juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Marcelo Gonçalves Costa Lopes

**Marcelo Gonçalves Costa Lopes** (born 22 February 1966) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1986||rowspan="2"|Flamengo||rowspan="2"|Série A||1||0
|-
|1987||0||0
|-
|1988||Santa Cruz||Série A||0||0
|-
|1989||Flamengo||Série A||0||0
|-
|1989||rowspan="2"|Botafogo||rowspan="2"|Série A||9||0
|-
|1990||0||0

|-
|1990–91||rowspan="5"|Tecos||||35||0
|-
|1991–92||||32||7
|-
|1992–93||||30||1
|-
|1993–94||||38||2
|-
|1994–95||||32||1

|-
|1995||rowspan="4"|Botafogo||rowspan="4"|Série A||26||2
|-
|1996||15||0
|-
|1997||20||1
|-
|1998||16||2
|-
|1999||Internacional||Série A||10||0
97||5
167||11
264||16
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1996||5||1
|-
|1997||12||0
|-
|1998||7||0
|-
!Total||24||1
|}

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Marcelo Gonçalves
- **image**: Goncalves ou Marcelo Gonçalves Costa Lopes.jpg
- **caption**: Gonçalves in 2005
- **fullname**: Marcelo Gonçalves Costa Lopes
- **birth place**: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **position**: Centre back
- **years1**: 1987–1988
- **years2**: 1988
- **years3**: 1989
- **years4**: 1989–1990
- **years5**: 1990–1995
- **years6**: 1995–1997
- **years7**: 1997
- **years8**: 1998
- **years9**: 1999
- **clubs1**: Clube de Regatas do Flamengo, Flamengo
- **clubs2**: Santa Cruz Futebol Clube, Santa Cruz
- **clubs3**: Clube de Regatas do Flamengo, Flamengo
- **clubs4**: Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas, Botafogo
- **clubs5**: UAG Tecos
- **clubs6**: Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas, Botafogo
- **clubs7**: Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, Cruzeiro
- **clubs8**: Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas, Botafogo
- **clubs9**: Sport Club Internacional, Internacional
- **caps1**: 9
- **caps3**: 13
- **caps4**: 9
- **caps5**: 167
- **caps6**: 61
- **caps8**: 16
- **caps9**: 10
- **goals1**: 1
- **goals3**: 2
- **goals4**: 0
- **goals5**: 11
- **goals6**: 3
- **goals8**: 2
- **goals9**: 0
- **nationalyears1**: 1995–1998
- **nationalteam1**: Brazil national football team, Brazil
- **nationalcaps1**: 24
- **nationalgoals1**: 1
Doriva

**Doriva** (born 28 May 1972) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

## Club career statistics

|-
|1993||rowspan="2"|São Paulo||rowspan="2"|Série A||12||0
|-
|1994||21||0
|-
|1995||XV Novembro||||0||0
|-
|1995||rowspan="3"|Atlético Mineiro||rowspan="3"|Série A||11||1
|-
|1996||24||0
|-
|1997||24||0

|-
|1997–98||rowspan="2"|Porto||rowspan="2"|Portuguese Liga||13||1
|-
|1998–99||17||4

|-
|1998–99||rowspan="2"|Sampdoria||Serie A||17||1
|-
|1999–00||Serie B||37||3

|-
|2000–01||rowspan="3"|Celta Vigo||rowspan="3"|La Liga||17||1
|-
|2001–02||14||0
|-
|2002–03||3||0

|-
|2002-03||rowspan="4"|Middlesbrough||rowspan="4"|Premier League||5||0
|-
|2003–04||21||0
|-
|2004–05||26||0
|-
|2005–06||27||0
|-
|2006–07||Blackpool||League One||0||0

|-
|2007||América||||0||0
|-
|2007||Mirassol||||0||0
92||1
30||5
54||4
34||1
79||0
289||11
|}

## International career statistics

|-
|1995||2||0
|-
|1996||1||0
|-
|1997||4||0
|-
|1998||5||0
|-
!Total||12||0
|}
Edessa

**Edessa**, called **Vodena** until 1923, is a Greek town in the north of Greece. It is in central Macedonia. According to the 2001 census, 19.066 people lived there. Edessa is famous for its waterfalls. In the end of the town there are some very beautiful waterfalls. In the past, the residents used the strength of the waterfalls for different works. Edessa is the capital of Pellas prefecture. It is near the ancient Macedonian city Pella which it was the capital of ancient Macedonia. The former name _Vodena_, came from the slavic word _voda_, which means _water_ and it was given because it has many waterfalls. Today's name, **Edessa**, is derived from phrygian and it means **tower**.
Ermoupolis

**Ermoupolis** is a Greek town. It is on the island Syros and it is the capital of Cyclades islands. Ermoupolis has 13.496 people. Ermoupolis has many beautiful old buildings which note the wealth, which there was in the past. Several buildings have a big architectural value, such as ermoupolis' town hall and Apollon theater. Around Ermoupolis there are many places where Catholic people live. The existence of Catholic people has dates back in the Franks and Venetian rule in Middle Ages.

## History

Ermoupolis was founded in the first decades of 19th century and it was developed quickly. Ermoupolis was built next to the Catholic old town Ano Syros. Soon, it became the biggest port of Greece and an important commercial center. The development of the city stopped when Piraeus port developed.

## Interesting destinations

Ermoupolis has many interesting places, which the visitors can see. Near Ermoupolis there are many beautiful villages and beaches. Near Syros are the islands, Mykonos and Tinos which they are very touristic.
Australian Film Institute Awards

The **Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards**, known as the **AACTA Awards**, formerly known as **Australian Film Institute Awards** are the main national movie awards in Australia. It is presented annually by the Australian Film Institute. The awards recognize excellence of professionals in the movie industry and televisionindustry, including directors, actors and writers. It is the most prestigious awards ceremony for the Australian movie and television industry.

## Other websites

- Official site
Reichsminister

**Reichsministers** were some of the members of the German parliament, the Reichstag, between 1919 and 1945. They were leaders of government ministries.

During the German Empire, there were no Reichsministers.
Illustration

The **illustration** is a picture which tries to get the person looking at it to pay more attention to the subject than to the art. Illustrations can be in the form of a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art.

Illustrations often have one of two purposes. One is to give light to the subject. The other purpose is to decorate an informational text (such as a newspaper or article).
illustration can also be a story based on drawings.
Nile crocodile

The **Nile crocodile** (_Crocodylus niloticus_) is the largest of the four crocodile species found in Africa. They have a long tail and powerful jaws. Their back feet are webbed for swimming. They can grow up to  in length and can weigh up to . The males are usually bigger than the females.

Nile crocodiles are also found in Madagascar, sub-Saharan Africa and the Nile delta. They were previously also found in Jordan and Israel. They live in different habitats including lakes, rivers, estuaries, freshwater marshes, and mangrove swamps.

The Nile crocodile is carnivorous. It eats bigger animals as it grows. Young crocodiles eats insects and small fish, while adult crocodiles may catch and eat birds, zebras, antelopes, wildebeests and buffalo. The Nile crocodile will attack anything, even other crocodiles.

The crocodiles mate in the water, and then the female lays her eggs in a hole dug in the ground. They can lay 60 eggs which take about 90 days to hatch. The female guards the eggs, or is nearby, until they hatch. Young crocodiles are able to reproduce when they get to about 12 years old.

The muscles responsible for opening the mouth are exceptionally weak in comparison to the strength of the muscles for closing.
Reichswehr

_The_ **Reichswehr** **(Imperial Defence** or **German Army)** also known as **The Weimar German Army** or the **Weimar Republic Army** was the name of the German military from 1919 to 1935 it served the Weimar Era (1919-1933) and The Nazi Era (1933-1945) which replaced the old Imperial German Army.  During these years, their number was severely restricted by the Treaty of Versailles.  From 1935 to 1946 they were renamed and called the Wehrmacht, and since 1946 they have been called Bundeswehr.  The German Reichswehr Military consisted of 2 and later 3 military branches the Reichsheer (German Army) and the Reichsmarine (German Navy) from 1921-1935. The German Freikorps paramilitary militia was not originally part of the military or the army but became part of the military from 1921-1935 .

The Reichswehr fought to stop the German Communists led by Rosa Luxemburg in the German Communist Revolution of 1918-1919 including defending East Prussia during the Polish-Soviet War which was the western front of the Russian Civil War in Eastern Europe from (1918/1919-1921) to stop Leon Trotsky’s Red Army.  They also fought against the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 to stop the NSDAP’s SA led by Adolf Hitler, Ernst Röhm, and Hermann Göring.   During the Interwar period the Reichswehr came under control of the Third Reich in 1933 and was renamed as the Wehrmacht in 1935 after the Night of the Long Knives purge in 1934 against Ernst Röhm and the Sturmabteilung in Germany.

## Infobox (national military)

- **name**: Reichswehr
- **country**: Germany
- **founded**: 1919/1921
- **disbanded**: 1945 (as the Wehrmacht)
- **branches**: Reichsheer (German Army)
Freikorps (Free corps)
Reichsmarine (German Navy)
- **ranks**: Various Military Officer ranks
- **headquarters**: Berlin,Prussia,Germany
- **commander-in-chief**: Friedrich Ebert,Paul Von Hindenburg,
Adolf Hitler
- **history**: German Revolution of 1918-1919
Polish-Soviet War of the Russian Civil War (1918/19-1921)
Beer Hall Putsch (1923)
Interwar Period (1919-1939)
- **chief of staff title**: Various
- **chief of staff**: Various
- **commander**: Various
- **chief minister**: Various
- **minister**: Various
- **native name**: Reichswehr
Anti-capitalism

**Anti-capitalism** describes a wide variety of movements, ideas, and attitudes which oppose capitalism, toward social equality or environmentalism.  Anti-capitalists, in the strict sense of the word, are those who wish to completely replace capitalism with another system; however, there are also ideas which can be characterized as _partially_ anti-capitalist in the sense that they only wish to replace or abolish certain aspects of capitalism rather than the entire system.

## Related pages

- Antiglobalization
- Class struggle
- Communism
- Eco-socialism
- Market failure
- Socialism
- Karl Marx
- Naomi Klein
- Noam Chomsky
Bernard Hellring

**Bernard  "Buzzy" Hellring** was a creator of Ultimate Frisbee.
Along with Joel Silver, Hellring created ultimate in the parking lot of Columbia High School in Maplewood, New Jersey.
Hellring died in 1971, in an auto accident at Princeton University, New Jersey.
He was elected after he died into the Ultimate Hall of Fame.
WHSV-TV

**WHSV-TV**, channel 3, is a television station in Harrisonburg, Virginia. The station broadcasts television programs from the ABC Television Network. Also known as **WHSV News 3**, the station is owned by Gray Television and broadcasts from an antenna west of the town of Stanley on Massanutten Mountain. The station goes to fourteen counties in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia and West Virginia.

## Additional services

WHSV broadcasts other television channels, called "subchannels", on its broadcast signal:

|Channel|Programming|
| --- | --- |
|3.1|Main WHSV channel (ABC)|
|3.2|**The Valley's FOX** (Fox subchannel)|
|3.3|**TV3 Winchester** (ABC subchannel for Winchester, Virginia)|
|3.4|**My Valley** (MyNetworkTV subchannel)|

## History

WHSV-TV first was WSVA-TV, which meant **S**erve **V**irginia **A**griculture and had its first broadcast on air in October 1953. In 1976, the "call letters" the station used were changed to WHSV-TV; these are the call letters the station uses now.

## Newscasts

- WHSV News  Daybreak _5am to 7am_
- WHSV News  at Noon _12pm to 12:30pm_
- WHSV News  at 5pm _5pm to 6pm_
- WHSV News  at 6pm _6pm to 6:30 pm_
- WHSV News at 11pm _11pm to 11:35pm_

### Specials

- _The Endzone_ – Weekly highlights of high school American football games, 11:25 pm to 12:05 am every Friday during high school football season.

- _WHSV Sports X-tra_ is an online sports show produced by WHSV sports directors Damon Dillman and Zac Choate. It covers the latest news and talk about sports events over the previous week.

- _Light for Today_ is a religious show which airs on WHSV Sunday mornings at 11:30 AM. It is broadcast from People's Baptist Church in Harrisonburg and is produced by WHSV.

- _Virginia Dream Centerstage_ is a music and variety show that airs from time to time on WHSV. It is produced and broadcast by WHSV.

## Websites

- WHSV Website
Maplewood, New Jersey

**Maplewood** is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the United States 2020 Census, the township population was 25,684.
Mickey's House of Villains

***Mickey's House of Villains*** is a Filpino-American-Canadian direct-to-video animated movie created by Disney. It is the movie adaptation of the Disney Channel animated television series _Disney's House of Mouse_, starring Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Minnie Mouse, Goofy, Daisy Duck, and characters and villains that have appeared in past Disney productions. It was released on both VHS and DVD by Walt Disney Home Video on September 3, 2002.

## Voice cast

- Wayne Allwine & Walt Disney (archival footage) as Mickey Mouse
- Russi Taylor as Minnie Mouse
- Bill Farmer & Pinto Colvig (archival footage) as Goofy/Pluto
- Tony Anselmo & Clarence Nash (archival footage) as Donald Duck, Huey, Dewey and Louie
- Tress MacNeille as Daisy Duck/Queen of Hearts/The Fates/Si and Am
- Jonathan Freeman as Jafar
- Gilbert Gottfried as Iago
- Corey Burton as Captain Hook/Chernabog/How-to Narrator
- Susanne Blakeslee as Cruella de Vil
- Pat Carroll as Ursula
- James Woods and Rob Paulsen (singing voice) as Hades
- Bobcat Goldthwait as Pain
- Matt Frewer as Panic
- Lois Nettleton as Maleficent
- John Cleese as Narrator (Mickey's Mechanical House)
- Jim Cummings as Peg Leg Pete/Zeke Midas Wolf/Kaa/Ed
- Scott Weinger as Aladdin
- April Winchell as Clarabelle Cow
- Rod Roddy as Mike

In addition, these voice actors are located in the list of the performers of the song _It's Our House Now_:
- Rob Paulsen as Hades's singing voice
- Lois Nettleton as Maleficent

### Chorus members

- Susan Boyd
- Amick Byram
- Randy Crenshaw
- Scottie Haskell
- Bob Joyce
- Rick Logan
- Susan Stevens-Logan
- Bobbi Page
- Kevin M. Richardson

### Additionlly Vocal Effect

- Jack Riley as Beast (vocal effects, uncredited)

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Mickey's House of Villains
- **image**: Mickey's House of Villains logo.jpg
- **director**: Jamie Mitchell
- **producer**: Melinda Rediger
- **starring**: Wayne Allwine
Russi Taylor
Tony Anselmo
Bill Farmer
Jonathan Freeman (actor), Jonathan Freeman
Corey Burton
James Woods
Scott Weinger
Pat Carroll (actress), Pat Carroll
- **music**: Randy Petersen
- **studio**: Walt Disney Pictures
- **distributor**: Buena Vista Pictures
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment, Walt Disney Home Entertainment
- **runtime**: 70 minutes
- **country**: United States
Canada
Philippines
- **language**: English
Courtyard

A **court** or **courtyard** is a space inside a building that is open to the sky. These spaces were often used for meetings, which leads to the other meaning of court, as in a court of law.
Methylphenidate

**Methylphenidate** (name often shortened to **MPH**, brand names **Ritalin** and **Concerta**)  is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant drug similar to amphetamine. MPH stimulates the central nervous system. It does this by increasing dopamine transmission in the brain.

## Use

MPH is made to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy most of the time. It is sometimes used together with other drugs to treat depression. In most countries, its use needs to be prescribed by a doctor.

Sometimes, the drug has been prescribed to children without proper ADHD diagnosis to increase their academic performance. This use has been criticised by the media. Use in children may be problematic. Methylphenidate has been linked to slower growth in childhood usage.

The media often use the name Ritalin for all drugs containing methylphenidate, even for other stimulants that are used to treat ADHD. Ritalin is an equal mix of two forms of methylphenidate which is used in such cases. It is a different formulation of similar drugs.

## Side effects

The most common side effects of taking the drug are nervousness and sleeping problems. About one in ten patients see these problems.

Other side-effects include changes of blood pressure, headache, and weight loss due to decreased appetite. Death because of methamphetamine use is a risk when taking methylphenidate.

Some cases of Tourette syndrome and psychosis have been reported.

## Recreational use

Methylphenidate will cause euphoria in recreational use. When it is abused in this way, it can cause intense mood increase, relatively short-lasting episodes of increased activity in the body and mental usually in a positive way.

Abusing Methylphenidate may lead to dependence and the need to take more. The chance of developing dependency, with a physical or psychological addiction is high with this class of drugs. Severe side effects such as psychosis, cardiac arrest could develop with use. Especially with increased use.
Dopamine

**Dopamine** is a neurotransmitter. Many kinds of animals and humans use it to transmit information. It is used when the brain sends signals to the muscles in the body to make them move. It can make a person feel good.

Dopamine is an important chemical found in the brain. If the brain does not make enough dopamine, it causes an illness called Parkinson's disease. This can be treated by giving the Parkinson's disease patient a drug called L-Dopa, which the body converts to dopamine.

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays many important roles in the human brain and body. It is a chemical which is triggered by the feeling of being in love, or feeling affection. In most cases, it is also activated by nicotine or cocaine. It can also be activated by marijuana.

## Age-related decline in dopamine

A number of studies have reported an age-related decline in making dopamine. There is also a drop the number of dopamine receptors in the brain.

The reduction of dopamine with aging may be responsible for neurological symptoms which increase in frequency with age, such as decreased arm swing and increased rigidity. Changes in dopamine levels may also cause age-related changes in cognitive flexibility (~ thinking).
Raining Blood

"**Raining Blood**" is a song by the American thrash metal band Slayer. It was released in 1986 in the album _Reign in Blood_. The song was written by Jeff Hanneman and Kerry King. "Raining Blood" is one of Slayer's biggest hits.

The song is about a man in Purgatory killing angels in Heaven. It ends with a minute of rain sounds. Hannemen and King have said that it is the song they like playing at concerts the most. Concert versions of "Raining Blood" have been put on many of the band's compilation albums.

It is used in the games _Grand Theft Auto: Vice City_ and _Guitar Hero 3_. In _Guitar Hero 3_, it is one of the most difficult songs to play.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Raining Blood
- **artist**: Slayer
- **album**: Reign in Blood
- **released**: October 7, 1986
- **recorded**: 1986 in Los Angeles, California
- **genre**: Thrash metal
- **length**: 4:17
- **label**: Def Jam Recordings, Def Jam
- **writer**: Jeff Hanneman, Kerry King
- **composer**: Jeff Hanneman
- **producer**: Rick Rubin, Slayer
Acer saccharinum

***Acer saccharinum***, known as the **silver maple** (also occasionally the **creek maple**, **river maple**, **silverleaf maple**, **soft maple**, **water maple**, or **white maple**), is a species of maple native to eastern North America in the eastern United States and adjacent parts of southeast Canada. It is one of the most common trees in the United States.
Melanoma

**Melanoma** () is a malignant tumor of melanocytes which are found predominantly in skin but also in the bowel and the eye (see uveal melanoma). It is one of the rarer types of skin cancer but causes the majority of skin cancer related deaths. Malignant melanoma is a serious type of skin cancer. It is due to uncontrolled growth of pigment cells, called melanocytes. According to a report by the WHO, about 48,000 people die of melanoma every year. Melanoma is prominent in New Zealand and Australia due to the hole in the ozone layer and the many beaches.

Melanoma that has metastasised (spread beyond the initial primary tumor) is treated with Dacarbizine or Interleukin-2, also known as Proleukin, in many cases. Interleukin-2 has a response rate of up to sixteen-percent. Recent studies support the use of a new drug called Ipilimumab, which appears to prolong survival in metastatic melanoma patients. Percutaneous liver perfusion with a chemotherapeutic agent known as melphalan can prolong progression free survival in patients with melanoma metastatic to the liver, although the majority of patients in this study had melanoma starting in the eye rather than the skin.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Melanoma
- **image**: Melanoma.jpg
- **caption**: a melanoma
- **width**: 250
- **diseasesdb**: 7947
- **omim**: 155600
- **medlineplus**: 000850
- **emedicinesubj**: derm
- **emedicinetopic**: 257
- **meshid**: D008545
- BioVex
Gujranwala Division

**Gujranwala Division**, () once a district of Lahore Division, was an administrative division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government. The division, headquartered at the city of Gujranwala, covered an area of 17,206 km<sup>2</sup>, the population according to the 1981 census was 7,522,352 this had risen by almost four 4 million to 11,431,058 according to the 1998 census.

It was administratively subdivided into the following districts.

- Gujranwala
- Gujrat
- Hafizabad
- Mandi Bahauddin
- Narowal
- Sialkot
Prime

**Prime** may refer to:
- Prime number
- Optimus Prime, leader of the Autobots
- _Prime_ (movie), a 2005 American romantic comedy-drama movie
- Prime (drink)
West-Eastern Divan Orchestra

The **West-Eastern Divan** is an orchestra for young people. It is based in Sevilla, Spain. The musicians in the orchestra come from Israel and its surrounding Arab countries.

The orchestra was started in 1999 by the Jewish conductor Daniel Barenboim and the Palestinian-American academic Edward Said (pronounce: Sah—eed). The name of the orchestra comes from a group of poems by the German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

The West-Eastern Divan Orchestra was started to help bring Israelis and Palestinians together to work for peace and to help solve the fight between Israel and Palestine. The idea was to let Israelis and Arabs work together in countries which had nothing to do with the conflict.

The first workshop of the orchestra took place in Weimar, Germany because it was the 1999 European cultural town. Barenboim chose two leaders for the orchestra: one Israeli and one Arab. They worked with some very famous musicians including the cellist Yo Yo Ma. In 2000 the orchestra met again in Weimar, in 2001 they met in Chicago. Since 2002 they have met every year in Seville.

The West-Eastern Divan Workshop takes place during several weeks each summer in Andalusia. After the workshop has finished, the orchestra travel to other places to give concerts. They have given concerts in many parts of Europe, North America, South America. In 2004 they performed an historic concert in Ramallah in Palestine. After the concert Barenboim said that the people of Israel and Palestine had a shared future. He said: “Either we all kill each other, or we share what there is to share. It is this message that we come here to bring."

In 2004, the Barenboim-Said Foundation, based in Seville, was started to help develop several education projects. Money is given for this by the Junta de Andalucía (Regional Government of Andalusia). The Foundation helps with the orchestra as well as with projects such as the Early Childhood Musical Education Project in Seville.

The orchestra has won prizes and made recordings. A film called _Knowledge is the Beginning_ was made about them.

In August 2009 the orchestra will give three concerts at the BBC Proms including a concert performance of Beethoven’s opera Fidelio which has a story about people who have been put in prison for their political ideas.

## Other websites

- The orchestra’s website
Gustav Mahler Youth Orchestra

The **Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester** (**Gustav Mahler Youth Orchestra**) is a youth orchestra based in Vienna, Austria.  It was started in 1986 by the conductor Claudio Abbado.

Auditions are held in many European capital cities.  From the start it included people from Eastern Europe.  This was before the collapse of the Iron Curtain.  It is a very big orchestra.  The musicians play music that needs a large orchestra, usually music from the late Romantic period or the 20th century.

The orchestra has been conducted by very famous conductors including Claudio Abbado, Mariss Jansons, Pierre Boulez and Bernard Haitink.

The orchestra played at the 2008 BBC Proms in the Royal Albert Hall in London with Sir Colin Davis conducting. They will be playing again at the Proms in September 2009 when they will perform Richard Strauss's huge work _Also sprach Zarathustra_.

## Other websites

- Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester official website
India–Taiwan relations

|colspan="2" style="width:300px; text-align:center;"||
| --- | --- |
|colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"||
The **bilateral relations** between the Republic of India and Taiwan have improved since the 1990s, India has expanded economic and strategic cooperation with Taiwan.

## Background

Due to the strategic rivalry against the People's Republic of China and India since the 1962 war, India has slowly sought to develop better commercial and strategic cooperation with Taiwan even while ruling out the possibility of establishing diplomatic relations. Taiwan has also viewed India's rising geopolitical standing as a potential counter-balance to China's dominance in the region. As a part of its "Look East" foreign policy, India has sought to cultivate extensive ties with Taiwan in trade as well as working together over weapons of mass destruction issues, environment and fighting terrorism. Both sides have aimed to develop ties to counteract Chinese rivalry with both nations.

## India-Taipei Association

The India-Taipei Association (ITA) Office has been established in Taipei since 1995 to promote non-governmental interactions between India and Taiwan, and to facilitate business, tourism, cultural and people-to-people exchanges. The India-Taipei Association has also been authorised to provide all consular and passport services.

## Investment Protection Agreement

In 2002, India became the 28th nation to sign the Investment Protection Agreement with Taiwan and in 2006, both nations established the Taiwan-India Cooperation Council. Furthermore, Taiwan promotes trade with India as a means to reduce the extent of their economic dependence with China.

## Visits

In 2007, Ma Ying-jeou, the leader of the Kuomintang, Taiwan's largest political party supportive of reunification, and a major candidate in the 2008 presidential elections made an unofficial visit to India.
Sikkimese people

**Sikkimese people** live in the Indian province of Sikkim. The native Sikkimese consist of the Lepcha and Limbu people; they migrated from Tibet. They also include the Bhutias. These are descendants of Buddhists who arrived from Nepal in 15th century; they migrated from the Kham district of Tibet in the 14th century.
Old Delhi

**Old Delhi** , also called **Purāni Dilli** (, , ), is a walled city of Delhi, founded as **Shāhjahānābād** (, , ) by Indian Emperor Shahjahan in 1639. It remained the capital of the Mughals until the end of the Mughal dynasty.
Doaba

**Doaba** () is the region of Indian Punjab surrounded by the rivers Beas and Sutlej.  The name "Doaba" literally translates to "land of two rivers" ("_Do_" two, "_Ab_" river; Farsi).  It is one of the most fertile regions of the world, and was the centre of the Green Revolution in India.

The people of Doaba started out as agriculturalists, but have now diversified into education, sports and entrepreneurship.
Crassulaceae

The **Crassulaceae**, or **orpine family**, is a family of dicotyledons. They store water in their succulent leaves. They are found worldwide, but mostly occur in the Northern Hemisphere and southern Africa, typically in dry and/or cold areas where water may be scarce. The family includes about 1,400 species in 33 genera.
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

The **assassination of Abraham Lincoln** was one of the last events in the American Civil War, and happened on Good Friday, April 14, 1865. President Lincoln was shot while watching the play _Our American Cousin_ at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.. He died early the next morning.

Lincoln's killer, John Wilkes Booth, was an actor and Confederate supporter who had plotted with other men to kill the Secretary of State, William H. Seward and the Vice President Andrew Johnson. Booth hoped to create disorder and overthrow the Northern government by doing this. Booth was able to kill Lincoln, but Seward and Johnson survived. Lincoln was the first American president to be assassinated.

## Events

On April 14, Lincoln went to attend a play with his wife at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C..

During the third act of the play, following a line in the play that was the biggest laugh of the night, Lincoln was laughing at this line when he was shot. John Wilkes Booth, a well-known actor and a Confederate spy from Maryland, entered the presidential box and fired a pistol at point-blank range into the back of Lincoln's head, mortally wounding him. Lincoln immediately lost consciousness, but he passed into unconsciousness with laughter and a smile on his face. Katherine M. Evans, a young actress in the play, who was offstage when Lincoln was shot but rushed onstage after Booth's exit stated "I looked and saw President Lincoln unconscious, his head dropping on his breast, his eyes closed, but with a smile still on his face". Lincoln was carried across the street to Petersen House. He was placed diagonally on the bed because his tall frame would not fit normally on the smaller bed. He remained in a coma for nine hours. He died the next morning. As he died his breathing grew quieter, his face more calm. According to some accounts, at his last drawn breath, on the morning after the assassination, he smiled broadly and then expired. Historians, most notably author Lee Davis have emphasized Lincoln's peaceful appearance when and after he died: "It was the first time in four years, probably, that a peaceful expression crossed his face." Assistant Secretary of the Treasury in the Lincoln Administration, Maunsell Bradhurst Field wrote, "I had never seen upon the President's face an expression more genial and pleasing."  The President’s secretary, John Hay, saw "a look of unspeakable peace came upon his worn features".

After being on the run for 12 days, Booth was tracked down and found on a farm in Virginia, some  south of Washington. After refusing to surrender to Union troops, Booth was killed by Sergeant Boston Corbett on April 26.

## Other websites

- Abraham Lincoln: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
Lars Løkke Rasmussen

**Lars Løkke Rasmussen** (born 15 May 1964 in Vejle) is a Danish politician who was the Prime Minister of Denmark from 28 June 2015 to 27 June 2019.  He was also Prime Minister from 5 April 2009 until 3 October 2011.

He has been a Liberal Party member of the Danish Parliament since 21 September 1994. From November 2001 to November 2007 he was Interior and Health Minister of Denmark, and from November 2007 to April 2009 he was Finance Minister of Denmark.

On 5 April 2009 he took over from Anders Fogh Rasmussen as Prime Minister after Fogh Rasmussen was elected Secretary General of NATO.

Rasmussen has also been mayor of Frederiksborg County north of Copenhagen from 1998 to 2001. He holds a degree in law from the University of Copenhagen. He is married and has three children.

On 6 June 2019, he resigned from his position as prime minister after a general election, in which his government was narrowly defeated by the Social Democrats and their leader Mette Frederiksen.
Mos Def

**Dante Terrell Smith** (born December 11, 1973) is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, and actor known by the stage name **Mos Def**. Mos Def started his hip hop career in a group called Urban Thermo Dynamics, after which he appeared on albums by Da Bush Babees and De La Soul.  He formed the duo Black Star with Talib Kweli and they released the well-received album _Black Star_ in 1998.  He was a major force in the late 1990s underground hip hop explosion spearheaded by Rawkus Records. As a solo artist he has released three albums _Black on Both Sides_ (1999) _The New Danger_ (2004), and _True Magic_ (2006).

## Filmography

|Year|Movie|Role|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|1991|_The Hard Way_|Dead Romeos Gang Member||
|1997|_Ghosts_|Townsperson||
|1998|_Where's Marlowe?_|Wilt Crawley||
|2000|_Freestyle: The Art of Rhyme_|Himself||
|_Bamboozled_|Big Blak Afrika|Also recorded a song for the movie's soundtrack with other members of the Mau Maus||
|_Island of the Dead_|Robbie J|||
|2001|_Carmen: A Hip Hopera_|Lieutenant Miller||
|_Monster's Ball_|Ryrus Cooper|||
|2002|_Showtime_|Lazy Boy||
|_Civil Brand_|Michael Meadows|||
|_Brown Sugar_|Chris Anton Vichon|||
|_My Wife and Kids_|Tommy|1 episode: _Chair Man of the Board_||
|2003|_The Italian Job_|Left Ear||
|2004|_The Woodsman_|Detective Lucas||
|_Something the Lord Made_|Vivien Thomas|Nominated - Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie Nominated - Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in a Mini-Series or a Motion Picture Made for Television Nominated - Image Awards for Outstanding Actor in a Mini-Series or Television Movie||
|2005|_Lackawanna Blues_|The Bandleader||
|''The Boondocks (2005-2008)|Voice Of Gangstalicious|||
|_The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy_|Ford Prefect|||
|2006|_Dave Chappelle's Block Party_|Himself||
|_16 Blocks_|Eddie Bunker|||
|_Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby_|Himself|Cameo||
|_Journey to the End of the Night_|Wemba|||
|2007|_Prince Among Slaves_|Narrator||
|2008|_Be Kind Rewind_|Mike||
|_Cadillac Records_|Chuck Berry|||
|2009|_Next Day Air_|Eric||
|_House_|Lee|Season 5, Episode 19, Locked In||
|2010|_I'm Still Here_|Himself||
|_Bouncing Cats_|Himself|||
|_Yo Gabba Gabba!_|Super Mr. Superhero|Season 3, Episode 44, Superhero||
|2011|_Dexter_|Brother Sam|Season 6, _recurring_, (credited as "Mos" in 2 episodes, "yasiin bey" in 3 episodes)|
|2014|_Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles_|Baxter Stockman||
|_Life of Crime_|Ordell Robbie|||

## Other websites

- Mos Def's Official Website.
- Mos Def / Dante Smith discographies at Discogs.
- Mos Def  at Geffen Records.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Mos Def - Ilosaarirock 2012.jpg
- **caption**: Def performing at the 2012 Ilosaarirock festival
- **birth name**: Dante Terrell Smith
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **years active**: 1994–present
- **background**: solo_singer
- **current member of**: Black Star (duo), Black Star
Stagflation

In economics, the term **stagflation** is used when there is almost no growth in production, yet there is high inflation, and unemployment is high. This was supposed to be impossible under the kind of economics described by Keynes (Keynesian economics).

Stagflation is a portmanteau word of _stagnation_ and _inflation_. It is used in economics when the inflation rate is high, the growth rate slows down, and unemployment stays high. It raises a dilemma for economic policy since actions designed to lower inflation may exacerbate unemployment, and vice versa.

The term is generally attributed to a British politician who became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1970, Iain Macleod, who coined the phrase in his speech to Parliament in 1965.

Keynes didn't use the term, but some of his work refers to the conditions most would recognise as stagflation. In the version of Keynesian macroeconomic theory which was dominant between the end of World War II (WWII) and the late-1970s, inflation and recession were regarded as mutually exclusive, the relationship between the two being described by the Phillips curve.  Stagflation is very costly and difficult to stop once it starts.

A political measure called the Misery Index is got by adding the inflation rate to the unemployment rate.

This situation usually begins with things beginning to cost more while fewer of the things are being made. Because fewer things are being made, fewer people are needed to make them. This causes unemployment to increase. All three of these factors together cause stagflation — stagnation in production and employment and increasing inflation. It is also because of "cost push" factors. When it begins to cost more to make an item, the price will increase. People will be less likely to invest money in the company. This will lead to more unemployment.

## 1970s recession

The 1973–75 recession or 1970s recession was a period of economic stagnation in much of the Western world during the 1970s, putting an end to the general post-World War II economic boom. It differed from many previous recessions as being a stagflation, where high unemployment coincided with high inflation.
Cleveland Orchestra

**The Cleveland Orchestra** is an American orchestra based in Cleveland, Ohio.  Their conductor is Franz Welser-Möst.

The orchestra was started in 1918 with Nikolai Sokoloff as conductor.  In 1931 a new concert hall called the Severance Hall was opened.  It has been the orchestra's concert hall ever since.

The conductor George Szell made them into one of the world's best orchestras.  When he started conducting them after World War II he told twelve of the players that they had to leave.  Another twelve musicians were so angry that they left as well.  Szell then improved the orchestra during the 24 years he was with them.  Even now the orchestra is so good because of what Szell did for them.

Today's conductor of the Cleveland Orchestra, Franz Welser-Möst, continues to conduct the orchestra in Cleveland as well as touring with them all over the world.  They perform regularly in the summer at the Blossom Festival in Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, and also in Miami, Florida, and in the Musikverein, Vienna.

## Conductors

- 1918-1933 Nikolai Sokoloff
- 1933-1943 Artur Rodziński
- 1943-1944 Erich Leinsdorf
- 1946-1970 George Szell
- 1970-1972 Pierre Boulez
- 1972-1982 Lorin Maazel
- 1984-2002 Christoph von Dohnányi
- 2002-present Franz Welser-Möst

## Other websites

- The Cleveland Orchestra Official website
Boston Symphony Orchestra

The **Boston Symphony Orchestra** (**BSO**) is an American orchestra based in Boston, Massachusetts.  It is one of the great orchestras of the world. They give concerts in the Symphony Hall, Boston.  They also play every summer at the Tanglewood Festival.

The orchestra was started in 1881. Many of the conductors it had during its history were extremely famous, including Arthur Nikisch from 1889 to 1893, and Pierre Monteux from 1919 to 1924 who gave the orchestra a reputation for a "French" sound which many people think it still has today. Serge Koussevitzky was their conductor for many years and made them a world-class orchestra. With Koussevitzky, the orchestra gave  radio broadcasts and made its summer home at Tanglewood, where Koussevitzky founded the Berkshire Music Center, which is now the Tanglewood Music Center.

Koussevitzky asked many famous composers to write music for the orchestra. Works written especially for them include _Symphony No. 4_ by Sergei Prokofiev and the _Symphony of Psalms_ by Igor Stravinsky. They also gave the first performance of Béla Bartók's _Concerto for Orchestra_. Since then many other composers have written for the orchestra including Roger Sessions, Andrzej Panufnik and Elliott Carter.

When the conductor Charles Munch took over from Koussevitzky he gave the orchestra their first tour overseas. He was followed in 1962 by Erich Leinsdorf, then  William Steinberg, Seiji Ozawa and, since 2004, James Levine who is the first American-born conductor of the orchestra.

As well as the Boston Symphony Orchestra there is also the Boston Pops Orchestra, founded in 1885, which plays light music, e.g. from show tunes.  Arthur Fiedler conducted them from 1930 until 1979.  He was followed by the film composer John Williams.  Today their conductor is Keith Lockhart.

A small group of principal players from the BSO form the Boston Symphony Chamber Players.  They have being playing since 1964 and perform in Boston, Tanglewood and in other places in USA and Europe.  They have made many recordings.

The Boston Symphony have made many recordings with their conductors since 1917 when they made one of the earliest music recordings conducted by Karl Muck.

## Conductors

- 1881-1884 George Henschel
- 1884-1889 Wilhelm Gericke
- 1889-1893 Arthur Nikisch
- 1893-1898 Emil Paur
- 1898-1906 Wilhelm Gericke
- 1906-1908 Karl Muck
- 1908-1912 Max Fiedler
- 1912-1918 Karl Muck
- 1918-1919 Henri Rabaud
- 1919-1924 Pierre Monteux
- 1924-1949 Serge Koussevitzky
- 1949-1962 Charles Munch
- 1962-1969 Erich Leinsdorf
- 1969-1972 William Steinberg
- 1973-2002 Seiji Ozawa
- 2004-present James Levine

## Other websites

- Boston Symphony Orchestra official website
Light music

**Light music** is a musical style that might often be called "easy listening".  It started in the United Kingdom in the 19th century and became very popular in the middle of the 20th century.

Light music was often played at seaside resorts.  It often consisted of arrangements for orchestra of popular songs.  It was music that was supposed to be popular, music that a wide audience would be able to enjoy.

In the 1930s, when the BBC started broadcasting music on the radio (which they then called "wireless"), light music became very popular.  In 1945 the BBC Light Programme was started.  One very popular programme was called _Friday Night is Music Night_, with music played by the BBC Concert Orchestra.  and _Music While You Work_ was also a very popular programme.

Today Light Music is sometimes seen as not in fashion.  Film music is more popular today, and music from musicals.

Eric Coates is a good example of a composer of Light Music.  His piece "By the Sleepy Lagoon" became the signature tune of a radio programme called _Desert Island Discs_.  Arthur Wood's "Barwick Green" became the theme of _The Archers_.

In the United States popular light pieces were written by people such as Leroy Anderson and George Gershwin.

Light Music is similar to what is called Salon Music (German: Salonmusik) in Europe.

## Famous composers of light music

- Ronald Binge
- Eric Coates
- Frederic Curzon
- Trevor Duncan
- Robert Farnon
- Albert Ketèlbey
- Billy Mayerl
- Angela Morley
- Ernest Tomlinson
- Sidney Torch
- Edward White
- Charles Williams
- Haydn Wood

ka:მსუბუქი მუსიკა
Royal Australian Air Force

The **Royal Australian Air Force** (**RAAF**) is the air force of the Australian Defence Force. It started in 1912 as the Australian Flying Corps and saw its first action in World War I.

## Early history

The first plan for an Australian air force was given to the Military Board in 1910. The plan was approved on 22 October, 1912, and five planes were ordered. A flying school was set up on  of land at Point Cook, Victoria, with the first students starting on 17 August, 1914.
Nonthaburi province

**Nonthaburi** is a province in Thailand. Its central town is Nonthaburi,  about 25 km north-west of Bangkok. There are many government buildings in Nonthaburi.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Nonthaburi
- **native name**: นนทบุรี
- **native name lang**: th
- **settlement type**: Provinces of Thailand, Province
- **image caption**: From top, L–R: Leaning cetiya, Chedi of Wat Paramaiyikawat, Wat Chaloem Phra Kiat Worawihan, Nonthaburi, Old Provincial Hall of Nonthaburi, Wat Ku, Impact, Mueang Thong Thani, A train of MRT Pink Line
- **image seal**: Nonthaburi Province Seal.svg
- **image flag**: ธงจังหวัดนนทบุรี.svg
- **nickname**: Mueang Non (Thai: เมืองนนท์)
- **motto**: พระตำหนักสง่างาม ลือนามสวนสมเด็จ เกาะเกร็ดแหล่งดินเผา วัดเก่านามระบือ เลื่องลือทุเรียนนนท์ งามน่ายลศูนย์ราชการ
 ("Beautiful palace. Famed Somdet Park. Ko Kret, the home of pottery. Renowned old temples. Famous Nonthaburi durian. Attractive old provincial hall.")
- **image map**: Thailand Nonthaburi locator map.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Map of Thailand highlighting
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1561
- **established title2**: Incorporated into Bangkok
- **established date2**: 1943
- **established title3**: Separated from Bangkok
- **established date3**: 1946
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Nonthaburi (city), Nonthaburi
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader title1**: PAO President
- **area total km2**: 637
- **area rank**: Provinces of Thailand, 75th
- **population total**: 1,317,919
- **population as of**: 2024
- **population rank**: Provinces of Thailand, 14th
- **population density km2**: 2,069
- **population density rank**: Provinces of Thailand, 2nd
- **demographics type2**: GDP
- **demographics2 title1**: Total
- **demographics2 info1**: baht 317 billion
(US$10.5 billion) (2019)
- **timezone1**: Time in Thailand, ICT
- **utc offset1**: +7
- **demographics1 info1**: 0.6875 "high"
#Human achievement index 2022, Ranked 2nd
- **postal code type**: List of postal codes in Thailand, Postal code
- **postal code**: 11xxx
- **area code type**: Telephone numbers in Thailand, Calling code
- **area code**: 02
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:TH, TH-12
- **registration plate**: Thai vehicle license plates, นนทบุรี
Waldviertel

The **Waldviertel** (_Forest Quarter_) is a region in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is the birthplace of Adolf Hitler.

## Other websites

- www.waldviertel.at
CSIS

**CSIS** may refer to:
- Canadian Security Intelligence Service
- Center for Strategic and International Studies
Eternal flame

An **eternal flame** is a flame that burns for a very long time. They are used for creating a powerful symbol. There was an eternal flame in the ancient Greek temple at Delphi. Other famous eternal flames include the one at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in Paris, the John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame at his grave in the Arlington National Cemetery, and the Australian War Memorial in Canberra, Australia.

## Related pages

- Prytaneion
Terrestrial planet

A **terrestrial planet,** or rocky planet, is a planet that is mostly composed of silicate, rocks and metals. Earth is the "original" terrestrial planet. When astronomers started understanding the kinds of planet they extended the term to include our nearest rocky neighbours: Mercury, Venus and Mars.

It is often said that they are similar to Earth. This is true of most of the structure and composition, but not the surface or the atmosphere. A terrestrial planet may be much hotter or colder than Earth, and may have a very different atmosphere.

With the discovery of planets orbiting other stars (exoplanets), the term terrestrial planet has been extended again to any rocky (silicate) planet orbiting any star.

## Structure

All terrestrial planets have a core, a mantle, and a crust. They are a bit like a boiled egg: the central yolk is the core; the white albumin is the mantle; and the shell is the crust. The crust of a terrestrial planet is thin, with the core and the mantle taking up the vast bulk, sometimes with a very large core, sometimes much smaller. Terrestrial planets have metallic cores of mostly iron, with rocky mantles and crusts.

All terrestrial planets have the same type of structure: a central metallic core, mostly iron, with a surrounding silicate mantle.

The Moon is similar, but has a much smaller iron core. Io and Europa are also satellites that have internal structures similar to that of terrestrial planets. Terrestrial planets can have canyons, craters, mountains, volcanoes, and other surface structures, depending on the presence of water and tectonic activity. Terrestrial planets have _secondary atmospheres_, got from volcanism, meteorites, and photosynthesis. In the giant planets, their atmospheres are _primary_, captured directly from the original solar nebula.