juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Coat of arms of Benin

**The coat of arms of Benin**, was introduced in 1964.  It was replaced in 1975.  Then it was readopted in 1990.

At the top of the emblem is the national crest that has two horns with corn in the ear and filled with sand.  These are to stand for prosperity.  Below the crest is a shield that has the actual coat of arms of Benin.

The shield is broken into four quadrants.  The top left quadrant has a castle in the style of the Somba.  This is for the history of Benin.  In the top right quadrant, is the Star of Benin.  This is the highest award of the nation.  Below this is a ship, that stands for the arrival of Europeans in Benin.  In the lower left quadrant is a palm tree.

The shield is supported by a pair of leopards, the national animal of Benin.  Below the shield is the motto of Benin (Fellowship, Justice, Work) in French.

## Infobox (coat of arms)

- **name**: Coat of arms of Benin
- **image**: Coat_of_arms_of_Benin.svg
- **image width**: 200
- **armiger**: Republic of Benin
- **year adopted**: 1990 (1964)
- **crest**: Two horns (cornucopias) with maize, corn in the ear and filled with sand
- **shield**: A Shield is broken into four quadrants: (1) Somba Castle, (2) Star of Benin, (3) Palm Tree, (4) Ship.
- **supporters**: Two leopards
- **motto**: **Fraternité, Justice, Travail**
 "Brotherhood, Justice, Work"
L'Aube nouvelle

"**L'Aube Nouvelle**" is the national anthem of Benin. In English, the name is "The Dawn of a New Day". It was written and composed by Gilbert Jean Dagnon. It was adopted when the Republic of Dahomey became independent from France in 1960.

When Dahomey became Benin in 1975, the anthem was kept, with small changes to the words to fit the new name of the country.

### French original

|French lyrics|English translation|
| --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem> Children of Benin, arise! The resounding cry of freedom Is heard at the first light of dawn, Children of Benin, arise! **I** Formerly, at her call, our ancestors Knew how to engage in mighty battles With strength, courage, ardour, and full of joy, but at the price of blood. Builders of present, you too, join forces Each day for the task stronger in unity. Build without ceasing for posterity. **II** When all around there blows a wind of anger and hate: Citizen of Benin be proud, and in a calm spirit Trusting in the future, behold your flag! In the green you read hope of spring; The red signifies the courage of your ancestors; The yellow foretells the greatest treasures. **III** Beloved Benin, your sunny mountains, palm trees, and green pastures Show everywhere your brightness; Your soil offers everyone the richest fruits. Benin, from henceforth your sons are united With one brotherly spirit sharing the hope of seeing you Enjoy abundance and happiness forever. </poem>|

### In local languages

|Fon lyrics|Yoruba lyrics|
| --- | --- |
|<poem></poem>|<poem></poem>|

## Infobox (anthem)

- **title**: L'Aube Nouvelle
- **english title**: The Dawn of a New Day
- **image**: Coat_of_arms_of_Benin.svg
- **prefix**: National
- **author**: Gilbert Jean Dagnon
- **composer**: Gilbert Jean Dagnon
- **adopted**: July 30, 1960
- **sound**: L'Aube Nouvelle.ogg
- **sound title**: L'Aube Nouvelle
Zinc finger

**Zinc finger nucleases** (or **ZFN**) was a tool used to target genes and change DNA. It was one of three methods of changing the genome with engineered nucleases. It is now superseded.

**Zinc fingers** are man-made molecules made of a protein and zinc. Each binds to a specific DNA. Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are enzymes got by fusing a zinc finger to a DNA cleavage enzyme called a _Fokl_. So the ZFN binds onto a specific DNA sequence, then snips it in two places. Regular cell enzymes stick the ends together, minus the bit snipped out (DNA repair).

Each ZFN is made to use on a single gene which is called a “target gene” or “target DNA”. They can be designed to work on specific parts of genes to create a desired change. The two types of DNA changes are mutations such as deletions and insertions. Genetics research looks at the mutated subjects (animals, plants, bacteria) to find out what the particular gene does.

## Zinc finger structure

'Zinc finger' is the name of many protein structures. The zinc atom binds the proteins and makes them more stable. ZFNs bind to DNA base pairs. One zinc finger can bind about 3 base pairs by itself.

### ZFN function

Zinc finger nucleases are made with 3-6 zinc fingers. ZFNs have two important domains: a DNA-binding domain and a DNA-cleavage domain. The DNA-cleavage domain uses an enzyme called _Fokl_ that breaks DNA.

ZFN’s can only change DNA sequences they are designed for. The DNA-binding domain binds to a specific DNA sequence. Two ZFN’s designed for the same DNA sequence are needed change one gene. The DNA-binding domains bind to both strands on the DNA double helix. DNA-cleaving domains break the DNA strand and cut the gene base pairs out. Cells fix broken DNA strands on their own using DNA repair. Deletion mutations result from missing base pairs after DNA repair.

The length of target gene sequence can also be specified. A minimum of 9 base pairs can be changed using 3 zinc fingers. This is useful for removing and inserting very short DNA sequences and determining their effect on the target gene. Also large sequences can be changed using more than one ZFN.

## Use of ZFNs

ZFNs were used to discover gene functions in many genetics studies. ZFNs could be used to change DNA on any species. Another feature of ZFNs is that they can be used _in vivo_ (in living organisms). They were used on model organisms: plants, insects, and fish.

### Problems using ZFNs

The biggest issue with ZFNs was accidentally altering genes besides the target gene. A ZFN must be made to find the right base pairs on the target gene. These base pairs are chosen so only the target gene will have them. DNA-cleavage domains work on any DNA sequence so binding to a wrong gene sequence will change it instead. ZFNs that knock out base pairs for more than one gene are not considered accurate.

## Superseded

ZFNs have now been superseded by techniques called CRISPR. Crisper techniques are easier to use, less costly and have a much wider range of uses.
Mont Sokbaro

**Mont Sokbaro** is the highest point of Benin.  The altitude is . It is on the border between Benin and Togo.

## Infobox (mountain)

- **name**: Mont Sokbaro
- **elevation m**: 658
- **listing**: List of countries by highest point, Country high point
- **location**: /
- **type**: Hill
John Lawrence

Sir **John Laird Mair Lawrence**, 1st Baron Lawrence, GCB, GCSI, PC (4 March 1811 – 27 June 1879), better known as **Lawrence of the Punjab**  was a famous British colonial officer, administrator and statesman in British India. He had the distinction of serving as the Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab and later Viceroy of India from 1864 to 1869. He was the younger brother of Sir Henry Lawrence.

The Lawrence Gardens, Lahore (now renamed _Bagh i Jinnah_) were originally named after John Lawrence.
W National Park

The **W Regional Park** is a major national park in West Africa.  It is formed around a meander in the River Niger shaped like a "W". The park includes areas of the three countries Niger, Benin and Burkina Faso.

The W National Park of Niger was formed by decree on 4 August 1954.  In 1996 it was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In the three nations, the Regional park covers about 10,000 km².  Almost no people live in this area.

## Fauna

The park is known for its large mammals, including aardvarks, baboons, buffalo, caracal, cheetahs, elephants, hippopotamuses, leopards, lions, serval and warthogs.  The park has a home for some of West Africa's last wild African Elephants. The W Park used to have packs of the endangered Painted Hunting Dog.  The National Park is one of the last strongholds for the Northwest African cheetah. There is a small but increasing population of at least 15-25 animals of this rare cat in the park.

The W area is also known for its bird populations.  There are over 350 species identified in the park.

## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: W Transborder Park
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Mekrou river in W-National Park MS 6380.JPG
- **photo caption**: Mekrou River in the W-National Park
- **map image**: WAP-Komplex englisch.svg
- **map caption**: IUCN Protected Areas of the W-Arly-Pendjari Complex, WAP complex
- **location**: Niger-Burkina Faso-Benin
- **nearest city**: Kandi, Benin, Kandi (Benin), Diapaga (Burkina Faso), La Tapoa, Tapoa (Niger)
- **area km2**: 10,000
- **established**: August 4, 1954
- **governing body**: ECOPAS, Governments of Niger, Burkina Faso, and Benin
Pendjari National Park

The **Pendjari National Park** is in north western Benin.  It is next to the Arli National Park in Burkina Faso.  It is named for the Pendjari River.  The national park is known for its wildlife and is home to some of the last populations of big game like elephants, West African lions, hippopotamuses, buffalo and various antelopes in West Africa. The Park is also famous for its variety of birds.

The Pendjari National Park has an area of 2755 square kilometres. The park is part of the WAP complex.  The WAP complex is the W, Arli and Pendjari parks. This is a large protected area in Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger.

## Infobox (unesco world heritage site)

- **child**: yes
- **part of**: Beninese part of W-Arly-Pendjari Complex
- **criteria**: (ix), (x)
- **id**: 749bis-002
- **year**: 1996
- **extension**: 2017


## Infobox (protected area)

- **name**: Pendjari National Park
- **iucn category**: II
- **photo**: Parc national de la Pendjari.JPG
- **map image**: WAP-Komplex englisch.svg
- **map caption**: IUCN Protected Areas of the WAP complex
- **location**: Benin, West Africa
- **nearest city**: Tanguieta
- **area km2**: 2755
- **website**: https://www.african-parks.org/the-parks/pendjari
Nkroful

**Nkroful** is a village in Ghana. The village is known because it was the birthplace of Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana who led the country to independence from the United Kingdom. He is also buried there.

The local language spoken in Nkroful is the Akan language dialect Nzema but Fante is also spoken.
Spring (device)

A **spring** is a device typically made of metal, usually steel.

The metal can be compressed (squeezed). When the compression force is removed, the spring returns to its original length. The metal is usually spring steel, and it is wound tightly. There is lot of varitions with size and type, example some springs have designed for pulling, not pushing. Gas-springs are often used with vehicles tailgate.

## History

Simple non-coiled springs were used throughout human history e.g., the bow. In the Bronze Age more advanced spring devices were used, as shown by the spread of tweezers in many cultures. Ctesibius of Alexandria developed a method for making bronze with spring-like characteristics by producing an alloy of bronze with an increased proportion of tin, and then hardening it by hammering after it is cast.

Coiled springs appeared early in the 15th century, in door locks.  The first spring powered-clocks appeared in that century. They evolved into the first large watches by the 16th century.

In 1676 British physicist Robert Hooke discovered the principle behind springs' action, that the force it exerts is proportional to its extension, now called Hooke's law.
Cult suicide

In a **cult suicide**, all members of a cult kill themselves.  Often, these are arranged mass suicides where all (or nearly all) members kill themselves at the same time and place.

Mass suicides among members of Heaven's Gate, Order of the Solar Temple, and the Peoples Temple have been called cult suicides. There have also been other cults (like the Filippians ) which supported mass suicide, but did not encourage all of its members to kill themselves.

## Related pages

- Destructive cult
- Doomsday cult
- Mass suicide
- Puputan

## Other websites

- "Global charts" World Health Organisation
- "The Creativity Movement"  ReligiousTolerance.org
- "From Silver Lake to Suicide: One Family's Secret History of the Jonestown Massacre"  by Barry Isaacson
Destructive cult

A **destructive cult** is a cult or other religious movement which has caused harm to its members or other people, or which will likely do so.

## Definitions

Scholars do not agree on what _harm_ really means in this context. For most researchers, it includes _physical harm_, so organisations who injure or kill their members qualify.

Some researchers also include mental abuse in this notion of harm. For example, Steven Hasaan wrote:> A destructive cult is a pyramid-shaped authoritarian regime with a person or group of people that have dictatorial control. It uses deception in recruiting new members (for example, people are not told up front what the group is, what the group actually believes and what will be expected of them if they become members).Psychologist Michael Langone defines a destructive cult as "a highly manipulative group which exploits and sometimes physically and/or psychologically damages members and recruits".

Lifton's "Eight criteria for thought reform" are also criteria to identify a destructive cult.

## Criticism

The use of the term "destructive cult" has been criticised. According to some researchers, the term has been used to describe groups which are not necessarily harmful to themselves or others. The term may be used too widely, and equated with the deaths of members of Peoples Temple at Jonestown.

Others complain that the term has been used to discredit groups. Lorne L. Dawson writes that though the Unification Church "has not been shown to be violent or volatile," it has been described as a destructive cult by "anticult crusaders".

The German Federal Constitutional Court ruled in 2002 that the German government defamed the Osho movement by referring to it, among other things, as a "destructive cult". The court decided that "destructive cult" and other expressions employed by the government to describe the group had no factual basis to justify their use.
Doomsday cult

A **doomsday cult** is a new religious movement or cult that says that the world is about to end. According to these cults, the world's end will be a catastrophe, and the only way to be saved is by joining the group and by doing what it says.

John Lofland first used the term in 1966, in a study of the Unification Church. Some researchers believe that the term should not be used by mass media or by governments, because it will reinforce the beliefs of the respective group, and lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy.

## Examples

Examples of groups said to be doomsday cults include the Peoples Temple, Aum Shinrikyo, and the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God.

### The People's Temple

_See the main articles: The People's Temple and Jim Jones_

The People's Temple was a doomsday cult founded by Jim Jones in 1955. He took a group of his followers to Guyana to start a new society. However, according to one source:> Jonestown sounded more like a slave camp than a religious center. There was talk of beatings, forced labor and imprisonments, the use of drugs to control behavior, suspicious deaths, and even rehearsals for a mass suicide.In the fall of 1978, United States Congressman Leo Ryan traveled to Guyana to investigate these allegations. Cult leaders murdered him; then, before the murder could be found out, Jim Jones ordered all 900 members at the compound to drink beverage with cyanide in it.

Not all of the deaths were voluntary. According to one source:> Surrounded by armed guards, residents were given a choice: They could die by bullet or they could die by poison. Life was never an option.Over 900 men, women, and children died in this massive murder-suicide.

### Aum Shinrikyo

In 1995, Aum Shinrikyo attacked attacked the Tokyo subway with sarin, a deadly chemical weapon. Thirteen people died and thousands more were sickened.

Aum Shinrikyo is an example of several "increasingly violent doomsday sects, inflicting mass violence on their members and, in rare cases, also on outsiders", according to author Brynjar Lia.

### The Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments

In Uganda, the Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments predicted the world would end on the 31st December 1999.  When this did not happen, people in the movement became skeptical. They had donated property to the church leader, and wanted it back.

At a religious service on 17th March 2000, the church where the service was held was lit on fire, and 530 people died.  During the inquiry, the police found other people dead at the properties owned by the movement. These individuals had likely been poisoned. In total, over 1000 people had died. The leader of the movement survived, and has not been seen since then.

### Others

Followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh have used of salmonella as a poison.
New religious movement

A **new religious movement** is a religious or spiritual group that developed after the 19th century. These groups are usually small and have short histories. They are not mainstream religions.

According to Encyclopedia Britannica: "The term _new religious movement_ has been applied to all new faiths that have arisen worldwide over the past several centuries."

## Characteristics

In most new religious movements:
- Most people in the movement converted from another religion.
- Parents and children are rarely part of the same movement.
- The members are all part of the same social group (for example, the new middle class).
- There is a charismatic leader.
- There is a clear distinction between people who are part of the movement, and those who are not. (This distinction is not so clear in mainstream religions.)
- The way the group is organised may change.

## Names

New religious movements have also been called sects and cults. These terms are problematic, though, because they have a negative connotation.

New religious movements that have been called cults include Scientology, Transcendental Meditation, Unification Church, Family International (also called _Children of God)_, the Branch Davidians, Heaven's Gate and Wicca.
Richard Hildreth

**Richard Hildreth** (June 28, 1807 – July 11, 1865), was an American journalist, author and historian.  He is best known for writing his six-volume _History of the United States of America, 1849-1853._

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Hildreth, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 270 works in 870+ publications in 11 languages and 12,800+ library holdings.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._
- _Archy Moore, the white slave; or, Memoirs of a fugitive,_ 1836
- _The history of banks; to which is added a demonstration of the advantages and necessity of free competition in the business of banking,_ 1837
- _Theory of morals an inquiry concerning the law of moral distinctions and the variations and contradictions of ethical codes,_ 1844
- _Theory of politics; an inquiry into the foundations of governments and the causes and progress of political revolutions._ 1853
- _Despotism in America: an inquiry into the nature, results, and legal basis of the slave-holding system in the United States,_ 1854
- _The history of the United States of America,_ 1854
- _Japan as it was and is,_ 1855

## Further reading

- Emerson, Donald E. (1946). _Richard Hildreth_ Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
George H. Kerr

**George H. Kerr** (November 7, 1911 – August 27, 1992), also known in Taiwan as 葛超智 (or 柯喬治), was an American diplomat, author and academic.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Kerr, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 270 works in 870+ publications in 11 languages and 12,800+ library holdings.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._

- _Du Pont romance, a reminiscent narrative of E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and company,_ 1938
- _Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945,_ 1953
- _Okinawa, the history of an island people,_ 1958
- _Formosa betrayed,_ 1965
- _Formosa: licensed revolution and the home rule movement, 1895-1945,_ 1974
- _Bibliography of the Ryukyus,_ 1961
- 琉球文献目錄 (_Bibliography of the Ryukyus_), 1962
- _The Taiwan confrontation crisis,_ 1985

## Other websites

- George H. Kerr Papers at the Online archive of California
- Formosa Betrayed full text in PDF
George Kerr

**George Kerr** may mean

- George H. Kerr, American diplomat, author and academic
- George Kerr (athlete), Olympic athlete from the British West Indies
Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt

**Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt** (July 29, 1861 – February 14, 1884) was the first wife of Teddy Roosevelt. She died in 1884. She was of Mexican descent and born in Texas. She had 1 child with her husband.
Richard Mason (historian)

**Richard Henry Pitt Mason** (3 March 1934 – 27 June 2009), also known as **R.H.P. Mason**, was an Australian academic, historian and Japanologist.  He was a professor at the Australian National University in Canberra.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Mason, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 10+ works in 50+ publications in 5 languages and 1,900+ library holdings.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._
- _A history of Japan,_ 1972 (with J.G. Caiger)
- _Japan's first general election, 1890,_ 1962
- _Saigyō,_ 1979
- 日本の第一回総選挙, 1973
- 日本の歴史, 1997
- _A map guide to Japan,_ 1968

## Other websites

- Mason, R.H.P at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Richard Mason

**Richard Mason** may refer to:

- Richard Mason (historian), also known as R.H.P. Mason
- Richard Mason (novelist), English author of _The World of Suzie Wong_
Richard Mason (novelist)

**Richard Mason** (16 May 1919-13 October 1997) was a British novelist and screenwriter.  He is best known for writing _The World of Suzie Wong_. The book was adapted into a Broadway play in 1958.  Mason's work became the basis for the 1960 film starring William Holden and Nancy Kwan.

Among Mason's film screenplays was _At Town Like Alice_. His work was nominated for the 1956 BAFTA British screenplay award.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Mason, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 20+ works in 180+ publications in 15 languages and 1,400+ library holdings.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._
- _The Wind Cannot Read,_ 1946
- _The Shadow and the Peak,_ 1949
- _The World of Suzie Wong,_ 1957
- _The Passionate Summer,_ 1958
- _The Fever Tree,_ 1962

## Other websites

- Richard Mason at IMDb
Jacques Prévert

**Jacques Prévert** (; 4 February 1900 – 11 April 1977) was a French poet and screenwriter. who wrote the screnario of _Les Enfants du Paradis_.

His parents were André Prévert and Suzanne Catusse. **Jacques Prévert** was married to Simone Dienne (1925 – 1946) then divorced and remarried to Janine Tricotet (1947 – 1977).

## Other websites

- Prévert, Jacques, 1900-1977 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
- Podcast: Audio reading of the poem "Barbara"
- http://vieadeux.biotope.ca/?p=63
Shotokan

is a school or style of karate.  It is a  martial art which was developed in Japan by Gichin Funakoshi (1868–1957).

In the past, people practiced this martial art in many countries. Shotokan is still popular in modern culture. Karate is primarily a combat sport done with bare hands. That is the meaning of _Kara-te_: _empty hand_. So then the only weapons that can be used against a fighter are parts of the body.

## History

There are many styles of karate in different parts of the world. Shotokan is a style of karate that comes mainly from a small island south of Japan named Okinawa Island.  The person who began this martial art was Gichin Funakoshi. This master practised karate all his life.  He taught for many years and he wrote a book about his art.

In 1939, Funakoshi established the first _Shotokan_ _dojo_.

## Practise

To exercise you must wear a karate uniform and a belt that tells what your level of experience is.
The order of karate belts is as follows for beginner to advanced levels: white, yellow, orange, green, blue, purple, brown and black. (The order of the belts may vary depending on the style of karate). After the black belt, there are nine more levels before finishing all notions of karate.

In a fight, you must wear shin guards, gloves, a chest protector and a mouth piece.
- The heart of karate:  In this sport, people must learn the Japanese language to understand all technic.
- The very foundation of karate Shotokan is the expression OSS. This means: heart, courage, patience, spirit and never give up.
- For welcome and to thank the Sensei (Master) this way, say OSS!

## Benefits

Karate is beneficial to maintain good physical and mental shape.  First, this discipline allows us to maintain good muscle tone. This is good for succeed as the strikes in karate take strength.
Flexibility is also developed as karate requires that one performs high kicks and jumps. In addition, better endurance is necessarily because in the fight, fighters always need a good breath.

For mental well-being, karate promotes greater self-esteem, because it is an individual sport. The students progress at their own pace and one learns to overcome. In fact, it is a physical activity, so it helps to release stress and feel less pressure. In addition, Karate improves concentration because the fighter must be more attentive to his mind and his body. Having good concentration is an advantage. When someone is hurting during a fight, with his concentration he can no longer feel pain. Also, the fighter has to watch the eyes of his opponent and thinki about what he can do to catch him off guard.

## Related pages

- Shotokai

## Other websites

- Japan Karate Association website
- _Association de karaté japonais du Québec_
- Kreimers-karate institute
- Shokosato.com
- _France Shotokan_
Acephalgic migraine

An **Acephalgic migraine**( also known as a 'Silent migraine') is a kind of migraine without the head pain.  Acephalgic is Latin for "without head pain"). Most kinds of migraines start before a person is 30-years-old but this kind of migraine usually starts sometime during middle-age, which is after 40-years-old, and becomes more common as a person gets older. Unlike other migraines, males have Acephalgic migraines more often then women do.

An acephalgic migraine may cause _neurologic dysfunction_ in some people, which is when parts of the brain does not function right, and causes different kinds of problems, such as seeing flashing lights or having blind spots, where nothing can be seen. These kinds of _neurologic dysfunction_ are known as an aura.
Anal stricture

**Anal stricture** (also called _anal stenosis_) is a medical problem that is not common; it may be _congenital_ (a baby is born with a medical problem), but usually if it does happen it is after _anorectal surgery_, which is surgery in the area of the rectum and anus. This may cause _stricture_ (when a passage in the body becomes too narrow) of the anal canal, which leads to hard or painful bowel movements.   When anal stenosis does occur it is usually after a _hemorrhoidectomy,_ which is the surgical removal of hemorrhoids; this is the cause in 90% of cases of anal stenosis.

Mild stenosis can be treated with stool softeners or fiber (which come from plant foods) supplements (in pill or powder form). When the narrowing of the anal canal is not too much, an operation called a _sphincterotomy_ can be done to correct the problem. This is an operation done on the internal anal sphincter muscle, a round muscle inside the anal canal.  In cases where the anal canal becomes very narrow, an operation called an _anoplasty_ is done. This is _reconstructive surgery_ (also known as _plastic surgery_) of the anus.
Mexican standoff

A **Mexican standoff** is a three person duel. In a two person duel the person who shoots first has the advantage. In a Mexican duel it is different. If person A shoots B, then person C has the advantage as they can shoot person A while they are busy. So in a Mexican standoff nobody wants to be the first one to shoot. As well as this, nobody can take the risk of backing down. The term is often used to describe a confrontation between two equals, where neither side will gain a winning advantage by being the first to shoot, but neither side can risk backing down. The Cold War between the USA and the Soviet Union is often described as being a Mexican standoff, with neither country prepared to be the first to risk using nuclear weapons.

The idea of a Mexican standoff is often used as part of the plot in movies.

This page mentioned, but misquoted, in the last scene of The Big Bang Theory episode #506.
Mughal dynasty

The **Mughal dynasty** (; ) was an Indian imperial dynasty, which comprised the members of the imperial **House of Babur** (; ), also known as the **Gurkanis** (; ). They ruled the Mughal Empire from  to 1857.

The Mughal dynasty is generally divided into the following:

## Early or Great Mughals

- Babur (reigned 1526-1530) founded the dynasty;
- Humayun (r: 1530–1540, then interregnum, then back in 1555-1556)
- Akbar the Great (1556-1605)
- Jahangir (1606-1627)
- Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
- Aurangzeb _Alamgir_ (1658-1707)

## Later or Lesser Mughals

- Shah Alam Bahadur Shah I (1707-1712)
- Jahandar Shah (1712-1713)
- Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719)
- Muhammad Shah _Rangeela_ (1719-1748)
- Ahmad Shah (1748-1754)
- Alamgir II (1754-1759)
- Shah Alam II (1759-1806)
- Akbar (Shah) II (1806-1837)
- Bahadur Shah Zaffar II (1837-1858)
D. H. Lawrence

**David Herbert Lawrence** (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930) was an English writer. He was born in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire. He wrote under the pen name **D. H. Lawrence**. He wrote _Sons and Lovers_, _The Rainbow_, _Odour of Chrysanthemums_, _The Virgin and The Gypsy_, _Women in Love_ and _Lady Chatterley's Lover_. He died of tuberculosis in Vence, France.

He also did some poetry and one of his poems was "Last Lesson of the Afternoon."
Falconidae

**Falconidae** is a family of birds with 60 species of diurnal birds of prey. The family has two subfamiles, Polyborinae, which includes the caracaras and forest falcons, and Falconinae, which includes the falcons, kestrels and falconets.

The peregrine falcon is another famous falcon.
Louis Cavagnari

Sir **Pierre Louis Napoleon Cavagnari**,  KCB CSI (1841–1879), was a British military administrator in British India. He was the son of Count Louis Adolphus Cavagnari, from Parma, Italy,

He later obtained naturalization as a British citizen, and entered the military service of the East India Company.In 1861 he was appointed an assistant commissioner in the Punjab region of British India, and in 1877 became deputy commissioner of Peshawar (now in Pakistan) and took part in several expeditions against the Pathan tribes.

In September 1878 he was attached to the staff of a British mission to Kabul, Afghanistan, which the Afghans refused to accept on their soil. In May 1879, after the British-Indian forces had invaded Afghanistan, and the death of Afghan Emir Sher, Cavagnari negotiated and signed the Treaty of Gandamak with Sher Ali's son and successor, Yaqub Khan. With this treaty, the Afghans agreed to admit a British representative to Kabul. The post was conferred on Cavagnari. He took up his residence in July 1879. However, on 3 September 1879, Cavagnari and the other European members of the mission, along with their guards who were made up of soldiers of the Corps of Guides, were killed after Afghan troops mutinied against them.
Corps of Guides

The **Corps of Guides** was a regiment of the British Indian Army which was formed and served mostly in the North-West Frontier Province of British India. It had a unique composition of being part infantry and part cavalry.

The idea for raising such a body of troops was Sir Henry Lawrence's. He appointed a young officer,  Lt. Harry Lumsden as its commandant and on 6 February 1847 Lumsden took over his famous command. The class or tribal composition of the men recruited for 'The Guides' was mostly of Pathans of the region. The headquarters of the Guides was at Mardan (now in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan).

After 1947 and the independence of Pakistan, the Guides regiment became part of the Pakistan Army. Its infantry section was incorporated into the Frontier Force Regiment while its cavalry side became the Guides Cavalry.
Wah Cantonment

**Wah Cantonment**, also known as **Wah** or **Wah Cantt** (Punjabi, Urdu: واہ) is a city in the Rawalpindi District in Punjab, Pakistan. It is a military garrison city that sprung up around the Pakistan Ordnance Factory and a cantonment with Pakistan Army barracks and other facilities. It has a proper market, hospital, schools, colleges and other civic facilities, and many areas for people to live.

It is near the much older Wah village, along the Grand Trunk Road  (GT Road). Wah villiage is a small but scenic and historical place. It is the birthplace of a famous Punjabi leader and statesman, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, Khattar.
Sable

The **sable** (_Martes zibellina_) is a species of marten in forest environments.
Civil union

In some countries, a **civil union** is a contract between two people which gives them rights similar to those they can obtain in marriage. In countries where it is allowed, a civil union is often available to people of the same sex; marriage is often limited to people of opposite sex. The first country to introduce civil unions was Denmark, in 1989. In Denmark, a civil union was limited to people of the same sex. These people got the same rights and duties as married people. In 2010, such couples were also allowed to adopt children. As of 2012, Denmark allows people of the same sex to marry, and the civil union is no longer available.
Louis Cullen

**Louis Michael Cullen** (born 1932) is an Irish diplomat, academic, historian, author and Japanologist.  He is Professor of Modern Irish History at Trinity College in Dublin.

## Early life

Cullen's family came from New Ross in County Wexford. He earned a Master's degree at University College Galway.  he was awarded a doctorate at the London School of Economics.

## Career

Cullen joined the Irish Diplomatic Corps.  He was posted Paris where he began research into the historic trading links between Ireland and France.

In 1963, he became a lecturer in history at Trinity College. He was appointed professor in 1972.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Cullen, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 70+ works in 150+ publications in 7 languages and 4,600+ library holdings.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._
- _Anglo-Irish Trade 1600-1800,_ 1968
- _The Formation of the Irish Economy,_ 1969
- _An Economic History of Ireland Since 1660,_ 1972
- _Négoce et industrie en France et en Irlande aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles: actes du Colloque franco-irlandais d'histoire, Bordeaux, mai, 1978,_ 1980
- _The Emergence of Modern Ireland 1600-1900,_ 1981
- _The Hidden Ireland: Reassesment of a Concept,_ 1988
- _Hidden Ireland: Reassessment of a Concept,_ 1988
- _Culture et pratiques politiques en France et en Irlande XVIe-XVIIIe siècle: actes colloque de Marseille 28 septembre-2 octobre 1988,_ 1990
- _A History of Japan 1582-1941: Internal and Eexternal Worlds,_  2003

## Other websites

- Cullen, L.M. (Louis M.) at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
Palin, Arunachal Pradesh

**Palin** is a hillstation town in the Kurung Kumey district of Arunachal Pradesh. It is inhabited by Nyishi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. It has a population of around 20,000 (2011 census).

The town has an average elevation of .

## Climate

Palin has a subtropical highland climate (Cwb in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are warm with very high rainfall. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. It has very hilly and high geographical terrain. Most of time it is covered by clouds. The area is windy in nature.

## Culture

Palin and the areas around it are mainly populated by people of the Nyishi tribe. Nyokum, an agricultural festival of the Nyishis, is the main festival celebrated in the town. Beside Nyokum, Christmas,Diwali and Dusherra are also celebrated with great pomp and Joy.

The town's has a Roman Catholic church called the Holy Rosary Church. It was consecrated by the Bishop of Itanagar. It reflects the extensive Christian influence and provides good views of Palin and the surrounding countryside.

## Places of Interest

**Holy Rosay Catholic Churh** is one of largest Catholic Church in the state. It is located at the hilltop in the town.

**Palin river** one of the tributaries of River Subansiri flows through this town .The river ideal for river rafting,fishing and for picnics.

From here tourist places like Ziro, Parshuram Kund(in Lohit), Malinithan(in Siang), Bhishmak Nagar (in Dibang Valley) are also easily accessible by roads.

## Demographics

India census, Palin has a population of 11251.
The Nyishis are the indegenious inhabitants of the area.

## Communication

Palin is situated at mid-northern part of Arunachal Pradesh. The District Highway connect Palin to the other part of Arunachal and India. Regular Bus and Tata sumo services are available from Itanagar, Ziro etc.

## Other websites

- PALIN by India travel portal
- 1962 Border War between India and China(Henderson brook report)
- Contact List for all Important Government Officials in Itanagar Includes Police, Telephone, Electricity and more

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Palin
- **native name lang**: hi
- **settlement type**: City
- **image skyline**: View of Palin Town.jpg
- **image caption**: A view of Palin
- **pushpin map**: India Arunachal Pradesh
- **pushpin label position**: left
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: India
- **subdivision type1**: States and territories of India, State
- **subdivision name1**: Arunachal Pradesh
- **subdivision type2**: List of districts of India, District
- **subdivision name2**: Kurung Kumey
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **elevation m**: 1080
- **population total**: 11251
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population density km2**: auto
- **demographics type1**: Languages
- **demographics1 title1**: Official
- **demographics1 info1**: English language, English
- **timezone1**: Indian Standard Time, IST
- **utc offset1**: +5:30
- **postal code**: 791118
- **registration plate**: 15
Veterinary medicine

**Veterinary medicine** is a branch of medicine that deals with the health of animals. It is the study and practice of preventing, diagnosing and treating disease and injuries in animals. Veterinary medicine covers all species of animals, including both domesticated animals and wild animals.

People who study and practice veterinary medicine professionally are called veterinarians (often known as "vets").

Veterinary science tries to help human health by monitoring and controlling zoonotic diseases (infectious diseases transmitted from animals to humans).

## Related pages

- Animal welfare
- Zoology
Shōtōkai

is a martial arts organisation established to teach and spread the art of karate.  Gichin Funakoshi was the leader who was most responsible for its beginning in 1936.

## Other websites

- Shotokai Encyclopedia
- _Karate-do shotokai_ Europe (KDSE)
- _Nihon Karate-do shotokai_, Japan
Ryan O'Marra

**Ryan O'Marra** (born June 9, 1987) is a Japanese-born Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played a 33 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Edmonton Oilers and the Anaheim Ducks.

O'Marra was drafted 15th overall in the 2005 NHL Entry draft by the New York Islanders but never played a game with them although he did play 8 games with their AHL farm team, Bridgeport Sound Tigers. O'Marra was born in Tokyo, Japan to Irish Canadian parents. He moved to Canada when he was one year old.

On March 26, 2015, O'Marra announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey.

## Infobox (ice hockey player)

- **image**: Ryan O'Marra 2011.jpg
- **image size**: 200px
- **caption**: O'Marra during his time with the Oklahoma City Barons in 2011
- **position**: Centre (ice hockey), Centre
- **shoots**: Right
- **birth place**: Tokyo, Japan
- **height ft**: 6
- **height in**: 2
- **weight lb**: 220
- **played for**: Edmonton Oilers
Anaheim Ducks
Coventry Blaze
- **ntl team**: Canada
- **draft**: 15th overall
- **draft year**: 2005
- **draft team**: New York Islanders
- **career start**: 2006
- **career end**: 2015
Kumagaya

is a Japanese city in Saitama Prefecture on the island of Honshu.

It has been recognized as a special city since 2009.

The city has an estimated population of 153,392 (as of 1 June 2012) and the density of  1,270.8 people per km².

## Geography

Kumagaya has a total area is 159.88 km².

## Other websites

- Kumagaya City website
Zomi Revolutionary Army

The **Zomi Revolutionary Army** (**ZRA**) is a nationalist separatist group dedicated to the defense of ethnic Zomi people. It fights for the reunification of Zomi people, whose homelands are split between in Myanmar (Chin State), Bangladesh (Chittagong Hill Tracts) and North-east India (Manipur and Mizoram). It aims to unite all Zomi people under one governing unit, known as a Zogam, meaning "land of the Zomi".
Gichin Funakoshi

was the founder of Shotokan, which is the most widely known school or style of karate.  He is known as the "father of modern karate".

Funakoshi died on 26 April 1957 in Tokyo of colon cancer, aged 88.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Funakoshi, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 30+ works in 60+ publications in 8 languages and 1,800+ library holdings.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._
- 唐手術: 錬胆護身, 1925
- 空手道教範, 1935
- 空手道一路, 1956
- _Karate-Do Kyohan: The Master Text,_ 1973
- _The Twenty Guiding Principles of Karate: The Spiritual Legacy of the Master,_ 1975
- _Karate-Do: My Way of Life,_ 1975
- _Karate-Do Nyumon: The Master Introductory Text._ 1988
- _Karate Jutsu: The Original Teachings of Master Funakoshi,_ 2001
- _The Essence of Karate,_ 2010

## Other websites

- Funakoshi, Gichin, 1870-1956 at Virtual International Authority File
Jeffrey Mass

**Jeffrey Paul Mass** (June 29, 1940 – March 30, 2001) was an American academic, historian, author and Japanologist.  He was Yamato Ichihashi Professor of Japanese History at Stanford University.

## Early life

Mass was born in New York City in 1940. He earned a BA degree in history from Hamilton College in 1961. He received his PhD. in history from Yale University in 1971.

## Career

Mass joined the Stanford University faculty in 1973.  He became a full professor in 1981.

## Selected works

In an overview of writings by and about Mass, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 30+ works in 110+ publications in 3 languages and 5,000+ library holdings.
- _This list is not finished; you can help Wikipedia by adding to it._
- _Warrior government in early medieval Japan: a study of the Kamakura Bakufu, shugo and jitō,_ 1974
- _The Kamakura bakufu: a study in documents,_ 1976
- _The development of Kamakura rule, 1180-1250: a history with documents,_ 1979
- _Court and Bakufu in Japan: essays in Kamakura history,_ 1982
- _The Bakufu in Japanese history,_ 1985
- _Lordship and inheritance in Early Medieval Japan: a study of the Kamakura Soryō system,_ 1989
- _Antiquity and anachronism in Japanese history,_ 1992
- _The origins of Japan's medieval world: courtiers, clerics, warriors, and peasants in the fourteenth century,_ 1997
- _Yoritomo and the founding of the first Bakufu: the origins of dual government in Japan,_ 1999

## Other websites

- Mass, Jeffrey P., 1940-2001 at Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
- Jeffrey P. Mass, 1940-2001 at MeijiGakuin.ac.jp
Foie gras

**Foie gras** (play /fwɑːˈɡrɑː/; French: [fwa ɡʁɑ]); French for "fat liver") is a food product made of the liver of a duck or goose that has been specially fattened. Foie gras is defined as the liver of a duck fattened by gavage (force-feeding corn), although outside of France it is occasionally produced using natural feeding.

Foie gras is a popular and well-known delicacy in French cuisine. Its flavor is described as rich, buttery, and delicate, unlike that of an ordinary duck or goose liver. Foie gras is sold whole, or is prepared into mousse, parfait or pâté (the lowest quality), and may also be served as an accompaniment to another food item, such as steak.

There is concern in animal rights circles that the way of making it is cruel.
Birdy (singer)

**Jasmine van den Bogaerde** (born 15 May 1996), also known by her stage name **Birdy**,  is an English singer-songwriter and musician.

## Early life

Birdy was born on 15 May 1996, in Lymington, England. Her father is Rupert Oliver Benjamin van den Bogaerde, a writer; her mother is Sophie Patricia (née Roper-Curzon). At an early age, she listened to classical music. Her parents were married in 1995 and have two other children: Jake, born in 1997, and Caitlin in 1999. She also has two elder half-brothers, Moses and Sam, from her father's first marriage.

## Career

Birdy won the music competition Open Mic UK in 2008, at the age of 12. Her version of Bon Iver's "Skinny Love" was successful, peaking inside the top twenty of the charts in her native United Kingdom and in some other European countries. Her eponymous first album _Birdy_ was released on 7 November 2011. the album peaked at No. 13 in the UK and in the top 5 in France, Belgium and the Netherlands and number 1 in Australia. Her second album _Fire Within _was released 23 September 2013 in the UK.

Birdy's music has appeared in the movies and on the soundtracks of _The Hunger Games_ (2012), _Brave_ (2012), _The Fault in Our Stars_ (2014), _Beyond the Lights_ (2014) and _The Edge of Seventeen_ (2016).
Staphylococcal infection

A **staphylococcal infection** (also called **staph infection**) is an infection caused by a _Staphylococcus_ bacterium. Staphylococcus can cause many different infections. It can also cause food poisoning.

## _Staphylococcus aureus_

_Staphylococcus aureus_ is a staphylococcus bacterium that can cause dangerous or even fatal diseases. Because _Staphylococcus aureus_ can live on dry surfaces, such as doorknobs or tables, for longer than most bacteria, someone can get sick from _Staphylococcus aureus_ from touching one of those surfaces if someone with a staphylococcal infection has touched it even if there is nobody who has a staphylococcal infection near them. _Staphylococcus aureus_ can also cause toxic shock syndrome by releasing toxins into the bloodstream.

### Methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_

Methicillin-resistant _Staphylococcus aureus_ is _Staphylococcus aureus_ that is not cured by the antibiotic Methicillin or any other penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics. This is called antibiotic resistance. Because penicillin and cephalosporin are the most important drugs that doctors use to treat _Staphylococcus aureus_ infections, doctors may not be able to cure people with MRSA.

## Types of staph infections

|Type|Description|Example|
| --- | --- | --- |
|Localised skin infections|Small infections that usually aren't serious|Abscesses, boils, and carbuncles|
|Diffuse skin infections|Contagious skin infections that can be serious|Impetigo|
|Deep localised infections|Infections that are often very painful but do not spread to the blood|Septicemia and necrotising pneumonia|
|Toxinoses|Toxins in the bloodstream|Gastroenteritis and toxic shock syndrome|

## Other _Staphylococcus_ bacteria

Other _Staphylococcus_ bacteria can cause infections, including _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ and _Staphylococcus saprophyticus_. _Staphylococcus epidermidis_ is a bacterium that is normally on the skin. If someone has a disease that makes his or her immune system work badly, this bacterium might give him or her an infection. _Staphylococcus saprophyticus_ can cause urinary tract infections in women.