juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Vanessa (name)

The name **Vanessa** is a popular female name. Vanessa is a charming and trendy moniker for female infants, with a fascinating backstory and significant connotations, rendering it an ideal option for parents who desire a name that is exclusive and significant. The term Vanessa comes from Greek roots, translating to "butterfly." Its usage as a given name began in the 18th century, when Irish writer Jonathan Swift fashioned it as a pen name for his associate Esther Vanhomrigh. The name gained traction in the 20th century and has endured as a widely favored choice for baby girls. It was created around 1708. The name was the 71st most popular female name for girls in the United States for 2007. It first appeared across the Top 1000 female names in the United States around 1950. This name was ranked #253 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Vanessa Williams, American actress, singer and former Miss America
- Vanessa Hudgens, American actress and singer
Rachel (Hebrew Bible)

**Rachel** is a person in the Book of Genesis. She is the daughter of Laban, and a wife of Jacob. She is the mother of Joseph and Benjamin.
Valerie

The name **Valerie** [ **val**-_uh_-ree ] is an almost all-girl given name. Valerie is a name that has been well-liked for many years due to its pleasing sound. Its origins can be traced back to the Latin language, where it comes from the word "valere," meaning "to be strong." This name has been adopted in different cultures and languages, including French, English, and German, and it has an interesting and varied history. The name was taken from the French _Valérie_ and from the Latin **Valeria**. The name is extremely popular in several countries and United States. This name was ranked #153 on the US Popular Names in 2021. There are many celebrities by the name, including Valerie Harper, Valerie Perrine and the feminist Valerie Solanas. There are a lot of songs named as "Valerie". This name is being used on List Four of Atlantic Hurricane Names List.

## People

- Valerie Bertinelli, American actress
- Valerie Harper, American actress (1939-2019)
- Valerie Van Ost, British actress (1944-2019)
- Valerie Jarrett, American businesswoman and a former government official
Kamov Ka-60 Kasatka

The **Kamov Ka-60 Kasatka** is a Russian light helicopter. It was designed and built to replace the Mil Mi-8. Its first flight was in December 1998. It is used by the Russian Air Force. **Kasatka** is the Russian word for Killer Whale.

## Bibliography

- Jackson, Robert, _Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft_ (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
- Gaillard, Pierre, _Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui_ Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .

## Other websites

- Information on the KA-62 on kahelicopter.com
Hainan

**Hainan** is the smallest and southernmost province of the People's Republic of China. The name "Hainan" also refers to **Hainan Island**, the main island of the province. The capital of the province is Haikou. Hainan is known for its tropical climate.
Mexico City Cathedral

The **Metropolitan Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary of Mexico City** or the **Mexico City Cathedral** is a cathedral in Mexico City. It is one of the oldest and largest cathedrals in the Americas. The cathedral was built from 1573 to 1813 around the original church. The original church was built soon after the Spanish conquest of Tenochtitlán. The new cathedral eventually replaced the church entirely.
Jacuzzi

**Jacuzzi** is an American company. It makes whirlpool bathtubs and hot-tub spas. Its first product was a bath with massaging jets.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Jacuzzi Inc.
- **logo**: Jacuzzi logo.svg
- **type**: Private
- **foundation**: 1915
- **founder**: Rachele, Valeriano, Joseph, Francesco, Gelindo, Giocondo, Candido Jacuzzi
- **location**: Chino Hills, CA
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **industry**: Plumbing manufacturing
- **products**: mattresses, hot tubs, bath tubs, showers, toilets, sinks and accessories
- **num employees**: 4,907
- **owner**: Apollo Management
- **subsid**: Sundance Spas, ThermoSpas
- **homepage**: [http://www.jacuzzi.com/ Jacuzzi.com]
The Golden Palace

***The Golden Palace*** is an American sitcom. It is a spin-off of the sitcom _The Golden Girls_. It was shot from 1992-1993. They have as help the receptionist Roland Wilson (Don Cheadle) and the cook Chuy Castillos (Cheech Marin). Sometimes the young Oliver (Billy L. Sullivan) appears.

## Characters

- **Rose Nylund** (Betty White)
- **Blanche Devereaux** (Rue McClanahan)
- **Sophia Petrillo Weinstock** (Estelle Getty)
- **Roland Wilson** (Don Cheadle) is the hotel manager.
- **Chuy Castillos** (Cheech Marin) is the cook.
- **Oliver Webb** (Billy L. Sullivan)

## Background

- Bea Arthur didn't play in this series.
- They shot only 24 episodes. Many people said that without Bea Arthur, the series would be unsuccessful.
Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma Mk-2

The **Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma Mk-2** is a medium helicopter designed and built in France by Eurocopter. It's a modernized variant of the Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma. Originally civilian, it's also a military helicopter, used for transport, search and rescue, and support. Maiden flight in 2000, it's in production in 2013. Some are used by French Navy as replacement of formers Super Frelon.
Nia Vardalos

**Antonia Eugenia "Nia" Vardalos** (born September 24, 1962) is a Canadian actress and screenwriter. She has performed in several movies. She starred in comedies _My Big Fat Greek Wedding_ in 2002, and _Connie and Carla_ in 2004. She later began acting in more independent movies. She starred in My Big Fat Greek Life and _My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2_.

Vardalos was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Her parents are Greeks. She got United States citizenship in 1999.
Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma

The **Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma** is a civilian and military helicopter built by French and German company Eurocopter. It is an enlarged variant of the Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma. It is used principally for transport and search and rescue, but some are used for water bombing, special forces support, and VIP & VVIP liaisons. Some are used by police aviation, coast guards, and customs. All are built in Marignane factory, but a production licence was sold to Indonesia. In this last kind **Super Puma** are known as **NAS-332**.

### Civilians

Civilians **Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma** flies or flown in Azerbaijan, Brazil, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, Morocco, UK, and USA.

### Militaries

Militaries **Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma** flies or flown in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Ecuador, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Iceland, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, UAE, and Venezuela.

## Related developments

Eurocopter AS-532 Cougar is a military variant, and EC225 Super Puma Mk-2 is a modernized variant.

## Bibliography

- Jackson, Robert, _Helicopters: Military, Civilian, and Rescue Rotorcraft_ (The Aviation Factfile).  London: Grange Books Ltd, 2005. .
- Gaillard, Pierre, _Avions et hélicoptères militaires d'aujourd'hui_ Paris, France : Larivière éditions, 1999.  .
- Frawley, Gerard, _The international directory of military aircraft 2002/2003_ .  London: Aerospace Publication, 2002. .

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma
- **image**: File:Nepal_Royal_VVIP_Flight_Aerospatiale_AS-332L1_Super_Puma_Watt.jpg
- **caption**: Nepalese military **Eurocopter AS-332 Super Puma**.


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Transport Helicopter
- **national origin**: France & Germany
- **manufacturer**: Aérospatiale, and after Eurocopter.
- **first flight**: September 13th, 1978.
- **introduction**: 1980
- **status**: Active
Grob G.120

The **Grob G.120** is a German light training aircraft. It is used both by civilians and militaries. Some are used by the French Air Force, Canadian Forces Air Command, and Israel Air Force.
Room in Rome

***Room in Rome*** is a 2010 Spanish erotic romance and drama movie. This movie looks at seduction and lesbian romances. This movie was shot around Rome and Madrid. It was released in April 2010. It stars Elena Anaya and Natasha Yarovenko.

## Plot

Alba, a 30-something Spanish tourist in Rome, brings a younger Russian woman named Natasha to her hotel room. It's the last night of vacation in Rome. The details of how they met in a club are vague. Natasha at first refuses, and says she is straight. However, Alba keeps wanting to have sex with Natasha. Natasha keeps saying that she has never had sex with a woman.

Natasha and Alba get undressed and into bed, though Natasha is still nervous. Alba suggests they lay side by side and only casually touch each other's faces. They do that until Alba becomes so relaxed she falls asleep. Natasha quietly gets out of bed, gets dressed and leaves the room. She wonders what would have happened if she had given sex to Alba. But Natasha leaves one thing behind: her cell phone. It rings and wakes up Alba. Natasha returns to the hotel room and asks for her cell phone. But she does not want to enter the room again. However, Alba grabs Natasha and takes her back into the room. They get undressed once again and into bed. Natasha and Alba have sex for the first time.

Over the next ten hours, Natasha and Alba grow close to one another. Natasha becomes more relaxed around Alba about their love-making. The two women share stories of their past.

But eventually, the two women tell each other the truth. Natasha says that her real name is Dasha. She is also a professional tennis player on vacation. Alba then tells she is a mechanical engineer and inventor. She is in Rome on business. She also lives with a woman in Spain.

Alba tells Natasha that she is falling in love with her. Natasha, though, gets more defensive. She says her attraction to Alba is only from curiosity toward the same sex and not love.

The two women have sex one last time. Then, they decide to leave and return to their lives in Russia and Spain.

## Reception

The movie received mixed reviews. Jonathan Holland gave a mixed review. He liked the acting, though said director Julio Modem was more interested in his ideas than the people. The Rotten Tomatoes rated the movie at 50%.
Lancair 320

The **Lancair 320** is a light single-engine aircraft. It was designed in the United States, and was introduced in 1988. It is a home-built aircraft with two seats.
Stealing Beauty

***Stealing Beauty*** is a 1996 romantic drama movie. The story is about an American teenage girl who travels to a Tuscan countryside and whose mother has committed suicide. Liv Tyler plays Lucy Harmon. The reviews were mixed. This movie was released in late June 1996 in the United States.
The Mighty Ducks

***The Mighty Ducks*** is a 1992 sports comedy movie set in Minneapolis. It was directed by Stephen Herek. It stars Emilio Estevez. It was produced by Avent-Kerner Productions. _Mighty Ducks_ was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the first movie in _The Mighty Ducks_ movie series. In the United Kingdom and Australia, the movie was titled _Champions_. The home video release in the UK are titled _The Mighty Ducks Are the Champions_.

## Cast

- Emilio Estevez as Gordon Bombay
- Joss Ackland as Hans
- Lane Smith as Coach Jack Reilly
- Heidi Kling as Casey Conway
- Josef Sommer as Mr. Gerald Ducksworth
- Joshua Jackson as Charlie Conway
- Elden Henson as Fulton Reed
- Shaun Weiss as Greg Goldberg
- M. C. Gainey as Lewis
- Reid Allen as Jake
- Matt Doherty as Les Averman
- Brandon Adams as Jesse Hall
- J. D. Daniels as Peter Mark
- Aaron Schwartz as Dave Karp
- Garette Ratliff Henson as Guy Germaine
- Marguerite Moreau as Connie Moreau
- Danny Tamberelli as Tommy Duncan
- Jane Plank as Tammy Duncan
- Jussie Smollett as Terry Hall
- Vincent Larusso as Adam Banks
- Michael Ooms as McGill
- Casey Garven as Larson
- Hal Fort Atkinson III as Phillip Banks
- Basil McRae as Himself
- Mike Modano as Himself
- John Beasley as Mr. Hall
- Brock Pierce as Gordon Bombay - 10 years old
- Robert Pall as Gordon's Father
- John Paul Gamoke as Mr. Tolbert
- Steven Brill as Frank Huddy

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: The Mighty Ducks
- **director**: Stephen Herek
- **producer**: Jon Avnet
Jordan Kerner
- **writer**: Steven Brill (scriptwriter), Steven Brill
- **starring**: Emilio Estevez
Joss Ackland
Lane Smith
Heidi Kling
Josef Sommer
Joshua Jackson
Elden Henson
Shaun Weiss
- **music**: David Newman (composer), David Newman
- **cinematography**: Thomas Del Ruth
- **editing**: Larry Brock
John F. Link
- **studio**: Walt Disney Pictures
Avnet–Kerner Productions
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Buena Vista Pictures
- **runtime**: 100 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $10,000,000
- **gross**: $50,752,337 (domestic)
2013 in video games

This article lists video games that were released in the year 2013. These includes, _Batman: Arkham_, _Army of Two_, _BioShock_, _Call of Duty: Ghosts_, _Company of Heroes_, _Crysis_, _Dead Space_, _Devil May Cry_, _Final Fantasy_, _Fire Emblem_, _God of War_, _Dead Island_, _Grand Theft Auto_, _Killzone_, _Lost Planet_, _Pokémon_, _Sly Cooper_, _StarCraft_, _Tomb Raider_ and _Total War_. Also in 2013, PlayStation 4 from Sony Computer Entertainment and the Xbox One from Microsoft were released.

## Events

|Days|Event|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||February 20–22|style="text-align:left;"|Sony's eighth generation console PlayStation 4 (PS4) reveal held at New York City, New York.|
||March 22 – 24|style="text-align:left;"|PAX East 2013 held at the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center.|
||March 23–25|style="text-align:left;"|Midwest Gaming Classic held at the Sheraton Milwaukee Brookfield Hotel in Brookfield, Wisconsin.|
||March 25 – 29|style="text-align:left;"|Game Developers Conference 2013 held in San Francisco, California.|
||May 21–23|style="text-align:left;"|Microsoft's eighth generation console Xbox One reveal held at Microsoft Redmond Campus, Washington.|
||June 11 – 13|style="text-align:left;"|E3 2013 was held at the Los Angeles Convention Center.|
||June 22 – 23|style="text-alight:left;"|Rezzed 2013 is held at the NEC Birmingham.|
||July 18 - 21|style="text-alight:left;"|SDCC 2013 is held at the San Diego Convention Center.|
||July 19 – 22|style="text-alight:left;"|PAX Australia 2013 is held at the Melbourne Showgrounds.|
||August 1 – 4|QuakeCon 2013: The massive annual LAN party held in Dallas, Texas.||
||August 22 – 25|GamesCom 2013 is held in Cologne, Germany.||
||August 30 – September 2|style="text-align:left;"|PAX Prime 2013 held at the Washington State Convention Center in Seattle.|
||September 19 – 22|style="text-align:left;"|Tokyo Game Show 2013 at the Makuhari Messe in Tokyo.|
||September 26 – 29|style="text-align:left;"|Eurogamer Expo 2013 held in Earls Court, London.|
||October 3–6||Indiecade festival held in Culver City, California.|
||October 4 – 7|EB Games Expo 2013 held at the Sydney Showground in Sydney Olympic Park, New South Wales.||
Otto Pérez Molina

**Otto Fernando Pérez Molina** (born 1 December 1950) is a Guatemalan politician and retired military officer. He served as President of Guatemala from January 14, 2012 until his resignation on September 2, 2015.

Molina was born on 1 December 1950 in Guatemala City, Guatemala. He studied at School of the Americas and at the Inter-American Defense College. Molina has been married to Rosa Leal. They have two children.

## Other websites

- Otto Pérez Molina: Patriotic Party profile
- Biography by CIDOB  (in Spanish)
- US Government Glosses Over War Crime Accusations Against Leading Guatemalan Presidential Candidate
- Notorious Graduates (of the School of the Americas) from Guatemala
- Guatemalan Election Marred by Violence
- Guatemala: Six Months to Examine the Past and Define the Future
- Guatemala (1983 documentary): Parts 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Otto Pérez Molina
- **image**: Foto oficial de Presidente Otto Molina Perez (cropped 2).jpg
- **office**: 36th President of Guatemala
- **vicepresident**: Roxana Baldetti <small>(2012-2015)
</small>Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre <small>(2015)</small>
- **term start**: 14 January 2012
- **term end**: 3 September 2015
- **predecessor**: Álvaro Colom
- **successor**: Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre
- **birth place**: Guatemala City, Guatemala
- **party**: Patriotic Party (Guatemala), Patriotic Party
- **spouse**: Rosa Leal
- **children**: 2
- **alma mater**: Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, School of the Americas
Inter-American Defense College
- **rank**: Brigade General
- **branch**: Guatemalan Army
- **serviceyears**: 1966–2000
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2012
Big Brother 15 (American season)

***Big Brother 15*** is the fifthteenth season of the American reality television show, _Big Brother_. It began airing on CBS starting on June 26, 2013 on Sundays, Tuesdays and Wednesdays. It will continue to air on CBS until September 18, 2013. It is being called the "longest season to date" in _Big Brother_ history, lasting a total of 90 days. This season features sixteen HouseGuests.

The show's format remained the same from previous seasons of the show. A group of contestants, known as "HouseGuests", compete to win the series by voting each other off. They must be the last HouseGuest remaining. Each week, one HouseGuest, known as the Head of Household, must nominate two of their HouseGuests for eviction. The winner of the Power of Veto can remove one of the nominees from the block. The Head of Household must nominate another HouseGuest as a replacement. The HouseGuests then vote to evict one of them, the nominee with the most votes are removed from the show. When only two HouseGuests remain, the last seven evicted HouseGuests, known as the Jury of Seven, would decide which of them would win the $500,000 prize. A HouseGuest can be _expelled_ from the show for not following rules.
José Mujica

**José Alberto "Pepe" Mujica Cordano** (20 May 1935 – 13 May 2025) was an Uruguayan politician. He served as President of Uruguay from 2010 to 2015.

He won the 2009 presidential election and took office as President on 1 March 2010. He has been called "the world's 'poorest' president" because he donates around 90 percent of his $12,000 monthly salary to charities to help poor people and small entrepreneurs.

## Senate career

In the 1994 general elections, Mujica was elected deputy and in the elections of 1999 he was elected senator. In 1994 Mujica was chosen to be a deputy and then in 1999 he was chosen to be senator in the [general election] of Uruguay in that year. In 2004, Mujica's political party was very popular because of his charisma and simple living. In 2004 there were more elections and Mujica was chosen to be a senator again, this helped his political party and Tabaré Vázquez to be president.

## Minister of Livestock

On March 1, 2005, President Tabaré Vázquez made Mujica as the Minister of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries (Mujica's own professional background was in the agricultural sector).

Since becoming minister, Mujica resigned his position as senator. He held this position until a cabinet change in 2008, when he resigned and was replaced by Ernesto Agazzi. Mujica then returned to his seat in the Senate.

## Personal life

Mujica was born on 20 May 1935 in Montevideo, Uruguay. His parents were Demetrio Mujica, of Spanish Basque ancestry, and Lucy Cordano, of Italian descent.

In 2005, Mujica married senator Lucía Topolansky.

In April 2024, Mujica announced that he was diagnosed with esophageal cancer. He died at 89 on 13 May 2025 at his farmhouse in Rincón del Cerro, Uruguay from the disease.

## Other websites

- Biography by CIDOB Foundation
- Uruguay's President-Elect: Che Guevara’s Spiritual Heir  by _The Daily Maverick_

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: His Excellency
- **name**: José Mujica
- **image**: Pepemujica2.jpg
- **caption**: José Mujica in 2009
- **order**: List of Presidents of Uruguay, 40th
- **office**: President of Uruguay
- **vicepresident**: Danilo Astori
- **term start**: 1 March 2010
- **term end**: 1 March 2015
- **predecessor**: Tabaré Vázquez
- **successor**: Tabaré Vazquez
- **birth name**: José Alberto Mujica Cordano
- **birth place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **death place**: Montevideo, Uruguay
- **party**: Broad Front (Uruguay), Broad Front
- **spouse**: Lucía Topolansky
- **profession**: Farmer
- **signature**: Firmamujica.JPG
Belle Fourche River

The **Belle Fourche River** (prounced _bel FOOSH_) is a tributary of the Cheyenne River, about  long, in the U.S. states of Wyoming and South Dakota.  It is part of the Mississippi River watershed traveling through the Cheyenne and Missouri rivers.

The point at which the river flows out of Wyoming and into South Dakota is the lowest elevation point in the state of Wyoming at .  This is the second-highest low point of any U.S. state.
Old Bet

**Old Bet** (d. 1816) was a female African elephant. She was the second elephant in America. She was the first to be known by a name. She was about four years old when she arrived in Boston on 24 June 1804.  She was owned by Edward Savage and exhibited by him in 1805. He sold her to Hachaliah Bailey for a reported $10,000. Bailey sold her but bought her back.

He leased her to others for exhibition for the rest of her life. On 25 June 1812, she appeared with the Cayetano and Company circus in New York City and thus became the first elephant to be displayed in a circus in America. She was exhibited for years and earned a considerable amount of money.

Old Bet was shot and killed in Shapleigh, Maine, on 26 June 1816 by Daniel Davis, a farmer who claimed the elephant was taking dollars out of the local economy. Bailey raised a monument to Old Bet at his Elephant Hotel in Somers, New York. Her skeleton was displayed in New York City in 1817, and was later acquired by P. T. Barnum for his American Museum.

## References

- Ogden, Tom. 1993. _Two Hundred Years of the American Circus_. Facts On File, Inc.
Oscar Hammerstein II

**Oscar Hammerstein II** (July 12, 1895 – August 23, 1960) was an American writer. He was born in New York City. In the 1950s, he teamed with Richard Rodgers to write several successful musicals including _Oklahoma!_, _Carousel_, _South Pacific_, _The King and I_,  and _The Sound of Music_. He died of stomach cancer in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, a little while  after the opening of _The Sound of Music_.

## Awards

Hammerstein won the Academy Award for Best Original Song two times. The first was in 1941 for "The Last Time I Saw Paris" in _Lady Be Good_. The second was in 1945 for "It Might as Well Be Spring" in _State Fair._

In 1950, the team of Rodgers and Hammerstein received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York."

Hammerstein won eight Tony Awards. Six were for lyrics or book. Two were for producing the Best Musical (_South Pacific_ and _The Sound of Music_).

Rodgers and Hammerstein won a special Pulitzer Prize in 1944 for _Oklahoma!_ With Joshua Logan, they won the annual Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1950 for _South Pacific_.

Oscar Hammerstein was a member of the American Theater Hall of Fame.
French invasion of Russia

The **French Invasion of Russia** in 1812, also known as the **Russian Campaign** in France () and the **Patriotic War of 1812** in Russia (), was Napoleon I leading the French Empire to invade Russia. That was the turning point during the Napoleonic Wars, because it was the first major defeat for Napoleon.

It greatly reduced the French and allied invasion forces (the _Grande Armée_).  It started a major change in European politics by greatly weakened the French power over Europe. French allies, at first Prussia and then Austria, broke their alliance with France. They fought France instead, which started the War of the Sixth Coalition.

## Other websites

- History of the Expedition to Russia Undertaken by the Emperor Napoleon in the Year 1812, by the count de Ségur (Gutenberg Project ebook)
- Napoleon's Invasion of Russia 1812 + color maps
- Alternative version of Minard's map (using modern country boundaries)
- Alternative version of Minard's map (zoomed-out, to show area in relationship to the rest of Europe)
- French invasion of 1812, view from Russia
- Patriotic War of 1812, Moscow's Cathedral of Christ the Savior, 1-22
The Lawrence Welk Show

***The Lawrence Welk Show*** was an American televised musical variety show. It was hosted by big band leader Lawrence Welk with Norma Zimmer appearing as "the Champagne Lady".

The series aired locally in Los Angeles for four years, from 1951 to 1955, then nationally for another 16 years on ABC from 1955 to 1971, followed by 11 years in first-run syndication from 1971 to 1982.

## Other websites

- Lawrence Welk Music Arrangements database Provides access to some 10,000 music arrangements used on the _Lawrence Welk Show_, now preserved at North Dakota State University.
- Stars of the _Lawrence Welk Show_
- _The Lawrence Welk Show_ episodes  on Hulu (currently consisting only of 21 black-and-white episodes from prior to 1965)
Amanda

**Amanda** [ _uh_-**man**-d_uh_ ] is a female given name. It comes from Latin language. The name means "she who must be loved" or "worthy of love". The name _Amanda_ first appeared in 1212 in birth records from England. It was not until around the 1700s that the name became popular. This name became very popular in the United States starting in the 1930s. The name was especially popular in the United States starting in 1978 and ending in 1992. In 2009 the name was ranked at 166. Famous people with the name include Amanda Bynes, Amanda Seyfried and Amanda Blake. This name was ranked #475 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Amanda Barrie (born 1935), British actress
- Amanda Blake (1929–1989), American actress who played Miss Kitty on _Gunsmoke_
- Amanda Carter (born 1964), Australian wheelchair basketball player
- Amanda Crew (born 1986), Canadian actress
- Amanda Donohoe (born 1962), British actress
- Amanda Forsyth (born 1966), Canadian cellist
- Amanda Holden (born 1971), British actress
- Amanda Lang (born 1970), Canadian journalist and senior business correspondent for CBC News
- Amanda Marshall (born 1972), a Canadian singer and musician
- Amanda Vanstone (born 1952), former Australian politician, former ambassador to Italy

## Places

- Amanda Bay, Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica
- Amanda, Ohio

## Astronomy

- 725 Amanda, an asteroid

## Other

- Amanda (gastropod), a member of the nudibranch family Facelinidae
- Operation Amanda, a 1994 United Nations Protection Force mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Shirley

**Shirley** [ **shur**-lee ] is a female given name. Shirley is a name with a long and interesting history that spans many centuries. Its origins are English, and the name means either "bright meadow" or "clearing in the woods." Although Shirley is a unisex name, it is typically more popular among girls. This name was especially popular in the 1940s and 1950s. It is still common today. The name was used in the sitcom _Laverne & Shirley_ which was on television in the 1970s. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Shirley Temple, American actress, singer, dancer, and diplomat (1928–2014)
- Shirley MacLaine, American actress
- Shirley Knight, American actress (1936-2020)
- Shirley Manson, Scottish musician
- Shirley Jones, American singer and actress
Heidi (given name)

**Heidi** [ **hahy**-dee ] is a female given name. It became an extremely popular name after the novel _Heidi_ was introduced. The name comes from the name **Adelheid**, which means "nobility". The name began to be used in English because of the movie. Famous people with the name include Heidi Fleiss and Heidi Montag. A movie with Shirley Temple as the title character was released in 1937. This name was ranked #395 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

## People

- Heidi Klum Kaulitz, German model, television personality, and businesswoman
- Heidi Montag, American television personality
- Heidi Cruz, American investment manager at Goldman Sachs
- Heidi Janků, Czech singer
Jill

The name **Jill** is a female given name. The pronunciation of the name is [ jil ]. It comes from Latin. It means _sweetheart_ or _youthful_. The name is short form of **Jillian**, but it is now an independent name within its own right. Famous people with the name include: Jill St. John, Jill Clayburgh, Jill Bennett, Jill Eikenberry and Jill Biden. This name is also used in the _Jack and Jill_ nursery rhyme. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021).

## People

- Jill Biden , American educator and First Lady of the United States
- Jill Stein , American politician and physician
- Jill Gascoine, British actress and novelist (1937-2020)
- Jill Johnson, Swedish country and schlager singer
Brétigny-sur-Orge train crash

On 12 July 2013, a train crashed in Brétigny railway station, in Brétigny-sur-Orge. Bretigny is  from Paris in Île-de-France. The train was a service from Paris to Limoges. Six people are confirmed dead, 30 are injured, eight of them in a critical state. Of the six dead, two were killed in the railway station, two are from Limoges, and two from Étampes. 385 passengers were on board at the time of the crash. The crash occurred at 17:14 local time, 22 minutes after the train left Austerlitz station at 16:53. If the train had been on schedule, it would have arrived in Limoges at 20:05. The trains and platforms at Brétigny were very busy as it was the Friday before the Bastille Day holiday weekend.

The train was not supposed to stop at the station. According to the first reports, the train crashed at high speed and split in two pieces after the third and fourth cars derailed. The crash caused the back four carts to crash into the station platforms. The accident is the most serious rail crash that has happened in France since the 1988 Gare de Lyon rail accident in which 56 people were killed.

The French Land Transport Accident Investigation Bureau (BEA-TT) has announced a search into the accident. SNCF released its findings on 13 July. The company reported that the derailment seemed to have been caused by a track failure. According to SNCF, a steel fishplate connecting two rails had come loose  from the station at a set of points, and had become stuck in a track switch. The third and fourth carts came off track when their wheels went over the steel plate. When the problem with the switch became known, SNCF had people check the several thousand such switches on the network.

The track has been severely damaged on a length of about . Repairing the track means that the railway station will be closed for all traffic for several days. This also affects Gare d'Austerlitz in Paris, as most trains starting from there take this route.

Several people reported that the firefighters and rescuers were aggressed, when they arrived, and that stones were thown. Police had to be called to secure the area. The same report also speaks about a group of youngsters pillaging and stealing from the passengers of the train.  Jean-François Riffaud, the director of the Red Cross later declared, that the teams were able to work without being aggressed. On 13 July, a police source was quoted as saying that police forces had projectiles thrown at them, but that these were isolated cases, and that no stones had been used.
Jack plane

A **Jack plane** is the most commonly used general purpose plane. It is about  long.
The blade is slightly curved for quick removal of material on rough work. It is also used in oblique planning.
Lund Cathedral

**Lund Cathedral** () is the Lutheran cathedral in Lund, Scania, Sweden. It is the seat of the Bishop of Lund of the Church of Sweden.

## Infobox (church)

- **name**: Lund Cathedral
- **image**: Lund domkyrkan2007.jpg
- **location**: Lund
- **country**: Sweden
- **denomination**: Church of Sweden
- **previous denomination**: Roman Catholic
- **website**: [http://www.lundsdomkyrka.se/ Website of the Cathedral]
- **founded date**: 1080
- **consecrated date**: 1145
- **status**: Active
- **functional status**: Cathedral
- **diocese**: Diocese of Lund
- **bishop**: Johan Tyrberg
Biodegradation

**Biodegradation** is a chemical process in which materials are dissolved by bacteria or other biological elements. If a material is _biodegradable_, it means that it can be consumed by microorganisms and turned into compounds that are natural. It is an important process in ecology and waste management. Items that are biodegradable are considered environmentally friendly because they can turn back into elements found in nature.

Organic materials, such as those that come from plants and animals, can be degraded aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). Some artificial or inorganic materials can also be biodegraded. It is possible to identify specific microorganisms that are able to biodegrade these materials.

In nature, different materials biodegrade at different speeds. Most microorganisms that help biodegradation need light, heat, water and oxygen.

|scope="col" width="175"|Product|scope="col" width="175"|Time to biodegrade|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Apple core|1–2 months|||
|General paper|1–3 months|||
|Paper towel|2–4 weeks|||
|Cardboard box|2 months|||
|Cotton cloth|5 months|||
|Plastic coated milk carton|5 years|||
|Wax coated milk carton|3 months|||
|Tin cans|50–100 years|||
|Aluminium cans|150–200 years|||
|Glass bottles|Undetermined (forever)|||
|Plastic bags|10–20 years|||
|Soft plastic (bottle)|100 years|||
|Hard plastic (bottle cap)|400 years|||

## Related pages

- Compost
Albert

The name **Albert** [al-bert] is a masculine given name. It comes from the Germanic words _adal_ and _beraht_, meaning "bright" and "noble". The Spanish version of this name is **Alberto**. This name has been used for many famous people, including Albert Finney and scientist Albert Einstein. Albert has been a popular name for the past 100 years. This name was ranked #564 on the US Popular Names in 2021.

As _Alberto_, this name has been used for Atlantic cyclones every six years since 1982.

## People named Albert

- Albert I, Prince of Monaco (1848–1922), Prince of Monaco from September 10, 1889 to June 26, 1922
- Albert II, Prince of Monaco (1958–), the head of the House of Grimaldi and the current ruler of the Principality of Monaco
- Albert I of Belgium (1875–1934), the third King of the Belgians
- Albert II of Belgium (1934–), the current King of the Belgians
- Albert King, blues singer-guitarist
- Albert Fert, French physicist
- Albert Abraham Michelson,American physicist
- Albert Boixadera Xalabarder, Gymnast from East Timor

## Places

- Albert, Belize
- Albert, Kansas
- Albert, New South Wales, a town in Australia
- Albert County, New Brunswick

## Astronomy

- 719 Albert, Amor asteroid

## Movies

- albert, 2012 usa short film by Jamison Reeves
Genetically modified organism

A **genetically modified organism** (**GMO**) is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

Organisms that have been genetically modified include micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeast, insects, plants, fish, and mammals.  GMOs are the source of genetically modified foods, and are also widely used in scientific research and to produce goods other than food.

### 1972–1973

- Modern genetic engineering began in 1972 when United States Biochemists Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen used enzymes to cut a bacteria plasmid and insert another strand of DNA in the gap.  Both bits of DNA were from the same type of bacteria, but this milestone, the invention of recombinant DNA technology, offered a window into the previously impossible—the mixing of traits between totally dissimilar organisms.

### 1976–1977

- Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert developed a DNA sequencing method based on chemical modification of DNA and subsequent cleavage at specific bases.
Although Maxam and Gilbert published their chemical sequencing method two years after the ground-breaking paper of Sanger and Coulson on plus-minus sequencing, Maxam–Gilbert sequencing rapidly became more popular, since purified DNA could be used directly, while the initial Sanger method required that each read start be cloned for production of single-stranded DNA. However, with the improvement of the chain-termination method (see below), Maxam-Gilbert sequencing has fallen out of favour due to its technical complexity prohibiting its use in standard molecular biology kits, extensive use of hazardous chemicals, and difficulties with scale-up.

### 1991

- DNA Plant Technology receives approval from the US Department of Agriculture to field test its so-called "Fish tomato", but the plant is never successfully commercialized. The creation of a genetically modified plant, with a fish transgene designed for human consumption did not go down well with the public.

### 1994

- The first modern recombinant crop approved for sale in the U.S., in 1994, was the FlavrSavr tomato, which had a longer shelf life. However, higher costs and same bland flavor as conventional tomatoes led to it losing money and disappearing from the shelves.

### 1996

- In 1996 a developer submitted a data set to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for AquAdvantage Salmon.

### 2003

- The first genetically modified fish Glofish is introduced into the market in the U.S.

### 2004

The first genetically modified black, blue and red rose made in the lab.

### 2010

- Monsanto corporation through its Indian subsidiary Mahyco unsuccessfully attempted to introduce Bt brinjal, which was put on hold due to citizen organizing against approval for sale in the country.

- Amflora was approved for industrial applications in the European Union by the European Commission. Amflora is a genetically modified potato the result of two decades of research efforts. The Amflora potato is selected for its special starch properties used in paper making and adhesives.
Fortune Head

**Fortune Head** is a headland about  from the town of Fortune on the Burin Peninsula, southeastern Newfoundland.

A  thick section of rock along its cliffs is the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). It represents the boundary between the Precambrian era and the Cambrian period, 541 million years ago. Because of its accessibility (easy to get at) and many fossils, Fortune Head was selected in 1992 over similar rock sections in Siberia, Russia, and Meischucum, China.

## Ecological Reserve

Fortune Head was given full ecological reserve status in 1992 after its selection as the global stratotype. The reserve is  in size. The Fortune Head lighthouse also acts as a visitors center.

## Geology

The Burin Peninsula is part of the Avalon Zone of the Appalachian Orogen, a late Precambrian episode of mountain-building. The stratigraphy is not uniform throughout the region, however. The sediments were probably deposited in shoreline environments along the former Iapetus Ocean.

The global stratotype at Fortune Head is made up of sandstones, siltstones, and limestones. Some of these rocks have mud cracks and stromatolites, suggesting that deposition occurred in tidal or, at deepest, continental shelf environments.

## Fossils

The boundary between the Precambrian and Cambrian is marked by the presence of trace fossils of _Treptichnus pedum_, one of the earliest animals. _Treptichnus_ is known only by its distinctive burrow pattern, which can be seen at Fortune Head.

Fortune Head records the beginning of a period of increasing biological diversity known as the "Cambrian explosion". It has a number of other Cambrian and Precambrian fossils, including early shell fossils, vendotaenid algae, soft-bodied megafossils, and microfossils. Below _Treptichnus_, the stratotype at Fortune Head includes traces of the arthropod _Monomorphichnus_. More complex fossils appear later.

## Related pages

- Mistaken Point
- Ediacaran biota
- Lagerstätten
Chemical nomenclature

**Chemical nomenclature** is the system scientists use to name chemicals in a clear and organized way. It helps chemists talk about substances without confusion, no matter where they are in the world or what language they speak. This system includes rules for naming elements (like hydrogen or oxygen), compounds (like water or carbon dioxide), acids and bases, big molecules like plastics and proteins, and special groups like ions or isotopes. Using the same naming rules helps everyone understand exactly which substance is being discussed. It is very important in science classes, labs, medicine, industries, and safety rules.
The Monkey's Uncle

***The Monkey's Uncle*** is a 1965 Walt Disney movie. It is a family-oriented comedy. It was directed by Robert Stevenson. The movie is about a college kid, his chimpanzee, and a "flying machine".

It stars Tommy Kirk, Leon Ames, and Annette Funicello. It was the last Disney movie for Kirk and Funicello. Both would sign with American International Pictures for their teen "beach party" movies.
The Misadventures of Merlin Jones

***The Misadventures of Merlin Jones*** is a 1964 Disney movie starring Tommy Kirk, Leon Ames, and Annette Funicello. It is a family-oriented comedy about a high school boy who experiments with hypnosis and creates a mind-reading machine. It was directed by Robert Stevenson.

This movie was the next to last Disney movie for both Kirk and Funicello. They would make _The Monkey's Uncle_ for Disney in 1965 then sign with American International Pictures for their teen "beach party" movies.
The Absent-Minded Professor

***The Absent-Minded Professor*** is a 1961 Disney movie directed by Robert Stevenson. It stars Fred MacMurray, Leon Ames, Nancy Olsen, Keenan Wynn, and Tommy Kirk. It is a family-oriented comedy about a professor who invents "flubber", an anti-gravity substance.
Son of Flubber

***Son of Flubber*** is a 1963 Disney movie directed by Robert Stevenson. It stars Fred MacMurray, Nancy Olsen, Keenan Wynn, and Tommy Kirk. It is a science fiction, family-oriented comedy, and a sequel to Disney's 1961 comedy, _The Absent-Minded Professor_. _Flubber_ tells of the Professor's further experiments with his anti-gravity substance called "Flubber".
Savage Sam

***Savage Sam*** is a 1963 Walt Disney movie directed by Norman Tokar. It is based on a book of the same name by Fred Gipson. The movie is a sequel to Disney's _Old Yeller_. _Sam_ stars Kevin Corcoran, Tommy Kirk, and Brian Keith. The movie follows the adventures of Old Yeller's son, Sam, when the boys are captured by Apaches.
A Dog of Flanders (1999 movie)

***A Dog of Flanders*** is a 1999 movie directed by Kevin Brodie. It is based on a book by Ouida. The movie stars Jack Warden, Jeremy James Kissner, Jesse James, Jon Voight, and Cheryl Ladd. The movie is about a grandfather and his grandson who adopted an abused dog. The grandson wants to become a great painter.
Audrey

**Audrey** is a feminine given name of Old English origin. There are many versions of _Audrey_, including **Audie**, **Audra** and **Audrea**. In the 17th century, the word "tawdry", meaning "cheap and pretentious", came from the name _Saint Audrey_. That made use of _Audrey_ decline. However, in the 19th century, it was revived. It peaked during the interbellum period in the United States. It reached rank #41 for 2012.

Famous people named _Audrey_ include Audrey Hepburn, Audrey Meadows and Audrey Tautou. A hurricane with this name struck the southern United States in June 1957.

## People

- Audrey Assad (1983- ), American contemporary Christian musician
- Audrey Brown (1913–2005), British athlete
- Audrey Emerton (1935)
- Audrey Lawson-Johnston (1915- ), last survivor of the shipwreck Lusitania
- Audrey McLaughlin (1936- ), Canadian politician, former leader of the New Democratic Party
- Audrey Meaney (1931- ) British archaeologist
- Audrey de Montigny (1985- ), French-Canadian singer
- Audrey Richards (1899–1984), British anthropologist
- Audrey Terras (1942- ) American mathematician
- Audrey Williamson (1926- ), British athlete
- Audrey Hepburn, British actress and humanitarian (1929-1993)
- Audrey Tautou, French actress
- Audrey Wasilewski, American actress
- Audrey Long, American actress (1922-2014)

## Weather

- Hurricane Audrey, a 1957 hurricane that devastated Louisiana
Anita

The name **Anita** is a very common female given name. The pronunciation of the name is [ _uh_-**nee**-t_uh_ ]. In Spanish, the name is a version of **Ana**, the Spanish version of **Anne**. In Sanskrit, _Anita_ means "full of grace".  This is not a common name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). In 1977, a Hurricane Anita hit northeastern Mexico.

## People

- Anita Østby (born 1972), Norwegian Liberal Party politician
- Anita Barone (born 1964), American actress
- Anita Brodén (born 1948), Swedish Liberal People's Party politician
- Anita Caspary (1915–2011), American nun, founder of Immaculate Heart of Mary Community
- Anita Ekberg (born 1931), Swedish model and actress
- Anita Jönsson (born 1947), Swedish Social Democratic politician
- Anita Louise Suazo (born 1947), Native-American potter
- Anita Neville MP (born 1942), Canadian politician
- Anita Orlund (born 1964), Norwegian Labour Party politician
- Anita Romaniuk, Canadian politician
- Anita Stewart (born 1947), Canadian culinary writer and food activist
- Anita Lindman(1932-2018),Swedish television announcer and producer
- Anita Louise, American actress (1915–1970)
- Anita Baker, American singer-songwriter
- Anita Page, American actress (1910-2008)
- Anita Loos, American screenwriter, playwright, author, actress and television producer (1888-1981)
- Anita Tsoy, Russian singer

## Places

- Anita, California, community in Butte County, California
- Anita, Indiana, former town in Hensley Township, Johnson County, Indiana
- Anita, Iowa, city in Cass County, Iowa

## Weather

- Hurricane Anita, Atlantic hurricane in 1977
Hannah (given name)

The name **Hannah** [ **han**-_uh_ ] (or **Hanna**) is a feminine given name. In Hebrew, it means "gracious". As _Hannah_, this name was used by the Puritans in the 16th and 17th centuries. There are many celebrities who have the name. One fictional character with the name is Hannah Montana. _Hannah_ is very popular for girls. As _Hanna_, the name is now being used on tropical storms or hurricanes over the Atlantic Basin. This name was ranked #44 on the US Popular Female Names in 2021.

## People

- Hannah Montana, American television series
- Hannah Arendt, German-American philosopher and political theorist
- Hannah Murray, English actress
- Hannah Van Buren, wife of U.S. President Martin Van Buren
- Hannah Dodd, English actress
- Hannah Spencer, Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom
Irene

**Irene** is a given name for women. The pronunciation of the name is [ ahy-**ree**-nee _for 1_; ahy-**reen** _or, especially British_, ahy-**ree**-nee _for 2_ ]. It is Greek for "peace." Several saints are named Irene.  In 2005, in the United States, the name ranked at 590th most popular name for baby girls and fell to 632 the following year. Several Atlantic tropical storms or hurricanes were named Irene. Hurricane Irene in 2011 was very destructive to the East Coast of the United States, so _Irene_ was retired in spring of 2012.

## People

- Irene Hirano , American business executive
- Irene Rich, American actress

- Irene Cara, American singer and actress (1959–2022)
- Irene Papas, Greek actress and singer (1929–2022)
- Irene Natividad, American feminist, women's rights activist, corporate director and international advocate for women
- Irene Ryan, actress (1902-1973)
Ellen

**Ellen** is a female given name. The pronunciation of the name is [ **el**-_uh_n ].It can also be used for a middle name. In Greece, during ancient times, the name meant "sun-ray, lightness". During the mid 2000s, _Ellen_ ranked at 555 for the most popular female names in the United States. There are many celebrities by the name, including Ellen Barkin, Ellen DeGeneres and Ellen Pompeo. This name was used for an Atlantic hurricane in the 1970s.

## People

- Ellen DeGeneres , American comedian, actress, writer, and producer
- **Ellen** Axson Wilson , First Lady of the United States
- Ellen Johnson Sirleaf , 24th president of Liberia
- **Ellen** Burstyn, An American actress
- Ellen Rona Barkin, An American actress and a producer
- Ellen Pompeo, American actress
- Ellen Muth, American actress