juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
HMS Beagle

**HMS _Beagle**_ was a _Cherokee_-class ship of the Royal Navy. It was launched on 11 May 1820 from the Woolwich Dockyard on the River Thames. It is best known for a voyage that carried Charles Darwin.

## First voyage (1826–1830)

On 22 May 1826, _Beagle_ left to survey bodies of water in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. One of the bodies of water found was named the Beagle Channel after the ship. During the voyage, Captain Pringle Stokes became depressed and shot himself. He died ten days later. Robert FitzRoy became the new captain. Beagle returned to England on 14 October 1830.

## Second voyage (1831–1836)

On 27 December 1831, the _Beagle_ began her second voyage.

Captain FitzRoy did not want to have the stress and loneliness that led to the suicide of the first captain. He looked for someone to go on the voyage to keep him company. The person found was Charles Darwin.

On this voyage, the crew did surveys in South America. _Beagle_ returned to Falmouth, Cornwall, England on 2 October 1836.

Darwin kept a diary of the things he saw and did on this voyage. He rewrote it as the book called _Journal and Remarks_. The book was published in 1839 as the third volume of the official account of the expedition. It was very popular. It was reprinted many times with different titles. It eventually became known as _The Voyage of the Beagle_.

## Third voyage (1837–1843)

In 1837, _Beagle_ went to survey the coast of Australia. Commander John Clements Wickham was in charge. They started with the western coast between the Swan River (modern Perth, Australia) and the Fitzroy River. They then surveyed both shores of the Bass Strait. In May 1839 they sailed north to survey the shores of the Arafura Sea opposite Timor. This voyage ended in 1843.

Many places around the coast were named on this voyage. Many of the places were named for important people or members of the crew. Wickham named Port Darwin in honour of Charles Darwin. A settlement there became the town of Palmerston in 1869, and was renamed Darwin in 1911.

During this survey, the Beagle Gulf was named after the ship.

## Infobox (ship begin)


## Infobox (ship image)

- **ship image**: PSM V57 D097 Hms beagle in the straits of magellan.png
- **ship caption**: HMS _Beagle_ in the Straits of Magellan at Monte Sarmiento, reproduction of Robert Taylor Pritchett, R. T. Pritchett's frontispiece from the 1890 illustrated edition of _The Voyage of the Beagle_.


## Infobox (ship career)

- **ship country**: United Kingdom
- **ship ordered**: 16 February 1817
- **ship original cost**: £7,803
- **ship laid down**: June 1818
- **ship launched**: 11 May 1820
- **ship commissioned**: 1820
- **ship decommissioned**: 1845, transferred to Coastguard
- **ship fate**: Sold and broken up 1870


## Infobox (ship characteristics)

- **ship tons burthen**: 235 Builder's Old Measurement, bm; 242 for second voyage
- **ship sail plan**: Brig (barque from 1825)
- **ship complement**: 120 as a ship-of-war, 65 plus 9 supernumeraries on second voyage
- **ship armament**: 10 guns, reduced to 6 guns for first survey voyage, changed to 7 guns during second survey voyage
Footscray

**Footscray** is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is 5 kilometres from Melbourne's centre. About 13,000 people live in Footscray.

Footscray is built largely on the traditional lands of the Kulin nation. Footscray has been home to the Aboriginal Woiwurrung and Boonwurrung tribes of the Kulin nation for over 40,000 years.

The suburbs around Footscray are Seddon, West Footscray, Braybrook, Flemington, Maidstone,Yarraville, Kingsville and West Melbourne.

Footscray is famous as a multicultural meeting point. Footscray's 1300 people come from 135 different countries. It is at the centre of cultural life in Melbourne's west and the centre for new arrivals to Melbourne's west since the 1950s. The shopping areas around Footscray Station represent the diversity of migration to Australia. There are many Vietnamese, Ethiopian, Filipino, Indian, Somali, Afghani, Chinese, Burmese, South Sudanese restaurants and businesses as well as many others. Try T. Cavallaro & Sons which have been making Melbourne's best cannoli in Footscray for more than 50 years.

Footscray is home to two fresh food markets. There is the Footscray Market that is opposite the Footscray Train
Station. This market is open from Tuesdays to Saturdays. Footscray Market has
many butchers and fishmongers as well as some fresh fruit and vegetables. Go to
Footscray Market near closing time for bargains! There is also the Little
Saigon Market on Byron Street which is open everyday. Little Saigon is a wet
market where you can get fruits and vegetables at the cheapest prices in
Melbourne. Its noisy, busy and you can always try everything before you buy.

## Other websites

- Footscray Historical Society

## Infobox (australian place)

- **type**: suburb
- **name**: Footscray
- **city**: Melbourne
- **state**: vic
- **alternative location map**: Australia Victoria metropolitan Melbourne
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in metropolitan Melbourne
- **lga**: City of Maribyrnong
- **area**: 5
- **postcode**: 3011
- **pop**: 15,259
- **pop year**: 2013
- **stategov**: Electoral district of Footscray, Footscray
- **fedgov**: Division of Gellibrand, Gellibrand
- **near-nw**: Maidstone, Victoria, Maidstone
- **near-n**: Maribyrnong, Victoria, Maribyrnong
- **near-ne**: Flemington, Victoria, Flemington
- **near-w**: Footscray West, Victoria, Footscray West
- **near-e**: West Melbourne, Victoria, West Melbourne
- **near-sw**: Kingsville, Victoria, Kingsville
- **near-s**: Seddon, Victoria, Seddon
- **near-se**: Yarraville, Victoria, Yarraville
- **dist1**: 5
- **location1**: Melbourne city centre, Melbourne
- **local map**: yes
- **zoom**: 12
Goebel Brewing Company

The **Goebel Brewing Company** was a brewing company in Detroit, Michigan. It was started by August Goebel. It later expanded to produce Goebel Private Stock 22 in Muskegon, Michigan and Oakland, California. From 1950 to 1959, it outsold all other beers in Michigan.

The company sponsored the Detroit Lions football team, the Detroit Tigers baseball team, and the Detroit Red Wings hockey team.

In 1961, their head brewmaster died. They hired a new brewmaster from Germany and sales fell. In 1964, they sold out to another Detroit brewery, The Stroh Brewing Company. After 150 years, the Goebel Brewing Company was out of business.

Stroh produced a cheap beer under the Goebel Beer name for a few years before selling out themselves.
Persian Empire

The **Iranian/Caspian/Persian Empire** (شَاهِنْشَاهَى اىرَانْ,  Šâhanšâhi-ye Irân), refers to the dynasti<nowiki/>c states of Iranian origin that ruled Iran from the Median Medes to the Mazandarani Pahlavi period. "Persia" was the term used by outsiders; its people called the country as "Iran", and about 95% of them were not Persians. The ancient Greek<nowiki/>s called all Iranians "Persians" because Pars was the empire's most important region, and other people followed the Greeks.

## Extent

- Medes* (c. 727 BC–c. 549 BC) – Of Median origin.
- Achaemenid Empire (550 BC–330 BC) – Of Persian origin.
- Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD) – Of Parthian origin.
- Sasanian Empire (224–651) – Of Persian origin.
- Tahirids* (821–873) – The dynasty was of Persian origin, but they are culturally Arabized and nominally part of Abbasids.
- Saffarids (861–1003) – Of Persian origin.
- Samanids* (819–999) – Of Iranian origin.
- Buyids (934–1062) – Of Daylamite origin.
- Safavids* (1501–1722/1736) – The dynasty was partly or wholly of Kurdish origin.
- Zands (1751–1794) – The dynasty was established by Karim Khan Zand, member of the Zand tribe, a branch of Lurs.
- Pahlavis (1925–1979) – Reza Shah, the founder of the dynasty, was of Mazanderani and Georgian descent.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Persian Empire
- **native name**: كُشُورْ شَاهِنْشَاهَى اىْرَانْ (Persian)
Kešvar-è Šâhanšâhi-ye Irân
- **image flag**: File:State flag of Iran (1964–1980).svg
- **flag caption**: Flag of Pahlavi period (1964–1979)
- **symbol type**: Sovereign coat of arms of Pahlavi period (1932–1979)
- **national anthem**: (1925–1933)

_Salâmati-ye Dowlat-è Âlliye-ye Irân_
<hr>(1933–1979)

_Sorud-è Šâhanšâhi-ye Irân_

- **image map**: File:AchaemenidMapBehistunInscription.png
- **map caption**: Persian Empire in Achaemenid Empire, Achaemenid period (widest borders)
- **image map2**: Iran (orthographic projection).svg
- **capital**: Tehran (1925–1979)
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **status**: Empire
- **status text**: Empire
- **year end**: 1979 AD
- **year start**: 727 BC
- **coa size**: 100px
- **image map size**: 265px
- **image map2 caption**: Map of the Pahlavi Iran period
- **stat area1**: 5500000
- **stat area2**: 2800000
- **stat area3**: 3500000
- **stat area4**: 1648195
- **stat year1**: 500 BC
- **stat year2**: 1 AD
- **stat year3**: 550 AD
- **stat year4**: 1925 AD
- **stat pop1**: 17–35 million
Companion planting

In gardening and farming, **companion planting** is the planting of different crops next to each other. It is done to help the crops grow and to use the space available as much as possible.

Depending on the crops chosen, companion planting may encourage processes that help the plants, such as pollination. Some companion plants may help stop pests, such as caterpillars or fungi, from damaging the crop. Some of these, called _trap crops_ attract pests away from the crop. Other plants may serve as shelter for the crops.

Many of the basic principles of companion planting were used thousands of years ago in Mesoamerica. From about 8,000 years ago, Native American peoples grew squash, maize and common beans together. The stalk of the corn were there for the beans to climb, and the beans fixed nitrogen, helping the maize.

## Related pages

- Intercropping
- Square foot gardening
Russo-Turkish war

**Russo-Turkish War** refers to one of these wars between the Russian and Ottoman Empires:

- Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
- Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
- Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
- Pruth River Campaign
- Russo-Austrian-Turkish War (1735–1739)
- Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
- Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
- Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
- Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
- Crimean War
- Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
- Russo-Turkish War (1914–1918), commonly called World War I
2nd century BC

The **2nd century BC** was a century that started on the first day of 200 BC and ended on the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical period of history.

After having won the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic continued expanding by conquering neighbouring territories. It eventually made Greece part of its empire. It also took the coast of North Africa after destroying the city of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War. In the east, the Seleucid Empire was forced to make concessions to Rome in order to avoid war. Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean Sea during this period. By the end of the century, its army changed from conscription to a voluntary professional force. These changes were known as the Marian Reforms.

In East Asia, China became very successful under the Han Dynasty. Its empire extended from Korea in the east to Vietnam in the South and, to the borders of what is today Kazakhstan in the west. The Han also try to get help in fighting the Xiongnu from the Yuezhi people in the west. It is also during this century that the first paper was made in China.

In Europa, the Second Macedonian War fought between Macedon, led by Philip V of Macedon, and Rome (200–197 BC) marked a significant stage in increasing Roman intervention in the affairs of the eastern Mediterranean, which would eventually lead to Rome's conquest of the entire region. In 203-191 the Boii were submitted by the Romans and their territory became part of Galia cisalpina. In 192-190 Rome wages war against the king Antiochus III the Great. Cato the Elder, is elected censor in 184, an try to oppose Hellenism. The Third Macedonian War (171-168) against Perseus of Macedon won by the Romans. After the Third Punic War (149-146), Carthage is taken and destroyed by the Romans. Between 133 and 121, the Gracchi brothers advocate for social reform but are both killed. Gallia Narbonensis is conquired by the Roman Republic in 125–121.
Together with the Teutones and the Ambrones, the Cimbi fight the Roman Republic between 113 and 101 BC during the Cimbrian War. The Cimbri were initially successful but they were decisively defeated at the Battle of Vercellae by Gaius Marius
John Newman

**John Newman** (born 16 June 1990) is an English singer. He was the youngest English singer to enter world top charts in first position with "Love Me Again" and in the Top 40 awards with "Love Me Again" and  "Cheating" in 2013. His first single, "Feel The Love", was released in 2012. He lives in London but he is from Settle (Yorkshire). He worked with Rudimental two times. In 2013 he presented his album "Tribute". The songs in this album are "Tribute", "Love Me Again", "Losing Sleep", "Easy", "Try", "Out Of My Head", "Cheating", "Running", "Gold Dust", "Goodnight Goodbye", and "All I Need Is You". The genres he sings are soul, pop and breakbeat. He has been nominated for two Brit Awards in 2013 and 2014.
Nuclease

A **nuclease** is an enzyme which cuts the bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids, which are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. These enzymes act like molecular scissors, cutting the phosphodiester bonds that hold nucleotides together in these genetic molecules. Nucleases are essential in various cellular processes, including DNA repair, replication, and gene regulation. Well known nucleases are deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease.

## Kinds of nuclease

Nucleases may have the prefix "endo" or "exo" added to the name.  **Endonucleases** break nucleic acid chains in a specific place between two nucleosome units. **Exonucleases** remove nucleotides from the ends of DNA molecules.

A restriction endonuclease does a specific job. It scans the length of a DNA molecule. Once it finds a particular sequence, it binds to the DNA molecule and makes a cut in each of the two sugar-phosphate backbones.

Different endonucleases cut in different places, but one endonuclease will always cut a palindromic base sequence the same way, no matter what DNA molecule it is acting on. Once the cuts have been made, the DNA molecule breaks into fragments. In fact, more than 900 restriction enzymes, some sequence specific and some not, have been isolated from over 230 strains of bacteria since their discovery.

There are two types of cuts and the result can be sticky or the blunt end of the palindromic sequence. This division is based on the way each restriction enzyme cuts through the DNA double strand.

These enzymatic tools were important to scientists who were gathering the tools needed to "cut and paste" DNA molecules. They needed a tool to cut DNA at specific sites, rather than at random sites along the length of the molecule. This way they could cut DNA molecules in a predictable way.

This whole field of research started many years ago with the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.
Aretino Records

**Aretino** was an American record label. It was in business from about 1907 to 1914. Aretino was started by Arthur J. O’Neill. He started many record and phonograph businesses in the Chicago area. O’Neill named this company in honor of Guido Aretino, an 11th-century Italian monk.

Aretino is an odd type of record because the hole in the center is very large compared to the normal size.  It is the largest ever for a record that was made for people to use in their houses. Like many of O'Neill's other companies, Aretino was run as a premium scheme. A phonograph (record player) was offered for not much money. However, this record player could only play Aretino records because it came with a 3-inch spindle.  O’Neill also offered adapters for Aretino discs. These allowed the discs to be played on record players that had normal spindles, or even on a Busy Bee machine (another O’Neill brand) which had two spindles instead of one.

Aretino did not make any of its own recordings: it borrowed masters from other companies. The first series of Aretino records had music on only one side of the disc. They were each given a catalog number beginning with the letter A. The music was recorded on them by Leeds & Catlin. Leeds and Catlin also made a group of records for Aretino with catalog numbers starting with the letter D.  These records have a recording on both sides.  They are very hard to find now.  Leeds & Catlin was later shut down by court order for patent infringement. After that, Aretino records were made for a short time by two record companies named Hawthorne & Sheble and Zonophone.  These companies kept making records which only had music on one side of the record. They also kept using catalog numbers beginning with "A".

It was not long after this that Columbia became the maker of these records.  No other companies made records for Aretino after Columbia began to make them.  These records have a catalog number that begins with the letter "D" and then numbers that are larger than 500.  They have music on both sides.  Of all Aretino records, these are the most common.  Most records from this time period have a diameter of 10 inches.  Columbia also made a group of records for Aretino that are 12 inches in diameter.  These are very hard to find.  They have catalog numbers with the letter "A" at the beginning. Aretino stopped making anything after the year 1914.

The music on the Aretino label was like most music from those years.  Some artists on Aretino are Henry Burr, William F. Denny, Byron G. Harlan, Ada Jones, Billy Murray, Vess Ossman, Steve Porter, Cal Stewart, and Bert Williams.
Shotgun Sports

**Shotgun Sports** is a competitive shooting sport involving shotguns.  Shotgun Sports include several different events, each with different rules.  The general goal of a shotgun event is to break a clay target, but the targets are thrown in different manners depending on the game.

## Sporting Clays

In sporting clays, a shooter will walk through a course generally consisting of ten stations.  Each station will have two targets that are thrown as a true pair or as a report pair(one thrown on pull command and one thrown on gun fire).  Sporting clay courses are generally scored out of a 100.

## Trap

Trap is another clay target event.  A game of trap is scored out of 25, and a full trap event generally consists of 4 trap games, or 100 targets.  In this event, a team of 5 shooters lines up behind a trap house.  Inside the trap house is a pivoting arm that throws a clay out at a random direction when 'pull' is called.  To vary the difficulty of this game, shooters can stand farther back from the house.

## Skeet

In the skeet shooting event, a shooter moves around a field in a semi circle.  Skeet, like Trap, is also a 25 target game, with skeet events generally consisting of four games.  There are 8 stations on the field.  On one end of a field is a high house, and on the other end of the field, there is a low house.  On station 1, 2, 6, and 7 a high single, low single, and double are shot.  On stations 3, 4, and 5 a high single and low single are shot.  Station 8 is in between the high and low house.  At this station, the shooter faces the high house, shoots a high single, then turns and faces the low house to shoot a low single.  This totals 24 targets.  The last target, to make 25, comes from what is referred to as the option.  The option is a target that is shot after the first target that is missed.  If the shooter misses the high bird on station 1, the high bird is shot again.  If the shooter makes it all the way around the field without missing a bird, a second low single is shot on station 8, totaling a perfect 25.

## Related pages

- Gun
Vince Carter

**Vincent Lamar Carter** (born January 26, 1977) is an American professional basketball player. He played as a shooting guard or small forward for the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the Atlanta Hawks, New Jersey Nets, Orlando Magic, Memphis Grizzlies, Phoenix Suns, and Dallas Mavericks. He was inducted to the NBA Hall of Fame in 2024.

After being drafted in 1998 as the fifth overall pick, Carter quickly emerged as a league star.

Carter is an eight-time NBA all-star. In 1999, he won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. In 2000, he won the famous Slam Dunk Contest at the NBA All-star Weekend.

His talent for slam-dunks earned him nicknames such as "**Vinsanity**," "**Air Canada**," and "**Half-Man, Half-Amazing**.". Vince led his first team, the Toronto Raptors to their first three playoff appearances. Despite his notability as an exceptional basketball player, he has yet to win a championship.

On November 2, 2024, the Toronto Raptors retired Carter's #15 jersey number. This was the first jersey number to be retired in Raptors franchise history. Since 2025, he is a studio analyst for NBA Showtime on NBC.
Chr

In computing, **chr** is a type of file format commonly used for graphics (i.e. 3D Max Characters and Homebrew NES Dev Graphics) and character sets.

### Usage

chr files are used to draw 8x8 tiles for homebrew NES development. To draw graphics for the NES such as backgrounds or sprites, they must be pieced together using 8x8 pixel tiles constrained to 4 colors.

### Contents

The contents of a chr file can be summed up as multiple lines of bit strings. For example, take the first line of the chr file for the game Super Mario Bros.

When reading the file, it is interpreted as 2 equal length bit strings, such as

The position of these 2 bit strings represent a pixel in an 8x8 tile, going in row-column order. The color of the pixel can be found out using a simple formula:

|String 1 bit|String 2 bit|Color|
| --- | --- | --- |
|0|0|0|
|1|0|1|
|0|1|2|
|1|1|3|

The color is irrelevant because it is chosen through the code by the programmer with the attribute table, so it is the bit combination that is significant and there is no storage of color values
Organotroph

An **organotroph** is an organism that lives off organic compounds. It is a word used in microbiology to describe organisms based on how they get electrons for respiration (breathing). Some organotrophs are also heterotrophs. Organotrophs may or may not need oxygen in order to grow.
Lars Andreas Larssen

**Lars Andreas Larssen** (27 March 1935 – 29 January 2014) was a Norwegian stage, movie and television actor. His career began in 1957 when he starred in the movie _Nine Lives_. In 1959, Larssen starred in a bigger role in the movie _The Master and His Servants_.

Larssen was born on 27 March 1935 in Hadsel, Norway. He studied acting at the Folketeatret. Larssen was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2003 and was forced to retire due to his illness. He lived in Oslo during his last years with his wife Monna Tandberg. Larssen died on 29 January 2014 in Oslo from the disease, aged 78.

## Other websites

- Lars Andreas Larssen på sokkel . Larssen's bust unveiled in Melbu (2008).

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Lars Andreas Larssen
- **birth place**: Hadsel, Norway
- **death place**: Oslo, Norway
- **occupation**: Actor
- **years active**: 1957 – 2007
- **spouse**: Monna Tandberg
(? – 2014; his death)
Bohuslav Sobotka

**Bohuslav Sobotka** (born October 23, 1971 in Telnice) is a Czech politician. He served as chairman of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) since 2011. He was nominated to be the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic on 17 January 2014 by President Miloš Zeman. He was soon chosen as Prime Minister on 29 January 2014. His term ended on 6 December 2017

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Bohuslav Sobotka
- **image**: B Sobotka 2015 Praha.JPG
- **office**: List of Prime Ministers of the Czech Republic, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic
- **president**: Miloš Zeman
- **term start**: 29 January 2014
- **term end**: 6 December 2017
- **predecessor**: Jiří Rusnok
- **successor**: Andrej Babiš
- **office1**: Leader of the Czech Social Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party
- **term start1**: 29 May 2010
- **term end1**: 18 February 2018

- **predecessor1**: Jiří Paroubek
- **successor1**: Jan Hamáček
- **term start2**: 26 April 2005
- **term end2**: 13 May 2006

- **predecessor2**: Stanislav Gross
- **successor2**: Jiří Paroubek
- **office3**: Finance Minister of the Czech Republic, Minister of Finance
- **primeminister3**: Vladimír Špidla
Stanislav Gross
Jiří Paroubek
- **term start3**: 12 July 2002
- **term end3**: 4 September 2006
- **predecessor3**: Jiří Rusnok
- **successor3**: Vlastimil Tlustý
- **office4**: Member of Chamber of Deputies (Czech Republic), Chamber of Deputies
- **term start4**: 1 June 1996
- **birth place**: Telnice (Brno-Country District), Telnice, Czechoslovakia

- **party**: Czech Social Democratic Party, Social Democratic Party
- **alma mater**: Masaryk University
Juan Orlando Hernández

**Juan Orlando Hernández Alvarado** (; born 28 October 1968) or **JOH**, is a Honduran former politician and lawyer who served as the 38th president of Honduras from 2014 to 2022.

On 7 February 2022, Hernández was being investigated for corruption and drug trafficking. The U.S. government requested an extradition against him for his involvement with narcotics on 14 February. After issuing an extradition warrant, Hernández decided to surrender to US authorities on February 15, 2022. A day later, Hernández was arrested at his home in Tegucigalpa.

On 21 April 2022, Hernández was extradited to the United States. On 8 March 2024, Hernández was convicted of three counts of drug trafficking and weapons conspiracy and faces mandatory minimum sentence of 40 years in prison.

On June 26, 2024, Juan Orlando Hernández, was sentenced to 45 years in prison and fined $8 million for drug trafficking and firearms offenses in a US federal court. Hernández was released from prison on 2 December 2025 after being pardoned by President Donald Trump during the 2025 election.

## Other websites

- Biography by CIDOB

## Infobox (criminal)

- **child**: yes
- **conviction**: Drug trafficking, Drug and arms trafficking (3 counts)
- **allegiance**: Sinaloa Cartel
- **criminal penalty**: 45 years in List of United States federal prisons, federal prison
- **conviction status**: Pardoned (2025)
- **imprisoned**: United States Penitentiary, Hazelton, USP Hazelton
- **country**: Honduras
 United States
- **apprehended**: 15 February 2022


## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Juan Orlando Hernández
- **image**: Juan Orlando Hernandez-Enrique Peña (cropped).jpg
- **alt**: Hernández looking to the side in a suit
- **caption**: Hernández in 2015
- **order**: 38th
- **office**: President of Honduras
- **term start**: 27 January 2014
- **term end**: 27 January 2022
- **predecessor**: Porfirio Lobo Sosa
- **successor**: Xiomara Castro
- **office1**: President of the National Congress of Honduras, National Congress
- **vicepresident1**: :es:Lena Gutiérrez, Lena Gutiérrez
- **term start1**: 25 January 2010
- **term end1**: 25 January 2014
- **predecessor1**: José Alfredo Saavedra (acting)
- **successor1**: Mauricio Oliva
- **office2**: Deputy of the Lempira Department
- **term start2**: 25 January 1998
- **term end2**: 25 January 2014
- **birth name**: Juan Orlando Hernández Alvarado
- **birth place**: Gracias, Lempira Department, Lempira, Honduras
- **party**: National Party of Honduras, National
- **children**: 4
- **alma mater**: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, National Autonomous University of Honduras (Bachelor of Laws, BL)
Ryan Malgarini

**Ryan Timothy Malgarini** (born June 12, 1992) is an American actor, and comedian. He is known for his role as Harry Coleman in _Freaky Friday_.

## Movies

- _Freaky Friday_ (2003)
- _The United States of Leland_ (2004)
- _The Polar Express_ (2004)
- _Go Figure_ (2005)
- _How to Eat Fried Worms_ (2006)
- _The Young Kieslowski_ (2014), winner of an audience award at the 2014 Los Angeles Film Festival
Monty Hall

**Monte Halparin**, OC, OM (August 25, 1921 – September 30, 2017), known as **Monty Hall**, was a Canadian television producer, actor, singer, comedian, and sportscaster. He was best known as host of the television game show _Let's Make a Deal_.

## Early life

Hall was born **Monte Halparin** in Winnipeg, Manitoba on August 25, 1921. He studied at St. John's High School.

## The Monty Hall problem

Since Hall was on _Let's Make a Deal,_ Hall's name is used in a probability puzzle known as the "Monty Hall problem", which examines the counter-intuitive effect of switching one's choice of doors, one of which hides a prize, if "Monty" reveals an unwanted item behind a door the player did not choose.

## Personal life

Monty married Marilyn Plottel in 1947. They had three children. Plottel died on June 5, 2017.

### Death

On September 30, 2017, Hall died from heart failure at his home in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 96.

## Other websites

- Monty's Bio  at letsmakeadeal.com
- CBC Digital Archives profile of Monty Hall (1970)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Monty Hall
- **image**: Monty hall abc tv.JPG
- **caption**: Monty Hall in the 1970s
- **birth name**: Monte Halparin
- **birth place**: Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- **death place**: Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Game show host, actor, producer, singer, sportscaster
- **years active**: 1953–2017
- **spouse**: Marilyn Hall, Marilyn Plottel
(m. September 28, 1947–June 5, 2017; her death)
Columbian mammoth

The **Columbian mammoth** (_Mammuthus columbi_), or Imperial mammoth, was a species of mammoth which lived late in the Pleistocene period. Its remains have been found in Canada, the United States, Nicaragua and Mexico.

The Columbian mammoth went extinct at the end of the ice ages about 11,000 years ago. It shared the fate of many other large mammals, whose extinction is attributed to hunting and climate change.

DNA studies show that the Columbian mammoth was a hybrid between woolly mammoths and another lineage descended from steppe mammoths. This hybridization happened more than 420,000 years ago.

These mammoths did not live in the Arctic regions of Canada, where the woolly mammoth lived. The ranges of the two species may have overlapped, and genetic evidence suggests that they interbred. Several sites have the skeletons of more than one Columbian mammoths. Maybe they died in incidents such as a drought, or perhaps these places were natural traps where individuals tended to die.
Phil Crane

**Philip Miller "Phil" Crane** (November 3, 1930 – November 8, 2014) was a former American politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 2005. He was representing the 8th District of Illinois in the northwestern suburbs of Chicago. At the time of his defeat in the 2004 election, Crane was the longest-serving Republican member of the House.

Crane was born in Chicago, Illinois on November 3, 1930. Crane died of lung cancer at the home of his daughter, Rebekah, in Jefferson, Maryland on November 8, 2014, aged 84.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: Philip Miller Crane
- **image name**: PhilCrane.jpg
- **state**: Illinois
- **district**: Illinois's 8th congressional district, 8th
- **term start**: January 3, 1993
- **term end**: January 3, 2005
- **preceded**: Dan Rostenkowski
- **succeeded**: Melissa Bean
- **state2**: Illinois
- **district2**: Illinois's 12th congressional district, 12th
- **term start2**: January 3, 1973
- **term end2**: January 3, 1993
- **preceded2**: Robert McClory
- **succeeded2**: Jerry Costello
- **state3**: Illinois
- **district3**: Illinois's 13th congressional district, 13th
- **term start3**: November 25, 1969
- **term end3**: January 3, 1973
- **preceded3**: Donald Rumsfeld
- **succeeded3**: Robert McClory
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **death place**: Jefferson, Maryland, U.S.
- **spouse**: Arlene Catherine Johnson
- **occupation**: Retired college professor
Pat Buchanan

**Patrick Joseph** "**Pat**" **Buchanan** (; born November 2, 1938) is an American conservative political commentator, author, columnist, politician, and broadcaster.

Buchanan was a senior advisor to three Presidents of the United States. They were Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan. Buchanan was an original host on CNN's _Crossfire_. He ran for president for the Republican presidential nomination in 1992 and 1996. He ran on the Reform Party ticket in the 2000 presidential election.

Buchanan was born in Washington, D.C. on November 2, 1938.

## Books

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## Other websites

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- _In Depth_ interview with Buchanan, May 2, 2010

## Infobox (person)

- **birthname**: Patrick Joseph Buchanan
- **image**: Patrickjbuchanan.JPG
- **caption**: Pat Buchanan in 2008
- **birth place**: Washington, D.C.,
United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Writer, political commentator
- **spouse**: Shelley Ann Scarney
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican (1960s–1999, 2004–_present_)
Reform Party of the United States of America, Reform (1999–2002)
- **website**: http://buchanan.org/
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania

The **Perelman School of Medicine** (Penn Med), is the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania. It is an Ivy League school located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Opened in 1765, Penn Med is the first and oldest medical school in the United States. Today, the Perelman School of Medicine is a chief place of biological and medical research and education. It is one of the country's top medical schools. The school ranks among the highest recipients of the National Institutes of Health research awards.

## History

John Morgan earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the College of Philadelphia (now called the University of Pennsylvania. He then earned Doctor of Medicine (MD) from the University of Edinburgh Medical School in Scotland. In 1765, after five years training in Edinburgh and touring Europe, Dr. Morgan returned to Philadelphia. There he opened the United States' first medical school at the University of Pennsylvania. He planned for the school to be one of the best medical schools in the country and the world. Dr. Morgan copied many teaching methods from his medical school.

The School of Medicine's professors were known internationally. Some of these were: Benjamin Rush, Philip Syng Physick, Robert Hare, William pepper, and Joseph Leidy. In 1847, a convention of medical doctors started the American Medical Association. The first President was Nathaniel Chapman, a professor at the School.
Mixed-breed dog

A **mixed-breed dog** is a dog that is of more than one breed. For example, a Labradoodle is a dog with genes of both Labrador Retriever and poodle.

Other words for a mixed-breed dog are mongrel or mutt.
Inline skating

**Inline skating** is a kind of skating. It involves a person moving across land using shoes that have wheels on the bottom. It is similar to roller skating, except that the wheels are smaller and are in a single line. Inline skating is also called **rollerblading,** after the _Rollerblade_ brand of skates. .

Inline skates usually have between 2 and 5 polyurethane wheels. These wheels are arranged in a single line. This allows for faster speeds than roller skates.
The Voyage of the Beagle

***The Voyage of the Beagle*** is the usual title of the book written by Charles Darwin. He first published it in 1839 as his ***Journal and Remarks***.

The title refers to the second survey expedition of the ship HMS _Beagle_. The ship set sail from Plymouth Sound on 27 December 1831 under the command of Captain Robert FitzRoy R.N.

The expedition was originally planned to last two years, but it lasted almost five. The _Beagle_ did not return until 2 October 1836. Darwin spent most of this time exploring on land (three years and three months on land; 18 months at sea). The ship dropped him off at various places and picked him up later.

The book is a vivid and exciting travel memoir as well as a detailed scientific field journal. It includes biology, geology, and anthropology. Darwin's observations were written at a time when Western Europeans were exploring and charting the whole world. Although Darwin revisited some areas during the expedition, for clarity the chapters of the book are ordered by places and locations rather than by date.

Darwin's notes made during the voyage include comments illustrating his thinking. Looking at the plants, animals, rocks and fossils, he ran across questions which he could not answer at the time. On his way back, ideas began in his mind which he developed later as his theory of evolution by natural selection. The second edition of 1845 includes some suggestion of this.

Later, he realised he had made a big mistake in not noting which islands some specimens from the Galapagos Islands were found on. He knew this was a mistake because he had sensed how islands were rather like the higher parts of mountains, which also have many unique species. The idea we now know as geographical speciation was beginning to form in his mind. Darwin opened his secret 'transmutation' notebook (Notebook 'B') in July 1837, less than a year after the _Beagle_ returned to England.

## Bibliography

- Darwin, Charles 1839. _Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle, volume III – Journal and remarks, 1832–1836_. London: Henry Colburn. This is the first edition.
- Darwin, Charles 1845. _Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N_. London: John Murray. This is the second edition.

## Other websites

- Darwin Online: R.B. Freeman's bibliographical introduction to the book: http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_JournalofResearches.html
Palm oil

**Palm oil** is a vegetable oil. Natural palm oil is red, but the red part is usually removed before the oil is used. It is made from the fruit of the African Oil Palm tree. Some comes from the American Oil Palm. Palm oil is used in many different products, like ice cream, toothpaste, chocolate, and candy. Most palm oil is made in West Africa and Southeast Asia on plantations.Palm oil is criticised for being one of the leading causes of deforestation, and for the use of slavery by many plantation owners to extract palm oil and profit off of it.
Candy floss

**Candy floss** is sugar that is spun with air. It is also called **cotton candy** or **fairy floss**. It is spun in machines. When spun, a small amount of sugar creates a much larger serving of candy floss. This is because it is mostly air. It is usually served on a stick or in a bag. Food colouring is sometimes used to change the natural white colour. Flavour is also sometimes added. Candy floss is often sold at fairs or circuses.

Candy floss was first made in Europe in the 18th century. At that time, spun sugar was expensive. The average person could not afford it. Machines to spin the sugar were invented in 1897 by William Morrison and John C. Wharton. They introduced it at the World's Fair in 1904, under the name _Fairy Floss_. It was very successful. They sold 68,655 boxes at 25 cents each box (equivalent to US$6 per box today). In UAE it sold in 5 AED.

## Other websites

- Cotton Candy Machines and Marketing Today at Howstuffworks.com

## Infobox (food)

- **name**: Candy Floss
- **image**: Cotton candy Μαλλί της γριάς.JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **caption**: Spinning candy floss at a Carnival, fair
- **alternate name**: Cotton candy, fairy floss
- **country**: Europe (originally)
United States (machines)
- **creator**: William Morrison and John C. Wharton
- **type**: Confectionery
- **main ingredient**: Sugar, food coloring
Movement (disambiguation)

**Movement** is the action of changing something's position.

**Movement** can also mean:

- Social movement, a co-ordinated group focused on a social issue
- Political movement, a co-ordinated group focused on a political issue
- Art movement, a style in art followed by a group of artists
- Movement (music), a large division of a musical composition
- Bowel movement
Bed (geology)

In geology a **bed** is the smallest division of rock or deposit. It is a geologic formation or stratigraphic rock series marked by well-defined divisional planes (**bedding planes**) separating it from layers above and below.

A bed is the smallest lithostratigraphic unit. It ranges in thickness from a centimetre to several metres. It can be distinguished from beds above and below it by rock or mineral type and particle size. The term is usually applied to sedimentary strata, but may also be used for volcanic flows or ash layers.

In a quarry, **bedding** is a term used for a structure occurring in granite and similar rocks which allows them to split in well-defined planes horizontally or parallel to the land surface.

## Engineering

In geotechnical engineering a bedding plane often forms a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behaviour (strength, deformation) of soil and rock masses. This is important in, for example, tunnel, foundation, or slope construction.

## Related pages

- Strata
Savannah monitor

The **savannah monitor** (or Bosc's monitor) is a medium-sized monitor lizard from Africa. Its scientific name is _Varanus exanthematicus_.

Its range extends throughout sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal east to Sudan and south almost to the Congo River and Great Rift Valley. It is a ground-dwelling species which shelters in burrows, although it is sometimes found in bushes or low trees.

Information about the diet of Savannah monitors in the wild has been recorded in Senegal  and Ghana. It feeds almost exclusively on arthropods and molluscs.
Primark

**Primark** is an Irish clothing retailer founded by Arthur Ryan. The company operates in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland (38 stores branded as **Penneys**), Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Italy, Slovakia and the United States. The company's headquarters are in Dublin. Primark is a subsidiary of British food processing company ABF. Primark first opened in June 1969 in Mary Street (Dublin). All of the company's merchandise is made specifically for the company. Primark has its own brand names. It sells clothing at the budget end of the market.
Toots and the Maytals

**Toots and the Maytals**, originally called **The Maytals**, are a Jamaican musical group. They are one of the best known ska and rock steady vocal groups. They were formed in the early 1960s when ska was popular. They had a reputation for having strong, well-blended voices. Front man Hibbert's soulful style led him to be compared to Otis Redding.

## Studio albums

|Studio album name|Year released|
| --- | --- |
|Life could be a dream|1962|
|Never grow old|1963|
|The Original Golden Oldies Vol.3|1964-1965|
|The Sensational Maytals|1964|
|Do the Reggay|1966-1970|
|Sweet and Dandy|1968|
|From The Roots|1970|
|Monkey man|1970|
|The Maytals greatest hits|1970|
|Slatyam Stoot|1972|
|Funky Kingston|1972-1973|
|Roots Reggae|1974|
|In the dark|1974|
Maher El-Beheiry

**Maher El-Beheiry** () (born March 17, 1943) is an Egyptian judge, and the former Chairman of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt (SCC). He became Chairman on 1 July 2012.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Maher El-Beheiry
- **office1**: Chairman of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt
- **term start1**: 1 July 2012
- **term end1**: 1 July 2013
- **predecessor2**: Farouk Sultan
- **successor2**: Adly Mansour
- **appointed2**: Mohammed Morsi
Dési Bouterse

**Desiré Delano "Dési" Bouterse** (13 October 1945 – 23 December 2024) was a Surinamese politician. He was the President of Suriname from 2010 to 2020. From 1980 to 1987 he was Suriname's _de facto_ leader when the country was under military rule.

On February 25, 1980, the government of Suriname underwent a military coup led by Bouterse. Though the Suriname Presidency was retained, Bouterse was the nation's ruler until his resignation in 1988.

Bouterse is held responsible for the numerous human rights violations committed under his dictatorship, such as the murder of 15 people known as the December murders, and the massacre in the village Moiwana.

On July 19, 2010, he was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of 50 parliament votes.

In 2023, he was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment for the 1982 murders of fifteen political dissidents. He was reported missing by the Surinamese authorities in January 2024 after refusing to report to prison. He was considered a fugitive until his death.

Bouterse died on December 23, 2024 from liver failure while in hiding at the Copi Nature Reserve at the age of 79.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Dési Bouterse
- **image**: Дези Баутерсе.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2010
- **office**: 8th President of Suriname
- **vicepresident**: Robert Ameerali (2010–2015)
Ashwin Adhin (2015–2020)
- **term start**: 12 August 2010
- **term end**: 16 July 2020
- **predecessor**: Ronald Venetiaan
- **successor**: Chan Santokhi
- **office1**: President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations
- **term start1**: 30 August 2013
- **term end1**: 4 December 2014
- **predecessor1**: Ollanta Humala
- **successor1**: José Mujica
- **office2**: President of the National Democratic Party (Suriname), National Democratic Party
- **term start2**: 4 July 1987
- **term end2**: 13 July 2024
- **predecessor2**: _Party established_
- **successor2**: Jennifer Geerlings-Simons
- **office3**: Chairman of the National Military Council (Suriname), National Military Council
- **president3**: Johan Ferrier
Henk Chin A Sen
Fred Ramdat Misier
- **term start3**: 25 February 1980
- **term end3**: 27 November 1987
- **predecessor3**: _Office established_
- **successor3**: _Office abolished_
- **birth name**: Desiré Delano Bouterse
- **birth place**: Domburg, Suriname, Domburg, Surinam (Dutch colony), Suriname
- **death place**: Copi Nature Reserve, Suriname
- **party**: National Democratic Party (Suriname), National Democratic Party
- **children**: 3, including Dino Bouterse
Mog (Judith Kerr)

**Mog**, is the main character in a series of books for children. The author is Judith Kerr. In the series Mog was well loved by Mr and Mrs Thomas (Mog's owners) and their two children Nicky and Debbie. In the books Mog, a cat, would often get into a difficult situation with a new character or event.

Mog died of old age in the final book, _Goodbye, Mog_ and goes to heaven. It was published in 2002.  It is not usual for a pet to die in stories for young children just learning to read. Kerr said ""I don't think it was so much about killing off Mog, as rather doing something about dying...and being remembered."

## New book for charity

In November 2015, Mog came back as a CGI character for the 2015 Christmas video advert for the supermarket, Sainsbury's. In _Mog's Christmas Calamity_ Mog accidentally starts a fire in her house after having a bad dream. She saves her family by calling firefighters by running across the telephone and dialing the emergency number. She is a hero for saving her owners, and is later given an egg as a treat. A special plush Mog and book version of the story were sold at Sainsbury's, with all profits being donated to Save the Children's child literacy work.
Chesterton Community Sports College

**Chesterton Community Sports College** is a school in Newcastle-under-Lyme. It has received very good GCSE results. There are 5 periods in a day, all one hour each way. Break time is fifteen minutes. Lunch is fifty-five minutes.
Bettringen

**Bettringen** is a village in southwest Germany. About 9,000 people live there. It is part of the town of Schwäbisch Gmünd. It is near Stuttgart.

## History

The village is about 800 years old. It was founded in 1218. In the 15th century, the names _Oberbettringen_ (upper Bettringen) and _Unterbettringen_ (lower Bettringen) are found in documents. In 1464, it first became part of Schwäbisch Gmünd. Later it became independent again.

In 1870, more than 500 people lived in Bettringen. Some other villages were part of it.

In 1959, it became part of Schwäbisch Gmünd. That was before the area reforms of Baden-Württemberg.

## Politics

The city council has eight members of the CDU, four members of the SPD, three members of the Green Party and one seat for the FDP.

## Religion

Bettringen is mainly Catholic.

### Road

The L1160 and L1161 roads pass through the village. The B29 road bypasses the village.