juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Recess: School's Out

***Recess: School's Out*** is a 2000 animated movie.  It is based on the Disney television series _Recess_. It was released to theaters in the United States on February 16, 2001. It was released on video and DVD on August 7, 2001.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Recess: School's Out
- **director**: Chuck Sheetz
- **producer**: Joe Ansolabehere
Paul Germain
Toshio Suzuki (producer), Toshio Suzuki
Stephen Swofford
- **story**: Paul Germain
Joe Ansolabehere
Jonathan Greenberg
- **screenplay**: Jonathan Greenberg
- **starring**: Rickey D'Shon Collins
Jason Davis (actor), Jason Davis
James Woods
Paul Willson
Ashley Johnson
Andrew Lawrence (actor), Andrew Lawrence
Courtland Mead
Melissa Joan Hart
Pamela Segall
Dabney Coleman
- **music**: Denis M. Hannigan
- **editing**: Tony Mizgalski
- **studio**: Rough Draft Studios
Sunwoo Entertainment
DisneyToon Studios
Paul Germain, Paul & Joe Ansolabehere, Joe Productions
Walt Disney Television Animation
Walt Disney Pictures
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures, Buena Vista Pictures
- **runtime**: 82 minutes
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $10 million
- **gross**: $44,460,850
Return to Never Land

***Return to Never Land*** (also known as ***Peter Pan in Return to Never Land*** or simply ***Peter Pan II***) is a 2002 American animated movie. It was produced by DisneyToon Studios in Sydney, Australia. The movie is a sequel to the 1953 _Peter Pan_.

## Voice cast

Because nearly five decades had passed since the original Disney movie, a new cast of voice actors was used for this sequel. Kathryn Beaumont, who was the voice of Wendy in the original, recorded all of the now-adult character's dialogue for _Return to Never Land_. Disney Studios later had Kath Soucie completely rerecord the role.

- Blayne Weaver as Peter Pan
- Harriet Owen as Jane, Young Wendy
- Corey Burton as Captain Hook
- Jeff Bennett as Smee, some Pirates
- Kath Soucie as Wendy Darling
- Andrew McDonough as Danny
- Roger Rees as Edward
- Spencer Breslin as Cubby
- Bradley Pierce as Nibs
- Quinn Beswick as Slightly
- Aaron Spann as Twins
- Dan Castellaneta as some more Pirates
- Jim Cummings as Turk
- Rob Paulsen as Jukes
- Clive Revill as Elderly Officer, Narrator
- Frank Welker as Nana II, Giant Octopus
- Wally Wingert as Chorus
- Mae Whitman as Tinker Bell

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Return to Never Land
- **director**: Robin Budd
Donovan Cook (co-director)
- **producer**: Cheryl Abood
Christopher Chase
Michelle Pappalardo-Robinson
Dan Rounds
- **writer**: Temple Mathews (screenplay)
Carter Crocker (additional material)
- **music**: They Might Be Giants
Joel McNeely
- **editing**: Antonio F. Rocco
- **starring**: Harriet Owen
Blayne Weaver
Corey Burton
Jeff Bennett
- **studio**: DisneyToon Studios
Walt Disney Pictures
- **distributor**: Buena Vista Pictures
- **runtime**: 72 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $20 million
- **gross**: $109,862,682
Royal Birmingham Society of Artists

The **Royal Birmingham Society of Artists** (also called **RBSA**) is a group of artists who have a lot of experience and education. It is located in an area of Birmingham, England called the Jewellery Quarter. The RSBA has an art gallery there. It is a charity.

## History

It was opened in 1821 and called the _Birmingham Society of Artists_. They had an art gallery and office space located on New Street in 1829. They changed their name to the RBSA in 1868. It was very well known during the Victorian era. It had many famous artists of the time period such as William Morris. RBSA wanted to have an art school, but another art school, the Birmingham School of Art, opened in the area before RBSA could start one. In the late 20th century their original building was going to be destroyed. RBSA moved to an old warehouse. Charles, Prince of Wales opened the new gallery on 12 April 2000. The people who lead the organization are named "President." They have all been artists.
Gabriel o Pensador

**Gabriel Contino** better known as **Gabriel o Pensador** (born March 4, 1974 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian rapper. He began his musical career to launch a demo with the song "I'm Happy (I killed the President)" and was soon hired by Sony Music.

## Recent events

Besides singer, Gabriel is a writer in 2001 and released the autobiographical book_ Diary_ Nocturne, four years later launched_ A Boy Called Rorbeto_, which won the Jabuti Award best children's book of the year next. In 2008 released the book_ My Little Rubro-Negro_ and a year later launched a special version of the same book titled_ My Little Crimson-Black - Special Edition Hexa_.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Gabriel o Pensador
- **img**: Gabriel o Pensador.jpg
- **img capt**: Gabriel o Pensador in September 2003
- **birth place**: Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Gabriel Contino
- **origin**: Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **occupation**: Rapper
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **years active**: 1992–present
Teacher's Pet (2004 movie)

***Teacher's Pet*** is a 2004 animated musical movie.  It is based on the television series of the same name. The movie ends the central storyline of the series. The movie released theatrically on January 16, 2004.

## Cast

- Nathan Lane as Spot Helperman / Scott Leadready II / Scott Manly-Manning
- Shaun Fleming as Leonard Amadeus Helperman
- Debra Jo Rupp as Mary Lou Moira Angela Darling Helperman
- Kelsey Grammer as Dr. Ivan Krank
- David Ogden Stiers as Mr. Jolly
- Jerry Stiller as Pretty Boy
- Paul Reubens as Dennis
- Megan Mullally as Adele
- Wallace Shawn as Principal Crosby Strickler
- Rob Paulsen as Ian Wazselewski
- Estelle Harris as Mrs. Boogin
- Jay Thomas as Barry Anger
- Rosalyn Landor as The Blue Fairy
- Genie Ann Francis as Marsha / Marcia
- Anthony Geary as John / Juan
- Mae Whitman as Leslie Dunkling
- Lauren Tom as Younghee
- Pamela S. Adlon as Trevor / Taylor / Tyler
- Timothy Stack as Father
- Emma Steinkellner as Little girl
- Ken Swofford as Officer White
- Kevin M. Richardson as Conductor
- David Maples as Beefeater

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Teacher's Pet
- **director**: Timothy Björklund
- **producer**: Stephen Swofford
- **screenplay**: Bill Steinkellner
Cheri Steinkellner
- **starring**: Nathan Lane
Shaun Fleming
Debra Jo Rupp
Kelsey Grammer
David Ogden Stiers
Jerry Stiller
- **music**: Stephen James Taylor
- **studio**: DisneyToon Studios
Walt Disney Pictures
- **distributor**: Buena Vista Pictures
- **runtime**: 74 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $10 million
- **gross**: $6,491,969
MV Bill

**Alex Pereira Barbosa** better known as **MV Bill** is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on January 3, 1974.

Alongside the career of rapper_,_ MV Bill launched in 2005, along with Celso Athayde, the book_ Head Pig_. The following year,_ Falcon - Traffic Kids_, available in book and DVD, which became known nationally after viewing the program Fantasy, the Globo.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: MV Bill
- **img**: MVBill.jpg
- **img capt**: MV Bill (imagem por Marco Túlio Figueiredo).
- **birth place**: Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Alex Pereira Barbosa
- **origin**: Rio de Janeiro (city), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- **occupation**: Rapper
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **years active**: 1993–present
- **url**: [http://www.mvbill.com.br MVBill.com.br]
Pooh's Heffalump Movie

***Pooh's Heffalump Movie*** is a 2005 American animated musical adventure comedy film released by Walt Disney Pictures, featuring characters from A.A. Milne's _Winnie-the-Pooh_ stories.

A sequel, _Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie_, was released direct-to-video on September 13, 2005.

## Cast

- Jim Cummings as Winnie-the-Pooh / Tigger
- John Fiedler as Piglet
- Nikita Hopkins as Roo
- Kath Soucie as Kanga
- Ken Sansom as Rabbit
- Peter Cullen as Eeyore
- Kyle Stanger as Lumpy the Heffalump
- Brenda Blethyn as Mama Heffalump

According to the ending credits, additional voices were provided by voice actress Tara Strong.

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Pooh's Heffalump Movie
- **caption**: Theatrical release poster
- **writer**: Brian Hohlfeld
 Evan Spiliotopoulos
- **based on**: Winnie-the-Pooh, Characters created by A.A. Milne
- **director**: Frank Nissen
- **producer**: Jessica Koplos-Miller
- **starring**: Jim Cummings
John Fiedler
Kath Soucie
Nikita Hopkins
Ken Sansom
Peter Cullen
Kyle Stanger
Brenda Blethyn
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Pictures
Buena Vista Pictures
- **music**: Joel McNeely
- **runtime**: 68 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **budget**: $20 million
- **gross**: $52,858,433
Rappin' Hood

**Rappin' Hood** is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in São Paulo, Brazil on June 5, 1972.

## Recent events

In 2008, signed to TV Cultura to present the program Manos e Minas appears on Wednesdays and 19h 30 min. However, he left the program in April 2009, leaving the command of the same for the rapper Thaíde.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Rappin' Hood
- **img**: Rappin' Hood.jpg
- **birth place**: São Paulo (city), São Paulo, Brazil
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Antônio Luiz Júnior
- **origin**: São Paulo (city), São Paulo, Brazil
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **years active**: 1989–present
Belle's Magical World

***Belle's Magical World*** (also called ***Beauty and the Beast: Belle's Magical World***) is a 1998 American direct-to-video Disney midquel movie.  It is the 3rd in the _Beauty and the Beast_ trilogy. It was first released on January 13, 1998.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Belle's Magical World
- **director**: Cullen Blaine
Daniel de la Vega
Barbara Dourmashkin
Dale Kase
Bob Kline
Burt Medall
Mitch Rochon
- **producer**: Bob Kline
David W. King
- **writer**: Alice Brown
Richard Cray
Carter Crocker
Sheree Guitar
Chip Hand
- **starring**: Paige O'Hara
Robby Benson
- **music**: Harvey Cohen
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Home Video
- **released**: January 13, 1998
- **runtime**: 92 min.
- **country**: United States
- **language**: American English
Thaíde

**Thaíde** is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in São Paulo, Brazil on November 5, 1967.

## Recent events

In April 2009, he took over the program Manos e Minas, the TV Cultura, leaving the program a year later. Signed to TV Bandeirantes in 2010 and currently presents the program "A Liga" on this same station, along with Lobão, Caze Peçanha, Débora Vilalba and Sophia Reis program_ and Metro Black Radio_ Metropolitana FM of São Paulo along with Marcela Rocha.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Thaíde
- **img**: 06-04-2013- Movimento Hip Hop - Festival Vivadança - Thaíde -2013 - Salvador - Bahia - Brasil (8627158471).jpg
- **birth place**: São Paulo (city), São Paulo, Brazil
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Altair Gonçalves
- **origin**: São Paulo (city), São Paulo, Brazil
- **occupation**: Rapper
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **years active**: 1988–present
Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World

***Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World*** is a 1998 direct-to-video sequel to the 1995 Disney movie _Pocahontas_.  The movie is inspired by true events in the life of Pocahontas.  These events take place several years after meeting John Smith and the founders of Jamestown.  The first movie was about her romance with John Smith.  This movie is about her romance with the Englishman she married in real life, John Rolfe.

All the returning characters from the first movie keep the same voice actors, except for Captain John Smith who is voiced by Donal Gibson.

## Infobox (movie)

- **name**: Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World
- **director**: Tom Ellery
Bradley Raymond
- **producer**: Leslie Hough
- **writer**: Allen Estrin
Cindy Marcus
Flip Kobler
- **starring**: Irene Bedard
Billy Zane
Jim Cummings
Donal Gibson
David Ogden Stiers
Linda Hunt
Russell Means
Finola Hughes
Brad Garrett
- **music**: Lennie Niehaus
Blaise Tosti
Stacy Widelitz
Larry Grossman (composer), Larry Grossman
Marty Panzer (lyrics)
- **distributor**: Walt Disney Home Video
- **runtime**: 72 minutes
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
Xis

**Xis** is a Brazilian rapper. He was born in São Paulo, Brazil on November 24, 1972.

## Recent events

He participated in the second edition of Casa dos Artistas in 2002 in SBT. However, at 21 days of confinement, left home due to new program participants. In the same year, he won his second trophy_ "Best Video Rap"_ in VMB.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Xis
- **img**: 2014-11-30 - Xis - Rapper - Festival São Paulo - Rap.jpg
- **birth place**: São Paulo (city), São Paulo, Brazil
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Marcelo dos Santos
- **origin**: São Paulo (city), São Paulo, Brazil
- **occupation**: Rapper
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **years active**: 1988–present
The Game of the District Messenger Boy

***The Game of the District Messenger Boy; or, Merit Rewarded*** is a board game published by McLoughlin Brothers in 1886. Players race their tokens around a track as lowly messenger boys. The first player to reach the Head of the Firm space at track's end is the winner. The game is one of the earliest American games to insinuate (suggest as truth) that social status is increased with the accumulation of wealth. Prior to its publication, Christian virtue as a means to a better life was the focus of American board games such as _The Mansion of Happiness_. Variants of _District Messenger Boy_ include _The Game of the Messenger Boy._ Competitive, materialsitic board games culminated in 1935 with _Monopoly_.

## Related pages

- Horatio Alger, Jr.
Warta

The **Warta** (; ) is a river in western-central Poland. It is a tributary of the Oder river. It is about  long. The Warta is Poland's third longest river. Its river basin is . It is connected to the Vistula by the river Noteć and the Bydgoszcz Canal (_Kanał Bydgoski_) near Bydgoszcz.

## Course

The Warta river starts in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland at Kromołów near Zawiercie in the Silesian Voivodeship. It flows through Łódź Voivodeship, Greater Poland (Wielkopolska), and Lubusz Voivodeship. It empties into the Oder river in a town called Kostrzyn nad Odrą, on the border with Germany.

The Warta's river basis was the original territory of Poland. The Polans tribe () lived there starting in the 8th century (700 CE). The Polish national anthem, _Mazurek Dąbrowskiego_, mentions the Warta in its second verse.

## Cities

The Warta river runs through many different cities and towns:

- Zawiercie
- Myszków
- Częstochowa
- Działoszyn
- Sieradz
- Warta
- Uniejów
- Koło
- Konin
- Pyzdry
- Śrem
- Mosina
- Puszczykowo
- Luboń
- Poznań
- Oborniki
- Obrzycko
- Wronki
- Sieraków
- Międzychód
- Skwierzyna
- Gorzów Wielkopolski
- Kostrzyn nad Odrą

## Right tributaries

- Widawka
- Ner
- Wełna
- Noteć

## Left tributaries

- Liswarta
- Prosna
- Obra
- Postomia

## Related pages

- List of Rivers of Poland

## Infobox (river)

- **name**: Warta River
- **image**: Wartakw.jpg
- **image size**: 300px
- **image caption**: Warta River near Wronki
- **source1 location**: Kromołów, part of Zawiercie,
Kraków-Częstochowa Upland
- **mouth location**: Oder River at Kostrzyn nad Odrą, Kostrzyn
- **progression**: Oder→ Baltic Sea
- **subdivision type1**: Country
- **subdivision name1**: Poland
Eupleridae

The family **Eupleridae** is a group of carnivores found in Madagascar. The family has of eight species and seven genera in two subfamilies. They live in a variety of habitats, from humid forests, marshes, bogs, and swamps, to deserts and savannas.

The Euplerids are a clade. They are descendents of ancestors which rafted over from Africa about 20 million years ago (mya). They are closely related to mongooses. The fossa and the Malagasy civet (_Fossa fossana_) are believed to be the most ancient surviving species in this group.

Euplerids usually have slender bodies with relatively small heads. Head and body length ranges from 250 mm to 800 mm. Euplerids are primarily carnivorous, eating small mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, insects, crustaceans, and other invertebrates. _Fossa fossana_ and _Galidia elegans_ may also eat some fruit.

## Reproduction

Fossas form monogamous pairs, while species in the genera _Galidia_, _Mungotictis_, and _Salanoia_ live alone or in pairs, suggesting that they are monogamous for one breeding season only. _Mungotictis_ individuals live in small groups with several adults of each sex, but it is not known if all of the adults in a group breed. _Cryptoprocta_ only live alone, suggesting a polygynous or polygynandrous mating system.

Euplerids have definite breeding seasons. Each species' season is different and lasts from two to eight months. Gestation lasts around three months. Usually, just one or two young are born per litter, though Cryptoprocta can have up to four. Weaning takes place between two and four and a half months.

## Conservation status

All species in this family are threatened. The main causes are loss of habitat and hunting by humans or dogs. (IUCN 2006)
Tracey Walter

**Tracey Walter** (born November 25, 1947) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as Bob the Goon in Tim Burton's 1989 movie _Batman_. He won a Saturn Award in 1984.

Walter was born on November 25, 1947 in Jersey City, New Jersey.

## Other websites

- Tracey Walter Online
Montgomery Clift

**Montgomery Edward "Monty" Clift** (October 17, 1920 – July 23, 1966) was an American movie, television, radio, and stage actor who is known for his roles in _From Here to Eternity_, _A Place in the Sun_, _The Misfits_, _Red River_, and in _Judgement at Nuremberg_. He was nominated four times for an Academy Award. His great-great-grandfather was politician Francis Preston Blair.

Clift was born on October 17, 1920, in Omaha, Nebraska. He was raised in Jackson Heights, Queens, New York City. He began his career in Broadway in 1935 when he was only 13 years old. He worked with many famous actors such as Marlon Brando and Elizabeth Taylor.

He was never married and had no children. He was homosexual. He had a boyfriend with Maurice Leonard. Clift died on July 23, 1966 in New York City from a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease, aged 45.
League of Legends

***League of Legends*** (LoL) is a multiplayer online battle arena video game. It was created by Riot Games. People can play the game on Microsoft Windows and macOS. The game is free-to-play, meaning people do not need to pay money to play the game. The game uses a freemium way to make money. League of Legends was inspired by _Defense of the Ancients_ (_DotA_).

As of 2013, it is the most played computer game in the world with over 32 million active users per month. It is currently the most played game in the world by active users per month. The game is very popular  for professional competitions.

## Gameplay

In League of Legends, the player who is called a "summoner" selects a “champion” from a pool of 163 (As of November 2023) possible choices, each with their own set of unique abilities. Each player plays in a team with 4 other summoners against another 5 person team. The goal of the team is to make it to the opposite team’s base, called a _nexus_, and destroy it in one of 3 battle arenas, called maps. However, to accomplish this, teams must first destroy 3 _towers_ and an _inhibitor_ in at least one _lane_. The Nexus also spawns AI-controlled minions for each team, that move forward and attack the first enemy champion, minion, or turret they see. The most popular map, Summoner's Rift, is split into three lanes that each have three turrets and an inhibitor.  Players can kill minions, or other enemy players to gain gold which can be spent on items to make their champion stronger.

Between each lane are paths where neutral monsters spawn, called the _jungle_. Either side can kill these monsters to gain gold, experience and buffs.

Each champion has three normal abilities and an ultimate ability. Killing minions, jungle monsters and enemy champions gives experience and when a certain amount is reached the champion 'levels up' and the player can spend a point to improve one of their abilities. There are 18 levels and points can be spent in any order. However, these points can only be used to buy a champion's ultimate ability and it's improvements at levels 6, 11 and 16.

Player experience and intelligence points are earned by playing matches over time. Player accounts begin at level one. There is no level cap, but some of the game modes are not unlocked until level 30. Some players create secondary accounts, known as smurf accounts, to play at lower levels or against less experienced players. They also unlock abilities called summoner spells that can be used in game, as well as Runes. These provide small bonuses during the game.
Ibn ul-Arabi

Hazrat Sheikh **Mohye-ed-din Ibn ul-Arabī ** (Arabic: ابن عربي) (July 28, 1165 – November 10, 1240) was an Arab Andalusian Sufi mystic, poet and philosopher.

He is renowned in the Muslim world as _Sheikh ul Akbar_ (The Greatest Sheikh), for his famous explanation of the concept of _Tawhid_  (Oneness of God) through the concept or perception of the idea of _Wahdat ul Wajood_ (Oneness of Being).

He was born in Murcia. When he was a child his family moved to Seville. Despite living in Spain, he visited North Africa a lot. In 1202 he visited Mecca, as part of his Hajj. He lived in Mecca for three years. He also visited Syria, Iraq, Turkey and Palestine. He would eventually move to Damascus. He died there in 1240.

His most famous book is called _The Meccan Revelations_ (_Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya_ in Arabic). It has 560 chapters. In the book, he writes about cosmology, metaphysics, religion, and Islam.
Katherine LaNasa

**Katherine LaNasa** (born December 1, 1966 in New Orleans, Louisiana) is an American movie and TV actress and dancer. She has acted in many television programs and movies. LaNasa was married to actors Dennis Hopper, French Stewart and Grant Show.
Ryūsaku Tsunoda

was a Japan academic and Japanologist.  He is known as the "father of Japanese studies" at Columbia University.

## Career

Tsunoda was responsible for the early growth of the Japanese language and  literature collection at Columbia's library.

Tsunoda's best known students was Donald Keene.   Keene's opinion of Tsunoda was explaind in a lecture given at Waseda University in 1994:
- "His vocation was teaching, not writing. His joy as a teacher lay in communicating knowledge directly and enthusiastically to his students.... "

According to Sir George Sansom, Tsunoda was the "father of Japanese studies in America".

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Tsunoda, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 50 works in 100+2 publications in 4 languages and 2,000+ library holdings.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._

- _Japan in the Chinese Dynastic Histories,_ 1951 (with L. Carrington Goodrich)
- _Sources of Japanese Tradition,_ Vols. I-II, 1958 (with William Theodore de Bary and Donald Keene)

## Other websites

- Tsunoda, Ryūsaku at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
- Waseda University: "Tsunoda Ryūsaku -- his life as a bridge between Japan and America," 2008.
Minkowski spacetime

In special relativity, the **Minkowski spacetime** is a four-dimensional manifold, created by Hermann Minkowski. It has four dimensions: three dimensions of space (x, y, z) and one dimension of time. Minkowski spacetime has a metric signature of (-+++), and describes a flat space when no mass or energy is present. The convention in this article is to call Minkowski spacetime simply spacetime.

However, Minkowski spacetime only applies in special relativity. General relativity used the notion of curved spacetime to describe the effects of gravity and accelerated motion.

### Mathematical

Spacetime can be thought of as a four-dimensional coordinate system in which the axes are given by

They can also be denoted by

Where  represents . The reason for measuring time in units of the speed of light times the time coordinate is so that the units for time are the same as the units for space. Spacetime has the differential for arc length given by

This implies that spacetime has a metric tensor given by

As before stated, spacetime is flat everywhere; to some extent, it can be thought of as a plane.

### Simple

Spacetime can be thought of as the "arena" in which all of the events in the universe take place. All that one needs to specify a point in spacetime is a certain time and a typical spatial orientation. It is very hard to visualize four dimensions, but an analogy can be made, using the method below.

## Spacetime diagrams

Hermann Minkowski introduced a certain method for graphing coordinate systems in Minkowski spacetime. As seen to the right, different coordinate systems will disagree on an object's spatial orientation and/or position in time. As you can see from the diagram, there is only one spatial axis (the x-axis) and one time axis (the t-axis). It is possibly to introduce an extra spatial dimension, (the y-axis); unfortunately, this is the limit of adding dimensions while still being easy to visualize. It is possible to add the last spatial dimension (the z-axis), however visualizing 4d, while possible, is very hard. The rule for graphing in Minkowski spacetime goes as follows:

1) The angle between the x-axis and the x'-axis is given by  where v is the velocity of the object.

2) The speed of light through spacetime _always_ makes an angle of 45 degrees with either axis.

In a spacetime diagram, to change your velocity, a Lorentz transform is used, the spacetime equivalent of a rotation. Visually, this looks like a squeeze but rotated 45° (a squeeze-mapping). Importantly, a 45° line won’t change by doing the Lorentz transform, meaning the speed of light is the same for everyone.

## Spacetime in general relativity

In the general theory of relativity, Einstein used the equation

To allow for spacetime to actually curve; the resulting effects are those of gravity.

## Related pages

- Spacetime
- Special relativity
- General relativity
Diane Pretty

**Diane Pretty** (15 November 1959 - 11 May 2002) was a British woman who became known for a debate on laws of euthanasia. She had attempted to change British law so she could end her own life because of the pains and problems of the terminal illness motor neurone disease.

Over time, the disease worsened and made it impossible for her to move or communicate easily even though her mental faculties remained normal. The illness resulted in her having to be looked after continuously by her husband and nurses. Pretty took her case to court using the Human Rights Act to argue not to prosecute anybody involved in helping her to die. British courts did not accept Pretty's arguments, with the House of Lords eventually turning her case down. The European Court of Human Rights refused to acknowledge that the European Convention on Human Rights provided a right to die, and her appeal to that court also failed. She died aged 43, as a result of her condition.
Deep Impact (space mission)

**Deep Impact** was a NASA space probe to study comets. It was sent out to meet Comet Tempel 1, and to crash a smaller space rocket deep into the comet's surface.

Deep Impact was launched on January 12, 2005 from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station at Cape Canaveral, Florida. The rocket used was Delta II. It reached the comet in July 2005,  from Earth. After taking photos, the  impactor spacecraft was sent to crash into the surface on July 4, 2005. This created a huge crater and blasted parts of the comet into space. Deep Impact was able to study this debris which included ice and dust from deep inside the comet. This has helped scientists understand what comets are made of.

From the explosion scientists discovered that the comet had water ice both on the surface and deep inside. One scientist described it as being like a "...skating rink of snowy dirt." They were able to work out the comet was formed in the area between Uranus and Neptune.

After the mission, NASA decided to send Deep Impact to study the Comet 85P/Boethin. However the comet did not return on its expected 11 year path around the sun, and has not been seen since.
Tempel 1

**Tempel 1** is a comet which orbits the sun every 5.5 years. It was discovered in 1867 by the astronomer Ernest Tempel. On July 4, 2005, NASA fired a spacecraft from Deep Impact into its surface creating a spectacular explosion. Scientists were able to study the debris from the explosion to discover what the comet was made from. They discovered that part of the comet was covered in water ice which made it like a  skating rink. This was the first time that evidence of water had been found on a comet.
Positronium

**Positronium** is an onium, a type of exotic atom that is made of a particle and its antiparticle. In Positronium, one positron and one electron are bonded together. The positron replaces a proton that would normally be present in a Hydrogen atom. They both stay in the same orbital.  The atom is unstable, and a few nanoseconds after it is created, the positron and the electron collide, destroying the Positronium and forming two gamma rays.

## Positronium molecules

Positronium can form molecules, like normal atoms. It can bond with both other exotic atoms and normal atoms.

### Di-positronium

Di-positronium is a simple molecule made from two positronium atoms bonded together. It was predicted in 1946 by John Archibald Wheeler, but was discovered in 2007 by David Cassidy and Allen Mills, when they fired positron<nowiki/>s at molecules of silicon dioxide.

### Positronium hydride

Positronium hydride, also called hydrogen positride, is an exotic molecule made of an atom of hydrogen bonded to a positronium atom. It was predicted in 1951 by A Ore, but was not discovered until 1990 by R. Pareja and R. Gonzalez, who discovered it when they trapped positronium in hydrogen-magnesia crystals.
Belize Barrier Reef

The **Belize Barrier Reef** is a series of coral reefs.  It goes along the coast of Belize, about  offshore in the north and  in the south. The Belize Barrier Reef is a  long section of the  long Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System.  The reef system runs continuous from Cancún on the northeast tip of the Yucatán Peninsula through the Riviera Maya down to Honduras.  This makes it one of the largest coral reef systems in the world, after the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the New Caledonia Barrier Reef.

Charles Darwin described it as "the most remarkable reef in the West Indies" in 1842.

## Species

The Belize Barrier Reef is home to many different plants and animals. There are:
- 70 hard coral species
- 36 soft coral species
- 500 species of fish
- hundreds of invertebrate species
About 90% of the reef still needs to be researched.  It is thought that only 10% of all species have been discovered.

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Belize Barrier Reef
- **photo**: Satellite image of Belize in March 31, 2002.jpg
- **photo caption**: The Barrier Reef is clearly visible along the eastern coast of Belize in the Caribbean Sea.
- **map width**: 280
- **map**: Belize#Caribbean
- **location**: Belize
- **nearest city**: Belize City, Belize
San Ignacio, Belize

**San Ignacio** is a town in western Belize. It is the capital of Cayo District. The town grew from Mahogany and chicle production during British rule.

San Ignacio is on the banks of the Macal and Mopan Rivers.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: San Ignacio
- **nickname**: Cayo
- **image skyline**: SanIgnacioCayo.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: Belize
- **subdivision type1**: Districts of Belize, District
- **subdivision name1**: Cayo District, Cayo
- **leader title**: Mayor of San Ignacio
- **leader name**: John August Jr.
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1800s
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population total**: 16,977
- **timezone**: Central Time zone, Central
- **utc offset**: -6
- **elevation m**: 76
San Pedro Town

**San Pedro** is a town in Belize.  It is on the southern part of the island of Ambergris Caye. English is the main language spoken, however many people speak Spanish.

One of the main industries in the town is tourism, most notably scuba diving. Ambergis Museum is in the town.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: San Pedro Town
- **nickname**: La Isla Bonita
- **image skyline**: San Pedro, Belize by danakosko, March 2008.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **image caption**: San Pedro street
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Districts of Belize, District
- **subdivision name1**: Belize District
- **leader title**: Mayor of San Pedro
- **leader name**: Elsa Paz
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population note**: estimated
- **population total**: 12,400
- **timezone**: Central Time zone, Central
- **utc offset**: -6
Benque Viejo del Carmen

**Benque Viejo del Carmen** (usually shortened to "Benque") is a town in the country of Belize. It is in the Cayo District.  The northern edge of the town is along the Mopan River.  The river also forms the border with Guatemala. Benque Viejo is a growing town rich with culture and activities. It is a short 5 minute walk to the famous Xunantunich ruins. It also is home to Actun Chapat, a large underground cave system, popular with tourists. An addition of a new Municipal market in Sept 6 2014 . A new hotel the Benque Resort. The addition of Tropic Air extending flights to Maya Flats, has increased the interest and visitors to Benque. Benque is experiencing a growing expat population of retirees, as it was voted cleanest and safest town in Belize.
Once a bustling center of trade for logwood and chicle, Benque is now experiencing growth in tourism, and the addition of a Free trade zone has contributed to the growth and prosperity of the town. Residents enjoy a variety of activities in the town, one of the most popular is river tubing. Leaving from the dock at the Benque Resort on Riverside, visitors and residents, can enjoy the beautiful greenish/blue waters of the Mopan River and float downstream to the Mayan ruins of Xunantunich, a popular tourist destination, which features one of the largest pyramids in Belize. A popular House of Culture features a Marimba academy,art classes,dance and music classes to residents and visitors alike. A 100-acre Art park Poustinia on the outskirts of Benque features fabulous works, created by groups and students from all over the world. A publishing house, Cubola books, and a recording studio, Stonetree records, have made this town popular amongst artists from all over the world. The addition of Cave Garden coffee house and resident artist and world renowned master flutist Pablo Collado has entertained countless groups and dignitaries.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Benque Viejo del Carmen
- **image caption**: Benque Viejo del Carmen
- **subdivision type**: List of countries, Country
- **subdivision name**: Belize
- **subdivision type1**: Districts of Belize, District
- **subdivision name1**: Cayo District
- **population total**: 13,000 approximately
- **timezone**: Central Time zone, Central
- **utc offset**: -6
- **website**: www.benque-resort.com
- **footnotes**: www.benqueviejo.net
Belize dollar

The **Belizean dollar** is the official currency in Belize. It is normally abbreviated with the dollar sign _$_.  It is sometimes written as _BZ$_ to be different from other dollars. It is divided into 100 cents.

## Infobox (currency)

- **iso code**: BZD
- **image title 1**: Circulating coinage
- **inflation rate**: 2.8%
- **inflation source date**: _[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2092.html The World Factbook]_, 2007 est.
- **pegged with**: United States dollar, U.S. dollar = BZ$ 2
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **subunit name 1**: Cent (currency), cent
- **symbol**: BZDollar sign, $
- **used coins**: 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 cents, $1
- **coin article**: Coins of the Belize dollar
- **used banknotes**: $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
- **issuing authority**: Central Bank of Belize
- **issuing authority website**: www.centralbank.org.bz
Venison

**Venison** is the meat of a game animal, normally a  elk or deer.

Venison may be eaten as steaks, tenderloins, roasts, sausages, jerky and minced meat. Venison has less fat than similar cuts of beef.  However, like beef, leaner cuts can be tougher as well.  Venison can be kosher.
Paca

The genus ***Cuniculus*** has the two species of paca.

- Lowland Paca, _Cuniculus paca_
- Mountain Paca, _Cuniculus taczanowskii_

Pacas are found from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. They are a source of meat in many places.

Both species of paca eat mainly fruit. Other foods include roots, seeds, leaves, buds, and flowers. In the wild, pacas are herbivores, meaning they eat only plants. In captivity, they are omnivores, meaning they eat both plants and flesh. Pacas in zoos eat fruits, vegetables, raw meat, lizards, and insects.
Open Database License

The **Open Database License** (ODbL) is a copyright license for sharing database contents.  The ODbL is "copyleft" because it makes the copyrighted work easier to share.

The license is provided by the Open Knowledge Foundation.

In September 2012 the OpenStreetMap (OSM) project moved from a Creative Commons license to ODbL.

## Other websites

- Open Data Commons, Open Database License
Habanero chili

The **habanero chili** is a type of chili pepper. Unripe habaneros are green. They gain color as they mature. Common colors are orange and red, but white, brown, and pink habanero chilis are also seen. Typically a ripe habanero chili is  long. Habanero chilis are very spicy; they are rated 100,000–350,000 on the Scoville scale.

The habanero chili comes from the Amazon basin. From there, it was spread in Mexico. The habanero is a perennial flowering plant. With proper care and growing conditions, it can produce flowers (and thus fruit) for many years.

## Infobox (cultivar)

- **name**: Habanero
- **image**: Habanero closeup edit2.jpg
- **image caption**: A habanero chili
- **species**: _Capsicum chinense_
- **cultivar**: 'Habanero'
- **heat**: Very hot
Cross Country Cycling Classic

The **Holy Saturday Cross Country Cycling Classic** is a one-day amateur cycling race in Belize. It happens every year during the Easter holidays. It is Belize's biggest cycling event and it has begun to be recognized internationally. The name is usually shortened to the Cross Country Cycling Classic or "Cross Country" for short. The race is about 140 miles long.

## Infobox (cycling race)

- **name**: Holy Saturday Cross Country Cycling Classic
- **date**: Holy Saturday, March–April
- **region**: Belize, Central America
- **localnames**: Cross Country
- **nickname**: Cayo and Back, Ride for the Roses, The Holy Day
- **discipline**: Road
- **type**: Amateur one-day
- **organiser**: Belize Cycling Association
- **director**: Emil Moreno
- **number**: 84 (as of 2012)
- **firstwinner**: Elston Kerr
- **mostwins**: _4 times:_

Aston Gill
 Jeffery O'Brien
 John Miguel
 Kenrick Halliday
- **mostrecent**: Giovani Choto
Prosthechea cochleata

***Prosthechea cochleata*** is an orchid that lives in Central America, the West Indies, Colombia, Venezuela, and southern Florida. It is commonly called the **Cockleshell Orchid** or **Clamshell Orchid**

_Prosthechea cochleata_ is the national flower of Belize, where it is known as the **Black Orchid**.
Big leaf mahogany

**Big leaf mahogany** (_Swietenia macrophylla_) is a species of plant in the Meliaceae family. It is one of two species with genuine mahogany timber.

The species is also known under other common names, including broad-leaved mahogany, Brazilian mahogany, Honduras mahogany, large-leaved mahogany, genuine mahogany, sky fruit, and tropical American mahogany, among others.

The plant lives in North and South America, and the Caribbean.
Cape Canaveral Air Force Station

The **Cape Canaveral Space Force Station** (CCSFS) is a part of the United States Air Force Space Command. The Space Command's 45th Space Wing is based at the nearby Patrick Air Force Base. The CCSFS is at Cape Canaveral, Florida. It is next to the Kennedy Space Center which is on Merritt Island. The two facilities have access to the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Skid Strip which is a large  runway for military aircraft bringing heavy and oversize loads. the CCSFS has four active launch pads for space rockets.

Many space missions have been launched from CCSFS. For example:
- Explorer 1 the first U.S. earth satellite (1958)
- MR-3 with Alan Shepard, the first U.S. astronaut (1961)
- Mercury-Atlas 6 with John Glenn, the first U.S. astronaut in orbit (1962)
- Gemini 3, the first two-man U.S. spacecraft (1965)
- Surveyor 1, the first U.S. unmanned lunar landing (1966)
- Apollo 7, the first three-man U.S. spacecraft (1968)
- Mariner 9, the first spacecraft to orbit Mars (1971)
- Mars Pathfinder, the first mission to roam the surface of Mars (1996)
- Pioneer program, the first American spacecraft to orbit and land on Venus (1978)
- Cassini−Huygens, the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn (2004)
- MESSENGER which orbited Mercury (2011).

## Related pages

- Baikonur Cosmodrome
- Kennedy Space Center
- NASA

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **embed**: yes
- **name**: Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
- **nrhp type**: nhld
- **nocat**: yes
- **location**: Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States
- **built**: 1950+
- **designated nrhp type**: April 16, 1984
- **added**: April 16, 1984
- **refnum**: 84003872
- **visitation num**: Not open to the public
- **governing body**: United States Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense


## Infobox (military installation)

- **name**: Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
- **partof**: Patrick Air Force Base
- **location**: Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States
- **nearest town**: Cocoa Beach
- **country**: United States
- **image**: Cape canaveral crop.jpg
- **image2**: Air Force Space Command Logo.svg
- **type**: Rocket Launch Site
- **pushpin map**: Florida#USA
- **ownership**: United States Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense
- **operator**: Air Force Space Command
- **controlledby**: 45th Space Wing
- **open to public**: No
- **used**: 1948–present
- **events**: Space Race
- **website**: http://www.patrick.af.mil
Cape Canaveral Space Force Base

The **Cape Canaveral Space Force Station** (CCSFS) is (a former name of a) part of the United States Air Force Space Command. The Space Command's 45th Space Wing is based at the nearby Patrick Air Force Base. The CCSFS is at Cape Canaveral, Florida. It is next to the Kennedy Space Center which is on Merritt Island. The two facilities have access to the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station Skid Strip which is a large  runway for military aircraft bringing heavy and oversize loads. the CCSFS has four active launch pads for space rockets.

Many space missions have been launched from CCSFS. For example:
- Explorer 1 the first U.S. earth satellite (1958)
- MR-3 with Alan Shepard, the first U.S. astronaut (1961)
- Mercury-Atlas 6 with John Glenn, the first U.S. astronaut in orbit (1962)
- Gemini 3, the first two-man U.S. spacecraft (1965)
- Surveyor 1, the first U.S. unmanned lunar landing (1966)
- Apollo 7, the first three-man U.S. spacecraft (1968)
- Mariner 9, the first spacecraft to orbit Mars (1971)
- Mars Pathfinder, the first mission to roam the surface of Mars (1996)
- Pioneer program, the first American spacecraft to orbit and land on Venus (1978)
- Cassini−Huygens, the first spacecraft to orbit Saturn (2004)
- MESSENGER which orbited Mercury (2011).

## Related pages

- Baikonur Cosmodrome
- Kennedy Space Center
- NASA

## Infobox (nrhp)

- **embed**: yes
- **name**: Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
- **nrhp type**: nhld
- **nocat**: yes
- **location**: Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States
- **built**: 1950+
- **designated nrhp type**: April 16, 1984
- **added**: April 16, 1984
- **refnum**: 84003872
- **visitation num**: Not open to the public
- **governing body**: United States Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense


## Infobox (military installation)

- **name**: Cape Canaveral Space Force Station
- **partof**: Patrick Air Force Base
- **location**: Cape Canaveral, Florida, United States
- **nearest town**: Cocoa Beach
- **country**: United States
- **image**: Cape canaveral crop.jpg
- **image2**: Air Force Space Command Logo.svg
- **type**: Rocket Launch Site
- **pushpin map**: Florida#USA
- **ownership**: United States Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Defense
- **operator**: Air Force Space Command
- **controlledby**: 45th Space Wing
- **open to public**: No
- **used**: 1948–present
- **events**: Space Race
- **website**: http://www.patrick.af.mil
Bell's palsy

**Bell's palsy** is a  paralysis of the face on one side. It is caused by inflammation of a facial nerve. The sufferer cannot move the muscles on the affected side of the face.

Several conditions can cause facial paralysis, such as brain tumors, strokes, and Lyme disease. Bell's palsy is named after Scottish anatomist Charles Bell. Bell first described the disease. It is the most common acute disease involving only one nerve, and it is the most common cause of sudden facial nerve paralysis.

Bell's palsy involves a rapid start of partial or complete paralysis that often occurs overnight. Scientists believe that inflammation leads to swelling of the facial nerve. The nerve travels through the skull in a narrow bone canal beneath the ear. Nerve swelling and compression in the narrow bone canal are thought to stop the nerve from working. At times of lowered immunity, a dormant (sleeping) virus, usually the chicken pox or cold sore virus, can wake up and attack the nerve causing it to swell. The main symptoms of Bell's palsy are one-sided facial paralysis, jaw pain, dizziness, strengthened hearing in one ear, and weakened taste sense.

Bell's palsy usually cures itself, sometimes in a few weeks. Corticosteroids (cortisone steroids) have been found to improve the condition while anti-viral drugs have not. Early treatment is necessary for steroids or drugs to be effective, but it is controversial wether or not they work.  Most people recover spontaneously and achieve near-normal to normal functions. Some people however will never regain full facial movement, or it may take a longer time. Many show signs of improvement as early as 10 days after the onset, even without treatment.

Often those suffering from Bell's palsy cannot open the eye in the affected side. The eye must be protected from drying up, or the cornea may be permanently damaged. The affected eye may need to be taped shut when sleeping.

## Infobox (disease)

- **name**: Bell's palsy
- **image**: Bellspalsy.JPG
- **caption**: A person attempting to show his teeth and raise his eyebrows with Bell's palsy on his right side (left side of the image).
- **diseasesdb**: 1303
- **medlineplus**: 000773
- **emedicinesubj**: emerg
- **emedicinetopic**: 56
- **meshid**: D020330