juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Continental crust

The **continental crust** is the layer of granitic, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks which form the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.

It consists mostly of feldspar and other sialic rocks. It is less dense than the material of the Earth's mantle, which consists of mafic rock. Continental crust is also less dense than oceanic crust, though it is considerably thicker; mostly 35 to 40 km versus the average oceanic thickness of around 7–10 km. About 40% of the Earth's surface lies on-top of continental crust.

The continental crust is separated from the oceanic crust by the continental margin.

## Related pages

- Oceanic crust

## References

- Butler, Rob, Making new continents  Accessed 01/29/2006
- Saal, A.L., Rudnick R.L., Ravizza G.E. & Hart S.R., 1998. _Re-Os isotope evdence for the composition, formation and age of the lower crust._ Nature, 39317, 1998.
- Taylor and McLennan, 1995, _Model of growth of continental crust through time_ in John Victor Walther, 2005, _Essentials Of Geochemistry_, Jones & Bartlett,
- von Huene, R. and D.W. Scholl, 1991. "Observations at convergent margins concerning sediment subduction, subduction erosion, and the growth of continental crust." Reviews of Geophysics, 29, 279-316.

## Other websites

- Average composition of Continental Crust
- Crust 5.1
Shift work

**Shift work** is a working practice which is designed to use all 24 hours of a day, and not only the standard working day hours.

A day for example can be divided into three eight-hour shifts. An employee only works one of the shifts in each day. The "first shift" is in the morning, the "second shift" is in the afternoon and evening and the "third shift" is overnight.

The "second shift", also known as the _swing shift_ in some places, is the work shift which takes place in the afternoon and evening. It usually extends from 4 PM (16:00) to midnight, or from 3 PM (15:00) to 11 PM (23:00).

The "third shift", the _night shift_, is usually from 11 PM (23:00) or 12-midnight (00:00) to 07:00 or 08:00 in the morning.

## Health effects

The World Health Organization (WHO) claimed in December 2007 that shift work might cause cancer but currently there is no evidence to support the claim

A study by Knutsson _et al._ in 1986 showed that labors who work shift work in a production floor (papermill as per the research) for more than 15 years, are 3 times more likely to develop ischaemic heart diseases.
Étang Saumâtre

**Étang Saumâtre** (in English, _brackish pond_) is the largest lake of Haiti. It is the second largest lake of Hispaniola, after Lake Enriquillo. It is also known as **Lake Azuei**. It is known as _Lago del Fondo_ in the Dominican Republic. Its Taíno name was _Yainagua_.

The lake is on the arid part of the Plain of the Cul-de-Sac. It is  east of Port-au-Prince in the Ouest Department. Its eastern side is part of the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic; the Dominican city of Jimaní is at less than 1 km from the southeast end of the lake.

The salt-water lake has a length, from northwest to southeast, of . Its maximum width is . The total area is .

The water of the lake is dark blue. Its salinity is about one fifth (1/5) the salinity of sea water. Very few small rivers flow into the lake.

Many water birds visit the lake to feed, including flamingos. There are also American crocodiles and some fishes including tilapia. Because it is an arid region, the vegetation around the lake is poor with cacti and small shrubs.

## Infobox (lake)

- **lake name**: Étang Saumâtre
- **image lake**: Etang Saumatre NASA.jpg
- **caption lake**: View from space
- **location**: Plaine du Cul-de-Sac
- **type**: Lake, Salt lake
- **basin countries**: Haiti
Dominican Republic
Grumman F6F Hellcat

The **F6F Hellcat** was a United States Navy fighter aircraft made by Grumman during World War II. It first flew in 1942 and was introduced in 1943.  It was supposed to be a little bit better than the F4F Wildcat, but became a big improvement.  It was more powerful and could turn better.  It was made to fight the Japanese A6M Zero. It was able to take off of aircraft carriers.  It was also used by the navy as a "night fighter", with radar so it could fly at night. During the war, it had the most aces fly it.  It was retired in 1954.

The Hellcat was a rival to the Vought F4U Corsair and had more aerial victories and participated in more missions.  The F6F was equipped with Browning Machine Guns, and had external fuel tanks for longer range.  It had the same engine as the F4U.  The armor of the Hellcat was better than that on other aircraft.

## References

**Notes**

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: F6F Hellcat
- **image**: File:Hellcats F6F-3, May 1943.jpg
- **caption**: Grumman F6F-3 Hellcats in tricolor camouflage


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Carrier-based aircraft, Carrier-based fighter aircraft
- **national origin**: United States
- **manufacturer**: Grumman
- **first flight**: 26 June 1942
- **introduced**: 1943
- **retired**: 1960 Uruguayan Navy
- **primary user**: United States Navy
- **more users**: United States Marine Corps
Royal Navy
French Navy
- **produced**: 1942–45
- **number built**: 12,275
- **unit cost**: $35,000 in 1945
Grumman F4F Wildcat

The **F4F Wildcat** was a fighter aircraft made by Grumman. It first flew in 1937, and was introduced in 1940. It was used in the Pacific during the early years of World War II. It could take off from aircraft carriers. During the war, it mainly fought the A6M Zero. Because the Wildcat was not beating the Zero, a new airplane was made called the F6F Hellcat. The Wildcat continued to fight in places where the Hellcat was too big, and was retired in 1945.

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: F4F Wildcat
- **image**: File:F4F-3 new pitot tube of later model.jpg
- **caption**: F4F-3 in non-reflective blue-gray over light gray scheme from early 1942


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Fighter aircraft
- **national origin**: United States
- **first flight**: 2 September 1937
- **introduced**: December 1940
- **retired**: 1945
- **primary user**: United States Navy
- **more users**: United States Marine Corps
 Royal Navy
 Royal Canadian Navy
- **number built**: 7,885
Mitsubishi A6M Zero

The **Mitsubishi A6M Zero**, often called just the **A6M Zero** or simply the **Zero** was a long range carrier ship-based fighter aircraft of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. The aircraft was built by Mitsubishi, making its first flight in 1939, and entering naval service in 1940.

The Mitsubishi A6M Zero was an amazing performing and nimble aircraft from the **Japanese**, most widely remembered for its performance in the **Pacific War**. The Mitsubishi A6M Zero (also known as ‘The Zero’) was a **versatile fighter** aircraft, usually used as ambush aircraft, **bomber attackers** and sometimes escorts. People would often rate the A6M a ‘Zero’ out of 10.

It was the primary fighter used by Japan during the war. It was the primary enemy of US Naval aircraft such as the Grumman F4F Wildcat, Vought F4U Corsair, and later the Grumman F6F Hellcat, which was specifically designed to combat the Zero. The A6M Zero was the best fighter at the beginning of the Pacific war. However, late in the war, new American fighters were able to defeat it.

## Related pages

- F4F Wildcat
- F6F Hellcat

## Infobox (aircraft begin)

- **name**: A6M "Zero"
- **image**: File:A6M3 Zero N712Z 1.jpg
- **long caption**: Replica of Mitsubishi A6M3 Zero Model 22 (NX712Z), used (with the atypical green camouflage shown) in the film _Pearl Harbor (film), Pearl Harbor_


## Infobox (aircraft type)

- **type**: Fighter
- **manufacturer**: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
- **national origin**: Japan
- **first flight**: 1 April 1939
- **introduction**: 1 July 1940
- **retired**: 1945 (Japan)
- **primary user**: Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
- **more users**: Chinese Nationalist Air Force
- **produced**: 1940–1945
- **number built**: 10,939
- **variants with their own articles**: Nakajima A6M2-N
Mali Federation

The **Mali Federation** was a country in the west of Africa. Senegal and Mali came together and made this country. (Mali's name was French Sudan at that time). It started on April 4 1959 and it was controlled by France. However, it became independent on June 20 1960.

The Federation's prime minister was Modibo Keïta, and the government was in Dakar. The Federation ended a short time after independence because Senegal left on August 20 1960 because they had a disagreement about politics.
Value-added tax

**Value-added tax** (often called by its initial letters "VAT" or “V.A.T.”) is the English name of a tax that is called **goods and services tax** in some places. It is like a sales tax that is charged in some US States.  In the UK it is charged at 20%.

The tax is paid every time goods are sold.
- The maker charges the wholesaler VAT and pays the tax to the government
- The wholesaler charges the shop VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the maker
- The shop charges the customer VAT and pays the government the tax minus the tax it has already paid to the wholesaler.

The tax can be complicated to work out, because every business or person has to charge the tax, and have an invoice to show they have paid it. The only person who pays the full amount of tax is the customer.

The government also charges VAT on some services. This is because some companies do not make a thing which can be used (goods) instead they do something to help a customer (that is, provide a service).

For example, a garage-owner might sell a spare part for a customer’s car. The garage-owner charges VAT because spare parts are “goods”. If the garage-owner helps the customer by fitting the spare parts into the car, the garage-owner would charge extra for his time, and would also charge VAT on the amount he charged for the service of fitting the parts.

VAT is not added to all products. In the United Kingdom, children's books and clothes do not have VAT. Staple foods are not taxed - but luxury foods are. A famous legal case about Jaffa Cakes in 1991 was about the difference.  There was a later case about flapjacks.  Hot takeaway food is taxed but cold takeaway food isnt.
Saxe-Coburg

**Saxe-Coburg** () was a country in today's Bavaria, Germany. It was part of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach after the Division of Erfurt in 1572. In 1596 Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach was split, Johann Casimir got Saxe-Coburg and Johann Ernst got Saxe-Eisenach. When Casimir died in 1633, his brother Ernst of Saxe-Eisenach both countries until he died in 1638. Saxe-Coburg was then given to other Ernestine duchies.

It became again a duchy in 1681. From 1699, when Albrecht of Saxe-Coburg died without sons until 1735 it shared a ruler with the Duke of Saxe-Saalfeld. In 1735 the two duchies were merged as Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

## Related pages

- Ernestine duchies

## References

- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha Royal Family 

## Infobox (former country)

- **native name**: _Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg_
- **conventional long name**: Duchy of Saxe-Coburg
- **common name**: Saxe-Coburg
- **era**: Middle Ages
- **status**: Vassal
- **empire**: Holy Roman Empire
- **government type**: Principality
- **year start**: 1572
- **year end**: 1735
- **life span**: 1572 – 1633
1680 – 1735
- **event pre**: Division of Erfurt
- **date pre**: 1572
- **event start**: Partitioned from Saxe-Gotha
- **date start**: 1572
- **event1**: Annexed to Saxe-Eisenach
- **date event1**: 1633
- **event2**: Re-partitioned from Saxe-Gotha
- **date event2**: 1680
- **event3**: Personal union, United with Saxe-Saalfeld, Saalfeld
- **date event3**: August 6 1699
- **event end**: Duchy Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, renamed on Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Imperial decision of Ernestine succession
- **date end**: 1735
- **p1**: Saxe-Gotha
- **image p1**:
- **s1**: Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- **image s1**:
- **image map**: SajoniaCoburg.jpg
- **image map caption**: Saxe-Coburg, shown with the other Ernestine duchies
- **capital**: Coburg
Deuterostome

**Deuterostomes** are a nephrozoan superphylum of bilaterian animals, a taxon above the level of phylum. It is not part of the usual system of classification.

They are bilateral animals, and are contrasted with the protostomes. Deuterostomes are distingued by their embryo: in deuterostomes, the first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus, while in protostomes it becomes the mouth.

## Classification

These are the living phyla of deuterostomes:
- Chordata (vertebrates and their kin)
- Echinodermata (starfishes, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, etc.)
- Hemichordata (acorn worms and possibly graptolites)
This is an extinct deuterostome clade:
- Saccorhytida
Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach

**Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach** was one of the short lived Ernestine duchies.  It only existed between 1572 - 1596 and again from 1633 - 1638.  It was a part of the Holy Roman Empire, today it is within the federal states of Bavaria and Thuringia.

## Creation

The duchy was created by the Division of Erfurt in 1572 when Coburg and Eisenach were split from the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar for Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst, the sons of Johann Friedrich II, the Middle.

## Rulers

The two princes at this time were still children, so the Elector August of Saxony was regent until 1586.  This is when Johann Casimir and Johann Ernst becgan to rule the duchy.  Johann Ernst retired to his hunting lodge in Marksühl, and in 1590 the two brothers divided the country. Johann Casimir  kept Saxe-Coburg, and Johann Ernst took Saxe-Eisenach. Johann Casimir died in 1633so his brother Johann Ernst inherited his possessions, again were short and Coburg and Eisenach were reunited until Johann Ernst's death in 1638.

### Division

Johann Ernst also had no children, so the Saxe-Coburg-Eisenach line died out, out the territory was divided between the other Ernestine line.
Dennis Rader

**Dennis Lynn Rader** (born March 9, 1945 ) is an American serial killer. He murdered 10 people near Wichita, Kansas between 1974 and 1991.  He was known as the **BTK killer** (or the **BTK strangler**).  _BTK_ stands for Bind, Torture, Kill.  He was named this because that was what he did to the people he killed. Letters were written soon after the killings and sent to police and to local news outlets. They talked about the crimes. The letters had information which only the killer and police knew about the crimes. The letters stopped being sent for a long time. In 2004, they started being sent again. This led to him being located in 2005 and found guilty of the murders. Rader was sentenced to at least 175 years imprisonment.

## Infobox (serial killer)

- **name**: Dennis Rader
- **image**: Dennis Rader 1963.jpg
- **birthname**: Dennis Lynn Rader
- **alias**: Bill Thomas Killman
- **birth place**: Pittsburg, Kansas
- **victims**: 10
- **country**: United States
- **states**: Kansas
- **beginyear**: 1974
- **endyear**: 1991
- **apprehended**: February 25, 2005
- **penalty**: Life imprisonment
Hannelore Kohl

**Johanna Klara Eleonore "Hannelore" Kohl** (née **Renner**; 7 March 1933 – 5 July 2001) was the wife of former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl (died 2017). She met him for the first time in Ludwigshafen, Germany, when she was 15 years old.

She was born in Berlin as **Eleonore Johanna Renner**, and later, she changed her first name to "Hannelore". When her husband was chancellor she set up the Hannelore Kohl _Stiftung_ (that is the Hannelore Kohl Charity) and the Kuratorium ZNS, a foundation to help find a cure for illnesses of the central nervous system.

In 1945, when she was 12, she was raped by Red Army soldiers.

On 5 July 2001, Mrs Kohl was found dead in her home in Ludwigshafen. She had apparently committed suicide with an overdose of sleeping pills. She was said to have suffered from photo allergy (sunlight burns the skin).

However, journalist Andrew Gimson, writing in _The Spectator_ questioned official version of events, and so did the German newsmagazine, _Stern_ and the BBC.

Kohl is known for her collection of German-style cooking recipes, _Kulinarische Reise durch Deutsche Länder_ (_Culinary Journey through German Regions_), published in 1996.

## Other websites

- Hannelore Kohl's Gravesite
Norman Mailer

**Norman Kingsley Mailer** (January 31, 1923 – November 10, 2007) was an American writer and journalist. He was born in Long Branch, New Jersey and raised in Brooklyn, New York City.

Along with Truman Capote, Joan Didion, and Tom Wolfe, Mailer writes creative nonfiction, sometimes called New Journalism, but which covers the essay to the nonfiction novel. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize twice and the National Book Award once on his journalism career. In 1955, Mailer, along with Ed Fancher and Dan Wolf, first published _The Village Voice_, which was shown to the Greenwich Village. In 2005, he won the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters from The National Book Foundation.

Mailer died of renal failure in New York City.

## Other websites

- The Norman Mailer Society
- Norman Mailer at Books and Writers
- Norman Mailer on American Masters (PBS Broadcast)
- Norman Mailer's writing on the Huffington Post
- Norman Mailer New York Review of Books author profile and archive includes list of reviews, letters, and essays from over 40 years, along with a bibliography
Kelly Osbourne

**Kelly Michelle Lee Osbourne** (born 27 October 1984, in London) is an English singer and actress. She is the daughter of the singer Ozzy Osbourne.

Osborne is one of the co-presenters in the E! programme _Fashion Police_. She also presents a programme on BBC Radio 1 called _The Surgery_ on Sunday evening. Her duet song with her father, singer Ozzy Osbourne, "Changes", received much praise.

## Other websites

- The Official Kelly Osbourne Website
- Kelly Osbourne at bbc.co.uk

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Kelly Osbourne
- **image**: Australias got Talent Judges (25625771952) (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: Kelly Osbourne in 2016
- **birth name**: Kelly Michelle Lee Osbourne
- **background**: Solo singer
- **birth place**: Westminster, London, England, UK
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **genre**: Pop rock, New Wave music, new wave revival, power pop, pop punk
- **occupation**: Singer-songwriter, author, actress, fashion designer
- **years active**: 2002–present
- **label**: Epic Records, Epic <small>(2002–2003)</small>
Sanctuary Records, Sanctuary <small>(2003–2007)</small>
Universal Records, Universal <small>(2007–present)</small>
- **associated acts**: Ozzy Osbourne
Marie-Antoine Carême

**Marie Antoine (Antonin) Carême** (8 June 1784 – 12 January 1833), was a French chef and author.

He is well known for greatly simplifying and writing about the style of cooking known as _haute cuisine_, the high art of French cooking. He was known as "chef of kings and king of chefs", because he cooked for royalty, and is often thought of as the first celebrity chef.

## Biography

Carême was born Paris, but was abandoned in 1792 because his parents were very poor. He worked as a kitchen boy at a cheap Paris cafe in exchange for a room and food. In 1798, he was apprenticed to Sylvain Bailly, a famous _pâtissier_ (cake baker) with a shop near the Palais-Royal.

Carême gained fame in Paris for his cake centrepieces, which Bailly put in the pâtisserie window. The centerpieces were sometimes several feet high, and were only made out of foodstuffs such as sugar, marzipan, and pastry. He modelled them on temples, pyramids, and ancient ruins which he read about in the books he studied at the French national library (Bibliothéque Nationale). Some of his sugar works were so strong that court jesters could dance on them to entertain the king.

Carême also worked for other people, for example the French diplomat and gourmand Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, and other members of Parisian high society, including Napoleon. When he worked in the private kitchens he quickly learned about main courses.

Napoleon was not interested in having fancy food, but he knew of social contacts that were important for diplomats. In 1804, he gave Talleyrand money to buy Château de Valençay. When Talleyrand moved there, he took Carême with him.

Carême was set a test by Talleyrand: he had to create a whole year’s worth of menus, without repeating them, and use only food that was in season. Carême passed the test and finished his training in Talleyrand's kitchens. When Napoléon was defeated Carême went to London for a time and served as _chef de cuisine_ to the Prince Regent, later George IV. He returned to Europe to work for Czar Alexander I in St. Petersburg, before returning to Paris, where he was chef to banker James Mayer Rothschild.

He died in Paris at the age of 48, and is buried in the Cimetière de Montmartre in Montmartre.

## Influence

Talleyrand encouraged Carême to start a new refined style of eating.

Carême's is said to have started _service à la russe_ (serving each course in the order printed on the menu) instead of _service à la française_ (serving all dishes at once)

## References

- Carême's career.
- Paul Metzner, _Crescendo of the Virtuoso_ (UC Press,1998.)

## Other websites

- NPR: Antonin Careme: The First Celebrity Chef - All Things Considered, May 25, 2004 - Biography Highlights Career of a 19th-Century Culinary Star
X Window System

The **X Window System** is a set of protocols and programs. It is also known as **X11**, or simply **X**. It can manage windows, and other components of a graphical user interface (GUI) on a bitmap display. This way of doing graphics is most common in Unix-like operating systems.

X provides the basic components to build GUI environments: drawing and moving windows on the screen and interacting with a mouse or a keyboard. X does not say what the user interface should look likedifferent client programs handle this. Different X11-based environments have radically different designs. X is not a part of the operating system; instead, it is built as an additional program on top of the operating system.

Unlike display protocols from before, X was specifically designed to be used over network connections rather than on a display near the computer. X has network transparency: the machine where an application program (the _client_ application) runs need not be the user's local machine (the display _server_).

X was developed at MIT in 1984. The current protocol version, X11, appeared in September 1987. The X.Org Foundation leads the X project, with the current reference implementation, version 11 release 7.7 (6 June 2012), available as free software under the MIT License and similar permissive licenses.
Pineal gland

The **pineal gland** is a small endocrine gland in the middle of the brain of humans and other vertebrates. It makes and releases the hormone named **melatonin**.

There is almost no melatonin in the blood in the daytime. At the end of the day, melatonin in the blood allows sleepiness in humans and other animals which sleep at night. There is melatonin in the blood all night, while the person or animal is sleeping. In the morning, there is less and less melatonin in the blood. When light enters the eyes, the melatonin of the blood goes away.

Some people have circadian rhythm sleep disorders which make them sleepy much earlier or much later than normal. The most common one is Delayed Sleep-Phase Disorder (DSPD, or Delayed Sleep-Phase Syndrome, DSPS). People with DSPD usually go to bed at 3 in the morning or later but they sleep normally for at least eight hours.

## References

- Eakin R.M 1973. _The third eye_. Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Guyton A.C. & Hall J.E. 2001. _Textbook of medical physiology_. 10th ed, Saunders.
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid

**γ-Hydroxybutyric acid** (**gamma-hydroxybutyric acid**, commonly shortened to **GHB**)  is a chemical substance. Small quantities of it can be found in the central nervous system of many animals. It can also be discovered in wine, beef and small citrus fruits.

In the central nervous system, GHB interacts with other neurotransmitters, such as gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA).

Many countries have regulated it as an illegal drug, even though it can be used in medicine. It can be used as an anesthetic, and a sedative. In the past it has been used to treat insomnia and depression. It can also help people who have a problem with alcoholism or cataplexy. In patients with narcolepsy it has been used to treat sleepiness during the day. Athletes have used it to make their performance better.

The drug has been used as a recreational drug. This is because it can make a person euphoric. Many countries have made it illegal if it is not used as medicine. Its most common name as an illegal drug is probably **liquid Ecstasy**. However, ecstasy is a different drug that is unrelated to GHB. It has also been used as a date rape drug.

GHB is naturally produced in the human body's cells. Its chemical structure is similar to that of ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate. As a supplement or drug, it is used most as a salt. GHB is also produced as a result of fermentation. Small amounts of the substance can be found in some beers and wines.

GHB can cause 'GHB comas'. This is when people faint or become unconscious. This is what causes most deaths.

## Use as an illegal drug

GHB is a depressant of the central nervous system. Its effects have been described as similar to those of alcohol or ecstasy. People feel in a good mood. They also lower their inhibitions. If the dose is increased, the symptoms include nausea, drowsiness, breathing problems, amnesia, unconsciousness and death. The effects of GHB last between 1.5 and 3 hours, but may be longer. The effects when alcohol is used together with GHB, can last longer than 3 hours.

Certain substances called "pro-drugs", are changed to GHB in the stomach. One such drug, is gamma-butyrolactone. Such products are also a problem. Lots of them are used in industrial processes. An example of this are paint strippers. What is fine for use in industry may be bad for humans.

Some street names, especially when mixed with other substances such as amphetamines, can be Soap, Water, Salty water, Blue water, and Grievous Bodily Harm.

## Related pages

- Dopamine
- Acetylcholine
Reichsmark

The **Reichsmark** (which was shown with the symbol **RM**) was the currency in Germany from 1924 until June 20, 1948. One Reichsmark was subdivided into 100 _Reichspfennig_.

## Other websites

- Coins of the Third Reich
Plum (color)

**Plum** is a color similar to purple. The name comes from the fruit called a plum.

The first written use of _plum_ as a color name in English was in 1805.

## Meaning of plum

- In business, the color plum represents a business deal that is profitable—a _plum_ contract. A _plum_ job is a job that one is assigned to that has a high salary or the job may be a sinecure with good pay but not much work to do. Thus, the color plum represents prosperity.

## Tones of plum color comparison chart

|Name|width=100|Color|HEX Code|Red|Green|Blue|Hue|Sat|Lum|Source|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Light Pale Plum|style = "background-color: #f1d4f1;"||#F1D4F1|241|212|241|300°|12%|89%|(Plum Light (Xona.com color list)|
|Pale Plum|style = "background-color: #dda0dd;"||#DDA0DD|221|160|221|300°|28%|75%|(Plum (web color)) (Medium Lavender Magenta)|
|Light Persian Plum|style = "background-color: #b76969;"||#B76969|183|105|105|0°|43%|56%|(Persian Plum Light (Xona.com color list)) (Light Prune)|
|Purple Plum|style = "background-color: #9c5186; color: #ffffff"||#9C5186|156|81|134|318°|48%|46%|(Crayola Double-Sided Crayons)|
|Vivid Plum|style = "background-color: #9400a5; color: #ffffff"||#9400A5|148|0|165|294°|100%|32%|(Plum Dark  Light (Xona.com color list))|
|Sugar Plum|style = "background-color: #914e75; color: #ffffff"||#914E75|145|78|117|325°|46%|44%|(Crayola Silver Swirls)|
|**Plum**|style = "background-color: #8E4585; color: #ffffff"||**#8E4585**|**142**|**69**|**133**|**307°**|**51%**|**41%**|**Plum (traditional)) (Plum (Crayola))**|
|Japanese Plum|style = "background-color: #8f4155; color: #ffffff"||#8F4155|143|65|85|345°|55%|41%|(Plum Purple (Japanese traditional colors))|
|French Plum|style = "background-color: #811453; color: #ffffff"||#811453|129|20|83|325°|84%|29%|(Plum (Pourpre.com))|
|Red Plum|style = "background-color: #7e314d; color: #ffffff"||#7E314D|126|49|77|338°|61%|34%|(Pantone TPX 19-2025)|
|Persian Plum|style = "background-color: #701C1C; color: #ffffff"||#701C1C|112|28|28|0°|75%|27%|(Xona.com color list) (Prune)|
|Victoria Plum|style = "background-color: #704a59; color: #ffffff"||#704A59|112|74|89|336°|34%|36%|(British Standards BS 4800 #02C39)|
|Plum Wine|style = "background-color: #6d4c5a; color: #ffffff"||#6D4C5A|109|76|90|335°|30%|36%|(Pantone TPX 18-1411)|
|Dark Plum|style = "background-color: #650086; color: #ffffff"||#650086|101|0|134|285°|100%|26%|(Plum Dark (Xona.com color list))|
|Catalonian  Plum|style = "background-color: #660066; color: #ffffff"||#660066|102|0|102|300°|100%|20%||
|Black Plum|style = "background-color: #6a5767; color: #ffffff"||#6A5767|106|87|103|309°|18%|38%|(Pantone TPX 18-1706)|
|Plum Purple|style = "background-color: #513653; color: #ffffff"||#513653|81|54|83|296°|35%|27%|(Pantone TPX 19-3218)|
|Italian Plum|style = "background-color: #51354a; color: #ffffff"||#51354A|81|53|74|315°|35%|26%|(Pantone TPX 19-2524)|

## Related pages

- List of colors
Quillaja saponaria

**Soap bark tree** (_Quillaja saponaria_) is a tree of the family _Quillajaceae_. In commerce, it is known as **Panama wood**. The tree grows naturally from warm temperate central Chile north to Bolivia and Peru. It can grow to  to  high. The Soap bark tree gets its name because the inner bark can be made into a powder which can be used as soap. Its compounds are also used as foam in beer and other drinks. The tree also has medicinal uses.

## Morphology

Quillay is an evergreen tree, with grey bark. Alternate leaves, glaber, acute apex and obtuse base, bright green, near entire margins with 4-8 teeth. Flowers light green or white, hermaphrodite, pentamer, radiate. Five petals, 5 sepals, 10 stamens and 5 pistils. Fruit: a star-shape capsule, with winged seeds.
Bud Anderson

**Clarence Emil "Bud" Anderson** (January 13, 1922 – May 17, 2024) was a retired officer in the United States Air Force, a triple ace of World War II, and the highest scoring living American fighter ace. During the war he was the highest scoring flying ace in his P-51 Mustang squadron. Towards the end of Anderson's two combat tours in Europe in 1944 he was promoted to major at 22, a young age even for a highly effective officer in wartime. After the war Anderson became a well regarded fighter test pilot, and a fighter squadron and wing commander. He served his wing commander tour in combat in the Vietnam War. He retired as a full colonel in 1972, after which he worked in flight test management for McDonnell Douglas. A member of the National Aviation Hall of Fame, Anderson has remained a sought-after speaker at aviation and military events well into his 90s.

On December 2, 2022, Anderson was promoted to the honorary rank of brigadier general by Gen. CQ Brown Jr., the Air Force chief of staff at the Aerospace Museum of Oklahoma.

Anderson died in his sleep on May 17, 2024, aged 102, at his home in Auburn, California.

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Bud Anderson
- **image**: Bud Anderson (cropped) 01.jpg
- **caption**: Anderson in 1944
- **nickname**: Bud
- **birth place**: Oakland, California, U.S.
- **death place**: Auburn, California, U.S.
- **allegiance**: United States
- **branch**: United States Army Air Forces
United States Air Force
- **serviceyears**: 1942–1972
- **rank**: *Colonel (United States), Colonel (retirement rank – 1972)
*Brigadier General (United States), Brigadier General (honorary promotion – 2022)
- **unit**: 357th Fighter Group
- **commands**: 69th Fighter Squadron, 69th Fighter-Bomber Squadron
18th Wing,  18th Tactical Fighter Wing
355th Fighter Wing, 355th Tactical Fighter Wing
- **battles**: World War II
Vietnam War
- **awards**: Legion of Merit (2)
Distinguished Flying Cross (United States), Distinguished Flying Cross (5)
Bronze Star Medal
Air Medal (16)
- **children**: 2
- **laterwork**: Manager of the McDonnell Aircraft, McDonnell Aircraft Company's Flight Test Facility at Edwards AFB (1972–1998)
Wild Weasel

The **Wild Weasel** is a nickname for an aircraft in the United States Air Force that is purposed with targeting and neutralizing enemy AAG, STA missiles, and other ground attack weapons by seeking them out via radar and destroying them with missiles.

## History

The idea was first thought of in 1965 during the Vietnam War, because North Vietnamese surface-to-air missiles, or "SAMs" were destroying American aircraft. The first Wild Weasel airplane was the F-100 Super Sabre, a variant of the F-86 Sabre. In 1966, the F-105 Thunderchief took the job.

After that, a new kind of F-4 Phantom IIs, the "G" model was used as a Wild Weasel. During the Gulf War of 1991, Wild Weasel missions were done by the F4-G  and not theF-16 Fighting Falcon, a light fighter-bomber that can also battle enemy fighter aircraft. Currently, the F-16CJ does this. They were being used in the Iraq War.

## Weapons used

In the Vietnam War, the main missile used by Wild Weasels was the AGM-45 Shrike. Currently, some of the weapons used by the Wild Weasel planes includes the AGM-88 HARM and the AGM-65 Maverick air-to-ground missiles. They can also have ALQ-131 and ALQ-184 pods that can mess up enemy radar.
Republic F-105 Thunderchief

The **F-105 Thunderchief** was a bomber during the Vietnam War. It first flew in 1955, and was introduced in 1958. It was used as a bomber, but was later replaced by the F-4 Phantom II and the F-111 Raven. But it was still in service for a while as a Wild Weasel. It could carry an electronic counter-measures pod that could mess up the enemy radar.
Labour and Co-operative Party

**Labour Co-operative** or **Labour and Co-operative** is the name used in the United Kingdom to describe politicians who are elected as members of the Co-operative Party.

The electoral agreement between the Labour Party and the Co-operative Party says that the Co-operative Party candidates must be members of the Labour Party as well.

## Infobox (political party)

- **name**: Labour and Co-operative Party
- **logo size**: 234
- **country**: the United Kingdom
- **leader1 title**: Parliamentary group chair
- **leader1 name**: Preet Kaur Gill
- **leader2 title**: Parliamentary group vice-chair
- **leader2 name**: Jim McMahon (politician), Jim McMahon
- **position**: Centre-left
- **seats1 title**: House of Commons of the United Kingdom, House of Commons
- **seats2 title**: House of Lords
- **seats3 title**: Scottish Parliament
- **seats4 title**: Senedd
- **seats5 title**: London Assembly
- **seats6 title**: Local government in the United Kingdom, Local government
- **seats7 title**: Police and crime commissioner, PCCs and PFCCs
- **seats8 title**: Directly elected mayors
Heraldic badge

A **heraldic badge** is not a part of an armiger's achievement of arms, but it is granted by the same body.

The badge is designed to be used by the supporters of an armiger.  A mediaeval knight would be granted arms by letter patent, but his supporters or followers would not be allowed to display that achievement, instead they would use a badge to help identify themselves to each other and to other people.

Today, many English towns and cities have an achievement of arms.  Usually the mayor and council are the only ones allowed to used the full coat of arms.  The departments of the council use a badge, and it is the badge which is painted on council vehicles etc. to identify them.

Badges, like the arms, can only be used with the permission of the person to whom they were granted.

The "Prince of Wales's Feathers" is the badge of the heir apparent of the British monarch.  The badge is used because the coats of arms of the prince and the monarch are very similar.
Postal code

A **Postal code** is a series of numbers or letters and numbers used by a post office to help identify where a letter or parcel should be sent.
The code can be read by machines, this speeds up sorting mail.

In the United Kingdom the first part of the post code has one or two letters and one or two numbers. This identifies the post town and an area in the post town. The second part is used to identify an even smaller area, down to just one street or a few house in a long street.

The post town is the main town in an area. Sometimes this is a lot bigger than the real town. Ipswich, for example is the post town for most of east Suffolk.

In Europe most postal codes are all numbers. Often the one or two letter country code is put in front of the code to make sure that towns and cities are not mixed up, or for international post.

In France the first two numbers of the postal code relate to the department. Codes for Monaco start with 98 as if it was part of France, but has the letters "MC" instead of "F" for international mail.

## Related pages

- ZIP code
- Postal codes in the United Kingdom
Les Six

**Les Six** (pronounced "Le sees") is French for "The Six". Les Six were a group of six French composers who were friends around the year 1920. They were young at the time, and they shared a lot of ideas about music. The composer Erik Satie called them "Les Nouveaux Jeunes", but then a man called Henri Collet called them "Les Six" in an article he was writing, and that name was always used for them after that.

In their music they tried to be different from Richard Wagner and other composers of Romantic music, and different from Debussy and Ravel who had been writing Impressionistic music. They also wanted to write in a simple way instead of using complicated rhythms such as those of Stravinsky or twelve tone music like Arnold Schoenberg. Many of their pieces were quite short. They liked strong, masculine music, especially jazz.

The six composers did not stay together for very long as they soon developed their own personal styles in their compositions.

## Members

- Georges Auric (1899–1983) wrote lots of rhythmic music which had lots of energy. He wrote music for movies.
- Louis Durey (1888–1979) did not want to follow fashion. He used traditional ways of composing and wrote in his own, personal way.
- Arthur Honegger (1892–1955) liked chamber music and the symphony. His popular piece _Pacific 231_ describes a train journey on the Canadian Pacific Railway.
- Darius Milhaud (1892–1974) was a very talented composer who wrote in several different styles. Some of his music uses bitonality and polytonality (writing in two or more keys at the same time. His love of jazz can be heard in popular pieces like _Le Boeuf sur le Toit_ which he called a cinema-symphony.
- Francis Poulenc (1899–1963) was the most famous of the six composers. He continued to write in a style which was similar to the music of the 1920s. Many of his pieces are often performed today, e.g. _Gloria_, his ballet _Les Biches_, some of his chamber music and many songs.
- Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983) was the only female in the group. She liked to use dance rhythms. She was the only member of Les Six to earn diplomas from the Paris Conservatory. She loved children and animals and wrote many works about them. She also wrote operas, concertos, and many works for the piano.

## After 1920

It was really only in 1920 that all six composers were together. They had all been inspired by Jean Cocteau and Eric Satie. By 1921 Louis Durey had already left the group. Les Six continued to be associated with the style of French music from around the 1920s. They still remained friends, and used to visit a bar known as "La Gaya" which became _Le Boeuf sur le Toit_ (The Ox on the Roof): the title of Milhaud's ballet. The group published an album of piano pieces together called "Album des Six". Five of the members worked together on the music for Cocteau's work _Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel_

The name "The Six" was a reference to the group of Russian composers who had been known as "The Five".
Georges Auric

**Georges Auric** (born Lodève, France, 15 February 1899; died Paris 23 July 1983) was a French composer.  He was one of the six composers who became known as Les Six.

## Childhood

Auric was a child prodigy.  He composed a lot of music from the age of 10, but most of these early works he destroyed later. He grew up in Montpellier.  In 1913, his parents moved to Paris so that he could study at the Paris Conservatoire. He studied with the composer Vincent D'Indy at the Schola Cantorum.

By the time he had joined Les Six he had already become a composer with a strong, personal style of writing. His music is often energetic and aggressive.

## Works

Auric wrote ballet music for Diaghilev.  When Jean Cocteau started making motion pictures at the beginning of the 1930s Auric began writing film music. He wrote soundtracks for a number of French and British films, and then for Hollywood movies, too.  _The Song from Moulin Rouge_ made it to the hit parade.

In 1962, he gave up writing for moving pictures when he became director of the Opéra National de Paris and then chairman of SACEM, the French Performing Rights Society. Auric continued to write classical chamber music, especially for wind instruments, for the rest of his life.
Die Linke

**The Left** (), sometimes called the **Left Party** (), is a political party in Germany. It is a democratic socialist political party in Germany. It is considered to be left-wing populist by some researchers. The party is the direct descendant of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). It was formed on 16 June 2007, when The Left Party.PDS joined with WASG to form a unified party. The Left is a founding member of the Party of the European Left. It is also the largest party in the European United Left–Nordic Green Left (GUE/NGL) group in the European Parliament.

According to official party figures, the Left Party had 60,350 registered members as of December 2020. It is the fifth-largest party in Germany.

The party participates in governments in many states including Brandenburg, Thuringia, and Berlin. The Left parliamentarian Bodo Ramelow is the Minister-President of Thuringia.

While the PDS was considered by German authorities as extremist, the WASG was not considered extremist. The party is the most left-wing party of the six represented parties in the Bundestag. It has been called far-left by various news outlets. The German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (_Verfassungschutz_) states that the party is not regarded as extremely left or a threat to democracy. However, it does monitor some of its internal factions, such as Socialist Left.

It also calls for capitalism to be overcome.

## Related pages

- Electoral Alternative for Labour and Social Justice / WASG

## Other websites

- Official Website of Die Linke
- The European Left site

## Infobox (political party)

- **country**: Germany
- **name**: The Left
- **native name**: Die Linke
- **logo**: Logo Die Linke (2023).svg
- **foundation**: 16 June 2007
- **ideology**: Democratic socialism
- **international**: None
- **position**: Left-wing politics, Left-wing
- **european**: Party of the European Left
- **europarl**: European United Left – Nordic Green Left, GUE/NGL
- **colours**: Red and purple
- **headquarters**: Karl-Liebknecht-Haus
Kl. Alexanderstraße 28
D-10178 Berlin
- **website**: [http://www.die-linke.de www.die-linke.de]
Louis Durey

**Louis Durey** (born Paris, 27 May 1888; died Saint-Tropez, France, 3 July 1979) was a French composer.  He was the oldest, but probably the least well-known of the six composers who are called Les Six.

## Birth

Louis Durey was the son of a businessman.  He had no idea that he wanted to be a composer until he heard the opera Pélléas et Mélisande by Claude Debussy.  He was then already 19 years old. He taught himself how to compose.

## Works

Durey became a member of the group called Les Six in 1920. However, he did not take part in the music they wrote together in 1921 called _Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel_.  This made Jean Cocteau very annoyed.

Durey became interested in left-wing politics and later joined the Communist Party.  During the years of the Nazi occupation of World War II, he worked with the French Resistance and wrote anti-Fascist songs. After the war he had strong Communist ideas.  This made it difficult for him to be successful in the world of music.
In 1950 he got the job of music critic for a communist newspaper in Paris.

He wrote a lot of music during his life, but there were many years when he wrote nothing.  He composed songs, chamber music and choral works.

Louis Durey died at Saint-Tropez, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France.
Arthur Honegger

**Arthur Honegger** (10 March 1892 - 27 November 1955) was a Swiss composer, who was born in Le Havre, France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. He was a member of the group of composers called Les Six. His most popular piece of music is an orchestral work called _Pacific 231_, which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive.

His full name was Oscar-Arthur Honegger, but his first name was never used. He studied harmony and violin in Paris until his parents moved to Zürich, Switzerland, when he studied at the Conservatory there. He then went back to Paris to study with Charles-Marie Widor and Vincent d'Indy. He wrote a ballet _Le dit des jeux du monde_ in 1918. In 1926 he married Andrée Vaurabourg, a pianist and fellow student at the Paris Conservatoire. They often went on tour together, and his wife played the piano parts to his compositions. The couple had one daughter, Pascale, born in 1932. Honegger also had a son, Jean-Claude (1926-2003) whose mother was the singer Claire Croiza.

In the early 1920s Honegger became famous with the "dramatic psalm" "Le Roi David" ("King David"), which is still often sung by choirs. He wrote a lot of music between the wars, including the oratorio _Jeanne d'Arc au bûcher_, one of his best works. It tells the story of Joan of Arc.

During World War II Honegger could not leave Paris. He joined the French Resistance. He continued to write very serious music, including four symphonies (numbers 2-5) and some religious music.

Honegger loved trains. As a student he had spent some time travelling to Paris twice a week by train from Le Havre. His popular orchestral work _Pacific 231_ describes a train on the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was an early piece, written in 1923.

In 1947 Honegger suffered a severe heart attack, and after that he composed little. A second heart attack caused his death eight years later in Paris.

Honegger's music is different to that of the other members of Les Six, partly because Honegger liked the Romantic music of Wagner, Strauss and Reger. His music is tonal but with numerous strong dissonances. His musical style was also influenced by the music of Bach.