juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
330

### Roman Empire

- May 11 – Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates Constantinople, or _Nova Roma_ (modern Istanbul), and moves the capital of the Roman Empire there from Rome. He spent 4 years building the city on the site of ancient Byzantium.  He chose the site for its location (a seaport with easy access to Anatolia and the Danube).
- The Goths devastate the city of Tanais in the Don River delta.

### Africa

- Ezana, king of Axum, extends his area of control to the west. He defeats the Nobates, and destroys the kingdom of Meroë.

#### Religion

- Frumentius is the first bishop of Ethiopia (approximate date).
- Eustathius, Patriarch of Antioch, is banished to Trajanopolis.
- The Bible is translated into the Gothic language by Wulfila.
- Pagan temples are starting to be abandoned, destroyed or left to fall into disrepair, except those that are turned into Christian churches.

## Births

- Basil the Great, bishop of Caesarea Mazaca (d. 379)
- Macrina the Younger, Christian nun and saint (d. 379)
- Moses the Black, Christian monk and priest (d. 405)
- Victricius, missionary and bishop of Rouen (approximate date)

- Iamblichus, neoplatonist philosopher
8 BC

Year **8 BC** was either a common year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Censorinus and Gallus**.

## Events

- King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni.  He fights against the Roman expansion in Bohemia.
- Arminius, son of a Cheruscan chieftain, is taken hostage to Rome where he receives a military education.

## Births

- Empress Wang (d. AD 23)

## Deaths

- Horace, Roman poet (b. 65 BC)
- Maecenas, Roman politician and patron of the arts (b. 70 BC)
- Empress Xu
336

### Roman Empire

- Emperor Constantine I is able to gain back most of Dacia for the Roman Empire.
- The first recorded customs tariff is in use in Palmyra.

#### Religion

- January 18 – Pope Mark succeeds Pope Sylvester I as the 34th pope.
- Pope Mark begins to build the basilica of San Marco. The church is devoted to St. Mark.
- Arius, Alexandrian priest, collapses in the street at Constantinople (approximate date).
- Pope Mark dies at Rome after an 11-month reign. No successor is immediately found.

## Births

- Murong De, emperor of the Xianbei state Southern Yan (d. 405)

## Deaths

- Arius, founder of Arianism
- October 7 – Pope Mark
- Rhescuporis V, king of Bosporus
428

### Roman Empire

- Bonifacius, Roman governor of Africa, asks for help from the Vandals in his revolt.
- Flavius Felix is elected consul for the Western Empire.

### Europe

- King Gunderic, age 49, dies after a reign of 21 years.  He is succeeded by his half-brother Genseric.
- King Vortigern asks Germanic warriors to help him strengthen his position in Britain.  He hires Saxons as mercenaries to fight against the Picts and the Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall.
- Chlodio, king of the Salian Franks, invades Northern Gaul.  He defeats the Roman army at Cambrai. He extends his kingdom south to the River Somme. Tournai (modern Belgium) becomes his residence.

### Asia

- Artaxias IV, last king of Greater Armenia, is deposed by Bahram V. The Arshakuni Dynasty ends and the kingdom becomes a province of the Persian Empire.

#### Astronomy

- October 26 – The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter.

#### Religion

- April 10 – Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople. He preaches a new doctrine that will be called Nestorianism. It comes under immediate attack from pope Celestine I and Cyril of Alexandria.
- Hydatius becomes bishop of _Aquae Flaviae_ in Gallaecia (modern Chaves) in Portugal.
- John succeeds Theodotus as patriarch of Antioch, and gives his support to Nestorius.
- Euthymius the Great builds a monastery in Palestine, near the Dead Sea.

## Births

- Tuoba Huang, prince of the Xianbei state Northern Wei (d. 451)

## Deaths

- Gunderic, king of the Vandals and Alans (b. 379)
- Qifu Chipan, prince of the Xianbei state Western Qin
- Theodore of Mopsuestia, bishop and theologian
422

The year **422** (CDXXII) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar.  At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Honorius and Theodosius**.  The 422 denomination was used during the Medieval era, when the Anno domini era became the method in Europe for naming years.

### Roman Empire

- End of the Roman–Sassanid War: Emperor Theodosius II signs a 100-year peace treaty with Persia after 2 years of war. Both give freedom of religion in their territories.
- March 3 – Theodosius II issues a law to form provisions in peacetime. Theodosius pays an annual tribute of 350 pounds of gold to the Huns to buy peace.
- Theodosius II receives a statue at Hebdomon. On its base (fragments are now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum), writing praises him as “everywhere and forever victorius.”
- The walls of Rome's Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) crack during an earthquake.

### Europe

- The Roman army invade Gaul. They capture and execute the Frankish king Theudemeres with his family.

### Asia

- Shao Di, age 16, eldest son of Wu Di succeeds his father as emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (China).

#### Art

- Petrus, bishop of Illyria, starts construction of Church of Santa Sabina (approximate date).

#### Religion

- September 4 – Pope Boniface I dies after a 4-year reign. His time was interrupted for 15 weeks by the faction of the antipope Eulalius. He is succeeded by Celestine I as the 43rd pope.

## Births

- Casper, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque
- Genevieve, patron saint (approximate date)
- Licinia Eudoxia, Roman empress (d. 462)

## Deaths

- Abraham of Cyrrhus, Syrian hermit and bishop
- Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler (approximate date)
- June 26 – Wu Di, emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (b. 363)
- September 4 – Pope Boniface I
- Theudemeres, king of the Franks (approximate date)
84 BC

__NOTOC__
Year **84 BC** was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar.

### Roman Republic

- The First Mithridatic War comes to an end.

## Births

- Catullus, Roman poet (approximate date) (d. c. 54 BC)
- Surena, Parthian general (d. 52 BC)

## Deaths

- Lucius Cornelius Cinna, consul, killed by mutinying troops
34 BC

Year **34 BC** was either a common year starting on Friday, Saturday or Sunday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the **Year of the Consulship of Antonius and Libo**.

## Events

- Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian made Dalmatia and Pannonia happy by forming the province of Illyricum.
- Antony regained Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona.  He sets up siege works and forces them to surrender.
- Antony goes into Armenia with an army.  He marches to the capital Artaxata. He arrests king Artavasdes II and takes him to Alexandria.
- The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra VII of Egypt.  Antony made Cleopatra a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria.  He gave her the title "Queen of Kings".

## Deaths

- Sallust, historian of the fall of the Roman Republic (b. 86 BC)
Yu Gamdong

**Yu Gamdong** (, ? - ?), also written as **Yu Gam-don**, was a dancer, poet, artist, writer, and prostitute during the Korean Joseon Dynasty.

She was the first dancer of from the nobles and a divorced women, but her dancing was condemned as obscene or disorderly.

## Related pages

- Uhwudong
- Hwang Jinyi
- Shin Saimdang
- Heo Chohui
- Na Hye-sok

## Other websites

- http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=748101
- http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_6JOa_A9999_2_0018457&curSetPos=1&curSPos=0&isEQ=true&kristalSearchArea=B
- '에너벨 청'과 조선의 '유감동' - 오마이뉴스 2000.04.29
- 조선 성 풍속사 <제11화>:일요서울
- 유감동의 奸夫가 되다, 초수리 성달생  충북일보 2011.12.23
- 풍기문란죄로 교수형에 처해진 기생, 어우동(어을우동)과 살아남은 유감동
Grand Prince Yangnyeong

**Prince Yangnyeong** or **Grand Prince Yangnyeong** (, 1394 – 1462) was a politician, prince, writer, and poet during the Korean Joseon Dynasty. He was the first son of Taejong of Joseon and first enclosed Crown Prince of Korea. His real name was Yi Je (; also written Lee Je).

## Related pages

- Sejong the Great
- Taejong of Joseon

## Other websites

- Prince Yangnyeong
- Prince Yangnyeong
- Prince Yangnyeong
- Prince Yangnyeong
- 역사인물 재조명:풍운아인가 처세의 달인인가, 양녕대군

## Infobox (royalty)

- **name**: Grand Prince Yang Nyeong
- **title**: Grand Prince of Joseon
- **reign**: 1404 - 1418
- **coronation**: 1404
- **predecessor**: Taejong of Joseon, Yi Bang-won
- **successor**: Grand Prince Hyo Ryeong
- **royal house**: House of Yi
- **father**: Taejong of Joseon
- **mother**: Queen Wonkyeong
- **birth date**: 1394
- **birth place**: Seoul
- **death date**: 1462 (aged 68)
- **death place**: Unknown
- **burial place**: Temple of Ji-duk


## Infobox (korean name)

- **title**: Korean name
- **hangul**: 양녕대군
- **rr**: Yang Nyeong Dae Gun
- **mr**: Yang Nyŏng Tae Kun
- **hangulborn**: 이제
- **rrborn**: Yi Je
- **mrborn**: Yi Che
- **hangulja**: 후백
- **rrja**: Hu Baek
- **mrja**: Hu Paek
- **hangulho**: 강정
- **rrho**: Gang Jeong
- **mrho**: Kang Jŏng
Wadō (era)

was a  after _Keiun_ and before _Reiki._  This period started in January 708 and ended in September 715. The reigning empress was .

## Events of the _Wadō_ era

- **5 May 708** (_Wadō 1, 11th day of the 4th month_): A sample of copper from Musashi Province was given to the empress.
- **708** (_Wadō 1, 3rd month_):  is named Minister of the Right (_udaijin_).  Iso-kami Marō is given the office of Minister of the Left (_sadaijin_).
- **709** (_Wadō 2, 3rd month_): There was an uprising in Mutsu Province and in Echigo Province.
- **709** (_Wadō 2, 5th month_): An ambassador was received from the Korean kingdom of Silla.
- **710** (_Wadō 3_): Japan's capital city was established in Nara (_Heijō-kyō_).
- **712** (_Wadō 5_): The _Kojiki_ was finished.
- **712** (_Wadō 5_): Dewa Province and Mutsu are separated.
- **713** (_Wadō 6, 3rd month_):  Tamba Province was separated from Tango Province. Mimasaka Province was divided from Bizen Province. Hyūga Province was divided from Ōsumi Province.
- Wadō 6, 5th month, 2nd day (713): Empress orders work to begin on official reports (_fudoki_} about the history and geography of the provinces.
- **713** (_Wadō 6_): Road between Mino Province and Shinano Province was made wider.  Also, the road was made wider the Kiso District of what is today Nagano Prefecture.
- **715** (_Wadō 8_): Empress Gemmei abdicated in favor of her daughter.

## Related pages

- Asuka period
- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Wadō|1st|2nd|3rd|4th|5th|6th|7th|8th|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
||708|709|710|711|712|713|714|715|
ISO 639-2

**ISO 639** is a set of international standard<nowiki/>s that lists short codes for language names. First there was ISO 639-1. To list more languages, ISO 639-2 was made. Later versions include ISO 639-3 and ISO 639-5.

Each language has a 3 letter code.  The list below shows all the codes in ISO 639-2.
ISO 639-3

The **ISO 639-3** is the third version of a set of international standards that lists short codes for language names. Such codes are also known as language codes. Before this version was out, there was already ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2, but due to the increase in languages being added to the database, ISO639-3 was therefore released, and all language codes have three letters, unlike the previous two, which allowed two letters in the code.

Each known language has a 3 letter code, and requests to add additional languages into the database can be made at the SIL International website. The standard was published by ISO on 2007-02-05.

## Other websites

- SIL International website for ISO639-3 language codes
Vehicle registration plate

A **vehicle registration plate** is a metal or plastic plate on a motor vehicle or trailer.  It is used for official identification purposes. There is a numeric or alphanumeric (meaning that the code is made up of numbers and letters) code that identifies the vehicle. In some countries, the identifier is unique in the entire country.  In other countries, it is unique in a state or province. Sometimes the identifier is for a person and sometimes for a vehicle. Each country calls a vehicle registration plate something different. Some examples are **license plate** or **tag** (US), **licence plate** (Canada), **number plate** or **registration plate** (UK).
Armenian dram

The **dram** (Armenian: **Դրամ**) is the money of Armenia. It is divided into 100 **luma**. The word "dram" translates into English as "money".  It is similar to the Greek drachma and the Arabic dirham. The Central Bank of Armenia is the only place that can print drams.

The first time the word dram was used for money in Armenia was from 1199 to 1375.  The current dram began to be used 22 November 1993. This was after Armenia was no longer part of the Soviet Union.

## Other websites

- Central Bank of Armenia
- Armenian Currency Exchange
- Central Bank of Armenia next day USD to AMD exchange rate prediction Engine
- Armemian Dram Sign History, shape, and promotion of Armenian Dram Sign
- Coin Types from Armenia Lists, pictures, and values of Armenian coin types
- The banknotes of Armenia
Telephone numbers in Armenia

Below is how the telephone numbering system in Armenia works.  The calling code for Armenia is +374.

## Dialing plan

The dialing plan is as below:

### Calling Armenia from abroad

From abroad to Yerevan, marzes, mobile network, Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel. network and unrecognised Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:
   **+ 374 + Destination Code + Subscriber Number**           (to Yerevan, regions(marzes))
   **+ 374 + Mobile Network Code + Mobile Subscriber Number** (to mobile network)
   **+ 374 + 47 + Subscriber Number**                         (to NK fixed telephone network)
   **+ 374 + 97 + Subscriber Number**                         (to NK mobile network)

### Calling from Armenia

From Yerevan, marzes, mobile network and Nagorno-Karabakh (Azerbaijan) to abroad:
   **00 + Country Code + Destination Code + Subscriber Number**

### Calling within Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh

**0 + Destination Code + Subscriber Number**

### Calling Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia

From Yerevan, marzes and mobile network to Nagorno-Karabakh fixed tel. network and Nagorno-Karabakh mobile network:
   **0 + 47 + Subscriber Number**                      (to NK fixed telephone network)
   **0 + 97 + Subscriber Number**                      (to NK mobile network)
Aragatsotn Province

**Aragatsotn** is a province (_marz_) of Armenia.  It is in the west of the country.  The capital is Ashtarak. The name means "a foot of Aragats".  During the Arsacid Dynasty of the Kingdom of Armenia, the region was part of the Ayrarat province.  It was ruled by the Amatuni noble family with its capital at Oshakan.

Aragatsotn's western edge forms part of Armenia's border with Turkey.

There are 3 urban communities and 111 rural communities.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Aragatsotn
- **native name**: Արագածոտն
- **native name lang**: hy
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Province
- **image map**: Armenia locater map aragatsotn.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Aragatsotn within Armenia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Ashtarak
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Gagik Gyozalyan
- **area total km2**: 2753
- **area water percent**: Negligible
- **area rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 5th
- **population total**: 126278
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 9th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC+04
- **timezone1 dst**: UTC+05
- **postal code type**: postal codes in Armenia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 0201-0514
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AM, AM.AG
- **blank name**: FIPS 10-4
- **blank info**: AM01
- **website**: [http://aragatsotn.gov.am/ aragatsotn.gov.am]
Ararat Province

**Ararat** is a province of Armenia.  The capital is Artashat.  It is named after Mount Ararat.  The province borders Turkey to the west and Azerbaijan to the south.

Two former Armenian capitals are in this region (Artashat (Artaxata) and Dvin).  The Khor Virap monastery was the place of Gregory the Illuminator's 13-year imprisonment.

In 1993 and again in 1995, CYMA (Canadian Youth Mission to Armenia) worked in Ararat province. They built community centers, fixed schools, had a children's day camp and gave aid to families affected by the Nagorno-Karabakh War.  CYMA co-founders Archbishop Hovnan Derderian and Ronald Alepian chose Ararat due to its well-organized youth movement.

There are 4 urban communities and 93 rural communities.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Ararat
- **native name**: Արարատ
- **native name lang**: hy
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Province
- **image caption**: Ararat Province administration in Artashat
- **image map**: Ararat.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Ararat within Armenia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Artashat
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Aramayis Grigoryan(2013)
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 2096
- **area water percent**: Negligible
- **area rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 9th
- **population total**: 252665
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 5th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC+04
- **timezone1 dst**: UTC+05
- **postal code type**: postal codes in Armenia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 0601-0823
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AM, AM.AR
- **blank name**: FIPS 10-4
- **blank info**: AM02
- **website**: [http://ararat.gov.am/ ararat.gov.am]
Armavir Province

**Armavir** is a province of Armenia.  The capital is Armavir. It is in the west of the country, between Mount Ararat and Mount Aragats. It shares a 45-mile border with Turkey to the south and west. The province has the Holy City of Echmiadzin.  Echmiadzin is the center of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the seat of the Catholicos of Armenia and of All Armenians.  Also in this region is the historic city of Sardarapat.  It was the site of the 1918 Battle of Sardarapat.

Armavir is the smallest province of the country.  There are 3 urban communities and 94 rural communities.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Armavir
- **native name lang**: hy
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Province
- **image map**: Armavir.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Armavir within Armenia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Armavir, Armenia, Armavir
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Ashot Ghahramanyan
- **area total km2**: 1242
- **area water percent**: Negligible
- **area rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 10th
- **population total**: 282600
- **population as of**: 2009
- **population rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 3rd
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC+04
- **timezone1 dst**: UTC+05
- **postal code type**: postal codes in Armenia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 0901-1149
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AM, AM.AV
- **blank name**: FIPS 10-4
- **blank info**: AM03
- **website**: [http://armavir.gov.am/ official website]
New York Public Library

The **New York Public Library** (**NYPL**) is a public library system in New York City. It is the second largest public library in the United States.

The library has branches in the boroughs of Manhattan, Bronx and Staten Island.  The branch libraries are open to the general public.

## History

John Astor gave $400,000 for the creation of a public library. which was built in 1854.

The size and importance of the library grew along with the city.

## Other websites

- New York Public Library website
- _New York Times_, "British Architect to Redesign City Library," October 22, 2008; "Sacking a Palace of Culture,"  April 21, 2012
Reiki (era)

was a  after _Wadō_ and before _Yōrō._  This period started in September 715 and ended in November 717. The reigning empress was .

## Events of the _Reiki_ era

- **715** (_Reiki 1_): In the 7th year of Gemmei's reign, the empress abdicated; and her daughter received the succession (_senso_).  Soon after, Empress Genshō's new role as empress is confirmed with ceremonies (_sokui_).

## Related pages

- Nara period

## Other websites

- National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

|Reiki|1st|2nd|3rd|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
||715|716|717|
LGBT rights in Thailand

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Thailand may face legal challenges that non-LGBT residents don't have to. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal in Thailand. Same-sex couples and families headed by same-sex couples cannot get the same legal protections that opposite-sex couples can.

Thai LGBT people "still [in 2014,] face discrimination affecting their social rights and job opportunities"; they also "face difficulty gaining acceptance for non-traditional sexuality, even though the tourism authority has been promoting Thailand as a gay-friendly country".

In May 2009, the Thai Red Cross reaffirmed its ban of men who have sex with males (MSM) becoming blood donors, despite campaigns to change this policy. Gender-Reassignment Operations have been performed in Thailand since 1975, and Thailand is among the most popular destinations globally for patients seeking Gender-Reassignment Operations.

|Same-sex sexual activity legal|(Since 1956)|
| --- | --- |
|Equal age of consent|(Since 1997)|
|Anti-discrimination laws in employment|(Since 2015)|
|Anti-discrimination laws in the provision of goods and services|(Since 2015)|
|Anti-discrimination laws in all other areas (incl. indirect discrimination, hate speech)||
|Same-sex marriages||
|Recognition of same-sex couples|(Pending)|
|Step-child adoption by same-sex couples||
|Joint adoption by same-sex couples||
|Gays and lesbians allowed to serve openly in the military|(Since 2005)|
|Right to change legal gender|(Pending)|
|Right to change sex surgically||
|Conversion therapy banned on minors||
|Homosexuality declassified as an illness|(Since 2002)|
|Access to IVF for lesbians||
|Commercial surrogacy for gay male couples||
|MSMs allowed to donate blood||
LGBT rights in Myanmar

**Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender** (LGBT) people in Myanmar face legal challenges and discrimination that non-LGBT people do not. Same-sex sexual activity is illegal within the Union of Myanmar and people found guilty may have to pay fines or go to prison for many years. The government used to be more authoritarian which made it difficult to get accurate information about the legal or social status of LGBT people in Myanmar. In recent years, better media coverage, better civil freedoms, and ongoing political reforms have allowed LGBT people to gain more recognition in the country.

Under past governments, no LGBT political or social life could exist. People in Myanmar have very conservative views about human sexuality. In Myanmar, no formal gay bars or LGBT human rights groups exist yet, but there are some nightclubs in cities that have a reputation for both heterosexual and LGBT visitors. Myanmar also celebrated its first gay pride in several cities around the country in 2012 to mark the International Day Against Homophobia, Biphobia and Transphobia.

Aung Myo Min, the Human Rights Minister of the Myanmar government and an openly gay man, has been involved in the All Burma Students Democratic Front (ABSDF). In 2021 he talked about diversity in the new National Unity Government in Myanmar which fights homophobia. Today he is involved with Myanmar human rights organizations, including the Campaign for Lesbian Gay Rights in Burma. In 2003, Focus Asia (Star TV) aired a story about the Nat Kadaws. The "Utopia Guide to Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar & Vietnam" references "Transgender shaman channelling spirits at Myanmar sacred festivals."
Gegharkunik Province

**Gegharkunik** is a province of Armenia.  Its capital is Gavar. Gegharkunik was named after Gegham.  Gegham was a Haykazuni King and the fifth generation after Hayk.  Geghama mountains and Geghama lake, now called Lake Sevan, were named after Gegham.

Gegharkunik Province is in the east of Armenia.  It borders Azerbaijan. It is the largest province in Armenia.  Much of the land is covered by Lake Sevan. There are 5 towns and 87 rural communities.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Gegharkunik
- **native name**: Գեղարքունիք
- **native name lang**: hy
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Province
- **image shield**: Gegharkunik Province Coat of Arms.jpg
- **image map**: Gegharkunik in Armenia (non-controlled hatched).svg
- **map caption**: Location of Gegharkunik within Armenia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **seat type**: Capital

- **seat**: Gavar
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Gnel Sanosyan
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 5,349
- **area water percent**: 23.8%
- **area rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 1st
- **population total**: 235,075
- **population as of**: 2011
- **population rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 7th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: Armenia Time, AMT (UTC+04)
- **postal code type**: postal codes in Armenia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 1201–1626
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AM, AM.GR
- **blank name**: FIPS 10-4
- **blank info**: AM04
- **blank name sec2**: Human Development Index, HDI (2017)
- **blank info sec2**: 0.724
 · List of Armenian provinces by Human Development Index, 9th
- **website**: [http://gegharkunik.mtad.am/ Official website]
Kotayk Province

**Kotayk** or **Kotaik** is a province of Armenia. It is in the centre of the country. The capital is Hrazdan.  It is best known for its world-renowned beer of the same name.  Tourist towns are Garni and Geghard.  Also the popular winter sports resort Tsakhkadzor is where Soviet Armenian physiologist Leon Orbeli was born.

There are 7 towns and 60 rural communities.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Kotayk
- **native name**: Կոտայք
- **native name lang**: hy
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Province
- **image caption**: Kotayk Province administration in Hrazdan
- **image shield**: Kotayk marz gerb.jpg
- **image map**: Kotayk.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Kotayk within Armenia
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **seat type**: Capital
- **seat**: Hrazdan
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Kovalenko Shahgeldyan
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 2089
- **area water percent**: Negligible
- **area rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 8th
- **population total**: 241337
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 6th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC+04
- **timezone1 dst**: UTC+05
- **postal code type**: postal codes in Armenia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 2201–2506
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AM, AM.KT
- **blank name**: FIPS 10-4
- **blank info**: AM05
- **website**: [http://kotayk.gov.am/ kotayk.gov.am]
Lori Province

**Lori**  is a  province of Armenia.  It is in the north of the country.  It borders Georgia.   The capital is Vanadzor. Stepanavan is the second largest city.  It is home to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites of Haghpat and Sanahin and the well-preserved Akhtala monastery.

It was damaged by the 1988 Spitak earthquake.

Lori is the birthplace of several famous Armenians.  These include musician Sayat-Nova, poet Hovhannes Tumanyan, Soviet aircraft designer Artem Mikoyan, and Soviet statesman Anastas Mikoyan.

There are 8 urban communities and 105 rural communities.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Lori
- **native name**: Լոռի
- **native name lang**: hy
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Province
- **image skyline**: Vanadzor-marzpan.jpg
- **image caption**: Lori Province administration in Vanadzor
- **image shield**: Lori marz coa.gif
- **image map**: Lori.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Lori within Armenia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Vanadzor
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Aram Kocharyan
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 3789
- **area water percent**: Negligible
- **area rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 3rd
- **population total**: 253351
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 4th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC+04
- **timezone1 dst**: UTC+05
- **postal code type**: postal codes in Armenia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 1701-2117
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AM, AM.LO
- **blank name**: FIPS 10-4
- **blank info**: AM06
- **website**: [http://lori.gov.am/ official website]
Shirak Province

**Shirak** is a province of Armenia.  It is in the north-west of the country.  It borders Turkey in the west and Georgia in the north.  The capital is Gyumri. Shirak is known as the homeland of khash. Shirak is served by Shirak International Airport near Gyumri.

There are 3 urban communities and 116 rural.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Shirak
- **native name**: Շիրակ
- **native name lang**: hy
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Province
- **image caption**: Shirak Province administration in Gyumri
- **image map**: Shirak.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Shirak within Armenia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Gyumri
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Ashot Giziryan
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 2681
- **area water percent**: Negligible
- **area rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 6th
- **population total**: 257242
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 2nd
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC+04
- **timezone1 dst**: UTC+05
- **postal code type**: postal codes in Armenia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 2601-3126
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AM, AM-SH
- **blank name**: FIPS 10-4
- **blank info**: AM07
- **website**: [http://www.shirakinfo.am/ www.shirakinfo.am]
Syunik Province

**Syunik** is the southernmost province of Armenia. It borders Iran to the south.  The capital is Kapan.  Other important cities and towns include Goris, Sisian, Meghri, Agarak, and Dastakert.  The National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia (ARMSTAT) reported its population was 152,900 in 2010.

Historically, Syunik was one of the 15 provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia.  It was part of the Persian Empire around 369.

Syunik is home to many of Armenia's largest mining operations.  There are 7 urban communities and 102 rural communities.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Syunik
- **native name**: Սյունիք
- **native name lang**: hy
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Province
- **image map**: Syunik.svg
- **map caption**: Location of Syunik within Armenia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Kapan
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Suren Khachatryan
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 4506
- **area water percent**: Negligible
- **area rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 2nd
- **population total**: 152900
- **population as of**: 2010
- **population rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 8th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC+04
- **timezone1 dst**: UTC+05
- **postal code type**: postal codes in Armenia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 3201-3519
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AM, AM-SU
- **blank name**: FIPS 10-4
- **blank info**: AM08
- **website**: [http://syunik.gov.am/ syunik.gov.am]
369

#### Roman Empire

- Spring – Emperor Valens crosses the Danube at Noviodunum (Romania), and attacks the Gothic tribes (Greuthungi and Tervingi). Their king Athanaric is defeated and ‘forced to flee for his life’. He asks for peace. The treaty includes free trade and an agreement to provide troops for tribute.
- Fritigern becomes king of the Visigoths. He asked Valens and the Thracian army for help. They end the civil war, and Fritigern becomes Christian.

#### Persia

- Persian King Shapur II occupies the pro-Roman kingdom of Armenia.

#### Asia

- Chinese troops of the Jin Dynasty are defeated by Former Yan of the Xianbei.
- Goguryeo invades Baekje.

#### Arts and sciences

- Wulfila makes a Gothic alphabet composed of letters based on Greek and Roman letters, as well as some Germanic runes. He converts the Goths to ("Arian") Christianity.

## Births

- Huan Xuan, warlord and emperor of the Jin Dynasty (d. 404)
Sakurai, Nara

is a Japanese city in Nara Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History

Sakurai is home to Ōmiwa Shrine.  It is one of the oldest Shinto shrines in Japan.

The shrine is linked with brewing sake.

According to tradition, Sakurai was sometimes the site of an Imperial Palace, including
- Hatsuse no Asakura Palace during the reign of Emperor Yūryaku
- Iware no Mikakuri Palace during the reign of Emperor Seinei
- Hatsuse no Minaki Palace during the reign of Emperor Buretsu
- Iware no Tamaho Palace during the reign of Emperor Keitai
- Hinokuma no Iorino Palace during the reign of Emperor Senka
- Osata no Sakitama Palace or _Osada no Miya_ during the reign of Emperor Bidatsu

Sakurai is part of Yukio Mishima's novel, _Runaway Horses_.

## Related pages

- Capital of Japan

## Other websites

- Sakurai City website
Boogie Nights

***Boogie Nights*** is a 1997 American drama movie written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, and starring Mark Wahlberg, Julianne Moore, Burt Reynolds, Don Cheadle, John C. Reilly, Philip Seymour Hoffman, William H. Macy and Heather Graham. It follows the life of a pornographic actor in San Fernando Valley. The film was initially rated NC-17 but was cut for a R rating. The film received positive reviews from critics.
Tavush Province

**Tavush** is a province of Armenia.  It is in the north of Armenia.  It has borders with Georgia and Azerbaijan. It is well known for its mountains. Tavush got its name from the historical area of Armenia – Tavush gavar.  Tavush gavar was a part of Great Armenia.

There are 4 urban communities and 58 rural communities.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Tavush
- **native name**: Տավուշ
- **native name lang**: hy
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Province
- **image map**: Tavush.svg
- **map alt**: Location of Tavush within Armenia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Ijevan
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Armen Ghularyan
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 2704
- **area water percent**: Negligible
- **area rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 4th
- **population total**: 121963
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 10th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC+04
- **timezone1 dst**: UTC+05
- **postal code type**: postal codes in Armenia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 3901-4216
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AM, AM.TV
- **blank name**: FIPS 10-4
- **blank info**: AM09
- **website**: [http://www.tavushinfo.am/ www.tavushinfo.am]
Vayots Dzor Province

**Vayots Dzor** is a province of Armenia.  It is in the south-east of the country. It borders Azerbaijan in the east. There were 53,230 people in 2002. The capital is Yeghegnadzor.  The name means "Valley of Woes".  This is because there were many bad earthquakes in the area.

There are 3 urban communities and 41 rural communities.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Vayots Dzor
- **native name**: Վայոց Ձոր
- **native name lang**: hy
- **settlement type**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Province
- **image shield**: Vajots Dzor marz gerb.jpg
- **image map**: Vayots Dzor.svg
- **map alt**: Location of Vayots Dzor within Armenia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **seat type**: Capital city, Capital
- **seat**: Yeghegnadzor
- **leader title**: Governor
- **leader name**: Sergey Bagratyan
- **unit pref**: Metric
- **area total km2**: 2308
- **area water percent**: Negligible
- **area rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 7th
- **population total**: 53230
- **population as of**: 2002
- **population rank**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, 11th
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone1**: UTC+04
- **timezone1 dst**: UTC+05
- **postal code type**: postal codes in Armenia, Postal code
- **postal code**: 3601-3810
- **iso code**: ISO 3166-2:AM, AM-VD
- **blank name**: FIPS 10-4
- **blank info**: AM10
- **website**: [http://vdzor.gov.am/ vdzor.gov.am]
Tenri, Nara

is a Japanese city in Nara Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

## History

The Isonokami Shrine is in Tenri.  A town grew up around the shrine.

According to tradition, Tenri was the site of the  Hirotaka Palace (_Hirotak no miya_) when Emperor Ninken lived there.

Tenri is the center of the Tenrikyo religion.

## Related pages

- Capital of Japan

## Other websites

- Tenri City website
UTC+04:00

**UTC+04:00** makes clocks 4 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.

These are the places who are on the UTC−04:00 time zone.

## As standard time (all year round)

- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Georgia (Georgia moved from zone UTC+04 to UTC+03 on June 27, 2004, then back to UTC+04 on March 27, 2005)
- Mauritius (Mauritius tried DST in 2008 but decided not to continue)
- Oman
- Réunion (France)
- Russia  (Samara Time)
- Seychelles
- United Arab Emirates (including Dubai, Abu Dhabi)
UTC+05:00

**UTC+05:00** makes clocks 5 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time. It is the time zone for:
- Pakistan Standard Time
- West Asia Standard Time
- Yekaterinburg Time in Russia

These are the places who are on the UTC+05:00 time zone.

### Central Asia

- Kazakhstan
    - western part - Aktobe Province, Atyrau Province, Mangystau Province, West Kazakhstan Province
- Tajikistan
- Uzbekistan
- Turkmenistan

### South Asia

- Pakistan

### Indian Ocean

- Australia - Heard and MacDonald Islands
- France - French Southern and Antarctic Lands
- Maldives
Postal codes in Armenia

**Postal codes in Armenia** have four digits.  Until April 1, 2006, they had six digits.  For example, the previous postal code for the Foreign Ministry was Yerevan 375010.  It is now Yerevan 0010.
Ashtarak

**Ashtarak** is an industrial city in Armenia.  It is on the left bank of Kasagh River. It is the capital of Aragatsotn Province. There are 21,600 people.

Ashtarak is one of the oldest cities of Armenia. It was formed in the 9th century and reconstructed in the 17th century.

An interesting sight is an unusual bridge that crosses the Kasagh River. It was built in 1664.  It has three arches that are unequal in size.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Ashtarak
- **native name**: Աշտարակ
- **image skyline**: Ashtarak coll. 2012.jpg
- **image caption**: From top left:<div style="background:#fee8ab;">

Ashtarak town • Ashtarak bridge of 1664
Karmravor Church • Saint Marianeh Church, Ashtarak, Saint Marianeh Church • Saint Sarkis Church of Ashtarak, Surp Sarkis Church
House-museum of Perch Proshyan • the statue of Nerses V, Nerses Ashtaraketsi</div>
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image seal**: Coat of Arms of Ashtarak.png
- **pushpin map**: Armenia
- **mapsize**: 300px
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: Armenia
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Marz
- **subdivision name1**: Aragatsotn Province, Aragatsotn
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Tovmas Shahverdyan
- **established title**: First mentioned
- **established date**: 9th century
- **established title2**: City status
- **established date2**: 1963
- **area total km2**: 7.5
- **population as of**: 2011 census
- **population total**: 18,834
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Armenia Time, AMT
- **utc offset**: +4
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 0201-0205
- **area code**: (+374) 232
- **elevation m**: 1110
- **website**: [http://ashtarak.am/ Official website]
- **footnotes**: Sources: Population
Artashat, Armenia

**Artashat** is a city in Armenia.  It is on Araks River. Artashat is the capital of Ararat Province. The name is  from Iranian languages and means the "joy of Arta". It was founded by King Artashes I in 176 B.C. Artashat was the capital of the Kingdom of Armenia from 185 BC until 120 AD.

There are 25,300 people.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Artashat
- **image skyline**: Artashat collection.jpg
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **image caption**: From top left:<div style="background:#fee8ab;">

View of Artashat • Statue of King Artaxias I
Apricot farms  • Surp Hovhannes Church
World War II memorial • Downtown Artashat</div>
- **pushpin map**: Armenia
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Marz
- **subdivision name1**: Ararat Province, Ararat
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1945
- **area total km2**: 18.3
- **population as of**: 2011 census
- **population total**: 22,269
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Armenia Time, AMT
- **utc offset**: +4
- **elevation m**: 830
- **postal code type**: ZIP
- **postal code**: 0701-0706
- **area code**: +374 (235)
- **registration plate**: 25
- **website**: [http://www.artashat.am/Pages/Home/Default.aspx Official web]
- **footnotes**: Sources: Population
Armavir, Armenia

**Armavir** () is a city in western Armenia. In 2008 there were 26,387 people. It is the capital of the Armavir Province. People have lived in Armavir since the 5th-6th millennium B.C.

Armavir was an old capital of Armenia.  It is a very ancient city and is said to have been founded by King Aramais in 1980 BC. King Argishti I of Urartu built a fortress in the area.  He named it Argishtikhinili. During Antiquity, Armavir was taken by the Seleucids, Parthians, Roman Empire, Sassanids and Byzantine Empire before it was taken over by the Arabs in 645.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **official name**: Armavir
- **image skyline**: Armavir central square.jpg
- **image caption**: The cultural palace (left) and town hall (right) at the Armavir central square
- **imagesize**: 300px
- **pushpin map**: Armenia
- **mapsize**: 150px
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: Administrative divisions of Armenia, Marz
- **subdivision name1**: Armavir Province, Armavir
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1931
- **established title2**: City status
- **established date2**: 1947
- **area total km2**: 8.51
- **population as of**: 2011 census
- **population total**: 29,319
- **population density km2**: auto
- **timezone**: Armenia Time, AMT
- **utc offset**: +4
- **elevation m**: 870
- **postal code type**: Postal code
- **postal code**: 0901-0918
- **area code**: (+374) 237
- **website**: [http://armavircity.am/ Official website]
- **footnotes**: Sources: Population
20th century BC

The **20th century BC** is a century which lasted from the year 2000 BC to 1901 BC.

## Events

- 2000 BC: Arrival of the ancestors of the Latins in Italy.
- 2000 BC: Town of Mantua was presumably founded.
- 2000 BC: Stonehenge is believed to have been completed.
- 2000 BC: Farmers and herders traveled south from Ethiopia and settle in Kenya.
- 2000 BC: Horses were tamed and used for transport.
- c. 2000 BC: First of the Minoan palaces on Crete.
- c. 2000 BC: Site of palace complex Knossos started to become occupied.
- c. 2000 BC: Decline of Harappan civilization began.
- c. 2000 BC: Bronze Age began in north Ancient China.
- c. 2000 BC – Torso, from Harappa, Indus Valley Civilization, was made. It is now kept at National Museum, New Delhi.
- c. 2000 BC-1900 BC – Torso of a "priest-king", from Mohenjo-Daro, Indus Valley civilization, was made. It is now kept at National Museum of Pakistan, Karachi.
- 2000 BC: possible date when, according to religious scriptures, Abraham founded Judaism.
- 2040 BC – 1556 BC: Xia Dynasty in China, Olmec civilization (Mesoamerica).
- 2064 BC – 1986 BC: Twin Dynasty wars in Egypt.
- c. 2000 BC: Middle Jōmon period ended in Japan.
- c. 2000 BC: Vessel, from Asahi Mound, Toyama Prefecture, was made. Jōmon period. It is now kept at Collection of Tokyo University.
- c. 2000 BC: Dogū, from Kurokoma, Yamanashi Prefecture, was made. Jōmon period. It is now kept at Tokyo National Museum.
- 1991 BC: Egypt: Pharaoh Mentuhotep IV died. End of Eleventh Dynasty. Pharaoh Amenemhat I started to rule. Start of Twelfth Dynasty.
- c. 1985 BC: Political authority became less centralized in Ancient Egypt.
- c. 1985 BC – 1795 BC: Rock-cut tombs at Beni Hasan were made. Twelfth Dynasty.
- 5c. 1985 BC – 1795 BC: "Hippopotamus", from the tomb of Senbi (governor) (Tomb B.3) at Meir was made. Twelfth Dynasty. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.
- February 27, 1953 BC: A very close alignment of the naked-eye planets took place in which these planets are together in a span of 4.3 degrees.
- c. 1942 BC: The so-called king of Leubingen (today part of Sömmerda) was buried in a large barrow within a  stone cairn inside a ring ditch.
- 1932 BC: Amorite conquest of Ur.
- c. 1928 BC – 1895 BC: "Harvest scene", tempera facsimile by Nina de Garis Davies of wall painting in the tomb of Khnumhotep, Beni Hasan. Twelfth Dynasty.
- 1913 BC – 1903 BC: Egyptian-Nubian war.

## Inventions, discoveries, introductions

- 2000 BC—First written accounts of schizophrenia.
- c. 2000 BC – Glass appears.
- 1950 BC—The copper bar cubit of Nippur defines the Sumerian cubit as 51.72 cm.

## In fiction

- ~1600 BC: Setting for _Valley of the Kings_ (Cecilia Holland)
- 2000 BC: See _Stonehenge_ (novel)
19th century BC

The **19th century BC** was the century that lasted from 1900 BC to 1801 BC.

## Events

- Hittite empire in Hattusa, Anatolia.
- 1900 BC: Proto-Greek invasions of Greece.
- c. 1900 BC: Minoan Old Palace (Protopalatial) period starts in Crete.
- c. 1900 BC: Fall of last Sumerian dynasty.
- c. 1900 BC: Late Harappan Phase of the Indus Valley Civilization begins
- c. 1900 BC: The Mokaya along the Pacific coast of present-day Chiapas, Mexico were preparing cacao beverages.
- c. 1900 BC: Port of Lothal is abandoned.
- c. 1897 BC: Senwosret II (Twelfth Dynasty) started to rule. He built Kahun near his pyramide tomb complex at el-Lahun.
- c. 1895–1878 BC: "Pectoral of Senwosret II", from the tomb of princess Sithathoryunet at el-Lahun was made. It is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.
- c. 1880 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II starts to rule (other date is 1897 BC).
- c. 1878 BC: Senwosret III started to rule.
- 1876 BC: Israelites enter Egypt after two years of famine (according to one interpretation of internal Biblical chronology; an alternate date is 1986 BC).
- c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret II dies (other date is 1878 BC).
- c. 1874 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III starts to rule (other date is 1878 BC).
- c. 1860 BC: Senusret III inspects the Nubian frontier, he leads four battles against the Nubians.
- c. 1855 BC: Pharaoh Senwosret III dies (other date is 1839 BC).
- 1836 BC-1818 BC: Head statue of Senusret III is made. It is now at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.

## Significant persons

- 1807–1797 BC—Amenemhat III of Egypt