward Administration in the Public sector and Non-profit organizations. Usually, Public policy is part of the study. Additionally, there may be studies of comparisons between countries.

It is usually required to start a doctorate in Public Administration.
Tanzanite

**Tanzanite** is a blue-purple gemstone found in Tanzania, in the Mererani Hills near the city of Arusha and Mount Kilimanjaro. It is named after the country of Tanzania, where it is found. It is a kind of a mineral called zoisite. When it is first mined, tanzanite is usually a red-brown colour. It needs to be heated to 600 degrees Celsius in a special oven to bring out its purple colour.
Elephant shrew

The **elephant shrew**, also called **sengi**, are any of 16 species of rat-sized African mammals named for their long, tapered, and flexible snout (proboscis).  All have slim bodies, slender limbs, and very long hind legs and feet. Although they resemble shrews, they are not insectivores but constitute the mammalian order **Macroscelidea**.  Long thought to be related to shrews, it wasn't until the 1990s that it was learned they are actually more closely related to elephants.

## Description

Elephant shrews are terrestrial and are active during the day. Their ears and eyes are large, and, when alarmed, they run on their toes swiftly along paths they construct and maintain, sometimes leaping over obstacles. When foraging, they move along the pathways, using their paws and the constantly moving proboscis to turn over leaf litter and soil in search of prey, which consists of small insects (especially ants and termites), other arthropods, and earthworms. Gestation lasts two months, and litters contain one or two well-developed young.
Hyrax

**Hyrax** also called **dassie** is any of four species of thick, herbivorous mammals in the order **Hyracoidea**, any of six species of small hoofed mammal (ungulates) native to Africa and extreme southwestern Asia.

Hyraxes are well-furred rotund creatures with a short tail. Most measure between 30–70 cm long and weigh between 2–5 kg.  Hyraxes are mentioned in the Old Testament of the Bible and it is possible that the Hebrew word for hyrax (_shafan_) is the source of the name of present-day Spain.  Even though hyraxes are not native to Spain, rabbits are, and the theory states that early Hebrew explorers considered the rabbits to be a variety of hyrax.
Transposition

**Transposition** means to change places. It is a technical term in several disciplines:

- Transposition (music)
- Transposition (chess)
- Transposition (genetics), a term sometimes used for the action of a transposon

## Related words

- Transpose, the transpose of a matrix in mathematics
Reto von Arx

**Reto von Arx** (born 13 September, 1976 in Egerkingen, Switzerland) is a Swiss professional ice hockey left winger that currently plays for the HC Davos of the Swiss National League A. von Arx also played in the NHL for 1 season with the Chicago Blackhawks and also for their farm team at the time, the Norfolk Admirals. He was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks with the 271st overall pick in the 2000 NHL Draft.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: NLA, HC Davos vs. EV Zug, 19th October 2014 25.JPG
- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 190
- **birth place**: Biel/Bienne, Biel, Switzerland
- **played for**: HC Davos
Chicago Blackhawks
- **ntl team**: SUI
- **draft**: 271st overall
- **draft year**: 2000
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks
- **career start**: 1995
- **career end**: 2015
René Bourque

**René Gary Wayne Bourque** (born December 10, 1981 in Lac La Biche, Alberta) is a former Canadian ice hockey left winger. He played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks, Calgary Flames, Montreal Canadiens, and Columbus Blue Jackets.

## Awards

- He was named to the AJHL All-Rookie Team in the 1999–00 AJHL season.
- He won the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award in the 2004–05 AHL season.
- He was named to the AHL All-Rookie Team in the 2004–05 AHL season.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **team**: Montreal Canadiens
- **former teams**: Chicago Blackhawks
Calgary Flames
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **image**: Rene Bourque.JPG
- **image size**: 200px
- **position**: Winger (ice hockey), Left wing
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 213
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **birth place**: Lac La Biche, Alberta, Lac La Biche, Alberta, AB, Canada, CAN
- **draft**: _Undrafted_
- **career start**: 2004
Absorption

**Absorption** is when something takes in another substance. It is a physical or chemical phenomenon or  process. Atoms, molecules, or ions enter in the inner part (called "bulk") of a gas, liquid, or solid material.

This is different from adsorption. Molecules undergoing absorption are going deep into the volume of the material, instead in the case of adsorption molecules stop at the surface of the material. A more general term is _sorption_, which covers absorption, adsorption, and ion exchange.

Other meanings of "absorption" are:
- Biology: entry of substances through the skin or other boundaries such as the intestine or cell membrane.
- Pharmacology: release of drugs into the blood.
- Physics: receiving of electromagnetic radiation by a material.
Hillion

**Hillion** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city

Hillion is twinned with:
- Ballabio, Italy, since 2003
Plouha

**Plouha** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister cities

Plouha is twinned with:
- Killorglin, Ireland, since 1999
- Palas de Rei, Spain, since 2003.
Saint-Cast-le-Guildo

**Saint-Cast-le-Guildo** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Tréguier

**Tréguier** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Sister city

Tréguier is twinned with:
- Mondoñedo, Spain
Fréhel, Côtes-d'Armor

**Fréhel** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.

## Twin towns

Fréhel is twinned with:
- Mafra, Portugal

## Sport

Cap Fréhel (8,5 km from Fréhel and on the commune of Plévenon) is the end of the 5th stage of the 2011 Tour de France.
Lézardrieux

**Lézardrieux** is a commune. It is found in the Bretagne region in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
Noyal

**Noyal** is a commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France.
San Antonio Rampage

The **San Antonio Rampage** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2002. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Phoenix Coyotes of the NHL. They play their home games in San Antonio, Texas at the AT&T Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Las Vegas Wranglers.

## Other websites

- San Antonio Rampage's Official Site
Worcester Sharks

The **Worcester Sharks** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2006. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the San Jose Sharks of the NHL. They play their home games in Worcester, Massachusetts at the DCU Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Stockton Thunder.

## Other websites

- Worcester Sharks' Official Site
Syracuse Crunch

The **Syracuse Crunch** are an American professional Ice hockey team that began playing in 1994. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Anaheim Ducks of the NHL. They play their home games in Syracuse, New York at the War Memorial at Oncenter. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Elmira Jackals.

## Other websites

- Syracuse Crunch's Official Site
Toronto Marlies

The **Toronto Marlies** are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2005. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the NHL. They play their home games in Toronto, Ontario at the Ricoh Coliseum. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Reading Royals.

## Other websites

- Toronto Marlies' Official Site
Portland Pirates

The **Portland Pirates** were an American professional ice hockey team that played from 1993 to 2016. Throughout this time, they played in the American Hockey League (AHL) and were the farm team of the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL. They played their home games in Portland, Maine at the Cumberland County Civic Center, and won one Calder Cup which was in 1993.

The team left Portland after the 2015–16 season when it was bought by a group from Springfield, Massachusetts. That city had lost its AHL team, the Springfield Falcons, when the team was bought by the owners of the NHL's Arizona Coyotes and moved to Tucson, Arizona, where it now plays as the Tucson Roadrunners. The former Pirates team now plays as the Springfield Thunderbirds.

## Other websites

- Portland Pirates' Official Site
Houston Aeros

The **Houston Aeros** were an American professional ice hockey team that played from 1994 to 2013 in the American Hockey League. They played in Houston, Texas at the Toyota Center.

On April 19, 2013, it was announced that the team would move to Des Moines, Iowa at the beginning of the 2013–14 AHL season and would be known as the Iowa Wild.

## Other websites

- Houston Aeros' Official Site
Boxing gloves

**Boxing gloves** are giant gloves that boxers wear when fighting. These gloves are used to protect a boxer's hand. Boxing gloves are normally eight to ten ounces in weight. Boxing gloves are used in most forms of boxing. "Bare knuckle boxing" means fighting without wearing gloves.
Mamata Banerjee

**Mamta Banerjee**  () (born 5 January 1955), popularly known as **"Didi"**, is an Indian politician. She became the Chief Minister of the Indian state of West Bengal on 20 May 2011. She is the first woman Chief Minister of the state. She is also the founder and chairperson of the Trinamool Congress. Mamata Banerjee is also the Minister for Home, Health and Family Welfare, Land and Land Reforms, Information and Cultural Affairs, Hill Affairs, Minority Affairs and Madrassah Education, Agriculture, Power and Personnel and Administrative Reforms departments. She is a good orator. Her followers call her "Didi" (meaning "elder sister").

Mamata Banerjee came to power after defeating the 34-year-old Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Front government in West Bengal. That government was the world's longest-serving democratically-elected communist government.

In the past, she was the Minister of Railways twice, Minister of Coal once, and Minister of State for Human Resource Development, Department of Youth Affairs and Sports and Women and Child Development once in the cabinet of the Government of India.

## Other websites

- Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website
- Official Party website
- Profile: by BBC News dated 13 May 2011

|-

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mamata Banerjee
- **image**: Mamata Banerjee - Kolkata 2011-12-08 7536 Cropped.JPG
- **alt**: Portrait of Mamata Banerjee
- **office**: 8th Chief Minister of West Bengal
- **term start**: 20 May 2011
- **predecessor**: Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee
- **governor**: M. K. Narayanan
- **office2**: Minister of Railways (India), Minister of Railway
- **term start2**: 13 October 1999
- **term end2**: 16 March 2001
- **term start3**: 22 May 2009
- **term end3**: 19 May 2011
- **predecessor3**: Lalu Prasad Yadav
- **successor3**: Dinesh Trivedi <small>(pro tem)</small>
- **office4**: Member of Parliament for Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency), Kolkata Dakshin
- **term start4**: 1991
- **term end4**: 2011
- **predecessor4**: Biplab Dasgupta
- **successor4**: Subrata Bakshi
- **office5**: Member of Parliament (India), Member of Parliament for Jadavpur
- **term start5**: 1984
- **term end5**: 1989
- **predecessor5**: Somnath Chatterjee
- **successor5**: Malini Bhattacharya
- **office6**: Member of Legislative Assembly (India), Member of Legislative Assembly
 for Bhabanipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Bhabanipur
- **term start6**: 25 September 2011
- **birth place**: Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- **nationality**: Indian
- **spouse**: _Unmarried_
- **party**: Indian National Congress, Congress (Left In 1/1/1998)
All India Trinamool Congress, Trinamool Congress (1991-Present)
- **residence**: Harish Chatterjee Street, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- **alma mater**: Jogamaya Devi College
University of Calcutta
Shri Shikshayatan College
Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College
- **occupation**: Political Leader
- **profession**: Politician
Advocate
Social Worker
Painter
Singer
Writer
- **website**: http://aitcofficial.org/biography/
- **native name**: ममता बनर्जी
 মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়
SK Admira Wien

**SK Admira Wien** is a former football club from Vienna, Austria. It was founded in 1905 by a fusion of the  two clubs „Burschenschaft Einigkeit“ and„Sportklub Vindobona“ which also played in the Jedelsee area of Vienna. The club existed till 1971 when he was merged with  Sportclub Wacker Wien to FC Admira/Wacker.

The most successful aera of the club was in the years between 1926 and 1939 when the club reached seven Austrian national titles and  three Cups. During Nazi occupation of Austria they played in the Gauliga Ostmark. After the Anschluss in 1938 Admira played in the Gauliga Ostmark. Their win of the 1938–39 Gauliga Ostmark qualified them for the 1939 German football championship. They reached the final versus Schalke 04. They lost by a score of 0–9. After the Second World War they only reached one title in 1966 and three cup victories. In 1971 the club merged with Wacker Wien and was renamed Admira/Wacker. After financial problems  1997 VFB Mödling and Admira Wacker merges.

## Admira players in Austrias team

|-
|
- Josef Bican
- Michael Breibert
- Fritz Cejka
- Karl Durspekt
- Leopold Facco
- Friedrich Franzl
- Gustav Gerhart
- Erich Habitzl
- Wilhelm Hahnemann
- Josef Hamerl
- Franz Hanreiter
- Anton Janda
- Günter Kaltenbrunner
- Johann Klima
- Anton Koch
- Ferdinand Kolarik
- Gerhard Fleischmann
- Giuseppe Koschier
- Wilhelm Kreuz
- Robert Pavlicek
- Hans Pirkner
|
- Peter Platzer
- Franz Runge
- Anton Schall
- Johann Schierl
- Karl Schott
- Ignaz Sigl
- Karl Skerlan
- Walter Scholz
- Walter Stamm
- Karl Stoiber
- Heinrich Strasser
- Johann Szauer
- Karl Szoldatics
- Johann Urbanek
- Leopold Vogl
- Adolf Vogl
- Josef Wahl
- Rudolf Zöhrer
- Stefan Frühwirth
- Josef Molzer
The Seafarers

***The Seafarers*** is a short movie directed by Stanley Kubrick. It was released in 1953.
Spartacus (movie)

***Spartacus*** is a 1960 American epic historical drama movie directed by Stanley Kubrick and based on the novel of the same name by Howard Fast. The life story of the historical figure Spartacus and the events of the Third Servile War were adapted by Dalton Trumbo as a screenplay.

The movie stars Kirk Douglas as rebellious slave Spartacus and Laurence Olivier as his foe, the Roman general and politician Marcus Licinius Crassus. Co-starring are Peter Ustinov (who won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as slave trader Lentulus Batiatus), John Gavin (as Julius Caesar), Jean Simmons, Charles Laughton, John Ireland, Herbert Lom, Woody Strode, Tony Curtis, John Dall and Charles McGraw. The movie won four Oscars in all.

The titles were designed by Saul Bass.

Anthony Mann, the film's original director, was replaced by Douglas with Kubrick after the first week of shooting.
Paparazzi (song)

"**Paparazzi**" is a song by American pop singer Lady Gaga from her first album, _The Fame_ (2008). It was released May 15, 2009.

The song managed to reach number one in Germany; the top five in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the UK; and the top ten in the US.  It became Gaga's fourth consecutive number-one song on _Billboard_<nowiki/>'s Pop Songs airplay chart. On February 29, 2016, the Recording Industry Association of America certified "Paparazzi" 4× Platinum for sales and streams equal to four million copies in the United States.

### Year-end charts

|Chart (2009)|Rank|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align=left|Canada (Canadian Hot 100)|align=center|18|
|align=left|US Radio Songs (_Billboard_)|align=center|52|

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Paparazzi
- **artist**: Lady Gaga
- **album**: The Fame
- **written**: 2007
- **recorded**: 2007-2008
- **length**: 3:29
- **prev title**: Chillin
- **prev year**: 2009
- **next title**: Bad Romance
- **next year**: 2009
Chaudière-Appalaches

**Chaudière-Appalaches** is a region of Quebec, Canada. It is named for the Chaudière River and the Appalachian Mountains.

According to the Canadian 2021 census 433,312 people live in Chaudière-Appalaches. It has an area of . Its main cities are Lévis, Saint-Georges, Thetford Mines, Sainte-Marie and Montmagny.

## Subdivisions

**Regional County Municipalities**
- Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality
- Bellechasse Regional County Municipality
- La Nouvelle-Beauce Regional County Municipality
- Les Appalaches Regional County Municipality
- Les Etchemins Regional County Municipality
- L'Islet Regional County Municipality
- Lotbinière Regional County Municipality
- Montmagny Regional County Municipality
- Robert-Cliche Regional County Municipality

**Independent City**
- Lévis
    - Borough of Desjardins
    - Borough of Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière-Est
    - Borough of Les Chutes-de-la-Chaudière-Ouest

## Major communities

- Beauceville
- Disraeli
- Laurier-Station
- Lévis
- Montmagny
- Saint-Apollinaire
- Saint-Georges
- Saint-Joseph-de-Beauce
- Sainte-Marie
- Saint-Pamphile
- Thetford Mines

## Other websites

- Tourisme Chaudière-Appalaches

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Chaudière-Appalaches
- **settlement type**: Region
- **flag size**: n
- **image map**: Chaudières-Appalaches in Quebec.svg
- **map caption**: Map of Chaudière-Appalaches within Quebec.
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Canada, Province
- **area land km2**: 15,071.51
- **population total**: 433,312
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population density km2**: 28.8
Providence Bruins

The **Providence Bruins** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1992. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Boston Bruins of the NHL. They play their home games in Providence, Rhode Island at the Dunkin' Donuts Center. They have won 1 Calder Cup which was in 1998.
Springfield Falcons

The **Springfield Falcons** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1994. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Columbus Blue Jackets of the NHL. They play their home games in Springfield, Massachusetts at the MassMutual Center. Their CHL affiliate team is the Fort Wayne Komets.

## Other websites

- Springfield Falcons' Official Site
Binghamton Senators

The **Binghamton Senators** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2002. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Ottawa Senators of the NHL. They play their home games in Binghamton, New York at the Broome County Veterans Memorial Arena. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Elmira Jackals.

## Other websites

- Binghamton Senators Official Site
Rochester Americans

The **Rochester Americans** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1956. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Buffalo Sabres of the NHL. They play their home games in Rochester, New York at the Blue Cross Arena at the War Memorial. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Cincinnati Cyclones. The team is sometimes called the "Amerks" for short. The team has won 6 Calder Cups.

## Other websites

- Rochester Americans Official Site

## Infobox (pro hockey team)

- **bg color**: background:#FFFFFF; border-top:#00539F 5px solid; border-bottom:#EE3E41 5px solid;
- **text color**: #000000
- **current**: 2019–20 AHL season
- **team**: Rochester Americans
- **logosize**: 200px
- **city**: Rochester, New York
- **league**: American Hockey League
- **conference**: Eastern
- **division**: North
- **founded**: 1956–57 AHL season, 1956
- **arena**: Blue Cross Arena, Blue Cross Arena at the War Memorial
KeyBank Center (select games)
- **colors**: Red, white, blue

- **owner**: Terrence Pegula, Terry Pegula
- **coach**: Chris Taylor (ice hockey), Chris Taylor
- **gm**: Randy Sexton
- **media**: WROC (AM), ESPN Rochester
MSG Western New York
Democrat and Chronicle
AHL.TV (Internet)
- **affiliates**: Buffalo Sabres (National Hockey League, NHL)
Cincinnati Cyclones (ECHL)
- **name3**: Rochester Americans
- **dates3**: 1956–present
- **reg season titles**: **6**: (1964–65 AHL season, 1964–65, 1967–68 AHL season, 1967–68, 1973–74 AHL season, 1973–74, 1982–83 AHL season, 1982–83, 1990–91 AHL season, 1990–91, 2004–05 AHL season, 2004–05)
- **division titles**: **14**: (1964–65 AHL season, 1964–65, 1965–66 AHL season, 1965–66, 1967–68 AHL season, 1967–68, 1973–74 AHL season, 1973–74, 1977–78 AHL season, 1977–78, 1982–83 AHL season, 1982–83, 1986–87 AHL season, 1986–87, 1989–90 AHL season, 1989–90, 1990–91 AHL season, 1990–91, 1996–97 AHL season, 1996–97, 1998–99 AHL season, 1998–99, 1999–2000 AHL season, 1999–00, 2000–01 AHL season, 2000–01, 2004–05 AHL season, 2004–05)
- **conf titles**: **3**: (1995–96 AHL season, 1995–96, 1998–99 AHL season, 1998–99, 1999–2000 AHL season, 1999–00)
- **calder cups**: **6**: (1964–65 AHL season, 1964–65, 1965–66 AHL season, 1965–66, 1967–68 AHL season, 1967–68, 1982–83 AHL season, 1982–83, 1986–87 AHL season, 1986–87, 1995–96 AHL season, 1995–96)
Texas Stars

The **Texas Stars** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2009. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Dallas Stars of the NHL. They play their home games in Cedar Park, Texas at the Cedar Park Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Idaho Steelheads and their CHL affiliate team is the Allen Americans.

## Other websites

- Texas Stars Official Site
Peoria Rivermen

The **Peoria Rivermen** were an American professional ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey League from 2005 to 2013. They play in Peoria, Illinois at the Carver Arena.

The AHL announced that on June 14, 2013, the Rivermen franchise would relocate to Utica, New York and be known as the Utica Comets for the 2013-14 AHL season.

## Other websites

- Peoria Rivermen Official Site
Cleveland Monsters

The **Cleveland Monsters**, known before the 2016–17 season as the **Lake Erie Monsters**, are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2007. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Columbus Blue Jackets of the NHL. They play their home games in Cleveland, Ohio at the Quicken Loans Arena.
Interquartile range

In statistics, the **interquartile range** (IQR) is a number that indicates how spread out the data are, and tells us what the range is in the middle of a set of score<nowiki/>s.

The interquartile range IQR is defined as:

That is, it is calculated as the range of the middle half of the scores. The scores are divided into four equal parts, separated by the quartiles  and , after the scores have been arranged in ascending order (becoming bigger as one goes further). The second quartile  is also known as the median.

The interquartile range is not sensitive to outliers (scores that are much higher or much lower than the other scores). In fact, it eliminates them.

## Example

Given the following 20 scores arranged from the smallest to the largest:
- 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 9, 11, 11, 14, 14, 15, 15, 29
We can put them into four different groups of five numbers each:

- 1, 2, 2, 2, 3 | 4, 6, 8, 8, 8 | 8, 8, 9, 11, 11 | 14, 14, 15, 15, 29

The groups are thus separated by:

Hence the interquartile range is:

If the observation 29 has accidentally been written down as 92 instead, then this number is an outlier. If that happens the interquartile range is not affected.

## Related pages

- Range (statistics)
- Standard deviation
Amami rabbit

The **Amami Rabbit** (_Pentalagus furnessi_; Amami: _ʔosagi_) also known as the **Ryukyu Rabbit**, is a primitive dark-furred rabbit which is only found in Amami Ōshima and Toku-no-Shima, two small islands in between southern Kyūshū and Okinawa in Kagoshima Prefecture in Japan. Often called a living fossil, the Amami Rabbit is a living remnant of ancient rabbits that once lived on the Asian mainland, where they died out, remaining only on the two small islands where they survive today.
Binghamton Devils

The **Binghamton Devils** were an American professional ice hockey team. They were in the American Hockey League (AHL). The team was in Binghamton, New York. It was the farm team for the New Jersey Devils of the NHL. The team moved to Binghamton from Albany in 2017.Their ECHL affiliate team was the Trenton Devils. The team ended operation in 2021 and became the Utica Comets.

## Albany Devils

The Binghamton Devils played as the **Albany Devils** starting in 2010. In 2017, they moved to Binghamton. When they were located in Albany, they would play their home games in Albany, New York at the Times Union Center and sometimes at the Boardwalk Hall.

## Other websites

- Albany Devils Official Site
Abbotsford Heat

The **Abbotsford Heat** were a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2009 and stopped in 2014. They played for 5 seasons in the American Hockey League and were the farm team of the Calgary Flames of the NHL. They played their home games in Abbotsford, British Columbia at the Abbotsford Entertainment & Sports Centre.

The team struggled with financial problems and had low attendance near the end. The city of Abbotsford terminated their contract with the Heat on April 15, 2014. On May 5, 2014, The AHL's Board of Governors said at their spring meeting in Chicago that they had approved the relocation of the team to Glens Falls, New York for the 2014-15 AHL season.

## Other websites

- Official website
Grand Rapids Griffins

The **Grand Rapids Griffins** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1996 in the IHL. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Detroit Red Wings of the NHL. They play their home games in Grand Rapids, Michigan at the Van Andel Arena. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Toledo Walleye.

## Other websites

- Grand Rapids Griffins Official Site
Hamilton Bulldogs

The **Hamilton Bulldogs** are a Canadian professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1996. They play in the Onatrio Hockey League.
They formerly played in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Montreal Canadiens of the NHL.
They play their home games in Hamilton, Ontario at the Copps Coliseum which is nicknamed "The Dog Pound".

## Other websites

- Hamilton Bulldogs Official Site
Chicago Wolves

The **Chicago Wolves** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1994. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Vegas Golden Knights of the NHL. They play their home games in Rosemont, Illinois at the Allstate Arena. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Gwinnett Gladiators.

## Other websites

- Chicago Wolves Official Site
Oklahoma City Barons

The **Oklahoma City Barons** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2010. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Edmonton Oilers of the NHL. They play their home games in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma at the Cox Convention Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Stockton Thunder.

## Other websites

- Oklahoma City Barons Official Site
Milwaukee Admirals

The **Milwaukee Admirals** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2001. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Nashville Predators of the NHL. They play their home games in Milwaukee, Wisconsin at UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Cincinnati Cyclones.

## Other websites

- Milwaukee Admirals Official Site
Adirondack Phantoms

The **Adirondack Phantoms** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 2009. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Philadelphia Flyers of the NHL. They play their home games in Glens Falls, New York at the Glens Falls Civic Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the Greenville Road Warriors.

## Other websites

- Adirondack Phantoms Official Site
Charlotte Checkers

The **Charlotte Checkers** are an American professional ice hockey team. They began playing in 1990. The team plays in the American Hockey League (AHL). They play their home games in Charlotte, North Carolina at the Bojangles Coliseum. They are the AHL affiliate for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). Their ECHL affiliates are the Florida Everblades. The were previously the affiliate for the Carolina Hurricanes and the Seattle Kraken for the 2021–22 season.

The team originally played as the Capital District Islanders from 1990 until 1993. The team played their games in Troy, New York. After the 1993 season, the team would be sold to insurance executive Albert Lawrence and he would move to Albany to become the Albany River Rats.

Michael Kahn would buy the River Rats in 2010. Kaun also owned the ECHL team of the same name. When Kaun bought the River Rats, he decided to rename the team as the Charlotte Checkers and move the team to Charlotte, North Carolina. He would also give up the ECHL he owned in the process. This made them the third team in ice hockey history with the Charlotte Checkers name. A team called the Checkers played in the Eastern Hockey League (EHL) from 1956 until 1977. The ECHL Checkers played from 1993 until 2010.

On October 9, 2010, the Checkers would play their first game. They would be defeated by the Connecticut Whale 4–2. On April 15, 2019, the Checkers would win their first Calder Cup after they defeated the Chicago Wolves four games to one.
Norfolk Admirals (AHL)

The **Norfolk Admirals** were an American professional ice hockey team that played from 2000 until 2015. They played in the American Hockey League and were the farm team of the Tampa Bay Lightning of the NHL. They played their home games in Norfolk, Virginia at the Norfolk Scope. Their ECHL affiliate team was the Florida Everblades.

## Other websites

- Norfolk Admirals Official Site
Hershey Bears

The **Hershey Bears** are an American professional ice hockey team that began playing in 1938 which makes them the longest-existing team in the AHL. They currently play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Washington Capitals of the NHL. They play their home games in Hershey, Pennsylvania at the Giant Center. Their ECHL affiliate team is the South Carolina Stingrays. The Bears have won a total of 12 Calder Cups.
Social Security (United States)

In the United States, **Social Security** is the term for the federal **Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance** (**OASDI**) program. That program is run by the Social Security Administration. The original Social Security Act was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935. The current version of the Act, as amended, involves many social welfare and social insurance programs.

Social Security gets its money through payroll taxes. Those taxes are called Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax (FICA) or Self Employed Contributions Act Tax (SECA). Tax deposits are collected by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). Almost all salaried income, up to an certain amount set by law (see tax rate table below), is taxed by the Social Security payroll tax. All income over the set amount is not taxed. In 2019, the maximum amount of taxable money is $132,900.

In 2017, Social Security spent $806.7 billion for OASDI and $145.8 billion for DI.

## History

|colspan="8"  style="background:#ccf; text-align:center;"|Historical Social Security Tax Rates Maximum Salary FICA or SECA taxes paid on|
| --- | --- |
|colspan=8|---|

A limited form of the Social Security program started during President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first term. It started using "social insurance" to help during the Great Depression of the 1930s.

## Other websites

- **Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance ("OASDI')**
    - Social Security Administration
    - Social Security Advisory Board
    - Social Security Retirement Questions FAQ
    - Duties of Social Security Disability Attorneys
    - Social Security Internet Myths part 1, Social Security Internet Myths part 2
    - Congressional Budget Office: Social Security Primer (2001)
    - US Government Accountability Office, _Social Security Reform: Answers to Key Questions_
    - Social Security Act of 1935
    - Social Security Amendments of 1983
- **Calculators**
    - Social Security benefit calculators
    - Urban Institute's USA TODAY Lifetime Social Security and Medicare Benefits Calculator
- **More information**
    - Commission to Strengthen Social Security
    - Social Security Advisory Board
    - President's Commission to Strengthen Social Security
    - 75th Anniversary of Social Security at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Museum and Library
    - TimeLines of US SSI Numbers  (Years Numbers States)
    - Social Security Death Index Information
- **Articles**
    - Social Security: Major Decisions in the House and Senate Since 1935  Congressional Research Service (2016)
    - Social Security's Financial Outlook and Reforms: An Independent Evaluation, Jagadeesh Gokhale, member of the Social Security Advisory Board advising Congress and the President
    - Time Archives  A Collection regarding Social Security's progression and perception over time
Emme

**Melissa Aronson** (born 1963 in New York, New York), better known as **Emme**, is an American plus-size supermodel. She is one of the leading plus-sized models in the profession, as well as its highest earner.
Maria Francisca of Savoy

**Maria Francisca of Savoy** (Marie Françoise Élisabeth; 21 June 1646 – 27 December 1683) was a Princess of Savoy and the Queen consort of Portugal twice as the wife of Afonso VI and his brother Peter II.

## Biography

The younger daughter of Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours, and Élisabeth de Bourbon she was the younger sister of Marie Jeanne, Duchess of Savoy who married Victor Amadeus II in 1666. She was baptised with the names Marie Françoise Élisabeth, but was known as "Marie Françoise".

Born a princess of Savoy, her immediate family had resided in France since the previous century. Styled _Mademoiselle d'Aumale_ she was engaged to Afonso VI of Portugal by order of Louis XIV who wanted an alliance with Portugal against Spain. As such, the young queen left Paris on 29 May 1666, with the Marquis of Sande and his entourage, heading to La Rochelle. On 27 June there was a proxy ceremony where Afonso VI was represented by Sande. She bought a dowry of 1.8 Million pounds as part of an agreement which was signed on 24 February 1666. She arrived had her marriage in person on 2 August 1666. Her husband was pleased at his attractive wife. Her husband was paralysed on his left side and mentally unstable. The marriage was never consummated, and she divorced him.

On 28 March 1668, she married Afonso's brother, Infante Pedro, Duke of Beja, who was appointed prince regent the same year. The king was exiled for seven years and died in 1683. Maria Francisca again becaf Portugal for the second time when Peter succeeded his brother as Peter II in 1683. She died in December the same year and was buried at the "Convent of the Francesinhas", but was moved to the "Monastery of São Vicente de Fora" in 1912. Pedro II remarried Maria Sofia of Neuburg by whom he had several children.

## Children

1. Infanta Isabel Luísa of Portugal (6 January 1669 - 21 October 1690) died unmarried and was known as the **Princess of Beira** as heiress presumptive to the Portuguese throne.

### Titles and styles

- **21 June 1646 – 2 August 1666** _Her Highness_ _Mademoiselle d'Aumale_
- **2 August 1666 – 21 December 1668** _Her Majesty_ the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves
- **21 December 1668 – 2 April 1668** _Dona_ Maria Francisca de Bragança
- **2 April 1668 – 12 September 1683** _Her Royal Highness_ The Duchess of Beja
- **12 September 1683 – 27 December 1683** _Her Majesty_ the Queen of Portugal and the Algarves

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Maria Francisca of Savoy
- **succession**: Queen consort of Portugal
- **consort**: yes
- **image**: Marie Françoise de Savoie by an unknown artist (future Queen of Portugal).jpg
- **full name**:

- **reign**: 2 August 1666 – 21 December 1668
12 September 1683 - 27 December 1683
- **spouse**: Afonso VI of Portugal, Afonso VI
Peter II of Portugal, Peter II
- **issue**: Isabel Luísa, Princess of Beira
- **royal house**: House of Savoy, Savoy
- **father**: Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours
- **mother**: Élisabeth de Bourbon
- **birth place**: Hôtel de Nemours, Paris, France
- **death place**: Palhavã, Lisbon, Portugal
- **house**: House of Savoy
House of Braganza
Distrito Federal

**Distrito Federal** may mean:

- Mexican Federal District
- Brazilian Federal District

## Related pages

- Distrito Nacional of the Dominican Republic
SV Grödig

**SV Grödig** is an Austrian football club from Grödig near Salzburg, Austria . The team plays  in the Regionalliga Salzburg, the third highest league in Austrian football.

## History

The club was founded in 1948 and played till the 1990s in different classes of the SFV (Salzburger football association). In the 1990s they won 4 championships. 2003 they promoted to the Regionalliga West(3rd division). 2006 Eduard Glieder, a former team player became coach of SV Grödig, they reached the 6th place. The next year Heimo Pfeifenberger, another former team player became coach. 2008 they were promoted to the 1.Division, the second level in Austrian football. The first year was not successful and they were relegated to the Regionalliga. 2009/10 they won the league and were again promoted to the First Division. The season 2010/11 was successful, they reached th 6th place. After this success the president announced, that the aim for the next season is reaching a top position. Therefore,  the team was chanced and 6 players left the club. 2012/13 they won the league under coach Adi Hütter and were promoted to the Bundesliga. In the 2015/16 league they were relegated to the Second League, but went straight to the third league because of  financial reasons.

## Coaches

- Miroslav Bojčeski (20 Aug 2005 – 30 June 2006)
- Eduard Glieder (1 July 2006 – 30 June 2007)
- Heimo Pfeifenberger (1 July 2007 – 12 Dec 2008)
- Miroslav Bojčeski (14 Dec 2008 – 30 June 2009)
- Michael Brandner (1 July 2009 – 26 March 2010)
- Johann Davare _(interim)_ (26 March 2010 – 3 April 2010)
- Heimo Pfeifenberger (4 April 2010 – 30 May 2012)
- Adi Hütter (1 June 2012 – 31 May 2014)
- Michael Baur (1 June 2014–15)
- Peter Schöttel (17 June 2015 – 16 May 2016)
- Andreas Fötschl (1 July 2016 – 31 Dec 2017)
- Mario Messner (1 January 2018 – 4 November 2018)
- Miroslav Bojceski (3. December 2018 – 30 June 2020)
- Heimo Pfeifenberger (1 July 2020 – 31 December 2021)
- Thomas Schnöll (1 January 2021 – present)

## Honours

- Champion Regionalliga West(3)
- Champion in different leagues of the Salzburg football association (31)

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: SV Grödig
- **fullname**: Sportverein Grödig
- **founded**: 20 March 1948
- **ground**: Untersbergarena, Grödig
- **capacity**: 2 200
- **chairman**: Anton Haas
- **manager**: Miroslav Bojčeski
- **league**: Regionalliga Salzburg
- **season**: 2020/21
- **position**: 6th
- **pattern la1**: _whiteborder
- **pattern b1**: _bluehorizontal
- **pattern ra1**: _whiteborder
- **leftarm1**: 0000FF
- **body1**: 0000FF
- **rightarm1**: 0000FF
- **shorts1**: 0000FF
- **socks1**: 0000FF
- **pattern la2**: _whiteborder
- **pattern ra2**: _whiteborder
- **leftarm2**: FFFFFF
- **body2**: FFFFFF
- **rightarm2**: FFFFFFF
- **shorts2**: FFFFFF
- **socks2**: FFFFFF