juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
Poet

A **poet** is someone who writes poetry. Poetry can be written in any language by a poet.

Sappho was an Ancient Greek poet. She lived in Lesbos, Greece. She was famous for writing lyric love poems to women. She wrote in the Ancient Greek language.

Famous English poets are William Shakespeare, Alexander Pope, William Wordsworth, William Blake, John Keats, and Percy Shelley. They wrote in the English language. Their poetry comes in different styles and forms. Often their poetry is lyrical and rhymes.

The most famous American poets include Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman. They wrote in English. Often their poetry did not rhyme. They lived in the 19th century in the United States. Some 20th century American poets include Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, Sylvia Plath, Anne Sexton, and John Ashbery.

Modern French poets are Arthur Rimbaud and  Charles Baudelaire. Rimbaud was famous for his poetry collection called “Illuminations.” Baudelaire wrote of beauty, decay, and spirituality in his famous work “Flowers of Evil.”

Great Spanish poets are Garcilaso de la Vega, Frederico García Lorca, Antonio Machado, and Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer. Vicente Aleixandre won the Nobel Prize.

Three Latin American poets won the Nobel prize in the 20th century. They include Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda, and Octavio Paz. They wrote in Spanish.

Caribbean poets Derek Walcott and Giannina Braschi wrote epic poetry.  Winner of the Nobel Prize, Walcott wrote _Omeros_ and _In a Green Night_ in English. Giannina Braschi writes epic poetry in English, Spanglish, and Spanish, including _Empire of Dreams_

Ancient Chinese poets are Wang Wei, Du Fu, and Qu Yuan. They wrote in Chinese about nature and people.

## Related pages

- poetry
- sonnet
Ruhr-Universität Bochum

The **** is one of the biggest universities in Germany. It is in the Ruhr-Area, in the city of Bochum.

## History

The Ruhr-Universität was the first public university  founded in West Germany after World War II (in 1962). Later in the 1960s, education expanded in West Germany and more universities were founded.

The Ruhr-University was the fourth largest university in Germany in the late 1980s and early 1990s with more than 40,000 students. But after the state of North Rhine-Westfalia decided to charge study fees, many students left the university and school examiners do not start studying anymore. Actually the fees were 1,000 Euro in the year (about 1,100 US $), but the Ruhr-Area is traditionally a working class region. Summer Semester 2011 was the last semester with tuition fees. The number or students now is more than 40 000.

The university of Bochum was one of the first to have Bachelor and master's degrees instead of the traditional German Diplom and Magister degree.

## Present situation

Academically it is an upper middle-class university with a lot of international affairs, especially with Eastern Europe and Asia. The Ruhr-University Bochum lost some subjects  when the state reduced its budget. The main focuses in research are neurosciences, engineering, European law, plasma physics, solidstate physics, biochemistry, economics, Middle Ages and modern history, philosophy and languages.

## Subjects

- Mathematics
- Applied Computational Science
- Physics and Astronomy
- Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Biology and Neuro Sciences
- Geosciences (Geology, Geophysics, Mineralogy, Palentology)
- Geography
- Civil Engineering
- Electro Engineering
- Nanotechnology
- Psychology
- Medicine
- Philosophy
- History (Old, Middle Ages and New History, History of Arts)
- Archeological Sciences
- Chinese(language and literature, there are regional studies for eastern Asia, too)
- Eastern Asian Studies (China, Korea and Japan)
- English Language and Literature American and Canadian Literature
- Romanic Languages and Literature (Italian, French, Spain, Portuguese)
- Slavic Languages and Literature (Russian, Polish)
- German Languages and Literature
- Comparative Literature
- Latin and Old Greek
- Near and Middle Eastern Studies (Arabian Stuies, Indian)
- Roman Catholic Theology
- Protestant (Lutheran) Religious Studies
- Economy
- Laws
- Social Sciences (Sociology, Social Psychology, Politics, Socail-Economical studies)
- Environmental Studies
- Development policy
- Working Sciences
- Sports
- Music Sciences
- Educational Sciences

## Other websites

- English website
Aachen

**Aachen** ( ; Aachen dialect: _Oche_ [ˈɔːxə]; French and traditional English: **Aix-la-Chapelle** ; Latin: _Aquae Granni_ or _Aquisgranum_; ) is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 260,000 inhabitants and a well-known university, the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule (RWTH). It is also the location of the 1944 Battle of Aachen during World War II where the United States fought Nazi Germany .

## History

The Romans built a spa over hot water springs here in ancient times.

In the Middle Ages, it was the capital city of the Frankish emperor, Charlemagne. The city was called Aix-la-Chapelle by the French.

Charlemagne ordered the building of a cathedral in 786 AD. He was buried in a tomb in this cathedral. German emperors were crowned in the cathedral in Aachen until 1531.

European countries made two important peace agreements in Aachen. In 1668, the first treaty (agreement) ended the War of Devolution between France and the alliance of England, Holland and Sweden. The treaty allowed France to keep most of the towns it had captured in Flanders the year before. In 1748, the second treaty ended the War of the Austrian Succession. In this war, France, Prussia, and other nations tried to take territory from the Austrian Empire. The treaty said that Maria Theresa of Austria was the ruler of these territories. It also gave Prussia the territory of Silesia.

Since 1972, Aachen has been part of the Cologne Government Region.

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Aachen
- **settlement type**: Municipalities of Germany, Municipality
- **image skyline**: Aachen Cathedral night.jpg
- **imagesize**: 265px
- **image caption**: View of Aachen Cathedral
- **image flag**: Flagge Aachen.svg
- **image seal**: DEU Aachen COA.svg
- **pushpin map**: Germany
- **pushpin mapsize**: 265px
- **pushpin relief**: yes
- **subdivision type**: List of sovereign states, Country
- **subdivision type1**: States of Germany, State
- **subdivision type2**: _Regierungsbezirk_
- **subdivision name2**: Cologne (region), Köln
- **subdivision type3**: Districts of Germany, District
- **subdivision name3**: Aachen
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **leader name**: Sibylle Keupen
- **area total km2**: 160.8
- **population total**: 236,420
- **population as of**: January 1, 2001
- **population density km2**: 1,470
- **timezone**: Central European Time, CET
- **utc offset**: +01:00
- **postal code type**: Postal code(s)
- **postal code**: 52062–52080
- **area code type**: Telephone numbering plan, Area code(s)
- **area code**: 0241, 02405, 02407, 02408
- **blank name sec2**: Community Identification Number, CIN
- **blank info sec2**: 05334002
- **blank1 name sec2**: Address
Marburg

**Marburg** is a city in Hesse, Germany, on the Lahn river. It is the main town of the Marburg-Biedenkopf Rural District. It has about 80,000 inhabitants and a small, but well-known university, the Philipps-University.

The upper part of Old town, near the castle and above the former village 'Weidenhausen' at river Lahn and a bridge is called 'Oberstadt' (upper town).

There are timber framing houses, similar to some houses in Alsfeld (Vogelsbergkreis).

Cycling trail _Lahntalradweg_ along the river connects Marburg with Gießen in the South.

## Geography

The Lahn valley is surrounded by hill chains called _Lahnberge_ and _Marburger Rücken_ in the Central Uplands (Mittelgebirge), part of West Hesse Highlands. The city districts Cyriaxweimar, Elnhausen, Michelbach and Schröck are on the other side of these two hill chains.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Marburg
- **art**: Stadt
- **image photo**: Marburg Schloss.jpg
- **image caption**: Marburg: the castle, upper town, and St Elizabeth's church
- **wappen**: Wappen Marburg.svg
- **lageplan**: Marburg Biedenkopf Marburg.png
- **bundesland**: Hessen
- **landkreis**: Marburg-Biedenkopf Rural District, Marburg-Biedenkopf
- **höhe**: 173-412
- **fläche**: 124.5
- **einwohner**: 79139
- **stand**: 2005-12-31
- **plz**: 35001-35043
- **vorwahl**: 06421
- **kfz**: MR
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06 5 34 014
- **website**: [http://www.marburg.de/ Stadt Marburg]
- **bürgermeister**: Dr. Thomas Spies
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Oberbürgermeister
- **partei**: SPD
Akron, Ohio

**Akron** is a large city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is found near the Ohio & Lake Erie canal. It is home to the U.S. rubber industry, including Goodyear tires.

## Other websites

- City of Akron

## Infobox (settlement)

- **name**: Akron, Ohio
- **settlement type**: List of cities in Ohio, City
- **nicknames**: , ,
- **map caption**: Interactive map of Akron
- **image map1**: File:Summit County Ohio incorporated and unincorporated areas Akron highlighted.svg
- **map caption1**: Location in Summit County, Ohio
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in the United States
- **pushpin map**: USA
- **pushpin relief**: 1
- **pushpin label**: Akron
- **subdivision type**: Country
- **subdivision type1**: U.S. state, State
- **subdivision type2**: List of counties in Ohio, County
- **subdivision name**: United States
- **subdivision name1**: Ohio
- **subdivision name2**: Summit County, Ohio, Summit
- **established title**: Founded
- **established date**: 1825
- **established title2**: Incorporated
- **established date2**: 1836 (village)
- **established title3**: Incorporated
- **established date3**: 1865 (city)
- **government type**: Mayor–council
- **leader title**: Mayor
- **unit pref**: Imperial
- **area land km2**: 160.41
- **area water km2**: 0.88
- **area total km2**: 161.29
- **area total sq mi**: 62.27
- **area land sq mi**: 61.93
- **area water sq mi**: 0.34
- **area water percent**: 0.55
- **elevation ft**: 945
- **population as of**: 2020 United States Census, 2020
- **population total**: 190469
- **population rank**: US: List of United States cities by population, 136th
- **population density km2**: 1187.4
- **population density sq mi**: 3075.4
- **population urban**: 541,879 (US: List of United States urban areas, 79th)
- **population density urban km2**: 695.9
- **population density urban sq mi**: 1,802.4
- **population metro**: 702219 (US: Metropolitan statistical area, 82nd)
- **population demonym**: Akronite
- **timezone**: Eastern Time Zone, Eastern (EST)
- **utc offset**: −5
- **timezone dst**: Eastern Daylight Time, EDT
- **utc offset dst**: −4
- **postal code type**: ZIP code
- **postal code**: 44301-44321, 44325-44326, 44328, 44333-44334, 44372, 44396, 44398
- **area codes**: Area codes 330 and 234, 234, 330
- **blank name**: Federal Information Processing Standard, FIPS code
- **blank info**: 39-01000
- **blank1 name**: Geographic Names Information System, GNIS feature ID
- **blank1 info**: 1086993
Philipps University of Marburg

The **Philipps University of Marburg** is the oldest Protestant university of the world. It was founded by Martin Luther's friend Philipp of Hesse in 1527, during the reformation.

Major areas of research at the university are medicine, nano-science, materials science and near eastern studies.

## List of subjects

- Mathematics
- Physics
- Chemistry
- Biology
- Medicine
- Dental Medicine
- Pharmacology
- Geography
- Philosophy
- History
- Protestant (Lutheran) Religious Studies
- Roman Catholic Religious Studies
- Latin and Ancient Greek
- English
- German
- Romance Languages and Literature (French, Italian, Spanish)
- Near Eastern Studies
- Social Science and Political Science
- Economics (strong point is microeconomics)
- Slavic Languages and Literature (Polish, Russian) (well-known, but may be closed soon)
- Far Eastern Studies (China, Japan) (will be closed soon)

## Other websites

- http://www.uni-marburg.de

## Infobox (_university)

- **name**: University of Marburg
- **native name**: Philipps-Universität Marburg
- **latin name**: SCHOLA MARPVRGENSIS
- **established**: July 1, 1527
- **type**: Public university
- **president**: Katharina Krause
- **students**: ca. 21,000
- **staff**: ca. 7,500 (incl. hospital staff - 2005)
- **city**: Marburg
- **country**: Germany
- **website**: http://www.uni-marburg.de
- **image**: Marburg asv2022-02 img02 Old University.jpg
- **footnotes**: Data
Dortmund

**Dortmund** (; Westphalian  [ˈdyːœɐ̯pm̩]; ) is a German city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is part of the Arnsberg Government Region

Dortmund has about 600,000 inhabitants and is in the Ruhr Area. There is a university in Dortmund. The biggest soccer club is Borussia Dortmund.

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Dortmund
- **type**: City
- **image coa**: Coat of arms of Dortmund.svg
- **image flag**: Flag of Dortmund.svg
- **image plan**: North rhine w DO.svg
- **state**: North Rhine-Westphalia
- **region**: Arnsberg
- **district**: Urban district
- **elevation**: 86
- **area**: 280.71
- **pop urban**: 5302179 (Ruhr)
- **area metro**: 7,268
- **pop metro**: 11300000 (Rhine-Ruhr)
- **population**: 588250
- **stand**: 2019-12-31
- **postal code**: 44001-44388
- **area code**: 0231, 02304
- **licence**: DO
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 05 9 13 000
- **mayor**: Alexander Kalouti
- **bürgermeistertitel**: Lord Mayor
- **party**: CDU
- **year**: 882
Netherlands Antilles

The **Netherlands Antilles** was a country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The country was originally a group of six islands in the Caribbean Sea. Some were discovered in 1493 by Christopher Columbus, and some were discovered in 1499 by Alonso de Ojeda.

Aruba, Bonaire and Curaçao are part of the Leeward Islands. They are near Venezuela. Saint Martin, Sint Eustatius, and Saba are part of the Windward Islands. They are near Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Of these, the island Sint Maarten is in fact part of two countries: the northern part belongs to France (as Saint Martin), but the southern part is Dutch (as Sint Maarten).

Aruba left the Netherlands Antilles in 1986. When Curaçao and Sint Maarten did the same thing on 10 October 2010, the country no longer existed. The remaining **BES Islands** of **B**onaire, Sint **E**ustatius and **S**aba now belong to the Netherlands and are called the Dutch Caribbean islands.

Because the Netherlands Antilles was a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands proper was also the Queen of the Netherlands Antilles, but the islands' residents had a government of their own. Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten are now separate countries within the Kingdom. All of these places still have King Willem-Alexander as their monarch today.

The last Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles was Emily de Jongh-Elhage. The last Governor was Frits Goedgedrag, who is since the 10 October 2010 the first Governor of Curaçao.

## Other websites

- Method of Securing the Ports and Populations of All the Coasts of the Indies is an old document from 1694 that talks about the Netherlands Antilles
Alfred Nobel

**Alfred Nobel** () (October 21, 1833 – December 10, 1896) was a Swedish scientist, engineer, and weapons manufacturer. He is well known for the invention of dynamite and for creating the Nobel Prize.

He left instructions in his will that his money should create the Nobel Prize after reading an article in a French newspaper that called him the "merchant of death" and said that he would be remembered for his invention of dynamite and its ability to kill more people than ever before. Nobel left 31 million kronor (the Swedish currency) to the awards after his death on December 10, 1896. The artificial element Nobelium is named for him.

## Early life

Nobel was born on October 21, 1833. His father, Immanuel Nobel, was an engineer and inventor. His mother was Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. In 1833, Immanuel Nobel was forced into bankruptcy due to losses in his construction company.

## Other websites

- Alfred Nobel - Citizendium
Pharmacy

A **pharmacy** is a shop where therapeutic drugs are sold. Sometimes a pharmacy is also called a  _drug store or chemist and druggist store_. The people working in a pharmacy are called pharmacists, druggist or chemists. These people can recognise simple diseases and dispense drugs for some of them.

Certain drugs are special, because they can be addictive, or they change the way other drugs act, or they need to be taken in a special way. These drugs cannot simply be bought at a pharmacy. A prescription is necessary to get them. Medical doctors give out prescription<nowiki/>s, which can then be used to get the drug.  The rules about what can be bought without prescriptions are different in different countries.

There are many small local pharmacy shops.  There are also pharmacies in most hospitals which deliver drugs for the patients in the hospital. Many pharmacy shops do not sell drugs only. They also sell beauty products and hygiene-related products, like tampons for women and contraceptives.

The number of pharmacies in England has been falling. There were 11,500 active pharmacies in 2022— the lowest total since 2015/2016. The number of prescription items given out in 2021/2022 was 1.1 billion, 2.7% more than 2020/2021.  A survey by the Association of Convenience Stores in 2024 found  that people thought pharmacies were the most vital local service, with Post Offices coming second and convenience stores third.My Dr. XM Pharmacy is a reliable online pharmacy offering a wide range of over-the-counter medications, vitamins, supplements, and personal care products. It provides a user-friendly shopping experience and international shipping, making health products accessible worldwide.

Pharmacology is the branch of chemistry that studies the molecular structure of drugs to find better drugs.

## Related pages

- Pharmacist
- Pharmaconomist
- Online pharmacy
Kiss

People **kiss** each other, usually by using their lips and mouth to touch each other. However, there are many different types of kiss, with different meanings. Also, the meaning of kissing may be different in different cultures. Most often, people kiss to show love or affection for each other. Sometimes, people kiss as a sign of friendship, sometimes it is a ritual performed to greet someone.

### Greeting kisses

Greeting kisses are not given for sexual passion, but simply a sign of friendship. In many parts of the world, women often kiss on meeting female friends, but men do not. And the female greeting kiss may not actually touch the friend's face. In the past of many western countries men used to kiss the back of a woman's hand when being introduced. This suggests that a direct kiss from a man to a woman was too intimate to be just a greeting.

There are different ways of kissing. People might kiss on the cheeks to greet someone, or to bid them farewell. Depending on the culture it usually does not mean that the kisser loves the person he or she kissed. Kissing when female friends meet is usual in many countries, with some interesting variations. Parisian females often do a rapid double 'air kiss' or 'cheek kiss': a kiss on each side twice, but without lips touching flesh.

### Sexual kisses

**French kissing** is  an erotic gesture. It involves touching tongues while kissing. It is more intimate than other forms of kissing.

### Ritual kisses

A kiss may be a ritual, that is, a symbolic or social gesture showing devotion, respect or greeting. Temples, religious books or icon are sometimes given a ritual kiss. A bride and groom kissing at the end of a wedding ceremony or national leaders kissing each other in greeting, are examples.

## Kisses and health

It is possible to spread diseases through kissing, but it is also possible to exaggerate the danger. Exotic diseases like herpes and mononucleosis can be spread, but that is rare, and spreading HIV this way is almost unknown. Colds and the flu are much more likely to be spread. Mononucleosis is well known for being spread through kissing. Many diseases that can be spread by sharing drinks can also be spread by kissing.

The upside to this is that, usually, kissing makes people happier. That has health benefits.
Latitude

The **latitude** of the Earth gives the distance north or south of the equator. It is measured in degrees. Latitude is represented by the Greek letter phi, . It is usually used along with a measurement of longitude in order to pinpoint a location on Earth.

The equator is numbered 0 degrees. Everything north or south of the equator is designated either as **north latitude** or **south latitude**. The north pole is 90 degrees north, and the south pole is 90 degrees south. The Antarctic Circle, Tropic of Capricorn, Tropic of Cancer, and Arctic Circle are all circles of latitude.

## Related pages

- Longitude

## Other websites

- Latitude Citizendium
Jaleel White

**Jaleel Ahmad White** (born November 27, 1976) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Steve Urkel on the sitcom Family Matters. The character was originally intended to be a one-time guest appearance on the show; however, he was an instant hit with audiences and White became a regular cast member. The series aired for a total of nine seasons, from 1989 to 1998. White then reprised his role as Urkel for the first time in 21 years in the 2019 series Scooby-Doo and Guess Who?. He is also the host of the American game show _Flip Side_.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Jaleel White
- **image**: Jaleel White Photo Op GalaxyCon Richmond 2024 (cropped).jpg
- **caption**: White at GalaxyCon Richmond in 2024
- **birth name**: Jaleel Ahmad  White
- **birth place**: Pasadena, California, Pasadena, California, U.S.A.
- **alma mater**: UCLA
- **years active**: 1984-present
- **children**: 1
Chemical substance

A **chemical substance** is any material with a known chemical composition. For example, water has the same properties and the same ratio of hydrogen to oxygen whether it came from a river or was made in a laboratory. Typical chemical substances found in the home include water, salt and bleach. Generally, substances exist as a solid, a liquid, or a gas, and may change between these _phases of matter_ when there are changes in temperature or pressure.

## Related pages

- Chemical nomenclature
South China tiger

The **South China tiger** (_Panthera tigris amoyensis_) is an almost extinct subspecies of the tiger. There are now 20-30 of them left in the wild and 60 left in captivity. It is one of the world's ten most endangered animals and the most endangered of the six surviving tiger subspecies. The South China tiger is also known as the _Chinese_, _Amoy_, or _Xiamen_ tiger.

## Description

It can be distinguished from other tiger subspecies by its narrow face, its longer nose, more intense orange colour, short fur, longer legs, and shorter stripes which are spaced far apart from each other compared to other tiger subspecies. The South China tiger has the least amount of stripes out of all the tiger subspecies, and is the second smallest tiger.

A male South China tiger is around 2.3 to 2.65 m (91 to 104 in) long, and weighs 130 to 175 kg (290 to 390 lb). Females are smaller and are around 2.2 to 2.4 m (87 to 94 in) long, and weigh 110 to 115 kg (240 to 250 lb). The smallest length of the skull in males is 318 to 343 mm (12.5 to 13.5 in), and in females 273 to 301 mm (10.7 to 11.9 in).

## Behaviour

The South China tiger is a carnivorous predator, hunting its prey by stalking it until the South China tiger has the opportunity to catch it off guard. South China tigers usually hunt large mammals like deer, wild boar, cattle and goats.

The South China tiger is found on mountains, and in temperate, upland forests of southern-China.

### Reproduction

Females are pregnant for around 3 to 4 months before giving birth to around 5 cubs. Newborn South China tiger cubs weigh about 1 kg (2 lb) and are blind and helpless. The mother feeds them milk for about 2 months and then the South China tiger cubs are introduced to meat. South China tiger cubs depend on their mother for the first 18 months and then they start hunting on their own.
Crotram

**CROTRAM** is a group of Croatian companies that make trams.  They make a tram called TMK 2200.

Crotram is a consortium (a group of companies that cooperate) made of three companies: Elektroindustrija Koncar(cro. Končar) and Gredelj, both from city of Zagreb, and Duro Dakovic (cro.Đuro Đaković), from Slavonski Brod.

Crotram sells their trams to ZET, the company that is in charge of all the public transport for the city of Zagreb.  So far Crotram has only sold TMK 2200s to Zagreb, but they are trying to sell them in other cities.

The TMK 2200 is 32 meters long, and it can go as fast as 70km/h.  202 people can ride at one time.

## Other websites

- pictures of TMK 2200
- Gallery with pictures of TMK 2200 and some other Croatian trams
Danish language

**Danish** is the Germanic language spoken in Denmark, the Faroe Islands, and parts of Greenland and Germany (Southern Schleswig). Around 5.5 million people speak Danish.  It is used as a second language in Greenland and the Faroe Islands.  The Danish people, or _Danes_, call their language _dansk_.

Here are some simple words in Danish:

|English|Danish|
| --- | --- |
|Hello|Hej|
|Goodbye|Farvel|
|Thank you|Tak|
|Where are you from?|Hvor kommer du fra?|
|With|Med|
|I|Jeg|
|Yes|Ja|
|No|Nej|
|Welcome|Velkommen|
|am/are/is|Er|
|English|Engelsk|
|If|Hvis|
|I love you|Jeg elsker dig|
|Room|Værelse|
|Copenhagen|København|
|Bill|Regning|
|Food|Mad|
|Okay|Okay|
|Umbrella|Paraply|
|Where|Hvor|
|Who|Hvem|
|Which|Hvilken/hvilket|
|The price|Prisen|
|Where is|Hvor er|
|Airport|Lufthavn|
|Road|Vej|
|Rooster|Hane|
|Chicken|Kylling|
|Fish|Fisk|
|Vegetarian|Vegetar|
|Compare|Sammenligne|
|Train|Tog|

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Danish
- **nativename**: __
- **states**: Denmark, Greenland, Schleswig-Holstein (Germany)
- **speakers**: 5.6 million
- **date**: 2007
- **script**: Latin script (Danish and Norwegian alphabet, Danish alphabet)
Danish Braille
- **familycolor**: Indo-European
- **fam2**: Germanic languages, Germanic
- **fam3**: North Germanic language, North Germanic
- **fam4**: East Scandinavian
- **nation**:
 (Denmark)

Nordic Council
---
Minority language:

(Denmark)

- **agency**: Dansk Sprognævn ("Danish Language Committee")
- **iso1**: da
- **iso2**: dan
- **iso3**: dan
- **lingua**: 52-AAA-bf & -ca to -cj
- **notice**: IPA
Zealand

**Zealand** (Danish: _Sjælland_) is an island in the eastern part of Denmark. It is just west of Sweden and a strait called the Øresund lies between the two. It has an area of 7,031 km² and is the largest island in the country.

About 2,268,000 people were living in Zealand as of 2016. Most of these people live in and around Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, which is on the eastern shore of Zealand.

A number of bridges and tunnels link Zealand to other parts of Denmark. They include:
- the Great Belt Bridge, which links Zealand to Funen, an island to the west.
- the Storstrøm Bridge, which links Zealand to Lolland, an island to the south.
- the Øresund Bridge, which links Zealand (actually the island of Amager) to Sweden to the east, near Malmö.
Bangladeshi taka

The **Taka** is the currency of Bangladesh. The most commonly used symbol for the Taka is Tk and <big>৳</big>.  This is used on receipts while purchasing goods and services. One taka is divided into 100 poisha.

In Bengali, the word _taka_ is also used to mean any money, currency, or notes.

Bangladesh Bank, the central bank of the country, prints the currency, except for one taka and two taka notes, which are made by the Ministry of Finance.

## Exchange rates

The taka is fixed to be the same as 0.008182 USD.

## Other websites

- Banknotes of Bangladesh

## Infobox (currency)

- **image 1**: Taka (Bengali letter).svg
- **image title 1**: Taka Symbol
- **using countries**: Bangladesh
- **subunit ratio 1**: 1/100
- **subunit name 1**: poisha
- **symbol**: ৳
- **plural**: Taka
- **frequently used coins**: ৳1, ৳2, ৳5
- **frequently used banknotes**: ৳2, ৳5, ৳10, ৳20, ৳50, ৳100, ৳500 & ৳1000
Aymara people

The **Aymara** are members of a tribe of Native Americans and live in Bolivia and Peru. They are native to the area around Lake Titicaca and speak the Aymara language. They call themselves Aymaras.

The president of Bolivia, Evo Morales, was Aymara.

The many-colored flag of the tribe is called the Wiphala.
Perihelion

The **perihelion** is the point in the orbit of a planet, asteroid or comet that is nearest to the sun. It is the opposite of aphelion, which is the point farthest from the sun.

The word perihelion stems from the Greek words "peri," meaning near, and "Helios," meaning the Greek god of the sun. So it is referred to as perihelion.

All planets, comets and asteroids in our solar system have approximately elliptical (a kind of non-circular) orbits. Thus, they all have a closest and a farthest point from the sun: a perihelion and an aphelion. Orbital eccentricity measures the flatness of the orbit. Any single revolution of a body around the sun is only approximately elliptical, because the precession of the perihelion prevents the orbit from being a simple closed curve such as an ellipse. This causes Milankovich cycles.

Earth comes closest to the sun every year around January 3. It is farthest from the sun every year around July 4. The difference in distance between Earth's nearest point to the sun in January and farthest point from the sun in July is 3.1 million miles (5 million kilometers). Earth is about 91.4 million miles (147.1 million kilometers) from the sun in early January, in contrast to about 94.5 million miles (152 million kilometers) in early July.

When Earth is closest to the sun, it is winter in the northern hemisphere and summer in the southern hemisphere. Thus it is possible to see that Earth's distance from the sun does not noticeably  cause the seasons to change; the relatively minor effects of differences in distance is somewhat masked by the mainly oceanic southern hemisphere vs the half- continental northern hemisphere. Therefore, the Earth's seasons come and go mainly because Earth does not rotate with its axis exactly upright with respect to the plane of our world’s orbit around the sun. Earth's axial tilt is 23.5 degrees.  This puts the Sun farther south in December and January, so the north has winter and the south has summer. Thus winter falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes least directly. Summer falls on that part of the globe where sunlight strikes most directly.
Johnston Atoll

**Johnston Atoll** is an island in the Pacific Ocean. It is a property of the United States. The military used the Island for many things including a re-fueling location for planes going overseas, a chemical weapons ammunition storage facility, and a test launch location for nuclear testing. It was inhabited by forces of the US military and government contract workers.

The island is named after Captain James Johnston, who discovered it in 1807. The island was mined for guano until 1890. After that, it was used as an army base.

## Other websites

- Johnston Island Memories Site, the personal website of an AFRTS serviceman stationed there in 1975-6
- Coast Guard Medevac from Johnston Island , photo from December 2007 medevac operation
- JACADS - Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System, history of nuclear testing, and JACADS Sarin and VX nerve agent disposal
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Johnston Island National Wildlife Refuge  Contains additional information on wildlife and clean-up efforts
Llama

A **Llama** (_Lama glama_) is a mammal of the _Camelidae_ family. It is from South America, the Andes Mountains of Peru and Ecuador.

Sometimes the name _llama_ is used for all four South American camelids.

## Llama and people

The llama was domesticated about 5000 years ago. It was and is used for carrying things, and for wool. The llama was very important for the Incan people. Even today, llamas are used for similar reasons, but will more commonly be used as domesticated pets.

## Related animals

The llama's close relative is the alpaca, who is a more demure, petite animal in comparison to the llama. Llamas have three related cousins - the guanaco, and the vicuña. The llama is the national symbol of Bolivia.

Llamas spit, and travel together. Llamas also have a high content of hemoglobin which causes their blood cells to be oval and not circular.
1840s

The **1840s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1840 and ended on December 31, 1849. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1841 and ended on December 31, 1850.

## Events

- Treaty of Nanking between China and the United Kingdom(1842)
- Irish Potato Famine(1845–1848)
- Mexican-American War (1846–1848)
- The Communist Manifesto (1848)is published
- European Revolutions of 1848 (1848)
- California Gold Rush (1849)

## World leaders

- Emperor Ferdinand I (Austria)
- Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
- Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
- King Louis-Philippe (July Monarchy France)
- Frederick William IV of Prussia (Prussia)
- Pope Gregory XVI
- Pope Pius IX
- Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
- Queen Isabella II (Spain)
- Queen Victoria (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
- Prime Minister Lord Melbourne (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Lord John Russell (United Kingdom)
- President Martin Van Buren (United States)
- President William Henry Harrison (United States)
- President John Tyler (United States)
- President James Knox Polk (United States)
- President Zachary Taylor (United States)
- Sultan Abd-ul-Mejid I (Ottoman Empire)
- Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
1. Mohammad Shah Qajar, (b. 1810 – d. 1848) Shah from 1834 to 1848
1. Nasser-al-Din Shah, 1848–1896

## Births

- Edvard Grieg (1843)
- Wyatt Earp (1848)

## Deaths

- Edgar Allan Poe (1849)
Revolutions of 1848

The **European Revolutions of 1848** were a series of revolts in Europe. In some places they are called **Spring of Nations** or the **Year of Revolution**.

These revolutions started in January with a Palermo republican uprising. The larger French Revolution of 1848 in February was followed in March by several other revolutions amongst them the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. In Ireland, the rebellions began because of famine conditions in their country.

People in the various countries tried to take over their governments.

## Infobox (historical event)

- **event name**: Revolutions of 1848
- **partof**: the Age of Revolution
- **image name**: Horace Vernet-Barricade rue Soufflot.jpg
- **image caption**: _Barricade on the rue Soufflot_, an 1848 painting by Horace Vernet. The Panthéon is shown in the background.
- **aka**: Springtime of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples, Year of Revolution
- **participants**: People of History of Ireland (1801–1923), Ireland, July Monarchy, France, German Confederation, Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867), Hungary, List of historic states of Italy#From the Restoration to the Unification, Italian states, Denmark, Moldavia, Wallachia, Poland, and others
- **location**: Western Europe, Western, Northern Europe, Northern, and Central Europe
- **date**: 12 January 1848 – 4 October 1849
- **result**: See _#Events by country or region, Events by country or region_
* Political change in a few countries
* Significant social and cultural change
Palmyra Atoll

**Palmyra Atoll** is an island in the North Pacific Ocean. No one lives there, but 4 to 20 people use this island, mainly scientists. It is managed as a nature reserve by the United States. It is known as the _Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge_.

In 2005, a team of scientists from around the world started to build a research station on the island. They wanted to gain a deeper understanding of the environment of the island.

## History

Palmyra Atoll was claimed by the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1862, and was taken by the United States in 1898 along with Hawaii. The atoll was not included in the Hawaii Admission Act of 1959, which made Hawaii a state, so it remained a US territory.

## References

- https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/um.html

## Other websites

- Palmyra atoll
- Palmyra Island
- Palmyra Atoll NWR
- The Curse of Palmyra Island – article
- The Curse of Palmyra Island – free book
- The Nature Conservancy in Palmyra Atoll
- Palmyra Atoll Research Consortium
- _United States v. Fullard-Leo_ (Supreme Court opinion; includes a history of the island's ownership)
- WorldStatesmen- U.S.
- History of Palmyra Atoll
- The Palmyra Gazette
Kingman Reef

**Kingman Reef** is a coral reef in the North Pacific Ocean, owned by the United States.

It is the farthest north of the Northern Line Islands.  It is only sometimes above water.

Palmyra Atoll is the other U.S. territory in the Northern Line Islands.

## Other websites

- K5K Amateur Radio Expedition to Kingman Reef
- Kennedy Warne: "An Uneasy Eden"  — National Geographic Magazine, July 2008

## Infobox (islands)

- **name**: Kingman Reef
- **image name**: Kingman Reef NWR. Photo credit- Susan White-USFWS (12198955306).jpg
- **image caption**: Southeast part of Kingman Reef, looking north
- **pushpin map**: Oceania#Pacific Ocean
- **pushpin label position**: bottom
- **pushpin map caption**: Location in Oceania
- **location**: Oceania
- **area km2**: 0.03
- **area footnotes**:
(Land area – not including the lagoon)
- **length km**: 17
- **width km**: 8
- **country**: United States
Jarvis Island

**Jarvis Island** (; formerly known as **Bunker Island**) is an uninhabited island owned by the United States.  The small island is a part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands, a group of mostly uninhabited islands.

Jarvis Island was officially made part of the United States in 1858. People used to mine guano there, but they then abandoned it. The United States treats it as a nature reserve.

Located 25 miles south of the equator, Jarvis Island, is an uninhabited coral island located in the South Pacific Ocean. Jarvis has no known natural freshwater sources, and very little rain. This creates a very bleak, flat landscape with plants no larger than shrubs. Jarvis Island has no ports or docks, other than a reef the guano miners blew up in order for the cargo boats to be able to drop anchor. Its grass, vines and low-growing bushes are primarily a nesting, roosting, and foraging habitat for wildlife. The island has a tropical desert climate, with high temperatures in the day, constant wind, and a very hot sun. There is no evidence that the island has ever supported a native human population, but on August 30, 1913, the Amaranth was carrying a cargo of coal from Newcastle, New South Wales, to San Francisco when it crashed on Jarvis' southern shore. Ruins of ten wooden buildings, and a two-story house among them, could still be seen by the _Amaranth_ crew, who left Jarvis aboard two lifeboats. Also, Settlers were moved to Jarvis Island in 1935 to maintain a weather station and plan a landing field. A settlement called Millersville was established on the west coast of the island because of it was the highest elevation. The Japanese shelled the island in 1942 and the men living on Jarvis were evacuated soon afterward. The United States claimed possession of Jarvis under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. The Act gave American citizens the right to claim any unclaimed, uninhabited islands for the purpose of mining guano. Because at the time guano was a very valuable asset used for fertilizer.

## Other websites

- Jarvis Island Home Page Website with photos, weather, and more.
- Jarvis Island information website  Has several photos of the old Millersville settlement, together with more modern photos of the island.
- WorldStatesmen Offers brief data on Jarvis island.
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge  The Jarvis Island refuge site.
1830s

The **1830s** was the decade that began on January 1, 1830 and ended on December 31, 1839. It is distinct from the decade known as the  which began on January 1, 1831 and ended on December 31, 1840.

## Events

- Ayya Vaikundar appeared after the incarnation, above the sea of Thiruchendur.
- Croquet invented in Ireland.
- Mormon religion founded in New York.
- Belgium founded.
- Ecuador declares independence.
- Queen Victoria becomes ruler of Great Britain.

## World leaders

- Emperor Francis II (Austria)
- Emperor Ferdinand I (Austria)
- Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
- King Louis-Philippe (July Monarchy France)
- Frederick William III of Prussia (Prussia)
- Pope Gregory XVI
- Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
- King Ferdinand VII (Spain)
- King William IV (United Kingdom)
- Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Lord Grey (United Kingdom)
- Prime Minister Lord Melbourne (United Kingdom)
- President Andrew Jackson (United States)
- President Martin Van Buren (United States)
- Shahs of Persia (Qajar dynasty)
1. Fath Ali Shah, 1797–1834
1. Mohammad Shah Qajar, 1834–1848

## Births

- Emily Dickinson, writer
- Gustave Eiffel, engineer
- Johannes Brahms, German musician
- Alfred Nobel, inventor
- Grover Cleveland, politician

## Deaths

- Simón Bolívar, leader
- Jean-François Champollion, Egyptologist
- Sir Walter Scott, writer
- James Weddell, explorer
- Alexander Puskin, writer
1819

**1819** (MDCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar.

## Events

- Simon Bolivar finds Gran Colombia.
- The United States buys Florida from Spain.
- The U.S. State of Alabama got its statehood.
- Guarapuava was founded in Brazil.
- Singapore was founded by Sir Stamford Raffles.

## Births

- May 24 – Queen Victoria, British royal (d. 1901)
- August 26 – Albert, Prince Consort, Husband of Queen Victoria (d. 1861)
- date unknown
    - George Eliot, English writer (d. 1880)
    - Charles Kingsley, writer (_The Water Babies_) (d. 1877)
Isaiah

**Isaiah** was a prophet of God in Judaism, Islam, Christianity and Bahá'í. He lived from about 740 to 681 BC. The name _Isaiah_ means "the Lord is salvation" in the Hebrew language.

Isaiah is also the name of a book in the Old Testament of the Bible, which tells the story of the Israelites in Isaiah's time.  According to Christianity, Isaiah predicted in this book, the birth and then death of Jesus, hundreds of years before it actually happened.  Judaism does not agree with that interpretation.

Isaiah was known to be the Shakespeare of the Bible due to his good education and the quality of the passages he wrote. He was cut in half by King Manasseh which led to his gruesome death. Most of Isaiah's Bible passages begin with 'God's message to'.
Leopold Poetsch

**Leopold Poetsch** was a German professor and a high school teacher of Adolf Hitler who influenced the future leader's later views.

Poetsch came from the southern German border area. There, political fights between Slavs and ethnic Germans angered him and made him one who was for the Pan-German movement. He started to teach in Maribor, Slovenia and later moved to Linz, Austria to teach history.

Hitler was very interested in what Poetsch said. Poetsch argued that all ethnic Germans should be united by a single government. He said that the Aryan race was stronger, in better health, and more fit to rule than all other people. Poetsch said that Jews and Slavs were what he called "inferior races". (This view was held a lot in Germany after World War I.)

In his later years, Hitler spoke of Poetsch as a "great man."

## References

- Shirer, William L. _Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany_. Simon & Schuster, 1990. ISBN 0-671-72868-7
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The **prime minister of the United Kingdom** or **British prime minister** is the head of government in the United Kingdom. The prime minister controls the Government of the United Kingdom through the cabinet. The prime minister is the chairman of the British cabinet and a member of the Privy Council. It is normal for the prime minister to be the leader of the political party which has a majority in the House of Commons.

The prime minister is not the head of state, but is the most important politician in Parliament. By tradition, the monarch of the United Kingdom chooses the prime minister. The monarch chooses the leader of the political party with enough votes to get laws passed in Parliament.

Keir Starmer (Labour) became prime minister on 5 July 2024.

## Background

The Prime Minister (PM) is usually the leader of the political party which wins most seats in the House of Commons after a general election. There are 650 available seats in the Commons. In each general election the UK electorate vote for their own local member of parliament (MP) to represent their constituency, not for the prime minister. MPs represent their local constituency in the chamber to vote for bills which eventually become laws or statutes, if successful. The prime minister is a member of parliament.

The first prime minister was Robert Walpole in 1721. He was known as the "First Lord of the Treasury".  The first person to be use the title "prime minister" officially was Henry Campbell-Bannerman in 1905.

Well-known prime ministers in the 20th century included David Lloyd George,  Stanley Baldwin, Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, Margaret Thatcher, and Tony Blair. The prime ministers usually live and work at 10 Downing Street or Chequers while in office. Chequers was donated to the country by Winston Churchill.

There are several other official residences, some owned by the government, others held by trusts. The  Chevening House estate, in Kent is an example. Dorneywood is another.

## Living former prime ministers

There are eight living former British prime ministers:

## Related pages

- List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
- Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

## Infobox (official post)

- **post**: Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **insignia**: Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (HM Government).svg
- **insigniacaption**: Royal arms of
His Majesty's Government
- **flag**: Flag of the United Kingdom (3:5).svg
- **flagborder**: yes
- **flagcaption**: Union Flag
- **image**: Boris Johnson official portrait (cropped).jpg
- **status**: Head of Government
- **incumbent**: Boris Johnson
- **style**: Prime Minister
(informal)
The Right Honourable
(formal)
(UK and Commonwealth)
Excellency, His Excellency
 (diplomatic)
- **reports to**: Charles III
- **residence**: 10 Downing Street
- **seat**: Westminster
- **first**: Robert Walpole, Sir Robert Walpole
- **unofficial names**: P.M.
- **deputy**: Angela Rayner
River Forth

The **River Forth** is a river in Scotland.

The source is Loch Ard, in Kinlochard. The river flows through the city of Stirling, and the city of Edinburgh is on the south of the Firth of Forth estuary.