juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Trust (law)

In law a **trust** is a relationship where property is held by one party for the benefit of another party. A trust is created by the owner, also called a "settlor", "trustor" or "grantor"  who transfers property to a trustee. The trustee holds that property for the trust's beneficiaries. Trusts exist mainly in common law jurisdictions. They have existed since Roman times.

## Basics of trusts

When an owner of property places that property into trust, he or she turns over part or all of his or her rights to the trustee. This separates the property's legal ownership and control from its settlor's ownership and benefits. This controls the property and its benefits if the settlor is absent, incapacitated, or dead. Trusts are frequently created in wills, defining how money and property will be handled for children or other beneficiaries.

The trustee is given legal title to the trust property, but has an obligation to act for the good of the beneficiaries. The benefits of the trust belong to the beneficiary. The trustee may be compensated and have expenses reimbursed. But the trustee must otherwise turn over all profits from the trust properties. Trustees who don't do this are self-dealing. Courts can reverse self dealing actions, order profits returned, and impose other sanctions.

The trustee may be either a individual, a company, or a public body. There may be a single trustee or multiple co-trustees. The trust is governed by the terms under which it was created. In most jurisdictions, this requires a contractual trust agreement or deed.

Advantages of a trust may include:
- Avoiding probate or court intervention with regard to a person's assets;
- Planning for future events that may affect property;
- Control of what happens to assets after death;
- Possible reduction of future tax liability;
- Keeping financial affairs confidential when they might otherwise have to be disclosed in probate court; and
- Planning for your own disability or incapacity, or providing support for a disabled family member.

## Testamentary trusts

Testamentary trusts transfer property into the trust after the death of the settlor. The trust allows the settlor to specify any conditions and may spread payments from the trust over a period of time. Testamentary trusts are not automatically created when the settlor dies but may be specified in will. Because a testamentary trust is created by a provision of a  will, it is necessary for the estate to go through probate.

## Living trusts

A living trust may be more complicated than a testamentary trust. Many people use a living trust to avoid probate, although even with a trust a deceased person's estate will often still include assets that must be probated. You also cannot use living trusts to name guardians for your children, but may designate a guardian in your will.

Living trusts may be used to manage property both during the settlor's lifetime and after death. If the settlor becomes incapacitated, disabled by an accident or illness, or is unavailable to manage the property the trustee may manage the property on behalf of the settlor in a manner consistent with the terms of the trust.
Toulouse Business School

**Toulouse Business School** is a European higher studies establishment. The school is in 5 places, in Paris and Toulouse, France, in the United Kingdom (London), in Spain (Barcelona) and in Morocco (Casablanca), where it is a university.  It is one of the oldest business schools in the world, established in 1903.  It presents itself as _"Think and Create"_.

TBS is well-known for its aviation management degrees in partnership with the French Civil Aviation University.

## Notable alumni

- Méziane Idjerouidène, President of Aigle Azur;
- Omar Kabbaj, advisor to King Mohammed VI of Morocco
- Renan Luce, singer and songwriter
- Laurent Morali (born 1975), French-born, US-based real estate developer
- Nicolas Todt, motorsport CEO.

## Other websites

- Toulouse Business School

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: Toulouse Business School
- **image**: Toulouse Business School Logo.svg
- **native name**: École Supérieure de Commerce de Toulouse
- **established**: 1903
- **city**: Toulouse
- **country**: France
- **faculty**: 210
- **students**: 5000
- **affiliations**: Conférence des grandes écoles, Toulouse Tech, University of Toulouse
John Bel Edwards

**John Bel Edwards** (born September 16, 1966) is an American attorney and Democratic Party politician. He was the Governor of Louisiana from 2016 to 2024. He was elected on November 21, 2015. He was a member of and the Minority Leader of the Louisiana House of Representatives, having represented the 72nd District from 2008 through 2016.

Edwards was born in Amite City, Louisiana. Many of his family members have been police officers, and in the 19th century they owned a lot of slaves. Edwards was an officer in the United States Army then a lawyer before he decided to run for governor.

## Other websites

- Edwards for Governor campaign site
- Louisiana House of Representatives - John Bel Edwards  _official government website_
- Election results

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: John Bel Edwards
- **order**: List of Governors of Louisiana, 56th Governor of Louisiana
- **lieutenant**: Billy Nungesser
- **term start**: January 11, 2016
- **term end**: January 8, 2024
- **predecessor**: Bobby Jindal
- **successor**: Jeff Landry
- **office1**: Minority Leader of the Louisiana House of Representatives
- **term start1**: January 9, 2012
- **term end1**: December 10, 2015
- **predecessor1**: Jane H. Smith, Jane Smith
- **successor1**: Gene Reynolds
- **state house2**: Louisiana
- **district2**: 72nd
- **term start2**: January 14, 2008
- **term end2**: December 10, 2015
- **predecessor2**: Robby Carter
- **successor2**: Robby Carter
- **birth place**: Amite City, Louisiana, Amite, Louisiana, United States, U.S.
- **party**: Democratic Party (United States), Democratic
- **spouse**: Donna Hutto
- **alma mater**: United States Military Academy, U.S. Military Academy
Paul M. Hebert Law Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge
- **serviceyears**: 1988–1996
- **unit**: 25th Infantry Division (United States), 25th Infantry Division
82nd Airborne Division
Joseph Silverstein

**Joseph Silverstein** (March 21, 1932 – November 22, 2015) was an American violinist and conductor. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

In 1962, Silverstein became concertmaster of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, a job he held for 22 years. He was appointed assistant conductor in 1971. He was music director of the Utah Symphony from 1983 to 1998. He has served as a professor of violin at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia.

Silverstein died on November 21, 2015 in Boston, Massachusetts from a heart attack at the age of 83.

## Other websites

- Utah Symphony Orchestra history
- Portland Symphony Orchestra page on Silverstein
Linda Haglund

**Linda Haglund**   (15 June 1956 – 21 November 2015) was a Swedish Olympic sprinter. Her running career would take her to the 1972, 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics. Haglund had her best Olympic Games showing with a fourth place in the Moscow Games' 100 metres final.

Haglund died from complications of lung cancer on 21 November 2015, aged 59.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Linda Haglund
- **image**: Linda Haglund.jpg
- **caption**: Linda Haglund at Globen in Stockholm, 2013.
- **death place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **occupation**: Author, sportsperson, athlete
Bob Foster

**Robert Lloyd "Bob" Foster** (April 27, 1942 – November 21, 2015) was an American light heavyweight and heavyweight professional boxer.

## Early life

Foster was born in Borger, Texas. He was raised in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

## Career

He was known as "The Deputy Sheriff", Foster was one of the greatest light heavyweight champions in boxing history. He won the undisputed light heavyweight championship from Dick Tiger in 1968 via fourth round knockout, and went on to defend his crown fourteen times in total from 1968 to 1974. Foster challenged heavyweight kings Joe Frazier and Muhammad Ali during his career, but was knocked out by both fighters. He retired from professional boxing in 1978, at the age of 36.

## Death

Foster died on November 21, 2015 at a hospital in Albuquerque, New Mexico at the age of 73

## Other websites

- New Mexico Boxing, the Bob Foster story
Chester W. Nimitz

**Chester William Nimitz, Sr.** (; February 24, 1885February 20, 1966) was an American fleet admiral of the United States Navy. He played a major role in the naval history of World War II as Commander in Chief, United States Pacific Fleet (CinCPac), for U.S. naval forces and Commander in Chief, Pacific Ocean Areas (CinCPOA), for U.S. and Allied air, land, and sea forces during World War II.

Nimitz was born in Fredericksburg, Texas. He studied at the United States Naval Academy. Nimitz died in Yerba Buena Island, San Francisco, California from pneumonia caused by a stroke, aged 80.

## Related pages

- USS Nimitz (CVN-68)
- Guadalcanal Campaign
- Battle of Midway
- Battle of Okinawa

## Other websites

- National Museum of the Pacific War
- USS _Nimitz_ Association
- _Nimitz_-class Navy Ships  at Federation of American Scientists
- Nimitz State Historic Site  in Fredericksburg, Texas
- "The Navy‘s Part in the World War," (26 Nov 1945) . A speech by Nimitz from the Commonwealth Club of California Records at the Hoover Institution Archives.
Tower Commission

The **Tower Commission** was created on 26 November 1986 by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in response to the Iran Contra scandal. Reagan appointed Republican and former Senator John Tower of Texas, former Secretary of State Edmund Muskie, and former National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft.

The Commission's report, published on 26 February 1987, concluded that CIA Director William Casey, who supported the Iran-Contra arrangement, should have taken over the operation and made the President aware of the risks and notified Congress as legally required.

The Commission's work was continued by the Congressional Committees Investigating The Iran-Contra Affair, which were formed in January 1987 and published a report in November 1987; and by Independent Counsel Lawrence Walsh, appointed 1 December 1986 and publishing a final report in 1993.
Oskar Fischer

**Oskar Fischer** (19 March 1923 – 2 April 2020) was an East German politician. He was Minister of Foreign Affairs of the German Democratic Republic from 1975 to 1990. Fischer was the first member of the East German cabinet to visit Pope John Paul II at the Vatican in 1978. He was born in Aš, Czechoslovakia.

Fischer died on 2 April 2020 in Berlin, aged 97.
Allan MacEachen

**Allan Joseph MacEachen**, OC (July 6, 1921 – September 12, 2017) was a Canadian politician. He was born in Inverness, Nova Scotia. He was the first Deputy Prime Minister of Canada, serving from 1977 to 1979 and 1980 to 1984 during Pierre Trudeau tenure as prime minister. In 2008, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada.

MacEachen died on September 12, 2017 at the age of 96.

## Other websites

- Allan MacEachen
Dhawalagiri Zone

**Dhawalagiri** () was one of the fourteen administrative zones of Nepal. According to the 2001 census, it had a population of 556,191.

|District|Type|Headquarters|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Baglung|Hill|Baglung|
|Mustang|Mountain|Jomsom|
|Myagdi|Hill|Beni|
|Parbat|Hill|Kusma|

## Related pages

- Zones of Nepal
- Districts of Nepal
- Development Regions of Nepal

## Other websites

- Introduction of Western  regions of Nepal.
- About Dhawalagiri Zone and also it's locations.

## Infobox (zone)

- **name**: Dhaulagiri Zone
- **native name**: धौलागिरी अञ्चल
- **settlement type**: Zones of Nepal, Zone
- **image skyline**: Dhaulagiri I.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: Dhaulagiri Mountain Range
- **image map**: Dhawalagiri districts.png
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **map caption**: Dhaulagiri Zone
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Nepal
- **area total km2**: 8148
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population total**: 556191
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Nepal Time
- **utc offset**: +5:45
Trentino Volley

**Trentino Volley** is a professional volleyball team based in Trento, in northern Italy. It has played in the Italian Volleyball League without interruption since 2000. It has won the Italian Volleyball League (four times), the Italian Cup, the Italian Super Cup, the CEV Champions League (three consecutive times) and the FIVB Men's Club World Volleyball Championship (a record four consecutive times). In the 2010–11 season it won national, continental and world championships. It is the first and only team in volleyball history to have done that.
Culex

***Culex*** (also called the common house mosquito) is a genus of mosquitoes. It includes several species of mosquitoes that vector (carry and transmit) one or more important diseases between birds, humans and other animals. The diseases they vector include West Nile virus, as well as arbovirus and filariasis infections. A connection between Culex mosquitoes and malaria was first shown by Major Ronald Ross of the British Army. Ross received a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1902 for his work.
Eulerian path

**Eulerian path** is a notion from graph theory. A eulerian path in a graph is one that visits each edge of the graph once only. A **Eulerian circuit** or  **Eulerian cycle** is an Eulerian path which starts and ends on the same vertex.
Hohmann transfer orbit

In orbital mechanics, a **Hohmann transfer orbit** moves a spacecraft between orbiting heights. It is the most fuel-efficient method to do so, because the spacecraft is not trying to escape the planet's gravity, using an elliptical orbit for the transfer.

A ship using this would have to apply two velocities, one to enter the elliptical orbit, and one to enter the second orbit.

## Calculation

Assuming the mass of the spacecraft is much lower than that of the orbiting planet, the two velocities,  and , can be solved for as:where
- is the mass of the planet,

- is the universal gravitational constant, and

- and  are the initial and final distances from the center of the planet.

## Applications

- Satellites can be moved into their proper height using a Hohmann transfer orbit.
- A lunar transfer orbit (LTO) is used to reach the moon.
- The Interplanetary Transport Network uses more than one body and requires lower velocity changes, and thus less fuel.
Selwa Roosevelt

**Selwa Carmen Showker “Lucky” Roosevelt** (born January 13, 1929) is a retired-American civil servant. She served as Chief of Protocol of the United States for almost seven years from 1982 through 1989 during the Ronald Reagan presidency. She was married to, Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, Jr., the grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Selwa Roosevelt
- **image**: Selwa Roosevelt 2014.jpg
- **caption**: Selwa Roosevelt in 2014
- **birth place**: Kingsport, Tennessee
- **occupation**: Journalist
- **spouse**: Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt, Jr.
James W. Symington

**James Wadsworth Symington** (; born September 28, 1927) is an American attorney and politician. He served as four-term member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1969 to 1977, representing Missouri for the Democratic Party. His father was United States senator Stuart Symington. He was born in Rochester, New York.

## Other websites

- James W. Symington Papers (1964–1976) at the Western Historical Manuscript Collection, University of Missouri-St. Louis
Cavit Şadi Pehlivanoğlu

**Cavit Şadi Pehlivanoğlu** (1927 – 21 November 2015) was a Turkish statesman. He served as a legislator of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey for three terms between 1961 through 1996. He was the first as a member of Justice Party (Turkey) and then as the Vice President of Motherland Party (Turkey), that he founded together with President Turgut Özal and others.

Pehlivanoğlu died on November 21, 2015 in Ordu, Turkey from complications of pneumonia, aged 88.
Herbert Scarf

**Herbert Eli Scarf** (July 25, 1930 – November 15, 2015) was an American economist and professor emeritus of Economics at Yale University (2010-2015).

He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. He served as the president of the Econometric Society in 1983. He received both the Frederick Lanchester Award in 1973 and the John von Neumann Medal in 1983 from the Operations Research Society of America and was elected as a Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association in 1991.

Scarf was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Princeton University and at Temple University. Scarf died at his home in Sag Harbor, New York from heart failure, aged 85.

## Other websites

- Personal web site
- The works of Herbert Scarf
Yoram Tsafrir

**Yoram Tsafrir** (30 January 1938 in Kfar Azar – 23 November 2015) was an Israeli archaeologist. His research has included the Byzantine influence on ancient synagogues, demography of Palestine in the Byzantine period. He led excavations at Beit She'an, and at Rehoboth. He was Professor Emeritus in the University of Hebrew, University of Jerusalem, and in the Institute of Archaeology. He was a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.

Tsafrir died in a hospital in Jerusalem, Israel from a heart attack at the age of 77.
Litchfield, Maine

**Litchfield** is a town in Kennebec County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,586 at the 2020 census. Litchfield is included in the Augusta, Maine micropolitan area.

Litchfield was incorporated in 1795. It was originally known as Smithtown Plantation.

## Other websites

- Litchfield, Maine Official Website
- Historical Society of Litchfield, Maine
North Pole, Idaho

**North Pole** is a small unincorporated community in the U.S. state of Idaho.
Kostandin Shpataraku

**Kostandin Shpataraku** (flourished 1736–67) was an Albanian painter of 18th century.

## Early life

Kostandin Shpataraku was born in Valesh village in the Shpat region of Albania. The region is located in the southern highland of Elbasan, Albania, in today's Gjinar which was originally in the Ottoman Empire.

## Work

Shpataraku was a painter in the Orthodox tradition of icons and Byzantine church frescoes, active between 1736 and 1767. His works combine Byzantine tradition and Italian Renaissance influences.

## Death

Shpataraku was beheaded by the Ottomans in Elbasan. His family took his body and buried him in his village with his head apart from the rest of the body, so the Ottomans could not find his exact grave. A small chapel was built later to commemorate him. He is also commemorated as a saint by the locals, on September 21.

## Legacy

Many of his icons are in Ardenica Monastery, St. Jovan Vladimir's Church near Elbasan, Vithkuq, and in the "Museum of Medieval Art" in Korce. Many of his works belong to private collections.

## Other websites

- Kostandin Shpataraku links
Elastin

**Elastin** is part of connective tissue. It is an elastic protein which allows many tissues in the body to go back to their shape after stretching or contracting. Elastin helps skin return to its original position when handled. Elastin is also used in places where mechanical energy is stored.

Elastin is important in blood vessels because it helps blood to flow. It is common in large elastic blood vessels such as the aorta.  Elastin is also very important in the lungs, ligaments, the skin, the bladder, and elastic cartilage. It is present in all vertebrates above the jawless fish.

In humans, elastin is encoded by the _ELN_ gene.
Icterid

The **Icteridae** are a family of small to medium-sized New World songbirds. They are usually brightly colored. Most species have black as a main plumage color, often enlivened by yellow, orange or red. The family is extremely varied in size, shape, behavior and coloration.

This group includes the **New World blackbirds**, New World orioles, the bobolink, meadowlarks, grackles, cowbirds, oropendolas and caciques. They are only distantly related to the Old World common blackbird (which is a thrush) or the Old World orioles.

Icterids are unusual in songbirds because they have considerable sexual dimorphism. For example, the male great-tailed grackle is 60% heavier than the female. The smallest icterid species is the orchard oriole, in which the female averages 15 cm in length (6 in) and  in weight, while the largest is the Amazonian oropendola, the male of which measures  and weighs about . This variation in size is greater than usual in passerine families.

One unusual adaptation shared by the icterids is gaping, where the skull allows them to open their bills strongly rather than passively. This lets them force open gaps to get at hidden food.
Amanda Holden

**Amanda Holden** (born 16 February 1971) is an English television personality, actress, singer and presenter. She is best known as a judge on _Britain's Got Talent_ on ITV.

She played Mel in the TV series _Kiss Me Kate_. She also played Geraldine Titley in the TV comedy-drama series _The Grimleys_. Furthermore, Holden appeared in _Smack the Pony_, _EastEnders_, _Celeb_, _Hearts and Bones_ and _Cutting It_.

Holden was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England.

## Other websites

- Biography by Amanda Holden

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Amanda Holden
- **image**: Amanda Holden 2014 London.jpg
- **caption**: At Collars & Coats Gala Ball at Battersea Evolution, October 2014.
- **birth name**: Amanda Louise Holden
- **birth place**: Portsmouth, Hampshire, England
- **occupation**: Actress, presenter, singer
- **years active**: 1991–present
- **spouse**: Les Dennis <small>(m. 1995–2003)</small>
Chris Hughes <small>(m. 2008)</small>
- **parents**: Frank Holden
Judith Holden (née Harrison)
- **nationality**: United Kingdom, British
- **agent**: [http://www.troikatalent.com/#/melanie-rockcliffe-and-dylan-hearn/amanda-holden/ Troika Talent]
- **television**: _Wild at Heart (TV series), Wild at Heart_
_Britain's Got Talent_
_The Sun Military Awards, A Night of Heroes_
_The Door (TV series), The Door_
_Superstar (UK TV series), Superstar_
_This Morning (TV programme), This Morning_
_Give a Pet a Home_
_Text Santa_
- **education**: Swanmore College
- **relatives**: Jan Holden <small>(Great Aunt)</small>
- **children**: Alexa Hughes
Hollie Hughes
- **website**: [http://www.officialamandaholden.com/ Official website]
Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)

***Thoroughly Modern Millie*** is a 2002 musical, with lyrics by Dick Scanlan and music by Jeanine Tesori. It is based on the 1967 movie of the same name. It is about a girl from Kansas, Millie Dillmount, who comes to New York City in the 1920s to marry for money rather than love. Soon, Millie begins to take the delight flapper lifestyle. However, problems arise when she checks into a hotel owned by the leader of a white slavery ring in China.

Thoroughly Modern Millie is a pastiche musical, imitating the style of the original movie. It won a 2002 Tony Award for the best musical. It played in London and New York City.
Looking Back (Stevie Wonder album)

***Looking Back***, and also called ***Anthology***, is a triple LP anthology by American musician Stevie Wonder. It was released on November 30, 1977 on Motown Records.

## Album packaging

Since its release as a 12-inch triple LP, it has not been made available on a CD or download. It is considered to be a limited edition. The album has 40 songs from Wonder's early period (1962 - 1971).

### Side one

1. "Thank You (For Loving Me All the Way)" - (2:30)
1. "Contract on Love" - (2:02)
1. "Fingertips - Part 2" - (2:52)
1. "Workout Stevie, Workout" - (2:40)
1. "Castles in the Sand" - (2:10)
1. "Hey Harmonica Man" - (2:35)
1. "High Heel Sneakers" - (2:58)

### Side two

1. "Uptight (Everything's Alright)" - (2:53)
1. "Nothing's Too Good for My Baby" - (2:38)
1. "Blowin' in the Wind" - (3:45)
1. "Ain't That Asking for Trouble" - (2:47)
1. "I'd Cry" - (2:22)
1. "A Place in the Sun" - (2:52)
1. "Sylvia" - (2:33)

### Side three

1. "Down to Earth" - (2:48)
1. "Thank You Love" - (2:50)
1. "Hey Love" - (2:44)
1. "Travelin' Man" - (2:54)
1. "Until You Come Back to Me (That's What I'm Gonna Do)" - (3:06)
1. "I Was Made to Love Her" - (2:35)
1. "I'm Wondering" - (2:52)

### Side four

1. "Shoo-Be-Doo-Be-Doo-Da-Day" - (2:44)
1. "You Met Your Match" - (2:36)
1. "I'd Be a Fool Right Now" (New 1977 mix) - (2:53)
1. "Alfie" - (2:58)
1. "More Than a Dream" - (3:20)
1. "For Once in My Life" - (2:16)

### Side five

1. "Angie Girl" - (2:56)
1. "My Cherie Amour" - (2:54)
1. "I Don't Know Why (I Love You)" - (2:43)
1. "If I Ruled The World" - (3:31)
1. "Yester-Me, Yester-You, Yesterday" - (2:57)
1. "Never Had a Dream Come True" - (2:59)
1. "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" - (2:46)

### Side six

1. "Heaven Help Us All" - (2:59)
1. "I Gotta Have a Song" - (2:32)
1. "Never Dreamed You'd Leave in Summer" - (2:56)
1. "If You Really Love Me" - (2:53)
1. "Something Out of the Blue" - (2:58)
1. "Do Yourself a Favor" - (5:58)

## Personnel

- Stevie Wonder - vocals, piano, harmonica, keyboards

### Production

|Producer|Side one|Side two|Side three|Side four|Side five|Side six|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Henry Cosby||1, 2, 4, 5, 7|1, 2, 6, 7|1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6|1, 2, 4, 6||
|Clarence Paul|1, 4|3, 4, 6|1, 2, 3, 4, 5||||
|Stevie Wonder||||2|3, 7|2, 3, 4, 5, 6|
|William Stevenson|1|1, 2|||||
|Hal Davis|5, 6||||||
|Berry Gordy|3, 7||||||
|Ron Miller||||||1|
|Holland–Dozier|2||||||
|Johnny Bristol|||||5||

## Charts

|Title|Information|
| --- | --- |
|_Looking Back_|*US Pop Albums (1977) #34 *US Top R&B Albums #15|
|"Castles in the Sand"|*US Pop Singles #52 *US Black Singles #52|
|"Nothing's Too Good for My Baby"|*US Pop Singles #20 *US Black Singles #4|

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Looking Back
- **type**: compilation
- **artist**: Stevie Wonder
- **released**: November 30, 1977
- **recorded**: 1962–71
- **length**: 103:57
- **label**: Motown Records, Motown
- **prev title**: Songs in the Key of Life
(1976)
- **next title**: Stevie Wonder's Journey through the Secret Life of Plants, Journey through the Secret Life of Plants
(1979)
Stevie Wonder's Journey through the Secret Life of Plants

***Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"*** is an album by Stevie Wonder, originally released on the Tamla label on October 30, 1979. It was also the soundtrack to the documentary _The Secret Life of Plants_, directed by Walon Green.

## Reviews

_Stevie Wonder's Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"_' received mixed reviews from critics.

## Track listing

_All songs written, produced and arranged by Stevie Wonder, except where noted._

- Side one
1. "Earth's Creation" – 4:06 (Instrumental)
1. "The First Garden" – 2:32 (Instrumental)
1. "Voyage to India" – 6:29 (Instrumental)
1. "Same Old Story" – 3:44
1. "Venus' Flytrap and the Bug" – 2:25
1. "Ai No, Sono" – 2:06

- Side two
1. "Seasons" – 2:53 (Instrumental)
1. "Power Flower" – 5:29
    - Lyrics by Michael Sembello.
1. "Send One Your Love (Music)" – 3:05 (Instrumental)
1. "Race Babbling" – 8:51

- Side three
1. "Send One Your Love" – 4:01
1. "Outside My Window" – 5:29
1. "Black Orchid" – 3:47 (Wonder, Yvonne Wright)
1. "Ecclesiastes" – 3:42 (Instrumental)
1. "Kesse Ye Lolo De Ye" – 3:03
1. "Come Back as a Flower" – 4:59
    - _Lead vocals and lyrics by Syreeta Wright._

- Side four
1. "A Seed's a Star/Tree Medley" – 5:53
1. "The Secret Life of Plants" – 4:16
1. "Tree" – 5:47 (Instrumental)
1. "Finale" – 7:01 (Instrumental)

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Journey Through "The Secret Life of Plants"
- **type**: Soundtrack
- **artist**: Stevie Wonder
- **released**: October 30, 1979
- **recorded**: February–April 1979
- **studio**: I.A.M. Studios, Irvine, CA (International Automated Media); Crystal Recording Studio, Hollywood, CA; Lyon Recording Studio, Newport Beach, CA; Sigma Sound Studios, Philadelphia, PA; Motown Recording Studios, Hollywood, CA; Studio in the Country, Studio In The Country, Bogalusa, Louisiana, Bogalusa, Louisiana, LA
- **length**: 90:05
- **label**: Motown, Tamla
- **producer**: Stevie Wonder
- **prev title**: Looking Back (Stevie Wonder album), Looking Back - Anthology
 (1977)
- **next title**: Hotter Than July
 (1980)
Mýa (album)

***Mýa*** is the self-titled debut studio album by American recording artist Mýa. It was her first studio album for then-record label Interscope Records released April 21, 1998. When the album was released Mýa was a teenager.

## Reviews

_Mýa_ received mixed reviews when it was released.

### Year-end charts

|Year|Chart|Rank|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|1998|_Billboard_ 200|style="text-align:center;"|87|
|Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums|style="text-align:center;"|43|||
|1999|_Billboard_ 200|style="text-align:center;"|200||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Mýa
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Mýa
- **recorded**: 1996–1998
- **length**: 57:24
- **label**: Interscope Records, Interscope
- **next title**: Fear of Flying (album), Fear of Flying
- **next year**: 2000
Moodring

***Moodring*** is the third studio album by American recording artist Mýa. It was her last studio album for then joint record label A&M and Interscope Records, released on July 22, 2003.

## Reviews

_Moodring_ received generally positive reviews from music critics.

### Weekly charts

|style="text-align:center;"|Chart (2003)|style="text-align:center;"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|Australian Albums (ARIA)|style="text-align:center;"|74|
|align="left"|Canadian Albums (Jam! Canoe)|style="text-align:center;"|25|
|align="left"|Japanese Albums (Oricon)|style="text-align:center;"|53|
|align="left"|UK Albums (OCC)|style="text-align:center;"|198|

### Year-end charts

|style="text-align:center;"|Chart (2003)|style="text-align:center;"|Rank position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|align="left"|US _Billboard_ 200|style="text-align:center;"|157|
|align="left"|US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (_Billboard_)|style="text-align:center;"|86|

## Release history

|style="width:160px;"|Region|style="width:140px;"|Date|Label|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Japan|June 26, 2003|rowspan="7"|Interscope||
|United Kingdom|July 21, 2003||||
|United States|July 22, 2003||||
|Australia|August 28, 2003||||
|Germany|September 8, 2003||||
|Austria|rowspan="2"|October 29, 2003|||
|Switzerland|||||

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Moodring
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Mýa
- **recorded**: 2001–03
- **prev title**: Fear of Flying (album), Fear of Flying
- **prev year**: 2000
- **next title**: Liberation (Mýa album), Liberation
- **next year**: 2007
Varduhi Varderesyan

**Varduhi Varderesyan** (; 19 March 1928 – 24 November, 2015) was an Romanian-born Armenian actress. She was born in Bucharest, Romania. In 2002 she was declared an honorary citizen of Yerevan. She was known for her roles in _Looking for the Addressee_, _Northern Rainbow_, _Hayrik_, and in _The Journey_.

Varderesyan died in Yerenvan, Armenia at the age of 87.

## Other websites

- IMDB profile
- Persons.am
- Biography and photos of Varduhi Varderesyan
- Facebook.com
Manmeet Bhullar

**Manmeet Singh Bhullar** (March 1, 1980 – November 23, 2015) was a Canadian politician. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta who represented the constituency of Calgary-Greenway as a Progressive Conservative.  He served as a cabinet minister from 2011 until the defeat of the Progressive Conservative government in 2015.

Bhullar became the first turbaned Sikh to hold a ministerial position after he was appointed to Cabinet as Minister of Service Alberta on October 12, 2011.

Bhullar died in a motor vehicle collision north of Red Deer, Alberta while driving from Calgary to Edmonton on the Queen Elizabeth II highway, on November 23, 2015 at the age of 35. Bhullar had stopped to assist a driver involved in a collision and sustained fatal injuries after he was struck by a semi truck that had lost control descending a hill.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **image**: File:MLABhullar.png
- **imagesize**: 150px
- **name**: Manmeet Bhullar
ਮਨਮੀਤ ਭੁੱਲਰ
- **birth date**: March 1, 1980
- **birth name**: Manmeet Singh Bhullar
- **birth place**: Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- **alma mater**: University of Windsor
- **death place**: Red Deer County, Alberta, Canada
- **residence**: Calgary
- **office**: Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta for Calgary-Greenway
- **term start**: March 3, 2008
- **term end**: November 23, 2015
- **predecessor**: Hung Pham
- **successor**: Prabhdeep Gill
- **party**: Progressive Conservative Association of Alberta, Progressive Conservative
- **profession**: Lawyer
- **office1**: Minister of Human Services
- **term start1**: December 13, 2013
- **term end1**: May 24, 2015
- **predecessor1**: Dave Hancock
- **successor1**: Irfan Sabir
- **office2**: Minister of Service Alberta
- **term start2**: October 12, 2011
- **term end2**: December 13, 2013
- **predecessor2**: Heather Klimchuk
- **successor2**: Doug Griffiths
Ann Njogu

**Ann Njogu** is a lawyer and activist from Kenya. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Work

Njogu is the director of the Centre for Rights Education and Awareness.  The center made a record of violence based on gender after the December 2007 Kenyan elections. Njogu was also a leader in the Multi-Sectoral Committee on Constitutional Reform, the Joint Dialogue Forum on Constitutional Reform, and a delegate to the Bomas National Conference on Constitutional Reforms. These groups worked for better government.

### The 2006 Sexual Offenses Act

Njogu helped write the law for Kenya’s Sexual Offenses Act.  This act became law in 2006.

This law protects women from sexual and gender based violence.  It helps abused women to find justice  Njogu also gave counseling and support to the victims of sexual and gender-based violence.  Njogu started centers to give information, legal aid, counseling and psychosocial support to women.  The centers are all over the country.  The first center was in Kibera slum.

### Arrests

In 2007, Njogu wanted a review of the salaries of the members of parliament.  Kenya is very poor, but the members of parliament received a lot of money.  The police attacked Njogu and took her to jail.   Njoogu and the others who were arrested filed a Constitutional reference.  It was called "Ann Njogu and others versus the State." It said the police could not keep a Kenyan citizen in jail for more than 24 hours.

In 2008, Njokgu helped to start the Civil Society Congress.  This group worked for better government after the 2007 Kenyan election.  In 2008 Njogu said there might be corrupttion in the sale of the Grand Regency Hotel.  The police arrested Njokgu and they beat her.

## Awards

Njogu received a 2010 International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

## Other websites

- The Centre for Rights, Education and Awareness (CREAW)

## Related pages

- 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr 
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Lee Ae-ran

**Lee Ae-ran** (Hangul = 이애란; Revised Romanization = I Aeran; McCune–Reischauer = Ri Aeran) (born 1964) is a South Korean activist. In 2010 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

## Life

Lee's grandparents left North Korea to go to South Korea. The government of North Korea sent Lee and her family to a labor camp. She was in jail for eight years. In 1997, a family member in America wrote a book.  The book said Lee's father worked against North Korea, so Lee ran away to South Korea.

Lee studied the subject of food and nutrition at Ewha Womans University.  In 2009, she received a PhD.

## Work

In 2005, Lee started the Global Leadership Scholarship Program.  The program gives scholarships to students from North Korea to learn English.

In 2008, Lee ran for a seat in the National Assembly.  She was the first North Korean defector to do this.

In 2009, Lee started the Hana Defector Women's Organization.  The NGO helps North Korean women who live in South Korea.  The women receive job training, childcare, help with education, and human rights training.

Lee became the head of the North Korean Traditional Food Institute in 2012.  The institute tries to bring North and South Korea closer together.  It gives vocational training to North Korean defectors.  It also teaches about the food traditions of Pyongyang.

Also in 2012, Lee led an 18-day hunger strike in front of the Chinese embassy. Lee protested against China, because they wanted to send North Korean refugees back to North Korea.

## Awards

Lee received a 2010 International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

## Other websites

- 2010 International Women of Courage Awards, U.S. State Department photostream on Flickr
- Secretary's International Women of Courage Award (U.S. Department of State)
Chain mail

**Mail**, or **chain mail**, is a type of armour. It is made of small metal rings linked together in a pattern to form a mesh. The Celts are usually credited with inventing mail armour. Celtic mail was usually made in the form of a vest.

## Etymology

The origins* of the word "mail" are not fully known. One theory is that it originally comes from the Latin word _macula_, meaning "spot" or "opacity".  Another theory relates the word to the Old French "maillier", meaning “to hammer” (related to the modern English word "malleable"). A mail shirt is a called a hauberk (haubergeon or byrnie). Mail leggings were called chausses. A mail Hood is called a coif and covered the head, neck and shoulders.

Another possible source is Italian.  The word for jersey or sweater, and sometimes shirt, in modern Italian is _maglia_ or, in French, _maillot_.

## History

Many scholars think mail was invented by ancient Celts about the 3rd century BC. At that time their iron work was probably the best in Europe. The Romans quickly adopted it for their own army. A shirt of mail armour weighed about . After a battle it was common practice to strip weapons and armour from the dead. Vikings were known to wear mail armor whenever they could get their hands on it. Mail was expensive, time-consuming to make, and required a supply of iron. It became more expensive as improvements were made in materials and workmanship. Mail armour was in use in Europe until the 15th century.

## Modern uses

Mail is today used in gloves to prevent cuts by butchers and firefighters. Some divers wear mail suits when swimming around sharks and particularly when feeding sharks. But mail is heavy and it makes moving around more difficult. Mail is very popular with history reenactors. It is also popular in live action role playing.
Afar Triangle

The **Afar Triangle **(or **Afar Depression**) is a low area bordering on the Red Sea. It is part of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa. The area overlaps the borders of Eritrea, Djibouti and the entire Afar region of Ethiopia.

## Human fossils

Important fossil specimens of the earliest hominins, including Lucy, have been found in this area. These are the earliest of the human clade. The area is thought by some paleontologists to be the cradle of the evolution of humans.

Many important fossil localities exist in the Afar region. These sites have produced specimens of the earliest (fossil) hominins and of human tool culture, as well as many fossils of flora and fauna.

## Geography

The Triangle includes the lowest point in Africa, Lake Asal, Djibouti, at 155 m (or 509 ft) below sea level.

The Awash River is the main waterflow into the region. It runs dry during the annual dry season, and ends as a chain of saline lakes. The northern part of the Afar Depression is also known as the **Danakil Depression**. The lowlands are affected by heat, drought, and poor air circulation. Some of the lowlands are the hottest places (year-round average temperatures) of anywhere on Earth.

The Afar Triangle is bordered by high areas, as shown on the topographic map.

### Plate tectonics

The Depression is a plate tectonic triple junction. This geologic feature is one of earth's great active volcanic areas, so the floor of the depression is composed of lava, mostly basalt.

The continuous process of volcanism makes mineral deposits, like sulfur, salt, bentonite, and gypsum. There are also geothermal energy sources and hot springs in different areas of the region.

In 2005, a giant rift was formed in just a few days. The rift opened when the Dabbahu Volcano erupted. The rift is part of the process of the Arabian and African plates moving apart. This new crack,  long, and  deep, opened when the lava from the erupting volcano flowed underground and cooled. It left a  long,  wide dike within days.
Stabat mater

***Stabat Mater Dolorosa***, often referred to as ***Stabat Mater***, is a 13th-century Catholic hymn to Mary. It has been attributed to the Franciscan Jacopone da Todi and to Innocent III. It is about the Sorrows of Mary.

Like so many other hymns the name of the hymn is made of the first few words. This is called an incipit. The first line reads _Stabat mater dolorosa_ ("The sorrowful mother stood"). The _Stabat Mater_ hymn is about the suffering of Mary, Jesus Christ's mother, during his crucifixion. It is sung at the liturgy on the memorial of Our Lady of Sorrows. The _Stabat Mater_ has been set to music by many composers, among them Palestrina, Pergolesi, Alessandro Scarlatti and Domenico Scarlatti, Vivaldi, Haydn, Rossini, Dvořák, George Henschel, Karol Szymanowski, Poulenc and Arvo Pärt.

The hymn was very popular all across Europe, especially with the mendicant orders. Pope Benedict XIII finally extended it to the whole of the Roman Rite in 1727. The commemoration of Our Lady of Sorrows was eventually fixed to September 15, the day after the Exaltation of the Cross on September 14, where it is found in both the 1962 _Missale Romanum_ and the 1969 missal of Paul VI and its subsequent editions. There is also a different melody for the same text in the Roman Breviary: "In the Roman liturgical tradition, it is sung as a hymn in the Divine Office in one melody of the sixth Gregorian mode, and in another of the second mode as a Sequence at Mass, between the Alleluia and the Gospel."
Rhododendron niveum

***Rhododendron niveum*** is a _Rhododendron_ species. It is native to northeastern India (including Sikkim), Bhutan, and southern Tibet. It grows at altitudes of 2600–3500 meters.

It is a shrub or small tree that grows to 2–6 m in height, with leathery leaves 8.5–11 by 3.6–4.6 cm in size. Flowers are magenta to lilac.
Dan Fante

**Daniel Smart "Dan" Fante** (February 19, 1944 – November 23, 2015) was an American author and playwright. He was born in Los Angeles, California to a family of Italian immigrants.

He was known for his plays _Chump Change_, _Mooch_, _86'd_ and _Spitting Off Tall Buildings_. His father was writer John Fante. He was also the author of _A Gin-Pissing-Raw-Meat-Dual-Carburetor-V8-Son-Of-A-Bitch From Los Angeles_, a volume of poetry on Wrecking Ball Press.

Fante died of cancer in Los Angeles, aged 71.

## Other websites

- Official homepage
- Dan Fante: An American Writer (a documentary directed by Flavio Sciolé)
- New York Times review of Short Dog
- Interview of Dan Fante on NPR's Fresh Air with Terry Gross, September 29, 2009.
- Interview with Dan Fante by Ben Myers
- Interview with Dan Fante by Tony O'Neill
- Interview with Dan Fante by Rob Woodard
- Hand-written interview at ifpthendirt
- Interview with Dan Fante by Alex Kudera
Carlos Oroza

**Carlos Oroza** (May 13, 1923 – November 20, 2015) was a Spanish poet. He was born in Viveiro. He was known mainly for the interpretation and performance of his own work. He founded Tropos magazine, a magazine about poetry.

Oroza died of heart failure in Madrid, aged 92.

## Infobox (writer)

- **name**: _Carlos Oroza_
- **image**: Carlos Oroza.jpg
- **pseudonym**: _ 'The Wicked' _
- **birth date**: May 13, 1923
- **birth place**: Viveiro, Galicia (Spain), Galicia, Spain
- **death place**: Madrid, Spain
- **occupation**: Poet, performer
- **nationality**: Spain, Spanish
- **movement**: None
Heinz Oberhummer

**Heinz Oberhummer** (19 May 1941 – 24 November 2015) was an Austrian physicist and skeptic. He was born in Bischofshofen and raised in Obertauern, Austria. Oberhummer was professor emeritus of Theoretical Physics at the Atominstitut of the Vienna University of Technology. His main research area was nucleosynthesis.

Oberhummer died of pneumonia in Vienna, Austria, aged 74.

## Other websites

- Articles of Heinz Oberhummer in arxiv.org
- Kann das alles Zufall sein? - Geheimnisvolles Universum, Ecowin-Verlag, 2008; Award for "Best Popular Science Book in Austria 2009"
- Science Busters
- Cinema and Science (CISCI)
- Neue Erkenntnisse zur Entstehung der Grundlagen für Leben
Lennart Hellsing

**Paul Lennart Hellsing** (5 June 1919 – 25 November 2015) was a Swedish writer and translator. His lasting contribution as a children's writer, Helsing was a finalist in 2010 for the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award, the highest recognition available to creators of children's books. He was born in Västanfors, Sweden. He was known for his rhymes and word plays. He was thought to be an "outstanding poet" in the field of humour and nonsense writing.

Hellsing died at his home in Stockholm, Sweden of pneumonia on the night of 25 November 2015 surrounded by his family, aged 96.

## Other websites

- "2010". _Hans Christian Andersen Awards_. International Board on Books for Young People (IBBY). With contemporary material including the 2010 shortlist press release. Retrieved 23 March 2014.
James Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern

**James Peter Hymers Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern**,  (born 2 July 1927) is a British advocate.  He served as Dean of the Faculty of Advocates, Lord Advocate, and Lord Chancellor (1987–1997). He is an active member of the House of Lords.

Mackay was born in Edinburgh, United Kingdom.

## Other websites

- Merk, "Lord Mackay of Clashfern", Bonner Rechtsjournal, Sonderausgabe 1/2012, S. 28 ff.
Albin Chalandon

**Albin Chalandon** (11 June 1920 in Reyrieux, Ain – 29 July 2020) was a French politician and a former minister. From 1968 and 1972, he was Minister of Public Works. And from 1986 until 1988, he was Minister of Justice.

He died on 29 July 2020, aged 100.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Albin Chalandon
- **office**: Minister of Justice (France), French Minister of Justice
- **term start**: 1986
- **term end**: 1988
- **president**: François Mitterrand
- **primeminister**: Jacques Chirac
- **predecessor**: Michel Crépeau
- **successor**: Pierre Arpaillange
- **birth place**: Reyrieux, France
- **nationality**: France, French
- **party**: Rally for the Republic, RPR