juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Submission (movie)

***Submission*** was a movie made in 2004. It was directed by Theo van Gogh. Ayaan Hirsi Ali wrote the script. She made the story. The movie is 10 minutes long. The movie title is a direct translation of the word Islam into English.

The movie tells the story of four fictional characters.  All four characters are played by a single actress wearing a veil. The woman wears a see-through chador but is otherwise naked. Different verses of the Qur'an are painted onto her body.

The characters shown in the movie are Muslim women who have been abused in different ways.  For example, one woman has been raped by someone close to her. These women have a monologue - they speak to themselves.

The movie dramatically  highlights three verses of the Quran (  and ). These verses seem make it allowed to treat women badly. The authors of the movie show the verses painted on the women's bodies.

Mohammed Bouyeri assassinated Theo van Gogh, after the movie had been shown on Dutch TV. Bouyeri is a Moroccan-Dutch Muslim who was mad about the movie. The assassination happened on 2 November 2004. A letter linked the murder to Van Gogh's movie and his views regarding Islam. It was addressed to Ayaan Hirsi Ali and  called for _jihad_ against _kafir_. Kafir is an Arabic word for unbeliever, a person who hides, denies, or covers the truth. The letter was also against America, Europe, the Netherlands, and Hirsi Ali herself. After the murder of Van Gogh, tens of thousands gathered in the center of Amsterdam to mourn Van Gogh's death. There were fire-bombings of mosques and Muslim schools. Christian churches were also attacked.  Eleven other Muslim men were also arrested, other than Bouyeri. They were charged with conspiracy to assassinate Hirsi Ali.

After the murder of Theo van Gogh, _Submission_ gained international fame. It was withdrawn from the International Film Festival Rotterdam. The movie had been scheduled to be shown on Sunday during a discussion on freedom of speech in movie at the festival. Because of the violent murder of Van Gogh, the producer of _Submission_, Gijs van de Westelaken, said, "We do not want to take any chance of endangering anyone else who participated in the movie." The movie was shown on television in a number of European countries.

Hirsi Ali has said she would like to make a sequel to the movie because "By not making 'Submission Part II,' I would only be helping terrorists believe that if they use violence, they're rewarded with what they want." When she was asked if she would submit to threats against her life, she said "Not me."

## Other websites

- Hirsi Ali on Film over Position of Women in Koran

## Infobox (film)

- **name**: Submission
- **producer**: Theo van Gogh (film director), Theo van Gogh
- **writer**: Ayaan Hirsi Ali
- **distributor**: VPRO
- **released**: August 29, 2004
- **runtime**: 11 minutes
- **country**: Netherlands
- **language**: English
Transmutation

**Transmutation** is a basic process in alchemy. The most important form of transmutation is the change of lead into gold. Alchemists tried and failed to change _base metals_ (metals of very little value) into a metal of high value like gold.

However, more recent work by James Chadwick and Irène Joliot-Curie in nuclear physics has established that radioactivity does lead to elemental changes.
Psychologist

A **psychologist** is someone who studies and practices psychology as a job. Psychologists study the human mind and behavior. They study human perceptions, emotions, and personality relationships.  Clinical psychologists help people overcome mental health issues without the use of drugs. They often use CBT or cognitive behavioral therapy.

**Psychology** is the study of the mind, partly by studying what people do, and grounding the observations in science. The goal of Psychology is to gain an understanding of individuals, groups and relationships and how certain personality traits can influence the outcome of any given situation. Psychology tries to gain an understanding of mental functions in an individuals social behaviors, while also exploring the physiological and neurological processes that influence certain functions and behaviours.
Johannes Heesters

**Johan Marius Nicolaas "Johannes" Heesters** (5 December 1903 – 24 December 2011), known professionally as **Johannes Heesters**, was a Dutch actor, singer, and entertainer.

He worked for 90 years, almost always in German-speaking Europe. Heesters was one of the oldest working people in entertainment. Some people disliked Heesters because he once sang for Adolf Hitler and supported Nazi Germany during World War II.

Heesters was married twice: to Belgian actress Louise Ghijs (1906-1985) from 1930 until her death and from 1992-2011 to Simone Rethel. Heesters had two daughters from his first marriage and five grandchildren, eleven great-grandchildren, twenty-five great-great-grandchildren and one great-great-great-grandson as of 2011. His younger daughter Nicole Heesters is a well-known actress in the German-speaking world, as is his granddaughter Saskia Fischer.

On 1 January 2008, he fell down some stairs in his holiday house in Tyrol, Austria, breaking two ribs.

On 29 November 2011, he suddenly fell ill and was rushed to hospital. He was operated on to fit an artificial pacemaker. He was allowed home less than a week later. This was in time to spend his 108th birthday the next day with family. He did not feel strong enough to make the planned stage appearance to sing in celebration of his birthday. He also missed the premiere of his latest movie, _Ten_. Due to a relapse in his condition, on 17 December he went back to the hospital. He had a stroke and died on Christmas Eve 2011.

## Discography

- Albums
- 1965: _Jetzt geh' ich ins Maxim_
- 2003: _Ich werde 100 Jahre alt_

- Singles
- 1937: "Ich werde jede Nacht von ihnen träumen"
- 1939: "Musik, Musik, Musik" (featuring Marika Rökk)
- 1941: "Liebling, was wird nun aus uns beiden"
- 1941: "Man müßte Klavier spielen können"
- 1949: "Das kommt mir spanisch vor"
- 1949: "Tausendmal möchte' ich dich küssen"
- 1998: "Ich werde 100 Jahre alt" (song)
- 2007: "Generationen" (featuring Claus Eisenmann)

## Honours, decorations, awards

- 1984: Bavarian Order of Merit
- 1993: Berlinian Order of Merit
- 2000: Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna
- Bambi in 1967, 1987, 1990, 1997, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
- 2001: Platinum Romy (TV award)
- 2003: Goldene Kamera
- 2004: Kammersänger

## Other websites

- Official website  (in German)
- Postcards and tobacco cards

## Infobox (musical artist)

- **name**: Johannes Heesters
- **image**: Johannes Heesters - 1964.jpg
- **background**: solo_singer
- **birth place**: Amersfoort, Netherlands
- **death place**: Starnberg, Germany
- **genre**: Musical
- **occupation**: Actor, singer
- **yearsactive**: 1921–2011
- **website**: [http://www.johannes-heesters.de www.johannes-heesters.de]
Crayfish

**Crayfish** are crustaceans that are also known as crawdads, crawfish, kriddly wigs, and freshwater lobsters. they are closely related to lobsters, crabs, and shrimp. There are about 150 crayfish species in North America, and over 540 species worldwide.

Most live in freshwater habitats such as rivers.

## Anatomy

The body of a decapod crustacean, such as a crab, lobster, or prawn (shrimp), is made up of twenty body segments. They are grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Each segment may have one pair of appendages. In some groups these may be reduced or missing. On average, crayfish grow to  in length, but some grow larger. Walking legs have a small claw at the end.

## Habitat

Crayfish live in streams, rivers, swamps, ponds, and other freshwater habitats. Most crayfish are strictly aquatic but some live in semi-aquatic environments. The semi-aquatic crayfish burrow into the soil to get to water (so that they can breathe).
Some can also be put in private aquarium to be used as pets

## Diet

Crayfish are omnivores; they eat plants, animals, and decaying organisms. They are nocturnal (most active at night) and eat fish, shrimp, water plants, worms, insects, snails, and plankton. Larval crayfish are very tiny; they eat plankton.

## Name

Crayfish might be sometimes be called crawfish in parts of the U.S.A.
Chappaquiddick Island

**Chappaquiddick** is a place in Massachusetts, United States. It became famous because U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy was involved in a car accident here in 1969, which killed the passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne.

## Other websites

- Martha's Vineyard Vacation Tips
- Chappy Ferry website
- Chappaquiddick Wampanoag
- Mytoi Gardens
- Wasque Reservation
Submission

**Submission** may refer to:
- _Submission_ (movie), a movie directed by Theo van Gogh and written by Ayaan Hirsi Ali
- _Submission_, a song from the 1977 album _Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols_
- "Submission", a religion related to Islam practiced by the United Submitters International
- Dominance & submission (BDSM), accepting of dominance in an alternative lifestyle context
- Mail submission agent, electronic mail software
- the act of yielding to some power or authority
In **martial arts**:
- Submission (combat sport), a term for yielding to an opponent
- Submission wrestling, combat sports that focus on using submission holds
- Submission hold, a type of grappling hold

**Submission** may also be:
- Islam, the name of a religion meaning "submission" in Arabic
- A proposal for a presentation at an academic conference
- In biology and, a placatory response to an animal showing more Dominance (ethology)
Appendectomy

An **appendectomy** or **appendicectomy** is when a doctor removes the vermiform appendix. This is commonly done as a treatment for appendicitis.
Governor-General of Pakistan

The **Governor-General of Pakistan** was a post and the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen Elizabeth II ("Queen of Pakistan") from 1952 until 1956 when Pakistan was proclaimed a republic.

When Pakistan became an independent, self-governing nation in 1947, it, like post-independent India, provisionally continued to use the Government of India Act 1935, as its written constitution until a post-independence constitution could be drafted; by default this contemplated the continuation of the constitutional monarchy as a Commonwealth realm Dominion.

The monarch appointed a Governor-General, upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Pakistan to serve as de facto Head of State.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, considered _Quaid-e-Azam_ ("Great Leader"), informed Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma: "when I am Governor-General the Prime Minister will do what I tell him to" -- however Jinnah's rapidly declining health made the issue moot.

After Jinnah's death the Governor-General of Pakistan continued to serve a larger role than the India Act prescribed, dismissing multiple Prime Ministers and consolidating power.

The office of Governor-General was replaced by the office of President of Pakistan when Pakistan became a republic in 1956. The then Governor-General, Iskander Mirza, became Pakistan's first president.

|width=50|Colour|width=200|Party|
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
|style="background-color: White"||Independent / Republican Party||
|style="background-color: Blue"||Pakistan Muslim League||

|colspan=2|Name|Portrait|Entered office|Left office|Date of Birth and Death|Political party|
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
|Muhammad Ali Jinnah||15 August 1947|11 September 1948|25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948|Muslim League||
|Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin||14 September 1948|17 October 1951|19 July 1894 - 22 October 1964|Muslim League||
|Ghulam Mohammad||17 October 1951|6 October 1955|20 April 1895 - 12 September 1956|||
|Iskander Mirza||6 October 1955|23 March 1956|13 November 1899 - 12 November 1969|Republican Party||
Kaghan Valley

The **Kaghan valley** is a valley in the Mansehra District of Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It has a reputation as a place of great natural beauty. This valley also suffered from the earthquake disaster on 8 October 2005.

## Lay out

The valley is approximately 160 kilometers long, starting from Balakot in the 'Lower Kaghan' to Babusar Pass at the extreme end of the 'Upper Kaghan'. It is mostly surrounded by the forests and hills of the Lesvjzxbser Himalayas and the Kunhar River runs though most of its length. The valley is mostly inhabited by semi-nomadic Gujars, and some Swatis, Awans and Syeds.

## Background and main sights

Historically speaking, Kaghan was long a backward and neglected area, until the 1880s-1890s when officers of British India established a strategic supply line via the Babusar Pass to the northern areas of the Gilgit Agency. After that, the area soon opened up to tourism and resort centers like Shogran and Naran Valley were developed in it. The famous and lovely Saiful Muluk Lake is also a special feature of this valley as are some other lakes like Ansoo Lake, Dudupat Sar, Lulu Sar and the Lalazar Meadows. Malika Parbat is a high peak in the area.

Between May and August each year, thousands of tourists from Pakistan and abroad dive up from Abbottabad and Mansehra, to visit these places in the valley. For most of the rest of the year, Kaghan area is locked in by heavy snows.

## Related pages

- Neelum Valley
Kunar Valley

**Kunar Valley** (), or **Chitral Valley**, is a valley in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Main geographic features are jungles and mountains.
Naran Valley

**Naran Valley** () is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The Kunhar River, fed by glacier melt, flows through the Naran Valley. Makra Peak, Malka Parbat,Babu Sar Top and Saiful Muluk are the main attractions.
Rupal Valley

The **Rupal Valley** is in the Astore District of Pakistan's Northern Areas. It is south of Nanga Parbat. It is popular for treks to the mountain's Rupal Face, one of highest mountain faces in the world.
Skardu Valley

The **Skardu Valley** is in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.  The valley is about 10km wide and 40km long.  It is where the River Shigar and River Indus come together. It surrounded by the large Karakoram Range.  With the nearby lakes and mountains, it is an important tourist location in Pakistan.
Yasin Valley

The **Yasin Valley** is a high mountain valley in the Hindu Kush mountains, in the northwest region of Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Yasin is separated from the Ishkoman Valley by a high mountain pass. To reach Yasin one must take the Karakoram Highway north from Islamabad, and then turn left to reach Gupis in Ghizar. After Gupis, one continues northwest to reach the Yasin Valley. Yasin valley has a spectacular natural beauty.

## History

Yasin was originally ruled by the Khushwakhte Dynasty, part of the Katur Dynasty of Chitral.  The Rajas of Yasin were great warriors and fought against the Sikhs and the Dogras of Kashmir, but they eventually lost power and the ownership of Yasin changed hands several times between  the rule of the Mehtar of Chitral, and the Maharaja of Kashmir.

### British era

Although not highly or densely  populated, Yasin was of strategic importance because it leads to a high mountain pass, to Yarkhun in Chitral, and then to Broghol Pass, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, and into Tajikistan. Yasin could have formed an invasion route from Czarist Russia into British India.

## People

The primary language of Yasin Valley is the Burushaski language. The Khowar language is also spoken.

Most people in Yasin are Ismailies and lead their lives according to the Islamic principles more concerned with the imam of the time. Currently Prince Karim Aga Khan is the Imam and spiritual leader of the Ismailies. However, other sects of Islam like Sunni, and Shia also live in Yasin.

Ethnically the people of Yasin are of Brosho origin. There are migrants from different parts of the country, mainly from Chitral and from outside the country.

## Passes

The Darkut Pass connects Yasin with Broghol pass and Chitral. The Thoi Pass connects Yasin to Yarkhun Chitral. Asumber pass connects Yasin to Ishkomen. Darkot Pass is a historical pass which  has been labelled as a restricted zone by the Government of Pakistan. This pass used to be the shortest means of communication between Oxus and Indus ([www.yasinvalley.com]www.yasinvalley.com). Tourists love to trek along the Assumbur pass to Ishqamen Valley.
Nerf N-Strike

***Nerf N-Strike*** is an video game that was made by Electronic Arts. It is part of the Nerf series.  It was released on the Wii and Nintendo DS. The game was released in North America on October 28, 2008.

## History

In August 2007, Electronic Arts gained the rights to some Hasbro brands, like _Monopoly_, _Littlest Pet Shop_, and Nerf.  In February, EA Casual Entertainment announced that their EA Salt Lake Studio would develop and release video games for _Littlest Pet Shop_ and _Nerf N-Strike_.

## Other websites

- Nerf N-Strike

## Infobox (video game)

- **title**: Nerf N-Strike
- **developer**: EA Salt Lake
- **publisher**: Electronic Arts
- **composer**: James Dooley (composer), James Dooley
- **genre**: rail shooter
- **platforms**: Wii
Radish

A **radish** is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family. People eat radishes all over the world. It was first grown in Europe in pre-Roman Empire|Roman times. Radishes are usually eaten as a crunchy salad vegetable. There are many varieties of radishes. Some radishes are different in size, flavor, color and the length of time they take to grow.

It has a somewhat hot taste, rather peppery. This keeps some herbivores away, or limits the amount they eat. It acts as a defence against herbivory.
Glenn Seaborg

**Glenn Theodore Seaborg** (April 19, 1912 – February 25, 1999) was an American chemist. He was born in Ishpening, Michigan. He won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edwin M. McMillan.

In 1980, he changed several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. His experimental technique, using nuclear physics, was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bismuth atom. Seaborg's techique would have cost too much money to make of gold, but his work is the closest to the mythical Philosopher's Stone.

Seaborg worked at the Manhattan Project during World War II. He studied the chemical properties of plutonium as a part of the secret war research.

He served as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
He was said to be the author/co author of 500 scientific articles and multiple books. He was born in 1912 and died in 1999 from a stroke. He has a wife called **Helen Griggs** and his family consisted of his sister, **Jeanette** who was 2 years younger than him, and his parents, **Henry Theodore** and **Selma Olivia Erikson Seaborg**

Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer of ten elements: plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and element 106, which was named seaborgium in his honor while he was still living. He also developed more than 100 atomic isotopes. Early in his career, Seaborg was a pioneer in nuclear medicine and developed many isotopes of elements that helped to diagnose and treat diseases. For example, he studied iodine-131, which is used in the treatment of thyroid disease. He developed the actinide concept which placed the actinide series beneath the lanthanide series on the periodic table. Seaborg also proposed the placement of super-heavy elements in the transactinide and superactinide series.
Bob McGrath

**Robert Emmet "Bob" McGrath** (June 13, 1932 – December 4, 2022) was an American singer and actor. He is best known for playing the human character Bob on _Sesame Street_. He was born in Ottawa, Illinois. McGrath's character Bob was one of the longest-lasting human characters on _Sesame Street_.

McGrath died from problems caused by a stroke at his home in Norwood, New Jersey on December 4, 2022, at the age of 90.

## Other websites

- Bob McGrath's official website
BBC Radio 3

**BBC Radio 3** is a national radio station operated by the BBC within the United Kingdom. It devotes most of its schedule to classical music. Every year it broadcasts the BBC Proms concerts during the summer.

## Other websites

- , from BBC iPlayer.

## Infobox (radio station)

- **name**: BBC Radio 3
- **image**:
- **city**: London
- **area**: United Kingdom - National
- **airdate**: 30 September 1967
- **frequency**: FM: 90 megahertz, MHz - 93 MHz
Digital Audio Broadcasting, DAB: 12B
Freeview (United Kingdom), Freeview: 703
 Tiscali TV: 603
 Virgin Media: 903
UPC Ireland: 909
[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/aod/radio3.shtml?listen Live Stream] Real/WM
- **share**: 1.2%
- **share as of**: June 2008
- **format**: European classical music, Classical, Jazz
- **owner**: BBC
BBC Radio
- **website**: [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3 BBC Radio 3]
Grow

**Grow** may mean:

- GROW, a non-profit peer support and mutual aid organization for recovery from, and prevention of, serious mental illness.
- Grow, a Law & Order Criminal Intent episode.
- Growth, an increase in some quantity over time or a measure of some principal.
NERF

**Nerf**  (written in capitals as **NERF**) is a brand of toy weapons. It is created by Parker Brothers and currently owned by Hasbro. Most of the toys are a variety of foam-based weaponry. While it is commonly known for its toy guns (usually called "blasters" to separate the brand from real weapons), it can also be footballs and other types of sport utilities such as Nerf skateboards, scooters and bikes. Some blasters series that Nerf makes are called Zombie Strike, Modulus, Elite, Mega, Doomlands, N-Sports, Super Soaker, Rebelle, and Rival.

Nerf Wiki
Disney Interactive Studios

**Disney Interactive Studios** is an American video game publisher and developer. It publishes video games based on Disney works. It was originally **Walt Disney Computer Software**. The company was formed in 1988.
BBC Radio 4

**BBC Radio 4** is a domestic UK radio station that broadcasts different spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967.

## Outline

Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station after Radio 2. It was named "UK Radio Station of the Year" at the 2008 _Sony Radio Academy Awards_, an award it had also won in 2003 and 2004.

Radio 4 costs £71.4 million a year, and is the BBC's most expensive national radio network. Many people think of it as the corporation's flagship. There is currently no commercial network like it in the UK, although there are similar publicly owned stations in such countries as Sweden (Sveriges Radio P1) and Australia (Radio National).

Music and sport are the only subjects that generally fall outside the station's coverage. There are occasional concerts on Radio 4, and ball-by-ball commentaries of most test matches played by England cricket are broadcast on longwave. Because the longwave service can be received clearly at sea around the coasts of Britain and Ireland, Radio 4 also carries regular weather forecasts for shipping and gale warnings. The station has also been designated as the UK's national broadcaster in times of national emergency such as a war, meaning that even if all other radio stations were forced to close, Radio 4 would still carry on broadcasting.

The current controller of Radio 4 is Gwyneth Williams. She is also in charge of its sister station BBC Radio 4 Extra.

## Other websites

- , from BBC iPlayer.

## Infobox (radio station)

- **name**: BBC Radio 4
- **image**:
- **city**: London
- **area**: United Kingdom
- **frequency**: FM broadcast band, FM: 92–95 Hertz, MHz, 103–105 MHz
Longwave, LW: 198 hertz, kHz
Medium wave, MW: 603 kHz, 720 kHz, 774 kHz, 756 kHz, 1449 kHz, 1485 kHz
Digital Audio Broadcasting, DAB: 12B
Freesat: 704 <small>(FM)</small>, 710 <small>(LW)</small>
Freeview (UK), Freeview: 704 <small>(FM)</small>
Sky (UK and Ireland), Sky <small>(UK only)</small>: 0104 <small>(FM)</small>, 0143 <small>(LW)</small>
Virgin Media: 904 <small>(FM)</small>, 911 <small>(LW)</small>
Virgin Media Ireland: 910 <small>(FM)</small>
- **format**: News, talk radio, talk, comedy and drama
- **language**: English
- **former callsigns**: BBC Home Service
- **owner**: BBC
- **sister stations**: BBC Radio 4 Extra
BBC Four

**BBC Four** is a television channel developed and owned by BBC. The programme often shows documentaries and arts which often have a much smaller audience than BBC One and BBC Two. It shows programmes between 7 pm and 4 am every day timeshared along with CBeebies.

A high definition of the channel, BBC Four HD was launched on 10 December 2013 alongside the sister channels BBC Three HD, BBC News HD, CBBC HD, and CBeebies HD.

## References

- _ BBC One which BBC TG24 closed on 18 October 2023.
- _ BBC Radio 2 in 2024 has UKTV standby BBC UKTV.
- '' ITV restarts Tee and Mo on CBeebies at 06:56:59 pm in Dave is no longer in the UK in 2020.

## Infobox (television channel)

- **name**: BBC Four
- **logo**: BBC Four logo 2021.svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **picture format**: 1080i HDTV

- **owner**: BBC
- **country**: United Kingdom
- **area**: Nationwide, also widely available in Switzerland, Republic of Ireland, Ireland, the Netherlands and United States.
- **replaced**: BBC Knowledge
BBC Three (Original)
- **sister channels**: BBC One
BBC Two
BBC News (TV channel), BBC News
BBC Parliament
CBBC (TV channel), CBBC
CBeebies
- **terr serv 1**: Freeview (UK)
- **terr chan 1**: Channel 9 <small>(Eng, Wales, NI)</small>
Channel 24 <small>(Scot)</small>
Channel 106 (HD)
- **sat serv 1**: Freesat (UK)
- **sat chan 1**: Channel 107 (SD/HD)
Channel 173 (SD)
- **sat serv 2**: Sky UK, Sky (UK and Sky Ireland, Ireland)
- **sat chan 2**: Channel 116 (SD/HD; UK)
Channel 143 (SD/HD; Ireland)
Channel 815 (SD; UK)
Channel 833 (SD; Ireland)
- **sat serv 4**: Astra 2E <small>(Astra 28.2°E, 28.2°E)</small>
- **sat chan 4**: 10773 H 22000 5/6
- **sat serv 5**: Astra 2G <small>(Astra 28.2°E, 28.2°E)</small>
- **sat chan 5**: 11023 H 23000 3/4 (HD)
- **cable serv 1**: Virgin Media (UK and Virgin Media Ireland, Ireland)
- **cable chan 1**: Channel 107 (HD; UK)
Channel 117 (Ireland)
- **cable serv 4**: Kabeltex <small>(Netherlands)</small>
- **cable chan 4**: Channel 164
- **cable serv 5**: UPC Switzerland <small>(Switzerland)</small>
- **cable chan 5**: Channel 204 (HD)
- **iptv serv 2**: SwisscomTV
<small>(Switzerland)</small>
- **iptv chan 2**: Channel arbitrary
- **iptv chan 4**: Channel 207
Channel 211 (HD)
- **iptv serv 4**: Eir (telecommunications), Eir Vision
- **iptv serv 3**: KPN <small>(Netherlands)</small>
- **iptv chan 3**: Channel arbitrary
- **online serv 1**: BBC iPlayer
- **online chan 1**: [https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/live/bbcfour Watch live] (UK only)
- **online serv 2**: TVPlayer
- **online chan 2**: [http://www.tvplayer.com/watch/bbcfour Watch live] (UK only)
- **online serv 3**: Horizon Go
- **online chan 3**: [https://www.horizon.tv/en_ie/live-channels/live-channel.html/28866599416/BBC-FOUR.html Watch live] (Ireland only)
[https://www.horizon.tv/de_ch/live-sender/live-channel.html/27920935356/BBC-Four_Cbeebies.html Watch live] (Switzerland only)
Kernel

**Kernel** can mean:

- A seed, in plants
- The atomic nucleus
- Kernel (computer science), the central component of most operating systems
    - Linux kernel
- The kernel trick in machine learning
- In game theory, a cooperative solution concept
- Kernel (programming language), a Scheme-like language
- Kernel (_Lilo & Stitch_), experiment 014 from the _Lilo & Stitch_ cartoon series
- Kernel Fleck, a character in the _Demonata_ series of books
- In mathematics:
    - Kernel (mathematics)
    - Positive definite kernel
    - Kernel (algebra)
    - Kernel (linear operator)
    - Kernel (matrix)
    - Kernel of a function
    - Kernel of an integral transform
    - Kernel (statistics)
    - Stochastic kernel
    - Convolution kernel, as of a linear filter
    - Kernel (category theory)
    - Heat kernel
    - Polygon kernel
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis

***Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis*** (also known as the **Indian skipper frog** or **skittering frog**) is a common frog found in South Asia. They are slimy and are often seen at the edge of bodies of water with their eyes above the water. They noisily move away from the shore when disturbed, giving them their common name. They are rarely seen outside water.
Fejervarya limnocharis

***Fejervarya limnocharis*** (also known as the **cricket frog**) is a species of frog found in South Asia.
Minervarya syhadrensis

***Fejervarya syhadrensis*** (also known as the **long-legged cricket frog**, **Syhadra frog**, and the **Bombay wart frog**) is a species of frog that is found in South Asia.
Paa vicina

***Paa vicina*** is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in the Republic of India and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, and freshwater springs. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Paa sternosignata

***Paa sternosignata*** is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kashmir and possibly the India. Its natural habitats are rivers, swamps, and freshwater marshes.
Paa hazarensis

***Paa hazarensis*** (also known as the **Kashmir paa frog**, **Hazara frog**, or **Hazara torrent frog**) is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in the Republic of India, Pakistan and Kashmir, possibly Bhutan, and possibly Nepal. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, rivers, and freshwater marshes.
Cricket frog

The **cricket frog**, genus _Acris_, is a group of frogs in the family Hylidae. They live in North America. They spend more time in the water than other frogs in Hylidae do. They live near bodies of water that do not dry up and have plants growing on the surface. Scientists named them cricket frogs because their voices sound like crickets.

## Species

|Binomial Name and Author|Common Name|
| --- | --- |
|_Acris blanchardi_|Blanchard's Cricket Frog|
|_Acris crepitans_|Northern Cricket Frog|
|_Acris gryllus_|Southern Cricket Frog|

## Other websites

- . 2007. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.1 (10 October, 2007). _Acris_. Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. (Accessed: Apr 21, 2008).
- [web application]. 2008. Berkeley, California: _Acris_. AmphibiaWeb, available at http://amphibiaweb.org/. (Accessed: Apr 21, 2008).
- taxon _Acris_ at http://www.eol.org.
Duttaphrynus melanostictus

The **Common Indian Toad** or **Common Asiatic/Asian Toad** or **Black-spined Toad** (_Duttaphrynus bufo melanostictus_) is a species of toad that is common in South Asia. The species grows to almost 20 cm long. The species breeds during the monsoons and the tadpoles are black. Young toads may be seen in large numbers after the monsoons.
Duttaphrynus olivaceus

***Duttaphrynus olivaceus*** (also known as the **olive toad**, **Baluchistan coastal toad**, **Baluchestan coastal toad**, and **Makran toad**) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in Iran, Pakistan, and possibly Afghanistan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rivers, freshwater springs, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, ponds, and irrigated land.

## References

- Stöck, M., Khan, M.S., Papenfuss, T., Anderson, S., Kuzmin, S., Rastegar-Pouyani, N., Dutta, S., Ohler, A. & Sengupta, S. 2004. Bufo olivaceus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Duttaphrynus stomaticus

**Duttaphrynus stomaticus**, also known as the **Indian marbled toad**, **Punjab toad**, **Indus Valley toad**, or **marbled toad**, is a is a species of toad that can be found in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Iran and Pakistan. It is also known as the "house toad". These toads are usually found near cultivated plains which have still water. It is nocturnal and its diet consist of insects such as ants.
Duttaphrynus himalayanus

***Duttaphrynus himalayanus*** (also known as the **Himalaya toad**, **Himalayan toad**,  **Himalayan true toad**,  **Himalayan broad-skulled toad**, and **Günther's high altitude toad**) is a species of toad. It lives in India, China, Nepal, Bhutan, and Pakistan.

## Body

The frog is 130-132 mm long from nose to rear end. The skin of its back is brown in color.

## Home

This frog lives high in the mountains and in evergreen forests in hills nearby. It lives near streams in forests, places with small woody plants, and near farm fields. It is good at living in places that human beings have changed. Scientists saw the frog between 1000 and 3500 meters above sea level.

This frog lives in many protected parks: Tarai National Park, Chitwan National Park, Khunjgerab National Park, Central Karakorum National Park Jigme Dorji National Park, and Jigme Khesar Strict Nature Reserve. It used to live in Namdhapa National Park, Mouling National Park, and Dihang-Dibang Biosphere Reserve.

## Food

People have seen this frog eat grasshoppers, moths, ants, and other animals with no bones.

## Young

The tadpoles are dark in color with big bellies and flat heads. Their tails are not strong. The tadpoles are 28-30 with the tail. The tail by itself is 19-20 mm. They live in small pools of water where the water does not move fast. These pools have algae in them.

## Danger

Scientists from the IUCN say this frog is not in danger of dying out. Human beings do change the places where the frog lives to make farms and other things people need, and pollution can kill this frog. Climate change could also hurt this frog.
Bufo latastii

***Bufo latastii*** is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in the Republic of India and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, arable land, and ponds. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## References

- Stöck, M., Khan, M.S., Dutta, S., Ohler, A., Vasudevan, K., Vijayakumar, S.P., Papenfuss, T., Anderson, S. & Kuzmin, S. 2004.  Bufo latastii.   2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 21 July 2007.
Amolops himalayanus

***Amolops himalayanus*** is a species of frog found in Asia.
Bufo pseudoraddei

***Bufo pseudoraddei*** is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in Pakistan and possibly Afghanistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations, and rural gardens.
Euphlycitis ghoshii

The **Manipur frog**, **Ghosh's frog**, **Ghosh's fanged frog**, or **Manipur skittering frog** (_Euphlyctis ghoshi_) or **Ghosh's frog** is a species of frog found in Manipur, Asia. Scientists saw it in exactly one place, the Khugairk Reserve Forest, in Manipur, India.

## Habitat

People saw this frog in evergreen forests. Scientists saw this frog 925 meters above sea level.

## Danger

Scientists do not know if this frog is in danger of dying out.
Tylototriton verrucosus

The **Himalayan Newt** (_Tylototriton verrucosus_) is a species of salamander found in South Asia and Southeast Asia.
Afghan hedgehog

The **Afghan hedgehog** (_Hemiechinus auritus megalotis_) is a subspecies of the Long-eared hedgehog native to Afghanistan and western Pakistan. It is larger and reddish in colour, but otherwise similar in appearance to the Long-eared hedgehog.
Argali

The **argali** or **mountain sheep** (_Ovis ammon_) is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay).

The argali is the biggest wild sheep. It can be up to 120 centimetres tall, and can weigh as much as 140 kilograms. The Pamir argali, also called the Marco Polo sheep, may be more than 6 feet in length. They were discovered by the explorer Marco Polo. The Pamir argali is globally endangered.
Marco Polo sheep

**Marco Polo sheep** (_Ovis ammon polii_) is a wild sheep, and a subspecies of the Argali.

It takes its name from famed explorer Marco Polo who described the species during his crossing of Pamir (ancient Mount Imeon) in 1271. The Marco Polo sheep is particularly known for its long horns. The longest horn ever found on a sheep was found on a Marco Polo sheep and measured 191 centimeters (75 inches). The sheep is unofficially the National animal of Afghanistan.

## Related pages

- Argali

it was named after Marco polo
its scientific name is Ovis ammon polii .They can reach 2 meters in length
horns starts to grow after 15 to 20 days after birth. number of rings on the horn indicates age of the male sheep
The argali or mountain sheep (Ovis ammon) is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay).

It is the biggest wild sheep. It stands as high as 120 cm. It weights as much as 140 kg. The Pamir argali (also called Marco Polo sheep, for they were first described by that traveller) may be more than 2 meters in length. It is globally endangered.
Asian black bear

The **Asian black bear**, also called the **Asiatic black bear**, **White-chested bear**, **Moon bear**, or the **Himalayan black bear**, (_Ursus thibetanus_ or _Selenarctos thibetanus_) is a medium-sized, sharp-clawed, black-coloured bear with a distinctive white or cream "V" marking on its chest.

It is a close relative of the American black bear with which it is thought to share a European common ancestor. It is called 반달가슴곰 (bandalgaseumgom) in Korean.  Both American and Asiatic species are thought of as sister taxa. They are more closely related to one another than any other species of bear. Asian black bears are omnivores. They feed on fruit, grass, leaves, insects, rodents, rabbits, carrion, nuts, and even deer, buffalo, and wild boar. Their predators are humans, tigers, and brown bears, while leopards, wolves, lynxes, jackals, and dholes are predators of black bear cubs.
Asiatic cheetah

The **Asiatic cheetah** (_Acinonyx jubatus venaticus_) is a critically endangered subspecies of the cheetah native to Asia.

It is also called the **Iranian cheetah** because the only living Asiatic cheetahs live in Iran. It is now extinct in India, but during British colonial times in India it was the famous **hunting leopard**. This name came about because some of these animals were kept captive by Indian royalty and used to hunt wild antelope.

## Related pages

- Cheetah
Asiatic lion

The **Asiatic lion** (_Panthera leo persica_) is a subspecies of the lion. It survives in the wild today only in India, but has also been sighted in a few areas of Pakistan, especially in Pakistani Azad Kashmir.They once ranged from Southeast Europe to India, covering most of Southwest Asia, and hence it is also known as the Persian lion. It was the symbol of the Junagadh State.

Under the 10th Nawab of Junagarh (r. 1911-1948), the Junagadh State developed a conservation effort in what is now the Gir National Park. This saved the Asiatic lion from almost certain extinction. Since the turn of the 20th century, the range of the Asiatic lion has included the Gir National Park and the surrounding areas in the Indian state of Gujarat. The population has steadily increased since 2010. In May 2015, the 14th Asiatic Lion Census was conducted over an area of about 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi); the lion population was estimated at 523 individuals, comprising 109 adult males, 201 adult females and 213 cubs. In August 2017, surveyors counted 650 wild lions. In June 2020, an estimation exercise counted 674 Asiatic lions in the Gir forest region, an increase of 29% over the 2015 census figure. In 2023, an Asiatic lion was spotted by forest officials in the Barda Wildlife Sanctuary in the state's Porbandar district for the first time since 1879.

The Asiatic lion is smaller than the African lion. Male Asiatic lions are slightly bigger than females. The maximum recorded length of a male Asiatic lion in the Gir National Park is 115 inches (from head to tail). Like African lions, male Asiatic lions also have a mane at the top of their heads but the growth is shorter, making it possible to see the ears. The Asiatic lion’s tail tuft is larger than the African lion’s. A feature common in the species but absent in their African counterparts is the fold of skin on the belly.

Although lions are social species, male Asiatic lions are generally solitary and may form a loose pride of up to three males. Females are more social and often have a strong pride of up to 12 females and their cubs. The pride of female lions will always share carcasses among themselves. Males and females often only associate for a short time during the mating season. Males have a large home range (56-89 square miles) compared to females (26-33 square miles).

## Related pages

- Lion
- Leopard
- Hyena
- Cheetah
- Mountain lion

## Other websites

- Asiatic Lion Information Centre (Includes an informative "News" section)
- Asiatic Lion Protection Society (ALPS), Gujarat, India
- Panthera leo (lion) from “Animal Diversity Web”
- "Vanishing Herds Foundation (VHF), India" comes to the rescue of Asiatic Lion
- Asiatic lions in online video (3 videos)
Disk partitioning

**Disk partitioning** is about making a physical or logical hard disk usable by the operating system. Each disk partition can be used like a hard disk by the operating system. A hard disk can be divided into many partitions. This is especially useful for:
- Keeping the user data independent of the operating system. There will be one partition with the operating system on it, and one with the user data. Also if there is a problem with one file system, this does usually not affect the other file systems.
- Some operating systems (those that are made like UNIX or Linux) use disk partitions for virtual memory
- Using a boot loader it is possible to run many operating systems on the same computer. This is known as _multi-booting_.
- Increasing security: Certain operating systems allow to limit the access to a file system (for example: read-only, do not allow executable files, do not allow system files)

Usually each partition contains exactly one file system. It depends on what you use, but for some simple examples: Windows partitions will use FAT32 (**File Allocation Table**), and for the main system partition use NTFS (**New Technology File System**). For MacOS systems, the primary system partition uses APFS (**Apple File System**). For Linux, the filesystems can vary, but on average you'd have a boot partition in FAT format, and either EXT4 or BTRFS for the main system partition.
Balochistan forest dormouse

The **Balochistan forest dormouse** (_Dryomys niethammeri_) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Pakistan.

## References

- Gippoliti S. 2002. Dryomys niethammeri . 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.   Downloaded on 29 July 2007.
- Holden M.E. 2005. Family Gliridae, 819-841 in _Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference_. D E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Baluchistan pygmy jerboa

The **Baluchistan pygmy jerboa** (_Salpingotulus michaelis_) is a species of rodent in the Dipodidae family. It is the only species in the genus _Salpingotulus_. It is endemic to Pakistan.
Himalayan brown bear

The **Himalayan brown bear** (_Ursus arctos isabellinus_) is a subspecies of the brown bear. Himalayan brown bear are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour. They are found in the foothills of the Himalaya and northern Pakistan, but are not found past Dachigam and Kashmir.

People also claim to have mistaken of what they thought was a Yeti (a Himalayan mythological ape-like creature) but was actually a Himalayan brown bear.
Syrian brown bear

The **Syrian brown bear** (_Ursus arctos syriacus_) is the smallest subspecies of brown bear.

They are omnivorous, eating almost any type of food, including meat, grass, and fruits.
Bharal

The **bharal** or **Himalayan blue sheep** (_Pseudois nayaur_) is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.
The bharal (Pseudois nayaur), also called the blue sheep, is a caprine native to the high Himalayas. It is the only member of the genus Pseudois

The bharal is found in the high Himalayas of Nepal, Tibet, China, Kashmir, Pakistan, Bhutan and the Republic of India.

The bharal has horns that grow upwards, curve out and then towards the back, somewhat like an upside down mustache.

Bharal are active throughout the day, feeding and resting on the grassy mountain slopes. With their excellent camouflage and the absence of cover in their environment, bharal stay motionless when approached. Once they have been noticed, however, they scamper up to the precipitous cliffs, where they once again freeze, using camouflage to blend into the rock face.

Where they overlap, they are the favourite prey of snow leopards and leopards. A few lambs fall prey to foxes or eagles.

These medium-sized caprids are 115 to 165 cm (45 to 65 in) long along the head-and-body, with a tail of 10 to 20 cm (3.9 to 7.9 in). They stand 69 to 91 cm (27 to 36 in) high at the shoulder. Body mass can range from 35 to 75 kg (77 to 165 lb). Males are slightly larger than females. Dense coat is slate grey in colour, sometimes with a bluish sheen. The underparts and backs of the legs are white, while the chest and fronts of the legs are black. Separating the grey back and white belly is a charcoal-colored stripe. The ears are small, and the bridge of the nose is dark. The horns are found in both sexes and are ridged on the upper surface. In males, they grow upwards, then turn sideways and curve backward, looking somewhat like an upside-down mustache. They may grow to a length of 80 cm (31 in). In females, the horns are much shorter and straighter, growing up to 20 cm (7.9 in) long.
Blackbuck

The **blackbuck** (_Antilope cervicapra_) is a species of antelope. It lives mainly in western India, but also in parts of Pakistan within the Republic of India. It also lives in Nepal.

The blackbuck was once the state animal of Osmanistan. It is now the provincial animal of Eastern Punjab.