juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Freedom of panorama

**Freedom of panorama** (which can be shortened as **FoP**) is a rule within the laws on copyright of some countries of the world. This rule lets the people make and use pictures of large things that are found in public places for a very long time (not those things that are only found in those places for a short time), such as buildings (which are products of the practical art of architecture) and sculptures (which are products of the fine art). The pictures can be drawings, photographs, or videos (which are "pictures that move").

The rule helps those people to use those pictures for free, without the need for approval (by asking for a "license") from the person or persons who made those things, or from someone who owns the copyright on those things, like the children of the makers or the representatives of those makers. It is a difference to the normal rule of copyright, which says that only those makers (or the owners of copyright) can say if they want to have those pictures (of their things) made or not.

The word "freedom of panorama" comes from the German word _panoramafreiheit_, which exactly means "panorama freedom". The rule started in Germany in 1876.

## Examples

Brazil, Germany, and the United Kingdom are examples of countries with freedom of panorama rules. Some countries do not have freedom of panorama rules, such as France and Greece. In these countries with no freedom of panorama rules, their governments do not like anyone using pictures of buildings and sculptures of their countries for free if there is no approval from the makers of those works (like architects and sculptors).

### Germany

In Germany, the rule of freedom of panorama is:

Section 63 of their copyright law says the person using or sharing the pictures of art needs to give the name of the maker or makers of those things. This is called the rule on attribution.

### United States

There is a freedom of panorama rule in the United States, but it is only good for the use of the pictures of buildings for free. The rule says that pictures of buildings can be used and shared with anyone for free, with no approval from the architects, if the building is in the public place or can be seen from the public place. The exact sentence of this rule is:
Ethynyl group

The **ethynyl group**, sometimes called **ethinyl**, is a functional group in organic chemistry. It is related to acetylene by replacing a hydrogen atom with a bigger molecule. It is the simplest alkyne-based group.

## Preparation

Ethynyl compounds can be prepared by nucleophilic addition of acetylene (as its acetylide conjugate base, ) to an electrophile. "Ethynylation" normally means addition to a carbonyl compound to make a propargylic ynol, or addition to a organohalide to make a non-terminal alkyne.

## Acid-base chemistry

Ethynyl groups are terminal alkynes. This makes them stronger acids than other hydrocarbon groups. Superbases like alkali metal hydrides or azides can deprotonate ethynyl compounds to give substituted acetylides, . These carbanions are strong nucleophiles and react with many electrophiles to make internal alkyne compounds.
Wonsan

**Wonsan** is a port city and naval base in Kangwon Province, North Korea along the coast of the Sea of Japan. Wonsan is also the provincial capital of the province.

## Geography

Wonsan's area is 269 square kilometres. It is located in Kangwon Province, on the westernmost part of the Sea of Japan. Mount Kŭmgang is near Wonsan.

## Administrative divisions

Wonsan is the provincial capital of Kangwon Province.

The City of Wonsan (Wonsan-si) is divided into 45 _tong_ (neighborhoods) and 14 _ri_ (villages):

- Changchon-dong
- Changdŏk-dong
- Changsan-dong
- Chŏkchŏn-dong
- Chŏnjin-dong
- Chungchŏng-dong
- Haean-dong
- Haebang 1-dong
- Haebang 2-dong
- Kaesŏn-dong
- Kalma-dong
- Kwangsŏk-dong
- Kwanphung-dong
- Myŏngsasimri-dong
- Myŏngsŏk-dong
- Naewŏnsan-dong
- Namsan-dong
- Panghasan-dong
- Pogmak-dong
- Poha-dong
- Pongchun-dong
- Pongsu-dong
- Phyŏnghwa-dong
- Ryŏdo-dong
- Ryongha-dong
- Ryul-dong
- Sambong-dong
- Sang-dong
- Segil-dong
- Sinhŭng-dong
- Sinphung-dong
- Sinsŏng-dong
- Sŏgu-dong
- Sŏkhyŏn-dong
- Songchŏn-dong
- Songhŭng-dong
- Sŭngri-dong
- Tŏksŏng-dong
- Tongmyŏngsan-dong
- Thap-dong
- Wau-dong
- Wŏnnam 1-dong
- Wŏnnam 2-dong
- Wŏnsŏk-dong
- Yangji-dong
- Changrim-ri
- Chuksal-li
- Chungp'yŏng-ri
- Chilbong-ri
- Chunsan-ri
- Hyŏndong-ri
- Namchŏn-ri
- Raksu-ri
- Ryongchŏn-ri
- Samthae-ri
- Sangja-ri
- Sinsŏng-ri
- Susang-ri
- Yŏngsam-ri

### Road and rail

The district of Wonsan is served by several stations on the Kangwon Line of the Korean State Railway.

A trolleybus system with two lines is currently in operation in Wonsan. The system opened on September 8, 1988, from Wonsan station to Changchon-dong. In 2020, there were three new trolleybus lines under construction in the city, which is aimed to prevent air pollution

### Urban transit (Tram)

Wonsan Tram was a tourist tram system that was opened in 2025. It consists of one line.

### Air

Wonsan is served by Kalma Airport (IATA: **WOS**, ICAO: **ZKWS**). Kalma Airport is a dual-use civilian and military use airport. Air Koryo connects Wonsan to Pyongyang Sunan International Airport. A new international terminal was built in 2015.

### Sea

Wonsan was the terminus of the _Mangyongbong-92_ ferry that operated between Wonsan and Niigata. In 2006, This service was canceled when Japan banned North Korean ships in Japanese waters.

## Tourism

Wonsan is a popular tourism destination for both Koreans and international visitors. Attractions include Songdowon beach, Masikryong Ski Resort, Songdowon International Children's Union Camp, Wonsan Special Tourist Zone, Sokwangsa Temple, Lake Sijung, Sinphyong-Kumgang Scenic Site, Ullim Falls, and Wonsan Kalma Coastal Tourist Area.

## Sister cities

- Sakaiminato, Tottori,  Japan (1992–2006)<sup></sup>
- Puebla,  Mexico
- Vladivostok, Russia
Adenomera inopinata

The **unforeseen terrestrial nest-building frog** (_Adenomera inopinata_) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Home

This frog lives in rainforests not far above sea level. Scientists have seen it  above sea level. People see it on the dead leaves on the ground.

Scientists have not seen these frogs in any protected places, but Parque Nacional Da Amazônia is about 40 kilometers from where they did see it. Scientists think the frogs may live there.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say they do not know how much danger this frog is in. Human beings change the places where the frogs live to make towns, farms, and places for animals to eat grass. The place where scientists first saw the frog is inside Floresta Nacional De Itaituba, but people build things right next to it.
Regional jet

A Regional Jet is a Jet-Powered Airliner that mostly has fewer than 100 seats. They mostly operate short-haul flights.

The First Regional Jet was the Sud Aviation Caravelle built in 1959. Quickly many more came like the Douglas DC-9, BAC-One Eleven, Yakovlev Yak-40, Fokker F28 and BAE-146. Many of the early Boeing 737 models are also in this category.

**MODERN REGIONAL JETS**

In the early 1990s came the more advanced Regional Jets. For example the Bombardier CRJ Series and the Embraer E-Jet Family. These times were also when major Regional Jet Aircraft Manufacturers like Fokker went bankrupt and the departure of BAE Systems in 2001. Between 2017 and 2019, Bombardier Aviation sold it‘s airliner programs, leaving Embraer as the largest manufacturer of Regional Jets with it‘s Embraer E-Jet E2 Family. Then, China introduced the Comac C909 to fill China‘s regional industry since the retirement of the DC-9. The Ukrainian aircraft manufacturer Antonov was producing the Antonov An-148 until a fatal crash in 2018 (Saratov Airlines flight 703) and the Russo-Ukrainian War stopped the production of it. And lastly, Russia made the Sukhoi Superjet 100, but production has slowed down due to the Russo-Ukrainian War.
Military of Guatemala

## List of Presidents of Military Party of Guatemala

|width=30% colspan=3|President|width=40% colspan=3|Term|width=25% rowspan=2|Duration|width=25% rowspan=2|Politician Party|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||'''Estansilao Fereira|17 May 1876|23 September 1890||MPG|||
Harima-no-Kuni Fudoki

is a book of Shinto Scripture about Harima Province. It is a  text describing Harima Province (in present-day Hyōgo Prefecture), and was written in the Nara period. The one surviving manuscript was written near the end of the Heian period, and it was designated a National Treasure in 1965.

It is one of the few surviving Fudoki alongside Izumo-no-Kuni Fudoki

## Related pages

- Izumo-no-Kuni Fudoki

## Other websites

- A book with translations of all 4 surviving fudokis

## Infobox (artifact)

- **image**: Harima Fudoki.jpg
- **image size**: 260
- **image caption**: The  scroll of
- **writing**: Japanese calligraphy
- **created**: (original)
- **discovered**: 1796
- **location**: Tenri Central Library, Tenri University, Nara Prefecture, Japan
- **native name lang**: ja
- **native name**: 播磨国風土記
- **period1**: Heian period (extant manuscript copy)
- **place**: family records
Bill Ewing

**Bill Ewing** (born June 9, 1948) is an American actor. He is the president of Every Tribe Entertainment and Bearing Fruit Entertainment.

## Other websites

- Every Tribe Entertainment
- Bearing Fruit Entertainment at zibb.com
Rackley W.A.R.

**Rackley-Willie Allen Racing**, also known as **Rackley-W.A.R.**, is an American stock car racing team that races in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, Super Late Model, and Pro Late Model. They currently race the No. 26 Chevrolet Silverado full-time for Dawson Sutton and the No. 27 Silverado part-time for Toni Breidinger in the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series.

In October 2024, Rackley W.A.R. announced a partnership with Kevin Harvick Incorporated. A month later, the team moved its headquarters from Centerville, Tennessee to the former GMS Racing fabrication building in Statesville, North Carolina.
2025 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series

The **2025 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series** season was the 31st season of the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series, a stock car racing series sanctioned by NASCAR in the United States. The season started on February 14 with the Fresh From Florida 250 at Daytona International Speedway and ended with the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series Championship Race on October 31 at Phoenix Raceway.

Ty Majeski was the champion again, after winning the 2024 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series title. Gio Ruggiero of Tricon Garage won NASCAR Rookie of the Year honors. Ruggiero's teammate, Corey Heim, won both the Regular Season Championship and the 2025 championship.
2025 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series Championship Race

The **2025 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series Championship Race** was the 25th and final stock car race of the 2025 NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. The race was held on October 31, 2025, at Phoenix Raceway in Avondale, Arizona. It was in a  tri-oval track. The race was had over 161 laps. Corey Heim, driving for Tricon Garage, finished off a record-breaking season.

This was the fifth and last consecutive championship race held at Phoenix as the event will move to Homestead–Miami Speedway in 2026 for the first time since 2019.
Phoenix Raceway

**Phoenix Raceway** is a  dogleg oval track in Avondale, Arizona. The track has held many events since its opening in 1964, including NASCAR, IndyCar, and CART races. It could seat up to 42,000 as of 2019. Phoenix Raceway is currently owned by NASCAR and led by track president Latasha Causey.
Syriac-Aramean flag

The **Syriac-Aramean flag**, also known as the **Syriac flag**, the **Aramean flag**, or the **Suryoyo flag**, is the flag of the Syriac-Aramean people. The first version of the flag was very similar to the one used today. It was created in 1980 by a journal called _Bahro Suryoyo_ (Syriac Light), which was a part of the Syriac Federation of Sweden. The final version of the flag was finished in early 1982.

On July 16, 1983, a group called the World Council of Arameans (Syriacs) officially approved the flag during a meeting in New Jersey. This group is an international organization that is not part of any government.

The design of the flag was based on an ancient symbol called the Winged Sun. The designers changed the sun in the middle to a torch which represents the Holy Spirit in Christianity.
Symphony No. 6 (Mahler)

The **Symphony No. 6** in A minor is a piece of orchestral music by Gustav Mahler. The composer wrote the symphony from 1903 and 1904. It is sometimes called the ***Tragic,*** but nobody knows where this name came from.

The symphony was first played on 27 May 1906 at the Saalbau concert hall in Essen. It was conducted by Mahler.

## Instrumentation

The symphony was written for a large orchestra with:

- Woodwinds
- piccolo (used only in movement 4)
- 4 flutes (3rd and 4th doubling 2nd and 3rd piccolos)
- 4 oboes (3rd and 4th doubling 2nd and 3rd cor anglais; 2nd cor anglais used only in Scherzo)
- cor anglais (used only in movement 4)
- E clarinet (doubling 4th clarinet)
- 3 B and A clarinets
- bass clarinet
- 4 bassoons (4th used only in movement 4)
- contrabassoon
- Brass
- 8 horns
- 6 trumpets (5th and 6th used only in movement 4)
- 4 trombones (4th used only in movement 4)
- tuba
- Keyboards
- celesta (doubled or tripled if possible)

- Percussion
- 6 timpani (two players)
- bass drum
- 2 snare drums (used in movements 1 and 4)
- several pairs of crash cymbals
- suspended cymbals
- several triangles
- cowbells (offstage in movements 1 and 4, onstage in Andante)
- hammer (see description below)
- 2 tam-tams (standard and deep)
- rute (to be struck on the bass drum case, used only in movement 4)
- small wooden stick (to be struck on the bass drum case, used only in the scherzo)
- deep, untuned bells (used only in movement 4, offstage)
- glockenspiel
- xylophone
- Strings
- 4 harps
- 1st violins
- 2nd violins
- violas
- cellos
- double basses

## Form

The work is in four movements. The first version had the form:

Mahler changed the Andante to be the second movement. The form became:

## External links

- MahlerFest XVI, 2003 programme book
- David Matthews, "The order of the middle movements in Mahler's Sixth Symphony" (website blog entry), January 2016]

## Infobox (musical composition)

- **name**: Symphony No. 6
- **image**: Photo of Gustav Mahler by Moritz Nähr 01.jpg
- **caption**: Gustav Mahler in 1907
- **key**: A minor
- **composer**: Gustav Mahler
- **movements**: 4
- **duration**: 77–90 minutes
- **composed**: 1903–1904: Maiernigg
- **premiere location**: Saalbau Essen
- **premiere conductor**: Gustav Mahler
- **first recording**: Frederick Charles Adler, F. Charles Adler, Vienna Symphony, 1952
100,000,000

**100,000,000** is the natural number after 99,999,999 and before 100,000,001. In the short scale, it is called one hundred million. (add to)
Symphony No. 7 (Mahler)

The **Symphony No. 7** in E minor is a piece of orchestral music by Gustav Mahler. The composer wrote the symphony in 1904 and 1905. It is sometimes called the ***Song of the Night***, but Mahler did not use this name.

The symphony was first played on 19 September 1908 in Prague. It was played by the Czech Philharmonic and conducted by Mahler.

## Instrumentation

The symphony was written for a large orchestra with some unusual instruments such as the tenorhorn, cowbell, guitar, and mandolin. The orchestra has the following:

- Woodwinds
- piccolo
- flutes (4th doubling 2nd piccolo in movement 1)}}
- 3 oboes
- cor anglais
- E clarinet
- 3 B and A clarinets
- bass clarinet
- 3 bassoons
- contrabassoon

- Brass
- tenorhorn (used only in movement 1)
- 4 horns
- 3 trumpets
- 3 trombones
- tuba

- Percussion
- 4 timpani
- bass drum
- cymbals
- triangle
- tam-tam
- glockenspiel (keyboard and mallet)

- Strings
- 2 harps

- 1st violins
- 2nd violins
- violas
- cellos
- double basses

## Form

The work is in five parts, also called movements. They are:

## Further reading

- Agawu, Kofi (1996). "The narrative impulse in the second _Nachtmusik_ from Mahler's Seventh Symphony." In Craig Ayrey and Mark Everist, eds., _Analytical Strategies and Musical Interpretation: Essays on Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Music_. (Cambridge University Press), pp. 226–241.
- Hefling, Stephen E. (2007). "'Ihm in die Lieder zu blicken': Mahler's Seventh Symphony sketchbook." In Stephen E. Hefling, ed., _Mahler Studies_ (Cambridge University Press), pp. 169–216.
- Hurwitz, David. (2004) "The Mahler Symphonies, An Owner's Manual."
- Mitchell, Donald (April 1, 1963). "Mahler's Enigmatic Seventh Symphony". _The Listener_, vol. 49, no. 1776, p. 649.
- , Chapter 7, 'Enigma and Twilight', pp. 233–262.
- Whettam, Graham (December 30, 1965). "Mahler's seventh symphony." _The Listener_, p. 1088.
- Williamson, John R. (1982). "Deceptive cadences in the last movement of Mahler's 'Seventh Symphony'." _Soundings_, no. 9, pp. 87–96.
- Zychowicz, James L. (December 2004). "Mahler's Seventh Symphony Revisited." _Naturlaut_, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 2–6.

## External links

- Tony Duggan, " The Mahler Symphonies: A synoptic survey by Tony Duggan. Symphony No.7 ".  MusicWeb International
- Lee Denham, "Mahler’s Symphony No. 7 – a comparative survey".  MusicWeb International, 15 December 2022

## Infobox (musical composition)

- **name**: Symphony No. 7
- **image**: Photo of Gustav Mahler by Moritz Nähr 01.jpg
- **caption**: Gustav Mahler in 1907
- **key**: (E minor –) C major
- **composer**: Gustav Mahler
- **movements**: 5
- **composed**: 1904–1905: Maiernigg
- **premiere location**: Prague
- **premiere conductor**: Gustav Mahler
- **premiere performers**: Czech Philharmonic
- **publisher**: Bote & Bock
Scandium chloride

**Scandium chloride** is a chemical compound made of scandium and chloride ions. Its chemical formula is . The molar mass is around 151.31 g/mol. The melting point of scandium chloride is around 960 °C (anhydrous). It can form the hexahydrate salt when hydrated. It is used in some halide lamps, optical fibers, electronic ceramics, and lasers.
Lloyd Monsen

**Lloyd Monsen** (May 7, 1931 – February 4, 2026) was an American soccer and baseball player. In soccer, he played as a forward, and spent eleven seasons in the American Soccer League. He also played in the German American Soccer League and National Soccer League of New York. He was capped three times for the United States between 1952 and 1957, and was part of their teams at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics.

At the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, the United States lost 8–0 to Italy and were knocked out in the first round. While they were in Finland, the United States were invited by the Finnish Olympic Committee to play a game of baseball against a Finnish team. American soccer coach Walter Giesler was asked to make the team, and because the United States soccer team had nothing else to do, most of their players were part of the baseball team. Monsen played as a pitcher, as the United States won 14–6 against a team from Venezuela on July 29, and beat the Finnish team 19–1, at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium.

Monsen was added to the National Soccer Hall of Fame in 1994.

Monsen died on February 4, 2026, at the age of 94.

## Other websites

- National Soccer Hall of Fame profile
- Expanded Hall of Fame profile

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Lloyd Monsen
- **birth place**: New York City, U.S.
- **height**: 6 ft 0 in
- **position**: Striker (association football), Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1947–1948
- **youthclubs1**: Gjoa Juniors
- **years1**: 1948–1949
- **clubs1**: Gjoa
- **years2**: 1949–1952
- **clubs2**: New York Americans (soccer), New York Americans
- **years3**: 1952–1953
- **clubs3**: Hoechst S.C.
- **years4**: 1953–1956
- **clubs4**: New York Americans (soccer), New York Americans
- **years5**: 1956–????
- **clubs5**: New York Hakoah-Americans
- **clubs6**: Brooklyn German-Hungarians
- **clubs7**: Swedish F.C.
- **caps1**: ?
- **goals1**: 18
- **nationalyears1**: 1952–1957
- **nationalteam1**: United States men's national soccer team, United States
- **nationalcaps1**: 5
- **nationalgoals1**: 0
Rubén Mendoza

**Rubén Mendoza** may refer to
- Rubén Mendoza Ayala (1961–2016), Mexican politician
- Ruben Mendoza (Ruben Michael Mendoza, 1931–2010), U.S. soccer player
- Ruben Mendoza (American football), a coach and a former guard in the National Football League
- (born 1980), Colombian film director, known for the film _Wandering Girl_
Ruben Mendoza

**Ruben Michael Mendoza** (June 2, 1931 – April 11, 2010) was an American soccer player. He played as a forward for teams in St. Louis during the 1950s and 1960s. He was capped four times by the United States, and was part of their team at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics.

Mendoza died on April 11, 2010, at Barnes–Jewish Hospital in St. Louis. His family said he had been fighting Alzheimer's disease, diabetes and congestive heart failure.

## Other websites

- National Soccer Hall of Fame eligibility bio
- Illinois High School Association championships
- American Soccer History Archives
- Ruben Mendoza Oral History on Madison Historical

## Infobox (football biography)

- **name**: Ruben Mendoza
- **image**: Ruben Mendoza US National Team 1956.JPG
- **caption**: Mendoza at the 1956 Summer Olympics
- **full name**: Ruben Michael Mendoza
- **birth place**: St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
- **death place**: St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.
- **height**: 5 ft 9 in
- **position**: Forward (association football), Forward
- **youthyears1**: 1944–1947
- **youthclubs1**: Atlante F.C., Atlante' Juniors
- **years1**: 1951
- **clubs1**: Zenthoefer Furs
- **years2**: 1952
- **clubs2**: St. Louis Raiders
- **years3**: 1953–1960
- **clubs3**: St. Louis Kutis S.C., St. Louis Kutis
- **caps1**: 20
- **goals1**: 20
- **nationalyears1**: 1954–1959
- **nationalteam1**: United States men's national soccer team, United States
- **nationalcaps1**: 4
- **nationalgoals1**: 2
Roman Wreden

**Roman Romanovich Wreden** (born ) was a Russian and Soviet physician.

## Biography

Wreden was born on March 21st, 1867. However, some sources say he was born on March 23rd.

In 1885, Wreden graduated from the First Saint-Petersburg Gymnasium with a gold medal and later in 1890, he also graduated from the Imperial Academy of Medical Surgery.

## Infobox (scientist)

- **name**: Roman Wreden
- **native name**: Роман Вреден
- **image**: Вреден Роман Романович.jpg
- **birth date**: March 9, 1897
- **birth place**: Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
- **death date**: February 7, 1934
- **death place**: Leningrad, Soviet Union
Essyla

**Alice Van Eesbeeck** (born 1997), known as **Essyla**, is a Belgian singer and songwriter. She reached the Final of the  of __. She will  in the Eurovision Song Contest 2026 with the song "", she will perform in the first semi-final which will take place on 12 May 2026.

### Extended plays

|scope="col" style="width:10em;"|Title|scope="col" style="width:19em;"|Details|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: 13 October 2023 * Label: Blue Milk Records * Formats: Digital download, streaming||||

### Singles

|scope="col" style="width:12em;"|Title|scope="col" style="width:1em;"|Year|scope="col"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="2"|2023|rowspan="4"|_I'll Be Okay_|||
|rowspan="2"|2024|||||
|2025|rowspan="2"|||||
|2026||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Alice Van Eesbeeck
- **birth name**: Alice Van Eesbeeck
- **alias**: Essyla
- **birth place**: Perwez, Walloon Brabant, Belgium
- **origin**: Perwez, Walloon Brabant, Belgium
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **years active**: 2020–present
- **label**: Blue Milk Records
- **website**: [https://botanique.be/en/artist/essyla Official Website]
Adenomera kayapo

The **Kayapó terrestrial nest-building frog** (_Adenomera kayapo_) is a frog.  It lives in Brazil.

## Home

This frog lives in rainforests not far above sea level. Scientists have seen it between above sea level.

Scientists have not seen these frogs in a protected place, Floresta Nacional de Carajás. They may also have seen it in Parque Nacional Dos Campos Ferruginosos.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. However, it lives in a part of the Amazon where human beings cut down many forests to make big farms, small farms, and places for animals to eat grass. People also dig in the ground for copper, gold, and manganese, which can hurt the frog.
Metropolitan areas of the Philippines

These are the list of metropolitan cities areas in the whole entire of the country making its three archipelago islands in the Philippines.

## List of metropolitan and proposed metropolitan cities

|Metropolitan|Region|Capital/largest city|Status|Population|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|**Metro Manila**|South Luzon|**Manila**|Metro-city|13,484,462|
|**Metro Davao**|Mindanao|Davao City|3,339,284||
|**Metro Cebu**|Visayas|Cebu City|3,000,200+||
|_Metro Clark_|Central Luzon|Angeles City|Metro-proposed|2,040,651|
|_Metro Cagayan de Oro_|Northern Mindanao|Cagayan de Oro|1,687,159||
|_Metro Bacolod_|Western Visayas|Bacolod|1,145,150||
|''Metro Iloilo–Guimaras|Iloilo City|1,007,945|||
|_Metro Naga_|Bicol Region|Naga|858,414||
|_Metro Baguio_|North Luzon|Baguio|653,677||
|_Metro Batangas_|South Luzon|Batangas City|394,313||
|_Metro Lucena_|Lucena City|280,331|||

### List of urban proposed metrocities

|Metropolitan|Region|Capital/largest city|Status|Population|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Urban Cavite|Calabarzon|Imus|Urban-planning|4,000,500|
|Urban Laguna|Santa Rosa|3,687,345|||
Patrimonio Ediciones

**Patrimonio Ediciones** is a Spanish publishing house based in Valencia, Spain, specializing in the production of high-quality facsimile editions of medieval and Renaissance manuscripts , illuminated codices, and rare historical books. The company focuses on the reproduction of historically significant manuscripts using traditional craftsmanship techniques and luxury materials.

## History

Founded in Valencia, Patrimonio Ediciones has dedicated more than three decades to the study, reproduction, and publication of manuscript facsimiles . The company collaborates with museums, libraries, and private collections to produce limited editions of historically important works. Its publications are distributed internationally to collectors, institutions, and art enthusiasts.

## Activities

Patrimonio Ediciones produces facsimiles intended to replicate the physical and artistic characteristics of original manuscripts. These reproductions aim to preserve details such as illumination, calligraphy, binding style, and materials.

The company states that it uses traditional techniques in its production process, including the application of gold leaf, parchment, natural silk fabrics, and handcrafted bindings. Some editions include notarized certificates confirming limited print runs and material authenticity.

Each facsimile is typically accompanied by a scholarly commentary volume written by specialists in medieval studies , art history, theology, or manuscript   studies. These companion volumes provide historical context and academic analysis of the reproduced work.

## Catalogue

The publisher’s catalogue includes facsimiles of manuscripts  from various cultural and religious traditions, including Christian, Hebrew, Islamic, and Eastern works. Among the types of works reproduced are Books of Hours, illuminated Bibles, Renaissance scientific treatises, and royal manuscripts.

Some reproduced works include:
- _Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry_
- _The Book of Hours of Turin-Milan_
- _The Visconti-Sforza Tarot_
- _De Divina Proportione_ by Leonardo da Vinci (illustrated edition)
- Various Beatus manuscripts

These works are originally housed in major European libraries and museums.

## Recognition

Patrimonio Ediciones has received multiple awards from Spain’s Ministry of Culture, including the National Award for the Best Edited Facsimile (_Premio Nacional al Facsímil Mejor Editado_). The award recognizes excellence in editorial quality and historical reproduction.

The company has also participated in official cultural events and presentations attended by members of European royal families and representatives of cultural institutions.

## See also

- Facsimile edition
- Illuminated manuscript
- Codex
- Book of Hours

## External links

- Official website

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Patrimonio Ediciones
- **type**: Private company
- **industry**: Publishing
- **headquarters**: C/Martín el Humano, 12, 46008 Valencia, Spain
- **area served**: Worldwide
- **products**: Facsimile editions of manuscripts, art books, illustrated works
- **website**: https://patrimonioediciones.com/
Pete Parkkonen

**Pete Eemeli Parkkonen** (born 8 February 1990) is a Finnish singer. In 2008, he took part in the fourth season of the Finnish **' competition finishing in third place. In 2026, he and Linda Lampenius won **',  the Finnish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, with the song "", they will  in the Eurovision Song Contest 2026, and will perform in the first semi-final which will take place on 12 May 2026.

### Albums

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"|Details|scope="col" colspan="1"|Peak chart positions|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: 11 March 2009 * Label: Sony Music * Formats: Digital download, CD|1|||||
|* Released: 17 February 2010 * Label: Sony Music * Formats: Digital download, CD|21|||||
|* Released: 25 April 2014 * Label: Warner Music Finland * Formats: Digital download, CD|20|||||
|* Released: 23 November 2018 * Label: Warner Music Finland * Formats: Digital download, CD|8|||||

#### As lead artist

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"|Year|scope="col" colspan="1"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|rowspan="3"|2009|5|rowspan="3"|_First Album_||||
|—||||||||
|—||||||||
|rowspan="2"|2010|—|rowspan="2"|_I’m an Accident_||||
|—||||||||
|2013|—|rowspan="3"|_Pete Parkkonen_|||||
|rowspan="2"|2014|—||||||
|—||||||||
|2015|—|||||||
|rowspan="2"|2016|3|rowspan="6"|_Pete_||||
|—||||||||
|2017|—|||||||
|rowspan="3"|2018|14||||||
|—||||||||
|16||||||||
|rowspan="2"|2020|—|rowspan="5"|||||
|—||||||||
|rowspan="2"|2022|—||||||
|—||||||||
|2026|1|||||||
|colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|||||||

#### As featured artist

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"|Year|scope="col" colspan="1"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2008|7|__||||||
|2011|—|__||||||
|2014|11|__||||||
|2015|3|__||||||
|rowspan="3"|2016|1|rowspan="3"|||||
|15||||||||
|20||||||||
|2019|—|_Afrogold_||||||
|2020|2|||||||
|colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Pete Parkkonen
- **image**: Pete Parkkonen 2012 1.jpg
- **birth name**: Pete Eemeli Parkkonen
- **birth place**: Pihtipudas, Finland
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **occupation**: Singer
- **years active**: 2008–present
José María Balcázar

**José María Balcázar Zelada** (born 17 January 1943) is a Peruvian politician and lawyer who has been the 66th president of Peru since 2026. He was a member of the Congress of Peru from 2021 until 2026.

## Presidency

On 18 February 2026, after President José Jerí was impeached, Balcázar was nominated by Free Peru for President of Congress and for the presidency of Peru. After several hours of voting, he was elected president by the Congress with 60 votes in the final ballot, beating Congresswoman Maricarmen Alva of the Popular Action party.

At 83 years old, Balcázar is the oldest person ever to be sworn in as president of Peru.

On 22 February, his government announced that economist Hernando de Soto would be the next prime minister. However, two days later, his appointment was cancelled and Denisse Miralles was picked as prime minister instead.

## Political views

During his time in congress, Balcázar debated against making child marriage illegal because he believed that, without violence, such marriages would help a young girl's mental health. He also believed that sexual relationships between students and teachers are a good thing.

## Infobox (president)

- **name**: José María Balcázar
- **image**: César Manuel Quispe Luján es ratificado como ministro de la Producción 1 (Cropped).png
- **caption**: Balcázar in 2026
- **order1**: 66th
- **office1**: President of Peru
- **term start1**: 18 February 2026
- **primeminister1**: Ernesto Álvarez Miranda
Denisse Miralles
- **predecessor1**: José Jerí
- **office2**: President of the Congress of the Republic of Peru, President of Congress
- **term start2**: 18 February 2026
- **vicepresident2**:
Fernando Rospigliosi

Waldemar Cerrón

Ilich López
- **predecessor2**: Fernando Rospigliosi (acting)
- **office3**: Congress of the Republic of Peru, Member of Congress
- **constituency3**: Lambayeque Region, Lambayeque
- **term start3**: 27 July 2021
- **term end3**: 18 February 2026
- **birth name**: José María Balcázar Zelada
- **birth place**: Department of Cajamarca, Cajamarca, Peru
- **party**: Independent politician, Independent
- **otherparty**: Free Peru

Bicentennial Peru
- **education**: National University of Trujillo
- **relations**: Joaquín Ramírez
Linda Brava

**Linda Magdalena Cullberg Lampenius**, (born 26 February 1970), better known as **Linda Lampenius** and **Linda Brava**, is a Finnish classical concert violinist. In 2026, she and Pete Parkkonen will won __,  the Finnish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest, with the song "", they will  in the Eurovision Song Contest 2026, and will perform in the first semi-final which will take place on 12 May 2026.

### Albums

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"|Details|scope="col" colspan="2"|Peak chart positions|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|* Released: 1997 * Label: Audiovox Records * Formats: CD|8|—||||
|* Released: 1999 * Label: * Formats: CD|—|—||||
|* Released: 1 June 2005 * Label: Ladybird * Formats: Digital download, CD|—|12||||
|* Released: 1 November 2010 * Label: Linda Lampenius Productions * Formats: Digital download, CD|45|59||||
|colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|||||

#### As lead artist

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"|Year|scope="col" colspan="1"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2011|—|rowspan="3"||||||
|2021|—|||||||
|2026|1|||||||
|colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|||||||

#### As featured artist

|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"|Title|scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"|Year|scope="col" colspan="3"|Peak chart positions|scope="col" rowspan="2"|Album|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|2007|—|4|—|||||
|2008|—|1|24|_Pick Me Up_||||
|2020|—|—|—|rowspan="2"||||
|2025|9|—|—|||||
|colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"|"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory.|||||||

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Linda Brava
- **image**: Linda Lampenius Stockholm Pride Festival 2009 2.jpg
- **caption**: Linda Lampenius performing in Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden, in 2009.
- **background**: non_vocal_instrumentalist
- **birth name**: Linda Magdalena Lampenius
- **alias**: Linda Cullberg Lampenius
- **origin**: Helsinki, Finland
- **instrument**: Violin
- **genre**: Classical music, Classical, Pop music, pop, Rock music, rock, Folk music, folk, techno, , Jazz music, jazz, World music, world, Celtic music, Celtic, Christmas music, Christmas
- **occupation**: Solo (music), Soloist
- **years active**: 1977–present
- **label**: Linda Lampenius Productions
Sophia Maier

**Sophia Maier** (born on 18 August 1987 Munich ) is a German war correspondent , investigative journalist and author .

She won the _Silver_ Media Lioness Award from the Austrian Women Journalists' Congress for _Women,_ Peter Scholl-Latour Prize of the Ulrich Wickert Foundation, and Siebenpfeiffer Prize

## Career

Maier completed her master's degree in political science and German studies at the University of Regensburg and subsequently worked for _Huffpost Germany_ , where she headed the business section, among other things.

Sophia Maier has worked as a journalist since 2016, including for the TV formats _#WHY_ and _stern TV_ on _RTL_ , where she was also a special correspondent for _RTL News_ from July 2024 to March 2025.

She gained prominence through her reports from European refugee camps, which were featured on the television program _stern TV_ and by other media outlets.  In 2016, she managed to report undercover from the Idomeni refugee camp on the Greek-Macedonian border during its evacuation. In December 2018, she infiltrated the Moria refugee camp on the Greek island of Lesbos to report on the abuses there.  In March 2020, she went undercover at the Turkish-Greek border and documented the violence there.  After the Taliban's renewed takeover of power in Afghanistan , Maier was one of the Western journalists who reported from the ground.

Maier also reported on the riots in Chemnitz in September 2018. She witnessed several attacks on journalists at the scene. When media outlets subsequently reported on press and freedom of expression in Germany, she repeatedly shared her assessment of the riots.  Since then, Maier has regularly reported on demonstrations in Germany, focusing on the AfD , the New Right , and right-wing extremism .

Maier's main focus is on migration and crisis and war zones in the Middle East . She has produced reports from Lebanon , Syria , and Afghanistan, among other places . Maier has also reported on the war in Ukraine on several occasions.  She is a regular guest on talk shows discussing current social and political issues.

In addition to her work as a reporter, Maier works as a photographer in crisis regions. Her photographs from countries such as Nepal,  and Greece have been presented in numerous exhibitions.

Maier regularly worked as a volunteer in crisis areas. She worked in Jordan for the German aid organization Help – Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe (Help – Help for Self-Help) .

## Works

- _Heart of Barbed Wire: A war correspondent on lost humanity and the double standards of the West._ Komplett Media, Munich 2025, .

## Other websites

- https://sophiamaier.com/
Émilienne Malfatto

**Émilienne Malfatto** (born December 1989) is a French independent author, photojournalist and documentary photographer.

She is the winner of the 2021 Prix Goncourt for a first novel for her book _Que sur toi se lamente le Tigre,_ and the Albert-Londres Prize for _Les serpents viendra pour toi: une histoire colombienne_ .

## Biography

Émilienne Malfatto was born in December 1989. She studied in Colombia and in France where she graduated from the journalism school of the Paris Institute of Political Studies  .

She began her career at the Colombian daily newspaper _El Espectador_ in Bogota  _,_ then worked for eight months at the Agence France-Presse (AFP) bureau in the Middle East  .

In 2013, she worked in the Middle East / North Africa office based in Cyprus and travelled to Iraq, during the Iraq war .

In 2015, she went to Bodrum in Turkey to meet candidates in exile and produced _Dernière escale avant la mer_ , a report awarded the France Info-XXI prize  .

In January 2020, she went to Baghdad to cover the _thawra_ , the Iraqi revolution, for the _Washington Post_ . Her photos were exhibited at the Visa pour l'image festival in Perpignan  : _Iraq: One Hundred Days of Thawra_ .

In September 2020, she published her first novel, _Que sur toi se lamente le Tigre (Let the Tiger Lament Over You_ ). In a simple yet powerful style, she recounts the last day of a young Iraqi woman who is about to be killed by her brother because she is pregnant out of wedlock. The novel, published by Elyzad, based in Tunis ,  garnered attention by receiving a special mention from readers of the 2020 Hors Concours Prize. She was a finalist for the Régine-Deforges Prize. Émilienne Malfatto was awarded the Goncourt Prize for a first novel in 2021  .

In June 2021, she published an investigative essay, "_The Snakes Will Come for You: A Colombian Story"_, in which she examines the disappearances of social leaders in Colombia by investigating the murder of Maritza, a mother of six who lived on a mountain farm  . The book, published by Les Arènes , was shortlisted for the Albert-Londres Prize, which she won in 2021. In 2022, she presented her book _"The Colonel Doesn't Sleep"_ on the television program _"La Grande Librairie"_ on France 5 .

## Works

- _Que sur toi se lamente le Tigre_, éditions Elyzad, 2020 <small>(, </small>.
- _Les serpents viendront pour toi : une histoire colombienne_, Les Arènes, 2021 <small>(,
- _Le colonel ne dort pas_, Éditions du sous-sol, 2022, 112 p., <small>()</small>.
- _L'absence est une femme aux cheveux noirs_, avec Rafaël Roa pour les photographies, Éditions du sous-sol, 2024, 192 p., <small>()</small>.
Ethylidene norbornene

**Ethylidene norbornene** (ENB) is a chemical compound. It is a diene, a chemical with two alkene double bonds, related to the polycyclic compound norbornane. Ethylidene norbornene is used as a comonomer to make EPDM rubber, a strong synthetic rubber.

## Polymerisation

Polymerisation of ENB is very regioselective. Ring strain makes the double bond of the norbornene more reactive. This bond reacts with Ziegler–Natta catalysts and metallocenes, but steric hindrance stops the ethylidene group from reacting. This means that ENB polymers and copolymers have double bonds as side groups on a saturated polymer backbone.
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane

**2,2,4-Trimethylpentane**, also known by the common name **isooctane** or **iso-octane**, is an organic compound. It is one of the isomers of octane, an alkane with chemical formula . It is used to define the octane rating scale used for measuring gasoline: pure 2,2,4-trimethylpentane has an octane rating of 100.

## Name

"Isooctane" is not a systematic name. For lighter hydrocarbons, "iso" is used to mean the isomer of an alkane that has a single branch at the end of the main carbon chain. For octane, this isomer is 2-methylheptane.
Trenton, Ontario

**Trenton** (2001 population 16,770) is a large community in Central Ontario in Ontario, Canada. It is located on the Bay of Quinte and is the starting point for the Trent-Severn Waterway, which continues northwest to Peterborough and eventually Port Severn on Georgian Bay.

## The military base

Trenton is home to the 8-wing/CFB Trenton, Canadas largest Airforce base. CFB Trenton is home to the Joint Rescue Coordination Centre [Trenton], responsible for the search and rescue operations over a large area over central and Northern Canada.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Trenton
- **settlement type**: Community
- **image skyline**: Trenton ON.jpg
- **image alt**: Dundas Street, the main road in Trenton
- **pushpin map**: Canada Southern Ontario
- **pushpin map caption**: Location of Trenton in Ontario
- **subdivision type**: Countries of the world, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Provinces of Canada, Province
- **subdivision type2**: County
- **subdivision type3**: Municipality
- **subdivision name2**: Hastings County
- **subdivision name3**: Quinte West
- **established title**: Settled
- **established date**: 1784
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1853 (village)
- **established title3**: Incorporated
- **established date3**: 1880 (town)
- **established title4**: Incorporated
- **established date4**: 1980 (city)
- **extinct title**: Amalgamated
- **extinct date**: January 1, 1998
- **unit pref**: Metric units
- **area land km2**: 11.68
- **population total**: 16,770
- **population as of**: 2001
- **population density km2**: 1,435.8
- **population note**: 2001 was the last census for Trenton City
- **postal code type**: Canadian postal code, Postal Code FSA
- **postal code**: K8V
- **area code**: Area code 613, 613
- **timezone**: North American Eastern Time Zone, EST
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **website**: [http://www.quintewest.ca www.quintewest.ca]
Ramon Casas

**Ramon Casas i Carbó**  (; 4 January 1866 – 29 February 1932) was a Spanish painter and designer.

A native of Barcelona, Catalonia, he became famous for his portraits, sketches and paintings of the local elite of cities where he lived, like Barcelona, Madrid and Paris. He was also known for his paintings of crowds of bullfights and other scenes. He also created posters and postcards that helped to define the Catalan modernisme movement. He died in Barcelona, aged 66 years old.
Black Celebration

***Black Celebration*** is the fifth studio album by the English electronic rock band Depeche Mode. It was released on 17 March 1986. Mute Records and Sire Records distributed the album in the UK and US, respectively. It was recorded in London and West Berlin. The album was produced by Depeche Mode, Daniel Miller and Gareth Jones. Miller prompted the band to record the album using the "live the album" ethos. This was inspired by the film director Werner Herzog. The results were tension between the band and both Miller and Jones. As such, neither of them worked on subsequent Depeche Mode albums.

The album was promoted by the singles "Stripped", "A Question of Lust", and "A Question of Time". In the US, "But Not Tonight" was released as a single instead of "Stripped". In support of the album, Depeche Mode embarked on the five-month-long tour Black Celebration Tour. It was across Europe, North America, and Japan. The four ran from early to mid-1986.

_Black Celebration_ is considered the start of a four album series of Depeche Mode's best albums. This is continued by _Music for the Masses_ (1987), _Violator_ (1990) and _Songs of Faith and Devotion_ (1993). Three years after its release, _Spin_ ranked it the 15th-greatest album of all time. Radio X in 2011 cited it as one of the most influential albums of the 1980s. Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails also cited _Black Celebration_ as influencing his debut album, _Pretty Hate Machine_ (1989).

### Depeche Mode

- Alan Wilder
- Andrew Fletcher
- David Gahan
- Martin Gore

### Technical

- Depeche Mode – production
- Gareth Jones – production
- Daniel Miller – production
- Richard Sullivan – engineering assistance
- Peter Schmidt – engineering assistance
- Tim Young – mastering
- Dave Allen – recording on "Fly on the Windscreen – Final"
- Phil Tennant – recording assistance on "Fly on the Windscreen – Final"

### Artwork

- Martyn Atkins – design
- David A. Jones – design
- Mark Higenbottam – design
- Brian Griffin – photography
- Stuart Graham – photography assistance

### Weekly charts

|scope="col"|Chart (1986)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|69||||
|5||||
|17||||
|11||||
|9||||
|1||||

|scope="col"|Chart (2025)|scope="col"|Peak position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|44||||

### Year-end charts

|scope="col"|Chart (1986)|scope="col"|Position|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|24||||
|19||||
|23||||

## Other websites

- Album information from the official Depeche Mode website
- Official remaster info

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Black Celebration
- **type**: studio
- **artist**: Depeche Mode
- **recorded**: November 1985 – February 1986
- **studio**: * Westside and Genetic Studios, Genetic (London)
* Hansa Tonstudio, Hansa Mischraum (Berlin)
- **genre**: * Synth-pop
* industrial music, industrial
*
- **length**: 41:01
- **label**: Mute Records, Mute
- **producer**: * Depeche Mode
* Gareth Jones (music producer), Gareth Jones
* Daniel Miller (music producer), Daniel Miller
- **prev title**: Catching Up with Depeche Mode
- **prev year**: 1985
- **next title**: Greatest Hits (Depeche Mode album), Greatest Hits
- **next year**: 1987