juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Paul Goodman

**Paul Goodman** (November 8, 1908 – October 1, 1959) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played three seasons for the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He won the Stanley Cup in 1938 with the Chicago Black Hawks.

## References

- Paul Goodman's biography  at Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Goaltender
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 9
- **weight lb**: 165
- **birth place**: Selkirk, Manitoba, Selkirk, Manitoba, MB, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 1935
- **career end**: 1941
United Center

**United Center** (nicknamed "_The Madhouse on Madison II_","_The UC_" and "_The House That Jordan Built_") is an indoor sports arena located in Chicago, Illinois. The arena opened in 1994, and right now the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) play there. There is a statue of Michael Jordan on the east side of the arena.
The Bulls and Blackhawks moved to the United Center in 1994.  This was a change for both organizations as they had previously played in the older Chicago Stadium for many years.  The Blackhawks, previously also called the Chicago Stadium Corporation, rather than the Bulls, were the actual owners of both the previous Chicago Stadium and now the United Center.
Baqubah

**Baqubah** (; BGN: **Ba‘qūbah**; also spelled **Baquba** and **Baqouba**) is the capital of Iraq's Diyala Governorate. The city is located some  to the northeast of Baghdad, on the Diyala River. In 2003 it had an estimated population of some 280,000 people.

Baqubah served as a way station between Baghdad and Khorasan on the medieval Khorasan Road. During the Abbasid Caliphate, it was known for its date and fruit orchards, irrigated by the Nahrawan Canal. It is now known as the centre of Iraq's commercial orange groves. During the Iraq war, Baqubah served the capital of al-Qaeda in Iraq as well as the Islamic State of Iraq, the predecessors of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Baqubah
- **native name**: بَعْقُوبَة
- **native name lang**: ar
- **nickname**: (The house of Punishment) بيت العقوبة
- **image skyline**: بعقوبة.jpg
- **caption**: Bridge on the Diyala River
- **map caption**: Alvand Bridge
- **pushpin map**: Iraq
- **pushpin map caption**: Baqubah location within Iraq
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Governorates of Iraq, Governorate
- **subdivision name1**: Diyala Governorate
- **population as of**: 2024
- **population total**: 366,000
Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2

***Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2*** is a first-person shooter video game. It is the sixth game in the _Call of Duty_ series. The game is available on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 consoles, and on the Microsoft Windows operating system. The game was revealed on February 11, 2009  and released on November 10, 2009.

## Content

The game offers three game modes: a campaign single-player mode (lasting about 6 hours), a "Special Ops" mode for replay value over the campaign where the player or players can collect stars (like in a Mario game), and a multiplayer mode (online and offline). The online mode is why most people play _Call of Duty_. The previous _Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare_ broke _World of Warcraft_'s record of 11 million people online by 2 million on Xbox 360 alone. _Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2_ managed to sell 1.2 million copies in its first day of release in the UK.

## Reception

The game sold 22 million copies worldwide.

## Related pages

- _Call of Duty_ series
- _Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3_

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
- **image**: Modern Warfare 2 Logo.jpg
- **developer**: Infinity Ward
Beenox (Campaign Remastered)
- **publisher**: Activision
- **producer**: Mark Rubin
- **director**: Jason West (game designer), Jason West
- **writer**: Jesse Stern
- **composer**: Lorne Balfe
- **series**: _Call of Duty_
- **engine**: IW 4.0
- **released**: **Windows**, **PlayStation 3**, **Xbox 360**
November 10, 2009
**OS X**
May 20, 2014
***Campaign Remastered***
 **PlayStation 4**
March 30, 2020
**Windows**, **Xbox One**
April 30, 2020
- **genre**: First-person shooter
- **modes**: Single-player video game, Single-player, Multiplayer video game, multiplayer
- **artist**: Richard Kriegler
Quake III: Arena

***Quake III: Arena*** is a video game in the _Quake_ series. It has been published from 1999, for Microsoft Windows and other platforms.

It is a first person shooter and its main goal is to kill ("frag") other players using various weapons. You can fight against computer-guided characters ("bots") in singleplayer mode, or against human players in multiplayer mode (via LAN or Internet).

## Game modes

There are four game modes:
- Tournament: 1 vs. 1.
- Free for all (FFA): standard "deathmatch" (everyone vs. everyone)
- Team Deathmatch (TDM): players are divided into two teams (red and blue)
- Capture the flag (CTF): two teams, you have to get the flag of the enemy and bring it to your base

## Expansions

You can install many expansions for this game: new levels and new characters, or entire "mods" (light or heavy _modifications_ of the game, with new items, rules, weapons...).

Some MODs:
- Team Arena (official)
- OSP (Orange Smoothie Production)
- Instagib (1 hit-kill)
- Clan Arena
- Rocket Arena 3
- DeFRaG
- AlternateFire
- BazookaQ3
- CPMA (Challenge Pro Mode Arena, simply "ProMode" or "CPM")
The Four Horsemen (professional wrestling)

The **Four Horsemen** were a very popular professional wrestling stable in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW). They debuted 1986 and disbanded 1999, The original members of the stable were Ric Flair, Arn Anderson, Tully Blanchard, and Ole Anderson. The stable is named after Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.

The stable was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Dusty Rhodes in 2012.

## Other websites

- The Four Horsemen's profile on WWE.com
NHL 10

***NHL 10*** is a ice hockey video game developed by EA Canada and published by EA Sports. It was released on September 15, 2009 for North America and September 18, 2009 for Europe all for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. Patrick Kane is the cover athlete for the North American version of _NHL 10_.

## Other websites

- Official NHL 10 official website

## Infobox (vg)

- **developer**: EA Canada
- **publisher**: EA Sports
- **series**: _Ea Sports NHL_
- **genre**: Sports game, Sports
- **release**: **Xbox 360, PlayStation 3**
- **platforms**: Xbox 360, PlayStation 3
I Love Lucy

***I Love Lucy*** is an American sitcom. It stars Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz, Vivian Vance, and William Frawley. It was written by television writer Bob Schiller. The black-and-white series first ran from 15 October 1951 to 6 May 1957 on CBS. Even after the series ended in 1957, it continued for three more seasons with 13 one-hour specials. This show ran from 1957 to 1960. It was known first as _The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show_ and later in reruns as _The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour_.

The series is about two married couples living in New York City: Ricky and Lucy Ricardo, and oldsters Fred and Ethel Mertz. They all live in the same apartment building. Ricky is a nightclub band leader. Lucy is a housewife. Many episodes revolve around Lucy's attempts to get into Ricky's show. She often pulls Fred and Ethel into her schemes. In one episode, Lucy and Ethel are assembly line workers in a candy factory. They cannot keep up with packaging the candy so they eat it. In another episode, Lucy gets drunk on a health tonic while shooting a television commercial. Four or five episodes follow the couples on trips to Italy and to Hollywood. Ball and Arnaz were real-life husband and wife. They became the parents of a boy during the run of the series. This event was woven into the series. A child actor played their son "Little Ricky". Eventually they would all move to a rural area in Connecticut.

_I Love Lucy_ was the most watched series in the United States in four of its six seasons. It was the first to end its run at the top of the Nielsen ratings. _I Love Lucy_ is still syndicated in dozens of languages around the world. The series was the first scripted television program to be shot on 35 mm film in front of a studio audience. The show won five Emmy Awards, and received numerous nominations. In 2002, it ranked second on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time. In 2007, it was listed as one of _Time_ magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All-_TIME_." _I Love Lucy_ remains very popular today. It is still seen by 40 million Americans each year.
Kingstown

**Kingstown** is the capital city of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The population of Kingstown as of 2008 is 24,518. Kingstown exports bananas, coconuts, and arrowroot. Kingstown was started as a settlement by the French a little after 1722. The botanical garden in Kingstown is one of the oldest ones in the Western Hemisphere.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kingstown
- **imagesize**: 270px
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- **subdivision type2**: Island
- **subdivision name2**: Saint Vincent (island), Saint Vincent
- **population**: 24,518
- **population as of**: 2008
Mi Fei

**Mi Fu** (1051–1107) (also known as **Mi Fei**) was a Chinese painter, poet, and calligrapher. He was born in Taiyuan, Shanxi, during the Song Dynasty in 1051 and died in 1107.

## Life

Mi Fu was born in 1051, in Taiyuan, during the Song Dynasty. His mother was employed as a midwife, and in 1048, delivered the future Emperor Shenzong and served as his wet nurse.

Emperor Shenzong ruled from 1067 to 1085. Mi Fu was especially familiar with the imperial family and lived in a privileged place near the royal palaces. He disregarded proper art lessons but appeared to have natural skill in writing, painting, and drawing. He eventually became one of the four best calligraphers in the Song Dynasty, and was regarded for his exceptional technique involving the creation of landscapes. Despite the lack of formal training, his style was quite sophisticated and incorporated large dots of ink applied with a flat-edge brush. Some major influences on his work include Li Bai and Wang Xizhi.

Mi Fu was known for his eccentricity, sometimes referred to as "Madman Mi" due to his affinity for stone collecting, once having said a particular stone was his brother. He was a heavy drinker.

## Career

Mi Fu became a civil servant with mixed success. He was initially a book editor in the Emperor's library, then worked in several posts in Henan province. At the Emperor's palace in 1103, he was given the position of Professor of Painting and Calligraphy, which allowed him to select which paintings and works of calligraphy were good enough to belong to the Emperor.

He later became secretary to the Board of Rites, then was appointed governor of Huaiyang in Jiangsu province.

## Style

He specialized in painting misty landscapes. The "Mi Fu" style uses large wet dots of ink applied with a flat brush.

Mi Fu's poetry followed the style of Li Bai, and his calligraphy that of Wang Xizhi.

## Legacy

Mi Fu died in 1107. He had five sons and eight daughters.

Mi Fu is widely considered the best of all the calligraphers of the Song dynasty. One of his works was sold for nearly $4-million (U.S.).

## Related pages

- List of Chinese painters

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Mi Fei
- **birth date**: 1051
- **image**: 米芾.jpg
- **death date**: 1107
Heredity

**Heredity** is the passing of traits (characteristics) from parents to offspring. In biology, the study of heredity is called genetics. With most living things, heredity is analysed by breeding (making crosses), often in a laboratory. But with humans, heredity is studied in other ways. Family pedigrees, identical twins and DNA genome analysis all provide clues.

A trait which may be inherited is **heritable**; it is **inborn** or **innate**.
Variation

**Variation** in biology means the differences between organisms in a species. These differences can be observed in how they appear, how their bodies function, or how they behave. For example, variation in the human species includes differences in height, skin color, eye color, and blood type.

No two individuals are exactly the same. Variation is important for the study of genetics, evolution, and populations.

There are two main causes for variation: genetics and the environment.

### Genetic variation

This is a variation in the DNA of individuals. It is heritable, which means it can be passed from parents to their children. Genetic variation is the basis of evolution. It comes from two main sources:

- **Mixing genes**: In sexual reproduction, an offspring gets a unique mix of genes from both parents. The shuffling of genes creates new combinations of traits. This is why children look a bit like their parents but are not identical to them.

- **Mutation**: A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA. Mutations are the source of all **new** genetic traits. Most mutations have no effect or are harmful, but some can cause a new, helpful trait to appear.

### Environmental variation

These are differences caused by an organism's life and surroundings, not by its genes. This kind of variation is not passed down to the children.

For example, a plant with genes to be tall might not grow tall if it does not get enough water, sun, and food. A person who exercises a lot will build muscle, but their children will not be born with large muscles.

## Why variation is important

Variation is necessary for evolution by natural selection.

Natural selection is the process by which living things with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and have offspring. For this to happen, there must be a variety of traits to "select" from. Variation provides this variety.

A famous example is the peppered moth:
1. In England, most peppered moths were light-colored, which camouflaged them on light-colored trees. A few had a mutation that made them dark-colored.
1. When factories made the trees dark with soot, the light moths were easy for birds to see and eat.
1. The dark moths, however, were now camouflaged. They survived better and had more babies.
1. Over time, most of the moths in the population became dark.

If there had been no dark moths (no variation), the species might have died out when the environment changed.

## Related pages

- Biodiversity
Taiyuan

**Taiyuan** is a city in China. It is the capital of Shanxi Province. Mi Fu the poet was born here in 1051.
Danielle Souza

**Danielle Souza** (born 2 January 1981) is a Brazilian model from Santa Catarina, popularly known as **Mulher Samambaia** (Fern Woman).

## Biography

Until 2003, Danielle lived in Balneário Camboriú. That same year, she went to São Paulo, where she won the traditional competition "As Felinas" and soon after was invited to pose for Playboy in November 2003, where she posed with Antonela Avellaneda, who participated in the Big Brother Brazil 4. Danielle was invited by the former director of the _Pânico na TV_ to record a pilot program, which premiered the following week. He has worked in the "Pânico na TV" as "Mulher Samambaia", and besides being a stage assistant, also participated in some frames of the program. Danielle did a new photo shoot for the magazine _Sexy_ in December 2004. Again she posed nude for the magazine Sexy in August 2007. The photos were taken in Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul. Danielle is studying interior design and wants to specialize in decorating and landscaping. In the carnival of 2009 she participated in the parade GRES Alliança as Musa battery. She participated in the reality show of Rede Record, _A Fazenda_.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (model)

- **name**: Danielle Souza
- **image**: Danielle Souza01.jpg
- **birth name**: Danielle Aparecida Jesus de Souza
- **birth place**: Lages, Santa Catarina (state), Santa Catarina, Brazil
- **other names**: Dani Souza; Dani Samambaia
- **occupation**: Model, reporter and businesswoman
- **children**: 3
- **hair color**: dark brown
- **eye color**: dark brown
Gugu Liberato

**Antônio Augusto de Moraes Liberato** (April 10, 1959 — November 21, 2019), better known as **Gugu Liberato** or just **Gugu**, was a Brazilian television presenter, businessman, actor and singer.

Gugu was hired by Silvio Santos after writing letters suggesting television shows to be aired. He started in television at age fourteen as a production assistant on the program _Domingo no Parque,_ presented by Silvio Santos on SBT.

He was thought one of the most famous and successful Brazilian television hosts of all time. Shortly before his death, Gugu owned a fortune of about $1 billion built over a career started as an office boy. Gugu set up an empire that includes a television and video production company, sixteen stores that bear his name, a water park and a gas station.

On November 20, 2019, Gugu suffered an accident in his house in Orlando, Florida, when he fell from the ceiling and hit his head. He died the following day, November 21, but his family only released an official note on November 22.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Gugu Liberato
- **image**: Vagner Santana & GUGU2 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Gugu in 2019.
- **birth name**: Antônio Augusto de Moraes Liberato
- **birth place**: São Paulo, Brazil
- **death place**: Orlando, Florida
- **occupation**: TV host, businessman, singer, actor, producer
- **spouse**: Rose Miriam di Matteo
Clog dance

**Clogging** is a form of tap dancing. It is a type of folk dance. Clogs are shoes that cloggers wear.  Dancers hit the heel, the toe, or both against a floor or each other to make a sound.
Baba Yaga

The **Baba Yaga** is a mythical witchlike character. She is found in Slavic stories. She is one of the most popular demons in slavic beliefs. She looks like an ugly woman.  She lives in a house that has giant chicken feet, so it can walk around.  Sometimes she travels in a mortar and pestle that can fly by magic.

Baba Yaga is different from most folklore characters because even though she is usually bad, sometimes she is good.  Sometimes she makes things or helps the story's hero make things.  Scholar Andreas Johns says that Baba Yaga is meant to be like nature itself: She can help but she can also eat you.

## In popular culture

Baba Yaga appears as a character in many video games and other works of fiction, for example the _Quest for Glory_ series of games.

The feminist website _The Hairpin_ wrote an advice column called "Ask Baba Yaga" as a joke.
Red Buttons

**Red Buttons** (born **Aaron Chwatt**, February 5, 1919 - July 13, 2006) was an American actor and comedian.

Buttons won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the movie _Sayonara_.  He was also in the movie _The Poseidon Adventure_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Red Buttons
- **image**: RedButtonsAL1978.jpg
- **caption**: Buttons in 1978
- **birth name**: Aaron Chwatt
- **birth place**: Manhattan, New York, U.S.
- **death place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **death cause**: Hypertension complicated by heart disease
- **occupation**: Actor, comedian
- **years active**: 1944–2011
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 2
Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli

**Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli** (27 March 1817 – 11 May 1891) was a Swiss botanist. He studied cell division, but became known as the man who discouraged Gregor Mendel from further work on genetics.
Rudolf Virchow

**Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow** (13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902) was a German doctor, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist and politician, known for his advancement of public health. Referred to as "the father of pathology," he is considered one of the founders of social medicine.

He coined the catch-phrase _omnis cellula e cellula_, meaning, cells only derive from other cells.
Robert Remak

**Robert Remak** (26 July 1815 – 29 August 1865) was a German embryologist, physiologist, and neurologist, born in Posen, Prussia.

Remak obtained his medical degree from Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin in 1838 specializing in neurology.  He worked on embryology, and also discovered unmyelinated nerve fibres and the nerve cells in the heart sometimes called Remak's ganglia. He studied under Johannes Muller at the University of Berlin.

Remak discovered that the origin of cells was by the division of pre-existing cells.

Despite his accomplishments, because of his Jewish faith he was repeatedly denied full professor status until late in life, and even then was denied the usual benefits of the position.
Oscar Hertwig

**Oscar Hertwig** (21 April 1849, Friedberg, Hesse – 25 October 1922, Berlin) was a German zoologist, anatomist and professor, who also wrote about the theory of evolution over 55 years after Charles Darwin's _The Origin of Species_.

Oscar Hertwig was a leader in the field of embryology. He discovered fertilization of sea urchins, he recognized the role of the cell nucleus during inheritance and chromosome reduction during meiosis. In 1876, he found that fertilization includes the penetration of a spermatozoon into an egg cell. He thought, correctly, that the vectors of hereditary traits resided in the nuclei of the egg and sperm.

His work on the development of sea urchin eggs was fundamental and lasting; his work on evolution was not. He was opposed to 'chance', as he thought was Charles Darwin's theory. He wrote: _Das Werden der Organismen, eine Widerlegung der Darwinschen Zufallslehre_ (Jena, 1916) (translation: "The Origin of Organisms: a refutation of Darwin's theory of chance").

Hertwig was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1903.
Igersheim

**Igersheim** is a city in Germany. It is between Heilbronn and Würzburg in Baden-Württemberg.
Bihari languages

**Bihari** is a group of Indic languages spoken in parts of Bangladesh and Bihar.

## Infobox (language family)

- **name**: Bihari
- **region**: Bihar
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan language, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: List of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Eastern Zone
- **child1**: Angika language, Angika
- **child2**: Bhojpuri language, Bhojpuri
- **child3**: Fiji Hindi
- **child4**: Kudmali language, Kudmali
- **child5**: Magahi language, Magahi
- **child6**: Maithili language, Maithili
- **child8**: Majhi language, Majhi
- **child9**: Musasa language, Musasa
- **child10**: Panchpargania language, Panchpargania
- **child11**: Sadri language, Sadri
- **child12**: Sadri language, Oraon Sadri
- **child13**: Sarnami, Sarnami Hindustani
- **child14**: Surajpuri language, Surajpuri
- **glotto**: biha1245
- **iso1**: bh
- **iso2**: bih
Walther Flemming

**Walther Flemming** (21 April 1843 – 4 August 1905) was a German biologist and a founder of cytogenetics.

Making use of dyes he was able to find a structure which he named chromatin. He identified that chromatin was correlated to threadlike structures in the cell nucleus– the chromosomes (meaning _coloured body_). Edouard Van Beneden (1846–1910) had also observed them, independently.

Flemming investigated the process of cell division and the distribution of chromosomes to the daughter nuclei, a process he called mitosis from the Greek word for thread. However, he did not see the splitting into identical halves, the daughter chromatids. He studied mitosis, both in life and in stained preparations, using as the source of biological material the fins and gills of salamanders. These results were published first in 1878  and in 1882 in the seminal book _Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung_ (1882; Cell substance, nucleus and cell division). On the basis of his discoveries, Flemming surmised for the first time that all cell nuclei came from another predecessor nucleus (he coined the phrase _omnis nucleus e nucleo_, after Virchow's _omnis cellula e cellula_).

Flemming was unaware of Gregor Mendel's (1822–1884) work on heredity, so he did not make the connection between his observations and genetic inheritance. Two decades would pass before the significance of Flemming's work was truly realized with the rediscovery of Mendel's rules. His discovery of mitosis and chromosomes is considered one of the 100 most important scientific discoveries of all times, and one of the 10 most important discoveries in cell biology.
Eduard Strasburger

**Eduard Adolf Strasburger** (1 February 1844 in Warsaw – 19 May 1912 in Bonn) was a German professor who was one of the most famous botanists of the 19th century.

In 1868 he taught at the University of Warsaw. In 1869 Strasburger was appointed professor of botany at the University of Jena. After 1881 he was head of the _Botanisches Institut_ at the University of Bonn.

## Accomplishments

Strasburger was a founder of the famous _Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen_ (_Textbook of Botany_), which first appeared in 1894. He was the first to provide an accurate description of the embryonic sac in gymnosperms (such as conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants), along with demonstrating double-fertilization in angiosperms. He came up with one of the modern laws of plant cytology: "New cell nuclei can only arise from the division of other nuclei", and originated the terms cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.

At about the same time as Walther Flemming, and Edouard van Beneden, he worked out chromosome movement during mitosis in plant cells. His work on the upward movement of tree sap proved that the process was physical and not physiological.

### Awards

He was awarded the Linnean Society's prestigious Darwin-Wallace Medal in 1908.

## Bibliography

- "On Cell Formation and Cell Division", 1876 – a book in which he set forth the basic principles of mitosis

- 1894 textbook _Textbook of Botany_ (written with colleagues)

## References

- "Strasburger, Eduard Adolf"  Encyclopædia Britannica (1979 ed)
Edouard van Beneden

**Edouard Joseph Marie Van Beneden** (Leuven, 5 March 1846 – Liège, 28 April 1910), cytologist and marine biologist. He was professor of zoology at the University of Liège. He contributed to cytology and genetics by his work on the roundworm _Ascaris_. In this work he discovered how chromosomes combined during meiosis, during the production of gametes.

Beneden discovered, with Walther Flemming and Eduard Strasburger, the essential facts of mitosis. In contrast to meiosis, the double (diploid) set of chromosomes in daughter cells is identical to those in the parent cells. Excepting rare accidents, there is no change in the genetic apparatus. In meiosis, only one set of chromosomes ends up in each gamete, a condition called haploid.

## Father

Van Beneden's father was also a well-known biologist. Pierre-Joseph van Beneden (18091894) introduced two important terms into evolutionary biology and ecology: mutualism and commensalism.
Ascaris

***Ascaris*** is a genus of parasitic nematode worms known as the "giant intestinal roundworms". One species, _A. suum_, typically infects pigs, while another, _A. lumbricoides_, affects humans, typically in sub-tropical and tropical areas with poor sanitation. _A. lumbricoides_ is the largest intestinal roundworm and is the most common worm infection of humans, an infection known as _ascariasis_. Infestation can cause morbidity, and sometimes death, by compromising nutritional status, affecting cognitive processes, inducing tissue reactions, such as granuloma, and provoking intestinal obstruction or rectal prolapse.

The roundworms are members of the phylum Nematoda. They are an extremely successful group; it is estimated that they represent 90% of all life on the seafloor.
Free (band)

**Free** were an English rock band. The band started in London, England in 1968. They are best known for their famous song called "All Right Now". When the band ended the singer, Paul Rodgers, went on to form the band Bad Company. The lead guitarist of Free was named Paul Kossoff. In 1976 he died from a drug-induced heart failure. He was only 25 years old.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Free
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: London, England
- **genre**: Blues-rock, hard rock
- **years active**: 1968-1973
- **label**: A&M Records, A&M (US), Island Records, Island
- **associated acts**: Bad Company
- **past members**: John Bundrick
Andy Fraser
Simon Kirke
Paul Kossoff
Wendell Richardson
Paul Rodgers
Tetsu Yamauchi
Bacardi

**Bacardi** is a spirits company that was founded February 4, 1862 in Cuba. It is named after the founder _Facundo Bacardí_, a wine merchant. Facundo use to filter the rum through charcoal, which removed impurities. In addition to this, He aged the rum in oak barrels, which had the effect of "mellowing" the drink.

## Other websites

- Bacardi Rum's Official website
Burn It to the Ground

"**Burn It to the Ground**" is a 2009 rock song by the Canadian rock band Nickelback off their _Dark Horse_ album. It became the theme song for WWE Raw on November 16, 2009 and is featured on the soundtrack to the video game NHL 10.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Burn It to the Ground
- **artist**: Nickelback
- **album**: Dark Horse
- **released**: January 29, 2009
- **recorded**: 2008
- **genre**: Hard rock, Heavy metal music, Heavy metal
- **length**: 3:38
- **label**: Roadrunner Records, Roadrunner
- **producer**: Robert John "Mutt" Lange, Nickelback, Joey Moi
- **prev title**: I'd Come for You
- **prev year**: 2009
- **next title**: Never Gonna Be Alone
- **next year**: 2009
Rădăuţi

**Rădăuţi** is a municipality of Suceava County in Romania.  27,759 people live in Rădăuţi.

## Geography

Rădăuţi can be found in Bukovina, between the Suceava and Suceviţa rivers.  It is 23 miles north of Suceava.

## Infobox (romanian subdivision)

- **type**: municipality
- **county**: Suceava
- **population total**: auto
- **map caption**: Location in Suceava County
- **official name**: Rădăuți
- **image shield**: ROU SV Radauti CoA.png
- **image map**: Radauti jud Suceava.png
- **image skyline**: Fosta prefectură și hotel, Rădăuți (2).JPG
- **image caption**: Union Square in downtown Rădăuți
- **leader name**: Bogdan Loghin
- **leader party**: PNL
- **term**: 2020–2024
- **area total km2**: 32.30
Maria Kanellis

**Mary Louis** "**Maria**" **Kanellis-Bennett** (born February 25, 1982) is an American professional wrestler, manager, promoter, actress and model. She is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and Ring of Honor (ROH), and is the co-owner and founder of the independent promotion Women's Wrestling Army (WWA). Kanellis is best known for her time with WWE from 2004 to 2010 and worked for them again from 2017 to 2020 with her real-life husband, Mike Kanellis. She has also wrestled for TNA/Impact Wrestling.

## Championships and accomplishments

- **Family Wrestling Entertainment**
    - FWE Women's Championship (2 times, first)
- ***Pro Wrestling Illustrated***
    - Ranked No. 21 of the top 50 female wrestlers in the _PWI Female 50_ in 2008
- **Total Nonstop Action Wrestling**
    - TNA Knockouts Championship (1 time)
- **World Wrestling Entertainment/WWE**
    - WWE 24/7 Championship (1 time)
    - Slammy Award (1 time)
        - Diva of the Year (2009)

## Other websites

- Official website
- Ring of Honor profile

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Maria Kanellis
- **image**: Maria Kanellis 2016.jpg
- **caption**: Kanellis in 2016
- **birth name**: Mary Louis Kanellis
- **birth place**: Ottawa, Illinois, U.S.
- **alma mater**: Northern Illinois University
Johnson & Wales University
- **children**: 2
- **names**: **Maria**
**Maria Kanellis**
**Maria Kanellis-Bennett**
- **billed**: Chicago, Illinois
- **trainer**: Ohio Valley Wrestling
Fit Finlay
- **debut**: 2004
Jillian Hall

**Jillian Faye Hall** (born **Jillian Faye Fletcher**; September 6, 1980 in Ashland, Kentucky) is an American retired female professional wrestler and singer. She is best known for her time with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where she competed under the ring name **Jillian Hall**.

She released a Christmas album titled _A Jingle with Jillian_, which was sung completely in her character of a terrible singer. The album reached #20 on the UK Holidays Top 100 shortly after its release. During her time in the WWE, She was a one-time WWE Divas Champion.

On November 19, 2010, her WWE contract expired and WWE announced that they were not going to renew it. After being released, she wrestled on the independent circuit until announcing her retirement on January 21, 2014.

## Personal life

As a teenager, Hall was a cheerleader and also took gymnastics classes. After graduating from High School, Hall attending college, but dropped out in order to train as a professional wrestler. At nineteen, she legally change her last name from Fletcher to Hall when she married Tim Hall (an independent wrestler name Tiny Tim). She was a fan of Rick Martel.

Hall is divorced has a child from the marriage. On September 10, 2010, Hall married Mike Farole in a Las Vegas wedding. Hall announced in February 2011, that the couple was expecting their first child, but suffered a miscarriage 14 weeks into the pregnancy.

On April 23, 2012, Hall was arrested in Orange County, Florida and charged with battery. Following her arrest, it was reported that Hall had separated from her husband.

In 2020, Hall gave birth to her second child. In December 2021, she was married to Zachary Farrow. They have separated as of 2024.

## Infobox (wrestler)

- **name**: Jillian Hall
- **image**: Jillian Hall 2013.jpg
- **caption**: Hall at an Xtreme Bombshells of Wrestling show in August 2013
- **names**: Jillian Hall
Macaela Mercedes
- **birth place**: Ashland, Kentucky, Ashland, Kentucky
- **billed**: Los Angeles, California
Louisville, Kentucky
- **trainer**: Dave Finlay, Dave "Fit" Finlay
Steve Keirn
Lance Storm
- **debut**: 1998
- **retired**: January 21, 2014
- **children**: 2
- **spouse**: Tim Hall (m. 2000; div. 2004) Mike Farole (m. 2010; div. 2012) Zachary Farrow (m. 2021)
Khufu

**Khufu** was a Pharaoh (or leader) of Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom. He was the Pharaoh of Egypt from around 2589 to 2566 B.C.E . Khufu was the second pharaoh of the Fourth dynasty.  He is also thought to be the one who built the Great Pyramid of Giza, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Khufu's full name was "Khnum-Khufu" which means "the god Khnum protects me."
Ajana, Western Australia

**Ajana** is a small farming town in Western Australia. It is about 530 kilometres north east of Perth. The town was officially started in 1915. In 2006, there were 22 people living at Ajana. The name of the town might be from an Australian Aboriginal word, _Ajano_, used for the area nearby. It might also be from the word _Ngajna_, meaning _mine_, as a place where stone axes could be made.
Victor Posa

**Victor Posa** (born 5 November 1966 in Bari) is an Italian ice hockey player. He played 2 games for the Chicago Black Hawks of the NHL.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image size**: 230px
- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 195
- **played for**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **birth place**: Bari, Italy
- **draft**: 137th overall
- **draft year**: 1985
- **draft team**: Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
- **career start**: 1986
- **career end**: 1996
Genetic linkage

**Genetic linkage** occurs when alleles at different loci do not segregate at random. Mendel's second law is thus broken.

Genes are linked when they are on the same chromosome. They then tend to stay together during meiosis. Alleles for genes on different chromosomes are usually not linked, due to independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis.

There is some crossing over of DNA during meiosis when the chromosomes segregate. So, alleles on the same chromosome can be separated and go to different daughter cells. There is a greater probability of this happening if the alleles are far apart on the chromosome, as it is more likely that a cross-over will occur between them. The relative distance between two genes can be calculated using the offspring of an organism showing two linked genetic traits. The percentage of offspring where the two traits do not run together is noted. The higher the percentage of offspring showing both traits, the closer on the chromosome the two genes are.

This was the first technique used for mapping genes on chromosomes. By working out the number of recombinants it is possible to obtain a measure for the distance between the genes. This distance is called a _genetic map unit_ (m.u.), or a _centimorgan_ and is defined as the distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in 100 is recombinant. A recombinant frequency (RF) of 1 % is equivalent to 1 m.u. A linkage map is created by finding the map distances between a number of traits that are present on the same chromosome, ideally avoiding significant gaps between traits to avoid the possibility of multiple crossovers.

## Related pages

- Meiosis
- Chromosome
Barthélemy Dumortier

**Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier** (Tournai, 3 April 1797 – 1878) was a Belgian botanist and politician. Some consider him to be the true discoverer of cell division, although he is rarely credited as such. His 1832 paper deals with this topic.

## Works

- _Commentationes botanicae. Observations botaniques_ (imprimerie de C. Casterman-Dieu, Tournay, 1823).
- _Observations sur les graminées de la flore de Belgique_ (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1823).
- _Analyse des familles des plantes, avec l'indication des principaux genres qui s'y rattachent_ (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1829).
- _Lettres sur le manifeste du Roi et les griefs de la nation, par Belgicus_ (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1830).
- _Sylloge Jungermannidearum Europae indigenarum, earum genera et species systematice complectens_ (J. Casterman aîné, Tournay, 1830).
- _Recherches sur la structure comparée et le développement des animaux et des végétaux_ (M. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1832).
- _Essai carpographique présentant une nouvelle classification des fruits_ (M. Hayez, Bruxelles, 1835).
- _La Belgique et les vingt-quatre articles_ (Société nationale, Bruxelles, 1838).
- _Observations complémentaires sur le partage des dettes des Pays-Bas_ (Société nationale, Bruxelles, 1838).

## Other websites

- IPNI Profile
- Books by Dumortier at the Biodiversity library
Eddie Van Halen

**Edward Lodewijk "Eddie" Van Halen** (January 26, 1955 – October 6, 2020) was a Dutch-born American guitarist, keyboardist, songwriter and producer. He is most famous as the guitarist and co-founder of the hard rock band Van Halen. He is listed as number 70 in Rolling Stone Magazine's _"Top 100 Guitarists of All Time"_ issue.

In 2007 Eddie Van Halen was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Van Halen died from a stroke caused by throat cancer at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California on October 6, 2020, at the age of 65 surrounded by his wife, Janie; son and Van Halen bassist, Wolfgang; ex-wife Valerie Bertinelli; and brother, Alex; co-founder and drummer of Van Halen. Some of Van Halen's childhood landmarks in Pasadena became memorials where fans could pay their respects.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **origin**: Pasadena, California, U.S.


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Eddie Van Halen
- **image**: Eddie Van Halen at the New Haven Coliseum.jpg
- **caption**: Van Halen performing in the late 1970s with his Frankenstrat.
- **birth name**: Edward Lodewijk van Halen
- **birth place**: Amsterdam, Netherlands
- **death place**: Santa Monica, California, U.S.
- **years active**: 1964–2020
- **children**: Wolfgang Van Halen
- **relatives**: Alex Van Halen (brother)
Eddie Cheever

**Edward "Eddie" McKay Cheever, Jr.** (born January 10, 1958 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American racing driver. He raced for almost thirty years in Formula One, Sports cars, CART and the Indy Racing League. Cheever participated in 143 World Championship Formula One races and started 132, more than any other American, driving for nine different teams from 1978 through 1989. In 1997, he formed his own IRL team and won the Indianapolis 500 as both owner and driver in 1998. The team now competes in sports cars.
Eddie Irvine

**Edmund "Eddie" Irvine, Jr.** (Born 10 November 1965, Newtownards, County Down) is a former racing driver from Northern Ireland.

Irvine spent time in the 1980s and early 1990's in Formula Ford and F3000. He joined Formula One in 1993, scoring a point on his debut as he replaced Emanuele Naspetti. He stayed on for Jordan in 1994 and 1995, before going on to drive for Scuderia Ferrari in 1996. His results were not as successful as Michael Schumacher's, including eight straight DNF's (Did not Finish) in a row in 1996. He eventually improved, scoring more podiums as he went along with the team.

In 1999 Michael Schumacher, the "#1 driver" for Ferrari was injured during a race at Silverstone. Irvine was made the #1 driver. The team put all their efforts towards Irvine winning a driver's championship. It wasn't successful, but Irvine did place second in the championship. Irvine left Ferrari after that season because he was frustrated with Ferrari's policy on team orders, which meant that one driver was labelled as "being #1." So, Irvine joined the new Jaguar Racing team in 2000, where he finally became the lead driver. However, the car was not competitive and reliable, so Jaguar, despite having lots of experience with Irvine, had little results. Irvine obtained the only two podiums Jaguar would ever see, and Irvine retired from Formula One after 2002.

## Infobox (le mans driver)

- **subbox**: yes
- **years**: 1992–1994
- **team(s)**: TOM'S/SARD, SARD, SARD Toyota
- **best finish**: 2nd (1994 24 Hours of Le Mans, 1994)
- **class wins**: 1 (1994 24 Hours of Le Mans, 1994)


## Infobox (f1 driver)

- **name**: Eddie Irvine
- **image**: Eddie Irvine 1999 Canada.jpg
- **caption**: Irvine at the 1999 Canadian Grand Prix
- **birth name**: Edmund Irvine, Jr.
- **birth place**: Newtownards, County Down, Northern Ireland
- **nationality**: British
- **years**: –
- **team(s)**: Jordan Grand Prix, Jordan, Scuderia Ferrari, Ferrari, Jaguar Racing, Jaguar
- **races**: 148 (147 starts)
- **championships**: 0
- **wins**: 4
- **podiums**: 26
- **poles**: 0
- **fastest laps**: 1
- **points**: 191
- **first race**: 1993 Japanese Grand Prix
- **first win**: 1999 Australian Grand Prix
- **last win**: 1999 Malaysian Grand Prix
- **last race**: 2002 Japanese Grand Prix
Wilhelm Roux

**Wilhelm Roux** (9 June 1850 in Jena – 15 September 1924 in Halle) was a German zoologist, anatomist and pioneer of experimental embryology.

For ten years he worked in Breslau (now Wroclaw), becoming director of his own Institute of Embryology in 1879. He was professor at Innsbruck, Austria from 1889–95, then accepted a professorial chair at the Anatomical Institute of the University of Halle, a post he retained until 1921.

## Embryology

Roux's research was based upon the notion of _Entwicklungsmechanik_ or developmental mechanics. His methodology was to interfere with developing embryos and observe the outcome. Roux's investigations were performed mainly on frogs' eggs to research the earliest structures in amphibian development. His goal was to show Darwinian processes at work on the cellular level.

In 1888, Roux published the results of a series of defect experiments in which he took 2 and 4 cell frog embryos and killed half of the cells of each embryo with a hot needle. He reported that they grew into half-embryos and surmised that the separate function of the two cells had already been determined. This led him to propose his "mosaic" theory: after a few cell divisions the embryo would be like a mosaic, each cell playing its own unique part in the entire design.

After a few years Roux's theory was refuted by the studies of his colleague Hans Driesch and later, with more precision, Hans Spemann showed that, as a rule, Driesch's conclusions were correct, but that results like Roux's may be obtained after intervention in certain planes. Despite this early lapse Roux's pioneering mechanical methodology was to prove most fruitful in 20th century biology.

## Cell biology

In a remarkable paper, Roux realised the significance of the linear structure of chromosomes. Their splitting into two equal longitudinal halves assured each daughter cell got the same chromosome complement. Therefore, chromosomes were the bearers of heredity. This was a significant event in cytogenetics.

## Works

- _Der Kampf der Teile im Organismus_ (1881)
- _Über die Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen_ (1890)
- _Geschichtliche Abhandlung über Entwicklungsmechanik_ (two volumes, 1895)
- _Die Entwicklungsmechanik_ (1905)
- _Terminologie der Entwicklungsmechanik_ (1912).
Poanes

***Poanes*** is a genus of butterflies.  The species are native to North America, Central America, and South America.

## Species

- _Poanes aaroni_ <small>Skinner, 1890</small> – Aaron's Skipper or Saffron Skipper
- _Poanes azin_ <small>Draudt, 1924</small>
- _Poanes benito_ <small>Freeman, 1979</small> – Benito's Skipper
- _Poanes hobomok_ <small>Harris, 1862</small> – Hobomok Skipper
- _Poanes inimica_ <small>Butler & Druce, 1872</small> – Yellow-stained Skipper
- _Poanes macneilli_ <small>Burns, 1992</small> – Macneill's Skipper
- _Poanes massasoit_ <small>Scudder, 1863</small> – Mulberry Wing
- _Poanes melane_ <small>Edwards, 1869</small> – Umber Skipper
- _Poanes monticola_ <small>Godman, 1900</small> – Oyamel Skipper
- _Poanes niveolimbus_ <small>Mabille, 1889</small> – Snow-fringed Skipper
- _Poanes taxiles_ <small>Edwards, 1881</small> – Golden Skipper
- _Poanes ulphila_ <small>Plötz, 1883</small> – Ulphila Skipper
- _Poanes viator_ <small>Edwards, 1865</small> – Broad-winged Skipper
- _Poanes yehl_ <small>Skinner, 1893</small> – Yehl Skipper
- _Poanes zabulon_ <small>Boisduval & Le Conte, 1837</small> – Zabulon Skipper
- _Poanes zachaeus_ <small>Plötz, 1883</small> – Zachaeus Skipper

## References

- Gerardo Lamas (edited by) (2004).  _Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera.  Checklist: Part4A. Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea_.  Scientific Publishers, Inc., Gainesville, FL.

## Other websites

- _Poanes_ at www.funet.fi
Concentric

**Concentric** objects share the same center, axis, or origin. Circles, spheres, cylinders, tubes, and other round objects can be concentric. Concentric shapes do not normally have the same radius.
Andreas Hinkel

**Andreas Hinkel** (born 26 March 1982) is a German football player. He plays for Celtic and Germany national team.

## Career

Hinkel grew up in Leutenbach in the state of Baden-Württemberg and started to play football there. When he was ten years old, he came to the youth teams of Stuttgart. In 2001 he had his first matches for Stuttgart in the UEFA Cup and in the Bundesliga. From 2003 to 2009, he played 21 matches for the Germany national team. His first international match was on 30 April 2003 against Serbia and Montenegro.

In 2006 he came to Sevilla in the La Liga. He won the UEFA Cup and the Copa del Rey with them. When he was in Sevilla, he did not play for Germany any more. He did not take part in 2006 FIFA World Cup and in 2008 UEFA Euro.

In the year 2008 he came to Celtic in Glasgow. They won Scottish Premier League in 2008 and the Scottish League Cup in 2009. On 10 September 2008, he played his first match for Germany after three years.

## Club career statistics

|-
|2000/01||rowspan="6"|Stuttgart||rowspan="6"|Bundesliga||10||0
|-
|2001/02||30||0
|-
|2002/03||33||0
|-
|2003/04||28||0
|-
|2004/05||29||1
|-
|2005/06||26||0

|-
|2006/07||rowspan="2"|Sevilla||rowspan="2"|La Liga||13||0
|-
|2007/08||2||0

|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Celtic||rowspan="3"|Premier League||16||1
|-
|2008/09||32||0
|-
|2009/10||||
156||1
15||0
48||1
219||2
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|2003||5||0
|-
|2004||6||0
|-
|2005||6||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||1||0
|-
|2009||3||0
|-
!Total||21||0
|}

## References

- Andreas Hinkel's website (in English or German)
- Andreas Hinkel on fussballdaten.de (in German)