juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
École navale

The ***École navale*** is a military school and grande école training line officers in the French Navy.  It is located in the naval base of Lanvéoc-Poulmic (close to Brest), France.

## Degrees

Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees:
- _Ingénieur École naval_ (_École navale_ Graduate engineer Masters level program) ;
- _Mastères Spécialisés_
- Seafaring Courses.

It trains navy pilots, military engineers and technicians.

## Famous former students

- Anne-Ségolène Abscheidt, French professor and naval engineer
- Jacques Cousteau, French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher
- Michel Serres, French philosopher and author

## Other websites

- Official website

## Infobox (university)

- **name**: École navale
- **established**: 1830
- **type**: Public, military school
- **students**: 1,500
- **city**: Lanvéoc-Poulmic
- **campus**: Naval Base of Lanvéoc-Poulmic
- **country**: France
- **affiliations**: _Conférence des Grandes Écoles_
- **website**: https://www.ecole-navale.fr
Số đề

**Số đề** is an illegal gambling game in Vietnam based on lottery results.

The game uses the last two digits of the lottery prizes from Vietnam's 27 official government lottery draws, with the special prize called "đề" and the other prizes called "lô". There are various ways to play, such as betting on the combination of "lô" and "đề", betting on the first and last digits, or betting on consecutive numbers, depending on the period.

The players of "số đề" are typically rich people, who hire others to select the numbers for them. The number selectors can be poor, unemployed, ticket sellers, or street vendors.

In Hanoi, there is a developed system of "số đề" agents that operates in connection with lottery retailers and tea shops, and their activities are quite open. Some players have even switched to playing "số đề" through the Internet.

The game "số đề" has negative consequences. The majority of players suffer losses, but due to greed and desire for revenge, they continue playing without stopping. As a result, their mental well-being is haunted by numbers, their health deteriorates, they experience strained family relationships and social reputation, and many end up in debt and live in secrecy.
Whitford, New Zealand

**Whitford** is a rural town southeast of Auckland. There are multiple versions of how the town was named and many thought it was named after Richard Whitford who operated a flax mill in the town. In the recent years have seen urban growth in Beachlands and in Ormiston subdivisons saw the village seeing included traffic flow.

## Infobox (mapframe)

- **zoom**: 13


## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Whitford
- **area total km2**: 1.20
- **population total**: 147
- **population as of**: 2018 census
- **population density km2**: auto
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision name**: New Zealand
- **subdivision type1**: Region
- **subdivision name1**: Auckland Region
- **subdivision type2**: Ward
- **subdivision name2**: Franklin ward
- **subdivision type3**: Board
- **subdivision name3**: Franklin Local Board
- **leader title**: Territorial Authority
- **leader name**: Auckland Council
- **seat type**: Electorates
Ingénieurs et scientifiques de France

The **Ingénieurs et scientifiques de France** (**IESF**), named before _Conseil national des Ingénieurs et Scientifiques de France_ (CNISF), is an association, created in 1992 in order to be representative in France and abroad of French engineers and scientists.

It is composed by former students associations and societies.

It is managed by Aurélien Guez.

## Further reading

- Official website
Candy and a Currant Bun

"**Candy and a Currant Bun**" is a 1967 song by Pink Floyd and is the B-side to their single _Arnold Layne_. Its lyrical content is about casual sex and drugs. It was covered by The Mars Volta in 2008.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Candy and a Currant Bun
- **caption**: Side B of UK single; solid centre variant
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Pink Floyd
- **a-side**: Arnold Layne
- **released**: 10 March 1967
- **recorded**: 29 January 1967 at
Sound Techniques (studio), Sound Techniques Studios
(London, United Kingdom)
27 February 1967 at
Abbey Road Studios, EMI Studios
(London, United Kingdom)
- **genre**: Psychedelic pop
- **length**: 2:38
- **label**: Columbia (EMI) (UK)
Tower Records (record label), Tower/Capitol Records, Capitol (US)
- **writer**: Syd Barrett
- **producer**: Joe Boyd
Renaissance (Lionel Richie album)

***Renaissance*** is the sixth studio album by Lionel Richie. It was released on 16 October, 2000 through Island Def Jam. It went to number 3 in Germany, number 5 in Austria, number 6 in Switzerland, number 10 in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, number 16 in Poland and number 62 in the United States. It received mixed reviews.

## Track listing

- Notes
- <sup></sup> signifies a vocal producer
- <sup></sup> signifies a remixer
- <sup></sup> On some editions, the track "Don't You Ever Go Away" is replaced by "I Forgot".

## Infobox (album)

- **name**: Renaissance
- **type**: Studio album
- **artist**: Lionel Richie
- **released**: October 16, 2000
- **genre**: *Pop music, Pop
*dance-pop
*contemporary R&B, R&B
- **length**: 52:06 (standard)
- **label**: The Island Def Jam Music Group, Island Def Jam
- **producer**: *Skip Miller (executive producer, exec.)
*Walter Afanasieff
*LaShawn Daniels
*Fred Jerkins III
*Rodney Jerkins
*Brian Rawling
*Daryl Simmons
*Mark Taylor (record producer), Mark Taylor
*Lloyd Tolbert
*Joe Wolfe
- **prev title**: Time (Lionel Richie album), Time
- **prev year**: 1998
- **next title**: Encore (Lionel Richie album), Encore
- **next year**: 2002
Gas heater

A **gas heater** is a heater used to heat a room or outside area by burning natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, propane, or butane.

## Operation

A gas heater controls its cycle by using a mechanical or electronic thermostat.  Gas flow is turned on with a valve. The gas is lit by an electric filament or pilot light. Flames heat a radiator in the air duct, convection or a fan may distribute the heat to the room.

## Non-flued heaters

Non-flued heaters – also known as **unvented heaters**, **vent-free heaters,** or **flueless fires,** are either permanently installed or can be moved around, and sometimes will have a catalytic converter.  Non-flued heaters can be not safe if safety rules are not followed. There must be enough ventilation and they must be kept clean. They should always be switched off before sleeping. If they are operating correctly then the main emissions of a non-flued gas heater are water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.

## Flued heaters

Flued heaters are permanently installed wherever they are placed. The flue, if properly installed correctly should remove all of the heater emissions. A correctly operating flued gas heater is safe for use.

Not all flued heaters are allowed for use in indoor living spaces. Some flued gas heaters can be used indoors, but not where people eat or sleep. For example, the normal power-vented garage unit heater in North America. These heaters are best in garages, commercial areas, or industrial spaces. They are not good where people live.
Oil heater

An **oil heater**, also known as an **oil-filled heater**, **oil-filled radiator**, or **column heater**, is a form of heater used in home heating. Although they are filled with oil, it is electrically heated and does not involve burning any oil.

## Function

Oil heaters consist of metal columns that are hollow inside, where heat transfer oil flows freely around the heater. A heating element at the base of the heater heats the oil, which flow the heater by convection and then to the area around the heater by air convection and thermal radiation. The columns of oil heaters are constructed as thin fins so that the surface area of the metal columns is large compared to the amount of oil and element which provides the warmth. A large surface area allows more air to be in contact with the heater at any point in time, allowing for the heat to be transferred more effectively. This results in a surface temperature that is safe enough to touch. The heating level is controlled by a thermostat.

## Efficiency

Oil heaters cost more to run and provide far less heating than gas heaters, they are still used in bedrooms and other small-to-medium-sized enclosed areas. This is because gas heaters, especially without a flue, are not suitable for bedroom use. Gas heaters cannot be used in confined spaces due to the reduced oxygen, and the emissions produced. This leaves electrically powered heaters, such as oil heaters, fan heaters, and heat pumps, as the only alternatives.
Gary Tomlin

**Gary Tomlin** is an American soap opera actor. He also co-wrote with Elisabetta Gnone.
Tromsø University College

**Tromsø University College** (Norwegian: ), or **HiTø**, was a college in Tromsø, Norway. It was made in 1994. It was made through merging four colleges: Tromsø Teacher College, Tromsø Maritime College, Tromsø Nursing College, and Northern Norway Music Conservatory. The college teached things like healthcare, engineering, business administration, teaching, and the arts.

Students at Tromsø University College had access to healthcare, housing, and other things.

In 2009, Tromsø University College became part of the University of Tromsø. The merger between Tromsø University College and the University of Tromsø was done to improve higher education in Norway. The goal was to simplify the system. This was done by bringing the two schools together. The University of Tromsø now offers undergraduate and graduate programs. They now teach different things like humanities, social things, nature, and technology.
Aurelia Cotta

**Aurelia** was the mother of Gaius Iulius Caesar. She was probably born around 120 BC. She died in the year 54 BC. The Roman historian Tacitus wrote that she was a good mother. Because her father had the surname Cotta, she is sometimes called Aurelia Cotta. The family of the Aurelii Cottae had a lot of influence during that time.
Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland

**Margaret of Denmark** (23 June 1456 – 14 July 1486) was Queen of Scotland from 1469 to 1486 by marriage to King James III. She was the daughter of Christian I, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and Dorothea of Brandenburg.

## Infobox (royalty)

- **consort**: yes
- **name**: Margaret of Denmark
- **succession**: Queen consort of Scotland
- **image**: Margaret of Scotland (1469) by Hugo van der Goes.jpg
- **caption**: Margaret depicted in the _Trinity Altarpiece_ by Hugo van der Goes,  1480
- **reign**: July 1469 – 14 July 1486
- **issue**: James IV of Scotland
James Stewart, Duke of Ross, James, Duke of Ross
John Stewart, Earl of Mar (d. 1503), John, Earl of Mar
- **house**: House of Oldenburg, Oldenburg
- **father**: Christian I of Denmark
- **mother**: Dorothea of Brandenburg
- **birth date**: 23 June 1456
- **birth place**: Copenhagen Castle, Copenhagen, Denmark
- **death place**: Stirling Castle, Stirling, Scotland
- **burial place**: Cambuskenneth Abbey
- **religion**: Roman Catholic
Export beer

**Export beer** is a kind of beer with around 5% alcohol by volume. It has a longer shelf-life, so transporting (and exporting) it was easier. It is usually stronger in taste than Lager beer. As special yeast is used, export beer only became available year round when there were chillers. The kinds of yeast used need a temperature of between 4 and 9 degrees Celsius for fermentation. Traditionally, there are three kinds of export beers: Dortmunder, Münchner, and Wiener. In the 1970s, people started to prefer Pilsner over export beer.

_Dortmunder_ was first brewed in 1843, in Dortmund. Because of industrialization, cooling was readily available which allowed Dortmund to become one of the important sites of brewing in Europe. At first, Dortmunder was associated with what the workers drank. Today, Dortmunder is a protected designation of origin. It needs to be brewed in Dortmund, with the local water. Dortmunder Exportbier has a golden color.

_Münchner Export_ is brewed in Munich, and exists in different colors. Unlike with Dortmunder and Wiener, where the hops is the component giving the most taste, with Münchner it is the malt. Traditionally, Münchner Export uses darker malt, and is darker in color.

_Wiener Export_ is  not brewed very much anymore. It is between Dortmunder and Münchner, in color.

## References

- Oliver Volmerich: _Hopfen und Malz – Dortmunder Bier- und Brauereigeschichte._ Wartberg-Verlag, Gudensberg 2009, ISBN 978-3-8313-2102-5.
Theloderma nagalandense

The **Nagaland tree frog** (_Theloderma nagalandense_) is a frog.  It lives in India. Scientists have seen it in two places. Both places are in Nagaland State, one 1196 meters above sea level and one 1421 meters above sea level.

Scientists found one frog near a town, so they think the frogs might be able to live in places that humans have changed. They think the frogs probably live in trees and lay eggs in holes in trees that have water in them because that is what other frogs in _Theloderma_ do, but they do not know for sure.
The Guns of Brixton

"**The Guns of Brixton**" is a 1979 song by The Clash and was originally taken from their third studio album _London Calling_. It has reggae sounding song and was written by Paul Simonon who grew up in Brixton. It was released as a single in 1990 as Return to Brixton and when to number 57 in the United Kingdom. It was covered by Jimmy Cliff in 2011.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: The Guns of Brixton
- **artist**: the Clash
- **album**: London Calling
- **released**: 14 December 1979
- **recorded**: August–September, November 1979
- **studio**: Wessex Studios, Wessex, London
- **genre**: Reggae
- **length**: 3:07
- **label**: CBS Records International, CBS
- **writer**: Paul Simonon
- **producer**: Guy Stevens
Deadpan

**Deadpan comedy** (also known as **dry humor** or **deadpan humor**) is a style of comedy where jokes or absurd stories are delivered emotionlessly. Because this emotionless ("deadpan") delivery differs so much from the humor and absurdity of the comment, there is a unique comedic effect. This effect often catches the audience off guard, heightening the comedy of the situation.

## Origins

Deadpan comedy has roots in vaudeville and the silent film era, where comedians like Buster Keaton and Charlie Chaplin mastered the art of deadpan delivery. However, it became more popular in the mid-20th century with comedians like Jack Benny and Bob Newhart, who used deadpan comedy as a key part of their acts. Quickly, deadpan humor gained popularity among audiences.

### Delivery

One of the key characteristics of deadpan comedy is the delivery. Comedians who employ this style maintain an expressionless demeanor while delivering jokes or performing absurd actions. They do not laugh or smile, and often use deadpan pauses and minimal gestures to enhance the comedic effect.

This contrast between the serious delivery and the humorous content creates a sense of irony and surprise, eliciting laughter from the audience.

### Timing

Deadpan comedy relies heavily on timing and subtlety. Comedians use precise pauses and deadpan reactions to build anticipation and deliver punchlines with maximum impact. The success of the joke depends on the perfect balance between the delivery and the content. Too much emotion or exaggeration can ruin the deadpan effect, while too little can make the humor go unnoticed.

### Versatility

One of the strengths of deadpan comedy is its versatility. It can be used in a wide range of comedic situations, from one-line jokes and observational humor to satire. Deadpan comedy often plays with the expectations of the audience, subverting traditional comedic tropes and challenging societal norms. It can be used to highlight the absurdity of everyday situations or to make social and political commentary in a subtle and thought-provoking manner.

## Impact

Deadpan comedy has had a significant impact on the comedy landscape. It has influenced numerous comedians and comedic actors who have adopted the deadpan style in their performances.

Comedians like Steven Wright, Mitch Hedberg, and Demetri Martin have achieved great success with their deadpan delivery, using it as a unique selling point in their acts. Television shows like "The Office" and "Parks and Recreation" have also popularized deadpan humor, with characters delivering lines with a straight face and deadpan delivery, often leading to hilariously awkward situations.

Deadpan comedy is not specific to any particular culture. Comedians from different countries have embraced this style and adapted it to their own comedic traditions.
Attic fan

An **attic fan**, is a fan that controls the heat level of a building's attic by removing the hot air. A thermostat is used to turn the fan off and on based on the heat level, while sometimes a manual switch is used. An attic fan can be gable mounted or roof mounted. Extra vents are required to draw in fresh air as the hot air is exhausted. Attic fans are typically used in warmer months when temperatures in an attic can get above . A fan may be installed in an attic for the purpose of cooling a whole house by venting hot air out via the attic. These fans are often called whole-house fans.

Mechanical attic ventilation fans may be powered in a variety of different ways. Most attic vents fitted to homes are powered off electricity supplied by the power meter. A trend towards solar-powered attic ventilators is observable in the interest of conserving electricity and lowering monthly utility bills. Wind-powered roof turbines, often referred to as "whirly-birds", are also used to ventilate attics and other confined spaces.

## Wiring methods

Attic fans may be wired in different ways. Normally, the fan is wired directly into an electric circuit and is controlled by a thermostat commonly ranging from  to . It may also be hardwired but turned on and off using a switch. Another method is to have the fan plugged into an electric outlet mounted nearby. An environmentally friendly method is to wire a fan to a roof-mounted solar panel.
The Daily Ittefaq

**The Daily Ittefaq** is a Bengali language daily newspaper. this newspaper format is broadsheet and is printed by _Ittefaq Group_ of Publications Limited.

## Role in Liberation War of Bangladesh

The _Ittefaq_ office was burnt down and completely demolished on March 25, 1971, by the Pakistan Army as part of Operation Searchlight. The newspaper received Taka 100,000 (equivalent to £8,300 in 1971) as compensation from the Pakistan government. This enabled Barrister Mainul Hosein to resume publishing, under the watchful eye of the authorities, on May 21, 1971, from the Daily Pakistan Press. For the remainder of the Bangladesh Liberation War the paper was a mouthpiece for Yahya and Tikka Khan, and severely criticised the freedom fighters.

After the newspaper _The Daily Sangram_ called Serajuddin Hossain (also transliterated Seraj Uddin Hossain), executive editor of _The Daily Ittefaq_, the editor was abducted December 10, 1971, and never found. During Bangladesh's war crimes trials in 2012, Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed, a Jamaat-e-Islami party member, was charged with Hossain's murder.

## Present

Ownership was returned to Manik Mia's sons after nationalization on August 24, 1975. Tasmima Hossain is the editor. _The Daily Ittefaq_ features all the standard sections of a modern daily newspaper like political news, economic, sports, education, entertainment, and general and local news.

## Online edition

This newspaper offers a daily Bengali electronic edition on its website and an English edition aimed at a younger audience.

This news portal has also E-paper.

## Related pages

- Bangladesh Pratidin
- Prothom Alo
- Dainik Target

## Infobox (newspaper)

- **type**: Daily newspaper
- **format**: Broadsheet
- **founder**: Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani and Yar Mohammad Khan
- **owners**: Ittefaq Group of Publications Ltd.
- **editor**: Tasmima Hossain
- **language**: Bengali language, Bengali
- **headquarters**: 40, Karwan Bazar, Dhaka 1215; Kazlarper Demra, Dhaka 1232
Chiller

A **chiller** is a machine that removes heat from a liquid through an vapor compression, adsorption refrigeration, or absorption refrigeration cycles. This liquid can then be moved through a heat exchanger to cool equipment. Refrigeration makes waste heat as a byproduct that must be removed from it or for greater efficiency it can be recovered for heating purposes. Vapor compression chillers may use any of a number of different types of compressors.The most used today are the hermetic scroll, semi-hermetic screw, or centrifugal compressors. The condensing side of the chiller can be either air or water-cooled. The chiller is often cooled by an induced or forced draft cooling tower. Absorption and adsorption chillers need a heat source to work.

Chilled water is used to cool and dehumidify air. This is used in large commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings. For example, schools, hospitals, and factories. Water-cooled chillers can be liquid-cooled (through cooling towers), air-cooled, or evaporatively cooled. Water or liquid-cooled systems can be more efficient and have environmental impact advantages over air-cooled systems.

## Use in air conditioning

In air conditioning systems, chilled coolant, normally chilled water mixed with ethylene glycol, from a chiller in an air conditioning or cooling plant is distributed to heat exchangers, or **coils**, in air handlers or other types of devices which cool the air in that area. The water is then brought back to the chiller to be cooled again. These cooling coils transfer sensible heat and latent heat from the air to the chilled water. This cools and usually dehumidifies the air. A chiller for air conditioning applications is rated between  and , and at least two manufacturers (York international and LG) can produce chillers capable of up to  cooling. Chilled water temperatures (leaving from the chiller) usually range from , depending upon application requirements. Chillers will get water at 12°C (entering temperature), and cool it to 7°C (leaving temperature).

When the chillers for air conditioning systems are in need of repair or replacement emergency chillers may be used to supply chilled water. Rental chillers are mounted on a trailer so that they can be quickly brought to the site. Large chilled water hoses are used to connect rental chillers and air conditioning systems.
Hip to Be Square

"**Hip to Be Square**" is a 1986 song by Huey Lewis and the News. It is the second single from their fourth studio album _Fore!_. It went to number 3 in the United States, number 9 in New Zealand, number 12 in Finland, number 14 in Canada, number 17 in Australia, number 28 in the Netherlands, number 29 in Ireland, number 32 in Spain and number 41 in the United Kingdom. It was later used in the 2000 movie _American Psycho_.

## Track listing

- 7-inch single
1. "Hip to Be Square"
1. "Some of My Lies Are True" (Remix)

- 12-inch single
- Remixed by Shep Pettibone
1. "Hip to Be Square" (Dance remix) – 6:05
1. "Hip to Be Square" (Dub mix) – 5:11

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Hip to Be Square
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Huey Lewis and the News
- **album**: Fore!
- **b-side**: "Some of My Lies Are True" (Remix)
- **released**: October 6, 1986
- **recorded**: 1986
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **length**: 4:01
- **label**: Chrysalis Records, Chrysalis
- **writer**: Bill Gibson
Sean Hopper
Huey Lewis
- **producer**: Huey Lewis and the News
- **prev title**: Stuck with You
- **prev year**: 1986
- **next title**: Jacob's Ladder (Huey Lewis and the News song), Jacob's Ladder
- **next year**: 1986
She Looks So Perfect

"**She Looks So Perfect**" is a 2014 song by Australian band 5 Seconds of Summer and is the leading single from their debut studio album _5 Seconds of Summer_. It topped the single charts in Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the United Kingdom and went to number 24 in the United States.

## Track listing

- Notes
- <sup></sup> signifies an additional producer
- <sup></sup> signifies a vocal producer

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: She Looks So Perfect
- **type**: single
- **artist**: 5 Seconds of Summer
- **album**: 5 Seconds of Summer (album), 5 Seconds of Summer
- **recorded**: 2013
- **prev title**: Out of My Limit
- **prev year**: 2012
- **next title**: Don't Stop (5 Seconds of Summer song), Don't Stop
- **next year**: 2014
Ranghar

**Ranghar** is a term referred to the Muslim Rajputs who were initially Hindus but later converted to Islam.  They were especially associated with the 1st Horse regiment, known as Skinner's Horse. The Ranghars are native to the Indian state of Haryana and also settled in the Doab region of Uttar Pradesh and Delhi and can now also be found in Himachal Pradesh and Delhi as well as in the Pakistani provinces of Sindh and Punjab. Following the partition of India in 1947, a large number of Ranghars from Uttar Pradesh migrated to Sindh, mostly settling in Karachi.

The Ranghars are Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi school and follow both Deobandi and Barelvi traditions of South Asia. The Ranghar use titles such as Rana, Rao, and Kunwar before their given names, and commonly adopt Khan as a surname. They speak Ranghari, a dialect of Haryanvi, which is still used by many in both Pakistan and India. Ranghars from Uttar Pradesh often speak Khariboli among themselves and Urdu with outsiders.

## History and origin

Ranghars were known as Muslim Rajputs. The Ranghar can be roughly divided into sub-groups, conveniently divided by the Yamuna river. Those to the west of the river remained as pastoralists much longer than the Yamuna Ranghar, who were all settled agriculturist by the start of the 19th century. The partition of India further divided these two groups, with the trans Yamuna Ranghar emigrating to Pakistan, while those of the Doab region remaining in India. They comprise a large numbered of dispersed intermarrying clans. These exogamous groups are made up of myriad landholding patrilineages of varying genealogical depth, ritual, and social status called biradaries or brotherhoods scattered in the various districts of western Uttar Pradesh. The biradari, or lineage is one of the principal point of reference for the Ranghars, and all biradaris claim descent from a common ancestor. Often biradaris inhabit a cluster of villages called chaurasis (84 villages), chatisis (36 villages) and chabisis (26 villages). An example of a chatisa is that of the Chauhan Ranghar of the Agauta pargana of Bulandshahr District of Uttar Pradesh.
Garamond

****

**Garamond** is the name for a group of serif typefaces. They were created by Parisian typesetter Claude Garamond and Jean Jannon in the 16th century, or they are based on his works. The typefaces use serifs. As these typefaces are very well suited for reading, they are often used in printed books.

## Related pages

- Times New roman
Species description

When a new species is discovered, it needs to be described. This is known as **species description**. Today, this description is done in the form of an article or paper, published in a scientific journal. The scientific description has to follow strict rules. The person who is the author of the scientific article is also the person who is seen as the one who discovered the species. Usually, he or she can propose a name for the species. If the article has many authors, all of them are seen as discoverers of the species.  Describing a species belongs to taxonomy.

## History

Species descriptions have also been done in historic times. That way, Aristotle's History of Animals  is probably among the first such publications. The book was published around 343 BC. In it, Aristole describes some of the creatures of his homeland, mostly fish and invertebrates. He also included a few mythical creatures, such as the manticore.

In the year 77 AD, Pliny the Elder described several species, in his work Natural History. He probably read Aristonle's work, as he also describes many of the mythical creatures Aristole does.

In the 13th century, the didactic text _Konungs skuggsjá_ was written. It had many descriptions of whales, seals, and monsters of the Icelandic seas. The descriptions were short, and often contained errors. The descriptions include those of a mermaid, and of a large sea monster called Hafgufa. At first, the author did not want it,  because he thought it was too big, but felt it was important enough to be included in his descriptions. Today, we know that the Hafgufa does not exist.

Carl Linnaeus wrote _Systema Naturae_ in 1735. He was the first to use the modern system of taxonomy, which is still used today.
In da Club

"**In da Club**" is a 2003 song by American rapper 50 Cent and is the lead single from his debut studio album _Get Rich or Die Tryin'_. It topped the single charts in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, Switzerland and the United States. It went to the top ten in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Scotland, Sweden and the United Kingdom. It also went to number 16 in France. The song was nominated for 2 Grammy Awards in 2004, but lost to Eminem's song "Lose Yourself". The music video for Eminem's song "Without Me" appears on a TV screen.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: In da Club
- **type**: single
- **artist**: 50 Cent
- **album**: Get Rich or Die Tryin'
- **b-side**: "Back Down"
* "Wanksta"
- **recorded**: June 2002
- **genre**: * East Coast hip hop
* gangsta rap
- **label**: * Aftermath Entertainment, Aftermath
* Shady Records, Shady
* Interscope Records, Interscope
- **prev title**: Wanksta
- **prev year**: 2002
- **next title**: Magic Stick
- **next year**: 2003
Linas, Essonne

**Linas** is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Essonne department in north France. In 2020, 6,864 people lived in the commune. The inhabitants are known as _Linois_. Linas is known for its motor racing circuit Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry. It has a church called Saint-Merry.

## Other websites

- Official website
- Mayors of Essonne Association

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Linas
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Mairie Linas.JPG
- **caption**: The town hall in Linas
- **image coat of arms**: Blason ville fr Linas (Essonne).svg
- **insee**: 91339
- **postal code**: 91310
- **arrondissement**: Palaiseau
- **canton**: Longjumeau
- **intercommunality**: Paris-Saclay
- **mayor**: Christian Lardiere
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **elevation min m**: 46
- **elevation max m**: 168
- **area km2**: 7.51
Candy Shop

"**Candy Shop**" is a 2005 song by American rapper 50 Cent featuring American R&B singer Olivia and is the second single from his second studio album _The Massacre_. It topped the single charts in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland and the United States. It went to the top ten in Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland and the United Kingdom. The song was nominated for an Grammy Award in 2006 and was nominated for MTV Video Music Award in 2005.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Candy Shop
- **type**: single
- **artist**: 50 Cent featuring Olivia Longott, Olivia
- **album**: The Massacre
- **b-side**: Disco Inferno
- **released**: February 8, 2005
- **recorded**: 2004
- **length**: 3:29
- **chronology**: 50 Cent
- **prev title**: Hate It or Love It
- **prev year**: 2005
- **next title**: MJB da MVP
- **next year**: 2005
Disco Inferno (50 Cent song)

"**Disco Inferno**" is a 2004 song by American rapper 50 Cent and is the lead single from his second studio album _The Massacre_ (2005). It went to number 3 in the United States and number 87 in the United Kingdom. The song was nominated for an Grammy Award in 2006, but lost to Kanye West's song "Gold Digger".

## Track listing

- **12" vinyl**
1. "Disco Inferno" (Explicit) - 3:34
1. "Disco Inferno" (Clean) - 3:34
1. "Disco Inferno" (Instrumental) - 3:34
1. "Disco Inferno" (Acapella) - 3:28
- **CD single**
1. "Disco Inferno" (Explicit) - 3:34
1. "Window Shopper" - 2:38
1. "Best Friend" (featuring Olivia) - 4:08
1. "Disco Inferno" (Ringtone) - 0:38

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Disco Inferno
- **type**: single
- **artist**: 50 Cent
- **album**: The Massacre
- **released**: September 18, 2004
- **recorded**: 2004
- **genre**: Hip hop music, Hip hop
- **length**: 3:34
- **producer**: Dangerous LLC
- **prev title**: How We Do (song), How We Do
- **prev year**: 2004
- **next title**: Hate It or Love It
- **next year**: 2005
Ukrainian State

**Ukrainian State** (_Українська Держава_, _Ukrainska Derzhava_) was the official name of Ukraine under government of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky, announced on 29 April 1918. The structure of the state was a Ukrainian variant of a constitutional monarchy, based on some aspects of Cossack Hetmanate. On 14 December 1918 the Hetman's government has fallen.

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Ukrainian State
- **native name**: Українська Держава
- **image flag**: Flag of Ukraine.svg
- **image coat**: Coat of arms of the Ukrainian State.svg
- **national anthem**: <small>(Ukrainian language, Ukrainian)</small>
<small>(transliteration)
_Ukraine's glory has not perished_</small>
- **image map**: Location of the Ukrainian State.png
- **capital**: Kyiv
- **demonym**: Ukrainian
- **government type**: Provisional constitutional monarchy under authoritarianism, authoritarian conservatism, conservative military dictatorship
- **leader title1**: Hetman
- **leader name1**: Pavlo Skoropadskyi
- **established event1**: Ukrainian State announced
- **established date1**: 29 April 1918
- **established event2**: Fall of the Hetman government
- **established date2**: 14 December 1918
- **life span**: 1918
- **p1**: Ukrainian People's Republic
- **s1**: Ukrainian People's Republic
- **flag p1**: Flag of Ukraine.svg
- **flag s1**: Flag of Ukraine.svg
An Enemy of the People (movie)

***An Enemy of the People*** is a 1978 American drama movie directed by George Schaefer and is based on Arthur Miller's 1950 adaptation of Henrik Ibsen's 1882 play of the same name. It stars Steve McQueen, Charles Durning, Bibi Andersson, Eric Christmas, Michael Cristofer and was distributed by Warner Bros..
If This Is It (Huey Lewis and the News song)

"**If This Is It**" is a 1984 song by Huey Lewis and the News. It is the fourth single from their third studio album _Sports_. It went to number 6 in Canada and the United States, number 8 in Norway, number 10 in Iceland and Sweden, number 20 in Australia, number 37 in New Zealand and number 39 in the United Kingdom.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: If This Is It
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Huey Lewis and the News
- **album**: Sports (Huey Lewis and the News album), Sports
- **b-side**: Change of Heart
- **released**: July 10, 1984
- **recorded**: 1983
- **genre**: Pop rock
- **length**: 3:54
- **label**: Chrysalis Records, Chrysalis
- **writer**: Johnny Colla, Huey Lewis
- **producer**: Huey Lewis and the News
- **prev title**: The Heart of Rock & Roll
- **prev year**: 1984
- **next title**: Walking on a Thin Line (song), Walking on a Thin Line
- **next year**: 1984
Under My Thumb

"**Under My Thumb**" is a song by The Rolling Stones. It is the fourth track from their 1966 studio album _Aftermath_. Although it was not released in the English-language countries. It has become one of the band's biggest hits of the 1960s and appears on their greatest hits albums such as Hot Rocks 1964-1971. It has been covered by Del Shannon, The Who and Tina Turner.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Under My Thumb
- **caption**: Japanese single picture sleeve
- **artist**: the Rolling Stones
- **album**: Aftermath (The Rolling Stones album), Aftermath
- **recorded**: 6–9 March 1966
- **genre**: Rock music, Rock
- **length**: 3:41
- **writer**: Jagger/Richards
- **label**: Decca Records, Decca
- **producer**: Andrew Loog Oldham
Partant pour la Syrie

**Partant pour la Syrie**, (_Departing for Syria_) also known as **Le beau Dunois** was a national anthem of the Second French Empire, dated to 1807. The music was composed by Queen Hortense de Beauharnais and the lyrics were written by Comte Alexandre de Laborde.

### French

Partant pour la Syrie,

Le jeune et beau Dunois,

Venait prier Marie

De bénir ses exploits :

Faites, Reine immortelle,

Lui dit-il en partant,

Que j'aime la plus belle

Et sois le plus vaillant.

On lui doit la Victoire.

Vraiment, dit le seigneur ;

Puisque tu fais ma gloire

Je ferai ton bonheur.

De ma fille Isabelle,

Sois l'Epoux à l'instant,

Car elle est la plus belle,

Et toi le plus vaillant.

Il trace sur la pierre

Le serment de l'honneur,

Et va suivre à la guerre

Le Comte son seigneur ;

Au noble voeu fidèle,

Il dit en combattant :

Amour à la plus belle,

Honneur au plus vaillant.

A l'Autel de Marie,

Ils contractent tous deux

Cette union Chérie

Qui seule rend heureux.

Chacun dans la chapelle

Disait en les voyant :

Amour à la plus belle,

Honneur au plus vaillant.

### English

Leaving for Syria,

The young and handsome Dunois

Went to ask the Virgin Mary,

His heroic deeds to bless,

Make it so, immortal Queen

He said on his leaving,

That I love the most beautiful (woman)

And be the bravest.

We owe you the victory

Verily! says the lord,

Since you have established my glory,

I will make you happy!

My daughter Isabella

Will be your wife

For she is the most beautiful (woman)

And you the bravest.

He writes on stone

The oath of honor

And follows into war

The earl, his lord.

Faithful to his noble vow,

He said while fighting:

Love to the most beautiful (woman)

Honor to the bravest.

At the altar of Mary,

They pledged both

This dear union

Which alone brings happiness.

Everyone in the chapel

Said seeing them:

Love to most beautiful (woman)

Honor to the bravest.

## Infobox (anthem)

- **title**: Partant pour la Syrie
- **english title**: Departing for Syria
- **image**: Partant pour la Syrie, romance.jpg
- **caption**: 18th century cover
- **prefix**: Former
- **country**: Second French Empire, France
- **alt title**: Le beau Dunois
- **author**: Comte Alexandre de Laborde
- **composer**: Hortense de Beauharnais
- **music date**: 1807
- **adopted**: 1852
- **until**: 1870
- **sound title**: Partant pour la Syrie, instrumental
Caixin

**Caixin Media** (simplified Chinese: 财新传媒; traditional Chinese: 財新傳媒; pinyin: _Cáixīn Chuánméi_) is a Chinese media. It is based in Beijing known for investigative journalism.

Caixin means "New Fortune" in Chinese.

## Overview

The founder and publisher is Hu Shuli, an honorary doctorate degree recipient from Princeton University. Previously, Hu founded Caijing magazine.

The headquarters is in the Sanlitun SOHO (三里屯SOHO) in Chaoyang District, Beijing. There are also offices in Xuhui District, Shanghai and Quarry Bay, Hong Kong.

## Infobox (company)

- **name**: Caixin Media Company Ltd.
- **logo**: Caixin logo.jpg
- **image**: Sanlitun SOHO - panoramio.jpg
- **image caption**: Sanlitun SOHO has the headquarters of Caixin.
- **native name**: 财新传媒
- **native name lang**: zh
- **industry**: News and publishing
- **location**: Chaoyang District, Beijing
- **key people**: Li Ruigang (Chairman)
Hu Shuli (President)
- **products**: _Caixin Weekly_
_Caixin Online_
- **company type**: Privately held company
Mechanical room

A **mechanical room**, **boiler room** or **plant room** is a room or space in a building holding the mechanical equipment and its electrical equipment, unlike rooms made for human occupancy or storage. The size of the mechanical room is usually similar to the size of the building. A small building or home may have a utility room or laundry room. In larger buildings, mechanical rooms can be of very large size, often requiring multiple rooms throughout the building, or even occupying one or more complete floors (see: mechanical floor).

## Equipment

Mechanical rooms will have the following equipment:
- Air handlers
- Boilers
- Chillers
- Heat exchangers
- Water heaters and tanks
- Water pumps (for domestic, heating/cooling, and firefighting water)
- Sprinkler piping and pumps
- Back-up electrical generators
- Elevator equipment
- Back-up batteries
- Other HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning) equipment

Equipment in mechanical rooms are operated and maintained by a engineer or a maintenance technician. Modern buildings use control systems to manage HVAC systems, lighting, communications, and life safety equipment. Often, the control system hardware is located in the mechanical room and monitored or accessed remotely on a computer or tablet.

Rooms with only electrical or electronic equipment such as circuit breakers and switchgear are not called mechanical rooms but are instead called electrical rooms.

## Related pages

- Noise pollution
- Electrical room
Sorry (Justin Bieber song)

"**Sorry**" is a 2015 song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber and is the second single from his fourth studio album _Purpose_. It topped the single charts in Canada, Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, Scotland, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. It went to the top 10 in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway and Switzerland. The music video has over 3.5 billion views on YouTube.

## Infobox (song)

- **name**: Sorry
- **border**: yes
- **type**: single
- **artist**: Justin Bieber
- **album**: Purpose (Justin Bieber album), Purpose
- **recorded**: 2014-2015
- **label**: Def Jam Recordings, Def Jam
- **chronology**: Justin Bieber
- **prev title**: What Do You Mean?
- **prev year**: 2015
- **next title**: Love Yourself
- **next year**: 2015
Professional doctorate

**Professional doctorate** is the name given to an academic title. People who studied certain branches get a degree of Dr. at the end of their regular studies. This is mostly the case in branches such as medicine and law.  This is not comparable to someone spending years writing and defending a thesis. It is more like a Master's degree, which people get after studying 4 to 5 years.
Villeneuve-sur-Auvers

**Villeneuve-sur-Auvers** is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Essonne department in north France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Villeneuve-sur-Auvers
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Villeneuve-sur-Auvers mairie.jpg
- **insee**: 91671
- **postal code**: 91580
- **arrondissement**: Étampes
- **canton**: Étampes
- **intercommunality**: Entre Juine et Renarde
- **mayor**: Martine Huteau
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **elevation min m**: 85
- **elevation max m**: 157
- **area km2**: 7.07
Zincourt

**Zincourt** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Vosges department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Zincourt
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Zincourt, Mairie.jpg
- **arrondissement**: Épinal
- **canton**: Bruyères
- **insee**: 88532
- **postal code**: 88330
- **mayor**: Gilles Crouvisier
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Épinal
- **elevation min m**: 305
- **elevation max m**: 393
- **area km2**: 4.47
Xamontarupt

**Xamontarupt** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Vosges department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Xamontarupt
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Xamontarupt, Mairie.jpg
- **caption**: Town hall
- **arrondissement**: Épinal
- **canton**: Bruyères
- **insee**: 88528
- **postal code**: 88460
- **mayor**: Emmanuel Parisse
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Communauté de communes Bruyères - Vallons des Vosges, Bruyères-Vallons des Vosges
- **elevation min m**: 393
- **elevation max m**: 671
- **area km2**: 5
Hirschland

**Hirschland** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Bas-Rhin department in northeast France.
Xonrupt-Longemer

**Xonrupt-Longemer** is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Vosges department in northeast France.

## Infobox (french commune)

- **name**: Xonrupt-Longemer
- **commune status**: Communes of France, Commune
- **image**: Xonrupt88.jpg
- **image coat of arms**: Blason xonrupt longemer.svg
- **arrondissement**: Saint-Dié-des-Vosges
- **canton**: Gérardmer
- **insee**: 88531
- **postal code**: 88400
- **mayor**: Michel Bertrand
- **term**: 2020–2026
- **intercommunality**: Gérardmer Hautes Vosges
- **elevation min m**: 642
- **elevation max m**: 1306
- **area km2**: 30.71
Murho Estate

The **Murho Estate** was a chieftaincy and later a zamindari (estate) in erstwhile Bhagalpur district of Bihar (now in Madhepura district).

The name of the estate derives from a Murho village of Madhepura District. Members of the Murho family were very big landlords of the Kosi division.

## History

The Murho Zamindari (Estate) was ruled by Majhraut clan of Yadava.

### Rash Bihari Lal Mandal

Babu Rasbihari Lal was an ardent freedom fighter, philanthropist and social reformer. According to litterateur Dr. Bhupendra Narayan Madhepuri, Rasbihari Babu was scholarly in many languages like Hindi, Urdu, Persian, Bengali, English, French and Sanskrit.

### Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal

Chairman of Mandal Commission and former Chief Minister of Bihar, Babu B.P. Mandal was born in Murho raj family. He was the third son of Zamindar Babu Ras Bihari Lal Mandal.

## List of Zamindars

- **Babu Sri Panchanan Mandal** was the first chieftain of Murho. He had two sons, of whom the eldest son Paraw Mandal became his successor.
- **Babu Paraw Mandal**, He had five sons named Indrajit Mandal, Miterjit Mandal, Ramdhan Mandal, Gurdayal Mandal and Ramdayal Mandal.
- **Babu Ramdayal Mandal** became next chief of Zamindari. He had two sons Raghuvardayal and Kishundayal Mandal.
- **Babu Raghuvardayal Mandal** became  head of zamindari estate in mid 19th century.
- Babu Rash Bihari lal Mandal (1880-1918), He had three sons, Bhuvneshwari Pd. Mandal, Kamleshwari Pd. Mandal and Bindheshwari Pd. Mandal.
- **Babu Bhuvneshwari Prasad Mandal**, he took control of zamindari estate after the death of his father Rash Bihari Lal in 1918. He was member of Bihar-Orissa legislative council in 1924.
- **Babu Kamleshwari Prasad Mandal**, he was member of Bihar legislative council in 1937.
- Babu Bindheshwari Prasad Mandal, Former Chief Minister of Bihar and Chairman of Backward Classes Commission.

## Related pages

- Ranipatti Estate
- Tintanga Estate

## Infobox (country)

- **conventional long name**: Murho Estate
- **common name**: Murho
- **government type**: Zamindari Estate
- **year start**: 1700
- **event end**: Zamindari Abolition
- **year end**: 1949
- **s1**: Dominion of India
- **flag s1**: Flag of India.svg
- **flag border**: no
- **common languages**: Thēthi language, Thēthi,
Hindi
- **currency**: Indian Rupee
- **leader1**: Babu Panchanan Mandal _(first)_
- **leader2**: Babu Bhuvaneshvari Prasad Mandal _(last)_
- **year leader1**: Unknown
- **year leader2**: 1919–1949
- **title leader**: Zamindar
- **today**: Bihar,
Republic of India