juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Norwegian heavy water sabotage

The **Norwegian heavy water sabotage** was a group of Allied missions in World War II. The target of the missions was the 60 megawatt Vemork power station. This power station produced a type of water that is named heavy water. Heavy water is based on a hydrogen isotope called deuterium. The missions were to stop Germany from making heavy water. Germany needed the heavy water to understand and help make atomic bombs. The attacks started in February 1942 by Norwegian Commandos and Allied bombers. The missions were code named **Grouse**, **Freshman**, and **Gunnerside**. The missions were successful and the Vemork power plant was no longer working by 1943.

### Operation Grouse

British Special Operations Executive (or SOE) made plans to put four Norwegian commandos in the area in October 1942. On 19 October 1942, these Norwegian commandos parachuted in. They had to ski a very long way to get to the station. They were supposed to watch the power station to make sure it was safe for other troops to arrive. The mission went well and the commandos began surveillance of the power station from Hardanger Plateau.

### Operation Freshman

On 19 November 1942, British paratroopers were supposed to meet the Norwegian commandos and attack the power station. The paratroopers were flown in on gliders pulled by large bombers. The gliders and bombers crashed before they got to Vemork. Most of the British paratroopers were killed in the crash. One crew from a bomber survived, but they were all captured by the German army. The German Gestapo then tortured and executed all of the prisoners. Even though the Norwegian commandos were able to hide from the Germans, the mission was a complete failure.

### Operation Gunnerside

A new mission was started in February 1943. This time, the Norwegian commandos were able to sneak up to the power station and attacked it. The commandos set bombs on the machines that made the heavy water. The commandos left a Thompson submachine gun behind on purpose so the German military would know it wasn't people from the town. The bombs destroyed the machines and stopped the station from making heavy water. No one from the ferry survived and the heavy water was lost. All of the commandos survived.

## Sinking of the _SF Hydro_

After the station was damaged, the German soldiers tried to move the heavy water they had made. The German army moved the remaining heavy water to a dock on Lake Tinn. The heavy water was in drums that were loaded on a railroad car. They loaded the railroad cars on a ferry called the _SF Hydro_. Norwegian resistance fighters, led by one of the commandos from Operation Gunnerside, were able to plant bombs on the ferry. After the ferry left the dock, the bombs exploded and the ferry sank into deep water. 18 people died on the ferry, 14 Norwegians and 4 German soldiers.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Norwegian heavy water sabotage
- **partof**: World War II
- **image**: Vemork Hydroelectric Plant 1935.jpg
- **image size**: 300
- **caption**: Vemork hydroelectric power plant in 1935
- **place**: Telemark, Norway
- **result**: Allied victory
Early Christian councils

The early councils of Christian churches often established the theological boundaries that came to define official statements of Christian belief. The first council was held in Jerusalem in 49 AD. This meeting arose from the missionary work of Paul, who spread faith in Jesus and established churches in Asia Minor. Paul sought recognition for these new believers and their churches from the original church in Jerusalem, so that they could be acknowledged as true communities of faith.

After discussion, Peter concluded that the faith of these new churches should be recognized as equal to that of the believers in Jerusalem. James reached a similar conclusion, and the council issued a letter affirming shared faith between the communities. This letter is recorded in Acts 15:23–29. It confirmed acceptance of the faith as taught by Paul and Barnabas and advised the new believers to avoid actions that might offend the Jerusalem church.

In the history of Christianity in the Western Roman Empire, there were **seven** **ecumenical councils**. Among these were the First **Council** of Nicaea in 325, the First **Council** of Constantinople in 381, the **Council of** Ephesus in 431, and the **Council of Chalcedon** in 451. The churches of the Near East participated in the first three councils, while the African and Eastern Orthodox churches largely ceased attendance after Nicaea.
Carroll House

The **Carroll House Hotel** on Monroe St. in Fullerton, North Dakota was built in 1889. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The listing included three contributing buildings which included Shingle Style architecture and Second Empire architecture.

The Carroll House was built by Edwin Sweet.
Fullerton, North Dakota

**Fullerton** is a city in Dickey County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 62 at the 2020 census.

The city is said to be named after Dr. Samuel Fuller.

The Ranch House is a local restaurant in the area.

## History

"…In 1882 Dickey County was a wild, unbroken prairie, with not a foot of land occupied or a sod turned. Now, i don't believe there is a foot of land in the county that is not owned, and most of it by actual settlers."

Fullerton was founded in 1888.

The Carroll House is a registered national historical site in Fullerton.

## Church

St. (Saint) Patrick's Catholic Church is a Roman Catholic church in Fullerton, North Dakota. It is a member of the Diocese of Fargo. St. Patrick's Catholic Church was a previously unused church in Ellendale, North Dakota, that was moved to Fullerton due to a high amount of Irish Catholics in the area.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Fullerton, North Dakota
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Carroll House, a hotel in Fullerton (Dickey County, North Dakota).jpg
- **imagesize**: 275px
- **image caption**: Carroll House Hotel, Carroll House, a historic hotel in Fullerton
- **image map**: ND Dickey County Fullerton.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Fullerton, North Dakota
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: North Dakota
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in North Dakota, County
- **subdivision name2**: Dickey County, North Dakota, Dickey
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1887
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 1.01
- **area land km2**: 1.01
- **area water km2**: 0.00
- **area total sq mi**: 0.39
- **area land sq mi**: 0.39
- **area water sq mi**: 0.00
- **population as of**: 2020 United States census, 2020
- **population total**: 62
- **population density km2**: 61.38
- **population density sq mi**: 158.97
- **timezone**: Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: –6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: –5
- **elevation m**: 440
- **elevation ft**: 1444
- **postal code type**: ZIP Code
- **postal code**: 58441
- **area code**: Area code 701, 701
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 38-28780
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1036047
François André

**François André** (19 July 1967 – 11 February 2020) was a French politician. He was born in Pontivy. He was a member of the Socialist Party. From 2012 until his death in 2020, he served as a member of the National Assembly. He represented the department of Ille-et-Vilaine.

On 11 February 2020, André died of lung cancer in Rennes. He was 52.
Battle of Whitestone Hill

The **Battle of Whitestone Hill** was the culmination of the 1863 operations against the Sioux Indians in Dakota Territory. Brigadier General Alfred Sully attacked a village September 3–5, 1863. The Native Americans in the village included Yanktonai, Santee, and Teton (Lakota) Sioux.

## Results

Ultimately the battle ended in a decisive US victory. Over 300 natives were killed, these included women and children. 20 US soldiers were killed in the conflict.
Dakota Territory

The **Territory of Dakota** was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2, 1861, until November 2, 1889, when the final extent of the reduced territory was split and admitted to the Union as the states of North and South Dakota.
Battle of Killdeer Mountain

The **Battle of Killdeer Mountain** (also known as the **Battle of Tahkahokuty Mountain**) took place during Brigadier General Alfred Sully's expedition against the Sioux Indians in Dakota Territory July 28–29, 1864. The location of the battleground is in modern Dunn County, North Dakota.

## Results

Around 100 Native American warriors were killed in the conflict, whilst only 2 of Alfred Sully's were killed.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Killdeer Mountain
- **colour scheme**: background:#ffcccc
- **image**: Killdeer Mountain.png
- **image size**: 305
- **caption**: Killdeer Mountain battlefield
- **partof**: Sioux Wars, American Civil War
- **date**: –
- **place**: Dakota Territory
Present-day Dunn County, North Dakota
- **result**: United States victory
- **combatant1**: United States of America
- **combatant2**: Lakota people, Lakota, Dakota people, Yanktonai, Dakota people, Santee Dakota
- **commander1**: Alfred Sully
- **commander2**: Gall (Native American leader), Gall
Sitting Bull
Inkpaduta
- **strength1**: 2,200
- **strength2**: 1,600 or more
- **casualties1**: 5 dead, 10 wounded.
- **casualties2**: 31-150 dead
Battle of the Badlands

The **Battle of the Badlands** was fought in Dakota Territory, in what is now western North Dakota, between the United States army led by Brigadier general Alfred Sully and the Lakota, Yanktonai, and the Dakota Indian tribes. The battle was fought August 7–9, 1864 between what are now Medora and Sentinel Butte, North Dakota.

## Results

Alfred Sully estimated around 100 Native American warriors were killed in battle, this may have been an exaggeration due to range. Only 3 US soldiers were killed in the battle, along with an additional 10 wounded.
Battle of Big Mound

The **Battle of Big Mound** was a United States Army victory in July 1863 over the Santee Sioux Indians allied with some Yankton, Yanktonai and  Teton Sioux in Dakota Territory.

## Results

It is stated in the official report that there was 80 Native American causalities, and only 7 total US causalities (3 killed, 4 wounded).
Galia melon

The **Galia melon**, also known as **sarda** in Southeast Asia, is hybrid melon. It comes from a cross between the green-flesh melon cultivar 'Ha-Ogen' and the netted-rind melon cultivar 'Krimka'. It was developed in Israel at the Ne´ve Yaar Research Center of the Agricultural Research Organisation by Dr. Zvi Karchi.  It was released in 1973, and named after Karchi's daughter, whose name means "God's wave" in Hebrew.The Galia melon can look like a cantaloupe the outside and a honeydew inside.

Galia melons have the following characteristics:
- average weight is one kilogram.
- a rounded shape.
- rough lines on the skin.
- are yellow when ripe.
- they have a sweet taste and smell.

Ripeness is measured by color of the skin, when it starts turning from green to yellow. After cutting, uneaten pieces should be wrapped and refrigerated to keep flavor.

They are not difficult to grow. Galias are now grown in Algeria, Brazil, Guatemala, Portugal, Spain, Morocco, Southern US regions, Costa Rica, Panama, Honduras, Greece, Turkey, Israel, and Egypt.
Melnick 34

**BAT99-116** (commonly called **Melnick 34** or **Mk34**) is a binary Wolf–Rayet star near R136 in the 30 Doradus complex (also known as the Tarantula Nebula) in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Both parts are amongst the most massive and luminous stars known. It has a spectral type of WN5h and the most massive binary system with x-ray luminosity. Because of such a high mass, they are expected to only have a few million years of life and become a black hole.
Battle of Grand Coteau

The **Battle of Grand Coteau**, or **Battle of Grand Coteau du Missouri**, was a battle that took place between a Métis buffalo hunting party from St. François Xavier, led by Jean Baptiste Falcon, and the Sioux Cut Head Yanktonai, led by Chief Medicine Bear. The Métis won the battle, which took place on July 13 to 14, 1851 in what is now North Dakota.

Chief Medicine Bear's men killed only 1 person and 15 horses but had much larger losses: 15-80 men and 65 horses.
Hornussen

**Hornussen** is sport played in Switzerland. Its name comes from the puck which is called a "Hornuss" (hornet) or "Nouss". When hit, the hornuss can whizz through the air at up to 300 km/h (186.4 mph) and creates a buzzing sound. It is a team sport, played between two teams of 16-20 players. Teams take turns to see how far they can hit the hornuss, while the other team attempts to stop it in the air with a type of bat, called a "schindel".

Together with Schwingen and Steinstossen, Hornussen is seen as a Swiss national sport. There are only a few teams in other countries.

## Infobox (sport)

- **name**: Hornussen
- **image**: Hornussen catching.jpg
- **caption**: Stopping the hornuss in flight
- **country/region**: Switzerland
- **olympic**: No
- **paralympic**: No
Battle of Stony Lake

The **Battle of Stony Lake** was the third and last engagement of Henry Hastings Sibley's 1863 campaign against the Santee, Yankton, Yanktonai and Teton Sioux in Dakota Territory.

## Results

300-400 Native American warriors, women, and children were killed. A mere 40 men perished on the side of the US army.
Battle of the Trebia

The **Battle of the Trebia** (or **Trebbia**) was the first major battle of the Second Punic War. It was fought between the Carthaginian forces of Hannibal and the Roman Republic in December 218 BC at or around the winter solstice.

The Carthaginian forces of Hannibal Barca defeated the Roman army, les by Tiberius Sempronius Longus, on the banks of the Trebbia River.

Only 4,000-5,000 Carthaginian soldiers fell during the conflict, far fewer than the Romans' 26,000-32,000 causalities.
Oregon Concordia University

**Oregon Concordia University** was a private, non-profit Lutheran university in Portland, Oregon in the United States. It was established in 1905.

The university closed after the 2020 spring semester. It was the third private college to close in the Portland-area since 2018.

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Concordia University
- **caption**: Concordia University Portland logo
- **motto**: Christi Crux Est Mihi Lux
- **mottoeng**: The Cross of Christ is Light to Me
- **established**: 1905
- **type**: Private university, Private
- **religious affiliation**: Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
- **enrollment**: 1,300 undergraduate
500 graduate
5,200 online & off-site (2014)
- **endowment**: $7.2 million (2009)
- **president**: Johnnie R. Driessner (interim)
- **city**: Portland, Oregon, Portland
- **state**: Oregon
- **country**: United States
- **campus**: Urban,
- **colors**: Navy and White

- **nickname**: Cavaliers
- **athletics**: NCAA Division ll
- **logo**: Concordia University (Oregon) logo.svg
Remake

**Remake** means to create something again. It usually means a movie, television series or video game. A remake is similar to the original but usually changes some things. The changes could range from just more detailed art, to a whole new story. It may change the theme or target audience.

A remake may change some parts of the plot. For example, the 1968 movie _The Thomas Crown Affair_ is centered on a bank robbery. The 1999 remake involves the theft of a valuable painting. A lot of times, a remake changes graphics and art.

## Live Action Remakes (animation)

Recently, a lot of big movie studios like Disney have been remaking successful animated movies into live action ones. They usually do this because it's an easy way to make money, though lots of people don't like how studios make remakes instead of new movies. Even though they're called live action remakes, they often use a lot of CGI. The idea of live action remakes was popularized by Disney after _The Lion King 2019_ grossed over 5 million dollars. Usually, live action remakes also change the actors. Sometimes, they also make minor plot changes. They usually are very similar in scripts, music, sets, and plot.
Bob Cashell

**Robert Alan Cashell** (April 22, 1938 – February 11, 2020) was an American businessman and politician. He was originally a member of the Democratic Party. He was a Republican after 1983. He served as the mayor of Reno, Nevada from 2002 to 2014. He served as the 28th Lieutenant Governor of Nevada from 1983 to 1987. He was on the University of Nevada System Board of Regents from 1979 to 1982. He also served as a board member for Station Casinos from 2011 to 2020.

Cashell was born in Longview, Texas. He was married to Nancy Parker from 1964 until his death in 2020. The couple had four children.

Cashell died of an illness and heart disease-related problems on February 11, 2020 in Reno. He was 81.
Shariff Abdul Samat

**Shariff Abdul Samat** (5 January 1984 – 11 February 2020) was a Singaporean professional footballer. He played as a centre-back. He was the son of Singaporean international footballer, Samad Allapitchay.

## Career

Shariff played club football for Sembawang Rangers, Home United, Young Lions, Tampines Rovers, Hougang United, Admiralty, Woodlands Wellington and Geylang International. He also played one game for Singapore in 2008.

Shariff died of a heart attack on 11 February 2020. He was 36.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Shariff Abdul Samat
- **image**: Shariff Abdul Samat.jpg
- **caption**: Shariff in 2013
- **fullname**: Shariff Abdul Samat
- **birth place**: Singapore
- **years1**: 2003
- **years2**: 2005
- **years3**: 2006
- **years4**: 2007–2009
- **years5**: 2010
- **years6**: 2011
- **years7**: 2012
- **years8**: 2012
- **years9**: 2013
- **years10**: 2014–2015
- **years11**: 2016
- **clubs1**: Sembawang Rangers
- **clubs2**: Home United
- **clubs3**: Young Lions (Singapore football team), Young Lions
- **clubs4**: Tampines Rovers
- **clubs5**: Home United
- **clubs6**: Hougang United
- **clubs7**: Admiralty FC, Admiralty
- **clubs8**: Tampines Rovers
- **clubs9**: Woodlands Wellington
- **clubs10**: Tampines Rovers
- **clubs11**: Geylang International FC, Geylang International
- **position**: Centre-back
- **caps1**: 17
- **goals1**: 0
- **caps2**: 1
- **goals2**: 0
- **caps3**: 11
- **goals3**: 0
- **caps4**: 70
- **goals4**: 1
- **caps5**: 13
- **goals5**: 0
- **caps6**: 22
- **goals6**: 0
- **caps7**: 8
- **goals7**: 2
- **caps8**: 0
- **goals8**: 0
- **caps9**: 11
- **goals9**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 2008
- **nationalteam1**: Singapore national football team, Singapore
- **nationalcaps1**: 1
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
- **pcupdate**: 16 July 2013
- **ntupdate**: 4 June 2013
Shaun Donovan

**Shaun Lawrence Sarda Donovan** (born January 24, 1966) is an American politician. He was the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 2009 to 2014 and Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 2014 to 2017.

On February 3, 2020 he announced his candidacy for Mayor of New York City.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Shaun Donovan
- **image**: Shaun Donovan official photo.jpg
- **office**: Director of the Office of Management and Budget
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **deputy**: Brian Deese
Robert Gordon (acting)
- **term start**: August 5, 2014
- **term end**: January 20, 2017
- **predecessor**: Sylvia Mathews Burwell
- **successor**: Mick Mulvaney
- **office1**: 15th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
- **president1**: Barack Obama
- **deputy1**: Ron Sims
Maurice Jones
Helen Kanovsky (acting)
- **term start1**: January 26, 2009
- **term end1**: July 28, 2014
- **predecessor1**: Steve Preston
- **successor1**: Julian Castro
- **office2**: Commissioner of the New York City Department of Housing Preservation and Development
- **appointed2**: Michael Bloomberg
- **term start2**: March 2004
- **term end2**: January 2009
- **predecessor2**: Jerilyn Perine
- **successor2**: Rafael Cestero
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Liza Gilbert
- **education**: Harvard University (Bachelor of Arts, BA, Master of Public Administration, MPA, Master of Architecture, MArch)
John Sweeney (labor leader)

**John Joseph Sweeney** (May 5, 1934 – February 1, 2021) was an American labor leader. He was president of the AFL-CIO from 1995 to 2009. He was born in New York City.

Sweeney died on February 1, 2021 at the age of 86.

## Other websites

- SEIU Executive Office: John Sweeney Records at the Walter P. Reuther Library Additional abstracts: John Sweeney records, publications and papers at the Walter P. Reuther Library at Wayne State University
- Antonia Bohan 1995 AFL-CIO Convention Delegate Collection.  1995-1996. .39 cubic feet (1 box and 1 oversized folder). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Contains materials from the AFL-CIO convention that elected Sweeney president in 1995.
Gerda Weissmann Klein

**Gerda Weissmann Klein ** (born  **Gerda Weissmann**, May 8, 1924 – April 3, 2022) was a Polish-American writer, Holocaust survivor, and human rights activist. She was known for her autobiography _All but My Life_ (1957) and it was made into a 1995 short movie, _One Survivor Remembers_, which received an Academy Award and an Emmy Award.

On February 15, 2011, Klein was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama.

Klein died on April 3, 2022, at the age of 97.

## Other websites

- Citizenship Counts official site
- Gerda Weissmann and Kurt Klein Papers 1940s–2011 (bulk 1940s-2001). ASU Libraries, Arizona State University.

## Infobox (writer)

- **image**: Gerda Weissmann Klein (5449348052).jpg
- **caption**: Weissmann Klein in 2011
- **birth name**: Gerda Weissmann
- **birth place**: Bielsko, Second Polish Republic, Poland
- **occupation**: Writer, human rights activist
Polymorphism (materials science)

In materials science, **polymorphism** is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure. Polymorphism can be found in any crystalline material including polymers, minerals, and metals. It is related to allotropy, which refers to chemical elements. The complete morphology of a material is described by polymorphism and other variables such as crystal habit, amorphous fraction or crystallographic defects. Polymorphism is important in fields such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, pigments, dyes, foods, and explosives.

Polimorphism that exists because of a difference in crystal packing is called **packing polymorphism**. Polymorphism can also result from the existence of different conformers of the same molecule in **conformational polymorphism**. In **pseudopolymorphism** the different crystal types are the result of hydration or solvation. This is more correctly referred to as **solvomorphism** as different solvates have different chemical formulas. An example of an organic polymorph is glycine, which is able to form monoclinic and hexagonal crystals. Silica is known to form many polymorphs, the most important of which are; α-quartz, β-quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, moganite, coesite, and stishovite. A classical example is the pair of minerals, calcite and aragonite, both forms of calcium carbonate.

An analogous phenomenon for amorphous materials is polyamorphism, when a substance can take on several different amorphous modifications.
Driver 2

***Driver 2: Back on the Streets*** (named ***Driver 2: The Wheelman Is Back*** in North America) is the second installment of the _Driver_ video game series. It was developed by Reflections Interactive and published by Infogrames. A port to the Game Boy Advance, titled _Driver 2 Advance_, was released in 2002, being developed by Sennari Interactive and was released under Infogrames' Atari range of products.
World War II casualties

The **Second World War** (1939–1945) caused more than 40 to 85 million deaths (both military and civilian), becoming the deadliest war in human history. Most casualties came from the Soviet Union (27 million) and China (20 million) which suffered from various atrocities (genocide, massacres, forced labor, mistreatment,...) by the Axis powers (primarily Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan) or from diseases (like malaria), starvation, bombardment, sickness and more.

Total civilian deaths were around 50 million, total military deaths were around 25 million, which made up about 3% of world's population at the time (>2 billion). The most targeted ethnic minorities were the Jewish, in which 6 million were killed by the Nazis, decreasing its population in just 5 years of war (initially it was over 9 million before war but less than 4 million after war; see the Holocaust for more information). Other targerted groups by Nazi Germany were the disabled, Slavs, Soviet POWs, Romanians, homosexual groups,.., which gave a total of 11 million people murdered (see Holocaust victims). Japan committed by far worse atrocities than the Nazis against China including the Nanjing Massacre and Unit 731 during the Second Sino–Japanese War, the long 8-years war with Japan had killed over 20 million Chinese people.

While the Allies took the heaviest losses, the Axis took some too. Germany had around 5 to 8 million deaths during the war, Japan had around 2–3 million (246,000 deaths in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), Italy had around 400 to 500 thousand.

## List

Total deaths from both sides are listed, some are merged with others. These include military and civilian deaths.
|Country|Killed|
| --- | --- |
||26,600,000 <small>(7,800,000 were in battlefield.)</small>|
|Germany|6,900,000–7,400,000|
|China|15,000,000–20,000,000|
|Japan|2,500,000–3,100,000|
|<small>(including Australia, British Raj, New Zealand, Canada and more.)</small>|4,000,000|
|Romania|500,000|
||5,900,000–6,000,000|
||1,027,000–1,700,000|
||419,400|
|Italy|492,400–514,000|
|<small>(including colonies.)</small>|2,500,000|
|Greece|507,000–807,000|
|Hungary|464,000–864,000|
|**Total**|**66,809,800–74,467,400**|
Lalla Fatma N'Soumer

**Lalla Fatma N'Soumer** (born **Fatima Sayed Ahmed Oomazian)** and also known as **Lalla Fatma** (c.1830 – c.1863) was an important person in Algeria who fought in a resistance movement when France was invading Algeria.

## Legacy

The movie _Fatma N'Soumer_ (2014) is about her.

There are many statues, schools and streets in Algeria named after her and many women like her.

## Other websites

- An article confronting information on Lalla Fadhma coming from oral and written sources

## Infobox (person)

- **honorific prefix**: Lalla
- **name**: Fatma N'Soumer
- **image**: Portrait-Fatma_N'Soumer.jpg
- **native name lang**: kab
- **birth date**: c. 1830
- **birth place**: Werja, Abi Youcef
- **death date**: c.
- **death place**: Tablat
- **known for**: Maraboutic resistance fighter against the French conquest of Algeria
Katsuya Nomura

was a Japanese baseball player and manager. He played as a catcher in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). From 1954 to 1977, he played for the Nankai Hawks (now the Fukuoka Softbank Hawks). He also played for the Lotte Orions (1978) and the Seibu Lions (1979–80). He was awarded the Pacific League MVP Award five times. As of 2020, he holds the record for second-most home runs and runs batted in in NPB history.

Nomura was a player-manager for his last eight years with the Hawks. He led them to the Pacific League title in 1973. He later became full-time manager of the Yakult Swallows. He managed the team to four league titles and three Japan Series championships from 1990 to 1998. Later, he managed the Hanshin Tigers (1999–2001) and the Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles (2006–2009). As a manager, Nomura has 1,565 wins, the fifth-most wins of any manager in NPB history. He was added to the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 1989.

His first wife died of Subarachnoid hemorrhage in 1982. He was later married to Sachiyo until her death in 2017. The couple's son was NPB player Katsunori Nomura.

On 11 February 2020, Nomura died of a heart attack in Setagaya, Tokyo. He was 84.

## Other websites

- Katsuya Nomura at Baseball-Reference.com
Benon Biraaro

**Benon Biraaro** (1 March 1958 – 12 February 2020) was a Ugandan military officer. He was a high-ranking commander in the Uganda People's Defence Force (UPDF). He served as the commandant of the Uganda Senior Command and Staff College in Kimaka, Jinja. In 2016, he ran for president of Uganda on behalf of the Farmers' Party.

Biraaro was born in Isingiro District. He attended Makerere University, in Kampala, and Cranfield University in the United Kingdom. On 12 February 2020, Biraaro died of colon cancer in Kampala. He was 61.
Ann E. Todd

**Ann Phillips Basart** (born **Ann Todd Phillips**; August 26, 1931 – February 7, 2020), better known by her stage name **Ann Ellen Todd**, was an American child actress. She was a noted music librarian later in life. She acted between 1939 and 1953. She appeared in movies such as _Zaza_ (1939), _Homesteaders of Paradise Valley_ (1947), _Arthur Takes Over_ (1948) and _Cover Up_ (1949). She also made appearances in _The Stu Erwin Show_ between 1950 and 1953.

Todd was born in Denver, Colorado. Her father was composer Burrill Phillips. She was married to Robert Basart from 1951 until his death in 1993. Todd had dementia for the final seven years of her life. She died on February 7, 2020, at the age of 88.
Clarence "Jeep" Jones

**Clarence “Jeep” Jones** (April 17, 1933 – February 1, 2020) was an American community activist. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Jones was the first African-American Deputy Mayor of the city of Boston. He had a 32-year career with the Boston Redevelopment Authority. He was the Chairman of that board for 24 years.

Jones died on February 1, 2020 in Boston at the age of 86.
Christie Blatchford

**Christie Blatchford** (May 20, 1951 – February 12, 2020) was a Canadian newspaper columnist, journalist and broadcaster. Notable publications she wrote for include _Toronto Sun_, _National Post_ and _The Globe and Mail_. She also published four non-fiction books. She was born in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec.

Blatchford died of lung cancer in Toronto, Ontario on February 12, 2020. She was 68.
Philip Leder

**Philip Leder** (November 19, 1934 – February 2, 2020) was an American geneticist. He was born in Washington, D.C.. He was known for his works towards genetic code and the Nirenberg and Leder experiment. His many prizes include the Lasker Award (1987), the National Medal of Science (1991), the Harvey Prize, and the Heineken Prize awarded by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the Institute of Medicine.

Leder died on February 2, 2020 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania of Parkinson's disease-related problems at the age of 85.

## Other websites

- Biographical information Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center
- Links to digital facsimiles Leder's 'Codon notebooks' documenting the Nirenberg and Leder experiment can be found in HOLLIS, the Harvard University's library catalog
- Philip Leder's listing in Research Matters, Harvard University
- Esquire Magazine
Ron McLarty

**Ronald William McLarty** (April 14, 1947 – February 8, 2020) was an American actor, playwright, and novelist. He also worked as an audiobook narrator. He recorded over 100 titles and received many Audie Awards. McLarty appeared in many television series such as _Courage the Cowardly Dog_ and _Spenser: For Hire. He also wrote dozens of plays and 10 novels. He was known for writing _The Memory of Running'' (2004).

McLarty was born in East Providence, Rhode Island. He studied at Rhode Island College. McLarty died on February 8, 2020 in New York City of dementia-related problems, aged 72.
East Providence, Rhode Island

**East Providence** is a city in Providence County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 47,139 at the 2020 census, making it the fifth-largest city in the state.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: East Providence, Rhode Island
- **official name**: City of East Providence
- **established title2**: Incorporated (city)
- **established date2**: 1958
- **established title**: Incorporated (town)
- **established date**: 1862
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: World War I Memorial and Taunton Plaza, East Providence RI.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image seal**: Seal of East Providence, Rhode Island.jpg
- **image caption**: World War I Memorial and Taunton Plaza
- **image flag**: Flag of East Providence, Rhode Island.svg
- **image map**: Providence County Rhode Island incorporated and unincorporated areas East Providence highlighted.svg
- **map caption**: Location in Providence County, Rhode Island, Providence County and the state of Rhode Island.
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **pushpin map**: Rhode Island#USA
- **pushpin label**: East Providence
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Rhode Island##Location in the United States
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Rhode Island, County
- **subdivision name2**: Providence County, Rhode Island, Providence County
- **area total km2**: 43.01
- **area land km2**: 34.41
- **area water km2**: 8.60
- **area total sq mi**: 16.61
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 47139
- **population density km2**: 1370.08
- **population density sq mi**: 3548.55
- **timezone**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Standard Time Zone, Eastern
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **area land sq mi**: 13.28
- **area water sq mi**: 3.32
- **elevation ft**: 62
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 02914, 02915, 02916
- **website**: [http://www.eastprovidenceri.net/ eastprovidenceri.net]
- **area code**: Area code 401, 401
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 44-22960
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1219590
- **unit pref**: Imperial
Efigenio Ameijeiras

**Efigenio Ameijeiras Delgado** (September 21, 1931 – February 10, 2020) was a Cuban military commander. He worked with Fidel Castro in the military during the 1950s.

He was one of the band of Castro's active guerrillas that became known as the 26th of July Movement, named after the raid on Moncada Barracks on 26 July 1953. During the Bay of Pigs Invasion, on 19 April 1961, he commanded a battalion of about 200 police and militia moving south towards Giron, that was attacked by Brigade B-26s.

Ameijeiras died of sepsis on February 10, 2020 at the age of 88.
Lyle Mays

**Lyle David Mays** (November 27, 1953 – February 10, 2020) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He was best known as a member of the Pat Metheny Group. Metheny and Mays composed and arranged nearly all of the group's music, for which Mays won eleven Grammy Awards. He was born in Wausaukee, Wisconsin.

On February 10, 2020, Mays died after a long-illness in Los Angeles, aged 66.

## Other websites

- Lyle Mays: Shop Talk  at JazzTimes
- The Low Down on _The Way Up_ – The making of _The Way Up_
Wausaukee, Wisconsin

**Wausaukee** is a village in Marinette County, Wisconsin, in the United States. The population was 596 at the 2020 census.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Wausaukee, Wisconsin
- **settlement type**: Village
- **image skyline**: WausaukeeWisconsinDowntown1US141.jpg
- **image caption**: U.S. Route 141 in Wausaukee, Wisconsin
- **image map**: File:Marinette County Wisconsin Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Wausaukee Highlighted.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Wausaukee in Marinette County, Wisconsin.
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Wisconsin, County
- **subdivision name2**: Marinette County, Wisconsin, Marinette
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 3.60
- **area land km2**: 3.56
- **area water km2**: 0.03
- **area total sq mi**: 1.39
- **area land sq mi**: 1.38
- **area water sq mi**: 0.01
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 596
- **population density km2**: 167.2
- **population density sq mi**: 433.1
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation m**: 236
- **elevation ft**: 774
- **area code**: Area codes 715 and 534, 715 & 534
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 55-84550
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1576328
Marinette County, Wisconsin

**Marinette County** is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census, the population was 41,872. Its county seat is Marinette.

## Infobox (u.s. county)

- **county**: Marinette County
- **state**: Wisconsin
- **founded year**: 1879
- **seat wl**: Marinette
- **largest city wl**: Marinette
- **area total sq mi**: 1550
- **area land sq mi**: 1399
- **area water sq mi**: 151
- **area percentage**: 9.7%
- **population as of**: 2020
- **population total**: 41872
- **population density sq mi**: 29.9
- **time zone**: Central
- **web**: www.marinettecounty.com
- **ex image**: 2009-0619-Marinette-Court.jpg
- **ex image cap**: Marinette County Courthouse, Marinette
- **district**: 8th
Jacques Mehler

**Jacques Mehler** (1936 – 11 February 2020) was a Spanish-born French-American influential cognitive psychologist. His works focused in language acquisition. He was born in Barcelona.

Mehler is Emeritus at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales. He worked at the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Trieste. He was editor in chief of the journal _Cognition_ until 2007.

In 1989, Mehler was elected a member of the Academia Europaea, in 2001, he was elected a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 2003, he was elected a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Claire Bretécher

**Claire Bretécher** (; 17 April 1940 – 10 February 2020) was a French cartoonist. She was known for her works which focused on women and gender issues. Her creations included _Les Frustrés_, and the unimpressed teenager _Agrippine_. She was born in Nantes, France. She co-founded _L'Echo des savanes_.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, she published successful collections, such as _The Destiny of Monique_ (1982). In 2001, Bretécher's series _Agrippine_ was made into a 26-episode TV series by Canal+.

Bretécher died on 10 February 2020 at the age of 79.

## Other websites

- Claire Bretécher official site
- Claire Bretécher official art gallery
- Claire Bretécher biography on Lambiek Comiclopedia
- biography
Dmitri Borgmann

**Dmitri Borgmann** (1927 - 1985) was the man who created the sentence "Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo".  He published the sentence in his book "Beyond Language".  The sentence was later used by William J. Rapaport who was a professor in the University at Buffalo in Buffalo, New York.  The sentence has had a recent resurgence on the internet.

Borgmann has a Jewish background and was born in Berlin. He fled with his parents to the United States in the 1930s.
Apatheism

**Apatheism** (; a portmanteau of _apathy_ and _theism_) is the attitude of apathy towards the existence or non-existence of God(s). It is more of an attitude rather than a belief, claim, or belief system.

An apatheist is someone who is not interested in accepting or rejecting any claims that gods exist or do not exist. The existence of God(s) is not rejected, but may be designated irrelevant.

Scientist and philosopher Ian von Hegner has argued that apatheism is an alternative to positions such as theism, atheism, and agnosticism, with implications that have been overlooked in modern philosophical discussions. Philosopher Trevor Hedberg has called apatheism "uncharted territory in the philosophy of religion."
Theological noncognitivism

**Theological noncognitivism** is the position that religious language – specifically, words such as "God" – and "Allah" – are not coherently defined. It is sometimes considered synonymous with ignosticism and igtheism.

One argument holds to the claim that definitions of "God" and "Allah" are irreducible, self-instituting relational,  circular. For example, a sentence stating that "God is He who created everything, apart from Himself", is seen as circular rather than an irreducible truth.
George Coyne

**George V. Coyne, S.J.** (January 19, 1933 – February 11, 2020) was an American Jesuit priest and astronomer. He was Director of the Vatican Observatory from 1978 to 2006 and head of the observatory's research group which is based at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. He was McDevitt Chair of Religious Philosophy at Le Moyne College in Syracuse, New York from 2012 until his death.

Coyne was born in Baltimore, Maryland. He died on February 11, 2020 at a hospital in Syracuse of bladder cancer at the age of 87.
Wendell Rodricks

**Wendell Rodricks** (28 May 1960 – 12 February 2020) was an Indian fashion designer and author. He was born in Goa, India. He was also an activist for social causes, the environment, and gay rights. Rodricks was known for his eco-friendly fashion.

Rodricks began his career in fashion by designing for Garden Vareli, Lakmé Cosmetics and DeBeers. He launched his own label in 1989.

He made cameo appearances in the 2003 movie _Boom_ and in the television play _True West_ in 2002. He also played himself in the 2008 movie _Fashion_.

In 2014, the Government of India awarded him its fourth-highest civilian award, the Padma Shri.

Rodricks died on 12 February 2020 at his home in Goa of cardiac arrest, aged 59.
Constance Baker Motley

**Constance Baker Motley** (September 14, 1921 – September 28, 2005) was a civil rights activist. She was also the first African-American woman to be appointed to the Federal judiciary of the United States, where she served as United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
F(x)

**f(x)** may refer to:
- Function (mathematics), which can be written as
- f(x) (group), a South Korean girl group
NGC 3603-B

**NGC 3603-B** (**HD 97950B**) is a Wolf-Rayet star located at the centre of the HD 97950 cluster in the NGC 3603 star-forming region. It is about 20,000 light years from Earth. It has the spectral type of WN6h and is among the most luminous and massive stars known. WN6 indicates that there are ionized nitrogen lines that are strong in comparison to the ionized carbon lines. NGC 3603 is 132 times the mass of the Sun. It has a luminousity of 2,900,000. Although the star is very young, 1.5 million years old, it has lost a considerable fraction of it's initial masses.
Second Sudanese Civil War

The **Second Sudanese Civil War** was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central Sudanese government and the Sudan People's Liberation Army. It was largely a continuation of the First Sudanese Civil War of 1955 to 1972. Although it started in southern Sudan, the civil war spread to the Nuba mountains and the Blue Nile. It lasted for 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars on record. The war resulted in the independence of South Sudan six years after the war ended.

Roughly two million people died as a result of war. The conflict also caused famine and disease. Four million people in southern Sudan were displaced at least once during the war. The civilian death toll is one of the highest of any war since World War II and was marked by numerous human rights violations. These include slavery and mass killings.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Second Sudanese Civil War
- **date**: 5 June 1983 – 9 January 2005
()
- **place**: Blue Nile, Nuba Mountains, South Sudan
- **result**: South Sudan, South Sudanese independence through a 2011 referendum.
- **combatant1**:
Various government-aligned armed groups
- **combatant2**: SPLA
- **commander1**: Gaafar Nimeiry
 Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab
 Sadiq al-Mahdi
 Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Bashir
- **commander2**: John Garang
- **casualties3**: 1–2 million deaths (mostly civilians due to Famine, famine and Drought, drought)
Flappy Bird

***Flappy Bird*** is a mobile game developed by Vietnamese video game artist and programmer Dong Nguyen (), under his game development company dotGears. _Flappy Bird_ was released on May 24, 2013.

The game also generated some criticism because of the similarities it had with popular videogame franchise _Mario_, the one by which Flappy Bird was accused of plagiarism and lack of originality.

## Gameplay

The point of the game is for the titular bird to fly between columns of green pipes with the player controlling the bird making it fly higher.

## Removal and new version

On Valentine's Day 2014, Nguyen announced on Twitter that he was going to remove the game from app stores. This was because he became too guilty that the game had been seen as an addiction. In September 2024, it was announced that a new version was being made by Gametech Holdings, under the name "The Flappy Bird Foundation".

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Flappy Bird
- **developer**: dotGears
- **publisher**: dotGears
- **platforms**: Android (operating system), Android, iOS
- **genre**: Arcade game, Arcade
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player
- **designer**: Dong Nguyen
Mehriban Aliyeva

**Mehriban Arif qizi Aliyeva** (née **Pashaeva**, ; born 26 August 1964) is an Azerbaijani physician, ophthalmologist and politician. She is the First Vice President since 2017 and First Lady of Azerbaijan since 2003.

She is also the head of Heydar Aliyev Foundation, the chairperson of Azerbaijani Culture Friends Foundation, the President of Azerbaijani Gymnastics Federation, and the goodwill ambassador of UNESCO and ISESCO.

In 1983, she married Ilham Aliyev. They have three children.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Mehriban Aliyeva
- **image**: Mehriban Aliyeva on 2021 IDWGS (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Aliyeva in 2021
- **office**: 1st Vice President of Azerbaijan
- **term start**: 21 February 2017
- **president**: Ilham Aliyev
- **predecessor**: _Position established_
- **office1**: First Lady of Azerbaijan
- **term label1**: Assumed role
- **status1**: Current
- **term start1**: 31 October 2003
- **president1**: Ilham Aliyev
- **predecessor1**: Halima Aliyeva (1993)
- **office2**: New Azerbaijan Party, Deputy Leader of the New Azerbaijan Party
- **1blankname2**: Party leader, Leader
- **1namedata2**: Ilham Aliyev
- **term start2**: 7 June 2013
- **predecessor2**: _Position established_
- **birth name**: Mehriban Arif qızı Paşayeva
- **birth place**: Baku, Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan SSR, Soviet Union
- **nationality**: Azerbaijan
- **party**: New Azerbaijan Party
- **children**: Leyla Aliyeva, Leyla
Arzu Aliyeva, Arzu
Heydar
- **alma mater**: Azerbaijan Medical University
- **signature**: Signature of Mehriban Aliyeva.png
- **website**: [https://mehriban-aliyeva.az/en/ mehriban-aliyeva.az/en]
Nikitas Venizelos

**Nikitas Venizelos** (; July 1930 – 12 February 2020) was a Greek shipping businessman and politician. He ran the Venezelos SA shipping company. He was a member of the Hellenic Parliament from 1974 to 1981 and again from 1993 to 1996. He was Deputy Speaker from 1993 to 1996. He was born in Athens.

Venizelos died on 12 February 2020 in Athens at the age of 89.
Des Britten

**Sir Desmond John Britten**  (1939 – 13 February 2020) was a New Zealand restaurateur, radio broadcaster, television chef, cookbook writer and Anglican priest. He was Wellington City Missioner for 17 years, and was knighted in 2012. He was born Otane in Hawke's Bay.

Britten was ordained an Anglican priest in 1983 and became the vicar of St Barnabas Roseneath, in Wellington.

He presented two cooking shows on New Zealand television in the 1970s — _Thyme for Cookery_ and _Bon Appetit_ — and ran "The Coachman"' restaurant in Wellington for 28 years.

Britten died on 13 February 2020 in Wellington of cancer at the age of 80.