juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Wolfson College, Cambridge

**Wolfson College** is one of the 31 Colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. The College admits mature students, who are 21 years or older, for both undergraduate and postgraduate courses.

The College was founded in 1965 as **University College**. The name was changed to Wolfson College on 1 January 1973, following a major donation from the Wolfson Foundation, a charity. Today there are more than 900 students at the College with approximately 70% coming from overseas. The College is located on Barton Road, which is about a mile to the west of Cambridge city centre.

## Other websites

- Official website
Comenius

**Comenius**  (28 March 1592 – 15 November 1670) was a 17th-century Czech bishop, and an innovator in education. His name is spelt differently in almost every language. In English it is John Amos Comenius, but he is usually called just 'Comenius'.

Comenius is famous for arguing for universal literacy, and inventing the idea of a modern textbook which used pictures as well as prose to get its message across. Comenius also tried to design a language in which false statements could not be written.

## Some books by Comenius

There are about 16 works, with many translations and versions.
- 1633–1638. _Didactica magna_ ("The Great Didactic").
- 1642. _A reformation of schools, designed in two excellent treatises._ This is an English excerpt from the above. It explains his ideas for reform.
- 1658. _Orbis sensualium pictus: quadrilingus_. It is something like an illustrated dictionary, in two languages,  Latin, and German
    - 1659. English edition.
    - 1685 in four languages: Latin, Czech, German and Hungarian (Magyar).
    - _Orbis Pictus_ had a long-lasting influence on children's education. It was a precursor of both audio-visual techniques and the lexical approach in language learning. There is a Kindle version in English.
James Buck

**James Buck** (1808 – November 1, 1865) was a sailor in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn.

## Biography

Buck, born in Denver, Colorado and joined the Navy in 1852. He was an Acting Master's Mate when he was presented the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn. He was a Quartermaster. The medal was approved under General Order 11, dated April 3, 1863.

Buck died November 1, 1865. He is buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore, MD. His grave is in section Q-24, GPS (lat/lon): 39.30936, -76.6062.

## Honors

The United States Navy named three ships USS _Buck_ in his name. The first ship to be name after Buck was . It was a motorboat built in 1911. The second ship to be named after Buck was . It was a Sims-class destroyer. That ship served from 1939 until she was sunk during the invasion of Italy in 1943. The third and final ship to take its name from James Buck was . This Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer served from 1946 until 1973.

## Medal of Honor citation

**Citation:**

> Served on board the U.S.S. Brooklyn in the attack upon Forts Jackson and St. Philip and at the taking of New Orleans, 24 and 25 April 1862. Although severely wounded by a heavy splinter, Buck continued to perform his duty until positively ordered below. Later stealing back to his post, he steered the ship for 8 hours despite his critical condition. His bravery was typical of the type which resulted in the taking of the Forts Jackson and St. Philip and in the capture of New Orleans.

## Related pages

- List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: A–F

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: James Buck
- **birth date**: 1808
- **death date**: November 1,
- **birth place**: Denver, Colorado
- **death place**: Baltimore, Maryland
- **placeofburial**: Greenmount Cemetery
Denver, Colorado
- **placeofburial label**: Place of burial
- **allegiance**: United States, United States of America
Union (American Civil War), Union
- **branch**: United States Navy
Union Navy
- **serviceyears**: 1852 - 1865
- **rank**: Quartermaster
- **unit**: USS Brooklyn (1858), USS _Brooklyn_
- **battles**: American Civil War
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
USS Buck (SP-1355)

The first **USS _Buck_ (SP-1355)** was later renamed to **USS _SP-1355**_. It was a tender that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1918.

_Buck_ was built as a civilian motorboat in 1911. On 24 August 1917, the U.S. Navy acquired her under a free lease from the Conservation Commission of Maryland. She was used during World War I. She was commissioned as USS _Buck_ (SP-1355) on 13 September 1917.

Assigned to the 5th Naval District, _Buck_ served as a tender at Norfolk, Virginia, for the remainder of World War I. She was renamed USS _SP-1355_ in April 1918.

_SP-1355_ was decommissioned late in 1918. The Navy returned her to Consevration Commission of Maryland on either 24 September 1918 or 27 November 1918.

## References

- Department of the Navy Naval History and Heritage Command Online Library of Selected Images: U.S. Navy Ships: USS _Buck_ (SP-1355), 1917-1918. Renamed _SP-1355_ in 1918
- NavSource Online: Section Patrol Craft Photo Archive: Buck (SP 1355)

## Infobox (ship begin)


## Infobox (ship image)

- **ship image**: USS Buck (SP-1355).jpg
- **ship caption**: USS _Buck_ (SP-1355), later USS _SP-1355_, during World War I.


## Infobox (ship career)

- **ship country**: United States
- **ship name**: *USS _Buck_ (September 1917-April 1918)
*USS _SP-1355_ (April 1918-late 1918)
- **ship namesake**: *As _Buck_, her previous name retained
*As _SP-1355_, her section patrol number
- **ship completed**: 1911
- **ship acquired**: 24 August 1917
- **ship commissioned**: 13 September 1917
- **ship decommissioned**: Late 1918
- **ship fate**: Returned to owner 24 September 1918 or 27 November 1918


## Infobox (ship characteristics)

- **ship type**: Ship's tender, Tender
- **ship draft**: (aft)
- **ship speed**: 15 miles per hour
- **ship complement**: 2
Per "Dead" Ohlin

**Per Yngve Ohlin** (16 January 1969 – 8 April 1991) was a Swedish black metal musician best known for performing with the band Mayhem under the stage name **Dead**.

He was given the name "Dead" after a near-death experience when his spleen ruptured after being beat up by bullies and was clinically dead for a while. He became fascinated with death and dying afterwards and received his name.

He was also a founding member of the death metal band Morbid and performed with them on their _December Moon_ demo.

He was described by Jan Axel "Hellhammer" Blomberg, the drummer for Mayhem, as being "a very strange personality ... depressed, melancholic, and dark" and guitarist Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth said "I honestly think Dead is mentally insane. Which other way can you describe a guy who does not eat, in order to get starving wounds? Or who has a T-shirt with funeral announcements on it?"

## Death and aftermath

Dead's mental state began to take a turn for the worse due to his fascination with death and his social situation. Because of this, he would usually cut himself while performing on stage with either a broken bottle or a blade. Euronymous was fascinated with Dead's suicidal tendencies and would encourage Dead to kill himself often.

On 8 April 1991, In the house he shared with Euronymous, he slit his throat and wrists with a knife and then shot himself in the forehead with a shotgun. His suicide note said that he was sorry for shooting himself indoors and he ended the note with "Excuse all the blood". Euronymous returned home and had to climb through an open window because all the doors to the house were locked. He found Dead's body but before he called the police, he went to a nearby shop and bought a disposable camera which he used to photograph Dead's body after he moved around some of the items.

He also kept some pieces of Dead's shattered skull. Hellhammer developed the pictures and Euronymous said that he would later destroy the pictures but he never did. He kept the pictures in an envelope at his record shop Helvete instead and sent one of the pictures to the owner of Warmaster Records which used the picture of Dead's body as the cover art for Mayhem's 1995 bootleg live album _Dawn of the Black Hearts_. The other band members were disgusted at Euronymous' actions before and after Dead's death and Bassist Necrobutcher decided that he wasn't going to be friends with him any more.

He was ranked #48 out of _50 of The Greatest Metal Frontmen of All Time_ by Roadrunner Records.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Dead
- **img capt**: 1988
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth name**: Per Yngve Ohlin
- **alias**: Dead
Pelle
- **birth place**: Stockholm, Sweden
- **death place**: Kråkstad, Norway
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **genre**: Black metal, death metal
- **occupation**: Musician
- **years active**: 1982–91
- **associated acts**: Mayhem (band), Mayhem, Morbid (band), Morbid
Jōkyō calendar

, also called **Teikyō-reki**, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (_genka reki_).  It was used from 1684-1753.  It was made official in 1685.

## History

The  _Jōkyō-reki_ system was the work of Shibukawa Shunkai. He recognized that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.

Shirakawa discovered errors in the traditional Chinese calendar which had been in use for 800 years.   This older system was also known as the _Semmyō_ calendar or 'Semmei-reki_.  It was also known as the _Xuanming'' calendar.

## Related pages

- Japanese calendar
- Sexagenary cycle
- Jōkyō
- Hōryaku calendar
- Kansei calendar
- Tenpō calendar

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Estonian

The word **Estonian** can  mean:

- Something from or about Estonia, a country in Europe
- Estonians, the people of Estonia
- Estonian language
Kansei calendar

was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (_genka reki_)..  It was published in 1797.

## History

The  _Kansei-reki_ system was the work of Takahashi Yoshitoki and Hazama Shigetomi.

Takahashi and Hazama used Western astronomy studies to modify the traditional calendar.

## Related pages

- Japanese calendar
- Sexagenary cycle
- Kansei
- Jōkyō calendar
- Hōryaku calendar
- Tenpō calendar

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Tenpō calendar

was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (_genka reki_..  It was published in the Tenpō era (183-1844).  It was in use in the late Edo period.

## History

The  _Tenpō-reki_ system was the work of Shibukawa Kagesuke.  This was the last traditional calendar system created by Japanese astronomers and mathematicians.

The _Tenpō_ calendar was set aside when Japan adopted the Western calendar in 1872 (_Meiji 5_).

## Related pages

- Japanese calendar
- Sexagenary cycle
- Tenpō
- Jōkyō calendar
- Kansei calendar
- Hōryaku calendar

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Jessica Andrews

**Jessica Danielle Andrews** (born December 29, 1983) is an American singer. She performs country music. Her first record _Heart Shaped World_ was released in 1999. On April 7, 2001, her first and only number one single "Who I Am" reached the #1 spot in the country charts. She was born near Huntingdon, Tennessee.
Anna Wing

**Anna Eva Lydia Catherine Wing**, MBE (30 October 1914 - 7 July 2013) was an English actress. She is best known for playing Lou Beale on British television soap opera _EastEnders_.

## Early life

Wing was born on 30 October 1914 in Hackney, East London, England.

## Career

Wing is best known for playing the Lou Beale on _EastEnders_ from the show's beginning in February 1985, until the character was killed off in July 1988.

In May 2005 Wing attended the British Soap Awards, where she presented June Brown with a lifetime achievement award for Brown's portrayal of Dot Branning in _EastEnders_. In 2005, Wing was part of the cast of the short movie _Ex Memoria_. She played Grandma in the 2007 movie _Son of Rambow_.

### Later career

In 2009, when Wing was 94, she worked on a short movie called _Numbers Up_. The same year Wing was named Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours for her services to drama and charity.

## Personal life

Wing was married to Peter Davey from 1944 until they divorced in 1947. They had a son. After that, Philip O'Connor was her partner until his death in 1998. They had a son.

### Death

Wing lived in London, England during her final years. Wing died on the morning of 7 July 2013 in Hackney, East London, England from natural causes, aged 98.

## Other websites

- Anna Wing, interview from The Walford Gazette
- Lou Beale, BBC character profile
- Ex Memoria (short film with Anna Wing)

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Anna Wing
- **image**: Anna Wing.jpg
- **caption**: Wing in 2007
- **birth name**: Anna Eva Lydia Catherine Wing
- **birth place**: Hackney Central, Hackney, East End of London, East London,
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom
- **death place**: Hackney, East London, United Kingdom
- **death cause**: Natural Causes
- **occupation**: Actress
- **years active**: 1938–2009, 2012
- **spouse**: Peter Davey
<small>(m. 1944–1947, divorced)</small>
- **partner**: Philip O'Connor
<small>(?-1998, his death)</small>
- **children**: Mark Wing-Davey
Jon O'Connor
Hōryaku calendar

was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (_genka reki_). It was also known as ***Horiki Kojutsu Gen-reki***.  It was published in 1755.

## History

The  _Hōreki Kōjutsu Genreki_ system was the work of Abe Yasukuni, Shibukawa Kōkyō, and Nishiyama Seikyū.

Errors in the calendar were corrected in 1798, and in 1844  In 1872, the Western calendar was adopted.

## Related pages

- Japanese calendar
- Sexagenary cycle
- Hōreki
- Jōkyō calendar
- Kansei calendar
- Tenpō calendar

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Mikhail Kalashnikov

**Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov** (10 November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Russian designer who is known for designing the AK-47, AKM, and AK-74 assault rifles when he served in the Soviet Army during World War II. He had the rank of lieutenant general.

Kalashnikov was born on 10 November 1919 in Kuriya, Altai Krai, Russian SFSR. He served in World War II and created many weapons and bombs including the AK-47 and a submachine gun. He was married to Ekaterina Kalashnikova. They had three children, one of them was gun designer Victor Kalashnikov. He lived in Izhevsk, Udmurtia.

On 17 November, Kalashnikov was hospitalized in an Udmurtian medical hospital for gastric hemorrhage. He died on the morning of 23 December, 2013 from the illness, aged 94.

## Other websites

- M.T. Kalashnikov Museum and Exhibition Small Arms Complex
- 'I sleep soundly' - Interview with and article on Mikhail Kalashnikov at the age of 83, from The Guardian newspaper.
- Mikhail Kalashnikov backs weapons control
- BBC NEWS Profile: Mikhail Kalashnikov
- Free illustrated virtual guided tour of the Museum of Mikhail Kalashnikov
Brenda Joyce

**Brenda Joyce** (February 25, 1917-July 4, 2009) was an American actress whose acting career was rather short, although memorable. She was in several movies, including _Thumbs Up_, _The Rains Came_ and several Tarzan movies.

Joyce was born in Missouri. She died in California as a result of pneumonia. She was 92.
Inca Civil War

The **Inca Civil War**, the **Inca Dynastic War**, or the **Inca War of Succession**, was a civil war in the Inca Empire. It was fought between two brothers, Huáscar and Atahualpa, sons of Huayna Cápac, over who would be the next emperor. The war came after Huayna Capac's death in 1527, and lasted from 1529 until 1532. When their father died, the empire was divided between the two brothers. Huáscar got most part of it, with the capital Cusco. Atahualpa got the northern parts, including Quito.

Huáscar started the war because he saw himself as the rightful heir to the kingdom. Atahualpa proved to be a better war tactician than his brother, and commanded a much bigger army. The empire was reunited under Atahualpa in 1532, but he was executed by the Spanish less than a year later.

It was partly because of this civil war that the Spanish conquistadors, under Francisco Pizarro, were successful.

## References

- Notes

- Sources
- Hemming, John. _The Conquest of the Inca_. New York, NY: Harcourt, Inc., 1970, 28–29.
- MacQuarrie, Kim. _The Last Days of the Inca_. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, 2007, 50.

## Infobox (military conflict)

- **conflict**: **Inca Civil War**
- **image**: Ataw Wallpa portrait.jpg
- **caption**: Emperor Atahualpa, the victorious brother, however, his reign as emperor was short.
- **date**: 1529 to April 1532
- **place**: Peru and Ecuador
- **result**: Northern victory
Reunion of the Inca Empire under the rule of Atahualpa
- **combatant1**: Inca Empire
Tumebamba
Tumipampa
- **combatant2**: Northern Inca Empire
- **commander1**: Huascar
Atoc
Hango
Topa Atao
Ullco Colla
Tito Atauchi
Uampa Yupanqui
Guanca Auqui
Agua Panti
Paca Yupanqui
- **commander2**: Atahualpa
Chalkuchimac
Quisquis
Rumiñahui (Inca warrior), Rumiñahui
Ucumari (Inca warrior), Ucumari
Tomay Rima
- **strength1**: ~400,000;
100,000 Cañaris, 2 000 000 reservist
- **strength2**: Initially 50,000-100,000
At peak some 250,000
- **casualties1**: At least 100,000 killed
Tumebamba destroyed
- **casualties2**: Unknown
2051

## Predicted and scheduled events

- January 1 – Books, movies, and other works published in 1955 will enter the public domain in the United States.
- April – A METI message Cosmic Call 1 sent from the 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar arrives at its destination, Gliese 777 star.
- June 1 – The Washington State Ferries time capsule will be opened, celebrating WSF's 100th Anniversary.
- 100th anniversary of the Mark VII Limited.

### Date unknown

- Over 1.7 million people in the United Kingdom will be suffering from dementia according to reports published in 2007 by the London School of Economics and Institute of Psychiatry.

## In fiction

- _TimeSplitters: Future Perfect_ video game takes place in 2051 in one of the missions.
- Brenda Chenowith, a fictional character from the television show _Six Feet Under_, dies in her home at the age of 82.
- _Dream Park_ novel takes place in March 2051
The Lover

***The Lover*** is a 1992 French erotic drama movie. It is based on the 1984 novel of the same name. It is set in 1929 in Vietnam and is about a relationship between a 15 year old French girl and a Chinese man twice her age. It was originally tagged NC-17 by the MPAA. However, the producers of _The Lover_ appealed and the rating was changed to R. When this was released into theaters, it received mixed reaction. Audiences praised it. American critics, however, gave negative reviews of this drama.
Rover (space exploration)

A **rover** is an off-road vehicle that travels on the ground of a planet, moon, or other astronomical object. Some rovers carry people that drive them. Most are robots that can drive themselves for short distances, but humans on Earth give them directions each day about where to go and what to do.  They are electric vehicles, either using solar power or nuclear power.

### Moon

- Lunokhod 1 was sent by the Soviet Union, Lunokhod 1 was the first remote-controlled vehicle sent off the Earth.
- Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle, also called a _moon buggy_, sent by NASA during the Apollo program, it was driven by astronauts.
- Lunokhod 2 was sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union and arrived on the moon in January 1973 and lasted four months.
- Yutu (Chang'e 3), sent in 2013, was the first Chinese moon landing.  It stopped moving 42 days after landing, but could perform other operations for nearly 2 more years.
- Yutu 2 (Chang'e 4) was sent in January 2019 by China and is still going.

### Mars

The only rovers to successfully land on Mars were sent there by NASA. They have special equipment on arms for testing the soil, taking pictures and doing other planetary science.

- Sojourner rover - The first Mars rover, this was a test vehicle to see if a solar vehicle would work on Mars. It landed on July 4th, 1997 and lasted nearly three months.
- Spirit rover (MER-A) - Spirit and Opportunity were launched as a pair.  Spirit landed January 4, 2004 and lasted a little over six years.
- _Opportunity_ rover (MER-B) - Landed January 25, 2004 and lasted a little over fourteen years until it was stopped by a dust storm.
- _Curiosity_ rover - A nuclear-powered rover, landed August, 2012 and is still going.
- Perseverance rover - A nuclear-powered rover, landed July 30, 2020. It is still going, and accompanied Ingenuity helicopter on multiple flights until Ingenuity was damaged on January 18, 2024.
Camp Caves, Queensland

**Camp Caves** was a US Army training camp north of the city of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. It was built during World War Two. The army used the camp from September 1943 until early in 1944. It was one of several US training camps in the area including Camp Nerimbera, Camp Thompson’s Point, Camp Keppel Sands, Camp Yeppoon and Camp Wallaroo.

Camp Caves was the camp for the 24th Infantry Division. The division was also called the Hawaiian Division. It was called Camp Caves after the small town, The Caves, which was close to the campsite. The camp was along the side of the Bruce Highway. It included medical services, warehouses, ammunition dumps, landing strips, and a small arms firing range. Work on building the camp began in November 1942 but was soon stopped. It started again in July 1943. The camp was not used after March 1944.
Locksmith

A **locksmith** is a person who works with locks, keys and security systems. **Locksmithing** is the profession of a locksmith.

## Job description

Locksmiths fix broken locks, make keys, and install security systems like alarms.
In most countries locksmiths must follow a strict set of laws. In some countries locksmiths start as apprentices. In others, they must get a certificate or degree after training at a school or university.

Some countries such as the UK, there are no actual laws or rules as to who can become a locksmith, so many locksmiths choose to join a trade association to prove their proficiency and credentials.

Locksmiths commonly work with all types of locks. Other areas that locksmiths cover include combination locks,  auto locksmithing, safes, and access control. These areas are specialist and require specialized training

## Tools

One of the most commonly used metals that locksmiths use to make keys in Europe is steel. Locksmiths in the US, Australia, and New Zealand would use brass as their main material.

Mortise locks, commonly found on older buildings, are comprised of a pocket that is cut into the door (or other piece of furniture) to which the lock will be fitted. These locks were used before the arrival of bored cylindrical locks.

## Automotive locksmith

Automotive locksmith can help out with getting a new keys made for a car. They can also make duplicate keys and push-to-start key fobs. Usually automotive locksmiths are mobile, and they get to their customers by driving to them.
Peter Sutcliffe

**Peter William Sutcliffe** (2 June 1946 – 13 November 2020) was a British serial killer known as the Yorkshire Ripper. He was born in Bingley, West Riding of Yorkshire. In 1981, he was convicted of murdering thirteen women and attempting to murder seven others. He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. He served twenty sentences of life imprisonment in Broadmoor High Security Hospital.

## Personal life

Sutcliffe married Sonia Szurma 10 August 1974. They lived together in Heaton, Bradford.

Sutcliffe died on 13 November 2020 while in prison in Durham from COVID-19, aged 74.
Kenneth Walker

Brigadier General **Kenneth Newton Walker** (17 July 1898 – 5 January 1943) was a United States Army aviator. He was also a United States Army Air Forces general who had a significant influence on the development of airpower doctrine. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor in World War II.

Walker joined the United States Army in 1917. It was after the American entry into World War I. He trained as an aviator and became a flying instructor. In 1920 and after the end of the war, he received a commission in the Regular Army. After service in various capacities he graduated from the Air Corps Tactical School in 1929. Then he served as an instructor there. He supported the creation of a separate air organization for strategic bombardment. He published articles on the subject and becoming part of a clique known as the "Bomber Mafia". They argued for bombers over other forms of military aviation.

Even after he was promoted to Brigadier General, Walker frequently flew combat missions over New Guinea. For this he received the Silver Star. On 5 January 1943, he was shot down and killed leading a daylight bombing raid over Rabaul. It was for this action he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

## Legacy

In January 1948, Roswell Army Air Field in Roswell, New Mexico, was renamed Walker Air Force Base in honor of Walker. The base was closed on 30 June 1967. Walker Hall and its Walker Air Power Room are at Maxwell Air Force Base. They are also named after him. It is the home of the Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center.  The Walker Papers is an Air Force Fellows program. It annually honors the top three research papers produced by Air Force Fellows with the Walker Series award. The Walker Series recognizes the contributions each Fellow has made to research supporting air and space power and its use in the implementation of US strategic policy.

## Related pages

- List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II

## Infobox (military person)

- **name**: Kenneth Newton Walker
- **birth place**: Cerrillos, New Mexico
- **death place**: Rabaul, New Britain
- **placeofburial**: Arlington National Cemetery
Manila American Cemetery, Philippines
- **placeofburial label**: Places of Burial
(markers only)
- **image**: cmoh army.jpg
- **caption**: Brigadier General Kenneth N. Walker
- **nickname**: Ken
- **branch**:  United States Army Air Corps
- **serviceyears**: 1917–1943
- **servicenumber**: 0-12510
- **rank**:  Brigadier general (United States), Brigadier General
- **commands**: V Bomber Command
18th Wing, 18th Pursuit Group
9th Bomb Squadron, 9th Bombardment Squadron
11th Bomb Squadron, 11th Bombardment Squadron
- **battles**: World War II
*Kokoda Track campaign
*Battle of Buna-Gona
*Battle of Wau
- **awards**: Medal of Honor
Distinguished Service Cross (United States), Distinguished Service Cross
Silver Star
Legion of Merit
Purple Heart
Kate Bosworth

**Kate Bosworth** (born January 2, 1983) is an American actress. She played Lois Lane in _Superman Returns_. She was born in Los Angeles and was raised in Connecticut.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Kate Bosworth
- **image**: Kate Bosworth Deauville 2011.jpg
- **caption**: Bosworth at the 2011 Deauville American Film Festival, Deauville Film Festival
- **birthname**: Catherine Ann Bosworth
- **birth place**: Los Angeles, California, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, model
- **yearsactive**: 1997–present
Division of Banks

The **Division of Banks** is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was set up in 1949. It is named for Sir Joseph Banks, the British scientist who accompanied James Cook on his voyage to Australia in 1770.

The division of Banks is covers the south-western suburbs of Sydney. It includes Allawah, Blakehurst, Connells Point, Hurstville, Hurstville Grove, South Hurstville, Kyle Bay, Lugarno, Mortdale, Oatley, Padstow Heights, Peakhurst, Peakhurst Heights, and Penshurst, and parts of Bankstown, Beverly Hills, Carlton, Kingsgrove, Narwee, Padstow, Punchbowl, Revesby and Riverwood.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Dominic Costa|Labor|1949–1969|
|||Vince Martin|Labor|1969–1980|
|||John Mountford|Labor|1980–1990|
|||Daryl Melham|Labor|1990–2013|
|||David Coleman|Liberal|2013–2025|
|||Zhi Soon|Labor|2025–present|

Daryl Melham was the chairman of the ALP caucus from 2004 until 2012.

## References

- Division of Banks – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites

- Daryl Melham's website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Banks
- **image**: Division of Banks 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Banks (green) in New South Wales
- **party-colour**: Labor
- **state**: nsw
- **created**: 1949
- **namesake**: Sir Joseph Banks
- **area**: 49
- **class**: Inner Metropolitan
Tia Carrere

**Tia Carrere** (born January 2, 1967) is an American movie and television performer. Her career was launched around 1985. She was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to Filipino parents. Her notable movies include the 1992 comedy _Wayne's World, and Disney's 2001 animated feature film Lilo and Stitch._ She began her career with the TV series _Airwolf_. Other television shows and movies followed. In 2006, she was a contestant on the show _Dancing with the Stars_.

Carrere was born in Honolulu, Hawaii.

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **embed**: yes
- **background**: solo_singer
- **instrument**: Vocals
- **genre**: Hawaiian
- **years active**: 1993-present
- **label**: Daniel Ho Creations
- **associated acts**: Daniel Ho


## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Tia Carrere
- **image**: Tia Carrere 2009.jpg
- **caption**: Tia Carrere attending "Susan G. Komen for the Cure, Susan G. Komen's 8th Annual Fashion for the Cure" event Hollywood, California on September 24, 2009
- **birth name**: Althea Rae Janairo
- **birth place**: Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.
- **occupation**: Actress, model, singer, voice actor
- **spouse**: Elie Samaha (1992–2000) (divorced)
Simon Wakelin (2002–2010) (divorced)
- **children**: 1
- **years active**: 1985–present
- **parents**: Alexander Janairo
Audrey Duhinio Janairo
Ferromagnetism

**Ferromagnetism** is a property of many materials like iron. They are magnets, so they are attracted to, or pulled towards other magnets. In physics, there are many different types of magnetism. Ferromagnetism is the strongest one. It is used every day in many technological objects, like television screens, credit cards and refrigerators.

Ferromagnets are materials that have some magnetization on their own. This means that at a temperature of absolute zero and without any magnetic field from other objects, they are still magnetic. The reason for this is that the electrons in a material have a spin. In ferromagnetic materials, the electrons like to have all the spins going one way, giving some magnetism. Usually, as the temperature is increased, the magnetization goes down. This is because the high temperature causes the electrons in the material to move around a bit more. They do not have the spins perfectly going in the same way anymore. The point at which there is no magnetization anymore is called the Curie temperature. This changes with different materials.

Some materials that are ferromagnets are: iron, cobalt, nickel. Hematite is also ferromagnetic but only above a certain temperature.

## Related pages

- Hysteresis
Division of Barton

The **Division of Barton** is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was created in 1922 and is named for Sir Edmund Barton, the first Prime Minister of Australia.

It includes the inner suburbs of Arncliffe, Banksia, Bardwell Valley, Beverley Park, Bexley, Bexley North, Brighton-Le-Sands, Carss Park, Dolls Point, Kogarah, Kogarah Bay, Kyeemagh, Monterey, Ramsgate, Ramsgate Beach, Rockdale, Sandringham, Sans Souci, Turrella and Wolli Creek and parts of Beverly Hills, Carlton, Earlwood and Kingsgrove.

## Members

|Member|Party|Term|||
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|||Frederick McDonald|Labor|1922–1925|
|||Thomas Ley|Nationalist|1925–1928|
|||James Tully|Labor|1928–1931|
|||Albert Lane|United Australia|1931–1940|
|||H. V. Evatt|Labor|1940–1958|
|||Leonard Reynolds|Labor|1958–1966|
|||William Arthur|Liberal|1966–1969|
|||Leonard Reynolds|Labor|1969–1975|
|||James Bradfield|Liberal|1975–1983|
|||Gary Punch|Labor|1983–1996|
|||Robert McClelland|Labor|1996–2013|
|||Nickolas Varvaris|Liberal|2013–2016|
|||Linda Burney|Labor|2016–2025|

Dr H. V. Evatt was the Leader of the ALP 1951–60. Evatt nearly lost the seat in 1951 and 1955, and in 1958 he moved to the safe seat of Hunter.

The first member for Barton was Labor's Frederick McDonald. He disappeared after his 1925 defeat by Nationalist Thomas Ley. It is now believed that Ley had him murdered. Ley was later found to be insane and died in Broadmoor Asylum in Britain. Robert McClelland, was Australia's Attorney-General. Linda Burney is the first Indigenous Australian woman elected to the Australian parliament.

## References

- Division of Barton – Australian Electoral Commission

## Other websites

- Nickolas Varvaris' website

## Infobox (australian electorate)

- **federal**: yes
- **name**: Barton
- **image**: Division of Barton 2010.png
- **imagesize**: 300
- **caption**: Division of Barton (green) in New South Wales
- **party-colour**: Labor
- **state**: nsw
- **created**: 1922
- **namesake**: Edmund Barton, Sir Edmund Barton
- **area**: 44
- **class**: Inner metropolitan
Spin

**Spin** may mean:
- Rotation
- Rotation period
- Spin (physics), a property of some particles like electrons
- Spin (magazine), a music magazine
- Spin-off, something new that comes from a thing that is already there
Genka calendar

, also known as _Yuan-chia li_ or _Yuan-jia li_, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (_genka reki_).  It was used from 604 to 696.

## History

The calendar was created in 425 during the _Genka_ era in Chinese history.

The  _Genka-reki_ system was brought to Japan from Korea by a Buddhist monk.  The earliest record of this calendar in Japan is in the 10th month of the 10th year of the reign of Empress Suiko (602).

Dates in the _Nihon Shoki_ before the late 7th century were likely recorded using the _Genka_ calendar system.

## Related pages

- Japanese calendar
- Sexagenary cycle
- Gihō calendar
- Taien calendar
- Goki calendar
- Semmyō calendar

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Semmyō calendar

, also known as _Semmei-reki_ or _Xuanming li_, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (_genka reki_).  It was used from the late-9th century to the late-17th century.

## History

The  _Semmyō-reki_ or _Semmei-reki_ system corrected errors in earlier calendars which were developed in China.   It was the work of Shibukawa Shunkai and Shikokawa Kōkyō.

The earliest record of this calendar is in the 8th month of the 3rd year of _Jōgan_ (861) during the reign of the Emperor Seiwa.

## Related pages

- Japanese calendar
- Sexagenary cycle
- Genka calendar
- Gihō calendar
- Taien calendar
- Goki calendar

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Gihō calendar

, also known as _Yi-feng li_ or _Rentoku-reki_, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (_genka reki_).

## History

The calendar was created in China.  It was first used in the _Rintoku_ era during the Tang Dynasty..

The  _Gihō-reki_ system was brought from Korea to Japan in _Yi-feng_ era (676-678) of the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang.  This calendar corrected errors in the _Yuan-jia li_ (Genka calendar) which was developed in China.  For a short time, both _Genka_ and _Gihō_ calendars were in use.

## Related pages

- Japanese calendar
- Sexagenary cycle
- Genka calendar
- Taien calendar
- Goki calendar
- Semmyō calendar

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Oestrous cycle

The **oestrous cycle** (U.S: estrous cycle) is the reproductive system in most mammals.

Reproductive hormones cause the cycles to start after puberty in sexually mature females. They are interrupted by non-breeding phases or by pregnancies. Usually estrous cycles continue until death.

## Differences from the menstrual cycle

Mammals share the same reproductive system, including the regulatory hypothalamic system that releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone in pulses, the pituitary that secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and the ovary itself releases sex hormones like estrogens and progesterone.

However, species vary in the details. One difference is that animals that have oestrous cycles reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead.

Another difference is sexual activity. In species with oestrous cycles, females are generally only sexually active during the oestrus phase of their cycle. This is referred to as being 'in heat'.

In contrast, females of species with menstrual cycles can be sexually active at any time in their cycle, even when they are not about to ovulate. Humans and some other primates, do not have any obvious external signs to signal when ovulation occurs (concealed ovulation). Recent research suggests that women tend to have more sexual thoughts and are more prone to sexual activity right before ovulation (estrus). Nevertheless, this is nothing as obvious as the frenzy which other mammals show during 'heat'.
Taien calendar

, also known as _Daien_ or _Daiyan_ or _Dayan_ calendar, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (_genka reki_).  It was developed in China; and it was used in Japan from about 746 to 857.

## History

The calendar was created in China.  It was first used in the 17th year of the _Kaigen_ era  during the Tang Dynasty.

The  _Taien-reki_ system corrected errors in the Genka calendar and Gihō calendar which were used in Japan in the first half of the 8th century. It was the work of Yixing, who was a Chinese astronomer.

## Related pages

- Japanese calendar
- Sexagenary cycle
- Genka calendar
- Gihō calendar
- Goki calendar
- Semmyō calendar

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Veronique Cloutier

**Veronique Cloutier** (born December 31, 1974 in Montreal, Quebec) is a television and radio presenter from Quebec who is the daughter of Carole Fullum and Guy Cloutier. She has been married to Louis Morissette since June 30, 2012, and they have three children.

In 1993, she got a job for Musique Plus, which she quit to work at Radio-Canada. In 1998, she had every week more than 1,200,000 viewers of her television show, _La Fureur_, which she hosted it five seasons. She then hosted many shows such as the _Gala de l’ADISQ_, _Stars à domicile_, _La fureur de Céline_, and _Ceci n’est pas un Bye Bye_. From 2007 to 2009, she hosted a quiz show, _Paquet Voleur_. From 2010 to 2014, she had a talk show, _Les Enfants de la télé_, and she also worked on the 2010 and 2011 _Bye Bye_.

Cloutier started in 1994 on the radio with _Le choix de Montréal_ on CKMF Radio Énergie.  In September 2004, she started a new show on Rythme FM, _Les midis de Véro_. In May 2011, she celebrated her thousandth show.  Cloutier is also an actress; her first movie was _Les dangereux_, in 2002.  In 2004, she became president of Guy Cloutier Communications, her father’s production company, which she renamed to Novem Communications.  She was in the business until 2009, when she decided to spend more time with her family.

Cloutier also had a career as a spokeswoman. From 2000 to 2006, she represented Suzuki. In 2006, she was a speaker for the Royal Canadian Mint and CHU Sainte-Justine Foundation. In 2010, her clothes collection went on the market in Aubainerie stores.  In 2012, she associated herself with Jouviance as a beauty product ambassador.

Cloutier is also active on social networks such as Facebook and Twitter.

## Related pages

- Véronique Cloutier's website
Luteinizing hormone

**Luteinizing hormone** (**LH**, **lutropin** or **lutrophin**) is a sex hormone produced by the gonadotroph cells inside the anterior pituitary gland, where it is made. It is relevant in the bodies of both men and women.

In females, LH triggers ovulation and the development (creation) of a temporary endocrine structure called the corpus luteum. This structure is found in all female mammals including humans. In males, LH has also been called interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (ICSH). In men it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. It acts together with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which means it acts synergistically with FSH in the body.

## Predicting ovulation

LH promotes high levels of progesterone compared to levels at other parts of the cycle. Luteinizing hormone levels are highest in women during the "LH surge" phase which occurs during ovulation, and is caused by high levels of estrogen (causing the negative feedback loop to switch to positive feedback, causing the brain/pituitary to release more LH). This makes the hormone useful in tests for predicting fertility and ovulation.

The detection of a surge in luteinising hormone (LH surge) usually means that ovulation will happen soon (or is at its peak). This is correct for most women. Conception, or fertilization, has the highest chance of being successful if sperm enters the vagina (such as by sexual intercourse or artificial insemination) at around the same time or on the same day the woman is ovulating (2-5 days before, with the chance going up as it gets closer, or if done on the same day as ovulation).

LH can be detected by urinary test kits. Tests are done daily, around the time when ovulation is expected.  A swing from a negative reading to a positive one in the test suggests that ovulation will occur (happen) witin 24–48 hours.

Tests may be read manually using a colour-change paper strip, or digitally with the assistance of reading electronics.

## Related pages

- Hormones: Peptide hormone, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Pregnancy
Goki calendar

, also known as _Wuji li_, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar (_genka reki_).  It was developed in China; and it was used in Japan in the mid-9th century.

## History

The  _Goki-reki_ system corrected errors in the Taien calendar which was used in Japan in the first half of the 9th century. The corrections were the work of Akasuga Manomaro.

## Related pages

- Japanese calendar
- Sexagenary cycle
- Genka calendar
- Gihō calendar
- Taien calendar
- Semmyō calendar

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, Japanese Calendar"
Shahpuri dialect

**Shahpuri** is a Punjabi dialect spoken in central-western regions of the Pakistani province of Punjab. It is, alongside Jhangochi, referred to, sometimes, as one of the oldest dialects of the Punjabi language. It is spoken in the Sargodha Division of Pakistani Punjab.

Its name is derived from the former Shahpur District (now Shahpur Tehsil, part of Sargodha District).

This dialect has great proximity and is transitional with Majhi. The dialect is spoken with accents corresponding to its neighbouring dialects, but has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi dialects.

It is spoken throughout a widespread area, mainly spoken in Sragodha and Khushab districts and also in neighbouring Mianwali, Mandi Bahuddin and Bhakkar districts; on the eastern end of the Indus River to the Jhelum River and to the western end of the Chenab River.

## Dialect-speaking areas

The dialect is spoken, in majority, within two districts of the Punjab province of Pakistan, while it is also spoken in parts of neighboring districts.
- Sargodha District
- Khushab District
- Mianwali District (in minority)
- Bhakkar District  (in minority)
- Mandi Bahauddin District (in minority)

## Differences with Majhi (spoken)

|English|Majhi|Shahpuri|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Ki, Ae|Kay, Ay||
|Kinna, Inna, Unna|Kitna, Itnna, Utnna||
|Mayre, Tayra, Oda, Saada, Tuhada, Onaanda, Da|Mayra, Tayra, Usda, Asaada, Tusada, Uneenda, Da||
|Menu, Tenu, Ohnu, Ehnu, Saanu, Tuhaanu, Onaa'nu, Nu|Menu, Tenu, Osnu, Esnu, Asaanu, Tusaanu, Onee'nu, Nu||
|Mai'n aa'n, Tu ay'n, O ay, Assaa'n/Assi nay/haa'n, Tussaa'n/Tussi O, O jaanday paye nay/in|Mai'n aa'n, Tu ay'n, O hay, Assaa'n haa'n, Tussaa'n ho, O vainday paye (h)in||
|Mai'n saa'n/aaha/si, Tu sae'n/aaha/si, O si/aaha, Assee'n/Assaa'n saa'n/aahay/si, Tussi/Tussaa'n so/aahay, O san/aahay|Mai'n aaha, Tu aahya, O aaha, Assaa'n aahay, Tussaa'n aahay, O aahay||
|Mai'n lae aavanga/aava'n da, Tu lae ayenga/aavega/ aave da, O lae ayga/aavega/ aave da, Assee/Assaa'n lae aangay/aavangay/avaa'n day, Tussi/Tussaa'n lae aaogay/aavogay/aavo day, O lae aangay/aavangay/aavan day|Mae ghin aysaa'n, Tu ghin aysay'n, O ghin aysi, Assaan ghin aysaa'n, Tussaa'n ghin ayso, O ghin aysn||
|Ja, Aa, Ho, Lae Ja, Vekh|Vanj, Aa, Ho, Ghini vanj, Dekh||
|Munda, Kurri, Zanaani/Buddi, Aadmi|Chor, Kurri, Budi, Aadmi||
|To'n, Bot/Bou'n, Fer|To'n, Bou'n, Vat||
|Ikk, Do, Nau, Das|Hikk, Do, Naa, Dah||

## Related pages

- Punjabi people
- Punjabi language
- Punjabi dialects
- Sargodha District
- Mianwali District
- Bhakkar District
- Khushab District
- Mandi Bahauddin District

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Shahpuri
- **nativename**: شَاہپوَرّی
- **states**: Pakistan
- **region**: Central-western Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Indo-Iranian languages, Indo-Iranian
- **fam3**: Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan
- **fam4**: Indo-Aryan languages#North-Western Zone, Northwestern
- **fam5**: Punjabi dialects, Punjabi
- **fam6**: Lahnda
- **script**: Shahmukhi
- **notice**: Indic
- **map**: Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg
- **mapcaption**: Map of the Punjabi dialects
Kerning

In typography, **kerning** is changing the distance between two letters to make the text easier to read. Usually, this means that letters look equally spaced, and two letters are never too close together or too far apart. If two letters are too close together or too far apart that would make it difficult to read the plain text message.

The purpose of kerning, and most other typography is to make the printed or screen text more legible, that is, easier to read, and also more attractive.

A related idea is typographic ligature. This is when two letters are formed so they fit together. In traditional metal type printing, ligatures were formed from lead in certain pairs. It is basically the same idea as kerning, but done automatically.
P.M. Dawn

**P.M. Dawn** are an American Hip hop-R&B duo from Jersey City, New Jersey. The duo consists of Prince Be, Doc.G. and K-R.O.K.

The band was created in 1988 by brothers Attrell Cordes (**Prince Be**) and former member Jarrett Cordes (**DJ Minutemix**). Attrell and Jarrett's father died when they were young so they were raised by their mother and step father George Brown, who was a founding member of Kool & The Gang. "Set Adrift on Memory Bliss" from their debut album _Of the Heart, of the Soul and of the Cross: The Utopian Experience_ is one of their best known songs and reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 as well as #3 on the United Kingdom.

Prince Be suffered a massive stroke in early 2005 and had a second stroke which caused a gangrenous infection in his right leg on February 12, 2009. His leg had to be amputated below the kneecap because of a result of the infection.

### Studio albums

- _Of the Heart, of the Soul and of the Cross: The Utopian Experience_ (1991)
- _The Bliss Album…? (Vibrations of Love and Anger and the Ponderance of Life and Existence)_ (1993)
- _Jesus Wept_ (1995)
- _Dearest Christian, I'm So Very Sorry for Bringing You Here. Love, Dad_ (1998)
- _F*cked Music_ (2000)

## Other websites

- Archived version of their Official website

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: P.M. Dawn
- **img**: PM Dawn.jpg
- **img capt**: Prince Be (left) and Doc.G (right) in 2006
- **img size**: 250px
- **landscape**: yes
- **background**: group_or_band
- **origin**: Jersey City, New Jersey, Jersey City, New Jersey, United States
- **genre**: Contemporary R&B, R&B, hip hop, New jack swing
- **years active**: 1988-_present_
- **label**: Gee Street Records, Gee Street, V2 Records, V2, Island Records, Island
- **url**: [https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.pmdawnlovesyou.com/ Official website (Archived)]
- **current members**: Prince Be
Doc.G
K-R.O.K.
- **past members**: DJ Minutemix