juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Crop (anatomy)

A **crop** (sometimes called a **croup** or **craw**) is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary canal used for storing food before digestion. It is found in many animals. It occurs in birds, some dinosaurs, and invertebrate animals such as gastropods (snails and slugs), earthworms, leeches, and insects.

## Birds

In a bird's digestive system, the crop is an expanded, muscular pouch near the gullet or throat. It is a part of the digestive tract, essentially an enlarged part of the oesophagus. As with most other organisms that have a crop, the crop is used to temporarily store food. Not all birds have a crop. In adult doves and pigeons, the crop can produce crop milk to feed newly hatched birds.

Scavenging birds, such as vultures, gorge themselves when prey is abundant, causing their crop to bulge. They then sit, sleepy or half torpid, to digest their food.

Most raptors, including hawks, eagles and vultures (as stated above), have a crop; however, owls do not.

## Bees

Cropping is used by bees to temporarily store nectar of flowers. When bees "suck" nectar, it is stored in their crops. Pollen is stuffed into their knee bags.

## Difference to gizzard

In a gizzard, the food is ground down before digestion, usually by stones. Gizzards have a tougher lining, and muscles. The gizzard is lower down the digestive tract, and more like a part of the stomach.

The crop is just a storage device. Often, it pays a bird to feed while the going is good, and do the digestion later. In many birds and in bees, the food is eventually brought back to the nest and given to family members.

In other species, food brought back to the nest is pre-digested. That would mean it is regurgitated (brought up) from the stomach.

## Related pages

- Oesophagus
- Gizzard
- Gular pouch, in bird anatomy, a flap generally used to store fish and other prey while hunting
- Gular folds are found in many lizards, often as a secondary sexual characteristic.
- The word "gular" refers to the bird or reptile's crop.
Independence Gate

The **Independence Gate** (, ) is a Korean political memorial gate, in Seoul, South Korea. The gate was designed by Seo Jae-pil.

## Other websites

- Independence Gate
Türkmenabat

**Türkmenabat** (or **Turkmenabad**; ) is a city in Turkmenistan. It used to be called **Chardzhou** (, ); Persian for "four canals"). It is the capital of Lebap Province. There were about 254,000 people living there in 2009.
French Air Force

The **French Air Force** (, literally **Army of the Air**) is the air force of France. It was formed in 1909 as the _Service Aéronautique de l'Armée_, part of the French Army, and finally independent in 1934 in its current form. In 2013 it has an important fleet of aircraft.

### French air force bases

In France the air force bases are called _Bases Aériennes_ or _BA_ and have a number, like Base Aérienne 117 in Paris.

## Other websites

- The official French Air Force website
- The Facebook official fanpage of the French Air Force

## Infobox (military unit)

- **unit name**: Armée de l'Air
- **image**: Logo de l'Armée de l'Air et de l'Espace.svg
- **start date**: 1934
- **country**: France
- **identification symbol**:
- **identification symbol label**: Roundel
- **aircraft fighter**: Mirage 2000, Dassault Mirage 2000, Dassault Rafale
- **aircraft attack**: Mirage 2000, Dassault Mirage 2000, Dassault Rafale
- **aircraft interceptor**: Mirage 2000, Dassault Mirage 2000, Dassault Rafale
- **aircraft recon**: Mirage 2000, Dassault Mirage 2000, Dassault Rafale, EADS Harfang,
- **aircraft electronic**: Boeing E-3 Sentry, Beoing E-3F SDA
- **aircraft trainer**: Grob G.120, SOCATA TB.30 Epsilon, Alpha Jet, Dassault-Breguet-Dornier Alpha Jet E, Eurocopter AS-555 Fennec,
- **aircraft transport**: Airbus A310, Airbus A340, Airbus A400M, Boeing KC-135, Boeing C-135FR, Lockheed C-130 Hercules, Lockheed C-130H and C-130H-30, Transall C.160, Airtech CN-235, Casa CN-235, Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma, Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma, Eurocopter EC725 Caracal
Show and tell

**Show and tell** is a common expression.  It is about showing an audience something and telling them about it.

This group exercise is used to teach young children the skills of public speaking.  For example, children will bring an item from home and will explain to the class why they chose that certain item, where they got it, and other relevant information.

## History

The modern usage of this term began in the 1940s, but the general concept is older.  For example, in one of William Shakespeare's plays, a character uses the same words to link something with words explaining it'
- "... for if he **show** us his wounds **and tell** us his deeds ...."

- — _Coriolanus,_ Act II, Scene 3
Spaghetti squash

The **spaghetti squash** (_Cucurbita pepo_) is an oblong seed-bearing variety of winter squash. The fruit can range either from ivory to yellow or orange in color. The orange varieties have a higher carotene content. Its center contains many large seeds. Its flesh is bright yellow or orange. When raw, the flesh is solid and similar to other raw squash; when cooked, the flesh falls away from the fruit in ribbons or strands like spaghetti.

## Nutrition

It is a superfood that contains lots of nutrients, including folic acid, potassium, vitamin A, and vitamin C, It is low in calories, averaging at least 42 calories per 1-cup (155 grams) serving.
Burning bush

The **Burning Bush** is an object described in the Book of Exodus. It was said to be on Mount Horeb.  According to the narrative, the bush was on fire, but was not consumed (all burned up) by the flames. This is the reason for the name given to the bush. In the narrative, the _burning bush_ is where Moses was chosen by God to lead the Israelites out of Egypt and into Canaan.
Liana

**Lianas** are vines which live in rainforests. They are climbing plants which are rooted in the ground. Then they wrap around trees as they grow. Rain forests have them everywhere there are trees.

The term "liana" refers to the vine, not the tree. It is not a taxonomic group: many plants have adopted this growth-mode.
Doctors of the Church

**Doctor of the Church** (from Latin __, to teach) is a title used in some Christian churches. It is given to people who are recognized as having been of particular importance, especially in their contribution to theology or doctrine. In the Catholic Church, this title is given to a saint who has written important works. The honour is given rarely, and only after canonisation. Saint Ambrose (330-397), Saint Augustine of Hippo (53-430), Saint Jerome, and Pope Gregory I are known as the Four Great Doctors (of the Western Church). In the Eastern Church, these are John Chrysostom, Saint Basil of Caesarea (or Basil the Great), Gregory of Nazianzus and Athanasius of Alexandria. Other Doctors of the Church include Thomas Aquinas, Anselm of Canterbury, Teresa of Ávila, Thérèse of Lisieux and Hildegard von Bingen.

## List

- List of Doctors
Factoring (finance)

**Factoring** is a financial arrangement whereby a supplier of goods sells its trade receivables to the factor (bank) at discounted price for immediate cash payment. Factoring is selling rights to the future payments. People and companies that are receiving money from contracts every some time may be in need of extra money - so they sell rights to receive those payments for cash hence Factoring. This is done especially in construction business where companies are paid for parts of work completed instead of upfront payment. Such a company will sell future payments for small percentage fee and will receive all money they need to continue the work without delays.

The structured settlement factoring transaction can be really helpful for business in financial needs.
It provides business with better financing and more funds on hands in exchange for small percentage of total sum.

Some banks are entering field of Factoring trying to provide same service advertised by well known names.
Free Studio

**Free Studio** is a free set of multimedia programs created by DVDVideoSoft. The software is combination of multiple programs of different use combined in one. You can download them as one in a package or separately.
Free Studio consists of 48 programs, grouped into eight sections: YouTube to MP3 converter, Audio, CD-DVD-BD, DVD & Video, Photo & Images, Mobiles, Apple Devices, 3D.
Free YouTube to MP3 Converter is one of the five most popular software applications according to Chip Magazine.

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Free Studio
- **logo**: DVDVideoSoft.png
- **screenshot**: FreeStudio.jpg
- **developer**: DVDVideoSoft, DVDVideoSoft Ltd.
- **latest release version**: 6.0
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows
- **platform**: .NET Framework 2.0
- **size**: 60.89 Megabyte, MB
- **language**: #Languages, 17 languages
- **license**: Freeware
AT&T U-verse

**U-verse** or **at&t U-verse** is a brand that provides internet connection, premium television channels and VoIP. Launched in June 26, 2006 it is available in 22 US states.
By 2011 U-verse was available to 30 million people. U-verse High Speed Internet had 6.5 million subscribers.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: AT&T U-verse
- **logo**: AT&T U-verse 2016.svg
- **logo size**: 250px
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **owner**: AT&T Inc.
- **parent**: AT&T Communications
- **industry**: Telecommunications
- **fate**: Split into three separate brands; AT&T Phone
AT&T Internet (AT&T Fiber)
U-verse TV
- **areas served**: Select US States
Fulfillment house

A **fulfillment house** or fulfillment centre are modern terms for a packing warehouse.

## Types of fulfillment company services

Standard types of these services are as follows: storage and warehousing (company stores an item until and order for that item is received), inventory control (maintaining and publishing inventory counts), pick and pack services (preparing ordered items for shipping) and shipping (outsourcing to courier or delivery companies).

## Outsourcing to a fulfillment house or company

Advantages of outsourcing to such companies are: facilities (in early stages of business development you may have no place and money needed to store your items), shipping costs (because of special shipping rates when you ship thousands of items, which is not available for small companies), shipping materials costs (same reason as before), fulfillment costs (beneficial pricing when all fulfillment activities are bundled in one order), e-Commerce  (fulfillment houses use advanced e-Commerce systems to help in management).

On the other hand disadvantages of outsourcing are: indirect control (if there are any problems with services provided by the fulfillment company the blame and bad reputation will be on your company's shoulders) and product damage or shrinkage (fulfillment companies won't take full responsibility for any product damage or shrinkage until they're proven directly responsible).
Paulina Rubio

**Paulina Susana Rubio Rue** (born June 17, 1971), is a Mexican singer, actress, hostess, model and businesswoman. She has sold over 5 million records worldwide.

## Biography

Paulina's father, Enrique Rubio is of Spanish origin and her mother Susana Dosamantes is a Mexican. Her breakthrough came with the group Timbiriche in Mexico.
She was married to Nicolas Vallejo Najera and they have a son, Andrea Nicolás Vallejo Rubio. She currently lives in Miami, Florida.

## Discography

- _La Chica Dorada_ (1992)
- _24 Kilates_ (1993)
- _El Tiempo Es Oro_ (1995)
- _Planeta Paulina_ (1996)
- _Paulina_ (2000)
- _Border Girl_ (2002)
- _Pau-Latina_ (2004)
- _Ananda_ (2006)
- _Gran City Pop_ (2009)
- _Brava!_ (2011)
- "TBA" (2014)

## Tours

- 2001: Paulina Tour
- 2002: Tour With Enrique Iglesias
- 2004–2005: Pau-Latina Tour
- 2007: Amor, Luz Y Sonido
- 2009–2010: Gran City Pop Tour
- 2012: Brava! World Tour

## Filmography

|**Year**||**Title**||**Type**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1983|El día del compadre|Movie|||
|1988|Pasión y Poder|Soap opera (Villain)|||
|1992|Baila conmigo|Soap opera (Villain)|||
|1994|Bésame En La Boca|Movie/Main Role|||
|1995|Pobre niña rica|Soap opera (also sang theme song)|||
|1995|Emteveo|Soap opera for MTV Latinoamérica|||
|1997|Especial: Planeta Paulina|Televisa Network|||
|1999|Vive El Verano|Host|||
|2000|Los 100 Videos Más Pop|MTV Latinoamérica|||
|2004|Premios MTV Latinoamérica|Host MTV Latinoamérica|||
|2008|"Es.Cine"|Producer|||
|2009|Locas de Amor|_Cameo_ "Causa y Efecto"|||
|2009|Atrevete a Soñar|Participation as a mentor/star|||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Paulina Rubio
- **image**: Paulina Rubio @ Asics Music Festival 13.jpg
- **caption**: Paulina Rubio at Los Premios Billboard.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Paulina Susana Rubio Rue
- **birth place**: Mexico City, Mexico
- **occupation**: Singer, actress, television music competition adjudicator, judge, hostess, model, businesswoman
Skin whitening

**Skin whitening**, **skin lightening**, or **skin bleaching**, is a technique of making a person's skin lighter. This is done by reducing the melanin responsible for dark skin. Some chemicals in form of pills and injections are available. Some of those chemicals (such as compounds of mercury) may be toxic.

Most skin lightening treatments are done to moles and birthmarks, but lightening unaffected skin parts is also possible. More people use such treatments because prices have dropped and there is better availability.

The new methods using both lasers and LED systems are showing good results and are possible alternative to chemicals.
Potter Palmer

**Potter Palmer** (May 20, 1826 – May 4, 1902) was an American businessman and architect. Palmer is known for helping creating new streets in the city of Chicago after the Great Chicago Fire during the 1880s.

Palmer was born on May 20, 1826. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Potter was married to Bertha Honoré from 1871 until his death in 1902. They had two children. On May 4, 1902, Palmer died from heart failure in his home in Chicago, Illinois. He was 75 when he died. He is buried at Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago.
Human chorionic gonadotropin

**Human chorionic gonadotropin** (hCG) is a hormone produced during pregnancy. Some tumors might produce this hormone. From December 6, 2011, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) made illegal selling hCG diet products in pharmacies.

## Uses

Controversy about injected hCG for weight loss started marketing campaign for injections of "homeopathic hCG" for weight control. The ingredients in these products are prepared from true hCG via homeopathic dilution,  and will contain either no hCG at all or only small amounts of it.

The hCG levels can be measured with blood or urine tests. These can be done by pregnancy tests.

## Information (data)

Below is a list of hCG levels during pregnancy. (_LMP_ is the last menstrual period dated from the first day of your last period.) The level of hCG grows over the time during pregnancy.

|weeks since LMP|mIU/mL|
| --- | --- |
|3|5 – 50|
|4|5 – 426|
|5|18 – 7,340|
|6|1,080 – 56,500|
|7 – 8|7,650 – 229,000|
|9 – 12|25,700 – 288,000|
|13 – 16|13,300 – 254,000|
|17 – 24|4,060 – 165,400|
|25 – 40|3,640 – 117,000|
|Non-pregnant females|<5.0|
|Postmenopausal females|<9.5|

## Related pages

- Hormones estrogen and cortisol (ol at the end of the word)
- Luteinizing hormone
- Horses
Giovanni Bellini

**Giovanni Bellini** (; c. 1430 – 26 November 1516) was an Italian Renaissance painter based in Venice. His father Jacopo and his brother Gentile were also painters, as was his brother-in-law Mantegna.

Bellini used a coloristic style exemplified by his use of clear oil paints, deep colors, and detailed shadings. His atmospheric landscapes influenced Venetian painting, particularly the work done by his pupils, Giorgione and Titian.

## Related pages

- List of Italian painters

## Other websites

- Picture at ibiblio
International marketing

**International marketing (IM)** or **global marketing** is a marketing done on international level. The International Marketing is based on strategy created in home country of company and distributed to its other offices/affiliations. In most cases it is international company level (company have offices in different countries) market identification and targeting. International Marketing is very similar to Global marketing.
The main difference will be the fact that Global Marketing is focusing on intercontinental point of view.
The example of International Marketing would be where an English company would like to enter Chinese market. It will be done by either developing marketing strategy in their home country that will be then introduced in new market or they will hire a company to create such a plan.

## Differences between marketing and international marketing

International marketing is developed by many multinational companies on a global level. It is then send to local markets which make changes for their country and starts following new strategy. Such a way of creating marketing strategies ensures that the global brand will be following same strategy and targeting same buyers group.

## The Three Pillars of the International Strategy: Cultural Adaptation, Legal Compliance, and Economic Viability

A company's ability to tackle diverse and complex challenges that go beyond simply changing promotional materials is what determines success in international marketing. A deep understanding of the cultural context is essential. Consumption habits, beliefs, symbols, and values ​​vary greatly from country to country; therefore, it is necessary to carefully adapt product design, packaging, and, above all, communication. An advertising message that is successful in one country may be irrelevant or offensive in another. (_Cultures And Organizations: Software For The Mind_, s. f.)

Political and legal administration is another key challenge. Companies are forced to modify their operating practices or offerings due to government regulations on labeling, data protection, and security standards (such as GDPR in Europe). Likewise, the viability of distribution and pricing strategies is directly affected by trade policies (tariffs, quotas) and political stability in the target market.

Finally, adaptability is a requirement in today's competitive economic environment. Distribution infrastructure (logistics and channel availability) and disparities in consumer purchasing power (per capita income) demand a review of market entry procedures and pricing strategies. The most important strategic decision—whether to homogenize the marketing mix to minimize costs or adapt it locally to maximize impact—is generally a balanced combination of both, known as glocalization. (Ghemawat, 2007)
Metroid: Other M

***Metroid: Other M*** is an action-adventure video game published by Team Ninja and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Wii console. It is the latest game in the _Metroid_ series. It was first announced at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2009. It was released on August 30, 2010 in North America, on September 2, 2010 in Japan and Australia, and on September 3, 2010 in Europe.

_Metroid: Other M_ plays in both first person and third-person. It takes place between _Super Metroid_ and _Metroid Fusion_.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Metroid: Other M
- **image**: Metroid-Other-M-Logo.png
- **developer**: Team Ninja
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **genre**: Action-adventure game, Action-adventure
- **modes**: Single-player
- **platforms**: Wii
Harold Pinter

**Harold Pinter** CH CBE (10 October 1930 – 24 December 2008) was a British playwright, screenwriter, director and actor. Pinter was Jewish. He was born and raised in Hackney, east London.

His plays include: _The Birthday Party_, _The Homecoming_ and _Betrayal_, all of which he adapted into movies. His adaptations of others' works include: _The Servant_, _The Go-Between_, _The French Lieutenant's Woman_, _The Trial_ and _Sleuth_.

The critic Irving Wardle called Pinter's early plays "_comedies of menace_". He meant that the plays begin with an apparently innocent situation. The situation becomes both threatening and "absurd" as Pinter's characters behave in strange ways. Pinter acknowledged that Samuel Beckett influenced his early work. They became friends, sending each other drafts of their works in progress for comments.

Pinter was married to Vivien Merchant from 1956 until they divorced in 1980. He was married to Antonia Fraser from 1980 until his death. He was diagnosed with oesophageal cancer in 2001 and died from the disease in London seven years later when it metastasised to his liver.
Metroid Prime: Trilogy

***Metroid Prime: Trilogy*** is a compilation video game for the Nintendo Wii console. It was released on August 24, 2009 in North America, on September 4, 2009 in Europe, and on October 15, 2009 in Australia. It includes the games _Metroid Prime_, _Metroid Prime 2: Echoes_, and _Metroid Prime 3: Corruption_. In this game, _Metroid Prime_ and _Metroid Prime 2: Echoes_ have the same control system used in _Metroid Prime 3: Corruption_. They also have shorter load times and better graphics.
Structured settlement

A **Structured settlement** is an insurance or financial arrangement that is negotiated to end a lawsuit. It is a legal agreement through which an insurance company agrees to make regular payments to a specific individual over a period of time.

Structured settlements are a way for insurance companies to pay out settlements in installments as opposed to large lump sums. Structured settlements may benefit injured people whose settlements might result in their owing taxes, by allowing them to reduce or delay tax payments. They may also benefit younger people or disabled people by providing periodic payments of money over an extended period of time.

Structured settlements require the paper holder (a name for the person who receives payments from the settlement) to wait before they will get money, by spreading payments over a number of years. However there are companies offering to buy such a structured settlement for upfront money. For example, a company might offer to buy a settlement that would be paid in 20 yearly payments for a one-time payment of lower value. Such financing may need to be approved by judge and the insurance company.

In the United States, the sale of a structured settlement may result in tax liability under the Internal Revenue Code.
Die Fledermaus

***Die Fledermaus*** () is an opera by Johann Strauss II. Its first performance took place on April 5, 1874 at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna, Austria. The opera has been presented on New Year's Eve in Vienna since the early 1930s. _Die Fledermaus_ is based on the French play _Le Réveillon_ (1872) by Meilhac and Halévy.
Term life insurance

**Term Life Insurance** is life insurance  that provides coverage for a specific period, or "term." Common terms might be 10, 20, or 30 years. Unlike other forms of life insurance, such as whole life or universal life, term insurance has no savings or investment component. It’s designed  to pay out a death benefit if the insured person dies during the term.

_Affordability_

1. No Cash Value Build-Up: One of the reasons term life insurance tends to be less expensive than other types of life insurance is because it doesn't accumulate cash value. Policies that build cash value, like whole life insurance, often come with higher premiums because they not only provide a death benefit but also function as a savings or investment vehicle.
1. Temporary Coverage: Since term life insurance only covers a specific period, there's a possibility the policy will expire before the policyholder dies. In such cases, the insurance company doesn't have to pay out any death benefits, making it less risky and therefore less expensive.

Because term life insurance is only death insurance, it is used to cover mortgages (guarantee that the bank will receive their money), payment to the families (upon death of insured person his family will usually receive repayment for funeral costs and in some cases will get some money), and repayment of debts.

**Term Insurance as Mortgage Protection:**
- _Matching Term Lengths:_ When buying term life insurance for mortgage protection, homeowners often choose a term that matches the length of their mortgage. For instance, if you have a 30-year mortgage, you might opt for a 30-year term life insurance policy. This ensures that the insurance will cover the mortgage duration.
- _Death Benefit Equals Mortgage Amount:_ The death benefit (the payout amount if the insured dies) can be set to match the mortgage amount. If the policyholder passes away during the term, the beneficiaries can use the death benefit to pay off the remaining mortgage balance.
- _Decreasing Term Option:_ Some term life insurance policies offer a "decreasing term" feature. In this structure, the death benefit decreases over time, generally in alignment with the decreasing outstanding mortgage balance. This can be a cost-effective option since the coverage reduces as the mortgage is paid down.
- _Financial Flexibility:_ If the insured person passes away and the death benefit is paid out, the beneficiaries can use the funds as they see fit. However, the primary intention of getting the policy might be to ensure the mortgage is covered.

It's essential to regularly review the policy, especially if there are significant changes to the mortgage amount or structure. Refinancing, for instance, might extend the mortgage term, which could necessitate adjustments to the term life policy.
Eisteddfod

The **Eisteddfod** is a Welsh festival of literature and music. The idea of the festival goes back at least to the 12th century.

## Other websites

- Website
Denbighshire

**Denbighshire** is a shire in northeast Wales, in the United Kingdom. It has over 90,000 people. The largest town is Rhyl.

## Other websites

- Denbighshire website
Rhyl

**Rhyl** (), pronounced _Rill_, is a seaside resort and community in Denbighshire in North Wales. It is in the historic county of Flintshire and the preserved county of Clwyd. In 2011, the town's population was 25,149. This makes it one of the largest settlements in North Wales.

The town was once an elegant Victorian resort. Influences from Liverpool and Manchester, both cities in England, after World War II changed the town. By 1990, the town had declined. However, since then the town has had major regeneration.

It has a number of Grade II listed buildings. An example is the Parish Church of St Thomas in Bath Street. It is listed as Grade II*.

Very old documents refer to a small dwelling in the area called _Ty'n Rhyl_. There is a manor house with that name that still exists in the town.

## Infobox (uk place)

- **official name**: Rhyl
- **welsh name**: Y Rhyl
- **static image name**: File:Rhyl_East_Parade_clock_tower.jpg
- **static image caption**: Rhyl East Parade and clock tower
- **population**: 25,149
- **os grid reference**: SJ015815
- **map alt**: Map of Denbighshire, with a red dot showing the location of Rhyl
- **label position**: right
- **post town**: RHYL
- **postcode area**: LL
- **postcode district**: LL18
- **dial code**: 01745
- **constituency westminster**: Vale of Clwyd (UK Parliament constituency), Vale of Clwyd
- **unitary wales**: Denbighshire
- **lieutenancy wales**: Clwyd
Mesh networking

**Mesh networking** is a kind of network topology, a way computer networks and other networks are laid out. In mesh networking, each node is connected to one or more other nodes. Information is passed from one node to the next, until it reaches its target destination. Such networks can be very reliable because there is usually more than one path from one node to another. When a node fails, the data will simply take another route.

The disadvantage of such networks is that building them can be very expensive. A network in which each node is directly connected to every other node is called a fully connected network. Another type of a mesh network is a mobile ad hoc network. In such a network the nodes are mobile, and the network may reorganize itself while it is running.

According to Reed's Law, the value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers. Metcalf's Law, in contrast asserts that the value is proportional to the square of the number of subscibers.

## Related pages

- Shortest Path Bridging
Plural ignorance

**Plural ignorance** or **pluralistic ignorance** is a term which gives a name to  a situation where a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but at the same time, they assume incorrectly that most others accept it. The term describes a context in which "no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes."

A context of plural ignorance can be caused by the structure of the underlying social network.

A situation of plural ignorance develops when each individual decision-maker in a group of decision-makers does not have the necessary information to solve a problem.

## History

The term _pluralistic ignorance_ was coined by Daniel Katz and Floyd H. Allport in 1931.

Plural ignorance may partially explain why people are more likely to intervene in an emergency situation when alone than when other persons are present. If people monitor the reactions of others in such a situation, they may conclude from the inaction of others that other people think that it is not necessary to act.

## Related pages

- The Emperor's New Clothes
- False consensus
- Intensity of preference
Millionaire Hot Seat

***Millionaire Hot Seat*** is an Australian television game show. It is a spin-off of the game show _Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?_. It ran from 20 April 2009 to 29 November 2023. It is hosted by Eddie McGuire.

## Gameplay

Six players compete for a prize of $1,000,000. Players are asked multiple choice questions with four possible answers. Each question has a time limit. The time limit is 15 seconds for the first five questions, 30 seconds for the next five questions, and 45 seconds for the last five. Players have one "pass" that they can use. If a player uses a pass, the question goes to the next player in line. That player can not use their pass on the question. If a player answers a question incorrectly, they are removed from the game, go home with nothing, and the top prize is lowered. If a player does not give an answer in the time limit, it is considered a pass. If they can not pass, they are removed from the game.

If the first player answers the first five questions correctly, they win a $1,000 bonus.

The game ends when all of the players are removed from the game or the last question is answered. If the question is answered correctly, the player wins the amount of money the question is worth. If it is answered incorrectly, the player goes home with nothing. If the 5th question was answered correctly, they leave with $1,000.

## Other websites

- Official website
Bathroom cabinet

A **bathroom cabinet** (or **medicine cabinet**) is a cabinet in a bathroom. Most of the time it is located above a bathroom sink. The main role of bathroom cabinet is to be place to keep drugs, hygienic equipment and toiletries like toothbrush and perfumes. Having a bathroom cabinet saves a space (it is located above sink which usually is unused space), helps to organize belongings in case of broken pipe or other kind of flooding in the bathroom.
Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)

The **Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party** (also spelled **Ba'th** or **Baath**, "resurrection" or "renaissance";  _Hizb Al-Ba'ath Al-'Arabi Al-Ishtiraki_), also called the **pro-Iraqi Ba'ath movement**, is a Ba'athist political party headquartered in Baghdad, Iraq. It is one of two parties which formed in 1966 after split of the original Ba'ath Party. They ruled Iraq between 1968 and the 2003 invasion of Iraq.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name english**: Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
- **name native**: حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي
- **leader**: Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri
- **foundation**: February 23, 1966
- **split**: Ba'ath Party (unitary)
- **headquarters**: _de jure_ Baghdad, Iraq,
in exile
- **ideology**: Ba'athism (:en:Ba'athism#Saddamism, Saddamist Ba'athism as of 1979)
- **colors**: Black, red, white and green (Pan-Arab colors)
Denton Cooley

**Denton Arthur Cooley** (August 22, 1920 – November 18, 2016) was an American heart surgeon. He was known for doing the first implantation of a complete artificial heart. Cooley was also the founder and surgeon in-chief of The Texas Heart Institute, chief of Cardiovascular Surgery at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, consultant in Cardiovascular Surgery at Texas Children's Hospital, and a clinical professor of Surgery at the University of Texas Medical School at Houston.

He studied zoology in the University of Texas and graduated in 1941. He began his medical education at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston. He completed his medical degree and his surgical training at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, where he also completed his internship. At Johns Hopkins, he worked with Dr. Alfred Blalock and helped with the first Blue Baby procedure to treat a child's congenital heart defect.

In 1946, Cooley served as chief of surgical services at the station hospital in Linz, Austria for the Army Medical Corps. He was discharged (released) in 1948 with the rank of captain. Then, he returned to Johns Hopkins to remain as an instructor in surgery. In 1950, he went to London to work with Lord Russell Brock.

Cooley died at his home in Houston on November 18, 2016, aged 96.
Pizzicato Polka

The **Pizzicato Polka** is a piece of orchestral music by Johann Strauss II. Strauss composed it with his brother Josef in 1869 for a trip to Imperial Russia. It was published in 1870. The polka was written for string orchestra and glockenspiel. It was hugely popular, especially in Italy, where it was included on every program Strauss played there. The piece consists of four melodies and the work is arranged in ternary form (A-B-A). The piece is scored for plucked strings.
Mumford & Sons

**Mumford & Sons** are an English folk rock band from London.

The band was formed in 2007 by band members Marcus Mumford, Ben Lovett, Winston Marshall and Ted Dwane. Lead vocalist Marcus Mumford organised the band and their performances and was one of the most visible members of the band because of this the band decided to use the name Mumford & Sons.

They released their debut studio album _Sigh No More_ on 2 October 2009. They later released their second studio album _Babel_ on 21 September 2012. _Babel_ won a Grammy Award for _Album of the Year_ at the 2013 Grammy Awards. They were also a part of the documentary _Big Easy Express_ which won a Grammy Award for _Best Long Form Music Video_.

## Band members

- Current
- Marcus Mumford - lead vocals, guitar, drums, mandolin (2007–_present_)
- Ben Lovett - vocals, keyboards, accordion, drums, electric guitar (2007–_present_)
- Winston Marshall - vocals, banjo, dobro, electric guitar (2007–_present_)
- Ted Dwane - vocals, double bass, bass guitar, drums, guitar (2007–_present_)

### Albums

- _Sigh No More_ (2009)
- _Babel_ (2012)
- _Wilder Mind_ (2015)
- _Delta_ (2018)
- _Rushmere_ (2025)
- _Prizefighter_ (2026)

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Mumford & Sons
- **img**: Mumford & Sons, performing at Aviemore, Scotland 2015.jpg
- **img capt**: Mumford & Sons in 2015
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Indie folk, folk rock, Bluegrass music, bluegrass
- **years active**: 2007–_present_
- **label**: Gentlemen of the Road
Island Records, Island (UK)
Universal Music Group, Universal Music (Canada)
Universal Music Australia (AUS)
Glassnote Records, Glassnote (US)
- **associated acts**: Old Crow Medicine Show
Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeroes
Laura Marling
The Wedding Band
King Charles (musician), King Charles
Johnny Flynn
Dawes (band), Dawes
- **url**: [http://mumfordandsons.com/ Official website]
- **current members**: Marcus Mumford
Winston Marshall
Ben Lovett
Ted Dwane
Kings Island

**Kings Island** is a  amusement park located  northeast of Cincinnati in Mason, Ohio, United States. The park is owned and operated by the Cedar Fair company. It operates from  April to December. The park features 48 rides total and has 14 roller coasters, including Banshee, The Bat, Mystic Timbers, Diamondback, Orion, Snoopy Soap Box Racers, and other attractions. The park opened to the public on April 29, 1972. Great Wolf Lodge nearby, is next to the amusement park.
Symphony No. 94 (Haydn)

The **Symphony No. 94 in G major** is a symphony by Joseph Haydn. It was first performed in London on 23 March 1792 under Haydn's direction. It is nicknamed the **Surprise Symphony**. The symphony's nickname is derived from the sudden loud chord played by the entire orchestra in the second movement. This movement is a set of variations on a sweet, gentle theme. The chord was Haydn's afterthought; it does not appear in the manuscript. One theory suggests Haydn inserted this loud chord saying, "That will make the ladies jump!". Another theory suggests he inserted it to wake up the music lovers who had dozed off after their dinners and drinks. Another theory suggests he inserted it to make the symphony memorable in light of the competition he faced from a series of London concerts directed by Ignaz Pleyel.

## References

- Woodstra, Chris, et. al. 2005. _All Music Guide to Classical Music_. All Media Guide, LLC. pp. 574–575.
MedlinePlus

**MedlinePlus** is a free website that gives free consumer health information for patients, families, and health care providers. The site has information from the United States National Library of Medicine, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), other U.S. government agencies, and health-related organizations.  The U.S. National Library of Medicine produces and maintains the site.  MedlinePlus includes a companion site in Spanish, which offers similar content for the Spanish-speaking community.  It also offers a mobile site in both English and Spanish optimized for display on mobile devices.  Over 150 million people from around the world use MedlinePlus each year.

MedlinePlus contains:
- Health topics and a medical encyclopedia from A.D.A.M., Inc. covering hundreds of diseases, conditions, and wellness issues.
- Drug information for both generic and brand-name prescription and over-the-counter medications.
- Herbal and dietary supplement information.
- A medical dictionary.
- Health news articles from Reuters Health Information and HealthDay, plus press releases from major medical organizations.
- Directories of physicians, dentists, hospitals, clinics, and other health care providers.
- Videos of surgical procedures and anatomy videos.
- Interactive health tutorials that use animations and sound to explain conditions and procedures.
- MedlinePlus Connect, a service linking patients or providers in electronic health record (EHR) systems to related MedlinePlus information on conditions or medications.
- A mobile site  to provide authoritative health information for the growing audience of mobile internet users.
Medical Subject Headings

**Medical Subject Headings** (**MeSH**) is a way to keep track of the purpose of journal articles and books in the life sciences. It can also serve as a thesaurus that makes searching easier. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed article database and by NLM's catalog of book holdings.

MeSH was introduced in 1963. The yearly printed version was discontinued in 2007 and MeSH is now available online only. It can be browsed and downloaded free of charge through PubMed. Originally in English, MeSH has been translated into a lot of other languages and allows retrieval of documents from different languages.

NIH NLM (Library) **Interactive browser**.

## Related pages

- List of MeSH codes
Diseases Database

The **Diseases Database** is a database on a free website that gives information about the relationships between medical conditions, symptoms, and medications. The database is run by Medical Object Oriented Software Enterprises Ltd, a small company based in London, UK.

The site's stated aim is "education, background reading and general interest" with an intended audience "physicians, other clinical healthcare workers and students of these professions". The editor of the site is stated as Malcolm H Duncan, a UK qualified medical doctor.

## Organization

The Diseases Database is based around a collection of concepts related to human medicine. These concepts include diseases, drugs, symptoms, physical signs and abnormal laboratory results. These are referred to as 'items'.
There are around 8,000 items within the database.
EMedicine

**eMedicine** is an online research tool for clinical studies. It was founded in 1996 by two medical doctors, Scott Plantz and Richard Lavely. The website is searchable by keyword. It has about 6,800 articles, each of which is associated with one of 62 clinical subspecialty textbooks. Pediatrics, for example, consists of 14 subspecialty textbooks (endocrinology, genetics, cardiology, pulmonology, etc.).  For example, 750 articles are the textbook on emergency medicine.  Each article is authored by board-certified specialists in the subspecialty to which the article belongs. The article's authors are identified with their current jobs.  Each article is updated yearly and the date is published on the article.

## History

It was sold to WebMD in January 2006.

The site is free to use, requiring only registration.  More than 10,000 contributors from several countries participated in the creation of the articles. It is operated as an e-book, the articles can be downloaded into a palm top device.

It was originally conceived in 1996 as an emergency medicine textbook but its content has expanded a lot since then to include allergy and immunology, cardiology, clinical procedures, critical care, dermatology, emergency medicine, endocrinology, gastroenterology. genomic medicine, hematology, infectious diseases, nephrology, neurology, obstetrics/gynecology, oncology, pathology, perioperative care, physical medicine and rehabilitation, psychiatry, pulmonology, radiology, rheumatology, and sports medicine. Surgical subspecialties include neurosurgery, ophthalmology, orthopedic surgery, (ENT) and facial plastic surgery, plastic surgery, thoracic surgery, transplantation, Trauma, urology, and vascular surgery.

## Other websites

- eMedicine website
- Online Pharmacy USA
ICD-10 Chapter X: Diseases of the respiratory system

The **International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10)** is a list of diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases. Each item is given a code by the World Health Organization (WHO).
Nanna (Norse deity)

In Norse mythology, **Nanna** is an Aesir goddess and wife of the god Baldur, and mother of Forseti. Nanna's domain and etymological significance is heavily debated by scholars.

Nanna notably appears in the Prose Edda, in a story of which tells of the death of Baldur, in which she dies of grief and is set upon his funeral pyre, and later appears in Hel, where she asks Hermodr to deliver several items to other goddesses in Asgard. Nanna's fate post-Ragnarok is never specified unlike Baldur and Hodr, who are prophesied to return.

Nanna appears in works by Saxo Grammaticus, whose work is controversial and often regarded as unfaithful to maintaining mythological canon due, despite this, Norse mythology has few sources to draw from, and his work is still vital to understanding how Norse mythology was viewed post-christianity.
Bristle

A **bristle** is a stiff hair or feather. Also used are synthetic materials such as nylon in items such as brooms and sweepers. Bristles are often used to make brushes for cleaning uses: common examples are the toothbrush and toilet brush. The bristle brush is a common household cleaning tool, often used to remove dirt or grease from pots and pans.
Le Roy le veult

_"**Le Roy le veult**"_ ("The King wills it") or _"**La Reyne le veult**"_ ("The Queen wills it") is a Norman French line used in the Parliament of the United Kingdom to show that a public or private bill has received Royal Assent from the Monarch.

## History

The practice of giving Royal Assent came from William the Conqueror to show that the King intended for something to be made law. Norman French came to be used as the normal language of the educated classes and of the law, though Latin continued to be used with it. The work of the Parliament of England was conducted entirely in French until the latter part of Edward III's reign (1327–1377) and English was only rarely used before the reign of Henry VI (1422–61, 1470–71). Royal Assent was sometimes given in English, though more often in French. The practice of recording Parliamentary statutes in French or Latin stopped by 1488 and statutes have been published in English ever since.

During the period of the Protectorate, when the Lord Protector (Oliver Cromwell and later his son Richard) governed the country, assent was given in English. The old practice of giving assent in Norman French was resumed following the Restoration in 1660 and has continued ever since. There has only been one attempt to remove it, when the House of Lords passed a bill in 1706 "for abolishing the use of the French tongue in all proceedings in Parliament and courts of justice." The bill failed to pass the House of Commons. Although the use of French in courts was later abolished in 1731, Parliament's practice was not affected.

## Usage

The line is used to show that the Monarch has granted their Royal Assent to a bill in order to make it become law. It is used by the Clerk of the Parliaments in the House of Lords. It is only used after the Lord Chancellor with the Lords Commissioners, has read out the Letters patent for the bill. The Clerk of the Crown then reads out the short title of the bill and the Clerk of the Parliament responds by saying the line 19 times towards the House of Commons at the bar of the House. The line is also written on the paper of the bill to show that the Monarch granted Royal Assent to the bill.

The line has been used wrongly on other bills, same as the wrong line has also been used for government bills. There are a few occasions where this has happened, most notably on the Act of Supremacy 1558 where "_Soit fait comme il est désiré_", the line used for personal bills, was used instead of "_La Reyne le veult_".

If the Royal Assent is refused, the line "_Le Roy / La Reyne s'avisera_" would be used, though in practice there has not been any British monarch since Queen Anne who has withheld royal assent since a dispute over militia in Scotland in 1707.
George Herriman

**George Joseph Herriman** (August 22, 1880 – April 25, 1944) was an American cartoonist. He is best known for his comic strip _Krazy Kat_ (1913–1944).

## References

- McDonnell, Patrick; O'Connell, Karen; Havenon, Georgia Riley de (1986). _Krazy Kat: The Comic Art of George Herriman_. Harry N. Abrams. .