juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Tatura

**Tatura** is a town in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia, Australia. The town part of the City of Greater Shepparton local government area. It is  north of the state capital, Melbourne and  west of the regional centre of Shepparton. In 2011 there were 3,672 people living in the town.

There are several large companies based in Tatura. These include Tatura Milk Industries, Goulburn-Murray Water's corporate headquarters, Sinclair Knight Merz, and the Department of Primary Industries (Victoria). Several multinational corporations such as Unilever and Snow Brand Milk Products have processing factories in the town.

Attractions include the Cussen Park wetlands, the World War II Prisoner of War Camps, and the Irrigation Museum.

The name of the town is an Aboriginal word meaning "small lagoon".

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Tatura
- **state**: vic
- **image**: TaturaMainStreet2.JPG
- **caption**: Main street
- **lga**: City of Greater Shepparton
- **postcode**: 3616
- **pop**: 3533
- **elevation**: 114
- **use lga map**: yes
- **maxtemp**: 21.3
- **mintemp**: 8.3
- **rainfall**: 474.1
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Shepparton, Shepparton
- **fedgov**: Division of Murray, Murray
- **dist1**: 167
- **dir1**: N
- **location1**: Melbourne
- **dist2**: 18
- **dir2**: W
- **location2**: Shepparton
Merrigum

**Merrigum** is a small town in the Goulburn Valley region of Victoria, Australia. The town is part of City of Greater Shepparton local government area. It is  north of the state capital, Melbourne. In 2011 there were 672 people living in the town.

The name _Merrigum_ is an Australian Aboriginal word meaning a small plain. Merrigum Post Office opened on 1 February 1875.

Golfers play at the course of the Merrigum Golf Club.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Merrigum
- **state**: vic
- **image**: MerrigumDistrictHistoricalSocietyMuseum.JPG
- **caption**: Museum
- **use lga map**: yes
- **pushpin label position**: right
- **lga**: City of Greater Shepparton
- **postcode**: 3618
- **pop**: 672
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Euroa, Euroa
- **stategov2**: Electoral district of Murray Plains, Murray Plains
- **fedgov**: Division of Murray, Murray
- **dist1**: 197
- **dir1**: N
- **location1**: Melbourne
- **dist2**: 30
- **dir2**: W
- **location2**: Shepparton, Victoria, Shepparton
- **dist3**: 14
- **dir3**: SE
- **location3**: Kyabram, Victoria, Kyabram
Great Artesian Basin

The **Great Artesian Basin** in Australia is the largest and deepest aquifer (artesian basin) in the world. It stretches over  , which is 22% of the surface area of Australia. This includes most of Queensland, the south-east corner of the Northern Territory, the north-east part of South Australia, and northern New South Wales. The basin is  deep in places. It may contain  of groundwater. Its temperature ranges from 30°C to 100°C.

The basin is the only reliable source of freshwater through much of inland Australia. The Great Artesian Basin Coordinating Committee (GABCC) coordinates activity between the various levels of government and community organisations.

## Geology

The water of the GAB is held in a sandstone layer laid down by continental erosion of higher ground during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Lower Cretaceous periods. At the time when much of what is now Australia was below sea level. The sandstone was then covered by a layer of marine sedimentary rock. This formed a confining layer, trapping water in the sandstone aquifer.  The eastern edge of the basin was uplifted when the Great Dividing Range formed. The other side was created from the landforms of the Central Eastern Lowlands and the Great Western Plateau to the west.

Most water enters the rock formations from the higher ground near the eastern edge of the basin (in Queensland and New South Wales). It very gradually flows towards the south and west. A much smaller amount enters along the western margin in arid central Australia, flowing to the south and east. Because the sandstones are permeable, water gradually makes its way through the pores between the sand grains, flowing at a rate of one to five metres per year.

Discharge water eventually exits through a number of springs and seeps, mostly in the southern part of the basin. The age of the groundwater is got by measuring carbon-14 and chlorine-36. It ranges from several thousand years for the recharge areas in the north to nearly 2 million years in the south-western discharge zones.
Melancholia

**Melancholia** is a mental illness. A person with melancholia has intense or long-lasting feelings of sadness, for no clear reason. In the 20th century, the term "melancholia" was mostly replaced by "depression" (also called Major Depressive Disorder).

## History

The first person to describe melancholia was Hippocrates, in the 4th century BC. In his _Aphorisms_, Hippocrates wrote that all "fears and despondencies, if they last a long time", are symptoms of melancholia.

The name "melancholia" comes from the old medical belief that there are four basic liquids in the body (called humors). According to this belief, diseases happen when the humors are not balanced correctly in a person's body. Humors were also thought to determine personality types. According to Hippocrates, melancholia was caused by having too much black bile in the body.  The name "melancholia" means 'black bile'. It comes from the Ancient Greek words μέλας (melas), meaning "dark, black", and  χολή (kholé), meaning "bile".

Robert Burton, a16th century scholar, wrote in detail about the condition in _The Anatomy of Melancholy_ (1621). It discussed melancholia from both literary and medical points of view. Burton wrote that music and dance were critical in treating mental illness, especially melancholia.

## Related pages

- Melancholic depression
California State Route 1

**State Route 1** (**SR 1**) is a major north–south state highway that runs along most of the Pacific coastline of the U.S. state of California.

Highway 1 includes parts called **Pacific Coast Highway** (**PCH**), **Cabrillo Highway**, **Shoreline Highway**, or **Coast Highway**. Its southern end is at Interstate 5 (I-5) near Dana Point in Orange County. Its northern end is at U.S. Highway 101 (US 101) near Leggett in Mendocino County. Highway 1 also at times runs together with US 101, through a  stretch in Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties, and across the Golden Gate Bridge.

The highway is famous for running along some of the most beautiful coastlines in the USA. This is why people sometimes call it an 'All-American Road'. In addition to its scenic route to attractions along the coast, it is also a major thoroughfare in the Greater Los Angeles Area, the San Francisco Bay Area, and several other coastal urban areas.

## Infobox (road)

- **state**: CA
- **type**: SR
- **route**: 1
- **map notes**: Map of California with SR 1 highlighted in red
- **section**: 301
- **maint**: California Department of Transportation, Caltrans
- **length mi**: 655.845
- **length round**: 3
- **length notes**: (broken into 5 pieces by U.S. Route 101)
- **tourist**:  Route One, Big Sur Coast Highway and Route One, San Luis Obispo North Coast Byway
- **established**: 1934
- **direction a**: South
- **terminus a**: in Dana Point, California, Dana Point
- **direction b**: North
- **terminus b**: near Leggett, California, Leggett
- **counties**: Orange County, California, Orange, Los Angeles County, California, Los Angeles, Ventura County, California, Ventura, Santa Barbara County, California, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo County, California, San Luis Obispo, Monterey County, California, Monterey, Santa Cruz County, California, Santa Cruz, San Mateo County, California, San Mateo, San Francisco, Marin County, California, Marin, Sonoma County, California, Sonoma, Mendocino County, California, Mendocino
- **previous type**: I
- **previous route**: 980
- **next type**: SR
- **next route**: 2
Spittal of Glenshee

left|thumb|Standing stone at Spittal of Glenshee
The **Spittal of Glenshee** lies at the head of Glenshee in the highlands of eastern Perth and Kinross, Scotland where the confluence of many small streams flowing south out of the Grampians form the Shee Water. For centuries, there has been a hostel or inn at the site and, in modern times, the small village has become a centre for travel, tourism and winter sports in the region, sited at a bend on the A93 trunk road which leads from Blairgowrie north past the Spittal to the Glenshee Ski Centre and on to Braemar.

Inhabitation in the Neolithic period is indicated by a Megalithic standing stone behind the old kirk, and the _Four Poster stone circle_ on a nearby mound.

When interest in ski mountaineering revived after the First World War and the Scottish Ski Club was resuscitated in 1929, they restarted weekly snow reports with reporters appointed at Lix Toll near Killin, Dalwhinnie, Braemar and the Spittal of Glenshee. The Dundee Ski Club used the _Spittal Hotel_ as its meeting place, and pioneered improvements, setting up the first ski tows in Britain at Glenshee in December 1950. The hotel burnt down in 1959, but Spittal of Glenshee has continued to provide accommodation near to the slopes.

The village also provides a stopping place on the _Cateran Trail_ waymarked long distance footpath which provides a 64-mile (103 km) circuit in the glens of Perthshire and Angus.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **country**: Scotland
- **official name**: Spittal of Glenshee
- **os grid reference**: NO110701
- **unitary scotland**: Perth and Kinross
- **lieutenancy scotland**: Perth and Kinross
- **post town**: BLAIRGOWRIE
- **postcode district**: PH10
- **postcode area**: PH
- **dial code**: 01250
- **constituency westminster**: Perth and North Perthshire (UK Parliament constituency), Perth and North Perthshire
- **constituency scottish parliament**: Perthshire North (Scottish Parliament constituency), Perthshire North
Improvised explosive device

An **improvised explosive device** (**IED**), more commonly known as **roadside bomb**, is a bomb that is constructed by people for other purposes than military action. Paramilitary groups often use such devices for terrorist activities. Unconventional warfare which is done by guerilla forces also uses such devices. Improvised explosive devices are commonly made out of household materials such as fertilizer (that use ammonium nitrate), matches (that use potassium chlorate), and hydrogen peroxide. A simple switch or button which lights the explosive material on fire (with some sort of flammable fuel like gasoline or diesel) is added to some IEDs. Other IEDs use cell phones, garage door openers, or toy controllers are also used to blow up the explosive in some cases.
Ladies' Home Journal

The ***Ladies' Home Journal*** is an American women's magazine that is published through Meredith Corporation. The magazine first appeared in February 1883, and went on to eventually become one of the leading women's magazines in the United States during the 20th century. LHJ hit 1 million subscribers around 1907. It went quarterly in 2014.
Super Bowl XLVI

**Super Bowl XLVI** (Super Bowl 46) was an American football game between  the National Football Conference (NFC) champion New York Giants and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2011 season. The Giants defeated the Patriots by the score of 21–17. The game was played on February 5, 2012, at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, the first time that the Super Bowl was played in the state of Indiana.

This Super Bowl is a rematch of Super Bowl XLII, which was also won by New York 17-14 and when they stopped the Patriots perfect season. This time, the Patriots entered the Super Bowl with a regular season 13-3 record, yet they were still the top seed and the New York Giants were the 4th seed.

## Infobox (superbowl)

- **sb name**: XLVI
- **image**:
- **visitor**: New York Giants
- **home**: New England Patriots
- **visitor abbr**: NYG
- **home abbr**: NE
- **visitor conf**: National Football Conference, NFC
- **home conf**: American Football Conference, AFC
- **visitor qtr1**: 9
- **visitor qtr2**: 0
- **visitor qtr3**: 6
- **visitor qtr4**: 6
- **home qtr1**: 0
- **home qtr2**: 10
- **home qtr3**: 7
- **home qtr4**: 0
- **kickoff time**: 23:30 UTC (6:30 pm EST, 5:30 pm CST, 3:30 pm PST)
- **stadium**: Lucas Oil Stadium
- **city**: Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
- **visitor**: National Football Conference, NFC
- **home**: American Football Conference, AFC
- **attendance**: 68,658
- **odds**: Patriots by 2½
- **mvp**: Eli Manning, Quarterback
- **anthem**: Kelly Clarkson
- **coin toss**: John Parry (American football official), John Parry
- **referee**: John Parry (American football official), John Parry
- **halftime**: Madonna featuring LMFAO (group), LMFAO, M.I.A. (artist), M.I.A., Nicki Minaj and Cee Lo Green
- **network**: NBC Sunday Night Football, NBC
- **announcers**: Al Michaels, Cris Collinsworth and Michele Tafoya
- **rating**: 47.0 (national)
56.7 (Boston)
 56.4 (Indianapolis)
49.7 (New York)
<small>US viewership: 111.3 million est. avg., 166.8 million est. total</small>
- **share**: 71 (national)
- **commercial**: $3.5 million
- **last**: XLV
- **next**: XLVII
Carbene

A **carbene** is a molecule with a carbon atom that has two bonds and two other electrons that do not make any bonds. Since the carbon has only 6 electrons around it, it is quite reactive. The general formula can be written as  R-(C:)-R'.

A carbene can be a _singlet_ or a _triplet_. In the first type, the two electrons that do not make bonds are like a lone pair. They both stay in the same orbital. In a triplet carbene instead, the two electron stay in different orbitals. Here they both have the same spin.

Carbenes can do many reactions. They can be both electrophiles and nucleophiles. They like doing addition reactions on double bonds. They are also found in cheletropic reactions.

Most carbenes are very unstable. However, some can exist for a long time. A famous example is Grubbs' catalyst, which was developed by Robert Grubbs.
Thiol

A **thiol** is a molecule that has a R–SH group. Thiols are like alcohols with an oxygen atom changed with a sulfur one. They have often a very strong and bad smell. Thiols are added to natural gas so that people can smell it. This is because methane does not have a smell but can explode very easily.

Thiols are very easy to oxidize. They are also quite acidic, more than alcohols. When the proton is taken away by a base, the thiol can become a nucleophile. It can do reactions like nucleophilic substitution.

One of the natural amino acids, cysteine, has a thiol in its structure.
Orbital

**Orbital** means something related to an orbit. It might also mean:
- Atomic orbital
- Molecular orbital
- Frontier orbital

## Related pages

- Orbital period
- Orbital eccentricity
- Orbital hybridization
- Orbital speed
- Orbital plane (astronomy)
Mario Party 2

***Mario Party 2*** is a party board video game for the Nintendo 64 console. It is the second game in the _Mario Party_ series. It was published by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo. It was released on December 17, 1999 in Japan, on January 24, 2000 in North America, and on November 6, 2000 in Europe. It was later re-released for the Nintendo Wii's Virtual Console in November and December 2010.

## Gameplay

_Mario Party 2_ is played like the first _Mario Party_ game. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through ten. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game.  It introduces the item system. Players can buy items by going into an item shop. Items can also be gotten through an item mini-game. Item mini-games are done when a player lands on an Item Space. Players can hold one item at a time. Also introduced are battle mini-games. Battle mini-games are done when a player lands on a Battle Space. Before playing the mini-game, a certain number of coins are taken from all players. The first place player gets 70 percent of the total coins, while the second place player gets 30 percent. The other two players get nothing. Duel mini-games are introduced in this game. A Duel mini-game is played when a player uses the Dueling Glove item. The player chooses an opponent to play against and the number of coins they want to wager. The wager is taken from both players' coin totals. Whichever player wins gets the total coin amount. The Koopa Bank is also introduced in this game. When a player passes by the Bank Space, they have to pay five coins. If a player lands on the Bank Space, they get the total that was in the bank at the time.

Six boards are in the game. In every board but the last one, the characters wear costumes. The costume is themed around the board.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Mario Party 2
- **developer**: Hudson Soft
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **composer**: Hironao Yamamoto
Shohei Bando
Kazuhiko Sawaguchi
- **engine**: Modified _Mario Party_ engine
- **series**: _Mario Party_
- **released**: **Nintendo 64**
**Virtual Console**

- **genre**: Party game#Party video games, Party
- **modes**: Single player, Multiplayer game, Multiplayer
- **platforms**: Nintendo 64, Virtual Console
Váli (son of Odin)

In Norse mythology, **Váli** is a son of the god Odin and giantess Rindr. Váli's brothers are Thor, Baldr and Víðarr. When Baldr was killed, Váli killed the person who killed him. He grew to full adulthood in one day.

We don't know whether Norse people worshipped Váli as a god or whether he was only a character in the Poetic Edda.

He is also the god of flight. Anything that passes through the sky, whether man made or of nature is under his control. To symbolize this his cloak is made of raven feathers that when he spreads his arms looks like wings. Váli is fated to survive Ragnarök.
Stuart Freeborn

**Stuart Freeborn** (September 5, 1914 – February 5, 2013) was a British make-up artist. He was known for his works in _Star Wars_ and for Stanley Kubrick's _2001: A Space Odyssey_. He had designed the make-up for Yoda.

Freeborn was born on September 5, 1914 in Leytonstone, London, England. He was married to Kay Freeborn until her death in 2012. They had three children, all who died before him. Freeborn died on February 5, 2013 in his home in London, England from natural causes, aged 98.

## Other websites

- An article looking at Stuart's work on the creatures and makeup of the _Star Wars_ Trilogy

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Stuart Freeborn
- **birth place**: Leytonstone, London, England
- **death place**: London, England
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **occupation**: Make-up artist
- **known for**: _Star Wars_
- **spouse**: Kay (3 children)
Edgar de Evia

**Edgar Domingo Evia y Joutard** (July 30, 1910 – February 10, 2003) was a Mexican-born American photographer. He took photos for Town & Country, House & Garden, Look, and The New York Times Magazine.

Evia was born on July 30, 1910 in Mérida, Yucatán. His father was Mexican, and his mother was French. In 1912, his family immigrated to New York City. Evia was partners with Robert Denning from the 1950s until the 1960s. Then he was partners with David McJonathan-Swarm from 1966 until his death in 2003. Evia died in New York City, New York on February 10, 2003 from pneumonia after a broken hip, aged 92.

## Other websites

- Edgar de Evia's Official Homepage
- Edgar de Evia's biographic sketch at Find A Grave
Peter Gilmore

**Peter Gilmore** (August 25, 1931 – February 3, 2013) was a British actor. He was known for his roles in _Warlords of Atlantis_, _The Onedin Line_, and in _Oh! What A Lovely War_.

Gilmore was born on August 25, 1931 in Leipzig, Germany to British parents. He was raised in North Riding of Yorkshire. He was married to Una Stubbs from 1958 until they divorced in 1969. Then he was married to Jan Waters from 1970 until they divorced in 1976. Then he was married to Anne Stallybrass from 1987 until his death in 2013. He had a son with Stubbs. Gilmore died on February 3, 2013 in his home in London, England, aged 81. He is not related to British actress Susan Gilmore.

## Other websites

- Anne Stallybrass and Peter Gilmore A site dedicated to the actors Anne Stallybrass and Peter Gilmore.
La Serena, Chile

**La Serena** is a Chilean city, the capital of the Coquimbo Region and the Elqui Province. In the INE 2002 census, the city had 160,148 people.

## Other websites

- Municipality of La Serena
- La Serena tourism guide
- Tourism La Serena

## Infobox (settlement)

- **native name lang**: es
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Chile, City and Communes of Chile, Commune
- **official name**: La Serena
- **image caption**: Top:Panorama view of Downtown La Serena, from Coquimbe area, 2nd left:Gabriel Coll Dalmau Park in Cisternas area, 2nd right:A fountain in Armas Square, 3rd left:La Serena University in Benavente area, 3rd right:La Serena Monument Righthouse, 4th left:La Serena Seaside Avenue (Mar Avenue), 4th right:Gregorio Cordovez Street, Bottom left:La Serena Cathedral in Gregorio Cordovez, Bottom right:Corazon Garden Park (Parque Jardin del Corazon)
- **image flag**: Flag of La Serena, Chile.svg
- **flag alt**: Flag
- **image shield**: Escudo de La Serena.svg
- **shield alt**: Coat of arms
- **image map**: Txu-oclc-224571178-sh19-09.jpg
- **map caption**: La Serena's urban hinterland
- **map alt**: La Serena's urban hinterland
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Chile
- **coor pinpoint**: city
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Chile
- **subdivision type1**: Regions of Chile, Region
- **subdivision name1**: Coquimbo Region, Coquimbo
- **subdivision type2**: Provinces of Chile, Province
- **subdivision name2**: Elqui Province, Elqui
- **government type**: Municipality
- **leader title**: Alcalde
- **leader name**: Roberto Jacob Jure
- **leader party**: Social Democrat Radical Party, PRSD
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1544
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 1892.8
- **elevation m**: 28
- **population total**: 160148
- **population as of**: 2002 Census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **population blank1 title**: Urban
- **population blank1**: 147815
- **population blank2 title**: Rural
- **population blank2**: 12333
- **demographics type1**: Sex
- **demographics1 title1**: Men
- **demographics1 info1**: 77,385
- **demographics1 title2**: Women
- **demographics1 info2**: 82,763
- **timezone**: Time in Chile, CLT
- **utc offset**: −4
- **timezone dst**: Time in Chile, CLST
- **utc offset dst**: −3
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 1700000
- **website**: [http://www.laserena.cl/ Official website]
Echuca

**Echuca** ( ) is a city on the banks of the Murray River and Campaspe River in Victoria, Australia. On the other bank of the Murray is the New South Wales town of Moama. Echuca is the administrative centre and largest town in the Shire of Campaspe. In 2011 there were 13,708 people living in Echuca.

_Echuca_ is an Aboriginal word meaning "Meeting of the Waters". Echuca is close to the junction of the Goulburn, Campaspe and Murray Rivers.  It is the closest point of the Murray to Melbourne. This meant it developed as a river port during the 19th century.

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: town
- **name**: Echuca
- **state**: vic
- **image**: EchucaWharf.JPG
- **caption**: Echuca's main landmark,
its historic wharf on the Murray River
- **lga**: Shire of Campaspe
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **use lga map**: yes
- **postcode**: 3564
- **pop**: 12906
- **elevation**: 96
- **maxtemp**: 22.2
- **mintemp**: 9.3
- **rainfall**: 428.4
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Murray Plains, Murray Plains
- **fedgov**: Division of Murray, Murray
- **dist1**: 214
- **dir1**: N
- **location1**: Melbourne
- **dist2**: 91
- **dir2**: NE
- **location2**: Bendigo, Victoria, Bendigo
- **dist3**: 76
- **dir3**: NW
- **location3**: Shepparton, Victoria, Shepparton
- **dist4**: 3
- **dir4**: S
- **location4**: Moama
Division of Wannon

The **Division of Wannon** is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria.

It is in the south-west of the state, and includes much of the western part of Victoria. It is next to the South Australian border in the west, and the Bass Strait coast in the south. The Division includes the towns of Warnambool, Portland, Ararat, Hamilton, Stawell and Halls Gap. The Grampians and the Port Campbell National Parks are in the Division. Maryborough and Avoca will become part of Wannon at the 2013 federal election after changes that took place on December 24, 2010.

The Division was one of the 75 divisions drawn up for the first federal election in 1901. It was named after the Wannon River, which had been named by Major Mitchell in 1836.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Samuel Cooke|Free Trade|1901–1903||
|||Arthur Robinson|Free Trade|1903–1906||
|||John McDougall|Labor|1906–1913||
|||rowspan="2"|Arthur Rodgers|Commonwealth Liberal|1913–1917|
|||Nationalist|1917–1922|||
|||John McNeill|Labor|1922–1925||
|||Arthur Rodgers|Nationalist|1925–1929||
|||John McNeill|Labor|1929–1931||
|||Thomas Scholfield|United Australia|1931–1940||
|||Donald McLeod|Labor|1940–1949||
|||Daniel Mackinnon|Liberal|1949–1951||
|||Donald McLeod|Labor|1951–1955||
|||Malcolm Fraser|Liberal|1955–1983||
|||David Hawker|Liberal|1983–2010||
|||Dan Tehan|Liberal|2010–present||
For the first 50 years the division was held by both the Australian Labor Party and the conservative parties.  However, changes in 1955 removed most of the seat's Labor-friendly territory, and it has been a safe Liberal seat since then. The seat was held by former Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser.

## References

- Division of Wannon – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites

- Dan Tehan's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Wannon
- **image**: Division of Wannon 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Wannon (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1900
- **state**: vic
- **mp**: Dan Tehan
- **mp-party**: Liberal Party of Australia, Liberal
- **namesake**: Wannon River
- **area**: 33854
- **class**: Rural
Pencil sharpener

A **pencil sharpener blade** is the cutting component within a pencil sharpener responsible for shaping the point of a pencil.  Like any cutting tool, these blades become dull with use, requiring replacement to maintain optimal sharpening performance.  The process of changing a pencil sharpener blade varies depending on the type of sharpener, but generally involves accessing the blade chamber, removing the worn blade, and inserting a new one.

## Types of Sharpeners and Blade Replacement

- **Manual (Handheld) Sharpeners:** Many handheld sharpeners are designed as single, replaceable units.  When the blade dulls, the entire sharpener is discarded and replaced.  However, some higher-quality manual sharpeners feature replaceable blades, often secured by a small screw or clip.

- **Electric Sharpeners:** Electric sharpeners also utilize replaceable blades.  Replacement typically involves unplugging the device, accessing the blade chamber (often by removing a cover or screws), and then swapping the blades.  Consulting the manufacturer's instructions is crucial due to model-specific variations.

- **Crank Sharpeners:** Crank sharpeners (rotary sharpeners) often have more complex mechanisms.  Blade replacement usually involves identifying and removing screws or clips securing the blade assembly.  Again, manufacturer's instructions are highly recommended.

## General Steps for Replacing a Pencil Sharpener Blade

1.  **Consult Instructions:** Always refer to the packaging or manual for specific instructions for your sharpener model.  This is especially important for electric and crank sharpeners.

2.  **Gather Tools:** Typically, a small screwdriver (often Phillips head), tweezers (for handling small blades), and the replacement blade are needed.

3.  **Disassemble:** Carefully disassemble the sharpener to access the blade.  Keep track of all parts for proper reassembly.

4.  **Remove Old Blade:** Carefully remove the old blade, which may be held by screws, clips, or pressure. Exercise caution as the blade may still be sharp.

5.  **Insert New Blade:** Position the new blade identically to the old one, ensuring correct alignment.

6.  **Reassemble:** Carefully reassemble the sharpener, ensuring all parts are securely in place.

7.  **Test:** Test the sharpener with a pencil to verify proper functionality.

## Safety Precautions

- Handle sharp blades with care.
- Keep replacement blades away from children.
- Unplug electric sharpeners before blade replacement.
- If unsure about any step, consult instructions or seek assistance.

## Extending Blade Life

- Avoid excessive sharpening.
- Use high-quality pencils.
- Regularly clean the sharpener to remove shavings and debris.
Eritrean–Ethiopian War

The **Eritrean–Ethiopian War** was a war between Ethiopia and Eritrea. It lasted from May 1998 to June 2000. Both countries spent hundreds of millions of dollars on the war, and tens of thousands of people were killed by the conflict. The war resulted in small changes to the border between the two countries.

Eritrea's war of independence lasted for 30 years, on and off; it was started in 1961 and finished in 1991 when Eritrea finally became independent.  While this was going on, there was also a civil war in Ethiopia, which began in 1975.  This war was started by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) as a rebellion to overthrow the Marxist military dictatorship of Derg (a military committee that had overthrown Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974).  TPLF and the Eritrean People's Liberation Front were formidable allies during the civil war, but then Ethiopia and Eritrea could not agree on where the border was after Eritrea's independence.  One of the main areas of conflict was focused on Badme.

## Events

The war took place from May 1998 to June 2000. It become one of the most violent wars in Africa. Ethiopia and Eritrea are some of the poorest countries in the world, but hundreds of millions of dollars were spent on the wars. Tens of thousands of people were killed in the conflicts.

The fighting quickly increased to using artillery and tanks. On 5 June 1998, the Ethiopians launched air attacks on the airport in Asmara and the Eritreans retaliated by attacking the airport of Mekele. These raids caused civilian casualties and deaths on both sides of the border. The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1177 condemning the use of force and welcomed statements from both sides to end the air strikes.

## After the war

The border dispute was settled on 13 April 2002, when an international court heard the case and made a decision. It was decided that the area around Badme belonged to Eritrea. This area, however, was occupied by Ethiopian forces. On 10 December 2005, Ethiopia announced that it was withdrawing some of its forces from the border. As of 2013, Ethiopia still occupies Badme.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Eritrean–Ethiopian War
- **caption**: Eritrean artillery firing on the border
- **date**: 6 May 1998 – 25 May 2000
- **place**: Eritrean–Ethiopian border
- **result**: Ethiopian military victory,
Eritrean international court victory
- **combatant1**:
Eritrea
- **combatant2**:
Ethiopia
- **commander1**: Isaias Afewerki
Sebhat Ephrem
- **commander2**: Meles Zenawi
Tsadkan Gebre-Tensae
- **casualties1**: **Estimates vary**:
19,000
20,000–50,000
67,000
150,000
- **casualties2**: **Estimates vary**:
34,000
60,000
123,000
150,000
Whatever

The term **whatever** is American slang. It means _whatever you say_ or _I do not care what you say_. It is used to dismiss something someone else has said. In the late 20th and early 21st century, the word became a sentence in its own right. The character Archie Bunker, from the show _All in the Family_, used the phrase often to dismiss his wife Edith in the 1970s. It was strongly prevalent among teenagers in the 1980s and 1990s.
Division of Wills

The **Division of Wills** is an Australian Electoral Division of Victoria.

The division includes the northern Melbourne suburbs of Brunswick, Coburg, Pascoe Vale, Fawkner, Glenroy, and Essendon Airport. It was named after William John Wills, of the Burke and Wills expedition.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||rowspan="2"|Bill Bryson|Labor|1949–1955|
|||Labor (Anti-Communist)|1955–1955|||
|||Gordon Bryant|Labor|1955–1980||
|||Bob Hawke|Labor|1980–1992||
|||Phil Cleary|Independent|1992–1996||
|||Kelvin Thomson|Labor|1996–2016||
|||Peter Khalil|Labor|2016–present||

Wills has been one of the safest Labor seats in the country. It has been held by Labor except between the 1992 by-election and the 1996 federal election. During this time it was held by independent Phil Cleary. The seat was held by Prime Minister Bob Hawke.

The 1992 by-election is remarkable for a number of reasons. It was caused by Bob Hawke's retirement from parliament. A record 22 people stood for election. It was won by an independent, Phil Cleary. However he was on unpaid leave from the state education system and the Australian Constitution forbids people employed by the government from standing for election. No replacement by-election was held as the court decision which threw out the results was made shortly before a general election was due.

## References

- Division of Wills – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites

- Kelvin Thomson's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Wills
- **image**: Division of Wills 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Wills (green) in Victoria (Australia), Victoria
- **created**: 1949
- **state**: vic
- **mp**: Peter Khalil
- **mp-party**: Australian Labor Party, Labor
- **namesake**: William John Wills, William Wills
- **area**: 57
- **class**: Inner Metropolitan
The Mall, London

**The Mall**  is a short but important road in London. It runs from Buckingham Palace at its western end to Whitehall, right near Trafalgar Square. On the way, it runs through Admiralty Arch. It is closed to traffic on Sundays and public holidays, and on ceremonial occasions.

The Mall was built as a ceremonial route in the early 20th century. There are similar ceremonial routes in cities such as Berlin, Mexico City, Oslo, Paris, Saint Petersburg, Vienna and Washington, D.C.. These routes are often used for major national ceremonies. When the Mall was built, a new façade (front face) was constructed for Buckingham Palace, and the Victoria Memorial was erected.

The Queen Victoria Memorial is in front of the gates of the Palace, whilst Admiralty Arch at the far end leads into Trafalgar Square. The length of The Mall from where it joins Constitution Hill at the Victoria Memorial end to Admiralty Arch is exactly . St. James's Park is on the south side of The Mall, opposite Green Park and St James's Palace, on the north side. Running off The Mall at its eastern end is Horse Guards Parade, where the Trooping the Colour ceremony is held.

The surface of The Mall is coloured red to give the effect of a giant red carpet leading up to Buckingham Palace. This colour was obtained using synthetic iron oxide pigment from Deanshanger Oxide Works (Deanox), which was created using the Deanox Process devised by chemist Ernest Lovell.

On VE Day – 8 May 1945 – the Palace was the centre of British celebrations. The King, Queen and Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret were on the balcony behind them, to the cheers from a vast crowd on The Mall.

During state visits, the monarch and the visiting head of state are escorted in a state carriage up The Mall, and the street is decorated with Union Flags and the flags of the visiting head of state's country. During the Golden Jubilee celebrations of Queen Elizabeth II in 2002, over one million people packed The Mall to watch the public displays and the appearance of the Royal Family on the palace balcony. These scenes were repeated in 2011 for the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, and again in 2012 for the Queen's Diamond Jubilee, and the Diamond Jubilee concert.
Sankoo

**Sankoo** () is a town in Ladakh, India. It is south of the town of Kargil, and is a sub-district of the Kargil District.
Super Bowl XLV

**Super Bowl XLV** was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Green Bay Packers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2010 season. The Packers defeated the Steelers by the score of 31–25. The game was played on February 6, 2011, at Cowboys Stadium in Arlington, Texas, the first time the Super Bowl was played in the Dallas–Fort Worth area.

## Infobox (super bowl)

- **type**: sb
- **name**: XLV
- **image size**: 180px
- **visitor**: 2010 Pittsburgh Steelers season, Pittsburgh Steelers
- **home coach**: Mike McCarthy
- **home record**: 10–6
- **home place**: 6
- **home**: 2010 Green Bay Packers season, Green Bay Packers
- **visitor coach**: Mike Tomlin
- **visitor record**: 12–4
- **visitor place**: 2
- **visitor abbr**: PIT
- **home abbr**: GB
- **visitor conf**: American Football Conference, AFC
- **home conf**: National Football Conference, NFC
- **visitor qtr1**: 0
- **visitor qtr2**: 10
- **visitor qtr3**: 7
- **visitor qtr4**: 8
- **home qtr1**: 14
- **home qtr2**: 7
- **home qtr3**: 0
- **home qtr4**: 10
- **date**: February 6, 2011
- **kickoff time**: 23:25 UTC (6:25 PM EST, 5:25 PM CST)
- **stadium**: AT&T Stadium, Cowboys Stadium
- **city**: Arlington, Texas
- **odds**: Packers by 3
- **mvp**: Aaron Rodgers, quarterback
- **anthem**: Christina Aguilera
- **coin toss**: Deion Sanders, representing the 2011 Pro Football Hall of Fame class
- **referee**: Walt Anderson (American football), Walt Anderson
- **hofers**: **Steelers:**  Dan Rooney (owner/administrator), Dick LeBeau‡ (assistant coach), Bill Nunn (American football), Bill Nunn (scout), Troy Polamalu
**Packers:** Kevin Greene (American football), Kevin Greene‡ (assistant coach), Charles Woodson

- **halftime**: The Black Eyed Peas, Usher (singer), Usher and Slash (musician), Slash
- **network**: NFL on Fox, Fox
- **rating**: 46.0 (national)
59.7 (Pittsburgh)
59.7 (Milwaukee)
<small>US viewership: 111 million est. avg., 162.9 million est. total</small>
- **share**: 69 (national)
87 (Pittsburgh)
85 (Milwaukee)
- **commercial**: $3 million
- **radio**: NFL on Westwood One Sports, Westwood One
- **radioannouncers**: Kevin Harlan (play-by-play)
Boomer Esiason (analyst)
James Lofton and Mark Malone (sideline reporters)
- **last**: XLIV
- **next**: XLVI
Oxford Street

**Oxford Street** is a major road in the City of Westminster in the West End of London. It is Europe's busiest shopping street, and has about 300 shops.

Oxford Street was named Oxford street in 1729 and its 1.5 miles long.

The street forms part of the A40 road, which connects London to Oxford. Like many roads in central London which are no longer through routes it is not signposted with the road number.

Roughly halfway along Oxford Street is Oxford Circus, a busy intersection with Regent Street. A diagonal crossing at Oxford Circus opened in 2009, currently the only one of its kind in central London.

## Infobox (street)

- **name**: Oxford Street
- **marker image**:
- **image**: Oxford Street (geograph 4949395).jpg
- **image size**: 220px
- **caption**: View east along Oxford Street in May 2016
- **former names**: Via TrinobantinaTyburn Road
- **map type**: United Kingdom London Westminster
- **map caption**: Location within Central London
- **length mi**: 1.2
- **location**: London, United Kingdom
- **maint**: Transport for London
- **direction a**: West
- **terminus a**: Marble Arch
- **direction b**: East
- **terminus b**: Tottenham Court Road / Charing Cross Road
- **metro system**: Tube
Oxford Circus

**Oxford Circus** is the busy intersection of Oxford Street  and Regent Street in the West End of London. It is served by Oxford Circus tube station, which is directly beneath the junction itself.

## History

The Circus was constructed in the beginning of the 19th century, and was designed by John Nash.

## Diagonal crossing

In 2009, Westminster City Council started a £4m scheme for the area, allowing shoppers to cross the intersection diagonally as well as the usual 'straight ahead', turning it into a "pedestrian scramble", much like Tokyo's Shibuya crossing.

The crossing opened on November 2nd of the same year, by which time the cost had risen to £5 million. The Mayor of London, Boris Johnson, said it was "a triumph for British engineering, Japanese innovation and good old common sense". Others noted that a similar crossing in Balham, South London had opened in 2005 at a cost of only £98,000.

## Infobox (road junction)

- **country**: GBR
- **road type**: Street
- **name**: Oxford Circus
- **image**: Oxford Circus, November 2009.jpg
- **image caption**: Oxford Circus in November 2009 with new diagonal crossing
- **location**: Westminster, London, United Kingdom, UK
- **roads**: Regent Street and Oxford Street
- **type**: Intersection (road), Intersection
Cold Stone Creamery

The **Cold Stone Creamery** is an American ice cream network based out of Arizona. Its main products are pies, premium ice cream, smoothies and ice cream cakes. This ice cream group, since 2008, has co-branded certain locations along with other chains in attempts to increase its presence outside the United States.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Cold Stone Creamery
- **industry**: Ice cream parlor
- **type**: subsidiary, Wholly owned subsidiary
- **foundation**: Tempe, Arizona (1988)
- **founder**: Susan and Donald Sutherland
- **location**: Scottsdale, Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, United States, US
- **locations**: 1100 (2011)
- **parent**: Kahala Corp., Kahala
- **homepage**: [http://www.coldstonecreamery.com/ coldstonecreamery.com]
Max Schmitt in a Single Scull

***Max Schmitt in a Single Scull*** is an oil painting by Thomas Eakins. It was painted in 1871. The picture measures 32.6 x 46.3 cm. It hangs in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. The painting sets on the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Lake Karachay

**Lake Karachay** is a small lake in the Ural Mountains. It lies in Chelyabinsk Oblast, near the town of Ozyorsk. Ozyork was a closed city; the people who worked there built Russia's first nuclear power plant, at Mayak. The lake was used to dump radioactive waste that resulted from operating the Mayak site, from about 1951. This waste had been dumped into the Techa River beforehand. From about 1956, it was also stored in tanks.

The lake is near Mayak, which is the name of a number of nuclear facilities, about 150 kilometres (93 miles) from Ekaterinburg in Russia.
Hobart Brown

**Hobart Ray Brown** (February 27, 1934 – November 7, 2007) was an American sculptor. He was known for finding the Kinetic Sculpture Race in 1969.

Brown was born on February 27, 1934 in Hess, Oklahoma. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Brown studied at Van Nuys High School, just a few classes from Marilyn Monroe. He was divorced two times. Brown had four children. Brown had a stroke in May 2007. Brown died on November 7, 2007 from pneumonia in Redwood City, California, aged 73.

## Other websites

- Hobart Brown: A life in Pictures
- Hobart Brown - Virtual Gallery
Roberto Cabral del Hoyo

**Roberto Cabral del Hoyo** (August 7, 1913 – October 4, 1999) was a Mexican poet, historian, and writer. He was known for his written works _Filly Pearl_, _To My Roots of the Earth_, _Three_, _Against the Dark Wind_, and _Word_.

Hoyo was born on August 7, 1913 in Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico. He was never married and had no children. Hoyo died on October 4, 1999 from pneumonia in his hometown and were he lived in Zacatecas, Mexico, aged 86.
Santa Barbara, California

**Santa Barbara, California**  is the county seat of Santa Barbara County, California, United States. As of 2020, 88,665 people lived there. It is the second largest city in the county, just after Santa Maria, California.

## Other websites

- Movies and television shows filmed in Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara on city-data.com
- Santa Barbara Conference & Visitors Bureau and Film Commission
- Santa Barbara earthquakes
- Santa Barbara Channels : Santa Barbara's public access TV station
- Summer Solstice Celebration
- National Register of Historic Places listings
- Local University UCSB
- Santa Barbara Views, ca. 1875, The Bancroft Library
Santa Maria, California

**Santa Maria** is a city in Santa Barbara County, in Southern California. In 2020, about 109,707 people lived there. Alice Patino is the mayor.
Otavalo

**Otavalo** is the capital of Otavalo Canton, is a large busy town in the Imbabura Province of Ecuador. The town has about 90,000 citizens and is surrounded by mountains and volcanoes such as Imbabura 4,630m, Cotacachi 4,995m, and the Mojanda volcanoes.

The indigenous Otavalo people are famous for weaving textiles, usually made of wool, which are sold at the Saturday market called _Plaza de los Ponchos_. The shops sell textiles such as handmade blankets, tablecloths, and much more. The Otavalo market is made of mushroom-shaped concrete umbrellas with benches. The market dates back to the 1870s and is one of the largest outdoor markets in South America.

The city also has El Parque Bolívar, a large park in the central square of Otavalo. Sometimes it is called Parque Central as well. It is surrounded by the city's government building and Iglesia de San Luís, a church with an octagonal clocktower. The church was originally built 1676–79.

The railway station is in the southern part of the town center behind Copacabana Market, 2,532 metres (8,307 ft) above sea level.
Ibarra, Ecuador

**Ibarra** (full name **San Miguel de Ibarra**) is a city in northern Ecuador and the capital of the Imbabura Province. It lies at the foot of the Imbabura Volcano and on the left bank of the Tahuando river. It is about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Ecuador's capital Quito. Ibarra was founded in 1606.
North–South divide

The **North–South divide** is a term often used in the geography of socio-economics. It describes a difference in economic development between the north and south of the world. The North is made up of mostly developed countries in the Northern Hemisphere – those of Europe and North America. The South is made up of mostly developing and undeveloped countries – those in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. Many of them are in the Southern Hemisphere. The North is home to four of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and all members of the G8.

## Related pages

- North–South divide in the United Kingdom
Shipbuilding

**Shipbuilding** refers to the manufacturing of ships. In the past many ships were built in places like Glasgow and Sunderland but in the 21st century this industry is not big in the United Kingdom and most ships are built in South Korea and China. Japan once built the most ships but is now in 3rd place.

## Related pages

- Boston Navy Yard
Saikai, Nagasaki

**Saikai** is a city in Nagasaki Prefecture Japan, formed in 2005 from the merger of several smaller towns including Oshima.
Tina Majorino

**Albertina Marie "Tina" Majorino** (February 7, 1985) is an American movie and television actress. She started acting as a child. She acted in the movies _Waterworld_ and _Napoleon Dynamite_. On television, she acted in the series _Big Love_, _Veronica Mars_ and _True Blood_. She was also in the animated television version of _Napoleon Dynamite_.  She has a recurring role on the series _Bones_. In 2012, Majorino joined the cast of _Grey's Anatomy_. Her acting was begun around 1992. She was born in Westlake, California.
Sônia Braga

**Sônia Braga** (born June 8, 1950) is a Brazilian and American actress. She acts mostly in movies. She starred in _The Rookie_ and _Moon over Parador_. She has also been in a few television programs, including _CSI: Miami_. She is the aunt of the Brazilian actress Alice Braga.