juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Alexander Litvinenko

**Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko** (30 August  or 4 December  1962 – 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Russian Security Service. Later he was a dissident and writer who was later poisoned and killed in 2006.

In September 2021, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia was responsible for Litvinenko's poisoning.

## Background

Litvinenko worked for the KGB and the FSB through the 1980s and 1990s. Later, he accused his bosses of planning to assassinate Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky. As a result, he was arrested, but later released by Russian authorities. Afterwards, he fled to the United Kingdom and was given British citizenship.

While he was in Russia, Litvinenko tried to publish a book in which he said President Vladimir Putin rose to power with help of the FSB. He said the FSB tried to cover this up by frightening Russians by bombing apartment buildings in Moscow. He said the FSB then pinned the blame on terrorists operating from Chechnya.

On 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly became sick and was hospitalized. He died in London three weeks later, as a result of poisoining by polonium-210. The news of his death spread around the world, and many felt the poisoning was done by the Russian government. Vladimir Putin and Kremlin spokesmen have repeatedly denied this, and many new leads have been taken upon during the case. Although there are some suspects and theories in the murder, no official arrest has been made yet.

## How the poison works

Unlike most common radiation sources, polonium-210 emits only alpha particles. These do not penetrate even a sheet of paper or human skin. Thus they are invisible to normal radiation detectors. Hospitals only have equipment to detect gamma rays. Both gamma rays and alpha particles are classified as ionizing radiation, and can cause radiation sickness.

An alpha-emitting substance can cause damage only if taken in (as food or drink) or inhaled (breathed in). It acts on living cells like a short-range weapon.<sup>p327</sup> Litvinenko was tested for alpha-emitters using special equipment only hours before his death.

## Related pages

- Boris Berezovsky
Coprophilia

**Coprophilia** is a sexual fetish people have where they enjoy coming into contact with feces. Possible other names for coprophilia include scat-play, scat kink, or shit kink. Coprophilia is said to be liking the smell, taste, or feel of feces in a sexual way. The feeling can be either through touching the skin or through rubbing the penis head against feces. Enjoyment can also be made from the feeling of feces passing through the anus, or having a sexual partner excrete feces onto their chest, And also by inserting the finger of the male hand into the anus of the female, or inserting the finger of the female hand into the anus of the male.

Eating feces is also known as coprophagia. This is bad for one's body. A person who eats feces is at risk of falling ill with  hepatitis, infection, and HIV/AIDS. Those with weak immune systems should not eat feces.  There are also social problems with eating feces. It causes bad breath, is commonly seen as disgusting, and is taboo.

There are those who make movies involving coprophilia and coprophagia. This is called scatology. One of the more famous pornographic films involving coprophila is known as ***Hungry Bitches***, a pornographic movie produced by MFX Media. The opening scene that became an internet reaction video trend is known as _Two Girls One Cup._ Creators would have a friend, family member, or sibling watch _Two Girls One Cup_ and record and post their (usually digust-filled and comedic) reaction to the film.
Kalabhra dynasty

|align=center colspan=2|_Possible extent of Kalabhra rule c. 400 C.E._|
| --- | --- |
|**Official languages**|[Tamil]|
|**Capitals**|Unknown ?Kaveripoompattinam|
|**Government**|Monarchy|
|**Preceding state**|Chola, Pandya, Chera, Satavahana|
|**Succeeding states**|Pandya, Pallava, Chalukya|
The **Kalabhra dynasty** ruled over entire Tamil country in South Indian between the 3rd and the 6th century C.E..

They won over the ancient Chola, Pandya and Chera dynasties and replaced them. There is a little information available about their origin and about their reign. They did not leave any monuments. The only source of information on them are to be found in Buddhist and Jain literature. They were displaced around the 7th century by the revival of Pallava and Pandya power.

Hindu scholars and authors who wrote in the 7th and 8th century C.E. when Pandya and Pallava had taken over again have written very little about the Kalabhra dynasty in their texts. Perhaps therefore the period of their rule is known as a ‘Dark Age’ – an interregnum.
Monument

A **monument** is a statue, building, or something else made to remember a person or important event.  They are often designed as artistic objects to improve the look of a city or place.

## Related pages

- Memorial

## Other websites

- Website of Monuments and Sculptures in UK
Monument (disambiguation)

**Monument** may mean:
- Monument, a statue, building, or other edifice created to commemorate a person or important event
- _Monuments_ (album), a 1998 album by DJ Doran
- Bank and Monument stations, a station on the London Underground
- Monument Metro station, a station on the Tyne and Wear Metro
- "Monument", a song by Depeche Mode from their 1982 album _A Broken Frame_
- "Monument", a song by Fates Warning from their 1994 album _Inside Out_
- "Monument", a song by The Crüxshadows from their 1999 album _The Mystery of the Whisper_
- "Monument", a song by Avail from their 2002 album _Front Porch Stories_
- "Monument", a song by Champion	from their 2002	album _Count Our Numbers_
Wikinews

**Wikinews** is a free-content news wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. The news articles are written by users working together with each other. Old articles are archived, and protected so that people cannot change it anymore, except if an edit request is given. Every article has a talk page where people can talk about the news in the article. The article is then peer-reviewed by an editor to see if it is ready to be published, and to publish it if it is.

Wikinews is under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License, which is different from the license that the other Wikimedia projects are under.

## Other websites

- Wikinews: Multilingual Portal

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: Wikinews
- **logo**: WikiNews-Logo-en.svg
- **screenshot**: Wikinews screenshot 2017-08.png
- **caption**: Screenshot of [https://www.wikinews.org/ wikinews.org]
- **commercial**: No
- **type**: News wiki
- **registration**: Optional
- **language**: Multilingual
- **owner**: Wikimedia Foundation
- **author**: Wikimedia community
- **location**: Miami, Florida, Miami, Florida
- **content licence**: CC-BY 2.5
- **logocaption**: The current Wikinews logo
500s

The **500s** was a decade that began on 1 January 500 and ended on 31 December 509. It is distinct from the decade known as the **_51th_ decade** _which_ will begin on January 1, 501 and end on December 31, 510.

## Events

- Clovis I, king of the Franks, defeats the Visigoths at the battle of Vouille in 507, decisively forcing the Visigoths into Spain, and securing supremacy over Gaul
- 506 – Byzantine Empire and Persia accept a peace agreement based on status quo.
- 506 – Dara in Syria is fortified by Byzantine emperor Anastasius I as a frontier against Persia.
480s

The **480s** was a decade that began on 1 January 480 and ended on 31 December 489. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***49th*** which began on January 1, 481 and ended on December 31, 490.

## Events

- 481 – Clovis I becomes king of the Franks upon the death of Childeric I (or 482)
- 481 – Baekje, Silla, and Daegaya form an alliance against Goguryeo.
- 488 – Theodoric the Great becomes king of the Ostrogoths.
- 488 – Kavadh I succeeds Balash in Persia.
890s

The **890s** was the decade that started on January 1, 890 and ended on December 31, 899. It is distinct from the decade known as the ***90th decade*** which began on January 1, 891 and ended on December 31, 900.

## Events

- 891 – Battle of Leuven (891) between the Franks and the Vikings
- 893 December 28 – An earthquake destroys the city of Dvin in Armenia.
- Byzantine–Bulgarian war of 894–896
- 896 April – Pope Boniface VI succeeds Pope Formosus as the 112th pope.
- 896 May – Pope Stephen VI (also referred to as Stephen VII) succeeds Pope Boniface VI as the 113th pope.
- 897 August – Pope Romanus succeeds Pope Stephen VI as the 114th pope.
- 897 November – Pope Romanus is deposed.
- 897 December – Pope Theodore II succeeds Pope Romanus as the 115th pope, but dies twenty days later.
- 897 – Emperor Uda of Japan is succeeded by Emperor Daigo.
- 898 January – Pope John IX succeeds Theodore II as the 116th pope.
- 899 - Edward the Elder becomes King of Wessex.

## Deaths

- Alfred the Great – 899
Jenna Jameson

**Jenna Jameson** (born **Jenna Marie Massoli** on April 9, 1974) is a former American porn star. She grew up in Montana. She started making pornographic movies in 1993. Within three years, she had won the three awards in the adult movie industry. She has since won more than 20 adult movie awards, and has been inducted into both the X-Rated Critics Organization and Adult Video News Halls of Fame.

In 2004, she wrote an autobiography, _How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale_. The book was at the top of the _New York Times_ Best Seller list for six weeks.

Born a Roman Catholic she officially converted to Orthodox Judaism in 2016, so she could marry her Israeli boyfriend.

On January 12, 2022, Jameson announced that she was suffering from Guillain–Barré syndrome.

## Infobox (adult biography)

- **name**: Jenna Jameson
- **image**: Jenna Jameson 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Jameson the XBIZ Awards in January 2014
- **birth name**: Jenna Marie Massoli
- **birth place**: Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
- **spouse**:

- **partner**: Tito Ortiz (2006–2013)
Lior Bitton (2015–present)
- **children**: 3
Journalism

**Journalism** is a type of writing. It includes writing for newspapers, news shows on television, news shows on radio, and news magazine.

There are many different news and information jobs in the field of journalism, such as the jobs of newspaper reporter, television news anchor, writer, editor, sub-editor, illustrator, and photographer. People who work in journalism jobs are called journalists.

While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of – truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and public accountability – as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public.

## Related pages

- Mass media
Assimilation

**Assimilation** can mean:

- Assimilation (linguistics), in studying language, the way a sound in a word becomes closer to a neighboring sound.
- Assimilation (biology), changing a nutrient into the fluid or solid substance of the body, through digestion and absorption.
- Cultural assimilation, the way a smaller group of people gradually copies the customs and attitudes of the larger culture around it.  For cultural assimilation of Native Americans in the United States, see Americanization (of Native Americans).
- Assimilation (Star Trek), the way the fictional _Star Trek_ Borg race brings a being into their group structure
- The Zerg method of evolving, also called infest(ing)
- Media and ethnicity
- Accommodation in Jean Piaget's theory of loserness
- In psychoanalysis, when conscious and unconscious contents penetrate one another
- In computer science, the changing of anti-virus software to find a new virus
- In typesetting, the amount that a typeface can make mirror images and other similarities between letters
Assimilation (biology)

**Assimilation** in biology, is the combination of two processes which get nutrients for cells.

The first (in animals) is eating and digesting food. Food is absorbed and broken down. This is done by physical breakdown (chewing and stomach churning), then chemical breakdown by enzymes and acids) The results are absorbed into the bloodstream.

The second process of is the chemical alteration of substances in the bloodstream by the liver. Many compounds needed by cells are done by this second process. Both the liver and cellular secretions can be very specific in their action. This second process is where the absorbed food reaches the cells via the liver.

## Examples of assimilation by plants

- Photosynthesis, the process whereby carbon dioxide and water are transformed into a number of organic molecules in plant cells.
- Nitrogen fixation from the soil into organic molecules by symbiotic bacteria which live in the roots of certain plants, such as Leguminaceae.

## Related pages

- Biochemistry
- Food
- Digestion
Vaihingen

**Vaihingen an der Enz** is a town in the southern German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is on the banks of the Enz river between the large cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. About 30,000 people live there.

## History

Vaihingen is an old city, going back as far as the year 799 CE. Vaihingen was formally established as a town by Count Gottfried von Vaihingen in the year 1252. After theReformation, Vaihingen became a Protestant city. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Vaihingen became a battle ground between the Protestants and Catholics. The Revolution of 1848 hurt the economy in Vaihingen. Many people left Vaihingen to look for work in other towns. In the early 1900s, a railroad connection was made to Vaihingen. That brought more people, and also businesses, to Vaihingen. In 1938 Vaihingen became the regional center.

## People

- Jacob Friedrich von Abel (1751-1829), Professor of Philosophy
- Born in Vaihingen May 9, 1751. Published his "Introduction to the doctrine of spirituality" ("Einleitung in die Seelenlehre") in Stuttgart, 1786
- Karl Friedrich Hensler (1759-1825), Viennese theater director
- Karl Gerok (1815-1890), Bishop
- Friedrich Kellner (1885-1970) Chief Justice Inspector, Diarist
- Born in Vaihingen February 1, 1885. Kellner lived in Laubach, Hessen, during WWII. He recorded the misdeeds of the Nazis in a secret diary. His 10-volume diary was exhibited at the George Bush Presidential Library in 2005. A Canadian documentary, My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner, was made in 2006.

## Other websites

- Internet website for Vaihingen
- Pictures of the concentration camp cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the _Sites of Memory_ webpage
- Pictures of the military and refugee memorials in the municipal cemetery at Vaihingen/Enz at the _Sites of Memory_ webpage

## Infobox (german location)

- **type**: Stadt
- **image coa**: DEU Vaihingen an der Enz COA.svg
- **image photo**: Vaihingen an der Enz-Rathaus-2006-04-08.jpg
- **state**: Baden-Württemberg
- **region**: Stuttgart
- **district**: Ludwigsburg
- **elevation**: 217
- **area**: 73.41
- **population**: 28839
- **stand**: 2006-12-31
- **postal code**: 71654–71665
- **area code**: 07042
- **licence**: LB
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 08 1 18 073
- **divisions**: 9
- **mayor**: Gerd Maisch
Integration

**Integration** may be any of the following:

- Integration, in the most general sense, may be any bringing together and uniting of things: the integration of two or more economies, cultures, religions (usually called syncretism), etc.
- Integration, in mathematics, a concept of calculus, is the act of finding integrals
- Indefinite integration, in mathematics, refers to antidifferentiation
- Racial integration, refers to social and cultural behavior
- Economic integration
- Regional integration
- Horizontal integration and vertical integration, in microeconomics and strategic management, refer to a style of ownership and control
- Integration clause, in a contract, a term used to declare the contract the final and complete understanding of the parties
- In computer science
    - Digital integration, in computer science, allows data from one device or software to be read or manipulated by another, resulting in ease of use
    - Enterprise application integration, as the use of software and computer systems to bring together a set of enterprise computer applications
- Systems Integration, refers to the discipline of designing systems by means of glueing together otherwise separate parts. Usually associated to the construction of complex systems.
Cultural assimilation

**Cultural assimilation**, or **absorption** (but that word also has other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration in which members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants or other minority groups, are "absorbed" into an established, generally larger community, with the intent to change one culture to make them similar to another. That causes a loss of all or many of the characteristics that make the newcomers different. A region or society where assimilation is occurring sometimes referred to as a "melting pot." In essence, cultural assimilation is many different cultural groups working towards one unified goal.

From a historical perspective, assimilation is how an individual or minority group loses its original culture when absorbed into another culture. In the context of colonialism, it is a policy of total integration of colonies into the colonizing country. Assimilation is often remembered as painful or coercive.

## Related pages

- Acculturation
- Naturalization
- Syncretism
- Multiculturalism

## Other websites

- Asian-Nation: Asian American Assimilation & Ethnic Identity
- From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated
New wave music

**New Wave** (or **New Wave music**) is a style of rock music that developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New wave music was inspired by the punk rock movement.

New Wave music is rock music mixed with other types of music, such as punk rock music, funk, disco, ska and pop.

In essence, New Wave maintained the rebellious and energetic side of punk rock, yet was less raw and aggressive. Whilst a lot of New Wave was, much New Wave was pop-based, containing simple melodies and catchy hooks. Additionally, New Wave music was also very electronic in nature, and made strong usage of synthesizers. New Wave is a broad term, and as such, New Wave artists varied greatly in style, ranging from pure rock, to synthpop, to reggae-influenced music. New Wave, as a genre, additionally had a strong visual aesthetic, and is noted for the colourful fashions which New Wave artists would sport in the 1980s.

When MTV started broadcasting in 1981, many New Wave bands had their music videos played on television. This made New Wave music more popular. A well-known New Wave video is _Whip It_ by Devo.

## Notable artists

- Blondie
- The Cars
- Culture Club
- Elvis Costello
- Devo
- Duran Duran
- The Go-Go's
- Joe Jackson
- Lene Lovich
- Oingo Boingo
- Spandau Ballet
- Split Enz
- Squeeze
- The Cars
- The Police
- The Pretenders
- Talking Heads
- Kim Wilde
- XTC

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: New Wave
- **bgcolor**: crimson
- **color**: white
- **popularity**: Late 1970s to mid 1980s
- **other topics**: Post-punk
Blondie

**Blondie** is an American new wave pop/rock band who were most popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The lead singer of the band is Debbie Harry. Their best-known hit was _Call Me!_. The group's music mixes pop, rock and disco. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

## Studio albums

- _Blondie_ (1976)
- Plastic Letters (1977)
- Parallel Lines (1978)
- Eat to the Beat (1979)
- Autoamerican (1980)
- The Hunter (1982)
- No Exit (1999)
- The Curse of Blondie (2003)
- Panic of Girls (2011)
- Ghosts of Download (2014)
- Pollinator (2017)

## Other websites

- Official Blondie Website
- Official Deborah Harry Web Site

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Blondie
- **img**: Blondie1977.jpg
- **img capt**: Blondie, 1977. From left: Gary Valentine, Clem Burke, Debbie Harry, Chris Stein, and Jimmy Destri
- **img size**: 250px
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: New York City, US
- **genre**: New Wave music, New wave, pop-rock
- **current members**: Debbie Harry
*Chris Stein
*Leigh Foxx
*Matt Katz-Bohen
*Tommy Kessler
- **past members**: *Billy O'Connor
*Fred Smith (bassist), Fred Smith
*Ivan Král
*Tish Bellomo
*Snooky Bellomo
*Clem Burke
*Gary Lachman, Gary Valentine
*Jimmy Destri
*Frank Infante
*Nigel Harrison
*Paul Carbonara
Patti Smith

**Patti Smith** (born **Patricia Lee Smith** on December 30, 1946) is an American singer and poet. She was an important member of the punk rock music trend in the 1970s. Her first album _Horses_ was produced by John Cale.

## Related pages

- List of poets from the United States

## Other websites

- I Will Always Live Like Peter Pan. 70 min interview from the Louisiana Literature festival 2012. Video by Louisiana Channel.
- Patti Smith: Advice to the young. Filmed at Louisiana Literature festival 2012. Video interview by Louisiana Channel.
- Patti Smith: First encounters with Robert Mapplethorpe. Filmed at Louisiana Literature festival 2012. Video interview by Louisiana Channel.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Patti Smith
- **img**: Patti Smith performing in Finland, 2007.jpg
- **img capt**: Finland, June 16, 2007
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Patricia Lee Smith
- **alias**: Patti Smith Group
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois
- **origin**: New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar, clarinet
- **genre**: Punk rock, art punk, proto-punk, art rock, garage rock, pop rock, alternative rock
- **occupation**: Singer, poet, artist
- **years active**: 1974–present
- **label**: Arista, Columbia Records, Columbia
- **url**: [http://www.pattismith.net/ PattiSmith.net]
Talking Heads

**Talking Heads** were a rock band from the United States. The band first became popular in the late 1970s.
Talking Heads had an early influence on other musical groups by combining the sounds of punk, art rock, funk, dance and world music with an avant-garde style and the anxious way David Byrne sang on stage.

## Reception

Critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Talking Heads were "one of the most critically acclaimed bands of the '80s."

In 2002, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Four of the band's albums appeared on _Rolling Stone's_ list of _The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time_. Three of their songs ("Psycho Killer," "Life During Wartime," and "Once in a Lifetime") were listed in "The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll". Talking Heads were also included at #64 on VH1's list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time." In the 2011 update of _Rolling Stone's_ "100 Greatest Artists of All Time," the band was ranked at No. 100.

## Albums

- _Talking Heads: 77_ (1977)
- _More Songs About Buildings and Food_ (1978)
- _Fear of Music_ (1979)
- _Remain in Light_ (1980)
- _Speaking in Tongues_ (1983)
- _Little Creatures_ (1985)
- _True Stories_ (1986)
- _Naked_ (1988)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Talking Heads
- **background**: group_or_band
- **image**: Talking Heads band1.jpg
- **image size**: 270
- **landscape**: Yes
- **caption**: Talking Heads performing at the Horseshoe Tavern in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on May 13, 1978
- **origin**: New York City, New York (state), New York, U.S.
- **years active**: 1975–1991
- **label**: Sire Records, Sire/Warner Bros. Records, Warner Bros., EMI, Rhino Entertainment, Rhino
- **associated acts**: Tom Tom Club, Brian Eno, Casual Gods, The Modern Lovers
- **past members**: David Byrne
Chris Frantz
Tina Weymouth
Jerry Harrison
Twiggy

**Dame Lesley Lawson** <small>DBE</small> (born **Lesley Hornby** 19 September 1949, in London, England) is an English actress, fashion model and singer, known professionally as **Twiggy**. Her childhood nickname Twiggy came from her thin legs. In the 1960s, when she first became famous she weighed only .

As an actress, she starred in _The Boy Friend_, and had featured roles in _The Blues Brothers_ and _Young Charlie Chaplin_. She recently appeared as herself, on _America's Next Top Model_, as one of the judges.

## Infobox (model)

- **honorific prefix**: Dame
- **name**: Lesley Lawson
- **image**: File:Ken Russell and Twiggy on set of The Boyfriend.jpg
- **caption**: Ken Russell and Twiggy on set of _The Boy Friend (1971 film), The Boy Friend_ (1971)
- **alias**: Twiggy
- **birth name**: Lesley Hornby
- **birth place**: Neasden, Middlesex, England
- **years active**: 1966–present
- **height**: 5'6 (168cm)
- **haircolour**: Blonde
- **eyecolour**: Blue
- **agency**: Models 1
- **spouse**:

- **children**: 1
Special effect

**Special effects** are used in movies to create images that do not exist. There are many different types of special effects, for example, making little models or using computer animation.

Action movies often use special effects to create images that would be dangerous or cost a lot of money. For example, if an action movie shows a very big battleship blowing up, it would be expensive to buy a battleship and dangerous to blow it up. Most action movies use special effects if they want to show something blow up. It is cheaper and safer to make a little model of a battleship and blow that up.

Science fiction, fantasy, horror, and history movies also often use special effects. They usually tell imaginary stories, often set in imaginary places, that would be impossible to film. For example, in a science fiction movie about a world with three suns, artists could create a computer image of three suns which would appear in the background.

Using a computer to create special effects is called "computer generated imagery" (CGI) or "computer animation". Most science fiction, fantasy, and horror movies, and some history movies and some documentaries from the 2000s use a lot of CGI.
German revolutions of 1848–1849

The **Revolutions in the German states** developed in most of the 38 states of Germany that were loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. To these states belonged Austria as well though Hungary that was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was not part of the German Confederation.

These revolutions had as example the French Revolution of 1848 in February 1848, when King Phillipe of France abdicated the throne.

The biggest successes of the German revolutions happened in March in Berlin and Vienna. The result was the election of a German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main.

But it was in Berlin too where the Prussian king Frederick William refused to become emperor of a united German state.
Austria and Prussia withdrew their delegates from the Assembly, and the Assembly itself slowly disintegrated afterwards.

## Related pages

- European Revolutions of 1848

## Other websites

- 1848: REVOLUTION AND REACTION
- German Revolution of 1848/49
- The German 1848 Revolution: A German Perspective
- Constitution of the German Empire ("Constitution of Paulskirche") of 28th March 1849, in full text
Abdication

**Abdication** is the act of resigning from an office (official job), especially from being the leader of a country. The word is normally used for kings and queens who decide to give up their position which brings an end to a reign.  The term is also used for popes. called emeritus.

A similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation.

King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom is an example of a king who abdicated.

## Select list of abdications

- Caedwalla of Wessex, 688
- Ine of Wessex, 726
- Pope Benedict IX, 1048
- Stephen II of Hungary, 1131
- Pope Celestine V, 1294
- Richard II of England, 1399
- Pope Gregory XII, 1415.
- Murad II, Ottoman Sultan, 1444-1445
- Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 1556
- Christina of Sweden, 1654
- James II of England, 1688
- Philip V of Spain, 1724
- Ahmed III, Sultan of Turkey, 1730
- Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 1814 and 1815
- Charles X of France, 1830
- Pedro I of Brazil, 1831
- Miguel of Portugal, 1834
- Louis Philippe I of France, 1848
- Fredrik Kaarle I of Finland, 1918
- Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, 1936
- Pope Benedict XVI, 2013.
- Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands, 2013
- King Albert II of Belgium, 2013
- King Juan Carlos I of Spain, 2014
- Emperor Akihito  of Japan, 2019
- Margrethe II of Denmark, 2024
Beta Columbae

**Beta Columbae** is a star in the Columba constellation. The Columba constellation is known as "The Dove".
YouTube

**YouTube** is a free video sharing website that lets people upload, view, and share contents. Contents can be rated with a like or dislike, most contents can be commented on if logged in to an account, and the number of times a video has been watched (known as "views") is put on the site. Users who have accounts can also subscribe to channels. At the moment, Google (a search engine company) owns and operates YouTube. Many different types of videos can be put onto the website, such as educational content, animations, and funny stuff. YouTube was founded on February 14, 2005 by six or seven former workers of PayPal.

## Infobox (dot-com company)

- **name**: YouTube, LLC
- **logo**:
- **company type**: Subsidiary
- **location city**: 901 Cherry Avenue, San Bruno, California
- **location country**: United States
- **area served**: Worldwide (except Censorship of YouTube, blocked countries)
- **parent**: Independent (2005–2006)
Google (2006–present)
- **key people**: Susan Wojcicki (Chief executive officer, CEO)
Chad Hurley (Adviser)
- **company slogan**: Broadcast Yourself (2005–2012)
- **industry**: Internet
Video hosting service
- **advertising**: Google AdSense
- **screenshot**: Youtube Home Page screenshot.png
- **caption**: Screenshot of YouTube's homepage
- **url**:
(see #Localization, list of localized domain names)
- **content license**: Uploader holds copyright (standard license); Creative Commons can be selected.
- **type**: Video hosting service
- **alexa**: 2 ()
- **programming language**: Java (programming language), Java, Python (programming language), Python and proprietary JavaScript
- **registration**: Optional (not required to watch most videos; required for certain tasks such as uploading videos, viewing flagged (18+) videos, creating playlists and posting comments)
- **current status**: Active
Catch Me If You Can

***Catch Me If You Can*** is a 2002 American biographical crime drama movie. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks. The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.

_Catch Me if You Can_ is set in 1963. Frank Abagnale is played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Frank is sixteen years old. Carl Hanratty is played by Tom Hanks.

## Plot

Carl is an FBI investigator. When Frank's parents get divorced, Frank decides to leave his house and to change his name. He buys a pilot uniform and forges (makes a fake copy of) a pilot licence. He travels with PanAm airlines to many countries. He pays with forged cheques in the USA.

Then Frank decides to work as a doctor. He again forges the documents. In the hospital he meets a girl named Brenda Strong. He begins working as a lawyer, so that he can marry Brenda. Brenda's father, Roger Strong is also a lawyer. Now Frank has had 3 jobs, under 3 different names; Frank Abagnale Jr, Frank Taylor and Frank Connors. Carl Hanratty is at the engagement party. Carl reveals to the girls' father who Frank is. In the meantime, Frank tells his fiancé, Brenda the truth about his life and what he has done. Carl searches the house, but Frank has already left. Frank escapes and moves to Mont-de Marson, France where he tries to escape. Carl Hanratty finds him and convinces Frank to come quietly to face his crime. Frank goes quietly with Carl. When Frank leaves jail, he works with Carl Hanratty, helping Carl to catch criminals who forge cheques and other documents.

## Other websites

- An Interview with Leonardo DiCaprio - Movies Feature at IGN

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Catch Me If You Can
- **director**: Steven Spielberg
- **screenplay**: Jeff Nathanson
- **music**: John Williams
- **cinematography**: Janusz Kamiński
- **editing**: Michael Kahn (film editor), Michael Kahn
- **distributor**: DreamWorks Pictures
- **runtime**: 140 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $52 million
- **gross**: $352.1 million
Armorica

**Armorica** or **Aremorica** is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany peninsula and the territory between the Seine and Loire rivers

## Other websites

- An Tour Tan- Dorioù Breizh – Breton culture and traditions
- Gouelioù Breizh - Breton events
- Sevenadur ha gizioù Breizh e saozneg - Breton culture and traditions in English
- Skol uhel ar vro – High Institute of Brittany - Ti Istor Breizh – The house for the History of Brittany
- Personelezh Breizh e saozneg - Breton identity in English
Gaul

**Gaul** () was the name given in ancient times to the area of Western Europe that included what are now northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine River. Many Celtic tribes lived in the region and were known by the Romans simply as "Gauls".

In English, the word _Gaul_ () may mean a Celtic inhabitant of that region or all ancient speakers of Gaulish. In that way, "Gaul" and "Celt" are sometimes used in the same sense.

Gauls under Brennus attacked Rome at the Battle of the Allia (390 BC). The Romans later conquered and ruled Gaul.

From 260 to 274, Gaul broke away from the Roman Empire and formed the Gallic Empire before it was defeated and reintegrated.

## Trivia

In Greek, modern-day France is called _Γαλλία_ (same as the Latin _Gallia_), and the term for a Gaulish person is  _Γαλατία_ (Galatia).

## Other websites

- The Gallic Wars
Danelaw

The **Danelaw** (from the Old English _Dena lagu_, Danish: _Danelagen_ ) is an 11th-century name for an area of northern and eastern England. This area was under the administrative control of the Danish Viking empire (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century until the early 11th century.

As can be seen from the map, Danelaw at its height was _about a third the territory of England_. Textbooks say correctly that the history left us with place-names which reflect the old languages.
Jorvik

***Jórvík*** was the Viking name for the English city of York and the kingdom centred there.

York had been founded as the Roman legionary fortress of _Eboracum_ and revived as the Anglo-Saxon trading port of _Eoforwic_. It was first captured in November 866 by a large army of Danish Vikings.

## Other websites

- Brenda Ralph Lewis & David Nash Ford, "York: Viking Times"
- Timeline of Anglo-Saxon England
- Jorvik Viking Centre
- York Archaeological Trust
- Welcome to Jorvik : links on on-line resources
Mutton

The terms **lamb**, **mutton**  or **hoggett** are used to describe the meat of a domestic sheep.  The meat of a sheep a year old or younger is generally known as _lamb_, whereas the meat of an older sheep is either _hoggett_ or _mutton_ depending on its age and characteristics.  In some countries all such meat is referred to as _lamb_.  All of these are known as **sheepmeats**.

Lamb is the meat from a sheep that is between one month and one year old, typically weighing between 5.5 and 30 kilograms. It is generally more tender than the meat of older sheep and is commonly consumed in many Western countries, particularly at Easter.

Hoggett and mutton can taste more flavorful than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids; many therefore prefer the stronger flavour of older animals.
Prion

A **prion** (pronounced _pree-on)_ is an infectious protein. The word is short for "proteinaceous infectious particles".

All known prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue. Right now, they cannot be treated and always end in death.

Prions cause many forms of encephalitis, or brain disease, such as scrapie, chronic wasting disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and kuru. Prions work by changing the shape of proteins in infected animals. While normal proteins have lots of alpha helices, or twisted parts, changed proteins have lots of beta sheets, or flat parts. It has also been suggested that Alzheimer's disease causes damage to the prions.

Because prions are proteins, and proteins cannot reproduce themselves, it is a mystery how prions work. A lot of molecular biology research is going on to find out how they reproduce themselves, with no clear result so far.

## Related pages

- Prion disease
William Pitt the Younger

**William Pitt the Younger** (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1782–1783, 1783–1801 and 1804–1806. He was prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 1801, and again from 1804 until his death. He is known as "William Pitt the Younger" to distinguish him from his father, William Pitt the Elder, who also served as prime minster.

He became the youngest prime minister in 1783 at the age of 24. During his time as prime minister, the kingdom of Ireland joined with Great Britain and both kingdoms became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. Pitt continued to be prime minister in the new Parliament of the United Kingdom.

## References

**Notes**

## Other websites

- 1791 Caricature of William Pitt by James Gillray

## Infobox (prime minister)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: William Pitt
- **image**: OlderPittThe Younger.jpg
- **order**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **term start**: 10 May 1804
- **term end**: 23 January 1806
- **monarch**: George III of the United Kingdom, George III
- **predecessor**: Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, Henry Addington
- **successor**: William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville, The Lord Grenville
- **term start2**: 1 January 1801
- **term end2**: 14 March 1801
- **monarch2**: George III
- **predecessor2**: Himself
- **successor2**: Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, Henry Addington
- **order3**: Prime Minister of Great Britain
- **term start3**: 19 December 1783
- **term end3**: 1 January 1801
- **monarch3**: George III
- **predecessor3**: William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, The Duke of Portland
- **successor3**: Himself
- **order4**: Chancellor of the Exchequer
- **term start4**: 10 May 1804
- **term end4**: 23 January 1806
- **predecessor4**: Henry Addington
- **successor4**: Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne, Lord Henry Petty
- **term start5**: 19 December 1783
- **term end5**: 1 January 1801
- **predecessor5**: Lord John Cavendish
- **successor5**: Henry Addington
- **term start6**: 10 July 1782
- **term end6**: 31 March 1783
- **predecessor6**: Lord John Cavendish
- **successor6**: Lord John Cavendish
- **birth place**: Hayes, Bromley, Hayes, Kent, England
- **death place**: Putney, Surrey, England
- **resting place**: Westminster Abbey
- **parents**: William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham
 Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham, Hester Grenville
- **nationality**: British
- **party**: Tories (British political party), Tory
- **alma mater**: Pembroke College, Cambridge
- **signature**: William Pitt the Younger Signature.svg
- **signature alt**: Cursive signature in ink
Akira Kurosawa

**Akira Kurosawa** (March 23, 1910 – September 6, 1998) was a Japanese movie director. Kurosawa's movies are liked in Japan. Kurosawa's movies are also liked by people in other countries. He made 30 movies in 50 years. He is thought to be one of the most important movie directors.

In many of his famous movies, including _Rashomon_ and _The Seven Samurai_, he worked with the actor Toshiro Mifune.

Kurosawa started in the Japanese movie industry in 1936.  Before he worked a little bit as a painter. After years of working on many movies as an assistant director and scriptwriter, he became a director in 1943.  This was during World War II with the popular action movie _Sanshiro Sugata_ (a.k.a. _Judo Saga_).

_Rashomon_, was first shown in Tokyo in August 1950.  On September 10, 1951 it was the surprise winner of the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival.  It then was shown in Europe and North America. Because the movie was so well liked, it made people in the western world want to see more Japanese movies.  This helped make other Japanese movie makers become successful. In the 1950s and early 1960s, Kurosawa directed about one movie each year.

In 1990, he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement. After he died, he was named "Asian of the Century" in the "Arts, Literature, and Culture" category by _AsianWeek_ magazine and CNN.

Akira Kurosawa known for influential, character-rich films exploring morality, often collaborating with Toshiro Mifune. His work blends Japanese tradition with dynamic visuals, symbolism, and humanism.

## Related pages

- Mikio Naruse

## Other websites

- Akira Kurosawa's grave

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Akira Kurosawa
黒澤 明
- **image**: Akirakurosawa-onthesetof7samurai-1953-page88.jpg
- **birth place**: Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
- **death place**: Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
- **years active**: 1936 in film, 1936–1993 in film, 1993
- **spouse**: Yōko Yaguchi (m. 1945–1985, her death); two children
Science fiction movie

**Science fiction movies** are movies which tell stories about the future, outer space, robots, or aliens. Science fiction movies often use special effects to show images of alien worlds or other planets far away.

Science fiction movies are related to science fiction books. Some science fiction movies tell stories about strange or different ways of thinking or ways of living. Other science fiction movies tell stories about the survival.

## Important science fiction novels and films

All written as books, most later filmed.
- _The Time Machine_ (1895), a book by H.G. Wells
- _A Trip to the Moon_ (French: _Le Voyage dans la lune_) was made by Georges Méliès in 1902. It was one of the first SF films.
- _The Lost World_ by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1912. Dinosaurs still alive on large plateau in South America.
- _Metropolis_ is a silent film about a society in the future. That society has two groups: rich thinkers and poor workers. Fritz Lang made the film in 1927.
- _I, Robot_ by Isaac Asimov. 1950.
    - The _Foundation_ series: 1951 to 1986.
- _Jurassic Park_ was originally a novel by Michael Crichton in 1990.
- _2001: A Space Odyssey_ is a film by Stanley Kubrick. The film shows ideas about human evolution and artificial intelligence. It was released in 1968.
- _Star Wars_ movies are amongst the highest grossing science fantasy movies of all time.
- Many works in print by Isaac Asimov are science fiction rather than fantasy.

## Science fiction movies and other genres

Some SF movies can also be another kind of movie, too.
- _Alien_ is also a horror movie.
- _The Road Warrior_ is both a science fiction movie and an action movie.
- _Men in Black_ is comedy and science fiction.

## References

nl:Sciencefiction#Film en televisie
Reading, Pennsylvania

**Reading** is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. It is the fourth largest city in Pennsylvania with 95,112 at the 2020 count. It is located in Berks County.  There were more jobs when it was more populated.  Yuengling is available as well.
Swanage

**Swanage** is a seaside town on the east-south coast of England. The town in Dorset that has a population of around 10,001 people. The town has a wide range of tourist attractions: a steam Railway, Durlston Country Park (Nature reserve), Victorian Pier, two public swimming pools, tennis courts, Indoor & Outdoor bowling greens, and Corfe Castle.
Old English

**Old English** (_Englisċ_ or _Ænglisc_) or **Anglo-Saxon**, was spoken in Anglo-Saxon England from 450 <small>AD</small> to 1100 <small>AD</small>. It was spoken by the Anglo-Saxons, who came to Great Britain from what are now Germany and Denmark. Different Anglo-Saxon kingdoms spoke different dialects, but a western dialect became the main literary version. Both modern languages of England and Scotland (English and Scots) came from the language of the Anglo-Saxons.

Old English is a West Germanic language and developed out of Ingvaeonic, which is very different from Modern English because it is closer to German than to English and has for its closest relatives Old Frisian and Old Saxon. It has many more Germanic words, difficult grammar and complex inflections.

In early centuries, Old English was rarely written down, and even then, it was in runes. After the 8th century, the Latin alphabet was used more often by churchmen like the Venerable Bede. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Old English was replaced by Anglo-Norman, which gradually turned into Middle English.

The epic poem _Beowulf_ is written in Old English in an alphabetic script.

|colspan="1"|Languages|colspan="8"|wordlist|||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|apple|path|eat|tide|make|child|give|day|
|æppel|pæþ|etan|tid|macian|cild|giefan|dæg|
|Apfel|Pfad|essen|Tide|machen|Kind|geben|Tag|

## Other websites

- Old English -Citizendium

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Old English
- **image**: Beowulf.Kenning.jpg
- **imagecaption**: A detail of the first page of the _Beowulf_ manuscript, showing the words "ofer hron rade", translated as "over the whale's road (sea)". It is an example of an Old English stylistic device, the kenning.
- **nativename**: _Ænglisċ, Englisċ, Anglisc_
- **altname**: Anglo-Saxon
- **region**: England (except the extreme south-west and north-west), southern and eastern Scotland, and the eastern fringes of modern Wales.
- **era**: mostly developed into Middle English and Early Scots by the 13th century
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **fam3**: West Germanic languages, West Germanic
- **fam4**: North Sea Germanic, Ingvaeonic
- **fam5**: Anglo-Frisian languages, Anglo-Frisian
- **fam6**: Anglic languages, Anglic
- **script**: Anglo-Saxon runes, Runic, later Latin script, Latin (Old English Latin alphabet, Old English alphabet).
- **iso2**: ang
- **iso3**: ang
- **iso6**: ango
- **glotto**: olde1238
- **glottorefname**: Old English
- **dia1**: Kentish Old English, Kentish
- **dia2**: Mercian dialect, Mercian
- **dia3**: Northumbrian Old English, Northumbrian
- **dia4**: West Saxon dialect, West Saxon
- **notice**: IPA
- **ethnicity**: Anglo Saxons
Scottish people

**Scottish people** or **Scots** are people native to Scotland or who are descended from a native of Scotland.  They almost all speak Scottish English, but some of those living in the Lowlands and the islands may speak the Scots (a Anglic language) as well.

Robert Burns is the national poet of Scotland.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Scots
- **population**: **Circa, c. 28–40 million** worldwide
- **regions**: <div style="line-height:1.3em;">4,446,000 (2011)
<small>(Scottish descent only)</small></div>
- **pop1**: 6,006,955 Scottish
5,393,554 Scotch-Irish American, Scotch-Irish
- **pop2**: 4,719,850
- **pop3**: 1,792,600
- **pop4**: 795,000
- **region5**: Northern Ireland
- **pop5**: 760,620
- **pop6**: 100,000
- **pop7**: 80,000
- **pop8**: 45,000
- **pop9**: 15,000
- **pop10**: 12,792
- **pop11**: 2,403
- **pop12**: 1,459
- **languages**: English language, English (Scottish English)
 Scottish Gaelic Scots
- **religions**: Presbyterianism, Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Scottish Episcopal Church, Episcopalianism; other minority groups; agnostics, deists and atheists.
- **footnotes**: These figures are estimates based on official
census data of populations and official surveys of
identity.
 Scottish Americans and Scotch-Irish Americans.
 Scottish Canadians.
 Scottish born people in England only
 Ulster Scots people, Ulster-Scots
  <span style="color: #ff0000"> missing</span>
  Number of people born in Scotland.