juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Cage (rapper)

**Chris Palko** (born 1973), better known by his stage name **Cage** or **Cage Kennylz**, is a rapper from New York. He is best known for his albums _For Your Box_, _Movies For The Blind_, _Hell's Winter_ _Depart From Me and_ . Cage was born in Germany but raised in New York.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Cage
- **background**: solo_singer
- **image**: ChrisPalko.JPG
- **caption**: Cage performing a live show at Triple Rock Social Club, Minneapolis, MN in 2009
- **birth name**: Chris Palko
- **alias**: Alex, Alex the Worm King, Cage Kennylz, Keige, Sam Hill, Sherm Penn
- **birth place**: Würzburg, Germany
- **origin**: Middletown, Orange County, New York, United States
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **occupation**: Rapping, Rapper, record producer, actor
- **years active**: 1991–present
2013–14 Hull City A.F.C. season

**Hull City's 2013–14 season** is their first season back in the Premier League after finishing second in the Npower Championship last season and gaining automatic promotion.

## Infobox (football club)

- **clubname**: Hull City
- **fullname**: Hull City Tigers Ltd
- **nickname**: The Tigers
- **founded**: 1904
- **ground**: KC Stadium, Kingston upon Hull
- **capacity**: 25,586
- **chairman**: Assem Allam
- **manager**: Steve Bruce
- **league**: English Premier League, Premier League
- **season**: 2012–13 Football League Championship Season, 2012–13
- **position**: Championship, 2nd
Rod Grams

**Rodney Dwight "Rod" Grams** (February 4, 1948 – October 8, 2013) was a politician from Minnesota and a radio personality. He served as a Republican in both the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. Grams first began as a TV News anchor, but quit his job in order to run for the senate.

## Early life

Grams was born in Princeton, Minnesota and attended Brown Institute, 1966–8, Anoka-Ramsey Community College, 1970–2, and Carroll College, 1974–5.

## Career

After David Durenberger announced he would not seek reelection, Grams surprised many by announcing, just months into beginning his first term in the US House, that he would run for the US Senate.  However, Grams faced opposition for the Republican party endorsement from State Senator Gen Olson, Bert McKasy (former chief of staff to David Durenberger), and Doug McFarland.

In the general election against Democratic Farm Labor candidate Ann Wynia and Independence Party candidate Dean Barkley, Grams won a close election to become Minnesota's next US Senator.

Grams ran for re-election in 2000 as the incumbent, losing to Mark Dayton. During the campaign, Grams' wife Christine Gunhus was revealed to have written anonymous disparaging emails about Grams' potential Democratic rival, Mike Ciresi, from her home computer. She received a fine and suspended sentence for violating political advertising regulations.

## Personal life

Grams was married to Christine Gunhus until his death in 2013. On September 4, 2013 it was announced that Grams had been battling cancer since 2012 and had entered hospice care.

### Death

Grams died of colon cancer on October 8, 2013 at his home in Crown, Minnesota.

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **name**: Rod Grams
- **nationality**: United States, American
- **image name**: Rgrams.gif
- **jr/sr**: United States Senator
- **state**: Minnesota
- **party**: Republican Party (United States), Republican
- **alma mater**: Brown College (Minnesota), Brown College
Anoka-Ramsey Community College
Carroll University
- **term start**: January 3, 1995
- **term end**: January 3, 2001
- **preceded**: David Durenberger
- **succeeded**: Mark Dayton
- **state2**: Minnesota
- **district2**: Minnesota's 6th congressional district, 6th
- **term start2**: January 3, 1993
- **term end2**: January 3, 1995
- **preceded2**: Gerry Sikorski
- **succeeded2**: Bill Luther
- **birth place**: Princeton, Minnesota
- **death place**: Crown, Minnesota
- **spouse**: Christine Gunhus
Arrondissements of the Côte-d'Or department

There are 3 **arrondissements in the Côte-d'Or department**. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into _arrondissements_, which may be translated into English as **districts** (in some cases, as **boroughs**). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

The arrondissements of Côte-d'Or are:

|INSEE code !! Arrondissement !! Capital !! Population <small>(2014)</small> !! width=60px | Area <small>(km²)</small> !! Density <small>(Inh./km²)</small> !! _Communes_|||||||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|211|Beaune|Beaune|97,107|2,118.3||223|
|212|Dijon|Dijon|373,574|3,049.0||228|
|213|Montbard|Montbard|60,699|3,595.9||253|

## History

Since its creation, the Côte-d'Or department has had few changes:
- 1790 : creation of the department with seven districts: Châtillon-sur-Seine, Is-sur-Tille, Dijon, Saint-Jean-de-Losne, Beaune, Arnay-le-Duc, Semur-en-Auxois
- 1800 : creation of the arrondissements: Dijon, Beaune, Châtillon-sur-Seine, Semur-en-Auxois
- 1926 : the arrondissement of Montbard was made with the arrondissements of Châtillon-sur-Seine and Semur-en-Auxois and the subprefecture is moved from Semur-en-Auxois to Montbard

## Related pages

- List of arrondissements of France
Agilbert

**Agilbert** (flourished 650–) was Frankish by birth and educated in Ireland. He became the second Bishop to the West Saxons after Bishop Birinus. Following a disagreement with king Cenwalh of Wessex he returned to Gaul to eventually become the Bishop of Paris.

### Wessex

Agilbert studied in Ireland for several years. In 650 he came to Wessex as a missionary. Cenwalh, the king, was impressed by his background he offered Agilbert the bishopric of Dorchester. This was the seat originally given to Bishop Birinus who founded a church at Dorchester on Thames. Birinus had died in 650 and Cenwalh was looking for a replacement. But after some time Cenwalh grew tired of not being able to understand the bishop, who apparently did not speak the Anglo-Saxon language. Cenwalh created a new diocese at Winchester in 660 and made Wine the first bishop. Agribert took offense at not being consulted and left his see.

### Northumbria

Agilbert did not leave England immediately but visited Northumbria.
A controversy had occurred in the Northumbrian church over the date of Easter. The king Oswiu of Northumbria and his son Eahlfrith each backed a different church position. Why Agilbert came to Northumbria at this time or who sent him is not recorded. But kings Osiwu and Cenwalh were friends. They both supported the Roman position that Easter should be celebrated the same throughout the Christian world. A synod was called at Whitby to settle the issue. Bishop Agilbert was the senior ecclesiastic there who supported the Roman position. As he did not speak the language well, he asked Wilfrid to speak for him. Their argument was why did only the remote parts of Britain celebrate Easter differently than the remainder of the Christian world? Osiwu made a decision to celebrate Easter with the rest of the Christian churches.

### France

Agilbert wandered in Gaul (later France) for a time before accepting the position of Bishop of Paris. He held that position from  for about 12 years. He consecrated Wilfrid as a bishop at Compiègne along with several others. Later Bishop Wine was expelled from Wessex by Cenwalh. This left Wessex without a bishop. Cenwalh sent appeals to Agilbert to return to Wessex. Agilbert turned Cenwalh down saying his current duties as bishop of Paris prevented his return. But he sent his nephew Leutherius in his place. Leutherius was welcomed in Wessex as the new bishop of Winchester. Agilbert died sometime after 679. He was buried at the monastery of Jouarre.
Nicholas Oresko

**Nicholas Oresko** (January 18, 1917 – October 4, 2013) was a United States Army veteran and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions on 23 January 1945, during World War II.

Oresko was born on January 18, 1917, in Bayonne, New Jersey. He had Ukrainian family. Oresko later joined the Army from that city in March 1942.

Following the death of Barney F. Hajiro in January 2011, Oresko became the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient. Oresko lived in Cresskill, New Jersey. Bayonne School #14 was renamed in his honor in July 2010.

Oresko died while undergoing surgery for a broken femur on October 4, 2013 in Englewood, New Jersey. He was 96 years old.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Nicholas Oresko
- **birth place**: Bayonne, New Jersey
- **death place**: Englewood, New Jersey
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **image**: Nicholas Oresko, Army Medal of Honor recipient 2001.jpg
- **image size**: 200
- **caption**: Nicholas Oresko, Medal of Honor recipient
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
- **branch**: United States Army
- **rank**: Master Sergeant#United States, Master Sergeant
- **unit**: 302nd Infantry Regiment, 94th Infantry Division
- **battles**: World War II
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
Thanks for Sharing

***Thanks for Sharing*** is a comedy-drama movie that was released in September 2013. The movie is about sexual addiction and the lives of people in New York City. Tim Robbins is Mike, Gwyneth Paltrow is Phoebe, Carol Kane is Roberta and singer Pink is Dede. The movie was given mixed review from critics. It was filmed and produced during 2012.
Fragile X syndrome

**Fragile X syndrome** (**FXS**) is a genetic syndrome that causes a range of intellectual disabilities as well as unusual physical and behavioural characteristics. Males and females can have FXS but it is more common, and often more serious, in males. It is one of the most common causes of autism and intellectual disability among boys. Individuals with this condition lack an important gene product.

## Technical account

Fragile X syndrome occurs as a result of a mutation of the _FMR1_ gene on the X chromosome. This causes an increase an increase in the number of CGG repeats in the 5' untranslated region of _FMR1_.

In unaffected individuals, the _FMR1_ gene contains 5–44 repeats of the CGG codon, most commonly 29 or 30 repeats. Between 45 and 54 repeats is considered a "grey zone". Between 55 and 200 repeats in length is described as a premutation allele. Individuals with fragile X syndrome have a full mutation of the _FMR1_ allele, with over 200 repeats of the CGG codon.

In these individuals with a repeat expansion greater than 200, there is methylation of the CGG repeat expansion and _FMR1_ promoter. This silences the _FMR1_ gene, and its end-product is not made.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Fragile X syndrome
- **image**: Fmr1.jpeg
- **caption**: Location of FMR1 gene
- **diseasesdb**: 4973
- **omim**: 300624
- **medlineplus**: 001668
- **emedicinesubj**: ped
- **emedicinetopic**: 800
- **meshid**: D005600
Maggie Siff

**Maggie Siff** (born June 21, 1974) is an American actress. She has acted in many television programs and movies. She played Teresa Stowe in the movie _Push_. Siff was born in The Bronx, New York City.
Consumer protection

**Consumer protection** means protecting the rights of consumers. It also helps to protect fair trade competition and truthful information in a market economy. Various laws and organisations are designed to do this.

The laws are designed to stop companies using unfair practices to gain an advantage over their competitors. Examples of such practices are fraud and "false advertising", where a company advertises their product with false information.

Consumer protection laws are a form of regulation.
Lubricant

A **lubricant** is a substance used to reduce friction between moving surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as _lubricity_ (slipperiness).

A good lubricant has the following characteristics:

- Does not get affected by temperature or pressure at all
- Does not burn easily, and may also prevent rusting
- High viscosity (feels like a very thick liquid)
- Does not mix with water

The most often used lubricant is motor oil, which is used in engines of cars and motorcycles.

Sometimes, chemicals are added to normal oil to give it special properties. A lubricant, like motor oil, can also help in reducing heat. Simply put, cooling depends on surface area in contact. So, if something normally has a small surface area, you can put that thing into a bigger pot, and put oil in the pot. This way, oil comes in contact with small surface area of the small object, and transfers that heat to the big surface area of the big vessel. As a rule, liquids can transfer heat better than gases.

In manufacturing, sometimes oil is used to cool the item being made. This also helps in removing metal that was just chipped off. This chipped-off metal normally flows with the oil until it is filtered. Then the oil is reused. The filtered metal chips are normally scrapped.

Sometimes, lubricants are used for hydraulic machines. A hydraulic machine uses the fact that the hydraulic oil cannot be compressed, and performs a simple conversion – it works like a lever.

Some common lubricants are:
- Solid: graphite (used in lead pencil),
- Semi-solid: grease
- Liquid: Oil of various grades and types

Oils can cause pollution, especially water pollution, if released into the open.
Depart From Me

**Depart From Me** is the third studio album by American rapper Cage. It was released by Definitive Jux on July 2009. The guitar strings are played by Sean Martin, who works with Cage. It was supported by the singles **"I Never Knew You"** and "**I Found My Mind In Connecticut**".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Depart from Me
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Cage (rapper), Cage
- **released**: July 7, 2009
- **recorded**: 2008-2009
- **genre**: Horrorcore, rap rock
- **length**: 46:10
- **label**: Definitive Jux
- **producer**: Aesop Rock, Cage (rapper), Cage, El-P, Sean "F. Sean" Martin
- **prev title**: Hell's Winter
(2005)
- **next title**: Kill the Architect
(2013)
Picts

The **Picts** were ancient Celtic people from northern and eastern Scotland.

They are first mentioned in written records in AD 297, before the Roman conquest of Britain. The name 'Pict' is from the Latin _pictus_ meaning 'painted.' This may have been due to reports from the Romans that the Picts tattoos on their bodies, along with reports that ancient Celtic Britons during Roman times would paint themselves various terms that are now translated as "woad", but originally may have meant "glass" and "green" (_vitrum_ and _glastum_, respectively). This process is described as staining the skin of battle wounds a dark color, since woad is a powerful astringent. It may also refer to a name they called themselves, that was recorded by the Romans.

They spoke a Pictish language. It was related to the Brythonic languages spoken by the Britons living to the south. Picts were possibly the descendants of the Caledonians and other tribes that were mentioned by Roman historians.

The area of Scotland called Pictland gradually merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. This formed the kingdom of Alba, later known as Scotland. Alba then expanded, absorbing the British kingdom of Strathclyde and Bernician Lothian. By the 11th century the Pictish identity had become a part of the Scottish people.
Young Buck

**David Brown** (born March 15, 1981), better known as **Young Buck** or **Buck** for short, is an American rapper.  He is from
Nashville, Tennessee. He is best known for his albums 'Buck The World' and 'Straight Outta Cashville'. Brown is the founder and president of his own record label Ca$hville Records.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Young Buck
- **image**: Young Buck Departs From LAX - cropped.jpg
- **caption**: Young Buck departs from the LAX in November 2010.
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: David Darnell Brown
- **birth place**: Nashville, Tennessee, United States, U.S.
- **years active**: 1997–present
- **website**: [http://www.therealyoungbuck.com therealyoungbuck.com] (website offline)
Pennacook

The **Pennacook** (or **Pawtucket**) were a Native American people in North America. They lived along the Merrimack River in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. They spoke an Algonquian language.

When the English colonists arrived, the Pennacook fled north with the Abenaki, or west with other tribes. Those that went west were hunted down and killed by colonists. Those that fled northward eventually merged with other displaced tribes from New England.
Gordian I

**Gordian I** (;  159 – 12 April 238) was a Roman Emperor. He was only emperor for one month, alongside his son Gordian II in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors. He was involved in a rebellion against the Emperor Maximinus Thrax. His armies were defeated by those loyal to Maximinus. Gordian then killed himself.
Canadian literature

**Canadian literature** is literature written in Canada, or by Canadians. Notable writers include Charles Sangster, Saul Bellow, Margaret Atwood, Mordecai Richler, Michael Ondaatje and Alice Munro.

French Canadian literature is literature written by French Canadians.

## Other websites

- In English
- Charles Sangster at Allpoetry.com
Ray Bolger

**Raymond Wallace Bolger** (January 10, 1904 – January 15, 1987) was an American singer, dancer, and actor. He was born in Boston. His theatrical career started in vaudeville. He appeared in Broadway shows. He went to Hollywood. He appeared in several movies. He played the Scarecrow in the 1939 MGM movie _The Wizard of Oz_. He married Gwen Rickard in 1929, but they did not have children. Bolger died of bladder cancer in Los Angeles, California, five days after his 83rd birthday.
Jack Haley

**Jack Haley** (August 10, 1897 – June 6, 1979) was an American singer, actor, and dancer. He played the Tin Woodman in the 1939 MGM movie _The Wizard of Oz_.

Haley was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Haley died of a heart attack at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California at the age of 80.
Bert Lahr

**Bert Lahr** (born **Irving Lahrheim**, August 13, 1895 – December 4, 1967) was an American entertainer. He was born Irving Lahrheim in New York City. He started his career in vaudeville. He performed in Broadway musicals. He was in Cole Porter's  musical _DuBarry was a Lady_ in 1939. He was also in the movie _The Wizard of Oz_ in 1939. He played the Cowardly Lion. Lahr was married twice. He had three children. He died of cancer, aged 72.
Billie Burke

**Billie Burke** (August 7, 1884 - December 12, 2009) was an American stage, movie, and television actress. She was born Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke in Washington, D.C. Her father was the circus clown, Billie Burke.  She married Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. on 11 April 1914. He died on 22 July 1932. They had one child, a daughter. Burke played Glinda, the Good Witch, in the 1939 MGM movie _The Wizard of Oz_. She died of natural causes in Los Angeles, California.
Marie Claire

***Marie Claire*** is a major monthly magazine for women. It was first published in France, although it later expanded into other countries. The edition in the United States focuses mostly on women. _Marie Claire_, however, also covers health, fashion and beauty topics. The magazine was started in 1937 by Jean Prouvost and Marcelle Auclair.

## Other websites

- Marie Claire's American website

## Infobox (magazine)

- **title**: Marie Claire
- **logo**: Marie Claire Magazine logo.svg
- **publisher**: Groupe Marie Claire (France)
Editorial Perfil (Argentina)
Are Media (Australia)
Fashion Group (Mexico)
Future plc (UK)
Future US (U.S.)
- **circulation**: 411,149 (France)
227,729 (UK)
- **circulation year**: 2013
- **language**: Distributed in 24 languages
- **category**: Fashion
- **frequency**: Monthly
- **editor**: Arnaud de Contades (France)
Andrea Arbelaiz (Argentina)
Nicky Briger (Australia)
Marie O'Riordan (UK)
- **editor title**: Editor
- **country**: France / UK (published in 35 countries)
- **website**: (France)
[http://marieclaire.perfil.com/ marieclaire.perfil.com] (Argentina)
[http://www.marieclaire.com.au/ marieclaire.com.au] (Australia)
[https://marieclaire.com.mx/ marieclaire.com.mx] (Mexico)
[http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/ marieclaire.co.uk] (UK)
[http://www.marieclaire.com/ marieclaire.com] (U.S.)
- **issn**: 0025-3049
Tromsø (city)

**Tromsø** (; ) is a city in Troms county, Norway. It is located on the island of Tromsøya, just off the mainland of Northern Norway. The city has an estimated population of 64,492 people and an area of . It is the largest urban area in Northern Norway.

## Economy

The University of Tromsø and University Hospital of North Norway are the largest workplaces in the city. The fishing industry is also important, and Tromsø is home to the headquarters of Norges Råfisklag and Norges sjømatråd (seafood council).

## Geography

Tromsø is located in the Arctic region on the island Tromsøya. It is surrounded by mountains. The highest one, called Tromsdalstinden, has an elevation of  above sea level.

Tromsø is also surrounded by fjords. The Ullsfjorden is a notable one east from Tromsø. These fjords make it possible to engage in activities such as fishing, boating, and wildlife observation.

## Wildlife

The waters around Tromsø are home to different types of sea animals, such as Atlantic cod, herring, seals, and whales. The yearly whale migration can be seen in Tromsø. Humpback whales, orcas, and fin whales can be seen in the fjords during the migration.

Tromsø is also home to many land animals. The mountains and forests are a place to live for reindeer, Arctic foxes, and many types of birds. Seabirds like puffins, kittiwakes, and guillemots can be seen.

## Climate

Tromsø is warmer than other places at the same latitude, thanks to the warming effect of the Gulf Stream. However, the Gulf Stream is showing signs of uncertainty because of global warming. The city center of Tromsø has the highest number of old wooden houses in Northern Norway, with the oldest house dating back to 1789. The city is a cultural center for the region, with several festivals taking place in the summer.

## History

Tromsø has a long history, with evidence of people living there from at least 10,000 years ago. The area was first settled by the indigenous Sámi, who still live there today. In the 13th century, Norwegians started to settle in the area and Tromsø grew into an important trading post. The city became a centre for fishing and whaling, which were important industries for many years.

Tromsø also has a big role in polar exploration. Many expeditions to the Arctic and Antarctic regions started in Tromsø, including those of Roald Amundsen and Fridtjof Nansen. During World War II, Tromsø was occupied by the Germans, and there were many battles fought in the area.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tromsø
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: Tromsø sentrum (5835702754).jpg
- **image caption**: View of Tromsø
- **image shield**: Tromsø komm.svg
- **population as of**: 2007 estimate
- **population total**: 64492
- **area total km2**: 21.25
Badulla District

**Badulla** is a district in the Uva Province of Sri Lanka. The entire land area of the Badulla district is 2,861 square kilometres. A total of 837,000 people live there. The district borders the districts of Monaragala and Rathnapura on the east and south, Ampara and Kandy districts on the north and Nuwara Eliya and Rathnapura on the west.

The economy of the district mostly depends on farming and livestock. Tea and vegetables are grown in the upper, hilly areas of the district. Paddy fields cover much of the lower parts.

### Towns

- Badulla, largest city
- Bandarawela

### Major villages

- Haputale
- Mahiyanganaya
- Diyatalawa
- Hali-Ela
- Ella
- Haldummulla
- Beragala
- Welimada
- Kandaketiya
- Meegahakivula
- Passara
- Lunugala
- Pangaragammana

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Badulla District
- **type**: Districts of Sri Lanka, Administrative district
- **image skyline**: Ella, Sri Lanka, Mountains in clouds, Panorama.jpg
- **image map**: Badulla district.svg
- **image map1**: Badulla district AM.jpg
- **map caption1**: Map of Badulla district showing its administrative areas
- **map caption**: Map of Sri Lanka with Badulla District highlighted
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Sri Lanka, Province
- **subdivision name1**: Uva Province
- **established title**: Created
- **seat type**: Largest city
- **seat**: Badulla
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Hon. C. Nanda Mathew
- **leader title1**: Chief Minister of Uva Provincial Council
- **leader name1**: Hon. Shashindra Rajapakse
- **leader title2**: Secretary of District
- **leader name2**: Rohana Keerthi Dissanayake.
- **leader title3**: Headquarters
- **leader name3**: Badulla Districts Secretariat
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 2,861
- **population total**: 837,000
- **population as of**: 2006
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Sri Lanka
- **utc offset1**: +05:30
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:LK, LK-81
- **website**: [http://www.ds.gov.lk/dist_badulla/english/ ds.gov.lk/dist_badulla]
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

The **Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons** (OPCW) is an international organisation made in 1997 in order to watch countries according to Chemical Weapons Convention. The main office of OPCW is in The Hague, Netherlands. On October 11, 2013, OPCW was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

## Related pages

- Laws of war
- Chemical weapon

## Other website

- Official site of OPCW
Actuator

An **actuator** is a type of motor that either pushes, pulls, or rotates.

## Linear Actuators

Linear actuators are actuators that move in a straight line. They can be made to move by electricity, or by pushing water or air very hard. When water (or oil or another liquid) is used, it is called hydraulic, and when air is used, it is called pneumatic. Hydraulic systems are used for moving very heavy things, like in cranes, excavators, or bulldozers.
Ca$hville Records

**Casville Records **(often stylized as **Ca$hville Records**) is an independent record label based in Nashville, Tennessee. It was started by rapper Young Buck in 2006. It was originally called **G-Unit South**. However, since Buck and 50 Cent had engaged in a feud while Buck was signed to G-Unit Records, he was kicked out and had to change the label's name because he could no longer use the G-Unit logo to distribute his music. Its artists are gangsta rap or southern rap musicians. It has so far signed acts such as Outlaws and Lil Scrappie and is currently being distributed by RED distribution.

## Other websites

- Official website
G-Unit

**G-Unit** is a hip hop group from New York. It consists of rappers 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo. They are signed to 50 Cent's record label G-Unit Records. They have released several albums. The have also engaged in feuds with other musicans in the industry including Ja Rule, Game and Young Buck.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: G-Unit
- **image**: 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks & Tony Yayo at Rider Pt 2 video shoot.jpg
- **caption**: G-Unit, from left to right: Tony Yayo, 50 Cent and Lloyd Banks
- **background**: group_or_band
- **alias**: Gangsta Unit, Guerilla Unit
- **origin**: New York (state), New York
- **years active**: c. 2000-2022
- **associated acts**: DJ Drama, Akon, Eminem, Joe (singer), Joe, Mobb Deep
- **past members**: The Game (rapper), Game
Susanne Sundfør

**Susanne Aartun Sundfør** (born 19 March 1986 in Haugesund) is a Norwegian singer-songwriter. She has released five studio albums since 2007. She is currently making her sixth album. She has made songs with Röyksopp ("Ice Machine", "Running to the Sea"), Timbuktu ("Kapitulera"), Morten Myklebust ("Away"), Maps ("A.M.A."), Nils Petter Molvær ("Baboon Moon"), Real Ones ("Sister to All"), M83 ("Oblivion"), and Siri Nelsen and Susanna ("Death Hanging"). Odd Martin Skålnes sings on "Morocco" on _Susanne Sundfør_. Sundfør produced Bow to Each Other's 2013 single "Darkness". Christian Wallumrød, Ådne Meisfjord, Øystein Moen, and Morten Qvenild composed _A Night At Salle Pleyel._ She is a member of Hypertext. Her music contains elements of classical, jazz, and electronic music. She has been given two Norwegian Grammy Awards. Her first album _Susanne Sundfør_ reached #3 in the Norwegian chart. _The Brothel_ and _The Silicone Veil_ reached number 1 in Norway. She released her first all instrumental album in 2011, _A Night At Salle Pleyel_. Her fifth album, _The Silicone Veil,_ was released in 2012. Three singles were released from it in Norway: "White Foxes", "The Silicone Veil", and "Among Us". "White Foxes" was made for the movie _Verden Venter_. It reached 19 in the Norwegian chart. In 2015 Sundfør's sixth album _Ten Love Songs_ was released. She lives in Oslo. She did her first tour in the United States in 2013.
Branch Davidians

The **Branch Davidians**, or simply, The Branch", are a new religious group. The reform movement believed themselves to be living in the last millennium, when the bible prophecies of Christ's second coming.

## History

The Davidians divided from the Adventists around 1930. Most of them had been removed from membership of the Seventh-day Adventist Church because of their beliefs. Then, in 1955, the Branch Davidians split from the Davidian Seventh-day Adventists.

## Waco siege

_See the main article: Waco siege_

The name "Branch Davidian" is widely known for the Waco Siege of 1993 on their property near Waco, Texas. The 51-day siege, by the ATF, FBI, and Texas National Guard, resulted in the deaths of the Branch Davidians' leader David Koresh, 82 other Branch Davidian men, women, and children, and four ATF agents.

## Other websites

- The General Association of Branch Davidian Seventh Day Adventists
Ilene Graff

**Ilene Susan Graff** (born February 28, 1949) is an American actress and singer. She is perhaps best known for her role as Marsha Owens in the sitcom _Mr. Belvedere_. She acted in this role from 1985 until 1990.

Graff was born in Brooklyn, New York. Her parents were both involved in music. She began her professional career as a teenager when she performed as a singer and commercial actress. She was taught at Martin Van Buren High School in Queens Village. She graduated from Ithaca College in 1970.

She has acted on Broadway, including in the plays _Promises, Promises_, _Grease_, _Truckload_, and _I Love My Wife_. Her work in television includes _Barnaby Jones_, _Laverne & Shirley_, _Mork & Mindy_, _Three's Company_, _Lewis & Clark_, and _St. Elsewhere_.

## Filmography

- Hart of Dixie (Hart of Dixie) (2011-2013)
- The Things We Carry  (The Things We Carry) (2009)
- Ma-i pa-deo (Ma-i pa-deo) (2007)
- Loving Annabelle (Loving Annabelle) (2006)
- Mister Belvedere  (Mister Belvedere) (1985-1990)
- American Playhouse  (American Playhouse) (1987)
- Earthlings(Earthlings) (1984)
- 13 Thirteenth Avenue  (13 Thirteenth Avenue) (1983)
- Lewis & Clark  (Lewis & Clark) (1982)
- Mork y Mindy (Mork y Mindy) (1982)
- Laverne y Shirley  (Laverne y Shirley) (1980)
- Angie  (Angie) (1980)
- Supertren (Supertren) (1979)
- Barnaby Jones  (Barnaby Jones) (1979)

## Personal life

Graff  married songwriter Ben Lanzarone. Married since 1978, the couple has a daughter Nikka Graff Lanzarone. Ilene is the older sister of Tony Award-nominated actor Todd Graff. Her cousin is actress Randy Graff.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Ilene Graff
- **image**: Ilene Graff at The Hollywood Museum.jpg
- **birth name**: Ilene Susan Graff
- **birth place**: Queens, New York (state), New York, United States
- **spouse**: Ben Lanzarone (1978–present) 1 child
- **children**: Nikka Graff Lanzarone
- **website**: http://ilenegraff.com
- **yearsactive**: 1979–present
Isotopes of hydrogen

**Hydrogen** has three main **isotopes**; protium (<sup>1</sup>H), deuterium (<sup>2</sup>H) and tritium (<sup>3</sup>H). These isotopes form naturally in nature. Protium and deuterium are stable. Tritium is radioactive and has a half-life of about 12 years. Scientists have created four other hydrogen isotopes (<sup>4</sup>H to <sup>7</sup>H), but these isotopes are very unstable and do not exist naturally.

The main isotopes of hydrogen are unique because they are the only isotopes that have a name. These names are still in use today. Deuterium and tritium sometimes get their own symbols, D and T. However, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry does not like these names much, even though they are often used. There are other isotopes that had their own names when scientists studied radioactivity. But, their names are no longer used today.

## Protium (hydrogen1)

Protium is the most common isotope of hydrogen. It makes up more than 99.98% of all the hydrogen in the universe. It is named _protium_ because it's nucleus only has one proton. Protium has an atomic mass of 1.00782504(7) u. The symbol for protium is **<sup>1</sup>H**.

The proton of protium has never decayed in an observation, so scientists believe that protium is a stable isotope. New theories of particle physics predict that a proton can decay, but this decay is very slow. The proton is said to have a half-life of 10<sup>36</sup> years. If proton decay is true, then all other nuclei that are said to be stable are actually only _observationally stable_, i.e. they look like they are stable. Recent experiments have shown that if proton decay does occur, it would have a half-life of 6.6 × 10<sup>33</sup> years.

## Deuterium (hydrogen2)

Deuterium, or **<sup>2</sup>H** or sometimes **D**, is another stable isotope of hydrogen. The isotope has one proton and one neutron. It makes up about 0.0026 – 0.0184% of all atoms of hydrogen on Earth. Deuterium is less in hydrogen gas on Earth and is more in sea water (0.015% or 150 ppm). Deuterium is not radioactive, and it will not harm living things. Deuterium can also form water molecules. Water that has deuterium instead of protium is named heavy water.

## Tritium (hydrogen3)

Tritium (**<sup>3</sup>H**) is the most stable radioisotope of hydrogen. That is, of all radioactive isotopes of hydrogen, tritium is the least radioactive. It has a proton and 2 neutrons in its nucleus. Tritium decays through beta minus decay and changes to helium3. It has a half-life of 12.32 years.

Tritium is formed naturally by the interaction between the gases in the upper atmosphere and cosmic rays. It is also created during nuclear weapons tests. Tritium and deuterium is used in D-T nuclear fusion in stars to give out a lot of energy.
Crimea

**Crimea**, (Ukrainian: Крим) sometimes also called **The Crimea**, is a peninsula in the Black Sea. The peninsula separates the Black Sea from the Sea of Azov. Crimea has a surface of . About 2.4 million people live there.

The Ottoman Empire had the peninsula for a long time. In the 18th century the Russian Empire took control. The Crimean War was fought here.

Crimea was part of Russia until the Soviet Union gave it to Ukraine in 1954. Ukraine gave it a limited self-rule as an _autonomous republic_. The seat of the government is Simferopol, which is also the biggest city. Other major cities are Sevastopol and Kerch.

## The Crimean crisis

In March, 2014, after a series of protests in Ukraine the previous month, Russian troops took control of Crimea. A referendum was held, in which over 90% of voters voted to join the Russian Federation. The Crimean parliament quickly proclaimed independence from Ukraine and on March 18, became the Republic of Crimea, a federal subject of Russia.

However, Ukraine and most other countries in the world continue to recognize that Crimea is part of Ukraine. On March 24, Russia was kicked out of the G8 (which became the G7), and on March 27, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 68/262, which says that the referendum was invalid and Crimea belongs to Ukraine. In later months, many countries including the United States and the European Union started economic sanctions to prevent Russians and their goods from entering their countries.
Redback spider

The **redback spider** is a venomous spider that lives in Australia. The female is larger than the male. The female's body is about 1 centimetre long and the male's body is about 3 millimetres long. The adult female spider is usually black and usually has a red stripe on its back. The female likes to live in warm sheltered places and makes a web to catch insects and other small creatures.

The spider's bite can be very painful and dangerous to people, because it can inject a venom through its fangs. An antivenom injection is available, which can help to restore the health of people who have become very ill after being bitten by the spider.
Pow-wow (folk magic)

A **pow-wow** is a ceremony practiced by the Pennsylvania Dutch. It is used to cure animals of sickness. It is mainly made up of Christian folk religion and early European beliefs.

## Other websites

- http://braucher.webs.com/
- http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/VolumeIV/Powwow.htm
- http://www.sacred-texts.com/ame/pow/index.htm
Vastu shastra

**Vastu shastra** is known as the "science of buildings". It was used to build Hindu buildings (architecture), mostly Hindu places of worship (temples).

## Important ideas

People who believe in Vaastu shastra think that the universe is made of five things:

- Earth (Bhumi)
- Water (Jal)
- Air (Vayu)
- Fire (Agni)
- Space (Akasha)

## Other websites

- https://helpingcoaach.com/
- Vastu Tips - Planting plants according to Vastu at your home and office
- http://www.skepdic.com/vastu.html
- http://www.vastuconsultantmumbai.com
Alice Liddell

**Alice Pleasance Liddell-Hargreaves** (4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934) was a child friend of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. She inspired his two books _Alice's Adventures in Wonderland_ (1865) and _Through the Looking-Glass_ (1871). Dodgson wrote the two books using the pen name, Lewis Carroll.

## Life

Alice was born in Westminster, London, one of ten children of Henry Liddell and his wife Lorina. Her father was Dean of Christ Church college in Oxford. Dodgson was a mathematics don, a Fellow at the college. He was 24 years old when he met Alice on 25 April 1856. He was an expert photographer, and took a number of photographs of her.

Alice and her sisters Edith and Lorina took little trips with Dodgson. They had boating parties and other outdoor adventures. Dodgson told stories on these trips. He started the story of Alice in Wonderland during a boat trip on the Thames on 4 July 1862. In 1864, his trips with the girls were brought to an end by their mother. It is not known why.

Alice grew up a refined young woman. She married Reginald Hargreaves in Westminster Abbey in 1880. The couple lived in a country house in Hampshire. Alice was a very capable person. She managed many servants. She arranged balls and parties. She had three sons. Two were killed in World War I. Her husband never overcame this loss. He died in 1926.

Mrs. Hargreaves sold some of her _Alice_ memorabilia through Sotheby's. This sale included the original _Alice_ manuscript. It had been the gift of Dodgson. It was bought by an American. It was returned to the United Kingdom during World War II. It now is in the British Museum. Alice died in 1934 in Westerham, Kent. She was cremated and buried in the Hargreaves family plot in Hampshire.
Nazi mysticism

**Nazi mysticism** is a commonly held belief that Hitler and the Nazi Party practiced the occult. This idea has been part of popular culture since 1959.

There are many documentaries made about this belief.

## Other websites

- https://web.archive.org/web/20091020031109/http://geocities.com/CapitolHill/1404/hitlerengl.html
Anthroposophy

**Anthroposophy** is a philosophy founded by Rudolf Steiner. The philosophy teaches that through inner development a person can better know the spiritual world.

_Anthropos_ is a Greek word that means "human being". _Sophos_ means "wise". Steiner believed every human being had the wisdom to understand the mysteries of existence.  He left the German Theosophical Society in 1912 trading divine wisdom for human wisdom.

## Central ideas

Anthroposophy does not have a rigid set of beliefs.  It is said to be a philosophy of freedom.  Each person connects to the world through an individual path.

The path to wisdom is based on research.  The research leads to knowledge.  This is similar to teachings of Thomas Aquinas.  Anthroposophy is different in that it pursues knowledge of science, the arts and spirituality all together.

The philosophy also teaches respect of other humans.  It encourages support of others in their interest and learning of the spiritual world.  To support this, Steiner created The Anthroposophical Society in 1923.  It is now called the General Anthroposophical Society.  The society has groups and national societies in over 75 countries.

## Other websites

- Rudolf Steiner Archive
- General Anthroposophical Society
Venom

**Venom** is a kind of poison used by animals. It is made in an animal's body. It is injected into the body of another animal by a bite or sting. Animals that use venom include some kinds of insects, fish, reptiles, and even mammals.

Some animals use venom to kill another animal that they are going to eat. One animal that does that is the rattlesnake. Some animals use venom to protect themselves.  Some animals that do that are bees, ants and stingray<nowiki/>s.  Some animals use venom for both of these things.
Soliloquy

A **soliloquy** is a special kind of speech in a play. In a soliloquy, the character speaks to themselves. Other characters of the play are not aware of what is said. That way, the character can share certain thoughts or feelings with the audience.

There are many famous soliloquies in Shakespeare's plays. Some of those are the "To be or not to be" soliloquy in _Hamlet_, the "Is this a dagger" and the "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow" soliloquies in _Macbeth_, and the "Bottom's Dream" soliloquy in _A Midsummer Night's Dream_. Plays changed towards realism in the 18th century. Soliloquies became less common in plays.
Somniloquy

**Somniloquy** is a sleep disorder. People with the condition often talk during their sleep.
Casting (metalworking)

In metalworking, **casting** is the act of pouring liquid metal in to a mold. When it hardens it is sometimes called a _cast_ or _casting_.

Casting processes have been used for thousands of years. It is widely used for making sculptures, jewelry, weapons and tools.

## Process

To cast iron, which is the most common material for casting, metal is first melted. It is then poured into a mold and let cool. After cooling, it may be grinded to become smooth, or hammered to become stronger.
Canadair CL-13 Sabre

The **Canadair CL-13 Sabre** is a jet aircraft built in Canada. It is similar to the F-86 Sabre made by the USA. About 1800 of these planes were built from 1950 under a license from the United States. It was used in Canada and Germany.
Development regions of Nepal

Nepal was divided into 5 Development Regions (), 14 Administrative Zones () and 75 Districts () before 20 September 2015. After 20 September 2015, Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 77 districts.

|Region|Nepali name|ISO 3166-2|Capital|Population (2011)|Area    (km²)|Pop. density (inh/km²)|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Central|Madhyamanchal|NP-01|Hetauda|9,656,985|27,410||
|Mid-Western|Madhya Pashchimanchal|NP-02|Birendranagar|3,546,682|42,378||
|Western|Pashchimanchal|NP-03|Pokharal|4,926,765|29,398||
|Eastern|Purwanchal|NP-04|Dhankuta|5,811,555|28,456||
|Far-Western|Sudur Pashchimanchal|NP-05|Dipayal|2,552,517|19,539||

## Related pages

- Administrative divisions of Nepal
- Zones of Nepal
- Districts of Nepal
Zones of Nepal

Until 2015, Nepal was divided into 14 administrative zones (_anchal_) and 77 districts (_jillā_). The 14 administrative zones were grouped into five development regions.

In 1962, Nepal reorganized into 14 administrative zones but, around 1995, zones fell into disuse, so the already existing development regions effectively became the primary subdivisions.

The administrative zones, by development regions and from east to west, were the following:

|Region|Zone|Name for|Chief city|Population (2011)|Area    (km²)|Districts|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Eastern|Mechi|Mechi River|Ilam|1,422,182|8,196|4|
||Kosi|Kosi River|Biratnagar|2,335,047|9,669|6|
||Sagarmatha|Sagarmatha (Mount Everest)|Rajbiraj|2,054,326|10,591|6|
|Central|Janakpur|Its capital|Janakpurdham|2,837,481|9,669|6|
||Bagmati|Bagmati River|Kathmandu|3,843,596|9,428|8|
||Narayani|Narayani (lower Gandaki) river|Birganj|2,975,908|8,313|5|
|Western|Gandaki|Gandaki River|Pokhara|1,549,857|12,275|6|
||Lumbini|Lumbini, a pilgrimage site, birth place of Gautama Buddha || Butwal ||align="right"| 2,834,612 ||align="right"| 8,975 ||align="right"| 6|||||
||Dhawalagiri|Dhaulagiri mountain|Baglun|542,296|8,148|4|
|Mid-Western Region|Rapti|West Rapti River|Tulsipur|1,456,202|10,482|5|
||Karnali|Karnali River|Jumla|388,713|21,351|5|
||Bheri|Bheri River|Nepalgunj|1,701,767|10,545|5|
|Far-Western Region|Seti|Seti River|Dipayal-Silgadhi|1,575,003|12,550|5|
||Mahakali|Mahakali River|Mahendranagar|977,514|6,989|4|

## Related pages

- Administrative divisions of Nepal
- Development Regions of Nepal
- Districts of Nepal
- Provinces of Nepal
Willie Degel

**William Jack "Willie" Degel** (born September 1, 1967) is an American entrepreneur who started and is the chief financial officer of the _Uncle Jack's Steakhouse_ chain of restaurants in New York City. He is best known as the host of _Restaurant Stakeout_ on Food Network. He was born in Queens, New York.

Degel opened his first restaurant, _Hollywood and Main_, in June 1990 in Flushing, Queens. Six years later, he opened _Uncle Jack's Steakhouse_, which has three locations in New York City. In March 2012, Degel began hosting _Restaurant Stakeout_, where he goes to different restaurants around the country with hidden cameras to take a look at problems with the service that the restaurants are having.

## Other websites

- Food Network biography
- Uncle Jack's Steakhouse website

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Willie Degel
- **birthname**: William Jack Degel
- **birth place**: Queens, New York City, New York (state), New York, United States, U.S.
- **occupation**: Restaurateur, entrepreneur, television personality
- **yearsactive**: 1989-present
Restaurant Stakeout

***Restaurant Stakeout*** is an American reality television program that airs on Food Network. It began on March 12, 2012. It follows New York City restaurant owner Willie Degel, who goes to different restaurants around the country with hidden cameras to take a look at problems with the service that the restaurants are having. The show has actors who go into the restaurants to be rude or difficult to the employees. The second season began on August 29, 2012. It is one of the first "reality" series to air on Food Network.

## Infobox (television)

- **genre**: Reality television, Reality
- **presenter**: Willie Degel
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 5
- **num episodes**: 58
- **channel**: Food Network