juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Strike (attack)

A **strike** (or **blow**) is an attack with an inanimate object, such as a weapon, or with a part of the human body. It is intended to harm an opponent.
Rennet

**Rennet** is a set of enzymes made from the stomachs of mammals. It is used in things like suet and cakes. It can also be used to make cheese.
.az

**.az** is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Azerbaijan. It was launched on 25 August 1993. It is administered by Azerbaijani Communications (AZNIC). It is only for residents of Azerbaijan. There are some second-level domains that have more rules when registering.

## Second-level domains

Second-level domains under .az are:
- com.az - For commercial use.
- net.az - Network providers.
- int.az - Registered international organizations in Azerbaijan.
- gov.az - Government agencies.
- org.az - Registered organizations for Azerbaijan.
- edu.az - Schools, universities and education institutions.
- info.az - News agencies.
- pp.az - For commercial use.
- mil.az - Military agencies and Ministry of Defence.
- name.az - For personal use only.
- pro.az - For commercial use.
- biz.az - For commercial use.
- co.az - For commercial use.

## Other websites

- IANA .az whois information
- WHOIS Server for .az

## Infobox (top level domain)

- **name**: .az
- **image**: File:Azlogo.png
- **introduced**: 25 August 1993
- **type**: Country code top-level domain
- **status**: Active
- **registry**: AZNIC
- **sponsor**: IntraNS
- **registereddomains**: 40,690
- **dateregistereddomains**: 2022-12-10
- **intendeduse**: Institutions, organizations, businesses and personal sites connected with
- **actualuse**: Popular in Azerbaijan. Some use in Arizona and the Azores.
- **restrictions**: Pornography is not allowed. :wikt:registration, Registrations is only allowed for :wikt:resident, residents in Azerbaijan.
- **structure**: Registrations are directly at second level, or at third level beneath some second-level labels
- **document**: [http://www.nic.az/rules_en.html Regulations]
- **website**: [https://whois.az/?page_id=621 Whois.az]
Kol tribe

The **Kols**, also known as **Kolarians**, are the original inhabitants of modern-day West Bengal and North-east India. The term Kol has been corrupted by the Aryan-Sanskritic speakers to the word "kalu", meaning both "black" and "ugly", in almost all of the 16 major languages of the subcontinent. The Kolarians are a Dravidian peoples stock group, whose descendant communities can be found also in West Bengal and elsewhere in the eastern part of the East India.

Most geological scholars will contend that most of Bangladesh was fashioned 1 to 6.5 million years ago during the Tertiary era. Semi-recent excavations in the Deolpota village of western Bengal seem to suggest that a Paleolithic civilization in the region existed about one hundred thousand years ago. A 10,000 to 15,000 year old stone structure in Rangamati is the primary evidence of Paleolithic civilization along with a hand axe found in the mountainous inclines of the Feni district. This Neo-stone age began 3,000 BC lasting almost 1500 years. Similar tools were found in Sitakunda of the eastern region Chittagong, and near Comilla district. The sparsely forested hills in eastern Bengal strewn with fertile valleys imparted a hospitable location for Neolithic settlements.

Physically, the indigenous peoples of eastern India were long-headed, dark skinned, broad-nosed, and short in stature. Sometimes labeled as "Negritos" and "Negroids", their physical features are unchanged today among the lowest castes of Bengal, mainly the peasants, as well as 95% of population of West Bengal today who derive from these lower castes and tribes.

In Mukundaram Chakrabarti's _Chandimangal_, one of the primary Mangal Kavyas of Bengali literature, the character of Kalketu belonged to the Kol clan. He belonged to a hunting community, popularly called _byadh_ in Bengali. They were a lower-caste community, as he mentions in his conversation with the goddess Chandi. Kalketu's father, Dharmaketu, is described as a devotee of Shiva, and their family is described as economically weaker, depending on the animal meat they sold.
Sena dynasty

The **Sena dynasty** (সেন,_Shen_) ruled Bengal through the 11th and 12th centuries.
Sena / Sen Dynasty was founded by Samanta Sen. Adi Purush Veersen of this dynasty is considered. They trace their origins to the Brahmakshatra Kayastha tradition. After the fall of the Pala dynasty, the Sena dynasty was established in Bengal.

Vaidya Ballal Sen (1158-78 AD) -
He was also a follower of Shaivism. It assumed the title of Gaudeshwar of the Pala rulers. He himself was a patron of scholars and scholars. He composed a book called Dansagar.But could not complete it. Later Lakshmanasen completed it. This started the movement under the name of nobility. Its purpose was to maintain the superiority and purity of power of the elite castes. The superiority and purity of power was to be maintained. First of all, he called Brahmins from Kannauj and settled in Bengal. After his death, his son became the ruler.
Laxman Sen (1178-1205 AD) -
Lakshmanasen assumed the title of Parambhagavata. Unlike his ancestors, he was a follower of Vaishnavism. Its writings begin with the praise of Vishnu. It established another capital near its former capital at Lakshmanavati (Lakhanauti). Jayadev, the author of Geetgovind, was one of its 5 gems. Halayudh was its Chief Justice and Chief Minister. Laxman Sen started the Lakshman era. It won Kashi and Prayag from Jaichand Gahadwal. It established victory pillars at Kashi, Puri and Prayag. In 1202 AD, Bakhtiar Khilji attacked it and conquered its capital, Nadia.

## Infobox (former country)

- **conventional long name**: Sena dynasty
- **common name**: Sena dynasty
- **era**: Middle Kingdoms of India
- **year start**: 1070 CE
- **year end**: 1230 CE
- **p1**: Pala Empire
- **p2**: Varman Dynasty (Bengal)
- **p3**: Samatata
- **s1**: Deva dynasty
- **s2**: Khalji dynasty of Bengal
- **image map**: Map of the Senas.png
- **map width**: 270px
- **image map caption**: Map of the Senas of Bengal
- **capital**: Gauḍa (city), Gauda, Bikrampur, Nabadwip, Gauḍa (city), Lakhnauti
- **common languages**: Sanskrit, Bengali language, Bengali
- **religion**: Vaisnavism, Hinduism
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **leader1**: Samanta Sena
- **year leader1**: 1070–1095 CE
- **leader2**: Hemanta Sena
- **year leader2**: 1095–1096 CE
- **leader3**: Vijaya Sena
- **year leader3**: 1096–1159 CE
- **leader4**: Ballala Sena
- **year leader4**: 1159–1179 CE
- **leader5**: Lakshmana Sena
- **year leader5**: 1179–1204 CE
- **leader6**: Vishvarupa Sena
- **year leader6**: 1204–1225 CE
- **leader7**: Keshava Sena
- **year leader7**: 1225–1230 CE
- **leader8**: Surya Sena
- **leader9**: Narayana Sena
- **leader10**: Laksmana Sena ।।
- **title leader**: Maharajadhiraja
- **today**: Bangladesh
Pala Empire

The **Pala Empire** was a dynasty of northern and eastern Indian subcontinent, mainly comprising of Bihar and Bengal region from 8th to 12th century. The name _Pala_ (Modern পাল _pal_) means "protector" and was used as an ending to the names of all Pala monarchs.

### Establishment

After the Gauda kingdom fell, Bengal was in a state of anarchy and there was no central authority, and there was constant fighting between minor chieftains. Gopala ascended the throne as the first Pala king during these times.

### Expansion

Gopala's empire was greatly expanded by his son Dharmapala and his grandson Devapala. At first, Dharmapala was defeated by the Pratihara ruler Vatsaraja. Later, the Rashtrakuta Emperor Dhruva defeated both Dharmapala and Vatsaraja. After Dhruva returned to the Deccan, Dharmapala built a powerful empire in northern India. Soon, Dharmapala's expansion was stopped by Vatsaraja's son, Nagabhata II, who took control of Kannauj and defeated Chakrayudha. Nagabhata II then moved towards Munger and defeated Dharmapala in a fierce battle. Dharmapala had to surrender and seek help from the Rashtrakuta emperor Govinda III, who then invaded Northern India and defeated Nagabhata II.

Dharmapala was then succeeded by his son Devapala. During the reign of Devapala, the Pāla Empire reached its greatest extent. Devapala is known for subjugating the Dravidas (Pandyan Empire), the Gurjaras (Gurjara Pratihara Dynasty), the Utkalas of Odisha, the Pragjyotishas of Assam, and the Hunas and Kambojas in the northwest, as recorded in his inscriptions and the inscription that records of his reign.

Dharmapala's eldest son, Rajyapala, died before him, so his next son, Mahendrapala, became king. Mahendrapala likely kept control of his father's large empire and fought against the Utkalas and Hunas. He passed the empire to his younger brother Shurapala I, who ruled over Bengal, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh, as confirmed by his Mirzapur copperplate. What happened during the rule of Shurapala's son, Gopala II, remains unknown. After Gopala II, Dharmapala's lineage ended, and the throne was taken by the descendants of Dharmapala's younger brother, Vakapala.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Pala Empire
- **image map**: Map of Pala Empire under Devapala.png
- **map caption**: Pala Empire under Devapala.
- **regional languages**: Sanskrit, Proto Bengali
- **religion**: Buddhism, Hinduism
- **government type**: Monarchy
- **leader title1**: First Emperor
- **leader name1**: Gopala
- **leader title2**: Last Emperor
- **leader name2**: Gobindapala
- **life span**: 750–1161 CE
- **p1**: Gauda kingdom
- **s1**: Sena dynasty
- **today**: India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Afganistan
Tranquilliser

**Tranquillisers** (also known as **sedatives**) are drugs produced to treat anxiety, depression and insomnia. Prescribed by a doctor, they are designed to reduce anxiety, and promote calmness, relaxation and sleep. There are hundreds of different tranquillisers around, but most common are the benzodiazepines.
Rohypnol is one of the most strongly-acting tranquilisers. "Tranquilliser" is also a colloquial way of saying "dart gun".
Harsha

**Harsha** or **Harshavardhana** () or "Harsha vardhan" (590–647) was an Indian Buddhist emperor. He ruled north-central and east India for fifty seven years. He was the son of Prabhakar Vardhan and younger brother of Rajyavardhan, a king of Thanesar. At the height of his power he ruled the Gujarat, Bengal, Orissa and the entire Gangetic plain North of the Narmada River. After the downfall of the Gupta Empire in the middle of the sixth century C.E., North India reverted back to small republics and small monarchical states.
Las Bela (princely state)

**Las Bela** was princely state in British India (now Pakistan) which existed until 1955. Later it was merged with the Karachi-Bela Division. The state was founded by Sindhi Jamote people in 1742 by Jam Ali Khan Koreja I.
Maksim Mrvica

**Maksim Mrvica** (; born 3 May 1975) is a Croatian pianist. His notable works are _Olympic Dream_, _Croatian Rhapsody_, and _Handel's Sarabande_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Maksim Mrvica
- **caption**: Maksim Mrvica
- **background**: classical_ensemble
- **birth place**: Šibenik, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, SFR Yugoslavia
- **origin**: Šibenik, Croatia
- **instrument**: Piano
- **genre**: Classical crossover, Classical music, Classical
- **occupation**: Pianist
- **label**: Lisinski Studios / EMI Music
Javan rhinoceros

The **Javan rhinoceros** (_Rhinoceros sondaicus_) is a herbivorous browser that belongs to the order of the Perissodactyla and is one of the three species of rhino native to Asia. Scientists think about 60 are alive.
Wopke Eekhoff

**Wopke Eekhoff** (March 2, 1809 – February 12, 1809) was a Dutch author. He was the Frisian author of, and head of, the archives of the Great Library of Leeuwarden.
Grote of Martinikerk

The **Grote of Martinikerk**, or the **Grote Kerk**, is a Protestant church in the Frisian village of Sneek (Snits in West-Frisian) built in the 11th century and made of tuff. Around 1300, the church was enlarged and got three towers in a Romanesque west facade. A wooden clock house was also added.

The current church dates from 1498. The sacristy on the south side is from the 16th century and is now used as a vestry. In 1681, the Romanesque west front collapsed, bringing with it the middle of the three towers; the other two towers were demolished. The heavily damaged church was rebuilt, but the towers were not. The places where these towers were located can be seen in the old cemetery. In 1925, the foundations of the pillars were renewed to prevent further subsidence of the church. The church also received electric lighting that year. The church was thoroughly restored in the 1970s and 1980s. During the last restoration, the plaster ceiling was removed from the church, and an oak barrel vault was installed in the church again. The church is located on a mound in the center of Sneek; it is a three-aisled hall church. The church is now used for the worship services of the Protestant congregation in Sneek. The church building can be visited in the summer in the afternoon and sometimes also in the evening. In the summer, there are organized concerts on Monday evenings, except during the Sneekweek.

As a result of the Reformation, the church passed into Protestant hands in 1580. The interior was austere;  altars and statues disappeared, and  the organ was no longer allowed to be used. An organ as an accompaniment instrument did not come into vogue again until the end of the 17th century. Until then, the psalms were sung, supported by a cantor. In the 17th century, the church was also decorated with paintings and text plates.

In 1795 the Batavian Revolution took place, which was about "Liberty, equality ,and fraternity". The stained -lass windows were replaced by clear glass, tand he 'grand' mourning boards and family coats of arms on the benches were removed. The weapons were also chiseled out of the tombstones in many places.

On four sides is a portal to enter the church:

- On the east side is the oldest entrance with a gate from 1652. This is the main entrance and is located on the side of the town hall.
- On the south side is a small wooden entrance for the poor and orphans.
- A large entrance has been made on the north side, in classicist style.
- A toilet group has been built in under the balcony on the west side.

In the years 1710–1711, an organ was built on the division between the church and the choir by the famous organ builder Arp Schnitger on a new gallery. The organ had a main work, back work, chest work, and a free pedal. At that time, it was one of the largest and most modern organs in Friesland. Over the years, the disposition was slightly modified, and in 1870, the organ survived total construction. In 1898  he organ was rebuilt by the organ builders Van Dam.

The legendary freedom fighter Pier Gerlofs Donia is buried there.
The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks

***The Legend of Zelda: Spirit Tracks***, released as  in Japan, is the fifteenth game of Nintendo's _The Legend of Zelda_ series. Made by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS, it was released December 2009 after Nintendo president Satoru Iwata announced the game at the 2009 Game Developers Conference. It is a sequel to the 2002/2007 GameCube/DS games: _The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker_ and _The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass_

## Story

_Spirit Tracks_ takes place 100 years after the events of _Phantom Hourglass_. Link is going to graduate to a train engineer. He travels to Hyrule Castle to receive his engineer's certificate from Princess Zelda. Zelda asks Link to bring her out of the castle so she can see the Tower of Spirits, where she thinks something has happened to make the Spirit Tracks fade away. On the way to the Tower of Spirits, the tracks fade from under Link's train and the tower breaks into pieces. The group is attacked by a horned demon named Cole, and a mercenary named Byrne. Cole uses dark magic to separate Zelda's spirit from her body and leaves, taking Zelda's body with him.

## Gameplay

_Spirit Tracks_ keeps its style of game play from _The Legend of Zelda: Phantom Hourglass_, in which players use the stylus to control Link and use his weapons, items, and vehicle. The game is divided into an overworld, which Link travels using the Spirit Tracks, and towns and dungeons which he travels by foot. The player moves about the towns and dungeons in order to complete the game's main story. They can also take part in side quests for more rewards. In both the towns and in dungeons, the player is able to make notes on their current map as an aid in puzzle solving.

## Related pages

- _The Legend of Zelda_

## Infobox (video game)

- **image**: Wordmark Zelda Spirit Tracks.svg
- **developer**: Nintendo EAD
- **publisher**: Nintendo
- **series**: _The Legend of Zelda_
- **platforms**: Nintendo DS, Virtual Console (Wii U)
- **released**: **Nintendo DS:**
**Virtual Console (Wii U):**

- **genre**: Action-adventure game, Action-adventure
- **modes**: Single-player, multiplayer
John Hoeven

**John Henry Hoeven III** (born March 13, 1957) is a politician from the U.S. state of North Dakota. On January 3, 2011, he became a United States Senator for that state.  A member of the North Dakota Republican Party, he previously served as the 31st Governor of North Dakota from December 2000 to December 2010.

Hoeven was elected to the U.S. Senate in the November 2, 2010 general election. He replaced junior Senator Byron L. Dorgan, who chose not to seek re-election.

## Other websites

- Official U.S. Senate Site

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **birthname**: John Henry Hoeven III
- **image**: John Hoeven 2025.jpg
- **jr/sr**: Senior
- **state**: North Dakota
- **term start**: January 3, 2011
- **alongside**: Kevin Cramer
- **predecessor**: Byron Dorgan
- **order2**: 31st
- **office2**: Governor of North Dakota
- **lieutenant2**: Jack Dalrymple
- **term start2**: December 15, 2000
- **term end2**: December 7, 2010
- **predecessor2**: Ed Schafer
- **successor2**: Jack Dalrymple
- **birth place**: Bismarck, North Dakota
- **party**: Independent (politician), Independent
Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party
Republican Party (United States), Republican Party
- **spouse**: Mikey Hoeven
- **alma mater**: Dartmouth College
Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University
- **profession**: Banker
- **signature**: John Hoeven Signature.svg
Cosmopolitan distribution

In biology, an organism is said to be **cosmopolitan** (or **cosmopolite**) if it can be found almost anywhere on the Earth.

Examples include:
- Humans
- House dust mite
- Red admiral (painted lady butterfly)
- Many cetacean species, including the orca
- Brown rat
- Killer whale
- Peregrine falcon

## Related pages

- Biogeography
- Endemic
Bengalis

The **Bengali people** are the main ethnic group in the region of Bengal (now divided between  Bangladesh and the Republic of India) in the Indian subcontinent. They speak Bengali (বাংলা Bangla), a language of the eastern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages.

They are natively concentrated in the nation of Bangladesh and in the Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura.  Some of the most well established Bengali communities are in the Middle East, Japan, Malaysia, United Kingdom and United States.

Remnants of civilisation in the greater Bengal region date back 4,000 years, when the region was settled by Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic peoples. The origin of the word _Bangla ~ Bengal_ is unknown, but it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe _Bang_ that settled in the area around the year 1000 BC.

After the arrival of Indo-Aryans, the kingdoms around Bengal were first described in the _Atharvaveda_ about 1000 BC. From the 6th century BC, Magadha expanded to include most of the Bihar and Bengal regions. It was one of the four main kingdoms of India at the time of Buddha. Magadha conquered nearly all of the Indian subcontinent, including parts of Persia and Afghanistan, reaching its greatest extent under the Buddhist emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC. One of the earliest foreign references to Bengal is the mention of a land ruled by the king Xandrammes named Gangaridai by the Greeks around 100 BC. The word is speculated to have come from _Gangahrd_ (Land with the Ganges in its heart) in reference to an area in Bengal. Later from the 3rd to the 6th centuries AD, the kingdom of Magadha served as the seat of the Gupta Empire.
Baloch people

The **Baloch people** (بلوٚچ) are an Iranic ethnic group who live in the region of Balochistan which includes the border areas of southeastern Iran, southern Afghanistan, and southwestern Pakistan. The Baloch speak the Balochi language, an Iranian language. They mainly live in mountainous places of the Iranian plateau in Iran, Pakistan and parts of Afghanistan. Balochistan is an arid mountainous desert region inhabited by the Baloch people.https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bcc/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgn/

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Baloch
<small>بلوچ</small>
<small>_Balōč_</small>
- **image**: Baloch people in Iran . Canon photography. Photographer Mostafa Meraji 47.jpg
- **caption**: Baloch farmer in southeastern Iran
- **population**: **22  Million**
- **pop1**: 14,400,000
- **pop2**: 7 million
- **pop3**: 46800
- **pop4**: 80000
- **pop5**: 1000
- **pop6**: 60000
- **pop7**: 1400000
- **pop8**: 7000
- **langs**: **Main**: Balochi language, Balochi,  Brahui language, Brahui

**Secondary**: Saraiki language, Saraiki, Sindhi language, Sindhi, Sistani dialect, Sistani, Bashkardi language, Bashkardi
- **religions**: **Majority**: Sunni Islam

**Minority**: Zikrism
Iranian plateau

The **Iranian plateau**, also known as the **Persian plateau** is a geological formation in Southwest Asia, **Southern Asia** and the Caucasus region. As a historical region, it includes Parthia, Media and eastern Persia, the heartlands of Greater Persia (mainly Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan west of the River Indus).
Punjabis

The **Punjabi people** (, ਪੰਜਾਬੀ **Panjabi people**) are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group native to the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. They mostly live in Pakistan and India. The Punjab region was the home to one of the oldest civilizations in the word, the Indus Valley Civilization. The Panjabi identity is usually cultural and linguistic, with Punjabis being those whose first language is Panjabi, an Indo-European language.

## Infobox (ethnic group)

- **group**: Panjabis
- **image**: A Punjabi man - LIFE.jpg
- **image caption**: Potrait of a Punjabi man in the Pakistani Punjab
- **pop1**: 150,986,959 (2023)
- **pop2**: 55,520,211 (2022)
- **pop3**: 1,234,170 (2023)
- **pop4**: 700,000 (2006)
- **pop5**: 253,740
- **pop6**: 132,496 (2017)
- **pop7**: 64,000
- **pop8**: 56,400 (2019)
- **pop9**: 50,000 (2016)
- **pop10**: 37,000
- **pop11**: 34,227 (2018)
- **pop12**: 26,000
- **pop13**: 26,000
- **pop14**: 24,000 (2013)
- **pop15**: 23,700 (2019)
- **pop16**: 18,000 (2020)
- **pop17**: 10,000 (2019)
- **pop18**: 1,850
- **langs**: **Majority**: Punjabi language, Panjabi and its Punjabi dialects, dialects
- **religions**: **Punjab, Pakistan, Pakistani Panjab**:
, ,

**Punjab, India, Indian Panjab**:
, ,
- **related groups**: Other Indo-Aryan peoples
Treeshrew

A **treeshrew** is a small mammal in the order **Scandentia**.

They live in the tropical forests of Southeast Asia. They make up the families Tupaiidae and Ptilocercidae. There are 20 species in five genera.

Although called treeshrews, they are not true shrews, and are not all arboreal. Among other things, they eat _Rafflesia_ fruit. They used to be classified in the Insectivora.
Al Nassr FC

**Al-Nassr Football Club** (; _Naṣr_ meaning "Victory") is a Saudi football club that was formed in 1955. The club is in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia. Al-Nassr is well-known through Asia and the Middle East. The club has a large base of supporters, possibly the most supported club in Saudi Arabia.

## History

The team Al-Nassr were formed in 1955 and have nine Saudi Premier League titles, six King's Cup crowns, a hat-trick of Crown Prince's Cup trophies, the Federation Cup three times, and the Saudi Super Cup twice.

## Players

Many legendary footballers from Saudi Arabia have played for Al-Nassr. Among them are Majed Abdullah, Fahad Al-Herafy, Mohaisn Al-Jam'aan, Yousef Khamees and many other outstanding players. Portuguese player Cristiano Ronaldo also signed in 2023 to play for Al-Nassr. The current coach of Al-Nassr is Luis Castro. He was also a former player.

## Insignia

Al-Nassr's kit colors are yellow and blue. The logo resembles the Arabian Peninsula with the same colors, symbolizing the sand of Saudi Arabia and the sea near it.

## Other websites

- Official site

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Al Nassr FC
- **fullname**: Al Nassr Football Club
- **nickname**: _Al-Alami_ (The Global One)
_Faris Najd_ (Knights of Najd)
- **founded**: 24 October 1955
- **ground**: Al-Awwal Park
- **capacity**: 25,000
- **chairman**: Musalli Al-Muammar
- **mgrtitle**: Head coach
- **manager**: Luís Castro
- **league**: Saudi Professional League, Pro League
- **season**: 2022–23
- **position**: Pro League, 2nd of 16
- **website**: https://alnassr.sa/
- **kit alt1**: White jersey with gold accents and sleeves and cornflower blue shorts
- **pattern la1**: _alnassr2324h
- **pattern b1**: _alnassr2324h
- **pattern ra1**: _alnassr2324h
- **leftarm1**: FFFF00
- **body1**: FFFF00
- **rightarm1**: FFFF00
- **shorts1**: 0070F9
- **socks1**: FFFF00
- **kit alt2**: Black and white thin stripes with cornflower sleeves and socks and black shorts
- **leftarm2**: 194188
- **body2**: 194188
- **rightarm2**: 194188
- **shorts2**: 194188
- **socks2**: 194188
- **kit alt3**: Gold jersey with dark goldenrod sleeves, floral white shorts, gold socks
- **owner**: Public Investment Fund (75%)
Al Nassr Non-Profit Foundation (25%)
- **chrtitle**: President
- **pattern sh1**: _alnassr2324h
- **pattern so1**: _alnassr2324h
- **current**: 2023–24 Al-Nassr FC season
Grosvenor Bridge

**Grosvenor Bridge**, also called **Victoria Railway Bridge**, is a railway bridge over the River Thames in London, between Vauxhall Bridge and Chelsea Bridge.

It is made up of two bridges that were both built in the mid-19th century. The eastern side was built by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway in 1858-60 to carry trains into Victoria Station. This was the first railway bridge across the Thames in central London. The western side was built by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway in 1865/66.

Both bridges were rebuilt in steel in 1963–67, the original piers now being wrapped in concrete. The designer for this work was Freeman Fox & Partners.

On the north bank is Pimlico to the north and east and Chelsea to the west. The Lister Hospital and the Royal Chelsea Hospital are immediately to the north west. On the south bank is Nine Elms to the east and Battersea to the west. Battersea Power Station is immediately to the south of the bridge, and Battersea Park to the south west.

## Related pages

- List of crossings of the River Thames

## Infobox (bridge)

- **image**: Grosvenor Bridge, London.jpg
- **image size**: 350px
- **name**: Grosvenor Bridge
- **caption**: Grosvenor Bridge with Vauxhall in the background and Battersea Power Station to the right
- **locale**: London, England
- **carries**: Railway
- **crosses**: River Thames
- **preceded**: Chelsea Bridge
- **followed**: Vauxhall Bridge
- **maint**: Network Rail
- **named for**: Sir Richard Grosvenor, 4th Baronet, Sir Richard Grosvenor
- **open**: 1860; rebuilt 1963-1967
- **design**: Arch bridge
Vauxhall Bridge

**Vauxhall Bridge** is a steel and granite bridge in central London. It crosses the River Thames in a north-west south-east direction between Vauxhall on the south bank and Westminster on the north bank.

## History

Vauzhall Bridge in 1906.  It replaced an earlier bridge as part of a program for redeveloping the south bank of the Thames. The original bridge was itself built on the site of a former ferry.

The building of both bridges was difficult, with both the first and second bridges needing multiple redesigns from multiple architects. The original bridge, the first iron bridge over the Thames, was built by a private company and was run as a toll bridge before being taken into public ownership in 1879. The second bridge, which took eight years to build, was the first in London to carry trams and later one of the first two roads in London to have a bus lane.

The present bridge is most significant for road traffic across the Thames.

In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames.

## Related pages

- List of crossings of the River Thames

## Infobox (bridge)

- **bridge name**: Vauxhall Bridge
- **image**: Vauxhall Bridge 2009.jpg
- **carries**: 4 lanes of roadway, cyclists, and pedestrians
- **crosses**: River Thames
- **locale**: London
- **designer**: Sir Alexander Binnie,
Sir Maurice Fitzmaurice
- **design**: Arch bridge
- **material**: Steel and granite
- **spans**: 5
- **pierswater**: 4
- **open**: 26 May 1906
- **below**: at lowest astronomical tide
- **traffic**: 50,533 vehicles (2004)
- **preceded**: Regent Bridge (Old Vauxhall Bridge) 1816–1898
Ambrose Burnside

**Ambrose Everett Burnside** (May 23, 1824 – September 13, 1881) was an American soldier, railroad executive and politician. He served as governor of Rhode Island (1866-1869) and U.S. Senator from Rhode Island. As a Union Army general in the American Civil War, he fought successful campaigns in North Carolina and East Tennessee but was defeated in the disastrous Battle of Fredericksburg and Battle of the Crater. Burnside commanded the IX Corps, the Department of Ohio, and also the Army of the Potomac for a few months. His distinctive style of facial hair is now known as sideburns, derived from his last name.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ambrose Everett Burnside
- **image**: Ambrose Burnside - retouched.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Ambrose Burnside
- **birth date**: 23 May 1824
- **birth place**: Liberty, Indiana
- **death date**: 13 September 1881
- **death place**: Bristol, Rhode Island
- **occupation**: General, Governor, Senator
Railway Gazette International

***Railway Gazette International*** is a monthly business journal about the railway, metro, light rail and tram industries worldwide. Available by yearly subscription, the magazine is read in over 140 countries by people involved in the railway industry. A mixture of technical, commercial and geographical articles, plus the regular monthly news pages, cover developments in all parts of the rail industry.

## History

_Railway Gazette International_ traces its history to May 1835 as _The Railway Magazine_.  The _Railway Gazette_ title dates from July 1905 and it was renamed _Railway Gazette International_ in October 1970.

_Railway Gazette International_ is part of the Railway Gazette Group, itself part of DVV Media UK, part of the Hamburg-based Deutsche Verkehrs Verlag group.  _Railway Gazette_ was previously part of Reed Business Information until 1 April 2007.

The magazine is based in Sutton in Surrey in the UK.

## Issue

- November 2007 is Volume 163, Number 11.

## Maps

(This is a list of detailed maps)
- Brazil - agricultural line
- Turkey - February 2009, p053
- Iran - January 2009, p047
- Qatar - January 2009, p021
- Ukraine - April 2008, p240
- India - December 2007 Supplement p7.

## Other websites

- Official website
- History of _Railway Gazette_ publications
- _Railway Directory_ online

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: Railway Gazette International
- **image size**: 150px
- **image caption**: _Railway Gazette International_ cover, May 2009
- **company**: DVV Media UK Ltd
- **frequency**: monthly
- **language**: British English
- **category**: Rail transport
- **editor**: Chris Jackson
- **firstdate**: 1835 (1905 as Railway Gazette)
- **website**: [http://www.railwaygazette.com/ RailwayGazette.com]
- **issn**: 0373-5346
Hainault tube station

**Hainault** is a station on the Central Line of the London Underground in Hainault in the London Borough of Redbridge. Since 2 January 2007 the station is in Travelcard Zone 4.

## Service

Usual off-peak service level is:

- 3 trains per hours (tph) to Woodford
- 9 tph to Ealing Broadway via Newbury Park

## Other websites

- London's Transport Museum Photographic Archive

## Infobox (london station)

- **symbol**: underground
- **name**: Hainault
- **image name**: Hainault stn building.JPG
- **manager**: London Underground
- **fare zone**: 4
- **locale**: Hainault
- **borough**: London Borough of Redbridge, Redbridge
- **years1**: 1903
- **years2**: 1908
- **years3**: 1930
- **years4**: 1947
- **years5**: 1948
- **years6**: 1948
- **events1**: Opened (GER)
- **events2**: Closed (GER)
- **events3**: Reopened (LNER)
- **events4**: Closed (LNER)
- **events5**: Opened as terminus (Central Line)
- **events6**: Became through station
- **platforms**: 3
- **tubeexits05**: 1.772
- **tubeexits07**: 2.242
Meselson–Stahl experiment

The **Meselson–Stahl experiment** was an experiment done by Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl in 1958, using _E. coli_ DNA.
With their experiment, they found that DNA replication was semiconservative. The DNA consists of two helices that are combined. When the two helices are copied, each will have one part coming from the original cell. The other part will be newly made. In chemistry, that is called _synthesis_.

There are three different way this replication could happen:
- _conservative replication_: The original DNA is kept as it is. Two new helices will be synthesized from it.
- _semi-conservative replication_: Half of the DNA is kept, the other half is synthesized.
- _disperse replication_: The mechanism is the same as semi-conservative replication; but the synthesized links could be added to either the old or new helix.

Meselson and Stahl found that DNA employs semi-conservative replication. They put the bacteria in an environment with a Nitrogen isotope. They first used N<sup>15</sup>. The bacteria then integrated this isotope into their DNA. Later they used an environment that contained N<sup>14</sup>. They then looked at which of the isotopes the bacterial DNA contained. They found that it contained both isotopes of nitrogen, which implies that conservative replication is not the correct conclusion. By having a closer look they could then also rule out disperse replication. Some helix strands were all v. Other helix strands from the time in the N<sup>15</sup> environment had N<sup>14</sup>.
Woodford tube station

**Woodford** is a London Underground station in Woodford in the London Borough of Redbridge, United Kingdom.

The station is on the Central Line between South Woodford and Buckhurst Hill. The station is also a terminus (an ending point) for services from Hainault by way of Chigwell.

## History

The station was opened on 22 August 1856 as part of the Eastern Counties Railway branch to Loughton. It was changed by the successor company, the Great Eastern Railway, to include services to Ilford by way of the Fairlop Loop that was opened in 1903. After 1923 the station came under the control of the London & North Eastern Railway until it was given to the London Passenger Transport Board (LT) on 14 December 1947 as part of the extension of the Central Line services of the London Underground. The station was a terminus for the Central Line, with passengers transferring to a steam shuttle towards Epping, until electric services began as far as Loughton (and around the 'loop' to Hainault) on 21 November 1948.

## Related pages

- List of London Underground stations

## Infobox (london station)

- **symbol**: underground
- **name**: Woodford
- **manager**: London Underground
- **locale**: Woodford, London, Woodford
- **borough**: London Borough of Redbridge
- **platforms**: 3
- **fare zone**: 4
- **image name**: Woodford Station.jpg
- **caption**: Station entrance
- **events1**: Opened
- **years2**: 18 April 1966
- **events2**: Goods yard closed
- **access**: yes
Abram Games

**Abram Games**   (29 July 191427 August 1996) was a British graphic designer. He was born **Abraham Gamse**. He was the son of immigrants: a Latvian photographer and a Russo-Polish (part Russian, part Polish) seamstress. He anglicized (make something sound more English) his name to Games at age 12 and was basically an autodidactic designer, and went to London's St. Martins School of Art (today named the Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design) for only two terms. However, while working as a "studio boy" (a general assistant) in commercial design company Askew-Young in London 1932-36, he took night classes in life drawing. In 1934, his entry was second in the Health Council Competition and in 1935 he won a poster competition for the London City Council. From 1936 to 1940 he was on his own as a freelance poster artist.

## Exhibition

- _Abram Games, Graphic Designer (1914–1996): Maximum Meaning, Minimum Means_, Design Museum, London, 2003

## References

- Amstutz, W. (1962)._Who's Who in Graphic Art_, Zurich: Graphis Press.
- Gombrich, E.H., et al. (1990)._A. Games: Sixty Years of Design_, South Glamorgan, UK: Institute of Higher Education. | ISBN 0-9515777-0-0
- Livingston, Alan and Isabella (2003)._The Thames and Hudson Dictionary of Graphic Design and Designers_, London: Thames and Hudson. | ISBN 0-500-20353-9
- Exhibition catalog. Moriarty, Catherine, et al. (2003). _Abram Games, Graphic Designer: Maximum Meaning, Minimum Means_, London: Lund Humphries. | ISBN 0-85331-881-6
- Games, Naomi, et al. (2003). _Abram Games: His Life and Work_, New York Princeton Architectural Press. | ISBN 1-56898-364-6

## Other websites

- Official Abram Games website
Joan Waste

**Joan Waste** (1534 - 1 August 1556) was a blind woman who was burned in Derby because she would not stop being a Protestant. She had bought a Bible so that friends could read to her.

## Biography

Waste was blind when she was born in 1534. Her parents were William and Joan Waste. William's job was to cut people's hair and make rope. By the age of twelve, Joan had learned to make ropes and clothes.

In 1553, Queen Mary came to the throne and it was made illegal to hold Protestant views. Mary condemned 277 people for not having the right sort of religion. This crime was called heresy.

Joan Waste was taken to court for breaking the law. The judge was a man employed by the bishop. She had to defend her views and was told she would die. She had not liked the fact that the church services were being read in the language of Latin. She was to die for being a Protestant and for refusing to agree with the Catholic Church. She bought a Bible in English, but the Catholic Church wanted them to only be in Latin. She asked friends to read to her for a penny.

Her trial took place at All Saints Church. This main building has been rebuilt, but the tower was built in 1530. This tower is now part of Derby's cathedral.

On the day of her death she walked arm-in-arm with her twin brother to be burned.

Her death took place at the Windmill Pit on the Burton Road in Derby. She was hanged over the fire with a rope. She fell into the fire when the rope burned through.  The judge was Antony Draycot. He went home to his meal.

The place where Joan Waste was killed is now the site of a church. When Elizabeth I of England became queen in 1559 she removed Ralph Baines from the job of Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield. Baines was sent to be a prisoner of  the Bishop of London. The judge was also sent to be a prisoner. He died after being released in 1571.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joan Waste
- **birth date**: 1534
- **birth place**: Derby
- **death date**: 1 August 1556
- **death place**: Derby
- **death cause**: Burned to death
- **nationality**: English
- **known for**: martyrdom
- **occupation**: rope maker
- **parents**: William and Joan Waste
Vauxhall Gardens

**Vauxhall Gardens** /vɒks'ɔ:l/ was a pleasure garden, one of the leading places for public entertainment in London, England from the mid 17th century to the mid 19th century.

The site became Vauxhall Gardens in 1785 and money was charged to gain entry. In 1817, the Battle of Waterloo was re-played with 1,000 soldiers taking part. The park closed in 1859 and the land was sold to become buildings.

## More reading

- Scott, Walter Sidney, _Green retreats; the story of Vauxhall Gardens, 1661–1859_. London: Odhams Press, 1955
- _The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction_, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827

## Related pages

- Ranelagh Gardens — Vauxhall Gardens' rival, which was open from 1742 to 1803.
- Cremorne Gardens — 19th century public gardens in Chelsea.
- Cuper's Gardens — 18th century tea garden in Lambeth.
- Charles Green - record-making balloonist in the "Royal Vauxhall" 1836
- Marylebone Gardens - musical gardens in Marylebone, 1738-1781.
- Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen, which were originally called _Tivoli and Vauxhall Gardens_.
- List of botanical gardens

### Bibliography

- David Coke, "Vauxhall Gardens", _Rococo: Art and Design in Hogarth's England_ (London: Victoria and Albert Museum) 1984:75-81.

## Other websites

- Poems about Vauxhall Gardens
- Details on Vauxhall Gardens by the Vauxhall Society
- Website on Vauxhall Gardens from David Coke, FSA, expert on the gardens
- The Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens Detailed History from vauxhallandkennington.org.uk
- _The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction_, Vol. 10, Issue 262, July 7, 1827
Vladimir Ashkenazy

**Vladimir Ashkenazy** (born  6 July 1937) is a Russian pianist and conductor. He became world famous as a pianist.  During the last two decades he has become equally famous as a conductor, as well as performing and recording as a pianist.

## Early life

Ashkenazy was born in Gorky, Russia.  His father was an Ashkenazi Jew, his mother was Russian.  Although his father was a pianist he never had lessons from him.  He began playing the piano when he was six.  He soon showed enormous talent and two years later went to the Central Music School in Gorki.  He graduated from the Moscow Conservatory.  He won second prize in the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw in 1955 and the first prize in the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition in Brussels in 1956. He shared the first prize in the 1962 International Tchaikovsky Competition with British pianist John Ogdon.

## Pianistic career

Vladimir Ashkenazy has had an extremely successful career as a pianist.  He became famous for his playing of Romantic music and music by Russian composers.  He recorded a very large amount of music including the 24 Preludes and Fugues of Dmitri Shostakovich, Alexander Scriabin's piano sonatas, Rachmaninoff's, Frédéric Chopin's and Robert Schumann's complete piano works, Beethoven's piano sonatas, and the piano concertos of Mozart (conducting from the keyboard with the Philharmonia Orchestra).  He recorded concertos with many of the world's most famous orchestras.  He still records and performs all over the world, often playing piano concertos and conducting from the piano keyboard.

On 17 January 2020, Ashkenazy's management agency said that he was retiring.

## Conducting career

In the late 1980s he started to become known as a conductor.  He was principal conductor of the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from 1987 to 1994, and of the Czech Philharmonic from 1998 to 2003. He became conductor (musical director) of the NHK Symphony Orchestra in 2004.  He toured with them in 2005, taking them to Vienna for their first concert in the famous concert hall called the Musikverein.  In 2006 he took them to Seoul and then to the United States where they played in many cities including San Francisco, Los Angeles (Walt Disney Concert Hall), Boston and New York City (Carnegie Hall). He also played with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra in Stresa (Italy) in 2010.

Ashkenazy is now also conductor laureate of the Philharmonia, conductor laureate of the Icelandic Symphony Orchestra, and music director of the European Union Youth Orchestra.  He is often invited as a guest conductor to work with other famous orchestras.

Ashkenazy has been awarded many honours and prizes for his performances and recordings.  He lives with his Icelandic wife in Switzerland.

## Other websites

- http://www.answers.com/topic/vladimir-ashkenazy
Tate

The  **Tate** is the United Kingdom's national museum of British and Modern Art. It is a group of four art galleries in England:
- **Tate Britain** (opened in 1897 and renamed in 2000)
- Tate Liverpool (1988),
- Tate St Ives (1993)
- Tate Modern (2000).
There is a website, Tate Online (1998). It is  administered as a quango (a non-departmental public body).Tate is used as the name for the corporation which was started as The Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery.

The gallery was started in 1897, as the **National Gallery of British Art**. When its role was changed to include Modern Art it was renamed the **Tate Gallery** after Henry Tate. The Tate Gallery was first started in a building at Millbank, London on the Embankment. In 2000, the Tate Gallery split its collection into four museums:
- **Tate Britain** (in the original building) displays the collection of British art from 1500 to the present day;
- Tate Modern, also in London, houses the Tate's collection of British and International Modern and Contemporary art from 1900 to the present day.
- Tate Liverpool, in Liverpool has the same purpose as Tate Modern but on a smaller scale, and
- Tate St Ives displays modern and contemporary art by artists who have a connection with the local area. All four museums share the Tate Collection.

One of the Tate's most publicised art events is the awarding of the annual Turner Prize, which takes place at **Tate Britain**.

## Tate Online

Tate Online is the Tate's web site. Since its launch in 1998, the site has had information on all four Tate galleries (Tate Britain, Tate St Ives, Tate Liverpool and Tate Modern) in the same website. Tate Online helps visitors with get ready to visit the galleries, but is also a gallery as well. Other resources include information on all works in Tate's Collection of British and Modern International art, e-learning for all visitors, over 400 hours of webcasts, all articles from the magazine _Tate Etc_, and a series of Internet art works. BT has sponsored Tate Online since 2001.

## How it is run

The Tate gets money every year from the Department for Culture, Media & Sport. It is run by a board of trustees. Under the Charities Act 1993. the Tate is a tax-exempt charity. An entry fee is charged for all special collections, and there is a membership system to attract regular visitors.

## Related pages

- Turner Prize

## Other websites

- Tate Online — 65,000 works from the Tate Collection online, information on Tate's exhibitions and events programmes, and online learning resources.
- TATE ETC. Magazine
- Turner Worldwide  - an ongoing online cataloguing of JMW Turner's work around the world.
- Turner Collection Online  The online catalogue of Tate's collection of nearly 300 oil paintings and 30,000 works on paper by JMW Turner.
- Tate Gallery Records  Tate's own historical records.
- Tate Podcasts  Audio and video podcasts from Tate.
- Tate in Space
- Turner Museum