juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
New Hampshire Senate

The **New Hampshire Senate** is the upper house of the New Hampshire General Court. The Senate has been meeting since 1784. The Senate is made of 24 members representing Senate districts.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **name**: New Hampshire State Senate
- **legislature**: New Hampshire General Court
- **coa pic**: Seal of New Hampshire.svg
- **session room**: New Hampshire State Senate.jpg
- **house type**: Upper house
- **term limits**: None
- **new session**: December 4, 2024
- **leader1 type**: List of presidents of the New Hampshire Senate, President
- **leader1**: Sharon Carson (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election1**: December 4, 2024
- **leader2 type**: President pro tempore
- **leader2**: Daryl Abbas (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election2**: December 4, 2024
- **leader3 type**: Majority Leader
- **leader3**: Regina Birdsell (Republican Party (United States), R)
- **election3**: December 4, 2024
- **leader4 type**: Minority Leader
- **leader4**: Rebecca Perkins Kwoka (Democratic Party (United States), D)
- **election4**: December 4, 2024
- **term length**: 2 years
- **authority**: Part Second, New Hampshire Constitution
- **salary**: $200/term + mileage
- **members**: 24
- **last election1**: 2024 New Hampshire Senate election, November 5, 2024
(24 seats)
- **next election1**: 2026 New Hampshire Senate election, November 3, 2026
(24 seats)
- **redistricting**: Legislative control
- **structure1**: NH Sen 2024-2026.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **political groups1**: **Majority**
*
**Minority**
*
- **meeting place**: State Senate Chamber
New Hampshire State House
Concord, New Hampshire, Concord, New Hampshire
Al MacNeil

**Allister Wences MacNeil** (September 27, 1935 – January 5, 2025) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Black Hawks, New York Rangers and the Pittsburgh Penguins between 1956 and 1970.

MacNeil died on January 5, 2025 at his home in Calgary, Canada at the age of 89.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **name**: Al MacNeil
- **image**: 1963 Topps Al MacNeil (cropped).jpg
- **image size**: 230px
- **caption**: Al MacNeil from 1963 Topps card
- **birth name**: Allister Wences MacNeil
- **birth place**: Sydney, Nova Scotia, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada
- **death place**: Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- **height ft**: 5
- **height in**: 10
- **weight lb**: 183
- **position**: Defenceman, Defence
- **shoots**: Left
- **played for**: Toronto Maple Leafs
Montreal Canadiens
Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago Black Hawks
New York Rangers
Pittsburgh Penguins
- **career start**: 1956
- **career end**: 1970
Millennium Falcon

The **Millennium Falcon** is a starship from the _Star Wars_ fictional universe. It is seen in the original and sequel trilogy movies and many books, games, toys, and other things.

The ship was originally owned by Lando Calrissian, before being won in a game of chance by Han Solo and his first mate, Chewbacca.

It makes extensive appearances in the Star Wars films, serving as a primary focus in The Original Trilogy and the Sequel Trilogy.

## Creation

The Millennium Falcon was first made for the movie _Star Wars: A New Hope_ by Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). Joe Johnston made models to redesign the Falcon in _four weeks_ and the sound effect was made by Ben Burtt.

## Related pages

- X-Wing Fighter
- TIE fighter

## Other websites

- Intricate Illustrations of _Star Wars_ Spacecraft Cutouts Reveal Their Inner Mechanics  by Leah Pellegrini April 23, 2016
Jenny Randerson, Baroness Randerson

**Jennifer Elizabeth Randerson, Baroness Randerson** (26 May 1948 – 4 January 2025) was a Welsh Liberal Democrat member of the House of Lords from 2011 until her death. She was an Assembly Member for Cardiff Central from 1999 to 2011.

Baroness Randerson died on 4 January 2025 in Cardiff, Wales at the age of 76.

## Other websites

- Jenny Randerson AM official biography at the Welsh Assembly website
- Jenny Randerson AM profile at the site of Welsh Liberal Democrats

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: The Baroness Randerson
- **image**: Official portrait of Baroness Randerson crop 2, 2023.jpg
- **caption**: Official portrait, 2023
- **office**: Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Wales
- **primeminister**: David Cameron
- **1blankname**: Secretary of State for Wales, Sec. of State
- **1namedata**: David Jones (MP for Clwyd West), David Jones
Stephen Crabb
- **term start**: 5 September 2012
- **term end**: 8 May 2015
- **predecessor**: David Jones (MP for Clwyd West), David Jones
- **successor**: Nick Bourne
- **office2**: Deputy First Minister for Wales, Deputy First Minister of Wales
- **status2**: Acting
- **term start2**: 6 July 2001
- **term end2**: 13 June 2002
- **firstminister2**: Rhodri Morgan
- **successor2**: Mike German, Baron German, Michael German
- **predecessor2**: Mike German, Baron German, Michael German
- **office3**: Welsh Assembly Government, Minister for Culture, Sport and the Welsh Language
- **term start3**: 17 October 2000
- **term end3**: 30 April 2003
- **firstminister3**: Rhodri Morgan
- **predecessor3**: _New post_
- **successor3**: Alun Pugh
- **office4**: Member of the Welsh Assembly
for  Cardiff Central (National Assembly for Wales constituency), Cardiff Central
- **assembly4**: National Assembly for WalesWelsh
- **majority4**: 6,565 (29.3%)
- **term start4**: 6 May 1999
- **term end4**: 5 May 2011
- **predecessor4**: Government of Wales Act 1998, _New Assembly_
- **successor4**: Jenny Rathbone
- **office5**: Member of the House of Lords
Lords Temporal, Lord Temporal
- **term start5**: 27 January 2011
- **term end5**: 4 January 2025
Life Peerage
- **birth place**: London, England
- **death place**: Cardiff, Wales
- **party**: Liberal Democrats (UK), Liberal Democrats
 Liberal Party (UK), Liberal  (before 1988)
- **spouse**: Peter Randerson
- **alma mater**: Bedford College, London
Jessica Alexander

**Jessica Caroline Alexander** (born 19 June 1999) is an English actress. She became well known for her roles in the BBC iPlayer series _Get Even_ (2020) and in Disney's live-action musical fantasy movie _The Little Mermaid_ (2023) as Vanessa.

Jessica Caroline Alexander was born on 19 June 1999 in Westminster, London, England. She began acting at the age five.

Alexander is openly bisexual.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jessica Alexander
- **image**: jessica alexander 2022 1.png
- **caption**: Alexander in 2022
- **birth place**: Westminster, London, England
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 2013–present
Noma Dumezweni

**Noma Dumezweni** (born 28 July 1969) is a South African-British actress. In 2006, she won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role for her role as Ruth Younger in _A Raisin in the Sun_. In 2017, she won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role as Hermione Granger in the original West End run of _Harry Potter and the Cursed Child_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Noma Dumezweni
- **image**: Noma Dumezweni at the 2024 New York Film Festival (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Dumezweni in 2024
- **birth place**: Mbabane, Eswatini, Swaziland
- **occupation**: Actress
- **yearsactive**: 1990s–present
- **children**: 1
- **awards**: Laurence Olivier Award
Linguistic anthropology

**Linguistic anthropology** is the study of how language affects social life. It is a part of anthropology that started with the effort to record languages that might disappear and has grown over the last hundred years to cover most parts of how language is built and used.

Linguistic anthropology looks at how language shapes how people talk, creates social identity and belonging, helps organize big cultural ideas and beliefs, and builds a shared way of seeing the natural and social world.
Mullet (fish)

The **mullets**, also called **grey mullets**, are a family of fish with ray-shaped fins. They live in warm and cool waters near coasts all over the world, and some live in fresh water too. People in Mediterranean Europe have eaten mullets as food since Roman times. There are about 78 kinds of mullets in 26 groups.

Mullets are easy to recognize because they have two separate fins on their backs, small triangle-shaped mouths, and no side-line organ. They eat small bits of dead plants and animals. Most mullets have very strong stomachs and a special throat to help them digest food.

In recent years, "mullet" also came to be a slang word for a hairstyle that is short at the front and top, and long at the back. This slang word is said to have been started by Mike D of the Beastie Boys in 1995, and after 2000 was spread by a small group of people in San Francisco through the Internet.

## Behavior

Mullets often show a behavior where they jump out of the water. There are two types of jumps. One is a fast, straight jump to get away from enemies. The other is a slower jump, where the fish turns sideways and makes a big splash. The reason for the slower jump is not clear, but some think it helps the fish get air with more oxygen using a small organ above its throat.

## Development

The growth of young mullet fish has been studied a lot. The baby stages of one type, Mugil cephalus, are studied more because it lives in many places and is important for fish farming. In 2021, scientists looked closely at how the bones of this fish grow. They found four stages before hatching and six stages after. This study helped explain some unclear things about adult mullets and gave useful details for studying how mullets are related. It also helped fish farmers know how to spot problems when raising mullets.
Food engineering

**Food engineering** is a study and work field that uses ideas from engineering, science, and math to make and manage food. This includes how food is processed, produced, handled, stored, kept fresh, checked, packaged, and delivered.

Because it uses food science and other types of engineering like electrical, mechanical, civil, chemical, industrial, and agricultural engineering, food engineering is a mix of many fields and is a small, focused area.

Food materials are complex, so food engineering also uses ideas from chemistry and physics, like biochemistry, microbiology, food chemistry, heat, how things move, how substances flow, and how heat is transferred. Food engineers use this knowledge to design and make safe, healthy, tasty, and good-quality food that is affordable. They also create food machines and systems.
Sweetgreen

**Sweetgreen** is an American fast casual restaurant chain. It serves salads. It was founded in November 2006 by Nicolas Jammet, Nathaniel Ru, and Jonathan Neman. In August 2007, they opened their first store in Washington, D.C., three months after they graduated from the McDonough School of Business at Georgetown University.
Cabo Negro

***Cabo Negro*** is a 2024 French-Moroccan drama movie written and directed by Abdellah Taïa, starring Oumaima Barid, Youness Beyej and Julian Compan. The movie is about two homosexual boys in Morocco.

## Controversies

In January 2025, before the movie was played at an international movie festival in Marrakech, Taïa explained that he was lonely and that he didn't get the love he wanted during his childhood because he's gay. This missing love inspired him to make this movie. This speech resulted in hate comments on social media as the movie and his speech are said to be “inconsistent with the Islamic norms and values in Morrocco”. It even led to parliamentary questions in the Parliament of Morocco.
Hyundai ix20

The **Hyundai ix20** is a mini MPV made by Hyundai from 2010 to 2019 it replaced the Hyundai Lavita/Matrix.

## History and Features

The Hyundai ix20 was debuted at the Paris Motor Show in 2010 its a rebadged version of the Kia Venga. and the MPV shares its platform with the Hyundai i20 and the Kia Soul it has a 1.4 and 1.6 liter Petrol engines and a 1.4 and a 1.6 liter Diesel engines and the ix20 has a 5-speed and 6-speed manual transmission and a 4-speed automatic transmission.

## Markets

The Hyundai ix20 was sold exclusively in Europe in all its production period.

## Discontinuation

The production of the Hyundai ix20 ended in 2019 this was mainly due to the popularity of compact SUVs and weak sales.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Hyundai ix20 (JC)
- **image**: 2014_Hyundai_ix20_Active_-_1396cc_1.4_%2890PS%29_Petrol_-_White_-_07-2024%2C_Front.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Hyundai Motor Company, Hyundai
- **production**: September 2010 – May 2019
- **assembly**: Czech Republic: Nošovice (Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Czech, HMMC)
- **designer**: Thomas Bürkle
- **class**: Mini MPV
- **body style**: 5-door hatchback
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
- **platform**: Hyundai-Kia small automobile platforms#Hyundai-Kia PB platform, Hyundai-Kia PB
- **predecessor**: Hyundai Lavita, Hyundai Lavita/Matrix
Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive

The **voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive** or **stop** is a rare consonant.

Pharyngeal consonants are usually pronounced at two parts of the pharynx, upper and lower. The lower part is epiglottal, so the upper part is usually shortened to just 'pharyngeal'. In languages around the world, the upper pharynx makes a voiceless fricative  and a voiced sound that can be a fricative or (more commonly) approximant, . The epiglottal part makes the plosive  and also sounds like the fricative  and trill . Because the fricative and trill are usually trilled and rarely just fricative, these consonants are simply called pharyngeal, and are labelled as plosive, fricative/approximant and trill.

## Examples

No language is known to have a phonemic upper pharyngeal plosive. Some say the Nǁng language (Nǀuu) has an upper pharyngeal place of articulation in its click consonants— clicks in Nǁng have a closing in the back that is said to sometimes be uvular and sometimes be upper pharyngeal, depending on the click type. However, if the place was actually pharyngeal, they could not also exist as nasal clicks, which they do.

Besides that, upper pharyngeal plosives are only known from disordered speech. They can be found in the speech of some children with cleft palate, so they can back their stops so they don't have to nasalise them. The extIPA has the letter  (a small-capital ) for this sound.

## Related pages

- Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive

## Infobox (ipa)

- **above**: Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive
- **decimal**: 42927
- **imagefile**: IPA Unicode 0xA7AF.svg
- **imagesize**: 150px
Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive

The **voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive** or **stop** is a rare consonant.

Pharyngeal consonants are usually pronounced at two parts of the pharynx, upper and lower. The lower part is epiglottal, so the upper part is usually shortened to just 'pharyngeal'. In languages around the world, the upper pharynx makes a voiceless fricative  and a voiced sound that can be a fricative or (more commonly) approximant, . The epiglottal part makes the plosive  and also sounds like the fricative  and trill . Because the fricative and trill are usually trilled and rarely just fricative, these consonants are simply called pharyngeal, and are labelled as plosive, fricative/approximant and trill.

## Examples

No language is known to have a phonemic upper pharyngeal plosive. Some say the Nǁng language (Nǀuu) has an upper pharyngeal place of articulation in its click consonants— clicks in Nǁng have a closing in the back that is said to sometimes be uvular and sometimes be upper pharyngeal, depending on the click type. However, if the place was actually pharyngeal, they could not also exist as nasal clicks, which they do.

Besides that, upper pharyngeal plosives are only known from disordered speech. The extIPA has the letter  (a turned small-capital ), the same as IPA , for this sound.

## See also

- Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive

## Infobox (ipa)

- **above**: Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive
- **decimal**: 122626
- **imagefile**: IPA Unicode 1xDF02.svg
- **imagesize**: 150px
Hyundai Lavita

The **Hyundai Lavita** was a MPV made by Hyundai from 2001 to 2010.

## History and Features

The Hyundai Lavita was introduced in 2001 and it was designed by Pinninfarina. It has a 1.5  (avaliable in South Korea only) 1.6 and 1.8 liter gasoline engines and 1.5 turbo diesel engines with a 5-speed manual transmission and a 4-speed automatic transmission It had a first facelift in 2005 and a second facelift in 2008 that was debuted at the Geneva Motor Show in 2008.

## Markets

The Hyundai Lavita was sold under that name in South Korea, Europe and Southeast Asia. It was sold as the Matrix in Australia. The MPV was sold as the Hyundai Elantra Lavita, and in Malaysia, it was sold under the Inokom Matrix name.

## Discontinuation

The production of the Hyundai Lavita ended in 2010 and it was replaced by the Hyundai ix20.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Hyundai Lavita (FC)
- **image**: 2001-2004 Hyundai Elantra LaVita (FC) GLS hatchback (2011-11-18) 01.jpg
- **caption**: Pre-facelift Hyundai Elantra LaVita (Australia)
- **manufacturer**: Hyundai Motor Company, Hyundai
- **aka**: Hyundai Matrix (Europe, ASEAN and Israel)
Hyundai Elantra LaVita (Australia)
Inokom Matrix (Malaysia)
- **production**: 2001–2007 (South Korea)
2007–2010 (Turkey)
- **assembly**: Ulsan, South Korea
İzmit, Turkey (Hyundai Assan Otomotiv, Hyundai Assan)
Kulim, Malaysia (Inokom)
Cairo, Egypt (Ghabbour Group)
Athens, Greece (Hyundai Hellas AEBE)
- **designer**: Lorenzo Ramaciotti (Pininfarina)
- **class**: Mini MPV
- **body style**: 5-door hatchback
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
- **related**: Hyundai Elantra
Hyundai Tucson
Hyundai Tiburon
Kia Spectra
Kia Sportage
- **engine**: **Petrol engines**:
1.5 L _Hyundai Alpha engine#G4EC, Alpha II_ Straight-four engine, I4 (South Korea)
1.6 L _Hyundai Alpha engine#G4ED, Alpha II_ I4
1.8 L _Hyundai Beta engine#G4GB, Beta II_ I4
**Diesel engines**:
1.5 L _Hyundai D engine#D3EA, D_ Straight-3, I3 turbo-diesel
1.5 L _Hyundai U engine#D4FA, U_ I4 turbo-diesel
- **transmission**: 5-speed Manual transmission, manual
4-speed Automatic transmission, automatic
- **length**:
 (first facelift)
 (second facelift)
- **height**: (without roof rack)

- **successor**: Hyundai ix20
Hyundai i40

The **Hyundai i40** is a large Family car made by Hyundai from 2011 to 2019.

## History and Features

The Hyundai i40 was first debuted at the Barcelona Auto Show in 2011.  the car shares its platform with the Hyundai Sonata and has Sedan and Station wagon versions it was designed in Hyundai's European facilites in Russelsheim. it has a 1.6 and 2.0 petrol engines and 1.6 and 1.7 diesel engines and the car also has a 6-speed manual and automatic transmission and a 7-speed DCT transmission.

## Markets

The Hyundai i40 was made mainly for Europe and was sold mainly there however it was also sold in South Korea Australia New Zealand and Malaysia.

## Discontinuation

The production of the Hyundai i40 ended in 2019 in Australia and New Zealand the car was discontinued due to weak sales and was replaced by the Hyundai Sonata it was also discontinued in Europe.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Hyundai i40
- **image**: Hyundai i40 Kombi 1.7 CRDi Style – Frontansicht, 1. Juni 2013, Düsseldorf.jpg
- **manufacturer**: Hyundai Motor Company, Hyundai
- **production**: 2011–2019
- **assembly**: South Korea: Ulsan
Russia: Kaliningrad (Avtotor)
- **designer**: Thomas Bürkle
- **class**: Large family car (D-segment, D)
- **body style**: 5-door estate wagon, estate/wagon
4-door Sedan (automobile), sedan/saloon
- **layout**: Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout, Front-engine, front-wheel-drive
- **related**: Hyundai Sonata#YF, Hyundai Sonata
- **predecessor**: Hyundai Sonata (Europe)
- **caption**: Pre-facelift
Jonathan Majors

**Jonathan Michael Majors** (born September 7, 1989) is an American actor who gained prominence for his roles in various movies and television series. He has received critical acclaim for his performances in works such as _The Last Black Man in San Francisco_, _Lovecraft Country_, and _Devotion_. He is also known for his role as Kang the Conqueror in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in the movie _Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania_ and as some variants of Kang in the Disney+ television series _Loki._

Majors has been recognized for his talent and versatility, showcasing his ability to handle a wide range of characters and genres. In addition to his film and TV work, he has a background in theater and has participated in various stage productions.
Bajwa

**‌‌Bajwa** is an Principle‌‌‌ <span lang="hi" dir="rtl">caste</span> or Patti‌ () ‌‌is a clan of the Jat‌ community, which are roughly comprised of landowners and zamindar of Pakistani Punjab. They looked down upon the traditional kammi caste or landless yeomen worker in their wast farmhand.

Even during the Predated reign of Sikh Empire many of this Bajwa Jats doesn't outlasted for long time in order to defend their ancestral patronage in the adjoining regionality of Bajawat chiefdom.

## Caste structure

The caste status of Bajwa Jats is historically premised between Muslim and Sikh faith. Due to shared cultural ties and religious believing, they have fostered harmonious relations within both amiable groups.

United by common interests, Bajwa rioters collectively resisted against the influence of the Hindu Mahasabha

## Infobox (tribe)

- **name**: Bajwa
- **type**: Jat clan
- **ethnicity**: Punjabi • Haryana, Haryanvi
- **parent tribe**: Sikh Jats
- **language**: Punjabi
- **religion**:  Hinduism •  Sikhism •   Islam
Internment of Japanese Canadians

From 1942 to 1949, Canada forced over 22,000 Japanese Canadians to move and live in camps. This was over 90% of all Japanese Canadians in British Columbia. The government said this was for "national security." Most of these people were born in Canada. They were targeted because they had Japanese ancestors.

This happened after Japan fought against the Western Allies in World War II. Important events included Japan's invasion of Hong Kong, the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and the Fall of Singapore. Canada then declared war on Japan. In the United States, Japanese Americans faced similar treatment. Japanese Canadians were forced to follow rules like curfews, lost their jobs and property, and some were sent back to Japan.

From December 1941 to 1949, Japanese Canadians had their homes and businesses taken away. They were sent to camps and farms in British Columbia and other places in Canada, mostly far from cities. The government sold their fishing boats, cars, houses, farms, businesses, and personal things. The money from these sales was used to cover their living costs in the camps.

In August 1944, Prime Minister Mackenzie King said Japanese Canadians had to move east of the Rocky Mountains or be sent to Japan after the war. By 1947, many could return to British Columbia, but it was not until April 1, 1949, that they were free to live anywhere in the province again.

On September 22, 1988, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney apologized, one month after U.S. President Ronald Reagan apologized to Japanese Americans. Canada offered $21,000 to each living person who had been sent to the camps and gave back Canadian citizenship to those sent to Japan. The Japanese Canadian Redress Agreement in 1988 created a fund to help teach about this history.
Leap second

A **leap second** is adding one extra second to time sometimes. This is done to fix the small difference between very exact time (kept by atomic clocks) and the less exact solar time (based on the Earth’s rotation). The time system we use (UTC) would get too far ahead of solar time without these fixes. Leap seconds were first used in 1972. Since then, 27 leap seconds have been added, the last one on December 31, 2016. All of them added one second. Taking away a second is possible, but it has never happened.

The Earth's rotation speed changes because of weather and natural events. This makes leap seconds hard to predict. A group called the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) decides when to add them, usually about six months before, so the difference between UTC and solar time never gets bigger than 0.9 seconds.

Leap seconds cause problems, especially for systems that need very exact timing. Some computers do not update correctly, so their time can be wrong. After many years of talks, it was decided in November 2022 that leap seconds will be stopped by or before 2035.
Didban Iran

**Didban Iran** (, lit. "Watchman of Iran") is an independent news website in Tehran, Iran. It publishes news in Persian. The site was started in 2015 by Saeid Seif, who is also the editor-in-chief.

In 2023, the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance ranked Didban Iran as the 13th top news website in the country.

Because of its investigative reports, some media call Didban Iran the "Iranian WikiLeaks".

## History

Didban Iran was created in 2015 in Tehran by Saeid Seif. It has a license from the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance. The website publishes political, social, cultural, economic, and sports news.

## Government bans

- **May 2024:** The site was blocked for 22 days after reports on corruption at Debsh Tea company.
- **March–April 2025:** The site was blocked for more than 40 days after an interview with Mohsen Rafighdoost about political assassinations.

## Arrests

- **December 2022:** Saeid Seif was arrested for covering protests.
- **April 2023:** He was arrested again for supporting demonstrators.
- **December 2024:** He was arrested for two weeks after publishing interviews about corruption.

## Investigations

- **Bank Refah (2024):** Reported the disappearance of €35 million. The courts later cleared the site.
- **Tehran Municipality (2025):** Reported a 17 trillion toman budget gap. The courts acquitted the website after lawsuits.
- **Electric bus contracts (2023–2024):** Reported irregular deals with Chinese companies.
- **Political assassinations (2025):** Published an interview with Mohsen Rafighdoost about killings of opposition figures.
- **Water mafia (2025):** Interview with Issa Kalantari about corruption in water management.

## Other websites

- Instagram
- X (Twitter)

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Didban Iran

- **logo**: Didbaniran logo.png
- **founded**: 2015
- **founder**: Saeid Seif
- **headquarters**: Tehran, Iran
- **website**: https://didbaniran.ir
Auxiliary bishop

An **auxiliary bishop** is a bishop who helps the main bishop of a diocese with his duties and work. Auxiliary bishops may also be titular bishops of places that no longer exist as dioceses.

## Related pages

- Archbishop
- Archbishop ad personam
- Cardinal (Catholic Church)
- Bishop coadjutor
- Bishop-elect
Hans Biezen

**Hans Biezen** (3 July 1947 – 17 December 2024) was a Dutch photographer.

## Biography

Born in 1947, Biezen was trained as a sculptor. In photography, he was autodidact. Biezen initially focused on making pohtographs on "beautiful" and "strong" photossituations. He realized that the condition 'beautiful' was a limitation of possibilities, and reduced his photography to a mainly documentary form. His first exposition was _Foto's van Jet_ in 1975 at the Van Abbemuseum after taking picures of the most important daily events of his wife Jet from January 1969 until 1975. Biezen continued with picture stories and street photography. He had expositions in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Later he focused in his works on light and space.

Works of Biezen are among others in the collections of CODA Museum, Van Abbemuseum, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam and Museum van Bommel van Dam.

Biezen moved to Östersund, Sweden in 1995. He died there on 17 December 2024, at the age of 77.

## Other websites

- Career description

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Hans Biezen
- **birth place**: Tilburg, Netherlands
- **death place**: Östersund, Sweden
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: photographer
Titular bishop

A **titular bishop** is a bishop in some churches who does not lead a diocese.

A priest who becomes a bishop but does not lead a diocese, such as an auxiliary bishop, a nuncio, or an official in the Roman Curia, is given a titular see. The titular see is a title linked to a diocese that no longer exists.

## Related pages

- Archbishop
- Archbishop ad personam
- Cardinal (Catholic Church)
- Bishop coadjutor
- Bishop-elect
Elsbeth Gerritsen

**Elsbeth  Gerritsen** (19 February 1971 – 21 December 2024) was a Dutch operatic mezzo-soprano.

## Biography

Gerritsen studied musicology at the Utrecht University and did afterwards singing education at the Amsterdam Conservatory. She was trained by  and .

Gerritsen was a soloist with Asko/Schönberg, the Doelen Ensemble and Camerata Trajectina. She was a member of the Nederlandse Kamerkoor, Netherlands Bach Society, and the vocal quartet Quink. She sang in among others Orfeo in _Orfeo ed Euridice_, Martha in _Faust_, Mrs. Noye in _Noye's Fludde_, Miss Baggott in _Brittens The Little Sweep_, Miranda in _The Tempest van Purcell_, _Boris Godoenov_. and Peace in _De Triomfeerende Min_. In addition, she sang and performed in several world premieres.

Gerritsen was married to bass-baritone Michiel Meijer. She died from breast cancer on 21 December 2024, at the age of 53.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Elsbeth  Gerritsen
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: operatic mezzo-soprano
Earth's spin

**Earth's spin** means how the Earth turns around its own middle line. This middle line is called an axis. Earth also moves differently in space as it spins. Earth spins to the east. If you look from the star called Polaris at the North Pole, Earth turns to the left, or counterclockwise.

The North Pole is where Earth's axis touches the top side of Earth. People also call it the Geographic North Pole. It is different from the north magnetic pole. The South Pole is the place where the axis touches the bottom side of Earth, in a land called Antarctica.

Earth spins one full time in about 24 hours when looking at the Sun. But compared to faraway stars, Earth spins in 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds. Earth’s spinning is getting slower over time because the Moon pulls on Earth. Long ago, a day was shorter. Today’s day is about 1.7 milliseconds longer than 100 years ago. Scientists use special clocks to measure this and change time by adding leap seconds. Since the 8th century BCE, a day has grown longer by about 2.3 milliseconds every 100 years.

In 2020, Earth started spinning faster after spinning slower for many years. On June 29, 2022, Earth finished one spin 1.59 milliseconds quicker than 24 hours. This was the fastest spin ever recorded. Because of this, experts are thinking about new ways to measure time, like using a negative leap second.

The faster spinning could happen for different reasons. Earth’s soft, liquid core moves. The oceans and air also move. The Moon and other things in space pull on Earth. Ice at the North and South Poles is melting because of climate change. Ice melting makes Earth’s shape change. Earth is not a perfect ball; it is wider in the middle. When less ice pushes down at the poles, Earth becomes rounder, and the weight moves closer to the center. A rule called conservation of angular momentum says that when mass moves closer to the center, spinning becomes faster.
Android Ice Cream Sandwich

**Android Ice Cream Sandwich** is the fourth major version of Android Operating System developed by Google. It was launched on October 19, 2011. It has a features including changes in recent apps, changed launcher change size of widget and many more.

## Related pages

- Android Honeycomb

## Other websites

- Official websites

## Infobox (os version)

- **name**: Android Ice Cream Sandwich
- **collapsible**: yes
- **version of**: Android (operating system), Android
- **logo**: Android Ice Cream Sandwich Logo.svg
- **logo size**: 75px
- **screenshot**: Android 4.0.png
- **caption**: Android 4.0 home screen
- **screenshot size**: 250px
- **developer**: Google
- **discontinued**: yes
- **release version**: 4.0.4_r2.1 (IMM76L)
- **kernel type**: Monolithic kernel, Monolithic (Linux kernel, Linux)
- **preceded by**: Android Gingerbread, Android 2.3.7 "Gingerbread" (smartphones)
Android Honeycomb, Android 3.2.6 "Honeycomb" (tablets)
- **succeeded by**: Android Jelly Bean, Android 4.1 "Jelly Bean"
- **support status**: Unsupported as of December 6, 2018
 Google Play Services support dropped since February 2019
Presidency of the Council of the European Union

The **presidency of the Council of the European Union** is responsible for the work of the Council of the European Union, which is the co-legislator of the EU legislature along with the European Parliament.

The role is given to member states of the EU every six months. The presidency is not an individual, but a role that is held by a national government.

The presidency is currently, held by Poland, since January 2025.

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Presidency
- **body**: the Council of the European Union
- **insignia**: Council of the EU and European Council.svg
- **insigniacaption**: Emblem of the Council
- **flag**: Flag of Europe.svg
- **flagcaption**: Flag of Europe
- **image**: Flag of Poland.svg
- **imagesize**: 100
- **imagecaption**: **Currently held by**
**Poland**
1 January – 30 June 2025
- **department**: Council of the European Union
- **termlength**: Six months
- **seat**: * Council of the EU:
Europa building, Brussels, Belgium
* Government of Belgium, Belgian Government:
 Brussels
- **formation**: 1958
- **appointer**: Rotation among the EU member states
- **constituting instrument**: Treaties of the European Union
- **first**: Belgium
- **footnotes title**: Presidency trio
- **footnotes**: Poland •  Denmark •  Cyprus
European Union legislative procedure

The European Union creates legislation through many **legislative procedures**. Most legislation needs to be proposed by the European Commission and approved by the Council of the European Union and European Parliament to become law.

Since December 2009, after the Lisbon Treaty, three EU branches have been the main power in the legislative process: the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission, with the national parliaments of the EU having another role.

## Infobox (legislature)

- **background color**: #0C4DA2
- **name**: European Union legislative procedure
- **logo pic**: Flag of Europe.svg
- **logo caption**: European Union flag
- **leader1 type**: Presidency of the Council of the European Union
- **election1**: 1 January 2025
- **leader2 type**: President of the European Parliament
- **leader2**: Roberta Metsola
- **party2**: European People's Party, EPP
- **election2**: 18 January 2022
- **house1**: EU Council
- **house2**: EU Parliament
- **structure1**: Structure of the Council of the European Union.svg
- **structure1 res**: 250px
- **structure1 alt**: Structure of the Council of the European Union
- **structure2**: European Parliament - Strasbourg Chart - July 2024.svg
- **structure2 res**: 250px
- **structure2 alt**: Political seats configuration for the 10th legislature of the European Parliament (2024-2029)
- **political groups1**: No official division by political groups
- **joint committees**: Trilogue meeting, Conciliation committee
- **session room**: European Council (38185339475).jpg
- **meeting place**: Europa building: Council of the EU's seat since 2017 in Brussels, Belgium
- **session room2**: European Parliament Strasbourg Hemicycle - Diliff.jpg
- **session alt2**: European Parliament hemicycle in Strasbourg, France
- **meeting place2**: Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg, Louise Weiss: European Parliament's seat since 1999 in Strasbourg, France
Henk Bruysten

**Henk Bruysten** with nickname **Hank The Knife** (30 May 1946 – 28 December 2024) was a Dutch musician and comic artist. Bruysten was member of Long Tall Ernie and the Shakers and founder, lead singer and bassist of Hank the Knife and the Jets.

## Biography

Bruysten was born in Arnhem on 30 May 1946 where he also grew up. He became bassist of the band  and he nicknamed himself Hank The Knife. With the band he record two albums and had three singles in the Dutch Top 40. After two years, he left the group due to business and artistic arguments and founded Hank the Knife and the Jets. Their fist single _Guitar King_ (1975) reached the number two position in the Dutch Top 40, with the single _Stan The Gunman_ they later reached the number one position. Other singles they had in the Dutch Top 40 were _Yesterday Star_ (1976), _Crazy Cat_ (1976) and _Crazy Guitar_ (1980).

Bruysten was also a comic artist for over 40 years. He made comics for several newspapers and magazines. His most known cartoon character was _Jan Jammerdan_. Together with Tati Lentjes he drew over 2000 comic strips of _Jan Jammerdan_.

Bruysten was married to Kitty and they had a daughter Kim. One of his best friends was bassist and singer  (1945-2009). His wife died in 2009.  He died on 28 December 2024, at the age of 78.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Henk Bruysten
- **birth place**: Arnhem, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: musician and comic artist
Orbit Downloader

**Orbit Downloader** is a freeware, proprietary and graphical download manager with a hidden function of performing DDoS attacks carried out without the user's consent and knowledge, available for Windows family operating systems. One of the main lures to install the program is the ability to download video files from sites such as YouTube, Dailymotion and Metacafe, a defunct Israeli video-sharing website that was launched in July 2003, and redirected to www.videohubs.com on 28 August 2021, following its closure. Since version 4.1.1.5, Orbit Downloader has included an orbitdm.exe component, which connects to the program's website, from where it gets two addresses. From one it downloads the location of the malicious DLL file, while from the other it gets more addresses.

The DLL takes a veiled configuration and performs DDoS attacks on targets provided within it. Eset classifies it as a Trojan Win32/DDoS Orbiter.A.

Officially, the program supports protocols:

- HTTP
- HTTPS
- FTP
- Metalink
- RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol)
- PNM
- MMS (Microsoft Media Services)
- RTMP (Real Time Messaging Protocol)

Orbit Downloader works with many browsers, including: Opera, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Maxthon, Netscape and Google Chrome.

## Other websites

- Orbit Downloader (offline)

## Infobox (software)

- **name**: Orbit Downloader
- **caption**: Screenshot of Orbit Downloader version 2
- **developer**: Innoshock
- **discontinued**: yes
- **operating system**: Microsoft Windows
- **platform**: IA-32
- **genre**: Malware (originally download manager)
- **license**: Malware (originally adware)
- **website**: orbitdownloader.com (Offline)
Pieter Hofstra

**Pieter Hielke Hofstra** (24 September 1946 – 2 January 2025) was a Dutch politician. As a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy he served as a member of the House of Representatives from 1994 to 2006 and of the Senate from 2007 to 2011.

As a member of the House of Representatives he was focused on housing and construction policy, and public transport and freight transport. As a member of the Senate he defended the interests of motorists and focused on public transport and the introduction of road pricing.

He was chairman of .

Hofstra died in Heerenveen on 2 January 2025, at the age of 78.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Pieter Hofstra
- **image**: Pieter Hofstra (cropped).png
- **caption**: Hofstra in 2014
- **birth name**: Pieter Hielke Hofstra
- **birth place**: Groningen, Netherlands
- **death place**: Heerenveen, Netherlands
- **nationality**: Dutch
- **occupation**: Politician
- **party**: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy
- **office**: Member of the House of Representatives (Netherlands), House of Representatives
- **term start**: 1994
- **term end**: 2006
- **office2**: Member of the Senate (Netherlands), Senate
- **term start2**: 12 June 2007
- **term end2**: 7 June 2011
Jörg Kukies

**Jörg Kukies** (born 21 February 1968) is a German economist and politician. In November 2024, he became Minister of Finance in the government of Chancellor Olaf Scholz.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Jörg Kukies
- **image**: Visit of Jörg Kukies, German Federal Minister for Finance, to the European Commission 04 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Kukies in 2025
- **office1**: Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany), Minister of Finance
- **chancellor1**: Olaf Scholz
- **term start1**: 7 November 2024
- **term end1**: 6 May 2025
- **predecessor1**: Christian Lindner
- **successor1**: Lars Klingbeil
- **birth name**: Jörg Kukies
- **party**: Social Democratic Party of Germany, SPD (1986–present)
- **alma mater**: Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne University (BA)
 Harvard Kennedy School (MPA)
 University of Chicago Booth School of Business (PhD)
- **birth place**: Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate, West Germany
- **office2**: German Chancellery, Secretary of State of the Chancellery
- **termend2**: 7 November 2024
- **termstart2**: 8 December 2021
- **chancellor2**: Olaf Scholz
- **office3**: Federal Ministry of Finance (Germany), Secretary of State of Finance
- **term start3**: 14 March 2018
- **term end3**: 8 December 2021
- **chancellor3**: Angela Merkel
- **minister3**: Olaf Scholz
La Trinité-sur-Mer

**La Trinité-sur-Mer** is a commune in the Morbihan department in Brittany, in north-western France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: La Trinité-sur-Mer
- **native name**: An Drinded-Karnag
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: La Trinite-sur-Mer.jpg
- **caption**: La Trinité-sur-Mer
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr La Trinité-sur-Mer (Morbihan).svg
- **insee**: 56258
- **postal code**: 56470
- **arrondissement**: Lorient
- **canton**: Quiberon
- **mayor**: Yves Normand
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Auray Quiberon Terre Atlantique
- **elevation min m**: 0
- **elevation max m**: 31
- **area km2**: 6.20
Battle of Halidzor

The **Battle of Halidzor** (Armenian: Հալիձորի Ճակատամարտ) took place in the spring of 1727 at the Halidzor fortress, which is located in the present-day Armenian province of Syunik, near the town of Kapan. The battle was between the Armenians, under the leadership of Davit Bek, and the Ottomans.

## Battle

In the spring of 1727, Davit Bek and his followers found refuge in the Halidzor fortress before the Ottomans besieged Halidzor. The Ottoman forces were met with incessant attacks by small Armenian units from the fortress. After seven days, the Ottomans abandoned their positions and retreated.

## Aftermath

According to Armenian sources, the remnants of the Ottoman army dispersed across the region with confusion and panic. The victory at Halidzor encouraged the Armenian rebels, who then expelled Ottoman forces from the area around Kapan and continued to advance south, towards Meghri.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: Battle of Halidzor
- **partof**: the Syunik Rebellion
- **image**:
- **date**: February 26th - March 5th, 1727
- **place**: Halidzor Fortress, near the modern town of Kapan, Armenia
- **result**: Armenian Victory
* The Ottoman Empire, Ottomans lift the siege.
- **combatant1**: Armenians of Syunik
- **combatant2**: Ottoman Empire
Armenian defectors
- **commander1**: Davit Bek
Mkhitar Sparapet
Ter Avetis
- **commander2**: Unknown
- **strength1**: 454-468
- **strength2**: 70,000 (could be exaggerated)
- **casualties1**: Light
- **casualties2**: 13,000
Bobby Matitahatiwen

**Bobby Matitahatiwen**, also written as **Bobbie Matitahatiwen** or **Bob Matitahatiwen** (18 June 1959 – 5 January 2025) was a Dutch futsal player

## Biography

Matitahatiwen is regarded as the best Dutch futsal player of his generation. He won the Gouden Schoen (golden shoe), the best player of the year award, in 1984.

Matitahatiwen made his debut for the Netherlands national futsal team on 27 January 1983 against Italy. He played a total of seven matches between January 1983 and November 1984 with the national team and scored five times. On club he played as an association footballer with  from 1979. In futsal he played with FC Toma, that was later called Datarex and Datagold, in the  during the 1980s. He was selected as a guest player on the Feyenoord futsal team, with the players of the main association football team, on 27 December 1984 and received mixed reactions after the match.

He was a cousin of footballer Simon Tahamata.

Matitahatiwen worked as a policy officer at the Dutch Healthcare Authority. He lived during and after his career in Moordrecht. He died on 5 January 2025, at the age of 65.

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Bobby Matitahatiwen
- **youthyears1**: until 1979
- **youthclubs1**: Moordrecht
- **years1**: from 1979
- **clubs1**: (association football)
- **clubs2**: FC Toma
- **nationalyears1**: 1983–1984
- **nationalteam1**: Netherlands national futsal team, Netherlands
- **nationalcaps1**: 7
- **nationalgoals1**: 5
Rage farming

**Rage farming** is a general term for when someone purposely tries to make someone else Angry or Upset. This can be done in the physical or Digital world. Often times, rage farming is done by making cruel Jokes about someone or something repeatedly. Rage farming can also be referred to as Rage baiting. On the internet, rage farming can be through spreading Memes about something very sensitive or offensive to a wide group of people. On a Video game rage farming can be seen as calling someone else's skills trash or any other terms for bad.  Rage bait was named Oxford University Press's Word of the Year 2025.
Jos Plas

**Petrus Josephus Armand "Jos" Plas** or **Joseph Plas** (26 November 1930 – 3 January 2025) was a professional Belgian road cyclist.

## Biography

His cycling career was from 1952 to 1964. He won in this era many races in Belgium, including GP Stad Vilvoorde and had many more podium positions at other races. He rode among others the Tour of Flanders and Giro di Lombardia. One of his trainers was Boontje.

During his career he also owned a bicycle shop in Teralfene. After his career he remained a very active cyclist. At the age of 80 years old he cycled three days per week over 100 kilometers. He even cycled long distances after his 90th birthday.

Plas married O'Dora Messens (1935-1974) and after her death Liesbeth van der Linden. He died at home in Sint-Ulriks-Kapelle on 3 January 2025, at the age of 94.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jos Plas
- **birth name**: Petrus Josephus Armand Plas
- **birth place**: Sint-Ulriks-Kapelle, Belgium
- **death place**: Sint-Ulriks-Kapelle, Belgium
- **nationality**: Belgian
- **occupation**: road cyclist
Meanness

**Meanness** refers to personality in the form of which, according to many including Aristotle, has the characteristics for being low. In modern forms, though, the word refers to intense hatred, contempt, cruelty and being hostile toward everybody else.

## Classical forms

For his dictionary, Noah Webster (1758–1843) indicated meanness was "the want of excellence", "want of rank", "the lowness of mind" or "low esteem".

## Modern forms

Under modern forms, being mean refers to being very nasty, being cruel and not having any or proper generosity. In fact, being mean can be sometimes mistaken for or mixed up with when somebody is stern or condescending. Bullying, aggression, violence, narcissism and being ruthless are other examples for being mean.
Condescension

**Condescension** and **condescendence** are words that refer to when somebody displays an attitude for contempt toward, hatred of or being strongly more important than everybody else. There are negative connotations with being condescending.

## The modern reference to _condescension_

Before the Victorian era, condescension meant when someone of an upper social class spoke in a simpler way with those of a lower social class.
The modern meaning refers to the act of being patronizing and superior against other people.