juno-labs/simple_wikipedia huggingface dataset:
University of Missouri

The **University of Missouri** (often shortened to **MU**, and also nicknamed **Mizzou**) is a public university in Columbia, Missouri, in the United States that was started in 1839.  It has about 31,000 students.

## Sports

Missouri's athletics teams are called the Tigers. Missouri has 18 varsity teams that now compete in the Southeastern Conference. The school's mascot, Truman the Tiger, is named after President Harry Truman, who was from Missouri.

## Academics

There are more than 280 degree programs at the University of Missouri.

### Missouri School of Journalism

The university's well known school of journalism is the oldest university journalism program in the United States. The school has awarded its Honor Medal for Distinguished Service in Journalism. The medal has been awarded yearly since 1930.

## Other websites

- The University of Missouri
- Missouri Tigers
Saltasaurus

***Saltasaurus*** was a large plant-eating dinosaur with an elongated neck and bony armored plates on its body. It was a titanosaurid sauropod which lived during the late Cretaceous period, about 83 to 79 million years ago. Fossils have been found in Argentina.

It was the first genus of sauropod known to have armour of bony plates embedded in its skin. The small bony plates (called osteoderms, a feature of modern crocodiles) have since been found on other titanosaurs.

## Description

_Saltasaurus_ was named by paleontologists José Bonaparte and Jamie Powell in 1980. Salta is the name of the Northwestern Argentinian Province where fossils were found. They include: a few oval and circular armored plates, hundreds of bumps which covered its back (roughly 1/4 inch = 6-7 mm in diameter), and several incomplete skeletons, including some vertebrae, limb bones, and jaws.
Peter Schwartz

**Peter Schwartz** (born 1946) is a futurist and an author. He and his friends Stewart Brand and Jay Ogilvy made Global Business Network. Global Business Network is a company in San Francisco, California.

## Personal history

Peter was born in 1946. His parents are named Klara and Benjamin. He went to college at RPI. His wife is named Cathleen. His son is named Benjamin. Benjamin was born in 1990.

## Writings

Peter Schwartz wrote a lot of books, mostly about the future. He wrote about China's economy.
Peter Schwartz also helped work on movies.

## Global Business Network

Global Business Network is Peter Schwartz's company. He started it in the 1980s with his friends Stewart Brand and Jay Ogilvy.
Fiddler crab

A **fiddler crab**, also called a **calling crab**, is a land crab that lives in mud or sand flats near the beach. The reason this crab is called a fiddler crab is because it holds its large cheliped in front of its body and moves it back and forth as if it is playing a fiddle.

## Description

The male fiddler crab has one huge cheliped and another smaller cheliped. Sometimes it's the right cheliped that's the big one and sometimes it's the left. If a male loses its large cheliped, the smaller one will grow large to replace it. This huge cheliped is so large that it is sometimes bigger than the whole crab. It is this cheliped they wave back and forth.

## Fiddler crab's diet

The fiddler crab eats by first opening its mouth, then using its maxillipeds (a part of its mouth), it scoops in a small amount of mud or sand, depending on where it lives. Then, it uses its other mouthparts to scrape any food matter (algae, decaying animals or plants)it can from the dirt it has just put into its mouth. After this, it forms the mud or sand into a little pellet, which is called a _feeding pellet_. It then drops the feeding pellet and starts all over again.

## Mating

The reason the male fiddler crab has such a big claw is to attract females. Every two weeks during the summer, male fiddler crabs build little round burrows, which are deeper and better than the ones they usually build. The crabs guard these burrows fiercely. Where there are lots of fiddler crabs, there are usually hundreds of these little burrows all lined up only a few inches apart. Each male fiddler crab stands out in front of his burrow waiting for the females to return from eating. The females then walk around looking at the different burrows. As they walk past, the males wave their big chelipeds back and forth. If a female likes a male or burrow, she will stop and stare. Then the male begins waving his cheliped wildly. Sometimes the female will run away. However, if she stays, the male will run between her and the burrow, back and forth, again and again. If she has still not run away, she will come closer to the burrow. Then the male will enter the burrow a little and start drumming against the side of the tunnel with his cheliped. If the female likes what she hears, she will go down into the burrow, and they will mate.

## Other websites

- http://www.fiddlercrab.info/uca_video.html  - Videos of Fiddler Crabs
- Info on systematics, phylogeny and morphology of fiddlers - Fiddlercrab.info
- The colorful fiddler crabs in the mangrove forest of Borneo - mysabah.com
Night

**Night** or **nighttime** is the time when the Sun is not in the sky. The opposite of night is daytime. The start and end times of night are different in different geographic locations. It varies on season, latitude, and longitude.

Because of time zones, night happens at different times around the world. This is because the Sun shines on different parts of the Earth at different times. During a solar eclipse it is also partially night because the Sun is blocked out by the Moon.

Night is period between dusk until dawn.

## Related pages

- Light pollution
- Polar night
Bureau of Economic Analysis

The **Bureau of Economic Analysis** (BEA) is an agency in the United States Department of Commerce that has economic statistics like the gross domestic product of the United States. Its stated mission is to "promote a better understanding of the U.S. economy by having the most timely, relevant, and accurate economic data in an objective and cost-effective manner."

## Infobox (government agency)

- **agency name**: Bureau of Economic Analysis
- **logo**: US-BureauOfEconomicAnalysis-Logo.svg
- **logo width**: 180px
- **formed**: January 1, 1972
- **preceding1**: Office of Business Economics
- **headquarters**: Washington, D.C.
- **chief1 name**: Director
- **chief1 position**: J. Steven Landefeld
- **parent agency**: Economics and Statistics Administration
- **website**: [http://www.bea.gov www.bea.gov]
Flag of the State of Washington

The **Flag of Washington** has the state seal (which has an image of George Washington) on a field of dark green with gold fringe being optional. It is the only U.S. state flag with a field of green as well as the only state flag with the image of an American president.
Back at the Barnyard

***Back at the Barnyard*** is an American children's computer-animated television series. It was made by Nickelodeon Animation Studio. The series was broadcast on NickToons and Nickelodeon. The series is a spin-off of the _Barnyard_ (2006) movie. It aired from September 29, 2007 to November 12, 2011.

The announcer of the show is Chris Hardwick.

## Plot

Following the events of the film, the series' plot generally revolves around Otis and his friends continue going on various misadventures and trying to keep their anthropomorphism a secret from humans.

## Characters

- Otis and his friends:
    - Otis the cow
    - Abby the cow.
    - Pig the himself.
    - Freddy the ferret.
    - Peck the rooster.
    - Pips the mouse.
    - Duke the dog.
    - Bessy the cow.
    - other Barnyard animals.

## Infobox (television)

- **creator**: Steve Oedekerk
- **opentheme**: "_Back at the Barnyard_ Theme Song" performed by Michael Fitzpatrick & Mickey Petralia
- **composer**: Guy Moon
- **country**: United States
- **language**: English
- **num seasons**: 2
- **num episodes**: 52
- **list episodes**: List of Back at the Barnyard episodes
Lent

**Lent**, in the Christian tradition, is a period of about six weeks before Easter. It is a time in which Christians are supposed to be quiet and thoughtful, preparing themselves for Easter.  They should pray a lot, give money to charities and give up some of the things they might otherwise do for pleasure.  The period of Lent ends at Easter, which is a time of great celebration as the Christians think of how Jesus had died on the cross but then rose again from the dead.

Lent is traditionally supposed to be forty days long. That is because the Bible says that Jesus spent forty days in the wilderness, preparing for his death and resurrection.

Lent begins on Ash Wednesday. In the Catholic Church, it ends at the Ninth Hour of Maundy Thursday (44 days). In The Anglican Catholic Church, it ends on Holy Saturday (46 days).

Churches in the Byzantine tradition (for example, Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic) count the days of Lent differently.  There are also different local traditions in the Oriental Orthodox church.

Lent is traditionally a time for fasting (not eating much).  This tradition was useful because it was a time when food which had been kept for the winter had to be eaten up before it went bad. Many Roman Catholics do not eat meat other than fish on Fridays during Lent.

The word "lent" came from the Old English _lencten_ meaning "spring" (the season).

## Related pages

- Ash Wednesday
- Carnival
- Easter
- Eastern Orthodox Church: Fasting
- Good Friday
- Maundy Thursday
- People's Sunday
- Quinquagesima
- Shrove Tuesday

## Other websites

- American Catholic
Oskar Schindler

**Oskar Schindler** (April 28, 1908 – October 9, 1974) was a Sudeten German industrialist. He was born in Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary and was a Roman Catholic.

Schindler was a member of the Nazi Party from 1939-1945. He saved almost 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by letting them work in his enamelware and ammunitions factories. These were in what is known today as Poland and the Czech Republic.

He is the subject of the novel _Schindler's Ark_, and the movie based on it, _Schindler's List_.

He died of liver failure in Hildesheim, West Germany. He is buried in the Catholic Cemetery on Mount Zion, Jerusalem.

## Infobox (person)

- **name**: Oskar Schindler
- **image**: Schindler, Oskar.jpg
- **birth place**: Svitavy, Zwittau, Moravia, Austria-Hungary
(now Svitavy, Czech Republic)
- **death place**: Hildesheim, Lower Saxony, West Germany
- **resting place**: Mount Zion Catholic Cemetery
Jerusalem, Israel
- **occupation**: Industrialist
- **children**: 2
- **awards**: Righteous Among the Nations
Donna Karan

**Donna Karan** (born October 2, 1951) is an American fashion designer and the creator of the _Donna Karan New York_ and _DKNY_ clothing labels.

## Early life

She was born in Forest Hills, Queens, New York City. She is Jewish.

## Infobox (person)

- **image**: Donna Karan VF 2012 Shankbone.JPG
- **caption**: Karan at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival
- **name**: Donna Karan
- **nationality**: American
- **birth name**: Donna Ivy Faske
- **birth place**: Forest Hills, Queens, Forest Hills, New York City, New York
- **education**: George W. Hewlett High School, Hewlett High School
 The New School (Parsons division)
- **occupation**: fashion designer
- **spouse**: Mark Karan (1976-1978)
Stephan Weiss (1983-2001; his death)
Wisteria

**Wisteria** is a type of plant. It is a climbing shrub with blue/lilac flowers. The plant only flowers after a being a few years old but when it does the flowers have a very sweet fragrance. It loses its leaves in winter. The seeds come in pods and are disc shaped.
Moment magnitude scale

The **moment magnitude scale** is a way to measure the power of earthquakes. It is the energy of the earthquake at the moment it happens. Like the similar and older Richter scale, it is logarithmic, with a base of ten. This means that an earthquake with a magnitude of 2 is ten times stronger than an earthquake with a magnitude of 1.
|Scale Number|Earthquake Effect|
| --- | --- |
|less than 3.5|This would be a very weak earthquake. People would not feel it, but it would be recorded by geologists.|
|3.5-5.4|Generally felt by people, but it rarely causes damage.|
|5.4-6.0|Will not cause damage to well-designed buildings, but can cause damage or destroy small or poorly-designed ones.|
|6.1-6.9|Can be destructive in areas up to about 100 kilometers across where people live.|
|7.0-7.9|Considered a "major earthquake" that causes a lot of damage.|
|8 or greater|Large and destructive earthquake that can destroy large cities.|

## Related pages

- Mercalli intensity scale
- Richter scale

## Other websites

- What is Richter Magnitude?
Basic English

**Basic English** (**B**ritish **A**cademic **S**cientific **I**nternational **C**ommercial) is a controlled language used to  explain complex thoughts. It has 850 words chosen by Charles Kay Ogden. Some articles in the Simple English Wikipedia use only Basic English.

In 1937, Ogden hired Otto Neurath and Marie Neurath to make _International Picture Language_ as one of eight books in Basic English.

Over 200,000,000 people speak Basic English.

## Rules

The grammar of Basic English is simpler and more regular than that of standard English. In standard English, words often have a number of different meanings. To make Basic English easier, not all the meanings of a word are used. Basic English uses Ogden's rules of grammar. Ogden's rules of grammar allow people to use the 850 words to talk about things and events simply.
1. _-s / -es / -ies_ change singular nouns into plural nouns.
1. _-ing / -ed_ change verbs into adjectives.
1. _-ing / -er_ change verbs into nouns.
1. _-ly_ changes adjectives into adverbs.
1. _-er / -est_ or _more / most_ describe amounts.
1. _un-_ changes adjectives into their opposites.
1. The opposite word order with _do_ makes questions.
1. 'Operators' (verbs) and pronouns change as in normal English.
1. Make combined words (compounds) from two nouns ("football") or a noun and a direction ("sundown").
1. Measures, numbers, money, days, months, years, clock time, and international words are in English forms. Example for Date/Time: 20 May 1972 at 21:00
1. Use the words of an industry or science. For example, in this grammar, some special words are for teaching languages, and not part of Basic English: plural, conjugation, noun, adjective, adverb, qualifier, operator, pronoun, and directive.

## Related pages

- Simplified English
- Français fondamental
- Plain English Campaign
- Basic English ordered wordlist
- International auxiliary language
    - Basic English picture wordlist
- Basic English combined wordlist
- Basic English compound wordlist
- Basic English alphabetical wordlist
    - List of simple verbs
    - List of simple adjectives
- Basic English international wordlist

## References

- Ogden C.K. 1940. _General BASIC English dictionary_. London: Evans Brothers.
- Simple English dictionary

## Other websites

- Ogden's BASIC English
- BASIC English Utility
- Automatic online simplifying and summarizing tool.  - Detect language and convert to BASIC English or summarize many documents into standard or BASIC English, reading material and BASIC English course included.

## Infobox (language)

- **name**: Basic English
- **creator**: Charles Kay Ogden
- **created**: 1925
- **script**: Latin script, Latin
- **setting**: controlled natural language
- **posteriori**: Modern English
- **ietf**: en-basiceng
Fork-tailed woodnymph

The **fork-tailed woodnymph** (_Thalurania furcata_) is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and degraded former forests.
Rödermark

**Rödermark** is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

## Geography

Rödermark is in the _Rhine Main area_  southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is  large and it is  above sea level. It is a plain area with nearly no hills.

About 20 to 35 million years ago in the age of tertiary, the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The town consists out of the 2 former independent villages _Ober-Roden_ and _Urberach_. On 1 January 1977 they were united and became the _municipality of Rödermark_. On 23 August 1980 the town privileges were given to the municipality.

The city has 5 urban districts. These are _Ober-Roden_, _Urberach_, _Waldacker_, _Messenhausen_ and _Buhlau_.

The ending _-roden_ is a hint to the former landscape. The German verb _roden_ means _cutting down trees to cultivate land_.

The neighbours of Rödermark are:
- Dietzenbach (North)
- Rodgau (East)
- Eppertshausen and Messel (South)
- Dreieich (West)

Rödermark has 27,858 inhabitants (2008). 10.7% of the people living here are from foreign countries.

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: _Hessisch_). This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every village had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and mostly it is no longer the dialect they speak but a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

## History

The first settlements were build in the 8th century. At that time their names were written down in documents.

Formerly the people in the Rödermark area were farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical processing. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

## Twinned cities

- Tramin, Italy
- Saalfelden, Austria
- Bodajk, Hungary

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Rödermark
- **art**: City
- **wappen**: Wappen Roedermark.png
- **lageplan**: Rödermark_in_OF.svg
- **bundesland**: Hesse
- **regierungsbezirk**: Darmstadt
- **landkreis**: Offenbach
- **höhe**: 142
- **fläche**: 29.99
- **einwohner**: 27858
- **stand**: 31.12.2008
- **plz**: 63322
- **vorwahl**: 06074
- **kfz**: OF
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06438012
- **bürgermeister**: Roland Kern
- **partei**: Alliance '90/The Greens
- **ruling party1**: CDU
- **ruling party2**: FDP
- **year**: 1979
The Pirate Bay

**The Pirate Bay** (shortname: **TPB**) is a Swedish website that indexes Bit Torrent files. It was created by Gottfrid Svartholm, Fredrik Neij and Peter Sunde. The Pirate Bay is ranked as the 85th most popular website by Alexa. The Pirate Bay had to face many lawsuits and a raid in relation to copyright violations. It was shut down on December 9, 2014 by Swedish police, and came back online on January 31, 2015.
Also, it may put a virus on your PC.

## Other websites

- Tamilyogi  (Alternative)

## Infobox (website)

- **name**: The Pirate Bay
- **logo**: The Pirate Bay logo.svg
- **logo size**: 200px
- **logo alt**: Drawing of a 3-masted sailing ship with 'Home Taping Is Killing Music' cassette & crossbones
- **type**: Torrent index, Magnet URI scheme, magnet links provider
- **registration**: Optional, free
- **language**: 35 languages available, primarily English and Swedish
- **programming language**: HTML, JavaScript and PHP
- **revenue**: Advertisements, donations, merchandise, cryptocurrency mining
- **current status**: Online
Heusenstamm

**Heusenstamm** is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

## Geography

Heusenstamm is in the _rhein main region_  southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is  large and is  above sea level. It is a plain area with no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The city consists out of 2 urban districts, the town of Heusenstamm and the former independent village, _Rembrücken_, which became on 1st of January 1977 part of Heusenstamm.

The neighbours of Heusenstamm are:
- in the north Offenbach,
- in the east Obertshausen and Rodgau,
- in the south Dietzenbach and
- in the west Dreieich.

Heusenstamm has 18,227 inhabitants (2008).

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

The local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is spoken in the south of Hesse, named _hessisch_. This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

## History

In the 13th century the names of Heusenstamm and Rembrücken were written down in documents for the first time.

Formerly the people in the Heusenstamm area were mostly farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore, most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the rhein main region got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical processing. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

## Twinned cities

- Saint-Savin, France
- Tonbridge, England
- Malle, Belgium
- Ladispoli, Italy

## Other websites

- Official website of Heusenstamm

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Heusenstamm
- **art**: City
- **wappen**: DEU Heusenstamm COA.svg
- **lageplan**: Heusenstamm_in_OF.svg
- **bundesland**: Hesse
- **regierungsbezirk**: Darmstadt
- **landkreis**: Offenbach
- **höhe**: 130
- **fläche**: 19.03
- **einwohner**: 18227
- **stand**: 31.12.2008
- **plz**: 63150
- **vorwahl**: 06104, 06106
- **kfz**: OF
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06438005
- **bürgermeister**: Peter Jakoby
- **partei**: CDU
- **ruling party1**: CDU
- **year**: 1959
Catherine of Alexandria

**Saint Catherine of Alexandria**, also known as **Saint Catherine of the Wheel** and **The Great Martyr Saint Catherine** (Greek __) is a Christian saint and martyr. She is believed to have been a well-known scholar in the 4th century. In the 15th century it was claimed she had spoken to Joan of Arc. The Orthodox Church venerates her as a "great martyr", and in the Catholic Church she is traditionally revered as one of the Fourteen Holy Helpers.

Catherine was the daughter of Costus, a pagan governor of Alexandria. She announced to her parents that she would only marry someone who was more beautiful, intelligent and rich than herself. In addition, that person needed to have a better social status than she had. Eventually, she discovered Christ. "His beauty was more radiant than the shining of the sun, His wisdom governed all creation, His riches were spread throughout all the world."

She was a martyr, because she died for her beliefs in God. According to legend, she was supposed to die on a breaking wheel, but the wheel broke as soon as she touched it, so her head was cut off instead. Because of this, her main symbol is the spiked wheel, which is known as a Catherine wheel. The Catholic Church of St. Catherine, one of the first Catholic churches built in Russia, was named after her.

## Other websites

- Pagbilao Church  - Saint Catherine of Alexandria Church
- Iconographical Themes in Art - Saint Catherine of Alexandria

## Infobox (saint)

- **name**: Saint Catherine of Alexandria
- **image**: Michelangelo_Caravaggio_060.jpg
- **imagesize**: 250px
- **caption**: _Saint Catherine (Caravaggio), Saint Catherine of Alexandria_ by Caravaggio, c. 1598
- **titles**: Martyr and Virgin
- **birth date**: c. 282
- **death date**: c. 305
- **birth place**: Alexandria, Egypt
- **death place**: Alexandria, Egypt
- **venerated in**: Roman Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Churches
Oriental Orthodox Churches
Anglican Communion
Lutheran Churches
- **attributes**: the "breaking wheel"; sword; with a Crown (headgear), crown at her Foot, feet; hailstones; veil, bridal veil and Ring (finger), ring; dove; scourge; book; woman arguing with Paganism, pagan philosophers
- **feast day**: November 25
November 24 (Orthodox churches of Russian background)
- **patronage**: Aalsum (Friesland), Aalsum, apologists, craftsmen who work with a wheel (Pottery, potters, Spinning (textiles), spinners, etc.), archivists, dying people, educators, girls, jurists, knife sharpeners, lawyers, librarians, libraries, Balliol College, Massey College, maidens, mechanics, millers, milliners, hat-makers, nurses, philosophers, preachers, scholars, schoolchildren, scribes, secretary, secretaries, spinsters, stenographers, students, tanners, teachers, theologians, University of Paris, unmarried girls, haberdashers, wheelwrights, Żejtun, Żurrieq, Santa Catalina, San Pablo City, Brgy. Sta. Catalina, San Pablo City, Philippines
- **major shrine**: Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai
Seed plants

**Seed plants** are a group of plants. Gymnosperms and angiosperms form the group.

Their seeds have three parts: (1) an embryo, (2) a supply of nutrients for the embryo, and (3) a seed coat. They are also called **spermatophytes** or **phanerogams**. The seed plants dominate almost all the environments on land.

The living spermatophytes are in five groups:

- Cycads, a subtropical and tropical group of plants with a large crown of compound leaves and a stout trunk
- _Ginkgo_, a single living species of tree
- Conifers, cone-bearing trees and shrubs
- Gnetophyta, woody plants in the genera _Gnetum_, _Welwitschia_, and _Ephedra_
- Angiosperms, the flowering plants, a large group including many familiar plants in a wide variety of habitats

The fossil seed ferns (Pteridospermatophyta) were one of the earliest successful groups of land plants. Forests dominated by seed ferns were common in the Permian. _Glossopteris_ was a widespread tree genus in the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana in the Permian period. By the Triassic period, seed ferns had declined, and modern gymnosperm groups were abundant. Gymnosperms were dominant to the Upper Cretaceous, when the angiosperms radiated. Angiosperms are the most common plants today, though there are still large pine forests in the northern hemisphere.

## Related pages

- Seed
Andros

**Andros** is an island of Greece. It is the second biggest island of the Cyclades group. It is in the northwest of Cyclades group near Euboea island. Its total area is . 10,009 people lived there according to the 2001 Greek census. The biggest town of Andros is Andros city.

Andros is mountainous island with gorges and cliffs which end up at the sea. The plants include many flowers, bushes and a few trees mainly in the center of island. The island has many beautiful beaches and beautiful landscape and thanks to these the island is popular for tourists.

## Other websites

- Andros island, Cyclades Greece
Dietzenbach

**Dietzenbach** is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany. The town is also the capital of the Offenbach Rural District (_Landkreis Offenbach_)

## Geography

Dietzenbach is in the _Rhine-Main area_  southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is  large and it is  above sea level. It is a plain area with nearly no hills.

About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

The city consists out of the urban districts _Neue Stadtmitte_, _Spessartviertel_, _Altstadt_, _Steinberg_, _Hexenberg_ and _Wingertsberg_.

The neighbours of Dietzenbach are:
- Heusenstamm (north)
- Rodgau (east)
- Rödermark (south)
- Dreieich (west)

Dietzenbach has 33,067 inhabitants (2008). About 30% of the people living here are from foreign countries. They come from many different nations.

The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: _Hessisch_) and is spoken in the south of Hesse. This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

## History

In the 13th century the name of Dietzenbach was written down in a document for the first time.

Formerly the people in the Dietzenbach area were mostly farmers and craftsmen but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore most families had only small farms and were poor. With the industrial revolution the Rhine-Main area got lots of factories and developed to a center for metal working, leather manufacturing and chemical processing. Many men became workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This increased living conditions partly.

## Twinned cities

- Vélizy-Villacoublay, France
- Masaya, Nicaragua
- Rakovník, Czech Republic
- Neuhaus am Rennweg, Germany
- Oconomowoc, USA
- Kostjukovitschi, Belarus

## Other websites

- Official website of Dietzenbach

## Infobox (german location)

- **name**: Dietzenbach
- **art**: City
- **wappen**: Wappen Dietzenbach.png
- **lageplan**: Dietzenbach_in_OF.svg
- **bundesland**: Hesse
- **regierungsbezirk**: Darmstadt
- **landkreis**: Offenbach
- **höhe**: 135
- **fläche**: 21.67
- **einwohner**: 33067
- **stand**: 31.12.2008
- **plz**: 63128
- **vorwahl**: 06074
- **kfz**: OF
- **gemeindeschlüssel**: 06438001
- **bürgermeister**: Jürgen Rogg
- **partei**: no party member
- **ruling party2**: ruling_party3 =
- **year**: 1970
Octet rule

The **octet rule** is a general rule of thumb that applies to most atoms. It states that every atom might want to have eight valence electrons in its outermost electron shell.

## Background

According to the Bohr model, an atom consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons orbited by a number of electrons. In an ordinary atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons. If it has more or fewer electrons, it is an ion. In addition, the electrons orbit in electron shells. Each shell can only contain a certain number of electrons before new electrons must migrate to the next shell or "energy level." Starting with the third energy level, however, electrons sometimes move up a level even before the current one is full.

## The rule

Every atom tries to have 8 electrons in its outermost (or valence) shell. This may require them to give up, share, or take electrons. As stated above, the number of electrons normally equals the number of protons. This means that some atoms are "happier" than others. For example, neon, as with other noble gases, naturally has 8 valence electrons. (10 total - 2 in the 1st energy level = 8 in the 2nd) Not surprisingly, neon hardly ever reacts with anything. (Neon lights require high voltages to work.) By contrast, the atoms in the Alkaline metals column, such as sodium, have only one valence electron, with a layer containing 8 electrons in the shell below. This means that sodium only has to give up one valence electron in order to complete the octet rule, and will do so if given the chance, hence why sodium is so chemically reactive.
Queen of Sheba

The **Queen of Sheba** (orig. **Nigista Saba**) ruled over the ancient kingdom of Sheba in modern Yemen and part of Ethiopia. She is mentioned in the Bible.

## In the Bible

In the Bible, the Queen of Sheba appears to King Solomon because he was famous for being rich and wise. The Bible says:> [W]ith a very great caravan - with camels carrying spices, large quantities of gold, and precious stones - she came to Solomon and talked with him about all that she had on her mind (1 Kings 10:2).According to the Bible, Solomon answered all the questions she asked; returned her quizzes and riddles with wit and correct wisdom; and was kind to her. Awed and astonished by all these things, she rewarded his achievements with:> 120 talents of gold, large quantities of spices, and precious stones. Never again were so many spices brought in as those the queen of Sheba gave to King Solomon (1 Kings 10:10).In the Bible, Solomon returned Sheba's gifts by giving her "all she desired and asked for, besides what he had given her out of his royal bounty" (1 Kings 10:13).

## Related pages

- Solomon
- Bible
- Qur'an

## Other websites

- BBC history of Queen Sheba
- More information on Queen Sheba
Taqwa

**Taqwa** (Arabic: تقوى taqwā / taqwá ") is an Islamic word which means to become more aware of Allah.
Cynodont

The **Cynodonts** are a sub-order of the Therapsida. Cynodonts, one of the most diverse groups of therapsids, are named after their dog-like teeth.

The taxon is a clade which includes modern mammals and their extinct close relatives, the Mammaliaformes.

The cynodonts lived in all continents, and their fossil record begins in the Upper Permian 256 million years ago.

The extinct members of the group were victims of the End-Triassic extinction event, but the line that led to the mammals survived.
Reflex

A **reflex** (/ˈriːfleks/) or **reflex action** is an automatic and fast movement in response to a stimulus.

A true reflex is a behaviour done by the **reflex arc**. This is the path the signal of a reflex takes. That path is from the outside stimulus to the central nervous system (CNS), then the path from the CNS to the appropriate muscle.

The nerve cells responsible for reflexes are not always in the brain, but often in the spinal cord. This way, reflexes are processed faster. Nerve cells in the brain still get feedback that the reflex action occurred. And, of course, reflex actions involving sight and sound are done by the brain. With invertebrate animals, the brain is not so dominant, and more is done by local reflex arcs in the segments.

Reflexes may take place even after death. The bite of a poisonous snake can be triggered up to several hours after it has died.

If the behaviour is complex, the stimulus is called a releaser, and the behaviour which follows may involve the whole animal for a long time in what is called a fixed action pattern. However, this is not the usual use of the term "reflex". It is studied in ethology because it usually involves two animals of the same species.

- The word 'reflex' can also be used as a metaphor for something done quickly, without much thinking.

## Related pages

- Classical conditioning
Audi A3

The **Audi A3** is a car produced by Audi since 1996. It is based on the Volkswagen Golf's platform, and it is currently in its fourth generation. The first generation was produced between 1996 and 2003 with a 5-door added in 1999 and a facelift in late 2000. The second generation was produced from 2003 to 2012, and was facelifted in 2005 and again in 2008 with a convertible version added.

## Third generation

The third generation was launched in 2012 with a saloon version added a year later. It was facelifted in 2016, commemorating the A3's 20th anniversary. In 2020, the fourth generation model launched, sold only with 5-door hatchback and saloon versions.

## Infobox (automobile)

- **name**: Third generation
- **image**: Audi A3 Sportback 1.6 TDI Ambition (8V) – Frontansicht, 6. April 2014, Düsseldorf.jpg
- **caption**: Audi A3 Sportback (pre-facelift)
- **model code**: 8V
- **sp**: uk
- **model years**: 2015–2020 (sedan)
2015–2019 (convertible)
Turks in Germany

The **Turks in Germany** are Germany's largest ethnic minority. Immigrants came from different parts of Turkey but especially from Anatolia, when Germany invited them to work as guest workers from 1961 to 73 because of labour shortages. Some of them have a Romanlar background. Most Turks in Germany are religious, and they cotinue old Turkish traditions such as the Sünnet (cirumcision) ceremony in great respect.

Turks in Europe, especially in Germany, suffer from strong anti-Turkish sentiment. One of the worst anti-Turkish crimes in Germany was the murder of a Turkish family in Solingen in 1993. Attacks on Turkish institutions, mosques, markets and people are increasing, and some have been fatal.

## Related pages

- Migrant worker
- Turkish people
- Romanlar
Alamosaurus

***Alamosaurus*** was a titanosaur, a gigantic plant-eating dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous period, about 73 million to 65 million years ago.

_Alamosaurus_ was a long-necked, whip-tailed dinosaur. It was about 69 feet (21 m) long and weighed perhaps 33 tons (30000 kg). Fossils have been found in New Mexico, Texas, and Utah. Fossils include fragmentary skeletons (and no skulls).

Skeletal elements of _Alamosaurus_ are among the most common Late Cretaceous dinosaur fossils found in the United States Southwest and are now used to define the fauna of that time and place. There was a climate change in this area, it became drier, and this caused changes in the fauna. Thomas M. Lehman describes it as "the abrupt reemergence of a fauna with a superficially 'Jurassic' aspect". These faunas are dominated by _Alamosaurus_ and feature abundant _Quetzalcoatlus_ in Texas. The _Alamosaurus_  _Quetzalcoatlus_ association probably represent semi-arid inland plains.<sup>p201</sup>
Computer Space

***Computer Space*** is a video arcade game released in November 1971 by Nutting Associates. It was created by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, who later started the company Atari.

_Computer Space_ is a derivative of the 1962 computer game _Spacewar__!_  Eventually, Nolan Bushnell, a big fan of this game, decided to transform Spacewar into a marketable game, which led to the game's adaptation into the first ever coin operated arcade game.
_Computer Space_ was popular enough for a 2-player version with a green case and fiberglass cabinet to be released in July 1973.
Prime Minister's Questions

**Prime Minister's Questions** (**PMQs**, officially known as **Questions to the Prime Minister**) is a weekly event in the British Parliament. It is a chance for the Leader of the Opposition and other Members of Parliament to ask the Prime Minister questions. Until 1997 there were two short PMQs each week. Now there is one longer event, which is on a Wednesday. It can often be a loud and rowdy event with lots of MPs shouting. Once Michael Heseltine grabbed the mace and waved it around his head.
Leader of the Opposition

The **Leader of  the Opposition** is the name given to the leader of the largest party not in government in a Westminster System of  parliamentary government. The Leader of the Opposition is often seen as the alternative Prime Minister, Premier or Chief Minister. They lead an alternative government known as the Shadow Cabinet  or Opposition Front Bench.

In  many Commonwealth realms the full title is _Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition_. This is not used in Australia. It is the duty of the Opposition party to ask questions to the Prime Minister or other ministers during Question Time.

The following is a list of Leaders of the Opposition:
- Leader of the Opposition (Australia)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Australian Capital Territory)
    - Leader of the Opposition (New South Wales)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Northern Territory)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Queensland)
    - Leader of the Opposition (South Australia)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Tasmania)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Victoria)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Western Australia)
- Leader of the Opposition (Canada)
    - Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Canada)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Alberta)
    - Leader of the Opposition (British Columbia)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Manitoba)
    - Leader of the Opposition (New Brunswick)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Newfoundland and Labrador)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Nova Scotia)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)
    - Leader of the Opposition (PEI)
    - Leader of the Official Opposition (Quebec)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Saskatchewan)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Yukon)
- Leader of the Opposition (Dominica)
- Leader of the Opposition (Fiji)
- Leader of the Opposition (Germany)
- Leader of the Opposition (India)
- Leader of the Opposition (Ireland)
- Leader of the Opposition (Israel)
- Leader of the Opposition (Malaysia)
- Leader of the Opposition (Malta)
- Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)
- Leader of the Opposition (Pakistan)
- Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)
- Leader of the Opposition (South Africa)
- Leader of the Opposition (Spain)
- Leader of the Opposition (Thailand)
- Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)
    - Leader of the Opposition (Scotland)
Angara (rocket family)

**Angara** is a family of rockets which are being developed in Russia. The family contains many different rockets. For example, there is a rocket for lifting small payloads and a rocket for lifting heavy payloads. The rockets are designed by a company called Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. The first rocket is expected to be ready in 2012.

## Purpose

Angara is being developed using money given by the Russian government. The government decided to finance Angara because they wanted to make sure that Russia has independent access to space. Many of Russia's current rockets can only be launched from Baikonour Cosmodrome in Kazakshtan. Many of them also use foreign technology. However, Angara is better since it does not use any foreign technology (it is 100% Russian) and can be launched from Plesetsk Cosmodrome, located in Russian territory. Another reason why it was decided to build Angara is because Russia needed a rocket which does not use toxic fuels, like some current rockets do.

## Description

The first part of all Angara rockets consists of an engine called Universal Rocket Module (in short: URM). The small version, Angara 1.1 has only one URM, while the heavier Angara 5 has 5 URMs. For this reason, Angara 5 can lift heavier payloads. The second part (called the second stage) of Angara 1.1 is called Briz-KM and the second stage of Angara 5 is called Block I.

The rockets are meant for launching unmanned payloads such as satellites. However, Khrunichev has also suggested building a version that could launch humans into space: Angara 5P.

All Angara versions can be launched from a single launch pad.

The first flight of Angara is expected to take place in 2012 from Plesetsk Cosmodrome. In the future, the flights on Angara rockets will be sold to other companies, who want to get their satellites into space. The price for an Angara 1.1 flight is expected to be about 20 million dollars.
Samsara

**Samsara** is a Buddhist term, meaning the conditioned state of mind.  It is the cycle of ignorance, leading to disturbing emotions and clumsy actions.  They in turn are cause for suffering and new disturbing feelings and so on. According to Buddha’s teachings there are three main disturbing feelings: ignorance, anger and desire. They are called three poisons of mind and are told to have 84 000 combinations. The only way to completely get rid of suffering is to reach Nirvana or the perfect state of Buddha. All the teachings Buddha gives lead to this goal.

## The Six Realms

There are six realms of samsara, connected to six specific emotions:
- Hell or paranoia realm is connected with anger.
- Preta or hungry ghost realm is connected with greed.
- Animal realm is connected with ignorance.
- Human realm is connected with desire and attachment.
- Asura or Semigod realm is connected with jealousy and envy.
- Realm of Gods is connected with pride.
Michael Heseltine

**Michael Ray Dibdin Heseltine**, **Baron Heseltine** <small>CH PC</small> (born 21 March 1933) is a British politician and businessman. He was a Member of Parliament from 1966 to 2001 as a member of the Conservative Party.

He was born in Swansea, Wales and studied at the University of Oxford. He was briefly conscripted into the army, before becoming a self-made millionaire in the 1960s. At the 1966 General Election, Heseltine became the Member of Parliament for the constituency of Tavistock in Devon. From 1970 to 1974, he was a junior minister in the government of Edward Heath. From 1979 to 1983, he was in the cabinet of Margaret Thatcher as Secretary of State for the Environment. He was Defence Secretary from 1983 to 1986, but resigned in 1986 and became a backbencher.

As a backbencher, Heseltine became very critical of Thatcher's government and refused to support the Poll Tax in 1989. In November 1990, Heseltine challenged Thatcher for Conservative Party leadership and this led to Thatcher resigning, but Heseltine did not get to become party leader. New Conservative Prime Minister John Major made Heseltine Secretary of State for the Environment (1990-1992), President of the Board of Trade (1992-1995) and Deputy Prime Minister (1995-1997).

In 2001, Heseltine stood down as an MP and entered the House of Lords. He was considered to be one of Britain's top 200 richest people in 2004, owning a wealth of about £240 million.

## Publications

- Michael Heseltine, _Raising The Sights - A Tory Perspective_, in the _Primrose League Gazette_, vol.91, no.2, Aug/Sept 1987 edition, London.
- Julian Critchley, _Heseltine - The Unauthorised Biography_, André Deutsch, London, September 1987,
- Michael Crick, _Michael Heseltine: A Biography_, Hamish Hamilton, 1997,
- Michael Heseltine, _Life in the Jungle_, Hodder & Stoughton, 2000, , written with the acknowledged assistance of Heseltine's lifelong friend Anthony Howard.

## References

- Michael Crick, _Michael Heseltine: A Biography_, Hamish Hamilton, 1997,

## Infobox (officeholder)

- **honorific-prefix**: The Right Honourable
- **name**: The Lord Heseltine
- **image**: Lord Heseltine2.jpg
- **caption**: Heseltine, photographed in 2013
- **office**: Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
- **primeminister**: John Major
- **term start**: 20 July 1995
- **term end**: 2 May 1997
- **predecessor**: Geoffrey Howe
- **successor**: John Prescott
- **honorific suffix**: CH Privy Council of the United Kingdom, PC
Geff Harrison

**Geff Harrison** (also known as **Richie West**, August 24, 1947, Manchester, United Kingdom), is an English singer-songwriter, mostly known for his bands King Ping Meh and Twenty Sixty Six And Then. He created the band Modern Talking along with Dieter Bohlen.

## Controversy with Dieter Bohlen

On January 20, 1986, Harrison filled a lawsuit against Dieter Bohlen claiming that he wrote English lyrics for Modern Talking and C.C.Catch, but the lawsuit was settled out of court. According to the ruling of the court, Bohlen and Harrison created the group Modern Talking together.
James McAuley

**James Phillip McAuley** (12 October 1917 – 15 October 1976) was an Australian poet who also composed hymns. He was a Catholic whose hymns were used in Catholic liturgy and now by other denominations. McAuley was born in Lakemba, Sydney. His first book of verse, _Under Aldebaran_, was published in 1946. He died of liver cancer in Hobart.

## Related pages

- List of poets from Oceania