juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Kōryaku

was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Eiwa and before Eitoku. This period started in March 1379 and ended in February 1381.  The pretender in Kyoto was   Go-En'yū's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the _Kōryaku_ era

- **1379** (_Kōryaku 2_): Shiba Yoshimasa became _Kanrei_.
- **1380** (_Kōryaku 3_): Kusunoki Masanori rejoined Emperor Go-Kameyama.
- **26 July 1380** (_Kōryaku 2, 24th day of the 6th month_): Former pretender Emperor Kōmyō died at age 60.

## Southern Court _nengō_

- Tenju, 1375–1381

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kōryaku|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1379|1380|1381|
Eitoku

was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kōryaku and before Shitoku.  This period started in February 1381 and ended in February 1384.  The pretenders in Kyoto were  and    Their Southern Court rivals in Yoshino during this time were  and .

## Events of the Eitoku era

- **1381** (_Eitoku 1, 3rd month_): The emperor traveled in procession to visit Ashikaga Yoshimitsu at his home.
- **1381** (_Eitoku 1, 7th month_): Nijō Yoshimoto was given the position of Prime Minister (_daijō daijin_).
- **1382** (_Eitoku 2, 1st month_): Yoshimitsu is raised to the court position of Minister of the Left (_sadaijin_), and several days later, he was named General of the Left (_sadaisho_).
- **1383** (_Eitoku 3_): Emperor Go-Kameyama received the succession in the Southern Court.

## Southern Court _nengō._

- Kōwa (Muromachi period), 1381–1384

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Eitoku|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1381|1382|1383|1384|
National Archives of Japan

The , also known by the acronym **NAJ**, is a Japanese public institution which preserves government documents and historical records.

## History

The National Archives Law No. 79 (1999) established NAJ's core function of preserving government documents and records.

Before the creation of the National Archives, there is almost no tradition of preserving "grey-area" records, such as records which show the process which led to the formation of a specific policy.

### Independent Administrative Institution

The National Archives became an Independent Administrative Institution on April 1, 2001.

Since 2005, the NAJ website has offered high-resolution images of some of its holdings, including those named as Important Cultural Properties of Japan.

## Related pages

- List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan
- National Diet Library

## Other websites

- National Archives of Japan ;  [http://www.archives.go.jp/ ]
- Japan Center for Asian Historical Records
Four temperaments

**Four temperaments** is a theory of psychology about personality. It suggests that there are four bodily fluids that affect human personality traits and behaviour. The temperaments are _sanguine_, _choleric_, _melancholy_, and _phlegmatic_.

## Humours

Galen, a doctor from the Roman empire added characteristics to bodily fluids:
- Mucus - Cold and damp
- Black bile - Cold and dry
- Yellow bile - Warm and Dry
- Blood - Warm and damp

Galen thought that to cure illness you need to rebalance the fluids. If you, for example, have too much blood, you will need a remedy which is the opposite of warm and damp; something cold and dry.

|**Humour**|**Season**|**Element**|**Organ**|**Qualities**|**Ancient name**|**Modern**|**MBTI**|**Ancient characteristics**|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Blood|spring|air|liver|warm & moist|sanguine|artisan|SP|courageous, hopeful, amorous|
|Yellow bile|summer|fire|spleen|warm & dry|choleric|idealist|NF|easily angered, bad tempered|
|Black bile|autumn|earth|gall bladder|cold & dry|melancholic|guardian|SJ|despondent, sleepless, irritable|
|Phlegm|winter|water|brain/lungs|cold & moist|phlegmatic|rational|NT|calm, unemotional|

### Sanguine

A sanguine person is an energetic person. They are friendly, talkative, encouraging and creative. They like to be noticed by others and to have fun.

But they tend to forget things they are supposed to do and to be late for dates or appointments. If they feel that they are not appreciated, they can become depressed (sad). They tend to lose interest in new hobbies as soon as it is no longer a fun thing to do.

### Choleric

A choleric is a bossy, ambitious and critical person. They tend to be good leaders, but when they don't have power over everyone, they can get into a bad mood.

They can be bossy to people of the other temperaments. They are able to make good plans and do things well by not losing interest.

### Melancholy

A melancholic or melancholy person is a thinker and perfectionist. They tend to prefer to spend time alone instead of being in social situations. They go by a schedule and are truthful (say what they mean). They can become depressed because of their perfectionist traits. They might suffer in silence and not complain. They are independent and able to do things for themselves.  Melancholics can be creative in artistic areas such as poetry and music.

People tend to say "Melancholic" instead of "Melancholy". The term "Melancholic" in the incorrect way of saying one of these four traits.

### Phlegmatic

A phlegmatic is a quiet, kind and peaceful person. They like giving and receiving affection, although they might be shy. They can be content to go along with situations as they are, instead of trying to change them.  They may tend to be relaxed, lazy and not have a lot of energy.
Richard Tsien

**Richard Winyu Tsien** (born 3 March 1945) is a noted American neurobiologist (or neuroscientist). Tsien has received many honours and awards.

## Biography

Richard Tsien was born in Tating, Kweichow, China. He is the eldest of three brothers. Tsien's youngest brother Roger Y. Tsien, a cell biologist, won the 2008 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He is a descendant of the King Wuyue Tsien Liu. He is the son of Hsue-Chu Tsien, a famous aeronautical mechanic who became the chief engineer for Boeing.

Soon after his birth, Tsien's family moved to the United States. Tsien received BS in 1965 and MS in 1966 both in electrical engineering and both from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  Tsien then won the Rhodes Scholarship and studied in the United Kingdom at Wadham College, Oxford from 1966 to 1969.  Tsien obtained PhD in biophysics from Oxford in 1970.

From 1968 to 1970, Tsien was a Weir Junior Research Fellow at University College, Oxford. From 1969 to 1970, Tsien was a teaching fellow at Balliol College, Oxford.

In 1970, Tsien went back to the United States, became an assistant professor in the Department of Physiology at Yale University School of Medicine from 1970 to 1974. From 1974 to 1979, Tsien was an associate professor in the same department, and promoted to full professor in 1979 until 1988.

In 1988, Tsien went to Stanford and founded the Stanford University Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, where he also served the first chairman. From 1991 to 2001, Tsien was the Director Silvio Conte - National Institutes of Mental Health Center for Neuroscience Research. Since 1988, Tsien has been the George D. Smith Professor of Stanford Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology. And since 2000, Tsien has been the Co-Director for the Stanford Brain Research Centre.

Tsien did important work on calcium channels, their mechanisms and roles in cell signaling pathways. Tsien's research also helps us understand the long-term plasticity of synapses.

From 1987 to 1988, Tsien was the President of the Society of General Physiologists. In August 2000, Tsien also served the Section Chair of Neurobiology of the United States National Academy of Sciences.

## Awards

- 1985 - Kenneth S. Cole Award (for contributions to membrane biophysics)
- 1991 - 1995, 1999, Kaiser Award for Outstanding and Innovative Teaching, from Stanford University
- 1993 - Magnes Prize, from Hebrew University, Jerusalem
- 1994 - elected to the United States Institute of Medicine
- 1996 - Walter B. Cannon Memorial Award, from the American Physiological Society
- 1996 - elected to the Academia Sinica
- 1997 - elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences
- 1998 - elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
- 1999 - elected Charter to the Biophysical Society
Great Famine

**Great Famine** may refer to:

## China

- Great Chinese Famine (1958–1961)

## Ireland

- Great Famine (Ireland) (1845–1852)

## Ukraine

- Holodomor or the Great Famine of 1932–1933
Contemporary R&B

**Contemporary R&B** is a music genre of **R&B**. It mixes rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, electronic and dance. Contemporary R&B is currently a dominant music genre for the Top 40 radios. Artists of this type of music includes, Whitney Houston, Luther Vandross, Keith Sweat, Beyoncé, Michael Jackson, Mariah Carey, Usher, SZA and Stevie Wonder. Contemporary R&B became a popular music genre after the disco era in the 1980s. Contemporary R&B is an African American type of music, however, there has been other artists who are not African American that record contemporary R&B. Such as Justin Timberlake, Ariana Grande, Christina Aguilera, Justin Beiber, and Bruno Mars

## Infobox (music genre)

- **name**: Contemporary R&B
- **bgcolor**: #000333
- **color**: white
- **cultural origins**: Early 1970s North America; New York City, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Montreal, Toronto
- **instruments**: Synthesizers, keyboard, drum machine, vocals, talkbox piano
- **popularity**: Moderate since 1980s worldwide, mainstream in the 1990s and 2000s especially in the United States, declining in early 2010s
- **other topics**: Musicians
Guy du Merle

**Guy du Merle** (1 January 1908 – 6 June 1993) was a French aerospace engineer, pilot and writer. He was the first head of the French Civil Aviation University.

Du Merle graduated from the _École Polytechnique_ (1927) and the _École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace_ (1932). He began his career as a military pilot, from 1933 to 1935, on more than hundred types of aircraft. From 1940 to 1950, he taught aerospace engineering at the _École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace_. In 1948, he became the first director of the French Civil Aviation University, until 1951.

A roundabout of the city of Toulouse bears his name.

## Further reading

- Guy du Merle, _Construction des avions_, Souchier, 1942, 283 p.
- Guy du Merle, _Construction des avions_, Dunod, 1947, 857 p.
- Guy du Merle, _Aviation quand tu nous tiens_, 23 p., École nationale de l'aviation civile, 1986 (English version )
- Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, _Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique_, Le Cherche midi, June 2005, 782 p. ()

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Guy du Merle
- **birth name**: Du Merle
- **birth date**: 1 January 1908
- **birth place**: Toulon
- **nationality**: French
- **citizenship**: French
- **known for**: First head of the French Civil Aviation University
- **education**: Aerospace engineer
 pilot
- **alma mater**: École Polytechnique
 Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace, École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace
- **predecessor**: None
- **successor**: Gilbert Manuel
Trey Lorenz

**Trey Lorenz** (born **Lloyd Lorenz Smith**; January 19, 1969) is an American singer and songwriter. He has been a backing vocalist for Mariah Carey and Selena. His 1992 single "Someone to Hold", reached number 19 on the US _Billboard_ Hot 100, number five on the Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs and number 65 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Discography

- _Trey Lorenz_ (1992)
- _Mr. Mista_ (2006)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **image**: Trey Lorenz - Wilson High School Homecoming 2011-10-22.jpg
- **caption**: Trey Lorenz at the Wilson High School Homecoming in October 2011
- **name**: Trey Lorenz
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Lloyd Lorenz Smith
- **origin**: Florence, South Carolina, Florence, South Carolina, United States
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **associated acts**: Mariah Carey, Basia
Gordian knot

The **Gordian Knot** is a  legend of associated with Alexander the Great.  It is often used as a metaphor for a problem which has no easy or obvious solution.

## Myth story

In Phrygia (modern Turkey), there was a legendary prophesy about a unique knot which could only be loosened by the man who would rule all of Asia.  It was called the "Gordian" knot because it was preserved in Gordium.  It supposed to have been created by a man named Gordius.

The knot was complex and tangled.  This mythical knot was tied around the part of a wooden cart or wagon.

According to traditional version of the story, Alexander the Great cut the knot with his sword.

In another version of the story, Alexander took away the wooden part which was at the center of the knot; and in this way, the knot was undone.

Alexander solved the problem in a way no one had expected. Then he went on to lead Greek armies which conquered much of the known world.

## Meaning

Today the phrase implies "make it happen" or "get things done".

"Cutting the Gordian knot" has come to mean resolving a difficult problem with one forceful action.

It may mean a problem that has no solution.

## Related pages

- Excalibur
Top 40

The **Top 40** is a radio format that measures the top forty songs in any music genre. The Top 40 became a dominant radio format in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.

## Music charts

- Adult Top 40 (_Billboard_)
- Pop Songs (_Billboard_)
- UK Singles Chart
- Dutch Top 40 (is a Dutch music chart)
- Los 40 Principales (in Spain)
- Ö3 Austria Top 40 (the official Austrian music chart)

## Books

- Pete Battistini, "American Top 40 with Casey Kasem The 1970s", _Authorhouse.com_, January 31, 2005.
- Susan Douglas, _Listening In: Radio and the American Imagination_ (New York: Times Books, 1999)
- Ben Fong-Torres, _The Hits Just Keep On Coming: The History of Top 40 Radio_ (San Francisco: Backbeat Books, 1998)
- Elwood F. 'Woody' Goulart, _The Mystique and Mass Persuasion: Bill Drake & Gene Chenault’s Rock and Roll Radio Programming _ (2006)
- David MacFarland, _The Development of the Top 40 Radio Format_ (New York: Arno Press, 1979)

## Other websites

- Billboard Top 40 Mainstream
- Public Radio documentary featuring a history of Top 40
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers

The **American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers** (**ASCAP**) is a not-for-profit performance rights organisation. The ASCAP protects its members' musical copyrights. They do this by monitoring public performances of their music. In 2012, ASCAP collected over US$941 million in licensing fees, and gave out $829 million in royalties to its members. In the United States, ASCAP competes with two other PROs — Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI) and the Society of European Stage Authors and Composers (SESAC).

## Books

- Blume, Jason (2006).  _This Business of Songwriting_.  Billboard Books (New York City).  .
- Choquette, Frederic, "The Returned Value of PROs", _Music Business Journal_, Berklee College of Music, May 2011
- Passman, Donald S. (2003).  _All You Need to Know about the Music Business_.   Free Press (New York City).  .
- Shemel, Sidney; Krasilovsky, M. William (1990).  _This Business of Music_.  Billboard Books (New York City). .

## Related pages

- Japanese Society for Rights of Authors, Composers and Publishers (JASRAC)
- Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)
- Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ)

## Other websites

- ASCAP archives, 1914–1986 – Music Division, The New York Public Library
Ali-Ollie Woodson

**Ali-Ollie Woodson** (born **Ollie Creggett**; September 12, 1951 – May 30, 2010) was an American R&B singer, songwriter, keyboardist and actor. He was known for singing with The Temptations, starting in 1984. He has also worked with Aretha Franklin and Bill Pinkney. Woodson was diagnosed with throat cancer. He died in southern California after battling with leukemia for 18 months.

## Other websites

- Ali Ollie Woodson interview by Pete Lewis, 'Blues & Soul' December 2001 (reprinted June 2010)
- Ali Ollie Woodson feature with an interview at Soul Express
- Ali Ollie Woodson, Singer in Temptations, Dies at 58
Tokio Hot 100

, also known as **McDonald's Tokio Hot 100**, is the official music chart program of J-Wave. It is also the flagship program of the Japan FM League's Hot 100 music chart series. It ranks the most popular 100 songs every week. It is published on _Billboard_ magazine.

## Songs of the Year

- 1988: U2 — "Desire"
- 1989: Prince — "Batdance"
- 1990: Madonna — "Vogue"
- 1991: Stevie B — "Because I Love You (The Postman Song)"
- 1992: Shanice — "I Love Your Smile"
- 1993: Mariah Carey — "Dreamlover"
- 1994: Big Mountain — "Baby I Love Your Way"
- 1995: Diana King — "Shy Guy"
- 1996: Eric Clapton — "Change the World"
- 1997: Jamiroquai — "Cosmic Girl"
- 1998: Celine Dion — "My Heart Will Go On"
- 1999: Jamiroquai — "Canned Heat"
- 2000: Madonna — "Music"
- 2001: Janet Jackson — "All for You"
- 2002: Underworld — "Two Months Off"
- 2003: Beyoncé Knowles featuring Jay-Z — "Crazy in Love"
- 2004: Avril Lavigne — "Don't Tell Me"
- 2005: Def Tech — "My Way"
- 2006: Daniel Powter — "Bad Day"
- 2007: Ne-Yo — "Because of You"
- 2008: Coldplay - "Viva la Vida"
- 2009: Madonna — "Celebration"
- 2010: Maroon 5 - "Misery"
- 2011: Maia Hirasawa - "Boom!"

## Infobox (radio show)

- **show name**: Tokio Hot 100
- **format**: Music chart show, talk
- **runtime**: Approx. 4 hrs. (including commercials)
- **creator**: J-Wave
- **presenter**: Christopher Daniel Peppler (main navigator, since 2006)
Maki Kotsugi (info navigator)
- **country**: Japan
- **website**: http://www.j-wave.co.jp/original/tokiohot100/
- **home station**: J-Wave
Helmet (band)

**Helmet** is an alternative metal band from New York. The band was formed in 1989 by vocalist and lead guitarist Page Hamilton, who is their only constant member.

Helmet became popular when they released their 1992 major-label debut _Meantime_, which peaked at number 68 on the _Billboard_ 200 and featured their best known songs "Unsung" and "In the Meantime". _Meantime_ is also Helmet's only album to go gold in the United States. They made two more albums before breaking up in 1998. However, Helmet reformed in 2004 and released a new album later that year. The album was called _Size Matters_ and was their last release on their longtime label Interscope Records. Helmet was briefly signed to Warcon Records, who released their next album _Monochrome_ in 2006, but today, they are signed to Work Song Records. That label released their latest album _Seeing Eye Dog_ in 2010.

## Discography

So far, Helmet has released seven full-length studio albums, which include:
- _Strap It On_ (1990)
- _Meantime_ (1992)
- _Betty_ (1994)
- _Aftertaste_ (1997)
- _Size Matters_ (2004)
- _Monochrome_ (2006)
- _Seeing Eye Dog_ (2010)

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Helmet
- **img**: Helmet - Wacken Open Air 2018 02.jpg
- **img capt**: Helmet in 2018
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: New York City, New York, New York (state), New York, United States, USA
- **genre**: Alternative metal, noise rock, , post-metal
- **years active**: 1989–1998, 2004–today
- **label**: Amphetamine Reptile, Interscope Records, Interscope, Warcon Enterprises, Warcon, Work Song Records, Work Song
- **associated acts**: Handsome (band), Handsome, Anthrax (US band), Anthrax, White Zombie, Rob Zombie, Scum of the Earth (band), Scum of the Earth, The Cult, Exodus (band), Exodus, Testament (band), Testament, Biohazard (band), Biohazard, Battles (band), Battles, Tomahawk (band), Tomahawk
- **current members**: Page Hamilton
Kyle Stevenson
Dave Case
Dan Beeman
- **past members**: Peter Mengede
Rob Echeverria
Chris Traynor
Henry Bogdan
John Stanier
Frank Bello
John Tempesta
Mike Jost
Jeremy Chatelain
Jimmy Thompson
Jon Fuller
Spock

**Spock** is a character in _Star Trek_. He is often called Mr. Spock by others. He has been played by Leonard Nimoy, Ethan Peck, Brandon Stacy, Carl Steven, Frank welker, Todd Haberkorn, Stephen Manly, Tom Berklund, Vadia Potenza, Joe W. Davis, and by Zachary Quinto. Jacob Kogan played Spock when he was a child in the 2009 movie _Star Trek_. Spock is half Vulcan and half human.

Spock first appeared in _Star Trek: The Original Series_ and he was in many of the Star Trek movies. He also appeared in two episodes of _Star Trek: The Next Generation_.

Spock's signature gesture is the Vulcan salute.
Anting

**Anting** is a behavior in which birds rub insects (usually ants) on their feathers. This releases liquids with chemicals such as formic acid onto the bird's feathers. Instead of ants, birds can also use millipedes. Over 200 species of bird have been known to ant.
We do not know why birds ant. Birds may ant because the chemicals released by the insects kill parasites on their feathers. Another reason is that it releases the chemicals the ants make onto the bird's feathers. The bird can then eat the ant without being hurt by the chemicals.

There are two forms of anting: active anting and passive acting. Active anting is when a bird picks up ants in its bill and wipes them on its feathers. Passive anting is when the bird lies down in a group of ants and opens up its wings so that the ants will crawl up into its feathers.
Bug spray

**Bug spray** is a chemical in a spray can that is used for killing bugs or keeping them away.

## Bug killer

Some bug sprays are sprayed at the bug to kill it. Other bug sprays are sprayed around a house or picnic area. Bugs that come too close to this kind of bug spray will usually die.

## Bug repellent

Bug repellent is never sprayed at a bug. Bug repellents can be used to keep bugs from coming into a house or picnic area. Some kinds of sunscreen have bug repellent that keeps mosquitos away. Some bug repellents are spread over the skin of a person.
Epigynum

**Epigynum** (plural **epigyna**) is the sex organ on a female spider. It is found on the underside of her abdomen. A male spider covers its pedipalps in sperm and puts them inside the female spider's epigynum.
Fang

A **fang** is a sharp tooth used for catching prey found on many animals, such as wolves and spiders. Spiders, tarantulas, and venomous snakes have hollow fangs. Venom glands fill these hollow fangs with venom so that when these animals catch their prey with their fangs, they paralyze the prey to make it easier to eat. The fangs on a snake can be folded under the skin like a cat's claws. Spider and tarantula fangs are found outside of their mouth instead of inside it.
Woke Up This Morning

"**Woke Up This Morning**" is a song by Alabama 3 (also known as A3) from their 1997 album _Exile on Coldharbour Lane_. The song is best known as the opening theme music for the HBO drama series _The Sopranos_ which used the "Chosen One Mix".

There are two versions of the song, the mix _The Sopranos_ used and the original.

## Other websites

- "Woke Up This Morning" lyrics at Metrolyrics.com
David Petraeus

**David Howell Petraeus** (pronunciation: /pɨˈtreɪ.əs/; born November 7, 1952) was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. He was sworn in on September 6, 2011. Prior to his assuming the directorship of the CIA, Petraeus was a four-star general serving over 37 years in the United States Army. On November 9, 2012, Petraeus resigned as CIA director following a marital scandal.

## Infobox (us cabinet official)

- **name**: David Howell Petraeus
- **image**: DCIA David Petraeus.jpg
- **birth place**: Cornwall-on-Hudson street, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **order**: 22nd
- **title**: Director of the Central Intelligence Agency
- **term start**: September 6, 2011
- **term end**: November 9, 2012
- **predecessor**: Michael Morell (acting)
- **successor**: Michael Morell (acting)
- **president**: Barack Obama
- **profession**: Military Officer (armed forces), Officer
April Bowlby

**April Michelle Bowlby** (born July 30, 1980 in Vallejo, California ) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Kandi in the sitcom _Two and a Half Men_.
Denton Burn

**Denton Burn** is an area of housing in the city of Newcastle, United Kingdom. The area has 3 schools and has many shops and take-aways. It is close to Benwell and Scotswood.
WWE Hall of Fame

The **WWE Hall of Fame** is a hall of fame for wrestlers thought by WWE to be very important. It started in 1993 when André the Giant died. He was the first to go in. Other people have been added in later years. Some choices for the Hall of Fame have not been popular. This includes famous people who did not wrestle. The Hall of Fame ceremony is normally broadcast on television on the weekend of WrestleMania.

## The WWE Hall of Famers

The early Hall of Famers are the ones who helped build WWE and are considered pioneers. These include Arnold Skaaland, Buddy Rogers, Chief Jay Strongbow, Freddie Blassie, Gorilla Monsoon, Antonino Rocca, Ernie Ladd, The Fabulous Moolah, George "The Animal" Steele, The Grand Wizard, Ivan Putski and Pedro Morales. James Dudley was inducted for being a dear friend of the McMahon family and for being loyal to the company for a long time. Vince McMahon, Sr. was inducted because he first started WWE and might be the most important member. It is his family that still owns and runs the company to this day. Bobo Brazil was the first great black wrestling star. Killer Kowalski was a great villain wrestler.
Crop protection

**Crop protection** is a branch of horticulture, aimed at protecting crops. This is done so that the yield of the crop does not diminish. Common approaches are:
- Using pesticides, these are on a chemical basis
- Using biological pest control, using the natural enemies of the pests to control them.
- Using barriers, such as nets
- Using psychology, for example to scare birds
- Using biotechnology, selective breeding and genetic engineering

## Related pages

- Farming
- Ecology
Leeds Trinity University College

**Leeds Trinity University College** is a university in Horsforth, Leeds, England. It has about 3,000 students. It is one of the smallest universities in the country.
Batasuna

**Batasuna** (formerly **Herri Batasuna**) was a political party in Spain. Herri Batasuna was founded after the fall of the Franco regime, in 1978. In 2001, the party changed its name into Batasuna. In 2003, the party was outlawed in Spain, but it continues to be a political party in France. The party was suspected to have close ties with ETA. The party was active in the Basque Country,  and Navarre. It wanted to form an independent state of the Basque country. The region where Basque is spoken is split between the Basque country, Navarre in Spain and the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in France. The area is known as _Euskal Herria_ (literally,: Basque country).

Spain, the European Court of Human Rights and the European Union see Batasuna as the political wing of ETA.

Because it was outlawed, the party has had different names, such as **Euskal Herritarrok**, **Sozialista Abertzaleak**, **Ezker Abertzaleak** and AUB, Aukera Guztiak.

Bastasina sees itself as a nationalist, left-wing party.  It is also called socialist (with Marxist and Libertarian tendencies). Other ideas of the party include to fight for feminism, and to be seen as _envirnomentalist_. Batasuna is the only party in the did not condemn the violent attacks carried out by ETA. According to Batasuna, it is sterile and hypocritical to condemn only one form of violence; by the same token, the violence of Spain should be condemned, which oppresses the Basque people. According to the Spanish state, there were no violations of human rights after the fall of the Franco regime, and the use of violence for political reasons is inacceptable.

Batasuna has run in elections in the French part of the Basque country, in Ustaritz, about 12 km from Bayonne.

The party dissolved in January 2013.
Simon Amstell

**Simon Marc Amstell** (born 29 November 1979) is a British comedian, television presenter, writer and actor.

Amstell was born and raised in Gants Hill, London in a Jewish family. He is openly gay.

Amstell has presented _Popworld_ and _Never Mind the Buzzcocks_. He writes and stars in _Grandma's House_.

## Related pages

- List of gay, lesbian or bisexual people

## Other websites

- Official website
Laboratory for analysis and architecture of systems

The **Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems** (_Laboratoire d'Analyse et d'Architecture des Systèmes_), LAAS, is one of the big research laboratories of the French National Center for Scientific Research (_Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS_) in Toulouse, France, and is usually named LAAS-CNRS. It is associated with the six founding members of the University of Toulouse: The Paul Sabatier University, the National Institute of Applied Sciences of Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), the National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse (INP toulouse), the _Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace_ (ISAE), which is the merger between ENSICA (the National Superior School of Aeronautic Construction Engineers) and SUPAERO (National Superior School of Aeronautics and Space), the University of Toulouse II Mirail and the Toulouse 1 University Capitole.

## Related pages

- Official website

## Infobox (organization)

- **name**: Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems
- **formation**: 1968
- **type**: Governmental organization
- **purpose**: Scientific Research
- **headquarters**: Toulouse
- **location**: 7 Av. du Colonel Roche
- **region served**: France
- **language**: French language, French
- **leader title**: President
- **leader name**: Jean Arlat
Irgun

Irgun Zvai Leumi, commonly known as the **Irgun** (), was a Zionist paramilitary group in Mandatory Palestine between 1931 and 1948. Irgun committed acts of terrorism.

### Founding

The Irgun was a Jewish insurgent group founded in 1931. It was a rival to the Haganah, serving as an arm of the Revisionist Party.

### Activities

The Irgun was a terrorist organization in the 1940s.

#### King David Hotel bombing

Irgun is well-known for the bombing of Jerusalem's King David Hotel in 1946. 91 people died, 41 Arabs, 28 Britons, 17 Jews, 2 Armenians, an Egyptian, a Greek and a Russian national. Only 13 were soldiers.

## Legacy

Irgun is deemed an early version of Ḥerut which was an Israeli political party.

## Related pages

- Judaism
- Antisemitism
- The Holocaust
- History of Jews
- Anti-imperialism
Would I Lie to You? (TV series)

***Would I Lie to You?*** is a British comedy panel game shown on BBC One. It began on 16 June 2007. The first two series were presented by Angus Deayton. Since then it has been presented by Rob Brydon. There are two teams of three people, a team captain and two celebrity guests. The captains are David Mitchell and Lee Mack.

During each episode, the contestants take turns to make statements about themselves. The other team try to work out whether the statement is true or false, by questioning the person who has made the statement.
Potentiometer

**Potentiometers** are variable resistors. Potentiometers are resistors where the resistance can be changed using a knob or a slider. Potentiometers are used to control many things, including how bright or dim the lights in your house are and the volume controls on your television. Some are used in voltage dividers.

The idea of a device that could be used to control the amount of electricity going to a component was thought by many people, but the carbon potentiometer we commonly use today was invented by Thomas Edison in 1872 at the age of 25. He called this device a "coiled resistance wire rheostat". His patent for this device was issued in 1872. Carbon resistors, as said above, are the most commonly used resistors today. They are used in radios to control the volume, in televisions to control picture brightness, contrast, and color response.

## Different types

There are many different types of potentiometers. These different types include carbon potentiometers, plastic potentiometers, and wire potentiometers. Carbon potentiometers are the most common potentiometers that we use today because they are inexpensive to make and are easy to put together. Wire potentiometers are the most powerful type out of the three listed above. The wire inside the potentiometer is wound so that it has more power. Plastic potentiometers have the same amount of power that carbon potentiometers do, but are of a higher quality. They are made of a special kind of plastic that conducts electricity just as effectively as carbon potentiometers. It as a better life than carbon potentiometers do. Trimmer potentiometers are small. They are adjustable with a screwdriver.
Supélec

**École Supérieure d'Électricité**, commonly known as **Supélec**, is a French university in electric energy and information sciences.

Founded in 1894 and initially located in the 15th district of Paris, it was moved to Gif-sur-Yvette in 1975. After that, two more campuses were established in Rennes in 1972 and Metz in 1985. It is a member of the _Conférence des Grandes Écoles_.

## Notable Alumni

- Hervé Laborne, former head of the _École spéciale de mécanique et électricité_.

## Other websites

- Official website in English

## Infobox (university)

- **native name**: École Supérieure d'Électricité
- **name**: Supélec
- **motto**: __
- **mottoeng**: A "grande école" of engineering in the forefront of Energy and Information Science
- **established**: 1894
- **type**: Private French Grande École
- **president**: Alain Bravo
- **city**: Gif-sur-Yvette, Rennes, Metz
- **country**: France
- **undergrad**: none
- **postgrad**: French equivalent of a Master's Degree, Ph.D
- **affiliations**: UniverSud Paris, Elles Bougent, Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research, CESAER
- **students**: 1,975
- **website**: [http://www.supelec.fr/374_p_14603/welcome.html Official website in English]
Shitoku

**Shitoku** (至徳) was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Eitoku and before Kakei.  This period started in February 1384 and ended in August 1387.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Komatsu' Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the _Shitoku_ era

- **1384** (_Shitoku 1, 3rd month_): Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimitsu gave up his position in the Imperial court hierarchy.
- **1385** (_Shitoku 2, 8th month_): Yoshimistu made a public visit to Kasuga-taisha.
- **1385** (_Shitoku 2_): The forces of the Southern Court were defeated at Koga.
- **1386** (_Shitoku 3, 7th month_): Yoshimitsu authorized the Five Mountain System for ranking state-sponsored Buddhist temples; and Nanzen-ji was ranked at the top and in a class of its own.

## Southern Court _nengō_

- Genchū, 1384–1393

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Shitoku|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1384|1385|1386|1387|
Electrical filament

An incandescent light bulb has a small, thin wire with two bigger wires holding it up. This wire is called a **filament**. The filament is the part of the light bulb that produces light.

Filaments in incandescent light bulbs are made of tungsten. Whenever an electric current goes through the filament, the filament glows. It may also be known as the electron emitting element in a vacuum tube. To make the bulb produce more light, the filament is usually made of coils of fine wire, also known as the coiled coil.
Kakei

**Kakei** (嘉慶) was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Shitoku and before Kōō.  This period started in August 1387 and ended in February 1389.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Komatsu's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the Kakei era

- **1387** (_Kakei 1, 1st month_): Nijō Yoshimoto is removed from his position as _sesshō_ and _daijō daijin_ in the Imperial court hierarchy.
- **1387** (_Kakei 1, 2nd month_): Konoe Kanetsugu is named _sesshō_.
- **1388** (_Kakei 2, 3rd month_): The _sesshō_ Konoe Kanetsugu dies at age 29; and Yoshimoto re-assumes this role.
- **1388** (_Kakei 2, 6th month_): Yoshitomo dies at age 69; and his son Nijō Morotsugu succeeds him with the title of _kampaku._
- **1389** (_Kakei 3_): Yoshimitsu pacifies Kyūshū and distributes lands.

## Southern Court _nengō_

- Genchū, 1384–1393

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kakei|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1387|1388|1389|
Kōō (Nanboku-chō period)

, also romanized as **Kō-ō,** was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after Kakei and before Meitoku.  This period started in February 1389 and ended in March 1390.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Go-Komatsu's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the Kōō era

- **1389** (_Kōō 1_): Yoshimitsu  opposed by Kamakura _kanrei_ Ashikaga Ujimitsu.
- **1389** (_Kōō 1, 7th month_): Saioinji Sanetoshi died at the age of 56. He ha held the office of Minister of the Right (_udaijin_).

## Southern Court _nengō_

- Genchū, 1384–1393

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kōō|1st|2nd|
| --- | --- | --- |
||1389|1390|
Meitoku

**Meitoku** (明徳) was a Japanese era name (年号, _nengō_, lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after _Kōō_ and before _Ōei_.  This period started in March 1390 and ended in July 1394.  After October 1392, Meitoku replaced the Southern Court's _nengō_ (_Genchū_).  The pretender in Kyoto was   Go-Komatsu's Southern Court rival in Yoshino until 1392 was ..

## Events of _Meitoku_ era

- **1391** (_Meitoku 2_): Yamana Ujikyo attacked Kyoto.
- **1392** (_Meitoku 3_), also known as _Genchū 9_: Northern and Southern courts were reunited under Go-Komatsu.

## Southern Court _nengō_

- Genchū, 1384–1392

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Keichō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1390|1391|1392|1393|1394|
Cryptopsy

**Cryptopsy** is a Canadian death metal band from Montreal, Quebec, formed in 1988. The band has sold over 300,000 records.

### Current members

- Flo Mounier – drums (1992–present)
- Jon Levasseur – lead, rhythm guitars (1993–2005, 2011–present)
- Christian Donaldson – guitar (2005–present)
- Matt McGachy – lead vocals (2007–present)
- Olivier Pinard – bass guitar (2012–present)

### Former members

- Vocals
- Lord Worm – lead vocals (1988–1997, 2003–2007)
- Mike DiSalvo – lead vocals (1997–2001)
- Martin Lacroix – lead vocals (2001–2003)
- Rhythm guitar
- Steve Thibault – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1988–1995, 1996)
- Miguel Roy – rhythm, lead guitars (1996–1999, 2004)
- Alex Auburn – rhythm guitar, lead, backing vocals (1999–2009)
- Youri Raymond – guitar, backing vocals (2009–2011), bass guitar (2011)
- Bass guitar
- John Todds – bass guitar (1988–1992) as Necrosis
- Kevin Weagle – bass guitar (1992–1993)
- Martin Fergusson – bass (1994–1995)
- Eric Langlois – bass guitar (1996–2011)
- Lead Guitar
- Dave Galea – lead, rhythm guitars, vocals (1992–1993, 2000)
- Keyboards
- Maggy Durand – keyboards (2007–2008)
- Drums
- Mike Atkin – drums (1988–1992) as Necrosis

### Session members

- Dan Mongrain – lead guitar (2004)
- Steve Shyy (aka Steven J. Robillard) – keyboards (studio and live) as Necrosis

### Studio albums

- _Blasphemy Made Flesh_ (1994)
- _None So Vile_ (1996)
- _Whisper Supremacy_ (1998)
- _…And Then You'll Beg_ (2000)
- _Once Was Not_ (2005)
- _The Unspoken King_ (2008)
- _Cryptopsy_ (2012)

### Live albums

- _None So Live_ (2003)

### Demos

- _Ungentle Exhumation_ (1993)

## Other websites

- Official website
- Facebook

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Cryptopsy
- **image**: Cryptopsy Party.San Metal Open Air 2017 20.jpg
- **caption**: Performing at 2017's Party.San Metal Open Air festival in Germany.
- **image upright**: 1.25
- **origin**: Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- **genre**: Technical death metal, brutal death metal
- **years active**: 1988–present
- **past members**: Mike Atkin
John Todds
Steve Thibault
Lord Worm
Dave Galea
Kevin Weagle
Jon Levasseur
Martin Fergusson
Miguel Roy
Eric Langlois
Mike DiSalvo
Alex Auburn
Martin Lacroix
Daniel Mongrain
Maggy Durand
Youri Raymond
Dominic Grimard
- **current members**: Flo Mounier
Christian Donaldson
Matt McGachy
Olivier Pinard
Katra

**Katra** is a Finnish symphonic metal band featuring vocalist Katra Solopuro.

## Members

- Current members:

- 2006: Katra Solopuro - vocals
- 2006: Kristian Kangasniemi - guitar
- 2006: Johannes Tolonen - bass
- 2009: Teemu Mätäsjärvi - guitar
- 2009: Matti Auerkallio - drums

- Former musicians:
- 2006: Jani Wilund - keyboards
- 2006: Tom "Tomma" Gardiner - guitar
- 2006-2009: Jaakko Järvensivu - drums

- Tour musicians:
- 2008: Teemu Mätäsjärvi – guitar

### Studio albums

- 2007: _Katra_ (Edel)
- 2008: _Beast Within_ (Napalm)
- 2010: _Out of the Ashes_ (Napalm)

### Singles

- 2006: _Sahara_
- 2007: _Tietäjä/Vaaratar_
- 2010: _One Wish Away_

### Music Videos

- 2007: _Tietäjä_
- 2008: _Beast Within_
- 2010: _One Wish Away_

## Other websites

- Official Website
- Official Myspace
- Katra Blog
- Metal Storm band page

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Katra
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Tampere, Finland
- **genre**: Symphonic metal
- **years active**: 2006-present
- **label**: Edel Records, Edel, Napalm Records, Napalm
- **associated acts**: Lovex
- **url**: http://www.katra.fi/
- **current members**: Katra Solopuro
Kristian Kangasniemi
Johannes Tolonen
Teemu Mätäsjärvi
Matti Auerkallio
- **past members**: Jani Wilund
Tom "Tomma" Gardiner
Jaakko Järvensivu
Mad scene

A **mad scene** is a scene in a play, ballet, opera, or other theatre work that shows a character either insane or going insane. Three famous mad scenes are those in the play _Hamlet_, in the ballet _Giselle_, and the opera _Lucia di Lammermoor_. In _Hamlet_, Ophelia is truly mad while Hamlet pretends to be mad.
Summerland, British Columbia

**Summerland** is a town in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is in the interior of British Columbia, on the west side of Okanagan Lake. The population of Summerland was 12,042 in 2021. The mayor of Summerland is Doug Holmes. It is known for its world renowned wineries. It is also home to the historic Kettle Valley Steam Railway. The town was originally known as Trout Creek and was renamed Summerland in 1902 when Sir Thomas Shaughnessy bought the Barclay Ranch. The nickname for Summerland is Town of Festivals. The sister city of Summerland is Toyokoro, Japan.

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: District of Summerland
- **other name**: Summerland
- **nickname**: Town of Festivals
- **settlement type**: District
- **nickname**: Town of Festivals
- **settlement type**: List of district municipalities in British Columbia, District municipality
- **image skyline**: Summerland, British Columbia.JPG
- **image caption**: View of Summerland in 2006
- **image shield**: Summerland Crest.gif
- **pushpin map**: Canada British Columbia
- **pushpin map caption**: Where Summerland is found in British Columbia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Canada
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces and territories of Canada, Province
- **subdivision name1**: British Columbia
- **subdivision type2**: List of regions of Canada#British Columbia, Region
- **subdivision name2**: Okanagan, South Okanagan
- **subdivision type3**: List of regional districts of British Columbia, Regional District
- **subdivision name3**: Regional District of Okanagan-Similkameen, Okanagan-Similkameen
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1902
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Doug Holmes
- **elevation m**: 454
- **area footnotes**:  (2021)
- **area total km2**: 74.04
- **area blank1 title**: Population Centre
- **area blank1 km2**: 15.83
- **population as of**: 2021
- **population total**: 12,042
- **population density km2**: 162.6
- **population blank1 title**: Population Centre
- **population blank1**: 9,860
- **population density blank1 km2**: 623.0
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: V0H
- **area code**: 250, 778, 236 and 672
- **website**: [https://www.summerland.ca/ District of Summerland Website]
Kemmu

was a  of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after _Shōkyō_ and before _Ryakuō._

This period started in January 1334 and ended in August 1338 in the Northern Court, but it lasted until only February 1336 in the Southern Court.  The pretender in Kyoto was .  Kōmyō's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .

## Events of the Kemmu era

In 1333-1336, the Kemmu Restoration was an attempt by Emperor Go-Daigo to restore Imperial authority after the fall of the Kamakura shogunate. The failure of this effort led to the creation of two rival Imperial courts.
- **1334** (_Kemmu 1_): Emperor Go-Daigo caused _Kemmu nenchū gyōji_ to be written. This was a book which described the ceremonies of the court; and its purpose was to aid the process of reviving ancient court etiquette.
- **25 October 1334** (_Kemmu 1, 27th day of the 9th month_): Emperor Go-Daigo made an Imperial progress to Kamo-jinja. No other emperor would visit Kamo's shrines until April 29, 1863 (_Bunkyu 3, 11th day of the 3rd month_), when Emperor Komei made an Imperial progress to Kamo.
- **1336** (_Kemmu 3_): An anonymous author published _Kemmu nenkan ki,_ which was a chronicle of the Kemmu era. The text is a source of information about laws, government, bureaucrats, and arable lands and estates given by the emperor to the nobility or to religious institutions (_shōen_).
- **1336** (_Kemmu 3_): Ashikaga Takauji issued a new legal code with 17 articles (_Kemmu-shikimoku_).
- **17 May 1336** (_Kemmu 3, 6th day of the 4th month_): Former-Emperor Go-Fushimi died.

## Southern Court _nengō_

The previous era ended and the new one commenced in _Shōkei_ 1 as time was reckoned in the Northern Court in Kyoto; and the era began in _Genkō_ 4, as time was ordered in the Southern Court in Yoshino.

## Related pages

- Muromachi period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Kemmu|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||1334|1335|1336|1337|1338|
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation

, also known as **JOGMEC**, is an Independent Administrative Institution which was created by the Japanese government in 2004.

## History

In 2004, JOGMEC was established by the Law Concerning the Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation .

JOGMEC was created when the Japan National Oil Corporation (JNOC) merged with the former Metal Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ).

Rare metal stockpiles are managed by JOGMEC.

In March 2013 JOGMEC successfully extracted methane hydrate from seabed for the first time in the world.

## Related pages

- List of Independent Administrative Institutes in Japan

## Other websites

- JOGMEC website
Elector of the Palatinate

The **Elector of the Palatinate** () ruled the Palatinate of the Rhine in the Kingdom of Germany and the Holy Roman Empire from 915 to 1803.

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