juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Badwater Basin

**Badwater Basin** is a basin in Death Valley National Park, Death Valley, California. The water which goes into it does not flow into any ocean.

Badwater Basin is the lowest point in North America, at  below sea level. Mount Whitney, the highest point in the 48 states, is only 76 miles west of the Basin. It is one of the lowest places in Death Valley.

Badwater Basin has a small natural pool of undrinkable water next to the road. The water comes from a spring. It is called 'Badwater' because people cannot drink the water. This is because so much salt has built up from the basin. The pool does have animals and plants living there, including pickleweed, insects, and the Badwater snail.

The pool is not actually the lowest point of the basin. The lowest point is several miles to the west; the exact point which is lowest changes over time.  However, the salt flats are dangerous to travel across (in many cases being only a thin white crust over mud). Therefore, the sign states that the lowest point is at the pool, where people can see it. This is not the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere. Laguna del Carbón in Argentina is lower, at -105 meters (-344 feet).

## Geography

At Badwater Basin, big rainstorms sometimes flood the bottom of the valley. They cover the salt pan with a thin sheet of standing water. This makes new lakes, but the lakes do not last long. This is because the average  of rain that falls every year is much lower than the 150-inch annual evaporation rate, so all the water evaporates away. This means that even a 12-foot-deep, 30-mile-long lake would dry up in a single year. While the basin is flooded, some of the salt dissolves and goes back into the basin as clean crystals when the water evaporates.

Painted on the cliff above Badwater is a sign that says "Sea Level"  which people visiting like to look at.

## History

During the Holocene, when the regional climate was less dry, streams that ran from mountains in the area slowly filled Death Valley until it was 3 feet (1m) deep. Eventually, there was a  long lake, Lake Manly.

The wet times with much rain did not last. The temperature got warmer, and there was less rain. The lake began to dry up, and as the water evaporated, the lake became saltier. Eventually, only a soup of brine was left. Salts (95% table salt: NaCl) began to turn into crystals, covering the surface with a thick crust from three inches to five feet thick (1-1.7m).

## Books

- John McKinney: _California's Desert Parks: A Day Hiker's Guide_. Wilderness Press 2006, , S. 54-55
- Don J. Easterbrook (Hrsg): _Quaternary Geology of the United States_. Geological Society of America 2003, , S.63-64

## Other websites

- Badwater Basin in the Encyclopædia Britannica

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Badwater Basin
- **image lake**: Badwater.jpg
- **location**: Death Valley
California
- **type**: Endorheic basin
- **inflow**: Amargosa River
- **outflow**: Evaporation, Terminal (evaporation)
- **basin countries**: United States
- **cities**: Badwater, California
Brian Campbell

**Brian Wesley Campbell** (born May 23, 1979 in Strathroy, Ontario) is a former Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, San Jose Sharks, and Buffalo Sabres.

## Career

He also played in the NHL with the Buffalo Sabres for 8 seasons, the San Jose Sharks for 1 season and the Chicago Blackhawks for 3 seasons. He was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres with the 156th overall pick in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. He also played 4 seasons in the OHL for the Ottawa 67's and 1 season in SM-liiga for Jokerit.

He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Brian Campbell Hawks.JPG
- **image size**: 230px
- **played for**: Florida Panthers
Chicago Blackhawks
San Jose Sharks
Buffalo Sabres
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **position**: Defenceman (ice hockey), Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 0
- **weight lb**: 188
- **birth place**: Strathroy, Ontario, Strathroy, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **draft**: 156th overall
- **draft year**: 1997
- **draft team**: Buffalo Sabres
- **career start**: 1999
- **career end**: 2017
Bush Doctrine

The **Bush Doctrine** is a term which many people use to describe several foreign policy and national defense decisions that President George W. Bush made.

The Bush Doctrine is usually used to describe how Bush invaded Iraq in what is known as pre-emptive war (which means to attack the enemy before they can attack you).

George W. Bush did not make up this term and he never said what he thought about the term.

There are other United States presidential doctrines also.
Truman Doctrine

A speech was made by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to the U.S. Congress on March 12, 1947. In this speech he said he thought that the United States should help Greece and Turkey to stop them being 'totalitarianists' although he meant Soviet Communism.  This became known as the **Truman Doctrine**.  Some historians believe that this was the start of the Cold War.

This speech was made after the United Kingdom said that they would stop helping Greece and Turkey in February 1947 since the U.K. was also poor after the cost of World War II. This meant that Greece and Turkey would still be poor and Truman believed that a poor Eastern Europe would convert to a Communist government more easily unless helped by the United States. Truman wrongly thought that the Soviets were helping the Greek Communist partisans when there was no clear proof.

This plan was a big change to American politics. Political historian Walter LaFeber wrote that 'the doctrine became an ideological shield' which means that he believed that the United States used the doctrine as an excuse or reason. The Marshall Plan came after because of this.

## Related pages

- Marshall Plan
Troy Hudson

**Troy Hudson** (born March 13, 1976, in Carbondale, Illinois) is an American former professional basketball player. He played parts of 11 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Utah Jazz, Los Angeles Clippers, Orlando Magic, Minnesota Timberwolves, and Golden State Warriors. He played at the point guard position.

## Other websites

- NBA.com profile
- Official website

## Infobox (basketball biography)

- **name**: Troy Hudson
- **image**: Troy Hudson.jpg
- **caption**: Hudson on the bench in February 2007.
- **width**: 100
- **position**: Point guard
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 1
- **weight lbs**: 170
- **nationality**: American
- **birth place**: Carbondale, Illinois
- **highschool**: Carbondale Community
(Carbondale, Illinois)
- **college**: Missouri Tigers men's basketball, Missouri (1994–1995)
Southern Illinois Salukis men's basketball, Southern Illinois (1995–1997)
- **draft year**: 1997
- **career start**: 1997
- **career end**: 2013
- **years1**: 1997–1998
- **team1**: Yakima Sun Kings
- **team2**: Utah Jazz
- **years3**: 1998–1999
- **team3**: Sioux Falls Skyforce
- **years4**: –
- **team4**: Los Angeles Clippers
- **years5**: –
- **team5**: Orlando Magic
- **years6**: –
- **team6**: Minnesota Timberwolves
- **team7**: Golden State Warriors
- **years8**: 2012–2013
- **team8**: Sioux Falls Skyforce
Target Center

The **Target Center** is an arena in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is sponsored by Target Corporation. The arena has 702 club seats and 68 suites.

The center is home to the National Basketball Association's Minnesota Timberwolves. From 1994–1996, it was home to the Minnesota Arctic Blast of RHI. In 1996, it was home to the Arena Football League team Minnesota Fighting Pike.  The Women's National Basketball Association's Minnesota Lynx also play in the arena.

## Infobox (_stadium)

- **stadium name**: Target Center
- **image**:
- **location**: 600 First Avenue North, Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55403-1416
- **opened**: October 13, 1990 (went under major renovations in 2004)
- **owner**: Minneapolis, City of Minneapolis
- **operator**: Midwest Entertainment Group
- **construction cost**: $104 million United States dollar, USD
- **surface**: Multi-surface
- **architect**: KMR Architects
- **tenants**: Minnesota Timberwolves (National Basketball Association, NBA) (1990–present)
Minnesota Lynx (Women's National Basketball Association, WNBA) (1999–present)
Minnesota Fighting Pike (Arena Football League (1987–2008), AFL) (1996)
Minnesota Arctic Blast (Roller Hockey International, RHI) (1994–1996)
- **seating capacity**: Basketball: 20,500
 Original capacity: 19,006
Ice hockey / Arena football: 19,500
Center-stage concerts: 25,500
End-stage concerts: 13,000–19,000
Wrestling: 15,500
End-stage wrestling: 18,500
- **website**: http://www.targetcenter.com/
James and the Giant Peach (movie)

***James and the Giant Peach*** is a 1996 Disney animated movie and released to movie theaters by Buena Vista Pictures.

Based on Roald Dahl's novel of the same name, the movie is about a boy named James.
Eddie Griffin (basketball)

**Eddie Jamaal Griffin** (May 30, 1982 – August 17, 2007) was an American professional basketball player. He last played for the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves. Months later, he was killed in a car crash. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## Other websites

- Career statistics at Basketball-Reference.com
- NBA.com Profile - Eddie Griffin

## Infobox (nba player)

- **image**: EddieGriffin 2008.jpg
- **name**: Eddie Griffin
- **position**: Power forward (basketball), Power forward / center (basketball), Center
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lbs**: 240
- **nationality**: American
- **birth place**: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- **death place**: Houston, Texas
- **highschool**: Roman Catholic High School for Boys, Roman Catholic
(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
- **college**: Seton Hall University, Seton Hall (2000–2001)
- **draft**: 7th overall
- **draft year**: 2001
- **draft team**: New Jersey Nets
- **career start**: 2001
- **career end**: 2007
- **years1**: 2001–2003
- **team1**: Houston Rockets
- **years2**: 2004–2007
- **team2**: Minnesota Timberwolves
- **awards**: 2001–02 NBA All-Rookie Second Team
- **profile**: eddie_griffin
Target Field

**Target Field** is the home baseball park of the Minnesota Twins. It is in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is the team's sixth ballpark and third in Minnesota. The Twins moved to Target Field in 2010 after 28 seasons at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. It is the first stadium built just for the Twins. Twins staff moved in on January 4, 2010.

## Other websites

- Stadium site on twinsbaseball.com
- Webcam
- Minnesota Ballpark Authority official website
- The Twins Stadium Bill  MN State Legislature HF2480, SF2297
- Minnesota Legislative Reference Library: Baseball Stadiums
- TwinsBallpark2010 Construction Blog
- Ballpark FAQ

## Infobox (_stadium)

- **stadium name**: Target Field
- **image**:
- **location**: 1 Twins Way (3rd Ave. N, between 5th St. N and 7th St. N), Minneapolis, Minnesota
- **broke ground**: August 30, 2007
- **opened**: January 4, 2010 (first day of operations)
 March 27, 2010 (college baseball game)
 April 2, 2010 (Twins' exhibition)
 April 12, 2010 (Twins' regular season)
- **owner**: Minnesota Ballpark Authority
- **operator**: Minnesota Twins
- **surface**: Grass
- **construction cost**: United States dollar, USD $ 545 million
- **architect**: Populous
- **builder**: M. A. Mortenson Company
- **tenants**: Minnesota Twins (Major League Baseball, MLB) (2010–present)
- **seating capacity**: 39,504
41,000 (Standing Room Only)
- **dimensions**: **Left Field** -
**Left-Center** -
**Center Field left corner** -
**Center Field right corner** -
**Right-Center** -
**Right Field** -
Grand Casino Arena

**Grand Casino Arena** is an arena in Saint Paul, Minnesota. It is used for many purposes.

It is the home of the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Minnesota Frost of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). It was also home to the Minnesota Swarm of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) from 2005 until 2015 and the temporary home to the Minnesota Lynx of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) during their 2017 season.

It is owned by the city of Saint Paul and operated by Minnesota Sports & Entertainment.

It is on the same block as the RiverCentre convention facility, Roy Wilkins Auditorium, and Ordway Center for the Performing Arts.

Since its opening on September 29, 2000, the arena had its naming rights owned by the Minneapolis-based gas and utility company Xcel Energy. The fans nicknamed the arena "The X".

On September 3, 2025, the naming rights were sold to the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe and the arena was renamed to **Grand Casino Arena**.

## Other websites

- Arena map and directions

## Infobox (_stadium)

- **stadium name**: Grand Casino Arena
- **logo image**: Grand Casino Arena logo.svg
- **nickname**: The X
- **image**:
- **caption**: Grand Casino Arena, then known as Xcel Energy Center, in 2006
- **location**: 199 Kellogg Blvd W, Saint Paul, Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55102
- **owner**: Saint Paul, Minnesota, City of St. Paul
- **operator**: Minnesota Sports & Entertainment
- **construction cost**: $130 million United States dollar, USD
- **surface**: Multi-surface
- **architect**: Populous
- **former names**: Xcel Energy Center (2000–2025)
- **tenants**: Minnesota Wild (National Hockey League, NHL) (2000–present)
 Minnesota Swarm (National Lacrosse League, NLL) (2005–2015)
Minnesota Lynx (Women's National Basketball Association, WNBA) (2017)
Minnesota Frost (Professional Women's Hockey League, PWHL) (2024–present)
- **seating capacity**: Ice hockey / Lacrosse:
18,064 (18,568 with standing room) (2000–2012)
17,954 (2012–present)
Concerts:

*End Stage 12,999
*Center Stage 20,554
Honeycrisp

**Honeycrisp** is an apple cultivar that was made at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station's Horticultural Research Center at the  University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Named in 1974 as the MN 1711, and released in 1991, the Honeycrisp apple has rapidly become a prized commercial commodity, as its sweetness, firmness, and tartness make it a good apple for eating raw. The Honeycrisp apple also keeps its pigment well and has a long shelf life when kept in cool, dry areas.

## Related pages

- Horticulture

## Infobox (cultivar)

- **name**: _Malus domestica_ 'Honeycrisp'
- **image**: Honeycrisp.jpg
- **image caption**: Two Honeycrisp apples, showing the distinct two-toned coloring.
- **image width**: 250px
- **hybrid**: 'Keepsake' × '???'
- **cultivar**: 'Honeycrisp'
- **origin**: University of Minnesota, 1974
Tom Pyatt

**Thomas Cullum Pyatt** (born February 14, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre that played for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Montreal Canadiens and Tampa Bay Lightning. He has also played for the Montreal Canadiens from 2009 to 2011. He is the son of former NHL player Nelson Pyatt and brother of New York Rangers forward Taylor Pyatt.

## Career statistics

|colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff"||rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Regular season|rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff"||colspan="5"|Playoffs||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2003–04|Saginaw Spirit|OHL|67|9|9|18|21|—|—|—|—|—|
|2004–05|Saginaw Spirit|OHL|57|18|30|48|14|—|—|—|—|—|
|2005–06|Saginaw Spirit|OHL|58|24|29|53|29|4|1|2|3|4|
|2006–07|Saginaw Spirit|OHL|58|43|38|81|18|6|3|5|8|0|
|2006–07|Hartford Wolf Pack|AHL|1|0|0|0|0|—|—|—|—|—|
|2007–08|Hartford Wolf Pack|AHL|41|4|7|11|6|3|0|0|0|0|
|2007–08|Charlotte Checkers|ECHL|16|6|9|15|8|3|0|0|0|0|
|2008–09|Hartford Wolf Pack|AHL|73|15|22|37|22|4|0|0|0|2|
|2009–10|Hamilton Bulldogs|AHL|41|13|22|35|8|—|—|—|—|—|
|2009–10|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|40|2|3|5|10|18|2|2|4|2|
|2010–11|Montreal Canadiens|NHL|61|2|5|7|9|7|0|0|0|0|
|2011–12|Tampa Bay Lightning|NHL|74|12|7|19|8|—|—|—|—|—|
|2012–13|Tampa Bay Lightning|NHL|43|8|8|16|12|—|—|—|—|—|
|2013–14|Tampa Bay Lightning|NHL|43|8|8|16|12|1|0|0|0|0|
|2016–17|Ottawa Senators|NHL|82|9|14|23|16|14|2|0|2|0|
|2017–18|Ottawa Senators|NHL|81|7|15|22|10|—|—|—|—|—|
|2018–19|Ottawa Senators|NHL|37|0|2|2|2|—|—|—|—|—|

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **image**: Tom Pyatt 2012-02-25 3.JPG
- **caption**: Pyatt with the Tampa Bay Lightning, Lightning in 2011-12 NHL season, 2012.
- **image size**: 230px
- **shoots**: Left
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 11
- **weight lb**: 181
- **team**: Ottawa Senators
- **league**: National Hockey League, NHL
- **former teams**: Tampa Bay Lightning
Montreal Canadiens
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **birth place**: Thunder Bay, Ontario, ON, Canada, CAN
- **career start**: 2006
- **draft**: 107th overall
- **draft year**: 2005
- **draft team**: New York Rangers
Paper mill

A **paper mill** is a factory that produces paper, usually using vegetable fibers or wood pulp.  Wood and other raw material<nowiki/>s are cut into small chips and cooked with chemicals in large vessels.  The chemicals separate a substance called _cellulose_ from the wood fibres.  The cellulose is then added with other chemicals and additives, and pressed into paper in large machines called _paper machines_.  Most paper is made from pine, spruce and eucalyptus.  Other things often used include rags.
Sailing

**Sailing** is the craft of controlling a boat that uses the force of the wind as a source of movement. Sailing boats were very important to move cargo and people. Starting at the end of the 19th century they were gradually replaced by the boats that used steam to generate motion. Today, sailing is a hobby some people have. In some regions of the world, sailing vessels still keep their importance.

Many military forces also have sailing vessels for the purpose of training.

Sailing is also a competitive sport. It is one of the sports in the Olympic Games.
Ben Gibbard

**Ben Gibbard** (born August 11, 1976) is an American musician. He is the lead singer of the indie bands Death Cab for Cutie and The Postal Service. He is also a solo artist. He was married to actress and musician Zooey Deschanel from 2009 to 2012.

## Other websites

- Death Cab for Cutie's official website
- 20 Questions with Ben Gibbard  from 2000

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **img**: Ben Gibbard - Death Cab for Cutie - Palace Theatre St. Paul (cropped).jpg
- **img capt**: Gibbard performing in 2018
- **name**: Ben Gibbard
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Bremerton, Washington
- **occupation**: Singer, musician, songwriter
- **instrument**: Singing, Vocals, guitar, piano, Drum kit, drums, Bass Guitar, bass
- **label**: Barsuk
Atlantic Records
Sub Pop
Wawa Records
- **associated acts**: Death Cab for Cutie
The Postal Service
¡All-Time Quarterback!
Pinwheel (band), Pinwheel
- **website**: [http://www.bengibbard.com Official website]
Danny Lennon

**Danny Lennon** (born 6 April 1969) is a former **footballer** from Northern Ireland. He is currently the manager of Scottish Premier League side St Mirren.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Danny Lennon
- **occupation**: St Mirren manager
Chip Ganassi Racing

**Chip Ganassi Racing Teams** is an American racing team. The team competes in the IndyCar Series, and sportscar racing. In 2021, Chip Ganassi sold his NASCAR team to Justin Marks and it became Trackhouse Racing.  Their IndyCar drivers are Ryan Briscoe, Scott Dixon, Tony Kanaan, and Charlie Kimball. Dixon is the current IndyCar champion, which he won for the third time in 2013. Their sportscar team's drivers are Scott Pruett, Marino Franchitti, and Memo Rojas.

Until 2016 two of Ganassi's IndyCar cars were sponsored by Target. Target was also a sponsor for Ganassi's Nascar cars until 2017. The drivers of the Target sponsored cars were often in Target advertising and posters of them could be seen in many Target stores.

On June 30th 2021 it was announced that Trackhouse Racing had purchased Chip Ganassi Racing's Nascar team. Chip Ganassi Racing completed the 2021 Nascar season. Trackhouse Racing became the owner at the end of the season. Chip Ganassi Racing will continue to operate their teams racing in other divisions such as Indycar.
Ishmaelites

**Ishmaelites** are the descendants of Ishmael, the oldest son of Abraham. Today, the descendants of Ishmael are mainly living in western Saudi Arabia and are called Arabs. Ishmael was born of Hagar, the servant of Sarah, Abraham's wife. Isaac, Sarah's son, is the father of the Israelites.
SOAP

- _This article is about the computing protocol. For the substance used for cleaning, see soap_

**SOAP** is a protocol used in computing. Web services use this protocol to communicate. SOAP uses XML to encode a message. It uses other application-layer protocols, for transport, and content negotiation, for example HTTP and Remote procedure call. The most common combination is to use SOAP with HTTP and TCP. There are different versions, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2. Before version 1.2 SOAP stood for Simple Object Access Protocol. Since version 1.2 the protocol is simply called _SOAP_. This is because the protocol is not _simple_, and that it can be used for other purposes than accessing objects.

## Introduction

SOAP is a lightweight protocol intended for exchanging structured information in a decentralized, distributed environment. SOAP uses XML technologies to define an extensible messaging framework, which provides a message construct that can be exchanged over a variety of underlying protocols. The framework has been designed to be independent of any particular programming model and other implementation specific semantics.

## SOAP Versions

|SOAP 1.1||
| --- | --- |
|Namespace Name|http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/|
|Spec Location|http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/|
|Namespace Name|http://www.w3.org/2003/05/soap-envelope|
|Spec Location|http://www.w3.org/TR/soap12-part0/ (Primer) http://www.w3.org/TR/soap12-part1/ http://www.w3.org/TR/soap12-part2/|

## Messaging Framework

The core section of the SOAP specification is the messaging framework. The SOAP messaging framework defines a suite of XML elements for "packaging" arbitrary XML messages for transport between systems.

The framework consists of the following core XML elements: Envelope, Header, Body, and Fault, all of which are from the http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/ namespace in SOAP 1.1. I've provided the full XML Schema definition for SOAP 1.1 in the following code for your reference as you read through the remainder of this section. Personally, I find it helpful to inspect the schema whenever familiarizing myself with XML constructs.SOAP UI is a tool use to test whether SOAP is sending and receiving the messages properly as part of Unit testing in IT projects.
Jamaica, Land We Love

"**Jamaica, Land We Love**" is the national anthem of Jamaica. The words were written by Hugh Sherlock and the music was composed by Robert Lightbourne and arranged by Mapletoft Poulle.

## Lyrics

<poem>Eternal Father, bless our land,
Guide us with Thy mighty hand,
Keep us free from evil powers,
Be our light through countless hours.
To our leaders, Great Defender,
Grant true wisdom from above.
Justice, truth be ours forever,
Jamaica, land we love.
Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica, land we love.

Teach us true respect for all,
Stir response to duty's call,
Strengthen us the weak to cherish,
Give us vision lest we perish.
Knowledge send us, Heavenly Father,
Grant true wisdom from above.
Justice, truth be ours forever,
Jamaica, land we love.
Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica, land we love.</poem>

## Other websites

- Jamaican Government site on the Anthem (with lyrics) and Pledges
- Sound file (mp3)
- http://www.nationalanthems.info/jm.mid

## Infobox (anthem)

- **title**: Jamaica, Land We Love
- **prefix**: National
- **country**: Jamaica
- **author**: Hugh Sherlock
- **composer**: Robert Lightbourne
- **adopted**: 1962
Bethel, Maine

**Bethel** is a town in northern Maine. It is part of the Oxford County. In 2020, there were 2,504 people living in the town.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Bethel, Maine
- **settlement type**: New England town, Town
- **motto**: "Maine's Most Beautiful Mountain Village"
- **image skyline**: BethelME Common.jpg
- **image caption**: Bethel Common
- **pushpin map**: Maine#USA
- **pushpin label**: Bethel
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Maine
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Maine, County
- **subdivision name2**: Oxford County, Maine, Oxford
- **parts type**: Villages
- **parts**: Bethel (CDP), Maine, Bethel
East Bethel
Mayville
West Bethel, Maine, West Bethel
- **established title**: Incorporated
- **established date**: 1796
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 170.71
- **area land km2**: 167.31
- **area water km2**: 3.39
- **area total sq mi**: 65.91
- **area land sq mi**: 64.60
- **area water sq mi**: 1.31
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 2504
- **population density km2**: 15.0
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: -5
- **timezone dst**: EDT
- **utc offset dst**: -4
- **elevation m**: 207
- **elevation ft**: 679
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 04217, 04286
- **area code**: Area code 207, 207
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 23-04825
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 0582352
Usain Bolt

**Usain St. Leo Bolt** was born in 1986 and is a Jamaican runner and eight-time Olympic gold-medal winner. He is also known as "Lightning Bolt". Some people call him the fastest man in the world. He has run 100 metres in 9.58 seconds and 200 metres in 19.30 seconds. He took part in the 2012 London Olympics, and won gold in the 100
m, 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay.

## Career

Usain Bolt won the IAAF Grand Prize in a 100 meter dash on May 31st, 2008 at Icahn Stadium in New York City. He finished the race in 9.72 seconds and broke the world record.  On August 16th, 2008, he broke his world record again at the Olympic Games in Beijing.  On August 20th, 2008 he broke the world record for the men's 200 meter race.

On August 16th, 2009, he went to the 12th World Championships in Athletics and broke his own world record in the 100 meter race. He ran that race in 9.58 seconds. Surprisingly, in this race, he didn't try his hardest. He looked around for the last five meters.

On August 28th, 2011, he ran in the 13th World Championships in Athletics in Daegu, South Korea. He made a false start in the 100 meter race and was disqualified.

On August 5th, 2012, he won the men's 100 meter final in the London Olympics. His finishing time was 9.63 seconds. He also won the 4 x 100 meter relay race.

He also won a gold medal in the 100 meter race in the 2016 Rio Olympics.

In 2017, his gold medal for the 2008 relay was disqualified because his teammate Nesta Carter had used drugs. He had to give up his gold medal.

## Personal Life

He is known to be a fan of the English Premier League soccer club,  Manchester United F.C.  He watched their games in person. He also met the coach and players.
Ghebaleh

**Ghebaleh**, ( _Ghbeleh_) is a village in Keserwan, a mountainous part of Lebanon. It is a conservative Christian village located 40 km from the capital city of Lebanon. It is considered the capital of Ftouh Keserwan, with an altitude of 700-1100 meters above sea level.

## Monuments

The 400-year-old Church St. Sarkis & Bakhos is one of the major religious monuments in the region. Others include St. Georges Church at Hakl al Rayes, St. Chalita, St. Antoine, St. Nohra, Ste Al Shekiff and the Immaculate Conception Church.

### Eid Mar Nohra

On July 22nd, people in Ghebaleh commemorate "Eid Mar Nohra," the patron saint of the El Hosri family. Eid Mar Nohra spreads over a full week of festivities with the hype on the eve of the 22nd of July.

The El Hosri family is well-known in Ghebaleh because they were first members of the Maronite Church to settle in Ghebaleh in the 16th century. Many of its members have held important positions in the village. For example:

- Yousef Semaan El Hosri was designated by the Wali as ruler of the area
- Dr. Chucri Nassif El Hosri was one of the first 4 medical doctors in Lebanon, graduating in 1900
- Dr. Antoine Chucri El Hosri was the first gastroenterologist in Lebanon and president of the Order Of Doctors
- Mr. Fernand Antoine Hosri was a successful businessman who helped with the renovation of the church

### Eid Al Saleeb

On September 13th each year, Ghebaleh hosts the "Eid Al Saleeb" (feast of the Cross) festival. It includes a carnival, music, and religious events, and brings attendees from across Lebanon and abroad.
Cinchona pubescens

***Cinchona pubescens***, the **Quinine Tree**, is known for because its bark has a lot of quinine. It  has similar uses to _Cinchona officinalis_ in making quinine, used for treatment of malaria.  It is native to Costa Rica, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. In Ecuador, _C. pubescens_ is found at altitudes from 300 to 3900 m above sea level. It grows to about 10 metres in height. It has the widest distribution of all **Cinchona** species

Planted on other tropical islands it has become an invasive species. It grows quickly, and spreads by both seeds and root suckers. Other plants are unable to grow in the shade that it creates. In the Galapagos Islands the tree was planted by farmers as a crop for the quinine. It has become a dominant species on Santa Cruz Island, taking over from the shrub Miconia and Fern-Sedges. It is also invasive in Hawaii on Maui and the Big Island.

Attempts have been made to control the plant in the Galapagos National Park using a variety of methods. It is not affected by many poisons, it will regrow from a stump or any piece of root left in the ground. Controlling it over all of Santa Cruz island would cost several million US dollars according to research by the Charles Darwin Foundation.
International Friendship Day

**International Friendship Day** celebrations take place on the **4 January** every year. On this day, people spend time with their friends and express love for them. The exchange of Friendship Day gifts like flowers, cards, and wrist bands is a popular tradition of this occasion.

## History

In 1935, the United States Congress proclaimed the 1st Sunday of August as National Friendship Day. Since then, celebration of National Friendship Day became an annual event.

Many other countries around the world adopted the tradition of dedicating a day to friends. In 1997, the United Nations named Winnie the Pooh as the world's Ambassador of Friendship. Today, Friendship Day is enthusiastically celebrated by many nations.

### Celebrating

Many friends wish each other with exchange of gifts and cards on this day. "Friendship bands" are very popular in India, Nepal and parts of South America. Members of social networking sites celebrate Friendship Day on-line.

You do not have to buy a gift or spend money to enjoy Friendship Day. This avoids accusations the fun is only a "marketing gimmick".

To mark the International Day of Friendship the UN encourages governments, international organizations, and civil society groups to hold events, activities, and initiatives that contribute to the efforts of the international community toward promoting a dialogue among civilizations, solidarity, mutual understanding, and reconciliation.

### Other traditions

- _Día del Amigo_ (Spanish: "Friend's Day"), a celebration of friendship, held annually on 20 July mainly in Argentina and Uruguay, but also in some other countries.
- _Dia do Amigo_ (Portuguese: "Friend's Day"), celebration happens on 18 April because on 20 July, they celebrate International Friendship Day.
Joseph Merrick

**Joseph Carey Merrick** (5 August    1862 – 11 April 1890) was an Englishman. His face and body were deformed because of an illness. To earn food, he was shown at freak shows. He was called the **Elephant Man**. He then became famous after he went to live at the London Hospital. Some people who wrote about him wrongly thought he was called **John Merrick**.

## Early life

Merrick was born in Leicester, England in 5 August 1862. He started to become deformed when he was 3. He was also disabled after he hurt his hip. When he was 10, his mother died and his father and stepmother did not want him at home so he left home. When he was 17, he went to live in a workhouse.

## Career

In 1884 Merrick wrote to a showman called Sam Torr. Merrick asked Torr to show him as a "freak" exhibition. Torr showed Merrick around the East Midlands, and then Merrick went to London. He stayed in a shop on Whitechapel Road. People would pay to look at him. A surgeon doctor, Frederick Treves, came to see Merrick and took photographs of him. Soon afterwards, Torr's freak shop was closed by the police and Merrick went to Belgium.

In Belgium, Merrick was robbed by his manager and left Brussels alone. He found his way back to London. Frederick Treves took him to the London Hospital where Treves worked. Merrick was allowed to live there for the rest of his life. Rich and famous people of Victorian London came to visit him there.

## Death

Merrick died on 11 April 1890, aged 27. He died of either asphyxia (not being able to breathe properly) or from a broken neck, resulting from the weight of his head when attempting to lie down to sleep.

Today, nobody knows for sure the cause of Merrick's physical condition.

In 1980, movie director David Lynch made a movie about Merrick, called _The Elephant Man_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Joseph Merrick
- **image**: Joseph Merrick carte de visite photo, c. 1889.jpg
- **alt**: Joseph Merrick
- **caption**: Merrick,
- **birth name**: Joseph Carey Merrick
- **birth place**: Leicester, England
- **death date**: (aged 27)
- **death place**: Whitechapel, London, England
- **death cause**: Asphyxia
- **other names**: The Elephant Man
John Merrick
- **nationality**: British people, British
- **citizenship**: British people, British
- **occupation**: Circus artist
- **years active**: 1884-1885
- **known for**: Physical deformities due to suspected Proteus syndrome
- **mother**: Mary Jane Merrick (née Potterton)
- **father**: Joseph Rockley Merrick
- **family**: William Arthur (brother)
Marion Eliza (Sister)
Charles Merrick (uncle)
Barnabas Merrick (Grandfather)
Sarah Rockley (Grandmother)
- **resting place**: Skeleton on display in Royal London Hospital
John Logie Baird

**John Logie Baird** (13 August 1888 – 14 June 1946) was a Scottish engineer and inventor of the world's first working television system, and the world's first fully electronic colour television tube.

## Early life

Baird was born in Helensburgh, Dunbartonshire, Scotland. He went to school at Larchfield Academy in Helensburgh and then went to the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College (which later became the University of Strathclyde); and the University of Glasgow. He stopped being a student at the beginning of World War I.

## Television experiments

Although lots of inventors helped to make television, Baird was an important person and made big advances. Especially in Britain, lots of people say that Baird was the first person to make a live, moving, greyscale television picture from reflected light. Baird did this by making a better photoelectric cell and making the signal conditioning better.

In 1925, Baird showed people his moving pictures on television at Selfridges department store in London. In 1928, he showed the world's first colour television transmission.

### Broadcasting

In 1927, Baird made a signal go over  between London and Glasgow; Baird sent the world's first long-distance television pictures to the Central Hotel at Glasgow Central Station.

Baird then started the Baird Television Development Company Ltd, and in 1928 it made the first transatlantic television transmission, from London to Hartsdale, New York, and the first television programme for the BBC.

Baird's television systems were replaced by the electronic television system developed by EMI-Marconi.

Baird did lots of work for the field of electronic television after mechanical systems stopped being used. In 1939, he showed colour television using a cathode ray tube.

## Other inventions

Some of Baird's early inventions did not work. In his twenties he tried to make diamonds by heating graphite and ruined Glasgow's electricity supply. Later Baird made a glass razor which did not get rusty

## Later years

From December 1944 until he died two years later, Baird lived at a house in Station Road, Bexhill-on-Sea, immediately north of the station. Baird died in Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England on 14 June 1946 after a stroke in February 1946. The old house was knocked down in 2007.

John Logie Baird was buried with his mother, father and wife in Helensburgh Cemetery, Dunbartonshire.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: John Logie Baird and Stooky Bill.png
- **caption**: John Logie Baird (1925)
- **name**: John Logie Baird
- **birth date**: 13 August 1888
- **birth place**: Helensburgh, Dunbartonshire, Scotland
- **death place**: Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England
- **children**: Malcolm Baird
- **known**: Television
Co-op Food

**The Co-operative Food**, sometimes simply known as the Co-op, is a brand used by the supermarket divisions of several consumer co-operatives in the United Kingdom, with The Co-operative Group being the largest most well known user. Co-operatives are businesses which are ultimately owned by their customer-members and staff-members with each member having an equal say in the business is run. Members elect the board and may vote on the strategic decisions of the business but are not usually involved in its day-to-day operations. Members also receive a percent of the company's earnings each year as a 'Dividend'.

The Co-operative Group purchased Somerfield in early 2009 and encorporated it into The Co-operative Food branding.

## References

de:The Co-operative Food
The Co-operative Group

**The Co-operative Group** is a United Kingdom consumers' cooperative, and, after the acquisition of Somerfield supermarkets, is the world's largest consumer-owned business, with over 4.5 million members and 123,000 employees across all its businesses. Regional and local retail co-operative societies are corporate members of the Group.

Each member (each person registered to the 'Co-operative Membership' scheme) and every person employed has an equal say in how the business is run. Everyone has a right to help shape the company. The Co-operative Group runs several businesses, including the famous Co-op supermarket chain.

Every year, members receive a share of the profits that they helped to create, based on the amount made in profits that year and how much they had spent with any of its businesses.
Somerfield

**Somerfield** was a small UK supermarket chain. It was founded in 1875 with a Bristol-based grocer known as J.H. Mills. It developed a self-service supermarket chain named Gateway Foodmarkets in 1960.  Gateway Foodmarkets was taken over by Linfood Holdings,  which already owned the Frank Dee Supermarkets in the north and east of England. They bought a lot of different retail stores. In 1990 they started using the name Somerfield.

The company bought the Kwik Save chain of discount food stores in 1998.

In early 2009 It was bought by the Co-operative Group for  £1.57 billion. It had 750 shops.
Alvin and the Chipmunks (movie)

***Alvin and the Chipmunks*** is a 2007 family comedy movie using Live-action/CGI. The movie stars Jason Lee, David Cross, Cameron Richardson and Jane Lynch and the voices of Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler and Jesse McCartney.

## Plot

Dave Seville, a desperate song producer, meets three talking, singing chipmunks named Alvin (the awesomest one), Simon (the smart one), and Theodore (the cute one). Dave says that they can live with him if they sing his songs, but he later thinks that he made a terrible mistake when they ruin his house, his friendship with Claire Wilson (his girlfriend and next-door neighbor), and his job. Dave gets along with them better when they became very popular singers. Later on Dave's old friend and roommate, Ian Hawke trys to take the chipmunks away for fame and money. Eventually, Dave gets the chipmunks back, and he learns to consider them as his family. Also he and Claire get back together.

## Cast

- Jason Lee as Dave Seville
- David Cross as Ian Hawke
- Cameron Richardson as Claire Wilson
- Jane Lynch as Gail
- Justin Long as Alvin Seville
- Jesse McCartney as Theodore Seville
- Matthew Gray Gubler as Simon Seville
- Beth Riesgraf as Mother in Store
- Adriane Lenox as Vet
- Kevin Symons as Ted
- Veronica Alicino as Amy
- Frank Maharajh as Barry
- Oliver Muirhead as Butler
AIDS orphan

An **AIDS orphan** is a child who became an orphan because at least one of their parents died of AIDS. (An orphan is a child with no parents.)

The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), use the term "AIDS orphan" to talk about children whose mothers died of AIDS before the child's 15th birthday, whether the child's father is still alive or not. Because of this, some people say that 80% of all "AIDS orphans" still have one parent who is still alive.

There are 70,000 new AIDS orphans a year.  People in the past have guessed that by the year 2010, over 20 million children would be AIDS orphans.

Because most people who get AIDS are people who have sex, most people who die of AIDS are people who make most of their family's money (because most people who have sex are old enough to work). This means that many AIDS orphans need help from their country's government to live, and need money. This happens a lot in Africa especially.

In 2007, South Africa had more AIDS orphans than any other country, (although South Africa uses the term "AIDS orphan" differently than UNICEF and WHO. South Africa uses the term to talk about children under age 18 who lost either their father or their mother to AIDS). In 2005, the country with the highest percentage of AIDS orphans among the country's orphans was Zimbabwe.

## Other websites

- AIDS Orphan Resources Around the Globe
- !Nam Child Wiki  (Namibian Wiki on Children)
Hejaz

**Hejaz** is a province in the west of Saudi Arabia, stretching along the Red Sea (Sea of Hejaz).  It extends from Taif, in the south, to Jordan, in the north. Hejaz has spiritual, cultural, economic and touristic importance, especially in connection with Islam.  Hejaz was an independent kingdom from 1916 to 1926 when Saudi Arabia conquered it. The Hejaz Mountains are the most important in the peninsula. The region has four important cities:

- Jeddah is the largest city and is in the middle of the Red Sea coast. Jeddah is the economic and tourism capital of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Mecca is the holy city for Muslims because of Al-Haram Mosque and Al-Kaaba. Muslims face the city when they pray, and millions go there every year for the Hajj, the main Muslim pilgrimage.
- Medina is the second most holy city and was the first capital of Islam. It has the Mosque of Prophet Muhammad, where the Prophet Muhammad lived. There are many monuments and historical places.
- Taif is the youngest city. It is a tourist city in Saudi Arabia because the climate is cooler than the region's other cities.
Endianness

**Endianness** refers to how data is ordered in machine language, the simplest, most understandable code that a computer can use.

In computer coding, all data (information) is stored in memory as small numbers (bytes). Larger numbers use more bytes to be stored. The different orders how they are can stored are called little-endian and big-endian. Which one is used depends on the type of the computer.

Say that we have a large number (32 bit long) like this:

> ---> 0A | 0B | 0C | 0D

The way it's stored in shorter byte-size (each 8 bit long) computer memory right now is big-endian, because we are starting with the big end of the large number. (Note that this number is in hexadecimal (base-16) ).

There are two important things to know here: first, "end" here does not mean "the last", but rather "side". In other words, "big-endian" means something like "the big side first", not "the big number is at the finish". Second, in computing numbers are usually grouped into bytes which hexadecimal uses two digits to write out. Each group is treated as a single thing and the digits within do not switch.

To write it in little-endian, we simply start on the little end, so it becomes:

> ---> 0D | 0C | 0B | 0A

Note that it is the order that changes, and the number does not become .
Parvicursor

***Parvicursor*** (meaning "small runner") is a genus of tiny maniraptoran dinosaur with long slender legs for fast running. At only about 39 cm (~15 in) from snout to end of tail, and 162 grams (5.7 ounces) in weight, it is one of the smallest non-avian dinosaurs known from an adult specimen.
Caenagnathasia

***Caenagnathasia*** (meaning 'recent jaw from Asia') was a small oviraptorosaurian dinosaur (superfamily Caenagnathoidea), measuring only 1 m (3 ft) in length and weighing around 8 kg (18 lb). Like all oviraptorosaurs, _Caenagnathasia_ had three fingers on each 'hand'  and three toes on each 'foot', with bone fusion similar to that of birds.

_Caenagnathasia_ lived in the Upper Cretaceous, around 90 million years ago.
Šumadija

**Šumadija** (Serbian Cyrillic: Шумадија) is a geographical region in Serbia. The area was heavily forested, hence the name (_Šuma_ - forest). The city of Kragujevac is the center of the region, and the administrative center of the Šumadija District in Central Serbia.

## Borders

Šumadija is located between rivers Sava and Danube in the north, river Velika Morava in the east, river Zapadna Morava in the south, and Kolubara, Ljig and Dičina in the west. According to some interpretations (for example, physiologists such as Jovan Cvijić and ethnologist such as Erdeljanović.), the northern border of Šumadija lay between Avala and Kosmaj mountain. According to that view, the capital of Serbia, Belgrade does not belong to this region.

## History

During the 18th century, the forests of Šumadija were the refuge for the Hajduks that fought against Ottoman occupation. The first Serbian uprising in 1804 was led by national hero Karađorđe. The second Serbian uprising in 1815 was led by Miloš Obrenović who successfully repelled the Turkish forces and, by 1830, Serbia had gained its full autonomy. Because of Miloš's efforts and negotiations Serbia was finally an independent state, after centuries under Ottoman reign.

Between 1922 and 1929, one of the administrative units of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was named Šumadijska Oblast. It roughly included territory of present-day Šumadija District with its administrative seat in Kragujevac, which is the seat of the modern district as well.

## Cities

Some of the large cities and towns in Šumadija are:
- Belgrade (most of it)
- Kragujevac
- Čačak (northern part)
- Aranđelovac
- Gornji Milanovac
- Jagodina
- Smederevo
- Smederevska Palanka
- Mladenovac
- Lazarevac
- Velika Plana

Other smaller towns include:
- Knić
- Varvarin
- Topola
- Lapovo
- Ljig
- Grocka
- Belanovica
- Rača
- Barajevo
- Sopot
- Batočina
- Rekovac

## Related pages

- Šumadija District
- Geographical regions in Serbia
- Central Region (Serbia)

## Other websites

- Šumadija (with Pomoravlje) on _serbiainyourhands.com_
- Stragari - village in Šumadija
New York Hall of Science

**The New York Hall of Science** is a science and technology museum in New York City. It has over 400 exhibits on biology, chemistry and physics. The museum occupies one of the only remaining structures of the 1964 New York World's Fair in Flushing Meadow-Corona Park in the borough of Queens in New York City.

## Infobox (museum)

- **name**: New York Hall of Science
- **image**: FlushingMeadowNY_HallofScience_exterior.jpg
- **imagesize**: 220px
- **caption**: Original building, constructed for the 1964 New York World's Fair
- **location**: 47-01 111th Street
Corona, Queens, Corona, New York (state), New York
- **type**: Science museum, Science-technology museum
- **accreditation**: Association of Science-Technology Centers, ASTC
- **president**: Margaret Honey
- **curator**: Lee Livney
- **publictransit**: to 111th Street (IRT Flushing Line), 111th Street
  at 108th Street
 at Roosevelt Avenue
- **car park**: On-site ($10 fee)