juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Lager Norderney

**Lager Norderney** was a Nazi concentration camp on Alderney, in the Channel Islands, named after the East Frisian island of Norderney.

The Germans built four concentration camps on the island, subcamps of the Neuengamme concentration camp (in Hamburg, Germany). Each subcamp was named after one of the Frisian Islands: _Lager Norderney_ at Saye, Lager Borkum at Platte Saline, Lager Sylt near the old telegraph tower at La Foulère and Lager Helgoland, in the northwest corner of the island. 700 people died in the Alderney concentration camps (out of about 6,000 inmates). These were the only Nazi concentration camps on British soil.

It was organised by the Schutzstaffel - SS-Baubrigade I–which was first under supervision of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp; and since mid-February 1943 ran under the Neuengamme camp in northern Germany. It was used by the Nazi Organisation Todt, a forced labour programme, to build bunkers, gun emplacements, air-raid shelters, and concrete fortifications.

_Norderney camp_ housed European (usually Eastern but including Spaniard) and Russian enforced labourers. The prisoners in _Lager Norderney_ and _Lager Sylt_ were slave labourers forced to build the many military fortifications and installations throughout Alderney. _Sylt camp_ held Jewish enforced labourers and was a death camp. The _Borkum_ and _Helgoland_ camps were "volunteer" (Hilfswillige) labour camps and the labourers in those camps were treated harshly but marginally better than the inmates at the _Sylt_ and _Norderney_ camps. _Lager Borkum_ was used for German technicians and volunteers from different countries of Europe. _Lager Helgoland_ was filled with Russian Organisation Todt workers. (For further information on Alderney concentration camps, see _Appendix F: Concentration Camps: Endlösung – The Final Solution_; _Alderney, a Nazi concentration camp on an island Anglo-Norman_;.

In 1942, _Lager Norderney_, containing Russian and Polish POWs, and _Lager Sylt_, holding Jews, were placed under the control of the SS Hauptsturmführer Max List. Over 700 of the inmates lost their lives before the camps were closed and the remaining inmates transferred to Germany in 1944.

## Related pages

- Nazi concentration camp list
- Neuengamme concentration camp subcamp list
- The Holocaust
Nicolaus Steno

**Nicolas Steno** (1 January 1638 – 25 November 1686; NS: 11 January 1638 – 5 December 1686) was a Danish Catholic cleric and scientist who pioneered in both anatomy and geology.

In 1659 he decided not to accept anything written in a book and, instead, decided to find out things for himself. He is considered the father of geology and stratigraphy.<sup>4; 96</sup>

## Fossils and geology

Steno argued that the chemical composition of fossils could be altered without changing their form.

Steno's work on shark teeth led him to the question of how any solid object could come to be found inside another solid object, such as a rock or a layer of rock.

The "solids within solids" that attracted Steno's interest included not only fossils, as we would define them today, but minerals, crystals, even entire rock layers or strata.

He published his geologic studies in 1669: _De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus_, or Preliminary discourse to a dissertation on a solid body naturally contained within a solid.

Steno was not the first to identify fossils as being from living organisms. His contemporaries Robert Hooke and John Ray also argued that fossils were the remains of once-living organisms.

Steno wrote about some of the fundamental principles of stratigraphy:
- Superposition: "...at the time when any given stratum was being formed, all the matter resting upon it was fluid, and, therefore, at the time when the lower stratum was being formed, none of the upper strata existed";
- Horizontality: "Strata either perpendicular to the horizon or inclined to the horizon were at one time parallel to the horizon";
- Lateral continuity: "Material forming any stratum were continuous over the surface of the Earth unless some other solid bodies stood in the way";
- Cross-cutting discontinuities: "If a body or discontinuity cuts across a stratum, it must have formed after that stratum".

## Related pages

- History of the geologic time scale

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Nicolas Steno
- **image**: Niels stensen.png
- **image size**: 175px
- **caption**: Nicolas Steno
- **birth date**: 1 January 1638
- **birth place**: Copenhagen
- **death date**: 25 November 1686 (aged 48)
- **nationality**: Danish
- **field**: Anatomy and geology
Chervil

**Chervil** (_Anthriscus cerefolium_) is a herb that is related to parsley. It is sometimes called **garden chervil**.

### Cooking

Sometimes called "gourmet's parsley", chervil is put in poultry, seafood, and small vegetables. It is particularly famous in France, where it is added to omelettes, salads and soups. More delicate than parsley, it has a small taste of liquorice.

### Medicine

Chervil had several traditional uses. Pregnant women were washed in an infusion of it; a lotion of chervil was used as for cleaning skin; and it was used medicinally as a blood purifier. It was also said to be useful for curing hiccups.
The Sims Medieval

***The Sims Medieval*** is a video game developed by The Sims Studio. It is based on _The Sims_ game series, and was released on March 22, 2011 by Electronic Arts. It is available for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. The game is different from the previous versions of _The Sims_, in the sense that it is set in medieval times. Players can build a kingdom, through a quest-driven gameplay. The game has received mixed reviews from critics.

## Infobox (video game)

- **engine**: The Sims 3 Engine
- **series**: _The Sims_
- **released**: March 22, 2011 (NA)
March 25, 2011 (AUS)
March 24, 2011 (EU)
Spyro: Year of the Dragon

***Spyro: Year of the Dragon*** is a platform game developed by Insomniac Games. The game was published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the Playstation in 2000. _Year of the Dragon_ is the third chapter in the _Spyro_ series. It was the last _Spyro_ game Insomniac developed; their next title would be _Ratchet and Clank_ for the PlayStation 2. It was released in North America and the PAL regions in October and November 2000, separately. However, unlike the other 2 games, it was not given a Japanese release.

Named after the animal in the Chinese Zodiac, which was the symbol at the time of the game's release, _Year of the Dragon_ is based on a nominal purple dragon Spyro as he travels to the "Forgotten Worlds" after 150 magical dragon eggs are stolen from the land of the dragons from an evil sorceress. People travel through thirty different worlds collecting gems and eggs. _Year of the Dragon_ introduced new characters and minigames to the series, as well as improved graphics and music.

With it's release, the game sold more that two million copies in the United States and received critical approval. Reviewers noted the game built on the successful formula of its former chapters by adding new activities and wide-ranging environments.

It was remade as a part of _Spyro Reignited Trilogy_.

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Spyro: Year of the Dragon
- **caption**: North American cover art
- **developer**: Insomniac Games
- **publisher**: Sony Computer Entertainment
- **composer**: Stewart Copeland
- **series**: _Spyro_
- **platforms**: PlayStation (console), PlayStation
- **genre**: Platformer
- **modes**: Single-player
Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly

***Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly*** (also called **Spyro 4**) is a platform video game that was published by Universal Interactive. The video game was released for the PlayStation 2 video game system. The video game was released on November 3, 2002, in North America, November 29, 2002, in Europe and on December 13, 2002, in Australia for the PlayStation 2 and was released for the GameCube on November 8, 2002, in North America, November 29, 2002, in Europe and on December 13, 2002, in Australia.

## Ratings

- PlayStation
    - 2.8 out of 10 (GameSpot)
    - 6.0 out of 10 (IGN)
- GameCube
    - 3.2 out of 10 (GameSpot)
    - 6.0 out of 10 (IGN)

Even though the game got bad reviews, it sold enough copies that it was named as a Greatest Hits (Platinum Edition in Europe) status on the PlayStation 2 and a Player's Choice status on the GameCube.

## Series

It is the fourth game in the _Spyro_ video game series and also the first _Spyro_ game that was not made by Insomniac Games.

## Infobox (video game)

- **developer**: Equinox Digital Entertainment
Digital Eclipse, Check Six Studios
- **publisher**: Universal Interactive
- **released**: **PS2** **GameCube**
- **genre**: Platform game, Platform
- **modes**: Single player
- **platforms**: PlayStation 2
Nintendo GameCube, GameCube
- **series**: _Spyro_
- **title**: Spyro: Enter the Dragonfly
Dulene

**Dulene** is a village in the Pivara municipality in Kragujevac city district in the Šumadija District of central Serbia.

It has a population of 218 people.

## Other websites

- Satellite map at Maplandia.com
- Dulene website
WWE Tough Enough

***WWE Tough Enough*** is a professional wrestling reality television program produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Participants trained professionally and competed for a contract with WWE. There were two winners each season for the first three competitions. They were aired on MTV. A fourth competition was held in 2004, with only a single winner, but was integrated into UPN's _SmackDown!_. In October 2010, the USA Network said they would revive _Tough Enough_. The new series will begin airing on April 4, 2011.

## Other websites

- WWE Tough Enough

## Infobox (television)

- **creator**: Vince McMahon
- **presenter**: Stone Cold Steve Austin (season 5)
 Chris Jericho (season 6)
- **country**: United States
- **num seasons**: 6
- **num episodes**: 68
- **camera**: Multiple-camera setup, Multicamera setup
- **runtime**: 60 minutes
 (including commercials)
Trail, British Columbia

**Trail** is a Canadian city in British Columbia, Canada. Trail is in the West Kootenay region of British Columbia. At the 2021 census, 7,920 people lived in Trail. The current mayor of Trail is Colleen Jones. Trail has a BCHL (British Columbia Hockey League) ice hockey team called the Trail Smoke Eaters.

## Other websites

- City of Trail's Official website
Kojak: The Price of Justice

***Kojak: The Price of Justice*** (1987) is an American television film, starring by Telly Savalas and directed by Alan Metzger.

## Plot

The inspector Theo Kojak investigates a crime in which a woman is accused of murdering her own children. Kojak ends feeling mixed feelings for her.

## Cast

|Actor|Role|
| --- | --- |
|Telly Savalas|Inspector Kojak|
|Pat Hingle|George|
|Jack Thompson|Aubrey Dubose|
|Kate Nelligan|Kitty|
|Brian Murray|District Attorney Neary|
|Tony DiBenedetto|Detective Catalano|
|Stephen Joyce|Chief Brisco|
|Earl Hindman|Danny|
|James Rebhorn|Quibro|
|Martin Shakar|Arnold Nadler|
|Joseph Carberry|Lorenzo|

## Other websites

- The Official Site of Telly Savalas

## Infobox (television film)

- **name**: Kojak: The Price of Justice
- **genre**: Crime
- **creator**: Abby Mann
- **director**: Alan Metzger
- **writer**: Albert Ruben
Abby Mann
- **starring**: Telly Savalas
Pat Hingle
Kate Nelligan
- **studio**: Universal
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **network**: CBS
- **runtime**: 95 min
- **preceded by**: _Kojak: The Belarus File_
- **followed by**: _Kojak: Ariana_
Chino XL

**Derek Emmanuel Barbosa** (April 8, 1974 – July 28, 2024) was an American rapper and actor better known by his stage name, **Chino XL**. As an actor he has made guest appearances on the television shows _Reno 911!_ and _CSI: Miami_, as well as movies with Kate Hudson, Luke Wilson, and Rob Reiner.

### Studio albums

- _Here to Save You All_ (1996)
- _I Told You So_ (2001)
- _Poison Pen_ (2006)
- _Ricanstruction: The Black Rosary_ (2012)

### Collaboration albums

- _Something Sacred_ <small>(with Playalitical)</small> (2008)
- _Gods Carpenter_ <small> (with Stu Bangaz)</small> (2023)

### Extended plays

- _Chino vs. Balt_ <small>(with Balt Getty)</small> (2020)

### Singles

- "No Slow Rollin'" <small>with Art of Origin</small> (1992)
- "Un-Rational" <small>with Art of Origin</small> (1993)
- "Purple Hands in the Air / Dark Night of the Bloodspiller" (1994)
- "Kreep" (1996)
- "No Complex / Waiting to Exhale" (1996)
- "Thousands / Freestyle Rhymes" (1996)
- "Deliver" (1996)
- "Rise / Jesus" (1997)
- "Let 'Em Live" (2000)
- "Last Laugh" (2001) Vs  (1998)
- "What You Got / Let 'Em Live" (2001)
- "Don't Run from Me / Warning" (2006)
- "Poison Pen" (2006)
- "Messiah" (2006)
- "Jump Back" (2007)
- "Lick Shots" <small>with Immortal Technique, Crooked I</small> (2008)
- "Chow Down" <small>with Playalitical</small> (2008)
- "N.I.C.E." (2012)
- "Arm Yourself" <small>with DV Alias Khrist, Sick Jacken, Immortal Technique</small> (2012)
- "Kings" <small>with Big Pun</small> (2012)
- "They Don't Know Nothing" <small>with RKZ</small> (2015)
- "March of the Imperial" <small>with D.CrazE the Destroyer</small> (2016)
- "Under the Bridge" <small>with Rama Duke</small> (2018)
- "Ascending To Mytikas" <small>with Fuzzy Ed</small> (2022)

## Filmography

- _Zane's Sex Chronicles_ (TV Series) as Syndicator 2010
- _El show_ (TV Series) as Professor xl 2008
- "Death Pool 100" episode of _CSI: Miami_ as Juan Carlos 2006
- _Gang Warz_ as Ro Conner 2004
- _Reno 911!_ (TV Series) as Hymning Perp #3 2004
- _The Young and the Restless_ (TV Series) as Buzz 2004
- _Playas Ball_ as Tico 2003
- _Alex & Emma_ as Tony / Flamenco Dancer #2 2003
- _Crime Partners_ as Finesse 2003
- _The Beat_ as Crazy 8 2002
- _Vatos_ as Vargas 2002
- _Barrio Wars_ as Osirus 2002

## Death

On July 28, 2024, Barbosa died after committing suicide by hanging.

## Other websites

- Chino XL's Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Chino XL
- **image**: Chino XL at Toads Place, New Haven, CT, March 2012.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Derek Emmanuel Barbosa
- **birth place**: The Bronx, New York City, New York, United States
- **origin**: East Orange, New Jersey, United States
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **years active**: 1992–2024
- **url**: [http://www.chinoxl.com Official website]
Jeff Ross

**Jeffrey Ross Lifschultz** (born September 13, 1965), better known as **Jeff Ross**, is an American stand-up comedian, actor and author. He is known for his insult-style of comedy, leading to his nickname "The Roastmaster General". He has had many appearances on Comedy Central's roast specials, aiming insults and jokes at celebrities. He has acted in television series such as _Where My Dogs At?_, _CSI: Crime Scene Investigation_, _Six Feet Under_ and _Weeds_. Ross was also a competitor on the seventh season of _Dancing with the Stars_ where he danced with Edyta Śliwińska. They were the first ones eliminated.

Ross was born in Springfield, New Jersey to a Jewish family. He is a Democrat.
Sulphur Springs, Texas

**Sulphur Springs** is a city in Hopkins County, Texas, United States. The population of Sulphur Springs was 15,941 in 2020. Sulphur Springs was founded in 1854.

## Other websites

- The city of Sulphur Springs Official website

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Sulphur Springs, Texas
- **settlement type**: City
- **motto**: "Just Play. Have Fun. Celebrate."
- **image skyline**: File:Sulphur Springs September 2015 1 (Courthouse Square).jpg
- **image caption**: Sulphur Springs in 2015
- **image map**: Hopkins County SulphurSprings.svg
- **mapsize**: 250px
- **map caption**: Location of Sulphur Springs in Hopkins County, Texas, Hopkins County, Texas
- **pushpin map**: Texas#USA
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Texas##Location in the United States
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **pushpin label**: Sulphur Springs
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision name1**: Texas
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Texas, County
- **subdivision name2**: Hopkins County, Texas, Hopkins
- **government type**: Council-manager government, Council-manager
- **leader title**: City Council
- **leader title1**: City manager
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area total km2**: 61.94
- **area land km2**: 53.20
- **area water km2**: 8.74
- **area total sq mi**: 23.91
- **area land sq mi**: 20.54
- **area water sq mi**: 3.38
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 15,941
- **population density km2**: 299.65
- **population density sq mi**: 776.10
- **timezone**: North American Central Time Zone, Central (CST)
- **utc offset**: -6
- **timezone dst**: CDT
- **utc offset dst**: -5
- **elevation ft**: 502
- **postal code type**: ZIP codes
- **postal code**: 75482-75483
- **area code**: Area code 903, 903
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 48-70904
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1348056
George Takei

**George Hosato Takei Altman** (born April 20, 1937 in Los Angeles, California) is an American actor. He is known for playing _Hikaru Sulu_ in the television series, _Star Trek_. His parents were of Japanese origin. In 2005, he said that he is homosexual during an interview with _Frontiers_ magazine and that he was in a relationship with his partner of eighteen years, Brad Altman.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: George Takei
- **image**: George Takei by Gage Skidmore.jpg
- **caption**: Takei in 2011
- **birthname**: George Hosato Takei Altman
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actor
- **yearsactive**: 1958–present
- **spouse**: Brad Altman
(2008–present)
Alexander Stephens

**Alexander Hamilton Stephens** (February 11, 1812 – March 4, 1883) was an American and Confederate politician.  He was from Georgia.  Stephens was short and sickly for much of his life.  Stephens owned a fair number of slaves.  He served as a Whig congressman from 1843 to 1859.  Later, he became a member of the Constitutional Union Party and then a Democrat.  Stephens was the Vice-President of the Confederacy from 1861 to 1865.  While Vice-President, he tried to end the war and did not get along with Confederate President Jefferson Davis.  After the war, Stephens again was a U.S. Congressman, and was Governor of Georgia for a short time.
Your Highness

***Your Highness*** is a 2011 fantasy-comedy movie produced by Scott Stuber, Jon Mone, Danny McBride, Mark Huffam and Andrew Z. Davis, and directed by David Gordon Green. It was released on April 8, 2011 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with Rotten Tomatoes giving it a 26% and Metacritic gave it a 31 out of 100.

## Cast

- Danny McBride as Thadeous
- James Franco as Fabious
- Natalie Portman as Isabel
- Zooey Deschanel as Belladonna
- Justin Theroux as Leezar
- Damian Lewis as Courtney
- Toby Jones as Julie
- Brian Steele
- Charles Dance as The King and father of Thadeous and Fabious
- Rasmus Hardiker as Courtney
- Noah Huntley as Head Knight
- Eva Wyrwal as Dwarf Queen
- Amber Anderson as Maiden

## Other websites

- _Your Highness_' Official website

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Your Highness
- **director**: David Gordon Green
- **producer**: Scott Stuber
Jon Mone
Danny McBride
Mark Huffam
Andrew Z. Davis
- **writer**: Danny McBride
Ben Best
- **starring**: Danny McBride
James Franco
Natalie Portman
Zooey Deschanel
Justin Theroux
Toby Jones
Damian Lewis
- **music**: Steve Jablonsky
- **cinematography**: Tim Orr
- **editing**: Craig Alpert
- **distributor**: Universal Pictures <small>(United States)</small>
E1 Entertainment <small>(United Kingdom)</small>
- **released**: April 8, 2011
- **runtime**: 102 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $50 million
- **gross**: $28 million
Baldwin apple

The **Baldwin apple** is a bright red winter apple, very good in quality, and easily shipped. It was for many years the most popular apple in New England, New York, and for export from America.

## History

According to local tradition, the apple was found near Wood Hill by William Butters (1665-1746), son of Will Butter, first white settler in what is now Wilmington, Massachusetts. William Butters raised the tree in his yard, near the present Baldwin Apple Monument _(pictured)_.

According to S. A. Beach's _Apples of New York_, the Baldwin originated soon after 1740 as a chance seedling on the farm of Mr. John Ball of Wilmington, Massachusetts, and for about 40 years thereafter its cultivation was confined to that immediate neighborhood. The farm eventually came into the possession of a Mr. Butters, who gave the name _Woodpecker_ to the apple because the tree was frequented by woodpeckers. The apple was long known locally as the _Woodpecker_ or _Pecker_. It was also called the _Butters_. Deacon Samuel Thompson, a surveyor of Woburn, Massachusetts, brought it to the attention of Col. Loammi Baldwin of the same town.  Baldwin grew the apple and spread it across eastern Massachusetts. From Col. Baldwin's interest in the variety it came to be called the Baldwin.

A monument to the Baldwin apple now marks the location (on today's Chestnut street in Wilmington). The monument's inscription reads: _This monument marks the site of the first Baldwin Apple Tree found growing wild near here. It fell in the gale of 1815. The apple first known as the Butters, Woodpecker or Pecker apple was named after Col. Loammi Baldwin of Woburn. Erected in 1895 by the Rumford Historical Association._

A harsh winter in 1934 wiped out many of the Baldwin apple orchards in New England. Its popularity as an eating apple waned, but some orchards were preserved for many years due to its desirability as a mixing apple for cider.  However, the orchards have not been replaced when they played out. Baldwin Apples, unlike many apples, have long been prized for the making of hard cider. "West County Cider" makes Baldwin Cider from trees planted in the early 1900s. It is their most popular cider.
The apple is noted for its particularly small to medium size (ca. 6–8 cm), when compared to other apples like the Macintosh.  It is an exceptionally hard apple and would remain remarkably free from blemishes and other blights with few pesticides being needed.  Because of its hardness it shipped well without bruising and for a time was prized for this quality.  Aside from cider making it was also known as an exceptionally good pie apple and due to its hardness would maintain more crispness through the baking than other apples would.

## References

- S. A. Beach, _The Apples of New York_, J. B. Lyon, Albany, 1905.

## Infobox (cultivar)

- **name**: 'Baldwin'
- **image**: Baldwin(apple).jpg
- **image width**: 250px
- **hybrid**: Chance seedling
- **cultivar**: 'Baldwin'
- **origin**: Massachusetts, USA, around 1740
Tropical Storm Agatha (2010)

**Tropical Storm Agatha** was a weak but devastating tropical cyclone which brought severe flooding across Central America. It was the deadliest Eastern Pacific storm since Hurricane Pauline in 1997. Agatha was the first storm of the 2010 Eastern Pacific hurricane season. The storm caused 190 deaths and $1.1 billion in damage across Central America.
John B. Bibb

Lt. **John B. Bibb** (October 27, 1789, in Prince Edward County, Virginia - April 12, 1840) served in the War of 1812, represented Logan County in the Kentucky House of Representatives and the state Senate from 1827 to 1834.

Lt. Bibb was also an amateur horticulturist and developed the modern Bibb lettuce at his mansion in Frankfort, Kentucky.  However, it wasn't offered commercially until 1935.
Bing cherry

**Bing** is a cultivar (farmed type) of the wild or sweet cherry (_Prunus avium_) that started in the Pacific Northwest, in Milwaukie, Oregon, United States. The Bing remains a major cultivar in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. It is the most produced variety of sweet cherry in the United States.

## History

The cultivar was created as a crossbred graft from the Republican cherry in 1875 by Oregon horticulturist Seth Lewelling and his Manchurian Chinese foreman Ah Bing, for whom the cultivar is named.

### Ah Bing

Ah Bing was reportedly born in China and immigrated to the U.S. in about 1855. He worked as a foreman in the Lewelling family fruit orchards in Milwaukie for about 35 years, supervising other workers and caring for trees. He went back to China in 1889 for a visit. Due to the restrictions of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 he never returned to the United States. Some say Ah Bing developed the cultivar, others that it was developed by Lewelling and named in Bing's honour due to his long service as orchard foreman.

## Horticultural production

Bing cherries are used almost exclusively for fresh market. Bings are large, dark and firm cherries that ship well, but will crack open if exposed to rain near harvest.  A wet climate is required for the harvest of the bing cherry.

## Health

Bing cherries are high in anti-oxidants. A study by the United States Department of Agriculture has shown that fresh Bing cherries may help sufferers of arthritis and gout. However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration warns that these are yet unproven claims.

## Other websites

- All about cherries
Member of the House of Keys

**Member of the House of Keys**, or **MHK** is the title given to a person who has been elected into the House of Keys, the lower house of Tynwald, the parliament of the Isle of Man. There are twenty-four Members of the House of Keys. Elections are held every five years; the last election took place in November 2006. The leader of the House is the Speaker of the House of Keys, Juan Watterson.

The House of Keys is in Douglas, the capital of the Isle of Man. The Old House of Keys, their former chamber, is in Castletown, the former capital. It is now a museum.
James Anthony Brown

**James Anthony "Tony" Brown** (born 5 January 1950) is a Manx politician. He is the current Chief Minister of the Isle of Man and Member of the House of Keys for Castletown.

Tony Brown was educated at Castle Rushen and was an electrician. He owned _Tony Brown Electrics_ in Castletown until its closure in 2010. He was elected as a member of Castletown Commissioners (town council) in 1976, becoming Chairman in 1980 before being elected as the Castletown MHK in 1981 at his first attempt. In 2000, he was defeated in his attempt to become Speaker of the House of Keys by David Cannan but instead became the Deputy Speaker.  Following the 2001 General Election, he was elected Speaker and in January 2002, Deputy President of Tynwald.

He was reelected in November 2006 as MHK, beating Roy Redmayne by 915 votes to 335.

## Governmental positions

- Minister of Health and Social Security, 1986–89
- Minister of Local Government and the Environment, 1989–94
- Minister of Tourism and Leisure, 1994–96
- Minister of Transport, 1996–2001
- Chief Minister, 2006–

## Brown Council

|Office|Name|Term||
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Chief Minister|Tony Brown|2006–Present||
|Minister of the Treasury|Allan Bell|2001–2008||
|Anne Craine|2008–present|||
|rowspan=2|Minister of Home Affairs|Martyn Quayle|2006–08|
|Adrian Earnshaw|2008–Present|||
|Minister of Health and Social Security|Eddie Teare|2006–Present||
|Minister of Education|Annie Craine|2006–Present||
|Minister of Trade and Industry|David Cretney|2006–Present||
|rowspan=2|Minister of Tourism and Leisure|Adrian Earnshaw|2006–08|
|Martyn Quayle|2008–Present|||
|Minister of Transport|David Anderson|2006–Present||
|Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry|Phil Gawne|2005–Present||
|Minister of Local Government and the Environment|John Shimmin|2006–Present||

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Tony Brown MHK
- **birth date**: James Anthony Brown

- **birth place**: Isle of Man
Chief Minister of the Isle of Man

The **Chief Minister** (Manx: _Ard-choylargh_) is the executive head of the Isle of Man Government. He is the Prime Minister of the island.

The office comes from that of Chairman of the Executive Council. Before 1980 the Executive Council was chaired by the Lieutenant Governor, but afterwards the chairman was elected by Tynwald, the parliament of the Isle of Man.  The title was changed to "Chief Minister" in 1986.

The Chief Minister is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor on the nomination of Tynwald after a general election of the House of Keys.  He holds office until the next general election (i.e., for 5 years), and is eligible for re-appointment, but may be removed from office by Tynwald on a vote of no confidence in the Council of Ministers.

After the general election in November 2006, Mr John Shimmin MHK, Mr Stephen Rodan MHK (Minister for Health and Social Security) and Mr David Cannan MHK (former Minister for the Treasury) tried to become Chief Minister, but none got enough votes in Tynwald. On a second vote Mr Tony Brown (Speaker of the House of Keys) was nominated unopposed.

## Chief Ministers

- Miles Walker MHK (December, 1986 - December 3, 1996)
- Donald Gelling MLC (December 3, 1996 - December 4, 2001)
- Richard Corkill MHK (December 4, 2001 - December 14, 2004)
- Allan Bell MHK (December 14, 2004, caretaker as Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
- Donald Gelling MLC (December 14, 2004 - December 14, 2006)
- Tony Brown MHK (December 14, 2006 – Present)

## Elections

|Year|Candidates & Votes|Elected|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Round 1: *John Shimmin - 8, 10, 11, 12 votes *Steve Rodan - 9, 9, 9, 8 votes *David Cannan - 8,7 votes Round 2: *Tony Brown, 30 votes|*Tony Brown||
|*Donald Gelling - 29 votes|*Donald Gelling||
|*Richard Corkill - 21 votes *Edgar Quine - 10 votes|*Richard Corkill||
|*Donald Gelling - 21 votes *Edgar Quine - 12 votes|*Donald Gelling||
|*Sir Miles Walker *Colonel Dr Edgar Mann|*Sir Miles Walker||
|*Sir Miles Walker|*Sir Miles Walker||

## Related pages

- Chief Minister
- Chairman of the Executive Council
Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man

The **Lieutenant Governor** () is the representative on the Isle of Man of the Lord of Mann, who is currently Queen Elizabeth II. He/she has the power to grant Royal Assent and is styled _His Excellency_.

The official residence of the Governor is Government House, Governor's Road, Onchan.

The Lieutenant Governor had all judicial, fiscal (tax raising) and executive power. In about 1900 they had more power over the island than any other Commonwealth leader had in their colony or Dominion.  However, he lost his role as Head of the Judiciary and as Head of Government in 1961, as President of Legislative Council in 1980 and finally as President of Tynwald in 1990.  Today the role of Lieutenant Governor is mainly ceremonial. Some powers under Isle of Man legislation do still fall to the Governor or Governor-in-Council.

## Proposed change to title

In October 2005 Tynwald wanted to change the title of the Lieutenant Governor to Crown Commissioner.  This proposal was sent to the British Department of Constitutional Affairs  for submission to the Lord of Mann Elizabeth II for approval. However, in April 2006, after much public disapproval, Tynwald rejected their own proposal and withdrew their request for Royal Assent. Thus the Lieutenant Governor will remain as currently titled.

## List of lieutenant governors

- Henry Hope (1773-1775)
- Richard Dawson (1775-1790)
- Alexander Shaw (1790-1804)
- Henry Murray (1804-1805)
- Cornelius Smelt (1805-1832)
- Major General The Honourable John Ready (1832-1845)
- The Honourable Charles Hope (1845-1860)
    - Mark Hildesley Quayle (1860) **acting**
- Francis Pigott Stainsby Conant (1860-1863)
    - Mark Hildesley Quayle (1863) **acting**
- Sir Henry Brougham Loch KCB, Baron Loch (1863-1882)
- Sir Spencer Walpole (1882-1893)
- Joseph West Ridgeway (1893-1895)
- John Henniker-Major, 5th Baron Henniker (1895-1902)
- George Fitzroy Henry Somerset, 3rd Baron Raglan (1902-1918)
- William Fry (1918-1925)
- Claude Hill (1925-1932)
- Montagu Sherard Dawes Butler (1932-1937)
- Vice Admiral William Spencer Leveson-Gower, the Earl Granville, KG, KCVO, CB, DSO (1937-1945)
- Air Vice Marshal Sir Geoffrey Rhodes Bromet, KBE, CB, DSO (1945-1952)
- Sir Ambrose Dundas Flux Dundas, KCIE, CSI (1952-1959)
- Sir Ronald Herbert Garvey, KCMG, KCVO (1959-1966)
- Sir Peter Hyla Gawne Stallard, KCMG, CVO, MBE (1966-1974)
- Sir John Warburton Paul, GCMG, OBE, MC (1974-1980)
- Rear Admiral Sir Nigel Cecil, KBE, CB (1980-1985)
- Major General Sir Laurence New, CB, CBE (1985-1990)
- Air Marshal Sir Laurence Jones, KCB, AFC (1990-1995)
- Sir Timothy Daunt, KCMG (1995-2000)
- Air Marshal Ian David Macfadyen, CB, OBE (2000-2005)
    - Deemster Michael Kerruish QC (2005) **acting**
- Vice Admiral Sir Paul Kenneth Haddacks, KCB (2005-2011)
- Adam Kenneth Compton Wood (2011 - 2016)
- Sir Richard Hugh Turton Gozney, KCMG CVO KStJ (2016-present)

## Related pages

- Governors of the Isle of Man
- King of Mann
- Lord of Mann
David Doyle (judge)

**David Doyle** QC was the First Deemster of the Isle of Man.  He was appointed in 2010  and used to be a partner of in the law firm of Dickinson, Cruickshank & Co from 1985 - 2010.  He was called to the Bar (Gray's Inn) in 1982 and the Manx Bar in 1984.

In November 2010 it was announced that he would take up the position of First Deemster following the death of Michael Kerruish earlier in the year. Doyle was sworn in on December 20, 2010. His appointment ended on July 31st 2018.
Nova Bus

**Nova Bus** (stylized as **NOVABUS**) is a company which makes buses for public transit, and is owned by Volvo. Created in 1993, Nova Bus continued the production of the Classic and Rapid Transit Series models previously made by General Motors and Motor Coach Industries. Nova Buses are used in many cities across North America, including New York, Quebec City, Montreal and Calgary.

Nova Bus has three factories in which the buses are built; Plattsburgh, New York, St-François-du-Lac, Quebec, and St-Eustache, Quebec.

## Buses

Nova Bus has produced seven types of buses, including three which are no longer made.

|Model|Photo|Years Produced|Notes|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|RTS||1995-2004||
|Classic (TC40102A/N)||1995-1997||
|Articulated Classic (TC60102N)||1993||
|LFS||||
|LFS HEV||||
|LFS Artic||||
|LFX||||

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: NovaBus Inc.
- **logo size**: 220px
- **image**: CTT Nova 1050.jpg
- **image caption**: Connecticut Transit Nova Bus LFS Articulated bus
- **type**: Subsidiary
- **predecessor**: General Motors Diesel Division
Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
- **former name**: NovaBus Corporation
- **foundation**: 1979 (plant)
1993 (company)
- **location**: Saint-Eustache, Quebec, Canada
- **area served**: Canada and United States
- **key people**: Ralph Acs (President (corporate title), President)
- **owner**: Volvo
- **industry**: Automotive industry, Automotive
- **products**: Public transit buses
Deemster

A **deemster** () is a judge in the Isle of Man. The Isle of Man is self-governing. It keeps some of its traditions, and has a long past history.

The High Court of Justice of the Isle of Man is presided over by a deemster. In the appeal division, a deemster and the Judge of Appeal preside.  The deemsters also make the Isle of Man's laws official, by reading them out to the people in English and Manx on Tynwald Day.

The First and Second Deemsters used to have seats in the Legislative Council of the Isle of Man. The Second Deemster lost his seat in 1965, and the First Deemster lost his in 1975.

There are currently three full time Deemsters in the Isle of Man. These are the First Deemster and Clerk of the Rolls (who is also the Deputy Governor), the Second Deemster, and an additional full-time Deemster. Additional deemsters, full-time or part-time, may be appointed from time to time.

The offices of First Deemster, Second Deemster and Clerk of the Rolls are ancient offices. The offices of First Deemster and Clerk of the Rolls were joined in 1918. A new office of Deputy Deemster was created in 2002, but abolished in 2009.

The First Deemster, Second Deemster and Judge of Appeal are appointed by the monarch, (acting on the advice of the UK's Secretary of State for Justice). The First Deemster acts in place of the Lieutenant Governor in the latter's absence, or during a vacancy in that office.

## Related pages

- Tynwald

## Other websites

- Isle of Man Courts
Patricia Arquette

**Patricia T. Arquette** (born April 8, 1968) is an American actress and movie director. She played the lead character in the supernatural drama television series _Medium_. She also starred in other TV series and in many movies. She won a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for her role in _Boyhood_ in 2015. Arquette played Mrs. Cobel in the Apple TV+ series _Severance_.

## Early life

Arquette was born in Chicago, Illinois. She is the daughter of Lewis Arquette, an actor, and Brenda Olivia "Mardi" (née Nowak), an actress, poet, theater operator, activist, acting teacher, and therapist. Arquette's mother was Jewish, the daughter of a Holocaust survivor from Poland and Russia. Arquette's father was of English, French-Canadian, German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and Welsh descent and a convert to Islam from Catholicism, and was related to explorer Meriwether Lewis. Her paternal grandfather was comedian Cliff Arquette; her siblings are actors Rosanna, Alexis, Richmond, and David Arquette.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Patricia Arquette at Heart Truth 2009 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: at the 2009 Heart Truth fashion show
- **birth name**: Patricia T. Arquette
- **birth place**: Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
- **spouse**: Nicolas Cage
(m. 1995–2001; divorced)
Thomas Jane
(m. 2006–2011; divorced; 1 child)
- **children**: 2
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1987–present
Downtown (owarai)

**Downtown** is a popular Japanese comedy duo that features members, Hitoshi Matsumoto and Masatoshi Hamada. They first became a comedy duo in 1983 when they went on Yoshimoto Kōgyō: NSC (New Star Creation). They are known for acting on the television show, Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!! along with another comedy duo, Cocorico. Matsumoto is the _boke_ of the duo and he will often put up with light physical abuse (it is also common for the _tsukkomi_ to slap the _boke_ on top of his head whenever he says something rude or ridiculous) from Hamada who is the _tsukkomi_. They have also created the televisions series, Downtown no Gottsu Ee Kanji, Downtown DX and Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ.

## Other websites

- Downtown's Official website

## Infobox (comedian)

- **name**: Downtown
- **image**: Matsumoto and Hamada, Downtown, Mido-suji - Nov 3, 2022.jpg
- **caption**: Matsumoto (left) and Hamada (right) in 2020
- **active**: 1982–present
(formed in Hyogo Prefecture)
- **employer**: Yoshimoto Kogyo
- **genre**: Manzai, Conte (comedy), conte
- **footnotes**: **Same year/generation as:**
Tommys
High Heele
No Way Out (2004)

**No Way Out (2004)** was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) for their SmackDown! brand. It took place on February 15, 2004 at the Cow Palace in Daly City, California. It was the sixth No Way Out event held by WWE. Eigjz matches happened on the event's card. The main event between Eddie Guerrero and Brock Lesnar for the WWE Championship was quoted by Kevin Sowers from PWTorch as being "one to remember for a long time".

## Other websites

- The Official No Way Out Website
- No Way Out at In Demand.com

es:WWE No Way Out#2004

## Infobox (wrestling event)

- **name**: No Way Out (2004)
- **theme**: "Crossing Borders" by Rey Mysterio
- **tagline**: Wanted For: Lying. Cheating. Stealing.
- **promotion**: WWE, World Wrestling Entertainment
- **brand**: WWE Friday Night SmackDown, SmackDown
- **date**: February 15, 2004
- **venue**: Cow Palace
- **city**: Daly City, California
- **lastevent**: Royal Rumble (2004)
- **nextevent**: WrestleMania XX
- **event**: WWE No Way Out, No Way Out
- **nextevent2**: No Way Out (2005)
- **lastevent2**: No Way Out (2003)
László Bodnár

**László Bodnár** (born February 25, 1979 in Mátészalka) is a Hungarian football defender. He is playing for FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.

He started playing professional with VSC Debrecen in Hungary. From 2000 till 2003 he played for Dynamo Kiew and Arsenal Kiew in Ukraine. 2003 he came to Roda JC Kerkrade and 2006 till 2009 to FC Red Bull Salzburg. 2009 he went back to Debrecen and played with the team in the UEFA Champions League group stage. After the year with Debrecen he found no new team but in 2011 he came back to FC Red Bull Salzburg. For Red Bull Salzburg he played 66 matches and scored only two goals but got a lot of assistance points.

László Bodnár played 22 times for the Hungarian football national team, one time he was the captain.

## Honours

- **FC Dynamo Kyiv**
    - Premier League: 2001, 2003
        - Runner-up: 2002
    - Ukrainian Cup: 2003
        - Runner-up: 2002
    - CIS Cup: 2002
- **FC Red Bull Salzburg**
    - Austrian Bundesliga: 2007, 2009
        - Runner-up: 2008
- **Debreceni VSC**
    - Hungarian National Championship I: 2009–10
    - Hungarian Cup: 2009-10
    - Hungarian League Cup: 2010
    - Hungarian Super Cup: 2010

## Other websites

- Homepage FC Red Bull Salzburg Laszlo Bodnar
- Fangemeinschaft FC Red Bull Salzburg: Spieler Laszlo Bodnar

## Infobox (football biography)

- **playername**: László Bodnár
- **image**: Laszlo Bodnar9.JPG
- **image size**: 250px
- **fullname**: László Bodnár
- **birth place**: Mátészalka, Hungary
- **position**: Defender (football), defender
- **currentclub**: F.C. Red Bull Salzburg, Red Bull Salzburg
- **clubnumber**: 2
- **years1**: 1996 - 2000
2000 - 2002
2003
2003 - 2005
2006 - 2009
2009 - 2010
2011 -
- **clubs1**: Debreceni VSC
Dynamo Kiew
Arsenal Kiew
Roda JC Kerkrade
F C Red Bull Salzburg
 Debreceni VSC
F C Red Bull Salzburg
- **nationalyears1**: 2003-
- **nationalteam1**: Hungary
- **pcupdate**: 21 February 2011
- **ntupdate**: 3 March 2010
Bell's theorem

**Bell's theorem**, also called "Bell's inequality," is a thought experiment. When joined with real experiments, it shows there are no hidden variables which can explain some of the consequences of quantum mechanics. This study, closely related to quantum mechanics, was done by John Stewart Bell.

## Brian Greene's analogy

The following analogy has been provided by Brian Greene:
Pairs of boxes have been prepared and sent to Earth and on Vulcan. There is something inside that shows a light when a door is opened. If the same doors are opened on both members of the pair, then both lights will be blue or both lights will be red. What if different doors are opened? Maybe the chances that a red light or a blue light shows up were set by the maker of the boxes. Or maybe whether a red light or a blue light shows up depends on an individual coin flip in each box. How can we tell?

In a system that works the way quantum mechanics does, there is a 50% chance that opening any pair of doors (on the gray side, the white side, or the black side of each of the boxes in the schematic diagram) will give rise to a match. For instance, Earth could open the door in the gray side of its box, and Vulcan could open the door in the black side of its box. Quantum physics says that half the time they should get a match. But if the decision to produce a certain color for each of the doors opened is programmed into both boxes, then there is a 55% or greater chance of getting a match.

||G-W-B|Choose|Choose|Choose|Choose|Choose|Choose|Choose|Choose|Choose|% matched|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|B-B-R|G-G|G-W|G-B|W-G|W-W|W-B|B-G|B-W|B-B|||
||yes|yes|no|yes|yes|no|no|no|yes|55%||
|B-R-B|G-G|G-W|G-B|W-G|W-W|W-B|B-G|B-W|B-B|||
||yes|no|yes|no|yes|no|yes|no|yes|55%||
|B-R-R|G-G|G-W|G-B|W-G|W-W|W-B|B-G|B-W|B-B|||
||yes|no|no|no|yes|yes|no|yes|yes|55%||
|R-B-B|G-G|G-W|G-B|W-G|W-W|W-B|B-G|B-W|B-B|||
||yes|no|no|no|yes|yes|no|yes|yes|55%||
|R-B-R|G-G|G-W|G-B|W-G|W-W|W-B|B-G|B-W|B-B|||
||yes|no|yes|no|yes|no|yes|no|yes|55%||
|R-R-B|G-G|G-W|G-B|W-G|W-W|W-B|B-G|B-W|B-B|||
||yes|yes|no|yes|yes|no|no|no|yes|55%||

Bell argues that because in actual experiments doing the equivalent of "opening different doors" only yields a 50% success rate, there can be no hidden variables in operation that would have "preselected" states for all six alternatives.

The analogy given here follows closely the one used by Brian Greene in _The Fabric of the Cosmos, p. 107ff.

## Other sources

- Bell J.S. 1964. _On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox_. _Physics'', **1**:195-200, reprinted in Bell 1987.

## Related pages

- EPR paradox
Hans Krebs

**Sir Hans Adolf Krebs** (, ; 25 August 1900 – 22 November 1981) was a German Jewish scientist who became a naturalised British citizen. He was a physician and biochemist.

Krebs researched metabolism. He is famous because he discovered the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle (also called the _Krebs Cycle_). Krebs won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for this, in 1953.

## Early years

Krebs was born in Hildesheim, Germany. His mother was Alma Davidson. His father was Georg Krebs. Georg Krebs was an ear, nose, and throat doctor.

### Education

Krebs studied medicine at the University of Göttingen and the University of Freiburg from 1918–1923. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of Hamburg in 1925. Next, he studied chemistry in Berlin for one year. In Berlin, he helped Otto Warburg at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology until 1930.

## Career

Krebs worked as a doctor  in the Altona hospital and at the University of Freiburg. At the University of Freiburg he researched the urea cycle.

Because he was Jewish, Krebs could not be a doctor in Germany. In 1933 he moved to England. He worked at Cambridge with Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins. In Cambridge he researched biochemistry. In 1945 he became a Professor (teacher) at the University of Sheffield.

In 1954 he became a professor in Oxford. After his retirement, Krebs continued work at the Radcliffe Infirmary until his death. He was a fellow of Trinity College in Oxford.

### Honors

In 1953 Krebs received the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the citric acid cycle". He was knighted in 1958.

Krebs was elected Honorary Fellow of Girton College, Cambridge University in 1979.

## Personal life

In 1938, Krebs married Margaret Cicely Fieldhouse. They had three children: two boys and a girl: John, Paul and Helen. His son John Krebs was an ornithologist and member of the House of Lords.

Krebs died in Oxford, England in 1981.

## Timeline

- 1900 Born in Germany
- 1918 Began medical school
- 1923 Graduated from medical school
- 1925 Graduated with Ph.D. from University of Hamburg
- 1932 Identification of Urea cycle
- 1933 Moved to the United Kingdom
- 1937 Identification of Citric acid cycle or "Krebs cycle"
- 1945 Became a Professor at University of Sheffield
- 1953 Won the Nobel Prize
- 1958 Knighted
- 1981 Died in Oxford, England

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Hans Krebs
- **image**: Hans Adolf Krebs.jpg
- **birth place**: Hildesheim, Germany
- **nationality**: German, British
- **death place**: Oxford, England
- **field**: Internal medicine, biochemistry
- **workplaces**: Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology
University of Hamburg
Cambridge University
University of Sheffield
University of Oxford
- **alma mater**: University of Göttingen
University of Freiburg
University of Berlin
University of Hamburg
- **known for**: Discovery of the urea cycle and the citric acid cycle
- **prizes**: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1953)